European emigration is the successive emigration waves from the European continent to other continents. The origins of the various European diasporas can be traced to the people who left the European nation states or stateless ethnic communities on the European continent.

From 1500 to the mid-20th century, 60-65 million people left Europe, of which less than 9% went to tropical areas (the Caribbean, Asia, and Africa).

From 1815 to 1932, 65 million people left Europe (with many returning home), primarily to "areas of European settlement" in North and South America, in addition to South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Siberia.These populations also multiplied rapidly in their new habitat; much more so than the populations of Africa and Asia. As a result, on the eve of World War I, 38% of the world's total population was of European ancestry.Most European emigrants to the New World came from Germany, Ireland, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine.

More contemporary, European emigration can also refer to emigration from one European country to another, especially in the context of the internal mobility in the European Union (intra-EU mobility) or mobility within the Eurasian Union.

History

8th - early 5th century BC: Greek settlement

In Archaic Greece, trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes from the Black Sea, Southern Italy (the so-called "Magna Graecia") and Asia Minor propagated Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins. Greek city-states were established in Southern Europe, northern Libya and the Black Sea coast, and the Greeks founded over 400 colonies in these areas.
Alexander the Great's conquest of the Achaemenid Empire marked the beginning of the Hellenistic period, which was characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization in Asia and Africa; the Greek ruling classes established their presence in Egypt, southwest Asia, and Northwest India.
Many Greeks migrated to the new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as geographically dispersed as Uzbekistan and Kuwait.

1450-1800: Emigration to the Americas
The European continent has been a central part of a complex migration system, which included swaths of North Africa, the Middle East and Asia Minor well before the modern era. Yet, only the population growth of the late Middle Ages allowed for larger population movements, inside and outside of the continent. The European exploration of the Americas stimulated a steady stream of voluntary migration from Europe.

Spain and Portugal
About 200,000 Spaniards settled in their American colonies prior to 1600, a small settlement compared to the 3 to 4 million Amerindians who lived in Spanish territory in the Americas.

During the 1500s, Spain and Portugal sent a steady flow of government and church officials, members of the lesser nobility, people from the working classes and their families averaging roughly three-thousand people per year from a population of around eight million. A total of around 437,000 left Spain in the 150-year period from 1500 to 1650 mainly to Mexico, Peru in South America, and the Caribbean Islands. It has been estimated that over 1.86 million Spaniards emigrated to South America in the period between 1492 and 1824, one million in the 18th century, with millions more continuing to immigrate following independence.

Between 1500 and 1700, 100,000 Portuguese crossed the Atlantic to settle in Brazil. However, with the discovery of numerous highly productive gold mines in the Minas Gerais region, the Portuguese emigration to Brazil increased by fivefold. From 1500, when the Portuguese reached Brazil, until its independence in 1822, from 500,000 to 700,000 Portuguese settled in Brazil, 600,000 of whom arrived in the 18th century alone. From 1700 until 1760, over half a million Portuguese immigrants entered Brazil. In the 18th century, thanks to the gold rush, the capital of the province of Minas Gerais, the town of Vila Rica (today, Ouro Preto) became for a time one of the most populous cities in the New World. This massive influx of Portuguese immigration and influence created a city which remains to this day, one of the best examples of 18th century European architecture in the Americas.
However, the development of the mining economy in the 18th century raised wages and employment opportunities in the Portuguese colony and emigration increased: in the 18th century alone, about 600,000 Portuguese settled in Brazil.

General European emigration

Roughly one and a half million Europeans settled in the New World between 1500 and 1800 (see table). The table excludes European immigrants to the Spanish Empire from 1650 to 1800 and Portuguese immigration to Brazil from 1760 to 1800. While the absolute number of European emigrants during the Early Modern period was very small compared to later waves of migration in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the relative size of these early modern migrations was nevertheless substantial.

Between one-half and two-thirds of European immigrants to the Thirteen Colonies between the 1630s and the American Revolution came under indentures. The practice was sufficiently common that the Habeas Corpus Act 1679, in part, prevented imprisonments overseas; it also made provisions for those with existing transportation contracts and those "praying to be transported" in lieu of remaining in prison upon conviction. In any case, while half the European immigrants to the Thirteen Colonies had been indentured servants, at any one time they were outnumbered by workers who had never been indentured, or whose indenture had expired. Free wage labor was more common for Europeans in the colonies.

Indentured persons were numerically important, mostly in the region from Virginia north to New Jersey. Other colonies saw far fewer of them. The total number of European immigrants to all 13 colonies before 1775 was about 500,000–550,000; of these, 55,000 were involuntary prisoners. Of the 450,000 or so European arrivals who came voluntarily, Tomlins estimates that 48% were indentured. About 75% were under the age of 25. The age of legal adulthood for men was 24 years; those over 24 generally came on contracts lasting about 3 years. Regarding the children who came, Gary Nash reports that, "many of the servants were actually nephews, nieces, cousins and children of friends of emigrating Englishmen, who paid their passage in return for their labour once in America."

Figures for immigration in the Spanish Empire in 1650–1800 and in Brazil in 1700–1800 are not given in the Table.

In North America, immigration was dominated by British, Spanish, French and other Northern Europeans. Emigration to New France laid the origins of modern Canada, with important early immigration of colonists from Northern France.

Emigration in the 19th and 20th centuries
Mass European emigration to the Americas, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand took place in the 19th and 20th centuries. This was the effect of a dramatic demographic transition in 19th-century-Europe, subsequent wars and political changes on the continent. From the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 to the end of World War I in 1918, millions of Europeans emigrated. Of these, 71% went to North America, 21% to Central and South America and 7% to Australia. About 11 million of these people went to Latin America, of whom 38% were Italians, 28% were Spaniards and 11% were Portuguese.

In Brazil, the proportion of immigrants in the national population was much smaller. Immigrants tended to be concentrated in the central and southern parts of the country. The proportion of foreigners in Brazil peaked in 1920, at just 7 percent or 2 million people, mostly Italians, Portuguese, Germans and Spaniards. However, the influx of 4 million European immigrants between 1870 and 1920 significantly altered the racial composition of the country. From 1901 to 1920, immigration was responsible for only 7 percent of Brazilian population growth, but in the years of high immigration, from 1891 to 1900, the share was as high as 30 percent (higher than Argentina's 26 percent in the 1880s).

The countries in the Americas that received a major wave of European immigrants from 1820s to the early 1930s were: the United States (32.5 million), Argentina (6.5 million), Canada (5 million), Brazil (4.5 million), Venezuela (2.2 million), Cuba (1.3 million), Chile (728,000), Uruguay (713,000). Other countries that received a more modest immigration flow (accounting for less than 10 percent of total European emigration to Latin America) were: Mexico (226,000), Colombia (126,000), Puerto Rico (62,000), Peru (30,000), and Paraguay (21,000).

Arrivals in the 19th and the 20th centuries

Legacy

Distribution

After the Age of Discovery, different ethnic European communities began to emigrate out of Europe with particular concentrations in Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada, Argentina, Uruguay, Colombia, Venezuela, Cuba, Costa Rica, Brazil, Chile, and Puerto Rico where they came to constitute a European-descended majority population. It is important to note, however, that these statistics rely on identification with a European ethnic group in censuses, and as such are subjective (especially in the case of mixed origins). Nations and regions outside Europe with significant populations:

Canada
In the first Canadian census in 1871, 98.5% chose a European origin with it slightly decreasing to 96.3% declared in 1971. In the 2016 census, 19,683,320 self-identified with a European ethnic origin, the largest being of British Isles origins (11,211,850). Individually, they are English (6,320,085), Scottish (4,799,005), French (4,680,820), Irish (4,627,000), German (3,322,405), Italian (1,587,965).

United States
At the time of the first U.S. census in 1790, 80.7% of the American people self-identified as White, where it remained above that level, even reaching as high as 90% prior to the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. However, numerically it increased from 3.17 million (1790) to 199.6 million exactly two hundred years later (1990).

Mexico

The European Mexican population is estimated by the government in 2010 as 47% of the population (56 million) using phenotypical traits (skin color) as the criteria. The use of skin color palettes as the primary criteria to estimate the ethnoracial groups that inhabit a given country has its origin in the investigations produced by Princeton and Vanderbilt Universities, which found it to be more accurate than self-identification particularly in Latin America, where the different discourses that exist in regards to national identity have rendered previous attempts to estimate ethnic groups unreliable. If the criterion used is the presence of blond hair, it is 18% - 23%.

Caribbean and Central America

Cubans of European origin (primarily Spanish) reached its highest proportion during the early to mid twentieth century. In 1943 the census showed 74.3% (3,553,312 people) self identified as (blanco) white.

In Costa Rica 83.7% of the population is White and Mestizo. Other sources estimate different results between whites and mestizos. Most are of Spanish and Italian descent, however there are also German, Polish and French communities. During the last half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, it welcomed more than 100,000 Europeans, mainly from Spain and Italy. It is estimated that about 50,000 Spaniards and Italians, 10,000 Germans and 40,000 Europeans of other nationalities, especially from France Poland and England. Costa Rica had the greatest European migratory impact in Central America. When Costa Rica became independent, the population was barely 60,000 inhabitants.

In El Salvador 12.7% of the population identifies as "white", 86.3% of the population were mestizo or people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry. The majority being Spanish descendants from Galicia and Asturias. In El Salvador, settlement peaked between 1880 and 1920, when 120,000 European and Arab immigrants entered the country, the Europeans being mostly Italians, Spanish and Germans.

In Guatemala, 5% of the population is of European descent, primarily of either Spanish and German origins. Many German, Italian and Spanish Families arrived in Guatemala, the Germans for their part were the largest group, Immigration had a massive character

South America
In Argentina, 85% of the population or 38,416,407 are estimated to be of European descent.

The Falkland Islanders are mainly of European descent, especially British, and can trace their heritage back 9 generations or 200 years. In 2016, the census showed that 42.9 percent were native born and 27.4 percent were born in the U.K. (the second largest birthplace) for a total of more than 70 percent. The Falkland Islands were entirely unoccupied and were first claimed by Britain in 1765. Settlers largely from the United Kingdom, especially Scotland and Wales arrived after the 1830s. The total population of then islands grew from a 287 estimate in 1851 to 3,200 in the most recent 2016 census.
The Origins of Falkland Islanders historically had a Gaucho presence.

In Peru the official 2017 census, 5.9% or (1.3 mil) 1,336,931 people 12 years of age and above self-identified their ancestors as White or of European descent. This was the first time a question on race or ancestors had been asked since the 1940 census. There were 619,402 (5.5%) males and 747,528 (6.3%) females. The region with the highest proportion of Peruvians with self-identified European or white origins was in the La Libertad Region (10.5%), Tumbes Region and Lambayeque Region (9.0%). Most are descendants of early Spanish settlers with substantial numbers of Italians and Germans.

Australia and New Zealand

Using data from the 2016 census, it was estimated that around 58% of the Australian population were Anglo-Celtic Australians with 18% being of other European origins, a total of 76% for European ancestries as a whole. As of 2016, the majority of Australians of European descent are of English (36.1%), Irish (11.0%), Scottish (9.3%), Italian (4.6%), German (4.5%), Greek (1.8%) and Dutch (1.6%) ancestries. A large proportion —33.5%— chose to identify as 'Australian', however the census Bureau has stated that most of these are of old Anglo-Celtic colonial stock.

Europeans historically (especially Anglo-Celtic) and presently are still the largest ethnic group in New Zealand. Their proportion of the total New Zealand population has been decreasing gradually since the 1916 census where they formed 95.1 percent. The 2018 official census had over 3 million people or 71.76% of the population were ethnic Europeans, with 64.1% choosing the New Zealand European option alone.

African coast (Macaronesia)

Canary Islanders are the descendants of Spaniards who settled the Canary Islands. The Canarian people include long-tenured and new waves of Spanish immigrants, including Andalucians, Galicians, Castilians, Catalans, Basques and Asturians of Spain; and Portuguese, Italians, Dutch or Flemings, and French. As of 2019, 72.1% or 1,553,078 were native Canary islanders with a further 8.2% born in mainland Spain. Many of European origins including those of Isleño (islander) lineage have also moved to the islands, such as those from Venezuela and Cuba. Presently there are 49,170 from Italy, 25,619 from Germany, United Kingdom (25,521) and others from Romania, France and Portugal.

Asia
In Asia, European-derived populations (specifically Russians), predominate in North Asia and some parts of Northern Kazakhstan.

Approximately 5-7 million Muslim migrants from the Balkans (from Bulgaria 1.15 million-1.5 million; Greece 1.2 million; Romania, 400,000; Former Yugoslavia, 800,000), Russia (500,000), the Caucasus (900,000 of whom 2/3 remained the rest going to Syria, Jordan and Cyprus) and Syria (500,000 mostly as a result of the Syrian Civil War) arrived in Ottoman Anatolia and modern Turkey from 1783 to 2016 of whom 4 million came by 1924, 1.3 million came post-1934 to 1945 and more than 1.2 million before the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War. Today, between a third and a quarter of Turkey's population of almost 80 million have ancestry from these Muhacirs.

Populations of European descent

See also

References

Bibliography

European diaspora
European people
Europe
Western culture


The high courts in Malaysia are the third-highest courts in the hierarchy of courts, after the Federal Court and the Court of Appeal. Article 121 of the Constitution of Malaysia provides that there shall be two high courts of co-ordinate jurisdiction—the High Court in Malaya and the High Court in Sabah and Sarawak (before 1994, the High Court in Borneo). Before 1969, the High Court in Singapore was also part of the Malaysian courts system (see Law of Singapore).

The High Court in Malaya has its principal registry in Kuala Lumpur, with other registries to be found in all states in Peninsular Malaysia, while the High Court in Sabah and Sarawak has its principal registry in Kuching, with other registries elsewhere in Sabah and Sarawak. There are in total 22 high court registries across all 13 states in Malaysia. The two High Courts also travel on circuit to other smaller towns.

The two high courts, the Court of Appeal and the Federal Court are classified as superior courts, while the magistrates' courts and the sessions courts are classified as the subordinate courts. The high courts function both as a court of original jurisdiction as well as an appellate court, and are each headed by a chief judge (before 1994, chief justice). The chief judges of Malaya and Sabah and Sarawak are the third and fourth highest positions in Malaysian judiciary after the Chief Justice of the Federal Court (before 1994, the Lord President of the Federal Court) and the President of the Court of Appeal.

High court registries in Malaysia
All high court registries and the subordinate courts found in Peninsular Malaysia including the courts in the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya are under the jurisdiction of the High Court in Malaya. Similarly, all courts found in East Malaysia are under the jurisdiction of the High Court in Sabah and Sarawak including the courts in the Federal Territory of Labuan.

List of chief justices and chief judges

Malaya

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Malayan Union (1946-1948)
1947–1948: Harold Curwen Willan

Chief Justice of the Federation of Malaya (1957–1963)
 1957–1963: Tun Sir James Thomson

Lord Presidents of the Federal Court of Malaysia (1963–1994)

 1963–1966: Tun Sir James Thomson
 1966–1968: Tun Syed Sheh Hassan Barakbah
 1966–1974: Tun Mohamed Azmi Mohamed
 1974–1982: Tun Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim
 1982–1984: Raja Tun Azlan Shah
 1984–1988: Tun Salleh Abas
 1988–1994: Tun Abdul Hamid Omar

Chief Justice of Malaya (prior to 1994, when the position was downgraded to Chief Judge of Malaya)
1963-1966: Syed Sheh Barakbah
1966-1968: Mohamed Azmi Mohamed
1968-1973: Ong Hock Thye
1973-1974: Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim
1974-1979: Pajan Sarwan Singh Gill
1979-1982: Raja Azlan Shah (later 34th Sultan of Perak and 9th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia)
1982-1984: Salleh Abas
1984-1989: Abdul Hamid Omar
1989-1992: Hashim Yeop Sani
1992-1994: Gunn Chit Tuan

Some modern texts will refer to them as Chief Judges.

Chief Judge of Malaya (since 1994)
 1994: Mohamed Eusoff Chin
 1994–1997: Anuar Zainal Abidin
 1997–2000: Wan Adnan Ismail
 2000–2002: Ahmad Fairuz Abdul Halim
 2002–2004: Haidar Mohamed Noor
 2004–2006: Siti Norma Yaakob
 2007–2008: Alauddin Sheriff
 2008–2011: Arifin Zakaria
 2011–2017: Zulkefli Ahmad Makinudin
 2017–2018: Ahmad Maarop
 2018–2019: Zaharah Ibrahim
 2019–2022: Azahar Mohamed
 2023–present: Mohamad Zabidin

Borneo (North Borneo (Sabah) and Sarawak)

Singapore

See also
 Chief Justice of the Straits Settlements
 Federal Court of Malaysia
 Malaysian Court of Appeal
 Judiciary of Malaysia
 Lord President of the Federal Court
 Chief Justice of Malaysia
 President of the Court of Appeal of Malaysia
 Chief Judge of Sabah and Sarawak
 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal

References

Malaysia
Judiciary of Malaysia
Chief justices of Malaysia


Robert James Irvine (born 17 January 1942) is a Northern Irish former footballer who played in the Football League for Stoke City. His younger brother Willie was a star striker for Burnley in the sixties.

Club career

Linfield
Irvine was signed by Linfield as a teenager in 1957 from Carrick Tech and established himself in the first team at Windsor Park when at 16. In the fifties, he featured in some of the south Belfast club's earliest European Cup games. Irvine found disfavour with the Linfield selection committee during the 1960–61 season and at one stage it seemed he would be released.

Stoke City
In June 1963 Irvine was transferred to Stoke City for £6,000 and made his debut in the opening game of the season, a 2–1 defeat of Spurs. He lost his place after seven games, however, to Lawrie Leslie and remained out of the side for the most of the season. Irvine did pick up a League Cup runners-up medal at the end of his first season. He was largely out of favour in 1964–65, making just one league appearance but returned to the first team the following year. Irvine was given the honour of captaining Stoke in a League Cup tie against Burnley, who were captained in that game by his brother Willie. The idea of them both captaining their sides came from Clarets' manager Harry Potts. The brothers met in the centre circle to shake hands and toss the coin and then played against each other for the first time since schooldays. Irvine's career at the Victoria Ground was brought to an end after an FA Cup third-round game against Walsall. He gave away a penalty that helped the Third Division side to a 2–0 win. Furious with Irvine's antics, manager Tony Waddington never picked him again.

International career
Irvine was capped at both schoolboy and Under 23 level for Northern Ireland before making his senior debut against the Netherlands in Rotterdam in 1962. He was brought in to replace Harry Gregg and would keep his place for the next six international matches. Irvine made his eighth and final international appearance in 1965 against Wales.

Career statistics

Club
Source:

International
Source:

References

External links
Northern Ireland's Footballing Greats

1942 births
Men's association football goalkeepers
Association footballers from County Antrim
Men's association footballers from Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland men's international footballers
Linfield F.C. players
Stoke City F.C. players
Ulster Scots people
Living people
English Football League players
Sportspeople from Carrickfergus


Polynuclear may refer to:

Chemistry

 multiple rings in a polycyclic compound

Biology

 Multinucleate, containing multiple nuclei


The 1967 Spanish Grand Prix was a Formula One non-championship race held at Jarama on 12 November 1967.

This race was held because at that time the FIA regulations required a demonstration race to be held as a quality check, before a Grand Prix could be admitted as a World Championship event. Due to the scheduling of the race, after the end of the World Championship season, few Formula One teams decided to participate. With only four Formula One cars entered, the field was filled out by Formula Two cars weighted with lead to bring them up to the Formula One weight limit.

Entry
Only four Formula One cars were entered for the race, including two Lotus 49s for the two primary Team Lotus drivers, Jim Clark and Graham Hill. Lotus had also brought a Formula Two Lotus 48 which they hoped to sell to local driver Alex Soler-Roig. The other two F1 cars were a Ferrari 312/67 entered by Scuderia Ferrari for Andrea de Adamich, and a Brabham BT20 which Jack Brabham was to drive.

The Formula Two entry included many of the regular F2 season entrants. BMW entered two Lola T100s for Jo Siffert and Hubert Hahne, and Brian Redman brought his own Cosworth-engined Lola T100. Tyrrell fielded a Matra MS5 for Jacky Ickx, and a Matra MS7 for Jackie Stewart. Matra themselves entered three cars: an MS5 for Johnny Servoz-Gavin, and two MS7s for Henri Pescarolo and Jean-Pierre Beltoise. There was another MS5 for Jo Schlesser, entered by Ecurie Ford France. Three other drivers brought Brabhams: Chris Lambert and Robert Lamplough had Brabham BT21As, and Alan Rees had a Roy Winkelmann BT23. The other entrant was Alan Rollinson in his McLaren M4A.

Qualifying

Qualifying report
The two Formula One Lotuses were on the front row of the grid, with Clark 1.5 seconds faster than Hill. Stewart in the Formula Two Matra MS7 achieved the same time as Hill, and lined up alongside the Lotuses on the three-car front row. De Adamich managed fifth in the Ferrari on his debut in an F1 car, while the other F1 car of Jack Brabham lined up seventh. The F2 cars filled the rest of the grid, although Soler-Roig decided not to purchase the Lotus 48 he practiced, and so did not take part in the race.

Qualifying classification
Note: a blue background indicates a Formula Two entrant.

Race

Race report
In the race, Clark led from start to finish. Hill held second place throughout the race, although Siffert briefly challenged. The first retirement was Lamplough, who suffered a gearbox failure on his Brabham-Lotus on lap 2. Rollinson dropped out on lap 8 with a broken brake pedal, and Hahne's engine failed on lap 34.

The next retirement came when Stewart, who had been duelling with Brabham for fourth place behind Siffert, slid wide, left the track and crashed into a barrier. Stewart was uninjured. Shortly afterwards on lap 46, the BMW engine in Siffert's Lola caught fire, and he also retired. The order was now Clark, Hill, Brabham, de Adamich and Servoz-Gavin. With five laps to go, de Adamich's Ferrari suffered a puncture, and he lost a lap and a half getting his wheel changed.

Clark took the victory after 60 laps, with Hill 15 seconds behind. Brabham was third, the only other car on the lead lap. Servoz-Gavin finished fourth, ahead of Schlesser, who was suffering from engine problems. Ickx finished sixth, with Pescarolo seventh, two laps down. Redman had stopped to investigate bodywork damage and finished eighth ahead of the recovering de Adamich, while Beltoise came tenth after a pit-stop for shock absorber problems. Rees and Lambert finished a further lap adrift in 11th and 12th respectively.

Race classification
Note: a blue background indicates a Formula Two entrant.

References

Spanish Grand Prix
Spanish Grand Prix
1967 in Spanish motorsport
Spanish


The Experimental Squadrons also known as Evolutionary Squadrons of the Royal Navy were groups of ships sent out in the 1830s and 1840s to test new techniques of ship design, armament, building and propulsion against old ones.  They came about as a result of conflict between the "empirical" school of shipbuilding (led by William Symonds, Surveyor of the Navy), the "scientific" school led by the first School of Naval Architecture (closed in 1832), and the "traditional" school led by master shipwrights from the royal dockyards.

1831–1832
Admiral Edward Codrington formed a "Squadron of Evolution" for conducting trials on new hull forms. The squadron was formed in 1831 as part of a strategy to sit off the Belgian coast and to encourage a French withdrawal. The French were there to support the Belgians against the Dutch. Later on the ships had to reinforce a British squadron operating in the Tagus, off Lisbon as constitutionalists and absolutist factions waged a civil war ashore.

1832

The Experimental Squadron under command of Sir Pulteney Malcolm held trials in July 1832 off the Irish coast, and again on 14 August off the Scilly Islands.

The trial of 13 July was between HM cutter Emerald (tender to the Victory) and the Paddy from Cork. The Paddy recently lengthened to 99 tons, winning by twelve minutes or nearly one mile.

1844
Determined to prove William Symonds' designs to be failures, the new Tory Board of Admiralty sent out successive "Experimental Squadrons" in the mid-1840s.  In 1844, a brig squadron (including Symonds'  and , the old , and ships by other designers) left Portsmouth on 22 October, followed three days later by a ship of the line squadron under Rear-admiral William Bowles (with the old three-deckers  and  and Symonds' three-decker ).  The ships of the line were joined at Lisbon on 3 November by Symonds' two-decker , and all four arrived back in Portsmouth on 27 November, 9 days before the brig squadron.

1845
On 15 July the following year, the elderly Rear-Admiral Hyde Parker led the pre-Symonds , ,  and , along with Symonds' Queen, Albion,  and , out of Portsmouth Harbour.  The squadron arrived at Cork on 7 September, left on the 18th, and arrived in Plymouth on the 20th.  (In this and all the other 1845 squadrons Queen performed well, having performed badly in the 1844 squadron.)  In Plymouth, the same squadron was transferred to Rear-Admiral Sir Samuel Pym and sailed on 21 October, returning to the same port on 3 December.  The third and final 1845 cruise lasted 43 days and consisted solely of the two deckers from the previous two (Albion, Vanguard, Superb, Rodney and Canopus), accompanied by a brig from the 1844 squadron, .  It sailed from Plymouth on 21 October, led, not by an admiral (those then available were all very old and infirm, and the Admiralty placed little confidence in them), but by successive captains in the squadron acting as commodore (Moresby in Canopus, and then Willes in Vanguard).

1846
A final set of cruises occurred in April to July 1846 starting at Cobh under Commodore Sir Francis Collier in the Napoleonic-era , with a "squadron of evolution" made up of sailing ships of the line and steam-ships, including: , , , , , , , , and . Paddle steamers: , , , , , and  (the Navy's first screw propeller ship.

Results
Outside factors in the 1840s tests, such as individual captains' political bias or stowage's influence on how well a ship sailed, were underappreciated and so in October 1847 - in the face of the Board's institution of  a "Committee of Reference" the previous year to oversee him and modify his designs according to the Board's wishes - Symonds resigned his role.

Commanders

References

Sources
Experimental Squadrons at the William Loney website

External links

19th-century history of the Royal Navy
Royal Navy squadrons
Royal Navy
1830s in the United Kingdom
1840s in the United Kingdom


Her Brother's Keeper may refer to:
"Her Brother's Keeper", an episode of Gargoyles
"Her Brother's Keeper", an episode of Saved by the Bell: The New Class
Her Brother's Keeper, a novel by Lillian Spender

See also
 Brother's keeper (disambiguation)
 My Brother's Keeper (disambiguation)
 His Brother's Keeper (disambiguation)


Bresle (; Picard: Brèle) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Bresle is situated on the D226 road, some  northwest of Amiens.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

External links

 Bresle on the Quid website

Communes of Somme (department)


The Canon FD 35mm f/2.0 lens was manufactured by Canon for the FD lens mount. It was sold in a number of variations over the years, and was the fastest Canon lens in the 35mm focal length before the debut of the EF 35mm f1.4.

Breech-Lock Mount (FD)

 Black Bayonet Mount, Concave Front Element, Min Aperture f/16
 Black Bayonet Mount, Concave Front Element, SSC Coating, Min Aperture f/16
 Chrome Bayonet Mount, Concave Front Element, SSC Coating, Min Aperture f/16
 Chrome Bayonet Mount, Convex Front Element, SSC Coating, Min Aperture f/22

Bayonet Mount (nFD)
With a 10-element, 8-group construction, the new FD 35mm f/2 was approximately 25 percent shorter and 29 percent lighter than the earlier FD design.
 Black, Convex Front Element, Standard New FD Coating, Min Aperture f/22

Thorium
Most or all old FD versions of the lens (identified by their silver rather than black bayonet mount, coupled with a concave front glass element) contained the radioactive element Thorium in some of their optical elements. This has created concerns that these lenses may not be safe for regular use (for your own evaluation, see measurements and references in the above source lummukka.com).
On top of health risks any user must evaluate for themselves, the thoriated glass elements develop a yellow tint over time, reducing transmission and interfering with neutral color reproduction. The internet holds tips involving ultraviolet light to at least temporarily remove the tint.
A legend has been prevailing whereby these Thorium (Old FD) lenses were sharper side-to-side and at all apertures than the subsequent New FD version. Believers claim this to be due to the properties of Thorium dioxide glass with its enhanced refractive indices. However, direct comparisons have revealed that advances in optical design and lens coating had eliminated any shortcomings by the time the (non-radioactive) New FD version arrived. Compare  and.

External links
 http://www.lummukka.com/canonfd35.html
 FD Lenses - Canon Camera Museum
 New FD Lenses - Canon Camera Museum
 http://www.verybiglobo.com/which-35mm-lens-is-the-best-battle-of-35mm-lenses-on-sony-nex-7-part-i-bokeh/

References

Canon FD lenses


The Baader Meinhof Complex (, ) is a 2008 German drama film directed by Uli Edel. Written and produced by Bernd Eichinger, it stars Moritz Bleibtreu, Martina Gedeck, and Johanna Wokalek. The film is based on the 1985 German best selling non-fiction book of the same name by Stefan Aust. It retells the story of the early years of the West German far-left terrorist organisation the Rote Armee Fraktion (Red Army Fraction, or Red Army Faction, a.k.a. RAF) from 1967 to 1977.

The film was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the 81st Academy Awards. It was also nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the 66th Golden Globe Awards.

Plot
On 2 June 1967, the Shah of Iran visits West Berlin and attends a performance at the Deutsche Oper. Angered at his policies in governing Iran, members of the West German student movement protest. The police and the Shah's security team attack the protesters, and unarmed protester Benno Ohnesorg is fatally shot by Officer Karl-Heinz Kurras.

Ohnesorg's death outrages West Germany, including left wing journalist Ulrike Meinhof, who claims in a televised debate that the democratically elected government of West Germany is a fascist police state. Inspired by Meinhof's rhetoric, charismatic radicals Gudrun Ensslin and Andreas Baader mastermind the  of 1968. While covering their trial, Ulrike Meinhof finds herself deeply moved by their commitment to armed struggle against what they see as a Neo-Nazi Government. She secures a jailhouse interview with Ensslin and the two strike up a close friendship. Soon after, Meinhof leaves her husband for journalist Peter Homann, an associate of the radicals.

Meanwhile, Ensslin and Baader have been released pending an appeal and attract various young people, including Astrid Proll and Peter-Jurgen Boock. After spending some time abroad, Baader, Ensslin and Proll return to West Germany and begin living with Meinhof. Increasingly bored with her middle-class life, Meinhof longs to take more violent action. Even though Ensslin tells her that sacrifices must be made for the revolution, Meinhof does not wish to leave her children. But then, Baader is arrested. Using her connections, Meinhof arranges for him to be interviewed off prison grounds, where Ensslin and the others spring him from custody. While the plan called for Meinhof to look like an innocent journalist caught in a prison break, she flees with Baader and Ensslin, thereby incriminating herself in the attempted murders of an unarmed civilian and two policemen.

After leaving Meinhof's two children in Sicily, the group receives training in a Fatah camp in Jordan, where the egotistical and promiscuous Germans enrage their Muslim hosts. Homann leaves the group after overhearing Meinhof, Baader, and Ensslin asking Fatah to kill him. Having also learned that Meinhof wishes to send her two children to a training camp for suicide bombers, Homann informs Meinhof's former colleague Stefan Aust, who returns the children to their father.

Returning to Germany and styling themselves the Red Army Faction (RAF), Baader and his followers launch a campaign of bank robberies. In response, BKA chief Horst Herold orders all local police to be put at Federal command for one day. During that day, RAF member Petra Schelm drives through a roadblock and is chased by two cops. When cornered, she initiates a gunfight and is fatally shot by their return fire. Regarding this as murder, Baader and Ensslin overrule Meinhof's objections and begin systematically bombing police stations and United States Military bases. As grisly footage of the maimed and the dead appears onscreen, Meinhof's press statements rationalizing the bombings are heard in voiceover.

As things escalate, Herold orders the BKA to pioneer criminal profiling and RAF members begin to be arrested. Baader and Holger Meins are caught after a shoot-out with police. Ensslin and Meinhof are captured soon after. In separate prisons, the RAF inmates stage a hunger strike which results in Meins' death. The German student movement considers this to be murder. The authorities then move Baader, Ensslin, Meinhof, and Jan-Carl Raspe to Stammheim Prison, where they work on their defense for their trial and smuggle orders outside.

In 1975, a group of younger RAF recruits seize the West German embassy in Stockholm where they murder two hostages. The siege ends with an explosion which injures all the terrorists and hostages. RAF member Ulrich Wessel dies two hours later in a local hospital while Siegfried Hausner is critically wounded, extradited to West Germany and dies in a prison hospital. The imprisoned RAF members are appalled by the poor execution of their orders. Meanwhile, Herold's assistant asks why people who have never met Baader are willing to take orders from him. Herold replies, "A myth."

Meinhof, suffering from depression and remorse over the deaths caused by their bombings, is subjected to sadistic emotional abuse by Baader and Ensslin, who call her a traitor and "a knife in the RAF's back". In response, Meinhof hangs herself in her cell. The imprisoned RAF members accuse West Germany's Government of murdering her during their trial and are widely believed.

Upon completing her sentence, Brigitte Mohnhaupt takes over command of the RAF. She informs Boock that Baader has forbidden any more attacks on "the people" and enlists his help smuggling weapons into Stammheim. In retaliation for the "murders" of Meins, Hausner, and Meinhof, the RAF assassinates West Germany's Attorney General, Siegfried Buback. Mohnhaupt, Christian Klar, and Susanne Albrecht, also attempt to kidnap Dresdner Bank President Jürgen Ponto, who fights back and is shot dead. Knowing that the imprisoned RAF members have ordered both murders, the West German Government returns them to solitary confinement. Even so, Ensslin and Baader obtain two-way radios and continue smuggling orders outside.

Mohnhaupt then abducts industrialist Hanns-Martin Schleyer and demands the release of her imprisoned comrades in exchange for not killing him. When West German authorities fail to meet their demands, the RAF and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine hijack Lufthansa Flight 181. The hijacking ends with the plane being stormed and the hostages saved. In Stammheim, Baader warns a West German Government negotiator that the violence will continue to escalate. Ensslin makes the same prediction to the prison chaplain and claims that the West German Government is about to murder her and her imprisoned comrades.

The following morning, corrections officers find Baader and Raspe shot to death in their cells as the handguns Mohnhaupt smuggled into the prison lie nearby. Ensslin is found hanging from the steel bars of the window. They also find Irmgard Möller stabbed four times in the chest, but still alive. When the news reaches the free RAF members, they are devastated and certain that the trio was murdered. To their shock, Mohnhaupt explains that Baader, Ensslin, Möller, and Raspe "are not victims and never were". She explains that they, like Meinhof, were "in control of the outcome until the very end". When the RAF members react with stunned disbelief, Mohnhaupt responds, "You did not know them. Stop thinking that they were different than they were."

In a sign that RAF terrorism will continue, the last moments of the film show the murder of hostage Hanns-Martin Schleyer. In an ironic commentary on the violence of the era, Bob Dylan's "Blowin' in the Wind" plays during the credits.

Cast

Production
The film began production in August 2007 with filming at several locations including Berlin, Munich, Stammheim Prison, Rome and Morocco. The film was subsidized by several film financing boards to the sum of EUR 6.5 million.

The American trailer is narrated by actor Will Lyman, a voice commonly associated with serious documentary films.

Distribution and reception

The film premiered on 15 September 2008, in Munich and was commercially released in Germany on 25 September 2008. The film was chosen as Germany's official submission to the 81st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film.

The Baader Meinhof Complex  has an approval rating of 85% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 100 reviews, and an average rating of 7.04/10. The website's critical consensus states, "Intricately researched and impressively authentic slice of modern German History, with a terrific cast, assured direction, and a cracking script". Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 76 out of 100, based on 22 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a favourable review, praising the acting and storytelling, but also noting a lack of character development in certain parts. A mixed review with similar criticism was published in Variety. Fionnuala Halligan of Screen International praised the film's excellent production values as well as the efficient and crisp translation of a fascinating topic to film, but felt that the plot flatlines emotionally and does not hold much dramatic suspense for younger and non-European audiences unfamiliar with the film's historical events.

Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic wrote The Baader Meinhof Complex was 'A dynamic and fascinating account of the German terrorists of the 1970s'.

Anglo-American author and journalist Christopher Hitchens lavishly praised The Baader-Meinhof Complex in a review for Vanity Fair. He singled out what he considered "the filmmakers' decision to strike against Hollywood's usual practice of glamorizing Marxist insurgents" by making an explicit connection between revolutionary and criminal violence. By slowly erasing the difference between the two, Hitchens wrote that the film exposed the "uneasy relationship between sexuality and cruelty, and between casual or cynical attitudes to both," as well as the
RAF's tendency to offer unquestioning support to the most extreme factions of the Marxist and Islamist underground. Relating his own memories of West Germany during the era, Hitchens further described the RAF as "a form of psychosis" that swept through the former Axis powers of Germany, Japan, and Italy a generation after the end of the Second World War. Comparing the RAF to the Japanese Red Army and the Italian Red Brigades, Hitchens wrote, "The propaganda of the terrorists showed an almost neurotic need to 'resist authority' in a way that their parents' generation had so terribly failed to do." In conclusion, Hitchens praised the film's depiction of an escalating cycle of violence and paranoia in "which mania feeds upon itself and becomes hysterical."

Film and Red Army Faction historian Christina Gerhardt wrote a more critical review for Film Quarterly. Arguing that its nonstop action failed to engage the historical and political events depicted, she wrote "During its 150 minutes, the film achieves action-film momentum—bombs exploding, bullets spraying, and glass shattering—and this inevitably comes at the expense of quasi journalistic exposé or historical excavation."

French movie director Olivier Assayas, who had previously made a film about left-wing terrorist Carlos the Jackal, wrote that the film addresses a very painful subject for modern Germany and called it, "some kind of revolution." He admitted, however, that his own perspective was limited: "I’m not German and I’m not an expert, but I never really bought the collective suicide theory. For me it’s absolutely impossible to believe. So I don’t think The Baader Meinhof Complex fully addresses the issue. The supposed suicides in Stammheim prison are for me the elephant in the living room of German politics dealing with that subject. You have to take a position on the subject and face it. The Baader Meinhof Complex doesn’t exactly face it."

The Filmbewertungsstelle Wiesbaden, Germany's national agency which evaluates movies on their artistic, documentary and historical significance, gave the movie the rating "especially valuable." In their explanatory statement the committee says: "the film tries to do justice to the terrorists as well as to the representatives of the German state by describing both sides with an equally objective distance." The committee summarized the film as: "German history as a big movie production: impressive, authentic, political, tantalizing."

Reception from the families of those killed by the RAF
Prior to seeing the film, Michael Buback, the son of West German Attorney General Siegfried Buback, expressed doubts that the film would seriously attempt to present the historical truth. He later amended this statement after seeing the film, but expressed regret that The Baader-Meinhof Complex concentrates almost exclusively on members of the RAF, which carried the danger that viewers would identify too strongly with the protagonists.

As a protest against the "distorted" and "almost completely false" portrayal of the RAF's assassination of banker Jürgen Ponto, Ignes Ponto, his widow and witness, returned her Federal Cross of Merit. She further accused the German government, which co-produced the film through various film financing funds, as jointly responsible for the "public humiliations" suffered by the Ponto family. Jürgen Ponto's daughter Corinna, also made a statement calling the film's violation of her family's privacy "wrong" and "particularly perfidious."

Jörg Schleyer, the son of murdered Confederation of German Employers' Associations President Hanns Martin Schleyer, praised the film. In an interview with Der Spiegel, Schleyer expressed a belief that The Baader-Meinhof Complex accurately portrays the RAF, for the first time in a German film, as, "a ruthless and merciless gang of murderers." Commenting on the film's graphic violence, he said, "Only a movie like this can show young people how brutal and bloodthirsty the RAF's actions were at that time."

Extended version
The German TV channel ARD aired the film split in two parts with new footage added to each part. This extended version was later released in Germany on DVD as well. The first part adds ten minutes and 41 seconds of new footage, the second part 3 minutes and 41 seconds.

References

Bibliography
  (English translation The Baader-Meinhof Complex published 2008 by The Bodley Head, )

External links
  (US)

 Tragedy, Terrorism, and Glamor: A Review of The Baader Meinhof Complex

2008 films
2008 biographical drama films
2000s political thriller films
Biographical films about people convicted on terrorism charges
German biographical drama films
French biographical drama films
Czech biographical drama films
2000s German-language films
Films directed by Uli Edel
Films based on non-fiction books
Films set in Berlin
Films set in France
Films set in West Germany
Films set in Jordan
Films set in Iraq
Films set in Italy
Films set in Sweden
Films set in the 1960s
Films set in the 1970s
Films shot in Berlin
Films shot in Germany
Films shot in Italy
Films shot in Morocco
Cultural depictions of the Red Army Faction
Terrorism in Germany
Films produced by Bernd Eichinger
Films with screenplays by Bernd Eichinger
2008 drama films
2000s French films
2000s German films


His Brother's Keeper may refer to:

 His Brother's Keeper (1921 film), an American silent film directed by Wilfrid North
 His Brother's Keeper (1940 film), a British film written by Brock Williams
 His Brother's Keeper, a 1993 novel by Peter Rawlinson, Baron Rawlinson of Ewell
 His Brother's Keeper: A Story from the Edge of Medicine, a 2004 book by Jonathan Weiner
 His Brother's Keeper: The Life and Murder of Tennessee Williams, a 1983 biography by Dakin Williams, brother of Tennessee Williams

See also
 Brother's keeper (disambiguation)
 My Brother's Keeper (disambiguation)
 Her Brother's Keeper (disambiguation)


The list below contains information on the different types of media available in the Celtic languages.

All languages
Only a handful of media contain all the Celtic languages. An example is Carn magazine, which has contained columns in all six languages since its 1970s inception.

The 2019 documentary series Tide was produced in Irish, Welsh and Scottish Gaelic editions.

Welsh

Irish

Scottish Gaelic

The following media are produced in the Scottish Gaelic language:

Television

Digital and satellite channels
 BBC Alba is a Gaelic-language television channel. The channel launched on 19 September 2008 and is now available in all Scottish homes after launching on Freeview on 8 June 2011. It is currently available across the UK on Sky channel 142, Freesat channel 109, Virgin Media channel 161 and online, with Freeview coverage available in Scotland only. The channel is funded by the Scottish Government, MG Alba and Bòrd na Gàidhlig. It costs £14 million a year to operate. The BBC Gàidhlig department is jointly responsible for the channel with MG Alba. Gaelic programming on BBC Two Scotland is to continue until the digital switchover is completed in 2012. It also has radio facilities, broadcasting BBC Radio nan Gàidheal, based in Stornoway.
 TeleG was a digital channel on Freeview only. It broadcast for only one hour a day before being replaced by BBC Alba.

Other
 BBC Gàidhlig is the Gaelic department of Scottish national broadcaster BBC Scotland. It offers some Gaelic programmes such as Eòrpa, Dè a-nis? and Air ais air an Ràn Dàn.
 STV is a major contributor to Gaelic programmes showing about four hours a week.

Radio

Radio stations broadcasting completely in Gaelic
 BBC Radio nan Gàidheal is a Gaelic-language radio station, founded in Stornoway and broadcast from 1985 to 89 under the name Radio Nan Eilean, when it joined with other BBC Scotland radio stations (mainly Inverness and BBC's HQ in Glasgow). It is available around Scotland on FM and internationally online with an annual budget of £4 million.

Radio stations with some Gaelic programmes
 Isles FM is a radio station based in the Outer Hebrides broadcasting programmes in English and Gaelic.
 Two Lochs Radio is a small radio station in the Scottish Highlands.
 Cuillin FM is Skye's main radio station and has several shows each week in Gaelic.
 Moray Firth Radio
 Reidio Guth nan Gàidheal a volunteer online radio station in English and Gaelic
 Scottish Radio South Australia a volunteer radio programme producing a monthly bilingual programme in Australia through 5EBI.

Print

 An Gàidheal Ùr was a Gaelic publication which ran for ten years until March 2009. It was available online or free in some local newspapers.
 Additionally, some Scottish newspapers, such as Scotland on Sunday, Press and Journal (Highland edition) and The Scotsman print columns in Gaelic.
 Local Stornoway paper Stornoway Gazette carries some Gaelic articles.
 West Highland Free Press includes Gaelic columns, Litir do Luchd Ionnsachaidh for learners, and also has part of its letterhead in Gaelic.
 Irish language magazine Nós, with a mainly young readership, has some articles in Scottish Gaelic.
 An Teachdaire Gaedhealach is published by Comunn Gàidhlig Astrailia (the Scottish Gaelic Association of Australia) with articles written side-by-side in Gaelic and English. It has been published on and off in Australia since 1982.

Publishers
Publishers which issue all, or some of their content in Gaelic include:
 Argyll
 Birlinn
 Gairm Publications
 Luath
 Ùr-sgeul
 Akerbeltz

Internet
 Naidheachdan BBC  (BBC News)
 Clì Gàidhlig  (The Voice of Gaelic Learners)
 Bòrd na Gàidhlig
 MG Alba  (Gaelic Media Service)
 Fòram na Gàidhlig  (Gaelic language forum)

Manx
The following media are produced in the Manx language:

Radio programmes
 Traa dy Liooar ('Time Enough') is on Manx Radio every Monday from 5:05pm to 6.00pm. Traa dy Liooar is a magazine programme, and is hosted by Bob Carswell.
 Jamys Jeheiney ('Jamys on Friday') is on Manx Radio every Friday from 5:05pm to 6.00pm. Jamys Jeheiney is a Gaelic language world music programme alternately hosted by Jamys O'Meara and Jamys Kinree.
 Claare ny Gael ('Gaelic Programme') is on Manx Radio every Sunday from 8.00pm to 9.00pm.
 Shiaght Laa ('Seven Days') programme every Wednesday from 6.00pm to 6.30pm.

Print publications
 Manx language columns occasionally appear in the Isle of Man Examiner, including Brian Stowell's serialised novel, The Vampire Murders.
 The Family Manx magazine (a free publication) regularly carry Manx language articles, including a recipe in each edition.
 The Learn Manx website also publishes Gaelg Vio, a Manx language affairs publication, and also Bun as Bree, an online publication running from April 2011 until May–June 2012 aimed at intermediate-advanced learners discussing Manx grammar and style, written by Chris Lewin.

Visual presentations
 Adrian Cain has prepared a series of interviews and cartoons in Manx Gaelic which are available on YouTube.
The short film Solace in Wicca, produced in 2012 by Culture Vannin, Isle of Man Film and CinemaNX.

Breton
The following media are produced in the Breton language:

Television
 France 3, a few local opt-outs in Breton (ca. 60 hours every year) on the regional service France 3 Bretagne
 TVRennes35, television station broadcasting a number of programmes in Breton
 Tébéo

Radio stations

Broadcasting in Breton only
 Arvorig FM  (in North Finistère)
 Radio Kerne (in South Finistère)

Broadcasting in French and Breton
 Radio Bro Gwened (in Morbihan)
 Radio Kreiz Breizh (in Western Côtes d'Armor)
 RCF Rivages (in Finistère)
 France Bleu Breizh Izel (from Quimper)

Print publications
 Bremañ, monthly magazine containing articles about various topics, including international events, politics, culture, economy, and society

Internet
 Agence Bretagne Presse: http://abp.bzh/
 Brezhoweb, web TV entirely in Breton language
 BreizhVOD, video on demand platform

Cornish
The following media are produced in the Cornish language:

Radio
 An Nowodhow, a 5-minute news bulletin in Cornish is broadcast on BBC Radio Cornwall every Sunday at 5pm. Elizabeth Stewart took over presenting this programme from its long-standing presenter Rod Lyon in 2014.
 Radyo an Gernewegva, a weekly hour-long magazine programme originally just an online radio podcast is now also broadcast on several community radio stations in Cornwall. From 2014 Radio St Austell Bay is broadcasting it every Sunday at midday and Source fm (Falmouth and Penryn) broadcasts the same programme every Tuesday at 1pm.

Print publications
 An Gannas, monthly magazine containing news, fiction, learners' pages and special interest writing, available from Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek
 MyCornwall magazine has parts in Cornish and a Cornish learners' section.

Visual Media
A variety of youtubers produce short videos on the Cornish language and in Cornish.

Diaspora media
 Aisrigh nan Gaidheal, Scottish Gaelic radio programme on CKJM in Cheticamp, Nova Scotia, Canada
 Celtic Family Magazine, quarterly publication distributed in North America serving Celtic communities and their descendants
 Celtic Heritage Magazine, magazine in Nova Scotia, Canada

See also
List of television channels in Celtic languages
Celtic Media Festival

References

External links
 Agence Bretagne Presse
 BBC Alba
 BBC Cymru
 BBC Radio na Gàidheal
 RTÉ  sometimes
 RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta
 S4C
 TG4

Media
Lists of mass media in Ireland
Mass media by language


Solar power includes solar farms as well as local distributed generation, mostly on rooftops and increasingly from community solar  arrays. In 2022, utility-scale solar power generated 145.6 terawatt-hours (TWh), or 3.4% of electricity in the United States. Total solar generation that year, including estimated small-scale photovoltaic generation, was 204 TWh.

As of the end of 2022, the United States had 110.1 gigawatts (GW) of installed photovoltaic (utility and small scale) and concentrated solar power capacity combined. This capacity is exceeded only by China and the European Union. In 2021, 36% of all new electricity generation capacity in the country came from solar, surpassed only by wind with 41%. By 2015, solar employment had overtaken oil and gas as well as coal employment in the United States. In 2020, more than 230,000 Americans were employed in the solar industry.

The United States conducted much early research in photovoltaics and concentrated solar power. It is among the top countries in the world in electricity generated by the sun and several of the world's largest utility-scale installations are located in the desert Southwest. The oldest solar power plant in the world is the 354-megawatt (MW) Solar Energy Generating Systems thermal power plant in California. The Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System is a solar thermal power project in the Mojave Desert, 40 miles (64 km) southwest of Las Vegas, with a gross capacity of 392 MW. The 280 MW Solana Generating Station is a solar power plant near Gila Bend, Arizona, about  southwest of Phoenix, completed in 2013. When commissioned it was the largest parabolic trough plant in the world and the first U.S. solar plant with molten salt thermal energy storage.

There are plans to build many other large solar plants in the United States. Many states have set individual renewable energy goals with solar power being included in various proportions. Hawaii plans 100% renewable-sourced electricity by 2045. Governor Jerry Brown has signed legislation requiring California's utilities to obtain 100 percent of their electricity from zero-carbon sources by the end of 2045 (including 60% renewable energy sources by 2030).

Solar potential

A 2012 report from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) described technically available renewable energy resources for each state and estimated that urban utility-scale photovoltaics could supply 2,232 TWh/year, rural utility-scale PV 280,613 TWh/year, rooftop PV 818 TWh/year, and CSP 116,146 TWh/year, for a total of almost 400,000 TWh/year, 100 times current consumption of 3,856 TWh in 2011.
For comparison, onshore wind potential is estimated at 32,784 TWh/year, and offshore wind at 16,976 TWh/year, while the total available from all renewable resources is estimated at 481,963 TWh/year.

Renewable energy is now the least cost source of power generation, which means the more solar, wind, and energy efficiency chosen over fossil fuels, the lower utility bills will be for everyone.  Securing financing for solar infrastructure in black and indigenous communities and communities of color can ensure the benefits of solar are available to all. Solar's material capacity has the potential to empower communities by allowing them to own and generate their own energy.

History

Solar energy deployment increased at a record pace in the United States and throughout the world in 2008, according to industry reports. The Solar Energy Industries Association's "2008 U.S. Solar Industry Year in Review" found that U.S. solar energy capacity increased by 17% in 2007, reaching the total equivalent of 8,775 megawatts (MW). The SEIA report tallies all types of solar energy, and in 2007 the United States installed 342 MW of solar photovoltaic (PV) electric power, 139 thermal megawatts (MWth) of solar water heating, 762 MWth of pool heating, and 21 MWth of solar space heating and cooling.

Another report in 2008 by research and publishing firm Clean Edge and the nonprofit Co-op America found that solar power's contribution could grow to 10% of the nation's power needs by 2025, with nearly 2% of the nation's electricity coming from concentrating solar power systems, while solar photovoltaic systems would provide more than 8% of the nation's electricity.
Those figures correlate to nearly 50,000 megawatts of solar photovoltaic systems and more than 6,600 megawatts of concentrating solar power. The report noted that the cost per kilowatt-hour of solar photovoltaic systems had been dropping, while electricity generated from fossil fuels was becoming more expensive.
As a result, the report projects that solar power was expected to reach cost parity with conventional power sources in many U.S. markets by 2015.
To reach the 10% goal, solar photovoltaic companies would need to make solar power a "plug-and-play technology", or simplify the deployment of solar systems.
The report also underlines the importance of future "smart grid" technologies.

Solar Energy Industries Association and GTM Research found that the amount of new solar electric capacity increased in 2012 by 76 percent from 2011, raising the United States’ market share of the world's installations above 10 percent, up from roughly 5 to 7 percent in the past seven years.
According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, as of September 2014 utility-scale solar had sent 12,303 gigawatt-hours of electricity to the U.S. grid. This was an increase of over 100% versus the same period in 2013 (6,048 GWh).
The number of homes with solar systems installed had been increasing rapidly; from 30,000 in 2006 to 1.3 million in 2016 with a study by the U.S. Department of Energy predicting the figure could reach 3.8 million homes by 2020.

In 2015 an article reported that utilities in the United States have led a largely unsuccessful campaign to slow the growth of solar.

Solar photovoltaic power

Solar PV installed capacity

In the United States, 14,626 MW of PV was installed in 2016, a 95% increase over 2015 (7,493 MW).
During 2016, 22 states added at least 100 MW of capacity.
Just 4,751 MW of PV installations were completed in 2013. The U.S. had approximately 440 MW of off-grid photovoltaics as of the end of 2010. Through the end of 2005, a majority of photovoltaics in the United States was off-grid.

Solar is expected to account for 51 GW (or 48%) of the new installed generating capacity in the United States from 2022 to 2023.

Solar PV generation

The amount of electricity a unit is capable of producing over an extended period of time is determined by multiplying the capacity by the capacity factor.
The capacity factor for solar photovoltaic units is largely a function of climate and latitude and so varies significantly from state to state.
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory has calculated that the highest statewide average solar voltaic capacity factors are in Arizona, New Mexico, and Nevada (each 26.3 percent), and the lowest is Alaska (10.5 percent).  The lowest statewide average capacity factor in the contiguous 48 states is in West Virginia (17.2 percent).

Solar power by type

The table above gives an indication of the spread of solar power between the different types at the end of 2021. Capacity figures may seem smaller than those quoted by other sources and it is likely that the capacities are measured in MW AC rather than MW DC, the former of which gives a lower reading due to conversion losses during the process by which power is transformed by inverters from direct current to alternating current.

Large-scale PV facilities

Large-scale photovoltaic power plants in the United States often consist of two or more units which correspond to construction stages and/or technology-improvement phases of a particular development project.  Typically these units are co-located in the vicinity of the same high-capacity transmission substation,  and may also feed that substation with other large PV plants which are adjacently sited but separately developed.  As of 2018, the ten largest operating plants in the United States, based on development grouping and total AC power capacity, are:

 The 579 megawatt (MWAC) Solar Star plant (Units I and II) in California was the world's largest photovoltaic power station when completed in 2015. It was superseded later that year by the Longyangxia Dam Solar Park in China.
 The Edwards & Sanborn solar plant in California will have 875MW of solar 3,320 megawatt-hours of energy storage. Upon its completion in 2023, the facility will become the largest of its kind in the United States.
 The Copper Mountain Solar Facility is a 882 MWAC solar power plant in Eldorado Valley, Nevada that consists of four units. Sempra Generation completed the first unit in 2010, and the latest came online in late 2016.
 The Topaz Solar Farm is a 550 MWAC photovoltaic power plant near San Luis Obispo County, California that has been fully operational since November 2014.
 The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm is a 550 MWAC solar power station located in the Sonoran Desert of California and completed in January 2015.
 The 460 MWAC Mount Signal Solar reached its current capacity when unit III came online in late 2018; the project will reach 600 MW when unit II is completed around 2020.
 The 400 MWAC Mesquite Solar project in Arizona consists of three units at the end of 2016 and is still being expanded.
 The Agua Caliente Solar Project is a 290 MWAC facility in Yuma County, Arizona operating at full capacity since April 2014.
 The California Flats Solar Project in Monterey County, California reached a capacity of 280 MWAC when a second unit came online at the end of 2018.
 The Springbok Solar Farm is a 260 MWAC facility in Kern County, California with two units completed. It is expected to reach 350 MW with completion of the third unit in 2019.
 At 250 MWAC each, there are five plants: McCoy Solar Energy Project, Silver State South Solar Project, California Valley Solar Ranch, Desert Stateline Solar Facility, and Moapa Southern Paiute Solar Project.

Distributed generation
Within the cumulative PV capacity in the United States, there has been growth in the distributed generation segment, which are all grid-connected PV installations in the residential and non-residential markets. Non-residential market includes installations on commercial, government, school and non-profit organization properties.

Between 2000 and 2013 there was 2,261 MW of residential solar and 4,051 MW non-residential solar installed. After years of cost reduction, the average US price per watt was between $2.51 to $3.31 in 2020 for 10 kW systems, and $1.05/W for utility systems.

Another type of distributed generation implemented by a utility company was the world's first grid-connected pole-attached solar panels of Public Service Enterprise Group in New Jersey. More than 174,000 PV panels are mounted on utility poles along streets of New Jersey with aggregated capacity of 40 MW.

, there were nearly 5,500 schools in the United States that had solar installations with the total capacity of approximately 910 MW.  The top five states were Nevada, California, Hawaii, Arizona, and New Jersey with 23.10%, 14.50%, 14.50%, 14.10% and 13.00% of the schools in the respective states that had installations. , there were total capacity of 2,562 MW of commercial solar installations from more than 4,000 companies in 7,400 locations. Top five corporations were Target, Walmart, Prologis, Apple, and Kohl's.

Most households do not have access to photovoltaic rooftop solar for several reasons: because their roof may be shaded or oriented in the wrong direction; they may not own their roof as they are renters; or they may not have the financial capacity to afford rooftop solar. In the United States 18% solar adopters in 2018 earned below the national median household income, while 30% were below the median for owner-occupied households. However, as prices have rapidly dropped over the last 10 years, and business models have evolved to avoid upfront costs or high credit scores, rooftop solar is trending towards reaching more and more families of all incomes.

For households that cannot access solar on their own roofs, community solar is an option. Community solar allows customers to sign up for access to a shared solar array and receive bill credits on their monthly utility bill.  Community solar  is available in about one third of the states, including MN, NJ, CA, NY, MA and CO.

Solar cell manufacturing

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 created a large investment into clean energy with the purpose of developing an increase of green jobs. Thin-film photovoltaics (CdTe and CIGS) were chosen because they can be less expensive to manufacture than crystalline silicon-based solar cells.

In late September 2008, Sanyo Electric Company, Ltd. announced its decision to build a manufacturing plant for solar ingots and wafers (the building blocks for silicon solar cells) in Salem, Oregon. The plant was scheduled to begin operating in October 2009 and scheduled to reach its full production capacity of 70 megawatts (MW) of solar wafers per year by April 2010. In April 2013 the plant closed its wafer slicing operation. In February 2016 the parent company, Panasonic, announced it would lay off 37% of the remaining workforce.
In early October 2008, First Solar, Inc. broke ground on an expansion of its Perrysburg, Ohio, planned to add enough capacity to produce another 57 MW per year of solar modules at the facility, bringing its total capacity to roughly 192 MW per year. In November 2016 the company reduced the workforce in the Perrysburg plant by 20% as part of a worldwide restructuring.
In mid-October 2008, SolarWorld AG opened a manufacturing plant in Hillsboro, Oregon. In 2016 the Hillsboro plant was the largest photovoltaic technology manufacturing plant in the Western Hemisphere. It maintains 500 megawatts of cell-manufacturing capacity and 350 MW of module-assembly capacity annually.

Rapidly decreasing photovoltaic prices put General Electric's planned factory in Colorado on hold, and led to the bankruptcy of Konarka Technologies, which had expected to produce 1,000 MW of solar modules per year by 2011, and Solyndra, which defaulted on a $535 million loan guarantee, prompting Republican members of the Energy and Commerce committee to vote to cease accepting new applications to the loan program.

In September 2014, SolarCity broke ground on a solar panel manufacturing plant in Buffalo, New York.
Upon its completion in 2016, it was projected to be the largest solar manufacturing facility in the Western hemisphere, with an annual manufacturing capacity of 1 gigawatt. However, as of 2019 the facility has not met the projections on production or job creation.

Disposal
As cadmium, indium, selenium, nanoparticles, and other harmful elements are used in PV solar technology the disposal is similar to the outcomes of electronic waste. This can present possible risks for the workers disposing the product.

Concentrated solar power (CSP)

History
One of the first applications of concentrated solar was the   solar powered motor made by H.E. Willsie and John Boyle in 1904.

An early solar pioneer of the 19th and 20th century, Frank Shuman, built a demonstration plant that used solar power to pump water using an array of mirrors in a trough to generate steam. Located in Philadelphia, the solar water pump station was capable of pumping  an hour at that latitude, corresponding to . After seven weeks of testing the plant was disassembled and shipped to Egypt for testing as an irrigation plant.

In 1973, Karl Böer of the University of Delaware built an experimental house called the Solar One, the first house to convert sunlight into energy.

Solar One, the first pilot solar power tower design was completed in 1981. The parabolic trough Solar Energy Generating Systems opened its first unit in 1984, the first major solar thermal plant in the world.

Selected list of plants

The United States pioneered solar tower and trough technologies. A number of different solar thermal technologies are in use in the U.S.:

 The largest solar thermal power plant in the world is the 392 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, in California. It deploys 173,500 heliostats each with two mirrors focusing solar energy on boilers located on centralized solar power towers. The facility opened on February 13, 2014.
 The Solana Generating Station is a solar power plant near Gila Bend, Arizona, about  southwest of Phoenix, completed in 2013. When commissioned it was the largest parabolic trough plant in the world and the first U.S. solar plant with molten salt thermal energy storage. Built by the Spanish company Abengoa Solar, it has a total capacity of 280 megawatts (MW), which is enough to power 70,000 homes while avoiding around 475,000 tons of carbon dioxide. Its name is the Spanish term for "sunny spot".
 The Martin Next Generation Solar Energy Center is a hybrid 75 megawatt (MW) parabolic trough solar energy plant that is owned by Florida Power & Light Company (FPL). The solar plant is a component of the 3,705 MW Martin County Power Plant, which is currently the single largest fossil fuel burning power plant in the United States. Completed at the end of 2010, it is located in western Martin County, Florida, just north of Indiantown.

 The Mojave Solar Project is a 280 MW solar thermal power facility in the Mojave Desert in California, which was completed in December 2014.
 The Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project is a 110 MW solar thermal power project near Tonopah, about  northwest of Las Vegas, which was completed in September 2015.

The rapidly falling price of PV solar had led to several projects being abandoned or converted to PV technology. Blythe Solar Power Project converted to a PV project, Rice Solar Energy Project was put on indefinite hold, Palen Solar Project tried to convert to PV but its permits were denied, Hidden Hills Solar Project was suspended in 2013 and later canceled. No major CSP plants remain under construction in the United States.

CSP capacity and generation
Abengoa's 280 MWac of CSP project was brought online in the 3rd quarter and Genesis Solar's first phase of 125 MWac was brought online in the 4th quarter of 2013 bringing the total to 410 MWac for the year and 918 MWac total. Ivanpah is already completed during the first quarter of 2014 the current world's largest CSP power plant is 392 MWac and brings the total to 1310 MWac.
The 110 MWac Crescent Dunes project started commissioning during February.
The 250 MWac Mojave solar, second phase 125 MWac Genesis Solar, and Tooele Army Depot Solar's 1.5 MWac power plant are all expected to come online in 2014. A total of around 9.5 GW of solar PV and CSP capacity is expected to come online in 2016, more than any other source.

 U.S. total numbers from 2016 onwards include utility-scale capacity only.

Government support
A complete list of incentives is maintained at the Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy (DSIRE).
Most solar power systems are grid connected and use net metering laws to receive compensation for electricity that is not consumed on site and exported to the grid.
New Jersey leads the nation with the least restrictive net metering law, and California leads in total number of homes which have solar panels installed. Many were installed because of the million solar roof initiative. In some states, such as Florida, solar power is subject to legal restrictions that discourage its use.

Federal
The federal tax credit for solar was extended for eight years as part of the financial bail out bill, H.R. 1424, until the end of 2016. It was estimated this will create 440,000 jobs, 28 gigawatts of solar power, and lead to a $300 billion market for solar panels. This estimate did not take into account the removal of the $2,000 cap on residential tax credits at the end of 2008. A 30% tax credit is available for residential and commercial installations. For 2009 through 2011 this was a 30% grant, not a tax credit, known as the 1603 grant program.

The federal Residential Energy Efficient Property Credit (income tax credit on IRS Form 5695) for residential PV and solar thermal was extended in December 2015 to remain at 30% of system cost (parts and installation) for systems put into service by the end of 2019, then 26% until the end of 2020, and then 22% until the end of 2021. It applies to a taxpayer's principal and/or second residences, but not to a property that is rented out. There is no maximum cap on the credit, and the credit can be applied toward the Alternative Minimum Tax, and any excess credit (greater than that year's tax liability) can be rolled into the following year. The solar industry and utilities clashed extensively on renewal, but the solar industry prevailed. The renewal is expected to add $38 billion of investment for 20 GigaWatts of solar.

Section 1603 grants
President Obama's stimulus bill in 2009 created a program known as Section 1603 grants. The program was designed to give federal grants to solar companies for 30 percent of investments into solar energy. Since 2009, the federal government has given solar companies $25 billion in grant money through this program. The Section 1603 grant program expired in 2011.

On June 9, 2016, Senator Orrin Hatch requested from Department of Treasury, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration (TIGTA) details about how companies use Section 1603 grants and tax credits. In March 2016, Hatch asked the IRS and Treasury Department to demonstrate that the agencies use safeguards and coordinate with each other when reviewing applications for Section 1603 grants.

Solar America Initiative

The United States Department of Energy (DOE) announced on September 29, 2008 that it will invest $17.6 million, subject to annual appropriations, in six company-led, early-stage photovoltaic (PV) projects under the Solar America Initiative's "PV Incubator" funding opportunity, designed to fund prototype PV components and systems with the goal of moving them through the commercialization process by 2010 and make it cost-competitive with conventional forms of electricity by 2015 (grid parity).

SunShot Initiative
The SunShot Initiative aimed to reduce the cost of solar power by 75% from 2010 to 2020. The name is based on "Moon shot", John F. Kennedy's 1961 target of reaching the Moon within the decade.

Goals:

 Residential system prices reduced from $6/W to $1.50/W
 Commercial system prices reduced from $5/W to $1.25/W
 Utility-scale system prices reduced from $4/W to $1.00/W (CSP, CPV and PV)

Trump administration
In 2018, as part of a trade war between the U.S. and China, US President Trump imposed tariffs on imported solar cells. The push for tariffs to protect American manufacturing and jobs in the solar power industry began in April 2017, when a bankrupt Georgia-based solar cell maker filed a trade complaint that a flood of cheap imports put them at a severe disadvantage. In response, the President imposed 30% tariffs of solar imports in January 2018. The solar industry is currently one of the fastest growing in the United States, employing more than 250,000 people as of 2018. On one hand, these tariffs forced the cancellation or scaling down of many projects and restrict the ability of companies to recruit more workers. On the other hand, they have the intended effect of incentivizing domestic manufacturing. Many solar power companies are transitioning towards automation and consequently will become less dependent on imports, especially from China.  Analysts believe Trump's tariffs have made a clear impact. Without them, the manufacturing capacity for solar cells in the United States would likely not have increased significantly, from 1.8 gigawatts in 2017 to at least 3.4 gigawatts in 2018, they argue. However, because of the increasing reliance on automation, not that many new jobs will be created, while profits will flow to other countries, as many firms are foreign. By 2019, the solar power industry has recovered from the initial setbacks due to Trump's tariffs, thanks to initiatives from various states, such as California. Moreover, it is receiving considerable support from the Department of Energy. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) launched the "American-made Solar Prize" competition in June 2018 and has handed out tens to hundreds of thousand of dollars in cash prizes for the most promising solar cell designs. Prices of solar cells continue to decline.

Biden administration
In 2022, President Biden extended the now 15% tariff on solar panels another four years. The Inflation Reduction Act increased tax credits available to solar projects and provided funding to states and organizations for solar installations.

State and local

State initiatives

 Governor Jerry Brown signed legislation requiring California's utilities to get 50 percent of their electricity from renewable energy sources by the end of 2030.
 The San Francisco Board of Supervisors passed solar incentives of up to $6,000 for homeowners and up to $10,000 for businesses. Applications for the program began on July 1, 2008. in April 2016, they passed a law requiring all new buildings below 10 stories to have rooftop solar panels, making it the first major U.S. city to do so
 In 2008, Berkeley initiated a revolutionary pilot program where homeowners are able to add the cost of solar panels to their property tax assessment, and pay for them out of their electricity cost savings. In 2009, more than a dozen states passed legislation allowing property tax financing. In all, 27 states offer loans for solar projects (though after the conclusion of the pilot program, due to issues with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, Berkeley no longer offers this financing mechanism).
 The California Solar Initiative has set a goal to create 3,000 megawatts of new, solar-produced electricity by 2016.
 New Hampshire has a $3,750 residential rebate program for up to 50% of system cost for systems less than 5 kWp ($6,000 from July 1, 2008 until 2010).
 Louisiana has a 50 percent tax credit up to $12,500 for the installation of a wind or solar system.
 New Jersey law provides new solar power installations with Solar Renewable Energy Certificates and exemptions from the 7% state sales tax and any increase in property assessment (local property tax increases), subject to certain registration requirements.
 Massachusetts has multiple incentives to encourage solar power. New MA residential solar arrays are eligible for a 15% State tax credit up to $1000, a solar Sales Tax exemption, and a solar Property Tax exemption. The Solar Massachusetts Renewable Target (SMART) Plan is also available to solar installations until 2022 based on the customer's utility.

Feed-in tariffs
Experience has demonstrated that a feed-in tariff is both the least expensive and the most effective means of developing solar power. Investors need certainty, which they receive from a feed-in tariff. California enacted a feed-in tariff which began on February 14, 2008. Washington state has a feed-in tariff of 15 ¢/kWh which increases to 54 ¢/kWh if components are manufactured in the state. Hawaii, Michigan, and Vermont also have feed in tariffs. In 2010, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) ruled that states were able to implement above-market feed-in tariffs for specific technologies.

In 2012 the U.S. Department of Commerce placed a 31% tariff on solar cells made in China. In 2018, the Trump administration placed a 30% tariff on all imported solar equipment.

Solar renewable energy certificates
In recent years, states that have passed Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) or Renewable Electricity Standard (RES) laws have relied on the use of solar renewable energy certificates (SRECs) to meet state requirements. This is done by adding a specific solar carve-out to the state Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS). The first SREC program was implemented in 2005 by the state of New Jersey and has since expanded to several other states, including Maryland, Delaware, Ohio, Massachusetts, North Carolina and Pennsylvania.

An SREC program is an alternative to the feed-in tariff model popular in Europe. The key difference between the two models is the market-based mechanism that drives the value of the SRECs, and therefore the value of the subsidy for solar. In a feed-in tariff model, the government sets the value for the electricity produced by a solar facility. If the level is higher, more solar power is built and the program is more costly. If the feed-in tariff is set lower, less solar power is built and the program is ineffective. The problem with SRECs is a lack of certainty for investors. A feed-in tariff provides a known return on investment, while an SREC program provides a possible return on investment.

Power purchase agreements
In 2006 investors began offering free solar panel installation in return for a 25-year contract, or power purchase agreement, to purchase electricity at a fixed price, normally set at or below current electric rates. By 2009 over 90% of commercial photovoltaics installed in the United States were installed using a power purchase agreement. Approximately 90% of the photovoltaics installed in the United States is in states that specifically address power purchase agreements.

New construction mandates
In March 2013, Lancaster, California became the first U.S. city to mandate the inclusion of solar panels on new homes, requiring that "every new housing development must average 1 kilowatt per house."

PACE

An innovative financing arrangement pioneered in Berkeley, California, and Palm Springs, lends money to a homeowner for a solar system, to be repaid via an additional tax assessment on the property for 20 years.  This allows installation of the solar system at "relatively little up-front cost to the property owner." Now known as PACE, for Property Assessed Clean Energy, it is available in 28 states. Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae have objected to the repayment of solar loans being senior to mortgage loans, and some states have relegated PACE loans to junior loans. HR 2599 was introduced to prevent interference with the PACE program by other lenders. The principal feature of the program is that the balance of the loan is transferred to the new owners in the event the property is sold, and the loan is paid for entirely through electric bill savings. Unlike a mortgage loan, no funds are transferred when the property is sold – only the repayment obligation is transferred. PACE programs are currently operating in eight states, California, Colorado, Florida, Maine, Michigan, Missouri, New York, and Wisconsin, and are on hold in many others, pending resolution of the Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae objection.

Generation (PV and CSP)

Source: NREL, EIA;
NREL includes distributed generation, EIA, including the monthly data above, includes only utility-scale generation. "EIA util % of total" is the percentage of all electricity produced at utility-scale facilities that is generated by utility-scale solar.

See also

 American Solar Energy Society
 Biofuel in the United States
 Electricity sector of the United States
 Energy in the United States
 Geothermal energy in the United States
 Hydroelectric power in the United States
 List of photovoltaics companies
 List of renewable energy topics by country and territory
 Renewable energy in the United States
 Wind power in the United States

References

Further reading

 GA Mansoori, N Enayati, LB Agyarko (2016), Energy: Sources, Utilization, Legislation, Sustainability, Illinois as Model State, World Sci. Pub. Co.,  Clean Tech Nation: How the U.S. Can Lead in the New Global Economy (2012) by Ron Pernick and Clint Wilder
 Deploying Renewables 2011 (2011) by the International Energy Agency
 Reinventing Fire: Bold Business Solutions for the New Energy Era (2011) by Amory Lovins
 Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (2011) by the IPCC
 Solar Energy Perspectives'' (2011) by the International Energy Agency

External links

 Solar panels on the White House.
 Study: Solar Power Could Provide 10% of U.S. Electricity by 2025
 Sensitivity of Utility-Scale Solar Deployment Projections in the Sunshot Vision Study to Market and Performance Assumptions National Renewable Energy Laboratory
 The Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy (DSIRE)
 Live monitoring of over 1400 solar installations
 Bureau of Land Management 2012 Renewable Energy Priority Projects
 Maps of approved solar energy zones in USA, additional mapping
 United States cloud coverage
 IRS Form 5695 – Residential Energy Credits and instructions
 Solar maps: NREL annual and monthly (CSP and PV), U.S. installations


My Brother's Keeper may refer to:

Literature
 "My brother's keeper", a phrase from the biblical story of Cain and Abel
 My Brother's Keeper (Davenport novel), by Marcia Davenport
 My Brother's Keeper (Sheffield novel), by Charles Sheffield
 My Brother's Keeper, a 2005 novel by Patricia McCormick
 My Brother's Keeper, a book by Bo Gritz
 My Brother's Keeper, a book by Stanislaus Joyce, brother of James Joyce
 My Brother's Keeper, a series of Star Trek books by Michael Jan Friedman
 My Brother's Keeper, a comic book published by Spire Christian Comics
 My Brother's Keeper: A History of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee 1929–1939, a book by Yehuda Bauer
 My Brother's Keeper: A Memoir and a Message, a book by Amitai Etzioni
 My Brother's Keeper, a play by Nigel Williams

Film and television

Film
 My Brother's Keeper (film), a 1948 British film starring Jack Warner
 My Brother's Keeper, a 1995 TV film featuring Ellen Burstyn
 My Brother's Keeper (Le Sang du frère), a 2004 film starring Christian Potenza
 My Brother's Keeper, a 2020 short film about the reunion of Guantanamo prisoner Mohamedou Ould Slahi and his former guard Steve Wood

Television
 My Brother's Keeper (TV series), a 1975–1976 British sitcom
 "My Brother's Keeper" (Sliders), a 1999 episode of Sliders
 "My Brother's Keeper" (Danny Phantom episode), an episode of Danny Phantom
 "My Brother's Keeper" (The Vampire Diaries), a 2012 episode of The Vampire Diaries
 "My Brother's Keeper", an episode of Bonanza
 "My Brother's Keeper", an episode of ER
 "My Brother's Keeper", an episode of Everwood
 "My Brother's Keeper", an episode of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air
 "My Brother's Keeper", an episode of G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero
 "My Brother's Keeper", an episode of Gunsmoke
 "My Brother's Keeper", an episode of Lucifer
 "My Brother's Keeper", an episode of NCIS: New Orleans
 "My Brother's Keeper", an episode of Tales from the Crypt

Music
 My Brother's Keeper (Long Live G), an EP by DaBaby, 2020
 My Brother's Keeper (K-Ci and JoJo album), 2013
 My Brother's Keeper (Lake album), 2006
 My Brother's Keeper (OuterSpace album), 2011
 "My Brother's Keeper", a song by Ying Yang Twins from U.S.A. (United State of Atlanta), 2005

Politics
 My Brother's Keeper Challenge

See also
 Am I My Brother's Keeper, an album by Kane & Abel, 1998
 Brother's keeper (disambiguation)
 Her Brother's Keeper (disambiguation)
 His Brother's Keeper (disambiguation)
 My Sister's Keeper (disambiguation)


The Muncie Flyers were a minor league professional ice hockey team in the International Hockey League during the 1948–49 season. The Flyers were based in Muncie, Indiana, and led by player/coach Henry Coupe.

Results

External links
Muncie Flyers statistics

International Hockey League (1945–2001) teams
Sports in Muncie, Indiana
Ice hockey teams in Indiana
Defunct ice hockey teams in the United States
Ice hockey clubs established in 1948
Ice hockey clubs disestablished in 1949
1948 establishments in Indiana
1949 disestablishments in Indiana


Jules Boucher was a Canadian politician and a two-term Member of the National Assembly of Quebec.

Background

He was born on June 8, 1933, in Sayabec, Bas-Saint-Laurent.  He became a social worker in Riviere-du-Loup.

Political career

Boucher ran as a Parti Québécois candidate in the 1976 election against Liberal incumbent Paul Lafrance in the provincial district of Rivière-du-Loup and won.  He was re-elected in the 1981 election.

He served as Deputy House Leader from 1983 to 1984 and as parliamentary assistant from 1984 to 1985.

During the Parti Québécois Crisis of 1984, Boucher crossed the floor.  He sat as an Independent by January 28, 1985.  He did not run for re-election in the 1985 election.

Death

Boucher died on December 31, 1999.

Footnotes

1933 births
1999 deaths
Parti Québécois MNAs


was a Japanese shōnen manga magazine published in Japan by Kadokawa Shoten. It directly focused on the Sgt. Frog series and other works promoted by Bandai such as Gundam. The magazine contained manga comics, computer game reviews, merchandise promotions and gifts.

Focus
The magazine focused primarily on the series Sgt. Frog, containing features, promotions and a new manga. The manga saw Keroro and his allies sent to an alien world which resembles feudal Japan. They are tasked with attempting to bring order to it.

The magazine's secondary focus was Gundam. Similar to Sgt. Frog, the magazine contained much promotion of its related merchandise and four of the comics running were Gundam titles. These included an adaptation of the television series Mobile Suit Gundam 00, latest chapters of SD Gundam and GPEX Gunpla Extreme, in which humans use special gadgets to shrink down and turn Gundam models into working miniature mecha.

The remainder of titles printed in the magazine alternated between comedy adventure gag comics and further promotional tie ins.

Titles
These manga series were carried by the magazine.
 .hack//Link
 Angler Hero
 Appare! Tonomaru-kun
 Battle Spirits Series
 BB Senshi Romance of the Three Kingdoms: Clash of the Heroes Chapter (SD Gundam)
 Cardfight!! Vanguard
 Chō Seiki α
 Code Geass: Tales of an Alternate Shogunate
 Daikaijū Battle: Ultra Adventure
 Dragon Tamer Sound Spirit F
 GPEX Gunpla Extreme
 Keroro Gunsō Tokubetsu Kunren: Sengoku Ran Star Dai Battle!
 Kung-fu-kun
 MapleStory
 Mobile Suit Gundam-san
 Mobile Suit Gundam 00
 Mugen no Frontier: Super Robot Wars OG Saga
 Net Ghost PiPoPa
 Petit Eva Bokura Tanken Dōkōkai
 Saint Seiya Omega
 Sore Ike! Momotarō Dentetsu
 Sgt. Frog
 Soulcalibur Legends
 Treasure Island Z: The Rose Pearl

Connection to other publications
Due to its role of promoting Bandai projects, the title was linked to similar magazines such as Hobby Japan and Dengeki Hobby. The title also included popular comics which run in Gundam Ace; it was also a special edition of Gundam Ace.

Gifts
Similar to many Shonen magazines (Shonen Ace, Monthly Shonen Sunday), Kerokero Ace often included 'gifts' to increase interest. Such items were usually linked to the comics that ran within the title or exclusive collectables. Items offered included Haro digital watches, Keroro stickers and kaiju trading cards.

External links
Kerokero Ace Official Site

2007 establishments in Japan
2013 disestablishments in Japan
Defunct magazines published in Japan
Monthly manga magazines published in Japan
Kadokawa Shoten magazines
Magazines established in 2007
Magazines disestablished in 2013
Shōnen manga magazines


Hull Botanic Gardens railway station was an intermediate stop on the North Eastern Railway's Victoria Dock Branch Line in Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England.

History

It was opened on 1 June 1853, by the North Eastern Railway, and was originally known as Hull Cemetery. It closed to passengers in November 1854, before being reopened and renamed Hull Cemetery Gates in September 1866. It was renamed Hull Botanic Gardens on 1 November 1881, and remained thus until final closure on 19 October 1964.

Location
The station was at street level immediately to the north of a level crossing across Spring Bank, just east of the junction with Princes Avenue. The building was demolished in 1976.  The site is now occupied by a public house, Pearson's (formerly The Old Zoological) and car park.

The station was named after the former Hull Botanical Gardens, which were located opposite the station until their closure in 1889.  The gardens site is now the location of Hymers College.

References

External links

 Information about a model of the station being built by members of the Hull Miniature Railway Society

Disused railway stations in Kingston upon Hull
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1853
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1854
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1866
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1964
Former North Eastern Railway (UK) stations
Botanic Gardens (Hull)
Hull and Holderness Railway
Hull and Hornsea Railway


Breuil () is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

External links

 Breuil on the Quid website

Communes of Somme (department)