Jackson Park is a park south of Downtown Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Acquired in 1929, with the persistence of then mayor Cecil E. Jackson, Windsor City Council voted in favour of purchasing the land from the Jockey Club. At the same meeting where the land was purchased, city council decided to name the new park after their mayor. Jackson Park has long been considered one of Windsor's most beautiful parks and attractions. It is most known for its yearly display annual garden beds and a large array of perennial plants. In the winter months, Jackson hosts Bright Lights Windsor, a Christmas light display put on by the City.

Park

The park contains many war memorials including a World War II, a Korean War and a South African war memorial. Jackson Park contains more than 10,000 plants, many of which are located in its Sunken Gardens. The original World War II monument was an Avro Lancaster bomber aircraft FM212; it was removed in 2005 due to the effect that over four decades of exposure to the elements was having on it, and replaced by more weather-resistant fibreglass models of a Hawker Hurricane and a Supermarine Spitfire fighter. Beneath the two aircraft is a garden in the shape of the Lancaster bomber.

Jackson Park is also a well equipped, popular sports park. Besides being the permanent home of the Windsor Lawn Bowling Club and Windsor Tennis Club, the park also provides a wide assortment of creative play units, ball diamonds and a cricket field. In 1991, both the lighted tennis courts and the lawn bowling greens were upgraded and repairs made to the cedar pergola structure. In the early 2010s, a new pergola was constructed to replace the weathered original.

Jackson Park is one of the most intricate parks in Windsor. The park features formal gardens,  fountains, monuments, and a network of walking areas. There are monuments in memory of the Boer War, Korean War and World War II, as well as those commemorating important people, such as the sundial which bears the name of Polish astronomer Nicolas Copernicus.

Many of the walkways are in well-lit and open areas, but there are a few that lead to shade, or to quiet spots tucked away between bushes and tall plants. It is a well maintained park and worth an afternoon of exploration.

Amenities include:
cricket pitch,
baseball diamonds,
picnic area,
fountains,
gardens,
privately owned Parkside Tennis Club,
Copernicus sundial,
South African War Memorial,
Land, Sea, Air Memorial,
Robert Burns memorial,
washrooms,
concession.

Gates

The entrance gates, constructed in 1931, are located on the southeast corner of Ouellette Ave. and Tecumseh Rd. and were designed by Pennington and Boyde Architects.

Windsor Stadium

Maintenance of Windsor Stadium, built in 1929 as part of the Kennedy Collegiate property, was taken over by the City of Windsor in 1960. Improvements were completed on the turf along with several service buildings.  Major upgrades to the facility were undertaken in 2006 to upgrade the seating and accessibility of the property.
In 2015 the Greater Essex County District School Board had re-assumed the property and entered a land use contract with the AKO Fratmen. The fratmen had plans for restoration of the property that never came to fruition.

Bandshell

The original bandshell was built in 1950 however it burned down in a 1957 fire. In 1959 council approved the construction of the replacement bandshell for a sum of $42,200. The bandshell was designed by Johnson and McWhinnie and built by Loaring Construction Company. The new Bandshell was used for many events throughout the 60's and 70's including the Emancipation Day festival and Windsor's Battle of the Bands. Today, the Bandshell is used as storage for the City's parks department.

Field House

Built in 1961 and designed by then City Building Commissioner Patrick McGuire, the fieldhouse included a recreation office, dressing rooms for Windsor Stadium, a meeting room and a workshop for the City's Recreation Department.

Bright Lights

In 2017 the park was host to the first Bright Lights Windsor festival. In years since the scale of the festival has grown. Bright Lights Windsor is a holiday-themed winter light festival.

Emancipation Day Celebrations

History
Emancipation Day celebrations in Jackson Park first began as smaller festivities hosted by Windsor citizens, some who are descendants of enslaved African-Americans who searched for freedom through the Underground Railroad. Soon enough, peaking in 1960s-1960s, the annual celebration prospered, extending over several days of gatherings, feasting, parades, among others. The celebration attracted hundreds of thousands across North America including renowned musicians like Diana Ross, Stevie Wonder and The Temptations; as well as notable civil rights activists such as Martin Luther King, Rosa Parks, Adam Clayton Powell and Eleanor Roosevelt.

See also
 List of Robert Burns memorials
 Parks in Windsor, Ontario

References

External links
Jackson Park at City of Windsor

Parks in Windsor, Ontario
Gardens in Canada


INFORUM is a division of the Commonwealth Club of California that hosts panel discussions, debates, and social events for people in their 20s and 30s in the San Francisco Bay Area. With a current membership of over 1,500, it is the largest such organization on the West Coast and one of the largest in the country.

INFORUM began in 2002 with a mission to involve young professionals in the Bay Area in the arenas of politics, the arts, the environment, business, technology, and culture. Known for its innovative panels, INFORUM hosts discussions with nationally and internationally known experts on the kinds of issues facing people in their 20s and 30s such as the state of music, polarized America, soldiers returning from Iraq, and the role of social networking in contemporary culture.

Speakers have included Mark Zuckerberg, Kim Kardashian, Cornel West, Sal Khan, Talib Kweli, Instagram founders Kevin Systrom and Mike Krieger, Arianna Huffington and Freakonomics authors Stephen Dubner and Steven Levitt.

The San Francisco Chronicle named INFORUM the best lecture series in the Bay Area in 2006, and the now-defunct San Francisco Bay Guardian called INFORUM "the best brainiac bonanza ... for those wanting to cram more thinking under their caps". In 2015, San Francisco Magazine named INFORUM the best speaker series in San Francisco. In 2003, the Los Angeles Times referred to INFORUM as a "presidential forum and singles hangout".

INFORUM also presents the 21st Century Visionary Award to individuals who embody the values of the INFORUM generation. Awardees have included Spike Lee, King Abdullah II of Jordan, Chad Hurley, and Steve Chen, the founders of YouTube, Sal Khan, Van Jones and Marissa Mayer.

References

External links

 Upcoming Events
 2002 article on INFORUM, San Francisco Chronicle

Organizations based in San Francisco


A lever is a mechanical device to multiply force.

Lever may also refer to:

Entertainment and media
"Lever" (song), a 1998 single by The Mavis's
"The Lever" (song), a 2002 song by Silverchair
The Lever, an American news outlet

Other uses
Lever action, a firearm action
Lever (surname), and persons with the name
Lever, Portugal, a former civil parish in Portugal
Levee (ceremony), referred to in French as a lever
Lever (company), a US software company
Lever Brothers, British household goods company

See also
Leverage (disambiguation)


HiNT station, formally known as Røstad station (), is a railway station located in the town of Levanger in the municipality of Levanger in Trøndelag county, Norway.  It is located on the Nordland Line. The station gets its name from being located just beside the Nord-Trøndelag University College () campus at Røstad as well as the Norwegian Food Safety Authority.

The unstaffed station is served hourly by the Trøndelag Commuter Rail service to Steinkjer and Trondheim. The service is operated by SJ Norge.

History
The station was opened on 7 January 2001 after a new large section of HiNT had moved to Røstad and the Trøndelag Commuter Rail was reorganized.

References

Railway stations in Levanger
Railway stations on the Nordland Line
Railway stations opened in 2001
2001 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 2000s


Jimmy Anderson was an English football manager for Tottenham Hotspur between 1955 and 1958.

Career
Jimmy Anderson had been a lifelong member of the ground staff at Tottenham Hotspur. He first joined the club in 1908 as a ground-staff boy, failed to make the grade as a player, then worked in various positions at the club, including as part of the training and coaching staff. At the age of 62 he took over as manager from Arthur Rowe, who had retired on 18 April 1955. Indeed, during the latter period of Rowe's reign he had been appointed as acting manager due to his predecessor's ill-health.

After a poor season in 1955, Spurs finished second and then third in the Football League First Division in successive years. They also reached an FA Cup semi-final in 1956. Under Anderson, however, the team's overall performance (played 153, won 72 drew 32 and lost 49) was not considered good enough for the ambitious directors and supporters of the club who were wanting nothing short of a First Division Championship title.

This expectation put considerable pressure on Anderson, who was already in his mid-sixties and also suffering ill-health. This plus a very public falling out with his captain, Danny Blanchflower, with whom he had not always seen eye-to-eye, led ultimately to his retirement on 11 October 1958.

Many associated with the club saw Anderson as a 'stop-gap' manager, giving time for Bill Nicholson, who had always been seen as Rowe's chosen successor, to progress from player to manager. Indeed, during most of the time Anderson was manager, Nicholson had been developing his skills in the capacity of first team coach and in many contemporaries' eyes was the main influence both on and off the field.

References

English football managers
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. managers
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing
English Football League managers


Gone Country may refer to the following:
"Gone Country" (song), a 1994 song by Alan Jackson
Gone Country (TV series), a television series on Country Music Television


"I've Got a Feeling I'm Falling" is a popular song with music by Fats Waller and Harry Link and lyrics by Billy Rose, published in 1929. In 1929, right after its publication, a very large number of different recordings were made (see below); afterwards, the song has become a popular standard, recorded by many people.

Recorded versions

Gene Austin (recorded June 26, 1929, released by Victor Records as catalog number 22033, with the flip side "Maybe Who Knows")
Smith Ballew and his orchestra (recorded April 3, 1929, released by OKeh Records as catalog number 41238, with the flip side "A Garden in the Rain"
Continental Dance Orchestra (recorded April 17, 1929, released by Oriole Records as catalog number 1581, with the flip side "She's Got Great Ideas", also by Jewel Records as catalog number 5619, with the flip side "Huggable Kissable You")
Jesse Crawford (organ instrumental; recorded May 7, 1929, released by Victor Records as catalog number 21981, with the flip side "She's a New Kind of Old-Fashioned Girl")
 Gay Ellis (vocal: Annette Hanshaw; recorded May 9, 1929, released by Supertone Records as catalog number 1021P, with the flip side "Daddy, Won't You Please Come Home?")
Ella Fitzgerald and the Daydreamers (recorded December 23, 1947, released by Decca Records as catalog number 24332, with the flip side "My Baby Likes to Be-bop")
Gotham Rhythm Boys (recorded June 19, 1929, released by Jewel Records as catalog number 5663, with the flip side "You're Just an Armful of Love")
Earl Hines (released 1952 by Brunswick Records as catalog number 80190, with the flip side "My Fate Is In Your Hands ")
Annette Hanshaw (recorded May 9, 1929, released by Diva Records as catalog number 2915-G, by Harmony Records as catalog number 915-H, and by Velvet Tone Records as catalog number 1915-V.
Earl Hines Trio (recorded February 26, 1944, released by Signature Records as catalog number 28109, with the flip side "Squeeze Me")
James P. Johnson (recorded June 8, 1944, released by Decca Records as catalog number 23593, with the flip side "Honeysuckle Rose")
Art Kassel and his orchestra (recorded 1947, released by Mercury Records as catalog number 5088, with the flip side "In a Little Book Shop")
Harold Lambert (recorded April 5, 1929, released by Vocalion Records as catalog number 15800, with the flip side "Coquette")
Sam Lanin's University Orchestra (recorded May 23, 1929, released by Supertone Records as catalog number 9437, with the flip side "What a Day")
Miff Mole and his Little Molers (recorded April 19, 1929, released by OKeh Records as catalog number 41232, with the flip side "That's a Plenty")
Joe Morris and his orchestra (recorded May 23, 1929, released by Champion Records as catalog number 15738, with the flip side "The One in the World")
"The Mystery Girl"(recorded May 14, 1929, released by Columbia Records as catalog number 1839D, with the flip side "I'd Do Anything for You")
Cliff Roberts and his orchestra (recorded April 1929, released by Romeo Records as catalog number 967, with the flip side "I'm Longing to Belong to Someone")
Joan Shaw with Russ Case's orchestra (recorded 1950, released by MGM Records as catalog number 10789B, with the flip side "I Had a Talk with the Wind and the Rain")
Ted Wallace Campus Boys (recorded May 8, 1929, released by Columbia Records as catalog number 1833D, with the flip side "Jericho")
Thomas "Fats" Waller (recorded August 2, 1929, released by Victor Records as catalog number 22092, with the flip side "Love Me or Leave Me")

In popular culture

In the 1983 film Zelig, archival footage is used to show Fanny Brice giving a private roof-top performance of the song for the main character (played by Woody Allen).

References

Songs with music by Fats Waller
Songs with music by Harry Link
Songs with lyrics by Billy Rose
1929 songs
Okeh Records singles


This is a list of football seasons completed by the East Carolina Pirates since the team's creation in 1932 under Coach Kenneth Beatty. Since that first season, the Pirates have played over 800 regular-season games and 20 bowl games.

Historically, East Carolina has seen moderate success. While East Carolina's first ten years of football included only three winning seasons, the team has recorded one undefeated season and a share of the Small College National Championship in 1941, along with several one-loss seasons since their early struggles.  Football was called off for the 1942, 1943, and 1944 seasons due to World War II.  After the three-season hiatus, the Pirates joined the North State Conference. East Carolina won its first championship—the North State Conference championship—in 1953.  In its 15 years as a member of the North State Conference, the Pirates won two championships and went to two bowl games.  In 1962, the team left the conference and returned to its previous status as a football independent. During two of those years, the Pirates went 9–1.

In 1965, the Pirates accepted membership in the Southern Conference. The team won the Southern Conference championship under coach Clarence Stasavich in the following year, but did not win another conference championship until 1972. The 1972 team was coached by Sonny Randle, who won the Southern Conference championship in his second year as head coach.  In 1973, he again coached a conference-championship team—the only time in school history the team won two conference championships in a row. Randle left to take a position as head football coach of Virginia in 1974 and was replaced by Pat Dye. Dye, in his third year, won the Pirates' fourth Southern Conference championship.  In 1977, ECU left the Southern Conference and had three more winning seasons as a football independent. In 1980, under new head coach Ed Emory, the Pirates had their first losing season since 1971.  The team struggled over the next two years.  In 1983, Emory's Pirates ended the season ranked as one of the top 25 teams in the country by the Associated Press.

The next seven seasons included just one winning season—1989.  The Pirates gradually rebuilt the program, and the 1991 team, coached by Bill Lewis, went 11–1, losing only to Illinois in the season opener. The team capped off the season with an in-state win over North Carolina State in the Peach Bowl.  Following the win, the Pirates entered the offseason ranked ninth in both the AP and Coaches Poll.  Thanks to his performance during the year, Lewis was awarded the American Football Coaches Association Coach of the Year award. The season marked the only time the Pirates finished the season ranked in the top 10.  In 1995, ECU won the Liberty Bowl over Stanford and finished 23rd in the Coaches' Poll.  The Pirates joined Conference USA (C-USA) in 1997, ending their status as football independents for the first time since 1976.  Since joining the C-USA, the Pirates have had nine winning seasons, seven losing seasons, and one 6–6 year. In 2014, the Pirates joined the American Athletic Conference as full members.

Seasons

References

General

Specific

External links
ECUPirates.com – Official East Carolina Pirates football website

Lists of college football seasons
North Carolina sports-related lists


"Free Joe and the Rest of the World" is a short story by Joel Chandler Harris. It was published in The Century Magazine in 1884.

Plot summary
The story is about Joe, a freed slave who finds his freedom puts him into a worse situation than when he was enslaved. Calderwood, the man who owns his wife, Lucinda, forbids the two to meet. Joe sends his dog to fetch her and has secret encounters in the woods. When word gets to Calderwood that the two have disobeyed him, he secretly sends Lucinda sixty miles away. When his dog is unable to find her, Joe fears that Lucinda is sick and seeks help from a fortune teller. Joe learns of Lucinda's departure and decides to wait for her at their meeting place. He sits at the tree near the Calderwood place until he dies.

External links
 Free Joe and the Rest of the World

Footnotes

1886 short stories
American short stories
Works originally published in The Century Magazine


Kathrin Cornelia Lang (née Hitzer; born 3 September 1986) is a former German biathlete. Because of her pregnancy by her boyfriend (now husband), biathlete Toni Lang, she finished the 2011/12 season in December 2011.

In her career, Lang won two World Cup races, the pursuit and the mass start in Khanty-Mansiysk in 2008.

She retired after the 2013–14 season, having not been selected for the national team.

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
German female biathletes
People from Balingen
Sportspeople from Tübingen (region)


Alangium chinense is a species of flowering plant in the Cornaceae family. It has the Chinese name ().

Traditional uses
It is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine. In Hunan herbal medicine it is used for snake bites, circulation, contraception, hemostasis, numbness, poison, rheumatism, and wounds.

Other uses
Oil extracted from the seed of the plant can be used to light lamps.

See also
Chinese herbology

References

External links
Alangium chinense (Google Images)
Alangium chinense Ethnomedical Uses (Dr. Duke's Databases)
Alangium chinense (Plants for a Future Database)
Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms Medicinal Plant Images Database (School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University)

chinense
Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine


Arthur Frank Frantz (March 1, 1921 – January 24, 2008) was an American umpire in Major League Baseball who worked in the American League from 1969 to 1977. He was crew chief for the 1975 World Series, and also officiated in the American League Championship Series in 1972 and 1976 as well as the 1974 All-Star Game.

Biography
Born in Chicago, Frantz was city champion in ice skating, roller skating, horseshoes and table tennis. He was a pitcher and shortstop in the minor leagues from 1940 to 1950, interrupted by service in the Army Air Forces during World War II. Playing in the St. Louis Cardinals' system, he briefly rose as high as the American Association with the Columbus Red Birds in 1944 and the International League with the Rochester Red Wings in 1945. He also played semi-pro football for four years in Rochester and Watertown, New York. He became an umpire in the New York–Penn League from 1958 to 1962 and the Pacific Coast League from 1963 to 1968 before moving up to the AL. In addition to his postseason and All-Star work, he was behind the plate on July 30, 1973, when Jim Bibby pitched the first no-hitter in Texas Rangers history, a 6–0 victory over the defending World Series champion Oakland Athletics.

Frantz was the home plate umpire for Game 5 of the 1976 American League Championship Series, which ended when the New York Yankees' Chris Chambliss hit a walk-off home run off Kansas City Royals pitcher Mark Littell on the first pitch of the bottom of the ninth inning, sending the Yankees to their first World Series in 12 years. After the ball cleared the fence, Chambliss was mobbed by fans (who tore out second base) on the basepaths and did not make an attempt to touch home plate, instead running straight toward the dugout and the safety of the Yankee clubhouse. Frantz waited for Chambliss to return and touch the area of home plate, since the actual home plate had been dug up. Chambliss, who was grilled by teammate Graig Nettles as to whether or not he touched the plate, was escorted back to the field once he was notified Frantz was waiting for him. Had Kansas City manager Whitey Herzog appealed the play, the game likely would have been ordered to be continued (likely at a later date due to the unplayability of the field at that point), since rules state a runner must touch all the bases on a home run. However, given the chaos following Chambliss' blast and the magnitude of the championship game, Herzog did not protest on a technicality.  After this incident, the rules were changed to allow the umpire to award any base a runner or the batter cannot reach due to fans rushing the field.

Frantz and his wife Marge had two sons and two daughters. He died at age 86 in Niles, Illinois, from congestive heart failure.

See also

 List of Major League Baseball umpires

References

External links
Retrosheet

1921 births
2008 deaths
American League umpires
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
Sportspeople from Chicago
Major League Baseball umpires
People from Niles, Illinois
Allentown Cardinals players
Allentown Wings players
Asheville Tourists players
Batavia Clippers players
Columbus Red Birds players
Decatur Commodores players
Rochester Red Wings players
St. Jean Braves players
Watertown Athletics players


"Gone Country" is a song written by Bob McDill and recorded by American country music artist Alan Jackson. It was released in November 1994 as the third single from his fourth studio album, Who I Am. As with that album's first two singles ("Summertime Blues" and "Livin' on Love"), "Gone Country" reached the top of the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts, a position that it held for one week.

Content
"Gone Country" served as a commentary on the country music scene, illustrating three examples of other singers (a lounge singer in Las Vegas from Long Island, New York; a folk rocker in Greenwich Village; and a "serious composer schooled in voice and composition" who lives in the San Fernando Valley), all of whom find that their respective careers are failing, and as a result, they decide to begin performing country music instead. Alan Jackson said about the song: "Bob McDill wrote this and he is one of my favorite writers of all time. When I first heard this song I fell in love with it. I wish that I'd written it cause it says a lot of things that I'd like to say. I think it's just a fun song actually, celebrating how country music has become more widespread and accepted by all types of people all over the country."

Critical reception
Deborah Evans Price, of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably, saying that it was "the most talked-about country song of the year, and deservedly so." She goes on to say that it is "an ode to all the carpetbaggers flowing into Music City. Musically, it kicks ass."

Music video
The video was directed by Michael Oblowitz, and filmed in New York City atop 622 3rd Avenue, as well as in Knoxville, Tennessee, and Las Vegas. The concert scenes in the video were shot in Evansville, Indiana, at Roberts Municipal Stadium, and in Knoxville. It features the former World Trade Center Towers in a flyover.

Chart positions

Year-end charts

Certifications

Parodies
Jackson himself adopted the tune in commercials for the Ford Motor Company in the late 1990s, titling the track "Ford Country."
American country music parody artist Cledus T. Judd released a parody of "Gone Country" titled "Gone Funky" on his 1995 album Cledus T. Judd (No Relation).
The comedy podcast PolitiPod released a parody about a supporter of Donald Trump titled "Gone Trumpin'" in their 2020 "Minisode #3."

References

1994 singles
1994 songs
Alan Jackson songs
Songs written by Bob McDill
Song recordings produced by Keith Stegall
Arista Nashville singles


M. L. Snowden is an American sculptor.

Mary Louise Snowden (born March 15, 1952), known professionally as M.L. Snowden ( /m’l’ snow’ den signed as M.L. Snowden) is an internationally recognized American sculptor and bronze metallurgist who has won globally significant awards and commissions. The sculptor is known for her Geological Coreium collection of bronzes. She is considered among the greatest figurative sculptors of the 20th and 21st centuries.

Work
The Geological Coreium

Snowden’s Geological Coreium oeuvre is a unique statement in American and international art by way of the sculptor inventing new processes, techniques, formulas and compositional constructions that advance the metallurgical art and science of lost wax bronze. Snowden’s Geological Coreium conceptualizes the human figure to describe otherwise abstract geological and scientific phenomena in relationship to humankind's impact on earth's environment and the cosmos.

The Geological Coreium remains M.L. Snowden’s largest sculptural oeuvre, encompassing separate collections of multiple bronzes that have been divided into more than 18 chapters. The Geological Coreium is assessed by appraisers and curators to be among the most extensive fine art bronze collections created in the latter half of the 20th century and in the first decades of the Millennium. M.L. Snowden ranks among the millennium’s most collected contemporary figurative sculptors, with more than 2,000 Geological Coreium limited-edition bronzes held in private and public collections worldwide.

Impact

M.L. Snowden is recognized for breaking down barriers for women’s achievements in heavy metal arts and creative disciplines in otherwise male dominated fields. Snowden is known for working alone in crafting all of her work without models or assistants in the clay stage, while carrying out the major steps of crafting heavy bronzes in her foundries located in Los Angeles, California and in Paris, France. Snowden has developed innovations that have influenced the art and science of Lost Wax Bronze as the inventor of advanced metallurgical techniques and processes.

Early Life

M.L. Snowden was born in Hollywood, California at Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center at 6:00 am. Her father was the sculptor, George Holburn Snowden. Her mother was Louise Adel Snowden (nee’ Weider). M.L. Snowden’s mother was professionally known as the stage and film actress, Louise Illington. Her mother also pursued advanced work as a doctor of biochemistry, developing natural skincare and consumer products. M.L. Snowden had one brother, George, who was a financial investor, advisor, and humanitarian philanthropist. M.L. Snowden’s second-father mentor growing up was Chief Nipo Strongheart of the Yakima Nation.

Early Sculpture Education

The artist was raised and trained in the sculpture studios of her father. G. H. Snowden’s national landmark sculpture commissions fueled her early aspiration to become a professional sculptor. She took her first sculpture lessons from her father as he was sculpting the main altar and exterior statuary for the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in Washington DC.

Early Mentors and Education

M.L. Snowden’s art education was encouraged by her father’s professional colleagues, Paul Manship and Isamu Noguchi. She benefitted from personal art instruction from Salvador Dali who remained a family friend from the time her father and Dali created artwork for the 1939 New York World’s Fair. She also received personal art instruction and future art career encouragement from Walt Disney. Walt Disney inspired her at the time her father was an Imagineer, creating most of the sculptural enlargements for Walt’s original Disneyland theme park. As a young woman with an interest in experimenting with colored bronze patinas, she studied color theory with the originator of Synchromism, the painter, Stanton MacDonald-Wright. She later studied with Macdonald-Wright’s protégé, Pauline Khuri-Majoli at Loyola Marymount University where M.L. Snowden was awarded a Bachelor of Fine Arts Degree in painting and sculpture in 1974, as one of the first women enrolled on campus. Additionally, M.L. Snowden studied drawing at Otis College of Art and Design with the Black American draughtsman, Charles Wilbert White. Early on, she received artistic encouragement from the Black American sculptor, Richmond Barthe’.

Women Mentors

M.L. Snowden’s sculptural compositions for the Geological Coreium were influenced through a decade of studying Chopin’s piano music with the feminist pianist, composer, and conductor, Ethel Leginska. The sculptor’s first art exhibition was hosted by The Los Angeles Patrons of the Fine Arts Foundation headed by Dorothy Buffum Chandler. Her first show with the Patrons was organized by the silent-era film star and women’s self-help author, Margery Wilson, who championed Snowden’s early art. The artist was inspired by her women mentors including sculptor Malvina Hoffman; where Malvina’s own sculpture career had been encouraged by Auguste Rodin.

The Rodin Legacy

M.L Snowden is considered to be the last living methods heir of the French sculptor, Auguste Rodin, since she employs a range of proprietary Rodin chemical formulas, building and modelling methods in her work. Snowden’s Rodin chemical formulas include the historic Fournier Platinum Patina which she uses extensively on her bronzes. Snowden inherited Rodin’s tools, techniques, formulas from her father who was taught by the Rodin specialist, Robert Georges Eberhard at Yale University. Prior to World War I, Eberhard had been a professional assistant and friend to Rodin in his Paris studios. In 1916 in the interest of furthering education, Rodin bequeathed a collection of his tools to Eberhard who was emigrating to America to take up his teaching position at Yale University. Eberhard came to serve as both professor and Chairman of Yale University’s School of Sculpture as well as the Director of Archives from 1917 to 1952. Robert Eberhard gifted Rodin’s tools to M.L. Snowden’s father on his winning the American Prix de Rome of 1927. Inheriting Rodin’s tools on the death of her father in 1990, today Snowden uses Rodin’s loop tool #8 in creating her clay work because of the tool’s unique helix serrated structure.

Post Graduate Grants to Europe and Awards

In 1974, M.L. Snowden won the TRY Foundation Post-Graduate Grant for European Studies at the Conservatorio Dall’Abaco in Italy. Winning a second Redken Foundation grant presented by Paula Meehan, M.L. Snowden undertook independent art studies at the Louvre in Paris, the Galleria dell’Accademia in Venice, the Uffizi in Florence and at the Vatican Collections in Rome. Her extended European experience earned Snowden a range of European sculptural prizes and distinctions, including an Honorary Doctor of Arts degree. Back in America, she was elected to serve on the national board of the women’s scholars honors society, Kappa Gamma Pi, where she concepted and aided the establishment of the Cornaro Scholarship for post graduate studies. In 1989, M.L. Snowden won America’s foremost sculpture prize, the first inaugural Alex Ettl Grant for ”Lifetime Achievement in American Sculpture” presented by the National Sculpture Society. In 1992, she exhibited her bronze “Cataclasis Study” and was named winner of the International Rodin Grand Prize Monumental Figure Competition held in Tokyo, Japan. The International Rodin Competition was hosted by the embassies of 32 nations, including France, Spain and England. The prize was held at Hakone Open-Air Museum, with the museum acquiring Snowden’s “Cataclasis Study”for their permanent collection. In 1998 and 2004, the sculptor was awarded two consecutive Carano Gordon Atlanta Commissions to create her vision for experimental bronzes that are now part of the Geological Corieum collection. Additionally, M.L. Snowden was awarded the Presidential Order of Merit “for humanitarian contributions to the art of sculpture” presented by the Academy of the Fine Arts Foundation.

Monuments and Installations

The Golden Angels of Los Angeles

M.L. Snowden is the sculptor of the 8-ton Main Altar of the $200 million Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels located in Los Angeles’s downtown Civic Center. Chosen from a field of 8,000 international sculptors, Snowden was commissioned by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles and the Vatican in Rome. M.L. Snowden designed and created four golden Archangels that float around the Rosso Laguna marble main altar through a mathematical suspension system that was developed by the sculptor. “The Great Golden Angels of Los Angeles” is considered to be the largest gilt-on-bronze ecclesiastical installation of the modern era. From her father’s collaboration with A. A. Weinman who was a protégé of Augustus Saint-Gaudens, who in turn was the sculptor of the Gold Liberty Dollar, M.L. Snowden’s Golden Angels of the Main Altar carry forward Saint-Gaudens’ techniques for casting gold-on-bronze objects. The Cathedral and its Main Altar Angels were dedicated by Saint Pope John Paul II in 2002.

History: The Holy Reliquary

M.L. Snowden’s work historically constitutes the first group of angels for a permanent setting in the history of the City of Los Angeles. The Golden Angels of Los Angeles historically fulfills Alta California Governor Pío Pico’s desire to commission a group of Los Angeles angels in 1834. Notably, Snowden’s Golden Angels hover over the cathedral’s Holy Reliquary of Saints that includes the relics of Saint Francis of Assisi, Saint Patrick and America’s first Native American Saint, Kateri Tekakwitha. M.L. Snowden’s planning drawings were added to the Vatican Collections in Rome.

The Los Angeles Angelic Frieze

M.L. Snowden’s singular bronze pane, “The Los Angeles Angelic Frieze,” is permanently installed in the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels’ Visitors Center. The Frieze is an 11-foot bronze 1-ton bronze wall panel and was sculpted with Rodin’s tool #8. The Frieze is a bas-relief element with a 4-inch depth that was sculpted as a preliminary study in order to establish the composition of the Golden Angels of the Main Altar. From left to right, the composition features Archangels Michael, Raphael, Ariel, and Gabriel.

Gersten Pavilion: The Albert Gersten Memorial

The Albert Gersten Memorial is the focal point of the lobby of the Gersten Pavilion at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles. Completed in 1981, the Gersten Memorial represents an early work of the sculptor in her 20’s. Cast in Platinum Rosso Fournier bronze and featuring the sculptor’s innovative silk burnishing technique, the central commissioned portrait bust of Albert Gersten is encased in a polished travertine setting.

Cataclasis at Hannon Library

Permanently installed in the lobby of LMU’s Hannon Library, Cataclasis Study evokes three states of energy: The Latent, the Emerging and the Active. The sculptor in concert with contemporary geological science increasingly views planet earth as a living organism, with its rock and soil structures following the same aging patterns as biological human life forms. In this scaled study, planetary energy is conveyed dimensionally where Snowden’s Latent icon embodies old age, Active embraces middle age, and the Emerging element equates to youth. As a contemporary metallurgist, M.L. Snowden invented the specialized foundry wax that has enabled Cataclasis Study to be cast as a complex lost wax bronze.

The Glendale Civic Monument

M.L. Snowden’s bronze metallurgy is evidenced in Glendale California’s Civic Monument. In the sculptor’s vision for the Geological Coreium, the monument takes its name from the igneous geological formation of a “Shield Protectite.” Known as the “Shield,” the composition features a vertical human icon that holds back chaos in the form a 2-ton abstract bronze mass. The 10-ton 20-foot high monument was installed in Glendale’s $56 million civic plaza in support of the Glendale Police Department’s Widows and Orphans Fund. The monument also features four base-mounted bas-relief bronze portraits of fallen officers who died in the line of duty. The monument was funded with donations from the community and a variety of philanthropic sources including the Walt Disney Corporation. Walt’s brother, Roy Disney supported the monument’s Widow’s and Orphans Fund Campaign that was also aided by the organized efforts of Marty Sclar.

The Gate of Heaven Installation

Creation’s Gate is a bronze free-standing screen bas-relief wall panel that conceptually ideates creation’s cosmic portal. The obverse of the panel features regions of the Architrave, the Astragal and the Empowered Domains. The reverse side of the panel structuralizes non-objective abstraction. Creation’s Gate communicates sensory emotion through non-definitive figurative passages modelled in basso-relievo juxtaposed to high-relief marcottage. The installation was debuted in Chapel 5 located within the Cathedral of our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles’ downtown civic center. The bronze remains a commission of the Hao Family.

Installations: Originals

While the Geological Coreium has been largely created and cast as bronze limited editions, the sculptor’s private focus of work since the year 2000 has been creating original one-of-a-kind sculptures. These original designs carry forward the artist’s earliest intention to evince a plethora of visionary conceptions imagined since the 1970’s. Such sculptures are classed as originals alongside M.L. Snowden’s scaled installation enlargements. Housed in both public and private domains, M.L. Snowden’s original sculptures are known to be cast in bronze along with other mediums including carved marble, Safran Argile Cuite and other advanced ceramic mediums. These sculptures have been appraised as commanding the highest valuations and rarely appear on the secondary art market.

Social Perspectives

The humanitarian resonance of M.L. Snowden’s figurative sculpture is recognized in therapeutic medical centers and research institutions in works such as bronze “Genesis” mounted in the lobby of the Noris Cancer Center at the University of Southern California. Hospitals and healthcare facilities permanently display M.L. Snowden sculptures such as the Ira Kaufman Founder’s Memorial at Centinela Hospital Medical Center; the M.L. Snowden Bronze Collection at the Eisenhower Medical Center; along with other healthcare organizations. Biomed entrepreneur, Henri Termeer, founder of the genetics research institute Genzyme, commissioned M.L. Snowden’s “Helix X” and “Helix Y” for corporate headquarters in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

The societal impact of M.L. Snowden’s art was recognized when bronze “Cataclasis Study” was added to the White House in 2006. In 2012, M.L. Snowden’s art joined the HRM Queen Elizabeth II Royal Collection at Buckingham Palace in commemoration of her Majesty’s Diamond Jubilee. In support of higher education, M.L. Snowden bronze collections can be found at the University of Missouri; Biola University Library; Soka University of America and Japan; along with other colleges and universities. The ML Snowden Collection Trust was established in Australia upon the comprehensive Australian acquisition of every example of M.L. Snowden’s Geological Coreium.

Sculptures of the Geological Coreium (Partial List)

References

Living people
American sculptors
Year of birth missing (living people)


Luisa Haydee Cervera Cevedon (born 4 July 1964 in Lima) is a former Peruvian volleyball player. She received a silver medal at the 1988 Olympic games in Seoul, after playing the Soviet Union in the final. She also participated in the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, where Peru reached the semifinals and lost to the United States, finishing fourth.

References

External links

1964 births
 Living people
Olympic volleyball players for Peru
 Volleyball players at the 1984 Summer Olympics
 Volleyball players at the 1988 Summer Olympics
 Olympic silver medalists for Peru
 Peruvian women's volleyball players
 Olympic medalists in volleyball
 Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games medalists in volleyball
Pan American Games silver medalists for Peru
Volleyball players at the 1987 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games
20th-century Peruvian women


Boonea is a small genus of small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks.

This genus is currently placed in the subfamily Odostomiinae, of the family Pyramidellidae (according to the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)).

Distribution
The vast majority of the species within this genus are only known to be distributed within North American waters, Hudson Bay is a very populated location for the Boonea genus.

Life habits
Little is known about the biology of the members of this genus. As most members of the Pyramidellidae sensu lato they are most likely  ectoparasites.

The species Boonea impressa however is known to be a severe pest of the edible oyster Crassostrea virginica (Wilson, Powell & Ray, 1988)

Species
There are eleven known species within the genus Boonea, these include the following:
 Boonea bisuturalis (Say, 1822)
 Boonea cincta (Carpenter, 1864)
 Boonea impressa (Say, 1822)
 Boonea jadisi (Olsson & McGinty, 1958)
 Boonea kinpana Hori & Nakamura, 1999
 Boonea okamurai Hori & Okutani, 1996
 Boonea scymnocelata Pimenta, Absalão & Miyaji, 2009
 Boonea seminuda (C. B. Adams, 1839) - type species, as Jaminia seminuda
 Boonea somersi (Verrill & Bush, 1900)
 Boonea suoana Hori & Nakamura, 1999
 Boonea umboniocola Hori and Okutani, 1995

References

Further reading

Pyramidellidae


The 22nd ceremony of the annual Goya Awards, took place at the Palacio de Congresos of the Campo de las Naciones in Madrid, Spain on February 3, 2008, presented by José Corbacho. On December 17, 2007, Juan Diego Botto and Ivana Baquero were responsible for reading the nominations on behalf of the Academy.

The surprise winner of the night was Solitary Fragments by Jaime Rosales who won the Goya for best film and best direction. Las 13 rosas started with 14 nominations and won four, while El Orfanato, which began as a favorite won 7 Goyas but not a major one.

Major awards

Other award nominees

Honorary Goya
 Alfredo Landa

References

22
2007 film awards
2007 in Spanish cinema
2008 in Madrid


By the Treaty of Old Crossing (1863) and the Treaty of Old Crossing (1864), the Pembina and Red Lake bands of the Ojibwe, then known as Chippewa Indians, purportedly ceded to the United States all of their rights to the Red River Valley. On the Minnesota side, the ceded territory included all lands lying west of a line running generally southwest from the Lake of the Woods to Thief Lake, about  west of Red Lake, and then angling southeast to the headwaters of the Wild Rice River near the low-lying divide separating the watershed of the Red River of the North from the watershed of the Mississippi River.  On the North Dakota side, the ceded territory included all of the Red River Valley north of the Sheyenne River.  The total land area, roughly  wide east to west and  long north to south, consisted of nearly  of rich prairie land and forests.

These land cessions are known as the Old Crossing Treaty because the primary site of negotiations was the "Old Crossing" of the Red Lake River, now known as Huot, located about  southwest of Red Lake Falls.  This was a river ford and layover resting site normally used by Red River ox carts using the "Pembina" or "Woods" trail, one of several routes known as the Red River trails  between Pembina and the settlements at Mendota and St Anthony.

Background
Prior to 1863, Ojibwe and Dakota or "Sioux" tribes had fought over hunting rights in the territory of the Red River Valley for at least a century, but the Ojibwe were the predominant possessors of the land before the first European fur traders began to frequent the valley in the late 18th century. Rapid development of the Pembina trade with St. Paul on the Red River trails led to a drive for American settlement and development of the surrounding flat valley lands.

The pressure to oust "Indians" from the American portion of the Red River Valley dated back well before Minnesota statehood (1858) to the early years of the Minnesota Territory. U.S. Army Major Samuel Woods, on his expedition in 1849 to locate a site on the Red River of the North for a military post, also was ordered to proceed further north to Pembina, where he was "to hold conferences with the Indians and learn whether their lands in the Red River Valley may be purchased and opened for white settlement." These instructions came directly from the Secretary of the Interior, Thomas Ewing, who, with the approval of President Zachary Taylor, suggested the United States should acquire the Indian lands so the area could be thrown open to agricultural settlement. After locating the site for what later became Fort Abercrombie, Major Woods continued downriver to Pembina, where he spent 25 days and met first with Dakota and then with Ojibwe and Métis from the Pembina band as well as members of the Red River band, but reached no specific agreement for land cessions.

Earlier negotiations with the Ojibwe bands

The Dakota relinquished any claim to the Red River Valley in the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux and to most of the rest of the future State of Minnesota in the Treaty of Mendota in 1851.  Within a few weeks, the United States Indian Commissioners also negotiated a separate treaty at Pembina on September 20, 1851, whereby the Red Lake Band and the Pembina Band of Ojibwe signed away their rights to over  of rich Red River Valley land extending  on each side of the Red River. In the face of opposition from Southern states concerned about the balance of free and slave states as a result of Minnesota expansionism, and in order to preserve and obtain ratification of the Sioux treaties and land cessions which also had just been secured, the Northern sponsors of the Pembina treaty withdrew their support, the Senate denied confirmation, and the Ojibwe land cession failed.

With the introduction of steamboat operations on the Red River and plans for railroad development in Northwest Minnesota, the clamor for development and settlement south of the 49th parallel continued unabated throughout the 1850s. Incursions into Ojibwe territory on the part of fur traders and others were common.  A leading trader and Métis state legislator, Joseph Rolette, even started a townsite called "Douglas" at the Old Crossing which was designated by the Legislature as the first county seat of Polk County. The Ojibwe objected to the peremptory establishment of a town on their unceded territory, and the Legislature removed the county seat to Crookston, but demands for doing something about the "sullen Chippewa" and their claims to the territory continued to mount and by 1862 had risen to a crescendo.

After the onset of the Civil War, with factional Southern opposition to expansion of the free states no longer a factor, and still urged on by railroad interests and other promoters of development and settlement in the area, the United States in 1862 renewed efforts to negotiate a "treaty" with Ojibwe tribes for the cession of the Red River Valley.  Several tribal chiefs were invited to treat at the Grand Forks of the Red Lake River and Red River.  These Ojibwe negotiators were encamped there late that summer, waiting for the United States negotiators, when skirmishing in the Sioux Uprising (now generally called the Dakota War of 1862) spread to the Red River Valley, forcing the United States negotiators to take refuge in Fort Abercrombie. In the aftermath of the Uprising, United States troops and Minnesota militia chased the Dakota out of the Red River Valley for good and the fur traders and steamship operators renewed efforts to have the politicians wrest the territory from the Ojibwe.

Alexander Ramsey and the backdrop of the Dakota Conflict

The lead negotiator for the United States in the Treaties of Old Crossing was Alexander Ramsey, a former Governor of the Territory of Minnesota and the first Governor of the new state of Minnesota. In direct response to the "Sioux Outbreak", Ramsey offered a $25/scalp bounty on the Sioux before  resigning as governor in order to accept a federal appointment as Indian Commissioner late in the spring of 1863.

When the Old Crossing treaty negotiations were set to resume in 1863, the nerves of settlers, soldiers and politicians were still raw from the panic and fear induced by the Dakota Conflict of the previous summer.  State and Federal officials had launched a retaliatory campaign of removal and extermination against the Dakota while tension mounted on the frontier between settlers and all other Indians, which continued throughout the fall and winter of 1862-63. The strained relationship between the Ojibwe bands and the intruding steamboat operators and fur traders grew increasingly testy, as charges and counter-charges of trespass and "depredations" went both ways. Rumors of alliances between the Dakota and the Ojibwe were rampant, and fear of a sympathetic "insurrection" by the "whole body of the Chippewa" were widespread.

Governor Ramsey's most notorious accomplishment had been to order a vicious and indiscriminate retaliatory strikes by Minnesota Infantry against various Dakota settlements in reaction to the Dakota Conflict in 1862. In the words of Governor Ramsey,

Our course then is plain. The Sioux Indians of Minnesota must be exterminated or driven forever beyond the borders of the state.

Immediately afterward, all treaties with the Dakota were abrogated by Congressional action, and all Dakota were ordered removed from the state to reservations in Dakota Territory.

Throughout the spring and summer of 1863,  Minnesota Infantry under General Henry Sibley, operating on the orders of Governor Ramsey, along with United States forces under the command of General John Pope, were carrying out a series of punitive expeditions against escaping "renegade" Dakota bands throughout the Red River Valley and the Devils Lake and Upper Missouri areas of Dakota Territory.  Many of these operations took place less than  from the Old Crossing treaty site.

During the weeks leading up the Old Crossing Treaty, former Governor Ramsey carried out a series of treaty negotiations with Ojibwe tribes in his new capacity as the Indian Commissioner for Minnesota, securing territory throughout the state in exchange for nominal consideration and reservations.  Meanwhile, Governor Ramsey's successor, Governor Henry A. Swift, issued a series of executive orders increasing the "bounties" to $200/Indian scalp.  Some did not distinguish between Dakota marauders and others, such as the Pillager, Red Lake and Pembina bands of Ojibwe. Also during the days and weeks preceding the negotiations at Old Crossing, Minnesota Volunteer Cavalry ranged up and down the Red River Valley on both sides from Pembina to Ft. Abercrombie. These military operations were directed primarily against the Dakota, but several cavalry detachments also were sent out from Fort Abercrombie and Fort Ridgely in a deliberate attempt to "produce a moral effect on the Pillagers and other Chippewa bands".

It was against this backdrop of fear and intentional intimidation of the Ojibwe as part of the reaction to the Dakota Conflict, that Commissioner Ramsey resumed the quest to gain for United States development interests the territory of the Ojibwe bands in Northwestern Minnesota. This was not Governor Ramsey's first attempt to obtain the cession of the Valley from the Ojibwe.  It was he who, accompanied by two companies of dragoons, had induced the Red Lake Band and the Pembina Band to sign the unratified treaty at Pembina in 1851, whereby they had ceded upwards of  of Red River Valley land to the United States for about five cents an acre. In the same year, Governor Ramsey also negotiated the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux and the Treaty of Mendota, whereby the Dakota and certain Ojibwe bands had ceded the vast majority of Minnesota territory south and east of the Red River Valley.

1863 treaty

Arriving at the treaty site on September 21, 1863, with a cavalcade of "290 army men, 340 mules, 180 horses, 55 big oxen and 90 vehicles and wagons", ex-Governor Ramsey set up his tent while the soldiers set up a Gatling gun trained on the assembled Red Lake band of Ojibwe on the opposite side of the river.  A day or two later, the Pembina band arrived, and negotiations ensued. Initially, Ramsey offered a paltry $20,000 for a "right of passage", an offer that was roundly rejected as he undoubtedly expected it would be.  Over the next several days, a psychological battle of wills pitted the Ojibwe negotiators, most of whom disclaimed any interest in selling their land, against the impatient Ramsey, who feigned disinterest in acquiring their land and invited a counteroffer.  Eventually, on October 2, 1863, Ramsey and his co-commissioner, Ashley C. Morril, induced the so-called "chiefs, headmen and warriors" of the Pembina Band and Red Lake Band to sign the Treaty of Old Crossing (1863).

The United States treaty negotiators had overtly misrepresented the purpose and effect of the proposed treaty as merely conveying a "right of passage" over the Ojibwe lands to the United States.  The United States intention to bring in settlers as well as the railroad had been an established policy for years, as was plainly stated in newspapers and governmental reports of the time.  Governor Ramsey's journal of the treaty negotiations contained his speech to the assembled Ojibwe in which he, as a trained lawyer and experienced politician and Indian negotiator, directly misrepresented the purpose and intent of the treaty:

Now, there is growing up a trade of considerable importance between the British settlements on the north and the American settlements on the south. ... Now, this is a trade which cannot and must not be interrupted.  And their Great Father, feeling this, and desirous to prevent any trouble between his white and red people, has sent us here to come to some understanding with you about it.  Their Great Father has no especial desire to get possession of their lands.  He does not want their lands at all if they do not want to part with them.  He has more land now than he knows what to do with.  He simply wishes that his people should enjoy the privilege of traveling through their country on steamboats and wagons unmolested

Even after the initial proposal for a mere right of way was rejected, he was representing that if they sold their land, the Ojibwe could still occupy it and hunt on it for a long time.

The text of the treaty presented by Ramsey and Morril in fact ceded Ojibwe control and ownership of all of the territory (Article 2) to the United States, while "compensating" the signing bands with annuity payments of $20,000 per year to be divided up and paid to individual members of the two bands over a period of twenty years (Article 3).  It provided a mechanism for non-Indian claims against the signatory Ojibwe bands to be reviewed by a commission appointed by the President of the United States in consultation with the Ojibwe bands, and appropriated $100,000 to be used to pay claims of individuals (whites) for past Indian wrongs, while relieving the Red Lake Band and Pembina Band of the threat of "punishment for past offenses". (Article 4).  It left the "chiefs" of two of the bands with "reservations" consisting of 640 acres (one square mile) each (Article 9) and provided other direct inducements to the "chiefs" in the form of direct cash payments (Article 5).  In lieu of annuity payments, it also provided for payment to the Métis or "half-breed" relatives of the Chippewa (Ojibwe) who were citizens of the United States the right to obtain scrip entitling the holder to claim  anywhere within the ceded territory or elsewhere that was opened up for homestead by the United States (Article 8).

1863 treaty signatory representatives

"Signed in the Presence Of:"

Background of the 1864 amendments and supplemental treaty

Afterwards, it was stated that the Ojibwe signatories of the 1863 treaty did not know the character of the treaty they had made and, in the words of the Episcopal Bishop Henry Whipple, it was "from beginning to end a fraud...". It is said that the principal "translator" involved in the negotiations, Paul H. Beaulieu, was familiar only with Dakota languages and the "Chippewa Métis" creole language and not with the Ojibwe words and meanings as used by the Red Lake Band and other non-Métis Ojibwe people.  Even if the English used by the negotiators was accurately translated to the Ojibwe negotiators, however, the effect was the same—the treaty ceded away over  of land for a total consideration of just over $500,000, or 5 cents an acre.  Governor Ramsey bragged that it was the lowest price per acre ever paid for Indian land cessions in the history of the United States.

The United States Senate refused to ratify the treaty on the grounds that it was "too generous to the chiefs", and sent back an amended treaty with the demand that the Ojibwe capitulate to the revisions. The Senate eliminated language which would have diverted unused portions of the $100,000 indemnity fund to the chiefs after settlement of all just claims, and instead provided for any unutilized funds to be added to the annuity payments to be distributed directly to members of the bands on a per capita basis. It also added a proviso to Article 8, prohibiting any assignment of the half-breed scrip until after the patent had been issued to the original claimant, after 5 years of proving up the claim.

As a result of the unilateral alterations to the unratified treaty imposed by the Senate, several original Indian signers of the 1863 treaty refused to sign the amended version.  Nonetheless, the "treaty" was re-executed by the United States Commissioners along with certain representatives of the bands who had been taken to Washington, D.C. for this purpose, all of whom  signed the amended treaty on April 12, 1864.  This version of the treaty was then signed by President Abraham Lincoln, in early May 1864.

After negotiating the initial Treaty of Old Crossing in 1863, Ramsey had been appointed to the United States Senate before the follow-up treaty negotiations in 1864, and probably played a role in approving the ensuing revisions to the treaty he had just negotiated.

1864 supplemental treaty

One of the dissatisfied chiefs from the Red Lake Band recruited Bishop Whipple to assist in an effort to enhance the benefits of the treaty to the Red Lake and Pembina Ojibwe.  This resulted in a supplemental treaty, sometimes called the Treaty of Old Crossing (1864) but entirely negotiated in Washington, D.C., which in some ways enhanced the benefits of the treaty to the signatory bands and in other ways assured that much of the indemnity fund would never find its way back to the tribes.

The 1864 supplement reduced the $20,000 annuity to $15,000, but specifically allocated $10,000 per year to the Red Lake band and $5,000 per year to the Pembina band (to be distributed per capita directly to individual members of each band).  It eliminated the fixed term of 20 years and provided for the annuity to be paid "during the pleasure of the President".   An additional annuity payment of $12,000 ($8,000 for the Red Lake band and $4,000 for the Pembina band) was established for a period of 15 years, with these payments to be made to the bands in common for agricultural assistance and materials to make clothing and "other useful articles".  The United States also committed to provide a sawmill, to furnish a blacksmith, physician, miller and farmer, and to provide various blacksmithing and carpentry materials and tools with an annual value of $1500 over a period of 15 years.  In effect, these changes increased the price paid by the United States for the ceded land to about 6 cents an acre.

Other changes made to the terms of the 1863 treaty in the supplemental treaty of 1864 have provoked ongoing controversy among Ojibwe and white historians alike.  The $100,000 indemnity fund was reallocated, to provide that $25,000 would be immediately distributed to the chiefs of said bands "through their agent".  The balance of the funds were specifically earmarked for the satisfaction of specific claims for "depredations committed by said Indians" on Euro-American traders' goods at the Red Lake River and for "exactions forcibly levied by [said Indians]" on the steamship operations on the Red River, and the remainder was to be allocated pro rata in satisfaction of other claims.  The provision for collaborative review and settlement of these claims by an appointed commission in consultation with the chiefs of the Ojibwe bands was eliminated, with the determination of claims left entirely to the "agent for said bands".  In effect, the revisions transferred control of the indemnity fund to the white Indian agent and assured that none of the funds would be allocated to the Indians themselves.

The 1864 supplemental treaty also altered the provisions for half-breed scrip, restricting the holder to claims on land within the ceded territory, while eliminating restrictions on assignment or required prove-up of claims.  The Red Lake Band has renounced these aspects of the treaty, contending that none of the purported signatories for the Red Lake Band were legitimate leaders or had authority to speak for or sign away their ancestral lands, and that virtually all of the benefited Métis claimants were non-citizen relatives of members of the Pembina band who used the scrip to acquire timberlands formerly belonging to the Red Lake Band.

Signatory representatives

Legacy

Governor Ramsey virtually admitted the fraud he had perpetrated in his letter transmitting the final treaty to Congress for ratification, saying:

I stated to them very plainly, that if the offers were not agreeable to them they should make another proposition.  The Great Father had several times offered to purchase the land, not because he wanted it for settlement—at least during the lifetime of the youngest of them, but because he wanted a free passage over it ...

As Governor Ramsey was well aware, the treaty did not merely grant "a free passage".  By the text of the treaty, the signatory Ojibwe bands did "hereby cede, sell, and convey to the United States all their right, title, and interest in and to all the lands now owned and claimed by them ... within the following described boundaries:".  The intended effect of the treaty on the part of the United States negotiators in fact was to extinguish all Ojibwe interests in the land for the benefit of the United States.  This in fact was the stated objective of the treaty in all of Ramsey's communications  on the subject other than his statements to the Ojibwe during the negotiations.

Most of the indemnity fund wound up in the hands of Norman Kittson, who had pioneered steamship operations on the Red River as a means of handling a burgeoning trade with the Hudson's Bay Company.  The Ojibwe had accused Kittson of trespassing on their territory, cutting timber for fuel and starting forest fires.  At one point they had demanded tribute for the continued right to pass along the river—the "exactions forcibly levied" referred to in the text of the treaty. But Kittson's shipping operations  were already faltering as the Hudson's Bay Company withdrew from dependence on supply through the St. Paul and the Red River routes and re-established direct shipping from England via Hudson Bay, and the Sioux Uprising effectively ended the trade for most of the 1860s. The treaty indemnity payments thus may be seen as a politically inspired bailing out of Kittson from a losing position, using the excuse of Indian "depredations" which had been no more than a demand for payment by the Ojibwe for the right of passage now being exacted from them.

Although the Ojibwe had no involvement in the Dakota War of 1862, white agents in the press and the government freely associated the Ojibwe with the Dakota, or Sioux, and overtly argued for reduced benefits to the "Indians" due to the depredations committed on white settlers in the "Sioux Uprising". The leading historian of North Dakota, Elwyn B. Robinson, described the treaty as satisfying the "sullen Chippewa" who had "wanted to sell their land to the United States" and who had "plundered" fur traders' property and "threatened to stop the steamboat" if their long-frustrated desires were thwarted. Even as soon as 1899, Euro-Americans were characterizing the 1863 and 1864 Treaties of Old Crossing as "ending the trouble" caused by the Sioux Uprising. The official Red Lake County history tour guide still characterizes the treaty as a "peace treaty", as does the centennial history of Red Lake County, the split-off portion of the original Polk County in which the Old Crossing now is located. Describing the monument erected in 1932 to commemorate the Old Crossing Treaty, it states:

Here at the "Old Crossing" is a monument which commemorates a peace pact....As the descendants of these self-same Indians [i.e., the Ojibwe] pause in its shadow they may well say our forefathers kept their faith, and be proud that this was done.

Ojibwe negotiators at Old Crossing denied any interest in selling the lands of their people.

A standard Minnesota history work states:

Though the treaties ceding the Red River Valley followed shortly after the Sioux War, they were not in any direct sense a consequence of the outbreak.  In fact, commissioners had been sent out from Washington in 1862 to negotiate a treaty, but the plan had been interrupted by the Indian war.

Norman Kittson, the long-time supplier of the Hudson's Bay Company, and the steamship operator who probably benefited most directly from the treaty, had been a partner of "Jolly Joe" Rolette in the abortive effort to develop the townsite of Douglas, the "Magnificent City of the West", on Ojibwe Land at the Old Crossing. Kittson, "Jolly Joe" and Pierre Bottineau previously had pioneered the Red River cart trains that supplied the Selkirk Colony and the Hudson's Bay Company in the Red River Colony. Rolette became their personal representative in the Minnesota legislature.

Henry Sibley, the marauding militia leader that carried a punitive expedition against the Sioux in the eastern part of Dakota Territory and throughout the Red River Valley, was a former partner in the fur trade with "Jolly Joe's father, "Old Joe" Rolette, and later recruited Norman Kittson himself as his partner in the fur trade and the supply of Hudson's Bay Company and Fort Garry. Ramsey was the first governor of the State of Minnesota, and had previously served as the first governor of the Territory and its delegate to Congress. Ramsey was appointed to the U.S. Senate immediately after his service in negotiating several treaties, including the Old Crossing Treaty, whereby virtually all Indian rights to territory outside reservations in Minnesota were finally eliminated in 1863.

It was Kittson who invited the Woods-Pope reconnaissance of the Red River Valley in 1849 and the initial sounding out of the Ojibwe about their willingness to part with their land for United States settlement purposes, who met the expedition and provided critical information about the lay of the land and its inhabitants, and whose clerk, the younger Rolette, provided Woods and Pope lodgings and entertainment while they engaged the Red Lake and Pembina bands in discussions in 1849. John Pope's report produced after the 1849-50 Woods-Pope expedition extolled the agricultural potential of the Red River Valley.  This led directly to Ramsey's first negotiation with the Ojibwe to obtain a cession of the Red River Valley—the unratified Pembina Treaty of 1851—which had been directly facilitated by Henry Sibley's securing of a Congressional allocation of funds to finance Ramsey's negotiations in Pembina and by Kittson's urging of treaty negotiations to obtain Red River Valley lands for white settlement from the "reluctant tribesmen" of the Pembina and Red Lake Bands. In that case, also, Kittson had stood to gain $30,000 in payments for alleged debts owed to him by the Ojibwe.

John Pope was surveying the still-unceded Red River Valley for the United States Army Corps of Topographic Engineers in 1858 when he determined that the river would be suitable for steamboats. Soon after, Norman Kittson and James J. Hill started their  steamboat operations on the river, to supplement their already substantial ox cart trade. It was Kittson, as well, who got caught at Georgetown with a load of trade goods when the Sioux Uprising intervened, and who encountered the hungry and disgruntled Ojibwe encamped at Grand Forks, waiting for the United States commissioners who never arrived with the promised trade goods and provisions during the planned treaty negotiations, in 1862; the Ojibwe encamped at Grand Forks confiscated some of his cargo for food and thereby committed the "depredations by said Indians" for which Kittson later collected nearly $100,000 in indemnity payments under the treaty negotiated the next year.

Pope and Sibley were carrying out their military expeditions in the vicinity while Ramsey negotiated the Treaty of 1863. Sibley, who had hired Pierre Bottineau as a scout and agent throughout the 1840s and 1850s during his years as a fur trader in the Red River Valley and Minnesota River Valley, also engaged Bottineau as his scout in the expedition against the Sioux of 1862-63.

Bottineau had worked for Sibley and Kittson for years, had accompanied Sioux and Ojibwe tribal delegates to Washington, D.C. as a "trusted interpreter" in 1849-50, immediately after the Woods-Pope foray to Pembina, had guided the first Ramsey expedition to Pembina in 1851 that resulted in the initial unratified treaty ceding Ojibwe claims to the Red River Valley, and had guided any number of government and military surveys, railroad surveys, sportsmen, journalists, settlers  and townsite promoters around the Red River Valley and other points south, east and west, both before and after the Ojibwe and Dakota ceded their territory for white settlement. Bottineau himself had a hand in the founding of several townsites in Minnesota in the late 1850s, including the town of La Fayette, on the east side of the Red River of the North, in still unceded Ojibway territory, in 1857.

Bottineau now was engaged by Ramsey (escorted by Sibley) as one of his interpreters in treaty negotiations at the Old Crossing in 1863. In this capacity, Bottineau signed the treaty himself, and his nominal role as an interpreter often is characterized as "negotiator", probably for good reason. At the same time as Sibley loaned Ramsey the services of his guide and interpreter, Sibley also provided two companies of dragoons to escort Ramsey to the Old Crossing treaty grounds in late September 1863.

Soon after the treaty was consummated, the principal beneficiary, Sibley's former partner in the fur trade, Norman Kittson, and Kittson's current partner in the steamboat and railroad business, James J. Hill, developed the first railroads through the Red River Valley and re-established the steamboat traffic on the Red River of the North.  Bottineau went on to found the town of Red Lake Falls and recruited French-Canadian immigrants to settle the recently ceded Ojibwe lands in nearby Louisville Township, where he also founded the townsite of Huot, the site of the Old Crossing Treaty negotiations as well as the former location of the nonexistent town of Douglas as first county seat of Polk County.

See also
Dakota War of 1862
Huot, Minnesota

Notes

References

External links
For text of the initial Treaty of Old Crossing (1863), see WikiSource and the  University of Texas.
For text of the 1864 supplement to the 1863 treaty, known as the Treaty of Old Crossing (1864), see WikiSource and the  University of Texas.

Old Crossing
Sioux Wars
History of Minnesota
Pre-statehood history of North Dakota
1863 treaties


Eva Bosáková-Hlaváčková, née Věchtová (18 December 1931 – 10 January 1991) was a gymnast from Czechoslovakia whose career spanned at least from the 1954 World Championships to the 1962 World Championships. Her father was also a gymnast for the Czech national team at the 1936 Berlin Olympics.

During the time period of 1958-1962, Bosakova and her famous teammate Věra Čáslavská were always the two highest-scoring Czechoslovakian women gymnasts at the largest, most prestigious championships during those years - the 1958 World Championships, 1959 European Championships, 1960 Olympics, 1961 European Championships, and 1962 World Championships.  As a very strong "one-two punch", they continued the Czechoslovakian legacy in the sport of Women's Artistic Gymnastics established by the sport's first-ever Women's World All-Around Champion Vlasta Děkanová, and others such as Zdeňka Veřmiřovská, Matylda Pálfyová, and Zdeňka Honsová.  Bosáková and Čáslavska led the Czechoslovakian women's gymnastics team to three successive World/Olympic silver medals in a row (1958 Worlds, 1960 Olympics, 1962 Worlds), therefore being the foremost challengers to the dominant Soviet women's team during that era.

On balance beam, where she is credited for being the first woman gymnast to compete a cartwheel (at the 1956 Olympics), she was World (1962) and Olympic (1960) champion, and she was good enough on all four events combined to become All-Around silver medalist at two consecutive World Championships (1958, 1962).

After her competitive career was over, Bosakova became a member of the Czechoslovak Song and Dance Ensemble and later became a coach in her home country. She starred in the 1963 film Something Different, directed by Věra Chytilová.

See also

List of top medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships

References

External links

1931 births
1991 deaths
Czech female artistic gymnasts
Czechoslovak female artistic gymnasts
Olympic gymnasts for Czechoslovakia
Gymnasts at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Gymnasts at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Gymnasts at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Czechoslovakia
Olympic silver medalists for Czechoslovakia
Olympic bronze medalists for Czechoslovakia
Olympic medalists in gymnastics
World champion gymnasts
Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Mladá Boleslav


Haripur Tehsil is a tehsil located in Haripur District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The tehsil is administratively subdivided into 37 Union Councils.

History
The tehsil was described by the Imperial Gazetteer of India, compiled over a century ago during British rule as follows:

Haripur Tehsil of Hazāra District, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, lying between 33° 44′ and 34° 18′ N. and 72° 33′ and 73° 14′ E., with an area of 657 square miles. It is bounded on the north-west by the Indus. The tahsil consists of a sloping plain, from 1,500 to 3,000 feet high, through which the Siran and Harroh flow. Low hills are dotted here and there over the plain. The population in 1901 was 151,638, compared with 142,856 in 1891. It contains the town of HARIPUR (population, 5,578), the headquarters; and 311 villages. The land revenue and cesses in 1903-4 amounted to Rs. 1,72,000".

References

Haripur District
Tehsils of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa


Alexander Os (born 21 January 1980) is a former Norwegian biathlete.

Os announced his retirement after the end of the 2015–16 season.

Biathlon results
All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.

Olympic Games

World Championships

2 medals (1 gold, 1 bronze)

*During Olympic seasons competitions are only held for those events not included in the Olympic program.

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
People from Fauske
Norwegian male biathletes
Biathletes at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Olympic biathletes for Norway
Biathlon World Championships medalists
Sportspeople from Nordland


Llansadwrn (; ; ) is a small village in the community of Cwm Cadnant in south-east Anglesey, in north-west Wales. It lies between Menai Bridge, Pentraeth and Beaumaris. It is named after the church, founded in the 6th century by Saint Saturninus, who together with his wife, is commemorated by an early Christian monument.

St Sadwrn's Church is a Grade II*-listed building.

The village was the birthplace of Wyn Roberts, Baron Roberts of Conwy who was a notable Conservative front-bencher for many years.

Close to the village was the site of the excavations that revealed the existence of Bryn Eryr Iron Age farmstead.

Notable people
Andrew Crombie Ramsay (31 January 1814 – 9 December 1891) was a famous Scottish geologist. He died at Beaumaris in Anglesey and is buried at St Sadwrn's church, Llansadwrn where a glacial erratic boulder marks his grave.

References

Bibliography
V. E. Nash-Williams, The Early Christian Monuments of Wales, Cardiff, 1950 .

External links
 photos of Llansadwrn and surrounding area on geograph
 A Vision of Britain Through Time: Llansadwrn
 Genuki: Llansadwrn

Villages in Anglesey
Cwm Cadnant


The A4060, also known as the East of Abercynon to East of Dowlais Trunk Road, is a trunk road in Wales.

Route
The road starts at A470 The Pentrebach Roundabout South of Merthyr Tydfil. This first stretch is a 3 lane single carriageway road that was the old A470. It then comes to a roundabout by the Hoover Plant and The Premier Inn where there are links to Aberfan and Troedyrhiw via the A4054, Merthyr Town Centre via the A4054 (the old A470). The A4060 then leads to another roundabout a few yards up with turn offs to The Triangle Business Park and the Co Op Supermarket. After this roundabout the road becomes a dual carriageway with quite a steep Hill Climb. After about 3 miles there is another roundabout which has links to Mountain Hare and Dowlais Ind Est and the A4102. The other link is a Mountain Road to Cwm Bargoed and Fochriw.

After the Roundabout the dual carriageway continues to Dowlais Top where there are links to Dowlais via the A4102, Neath (Brecon A470) via the A465, Abergavenny via the A465 and Fochriw and ASDA Supermarket

History
Before the new A470 dual carriageway was built between Cefn Coed Y Cymmer and Pentrebach the A4060 was a main alternative route for people coming from the North (Brecon A470) and the West (Neath) via the A465 to avoid traffic hold ups in Merthyr Tydfil town centre.

See also
Trunk roads in Wales

References

External links

Roads in Merthyr Tydfil


Bombo is a Broadway musical with a book and lyrics by Harold Atteridge and music by Sigmund Romberg.

Produced by Lee Shubert and J. J. Shubert, the Broadway production, staged by J. C. Huffman, opened on October 6, 1921 at the Jolson's 59th Street Theatre, where it ran for 219 performances.  The cast included Al Jolson and Janet Adair.

The musical has a thin story designed to showcase Jolson, who was at the height of his popularity. Songs were added by several composers during the run of the show so that, by the end of the run, there were more songs by composers other than Romberg than by him. The success of the musical on Broadway led to a national tour.

Plot
Setting: Genoa, Italy; Cordova, Spain; and San Salvador, El Salvador

Gus (played by Jolson in blackface) is a man living in Genoa, Italy in 1921 who finds himself transported back in time to Spain in 1492. Adopting the name "Bombo", Gus meets the explorer Christopher Columbus and becomes a slave whom Columbus brings along on his first voyage to the New World.

Songs
 Any Place Will Do With You
 April Showers (words by B. G. de Sylva; music by Louis Silvers)
 Arcady (words & music by Jolson & DeSylva)
 The Barber In Seville (words and music by DeSylva and Jolson)
 Barefoot Days (by Al Wilson & Jas. A. Brennan)
 California, Here I Come (by Jolson, DeSylva & Joseph Meyer)
 Coo-Coo Song (words by Jolson and DeSylva)
 Dirty Hands, Dirty Face (lyric by Jolson, Grant Clarke & Edgar Leslie; music by James V. Monaco)
 Don't Cry, Swanee (by Jolson, DeSylva & Con Conrad)
 Don't Send Your Wife to the Country (words by DeSylva; music by Silvers)
 Down South (words by DeSylva; music by Walter Donaldson)
 Give Me My Mammy (words by DeSylva; music by Donaldson)
 I'm Goin’ South (words and music by Abner Silver and Harry Woods)
 In Old Granada
 In the Way Off There
 It's You (words by DeSylva; music by Silvers)
 Jazzadadadoo
 Koo-Kee-Koo (words by Kiang Zaney; music by Nacio Herb Brown)
 Last Night on the Back Porch (by Lew Brown & Carl Schraubstader)
 Morning Will Come (by Jolson, DeSylva & Conrad)
 Oh, Oh, Columbus
 Old Fashioned Girl (words and music by Jolson)
 Tallahassee (words by DeSylva; music by Silvers)
 Tell Me With Smiles (by Cliff Friend and Walter Hirsch)
 Toot, Toot, Tootsie (Goo’ Bye) (Words and music by Gus Kahn, Ernie Erdman & Dan Russo)
 The Very Next Girl I See
 Wetona
 Who Cares? (words by Jack Yellen; music by Milton Ager)
 Yoo-Hoo (lyrics by DeSylva; melody by Jolson)

References

External links

1921 musicals
Broadway musicals
Musicals by Sigmund Romberg
Fiction about time travel
Christopher Columbus
Musicals by Harold Atteridge
Musicals set in Italy
Musicals set in Córdoba (Spain)
Musicals set in El Salvador
Musicals set in the 15th century
Musicals set in the 1920s


The 2008 Tim Hortons Brier, Canada's men's curling championship, was held from March 8 to 16 at the MTS Centre in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Skipped by Kevin Martin, Alberta defeated the defending champion, and reigning World Champion Glenn Howard and Team Ontario. The final pitted arguably the top 2 teams in the world, at least the top 2 teams in the World Curling Tour. The final, while close, failed to live up to expectations, and was widely considered boring, and was full of mistakes due to ice problems. Martin had a draw to the button in the tenth end to win the game.

Teams

Round-robin standings
Final round-robin standings

Round-robin results
All draw times are listed in Central Standard Time (UTC−6).

Draw 1
Saturday, March 8, 14:00

Draw 2
Saturday, March 8, 19:00

Draw 3
Sunday, March 9, 8:30

Draw 4
Sunday, March 9, 14:00

Draw 5
Sunday, March 9, 19:00

Draw 6
Monday, March 10, 9:30

Draw 7
Monday, March 10, 14:00

Draw 8
Monday, March 10, 19:00

Draw 9
Tuesday, March 11, 9:30

Draw 10
Tuesday, March 11, 14:00

Draw 11
Tuesday, March 11, 19:00

Draw 12
Wednesday, March 12, 9:30

Draw 13
Wednesday, March 12, 14:00

Draw 14
Wednesday, March 12, 19:00

Draw 15
Thursday, March 13, 9:30

Draw 16
Thursday, March 13, 14:00

Draw 17
Thursday, March 13, 19:00

The Quebec vs. Northern Ontario match was the most recent Brier match that went to a second extra end.

Tiebreaker
Friday, March 14, 19:30

Playoffs

3 vs. 4
Friday, March 14, 15:00

1 vs. 2
Friday, March 14, 20:00

Semifinal
Saturday, March 15, 13:30

Final
Sunday, March 16, 17:30

Statistics

Top 5 player percentages
Round Robin only

Playdowns

Defending provincial champions in italics

Alberta
The 2008 Boston Pizza Cup February 12–17, Grant Fuhr Arena, Spruce Grove

Triple knock out format.

Playoffs
1 vs. 2: Martin 7-6 Ferbey
3 vs. 4: Pahl 3-6 Koe
Semifinal: Ferbey 11-7 Koe
Final: Martin 7-4 Ferbey

British Columbia
February 4–10, Penticton Curling Club, Penticton

Tie-breakers
Joanisse 10-5 McArdle
Horning 11-6 Joanisse

Page Playoffs
Buchy 2-8 Ursel
McAulay 8-1 Horning

Semifinal
McAulay 7-3 Buchy

Final
McAulay 7-8 Ursel

Manitoba
February 13–17, Brandon Keystone Centre, Brandon

Double knock out format with a playoff round and then a page playoff championship. After Saturday afternoon draws.

Playoffs
1 vs. 2: Burtnyk 5-8 Bohn
3 vs. 4: Peters 3-5 McEwen
Semifinal: McEwen 5-7 Burtnyk
Final: Bohn 5-11 Burtnyk

New Brunswick
February 13–17, Capital Winter Club, Fredericton

Tie breakers
Sherrard 9-1 Brannen
Sullivan 7-3 Howard
Sullivan 7-6 Sherrard

Semifinal
Sullivan 5-6 Mallais

Final
Mallais 2-9 Grattan

Defending champion Paul Dobson did not qualify/participate

Newfoundland and Labrador
February 5–10, Carol Curling Club, Labrador City

Tiebreaker
Noseworthy 10-11 Smith

Semifinal
Gushue 8-4 Smith

Final
Ryan 3-7 Gushue

Northern Ontario
February 4–9, Englehart & Area Community Complex, Englehart

Group A

Group B

Tie breakers
Dumontelle 6-4 Henderson
Dumontelle 5-3 Adams

Playoffs
A2 vs. B3: E. Harnden 9-5 Lapointe
B2 vs. A3: Dumontelle 8-7 Gordon
B1 vs. A1: Currie 7-3 Clifford
Quarter final: E. Harnden 11-10 Dumontelle
Semifinal: E. Harnden 7-3 Clifford
Final: Currie 3-7 E. Harnden

Nova Scotia
February 6–10, Wolfville Curling Club, Wolfville  Triple knock-out format.

Playoffs
1 vs. 2: Saunders 3-4 Rafuse
3 vs. 4: MacKenzie 5-10 Adams
Semifinal: Saunders 6-7 Adams
Final: Rafuse 4-3 Adams

Ontario
The 2008 TSC Stores Tankard, February 4–10, Waterloo Memorial Recreation Complex, Waterloo

Tie breakers
Tuck 9-4 Middaugh
Lobel 9-8 Tuck

Page Playoffs
Howard 4-6 Corner
Lobel 7-8 Harris

Semifinal
Harris 2-7 Howard

Final
Corner 4-9 Howard

Prince Edward Island
February 5–10, Crapaud Community Curling Club, Crapaud

Tiebreaker
Stevenson 9-6 Shaw

Playoffs
1 vs. 2: Likely 5-6 Gallant
3 vs. 4: Stevenson 10-3 MacDonald
Semifinal: Likely 10-5 Stevenson
Final: Likely 7-8 Gallant

Quebec
February 5–12, Colisée de Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières

Group A

Group B

Defending champion Pierre Charette is playing third for Hemmings.

Tie breakers
Tardif 10-4 Reid
Roberge 7-3 Dupuis
Roberge 10-2 Tardif

Playoffs
A2 vs. B3: Desjardins 5-4 Butler
B2 vs. A3: Roberge 9-4 Bédard
A1 vs. B1: Ménard 7-5 Ferland
Quarter-final: Roberge 7-4 Desjardins
Semi-final: Ferland 7-5 Roberge
Final: Ménard 7-5 Ferland

Saskatchewan
February 6–10, Balgonie Arena, Balgonie.  Triple elimination until playoff round.

Playoffs
1 vs. 2: Bryden 4-6 Simmons
3 vs. 4: Jordison 4-10 McKee
Semifinal: Bryden 4-6 McKee
Final: Simmons 10-5 McKee

Yukon/Northwest Territories
February 14–17, Whitehorse Curling Club, Whitehorse.  Double round robin. Through five draws.

Tiebreakers
Solberg d. Moss
Cowan 9-8 Solberg

Defending champion Jamie Koe was eliminated in the N.W.T. playdowns.

References

See also
 2008 World Men's Curling Championship
 2008 World Junior Curling Championships
 2008 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship
 2008 Ford World Women's Curling Championship
 2008 Scotties Tournament of Hearts

Tim Hortons Brier, 2008
The Brier
Curling competitions in Winnipeg
2008 in Manitoba
March 2008 sports events in Canada


Pulsatilla chinensis is a species of plant in the family Ranunculaceae and is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine. There it has the name bái tóu wēng ().

See also
Chinese herbology

References

External links
Pulsatilla chinensis (Plants for a Future Database)

chinensis
Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine
Taxa named by Alexander von Bunge


Barometer Soup is the nineteenth studio album by American popular music singer-songwriter Jimmy Buffett. The album was released on MCA and Margaritaville Records on August 1, 1995.

History and reception
Following the release of Fruitcakes in the previous year, Buffett returned to songwriting and recorded the collection in Key West, Florida in January and February 1995. The album continued Buffett's album chart success begun with Fruitcakes and reached No. 6 on the Billboard 200. The album was also certified "Platinum" by the RIAA on December 19, 2004.

The first single from the album, "Mexico" reached No. 25 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart but "Bank of Bad Habits", the second single, did not chart.

As usual, Buffett went on tour in the summer of 1995, although instead of basing it on the album, he called it the "Domino College Tour", after a song released on the box set three years prior; the song was co-written by Buffett and Dan Fogelberg. Songs from Barometer Soup still appeared regularly in the tour, including "Don't Chu-Know", "Diamond as Big as the Ritz" and "Mexico." Played less frequently on the tour were "Jimmy Dreams", the title track, "Bank Of Bad Habits" and "The Night I Painted the Sky."

Songs
"Remittance Man" borrows from Mark Twain's description of meeting two remittance men during his voyage in "Following the Equator".   "Diamond as Big as the Ritz" is based on the short story of the same name by F. Scott Fitzgerald. Buffett regarded the song as his favorite on the album. "The Ballad of Skip Wiley" is based primarily on Carl Hiaasen's book Tourist Season (although it also references the character of Skink Tyree, who appeared not in Tourist Season, but recurs in other Hiaasen novels). The final song on this album is a cover of James Taylor's song "Mexico". Buffett noted his appreciation for some cover songs, and regarding "Mexico", he said "I always loved that song... and it's a nice way to pay homage to your friends. I think the audience really likes it, too."

Track listing
All songs by Jimmy Buffett, Russ Kunkel, Jay Oliver, Roger Guth and Peter Mayer, except where noted.
 "Barometer Soup" – 4:58
 "Barefoot Children" – 4:54
 "Bank of Bad Habits" – 3:53
 "Remittance Man" – 5:59
 "Diamond as Big as the Ritz" – 5:20
 "Blue Heaven Rendezvous" – 4:01
 "Jimmy Dreams" (Jimmy Buffett) – 3:39
 "Lage Nom Ai" – 3:42
 "Don't Chu-Know" – 3:48
 "Ballad of Skip Wiley" – 4:33
 "The Night I Painted the Sky" – 5:30
 "Mexico" (James Taylor) – 4:06

Personnel
The Coral Reefer Band:
 Jimmy Buffett: Guitar and vocals
 Michael Utley: Keyboards
 Greg "Fingers" Taylor: Harmonica
 Robert Greenidge: Steel drums, percussion
 Roger Guth: Drums
 Peter Mayer: Guitars, vocals
 Jim Mayer: Bass, vocals
 Jay Oliver: Keyboards, programming
 Amy Lee: Saxophone
 Johnny Padilla: Saxophone
 John Lovell: Trumpet
 Thom Mitchell: Horns
 Michael Tschudin: Keyboards, Mallet Kat
 Ralph MacDonald: Percussion
 Background Singers: Claudia Cummings, Mary Harris, Nicolette Larson

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

Jimmy Buffett albums
1995 albums
MCA Records albums


A roundel (not to be confused with the rondel) is a form of  verse used in English language poetry devised by Algernon Charles Swinburne (1837–1909).  It is the Anglo-Norman form corresponding to the French rondeau.  It makes use of refrains, repeated according to a certain stylized pattern.  A roundel consists of nine lines each having the same number of syllables, plus a refrain after the third line and after the last line.  The refrain must be identical with the beginning of the first line: it may be a half-line, and rhymes with the second line.  It has three stanzas and its rhyme scheme is as follows: A B A R ; B A B ; A B A R ; where R is the refrain.

Swinburne had published a book A Century of Roundels. He dedicated these poems to his friend Christina Rossetti, who then started writing roundels herself, as evidenced by the following examples from her anthology of poetry: Wife to Husband; A Better Resurrection; A Life's Parallels; Today for me; It is finished; From Metastasio.

Examples
Swinburne’s first roundel was called "The roundel":

    A roundel is wrought as a ring or a starbright sphere, (A)
    With craft of delight and with cunning of sound unsought, (B)
    That the heart of the hearer may smile if to pleasure his ear (A)
        A roundel is wrought. (R)

    Its jewel of music is carven of all or of aught - (B)
    Love, laughter, or mourning - remembrance of rapture or fear - (A)
    That fancy may fashion to hang in the ear of thought. (B)

    As a bird's quick song runs round, and the hearts in us hear (A)
    Pause answer to pause, and again the same strain caught, (B)
    So moves the device whence, round as a pearl or tear, (A)
        A roundel is wrought. (R)

Swinburne’s poem "A baby's death" contains seven roundels. The fourth roundel became the song "Roundel: The little eyes that never knew Light," set to music by the English composer Edward Elgar.

Notes

See also
Rondel (poem)
Rondeau (poetry)

External links

Poetic forms