Miss London Ltd. is a 1943 British, black-and-white, comedy, musical, war film, directed by Val Guest and starring Arthur Askey and Evelyn Dall. It was produced by Edward Black, Maurice Ostrer, Fred Gunn and Gainsborough Pictures. It was Guest's directorial debut.

Plot
This musical comedy playing in wartime London, stars Arthur Askey as Arthur Boden alias Miss London, the name of the escort agency he inherited from his mother. Soon he is joined by his new American partner, Terry Arden  (Evelyn Dall), as she inherited the other half of the Agency from her parents, who just arrived from abroad. The first thing she accomplishes is to clean up the office, together with her partner.
Then they have to renew the files of escort-Ladies. In order to do so, each of them goes searching in different places. Arthur Boden is assigned to the railway station and finally he finds railway clerk Gail Martin (Anne Shelton) to hire. The opening sequence of the film features the latter singing "The 8.50 Choo Choo For Waterloo Choo" at Waterloo station before she is recruited by Bowman for his agency. As usual, Ronald Shiner's character of Sailor Meredith plays a decisive role.

The film features a surreal self-parodying sequence in which Boden, in order to gain entrance to a hotel, pretends to be the famous Arthur Askey, using some of his choice catchphrases. Other spoofs include Askey and Dall doing a routine as Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers and, with Shiner in addition, as the three Marx Brothers.

Cast
 Arthur Askey as Arthur Boden
 Evelyn Dall as Terry Arden
 Anne Shelton as Gail Martin
 Richard Hearne as Commodore Joshua Wellington
 Max Bacon as Romero
 Jack Train as Joe Nelson
 Peter Graves as Captain Michael "Rory" O'More
 Jean Kent as The Encyclopedia Girl
 Ronald Shiner as Sailor Meredith
 Iris Lang
 Virginia Keiley
 Una Shepherd
 Sheila Bligh
 Noni Brooke
 Patricia Owens as Miss London
 Hilda Campbell Russell as Cabaret Singer

Production
Guest wrote the script which was going to be directed by Marcel Verney. Guest used the reviews for his sort The Nose Has it to get the job directing the film and Ted Black agreed. Guest wrote a part for Jean Kent especially and says Arthur Crabtree was very helpful telling him about camera angles.

Reception
Guest says the film was "a big success."

Soundtrack
Evelyn Dall and Anne Shelton – "A Fine How Do You Do" (Words and music by Val Guest and Manning Sherwin)
Evelyn Dall – "Keep Cool Calm and Collected" (Words and music by Val Guest and Manning Sherwin)
Arthur Askey – "The Moth" (Words and music by Val Guest and Manning Sherwin)
Arthur Askey – "I'm Only Me" (Words and music by Val Guest and Manning Sherwin)
Anne Shelton – "You Too Can Have a Lovely Romance" (Words and music by Val Guest and Manning Sherwin)
Anne Shelton – "The 8.50 Choo Choo" (Words and music by Val Guest and Manning Sherwin)
Anne Shelton – "If You Could Only Cook" (Words and music by Val Guest and Manning Sherwin)
 "My Father Was a Yes Man" (Words and music by Val Guest and Manning Sherwin)

References

External links

1943 films
1943 musical comedy films
1940s war comedy films
British black-and-white films
British musical comedy films
British war comedy films
British World War II propaganda films
1940s English-language films
Films directed by Val Guest
Films produced by Maurice Ostrer
Films set in London
Gainsborough Pictures films
Films with screenplays by Marriott Edgar
1943 directorial debut films


The Kingdom of the East Angles (; ), today known as the Kingdom of East Anglia, was a small independent kingdom of the Angles comprising what are now the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk and perhaps the eastern part of the Fens. The kingdom formed in the 6th century in the wake of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain. It was ruled by the Wuffingas dynasty in the 7th and 8th centuries, but fell to Mercia in 794, and was conquered by the Danes in 869, to form part of the Danelaw. It was conquered by Edward the Elder and incorporated into the Kingdom of Wessex in 918.

History
The Kingdom of East Anglia was organised in the first or second quarter of the 6th century, with Wehha listed as the first king of the East Angles, followed by Wuffa.

Until 749 the kings of East Anglia were Wuffingas, named after the semi-historical Wuffa. During the early 7th century under Rædwald of East Anglia, it was a powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdom. Rædwald, the first East Anglian king to be baptised a Christian, is seen by many scholars to be the person buried within (or commemorated by) the ship burial at Sutton Hoo, near Woodbridge. During the decades that followed his death in about 624, East Anglia became increasingly dominated by the kingdom of Mercia. Several of Rædwald's successors were killed in battle, such as Sigeberht, under whose rule and with the guidance of his bishop, Felix of Burgundy, Christianity was firmly established.

From the death of Æthelberht II by the Mercians in 794 until 825, East Anglia ceased to be an independent kingdom, apart from a brief reassertion under Eadwald in 796. It survived until 869, when the Vikings defeated the East Anglians in battle and their king, Edmund the Martyr, was killed. After 879, the Vikings settled permanently in East Anglia. In 903 the exiled Æthelwold ætheling induced the East Anglian Danes to wage a disastrous war on his cousin Edward the Elder. By 917, after a succession of Danish defeats, East Anglia submitted to Edward and was incorporated into the Kingdom of England.

Settlement
East Anglia was settled by the Anglo-Saxons earlier than many other regions, possibly at the start of the fifth century. It emerged from the political consolidation of the Angles in the approximate area of the former territory of the Iceni and the Roman civitas, with its centre at Venta Icenorum, close to Caistor St Edmund. The region that was to become East Anglia seems to have been depopulated to some extent around the fourth century. Ken Dark writes that "in this area at least, and possibly more widely in eastern Britain, large tracts of land appear to have been deserted in the late fourth century, possibly including whole 'small towns' and villages. This does not seem to be a localised change in settlement location, size or character but genuine desertion."

According to Bede, the East Angles (and the Middle Angles, Mercians and Northumbrians) were descended from natives of Angeln (now in modern Germany). The first reference to the East Angles is from about 704–713, in the Whitby Life of St Gregory. While the archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests that a large-scale migration and settlement of the region by continental Germanic speakers occurred, it has been questioned whether all of the migrants self-identified as Angles.

The East Angles formed one of seven kingdoms known to post-medieval historians as the Heptarchy, a scheme used by Henry of Huntingdon in the 12th century. Some modern historians have questioned whether the seven ever existed contemporaneously and claim the political situation was far more complicated.

Pagan rule

The East Angles were initially ruled by the pagan Wuffingas dynasty, apparently named after an early king Wuffa, although his name may be a back-creation from the name of the dynasty, which means "descendants of the wolf". An indispensable source on the early history of the kingdom and its rulers is Bede's Ecclesiastical History, but he provided little on the chronology of the East Anglian kings or the length of their reigns. Nothing is known of the earliest kings, or how the kingdom was organised, although a possible centre of royal power is the concentration of ship-burials at Snape and Sutton Hoo in eastern Suffolk. The "North Folk" and "South Folk" may have existed before the arrival of the first East Anglian kings.

The most powerful of the Wuffingas kings was Rædwald, "son of Tytil, whose father was Wuffa", according to the Ecclesiastical History. For a brief period in the early 7th century, whilst Rædwald ruled, East Anglia was among the most powerful kingdoms in Anglo-Saxon England: he was described by Bede as the overlord of the kingdoms south of the Humber. In 616, he had been strong enough to defeat and kill the Northumbrian king Æthelfrith at the Battle of the River Idle and enthrone Edwin of Northumbria. He was probably the individual honoured by the sumptuous ship burial at Sutton Hoo. It has been suggested by Blair, on the strength of parallels between some objects found under Mound 1 at Sutton Hoo and those discovered at Vendel in Sweden, that the Wuffingas may have been descendants of an eastern Swedish royal family. However, the items previously thought to have come from Sweden are now believed to have been made in England, and it seems less likely that the Wuffingas were of Swedish origin.

Christianisation

Anglo-Saxon Christianity became established in the 7th century. The extent to which paganism was displaced is exemplified by a lack of any East Anglian settlement named after the old gods.

In 604, Rædwald became the first East Anglian king to be baptised. He maintained a Christian altar, but at the same time continued to worship pagan gods. From 616, when pagan monarchs briefly returned in Kent and Essex, East Anglia until Rædwald's death was the only Anglo-Saxon kingdom with a reigning baptised king. On his death in around 624, he was succeeded by his son Eorpwald, who was soon afterwards converted from paganism under the influence of Edwin, but his new religion was evidently opposed in East Anglia and Eorpwald met his death at the hands of a pagan, Ricberht. After three years of apostasy, Christianity prevailed with the accession of Eorpwald's brother (or step-brother) Sigeberht, who had been baptised during his exile in Francia. Sigeberht oversaw the establishment of the first East Anglian see for Felix of Burgundy at Dommoc, probably Dunwich. He later abdicated in favour of his brother Ecgric and retired to a monastery.

Mercian aggression
The eminence of East Anglia under Rædwald fell victim to the rising power of Penda of Mercia and successors. From the mid-7th to early 9th centuries Mercian power grew, until a vast region from the Thames to the Humber, including East Anglia and the south-east, came under Mercian hegemony. In the early 640s, Penda defeated and killed both Ecgric and Sigeberht, who was later venerated as a saint. Ecgric's successor Anna and Anna's son Jurmin were killed in 654 at the Battle of Bulcamp, near Blythburgh. Freed from Anna's challenge, Penda subjected East Anglia to the Mercians. In 655 Æthelhere of East Anglia joined Penda in a campaign against Oswiu that ended in a massive Mercian defeat at the Battle of the Winwaed, where Penda and his ally Æthelhere were killed.

The last Wuffingas king was Ælfwald, who died in 749. During the late 7th and 8th centuries East Anglia continued to be overshadowed by Mercian hegemony until, in 794, Offa of Mercia had the East Anglian king Æthelberht executed and then took control of the kingdom for himself. A brief revival of East Anglian independence under Eadwald, after Offa's death in 796, was suppressed by the new Mercian king, Coenwulf.

East Anglian independence was restored by a rebellion against Mercia led by Æthelstan in 825. Beornwulf of Mercia's attempt to restore Mercian control resulted in his defeat and death, and his successor Ludeca met the same end in 827. The East Angles appealed to Egbert of Wessex for protection against the Mercians and Æthelstan then acknowledged Egbert as his overlord. Whilst Wessex took control of the south-eastern kingdoms absorbed by Mercia in the 8th century, East Anglia could retain its independence.

Viking attacks and eventual settlement

In 865, East Anglia was invaded by the Danish Great Heathen Army, which occupied winter quarters and secured horses before departing for Northumbria. The Danes returned in 869 to winter at Thetford, before being attacked by the forces of Edmund of East Anglia, who was defeated and killed at Hægelisdun (identified variously as Bradfield St Clare in 983, near to his final resting place at Bury St Edmunds, Hellesdon in Norfolk (documented as Hægelisdun c. 985) or Hoxne in Suffolk, and now with Maldon in Essex). From then on East Anglia effectively ceased to be an independent kingdom. Having defeated the East Angles, the Danes installed puppet-kings to govern on their behalf, while they resumed their campaigns against Mercia and Wessex. In 878 the last active portion of the Great Heathen Army was defeated by Alfred the Great and withdrew from Wessex after making peace. In 880 the Vikings returned to East Anglia under Guthrum, who according to the medieval historian Pauline Stafford, "swiftly adapted to territorial kingship and its trappings, including the minting of coins."

Along with the traditional territory of East Anglia, Cambridgeshire and parts of Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire, Guthrum's kingdom probably included Essex, the one portion of Wessex to come under Danish control. A peace treaty was made between Alfred and Guthrum sometime in the 880s.

Absorption into the Kingdom of England
In the early 10th century, the East Anglian Danes came under increasing pressure from Edward, King of Wessex. In 902, Edward's cousin Æthelwold ætheling, having been driven into exile after an unsuccessful bid for the throne, arrived in Essex after a stay in Northumbria. He was apparently accepted as king by some or all Danes in England and in 903 induced the East Anglian Danes to wage war on Edward. This ended in disaster with the death of Æthelwold and of Eohric of East Anglia in a battle in the Fens.

In 911–919, Edward expanded his control over the rest of England south of the Humber, establishing in Essex and Mercia burhs, often designed to control the use of a river by the Danes. In 917, the Danish position in the area suddenly collapsed. A rapid succession of defeats culminated in the loss of the territories of Northampton and Huntingdon, along with the rest of Essex: a Danish king, probably from East Anglia, was killed at Tempsford. Despite reinforcement from overseas, the Danish counter-attacks were crushed, and after the defection of many of their English subjects as Edward's army advanced, the Danes of East Anglia and of Cambridge capitulated.

East Anglia was absorbed into the Kingdom of England. Norfolk and Suffolk became part of a new earldom of East Anglia in 1017, when Thorkell the Tall was made earl by Cnut the Great. The restored ecclesiastical structure saw two former East Anglian bishoprics replaced by a single one at North Elmham.

Old East Anglian dialect
The East Angles spoke Old English. Their language is historically important, as they were among the first Germanic settlers to arrive in Britain during the 5th century: according to Kortmann and Schneider, East Anglia "can seriously claim to be the first place in the world where English was spoken."

The evidence for dialects in Old English comes from the study of texts, place-names, personal names and coins. A. H. Smith was the first to recognise the existence of a separate Old East Anglian dialect, in addition to the recognised dialects of Northumbrian, Mercian, West Saxon and Kentish. He acknowledged that his proposal for such a dialect was tentative, acknowledging that "the linguistic boundaries of the original dialects could not have enjoyed prolonged stability." As no East Anglian manuscripts, Old English inscriptions or literary records such as charters have survived, there is little evidence to support the existence of such a dialect. According to a study by Von Feilitzen in the 1930s, the recording of many place-names in Domesday Book was "ultimately based on the evidence of local juries" and so the spoken form of Anglo-Saxon places and people was partly preserved in this way. Evidence from Domesday Book and later sources suggests that a dialect boundary once existed, corresponding with a line that separates from their neighbours the English counties of Cambridgeshire (including the once sparsely-inhabited Fens), Norfolk and Suffolk.

Geography

The kingdom of the East Angles bordered the North Sea to the north and the east, with the River Stour historically dividing it from the East Saxons to the south. The North Sea provided a "thriving maritime link to Scandinavia and the northern reaches of Germany", according to the historian Richard Hoggett. The kingdom's western boundary varied from the rivers Ouse, Lark and Kennett to further westwards, as far as the Cam in what is now Cambridgeshire. At its greatest extent, the kingdom comprised the modern-day counties of Norfolk, Suffolk and parts of eastern Cambridgeshire.<ref group=aeac name=p1>Hoggett, The Archaeology of the East Anglian Conversion, pp. 1–2.</ref>

Erosion on the eastern border and deposition on the north coast altered the East Anglian coastline in Roman and Anglo-Saxon times (and continues to do so). In the latter, the sea flooded the low-lying Fens. As sea levels fell alluvium was deposited near major river estuaries and the "Great Estuary" near Burgh Castle became closed off by a large spit of land.

Sources
No East Anglian charters (and few other documents) have survived, while the medieval chronicles that refer to the East Angles are treated with great caution by scholars. So few records from the Kingdom of the East Angles have survived because of a complete destruction of the kingdom's monasteries and disappearance of the two East Anglian sees as a result of Viking raids and settlement. The main documentary source for the early period is Bede's 8th-century Ecclesiastical History of the English People. East Anglia is first mentioned as a distinct political unit in the Tribal Hidage, thought to have been compiled somewhere in England during the 7th century.

Anglo-Saxon sources that include information about the East Angles or events relating to the kingdom:Ecclesiastical History of the English PeopleAnglo-Saxon ChronicleThe Tribal Hidage, where the East Angles are assessed at 30,000 hides, evidently superior in resources to lesser kingdoms such as Sussex and Lindsey.Historia BrittonumLife of Foillan, written in the 7th century

Post-Norman sources (of variable historical validity):
The 12th century Liber EliensisFlorence of Worcester's Chronicle, written in the 12th century
Henry of Huntingdon's Historia Anglorum, written in the 12th century
Roger of Wendover's Flores Historiarum, written in the 13th century

See also

List of monarchs of East Anglia

Notes

References

Bibliography

Fisiak, Old East Anglian''

Further reading

Peoples of Anglo-Saxon England
States and territories established in the 570s
States and territories disestablished in the 910s
571 establishments
6th-century establishments in England
918 disestablishments
10th-century disestablishments in England
Former kingdoms


Jamila () is the name of a fashion doll marketed to children in the Middle East. Challenging the already extant leading Muslim fashion doll Fulla, the 11.5 inch Jamila was launched by Simba Toys Middle East in October 2006.

History
Starting off as a single but supposedly truly Arabic doll with dark hair, thick eyebrows and brown eyes, Jamila was launched wearing a  black Abaya. Together with two other female dolls and one male doll, marketed as her best friends and her soon-to-be husband (Jamil), it hit the market with an exclusive point-of-sale promotion in Carrefour outlets throughout the Middle East.
Since its launch the range of items has increased not only by girls' accessories and dolls' clothing, single items of the Jamila brand have also become available at other retail outlets.

Besides her original definition as a self-confident, young Arabic woman with stereotypically "female" fashion fads, the doll's marketing story's character later was portrayed as having married and styled as care-giver for young family members – two baby dolls have been added two the product line (named Asad and Almira by the company).

Manufacturer & Distributor
Jamila was created by Simba Toys Middle East, which is a subsidiary of the German-based Simba-Dickie Group.

Clothing and Accessories
The Jamila line offers various accessories, such as shoes, jewelry, make up set, mobile phone and others.

References

Fashion dolls
Playscale figures


Peyto may refer to:
Peyto Lake
Peyto Peak
Peyto Glacier
Peyto Hut
William Peyto (disambiguation)


There are at least three extant uses of the name "Theogenes" () referenced in the literature of ancient Greece in surviving literature which appear to describe different persons. These are listed in the sections below.

Theagenes the Boxer from Thasos

Theagenes was one of the greatest athletes in Ancient Greece. He was born in the city of Thasos on the island of the same name in the Aegean Sea in the early fifth century. He was a boxer and a pankrationiast.

He had two victories at the Olympic Games. One was in boxing (480 BCE) and the other in the pankration (476). He won three times in boxing at the Pythian Games; nine times in boxing and once in the pankration at the Isthmian Games; and nine times in boxing at the Nemean Games. He also won the long distance race at Argos. He had 1300 other victories in lesser Games.

It is certain that Theogenes was worshipped as a god in Thasos after his death. One of his enemies whipped his statue. It fell and crushed him to death. The people of Thasos threw the statue into the sea. It was stained with blood. The fields did not produce after this act. The people of Thasos pulled the statue from the sea and put it back in its place. Worship continued. Theagenes was said to heal diseases.

Theagenes the Appointee of Cleon in Thucydides
Theagenes was an Athenian, who, in  425 BC, was appointed together with Cleon to repair to Pylos, and investigate the truth of the tidings, which had been brought thence, as to the difficulties of the blockade of Sphacteria. Cleon, however, prudently persuaded the people to abandon the proposed inquiry. (Thuc. iv. 27)  It is possible that this Theagenes should be identified with the person who is mentioned by Aristophanes ( Vesp. 1183), and who, the scholiast tells us, was an Acharnian (Arnold, ad Thuc. I.e.). A man of the same name is satirized also by Aristophanes (Pax, 894) for his swinish propensities. (See also Arist. Av. 822, 1127, 1295, Lys. 63, with the Scholia.)

Theagenes the Athenian Ambassador
Theagenes was also one of the Athenian ambassadors who set forth on their way to Darius Nothus, in 408 BC, under promise of a safe conduct from Pharnabazus. The satrap however detained them in custody at the instance of Cyrus, and he could not obtain leave to release them until after the lapse of three years. Whether this was the same Theagenes who was appointed one of the Thirty Tyrants in 404 BC (Xen. Hell. ii. 3. § 2) we have no means of deciding.

Ancient Athenians
5th-century BC Greek people
Ancient Greek ambassadors
Thirty Tyrants


Čerťák is a ski jumping stadium with two hills in Harrachov in the Czech Republic.

It was built in 1979 and both hill officially opened in 1980. The venue is most notable for being one of five ski flying hills in the world, though it also has three smaller hills close by. It is owned by the sports club TJ Jiskra Harrachov. Audience capacity is about 50,000. Despite being a flying hill, only two world records have ever set at Čerťák, both in the 1980s. It was also during this time, and into the early 1990s, that many horrific accidents occurred.

The hills
The hills are located on the north side of the mountain Čertova hora, not far from the border to Poland. The first hill in Harrachov was built in 1922, but at a different location in town. Later in the 1920s the first hill in Čerťák was built. It was eventually expanded and supplemented with more hills. The ski flying hill was built in 1979 and opened in March 1980.

The large hill in Harrachov was built at the same time as the ski flying hill, and renovated in 1992. This hill has a K-point of 125 m and a hill size of 142 m. The official record is 145.5 m, set by Janne Ahonen on 12 December 2004 during the 2004–05 World Cup season. The unofficial record is 151 m set by Martin Koch (Austria) on 17 December 2004 in a Continental Cup event.

The normal hill has K-point of 90 m, a hill size of 100 m and a hill record of 102.5 m. The two smaller hills have K-points of 70 m (hill record 77 m) and K-point 40 meters (hill record 43.5 m). The standard hill has plastic mats, allowing summer use.

The ski flying hill in Harrachov garnered an early reputation of being quite dangerous from which to jump. In its early years, jumpers achieved a significant height over the knoll, up to 12 m. The result of this height was that a gust of wind or error from the jumper could end catastrophically, and there were indeed many injuries from bad falls. During the World Championship in 1983, injuries were suffered by Steinar Bråten, Horst Bulau and Jens Weißflog. In 1985, Pavel Ploc suffered a violent crash. The venue was eventually closed by the FIS and rebuilt between 1989 and 1992, and has since kept the requirements from FIS. Accidents have still occurred, however: in 1992, Andreas Goldberger fell out of the air at the highest point of his jump and crashed very hard.

Events

Normal hill

Large hill

Flying hill

Hill record

Large hill

Flying hill

Official

Invalid

References

Ski areas and resorts in the Czech Republic
Ski jumping venues in the Czech Republic
Ski flying venues
Sports venues in the Liberec Region
Sport in Harrachov
Sports venues completed in 1980
1980 establishments in Czechoslovakia
20th-century architecture in the Czech Republic


Cottage to Let is a 1941 British spy thriller film directed by Anthony Asquith starring Leslie Banks, Alastair Sim and John Mills. Filmed during the Second World War and set in Scotland during the war, its plot concerns Nazi spies trying to kidnap an inventor.

The film was shot at the Lime Grove Studios in London, with sets designed by the art director Alex Vetchinsky. The film includes the first appearance of George Cole, superbly confident as a cocky young evacuee.

Plot
John Barrington (Leslie Banks) is a talented inventor, currently working on a bombsight for the Royal Air Force. who prefers to work in his own country house in the Highlands of Scotland near Loch Tay. His eccentric wife (Jeanne de Casalis) has agreed to take in child evacuees from London to be accommodated in a nearby cottage they own. However, also arriving is Charles Dimble (Alastair Sim) to whom the cottage has been let by the letting agency. To compound the confusion, Mrs. Barrington had also agreed to allow it to be converted into a military hospital. Therefore, Mrs Barrington decides she can only take one evacuee, which turns out to be cocky teenager, Ronald (George Cole).

An injured pilot who has parachuted into the nearby loch is rescued and brought to the house, becoming the first patient for the new hospital. Mrs. Barrington moves Ronald to the main house, while Dimble and the pilot remain in the cottage. After his injuries are treated by Mrs. Barrington's daughter Helen (Carla Lehmann), the pilot identifies himself as Flight Lieutenant Perry, flying Spitfires from a nearby airfield. However, when he is given a telephone to call his base, he makes the call, overheard by Helen, with the telephone disconnected from the socket.

The War Office discuss Barrington, concerned that someone is spying on his work, since his last invention, a self-sealing fuel tank, was copied by the Germans within a month of its mass production. They suspect his assistant Alan Trently (Michael Wilding), who although British was educated in Germany and still corresponds with people in Switzerland, and it is mentioned that they have sent someone to the house to investigate.

Defying the house rule, Ronald goes into the laboratory. He overcomes Barrington's initial hostility with his practical know-how and the two become friendly. Trently becomes jealous when Helen starts spending time with Perry. However, Helen resists Perry's advances and eventually lets Trently know that she prefers him.

German agents make their move and kidnap Barrington. Ronald stows away in the car used to take the captive to an isolated water mill. When Perry shows up, Ronald attacks one of the spies to help in the "rescue", but is shocked when Perry is revealed to be the agents' ringleader and intends to take Barrington to Berlin on a seaplane which is due to arrive in the loch the next night.

It turns out that Dimble is the British counter-intelligence officer sent by the War Office. He manages to infiltrate the spy ring and learn where Barrington is being held. All but one of the spies are captured and the prisoners are freed. Perry initially escapes, but is eventually tracked down and killed in a shoot-out with Dimble.

Cast
Leslie Banks as John Barrington
Alastair Sim as Charles Dimble
John Mills as Flight Lieutenant Perry
Jeanne de Casalis as Mrs. Barrington
Carla Lehmann as Helen Barrington
George Cole as Ronald
Michael Wilding as Alan Trently
Frank Cellier as Ernest Forest
Muriel Aked as Miss Fernery
Wally Patch as Evans
Muriel George as Mrs. Trimm
Hay Petrie as Dr. Truscott
Catherine Lacey as Mrs. Stokes
 Annie Esmond as Lady wrapping parcels for the bazaar (uncredited)
Peter Gawthorne as Senior RAF officer (uncredited)
Arthur Hambling as Scotland Yard Inspector (uncredited)
 Roddy Hughes as German agent (uncredited)
 Brefni O'Rorke as Scottish Police Inspector (uncredited)
 Charles Rolfe as German agent (uncredited)
 Ben Williams as Scottish fisherman (uncredited)

Bibliography
 Ryall, Tom. Anthony Asquith. Manchester University Press, 2013.

References

External links

1941 films
British black-and-white films
British spy films
British World War II propaganda films
Films directed by Anthony Asquith
World War II spy films
1940s spy films
1940s English-language films
Gainsborough Pictures films
Films shot at Lime Grove Studios
Films set in London
Films set in Scotland
English-language spy films


Ivor Grosvenor Guest, 2nd Viscount Wimborne,  (21 February 1903 – 7 January 1967) was a British politician.

Early life and education
Lord Wimborne was born on 21 February 1903, the son of Ivor Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne (1873–1939) and his wife The Hon Alice Katherine Sibell Grosvenor (1880-1948). His maternal grandfather was Robert Grosvenor, 2nd Baron Ebury (1834–1918).

He was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge.

Career
After Cambridge, he served with the Royal Tank Corps (TA), achieving the rank of lieutenant.

From 1935 to 1939, he was National Member of Parliament (MP) for Brecon and Radnor. In the latter year he succeeded his father in the viscountcy and entered the House of Lords.

Marriage and children
Lord Wimborne married Lady Mabel Edith Fox-Strangeways, daughter of Giles Fox-Strangways, 6th Earl of Ilchester (1874–1959), in 1938. William Walton composed "Set me as a seal upon thine heart" for the wedding.  They had four children:

 Ivor Fox-Strangways Guest, 3rd Viscount Wimborne (2 December 1939 - 17 December 1993)
 Hon Frances Ann Guest (18 November 1942 - 5 October 2017)
 Hon Julian John Guest (born 12 October 1945)
 Hon Charles James Guest (10 July 1950 - 27 December 2020)

Lord Wimbourne died in January 1967, aged 63, and was succeeded in the viscountcy by his eldest son Ivor.

References

External links

"KENSINGTON WEDDING", British Pathe Ltd

1903 births
1967 deaths
Viscounts in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Royal Tank Regiment officers
Guest, Ivor
Guest, Ivor
UK MPs who inherited peerages
Ivor
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Officers of the Order of the British Empire


Hanne Margrethe Fredriksen Sørvaag (born 27 December 1979) is a Norwegian singer-songwriter. For many years she was based in Stockholm, Sweden, mostly composing for other artists via Universal. Today she works from Oslo, Norway and has a career as a recording and performing artist.

She released her first album, You Know Me (Sony/Columbia), under the artist name Paris in 2002, an album that gave her three fair radio hits in Norway. Her second album, Talk of the Town (Diamond Road Music), was released in 2006 under her own name. The first single from the album was "I Don't Feel a Thing".

Apart from her career as a performing artist, she has also been successful writing for other artists, notably "My Destiny" (co-written by Tim Baxter and Harry Sommerdahl), which was performed by Katharine McPhee in the American Idol finals in 2006. Several other international and Norwegian artists have performed her songs. She often cites Sheryl Crow as a major influence on her music.

In 2012, she released an album with her own versions of songs she had written for other artists, Cover me. In Norway this has been her most successful album to date, making the top 10 of the national chart.

In 2012, she moved to Copenhagen, Denmark, and she lives in there currently.

Eurovision
In March 2008, the song "Disappear" composed by Hanne and Danish songwriters Thomas Troelsen and Remee won the German preselection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 performed by No Angels. The song therefore represented Germany in the Eurovision final in Belgrade on 24 May 2008. This is not the first time she has been involved in Eurovision, having co-written the song "You've Got a Hold On Me" sung by Linda Kvam in the Norwegian Melodi Grand Prix in 2003.

Eurovision 2010
The Norwegian and Georgian entries in the 2010 Eurovision Song Contest were both co-written by Hanne Sørvaag.

She and Fredrik Kempe wrote the Norwegian entry, "My Heart Is Yours" (sung by Didrik Solli-Tangen), which was directly qualified for the Grand Final, where it finished 20th.

Along with Harry Sommerdahl and Christian Leuzzi, Sørvaag also wrote the Georgian entry, "Shine", sung by Sofia Nizharadze. The Georgian entry finished third in the second semi-final, thus qualifying for the Grand Final, where it finished 9th, Georgia's first top 10 result in the Contest.

Sørvaag composed "Twilight" for Soraya Arnelas, who represented Spain at the Eurovision Song Contest 2009.

Melodi Grand Prix 2011
She participated in the Melodi Grand Prix 2011 with two songs, "You’re Like a Melody", which was written and sung by her, and "Guns & Boys", which was co-written by her and sung by Carina Dahl.

Eurovision Song Contest entries
"Disappear" by No Angels, Germany, (Eurovision Song Contest 2008), 23rd place
"My Heart Is Yours" by Didrik Solli-Tangen, Norway, (Eurovision Song Contest 2010), 20th place
"Shine" by Sofia Nizharadze, Georgia, (Eurovision Song Contest 2010), 9th place

Entries in national Eurovision pre-selections
"You've Got a Hold On Me" by Linda Kvam (Norway 2003), 5th place
"Tricky" by Velvet Inc. (Norway 2009)
"Do It Again" by Foxy (Norway 2009)
"You're Like a Melody" by Hanne Sørvaag (Norway 2011)
"Guns & Boys" by Carina Dahl (Norway 2011)
"Make It Better" by Tommy Fredvang (Norway 2012)

Discography

Albums

References

External links

Official web site
Official MySpace

1979 births
Living people
Norwegian expatriates in Denmark
Norwegian expatriates in Sweden
Norwegian women singer-songwriters
Norwegian singer-songwriters
Norwegian songwriters
21st-century Norwegian singers
21st-century Norwegian women singers


The Hassan uprising was a rebellion among the Moro people of Jolo during the Moro Rebellion. It was led by a Muslim datu named Datu Hassan, the youngest son of the Great Raja Muda Ammang. Panglima Hassan had assembled followers in Jolo's Crater Lake region, preparing to attack Jolo. Leonard Wood led a force of 1,250 soldiers, including Robert L. Bullard's 28th Infantry, in an attack on "Hassan's Palace", the "strongest cotta in the Sulu Archipelago". The Moro's fled and the Americans burned the fort. Hassan surrendered but then escaped, which led Wood to destroy every hostile cotta he encountered, resulting in the death of Datu Andung on Mount Suliman. Although never capturing Hassan, Wood did end up killing 1,500 Moros, which included women and children.

The uprising ended in March 1904, when Hassan and two others were cornered by 400 men under Scott's command at Bud Bagsak. It took 34 gunshots to finally kill Hassan. The Moros only had a few rifles and kris blades. The injured Hassan holding a kris in his mouth almost reached an American who was injured.   It was only a head shot with a .45 caliber which killed Hassan since an American was about get hacked with a barong wielded by Hassan despite being shot 32 times already by Krag rifle bullets.

References

Rebellions in the Philippines
Moro Rebellion
Battles of the Philippine–American War
Battles involving the United States
History of Sulu
Military history of the Philippines
1903 in the Philippines
1904 in the Philippines


The Battle of the Malala River was fought between the Philippines and the United States during the Philippine–American War which resulted in the death of Datu Ali, who had eluded the Americans longer than any other Moro leader.

Background
Datu Ali was the cousin of Datu Uto, ruler of Mindanao in the 1880s, and the son-in-law of Datu Piang.  Ali controlled the export of rice, beeswax, coffee, and products extracted from Almaciga and Gutta-percha trees.  Ali held a grudge against the Americans when they refused to let him travel to the US.  Ali retreated deep into the Cotabato Valley.

Engagement
General James Buchanan's force started to march inland as a decoy from the west, while the main American effort under McCoy moved inland from the east.  McCoy, and Lt. Johnston, led 100 men from the 22nd Infantry, 10 Philippine Scouts, and 140 Filipino bearers.  Buchanan departed on October 13, 1905, while McCoy reached the Malala River on October 22, having left behind his scouts, bearers and 13 soldiers on the way from Digos.

Surrounding Ali's residence beside Malala River, McCoy's men overpowered four guards, each armed with a Bolo knife.  Ali fired a Mauser rifle which killed an American private, but Lt. Philip Remington's pistol shot wounded Ali, who fled inside his house and out the rear where an American squad put fifteen more shots into Ali, killing him.

Aftermath
The merchants of Zamboanga City gave a public celebration, and McCoy received praise from Leonard Wood and President Theodore Roosevelt.

References

Conflicts in 1902
1902 in the Philippines
Battles involving the United States
Battles of the Philippine–American War
Naval battles of the Philippine–American War
Naval battles involving the Philippines
History of Davao del Sur
October 1905 events


The Battle of Taraca was fought in what is now Taraka, Lanao del Sur in the Philippines between the Moro people of Mindanao and the United States during the Philippine–American War. General Leonard Wood invited the region's datus to a peace conference, but the Sultan of Taraca, refused to attend.  The Taraca River Valley was where most of the Lake Lanao Moros lived, the home of Datu Ampuanagus and Datu Duli the most daring warrior

Wood sent two infantry battalions and two cavalry troops to the mouth of the Taraca River.  Col. Marion P. Maus' Third Battalion of the 22nd Infantry held the mouth of the river while Wood led a column overland.  Maus' men used a Vickers-Maxim machine gun and a Gatling gun to capture a few cottas, inflicting 65 casualties on the Moros.  Over the next week, Wood's men destroyed 130 cottas but failed to capture the Sultan.

References

Conflicts in 1903
1903 in the Philippines
Moro Rebellion
History of Lanao del Sur
Taraca


Ron Chandler was a British professional motorcycle racer. He competed in selected Grand Prix motorcycle road racing events between 1966 and 1971.

A Thames Lighterman by trade, Chandler was sponsored during his early career from 1962 by entrant Tom Kirby a motorcycle dealer with premises at Roneo Corner, Hornchurch, Essex. Breaking his ties to Tom Kirby in 1964, Chandler was then sponsored by Reg Kirby, Tom's brother and a motorcycle dealer from Stanford-le-Hope, Essex, whose bikes were prepared by Colin Seeley's race shop, Colin Seeley Racing Developments.

Chandler's best result at the Isle of Man TT was a fifth place finish in the 1966 Senior TT riding a Matchless motorcycle. In 1967 he won the prestigious 'King of Brands' title race. His best Grand Prix season was in 1969, when he finished in seventh place in the 500cc world championship. His best individual result in the world championships was a podium finish at the 1971 500cc West German Grand Prix when, he rode a Kawasaki H1R to a third place finish behind the reigning world champion Giacomo Agostini and Rob Bron at the Hockenheimring circuit.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
English motorcycle racers
350cc World Championship riders
500cc World Championship riders
Isle of Man TT riders


Port Bonython is the location of a deepwater port, gas fractionation plant and diesel storage facility west of Point Lowly in the Upper Spencer Gulf region of South Australia. It lies 16 km east-northeast of Whyalla, South Australia and approximately 370 km north-west of the State's capital city, Adelaide. The existing wharf is 2.4 kilometres long and is capable of berthing small Capesize ships with a maximum capacity of 110,000 tonnes. The wharf was established in 1982 and named after John Bonython, the founding chairman of Santos. The structure is leased to Santos by the Government of South Australia and is used for the export of hydrocarbon products. An oil spill at Port Bonython in 1992 resulted in loss of bird life and damage to mangrove habitats to the west and southwest of Port Pirie.

Overview
A gas fractionation plant operated by Santos was established at Port Bonython in 1982. The plant's refinery and tank farm complex receive crude oil and gas from the Cooper Basin in outback South Australia for processing and distribution. Port Bonython is the terminus of the Moomba to Port Bonython Liquids Pipeline which is 659 km long. From Port Bonython, Santos freights hydrocarbon products by sea to customers across the Asia-Pacific region.

A 2.4 km long wharf was constructed and purchased by the Government of South Australia for $48.2 million in 1983. First shipments from the facility were made that year. It was officially opened on 5 September 1984 by the South Australian Premier John Bannon.

The jetty is licensed to Santos under the Stony Point (Liquids Project) Ratification Act, 1981 and the State Government has an obligation to maintain the jetty for the life of the indenture. In 2010, Cabinet committed $29.9 million to its refurbishment.

A major oil spill occurred at Port Bonython during the berthing of the tanker Era in 1992. Her hull was pierced by a tugboat and approximately 300 tonnes of heavy bunker fuel leaked into Spencer Gulf. The spill response used chemical dispersants including Corexit and the remaining slick resulted in loss of bird life and damage to mangrove habitats and tidal creeks.

In May 2016, Port Bonython Fuels was commissioned, ending Santos's prior claim as the only established industrial presence in the area. Several other development proposals from other companies have been announced then subsequently abandoned.

In 2020, Port Bonython was named by the Government of South Australia as a potential location for the development of hydrogen export facilities to facilitate the expansion of the state's growing utility-scale renewable energy sector.

Proposed Port Bonython Mineral Precinct
Port Bonython was chosen as the site of a future mineral export precinct, facilitated by the Rann government. Concept plans included an iron ore export facility, a fuel distribution hub and a seawater desalination plant. Water produced by the proposed desalination plant would be piped overland, 300 km north to the Olympic Dam mine for the exclusive use of BHP. As of 2018, Port Bonython Fuels has been constructed and commissioned, the desalination plant has been abandoned and the iron ore export facility was abandoned without announcement.

Port Bonython Fuels

A fuel distribution hub and micro-refinery project known as Port Bonython Fuels was initially proposed by Scott's Transport and Stuart Petroleum in 2007. The two stage development was designed to provide a billion litres of diesel per year by road freight to mining companies around South Australia. The project's terrestrial footprint is comparable to Santos' facility.

The project was deemed to be public infrastructure and awarded 'Crown-sponsored Status' by the South Australian Government. The development application was approved by the Development Assessment Commission and the Minister for Planning Paul Holloway in 2010. The project documentation is not publicly available.

Port Bonython Fuels was sold by Senex Energy to Mitsubishi Corporation in two stages. Mitsubishi first purchased a 90% stake in 2012, then the remaining 10% in 2013. Port Bonython Fuels Ltd is now a wholly owned subsidiary of Mitsubishi Corporation.

In 2014, it was announced that Port Bonython Fuels was expected to commence construction in 2015. Opposition to the development has called for the proposed facility's relocation 20 km west, adjacent to the Lincoln Highway. The facility was commissioned in May 2016 and is owned by IOR Terminals and operated by Coogee Chemicals. It is open twenty-four hours-a-day, seven days-a-week and services tanker trucks of various classification, the largest being A-Triple size. The facility has increased shipping traffic to the existing Port Bonython wharf, where it receives imported liquid hydrocarbons. The facility includes 81ML of diesel storage (three 27ML tanks) and a two-bay gantry, each bay with three arms (2,400 Lpm per arm).

Abandoned projects

BHP Desalination Plant
Resource company BHP proposed to construct a reverse-osmosis seawater desalination plant at Port Bonython to provide water for the expansion of the Olympic Dam copper and uranium mine. The plant was approved by both State and Federal Governments in October, 2011. The plant had an approved capacity of up to 280 megalitres of produced water per day, or 137 gigalitres per year. At full capacity, this would result in 370 megalitres of waste brine with elevated salinity returned to the sea off Point Lowly.

During the preparation of the Olympic Dam Expansion Draft Environmental Impact Statement, scientists discovered that the region's population of Giant Australian Cuttlefish was genetically distinct and that it was vulnerable to increased salinity and changes in pH, particularly during embryo development.

Numerous people expressed concern about the potential impact of the plant on Spencer Gulf's salinity including prawn fishermen, tuna growers, scientists and environmentalists.

A small scale pilot desalination plant was established at Port Bonython and operated from 2007 to 2010. The pilot plant was established and operated by Veolia Water Solutions and Technology and a monitoring station was operated by Water Data Services.

The proposal to construct a desalination plant was ultimately abandoned after the company decided to expand the mine using existing methods, rather than reconfiguring the mine to an open cut. If constructed, the plant would have been the second largest in Australia after the Victorian Desalination Plant.

Port Bonython Bulk Commodities Export Facility
After identifying shortfalls in bulk commodities export infrastructure, four emerging mining companies formed the Port Bonython Bulk Users Group in 2008. A competitive tendering process to plan, build and operate the common user Port Bonython Bulk Commodities Export Facility was facilitated by the South Australian Government with the contract awarded in 2008.

An Environmental Impact Statement for the Port Bonython Bulk Commodities Export Facility was published by the Spencer Gulf Port Link consortium in 2013. Public submissions closed on 18 November 2013. The time period for consideration of the Federal environmental approval was extended at least four times, and was anticipated on or before 31 December 2014. As of August 2018 no decision regarding Federal environmental approval for the facility has been made. No final decision was ever published.

The proposed bulk commodities export facility was intended to be open access and managed by consortium. The consortium included Flinders Port Holdings, Australian Rail Track Corporation, Leighton Contractors and Macquarie Capital.

Prospective miners with iron ore deposits in the state's far north, including within the Woomera Protected Area were the most likely to utilize the facility, were it ever constructed. WPG Resources is one such company. BHP also expressed interest in considering Port Bonython for the potential future export of copper concentrates to China, were the Olympic Dam mine to expand to an open cut operation. All four mining companies that formed the Port Bonython Bulk Users Group either found alternative pathways for iron ore export or abandoned their iron ore prospects entirely. WPG Resources and IMX Resources successfully exported from other ports while Ironclad Mining and Centrex Metals did not proceed to mine development.

Other projects
An liquefied natural gas processing plant was proposed by Beach Energy and its Japanese partners Itochu in 2010, but was subsequently abandoned. In 2011, a plan to develop a Technical Ammonium Nitrate (TAN) plant was proposed by Deepak Fertilizers and was abandoned the following year owing partly to the location. The TAN plant proposal prompted accusations of State government deception, made by the community action group, Save Point Lowly.

Upper Spencer Gulf Marine Park

Waters adjacent to Port Bonython fall within the Upper Spencer Gulf Marine Park's outer boundary. A sanctuary zone has been created for the protection of the Australian giant cuttlefish. It covers a section of inshore breeding habitat immediately to the west of the proposed Port Bonython Bulk Commodities Export Facility. This location is renown as one of South Australia's best scuba diving sites.

An additional sanctuary zone exists at Fairway Bank, south of Port Bonython. It is located on the western side of the narrow shipping channel and may be subjected to impacts from moving Capesize vessels with limited under-keel clearance.

Special Purpose Areas are juxtaposed over sanctuary zones to allow for activity associated with significant economic development.

Shipping movements within the marine park were predicted to increase from approximately 360 per year to over 1000 by the year 2020, but this did not eventuate. Figures for shipping movement estimates did not include barge movements for transshipping activities. 32 barge movements are required to fill a single Panamax bulk carrier with iron ore. BHP also intends to transport heavy equipment by barge to a future landing facility north of Fitzgerald Bay, in the northern reaches of the Upper Spencer Gulf Marine Park.

Community response
Community action groups from Whyalla including Save Point Lowly, the Cuttlefish Coast Coalition and the Alternative Port Working Party have opposed the further industrialization of the Port Bonython and Point Lowly area in public, in formal submissions to Government and in the media. Their position is that the social, recreational and environmental values of the area must be preserved for current and future generations. They have identified alternative locations for the same facilities which would retain employment and other economic benefits for Whyalla's citizens whilst greatly reducing the extent of community and environmental sacrifice.

Transport and access

Roads
Port Bonython Road provides the only access to the Port Bonython area. It is currently a shared use public road which provides access to the Australian Army's Cultana Training Area, Point Lowly lighthouse, beaches, boat ramp and numerous coastal homes and camp sites. It also provides access for divers and tourists who visit in May through September to view or swim with the Australian giant cuttlefish during their annual inshore breeding aggregation. A coastal road to the north exists, but it is controlled by the Australian Army and is permanently closed to the public. In 2016 a partnership between the state government and Port Bonython Fuels enabled the construction of a new road connecting Port Bonython Road with the popular cuttlefish tourism site at Stony Point.

Railways
The Whyalla railway line connecting Whyalla to Port Augusta is standard gauge. The national standard gauge system extends from Port Augusta to Darwin, Perth, Adelaide and other regional towns.  The separate and isolated BHP Whyalla Tramway narrow gauge railway connects Whyalla to Iron Knob and extends to Iron Duke and other iron ore mines of the Middleback Range.  It is privately operated for the exclusive use of Arrium.  Railways to Whyalla were originally built for BHP. A new rail link connecting Port Bonython to the Whyalla standard gauge line is a component of the Port Bonython Bulk Commodities Export Facility proposal.

A dual gauge balloon loop was constructed at Whyalla to increase iron ore export capacity at the existing port there.

References

Suburbs of Whyalla
Ports and harbours of South Australia
Spencer Gulf


The Battle of Siranaya was a battle fought between the Philippines and the United States during the Philippine–American War.  Leonard Wood led a force against Datu Ali in the Cotabato Valley in retaliation for refusing to obey an antislavery law. Wood used a force of five companies and an artillery battery with a 3.2 inch piece to attack Ali's cotta and several thousand Moros.  The cotta surrendered after two days of American shelling but not before Ali and most of his men fled.
  The Moros left behind 21 Spanish cannons and 72 Lantakas.  Secretary of War William Taft criticized Wood afterwards for the excessive use of force and brutality.

References

Conflicts in 1902
1902 in the Philippines
Philippine Revolution
Battles involving the United States
Battles of the Philippine–American War
History of Cotabato


The Second Battle of Bud Dajo was a counterinsurgency action fought by American soldiers against native Moros in December 1911, during the Moro Rebellion phase of the Philippine–American War.

On November 11, 1909, Major General John J. Pershing assumed his duties as governor of the Moro province. On September 8, 1911, he issued Executive Order No. 24, which ordered the complete disarmament of all Moros. American soldiers experienced juramentado and amok attacks from Moros opposed to American rule. Pershing saw total disarmament as the solution to maintain American rule. The deadline for disarmament was December 1, 1911.

The attempted enforcement of this order brought about the Second Battle of Bud Dajo. In December 1911, an estimated 800 Moros fortified the top of the dormant volcano, a sacred site for refuge. Pershing, realizing the Moros had not time to provision their fortress, used two infantry battalions, a machine gun platoon, six troops of the 2nd Cavalry, a field artillery battery, five companies of the Philippine Scouts, and a company of Moro Constabulary.
Pershing, through negotiations, succeeded in persuading the majority of the assembled Moros to return home.

See also
 First Battle of Bud Dajo

References

Bud Dajo
1911 in the Philippines
Moro Rebellion
Bud Dajo 02
Bud Dajo
Bud Dajo, Second Battle
December 1911 events


A painter is a rope that is attached to the bow of a dinghy, or other small boat, and used for tying up or towing. Ideally, the painter should float.
If used on a boat with a propeller, the length of the painter should be shorter than the distance to the propeller, to prevent fouling the engine.

Canoeing
Canoes being used in moving water or whitewater are rigged with a painter at both the bow and stern.  In addition to the functions mentioned above, a canoe's painters can be used for lining the boat down difficult sections, self-rescue, and boat recovery.

See also

Knot
List of hitch knots
List of knots

References

Nautical terminology
Sailing rigs and rigging


James VI and I has been depicted a number of times in popular culture.

Theatrical depictions
James was first depicted in depth for the modern stage in the four-act comedy Jamie the Saxt (1936) by Scottish playwright Robert McLellan. Set in Scotland in the years 1592–94, McLellan's play depicts the King's various conflicts with the Kirk and his Scottish nobles, most particularly with the outlawed Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell, in the aftermath of the murder of James Stewart, 2nd Earl of Moray. The play The Burning (1971) by Stewart Conn deals similarly with events in the same period, but with a greater and more serious focus on James's persecution of witchcraft. The King also plays a significant role in Howard Brenton's Anne Boleyn (2010) depicted at the moment of his arrival in London around 1603. Of the three characterisations, Brenton's is the only one which touches comfortably on James's likely bisexuality. Common to all three characterisations, however, is a portrait, established by McLellan, of self-willed, seemingly cranky and almost arbitrary love of intellectual disputation for its own sake which belies an ultimately wily style of diplomacy.

Film and television
On screen, James has been portrayed by:
Lucien Littlefield in To Have and to Hold (1916), a silent adaptation of the novel To Have and to Hold
Raymond Hatton in To Have and to Hold (1922), another silent adaptation of To Have and to Hold
Jerrold Robertshaw in the British silent film Guy Fawkes (1923), based on the novel by Harrison Ainsworth
Jean Kircher and Judith Kircher in Mary of Scotland (1936)
Manfred Mackeben as a young child in the German film Das Herz der Königin (1940), about his mother Mary
William Podmore in The King's Author (1952), in the American TV series Hallmark Hall of Fame
Anthony Eustrel in Captain John Smith and Pocahontas (1953)
Everett Sloane in The King's Bounty (1955), in the American TV series Kraft Television Theatre
Bill Paterson in the ATV drama series Life of Shakespeare (1978)
Patrick Malahide in the "Treason" episode of the HTV West children's TV series Into the Labyrinth (1981), about the Gunpowder Plot
Hugh Ross in the Ulster Television series God's Frontiersmen (1988)
Dudley Sutton in Orlando (1992)
Angus MacDonald in Kings and Queens of England Volume II (1994)
Jim Cummings (voice) in the straight-to-video animated film Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World (1998)
Wayne Opie in the TV drama documentary Elizabeth (2000)
Jeremy Irons in the PBS TV series Freedom: A History of Us (2003)
Robert Carlyle in the BBC TV series Gunpowder, Treason & Plot (2004)
Ewen Bremner in the TV miniseries Elizabeth I (2005)
Jonathan Pryce in The New World (2005)
James Clyde in Anonymous (2011)
Kevin Little at the New York Renaissance Faire (2012)
Mathew Baynton/Jalaal Hartley in Horrible Histories and its later reboot
Derrek Riddell in the BBC TV series Gunpowder
Dr. Spencer M Dayton at several Renaissance Festivals throughout Northern California (2017-Present)
Alan Cumming in the Doctor Who episode "The Witchfinders" (2018)
Tony Curran will portray him in the upcoming TV miniseries Mary & George

Literature
James features in the novel The Fortunes of Nigel by Walter Scott (1822).
James is a character in the novel To Have and to Hold by Mary Johnston (1900).
James' life in Scotland is the subject of the novel When Love Calls Men To Arms (1912) by Stephen Chalmers.
James is the subject of the biographical novel Mine is the Kingdom (1937) by "Jane Oliver" (the pseudonym of Helen Christina Easson Rees).
James acts as something of the antagonist in the comic series Marvel 1602 and its sequels (2003).
Rafael Sabatini's novel The King's Minion (1930) portrays James as physically attracted to the young Robert Carr and George Villiers and implicates him in the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury.

Prints
James I was depicted in The Revells of Christendome, an anti-pope satire print engraved by the English artist Thomas Cockson in 1609.

References


Vincenz Müller (5 November 1894 – 12 May 1961) was a military officer and general who served in the Imperial German army, the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany, and after the war in the National People's Army of the (East) German Democratic Republic, where he was also a politician. Müller eventually became a member of the East German parliament, the Volkskammer, and served as chief of staff of the National People's Army.

Early career

Müller was born in the Kingdom of Bavaria into a non-military family, being the son of a tanner. He completed high school at the Metten Abbey gymnasium and joined the Württemberg Army's pioneer force. As a lieutenant he spent much of World War I with the German military mission to the Ottoman Empire. He was wounded by a grenade fragment at Gallipoli, and was then transferred to Baghdad and the Persian Front, returning to Germany after contracting malaria and typhus. In 1917 he returned to Turkey as a tactics instructor for Turkish officers.

After the war, he continued to serve with the Reichswehr in a variety of staff roles and was promoted to captain.

Nazi Germany
After Hitler's appointment as chancellor on 30 January 1933, Müller served from 1933 to 1935 as head of the construction of the mobilization system in the General Staff of the Military District Command VII, in Munich. His top superior was Lieutenant General Wilhelm Adam. He then worked until 1937 as head of the mobilization in German General Staff of the army. After visiting the Wehrmacht Academy, Müller served from 1938 to 1940 as First General Staff Officer (Ia) of Army Group 2, in Kassel. During this time he was promoted to colonel.
During this period, he is known to have had some contact with the conservative anti-Nazi resistance in the army through Erwin von Witzleben, but did not commit himself as an active plotter.

If his political affiliations remained unclear, Müller showed complete willingness to serve the Nazis' military plans and advance his Wehrmacht career. As a staff officer he was involved in planning Operation Tannenbaum, the aborted 1940 invasion of Switzerland, and Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. By 1943, Müller had become a Generalleutant (major-general) and was given command of the 56th Infantry Division, part of Fourth Army of Army Group Centre. By 1944 Müller was commander of XII Corps.

Müller found himself thrust into prominence during events in the Byelorussian SSR in late June 1944. Along with the rest of Fourth Army, the XII Corps was encircled east of Minsk by Soviet forces during the latter's strategic offensive, Operation Bagration. Müller's corps was probably the least-damaged of the trapped forces, and on 3 July he was given overall command of the encircled units of Fourth Army, around 100,000 troops, which by 5 July were as much as 100 km behind Soviet lines. Despite signalling by radio that he was confident that a breakout could be achieved, Müller, who had joined the breakout attempt of the 18th Panzergrenadier Division, was captured by 8 July and most of Fourth Army was destroyed.

Soviet captivity
Müller showed a willingness to cooperate with the Soviets from the time of his capture, issuing an order to troops of the Fourth Army to lay down their weapons.

During his time as a POW, Müller had an apparent change of views and professed to have become an anti-Nazi: within days of his capture he had joined the National Committee for a Free Germany and the Bund Deutscher Offiziere led by Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach. He was one of a group of generals captured during Operation Bagration (including Edmund Hoffmeister, the commander of XXXXI Panzer Corps, and Rudolf Bamler of the 12th Infantry Division) who became especially prominent in NKFD activity. Unlike many of his colleagues, however, Müller claimed to have become a staunch Communist. Along with Bamler, Müller is known to have attended special training in Krasnogorsk late in 1944, and is believed to have been recruited by the Soviet secret services to spy on fellow NKFD members, such as Friedrich Paulus.

The German Democratic Republic

Vincenz Müller was released relatively early from Soviet captivity, in 1948, and joined the National Democratic Party of Germany, the NDPD. From 1949 to 1952 he was the party's deputy chairman and was Vice-President of the East German parliament, the Volkskammer. During this period he is believed to have continued to act as an informant for East German state security.

After 1952, Vincenz Müller returned to a military career and was given the responsibility of reconstructing East Germany's armed forces; he was returned to the rank of Lieutenant-General. After heading the Ministry of the Interior, and successfully developing the Volkspolizei, he was appointed the Chief of Staff of the newly formed National People's Army - effectively the second-in-command of the East German military behind Willi Stoph. Müller's later career is perhaps the most significant example of the East German regime's use of former Nazis and military officers, the so-called Ehemaligen, in reconstructing its state apparatus. He was, however, known to be in favour of the independence of the NVA from the Soviet military, and to have maintained some contacts in the West through military and Bavarian circles (Western intelligence services in fact attempted to persuade Müller to defect during this period). He is also known to have conducted secret discussions with the West German Finance Minister, Fritz Schäffer, on a possible détente between East and West Germany.

After being gradually sidelined, Müller retired in 1958 amidst longstanding concerns over his loyalty to the East German administration, and came under increasing pressure from the Stasi. He was said to be suffering from schizophrenia, and was hospitalised for a period in 1960; allegations also resurfaced that he had been involved in the mass killing of Jews in Artemovsk and the shooting of POWs. He died in 1961, in somewhat controversial circumstances, as he fell from the balcony of his home on the day he was scheduled to return to hospital; it was rumoured that he had committed suicide when a police vehicle drew up outside.

A posthumous autobiography, Ich fand das wahre Vaterland (), was published in 1963, edited by Klaus Mammach, an SED historian.

Awards and decorations
 Iron Cross of 1914, 1st and 2nd class
 Wound Badge (1918) in Black
 Knight's Cross Second Class of the Friedrich Order with Swords
 Order of the Medjidie, 5th Class with Swords (Ottoman Empire)
 Silver Liakat Medal with Swords (Ottoman Empire)
 Ottoman War Medal (Turkish: Harp Madalyası; "Gallipoli Star", "Iron Crescent") (Ottoman Empire)
 Iron Cross of 1939, 1st and 2nd class
 German Cross in Gold (26 January 1942)
 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (7 April 1944)
 Patriotic Order of Merit in Gold (East Germany)

References

Citations

Bibliography

Lapp, Peter:
General bei Hitler und Ulbricht. Vincenz Müller - Eine deutsche Karriere, Christoph Links Verlag, Berlin 2003,
Ulbrichts Helfer. Wehrmachtsoffiziere im Dienste der DDR, Bernard & Graefe Verlag, 2000, .
Ehlert, Hans & Wagner, Armin: Genosse General! Die Militärelite der DDR in biografischen Skizzen, Christoph Links Verlag, Berlin 2003, .
 Froh, Klaus, Wenzke, Rüdiger: Die Generale und Admirale der NVA. Ein biographisches Handbuch. 4. Auflage. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2000, .
 Küsters, Hanns Jürgen: Wiedervereinigung durch Konföderation? Die informellen Unterredungen zwischen Bundesminister Fritz Schäffer, NVA-General Vincenz Müller und Sowjetbotschafter Georgij Maksimowitsch Puschkin 1955/56, in: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte Jg. 40 (1992) Heft 1, S. 107–153. online hier.

1894 births
1961 deaths
People from Aichach
Military personnel from the Kingdom of Bavaria
National Democratic Party of Germany (East Germany) politicians
Members of the Provisional Volkskammer
Members of the 1st Volkskammer
Members of the 2nd Volkskammer
Military personnel from Bavaria
German Army personnel of World War I
Reichswehr personnel
Lieutenant generals of the German Army (Wehrmacht)
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the Soviet Union
National Committee for a Free Germany members
Lieutenant generals of the National People's Army (Ground Forces)
Recipients of the Gold German Cross
Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Recipients of the clasp to the Iron Cross, 1st class
Recipients of the Patriotic Order of Merit in gold
Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 5th class
Recipients of the Silver Liakat Medal
German military personnel who committed suicide
Suicides by jumping in Germany
Suicides in East Germany
Deaths from falls


The 16th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly represented New Brunswick between October 19, 1854, and May 30, 1856.

The assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of New Brunswick John Henry Thomas Manners-Sutton.

Daniel Hanington was chosen as speaker for the house.

List of members

Notes

References
Journal of the House of Assembly of ... New Brunswick from ... October to ... November, 1854 ... (1854)

Terms of the New Brunswick Legislature
1854 in Canada
1855 in Canada
1856 in Canada
1854 establishments in New Brunswick
1856 disestablishments in New Brunswick


KIJV (1340 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Huron, South Dakota. The station is owned by Carolyn and Doyle Becker, through licensee Riverfront Broadcasting, LLC, and airs a Hot AC music format.

The station was assigned the KIJV call sign by the Federal Communications Commission.

Notable on-air personalities include Gary Outlaw, Ted "the Bear" Richards, Shawn Martin, JJ McKay, Dennis Harrington, Dave Sanders, and syndicated host Delilah Rene.

Ownership

In December 2003, Dakota Communications Ltd. (Duane Butt, president) reached an agreement to acquire this station and KZNC from Three Eagles Communications as part of a two-station deal for a reported $400,000. Dakota Communications has operated Huron's other two licensed radio stations, KOKK and KJRV-FM, since 1975.

In August 2013, KIJV dropped its Oldies format in favor for Hot Adult Contemporary. Dakota Communications had previously operated a Hot AC format in the Huron market before moving KXLG to the Watertown, South Dakota market.

Effective December 31, 2022, Dakota Communications sold KIJV, sister stations KJRV and KOKK, and translator K237EL to Riverfront Broadcasting for $255,000.

History
KIJV began broadcasting June 30, 1947, as a Mutual affiliate (supplemented by transcriptions from NBC) on 1340 kHz with 250 W power. The first program featured civic officials and musicians from Huron College. The station was owned by the James Valley Broadcast Company.

References

External links
Official Website
Listen Online

IJV
Oldies radio stations in the United States
Huron, South Dakota
Beadle County, South Dakota
Mass media in the Mitchell, South Dakota micropolitan area
Radio stations established in 1947
1947 establishments in South Dakota
Riverfront Broadcasting LLC


Nogyang Station is a station on the Gyeongwon Line in South Korea.  It is served by Seoul Subway Line 1.  The station lies in the far northern end of Uijeongbu in Gyeonggi-do.

Platforms
 Platform 1: to Ganeung / Seoul Station / Kwangwoon University / Incheon
 Platform 2: to Yangju / Dongducheon / Soyosan

Exits
 Exit 1: Nogyang-dong Community Center, Uijeongbu District Court, Uijeongbu District Public Prosecutor's Office, Uijeongbu Kwangdong High School
 Exit 2: Nogyang Park, Hadonggyo, Nogyangsageori, Pyeonghwa-ro

The vicinity of the station

 Uijeongbu District Prosecutors' Office
 Uijeongbu Indoor Ice Rink
 Uijeongbu Gymnasium (Professional Volleyball V-League Men's Uijeongbu KB Insurance Stars Home Stadium)
 Uijeongbu Sports Complex
 Nokyang Elementary School

References

Seoul Metropolitan Subway stations
Metro stations in Uijeongbu
Railway stations opened in 2006
Railway stations in South Korea opened in the 2000s


David Low (6 April 1887 – 4 August 1916) was an Australian rules footballer who played with West Torrens in the South Australian Football League (SAFL).

Originally from Broken Hill, Low was a defender and debuted for West Torrens in 1910. He finished second in the 1911 Magarey Medal count and won the Medal the following season, becoming the first specialist defender to ever win it as well as the first from West Torrens. He was also Club Champion that season. During his career he was a regular South Australian interstate representative.

Low enlisted in the army in 1915 and went on to serve in Africa and Europe. He died in London on 4 August 1916 after being badly wounded in action.

External links

Roll of Honour: David Low
National Archives of Australia: David Low

1887 births
1916 deaths
West Torrens Football Club players
Magarey Medal winners
Australian rules footballers from New South Wales
Australian military personnel killed in World War I
North Broken Hill Football Club players


Charles I of England has been depicted in popular culture a number of times.

Music
Curse My Name, a song by German power metal band Blind Guardian on the album At the Edge of Time (2010), depicts the downfall and execution of Charles I.
 "King Charles" is a song on the 2018 debut EP of English musician Yungblud.

Literature
 Jowitt views the character of the gentleman Vitelli in Massinger's 1624 play The Renegado as an allegory of the prince during the failed marriage attempt.
 There is the manuscript of play entitled Charles I by Percy Shelley, started in early 1822 and left unfinished after his death.
Twenty Years After, by Alexandre Dumas, gives a highly fictionalised account of Charles I's downfall, trial and death condensed into a few days. The book's fictional villain, Mordaunt, is depicted as the king's executioner, while Athos, Aramis, D'Artagnan and Porthos are his secret – and unsuccessful – helpers.
John Inglesant (1881), by Joseph Henry Shorthouse, features the hero meeting Charles I.
In High Places (1898) by Mary Elizabeth Braddon depicts the youth of Charles I.
1649: A Novel of a Year by Jack Lindsay (1938) begins with Charles' execution.
The Civil War period is seen through the eyes of the fictional Morland family in The Oak Apple, Volume 4 of The Morland Dynasty, a series of historical novels by author Cynthia Harrod-Eagles.
 Mary of Carisbrooke: The Girl Who Would Not Betray Her King by Margaret Campbell Barnes (1956) narrates the relationship of the titular heroine with Charles, during the latter's imprisonment on the Isle of Wight.
55 Days (2012 – played in the premiere production by Mark Gatiss)
 He makes a brief appearance in Lawrence Norfolk's John Saturnall's Feast, published in 2012 by Bloomsbury Publishing.
 He's a character in The King's Spy by Andrew Swanston, set mainly in Oxford; the novel was published in August 2012 by Bantam Press.
 In Traitor's Field by Robert Wilton, published in May 2013 by Bloomsbury Publishing, the reader follows him from his imprisonment in Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight to his trial and, ultimately, execution in Whitehall.
 Makes an appearance in Elizabeth Goudge's 1958 novel, The White Witch, set during the Civil War.

Film and television
On screen, Charles has been portrayed by:
Russell Thorndike in the British silent film Henrietta Maria; or, The Queen of Sorrow (1923)
Henry Victor in the British silent film The Royal Oak (1923), in which he also played Charles II
Hugh Miller in The Vicar of Bray (1937)
Robert Rietty in The Scarlet Blade (1963)
Stephen MacDonald in the BBC TV drama series Witch Wood (1964)
Kenneth Colley in a drama in the BBC TV series Thirty-Minute Theatre entitled Revolutions: Cromwell (1970)
Alec Guinness in Cromwell (1970)
Jeremy Clyde in the BBC TV drama series The Children of the New Forest (1977) and By the Sword Divided (1983)
Stephen Fry in the BBC TV comedy short Blackadder: The Cavalier Years (1988), with very similar mannerisms to King Charles III
Bill Paterson in The Return of the Musketeers (1989), loosely based on the novel Twenty Years After
Aleksei Petrenko in the Russian film Mushketyory 20 let spustya (1992), also based on Twenty Years After
Chris Kirk in the British TV drama documentary Civil War: England's Fight for Freedom (1997)
Rupert Everett in To Kill a King (2003)
Martin Turner briefly at the beginning of the BBC TV miniseries Charles II: The Power & the Passion (2003)
Peter Capaldi in Channel 4's four-part TV drama series The Devil's Whore (2008)
Mathew Baynton and Adam Riches in the British children's sketch show Horrible Histories (2009–2015)

References

Charles I
Charles I


Amanita smithiana, also known as Smith's amanita, is a species of agaric found on soil in coniferous (Abies, Tsuga, Pseudotsuga) and broadleaved (Alnus, Quercus) woodland in the Pacific Northwest of North America. It fruits in August and September.

Taxonomy
Amanita smithiana was described by Dutch mycologist Cornelis Bas in 1969. The specific epithet honors mycologist Alexander H. Smith, who collected the type specimens from Washington in 1941. It belongs in the subgenus Lepidella.

Description
The cap has a diameter of  and is white and scaled with remnants of the universal veil. The stipe is  long by  thick, white and similarly scaled, with a ring. Spores are ellipsoid to elongated, amyloid, and measure 11–12.5 by 7–8 µm.

Toxicity
It is responsible for poisonings in the Pacific Northwest when mistaken for the edible and sought after Tricholoma murrillianum. It causes initial gastrointestinal symptoms that manifest 1 to 12 hours after eating the mushrooms, followed by acute nephritis after a delay of 2–6 days. Hemodialysis appears to be an effective treatment and most patients recover normal kidney function within several weeks of ingestion.

It is thought that Amanita smithiana nephrotoxicity is from chlorocrotylglycine and allenic norleucine.

Several similar species have been implicated in similar cases of poisoning: A. sphaerobulbosa, Saproamanita thiersii, A. proxima, (Spain) and A. pseudoporphyria (Japan).

See also

List of Amanita species

References

External links

smithiana
Poisonous fungi
Fungi of Canada
Fungi of the United States
Fungi described in 1969
Fungi without expected TNC conservation status


Richard III of England has been depicted in literature and popular culture many times. In the Tudor period he was invariably portrayed as a villain, most famously in Shakespeare's play Richard III, but also in other literature of the period. Richard's life was not much depicted again until the 20th century when the "Ricardian" movement sought to restore his reputation. Much of more recent creative literature has portrayed him in a positive light. However his reputation as a hunchbacked villain has remained a familiar historical cliché within popular culture.

Literature

Tudor period

The foremost work of literature featuring Richard III is William Shakespeare's Richard III, which is believed to have been written in 1591, a century after the King's death. It was the final part of a tetralogy of plays about the Wars of the Roses. Richard also appears in the two plays preceding it, Henry VI, Part 2 and Henry VI, Part 3. Shakespeare depicts Richard as a deformed and malevolent individual who takes out his bitterness over his own twisted body on the world, serving only his own ambition. His self-serving amorality is the culmination of the social and moral chaos caused by power struggles between the great magnates of the era. In Henry VI part 3 (Act III, Scene 2, lines 1645–50) Richard describes himself as follows:

Why, love forswore me in my mother's womb:
And, for I should not deal in her soft laws,
She did corrupt frail nature with some bribe,
To shrink mine arm up like a wither'd shrub;
To make an envious mountain on my back,
Where sits deformity to mock my body;
To shape my legs of an unequal size.

Two other plays of the Elizabethan era predated Shakespeare's work. The Latin-language drama Richardus Tertius (1579) by Thomas Legge is believed to be the first history play written in England. The anonymous play The True Tragedy of Richard III (c.1590), performed in the same decade as Shakespeare's work, was probably an influence on Shakespeare. Neither of the two plays places any emphasis on Richard's physical appearance, though the True Tragedy briefly mentions that he is "A man ill shaped, crooked backed, lame armed" adding that he is "valiantly minded, but tyrannous in authority." Both portray him as a man motivated by personal ambition, who uses everyone around him to get his way.

In 1602, in the last days of Tudor England, Ben Jonson wrote a play about Richard entitled Richard Crookback. His portrayal of the king is unknown, as it was never published. However, it is unlikely to have departed from the negative portrayal of Richard, and probably followed the same pattern as Jonson's only other tragedies, written at the same period, Catiline His Conspiracy and Sejanus His Fall, both of which are about ruthless usurpers who finally receive just retribution.

Several ballads about the Battle of Bosworth Field (1485) also survive from this period, some of which may date back to the immediate aftermath of the battle.

18th century

Richard is one of the central characters in Nicholas Rowe's 1714 play The Tragedy of Jane Shore; he is portrayed as a tyrant, similar to Shakespeare's Richard.
Richard Plantagenet a legendary tale, a poem by Thomas Hull was published in 1774. It is written in the first person, spoken by Richard Plantagenet, the king's illegitimate son. The boy grows up in ignorance of his parentage. He meets his father just before the Battle of Bosworth. His father proposes to acknowledge him and raise him to royalty after the battle, but he tells him to keep his parentage secret if the battle is lost. With the king's defeat, Richard spends the rest of his life as a lowly workman.

19th century
In Edward Bulwer-Lytton's novel The Last of the Barons (1843) Richard, as Duke of Gloucester, features prominently.
In Robert Louis Stevenson's The Black Arrow: A Tale of the Two Roses the young Richard of Gloucester is a significant secondary character, as "Richard Crookback".
In Mark Twain's A (Burlesque) Autobiography he writes: "I was born without teeth — and there Richard III had the advantage of me; but I was born without a humpback, likewise, and there I had the advantage of him."

20th century

Dickon is a 1929 novel by Marjorie Bowen about King Richard III of England, giving a sympathetic portrayal of Richard.
Josephine Tey's The Daughter of Time (1951) puts Clements Markham's theories regarding the Princes in the Tower, from his Richard III: his life and character (1906), into the form of a modern detective novel. While in hospital, an injured police detective devotes his spare time to an investigation of the murder of the Princes, supposedly committed or commissioned by Richard III. He concludes that Richard was innocent and that the most likely culprit was Henry VII. Writing as Gordon Daviot, she also wrote a play, Dickon (produced 1955), based more closely on the historical Richard, and again sympathetic in its treatment.
Counterfactual treatments of what would have happened had Richard III won the Battle of Bosworth and killed Richmond instead are rare within the alternate history subgenre of science fiction. One rare exception is Andre Norton's The Crossroads of Time (1956/1962), in which Ferdinand and Isabella also fail to subdue Granada. Thus, John Cabot discovers America (or Cabotland, as it is called here), amidst other historical alterations. While Richard III plays a minor role, Norton's sympathies seem Ricardian in this context.
Rosemary Hawley Jarman's novel We Speak No Treason  (1971) is another account from the Ricardian viewpoint, told through three courtiers.
 John Crowley's novel The Deep features a fictionalized version of Richard named Sennred, who is portrayed as a hero.
Elizabeth Peters's novel The Murders of Richard III (1974) is set in a modern country house filled with Ricardians re-enacting the events of 1483–5. A series of pranks escalating to crimes occur during the re-enactments.
Rhoda Edwards wrote two historical novels examining Richard's youth up to his betrothal to Anne Neville, Fortune's Wheel (1979), and his reign as king up to his death, Some Touch of Pity (1977) (published in the US as The Broken Sword).
Dickon by Jack Pulman (1979) is a play premiered by the John Lewis Partnership Dramatic Society, directed by Michael Deacon, and starring Alan Patient as Richard III.
Richard III features as a character in The Founding (1980), Volume 1 of The Morland Dynasty, a series of historical novels by Cynthia Harrod-Eagles.  This volume is set against the background of the Wars of the Roses.
Sharon Kay Penman's historical novel The Sunne in Splendour (1982) gives a comprehensive account of the Wars of the Roses. However, the author has made additions and minor adjustments to enrich the story.
John M. Ford wrote a counterfactual fantasy treatment of Richard III's rise to power, The Dragon Waiting (1986), albeit one set in an alternate universe where Julian the Apostate reigned as Roman Emperor for longer than in our history and was successful in reinstating Roman polytheism as a consequence. Magic also works in this alternate universe. At its end, Richard III wins the Battle of Bosworth and kills Richmond.
In the Jonny Quest comic, #10, March 1987: "Winters of Discontent", Jonny and Hadji are accidentally sucked back in time and meet Richard III, only to find the princes are not locked in the tower (they adore their uncle), that Richard, not deformed, is loved by the people, and that there is a plot by Henry to usurp Richard and launch a smear campaign to legitimize his own claim to the throne. The theme is that history is written by the winners and that the truth will out.
Kate Sedley's "Roger the Chapman" series (1991 - 2013) features a pedlar who solves murders and is often employed by Richard III.

21st century

Reay Tannahill's The Seventh Son (2001) is a sympathetic but unromanticized treatment of Richard III.
Sandra Worth's trilogy "The Rose of York" includes three titles: Love and War (2003), Crown of Destiny (2006) and Fall from Grace (2007).
Anne Easter Smith's A Rose for the Crown (2006) is a romantic novel centred upon Katherine Haute, who has been suggested as the mother of at least one of Richard's illegitimate children.
In Jasper Fforde's Thursday Next series, the Shakespeare play is treated in the same way as The Rocky Horror Show, with regular audiences dressing up as characters from the play, stepping in to take part in it, and regular, evolutionary audience participation.
Posie Graeme-Evans's trilogy about the later Plantagenet kings features a young Richard III.
In Margaret Peterson Haddix's 2009 young-adult novel Sent, volume two of her The Missing novel series about a time-traveling illegal adoption ring involving abducted young historical figures, two of the main characters, Chip and Alex, turn out to be Edward V and Richard of Shrewsbury, respectively. They dodge an assassination attempt by Richard III, who believed that it was necessary for them to die for the good of England, and nevertheless was wracked by guilt about it throughout his reign.
Philippa Gregory's novel The White Queen (2009) never fully acquits Richard of the young princes' murder/disappearance, but implies that Henry Tudor's mother, Margaret Beaufort, is involved, with the intention of incriminating Richard; however, Prince Richard is saved by being secretly sent abroad. Her novels The Red Queen and The White Princess confirm the suggestions made in the earlier book.
Moonyeen Blakey's novel The Assassin's Wife implicates Richard in the murder of the princes.
In Requiem of the Rose King, a manga series begun in 2013 by Aya Kanno and loosely based on Shakespeare's plays, Richard is portrayed as being intersex rather than hunchbacked.
Jason Charles's The Claws of Time (2017) is a historical fantasy novel which depicts the relationship between Richard III and his fictional mistress Dimiza/River.

Screen adaptations
Perhaps the best-known film adaptation of Shakespeare's play Richard III is the 1955 version directed and produced by Sir Laurence Olivier, who also played the lead role. Also notable are the 1995 film version starring Sir Ian McKellen, set in a fictional 1930s fascist England, and Looking for Richard, a 1996 documentary film directed by Al Pacino, who plays the title character as well as himself. In the 1960 BBC series based on Shakespeare's history plays, An Age of Kings, Paul Daneman played Richard. Ron Cook played Richard III in the 1983 BBC Shakespeare production of the play. Away from the Shakespearean tradition, Aneurin Barnard played Richard in the 2013 BBC-Starz joint production TV series The White Queen based on Philippa Gregory’s novels, and in September 2014 BBC started filming a new TV version of the Shakespearean play for the second part of The Hollow Crown with Benedict Cumberbatch in the title role.

Richard's career is the subject of the 1939 film Tower of London, in which he is played by Basil Rathbone. The film was later remade by Roger Corman in 1962, starring Vincent Price as Richard (Price had played Clarence in the earlier version). Richard is a thorough-paced villain in both versions. Neither film owes much to the Shakespeare play, but the 1962 Corman version has similarities to Macbeth, complete with paradoxical prophesies, and visions of bloodied ghosts. Unusually, Richard's wife Anne is portrayed, like Lady Macbeth, as an ally, egging him on in his evil plans.

Despite his having died at the age of 32, Richard is often depicted as being considerably older: Laurence Olivier was 47 (in his 1955 film), Vincent Price was 51, Ian McKellen was 56 as was Pacino in his 1996 film (although Pacino was 39 when he played him on Broadway in 1979, and Olivier was 37 when he played him on stage in 1944). Ron Cook was 35 when he played Richard III in the 1983 BBC Shakespeare production of the play. Aneurin Barnard was 25 at the time of filming, and Cumberbatch 38.

Films
Richard has been portrayed by the following actors on film, mostly in versions of the Shakespeare play:
William V. Ranous in the silent short Richard III (1908), dramatising a part of Shakespeare's play
Frank Benson in the silent short Richard III (1911), also dramatising a part of Shakespeare's play
Frederick Warde in the silent Shakespeare adaptation Richard III (1912), one of the earliest American feature films
Rolf Leslie in the silent film Jane Shore (1915), an adaptation of the play The Tragedy of Jane Shore by Nicholas Rowe
John Barrymore in The Show of Shows (1929), in the Henry VI Part III segment.
Basil Rathbone in Tower of London (1939), a horror film loosely dramatising Richard's rise to power
Lowell Gilmore in The Black Arrow (1948), a dramatisation of the novel The Black Arrow: A Tale of the Two Roses by Robert Louis Stevenson
Laurence Olivier in the Shakespeare adaptation Richard III (1955), for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor and won the BAFTA Award for Best British Actor
Vincent Price in the remake of Tower of London (1962); Price had played the Duke of Clarence in the original film
Ramaz Chkhikvadze in a Russian version of the Shakespeare play, Richard III (1980)
Ariel García Valdés in a French version of the Shakespeare play, Richard III (1986)
Ian McKellen in Richard III (1995), set in a fictional fascist England, for which he was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role
Al Pacino in Looking for Richard (1996), Pacino's free-form exploration of the character and the play.
Jamie Martin in Richard III (2005), a modernised version set on a Brighton housing estate
Scott Anderson in Richard III (2008), a modern-day version
In a play within a play in Neil Simon's 1977 film The Goodbye Girl, Richard Dreyfuss's character reluctantly portrays Richard as a stereotypically effeminate homosexual at the insistence of an avant-garde director.

Television
Richard has been portrayed on television by:
William Windom in Shakespeare's Richard III (1950), an episode of the American series Masterpiece Playhouse
Paul Daneman in the BBC series An Age of Kings (1960), which contained all the history plays from Richard II to Richard III, and in the drama Traitor's Gate (1962)
Wolfgang Kieling in the West German TV version of Shakespeare's play König Richard III (1964)
Ian Holm in War of the Roses (1965), which was a filmed version of the Royal Shakespeare Company performing all three parts of Henry VI and Richard III
Adalberto Maria Merli in the Italian serial La Freccia nera (1968), an adaptation of The Black Arrow
Péter Haumann in III. Richárd (1973), a Hungarian version of Shakespeare's play
Colin Starkey in "Who Killed the Princes in the Tower?", an episode of the BBC drama documentary series Second Verdict (1976)
Ron Cook in the BBC Shakespeare versions of Henry VI, Part 2, Henry VI, Part 3 and The Tragedy of Richard the Third (1983)
Andrew Jarvis in the BBC series The Wars of the Roses (1989), which included all of Shakespeare's history plays performed by the English Shakespeare Company
Antony Sher (voice) in the BBC series Shakespeare: The Animated Tales (1994)
Paul Mohan in an episode of the British educational TV series Historyonics entitled "Richard III" (2004)
 Benedict Cumberbatch portrayed Richard in the second season of The Hollow Crown (2016), an adaptation of Shakespeare's historical plays.
 Mitsuki Saiga in Japanese and Ciarán Strange in English in the 2022 TV anime adaptation of the manga Requiem of the Rose King.
 "The Trial of King Richard the Third" was a modern-day simulated trial aired on the BBC on February 21, 1984; in which King Richard III is tried for the murder of King Edward V and Prince Richard of Shrewsbury. Richard is not depicted directly, but being "inescapably absent" is tried in absentia.
 Jim Howick in the CBBC children's television show Horrible Histories; Richard III sings a power ballad in which he attempts to restore his reputation.
 Aneurin Barnard in The White Queen, the 2013 television dramatisation of Philippa Gregory's Cousins' War novels.
 Peter Cook in the pilot episode of the 1983 British historical sitcom Blackadder. In the series', Richard is a parody of Laurence Olivier's depiction; Richard in this continuity is a kind, benevolent monarch, who defeats Henry Tudor at the aforementioned battle but is accidentally killed by bumbling noble Edmund, Duke of Edinburgh (Rowan Atkinson).

Other

In 2016 contemporary British artist Alexander de Cadenet presented a skull-portrait of Richard III in conjunction with Leicester University. The portrait was produced using University of Leicester forensic X-ray scans of the king.
Richard III has the dubious distinction of being immortalised in Cockney rhyming slang, Richard the Third meaning turd.  In the Thames Television series Minder, a different use of rhyming slang is made when Arthur describes a girlfriend of his minder Terry's as being a "comely Richard" (i.e. Richard the Third = bird, a British slang term for "girl"). The "bird" meaning was also used by Ronnie Barker in a comedy sketch in which he played a clergyman giving a sermon in rhyming slang. This seems more logical, given that in baby talk, a bird is commonly a "dicky-bird", and "Dick" is a common short form of Richard.
Britpop band Supergrass have a song titled Richard III on their album In It for the Money.
Richard Lawrence, who tried but failed to assassinate U.S. President Andrew Jackson in 1835, was under the delusion that he was actually King Richard III.
Stephen Beckett plays Richard III in the Doctor Who audio drama The Kingmaker.
Slysheen, a character from Yu-Gi-Oh! The Duelists of the Roses, is portrayed as Richard III.
Peter Sellers slyly mocks both the Beatles and Laurence Olivier's portrayal of Richard III by reciting the lyrics to A Hard Day's Night in costume and delivery that parody Olivier in a recording that he reprised on a television show (available from YouTube).
It has been posited that character of Humpty Dumpty was inspired by Richard III.  This theory, advanced by Katherine Elwes Thomas in 1930 and adopted by Robert Ripley, posits that Humpty Dumpty is Richard III, depicted in Tudor histories, and particularly in Shakespeare's play, as humpbacked and who was defeated, despite his armies at Bosworth Field in 1485. However, the term "humpback" was not recorded until the eighteenth century, and no direct evidence linking the rhyme with the historical figure has been advanced.
 In German productions of musical Tanz Der Vampire (Dance of the Vampires) at the ball of Count von Krolock there are several historical figures among vampires,  including Richard III and his wife Anne Neville. The musical is based on a 1967 horror comedy film "The Fearless Vampire Killers" directed by Roman Polanski, where Richard III also appears as a vampire at the ball. His portrait hangs on the wall in Alfred's bedroom in Count von Krolock's castle.
 American folk/indie artist Sparklehorse has a song titled Homecoming Queen, which follows Richard III's thoughts as he dies at the Battle of Bosworth, specifically thoughts of his wife, Anne Neville. The song plays on the fourth scene of the fifth act of Shakespeare's Richard III, with its opening lines, "A horse, a horse/My kingdom for a horse", but appears to view Richard III in a sympathetic light with its strange, regretful melancholy.
 An anime adaptation of Shakespeare's works, Baraou no Souretsu (Requiem of the Rose King) was released in January, 2022. The story follows Richard's and Henry VI's life and depicts the events that took place during the War of the Roses.

References

Further reading

Sue Parrill and William B. Robison, The Tudors on Film and Television (McFarland, 2013). .

External links
 TudorsOnFilm - Home

Richard III
Richard III of England
Richard III
Shakespeare villains


Yangju Station is a train station on Seoul Subway Line 1 and the Gyeongwon Line. The name comes from Yangju, the city where this station is located. Until December 2007, it was called Junae Station.

Platforms
 Platform 1: to Ganeung / Seoul Station / Kwangwoon University / Incheon
 Platform 2: to Ganeung / Seoul Station / Kwangwoon University / Incheon
 Platform 3: to Soyosan / Dongducheon
 Platform 4: to Soyosan / Dongducheon

Exits
 Exit 1: Junae Post Office, Yangju 1-dong Community Center, Nambang 1-ri Community Center
 Exit 2: Pyeonghwa-ro, Nambanggyo

References

Seoul Metropolitan Subway stations
Metro stations in Yangju
Railway stations opened in 1948
Railway stations in South Korea opened in the 2000s