Project Chanology (also called Operation Chanology) was a protest movement against the practices of the Church of Scientology by members of Anonymous, a leaderless Internet-based group. "Chanology" is a combination of "4chan" and "Scientology". The project was started in response to the Church of Scientology's attempts to remove material from a highly publicized interview with Scientologist Tom Cruise from the Internet in January 2008.

The project was publicly launched in the form of a video posted to YouTube, "Message to Scientology", on January 21, 2008. The video states that Anonymous views Scientology's actions as Internet censorship, and asserts the group's intent to "expel the church from the Internet". This was followed by distributed denial-of-service attacks (DDoS), and soon after, black faxes, prank calls, and other measures intended to disrupt the Church of Scientology's operations. In February 2008, the focus of the protest shifted to legal methods, including nonviolent protests and an attempt to get the Internal Revenue Service to investigate the Church of Scientology's tax-exempt status in the United States.

Reactions from the Church of Scientology regarding the protesters' actions have varied. Initially, one spokesperson stated that members of the group "have got some wrong information" about Scientology. Another referred to the group as a group of "computer geeks". Later, the Church of Scientology started referring to Anonymous as "cyberterrorists" perpetrating "religious hate crimes" against the church.

Detractors of Scientology have also criticized the actions of Project Chanology, asserting that they merely provide the Church of Scientology with the opportunity to "play the religious persecution card". Other critics such as Mark Bunker and Tory Christman initially questioned the legality of Project Chanology's methods, but have since spoken out in support of the project as it shifted towards nonviolent protests and other legal methods.

Etymology
The word "Chanology" is a portmanteau of 4chan (the site where the project originated) and "Scientology."

Background

The Church of Scientology has a history of conflict with groups on the Internet. In 1995, attorneys for the Church of Scientology attempted to get the newsgroup alt.religion.scientology (a.r.s.) removed from Usenet. This attempt backfired and generated a significant amount of press for a.r.s. The conflict with a.r.s led the hacker group Cult of the Dead Cow to declare war on the Church of Scientology. The Church of Scientology mounted a 10-year legal campaign against Dutch writer Karin Spaink and several Internet service providers after Spaink and others posted documents alleged to be secret teachings of the organization. The Church of Scientology's efforts ended in a legal defeat in a Dutch court in 2005. This series of events is often referred to as "Scientology versus the Internet".

Tom Cruise video

On January 14, 2008, a video produced by the Church of Scientology featuring an interview with Tom Cruise was posted on YouTube. In the video, music from Cruise's Mission: Impossible films play in the background, and Cruise makes various statements, including saying that Scientologists are the only people who can help after a car accident and that Scientologists are the authority on getting addicts off drugs. According to The Times, Cruise can be seen in the video "extolling the virtues of Scientology". Australian newspaper The Daily Telegraph characterized Cruise as "manic-looking" during the interview, "gush[ing] about his love for Scientology".

The Church of Scientology asserted that the video material that had been leaked to YouTube and other websites was "pirated and edited" and taken from a three-hour video produced for members of Scientology. YouTube removed the Cruise video from their site under threat of litigation. The web site Gawker.com did not take down their copy of the Tom Cruise video, and other sites have posted the entire video. Lawyers for the Church of Scientology sent a letter to Gawker.com requesting the removal of the video, but Nick Denton of Gawker.com stated: "It's newsworthy and we will not be removing it."

Formation

Project Chanology was formulated by users of the English-speaking imageboards 711chan.org and 4chan, the associated partyvan.info wiki, and several Internet Relay Chat channels, all part of a group collectively known as Anonymous, on January 16, 2008, after the Church of Scientology issued a copyright violation claim against YouTube for hosting material from the Cruise video. The effort against Scientology has also been referred to by group members as "Operation Chanology". A webpage called "Project Chanology", part of a larger wiki, is maintained by Anonymous and chronicles planned, ongoing and completed actions by project participants. The website includes a list of suggested guerrilla tactics to use against the Church of Scientology. Members use other websites as well to coordinate action, including Encyclopedia Dramatica and the social networking site Facebook, where two groups associated with the movement had 3,500 members as of February 4, 2008. A member of Anonymous told the Los Angeles Times that, as of February 4, 2008, the group consisted of "a loose confederation of about 9,000 people" who post anonymously on the Internet. A security analyst told The Age that the number of people participating anonymously in Project Chanology could number in the thousands: "You can't pin it on a person or a group of people. You've thousands of people engaged to do anything they can against Scientology."

Members of Project Chanology say their main goal is "to enlighten the Church of Scientology (CoS) by any means necessary." Their website states: "This will be a game of mental warfare. It will require our talkers, not our hackers. It will require our dedicated Anon across the world to do their part." Project Chanology's stated goals include the complete removal of the Church of Scientology's presence from the Internet and to "save people from Scientology by reversing the brainwashing". Project Chanology participants plan to join the Church of Scientology posing as interested members in order to infiltrate the organization.

Andrea Seabrook of National Public Radio's All Things Considered reported Anonymous was previously known for "technologically sophisticated pranks" such as spamming chat rooms online and "ordering dozens of pizzas for people they don't like". Ryan Singel of Wired appeared on the program on January 27, 2008, and told Seabrook that members of Anonymous were motivated by "the tactics the Church of Scientology uses to control information about itself" rather than the "controversial nature of Scientology itself".

Activities

Internet activities

Project Chanology began its campaign by organizing and delivering a series of denial-of-service attacks against Scientology websites and flooding Scientology centers with prank calls and black faxes. The group was successful in taking down local and global Scientology websites intermittently from January 18, 2008, until at least January 25, 2008. Anonymous had early success rendering major Scientology websites inaccessible and leaking documents allegedly stolen from Scientology computers. This resulted in a large amount of coverage on social bookmarking websites.

The denial-of-service attacks on Scientology.org flooded the site with 220 megabits of traffic, a mid-range attack. Speaking with SCMagazineUS.com, a security strategist for Top Layer Networks, Ken Pappas said that he thought that botnets were involved in the Anonymous operation: "There are circles out there where you could take ownership of the bot machines that are already owned and launch a simultaneous attack against [something] like the church from 50,000 PCs, all at the same time".

In response to the attacks, on January 21, 2008, the Scientology.org site was moved to Prolexic Technologies, a company specializing in safeguarding web sites from denial-of-service attacks. Attacks against the site increased, and CNET News reported that "a major assault" took place at 6 p.m. EST on January 24, 2008. Anonymous escalated the attack on Scientology on January 25, 2008, and on January 25, 2008, the Church of Scientology's official website remained inaccessible.

On January 21, 2008, Anonymous announced its goals and intentions via a video posted to YouTube entitled "Message to Scientology", and a press release declaring "War on Scientology", against both the Church of Scientology and the Religious Technology Center. In the press release, the group stated that the attacks against the Church of Scientology would continue in order to protect freedom of speech and to end what they characterized as the financial exploitation of church members.

The Tom Cruise video is referred to specifically at the start of the Anonymous YouTube video posting, and is characterized as a "propaganda video". The video utilizes a synthesized voice and shows floating cloud images using a time lapse method as the speaker addresses the leaders of Scientology directly: "We shall proceed to expel you from the Internet and systematically dismantle the Church of Scientology in its present form..." The video goes on to state: "We recognize you as serious opponents, and do not expect our campaign to be completed in a short time frame. However, you will not prevail forever against the angry masses of the body politic. Your choice of methods, your hypocrisy, and the general artlessness of your organization have sounded its death knell. You have nowhere to hide because we are everywhere... We are Anonymous. We are Legion. We do not forgive. We do not forget. Expect us." By January 25, 2008, only four days after its release, the video had been viewed 800,000 times, and by February 8, 2008, had been viewed over 2 million times. Author Warren Ellis called the video "creepy in and of itself" and a "manifesto, declaration of war, sharp political film".

In a different video posted to YouTube, Anonymous addresses news organizations covering the conflict and criticizes media reporting of the incident. In the video, Anonymous criticizes the media specifically for not mentioning objections by the group to certain controversial aspects of the history of the Church of Scientology, and cited past incidents including the death of Lisa McPherson: "We find it interesting that you did not mention the other objections in your news reporting. The stifling and punishment of dissent within the totalitarian organization of Scientology. The numerous, alleged human rights violations. Such as the treatment and events that led to the deaths of victims of the cult such as Lisa McPherson." Lisa McPherson was a Scientologist who died in 1995 under controversial circumstances. The Church of Scientology was held responsible and initially faced felony charges in her death. The charges were later dropped and a civil suit brought by McPherson's family was settled in 2004. This second video was removed on January 25, 2008, YouTube citing a "terms of use violation". Organizers of the February 10, 2008, Project Chanology protests against the Church of Scientology told the St. Petersburg Times the event was timed to coincide with the birthday of Lisa McPherson.

In addition to DDoS attacks against Church of Scientology websites, Anonymous also organized a campaign on one of their websites to "begin bumping Digg", referring to an attempt to drive up Scientology-related links on the website Digg.com. On January 25, 2008, eight of the top ten stories on Digg.com were about either Scientology-related controversies or Anonymous and attempts to expose Scientology. Digg CEO Jay Adelson told PC World that Anonymous had not manipulated the site's algorithm system to prevent artificial poll results, stating: "They must have done a very good job of bringing in a diverse set of interests ... It just happened to hit a nerve that the Digg community was interested in." Adelson said two other instances which similarly have dominated the Digg main page in the past were the Virginia Tech Massacre in the aftermath of the incident and the "7/7" London bombings in 2005. Adelson commented on the popularity of Scientology theme within the Digg community: "In the history of Digg, there's no question that the topic of Scientology has been of great interest to the community ... I can't explain why."

On January 29, 2008, Jason Lee Miller of WebProNews reported that a Google bomb technique had been used to make the Scientology.org main website the first result in a Google search for "dangerous cult". Miller wrote that Anonymous was behind the Google bomb, and that they had also tried to bump Scientology up as the first result in Google searches for "brainwashing cult", and to make the Xenu.net website first result in searches for "scientology". Rob Garner of MediaPost Publications wrote: "The Church of Scientology continues to be the target of a group called Anonymous, which is using Google bombs and YouTube as its tools of choice."

In a February 4, 2008, article, Scientology spokeswoman Karin Pouw told the Los Angeles Times that Church of Scientology's websites "have been and are online." Danny McPherson, chief research officer at Arbor Networks, claimed 500 denial-of-service attacks had been observed on the Scientology site in the week prior to February 4, some of which were strong enough to bring the website down. Calling Anonymous a "motley crew of internet troublemakers", Wired blogger Ryan Singel said that, while attempting to bypass the Prolexic servers protecting the Church of Scientology website, users of a misconfigured DDoS tool inadvertently and briefly had targeted the Etty Hillesum Lyceum, a Dutch secondary school in Deventer. Another hacking group associated with the project, calling themselves the "g00ns", mistakenly targeted a 59-year-old man from Stockton, California. They posted his home telephone number, address and his wife's Social Security number online for other people to target. They believed that he was behind counter-attacks against Project Chanology-related websites by the Regime, a counter-hack group who crashed one of the Project Chanology planning websites. The group allegedly attempted to gain personal information on people involved in Project Chanology to turn that information over to the Church of Scientology. After discovering they had wrongly targeted the couple, one of the members of the g00ns group called and apologized.

Protests planned

A new video entitled "Call to Action" appeared on YouTube on January 28, 2008, calling for protests outside Church of Scientology centers on February 10, 2008. As with the previous videos, the two-minute video used a synthesized computer voice and featured stock footage of clouds and sky. The video was accompanied by a text transcript with British English spelling. The video denied that the group was composed of "super hackers", stating: "Contrary to the assumptions of the media, Anonymous is not 'a group of super hackers.' ... Anonymous is everyone and everywhere. We have no leaders, no single entity directing us." The video said that Project Chanology participants include "individuals from all walks of life ... united by an awareness that someone must do the right thing." Specific controversies involving the CoS were cited in the video as the explanation for actions by Anonymous.

In an email to CNET News, Anonymous stated that coordinated activities were planned for February 10, 2008, in many major cities around the world. Anonymous hoped to use "real world" protests to rally public opinion to their cause. According to the Associated Press, the protests were meant to draw attention to what the group refers to as a "vast money-making scheme under the guise of 'religion'". By January 30, 2008, 170 protests had been planned outside Church of Scientology centers worldwide. A video posted to YouTube called "Code of Conduct" outlined twenty-two rules to follow when protesting, and urged protestors to remain peaceful.

February 2008

February 2

On February 2, 2008, 150 people gathered outside a Church of Scientology center in Orlando, Florida to protest the organization's practices. Small protests were also held in Santa Barbara, California (during the Santa Barbara International Film Festival), and Manchester, England. Protesters in Orlando carried signs with messages "Knowledge is Free" and "Honk if you hate Scientology". According to WKMG-TV, the protesters called the Church of Scientology a "dangerous cult" and said the organization is responsible for crimes and deaths. The Orlando Sentinel reported that the protest was "part of a worldwide campaign by a group that calls itself Anonymous", and an unnamed organizer who spoke to the paper stated that the group was protesting "a gross violation of the right to see free church material", referring to the Tom Cruise video that was pulled from YouTube.

Protesters at the demonstration wore masks, and said they were attempting to inform the public about what they believed to be "restrictions of free speech and profiteering through pyramid schemes" by the Church of Scientology. They asserted they were not protesting the doctrine of Scientology, but rather alleged actions of individual Scientologists. One protester stated that he had created a Facebook group to organize the protest, explaining "It started online with a group called Anonymous ... They got upset with Scientology because the church hides important documents that are supposed to be released to the public."

February 10
On February 10, 2008, about 7,000 people protested in at least 100 cities worldwide.
Within 24 hours of the first protest, a search for "Scientology" and "protest" on Google Blog Search returned more than 4,000 results and more than 2,000 pictures on the image-sharing site Flickr. Cities with turnouts of one hundred or more protesters included Adelaide, Melbourne, and Sydney, Australia; Toronto, Canada; London, England; Dublin, Ireland; and Austin, Dallas, Boston, Clearwater, and New York City, United States.

150 people protested at the Church of Scientology building in Sydney, Australia, carrying signs and wearing costumes. Participants were masked to maintain their anonymity and avoid possible retaliation from the Church of Scientology. Protesters chanted "Church on the left, cult on the right" (in reference to the Church that was beside the Church of Scientology building), "Religion is free" and "We want Xenu". Scientology staff locked down the building and set up a camera to record the event. After the protest in Sydney, a surge in online Internet traffic due to individuals attempting to view pictures from the protest crashed hundreds of websites when a server was overloaded. The Sydney protest was one of the first worldwide, and after the first images of the protest went online a surge in traffic drove the hosting company's bandwidth usage up by 900 percent. The hosting company Digitalis temporarily prevented access to hundreds of its clients' sites, and customer support representative Denis Kukic said the surge was unexpected: "We had no advance notice that there was going to be a sudden surge of traffic or that there would be more than 100 times the average traffic that this customer's website normally consumes."

Masked protesters in Seattle, Washington, United States congregated in front of the Church of Scientology of Washington. Protesters were quoted as saying, "We believe in total freedom of belief. We have nothing against the people of Scientology, however the Church of Scientology has committed crimes. They're vehemently anti-opposition. Anyone who opposes them, must go down." A protester in Santa Barbara emphasized that their opposition was against the organization, not the belief system, and that they supported the Scientology split-off group known as the Free Zone. Protesters turned out in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania despite unusually cold weather. The masked crowd consisted mainly of college students, including some who had travelled from as far as Penn State University.

Protesters in Boston, Los Angeles, Pittsburgh, Toronto, Edinburgh, London, and other cities worldwide, wore Guy Fawkes masks modeled after the 2005 film V for Vendetta. Guy Fawkes was an English Catholic executed for a 1605 attempt to destroy the House of Lords. In V for Vendetta, a rebel against a near-future fascist regime uses the mask in his public appearances and distributes many of its copies to the population to enable mass protests. The Boston Globe characterized usage of the Guy Fawkes masks as "an allusion to the British insurgent and a film depicting an antigovernment movement". Aaron Tavena of College Times wrote that the Guy Fawkes masks provided a "dramatic effect" to the protests, and Nick Jamison of The Retriever Weekly wrote: "During the February 10 protests, Anonymous was informative, Anonymous was peaceful, and Anonymous was effective. After seeing all of the pictures from the 10th with everyone in disguise, many sporting Guy Fawkes masks, I wanted to be a part of that." Scott Stewart of University of Nebraska at Omaha's The Gateway wrote: "Many participants sported Guy Fawkes masks to draw attention both to their identity as Anonymous and the Church of Scientology's abuse of litigation and coercion to suppress anti-Scientology viewpoints."

The Internet meme Rickroll, where a link is given to a seemingly relevant website only to be directed to a music video of singer Rick Astley's pop single "Never Gonna Give You Up", has been used as a theme in the protests against Scientology. At February 10 protests in New York, Washington, D.C., London and Seattle, protesters played the song through boomboxes and shouted the phrase "Never gonna let you down!", in what The Guardian called "a live rick-rolling of the Church of Scientology". In response to a website created by Scientologists showing an anti-Anonymous video, Project Chanology participants created a website with a similar domain name with a video displaying the music video to "Never Gonna Give You Up". In a March 2008 interview, Astley said that he found the rickrolling of Scientology to be "hilarious"; he also said that he will not try to capitalize on the rickroll phenomenon with a new recording or remix of his own, but that he'd be happy to have other artists remix it.

Following the protests, there were reports that YouTube was freezing the view counts on videos criticizing Scientology, including clips from the protests themselves, potentially preventing them from being displayed on YouTube's front page. Similarly, the original "Message to Scientology" video had received nearly 2.5 million views and yet failed to be featured as a "most-watched". The net neutrality activist group movieLOL strongly criticized YouTube for a "display of the decay of internet freedom". YouTube's official response stated: "There was an issue with video view counts not increasing that has now been resolved. The correct number of views should be displayed in the next 24 hours. Thanks for your patience."

Jonathan Holmes, the presenter of the Australian watchdog program Media Watch, reported on two cases of media censorship of the protests. News.com.au pixelated a poster carried by a protester which was revealed, through a Today Tonight segment, to have displayed the word "CULT". The Advertiser erased Tom Cruise's name from a protest placard, rendering the placard's message meaningless, without informing its readers. The Advertiser'''s editor, Melvin Mansell, stated that the alteration had "slipped by" and that he was opposed to the publication of doctored photographs.

March–December 2008

March 2008

According to NBC11, a woman from Anonymous contacted them and stated that protests were planned against Scientology each month through May 2008; and that a large protest was planned for two days after Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard's birthday, March 15. Carlos Moncada of The Tampa Tribune reported that an "open letter to the press from Anonymous" was sent out via e-mail, and states that a protest is planned for March 15, 2008. The e-mail refers to the Ides of March: "We, too, wish to celebrate this event, albeit in our own special way ... Beware the Ides of March, Church of Scientology!" The March protests were titled "Operation Party Hard".

Protests began in Australia on March 15, 2008, and were followed by protests in major cities worldwide including Brussels, London, Seattle, Phoenix, Manchester, and Los Angeles. Approximately 7,000 to 8,000 people protested in about 100 cities worldwide. The protests took place in locations in Australia, Europe, Canada, and the United States.

Approximately 200 masked protesters gathered outside the Church of Scientology's headquarters in Adelaide, Australia. An anonymous spokesman told News.com.au that Scientology should lose its tax-exempt status. About 150 protesters came to the Yonge Street headquarters of Scientology in Toronto, Canada; sang "Happy Birthday" and chanted "we want cake". During the Los Angeles protests, a plane flew overhead trailing a large sign that read "Honk if you think Scientology is a cult." 150 protesters demonstrated in Clearwater, Florida, and a local organizer for Anonymous told The Tampa Tribune, "We feel that we have an obligation to educate the public about the things that have gone on and hopefully make the Church of Scientology understand that they have to change."

Two people were arrested by DeKalb County, Georgia, police for using megaphones while stepping onto the surrounding street opposite of the church during a protest. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported that five protesters were cited for "causing 'hazardous' or 'offensive' conditions", and that eight motorists were pulled over by police and ticketed for excessive use of horns, after they honked while driving past the protest. The American Civil Liberties Union and Amnesty International investigated the reaction of the police at the Atlanta protest.
In contrast, a Los Angeles Police Department officer at the Los Angeles protest was widely praised after a video was uploaded to YouTube showing him acknowledging the demonstrators' right to protest and encouraging them to stay on the sidewalk for their own safety.

April 2008
Anonymous held its third international protest against Scientology on April 12, 2008. Named "Operation Reconnect", the protest focused on increasing awareness of the Church of Scientology's disconnection policy. Protesters around the world gathered in over 50 cities, including Toronto, London, Sydney, and Berlin. A subsequent international protest was planned for May 10, 2008, according to The University Register it was titled "Operation Battletoad Earth", and an additional protest was planned for June 2008. According to John DeSio of The Village Voice, the May 10, 2008 protests were referred to as "Operation : Fair Game : Stop", and National Nine News has reported that the full title of the May 10 protests is "Battletoad Earth: Operation Fairgame Stop". The May 10 date was chosen as May 9 is the anniversary of Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard's book Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health. Over 400 people were present at the May 10, 2008, protests in cities in Australia. Wen Hsing, a member of Anonymous, commented to scopical.com.au about the Church of Scientology's denial of its "fair game" policy: "Even if the name 'fair game' is not in use, the Church of Scientology is an organization that continues to practice a vicious policy of retribution against perceived enemies, and it teaches its members that extreme measures are morally justified if they aid the Church."

May 2008
On May 10, a teenager who went to the protests in front of the Queen Victoria Street Church of Scientology in London was issued a court summons after being asked to take down a sign that read "Scientology is not a religion, it is a dangerous cult". Posting anonymously on a forum, the teenager stated "Within five minutes of arriving ... I was told by a member of the police that I was not allowed to use 'that word'". He said that the police told him he had 15 minutes to take down the sign. The teenager did not, citing a 1984 High Court ruling by Mr Justice Latey in which he described the Church of Scientology as a "cult" that was "corrupt, sinister and dangerous". The sign was then confiscated. Shami Chakrabarti, the director of Liberty, a human rights group, said that, "They will be banning words like 'war' and 'tax' from placards and demonstrations next. This is just barmy". On May 23, 2008, the legal action against the boy was dropped. A Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) spokesman said: "In consultation with the City of London Police, we were asked whether the sign was abusive or insulting. Our advice is that it is not abusive or insulting and there is no offensiveness (as opposed to criticism), neither in the idea expressed nor in the mode of expression." Anonymous also held a protest in Budapest, Hungary, atat the same time and location as a program of the local Scientology church.

June–October 2008

A protest was held June 14, 2008 titled "Sea Arrrgh" (a satirical reference to the Church of Scientology's Sea Org). Protesters dressed up as pirates. According to Macquarie National News, members of Anonymous highlighted the controversial practices of the Sea Org, including what the protesters believe to be forced contracts where Scientologists work below a livable wage, that female Sea Org members who become pregnant are pressured to have abortions, and that children of families in the organization are made to perform difficult physical labor. An international protest held on July 12, 2008, titled: "Spy vs. Sci" highlighted the Church of Scientology's Office of Special Affairs. A press release by the group posed the question: "Why does something that describes itself as a religion need an intelligence agency that aggressively persecutes critics?" The group posted a video in early August 2008 calling for renewed activity in their protest efforts, and planned a subsequent international protest for August 16, 2008. About 35 protesters gathered twice in September 2008 during the first preview and premiere of Arthur Miller's play All My Sons. They encouraged Scientologist Katie Holmes, wife of Tom Cruise, to leave the Church. The most recent international organized protest was held October 18, 2008. Members of Anonymous dressed as zombies, and highlighted what they described as questionable deaths and suicides of Scientologists.

December 2008
The film Valkyrie, starring and produced by Tom Cruise, premiered in New York City on December 17. Entertainment reporter Roger Friedman noted that it was held "in the private screening room at the Time Warner Center. Not the  or Loews Lincoln Square, where most premieres are held in public." The venue was chosen in part to minimize the exposure to Scientology protestors gathered at the Time Warner Center. There were also Scientology protests at the European premiere in Berlin, where one protester got his V for Vendetta mask autographed by Tom Cruise. Chanology participants shared the limelight with a person in a bunny suit protesting against the hero worship of Claus von Stauffenberg.

2009
January–February 2009
On January 8, 2009, an 18-year-old male member of Anonymous ran into the New York Scientology building shirtless and covered with Vaseline, pubic hair, and toenail clippings. He then proceeded to toss books around and smear the mixture on objects in the building. The man, identified by police as Mahoud Samed Almahadin, was charged with burglary, criminal mischief, and aggravated harassment as hate crimes. Two weeks later, 21-year-old film student and Anonymous member Jacob Speregen was charged with aggravated harassment and criminal mischief as hate crimes after he filmed Almahadin carrying out his prank. According to his mother and the video, Speregen was filming the event from behind the barricade. Scientology critics Mark Bunker and Jason Beghe disagreed with the individual's actions.

Anonymous organized a 12th global protest against Scientology for January 10, 2009, to coincide with the Chanology movement's first anniversary. On February 10, 2009, Anonymous released a statement: "Scientology operatives still continue to paint Anonymous in a negative light as a means of distracting attention from Scientology operations and attempting to discredit those who bring truth to the issues at hand. It just isn’t working." The group claimed credit for leaks of internal Scientology documents that appeared on the website WikiLeaks, and announced further global protests for subsequent weekends in February 2009. Members of Anonymous continued to celebrate the one-year anniversary of the Chanology movement during February 2009, with protests held in locations including Hemet, California.

March–May 2009
On March 3, 2009, the Board of Supervisors in Riverside County, California, voted to approve an ordinance which restricts residential picketing there to  or further from an individual's residence. The ordinance was originally introduced by Supervisor Jeff Stone, board chairman, in November 2008, and went through multiple changes. Critics of the ordinance stated that Stone proposed the measure due to favor for Scientology, which has its Hemet compound located in Riverside County. "The whole ordinance is tainted. The reasons behind it are tainted," said county resident Lirra Bishop. Stone stated the measure was intended for all residents of the county, though he cited protests at Scientology's Gold Base facility which houses residences and Scientology's Golden Era Productions as an example of why the ordinance is needed. Protesters at Gold Base have included members of Anonymous, and Scientology officials claimed they were "threatened with violence". Protesters told the Board of Supervisors that due to the lack of sidewalk near Gold Base, the anti-picketing ordinance would severely hamper the ability to protest outside the Scientology compound.

After stating on October 17, 2008, that he would plead guilty to involvement in the January 2008 DDoS attacks against Church of Scientology websites, an 18-year-old self-described member of Anonymous entered a guilty plea related to hacking charges in May 2009. A release from the US Justice Department said that the individual, a resident of New Jersey, "participated in the attack because he considered himself a member of an underground group called 'Anonymous'". Thom Mrozek, a spokesman for the Justice Department, said that the Church of Scientology had cooperated in the investigation. The individual faced a sentencing scheduled for August 2009.

In May 2009, members of Anonymous told WSMV-TV that they were bullied by off-duty security guards while protesting at a Scientology event in April in Nashville, Tennessee. According to WSMV-TV, a protester stated he was assaulted by three Scientology security guards while on public property,  away from the Scientology building. The Church of Scientology had previously informed the security guards that the protesters were "dangerous people". A protester was issued three citations by the Scientology security guards, but these were all dismissed by the district attorney. On May 8, 2009, WSMV-TV reported that "laws appear to have been broken" in the manner in which the Scientology security guards handled the protesters. The Scientology security guards were not clearly identified as off-duty police officers, and permits for the Scientology event attended by the Anonymous protesters were for the wrong day. "The armed people from the other county are not identified police officers. You're looking for a problem", said John M. L. Brown, a Fraternal Order of Police attorney.

 November 2009

On November 13, 2009, Independent Australian Senator Nick Xenophon used parliamentary privilege to accuse the Church of Scientology of being a criminal organization.

Campaign against Scientology's tax-exempt status
A woman who stated she was a member of Anonymous told KNTV that the group has shifted strategy to activities which fight Scientology but are not deemed illegal by the United States government, including an attempt to get the Internal Revenue Service to investigate the Church of Scientology's 501(c)(3) tax-exempt status. Another woman from Anonymous told Newsweek that the group plans to accomplish this through a lobbying campaign. United States tax authorities removed the Church of Scientology's tax-exemption status in 1967, stating that the organization's auditing techniques served as a for-profit operation for L. Ron Hubbard. In 1984, the United States Tax Court ruled that the Church of Scientology was guilty of "manufacturing and falsifying records to present to the IRS, burglarizing IRS offices and stealing government documents, and subverting government processes for unlawful purposes." The Church of Scientology's tax-exempt status in the United States was reinstated in 1993.

A member of Anonymous calling herself "Envie" told Today Tonight that the group has longer-term plans against the Church of Scientology: "We are incredibly determined ... There are those of us who have been talking about plans for the next 12 to 18 months." A member of Anonymous calling herself "Sarah" spoke with Radar magazine about a letter-writing campaign: "We're sending letters to senators and congresspeople requesting that their tax-exempt status be looked at."

Church of Scientology response
In a January 25, 2008, statement, a spokesman for the Church of Scientology said, "These types of people have got some wrong information about us." In Toronto, a Canadian spokesperson for the Church of Scientology said she didn't "give a damn" if the group Anonymous was responsible for disrupting access to the Scientology site. Church spokeswoman Yvette Shank told Sun Media that she thought the Anonymous members were a "pathetic" group of "computer geeks". On January 26, 2008, CNET News reported that Karin Pouw, public affairs director for the Church of Scientology, did not address their specific request for a comment about the denial-of-service attacks but instead only stated that the Tom Cruise video on YouTube consisted of "pirated and edited" excerpts of Cruise from a 2004 Scientology event.

On January 28, 2008, Radar Online reported that the Church of Scientology asked the U.S. Attorney General's office in Los Angeles, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Los Angeles Police Department to start a criminal investigation of possible criminal activity related to the DDoS attacks. Radar also reported that in statements to law enforcement the Church of Scientology emphasized its status as a religious organization in the United States in order to assert that the DDoS attacks can be classed as hate crimes. The day after the Church of Scientology complained to law enforcement about the DDoS attacks, one of the main Project Chanology sites was down, and a message on the site said that their site crashed due to attacks from Scientologists.

Lee Sheldon of the Church of Scientology of Orlando and Lee Holzinger of the Church of Scientology of Santa Barbara issued similar statements regarding the February 2, 2008 protests in Florida and California, respectively. Both representatives also expressed concerns regarding the spread of "hate speech."

 Accusations by the Church of Scientology
The Church of Scientology released a statement regarding the February 10, 2008 worldwide protests, which was published February 7, 2008 in the St. Petersburg Times. In the statement, the Church of Scientology called the organizers of the protests "cyberterrorists." The statement also referred to the actions of members of Project Chanology as "hate crimes" and "religious bigotry", and in a media release said that the group is guided by Communist Manifesto and Mein Kampf; one of the organizers of the protest responded to the latter allegation by stating: "I don't know where they got that from, but I don't think that's true considering that I am a capitalist and a Jew". Pat Harney, spokeswoman for the Church of Scientology in Clearwater, Florida told the St. Petersburg Times: "We are dealing with a worldwide threat ... This is not a light matter."

The Church of Scientology posted a YouTube video claiming that Anonymous are "terrorists" and alleging that Anonymous is perpetrating "hate crimes" against the church. The video does not provide any evidence supporting their claims, and the FBI has not named any suspects for several of the threats mentioned. Anonymous has denied involvement in the more severe accusations. The church also released a DVD containing the YouTube video. The DVD called Anonymous a "dangerous" group and accused them of making threats against Scientology. Men claiming to be from the law firm Latham and Watkins delivered the DVD to family members of at least one person who protested.

YouTube user "AnonymousFacts", which Radar Online described as an associate of Scientology, displayed the names and personal information of several supposed Anonymous members and accused the group of violent threats and terrorism. YouTube quickly took the video down and suspended the "AnonymousFacts" account.

The Church of Scientology sought an injunction and a restraining order to prevent Anonymous from protesting on March 15, 2008, citing threats allegedly made by Anonymous. Both the injunction and the restraining order were denied. On March 31, 2008, Radar Online reported that representatives of law firms delivered legal letters to suspected Anons, often at their homes. The Church filed complaints of trespassing and criminal harassment against Boston organizer Gregg Housh, who was charged with disturbing an assembly of worship, disturbing the peace, and harassment. The District Attorney's office dropped the harassment charge, and Judge Thomas Horgan issued a continuance without finding for the remaining charges.

In a May 8, 2008 appearance on CNN, Church of Scientology spokesman Thomas W. Davis said that Scientology was "dealing with ninety-six death threats, bomb threats, acts of violence, vandalism" from the group Anonymous. CNN's John Roberts responded, stating that the Federal Bureau of Investigation found nothing connecting Anonymous to the Church of Scientology's accusations of violence: "You are leveling these accusations at this group, the F.B.I., which is looking into it, says it has found nothing to connect this group Anonymous with what you're talking about, or death threats against members of the church, the F.B.I. at this point says - it has no reason to believe that charges would be leveled against this group."

Reaction

Andreas Heldal-Lund, founder of the Scientology-critical website and non-profit organization Operation Clambake, released a statement criticizing the digital assault against Scientology. Heldal-Lund commented, "People should be able to have easy access to both sides and make up their own opinions. Freedom of speech means we need to allow all to speak – including those we strongly disagree with. I am of the opinion that the Church of Scientology is a criminal organization and a cult which is designed by its delusional founder to abuse people. I am still committed to fight for their right to speak their opinion." He also stated that "Attacking Scientology like that will just make them play the religious persecution card ... They will use it to defend their own counter actions when they try to shatter criticism and crush critics without mercy."

Mark Bunker, an Emmy Award-winning journalist and Scientology critic who runs the website XenuTV.com, posted a video to YouTube and asked Anonymous to tone down their campaign against the Church of Scientology. According to NPR's Morning Edition, Bunker has "become a revered voice to many members of Anonymous", and they refer to him as "Wise Beard Man". Bunker told Newsweek that he was pleased to see a large group of young individuals acting against Scientology, but stated he was also concerned for their safety: "I know the way Scientology works: they're going to get these people in trouble ... I'm very concerned about their safety, and I'm concerned about the Scientologists' safety, too." Bunker stated that he has received 6,000 emails from individuals who say they are part of Anonymous. Bunker attended the February 10, 2008 protest against Scientology in Los Angeles.

Tory Christman, a critic of Scientology and former Scientologist from 1969 to 2000, stated she disapproved of illegal tactics but felt encouraged by the new influx of critics of Scientology. Christman told Morning Edition: "It feels like we've been out in this desert, fighting this group one-on-one by ourselves, and all of a sudden this huge army came up with not only tons of people, thousands of people, but better tools..." Scientology critic Arnaldo Lerma told the St. Petersburg Times he was impressed by a video of a protest against Scientology which took place in Orlando, Florida: "I've never seen anything like that before. This is incredible. I wouldn't have believed it if I didn't see it on a Web cam."

In a February 4, 2008 appearance on the G4 television program Attack of the Show!, Mark Ebner, journalist and author of the book Hollywood, Interrupted, and Nick Douglas of Gawker.com commented on Project Chanology. Ebner stated that "Hacking their site is not really the best way to go about taking them (the Church of Scientology) down. Most critics you talk to want the Scientology site to be up there so that people who are interested can see the stupidity they have on the web and at the same time they can go – they are a few keystrokes from getting a thousand other opinions." Nick Douglas explained that the group decided to shift their strategy away from the attacks to Scientology websites: "Anonymous even decided that they were going to stop that attack, that it was a bad idea. It's the usual thing they used to do when they really hadn't had a thought out plan, and here they're realizing they actually have to figure out some real plan against a real enemy."

University of Alberta professor Stephen A. Kent weighed in on the issue, and said "I think these disruptions probably are illegal. At the very least, they’re forms of harassment ... We now have three parties involved. Anonymous, Scientology and law enforcement." Kent stated that "The hacker community has been angry at Scientology for (their) attempts to block free speech on the Internet." Reaction to the denial of service attack on the Church of Scientology websites was mixed in message board forums for PC World. Some readers praised the actions of Anonymous, while others commented that the DDoS attacks bring more attention to Scientology. The Economist likened the DDoS attacks used by Project Chanology to "cyberwarfare techniques normally associated with extortionists, spies and terrorists", and referred to Anonymous as "internet activists".

Dan Schultz of PBS's MediaShift Idea Lab commented that the movement "is a really fascinating case study of how current technologies and information dissemination via digital media can snowball into something that actually results in real world action". In a follow-up piece, Schultz discussed the tools used by digital media to achieve community impact, including lower barriers to entry and greater efficiencies through the use of information systems. Schultz wrote "For members of Anonymous I'm betting most of these things are already unspoken understandings", and pointed to their use of memes and cited the forums of the website enturbulation.org as an example of the group's ability to collaborate effectively to accomplish goals.

In a May 8, 2008, report on the recent actions of Anonymous against Scientology, CNN reporter Kareen Wynter commented: "Legal experts say the church may be facing its biggest challenge yet – trying to protect its image, in a loosely policed medium seen by millions of people. In a July 2008 interview with Entertainment Weekly, Alan Moore had this to say about the use of the Guy Fawkes motif, adopted from his comic V for Vendetta: "I was also quite heartened the other day when watching the news to see that there were demonstrations outside the Scientology headquarters over here, and that they suddenly flashed to a clip showing all these demonstrators wearing V for Vendetta [Guy Fawkes] masks. That pleased me. That gave me a warm little glow."

See also

Hacktivism
Operation Leakspin
Operation Payback
Scientology and the Internet
Scientology and the legal system
Scientology controversies
Streisand effect

References

External links

 "Message to Scientology", "Anonymous", YouTube, January 21, 2008.
 "Call to Action", "Anonymous", YouTube, January 27, 2008.
 "Code of Conduct", "Anonymous", YouTube, February 1, 2008.
 "The Road to February 10, 2008", "Anonymous", Dailymotion, February 14, 2008. High quality compilation video of the February 10 protests and what led up to them.
 "Onward - the road to March 15, 2008, "Anonymous", Vimeo, March 26, 2008.
 Archive of 4chan thread discussing initial plans for Project Chanology
 "Why We Protest", Website set up by Anonymous about their Scientology protests
 "Scientology Declares Victory Over Anonymous"

Audio/video
  (Video broadcast.)
 "Know Your Meme: Project Chanology", Know Your Meme Season 2008, Episode 13, "Rocketboom", YouTube'', December 31, 2008. (Video podcast)
  (Video broadcast)
  (Video broadcast)
  (Radio broadcast)
  (Radio broadcast)
  (Radio broadcast)
  (Audio podcast)

2008 protests
Anonymous (hacker group)
Articles containing video clips
Critics of Scientology
Internet censorship
Internet-based activism
Organizations established in 2008
Scientology and the Internet
4chan

de:Anonymous (Kollektiv)#Projekt Chanology


The Australian National Formula (often abbreviated to ANF) was an Australian motor racing category which was introduced by the Confederation of Australian Motor Sport in 1964 and remained current until the end of 1969. It had replaced Formula Libre as the Australian premier racing formula.

The Australian National Formula specified single seat racing cars fitted with unsupercharged engines of no greater than 2.5 litres capacity running on commercially available fuel. This encouraged the use of engines such as the Coventry Climax FPF unit which had been prominent in the 2.5 litre FIA Formula One category prior to the downsizing of that formula for 1961. The Australian National Formula was renamed for 1970, officially becoming Australian Formula 1 (AF1).

The Australian Drivers' Championship (for the CAMS Gold Star award) and the Australian Grand Prix were both open to drivers of Australian National Formula cars throughout the life of the formula, i.e. from 1964 to 1969. The formula was also utilised for the Tasman Cup series during these years.

References

Formula racing
Motorsport categories in Australia


Jim Sharp (17 May 1882 – 7 October 1945) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Fitzroy Football Club and Collingwood Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Sharp was a centre half-back and started his career in 1901 with Fitzroy, playing in premierships in 1904 and 1905. Sharp was the club's best and fairest winner in the 1904 VFL season and was voted best afield in the Grand Final that year. He captained both Fitzroy and the Victorian interstate team from 1908 to 1910, leading Victoria in the inaugural interstate championship series.

In 1911 Sharp crossed to Collingwood but broke his shin during his second season which ended his career. He stayed at Collingwood in an administrative capacity and in 1913 was elected club president. When a player failed to arrive at Geelong in time for a VFL game in 1917 Sharp filled in although an injury sustained soon after he took the field ensured he did not get much game time. He remained club president until 1923.

References

External links

1882 births
1945 deaths
Collingwood Football Club players
Fitzroy Football Club players
Fitzroy Football Club premiership players
Mitchell Medal winners
Collingwood Football Club administrators
Australian rules footballers from Melbourne
VFL/AFL premiership players
People from Fitzroy, Victoria


Ken Davies may refer to:
 Ken Davies (politician) (born 1948), Australian politician
 Ken Davies (artist) (1925–2017), American painter
 Ken Davies (ice hockey) (1922–2004), Canadian hockey player
 Ken Davies (rugby) (1916–1984), Welsh rugby union and rugby league footballer
 Ken Davies (footballer) (1923–2008), English association footballer
 Ken Davies, 1993 winner of the Welsh Sports and Saloon Car Championship

See also
 Kenneth Davis (disambiguation)


Gopi Kishan is 1994 Indian Hindi-language action comedy film directed by Mukesh Duggal starring Sunil Shetty in a dual role, supported by Shilpa Shirodkar and Karishma Kapoor. Other cast includes Suresh Oberoi, Aruna Irani, Mohan Joshi, Shammi, Satyendra Kapoor and Mushtaq Khan.
The film is a remake of K. Bhagyaraj's hit Tamil film Avasara Police 100. This was one of the biggest hit of 1994.

Plot

Kishan, is a hardened criminal who returns home after completing 14 years imprisonment for murder. Kishan had killed a man in his childhood, when the latter tried to molest his mother. Kishan thinks his father is dead, but he soon learns that his mother has kept the truth under wraps. He learns that his father Suraj Malhotra was a jeweller who killed his partner and ran away with some precious jewels. She tells Kishan that she never saw Suraj after that, and now he is a dreaded gangster in the underworld.

Kishan decides to avenge his father for all his wrongdoings. He singles out Sawant, a powerful man of Suraj and decides to strike on him. Meanwhile, Gopi, a doppelgänger of Kishan, works as a constable in the police force. Gopi has a doting mother, a wife and a kid, but isn't taken seriously as he lacks the guts to become anything worthwhile. Kishan spots Gopi and decides to use him for his purposes. Kishan starts bumping off the goons, while Gopi starts getting the credit.

Soon, Gopi's fortune changes, while Kishan succeeds in furthering his motives. Barkha (Karisma Kapoor), the Commissioner's daughter, falls in love with Kishan. One day, Kishan manages to sneak into Malhotra's lair. He holds Malhotra at gunpoint and shows him the photo of his mother. He learns that Sawant is the kingpin and Suraj the pawn, rather than other way around. Suraj tells Kishan that Sawant's men killed Suraj's partner for the jewels. Suraj somehow scooted off with the money and hid it in the basement of a construction site.

Sawant caught Suraj and told him that the latter has been convicted for the former's crimes. Sawant also tells him that his wife has committed suicide and his son would be killed too, if Suraj does not tell the location of the jewels. Suraj does not tell the location, but to save the infant from death, takes the blame on himself. Upon this, Kishan reveals his true identity. Both realize that Sawant passed some other child as Suraj's child. Kishan learns that the place the money was hidden is the police headquarters.

Kishan decides to retrieve the loot. Now, Gopi starts hunting for Kishan. Meanwhile, Kishan has infuriated Sawant too by killing some of his goons. Kishan's mother, whom Kishan had left to find his father, comes to find him. She runs into Gopi, mistaking him for Kishan. Gopi tricks her and abducts her. But Gopi is in for a surprise when Kishan's mother and Gopi's mother turn out to be acquaintances.

Gopi's mother reveals that when Kishan's mother was in labour, she delivered twins. Gopi's mother was actually childless, so she took one of the kids. Gopi is in a quandary as he cannot arrest his newfound brother, but decides that he has to do this, one way or other. Meanwhile, Kishan has revealed the truth to Seema, who agrees to help him in retrieving the score. Sawant succeeds in nabbing Kishan. Unable to see his son tortured, Suraj spills the beans.

Now, Gopi enters the den and pretends to be Kishan, claiming that Sawant has actually kidnapped the gullible Gopi. One by one, all the villains are unmasked. Suraj is delighted to meet his wife, while both Gopi and Kishan start bringing Sawant's empire to dust. After killing Sawant's son, which provides poetic justice in this case, all the goons are rounded off. Suraj is finally united with his extended family in the end.

Cast
Suniel Shetty as Head Constable Gopinath "Gopi" Chaudhary / Inspector Kishan Chaudhary (dual role)
Shilpa Shirodkar as Chanda
Karishma Kapoor as Barkha
Aruna Irani as Geeta Choudhary
Suresh Oberoi as Rajeshwar Choudhary
Mohan Joshi as Sawant
Arun Bakshi as  Corrupt Minister Rautulla Himayati
Shammi as Janki
Satyendra Kapoor as Police Commissioner
Mushtaq Khan as Inspector Mishra
Kishore Bhanushali as Police Constable
Shiva Rindani as Sharad
Vishwajeet Pradhan as Henchmen of Sawant
Guddi Maruti Friend of Barkha
Imtiaz Khan as Retired Police Commissioner

Soundtrack
Anand–Milind and Sameer teamed up after Baaghi and Pehchaan, to deliver another hit musical score. Songs like "Hai Huku", "Yeh Ishq Hai Kya" and "Batti Na Bujha" topped the countdowns and the music topped the charts when released. It was among the best selling albums of 1994.

Notes

References

External links

 twins in Indian films
1994 films
1990s Hindi-language films
Films scored by Anand–Milind
Hindi remakes of Tamil films
Films about twins


Harvey Choun Lim (born 30 August 1967) is an English former professional footballer.

Playing career
A goalkeeper, he was a youth player with Norwich City, but never played for the first team. After spells at Plymouth Argyle (on loan), Kettering Town and Friska Viljor in Sweden, Lim signed for Gillingham in November 1989 as cover for Ron Hillyard. He would go on to be named Player of the Year for 1990–91 and make over 100 first team appearances for the Kent side. After a loan spell at his old side Kettering Town in the Conference, Gillingham released Lim in May 1993.

Lim then signed for Sing Tao of the Hong Kong First Division, in a move facilitated by Mike Trusson, who had made the move from Gillingham to Sing Tao in 1991. A serious neck injury sustained whole playing in Hong Kong forced Lim to retire from football at just 27 years old.

Lim held aspirations to play international football for China on the basis of his Fujian-born father, but was informed that he was not eligible upon moving to Hong Kong.

Personal life
He subsequently moved to Whistler, British Columbia and opened an art gallery and picture framing studio.

References

1967 births
Living people
People from Halesworth
English men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Norwich City F.C. players
Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
Kettering Town F.C. players
Friska Viljor FC players
Gillingham F.C. players
Sing Tao SC players
English Football League players
Hong Kong First Division League players
English expatriate sportspeople in Sweden
Expatriate men's footballers in Sweden
Expatriate men's footballers in Hong Kong
English expatriate sportspeople in Hong Kong
English expatriate men's footballers
Footballers from Suffolk


Bernhard Eunom Philippi (September 19, 1811, in Charlottenburg – September 6, 1852) was a German naturalist, explorer and colonization agent for Chile. He played an important role in the Chilean colonization of the Strait of Magellan and the German colonization of Valdivia, Osorno and Llanquihue.

Biography
His father was Johann Wilhelm Eberhard Philippi and his mother Maria Anna Krumwiede. In 1818 the family moved to Switzerland, where Rudolph and his brother Bernhard entered the school of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi. Their brother Federico Philippi studied natural sciences and languages. Bernhard Philippi continued his education at the Technical College of Berlin between 1822 and 1830. He did nautical studies on a fellowship at the port of Danzig from 1831 to 1835.

Philippi traveled to South America, where he settled in Ancud, Chile in 1838. From there he explored the south of the country. Establishing relations with civil authorities, he encouraged the idea of German colonization in Chile. On August 27, 1848, the Chile government appointed him as colonization agent and he went to Europe to recruit immigrants. In 1851 his brother, the paleontologist and zoologist Rodolfo Armando Philippi, settled in Santiago after an invitation from him. By 1852 Bernhard Philippi was appointed as governor of Magallanes Region.

See also
Benjamín Muñoz Gamero
German-Chilean
Carlos Anwandter
Vicente Pérez Rosales

References

Memoria chilena

1811 births
1852 deaths
People from Charlottenburg
Chilean politicians
Chilean diplomats
German emigrants to Chile
Explorers of Chile
Governors of Magallanes
Scientists from Berlin
Bernhard Eunom


Claudiu Nicu Răducanu (born 3 December 1976) is a Romanian former footballer who played as a striker.

Club career
Claudiu Răducanu was born in Craiova on 3 December 1976 and started playing football at the youth centers of Universitatea Craiova and CSȘ Craiova. He made his Divizia A debut on 24 September 1994, playing for Electroputere Craiova in a 4–0 loss against Inter Sibiu. He was transferred by Steaua București for 150.000$ in 2000 where under the guidance of coach Victor Pițurcă he helped the team win the 2000–01 Divizia A title by being its top-goalscorer as he netted the goal 12 times in 24 appearances, also winning the 2001 Supercupa României when he played all the minutes in the 2–1 victory in front of rivals Dinamo București and managed to become the 2002–03 top-goalscorer of the season with 21 goals. He also has 11 matches played with 7 goals scored for the The Military Men in European competitions, most notably in the 2003–04 UEFA Cup season when he scored two goals in both legs of the first round as the team defeated Southampton 2–1 on aggregate and one goal in the first leg of the following round when Steaua lost 2–1 on aggregate against Liverpool. In 2004 Espanyol Barcelona paid Steaua București 1.3 million€ for his transfer. At Espanyol he is best remembered after scoring the victory goal in the 89th minute of his Primera División debut, a 1–0 against Villarreal and at the end of the game he threw his shirt to the stand where the team's fans where staying, but as a lot of them tried to grab it, the railing broke and they fell on the ground. He also scored two goals in a 3–2 victory against Atlético Madrid, having a total of three goals scored in 11 Primera División matches. He went to play for Arminia Bielefeld, making 5 appearances without scoring in Bundesliga. In his following years, Răducanu became a journeyman, playing for various teams and leagues from Romania and worldwide, having a total of 154 appearances with 64 goals in the Romanian top-division, Divizia A.

International career
Claudiu Răducanu played two friendly games for Romania, making his debut on 30 April 2003 under coach Anghel Iordănescu in a 1–0 victory against Lithuania. His second game was a 1–0 loss against Italy.

Controversy
In October 2014, Răducanu was arrested for the use of fake credit cards and for trying to bribe a police officer in Cancun, Mexico, spending one month and a half in jail.

Honours
Extensiv Craiova
Divizia B: 1998–99
Steaua București
Divizia A: 2000–01
Supercupa României: 2001

Individual
Divizia A top scorer: 2002–03

References

External links

Living people
1976 births
Men's association football forwards
Romanian men's footballers
Footballers from Craiova
FC Caracal (2004) players
FC Steaua București players
RCD Espanyol footballers
Arminia Bielefeld players
CS Sporting Vaslui players
Guangzhou F.C. players
Nea Salamis Famagusta FC players
ASD Sorrento players
FC Universitatea Cluj players
Khazar Lankaran FK players
CF Gavà players
CE Premià players
PSM Makassar players
F.C. Romania players
Liga I players
Liga II players
La Liga players
Bundesliga players
China League One players
Cypriot First Division players
Serie C players
Azerbaijan Premier League players
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
Indonesian Premier League players
Romanian expatriate men's footballers
Romania men's international footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in China
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in China
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Azerbaijan
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Azerbaijan
Expatriate men's footballers in Indonesia
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Indonesia
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in England


George Șoltuz (born 2 October 1977) is a former Romanian football player.

External links

1977 births
Living people
Romanian men's footballers
AFC Rocar București players
FC Universitatea Cluj players
FC Politehnica Timișoara players
CSM Jiul Petroșani players
ACF Gloria Bistrița players
CS Sporting Vaslui players
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from Bucharest


Zeno Marius Bundea (born 4 October 1977) is a Romanian football coach and a former player who played mainly as a midfielder.

Bundea started his career at Bihor Oradea, the main football club from his hometown and then played for important teams as: Rapid București, Zenit St. Petersburg, FC U Craiova, Naţional București or Universitatea Cluj. In the late years of his career Bundea came back to Oradea and played for Luceafărul Oradea in the Liga II, then for Liga IV clubs near the city, such as FC Hidişelu de Sus or Crișul Sântandrei. In 2016, Bundea was for a short period the sporting director of Luceafărul Oradea and in February 2017 he opened his own football academy, Zenit Oradea, named in honor of the most important club in his career, Zenit St. Petersburg.

Honours
Rapid București
 Romanian Championship: 1998–99
 Cupa României: 1998
FC Hidişelu de Sus
 Liga IV-Bihor County: 2015–16

References

External links

 Zeno Bundea at frf-ajf.ro

1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Oradea
Romanian men's footballers
Romania men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football defenders
Liga I players
Liga II players
FC Bihor Oradea (1958) players
FC Rapid București players
FCM Bacău players
FC U Craiova 1948 players
FC Progresul București players
FC Universitatea Cluj players
CS ACU Arad players
CS Luceafărul Oradea players
Russian Premier League players
FC Zenit Saint Petersburg players
2. Bundesliga players
Kickers Offenbach players
SV Waldhof Mannheim players
Israeli Premier League players
Maccabi Netanya F.C. players
CSC Crișul Sântandrei players
Romanian expatriate men's footballers
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Israel
Expatriate men's footballers in Israel
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Romanian football managers


Flavius Lucian Băd (born 24 May 1983) is a Romanian football player who plays for Liga IV side Victoria Zăbrani.

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Romanian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Liga I players
Liga II players
FC Politehnica Timișoara players
FC Progresul București players
FC UTA Arad players
FC Universitatea Cluj players
ACF Gloria Bistrița players
CS Național Sebiș players
CS Podgoria Pâncota players
Footballers from Arad, Romania


The Rhondda Tramways Company was established in 1906 as a subsidiary of the National Electric Construction Company.  The NECC was acquired, with all its subsidiary businesses, by British Electric Traction Company (BET) in 1928. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the BET was a major operator of tramways in the UK, and later became one of the biggest operators of motor buses in the UK.

History
The Rhondda Tramways Company was given the franchise under act of parliament to run trams within the boundaries of the Rhondda Urban District Council. The council itself was prohibited from running its own bus service. In the early 1930s the trams were replaced by diesel buses.

By 1956 Rhondda Transport operated over 200 buses, and shortly afterwards it became the largest bus operator in Wales. In 1971 the company was taken over by Western Welsh. Western Welsh was merged with Red & White to form National Welsh, a component company of the newly created and nationalised National Bus Company (NBC).

Subsequent developments
NBC was privatised under prime minister Margaret Thatcher's privatisation campaigns in 1986. National Welsh was sold to its management and began a vigorous expansionist drive, taking over smaller local and municipal bus companies in the South Wales valleys. It collapsed in 1992, and the former Rhondda Transport operations were taken over by Rhondda Buses. This company was taken over by the Stagecoach Group in 1997, and the erstwhile RTC now operates as Stagecoach Wales.

References

Former bus operators in Wales
1906 establishments in Wales
Transport companies established in 1902
British companies established in 1906
Railway companies established in 1906


Liu Xingtu (; 10 September 1936 – 6 May 2021) was a Chinese agronomist born in Malacca, Malaya. He specialized in wetland research and regional agriculture of Northeast China.

Liu was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering in 2007. He was vice director of the Wetland Research Centre of China, an arm of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and contract professor of the Regional Farming System Research Center of China Agriculture University.

Wetland Specialist
As the leader of the National Key Technology R&D Program of China in the region of the Songnen and Sanjiang Plains, Liu has presided over many major programs and projects, such as the survey of agricultural resources, the ecological engineering of wetlands, the soil and water control of low-lying farmland, the sustainable development of regional agriculture, and so on. Also, as the director of the experts committee of wetland survey in China, he took charge of the project "Survey and Classification of Lakes and Marshes in China".

Liu initiated the model of Complex Ecological Agriculture Project of Paddy-Reed-Fish, blazed a way in the located ecological research on marsh, and accomplished a great deal in the harness of low lying farmland, regional ecological conservation and agricultural sustainable development.

Works and awards
Liu wrote 13 monographs including "Mire Science Conspectus", "Wetlands in Northeastern China", "Research on Comprehensive Development of Regional Agriculture in Northeast China", "Natural Environmental Changes and Ecological Protection in the Sanjiang Plain", and "Management on Degraded Land and Agricultural Development in the Songnen Plain", and more than 100 articles.

He has won three national second or third place awards for progress in science and technology and five provincial or ministerial first or second place prizes for progress in science and technology. Furthermore, he was granted the honors of National Young Experts with Outstanding Contributions, National Excellent Returned Overseas Chinese Intellectual, Advanced Individual of National Key Technology R&D Program in the Eighth Five-Year Plan and Ninth Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China, Distinguished Expert of Jilin Province. In 1991, he enjoyed a Special Subsidy from State Council of China.

References

1936 births
2021 deaths
Chinese agronomists
Academic staff of China Agricultural University
People from Malacca
Malaysian emigrants to China
Members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering


Fujisankei may refer to:
Fujisankei Communications Group, a Japanese media conglomerate
Fujisankei Communications International, an affiliate of the Fujisankei Communications Group


Arthur Allan Thomas (born 2 January 1938) is a New Zealand man who was granted a Royal Pardon and compensation after being wrongfully convicted of the murders of Harvey and Jeannette Crewe in June 1970. Thomas was married and farming a property in the Pukekawa district, south of Auckland before the case. Following the revelation that the crucial evidence against him had been faked, Thomas was pardoned in 1979 and awarded NZ$950,000 in compensation for his 9 years in prison and loss of earnings.

Campaign to overturn the convictions
There were numerous inconsistencies in the evidence, which led to an outcry among elements in the farming community and among relatives of Thomas and his wife, Vivien Thomas. That led to the formation of the Arthur Thomas Retrial Committee.

The report by a retired judge, Sir George MacGregor, which rejected the appeal for a retrial, was also riddled with inconsistencies and inaccuracies. However, a report on that by journalist Terry Bell, then deputy editor of the Auckland Star Saturday edition, was rejected for publication on the grounds that "it is not the role of the newspapers to attempt to try the courts". Bell then resigned and produced the booklet Bitter Hill, which is the English meaning of Pukekawa, outlining inconsistencies in the prosecution's case and the theory advanced by the retrial committee. It provided the impetus for a national campaign that eventually led to a controversial retrial where the jury was housed incommunicado with police in a local hotel. Thomas was again convicted.

Pat Booth, the assistant editor of the Auckland Star, attended the retrial and became concerned. As part of the campaign for a pardon, Booth wrote a book, Trial by Ambush. That was followed by another campaigning book, Beyond Reasonable Doubt, by British investigative author David Yallop, which was subsequently made into a film of the same name.

Thomas received a pardon, and a Royal Commission report explicitly stated that detectives had used ammunition and a rifle taken from his farm to fabricate false evidence against him. A 2014 police review of the case acknowledged police misconduct was probably the explanation for the key evidence against Thomas: a spent cartridge case.

Royal Commission of inquiry

A Royal Commission of Inquiry was established, headed by retired New South Wales Justice Robert Taylor. It declared Thomas to have been wrongfully charged and convicted and found that among other improprieties, police had planted a .22 rifle cartridge case in the garden of the house in which the murders were committed. The case was found four months and ten days after the area had already been subjected to one of the most intensive police searches ever undertaken. The cartridge case was said to have come from a rifle belonging to Thomas.  However, the police tested only 64 rifles in an area where this weapon was common and found that two, including the one belonging to Thomas – could have fired the cartridge case found in the garden. That was the link to the deaths of the Crewes although it was later admitted that the case was "clean" and uncorroded when it was found. As such, the condition of the case was inconsistent with having lain in the garden, exposed to weather and dirt for more than four months.

No action against police officers
The commission report said: "Mr Hutton and Mr [Len] Johnston planted the shell case... and they did so to manufacture evidence that Mr Thomas' rifle had been used for the killings." The Solicitor-General recommended against prosecuting the officers because of insufficient evidence. An independent review of the 2014 police review by David PH Jones QC, released on 30 July 2014, concluded "In my view, there was sufficient evidence for a prosecution to have been taken against Bruce Hutton based on the available material".

Subsequent events

In 2009 Arthur Allan Thomas travelled to Christchurch to support David Bain, who also had criminal convictions against him overturned. In 2010 he collaborated with investigative journalist Ian Wishart on the book Arthur Allan Thomas, where for the first time he gave his perspective on his life, from before the murders to the present.

The two detectives who planted the shell that helped convict Thomas are now dead. Johnston died in 1978. Bruce Hutton, 83, died in Middlemore Hospital in April 2013. At Hutton's funeral, Deputy Commissioner Mike Bush praised Mr Hutton and said he was known for having "integrity beyond reproach". An editorial in the New Zealand Herald said: "that was clearly absurd. It was also an unthinking or calculated insult to Mr Thomas, who spent nine years in prison before being pardoned". Thomas, then age 75, responded by saying the police were engaged in "a blatant cover up". A police review of the original investigation, at a cost of $400,000 to New Zealand taxpayers, released in July 2014, cleared all other suspects and implied that Arthur Thomas remained a police suspect. The independent review by David PH Jones QC concluded that "It does not appear that there was any real inquiry by the 1970 investigation team into any persons other than Arthur Thomas".

Rape and sexual assault trial

In late 2019 Thomas, then aged 81, faced one charge of rape and four of indecent assault against two women. He previously pleaded not guilty and elected trial by jury. His case was called at Manukau District Court, where he was excused from attending; Judge Charles Blackie lifted suppression orders that previously prevented the media from reporting anything about the case. On 15 December 2020 at Papakura District Court, Thomas's lawyers asked that the charges be dismissed. Judge John Bergseng suppressed argument details of the hearing out of fair trial interests.

The trial opened 14 June 2021 at Manukau District Court, with Aaron Perkins for the Crown and Marie Dyhrberg, QC, for the defence. Judge Jon Bergseng presided. Thomas was now aged 83. One complainant alleged she was raped and indecently assaulted; the other alleged she was indecently assaulted three times. Both witnesses said there were others present when some of the alleged offending took place. A third witness claimed Thomas had encouraged him to participate in the alleged acts. Full trial details were heavily suppressed. The Defence claimed the charges were fabricated and motivated by money. Thomas's former solicitor, Chris Reid, told the court he organised a legal meeting on behalf of Thomas with the complainants and their husbands. Among those present were Reid's cousin, Thomas's then-lawyer Peter Williams, and former prime minister David Lange. Reid testified that the complainants made demands for Thomas pay them money:
"If he didn't, they were going to complain to the police about sexual abuse of one sort or another." One complainant said that Thomas' 2019 petition for an apology "was the straw that broke the camel's back" and why she finally went to the police over the alleged sex offending.

Reid said Williams told the complainants the meeting had to take place according to law, the threat could have constituted extortion, and recommended the complainants get independent legal advice. According to Reid, Lange also advised the complainants to go to the police. Three other witnesses testified for the Defence, including Thomas's second wife. Thomas himself did not testify. In her closing address, Dyhrberg called the man's testimony "the stuff of fantasy"; he himself could not rely upon his own memory. She said the two women had not told the truth, and "it's gotten out of control".  In his closing address, Perkins said, "It is far-fetched in the extreme that two women would come along and commit perjury." In summing up, Judge Bergseng told the jury that each charge must be considered separately, with a focus on the evidence specific to each one. But caution was required because the passage of time meant memories of some witnesses may have faded, making it impossible to check some of the witnesses' testimony, and also causing Thomas to lose "the ability to call witnesses who could support his defence". The jury failed to reach a verdict and was discharged on 28 June 2021.

On 14 October 2021 Crown Prosecutor Charlie Piho told the Manukau District Court the Crown wished to continue with the prosecution. Judge Mina Wharepouri set a trial date for November 2022. However, in September 2022, a stay of prosecution was ordered in response to Thomas now being considered unfit to stand trial due to deteriorating mental health. This in effect ended the prosecution by putting it on hold indefinitely.

See also
Beyond Reasonable Doubt, a 1982 film about the conviction of Thomas
Crime in New Zealand

References

Further reading

External links
Article by Pat Booth in the New Zealand Listener
Report urging Police to reopen the case in 2006 Based on Chris Birt's investigation into the identity of the unknown woman.
Report of the Royal Commission to Inquire into the Circumstances of the Convictions of Arthur Allan Thomas for the Murders of David Harvey Crewe and Jeanette Lenore Crewe 1980
Investigative journalist Pat Booth 40 years on from the Crewe Murders and what he thinks really happened

Living people
Overturned convictions in New Zealand
People from the Auckland Region
1938 births
People convicted of murder by New Zealand
New Zealand people convicted of murder
People wrongfully convicted of murder
Recipients of New Zealand royal pardons
20th-century New Zealand farmers


Rocar ANEFS București was a Romanian professional football club based in Bucharest, Romania, founded in 1953 and dissolved in 2009.

Chronology of names

Note: 3 years of inactivity between 2002–2005, and the team was refounded as Rocar ANEFS București in the Liga IV.

History
The club was founded under the name Asociaţia Sportivă a Uzinei de Autobuze București in 1953 and was sponsored by Rocar. They had a meteoric appearance in the forefront of Romanian football. Promoted in 1999 the club from Drumul Găzarului  has made way back two years later.

Stadium
Rocar București played its home matches on the ANEFS Stadium, Bucharest, which has a capacity of 6,000 people, previously known as Rocar Stadium.

Notable former players

Notable managers

 Dumitru Dumitriu
 Florin Marin
 Mihai Stoichiță
 Marius Șumudică

Honours

Liga I:
Winners (0):, Best finish: 12th 1999–00

Liga II:
Runners-up (1): 1998–99

Liga III:
Winners (4): 1969–70, 1976–77, 1985–86, 1988–89
Runners-up (1): 1972–73

Liga IV:
Winners (1): 2005–06

Romanian Cup:
Runners-up (1): 2000–01

References

Defunct football clubs in Romania
Football clubs in Bucharest
Association football clubs established in 1953
1953 establishments in Romania
Association football clubs disestablished in 2009
2009 disestablishments in Romania
Liga I clubs
Liga II clubs
Liga III clubs
Liga IV clubs


Jeffrey David Johnson (born 26 November 1953) is a Welsh former footballer. In addition to his club career – playing over 400 games in the Football League, he also represented his country at youth and under-23 level.

He began his career at Manchester City in 1970, and played on loan at Swansea City in 1972, before joining Crystal Palace the following year. He moved on to Sheffield Wednesday in 1976, and was voted Player of the Year in 1980, and helped the club to win promotion out of the Third Division in 1979–80. He signed with Newport County in 1981, before moving on to Gillingham the next year. He joined Port Vale in June 1985, and played a minor role in the club's promotion out of the Fourth Division, before he joined non-League Barrow in May 1986.

Career
Johnson started his professional career with Manchester City in 1970, when Joe Mercer was finishing his six-year reign. He made six First Division appearances in 1970–71, 1971–72 and 1972–73. He also had a lengthy spell on loan at Swansea City, playing 38 games in the Third Division. In December 1973, Johnson rejoined his former Manchester City manager, Malcolm Allison, at Crystal Palace in December 1973. Palace suffered relegation from the Second Division in 1973–74. Palace were four points off the promotion places in 1974–75 and three points shy of the promotion places in 1975–76, although Palace reached the FA Cup semi-final that year. Johnson made 26 league appearances that season and played in four out of eight games in the cup run. Johnson left Selhurst Park in July 1976, and moved on to Len Ashurst's Sheffield Wednesday, who finished six points behind Palace in 1976–77, who occupied the third and final promotion place. Jack Charlton then took over at Hillsborough, and Wednesday dropped to 14th in 1977–78 and 1978–79. Johnson was voted the club's Player of the Year in 1979–80, as Wednesday won promotion in third place. The club adapted comfortably to the Second Division in 1980–81, though at the end of the season, Johnson dropped back down a division to sign with Newport County, and was reunited with Len Ashurst at Somerton Park. Newport posted a 16th-place finish in 1981–82.

He then moved on to Keith Peacock's Gillingham, and became a key first team player at Priestfield Stadium. Gillingham finished 13th in the Third Division in 1982–83 and eighth in 1983–84, before missing out on the promotion places by one place and four points in 1984–85. He joined John Rudge's Port Vale in June 1985, making his debut on 17 August 1985 in a 1–0 defeat at Exeter City. He suffered a setback in October 1985 when he broke his foot. Unable to regain his first team spot with Port Vale, who went on to win promotion out of the Fourth Division in 1985–86, he was given a free transfer in May 1986, to Northern Premier League club Barrow. After leaving the game he spent many years as a taxi driver in Manchester.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Individual
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. Player of the Year: 1980

Sheffield Wednesday
Football League Third Division third-place promotion: 1979–80

Port Vale
Football League Fourth Division fourth-place promotion: 1985–86

References

1953 births
Living people
Welsh men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Cardiff
Wales men's under-23 international footballers
Manchester City F.C. players
Swansea City A.F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Newport County A.F.C. players
Gillingham F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Barrow A.F.C. players
English Football League players
Northern Premier League players
British taxi drivers


Eric Rogers may refer to:

Eric Rogers (composer) (1921–1981), British composer, conductor and arranger
Eric M. Rogers (1902–1990), physics educator
Eric Rogers (gridiron football) (born 1991), gridiron football wide receiver

See also
Erik Rogers, American singer of metal band Stereomud


Dominique Mainon (April 4, 1970 – January 25, 2012) was an American author, screenwriter and filmmaker living in Laguna Beach, California.

Mainon was also noted as a transhumanist and futurist. Speaking on a radio interview with Dr. James Hughes, the Executive Director The Institute of Ethics and Emerging Technologies and author of Citizen Cyborg, Mainon revealed that one of her latest books in progress was an extensive study and reference about the changing role of androids, robots and cyborgs in cinema and pop-culture. She was also completing Suburban Apocalypse: The Debasement of the American Dream in Cinema, a book co-written by Scott Tapio.

Early years

Dominique Mainon was born to a British mother and a Texan father and spent much of her early years in the small village of Barripper in Cornwall, England where she lived with her Grandparents, attended PenPonds school, and first gained interest in the arts. As a teenager she traveled Europe independently and attended high school at the Gymnasium Juvenaat in Bergen Op Zoom in The Netherlands where she learned to speak Dutch.

Adulthood

In 2004, Mainon was diagnosed with breast cancer. During her time enduring chemotherapy and radiation she collaborated with James Ursini to write her first book, The Modern Amazons: Warrior Women On-Screen where she alludes to her experience in the  first quote appearing in the introduction of the book which says "Amazon women cut off their right breast in order to better aim their arrows" and explains the significance of the one-breasted amazon archetype.

In 2005, Mainon tracked down the author of My Jihad: One American's Journey Through The World of Usama Bin Laden—as a Covert Operative for the American Government (), Aukai "Aqil" Collins and located him in prison in Durango, Mexico, on a weapons charge for bounty hunting. She began communicating with Collins on regular basis with the intent of making a film of his life story and co-writing a sequel book. In May 2006, Collins was released from prison in Mexico and dropped off in El Paso, Texas, after which they began work on a documentary about his experiences in Mexico and other countries called "Have Gun Will Travel" and she worked on adapting his book "My Jihad."

Mainon went on to write two more books and then suffered a recurrence of cancer which led to a mastectomy and severe illness through 2008. Blackie's surfer Kerry Pedlow and many others in the longboard surfing community in Orange County came together in a  8 hour surf-a-thon to raise awareness and funds for Mainon. Several cast members of Bravo TV's reality series The Real Housewives of Orange County including Jeana Keough, Vicki Gunvalson and Tammy Knickerbocker also came together to organize a  benefit to raise money for her medical expenses.

Mainon recovered again and worked in the fashion industry, producing behind-the-scenes films for brands such as Sasson, Seven and Rerock jeans, as well as Kitson LA, Rockstar Original and Elite Model's Fashion in collaboration with internationally recognized photographer Daniel Siboni of Innerspace Galleries.

Mainon's cancer recurred, leaving her paralyzed before her death in a nursing home near her Joshua Tree home on 25 January 2012.

Non-Fiction Books
 The Modern Amazons: Warrior Women On-Screen (2006)
 Cinema of Obsession: Erotic Fixation and Love Gone Wrong in the Movies (2007)
 Movie Icons: Mae West (2008)
 The Femme Fatale: Cinema's Most Unforgettable Lethal Ladies (2009)

She has  contributed to other books such as:

 Gangster Film Reader, edited by Alain Silver and James Ursini, and co-authored
 "Mae West" () which is part of the Taschen Movie Icons Series edited by Paul Duncan.

References

External links

Seattle Times: Books, Dec. 2007
Publishers Weekly Fall 2007
SciFi.com Listing
Author's Home Site
Windy City Times Interview
LeonardMaltin's PIcks
Von Diven und Sängern
Housewives Pink Hope Benefit for Dominique Mainon
Aukai Collins Video Channel
Changesurfer Radio

Bibliography
Cinema of Obsession: Erotic Obsession and Love Gone Wrong in the Movies Hal Leonard Press/Limelight Editions ()
The Modern Amazons: Warrior Women On-Screen Amadeus Press/Limelight Editions()
Mae West (Movie Icons Series) Taschen ()
Femme Fatale: Cinema's Most Unforgettable Lethal Ladies Hal Leonard Press/Limelight Editions ()

1970 births
2012 deaths
American non-fiction writers
Writers from Los Angeles


The EOS 450D, known in the Americas as the EOS Rebel XSi and in Japan as the EOS Kiss X2, is a 12.2-megapixel digital single-lens reflex camera that is part of the Canon EOS line of cameras.  It is the successor to the EOS 400D/Digital Rebel XTi.  It was announced on 23 January 2008 and released in March 2008 and April 2008 in North America. It was succeeded by the Canon EOS 500D (Rebel T1i in North America) which was announced on 25 March 2009.

Like its predecessors, it takes EF and EF-S lenses as well as a large selection of EOS system accessories. The 450D is the first Canon EOS model to exclusively use SD and SDHC card storage instead of CompactFlash.

Features
 12.2-megapixel CMOS sensor.
 DIGIC III image processor
 14-bit analog-to-digital signal conversion
  LCD monitor
 Live View mode
 Nine-point AF with centre cross-type sensors
 Four metering modes, using 35-zones: spot, partial, center-weighted average, and evaluative metering.
 Built-in flash
 Auto lighting optimiser
 Highlight tone priority
 EOS integrated cleaning system
 sRGB and Adobe RGB color spaces
 ISO 100–1600 (separate ISO button similar to the Canon EOS-1D professional series)
 Continuous drive up to 3.5 frames per second (53 images (JPEG), 6 images (raw))
 Canon EF/EF-S lenses
 Canon EX Speedlites
 PAL/NTSC video output
 SD and SDHC memory card file storage 32GB max
 File Formats include: JPEG, raw (14-bit, Canon original, 2nd edition)
 Raw and large JPEG simultaneous recording
 USB 2.0 computer interface
 LP-E5 battery
 Optional BG-E5 battery grip
 Approximate weight

References

External links

 Official website

450D
Live-preview digital cameras
Cameras introduced in 2008


The  was a literary award handed out by the Japanese publisher Kadokawa Shoten for light novels, and was only held once in 2007. The novels which were applicable to receive the award were either published by Kadokawa Shoten under their Kadokawa Sneaker Bunko light novel label, or by three other publishing companies affiliated with Kadokawa Shoten in the Kadokawa Group—Enterbrain, Fujimi Shobo, and MediaWorks. The novels by Enterbrain were published under their Famitsu Bunko label; the novels by Fujimi Shobo were published under their Fujimi Fantasia Bunko or Fujimi Mystery Bunko labels; and the novels by MediaWorks were published under their Dengeki Bunko label (which encompasses their sub label Dengeki Game Bunko as well). There were five categories in the contest—romantic comedy, school setting, action, mystery, and novelization (for novels based on previously published material)—with four novels being picked for each category (one from each publisher) during the semi-final round. The final round picked one novel from each of the four listed in each category which became the winner in that given category. The winners were decided by readers of the novels themselves.

Prize winners

References

External links
Official website

2007 establishments in Japan
2007 disestablishments in Japan
ASCII Media Works
Awards established in 2007

Light novel awards
MediaWorks (publisher)
Awards disestablished in 2007


Valerio Zingarelli was the Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Babelgum. He took up the position in July 2007, taking over from former CEO and co-founder Erik Lumer. Previously Zingarelli was an independent board member of FASTWEB, the second largest Italian fixed line TelCo.

Biography
Valerio Zingarelli graduated in electronic engineering from the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy, in 1978.

In 1980, Zingarelli started working at CSELT (Centro Studi E Laboratori Telecomunicazioni), Telecom Italia's research centre in Turin, where he worked in the radio transmission division and managed activities on both fixed and mobile radio transmission. He worked on the pan-European digital mobile radio system (GSM) in the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands, the Italian and European terrestrial microwave radio-relay systems, and the first Italian domestic digital satellite system ITALSAT 1. He then worked for Alenia, Italy's main aerospace company based in Turin, where he was in charge of radio communications for both civil and military systems. In 1994, he became CTO of Omnitel and built the company's GSM network from scratch. From 2002 to 2005, he was the global director of networks and service platforms at Vodafone Italy (formerly Omnitel), in charge of managing all the group's technology activities and strategy, including customer terminals.

Since 1991 Zingarelli has been an aggregate Professor at the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy, where he held courses on electronic communications and digital transmission.

In February 2019, he resigned as CEO of Polymnia, the company that built the M9 museum for the Venice Foundation.

References

Living people
Polytechnic University of Turin alumni
Italian chief executives
Chief technology officers
Year of birth missing (living people)