Machame or Kingdom of Machame (Kwamangi ya Mashame in Kichagga), (Ufalme wa Machame in Swahili) was a historic sovereign Chagga state located in modern day Machame Kaskazini ward in Hai District of Kilimanjaro Region in Tanzania. Historically, the Machame kingdom was in 1889 referred by Hans Meyer as a great African giant, the kingdom was also the largest and most populous of all the Chagga sovereign states on Kilimanjaro, whose ruler as early as 1849 was reckoned as a giant African king with influence extending throughout all Chagga states except Rombo.

By the 1860s, a German explorer Von der Decken (popularly known to the Chagga as Baroni), presented Machame as a confederation of western Chagga states comprising Narumu, Kindi, Kombo, to as far as the Western end of Kibongoto (Siha), each with their own chiefs under the king of Machame. 'Baroni' observed that by that time only two of the Chagga states had some autonomy from the king of Machame, namely, Lambongo (later Kibosho under powerful chief Sina) and Kilema.

Machame language
Although sometimes lumped with other Chaga languages, Machame is a distinct language (also known as "Kimachame" in Swahili and as "Kimashame" or "Kimashami" in the Machame language itself.  For most inhabitants of Machame and Masama (i.e., the Machame "tribe"), including children born and raised in this area, Kimachame is their first language; Swahili and English are learned via formal schooling.

Geography
Physically, the location identified today as Machame forms several of the wards of the Hai District, in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania.

History

Origins
An early ancestor named Mashame was revered by the entering ancestors of the current dominant clans in the Kikafu region which includes Masama. The name Machame, which was already in use when the first European traveler Rebmann landed on the east bank of the Kikafu in 1848, was given to all the region that was encircled by this network of mountainous rivers in his honor. Mashame was remembered as the guy who ascended the Kikafu valley until he arrived at the central area of the new homeland, which was between the confluence of the Namwi and Kikafu rivers (or, perhaps more specifically, between the Namwi and Marire rivers near Sienyi). Mashame was followed by even more significant ancestors, whose journeys over the plain to the Kikafu were memorialized in sacred shrines. Other sources claim that the Machame people and Meru people are said to have migrated from the Usambara mountains in Tanga Region 400 years ago to Kilimanjaro Region.

Machame was the largest and most populated kingdom on Kilimanjaro, according to German Dr. Bruno Gutmann's recorded history of the area. Their stories make it abundantly obvious that the original settlers arrived from the southern plains and gradually ascended to their territory. Their faith, as is so often the case, preserved their past. The oldest ancestral temple is located on the Kikafu River's bank in a plain that extends past the motorway between Moshi and Arusha. The oldest community is simply referred to as "Nkukun," or "the old man's place."

Previously, the mangi traveled there to offer sacrifices to this long-dead first ancestor, accompanied by all of his soldiers dressed in battle gear. The "Shrine of the Secret Path" is located in the scrub of the vacant plain between this memorial and the area where they currently reside. The surrounding country is practically desolate, as this term suggests. Also left unnamed is the leader whose remains are interred there. On his trip to Nkukun, the mangi offered a sacrifice here as well. From the second shrine to the third shrine, an almost straight path exists. Because the ancestor who is interred there guided the people up to their current abundant country, this is where the named tradition starts.

His descendants have kept his name, Masami (Mashame). The straight line from this highly revered shrine bends towards Kibo's summit and points upward like a bent arrow to the mountain slopes and the chief's current house. In the Usaa (Uswa) district, the following shrine, the Grove Uroki, is located higher up the slope. This forest rose above Mashame's wife's grave, from whose remains a powerful, crystal-clear spring emerged that supplied a lush sacrifice pond with water. All Machame people venerate this elderly woman as their tribal ancestor. Close to the lowest farmhouse of the current chief, in the vicinity of the Kikafu valley, her son is interred beneath a linden tree.

Masami also inspired the name of the Machame people. They fought the native occupants possibly the Koningo for a very long time, gradually taking the country. They crept silently up the wooded valley, hiding behind stones until dawn, and then unleashed their attacks on the gullible villagers. They introduced the usage of short, broad-bladed iron spears to this region early. They had a definite advantage thanks to their weaponry. Driven to the western slopes, the first inhabitants settled in the area that is now Shira. They had a significant Maasai blood admixture even during that period. The latter being unlikely, as the Maasai arrived in the early 19th century from the north in Kenya.

Additionally, there were Wakamba communities nearby that engaged in pottery-making and hunting. The Machame were a loosely grouped clan from the beginning of their tenure on the mountain. Each clan gradually grew and occupied the area it does today. Every community reveres the original settler as the ancestor of its clan. As a result, the Machame chiefs' history barely dates back a few generations. The man who defeated the clan chiefs is still mentioned today. A wealthy king, his name was Kivarya.

After that, Gutmann goes into great detail on how Kivárya (Kiwaria) was ridiculed since he had only daughters. After having a boy named Rengua, he finally sent him "to the Varoo on Mount Meru to the west of Kilimanjaro, which was also colonized from Machame" while dressing him as a lady. He developed there into a robust young man and eventually went back home. With the name of Rengua, Gutmann takes us as far forward in time as the early 19th century, to the time when written records first appear and oral traditions begin to become richer; the period of Rengua is the furthest point in time to which elderly men's memories can currently be concretely traced.

The account of Gutmann serves as a helpful foundation for discussion. The five ancestor shrines that serve as a reminder of their journey into the nation come first. There is no question that these shrines exist. Even today, when the issue of origins is significantly more complicated than it was in Gutmann's time, oral traditions still support them. There is visual proof, as one of the first two shrines cited by Gutmann, maybe the first and oldest of all is the lone upright smooth white stone standing in the Nkya clan's land in the plain.

The sacred stone was moved from its known original location by the Machame chief sometime around 1945 to make room for a wider road. As of 1964, it stands close by among tilled ground. Long before there was a mangi in Machame, the legend states that there was a temple and the site of youth initiation. One branch of the Nkya clan gives the name Nkunda to a man, which may be a reference to the oldest shrine, which Gutmann refers to as "Nkukun" or "at the old man's" in his book. According to rumors, there are two further sites of worship nearby, which would match up with Gutmann's first three shrines.

The third shrine, dedicated to the ancestor Mashame, was located farther away from the confluence of the rivers Namwi and Marire and higher up on the mountainside than the other two. In other places, Gutmann claims that it was in the area Ngira, which is today a part of Mtaa Sonu, and that above it was the sacred grove Uroki, where the burial of Mashame's wife was. From her body, a spring emerged, feeding the sacrificial pond, which Gutmann refers to as the Sienyi pond.

In other parts of Kilimanjaro, such as Ngasseni, which is now a part of Usseri, the men are remembered as the early ancestors. Occasionally on the eastern side of the mountain, however, it is celebrated that the first ancestor arrived with his wife who was named but who is not accorded the respect that was bestowed upon the wife of Mashame.

The three sacred shrines of Mashame, his wife, and his son were still present during Gutmann's time and, according to Gutmann, the chiefs themselves visited them to offer sacrifices to the tribe's ancestors. These shrines are located close to Sienyi. Following current oral traditions, sacrifices were also made under the leadership of Mangi Ngulelo of Machame, who ruled from 1901 to 1917. Old men who felt their deaths were imminent would travel to Sienyi and pass away shortly after. For all the clans in the Kikafu basin, the evidence of Sienyi's holiness is overwhelming. This prompted Gutmann to receive his first baptism as a Christian in the area using water from the revered spring in the Uroki grove.

However, by 1960, the entire custom uniting the top clans in adoration of their shared ancestors Mashame and his wife had been subdued, if not completely abolished, and no man dared visit the location Sienyi. The transformation can be attributed to the influence of Christian missions, which sought to weaken the power of such a pagan ceremonial hub. There is no reason to believe that they would not leave the memories alone, nevertheless. Christian missionaries put an end to the ancient fire-worshiping community that had united the Shira plateau peoples to the west in Siha, but they did not attempt to ignore its historical significance.

The primary cause of the suppression of the Sienyi shrines of the ancestors must be looked for elsewhere. It can be discovered by examining the ongoing rivalry between the dominant clans over the past 100 years. The Kombe, Lema, Nkya, and Shoo clans are the biggest and most dominant. Since the reign of Rengua, who reigned in the second quarter of the 19th century, the Kombe clan has produced the region's kings.

Invading colonizers—first German, then British—who weighed the longevity of their ruling dynasty heavily when evaluating the significance of the various chiefs arrived with the establishment of the German administration in 1886. Since it offered them two ways to strengthen the institution of chieftainship and set the ruling royal clan above and apart from the rest, chiefs would likely have adopted the idea of lengthening one's dynasty as well as asserting, sometimes quite without foundation, that one's clan was the oldest and most originally settled; however, the process was undoubtedly sped up as a shrewd reaction to the standards of the European colonizers.

Due to this, the Machame mangis rejected the idea that all clans shared a common ancestor and ancestral home. This custom was established in the 1890s when Machame was still a small chiefdom and was steadfastly followed in the years that followed 1923 when Machame under wise leadership rapidly expanded to become the dominant force on Kilimanjaro. It was necessary to solve two issues. First, the custom of clans migrating together. Second, there was the custom that one of their clans, and not the Kombe clan, was given special status because of its greater ties to the great grandfather.

Clans of Machame
Historically, two mitaa were already producing recognized leaders, namely Masama, where the Moro clan was already established as the leading one, and that part of Sonu known as Ngira, where the Nkya clan was already dominant. In Lemira and Sawe, it is likely that the clans Kimaro and Sawe were respectively established by this time, whereas in Roo the Swai clan seems to have been a later arrival. All of these clans sprang from ancestors who had once resided in the triangular region of territory formed by mitaa Sonu, Uswa, and Shari, the compact center of the Kikafu system.

The second region, which included the mitaa Uswa, Shari, and Keri, was a populous fertile enclave from which people who moved elsewhere had branched off. It was located between the east bank of the Marire River and the west bank of the Kikafu. It was unquestionably one of the most densely populated areas, especially in the lower sections of Uswa and Shari. What leaders it did have, however, have since been forgotten because this area was later the one most affected by feuds that had spread from the eastern bank of the Kikafu, serving as a base for different factions to seek refuge and exact revenge, and having the most erratic population due to migration into and out of it.

The centrally established core of the population was to remain more stable in the third region, which was east of the Kikafu and was centered on mitaa Nronga, Foo, Wari, and Nkuu. The focal point was Foo, which had been inhabited the longest. There, between the deep gorges of the rivers Semira and Mwanga, the Lema, Kombe, and Nkya clans had coexisted side by side from west to east on territories next to one another. The Nkya clan gradually migrated east to the Nkuu people, while the Lema clan moved west across the Semira to the Nronga people.

The Kombe clan, which had resided between them, continued to hold sway in Foo and expanded lower down the hillside to the nearby Wari during the reign of Rengua's successor. The core of these three great clans was to remain unchanged in the same mitaa up until the current day, despite leading individuals and in some cases, entire groups fleeing.

Ruling clans of Machame
According to the oral traditions of the Nkya clan, it can be traced back to a man named Nkya, who was an agreed ancestor of the clan. In the plain, in a location known as Mululuni, Nkya is claimed to have made his home. He has several sons there. One of them was Mashame, who traveled and settled in Sienyi. From him descended the Kombe, Lema, Shoo, and other clans of Machame, as well as Mremi, who left for the Meru people.

The evidence for this is that Masai of the Mbatian-Lenana group swears by the name of Nkya in Kimasai, calling him "Kidonyoi," which translates to "the tail" or "the beginning," and that Leitai, another son of Nkya, traveled southward from Mululuni across the plains to the Masai. The chiefs of Uru are supposed to be descended from a third son of Nkya by the name of Mshanga who is said to have gone from Mululuni to a location in lower Uru, then to Njoro (the spring in present-day Moshi town), and finally up to the center of Uru.

This version provided by the Nkya clan by its current oral traditions must be compared to the contradicting present-day versions provided by other important clans. The earliest ancestors in each situation can be traced back to Rengua's reign. The fact that the Kombe clan has a recorded genealogy, the first of its sort, which was put together by Europeans in the 1890s, further complicates the process of clarification. The active leader of the Machame Lutheran mission, the Rev. Müller, created the list.

Müller received land from the Kombe clan's then-chief, Mangi Shangali, on which to establish and further his mission as the major hub of Lutheran activity in and around Kilimanjaro. In exchange, Müller served as Shangali's biggest supporter and benefactor. Müller indirectly compiled the chief's line's family tree. From among his Chagga converts, he chose agents. They sought the advice of some elderly men, who provided them with stories in exchange for gifts of fabric. The agents' names as well as those of the people they consulted are known.

The fact that Müller got his information from a third party creates the potential for inaccuracy. They get stronger once it is understood that the elders the agents questioned did not represent any perspective other than that of a certain Kombe clan subset. The fact that Nathaniel Mtui, a Chagga historian, assumed control of this list after visiting Machame to gather information for Major Dundas.

The four accounts—three oral and one written—offer an intriguing topic for investigation, however, there have been so many false leads that some facts have undoubtedly been lost for good.  But certain things are crystal clear. In the first place, Mashame was an early common ancestor of the clans as described by Gutmann. The fact that the recorded account names Uroki as the first ancestor of the Kombe clan unquestionably supports this claim, as Uroki is not the name of a person but rather a location—the holy grove of Mashame's wife in Sienyi.

Second, due to its connection to the great first ancestor, the Nkya clan was especially revered. A piece of outside evidence supports this: when the Kombe, Lema, and Nkya clans eventually moved higher up the mountainside to settle in Foo between the rivers Semira and Mwanga, the youths of all three clans traveled to the Nkya clan's meeting place Kyalia to be circumcised. Additionally, the Nkya clan produced the medicine men who blessed the nation and sprinkled the cattle and the goats with water mixed with herbs during times of famine or disease.

Thirdly, it is questionable whether one can be more precise about the various ancestors listed by various clans as having lived between the time of Mashame and the time of Rengua than to say that these, whatever their respective clans (for of this there is doubt), were leading figures whose names have endured in memory. Rengua is essentially the start of popular Machame history.

The reign of Rengua can be dated to the first part of the 19th century, and more specifically, his ascent and reign are most likely to have taken place between 1820 and 1842. Since Mamkinga's Swahili magician, Nesiri, to whom he owed power, told Rebmann that he had been living there for six years, and because Rebmann's accompanying Swahili guide, Bwana Kheri, had personally seen a frost-bitten survivor of Rengua's silver expedition, we can infer from the record that Mamkinga had already established himself as the ruler when he visited Machame in 1848.

We know from oral traditions that once Rengua abdicated, there was a time of confusion and conflict before Mamkinga took control. All of this aids in pinpointing the day Rensua gave up. The oral tradition that Rengua passed away before he met his grandchild, that is, in his early middle age, is the only way to go backward from that date to the time when he had assumed authority. The seizure of power by Rengua signaled significant changes in the region that continued wave after wave throughout the remainder of the 19th century. Before going into detail about these, it might be worthwhile to consider the way of life that the Kikafu Basin community displayed before he rose to power.

By that time, people were living in little clan groups on the fertile area between the ravines of the great Kikafu and its tributaries, spreading forth and higher on the mountainside. Some of Kilimanjaro's deepest ravines served as protective insulating walls that allowed for independence. As a result, tiny self-sufficient villages sprouted up and made their way along each mtaa, which was itself bounded by river boundaries. The richest and most influential men (isumba or masumba in Kichagga) served as the leaders in each.

According to legend, people back then avoided killing one another and harbored a profound aversion to the spilling of human blood. Instead, they engaged in combat with sharpened sticks that could deliver a good slashing wound; iron weapons were nonexistent. One of the things that unite the peoples of the Kikafu basin is this tradition, which is kept with an odd intensity in contrast to the mild remnants of the same theme that can be found elsewhere on Kilimanjaro.

Etymology
At this stage we will look at three important words in the Chagga history, chagga, kilimanjaro and moshi. Historian Mary K. Stahl and explorer Charles New give their opinions as to the meanings of the first two words. The origin of the word Chagga (dschagga or jagga) is not very clear today. K. Stahl gives differing opinions as to its origin although one of her opinions seem to concur with Charles new's meaning of "getting lost" or "to give farewell to someone who is about to take a journey that you are not sure if they will be back (as they may get lost forever)". In earlier Swahili language this would have been called 'kuchaaga' meaning to say bye. Today's Swahili is 'kuaga'. Why the land was attached with the word 'to get lost'? This is where the stories begin. It is claimed that the first coastal trade people to get into the land got lost due to the thick forests. As hypothesized by Stahl, it took them days to get their original route again and they thought that their getting lost was mysterious. When they went back to the coast they spread this news and the land was called Chaga (or Chagga) as a sign of getting lost.

Another explanation of the origin of the word, which also missionary Charles New mentioned as he quoted rev. Johannine Rebmann, is that the word came out of a terrible event that befell on people. The years of the event are not known to us but it was a time when a powerful chief of Machame, Rengua, was ruling and at that time caravans from the coast had already started to get there to trade on ivory with the natives. Being constantly instigated by the Swahili people that what is on top of the mountain has to do with silver which promises much richness to his kingdom, Chief Rengua sent a large band of emissary to get as much silver as possible down to him. A caravan trader from the coast Bwana Heri who accompanied rev. Rebmann to the mountain told him that he actually saw one of the survivors of the tragedy who had become disabled due to freezing temperature as they went up the mountain. The rest of the envoy perished on the way. The story that survived was that on the mountain there is a spirit that will destroy anyone who would try to get close to it, and the Swahili who were at the court of Rengua, seeing the disaster that had befallen those who went up, spread news to the coast that anyone trying to get higher on the mountain will get lost as the mountain has the dreadful spirit.

The land was called chagga as commemoration of the tragedy. This story apart from being backed up by the people who were close to the event as recorded in the history books, also connects very well with stories that circulated in the coast when rev. Rebmann arrived there on his mission to the Chagga. On learning that Rebmann wanted to go to the land of Chagga, the Swahili sultan of Mombasa who was an Arab, warned him that the land is dangerous as there is a spirit on the mountain that destroys people and he might get lost when he tries to do so. He mentioned to Rebmann that the name of the spirit (as known in the coast) was 'ndscharo' and hence the mountain was called mountain of ndscharo (i.e. kilimandscharo). He could nearly stop Rebmann from going to the land of Chagga if it were not for Rebmann's persistence to go there. However, it shows that earlier the people of Chagga were known as 'wakirima', i.e. people of the mountain (kirima was an old Swahili word for a hill). Where they lived was known as the land of Chagga (i.e. land of getting lost) although later on the name was attached to the people themselves.

Of importance however, is the way the name 'Moshi' became prominent among the people of the mountain and by the early 1900s it could almost be used synonymously with the name of the Chagga land. Moshi was one of the chiefdoms in Chagga ruled by Rindi (1860–1890). Before that time the name scarcely surfaced in history although it seemed to be a recognisable location of some prominence. For example, in 1849, Rev. Rebmann mentions a young man who had come all the way from Moshi to trade honey and milk with his men when they camped at Machame. He also records in his diary of trouble in Kirua caused by one Kirumi who was supported by allies from Moshi (where his mother came from) to overthrow his father Marengo. This happened when Rev. Rebmann and his men were still in Kilema. These instances are the first appearances of Moshi in historical records, and just after a decade, Von der Decken records Moshi as a recognisable chiefdom although still not attained some autonomy from Machame as he observed earlier.

During Decken's visit to Chagga a young chief Rindi was ruling in Moshi. With much witticism and intrigue, and under the regency of his mother Mamchaki, Rindi established his chiefdom from a place known as tsudunyi in early 1860 and using the location of his chiefdom as a strategic advantage, directed many caravan traders to the mountain into his land. With much ambitions to power he even sabotaged caravans which did not show intention to pass through his chiefdom and those explorers who asked for guidance to other chiefdoms he conspired with his men who misguided them and got them lost or back to his chiefdom. However, there are indications that during his early days in power he acquired support from Machame to cleverly establish his presence in the east. By the early 1870s he could declare to foreigners that the whole of Chagga was divided into two major powers; Machame under Ndesserua being the greatest in the West and himself an important chief in the east. He substantiated his claim by providing a letter to Charles New that granted him safe passage to every chiefdom he could visit to the east of Chagga.

Having acquired autonomy from Machame through allied raids to the east of Chagga and as far as Usambara, with extraordinary diplomatic schemes, by 1870 he could direct to his capital, Moshi, most missionaries and explorers who started to flock into the Chagga. This seemingly well calculated generosity made his chiefdom extremely popular to the coast and to the Europeans. Apart from all these well learned visitors to his chiefdom, it was an explorer Sir Henry H.H. Johnston in 1884 who attempted to work on the etymology of the land. He investigated the meaning of the word 'Moshi' and the answers he got from traditional elders and others was just the variant of its pronunciations, like 'mushi', or 'muschi', 'moschi' etc.etc. One thing he was assured was that the name did not relate to the Swahili word for smoke, i.e. moshi, as Chagga had a different word for that. He therefore had to conclude that the word 'probably comes from one of the kichagga terms or word'. It's amazing how at that time couldn't the people of Moshi know the origin of the word for their chiefdom? It is not clear when they told him it was 'mushi' if they meant name of people, a certain locality or another pronunciation. However, a story that circulates now among the natives of the land (which is also repeated by Professor Isaria Kimambo and A.J. Temu in their book) is that the name Moshi is a modification of the name of a certain locality near that of Chief Rindi's boma (court), and that place was very popular at that time. The place was known as Kimotchi which was a popular local market in the area. But the problem with this theory is how would a chief's neighbouring village become the name of his chiefdom and the transition from Kimotchi to Motchi (or Moshi) is not very clear. Whatever the case is, the fact is that the meaning for the word 'Moshi' as used for Rindi's chiefdom is not clear to us today.

Machame as a political establishment

Mary Kathleen Stahl correctly presents the middle southwestern settlement of the Chagga as the Kikafu basin settlement. Her history, although written from a revisionist point of view, aligns to some extent with native narrations and some earlier written sources on the area. Before Kikafu basin settlement there was no Machame as the latter was a later development based on what happened around the Kikafu basin. The ancestors who migrated to the Chagga at that time settled along the Kikafu river basin in an area today close to where the main road from Moshi to Arusha passes. Narrations identify two leaders of the populace; Mshami and Lemireny (popularly known as Nrwo). Lemireny means 'path finder'; the one believed to be endowed with insights to discern the right direction, and Mshami, whose leadership was by virtue of being the eldest son of Lemireny's elderly brother Nyari who had died while en route from their earlier settlement. It is not clear for how long they settled along the lower plain of Kikafu river near today's village of Kwa Sadala, but what is recalled is that after sometime they resolved to part with Lemireny (either also known as Mbise or was his son) choosing to go to settle on the plains of Mount Meru. However, some narrations claim that Mbise the lesser, chose the junior Meru as Mshami the elder settled with the senior, i.e. Kilimanjaro.
|-
Kafo Mushi! Kafo Shangali!

See also
 Chagga states
 Siha (Kibongoto)
 Rengua
 Chaga languages

References

Further reading

Geography of Kilimanjaro Region


A linen tester is a strong magnifier with a measuring scale and a built-in stand.

The linen tester was invented to check the quality of woven fabrics. It is used in the textile industry to measure the number of weft and warp threads within a certain area of fabric. Today, it is more commonly used to measure the line width and check the registration of color separations in the field of printing and publishing.

It consists of a strong magnifier and a glass disc which has a measuring scale engraved in it. Nowadays, the scale is usually divided into millimetres; older linen testers had an inch scale. Simpler models have a square opening in the foot, with a scale applied to one or more edges of the opening.

Linen testers are also used in other branches of industry. For example, they can be used to measure the line weight of barcodes.

References

Magnifiers
Linen industry
Printing
Quality control

nl:Loep#Dradenteller


Tribal Thunder is an album by surf guitarist Dick Dale, released in 1993. It was his first album of new material in almost three decades.

Track listing
All tracks composed by Dick Dale; except where indicated
"Nitro" – 3:19
"The New Victor" – 2:48
"Esperanza" – 3:52
"Shredded Heat" – 2:45
"Trail of Tears" – 4:52
"Caravan" (Duke Ellington, Juan Tizol)– 4:47
"The Eliminator" – 2:25
"Speardance" – 5:37
"Hot Links: Caterpillar Crawl/Rumble" (Joel Scott Hill, Ron Lynch/Link Wray, Mark Grant)– 5:59
"The Long Ride" – 3:57
"Tribal Thunder" – 6:21
"Misirlou" (acoustic version, unlabeled on CD) – 2:29

Personnel
Musicians
 Dick Dale – guitar, vocals
 Ron Eglit – bass guitar on "Nitro", "Esperanza", "Trail of Tears", "Caravan", "Speardance", "Hot Links" and "The Long Ride"
 Rowland Salley – bass guitar on "The New Victor", "Shredded Heat", "The Eliminator" and "Tribal Thunder"
 Scott Mathews – drums, percussion
 Prairie Prince – drums, percussion
 The Tribe (Scott, Prairie, Kolleen, Dick, Jill and Forrest) – chants

Technical personnel
 Joel Jaffe – engineering (Studio D)
 Allen Sudduth, Rob Baldwin, Wolf Kessler – engineering (Brilliant Studios)
 Allen Sudduth – mixing (Brilliant Studios)
 Paul Stubblebine – mastering (Rocket Lab, San Francisco)

References

1993 albums
Dick Dale albums
HighTone Records albums


"Sweet and Tender Hooligan" is a song by the English rock band the Smiths, written by singer Morrissey and guitarist Johnny Marr. Recorded in 1986, it was released as a single in May 1995 by Sire Records to promote the compilation album Singles.

Background
Whereas WEA in Europe opted to re-issue the 1986 single "Ask" to promote Singles, Sire in America thought it wiser to put out a single containing rarities, even though none of them featured on the actual compilation, as neither "Sweet and Tender Hooligan" itself nor its supporting tracks had been previously released as a single. The title track had previously been recorded for the BBC and included on Louder Than Bombs and the 12" of "Sheila Take a Bow"; "I Keep Mine Hidden", "Work Is a Four-Letter Word" and "What's the World?" were previously hard-to-find B-sides to earlier singles "Girlfriend in a Coma" and "I Started Something I Couldn't Finish" (both 1987).

Lyric
The lyric describes the lenient sentencing of a hooligan, with the narrator sarcastically taking the side of the criminal, saying "and he'll never ever do it again / of course he won't / not until the next time".

Track listing
 "Sweet and Tender Hooligan" (Morrissey, Johnny Marr) – 3:35
 "I Keep Mine Hidden" (Morrissey, Marr) – 1:59
 "Work Is a Four-Letter Word" (Guy Woolfenden, Don Black) – 2:47
 "What's the World?" (live) (Tim Booth, Jim Glennie, Paul Gilbertson, Gavan Whelan) – 2:06

Artwork
The single cover features a still of boxer Cornelius Carr from the music video for Morrissey's single "Boxers", as directed by James O'Brien in 1995.

Reviews

Jack Rabid of Allmusic described this song as "one of their great punk-inspired moments (along with "London") and as usual, should have been the A-side anyway."

Notes

The Smiths songs
1995 singles
Songs written by Morrissey
Songs written by Johnny Marr
Songs about criminals


Jason Kenneth George Fowler (born 20 August 1974) is an English former professional footballer. During his career, he made over 250 appearances in the Football League in spells with Bristol City, Cardiff City and Torquay United.

Career

Having featured for both Southampton and Oxford United as a schoolboy, Fowler signed for his hometown club Bristol City at the age of 16, making his debut during a 2–1 defeat to Reggiana in the Anglo-Italian Cup on 8 December 1992. However, he struggled to establish himself in the first team and was eventually released in 1996.

He was signed by Cardiff City and quickly became a regular in the squad, helping the side to promotion from Division Three in the 1998–99 season. He was diagnosed with an over-active thyroid during the 2000–01 season and struggled to keep his place in the squad due to the illness. He left Cardiff in 2001 for a fresh start at Torquay United where he spent four years before being forced into retirement in 2005 due to the discovery of Arthritis in his hips.

Post-retirement

In September 2006, Fowler began working as an assistant coach with the Cardiff City F.C. Academy under 16's team, along with James McCarthy.

Honours
Individual
PFA Team of the Year: 1998–99 Third Division

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Bristol
Bristol City F.C. players
Cardiff City F.C. players
Torquay United F.C. players
English Football League players


Attheya flexuosa is a species of diatoms in the genus Attheya. Type material was collected from Benllech, Gwynedd, North Wales in UK on intertidal sand.

References

External links
INA card

Biota of Wales
Coscinodiscophyceae
Protists described in 1994
Ochrophyte species


Abhinaya (Sanskrit abhi- 'towards' + nii- 'leading/guide') is the art of expression in Indian aesthetics. More accurately it means "leading an audience towards" the experience () of a sentiment (). The concept, derived from Bharata Muni's Natya Shastra, is used as an integral part of all Indian classical dance styles.

Abhinaya can be divided into four, according to the Natya Shastra.

Expression of the limbs (Āṅgika Abhinaya)
Angika Abhinaya denotes the movements of angas like head, hands, waist and face. Pratyangas like shoulder, shoulder arm's, thighs, knees and elbows and upangas like eyes, eyelid, cheeks, nose, lips and teeth. Additional hastas (hand gestures) have always played a significant role in conveyance of the emotion and through of a soul. Many of the natural gestures are found common to mankind and their meaning easily understood.

Expression of speech (Vāchika Abhinaya)

Speech is used in drama and also in music when the singer expresses the emotion through his or her singing. In the Kuchipudi and Melattur styles of Indian classical dance the dancers often mouth the words of the songs (padartha abhinaya). Kerala still has stage art forms that have Vāchika Abhinaya as a dominant component - Koodiyattam, Nangyar Kooothu, Ottan, Seetangan & Parayan - the three types of Thullal, Mudiyettu are the most popular.

Costume and scene (Āhārya Abhinaya)
Another means of representation of the play is indeed the costumes and physical decorations of the actors and the theatre. In dramas and dance dramas, costume and making are distinguished by the sex, race, sect or class, or the social position of the characters, giving the production of the presentation some semblance of reality.
The decorations of the stage theatre including lights and accessories are related to the scene of the depiction in which enhances the rasa between the audience and artists also comes under this category.

In kathakali there are totally different dresses and makeup for 4 different characters; the good characters have green makeup while the demons have Kati vesham in which the nose is painted red. But in solo dance performances aharya abhinaya is a convention to it.

True expression (Sāttvika Abhinaya)
Sāttvika Abhinaya is the mental message, emotion or image communicated with the audience through the performer's own inner emotions. The dancer or actor has to use experience, something authentic, to capture the audience and to elicit an empathetic response.
The human activity in other words, is traditionally classified as belonging to the mind, voice and body. Bharatha Muni in Natyashastra mentioned that  is something originated in mind.

Lokadharmi and Natyadharmi Abhinaya

A principal division is that between natyadharmi abhinaya and lokadharmi abhinaya.  The former is poetic and stylistic in nature, following a codified manner of presenting emotion and expression which pertains to the conventions of the stage, which appear to have greater 'artistry' by virtue of taking something from natural life and rendering it in a suitably stylised way.  Lokadharmi abhinaya is the opposite: realistic and un-stylised, involving very natural expression and movement, as occurs in daily life.  Often this is the more difficult as the possibilities for interpretation of an emotion or a line of poetry are endless.

See also
 Classical Indian dance
 Natyashastra
 Navarasa
 Nātyakalpadrumam
 Rasa (aesthetics)
 Sanskrit drama

Notes

Further reading

Indian culture
Performing arts in India
Dance in India


A. G. Paul Palén (4 April 1881 – 12 October 1944) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He won the gold medal as member of the Swedish team in the 30 m military pistol event and a silver medal in the rapid fire pistol competition. He also participated in the 50 metre pistol event and finished 36th.

References

External links
profile

1881 births
1944 deaths
Swedish male sport shooters
ISSF pistol shooters
Olympic shooters for Sweden
Shooters at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Sweden
Olympic silver medalists for Sweden
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics
19th-century Swedish people
20th-century Swedish people


Attheya longicornis is a species of diatoms in the genus Attheya. Type material was collected from Penberth, Cornwall in England.

References

External links
INA card for Attheya longicornis

Protists described in 1994
Ochrophyte species
Coscinodiscophyceae


Għajn Ħadid Tower (), originally known as Torre di Salomone and known by locals as Xagħra Tower (), is a ruined watchtower in Selmun, limits of Mellieħa, Malta. It was built in 1658 as the first of the De Redin towers. The tower has been in ruins since its upper floor collapsed in an earthquake in 1856.

History

Għajn Ħadid Tower was the first De Redin tower to be built, and was constructed between March and May 1658. The total cost of construction was 529 scudi, 2 tari and 8 uqija. It was built on a cliff face overlooking Mġiebaħ Bay, having views of l-Aħrax tal-Mellieħa, Comino, Gozo, St. Paul's Bay and Baħar iċ-Ċagħaq.

The design of the tower was based on the Sciuta Tower, which had been built in 1638 in Wied iż-Żurrieq. It had a square plan with two floors and a turret on the roof, with the entrance being a doorway located on the first floor, that could only be reached by a retractable ladder. The design continued to be used for all the other De Redin towers in Malta.

According to a 1743 report in which all coastal towers were inspected due to the fear of a plague, the tower was armed with two bronze cannons, gun wheels and stock, eighteen cannonballs, fifteen rotolos of gunpowder, four muskets and twelve rotolos of musket balls. It was manned by six people.

The area around the tower contains a number of fields with rubble walls that were used to grow crops and house animals. A well dug into solid rock is also found a couple of metres away from the tower. Both the fields and the well were probably used by the militia stationed in the tower since the tower was in a remote location and was difficult to supply. The tower was therefore self-sufficient. A small defensible room pierced by musketry loopholes is located nearby, but it is not known if this predates the tower or if it was built after it. The remains of a small sentry room can also be seen in the area. All these features are unique to Għajn Ħadid Tower.

Collapse

Għajn Ħadid Tower was severely damaged in an earthquake on 12 October 1856, when its upper floor collapsed. Most of the stones were then removed to be used in other buildings, but part of the scarped base still exists. The defensible room near the tower survived the earthquake, and still exists today. Despite the tower's collapse, its ruins are still important as they clearly show elements of the tower's architecture which are not normally visible in the still standing towers. Since the other De Redin towers are almost identical, more information about their construction can be found by studying Għajn Ħadid Tower.

The commemorative plaque that was originally on the tower is on public display at a garden in Tas-Salib Square in Mellieħa. The tower's 6-pound cannon was retrieved in 1975 by the Historical Society of Mellieħa, and it is now displayed along with the plaque at the same garden.

On the plaque it is written:

References

External links

National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands

De Redin towers
Towers completed in 1658
Buildings and structures demolished in 1856
Collapsed buildings and structures
Ruins in Malta
Demolished buildings and structures in Malta
Mellieħa
National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands
1658 establishments in Malta


The Diocese of Aberdeen is one of the thirteen (after 1633 fourteen) historical dioceses of the Scottish church.

Diocese of Aberdeen may also refer to:
 Roman Catholic Diocese of Aberdeen, modern Roman Catholic diocese resurrected in the late 19th century upon the model of the old diocese, and is based at Aberdeen
 Diocese of Aberdeen and Orkney, Scottish episcopal created in the 18th century on the model of two earlier dioceses combined, and based at Aberdeen


Merrimac, Illinois is a small unincorporated community in the historic Moredock Precinct of Monroe County, Illinois, United States. It is located in the American Bottoms, adjacent to the Mississippi River levee due south of that river's confluence with the Meramec. It takes its name from this river whose name was translated as 'Ugly Water' from Algonquian by French Jesuits in the area. However scholars of the language translate it as 'place of strong current', which would certainly seem consistent.

Unincorporated communities in Monroe County, Illinois
Unincorporated communities in Illinois
Monroe County, Illinois


Erik Boström (23 August 1869 – 13 June 1932) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. He won the silver medal in the 50 metre military pistol team event and finished  fifth in the 50 m pistol, eighth in the 50 m rifle, prone, and 17th in the 30 m rapid fire pistol.

References

External links

profile

1869 births
1932 deaths
Swedish male sport shooters
ISSF pistol shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Olympic shooters for Sweden
Shooters at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Sweden
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Sport shooters from Stockholm
20th-century Swedish people


Herbert Zipper Concert Hall is a 415-seat music venue located on the campus of the Colburn School in Los Angeles, California, United States.  In addition to serving as a performance space for the school, it also is home to Monday Evening Concerts, Southwest Chamber Music, Piano Spheres, VOX Femina Los Angeles, and Musica Angelica.  The Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra performs part of its season there.  It also regularly hosts many other distinguished performers, and has served as a venue for the Los Angeles Philharmonic's Chamber Music Society and "Green Umbrella" New Music Group series.

It is named after musician and educator, Herbert Zipper.

References

Music venues in California
Concert halls in California
Music venues completed in 2008


The 1973 Thomas Cup was the ninth edition of the Thomas Cup, the world championship of men's international team badminton (its female counterpart is the Uber Cup). The final set of ties (team matches) involving regional zone winners and the defending champion nation were held in Jakarta, Indonesia in late May and early June 1973. Beginning in 1948–49 the tournament was held every three years until 1982 and has been held every two years thereafter. For more details on the format of Thomas Cup competition see Wikipedia's general article on the Thomas Cup.

Indonesia won its fifth title after beating Denmark in the Final Round.

Teams
23 teams from 4 regions took part in the competition. As defending champion, Indonesia skipped the qualifications and the first round of inter-zone competition, and played directly in the second round (effectively, the semifinals of the tournament).

Australasian zone

Asian zone

European zone

Panamerican zone

Qualification (Intra-zone) summary

Early ties (team matches) in the 1972–1973 Thomas Cup series were marked by an unusual number of close contests; the winners of several of these were not determined until the final match. One such instance occurred in the Australasian zone final between India and New Zealand. Here Asif Parpia and seventeen-year-old prodigy Prakash Padukone edged their doubles opponents 15–12 in the third game to put India into the inter-zone playoffs for the first time since 1955. In the Pan American zone a young Mexican team parlayed wins by their top two singles players, Roy Diaz Gonzalez and Victor Jaramillo Luque, with an upset win in doubles to defeat the USA 5–4. It thus overcame an estimable effort from 41-year-old Jim Poole who won all three of his matches, including his final Thomas Cup appearance in singles. In the zone final, however, Mexico was beaten 6–3 by a well seasoned Canadian team which included ex-Thai stars Channarong Ratanaseangsuang and Raphi Kanchanaraphi, both in their mid thirties.

In the European zone England was upset 4–5 by a solid West German squad which featured a world class singles player in Wolfgang Bochow who won both of his matches, as well as a world class doubles team in Roland Maywald and Willi Braun who won the last match of the tie to clinch the victory. Elsewhere in Europe a Scottish team that included Bob McCoig playing in his sixth Thomas Cup series gave Sweden unexpected difficulty but succumbed 4–5. The tendency toward close contests, however, did not extend to perennial European power Denmark which beat West Germany 7–2 and Sweden 8–1 respectively in the zone semifinal and final. Young Flemming Delfs made his Thomas Cup debut in these ties by handily winning his three singles matches.

The greatest drama at the highest level of play in the qualifying ties, came in two Asian zone battles, both involving traditional power Malaysia. In the first of these Malaysia and Japan alternated tight victories in perhaps the longest and closest tie in Thomas Cup history. Malaysia won the last doubles match in three games to advance to the zone final, but Punch Gunalan's 17–16 third game win over Japan's Junji Honma on the second night of play shows how narrow was the difference between victory and defeat. If Malaysia had snatched victory from the jaws of defeat against Japan, however, it proceeded to snatch defeat from the jaws of victory against its next opponent, Thailand. Up three matches to none, Malaysia's undoing began when Tan Aik Huang, who had played an earlier singles, suffered a cramp and was carried off the doubles court to end the first night's play at 3–1. Though Aik Huang played the next day he lost both of his matches, and Gunalan's win at third singles was offset by Tan Aik Mong's singles loss. In the final and decisive match Gunalan and the veteran Ng Boon Bee, the world's top doubles team just two seasons earlier, seemed unnerved and were routed by veteran Sangob Rattanusorn and young star Bandid Jaiyen. The two Thais had also played singles and emerged as the heroes of an upset victory. Conversely, it was a sad Thomas Cup exit for three of Malaysia's "greats," Ng Boon Bee, Tan Aik Huang, and Punch Gunalan.

Inter-zone playoffs

First & Second round summary
The first tie of the inter-zone playoffs in Jakarta pitting Canada against India was another rousing 5–4 battle featuring numerous close matches. A few days shy of his eighteenth birthday, India's Prakash Padukone showed signs of future greatness by defeating both Jamie Paulson (climbing back from 6-14 down in the third) and Bruce Rollick in titanic three game struggles. Paulson, however, won his remaining singles and both of his doubles with the ebullient Yves Pare. Ex-Thais Raphi Kanchanaraphi and Channarong Ratanaseangsuang completed a sweep of the doubles allowing Canada to advance to the semifinal against Denmark.

Unfortunately for spectators, the Canada vs. India tie was the last of the dramatic, issue-always-in-doubt team contests which had characterized much of the 72-73 Thomas Cup series. Canada, which needed to be at its best to be competitive against a typically talented Danish lineup, was flat instead and lost tamely  0–9. Svend Pri, playing both singles and doubles, won all of his matches in straight games. Kanchanaraphi and Ratanaseangsuang, each of whom had winning Thomas Cup records against the Danes in matches dating back to 1961 and 1964, found the going rougher in their mid thirties. Dropping only two games in the tie, Denmark advanced to the Thomas Cup final for the fourth time.

In the other semifinal Thailand, an upset winner of the Asian zone qualifier, fought hard but was out-gunned by an Indonesian team that was perhaps the best yet in their then almost unbroken string of Thomas Cup success. Thailand's diminutive but highly talented Bandid Jaiyen wore down the veteran Muljadi in three games, but the Thais were unable to capture another match. Traditionally strong in doubles, the Thais dropped eight straight doubles games, only one of them close, to Indonesian pairs containing future "legends" Tjun Tjun, Christian Hadinata, and Ade Chandra. With Rudy Hartono winning all four of his matches for the fifth consecutive time, Indonesia advanced to play in its sixth straight final.

First round

Second round

Final round summary
Muljadi for Indonesia and Henning Borch for Denmark were the only holdovers from the controversial 1964 final between the two nations (they had faced each other at third singles with Muljadi, then known as Ang Tjin Siang, winning). Both ended their Thomas Cup careers with this '73 final. It was a happy ending for Muljadi who outlasted Elo Hansen in three hard games in the first match of the tie, and then beat a jaded Svend Pri in straight games on the second night (thus completing a perfect 6–0 singles record in the championship rounds of Thomas Cup). Pri was jaded on the second night largely because of his colossal effort on the first night in handing Rudy Hartono his first Thomas Cup singles loss. Smashing accurately in the first and third games and staving off several match points Pri threw his racket to the crowd at the conclusion of the battle. Sterling achievement though it was, it did little to spark a good Danish team against a generally better opponent on the opponent's home court. Hansen became ill and defaulted his second night's match to Hartono. Budding Danish star Flemming Delfs faded after the first game to lose the third singles match to Amril Nurman 4-15 in the third. The doubles matches were less competitive. 1970 All-England champions Tom Bacher and Poul Petersen, never at their best in the tropics, lost tamely to Christian and Chandra and to Hartono and Tjun Tjun. As for Henning Borch, the only Dane at that time to have competed in five inter-zone campaigns, it was a final disappointment. He and Svend Pri failed to score more than eight points in any of their doubles games. Indonesia won the tie 8–1, and with it their fifth Thomas Cup title.

Final round

References

External links
 tangkis.tripod.com
 Mike's Badminton Populorum

Thomas Cup
Thomas & Uber Cup
Thomas Cup
T


Carrozzeria Boneschi S.r.L. (established 1919  near Milan) is an Italian coachbuilder, mainly of commercial vehicles. Until 1960, the company was mostly involved with automobile manufacturers such as Talbot, Rolls-Royce, Alfa Romeo, Lancia and Fiat.  It was established in Milan by Giovanni Boneschi, moving to Cambiago in (1933).  The factory was rebuilt after World War II (1946), after which Boneschi died.  Among its designers and directors in the later years was Dr. Bruno Pezzaglia. Boneschi brand has recently been acquired by the coachbuilder Savio.

Vehicles

 Lancia Lambda were the first orders
 Lancia Dilambda, Lancia Artena and Lancia Astura
 Lancia Aprilia
 Fiat 1100/103 Giardinetta (wood-based station wagon, 1949) and the Pubblicigario, toothpaste shaped car for Binaca (toothpaste manufacturer, 1951)
 Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 convertible (1937, 1952)
 Isotta Fraschini Tipo 8C Monterosa Cabriolet (1948)
 Alfa Romeo 1900C Astral (1953), displayed at the 1953 Turin Motor Show, a second was sold to Rafael Trujillo.
 Lancia Aurelia B53 convertible (1953)
 Alfa Romeo Giulietta Weekendina (station wagon, 1957).
 Fiat 1500 Spider Bonetto, designed by Rodolfo Bonetto (1960)
 Lancia Flaminia spider Amalfi (1961)
 O.S.C.A. 1600 GT Swift, two different designs in 1962 and 1963
 Maserati 3500 GT Tight (1962, 1963)
 Alfa Romeo 2600 Spider Studionove (1963)
 Ford Fairlane prototype (1963)
 Iveco OM55, armored truck (1977)
 Fiat 306 bus, conversion for Gancia Asti
 Lancia Thema Gazella coupe prototype (1987)
  (1972)

References

Bibliography
 Sergio Puttini, Carrozzeria Boneschi (1989).

External links

 Savio Group official website
 [https://www.coachbuild.com/index.php/encyclopedia/coachbuilders-models/category/boneschi Boneschi in Coachbuild.com Encyclopedia

Coachbuilders of Italy
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1919
Italian companies established in 1919


Bettencourt-Saint-Ouen (Picard: Bétincourt-Saint-Ouin) is a commune in the Somme department and Hauts-de-France region of northern France.

Geography
The commune is situated on the D57 road, some  northwest of Amiens and less than a mile from the A16 autoroute.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


The Diocese of Galloway may refer to:

Diocese of Galloway, one of the thirteen (after 1633 fourteen) historical dioceses of the Scottish church
Roman Catholic Diocese of Galloway, modern Roman Catholic diocese resurrected in the late 19th century upon the model of the old diocese, but based at Ayr
Diocese of Glasgow and Galloway, Scottish episcopal created in the 18th century on the model of two earlier dioceses combined, and based at Glasgow


Skin is a studio album by Australian musician Katie Noonan. It was released in August 2007 and peaked at number 6 on the Australian ARIA Charts.
Skin was the first album released by Noonan as a solo artist and recorded between the time of 3 and 8 months pregnant.
Noonan says: "I love the themes I explored on this album – I was a madly in love newlywed, experiencing the miracle of pregnancy – it was quite a trip to document! Inspired by Donny Hathaway, Aretha Franklin, Stevie Wonder and Vince Jones, this album was all about exploring groove for me. I learn’t a huge amount making this album and I am really grateful for the arduous journey I took with this process, as since then, it has confirmed my instinct to listen to and trust my inner voice."

Reviews
Bernard Zuel from Sydney Morning Herald said "Her first solo album finds her mostly dabbling in a kind of fluttering, '70s soul jazz reminiscent of, among others, Minnie Riperton." adding "The songs have a basement soul feel. That is, as with any number of competent jazz funk bands you may see at the Sydney venue on a Friday night, there's a groove, but apart from "Return", it never sinks in beneath the skin. Across them Noonan's lyrics are not awful but they rarely say something that couldn't have been done by a committee."

Track listing
 "Logic" - 2:47
 "Return" - 3:32
 "Time to Begin" - 4:25
 "Love's My Song for You" - 4:06
 "Little Boy Man" - 3:22
 "Sunshine" - 3:31
 "One Step" - 3:48
 "Home"	- 4:19
 "Send Out a Little Love" - 3:51
 "Who Are You?" - 4:30
 "Bluebird" - 4:43
 "A Little Smile" - 3:05

Bonus disc
 "Special Ones"
 "Crazy"
 "I Think I Am"
 "Choir Girl"
 "Breathe In Now"

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

External links
 "Skin" by Katie Noonan at Discogs

References

2007 albums
Katie Noonan albums
Festival Records albums
Mushroom Records albums
Pop albums by Australian artists


The 4th Arkansas Infantry (August 17, 1861 – April 26, 1865) was a Confederate States Army infantry regiment from the state of Arkansas during the American Civil War. The 4th Arkansas served throughout the war in the western theater, seeing action in the Kentucky, Tennessee and Georgia campaigns. Following its depletion in numbers the regiment was consolidated several times with other Arkansas regiments, finally merging in 1865 into the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Mounted Rifles. Another Arkansas unit also had the designation 4th Arkansas, the 4th Regiment, Arkansas State Troops which participated in the Battle of Wilson's Creek, but was never transferred to Confederate Service. There is no connection between the two units.

Formation
Originally known as the "Southwestern Arkansas Regiment", the 4th Arkansas was organized at Mount Vernon, Missouri, from volunteer companies from the southwestern part of Arkansas, which arrived in Missouri just after the Battle of Wilson's Creek. The original eight companies which were mustered into service at Miller's Springs, Missouri, on August 17, 1861, were:

Company A – the "Calhoun Escopets" – of Calhoun County, commanded by Captain Joseph B.McCulloch. This company was originally organized as a volunteer militia company named the "Moro Greys". the company later changed its name to Calhoun Escopets because a large majority were originally armed with double barreled shotguns and Escopet was thought to be French for shotgun. Howerton, Bryan "", Arkansas in the Civil War Message Board, Posted 14 June 2004, Accessed 10 November 2016, http://www.history-sites.com/cgi-bin/bbs62x/arcwmb/arch_config.pl?md=read;id=4346
Company B – the "Hempstead Hornets" – of Hempstead County, commanded by Captain Rufus K. Garland.
Company C – the "Caddo Rifles" – of Montgomery County, commanded by Captain Francis J. Erwin.
Company D – the "Bright Star Rifles" – of Lafayette County, commanded by Captain Josephuse Tison.
Company E – the "Confederate Guards" – of Hempstead County, commanded by Captain John A. Rowles. This company was originally organized as a volunteer company of the 8th Regiment, Arkansas State Militia.
Company F – the "Montgomery Hunters" – of Montgomery County, commanded by Captain John M. Simpson.
Company G – the "Pike County Blues" – of Pike County, commanded by Captain James F. Black.
Company H – the "Polk County Invincibles" – of Polk County, commanded by Captain William H. Earp.

Two additional companies were added on October 26, 1861, at Fort Smith, Arkansas:

Company I – the "Polk Rifles" – of Polk County, commanded by Captain James B. Williamson.
Company K – the "Calhoun Invincibles" – of Calhoun County, commanded by Captain Oliver H. P. Black. This company was originally known as the "Calhoun Bear Hunters", but apparently opted to change their name to the more noble sounding "Calhoun Invincibles".

An eleventh company was temporarily attached—Kelley's Company, the "Pike County Rangers" of Pike County. On 18 August they marched to Mt. Vernon, Missouri, where the following commissioned and non-commissioned staff officers were appointed:

Colonel: Mcnair, Evander from Hempstead Co.
Major: May, James H. from Montgomery Co.
Surgeon: Gammage, W.L.
Assistant Surgeon: Jones, F.N. of Arkansas
Quartermaster: Walker, George W.
Adjutant: Grant, Nathaniel Lieutenant of Company C. Montgomery Co.
Chaplain: Black, B.B. of Washington Co.
Sergeant-Major: Johnson, Needham O.S. of Company E.
Fife Major: Prince, Wm. H. Private of Company E.
Drum Major: Knox, Wm. W. Private of Company E.
Forage Master: Bostick, John of Company C. Montgomery Co.
Quartermaster Sergeant: Black, Warren Private of Company A., Calhoun Co.
Commissary Sergeant: Beard, John Private of Company B., Of Washington.
Quartermaster's Clerk: Ferguson, of Washington.
Hospital Steward: Kerr, Dr. E.W. Private of Company B, Hempstead Co.

Battles

The 4th Arkansas was originally assigned to McCulloch's Brigade in northwest Arkansas in late August 1861, and served in the Indian Territory, September–October 1861.  The regiment was reassigned to Colonel Louis Hébert's Brigade, of Brigadier General Ben McCulloch's Division of Major General Earl Van Dorn's Army of the West in February 1862. The regiment fought at Leetown area of the battlefield during Pea Ridge on March 7–8, 1862, under the command of Colonel Evander McNair. When General Ben McCulloch was killed at the Battle of Pea Ridge and Colonel Louis Hebert captured, Colonel McNair took command of the brigade. The unit was organized with 695 men, and reported 55 casualties at the Battle of Pea Ridge.

The 4th Arkansas reconsolidated at Van Buren, Arkansas, then marched overland to Des Arc where the regiment was transported by steamboat to Memphis in an attempt to unite the Army of the West with the Confederate Army of Mississippi to attack Grant at Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, but arrived too late for the Battle of Shiloh. From June 6 to June 30, 1862, the 4th Arkansas Regiment was in camp near Tupelo, Mississippi, along with other Arkansas regiments. Dozens of Arkansas soldiers died of disease in the camp hospital during this period, and many more were discharged for disability.

In early May 1862 the Confederate forces underwent an army-wide reorganization due to the passage of the Conscription Act by the Confederate Congress in April 1862. All twelve-month regiments had to re-muster and enlist for two additional years or the duration of the war; a new election of officers was ordered; and men who were exempted from service by age or other reasons under the Conscription Act were allowed to take a discharge and go home. Officers who did not choose to stand for re-election were also offered a discharge. The reorganization was accomplished among all the Arkansas regiments in and around Corinth, Mississippi, following the Battle of Shiloh.  The 4th Arkansas Infantry was reorganized at Camp Churchill Clark, Corinth, Mississippi, on May 8, 1862, for two years' additional service (later extended to three years or the war). The only change among the field officers at this time was the replacement of Lieutenant Colonel Samuel Ogden by Lieutenant Henry Gaston Bunn.

During the Kentucky Campaign, McNair's brigade was assigned to Churchill's division, under the overall command of General Kirby Smith. General Smith pushed rapidly into the bluegrass region of Kentucky, and defeated the Union army at the Battle of Richmond. In the desperate battle that occurred there, McNair's brigade turned the enemy's right and contributed to the rout that followed. The 4th Arkansas, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Henry C. Bunn reported 23 casualties at the Battle of Richmond.

On November 4, 1862, Colonel McNair was commissioned brigadier-general. His brigade included the following Arkansas units, the 1st and 2nd Arkansas Mounted Rifles (dismounted), 4th and 13th Arkansas Infantry Regiments, 4th Arkansas Infantry Battalion, and Humphreys' battery of artillery. On the same day, Henry Gaston Bunn was elected Colonel of the 4th Arkansas as the replacement for Brigadier General McNair.

During the Battle of Murfreesboro, Tennessee, on December 31, 1862, McNair's brigade took part in the brilliant charge of McCown's division, which, aided by the Divisions of Withers and Cheatham, drove the Federal right a distance of between , bending it back upon the center, until the line was at right angles to its original position. The 4th Arkansas lost another 79 casualties at Murfreesboro. In accordance with Confederate Adjutant and Inspector General's Office Order Number 131, nine soldiers of the regiment were recognized for courage and good conduct on the field for the Battle of Murfreesboro

In June, 1863, McNair's Brigade was reassigned to Walker's (later French's) Division of the Army of the Department of Mississippi and Eastern Louisiana, under the overall command of General Joseph E. Johnston who was assigned the mission of organizing a force to attempt to relieve General Pemberton's besieged army at Vicksburg.  Johnston had been gathering troops at Jackson, intending to relieve pressure on Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton's beleaguered garrison. Johnston cautiously advanced his 30,000 soldiers toward the rear of Grant's army surrounding Vicksburg. In response, Grant ordered Sherman to deal with Johnston's threat. By July 1, 1863, Johnston's force was in position along the Big Black River. Sherman used the newly arrived IX Corps to counter this threat. On July 5, the day after the surrender of Vicksburg was made official; Sherman was free to move against Johnston. Johnston hastily withdrew his force across the Big Black River and Champion's Hill battlefields with Sherman in pursuit. Sherman had with him the IX Corps, XV Corps, XIII Corps, and a detachment of the XVI Corps. On July 10 the Union Army had taken up position around Jackson. The heaviest fighting in the Siege of Jackson came on July 11 during an unsuccessful Union attack, which resulted in heavy casualties. Instead of risking entrapment, Johnston chose to evacuate the state capital and withdrew on July 16. Sherman's forces occupied the city the following day.

In the aftermath of the Vicksburg Campaign most of Johnston's army was transferred back to the Army of Tennessee. By late August 1863, losses had forced the consolidation of the 4th Arkansas with other depleted Arkansas regiments. The 4th was consolidated with the remnants of the 31st Arkansas Infantry Regiment and the 4th Arkansas Infantry Battalion. Companies C and D of the 4th Arkansas formed one company, under the company of Captain Coatney. Companies F; G; H; and I of the same regiment into one company, under the command of Captain Lavender. All companies of the 31st were consolidated into two companies. Colonel H.G. Bunn, of the 4th Arkansas commanded the consolidated regiment.

At the Battle of Chickamauga, McNair's was one of the eight brigades which, under Major General James Longstreet's direction, rushed through the gap in the Federal line and put one wing of the Union army to rout. In the battle McNair was wounded and the brigade as a whole suffered heavy casualties. The consolidated 4th/31st/4th Arkansas lost twenty-four percent of the 385 soldiers engaged at Chickamauga.

Following the Battle of Chickamauga, NcNair's Brigade moved back to central Mississippi to oppose General Sherman's Meridian Campaign. Sherman organized an expedition of 20,000 men to move into central Mississippi to break up Confederate rail communications and other infrastructure near Meridian Mississippi, and solidify Union control of the Mississippi River. The Meridian campaign was a "dress rehearsal" for the style of war against infrastructure that Sherman, as well as some of these very troops, would later practice in Georgia. To counter the threat, Confederate President Jefferson Davis ordered troops to the area from other localities, including McNair's Brigade. The Confederate commander in the area, Lieutenant General Leonidas Polk, consolidated a number of commands in and around Morton, Mississippi, but failed to stop Sherman's moves. Meridian was essentially destroy by Sherman and most of Polks forces were transferred to the Army of Tennessee in time to oppose Sherman's Atlanta Campaign.

Through the summer and fall of 1864 the 4th Arkansas and the rest of their brigade, now under the command of Brigadier General Daniel Harris Reynolds, participated in the Atlanta Campaign through Georgia as a part of the force attempting to stop Sherman. After the fall of Atlanta, the 4th Arkansas along with the rest of the army, now under the command of General John Bell Hood, moved back to Tennessee, where they fought at the Battle of Franklin and the Battle of Nashville. The unit is entitled to the following Campaign Participation Credits:

Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, March 6–8, 1862.
Siege of Corinth, Mississippi, April to June 1862.
Kentucky Campaign, Kentucky, August–October 1862.
Battle of Richmond, Kentucky, August 29–30, 1862.
Battle of Perryville, Kentucky, October 8, 1862.
Battle of Murfreesboro, Tennessee, December 31, 1862, to January 3, 1863.
Vicksburg Campaign
 Battle of Jackson, Mississippi, May 14, 1863.
 Siege of Jackson, Mississippi, July 5–25, 1863.
Chickamauga Campaign
Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia, September 19–20, 1863.
Meridian Campaign
Battle of Meridian, Mississippi, February 14–20, 1864.
Atlanta Campaign, May to September 1864.
Battle of Dug Gap, Georgia, September 10–11, 1863.
Battle of Resaca, Georgia, May 14–15, 1864.
Battle of New Hope Church, Georgia, May 25–June 4, 1864.
Battle of Pickett's Mill, Georgia, May 27, 1864.
Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, Georgia, June 27, 1864.
Battle of Moore's Hill, Georgia, July 28, 1862.
Battle of Peachtree Creek, Georgia, July 20, 1864.
Siege of Atlanta, Georgia, July 22, 1864.
Battle of Lovejoy's Station, Georgia, August 20, 1864.
Franklin–Nashville Campaign September 18–December 27, 1864.
Battle of Moon's Station, Georgia, October 3, 1864.
Battle of Spring Hill, Tennessee, November 29, 1864.
Battle of Franklin, Tennessee, November 30, 1864.
Battle of Nashville, Tennessee, December 15–16, 1864.
Battle of Sugar Creek, Tennessee, December 26, 1864.
Carolinas Campaign, February to April 1865.
Battle of Bentonville, North Carolina, March 19–21, 1865.

After the Battle of Nashville, Tennessee, the Arkansas regiments of Reynolds' Brigade marched via Bainbridge, Alabama, Tuscumbia, Iuka and Corinth to Tupelo, Mississippi, where they went into camp on January 10, 1865. They departed Tupelo on January 30 and marched to West Point, Mississippi. From West Point they traveled by rail to Selma, Alabama. From Selma they traveled by steamboat to Montgomery, then by rail to Columbus, Georgia. From Columbus they marched via Macon and Milledgeville to Mayfield, Georgia. From Mayfield they traveled by rail to Augusta, Georgia. From there they marched to Newberry, South Carolina. On March 19, 1865, they fought their last major engagement at the Battle of Bentonville, North Carolina. They then marched to Smithfield, North Carolina, where the entire brigade was consolidated into a single understrength regiment, the 1st Consolidated Mounted Rifles on April 9, 1865.

Consolidation and surrender
On April 9, 1865, the depleted Arkansas regiments of D. H. Reynolds' Brigade, Walthall's Division, Confederate Army of Tennessee, were consolidated into a single regiment, the 1st Arkansas Consolidated Mounted Rifles, at Smithfield, North Carolina. The companies of the consolidated regiment were drawn from the following Arkansas regiments:
Company A — 1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles.
Company B — 1st Arkansas Mounted Rifles.
Company C — 2nd Arkansas Mounted Rifles.
Company D — 2nd Arkansas Mounted Rifles.
Company E — 4th Arkansas Infantry.
Company F — 4th Arkansas Infantry.
Company G — 31st Arkansas Infantry.
Company H — 9th Arkansas Infantry.
Company I — 9th Arkansas Infantry.
Company K — 25th Arkansas Infantry.

The 1st Arkansas Consolidated Mounted Rifles surrendered with the Army of Tennessee at Greensboro, North Carolina, April 26, 1865. The regiment was paroled on May 1, 1865, at Jamestown, North Carolina. After the surrender, the men were offered free rail transportation (where available) in the direction of their homes, by what was left of the Southern railway companies. Most of the men traveled by rail, where they could. A large number of men were killed or seriously injured in a railroad accident at Flat Creek Bridge, Tennessee, on May 25, 1865.

Colors

When the Fourth Arkansas was organized in 1861, it received several new flags, all apparently based on the 1st National Flag of the Confederacy. The following is taken from the Hempstead county newspaper Washington Telegraph:

Miss Jett's speech ended "'Tis the flag of the South! aye, fling its fold to the kindred breeze, emblem of dread to tyrant hordes, of freedom of the seas! forever may its stars and stripes in cloudless glory wave: Red, White, and Blue--eternal types of nations free and brave" Miss Mollie Pagan presented a flag to the Hempstead Hornets and described it as "the flag of our southern confederacy", probably referring to a first national flag pattern. Colonel McNair was a Hempstead County resident and therefore probably selected a company flag from one of the Hempstead County units as the first 4th Arkansas flag which would be the flag carried by the regiment at the Battle of Pea Ridge and used until they crossed the Mississippi and were issued new colors.

By the time of the Battle of Murfreesboro, the 4th Arkansas had been issued McCown Style battle flag. This was a moderately rectangular banner with a predominantly blue field. The field was crossed with a white St. Andrew's Cross and the entire flag was bordered in white. From battle descriptions it is likely that every regiment of McNair's Arkansas Brigade carried a similar flag. Only one of these flags survived the war, that of the 25th Arkansas Infantry Regiment, which was then known as the 30th Arkansas. The flag of the 25th/30th Arkansas was captured after the color bearer's hand was shot off. It is now in the Old State House Museum in Little Rock. The 4th Arkansas would have carried a similar flag, either with their own markings, or with none at all. There are several post war illustrations of a 4th Arkansas Flag based on the St. Andrew's cross pattern of the Army of Tennessee, but no flag of the 4th Arkansas survived the war.

Roll of Honor
Nine soldiers of the regiment were listed on the Confederate Roll of Honor for their service at Murfreesboro

See also

List of Arkansas Civil War Confederate units
Lists of American Civil War Regiments by State
Confederate Units by State
Arkansas in the American Civil War
Arkansas Militia in the Civil War

Notes

References

Bibliography
Arkansas Confederate Regimental Histories
Battle Actions and History of the 4th Arkansas Infantry, CSA
Bender, Robert P. (ed.), Worthy of the Cause for Which They Fight: The Civil War Diary of Brigadier General Harris Reynolds, 1861–1865. (University of Arkansas Press, 2011), accessed at Google eBooks, https://books.google.com/books?id=H10SkwjYznkC&q=Reynolds+arkansas+brigade .
Gammage, Washington L., The Camp, the Bivouac, and the Battlefield, Being a History of the Fourth Arkansas Regiment, from its First Organization Down to the Present Date.
Lavendar, Captain John W.  1837–1921. The War Memoirs of Captain John W. Lavender, CSA  The Southern Press, 1956. Sub title:
Lavender, John. They Never Came Back: The Story of Co. F. Fourth Arkansas Infantry, C.S.A. (Pine Bluff, AR: The Southern Press, 1956).

External links
Edward G. Gerdes Civil War Home Page
The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture
The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
The Arkansas History Commission, State Archives, Civil War in Arkansas
Fourth Arkansas Infantry

Units and formations of the Confederate States Army from Arkansas
1865 disestablishments in Arkansas
Military units and formations disestablished in 1865
Military units and formations in Arkansas
Military in Arkansas
1861 establishments in Arkansas
Military units and formations established in 1861


Carl Björkman (31 December 1869 – 4 February 1960) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.

In 1912 he won the gold medal as member of the Swedish team in the team free rifle event and the bronze medal in the team military rifle competition. He also participated in the free rifle, three positions event and finished 34th.

References

External links
Carl Björkman at databaseOlympics.com

1869 births
1960 deaths
Swedish male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Olympic shooters for Sweden
Shooters at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Sweden
Olympic bronze medalists for Sweden
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics
19th-century Swedish people
20th-century Swedish people


Nell () is a South Korean alternative rock band formed in 2001. The band consists of lead vocalist, keyboardist and guitarist Kim Jong-wan, lead guitarist Lee Jae-kyung, bass guitarist Lee Jung-hoon and previously drummer Jung Jae-won until his departure from the group in June 2023. The group was named after the film, Nell, that starred Jodie Foster. The band is known for their gloomy and psychedelic sound, and has achieved fame with hits such as "Stay" from , "Thank You" from , "Good Night" and "Losing Heart" from  and  "Time Walking On Memory" from . Their third studio album Healing Process was chosen as one of five best recordings of the year by South Korean critics. Nell's fourth studio album Separation Anxiety was a hit in South Korea, ranking number one in various real-time album charts.

Musical career

Early years and turning point
Nell was formed in 1999 by four students who had failed to pass the college entrance exam. The group performed at clubs around the Sinchon-dong area and released two indie rock albums,  and , in 2001, causing a revival of emotional rock in the country.

While performing at live clubs in Hongdae, they were picked up by Seo Taiji, and soon became the first band to promote under the record label Goesoo Indigene, a subsidiary of Seo Taiji Company in 2002. In 2006, the band decided to finish their contract with Goesoo Indigene. They signed with Woollim Entertainment.

The band is heavily influenced by numerous British bands such as Radiohead, Placebo, Travis, and Muse. They also performed a number of covers of Muse, Coldplay, Sting, and Bob Dylan during their gigs.

Nell has participated in both the 2006 and 2007 Pentaport Rock Festival of South Korea, where Placebo and Muse also performed each year.

2012–2013: Comeback after hiatus, Gravity mini-album series and Japanese debut
After a long hiatus due to compulsory military service, they released their fifth studio album titled  on April 10, 2012, with the title track "The Day Before". Its music video starred Lee Min-ki and Song Jae-rim, but none of the Nell members appeared. Slip Away was a hit in South Korea, placed top rank on various real-time music charts, such as Mnet, Bugs, and Olleh Music. Kim Jong-wan featured in G-Dragon's song "Today" in his 2012 album One of a Kind.

On November 22, 2012, Nell's official homepage included a new picture signaling Nell's comeback. The picture showed a large moon that had a kind of explosion going on. Nell's new album, Holding onto Gravity was released on December 3. On December 2, 2012, Woollim's YouTube official channel released the music video for "White Night" starring Im Soo-jung.

In January 2013, Nell made their Japanese debut with the Japanese edition of Slip Away, released by Home Game Records, a Watanabe Music Publishing label dedicated to Korean rock. In May 2013, the official Woollim YouTube channel uploaded a teaser for the upcoming mini-album which was scheduled for release in June. Nell's official homepage was updated on June 3 confirming the release date for the second part of their three-part mini-album series of Gravity, . The music video for the mini-album's title track, "Ocean of Light", was released on June 9.

2014: participation in U.S. concert and Billboard recognition

On March 11, 2014, the band performed at the second K-Pop Night Out at SXSW in Austin, Texas along with Hyuna and Jay Park and others. On December 11, their album  was selected as number two on "Billboard's 10 Best K-Pop Albums of 2014" by Billboard K-Town with the write-up, "The strongest rock album of the year, Newton's Apple highlights Nell's vocalist/chief composer Kim Jong-wan's clever and honest songwriting skills, best heard on the single 'Four Times Around the Sun' and 'Grey Zone' ... All the lyrics are wrapped in warm, lush arrangements and instrumentals that enchant the listener simply by themselves."

2016: Space Bohemian
On March 22, 2016, it was announced that Nell ended their contract with Woollim Entertainment and set up an independent record label named Space Bohemian. On August 18, 2016, they released their first album with their new label, C, with the title song "Dream Catcher".

Members

Current
Kim Jong-wan (김종완) – vocals, guitar, keyboard, drums
Lee Jae-kyung (이재경) – lead guitar
Lee Jung-hoon (이정훈) – bass guitar, tambourine, keyboard, chorus

Former
Jung Jae-won (정재원) – drums

Discography

Studio albums

Extended plays

Single albums

Singles

Other charted songs

Soundtrack appearances

Awards and nominations

References

External links

South Korean indie rock groups
Musical groups established in 1999
Musical groups from Seoul
MAMA Award winners
Korean Music Award winners
Melon Music Award winners
1999 establishments in South Korea


Tönnes Björkman (25 March 1888 – 21 November 1959) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.

In 1912 he won the bronze medal as member of the Swedish team in the team military rifle competition. In the 1912 Summer Olympics he also participated in the following events:

 300 metre free rifle, three positions - eighth place
 300 metre military rifle, three positions - 14th place
 600 metre free rifle - 25th place

References

External links
profile

1888 births
1959 deaths
Swedish male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Olympic shooters for Sweden
Shooters at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Sweden
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics
19th-century Swedish people
20th-century Swedish people


Batavia Road is an anchorage, or roadstead, in the Pelsaert Group of the Houtman Abrolhos, off the coast of Western Australia. It is located at , on the eastern side of Pelsaert Island, near its southern end. It was discovered and named in April 1840 by John Clements Wickham, captain of HMS Beagle. Wickham's assistant John Lort Stokes later wrote:

In fact the Batavia was wrecked in the Wallabi Group, 60 kilometres (40 mi) to the north. The wreckage seen by the Beagle was either that of the Zeewyk, or the unidentified wreck seen by the Zeewyks crew. The name Batavia Road is thus a misnomer, as are a number of other places named by Stokes, including Pelsaert Island, the Pelsaert Group, and Wreck Point. Stokes' erroneous view was accepted without question for over fifty years, and it has been claimed that the confusion caused the discovery of the Batavia shipwreck to be set back by over a century.

References

Houtman Abrolhos
Roadsteads


Grant David McCracken (born 1951) is a Canadian anthropologist and author, known for his books about culture and commerce.  He was the founder and director of the Institute for Contemporary Culture at the Royal Ontario Museum and was a member of Convergence Culture Consortium at MIT. He holds a Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of Chicago.  He coined the term the Diderot effect. He lives in Rowayton, Connecticut.

Bibliography
 1988 The Long Interview
 1990 Culture and Consumption
 1996 Big Hair
 1997 Plenitude
 2005 Culture and Consumption II
 2006 Flock and Flow
 2008 Transformations
 2009 Chief Culture Officer
 2012 Culturematic
 2016 Dark Value
 2020 The New Honor Code
 2022 Return of the Artisan

See also
Diderot effect

References

External links
 Culture By Grant McCracken's blog
 Audio interview on Chief Culture Officer
 Audio Interview on Culturematic Harvard Business Review
__notoc__

Canadian bloggers
1951 births
Living people
University of Chicago alumni
Harvard Business School faculty


The Diocese of Glasgow can refer to:

Archdiocese of Glasgow, former Roman Catholic Archdiocese in Scotland and after one of the thirteen (after 1633 fourteen) historical dioceses of the Scottish church, one of two archdioceses
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Glasgow, modern Roman Catholic diocese re-established in 1878, based upon the model of the old diocese, based at St. Andrew's Metropolitan Cathedral
Diocese of Glasgow and Galloway, Scottish episcopal created in the 18th century on the model of two earlier dioceses combined, and based at St. Mary's Cathedral, Glasgow

See also
Presbytery of Glasgow (Church of Scotland)


The Battle of Mosynopolis () took place on 4 September 1207, at Mosynopolis near the town of Komotini in contemporary Greece, and was fought between the Bulgarians and the Latin Empire. It resulted in a Bulgarian victory.

While the armies of the Bulgarian emperor Kaloyan were besieging Odrin, Boniface of Montferrat, king of Thessalonica, launched attacks towards Bulgaria from Serres. His cavalry reached Messinopolis at 5 days raid to the east of Serres but in the mountainous terrain around the town his army was attacked by a larger force composed mainly of local Bulgarians. The battle began in the Latin rear guard and Boniface managed to repulse the Bulgarians, but while he was chasing them he was killed by an arrow, and soon the crusaders were defeated. His head was sent to Kaloyan, who immediately organized a campaign against Boniface's capital of Thessalonica. However, Kaloyan was murdered by conspirators during the siege, and the grieved Bulgarians raised the siege.

1207 in Europe
Battles involving the Second Bulgarian Empire
Battles involving the Latin Empire
13th century in Bulgaria
Bulgarian–Latin Wars
Conflicts in 1207
Medieval Thrace
Komotini


Juha Kylmänen (born 20 January 1981) is a Finnish singer who is the lead vocalist of gothic metal bands For My Pain... and Reflexion.

Discography

Studio albums
 A Virgin and a Whore (2001, with Eternal Tears of Sorrow)
 Fallen (2003, with For My Pain...)
 Out of the Dark (2006, with Reflexion)
 Dead to the Past, Blind for Tomorrow (2008, with Reflexion)
 Edge (2010, with Reflexion)
 Asphyxia (2012, with Sangre Eterna)

Singles
 "Killing Romance" (2004, with For My Pain...)
 "Undying Dreams" (2005, with Reflexion)
 "Crashing Down" (2006, with Reflexion)
 "Storm" (2006, with Reflexion)
 "Weak and Tired" (2008, with Reflexion)

References

1981 births
Living people
Finnish heavy metal singers
Musicians from Oulu
English-language singers from Finland
21st-century Finnish singers


Muqabla is 1993 Hindi-language film directed by T. Rama Rao, starring Aditya Pancholi, Govinda, Karishma Kapoor and Paresh Rawal. Other cast includes Shakti Kapoor, Asrani, Aruna Irani and Farah Naaz. It is a remake of the 1992 Telugu film Police Brothers.

Plot
Suraj and Deepak live a poor lifestyle in a village along with their widowed father, who has always taught them to be honest. Both re-locate to the city and find employment with the Police Force, while Suraj is a Havaldar and Deepak is a Traffic Constable. Suraj does his job honestly and diligently and is often reprimanded by Inspector Waghmare.

Then differences arise between Suraj and Deepak when the later comes to testify in favor of an accused, Narendra Khanna, who was arrested by Suraj for killing a man. Things come to a boil when Soni's husband is brutally murdered in broad daylight, and when officers of both Shaitaan Chowki and Kala Chowki refuse to investigate nor even register this homicide, she decides to take matters into her own hands. Her case is then presented in front of the court.

It turns out to be that Narendra Kumar is not a single person but are twins about which the world is unaware. Deepak presents both the twins in front of the court. The judge takes both the twins in judicial custody. After this the problems between the two brothers, i.e. Deepak and Suraj, get resolved. Deepak plans to go to his village with Suraj to surprise their father, he goes out to buy some shawls and is kidnapped by Narendra and his men. They torture him and call Suraj to mock him. As soon as Suraj reaches to Deepak who is heavily injured and Deepak finds a bomb attached to him. Since he doesn't want to get anyone killed Deepak jumps into the waterfall resulting in his death.

After this incident all the hawaldars go rogue and start a mutiny. The hawaldars go on a killing spree along with Suraj. A fight starts between Khanna and Suraj. The fight ends with the death of Khanna by the hands of Suraj.

Cast
 Govinda as Police Constable Suraj
 Aditya Pancholi as Traffic Constable Deepak
 Karishma Kapoor as Karishma
 Farha Naaz as Vandana
 Arun Govil as Police Inspector Constable Satyaprakash
 Tej Sapru as Police Inspector Waghmare at Kalachowki Police Station
 Satyendra Kapoor as Suraj's and Deepak's father
 Aruna Irani as Soni
 Asrani as Soni's husband
 Paresh Rawal as Communications Minister Jaganath 'Jaggu' Mishra
 Shakti Kapoor as Khanna Saahab
 Vikas Anand as Superintendent of Police
 Y. G. Mahendran as Police Constable Saajan
 Ali as Thief at Kala Chowky Police Station

Soundtrack

External links

1993 films
1990s Hindi-language films
Films directed by T. Rama Rao
Films scored by Dilip Sen-Sameer Sen
Indian action films
Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police
Hindi remakes of Telugu films
1993 action films


The Clyne Valley Country Park is an area of parkland in Britain, at Swansea in south Wales.  It lies on either side of the valley of the Clyne River and comprises an area of over  of land running from the sea at Blackpill, Swansea, inland to Gowerton. It is an area of once splendid woodland with enormous beech, ash and oak trees mainly on the Mumbles side of the Clyne River, and, on the Swansea side, woods and mainly scrub land that has naturally regenerated a reclaimed refuse tip. The valley forms an important link in the ecological corridor that runs from the Brecon Beacons and the Black Mountain across commons and on into the Gower AONB. The Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty forms part of the valley's boundary along Clyne Common. Now  dormant – apart from the rich habitat that has formed from neglect – the valley at one time was part of the Vivian estate. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries it was a highly active industrial area with a long history of coal mining, mineral workings, brick making, charcoal burning, railways and canals.

Clyne Valley Community Project

The Clyne Valley Community Project (CVCP)  is a grass roots project that has grown out of  community concern that the valley, a valuable local resource and a part of the local heritage, is neglected and under-used. The aims of the project are:

 To improve access to the Clyne Valley by clearing and restoring a network of once used tracks and paths.
 To develop and encourage the use of the valley as a community resource by organising events and developing and supporting a wide range of activities in which the communities around the valley can participate.
 To encourage and promote biodiversity and to protect and enhance the natural habitat of species.
 To discover, explore and record evidence of the historical heritage of the valley

Cycling in the Park

A cycle track crosses the centre of the valley, linking Blackpill on Swansea Bay with the inland village of  Gowerton.  It forms part of National Cycle Route 4 and passes close to the settlements of Killay and Dunvant.  The route of the cycle track was once used by the Heart of Wales Line.  Past industrial use is still evident along the track.

The wooded hillsides of the Clyne Valley have numerous dirt trails, used for mountain biking and walks.

In 2009 Swansea Council launched the Clyne Valley Management Plan  to develop the use of the valley for leisure activities. The plan is grant-funded through the Forestry Commission's 'Better Woodlands for Wales' scheme, and includes a substantial investment into Mountain Bike facilities in Clyne. Several kilometres of new purpose-built way-marked mountain bike trails are being constructed as part of the plan. The Clyne Riders  group has been specially constituted for this task.

References

External links
Photos of the Clyne Valley Country Park
Clyne Valley Community Project
Better Woodlands for Wales
Clyne Riders
The River Clyne in flood in 2016
Clyne Wood Slime Moulds

Parks in Swansea
Country parks in Wales
Mountain biking venues in the United Kingdom
Rail trails in Wales


The 2006–07 Liga Premier (), also known as the TM Liga Premier for sponsorship reasons, is the fourth season of the Liga Premier, the second-tier professional football league in Malaysia.

The season was held from 22 December 2006 and concluded on 21 July 2007. A total of 11 clubs compete in a single group format for the promotion to expanded 2007–08 Liga Super season.

The Liga Premier champions for 2006–07 was PDRM. The club were promoted to 2007–08 Liga Super along with runners-up UPB-MyTeam.

League table

Note:
 A format changes was introduced as all clubs will compete in a single group compared to previous season.
 UPB changed its name to UPB-MyTeam to reflect its new ownership.
 No relegations for this seasons as the Liga Premier will be expanded to 13 teams for the 2007–08 season.

References

Malaysia Premier League seasons
2006 in Malaysian football
2007 in Malaysian football
Malaysia


Andrei Vițelaru (born 3 February 1985) is a Romanian footballer who plays as a defender for Ozana Târgu Neamț.

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Romanian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Liga I players
CSM Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț players
Liga II players
LPS HD Clinceni players
ACS Foresta Suceava players
Lebanese Premier League players
Racing Club Beirut players
Romanian expatriate men's footballers
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Lebanon
Expatriate men's footballers in Lebanon
Footballers from Piatra Neamț


BeHealth is a Belgian eHealth digital platform which provides digital access to all health information and applications through one portal site, on behalf of both healthcare providers and patients. BeHealth has been created on 23 December 2004. It first aim is to interconnect multiple applications from a number of social security actors, but with the goal to provide broader services over time.

See also
 Telematics
 Belgian Health Telematics Commission (BHTC)
 FLOW
 Summarized Electronic Health Record (SumEHR)
 KMEHR

External links
 e-Health

Health informatics
Healthcare in Belgium


Prem Shakti is a 1994 Hindi-language film directed by Shibu Mitra, starring Govinda, Karishma Kapoor in lead roles. Other cast includes Shakti Kapoor, Kader Khan, Raza Murad, Puneet Issar and Nitish Bharadwaj. It was previously titled as "Jab Jab Pyar Hua".

Plot
Ganga (Govinda) and Gauri (Karishma Kapoor) are in love, but the young lovers are not permitted to marry. One night they run away, finding themselves in the den of an evil sage (Puneet Issar), who is trying to coerce the Lord of the Snakes (Nitish Bharadwaj) into giving him a gem he needs to make the nectar which will give him immortality. This event can only happen on this one night of the full moon, which comes only once ever twenty-five years. But the young lovers defend the Snake and defeat the sage's plan. The angry sage turns Gauri to a stone and unable to withstand the shock, Ganga passes away. But the magical snake saves the day by proclaiming that Ganga will be reborn, still with love in his heart for Gauri, and twenty-five years later they will find each other again. How will fate play out to bring the lovers together? Who will win the supernatural battle that spans many years and several reincarnations? The film had an average run, it marked the beginning of Karishma and Govinda as co-stars who went on to give many hit movies together.

Cast
 Govinda as Ganga / Krishna
 Karishma Kapoor as Gauri / Karishma
 Shakti Kapoor as Hoshiyar Singh
 Kader Khan as Romeo
 Raza Murad as
 Puneet Issar as Mahabali Tantrik
 Nitish Bharadwaj as Naagraj
 Sulabha Deshpande as Ganga's Mother
 Satyendra Kapoor as Gauri's Father
 Tiku Talsania as Mannequin Maker
 Sameer Khakhar as Kewelchand
 Viju Khote as Delpotiya

Music

References

External links

1994 films
1990s Hindi-language films
Films about reincarnation
Films scored by Raamlaxman
Films directed by Shibu Mitra


Liviu Marius Floricel (born 30 July 1987) is a Romanian former footballer who played as a defender for teams such as ROVA Roșiori, Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț, Callatis Mangalia, FCM Alexandria, Sporting Roşiori or Flacăra Moreni, among others. He is currently the manager of Liga IV side Astra Plosca.

External links

1987 births
Living people
People from Roșiorii de Vede
Romanian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Liga I players
Liga II players
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Mallobaudes or Mellobaudes was a 4th-century Frankish king who also held the Roman title of comes domesticorum.
In 354 he was a tribunus armaturarum in the Roman army in Gaul, where he served under Silvanus, who usurped power in 355. Mallobaudes tried unsuccessfully to intervene on his behalf. Appointed comes domesticorum by Gratian, he was second-in-command of the army in Gaul in 378 when he defeated the Alemannic tribes under King Priarius at Battle of Argentovaria (near modern Colmar) according to Ammianus Marcellinus. In 380 he killed Macrian, king of the Bucinobantes and Roman ally, who had invaded Frankish territory.
During the usurpation of Maximus, Mallobaudes was killed shortly after the assassination of the emperor Gratian.

Notes

Sources
 Ammianus Marcellinus, 'The Later Roman Empire (A.D.354-378), Book 31.10.2', trans. Walter Hamilton, Penguin Books, 1986.

References
 Herwig Wolfram, The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples, University of California Press 1997, , pp. 65ff.
 Thomas F. X. Noble, From Roman Provinces To Medieval Kingdoms, Routledge 2006, , pp. 115ff.

Frankish kings
Frankish warriors
4th-century Frankish people
4th-century Gallo-Roman people
4th-century monarchs in Europe
Generals of Gratian