Redbridge is an area of Ilford in East London, England. It gives its name to the London Borough of Redbridge, a local government district of Greater London, with which it should not be confused.

Etymology
The name comes from a bridge over the River Roding which was demolished in 1921. The bridge was made of red brick, unlike other bridges in the area, which were made of white stone. The name was later applied to the wider London borough created in 1965. The bridge was earlier known as Hocklee's Bridge.

History
Historically, Redbridge formed part of the ancient parish of Barking in Essex. In 1888 it became part of the new civil parish of Ilford. The civil parish became a local board district in 1890, urban district in 1894 and municipal borough in 1926. The Municipal Borough of Ilford was abolished in 1965 and its former area became part of the London Borough of Redbridge in Greater London.

Transport and locale
The nearest London Underground station is Redbridge on the Central line.

Nearest places
 Clayhall
 Gants Hill
 Ilford
 Snaresbrook
 Wanstead

References

Ilford


The Westfield News is a daily newspaper published Monday through Friday afternoons, and Saturday mornings in Westfield, Massachusetts, United States, covering "Westfield, Southwick and the Hill Towns" of western Hampden County, Massachusetts.

The newspaper was purchased by Westfield native Patrick Berry in June 2011 from Allbritton Communications Company. Its circulation at the time was 4,500 daily.

Upon purchasing the newspaper, Berry introduced color printing for the first time—by retiring the News 1971 press and printing instead at The Republican in Springfield—and changed the paper's name from The Westfield Evening News in order to emphasize the all-day nature of the news cycle. He promised a new website and emphasis on social media such as Twitter and Facebook.

A web site, thewestfieldnews.com, was launched on June 4, 2012.

The newspaper was previously owned by Allbritton Communications, based in Washington, D.C.; it was the last traditional newspaper holding for the former Washington Star Company.

Westfield News Group also publishes the Pennysaver in western Massachusetts and northern Connecticut and two weekly newspapers in the Westfield area:
 Longmeadow News of Longmeadow, Massachusetts, circulation 1,602 in 2007.
 Enfield Press of Enfield, Connecticut.

In July 2019, The Westfield News was purchased by Reminders Publishing, LLC (a subsidiary of The Republican).

References

Newspapers published in Massachusetts
Mass media in Hampden County, Massachusetts


Gbap is a small rural fishing town in Nongoba Bullom Chiefdom, Bonthe District in the Southern Province of Sierra Leone. The town is mainly inhabited by the Sherbro people. Gbap is the traditional home of the Sherbro Tuckers Family, descendants of an English slave trader and a Sherbro princess. It is also the birthplace of Patricia Kabbah (who is also one of the Sherbro Tuckers and the niece of Peter L. Tucker), former First Lady of Sierra Leone and wife of  Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, Sierra Leone's 3rd President.

References

External links
 http://www.maplandia.com/sierra-leone/southern/bonthe/gbap/

Populated places in Sierra Leone
Southern Province, Sierra Leone


Jeongwang station is a station on Seoul Subway Line 4 and the Suin–Bundang Line located in the Jeongwang-dong area of Siheung, South Korea. Its secondary station name is Tech Univ. of Korea. The name of the station originated from the local name.

This station has a significantly higher ridership compared to neighboring Oido station. There are many restaurants and shops located close to the station including a large E-Mart.

Station layout

Ridership

References

Seoul Metropolitan Subway stations
Metro stations in Siheung
Railway stations in South Korea opened in 2000


IBBY Canada is the Canadian National Section of the International Board on Books for Young People, a non-profit organization.

A national organization with representation from coast to coast, IBBY Canada's members include authors, illustrators, publishers, parents, teachers, librarians, booksellers, and academics. Membership is connected through regional councillors, a newsletter, and through programs and activities initiated by both IBBY Canada and their international partners.

IBBY Canada was established in 1980.

Organization

The IBBY Canada executive consists of volunteers from the Canadian children's literature communities, including those who work in publishing or are librarians, booksellers, authors, and academics. The executive holds meetings every three months. Members are invited to attend the annual general meeting, which is usually held in Toronto in February.

Awards

IBBY Canada administers several awards recognizing contributions to Canadian children's literature, including:

Elizabeth Mrazik-Cleaver Award
Established in 1985 in honour of Elizabeth Mrazik-Cleaver, a prominent Canadian book illustrator, this award recognizes a Canadian illustrator of a picture book published in Canada in English or French during the previous calendar year. To be eligible, the book must be a first edition and contain original illustrations. All genres are considered: fiction, non-fiction, poetry, folk and fairy tales.
Frances E. Russell Award
Marjorie Russell set up this award in honour of her sister, Frances, a great supporter of IBBY Canada. It is given in support of research for a publishable work (a book or a paper) on Canadian children's literature.
Claude Aubry Award
This biennial award was established in 1981 in honour of Claude Aubry, who served as director of the Ottawa Public Library, and is given to an individual for distinguished service within the field of children's literature.

In addition to these national awards, IBBY Canada submits Canadian authors and artists for international awards consideration. These include the Hans Christian Andersen Award and the Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award.

International

The International Board on Books for Young People believes in the ability of children's books to bridge cultures and, ultimately, to promote peace. Jella Lepman, founder of the International Youth Library in Munich, started IBBY in 1953 in postwar Germany, with the goal to promote international cultural understanding through children's books.

IBBY is a non-profit organization. Founded in Zurich, Switzerland in 1953, IBBY now has more than 70 National Sections from all over the world.

References

Lepman, Jella. Bridge of Children's Books: The Inspiring Autobiography of a Remarkable Woman. June 1969. 9780862787837.

Tomlinson, Carl. "The International Children's Literature Movement." World Literature Today.77:1, Spring 2003.

Educational organizations based in Canada
Children's literature organizations


Hubert Glacier is located on the south side of Mount Olympus in the Olympic Mountains and Olympic National Park. Due to its southern orientation, the glacier is smaller than those on the north side of Mount Olympus, such as Blue Glacier.

Named for Anna Hubert, the only female member of the first ascent of Mount Olympus, the Hubert Glacier occupies a cirque at the bottom of the headwall, with one branch extending to the south up the mountainside. Starting from this highpoint of the glacier at , it flows northward until it meets the glacial ice located in the cirque at about . The glacier changes direction and flows west to its terminus at about .

See also
List of glaciers in the United States

References

Glaciers of the Olympic Mountains
Glaciers of Jefferson County, Washington
Glaciers of Washington (state)


Earnings growth is the annual compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of earnings from investments.

Overview

When the dividend payout ratio is the same, the dividend growth rate is equal to the earnings growth rate.
Earnings growth rate is a key value that is needed when the Discounted cash flow model, or the Gordon's model is used for stock valuation.

The present value is given by:

 .

where P = the present value, k = discount rate, D = current dividend and  is the revenue growth rate for period i.

If the growth rate is constant for  to , then,

The last term corresponds to the terminal case.
When the growth rate is always the same for perpetuity, Gordon's model results:

.

As Gordon's model suggests, the valuation is very sensitive to the value of g used.

Part of the earnings is paid out as dividends and part of it is retained to fund growth, as given by the payout ratio and the plowback ratio. Thus the growth rate is given by

.

For the S&P 500 Index, the return on equity has ranged between 10 and 15% during the 20th century, the plowback ratio has ranged from 10 to 67% (see payout ratio).

Other related measures
It is sometimes recommended that revenue growth should be checked to ensure that earnings growth is not coming from special situations like sale of assets.

When the earnings acceleration (rate of change of earnings growth) is positive, it ensures that earnings growth is likely to continue.

Historical growth rates
According to economist Robert J. Shiller, real earnings per share grew at a 3.5% annualized rate over 150 years. Since 1980, the most bullish period in U.S. stock market history, real earnings growth according to Shiller, has been 2.6%.

The table below gives recent values of earnings growth for S&P 500.

The Federal Reserve responded to decline in earnings growth by cutting the target Federal funds rate (from 6.00 to 1.75% in 2001) and raising them when the growth rates are high (from 3.25 to 5.50 in 1994, 2.50 to 4.25 in 2005).

P/E ratio and growth rate

Growth stocks generally command a higher P/E ratio because their future earnings are expected to be greater. In Stocks for the Long Run, Jeremy Siegel examines the P/E ratios of growth and technology stocks. He examined Nifty Fifty stocks for the duration December 1972 to Nov  2001. He found that

This suggests that the significantly high P/E ratio for the Nifty Fifty as a group in 1972 was actually justified by the returns during the next three decades. However, he found that some individual stocks within the Nifty Fifty were overvalued while others were undervalued.

Sustainability of high growth rates

High growth rates cannot be sustained indefinitely. Ben McClure suggests that period for which such rates can be sustained can be estimated using the following:

Relationship with GDP growth

It has been suggested that the earnings growth depends on the nominal GDP, since the earnings form a part of the GDP. It has been argued that the earnings growth must grow slower than GDP by approximately 2%.
See Sustainable growth rate#From a financial perspective.

See also
Discounted cash flow model

References

Investment


Tālivaldis Ķeniņš (April 22, 1919 in Liepāja – January 20, 2008 in Toronto) was a Canadian composer. He was forced to emigrate from Latvia when it fell under Soviet occupation after World War II, moving to Canada around 1951. He is credited by Canadian musicologist Paul Rapoport with having introduced many European idioms to Canadian art music. CBC Music described him as a "pioneering Canadian composer" and The Canadian Encyclopedia described him as "one of Canada's most frequently commissioned composers."

Early life and education
Ķeniņš was born in Latvia to parents who held prominent positions in Latvian cultural and political life. His father, Atis Ķeniņš, was a lawyer, educator, diplomat, poet, translator, and politician who served as a government official and his mother, Anna, was a journalist and writer. Later, the Soviet government would deport Ķeniņš's father. As a child, he was known as "Tali." He first began playing piano at the age of five, and his first compositions followed at age eight.

Initially, Ķeniņš studied to be a diplomat at the Lycee Champollion in Grenoble, but moved to Riga between 1940 and 1944, studying composition and piano under Jāzeps Vītols. In the time of World War II, amid the second Soviet occupation of Latvia, Ķeniņš was forced to emigrate. He then studied at the Paris Conservatory under Tony Aubin, Olivier Messiaen and others from 1945 to 1951, and won first prize there for his Cello Sonata. While living in Paris, he earned a living as a pianist by accompanying singers, playing in theatrical productions, and performing in dance bands. He was the recipient of the Perilhou, Gouy d'Arcy and Halphen music prizes. Upon graduating in 1950, he won the Grand Prix Laureate for his talent as a composer. That same year, he received a scholarship from the UNESCO International Music Council, allowing him to pursue postgraduate work for a year.

Career
Around 1951, Kenins' Septet was performed at the Darmstadt New Music Festival, conducted by Hermann Scherchen; that same year, he moved to Canada and was named organist at the Latvian Lutheran St. Andrews Church in Toronto. In 1952, he began teaching at the University of Toronto, where he taught for 32 years. Among his students were Tomas Dusatko, Edward Laufer, Walter Kemp, Bruce Mather, Ben McPeek, Arturs Ozoliņš, Imant Raminsh, James Rolfe, and Ronald Bruce Smith.

Artistry
In the late 1940s and 1950s, Ķeniņš' artistry evolved, seeking to "reconcile the romanticism of his nature and the neoclassicism of a French training."

Legacy
Canadian musicologist Paul Rapoport has credited Ķeniņš with introducing many European idioms to Canadian art music in an era when many of its composers remained solidly influenced by British models.

Personal life
Ķeniņš married Valda Dreimane, who was also of Latvian descent.

Works
Orchestral
 8 Symphonies, including No. 1 (1959), No. 4 (1972), No. 6 Sinfonia ad Fugam (1978), No. 7 (1980), No. 8 (1986)
 12 Concertos, including Concerto for Viola and Orchestra (1998), Concerto for Violin and Orchestra and Concerto for 14 Instruments
 Canzona Sonata for solo viola and string orchestra (1986)
 Beatae Voces Tenebrae for symphony orchestra

Chamber music
 Sonata for cello and piano (1950)
 Sonata [No. 1] for violin and piano (1955)
 Sonata No. 2 for violin and piano (1979)
 Sonata for viola and piano (1995)
 Sonata for cello solo (1981)
 Adagio and Fugue for viola, cello and organ (1985)
 Elegy and Rondo for viola and piano (1979)
 Fantasy-Variations on an Eskimo Lullaby for flute and viola (1967–1972)
 Partita Breve for viola and piano (1971)
 2 piano quartets
 Septet (1951)
 Scherzo Concertante

Piano
 Piano Sonata No. 1 (1961)
 Sonata-Fantaisie (1981)
 Piano Sonata No. 3 (1985)
 Sonata for 2 pianos (1988)

Vocal
 3 cantatas
 1 oratorio

References

 Rapoport, Paul. 1994. "The Piano Music of Talivaldis Kennins." SoundNotes. SN7:16-24.

External links

 Archival papers at University of Toronto Music Library

1919 births
2008 deaths
Canadian male composers
Latvian emigrants to Canada
Latvian World War II refugees
Musicians from Liepāja
20th-century Canadian composers
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
20th-century Canadian male musicians
Latvian expatriates in France


was a Japanese singer-songwriter.

Life and career
Tanimura set up the musical group Alice together with Takao Horiuchi in 1971 and released his first extended play musical album in the following year. Alice produced its first album two years later. During this time, Tanimura also composed several musical pieces for other singers, such as Momoe Yamaguchi. In 1981, he held concerts in places such as Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Thailand and Beijing. He also made recordings on the Japanese division of the Casablanca Records label.

Tanimura died on 8 October 2023, at the age of 74. It was reported that he had battled enteritis for some time and had surgery for the disease in March of the same year.

References

External links

1948 births
2023 deaths
20th-century Japanese male singers
21st-century Japanese male singers
Singers from Osaka
Japanese male singer-songwriters
Japanese singer-songwriters
Universal Music Japan artists
Academic staff of Tokyo the College of Music
Academic staff of Shanghai Conservatory of Music
Recipients of the Medal with Purple Ribbon


Jichuk Station is a railway station located just northwest of Seoul on Seoul Subway Line 3. It is within walking distance to Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul. Jichuk station has a subway depot for Line 3 trains nearby.

Origin of the name
Jichuk Station is named after the administrative area (dong) that it is located in. The area used to belong to two villages in the Joseon period. Jijeong-ri produced paper, while Chuk-ri was famous for its bush clover. When the area became united under Goyang-gun, it was named using the first syllables of the two villages.

Station layout

Passengers

References

Seoul Metropolitan Subway stations
Railway stations opened in 1990
Metro stations in Goyang
Seoul Subway Line 3
Railway stations in South Korea opened in the 1990s


The Complete Stories is a collection of short stories by Flannery O'Connor. It was published in 1971 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. It comprises all the stories in A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Everything That Rises Must Converge plus several previously unavailable stories.

Complete Stories won the 1972 U.S. National Book Award for Fiction.
Internet visitors named it the "Best of the National Book Awards"
as part of the Fiction Award's 60th anniversary celebration in 2009, voting on a ballot of the best six award winners selected by writers associated with the Foundation.

Contents
"The Geranium"
"The Barber"
"Wildcat"
"The Crop"
"The Turkey"
"The Train"
"The Peeler"
"The Heart of the Park"
"A Stroke of Good Fortune"
"Enoch and the Gorilla"
"A Good Man Is Hard to Find"
"A Late Encounter with the Enemy"
"The Life You Save May Be Your Own"
"The River"
"A Circle in the Fire"
"The Displaced Person"
"A Temple of the Holy Ghost"
"The Artificial Nigger"
"Good Country People"
"You Can't Be Any Poorer Than Dead"
"Greenleaf"
"A View of the Woods"
"The Enduring Chill"
"The Comforts of Home"
"Everything That Rises Must Converge"
"The Partridge Festival"
"The Lame Shall Enter First"
"Why Do the Heathen Rage?"
"Revelation"
"Parker's Back"
"Judgment Day"

References

1971 short story collections
Short story collections by Flannery O'Connor
National Book Award for Fiction winning works
Farrar, Straus and Giroux books


The men's hammer throw was an event at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. There were 23 participating athletes from 13 nations. The maximum number of athletes per nation had been set at 3 since the 1930 Olympic Congress. The eight highest-ranked competitors after three rounds qualified for the final three throws to decide the medals. The qualification mark was set at 72.00 metres.

The event was won by Juha Tiainen of Finland, the nation's first medal in the event. It was "one of the most devalued Olympic competitions ever" due to the absence of the Soviet team, which had swept the medals the last two Games and had both Yuriy Sedykh (the two-time defending champion, two-time European champion, and world record) and Sergey Litvinov (1980 silver medalist and 1983 world champion over runner-up Sedykh) as two of the top throwers in the world. It was the first time since 1948 that the Olympic record was not broken. Karl-Hans Riehm of West Germany, a contender in the event and finalist in both 1972 and 1976 before being kept out of the 1980 Games due to the American-led boycott, finally earned a medal with his silver-winning performance. His compatriot Klaus Ploghaus took bronze. They were the first two medals for West Germany as a separate nation, though Germany and the United Team of Germany had each taken medals previously.

Background

This was the 19th appearance of the event, which has been held at every Summer Olympics except 1896. Three of the 12 finalists from the 1980 Games returned: seventh-place finisher Giampaolo Urlando of Italy (the top-placed athlete from 1980 not from a boycotting nation), ninth-place finisher Harri Huhtala of Finland, and tenth-place finisher Juha Tiainen of Finland. The Soviet-led boycott kept out the best throwers in the world, with Litvinov and Sedykh absent. Riehm and Tiainen were the favorites among the depleted field.

Algeria and Mauritius each made their debut in the event. The United States appeared for the 18th time, most of any nation, having missed only the boycotted 1980 Games.

Competition format

The competition used the two-round format introduced in 1936, with the qualifying round completely separate from the divided final. In qualifying, each athlete received three attempts; those recording a mark of at least 72.00 metres advanced to the final. If fewer than 12 athletes achieved that distance, the top 12 would advance. The results of the qualifying round were then ignored. Finalists received three throws each, with the top eight competitors receiving an additional three attempts. The best distance among those six throws counted.

Records

Prior to the competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.

No new world or Olympic records were set during the competition.

Schedule

All times are Pacific Daylight Time (UTC-7)

Results

Qualifying

Final

Giampaolo Urlando finished fourth at 75.96 metres but the Italian athlete was subsequently disqualified as his doping tests proved positive.

See also
1982 Men's European Championships Hammer Throw (Athens)
1983 Men's World Championship Hammer Throw (Helsinki)
1984 Men's Friendship Games Hammer Throw (Moscow)
1984 Hammer Throw Year Ranking
1986 Men's European Championships Hammer Throw (Stuttgart)
1987 Men's World Championship Hammer Throw (Rome)

References

External links
  Official Report
  Results
  olympic.neostrada
  hammerthrow.wz

H
Hammer throw at the Olympics
Men's events at the 1984 Summer Olympics


The insulin concentration in blood increases after meals and gradually returns to basal levels during the next 1–2 hours. However, the basal insulin level is not stable. It oscillates with a regular period of 3-6 min. After a meal the amplitude of these oscillations increases but the periodicity remains constant. The oscillations are believed to be important for insulin sensitivity by preventing  downregulation of insulin receptors in target cells. Such downregulation underlies insulin resistance, which is common in type 2 diabetes. It would therefore be advantageous to administer insulin to diabetic patients in a manner mimicking the natural oscillations. The insulin oscillations are generated by pulsatile release of the hormone from the pancreas. Insulin originates from beta cells located in the islets of Langerhans. Since each islet contains up to 2000 beta cells and there are one million islets in the pancreas it is apparent that pulsatile secretion requires sophisticated synchronization both within and among the islets of Langerhans.

Mechanism
Pulsatile insulin secretion from individual beta cells is driven by oscillation of the calcium concentration in the cells. In beta cells lacking contact, the periodicity of these oscillations is rather variable (2-10 min). However, within an islet of Langerhans the oscillations become synchronized by electrical coupling between closely located beta cells that are connected by gap junctions, and the periodicity is more uniform (3-6 min).

Pulsatile insulin release from the entire pancreas requires that secretion is synchronized between 1 million islets within a 25 cm long organ. Much like the cardiac pacemaker, the pancreas is connected to cranial nerve 10, and others, but the oscillations are accomplished by intrapancreatic neurons and do not require neural input from the brain. It is not entirely clear which neural factors account for this synchronization but ATP as well as the gasses NO and CO may be involved. The effect of these neural factors is to induce sudden dramatic elevation of calcium in the cytoplasm by releasing calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the beta cells. This elevation results in release of ATP from the beta cells. The released ATP in turn binds to receptors on neighbouring beta cells leading to a regenerative wave of rapid calcium elevation among the cells within the islet. This signal is believed to entrain pulsatile insulin release from the islets into a common pancreatic rhythm.

Clinical significance
The insulin oscillations are particularly pronounced in the portal vein delivering blood from the pancreas to the liver, which is a major insulin target. Disturbances of the insulin oscillations occur early in type 2 diabetes and may contribute to insulin resistance. Pulsatile insulin delivery to the portal vein or islet cell transplantation to the liver of diabetic patients are therefore attractive therapeutic alternatives.

Further reading
"Chapter 12: Electrical Bursting, Calcium Oscillations, and Synchronization of the Pancreatic Islets by Richard Bertram, Arthur Sherman, and Leslie S Satin". The islets of Langerhans. Md. Shahidul Islam. Dordrecht: Springer. 2010. . .

See also
 Insulin
 Diabetes

References

Oscillation
Endocrine system


Wiens  is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Berny Wiens (born 1945), Canadian politician
Dallas Wiens (born 1985), American recipient of a full face transplant
David Wiens, American cross-country mountain bike racer
Douglas Wiens, Canadian mathematician
Douglas A. Wiens, American geophysicist
Edith Wiens (born 1950), Canadian opera, recital and concert singer
John Wiens, American ornithologist
Mark Wiens, American travel and food blogger and television host
Nathan Wiens, Canadian naturalistic designer and woodworker
Paul Wiens (1922–1982), German poet, translator and author
Robert Wiens (born 1953), Canadian visual artist
Rudolph H. Wiens, an aurora scientist
Wiens Peak, a peak in Antarctica named after Rudolph H. Wiens
Rylan Wiens (born 2002), Canadian sports diver

See also
Wien (Vienna)
Wein

Russian Mennonite surnames


The name Fantasy Focus may refer to these radio programs:

 Fantasy Focus (ESPN Radio program)
 Fantasy Focus (XM radio program)


The Basmyls (Basmyl; Basmals, Basmils, , , Middle Chinese ZS: *bˠɛt̚-siɪt̚-miɪt̚/mˠiɪt̚/miᴇ; also 弊剌 Bìlà, MC *bjiejH-lat) were a 7th- to 8th-century Turkic nomadic tribe who mostly inhabited the Dzungaria region in the northwest of modern-day China.

Basmyl supreme leaders were the first to use the term Ydyk-kut, which replaced khagan; Qocho Uyghur rulers of Turpan likewise titled themselves Ydyk-kuts. The title contains two components: the first component Ïdïq/Ydyk means "[heaven]-sent, sacred"; the second component kut/qut in the title is often found in Old Turkic onomastics and titulature and has the lexical meaning "grace" or "blessing";.

Origin
Mahmut Kashgari, an 11th-century historian, lists the Basmyls as one of ten prominent Turkic tribes and enumerates the locations of the Turkic polities from the borders of the Eastern Roman Empire to the borders of China in the following sequence:
 Bäčänäk;
 Qifčāk;
 Oğuz;
 Yemēk;
 Bašğirt;
 Basmyl;
 Qāi;
 Yabāqu;
 Tatār;
 Qirqiz.
Kashgari also noted that "Among the nomadic peoples are the Čömül - they have a gibberish (raṭāna [رَطَانَة]) of their own, but also know Turkic; also Qāy, Yabāqu, Tatār and Basmil - each of these groups has its own language, but they also know Turkic well"."

The Basmyls may be ancestral to the Argyn of the Middle Juz of modern Kazakhstan.<ref>Gumilyov, L. Searches for an Imaginary Kingdom: The trefoil of the Bird's Eye View' Ch. 5: The Shattered Silence (961-1100)</ref> Marco Polo apparently mentioned them as "Argons" in a country called "Tenduc" (around Kuku-Khotan, or modern-day Hohhot), during the 13th century. Polo reported that this tribe who had "sprung from two different races: to wit, of the race of the Idolaters of Tenduc and ... the the Muslims . They are handsomer men than the other natives of the country, and having more ability, they come to have authority; and they are also capital merchants."

History
In the year 720 CE,  the dynastic Basmyl clan were reported to be concentrated at Beiting Protectorate, near Gucheng (Qitai), in the Bogda Shan range, and to be Ashina Turks (Ch. 突厥 pinyin Tu-jue).Klyashtorny, S.G. "The Polovcian Problems (II)" in Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Vol. 58, No. 3, Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Mediaeval History of the Eurasian Steppe: Szeged, Hungary May 11—16, 2004: Part III (2005). p. 245
Khaganate period
The Basmyl ethnonym is etymologisable as Turkic: the first component *bas- means "to crush, press, oppress make a surprise attack" in Proto-Turkic; the other, *-mïl, is the Oghuric cognate of Common Turkic nominalizing suffix *-miš/-*mïs. Thus "Basmıl may be viewed as Oğuric Turkic bas- + -mıl = 'the tribe that crushed (its opponents),' Basmıš in Common Turkic. This was typical of
Turkic tribal names that denoted aggressiveness." This prompted Golden to further posit that Basmyls were Oghuric speakers who remained east after their cousins had migrated west

According to Tongdian, the Basmyls originally lived dispersed on the snowy mountains, hunted on skis, and dwelt south of Beiting Protectorate and the Northern Sea (i.e. Lake Baikal) and southeast of Yenisei Kyrgyzes; the "courageous and powerful" Basmyls numbered 2,000 families, and had leaders but no princes Since 552, the Turkicizing Basmyls were a part of the First Turkic Khaganate, who might have recognized Basmyls' economic or political importance enough to appoint an Ashina yabghu over the Basmyls. When this khaganate split into Eastern and Western Kaganates in 604, the Basmyls found themselves in the Western Turkic Kaganate, dominated by the Eastern Turks. Following state administrative reforms in favor of the eastern part of the  Kaganate, the Basmyls lost their position of primacy along with the tribes of Karluks, Yagma, Kipchaks, Chumi, Chuyue (from whom emerged Shatuo). In 641 disgruntled tribes, including the Dzunaria Basmyls, joined a revolt by pretender to the throne Yugu-Ukuk. The Chinese Tang empire used the turmoil in the Western Turkic Kaganate to become the dominant regional power, and by 649, as a result of the military defeats, Bukhara and the Basmyls submitted to the Tang rulers.

The period from 649 to 703 is the best documented in Basmyl history due to the existence of Chinese annalistic records. This was also a prosperous period; vassalage did not impose any obligations and was instead afforded Chinese luxuries provided as gifts, until the Tang emperors felt confident enough to introduce their own bureaucracy to supplant the rule of the traditional Türkic nobility. According to ancient Türkic succession law, a brother succeeded a brother, and a nephew succeeded his uncle in a process of lateral succession. The Chinese thought such an idea absurd, and ignored it in their acts, causing further problems on top of existing resentment of the greedy bureaucracy.  This 52-year period of relative quiet ended with the rise of the restored Eastern Turkic Kaganate, and its recapture of Dzungaria and the Dzungarian Basmyls by Kutlug and Kul Tegin.

 Türkic-Türgesh period
Because Chinese Tang forces in the "Western Territories" were negligible, to resist the restoration of the Türkic Kaganate, the Tang government had to accede to the rise of Turgesh, a nation descendent from Xianbei Abars and Mukri, under the leadership of an Wuzhile.  In effect, the territory captured by Tang by 659 was divided between the Chinese, the Türkic Kaganate, and Türgeshes, a people who did not belong to the Tiele, Chuy, or Eastern Türküt (東突厥) group, but are first known as one of the five Duolu tribes of the Western Türküt.  The Türgeshes numbered 5–700,000, and although this represented a large state for the time, they were under pressure from Arabs from the south. Given the complexity of the situation, Tang diplomacy succeeded in drawing the Basmyls into an anti-Türkic alliance that already included the Kidans, Tatabi, and a 300,000 strong Tang expeditionary army.  This involved the Basmyls into one of the most exciting events of the century, and bestowed on them a place in the most celebrated Türkic compositions of the 8th century.

Under an unrealistic plan concocted in 720 in Chang'an, China against the Türkic Kaganate, the Kidans and Tatabi, and the south-western Dzungaria Basmyls were to simultaneously converge on the Bilge-kagan court from different directions.  The Yenisei Kirghiz were also pressing from the north, and the Türgeshes from the west. Bilge-kagan's chancellor Tonyukuk developed a counter-plan, which involved facing the enemies one at a time, and the use of audacity and speed to compensate for their lack of forces.  At the beginning of the subsequent war, the Basmyls were the first allies to join the Türkic horde but failing to find any other coalition forces turned back. Tonyukuk's Türks left them alone and following a forced march came to Beshbalyk (Ch. Beiting), which they took by surprise attack. By the time the exhausted men and horses of the Basmyls reached Bishbalyk, instead of rest and provisions they found an enemy waiting.  Surrounded under the walls of the fortress, the Basmyls surrendered, and the whole campaign fell apart.  The war was immortalized in the Orkhon inscriptions on the Bilge-kagan and Tonyukuk monuments.

Another inscription on the same monument takes a completely different view of the Bishbalyk operation. Likely written by a Basmyl resting behind the walls of the Bishbalyk fortress who was later probably ambushed and captured, this inscription is of dual interest as a historical document and a cultural monument. It is the first Turkic poem to be written with rhythm and rhyme, with syllabic rhythm of 4, 5, and 8 syllables in three lines making a stanza, where the eight syllable lines have central rhyme sounds as two tetrameter lines.  The defeated Basmyl carved his composition on the rock: "In the Year of Monkey, in the ninth month, we secretly went to Bishbalyk. A felicitous hero is in hardship, his army in ambush. Let this man be happy there!"

 Second Turkic Kaganate
In 742 the Uyghurs, Basmyls and Karluks rebelled simultaneously, attacking and killing the usurper then quickly created their own state. The Basmyl leader became supreme Khan, the leader of Uyghurs an eastern Yabgu, and the elteber of Karluks became a western Yabgu.  The warring Türkic nobles came to terms and chose Pan-kül's son as Khagan with the title of Özmiş Khagan.  These events were recorded in the "Selenga stone" inscription, which immortalized the feats of the Uyghur khan Moyanchur (Bayanchur).

The Tang court offered Ozmysh-khan asylum whereupon he sent his son to China with five thousand covered wagons containing families, and fled his horde. In 744 the Basmyls killed Ozmysh-khan and sent his head to Chang'an.  His brother Baimei-khan Kulun-beg was enthroned in his place, but most of the Türkic nobles joined in the election of the Basmyl leader Elterish (Ch. Sede Ishi) as supreme Khagan. The allies soon split apart; Uyghur leader Peilo attacked and defeated the Basmyls whose leader Elterish-kagan was beheaded and his head was sent to Changan with an offer to recognize Peilo with the title Kutlug-Bilge Kül-khan. The Basmyls, under pressure from the Karluks, then joined with the Uyghurs. Al Marwazi mentioned that a chief named Basmyl was the namesake of one group among the Šārī, who were possibly Yellow Uyghurs.Golden Peter B. "The Shaping of the Cuman-Qïpchaqs" in Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes (Bucharest-Braila, 2011), p. 305-306

 Uyghur Period
The Uyghur tribal confederation (Tokuz-Oguz) consisted of a leading Uygur tribe (which incorporated Basmyls and eastern Karluks), six established Tele tribes of Pugu, Hun, Bayïrku, Tongra, Sijie, & Qibi, and two new A-Busi and Gulunwugusi, legally considered equal, and several subjugated tribes who paid tribute to the Tokuz-Oguz Khagan Yaglakar family. The Tokuz-Oguz tribes were in a privileged position not only in respect to the tribal union, but also vis-a-vis the Basmyls and Karluks, who in battles were always "sent in front", because they were less valued and protected.

In Dzungaria, the Basmyls lived next to the Karluks and Bayïrku, who were apparently one of the numerous tribes which in 747 battled against the Uyghurs on the side of the Basmyls. Another neighbor east of the Türgeshes were the Ograk, one of the aborigional tribes of Dzungaria, still known in the 1st century BCE as Uge. A community of Yduk-kas ("Holy People"), a reference to a Christian community, are mentioned as the Uch-Yduk ("Three Yduks") in the Orkhon inscriptions also resided within Basmyl territory.

 Religion
Christian and Jewish merchants were active in trade at the time between China and Provence.
When a new war between the Uyghurs and Türgeshes flared up in 752, the anti-Uyghur coalition united Basmyls, Türgeshes, and defenders of the "trinity".

By the 13th century, however, Marco Polo alluded only to the presence of "idolatry" and Islam in the territory of the "Argons".

 Modern history

In modern times, the Argyn tribe has been one of the main constituents of the Middle Juz sub-confederation in Kazakhstan, and are regarded as an integral part of the Kazakh people.

The link between the Basmyls and Argyns is reinforced by Marco Polo's description of the country he called Tanduc. Polo reported that the prevailing tribe of the country were a Christian people called "Argon". A similar location is given for the Basmyls in the early Middle Ages text Zizhi Tongjian: in Beiting Protectorate, on the Bogdoshan ridge in the Guchen area.

Basyz
Anvarbek Mokeev put forward a hypothesis about the origin of the Kyrgyz tribe Basyz from the circle of the forest tribes of Altai, who migrated there after the collapse of the once powerful union of the Basmyl tribes.» According to A. Mokeev, the Basmyls were incorporated into the Altai Kyrgyz. He identifies the ethnonym Basmyl with the Kyrgyz Basyz.

 See also
History of Kyrgyzstan
History of Kazakhstan
History of China

References
 Gumilev L.N., "Ancient Türks", : Древние тюрки
 Grumm-Grjimailo, G. E. Western Mongolia and Uryankhai Territory'', 3 volumes, vol. 2, Leningrad, 1926.

Turkic peoples of Asia
Ethnic groups in Kyrgyzstan
Ethnic groups in China
Nomads
Turkic nomadic tribes
Asian nomads
Ethnic groups in Asia
Ethnic groups in Central Asia


The Pietro and Maria Botto House, also known as Pietro Botto House, at 83 Norwood Street, Haledon in Passaic County, New Jersey, United States, is where leaders of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) union spoke to the 25,000 striking workers of the Paterson Silk Strike of 1913.

History

Early 1900s
The original owners, Pietro Botto (1864–1945) and his wife Maria Boggio (1870–1915) were both immigrants from Biella, Italy. They married in 1885 and arrived in the United States in 1892 with their first daughter, Albina. The couple lived in West Hoboken (now Union City, New Jersey) for fifteen years and had there three more daughters, Adelia, Eva, and Olga. They saved their money until they could afford to build their own home in Haledon. In 1908 they finally moved into their new home, which was large enough to accommodate the entire family and included three additional rooms on the second floor that were rented for additional income.

Pietro Botto and the couple's daughters worked as weavers in that town's Cedar Cliffs mills, while Maria did some "outwork", cleaning and snipping imperfections from finished bolts of silk. In weekdays, she also served meals to boarders and working men in her dining room. As it was situated on a country hillside near the trolley line, especially on Sundays and holidays the Botto House became a popular meeting place with its bocce court, the card tables and the cooking provided by Maria and her daughters.

During the Paterson Silk Strike of 1913, Paterson's mayor refused to allow the strikers to assembly in the city. Pietro and Maria Botto, at the urging of Big Bill Haywood, invited the strike organizers to hold rallies at their home in nearby Haledon, where the workers were not on strike, counting on the support of the local socialist major William Brueckman. The Botto House became the Sunday rallying point from March 3 to the end of the strike in June. During this time Maria kept the house in order and fed the activists who addressed the crowd either from the balcony or from in front of the house. In addition to Haywood, these speakers included Upton Sinclair, Carlo Tresca, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Adolph Lessig and Patrick L. Quinlan. Despite not being part of the strike himself, Pietro could not find work after the strike, nor could his daughter Eva, who was blacklisted. Maria got sick and died only two years after the silk strike.

1980s - present
Because it served as a haven for free speech and assembly for the laborers, the Botto House was placed on both the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1982, the first Italian American site to be placed on the nation's most distinguished roster of historic sites.

In 1983 the Pietro and Maria Botto House opened to the public as the American Labor Museum, a non-profit 501(c) educational institution that commemorates the events of 1913 and more in general, is dedicated to "teaching the public about the history and contemporary issues of workers, the workplace, and organized labor with special attention to the ethnicity of working people." The museum features changing exhibits, restored period rooms and Old World Gardens that reflect the lifestyle of an immigrant family of the early 1900s, and a free lending library. It also offers lectures, poetry readings, teachers' workshops, and other educational programs.

Each year, the American Labor Museum gives out the Sol Stetin awards, which "honor outstanding individuals for their contributions toward improving the lives of working people." Previous recipients include:

 Mary Kay Henry
 John Nichols (journalist)
 Edward Smith (trade unionist)
 James Sinegal
 Loretta Weinberg

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places listings in Passaic County, New Jersey
List of museums in New Jersey

References

External links

American Labor Museum
NPS.Gov Landmark Adventures
Paterson, New Jersey: America's Silk City, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan

National Historic Landmarks in New Jersey
Industrial Workers of the World in New Jersey
Labor relations in the United States
History museums in New Jersey
Museums in Passaic County, New Jersey
Houses in Passaic County, New Jersey
Houses completed in 1908
National Register of Historic Places in Passaic County, New Jersey
Haledon, New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
1983 establishments in New Jersey