Walter Selwyn Crosley  (30 October 1871 – 6 January 1939) was an officer in the United States Navy. He was a recipient of the Navy Cross, the second highest military decoration for valor.   He subsequently advanced to the rank of rear admiral, to date from February 17, 1927, and was transferred to the Retired List in that rank on November 1, 1935.

Biography

Walter Selwyn Crosley was born in East Jaffrey, New Hampshire, on October 30, 1871, the son of a Universalist Church pastor. He was appointed to the U. S. Naval Academy from the Fourth Congressional District of Connecticut and entered on September 9, 1889. He graduated on June 2, 1893, and served the two years at sea then required by law as a Passed Midshipman, first assigned to the Naval Academy training ship  and next to the new cruiser,  that was at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, during the naval revolt against the Brazilian Government. In March 1894 he was attached to the  that sailed by way of the Straits of Magellan to Mare Island Navy Yard on her way to the Asiatic Station.  The ship arrived at San Francisco in July 1894 during a railroad strike and while at Mare Island, Passed Midshipman Crosley was given command of a detail that manned a Gatling gun loaded on a flat car ahead of a locomotive with the purpose of dissuading the strikers so that trains might proceed without altercation.

Sino-Japanese War

Crossing the Pacific,  arrived at Yokohama, Japan during the Sino-Japanese War and proceeded to Chemulpo, Korea whence Passed Midshipman Crosley was sent to Seoul with a United States Marine guard as security for the American Legation.  Promoted to ensign on July 1, 1895, he remained at sea and during the next three years served on the , , and .   On March 31, 1898, he joined the  as watch and division officer. On April 2, that year he assumed his first sea-command, the , and a month later was transferred to command of the American Civil War era armed- tug .

Spanish American War

Cuban Campaign

During the Spanish–American War he was advanced two numbers in rank for eminent and conspicuous conduct on July 21, 1898, during the Battle of Nipe Bay.  Commanding , part of a squadron that included the ,  and .  Crosley took the lead in crossing a minefield in the dangerous, narrow channel.  On entering under musketry fire from shore, together with Wasp, they discovered the Spanish gunboat Jorge Juan and engaged in a heated action until the remaining ships of the squadron arrived, at which time the enemy vessel was abandoned and sunk.

Puerto Rican Campaign

Two weeks later, at the Battle of Fajardo during the Puerto Rican Campaign, broadsides from Ensign Crosley's  supported a landing party of thirty-five bluejackets from the coastal monitor  that occupied the Cape San Juan lighthouse and defended sixty women and children of the prominent families of Fajardo that had sought the Americans' protection from a superior Spanish force of about one-hundred to one-hundred and fifty troops and cavalry the night of August 8–9, 1898.  The Spaniards abandoned the attack after a couple of hours and with no American casualties.  The next morning the women and children were embarked on  which transported them to Ponce, Puerto Rico.

Philippine Insurrection

On September 12, 1898, Crosley reported to the training ship  and was on duty at the Naval Academy from September 22, 1898, until April 1899, when he was ordered to the  as watch and division officer, with the rank of Lieutenant (junior grade).  He reached the Asiatic Station, reporting to the flagship  as Aide on the Staff of the Commander in Chief, U.S. Asiatic Fleet, Rear Admiral John C. Watson on June 30, 1899.  He volunteered for duty against the Insurrectos, and on October 8, 1899, in an engagement at Noveleta, Cavite, Philippine Islands, he was wounded when "a spent ball" struck his leg.

Inter-war years

In December 1899, he transferred to the  and remaining as aide on the staff, returned to the  on April 16, 1900.  Commissioned lieutenant from March 3, 1901, he returned to the United States via the , and served as watch and division officer on board until April 1902, when he reported for duty with the General Board, Navy Department, Washington, D.C.  In January 1904, Lieutenant Crosley joined the , and in April that year, assumed command of the . On March 9, 1905, he was ordered to the  for duty as flag lieutenant on the staff of Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans, the first commander in chief, US Atlantic Fleet, and second in rank to Admiral of the Navy George Dewey.

Promoted to lieutenant commander in 1906, in December that year he was detached from staff duty and began a tour of shore duty as assistant to the equipment officer at the New York Navy Yard and later served in the Ordnance Department of that Yard. He had temporary duty on board the , taking passage on February 26, 1909, and from March 7 until June 27, he served as executive officer and navigator of the . He had similar duty on board the  until November, when he reported as navigator of the .  In July 1910 he had special temporary duty in the Bureau of Navigation, Navy Department, Washington, D.C., and on August 4, 1910, took command of the  in English waters. In 1912 he was advanced to commander and served as aide to Vice Admiral Hugh Pigot Williams of the Royal Navy. Detached from the  in April 1912, he returned to Washington, where he again served on the General Board of the Navy Department.

Haitian and Dominican Campaigns

In July 1914 he was detached to the  as executive officer.  Promoted to captain, from June 30, 1915, he commanded the .  Prairie was ordered to Haiti and Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic during the American occupations, where Captain Crosley received fleeing foreign residents aboard his ship and landed forces that occupied the West Indies islands.

World War I

After being detached from  in February 1917, he was ordered to Berlin as assistant naval attaché; however, relations were severed with Germany before his arrival. His orders were changed to report to Petrograd, Russia as Naval Attaché.  He and his wife reached that city by way of Japan, Korea, China, and Siberia on May 7, 1917, a month after the United States entered World War I. The following year in Russia was one of constant danger for Captain and Mrs. Crosley. The Tsar's Government was disintegrating and in July 1917, when Bolsheviks captured Petrograd, the Crosleys were safely escorted under cover of night to the American Embassy by a Russian officer who risked his life to assist them.  With the danger unacceptable for the mission, in April 1918, Crosley was ordered to leave Russia by way of Finland and Sweden.  The Crosleys made their escape with the assistance of the American ambassador.  During one night's train ride to Helsingfors, Finland, their passports were demanded nineteen times.  In Finland, Captain Crosley took charge of a party of sixteen Americans and a Roumanian diplomat who had been trying to leave Russia for weeks. As they neared the frontier, Crosley arranged a truce between the Reds and Whites, whereby the party crossed the ice escorted by a Red general carrying a large American flag. Finally reaching Stockholm, Sweden, Captain Crosley received orders there to proceed to Madrid, Spain, as naval attaché, where he reported on May 10, 1918, and remained until the Armistice.

Navy Cross

In 1920, Captain Crosley was awarded the Navy Cross for his Russian diplomatic service in World War I.  His citation reads, "For distinguished service in the line of his profession as Naval Attaché at Petrograd, and for conducting a party of Americans out of Russia in April 1918, under difficult and trying conditions."

Postwar service

In December 1918, he reported to the Office of Naval Intelligence, Navy Department, and on January 26, 1919, assumed command of the  that was engaged in returning troops from France.  He was transferred in May 1920 to command the  doing similar transport duty for returning troops.  On March 21, 1921, Crosley became assistant to the commandant of the Sixth Naval District, Charleston, South Carolina.  A month later he was designated commandant of the Seventh Naval District, Key West, Florida, with additional duty as commandant of the Naval Station and Naval Operating Base, Key West, and remained there until May 1923.

After duty afloat in command of the  from June 11, 1923, until June 1925, he served as hydrographer, Bureau of Navigation, Navy Department, from June 29, 1925, until July 1927.  As such he represented the United States in
Monaco at the International Hydrographic Conference, arriving October 22, 1926, There he was elected by the delegates of twenty-three countries represented to preside over the conference.  During his tour of duty as hydrographer, he also served as a member of the United States Geographic Board. After his promotion to rear admiral in January 1927 (to rank from February 17, 1927) he was ordered to command Train Squadron ONE, Scouting Fleet Base Force, and remained in that command from August 1, 1927, until June 29, 1929. He again represented the United States as a delegate to the International Hydrographic Conference meeting in the Principality of Monaco on April 1, 1929, and upon his return had further temporary duty at the Hydrographic Office, Navy Department, before resuming command of Train Squadron ONE, his flag in the .

On July 1, 1929, Rear Admiral Crosley reported as commandant of the Ninth Naval District, and commanding officer of the Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, Illinois. While in that assignment he served as a member of the Committee on Arrangements for the Century of Progress Expositions. Detached on August 2, 1932, he assumed command of Battleship Division 3, Battle Force, with his flag in the  and later in the  and . When detached on June 9, 1933, he was ordered to duty as commandant of the Fifteenth Naval District and commanding officer of the Naval Station, Balboa, Canal Zone. He served two years in that assignment, then had duty in July and August 1935 as a member of the General Board, Navy Department.

Rear Admiral Crosley was transferred to the Retired List of the U.S. Navy on November 1, 1935, and was relieved of all active duty, having reached the statutory retirement age of sixty-four years.  He received a commendatory letter from the Secretary of the Navy, the Honorable Claude Swanson, as follows:  "The Department regrets your retirement from active service and takes this occasion to extend to you its heartiest congratulations and appreciation for your long and distinguished service to our Nation.	During the time which you have so faithfully and efficiently served, you have witnessed many advancements in the morale, strength and efficiency of the navy; and you have the satisfaction of knowing that you have contributed to the accomplishment of these results. . . ."

Retirement

After his retirement, Admiral Crosley was elected president director of the International Hydrographic Bureau at Monte Carlo, Monaco, in April 1937, and served in that capacity until his resignation in June 1938 on account of ill health. He died on January 6, 1939, at Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Admiral Crosley was a member of the Sons of the American Revolution.

Family

In 1895, Ensign Crosley married Pauline de Lannay Stewart (1871–1955) of Columbus, Georgia.  They had two sons, Floyd Stewart Crosley (1897–1979) and Paul Cunningham Crosley (1902–1997).  Both Crosley's sons graduated from the Naval Academy Classes  of  1919 and 1925, respectively, and both retired as navy captains.  In 1921, Lieutenant Floyd Crosley was seriously injured while serving as engineering officer on the  when a boiler gauge exploded during a full-power trial run.  Called to the fire-room by a report that a boiler had lost water, he reached there in time to receive the full force of the exploding glass that caused the loss of his right eye.  He retired in 1926 but returned to active duty in October 1942 during World War II and served as a commander for the duration. His younger brother,  Paul Crosley,  served more than thirty years active duty in the navy, through World War II and the Korean War.

Awards and decorations

In addition to the Navy Cross, Rear Admiral Crosley received the following medals: Sampson Medal with  ship's bar; Spanish Campaign Medal; Philippine Campaign Medal; Haitian Campaign Medal (1915); Dominican Campaign Medal; and World War I Victory Medal with Overseas Clasp. He also received the following foreign decorations: Medal of Honor and Merit and Diploma awarded by the President of the Republic of Haiti; Second Order of Wen-Hu, awarded by the Chinese Ministry of the Navy; and Commander of the Order of the Iron Crown, conferred by the Italian Government.

Namesake ship

Mrs. Walter S. Crosley was Sponsor for the destroyer escort USS Crosley (DE-226) named in honor of her husband and launched on January 1, 1944.  Prior to its commissioning on October 22, 1944, the ship was converted to a high speed transport and re-designated .

References

1871 births
1939 deaths
People from Jaffrey, New Hampshire
United States Naval Academy alumni
Military personnel from Connecticut
United States Navy personnel of the Spanish–American War
United States Naval Academy faculty
American military personnel of the Philippine–American War
United States naval attachés
United States Navy personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
United States Navy rear admirals
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery


Elaine Bland Baxter (January 16, 1933 – March 26, 2021) was an American politician and educator who served as the 27th Iowa Secretary of State.

Personal life
She was the daughter of Clarence Arthur Bland and Margaret Clark Bland.
She married Harry Youngs Baxter, in 1954; they have three children, Katherine, Harry and John. She died on March 26, 2021, aged 88.

Education
She received her B.A. in International Affairs from the University of Illinois in 1954, a teaching certificate in secondary level Social Studies from Iowa Wesleyan College in 1970 and an M.S. in Urban and Regional Planning from the University of Iowa in 1978. She also received graduate training at the Harvard University Kennedy School of Government.

Political career
Baxter was a member of the Iowa House of Representatives' 60th District from 1983 to 1986, and she served two terms as Iowa Secretary of State from 1986 to 1994.

She was also a delegate to Democratic National Convention from Iowa in 1988 and 1992; was a member of the Democratic National Committee from Iowa in 1988; was a candidate for U.S. Representative from Iowa's 3rd congressional district in 1992 and 1994.

Iowa Governor Thomas Vilsack appointed her to the Humanities Iowa board of directors.  She joined the Iowa Lottery Board in 2002.

Baxter endorsed Hillary Clinton in the 2008 US Presidential election.

Community involvement

Baxter was active in civic organizations, including the Burlington planning commission, the Burlington City Council and the Victorian Society of Iowa. She served on various boards, including the Preservation Action, Washington, D.C. (1980–1984), the Iowa Alliance for Historic Preservation, the Heritage Trust for Preservation of Historic Burlington and the Terrace Hill Society.

References

External links
 Baxter at The Political Graveyard
 Elaine Baxter at Our Campaigns
 Elaine Baxter at the University of Iowa
 Elain Baxter's boardmember listing at the Iowa Lottery board
 Clinton Campaign: Former Lieutenant Governor Jo Ann Zimmerman joins Iowa women elected officials in endorsing Hillary Clinton, IowaPolitics.com
 "Women Not Winning In Iowa: Part 1", John Deeth blog, March 22, 2005

Secretaries of State of Iowa
1933 births
2021 deaths
Politicians from Chicago
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
Iowa Wesleyan University alumni
University of Iowa alumni
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Women state legislators in Iowa
Democratic Party members of the Iowa House of Representatives
21st-century American women


Eriogonum trichopes is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name little desert trumpet. It is native to the mountain slopes and deserts of the southwestern United States from California to New Mexico, and its range extends into Mexico.

Description
This is an annual herb quite variable in height, growing to a spindly 10 centimeters or a sprawling, brambly 1.5 meters. Its leaves form a basal patch on the ground, each rounded with ruffled margins and covered in woolly or stiff hairs.

The erect inflorescence is naked and sometimes hairy, with many slender branches that flower year-round. Flower clusters hang on short, thready stalks. Each minuscule flower is glandular or hairy and is bright yellow when new, darkening over time to a reddish color.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

trichopes
Flora of the Southwestern United States
Flora of California
Flora of New Mexico
Flora of the Sonoran Deserts
Flora of the California desert regions
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the Colorado Desert
Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Leo W. "Jack" Fleming Jr. (February 3, 1923 – January 3, 2001) was an American sports announcer for the National Football League's Pittsburgh Steelers and the National Basketball Association's Chicago Bulls in professional sports, and also the West Virginia Mountaineers football and basketball teams. One of his most famous calls was for the Steelers in 1972, on the "Immaculate Reception".

Early life
Leo W. Fleming was born on February 3, 1923. He was a United States Air Force navigator during World War II. He flew 23 combat missions and began his radio career while recuperating at Ashford Military Hospital.

Announcing career

West Virginia University
Jack Fleming, also known as the "Voice of the Mountaineers", served as the school's football and basketball announcer during the periods 1947–1959, 1962–1969, and 1974–1996. Some of Fleming's more memorable calls include calls on Rod Thorn, Major Harris, Jeff Hostetler, Will Drewery, the infamous "Flutie Sack" in 1984, Pat Randolph, Robert Walker's game-winning touchdown run against Miami in 1993, Ed Hill's game-winning touchdown catch against Boston College in 1993, and Amos Zereoué.

Fleming was a seven-time West Virginia sportscaster of the year winner, also receiving the 1996 Gene Morehouse Award from the West Virginia Sports Writers Association and the Chris Schenkel Award from the College Football Hall of Fame in 1999. In 1995, he was inducted into West Virginia University's Order of Vandalia, for outstanding service to the state and school.

Fleming was inducted into the West Virginia University Sports Hall of Fame in 2001.

Professional teams
Fleming also was the sports announcer for the Pittsburgh Steelers (1965–1993) of the NFL and the Chicago Bulls (1970–1973; 1978–1979) of the NBA. Fleming broadcast four Super Bowls, seven AFC Championship Games and an NBA All-Star Game during his tenure with both teams.

His most memorable call was in 1972 on the Steelers' "Immaculate Reception":

References

External links
Jack Fleming's WVU Sports Hall of Fame page

1923 births
2001 deaths
American Basketball Association announcers
Military personnel from West Virginia
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
American radio sports announcers
Chicago Bulls announcers
College basketball announcers in the United States
College football announcers
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League announcers
People from Morgantown, West Virginia
Pittsburgh Steelers announcers
Radio personalities from West Virginia
West Virginia Mountaineers football
West Virginia Mountaineers basketball


Below is a list of comics based on the British television series Torchwood.

Publication history
Torchwood Magazine includes a 10-page Torchwood comic strip in each issue; issue 2 did not include the strip. In 2010, publication of Torchwood Magazine ceased. Torchwood comics resumed publication under Titan Comics in 2016 with a new issue published monthly penned by Torchwood's John Barrowman (Captain Jack Harkness) alongside his sister, Carole E. Barrowman. These stories serve as a direct sequel to the Barrowman's previous Torchwood novel, Exodus Code as well as make reference to Big Finish Productions ongoing Torchwood audio series

Comics

Torchwood Magazine (2008–2010)

Online Exclusives
The following titles were released exclusively on UKTV's Watch website between 2009 and 2010 in conjunction with Torchwood Magazine

Titan Comics (2016)

Continuity
 In The Legacy of Torchwood One!, Ianto's fear is a man made of metal, possibly a reference to the Cybermen and his late girlfriend Lisa.
 One of the biker gangs mentioned in Jetsam is "Blaid Drwg" (sic) and a poster in the background in Rift War! Part Four: Dino Crisis says "Bad Wolf".
 When Drew Blayney is possessed by the bike in Jetsam, a picture of The Beast from Doctor Who episodes "The Impossible Planet"/"The Satan Pit" is shown.
 Toshiko runs past a "Jubilee Pizza" restaurant in Rift War! Part One, the pizza chain seen in various episodes of Torchwood and the Doctor Who episode "Dalek". It is named after the Doctor Who audio drama Jubilee, the basis for "Dalek".
 One of the items Jack gives Gwen and Rhys to help look after the Zarsi Baby in Rift War! Part Three: Funhouse is a book of Venusian Lullabies, first mentioned in the Doctor Who serial, The Curse of Peladon.
 In Station Zero, Dana and Gwen mention the Committee, an organisation related to the Big Finish Productions Torchwood audio dramas.

Outside references
 The line "the children of the stones" in Rift War! Part Six: Circles is possibly a reference to the HTV series Children of the Stones, a series about a time rift centred on a circle of stones.

Collected editions
Some of the stories are being collected into a trade paperback:
Rift War (128 pages, June 2009, Titan Books, )
The Selkie (96 pages, May 2010, Titan Books, )
Torchwood Archives: Volume 1 (112 pages, Jul 2017, Titan Books, )
Torchwood Archives: Volume 2 (112 pages, Oct 2017, Titan Books, )
World Without End (112 pages, Apr 2017, Titan Books, )
Station Zero (112 pages, Sep 2017, Titan Books, )
The Culling (112 pages, May 2018, Titan Books, )

See also
Doctor Who Magazine
Torchwood Magazine

Notes

References

External links
Exclusive Torchwood Magazine Comic Strip, made by Titan for Watch

Torchwood
Torchwood
Torchwood
Torchwood
Torchwood
Comics


Guillermo Iberio Ortiz Mayagoitia (born 10 February 1941) is a Mexican jurist and former Supreme Court Justice. He previously served as the President (Chief Justice) of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation from 2 January 2007 to 31 December 2010.

Ortiz Mayagoitia, a native of Misantla, Veracruz, earned his law degree at the Universidad Veracruzana in Xalapa. He served the judiciary in various positions in  Poza Rica and Tuxpan in his home state and as a clerk at the federal Supreme Court. He later held District Judge positions in the state of Oaxaca and the Federal District, and served as a Circuit Judge in  Villahermosa, Tabasco, and Veracruz, Veracruz. In 1993 he was appointed to the appeals chamber of the Federal Electoral Tribunal.

On 27 January 1995 his Supreme Court appointment, proposed by President Ernesto Zedillo, was ratified by the Senate. He was elected Chief Justice, with seven votes out of eleven, by the Supreme Court on 2 January 2007.

References

External links
Ministro Presidente Guillermo I. Ortiz Mayagoitia Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation
Profile: Guillermo Iberio Ortiz Mayagoitia El Universal, 2 January 2007

1941 births
Living people
Mexican people of Basque descent
20th-century Mexican lawyers
Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation justices
People from Veracruz
Presidents of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation
People from Misantla
Universidad Veracruzana alumni
21st-century Mexican lawyers


Guillermo Ortiz may refer to:

 Guillermo Ortiz Camargo (1939–2009), Mexican soccer player
 Guillermo Ortiz Martínez (born 1948), former Governor of the Bank of Mexico
 Guillermo Ortiz Mayagoitia, President of the Supreme Court
 Guillermo Ortiz (footballer) (born 1992), Argentine footballer


Gerd Hennig (24 April 1935 – 26 December 2017) was a German football referee.

Between 1964 and 1982, he refereed a total of 161 games in the Bundesliga, Germany's top football league. He refereed the DFB-Pokal final between FC Bayern Munich and 1. FC Nürnberg in 1982. Hennig is also Chairman referee of the region Duisburg – Mülheim – Dinslaken and lives in Duisburg.

References

External links
 Profile at worldfootball.net

1935 births
2017 deaths
German football referees
Sportspeople from Duisburg
20th-century German people
West German sportsmen


Jesse Donald "Uncle Jimmy" Thompson (1848 – February 17, 1931) was an American old-time fiddle player and singer-songwriter. He is best remembered as the first performer to play on Nashville's Grand Ole Opry (then called the WSM Barn Dance), appearing with founder and host George D. Hay on the evening of November 28, 1925.  The positive response generated by Thompson's performance would be an important influence on the show's creative direction in its formative years. While Thompson made only a handful of recordings late in his life, his cantankerous and eccentric personality and his fiddle skills have made him one of the best-known icons of early country music.

Early life

Thompson was born in Smith County, Tennessee (near the town of Baxter) in 1848.  Around 1860, his family moved to Texas, and Thompson began playing fiddle shortly thereafter.  He likely learned a number of tunes (including "Flying Clouds", which he recorded in 1930) from veterans returning from the American Civil War (1861–1865), and his fiddle style always showed a strong Texas influence.  In the 1880s, Thompson moved back to Smith County, where he married his first wife.  They stayed in Tennessee for about 20 years before they moved again to Texas.  In 1907, Thompson gained regional fame as a fiddler when he won an eight-day fiddle contest in Dallas.

Thompson returned to Tennessee a few years after the Dallas contest, this time settling near Hendersonville, a town located a few miles northeast of Nashville.  His first wife died shortly afterward, however, and around 1912 he married his second wife, Ella Manners.  In 1916, Thompson and Ella moved to Laguardo, in Wilson County, Tennessee.  Being too old to farm, Thompson purchased a Ford truck which he outfitted with a makeshift camper, and he and Ella spent the next several years travelling around the state, performing at various fairs and other gatherings.  Thompson played fiddle while "Aunt Ella" buck-danced on a red rug.  In 1923, Thompson drove all the way to Dallas, where he again captured first prize in the city's eight-day fiddle contest.

The WSM Barn Dance years, 1925-1928

In 1925, the National Life and Accident Insurance Company established WSM, the first radio station in Nashville that could reach a regional audience.  In September of that year, WSM began airing rural musicians from the Nashville area, namely Humphrey Bate, Sid Harkreader, and Uncle Dave Macon.  Realizing the popularity of old-time music, WSM hired George D. Hay, a Chicago radio announcer and host of the National Barn Dance on Chicago's WLS.  Hay adapted his show's format to WSM, where it was to be called the WSM Barn Dance.  For the show's initial airing on November 28, Thompson's niece, Eva Thompson Jones, who worked as piano accompanist for WSM at the time, suggested her uncle to Hay as his first guest.

Thompson's performance began at 8:00 that night, with Hay introducing Thompson and stating that Thompson would take requests from listeners. Phone calls and telegrams immediately began pouring into the station.  At the end of the hour, Hay asked Thompson if he had done enough fiddling, to which Thompson replied, "a man don't get warmed up in an hour," and showed Hay the blue ribbon he had recently won at the eight-day fiddle contest in Dallas.

Thompson's performance on November 28 and his follow-up performances on WSM in subsequent weeks made him an instant celebrity.  During this period, Hay issued a challenge to Maine fiddler Mellie Dunham, who had recently captured first prize in a nationwide fiddle contest held by automobile magnate Henry Ford. Dunham declined, prompting Thompson to say "he's affeared of me."  Nevertheless, Ford held a second national contest in 1926, which Thompson entered.  Thompson easily advanced through the early rounds to the contest's Tennessee state finals, which were held at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville on the evening of January 19.  Thompson outplayed five other finalists, including Lynchburg fiddler Uncle Bunt Stephens and a one-armed fiddler from Hartsville named Marshall Claiborne, to capture the state championship.  In the contest's regional finals in Louisville, Kentucky the following day, however, Thompson failed to place in the top three, being ousted by both Stephens and Claiborne and a South Indiana fiddler named W.H. Elmore (Stephens went on to win the national contest).

Later career

Thompson continued making appearances on Barn Dance (renamed the Grand Ole Opry in 1927) throughout 1926 and 1927, but as the show became more structured, Thompson's role was minimized.  Hay grew impatient with Thompson's general unreliability, and the two bickered over such things as Thompson's penchant for drinking a jug of whiskey before each program to "lubricate" his playing arm, and Thompson's tendency to play well over his allotted time.   In 1928, Thompson made only two appearances on the program.

In 1926, Thompson went to Atlanta, where he recorded two traditional tunes, "Billy Wilson" and "Karo" for Columbia Records.  The latter, "Karo," is probably derived from the folk song "Flop-Eared Mule."  Thompson's only other recording session occurred on April 5, 1930 in Knoxville, Tennessee, for Brunswick/Vocalion.  This session produced the recording known as "Uncle Jimmy's Favorite Fiddlin' Pieces," a mini-interview conducted by producer Bill Brown in which Thompson plays "Flying Clouds" and "Leather Britches", and discusses whiskey and the violin's superiority over the guitar (the brief guitar solo was probably played by Willie Sievers of the Tennessee Ramblers).

Thompson died of pneumonia at his Laguardo home on February 17, 1931.  Music historian Charles Wolfe notes that while Thompson's active career (1925–1931) was relatively short, it was "one of the most potent" in the history and development of country music, and that the photographs of Thompson seated with his fiddle before a WSM microphone are among the Grand Ole Opry's most enduring images.  Thompson claimed to have known over a thousand fiddle tunes, and once boasted he could "fiddle the bugs off a tater vine."  According to Wolfe, an analysis of Thompson's last recordings show a fiddle player of "great ability."

Discography

References

External links
Juneberry78s.com Sampler — mp3s of Thompson's recordings of "Karo" and "Billy Wilson"

American country singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Tennessee
Southern old-time fiddlers
People from Smith County, Tennessee
Grand Ole Opry members
1848 births
1931 deaths
Country musicians from Tennessee


The Salt River Valley is an extensive valley on the Salt River in central Arizona, which contains the Phoenix Metropolitan Area.

Although this geographic term still identifies the area, the name "Valley of the Sun" popularly replaced the usage starting in the early 1930s for purposes of boosterism.

A common dust for testing air filter efficiency was derived from top soil dust from the Salt River Valley, referred to as Arizona Dust.  The dust was found to include small abrasive particles.

References

River valleys of the United States
Valleys of Arizona
Landforms of Maricopa County, Arizona
Landforms of Gila County, Arizona


Miss República Dominicana 1996 was held on December 16, 1995. There were 23 candidates, representing provinces and municipalities, who entered. The winner would represent the Dominican Republic at Miss Universe 1996 and Miss International 1996. The first runner up would enter Miss World 1996. The second runner up would enter in Reinado Internacional del Café 1996. The rest of finalist entered different pageants.
The contest was one of the most scandalous ever, when jury and crowd started screaming “ Fraud” at the end of the night. Judges claim to have voted unanimously for crowd favorite, Anneliese Ortiz Mirabal from Salcedo. At a press conference days later, she surrender all titles won during the competition and was then named “ La Reina del Pueblo”.

Results

Delegates

Miss Dominican Republic
1996 beauty pageants
1996 in the Dominican Republic


The Colours Match () is an annual rugby union fixture between Trinity College Dublin (Dublin University Football Club) and University College Dublin (University College Dublin R.F.C.). Rugby matches between UCD RFC and DUFC predate the inauguration of "The Colours Match". Their first meeting took place at Terenure on 18 October 1919, won by Trinity.

Background
Between 1919 and 1952 "friendly" matches took place annually between the clubs on a home and away basis. There were also memorable encounters between UCD and TCD in the Leinster Senior Cup when the draw brought the sides together.

Following the Senior Cup win of UCD over DUFC in 1948 by a dropped goal to nil, the idea of a Colours match was discussed between Harry Thrift of Trinity and Sarsfield Hogan of UCD, who had served together on the International Rugby Board, on which basis each University club would award Colours for the season. Lengthy negotiations ensued and with the cooperation of the IRFU committee and of the Lansdowne and Wanderers RFCs a scheme for an annual Colours match was finally agreed.

The two Universities would play once a year in December. Each University would act as the host in turn and be responsible for the management of the match and for the entertainment. The host University, after consultation with the other side, would invite the referee for the match. A formal teams' dinner would be held after the match.

It was envisaged that the match would be played on a Saturday. Increasing numbers of representative matches and the limited number of Saturdays on which Lansdowne Road was available led to pressure to change the match from Saturdays to a mid-week date.

History
The Colours Match was inaugurated on 13 December 1952 at Lansdowne Road with the first title taken by UCD Trinity gained their first win in 1954 and the first drawn match came in 1955. The first 26 matches and the 35th to 38th matches were held at Lansdowne Road stadium in Dublin. The 27th to 33rd fixtures and the 39th through 60th matches were played at Donnybrook Rugby Ground, the traditional home of the Leinster rugby union team. The 61st 63rd, 65th and 67th encounters took place at the UCD Bowl, Belfield, the 62nd match at Donnybrook Rugby Ground and the 64th, 66th and 68th editions in College Park Rugby Ground, Trinity College.

Trophy
A trophy, The Colours Cup, presented to the winner of the annual Colours Match, was inaugurated in 2002 to mark the Golden Jubilee of the first Colours Match in December 1962. It was first presented to the winners of the 51st Colours Match, UCD, in November 2002. The cup is in the form of a claret jug.

Trinity College are the current holders beating University College by 34 points to 27 points on 1 April 2022 at College Park, Trinity College.

Other editions
Colours Matches are also played between Trinity and UCD in women's rugby union and other sports, such as association football, Gaelic football, hurling, swimming, boxing, water polo, field hockey, golf, sailing, tennis, and fencing.

Famous participants
Dick Spring Politician Trinity College
Peter Sutherland Chairman BP University College
Brian O'Driscoll Ireland Captain University College
Jamie Heaslip Ireland Captain Trinity College
Paddy Johns Ireland Captain Trinity College

Results

1950s

 Acting Captain

1960s

 Acting Captain

1970s

 Acting Captain

1980s

Acting Captain

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

By total wins

References

College sports rivalries
Rugby union competitions in Ireland
Rugby union at Irish universities
Dublin University Football Club
University College Dublin R.F.C.
Recurring sporting events established in 1952
Rugby union rivalries in Ireland
1952 establishments in Ireland
University and college rugby union competitions
Sports competitions at Irish universities


Terzan 7 is a sparse and young globular cluster that is believed to have originated in the Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy (Sag DEG) and is physically associated with it. It is relatively metal rich with [Fe/H] = -0.6 and an estimated age of 7.5 Gyr. Terzan 7 has low levels of nickel ([Ni/Fe] = -0.2) which supports its membership in the Sag DEG system since it has a similar chemical signature. It has a rich population of blue stragglers that are strongly concentrated toward the center of Terzan 7. It has an average luminosity distribution of Mv = -5.05. It has a half-light radius (Rh) of 6.5pc.

History
Terzan 7 was the brightest of six globulars discovered by Turkish-Armenian astronomer Agop Terzan in 1968.

Young globular
Nearly all globular clusters of the Milky Way's galactic halo formed at the same time (12-15 Gyr). Even the far situated NGC 2419 (~100 kpc from Galactic Center) has a similar age. This trend also applies to the age of globulars found in the Large Magellanic Cloud and Fornax Dwarf (~140 kpc from Galactic Center). However, a few globulars seem to be significantly younger than the rest; these include Palomar 1, Palomar 3, Palomar 4, Palomar 12, Palomar 14, Ruprecht 106, IC 4499, Arp 2, Eridanus, Fornax 4, and Terzan 7. In particular, the ones associated with the Sag DEG appear to have formed more recently. The data suggests that all the present outer halo globulars may have originally formed in dwarf spheroidals.

Hierarchical galaxy formation
Alternatively, a hierarchical galaxy formation model is hypothesized under which a portion, possibly large, of the Milky Way's globular clusters would have originated in the accretion of other dwarf spheroidals like Sag DEG.  The best candidate for this idea is Palomar 12.

Notes

75.7 kly × tan( 7.3 / 2 ) = 160 ly. radius

References

Globular clusters
Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
Sagittarius (constellation)
?


Crypt Killer (known as Henry Explorers in Japan) is a 1995 arcade video game produced by Konami. It was also released in 1997 for the Sega Saturn and Sony PlayStation home consoles, and in Japan for Microsoft Windows. The Saturn version makes use of the Saturn's various light guns, while the PlayStation version is compatible with the Naki Lunar Gun and the Konami Justifier. The game's scenery and characters are all 3D polygon models, while most of the enemies and their projectiles are 2D sprites.

Plot
The players are "crypt raiders" guided by Galazon, the spirit of travels, who resembles a floating head to travel through variously themed caves, temples and crypts in search of the "Eyes of Guidance" which would open the doors of fate. On their journey they are armed with a shotgun to fend off many mythical enemies, such as mummies, skeletons, fish-men, gargoyles, and an array of other monsters.

Gameplay
One, two or three players simultaneously travel through levels "on rails", as in the vast majority of light gun shooters. At certain points on each level the players choose their path by selecting to go one of two different ways. The opening screen allows the player to choose from any of the six levels. There are three areas (besides the boss area) per level. At the end of each level, the player encounters a boss guarding the "Eyes of Guidance" needed to progress. The player can temporally upgrade their weapon by finding concealed more powerful guns such as a Gatling gun, grenade launcher, a more powerful shotgun, and an automatic hidden behind breakable objects. In the console versions, for each life the player has three bombs which can destroy all enemies on screen.

Every time the player finds two Eyes of Guidance, an ending is revealed, although Galazon tells the players to keep playing until they clear all six levels. All endings start with placing the Eyes of Guidance in the statue. The eye obtained is either red or blue depending on the path chosen at the end of Act 2 in each level. Depending on the color combination of the two eyes that are obtained, the endings are:

Normal/Good Ending: He encounters a skeleton, shoots it, and says that he is somehow tricked by an ancient text. The player finds the real treasure. This ending is reached if the first eye is blue and the other is red.
Behind-The-Scenes Ending: The player directs a movie based from the game, and it is revealed that the monsters (skeletons, fish-men, gargoyles, etc.) are stunt men and actors. This ending is reached if both eyes are blue.
Bad Ending: The player finds many treasure chests in a river which turns out to be fake. Then he is surrounded by all the bosses in the game. The player tries to escape but is killed. This ending is reached if both eyes are red.
Legendary Sword Ending: The player finds a legendary sword. He activates its powers, consequently becoming its wielder. This ending is reached if the first eye is red and the other is blue.

Reception

Reviewing the arcade version, a Next Generation critic praised Crypt Killers ending but summed up that "besides the free-moving, hand-held sawed-off shotgun, enabling pump-handle reloading (a nice element), this game blends in quite well with the pile of new laser-gun shooters with little distinction."

The Saturn and PlayStation versions received overwhelmingly negative reviews, with critics deriding the heavily pixelated and blocky graphics, the lack of scariness in the enemies' appearance, the numerous cheap hits, and the player character's overdone acrobatics, which cause the perspective to spin and bounce around frequently in a nauseating manner. Lee Nutter of Sega Saturn Magazine was particularly vehement in his criticism, remarking that "more fun could be derived from the Virtua Gun if you were to spend an entire evening pistol whipping yourself with it". A sidebar on the seven light gun games which had been released for the Saturn in the UK up to that point showed that Crypt Killer had the lowest rating from Sega Saturn Magazine. Dan Hsu of Electronic Gaming Monthly defended the game, saying it "deserves a look" due to its unique mythical theme, but his three co-reviewers gave firmly negative assessments. GamePro remarked that "Although the action gets frantic, it never intensifies to the point of hysteria, the way a good shooter like Area 51 does." GameSpots Jeff Kitts found the game's poor quality especially unforgivable since it came from the same company as the seminal light gun game Lethal Enforcers.

Notes

References

External links
Crypt Killer at Arcade-History

1995 video games
Arcade video games
Cooperative video games
Konami games
Light gun games
PlayStation (console) games
Rail shooters
Sega Saturn games
Video games scored by Yuji Takenouchi
Windows games
Konami arcade games
Video games set in cemeteries
Video games developed in Japan
Multiplayer and single-player video games
System Sacom games


Dino Delevski (born in Skopje, SR Macedonia, SFR Yugoslavia) is an American soccer player of Macedonian descent.

Club career
In 1996, Delevski graduated from Capitol Hill High School.  He was a 1996 All State High School soccer player at Capitol Hill.  He attended Oklahoma City University where he was a 1999 Second Team NAIA All American soccer player. On 25 January 2000, Delevski signed with the Wichita Wings of the National Professional Soccer League. During the 2000-2001 (final) season of the league, he made the National Conference team for the 2001 NPSL All-Star Game, held in Buffalo, New York (then home of the Buffalo Blizzard). On 20 August 2001, the Kansas City Comets selected Delevski in the first round of the dispersal draft. Delevski signed with the Comets.  He was selected as 2002 and 2003 NPSL MVP. During this time in Kansas City , Delevski started his youth coaching career in Kearney, Missouri. Delevski also was named the All-Star Game MVP in 2003, scoring a Hattrick during his exciting performance.  In 2003, he played outdoors with the Milwaukee Wave United of the A-League.  That year, he also became an American citizen. On 22 September 2005, the Philadelphia KiXX selected Delevski in the Dispersal Draft.  Delevski did not sign with the KiXX until 16 February 2006. He had stayed with the KiXX for the 2007-2008 MISL II season with fellow Macedonian Sandre Naumoski. Delevski was a valuable contributor to that team winning his first championship as the Philadelphia KiXX defeated the Detroit Ignition 13–8 to win the 2007 Major Indoor Soccer League title at Compuware Arena. Delevski then he would be traded to the Monterrey La Raza early in the season, where he immediately emerged as one of the League's leading scorers and leaders of the team.  In 2008, Delevski joined the Rockford Rampage of the National Indoor Soccer League.  On 25 February 2009, the Rampage released Delevski.  A week later, he signed with the Xtreme Soccer League which assigned him to the Milwaukee Wave. Delevski is currently a coach for the Chicago Inferno of the MASL.

Honors
 1996 Oklahoma High School All State
 1999 Second Team NAIA All American
 MISL MVP
 2002, 2003
 First Team All MISL
2002, 2003, 2008
 Second Team All MISL
2004, 2005

Notes

External links
 MISL Honors

1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Skopje
American people of Macedonian descent
Men's association football forwards
Macedonian men's footballers
Wichita Wings (NPSL) players
Kansas City Comets (2001–2005 MISL) players
Milwaukee Wave United players
Philadelphia KiXX (2001–2008 MISL) players
Monterrey La Raza players
Rockford Rampage players
Milwaukee Wave players
National Professional Soccer League (1984–2001) players
Xtreme Soccer League players
Major Indoor Soccer League (2008–2014) players
Macedonian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Macedonian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Sportspeople from Oklahoma City
Soccer players from Oklahoma
Oklahoma City Stars men's soccer players


Daniil Nikititsch Kaschin (1769 – December 1841) was a Russian composer, pianist, conductor, and folk-song collector.

Kaschin was born the son of a serf of General Bibikov. He was a student of Giuseppe Sarti in Bessarabia in 1788. In 1790, he performed two of his own works in Moscow with a serf orchestra; Kashin went on to direct this ensemble in the 1790s. He was liberated from serfdom in 1798, and thereafter was one of the more important players in the musical life of Moscow. He often conducted concerts involving extremely large forces - choirs of 300 and orchestras of 200 players.

Kashin was a dedicated collector of Russian folk songs. He founded the Zhurnal otechestvennoy muzïki (Journal of National Music), which ran from 1806 to 1809, and published three volumes of Russian folk songs in his 1833-1834 Russkiye narodnïye pesni. Some of his works make use of folk melodies, patriotic themes, and other nationalistic elements.

He composed five operas, a piano concerto, additional pieces for piano, songs, and choir works. Most of his works are now lost.

Works

Operas
"Natalya, boyarskaya doch" was performed on October 21, 1801 in Moscow
"Selskiy prazdnik" was performed in 1807
"Olga prekrasnaya" was performed in Moscow on January 14, 1809
"The One-Day Reign of Nourmahal" has been represented in 1817

Web sources

Russian Romantic composers
Russian male classical composers
1769 births
1841 deaths
19th-century classical composers
Male classical pianists
19th-century male musicians


Ronnie Roemisch () is an American football coach. He served as head coach at his alma mater, Tarleton State University, from 1993 to 1995. He compiled a 9–21–1 record overall. Roemisch was fired after a 1–10 season in 1995, and replaced with Todd Whitten.

Roemisch is a German Texan. His last name means “Roman” in German.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Tarleton State Texans football coaches
Tarleton State Texans football players


Chloroauric acid is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It forms hydrates . Both the trihydrate and tetrahydrate are known. Both are orange-yellow solids consisting of the planar  anion. Often chloroauric acid is handled as a solution, such as those obtained by dissolution of gold in aqua regia. These solutions can be converted to other gold complexes or reduced to metallic gold or gold nanoparticles.

Properties

Structure
The tetrahydrate crystallizes as  and two water molecules. The oxidation state of gold in  and  anion is +3. The salts of  (tetrachloroauric(III) acid) are tetrachloroaurates(III), containing  anions (tetrachloroaurate(III) anions), which have square planar molecular geometry. The Au–Cl distances are around 2.28 Å. Other d8 complexes adopt similar structures, e.g. tetrachloroplatinate(II) .

Solute properties
Solid chloroauric acid is a hydrophilic (ionic) protic solute. It is soluble in water and other oxygen-containing solvents, such as alcohols, esters, ethers, and ketones. For example, in dry dibutyl ether or diethylene glycol, the solubility exceeds 1 M. Saturated solutions in the organic solvents often are the liquid solvates of specific stoichiometry. Chloroauric acid is a strong monoprotic acid.

When heated in air, solid  melts in the water of crystallization, quickly darkens and becomes dark brown.

Chemical reactions
Since  is prone to hydrolyze, upon treatment with an alkali metal base, chloroauric acid converts to gold(III) hydroxide. The related thallium salt() is poorly soluble in all nonreacting solvents. Salts of quaternary ammonium cations are known. Other complex salts include  and .

Partial reduction of chloroauric acid gives oxonium dichloridoaurate(1−). Reduction may also yield other gold(I) complexes, especially with organic ligands. Often the ligand serves as reducing agent as illustrated with thiourea, :

Chloroauric acid is the precursor to gold nanoparticles by precipitation onto mineral supports. Heating of  in a stream of chlorine gives gold(III) chloride (). Gold nanostructures can be made from chloroauric acid in a two-phase redox reaction whereby metallic clusters are amassed through the simultaneous attachment of self-assembled thiol monolayers on the growing nuclei.  is transferred from aqueous solution to toluene using tetraoctylammonium bromide where it is then reduced with aqueous sodium borohydride in the presence of a thiol.

Production
Chloroauric acid is produced by dissolving gold in aqua regia (a mixture of concentrated nitric and hydrochloric acids) followed by careful evaporation of the solution:

Under some conditions, oxygen can be used as an oxidant. For higher efficiency, these processes are conducted in autoclaves, which allows greater control of temperature and pressure. Alternatively, a solution of  can be produced by electrolysis of gold metal in hydrochloric acid:

To prevent the deposition of gold on the cathode, the electrolysis is carried out in a cell equipped with a membrane. This method is used for refining gold. Some gold remains in solution in the form of .

Uses
Chloroauric acid is the precursor used in the purification of gold by electrolysis.

Liquid–liquid extraction of chloroauric acid is used for the recovery, concentrating, purification, and analytical determinations of gold. Of great importance is the extraction of  from hydrochloric medium by oxygen-containing extractants, such as alcohols, ketones, ethers and esters. The concentration of gold(III) in the extracts may exceed 1 mol/L. Frequently used extractants for this purpose are dibutyl glycol, methyl isobutyl ketone, tributyl phosphate, dichlorodiethyl ether (chlorex).

In histology, chlorauric acid is known as "brown gold chloride", and its sodium salt  (sodium tetrachloroaurate(III)) as "gold chloride", "sodium gold chloride" or "yellow gold chloride". The sodium salt is used in a process called "toning" to improve the optical definition of tissue sections stained with silver.

Health effects and safety
Chloroauric acid is a strong eye, skin, and mucous membrane irritant. Prolonged skin contact with chloroauric acid may result in tissue destruction. Concentrated chloroauric acid is corrosive to skin and must, therefore, be handled with appropriate care, since it can cause skin burns, permanent eye damage, and irritation to mucous membranes. Gloves are worn when handling the compound.

References

Gold(III) compounds
Acids
Gold–halogen compounds
Chlorometallates
Aurates


Strageath is a Roman camp near the River Earn in eastern Scotland.  Strageath was one of a chain of camps that the Romans used in their march northward. Other notable camps in this chain are Ardoch, Battledykes, Stracathro, Raedykes and Normandykes.

In the Middle Ages the parish church of Strogeath lay within the area of the fort.  The dedication was to St. Patrick.  The site is marked by a graveyard, and some scant remains of the church building.

Footnotes

Roman fortified camps in Scotland
Scheduled monuments in Scotland
Roman auxiliary forts in Scotland


Bradford Angier (May 13, 1910 – March 3, 1997) was an American wilderness survivalist and proponent of back-to-earth living. He authored more than 35 books on how to survive in the wild and how to live minimalisticly off the land.

In 1947 Angier and his new wife, Vena (Elvena, 1914–2011), were living in Boston, Massachusetts. They had long romanticized the life of Henry David Thoreau and decided to move to Hudson's Hope, a small town in northeastern British Columbia, Canada, to live off the land. Once there, they found an old prospector's cabin. With the few tools and how-to books they brought with them, they were able to repair the cabin. Bradford Angier then set about learning to hunt and gather wild food.

He eventually started writing survival books. Vena Angier was artistic and hand-illustrated several of his books. The couple lived in Canada until the building of the W.A.C. Bennett Dam on the Peace River near their home forced them to move. They moved to Cambria, California, and built a house that was less than . For decades Bradford Angier and Calvin Rutstrum were the two most prominent "how to" authors on living in the wilderness.

In the 1970s the Angiers returned to Hudson's Hope. In 1972 Bradford wrote the book One Acre & Security in which he discussed how to live organically on only  of land.  At this time he had become popular with the back-to-earth movement and was sought out by many people wishing to emulate his lifestyle. He was sometimes referred to as "Mr. Outdoors"

Bradford Angier died in 1997, a few months short of his 50th wedding anniversary.

Bibliography
 At Home in the Woods: Living the Life of Thoreau Today (1951)
 How To Build Your Home in The Woods (1952)
 Living Off the Country: How to Stay Alive in the Woods (1956)
 On Your Own in the Wilderness (1958)
 Wilderness Cookery (1961)
 We Like It Wild (1963)
 Home in Your Pack: The Modern Handbook of Backpacking (1965)
 Free for the Eating (1966)
 Free for the Eating (100 Wild Plants, 300 Ways to Use Them) (1967)
 Home in Your Pack: The Modern Handbook of Backpacking (1967)
 Skills for Taming the Wilds: A Handbook of Woodcraft Wisdom (1967)
 The Ghosts of Spirit River (1968)
 The Outdoorsman's Emergency Manual: Being Your Own Wilderness Doctor (1968)
 Being Your Own Wilderness Doctor: The outdoorsman's emergency manual (1984)
 How to Stay Alive in the Woods: A Complete Guide to Food, Shelter and Self-Preservation That Makes Starvation in the Wilderness Next to the Impossible: Originally Published As Living Off the Country (1969)
 More Free-for-the-Eating Wild Foods (1969)
 A Star to the North (1970)
 The Art and Science of Taking to the Woods (1970)
 Gourmet Cooking For Free (1970)
 Wilderness Cookery: Complete Outdoor Meals (1970)
 How to Live in the Woods on Pennies a Day (1971)
 One Acre and Security How to Live Off the Earth Without Ruining it (1972)
 Skills for Taming the Wilds: A Handbook of Woodcraft Wisdom (1972)
 Survival with Style (1972)
 Wilderness Gear You Can Make Yourself (1973)
 Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants (1974)
 The Freighter Travel Manual (1974)
 Home Book of Cooking Venison and Other Natural Meats (1975)
 Looking for Gold: The Modern Prospector's Handbook (Prospecting and Treasure Hunting) (1975)
 Color Field Guide to Common Wild Edibles (1976)
 Wilderness Wife (1976)
 Field Guide to Medicinal Wild Plants (1978)
 The Master Backwoodsman: Wilderness Skills and Campcraft for Ventures off the Beaten Path (1978)
 Home Cookbook of Wild Meat and Game (1982)
 Bradford Angier's Backcountry Basics: Wilderness Skills and Outdoor Know-How (1983)
 Camping-on-the-go Cookery (1983)
 The Competence Factor: Skills That Make the Difference in Outdoor Sports (1983)
 At Home in the Desert: Surviving and Thriving for a Day, a Week, or a Lifetime (1984)

References

1910 births
1997 deaths
Survivalists
Writers from Boston
People from the Peace River Regional District
American expatriates in Canada


Ouvrage Saint-Roch is a work (gros ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line, also known as the Little Maginot Line.  Small for a gros ouvrages, the ouvrage consists of one entry block, one artillery block and two observation blocks overlooking Sospel at an altitude of . The position is located just to the southwest of Sospel, its entrance block in a narrow valley and the artillery block on the other side of the ridge overlooking Sospel. The ouvrage is laid out along a single line, with the entry block to the rear, immediately followed by the usine, with barracks farther along and Blocks 2 and 3 at intervals. The position's main armament is concentrated in Block 4, a massive blockhouse designed to protect against rockfalls from higher up the mountain.

Description
Ouvrage Saint-Roch was built between November 1930 and June 1932, starting with a contractor named Marting and finishing with Roussel. The cost was 12.7 million francs, of which the armament cost 2,128,000 francs
Block 1 (entry): one machine gun cloche and two machine gun embrasures.
Block 2 (observation): one machine gun/observation cloche.
Block 3 (infantry): one machine gun cloche and one grenade launcher cloche.
Block 4 (artillery): three twin machine gun cloches, two twin machine gun embrasures, one 75mm/29cal gun embrasure, and four 81mm mortar embrasures.

A fifth block on the crest of the mountain was proposed but not built, to house a GFM cloche. Two observation posts were associated with Saint-Roch, including Campoast, armed with one machine gun and twin automatic rifle positions.

Saint-Roch and an associated museum are open for visitation year-round. The facilities are operated by the Association de l'Armée des Alpes,

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Musée des fortifications alpines Fort Saint Roch
 Saint-Roch (gros ouvrage) at fortiff.be
 Fort Saint Roch at Les Sentinelles des Alpes

STRO
Maginot Line
Alpine Line
World War II museums in France


Mikhaela Blake Reid (born June 1, 1980, in Lowell, Massachusetts) is an editorial cartoonist whose work has appeared in various alternative newspapers and magazines, including The Boston Phoenix, Bay Windows, Metro Times, and In These Times, and was also reprinted in Los Angeles Times. Reid frequently draws cartoons supporting LGBT rights.

Reid worked as an information graphics designer at the Wall Street Journal, where one of the articles she worked on won a Pulitzer Prize. Currently, she's employed at United Media.

Reid was profiled in the 2004 book Attitude 2: The New Subversive Alternative Cartoonists, edited by award-winning syndicated editorial cartoonist Ted Rall. Rall would later write the foreword to Attack of the 50-Foot Mikhaela!, a collection of Reid's editorial cartoons.

Reid describes herself as growing up as "a very angry punk rock bisexual teen." She currently resides in Brooklyn with her husband, Masheka Wood, and their two children.

Bibliography
  Attack of the 50-Foot Mikhaela! (Calamity Press, 2007)

References

External links

Interviews
NPR interview with Mikhaela Reid and Rex Babin
Metro Times interview
The Villager interview

1980 births
Living people
American editorial cartoonists
Bisexual women artists
Harvard University alumni
American bisexual artists
LGBT people from Massachusetts
LGBT comics creators
Artists from Lowell, Massachusetts


Ouvrage Barbonnet is a work (gros ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line, also called the Little Maginot Line.  The ouvrage consists of one entry block and one infantry block facing Italy.  The ouvrage was built somewhat behind the main line of fortifications on the old Fort Suchet, which was already armed with two obsolete Mougin 155mm gun turrets.

Fort Suchet was built between 1883 and 1888 at 850 metres altitude two kilometres to the south of Sospel, dominating the road from Nice to the Col de Tende. This corridor represented the main invasion route to Nice from the north.

Fort Suchet and Ouvrage Barbonnet operated separately, the former manned in 1940 by elements of the 157th and 158th Régiments d'Artillerie de Position (RAP) and the latter by the 95th Brigade Alpin de Forteresse (BAF), which also provided infantry support on the surface. The entire position was commanded by Captain Imbault. The Maginot fort's kitchens were used by the garrisons of both fortifications, but the mess halls were separate.

Ouvrage Barbonnet description
Barbonnet has only two blocks, an entry block and an artillery block, and, like all Maginot fortifications, is entirely subterranean. The Mougin battery is not linked to the Maginot fort. A link had been contemplated and a fully integrated design was prepared in 1929, but the arrangement of Suchet's magazines and concerns about structure and cost prevented work on a link from taking place. In particular, the magazines of Fort Suchet were not considered proof against modern artillery. Block 2 is just to the south of the old fort, outside its walls and facing south, with its galleries, usine and magazines running under the east side of Suchet, at an elevation of 748 metres.

Block 1 (entry): one machine gun cloche and three machine gun embrasures.
Block 2 (entry): one machine gun cloche, one grenade launcher cloche, three machine gun embrasures, two 75mm/29cal guns and two 81mm mortars.

Two flanking infantry blocks were proposed but not carried out, one to the south with two heavy twin machine gun positions, a GFM cloche and an observation cloche, and a detached position to the north with a GFM cloche.

A small blockhouse and casemate are located to the south of the main fortification. Casemate Barbonnet Sud was equipped with one FM machine gun and two automatic rifle positions.

Barbonnet's Maginot fortifications were built between November 1931 and February 1935 by a contractor named Borie, at a cost of 10.8 million francs.

Observation posts
Four observation posts are associated with Barbonnet, including Avellan and Petit Ventabren.

Fort Suchet description
Fort Suchet was built as part of the Séré de Rivières system fortifications that were designed to respond to the rapid development of artillery in the late 19th century. Built between 1883 and 1886, Suchet is a rough trapezoid with a wall and ditch around its perimeter, defended by caponiers. It crowns a prominent peak  above the surrounding valley, giving the peak a sawn-off appearance. The fort's primary armament were four 155mm guns in Mougin twin turrets, named "Jeanne d'Arc" and "Bayard."  In 1888 the fort also mounted two reserve 155mm guns, ten 95mm guns, one 32mm mortar and several smaller weapons. At the time of its completion, Fort Suchet was one of the three strongest forts in France. A third Mougin turret outside the fort was proposed in 1903, along with two machine gun turrets. None were built, but the existing turrets were reinforced with concrete in 1913–1914, along with minor improvements to other features. Electricity was provided at this time. More concrete was added to the north caponier in 1928, with ventilation improvements for the turrets in 1930. An aerial tram was proposed for access, but not pursued.  A 1934 project to install a deeply buried magazine under the Mougin turrets caused cracking in the fort's masonry, and the project was abandoned. A 1938 project to link to the Maginot fortification was likewise not pursued.

The Mougin guns were used in June 1940 to fire on Italian positions. The guns were replaced after the war with similar weapons taken from forts in the northeast of France, the Fort de Frouard (Jeanne d'Arc turret) and the Fort de Villey-le-Sec (Bayard turret), near Nancy and Toul, respectively. In 1963 the fort was deactivated and the Bayard guns were returned to Villey-le-Sec, where the turret has been restored to operating condition.

Present status
The Maginot and Séré de Rivières works may be visited in the summer months, and house a museum.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 – La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Barbonnet (gros ouvrage) at fortiff.be
 Barbonnet (fort du mont) at fortiff.be
 Fort du Barbonnet/Fort du Suchet at fortiffsere.fr
 Fort du Suchet/Barbonnet at Chemins de mémoire
 Ouvrage Barbonnet at Subterranea Britannica

BARB
Maginot Line
Alpine Line
Séré de Rivières system
World War II museums in France


Eriogonum umbellatum is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name sulphurflower buckwheat, or simply sulphur flower. It is native to western North America from California to Colorado to central Canada, where it is abundant and found in many habitats, including the sagebrush steppe and alpine areas. It is an extremely variable plant and hard to identify because individuals can look very different from one another. Also, there are many varieties. It may be a perennial herb blooming by summer with stems 10 centimeters tall and two to six clusters of flowers, with a whorl of leaves below the stems, or a sprawling shrub approaching two meters high and wide. The leaves are usually woolly and low on the plant, and the flowers come in many colors from white to bright yellow to purple.

It is a popular larval host, feeding the bramble hairstreak, desert green hairstreak, lupine blue, Mormon metalmark, Rocky Mountain dotted blue, Sheridan's hairstreak, Sonoran metalmark, and western green hairstreak. Additionally, goats and domestic sheep feed on the plant.

Varieties of this species include, but are not limited to:
E. u. var. argus - often nearly hairless leaves and bright yellow flowers; limited to the Klamath Mountains
E. u. var. dichrocephalum - found throughout much of the western United States
E. u. var. furcosum - a low shrub native to the Sierra Nevada
E. u. var. glaberrimum - (green buckwheat) - a nearly hairless, white-flowered species
E. u. var. humistratum - (Mt. Eddy buckwheat) - a rare northern California endemic
E. u. var. juniporinum - (juniper buckwheat) - an uncommon plant of eastern California and western Nevada
E. u. var. subalpinum - (sulfur buckwheat) - similar to Eriogonum eriogonum but has wider and more spoon-shaped leaves
E. u. var. torreyanum - (Donner Pass buckwheat) - known from fewer than 10 occurrences near the Donner Pass
E. u. var. versicolor - bears pinkish-brown flowers with bright stripes

Cultivation
The wildflower gardening author Claude A. Barr complemented sulphurflower buckwheat as a "treasure in appearance and in adaptation in my garden." It is valued for its very low water usage for xeriscaping. The cultivar "Kannah Creek", a selection of Eriogonum umbellatum var. aureum, has been introduced to the garden trade by the Plant Select cooperative sponsored by Colorado State University and Denver Botanic Gardens. It grows in USDA zones 4–8.

References

External links

Jepson Manual Treatment
Ethnobotany
Photo gallery

umbellatum
Flora of the Northwestern United States
Flora of the Southwestern United States
Flora of Alberta
Flora of British Columbia
Flora of New Mexico
Flora of the Cascade Range
Flora of the Rocky Mountains
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Flora of the California desert regions
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges
Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
Natural history of the Transverse Ranges


Ouvrage Castillon is a work (gros ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line, also called the Little Maginot Line.  The ouvrage consists of one entry block, two infantry blocks, and two artillery blocks in a narrow ridge just to the west of Castillon, Alpes-Maritimes. It was built on the original site of Castillon, destroyed by an earthquake in 1887. It is the next gros ouvrage in the line to the north of Ouvrage Sainte-Agnès, and is within firing range of the Mediterranean coastline.

Ouvrage Castillon was built by a contractor named Borie from November 1931 to October 1934 at a cost of 15.6 million francs. Castillon was manned in 1940 by 344 men under the command of Captain Finton.

Description
Castillon was arranged on multiple levels, with the combat blocks significantly higher than the entry block, which is directly off paved road. However, because of the vulnerability of its supply line, Castillon was provided with two levels of utility, supply and magazine space, capable of holding four times the usual quantities of supplies and munitions.

Block 1 (entry): three machine gun embrasures.
Block 2 (ventilation), unoccupied.
Block 3 (artillery block): one machine gun cloche, one grenade launcher cloche, two 75mm/1929 guns and two 81mm mortars.
Block 4 (infantry block): one machine gun cloche, one grenade launcher cloche, one twin machine gun cloche and one twin machine gun embrasure.
Block 5 (combat block): one machine gun cloche and  one grenade launcher cloche one twin machine gun embrasure.
Block 6 (infantry block): one machine gun cloche and two 81mm mortars.

Advanced posts
Castillon was associated with two avants-postes located about halfway between the ouvrage and the Italian frontier.  These posts were built by MOM (Main d’Œuvre Militaire) in 1930 to a lesser standard than the CORF (Commission d'organisation des régions fortifiées)-built main line ouvrage. The avant-poste Baisse-de-Scuvion  at an altitude of  controlled Mont-Mulcier and the Col de Cuore, with 32 men assigned. The post consisted of one entry block, one observation block with an observation cloche, and one block with a machine gun port, connected by a gallery with limited accommodations. The avant-poste Pierre-Pontue  to the south at an altitude of  was larger, although it too was assigned 32 men. Pierre-Pontue comprised two entry blocks, one observation block with an observation cloche, and two casemates with machine gun ports. A modest set of galleries connected the blocks.

Five observation posts were attached to Castillon, including Mont-Ours-Sud, Baisse-du-Loup and Croix-de-Fossa.

History
The Italian Modena Division attacked toward Castillon beginning on 22 June 1940 as part of an advance on Sospel, but was unable to advance before the armistice of 25 June. Italian troops attacked the avants-postes at Pierre-Pontue and Scuvion, but were discouraged by fire from Castillon itself on the 22nd. Further action took place the next day around the avants-postes, which were supported by fire from Ouvrage Barbonnet and Ouvrage Mont Agel as well as Castillon.

In 1944, Castillon was a center of German resistance to Operation Dragoon.  On 10 September 1944 Castillon was attacked by American troops, supported by land and naval artillery, largely destroying the entry block, which faced toward the guns, and heavily damaging the combat blocks. The French battleship Lorraine participated in the bombardment. Castillon was abandoned by the Germans on 25 October 1944.

Castillon's war damage was repaired in the 1950s as part of a program to restore many of the gros ouvrages to military usefulness against an advance through Italy by the Warsaw Pact. However, by the 1970s nearly all ouvrages were decommissioned and sold. Castillon had already been decommissioned in 1964. The ouvrage is owned by the commune of Castillon, but is presently abandoned.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Castillon (gros ouvrage) at fortiff.be

CAST
Maginot Line
Alpine Line
1934 establishments in France


Ouvrage Col de Garde is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line, also called the Little Maginot Line.  The ouvrage consists of two entry blocks, one infantry block and one observation block, slightly more than 1 km south of Sainte-Agnès.

The ouvrage comprises four combat blocks at an altitude of , and was manned in 1940 by 115 men under the command of Lieutenant Juffet.

Col de Garde was sited to control the Col de Garde road between  Saint-Agnès and Menton, as well as protecting the southern flank of the Ouvrage Sainte-Agnès. The ouvrage is closed and locked and in a good state of repair, although covered by vegetation. The position overlooks Autoroute A8 at the Col de Garde tunnel.

Description
Col de Garde is a compact site with two entries and a short set of rock-cut galleries with short branches for ammunition magazines, barracks and the usine.
Block 1 (south entry): One machine gun port.
Block 2 (north entry): One machine gun port.
Block 3 (observation block): one machine gun turret.
Block 4 (infantry block): one37mm anti-tank gun port and one twin machine gun port.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Col de Garde (petit ouvrage) at fortiff.be
 Col de Garde (petit ouvrage) at wikimaginot.eu

COLG
Maginot Line
Alpine Line


Kinshasa is a municipality (commune) in the Lukunga district of the city of Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is situated in the north of the city, south of Gombe and the Boulevard du 30 Juin.

History

Founded and inhabited by the Teke people or , the fishing village of Kinshassa, also spelled Kinchassa, was located at the river Congo before the arrival of the European colonialists. The word nshasa translates as "marsh". Henry Morton Stanley founded the station next to it after signing a treaty with the Teke chief Ntsuvila in the later half of the 19th century. It was linked by steam boat with other stations along the river and the Stanley Pool. With the foundation and expansion of neighbouring Léopoldville Station, it became, along with Barumbu, Gombe and Lingwala, part of the city in the beginning of the 20th century.

In the 1940s it was linked to the historic heart of Léopoldville, now located at Kintambo, by the . With the Africanization program initiated by President Mobutu in 1966, the name of the entire city was changed to Kinshasa, based on the original village.

The area is now home to several institutions of the city of Kinshasa, such as the Kinshasa Central Market and the .

See also

Communes of Kinshasa

References

External links

Communes of Kinshasa
Lukunga District


The flag of Khanty-Mansi autonomous okrug, in the Russian Federation, is a rectangular field arranged with two strips at even proportions (azure on top, and green on bottom). A vertical white strip is attached to the fly side of the flag. A stylized crown at the upper hoist side is charged on the azure strip.

The flag was adopted on 20 September 1995. The crown was modified on December 6 of that same year.  The proportions are 1:2.

See also
Coat of arms of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
Anthem of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug

References

External links
Flags of the World

Flag
Flags of the federal subjects of Russia
Khanty
Flags introduced in 1995


Ouvrage Mont Agel is a work (gros ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line, also called the Little Maginot Line.  The 1930s ouvrage was built in and around the earlier mountaintop Fortress of Mont Agel.  The ouvrage forms a backup to the main curtain of Alpine Line forts, and was not initially planned as part of the Alpine Line proper.  Its intended function was primarily to provide heavy, long-range artillery support from a location well to the rear of the line. However, the planned 145mm heavy guns were never installed. Its site on Mont Agel, at an altitude of , is the highest point in the vicinity of Nice and Menton and commands the entire coastline, as well as the approaches from Sospel to the north. The site is now occupied by Base Aérienne 943 of the French Air Force and functions as an air defense control station.

Description
The ouvrage consists of three entry blocks (including a terminal for an aerial tram) with a guard block, one infantry block, two artillery blocks and one observation block facing Italy.  The mountaintop position is unusual in having two 75mm gun turrets: due to restricted fields of fire, most Alpine ouvrages had their guns in casemates.  Mont Agel, with its commanding site, could make appropriate use of turreted guns. A 145mm gun turret was planned, but not built.

Block 1 (personnel entry): no armament.
Block 2 (materials entry): no armament.
Block 3 (aerial tram entry): no armament.
Block 4 (entry guard block): two machine gun ports and one machine gun turret, intended to defend the three entry points in Blocks 1–3.
Block 5 (artillery turret block): two 75mm/1933 guns in one retractable turret.
Block 6 (artillery turret block): two 75mm/1933 guns in one retractable turret.
Block 7 (infantry block): one machine gun/observation turret.
Block 8 (observation block, Observatiore Est de Mont-Agel): one machine gun port, one machine gun turret and one machine gun/observation turret. Block 8 is not connected to the rest of the complex by a gallery.

The Maginot blocks are concentrated in a relatively small area on the west side of the summit plateau, to the north of the Séré de Rivières reduit. They are not used by the French Air Force installation.

Observation posts
The observatory Mont-Gros de Roquebrune   is an observation block intended to spot the fall of shot for Ouvrage Mont Agel. Located near Roquebrune, the post is at a lower altitude and closer to the sea than Mont Agel, and affords a clear view of the coast and sea at times when Mont Agel is in or above the clouds. The post has two blocks: an entry block with a machine gun port and the observation block with one machine gun/observation cloche.

Four other observation posts are associated with Mont Agel, including Mont-Gros principal, Mont-Agel abri nord and Cime de Cabanelles. The Observatiore Est de Mont-Agel is a larger post designed and constructed to CORF standards, sometimes called Block 8 of Mont Agel even though it was not connected to the ouvrage.

Two instruction casemates were built at Mont Agel, facing north.  A 75mm gun casemate is located between the réduit and the ouvrage on the southwest corner of the plateau, while an 81mm mortar casemate is located at the north end.

Forteresse du Mont Agel
The Fortress of Mont Agel was built between 1889 and 1892 as part of the Séré de Rivières system of fortifications.  The main réduit was sited on the southwestern side of the roughly  by  summit plateau, overlooking Nice. It is now the site of the main facilities of Base Aérienne 943 and has been extensively altered. A barracks was located near the center of the plateau, while several batteries, designated by number, were located around the plateau, all enclosed by a wall. Battery A became the Maginot entry. Battery B has been obscured by later changes, but its underground magazine remains.  Battery C mounted four 95mm guns at the middle of the east side of the plateau. Battery D was located on the southeast side of the plateau, with Battery E nearby. None of these batteries exist in their original state. In 1897 six emplacements were prepared for additional artillery, ranging from 90mm guns at positions 1 and 2 to 220mm mortars at Battery 3. Battery 4 was a prepared site for field artillery, and Battery 5 was planned for four de Bange 120mm or 155mm guns.

History
The Mont Agel ouvrage was originally planned as a series of casemates in the eastern edge of the summit plateau, with four casemates each for 75mm and 155mm guns. An access gallery would run across the width of the plateau to an aerial tram station.  The plan that was adopted and built was much more compact and could fire in all directions. The ouvrage was built by Thorrand et Cie. between November 1931 and July 1933 at a cost of 23 million francs, including the observation post.  The aerial tram cost 1 million francs.

On 23 June 1940 Mont Agel's 75mm gun turrets fired at least 1251 shots at Italian forces assaulting Ouvrage Cap Martin, destroying an Italian armored train in the process.

On 6 September 1944, allied cruisers opened fire with eight-inch guns on Mont Agel, forcing the German garrison to withdraw into the galleries.  A ground attack followed and the ouvrage was captured.

The ouvrage and Fortress Mont Agel are occupied by Nice Air Base of the French Air Force and feature a prominent set of radomes.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Mont Agel (gros ouvrage) at fortiff.be
 Mont Gros de Roquebrune (observatiore) at fortiff.be
 Mont Agel (forteresse du) at fortiff.be
 Mont Agel (réduit du) at fortiff.be
 Base Aérienne 943, official site

MTAG
Maginot Line
Séré de Rivières system
Alpine Line
Buildings and structures in Alpes-Maritimes
Military installations of France


Public Service Commission may refer to:

 Public utilities commission
 Alabama Public Service Commission
 Public Service Commission (Indiana)
 Public Service Commission of Utah
 Public Utilities Commission of Ohio
 Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka
 Public Utility Commission of Texas
 Civil service commission
Australian Public Service Commission
 Bangladesh Public Service Commission
 Public Service Commission of Canada
 Public Services Commission of Ghana
 Public Service Commission (Hong Kong)
 Public service commissions in India, state and central commissions
 Union Public Service Commission, central governmental recruiting agency for the civil services of India
 Public Service Commission (Kenya)
 Public Services Commission of Malaysia
 Public Service Commission (Nepal)
 Public Service Commission (New Zealand)
 Public Service Commission (Singapore)
 Public Service Commission (Sri Lanka)
 Federal Public Service Commission (Pakistan)


Ouvrage Roquebrune is a work (gros ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line.  The ouvrage consists of one entry block, two artillery blocks and one observation block facing Italy. The fortification is located on the heights behind Roquebrune at an elevation of 321 meters overlooking Cap Martin and the bays of Roquebrune and Menton. The ouvrage was manned by 293 men of the 58th Demi-Brigade Alpin de Forteresse (DBAF), supported by the 157th Régiment d'Artillerie de Position (RAP), under the command of Captain Gayot.

Description
The ouvrage was built between November 1931 and July 1933 by Thorrand et Cie., at a cost of 20.3 million francs.

Block 1 (entry): Two FM embrasures, one machine gun cloche and one grenade launcher cloche.
Block 2: (artillery block) two 75mm guns, two 81mm mortars, one machine gun cloche and one grenade launcher cloche.
Block 3: (artillery block) two 75mm guns, two 81mm mortars, two machine gun cloches and one grenade launcher cloche.
Block 4: one machine gun port, one machine gun/observation cloche and one grenade launcher cloche. The block provides emergency egress from the ouvrage.

Block D was unbuilt, planned for four 81mm mortars, and Block E, also unbuilt, was planned as an infantry block. The subterranean connecting galleries, ammunition magazines, usine and barracks are arranged in a branching pattern. Four observation posts are associated with Roquebrune, including the Abri Est de Mont-Gros and the Observatoire Croix-de-Muratoire.

Block 3 is essentially the same as the large artillery casemates built by CORF for the main Maginot line in northeastern France, with 75mm guns on the upper level and 81mm mortars firing upwards out of the pit in front of the guns. The block is sunk into the ground, compared to the more typical batteries in the Alps, which were usually built into the side of a cliff or rock wall. Block 2 fired 599 rounds of 75mm shells and 770 81mm mortar rounds in June 1940.

Roquebrune retains its peacetime barracks overlooking the Mediterranean.  The barracks have recently been restored. The ouvrage is occupied by the maintenance department of the local parks and recreation authority. The interior is not accessible but is in good condition, while the exteriors of the blocks are easily accessible.

The observatory Mont-Gros de Roquebrune   is an observation block intended to spot the fall of shot for Ouvrage Mont Agel, and is more closely associated with that fortification.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Roquebrune (gros ouvrage) at fortiff.be

ROQU
Maginot Line
Alpine Line


Physocyclus is a genus of cellar spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1893.

Species
 it contains 38 species, found in South America, Asia, Central America, North America, Africa, Australia, Czechia, and on the Pacific Islands:
Physocyclus bicornis Gertsch, 1971 – Mexico
Physocyclus brevicornus Valdez-Mondragón, 2010 – Mexico
Physocyclus californicus Chamberlin & Gertsch, 1929 – US, Mexico
Physocyclus cornutus Banks, 1898 – Mexico
Physocyclus darwini Valdez-Mondragón, 2010 – Mexico
Physocyclus dugesi Simon, 1893 – Mexico to Venezuela
Physocyclus enaulus Crosby, 1926 – US, Mexico
Physocyclus franckei Valdez-Mondragón, 2010 – Mexico
Physocyclus gertschi Valdez-Mondragón, 2010 – Mexico
Physocyclus globosus (Taczanowski, 1874) (type) – North America. Introduced to Africa, Czechia, Iran, Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, Pacific islands
Physocyclus guanacaste Huber, 1998 – Costa Rica, Honduras
Physocyclus hoogstraali Gertsch & Davis, 1942 – US, Mexico
Physocyclus huacana Valdez-Mondragón, 2010 – Mexico
Physocyclus lautus Gertsch, 1971 – Mexico
Physocyclus lyncis (Nolasco & Valdez-Mondragón, 2022) – Mexico
Physocyclus mariachi (Nolasco & Valdez-Mondragón, 2022) – Mexico
Physocyclus marialuisae Valdez-Mondragón, 2010 – Mexico
Physocyclus merus Gertsch, 1971 – Mexico
Physocyclus mexicanus Banks, 1898 – Mexico
Physocyclus michoacanus Valdez-Mondragón, 2010 – Mexico
Physocyclus modestus Gertsch, 1971 – Mexico
Physocyclus montanoi Valdez-Mondragón, 2010 – Mexico
Physocyclus mysticus Chamberlin, 1924 – Mexico
Physocyclus palmarus Jiménez & Palacios-Cardiel, 2013 – Mexico
Physocyclus paredesi Valdez-Mondragón, 2010 – Mexico
Physocyclus pedregosus Gertsch, 1971 – Mexico
Physocyclus peribanensis Valdez-Mondragón, 2014 – Mexico
Physocyclus platnicki Valdez-Mondragón, 2010 – Mexico
Physocyclus pocamadre (Nolasco & Valdez-Mondragón, 2022) – Mexico
Physocyclus reddelli Gertsch, 1971 – Mexico
Physocyclus rothi Valdez-Mondragón, 2010 – Mexico
Physocyclus sarae Valdez-Mondragón, 2010 – Mexico
Physocyclus sikuapu (Nolasco & Valdez-Mondragón, 2022) – Mexico
Physocyclus sprousei Valdez-Mondragón, 2010 – Mexico
Physocyclus tanneri Chamberlin, 1921 – USA, Mexico
Physocyclus validus Gertsch, 1971 – Mexico
Physocyclus viridis Mello-Leitão, 1940 – Brazil
Physocyclus xerophilus (Nolasco & Valdez-Mondragón, 2020) – Mexico

See also
 List of Pholcidae species

References

Araneomorphae genera
Cosmopolitan spiders
Pholcidae
Spiders of Brazil
Spiders of North America


Ouvrage Croupe du Réservoir is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line.  Located on the heights of Roquebrune at an elevation of 139 meters, the ouvrage consists of one entry block and one observation block facing Italy and covering the Grande Corniche road. The fortification was manned by 60 troops of the 58th Demi-Brigade Alpin de Forteresse (DBAF) under the command of sous-lieutenant Roman.

Description
Croupe-du-Réservoir is located in a hill above Ouvrage Cap Martin, positioned to prevent infiltration along the corniche road. Two blocks are connected by a gallery with short side passages.
Block 1 (entry): One machine gun port and one grenade launcher port.
Block 2 (infantry): One machine gun cloche. There were no other ports or firing positions.

The ouvrage is privately occupied and has been kept in an excellent state of preservation.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Croupe du Réservoir (petit ouvrage) at fortiff.be

RESE
Maginot Line
Alpine Line


Troy M. Stedman (born May 19, 1965, in Cedar Falls, Iowa) is a former National Football League outside linebacker who was drafted 170th overall by the Kansas City Chiefs in the seventh round of the 1988 NFL Draft. He attended Washburn University in Topeka, Kansas and Iowa Central Community College. He was the third Ichabod to ever be drafted in the NFL.

References

External links
NFL.com player page

1965 births
Living people
American football linebackers
Kansas City Chiefs players
Washburn Ichabods football players
Iowa Central Tritons football players
People from Cedar Falls, Iowa
Raleigh–Durham Skyhawks players
Players of American football from Iowa


My Baby Is Black! (Original French title: Les lâches vivent d'espoir, "Cowards Live on Hope") is a 1961 French romantic drama film retitled for  exploitation release in the U.S. in 1965. The film was written and directed by Claude Bernard-Aubert and starred Françoise Giret, Gordon Heath and Aram Stephan, with music by Michel Magne. It was intended to examine society's view on race in the early 1960s.

Overview
In Paris, a white college student named Françoise gives birth to a black child. The events leading to the baby's birth are revealed, including the mother's courtship by a black medical student named Daniel and the horrors of bigotry that she faces as her family and peers turn their backs on her. In addition to the strong focus on the social taboo of interracial romance and sex, the film shows Daniel's experiences as a victim of racism in their neighborhood.

Originally a romantic drama with sociological undertones, the film was released in the United States as an exploitation film. It was advertised for its shock value and shown in drive-in theaters but was not particularly successful, as the product bore little relation to the exploitative picture promised by its advertising campaign.

Cast
Gordon Heath as Daniel
Françoise Giret as Françoise
Aram Stephan as The Professor
Mag-Avril as The Concierge
Claude Berri as The Painter
Hervé Watine as The Guitarist
Fred Carault as Françoise's Father
Viviane Méry as Françoise's Mother

Critical reception
Allmovie called the film "More thoughtful and less exploitive than its American release title would lead one to expect."

References

External links

1961 films
Films about interracial romance
French black-and-white films
Films set in Paris
French romantic drama films
1961 romantic drama films
Films about racism in France
1960s French films


The Capt. James Moore Farmstead in Waterloo, Illinois represents the oldest American settlement in the Northwest Territory. It includes the Bellefontaine House, the kitchen of which is believed to be Moore's original log cabin. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 3, 1982.

References

Further reading
Moore, John Milton.  "Reminiscences of the Moore Family: Descended from James Moore, who Settled at Belle Fontaine, in the State of Illinois, in the Year 1782."  Evening Tribune Book and Job Printing House, 1882.

"Combined History of Randolph, Monroe and Perry Counties, Illinois: With Illustrations Descriptive of Their Scenery and Biographical Sketches of Some of Their Prominent Men and Pioneers" (Google eBook).  Higginson Book Company:  Monroe County, Ill., 1883.

External links
National Register of Historic Places

Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in Illinois
Waterloo, Illinois
Buildings and structures in Monroe County, Illinois
National Register of Historic Places in Monroe County, Illinois


Discovery Civilization or Discovery Civilisation may refer to:
Discovery Civilization (Latin America), a Latin American channel
Discovery History, a UK television channel formerly known as Discovery Civilisation from 1999 to 2007
Discovery Science (Canada), formerly known as Discovery Civilization Channel from 2001 to 2010
Discovery World (TV channel), a European television channel known as Discovery Civilisation from 1999 to 2008
Investigation Discovery, a U.S. cable television network known as Discovery Civilization from 1999 to 2003