Perrigny-lès-Dijon (, literally Perrigny near Dijon) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Perrigny-sur-l'Ognon (, literally Perrigny on the Ognon) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Pichanges () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Planay () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Plombières-lès-Dijon (, literally Plombières near Dijon) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

Personalities
Chantal Sébire, teacher and euthanasia activist
 Paillet, Julien (de Plombières), 1771-? (probably, cf. titles of his works, etc., at the Bibliothèque nationale de France)

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Pluvault () is a former commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Longeault-Pluvault.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Former communes of Côte-d'Or
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Pluvet () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Poinçon-lès-Larrey (, literally Poinçon near Larrey) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Poiseul-la-Grange () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Poiseul-la-Ville-et-Laperrière () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Poiseul-lès-Saulx (, literally Poiseul near Saulx) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Jinhua Architecture Park (Chinese: t , s , p Jīnhuá Jiànzhù Yìshù Gōngyuán) is a park in Jinhua, a city in central Zhejiang province in eastern China.

History
The park contains 17 specially designed pavilions by Chinese and international architects. The chief organizer and curator is Chinese designer and architect Ai Weiwei. Naihan Li served as the project coordinator. The project began in 2002.

Works

References

Further reading

Jinhua
Parks in Zhejiang
Tourist attractions in Zhejiang
Buildings and structures in Zhejiang
Ai Weiwei buildings
Wang Shu buildings


Poncey-lès-Athée (, literally Poncey near Athée) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Poncey-sur-l'Ignon () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Pont () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


The Cavalese cable car crash is the deadliest cable car crash in history. On 9 March 1976, the steel supporting cable broke as a fully loaded cable car was descending from Mt. Cermis, near the Italian ski resort of Cavalese in the Dolomites,  north-east of Trento. The cause of the disaster was an overlap of the carrier cable with the support cable near the first pylon, which resulted in the carrier shearing the support cable.

Accident
The cabin fell some  down a mountainside, then was dragged by the carrier cable for another 100–200 metres along the ground before coming to a halt in a grassy meadow. In the fall, the three-ton overhead carriage assembly fell on top of the car, crushing it. The crushing was possibly exacerbated by the dragging along the ground. The cause of death of a large fraction of victims was due to suffocation rather than due to injuries suffered as a direct result of the fall. Forty-two people died, including 15 children between the ages of 7 and 15 and the 18-year-old cable car attendant. Initial reports stated 41 dead with one missing; however, the last body, that of Fabio Rustia, was found later. The body of Fabio Rustia was sent to Milan by mistake due to mis-identification of bodies. The only survivor was a 14-year-old Milanese girl, Alessandra Piovesana, who was on a school trip and was with two friends when the crash happened. She testified in the succeeding trials and later worked as a journalist for the science magazine Airone, before her death from illness in 2009.

The cable car had a capacity of 40 people or . At the time of the crash, at 5:19 pm, the cable car had 43 occupants—justified by the operator as many of them being children. Most of the victims were West Germans from Hamburg. Among those aboard were 21 West Germans, 11 Italians, 7 Austrians, and one French woman.

Alessandra Piovesana survived because she was protected by other bodies from the impact of the fall, and she was standing at the front of the cabin, which was the least impacted part due to the orientation of the overhead carriage, which crushed the cabin. She testified in courts and reported her experience of the incident: "I was going down with two of my friends, Francesca and Giovanni. We stood at the front of the cabin facing Cavalese. The ride seemed to be normal until we reached the middle pylon when the car had suddenly stopped. We stood still for maybe a minute. Then it had started again, had winced, someone in the cabin had started laughing. Someone had said "hooch" when the rocking got stronger. They all laughed as if it were a game. Then there was a loud noise, I knew immediately that something dangerous was happening. I clung to Francesca. Then the cabin jerked backwards, and I felt lifted, then pulled in the gin by the legs, I couldn't breathe. The fall, the experts say, did not last more than three or four seconds. Four seconds before it crashed. Someone saw death run towards him. Certainly, those who were near the windows saw it as the cable car cabins are very panoramic. Four seconds are a moment, but they are also an eternity. I thought I was going to die. After hitting the ground everyone seemed to stop screaming and I heard only my voice. Then I passed out, but then woke up before help arrived. I tried to talk to Francesca, but she wasn't communicating. I saw Giovanni crouched on the ground with his face in his hands and crying. A child was screaming "Mom", a voice of a man was saying: "I'm going back to Milan immediately, I'm going home". Then he silenced forever. The other was a woman's voice: "I want my son" and she too silenced. Then I tried to open the door in the roof of the cabin. Help shortly arrived and I wanted to call my mother to tell her I was OK. Next I was being taken to a hospital."

Investigation
The inquest found that the stationary and the moving steel cables crossed, with one severing the other. A contributing factor that caused the crossing of cables was likely an increased speed of the cabin when going over a pylon (possibly over 10 m/s). In an attempt to reduce the journey time from 6 and a half to 5 and a half minutes and combat the long queues of skiers waiting for the lift, many regulations given by the cable car manufacturer were broken, including manual alterations to a programme that regulates the speed of cabins near pylons. Some reports state that the "slow down regions around the pylon" were halved while several skiers who took the cable car in the few days before the crash reported to the police that the cabins did not slow down at all near the middle pylon. However, a crossing, or an overlap, of cables on this type of cable car is not an unexpected situation and there is a safety system that stops the cabin immediately if the two cables touch. The safety system was triggered on this occasion, and the cabin with 43 people on board halted suddenly shortly after passing the pylon, swinging abruptly according to several witnesses. The operator of the cable car, Carlo Schweizer, was a seasonal worker who was not licensed to operate such cabins. The cable car companies had cut costs by replacing licensed workers with cheaper unlicensed ones or did not allow them to take a test to obtain a license so they did not have to increase their salaries (Carlo Schweizer took the test 1 month after the disaster and failed). When the cabin halted abruptly as a result of engagement of the safety system, the operator did not know what to do as he was not trained for this situation. After a telephone conversation, the operator was instructed by his colleague, Aldo Gianmoena, to disable the automatic stop safety system that had engaged due to the cables crossing. This manoeuvre was apparently done repeatedly on this particular cable car as cables often briefly touched each other on a long stretch between the station and the pylon, possibly as a result of the excessive speeds of the cabins. (Note. There is a key used to disable this safety system. It is normally locked and sealed and should not be touched with passengers on board the cabins. The investigation found this key not only freely accessible to all operators, but it showed signs of significant wear as a result of its frequent use.)  This time, however, the cables did not simply touch, but overlapped each other. Disabling the safety stop system caused the engine to keep on pulling the cabin even though the cables were crossed. The pull of the heavily loaded cabin exerted excessive force on the support cable at the point where the cables overlapped. The overlap was noticed by Giorgio Demattio, an operator who was travelling alone in the second cabin in the other direction, parallel to the stretch where the overlap occurred. He reported that intense sparks were visible from a distance and noise was heard. He tried to report this occurrence by phone that is part of the communication between the cabin and the middle station, but the phone did not work. Approximately 80–90 seconds after the cabin was restarted without the safety system, the support cable gave way. The full cabin with 43 people on board hit the ground while the other cabin with the single operator became stranded mid-air between the pylon and the middle station (Dos Dei Laresi). The operator in this stranded cabin had to climb to the ground with the help of an emergency ladder. There was a delay in between the fall of the cabin and the pulling engine being stopped, which led to the dragging of the cabin along the ground for 100–200 metres. This delay was likely caused by the confusion of the inexperienced operator, Carlo Schweizer, who reported that he had to hide under the operational unit as the top part of the snapped cable sprang backwards due to tension, hitting the control room and breaking windows.

The trials were lengthy as the lift officials denied the phone call between Carlo Schweizer and Aldo Gianmoena.  Four lift officials were jailed for their part in the disaster.

See also
Cable car accidents and disasters by death toll

References

History of the Italian Republic
Cable car disasters
Transport disasters in Italy
Transport disasters in 1976
1976 in Italy
March 1976 events in Europe
1976 disasters in Italy


Pontailler-sur-Saône (, literally Pontailler on Saône) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Pont-et-Massène () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Birck is a surname belonging to several prominent people.

 Sixt Birck (1501–1554), German scholar
 Wenzel Raimund Birck (1718–1763), European composer
 Michael Birck (born 1938), American businessman

It may also be used as a given name.

Birck Elgaaen (1917–2013), Norwegian equestrian

See also (homonyms)
 Berck
 Burck
 Berk (disambiguation)
 Birk (disambiguation)
 Burk (disambiguation)


Posanges () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

Sights and monuments
 The Château de Posanges is a 15th-century castle. It has been classified since 1913 as a monument historique by the French Ministry of Culture.

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Pothières () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Pouillenay () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Pouilly-sur-Saône (, literally Pouilly on Saône) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Pouilly-sur-Vingeanne (, literally Pouilly on Vingeanne) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

The Vingeanne river runs through the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Bernard Thompson (25 July 1926 – 19 November 1998) was a British television producer and director most famous for his work on Last of the Summer Wine and Are You Being Served?. Thompson served as producer and director during Last of the Summer Wine's second series. Thompson also served as a director on Are You Being Served?.

Filmography

Director
Are You Being Served? (1972–1973)
Last of the Summer Wine (1975)
Only Fools and Horses (1981)
The District Nurse (1984)

Producer
Last of the Summer Wine (1975)
I Didn't Know You Cared (1975–1979)
Only Fools and Horses (1981)

References

External links

1926 births
1998 deaths
BBC television producers
British television directors


Prâlon () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Précy-sous-Thil (, literally Précy under Thil) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
Parc naturel régional du Morvan

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Premières () is a former commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. On 28 February 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Collonges-et-Premières.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
 Premiere

References

Former communes of Côte-d'Or
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Prenois () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It is best known for the Dijon-Prenois racetrack.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Prusly-sur-Ource (, literally Prusly on Ource) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Puits () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Quemigny-Poisot () is a former commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Valforêt.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Former communes of Côte-d'Or
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Quemigny-sur-Seine (, literally Quemigny on Seine) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Quetigny () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Geography

Climate
Quetigny has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Quetigny is . The average annual rainfall is  with May as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Quetigny was  on 7 August 2003; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 9 January 1985.

Population

Sister cities
 Bous, Germany
 Koulikoro, Mali

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Middlezoy is a village and civil parish on the Somerset Levels in Somerset, England. Situated between the two other villages of Westonzoyland and Othery and is about six miles from the town of Bridgwater which is on the tidal river Parret.

History

The name Middlezoy meaning the middle stream island, derives from Sowi, the name of Glastonbury Abbey's major estate, sow, a British river name from a root meaning flowing. The extra i is derived from the Saxon ig for island.

The parish of Middlezoy was part of the Whitley Hundred.

In 1800 1,100 acres of common land were enclosed as a result of the Inclosure Acts.

In 2006 the village shop closed and a grant was obtained for the erection of a new modular structure to house a community shop and post office.

In 2018 an unlicensed aerodrome business named Middlezoy Aerodrome was started on the south side of the old RAF Westonzoyland Airfield with a grass strip, hangar and a Nissen hut. A Meteor T.7 gate guard can be seen from the A372 main road.

Governance

The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

For local government purposes, since 1 April 2023, the village comes under the unitary authority of Somerset Council. Prior to this, it was part of the non-metropolitan district of Sedgemoor, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Bridgwater Rural District.

It is also part of a county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

Geography

Just to the north of the village is the Greylake Site of Special Scientific Interest, which consists of 20 low-lying fields in the north west corner of King's Sedgemoor, and includes the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Greylake nature reserve. This location is the type section for the Pleistocene Burtle Beds, as it is probably the most complete Burtle Beds sequence in Somerset. It demonstrates a sequence of fluvial (or possibly glacial) gravels, marine intertidal silts and marine subtidal. Rich molluscan, ostracod and foraminifer assemblages and a mammalian fauna, including Red Deer (Cervus elephus), Aurochs (Bos primigenius) and Fallow Deer (Dama cf dama) have been recorded.

Religious sites

Holy Cross church Middlezoy dates from the 13th century. It has a three-stage tower similar to that at Lyng and has been designated by English Heritage as a grade I listed building. William of Bitton II was the rector by 20 April 1263.

References

External links

Villages in Sedgemoor
Civil parishes in Somerset


Quincerot () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Quincey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Quincy-le-Vicomte () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Champagne (province)


Remilly-en-Montagne is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department and Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Remilly-sur-Tille is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Reulle-Vergy () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Riel-les-Eaux () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Abdullah Wabran Saihan (born 2 July 1971) is a former Kuwaiti footballers, he played for Kuwait national football team. He participated in two editions of the Olympic Games (1992, 2000) and in two editions of the AFC Asian Cup (1996, 2000).

Honours

Personal
 Best player of the 1996 Gulf Cup of Nations in Oman

Club
Al-Arabi
Kuwait Emir Cup in 1996, 2006
 Kuwait Crown Prince Cup in 1996, 2007

Al-Rayyan
Emir of Qatar Cup in 1999
Qatar Cup in 1996

National
Gulf Cup of Nations 1996,1998
 Third place in the 1998 Arab Nations Cup

References

External links

1971 births
Living people
Kuwaiti men's footballers
Kuwait men's international footballers
Olympic footballers for Kuwait
Footballers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
1996 AFC Asian Cup players
2000 AFC Asian Cup players
Men's association football midfielders
Kuwaiti expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Qatar
Kuwaiti expatriate sportspeople in Qatar
Al-Arabi SC (Kuwait) players
Al-Rayyan SC players
Qatar Stars League players
Al-Tadamon SC (Kuwait) players
Kuwait Premier League players


La Roche-en-Brenil () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
Parc naturel régional du Morvan

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Rochefort-sur-Brévon () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


La Roche-Vanneau () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Roilly () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Rougemont () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Rouvray () is a commune in the waniCôte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

Environment
Rouvray lies within the Morvan Regional Natural Park.

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
Parc naturel régional du Morvan

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Rouvres-en-Plaine () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


John Martin is an Australian professional racing driver. Martin has had wide experience racing in European based open-wheel series since 2006. In that time Martin has had a wide experience of open-wheel racing having driven in various national and international series driving Formula Ford, Formula 3, A1 Grand Prix and Formula Renault 3.5. For the past two season Martin has raced for several teams in the football inspired series Superleague Formula. Martin has long been associated with the British Alan Docking Racing team having raced with them in a variety of formulae for four of the five years he has been racing in Europe. In 2012 Martin will again race with ADR, racing an Oreca 03 sports car in the LMP2 class of the FIA World Endurance Championship.

Career

Karting
2004: Pole and 2nd at Australian Resa nationals ; 2nd in Queensland, Australian Rotax light ; 2nd in Queensland, Australian clubman heavy and 4th in senior national heavy
2003: Geelong Ford Kartstars championships, Australia
2002: 1st in Resa Queensland state championship
2001: 5th in Resa nationals

Formulas
He finished 28th in the 2007 Masters of Formula 3. He joined A1 Team Australia and drove in the A1 Grand Prix series during the 2007–08 season, and continued to race for the team in 2008–09. Martin drove the Rangers F.C. car in the 2009 Superleague Formula season for one win from thirteen races. In 2010 he started the Superleague Formula season with Atlético Madrid before ending the season with  Beijing Guoan, starting twenty nine races for six wins and twenty top tens.

Racing record

Career summary

† - Guest driver, ineligible for points.

‡ - Team standings.

Complete A1 Grand Prix results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Formula Renault 3.5 Series results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

Complete Superleague Formula results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

† Non Championship round

Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results

24 Hours of Le Mans results

Complete 24 Hours of Daytona results

Complete Bathurst 12 Hour results

Complete TCR Australia results

Complete S5000 results

References

External links

 Official web

1984 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Gosford
Racing drivers from New South Wales
Formula Ford drivers
British Formula Three Championship drivers
A1 Team Australia drivers
World Series Formula V8 3.5 drivers
Superleague Formula drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
FIA World Endurance Championship drivers
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
WeatherTech SportsCar Championship drivers
Tasman Series drivers
A1 Grand Prix drivers
G-Drive Racing drivers
Action Express Racing drivers
Comtec Racing drivers
Alan Docking Racing drivers
Starworks Motorsport drivers
Double R Racing drivers
Australian Endurance Championship drivers
Garry Rogers Motorsport drivers
Porsche Carrera Cup Australia drivers
TCR Australia Touring Car Series drivers


Rouvres-sous-Meilly (, literally Rouvres under Meilly) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Elisabeth Hilmo (born 29 November 1976) is a Norwegian team handball player and World Champion. She was born in Trondheim. She received a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
Norwegian female handball players
Olympic handball players for Norway
Handball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Norway
Olympic medalists in handball
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Trondheim
20th-century Norwegian women
20th-century Norwegian people


Ruffey-lès-Beaune (, literally Ruffey near Beaune) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Ruffey-lès-Echirey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Sacquenay () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Champagne (province)


Saffres () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saint-Andeux () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
Parc naturel régional du Morvan

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saint-Anthot () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saint-Aubin () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

Wine

Saint-Aubin is one of the wine communes of the Côte de Beaune.

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saint-Broing-les-Moines () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saint-Didier () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
Parc naturel régional du Morvan

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Sainte-Colombe-en-Auxois (; before 2014: Sainte-Colombe) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Sainte-Colombe-sur-Seine (, literally Sainte-Colombe on Seine) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

Iron Age and Antiquity

Located not far from the site of the Vix grave, Sainte-Colombe is on a very rich archaeological territory. In the 19th century, several Hallstatt-era burial mounds containing wagon burials were excavated at the request of Napoleon III. The first, located at a place called La Garenne, provided in 1846 a magnificent bronze lebes of Etruscan origin, now displayed in the Musée du Pays Châtillonnais in Châtillon-sur-Seine. In another, at La Butte, gold bracelets and earrings were discovered in the grave of a woman laid to rest on an iron-clad funerary wagon. These gold items are now kept at the National Archeological Museum in Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

In the middle of the twentieth century René Joffroy (1958) postulated that the elites buried under the tumulus of La Butte and La Garenne had Mont Lassois as their place of residence. However geomagnetic surveys carried out in 2015 revealed the presence of several large buildings in the vicinity of the Sainte-Colombe burial mounds, suggesting that they may have also lived nearby.

The remains of several Gallo-Roman villas were discovered in 1851. Part of a mortuary column representing Venus and a sculpture of a draped woman discovered in 1867 are now kept in the Musée du pays Châtillonnais.

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
Vix Grave
Lavau, Aube

External links
Musée du Pays Châtillonnais – Celtes et Gaulois

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Sainte-Marie-la-Blanche () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Sainte-Marie-sur-Ouche () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Sainte-Sabine () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saint-Euphrône () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saint-Germain-de-Modéon () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department and Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
Parc naturel régional du Morvan

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saint-Germain-le-Rocheux () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

History

Before the Roman Empire, Saint-Germain-le-Rocheux was populated by Celtic polytheists. A Roman temple was built on top of an Iron Age Celtic sacred site.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saint-Germain-lès-Senailly (, literally Saint-Germain near Senailly) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saint-Germain-Source-Seine () was a former commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. On 1 January 2009, Saint-Germain-Source-Seine was merged with Blessey to form the new commune of Source-Seine. Its population was 28 in 2006.

Demographics

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Saintgermainsourceseine
Populated places disestablished in 2009


Hermann "Mandi" Urbas (born 18 June 1982) is a German former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

Career
Born in Munich, Urbas began his career with Bayern Munich, moving to 1860 Munich at the age of 9. He then signed for SpVgg Unterhaching after getting in trouble with 1860 Munich's youth management. He played for the club's second team alongside American player Taylor Twellman, who helped him find an agent for a move to the United States, where he spent the 2003 season playing in Major League Soccer with the Dallas Burn, making three appearances. He left the club and returned to SpVgg Unterhaching II, combining his football career with a job as a retail salesman.

Personal life
Urbas also holds American citizenship.

References

1982 births
Living people
German people of American descent
German men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
FC Bayern Munich footballers
TSV 1860 Munich players
SpVgg Unterhaching players
SpVgg Unterhaching II players
FC Dallas players
Major League Soccer players
German expatriate men's footballers
German expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Footballers from Munich


Saint-Jean-de-Bœuf () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saint-Julien () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

Town partnerships
Saint-Julien fosters partnerships with Sankt Julian, Kusel district, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany since 1985.

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saint-Léger-Triey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saint-Marc-sur-Seine (, literally Saint-Marc on Seine) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Bradford Township is one of twelve townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 2,140.

History
Bradford Township is named for Chief Bradford of the Chickasaw Indians.

Geography
Bradford Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Nashua.  According to the USGS, it contains five cemeteries: Cagley, Greenwood, Oak Hill, Pearl Rock Catholic and Saint Michaels.

The streams of Little Cedar River and Twomile Creek run through this township.

Transportation
Bradford Township contains two airports or landing strips: Clevelands Landing Strip and Harrison Landing Strip.

Notes

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa


Saint-Martin-de-la-Mer () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
Parc naturel régional du Morvan

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saint-Maurice-sur-Vingeanne (; literally "Saint-Maurice on Vingeanne") is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

The river Vingeanne runs through the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saint-Philibert () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


The Looj was a rain gutter (eavestrough) cleaning domestic robot made and sold by iRobot.

The Looj was not an autonomous robot, but rather a remote-controlled robot patterned after a toy tank with a power drill mounted on the front.

Description
The Looj was a  tall and  wide robot that fit inside most gutters to clean out debris stuck inside them, such as leaves and pine needles. It had long treads on its side which allowed it to move inside the gutter, and an auger attached to its front. The auger, spinning flexible flaps at 500 RPM, dislodged and removed debris inside the gutter by flinging it sideways into the air. The device also had a detachable handle/remote, that was used to carry and operate the robot.

The first Looj models were powered by an internal 7.2 V NiCad rechargeable battery, which must be removed for charging. Later models use a Li-ion rechargeable battery instead.

The Looj was discontinued in 2017.

Critical reception
The Looj was received favourably by reviewers prior to release. Crunch Gear said "If you place your ladder at a corner of the house – and your gutters are wide enough – you can easily clean out two sides of a house in a few minutes."

Looj won the Best of CES Innovations Award: Home Appliances in 2008.

References

External links
 Looj product page

IRobot
Domestic robots
2000s robots


Saint-Pierre-en-Vaux () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saint-Prix-lès-Arnay (, literally Saint-Prix near Arnay) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
Parc naturel régional du Morvan

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saint-Sauveur () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Dmitry Yevgenyevich Okhotsimsky () was a Russian engineer in the former Soviet space program who pioneered the studies in robotics, controls, and space ballistics.

He wrote fundamental works in applied celestial mechanics, spaceflight dynamics and robotics.

Biography
Okhotsimsky was born and lived his whole life in Moscow. His father, Yevgeny Pavlovich Okhotsimsky, was an accountant/auditor, his mother a housewife.  Okhotsimsky  was very attached to his parents and always lived together with them. At the age of fifteen he suffered diphtheria in a hard form and was prohibited from any sports or physical activity. Nevertheless, he showed his whole life remarkable energy and good health, and was actively working until his death at the age of 84.

He entered the Department of Mechanics and Mathematics of the University of Moscow in 1939. When World War II broke, the department was temporarily closed. He participated in the building of defense installations around Moscow, worked at the munitions factory. In 1941 he was conscripted to the Red Army but was dismissed in 1942 for vision problems (severe nearsightedness) and returned to the University.

In 1946 he presented a paper about the optimization of the missile flight, where he was able to find an analytical solution using an original technique of calculus of variations, a precursor in some respects to what was later formulated in a more general form as the Pontryagin maximum principle (from Lev Pontryagin).  In 1949 he joined the Mathematical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, where was working in the department of Applied Mathematics led by Mstislav Keldysh, the future President of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Keldysh was an active member of the think tank behind the space program and his support was instrumental for active integration of Okhotsimsky and his group in space projects. Later the department of Keldysh became a separate institute currently known as the Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics and the group of Okhotsimsky became a  department in this institute, which he was leading until his death.

Space ballistics
Since his first student work, Okhotsimsky was interested in analytical and numerical solution of variational problems to which the optimization of space mission can be reduced: how the mission can achieve its target with the minimal total fuel consumption (possibly combined with other criteria and restrictions). Using first Soviet computers (such as Strela computer, he worked with his colleagues to develop new generation of numerical methods and principles of programming. After the launch of the first satellite he published a few papers were the mathematical aspects of the launch and evolution of the orbit were analyzed.

Okhotsimsky's leadership was instrumental in the development within his department of the remarkable group of young talents collectively nicknamed "Keldysh boys". Many of them became well-known, such as Ye. L. Akim, T. M. Yeneyev, A. K. Platonov, V. A. Yegorov, V. A. Sarychev, M. L. Lidov, V. V. Beletsky.  Okhotsimsky contributed to the planning of multiple space missions including launches to Moon, Mars and Venus. His analysis of the first failed docking attempts on Soyuz spacecraft helped to quickly find a reason of mechanical instability and develop successful docking techniques. Together with Ye. F. Golubev and Yu. G. Sikharulidze he developed a concept of a dual-entry aerodynamically controlled landing algorithm of a spacecraft where the two-stage entry was used to reduce speed and achieve an accuracy of landing of a few km. He developed the methods on the passive stabilization of satellites using the gravity gradient and the non-sphericity of the tensor of inertia.

Rocket design
Okhotsimsky's team, along with a group managed by Mikhail Tikhonravov at NII-4, did analysis and optimization of multi-stage rocket designs.  Okhotsimsky studied the general problem of how rockets could increase their range by dropping parts of their construction during flight.  This included sequential stages and parallel "packet" rockets and schemes involving the pumping of fuel between stages during flight.  This led directly to the design of the R-7 missile and the exact proportions of its strap-on booster stages.

Robotics
In the middle of the 1970s Okhotsimsky  became interested in robotics, especially in the modeling and control of insect-like walking. A few successful models of 6-legged walking robots were created including systems with autonomous vision able to climb the stairs and handle complicated terrain. In the work of Okhotsimsky and his school realistic mechanical modeling of the motion was typically combined with sophisticated algorithms adapted to the context of a particular task. He usually advocated a "from the bottom up" approach aimed at first handling particular low-level problems and then moving to assembling a more general setup. He thought that this is the way the nature works in the making of live creatures.

Positions and social activity
Okhotsimsky combined the talents of a scientist and an administrator. His career was closely linked to the section of Mechanics and Control of the Soviet/Russian Academy of Science, of which he was a deputy-secretary. Parallel to his main work in the Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, he was appointed in 1962 a chair of Theoretical Mechanics at the Department of Mathematics and Mechanics at the Moscow State University and performed both functions until his last days. He was always striving to find practical forms of cooperation between the Academy of Science and the University. Until his last days he remained a staunch supporter of the leading role of the Academy of Science as a center of fundamental research in Russia. Okhotsimsky was one of the 5 initiators of the creation of the Department of Control and Applied Mathematics at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.

Awards and honors
Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Corresponding Member since 1960, Academician since 1991
Foreign Member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts since 2000
Chaplygin Prize (reward in mechanics), 1951
Lenin Prize of 1957
Hero of Socialist Labour, 1961, Two orders of Lenin (1956, 1961), Two orders of the Red Banner of Labour (1970, 1981)
USSR State Prize, 1970 (for his contribution to the lunar mission "Luna-16")
Gold Keldysh medal, 2001 (awarded by the Russian Academy of Sciences for works in mechanics)
Minor planet 8062 discovered by astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh on March 13, 1997 was called Okhotsymskij in his honor.

Published works
Охоцимский Д. Е., Голубев Е. Ф., Сихарулидзе Ю. Г., Алгоритм управления космическим аппаратом при входе в атмосферу - М, Наука, 1975.
Охоцимский Д.Е., Голубев Ю.Ф.Механика и управление движением автоматического шагающего аппарата - М., Наука, 1984.
Охоцимский Д.Е.,Сихарулидзе Ю.Г. Основы механики космического полета. - М., Наука, 1990

References

External links
Obituary article
Okhotsimsky as chair of the Theoretical Mechanics and Mechatronics at the Moscow State University (in Russian)
Historical account of how the orbit of the first satellite was measured and computed (In Russian)
Online version of the memoirs of Nikita Moiseyev
B.E. Chertok "Rockets and people" online, in Russian
memoirs of R.F. Appazov "Traces in heart and memory", in Russian (creation of the first satellite, etc.)
Okhothimsky's page on the site of the Russian Academy of Sciences
 Okhotsimsky's biography information on the site of the Moscow State University
 Department of Control and Applied Mathematics at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, history notes
    Akim, E. L., Golubev, Yu. F., Platonov, A. K., Eneev, T. M. D. E. Okhotsimsky as a leader of the scientific school of space flight mechanics  Cosmic Res (2006) 44: 183-186

1921 births
2005 deaths
Burials in Troyekurovskoye Cemetery
Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Early spaceflight scientists
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Russian aerospace engineers
Soviet aerospace engineers
Soviet space program personnel
Soviet inventors
Foreign members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts


Chickasaw Township is one of twelve townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 784.

History
Chickasaw Township was organized in 1855.

Geography
Chickasaw Township covers an area of  and contains two incorporated settlements: Bassett and Ionia.  According to the USGS, it contains three cemeteries: Cedar View, Rowley Hill and Saint Boniface.

The stream of Beaver Creek runs through this township.

Notes

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa


Saint-Seine-en-Bâche () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saint-Seine-l'Abbaye () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

It is also a place steeped in history with its archaeological sites, the goddess Sequana; nymph Sources close to the Seine and Alesia, the remnants of its ancient abbey (the Abbey of Saint-Seine) and the abbey church, a jewel of Gothic art primitive Burgundy and its rich rural heritage: the 1856 school converted into a museum, flower laundries, foundries, crucifixes, mills.

The abbey was founded by Saint Sequanus in the 6th century.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Dayton Township is one of twelve townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 1,752.

History
Dayton Township was organized in 1859. It is named for William L. Dayton.

Geography
Dayton Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains three cemeteries: Children of Israel, New Hampton and Saint Marys.

The stream of Spring Branch runs through this township.

Notes

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa
1859 establishments in Iowa
Populated places established in 1859


Saint-Seine-sur-Vingeanne (, literally Saint-Seine on Vingeanne) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

The Vingeanne river runs through the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saint-Symphorien-sur-Saône (, literally Saint-Symphorien on Saône) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Deerfield Township is one of twelve townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 417.

History
Deerfield Township was organized in 1856.

Geography
Deerfield Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Deerfield.

The stream of Elk Creek runs through this township.

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa


Saint-Victor-sur-Ouche (, literally Saint-Victor on Ouche) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Salives () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Dresden Township is one of twelve townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 822.

History
Dresden Township was organized in 1859.

Geography
Dresden Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements. The western portion of the city of Fredericksburg impacts eastern Dresden Township. The unincorporated hamlet of Williamstown is at the intersection of 270th Street and Mission Avenue. According to the USGS, it contains three cemeteries: North East Iowa Garden of Memories, Saint Johns and West.

Marsh Creek and other streams meander through Dresden Township, connecting to the East Fork Wapsipinicon River as it flows through the township.

Transportation
Dresden Township contains one airport or landing strip, McFarland Hereford Farm Landing Strip. Highway US-18 traverses the township as 270th Street.

Notes

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa


Salmaise () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Samerey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Santosse () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Fredericksburg Township is one of twelve townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 982.

History
Fredericksburg Township was organized in 1857. It is named for Frederick Padden, an early settler.

Geography
Fredericksburg Township covers an area of  and contains the eastern portion of one incorporated settlement, Fredericksburg.  According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Maple Grove and Rose Hill.

Transportation
Fredericksburg Township contains one airport or landing strip, Klotz Landing Field.

Notes

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa
1857 establishments in Iowa
Populated places established in 1857


Saulon-la-Chapelle () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saulon-la-Rue () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saulx-le-Duc () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saussey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Sir Michael Romily Heald Jenkins,  (9 January 1936 – 31 March 2013)  was a British diplomat.

Born in Cambridge and son of the Byzantine scholar, Romilly Jenkins, he was trained as a Russian interpreter during his National Service. He subsequently studied languages and history as an Exhibitioner at King's College, Cambridge (1956–59), from where he graduated and joined the Diplomatic Service in 1959. Following senior postings in Europe, including ten years at the European Commission, he became Minister at the British Embassy in Washington, and in 1988 Ambassador to the Netherlands. He retired from the Foreign Office in 1993 after which he joined the Board of Kleinwort Benson as an executive director, becoming Vice-Chairman of Dresdner Kleinwort Benson in 1996. For five years he was a non-executive director of Aegon, the Dutch-based insurance company. In 2003 he was appointed President of Boeing UK. In 2007 he joined the Board of Geopark, the Aim listed oil and gas company, as a non-executive Director; and in March 2008, Sir Michael became Chairman of Matra Petroleum plc.

Sir Michael held several senior positions at the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and was Chairman of the Club from 2000–2001. He was also a Commissioner at the Royal Hospital Chelsea.

While serving a tour of duty in Moscow, he researched a biography of Aleksey Arakcheyev which was published in 1969, and towards the end of his diplomatic career he wrote a memoir of his youth, A House in Flanders. He also edited a memoir by his aunt, the writer Elizabeth Jenkins, which was published in 2005, her 100th year.

Jenkins was made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1989 for his diplomatic services.

Books

Arakcheev: Grand Vizier of the Russian Empire (Faber and Faber, and The Dial Press, 1969)
A House in Flanders (Souvenir Press 1992, Meulenhoff 1992, Minerva 1993, Viking 1993, Clausen 1994 & La Table Ronde 1996)
The View from Downshire Hill (Editor) (Michael Russell 2005)

References

1936 births
2013 deaths
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the Netherlands


Jacksonville Township is one of twelve townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 504.

History
Jacksonville Township was organized in 1858.

Geography
Jacksonville Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains six cemeteries: Immanuel Lutheran, Jacksonville, Jerico Lutheran, Saint Patricks Catholic, Sargeant Farm and Yankee.

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa


New Hampton Township is one of twelve townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 3,065.

History
New Hampton Township was organized in 1857.

Geography
New Hampton Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, New Hampton (the county seat), and the hamlet of Boyd.  According to the USGS, it contains three cemeteries: Boyd, Saint Josephs and Union.

The stream of Plum Creek runs through this township.

Notes

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa
1857 establishments in Iowa
Populated places established in 1857


Saussy () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Savigny-le-Sec () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


The Tarlac–Pangasinan–La Union Expressway (TPLEX), signed as E1 of the Philippine expressway network and R-8 of the Metro Manila arterial road network, is a controlled-access toll expressway that connects the Central Luzon region with the Ilocos Region. From its northern terminus at Rosario in La Union to its southern terminus at Tarlac City, the expressway has a length of , cutting through the various provinces in northern Central Luzon. Despite that the name only stating the provinces of Tarlac, Pangasinan, and La Union, the expressway also passes the province of Nueva Ecija (without any exits there) in addition to the three provinces mentioned before.

While proposals for a construction of an expressway system from Metro Manila to La Union had been raised before the 2000s, the construction of the TPLEX only began in January 27, 2010. The expressway began operations on October 31, 2013. The final section from Pozorrubio to Rosario was opened to motorists on July 15, 2020.

Route description

TPLEX follows a route that parallels the MacArthur Highway, running through the provinces of Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, and La Union. The expressway has four lanes, two per direction, separated by Jersey barriers. Sections by exits, toll plazas, viaducts, and their approaches are illuminated at night. Significant sections are built on embankments overlooking rice paddy fields. The expressway crosses the four rivers in the Pangasinan province. The rivers along the TPLEX are the Agno River, Binalonan River, Aloragat River, and the Bued River.

The Tarlac–Pangasinan–La Union Expressway starts in Tarlac City as an extension of the Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway. The expressway passes through the municipalities of Victoria, Pura, Ramos, and Anao. Significant stretches of the expressway in Tarlac are built on embankments, and existing roads cross through underpasses built on cuts in the embankment. The road passes to Nampicuan and Cuyapo in Nueva Ecija without exit before entering Ilocos Region and Pangasinan, at the municipality of Rosales.

The Pangasinan and Ilocos Region segment of TPLEX starts at the Rosales municipality. The expressway then crosses through a viaduct over the Agno River, then enters Urdaneta, which is served by a single interchange to connect with Manila North Road. The Urdaneta exit was the expressway's northern terminus before the extension to Binalonan. Past Urdaneta Exit, TPLEX crosses above the Manila North Road, then passes over Binalonan and Pozorrubio. The last exit in the province is Sison, still under construction and not yet included in the opening of the main carriageway.

Past the Sison exit, the expressway crosses as a viaduct over the Bued River. The road then enters the Rosario municipality, where the main northern toll plaza is located. Past the Rosario toll plaza, a spur road connects to the Rosario rotunda. This is the expressway's northern terminus. Proposals have been raised to extend the project to Laoag ,Ilocos Norte.

History

Conception and early development
Despite calls to create an expressway system from the Philippine capital of Manila to Rosario, the southernmost town of the La Union province had been raised before the turn of the millennium. These calls began to bear fruit in the mid-2000s. In 2005, construction began on the Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway (SCTEX), a linked expressway system reaching Tarlac City. This was an improvement over the North Luzon Expressway's terminus which reached only to Mabalacat, Pampanga.

In 2006, Congressional representatives from Northern Luzon took advantage of the final reading of House Bill 5749 to lobby for a project to extend the expressway to Rosario, as a means to boost trade, tourism, and reduce travel times in the provinces of Tarlac, Eastern Pangasinan, and La Union. This lobbying led the Arroyo administration in October 2006 to announce a ten-year plan to extend the North Luzon Expressway (NLEX) from Mabalacat, Pampanga, to Rosario, La Union, and extend the South Luzon Expressway (SLEX) from Calamba, Laguna, to Lucena in Quezon, and eventually to Matnog, Sorsogon. In 2008, the SCTEX was formally opened, setting the stage for developing the TPLEX, which would extend beyond the SCTEX's terminus in Tarlac City. The initial construction plan for the TPLEX called for it to be implemented in two phases: The first phase would involve constructing two lanes, with the second phase expanding it to four lanes to accommodate 25,000 vehicles.

The proposed superhighway would be built parallel to MacArthur Highway, passing through the city of Tarlac and the municipalities of La Paz, Gerona, Victoria, Pura, Anao, and Ramos in Tarlac, Nampicuan and Cuyapo in Nueva Ecija and Rosales, Villasis, Urdaneta, Binalonan, Laoac, Pozorrubio, and Sison in Pangasinan, and Rosario, La Union.

The financing, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of the Tarlac–La Union Toll Expressway Phase 1 was eventually awarded to Private Infra Dev Corporation (now SMC TPLEX Corporation).

Project financing
Three local banks undertook financing the TPLEX: BDO Unibank, Development Bank of the Philippines, and Land Bank of the Philippines. This made TPLEX notable in the Infrastructure and Development Financing industry as "the first Public-Private Partnership project in the Philippines to feature an all-domestic cast of sponsors and lenders.” London-based Project Finance Magazine named the TPLEX as its "Asia Pacific Transport Deal of the Year" for 2011.

The project is being implemented through public-private partnership using the build–operate–transfer (BOT) scheme in which the project proponent is responsible to design, finance and build the initial two-lane expressway. As each section is completed, it is turned over to the government, which then grants the proponent a franchise to operate and maintain the toll road, after which the proponent, once the Toll Regulatory Board issues a toll operation certificate, operates the road under a long term concession agreement with the government.

Development disputes

Land acquisition
In the early development of the project, acquisition of rights of way (ROW) contributed to delays. With the TPLEX identified as a high priority government project, the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) was tasked with acquiring the rights of way for the project's proposed alignment, and was allocated ₱793 million ($16.6 million US) in hope that the process could be expedited. However, legal disputes that had arisen regarding affected properties, notably in the Tarlac segment of the project, meant delays in negotiations undertaken by the DPWH.

Alignment of the Rosario interchange
The expected completion of the entire expressway caused a major delay when an unsolicited proposal was brought up to change the alignment of the project to change the location of the final interchange in Rosario, La Union. Former Pangasinan 5th District Representative Mark Cojuangco proposed three alignments: one would pass through Urdaneta City, then San Fabian, and exits Brgy. Cataguintingan of Rosario, La Union.  This is about  longer from the original TPLEX terminus at barangay Subusob, Rosario. The second proposal will also pass through San Fabian but will end at the original TPLEX end at barangay Subusob. The first two proposals skips Pozorrubio. The third proposal will pass through Pozorrubio, San Fabian, and then end at barangay Subusub. All proposals intend to skip the municipality of Sison. The Cordillera Administrative Region Development Council has rejected the idea. The target completion date had been moved from the end of April 2017 to the end of April 2018.

Phases 1 and 2
The first phase of the Tarlac-La Union Expressway started in January 27, 2010. In April 2013, San Miguel Corporation announced that the segment from Tarlac City up to Urdaneta will be built with four lanes, instead of the initial plan of two lanes only. However, this also pushed back the opening day of the expressway from June 2013 to November 2013.

On October 25, 2013, the Toll Regulatory Board authorized the issuance of the Toll Operation Permit for the Tarlac City–Pura segment of the TPLEX after the construction of that segment was completed by Private Infra Dev Corp. (PIDC), the all-Filipino consortium backed by conglomerates San Miguel Corporation (SMC) and DMCI Holdings, Inc.

This first phase, referred to as section 1A, begins with a connection to SCTEX, then stretches  from Tarlac City to Victoria, and then to Pura, Tarlac. On December 23, 2013, the expressway opened up to Ramos, Tarlac, bringing TPLEX up to  of its operational length. On April 16, 2014, phase 1 of the project was completed when the Rosales section was opened. In December 2014, phase 2 of the project, covering  from Carmen to Urdaneta, was opened to traffic, as what PIDC president Mark Dumol had announced on the day the completion of phase 1 was announced.

Phase 3
In December 2014, Dumol projected that the last section, covering  from Urdaneta to Rosario and including an exit in Pozorrubio, would be completed some time in 2015. However, there were delays in the implementation of the project, which included a highly disputed proposal to divert the exit  away to San Fabian in Pangasinan. The DPWH and the PIDC announced in July 2015 that they will continue to follow the original plan for the last phase exiting in Rosario, adding that this last phase would be completed by the following year, 2016.

This development phase was further subdivided into phase 3A, from Urdaneta to Pozorrubio, and phase 3B, Pozorrubio to Rosario. Section 3A would include trumpet-type interchanges at Binalonan and Pozorrubio, while section 3B include an interchange at Sison and the roundabout-style terminus interchange in Rosario, La Union.

After the opening of the exit at Pozorrubio in December 2017, the DPWH said segment 3B from Pozorrubio to Rosario is expected to be completed in June 2019. By mid-August 2016, the first exit of section 3A, at Binalonan Exit, had been opened to the driving public. By December 6, 2017, the last exit of section 3A, at Pozorrubio, Pangasinan, had been opened to the driving public. In September 2016, DPWH said this exit of section 3A, which covers the . from Binalonan to Pozorrubio, was supposed to open in December 2016. The Binalonan to Pozorrubio section was expected to open around October 27, 2017, but the section did not open on that date due to the minor right-of-way issues on the missing  fence.

By July 15, 2020, the Pozorrubio to Rosario segment of the expressway opened to motorists, with the exception of the Sison exit, which was still under construction as the main carriageway opened.

Future

La Union extension
As a part of the project of increasing the  radius of High Standard Highways of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) into a  radius from Metro Manila, the expressway will be extended to the city of San Fernando, La Union. There are also plans to move the extension terminus to San Juan, La Union and will be divided into three segments, namely:

Laoag extension
On June 11, 2013, at the San Miguel Corporation annual stockholders meeting, Chairman, Eduardo Cojuangco Jr., revealed plans to extend the expressway north to Laoag, Ilocos Norte. He said that extending the toll road to Laoag had been raised during the Arroyo administration.

Toll

The Tarlac–Pangasinan–La Union Expressway uses a closed road tolling system where motorists pay tolls according to vehicle class and kilometers travelled. On April 8, 2019, the Auto-sweep electronic toll collection (ETC) system, an RFID enhanced toll system, was implemented at TPLEX. This ensures interoperability with other SMC-operated tollways and those of MPTC's such as NLEX and SCTEX.

Exits

References

External links

Road map of the proposed Tarlac–La Union expressway

Toll roads in the Philippines
Roads in La Union
Roads in Pangasinan
Roads in Nueva Ecija
Roads in Tarlac


Richland Township is one of twelve townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 369.

History
Richland Township was organized in 1856.

Geography
Richland Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Richland Township.

The streams of Etter Creek and Little Wapsipinicon River run through this township.

Notes

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa


Savigny-sous-Mâlain (, literally Savigny under Mâlain) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Savilly is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
Parc naturel régional du Morvan

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Stapleton Township is one of twelve townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 781.

History
Stapleton Township was organized in 1857. It is named for Thomas G. Staples, an early settler and local postmaster.

Geography
Stapleton Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Lawler.  According to the USGS, it contains six cemeteries: Lutheran, Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Saint Johns, Saint Johns German Lutheran, Stapleton Township and Stapleton Township.

Notes

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa
1857 establishments in Iowa
Populated places established in 1857


Savoisy () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Savolles () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Utica Township is one of twelve townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 525.

History
Utica Township was organized in 1858.

Geography
Utica Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains six cemeteries: Little Turkey, North, Sacred Heart, Saint Marys Catholic of Little Turkey, Saint Marys and Saude Lutheran.

Notes

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa


The Joint Statistical Meetings (JSM) is a professional conference/academic conference for statisticians and data scientists held annually every year since 1840 (usually in August). Billed as "the largest gathering of statisticians held in North America", JSM has attracted over 5000 participants in recent years. The following statistical societies are designated as official JSM partners:
 the American Statistical Association (ASA)
 the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS)
 two regions of the International Biometric Society (IBS)
 the Eastern North American Region (ENAR)
 the Western North American Region (WNAR)
 the Statistical Society of Canada (SSC)
 International Society for Bayesian Analysis (ISBA)
 International Chinese Statistical Association (ICSA)
 International Indian Statistical Association (IISA)
 Korean International Statistical Society (KISS)
The founding members of JSM were the ASA, IMS, IBS, and SSC.

In addition to committee meetings, JSM activities include
 a career placement service
 continuing education courses
 oral presentations
 panel sessions
 plenary sessions
 poster sessions

Future Meetings

Past Meetings
Since 1978 when attendance figures were first reported.

References

External links
Joint Statistical Meetings
 Joint Statistical Meetings Defined on Google
Other Abbreviations for JSM

Statistical societies
Mathematics conferences


Savouges () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Segrois () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Washington Township is one of twelve townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 954.

Geography
Washington Township covers an area of  and contains two incorporated settlements: Alta Vista and North Washington.  According to the USGS, it contains four cemeteries: Calvary, Eggleston Farm, Saint Marys and Union.

Transportation
Washington Township contains one airport or landing strip, New Hampton Municipal Airport.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa


Seigny () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Selongey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Burgundy


Semarey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Semezanges () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Semond () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Senailly () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Sennecey-lès-Dijon (, literally Sennecey near Dijon) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Seurre () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

This commune lies at the crossroad of routes to Dijon, Chalon-sur-Saône, Dole, Beaune, and Louhans.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

External links

 Non official site of Seurre

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Burgundy


Barnett v Chelsea & Kensington Hospital Management Committee [1968] 2 WLR 422 is an English tort law case that applies the "but for" test of causation.

Facts
After their night shift as night-watchmen, at about 8am on 1 January 1966, three people went to the emergency department of the hospital run by the Chelsea & Kensington Hospital Management Committee. (They had actually already visited this hospital at about 4am because an intruder had struck one of them in the head with an iron bar.) They spoke to a nurse and told her that they had been vomiting since drinking tea at about 5am. The casualty officer, Dr. Banerjee, did not see them. He advised the nurse, over the phone, that they should go home and call their own doctors. One of them, Mr. Barnett, died about five hours later from arsenic poisoning. Mrs. Barnett sued the hospital for negligence.

Judgment
The judge held that the hospital was not liable. Even if they were to have admitted Mr. Barnett, there would have been little or no chance that the antidote would have been administered to him in time to prevent his death. Although the hospital had breached the standard of care, that breach was held to not be a cause of Mr. Barnett's death.

References

See also
 Negligence

English tort case law
English causation case law
1968 in United Kingdom case law


Sincey-lès-Rouvray (, literally Sincey near Rouvray) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
Parc naturel régional du Morvan

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


R301 is a coastal highway in Western Morocco connecting the cities of Essaouira and El Jadida.  This paved highway varies between two and four lanes of travel. In many locations views of the Atlantic Ocean coastline are available.  There are a number of coastal bridges spanned by the B301 including one over the Wadi Oum er-Rbia estuary  at Azemmour. At the southern part of the R301 lies some of the earliest recorded settlement history in Morocco: the archaeological ruins of Mogador, which were originally Phoenician from at least as early as the first millennium BC.

References

Roads in Morocco


Soirans () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


In general, there is relatively little Internet censorship in Hong Kong beyond laws that criminalize the distribution of unlicensed copyrighted material and obscene images, particularly child pornography when compared to the rest of China. The Hong Kong Bill of Rights elaborates on these and other rights enjoyed by the people of Hong Kong.Although Hong Kong law provides freedom of speech and press, and freedom of expression is protected by the Hong Kong Bill of Rights, the Hong Kong national security law gives the government the power to "take down any electronic messages published" that the government considers endangering national security (see Hong Kong national security law). The government has blocked several anti-government, doxxing or politically sensitive websites after the commencement of the law (see blockages after 30 June 2020), leading to increased concerns of Internet censorship in Hong Kong.

Government licences are not required to operate a website. There is some monitoring of the Internet. Democratic activists claim central government authorities closely monitor their e-mails and Internet use.

History and law

Hong Kong is a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong and the SAR's charter, the Basic Law of the SAR, specified that Hong Kong will enjoy a high degree of autonomy except in matters of defence and foreign affairs. Chapter III of the Basic Law outlines  "Fundamental Rights and Duties of the Residents" including freedom of expression and association and privacy rights. The Hong Kong Bill of Rights elaborates on these and other rights enjoyed by the people of Hong Kong.

The Hong Kong government enacted the Hong Kong national security law on 30 June 2020. Under its Article 43, local law enforcement unit was authorized to censor any resources when handling cases concerning offense endangering national security.'Computer crime ordinances

"Section 161: Access to computer with criminal or dishonest intent" of the Crimes Ordinance (Cap 200) which was enacted in 1993 before the widespread use the Internet and the growth of e-commerce generally, provides that it is an offence to obtain access to a computer:
 with an intent to commit an offence;
 with a dishonest intent to deceive;
 with a view to gain for oneself or another;
 or with a dishonest intent to cause loss to another.
Conviction upon indictment of any of these offences carries a maximum punishment of five years.

Section 27A of the Telecommunications Ordinance (Cap 106) enacted in 2000 provides that "any person who, by telecommunications, knowingly causes a computer to perform any function to obtain unauthorized access to any program or data held in a computer commits an offense and is liable on conviction to a fine of HK$20000".

Pornography

Pursuant to the Control of Obscene and Indecent Articles Ordinance (Cap 390), it is an offence to publish an obscene article. Publication covers distribution, circulation, selling, hiring, giving, or lending the obscene article. Distribution by e-mail falls within the definition of distribution, as does the placing of an obscene article on a website. Distribution does not require any element of financial gain. The definition includes "anything consisting of or containing material to be read or looked at or both read and looked at, any sound recording, and any film, video-tape, disc, or other record of a picture or pictures". An article will be considered obscene if, by reason by its obscenity, "it is not suitable to be published to any person". Obscenity includes "violence, depravity, and repulsiveness". The penalty for this offence is up to three years imprisonment and a fine of up to HK$1,000,000.

It is an offence to possess, produce, copy, import, or export pornography involving a child under 18 years of age, or to publish or cause to be published any advertisement that conveys or is likely to be understood as conveying the message that any person has published, publishes, or intends to publish any child pornography. The penalty for creation, publication, or advertisement of child pornography is eight years’ imprisonment, while possession carries a penalty of five years’ imprisonment.

Copyright

The Copyright Ordinance (Chapter 528) provides the legal framework for copyright protection in Hong Kong. In April 2011 the government introduced the Copyright (Amendments) Bill 2011 that, if passed, will introduce (i) a new technology-neutral exclusive right for copyright owners to communicate their works through any mode of electronic transmission, with criminal sanctions against those who make unauthorised communication of copyright works to the public; (ii) safe harbour provisions for online service providers; and (iii) additional factors to consider by the courts when awarding additional damages for copyright infringement.

There are complaints that the proposed amendments prohibiting unauthorised use of copyright material in any medium without permission threatens freedom of speech. The bill may negatively affect works of satire or parody on the Internet because there is no "fair-use exception". The government's position is that the amendments strengthen intellectual property rights. Some pan-democratic activists and supporters termed the bill an "Internet Article 23" (a reference to Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23, controversial anti-subversion measures the government proposed in 2002 that led to Hong Kong's largest-ever street demonstrations, the proposed article was withdrawn in September 2003)."Hong Kong artists cry foul over copyright bill" , Beh Lih Yi, Agence France-Presse (AFP), 20 May 2012

Hong Kong national security law

Article 43 of Hong Kong national security law states that platforms, publishers, and internet service providers may be ordered to take down electronic messages published that are "likely to constitute an offence endangering national security or is likely to cause the occurrence of an offence endangering national security". Individuals, organizations, and companies who do not comply with such requests could face fines of up to 100,000 HKD (12,903 USD) and put into prison for six months.

The Hong Kong chief executive may authorize the police to intercept communications and conduct surveillance to “prevent and detect offences endangering national security".

Self-censorship

There are reports of media self-censorship since most media outlets are owned by businesses with interests on the mainland, causing authors and editors to defer to the perceived concerns of publishers regarding their business interests. Some scholars suggest that Hong Kong-based academics practice some self-censorship in their China-related work to preserve good relations and research and lecturing opportunities in the mainland.

In a poll published in June 2012 by the Hong Kong Journalists Association, 86.9% of the 663 journalists surveyed felt that press freedom had deteriorated in the past seven years. This is a 28.5% increase from a similar survey in 2007. Those who felt freedom had declined attributed the change to: tighter government control (92%), self-censorship in the industry (71%), interference from Beijing (67.5%), and pressure from the business sector (35.9%). According to respondents the policies that most affect the decline in freedom are: Spot news information being controlled by the police and the Fire Services Department (57%); releasing more official footage and articles and fewer news events being accessible to reporters (41.3); off-the-record briefings increasing tremendously (23.8); and a government proposal to criminalise stalking (16%)."Survey: Government Manipulation Eroded Press Freedom" , Hong Kong Journalists Association

 TikTok
Almost immediately after the implementation of the Hong Kong National Security Law in July 2020, TikTok ceased its operation in Hong Kong and replaced the option for Hong Kong users with Douyin, the strictly censored Mainland Chinese version of the app by ByteDance. Users reported issues when using Hong Kong registered SIM cards even though they have connected to a VPN service, which indicates that TikTok used their users' SIM card information to block access from the territory.

Instances of censorship

 Before 30 June 2020

 Local ISP shutdown – March 1995

In March 1995, Royal Hong Kong Police raided all but one of the pioneering local Internet Service Providers (ISP) offering dialup service, confiscated their servers and records and shut them down for a week, blocking the access of 5000 to 8000 of Hong Kong's early Internet adopters. The raids were thought to be instigated by Supernet, the one ISP not shut down, and coordinated by the Office of Telecommunications Authority (OFTA) working with the Commercial Crime Bureau (CCB) on the premise that the ISPs were operating without applying for a then-obscure Public Non-Exclusive Telecommunications Service (PNETS) Licence. The companies shut down were Hong Kong Internet & Gateway Services (HKIGS) hk.net, Hong Kong Link InfoLink Ilink, Internet Online Hong Kong, Cybernet, Internet Connections, and Asia Online.

Edison Chen photo scandal – January 2008

In January and February 2008, the Hong Kong Police Force arrested ten people who were accused of obtaining, uploading, or distributing pornographic images after Emperor Entertainment Group (EEG), a multi-billion entertainment company, filed a complaint about the availability of the photos on the Internet. The images in question, which were explicit in nature, were of the Hong Kong actor Edison Chen engaging in sex acts with various women, several of whom were local actresses. Chen admitted being the author and copyright owner of most of the photographs, and stated that the private photographs had been stolen and published illegally without his consent.  A computer technician was convicted of three counts of obtaining access to a computer with dishonest intent, and received a custodial sentence of eight and a half months.

The scandal shook the Hong Kong entertainment industry and received high-profile media attention locally and around the world. The police met with more than 200 people responsible for major Hong Kong websites and BBS communities to urge them to delete the pictures "as they have the responsibility to stop crimes". Related discussion threads were progressively deleted. The police ordered several locally registered websites and BBS management firms to submit information about their clients, and had retrieved the IP addresses of more than 30 Internet users who allegedly posted photographs. The police crackdown raised questions over violations of the privacy and free speech rights of Internet users and the selective application of the law.

 After 30 June 2020
Article 43 of the Hong Kong national security law, which came into force on 30 June 2020, authorized the police to order "a person who published information or the relevant service provider to delete the information or provide assistance." (see Hong Kong national security law) Since then, the Hong Kong government has been blocking several anti-government or politically sensitive sites. (see below)

 HKChronicles - January 2021

HKChronicles is a wiki-like website that details the personal information of Hong Kong police officers and pro-Beijing individuals for doxxing purposes. On 7 January 2021, the website's owner Naomi announced on the website that she had received reports from users in Hong Kong that the website was inaccessible when using certain local Internet Service Providers (ISP). Several local news reporters confirmed that the site could not be accessed within the city. The police declined to comment on the blockage. However, in a statement, they said they "can require service providers to take restrictive actions against messages posted on digital platforms, which likely constitute the offense of endangering national security or incite a national security offense." Hong Kong Broadband Network, one of the biggest mobile telecom companies in Hong Kong, said they have disabled access to the website in compliance with the requirement issued under the National Security Law on 13 January 2021.

Transitional Justice Commission - February 2021
On 13 February 2021, Hong Kong netizens reported that the website of Taiwan's Transitional Justice Commission cannot be accessed from Hong Kong. Some local medias confirmed that they couldn't access the site without using a Virtual Private Network (VPN). The police refused to comment on the blockage.

 Block of Taiwanese sites - April 2021
On 24 April 2021, some netizens discovered that they could not enter the website of Presbyterian Church in Taiwan (www.pct.gov.tw). Later, they reported that the official website of Democratic Progressive Party (www.dpp.org.tw) and Recruitment Centre of National Armed Force (https://www.rdrc.mnd.gov.tw) also could not be accessed from Hong Kong. Some local news medias confirmed. The police refused to comment.

By 27 April 2021, the Stand News retested the three websites and found out that the websites of Presbyterian Church in Taiwan and Democratic Progressive Party are now accessible. However, they still couldn't establish a connection to the official site of Recruitment Centre of National Armed Force.

 2021 Hong Kong Charter - June 2021
Since 18 June 2021, some local ISP users reported they could not browse the website of 2021 Hong Kong Charter (2021hkcharter.com). Sources said local ISP received order from the police and prevented users from accessing the website from 18 June. Initiators of the website said it was blocked on 19 June. Police refused to comment.

 June 4th Incident Online Museum - Sep 2021
On 28 September 2021, Stand News reported the website of June 4th Incident Online Museum'' (8964museum.com) was likely blocked.

Hong Kong Watch Website
On 15 February 2022, several Internet service providers in Hong Kong were reported to be blocking the website of a U.K.-based group Hong Kong Watch.

List of websites blocked

This list might not cover every website blocked as some blockages may not have been discovered.

See also

Censorship in Hong Kong
Communications in Hong Kong
Politics of Hong Kong

References

External links

Hong Kong
Law of Hong Kong
Internet in Hong Kong
Human rights abuses in Hong Kong
Censorship in Hong Kong


Soissons-sur-Nacey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Sombernon () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Whitehouse v. Jordan [1981] 1 All ER 267: The claimant was a baby who suffered severe brain damage after a difficult birth. The defendant, a senior hospital registrar, was supervising delivery in a high-risk pregnancy. After the mother had been in labour for 22 hours, the defendant used forceps to assist the delivery. The Lords found that the doctor's standard of care did not fall below that of a reasonable doctor in the circumstances and so the baby was awarded no compensation.

See also
Negligence

Notes

English tort case law
House of Lords cases
1981 in United Kingdom case law


Souhey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


The Laconia Order () was issued by  Karl Dönitz during World War II as a result of the Laconia incident, forbidding the rescue of Allied survivors.

Prior to this incident, vessels of the  customarily picked up survivors of sunk Allied vessels. In September 1942, off the coast of West Africa in the Atlantic Ocean, the German vessels—among them ,  and —attempting to rescue survivors of the ocean liner  were indiscriminately attacked by American aircraft, despite having informed the Allies of the rescued Allied soldiers on board—along with many women and children—beforehand.

The order was as follows:
 All efforts to save survivors of sunken ships, such as the fishing out of swimming men and putting them on board lifeboats, the righting of overturned lifeboats, or the handing over of food and water, must stop.  Rescue contradicts the most basic demands of the war: the destruction of hostile ships and their crews.
 The orders concerning the bringing-in of captains and chief engineers stay in effect.
 Survivors are to be saved only if their statements are important for the boat.
 Be harsh. Remember that the enemy has no regard for women and children when bombing German cities!

This order, along with War Order No. 154 of 1939, were introduced by the prosecution at the postwar Nuremberg trial of Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz at which Dönitz was indicted for war crimes, including the issuance of the Laconia Order:

Footnotes

Battle of the Atlantic
Military history of Germany during World War II
RMS Laconia (1921)


Soussey-sur-Brionne () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Sussey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Talant () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Talmay () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

Personalities
 Marie-Thérèse Figueur (1774-1861) - a French heroine who fought in the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars. Known by her nom de guerre Madame Sans-Gêne.

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Tanay () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Tarsul () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Tart-l'Abbaye () is a former commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Tart.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Former communes of Côte-d'Or
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Tart-le-Bas () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Tart-le-Haut () is a former commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Tart.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Former communes of Côte-d'Or
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Tellecey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Terrefondrée () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Thenissey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Thoires () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Thoisy-la-Berchère () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
Parc naturel régional du Morvan

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Thoisy-le-Désert () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Thomirey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It is on the D104 road, 23 km north west of Beaune. The village is on the Lacanche river, and includes the body of water known as the Etang de Rouhey.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or