The open-circuit time constant (OCT)  method is an approximate analysis technique used in electronic circuit design to determine the corner frequency of complex circuits. It is a special case of zero-value time constant (ZVT) method technique when reactive elements consist of only capacitors. The zero-value time (ZVT) constant method itself is a special case of the general Time- and Transfer Constant (TTC) analysis that allows full evaluation of the zeros and poles of any lumped LTI systems of with both inductors and capacitors as reactive elements using time constants and transfer constants. The OCT method provides a quick evaluation, and identifies the largest contributions to time constants as a guide to the circuit improvements.

The basis of the method is the approximation that the corner frequency of the amplifier is determined by the term in the denominator of its transfer function that is linear in frequency. This approximation can be extremely inaccurate in some cases where a zero in the numerator is near in frequency.

The method also uses a simplified method for finding the term linear in frequency based upon summing the RC-products for each capacitor in the circuit, where the resistor R for a selected capacitor is the resistance found by inserting a test source at its site and setting all other capacitors to zero. Hence the name zero-value time constant technique.

Example: Simple RC network

Figure 1 shows a simple RC low-pass filter. Its transfer function is found using Kirchhoff's current law as follows. At the output,

where V1 is the voltage at the top of capacitor C1. At the center node:

Combining these relations the transfer function is found to be:

The linear term in jω in this transfer function can be derived by the following method, which is an application of the open-circuit time constant method to this example.
 Set the signal source to zero.
 Select capacitor C2, replace it by a test voltage VX, and replace C1 by an open circuit. Then the resistance seen by the test voltage is found using the circuit in the middle panel of Figure 1 and is simply VX / IX =  R1 + R2. Form the product C2 ( R1 + R2 ).
 Select capacitor C1, replace it by a test voltage VX, and replace C2 by an open circuit. Then the resistance seen by the test voltage is found using the circuit in the right panel of Figure 1 and is simply VX / IX = R1. Form the product C1 R1.
 Add these terms.

In effect, it is as though each capacitor charges and discharges through the resistance found in the circuit when the other capacitor is an open circuit.

The open circuit time constant procedure provides the linear term in jω regardless of how complex the RC network becomes. This was originally developed and proven by calculating the co-factors of the admittance matrix by Thornton and Searle. A more intuitive inductive proof of this (and other properties of TTC) was later developed by Hajimiri.

For a complex circuit, the procedure consists of following the above rules, going through all the  capacitors in the circuit. A more general derivation is found in Gray and Meyer.

So far the result is general, but an approximation is introduced to make use of this result: the assumption is made that this linear term in jω determines the corner frequency of the circuit.

That assumption can be examined more closely using the example of Figure 1: suppose the time constants of this circuit are τ1 and τ2; that is:

Comparing the coefficients of the linear and quadratic terms in jω, there results:

One of the two time constants will be the longest; let it be τ1. Suppose for the moment that it is much larger than the other, τ1 >> τ2. In this case, the approximations hold that:

and

In other words, substituting the RC-values:

and

where ( ^ ) denotes the approximate result. As an aside, notice that the circuit time constants both involve both capacitors; in other words, in general the circuit time constants are not decided by any single capacitor. Using these results, it is easy to explore how well the corner frequency (the 3 dB frequency) is given by

as the parameters vary. Also, the exact transfer function can be compared with the approximate one, that is,

     with

Of course agreement is good when the assumption τ1 >> τ2 is accurate.

Figure 2 illustrates the approximation. The x-axis is the ratio τ1 / τ2 on a logarithmic scale. An increase in this variable means the higher pole is further above the corner frequency. The y-axis is the ratio of the OCTC (open-circuit time constant) estimate to the true time constant. For the lowest pole use curve T_1; this curve refers to the corner frequency; and for the higher pole use curve T_2.  The worst agreement is for τ1 = τ2. In this case τ^1 = 2 τ1 and the corner frequency is a factor of 2 too small. The higher pole is a factor of 2 too high (its time constant is half of the real value).

In all cases, the estimated corner frequency is closer than a factor of two from the real one, and always is conservative that is, lower than the real corner, so the actual circuit will behave better than predicted. However, the higher pole always is optimistic, that is, predicts the high pole at a higher frequency than really is the case. To use these estimates for step response predictions, which depend upon the ratio of the two pole frequencies (see article on pole splitting for an example), Figure 2 suggests a fairly large ratio of τ1 / τ2 is needed for accuracy because the errors in τ^1 and τ^2 reinforce each other in the ratio τ^1 / τ^2.

The open-circuit time constant method focuses upon the corner frequency alone, but as seen above, estimates for higher poles also are possible.

Application of the open-circuit time constant method to a number of single transistor amplifier stages can be found in Pittet and Kandaswamy.

References and notes

Electronic design
Electronic engineering


Melo is a genus of extremely large sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Volutidae, the volutes. Because of their huge ovate shells, these snails are often known as "bailers" (the shells were sometimes used for bailing out canoes) or "melons" (because the shell resembles that fruit).

Species in this genus sometimes produce large pearls. The image in the taxobox shows a group of these pearls with a shell of the species Melo melo.

Description
The large shell is subovate and ventricose. The spire is short. The apex is obtuse, papillary, persistent. The whorls are smooth. The body whorl is posteriorly coronated. The aperture is oblong and wide. The columella shows several oblique plaits, the anterior the largest. The outer lip is simple, acute and obliquely truncate in front.

Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Melo:
 Melo aethiopicus (Linnaeus, 1758)  Crowned baler
 Melo amphora, (Lightfoot, 1786) Giant baler
 Melo ashmorensis Morrison, 2005
 Melo broderipii (Griffith, E. & E. Pidgeon, 1834)
 Melo gajahmadai Dharma, 2023
 Melo georginae (Griffith, E. & E. Pidgeon, 1834)
 Melo melo (Lightfoot, 1786)  Indian volute
 Melo miltonis (Griffith, E. & E. Pidgeon, 1834)  Milton's melon or Southern bailer
 Melo nusantara Dharma, 2023
 †Melo persolida (Beets, 1986)
 Melo peterstimpsoni (Lamarck, 1811)
 Melo tessellatus (Lamarck, 1811)
 Melo umbilicatus (Broderip in Sowerby, 1826) Heavy baler or umbilicate melon

Gallery

Ecology
Parasites of Melo sp. include trematode Lophotaspis macdonaldi.

References

 gastropods.com info

External links

Volutidae
Articles containing video clips
Gastropod genera
Taxa named by William Broderip


The Religious Zionists of America (Hebrew official name: Religious Zionists of America/Mizrachi-Hapoel Hamizrachi, also known as Mizrachi, is an American-based organization that is the official body for those, mostly Modern Orthodox Jews who identify with Religious Zionism and support the goals of the general Mizrachi movement in America, Europe and Israel.

Mizrachi (a Hebrew abbreviation of merkaz ruchani – “spiritual center”) was founded by Rabbi Isaac Jacob Reines in 1902 to serve as an umbrella organization for the Religious Zionist movement. In 1914, at a national conference in Cincinnati, Rabbi Meir Berlin (Bar-Ilan) oversaw the establishment of the American branch of the World Movement. The movement is inspired by the slogans of Mizrachi, “The Land of Israel, for the People of Israel, According to the Torah of Israel,” and Hapoel Hamizrachi, “Torah Va’Avodah” (Torah and Labor).

Most rabbis affiliated with Modern Orthodoxy's Rabbinical Council of America (RCA), who are mostly alumni of Yeshiva University's (YU) Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary (RIETS) are active members and leaders in the RZA so that there is a strong correlation of leadership between YU, the RCA, Mizrachi in general, and the RZA.

In honor of the 70th anniversary of the founding of the State of Israel, RZA partnered with World Mizrachi to bring 70 scholars to 70 communities in the United States. Named "70 for 70" this program had a significant impact on communities across the United States and reintroduced thousands of people to the RZA.

The RZA works on common Zionist agendas with similar non-Orthodox and non-religious organizations, such as the Zionist Organization of America, the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations, the American Israel Public Affairs Committee, B'nai B'rith, United Jewish Appeal, the Jewish National Fund and others.

The presidium of the RZA is Dr. Ernest Agatstein, Martin Oliner and Rabbi Leonard A. Matanky, and the chairman of the board is Rabbi Solomon Ryback. RZA’s executive vice president that serves as chief executive for day-to-day operations is Rabbi Ari Rockoff.

See also
Bnei Akiva
Mizrachi (political party)
Mizrachi (Religious Zionism)
Hapoel HaMizrachi
Modern Orthodox Judaism
National Religious Party
Religious Zionism

References

External links
Official RZA website
Site of World Mizrachi Movement
Religious Zionists of America records; I-400; American Jewish Historical Society, New York, NY, and Boston, MA.

American Zionist Movement
Religious Zionist organizations
Zionist organizations in the United States


The Folgers Coffee Company Building is a historic mid-rise office building located at 101 Howard Street in the Financial District, San Francisco.

Description and history
The five-story plus basement, Renaissance Revival style building was originally built in 1904 as the headquarters of J. A. Folger & Company, and remained the main offices of the company until 1963 when Folger's Coffee was purchased by Procter & Gamble. As described by its NRHP designation, it is, “unusual and noteworthy in that the building survived both of the major San Francisco earthquakes in 1906 and 1989.” One reason for this is that it was, “constructed on wooden pilings that were driven into San Francisco Bay fill to a depth of about forty feet, with a steam driven pile driver.”

On August 2, 2011, The Folger Building was purchased by the University of San Francisco, for almost $37 million. This marked the return of the university's downtown roots. It has no LEED certification, as is typical of buildings from its time, and has 83,500 square feet of rentable office space.

The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 21, 1996.

References

Office buildings in San Francisco
National Register of Historic Places in San Francisco
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Coffee companies of the United States
Renaissance Revival architecture in California
Commercial buildings completed in 1904


Francis John Mugavero (June 8, 1914 – July 12, 1991) was an American Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Brooklyn from 1968 to 1990.

Early life and ordination
Francis John Mugavero (pronounced Ma-GUV-e-ro) was born on June 8, 1914, in the Bedford-Stuyvesant section of Brooklyn and grew up over his father's barber shop. He studied at Cathedral College in Brooklyn and Immaculate Conception Seminary in Huntington, L.I. and received a master's degree in social work from Fordham.  He was ordained as a parish priest on May 18, 1940, at the age of 25.

In 1965 he was master of ceremonies at the Vatican Pavilion of the New York World's Fair in Flushing Meadows during the visit of Pope Paul VI. (Brooklyn and Queens form the diocese of Brooklyn, thus that was the diocese where the World's Fair site was located.)

Bishop
Mugavero had a background in charity work rather than canon law. He headed Brooklyn's office of Catholic Charities before being appointed a bishop. On July 15, 1968, aged 54, he was appointed as the 5th (and first Italian-American) Bishop of Brooklyn, and was consecrated September 12, 1968. His consecrators were Archbishop Luigi Raimondi (Principal Consecrator), Archbishop Terence Cooke and Bishop John Joseph Boardman. Bishop Mugavero was the first bishop of the diocese native to Brooklyn. The Diocese of Brooklyn is separate from the Archdiocese of New York, which encompasses the Bronx, Manhattan, Staten Island, and also Westchester and six other counties north of New York City.

In 1971, Mugavero established the Catholic Migration Office to serve the needs of immigrants and refugees living in Brooklyn and Queens. The first Apostolates were established in 1972 to meet the unique needs of the Italian, Haitian, Polish, Korean, Croatian, and Spanish communities. He often called Brooklyn "the diocese of immigrants," and was proud that Mass was said there in 14 languages.

The Nehemiah concept was formally announced by Bishop Mugavero and the East Brooklyn Churches at a press conference in June, 1982. Named for the biblical prophet who oversaw the reconstruction of the walls of Jerusalem, the plan is to build on the vast acres of vacant land in eastern Brooklyn and offer the homes to buyers with incomes between $20,000 and $40,000. By 1985 the Nehemiah project had produced 300 new row houses in Brownsville at an average cost of $51,000 and sold them to families with incomes averaging less than $25,000.

In 1986 Bishop Mugavero issued a declaration concerning the Bayside Movement,  Our Lady of the Roses, in which he stated, "I, the undersigned Diocesan Bishop of Brooklyn, in my role as the legitimate shepherd of this particular Church, wish to confirm the constant position of the Diocese of Brooklyn that a thorough investigation revealed that the alleged "visions of Bayside" completely lacked authenticity".

In 1987, Bishop Mugavero, established the Immaculate Conception Center at the site of the former Cathedral College. In addition to the Bishops Mugavero/Mulrooney Residences for priests and Cathedral Seminary Residence of the Immaculate Conception, the pastoral center serves as a retreat and conference center. It is home to the Diocesan Tribunal, Pastoral Institute, Institutional Services, Inc., and the Queens office of The Tablet.  It also houses the Offices of Pastoral Planning, Family Life, Hispanic Ministry, Black Ministry, Respect Life and the Office of the Regional Bishop of Queens North as well as other agencies of the Diocese.

He was a founder of the Campaign for Human Development, an annual fund-raising drive for the poor.

Retirement and death
On February 20, 1990, aged 75, he retired as Bishop of Brooklyn with his last public mass at Our Lady of Refuge Church in Brooklyn. He was a priest for 51 years and a bishop for almost 23 years by the time of his death from heart failure at 77, on July 12, 1991, the feast of St. Veronica, while vacationing in East Hampton, New York. He died with the title "bishop emeritus".

Legacy
According to The New York Times, he left a proud legacy, more compassionate and charitable than political.

The Bishop Francis J. Mugavero Center for Geriatric Care at 155 Dean Street, site of the former Holy Family Hospital, was built in Brooklyn in 1993, after his death.

The New York State Catholic Conference Council of Catholic Charities Directors has created the Bishop Mugavero Award which recognizes an individual who, in the spirit of late Bishop Francis Mugavero, has made a significant and sustained contribution to the work of charity and social justice on a statewide level.

Views

Abortion
Bishop Mugavero issued more than 20 pastoral letters strongly condemning abortion. He tended, however, to avoid public criticism of Catholic politicians who supported a right to abortion. He chose to meet such officeholders privately instead.

Sexuality
In February 1976 Bishop Mugavero issued a pastoral letter, "Sexuality - God's Gift", defending the legitimate rights of all people, including homosexuals. He said that homosexuals had been "subject to misunderstanding and at times unjust discrimination". He also said, On a more personal level, we wish to express our concern and compassion for those men and women who experience pain and confusion due to a true homosexual orientation. We pray that through all the spiritual and pastoral means available they will recognize Christ's and the Church's love for them and our hope that they will come to live in His peace.

References

External links
 Diocese of Brooklyn website
 NY Times obituary
 Mugavero, Bishop Francis J. "Sexuality - God's Gift". February, 11, 1976
 "Bishop Mugavero – This Weekend Marks 100th Anniversary of His Birth", The Tablet

1914 births
1991 deaths
20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in the United States
American people of Italian descent
People from East Hampton (town), New York
Roman Catholic bishops of Brooklyn
Religious leaders from New York (state)
People from Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn


Flora Anne Selina Montgomery (born 4 January 1974) is a Northern Irish actress.

Early life and family
Montgomery was born at her family's ancestral home in Greyabbey, County Down, the daughter of William Howard Clive Montgomery, OBE, of Rosemount House and of Greyabbey, and his second wife, Daphne Bridgeman. Her maternal grandfather was Geoffrey Bridgeman. She is a descendant of the 1st Viscount Montgomery. She was educated at Rockport School, County Down, and Downe House School, Berkshire. She then studied drama at The Gaiety School of Acting in Dublin, Ireland. She graduated in 1994.

Career
She won the Irish Times Best Actress Award for her role as the lead in Strindberg's Miss Julie. Other roles include Yelena in Chekov's Uncle Vanya, Ophelia in Hamlet and Katherina in The Taming of The Shrew. She has worked with contemporary playwrights such as Neil LaBute who directed her in Bash . She performed in the world premiere of The Reckoning, a two-hander with Jonathan Pryce, and also in the award winning Dinner, both in the West End. Flora has also recorded numerous radio plays, most recently Frederic Raphael's The Glittering Prizes.

In 2003, she was named as one of European film's Shooting Stars by European Film Promotion. Her notable TV appearances include The Bill as Emma, Urban Gothic, Pulling Moves and Midsomer Murders. She also acted in the 2001 film The Discovery of Heaven and in 2006 in Basic Instinct 2.

Montgomery also appeared in an episode of the medical series "Body Story 2" in 2001. In 2012 she had a role in the pilot episode of ITV's Endeavour.

Filmography

 The Governor (1 episode, "#1.5", 1995) - Susan Fisher
 The Perfect Blue (1997) - Film Student #2
 Bugs (1 episode, "Renegades", 1997) - Joanne
 The Tale of Sweeney Todd (TV movie) (1997) - Young Woman in Waxworks
 Heat of the Sun - Dorothy Michaeljohn (episode: "The Sport of Kings")
 The Bill - Carol Chambers / Emma Roberts (4 episodes)
 Mosley - Baba/Lady Alexandra Metcalfe (4 episode)
 A Certain Justice (1998) - Octavia Aldridge (3 episodes)
 Wuthering Heights (1998) - Isabella Linton
 Agatha Christie's Poirot (2000) - Flora Ackroyd (episode: "The Murder of Roger Ackroyd")
 Metropolis (2000) - Sophie Hamilton
 Urban Gothic (2000) - Jane (episode: "Turn On")
 When Brendan Met Trudy (2000) - Trudy
 Monarch of the Glen - Tanya Conway (episode: "#2.4")
 An Unsuitable Job for a Woman ( 2001) - Laura Fergusson (episode: "Playing God")
 The Discovery of Heaven (2001) - Ada
 Body Story 2 (2001) - Phoebe (episode: "Allergy")
 The Last (2002) - Kitty Rose
 Kelly (2003) - Herself (episode: "7 March 2003")
 Benedict Arnold: A Question of Honor (2003) - Peggy Shippen
 Goldfish Memory (2003) - Angie
 Friday Night In (2003) - Cheryl
 Ultimate Force (2003) - Suzi Brown (episode: "Wannabes")
 Hans Christian Andersen: My Life as a Fairytale (2003) - Jenny Lind
 Pulling Moves (2004) - Carol (4 episodes)
 Murdoch Mysteries - Ettie Weston (3 episodes)
 Man to Man (2005) - Abigail McBride
 Murphy's Law (2005) - Laura (episode: "The Goodbye Look")
 Basic Instinct 2 (2006) - Michelle Broadwin
 Rabbit Fever (2006) - Georgia
 After... (2006) - Addy
 Midsomer Murders (2007) - Sophie Baxter (episode: "King's Crystal")
 Speed Dating (2007) - Jennifer
 Anner House (2007) - Ruth Maguire
 The Daisy Chain (2008) - Orla Gannon
 The Fabulous Food Adventure (2008) - Herself (1 episode)
 6th Irish Film & Television Awards (2009) - Herself (Award Presenter)
 The Search (short) (2009) - Laura
 Father & Son (2009) - Anna Crowman (4 episodes)
 The Waiting Room (short) (2011) - Anna / Nurse (completed)
 Endeavour (2012) - Rosalind Stromming
 The Crown (Season 5, 2022) - Norma Major

Personal life
On 30 August 2014, Montgomery married Søren Jessen, a Danish restaurateur, at Greyabbey on the Montgomery estate in Northern Ireland.

References

External links

 Profile, thepeerage.com; retrieved 17 November 2014.

1974 births
20th-century actresses from Northern Ireland
21st-century actresses from Northern Ireland
Film actresses from Northern Ireland
People educated at Rockport School
Living people
Actors from County Down


Clonal may refer to:

Biology
Clonal interference, a phenomenon that occurs when two (or more) beneficial mutations arise independently in different individuals in a genetically homogeneous population of an asexually reproducing organism
Aggregating anemone, also called clonal anemone
Vegetative cloning, a form of asexual reproduction in plants
Clonal reproduction

Immunology
Clonal deletion, a process by which B cells and T cells are deactivated before act significantly upon specific antigens
Clonal selection theory, a model for how the immune system responds to infection
Clonal anergy, a lack of reaction by the body's defense mechanisms to foreign substance

See also
Clone (disambiguation)
Clonalis House
Clone (genetics)
Cloning


Anthony Fiala (September 19, 1869 – April 8, 1950) was an American explorer, born in Jersey City, New Jersey, and educated at Cooper Union and the National Academy of Design, New York City.  In early life he was engaged in various employments—as lithographic designer, chemist, cartoonist, head of the art and engraving department of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle (1894–99), and correspondent for that paper while serving as a trooper in the Spanish–American War.

In 1901 and 1902, he accompanied the Baldwin-Ziegler Polar Expedition as photographer. From 1903 to 1905, he was in command of the Ziegler Polar Expedition, sent out by Ziegler from Tromsø in July 1903.  The party reached 82° 4' N, and surveyed the Franz Joseph Archipelago, but lost their ship, America in Teplitz Bay and failed to reach the pole.  A relief party sent out under William S. Champ found Fiala and his men at Cape Dillon in July 1905, and brought them home.

In November 1907, Capt. George Comer successfully established a provisions base in the Arctic for Fiala's 1908 expedition.  The New York Times stated:
The Captain has been successful in his work for the Fiala expedition, and says that he confidently expects that the men under Fiala, by merely entering one of the northward drifts and sailing with it, will reach the North Pole.

In 1914 Fiala accompanied Theodore Roosevelt on the Roosevelt-Rondon Scientific Expedition into hitherto unexplored parts of Brazil.  He wrote Troop "C" in Service (1899) and Fighting the Polar Ice (1906).

References

External links

 Arctic chronology
 Francis Joseph Long Collections

American explorers
Theodore Roosevelt
Writers from Jersey City, New Jersey
Military personnel from New Jersey
People of the Spanish–American War
1869 births
1950 deaths
Cooper Union alumni
National Academy of Design alumni
American nature writers
American male non-fiction writers


Katrina Hacker (born May 31, 1990) is an American former figure skater. She placed sixth at the 2008 Four Continents and fifth at the 2009 World Junior Championships.

Career
Hacker won the novice-level bronze medal at the 2005 U.S. Championships and was then sent to the 2005 Triglav Trophy where she won the junior gold medal.

In the 2006–07 season, Hacker placed fifth at a Junior Grand Prix competition in Romania, her only JGP event. After not qualifying for the 2007 U.S. Championships, she decided to move to Boston in order to train with coaches Mark Mitchell and Peter Johansson at the Skating Club of Boston. She had a hip injury in summer 2007.

She subsequently won the 2008 New England Regionals and 2008 Eastern Sectionals. At the 2008 U.S. Championships, she placed 6th and was the third-highest-placing age-eligible skater for the senior World Championships. Hacker was not selected for Worlds—former World champion Kimmie Meissner received the third spot—but was selected for the 2008 Four Continents Championships, where she made her senior international debut. She was the top finisher among the American ladies at Four Continents.

In the 2008–09 season, Hacker received two senior Grand Prix assignments, the 2008 Cup of China and the 2008 NHK Trophy. She placed eighth in China and sixth in Japan. Hacker was assigned to the 2009 World Junior Championships and placed fifth. In May 2009, she said she would not compete in the 2009–10 season, and would instead focus on her studies.

Personal life
In January 2008, Hacker was selected for the U.S. Figure Skating Scholastics Honors Team. She graduated from high school in spring 2008. She deferred her admission into Princeton University for a year to focus on her skating career. She is pursuing a PhD in clinical psychology at The New School. She identifies as queer.

Programs

Results

Detailed results

2008–2009 season

References

External links

 Katrina Hacker at Tracings.net

1990 births
American female single skaters
Living people
Sportspeople from New York City
21st-century American women


"The Turkey" is an early short story by the American author Flannery O'Connor. It is one of the six stories included in O'Connor's 1947 master's thesis The Geranium: A Collection of Short Stories and was published in Mademoiselle in 1948 as "The Capture." It later appeared in the 1971 collection The Complete Stories and a modified version appeared in her Complete Works in 1988 as An Afternoon in the Woods.

The story involves a boy chasing and capturing an injured turkey, which is taken from him before he can bring it back to his family. The story has a Christian theme and deals with the boy's sinful motivations.

References

Short stories by Flannery O'Connor
1947 short stories
Works originally published in Mademoiselle (magazine)


John Joseph Boardman (1893 - 1978) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Brooklyn, New York, and Titular Bishop of Gunela.

Biography
Boardman was born on November 7, 1893, in Brooklyn and ordained a parish priest on May 21, 1921, aged 27. The Principal Consecrator was Archbishop Thomas Molloy.

On March 28, 1952, aged 58, he was appointed as Auxiliary Bishop of Brooklyn and Titular Bishop of Gunela. He received his episcopal consecration on June 11, 1952. In 1959, Bishop Boardman was sent from Holy Name Parish where he was pastor, and appointed as pastor of Our Lady of Angels in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn.

In October 1977 he retired as Auxiliary Bishop of Brooklyn and died on July 16, 1978, at the age of 84 as Auxiliary Bishop Emeritus.

He was a priest for 57 years and a bishop for 26 years.

References

1893 births
1978 deaths
20th-century American Roman Catholic titular bishops
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
Roman Catholic bishops of Brooklyn
Catholics from New York (state)


The 2005 Hurricane Relief 400 was the eleventh round of the 2005 Bridgestone Presents the Champ Car World Series Powered by Ford season, held on September 24, 2005, at the Las Vegas Motor Speedway in Las Vegas, Nevada.  Sébastien Bourdais swept the pole and the race victory.  With the dissolution of the Champ Car World Series in 2008, this was the final Champ Car race to take place on a high-banked oval of more than a mile in length.  Proceeds for the event were donated to Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita relief efforts.

Qualifying results

Race

Caution flags

Notes

 New Race Record Sébastien Bourdais 1:26:22.636
 Average Speed 172.962 mph

Championship standings after the race

Drivers' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included.

External links
 Champ Car launches hurricane relief initiative
 Qualifying Results
 Race Results

Las Vegas
Hurricane Relief 400, 2005
Hurricane Relief
21st century in Las Vegas
Hurricane Katrina disaster relief fundraising
Hurricane Relief 400
Hurricane Relief 400 2005


Prof. Mendu Rammohan Rao was the Dean Emeritus of Indian School of Business (ISB), Hyderabad. He was Provost at the Woxsen School of Business, Hyderabad.

Biography
He has a PhD in Industrial Administration from Carnegie Mellon University. He holds a Bachelors in Engineering from College of Engineering, Guindy, a Master in Engineering and Master of Science in Industrial Engineering and Industrial Management.

He also taught at the Stern School of Business, New York University, Graduate School of Management, University of Rochester, Professor and as a visiting faculty at the University of Tennessee. He has held various positions at the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore (IIM-B) including the position of Director from March 1997 to May 2002. Before joining ISB as DEAN he was Professor Emeritus, Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore. Prof Rao has published over 85 articles in various professional journals.

In December 2008, the board of Satyam, including Prof Rammohan Rao, approved the acquisition for $1.6 billion of Maytas, a construction company owned by the same family that owns Satyam. Prof. Rao was the chairperson of the meeting that approved the controversial decision. A shareholder revolt prevented the deal. Prof. Rammohan Rao later resigned from the Satyam board.

Dr. Rao stepped down as dean of the Indian School of Business on 8 January 2009. He was later appointed as Dean Emeritus of the institute. On 1 July 2014, he was appointed as the Provost at Woxsen School of Business.

Positions held
Member of the Board of Directors Mazagon Docks Limited.
Member of the Board of Directors Moschip Semiconductor Technology Limited.
Chairman and member of the Board of Directors of Andhra Pradesh Industrial Development Corporation Venture Capital (APIDCVC).
Chairman of the All India Board of Management Studies constituted by the All India Council for Technical Education.
Advisory Board of General Motors India Science Laboratory.
President of the Operational Research Society of India from January 2003 to January 2005.
Member of the Advisory Board of Citigroup and member of the Board of Editors, OPSEARCH – a journal of the Operational Research Society of India.
Member of the Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC) Board, the first Indian business school Dean to occupy this position.
Vice President of the All India Management Schools (AIMS) for the year 2007-2008.
Member in the Executive Group of the Editorial Board at the Information Systems Frontiers – a Journal of Research and Innovation.

Awards
2000: Fulkerson Prize, for his work on "Decomposition of balanced matrices", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B
2002: Award for Excellence as Top Management Educator, conferred by the Institute of Marketing and Management
2003: Ravi J. Mathai National Fellowship Award, conferred by the Association of Indian Management Schools
2004: Grid Leadership Award for Lifetime Achievement in Management Education
2005: Bharat Asmita Acharya Shrestha Award for his contribution to the field of Management Education instituted by the MIT School of Management, Pune.

References

External links
Indian School of Business (ISB)
Interview with M R Rao

Heads of universities and colleges in India
Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore
Living people
Tepper School of Business alumni
New York University faculty
University of Rochester faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)


Urias Africanus McGill (c. 1823 – 1866) was an African-American who emigrated with his family to Liberia in the 19th century. He was a member of the well-known McGill family, and he and his brothers established a successful trading business out of Monrovia.

Biography
Urias McGill was born free in Baltimore, Maryland, to George R. and Angelina McGill. When he was eight years old, he and his family emigrated to Liberia aboard the Reaper. His mother died shortly after they arrived in Monrovia in February 1831. In 1854 Urias and his three brothers formed the trading company McGill Brothers.

References

Americo-Liberian people
Pre-emancipation African-American history
Americo-Liberian families
Urias
African-American businesspeople
19th-century American businesspeople
Year of birth uncertain
1866 deaths
Liberian businesspeople


The John Ballantine House is a historic house museum at 49 Washington Street in the Washington Park section of Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States.  Built in 1884 to a design by George Edward Harney and little altered since 1900, it was the home of Jeannette Boyd (1838–1919) and John Holme Ballantine (1834–1895), the son of Peter Ballantine, founder of the Ballantine beer brewery.  The house was designated a National Historic Landmark for its architecture, and for the completeness of the documentary record accompanying its construction and alteration.  It is now owned and managed by the Newark Museum, and is open to the public for tours.

Description
The Ballantine House stands on the west side of Washington Street in Newark, facing Washington Park near its southern edge.  It is a three-story masonry structure, built out of salmon-colored Philadelphia pressed brick with sandstone trim and a truncated hip roof.  It has an asymmetrical five-bay facade, with a projecting central bay topped by a gable.  The left bays have sash windows under shared lintels, while the upper-level right-side windows are set independently.  The ground floor right side bay has a projecting polygonal window group.  The center entrance is sheltered by a stone portico with rounded arches supported by granite columns with Corinthian capitals. The interiors were provided by the New York firm of D. S. Hess Company, "decorators and manufacturers of artistic furniture". The dining room was hung with part-gilded embossed panels imitating the "Spanish" leather hangings that were popular in Holland and England in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.

History
John Holme Ballantine became president of the Ballantine Brewery in 1883 after his father died. Ballantine died in 1895 of throat cancer.

The architect who provided designs for the house was George Edward Harney (1839–1924) of New York City.  At the time of its construction, it was one of the finest of a series of grand houses to face Washington Park.  It is now the only one of those left.  The family retained ownership of the house until 1920, and it was acquired by the Newark Museum in 1937.  The museum also acquired a complete set of bills and records for the house's construction, decoration, and alteration.

As a museum
At Christmas season, the house is dressed with holly and other winter greens in traditional Victorian style. A brief history of the house, by its curator Ulysses Grant Dietz, The Ballantine House,  was published by the museum in 1994 to coincide with the reopening of the house, which has belonged to the Newark Museum since 1937, after a two-year four-million dollar renovation. The Ballantine House was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1985.

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in New Jersey
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, New Jersey
 List of museums in New Jersey

References

External links
Official Site

National Historic Landmarks in New Jersey
Historic house museums in New Jersey
Houses completed in 1885
Museums in Newark, New Jersey
Houses in Essex County, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Newark, New Jersey


John Locke (February 19, 1792 – July 10, 1856) was an American naturalist, professor, photographer, and publisher. He was the first American to exhibit photographs to the public. Locke made a geological survey of Ohio in 1838 some of which was included in Ephraim George Squier and Edwin Hamilton Davis' Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley (1848). He was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1844.

References

19th-century American inventors
1792 births
1856 deaths
American educators
People from Sullivan County, New Hampshire
19th-century American botanists
19th-century American photographers


Oido station is a subway station on Seoul Subway Line 4 and the Suin–Bundang Line in Siheung, South Korea. It is the current southwestern terminus of Seoul Subway Line 4 located almost 30 kilometers southwest of Seoul, connecting Oido to other parts of Korea. A commuter rail trip between this station and Seoul Station takes over an hour, and a train servicing depot is located nearby. The name of the station was decided by the surrounding area Oido island.

This station, along with Jeongwang station to the southeast, serves the Sihwa Industrial District of southwestern Siheung.

Beginning in June 2012, this station also became the southeastern terminus of the Suin Line, linking the city of Siheung to southern Incheon. The Suin Line was later connected to the Bundang Line, allowing for service directly into Seoul, combining the two lines as the Suin–Bundang Line. Trains on Seoul Subway line 4 and the Suin–Bundang Line share tracks and platforms through this station as well as along a significant portion of the Ansan Line; trains on Line 4 end service here.

Of the 4000 trains of the Seoul Metro that run between Danggogae and Oido, 450 and 471 & 481 and 485 trains and the 341000 trains of the Korea Railroad Corporation will end at the station.

Structure
It is equipped with a two-sided, four-sided, double-decker platform. Same as Sanggi Station and Wangsimni Station, both routes use two one-sided two-line platform. The No. 3 and No. 4 platforms were used as the departure platforms for Metropolitan Subway Line 4 prior to the opening of the Suin Line, but they were changed to the commissioning and forklifts on June 1, 2012.

From September 1, 2013, it is possible to make a plane connection only from 10:00 am to 5:00 pm, but in other times, it is necessary to transfer through the waiting room using the stairs in the existing way   Currently, the transit of planes has been abolished since September 1, 2016 due to the change of train schedule of Line 4 and the additional train service. The installation of the platform screen door has been completed.

Vicinity
 Exit 1: Sihwa District
 Exit 2: Hamhyeon Middle & High Schools
 Exit 3: North Town square (Opened at 5:00 AM, Closed at 11:30 PM.)

Ridership

Suin Line and future plans
The narrow-gauge Suin Line, which served as a means of transporting freight between Suwon and Incheon, was abandoned in 1995. Oido Station is the northwestern terminus of the section of the Suin Line that is still in use today; the southeastern terminus is Hanyang University at Ansan Station.

However, with the recent population boom in southern Gyeonggi province, the line was relaid as a standard gauge railroad for commuter rail. The commuter rail was opened over the course of a few stages. The first stage incorporates an extension of the Suin Line into southern Incheon, and will transfer with the Incheon Subway Line 1 at Woninjae Station.

References

Seoul Metropolitan Subway stations
Metro stations in Siheung
Railway stations in South Korea opened in 2000


Marshall B. Ketchum University is a private university focused on graduate programs in healthcare and located in Fullerton, California. MBKU expanded from the Southern California College of Optometry which was founded in 1904. The university was officially established as a multidisciplinary university with the addition of School of PA Studies in 2011 and College of Pharmacy in 2013. Along with Hope International University, the campus bookends the north and south sides of the Cal State Fullerton campus respectively.

The university's clinical and teaching facility is known as Ketchum Health. The facility provides patient care for optometry in the University Eye Center in Anaheim and Los Angeles.  It also provides patient care in  internal medicine and Family Medicine in Anaheim.

History
Marshall B. Ketchum, MD, founded the Los Angeles Medical School of Ophthalmology and Optometry in March 1904, in downtown Los Angeles, CA. In 1906, the name was changed to the Los Angeles Optical College and Post Graduate School of Opticians. In 1909, the school affiliated with the Southern California Eye College and became the Southern California College of Optometry and Ophthalmology. At the time, two degrees were conferred by the school, Doctor of Optometry for a six-month term ($75 tuition) and a Doctor of Ophthalmology and Optometry for an eight-month term ($100 tuition). During the early 1920s, the faculty worked to develop a standard curriculum and expanded the program to two years. In 1930, the school became affiliated with the University of Southern California (USC). During this time, there were debates about scope of practice, the program's curriculum and degree earned, and optometry licensing. In 1933, the school split from USC and once again became the Los Angeles School of Optometry. The school began a rebuilding phase after the split from USC by strengthening its curriculum and building a program for Optometric Assistants (which wasn't successfully implemented until 1973). After WWII, a flood of applicants forced class sizes to increase and administration to look for a larger campus. In 1948, the school became the Los Angeles College of Optometry and moved to a larger campus at 950 West Jefferson in Los Angeles, CA. After many years of growth and development, the search for a larger campus resulted in developing a new Fullerton campus in the early 1970s. During this time the college also underwent a name change to Southern California College of Optometry in 1972. The college moved to 2575 Yorba Linda Blvd., Fullerton, in 1973.

MBKU President Kevin L. Alexander, OD, PhD, started at SCCO in 2008.

The PA program was first established in 2012, and the first matriculating class began in Fall 2014. With this new addition, Marshall B. Ketchum University officially became the home of both the Southern California College of Optometry (SCCO) and School of PA Studies (SPAS) on July 1, 2013. The university was named after the founder of the optometric institution, Marshall B. Ketchum. The College of Pharmacy at Marshall B. Ketchum University was established in 2014.

Name changes
 1904 – Los Angeles Medical School of Ophthalmology and Optometry
 1906 – Los Angeles Optical College and Post Graduate School of Opticians
 1909 – Southern California College of Optometry and Ophthalmology
 1911 – Los Angeles Medical School of Ophthalmology and Optometry
 1922 – Los Angeles School of Optometry
 1930 – The School became an affiliated program at USC under the Department of Physics-Optics
 1933 – Los Angeles School of Optometry
 1948 – Los Angeles College of Optometry
 1972 – Southern California College of Optometry
 2013 – Marshall B. Ketchum University

Academics

Accreditations
 Marshall B. Ketchum University: Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC).
 Southern California College of Optometry: Accreditation Council on Optometric Education (ACOE) of the American Optometric Association (AOA).
 School of PA Studies: The ARC-PA has granted Accreditation – Continued status to the School of Physician Assistant Studies sponsored by Marshall B. Ketchum University.
 College of Pharmacy: Marshall B. Ketchum University College of Pharmacy's Doctor of Pharmacy program has been granted Precandidate status by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education.

Southern California College of Optometry
Established in 1904, SCCO is one of the oldest optometry schools in the U.S. The Southern California College of Optometry (SCCO) is a 4-year post-baccalaureate program leading to the degree, Doctor of Optometry (OD), accredited by Accreditation Council on Optometric Education (ACOE) of the American Optometric Association. During the first year, students spend most of their time in lectures and labs learning basic sciences (including optics, biomedical sciences, and visual sciences) and introductory clinical procedures. Throughout the year, first-year students will have observation hours in clinic as an introduction to patient care. During the second year, students will have more advanced lectures in visual science and spend time learning and perfecting clinical procedures. Students will slowly be eased into seeing patients at Ketchum Health in order to prepare them for clinic third and fourth year. Third-year students spend half their time in lecture and the other half in patient care under the supervision of clinical faculty. Lecture topics are more advanced, including courses in contact lenses, vision therapy, diseases of the eye, ocular pharmacology, clinical optometry and public health. The final year (fourth year) consists of four 3-month rotations as part of the Outreach Clinical Program. One clinical rotation is in specialty services at Ketchum Health and the other three rotations are at various off-site clinics. Students can choose from over 80 clinic sites in the U.S. and abroad.

The degree Doctor of Optometry will be awarded to students who satisfactorily complete the four-year academic and professional curriculum in optometry. Upon successful completion of the SCCO program and the NBEO examinations, graduates can apply for licensure in the U.S. or Canada.

School of PA Studies
The School of PA Studies at Marshall B. Ketchum University is a 27-month post-baccalaureate program leading to the degree, Master of Medical Science (MMS). Physician Assistants (PAs) are health care professionals licensed to practice medicine on a team under the supervision of physicians and surgeons. As part of their comprehensive responsibilities, PAs conduct physical exams, diagnose and treat illnesses, order and interpret tests, counsel on preventive health care and assist in surgery. The ARC-PA has granted Accreditation – Continued status to the School of Physician Assistant Studies sponsored by Marshall B. Ketchum University.

The inaugural PA class began the program in fall 2014 with 28 students enrolled. The first year (didactic year) curriculum consists of lecture and workshops focusing on applied medical sciences, pharmacotherapeautics, clinical medicine, medical professional ethics and more. During the first year, students will have supervised patient care experiences. The second year focuses on direct patient care in a variety of health care settings. Students experience twelve 6-week clinical rotations during the year, offering diverse clinical experiences. In addition to completing the rotations, students must also complete the Master's Capstone Project in order to graduate.

Upon successfully graduating, students must pass the Physician Assistant National Certifying Exam (PANCE), a computer-based, multiple choice test, in order to become a certified PA. Successful completion of PANCE is required to apply for PA state licensure. The Class of 2016 in the School of PA Studies achieved a first-time PANCE pass rate of 100%.

College of Pharmacy
The College of Pharmacy was established in 2014. The inaugural Class of 2020 began in the Fall 2016. The College of Pharmacy at Marshall B. Ketchum University is a 4-year post-baccalaureate program leading to the degree Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD). Some of the primary goals for the College of Pharmacy are to foster interprofessional education and clinical practice experiences among all students throughout the different health programs. By providing a comprehensive curriculum, the university hopes to prepare their students for licensure and practice upon graduation. In addition, the university's vision is to encourage students to acknowledge the role and value of the profession of pharmacy through leadership opportunities.

The degree Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) will be awarded to students who satisfactorily complete the curriculum. Upon completion of the program, graduates will then qualify to sit for the examinations to obtain a license. There are two examinations: the North American Pharmacist Licensure Exam (NAPLEX) and the Multistate Pharmacy Jurisprudence Exam (MPJE), which is a state specific test that currently 48 states require as a component of licensure.

In 2021, Marshall B. Ketchum University College of Pharmacy's Doctor of Pharmacy program has been granted Full Accreditation status by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education.

Master of Science in Vision Science
The Master of Science (MS) in vision science is a research-based graduate degree that emphasizes hypothesis-driven research and the development of analytical skills in experimental optometry and vision science. At the university, students interested in the Master's program often pursue a combined OD /MS degree. Other options include MS Traditional, MS Residency, and MS Part-time. The Master's program requires completion of a minimum of 60 quarter-hours of graduate credit, a cumulative graduate grade point average of at least 3.00, completion of the Master's research requirement, successful defense of the MS thesis, and submission of a final bound copy of the thesis.

Optometry Residencies
Although not required to practice optometry, residencies are great options for newly graduated optometrists to polish clinical skills and specialize in specific areas of optometry. Optometry residencies are planned program of post-OD clinical education that are designed to advance significantly the optometric graduate's preparation as a provider of patient care services beyond entry level practice. Residency programs are a minimum of 12 months and include a well-designed mix of self-directed learning, seminar participation, instructional experiences, and scholarship.

SCCO began its postdoctoral residency program in 1977, with its first residency program in Vision Therapy. The program has expanded to include: Cornea & Contact Lenses, Low Vision Rehabilitation, Ocular Disease, Primary Care, or Pediatric Optometry/Vision Therapy. SCCO offers 22 residency programs with 47 residency positions in six states including California, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Washington and Utah.

Patient centers

Anaheim and Los Angeles
There are two clinical teaching facilities affiliated with the Southern California College of Optometry at Marshall B. Ketchum University. The University Eye Center at Ketchum Health Anaheim is located at 5460 E. La Palma Ave. in Anaheim. The University Eye Center at Ketchum Health Los Angeles is located at 3916 S. Broadway in Los Angeles. Both facilities are large patient care centers that offer services in primary eye care, contact lenses, pediatric vision care, vision therapy, ocular disease, low vision and dry eyes. In addition to eye care services, there are also optical services departments where opticians assist in selecting and/or adjusting eyewear. They are open six days a week and accept major vision insurance as well as major medical insurances.

Ketchum Health

On January 23, 2015, Dr. Alexander announced the acquisition of the new building in Anaheim, CA, that is now the home of the University Eye Center, and allows for the future expansion of primary health care services and pharmacy. The name of the new facility, Ketchum Health, is dedicated to the university founder Dr. Marshall B. Ketchum. Due to the addition of the PA program in 2014, and the pharmacy program in 2016, this expansion of clinical space was necessary for the growing university. It will be a place where interprofessional clinical training can take place, as well as team-based patient care. On June 15, 2015, over one hundred guests attended the ground breaking ceremony that marked the beginning of renovation for Ketchum Health. The University Eye Center at Ketchum Health, as the first phase of interprofessional health care center, opened its doors at the new location May 31, 2016.

References

External links
Official website

Optometry schools in the United States
Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges
Universities and colleges established in 1904
1904 establishments in California


Citrus × aurantium f. aurantium (Syn: Citrus × sinensis), a hybrid between pomelo (Citrus maxima) and mandarin (Citrus reticulata), also known as the sweet oranges, is a commonly cultivated species of orange that includes Valencia oranges, blood oranges and navel oranges.

Uses
The orange fruit is an important agricultural product, used for both the juicy fruit pulp and the aromatic peel (rind). Orange blossoms (the flowers) are used in several different ways, as are the leaves and wood of the tree.

Flowers
 The orange blossom, which is the state flower of Florida, is highly fragrant and traditionally associated with good fortune. It has long been popular in bridal bouquets and head wreaths.
 Orange blossom essence is an important component in the making of perfume.
 Orange blossom petals can also be made into a delicately citrus-scented counterpart to rosewater, known as "orange blossom water" or "orange flower water". It is a common ingredient in French and Middle Eastern cuisines, especially in desserts and baked goods. In some Middle Eastern countries, drops of orange flower water are added to disguise the unpleasant taste of hard water drawn from wells or stored in  (traditional Egyptian water pitchers made of porous clay). In the United States, orange flower water is used to make orange blossom scones and marshmallows.
 In Spain, fallen blossoms are dried and used to make orange tea.
 Orange blossom honey (or citrus honey) is obtained by putting beehives in the citrus groves while trees bloom. By this method, bees also pollinate seeded citrus varieties. This type of honey has an orangey taste and is highly prized.

Leaves
 Orange leaves can be boiled to make orange tea.

Wood
 Orangewood  sticks  are used as cuticle pushers in manicures and pedicures, and as spudgers for manipulating slender electronic wires.
 Orangewood is used in the same way as mesquite, oak, and hickory for seasoning grilled meat.

Chemical composition
Orange fruit and leaf both are reported to contain indole alkaloids including N,N-DMT.

Threats

Giant swallowtail larva
Giant swallowtail caterpillars (Papilio cresphontes) cause serious damage to this crop, especially to young trees.

See also
 The orange blossom gives its touristic nickname to the Costa del Azahar ("Orange blossom coast"), the Castellón seaboard.
 Citrus greening disease - bacterial disease killing orange trees and other citrus fruits grown

References

https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:772052-1

External links

Citrus hybrids
Fruit trees


Indian National Center for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) is an autonomous organization of the Government of India, under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, located in Pragathi Nagar, Hyderabad. ESSO-INCOIS was established as an autonomous body in 1998 under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) and is a unit of the Earth System Science Organization (ESSO). ESSO- INCOIS is mandated to provide the best possible ocean information and advisory services to society, industry, government agencies and the scientific community through sustained ocean observations and constant improvements through systematic and focussed research.

History

During the 1990s, the Ministry of Earth Sciences, formerly Department of Ocean Development (DOD), had initiated a project titled "PFZ Mission" and it was handed over to National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad, AP. The project slowly blossomed into a full-fledged one after being spearheaded by Dr. A. Narendra Nath.  As a result of this, the project was separated from NRSC and a new organization was instituted to look after it. The new organization so formed was named as an Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) and was placed under reputed scientist Dr A.Narendra Nath, who has also conceptualised INCOIS and was the project lead and founding director.  Since its Inception in February 1998.   Dr. Narendra Nath is the person who initiated the PFZ  Mission. The newly formed entity had potential fishing zone (PFZ) advisories as its major project. Apart  from PFZ services, the other services such as Indian Early Tsunami Warning, Ocean State Forecast, Ocean Modeling, Data and Web Services Management were also initiated and their products are being delivered to various stakeholders in the country on a daily basis. In recognition of these services, INCOIS was identified as one of the key International Oceanic Organizations. INCOIS renders its services through its web portal and various other devices that are installed at different places in the country.

Potential Fishing Zone (PFZ)

This is the first advisory service started by INCOIS, with Dr.A.Narendra Nath as the founder director of INCOIS and the project director of PFZ. The backbone of this service is the real-time data for ocean color and SST provided by the OCEANSAT and NOAA respectively. This service was started because there was a need to identify the potential fishing zones to help the fishermen to get better catch while they were at the sea. This service was started by the Ministry of Earth Sciences with the help of the Department of Space and several institutions under the Ministry of Agriculture. These organizations are collaborating with the State Governments of the beneficiary states to offer these services to the end users.

This service makes use of parameters such as sea surface temperature and chlorophyll content provided by NOAA-AVHRR and Oceancolor satellites. Features such as oceanic fronts, Meandering Patterns, Eddies, Rings, Up Welling areas etc. are identified sites for fish accumulation. These features can easily be identified from Sea Surface Temperature and Chlorophyll data. The availability of Chlorophyll from OCEANSAT and MOdDIS has further enriched these advisories in the recent years. Hence, PFZ advisories have helped the fishing community to locate the fishing zones with accuracy.

Another feature of PFZ service is the generation of species-specific advisory to enable the fishermen folk to distinguish between the exploited and under-exploited species in the potential fishing zones. This enables them to have sustainable fishery management by targeting only the under-exploited species in the fishing zones. This approach enables them to avoid fishing the over-exploited species over and over again. One such species-specific advisory is Tuna Fisheries Forecasting System that enables the fishing community to adequately prepare for the Tuna catch. Being a highly migratory fish, it inhabits a wide range of ecosystems and wide area. Hence the fishing of tuna is a costly affair and it requires resource-specific orientation such as long lining by the fishing boats and trawlers. With the help of the parameters such as Oceanic Fronts, water clarity and sea surface temperature we can trace the distribution of tuna species.

Tsunami Early Warning System (TEWS)

In the aftermath of Sumatra earthquake in 2004 and the killer tsunami it set off, the Government of India wanted to set up an early warning centre for tsunami and other storm surges in the Indian Ocean region. Accordingly, on 15 October 2007, a centre housing the Indian Tsunami Early Warning System (TEWS) was established in INCOIS by the Ministry of Earth Sciences, the nodal ministry, with the collaboration of the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Department of Space (DOS), and Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). At the time of its establishment, the centre had the mandate to provide important tsunami advisories to the people living in the coastal areas of the country. For this purpose, the center was equipped with state-of-the-art infrastructure and well trained manpower.
By 2012, the centre has started to give a round-the-clock alert and advisory services to all Indian Ocean Rim Countries (IOR).

At present, the tsunami warning centre receives data from 17 seismic stations of the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), 10 stations of the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology (WIHG) and more than 300 international stations. In addition, it receives data from 17 sea-level tide gauges at intervals of five minutes. These tide gauges have been positioned at Aerial Bay, Chennai, Ennore, Garden Reach, Haldia, Kandla, Karwar, Krishnapatnam, Marmagao, Machilipatnam, Nagapattinam, Paradeep, Port Blair, Vadinar, Visakhapatnam etc. Apart from sea-level tide sensors, the wave-rider buoys have also been installed at various locations. This network of tide gauges and buoys helps the center to validate the arrivals of tsunami waves in the Indian Ocean region. To further supplement the cause, a network of seismographs has also been installed at appropriate positions to forecast the occurrence of tsunami-producing earthquakes. It has also installed three bottom pressure recorders in different regions to supplement its needs.

Using the data obtained from a network of equipments, models have been run to provide maps depicting inundation scenarios for the entire coastal belt. Based on these scenarios, the potential risk zones are identified to generate advisories for various stakeholders in the region. When there is a disaster, the advisories are generated in intervals telling the location of the storm surges or tsunamis to help the local government authorities to evacuate the people from the regions that are likely to be affected.

Ocean State Forecast (OSF)

Being a peninsula, India is covered from three sides with water body. Hence there is a need for knowing the state of ocean in advance for carrying out various commercial activities. Prior information about the state of the ocean helps us to plan and execute our activities in the marine environment safely. Moreover, the ocean has an effect on the local climate as well. Thinking about all these factors, a new service was rolled out to forecast the ocean state, which is capable of predicting the surface and sub-surface features of the Indian Ocean in advance. It is called the Indian Ocean Forecasting System (INDOFOS). The forecast is also passed to the stakeholders through Village Information Centers, All India Radio, FM Radio, Digital Display Boards, NGO Websites, and TV channels in the regional languages.

At present, OSF gives forecasts of wave height and direction, sea surface temperature, sea surface currents, mixed layer depth, and depth of 20 degree isotherm. These forecasts are generated by state-of-the art numerical models. These models are customized to simulate and predict the Indian Ocean features realistically. Different models used for forecasts are WAVEWATCH III, WAM, Mike and Regional Ocean Modeling Systems (ROMS). In the forecast mode, these models are forced with atmospheric products developed by various Meteorological agencies to generate different forecasts. Apart from these services, the OSF center also offers value-added services for the benefit of its end users.

The generated forecasts fall under four categories. They are global, regional, location-specific and coastal forecasts. They differ in spatial and temporal resolutions extend of validations. For coastal forecast, the models are set up with the concept of "coarse grid" with coarse resolution in open ocean region whereas very fine resolution is used for location-specific forecasts. These models are tested for their accuracy and reliability by comparing their output with the data from satellite and in-situ measurements. The validation is mainly done during the extreme conditions and monsoon seasons.

Ocean Observation Group (OOG)

The main activity of this group in INCOIS is to measure and monitor the surface temperature and salinity of the upper 2000 meters of the ocean. For this purpose, there is a global array of 3000 free-drifting, profiling floats that relay the measurement data to agencies, which in turn make available these data publicly within hours of reception. This will help them to continuously monitor the climate state of the ocean. This system was named as Argo, which emphasizes the strong complementary relationship between the free-drifting floats and Jason altimeter mission.

Basically, Argo builds on the existing upper-ocean thermal networks, extending their spatial and temporal coverage, depth range and accuracy, and improving them through the addition of salinity and velocity measurements. The Argo system helps to study quantitatively the evolving state of the upper ocean and the patterns of its climate variability, including heat, fresh water storage and transport. Apart from these, it also enhances the value of altimeter by sufficiently improving the coverage and resolution of sea surface height variability interpretation and initializes the ocean and coupled forecast models for data assimilation and dynamic model testing.

References

External links

 Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Official website

Ministry of Earth Sciences
Research institutes in Hyderabad, India
Research institutes established in 1998
Earth science research institutes
1998 establishments in Andhra Pradesh


The Cambodian Usurpation of 1811–1812 was when an army from Siam (Thailand) supported Ang Snguon after he overthrew his brother Ang Chan; but Vietnam sent a large army to help reinstate Ang Chan at Phnom Penh.

Background
In 1769, King Taksin of Thonburi sent messages to King Ang Ton of Cambodia, urging him to send tributes to Siam and submit. King Ang Ton refused. In 1771, King Taksin ordered Phraya Yommaraj (later King Rama I) to lead troops of 10,000 men to invade Cambodia through Battambang, Siemreap and Pursat to attack Oudong and to bring the pro-Siamese Prince Ang Non to the Cambodian throne. King Taksin himself with the general Chen Lian (陳聯) led the fleet to attack Hà Tiên, leading to the Siamese-Vietnamese War (1769–1773). King Ang Ton fled to Saigon under the protection of the Nguyen Lord Nguyễn Phúc Thuần. Nguyễn Phúc Thuần sent the general Nguyễn Cửu Đàm to aid against the Siamese invasions. The Siamese were repelled with Prince Ang Non stayed behind at Kampot. Also in 1771, the Tây Sơn Rebellion arose against the rule of Nguyen Lords. King Ang Ton returned to Cambodia and negotiated with Ang Non. Ang Ton abdicated the Cambodian throne in 1775 in favor of Ang Non who became the new King of Cambodia. However, Ang Ton died in 1777, leaving Ang Non in full power in Cambodia. Cambodian nobles, led by Chauvea Tolaha Mu and his brother Oknha Decho Then, were dissatisfied with King Ang Non's pro-Siamese stance. Tolaha Mu sought support from Nguyễn Phúc Ánh who had been fighting against the Tây Sơn from Saigon. Nguyễn Phúc Ánh sent Vietnamese army to support Tolaha Mu, who arrested and murdered King Ang Non in 1779. Tolaha Mu placed a four-year-old son of Ang Ton named Ang Eng as the new king of Cambodia with himself as the regent. King Taksin, upon learning about the Cambodian regicide, was furious at Oknha Youmreach Baen who was the protector of King Ang Non. Taksin ordered Youmreach Baen arrested and imprisoned at Thonburi but Chaophraya Chakri secured his pardon and release.

In 1782, Chaophraya Chakri became King Rama I of the Chakri dynasty. Oknha Youmreach Baen and Oknha Kralahom Pok successfully staged a coup and killed Tolaha Mu in 1782. However, the ensuing confusion and civil war in Cambodia prompted Youmreach Baen and Kralahom Pok to bring the young king Ang Eng and his elder sisters Princess Ang Y and Ang Pen to Bangkok. King Rama I took care of King Ang Eng as his adopted son, while Princesses Ang Y and Ang Pen became consorts of Prince Surasinghanat. In Cambodia, Decho Then, the younger brother of Tolaha Mu, declared himself the Tolaha or regent and took power under the support of the Tây Sơn. King Rama I appointed Youmreach Baen as Chaophraya Aphaiphubet the regent of Cambodia. Chaophraya Aphaiphubet Baen managed to oust Decho Then in 1789 and took control of whole Cambodia for Siam. King Rama I kept Ang Eng in Bangkok away from Cambodian political conflicts. Aphaiphubet Baen was the regent of Cambodia for twelve years until 1794 when King Rama I allowed Ang Eng to assume personal rule in Cambodia. King Rama I also rewarded Aphaiphubet Baen with the northwestern part of Cambodia including Battambang and Siemreap for Aphaiphubet Baen to govern under direct Siamese suzerainty, thus annexing those territories into Siam proper.

King Ang Eng died in 1796, leaving four sons Princes Ang Chan, Ang Sngoun, Ang Em and Ang Duong. Kralahom Pok, who had become Tolaha Pok, served as the regent of Cambodia until 1806 when he brought the four young Cambodian princes to visit King Rama I at Bangkok. Tolaha Pok fell ill and died at Bangkok. King Rama I installed Ang Chan as the new King of Cambodia in 1806. Emperor Gia Long of the Vietnamese Nguyen dynasty also invested Ang Chan as the King of Cambodia next year in 1807. The new king Ang Chan asked for the permissions for his aunts Princesses Ang Y and Ang Pen to return to Cambodia. King Rama I refused, citing that the princesses were already mothers of daughters of the late Prince Surasinghanat. On an occasion, Ang Chan visited King Rama I before returning to Cambodia. However, Ang Chan entered the royal hall without permission and prerequisite ceremonies. King Rama I strongly rebuked Ang Chan in front of Siamese officials. In 1808, Oknha Decho Meng the governor of Kampong Svay rebelled against King Ang Chan.

King Rama I passed away in 1809. Chaophraya Aphaiphubet also died the same year. King Ang Chan did not attend the funeral of King Rama I at Bangkok and instead sent his younger brothers Ang Sngoun and Ang Em, along with Cambodian nobles Oknha Chakrey Pen and Oknha Kralahom Moeung, to go to Bangkok. King Rama II granted Ang Sngoun and Ang Em the titles of Uprayorach (viceroy) and Ouparach (deputy viceroy), respectively. In the same year, the Burmese invaded Phuket and King Rama II requested supporting troops from Cambodia to defend Bangkok. King Ang Chan, however, did not comply. Chakrey Pen and Kralahom Moeung, the two pro-Siamese Cambodian ministers, then organized troops to be sent to Bangkok without the permission of the Cambodian king. Ang Chan then had Chakrey Pen and Kralahom Moeung executed for sedition on September 14, 1810. Tension arose between Ang Chan and the Siamese court. Ang Chan sent Oknha Bovorneayok to request military aid from the Vietnamese. Nguyễn Văn Nhơn the governor of Saigon led the Vietnamese troops of 1,000 men to take defensive position at Longvek against possible Siamese offensives. Prince Senanurak of the Front Palace ordered Phraya Rongmueang to station Siamese troops at Battambang. The Siamese-Vietnamese standoff lasted for four months until Nguyễn Văn Nhơn pulled the troops back to Saigon in January 1811 but Phraya Rongmueang remained in Battambang.

Siamese-Vietnamese standoff
In February 1811, Prince Ang Sngoun the Uprayorach and younger brother of Ang Chan, left the royal city of Oudong at night along with a group of pro-Siamese mandarins. Ang Sngoun rallied troops at Pursat. Ang Chan sent delegates to visit his brother Ang Sngoun at Pursat, urging him to return to Oudong but to no avail. Ang Chan then decided to ask for Vietnamese support again. Nguyễn Văn Nhơn the governor of Saigon sent Nguyễn Văn Thoại to lead Vietnamese forces of 500 men to station at Longvek. The Siamese court sent Chaophraya Yommaraj Noi to Battambang to lead the Siamese expedition into Cambodia to settle the princely struggle issues. King Ang Chan ordered his generals Oknha Bovorneayok and Oknha Thommeadecho to defend Kampong Chhnang.

Chaophraya Yommaraj Noi sent his delegates to negotiate with Ang Chan at Oudong but Ang Chan gave no responses. Yommaraj Noi, along with Phraya Rongmueang at Battambang, decided to march the Siamese army of 5,000 men down, taking Prince Ang Sngoun from Pursat to attack Kampong Chhnang in April 1812, leading to the Battle of Kampong Chhnang. The Cambodians were outnumbered as Oknha Bovorneayok and Oknha Thommeadecho sent a man to inform King Ang Chan at Oudong that the Siamese came in large numbers. Ang Chan then decided to leave Oudong on April 9, 1812, along with the royal family to take refuge in Phnom Penh. Nguyễn Văn Thoại provided boat vessels for the Cambodian king and his family to travel at Phnom Penh. Princes Ang Em and Ang Duong, two other younger brothers of Ang Chan, decided not to join the king in flight and defected and fled back to the Siamese on April 10. Nguyễn Văn Nhơn then invited Ang Chan to seek safety shelter in Saigon. The Cambodian king and his entourage reached Saigon on April 25, 1812.

Yommaraj Noi and the Siamese army arrived in Oudong to find out that the Cambodian king had escaped to Phnom Penh. The Siamese followed Ang Chan to Phnom Penh but Ang Chan and his retinue had already reached Saigon. Chaophraya Yommaraj Noi sent reconciliatory messages to Ang Chan and Nguyễn Văn Nhơn, declaring that the Siamese intention was to peacefully settle the conflicts. Both Ang Chan and Nguyễn Văn Nhơn did not respond. Nguyễn Văn Nhơn constructed a lavish place for Ang Chan and his family to reside in Saigon. Ang Chan sent Oknha Bovorneayok to Huế as an envoy to Emperor Gia Long who awarded Ang Chan with large sum of money and rice. Yommaraj Noi had been waiting for responses at Oudong. He then decided that when the dry season was over the waters would be high, suitable for Vietnamese fleet to arrive and engage. For his strategically inferior position, Yommaraj Noi burnt down and destroyed Oudong and Phnom Penh to prevent the Vietnamese from taking foothold in these cities and took the pro-Siamese Cambodian Princes Ang Sgnoun, Ang Em and Ang Duong back to Bangkok with him. Thousands of Cambodians were deported to Siamese-controlled northwest Cambodia.

Aftermath and consequences
Dowager Empress Hiếu Khang the mother of Emperor Gia Long died in 1811. On February 15, 1812, King Rama II dispatched a mission to Huế to attend the funeral. Also, the matter of Cambodian princely conflicts was raised by Siamese court through the Siamese envoy to Gia Long. The Siamese envoy told Gia Long that King Ang Chan had always been rebellious to Siam in spite of Siamese fair treatment on Ang Chan. Gia Long replied that the Prince Ang Sngoun was responsible for the incidents because he stirred up the events and was not a loyal subject to his elder brother who was also his overlord. Siamese court was then convinced that Gia Long was in support of Ang Chan. However, going into full-scale war with Vietnam was then untimely due to prospective Burmese threats from the West. Bangkok court sent another mission to Huế on January 4, 1813. Gia Long declared that he would restore the Cambodian King Ang Chan to the throne. In April 1813, Gia Long ordered Lê Văn Duyệt and Ngô Nhân Tịnh to bring troops from Huế to Saigon to escort Ang Chan back to Cambodia. In May, Lê Văn Duyệt led the Vietnamese troop of 13,000 men to bring Ang Chan back to Phnom Penh with the Siamese envoys presented in the entourage as witnesses.

When King Ang Chan returned to Phnom Penh, both Oudong and Phnom Penh had already been destroyed by the Siamese. After the Siamese envoys and officials had returned to Battambang, Lê Văn Duyệt proposed to build a new citadel and royal city for Ang Chan. Ang Chan preferred Phnom Penh over Oudong. While Oudong was susceptible to Siamese attacks, Phnom Penh was located riverine and the Vietnamese fleets could accessibly arrive in defense in case of future Siamese attacks. Lê Văn Duyệt then constructed a new citadel for Ang Chan at Phnom Penh called "Banteay Keav". Lê Văn Duyệt constructed another citadel at Lvea Aem as a Vietnamese garrison. He also ordered the construction of a shrine at Chroy Changvar dedicated to Emperor Gia Long. Nguyễn Văn Thoại was appointed as bảo hộ or Protector of Cambodia and was assigned with Vietnamese troops of 1,500 men to guard King Ang Chan. Ang Chan also rewarded his meritorious subjects with high positions, with Oknha Bovorneayok becoming Chakrey Suat and Tuan Pha, a Cham general, becoming the Youmreach.

King Ang Chan continued to send tributes to the Siamese court annually but also sent tributes to Huế triennially. Cambodia then came under de facto Vietnamese influence, which would remain so until the Siamese-Vietnamese War (1841-1845) for about thirty years. Twice a month, Ang Chan and his officials would dress in Vietnamese attire and conduct sacrifices at the Vietnamese shrine at Chroy Changvar to worship Emperor Gia Long.

Cambodian attempt to reclaim Battambang (1815)
In 1815, Ang Chan sent Youmreach Tuan Pha and Oknha Thommeadecho to successfully oust Oknha Decho Meng the rebellious governor of Kampong Svay. Ang Chan consulted Nguyễn Văn Thoại about the matter of Battambang. Battambang was held by the Siamese who used Battambang as an outpost and base for many incursions into Cambodia. The Siamese should be expelled from Battambang. Nguyễn Văn Thoại suggested that Ang Chan should send armies to Battambang to evaluate the situation. King Ang Chan then ordered Samdech Chauponhea Tei to lead Cambodian army to Battambang to collect stalactites and bat guano as taxes. Samdech Chauponhea Tei led the Cambodian army to Battambang in 1815 and sent Oknha Surkealok the governor of Pursat ahead as vanguard. Phraya Aphaiphubet Ros the governor of Battambang, who was the son of Chaophraya Aphaiphubet Baen, sent counter-offensive army to defeat Oknha Surkealok, who was captured to Bangkok. Samdech Chauponhea Tei then decided to retreat.

King Rama II responded by having regiments from Bangkok and Nakhon Ratchasima stationed at Battambang under the command of his cousin the Prince Kromma Khun Itsaranurak and informed Gia Long that the Vietnamese viceroy had instigated the Cambodian to invade Battambang. Gia Long sent his delegate to conduct investigation in Cambodia and found Samdech Chauponhea Tei guilty. King Ang Chan then ordered Samdech Chauponhea Tei arrested and sent to Vietnamese court for trial. Samdech Chauponhea Tei told the Vietnamese court that he marched Cambodian army to Battambang with peaceful intentions only to collect taxes. The Vietnamese sent Samdech Chauponhea Tei back to King Ang Chan for punishment and urged the Bangkok court to punish the governor of Battambang also for his over-reaction.

See also
Cambodian rebellion (1820)
Cambodian rebellion (1840)

Notes
Footnote

Citations

References
A History of Cambodia By David P. Chandler
In Search of Southeast Asia By David P. Chandler, David Joel Steinberg

External links
List of the Wars of Cambodia

Conflicts in 1811
Conflicts in 1812
19th-century rebellions
Wars involving the Rattanakosin Kingdom
Wars involving Cambodia
Military history of Nguyen Vietnam
19th century in Cambodia
19th century in Siam
1811 in Asia
1812 in Asia
1811 in Siam
1811 in Cambodia
1811 in Vietnam
1812 in Siam
1812 in Cambodia
1812 in Vietnam
1810s in Siam


"The Train" is an early short story by the American author Flannery O'Connor. It is one of the six stories included in O'Connor's 1947 master's thesis The Geranium: A Collection of Short Stories and was published in The Sewanee Review in 1948. It later appeared in the 1971 collection The Complete Stories. O'Connor revised this story into the first chapter of her novel, Wise Blood.

"The Train" describes a young man, Hazel Wickers, as he boards a train home and his interactions with other passengers and an African American employee who he believes to be the son of someone in his hometown. The man denies this.

References

Short stories by Flannery O'Connor
1947 short stories
Southern Gothic short stories


Leonard "Len" Skowronski (born c. 1941) is a politician who was the leader of the provincial Social Credit Party in Alberta, Canada, between 2007 and 2016. He was elected at a leadership convention held on November 3, 2007 in Red Deer to replace Lavern Ahlstrom who resigned.

Skowronski lives in Calgary, and ran as a candidate in the 2004 Alberta election as a Social Credit candidate in Calgary Varsity. He was defeated, finishing last in a field of six candidates. He contested the 2008 election in the electoral district of Calgary-Bow and again finished last in a field of six. He contested the 2009 by-election in Calgary-Glenmore, placing sixth out of seven candidates, and receiving 28 votes more than the independent candidate who placed seventh.

In 2016, Skowronski denounced the "invalid takeover" of the party by anti-abortion activists leading to his replacement as party leader by Jeremy Fraser.

Electoral record

References

External links
Social Credit Constituency Associations

1940s births
Living people
Alberta Social Credit Party leaders
University of Alberta alumni
University of Calgary alumni
Alberta Social Credit Party candidates in Alberta provincial elections
21st-century Canadian politicians


"The Peeler" is a short story by the American author Flannery O'Connor. It was first published in Partisan Review in 1949. It later appeared in the 1971 collection The Complete Stories. It was eventually incorporated into her novel, Wise Blood.

The story describes a young man, Hazel Motes, encountering a man selling potato peelers on the street who is interrupted by a blind man and his daughter who are handing out religious tracts. Motes also encounters Enoch Emery, a young man who seems to parallel himself, and they follow the blind man down the street.

References

Short stories by Flannery O'Connor
1949 short stories
Works originally published in Partisan Review


Sean Keith Sherk (born August 5, 1973) is a retired American mixed martial artist and former UFC Lightweight Champion. Sherk competed in the Ultimate Fighting Championship and was one of the first combatants to have been a championship competitor in multiple weight divisions (having also competed for the UFC Welterweight Championship). He was the second UFC Lightweight Champion in the organization's history after Jens Pulver vacated his title five years earlier. Sherk also spent time competing in the Japan-based organizations, PRIDE Fighting Championships and Pancrase; going undefeated in both promotions. He holds one of the longest undefeated streaks in mixed martial arts history, with only four career losses, all to fellow-UFC Champions. Sherk announced his official retirement from mixed martial arts competition in September 2013 having last fought three years prior.

Recognized for his role in the resurgence of the UFC Lightweight division, Sherk became the first UFC Lightweight Champion since the division was re-introduced by the UFC in 2006. He successfully defended the UFC Lightweight Championship against Hermes Franca at UFC 73, after winning the title in a Fight of the Night award winning performance against Kenny Florian at UFC 64. Sherk is noted to have taken part in some of the most important fights in the UFC's lightweight division, where he is considered to be one of the greatest lightweight competitors of his era.

Martial arts background
Sherk was born on August 5, 1973, in St. Francis, Minnesota. Sherk began wrestling and weight training at age seven. He continued to wrestle for eleven years, and in that time he wrestled over 400 matches. After finding Greg Nelson's Minnesota Martial Arts Academy in 1994, Sherk began to practice boxing, Shooto, and muay Thai. In 1999, Sherk defeated Roscoe Ostyn by decision in his first MMA fight.

Mixed martial arts career
Sherk began his mixed martial arts career in 1999, where he went on an eight-fight win streak before signing with the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) in 2001. Sherk fought only once before leaving the UFC. He returned in 2002 and fought Matt Hughes for the UFC Welterweight Championship in 2003. He lost the match and went on to sign with Pride Fighting Championships (Pride).

Ultimate Fighting Championship (2001–2003)
Sherk made his UFC debut at UFC 30, where he defeated Tiki Ghosn. After going 5–0–1 outside the UFC, he was brought back to fight Jutaro Nakao at UFC 36, a fight which Sherk won via unanimous decision. On September 27, 2002, at UFC 39,  Sherk defeated Benji Radach when the fight was stopped due to a cut Radach had received.

Sherk was then chosen to fight Matt Hughes for the UFC Welterweight Championship on April 25, 2003. Sherk lost the fight via unanimous decision after going five five-minute rounds. In a back and forth battle, Sherk won two of the overall five rounds, becoming the first and only fighter to ever fight a full five round fight with then-champion Matt Hughes.

Pride (2004)
Following his loss to Hughes, Sherk fought three more times in 2003, winning all three bouts. In 2004, he signed with Pride and made his debut with the Japanese-based organization at Pride Bushido 2. Sherk defeated Ryuki Ueyama via unanimous decision, in what was his only outing in the company.

According to Sherk's website, the Japanese fans are the ones responsible for giving him the nickname "The Muscle Shark."  While he was popular in Japan, Sherk found it difficult to travel and support his family and found he could make a better living fighting as a main event on local shows.  He also cited his lack of health insurance for making this decision.

Return to the UFC (2005–2010)

Sherk was invited back to the UFC in 2005 for a fight with Georges St. Pierre. Sherk lost by TKO, but was given another fight in the UFC at UFC 59, Sherk demonstrated that he was able to stand and strike with the more documented striker in Nick Diaz as well as mixing his combination very well with his takedowns, he defeated Nick Diaz via unanimous decision. During the post-fight interview, Sherk stated his intention to drop down in weight to the lightweight division.

In October 2006, at UFC 64, Sherk won all five rounds using his superior wrestling and ground and pound and defeated Kenny Florian via unanimous decision to win the UFC Lightweight Championship. With this win, Sherk became the first UFC Lightweight Champion  since Jens Pulver vacated the title in 2002. Sherk fought the bout with a torn rotator cuff and was forced to rehabilitate afterwards.

Steroid accusations

In July 2007, Sherk successfully defended his title against Hermes França at UFC 73. After the fight, the California State Athletic Commission (CSAC) announced that Sherk had tested positive for Nandrolone, a banned steroid, in a urine test the day prior to the fight. After testing positive for 12 ng/ml of Nandrolone, Sherk was fined $2,500 and suspended from competing in California for one year. Sherk's suspension was reduced to six months after appealing his allegations on December 4, 2007, making him eligible to fight in early January 2008. Sherk argued that errors were made in lab testing procedures. He asserted that the lab had failed to properly test the vials used in earlier, positive tests for any remaining steroid content, which may have resulted in his sample becoming contaminated. Quest Diagnostics and the CSAC denied any errors were made.
Following the CSAC's decision to uphold the results of the positive steroid test, the UFC officially stripped Sherk of his UFC Lightweight Championship. At UFC 80, B.J. Penn defeated Joe Stevenson to win the vacant title. After the fight, UFC president Dana White announced that Penn's first title defense would be against Sherk, who was reinstated by UFC in April 2008, and has tested clean ever since. Sherk and Penn fought at UFC 84 on May 24, 2008. Sherk lost by TKO in the third round after failing to answer the fourth round bell.

After UFC 84

Sherk fought Tyson Griffin at UFC 90: Silva vs Cote, in a fight with title contention implications. In a three-round war, Sherk won by unanimous decision, earning him Fight of the Night. In the first round Sherk was putting the pressure on Griffin from the very beginning scoring take-downs and taking Griffins back. Throughout the second and third rounds Sherk took Griffin down once more and the rest remained an exciting striking battle between the two. Sherk demonstrated very crisp and technical striking that night.

Sherk next fought Frankie Edgar at UFC 98 losing via unanimous decision. Sherk again found himself in trouble with an athletic commission post fight, after he ran from the arena while still in his fight shorts and no shirt before supplying a post fight urinalysis. He was contacted by commission officer Keith Kizer and told to return to the arena immediately or face his license being revoked. Sherk returned within the hour and provided a urinalysis and tested clean, but was still suspended 45 days for the actions.

Injury plague hits

Sherk was scheduled to face Gleison Tibau at UFC 104, but was forced off the card with an injury. He was replaced by Josh Neer.

Sherk was scheduled to face Rafaello Oliveira on January 2, 2010 at UFC 108. However, due to an injury to Tyson Griffin, Sherk was promoted to the main card to fight Jim Miller. Sherk did not compete at UFC 108, pulling out due to injury. Sherk suffered a cut above his right eye requiring several stitches.

Sherk was expected to face Clay Guida on March 21, 2010 at UFC on Versus: Vera vs. Jones, but Sherk was forced off the card with yet another injury.

Return to the Octagon and Retirement

After a 16-month hiatus, Sherk returned on September 25, 2010 at UFC 119 and defeated Evan Dunham via split decision in a bout that earned Fight of the Night honors.

Sherk was planning a fall 2011 return after rehabbing past injuries, but no fights for him came to fruition.

After rehabbing a litany of injuries over the past few years, Sherk indicated in October 2012 that he was still planning a return to the UFC and hoped to return sometime in early 2013.

On September 2, 2013, Sherk formally announced his retirement from MMA fighting.

On February 20, 2016, Sherk verbally expressed that he would end his retirement to fight Royce Gracie in Bellator. He declined any indication of a UFC return.

Personal life
Sherk and his wife Heather have two sons, Kyler and Tegan. Sherk has coached a team of fighters at the Minnesota Martial Arts Academy. He has also worked flipping houses in the Minnesota area.

Championships and accomplishments

Mixed martial arts
Ultimate Fighting Championship
UFC Lightweight Championship (One time)
One successful title defense
Fight of the Night (Three times) vs. Kenny Florian, Tyson Griffin, and Evan Dunham
PRIDE Fighting Championship
One of only two UFC Lightweight Champions to compete in PRIDE FC

Mixed martial arts record

|-
| Win
| align=center|
| Evan Dunham
| Decision (split)
| UFC 119
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 35–4–1
| Frankie Edgar
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 98
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 35–3–1
| Tyson Griffin
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 90
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Rosemont, Illinois, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 34–3–1
| B.J. Penn
| TKO (knee and punches)
| UFC 84
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 34–2–1
| Hermes França
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 73
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| Sacramento, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 33–2–1
| Kenny Florian
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 64
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 32–2–1
| Nick Diaz
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 59
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Anaheim, California, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 31–2–1
| Georges St-Pierre
| TKO (punches and elbows)
| UFC 56
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:53
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 31–1–1
| Joel Blanton
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| BP: Pride and Glory
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:02
| Georgia, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 30–1–1
| Lee King
| Submission (arm-triangle choke)
| Extreme Challenge 60
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:20
| Medina, Minnesota, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 29–1–1
| Brodie Farber
| Submission (guillotine choke)
| SF 6: Battleground in Reno
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:55
| Reno, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 28–1–1
| Darin Brudigan
| Submission (arm-triangle choke)
| Cage Fighting Xtreme 2
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:30
| Brainerd, Minnesota, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 27–1–1
| Gerald Strebendt
| TKO (punches)
| Extreme Challenge 58
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:52
| Medina, Minnesota, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 26–1–1
| Eric Heinz
| Submission (neck crank)
| Pride and Fury
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:58
| Worley, Idaho, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 25–1–1
| Jake Short
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| ICC: Trials 2
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:51
| Minnesota, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 24–1–1
| Kaleo Padilla
| Submission (neck crank)
| You Think You're Tough
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 1:17
| Kona, Hawaii, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 23–1–1
| Ryuki Ueyama
| Decision (unanimous)
| Pride Bushido 2
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Yokohama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 22–1–1
| Charles Diaz
| Submission (keylock)
| EP: XXXtreme Impact
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 0:58
| Tijuana, Mexico
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 21–1–1
| Mark Long
| TKO (submission to punches)
| Extreme Combat
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:42
| Fridley, Minnesota, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 20–1–1
| John Alexander
| TKO (punches)
| Extreme Combat
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:57
| Anoka, Minnesota, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 19–1–1
| Matt Hughes
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 42
|
| align=center| 5
| align=center| 5:00
| Miami, Florida, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 19–0–1
| John Alexander
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Extreme Combat 2
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:28
| Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 18–0–1
| Benji Radach
| TKO (doctor stoppage)
| UFC 39
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:16
| Uncasville, Connecticut, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 17–0–1
| Jutaro Nakao
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 36
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 16–0–1
| Claudionor Fontinelle
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| UCC 6: Redemption
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 1:04
| Montreal, Quebec, Canada
|
|-
| Draw
| align=center| 15–0–1
| Kiuma Kunioku
| Draw
| Pancrase - 2001 Neo-Blood Tournament Second Round
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 15–0
| Curtis Brigham
| TKO (corner stoppage)
| UW: St. Paul
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 1:15
| St. Paul, Minnesota, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 14–0
| Jason Purcell
| TKO (punches)
| UW: Ultimate Fight Minnesota
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:42
| Bloomington, Minnesota, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 13–0
| Marty Armendarez
| TKO (punches)
| KOTC 8 - Bombs Away
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 2:07
| Williams, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 12–0
| Manny Gamburyan
| Decision (unanimous)
| Reality Submission Fighting 3
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 18:00
| Belleville, Illinois, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 11–0
| Tiki Ghosn
| TKO (shoulder injury)
| UFC 30
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 4:47
| Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 10–0
| Karo Parisyan
| TKO (corner stoppage)
| Reality Submission Fighting 2
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 16:20
| Belleville, Illinois, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 9–0
| Ken Parham
| Decision (unanimous)
| Submission Fighting Championships
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Collinsville, Illinois, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 8–0
| Karo Parisyan
| Decision (unanimous)
| Reality Submission Fighting 1
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 18:00
| Belleville, Illinois, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 7–0
| Steve Gomm
| Decision (split)
| Extreme Challenge 28
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 10:00
| Ogden, Utah, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 6–0
| Scott Bills
| Decision (unanimous)
| Extreme Challenge 28
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 10:00
| Ogden, Utah, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 5–0
| Kurtis Jensen
| TKO (punches)
| Extreme Challenge: Trials
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:00
| Mason City, Iowa, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 4–0
| Johnnie Holland
| Submission (keylock)
| Ultimate Wrestling
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:10
| Bloomington, Minnesota, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 3–0
| Joe Paun
| Decision (unanimous)
| Midwest MMA Championship 1
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 15:00
| Clinton, Iowa, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Dean Kugler
| Decision (unanimous)
| Midwest MMA Championship 1
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 10:00
| Clinton, Iowa, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Roscoe Ostyn
| Decision (unanimous)
| Dangerzone: Mahnomen
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 3:00
| Mahnomen, Minnesota, United States
|

References

External links
Official site

Official MySpage page

1973 births
Living people
People from St. Francis, Minnesota
American male mixed martial artists
Lightweight mixed martial artists
Welterweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing boxing
Mixed martial artists utilizing Muay Thai
Mixed martial artists utilizing wrestling
Ultimate Fighting Championship champions
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters
American Muay Thai practitioners
American sportspeople in doping cases
Doping cases in mixed martial arts
Sportspeople from Minnesota
Mixed martial artists from Minnesota