The Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.8 was a British two-seat single-engined general purpose biplane of the First World War, designed by John Kenworthy at the Royal Aircraft Factory in 1913. Small numbers were used by the Royal Flying Corps over the Western Front in the first year of the war, with the type being used as a trainer until 1916.

Development and design
The B.E.8 was the definitive development of the earlier B.E 3 type, and the last of the B.E. series to be designed with a rotary engine. The main changes were that the fuselage now rested on the lower wing, in the normal way for a tractor biplane, and that the tail unit was changed to the B.E.2 pattern. Three prototypes were built at Farnborough with a single long cockpit for both crew members. The production aircraft had two separate cockpits and were built by sub-contractors. The improved B.E.8a of 1915 had new B.E.2c type wings, featuring ailerons instead of wing warping and a revised tail unit.

Operational history
Both models of the aircraft entered service with the Royal Flying Corps and a small number served in France in 1914 and early 1915 but most were used by training units.

Variants
BE.8
Production aircraft with wing warping.
BE.8a
Production aircraft with ailerons.

Operators

Royal Flying Corps
No. 1 Squadron RFC
No. 2 Squadron RFC
No. 3 Squadron RFC
No. 5 Squadron RFC
No. 6 Squadron RFC
No. 9 Squadron RFC

Specifications (BE.8)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography
 Angelucci, Enzo. The Rand McNally Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft, 1914-1980. San Diego, California: The Military Press, 1983. .
 Bruce, J.M. British Aeroplanes 1914-18. London: Putnam, 1957.
 Bruce, J.M. The Aircraft of the Royal Flying Corps (Military Wing) . London: Putnam, 1982. .
 Hare, Paul R. The Royal Aircraft Factory. London:Putnam, 1990. .
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985). London: Orbis Publishing, 1985, p. 2819.

1910s British military reconnaissance aircraft
BE08
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1913
Rotary-engined aircraft


Conophytum is a genus of South African and Namibian succulent plants that belong to the family Aizoaceae. The name is derived from the Latin conus (cone) and Greek phytum (plant). The plants are also known as knopies (buttons in Afrikaans), waterblasies (water blisters in Afrikaans), sphaeroids, conos, cone plants, dumplings, or button plants.

Taxonomy
The genus is sometimes wrongly referred to as Conophyton, the name that Adrian Hardy Haworth suggested in 1821: "If this section proves to be a genus, the name of Conophyton would be apt". However, this was too tentative to establish a validly published generic name and also, Haworth himself neither adopted it nor accepted the genus. The genus was neither recognised nor validly named until the name Conophytum was published 101 years later.

Description
Conophytum species are dwarf cushion-forming or single-bodied succulents. Members of the genus are tiny plants with succulent leaves ranging from 1/4" to 2" in length. These leaves are partially or entirely fused along their centers. Each leaf pair (together referred to as a body) ranges in shape from "bilobed" to spherical to ovoid to tubular to conical. Some species have epidermal windows on the top of their leaves. To the naked eye the epidermis ranges from very smooth to slightly rough to hairy, depending on the microscopic epidermal cell shape and structure. In their normal, natural state each stem has only one pair of leaves at a time though one plant may have dozens of stems and thus dozens of leaf pairs. When very heavy rains come to their native habitat they may grow luxuriantly and develop two leaf pairs per stem simultaneously; this is called "stacking up" of the leaves. The plants grow very slowly; depending on the species, a 50-year-old plant might not be bigger than a walnut.

Cultivation
Several species of Conophytum are found in cultivation. In temperate regions they are best grown in a specialist medium with the protection of glass, as they do not tolerate temperatures below .

Conservation
Recently several species have been threatened with extinction due to mining and poaching from the wild for the black market. These plants are mainly sold to collectors in Asian countries, where there has been a high demand for them. In June 2021, police arrested a dozen men at a farm in the Western Cape for possession of 4,000 Conophytum acutum; this came as a surprise as scientists thought there were only about a thousand of the plants in the wild and none on the farm in question. Teams at the Kirstenbosch Botanical Garden are collecting and categorising seeds from Conophytum and other succulents in partnership with the Millennium Seed Bank.

Species
This is a list of species in the genus Conophytum.

References

Aizoaceae genera
Flora of Namibia
Flora of South Africa
Flora of the Cape Provinces
Succulent plants
Taxa named by N. E. Brown


Mederdra is a small town and commune in south-west Mauritania, near the border of Senegal. In 2000 it had a population of 6,858.

Transport

It lies on the route of a proposed railway line to connect phosphate mines at Kaédi with the capital and port of Nouakchott.

Famous citizens
Malouma Meidah, a popular singer and politician, was born in Mederdra in 1960.

Horma Ould Babana, politician, was born here on 12 March 1912.

See also
 Transport in Mauritania
 Railway stations in Mauritania

References

Communes of Trarza Region


The third season of the American sitcom The Office premiered in the United States on NBC on September 21, 2006, and concluded on May 17, 2007. The season had a total of 25 half-hours of material, divided into 16 half-hour episodes, five 40-minute "super-sized" episodes, and two one-hour episodes. The Office is an American adaptation of the British TV series of the same name as a mockumentary portraying the daily lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictitious Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. The season stars Steve Carell, Rainn Wilson, John Krasinski, Jenna Fischer, and B. J. Novak, with supporting performances from Melora Hardin, David Denman, Ed Helms, Leslie David Baker, Brian Baumgartner, Kate Flannery, Mindy Kaling, Angela Kinsey, Paul Lieberstein, Oscar Nunez, and Phyllis Smith.

The season marked the move of main character Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) from Scranton to Stamford, and also introduced Rashida Jones as Karen Filippelli, and Ed Helms as Andy Bernard—both members of Dunder Mifflin Stamford—as recurring characters. Helms would later be promoted to series regular. The main plot for the early episodes of the season deals with a recurring problem in seasons one and two—the problem of company downsizing—while in the last half of the season, intra-office relationships (specifically those among Pam, Jim, and Karen; Dwight and Angela; and Michael and Jan Levinson) also become major plot points.

The third season of The Office aired on Thursdays at 8:30 p.m. (ET). The season saw its ratings increase from the previous. In addition, it continued the critical praise that had started during the show's second season. The season was released on DVD in a box set containing four discs. While the DVD features all 25 episodes, the episodes "Traveling Salesmen" and "The Return" were condensed into one episode. The set contained commentaries from creators, writers, actors, and directors on some of the episodes, while also containing deleted scenes from all of the episodes. It was released by Universal Studios Home Entertainment.

Production

The third season of the show was produced by Reveille Productions and Deedle-Dee Productions, both in association with NBC Universal Television Studios. The show is based on the British series created by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant, who are executive producers on the show and wrote the third-season episode "The Convict". The Office is produced by Greg Daniels, who is also executive producer and show runner. Returning writers from last season include Daniels, Michael Schur, Gene Stupnitsky, Lee Eisenberg, Jennifer Celotta, Mindy Kaling, Paul Lieberstein, and B. J. Novak. Joining the writing staff for the third season are Brent Forrester, Justin Spitzer, and Caroline Williams.

Season three featured episodes directed by twelve different directors. Ken Kwapis, Ken Whittingham, Daniels, Randall Einhorn, Tucker Gates, Jeffrey Blitz, and Harold Ramis all directed multiple episodes. The remained only directed one episode for the season. Gordon, Kwapis, Whittingham, and Daniels had all previously directed episodes during seasons one and two. The season also featured guest directing courtesy of Joss Whedon and J. J. Abrams. While The Office was mainly filmed on a studio set at Valley Center Studios in Van Nuys, California, the city of Scranton, Pennsylvania, where the show is set, was also used for shots of the opening theme.

The series was renewed before the airing of the second-season episode "The Carpet". Series star Jenna Fischer noted that "It is rare in this business to hear news of a pickup so early", but that NBC was very pleased with how well the show was doing. It had previously, and erroneously, been advertised that the show would finish its run at the end of March 2006. Fischer later explained that while the season would end—actually in May—the show would continue.

Season overview
Notable ongoing subplots from the third season and beyond include:

 Jim Halpert's transfer to the Dunder Mifflin Stamford branch
 Michael Scott's up-and-down relationship with Jan Levinson
 The introduction of Stamford-based employees Andy Bernard and Karen Filippelli
 Pam Beesly calling off her wedding to Roy Anderson
 The closing of the Stamford branch and subsequent merger with Scranton
 Jim's new romance with Karen Filippelli
 Ryan Howard's promotion to salesman
 Dwight Schrute competing with Andy to be Michael's right-hand man
 David Wallace's search for a new Vice President of Sales

Cast

The Office employs an ensemble cast. All of the main characters, and some minor ones, are based on characters from the British version of The Office. While these characters normally have the same attitudes and perceptions as their British counterparts, the roles have been redesigned to better fit the American show. The show is known for its large cast size, many of whom are known particularly for their improvisational work.

Main
 Steve Carell as Michael Scott, Regional Manager of the Dunder Mifflin Scranton Branch. Loosely based on David Brent, Gervais' character in the British version, Scott is a dim-witted and lonely man, who attempts to win friends as the office comedian, usually making himself look bad in the process.
 Rainn Wilson as Dwight Schrute, who, based upon Gareth Keenan, is the Assistant to the Regional Manager, although the character frequently fails to include "to the" in his title.
 John Krasinski as Jim Halpert, a sales representative and prankster, who is based upon Tim Canterbury, and is in love with Pam Beesly, the receptionist.
 Jenna Fischer as Pam Beesly, who is based on Dawn Tinsley. She is shy, but is often a cohort with Jim in his pranks on Dwight.
 B. J. Novak as Ryan Howard, who for the first two seasons is a temporary worker, but is promoted to sales representative in this season.

Starring
 Melora Hardin as Jan Levinson, Michael's boss and love interest.
 David Denman as Roy Anderson, Pam's ex-fiancé and a warehouse worker.
 Ed Helms as Andy Bernard, a preppy salesman with anger issues, who is transferred from the Stamford branch.
 Leslie David Baker as Stanley Hudson, a grumpy salesman.
 Brian Baumgartner as Kevin Malone, a dim-witted accountant, who is based on Keith Bishop.
 Kate Flannery as Meredith Palmer, a promiscuous supplier relations representative.
 Mindy Kaling as Kelly Kapoor, the shallow and talkative customer service representative.
 Angela Kinsey as Angela Martin, a judgemental accountant, who serves as Dwight's love interest.
 Paul Lieberstein as Toby Flenderson, the sad-eyed human resources representative.
 Oscar Nunez as Oscar Martinez, an intelligent accountant, who is also gay.
 Phyllis Smith as Phyllis Vance, a motherly saleswoman.

Recurring
 Rashida Jones as Karen Filippelli, a saleswoman transferred from the Stamford branch, who serves as Jim's new love interest.
 Creed Bratton as Creed Bratton, the office's strange quality assurance officer.
 Craig Robinson as Darryl Philbin, the warehouse manager.
 Andy Buckley as David Wallace, Dunder Mifflin's CFO.

Reception

Ratings

The third-season premiere "Gay Witch Hunt" received a 5.7/9 in the Nielsen ratings, meaning that on average 5.7 percent of households were tuned in at any given moment and 9 percent of all televisions in use at the time were tuned into the program. The premiere was watched by 9.1 million viewers, and marked a slight increase from the second season premiere "The Dundies". At the onset of the season, the show began to eclipse the viewership of its lead-in program, My Name Is Earl. The season hit a low with the nineteenth episode "The Negotiation", which was viewed by 6.74 million viewers. The season finale, "The Job" was viewed by 7.88 million viewers, also an increase from the second-season finale "Casino Night". By the end of the 2006–07 season, it placed 68th, a one-place slip from the previous season. Despite this, the show's third season was slightly more watched than the previous: it averaged 8.3 million viewers, and scored a 4.1/11 in the Nielsen ratings, meaning that on average 4.1 percent of households 18–49 years old were tuned in at any given moment and 11 percent of all televisions in use at the time were tuned into the program. The series also ranked as the 28th-most watched series in the 18–49 demographic.

Reviews
The third season of The Office was met with critical acclaim. Review aggregator website Metacritic gave the third season of the show an 85 out of 100 rating, which translates to the status of "universal acclaim". Travis Fickett of IGN felt that "In its third season The Office continued to be one of the smartest, funniest and most likable shows on television." Entertainment Weekly writer Meeta Agrawal praised the show for separating the action between Jim in Stamford and the rest of the characters in Scranton, a feat that he notes "could have been disastrous" to other shows. Furthermore, he argued that the effort made the audience "appreciate [the characters] even more". Ultimately, he gave the season an "A−". Francis Rizzo III of DVD Talk called the season "an outstanding year for the Scranton crew" and praised the "unbelievably funny 21 episodes in between" the opener and the finale as reasons as to why it was "a great stand-alone season from easily one of the funniest shows on TV."

The third season was the first season to feature hour-long episodes, with "A Benihana Christmas" and "The Job". While the following season would be criticized for its overuse of hour-long episodes, both of season three's longer episodes received favorable reception. While season three did indeed feature mainstream songs in its soundtrack, many of the songs were decades old. Daniels later explained that "our songs are not about the show's identity as a whole. Each song reflects personal elements of a character, or the emotions of the character at the time."

Awards
The third season of The Office received seven nominations for Primetime Emmys at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards, and won the award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for the episode "Gay Witch Hunt", as well as the award for Outstanding Single-camera Picture Editing For A Comedy Series for the episode "The Job". The Office was also nominated for the Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series, with the award going to 30 Rock. Other nominations included Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series for Steve Carell for his portrayal of Michael Scott, Outstanding Supporting Actor for Rainn Wilson for his portrayal of Dwight Schrute, Outstanding Supporting Actress for Jenna Fischer for her portrayal of Pam Beesly, Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for Ken Kwapis for directing the episode "Gay Witch Hunt", and another nomination for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for Michael Schur for the episode "The Negotiation".

Episodes

In the following table, "U.S. viewers (million)" refers to the number of Americans who viewed the episode on the night of broadcast. Episodes are listed by the order in which they aired, and may not necessarily correspond to their production codes.

 denotes a "super-sized" 40-minute episode (with advertisements; actual runtime around 28 minutes).
 denotes an hour-long episode (with advertisements; actual runtime around 42 minutes).

DVD release

References

External links

2006 American television seasons
2007 American television seasons


The Root is an African American-oriented online magazine. It was launched on January 28, 2008, by Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Donald E. Graham.

History
The Root was owned by Graham Holdings Company through its online subsidiary, The Slate Group. In 2015, Graham Holdings sold The Root to Univision Communications. The site was subsequently re-launched under the Kinja platform used by other Gizmodo Media Group (formerly Gawker Media) websites. GMG was later succeeded by G/O Media as owner of The Root.

In July 2017, the blog Very Smart Brothas, co-founded by Damon Young and Panama Jackson, became a vertical of The Root.

Danielle Belton was editor-in-chief at The Root between 2017 and 2021, when she was appointed editor of HuffPost. On April 14, 2021, it was announced that Vanessa De Luca had been appointed editor-in-chief.

Since April 2021 The Root has seen substantial staff turnover with 15 out of the 16 full-time staffers resigning following internal tensions, with former staff member Michael Harriot saying that, "as a staff, we came to the conclusion that, basically, The Root is over."

The Root 100
The Root 100 is the magazine's annual "list of the 100 most important black influencers between the ages of 25 and 45." This list has been published since 2011. Readers of The Root are allowed to nominate those who they feel are deserving of being on this list. The list has had a wide variety of people from celebrities such as Donald Glover, writers like Roxane Gay, and athletes. Other influential people in the black community who are not as well known, such as activists, are encouraged to be added to the list as well.

References

External links

 C-SPAN Q&A interview with The Root Managing Editor Lynette Clemetson, October 12, 2008

African-American magazines
Online magazines published in the United States
American political websites
Magazines established in 2008
Fusion Media Group
Former Univision Communications subsidiaries


Huasca de Ocampo () is a town and municipality of the state of Hidalgo in central Mexico. It is located 34 km from Pachuca and 16 km from Real del Monte in the Pachuca Mountains. While the town itself is just within the mountain range, much of the municipal land is located in a valley that opens up to the east of the town. While one of the first haciendas to be established in Mexico is located here, economic development started with mining haciendas built by Pedro Romero de Terreros in the 18th century. By the mid 20th century, none of these haciendas were in existence, having been broken up into communal farm lands ( ejido ) and some even fully or partially under lakes created by dams. While agriculture remains important economically, the area has been promoted as a tourism destination, especially for weekend visitors from Mexico City, with attractions such as canyons, traditional houses, old hacienda facilities and waterfalls.

Etymology
The original name for the area was “Huascazaloya.” This come from Nahuatl and has three possible meanings. The first and most probable means “place of happiness and abundance.” The second derives from a phrase that means “place of water.” The third comes from a phrase that means “place where they make precious cotton shawls (mantas).” The appendage “de Ocampo” was adopted in honor of Melchor Ocampo, who lived briefly here in the mid 19th century.

History
First records of the area extend only as far as the early colonial period. The area came under the encomienda of the Diego de Paz family, who were centered in Atotonilco el Grande starting in 1558. Small villages such as San Sebastian and San Bartolomé are mentioned in early records but not the municipal seat of Huasca. In the late 16th century, the area was acknowledged as an “Indian Republic,” meaning that the natives here had a certain amount of autonomy from the Spanish. By the 17th century, the encomienda was broken up and the lands around the Indian republic became haciendas.

The town of Huasca became established between the 1760s and 1780s as Pedro Romero de Terreros, the first Count of Regla, developed mining here. The mines he established along with earlier ones in Pachuca and Real del Monte made him the richest man in the world at the time. Romero established four major mining haciendas here, with the largest being San Miguel Regla and Santa Maria Regla. At their height, these haciendas employed thousands of workers, first to build them then to operate them. This would end after this count's death in 1781 due to poor management. By 1810, the production of the mines here, in Pachuca and in Real del Monte fell almost 80%. Lands were rented out and the raising of cattle grew in importance. However, since the renters had no vested interest in maintaining the properties, overgrazing and other ecological damage would ruin this aspect of the economy as well. By the mid 19th century, many of the granaries and other buildings lay in ruins. This prompted mass migration out of the area.

Since that time, agriculture has continued to be the mainstay economically. The large haciendas of the area were broken up, with much of the land becoming ejidos, or lands held in common by rural communities. By the latter part of the 20th century, the main buildings of Santa Maria Regla and San Miguel Regla were converted into luxury hotels and resorts. The San Antonio Hacienda is almost completely underwater due to one of the many dams that have been constructed here in the 20th century to store water and to provide electricity.

No major indigenous communities remain with only 64 people speaking an indigenous language as of the 2005 census.

In addition to agriculture, ecotourism has become a major aspect of the economy. Huasca de Ocampo was the first in Hidalgo state to become part of the federal Pueblos Mágicos (Magical Towns) tourism program, mostly because most of the town's old buildings remain and the pace of life has changed very little here since the first half of the 20th century.

However, the area's popularity tourist destination has led to property disputes between residents and those wishing to purchase or otherwise gain control of land here, especially around the old Santa María Regla hacienda. Government authorities have pressured about twenty families to sell, and there is pressure from banks which hold outstanding loans on other properties. Some have been threatened with eviction but court orders have prevented this so far. Many of the families have lived on these lands for over 200 years. Attempts to take the land had been tried since the 1970s, but have intensified recently.

The town

The town of Huasca de Ocampo is set just inside the northeast edge of the Sierra de Pachuca where the meet the west end of the valley of Tulancingo. The town is surrounded by low forested peaks. Upon exiting the town towards the east, the landscape opens out into the valley. The center of town is narrow filled with houses and other buildings made with white sandstone and topped with pitched roofs covered in red laminate (metal or plastic) or red clay tile. The walls are thick and large chunks of stone can be seen held together with mortar. This is common in the older mining areas of Hidalgo where rain is frequent. (tradition) Some of the structures are decorated with smooth river stones and many of the storefronts and other buildings on the main roads have accents done in rough hewn wood with the bark still attached. The streets of the town are paved with stone and there are few to no streetlights at night.

In the center of the town is the main parish church. Many think the church is dedicated to the Archangel Michael, mostly due to the relief carving above the main portal, but in reality it is dedicated to John the Baptist.  This church was founded in the first half of the 16th century by Augustinians from the monastery in Atotonilco el Grande. The relief over the main portal was donated by Pedro de Terreros who was a devotee of the archangel. The side altars inside are made of wood and are assumed to be from the 18th century. One is Baroque in style but is missing columns. It contains a large painting of the Archangel Michael depicted with two Franciscan saints helping souls trapped in Purgatory. The other side altars are more traditionally Baroque in style.

The town is noted for its pottery, made with the local red clay. Most of the pieces are everyday wares such as jars, plates and cups. These are mostly sold at the weekly market or tianguis. The best known artisans in the town are Jesús Chavez Centeno and Luis Escorz who have their shops in the portals north of the main church.  Other crafts include hats, caps, molcajetes made with volcanic stone, furniture, wrought iron, objects made from obsidian and rompope. The Casa de Cultura is to the south of the main church which also sells local crafts.

Market day for the town is Monday, when vendors set up stands all along the main street through town, mostly to sell locally needed products. At the market and in the restaurants traditional dishes such as baked trout, cecina, barbacoa, pastes, quesadillas with huitlacoche, pulque bread and fruit wines are available. Specialty dishes such as chinicuiles, escamoles chichas de maguey and dishes made with local wild mushrooms are available in season.

Near the town there is a possible pre-Hispanic site, with evidence of a former pyramid. The town has over fifteen inns and hotels.

The festival of John the Baptist takes place on 24 June of each year. The event is celebrated with masses, charreadas, horse racing, cockfights, sporting events, fireworks, folk dancing and more. Another important annual event is the feast day of the Virgin of Guadalupe. On these occasions, it is possible to see traditional dress such as pants and shirts made of manta (natural cotton cloth) which have been embroidered in bright colors.

The municipality

Although the town of Huasca de Ocampo is governmental authority for the entire municipality, only a small percentage of the municipality's population of 15,201 (2005) lives in the town proper. The rest live in the 80+ other communities, which together form a territory of 305.80km2. The municipality borders the municipalities of Tulancingo, Omitlán de Juárez, Acatlán and Atotonilco. To the north, it borders the state of Veracruz.

The municipality extends from the Sierra de Pachuca mountains, where the town is, to over part of a wide, flat valley with lower altitude and warmer temperatures. This area is filled with small towns and villages, as well as fields and orchards. The higher elevations around these flat lands are forested with holm oak which give them an ashy-green look. The altitude of the municipality varies from between 1,800 and 2,800 masl. The municipality is part of the Reserva de la Biosfera de la Vega de Meztitlán (Vega de Meztitlán Biosphere Reserve). About 70% of the municipality lies on the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt although there are no active volcanoes here.

About 3,300 hectares is forest, almost all of which is in the Sierra de Pachuca Mountains which surround the town. Major elevations include Cerro Grande, Las Navajas, La Piedra de Jacal, El Horcón and La Peña del Aguila. There are numerous small canyons and ravines, jagged mountainsides which extend far below the peaks. One peak which gives an extended view of the municipality and beyond is called Los Pelados.

The municipality is divided between the basins of the Panuco and Moctezuma Rivers. The area is filled with small rivers, streams and arroyos, which almost always run north-south. The largest of the rivers are the Huascazaloya, Iztla, Hueypan and San Jeronimo. These rivers and streams feed 87 natural and dammed bodies of water, which vary in size from a few meters wide a couple of kilometers. The best known dam in the areas is the San Antonio Regla dam. Water from this dam is used primarily for agricultural irrigation. The major fresh water spring is called Ojo de Agua, which is surrounded by large willow and other trees.

The rivers and streams of the area have cut deep narrow ravines and canyons into much of the municipality. The largest of these is the San Sebastian Canyon, which is part of the Metztitlán Canyon system.

The climate is temperate to mildly cold with an average annual temperature of 15C. Winter gets cold enough to need a warm jacket, especially at night.

There various vegetation here. Most tree species such as pine and holm oak are found in the higher elevations. The flat areas are mostly grass and farmland with scattered trees such as willows and laurels. Wildlife is limited to small mammals such as badgers, squirrels, foxes and moles. Other species include birds such as eagles and reptiles such as chameleons.

Economy

Historically, the most important economic activities here have been mining and agriculture. Mining no longer has the importance it once did, but agriculture remains important, employing over 37% of the municipality's population. There are over 3,000 units of production that occupy over 17,000 hectares of land. Over 9,000 of this are dedicated to crops, with about 4,000 as pasture. By far the most important crop is corn, producing over 14,000 tons. Next in importance are animal feed, beans, wheat and alfalfa. Fruit orchards can also be found. Domesticated livestock includes fowl, sheep, goats, pigs turkeys, cows, horses and bees. The most common are sheep, cows and goats.

As of 1993, there were only nine industrial enterprises in the municipality, employing fifteen people. Products include processed foods, drinks and animal feed. Manufacturing, construction and mining employ 28.1% of the population.

Commerce consists of tourism and those devoted to goods and services for the local population. This employs about 35% of the population. This is the portion of the economy which has been promoted by state and local authorities.

Tourism
The municipality is promoted by the Hidalgo state tourism authority as part of the Corredor de la Montaña, or Mountain Corridor. On the federal level, the town is promoted as a Pueblo Mágico or Magical Town, due to its preserved architecture and natural surroundings. These promotions have included reforestation and other reclamation projects to make the areas more attractive to tourists. Most of the area's visitors are from Mexico City, which is only 1 hour and 40 minutes away by car. Ecotourism and the local haciendas are the major draws, with activities related to the bodies of water, mountains and canyon areas. These include fishing, boating, hiking, horseback riding and more. The area's haciendas were mostly built by Pedro Romero de Terreros and they, along with other sites, have been used as sets for movies and television shows. Tours to most of the municipality's attractions run from the town of Huasca, especially on weekends.

Santa María Regla Hacienda

Terreros built four mining haciendas in this area, at a cost of two million pesos, an incredible sum at the time. About half of that money went towards the construction of Santa Maria Regla alone. Located four km from the town of Huasca, Construction began in 1762 as a silver operation. The name is from its dedication to the Virgin Mary as she was venerated in the town of Chipiona in the province of Cádiz, Spain, where Romero was from.  Rocks extracted from mines were brought to the main facility to be crushed and treated with mercury to purify the silver. This process required large quantities of water which the local streams provided. Local forests provided the wood needed to melt the silver into bars. The hacienda extends over twelve hectares of land at the bottom of the canyon (very close to the Prismas Basálticas), and at its height, employed up to 2,000 workers.

This haciendas was Romero's residence in the area, where he died in 1781. Alexander von Humboldt visited Santa María Regla in 1803, making sketches of it, including the Prismas Basálticas which were part of the property at the time. His sketches and writings were published in Europe, and he is considered to be the first tourism promoter for the area. The original drawings are in the British Museum in London.

The main portal bears an image of the Archangel Michael with the inscription of “Quis ut Deus” (Who like God). A number of the original buildings have been preserved such as the main house, the smelting ovens, tunnels, aqueducts, storage facilities, the main patios with its arches and chapel. The chapel has a sober Baroque facade and the design is attributed to Antonio Rivas Mercado.

The hacienda was converted into a hotel in 1945, with the main residence as a luxury hotel. Much of the hacienda property is now underwater due to the damming of nearby stream. The facility offers picnic spaces, protected wildlife areas, restaurant, horseback riding, guided tours and ATV rentals. There are exhibits of old mining and smelting equipment, and the chapel can be rented for weddings and other occasions. It also has facilities for raising trout, which are available at the restaurant. The hacienda was used in the production of movies such as The Old Gringo, The Mask of Zorro and the Mexican film “Ave María” with Demián Bichir.

San Miguel Regla Hacienda

The other well-known hacienda of the area is San Miguel Regla, which is located just outside the town of Huasca, in a community also called San Miguel Regla. This hacienda was constructed by Romero in the 18th century and is also dedicated to mining. The hacienda conserves many of its structures such as the five-meter stone perimeter wall, arches of the main patios, the main house, the smelting ovens (now flooded), holding tanks for ore and the gardens.
Much of the former property of San Miguel Regla is now ejido land, but the complex has been converted into a hotel and ecotourism park. The main house is a luxury hotel, with small villas constructed over the property connected by footpaths. The gardens of the area are maintained as they were in the 18th century, with a modern heated swimming pool added.  Other offerings include a clay tennis court, bar, game room, videorental and a meeting hall that accommodates 160 people. The lake by this hacienda has walking paths, fountains and a Greek-style theatre.

Basaltic Prisms of Santa María Regla

The Basaltic Prisms of Santa María Regla (Prismas basálticos de Santa María Regla in Spanish) are tall columns of basalt rock that line a ravine through which water runs from the San Antonio Dam. This ravine area was part of the Santa María Regla Hacienda and was first promoted by Alexander von Humboldt in 1803.

The walls of the canyon, called the Barranca de Alcholoya, are lined by polygonal columns between thirty and fifty meters high with five or six sides. The basalt columns were created by the slow cooling of volcanic lava. The visible columns are backed by even more polygonal basalt columns. There are two waterfalls. The higher one has its water supplemented by diversions from nearby dams. The lower one is called the Cascada de la Rosa. The canyon has been prepared by the addition of stairs, walkways and hanging bridges for easy access.

Other attractions
Two other important haciendas in the area are San Antonio Regla and San Juan Hueyapan. San Antonio Regla was built by Pedro Romero de Terrero as a mining facility. In the early 20th century, it was one of the more active facilities in the state. Today, however, the entire area is submerged due to the damming of the Huazcazaloya and Iztla Rivers by the San Antonio Dam, which provides electricity to Pachuca. All that can be seen is a large smokestack or chimney poking up out of the waters. This belonged to the refinery. The San Juan Hueyapan Hacienda was one of the first to be founded in Mexico and was dedicated to farming and livestock. It was constructed by a nephew of Hernán Cortés in 1535. It conserves its taverns, stables, and chapel.

El Zembo is located seven km from the center of Huasca in a small valley surrounded by high peaks and forests of holm oak and fir. It has a trout farm and various small rustic restaurants that prepare the fish in various ways. Visitors can buy a trout to have prepared or fish one from the property's lake.

The Parque de las Truchas or Trout Park (also called Bosque de las Truchas) was begun about ten years ago when 72 ejidos decided to construct a trout farm on their communal lands. Only twenty one remain with the project. The park offers fishing, canoeing, grills and horseback riding to visitors along with the sale of fish. The hatchery deposits anywhere from 40,000 to 60,000 eggs in a tank, of which about 80% hatch. These eggs are imported from the United States because the waters here are slightly too cold for rainbow trout to spawn. Each week, eggs are deposited in Lago de la Cruz, the only lake in the park with a name, but fishing is permitted in almost all of the lakes and ponds. It is located about seven km from the town of Huasca.

The Peña del Aire is an enormous basalt rock that juts off the side of a canyon just north of the Santa María Regla Hacienda. Located 800 meters above the canyon floor, upon first glance, it appears suspended in the air, giving it its name. In this canyon flows a river arriving from Tulancingo and leading to the San Sebastian Canyon. Near this landmark are areas dedicated to rappelling, mountain climbing and hiking.

Just outside the town of Huasca is the Museo de los Duendes (a duende is a troll or goblin-like creature). Outside of the building is a sign which says “Aunque usted no lo crea” (Believe it or not). The building is small and made rough hewn wood from local trees. Run by María de los Angeles, the museum is dedicated to stories of goblins and similar creatures around the world. Angeles states that, according to legend, a group of friends were camping in this area in 1994 when they came upon a group of goblins which told them that their kind were angry over mankind's destruction of nature and cruelty to each other.  They also stated that despite stories to the contrary, goblins were not evil creatures. This is reason behind the museum. The Museo de los Duendes A large part of its collection of goblin figures include those made from hair from horses’ manes and tails.

The Aguacatitla Canyon is several km from San Miguel Regla and is one of the branches of the San Sebastian Canyon. This area has been developed for rappelling, hiking, and rock climbing. El Huariche is an ecotourism development on ejido land located in the community of Oje de Agua, near Santa María Regla. It has begins and camping areas, and is surrounded by pine forest. There are two organizations that offer hot air balloon tours over the area: Club Aerostático Nacional and Club de Aeronautas de México.

References

External links

Municipalities of Hidalgo (state)
Populated places in Hidalgo (state)
Pueblos Mágicos
Populated places established in the 1770s
1770s establishments in New Spain
1770s establishments in Mexico


Mix 106.3 (call sign: 1CBR) is a commercial radio station in Canberra, Australia and is owned by ARN and Southern Cross Austereo.

Mix 106.3 plays current hits and a variety of 1970s, 1980s and 1990s music (Hot Adult Contemporary), primarily targeted at the 35+ age group. The station is affiliated to the Southern Cross Austereo Triple M network, and is sold to national advertisers in the KIIS network.

History
KIX 106, as it was then known, and sister station FM104 (now Hit 104.7) were Australia's first supplementary FM licences, as well as being the first new commercial FM radio stations licensed in Australia since 1980. KIX 106 was a supplementary licence of Canberra AM station 2CC, and FM104 a supplementary licence of AM station 2CA.

The station officially opened at 8am on 27 February 1988, with an inaugural broadcast hosted by Frank Fursey. Dennis Clairs was on air noon-pm and Peter Mobbs 6pm-midnight with the KIX Party Mix. KIX carried an iconic eagle mascot, using 'the eagle' as a nick-name for the station. On its first weekend of programme KIX offered 10-in-a-row 'music sweeps', focusing on a teenage audience.

Six years after launch, station manager Steven Pead announced Capital City Broadcasters would re-brand to focus on an older demographic, having finished fifth in eight consecutive ratings surveys. On 12 February 1994, the station became as 'the new' 106.3 Canberra FM and would follow a similar 'soft' format to Melbourne's TTFM.

In 1997, due to flat advertising conditions bought about by Commonweal public sector cuts, ARN - owner of Mix 106.3 & 2CC, and Austereo - owner of 104.7 and 2CA, formed a joint venture ownership of both FM stations - Canberra FM Pty Ltd. The AM stations were sold off, and are currently operated by a joint-venture between Capital Radio Network and Grant Broadcasters.

In January 2020, the station received a new logo, with a similar branding to the rest of the KIIS Network.

In September 2022, Bronte and Wilko retired from the station.

In July 2023, the station received a 25.7% rating in the Canberra radio ratings.

On-Air

Current lineup
 Kristen & Nige – 6–9am Weekdays
 Nige106.3 – 9–10am Weekdays
 Workdays with Pat – 10am–3pm Weekdays
 CBR Wrapped with Rod & Gabi – 3–6pm Weekdays
 Kristen and Nige's Hour of Power – 6–7pm Weekdays
 The Christian O'Connell Show – 7–8pm Weekdays
 Jonesy & Amanda – 8–9pm Weekdays
 The Super Serious Sports Show – 9–10pm Monday & Thursday
 The Cam and Renee Show – 8–9am Saturday
 The Real Estate Show – 9–10am Saturday
 Life Uncut Radio Show – 10am–12pm Saturday
 Raiders on Mix – Live coverage of the Canberra Raiders NRL matches

News
The station operates a highly successful newsroom which it shares with sister station hit104.7, providing a 7-day news service offering comprehensive coverage of news from the Canberra region and around the globe.

News Team
 Lewis Haskew (News Director)
 Kate Rice
 Renee Bogatko
 Samantha Rose

Studios
Both Mix 106.3 and Hit 104.7 broadcast their studio complex in Bellenden Street, Crace. The broadcast range of the channel is focused to Canberra and some neighbouring regions extending as far as Yass in the north (55 km from Canberra CBD), Tharwa in the South (30 km from Canberra CBD) and Bungendore in the east (40 km from Canberra CBD).

References

External links
Mix 106.3 website

Adult contemporary radio stations in Australia
Australian Radio Network
Radio stations in Canberra
Radio stations established in 1988
Southern Cross Media Group
1988 establishments in Australia


Tournemire (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Plus Beaux Villages de France
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Vabres () is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Salado Creek AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in northern Stanislaus County, California, near the town of Patterson.  Most of the grapes grown in the AVA are made into wine by KitFox Vineyards, using a custom-crush facility in Lodi.

References

American Viticultural Areas
American Viticultural Areas of California
Geography of Stanislaus County, California
2004 establishments in California


Villedieu (; ) is a commune in the Cantal département in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


The 3rd constituency of Aisne is a French legislative constituency in the Aisne département.

Description

Aisne's 3rd constituency covers the north east portion of the department.

The seat has been continuously controlled by the Socialist Party and its predecessor the SFIO since 1967.

Historic Representation

Election results

2022

2017

2012

|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Candidate
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Party
! colspan="2" | 1st round
! colspan="2" | 2nd round
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"
! width="75" | Votes
! width="30" | %
! width="75" | Votes
! width="30" | %
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Jean-Louis Bricout
| style="text-align:left;" | Socialist Party
| PS
|
| 41.10%
|
| 54.31%
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Frédéric Meura
| style="text-align:left;" | Union for a Popular Movement
| UMP
|
| 32.04%
|
| 45.69%
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Bertrant Dutheil de la Rochere
| style="text-align:left;" | National Front
| FN
|
| 16.30%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Régis Lecoyer
| style="text-align:left;" | Left Front
| FG
|
| 4.65%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Pierre Chabot
| style="text-align:left;" | Far Right
| EXD
|
| 1.53%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | France Savelli
| style="text-align:left;" | Radical Party
| PRV
|
| 1.32%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Jean-Pierre Vitu
| style="text-align:left;" | Far Left
| EXG
|
| 0.93%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Didier Colpin
| style="text-align:left;" | Miscellaneous Right
| DVD
|
| 0.87%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Jean-Claude Pagniez
| style="text-align:left;" | Miscellaneous Right
| DVD
|
| 0.81%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Joël Pichonnier
| style="text-align:left;" | Miscellaneous Left
| DVG
|
| 0.46%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Total
|
| 100%
|
| 100%
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Registered voters
|
| style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|
| style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Blank/Void ballots
|
| 1.91%
|
| 3.29%
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Turnout
|
| 58.87%
|
| 58.92%
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Abstentions
|
| 41.13%
|
| 41.08%
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:left;" | Result
| colspan="2" style="background-color:" | PS HOLD
|}

2007

|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Candidate
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Party
! colspan="2" | 1st round
! colspan="2" | 2nd round
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"
! width="75" | Votes
! width="30" | %
! width="75" | Votes
! width="30" | %
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Jean-Pierre Balligand
| style="text-align:left;" | Socialist Party
| PS
|
| 41.16%
|
| 53.31%
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Frédéric Meura
| style="text-align:left;" | Union for a Popular Movement
| UMP
|
| 36.24%
|
| 46.69%
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Nathalie Fauvergue
| style="text-align:left;" | National Front
| FN
|
| 7.48%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Ginette Devaux
| style="text-align:left;" | Communist
| COM
|
| 3.59%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Edwin Legris
| style="text-align:left;" | Democratic Movement
| MoDem
|
| 3.42%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Dimitri Severac
| style="text-align:left;" | Far Left
| EXG
|
| 2.16%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Valérie Delattre
| style="text-align:left;" | The Greens
| VEC
|
| 1.41%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Andrée Flamengt
| style="text-align:left;" | Hunting, Fishing, Nature, Traditions
| CPNT
|
| 1.16%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Marc Pailler
| style="text-align:left;" | Far Left
| EXG
|
| 1.07%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Véronique Ballot
| style="text-align:left;" | Movement for France
| MPF
|
| 0.99%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Raymonde Remy
| style="text-align:left;" | Far Right
| EXD
|
| 0.53%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Isabelle Maillet
| style="text-align:left;" | Ecologist
| ECO
|
| 0.49%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Monique Choain
| style="text-align:left;" | Divers
| DIV
|
| 0.31%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Total
|
| 100%
|
| 100%
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Registered voters
|
| style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|
| style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Blank/Void ballots
|
| 2.01%
|
| 2.67%
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Turnout
|
| 61.94%
|
| 65.06%
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Abstentions
|
| 38.06%
|
| 34.94%
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:left;" | Result
| colspan="2" style="background-color:" | PS HOLD
|}

Sources
 Official results of French elections from 1998:

References

3


Soubrette werd' ich nie (I'll never become a soubrette) is the debut album by German pop duo Rosenstolz, released in 1992 by Pool. The album was not a commercial success following its initial release. However, the 2007 re-release reached No. 93 in the German albums chart.

Background
Soubrette werd' ich nie was recorded at Hansa Studios in Berlin between April and September 1992. The producer was Tom Müller, who had previously worked with German singer Nina Hagen. He saw Rosenstolz performing in the Galerie Bellevue in Berlin and introduced himself to band members AnNa R. and Peter Plate after their performance, expressing his interest in working with them. Before the meeting with Müller, Rosenstolz had produced three different music cassettes at home, but these were not widely distributed.

One of the songs on the album, "Schlampenfieber", was originally written for the soundtrack for an independent film. However, the film was never made. The song later became a regular feature at Rosenstolz concerts, with the band performing the song in a different musical style for each new concert tour. "Schlampenfieber" was released as a single, as was "Ich geh' auf Glas", another song from Soubrette werd' ich nie. However, both failed to enter the German singles chart.

Release
Soubrette werd' ich nie was first released in 1992 by indie record label Pool. The label also brought out a limited edition album (100 copies) featuring an alternative album cover. The album was then re-released in 1993 with a new album cover.

In 1996 and 2002, Soubrette werd' ich nie was re-released by Polydor Records. In these re-releases, the song "Königin" was omitted because Rosenstolz was working on a new version of the song for the band's 1997 album Die Schlampen sind müde. The 1996 and 2002 re-releases also do not contain the short voice recording at the end of the original album where AnNa R. asks "OK?" and someone replies "Prima!"

In 2007, a remastered edition of Soubrette werd' ich nie was released by Island Records. In this edition, the original version of "Königin" and the short voice recording were reinstated. A deluxe remastered edition was also released, which includes a bonus CD containing early demo songs and a bonus DVD showing early television appearances. In contrast to the earlier editions of the album, the 2007 re-release entered the German albums chart, reaching No. 93.

Track listing
All songs were written by AnNa R. and Peter Plate, except "Bestes Stück" and "Bunte Herzen", which were written by Peter Plate.

 "Soubrette werd' ich nie" – 3:43
 "Ich geh' auf Glas" – 3:55
 "Wenn du aufwachst" – 3:36
 "Schlampenfieber" – 3:02
 "Kosmos" – 3:04
 "Januar (Wenn die Mona Lisa weint)" – 3:07
 "Erwarten 'se nix" – 2:37
 "Klaus-Trophobie" – 3:19
 "Voyeur" – 2:49
 "Ich geh' jetzt aus (sonst geh' ich ein)" – 3:11
 "Magnetisch" – 2:32
 "Stolz der Rose" – 3:13
 "Süchtig" – 2:53
 "Königin" – 3:16
 "Ich geh' auf Glas (Die Andere)" – 3:00

Bonus CD (included in 2007 deluxe edition)
 "Diva" – 3:29
 "AnNa Galaktika" – 2:47
 "Durchgedreht" – 2:43
 "Frühling" – 2:11
 "Niemehr niemals mit dir" – 2:48
 "Sinne nähmst" – 2:37
 "Bestes Stück" – 2:53
 "Ödenreich" – 2:29
 "Bunte Herzen" – 2:27
 "Schlampenfieber" – 2:22
 "Ich leg dich flach" – 2:56

References

External links
Soubrette werd' ich nie at official Rosenstolz website

1992 debut albums
German-language albums
Rosenstolz albums


Charlie Monroe (July 4, 1903 – September 27, 1975) was an American country and bluegrass music guitarist. Charlie performed with his brother, Bill, as part of the Monroe Brothers. He later formed his own group, Charlie Monroe & the Kentucky Pardners.

Biography
Charlie Monroe was born on his family's farm in Rosine, Kentucky; he was the older brother of the mandolin player Bill Monroe. His sister Bertha also played guitar, and brother Birch, fiddle. Charlie, Birch, and Bill played together as a band in the middle of the 1920s, and played on radio starting in 1927. Soon after this, however, their parents died and Charlie and Birch moved to Detroit and then Indiana to find work, eventually taking jobs in oil refineries near Hammond, Indiana. Bill followed them into the oil business in 1929, and the three continued performing in small-time and private venues.

The Monroe Brothers
Tom Owen, a musician on the WLS Barn Dance radio program, heard them play at a dance club in 1932 and asked them to join his group as dancers. They accepted, and toured with Owen for the next two years. In 1934, they once again got offers to play music, this time for Indiana radio stations WAE and WJKS. Not long after this, Texas Crystals, a pharmaceutical company, offered to sponsor the Monroes for a radio program of their own. When Birch refused the offer, Bill and Charlie took the bill as The Monroe Brothers.

The resulting program was so successful that it eventually became a daily broadcast on Charlotte, North Carolina station WBT. Texas Crystals dropped the sponsorship in 1936, but Crazy Water Crystal Company picked it up, and the brothers continued with the show. That same year, the brothers first recorded together for Bluebird Records. Bill and Charlie recorded together for the next two years, but Bill chafed under Charlie's role as the usual lead singer. Both brothers were hot-headed and hard-working and felt they could succeed on their own. Charlie was comfortable leading a band, more so than his brother Bill as a result of his outgoing personality, and they split in 1938.

Solo career
Each then formed his own band, with Bill starting The Kentuckians (later the Blue Grass Boys) and Charlie, The Kentucky Pardners. Charlie brought members of the Monroe Brothers act with him to Knoxville and then to Roanoke playing on radio stations. By this time he had hired Bill Calhoun and Zeke Morris, and he was attempting a re-creation of the Monroe Brothers duet sound. He spent most of his time during the early 1940s in Greensboro, North Carolina at radio station WBIG, where he was featured on a show called the Noonday Jamboree every day. He also spent some time in '44 and '45 at WSJS in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. A number of noted bluegrass musicians played with Charlie's band, including Lester Flatt, Red Rector, Curly Seckler, Fiddlin' Dale Cole  and Ira Louvin. The Kentucky Pardners enjoyed considerable success as a touring outfit in the American South throughout the 1940s.

Charlie signed with RCA Victor in 1946 and with Decca Records in 1950; he wrote and recorded a large body of material and continued to tour relentlessly until he announced his retirement in 1957. He moved back to his farm and, after the death of his first wife, worked in manual labor in Indiana again. He remarried in 1969. On July 3 of the same year, he performed with Bill and Birch at the Smithsonian Festival of American Folklife.

Monroe was asked by Jimmy Martin to play at the Gettysburg Bluegrass Festival in 1972. His performance was a great success.

Death
He continued to play festivals until diagnosed with cancer in 1974; he died at his farm in Reidsville, North Carolina in 1975 and was buried in his family's plot.

References

[ Charlie Monroe] at Allmusic

1903 births
1975 deaths
Bluegrass musicians from Kentucky
Country musicians from Kentucky
People from Ohio County, Kentucky
RCA Victor artists
Singers from Kentucky
20th-century American singers


Joseph Francis Wall  (July 24, 1873 –  July 17, 1936) was a  Major League Baseball player.

Career
Wall served as a catcher in 15 games for the New York Giants and Brooklyn Superbas during the 1901 and 1902 seasons.

External links

1873 births
1936 deaths
Major League Baseball catchers
Brooklyn Superbas players
New York Giants (NL) players
Baseball players from Brooklyn
Minor league baseball managers
Brockton Shoemakers players
Norwich Witches players
Springfield Ponies players
Springfield Maroons players
Columbus Senators players
Toledo Swamp Angels players
Denver Grizzlies (baseball) players
Milwaukee Creams players
Troy Trojans (minor league) players
Rochester Bronchos players
Lowell Tigers players
Taunton Tigers players
Muscatine Wallopers players
New York Knickerbockers (1912) players
Nashville Vols players
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
Newport News Shipbuilders players


Bismarck is a board wargame published by Avalon Hill in 1962 (and revised in 1978) that simulates the hunt for the Bismarck.

Description
Bismarck is a two-player board wargame in which one player controls the German battleship Bismarck (and in the 1972 edition, the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen), and the other player the British forces hunting for it.

Gameplay (1962 edition)
The game box contains a search board and a battle board, both utilizing a square grid, along with zone cards, die-cut counters representing a large number of British units, and one single German counter, the Bismarck.

The game uses a double-blind system, where the British search areas and zones of the map for the Bismarck. If the British player discovers the location of the Bismarck, combat takes place on the battle board. The Bismarck has a chance to evade combat, restarting the search. Points are gained by both players for destroying ships, and for the German player, for docking in friendly ports.

Gameplay (1978 edition)
The 1978 edition has some similarities to the game Battleship, with both players having a hidden map-board and calling out coordinates to locate their opponent. The British player sets up a large number of Royal Navy vessels and search aircraft on their map-board before game play begins, while the German player places the Bismarck and the Prince Eugen on their mapboard.

Each turn, the players move their respective units, searching for enemy units, and possibly engaging in combat. Each player calls out grid coordinates containing a ship or aircraft, and the opponent indicates whether a ship is located there, and if so what type. A player may choose not to search with a particular unit, thus keeping its location secret. As the British are unlikely to have a force sufficient to sink the Bismarck when they initially find her, they will need to "shadow" the vessel. For example, a fast unit such as the heavy cruiser , is able to keep up with Bismarck and follow her on radar without engaging in combat.

Eventually, British heavy units, such as the battlecruiser  may be vectored into the same square as the German Task Force.  At this point combat ensues.  The British also have air units on the aircraft carriers  and  which can both search for the Germans and attack with torpedoes from a distance.  The game has combat damage sheets with squares representing areas of each warship that can be damaged in combat.  As combat is resolved, squares are checked off.

Intermediate and Advanced rules
The 1978 edition also included Intermediate Rules provide a set of modular additions, such as a more sophisticated weather system, submarines and destroyers, fighter aircraft, alternate "what if" scenarios (such as the German aircraft carrier , breakout with the , French and U.S. forces, etc.), and more. The Advanced Rules implement ship-to-ship combat using a miniatures-type system, with ship counters laid out on the floor, realistic damage to ships, etc.

Scenarios
The game offers eight scenarios: one historical scenario, and seven "what if?" scenarios.

Victory conditions
The Germans win by avoiding contact with the British, successfully "breaking out" into the Atlantic and ravaging merchant shipping there. They can also achieve victory by destroying any opposition they encounter and making their way to a friendly port in Occupied France.

The British win by intercepting and destroying the Bismarck.

Publication history
Bismarck was designed by Thomas Shaw, Charles S. Roberts, Mick Uhl, and Jack Greene, and was published by Avalon Hill in 1962. This edition was discontinued in 1972.

In 1978, Jack Greene revised the rules, making the relatively simple search, movement and combat systems more complex. This second edition, with new cover art and components, was published in 1978.

In 1988, Joel Billings and John Lyon created a computer game titled Computer Bismarck based on the Avalon Hill game. (Thomas Shaw, vice-president of Avalon Hill, turned down Billings when he approached the game company about producing computer games for them.) Computer Bismarck would become the first game produced by Strategic Simulations Inc. (SSI), the new company co-founded by Billings and Lyon.

Reception
Writing about the 1962 edition in Issue 8 of Games & Puzzles, Don Turnbull called the game "an approximate simulation" because it left out the Prinz Eugen. Turnbull considered the game a failure, saying, "It had some, but not much, merit; certainly anyone who thinks Bismarck will simulate naval action any more than roughly would be disappointed."

In The Playboy Winner's Guide to Board Games, John Jackson noted that the 1962 edition was "easy to grasp and is, for a wargame, quite short — an hour or two at most." He noted that "It is even possible for the German player to win, occasionally, if the Bismarck can elude its pursuers for a while and can catch one or two of the British ships alone at night."

In the 1980 book The Complete Book of Wargames, game designer Jon Freeman called the original 1962 edition "probably the best — and shortest — introductory wargame on the market at the time." However, Freeman didn't feel that the new (1978) edition was "occupying the same niche. It's still a good game; it's just aimed at a broader audience." He concluded by giving the second edition an Overall Evaluation of "Very Good."

In a retrospective review in Issue 9 of Vieille Garde, Stephane Martin gave a lengthy breakdown of the gameplay in the second (1978) edition, and concluded, "Bismarck still remains today a quality reference in naval simulation games. With a little luck, it is possible to find this second-hand game at a very reasonable price."

In another retrospective review, Joe Scoleri noted in Issue 3 of Simulacrum that "Bismarck was one of the easiest and quickest playing [Avalon Hill] Classics but is obviously limited in terms of realism and simulation value." Scoleri concluded, "Although the original version is perfectly acceptable as an introductory game, naval warfare enthusiasts will want to stick with the second edition."

Other reviews and commentary
 BattlePlan #2 & #8

References

External links

 Basic description of game at SmorgasboardOfGames.com
 Claus Bergen Box Cover image by Claus Bergen

American board games
Avalon Hill games
Board games introduced in 1962
Naval board wargames
Wargames introduced in the 1960s


Stanley C. Golder (February 16, 1929 – January 5, 2000) was an American financier and venture capitalist.

He is the namesake of the Stanley C. Golder Center for the Study of Private Equity at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, from which he graduated (B.S., 1951).

Career
His early jobs were with First National Bank of Chicago and its affiliates, promoted up to executive vice president. In early 1970s he was made president of First Capital Corporation of Chicago and First Chicago Investment Corporation.

In the 1970s, Golder built the private equity program at First Chicago Corp. where he is noted primarily for backing Federal Express and for efforts as chairman of the National Venture Capital Association and the National Association of Small Business Investment Companies to change federal laws allowing pensions to invest in private equity.

In 1980 he left First Chicago to found "Golder, Thoma & Cressey" private equity investment company, later known as GTCR, from which he retired as partner in 1993, but remained consultant.  Golder Thoma received much of its initial funding from William M. Blair and upon leaving First Chicago, Golder was replaced by John A. Canning Jr. who would go on to found rival Chicago private equity firm Madison Dearborn.

Personal
Stanley Golder was married to Joan Jacobi Golder.

He was president of the Chicago chapter of the American Jewish Committee

In 1994 the Golders received the Human Rights Medallion from the American Jewish Committee.

Among Golders' charitable deeds was a $1.5 million gift to the UIUC to endow the Stanley C. and Joan J. Golder Distinguished Chair in Corporate Finance.

Stanley Golder died of cancer at Evanston Hospital.

References

Private equity and venture capital investors
American financiers
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
2000 deaths
1929 births
20th-century American philanthropists
20th-century American Jews


German submarine U-214, was a Type VIID mine-laying U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

Laid down on 5 October 1940 by Germaniawerft in Kiel, the boat was commissioned  on 1 November 1941 with Kapitänleutnant Günther Reeder (Crew 35) in command. She trained with the 5th U-boat Flotilla from 1 November 1941 until 30 April 1942, and was then assigned to the 9th U-boat Flotilla from 1 May 1942. She was sunk on 26 July 1944 by a British warship.

The wreck of U-214 was found by the archaeologist Innes McCartney in 2006 at the location reported by the Allies after the war.

Design
As one of the six German Type VIID submarines, U-214 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 supercharged four-stroke, six-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8-276 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-14 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), twelve torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and an anti-aircraft gun, in addition to five mine tubes with fifteen SMA mines. The boat had a complement of between forty-four.

Service history

First and second patrol
U-214 sailed from Kiel on 18 May 1942, arriving at Kristiansand in Norway on the 20th. She sailed the next day, heading for Brest in France. On 22 May while in the North Sea, she was attacked by an aircraft, and slightly damaged by three bombs. The U-boat arrived at Lorient, also in France, on 2 June, and sailed to Brest the next day.

Her second patrol began on 13 June, but on 16 June at 03:44, she was strafed, three depth charges were also dropped by a Leigh light-equipped aircraft in the Bay of Biscay. A second attack was fought off with her flak defenses, but the U-boat sustained damage which forced her to return to Lorient on 17 June.

Third patrol
Not until her third patrol did U-214 score a victory. On 9 August 1942 she sailed from Brest, and on 18 August attacked Convoy SL-118, west of Portugal, sinking the 6,318 GRT Dutch cargo ship Balingkar and the 7,522 GRT British cargo ship Hatarana. She also damaged the armed merchant cruiser . She returned to Brest on 9 October after 62 days at sea.

Fourth and fifth patrols
U-214s fourth patrol took her to the Caribbean Sea where she attacked the 4,426 GRT unescorted Polish merchant ship Paderewski with torpedoes  off Trinidad, before sinking her with gunfire. The U-boat returned to her homeport on 24 February 1943 after a voyage of 87 days.

U-214s fifth patrol was cut short when she was attacked on 7 May 1943 by a British Halifax bomber of 58 Squadron RAF in the Bay of Biscay, after only three days at sea. The U-boat crash-dived, suffering only minor damage, but her commander Kptlt. Günther Reeder was severely wounded, resulting in first Officer Oberleutnant zur See Rupprecht Stock (Crew IV/37) bringing the U-boat safely back to base.

Sixth patrol
Now under Stock's command, U-214 sailed from Brest on 18 May 1943, and headed for the coast of West Africa. There, on 20 June, the American 6,507 GRT merchant ship Santa Maria struck a mine laid by U-214  west of Dakar, blowing off her bows. After abandoning ship, she was later re-boarded by her crew and towed to Dakar for repairs. The U-boat arrived back at Brest on 26 June.

Seventh patrol
U-214s seventh patrol took her to the waters off Panama. While outbound on 9 September,  south-west of Santa Maria, Azores, she was attacked by an American Grumman TBF Avenger aircraft from the escort carrier . The aircraft approached by radar and dropped four depth charges, but was damaged in the air intake and the bomb bay by the U-boat's flak. One depth charge hit the U-boat, but bounced off and exploded without damaging her.

On 8 October, five miles off Colón, U-214 laid a field of 15 mines. One of these may have sunk the United States Navy submarine  on or about 14 October. On 12 October, the boat was attacked twice, but not damaged, by an aircraft of US Navy Patrol Squadron 210. U-214 returned home on 30 November after 101 days at sea.

Eighth and ninth patrol
U-214s next patrol, from 12 February – 29 April 1944, took her south to the west African coast, but without success. The U-boat was then fitted with a schnorkel before returning to active service. U-214 headed north into the shallow waters of the English Channel on 11 June, under the command of the newly promoted Kapitänleutnant Stock, however she had no successes, and the patrol was curtailed after the U-boat was attacked by a British B-24 Liberator of 224 Squadron, sustaining damage which forced her to return to Brest on 2 July.

Tenth patrol and loss
U-214 sailed from Brest on 22 July 1944 under the command of 21-year-old Oblt.z.S. Gerhard Conrad (Crew XII/39), one of the youngest U-boat commanders of World War II. After only five days, on 26 July, the U-boat was sunk in the English Channel at  by depth charges from the  . All 48 hands were lost.

Wolfpacks
U-214 took part in two wolfpacks, namely:
 Blücher (14 – 28 August 1942)
 Iltis (6 – 23 September 1942)

Summary of raiding history

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links

1941 ships
German Type VIID submarines
Ships built in Kiel
Submarines lost with all hands
U-boats commissioned in 1941
U-boats sunk by depth charges
U-boats sunk by British warships
U-boats sunk in 1944
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
World War II submarines of Germany
Maritime incidents in July 1944


William Carey Cole (23 August 1868 – 28 May 1935) was an admiral of the United States Navy during the early 20th century.

Biography
Cole was born in Chicago, Illinois, on 23 August 1868. He was appointed a naval cadet on 5 September 1885 and graduated from the United States Naval Academy on 7 June 1889. At the end of the two years of service at sea then required by law—in USS Iroquois and —Cole received his commission as an ensign on 1 July 1891.

After further sea service in Nipsic, Cole headed the branch hydrographic office in Cleveland, Ohio, from 23 October 1894 to 10 September 1896 before he went first to the cruiser Raleigh and later to dispatch boat . After a stint in the hydrographic office in Washington, D.C., and a brief tour at the Washington Navy Yard, Cole reported once more to Dolphin and, while in that ship, took part in the Spanish–American War off Santiago, Cuba.

Subsequently serving at the Washington Navy Yard and commanding, in succession, tugboat Tecumseh and yacht Sylph, Cole went to the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Co. in the summer of 1905 to familiarize himself with the work of a naval inspector of equipment before assuming that office in the General Electric Co., of Schenectady, New York, and later in the New York Shipbuilding Co., Camden, New Jersey.

On 18 April 1907, Cole—by then a lieutenant commander—became the navigator of the new battleship Kansas when she was first commissioned. He subsequently became her executive officer before reporting to the Naval Academy. Promoted to commander on 20 October 1910, Cole subsequently assumed simultaneous command of all of the ships at the Naval Academy, including the steam sloop  and the cruiser .

Cole next went to the Asiatic Station and reported for duty at Olongapo, Philippine Islands, on 10 March. There, he assumed command of the monitors Monadnock and Monterey (in first reserve) but was detached from that duty on 4 December. He took command of the gunboat Helena two days after Christmas of 1913 and assumed the concurrent duties of Senior Officer, Yangtze Valley.

Detached in the spring of 1915, Cole attended the long course at the Naval War College, Newport, R.I., and then became Inspector of Engineering Material in the Boston District. On 10 April 1917, shortly after the United States entered World War I, Cole took command of the armored cruiser Frederick (Armored Cruiser No. 8) and remained in that warship until 23 September when he was given command of Nevada (Battleship No. 36). For "exceptionally meritorious service in a duty of great responsibility" commanding Nevada during World War I, Cole received the Navy Cross.

After leaving Nevada on 7 May 1919, Cole served in London as assistant attaché before he went to Washington, D.C., where he became, in time, the Assistant Chief of Naval Operations, remaining in that duty into 1922. Attaining flag rank on 28 January 1922, he was detached from his Assistant CNO duties on 10 March and went to the Panama Canal Zone where he became Commander, Special Service Squadron—a naval force colloquially known as the "Banana Fleet"—on 29 April 1922, hoisting his two-starred flag in the cruiser Birmingham (CL-2).

In the spring of 1923, Cole fleeted up to duty as chief of staff to the Commander in Chief, United States Fleet and remained in that billet for two years before he became Commandant of the Norfolk Navy Yard in the autumn of 1926. Subsequently serving as Commander, Battleship Division 4 from 11 July 1928 to 21 May 1929 and as Commander, Scouting Fleet—with the rank of vice admiral—from 21 June 1929 to 14 June 1930, Cole became Commandant of the 12th Naval District in the summer of 1930. Relieved on 1 June 1932, he briefly served as Inspector of Petroleum Reserves from 28 June to 6 August 1932, before he was retired on 1 September 1932. Cole died at the Naval Hospital, Mare Island Navy Yard, Vallejo, California, on 28 May 1935.

Namesake
In 1943, the destroyer escort USS William C. Cole (DE-641) was named in honor of Adm. Cole, sponsored by his widow, Mrs. William C. Cole.

References

1868 births
1935 deaths
United States Navy vice admirals
United States Naval Academy alumni
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
United States Navy personnel of World War I
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
Military personnel from Chicago


is a sub-kilometer sized asteroid, classified as potentially hazardous asteroid and near-Earth object of the Apollo group that is notable because it provided evidence for binary asteroids in the near-Earth population.

Discovery

The asteroid was discovered on 29 February 2000, by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) program at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site, near Socorro, New Mexico.

The binary nature of this asteroid was suggested from radar observations taken with the Goldstone radar antenna on September 22 and 23, 2000, based on an observing proposal by J.-L. Margot and observations by S. J. Ostro and colleagues. Confirming observations were obtained with the Arecibo telescope from September 30 to October 7, 2000.

Orbit

 orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.9–1.9 AU once every 19 months (583 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.38 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation, as no precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.

Binary system

The 800-meter-diameter primary and the 300-meter-diameter secondary orbit each other with a separation of 2.6 kilometers and a period of 1.76 days.

The primary is spheroidal and is spinning at a rate near the breakup point for strengthless bodies. These two features were observed in multiple binary systems, suggesting that near-Earth asteroid binaries form by a mechanism involving spin-up and mass shedding. Currently the most generally accepted spin-up mechanism is the YORP effect.

Physical characteristics

The asteroid is characterized as both a carbonaceous C-type and metallic M-type asteroid.

The density of the primary was calculated using the orbital elements of the binary system, the primary-to-secondary mass ratio, and estimates of the primary size. The primary has a low density of 1.7 g/cm3, which may indicate a "rubble pile" structure containing rocks and voids.

Numbering and naming

This minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 20 May 2008. As of 2018, it has not been named.

See also
 List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft

References

External links
 Lightcurve plot of (185851) 2000 DP107, Palmer Divide Observatory, B. D. Warner (2008)
2000 DP107
Arecibo Planetary Science website
Binary Asteroids in the Near-Earth Object Population, Margot et al., Science, 2002 (subscription)
 Asteroids with Satellites, Robert Johnston, johnstonsarchive.net
 Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
 Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books

185851
185851
185851
185851
185851
20000229


Robert Joseph MacDonald (born April 27, 1965) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Toronto Blue Jays, Detroit Tigers, New York Yankees, and New York Mets. MacDonald also played in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Hanshin Tigers.

Career
MacDonald went to college at Rutgers University, and was drafted by the Blue Jays in the 19th round of the 1987 amateur draft. MacDonald played his first American professional season with their Rookie league Medicine Hat Blue Jays, Class A (Short Season) St. Catharines Blue Jays, and Class A Myrtle Beach Blue Jays in , and his last with the Mets and their Triple-A Norfolk Tides in . In 1997, he played in Japan for the Hanshin Tigers.

MacDonald manages a semi-pro slow pitch softball team in Clearwater, Florida.

External links

1965 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
Birmingham Barons players
Calgary Cannons players
Columbus Clippers players
Detroit Tigers players
Hanshin Tigers players
Knoxville Blue Jays players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Medicine Hat Blue Jays players
Myrtle Beach Blue Jays players
Nashville Sounds players
New York Mets players
New York Yankees players
Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers
Norfolk Tides players
Rutgers Scarlet Knights baseball players
Sportspeople from East Orange, New Jersey
Baseball players from Essex County, New Jersey
St. Catharines Blue Jays players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Toronto Blue Jays players


Prince Vincenz of Liechtenstein, known in Austria as Vincenz Liechtenstein (30 July 1950, in Graz – 14 January 2008, in Deutschfeistritz, Styria) was an Austrian politician (ÖVP). He was a grandson of Charles I of Austria, the last Austrian Emperor. He was born a Prince of Liechtenstein. He never renounced his succession to the Liechtensteiner throne, but since the nobility in Austria was officially abolished in 1919 after the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, he did not use his princely title or honorific (Serene Highness) in his Austrian civic life.

Ancestry
Born His Serene Highness Prince Vincenz Karl Alfred Maria Michael of Liechtenstein (Germ. Seine Durchlaucht der Prinz Vincenz Karl Alfred Maria Michael von und zu Liechtenstein), the first child of Prince Heinrich of Liechtenstein and Archduchess Elisabeth of Austria. Prince Heinrich was a son of Prince Alfred Roman of Liechtenstein (himself a son of Prince Alfred of Liechtenstein) and Princess Theresia Maria of Oettingen-Oettingen. Vincenz was thus a male-line great-great-great-grandson of Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein. Vincenz' mother, Archduchess Elisabeth, was the youngest daughter of Charles I, the last Emperor of Austria, and his wife, Zita of Bourbon-Parma. Vincenz Liechtenstein is a female-line great-grandson of Robert I, the last sovereign Duke of Parma.

Marriage
Vincenz was 1,300th Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in Austria. On 7 March 1981, at the Church of Saint-Louis des Invalides in Paris, he married Hélène Herminie Marie Hyacinthe de Cossé-Brissac (1960–), a descendant of the French Ducs de Brissac, with Prince Wenzeslaus of Liechtenstein as page boy.

They had two daughters:
 Her Serene Highness Princess Adelheid Marie Beatrice Zita (b. Vienna, 25 November 1981), married in Schloss Waldstein on 31 January 2009 Count Dominik Cornelius Valentin Gerold Eugene von Coudenhove-Kalergi (b. London, 7 October 1973), son of Count Hans Heinrich von Coudenhove Kalergi and Cornelia Carter Roberts. They have three daughters:
 Countess Xenia Marie Cornelia Hélène Zita Anne Therese Hildegard et omnes Sancti von Coudenhove-Kalergi (b. Graz, 21 October 2011)
 Countess Tatiana Marie Mitsuko Benedikta Zita Sophie Ferdinandine Gisela et omnes Sancti von Coudenhove-Kalergi (b. Graz, 6 May 2013)
 Countess Olympia Marie Gladys Zita Barbara Mauricette Helena et omnes Sancti von Coudenhove-Kalergi (b. Graz, 1 September 2016)
 Her Serene Highness Princess Hedwig Maria Beatrice Hermine (b. Vienna, 28 November 1982), 2008 and divorced in 2020. They have four children:
 'Countess] Maïwenn Marie Éléonore de Quélen (b. 23 April 2010)
 [Countess] Béatrice de Quélen (b. 10 June 2011)
 [Countess] Raphaëlle de Quelen (b. 10 June 2011)
 Count Taliesin Amedeo François de Quelen (b. 29 August 2015)

Vincenz and Helene divorced in 1991 and the marriage was annulled in 1994.

He then married Roberta Valeri Manera (1953–) in Venice on 19 June 1999: the couple had no children.

Career
Vincenz studied at the Bundesrealgymnasium in Graz (1960–1969) and subsequently studied law at the University of Graz (1969–1975). He worked at a forestry company before becoming a politician. He was co-founder of the 1974 JES students initiative. He was a member of the board of the Catholic Family Association and the Sudetendeutsche Landsmannschaft.

Vincenz was a member of the Nationalrat from 1988 to 1996 and again from 1997 to 2004. From 2004 to 2006 he was a member of the Bundesrat. He caused a mini-scandal in 2005 when he interrupted a Nationalrat'' meeting because of alleged drunkenness. He apologised shortly afterward.

Liechtenstein died unexpectedly on 14 January 2008 at his home, Waldstein Castle, at Deutschfeistritz near Graz, following a short illness. He had left his sickbed to attend the funeral of his uncle Archduke Carl-Ludwig in Vienna.

References

External links
 Homepage of Vincenz Liechtenstein
 Den Lauf vollendet, den Glauben bewahrt

1950 births
2008 deaths
Princes of Liechtenstein
Austrian people of German descent
Austrian people of Italian descent
Austrian People's Party politicians
Members of the National Council (Austria)
Members of the Federal Council (Austria)
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria


David Alexander Gibbs (born January 10, 1968) is an American football coach and former player. He currently the co-defensive coordinator and secondary coach for the UCF Knights. Gibbs previously served as a defensive coordinator at the University of Minnesota, Auburn University, the University of Houston, and Texas Tech University as well as an assistant coach in the National Football League (NFL) for the Denver Broncos, Kansas City Chiefs and Houston Texans.

Playing career
Gibbs began his playing career at Auburn High School, in Auburn, Alabama, while his father was offensive coordinator at nearby Auburn University. Gibbs went on to attend the University of Colorado, where he was a four-year letterman at defensive back from 1986 through 1990. He was named to the Academic All-Big Eight team as a senior, leading the Buffaloes to the 1990 national championship under coach Bill McCartney.

Coaching career
After graduating from Colorado, Gibbs served as a graduate assistant at the University of Oklahoma and at Colorado. In 1995, he became the secondary coach at the University of Kansas under head coach Glen Mason. When Mason was appointed head coach at the University of Minnesota in 1997, Gibbs was hired as the Golden Gophers' defensive coordinator, the youngest coordinator in Division I-A at that time. Gibbs improved a Minnesota defense that had ranked last in the Big Ten Conference in 1996 to one that was ranked eighth in the nation in pass and scoring defense by 1999.

From 2001 through 2004, Gibbs coached defense for the Denver Broncos, which by 2003 was rated the fourth strongest defense in the NFL. In 2005, he returned to Auburn to be defensive coordinator for Auburn University, where his defense ranked sixth in the NCAA in scoring defense and led the Southeastern Conference (SEC) in sacks. Gibbs became defensive backs coach for the Kansas City Chiefs in 2006.

Gibbs was hired as defensive backs coach by the Houston Texans in January 2009. Following the 2010 season, the Texans fired him along with defensive coordinator Frank Bush. After a one-year hiatus from coaching, he spent 2012 coaching defensive backs for the Virginia Destroyers of the United Football League (UFL).

Gibbs accepted the position of defensive coordinator at the University of Houston on January 15, 2013. He resigned that position on January 5, 2015, after coaching the biggest winning fourth quarter comeback in bowl history at the 2015 Armed Forces Bowl with the score of 35–34. On January 5, 2015, Gibbs was hired for the same position at Texas Tech. He was Texas Tech's sixth defensive coordinator since 2009.

Personal life
Gibbs is the son of Alex Gibbs, a longtime NFL assistant coach.

Head coaching record

Notes

References

External links

1968 births
Living people
American football defensive backs
Auburn Tigers football coaches
Coaches of American football from North Carolina
Colorado Buffaloes football players
Denver Broncos coaches
Houston Cougars football coaches
Houston Texans coaches
Kansas City Chiefs coaches
Kansas Jayhawks football coaches
Minnesota Golden Gophers football coaches
Players of American football from North Carolina
Texas Tech Red Raiders football coaches
Virginia Destroyers coaches
Auburn High School (Alabama) alumni
People from Mount Airy, North Carolina


Tracy Lee Griffith (born October 19, 1965) is an American actress, sushi chef and painter.

Early life
Griffith was raised in Bedford, New York, the daughter of actor and producer Peter Griffith and his second wife, model and actress Nanita Greene. Her younger brother is Clay Griffith, who became a production designer and set decorator. Her paternal half-sister is actress Melanie Griffith. In the early 1970s, she moved with her family to Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Her parents separated in 1975. Griffith attended a boarding school in Maryland, graduating in 1979, and went on to spend three years at the University of Tennessee where she became interested in acting and dropped out in 1984.

Acting career
Tracy Griffith played supporting roles in some films in which her half-sister Melanie starred, such as Fear City (1985) and Crazy in Alabama (1999). After college, Griffith worked in Hollywood and New York for the next 12 years. Her acting credits include The Guiding Light, The Good Mother (1988); Fast Food (1989); The First Power (1990); The Finest Hour (1991); All Tied Up (1993); 21 Jump Street; and the miniseries Ruby Ridge: An American Tragedy. She was a regular on the ABC drama series The Monroes (1995).

Sushi chef
Griffith was the first female graduate of the California Sushi Academy and one of the world's first certified female sushi chefs. She worked as the featured sushi chef at Tsunami's in Beverly Hills. She also was a partner and chef at Rika's on Sunset, a sushi restaurant on the Sunset Strip in Los Angeles. Griffith developed a style of sushi without raw fish. This led to a publishing deal for her cookbook Sushi American Style, which was published by Clarkson Potter in August 2004 and released a second book in 2013 titled "Stealth Health: Lunches Kids Love", which features recipes that children can make themselves.

Griffith starred as the chef and host on the recurring Cooking with D.I.Y. series and Celebrity Hobbies on the D.I.Y. Network.

Personal life
Griffith married fashion executive Mark Daley on September 17, 2011.

In 2006, Griffith released a CD titled Red, on the Miura label.

A landscape painter of the Napa Valley area, she had her first gallery show in San Francisco in 2011.  She moved to Florence, Alabama, where she opened her own art gallery in 2019.

Filmography

References

External links
Official Site:
www.tracyleegriffith.com
https://web.archive.org/web/20080103094417/http://www.tracygriffith.com/

1965 births
Living people
American film actresses
American chefs
Tracy
21st-century American women


The Tracy Hills AVA is an American Viticultural Area located approximately  east-southeast from San Francisco in both San Joaquin County and Stanislaus County, California.  The  region was designated an AVA as a result of a petition from the owners of Tulip Hill Winery in Lake County, who owned a vineyard on Mount Oso in the Tracy Hills.  The five original vineyards in the appellation are planted between  above sea level. The best known wines from Tracy Hills vineyards are the range of Italian varietal wines produced by Jacuzzi Family Vineyards who are based in Sonoma. The sloping hillside topography includes streams and alluvial fans and plains. The distinguishing climatic features of the proposed area include limited rainfall and persistent winds, along with sparse fog, frost, and dew.

References

External links
 Jacuzzi Family Vineyards

American Viticultural Areas
American Viticultural Areas of California
Geography of San Joaquin County, California
Geography of Stanislaus County, California
2006 establishments in California