Julius Caesar Ibbetson (29 December 1759 – 13 October 1817) was a British 18th-century landscape and watercolour painter.

Early life and education
Ibbetson was born at Farnley Moor, Leeds. He was the second child of Richard Ibbetson, a clothier from Yorkshire. According to his Memoir, his mother fell on the ice and went into premature labour, causing him to be delivered by caesarean section and resulting in a middle name he attempted to hide throughout his life. Ibbetson was probably educated at a local Moravian community and then by Quakers in Leeds. According to James Mitchell in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, the "unusual thoroughness" of his education "is reflected in the fluent prose, both of his published painting manuals and of his regular, often entertaining, and rewarding correspondence with patrons". Ibbetson was apprenticed to John Fletcher, a ship painter in Hull, from 1772 to 1777. He then moved to London, where for the next ten years he was primarily a picture restorer for a Clarke of Leicester Fields. In 1782 wrote an account of his life, and sent it to the artist Benjamin West which was transcribed by Joseph Farington in 1805. Around 1780, Ibbetson married his first wife, Elizabeth.

Exhibitions and career

Early work

In 1785, Ibbetson began exhibiting at the Royal Academy with View of North Fleet. Mitchell calls George Biggin (1783), which is one of his earliest known works, "an accomplished full-length portrait in the Gainsborough tradition, [which] should be considered as a milestone in the development of an artist who was entirely self-taught". Through the efforts of Captain William Baillie in 1787, Ibbetson was made draughtsman to Colonel Charles Cathcart on the first British embassy to Peking (Beijing); he made many watercolor drawings of the animals and plants on the journey. While he was away, his Ascent of George Biggin, esq. from St. George's Fields, June 29th 1785 was exhibited at the Royal Academy to great critical and popular acclaim. The painting depicted the ascent of a balloon, designed by Vincenzo Lunardi, from St George's Fields in London.

Later work

In 1789, Ibbetson visited the Viscount Mountstuart at Cardiff Castle in Wales. He spent decades drawing the scenery there and, according to Mitchell, "[h]is detailed watercolours of iron furnaces, coal staithes, and copper mines foreshadow the work of Joseph Wright of Derby and J. M. W. Turner and constitute an important record of the early industrial developments in that region, but are less well known than his more numerous scenes of folk life and picturesque scenery." After a visit to the Isle of Wight in 1790, he began painting shipwrecks and smugglers. David Murray, 2nd Earl of Mansfield, and his wife commissioned Ibbetson to decorate Kenwood House, in 1794. This distracted him from the death of his wife and caring for their three children. Her death had "provoked a minor nervous breakdown, exacerbated by near destitution", but the Kenwood project relieved that stress. Four years later, he moved to Liverpool to work for Thomas Vernon. In 1801 he married his second wife, Bella Thompson in Grasmere, Westmorland.  They settled in Ambleside and became friendly with the Lake Poets including William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge who became godfather to their daughter Caroline Bella Ibbetson.  There are paintings by Ibbetson at Dove Cottage, Grasmere.

Ibbetson acquired several generous patrons in Liverpool and in Edinburgh: William Roscoe, Sir Henry Nelthorpe, and the Countess of Balcarres. The last prompted him to write and publish his instruction manual An Accidence, or Gamut, of Painting in Oil (1803). In 1803, he met the Yorkshire philanthropist William Danby and in 1805 moved to Masham to be near him. The next 14 years of his life were the most settled of his life.

Death and legacy
Ibbetson died on 13 October 1817 and was buried in the churchyard of St Mary's, Masham.

Benjamin West described Ibbetson as the "Berchem of England" in recognition of his debt to the Dutch 17th century landscape painters. According to Mitchell, "[h]is watercolours are prized for their delicacy and sureness of line." Many were engraved for projects such as John Church's A Cabinet of Quadrupeds and John Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery. Samuel Haslem Scott described him as "a portly, jovial person."

References
Notes

Bibliography
Mitchell, James  'Julius Caesar Ibbetson 1759-1817', John Mitchell & Son, London 1999;
Mitchell, James. "Julius Caesar Ibbetson". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved on 7 February 2008.

External links

1759 births
1817 deaths
18th-century English painters
19th-century English painters
Artists from Leeds
British landscape painters
English male painters
English watercolourists
19th-century English male artists
18th-century English male artists


The  is an automobile engine museum run by Nissan Motor Company. The museum is located at the first floor of the guest hall in Yokohama auto plant, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan.

Overview
The building of the museum was built in 1934 in Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture. As the first auto plant of Nissan Motors in Yokohama, the building has also been worked as the headquarters of the company until 1968, when the headquarters was moved to Ginza, Tokyo.

The building was accredited as a historical building by the government of Yokohama city in November 2002, and the Nissan Engine Museum was opened officially at the first floor of the building, which had been used as a guest hall, in .

The museum exhibits the latest model car and a memorial car of Nissan brand, 28 Nissan's auto engines, history of Yokohama auto plant and equipments for environmental techniques.

See also
Nissan
Datsun
Infiniti

References

External links
 Nissan Engine Museum
 Google Virtual Gallery Tour

Nissan
Museums in Yokohama
Automobile museums in Japan


KHJL may refer to:

 KHJL-LD, a defunct low-power television station (channel 17) formerly licensed to serve Rapid City, South Dakota, United States
 KYRA (FM), a radio station (92.7 FM) licensed to serve Thousand Oaks, California, United States, which held the call sign KHJL from 2007 to 2012


An Impressum (from Latin , 'the impressed, engraved, pressed in, impression') is a legally mandated statement of the ownership and authorship of a document, which must be included in books, newspapers, magazines, websites, and business correspondence published or otherwise made available to consumers in Germany and certain other German-speaking countries, such as Austria and Switzerland.  The  (German, meaning 'Telemedia Act') mandates the use of an Impressum.

Historically, the German Impressum requirement has its roots in the censorship laws of 19th century and earlier monarchies, and has been criticized as illiberal and contrary to the principle of free speech; most other countries have no comparable requirement.

Equivalency

In printed media, an Impressum is identical to the "printer's imprint" as defined under UK law. Under the Printer's Imprint Act 1961, which amended the earlier Newspapers, Printers, and Reading Rooms Repeal Act 1869, any printer must put their name and address on the first or last leaf of every paper or book they print or face a penalty of up to £50 per copy.

The UK's Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 extends the use of imprints in the case of election material to include all forms of communication, including websites and social media accounts. All election material is also required to show the name of the promoter of the material and the name and address of the person on whose behalf it is being published.

There is no equivalent legislation in the United States. The closest English-language terms for Impressum are:
 Masthead: for newspapers and magazines, a list, usually found on the editorial page, of the members of its board.
 Colophon: for books, a note indicating metadata about the book such as the date of publication, printer and publisher.
 "Site notice", "Legal notice", "Legal information" or "Legal disclosure": for websites in English, a page title commonly used to link to legal metadata and terms of use.

None of these terms is an exact equivalent in all contexts. The terms "masthead" and "colophon" apply to printed publications only and are not commonly used on English-language websites, while "site notice" is website-specific and "legal notice" or "legal disclosure" are rarely found in printed works. An "imprint" in publishing may also mean a brand name under which a work is published, and so may not be understood to mean an Impressum.

On webpages
The  requires that German websites disclose information about the publisher, including their name and address, telephone number or e-mail address, trade registry number, VAT number, and other information depending on the type of company. German websites are defined as being published by individuals or organisations that are based in Germany, so an Impressum is required regardless of whether a site is in the .de domain.

Facebook offers a way for users to add an Impressum for user-created public pages.

Complications
This law has created privacy concerns for individuals who maintain blogs or personal homepages. The law has also caused lawyers to scrutinise websites for this information and send  (cease and desist) letters to their maintainers in the event it is missing.

References

Law of Austria
Law of Germany
Law of Switzerland
Publishing


Guilhem Ademar (; also spelled Guillem, Adamar, or Azemar; fl. 1190/1195–1217) was a troubadour from the Gévaudan in France. He travelled between the courts of Albi, Toulouse, Narbonne, and Spain. He achieved fame enough during his life to be satirised by the nobleman and monk, Monge de Montaudon. Guilhem entered holy orders towards the end of his life. Sixteen poems—fourteen cansos, a sirventes, and a partimen with Eble d'Ussel—form his surviving corpus. His cansos are his most famous pieces. Usually humorous, several mock the poetry of Ademar's more illustrious contemporary Arnaut Daniel. One canso survives with a tune.

Life
According to his vida, Guilhem was the son of a poor knight from Meyrueis (Maruois), the lord of which castle created him a knight. He was an eloquent man who "knew well how to invent (trobaire) poetry." When he was no longer able to support himself as a knight he took to minstrelsy and "was greatly honoured by all the high society." Towards the end of his life he joined the Order of Grandmont (Granmon).

Guilhem Ademar's career can be dated from a reference in a poetic satire of contemporary troubadours by the Monge de Montaudon around 1195. The Monge playfully insults Guilhem as a "bad joglar" who always wears old clothes and whose lady has thirty lovers. The earliest reference to a W. Ademars, a petty noble of the Gévaudan, occurs in 1192, though this figure, who (variously as Ademars or Azemars) appears in documents until 1217, cannot be definitively identified with the troubadour.

Works

One of Guilhem's more famous pieces is Non pot esser sofert ni atendut, a sensuous canso of courtly love wherein he is wishing that his lady's husband would go far away. It has presented a riddle for its dating through references to two Spanish kings: a rey Ferrans ("king Ferdinand") and reis N'Amfos, cui dopton li masmut / e.l mieiller coms de la crestiantat ("king Don Alfonso, whom the Almohads fear / and the greatest count in Christendom"). Ferrans may be either Ferdinand II of León (died 1188) or Ferdinand III of Castile (began reigning in 1217), both of whom present difficulties because their reigns lie outside the usual dating of Guilhem's career. The Alfonso could be Alfonso II of Aragon (contemporary with Ferdinand II), who was also the Count of Barcelona. It could also be Alfonso IX of León, Ferdinand II's successor, whose kingdom lay about as far away as Guilhem could possibly hope to send his lover's husband; or Alfonso VIII of Castile, whose exploits against the Almohads culminated in the definitive victory at Las Navas in 1212. Since Guilhem wrote a poem sometime between 1215 and 1217 in which he referred to Raymond VI of Toulouse as En Raimon, mon seigner ("Lord Raymond, my lord"), it has also be posited that the mieiller coms referred to in the previous work is Raymond, who was with Alfonso at Las Navas in 1212. Guilhem may thus have had in mind the events of Las Navas and been writing at a time after Ferdinand III's succession. Guilhem may have even been at Las Navas with Raymond.

Guilhem's poetry is in general light, easy-going, and characterised by irony. Like Peire Raimon, his contemporary at the court of Raymond VI of Toulouse, he seems to have been influenced by (and perhaps had an influence on) Arnaut Daniel. Guilhem's lone surviving piece of music is neumatic in texture and motivic in phrasing.

In his primary love songs, Guilhem praises two ladies, one from Albi (Na Bona Nasques, a pet name) and another from Narbonne (Beatriz, perhaps her real name). Despite this, Guilhem has been accused of misogyny for his poem El temps d'estui, qan par la flors el bruoill. His love song Ben for'oimais sazos e locs is written as a message to his lover to be delivered by her porter, who is strictly warned to follow through. In his only sirventes, Ieu ai ja vista manhta rey, Guilhem moralises in a slightly Marcabrunian fashion on how loyal and generous suitors are rejected in favour "fools and misers".

Notes

Sources
Aubrey, Elizabeth. The Music of the Troubadours. Indiana University Press, 1996. .
Egan, Margarita, ed. and trans. The Vidas of the Troubadours. New York: Garland, 1984. .
Riquer, Martín de. Los trovadores: historia literaria y textos. 3 vol. Barcelona: Planeta, 1975.

13th-century French troubadours
12th-century French troubadours
Reconquista
12th-century births
13th-century deaths
French male poets
Medieval male composers


The Ludwig Forum for International Art is a museum for modern art in Aachen. It is based on the Ludwig Collection, which was brought together by the Aachen collector couple Irene and Peter Ludwig, and is supported by the Peter and Irene Ludwig Foundation.

Museum

History
Since 1968, founding director Wolfgang Becker has worked closely with the Ludwig collector couple and in 1970, the municipal museum Neue Galerie - Sammlung Ludwig was founded in Aachen from common ideas. It was one of the first museums for contemporary art in Germany and was originally located in the Alte Kurhaus Aachen. Conservative hostility motivated gynaecologist Hugo Jung and five other professors at RWTH Aachen University to found the Verein der Freunde der Neuen Galerie on 9 February 1971. In 1991, the museum moved into the rooms of Emil Brauer, an umbrella factory built in 1928 in the international style and shut down in 1988, and henceforth called itself the Ludwig Forum for International Art. The Friends of the Ludwig Forum was formed from the friends' association.

Since the move, the museum has focused on contemporary art. By 2011, the number of visitors had increased to around 55,000 per year.

Collection
The Ludwig Forum's collection comprises more than 3,000 works, mainly from the collection of the collectors Peter and Irene Ludwig, from all genres of art and from many countries. The Ludwig Collection is particularly well known for its pop art collections and its focus on American art since the 1960s. In 1977, the collector couple first showed Pop Art in East Berlin. This led to a lively exchange with artists from Eastern Germany. In the 1980s and 1990s, the Ludwigs traveled to Russia and soon began collecting contemporary Soviet and Chinese art. Today, many of these positions and artist personalities are world famous, such as Ilya Kabakov, Erik Bulatov, Huang Yong Ping and Ai Weiwei. In addition, an important collection of video art was built up in the house, which today has some 200 works of art in the city.

Some of the works that the Ludwig Forum houses are not missing in any encyclopedia on modern art history and thus belong to a kind of world memory of 20th century art. These include, for example, the photorealistic painting Medici by Franz Gertsch or the sculpture group Bowery Bums by Duane Hanson, which shows three beggars of the Bowery in Manhattan. Both works were exhibited in 1972 at the now legendary documenta 5 by Harald Szeemann in Kassel. Hanson also produced the Mona-Lisa from Aachen, a hyper-realistic sculpture of a woman with a shopping trolley, affectionately known as the Supermarket Lady. Jonathan Borofsky's ballerina clown, which is set up in the courtyard of the Ludwig Forum, also looks far into history and over the continents. He has a twin in Los Angeles, set up on the roof of the Public Library of Santa Monica, directly on the Pacific Ocean. The clown was originally created for the Metropolis show, which is now regarded as the benchmark among experts. It was shown at the beginning of 1991 in the Gropius Bau in Berlin and from which the work for Aachen was acquired on the occasion of the reopening of the Ludwig Forum in the summer of the same year.

The video archive of the Ludwig Forum comprises a collection of approximately 200 video works by video artists such as Klaus vom Bruch, Peter Campus, Douglas Davis, Joan Jonas, Bruce Nauman, Nam June Paik, Ulrike Rosenbach, Wolf Vostell and William Wegman.

In addition to solo and group exhibitions of internationally renowned artists, the Ludwig Forum 2010 presented contemporary architecture for the first time under the title West Arch - A new Generation in Architecture. In 2011, the Ludwig Forum for International Art celebrated its 20th anniversary. The exhibitions Hyper Real - Kunst und Amerika um 1970 and Nie wieder störungsfrei - Aachen Avantgarde from 1964 onwards, covering the history of the museum and the collection to current artistic positions and issues, concluded the exhibition.

Administration
 Founding director Wolfgang Becker was in office from 1970 to 2001. Under his supervision, important exhibitions have taken place, such as Cliché/antique (1970), Robert Filliou: Commemor (1970) and the Havana Biennial (1998).
 From 2002 to 2008, Harald Kunde led the Ludwig Forum's fortunes and positioned the institution with monographic exhibitions of well-known contemporary artists such as Sophie Calle (2005), Franz Gertsch (2006), Chuck Close (2007) and the Atelier van Lieshout (2008).
 Brigitte Franzen was director of the Ludwig Forum from 2009 to 2015. The exhibition programme and the presentation of the collection at this time were based on annual leitmotifs, such as the 2009 video/film and 2010 architecture and space. In this context, the Ludwig Forum has positioned itself as an exhibition house and museum with a transdisciplinary profile. Franzen left the Forum to serve as the new managing director of the Peter and Irene Ludwig Foundation.
 Andreas Beitin has been director of the Ludwig Forum since February 2016. He was attracted by the challenge and work with the renowned collection of the house. However, he has refrained from presenting the collection in his own new way in favour of temporary exhibitions. Beitin's mission is to further develop the Ludwig Forum as a living house.

Exhibitions (selection)
 2016–2017: Mies van der Rohe - The collages from the MoMA (curators Andreas Beitin and Holger Otten)
 2017: LuForm - Design Department
 2017: Erik Levine - As a Matter of Fact
 2017: Franz Erhard Walther - Handlung denken
 2017: Art X Cuba - Contemporary Positions since 1989
 2017–2018: dis/order. Art and Activism in Russia since 2000, (17. November 2017 bis 18. February 2018)
 2018: Flashes of the Future - The Art of the ’68ers or The Power of the Powerless

Building
The umbrella factory Brauer, Jülicher Straße 97-109, is a two- and three-storey building by the architects Josef Bachmann and Alexander Lürken from 1928, which was listed in 1977 as 3-storey skeleton building with rounded corners and flat roof; the facades are yellow bricked, the base with red clinker facing. The building, which was rather atypical for Aachen in its time, was borrowed from the Bauhaus style with its very striking designs. Typical features include the play with basic geometric shapes, such as the round window above the former main entrance.

In 1988, the building was fundamentally rebuilt and restored according to the designs of Aachen architect Fritz Eller.

Gallery

Further reading
 Nie wieder störungsfrei! Aachen Avantgarde seit 1964, Kerber Verlag, 2011, .

References

External links

Buildings and structures completed in 1928
Art museums and galleries in Germany
Modern art museums in Germany
Museums in North Rhine-Westphalia
Aachen


Scranton City Hall is located at Washington and Mulberry (US 11/PA 307) streets in the downtown section of that city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It is a three-story limestone ashlar Victorian Gothic Revival building with sandstone trim, designed by architects Edwin L. Walter and Frederick Lord Brown and built in 1888.

The main building, on Washington Street, houses the offices of city's mayor and other executive officers — city clerk, comptroller and police chief - and those who work under their immediate supervision. A bridge from the second story connects it to the fire department headquarters, facing Mulberry Street, built at the same time by the same architects in the same style. Since the two form a larger complex, they were listed together when the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 as Municipal Building and Central Fire Station, 340.

References

City and town halls on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Government buildings completed in 1888
City and town halls in Pennsylvania
Clock towers in Pennsylvania
Buildings and structures in Scranton, Pennsylvania
Gothic Revival architecture in Pennsylvania
Victorian architecture in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania
Fire stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania


Coroglen (Māori: Ōunuora) is a locality in the Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand. It lies on State Highway 25, 18 kilometres south of Whitianga and 26 kilometres north west of Tairua.  The "Tapu-Coroglen Road", a windy gravel road, connects it across the Coromandel Range with Tapu on the west coast of the peninsula.

History
The town was founded as "Gumtown" in the late 19th century with a kauri sawmill, later becoming an important location in the kauri gum trade. In the early 1900s, Gumtown had three stores, a bakery, a butcher's, a bootmaker, a blacksmith, a hotel, two boarding houses, and a billiard saloon. Currently, Coroglen has a tavern (famous for live music performances), a school, a pre school and a community garden.

Demographics
Coroglen is in an SA1 statistical area which covers . The SA1 area is part of the larger Mercury Bay South  statistical area.

The SA1 statistical area had a population of 129 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 3 people (2.4%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 18 people (16.2%) since the 2006 census. There were 48 households, comprising 69 males and 63 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.1 males per female. The median age was 43.6 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 24 people (18.6%) aged under 15 years, 21 (16.3%) aged 15 to 29, 57 (44.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 27 (20.9%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 90.7% European/Pākehā, 16.3% Māori, and 2.3% Pacific peoples. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 60.5% had no religion, 20.9% were Christian and 2.3% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 12 (11.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 24 (22.9%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $24,300, compared with $31,800 nationally. 6 people (5.7%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 51 (48.6%) people were employed full-time, 18 (17.1%) were part-time, and 3 (2.9%) were unemployed.

Education
Coroglen School is a co-educational full primary (years 1–8) school with a roll of  as of  The school started in 1896.

Notes

Thames-Coromandel District
Populated places in Waikato
Kauri gum


The following is a list of works about Thomas Merton, publications about Thomas Merton, the Trappist monk from Abbey of Gethsemani.  The bibliography is organized into categories.  A separate list of works by Thomas Merton is also available.

Art criticism

Articles

Biographies

Correspondence

Devotions and meditations

Journals and newsletters

Literary criticism

Miscellaneous

Shaffer, Timothy J. (2008). "A (Not So) Secret Son of Francis:Thomas Merton’s Franciscan Lens for Seeing Heaven and Earth." The Merton Annual 21: 67-90.  OCLC 926181210
Shaffer, Timothy Joseph. (2006). A secret son of Francis: the Franciscan influence in the thought and writings of Thomas Merton. OCLC 75959955

Poetry

Reference books

Selected writings

Audio

Video

External links

Thomas Merton at Larkspur Press

Bibliographies of people
Religious bibliographies


General Alfred Houston Noble (October 26, 1894 – September 27, 1983) was a United States Marine Corps general who served in combat with the Marines from World War I in the Battle of Belleau Wood to World War II in the Pacific theater. His last command, before retiring from the Marine Corps with over 39 years of service, was as commanding general, Fleet Marine Force,  Atlantic in Norfolk, Virginia.

Biography
Alfred Noble was born on October 26, 1894, at Federalsburg, Maryland. After graduation from St. John's College, at Annapolis, he reported for active duty as a Marine second lieutenant on May 24, 1917, and embarked for France that October.

World War I
During World War I, Noble fought as commander of the 83rd Company, 6th Marine Regiment, in the Aisne-Marne Defensive, (Chateau Thierry), the Aisne-Marne Offensive (Soissons), the St. Mihiel Offensive and the Meuse-Argonne Offensive (Champagne and Argonne Forest). He was awarded the Navy Cross, the Distinguished Service Cross, the Silver Star with Oak Leaf Cluster and the Croix de Guerre with silver star and diploma. In addition he was cited twice in General Orders of the War Department and once by the commanding general, AEF. He was also entitled to wear the French Fourragere which was awarded the 6th Marines.

Noble's Navy Cross was for gallantry in action from 6-June 8, 1918, during the battle of Belleau Wood. The citation states in part:

"…He was conspicuous for his judgment and personal courage in handling his company in attacks against superior numbers in strongly fortified machine-gun positions. His fortitude and initiative enabled his command each time to achieve success."

By the end of World War I, he had risen to the rank of captain.

Interwar years
After the war, he served in the Army of Occupation in Germany until returned to the United States in July 1919.

In September 1919, Noble went overseas again to serve at the Marine Barracks, St. Thomas, Virgin, Islands, until June 1922. After that, he completed the Company Officers Course in the Marine Corps Schools at Quantico, Virginia, then served there as adjutant and secretary of the schools and as commanding officer of the Marine Corps Schools Detachment. He left Quantico in June 1927, and the following month, began a two-year command of the Marine detachment aboard the  serving with that detachment on expeditionary duty in Nicaragua. He returned to Quantico in July 1929, and during the next three years, he completed the Field Officers Course and served as an instructor in that course.

From July 1932, until August 1934, Noble served with the 1st Brigade Marines in Haiti. He was stationed in the Adjutant and Inspectors' Department at Marine Corps Headquarters, Washington, D.C., from September 1934 to May 1937, then was ordered once more to Quantico. There, after serving as assistant commandant of the Marine Corps Schools and as the commander of the 2nd Battalion of the 5th Marines, he took command of that regiment. He served in that capacity at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and elsewhere in the Caribbean during training and maneuvers before he was again ordered to Marine Corps Headquarters in May 1941. This time he served with the Division of Plans and Policies as officer in charge of the Material Section, and later, as director, Division of Plans and Policies. He was a colonel when the United States entered World War II.

World War II
Noble was twice awarded the Legion of Merit with Combat "V", in World War II. The first was for outstanding service from September to December 1943, as chief of staff and deputy commander of I Marine Amphibious Corps during the Treasury Islands occupation, the diversionary landing on Choiseul Island and the establishment of the beachhead at Empress Augustas Bay, Bougainville. The second was for outstanding service from May to August 1944, as assistant commander of the 3rd Marine Division during the planning and execution of the recapture of Guam.

In September 1942, the general was named chief of staff of the newly activated 3rd Marine Division. He served in that capacity for a year, sailing with the division for the Pacific theater in February 1943. He remained overseas as chief of staff and deputy commander of I Marine Amphibious Corps from September to December 1943, and as assistant commander of the 3rd Division from January to October 1944. Returning to the United States in November 1944, he served as commanding general of the Marine Training Command at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, until January 1946.

Post-World War II service
In February 1946, Noble reported to Pearl Harbor as commanding general of the Marine Garrison Forces, 14th Naval District. He was ordered from Pearl Harbor to Tientsin, China, in August 1946, and after serving there for several months as assistant commander of the 1st Marine Division, he returned to the United States to take command of the Troop Training Unit, Amphibious Forces, Pacific Fleet, at Coronado, California.

From there, he reported to Parris Island, South Carolina, in February 1948, as commanding general, Marine Corps Recruit Depot. He served in that capacity until August 1950, for the next year as commanding general of the Marine barracks at Camp Pendleton, California, and for the following year as commanding general of the Department of the Pacific at San Francisco.

Ordered to the Netherlands in August 1952, Noble served in that country for two years prior to assuming command of the Marine Corps Base at Camp Lejeune in September 1954. He was transferred to Norfolk, Virginia, as commanding general, Fleet Marine Force Atlantic, on September 1, 1955, and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general on the same date. He served in that capacity until November 1, 1956, when he retired after 39 years of service and was promoted to four-star general.

Following his retirement, France awarded him the Legion of Honour for service to the Allied Cause during two World Wars and for his sympathy to France and its people.

Awards and decorations

See also

List of United States Marine Corps four-star generals

Notes

References

1894 births
1983 deaths
Military personnel from Maryland
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Silver Star
United States Marine Corps generals
United States Marine Corps World War II generals
People from Caroline County, Maryland
American military personnel of the Banana Wars
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)
Commanders of the Order of Orange-Nassau


The Great Phenol Plot was a clandestine effort by the German Government during the early years of World War I to divert American-produced phenol away from the manufacture of high explosives that supported the British war effort. It was used by the German-owned Bayer company, who could no longer import phenol from Britain, to produce aspirin.

Background
At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, most phenol used by American manufacturers was imported from the United Kingdom. A major precursor compound in organic chemistry, phenol was used to make both the salicylic acid used to make aspirin, and the high explosive picric acid (trinitrophenol). It was also a primary component for Thomas Edison's "Diamond Disc" phonograph records, which were made from glue-bound wood flour or ceramic coated in a layer of an early phenol-based plastic (unlike other disc records of the time, which were made from shellac).

British phenol was soon being used almost exclusively for making explosives for the war effort, leaving little for export. By 1915, the price of phenol rose to the point that Bayer's aspirin plant was forced to drastically cut production; this was especially problematic because Bayer was instituting a new branding strategy in anticipation of the expiry of the aspirin patent in the United States. Counterfeiters and Canadian importers and smugglers were stepping up to meet demand for aspirin, and the war had disrupted the links between the American Bayer plant (in Rensselaer, New York) and the central Bayer headquarters in Germany. Thomas Edison was also facing phenol supply problems; in response, he built a factory near Johnstown, Pennsylvania capable of manufacturing  of phenol per day. Edison's excess phenol seemed destined for American trinitrophenol production, which would be used to support the British.

Plot
Although the United States remained officially neutral until April 1917, it was increasingly throwing its support to the Allies through trade, especially after the May 1915 sinking of the British ocean liner Lusitania (whose death toll included 128 American passengers) by a German U-boat. While many Americans, including President Woodrow Wilson, supported the British, there was also considerable pro-German sentiment (though considerably less after the Lusitania'''s sinking). German ambassador Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff and Interior Ministry official Heinrich Albert were tasked with undermining American industry and maintaining public support for Germany. One of their agents was a former Bayer employee, Hugo Schweitzer.

Schweitzer, with money funneled from Germany through Albert, set up a contract for a front company called the Chemical Exchange Association to buy all of Edison's excess phenol. Much of the phenol would go to the German-owned Chemische Fabrik von Heyden's American subsidiary; Heyden was the supplier of Bayer's salicylic acid for aspirin manufacture. By July 1915, Edison's plants were selling about three tons of phenol per day to Schweitzer; Heyden's salicylic acid production was soon back on line, and in turn Bayer's aspirin plant was running as well. Schweitzer sold the remainder of the phenol at a considerable profit, being careful to distribute it to only non-war-related industries.

Albert, however, was under investigation by the Secret Service because of his propaganda activities. On July 24, 1915, he accidentally left his briefcase on a train; it was recovered by a Secret Service agent who had been following him. The briefcase contained details about the phenol plot and other covert activities to indirectly aid the German war effort. Although it was not incriminating enough to bring charges against Albert or the other conspirators (since the United States was still officially neutral and trade with Germany was legal), the documents were soon leaked to the New York World, an anti-German newspaper. The World'' published an exposé on August 15, 1915, and the publicity soon forced Albert to stop funding the phenol purchases.

Schweitzer quickly sought other financial backers. By September, he had signed a deal (backdated to June to hide Albert's involvement) with Richard Kny, a relative of the Heyden plant's manager. This allowed the phenol transfers to continue for a short while longer. By the time the plan was discontinued, it had succeeded in diverting enough phenol, according to Albert, to make about  of explosives. Schweitzer defended his actions, arguing that making medicine and disinfectants was a better use of the phenol than making weapons. The public pressure soon forced Schweitzer and Edison to end the phenol deal, with the embarrassed Edison subsequently sending his excess phenol to the U.S. military, but by that time the deal had netted the plotters over $2 million (equivalent to $ million in ) and there was already enough phenol to keep Bayer's aspirin plant running. Bayer's reputation was damaged, however, just as the company was preparing to launch an advertising campaign to secure the connection between aspirin and the Bayer brand.

See also
List of German sponsored acts of terrorism during WWI

References

Notes

External links
"The great phenol plot. (Chemfusion)." The Free Library. 2001 Chemical Institute of Canada 18 Mar. 2018

World War I
Bayer
Corporate scandals
Espionage scandals and incidents
Aspirin


Whites Creek may refer to:

Whites Creek (Brazil Creek), a stream in Missouri
Whites Creek (Eleven Point River), a stream in Missouri
Whites Creek (Hunter Creek), a stream in Missouri
Whites Creek, Tennessee, an unincorporated community
Whites Creek Historic District NRHP listed district in Nashville, Tennessee
Whites Creek (West Virginia), a stream
Whites Creek (Annandale), a stream in Australia
Whites Creek High School, Nashville, Tennessee

See also
White Creek (disambiguation)


Carey Isiah Bailey (born January 16, 1969) is an American gridiron football coach and former player. Bailey served as the head football coach at Howard University in Washington, D.C. from 2007 to 2010, compiling a record of 8–36.

Early years and playing career
Bailey graduated from Morgantown High School in Morgantown, West Virginia in 1987. He was an All-America nose guard and an all-state center for the Mohigans in 1986.

Bailey is an alumnus of the University of Tennessee and a former defensive tackle on the Volunteers football team. He was a four-year letterman for Johnny Majors and was a member of the 1989 and 1990 Southeastern Conference (SEC) championship teams. As a junior, Bailey led the Volunteers in sacks and tackles for loss. While he was at Tennessee, the Volunteers participated in the 1988 Peach Bowl, 1990 Cotton Bowl Classic, 1991 Sugar Bowl, and the 1992 Fiesta Bowl. Bailey graduated in 1992 with a Bachelor of Arts in sociology.

Coaching career

West Virginia
Bailey began his coaching career in 1993 as a graduate assistant at West Virginia University under head coach Don Nehlen. He worked with the defensive secondary and in strength and conditioning. During his first year in Morgantown, the 1993 West Virginia Mountaineers football team went undefeated and won the Big East Conference championship. In 1994, Bailey worked with a secondary that led the Big East in interceptions. He coached with West Virginia in the 1994 Sugar Bowl and the 1995 Carquest Bowl (January).

VMI
Bailey served as the defensive ends coach at the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) from 1995 to 1997. While at VMI He developed the Keydet defensive line into one of the best in the Southern Conference and guided two of his pupils to postseason recognition.

Louisiana–Lafayette
Bailey coached at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette for five seasons under three different head coaches—Nelson Stokley, Jerry Baldwin, and Rickey Bustle. He served as linebackers coach in 1998 and defensive tackles coach from 1999 to 2002. The Ragin' Cajuns led the Sun Belt Conference in sacks during the 2001 season. They also led the conference in punt returns for the 2001 and 2002 football seasons.

Middle Tennessee
In 2003, Bailey served as defensive line coach at Middle Tennessee State University for head coach Andy McCollum. He improved a defensive line that had finished nearly last in every statistical category the year before, to the top three in sacks, tackles for loss, and quarterback hurries.

Oklahoma State
Bailey became the defensive line coach at Oklahoma State University in February 2004, where he worked for head coach Les Miles. While at Oklahoma State, the Cowboys finished the 2004 season leading the Big 12 Conference in turnover margin, turnovers gained, fumbles recovered and earned a berth in the 2004 Alamo Bowl.

Minnesota
Bailey was the defensive line coach at the University of Minnesota from 2005 to 2006, where he worked under Glen Mason. In his first year at Minnesota, three of his pupils earned All-Big Ten honors which included the Big Ten Conference Defensive Newcomer of the Year and first team freshman All-America Steve Davis. In 2005, Minnesota defeated Michigan for the first time in 19 years to recapture the Little Brown Jug given to the winner of the 100 plus year-old rivalry. During the 2006 season the defensive line accounted for 20.5 sacks. The Minnesota defense led the Big Ten in turnover margin, red zone defense, and turnovers gained. Another pupil of Bailey, defensive end William VanDeSteeg, led the Big Ten in sacks during the 2006 season (conference games). While at Minnesota, the Golden Gophers participated in the 2005 Music City Bowl, and the 2006 Insight Bowl.

Howard
On February 17, 2007, Bailey was named head football coach at Howard University. While leading the Bison, he produced four first-team All-America players (Sheridan Broadcast Network), and eleven All-Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC) players. Bailey resigned from his position on December 6, 2010.

Lamar
Bailey accepted the position of defensive line coach at Lamar University on February 16, 2012. In his first season, the Lamar defense produced its best performance since joining the Southland Conference, and two of Bailey's pupils garnered All-Conference recognition. In 2013, the Lamar defense recorded its highest sack total in school history. Defensive end Jesse Dickson became Lamar's first All-America (TSN) and first two-time All-Conference defensive lineman in the modern era. The 2013 Conference Defensive Player of the Year (College Sports Madness) was the conference leader in tackles for loss. Dickson led the team in tackles, tackles for loss and sacks under Bailey's tutelage. Dickson was the only defensive lineman to finish ranked in the top 10 for tackles in the Southland Conference.

In 2013, Bailey was given charge of the defensive kicking teams. The punt return unit that finished the 2013 season ranked #2 nationally (NCAA-FCS) and led the Southland conference in punt returns. The #2 NCAA ranking was an improvement of 88 spots from the previous year. Punt returner Kevin Johnson was named National Punt Returner of the Year (CFPA) and earned All-Conference honors. On February 4, 2014 Bailey was promoted to assistant head coach.

Lamar finished the 2014 football season with an 8-4 record and a #3 ranking in the Southland Conference. The 8 win mark was the most wins since the bringing the program back in 2010, and tied a school record for most wins in program history.  Bailey guided a defensive front in which the entire starting unit received all-conference recognition, highlighted by the second team selection of sophomore Omar Tebo. Bailey also helped the Lamar defense set a school record for sacks, lead the Southland Conference in fumbles recovered and finish 11th nationally in turnovers gained.

In 2015, Bailey coached a defense that led the Southland conference in turnovers gained and finished third in tackles for loss. He also tutored another All-Conference performer for the Cardinals in Larance Hale. Hale was the most productive defensive lineman in the Southland conference. The First Team All-Conference selection was the second leading tackler for the Cardinals and the team leader in forced fumbles, while finishing first among all Southland conference defensive linemen in sacks (7.5), tackles (86) and tackles for loss (21.5). Hale also finished ninth in tackles and was fifth in forced fumbled among all defensive players in the Southland Conference.

Atlanta Falcons
In June 2012, Bailey was selected to participate in the Bill Walsh Fellowship program with the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League (NFL). Bailey worked with the linebackers during the 2012 pre-season training camp.

New York Giants
In May 2015, Bailey was selected once again to participate in the Bill Walsh Fellowship program as a coaching intern, this time with the New York Giants. He worked with the linebackers and coached through the first preseason game against the Cincinnati Bengals.

Chattanooga
On January 18, 2016, Bailey was named defensive line coach at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. During the 2016 season the Mocs defensive line was of the best in all of FCS. The Chattanooga defense led the Southern Conference and set a school record for team sacks with 38, of which 30 were from the defensive line. Defensive ends Keionta Davis and Vantrell McMillan both earned first team all Southern Conference recognition. Davis was also named First Team All-American and the Southern Conference Defensive Player of the Year. Hero sports named Davis the top defensive end in FCS and the Top NFL prospect at his position.  Chattanooga finished the 2016 campaign ranked 10th in the country with a 9-–4record, while finishing 6th in total defense (up 27 spots from 2015), 9th in scoring defense (up 30 spots from 2015) and 12th in sacks (up 11 spots from 2015).

Richmond
On December 18, 2016, Bailey was named defensive line coach at the University of Richmond after former Chattanooga head coach Russ Huesman was named head football coach.

In 2017, Richmond finished the regular season with the 8th highest sack total in the FCS and set a school record for sacks per game. Bailey tutored two all CAA conference selections in DT Andrew Clyde (first team) and DE Brandon Waller (third team). Clyde ended the regular season as the conference sack leader, and earned 3rd Team All-America recognition (STATS/FCS). Freshman Colby Ritten earned Freshman All-America (Hero Sports) honors after an outstanding rookie campaign.

In 2018, Bailey fielded a unit that continued to be a dominant force in the CAA. Clyde and Maurice Jackson formed the most sack productive defensive line in all of the CAA, out-sacking every other line in the league by at least five sacks. Jackson led the way with a career-high 10.5 sacks on the season, leading the CAA in sacks and ranking sixth in the FCS in sacks. He also led the conference in tackles for loss with 15.0 and in forced fumbles with four. Jackson, who came to Richmond as a safety, played his first full season as a defensive end for the Spiders and ranked seventh in the country in forced fumbles. He was named the CAA Defensive Player of the Week for the final game of the regular season and earned his first career All America and All-Conference honor. He did this while playing in just 10 games, missing a game and a half due to injury. Clyde earned his second-straight All-Conference accolade with this year's First Team honor. The preseason All-America selection lived up to his hype with 6.5 sacks on the season, ranking seventh in the CAA. All 6.5 of his sacks came in league play as he led the CAA in sacks during conference play. He added two fumble recoveries on the season and finished his career second all-time in Richmond football history with 25.0 career sacks. Clyde played and started all 50 games of his career, never missing a start in his four years on the field.

Toronto Argonauts
In January 2019, Bailey became the defensive line coach for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL). During the 2019 season, the Argos finished the regular season tied for fifth in sacks after finishing last in 2018. Defensive tackle Cleyon Laing was named an Eastern Conference All-Star and finished the 2019 season one sack shy of matching a career high despite missing three games due to a knee injury.

Ottawa Redblacks
In February 2020, Bailey became the defensive line coach for the Ottawa Redblacks of the CFL. After the 2020 CFL season was cancelled Bailey returned to coach the defensive line for the 2021 season in which DE Praise Martin-Oguike and DT Davon Coleman established themselves as two of the most productive defenders in the CFL.

Head coaching record

References

External links
 Ottawa Redblacks bio
 Chattanooga Mocs bio

1969 births
Living people
American football defensive tackles
Chattanooga Mocs football coaches
Howard Bison football coaches
Lamar Cardinals football coaches
Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns football coaches
Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football coaches
Minnesota Golden Gophers football coaches
Morgantown High School alumni
Oklahoma State Cowboys football coaches
Ottawa Redblacks coaches
Richmond Spiders football coaches
Tennessee Volunteers football players
Toronto Argonauts coaches
VMI Keydets football coaches
West Virginia Mountaineers football coaches
People from Bluefield, West Virginia
Sportspeople from Morgantown, West Virginia
Coaches of American football from West Virginia
Players of American football from West Virginia
African-American coaches of American football
African-American coaches of Canadian football
African-American players of American football
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American sportspeople


The Dilworth Building is a heritage mixed-use (residential apartments and shops on the ground floor) building at the corner of Customs Street and Queen Street in the Auckland CBD, New Zealand. The building by William Gummer & Reginald Ford was constructed between 1925 and 1927, and is listed as a "Historic Place - Category I" by Heritage New Zealand.

At the lower entry to Queen Street, the building was once envisaged as one half of a 'gateway' to the city, and hailed as a visionary concept. However, the mirroring building on the opposite side of Queen Street was never constructed.

History
The building was constructed at the behest of James Dilworth as a rental property to help fund students at the Dilworth Ulster Institute (which later became Dilworth School). Originally the Dilworth Trust Board office was on the 9th floor (with a mezzanine floor) while the rest of the building was let out to tenants. The building was sold by the Dilworth Trust in the 1980s, but it still retains some of the original interiors.

It has housed the American consulate, and during World War II served as headquarters for the U.S. Army.

References

External links

Photographs of the Dilworth building held in Auckland Libraries' heritage collections.

Apartment buildings in New Zealand
Buildings and structures in Auckland
Heritage New Zealand Category 1 historic places in the Auckland Region
Gummer and Ford buildings and structures
1920s architecture in New Zealand
Auckland CBD


Playing for Peanuts is a 10-episode documentary television series about minor league baseball. The ten episode series follows the South Georgia Peanuts of the independent South Coast League during the 2007 season.

History
The series centered on former New York Mets star Wally Backman's managerial comeback, following a four-day stint as manager of the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2004. Backman had been fired by Arizona after past legal troubles surfaced.

Playing for Peanuts premiered on nine regional sports networks on May 11, 2008. The show was received favorably by baseball fans and the sports media, but it was removed from TV by the producer, John J. Fitzgerald after a dispute with SportsNet New York due to the network's refusal to promote the show. Fitzgerald maintained that the network refused to promote the show because it might be seen as an endorsement of Backman to replace New York Mets manager Willie Randolph. SportsNet New York is owned by Sterling Equities, who at the time was the Mets parent company. Fitzgerald has since posted select episodes on his YouTube account, and is selling the complete series on DVD via Amazon.

In November 2009, Backman was hired by the New York Mets to manage their Class A affiliate Brooklyn Cyclones. According to Baseball Digest, Backman had asked Fitzgerald for the cell phone number of Mets COO Jeff Wilpon. After calling Wilpon, Backman reportedly impressed the team during a series of interviews, leading to his hiring.

References

2008 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings
South Coast League
2000s American documentary television series


Clinton L. Bardo (1868 – 1937) was an American industrialist whose career included stints as general manager of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad and president of New York Shipbuilding. As president of the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM) from 1934 to 1935, he became an outspoken opponent of U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal.

Railroad industry
Bardo joined the Pennsylvania Railroad as a 17-year-old telegrapher in 1885, and spent the next four decades in the employ of the Pennsy, the Lehigh Valley Railroad, New York Central, and the New Haven. In February 1913, he became general manager of the New Haven, which through the acquisition of nearly 100 smaller railroads had become the dominant road in New England. He held the title of general manager or assistant to the president of the railroad until his resignation in 1925. His tenure spanned the investigation into two fatal train wrecks in 1913 and the 1922-23 shopmen's strike. He was appointed Trustee of the bankrupt New York, Westchester & Boston Railway (a subsidiary of the New Haven) in 1935. Bardo sought a sound reorganization plan for the NYW&B, but died of a heart attack on August 3, 1937.

Shipbuilding industry
On leaving the New Haven, Bardo accepted a position as vice president of the newly organized American Brown Boveri Electric Corporation, which had just acquired ownership of one of the largest American shipyards, the New York Shipbuilding Corporation of Camden, NJ. Bardo would serve as president of New York Shipbuilding until 1934, a period during which the company was challenged by the Depression, a shipbuilding drought, and labor unrest, That unrest led to a 47-day strike in the spring of 1934 and the founding of the Industrial Union of Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America (IUMSWA). In 1929, he was the first witness called to testify before the Senate Naval Affairs Committee in an investigation into collusion in the awarding of Navy shipbuilding contracts.

NAM
When first elected president of the National Association of Manufacturers in January 1934, Bardo publicly pledged that the manufacturing industry would fully support the Federal recovery plan. But by the fall of 1935, Bardo was opposing a renewal of the National Recovery Act, calling on the association's members to fight "propaganda" and pushing for greater political activism against "the new economic order proclaimed by President Roosevelt."

Personal
Bardo died in the Bronx Hospital at the age of 69.

References
New York Times, September 1, 1917, "Changes on New Haven"
New York Times, January 13, 1934, "C.L. Bardo elected by Manufacturers"
New York Times, May 13, 1934, "Navy threat ends shipyard strike"
New York Times, December 5, 1935, "Business leaders to enter politics to end New Deal"

1868 births
1937 deaths
American manufacturing businesspeople


Edward Walter Perera (11 December 1875 – 15 February 1953) was a Ceylonese (Sri Lankan) barrister, politician and freedom fighter. He was known as the "Lion of Kotte" and was a prominent figure in the Sri Lankan independence movement, served as an elected member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon and the State Council of Ceylon.

Early life and education
Edward Walter Perera was born on 11 December 1875 at Unawatuna, Galle the son of Edward Francis Perera (a Proctor of Colombo) and Johana Matilda, daughter of Mudliyar William David Perera Jayawickrema Seneviratne of Thalpaththuwa, Galle. Raised as a devoted Christian, Perera was educated at Royal College, Colombo and was the first editor of the Royal College Magazine. He served as a sub-editor of the newspaper Examiner while studying law at the Ceylon Law College and was called to the Bar as an Advocate in May 1900. Having gone to England for further studies in the Middle Temple, he became a Barrister in 1909. Perera was a member of the first Reform Deputation in 1910.

Role in the Sri Lankan independence movement
During the First World War, in 1915 commercial and ethnic rivalries erupted into riots throughout British Ceylon by Buddhists and Christians against Muslims. Fearing a possible uprising, the inexperienced Governor of Ceylon Sir Robert Chalmers declared martial law on 2 June 1915 and on the advice of Inspector General Herbert Dowbiggin began to suppress the riots by issuing orders to the colonial police and military to summarily execute anyone they deemed  to be a rioter.  Many prominent Sri Lankans such as D. S. Senanayake, D. R. Wijewardena, Arthur V. Dias, Dr. Cassius Pereira, Dr. W. A. de Silva, F.R. Dias Bandaranaike, H. W. Amarasuriya and A.H. Molamure were imprisoned and Captain D.E.Henry Pedris, a militia commander, was executed on the charge of mutiny.

A memorandum was drafted at a secret meeting held at Perera's residence, initiated by Sir James Peiris with the participation of Sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan. Before presenting it to the His Majesty's Government, the support of the British members of parliament and the press in England had to be obtained. Travelling to England by sea was dangerous due to the presence of German submarines in the region. Abandoning a promising career at the Bar, Perera undertook the task of going over to England by obtaining permission saying he was going to do some research in the British Museum. To his advantage, the British treated him as a scholarly Christian Barrister rather than an independence activist. He was accompanied by George E. de Silva. In England, he was joined by Sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan and later by Sir D.B Jayatilaka and they presented the memorandum to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, pleading for the repeal of martial law and describing the atrocities committed by the Police led by Dowbiggin. The mission was a success. The British government ordered the release of the leaders who were in detention. Several high officials were transferred. A new Governor, Sir John Anderson was sent to replace Sir Robert Chalmers with instructions to inquire and report to His Majesty's Government. Perera's effort was greatly appreciated and he was thereafter referred to as the Lion of Kotte.

It was also Perera who with the help of D. R. Wijewardena, the press baron (grandfather of current president of Sri Lanka Ranil Wickramasinghe) traced the location of the banner of last King Sri Vikrama Rajasinghe, the last king of the Kingdom of Kandy to the Royal Hospital Chelsea, where it had been kept since the surrender of the Kingdom to the British in 1815. The recovered banner became a focal point in the independence movement and it became the flag of the Dominion of Ceylon upon its independence in 1948.

Political career
He was a member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon, first as member from Western Province BH Division (1920) and then representing the Kalutara District (1924). As President of the Ceylon National Congress, he led its delegation before the Donoughmore Commission in 1926/27. Sincere to his convictions, he opposed the granting of universal adult suffrage and broke with his colleagues in the Congress. He agitated for full freedom and formed the All-Ceylon Liberal Association with Sir James Peiris. However, he was elected Member of the State Council of Ceylon for the Horana seat (1931) by a majority of 12,432 votes and served till 1935. He contested the 1943 Kelaniya by-election following the resignation of incumbent D. B. Jayatilaka and was defeated by J. R. Jayewardene.

Later life
He was a scholar and wrote several books. He died on 15 February 1953 at the age of 77.

See also
National Heroes of Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan independence movement
Sri Lankan independence activist
Legislative Council of Ceylon

References

External links
Those who led the struggle
Lion of Kotte
http://bandaragama.wordpress.com/

1875 births
1953 deaths
National Heroes of Sri Lanka
Members of the Senate of Ceylon
Sri Lankan educational theorists
Sri Lankan Christians
Alumni of Royal College, Colombo
Alumni of Ceylon Law College
Members of the Middle Temple
Members of the 1st State Council of Ceylon
Members of the Legislative Council of Ceylon
Sinhalese people
Sri Lankan lawyers
Sri Lankan barristers
Ceylonese advocates


Security Service Federal Credit Union (SSFCU) is a credit union headquartered in San Antonio, Texas, federally chartered and federally insured by the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) (excluding its insurance subsidiary). With more than $10.5 billion in assets, Security Service serves more than 800,000 members, and operates 66 locations throughout Texas, Colorado and Utah. Security Service is the largest credit union in San Antonio, Texas, and is among the largest credit unions in the United States. The credit union provides access to more than 5,000 credit union locations nationwide through the CU Service Centers shared branching network.

History
Established in 1956 as the United States Air Force Security Service Federal Credit Union, the credit union first opened its doors at Kelly Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas, with just eight members and $25 in deposits. In 1968, the board of directors voted to shorten the credit union’s name to Security Service Federal Credit Union.

Security Service Federal Credit Union was founded as a not-for-profit, member-owned financial cooperative to serve the fiscal needs of the members and families of the U.S. Air Force Security Service Command. The credit union has since expanded its charter to include more than 2,600 ways to qualify for membership. Headquartered in San Antonio, Texas, Security Service offers a full suite of traditional financial products and services.

Corporate headquarters
Security Service Federal Credit Union opened its first corporate headquarters in San Antonio at Hwy 90. Headquarters were then moved in 2001 to a new 128,000 sq. ft. facility located on La Cantera Parkway in San Antonio. Due to continued growth and expansion, Security Service relocated its corporate offices to a new campus located at 15000 IH-10 West in San Antonio, which houses more than 700 employees and offers operations and amenities buildings.

Mergers and acquisitions
Initiated by other credit unions and the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA), mergers and acquisitions have assisted in the expansion of the Security Service Federal Credit Union field of membership. These mergers are also responsible for the credit union’s entry into the Colorado and Utah markets. A merger with the Fort Carson Federal Credit Union in 1980 brought Security Service to Colorado Springs, Colorado. In December 2010, the NCUA approved the credit union’s offer to assume Salt Lake City's Beehive Credit Union's assets, making its first presence in the cities of Salt Lake City, Provo, Riverton, Sandy, South Jordan and St. George, Utah. Since 1974, Security Service has merged and acquired 21 credit unions located in Texas, Colorado and Utah.

Membership
Security Service Federal Credit Union offers more than 2,600 ways to qualify for membership. Through various fields of membership, individuals who live, work, worship, attend school, volunteer, or have a business located in Texas, Colorado or Utah may qualify for membership. Individuals living in other states may qualify for membership through approved Texas and Colorado consumer councils. Additionally, a family or household member of an existing member may also qualify for membership.

Products and services
Security Service Federal Credit Union offers financial service, support and products to its members. Products and services that are offered include online and mobile banking, checking and savings accounts, consumer loans, mortgage loans, credit cards, investments, insurance and title services. Other services include shared banking and nationwide ATMs.

Companies based in San Antonio
American companies established in 1956
Banks established in 1956
Credit unions based in Texas


is a puzzle series developed by Konami.

Gameplay
The gameplay of the series is similar to other matching-based puzzle games, such as Puyo Puyo, being a battle game between one player and either a human or CPU opponent. Balls will descend down the screen, in colours red, yellow, blue, or green. These balls can be either  or , the latter of which appear "locked" in square boxes. Large balls are cleared if three or more are touching horizontally or vertically. When a large ball is cleared next to a small ball, that small ball is "unlocked" and becomes a large ball, and so can be matched with. If a combo of matches occurs, those balls are converted into , which results in small balls being added to the opponent's side, in a different pattern for each character.

The ball types are as follows:
 : Basic ball type, can be matched.
 : Appear "locked" and can be unlocked by matching large balls next to them.
 : Introduced in Susume! Taisen Puzzle-Dama, these balls are white in colour, and when they land, they convert all adjacent small balls to large balls.
 : Introduced in Susume! Taisen Puzzle-Dama, these balls are black in colour, and when they land, they convert all adjacent large balls to small balls.
 : Introduced in Susume! Taisen Puzzle-Dama, these balls are purple in colour, and are oriented in a certain direction. Where they land, they continue in the direction they are facing, "eating" small balls and removing them from the field. They stop when they reach the edge of the field or a large ball. They then convert the last small ball they "ate" into a large ball.

Games in the series

 Taisen Puzzle-Dama (1994, Arcade)
 Tsuyoshi Shikkari Shinasai: Taisen Puzzle-dama (1994, Super Famicom) - Tsuyoshi Shikkari Shinasai themed
 TwinBee Taisen Puzzle-Dama (1994, PlayStation) - TwinBee themed
 Tokimeki Memorial Taisen Puzzle-Dama (1995, Arcade, PlayStation, Sega Saturn, Windows 95, PlayStation Network) - Tokimeki Memorial themed
 Chibi Maruko-chan no Taisen Puzzle-Dama (1995, Sega Saturn) - Chibi Maruko-chan themed
 Susume! Taisen Puzzle-Dama (1996, Arcade, PlayStation)
 Susume! Taisen Puzzle Dama: Tōkon! Marutama Chō (1998, Nintendo 64)
 Puzzle-Dama (2001, Mobile Phones)
 Tokimeki Memorial 2 Taisen Puzzle-Dama (2001, PlayStation) - Tokimeki Memorial 2 themed
 Puzzle-Dama DX (2003, Mobile Phones)
 Wagamama Fairy Mirmo de Pon! Taisen Mahō-Dama (2003, Game Boy Advance) - Mirmo! themed
 Pop'n Taisen Puzzle-Dama Online (2004, PlayStation 2) - Pop'n Music themed
 Tokimeki Memorial Girl's Side Taisen Puzzle-Dama (December 2004, mobile phones) - Tokimeki Memorial Girl's Side themed
 Hell Girl Taisen Puzzle-Dama (2007, Mobile Phones) - Hell Girl themed
 Hayate no Gotoku!! Taisen Puzzle-Dama (2009, Mobile Phones) - Hayate the Combat Butler themed
 Castlevania Puzzle: Encore of the Night (2010, iOS, Windows Phone) - Castlevania themed
 Magical Academy Taisen Puzzle-Dama (2011, Mobile Phones) - Magic Academy themed

Spin-offs
 A part of Konami Taisen Colosseum series
 Puzzle de Knight (Mitsumete Knight)
 Moeru! Taisen Puzzle-Dama (LovePlus +)
 Puzzle-Dama Eleven (Winning Eleven Mobile)
 New LovePlus

References

Falling block puzzle games
Konami franchises
Video game franchises
Chibi Maruko-chan


Port Botany is a deepwater seaport located in Botany Bay in Sydney, Australia. The port is dominated by trade in containerised manufactured products and, to a lesser extent, bulk liquid imports including petroleum and natural gas. It is one of Australia's largest container ports and is administered by NSW Ports which entered into a 99-year lease agreement with the Port Authority of New South Wales in May 2013.

History
Prior to 1960 Sydney's international shipping facilities were exclusively located in Port Jackson, with bulk and break bulk docks at Darling Harbour and Walsh Bay with bulk and roll-on/roll-off docks at Glebe Island and White Bay.

With the advent of containerisation in the late 1950s it became clear that Sydney would require additional port facilities to cater for new cargo types. In the 1960s the government agency responsible for ports, the Maritime Services Board, recommended that a new port complex be developed in the northern part of Botany Bay adjacent to Sydney Airport. The Government of New South Wales endorsed the proposal in 1969 and in 1971 work commenced on two container terminals to the north, and a bulk liquid wharf and storage area to the south.

Bulk liquids
The bulk liquid terminal was completed in 1979 as a common-user facility for the import of natural gas, oil, petroleum and chemicals. The terminal and storage area were progressively expanded during the 1980s including new ethylene tanks and handling plant operated by ICI, and AGL storage caverns in 1994 and 2000. The bulk liquid terminal can accommodate ships of around  in length and .

Containers

The northernmost container terminal was completed in 1979 and officially opened by Premier Neville Wran who christened it Brotherson Dock in memory of former Maritime Services Board chairman Bill Brotherson who had died in 1975. The terminal was initially leased to Australian shipping company ANL but was transferred to Patrick Corporation in the 1990s. In 2006 Patrick Corporation merged with Toll Holdings.

The southern container terminal opened in 1982, christened Brotherson Dock Two and was leased to the newly formed stevedore company Container Terminals Australia (CTAL). Despite both terminals being of equal size and quay length, Brotherson Dock Two struggled to compete with its northern neighbour. In its first full year of operation, Brotherson Two handled just 91,000 containers with a berth occupancy rate of 40 percent. In the 1990s CTAL ceased operations and the terminal lease was onsold to shipping company P&O. In 2006 P&O was purchased by Dubai Ports.

Port expansion
The third container terminal at Port Botany was completed in June 2011. The A$515 million project included the reclamation of  of land with the construction of  of shipping wharves which will berth five vessels. In addition, there were associated rail and road networks. Baulderstone and Jan De Nul, the project's joint venture partners, were awarded the Australian Construction Achievement Award, the Australian construction industry's most prestigious award, for their work on the project. In December 2009, Hutchison Whampoa invested in Terminal 3 through subsidiary Hutchison Port Holdings (and its wholly owned subsidiary Sydney International Container Terminals), and signed a 30-year lease with Sydney Ports Corporation, now transferred to NSW Ports. The terminal was expected to be operational during 2013.

The expansion catered for continued growth in demand for imports by intermodal containers and to provide space for a third stevedore for Sydney. The expansion was twice the size recommended by an independent Commission of Inquiry in 2004. The commission's recommendation proposed that increased demand could be catered for by the two existing stevedores via improvements in technology and logistics. The concentration of NSW's container trade at Port Botany will see a tripling of containers being processed, and although there are plans to double the current percentage of containers being transported by freight rail from 20% to 40%, there will still be a 200% increase in container trucks on Sydney's roads.

An A$84 million expansion to the Bulk Liquids Berth, called BLB2, commenced and doubled the capacity of bulk liquids operations. The BLB2, which became operational in mid-2013, is suitable for ships up to  in length and .

References

Botany Bay
Infrastructure completed in 1979
Botany
1979 establishments in Australia


KFXX may refer to:

 KFXX (AM), a radio station (1080 AM) licensed to serve Portland, Oregon, United States
 KFXX-FM, a radio station (99.5 FM) licensed to serve Klamath Falls, Oregon
 KHGN (FM), a radio station (106.7 FM) licensed to serve Hugoton, Kansas, United States, which held the call signs KFXX or KFXX-FM from 1989 to 2016


Daniel Carney (1944–1987) was a Rhodesian novelist. Three of his novels have been made into films. He was a brother of Erin Pizzey, also a writer.

Biography
Daniel Carney was born in Beirut in 1944, a son of a British diplomat. In 1963, he settled in Southern Rhodesia (soon to be renamed Rhodesia) and joined the British South Africa Police (BSAP), where he served for three and a half years. In 1968, he co-founded the estate agents Fox and Carney in Salisbury, Rhodesia. He died of cancer in 1987.

After his death, ownership rights of his novels and the films based on them passed to his family. They have consistently withheld permission to reproduce Daniel's novels, and have opposed re-release or sales of the movies based on the novels. In 2005, Tango Entertainment released a 30th anniversary edition of The Wild Geese (1978).  The film had been hampered by the collapse of its American distributor, Allied Artists. As a result, the film was only partially distributed in the United States, where it was a box office disappointment, despite being the fourteenth-highest-grossing film, worldwide, of 1978.

Published works
 , set in Rhodesia, was adapted as a 1976 movie titled Whispering Death, a.k.a. Night of the Askaris, Death in the Sun, and Albino.
  (originally titled The Thin White Line), set in the Congo, was adapted as the film The Wild Geese (1978), with a screenplay by Reginald Rose (author of 12 Angry Men).
 , is set in Rhodesia. Its film rights were optioned by Euan Lloyd, producer of The Wild Geese and Wild Geese II, but the project was not filmed.
 , set in Germany and republished as The Wild Geese II and The Return of the Wild Geese, was adapted as a movie titled Wild Geese II (1985).
  is set in Macau.

References

External links

 Photo of Carney's grave in Zimbabwe

1944 births
1987 deaths
Rhodesian novelists
Zimbabwean novelists
Zimbabwean male writers
Male novelists
British South Africa Police officers
20th-century novelists
British emigrants to Southern Rhodesia
Deaths from cancer in Zimbabwe
British expatriates in Lebanon
20th-century male writers
White Rhodesian people
Zimbabwean people of British descent
Writers from Harare


Raymond John "Ray" McArthur (c. 1917 - 5 August 1974) was an Australian rules footballer who played with West Adelaide in the SANFL.

McArthur played in many positions during his career including ruckman. He made his debut 1935 and was West Adelaide's best and fairest winner two years later. In 1939 he tied in the voting for the Magarey Medal with Jeff Pash but lost the award after an additional count. He was, however, awarded a retrospective Magarey Medal in 1998.

During World War Two he played with the combined West Adelaide-Glenelg side before resuming with West Adelaide when the war ended. He topped West's goalkicking in 1945 with 42 goals before retiring at the end of the following season, finishing with 152 games. On four occasions during his career he represented South Australia at interstate football.

External links

West Adelaide Football Club players
Magarey Medal winners
1910s births
1974 deaths
Australian rules footballers from South Australia


Michael Dalgan Lyons (1 November 1910 – 19 November 1991) was an Irish Fine Gael politician from Ballyhaunis, County Mayo.

A farmer and former employee of the Irish Sugar Company, he stood unsuccessfully as a Fine Gael candidate for Dáil Éireann in the Mayo South constituency at three successive general elections (1954, 1957, and 1961) before finally winning the seat at the 1965 general election to the 18th Dáil. He served only one term in the Dáil, losing his seat at the 1969 general election.

Lyons did not stand for the Dáil again, but after his 1969 defeat he was elected to the 12th Seanad on the Oireachtas sub-panel of the Labour Panel. He was re-elected in 1973 to the 13th Seanad and in 1977 to the 14th Seanad, but did not contest the 1981 Seanad election.

References

1910 births
1991 deaths
Fine Gael TDs
Members of the 18th Dáil
Members of the 12th Seanad
Members of the 13th Seanad
Members of the 14th Seanad
Politicians from County Mayo
20th-century Irish farmers
Fine Gael senators
Labour Panel senators


The J-Test was introduced in 1991 as a method for the objective measurement of Japanese language proficiency of non-native speakers. Broadly based on the format of a listening test, the exam attempts to gauge practical proficiency in Japanese.

Test times
The test is held six times a year in January, March, May, July, September and November at sites throughout Japan, People's Republic of China, Republic of China (Taiwan), South Korea, Thailand, Mongolia, Vietnam, Nepal, Indonesia and Philippines.

Format
J-Test consists of three parts:

Listening Comprehension
Reading Comprehension
Writing section

Listening Comprehension
In Listening Comprehension the examiners play an audio clip comprising the following sections:

See the picture and listen to the questions and answer them.
Listen to the conversation and answer the question.
Listen to the scene which is played in the audio clip and answer the questions.
The audio file will give a list of words and candidates have to select one which is similar to a given word.

Reading
In the Reading section candidates are given different paragraphs to read, about which questions are asked.

Writing
The Writing section includes questions based on the following template:

Identify a Kanji's Hiragana reading.
For a given hiragana word, identify the kanji.
Write the hiragana reading for a given kanji.e.g. "For 人口, the hiragana reading is じんこう."
Complete the sentence.e.g. "もし＿＿＿＿＿＿＿タラ＿＿＿＿＿＿です"
Constructing a sentence based on three given words.e.g. "Make a sentence with Aruku, Iku, Ichiban."

See also
Chinese character
Japanese Language Proficiency Test
Kanji Kentei

External links
 J-test official site
 J-test Vietnam
 J-test Taiwan
 J-test Philippines

Japanese language tests


Ernest Henry Bambridge (16 May 1848 – 16 October 1917) was an English footballer who made one appearance as a forward for England in 1876. He was the eldest of three brothers who played for England.

Career
His football career was spent with Windsor Home Park, Swifts, East Sheen and Corinthian and he gained representative honours for Berkshire. His solitary England appearance came on 4 March 1876 against Scotland at Hamilton Crescent, Partick. According to Philip Gibbons, "England struggled throughout the game, which saw the home team run out winners by three goals to nil."

His younger brothers, Arthur and Charles played 3 and 18 times respectively for England. They are the only trio of brothers to have played for England.

Bambridge earned his living as a member of the London Stock Exchange. He died in Southend on 16 October 1917.

References

External links

England profile
Family history
The Famous Bambridge Brothers - Article in Slough History online

1848 births
1917 deaths
Sportspeople from Windsor, Berkshire
English men's footballers
England men's international footballers
Swifts F.C. players
Corinthian F.C. players
Men's association football wing halves
Footballers from Berkshire


The rivalry between Leeds United and Manchester United, sometimes nicknamed the Roses rivalry, is a footballing rivalry played between the Northern English clubs Leeds United and Manchester United. The rivalry originates from the strong rivalry between the historic counties of Lancashire and Yorkshire, which is popularly believed to have its origins in the Wars of the Roses of the 15th century. Although the cities of Leeds and Manchester lie over  apart, the tradition is upheld and this strong feeling can still be seen between the two clubs. Independent research by the Football Fans Census has shown that, within English football, both Leeds and Manchester United are ranked within the top three clubs based on the number of clubs that consider them to be their rivals.

In the past, rivalry between the two clubs has gone beyond the action on the field at Old Trafford and Elland Road. Hostility became more intense over the years and during the 1970s, when British football hooliganism was at its height, fights between the Leeds United Service Crew and Manchester United's Red Army, the club's respective hooligan firms, were commonplace and became known as some of the most violent clashes in British football. Many people were injured in these encounters but violence between fans of the clubs has declined sharply since the 1970s for a number of reasons, mainly due to the general reduction in hooliganism. As recently as January 2010, prior to the two clubs meeting in the FA Cup 3rd round, Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson described the matches as "fantastic, feisty occasions" with an "electric" atmosphere. The rivalry has also been labelled by The Daily Telegraph as "English football's most intense – and inexplicable – rivalry".

These encounters have been particularly scarce since 1982, the year that Leeds were relegated to the Second Division. Hooliganism was still rife among fans of English league clubs at this stage, and by the time Leeds returned to the top flight in 1990 the problem was less severe and has remained a lesser problem since. The rivalry and the hooliganism have been effectively curtailed since 2004, when Leeds were relegated from the Premier League. The teams met only twice between 2004 and 2020, and while polling showed Leeds fans still considered Manchester United to be their main rivals, Manchester United fans considered Liverpool to be their main rivals, followed by Manchester City, Chelsea, and Arsenal. The rivalry was renewed in the 2020–21 Premier League season, following Leeds United's promotion after winning the 2019–20 EFL Championship, with the sides' first encounter thereafter ending 6–2 to Manchester United. In terms of trophies won, the rivalry has been heavily in favour of Manchester United, who have won 67 trophies to Leeds United's 9.

Roots

Wars of the Roses

The rivalry is considered to be a sporting manifestation of the established rivalry between the counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire, which can loosely be traced back to the Wars of the Roses, a series of civil wars fought between the rival Plantagenet royal houses of York and Lancaster for the throne of England during the 15th century. The battles contested during the wars were particularly bloody, especially the Battle of Towton, which took place just  away from Leeds and is described as "England's bloodiest ever battle".

The colours of each football team's home shirts fittingly correspond to the respective rose representing their historic county – Leeds with a white kit, resembling the Yorkshire rose and Manchester United with a red shirt, like the Lancashire rose. However, Manchester United's colours have not always been red and Leeds only adopted their white kit in the 1960s, inspired by Real Madrid. There is a similar rivalry in the sport of cricket, in which matches are contested on a county basis. In this case, the Roses Match is the name given to games played between Yorkshire County Cricket Club and Lancashire County Cricket Club. Although the clubs cover the larger county region, Yorkshire are based in Leeds and play at the Headingley Stadium, while Lancashire play at the Old Trafford Cricket Ground in Manchester, close to the football stadium of the same name. Manchester is now in the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester, while Leeds is now in the metropolitan county of West Yorkshire.

Industrial Revolution

A direct rivalry between the cities of Leeds and Manchester sprang up during the Industrial Revolution in Britain during the 18th and 19th centuries. The entire country was going through an unprecedented phase of economic growth and Leeds' economy had grown rapidly thanks to the woollen industry. Meanwhile, to the west in Manchester, the cotton industry began to flourish, with factories fuelled by the transportation of cheap coal down the Bridgewater Canal.

During the mid-19th century, Leeds had constructed the impressive Grade I listed Leeds Town Hall, though the wealth which Manchester had acquired allowed them to retort by constructing striking architectural works of their own, such as the Grade I listed Manchester Town Hall. This served to establish the rivalry between the two cities even further.

Football

Earliest meetings
Manchester United were the first side to emerge, despite club football itself first originating in Yorkshire. The club was founded in 1878 as Newton Heath L&YR by employees of Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, with the company – as the name suggests – covering both historic counties. The club's new owners later changed their name to Manchester United in 1902. Leeds had traditionally been a rugby league city so it was a while before the attraction of football finally appealed to the local people. An association football club was finally made though in 1904, when Leeds City emerged. The two sides clashed for the first time in the Second Division at Manchester United's Bank Street stadium on 15 January 1906 in front of 6,000 fans. Leeds City won the game 3–0, but United won the return game at Elland Road 2–1 in April.

These matches proved to be both the first and the last times that the two clubs met, as Manchester United were promoted to the First Division at the end of the 1905–06 season and Leeds City were eventually forcibly disbanded due to financial irregularities. A new club was formed under the name "Leeds United", and they began playing in the Midland League, taking the place vacated by Leeds City's reserve team. The club also took over Elland Road, which had been occupied by Yorkshire Amateur since the demise of Leeds City. Leeds United were elected to the Second Division on 31 May 1920 and they met Manchester United for the first time at Old Trafford on 20 January 1923. However, the 25,000 spectators went home disappointed as the match ended 0–0. Manchester United claimed the first victory, and indeed the first away win, between the two sides, when they beat Leeds 1–0 at Elland Road a week later on 27 January. It took Leeds until the 1925–26 season to gain their first victory, winning 2–0 at Elland Road on 3 October.

In the 1928–29 season Leeds achieved their first away victory against Manchester United, with a 2–1 win at Old Trafford in the First Division. Leeds also won the fixture at Elland Road 3–2 and became the first of the two sides to achieve a double over the other (winning both fixtures between the two sides in one season). Manchester United's first double over Leeds, however, did not come until 1946–47, when a 3–1 win at Old Trafford was followed by a 2–0 win at Elland Road. Neither side was particularly successful during this period though, and the two sides only met sporadically due to several promotions and relegations.

Busby v Revie – the rivalry intensifies

It was not until after the Second World War that Manchester United became a fully-fledged footballing power, as they picked up three league titles during the 1950s. Matt Busby was the man who had coached Manchester United to glory and he remained at the club until 1969. Meanwhile, across to the east, Leeds United had signed up former player Don Revie as their player-manager and he soon took the manager's post full-time. Manchester United's side during this era featured the likes of Bobby Charlton, Denis Law and George Best, while under Revie Leeds had gained a reputation as a tough, uncompromising side, with the likes of Bobby's brother Jack Charlton, Billy Bremner, and Norman Hunter. Another key member of Revie's side was the Irishman Johnny Giles, who joined Leeds from Manchester United for £33,000 in 1963.

During the 1964–65 season, the two sides were drawn against each other in the semi-finals of the FA Cup for a chance to reach the final. The tie at Hillsborough was a very rough game – the image of Jack Charlton and Denis Law punching each other and wrestling on the ground epitomised the spirit in which the game was played – and it ended 0–0, with the Yorkshire Post commenting "both sides behaved like a pack of dogs snapping and snarling at each other over a bone". The replay at the City Ground was tense and it took 89 minutes for Bremner to fire in the winner for Leeds. The two clubs finished 1st and 2nd in the league that same season, both on 61 points, but the Mancunians won the title due to a better goal average.

The rivalry between the two sides carried on at full force throughout the rest of the 1960s and the 1970s. Leeds achieved both domestic and European success, winning the First Division title in the 1968–69 season and the 1973–74 season, as well as finishing runners-up five more times, and never finishing outside the top four places whilst Revie was at the helm. Leeds earned a feared reputation for toppling European sides, including the likes of Juventus, Barcelona, Napoli, Anderlecht and Valencia; in doing so they became Inter-Cities Fairs champions twice and once runners-up, and controversially came runners up in the 1973 European Cup Winners' Cup Final and 1975 European Cup Final. Leeds new dominance was highlighted by the fact that in 1970 they came close to achieving an historic Cup Treble, however they finished runners up in both the league and FA cup, and were knocked out of the European cup at the semi-final stage. During this period Manchester United only won the league once, in the 1966–67 season, and were at the end of several defeats inflicted by Leeds, including a 5–1 defeat at Elland Road in 1972, they were relegated in the season Leeds became champions in 1974. However they had other successes, including winning the European Cup in 1968, an honour Leeds have never won.

The 1977 FA Cup Semi-Final between Manchester United v Leeds United at Hillsborough Sheffield was labelled 'The Battle of the Roses' on the cover of the official match-day programme. There was extensive violent clashes between supporters outside the stadium both before and after the match plus during the match inside the stadium, with numerous arrests and injuries. Manchester United won the match 2-1 and went on to beat Liverpool 2-1 in the Final at Wembley Stadium.

In 1978, Joe Jordan and Gordon McQueen, two of Leeds' best players at the time, were both sold to Manchester United. This was tough for the Leeds fans to take, especially in the case of McQueen as he was a fan favourite. The following season, the two players appeared against their former club. McQueen was targeted in particular with booing and jeering at Elland Road and objects were hurled at him before he scored a headed goal for Manchester United to silence the home fans.

Renewal
The Roses rivalry did not take place for nearly a decade because Leeds were relegated in 1982, while Manchester United remained competitive in the First Division and in the hunt for honours almost every season.

Leeds eventually returned under the stewardship of Howard Wilkinson in 1990 with a newly strengthened squad that had finished as Second Division champions. The first two seasons after Leeds won promotion brought draws between the two sides in all four league meetings, though Manchester United triumphed over the Yorkshire side in League Cup and FA Cup ties during that time.

The last league championship before the introduction of the Premier League came in the 1991–92 season, two seasons after Leeds' promotion, and for much of the season it was a straight title race between Leeds United and Manchester United. Thanks to the likes of Gordon Strachan (who was bought from Manchester United), Lee Chapman, David Batty and Eric Cantona, Leeds won the league by four points. However, much to the surprise of Leeds fans, Cantona was sold to Manchester United for £1.2 million, later in 1992. He would be the cornerstone of Manchester United's 1990s revival, leading them to the Premier League title on four occasions in just five seasons and he thus became one of the club's legends. In 2001, he was voted their player of the century and, to this day, Manchester United fans refer to him as "King Eric".

On-pitch clashes continued to happen between the clubs, with notable incidents including the beginning of a personal grudge between Manchester United captain Roy Keane and Alfie Haaland in September 1997, a clash between Ian Harte and Fabien Barthez in March 2001, and a tussle between Robbie Keane and David Beckham in October 2001.

Two Leeds United fans were stabbed to death during a UEFA Cup game against Galatasaray in 2000. Many Manchester United fans paid their respects, leaving tributes at Elland Road, and there were even reports of Leeds and Manchester United fans embracing, with The Independent using the headline "Old rivalries forgotten as fans unite in grief". However, by the time the two sides faced up in the league, a subsection of Manchester United fans unfurled banners bearing the words "MUFC Istanbul Reds" and "Galatasaray Reds", glorifying the killers and mocking Leeds supporters. The Manchester United fans who unfurled these banners may have been retaliating to consistent taunting by Leeds fans about the Munich air disaster over the years (these chants have also been made by the supporters of many other clubs, particularly Liverpool), but these banners angered the Leeds fans, who retorted by chanting songs about Munich, and there were reports of seats being ripped up and confrontations after the game.

Leeds in the lower leagues

After going through a period of extreme financial difficulties, resulting from huge amounts of money being poured into the club to help them reach the UEFA Champions League semi-finals in 2001, Leeds were relegated from the Premier League at the end of the 2003–04 season. Alan Smith, a local boy and firm fan favourite at Leeds, shocked the Leeds fans after their relegation by transferring to Manchester United. The Leeds fans dubbed him "Judas" and his actions were made particularly hard for them to take as Smith had been noted for kissing the club badge on his Leeds shirt and he had said that he would stay with the club even if they went down. He had also previously stated years before on an interview with Soccer AM that he would never join Manchester United. He was welcomed by Manchester United fans and soon became a fan favourite, the fans respecting him and his decision to join a rival club.

The two sides have rarely met since Leeds' relegation from the Premier League. A 2003 poll by the Football Fans Census showed that while Leeds fans still consider Manchester United to be their main rivals, Manchester United fans consider Liverpool to be their main rivals, followed by Manchester City, Chelsea and Arsenal.

On 3 January 2010, the teams met for the first time in nearly six years in an FA Cup Third Round tie at Old Trafford. Despite being 43 places lower in the league than their rivals, Leeds United won the match 1–0, giving them their first win at Old Trafford for over 28 years.

The clubs were drawn to meet in the third round of the 2011–12 Football League Cup. The match was played at Elland Road on 20 September 2011, with Manchester United winning 3–0. The current gulf in resources of the two clubs was illustrated by Manchester United resting many regular first team players yet still comfortably beating a near full-strength Leeds side. After the match the West Yorkshire Police opened an investigation into 'disgusting' chants from both sets of fans, about the Munich air disaster and the murder of two Leeds fans in Turkey.

Back in the Premier League
The clubs met again in the 2020–21 Premier League, after Leeds got promoted by winning the 2019–20 EFL Championship. Their first Premier League meeting in nearly 17 years resulted in a 6–2 loss for Leeds at Old Trafford, followed by a 0–0 draw in the reverse fixture at Elland Road. The following season held a similar fate for Leeds as they were thrashed 5–1 on opening day at Old Trafford, this being the first game in front of a full capacity crowd at the stadium in 524 days. The latter game again featured controversial incidents involving both sets of supporters; Leeds fans were accused of singing about the Munich air disaster and aiming abuse at former Leeds and Manchester United defender Rio Ferdinand, while Manchester United supporters were filmed dropping a Turkish flag into a group of Leeds supporters in the away section.

Results summary

Last five head-to-head fixtures

Records

Scorelines
Biggest win:
For Leeds United: Leeds United 5–0 Manchester United, First Division, Elland Road, 20 December 1930
For Manchester United: Manchester United 6–0 Leeds United, First Division, Old Trafford, 9 September 1959
Biggest League win:
For Leeds United: Leeds United 5–0 Manchester United, Elland Road, 20 December 1930
For Manchester United: Manchester United 6–0 Leeds United, Old Trafford, 9 September 1959
Biggest FA Cup win:
For Leeds United:
Leeds United 1–0 Manchester United, Semi-final Replay, City Ground, 31 March 1965
Leeds United 1–0 Manchester United, Semi-final 2nd Replay, Highbury, 26 March 1970
Manchester United 0–1 Leeds United, Third Round, Old Trafford, 3 January 2010
For Manchester United: Manchester United 4–0 Leeds United, FA Cup fourth round, Old Trafford, 27 January 1951
Biggest League Cup win:
For Leeds United: n/a
For Manchester United: Leeds United 0–3 Manchester United, Third Round, Elland Road, 20 September 2011
Highest aggregate:
At Elland Road: Leeds United 3–4 Manchester United, Elland Road, 30 March 2002
At Old Trafford:  Manchester United  6–2 Leeds United, Old Trafford, 20 December 2020

Most appearances

Most goals

Most goals in one game:
For Leeds United: 3
Mick Jones, Leeds United 5–1 Manchester United, First Division, 19 February 1972
For Manchester United: 3
Stan Pearson, Manchester United 4–0 Leeds United, FA Cup fourth round, 27 January 1951
Andy Ritchie, Manchester United 4–1 Leeds United, First Division, 24 March 1979
Dennis Viollet, Manchester United 4–0 Leeds United, First Division, 21 March 1959
Bruno Fernandes, Manchester United 5–1 Leeds United, Premier League, 14 August 2021

Attendances
Highest attendance:
Leeds United at home: 52,368 – Leeds United 0–1 Manchester United, 17 April 1965
Manchester United at home: 74,526 – Manchester United 0–1 Leeds United, 3 January 2010
Lowest attendance:
Leeds United at home: 10,596 – Leeds United 3–1 Manchester United, 26 April 1930
Manchester United at home: 9,512 – Manchester United 2–5 Leeds United, 7 November 1931

Honours
Table correct as of 26 February 2023

(Charity/Community Shields includes shared honours after a drawn match, as per competition regulations prior to 1993)

Player transfers

From Leeds United to Manchester United

From Manchester United to Leeds United

See also

Roses rivalry
Major football rivalries
Arsenal F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry
Chelsea F.C.–Leeds United F.C. rivalry
Leeds United F.C.–Millwall F.C. rivalry
Liverpool F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry
Manchester derby

Notes
1.17 outright, 4 shared.

References

Manchester United rivalry
Leeds United rivalry
Football derbies in England
1923 establishments in England