Robert Folk (born March 5, 1949) is an American film and television composer and conductor who has written many movie scores, as well as other orchestral music in a classical style.

Life and career
Robert Folk is a graduate and former faculty member of the Juilliard School in New York City. Since completing his doctorate, Dr. Folk has composed and conducted the musical scores for over 95 feature films. His extensive credits include Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls, Nothing To Lose, Tremors (uncredited), The NeverEnding Story II: The Next Chapter, Toy Soldiers, Beastmaster 2: Through the Portal of Time, Police Academy, Kung Pow! Enter the Fist, Boat Trip, Back in the Day, American Pie: Band Camp and most recently, Van Wilder 2 and Vivaldi.

Folk has worked with many top filmmakers including Steve Oedekerk, George Gallo, Dan Petrie Jr., Gary Sinise, Hugh Wilson, Jonathan Betuel, Don Bluth, Jon Davison, Gary Goldman, Steve Rash, David Permut, Andy Hurst, Gene Quintano, Roger Birnbaum, Ron Underwood, Mark Burg, Thom Mount, Paul Maslansky, Michael Caleo, George Miller, Fred Zollo, Marty Bregman, Gale Anne Hurd, Marco Weber, Ringo Lam, James Robinson, Richard Williams, Jake Eberts and Gary Barber, to name a few.

Folk has also composed and conducted numerous concert works including Symphonic, Vocal and Chamber music compositions. His Ballet “To Dream Of Roses,” composed for the Osaka Worlds Fair, was recorded by the London Symphony Orchestra. Mr Folk is a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, and the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers.

He is a prolific songwriter and producer, and has conducted many prominent international orchestras including: The London Symphony Orchestra, The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, The Berlin Radio Orchestra, The Munich Symphony, The Dublin Symphony Orchestra, The Moscow Symphony Orchestra and the London Sinfonia.

Filmography

 Savage Harvest (1981)
 The Slayer (1982)
 Police Academy (1984)
 Purple Hearts (1984)
 Bachelor Party (1984)
 Police Academy 2: Their First Assignment (1985)
 Thunder Alley (1985)
 Odd Jobs (1986)
 Police Academy 3: Back in Training (1986)
 Stewardess School (1986)
 Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol (1987)
 Can't Buy Me Love (1987)
 Police Academy 5: Assignment Miami Beach (1988)
 Miles from Home (1988)
 Wicked Stepmother (1989)
 Police Academy 6: City Under Siege (1989)
 Happy Together (1989)
 Honeymoon Academy (1989) (Video)
 Tremors (1990) (uncredited)
 The NeverEnding Story II: The Next Chapter (1990)
 To Dream of Roses (1990)
 Toy Soldiers (1991)
 Beastmaster 2: Through the Portal of Time (1991)
 A Climate for Killing (1991)
 Rock-a-Doodle (1991)
 Dragon and Slippers (1991) (TV Movie)
 Loaded Weapon 1 (1993)
 The Princess and the Cobbler (1993)
 Police Academy: Mission to Moscow (1994)
 In the Army Now (1994)
 A Troll in Central Park (1994)
 Trapped in Paradise (1994)
 Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls (1995)
 Theodore Rex (1995)
 The Lawnmower Man 2: Beyond Cyberspace (1996)
 Maximum Risk (1996)
 Rule of Three (1996)
 Booty Call (1997)
 Nothing to Lose (1997)
 Major League: Back to the Minors (1998)
 The Jungle Book: Mowgli's Story (1998) (Video)
 You're Dead... (1999)
 Held Up (1999)
 Thumb Wars (1999)
 All the Queen's Men (2001)
 Kung Pow! Enter the Fist (2002)
 Boat Trip (2002)
 In the Shadow of the Cobra (2004)
 El sol de los venados (2004)
 Back in the Day (2005)
 American Pie Presents: Band Camp (2005) (Video)
 Van Wilder: The Rise of Taj (2006)
 Beethoven's Big Break (2008) (Video)
 Underground (2010)
 Elephant White (2010)
 Silver Cord (2011)
 Vivaldi (2011)
 Havana Heat (2011)
 There Be Dragons (2011)
 The Secret Village (2013)
 The Kid (2015)
 Silent Life (2016)
 Once Upon A Time In Vegas (2023)

Television
 Knots Landing (2 episodes, 1982-1983)
 Hart to Hart (4 episodes, 1982-1983)
 Falcon Crest (2 episodes, 1983–1984)
 Faerie Tale Theatre (3 episodes, 1984–1987)
 Tall Tales & Legends (1 episode, 1985)
 Prince of Bel Air (1986)
 Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color (1 episode, 1986)
 The New Twilight Zone (2 episodes, 1986)
 Combat Academy (1986)
 The Room Upstairs (1987)
 Glory Days (1988)
 Jesse Hawkes (1 episode, 1989)
 Mario and the Mob (1992)
 Shadowhunter (1993)
 Sworn to Vengeance (1993)
 Two Fathers: Justice for the Innocent (1994)
 State of Emergency (1994)
 Search and Rescue (1994)
 Family Reunion: A Relative Nightmare (1995)
 National Lampoon's Thanksgiving Family Reunion (2003)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1949 births
20th-century American conductors (music)
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American conductors (music)
21st-century American male musicians
American classical musicians
American film score composers
American male conductors (music)
American male film score composers
American male songwriters
American music educators
American television composers
Animated film score composers
Classical musicians from New York (state)
Composers from New York City
Educators from New York City
Juilliard School alumni
Juilliard School faculty
Living people
Male television composers
Musicians from New York City
Record producers from New York (state)
Songwriters from New York (state)


Menominee Township may refer to the following places in the United States:

 Menominee Township, Jo Daviess County, Illinois
 Menominee Township, Michigan

See also: Menominee (disambiguation)

Township name disambiguation pages


The 2003 Alabama Crimson Tide football team (variously "Alabama", "UA", "Bama", or "The Tide") represented the University of Alabama in the 2003 NCAA Division I-A football season. It was the Crimson Tide's 69th as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) and its 12th within the SEC Western Division. The team was led by head coach Mike Shula, in his first year, and played their home games at Legion Field in Birmingham and Bryant–Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. They finished the season with a record of four wins and nine losses (4–9, 2–6 in the SEC).

At the conclusion of the 2002 season, Dennis Franchione resigned as head coach and took the same position with Texas A&M. After a two-week-long coaching search, Washington State head coach Mike Price was hired as Franchione's replacement. Price then signed the 2003 recruiting class and led the Crimson Tide through spring practice. However, he was fired in May 2003 due to detrimental conduct as an employee of the University. Less than a week later, Mike Shula was hired as head coach of the Crimson Tide.

Alabama opened the season with what turned out to be their final game ever played at Legion Field with a victory over South Florida. After a loss to No. 1 Oklahoma in the second week, the Crimson Tide entered the rankings at No. 21 after their victory over Kentucky. However, they dropped out the next week after being upset by Northern Illinois. They then lost to Arkansas and Georgia before they defeated Southern Miss on homecoming. Alabama then lost consecutive games to Ole Miss and then in five overtimes to Tennessee before they won at Mississippi State. The Crimson Tide then closed the season with losses to LSU, Auburn and Hawaii and finished with an overall record of 4–9.

Before the season

NCAA sanctions
The 2003 season was impacted by sanctions imposed by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) for violations that dated back as far as the late 1990s. On February 1, 2002, the NCAA imposed a two-year bowl ban, a reduction in athletic scholarships of 21 over a three-year period and five years of probation. The NCAA sanctioned the University after they found 11 major violations and five minor ones as part of their investigation that included boosters who provided players and coaches with improper benefits in violation of NCAA rules. On September 17, 2002, the NCAA rejected Alabama's appeal to reduce the severity of the sanctions. At that time, the NCAA stated they felt that the sanctions were appropriate and that it was only because of the cooperation of the University that the death penalty for the football program was not considered. As the appeal was denied, for the 2003 season Alabama saw a smaller recruiting class and was ineligible for both the 2003 SEC Championship Game and bowl games. The latter penalty would end up being meaningless due to the Tide going 4-9.

Franchione resignation
Late in the 2002 season, rumors were abound that head coach Dennis Franchione was going to resign from Alabama to take the head coaching position with Texas A&M. On December 2, 2002, A&M head coach R. C. Slocum was fired after he served 14 seasons in the position. Three days later, Franchione left Tuscaloosa and formally accepted the Aggies coaching vacancy on December 6.

Mike Price era
Immediately after the resignation of Franchione, athletic director Mal Moore started the search for his replacement. In the week of December 9, South Florida head coach Jim Leavitt was interviewed and then New Orleans Saints assistant coach Mike Riley was actually offered the Alabama coaching position, which he later declined. After Riley turned down the position, Moore considered several other candidates. Included in the search were head coaches Les Miles of Oklahoma State, Rich Rodriguez of West Virginia  and Mike Price of Washington State. On December 17, Price was officially named as the new head coach for the Crimson Tide. Price did not fully assume his duties as head coach until January 4, after he coached Washington State in the 2003 Rose Bowl.

Coaching staff
In addition to completing the 2003 recruiting class, Price worked to assemble his staff in the weeks after he arrived in Tuscaloosa. Four of his assistants from Washington State came with Price to coach at Alabama: Chris Ball, Bob Connelly, Kasey Dunn and Aaron Price. The remainder of the staff was filled in the weeks that followed National Signing Day.

Recruiting class

As part of the NCAA imposed penalties related to the Albert Means recruiting scandal that dated back to 1999, Alabama had the total number of football scholarships it could award reduced by seven to 18 instead of the standard 25. As such, the 2003 class only had eighteen members, with most being from within the state of Alabama. With the departure of Franchione, the Alabama recruiting coordinator Randy Ross helped keep the class together during the transition period prior to the arrival of Price.

Spring practice
The 2003 spring practices started on March 3, and concluded with the annual A-Day game on March 29. During the month of practice, offensively the team began the transition from Franchione's option offense to Price's passing attack. For the A-Day game, the Crimson team of offensive starters defeated the White team of defensive starters by a final score of 47–0 before 34,000 fans in Bryant–Denny Stadium. For their performances, Antwan Odom earned the Dwight Stephenson Lineman of the A-Day Game Award and Brodie Croyle earned the Dixie Howell Memorial Most Valuable Player of the A-Day Game Award.

Dismissal
On May 3, 2003, university president Robert Witt announced the firing of Price immediately as the head coach of the Crimson Tide. Although both the University and Price were in agreement in principle to his seven-year, $10 million contract, Price never signed it and thus was not awarded any severance pay with his dismissal. Later, a story in Sports Illustrated stated Price had been seen at a strip club "making it rain" and yelling "Roll Tide, Roll!". He allegedly later checked into a local hotel with at least one exotic dancer from the club, and the magazine further alleged Price had sex with one of the strippers, a claim which Price denied, although he acknowledged being intoxicated on the evening in question. He filed a $20 million libel and defamation suit against Sports Illustrated.

Mike Shula hiring
After the dismissal of Price, Alabama interviewed only three candidates to serve as his successor: Sylvester Croom, Richard Williamson and Mike Shula. On May 9, 2003, Alabama hired Mike Shula as their fourth head coach in four years.

Personnel

Staff changes
Alabama head coach Mike Shula entered his first year as the Crimson Tide's head coach for the 2003 season, and it was also his first all-time season as a head coach. After he was hired, Shula retained much of the coaching staff put in place by former head coach Mike Price; however, he did make several changes. On May 13, David Rader was hired to serve as both offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach as the replacement for both Aaron Price and Eric Price. On May 23, Dave Ungerer was hired to serve as special teams coach as the replacement for Aaron Price. The final coach added was Charlie Harbison as running backs coach as the replacement for Kasey Dunn.

Roster

Schedule
The 2003 schedule was anomalous for a variety of reasons.  With a two-year bowl ban imposed by the NCAA in 2002 through 2004, Alabama added a thirteenth game against Hawaii in Honolulu to the 2002 and 2003 schedules that the university would hope to serve as an effective replacement for a bowl game.  The 2003 season marked just the fifth time since 1947 that the Iron Bowl was not Alabama's final regular season game (2002 at Hawaii; 2001 Southern Miss; 1988 at Texas A&M; 1963 at Miami).  Also beginning in 2003, the SEC altered its scheduling methodology—permanent cross-division opponents were reduced from two to one (i.e. instead of Alabama playing Tennessee and Vanderbilt annually, the Tide would only face Tennessee every year while the Commodores would rotate onto Alabama's schedule along with the rest of the SEC Eastern teams).  This change resulted in Alabama not playing Vanderbilt for the first time since 1952.  Finally, the Crimson Tide played their final home game at Legion Field, which had hosted many Alabama games over the previous century (including the entire 1987 home schedule).

Source: Rolltide.com All-time Football Results: 2003 Season

Game summaries

South Florida

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In 2000, the NCAA voted to allow its member schools to schedule a 12th game for both the 2002 and 2003 seasons. As such, in June 2000 Alabama scheduled the South Florida Bulls to open the 2003 season in the first all-time meeting between the schools. In what was the first game of the Mike Shula era, Shaud Williams scored three touchdowns in this 40–17 victory at Legion Field. After each team traded punts to open the game, the Bulls took an early 7–0 lead when Ronnie Banks threw a 13-yard touchdown pass to Brian Fisher. The Crimson Tide tied the game at 7–7 later in the first quarter after Charlie Peprah intercepted a Banks pass and returned it 51-yards for the touchdown. South Florida responded in the second quarter and took a 17–7 lead on a 17-yard Brian Fisher touchdown run and 45-yard Santiago Gramática field goal. Alabama then tied the game 17–17 at halftime after they scored ten points in the final 0:26 of the half. After Brodie Croyle threw a 10-yard touchdown pass to Triandos Luke, the Bulls' J. R. Reed fumbled the kickoff that ensued and gave the Crimson Tide possession at the USF 24-yard line. Three plays later the score was tied after Brian Bostick connected on a 40-yard field goal as time expired.

Alabama took their first lead of the game after they scored on a 25-yard Brian Bostick field goal early in the third quarter. After the Crimson Tide defense held the Bulls to a three-and-out on their first second half possession, Shaud Williams returned a punt 73-yards for a touchdown and a 27–17 lead. Williams then scored his second touchdown on Alabama's next offensive possession with his three-yard run, and after a blocked extra point led 33–17. After Gramática missed a 19-yard field goal early in the fourth quarter, the Crimson Tide went on a 15-play, 80-yard drive that culminated in Williams' third touchdown of the game on a one-yard run and made the final score 40–17. For his 98-yards rushing and two touchdowns, Williams was named the SEC Offensive Player of the Week.

This game is also notable for being the final home game played by the Crimson Tide at Legion Field. Although Alabama was scheduled to play Middle Tennessee at Legion to open the 2005 season and was under contract to play one final game in either the 2007 or 2008 seasons, in August 2004 the eastern upper deck at the stadium was declared structurally unsound and unsafe to use. As such, on August 19, 2004, Alabama and Birmingham officials canceled their contract to play the final two games at Legion Field and thus made the game against the Bulls the final for the Crimson Tide in Birmingham.

Oklahoma

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In what was the first game ever played by Oklahoma in the state of Alabama, the Crimson Tide nearly upset the No. 1 ranked Sooners only to lose 20–13 at Bryant–Denny Stadium. Oklahoma took a 6–0 first quarter lead after Trey DiCarlo connected on field goals of 34 and 40 yards. Midway through the second quarter, the Crimson Tide cut the Sooners' lead in half to 6–3 on a 44-yard Brian Bostick field goal. However, Oklahoma responded on their next possession when Jason White threw a 46-yard touchdown pass to Mark Clayton and gave the Sooners a 13–3 halftime lead.

After DiCarlo missed a 31-yard field goal late in the third quarter, the Crimson Tide scored their only touchdown of the game on the drive that ensued on a 20-yard Brodie Croyle pass to Triandos Luke and made the score 13–10. Oklahoma responded almost immediately on the next drive with a 47-yard White touchdown pass to Brandon Jones and extended their lead back to ten points at 20–10. The final points of the game came late in the fourth quarter on a 36-yard Bostick field goal that made the final score 20–13. The loss brought Alabama's all-time record against the Sooners to 1–2–1.

Kentucky

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To open conference play for the 2003 season, Alabama hosted the Kentucky Wildcats and behind Shaud Williams' second three touchdown game of the season won 27–17. After Brian Bostick missed a 27-yard field goal on the opening possession of the game, several punts were traded before Williams scored his first touchdown on a 15-yard run to give Alabama a 7–0 first quarter lead. After a 43-yard Bostick field goal extended the Alabama lead to 10–0 early in the second quarter, the Wildcats made the halftime score 10–7 after Draak Davis scored on a one-yard touchdown run. Alabama threatened to score a touchdown just before halftime, but the Brodie Croyle pass was intercepted in the endzone by Chad Anderson for a touchback.

In the third quarter Bostick scored on a 30-yard field goal and Taylor Begley scored on a 27-yard field goal for the Wildcats that made the score 13–10 as the teams entered the fourth quarter. On the first play of the fourth, Williams scored his second touchdown of the game on a two-yard run for a 20–10 Crimson Tide lead. Begley missed a 49-yard field goal later in the quarter, and on the Alabama drive that ensued, Williams scored his third touchdown of the game on a seven-yard run and made the score 27–10. Kentucky then made the final score 27–17 when Jared Lorenzen threw a 24-yard touchdown pass to Derek Abney late in the fourth quarter. For his 174-yards rushing and three touchdowns, Williams was named the SEC Offensive Player of the Week for the second time of the season. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against the Wildcats to 32–2–1.

Northern Illinois

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Although the No. 21 Crimson Tide were two touchdown favorites over Northern Illinois, they were upset 19–16 in what was the first all-time win over a SEC team for the Huskies. Late in the first quarter, Alabama scored a touchdown on a 28-yard Brodie Croyle pass to Zach Fletcher. However, the extra point was blocked by Jason Frank and returned by Kevin Woods for a defensive two-point conversion and a 6–2 Crimson Tide lead. In the second quarter, the Huskies scored on a 51-yard Steve Azar field goal before Brian Bostick kicked a field goal from 35 yards out and made the halftime score 9–5.

Northern then took a 12–9 lead midway through the third quarter when Josh Haldi threw a 12-yard touchdown pass to Shatone Powers. After a series of punts, midway through the fourth quarter, Haldi  threw a 48-yard touchdown pass to Dan Sheldon and extended the Huskies' lead to 19–9. Alabama responded on their next possession with a 54-yard Shaud Williams touchdown run that made the score 19–16. However this proved to be the final points of the game in their defeat.

Arkansas

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Although the Crimson Tide led Arkansas by three touchdowns late in the third quarter, the Razorbacks rallied to tie the game at the end of regulation and win on a field goal in the second overtime period by a final score of 34–31. Arkansas took an early 7–0 lead after Matt Jones scored a touchdown on a 39-yard run on the opening drive of the game. After David Carlton missed a 32-yard field goal on their second possession, Alabama tied the game on the drive that ensued when Brodie Croyle threw a 16-yard touchdown pass to Triandos Luke. After Carlton missed his second field goal of the game early in the second quarter, Chris Balseiro gave the Razorbacks a 10–7 lead on their next possession with his 38-yard field goal. The Crimson Tide responded on their next possession with a 48-yard Brian Bostick field goal as time expired to tie the game 10–10 at halftime.

Alabama opened the third quarter with a 71-yard Croyle touchdown pass to Dre Fulgham for a 17–10 lead. On their first offensive play of the second half, Jones threw an interception to Anthony Madison that was returned to the Arkansas 23-yard line. Three plays later the Crimson Tide led 24–10 when Croyle connected with Fulgham on a 12-yard touchdown pass. Alabama then scored their third consecutive touchdown on their next possession on an 80-yard Shaud Williams touchdown run for a 31–10 lead. Arkansas then responded with three straight touchdowns of their own to tie the game at the end of regulation. The first came late in the third quarter on a five-yard Cedric Cobbs touchdown run and the final pair came in the fourth quarter on a two-yard Mark Pierce run and a three-yard Richard Smith reception from Jones.

In the first overtime period, Charles Jones intercepted a Jones pass to keep Arkansas scoreless. However, Alabama also failed to convert a 36-yard Bostick field goal to send the game into a second overtime. On the first play of the second overtime, Croyle was intercepted by Jimarr Gallon to again keep Alabama scoreless. Seven plays into their possession, Arkansas connected on a 19-yard Balseiro field goal and won the game 34–31. The loss brought Alabama's all-time record against the Razorbacks 8–6 (9–5 without an NCAA forfeit).

Georgia

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In what was their first road game of the season, Alabama traveled  to Athens where the Georgia Bulldogs scored 31 points in the second quarter en route to a 37–23 victory. After the Crimson Tide took an early 3–0 lead on a 42-yard Brian Bostick field goal, Georgia responded with a trio of Billy Bennett field goals from 27, 44 and 52-yards to take a 9–3 lead early in the second quarter. Georgia then extended their lead to 37–10 by halftime with four second-quarter touchdowns.

The Bulldogs scored first when Jarrett Berry blocked a Bo Freelend punt that was returned seven-yards by Thomas Davis for a touchdown. The Georgia defense then held the Crimson Tide and forced a change of possession on downs to give the Bulldogs the ball at the Alabama 44-yard line. Five plays later, D. J. Shockley threw a 10-yard touchdown pass to Jamario Smith for a 23–3 lead. After Ramzee Robinson fumbled the kickoff that ensued, Georgia took possession and four plays later led 30–3 when Kregg Lumpkin scored on a one-yard run. On their next possession, Alabama managed to score their first touchdown on an 18-yard Spencer Pennington pas to Dre Fulgham that made the score 30–10. The Crimson Tide defense did get a stop on their next possession to force a Georgia punt; however, on the first offensive play for Alabama, Pennington fumbled to give the Bulldogs possession at their 29-yard line. With only 0:30 left in the quarter, Georgia made the halftime score 37–10 when David Greene threw a three-yard touchdown pass to Benjamin Watson.

Although the Alabama defense held Georgia scoreless in the second half, so did the Georgia defense and the only second half points came on a pair of defensive touchdowns for the Crimson Tide. In the third quarter, Charles Jones intercepted a Greene pass and returned it 30-yards for a touchdown, and early in the fourth Juwan Garth recovered a fumble and returned it 10-yards to make the final score 37–23. The loss brought Alabama's all-time record against the Bulldogs 35–24–4.

Southern Miss

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On homecoming in Tuscaloosa, Alabama defeated the Southern Miss Golden Eagles 17–3 in what was the first all-time start for quarterback Brandon Avalos. The Crimson Tide took a 7–0 first quarter lead when Shaud Williams scored on a 44-yard touchdown run. After a series of punts, late in the second quarter, Alabama connected on a 23-yard Brian Bostick field goal and Southern Miss on a 27-yard Darren McCaleb field goal that made the halftime score 10–3.

After a scoreless third quarter, Bostick missed a 36-yard field goal before Chris James blocked a Luke Johnson punt that gave the Crimson Tide possession at the Golden Eagles' one-yard line. On the next play, Williams made the score 17–3 with his one-yard touchdown run. The game concluded with a pair of lost fumbles by Southern Miss and an Avalos interception with a final score of 17–3. In the game, Williams rushed for 170 yards on 28 carries and was responsible for both of Alabama's touchdowns in the game. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against the Golden Eagles to 32–6–2 (33–5–2 without an NCAA forfeit).

Ole Miss

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In their annual rivalry game against Ole Miss, the Rebels took a 24–0 first quarter lead that they did not relinquish in their 43–28 victory at Oxford. The Rebels took a 3–0 lead early in the first after Jonathan Nichols connected on a 52-yard field goal. On Alabama's first offensive series, Brodie Croyle threw an interception to Travis Johnson that gave the Rebels possession at their 23-yard line. On the next play, Ole Miss took a 10–0 lead after Eli Manning threw a 23-yard touchdown pass to Taye Biddle. The Ole Miss defense then forced a punt, and Manning followed with a 55-yard touchdown pass to extend their lead to 17–0. The Rebels then closed the first quarter with a 10-yard Brandon Jacobs touchdown run that made the score 24–0.

The Crimson Tide cut into the Ole Miss lead and made the score 24–10 after they scored on their first two possessions of the second quarter. Shaud Williams scored first on a three-yard touchdown run followed by a 32-yard Brian Bostick field goal. The Rebels responded later in the quarter when Manning threw a 41-yard touchdown pass to Kerry Johnson 41-yard pass that made the halftime score 31–10.

The Ole Miss defense held the Crimson Tide to a three-and-out to open the second half, and the offense extended their lead to 38–10 after Manning scored on a three-yard touchdown run. Later in the quarter, Chris James blocked a Cody Ridgeway punt and returned it 32-yards for a touchdown that made the score 38–16. Early in the fourth, the Rebels scored their final points of the game on a 19-yard Nichols field goal. Later in the fourth, Alabama scored a pair of touchdowns that made the final score 43–28. The first came on a 22-yard Croyle pass to Ray Hudson and the second on a five-yard Croyle pass to Williams after a successful onside kick. The loss brought Alabama's all-time record against the Rebels to 40–9–2 (41–8–2 without an NCAA forfeit).

Tennessee

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In what is the longest game ever played by the Crimson Tide to date, Alabama lost in five overtime periods to the Tennessee Volunteers 51–43 in their annual rivalry game. The first scoring opportunity of the afternoon came early in the first quarter when Mark Jones fumbled a Bo Freelend punt that was recovered by Roberto McBride to give Alabama possession at the Tennessee 26-yard line. Seven plays later the Crimson Tide took a 3–0 lead on a 33-yard Brian Bostick field goal. Neither team would score again until late in the second quarter when James Wilhoit connected on a 31-yard field goal for the Vols and Bostick connected on a 48-yard field goal that made the halftime score 6–3.

In the third quarter, Tennessee took a 10–6 lead after James Banks scored on a 25-yard run to open the half. After Corey Campbell intercepted a Brodie Croyle pass on the Alabama possession that ensued, the Vols extended their lead to 13–6 with a 38-yard Wilhoit field goal. The Crimson Tide tied the game 13–13 later in the quarter on a 36-yard Croyle touchdown pass to Triandos Luke. In the fourth, Alabama scored on a two-yard Ray Hudson touchdown run and Tennessee responded to tie the game 20–20 late on a one-yard Casey Clausen touchdown pass to Troy Fleming that sent the game into overtime.

In the first overtime period, the Vols scored on a six-yard Clausen touchdown pass to Derrick Tinsley. The Crimson Tide responded with a six-yard Croyle pass to Dre Fulgham that sent the game into a second overtime tied at 27–27. In the second overtime, Tim Castille scored on a 12-yard touchdown run for Alabama. Tennessee then scored on a five-yard Clausen touchdown pass to Banks that sent the game into a third overtime tied 34–34. In the third overtime, Clausen threw his second touchdown pass to Banks from 25-yards out for the Vols. The Crimson Tide responded with a 12-yard Williams touchdown run that sent the game into a fourth overtime tied 40–40. In the fourth overtime, each team traded field goals that made the score 43–43 as they entered the fifth overtime. In the fifth and final overtime period, Clausen scored on a one-yard touchdown run and Alabama failed to score that resulted in a 51–43 Tennessee victory. The loss brought Alabama's all-time record against the Volunteers to 44–35–7 (44–34–8 without an NCAA forfeit).

Mississippi State

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Two weeks after their five overtime loss against Tennessee, the Crimson Tide rebounded with this 38–0 victory over the Mississippi State Bulldogs in their annual rivalry game at Starkville. Alabama opened the game with an 86-yard Brodie Croyle touchdown pass to Zach Fletcher for an early 7–0 Crimson Tide lead. On the Bulldogs' possession that ensued, Charlie Peprah intercepted a Kevin Fant pass at the State 33-yard line. Three plays later, the Crimson Tide led 14–0 after Croyle threw a 17-yard touchdown pass to Tyrone Prothro. In the second quarter, Alabama scored on a 38-yard Brian Bostick field goal and a 32-yard Croyle pass to Fletcher for a 24–0 halftime lead.

After a scoreless third quarter, a pair of fourth-quarter touchdowns made the final score 38–0. The first came on a three-yard Shaud Williams touchdown run and the second on a six-yard Tim Castille touchdown run. The victory improved Alabama's all-time record against the Bulldogs to 69–16–3 (70–15–3 without NCAA forfeit). This was also Alabama's first win in Starkville since 1994.

LSU

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In what was the final home game of the season, against the eventual national champion LSU Tigers, Alabama lost 27–3. LSU took an early 3–0 lead when Chris Jackson connected on a 20-yard field goal on their first possession. After a defensive three-and-out, the Tigers extended their lead to 10–0 when Matt Mauck threw a 23-yard touchdown pass to Michael Clayton. The second quarter saw each quarterback throw an interception and LSU score on a three-yard Mauck touchdown pass to Eric Edwards for a 17–0 halftime lead.

After Brian Bostick missed a 45-yard field goal early in the third, the Tigers extended their lead to 24–0 on a four-yard Alley Broussard touchdown run. After a 33-yard Jackson field goal made the score 27–0, Alabama prevented the shutout with a 27-yard Brian Bostick field goal late in the fourth quarter that made the final score 27–3. The loss brought Alabama's all-time record against the Tigers to 44–19–5.

Auburn

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In the 2003 edition of the Iron Bowl against the Auburn, the Tigers won for the second consecutive year with this 28–23 victory. Auburn took a 7–0 lead on the first offensive play of the game on an 80-yard Cadillac Williams touchdown run. After an Alabama punt was downed at the Auburn one-yard line, Williams was tackled in the end zone on the next play for a safety that made the score 7–2. The Tigers' defense then forced a three-and-out, and three plays later Jason Campbell threw a 64-yard touchdown pass to Ben Obomanu and after the two-point conversion led 15–2. A 22-yard John Vaughn field goal then made the score 18–2 at the end of the first quarter, and remained the same at halftime after a scoreless second quarter.

The Crimson Tide opened the second half with a touchdown on the first play of the third quarter on a 96-yard Brandon Brooks kickoff return that made the score 18–9. After the Alabama defense forced an Auburn punt, the Crimson Tide cut the Tigers' lead to 18–16 after Shaud Williams scored on a six-yard touchdown run. A 32-yard Vaughn field goal made the score 21–16 in favor of the Tigers as they entered the fourth quarter. In the final quarter, Auburn scored on a one-yard Williams run and Alabama on a 14-yard Brodie Croyle pass to Lance Taylor that made the final score 28–23. The Loss brought Alabama's all-time record against the Tigers to 39–29–1.

Hawaii

Source:

As a result of the two-year bowl ban imposed by the NCAA in 2002 and NCAA rules that allow schools to add a 13th game if it is played at Hawaii, the Crimson Tide closed the season at Aloha Stadium, and in the game, the Warriors defeated the Crimson Tide 37–29. The Crimson Tide took a 7–0 first quarter lead after Shaud Williams scored on a one-yard touchdown run. Early in the second quarter, Alabama extended their lead to 14–0 on a two-yard Brodie Croyle touchdown pass to Clint Johnston before the Warriors rallied and scored a pair of touchdowns to tie the game 14–14 at halftime. Hawaii touchdowns were scored on Jason Whieldon passes of 48-yards to Jeremiah Cockheran and four-yards to Se'e Poumele.

The Warriors then took their first lead in the third after Lance Samuseva sacked Brodie Croyle for a safety. On the Hawaii drive that ensued, Anthony Madison blocked a Nolan Miranda field goal attempt that was returned by Roman Harper for a touchdown to give Alabama a 21–16 lead. The Warriors then scored three fourth-quarter touchdowns and won the game 37–29. The first to be scored were on Whieldon touchdown passes of 47-yards to Cockheran and 20-yards to Clifton Herbert before he scored their final points on an 18-yard run. Alabama then made the final score 37–29 after Croyle threw a five-yard touchdown pass to Lance Taylor late in the game. The loss brought Alabama's all-time record against Hawaii to 1-1.

References
General

Specific

Alabama
Alabama Crimson Tide football seasons
Alabama Crimson Tide football


The Brothers Ashkenazi (1936) (Yiddish: די ברידער אַשכּנזי Di brider Ashkenazi) is a novel by Israel Joshua Singer. Written in Yiddish, it  first appeared serially in the Jewish daily Forward between 1934 and 1935, after Singer had left Poland and moved to New York. It was published in book form in Poland in 1936, the same year in which Knopf published an English translation by Maurice Samuel. It was at the top of The New York Times Best Seller list along with Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind. In 1980 a new translation was published by the author's son, Joseph Singer.

Plot
Most of the novel takes place in the Polish city of Łódź, mostly among the large Jewish community that lived there before World War II. It follows the changes from the 19th century through the insurrection of 1905 and ends just after World War I. The main character is Max Ashkenazi, who moves away from his Hasidic Jewish upbringing and becomes a successful industrialist. In the process he destroys all his personal relationships. The upheaval of World War I, the Russian Revolution, and the creation of the Second Polish Republic ruin him financially. Max is consumed by a desire to be more successful than his fraternal twin Jacob. In the last years of his life, Max realizes he was always driven by greed and does his best to restore the family relationships he lost.

This is a historical novel about Jews in Poland, the Industrial Revolution, and the beginnings of Communism.  Moreover, it is a story about a man doing what he does best and chasing false idols, ideologies, and glory; Max longs to be called the King of Łódź, and his figure is partly modeled on Izrael Poznański.

See also
 The Promised Land (novel) by Władysław Reymont

References

1936 novels
Yiddish-language literature
Novels set in Łódź
Łódź Ghetto


Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart (; 28 June 1692 – 18 April 1712), known to Jacobites as The Princess Royal, was the last child of James II and VII, the deposed king of England, Scotland and Ireland, by his second wife Mary of Modena. Like her brother James Francis Edward Stuart (The Old Pretender), Louisa Maria was a Roman Catholic, which, under the Act of Settlement 1701, debarred them both from succession to the British throne after the death of their Protestant half-sister Anne, Queen of Great Britain.

A Royal Stuart Society paper calls Louisa Maria the Princess over the Water, an allusion to the informal title King over the Water of the Jacobite pretenders, none of whom had any other legitimate daughters.

Birth
Louisa Maria was born in 1692, at Saint-Germain-en-Laye in France, four years after her father had fled England never to return. Owing to the huge controversy which had surrounded the birth of her brother, James Francis Edward, with accusations of the substitution of another baby in a warming pan following a still-birth, James II had sent letters inviting not only his daughter, Queen Mary II, to attend the birth in person, but also a large number of other Protestant ladies. The Whig historian Macaulay later commented on James's precaution:

After the birth, James II declared that Louisa Maria had been sent by God as a consolation for her parents at the time of their deepest distress, in exile and hopelessness. In later years, she was often referred to as La Consolatrice.

The new-born princess was given the name Louisa Maria in baptism, while Teresa (sometimes spelt Theresa) was added later, at the time of her confirmation. Her godparents were King Louis XIV of France (in whose honour she was named), and King Louis's sister-in-law, Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine, Duchess of Orléans.

James II had fathered numerous children by his two wives, but only four of them survived infancy, and the two Protestant elder children, Queen Mary II and the future Queen Anne, lived in England. Only her brother James Francis Edward was close to Louisa, although she did have some contact with her elder half-sisters, Mary, who died while Louisa Maria was still a small child, and Anne with whom she remained on friendly terms.

Life

Louisa was the only full sibling of Prince James Francis Edward, the 'Old Pretender', to survive infancy, and was four years younger than her brother. The two were brought up together in France.

Louisa's tutor was an English Roman Catholic priest, Father Constable, who taught her Latin, history, and religion. She also had a governess, the Countess of Middleton, wife of the Jacobite peer Charles, 2nd Earl of Middleton. James Drummond, 4th Earl of Perth, another Jacobite peer living in France, praised the child's natural affability.

An allegorical portrait by Alexis Simon Belle of James Francis Edward and his sister Louisa Maria, showing the prince as a guardian angel leading his sister under the gaze of cherubim, was painted in 1699 and is now in the Royal Collection.

By the summer of 1701, King James was seriously ill, and had been away from Saint Germain seeking medical treatment, accompanied by his wife. However, in June the two returned home for the birthdays of their two children, and two months later James had a stroke, dying just two weeks later on 16 September. He was still able to talk when his children visited him for the last time, and to Louisa Maria he said:

Soon after James's death, Louis XIV proclaimed James Francis Edward as king of England, Scotland and Ireland, and he was also formally recognised as king by Spain, the Papal States and Modena. He and his sister Louisa Maria were transferred to Passy, into the care of Antoine Nompar de Caumont and his wife, with Lady Middleton continuing as Louisa Maria's governess there.

In 1705, at the age of thirteen, Louisa Maria was a guest of honour at a ball at the Château de Marly, ranking only after Louis XIV himself, her own mother Queen Mary, and her brother James Francis Edward, considered by Louis to be another King.

On 23 March 1708, after a delay caused by the measles, the young James attempted a landing on Scottish soil, at the Firth of Forth, supported by a fleet of French ships. However, the force was driven off by a Royal Navy fleet led by Admiral Byng.

Louisa Maria enjoyed dancing and the opera, and became popular at the French court. Two possible matches for her were considered, with Louis XIV's grandson Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714), and with King Charles XII of Sweden (1682–1718). Neither took place, the first apparently due to Louisa Maria's equivocal position, and the second because the young King of Sweden was not a Roman Catholic.

Louisa felt keenly that Jacobite supporters in exile had made huge sacrifices for her family, and she herself paid for the daughters of many of them to be educated, making no distinction between Roman Catholics and Protestants, supporting the daughters of both.

Death

In April 1712, both James Francis Edward and his sister fell sick with smallpox. While the Old Pretender recovered, Louisa Maria died on 28 April (18 April, Old Style), aged 19, and was buried with her father at the Church of the English Benedictines in Paris. A French nobleman wrote of the death of the Princess to a friend at Utrecht:

My Lord, I send to you by these the sad and deplorable news of the much lamented death of the Princess Royal of England who died of the smallpox the 18th of this month at St Germains who as she was one of the greatest ornaments of that afflicted court, so she was the admiration of all Europe; never Princess was so universally regretted. Her death has filled all France with sighs, groans and tears. She was a Princess of a majestical mien and port; every motion spoke grandeur, every action was easy and without any affectation or meanness, and proclaim'd her a heroine descended from the long race of so many paternal and maternal heroes...

William Legge, 1st Earl of Dartmouth, the British Secretary of State, wrote of the Princess's death:

Madame de Maintenon, the morganatic second wife of Louis XIV, wrote of Mary of Modena's reaction to Louisa Maria's death:

In his The History of the Church of Scotland (1845), Thomas Stephen says of the death:

Like many other churches in Paris, the Church of the English Benedictines was desecrated and vandalised during the French Revolution. According to Jules Janin, writing in 1844, the remains of Princess Louisa Maria and her father King James II were then resting in the military hospital of the Val-de-Grâce.

Portraits

Several portraits of Louisa Maria survive. Among those of Louisa Maria alone, one is by François de Troy, ca. 1705, while another, painted about 1704, is attributed to Alexis Simon Belle and is in the National Portrait Gallery, London. Also in the National Portrait Gallery is a portrait painted in 1695 by Nicolas de Largillière of Louisa Maria with her brother James Francis Edward. This was engraved as a mezzotint by John Smith and published in 1699. Another portrait of Louisa Maria with her brother, depicting him as an angel, is in the Royal Collection and is again attributed to Belle. A portrait with a cavalier King Charles spaniel was engraved as a mezzotint by Bernard Lens the Younger and published c. 1700.

In fiction
Princess Louisa appears at the age of twelve in Eliza Haywood's picaresque novel The Fortunate Foundlings (1744). Haywood says of Louisa:

Namesakes
The names Louisa Maria Teresa (in French, Louise-Marie-Thérèse) were later used for Luisa Maria Teresa of Parma (1751–1819), Queen consort of Charles IV of Spain, for Louise Marie Thérèse of France, the eldest daughter of Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, born 1819, and for Louise Marie Thérèse Charlotte Isabelle of Orléans, daughter of King Louis-Philippe of France and the Queen of King Leopold I of Belgium.

Family and ancestry

Sources
Ancestors of Louisa Maria Theresa, Princess of England, Scotland and Ireland at worldroots.com
Addington, A. C., The Royal House of Stuart (London, 1969, third edition 1976)

See also
Jacobitism
Act of Settlement 1701
Correspondence with James the Pretender (High Treason) Act 1701
Monument to the Royal Stuarts

Bibliography
A true and full account of the death and character of the Princess-Royal, Louisa-Maria-Teresa Stuart, daughter of the late King James. Who was born in the year 1692, at St Germains, and died of the small-pox the 18th of April 1712... In a letter from a noble-man of France, to his correspondent at Vtrecht broadside, 2 s., 1712
Cole, Susan, Princess over the Water: A Memoir of Louise Marie Stuart (1692–1712) (The Royal Stuart Society papers, Paper XVIII)

References

External links

People from Saint-Germain-en-Laye
1692 births
1712 deaths
18th-century English people
17th-century Scottish people
18th-century Scottish people
17th-century English women
17th-century English people
18th-century English women
17th-century Scottish women
18th-century Scottish women
Louisa Maria
Louisa Maria
Louisa Maria
Jacobites
Deaths from smallpox
Infectious disease deaths in France
Burials at Val-de-Grâce (church)
Princesses Royal
Children of James II of England
Daughters of kings


The Missing Years is the 10th studio album by American folk musician John Prine, released in 1991 on Oh Boy Records. It won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album. In July 2003 the label released a deluxe vinyl reissue of the album with a bonus track called "The Third of July" from Prine's appearance on the PBS concert series Sessions at West 54th in 2001.

Recording
The Missing Years was Prine's first studio release since his 1986 album German Afternoons and is regarded as his comeback album.  According to the Great Days: The John Prine Anthology liner notes,  manager Al Bunetta and longtime Prine associate Dan Einstein were brainstorming over prospective producers at Oh Boy headquarters and the name of Howie Epstein came up.  Epstein, the bass player in Tom Petty's Heartbreakers, was a longtime fan, with Prine recalling "I'd heard for years that he and (Heartbreakers keyboard player) Benmont Tench would show up at my shows.  And I heard all the guys in the Heartbreakers played my stuff on the road.  So Al called Howie.  And before he could even hang up the phone, Howie was in the office.  Four hours later, he was still there, talking to my manager about my music."  Roger Waters and Michael Kamen were also very interested in producing Prine's new album. Although it was partially recorded at The Money Pit in Nashville,  it was mostly recorded at Huh Sound Theater in Los Angeles (actually Epstein's guest bedroom on Readcrest Drive), which led to a coterie of famous contributors, including Tom Petty, Phil Everly, Bonnie Raitt, Albert Lee, and Bruce Springsteen.  Prine had bumped into Springsteen at an Italian restaurant the day he arrived to record, with Springsteen telling Prine, "When you guys get into the record and have something to play, please invite me over.  I'd just love to play guitar or harmonica or sing or whatever."  Prine told the Phoenix New Times in a 1991 interview, "Howie has one of those houses that looks like it's going to fall off the cliff.  But it was great.  All we paid for was the musicians, the tape and the engineer.  I recorded most of it in a hallway.  I mean a hallway - we're talkin' three-and-a-half feet wide."

Composition
The album's title refers to the song "Jesus The Missing Years", which speculates upon the unrecorded middle 18 years of Christ's life.  The surreal piece features, among other things, Jesus traveling to France and Spain, marrying an Irish bride, inventing Santa Claus, and opening a show for country singer George Jones.  "All The Best" dealt with the theme of divorce, with the singer commenting before a performance of the song on Irish TV in 1990, "Country songs and country songwriters are a strange lot.  Seems like some of the best country songs over the years have come from some of the sadder situations in life - like divorce.  Having recently acquired my second divorce, about a month later the song truck pulled up and dumped a bunch of great songs on my lawn."

In the Great Days anthology, Prine recalls that "The Sins Of Memphisto" was written under pressure from producer Epstein:  "We were 12 cuts into The Missing Years, and Howie says, 'We need one or two more cuts.'  And I went, 'You're kidding.  From where?  We've been working for nine months.  I don't have anything hiding on the shelf.  You could take an autopsy, and you won't find a song inside of me.' So I went and locked myself in a hotel room and went, 'If he wants a song, he'll get a song.'  I tried to write one from as far in left field as I could and came up with 'Memphisto'."  Prine biographer Eddie Huffman calls the song "a casually visionary song about loss of innocence, relationships, sex, aging, and the passage of time, one of the most remarkable in Prine's catalog, effortlessly tying together various lyrical threads from throughout his career as a songwriter."

The Missing Years also features "Take A Look At My Heart" (co-written with rocker John Mellencamp) and collaborations with Keith Sykes and British songwriter Roger Cook.  Prine covers the Lefty Frizzell classic "I Want To Be With You Always," while "Daddy's Little Pumpkin" was partly inspired by Mississippi John Hurt, who Pat McLaughlin reintroduced Prine to at the time.  The album opener "Picture Show" (which features Tom Petty on background vocals) reflects Prine's lifelong love of movies and namechecks John Garfield, James Dean, and Montgomery Clift, while "It's a Big Old Goofy World" was inspired by his mother Verna's love of crossword puzzles.

Reception

The Missing Years was well received by critics and won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album.  Writing for Allmusic, critic William Ruhlman wrote of the album "Prine took five years between his ninth studio album and this, his tenth—enough time to gather his strongest body of material in more than a decade...Prine's gifts for emotional revelation and off-the-wall humor are on display in abundance." Music critic Robert Christgau wrote "Occasionally too fantastic but never too bitter, the sagest and funniest of the new Dylans writes like he's resigned to an unconsummated life and sounds like he's enjoying one...I attribute its undeviating quality, gratifying variety, and amazing grace to talent, leisure time, and just enough all-star input. I wouldn't swear there's a stone classic here - just nothing I wouldn't be happy to hear again."  Alanna Nash of  Entertainment Weekly gave the album an A+ rating, writing "John Prine's best work has always been slightly cinematic and hallucinogenic, full of images that transport as well as provoke. There's plenty of that on this new album The Missing Years...While little here is stunning - except for the Dylanesque Take a Look at My Heart, a dear sucker letter to Prine's ex-old lady's boyfriend, with a subdued cameo vocal by Bruce Springsteen - all the songs are keepers, perfectly relaxed and wry." Critic Lynn Van Matre of the  Chicago Tribune wrote "One of the singer-songwriter's strongest and most wittily observant efforts, the album finds Prine at the top of his form in a mix of evocative folk-country ballads and more rocking fare...Goofily surreal and straightforwardly sentimental by turns, this one's a don't-miss for longtime Prine fans and anyone else with a taste for idiosyncratic singer-songwriters."  David Fricke observed in the Great Days anthology liner notes that Prine offers "a parcel songs that, for melodic charm, lyric whimsy, and emotional punch, were every bit the equal of those on John Prine. And this time, the music industry, and the general public, noticed."

Track listing
All songs by John Prine unless otherwise noted.
 "Picture Show" (featuring Tom Petty) – 3:22
 "All the Best" – 3:28
 "The Sins of Memphisto" – 4:13
 "Everybody Wants to Feel Like You" (Prine, Keith Sykes) – 3:09
 "It's a Big Old Goofy World" – 5:10
 "I Want to Be With You Always" (Jimmy Beck, Lefty Frizzell) – 3:01
 "Daddy's Little Pumpkin" (Prine, Pat McLaughlin) – 2:41
 "Take a Look at My Heart" (featuring Bruce Springsteen) (John Mellencamp, Prine) – 3:38
 "Great Rain" (Prine, Mike Campbell) – 4:08
 "Way Back Then" – 3:39
 "Unlonely" (featuring Bonnie Raitt) (Prine, Roger Cook) – 4:35
 "You Got Gold" (featuring Phil Everly) (Prine, Sykes) – 4:38
 "Everything Is Cool" – 2:46
 "Jesus the Missing Years" – 5:55
In July 2003, the label released a deluxe vinyl reissue of the album with a bonus track called "The Third of July" from Prine's appearance on the PBS concert series Sessions at West 54th in 2001.

Personnel
John Prine – vocals, guitar
Albert Lee – guitar, mandolin, piano
David Lindley – guitar, bouzouki, fiddle, harp
Mike Campbell – bass, guitar
John Ciambotti – bass
Howie Epstein – guitar, bass, backing vocals
Steve Fishell – dobro
Bob Glaub – bass
Joe Romersa – drums
Mickey Raphael – harmonica
Benmont Tench – organ, piano, harmonium
John Jorgenson – guitar, bass, dobro, mandolin, bassoon, saxophone
Phil Parlapiano – mandolin, accordion, harmonium
Tom Petty – backing vocals
Christina Amphlett – backing vocals
Liz Byrnes – backing vocals
Phil Everly – backing vocals
Bonnie Raitt – backing vocals
Bruce Springsteen – backing vocals

Production notes
Howie Epstein – producer
Al Bunetta – executive producer
Dan Einstein – executive producer
Joe Romersa – engineer
Ed Seay – engineer, mixing
Joe Chiccarelli – mixing
Denny Purcell – mastering
Mike Poole – assistant engineer, mixing assistant
Dave Bossie – production assistant
Susanne Smolka – design

References

Bibliography

1991 albums
John Prine albums
Oh Boy Records albums


Protozoa

New taxa

Plants

Angiosperms

Monocots

Arthropoda

Arachnomorphs

Insects

Xiphosurans

Fishes

Bony fish

Cartilaginous fish

Placoderms

General research
Hilton & Grande redescribe the fossil mooneyes of western North America synonymizing the genus Eohiodon with Hiodon.
Cicimurri, Paris, & Everhart describe a partial dentition from a Holocephali chimaeroid fish found in the Niobrara Chalk.

Amphibians
Jenkins, F. A., jr, Shubin, N. H., Gatesy, S. M., and Warren, A., 2008, Gerrothorax pulcherrimus from the Upper Triassic Fleming Fjord Formation of East Greenland and a reassessment of head lifting in temnospondyl feeding: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 28, n. 4, p. 935-950.

Newly named amphibians

Archosaurs

Newly named pseudosuchians

Newly named pterosaurs

Dinosaurs
 Oviraptorosaurian eggs with embryonic skeletons are discovered for the first time in China.
 Mongolian Late Jurassic theropod fossils are found for the first time.
 A new study on morphological variation in shed theropod teeth from the Mil River Formation is published.

Newly named dinosaurs
28 new dinosaur genera were erected in 2008. Data courtesy of George Olshevky's dinosaur genera list.

Newly named birds

Other publications
 Hutchinson, J.R., Miller, C., Fritsch, G., and Hildebrandt, T. 2008. The anatomical foundation for multidisciplinary studies of animal limb function: examples from dinosaur and elephant limb imaging studies; pp. 23–38 in Endo, H. and Frey, R. (eds.), Anatomical Imaging: Towards a New Morphology. Springer Verlag, Tokyo.
 Witmer, L.M., Ridgely, R.C., Dufeau, D.L., and Semones, M.C. 2008. Using CR to peer into the past: 3D visualization of the brain and ear regions of birds, crocodiles, and nonavian dinosaurs; pp. 67–88 in Endo, H. and Frey, R. (eds.), Anatomical Imaging: Towards a New Morphology. Springer Verlag, Tokyo.

Turtles

Newly named turtles

Squamates

new taxa

New papers

 Everhart, M.J. 2008. The mosasaurs of George F. Sternberg, paleontologist and fossil photographer. Proceedings of the Second Mosasaur Meeting, Fort Hays Studies Special Issue 3, Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas, pp. 37–46.
 Polcyn, M.J. and Everhart, M.J. 2008. Description and phylogenetic analysis of a new species of Selmasaurus (Mosasauridae: Plioplatecarpinae) from the Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas. Proceedings of the Second Mosasaur Meeting, Fort Hays Studies Special Issue 3, Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas, pp. 13–28.
 Polcyn, M.J., Bell, G.L., Jr., Shimada, K. and Everhart, M.J. 2008. The oldest North American mosasaurs (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) of Kansas and Texas with comments on the radiation of major mosasaur clades. Proceedings of the Second Mosasaur Meeting, Fort Hays Studies Special Issue 3, Fort Hays State University, Hays, Kansas, pp. 137–155.
 Everhart, M.J. 2008. Rare occurrence of a Globidens sp. (Reptilia; Mosasauridae) dentary in the Sharon Springs Member of the Pierre Shale (Middle Campanian) of Western Kansas. p. 23-29 in Farley G. H. and Choate, J.R. (eds.), Unlocking the Unknown; Papers Honoring Dr. Richard Zakrzewski, Fort Hays Studies, Special Issue No. 2, 153 p., Fort Hays State University, Hays, KS.

Sauropterygians

New taxa

Synapsids

Non-mammalian

Mammal

Related happenings in geology

Footnotes

Complete author list
As science becomes more collaborative, papers with large numbers of authors are becoming more common. To prevent the deformation of the tables, these footnotes list the contributors to papers that erect new genera and have many authors.

References

Paleontology


Blandouet is a former commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Blandouet-Saint Jean.

Population

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Former communes of Mayenne


Loulle () is a commune in the Jura department in region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

Dinosaur Trails
In 2004 a remarkable set of well-preserved dinosaur tracks were discovered in a quarry just outside Loulle.  The tracks form a dense network of trails belonging mainly to sauropods but with other species represented.  Many of the imprints have been painted by researchers from the University of Lyon to indicate the tracks from individual animals.  The caked muddy surface over which the dinosaurs walked is also well preserved in the rock.

The site is open to the public (no admission charged) and is on a sharp bend on the main road between Loulle and Nye.

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


La Bazoge-Montpinçon () is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


La Bazouge-de-Chemeré () is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France.

Geography

The village stands on a promontory above the Vaige river. On the opposite side there are limestone quarries and old lime kilns.

The village stands at the far east of the Armorican Massif so the geology presents various facies : limestone, coal, rhyolite, slate, slate shale. There were anthracite mines dedicated to the lime kiln. The lime was used for liming (soil) until 1896 when chemical fertilizers have been available, so the lime kilns has stopped and also the mining because coal layers are not regular but spread in distant columns.

History
In 1926 the lightning torched the bell tower then the church. The steeple cover has been built again shorter and the bells were cast again then baptized in 1930. But the fire has brought up covered frescoes of the 16th century showing the dictation of the three dead and the three alive (three skeletons tell three young men the life is short...)

Economy
After being an industrial town in the 19th century with lime kilns, quarries and mining, La Bazouge-de-Chemeré returns mainly to agriculture in 20th century.
Tourism starts 40 years ago with bed and breakfast and rural lodging in cottages.
Nowadays a well-known Ultralight aviation aerodrome stands at the old mine.

La Bazouge-de-Chemeré through artists
Some painters passed in the village :
 Felix Desille has painted a watercolor of the 'Hôtel du Porche'(Porch hotel) in 1914 and already wished its restoration.
 Giuseppe Tribus an Italian painter who had fled fascism in Italy and had taken refuge in the village has immortalized the roaring flyover of German bombers on 17 June 1940.
 Édouard Cortès, from a photography and by his invention, has depicted the church street, once 'a snowy evening' and once 'sunshine after rain' (circa 1945) as he used to paint Paris streets.
In 1950 Tribus has painted the porch of the hotel (demolished in 1960) and the church steeple.

 Sold painting  : Edouard Cortes - La Bazouge-de-Chemere, a snowy evening (circa 1945)
 Sold painting : Edouard Cortes - La Bazouge-de-Chemere, sunshine after rain (circa 1945) strangely named 'south of France'

Population

Gallery

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


La Bazouge-des-Alleux () is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Bazougers () is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Beaulieu-sur-Oudon (, literally Beaulieu on Oudon) is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France.

Geography
The river Oudon flows through the commune and forms part of its southeastern border.

Population

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Beaumont-Pied-de-Bœuf () is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France.

Geography
The Vaige forms part of the commune's northwestern border, flows southeast through the middle of the commune, and forms part of its southeastern border.

Population

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Louvatange () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Belgeard () is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Bierné () is a former commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Bierné-les-Villages.

Population

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Former communes of Mayenne


Le Bignon-du-Maine (, literally Le Bignon of the Maine) is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Howard Vanderslice (April 8, 1853 – October 10, 1929) was a Kansas City, Missouri businessman who donated the land that forms the campus of today's Kansas City Art Institute.

Early life
Vanderslice was born in Great Crossing, Kentucky in Scott County, Kentucky.

Vanderslice was four months old when his parents moved to Doniphan County, in the then Kansas Territory.  He is portrayed as the baby being carried in the Pioneer Mother statue by Alexander Phimister Proctor in Penn Valley Park (which portrays his grandfather Daniel Vanderslice agent to the tribes and Vanderslice's father Thomas J. Vanderslice and mother).  Vanderslice gave the statue to the city in 1927.

However other biographies say that he came to Kansas City in 1890.

He went to school at a log school house, then attended Highland University at Highland, Kansas, until he was 19.

Career
After quitting school, he became a station agent at Iowa Point for the Atchison & Nebraska Railroad, which is now known as Burlington.  He learned telegraphy there, and stayed until 1881 when he started his own grain business.  He started the business, Emerson & Vanderslice, with his partner, D. M. Emerson, but when he died in 1882, Vanderslice took it over until 1888 when he sold it.

President Cleveland appointed Vanderslice as postmaster of White Could, and he served in that capacity from 1885-1889.

He was head of the Vanderslice-Lynds Mercantile Company by 1889, which became the City Ice & Storage Company. This company supplied practically all of the ice for Kansas City for nearly 9 years.

Vanderslice was active in the business community and participated on several boards and in clubs.  He was treasurer of the Lucky Tiger Combination Gold Mining Company, vice president of the White Eagle Oil and Refining Company, president of the Eagle Elevator Company, the Kansas City Club, Mid-Day Club, Congressional Golf Club, and the Chamber of Commerce.  He was also a Mason at Smithton Lodge Number One in Highland and members of the Orient Chapter, Oriental Commandery No. 35, and Ararat Temple of Kansas City.

In 1927 Vanderslice purchased the August R. Meyer residence and  at 44th and Warwick Boulevard adjacent to the about to be built Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art. He donated the land to the Kansas City Art Institute and it makes up the school's main campus.  The residence was later renamed "Vanderslice Hall"

References

1853 births
1929 deaths
People from Scott County, Kentucky
Businesspeople from Kansas City, Missouri
Kansas City Art Institute alumni
Philanthropists from the Kansas City metropolitan area


Louvenne () is a former commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Val Suran.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Former communes of Jura (department)


Pietro Taglia (fl. second half of the 16th century) was an Italian composer of the Renaissance, active in Milan, known for his madrigals.  Stylistically he was a progressive, following the innovations of more famous composers such as Cipriano de Rore in Venice, and his music was well-known at the time.

Life

Next to nothing is known about his life but what can be inferred from his publication history and the music itself.  Records show that in 1565 he was maestro di cappella, the choirmaster and general music director, at the church of Santa Maria presso San Celso in Milan, at which post he would have been intimately involved with sacred music.  Unusually for a maestro di cappella who was a composer, he seems to have written no sacred music at all, or else none has survived.  His first book of madrigals was published in Milan in 1555, and his works continued to be published, reprinted, or printed in instrumental versions, until the end of the century.

Taglia had some connection with Venice, but exactly what that connection was is unknown – whether he worked there for a time, made periodic visits, or simply maintained friends there has not been documented.  He seems to have been close to the most famous Venetian composer of madrigals of the middle of the 16th century, Cipriano de Rore, since Rore included one of Taglia's madrigals in one of his own publications in 1557, a rare tribute.  In addition, Taglia contributed to Venetian poet Manoli Blessi's Greghesche in 1564, probably indicating a commission or request.

According to Alfred Einstein, writing in The Italian Madrigal (1949), Taglia was probably a member of a small society of aristocratic amateurs, as indicated by the unusual care and cost shown in the publication of his two books of madrigals in 1555 and 1557, for four and five voices, works which showed close attention to the progressive trends in other Italian cities not under Spanish rule.  At the time Milan was a conquered province, and the resplendent musical and cultural institutions prevalent under the Sforza dynasty had been either neglected or abolished; while sacred music continued to be written in the cathedrals, it was largely in the simple and unadorned style as dictated by the Council of Trent (Carlo Borromeo, who drove many of the Council's reforms, was at that time in Milan).  Secular music still managed to flourish in this environment, as both madrigals and instrumental music were popular with the Spanish governors and their attendants.

Music and influence
A total of three publications by Taglia have survived: the first book of madrigals for four voices (published by the brothers Francesco and Simone Moscheni in Milan, 1555), and the first and second books of madrigals for five voices (Francesco Moscheni, Milan, 1557; Venice, 1564).  Other madrigals appear individually both in publications elsewhere and in instrumental versions.

Taglia preferred to set poetry by the finest and most famous poets, such as Petrarch and Ariosto.  In his works he used extreme contrast between chromatic and diatonic passages, as well as between quick and slow motion; he was careful to set his texts with appropriate expression and declamation.  Einstein said of him, "Taglia was himself a genius of a high order, and as such, an independent thinker."  The continued appearance of reprints and instrumental versions of his madrigals until about 1600 attests to Taglia's fame.

Notes

References
Mariangela Donà, "Milan", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed February 10, 2008), (subscription access)
 Mariangela Donà, "Taglia, Pietro", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed February 10, 2008), (subscription access)
 Allan W. Atlas, Renaissance Music:  Music in Western Europe, 1400–1600. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1998.
Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.
Alfred Einstein, The Italian Madrigal.  Three volumes.  Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1949.

16th-century births
16th-century deaths
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Madrigal composers
Renaissance composers


Loupfougères () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Communes of Mayenne


Brigadier-General Austin Thomas  Anderson  (1868–1949) was an Australian brigadier-general who was in the Royal Artillery.

Anderson was the son of William Mather Anderson (Chief Inspector of the Oriental Bank in London and Acting Governor of Mauritius at one time) and Mary Anne Neilley (born and married in Australia and died in England). He was born on 28 August 1868 in Mauritius.

On 8 October 1908, Anderson married Ethel Campbell Louise Mason in Ahmednagar, India. During World War I, he served in the 7th (Meerut) Division and commanded the 48th (South Midland) Division artillery from 1920 through 1924. He retired from the military in 1924 and settled in Sydney.

Anderson is said to have received the French Légion d'honneur medal in the park at Cambrai in 1916. However, the Musée de la Légion d'honneur says that Augustin Thomas Anderson, a colonel in the British Army, received the medal on 12 December 1918.

From 1927 through 1939 he was the private secretary to  Sir Dudley de Chair, the Governor of New South Wales, Australia,  Sir Philip Game, and Sir Alexander Hore-Ruthven. In 1939 he became the Comptroller to the Governor General.

Anderson died on 22 February 1949 in Turramurra, New South Wales, Australia. He was survived by his wife and their only daughter, Bethia Foott.

References

External links

British Army brigadiers
Royal Artillery officers
British Army generals of World War I
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
1868 births
1949 deaths
Mauritian emigrants to Australia
19th-century British Army personnel


Maisoncelles-du-Maine (, literally Maisoncelles of the Maine) is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Maisoncellesdumaine


Louverné () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Communes of Mayenne


Ahuillé () is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France.

Population

Notable people
Edward Sorin (1814–1893), priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Alexain () is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France. It is 20 km northwest of Laval and 14 km from Mayenne. The nearest communes are La Bigottière, Placé, and Saint-Germain-d'Anxure.

Population

Sights
The nearby Château de la Feuillée, long-term home of the d'Orenge family, was destroyed during the French Revolution and was rebuilt in 1809.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Ambrières-les-Vallées () is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France. It is on the border of Normandy.

Population

Notable people

Jacques Foccart, politician and businessman
Louis Tanquerel des Planches (1810–1862), physician and researcher

See also
Communes of Mayenne
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine

References

Communes of Mayenne


Ampoigné () is a former commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the new commune of Prée-d'Anjou.

Population

Personalities linked to the commune
 Antoine de la Garanderie (born and buried in Ampoigné), educator and philosopher.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Former communes of Mayenne
Populated places disestablished in 2018


Andouillé () is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France.

Geography
Andouillé is located 15 kilometers from Laval, capital of the department of Mayenne, to which it is connected by the RD 131 and RD 115, and by the river, Mayenne. Bordered on the east by the Mayenne, it is crossed by the Ernée. The winding valley of the river is dominated by the hills of Saudraie and Lattan Crennes.

Population

International relations
Andouillé is twinned with the Nottinghamshire village of Farnsfield in England.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Argenton-Notre-Dame () is a former commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France with a population of 215 (2018). On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Bierné-les-Villages.

Population

Local culture and heritage

Castles

 Château de la Fautraise
 Château de la Sionnière

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Former communes of Mayenne


Argentré () is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Arquenay () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

Population

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Assé-le-Bérenger () is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Martigné-sur-Mayenne () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

The commune contains the Château de la Motte-Husson, owned by Dick Strawbridge and Angel Adoree, which features in the Channel 4 television series Escape to the Chateau.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

External links

Martignesurmayenne


Ballée () is a former commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Val-du-Maine.

Geography
The Vaige forms part of the commune's western border.

Population

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Former communes of Mayenne


Montflours () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Madré () is a commune in the department of Mayenne in north-western France.

The maternal great grandfather of Saint Thérèse de Lisieux, Louis Macé, was baptised in the village church on 16 March 1778.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Communes of Mayenne


Louvigné () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Communes of Mayenne


White's Slough is a rare Cypress swamp in northeast Mississippi close to Columbus.

References
http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/mississippi/press/press3313.html

Bodies of water of Lowndes County, Mississippi
Swamps of the United States


Bonchamp-lès-Laval (, literally Bonchamp near Laval) is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Marcillé-la-Ville () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Marcillelaville


Marigné-Peuton () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Marignepeuton


Meslay-du-Maine () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Meslaydumaine
Maine (province)


Montigné-le-Brillant () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Montignelebrillant


Astillé () is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Bouchamps-lès-Craon (, literally Bouchamps near Craon) is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France.

Geography
The river Oudon forms most of the commune's eastern border.

Population

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Neuilly-le-Vendin () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine

References

Neuillylevendin


Nuillé-sur-Vicoin () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Nuillesurvicoin


Quelaines-Saint-Gault () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

Population

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Quelainessaintgault


Rennes-en-Grenouilles () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine

References

Rennesengrenouilles


Ruillé-Froid-Fonds () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Ruillefroidfonds


Ruillé-le-Gravelais () is a former commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Loiron-Ruillé.

Geography
The river Oudon flows through the middle of the commune and forms part of its southern border.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Ruillelegravelais


Châlons-du-Maine () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Chalonsdumaine


Brains-sur-les-Marches () is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Bourgon () is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Boulay-les-Ifs () is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of Mayenne
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine

References

Communes of Mayenne


The Low Level Waste Repository  is the UK's central long-term store for low-level radioactive waste located on the West Cumbrian coast near Drigg village and opened in 1959. It is a subsidiary of the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority.

Function
The site stores low level radioactive waste from Sellafield, MoD sites, nuclear power stations, hospitals, universities, medical companies and the oil industry. The site, which was opened in 1959 by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, covers about  on the site of the former Royal Ordnance Factory (ROF Drigg).

Ownership and management
The Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA), who owned LLWR at the time, announced in March 2008 that UK Nuclear Waste Management Ltd (a consortium led by the Washington Division of URS Corporation and including Studsvik UK, AREVA-NC and Serco Assurance) had been awarded the contract for the management and operation of the Low Level Waste Repository.

This arrangement ceased when the LLWR was brought back under direct public management when it became a subsidiary of the NDA in July 2021.
In 2022 LLWR was merged with the NDA's Integrated Waste Management Programme to form a division called Nuclear Waste Services.

Continued use
In early 2008, Cumbria County Council granted permission for a new vault, Vault 9, to be built to accommodate about 700 ISO steel containers per year and be able to hold 5,500 ISO steel containers in total, giving an operational life of about eight years. The vault opened for use in 2010.
In 2015, a report from the Environment Agency acknowledged that the site would be disrupted in the future by coastal erosion and flooding, and placed requirements on LLWR Ltd to maintain a programme of coastal monitoring and to keep up-to-date with research and development on the long-term effects of climate change.

References

External links

Radioactive waste repositories
Buildings and structures in Cumbria
Nuclear technology in the United Kingdom


Cossé-en-Champagne () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

Sights
Its church, called Notre-Dame, is known for its Romanesque frescoes, some dating from the 15th century, and is listed as a historic monument in France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Cosseenchampagne


Sacé () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Saint-Aignan-de-Couptrain is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Saintaignandecouptrain


Saint-Aignan-sur-Roë (, literally Saint-Aignan on Roë) is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Saintaignansurroe


Saint-Aubin-du-Désert () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Saintaubindudesert


Saint-Aubin-Fosse-Louvain () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Saintaubinfosselouvain


Saint-Baudelle () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Saintbaudelle


Saint-Berthevin () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

Population

Sights
 11th century Saint-Berthevin church.
 Lime kilns at Les Brosses, listed as a Historic Monument.
 High rock, named the Chair of Saint-Berthevin.
 Coupeau base.
 Old pink marble quarries (Saint-Berthevin marble).
 Chateau du Chatelier.
 Two 18th century boundary stones are classified as historic objects.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Saintberthevin


Saint-Berthevin-la-Tannière () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Saintberthevinlatanniere


Saint-Brice () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Saintbrice


Saint-Calais-du-Désert () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine

References

Saintcalaisdudesert


Saint-Céneré () is a former commune in the Mayenne department and Pays de la Loire region of France. It gets its name from .

Background
On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Montsûrs-Saint-Céneré. On 1 January 2019 the comune was unified with Deux-Évailles, Montourtier and Saint-Ouën-des-Vallons, and the new municipality took the name of Montsûrs. Its population was 471 in 2019.

See also

 Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintcenere
Maine (province)


Saint-Charles-la-Forêt () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Saintcharleslaforet


Saint-Christophe-du-Luat () is a former commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Évron.

See also

 Communes of Mayenne

References

Saintchristopheduluat


Saint-Cyr-en-Pail () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine

References

Saintcyrenpail


Saint-Cyr-le-Gravelais () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

Geography
The river Oudon forms part of the commune's northern border.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Saintcyrlegravelais


Saint-Denis-d'Anjou () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Saintdenisdanjou


Saint-Denis-de-Gastines () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

Notable person
 Pierre Fauchard (1679–1761), the "father of modern dentistry", was born in Saint-Denis-de-Gastines

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Saintdenisdegastines


Saint-Denis-du-Maine () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

Geography
The Vaige forms most of the commune's eastern border.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Saintdenisdumaine


Olivet () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Parigné-sur-Braye (, literally Parigné on Braye) is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Parignesurbraye


USS Jack W. Wilke (DE-800) was a Buckley-class destroyer escort of the United States Navy.

Namesake
Jack Winton Wilke was born on 13 June 1919 in Covina, California. He enlisted in the United States Naval Reserve on 13 January 1941. After undergoing flight training, he was commissioned Ensign on 1 November 1941. Wilke was first assigned to a patrol squadron, but later reported to Torpedo Squadron 8 (VT-8) on board  in the Pacific.

In the Battle of Midway, 4 and 5 June 1942, he joined his squadron in attacking the Imperial Japanese Navy invasion force without fighter cover. All the planes and all the flyers but one, Ens. George H. Gay, of the squadron were lost; but their attack had diverted Japanese fighters from dive bombing attacks which might otherwise have prevented the eventual U.S. Navy victory. He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross.

Construction and commissioning
Jack W. Wilke was launched by Consolidated Steel Corp., Orange, Texas, 18 December 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Joe H. Wilke, mother of Ens. Wilke; and commissioned 7 March 1944.

After a shakedown to the West Indies and antisubmarine warfare (ASW) training at Bermuda, Jack W. Wilke spent six months on Atlantic convoy escort duty. The escort covered several convoys from American ports to the Mediterranean in the summer of 1944, making stops at Oran, Algeria; Bizerte, Tunis; Palermo, Sicily; and Naples, Italy. Later in the year, the warship escorted a convoy directly to Cherbourg, France. That last convoy escort mission was particularly nerve-racking owing to the late war German U-boat offensive in British waters. Following intelligence indications that next generation U-boats were planning to return to the western Atlantic, Wilke operated with a hunter-killer group in the Newfoundland–Nova Scotia area from December 1944 to May 1945. Upon the surrender of Germany, she moved to Norfolk to serve as a weather reporting and air-sea rescue vessel.

Jack W. Wilke sailed 4 June 1945 for Miami and operated as a sonar training ship there until 18 July. The warship then shifted to Philadelphia for an overhaul (and the installation of more anti-aircraft guns and improved sonar gear) in preparation for operations in the Pacific. With that mission cancelled by the end of the war in August 1945, the escort sailed to Port Everglades, Florida for three weeks of experimental ASW exercises.
In September, she underwent a three-month overhaul at New York Navy Yard in preparation for her new role as an experimental antisubmarine ship.
Jack W. Wilke sailed back to Florida on 7 January 1946 to commence operations out of Key West. During the years that followed, she carried out experiments in both tactics and sound equipment off Key West and during occasional cruises in the West Indies.

The ship's schedule of experimental operations was interrupted on New Year's Day 1959 by the triumph of Fidel Castro's forces in Cuba; and Jack W. Wilke steamed to Havana with other ships to help stabilize the situation and to protect American lives and property. During the remainder of the year, she operated off Key West and Norfolk on training operations, and took part in a special good-will cruise to Panama in October during a Caribbean training period.

Returning to Key West, the ship decommissioned 24 May 1960, and entered the Atlantic Reserve Fleet at Philadelphia. The old escort was struck from the Navy list on 1 August 1972 and later sold for scrap to Union Metals & Alloys Corp., New York, on 4 March 1974.

References

External links
 history.navy.mil: USS Jack W. Wilke(revised 3 November 2005)
     navsource.org: USS Jack W. Wilke
  hazegray.org: USS Jack W. Wilke

Buckley-class destroyer escorts
Ships built in Orange, Texas
1943 ships


Chantrigné () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Communes of Mayenne


Bingo Bongo is a 1982 Italian family comedy film directed by Pasquale Festa Campanile and starring Adriano Celentano as an Italian Tarzan character escaping across Milan.

Plot
The film opens with the story about how Bingo Bongo was stranded in the African jungle as a baby when his plane crashed (in a manner remniscient and in parody of Tarzan). He was thrown out by parachute at the last instant and subsequently adopted by chimpanzees.

Years later, as a grown man with animalistic behavior and still wearing his old pacifier and parachute harness, Bingo Bongo is captured by an expedition, brought to an anthropology institution in Milan for study, and shut in a cage. Bingo Bongo proves not only to be extremely strong and highly intelligent and perceptive (with some uncomfortable results for the researchers), he also develops a crush on Laura, one of the researchers, and bonds with her pet chimpanzee Renato. Laura, on the other hand, tries her best to integrate Bingo Bongo into human society.

Finally, Bingo Bongo runs away and eventually hides at Laura's place, who continues her efforts. At first she makes only slow progress, but a surprise result is achieved when one evening the institute's director drops by: Bingo Bongo not only convincingly manages to pass himself off as a human, complete with fully developed articulation of the human language, he also throws the director off track by introducing himself as Laura's lover.

Because Laura continues to rebuff his romantic advances, however, Bingo decides to return to Africa, with Renato in company, but his efforts are all foiled. In time, it is revealed that the animals all around the world see him as their ambassador to humanity who will vouch for a more humane treatment of the animals, thanks to his ability to speak the animal - and now also the human - tongues. He returns to the institute, where he delivers his message in a colloquium which Laura also attends. There she confesses (in ape language) that she does love him after all.

The film ends with Bingo Bongo taking up his work as animal ambassador, most notably by calming down King Kong, who later attends his wedding.

Cast
Adriano Celentano as Bingo Bongo
Carole Bouquet as Laura
Felice Andreasi as Professor Fortis
Enzo Robutti as Doctor Muller
Sal Borgese as Doctor
Tanga as Renato

See also
Animalism
 List of Italian films of 1982

References

External links

Bingo Bongo at Variety Distribution

1983 films
1983 comedy films
Italian comedy films
West German films
Films directed by Pasquale Festa Campanile
Films set in Milan
Films about animal rights
Films about apes
Talking animals in fiction
1980s Italian-language films
1980s Italian films