The 1962 San Diego Chargers season was the club's third in the American Football League. San Diego had won the AFL West with a 12–2 record in 1961, but slipped to 4–10, losing eight of their final nine games after a 3–2 start. It was their worst record to date; this would be the only time the Chargers would endure a losing season during their 10 years in the AFL.

Injuries on offense contributed to the slump. Promising rookie flanker Lance Alworth missed the final ten games of the season with a knee injury, Paul Lowe broke an arm and missed the entire year, and quarterback Jack Kemp was knocked out of action after only two games with a broken finger. Kemp was surprisingly placed on waivers after his injury. He was claimed by the Buffalo Bills for $100, leaving the Chargers with only rookie quarterbacks to call on for the rest of the year.

Offseason

AFL draft

The 1962 AFL Draft took place on December 2, 1961, late in the previous season. There were 34 rounds – previous trades had given the Chargers five extra picks, for 39 in total.

Future Hall of Fame receiver Lance Alworth came to the Chargers via this draft, though he was originally selected by the Oakland Raiders in the 2nd round. Raiders General Manager Wesley Fry revealed that prior to the draft, the Chargers had agreed to trade four players for Oakland's 2nd round pick, on the understanding that Alworth would be the player selected. Three of the players the Raiders received were Bo Roberson, Hunter Enis and Gene Selawski – the fourth was not announced. San Diego still had to outbid the San Francisco 49ers for Alworth's signature, the NFL club having selected him in the 1st round of their draft. On January 1, 1962, Alworth chose San Diego. San Francisco president Vic Morabito stated that Alworth had requested a "no cut, no-trade" contract, which was against club policy.

Alworth was a college running back who was enthused by the opportunity to catch the ball at the pro level, which fit in with San Diego's plan to use him as a receiver; he has credited Chargers receiver coach Al Davis with recruiting him. Head coach Sid Gillman inserted the rookie into the Charger line-up in week 1 – though Alworth was knocked out by injury early on in 1962, he would remain with San Diego through the 1970 season, accumulating over 9,000 yards receiving.

Two other draftees had even longer careers in San Diego. 3rd-round pick John Hadl was a versatile player who had earned All-American honors both as a halfback in 1960 and as a quarterback in 1961. It was the latter role that Chargers chief scout Don Klosterman envisioned him playing – Hadl, who preferred the quarterback position, has cited this as a reason for choosing the Chargers over the NFL's Detroit Lions, as well as the opportunity to start sooner and the city of San Diego itself. Immediately after leading the Kansas Jayhawks to victory in the Bluebonnet Bowl, Hadl met Klosterman at the 20-yard line to sign a four-year contract with the Chargers, saying, "it's a young club and I feel I'll have more opportunity." An injury to starting quarterback Jack Kemp saw Hadl start ten games during his rookie year – he lost nine of them, but would greatly improve during an 11-year stint in San Diego. Sam Gruneisen, a 25th-round pick, was also a Charger for 11 years, playing both guard and center.

Other successfully-signed draftees included linebackers Bob Mitinger (five seasons as a Charger), Frank Buncom (six seasons as a Charger, three All-Star games), and halfback/tight end Jacque MacKinnon (nine season as a Charger, two All-star games).

Including Alworth, the Chargers signed twelve of their 1962 draft class, while twelve signed for NFL clubs.

Departures and arrivals

A significant exit occurred early in the regular season, with Jack Kemp's move to Buffalo. Kemp suffered a broken finger in his throwing hand during a week 2 game against the Titans, though he played through the injury and finished the game. On September 25, nine days after his injury, Kemp was placed on waivers by Sid Gillman and claimed by the Bills for $100. Gillman's action has been described as either a deliberate decision, a calculated risk that backfired, or a simple misunderstanding of the rules. At the time, Gillman stated that he thought Kemp wouldn't be claimed due to his injury, but he was later quoted as saying that the Chargers "could not win consistently" with Kemp. Several Chargers expressed shock at the move; Kemp himself said that his feelings had been hurt, and he unsure whether he would report to Buffalo, or retire instead.

During his time with the Chargers, Kemp was 22–6 as a starter in the regular season, though he had struggled in two title game defeats, throwing no touchdowns and six interceptions. He ultimately did report to Buffalo, and was part of the Bills teams who beat San Diego in the AFL title games of 1964 and 1965.

As well as the players sent to Oakland for the signing rights of Alworth, the Chargers used further trades to secure future draft picks. Fullback Charlie Flowers went to New York, while safety Bob Zeman (who had intercepted eight passes in 1961) joined receivers Luther Hayes and Bob Scarpitto in being traded to Denver. Offensive linemen Sam DeLuca and Orlando Ferrante both retired, the latter after being traded.

Tight end Reggie Carolan, a draftee from the previous year, joined the team in 1962. He caught only three passes, but blocked well enough to make the AFL All-Star game as a rookie. Pat Shea went undrafted, but was given a try-out after his aggressive style during practice impressed offensive line coach Joe Madro. He signed a contract for $8,000 a year, and would start every game at right guard during the Chargers' title-winning 1963 season.

Fullback Gerry McDougall arrived late in the season, after his CFL team, the Toronto Argonauts, failed to make the playoffs. He passed up a slightly higher offer from the Giants so that he could play in his home state of California. McDougall also informed Gillman that Argonauts quarterback Tobin Rote might be interested in a move south of the border – this began the process that would see Rote become the Chargers' starting quarterback in 1963.

Personnel

Staff

Roster

Preseason

San Diego were a perfect four wins out of four in preseason, running their cumulative record in exhibition games to 12–0. Their first game was a 17–0 shutout of Dallas, with rushing touchdowns from rookie Bob Jackson and soon-to-be-traded Charlie Flowers. They followed up with a 31–24 win over Denver, having led 31–10 through three quarters – Keith Lincoln ran the second half kickoff back 87 yards for a touchdown, and MacKinnon scored on a 97-yard reception from Jack Kemp, who ran for two touchdowns. However, Paul Lowe fractured his right arm and missed the entire regular season.

A road trip to Oakland saw San Diego overcome five turnovers to edge the Raiders 33–27 in their new venue, Frank Youell Field. Emil Karas ran a fumble back 55 yards for a touchdown, and rookie quarterback Hadl ran in what proved to be the winning score from 11 yards out. Finally, rookie Alworth caught a pair of touchdowns from Kemp in a 14–9 win over the Titans.

Regular season

Summary

Injuries played a major role in the Chargers' campaign, with eight players missing at least half the season and twenty-three missing at least two games. On offense, running back Paul Lowe (broken arm) missed the entire regular season, Alworth (knee) the final ten games, and center Wayne Frazier (knee) the final seven.

San Diego also had to contend with Jack Kemp's surprising departure after only two games. They used three different rookies at quarterback for the remainder of the season: Hadl, Dick Wood, and Val Keckin. None of the trio posted a passer rating above 50, though Hadl did enough to secure a roster spot for the next season, throwing 15 touchdowns against 24 interceptions and passing for 1,632 yards while starting ten games. With Alworth out injured after catching three touchdowns in the opening four games, Don Norton (771 yards) and Dave Kocourek (688 yards, after switching from flanker to tight end) were the leading receivers for the second consecutive year. On the ground, Lincoln and rookie Bobby Jackson had the bulk of the carries in Lowe's absence, combining for 985 yards and seven touchdowns behind a line where tackle Ron Mix was San Diego's lone first-team All-AFL selection.

The defense didn't match their record-breaking interception haul of the previous season and ranked fourth in the eight-team league. Their two leading interceptors from 1961 were largely or entirely absent: Charlie McNeil was among the injured and missed ten games, while Bob Zeman had been traded away to Denver. In their absence, Claude Gibson led the team with eight interceptions, running one of those back for a touchdown. Rookie linemen Ernie Ladd and Earl Faison led the team in the unofficial statistic of quarterback sacks, with 9 and , respectively. George Blair had an outstanding year as a kicker, converting on 17 of 20 field goals. His 85% success rate was comfortably the best in the league and would stand up as the top performance through the full decade of the AFL. Paul Maguire was called upon to punt 79 times, most in the league, and ranked third with 41.6 yards per kick.

With the Chargers struggling, their average home attendance dropped by 26%, dipping below 22,000.

Schedule

Game summaries

Week 1: at Denver Broncos

Denver beat the Chargers for the first time, despite a late comeback attempt. The Broncos blocked a Blair field goal attempt early on and drove 56 yards the other way for the opening touchdown. It was 10–0 in the 2nd quarter when Jack Kemp got the Chargers moving with a 17-yard completion to Alworth – the flanker's first catch as a professional – and found Norton from 7 yards out for the first Charger points of the season. Former Charger Bob Scarpitto scored only six plays later, and Denver pushed their lead to 30–7 through the middle portion of the game, while San Diego failed to cross the Bronco 30.

The Charger defense then produced a turnover: halfback Gene Mingo's pass attempt was picked off by Gibson and run back 37 yards for a touchdown. Bronco QB Frank Tripucka was also intercepted on the next two drives – after the second of these, rookie Hadl came in at quarterback and led the Chargers on a 6-play, 54-yard scoring drive, his first pass attempt being a 15-yard touchdown to Bobby Jackson with 3:35 to play. San Diego declined to try a two point conversion after either of these touchdowns, leaving them nine points behind and still needing to score twice more. In the event, Denver ran almost all of the remaining time off the clock, securing the win.

Week 2: vs. New York Titans

Alworth scored his first AFL touchdowns as the Chargers thrashed New York. Alworth had caught only one pass in his first game; he caught only two here, but both for touchdowns, covering 23 and 67 yards. Jack Kemp and Bobby Jackson also scored rushing touchdowns during the first three quarters, which saw the Chargers go up 31–0.

Halfback Lincoln had been the passer on Alworth's first touchdown; after the Titans finally scored, he ran the ensuing kickoff back 103 yards for a touchdown. He was the first Charger to score in this manner, having already become the first to achieve a punt-return touchdown the previous season. This was also a club record for longest touchdown that would not be tied until 1987, nor beaten until 2007. San Diego gained fewer first downs than the Titans (20–13) but enjoyed a 6–2 advantage in turnovers, with their defense claiming three fumbles and three interceptions.

Kemp broke his finger in this game. It was his final game with the Chargers before the Bills claimed him off waivers.

Week 3: vs. Houston Oilers

Houston ran away with this rematch of the first two AFL Championship games. Hadl was given the start, but his first pass attempt was intercepted, and George Blanda threw a touchdown one play later, putting his team ahead to stay. Dick Wood, another rookie, soon replaced Hadl and finished the game with a pair of touchdown passes, both to Norton. These were rendered irrelevant by an Oilers offense that moved the ball at will. They scored touchdowns on their first four possessions and had 432 yards, with only one turnover. Blanda finished with three touchdown passes, while his rushing attack combined for 277 yards on 42 carries, with a further three touchdowns.

Recently converted tight end Kocourek represented a bright spot for the Chargers. He caught 5 passes for 140 yards.

Week 4: at Oakland Raiders

For the fifth straight time in their head-to-head series, the Chargers defeated Oakland while scoring 40+ points. Paul Maguire's interception led to the first score, a 10-yard pass from Wood to Jackson, but former Charger Bo Roberson returned the ensuing kickoff 87 yards for a game-tying score. Hadl came in at quarterback and led San Diego to a first down at the Oakland 17, but Fred Williamson picked off his next pass and went 91 yards the other way for another return touchdown.

Hadl bounced back with touchdown passes on three consecutive possessions. Firstly, he eluded tacklers and lobbed a pass to Kocourek, who took it in for a 30-yard touchdown. After Oakland prolonged the next Charger drive by fumbling a punt (Jacque McKinnon recovered), Norton caught a 13-yard touchdown over the middle. Finally, one play after a Raider punt, Alworth outran his marker and caught a deep ball for a 53-yard touchdown (his final reception of the season, as he was ruled out of the next ten games by a knee injury).

Oakland pulled three points back on the opening drive of the 2nd quarter, but Lincoln then broke off a 45-yard run, and Jackson powered through tacklers for a 6-yard touchdown on the next play. Lincoln got on the scoresheet himself later in the quarter, breaking loose from his own 14 yard line and shaking off two tacklers upfield before completing an 86-yard touchdown run. Down 42–17, the Raiders scored two touchdowns and a pair of two point conversions in the final quarter, but didn't cross midfield after that.

Lincoln had his first 100-yard game, carrying 12 times for 166 yards and a touchdown.

Week 5: vs. Dallas Texans

San Diego survived a late scare to beat the eventual AFL Champions. Dick Wood threw a 36-yard completion on the game's first play but was knocked out of the game with an injury, and Hadl played the rest of the way. Blair kicked a 10-yard chip shot at the end of that opening possession, and Hadl led a 72-yard touchdown drive the next time the Chargers had the ball, completing a 36-yard pass to Norton and running the ball in himself on 3rd and goal from the 4. The Chargers recovered a fumble in the 2nd quarter, and Hadl found Norton five plays later for a 16–0 lead. The Texans also scored after a fumble recovery but extended the Chargers' answering drive with a roughing the punter penalty. Jerry Robinson caught a touchdown two plays later, from 33 yards. A Len Dawson touchdown pass made it 23–14 at halftime.

The first six possessions of the second half ended in punts, the last of these a 17-yard effort that set the Chargers up on the Dallas 33. They converted this chance into a field goal, and Gibson intercepted Dawson two plays later. Hadl converted a 4th and inches himself on the ensuing drive, and Lincoln's 2-yard run made it 32–14 with only 2:44 to play. Dawson then threw two touchdowns on either side of a successful onside kick, drawing within four points with 45 seconds still left. Only when the Chargers recovered a second onside attempt was the victory assured.

Hadl completed 14 of 29 for 208 yards, two touchdowns, and no interceptions. The win left San Diego only a half game behind Dallas and one game behind Denver in the AFL West.

Week 6: at Buffalo Bills

Buffalo dominated the Chargers in numerous statistics. The Bills pulled off a fake field goal in the 1st quarter, and Warren Rabb threw a touchdown three plays later. Hadl's next two passes were both intercepted, with Rabb throwing a 76-yard touchdown after the second of these. With San Diego offering little threat, it was 35–3 to the Bills before Mitinger recovered a fumble and Hezekiah Braxton rushed for his only professional touchdown.

Hadl finished 2 of 12 for 17 yards and two interceptions, for a quarterback rating of zero; Wood replaced him and went 8 of 20 for 70 yards and two further interceptions. Buffalo outgained San Diego 439–115 and had combined rushing stats of 48 carries, 303 yards and two touchdowns. Two Bills (Cookie Gilchrist and Wayne Crow) rushed for over 100 yards. Rabb only completed five passes, but three of those were for touchdowns.

Week 7: at Boston Patriots

After taking a 17-point lead into the interval, San Diego slipped to another defeat. Boston opened the scoring with a field goal, but Wood led the Chargers 76 yards in 8 plays in response, connecting with Kocourek for a 36-yard touchdown pass on 3rd and 17. Blair added a 43-yard field goal, and the Chargers were soon threatening again after Gibson intercepted Babe Parilli. Wood threw an interception of his own to squander that chance but soon made amends with a 49-yard completion to Norton, setting up Jackson's 2-yard touchdown run. San Diego converted a Dick Harris interception into three further points, and led 20–3 at halftime.

The game turned drastically after halftime. San Diego went three-and-out on their first two possessions, and Parilli responded with touchdown passes each time. A 57-yard kickoff return by Robinson gave San Diego an excellent chance to respond; Hadl came into the game and was immediately intercepted, before the Patriots made it three touchdown drives in a row. Behind for the first time, the Chargers had most of the 4th quarter to respond, but crossed midfield only once in four possessions. On that occasion, Hadl was sacked on consecutive plays, forcing a punt. Wood threw the fourth Charger interception of the day on their final possession.

Norton had his only 100-yard game of the season, with 4 catches for 107 yards.

Week 8: at New York Titans

An error-prone offense could muster no touchdowns as the Chargers lost their third straight. There were numerous wasted chances in the first half: both kickers missed one field goal and made another; Norton had a 33-yard touchdown ruled out by holding; both sides threw interceptions after penetrating the opposition red zone, Harris claiming San Diego's interception. It was 3–3 at the break, but the Titans scored three touchdowns in a span of 7:49 to effectively win the game in the 3rd quarter, Don Maynard catching scoring passes of 63 and 18 yards either side of a punt return touchdown.

San Diego again tried both their rookie quarterbacks with little success. Hadl started and was 9 of 27 for 106 yards and two interceptions, while also losing a fumble; Wood was 5 of 13 for 62 yards and an interception.

Week 9: vs. Denver Broncos

With division-leading Denver three games ahead of them, this was San Diego's last serious chance to get back into the title game race. Their performance was greatly improved from the previous week, but another bad second half cost them the win. After the Broncos went 77 yards in 13 plays for the opening touchdown, Hadl got the Chargers moving with an 18-yard carry, and Blair notched a 27-yard field goal. A Gibson interception later set San Diego up at the Bronco 14, but Hadl threw incomplete on 4th and 2 and the Chargers came up empty handed. Shortly before halftime, Bobby Bethune also picked off a pass; two plays later, Hadl found Robinson for a 72-yard touchdown. Denver then fumbled the kickoff, and San Diego took advantage when MacKinnon caught his first professional touchdown.

A 48-yard pass from Hadl to Robinson led to another Blair field goal on the opening possession of the 3rd quarter, and it was 20–7. San Diego then forced a punt, but Hadl fumbled two plays later and the tide began to turn. Denver scored on the next play and, following a Hadl interception, drove 76 yards in 9 plays to take the lead with 12:43 to play. The Chargers had to punt on their next two possessions; on the second of these, the ball went over Paul Maguire's head for a safety. San Diego had one more possession, starting at their own 13. Two Hadl runs and a pass interference penalty moved the ball to the Bronco 47, but former Charger Bob Zeman then stepped in with an interception, and Denver ran out the clock.

Hadl played a complete game for the first time. He finished 10 of 26 for 198 yards, two touchdowns and two interceptions while also rushing 10 times for 60 yards. Robinson caught 3 passes for 125 yards and a touchdown.

Week 10: vs. Buffalo Bills

Buffalo again dominated the Chargers early on, though San Diego made the final score respectable. With Hadl throwing two interceptions and losing a fumble in the first half, Buffalo scored on their first six possessions and led 37–0 at halftime. While San Diego never seriously threatened a comeback, they did pick up three touchdowns from their four second half possessions. Hadl's 15-yard pass to Kocourek capped a 90-yard drive, and Jackson scored twice from close in, while Braxton added a two point conversion.

In contrast to the statistical dominance of the first game, San Diego actually gained slightly more yardage on offense (370–335), though they lost the turnover count 5–2. MacKinnon rushed 17 times for 102 yards, while Kocourek caught 7 passes for 126 yards and a touchdown.

Week 12: at Houston Oilers

San Diego gave the Eastern division-leading Oilers a scare before losing their sixth straight game. Despite kicking off, the Chargers led 14–0 after only nine plays from scrimmage: Gibson intercepted George Blanda to set up Hadl's 32-yard scoring pass to MacKinnon; Karas recovered a fumble, and Kocourek's 26-yard touchdown catch followed on the next play. Houston's recovery began the play after a Maguire punt had pinned them two yards from their own end zone, as backup QB Jacky Lee found Willard Dewveall for a 98-yard touchdown. Robinson took the ensuing kickoff out of bounds from his own end zone for a safety, and Blanda's 42-yard field goal made it 12 points scored in 2:25. Hadl was then stopped on a 4th down sneak, but Faison's fumble recovery gave San Diego another chance, and Hadl found Carolan from 12 yards, making it 21–12 at halftime.

Houston pulled seven points back on their first possession of the second half, but Lee threw interceptions to Bethune and Bud Whitehead on consecutive pass attempts, both of which were converted into Blair field goals. Blanda then returned as quarterback, completing four passes on a quick 77-yard touchdown drive, finishing by connecting with Dewveall from 16 yards – a successful two point conversion tied the scores. Gibson intercepted Blanda's next pass, but Hadl was then picked off on consecutive possessions, leading to a pair of Blanda field goals, the latter with 3:13 left. Four straight incompletions from Hadl turned the ball back to Houston, but Blanda missed from 26 yards out with a chance to clinch the win. Starting on his own 20 with 1:13 to play, Hadl was sacked on first down but responded with four straight completions, three of them to Robinson, giving the Chargers a 2nd and 1 at the Oiler 25. An incompletion, a penalty, and a sack pushed San Diego back before Robinson was tackled well short on a 4th-down attempt and Houston ran out the clock.

Hadl was 15 of 39 for 261 yards, three touchdowns and three interceptions. The Chargers lost despite their defense forcing seven turnovers.

Week 13: vs. Oakland Raiders

The Chargers broke their losing streak against a winless Raider team, though they had to survive another late lapse to do so. Gibson returned a punt to the Raider 23 midway through the 1st quarter, and McDougall ran in his first career touchdown from the 7 a few plays later. Following a Raider three-and-out, San Diego progressed to the Oakland 24, from where MacDougall scored again. The Raiders threatened several times throughout the first half, but were foiled by a turnover on downs, a missed field goal by former Charger Ben Agajanian, and Bethune's interception of a Cotton Davidson pass.

Following another Agajanian miss, San Diego drove 80 yards and scored on Norton's 23-yard reception. Oakland responded with a quick touchdown, before the Chargers came straight back with a 68-yard drive, capped by Hadl's 17-yard pass to Lincoln. That made it 28–7 with 14:20 to play, but the Raiders scored on two of their next three plays, Davidson connecting with Dick Dorsey for 65- and 90-yard touchdowns. On their next possession, Oakland reached 4th and 2 at the Charger 37, whereupon Faison intercepted Davidson at the line and returned the ball 30 yards to the Oakland 32. San Diego ran the clock down and clinched the win with Blair's 12-yard field goal, 20 seconds from time.

San Diego moved to 6–0 against their cross-state rivals. MacDougall had a career day, with 22 carries for 108 yards and two touchdowns.

Week 14: vs. Boston Patriots

A weak offensive performance hampered the Chargers in a narrow defeat. Stymied by three turnovers, San Diego snapped the ball in Patriots territory on only three of their first eleven possessions, which encompassed three and a half quarters. Blair made a pair of 42-yard field goals, but they trailed 20–6. The defense then recovered a fumble at the Boston 11. McDougall scored three plays later, and new backup quarterback Keckin passed to Kocourek for a two-point conversion. However, an onside kick failed, and San Diego went three-and-out on their final possession.

Neither team moved the ball easily; the Chargers were outgained 287–187. Buncom set up one of Blair's field goals with an interception. By going for two when down by eight, the Chargers became one of the first teams to try a situational tactic that would become popular decades later.

Week 15: at Dallas Texans

Charger quarterbacks threw six interceptions as they lost to finish 4–10. After conceding an early field goal, San Diego drove 78 yards in 8 plays, taking the lead on a trick play as Lincoln threw a 20-yard touchdown to a diving Robinson. The Texans, bound for the AFL title game, scored 20 unanswered points in the 2nd quarter, while Hadl was intercepted twice and Keckin lost a fumbled and was intercepted.

Lincoln broke off a 47-yard run down the right sideline on the first play of the second half, and Hadl followed up with a 13-yard touchdown pass to Norton. Following a field goal on their next drive, San Diego trailed just 23–17. Buncom intercepted Len Dawson to snuff out a Texans threat, but Hadl was soon intercepted in return, and Dallas added an insurance field goal on the first play of the final quarter. Hadl was picked off twice more in opposition territory as the quarter wore on.

Dallas defensive back Bobby Ply had four interceptions, still tied for the most in AFL/NFL history. On top of his touchdown pass, Lincoln finished with 11 carries for 74 yards.

Standings

Team awards

Late in the season, the Chargers held their annual awards banquet. The Most Inspirational Player award was conferred by teammates, while others were decided by a fan vote.

Notes

References

External links
1962 San Diego Chargers at Pro Football Reference
1962 San Diego Chargers at jt-sw.com
1962 San Diego Chargers at the Football Database (FootballDB.com)

San Diego Chargers
San Diego Chargers seasons
San Diego Chargers f
Jack Kemp


Luíz Antônio dos Santos (6 September 1964 – 6 November 2021) was a Brazilian long-distance runner who specialized in the marathon. Born in Volta Redonda, Rio de Janeiro, he was a World Championships bronze medalist and a 1996 Olympian. He twice won the Chicago Marathon and also won the Fukuoka Marathon.

Career
Santos's first international appearances came in cross country running. He was part of the Brazilian team at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships in 1991 and 1993, as well as being in the top eight at the South American Cross Country Championships in 1992, 1993 and 1994, sharing in the team gold at the latter two editions. He ran four times at the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships (1993, 1994, 1999, 2001) with his best finish being 22nd in 1994.

He made his marathon debut in Blumenau in 1993, winning the race in a time of 2:12:15. Later that year he won the Chicago Marathon with a time of 2:13:14. This made him the third Brazilian man to win that race, following on from victories by Joseildo Rocha and José Cesar de Souza in the two years previous. He performed less well on his next outing in 1994, failing to finish in Gyeongju, but set a personal best at the Boston Marathon with a time of 2:10:39 hours for thirteenth place. He repeated as winner at the Chicago Marathon, claiming the title again in 2:11:16 hours.

The 1995 season proved to be a career high. He was third at the 1995 Boston Marathon, recording a time of 2:11:02 hours, then took the bronze medal at the 1995 World Championships – his international debut at that distance. He ended his successful year with wins at the São Paulo Marathon and the high level Fukuoka Marathon, where his clocking 2:09:30 was a new personal best. Despite being eleventh at the 1996 Boston Marathon, he represented his native country in the men's marathon at the 1996 Summer Olympics, finishing in tenth place. He attempted a title defence in Fukuoka, but came third overall. He began the 1997 season with sixth place at the Rotterdam Marathon in a lifetime best time of 2:08:55 hours. He placed fifth at the 1997 World Championships in Athletics, which led the Brazilian men to the team bronze medal in the 1997 World Marathon Cup.

Santos was runner-up at the Rio de Janeiro Marathon in 1998 and came eleventh in Chicago later that year. He made three marathon appearances in 1999: fourth at the Tokyo International Marathon, eighth in São Paulo and fifth in Hokkaido. His performances declined thereafter, though he made two more international appearances for Brazil in the South American Marathon Cup.

International competitions

See also
List of World Championships in Athletics medalists (men)
List of winners of the Chicago Marathon
Marathons at the World Championships in Athletics
Brazil at the World Championships in Athletics

References

External links

1964 births
2021 deaths
Sportspeople from Volta Redonda
Brazilian male long-distance runners
Brazilian male marathon runners
Brazilian male cross country runners
Olympic athletes for Brazil
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships athletes for Brazil
World Athletics Championships medalists
Chicago Marathon male winners
20th-century Brazilian people
21st-century Brazilian people


The 1996 AFF Championship, sponsored by Asia Pacific Breweries and officially known as the 1996 Tiger Cup, was the inaugural edition of the AFF Championship. It was hosted by Singapore from 1 to 15 September 1996 with all 10 nations of Southeast Asia taking part, four of which were invitees.

Teams
All six founding members of the ASEAN Football Federation are participants, with the former Indochina nations joining as invitees as they were not yet members of the AFF at this time.

Venues

Squads

Tournament

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Knockout stage

Semi-finals

Third place play-off

Final

Incidents
Two Singaporeans and one Malaysian were arrested for attempting to fix a group stage game between Singapore and the Philippines. The three reportedly tried to bribe Filipino defender Judy Saluria for his side to concede seven goals so the Singapore can advance to the next round.

Awards

Goalscorers
7 goals
  Netipong Srithong-in

6 goals
  K. Sanbagamaran

5 goals
  Kiatisuk Senamuang

4 goals

  Kurniawan Dwi Yulianto
  Peri Sandria
  Shamsurin Abdul Rahman
  Win Aung
  Fandi Ahmad
  Vo Hoang Buu

3 goals

  Fachri Husaini
  Eri Irianto
  M. Chandran
  Phithaya Santawong
  Worrawoot Srimaka
  Le Huynh Duc

2 goals

  Anuar Abu Bakar
  Maung Maung Htay
  Maung Maung Oo
  Myo Hlaing Win
  Tran Cong Minh
  Nguyen Hong Son

1 goal

  Irwan Mohammad
  Nuth Sony
  Robby Darwis
  Ansyari Lubis
  Aples Gideon Tecuari
  Saysana Savatdy
  Chalana Luang-Amath
  Keolakhone Channiphone
  Bounlap Khenkitisack
  Phonesavanh Phimmasean
  Azman Adnan
  Zainal Abidin Hassan
  Rosdee Sulong
  Tin Myo Aung
  Hasnim Haron
  Lim Tong Hai
  Steven Tan
  Nguyen Huu Dang
  Huynh Quoc Cuong

1 own goal
  Yeyen Tumena (playing against Vietnam)
  Azmil Azali (playing against Indonesia)

Team statistics
This table will show the ranking of teams throughout the tournament.

Media Coverage
  - Vintage Television and IBC-13
  - Singapore Television Twelve (STV12): Prime 12 and Premiere 12 (Host broadcaster & Media partner)
 Rest of ASEAN - No information available

Notes

References
General

 "Tiger Cup 1996". AseanFootball.org. ASEAN Football Federation. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
 Courtney, Barrie. "ASEAN ("Tiger") Cup 1996". RSSSF. Retrieved 3 March 2010.

Specific

AFF Championship
AFF Championship
AFF Championship tournaments
1996


Jacqui Katona is a western-educated Aboriginal Australian woman who led the campaign to stop the Jabiluka uranium mine in the Northern Territory.  In 1998 the Mirrar Aboriginal people, together with environmental groups, used peaceful on-site civil disobedience to create one of the largest blockades in Australia's history. Katona won the 1999 U.S. Goldman Environmental Prize, with Yvonne Margarula, in recognition of efforts to protect their country and culture against uranium mining.

See also
Energy Resources of Australia
List of Australian inquiries into uranium mining
Uranium mining in Kakadu National Park
Uranium in the environment
Women and the environment through history

References

External links
Yes to land rights! No to uranium mining!
Anti-nuke protests
Indigenous Leaders Call For End To Uranium Mining

Australian environmentalists
Australian women environmentalists
Australian indigenous rights activists
Women human rights activists
Australian women activists
Australian anti-uranium activists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Goldman Environmental Prize awardees


The 1961 San Diego Chargers season was the team's second in the American Football League. Following a move from Los Angeles, it was the Chargers' first season in San Diego, where the team remained until returning to Los Angeles in 2017.

The Chargers won their first eleven games and clinched the Western Division by mid-November. They lost form in December, with only one victory in their final three regular season games, and finished at 12–2, six games ahead of runner-up Dallas. Like the previous season, the Chargers' season ended with a loss to the Houston Oilers in the AFL championship game, this time 10–3 at Balboa Stadium in San Diego.

San Diego's defense had a historic campaign, setting AFL/NFL records for most total takeaways (66), most interceptions (49), and most interceptions returned for touchdowns (9). All three of these records still stand . Defensive backs Charlie McNeil, Bob Zeman, and Dick Harris were the biggest contributors to the interceptions record, with 24 between the three of them.

At the linebacker position, rookie Chuck Allen played well enough that he was named Rookie of the Year and Most Inspirational Player by his teammates, despite breaking his ankle early in November and missing the latter half of the season. Quarterback Jack Kemp was voted the Chargers' MVP. He passed for over 2,600 yards, and Dave Kocourek caught passes for over 1,000 yards. Kemp, however, struggled with interceptions as the season wore on, and threw four in the title game defeat.

Offseason

Relocation
The Los Angeles Chargers struggled to attract fans throughout their opening season. For their first exhibition game, the attendance was 27,778, well short of the anticipated 45,000. Five days later, owner Barron Hilton professed both disappointment at a crowd of under 12,000, and hope for an increase once the regular season began, especially if Los Angeles fielded a winning team. In the event, the Chargers pulled under 18,000 for their regular season opener, peaked with 21,805 against the eventual AFL champion Oilers, and mustered fewer than 10,000 against Denver on December 11, the day they clinched their division.

The Chargers finished the season 10–4, yet averaged an attendance of just 15,768 over their seven regular-season home games. By contrast, the Los Angeles Rams of the NFL pulled in over 77,000 fans for a game late in a mediocre 4–7–1 campaign. The 1960 AFL Championship Game was moved from the Los Angeles Coliseum to Jeppesen Stadium, home of the opposing Houston Oilers. This move was made with the consent of the Chargers' head coach and general manager, Sid Gillman, amid fears that broadcasters might be put off by rows of empty seats in the showpiece game. Gillman later quipped, "It would have been the first championship game ever played for the personal amusement of bellhops and players' wives." Funding the team proved a major financial drain for Hilton, with losses estimated at $900,000 from its founding through to the end of the 1960 season.

With the Chargers failing to make an impact in Los Angeles, San Diego was rumoured as a likely alternative location for the team as early as December 1960, with the AFL Title game still to be played. Balboa Stadium was proposed as a venue; Hilton expressed concerns over the size of the stadium after surveying it early in January, but was impressed by the enthusiasm of city administration. Jack Murphy, a journalist with the San Diego Union, was instrumental in building local enthusiasm for the Chargers; by late January, advanced ticket sales stood at approximately 24,000. Hilton met with San Diego City Council on January 25, agreeing a contract that would see renovations to Balboa Stadium; its capacity was boosted from 23,000 to 34,000 by the construction of an upper deck, beginning in May 1961. The San Diego Chargers were officially born on February 10, when the AFL owners voted unanimously to allow the move.

AFL draft

The AFL conducted their draft for the 1961 season in the winter of 1960, with the first six rounds conducted on November 21–22, and the remaining twenty-four on December 5–6. In contrast to the largely randomised AFL draft of 1960, the 1961 edition employed a 30-round structure, with the Chargers choosing seventh in each round. Having received the Texans' sixth-round pick in a trade, they had 31 picks in total.

Despite having to compete with NFL clubs to secure the services of much of their draft class, the Chargers acquired several players who would start with them for years. Their first-round pick, Earl Faison, was keen to play in California, hoping for both better weather and a better racial climate than he had experienced at Indiana. He would go to the AFL All-Star game in each of his five full seasons in San Diego, and be voted a first-team All-Pro in four of them. San Diego also signed their second-round pick, running back Keith Lincoln, despite competition from the Chicago Bears and a Canadian team. Lincoln was persuaded by a higher salary, the presence of Gillman and, having played college football at Washington State, the opportunity to stay on the west coast. He would go on to play six seasons in San Diego, with four All-Star games, two first-team All-Pro selections, and an MVP performance in the 1963 AFL Championship Game.

Other successes came from further down the draft. Ernie Ladd, selected in the fifteen round, joined Faison on the defensive line. In five seasons with the Chargers, he appeared in four All-Star games, and was a three-time first-team All-Pro. In the next round, they chose defensive back Bud Whitehead, who would spend his entire eight-year career in San Diego. Linebacker Chuck Allen was selected by the Rams in the NFL draft. He chose to play in the AFL, feeling he would see more playing time in the newer league. Over the next nine seasons, he played in more than 100 games for the Chargers, and featured in two All-Star games.

San Diego also suffered numerous defeats in the bidding war with NFL clubs, including a notable pair of UCLA alumni who signed with the 49ers: Billy Kilmer, who went on to start at quarterback for Washington in Super Bowl VII, and Jimmy Johnson, who stayed in San Francisco for his entire sixteen-year career, and was enshrined in the Hall of Fame in 1994.

Departures and arrivals

Several of the 1960 Chargers squad did not join the team in their new city. Veteran kicker Ben Agajanian didn't want to move away from his business interests in Los Angeles, though he did help coach Lincoln, primarily a running back, as a potential replacement kicker. Guard Fred Cole had started every game the previous year, but retired to become an engineer. Gillman traded several players, including starting defensive tackle Volney Peters, in exchange for picks in the 1962 AFL Draft. San Diego eventually made eleven selections in the first seven rounds of that draft.

While most of the Chargers' new recruits came to them through the draft, they did acquire a defensive tackle with two years' experience. Hank Schmidt had been cut by the NFL's 49ers in training camp; he was contacted by starting quarterback Jack Kemp, who knew Schmidt from his own time in San Francisco, and signed with the Chargers. Another signing was Bo Roberson, an Olympic long jumper fresh from taking silver in the 1960 games. A receiver later in his career, Roberson was used primarily as a running back in San Diego.

Personnel

Staff

Roster

Preseason

The Chargers' first exhibition game in San Diego drew a crowd of a little over 12,000, close to the reduced capacity of Balboa Stadium, which was in the process of begin renovated. They defeated the Oilers 27–14, in a rematch of the first AFL title game. Paul Lowe and flanker Dave Kocourek scored touchdowns of over 70 yards, and Roberson added a third. The teams met again twelve days later in Honolulu: San Diego jumped out to a 39–0 halftime lead, gave up four touchdowns in ten minutes, then clinched the win with their seventh rushing touchdown; Roberson scored three of them. Next, the Chargers returned home for a 35–7 victory over the Raiders. Lowe scored on a 72-yard punt return, rookie Lincoln took a short pass from Kemp 63 yards for another touchdown, and Faison got on the scoresheet with a safety. A week later, Lowe again ran a punt back 72 yards for a touchdown; Lowe, Kemp and Roberson added further touchdowns as San Diego led 28–0 at halftime, eventually winning 31–10 to complete an unbeaten preseason.

Regular season

Overview

San Diego proved a more welcoming city for the Chargers, with an average home attendance of 27,859 during the regular season, over 12,000 more than in Los Angeles. Hilton still reported a loss on the year, albeit a greatly reduced one of between $250,000 and $300,000.

On the field, the Chargers repeated as Western Division champions, this time with a 12–2 record, before losing to the Oilers in the title game for the second straight year. They retained many of their offensive stars from the 1960 season. Kemp again ranked second in the league for passing yardage (2,686), but his completion percentage fell below 50%, and he threw only 15 touchdowns against 22 interceptions. Only 4 of these interceptions came in the first seven games of the season, against 18 in the next seven; he threw another 4 in the AFL title game. While Lowe didn't quite match his impact of the previous season, he still ranked 4th in the league for rushing yards (767), and joint first for rushing touchdowns (nine). Kocourek became the club's first 1,000 yard receiver with 55 catches for 1,055 yards, while Don Norton added 47 catches and 816 yards.

On defense, the 1961 Chargers set a modern-era pro football record with 66 takeaways, the most in AFL or NFL history (the 1946 Cleveland Browns recorded one more during an AAFC season). The Chargers also recorded the most interceptions returned for a touchdown in both league histories with nine, and the most total interceptions with 49. All three of these record still stand . Charlie McNeil led the team with nine interceptions, which stood as a club record until Antonio Cromartie broke it 46 years later. Bob Zeman had eight interceptions and Dick Harris had seven, returning three for touchdowns (still a club record ). By contrast, only one Charger managed more than six interceptions in a season throughout the entire 1970s (Bryant Salter, 1972). Defensive end Ron Nery is unofficially credited with 8 quarterback sacks, again leading the team. Beyond Nery, the defensive line saw an overhaul, with rookies Faison, Bill Hudson and Ladd starting every game. Middle linebacker Allen and cornerback Claude Gibson, also new draftees, saw significant action. Another rookie, George Blair, doubled up as defensive back and kicker. His field-goal-conversion percentage was below 50% (he made 13 of 27), but still third best in the league, as was Paul Maguire's average of 41.5 yards per punt.

Linebacker Bob Laraba had five interceptions and scored three touchdowns, including one on offense. He died in a car accident shortly after the season ended, at the age of 28.

Schedule

Game summaries

Week 1: at Dallas Texans

In their first game of the season, San Diego capitalized on six takeaways and a pair of long runs to defeat their closest divisional rivals from the previous season. Following an exchange of punts, Lowe benefited from a key Ron Mix block as he broke away for an 87-yard touchdown. It set a club record for longest run that has since been tied, but not surpassed . Blair missed the extra point, but kicked a pair of field goals in the first half, while Allen, Faison and McNeil each intercepted Dallas quarterback Cotton Davidson.

The Texans scored for the first time with a field goal early in the 4th quarter; they then recovered a Kemp fumble in Charger territory, but Gibson ended the threat with an interception. On the next Texans possession, Emil Karas recovered a fumble at the Dallas 14-yard line. Laraba then came in as quarterback, a role he played occasionally during his career; Laraba ran the ball himself on four of the next six plays, and scored from the 1-yard line. Roberson broke away for a 53-yard touchdown run late in the game, and the lone Dallas touchdown came too late to make a difference.

Lowe had no further breakaways after his touchdown run, but still finished with 100 yards from 13 carries.

Week 2: vs. Oakland Raiders

The Chargers' first game in their new city proved a success, as they dominated their Californian rivals throughout. Oakland had lost their opener 55–0, and fared only slightly better here; on the third play of the game, Harris intercepted a Tom Flores pass and returned it 41 yards for a touchdown. The Raiders' best chance to score came on their next drive, when they reached the Charger 26 but missed a field goal. On the ensuing drive, San Diego drove 80 yards the other way, and Lowe swept around the left end for a 2-yard score.

Roberson and Charlie Flowers rushed for two touchdowns each, giving San Diego a total of five for the game, a franchise record since tied multiple times (including the next game against the Raiders) but not surpassed . Five different players had interceptions, and the Chargers forced six turnovers to none, while outgaining the Raiders in total offensive yards, 386–106. Oakland crossed midfield only twice in 12 total possessions.

Week 3: vs. Houston Oilers

McNeil had a record-breaking performance as the Chargers won a rematch of the 1960 AFL Championship Game. Houston were threatening to break a 3–3 tie in the 2nd quarter when McNeil intercepted a George Blanda pass at his own 7-yard line, and returned it for 76 yards up the right sideline. Kemp then converted a 4th and inches with a quarterback sneak, before hitting Kocourek for a 7-yard touchdown. Blanda's next pass was intercepted at the line of scrimmage by Faison, and Lowe scored within three plays to double the lead. Next, McNeil took a third interception all the way back for a 76-yard touchdown, before Blanda was picked off for the fourth time, by McNeil, and Luther Hayes had a 37-yard scoring catch to make it 31–3 at the break.

Houston tried backup QB Jacky Lee after halftime. He managed three touchdowns, but also threw two further interceptions and lost a fumble; the Chargers had little difficulty in keeping Houston at bay. One of the interceptions was by McNeil, who finished the game with 177 interception return yards, still an AFL/NFL record . San Diego had intercepted 15 passes from 6 different quarterbacks in the first three weeks. This continuing defensive success covered up an indifferent offensive display, which saw the Chargers gain 158 yards and earn just seven first downs.

Week 4: at Buffalo Bills

In contrast to the recent glut of takeaways, the Chargers only had two in this game, but both were significant. Only three plays into the game, Harris had his second interception-return touchdown of the season, this one covering 56 yards and putting the Chargers ahead to stay. Later in the opening quarter, Kemp was sacked to bring up a 3rd and 14, but responded with a 16-yard scramble to keep the drive going. Lowe broke off a 30-yard touchdown run three plays later, making it 13–0. Buffalo responded with field-goal attempts on their next three drives, though only the first was successful. Shortly before halftime Kemp threw an interception on 1st and 10; the Bills scored a play later and added a two-point conversion, making it 13–11 heading into halftime.

San Diego controlled the clock in the third quarter, running 23 plays to the Bills' 3, and scoring through Blair field goals on both their drives. After Buffalo missed a field goal, the Bills' offense had one more chance, starting at their own 8-yard line. They picked up three first downs, and reached a 3rd and 11 near midfield, before Faison recovered a fumble to end the threat. Lowe then picked up a first down, and San Diego ran out the clock. Lowe carried 22 times on the day, for 128 yards and a touchdown.

Week 5: at Boston Patriots

Kemp threw for three touchdowns and ran for another as the Chargers kept their unbeaten start going. He led the Chargers on a 14-play, 80-yard touchdown drive on the game's opening drive, converting two third downs with passes and one with a scramble. Hayes finished the drive with a 12-yard scoring catch. Boston tied the score, and were soon looking to pin San Diego deep in their own territory, punting from the Charger 45. The kick was blocked, picked up by Zeman, and run back 35 yards for the touchdown that put San Diego ahead to stay.

A 35-yard catch by Norton set up a Blair field goal in the final five minutes of the 2nd quarter, before the Patriots scored a special-teams touchdown of their own, running the ball back to the end zone when Lowe fumbled a punt return. Kemp responded immediately with a 75-yard touchdown pass to Kocourek on the next play from scrimmage. On the following play, Harris claimed an interception; on the play after that, Kemp appeared to have thrown another touchdown, to Norton. The score was nullified by an illegal-motion penalty, but the same pair combined for a 30-yard touchdown only three plays later, and it was 31–14 at the break. After Boston scored a touchdown in the 3rd quarter, Kemp put the game away in the 4th, finding Kocourek for a 65-yard catch and run, before rolling right and scoring himself on a 3rd and goal from the 4.

Kemp completed 12 passes from 24 attempts, for 315 yards, three touchdowns and two interceptions, with Kocourek gaining 160 yards and a touchdown from just 3 receptions. Zeman had an interception to go with his special-teams touchdown.

Week 6: at New York Titans

In a game where both teams committed five turnovers, San Diego used big passing plays to win. Zeman made the first of four interceptions of Al Dorow in the first quarter, and Kemp completed passes of 31 and 32 yards to running backs Flowers and Lowe, before sneaking in from a yard out for a 7–0 lead. Later, Lowe fumbled in Titan territory, and Dorow capitalized by leading a 76-yard touchdown drive in which he completed six passes, the final one for a touchdown. Completions of 26 and 28 yards by Kemp set up Blair for a 20-yard field goal to restore the lead. Later in the 2nd quarter, Harris intercepted a long throw by Dorow and returned the ball to the Charger 22. On the ensuing drive, Kemp found Norton for 52 yards up the left sideline, before again sneaking in for a one-yard touchdown.

The Titans turned a Kemp interception into a field goal late in the third quarter, and trailed by only seven points as the teams exchanged punts on the next four possessions. San Diego then put the game away with back-to-back big plays: Kemp found Norton along the left sideline again, this time for 33 yards, and Lowe followed his blockers around right end for 25 yards and a touchdown. Gibson then ran in a two-point conversion, the first ever scored by the Chargers.

Kemp became the first AFL passer to post two consecutive 300-yard games; he was 15 of 38 for 302 yards, no touchdowns and an interception. Norton had 5 receptions for 121 yards.

Week 7: at Oakland Raiders

San Diego overcame an early deficit to thrash the Raiders a second time. Lowe fumbled an early punt, and Flores capitalised with a touchdown pass four plays later. Oakland then appeared to have forced a punt, but were penalised for roughing the kicker, giving the Chargers a fresh set of downs. Three plays later, Lowe shook off two would-be tacklers on a 35-yard touchdown run. After the Raiders went three-and-out, Lowe immediately scored again, leaving the defense behind with a burst of speed for a 46-yard touchdown. Raider turnovers led to further touchdowns for Norton, Flowers and Kemp, creating a 34–7 halftime lead. Backup quarterback Hunter Enis came on in the second half and led a 19-play, 86-yard drive in which the Chargers converted five 3rd downs and one 4th down, Ennis himself running in the game's final touchdown.

As they had in the first game against the Raiders, San Diego rushed for five touchdowns. Lowe carried 11 times for 106 yards and two scores. Kemp completed only five passes out of 17, and Enis 5 out of 16. The Charger defense turned in a dominant performance, with six takeaways, including four interceptions; Gibson had two of them. San Diego allowed only 58 yards of total offense and 2 rushing yards, both still club records . After four regular season games against Oakland in two seasons, the Chargers had won each time, by a combined 178–55.

Week 8: vs. Denver Broncos

Seven takeaways by the Charger defense were more than enough to overcome five turnovers from the offense, as San Diego shut out the Broncos. Denver was not short of scoring opportunities, especially in the first half, when six of its seven possessions featured snaps in Charger territory. These drives ended in two missed field goals, two turnovers on downs and, most damagingly, two interceptions that were run back for touchdowns on consecutive drives, with Laraba and Allen returning their interceptions 57 and 58 yards, respectively. Kemp had a rough day with four interceptions, but did manage a 33-yard touchdown to Norton in the 3rd quarter as San Diego pulled away. Enis entered the game in the final quarter and threw a 34-yard pass to Lincoln, for Lincoln's first touchdown as a professional.

Allen added a pair of fumble recoveries to his interception-return touchdown. Norton caught 5 passes for 103 yards and a touchdown. Paid attendance crossed 30,000 for the first time in a Chargers home game.

Week 9: vs. New York Titans

Amidst the now-familiar glut of turnovers, San Diego won another blowout, though they had to overcome a bad start to do it. Kemp threw interceptions on consecutive attempts in the first half, while New York had two long touchdown drives, converting a 4th down in each. Down 13–0, the Chargers responded with a 9-play, 75-yard touchdown drive, a Kemp keeper getting them back in the game 56 seconds before halftime.

It was the first of seven unanswered touchdowns for San Diego. Gibson's 40-yard punt return set up another one-yard Kemp run, then Zemen's interception was followed immediately by Lowe's 67-yard breakaway for another score. Norton added a 13-yard touchdown on the next Charger drive, before McNeil completed a 28-point 3rd quarter with an interception of Dorow and 41-yard touchdown return. With New York continuing to give the ball away in the 4th quarter, Enis came in and rushed for one score before finding Hayes for another.

Lowe had 9 carries for 110 yards and a touchdown. Allen continued his good form, snagging two of the Chargers' five picks, but broke his ankle while returning the second of these and missed the rest of the season. With their nearest rivals, the Dallas Texans, standing at 3–5, San Diego needed only one win from their five remaining games to repeat as division champions.

Week 10: at Denver Broncos

The Chargers clinched the AFL West by edging the Broncos in a Denver snowstorm. The Broncos outgained San Diego by 157 yards to 32 in the first half, scoring on 4th and goal from inside the one, and getting a further two points when a long snap went over punter Maguire's head for a safety. Kemp threw an end-zone interception to end the Chargers' best chance before the break.

Two big plays turned the game in the 3rd quarter. On 3rd and 15 from the Chargers' 9, Lincoln took a Kemp pass 91 yards to set a new team record for longest touchdown from scrimmage; this record would stand for 33 years. Bronco's QB Frank Tripucka threw his third interception three plays later. Harris was the beneficiary, returning the ball 30 yards for his third such touchdown of the season. Following these touchdowns, one extra-point attempt was foiled by a bad snap, and the other was missed by Laraba, leaving the score at 12–9. Tripucka managed a long touchdown pass of his own early in the 4th quarter, an 87-yarder to restore Denver's lead. Kemp dropped back to pass on every play of the Chargers' response, getting sacked once but completing 5 of 7 for 74 yards and a touchdown to Bob Scarpitto.

A Zeman interception stopped the next Denver drive; the Broncos were then pinned on their own 1, and forced to punt from there after three incompletions. A 20-yard punt return by Gibson set the Chargers up at the Denver 15, but Kocourek's touchdown catch was ruled out by penalty before Kemp threw an interception on 4th down. Starting at their own five with 2:04 on the clock and two timeouts, the Broncos made slow progress, converting a 4th down to stay alive but only getting as far as their 47-yard line, from where Tripucka threw an incomplete pass as time expired.

Denver finished with a 358–209 yardage advantage. They had two 100-yard receivers (Al Frazier and Lionel Taylor) but Tripucka was intercepted by five different Chargers. Lincoln rushed 4 times for 36 yards, and caught 3 passes for 97 yards and a touchdown.

Week 11: vs. Dallas Texans

Kemp completed several long passes as the Chargers won their 15th consecutive regular-season game, still a club record . After Blair missed from 39 yards on the game's opening possession, Norton's 34-yard catch set up another chance, which Blair converted. The Texans went three-and-out, and on the next play Kocourek took a screen pass 61 yards for a touchdown, benefitting from Sherman Plunkett's key downfield block. Later in the quarter, Laraba picked off a Davidson pass and returned it 61 yards for a touchdown and 17–0 lead. It was San Diego's fourth consecutive game with at least one interception-return touchdown.

Davidson scored on a keeper on the first drive of the second half. Kemp found Norton for 42 yards in response, but fumbled on the next play, and Dallas recovered. The Chargers had turnovers on their next two drives as well, but the defense kept Dallas from converting the errors into points. A Zeman interception early in the 4th quarter was followed three plays later by Scarpitto's 53-yard touchdown catch, and the Chargers weren't troubled again.

Kemp was 15 of 27 for 357 yards, two touchdowns and an interception. Kocourek caught 7 passes for 169 yards and a touchdown, while Norton had 6 catches for 120 yards. The crowd was the largest in San Diego sports history up to that point.

Week 13: at Houston Oilers

San Diego came out of their bye week looking to complete an unbeaten season, but the Oilers were on a winning streak of their own (six in a row), and needed the win to stay a game clear in the AFL East; led by four Blanda touchdowns, Houston won easily.

Hudson got San Diego off to a good start; he recovered a fumble at the Oiler 12, and Norton scored two plays later. The Charger offense sputtered from there, only crossing midfield twice in their next ten possessions, while Blanda took charge. The Oilers' kicker/quarterback threw two touchdowns in the 1st quarter and two more in the 3rd. In between, he made a pair of field goals, including a 55-yarder; this would stand as the longest in the 10-season run of the AFL. By the time Kemp and Norton combined for another score, the game was long since out of reach.

Norton caught 6 passes for 110 yards and two touchdowns, but was overshadowed by Oiler receiver Charley Hennigan, whose 10 catches for 214 yards and three scores made him the first player to post a 200-yard game against the Chargers. Blanda was 20 of 33 for 351 yards, four touchdowns and an interception. The solitary interception marked the only time all season the Chargers failed to claim two or more.

Week 14: vs. Buffalo Bills

The Chargers' 10th and 11th return touchdowns of the season saw them win despite gaining only seven first downs. After a Buffalo field goal, the Bill's defense accounted for the game's first touchdown, returning a Kemp fumble 24 yards for a 10–0 lead. San Diego struck back at the start of the 2nd quarter when Lincoln raced 57 yards down the right sideline for the first punt-return touchdown in franchise history. Shortly before halftime, Faison deflected a pass which Hudson then intercepted and returned 5 yards for a touchdown, putting the Chargers ahead to stay. In the second half, Lowe's short run and Kocourek's long reception completed the scoring. Buffalo reached the Charger 1-yard line twice in the final quarter, but turned the ball over on downs each time.

Kocourek finished with 175 yards and a touchdown from just 3 catches.

Week 15: vs. Boston Patriots

Most of San Diego's starters played a major part in the final regular-season game, but they were nonetheless routed at home by a Boston side who had started the day still competing for a place in the AFL title game (Houston's win in Oakland would keep them out, and prevent a playoff for the division title). The Chargers crossed midfield only three times in fifteen possessions, with their best penetration being the Boston 31; they already trailed 24–0 at that point, and the drive ended when Kemp threw the third of his four interceptions. Don Webb scored with both an interception return and a blocked punt return, and the Patriots exceeded the 35–0 margin of their previous road win over the Chargers.

Despite the one-sided defeat, Hayes caught 3 passes for 100 yards, while Harris and Zeman added to San Diego's record-setting interceptions haul.

Standings

Playoffs

Game summary

AFL championship game: vs. Houston Oilers

San Diego met the Eastern Division-winning Houston Oilers (10–3–1) to decide the 1961 AFL title, in a rematch of the 1960 championship game.

Houston repeated as AFL Champions, edging a defensive battle that saw a combined 13 turnovers. Kemp lost a fumble in his own half on the Chargers' third play from scrimmage, but Whitehead soon got the ball back with an interception. Kocourek's 40-yard catch on the following play had the Chargers threatening to open the scoring, but Kemp threw an end zone interception. Kemp continued to struggle on the next Charger drive, again fumbling in his own territory. Houston reached the Chargers' 16 yard line, where they lined up for a field goal attempt that was ruined by a bad snap; the ball ran behind the holder, and was eventually covered by Maury Schleicher at the Charger 43. Houston reached the San Diego 22 on their next drive, but Blanda was intercepted by McNeil in the end zone. Soon afterwards, Maguire sliced a punt off the edge of his foot, and it travelled only 9 yards to his own 46. Houston failed to advance the ball, but Blanda's 46-yard field goal was good to open the scoring. Kemp committed his fourth turnover of the half on the next drive when he threw his second interception; Houston receiver Bill Groman tried a pass on the next play, but that too was intercepted, by Zeman. The Chargers then drove from their own 35 to the Houston 37, but Blair missed a 44-yard field goal and the score at halftime was 3–0 to the Oilers.

The turnovers continued in the 3rd quarter, with a deep pass from Kemp being intercepted on the second play. The Oilers drove from their own 22 to the Charger 12, where Blanda again threw an end zone interception, this time to Zeman. Houston did find the end zone on their next possession, converting a 4th and inches during an 80-yard drive that ended with Blanda's 35-yard touchdown pass to Billy Cannon. Blanda was intercepted by McNeil on the next Oiler drive, and Norton's 28-yard catch put San Diego in position for Blair's 12-yard field goal, reducing the deficit to seven points early in the final quarter. Zeman intercepted a deep pass at his own 2 on the next possession, before both teams punted twice, and San Diego began their final possession on their own 37 yard line. An 8-yard Kemp completion, a 5-yard Roberson run and a13-yard pass interference penalty moved the ball to the Houston 37, from where Kemp threw his fourth interception, and Houston ran out the clock.

Whitehead, McNeil and Zeman had two interceptions each. Kemp completed 17 of 32 passes for 226 yards, accounting for all six Charger turnovers with four interceptions and two lost fumbles. Kocourek caught 7 passes for 123 yards. , the ten combined interceptions by the two teams are tied for the most in any playoff game, while the Chargers' six interceptions are the most by a team who lost a playoff game.

The game was marred by a scuffle at the final whistle, with Zeman knocking field judge Johnny Morrow to the ground as Gillman argued with the official about his performance during the game.

Awards

Internal
Between the final regular season game and the AFL championship game, the Chargers held their first annual awards banquet. Kemp won $500 as the team MVP; though Allen had broken his ankle during the week 9 victory over New York and missed the rest of the season, he was still honored with two awards. He had claimed five interceptions before the injury.

External
Eleven Chargers were named to the Western Division's team for the AFL All-Star game, and six to the Associated Press 1961 All-AFL Team, with four receiving both honors.

Notes

References

External links
1961 San Diego Chargers at Pro Football Reference
1961 San Diego Chargers at jt-sw.com
1961 San Diego Chargers at the Football Database (FootballDB.com)

San Diego Chargers
San Diego Chargers seasons
San Diego Chargers f


Oscar Eriksson (28 June 1889 – 25 December 1958) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won the silver medal as member of the Swedish team in the team small-bore rifle competition. He also participated in the individual small-bore rifle event but his exact place is unknown.

References

External links
profile

1889 births
1958 deaths
Swedish male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Olympic shooters for Sweden
Shooters at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Sweden
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Örebro
19th-century Swedish people
20th-century Swedish people


USS Rockwall (APA-230) was a  that served in the United States Navy from 1945 to 1947 and from 1951 to 1955. She was scrapped in 1984.

History
Rockwall was named after Rockwall County, Texas. She was laid down for the Maritime Commission on 9 September 1944 by Kaiser Shipbuilding of Vancouver, Washington; launched on 5 November; acquired by the Navy on loan-charter 14 January 1945, and commissioned on the same day at Astoria, Oregon.

World War II
After shakedown off the California coast, Rockwall sailed for Saipan, where she debarked a Marine Rocket Detachment and a Naval Construction Regiment 12 April. With other attack transports, she practiced amphibious operations and maneuvers off Lanai and Maui, 1–5 May. She then made a hydrographic survey on Palahinu Beach, Lanai, before arriving at Pearl Harbor on 7 May.

She departed on 24 May, with Marines and debarked them at Okinawa 10 June. The next day, Rockwall sailed for Ulithi, and on 18 May, took on board the 5th Military Police Battalion of the U.S. Marines at Guam and carried them to Iwo Jima.

Rockwall began her homeward voyage with officers and enlisted men from Iwo Jima 29 June, picked up further troops at Tinian on 4 July, and arrived at San Francisco on 24 July.

Rockwall carried Army replacements to Manila on 9 September and loaded stores and embarked Army troops at Leyte Gulf on 13 September. She sortied on 18 September with , the amphibious force flagship, and a convoy of 24 attack transports and attack cargo ships for Honshū, Japan. The force arrived on 25 September and began unloading.

Rockwall sailed on 29 September for Shanghai, China, joining the destroyer escort  as escort on 4 October and arrived 6 October. She embarked 1,728 passengers on 11 October and arrived at Seattle, Washington on 26 October. Rockwall made two more voyages to the Philippines.

Peacetime Operations
During the spring of 1946, she took part as a support vessel in Operation Crossroads, the atomic bomb tests at Bikini Atoll designed to test the effectiveness of nuclear weapons on warships. Over 200 warships participated in the experiments, 75 of them as targets, the rest as support vessels.

Rockwall was then transferred to the Amphibious Force, U.S. Atlantic Fleet, and soon began amphibious training operations in the Caribbean. On 15 March 1947, Rockwall was decommissioned and entered the Atlantic Reserve Fleet.

Cold War
The ship was recommissioned on 3 March 1951 at San Francisco. Her duties during the next 4 years were varied. Rockwall carried 1,500 Army troops to Bremerhaven, Germany in August 1952. The next spring, she took part in refresher training off Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. In January 1954, the transport embarked Marines at Morehead City, North Carolina, for a 5-month tour of duty in the Mediterranean with the 6th Fleet. She returned to Norfolk, Virginia on 27 May and began a series of amphibious operations off the beaches of Virginia and Vieques Island near Puerto Rico.

Final decommissioning
Rockwall entered the Reserve Fleet again 4 June 1955 and decommissioned 28 September. On 1 December 1958, she was struck from the Navy List and was transferred to the custody of the Maritime Administration, after which she was berthed in James River, Virginia. She was disposed of by MARAD on 1 August 1983. She was then towed to Barcelona, where she was scrapped by Balboa Desguaces Maritimos, S.A., in early 1984.

Awards
For her service in World War II, Rockwall earned one battle star.

References

APA-230 Rockwall, Navsource Online

External links

 Last voyage of the Rockwall

Haskell-class attack transports
Rockwall County, Texas
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Troop ships
Ships built in Vancouver, Washington
1944 ships


The Women's Islamic Games, also called the Muslim Women's Olympics, were an international multi-sport event started in 1993. The event was organised by the Islamic Federation of Women's Sport. Muslim women of all nationalities were allowed to take part in the Games.

The event has been held in 1993, 1997, 2001, and 2005 in Iran. The 1993 games saw athletes from 13 countries, which increased to 44 countries by 2005. In 2001, Britain became the first Muslim-minority country to participate.

The games were recognized by the International Olympic Committee, and Mary Glen-Haig supervised the first games in 1993 as the IOC's representative.

History
The Islamic Federation of Women's Sport was established in 1991. Faezeh Hashemi, daughter of former Iranian president Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, was instrumental in initiating the games. Hashemi also made an effort to include some controversial aspect in the opening ceremony for each games, in the hope of normalizing it. In 1996, for example, the opening ceremony included cycling, which women were not allowed to do in public at the time. The 2005 opening ceremony included men and women dancing together in a variety of styles, including ballet and disco.

The debut games in 1993 included para table tennis for disabled sportswomen.

Men and male coaches were absent from the audience at the sporting events which necessitated less body coverage, such as swimming, but were permitted to attended events such as chess and rifle shooting, which did not require a departure from modest clothing, and horse riding events, since an athletic chador had been designed for the competitors.

The games were primarily funded by the Iranian government, followed by Iranian corporate sponsors. In 2005, the only non-Iranian sponsor was Samsung. That year, however, FIFA did make equipment donations in recognition of the attention the games were bringing to futsal.

In 2018, Masoud Soltanifar, the Iranian Minister of Sports and Youth Affairs, announced the country would revive the event, although this did not come to fruition.

Goals
In sports and international competition, Muslim women cannot compete without protective clothing and headgear in accordance with Islam.
Inspire Muslim women to achieve global competitiveness, on a regional, continental, world and Olympic scale.
The Women's Islamic Games will be an international event, and records shall be kept of athletes' performances.

Editions

Sports

Medal count
Twenty five nations have won at least one medal in the Women's Islamic Games; twenty three nations have won at least one gold medal. As of the 2005 Games, Iran has won the most gold medals as well as the most medals overall.

See also

Islamic Solidarity Games
Islamic Games
Muslim women in sport
Women's sports

References

Further reading

 Amara, M.  Sport, Politics and Society in the Arab World. United Kingdom, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. p 24.

External links
Official Web Site of Women's Islamic Games
Clips from the 1997 Opening Ceremony/Interview with Faezah Hashemi (YouTube)
Clips from the 2005 Opening Ceremony (YouTube)

Defunct multi-sport events
Islam and women
Women's sports competitions
Recurring sporting events established in 1993
1993 establishments in Iran
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2005
2005 disestablishments in Iran


Ustlawn (Squamish language: Eslhá7an) is a Squamish village community located on the shores of North Vancouver. The Squamish name Eslhá7an translates as head bay, denoted what used to be the farthest out reaching bay enclave in the Burrard Inlet. Its origin as a primary village goes back to the earliest missionaries in British Columbia with the St. Paul's Catholic Church being the oldest extant church in British Columbia , and a National Historic Site of Canada. It is also home to the Eslha7an Training Center, the Stitsma Employment Center, and the So-Sah-Latch Health and Family Centre. On the shores of the village is the Mosquito Creek Marina. The official name of the Indian reserve it is situated on is Mission Indian Reserve No. 1.

See also
List of Squamish villages

References

Bibliography
 Barman, Jean (2007) [2005]. Stanley Park's Secret: The Forgotten Families of Whoi Whoi, Kanaka Ranch and Brockton Point. Madeira Park, BC: Harbour Publishing. .

External links
Squamish Nation
Stitsma Employment Center
Squamish Nation Marine Group
The Creek Marina & Boatyard

Indian reserves in the Lower Mainland
Squamish villages


The title vir illustris ('illustrious man') is used as a formal indication of standing in late antiquity to describe the highest ranks within the senates of Rome and Constantinople.  All senators had the title vir clarissimus ('very famous man'); but from the mid fourth century onwards, vir illustris and vir spectabilis ('admirable man', a lower rank than illustris) were used to distinguish holders of high office.

History

Origins
The custom of Roman senators of late antiquity appending the title of vir clarissimus to their names developed gradually over the first two centuries.  During the fourth century, the senatorial order greatly increased in number, so that the title became more common and new titles were devised to distinguish senators of a higher dignity, namely vir spectabilis and vir illustris.  The first instance of vir illustris occurred in AD 354 with its use by the Praefectus praetorio.  For some decades it was used inconsistently, but then more regularly, perhaps in connection with a formal codification of honours by Emperor Valentinian I in AD 372.

Offices
The offices that had a right to the title varied with time. The Notitia Dignitatum of the early AD fifth century attached it to the offices of the:
Praefectus praetorio ('Praetorian Prefect'),
Praefectus urbi ('Urban Prefect'),
Magister militum ('Master of the Soldiers'),
Praepositus sacri cubiculi ('Officer of the Sacred Chamber'),
Magister officiorum ('Master of Offices'),
Quaestor sacri palatii ('Quaestor of the Sacred Palace'),
Comes sacrarum largitionum ('Count of the Sacred Largess'),
Comes rerum privatarum ('Count of the [Imperial] Private Property')
Comes domesticorum equitum sive peditum ('Count of the Household Cavalry or Infantry').  Beyond these, the title is also frequently given to consuls, occasionally to lower offices.  In these cases the title may show a broadening of the criteria or may be simply an honorary grant to an individual.

Later developments
The Illustres soon were regarded as the active membership of the Senate; and by the middle of the AD fifth century, Spectabiles and Clarissimi were no longer expected to participate in the Senate. By the reign of Emperor Justinian I, all senators were considered Illustres. At the same time the title of "illustris" had been similarly devalued below that of "clarissimus" in the AD fourth century, and high officials were indicated with the titles of "vir gloriosus" or "gloriosissimus" and "vir magnificus".

Written forms
In ancient inscriptions and manuscripts, the spelling "inlustris" is more frequent. Because the illustres were a subset of the clarissimi, the title is often written as "vir clarissimus et illustris", especially in official documents. The shorter title was commonly abbreviated "v. i." (plural "vv. ii."), "v. inl.", or "vir inl." and the longer title as "v. c. et inl."

In Merovingian and Carolingian times, the spellings vir inluster and viri inlustres were common.

Notes

References
Berger, A., 'Illustris', R.E. IX (1915), 1070–1085.
Hirschfeld, O., 'Die Rangtitel der römischen Kaiserzeit', Sitzungsberichte der Berliner Akademie (1901), 579–610, reprinted in Kleine Schriften (Berlin: Weidemann, 1913), 657–71.
Jones, A.H.M., The Later Roman Empire 284-602, A Social, Economic, and Administrative Survey (Oxford: Blackwell, 1964, repr. Johns Hopkins UP, 1986)
Löhken, H., Ordines Dignitatum (Köln: Böhlau, 1982)
Näf, B., Senatorisches Standesbewusstsein in spätrömischer Zeit (Freiburg: Universitätsverlag, Freiburg, 1995)

Ancient Roman titles
Roman Empire in late antiquity
Byzantine titles and offices
Roman Senate


Hypnose: Sklaven fremden Willens () is a 1920 German silent film directed by Richard Eichberg. It was the first German production actor Bela Lugosi made in Germany, following Bruno Declari leaving Eichberg-Film to form his own production company.

Hypnose: Sklaven fremden Willens premiered at Schauburg-Lichtspiele in Berlin on January 3, 1920. Two weeks following its premiere, the film's title was cut down to just Sklaven fremden Willens due to the similarity of the film titled Hypnose starring Austrian mentalist and clairvoyant Erik Jan Hanussen

Cast

Production
Actor Bela Lugosi arrived in Berling in September 1919. According to Lugosi biographer Gary D. Rhodes and Bill Kaffenberger, Lugosi transitioned into the German film industry with ease as he had lived in the Hungarian and German side of his homeotwn Lugos. Several of Lugosi's Hungarian films were shown in Germany previously as well, including Az Ezredes (1918) and Az élet királya (1918).

Director Richard Eichberg who headed Eichberg-Film created films with actor Bruno Declari. As Declari had created his own film company in mid-1919, Eichberg required a new star. In the 1920 German publication Film Magazin, Lugosi's brief biography states that Declari leaving opened the door to Lugosi. Lugosi's first film for Eichberg was Hypnose: Sklaven fremden Willens.

Release and reception
Hypnose: Sklaven fremden Willens premiered at Schauburg-Lichtspiele in Berlin on January 3, 1920.
A review in Film-Kurier, a critic stated the film is "totally suspenseful and reflects the most outstanding film technology using all the means at its disposal." while "it would be helped by applying the 'editor's scissors,' reducing the 6 acts to just 5." The review went on to praise Lee Parry who "performs exquisitely and her dress is refined in taste" and Lugosi who "is a welcome newcomer - he possess decided talent, but must guard against exaggeration."

Within two weeks of the films premiere, the film's title was changed to just Sklaven fremden Willens due to the similarity of the film titled Hypnose starring Austrian mentalist and clairvoyant Erik Jan Hanussen.

See also
 Béla Lugosi filmography

References

Sources

External links

1920 films
Films of the Weimar Republic
German black-and-white films
German silent feature films
Films directed by Richard Eichberg


The Honda Stepwgn (stylised as STEPWGN and pronounced "step wagon") is a minivan produced by Honda since 1996. In contrast to the Odyssey and also the Stream, it sports a taller, more upright greenhouse and can accommodate eight people instead of seven. For its first two generations, the car had one door on the driver's side and two doors on the passenger's side.

The Stepwgn competes against the Nissan Serena, Toyota Noah, Mitsubishi Delica, and formerly, the Mazda Biante.

First generation (RF1/2; 1996)

F-MX (1995)
The first generation Stepwgn originally appeared at the Tokyo Motor Show as the F-MX in 1995.

Initial release (1996)
Japanese sales began on 8 May 1996. At that time, most Japanese minivans usually had the engine mounted under the cabin. The Stepwgn used a more conventional two-box layout, and was based on the Civic to reduce costs (starting from ¥1,548,000 and going up to ¥2,368,000). The passenger side was fitted with a sliding door for easier access. To improve profitability, further cost reduction measures were used, such as there being only one engine and transmission option—a two-litre inline-four and a 4-speed automatic transmission—and the vehicle's design reduced the use of steel panels and parts.

1997 update
Changes for 1997 included standardizing ABS and dual SRS airbags throughout the range, as well as the addition of a number of convenience features. Japanese models went on sale in August 1997 at Honda's Primo, Verno and Clio networks.

Stepwgn Almas (1997)
The Stepwgn Almas, whose name is derived from the Spanish alma ("heart"; "soul"), was equipped with a second-row seat lift for elderly and physically handicapped passengers.

Stepwgn Field Deck (1998)
A version of the Stepwgn with a pop-up observation tent and fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) body, designed for outdoor leisure pursuits, was sold at Japanese Honda dealers from January 1998.

1999 update
The Stepwgn received a facelift in May 1999. The appearance of the headlights was altered and the rear license plate was moved down.

Second generation (RF3/4/5/6/7/8; 2001)

Initial release

The second-generation Stepwgn debuted in April 2001, largely based on the first generation. It used a design geared towards families with children. The Stepwgn retained the sliding door located on one side, and its seating allowed for four different seating arrangements: "play mode" (sitting opposite each other), "food mode", "sleep mode", and "cargo mode" (wherein the second row of seats is folded flat). A 2.0L Honda K20A i-VTEC engine provided the second-generation Stepwgn with , improving both driving performance and fuel economy. Some parts were stiffened in order to further enhance driving performance.

The vehicle was unveiled at the 35th Tokyo Motor Show.

Stepwgn Almas (2001)
In addition to the second-row seat lift, the 2001 Stepwgn Almas included a seat lift option for the front-row passenger. Stepwgn Almas models went on sale on 11 June 2001.

2003 update
In June 2003, Honda significantly modified the design: both the front and rear fascias were altered to fit the look of other Honda vehicles, and the "Spada" series was introduced, available with slightly modified fender styling and a 2.4L K24A i-VTEC engine producing .

The vehicle was unveiled at the 37th Tokyo Motor Show in 2003.

For the first 6 months of year 2004, sales of the Stepwgn in Japan reached 24,389 units.

Third generation (RG; 2005)

Announced on 26 May 2005, the third-generation Stepwgn had a much more aerodynamic design than its predecessors.

Unlike the previous generations, which only featured sliding doors on one side, the third generation featured sliding doors on both sides, in order to compete with other minivans such as the Nissan Serena and Toyota Noah. Although the size of the car was decreased, interior space remained unchanged thanks to a new low-floor chassis, which also improved the handling of the vehicle. The overall length had been shortened, though the platform retained the Civic-based design and employed a thin plastic fuel tank in order to provide a low floor, which was covered in panelling meant to evoke wood flooring. Japanese models went on sale on 27 May 2005 at Honda dealers.

The third-generation Stepwgn is powered by either a 2.0L K20A engine rated at , or a 2.4L K24A engine rated at . In the Stepwgn, they use a timing chain, as the engine is of an interference design. The 2.0L model retained a 4-speed automatic transmission, whilst the FWD 2.4L model was fitted with a CVT transmission.

At the month of November 2005, sales of Stepwgn in Japan reached 7,093 units.

Tokyo Auto Salon concepts (2006)
The Modulo Stepwgn Concept and Stepwgn Modulo Concept X Final Room are concept cars based on the Stepwgn, with around-vehicle sensors. These vehicles were unveiled at the 2006 Tokyo Auto Salon.

2006 update
For 2006, changes to the Stepwgn included:
the addition of first- and second-row seat lift options to the G trim
the inclusion of a power rear left sliding door as standard for the G, G S Package, and 24Z
the inclusion of both power rear sliding doors as standard for the G L Package and G LS Package
a new setting for the smart key system (with 2 keys)
hydrophilic/heated side-view mirrors and hydrophobic front door glass

Japanese models went on sale in May 2006.

Fourth generation (RK; 2009)

The fourth generation Stepwgn was a full redesign of the model, increasing in height and length but remaining the same width. The Stepwgn Spada model returned with a unique grille and headlamp design. The fourth-generation Stepwgn was available in seven trim levels: G, G L Package, L, Li, Spada S, Spada Z and Spada Zi. The 2.4-litre engine was dropped from the lineup, with only a 2.0-litre option available. The Stepwgn was available with either front- or four-wheel-drive across the range.

Japanese models went on sale in October 2009.

For the month of July 2013, sales of the Stepwgn reached 6,715 units.

Modulo Stepwgn (2010)
The Modulo Stepwgn is a production vehicle based on the standard Stepwgn. The vehicle was unveiled at the 2010 Tokyo Auto Salon.

2012 facelift
In 2012, there were minor changes to the Stepwgn, including a new front grille, front bumper, rear lights, and wheels. A parking camera was also included on all models.

Stepwgn Modulo Style (2013)
The Stepwgn Modulo Style is a concept vehicle based on the standard Stepwgn. The vehicle was unveiled at the 2013 Tokyo Auto Salon.

Fifth generation (RP1–5; 2015)

The fifth generation Stepwgn was introduced in April 2015. With an all-new 1.5-liter direct injection VTEC Turbo engine, the fifth generation Stepwgn features a functional cabin space, as well as a novel two-way tailgate called the Waku Waku Gate, derived from the Japanese term . The Waku Waku Gate either functions as a traditional upwards-opening tailgate, or a smaller door that opens to the side for easier third-row access and cargo loading.

2017 facelift
The Stepwgn was refreshed in September 2017. The Stepwgn Spada Hybrid has a 3-mode powertrain which can switch between EV, hybrid, or engine drive modes. It also has a Sport drive mode.

It is equipped with a Honda Sensing system, which assists the driver with parking by controlling steering.

Sixth generation (RP6–8; 2022)

The sixth-generation Stepwgn was unveiled on 7 January 2022. It is available in three models: Air, Spada, and Spada Premium Line. For this generation, the Waku Waku Gate was dropped in favour of a conventional automatic tailgate.

References

External links

  (Japan)

Stepwgn
Cars introduced in 1996
2000s cars
2010s cars
2020s cars
Minivans
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Vehicles with CVT transmission
Hybrid minivans
Cars powered by transverse 4-cylinder engines


Secoya (also Sieko Coca, Paicoca, Airo Pãi) is a Western Tucanoan language spoken by the Secoya people of Ecuador and Peru.

Included among the Secoya are a number of people called Angoteros. Although their language comprises only some dialectal differences of Secoya, there are no other communicative obstacles present. The Siona of the Eno River, linguistically different from the Siona of the Putumayo, say there are significant dialectal differences between their language and Secoya, but are still considered a part of them. In ethnographic publications, the Secoya go by other alternate names as well: Encabellado, Pioje (meaning "no" in Secoya), Santa Maria, and Angutera.

Phonology

Voiceless Stops

The voiceless stops /p, t, k, kʷ/ are the same as Spanish, however the aspiration is more articulated in Secoya. The phoneme /t/ is pronounced with the tip of the tongue making contact with the upper teeth. The velar-labialized /kʷ/ is pronounced similarly to /k/, but with rounding of the lips. The glottal stop /ʔ/ almost disappears when strong stress on the previous syllable does not occur.

Voiced Stops

In intervocalic context, the voiced stop /d/ is performed by the simple variant [r], equal to the Spanish intervocalic /r/. Nasal speech is performed with the nasal consonant [n].

Aspiration

The voiceless phonemes /sʰ/ and /h/ are both articulated in the alveolar position, making them difficult to distinguish. The /s/ is pronounced a little harder and determines a dull elongation prior to an unstressed vowel. The phoneme /zʰ/ has some laryngeal stress and expresses the laryngealization on adjacent vowels.

Nasals

The nasal consonant /m/ is pronounced the same as in Spanish. The sound n, which is phonemic in other Western Tucanoan languages, is contained in Secoya as a variant of the voiced stop /d/.

Glides

The glides /w/ and /y/ are almost equal to the vowels /u/ and /i/ respectively, but more tightly articulated. The /w/ resembles the hu in the Spanish "huevo". When it occurs at an adjacent nasal vowel, [w] becomes nasalized. The /y/ is pronounced almost like that in Spanish, but the Secoya articulate it with slightly more friction. When it occurs contiguous to a nasal vowel, the result becomes nasalized and sounds like the Spanish ñ.

Consonants & Vowels

Consonants

Vowels

Back vowels are made with rounded lips and the others are made with non-rounded lips. Nasalization is also distinctive among all vowels.

Morphology

Nouns

The noun in Secoya is distinguished, in most forms, through the general category and the specific unit. The basic form of a noun, without suffixes, indicates the general category (men, children, canoes, stones, eggs, etc.) without specifying a definite number of elements. To indicate the singular or plural, that is, a number of specific elements, suffix classifiers (in the case of inanimate nouns) or gender suffixes (in the case of animate nouns) are added. To indicate a definite number of inanimate objects, a plural suffix is added to a noun. When the word refers to a number of specific elements, we use the definite article in the Spanish translation. However, it can also be translated with the indefinite article.

Animate Nouns

Animals

The nouns denoting animals appear in their basic form without suffix to indicate the generic type. To indicate the singular, the suffix -e or -o is added. To form the plural noun, the specifier hua'i  is added to any of the two forms.

Supernatural and Spiritual

The nouns denoting supernatural beings and celestial bodies appear in their basic form to indicate both the generic as the singular. To form the plural, add -o and hua'i. All of these beings appear as characters in the animistic legends of the Secoya.

Person/Number/Gender

Person

The nouns denoting people typically lead gender suffixes with a masculine or feminine singular. To form the plural noun, the specifier hua'i is added. The nouns whose basic form is a verb or adjective gender carry the suffix -ë for singular masculine or -o for singular female. After the vowel /o/, the masculine ending becomes -u and after the vowels /e/ and /i/, becomes -i. (If both vowels are identical, the vowel is reduced to one)

Number

The number describes the head noun in the same way it does the adjective. Their order in the noun phrase is before the adjective, when both appear.

To emphasize a number, express the same grammatical agreement suffix classifiers in the case of the adjective.

The noun that the number describes can be suppressed when the context permits.

Gender

Classification

Suffix Classifiers

The suffix classifiers indicate, besides the idea of a specific unit, the form or function of the object, conceptualized by the Secoya perspective.

Nouns that function as classifiers

The following inanimate nouns can be freeform in some contexts and can also describe the form or function of an inanimate noun.

Inanimate nouns without classifiers

Some inanimate nouns never appear with a suffix classifier; in this case the sense of generality or unit is inferred from the context. However, an adjective or another attribute can change them.

Space

Locatives are formed by adding to a basic form, whether it's a noun, verb, adverb, demonstrative, or other, to one of the suffixes indicating space or time.

Locative Suffix -ro

The locative suffix -ro "place" means a point or region. They don't appear with nouns, but with other grammatical forms to form a noun.

Locative Suffix -ja̱'a

Locative suffix -ja̱'a "about, near" describes the relationship of a locative component.

Demonstratives

The demonstrative pronoun ja "that" occurs with suffixes classifiers, local or temporary, to refer to an object, place or time.

The demonstrative pronoun iye "this" occurs with suffix classifiers, local and temporary, as with the separate hua'i for plural words and maca to refer to a person, place, thing. These refer to a specific previously defined nominal element. When a gender suffix is added, the form of the pronoun is uses i-.

Time

Tense

There are times for all people and genders, distinguished in the declarative modes of involvement perspective: the present, the immediate past, the distant past and future. The immediate past is not so much of recent events, but events that the speaker considers to be important in the present. It is distinguished by the immediate past speaker who considers unimportant events in the present. That is, they are already forgotten or outdated events.

The following examples demonstrate the present and immediate past tense and use the root caje "down".

This next example demonstrates the immediate past tense when the basic form of the verb ends in [í] or [ʔí]. It uses the root sa'i "go".

This example demonstrates the distant past. This category is pointed out with the suffix -a̱'- after the basic form of the verb.

This example demonstrates future tense.

Modality

Potential Suffix

The potential suffix is demonstrated by the addition of -ja̱i on the basic form of the verb. It has the variants -ja̱' and -ja̱ and indicates that the event is to take place.

Irrealis Suffix

The irrealis suffix is demonstrated by the addition of -ra' on the basic form of the verb. It indicates that the event has not been performed. It's never used with the present or future tense.

Obligative Suffix

The obligative suffix is demonstrated by the addition of -ti̱ to the basic form of the verb and indicates an urgency to perform the action. It can be coupled with the -ra' irrealis suffix.

Predicates and Arguments

Pe'o

Peo'ji

Obliques
The use of the oblique case markers in Secoya is not very complex. The oblique case suffixes -na, -hã-ã, and -hã’de are used to express specific grammatical relations. The first oblique case suffix -na expresses the spatial relation of goal, -hã-ã marks objects expressing a path, and -hã’de marks accompaniment.

Grammatical Case
Unlike Andean languages (Quechua, Aymara), which mark nominative, accusative, dative, and genitive cases, Amazonian languages like Secoya are limited to locative and instrumental/comitative cases. Enclitics are used to indicate grammatical case and the following suffixes indicate the nominal items that are linked to it.

-pi (source of action, agent)

-ni (movement to an animate object)

-na (destination)

-re/-té (reference)

Endangerment
The Ecuadorian-Peruvian War in 1941 had a great impact on the life of the Secoya after it created a separation of the local groups by splitting up the region. This division resulted in the obsolescence of many customs and traditions that were once prevalent in their culture. In the early 1970s, the Texaco and Gulf oil companies converged on Ecuador when massive petroleum reserves were discovered underground. The extensive periods of oil drilling ravaged many of their settlement areas, culminating in disastrous ecological problems like water and soil contamination. Even today, the Secoya still face many problems involving geopolitical feuds, harassment by oil companies, and the colonization and assimilation of Mestizo culture. The language status of the Siona-Secoya group is threatened, with only 550 speakers in Ecuador and 680 in Peru.

Notes

References
 Johnson, Orville E.  (1990). Gramatica secoya (Ed. limitada, 1. ed.). Quito, Ecuador: Inst. Lingüístico de Verano.

External links
 ELAR archive of Documentation of Ecuadorian Secoya

IMM:immediate past
DISTANT:distant past
OBL:obligative
DES:destination

Tucanoan languages
Languages of Ecuador
Languages of Peru