The Texas A&M Singing Cadets are a male choral group at Texas A&M University. Nicknamed "The Voice of Aggieland", the Singing Cadets have been touring for 109 seasons, with their roots in a glee club founded on the A&M campus in 1893. The Singing Cadets are one of the oldest collegiate singing organizations in the world. They have toured both in America and abroad and have earned recognition by doing so, including invitations to sing for American presidents. Contrary to their name, the Singing Cadets are not all members of the Corps of Cadets and have not been since 1963, when the university as a whole ceased mandating Corps membership. Between 1996 and 2006, the Singing Cadets traveled over 35,000 miles and performed more than 450 concerts worldwide.

History
The first record of a singing organization at Texas A&M (then known as the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas) was in 1893. The nine member glee club was composed of both students and faculty. The group grew to around twenty members through the turn of the century. Their first recorded field trip in 1905, was to Houston, Texas, where they participated in a four hundred member chorus. Other tours in this period included a trip to Fort Worth in 1907, where they met noted violinist Fritz Kreisler. One year later, the director of the group, Professor T.P. Junkin, left the A&M Glee Club.

The next paradigm shift came in 1910 when it was reorganized by F.D. Steger, and subsequently performed for a number of audiences throughout Texas. After several restructuring efforts and directors, the organization laid down an official constitution during the 1937-1938 school year. The Cadets entered the national spotlight when they performed at the 1939 Sugar Bowl game. After A&M professor J. J. Woolket became director in 1940, the chorus was renamed the "Singing Cadets" following a naming contest. Under his direction the group's constitution, the Singing Cadet Handbook, was penned. For these reasons he is called the "Father of the Singing Cadets". The Singing Cadets' first full-time director, Richard Jenkins, raised the organization's profile though a series of tours throughout the American South. Under his aegis in 1942, the group provided choral music for the propaganda film We've Never Been Licked.

The Singing Cadets next long term director, William Turner, held the post for fifteen years. By the early 1950s membership had stabilized at around sixty members. They performed primarily in Texas, and made a trip to Mexico in 1952. The group garnered prestige and attention by singing in front of the Texas Legislature several times.

In 1960, the Singing Cadets next director, Robert L. Boone, expanded the group's national recognition. The group performed its first telecast in 1963 during the nationally televised Miss Teenage America pageant. For the next 8 years, the group served as contestant escorts, performers, and background for the show. They met Sergio Franchi during the December 10, 1970 pageant. Subsequently, the group appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show with Sergio Franchi singing "No Man is An Island" on January 24, 1971. However, they did not get to appear on a second solo performance because an earlier show ran over the allotted time; they were promised to make a return, but Sullivan died before that was able to happen. They did, however, release a 45 rpm single "No Man Is An Island" accompanying Franchi in the same year. Later that year, the Singing Cadets were invited to the White House by Senator John Tower to sing for numerous dignitaries, including President Richard Nixon.

The Singing Cadets took their first trip overseas in 1974 to Romania as part of a goodwill tour sponsored by the State Department, performing several shows over a 3 week period. The Cadets accompanied the Aggie Band onto Kyle Field during the halftime of football games during special occasions of the university, such as the centennial celebration of Texas A&M University (1976), and in 1980 to dedicate the expansion of the football stadium.

Under Boone's direction, the Singing Cadets won several international singing competitions. They won the silver medal in an International Choral Festival in Hawaii in 1979. In 1983 they received the silver medal in Mexico. In 1993, they returned to Hawaii, taking the gold medal. Other major tours during the 1980s included several occasions marking the Texas sesquicentennial anniversary in 1986, and European tours in 1987 and 1989. In 2004, the Singing Cadets journeyed to Australia, and sang the Australian national anthem (Advance Australia Fair) on the first concert of that tour. In May 2006 the Cadets performed at the White House at the invitation of President George W. Bush for an event to honor America's returning athletes from the 2006 Winter Olympics. Also in 2006, the cadets performed at the Miss Texas Pageant. In its 2006-2007 season, the Cadets performed over sixty concerts in the United States, plus a tour to South America during the summer, where they traveled to Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. The Singing Cadets toured South Africa in 2010, China in 2013, and Eastern Europe in 2016, Greece and Bulgaria in 2019, and Greece in 2023.

Music

The Singing Cadets have sung a wide variety of music in their history. Their repertoire has included Christian hymns and gospel music, as well as Texas A&M school songs such as the Aggie War Hymn. Musical selections varied through the decades, although Southern songs and songs from the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s remain perennial favorites.

Currently, eight recordings produced by the Singing Cadets are available for purchase. In chronological order, the titles are: God Bless the USA, Live from South America, Tradition; Duty, Honor, Country: A Tribute to President Bush, Remembrance, Centennial, Let Freedom Ring, and Kennedy Center.

Organization
Members of the Corps of Cadets make up a small minority of the Singing Cadets; the group dropped Corps membership as a requirement in 1963. The Singing Cadets holds auditions twice each school year, with membership open to any male Texas A&M student. The choir is one of three within Texas A&M; the others are the all-female Women's Chorus, and co-ed choir the Century Singers. All three practice in the Music Activities Center (MAC).

The group is typically backed by a pianist and conducted by a director, and regularly are accompanied by instruments, including electric guitar, drums and bass guitar. The Singing Cadets use pantomime to accompany their music, incorporating a number of forms of entertainment into their concerts. Barbershop quartet side groups called The Aggienizors and The Quad perform at some shows, as entertainment between the main musical numbers. During these performances, it is traditional that the Director step off-stage.

Presently, the Singing Cadets go on a ten-day "winter tour" before the start of the spring semester and three weekend "spring tours" during the spring semester across the state, concluding with a "national tour" to an out-of-state location, or an "international tour" every three years to an international location. The Cadets perform 70-80 concerts a year.

Directors
Professor A. M. Soule
Professor Tyrrel
Professor T. P. Junkin
F. D. Steger
D. Ford
K. H. Beach
E. W. Glenn
Professor J. J. Woolket
Richard W. Jenkins
Ewell Porter
William M. Turner
Robert "Coach" L. Boone
David L. Kipp

References

Singing Cadets
Singing Cadets
Musical groups from Texas
Choirs in Texas
University choirs
Boys' and men's choirs
Musical groups established in 1893
Glee clubs
1893 establishments in Texas
Men in the United States


Brighton is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Brighton had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


The Battle of Morotai, part of the Pacific War, began on 15 September 1944, and continued until the end of the war in August 1945. The fighting started when United States and Australian forces landed on the southwest corner of Morotai, a small island in the Netherlands East Indies (NEI), which the Allies needed as a base to support the liberation of the Philippines later that year. The invading forces greatly outnumbered the island's Japanese defenders and secured their objectives in two weeks. Japanese reinforcements landed on the island between September and November, but lacked the supplies needed to effectively attack the Allied defensive perimeter. Intermittent fighting continued until the end of the war, with the Japanese troops suffering heavy loss of life from disease and starvation.

Morotai's development into an Allied base began shortly after the landing, and two major airfields were ready for use in October. These and other base facilities played an important role in the Liberation of the Philippines during 1944 and 1945. Torpedo boats and aircraft based at Morotai also harassed Japanese positions in the NEI. The island's base facilities were further expanded in 1945 to support the Australian-led Borneo Campaign, and Morotai remained an important logistical hub and command center until the Dutch reestablished their colonial rule in the NEI.

Background

Morotai is a small island located in the Halmahera group of eastern Indonesia's Maluku Islands. Most of the island's interior is rugged and covered in thick jungle. The Doroeba Plain in Morotai's south-west corner is the largest of the island's few lowland areas. Prior to the outbreak of war, Morotai had a population of 9,000 and had not been commercially developed. It formed part of the Netherlands East Indies and was ruled by the Dutch through the Sultanate of Ternate. The Japanese occupied Morotai in early 1942 during the Netherlands East Indies campaign but did not garrison or develop it.

In early 1944, Morotai became an area of importance to the Japanese military when it started developing the neighbouring larger island of Halmahera as a focal point for the defence of the southern approaches to the Philippines. In May 1944, the Imperial Japanese Army's 32nd Division arrived at Halmahera to defend the island and its nine airstrips. The division had suffered heavy losses when the convoy carrying it from China (the Take Ichi convoy) was attacked by US submarines. Two battalions from the 32nd Division's 211th Infantry Regiment were initially deployed to Morotai to develop an airstrip on the Doroeba Plain. Both battalions were withdrawn to Halmahera in mid-July, however, when the airstrip was abandoned because of drainage problems. Allied code breakers detected the Japanese build up at Halmahera and Morotai's weak defenses, and passed this information on to the relevant planning staff.

In July 1944, General Douglas MacArthur, the commander of the South West Pacific Area, selected Morotai as the location for air bases and naval facilities needed to support the liberation of Mindanao in the Philippines, which at the time was planned for 15 November. While Morotai was undeveloped, it was preferred over Halmahera as the larger and much better-defended island was judged too difficult to capture and secure. The occupation of Morotai was designated Operation Tradewind. The landing was scheduled to take place on 15 September 1944, the same day as the 1st Marine Division's landing at Peleliu. This schedule allowed the main body of the United States Pacific Fleet to simultaneously protect both operations from potential Japanese counter-attacks.

As little opposition was expected at Morotai, Allied planners decided to land the invasion force close to the airfield sites on the Doroeba Plain. Two beaches in the south-west coast of the island were selected as suitable landing sites, and were designated Red Beach and White Beach. The Allied plan called for all three infantry regiments of the 31st Division to be landed across these beaches on 15 September and swiftly drive inland to secure the plain. As Morotai's interior had no military value, the Allies did not intend to advance beyond a perimeter needed to defend the airfields. Planning for the construction of airfields and other base installations was also conducted prior to the landing, and tentative locations for these facilities had been selected by 15 September.

Prelude

Opposing forces
At the time of the Allied landings, Morotai was defended by approximately 500 Japanese soldiers. The main unit was the 2nd Provisional Raiding Unit, which had gradually arrived on the island between 12 and 19 July 1944, to replace the 32nd Division's battalions when they were withdrawn. The 2nd Provisional Raiding Unit comprised four companies and was manned by Japanese officers and Formosan soldiers. Small elements of several other infantry, military police and support units were also present on the island. The 2nd Provisional Raiding Unit's commander, Major Takenobu Kawashima, deployed the unit in the south-west sector of the island and used the smaller units to establish lookout posts and detachments around Morotai's coastline. The largest of these outposts was on the island's north-east end at Cape Sopi, which consisted of about 100 men. The Japanese force was too small and widely dispersed to be able to mount an effective defense, so the 32nd Division ordered it to build dummy camps and use other deceptions in an attempt to trick the Allies into thinking that Morotai was strongly held.

The Allied force assigned to Morotai outnumbered the island's defenders by more than one hundred to one. The Tradewind Task Force was established on 20 August under the command of Major General Charles P. Hall and numbered 40,105 U.S. Army soldiers and 16,915 United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) and Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) personnel. The Tradewind Task Force came under the overall command of the United States Sixth Army; its main combat elements were the XI Corps headquarters, the 31st Infantry Division and the 126th Regimental Combat Team (RCT) from the 32nd Infantry Division. These units were supported by engineers and a large anti-aircraft group. The Tradewind Task Force also included large numbers of construction and other line of communications units whose role was to swiftly develop the island into a major base. The 6th Infantry Division was designated the force reserve but remained on the mainland of New Guinea. General MacArthur accompanied the force on board  but was not in direct command of the operation.

The landing force was supported by powerful air and naval forces. The United States Fifth Air Force provided direct support while the Thirteenth Air Force and No. 10 Operational Group RAAF conducted strategic missions in the NEI and Philippines. The naval force was designated Task Force 77 and was organised into two attack groups, four reinforcement groups, a support group and an escort carrier group. The attack and reinforcement groups were responsible for transporting the assault force and subsequent support units and comprised twenty-four destroyers, four frigates, two Australian LSIs, five APDs, one LSD, twenty-four LCIs, forty-five LSTs, twenty LCTs and eleven LCIs armed with rockets. The support group was made up of two Australian heavy cruisers, three US light cruisers and eight US and two Australian destroyers. The escort carrier group comprised six escort carriers and ten destroyer escorts and provided anti-submarine and combat air patrol. Task Force 38.4 with two fleet carriers, two light aircraft carriers, one heavy cruiser, one light cruiser and thirteen destroyers was also available to support Task Force 77 if required.

Preliminary attacks
Preliminary air attacks to suppress the Japanese air forces in the vicinity of Morotai began in August 1944. At this time, the Allied intelligence services estimated that there were 582 Japanese aircraft within  of Morotai, 400 of which were in the objective area. The Allied air forces conducted heavy raids on airfields in the Halmaheras, Celebes, Ceram, Ambon, Boeroe and other areas. US Navy carrier-borne aircraft also attacked Japanese air units based at Mindanao and mounted further attacks on Halmahera and Celebes. These attacks were successful, and by 14 September it was estimated that only 60 aircraft remained in the vicinity of Morotai.

To preserve surprise, the Allies did not bombard Morotai prior to the invasion and conducted only a few photographic reconnaissance flights over the island. An Allied Intelligence Bureau patrol had been landed in the island in June but the information it collected was not passed on to the Sixth Army. Although the Tradewind Taskforce had little information on the invasion beaches or Japanese positions, the Sixth Army did not land any of its own reconnaissance patrols on Morotai, as it was feared that these could warn the island's defenders that an attack was imminent.

The Tradewind Taskforce embarked onto the invasion convoy at several bases in north-west New Guinea, and conducted landing rehearsals at Aitape and Wakde Island in early September. The convoy gathered at Maffin Bay on 11 September and set out for Morotai the next day. Its voyage was uneventful, and the convoy arrived off Morotai on the morning of 15 September without having been detected by Japanese forces.

Allied landings

The battle of Morotai began at 6:30 on the morning of 15 September. Allied warships conducted a two-hour-long bombardment of the landing area to suppress any Japanese forces there. This bombardment set several villages on fire, but caused few Japanese casualties as they did not have many troops in the area.

The first wave of American troops landed on Morotai at 8:30 and did not encounter any opposition. The 155th and 167th RCTs landed at Red Beach and the 124th RCT at White Beach. Once ashore, the assault troops assembled into their tactical units and rapidly advanced inland. By the end of the day the 31st Division had secured all of its D-Day objectives and held a perimeter  inland. There was little fighting and casualties were very low on both sides. The Japanese 2nd Provisional Raiding Unit was unable to offer any resistance to the overwhelming Allied force, and withdrew inland in good order. Japanese 7th Air Division aircraft based at Ceram and Celebes began a series of nightly air raids on Morotai on 15 September, but these had little effect on the Allied force.

The lack of resistance was fortunate for the Allies due to unexpectedly poor beach conditions. While the limited pre-invasion intelligence suggested that Red and White beaches were capable of supporting an amphibious landing, they were in fact highly unsuitable for this purpose. Both beaches were muddy and difficult for landing craft to approach owing to rocky ridges and coral reefs. As a result, soldiers and equipment had to be landed through deep surf. This delayed the operation and caused a large quantity of equipment to be damaged. Like many of his soldiers, General MacArthur was forced to wade through chest-high surf when he came ashore. On the morning of D-Day a survey party determined that a beach on the south coast of Morotai was much better suited to LSTs. This beach, which was designated Blue Beach, became the primary Allied landing point from 16 September.

The 31st Division continued its advance inland on 16 September. The division met little opposition and secured the planned perimeter line around the airfield area that afternoon. From 17 September, the 126th Infantry Regiment landed at several points on Morotai's coastline and offshore islands to establish radar stations and observation posts. These operations were generally unopposed, though patrols landed in northern Morotai made numerous contacts with small Japanese parties. The 2nd Provisional Raiding Unit attempted to infiltrate into the Allied perimeter on the night of 18 September but was not successful.

A detachment from the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA) was responsible for civil affairs on Morotai. This detachment came ashore on 15 September, and reestablished Dutch sovereignty over Morotai's civilian population. Many local civilians subsequently provided NICA with intelligence on Japanese dispositions on Morotai and Halmahera and others acted as guides for American patrols.

On 20 September, the 31st Division advanced further inland to secure an expanded perimeter. This was necessary to provide room for additional bivouacs and supply installations after General MacArthur's headquarters decided to expand airfield construction on the island. The advance met little resistance and was completed in one day. On 22 September, a Japanese force attacked the headquarters of the 1st Battalion, 167th Infantry Regiment but was easily repulsed. The following day, a company from the 126th Infantry Regiment unsuccessfully attacked a fortified Japanese unit near Wajaboeta on the island's west coast. The 126th resumed its attack on 24 September and secured the position. US forces continued intensive patrolling until 4 October when the island was declared secure. U.S. casualties during the initial occupation of Morotai numbered 30 dead, 85 wounded, and one missing. Japanese casualties were much higher, numbering over 300 dead and 13 captured.

The American ground troops did not require the heavy air support available to them, and the fast carrier group was released for other duties on 17 September. The six escort carriers remained in support, but their aircraft saw little action. Four of the CVEs were released on 25 September, and the remaining two departed on 4 October. The destroyer escort  was sunk by Japanese submarine Ro-41 on 3 October while escorting the CVE group. Several hours later a TBF Avenger from the escort carrier USS Midway attacked   north of where Shelton had been torpedoed, in the mistaken belief that she was the submarine responsible. After dropping two bombs, the TBF Avenger guided  to the area and the destroyer escort sank Seawolf after five attempts, killing all the submarine's crew. It was later determined that while Seawolf was traveling in a designated "submarine safety lane", the CVE pilots had not been properly briefed on the lane's existence and location, and that the submarine's position had not been provided to USS Richard M. Rowell.

The U.S. Navy established a PT boat base at Morotai on 16 September when the tenders  and  arrived with motor torpedo boat squadrons 9, 10, 18 and 33 and their 41 boats. The PT boats' primary mission was to prevent the Japanese from moving troops from Halmahera to Morotai by establishing a blockade of the -wide strait between the two islands.

Elements of the 31st Division embarked from Morotai in November to capture several islands off New Guinea from which Japanese outposts could observe Allied movements. On 15 November 1,200 troops from the 2nd Battalion, 167th Infantry Regiment and attached units were landed at Pegun Island in the Mapia islands; the next day, Bras Island was attacked. The Mapia Islands were declared secure on 18 November after resistance from 172 Japanese troops of the 36th Infantry Division was overcome. On 19 November, a force of 400 US troops built around F Company, 124th Infantry Regiment occupied the undefended Asia Islands. These were the first offensive operations overseen by the Eighth United States Army, and the naval commander for both operations was Captain Lord Ashbourne of the Royal Navy on board . Radar and LORAN stations were subsequently established on the islands.

Base development

The rapid development of Morotai into a major military base, Naval Base Morotai,  was a key goal of the operation. Pre-invasion plans called for the construction of three large airstrips within forty-five days of 15 September, with the first to be operational immediately after the landing. The plans also included accommodation and supply facilities for 60,000 air force and army personnel, a 1,900-bed hospital, bulk fuel storage and handling installations and ship docking facilities. To construct these facilities, the Tradewind Task Force included 7,000 engineer service troops, of whom 84 percent were American and the remainder Australian.

Work began on base facilities before Morotai was secured. Survey parties began transit surveys of the airfield sites on 16 September, which determined that their planned alignment was unworkable. Plans to complete the Japanese airfield were also abandoned, as it would have interfered with larger airfields to be built to the east. It was instead cleared and used as an emergency "crash strip." Work on the first new airstrip (called Wama Drome) began on 23 September after the site was cleared. By 4 October Wama Drome's runway was operable for  and was supporting heavy bomber raids on Balikpapan in Borneo. Construction of the even larger Pitu Drome, which was to have two runways parallel to Wama Drome, began in late September and by 17 October it had a usable  runway. Construction work was accelerated from 18 October after the United States Third Fleet was withdrawn from providing direct support to the planned landing at Leyte. When the two airstrips were completed in November they boasted three large runways and hardstandings for 253 aircraft, including 174 heavy bombers. Although the air base construction required the destruction of villages, the American and Australian airfield engineers were assisted from 1 October by about 350 laborers locally recruited by the NICA detachment.

Other base facilities were erected concurrently with the construction of the airstrips. Work on fuel storage facilities began shortly after the landing, and the first was ready on 20 September. A jetty for oil tankers and a larger tank farm were completed in early October, and storage facilities continued to be expanded until November, when capacity for  of fuel was available. Several docks capable of accommodating liberty ships were constructed on Morotai's west coast, and the first was completed on 8 October. In addition, twenty LST landings were constructed on Blue Beach to facilitate the loading and unloading of these ships. Other major construction projects included an extensive road network, a naval installation,  of warehousing, and clearing land for supply dumps and bivouacs. A 1,000-bed hospital was also built after the original plans for a 1,900-bed facility were revised. The main difficulties encountered were overcoming the mud caused by unusually heavy rains and finding sufficient water supplies.

A revision to Allied plans meant that Morotai played a much greater role in the liberation of the Philippines than had been originally envisioned. The invasion of Mindanao was postponed in September 1944 in favour of a landing at Leyte in the central Philippines in late October. The air bases at Morotai were the closest Allied air strips to Leyte, and fighters and bombers based on the island attacked targets in the southern Philippines and NEI in support of the landing at Leyte on 25 October. After airfields were completed at Leyte, Morotai was also used as a staging point for fighters and bombers traveling to the Philippines.

Subsequent fighting

Japanese response
The Japanese military recognized that its forces in the Philippines would be threatened if the Allies developed airfields on Morotai. In an attempt to disrupt the airfield construction program, the Japanese Army commanders on Halmahera sent large numbers of reinforcements to Morotai between late September and November. These troops included the main body of the 211th Infantry Regiment, the 3rd Battalion of the 210th Infantry Regiment and three raiding detachments. The commander of the 211th Infantry Regiment, Colonel Kisou Ouchi, assumed command of the Japanese forces on Morotai on 12 October. Allied codebreakers were often able to warn the forces at Morotai of attempts to run the blockade, and PT boats destroyed a large number of the barges the Japanese used to transport troops from Halmahera. The Allies were, however, unable to completely stop the Japanese buildup.

The Japanese counter-offensive on Morotai was not successful. The troops brought to the island suffered from high rates of disease and it proved impossible to bring sufficient supplies through the Allied air and naval blockade. As a result, while the 2nd Provisional Raiding Unit raided the US perimeter on several occasions, the reinforcements were unable to mount larger attacks and did not impede Allied airfield construction activities. The Japanese force subsequently withdrew into central Morotai where many soldiers died from disease or starvation. The last Japanese supply barges from Halmahera reached Morotai on 12 May 1945.

In late December 1944, the US 33rd Infantry Division's 136th Infantry Regiment was brought to Morotai from New Guinea to attack the Japanese 211th Infantry Regiment in the west of the island. After landing on the island's west coast, the American regiment moved into Japanese-held territory on 26 December and advanced on the Japanese position from the south-west and north. The 136th was supported by a battalion of the 130th Infantry Regiment advancing overland from the Doroeba Plain, artillery units stationed on islands off Morotai's coast and one hundred civilian porters. The 3rd Battalion of the 167th Infantry Regiment also participated in this operation and made a difficult march from Morotai's south coast into the interior to prevent the Japanese from scattering into small groups in the island's mountains.

In early January 1945, the American force determined that two battalions of the Japanese 211th Regiment were at Hill 40, about four miles (6 km) north of the Allied perimeter. The attack on this position began on 3 January 1945 when the 136th Infantry Regiment's 1st and 2nd battalions advanced from the south-west and encountered strong resistance. The regiment used a large quantity of ammunition in this attack, and aerial resupply was needed to replenish its supplies. Both American battalions resumed their attack the next day with the support of a highly effective artillery bombardment, and reached the main Japanese position in the afternoon. During this period the 3rd Battalion of the 136th Regiment advanced on Hill 40 from the north, and destroyed the 211th Regiment's 3rd Battalion in a series of battles. This Japanese battalion had been stationed on the coast to receive supplies from Halmahera and mounted several unsuccessful attacks on the American battalion's beachhead after it landed in December.

The 136th Infantry Regiment completed its attack on Hill 40 on 5 January. The Regiment's 1st and 2nd Battalions advanced from the west and south-west and the 3rd Battalion from the north, meeting little resistance. The 1st and 2nd Battalions continued north to pursue Japanese remnants until 14 January, by which time the regiment claimed to have killed 870 Japanese soldiers and captured ten for a loss of 46 killed and 127 wounded and injured. The 3rd Battalion, 167th Infantry Regiment linked up with the 136th on 7 January after overrunning the main Japanese radio station on the island on 4 January. In mid-January, the 136th Regiment was withdrawn to the Allied perimeter where it rejoined the 33rd Division, which was staging through Morotai en route for the Allied landing in Luzon.

Air attacks and Allied mopping up
The Japanese 7th Air Division continued to raid Morotai for months after the Allied landing. The air division conducted 82 raids on Morotai involving 179 sorties between 15 September 1944 and 1 February 1945. The aircraft used in these raids flew from Ceram and the Celebes and landed at airfields on Halmahera before proceeding to their targets. While 54 of the raids caused no damage, the others resulted in the destruction of forty-two Allied aircraft and damage to another thirty-three. Allied casualties from air attack were 19 killed and 99 wounded. The most successful raid was conducted on the night of 22 November when 15 Allied planes were destroyed and eight damaged. The regular Japanese air raids ceased at the end of January 1945, though a final attack took place on 22 March. USAAF night fighters had only limited success as raiders were normally detected only shortly before they entered anti-aircraft gun defended zones; these guns shot down most of the 26 Japanese aircraft lost over Morotai. The official history of the USAAF's night fighter force states that Morotai "was probably the most difficult task undertaken by American night fighters during World War II" due to the difficulty of detecting incoming raiders.

The PT boat force at Morotai was reduced to a single squadron by February 1945 but remained active until the end of the war. As well as patrolling around Morotai, the boats operated in the eastern NEI to raid Japanese positions and support Australian and Dutch scouting parties. In May 1945 PT boats and the Australian Z Special Unit rescued the Sultan of Ternate along with his court and harem during an operation codenamed Project Opossum after he was mistreated by the Japanese. By the end of the war the PT boats had conducted nearly 1,300 patrols and destroyed 50 barges and 150 small craft off Morotai and Halmahera.

The 31st Division remained at Morotai until 12 April 1945 when it departed to participate in the liberation of Mindanao, and was replaced by the 93rd Infantry Division. The 93rd Division was a segregated African American unit, and was mainly used for security and labor tasks during the war. Once established on Morotai the division conducted intensive patrols with the aim of destroying the remaining Japanese force on the island. At this time most of the Japanese on Morotai were located along the island's west coast, and generally stayed close to civilian gardens. The 93rd Division landed patrols along Morotai's west and north coasts from April onwards, and these fought scattered skirmishes with small Japanese forces. One of the division's main goals was to capture Colonel Ouchi, and this was achieved by a patrol from the 25th Infantry Regiment on 2 August. Ouchi was one of the highest-ranked Japanese officers to be captured before the end of the war. The American force also used propaganda broadcasts and leaflets to encourage Japanese soldiers on Morotai to surrender, with some success.

Aftermath

Morotai remained an important Allied base after Leyte was secured. Aircraft of the Thirteenth Air Force and Australian First Tactical Air Force (formerly No. 10 Operational Group RAAF) were based at Morotai and attacked targets in the NEI and southern Philippines until the end of the war. From April 1945, the island was also used by the Australian I Corps to mount the Borneo Campaign. Australian Army engineers expanded the base facilities at Morotai to support this operation. Due to overcrowding, some Australian camp sites were located outside the American perimeter.

Morotai was the scene of a number of surrender ceremonies following the surrender of Japan. About 660 Japanese troops on Morotai capitulated to Allied forces after 15 August. The 93rd Division also accepted the surrender of the 40,000 Japanese troops at Halmahera on 26 August after the Japanese commander there was brought to Morotai on a US Navy PT boat. On 9 September 1945, Australian General Thomas Blamey accepted the surrender of the Japanese Second Army at a ceremony held on the I Corps' sports ground at Morotai. Private Teruo Nakamura, the last confirmed Japanese holdout on Morotai or elsewhere, was captured by Indonesian Air Force personnel on 18 December 1974.

The facilities on Morotai continued to be heavily used by the Allies in the months after the war. The Australian force responsible for the occupation and military administration of the eastern NEI was headquartered at Morotai until April 1946, when the Dutch colonial government was reestablished. The island was also one of the sites where the Australian and NEI militaries conducted war crimes trials of Japanese personnel.

Notes

References

Conflicts in 1944
1944 in Indonesia
South West Pacific theatre of World War II
Battles of World War II involving Australia
Battles of World War II involving the United States
Battles and operations of World War II involving the Netherlands
Battles of World War II involving Japan
Amphibious operations of World War II
1944 in the Dutch East Indies
September 1944 events
October 1944 events
Amphibious operations involving the United States


Bryant's Cove is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Bryant's Cove had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


Burbach is a name meaning "farmer's brook" (from Old High German bur "farmer" + bach "brook"). It can refer to:

Places in Germany
 Burbach, North Rhine-Westphalia, municipality in Siegen-Wittgenstein district
 Burbach, Rhineland-Palatinate, municipality in Bitburg-Prüm district
 Alstädten-Burbach, district of Hürth municipality, North Rhine-Westphalia
 districts of either
 Halver municipality, North Rhine-Westphalia
 Saarbrücken municipality, Saarland
 Marxzell, Baden-Württemberg
 Wutha-Farnroda, Thuringia
 Niederhambach, Rhineland-Palatinate

Places in France
 Burbach, Bas-Rhin, France

Places in England
 Burbach, an old name for Burbage, Wiltshire, England

People
 Bill Burbach (born 1947), New York Yankees baseball player
  (born 1945), German diplomat and jurist
  (born 1975), German actress


Charlotte  was a sloop that sank in 1808 off the coast of New South Wales, Australia.

History
Charlotte was built in Sydney, Australia. and registered at 16 tons on 19 December 1803. Owned and skippered by Robert Inch and assisted by his hand, George Conway, the ship was  north of Port Jackson, Australia, bound from the Hawkesbury River with a cargo of grain on 27 August 1808 when a squall struck her after her mainsail jibbed. The sloop Hope witnessed the sinking while sailing  south of Charlotte. Both Inch and Conway drowned.

References

Shipwrecks of the Northern Sydney Region
Ships built in New South Wales
History of New South Wales
Sloops of Australia
Individual sailing vessels
Grain ships
1803 ships
Maritime incidents in 1808
Shipwrecks of New South Wales
Ships lost with all hands
1808 in Australia
1788–1850 ships of Australia
Merchant ships of Australia


Centreville–Wareham–Trinity is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, located on Bonavista Bay. The town had a population of 1,116 in the Canada 2021 Census, down from 1,147 in 2016.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Centreville-Wareham-Trinity had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Centreville
Centreville came into being much later than its neighbouring communities, having been settled in 1959 by settlers moving from Fair Island. Centreville is the location for the primary and elementary school, k-9, which services all three communities as well as another neighbouring community named Indian Bay. Centreville has a skating arena for the winter months and has a small convenience store with a restaurant.

Trinity
Trinity is rather distant from fishing grounds and therefore relies on logging, sawmilling, and shipbuilding.

In the 1800s Trinity served as a winter site of logging for fishermen from islands in Bonavista Bay, especially from the Fair Islands. Settlement occurred gradually in Trinity but was started when a merchant from Fair Island, James Brown, built a water powered sawmill in a bay within Trinity in 1894. His son built a home close to the sawmill so he could manage it. Eventually other members of the Brown family began moving to Trinity. Other people soon followed, such as, Absalom Brown, Israel Gibbons, and Peter Pond.

Trinity appears for the first time in the 1901 Census with a population of fifteen. In 1905 with the establishment of a second sawmill, a steam-powered mill, more families came to Trinity. The new families included the Hunts, Rogers, and Cutlers. In 1911 there were 61 people living in Trinity and by 1935 there were 246. Within ten years the population nearly doubled with 429 people there in 1945, and in 1951 there was a population of 631. The peak population was over 700 in Trinity, however after a devastating forest fire in 1961 the population dropped to 400 as logging and lumber production was greatly hampered.

The first school in Trinity was held in a residents home in 1905 because there was no structure built to school children. Within a year a Church of England building, which served as a school and a chapel, was built. In the 1930s St. Alban's Church was built, and the first teacher and lay reader in Trinity was a W.B. Brown from 1931 to 1957.

Wareham
Wareham was not permanently settled until 1918 but was visited earlier by fishermen from islands off Bonavista Bay to do woods work in the winter season and for boat building. The community was named after the home of the first people who lived there, the Firmages. They were from Wareham, Dorset and they came to Wareham, Newfoundland from Fair Island to continue woods work and they opened a sawmill.

The International Power and Paper Company began cutting pulpwood nearby in 1920, therefore other families soon moved to Wareham, mostly from Fair Island. Some of these families were the Cutlers, Hunts, Rogers, and Wicks.

The first post office was built in 1931 when the name Wareham was chosen for the settlement. By 1935 there was a population of 94, and ten years later there was a population of 149. When Bowater came to nearby Indian Bay in 1950s, and with other areas resettling, the population in Wareham grew to over 300.

The rapid population growth ended in 1961 with a major forest fire which affected many communities in Bonavista Bay and other areas of the northeast coast of Newfoundland.

See also
 Bonavista Bay
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Populated coastal places in Canada
Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


The hybrid iguana is a first-generation hybrid, the  result of intergeneric breeding between a male marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) and a female Galapagos land iguana (Conolophus subcristatus) on South Plaza Island in the Galápagos Islands, where the territories of the two species overlap.

Hybrid iguanas are dark with light speckles or bands of mottling near the head and a banded body. By contrast, marine iguanas are a solid blackish color, while land iguanas are reddish-yellow; neither are banded.

The first hybrid iguana was discovered in 1981. In 1997, high ocean temperatures during a severe El Niño season caused failure of the seaweed beds around the Galapagos Islands and about half the marine iguanas starved to death. Others searched inland for plants to eat. There they mated with the land iguanas, producing an unusual number of hybrid iguanas. As of 2003, 20 had been found.  Four were known to be alive as of a 2013 census.  DNA testing by a German researcher revealed that marine iguanas were the fathers and land iguanas the mothers.

A unique set of circumstances on South Plaza Island helps explain why the hybrid iguanas have been observed only there. Elsewhere in the Galápagos, reproductive isolation between the two species is maintained by separation of breeding in both place and time: there is little overlap between the inland habitat favored by the land iguanas and the coastal habitat of the marine iguana, and the short breeding seasons of the two species normally do not overlap. However, long, narrow South Plaza Island is so small that no place on it is far from the coast, leaving female land iguanas no place to retreat from invasion by the larger, more aggressive male marine iguanas. And on South Plaza there is a slight overlap between the end of the land iguana's breeding season and the beginning of the marine iguana's, so that male marine iguanas forced inland by hunger may occasionally encounter a female land iguana that is still in breeding condition.

Anatomy and morphology
Marine iguanas have sharp claws and are able to grip rock under seawater and eat seaweed, whereas land iguanas lack sharp claws, making them unable to climb the cacti that are their staple foods. Hybrid iguanas have sharp claws and can climb on cacti and also eat seaweed underwater. The hybrid iguana can survive in both sea and land environments. Despite the long evolutionary separation between the two parent species, which are assigned to different genera, the offspring are viable, although likely sterile. The hybrid iguanas have a laterally compressed tail like that of the marine iguanas, though they have not been seen swimming. They also have sharp claws like their marine fathers, which enable them to climb for food rather than waiting for it to drop from a cactus as the land iguanas do.

References

External links
Hybrid Iguana, Princeton University press

Animal breeding
Conolophus
Endemic reptiles of the Galápagos Islands
Evolutionary biology
Hybrid animals
Iguanidae
Marine reptiles
Population genetics
Intergeneric hybrids


Chance Cove is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 213 in the Canada 2021 Census.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Chance Cove had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


Coachman's Cove is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 111 in the Canada 2021 Census.

History

Coachman's Cove was originally named Pot d'Etain, which means Tin Pot Islands. It was incorporated in 1970 and is located north of Baie Verte on the east side of a promontory near a tip of the Baie Verte Peninsula. Its name was derived from Irish settlers who were living there year-round in the 1860s. The first permanent settlers to arrive in Coachman's Cove possibly came at the invitation of the French in the early 19th century to act as guardians of French stages and fishing equipment during the winter months. These settlers decided to stay and establish a permanent fishing settlement.

Like other communities on the Baie Verte Peninsula, Coachman's Cove had a double identity and double population. During the summer the community had mostly French, Roman Catholic residents, who came from France to fish for cod from June to September. During the winter months the population of Coachman's Cove was made up of Anglo-Irish Newfoundlanders. The first names associated with the settlement were Downey, Bailey, Norman, Dobbin, Dow, Demfy, and Drover.

It is likely that the large number of inhabitants recorded in the 1869 census included the French summer fishermen because the population of Coachman's Cove did not go above 200 again until 1921. Coachman's Cove was first recorded in the census of 1869, with 237 inhabitants. In 1872 there were fifty-one people living in the community. The building of the church there in 1872 showed the importance of the community to the French as a fishing station.

By 1935, the population of Coachman's Cove was 294. The early settlers of Coachman's Cove depended mainly on the cod and herring fisheries for their livelihood, but by 1935 the lumbering and sawmilling industries became increasingly the main source of employment for the community. Five years later, in 1940, there were three sawmills and by 1950 lumbering had become the main employer in Coachman's Cove. In the winter months, the fishermen worked in the woods and in the local sawmills. It was reported that the sawmills in the area supplied the timber for all the piers on the northeast coast.

By 1952, Coachman's Cove had a public wharf, a Credit Union and a two-room Roman Catholic school. During the 1960s Coachman's Cove was linked by road to other settlements on the Baie Verte Peninsula. The high rate of unemployment and the community's isolation made livelihood difficult in the 1960s and 1970s. Approximately 35 men went to work at the Asbestos mines in Baie Verte when it opened in 1963-64. The remainder of the people were employed as fishermen and seasonal labourers.

Coachman's Cove today is a quaint quiet community and still shows signs of its French history. The uncovering of a new Paleo-Eskimo site in 1999-2000 shows that the area surrounding Coachman's Cove was inhabited approximately 3,000 years ago.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Coachman's Cove had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


Cook's Harbour is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 123 in the Canada 2016 Census. The population as of 2021 was 118 (including Wild Bight and Boat Harbour) but the population has been decreasing ever since then. Cook’s Harbour is about 45 minutes away from St. Anthony NL and 6 hours from Corner Brook NL.

The school in Cook's Harbour is called James Cook Memorial there are 5 students in the school as of 2023.

History
Cook's Harbour was named by Captain James Cook in 1764, during his survey of Newfoundland.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Cook's Harbour had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


Malaquías Montoya is an American born Chicano poster artist and a major figure in the Chicano Art Movement of the 1960s and 1970s.

Early life and teaching
Montoya was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He was raised by a single mother in a family of migrant farm workers (including brother, José Montoya) in California's Central Valley.  He joined the U.S. Marines and through the G.I. Bill was able to attend the University of California at Berkeley.  In 1968, Montoya founded the Mexican-American Liberation Art Front and was "arguably the most influential Chicano artist collective in the movement".

Since then he has taught at University of California, Berkeley, Stanford University, California College of Arts and Crafts, University of Notre Dame, and University of Texas, San Antonio. Since 1989 Montoya has held a professorship at the University of California, Davis, teaching both in the department of Art and the department of Chicana/o Studies.

Art works

Montoya is known for incorporating social justice themes in his work.  In 2006 he completed a series of paintings and screenprints on the death penalty which referenced those killed by the death penalty from Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, to Jesus Christ.  Other themes include immigration, the zapatista movement, Palestine, and others.

Montoya has produced substantial work on the issue of immigration. He produced the print “Immigrant’s Dream (2004)” which shows a faceless figure covered completely in the American flag with serves as a bag with a tag labeled “undocumented.” This print presented the horrific reality of what becomes of the coveted American Dream. Another print titled, “Undocumented” includes a man trapped in barbed wire with the word undocumented written in red with blood dripping across his body. The barbed wire is representative of the physical barrier of the US Mexico Border migrants encounter when crossing the border. In addition the captivity of the man within the barbed wire is metaphorical for the emotional suffering due to migration. Montoya’s art is evident of social justice themes that expose the realities of marginalized communities that can make people uncomfortable.

Activism
Montoya’s activism was shaped by his exposure to the Chicano movement which incorporated ideals of resistance and cultural affirmation. This movement had an emphasis on civil rights for Mexican Americans and raising political, economic, and social consciousness. He became part of the Mexican American Student Confederation (MASC) and produced leaflets and posters to empower the community and raise awareness about the cause. He demonstrated solidarity with fellow activists by distributing UFW buttons and bumper stickers. Moreover, he participated in MASC sit ins which were organized to demand University of California, Berkeley to include a Mexican American Studies course of study and requested that the administration demonstrate solidarity with the UFW’s grape boycott.

At Berkeley, Montoya was actively involved with advocacy organizations by contributing art to their mobilization efforts. He continued his poster making collaboration with the UFW in Berkeley. One of his famous works for the UFW was the poster with a central message of “Support the Farmworkers War” asking for donations of food and clothing. The color palette includes bold colors such as red, black, and yellow and bold lettering with the intention of demanding attention to support the labor movement which is referred to as a war effort. The inverted Aztec eagle (UFW logo) is covering three faceless and barely identifiable figures. In his UFW poster, he represented the farmworker families as advocating for their rights to frame the discourse on the struggle of marginalized communities. Montoya was also linked to the Third World Liberation Front (TWLF) advocacy efforts seeking to establish a separate Third World College that would enhance representation for minorities including African Americans, Chicanos, Asians, and Native Americans. His involvement in the TWLF provided an invaluable perspective on mobilization such as learning about “coalition politics” which conveyed that collaboration between groups with overlapping interests could be a powerful force to enact change. There was an emphasis on the shared struggle which he sought to include in his posters of mobilization. In this wide array of posters, he used the terms “Huelga” (strike) to emphasize the resistance and would use "Unidos" to suggest a form of solidarity between various disenfranchised groups. In addition, his TWLF posters include faceless or unrecognizable figures to suggest that this is a collective fight against power. His time at Berkeley shaped him as an artist as he began to merge politics with aesthetics with the intention of participating in activism at the local and international level.

References

External links

Malaquías Montoya Official Website
Montoya at Galeria de la Raza

1938 births
Living people
Artists from Albuquerque, New Mexico
Artists from California
American artists of Mexican descent
American poster artists
University of California, Berkeley alumni
University of California, Davis faculty
Stanford University faculty
University of Notre Dame faculty


Cow Head is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 478 in the Canada 2016 Census.

The Dr. Henry N. Payne Community Museum (c. 1941) in Cow Head, Newfoundland and Labrador is on the Canadian Register of Historic Places.

Cow Head is home to one of the longest sandy beaches in Newfoundland as well as a large area of sand dunes. It also has panoramic views of the Long Range Mountains of Gros Morne. An interesting geologic feature found at Cow Head is a section of the former continental margin of Laurentia which dipped into the Iapetus ocean.

There is a walking trail leading to a lighthouse constructed in 1909 on the summer side or "head" of Cow Head.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Cow Head had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Arts and culture
Cow Head is the home to the Gros Morne Theatre Festival.

A new theatre named in honour of nurse, Myra Bennett, is currently under construction and aiming for completion in 2021.

Geology
The Cow Head Group is made up of a series of continental slope strata that contain numerous boulders made of carbonate. These have yielded numerous trilobite fossils and have led to the identification of new species, including Catillicephala cifelli, named after paleontologist Rich Cifelli.

Gallery

See also
List of lighthouses in Canada
List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

External links
Cow Head – Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador, vol. 1, p. 551-553.
 Aids to Navigation Canadian Coast Guard

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
Lighthouses in Newfoundland and Labrador


Cox's Cove is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 664 in the Canada 2021 Census. The small community is mainly based on the fishery, mink farm, and construction industries.

History

A fishing and logging community on the south side of Middle Arm in the Bay of Islands, Cox's Cove was originally settled 1840 by Thomas O'Grady and George, John and William Cox, herring and lobster fishermen. The community was also a regular port of call for the northern coastal boats. Cox's Cove was designated a reception centre in 1965 under the first Federal-Provincial Community Consolidation Programme, and from 1965 to 1970 received families from the nearby communities of Penguin Arm and Brakes Cove. Cox's Cove was incorporated in 1969, and the community had a full range of municipal services by 1980. In 1970 the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador established a new fish plant in the community. In 1979, Cox's Cove received a new water and sewerage system serving seventy per cent of the community. In 1981, the herring fishery and plant employed the majority of Cox's Cove's labour force. In the early 2000s, a mink farm began operations in the town, the farm closed in 2019.

Every summer, Cox's Cove also hosts the Big Hill Festival.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Cox's Cove had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
Fishing communities in Canada


English Harbour East is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is located on the northeast side of Fortune Bay. Settled first by the Mi’kmaq of Newfoundland which used land on the "Neck" of the Harbour, they were joined in the early 1800s, by the English Dodge family and by Irishman Thomas Hynes Sr. European fishermen were first brought to the small community by English merchant family of Newman and Co. based in Harbour Breton, the firm of merchant John Gorman, and the Jersey firm of Nicholle and Co. The town had a population of 117 in the Canada 2021 Census.

Geography
Its boundaries are established by the Town of English Harbour East Order under the Municipalities Act (Newfoundland and Labrador).

History and Economy
Used by the Mi'kmaq in the years prior to European settlement, English Harbour East was permanently settled by the 1830s. In 1831, prominent Newfoundland fisherman Thomas Hynes, who defied the Bait Act, was born in English Harbour East. George Dodge of England and his family were residents by 1835.

English Harbour East's steady growth in the mid to late 19th century coincided with the success of the cod and herring fishery in Fortune Bay. Its residents were primarily fishermen and planters at the time. English Harbour East also significantly prospered in conjunction with the herring fishery and the sale of bait to United States traders. This was despite laws forbidding such action and the patrol of Fortune Bay waters by wardens who frequently (with little success) warned residents of the law and were on the receiving end of their ire. One such case was where the patrolling officer warned an offender named Hackett and reported in annoyance: “got a fair share of slang (abuse) here from sea-lawyer Hackett; 2 seines, 5 crafts." During this period, a Way Office was established in 1883 on July 1, and a post office was created with the first Postmistress being Annie Hackett in 1891.

Beginning in the 1890s, the lobster fishery (including lobster factories) became a staple of income for many families in the town. In the first two decades of the 20th Century, salmon was also tinned by ambitious merchants. Many people moved to the area from such remote communities as Conne and New Harbour in the early to mid 20th Century.

Mass Exodus to Woods Island, Bay of Islands
Between 1897 and 1902, several dozens of families migrated from English Harbour East to Woods Island, Newfoundland and Labrador on Newfoundland's west coast in search of a better herring fishery and living conditions.

20th century
By the mid-late 20th century, many workers of English Harbour East were forced to commute to work from outside the town. This pushed five families from 1965 and 1975 to resettle to the nearby towns of Harbour Mille, Harbour Breton, and Terrenceville. Road construction to connect English Harbour East to nearby Grand le Pierre for a distance of 6 miles began in 1970 and completed shortly thereafter at an estimated cost of $200,000.
The community was incorporated as a town in 1973 with residents mostly being employed in the fishery and a government wharf was built. This coincided with the addition of telephone service to the town that same year.
Vandalism became a serious problem in the small town in the mid-late 1990s as the school, several houses, and other buildings were broken into or damaged. In 1996, in response to various vandalism complaints, the community adopted the COPs program which was operated in July 1996 by resident Shirley Kearley. Kearley would patrol around the town and visit various buildings and vacant houses to help deter vandalism in the program which was the first of its kind for the Burin Peninsula.
In 2003, a complete waterfront infrastructure project was completed in the town to revitalize the fishing premises and government wharf area. This $600,000 retrofit including a concrete foundation rather than a wooden one.

In the first decade of the 21st Century, several fishing sheds from abandoned communities elsewhere in Newfoundland were moved to English Harbour East and restored.

Education
A Roman Catholic school was operating in English Harbour East by 1878.

Throughout the later part of the 20th century, the community was formally served by St. George's School, which in 1981 had students from Kindergarten to Grade Nine, and high school students were bussed to the nearby St. Joseph's school in Terrenceville. St. George's School closed in 2006.

Culture and Religion
Despite beginning in 1836 as a majority of Church of England settlement, by 1874, English Harbour East's population was of majorly Roman Catholic residents.

In 1975, resident Margaret Bolt explained that once a month the community would have a "time" or party where all of the residents would gather to socialize.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, English Harbour East had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador
 Thomas Hynes
 Burin Peninsula
 Newfoundland outport

References

External links
 Newfoundland 1921 Census. English Harbour East, Fortune Bay District, 166 Persons in 23 Households
English Harbour East – Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador, vol.1, p. 779.

Populated coastal places in Canada
Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
Fishing communities in Canada


was a Japanese samurai warrior of the Sengoku Period. He is known as one of the "Twenty-Four Generals of Takeda Shingen"

He also recorded as having been wounded 41 times in 36 encounters.
He was the father of Obata Masamori.

See also
 Isao Obata

References

External links
  "Legendary Takeda's 24 Generals" at Yamanashi-kankou.jp

Takeda retainers
Samurai
1491 births
1561 deaths


Fermeuse ( ) ( NST) is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 266 in the Canada 2021 Census.

The town is located on the eastern portion of the Avalon Peninsula approximately 80 kilometers south of St. John’s via paved two-lane highway.  Like other communities in the area, Fermeuse was used as a summer fishing station in the 1500s by the Portuguese and is referred to on early Portuguese maps as R. Fermoso and Rio Fremoze.  The fishery continues to be the economic engine for the town, but in recent history, projects such as a Marine Center and a wind power project have created new opportunities for residents.

The harbour has excellent proximity to the offshore oil and gas operations off the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador.  Fermeuse Harbour is long (approximately 5 kilometers) and well protected.  It provides a naturally sheltered port with hilly terrain to the north and south.  The harbour possesses the key characteristics, including:
 Safe harbour in most all weather conditions
 Ice free
 Sufficient deep water, berthing spaces and supportive laydown areas.

Fermuese, also has with many scenic hiking trails with views of the Atlantic Ocean. The Bear Cove Point path is an 11.1-km point-to-point trail generally considered a moderately challenging route.   It takes an average of 3 h 49 min to complete and offers the opportunity for bird watching, hiking, and running.  The community also has many cottages catering to the numerous hikers of the East Coast Trail and other hiking trails in the area.

Fermeuse is the hometown of former NHL player Ryane Clowe who played with the New Jersey Devils, New York Rangers and San Jose Sharks.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Fermeuse had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

References

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


Flatrock is a town in Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 1,722 in the Canada 2021 Census.

Most of the people in Flatrock are of Irish descent. There are some families who are descended from the few Norwegian settlers who came to Flatrock in the 19th century. Irish heritage is still strong today and can be seen in such things as religion, folkways, music, and dialect/accent.

Religion and history

Flatrock is a Roman Catholic fishing town. The first settlers were Roman Catholic Irish fishermen and also Roman Catholics of French descent. About 95 per cent is Roman Catholic, 2.0% is Anglican Church of Canada, 1% United Church of Canada, or Methodist who attend the United Church in Pouch Cove, and 1% Presbyterian who attend St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church (The Kirk) in St. John's. The population of Protestants in Flatrock are from other communities in Newfoundland, having moved in from recent economic development. There is no evidence of any Protestant family settling in Flatrock other than Norwegian and some English families, who, as evidenced in the town's local history, soon converted to Catholicism.
There is only one church, St Michael's Roman Catholic Church. This church as well as St Agnes' Roman Catholic Church in the neighbouring community of Pouch Cove, share the same parish. The Church currently shares a parish priest with Holy Trinity in Torbay, and St. Agnes' in Pouch Cove. There is no Presbytery in Flatrock. However, they do exist in neighboring communities Torbay, Pouch Cove, and Portugal Cove.

Our Lady of Lourdes Grotto

Our Lady of Lourdes Grotto is a religious shrine located outside of the parish church in Flatrock, founded in 1954 by Fr. William Sullivan after his return to the parish from Lourdes, France.  Fr. Sullivan saw many similarities in the terrain in Lourdes to that of his church in Flatrock, and saw that it would be a great opportunity to take advantage of this land.  It is to date the largest religious grotto east of Montreal and has been visited by Pope John Paul II on September 12, 1984, where it received a special blessing from him.

The grotto has been designed by Michael Curtis of the nearby city of St. John's.  Since its inception, a number of additional monuments have been erected including: a lifesize statue of the crucifix, a statue of St. Michael, a statue of the Blessed Mother that is placed in the cave portion, a statue of St. Bernadette and it contains the fourteen Stations of the Cross which are frequently venerated by parishioners. As well, there as a number of memorial plaques placed throughout the grotto.

The Our Lady of Loudes Grotto has also been voted the "Most Psychedelic Spot" by the St. John's bi-weekly publication The Scope in 2007.

Confederation
As an Irish settlement, during the confederation debate of 1949, Flatrock had voted against confederation. To this day, Flatrock as an Irish settlement flies the Union Jack, the Irish Flag, and the traditional pink white and green flag of Newfoundland - as well as the American flag.  A number of townsfolk would move to New England States and New York before Newfoundland joined Confederation to live with relatives.  Some townsfolk had U.S. military service before confederation with Canada.  Beárna na Gaoithe (Wind Gap)Road the main road going through the town is known to come from settlers that came from WindGap areas of County Waterford and County Kilkenny in Ireland.(citation: NL Archives:The Rooms)

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Flatrock had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

References

External links

Flatrock - Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador, vol. 2, p. 209-212.

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
Fishing communities in Canada


In 2007 Centro Hebreo Sefaradi Synagogue was described as “…the only remaining institutional legacy of the Sephardic presence in Cuba.”  Construction originally began in 1957 and the synagogue was completed in 1960 with a 726-seat sanctuary.  The main sanctuary was later rented out to the Afro-Cuban band Síntesis for their rehearsals while weekly religious services were held in a small room next door.  As of 2010, the synagogue had eighty families constituting 320 members.  The majority of congregants were 60 or older.

Centro Hebro is affiliated with the Conservative Jewish movement in the United States.  There is a small Holocaust memorial at the synagogue with quotations from José Martí.

References

The Sefaradi are the Jews in Spain before and after the expulsion.  http://www.madregot.com/Sefarad.htm

Conservative Judaism in North America
Conservative synagogues
Synagogues in Havana
Buildings and structures in Havana
Sephardi Conservative Judaism
Sephardi Jewish culture in the Caribbean
Sephardi synagogues
Spanish-Cuban culture


Fleur de Lys () is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 207 in the Canada 2021 Census. Fleur de Lys is located approximately 26 km north of Baie Verte.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Fleur de Lys had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 Baie Verte Peninsula

References

Populated places in Newfoundland and Labrador
Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


The Green Party of Rhode Island (GPRI) is one of the oldest active Green parties in the United States. The party was founded on March 6, 1992, at a meeting of 40 activists from Rhode Island. In November 1996, GPRI was one of 12 founding parties in the Association of State Green Parties, renamed the Green Party of the United States in 2001. Several Rhode Island party leaders have served as officers of the national Green Party.  The party's candidates have run for municipal councils in several cities and towns, such as running for Mayor of Providence, the State Senate and the State House of Representatives, U.S. Congress, and for Lieutenant governor.

History
The Green Party of Rhode Island was founded by a meeting of 40 Green activists on March 6, 1992.

Campaign 1994
In 1994, Green candidate Jeff Johnson of South Kingstown, Rhode Island gained about 6% of the vote in an election for lieutenant governor. To date, no statewide election has matched that vote share result for a Green candidate. Johnson also ran for State House of Representatives in 1996 and for Lieutenant governor again in 1998, receiving a lesser share of the vote.

Campaign 1996 and 2000
In November 1996, GPRI was one of 12 founding parties in the Association of States Green Parties, renamed the Green Party of the United States in 2001.

In the 1996 and 2000 presidential elections, GPRI put Ralph Nader on the Rhode Island ballot for U.S. President, and Nader's vote share in 2000 (6.12%) was enough to win major party status for the GPRI.

Campaign 2004
In June 2004 GPRI hosted a diplomatic visit by Miguel Angel Pimentel, President of the Green Party of Democratic Unity in the Dominican Republic. That same year the Green Party of the United States's presidential nominee, David Cobb, failed to win at least 5% in Rhode Island, and GPRI lost major party status.

Campaign 2008
Former Georgia Congresswoman Cynthia McKinney attended the party's state convention in 2007, recruiting volunteers for her 2008 presidential campaign. McKinney won 6 of 8 Rhode Island delegates in the 2008 Green caucus in Rhode Island, but ultimately received less than 1% of the vote in the 2008 U.S. Presidential election in Rhode Island.

Campaign 2012
In the 2012 Presidential election, the party supported Jill Stein's presidential candidacy. Stein and her running mate, Cheri Honkala, officially gained ballot access on September 13, 2012.

Campaign 2016
In May 2016, the party nominated Jill Stein for President.

Campaign 2020
In May 2020, the party decided to suspend its 2020 presidential campaign, due to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic and the state's refusal to relax in-person petitioning. Publicly, the party issued a press release about the importance of defeating Donald Trump, instead of supporting in party-lines via helping from the state Green Party's involvement for the Party's primary season. A group in support of the Hawkins-Walker 2020 presidential campaign filed a complaint with the national party’s Accreditation Committee while simultaneously gathering ballot petition signatures in Rhode Island.

The resulting controversy ultimately led the party to resign its affiliation with the Green Party of the United States, and return to its 1992-2001 status as an unaffiliated Green Party.

See also
 Politics of Rhode Island
 Government of Rhode Island
 Elections in Rhode Island
 Political party strength in Rhode Island
 Ocean State Green Party
 List of state Green Parties in the United States
 List of politics by U.S. state

References

External links

Political parties in Rhode Island
Political parties established in 1992
1992 establishments in Rhode Island
Green political parties in the United States


Forteau is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 377 as of the Canada 2021 Census.

The town is located along Route 510 in Labrador, between L'Anse-au-Clair and L'Anse-au-Loup.

There is a health centre, a post office and a variety of shops. Internet access is available but some areas do not have consistent cell phone service.

History
The end of war with France and America saw the growth of trade between Jersey and the New World, especially Canada. By 1763, around a third of the fish being exported from Conception Bay was carried by Jersey vessels. In the 1780s, a number of Jersey families settled permanently, such as the de Quettevilles in Forteau.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Forteau had a population of  residing in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

References

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
Populated places in Labrador


Frenchman's Cove is a town on the west coast of Burin Peninsula, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It had a population of 159 in the Canada 2021 Census, a drop from 172 in 2011. The town has been inhabited since before 1836, the earliest known documentation about it, when it appeared in the first Newfoundland Census. According to local folklore and tradition, the first settlers were named Cleuetts and were of French origin. The small-boat inshore fishery was the economic mainstay of the area until the late 1800s when did men went work on the schooners operating from Grand Bank. Residents also grew turnips, cabbages, and potatoes, as well as hay for their horses, cattle, sheep, and chickens.

Nearby Frenchman's Cove Provincial Park, is next to a large barachois, sand and mud flats, mixed forest, and tidal lagoons. Wildlife in the area includes sea and terrestrial birds, including Canada Geese.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Frenchman's Cove had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

References

External links

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


Dragan Espenschied (born 1975) is an 8-bit musician and media artist who lives and works in New York City. He studied communication design at the Merz Academy in Stuttgart, Germany. Dragan started to develop software for Atari Computers in 1991.

In 1995 he founded the 8-bit band "Bodenständig 2000" together with Bernhard Kirsch. They got signed on the label Rephlex in London, and started touring throughout Europe and the USA.  Together with media activist Alvar Freude he worked on projects like Freedom Phone, Omni-Cleaner, Assoziations-Blaster and insert_coin.

In 2003 he started working with the net.art pioneer Olia Lialina. Their most famous works are Zombie and Mummy, Online Newspapers, Frozen Niki, With Elements Of Web 2.0 and Midnight.

Since 2014, he is leading the Digital Art Conservation Program at Rhizome.

External links
 Dragan Espenschied Life And Times, weblog
 Assoziations-Blaster
 Wired interview about 8-bit music, 2007
 Bodenständig 2000
 Contemporary Home Computing
 Hupel Pupel Magazin

References

German male musicians
German artists
1975 births
Living people


Glenburnie-Birchy Head-Shoal Brook is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 241 in the Canada 2021 Census.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Glenburnie-Birchy Head-Shoal Brook had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


The Honeycombs is a canyon containing a series of rock formations located on the eastern shore of Owyhee Lake in Malheur County, Oregon, north of Leslie Gulch.  The area is administered by the Bureau of Land Management, though a nearby campground on Bensley Flat is on Bureau of Reclamation land.

Research Natural Area
The  Honeycombs Research Natural Area is located in the around the Honeycombs.  Its elevation ranges from .  The main plant community is sagebrush/bunchgrass.

Access
The Honeycombs are accessible by boat from Owyhee Lake.  A 4WD road leads to the northeast of them along Juniper Ridge, and further access is by foot following a mustang trail along the ridge to the head of the canyon.

External links
 OSU's Malheur Experiment Station
 Photo Gallery: Honeycombs from the West
 Photo Gallery: Honeycombs by foot
 Honeycombs loop trail

Rock formations of Oregon
Owyhee Desert
Bureau of Land Management areas in Oregon
Landforms of Malheur County, Oregon
Protected areas of Malheur County, Oregon
Canyons and gorges of Oregon


Goose Cove East is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 172 in the Canada 2021 Census.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Goose Cove East had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


Summer Lake is an unincorporated community in northwest Lake County, Oregon, United States. It is on Oregon Route 31 approximately halfway between Bend and Lakeview. It is at the base of the eastern slope of Winter Ridge adjacent to the Fremont–Winema National Forests.

History

Summer Lake, for which the town is named, is one of the largest in Oregon at approximately  long and  wide. It was named by Captain John C. Frémont during his 1843 mapping expedition through Central Oregon.

Frémont and his Army Topographical team were mapping the Oregon Country as they traveled from The Dalles on Columbia River to Sutter's Fort in Sacramento, California. On December 16, 1843, the expedition struggled down a steep cliff from a snow-covered plateau to reach a lake in the valley below. Frémont named them "Winter Ridge" and "Summer Lake." From the rocky cliff overlooking the lake basin, Frémont described the discovery and naming of Summer Lake as follows:

"At our feet...more than a thousand feet below...we looked into a green prairie country, in which a beautiful lake, some  in length, was spread along the foot of the mountain...Shivering on snow three feet deep, and stiffening in a cold north wind, we exclaimed at once that the names of Summer Lake and Winter Ridge should be applied to these proximate places of such sudden and violent contrast." (Captain John C. Frémont, December 16, 1843, Report of the Second Frémont Expedition)

The first settlers began to arrive in the Summer Lake Valley around 1870. However, the high desert was difficult to farm, and many early settlers stayed only a few years before moving on to greener country.  As a result, the population of the valley never grew beyond a few hundred people.

Climate
Summer Lake has a borderline Mediterranean (Köppen Csb)/continental Mediterranean (Dsb) climate, quite typical for upland Oregon and characterised by cold winters and summers with chilly mornings and hot afternoons. The rain shadow of the Cascades makes the climate quite dry, limiting snowfall in the winter to , with a monthly maximum of  in January 1969 and a seasonal maximum of  between July 1970 and June 1971. Occasionally very cold Arctic air will cross over from the Rocky Mountains: the coldest month since records began in 1957 has been January 1962 with a mean of  and a record low of  on January 22 that year; however, on average only 1.2 mornings per winter can be expected to fall to or below  and only 6.9 afternoons do not top freezing, although 147.1 mornings will fall below freezing per year.

Precipitation peaks in December and January, though even these months are much less wet than Western Oregon: the wettest month since records began in December 1964 with  and October 1962 with  are the only months to exceed , whilst the highest “rain year” total is  between July 1964 and June 1965 and the lowest only  between July 1967 and June 1968.

Spring typically warms up rapidly, although cold nights are normal into June: the last freezing minimum can be expected around May 27 and the first fall freeze around September 21. During the summer, afternoons are typically hot: an average summer will see 42.6 afternoons reach  and 2.7 exceed . The record high temperature is  on July 30, 2022, and the record high minimum is  on July 13, 2002. Rainfall is not common during the summer, although July 1987 saw  fall, of which  fell in two days from a huge storm which saw maxima fall as low as  after having been  two afternoons previously.

Economy

Facilities in Summer Lake include a post office, gas station, store, motel, restaurants, and several bed and breakfast establishments.  An art and science residency program, Playa, is located 12.4 miles south on Oregon Highway 31.

Parks and recreation
There is a wayside park located across the highway from the post office and store that has six interpretive markers highlighting the Frémont Expedition's travel through the Summer Lake basin, the geology of the Summer Lake region, and Oregon's Outback Scenic Byway.

Museums and sites of interest

Summer Lake is home to the well-preserved nineteenth-century Harris School, a one-room schoolhouse built in 1890 by the Harris family, who were among the first pioneer families to settle in the Summer Lake area. The school closed in 1919, and then briefly reopened in 1926 for three more years. In 1929, Summer Lake students began attending school in Paisley  south of Summer Lake.

Wildlife refuge
The Summer Lake Basin supports more than 250 species of birds including bald eagles, Canada geese, white faced ibis, yellow-headed blackbirds, goshawks, hermit thrushes, red-tail hawks, great blue herons, and numerous species of ducks. This makes Summer Lake a favorite bird watching and hunting area.

The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife maintains the Summer Lake Wildlife Area on the north side of the lake. The refuge consists of a large wetland marsh fed by the Ana River and associated high desert uplands with an  tour route open to the public most of the year.

The refuge headquarters and several housing units are located adjacent to Oregon Route 31 at the south end of the town. The Department of Fish and Wildlife operation and the visitors who come to the refuge are an important part of the Summer Lake economy.

References

Unincorporated communities in Lake County, Oregon
Unincorporated communities in Oregon


Grand Le Pierre is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 176 in the Canada 2021 Census.

History
During the 1990s, the council of Grand Le Pierre, led by Mayor George Fizzard, conceived a plan to establish a water bottling plant in the town. The plant would receive runoff water from Gisborne Lake, located within the town's area boundary, and then exported through a facility that was planned to be built in the town's harbour. Newfoundland's Premier at the time, Brian Tobin, first approved this plan but later retracted his approval, disallowing the project to continue, this decision sparked outrage in the community, as it was expected that 150 jobs were to become available if the plant was established. No considerations of reviving this been project has been made in the years since its termination.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Grand Le Pierre had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


Ngaliema Bay is a bay located on the left bank of the Congo River, northwest of the city of Kinshasa, in the commune of Kintambo, near Livingstone Falls.

The bay was the site of an 1879 expedition led by Henry Morton Stanley to explore all of the Congo Basin. Shortly afterward, in 1881, Stanley established a trading post in the area, calling it Leopoldville, in honour of the sponsor of the expedition, Leopold II of Belgium. That post developed into modern-day Kinshasa.

The bay was used as a first port to the city. It owes its name to that of a local tribal chief, , who worked with Stanley.

Kinshasa


The Chevet Achim Synagogue, located in Havana, is the oldest synagogue in Cuba. The building is owned and maintained by Arian Behar and Moises Prinstein.

See also
History of the Jews in Cuba

References

Synagogues in Havana
Buildings and structures in Havana


Hampden is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town has a population of 429. Two islands can be seen from the shore of Hampden, Granby Island and Millers Island. The latter is much closer to the town and is the host of a tuberculosis grave-site.

History
Hampden was named after English politician John Hampden.

Many communities were resettled into Hampden after the island was brought into Canadian Confederation on 31 March 1949, where the Joey Smallwood government pushed a resettlement plan that involved over 300 villages and 28,000 people.

Hampden was and still is to this day a logging and lumber town.  Over the years many companies cut logs for lumber mills and pulpwood for paper mills.  Thousands of cords of wood was boomed to the Bottom(furthest point south in White Bay) at an early time (1920s - 1930s) it was debarked and loaded aboard ships for England for the International Paper Company of Newfoundland.  Later (1940s - 1970s) it was loaded on to trucks and brought to the Humber River at Riverside where it was dumped into the river and floated down the river to the Bowater’s Paper Mill in Corner Brook.

To this day Hampden still relies of the logging industry as it main source of employment, Burton’s Cove Logging and Lumber Limited is the largest employer in the White Bay South area, employing forty plus employees year round.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Hampden had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
Populated coastal places in Canada


Heart's Desire is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 184 in the Canada 2021 Census.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Heart's Desire had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

References

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


Howley is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, with a population of 179. It is located on Route 401, 13 km from the Trans-Canada Highway (Route 1), approximately thirty minutes' drive from the Deer Lake Airport. Services include a pub (Trapper's Lounge), a convenience store (Howley Shopping Centre), a bed and breakfast, a campground, and a hotel.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Howley had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


Hughes Brook is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 236 in the Canada 2021 Census. It is located to the northeast of Corner Brook, in the western Bay of Islands area.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Hughes Brook had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


Humber Arm South is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town consists of the communities of Halfway Point, Benoit's Cove, John's Beach, and Frenchman's Cove. The town had a population of 1,537 in the Canada 2021 Census. The Town's Post Office is located in Benoit's Cove. Humber Arm South is located in the Bay of Islands and is in the Humber-Bay of Islands electoral district. The town's residents are of Mi'kmaw, Innu, and European descent.

History
The Town of Humber Arm South consists of the descendants of the Mi'kmaw people from the area, the descendants of the immigrants from England who settled here in the early 1800s, and the people who resettled from Wood's Island. Some of those communities still exist within the incorporated municipality, which includes:
 Frenchman's Cove is subsection of the town and a formerly independent, unincorporated town. It had a population of 166 in the Canada 2006 Census. The area has been inhabited since before 1836, with the earliest known documentation about it when it appeared in the first Newfoundland Census. According to local folklore and tradition, the first settlers were named Cluetts and were of French origin. The small-boat inshore fishery was the economic mainstay of the area until the late 1800s when men went to work on the schooners operating from Grand Bank. Residents also grew turnips, cabbages, and potatoes, as well as hay for their horses, cattle, sheep, and chickens.
 Benoit's Cove: a postal and fishing outlet and a formerly independent, unincorporated town. This area of the town has been inhabited since before 1911. The Way Office was established in 1887. The first Waymaster was James Evitt. It had a population of 76 in 1911 and 295 in 1956.
 Halfway Point:  a small settlement which had its first family living within it as early as 1864. Mail service closed in 1966 and it had a population of 146 in 1956.
 John's Beach:  a small settlement which had one of the earliest known Anglican church and schools in the Bay of Islands. The John's Beach Anglican graveyard has some of the oldest graves in the Bay of Islands.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Humber Arm South had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
 Woods Island, Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
Fishing communities in Canada


Irishtown-Summerside is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is located about 2.5 miles north of Corner Brook. The Post Office was established on March 1, 1965, and the first Postmistress was Blanch Anderson. The town had a population of 1,418 in the Canada 2016 Census.  This contiguous settlement was formerly two separate villages – one of which was known originally as Petipas (or Petipa's) Cove. Two smaller settlements (Davis (or Davis's) Cove and Christopher's Cove) were formerly both separately reported in the census.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Irishtown-Summerside had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings. There was a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


Jackson's Arm is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, located on White Bay. It was settled by John Wicks of Christchurch, England, around 1870. The Post Office was established in 1892 and the first Postmistress was Belinda Peddle. The town had a population of 435 in 1956 and 277 as of the 2021 Canadian census. The primary industry of the town is fishing. In 2012, the local fish plant closed.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Jackson's Arm had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
 Newfoundland outport

References

External links
 Jackson's Arm, Newfoundland and Labrador at Explore Newfoundland and Labrador

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
Populated places established in 1870
1870 establishments in the British Empire


Colombine may refer to:

 Monte Colombine, Lombardy, Italy; a mountain
 Columbina or Colombine, a stock character, and Harlequin's mistress
 "Colombine", a 1920 poem by Hugh McCrae
 Colombine, a 19th-century ship; see List of shipwrecks in June 1842
 Colombine, a sailing yacht that participated in sailing at the 1900 Summer Olympics

See also

 Columbine (disambiguation)
 Columbina (disambiguation)
 Columbian (disambiguation)
 Columbiana (disambiguation)
 Columbia (disambiguation)
 Columbiad (disambiguation)
 Colombina (disambiguation)
 Colombino (disambiguation)
 Colombian (disambiguation)
 Colombiana (disambiguation)
 Colombia (disambiguation)


King's Cove is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The post office was established in 1851. Its founder was James Aylward from Keels, who was born in Ireland in county Cork in 1690. His direct descendants still live in the community.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, King's Cove had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 List of lighthouses in Canada
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
 Royal eponyms in Canada

References

External links
 Aids to Navigation Canadian Coast Guard

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
Lighthouses in Newfoundland and Labrador


Lamaline is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 480 in 1940, 643 in 1956 and 218 in the Canada 2021 Census. Lamaline was a small place with 10 families in 1864. The Way Office was established in 1863 and the first Waymaster was James Pittman.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Lamaline had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 Allan's Island, Newfoundland and Labrador
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador