Karl Ehrhardt (November 26, 1924 – February 5, 2008) was one of the New York Mets' most visible fans and an icon at Shea Stadium from its opening in 1964 through 1981. Known as the "Sign Man", Ehrhardt held up 20-by-26-inch black cardboard signs with sayings in big white (sometimes orange) upper-cased paper characters that reflected the Mets' performance on the field, and echoed the fans' sentiments off of it. He usually brought a portfolio holding about sixty of his 1,200 signs to the stadium, each of them with color-coded file tabs for different situations. He was always positioned in the field-level box seats on the third base side, wearing a black derby with a royal-blue-and-orange band around the bottom of the crown and the primary Mets logo on the front. Ehrhardt wasn't afraid to criticize the team's front office, once holding up a sign that said "WELCOME TO GRANT'S TOMB", referring to the team's miserable play and M. Donald Grant, the team's chairman of the board.

Personal life

Karl Kurt Ehrhardt was born in Unterweissbach, Germany. He emigrated with his family to the United States at the age of six, settling in Brooklyn, New York where he grew up rooting for the hometown Dodgers. During World War II he served in the U.S. Army as a translator in a prisoner-of-war camp holding captured German soldiers. Following the war, he graduated from Pratt Institute with a degree in design art. He later worked as a commercial artist designing advertisements for American Home Foods. He was a resident of the Glen Oaks section of Queens in New York City.

The "Sign Man" at Met games

Ehrhardt attended Met games at Shea Stadium from its opening in 1964 through 1981, when he had a falling out with the Mets' off-field management.  By then, he had accumulated about 1,200 homemade signs, and brought about 60 to each game. However, he was recognized as a superfan even in the Mets' early years, called the "Sign Man" by those who didn't know his name, and even acknowledged frequently on television broadcasts.

In 1969, Ehrhardt was selected as one of the Mets 25 Greatest Fans in a contest by Rheingold Breweries that brought 13,000 letters.

Ehrhardt was the subject of a feature by Heywood Hale Broun for a Saturday installment of the CBS Evening News in April 1969. The segment was reshown on ESPN Classic in 2003 as part of an episode of Woodie's World about Broun's coverage of the Miracle Mets.

Ehrhardt stopped going to Met games after the 1981 season.  By then, the Mets had several consecutive non-competitive seasons and were considered losers.  Ehrhardt said that the Mets, who had become a laughingstock, were no longer inviting him to team functions because of his criticisms of the team via his signs. "The front office was now run by new ownership, and they didn't like me criticizing the team," he said. "They turned their backs on me, so I just packed up my signs and went home."

However, the Mets persuaded Ehrhardt to help celebrate the franchise's 40th anniversary at a game on August 17, 2002, between the Mets and his once beloved Dodgers.  He surprised everybody in attendance by holding a message high for fans to see: "THE SIGN MAN LIVES".  It was a one-time appearance, and he did not return afterwards.

A sampling of his messages
 "AMAZIN'!" – Based on the team's nickname which was first coined by Casey Stengel, the franchise's original manager.
 "MET POWER!" – Which he proudly displayed after Tommie Agee hit his leadoff home run in Game 3 of the 1969 World Series
 "JUST GREAT!"
 "BACK TO YOUR NEST, BIRD!" – Which appeared during the 1969 World Series against the Baltimore Orioles. This sign is seen in the highlight film during Game 5.
 "CAN YOU BELIEVE IT?"
 "CURSES! FOILED AGAIN"
 "AAUGHH" – Inspired by the Peanuts cartoon strip; it was often used when the Mets lost a game.
 "TOOTHLESS CUBS JUST A LOTTA LIP" – Which he displayed during Mets games against the fading Cubs in 1969, referring to Leo "The Lip" Durocher.
 "STIFFS"
 "NOT MANY OF US LEFT" – Raised in a sparse crowd of 10,406 fans on Opening Day in 1979, one of the Mets' drought years.
 "LOOK MA, NO HANDS" – Was shown when a slow grounder defied the grip of Mets' shortstop Frank Taveras at a summer Mets game in 1979.
 "JOSE, CAN YOU SEE?" – Presented when outfielder José Cardenal struck out at a 1979–1980 Mets game.
 "IT'S ALIVE! IT'S ALIVE!" – For weak hitters who rarely reached base. A head shot of Frankenstein's monster was to the left of the letters on the sign.
 "SIT DOWN, YA BUM!" – For whenever a Dodgers fan was caught poking fun at the Mets at a Mets' game; because, when they were in Brooklyn, the Dodgers were often called "Dem Bums".
 "LEAVE IT TO SEAVER" – Inspired by famous 1950s–1960s sitcom show, Leave It to Beaver; the sign was used for whenever Mets' pitcher Tom Seaver was called up to pitch.
 "A" and "G" – Which he held in each hand, raising and lowering each, to punctuate the crowd's chanting of center fielder Tommie Agee's name, after his second game-saving catch in Game 3 of the 1969 World Series.
 "DO YOUR THING HEYWOOD" – Flashed at Heywood Hale Broun at the end of his 1969 feature about Ehrhardt on the CBS Evening News.
 "BELIEVE IN MIRACLES?" – Flashed during the decisive Game 5 of the 1969 World Series.
 "BYE, BYE, BIRDIES" – Flashed during the same game.
 "THERE ARE NO WORDS" – The sign that Ehrhardt held up when the Mets' left fielder Cleon Jones caught the final out to clinch the team's first World Series Championship. This was his most famous creation, seen in the Series highlight film.
 "THEY SAID IT COULDN'T BE DONE" – Held high from a convertible, as Ehrhardt rode with the Mets' victory parade in the Canyon of Heroes in lower Manhattan.
 "NAILED BY THE (picture of a hammer)" – Held up after a home run was hit by slugging first baseman John Milner, whose nickname was "The Hammer".
 "YOU'RE FIRED!" – Held up during Game Three of the 1973 World Series when the Oakland Athletics committed an error. The sign referred to A's owner Charlie Finley's attempt to have infielder Mike Andrews removed from the team after a pair of difficult Game Two errors in the twelfth inning helped the Mets win the game.
 "KONG!" – For Dave Kingman's first regular season home run at home as a Met, helping to tag Kingman with the nickname King Kong.
 "THE KING OF SWING" – Another tribute to Kingman, drawing on the nickname given jazz legend Benny Goodman not to mention the "Sultan of Swat."
 "JUST ANOTHER GREEDY BUM" – A tribute to Kingman and a zap at the Mets front office, used on Opening Day in 1977, after a contract dispute during spring training.
 "WELCOME TO GRANT'S TOMB" – A swipe at then-Mets boss M. Donald Grant over the mishandling of Seaver's and Kingman's contract disputes leading to the so-called "Saturday Night Massacre" trades of both players, and the dwindling fan support that followed.
 "THE SIGNMAN LIVES!" – Used on his return to Shea Stadium at a game against the Los Angeles Dodgers in August 2002 to help celebrate the Mets' 40th anniversary.

External links
 Rich Wolfe, For Met Fans Only – Fresh Cut Grass, Hot Dogs, & Beer – Memories of the Mets at Shea You'll Never Forget!, Lone Wolfe Press, Indianapolis, Ind. (2006) , pp. 54–60.

References

1924 births
2008 deaths
Baseball spectators
New York Mets
United States Army personnel of World War II
Emigrants from the Weimar Republic to the United States
Pratt Institute alumni
Interpreters
People from Saalfeld-Rudolstadt
Artists from New York City


Frederick John "Frock" Lowrey (August 12, 1902 – January 24, 1968) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played 54 games in the National Hockey League for the Pittsburgh Pirates and Montreal Maroons. Fred is the brother of former NHL players Eddie and Gerry Lowrey. Three other brothers – Tom, Frank and Bill – played with lower level teams in the Ottawa City Hockey League.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

External links

1902 births
1968 deaths
Buffalo Majors players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Ottawa
London Panthers players
Montreal Maroons players
New Haven Bears players
Ontario Hockey Association Senior A League (1890–1979) players
Philadelphia Arrows players
Pittsburgh Pirates (NHL) players
Pittsburgh Yellow Jackets (IHL) players
Quebec Castors players


JFK: The CIA, Vietnam and the Plot to Assassinate John F. Kennedy () is a book by L. Fletcher Prouty who was a Washington insider for nearly 20 years. It was first published in 1992.

Background
Prouty served as Chief of Special Operations for the Joint Chiefs of Staff under US President John F Kennedy in the last few years in his long career as a military intelligence agent. His book served as one of the sources for the Oliver Stone movie JFK, and it has an Introduction written by Stone himself.

Prouty was made famous for being the origin of the anonymous character "Mr. X", played by Donald Sutherland in the Stone movie. He is the character who asks Jim Garrison to ponder why Kennedy was killed. The president, he claims, had angered the military-industrial establishment with his procurement policies and his determination to withdraw from Vietnam, and had threatened to break the CIA into "a thousand pieces" after the Bay of Pigs Invasion fiasco. The book speculates that President Kennedy's death was, in effect, a coup d'état that placed in the White House a very different man with a very different approach. A man much more acceptable to what Prouty consistently calls "the power elite."

Stone opens his introduction to the book writing that "...Prouty is a man whose name will go down in history. Not as a respected Establishment figure, no. He will be erased from the present history books, his version of history suppressed, his credibility denied, his integrity scorned. Yet in time he will endure."

Reception
The book was promoted by the Liberty Lobby in its Spotlight publication. As anti-fascist researcher Chip Berlet wrote, Spotlight used the opportunity of the release of Oliver Stone's film JFK to promote Fletcher Prouty... Prouty and Lane went on book promotion tours in tandem with the film. Spotlight wove its coverage of the film "JFK" around its theories about Jewish "dual loyalist" control of the U.S. government and the claim that the Israeli intelligence agency, Mossad, controls CIA covert operations.

See also
 The Secret Team
 The Power Elite

References

External links
Google Books preview, Carol Books edition
 Publishers Weekly review. Archived from the original.

Non-fiction books about the assassination of John F. Kennedy


In construction, commissioning or commissioning process (often abbreviated Cx) is an integrated, systematic process to ensure, through documented verification, that all building systems perform interactively according to the "Design Intent".  The commissioning process establishes and documents the "Owner's Project Requirements (OPR)" criteria for system function, performance expectations, maintainability; verify and document compliance with these criteria throughout all phases of the project (design, manufacturing, installation, construction, startup, testing, and operations).  Commissioning procedures require a collaborative team effort and 'should' begin during the pre-design or planning phase of the project, continue through the design and construction phases, initial occupancy phase, training of operations and maintenance (O&M) staff, and into occupancy (for warranty and future re-commissioning).

Historically, “commissioning” as referenced in building design and construction, referred to the process by which the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems of a building were tested and balanced according to established standards prior to the Owner's acceptance.  HVAC commissioning, historically, didn't include other, interactive, supporting, or supplemental building systems that did not directly affect the performance of the HVAC systems.

In 2005, the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) published The Building Commissioning Guide. The guide provides a process for including building commissioning in the planning, design, construction and post-construction phases of a project.

Through energy and water conservation, occupant comfort, life-safety, systems criticality, and technology improvements of building systems became more in demand, and expanded the Owner's performance and technical capability expectation.  The need to improve, integrate, and commission other (and more) systems expanded the scope of Building Commissioning.  In modern facilities, buildings, and systems many of the systems are integrated (directly or indirectly) in operation, affect, need for proper operation, function, control, and sequencing.  This can become very complex, and provide many points of sub-optimal operation, or failure, with all the many systems requiring, or affecting, interaction of each other.

For example, power sources (utility, generation, battery/cell) control and monitoring, air movement control, smoke control, fire suppression, fire alarm, security door egress/evacuation control, elevator control, space containment/infiltration, staging and sequencing of every interacting system, its sub-system, equipment, and components each operating and interacting correctly in every operating Mode (normal, startup, shutdown, maintenance, economy, emergency, etc.).

This list can go well beyond this example, even in the most basic, typical, facility today.  As more building systems are integrated, a deficiency in one component can result in sub-optimal operation and performance among other components and systems.  Through system testing and "integrated systems testing" (IST) verification of all interrelationships, effects, modes of operation, and performance can be verified and documented to comply with the 'Owner's Project Requirements' and Architect/Engineers documented 'Design Intent' performance.

Thus, 'Whole Building Commissioning' (or 'Total Building Commissioning') is the accepted normal/standard, certainly for government and critical facility Owners, but also for conservation and efficiencies to provide a fully verified operational facility.  Partial building commissioning (commissioning only specific equipment, functions, systems) is also still utilized, but the interrelations of many automated systems, as designed, today branch and spider throughout many other systems within even basic buildings.  The Owners Project Requirements and the Architect/Engineers design should clearly identify the scope and expectations of commissioning.

Definition

The following descriptions of the different types of commissioning comes from California Commissioning Collaborative (CCC), Guide for New Buildings (2006).
"The term commissioning comes from shipbuilding. A commissioned ship is one deemed ready for service. Before being awarded this title, however, a ship must pass several milestones. Equipment is installed and tested, problems are identified and corrected, and the prospective crew is extensively trained. A commissioned ship is one whose materials, systems, and staff have successfully completed a thorough quality assurance process.

Building commissioning takes the same approach to new buildings.  When a building is initially commissioned it undergoes an intensive quality assurance process that begins during design and continues through construction, occupancy, and operations. Commissioning ensures that the new building operates initially as the owner intended and that building staff are prepared to operate and maintain its systems and equipment.

Retro-commissioning is the application of the commissioning process to existing buildings.  Retro-commissioning is a process that seeks to improve how building equipment and systems function together.  Depending on the age of the building, retro-commissioning can often resolve problems that occurred during design or construction, or address problems that have developed throughout the building's life.  In all, retro-commissioning improves a building's operations and maintenance (O&M) procedures to enhance overall building performance.

Re-Commissioning is another type of commissioning that occurs when a building that has already been commissioned undergoes another commissioning process.  The decision to recommission may be triggered by a change in building use or ownership, the onset of operational problems, or some other need.  Ideally, a plan for recommissioning is established as part of a new building's original commissioning process or an existing building's retro-commissioning process."

In practice

While the practice of Building Commissioning is still fairly new (40 years) in the building construction industry, it has become more (not completely) industry standard practice as building owners require higher expectations of performance and return of investment.  The Commissioning process inherently, and through design, improves the quality of the project from initial planning/design through construction and occupancy.

Building Commissioning is typically led by a recognized professional experienced in commissioning who oversees, leads, and serves as the ultimately responsible individual for the management of the process/program and deliverable in the representation of, or contracted to the Owner/Developer.  Typically identified as the "Commissioning Provider" (CxP).  The "Commissioning Provider" may be a member of the Owner, Engineer, Construction/Project Manager, Contractor, or independent Third Party.  The industry standard most recognized and recommended arrangement is for the CxP to be an Independent Third Party Commissioning Provider (also acronym "CxP") contracted directly to the Owner.  This facilitates a more unbiased performance in the representation of the Owner.  The "Commissioning Provider" may have subordinates/peers who participate directly in his/her oversight and commissioning execution/documentation team.  This team is typically identified as the Commissioning Provider's Team. Of course, there are many variations to this as well. In many cases and ideally, there is an ongoing building enhancing and commissioning program and team for the life of the building. Building commissioning is a quality-focused process necessary for both non-complex and complex modern construction projects.

The breadth of the industry, services, benefits, requirements, documentation, etc. is endless.  Although the basic Cx process, phases, and steps are fairly standard, the variations of project scopes, expectations, special designs; individual intricacies of every differing design, manufacture, interaction; use of every differing design, assembly, component, power, control system, control method, equipment, and system available to the designer, and manufacturers; make every single project's systems and Commissioning Program complex and original.

Service method

While the service method can vary from owner to owner and project to project, the basic formula for a successful building commissioning process involves a synergy team from pre-design to develop the owner's project requirements (OPR), commissioning scope, and plan including benchmarks for success, review of design documents and checklists for achieving the OPR, development of checklists and verifying a sample of construction checklists and submittals, developing training needs and evaluating training delivered by the contractors, witnessing and verifying construction phase tests, and periodic site observations during the construction phase, and performing commissioning functional testing as the project nears completion.

Commissioning Provider (CxP)

The commissioning provider (CxP) is generally (and preferably) contracted directly to the building owner to ensure unbiased performance of the CxP. The CxP may be a subcontractor (or employee) of the building owner, architect, or design engineer.

It is recommended that the CxP be contracted early in the project planning stages included in pre-design and design charrettes, and maintained throughout the design, construction, and final acceptance of the project at a minimum. Having the CxP on the team early provides opportunity to identify possible operation, installation, testing, and performance issues long before they become a construction issue. The CxP works closely with the owner's representative, building/facility operating engineer, architect, design engineer, general contractor, and all trade subcontractors. The CxP typically is responsible for leading and managing the project commissioning process (design and/or construction) and works closely with the design, construction, and operation teams in a co-operative work environment that focuses on teamwork throughout the building's design, construction, and post construction.

A CxP's ability to add value to a project is rooted in their ability to create positive working relationships with all parties involved and not pointing fingers when issues arise. It is important that the CxP clearly identifies the communication processes/streams, the project goals and expectations (from the OPR), and the team member responsibilities. A CxP has to be able to give open constructive criticism while also being able to listen attentively. The CxP's primary goal is to provide a completed and properly operating product to the building owner and occupant/user.

The CxP's work and performance of service is equally or primarily in the background performing design, submittal, O&M Manual reviews and development of testing and commissioning processes for the project, as well as documenting the commissioning efforts. The CxP attends design and construction meetings, performs site construction observations, observes factory equipment testing, directs and observes functional performance testing of systems and equipment. The CxP typically does not actually perform the hands-on testing, as these are actually performed by the manufacturer, vendor, or trade contractors, and directed and observed by the CxP utilizing testing procedures and expected performance outcome previously identified by the CxP during the commissioning document development process.

The CxP typically prepares a commissioning specification and commissioning plan during the project design phase. The design engineer also may develop the commissioning specification (and rarely the commissioning plan) in situations where the CxP has not been so contracted, or brought into the design team during the design process. The commissioning plan is a live document that outlines the commissioning processes and expectation based on the Owner's OPR, the design engineer's basis of design (BOD) and the project construction document (drawings and specifications). The commissioning plan is modified as the commissioning process progresses throughout the design, construction, and final acceptance of the facility. The functional performance test procedures are typically developed by the CxP with assistance of the trade contractors, vendors, and manufacturers based on the design engineer's contract documents.  These same parties and the design engineer, and owner's representative (typically the facility operating engineer) review the functional performance test procedures and expected outcomes prior to testing. The systems, equipment, items, processes, modes, and sequences of operations to be tested by the CxP (contractors or others) should be detailed and identified in the design engineer's construction documents (drawings and specifications), the construction request for proposal (RFP), the contractors' bid submission, the commissioning specifications, the commissioning plan, and the contractor's submittals. Of utmost importance, often neglected by contractors, are the equipment / systems "installation and operations manuals" (IOM or IO&M) "specific to the project" (not generic). The IOM's along with complete, and very detailed, sequence of operations (SOO) and control drawings/documents submittal "specific to the project" (not generic) are of utmost importance to the CxP to perform the review and develop proper testing procedures. Timely delivery of these documents to the CxP is important to facilitate the CxP ample time to review, develop test, obtain reviews, and implement changes prior to scheduling of any testing.

To provide any benefit, the facility, systems, and equipment must be thoroughly designed, submitted to, and approved by a responsible, thorough, professional architectural and engineering design team to function correctly. The design team incorporates the documented owner's program of requirements (OPR) which identifies the owner's systems, equipment, materials, control, and performance expectations. The design team identifies and documents the project basis of design (BOD) which specifically identifies the OPR items, how each was implemented in the design (or modified), and the final design basis for systems, equipment, materials, control, and performance expectations.

The fast-track nature of the design and construction process (experience in 2011) often leads to missed planning, design, and even construction items. Items missed during the design and construction process can often be identified by the CxP during development of the functional and performance test procedures or during functional and performance tests.

The commissioning team, led by the CxP, has a primary objective of verifying proper installation, operation, and performance based on the project design (BOD) and the OPR. The commissioning of the facility, systems, and / or equipment provides verification, identifies issues and discrepancies, and if designed and constructed properly, ultimately enhances the facility total quality, control, performance, and efficiency which in turn provides increased sustainability.

Building Automation Systems (BAS)

Building management systems (BMS) or building automation systems (BAS) provide control of the building systems. These typically include heating, ventilating, air-conditioning and refrigeration (HVAC/R), electrical power, lighting, fire suppression and alarm, and security systems, etc. Building controls also have the ability to monitor and control systems to improve performance, conserve energy, conserve water, and control lighting.  The greater control provides the ability to improve a buildings performance, environmental impact, and the user / occupant's environment. Direct digital controls (DDC) with real time monitoring and history provide the ability to acquire system data real time or with trend-logging, or trending, (over a predetermined period of time) to observe performance, issues / troubles, and identify possible improvements to operations and maintenance.

Building systems and equipment (HVAC, electrical, etc.) operate via the control systems (BAS, BMS, and similar) based on a designed sequence of operations (SOO) typically developed by the design engineer (specification) and modified during the submittal process by the trade contractors (and reviewed and approved by the design engineer). This SOO is also reviewed by the CxP who utilizes the SOO to develop the functional performance test procedures. The functional performance test procedures are typically developed by the CxP with assistance of the trade contractors, vendors, and manufacturers, reviewed by same, and the design engineer. The systems, equipment, items, processes, modes, and sequences of operations to be tested by the CxP (contractors or others) should be detailed and identified in the design engineer's construction documents (drawings and specifications), the construction request for proposal (RFP), the contractors' bid submission, and the commissioning specifications and commissioning plan. The commissioning specification and commissioning plan are typically developed by the CxP during the design phase of the project.

The CxP works closely with the controls contractor to verify the control programming and identifies corrective issues during reviews and the functional performance testing. By performing the functional performance testing it is often, if not always, found where there are deficiencies in the systems or control and identifies items for improvement. Each and every point and sequence is typically not required to be tested by the CxP. The contractors typically hold the responsibility of testing and verifying each and every point and sequence, and the CxP performs a test of a sample of the items after the contractors have tested, repaired and verified. Re-testing of the same, or another sampling, by the CxP is often required to re-verify deficiencies identified during the initial testing.

System degradation

It is estimated by Texas A&M researchers that as much as 20% of the energy used in an average commercial building is waste associated with poorly operated systems.

Buildings systems under-perform for several reasons:
 They were never properly configured
 The design did not account for all sources of building efficiency
 The building is not properly maintained
 The use of the building has changed over time

Types of building commissioning

New Construction Building Commissioning

Existing Building Commissioning:

 Retro-Commissioning
 Re-Commissioning: Recommissioning is the methodical process of testing and adjusting the aforementioned systems in existing buildings.
 Ongoing (or Continuous) Building Commissioning

Refer to "Commissioning Process Overview" and "Retro-Commissioning Process Overview" for a diagram of very basic activities included in each phase of the Commissioning processes.

Common commissioned building systems

It is common to include HVAC and BMS systems in the commissioning process. Often the fire safety installations will also be included within the scope of the commissioning process.

Commissioning costs and savings

The payback time for the commissioning process is based on many factors including saved/minimized energy usage, better design and fewer errors.

"Building Commissioning Costs and Savings Across Three Decades and 1,500 North American Buildings" states that the simple payback time for commissioning on new construction projects is 4.2 years.

A Danish Master Thesis made over two identical construction projects (shopping centers) where commissioning was used on one the construction projects showed, that the construction project with commissioning used 42% less electrical energy in the operation phase.

See also
Project commissioning
Commissioning management systems

References

Sources
 https://web.archive.org/web/20100125125628/http://www.bCxP.org/resources/pubs/index.htm

 Building Commissioning Association (BCxA) - New Construction Building Commissioning Best Practicies, 2016
 National Institute of Building Sciences - NIBS Guideline 3-2012, Building Enclosure Commissioning Process BECx
 Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), Commissioning Guide for New Buildings (2010)
 ASHRAE Guideline 0-2019
 ASHRAE Standard 202-2018
 A Practical Guide to the Commissioning Process, Thomas T. Jarløv, 2021
 International Code Council, ICC G4-2018 Guideline for Commissioning

External links
Building Commissioning Association
AABC Commissioning Group (ACG)
Eastern Canadian Chapter
National Environmental Balancing Bureau

Building engineering
Building automation


Utricularia podadena is a small, probably perennial, terrestrial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia and is the only member of Utricularia sect. Candollea. U. podadena is endemic to Malawi and Mozambique, being known only from the type location in Malawi and from one other collection in Mozambique. As of Peter Taylor's 1989 monograph on the genus, more recent efforts to locate this species have failed. It was originally published and described by Taylor in 1964 and placed in its own section, Candollea, in 1986. It grows as a terrestrial plant in marshy grasslands in the presence of Loudetia species at altitudes of around . It flowers in July. It is a very distinct plant in the genus with the long stipitate glandular trichomes covering the flower. Its affinities within the genus are not clear.

See also
 List of Utricularia species

References

Carnivorous plants of Africa
Flora of Malawi
Flora of Mozambique
podadena


The Cloisters Cross (also known as the Bury St Edmunds Cross), is a complex 12th-century ivory Romanesque altar cross or processional cross. It is named after The Cloisters, part of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, which acquired it in 1963.

The cross was probably carved in England between 1150 and 1160. It is made from walrus ivory and measures 22 × 14 in. (57.5 × 36.2 cm). It includes highly detailed carvings on both sides and a number of inscriptions. The imagery features the crucifixion of Jesus and the symbols of the Evangelists. The intent of its iconography is subject to debate.

Description
The carvings which cover both front and back sides include ninety-two intricately carved figures and ninety-eight inscriptions.  The figures are only about one-half inch tall, and illustrate a number of Biblical persons and scenes. Each side consists of a central circular medallion and three square terminals, all of which contain highly detailed carvings. The front has the ascension of Jesus at top, his resurrection on the left, and the crucifixion on the right. The terminals on the reverse show the symbols of three of the Four Evangelists: John (the eagle), Mark (the lion) and Luke (the ox); the reverse contains a number of other depictions of Old Testament prophets. The now lost base presumably had Matthew's winged man on the reverse, while Christ before Caiaphas is assumed to have been at the front.

The Old Testament prophets on the reverse have banderoles containing quotations from their books.

Interpretation
There is debate over whether or not these inscriptions are chosen with an anti-Semitic intent. The Metropolitan Museum of Art's website currently says: "Prominent among the inscriptions are several strong invectives against Jews. Though it is impossible to know precisely who commissioned this piece and with what aims, the cross certainly offers some indication of the anti-Semitism prevalent in England at this time. By the end of the thirteenth century, Jews were expelled from the country". This theme was developed in a book by Thomas Hoving, the curator involved when the Metropolitan acquired the cross, and later Director. This was unkindly described in an academic review of Elizabeth C. Parker and Charles T. Little as "an autobiographical romance...written in Raymond Chandler style"; the review also expressed doubt that the cross, a sophisticated theological object, was specifically designed for the purpose of either castigating or converting any member of the small Jewish population in England in the mid-twelfth century.

Provenance
The name of the sculptor is unknown. Thomas Hoving, who managed its acquisition while associate curator at The Cloisters, concluded that it was carved by Master Hugo at Bury St Edmunds Abbey in Suffolk. However, beyond stylistic affinities there is no certain evidence to suggest that the cross was even made in England; although this is accepted by most scholars, other places of origin such as Germany have been proposed.

Its provenance before it was acquired by the Croatian art collector Ante Topić Mimara (1898–1987) is unknown.  He sold it to the Metropolitan in 1963. The British Museum had wanted to buy the cross but eventually declined because of Topić Mimara's inability to prove that he had full title to sell the cross. Hoving reportedly stayed up drinking coffee with Topić Mimara until the British Museum's option lapsed at midnight, then purchased the cross immediately for £200,000.

Gallery

Front

Rear

See also
 Art theft and looting during World War II
 Quod scripsi, scripsi

References

Sources

 Hoving, Thomas. King of the Confessors. NY: Simon & Schuster, 1981
 Hoving, Thomas. King of the Confessors: A New Appraisal. Christchurch: Cybereditions Corporation, 2001
 Jones, Bernice. "A Reconsideration of the Cloisters Ivory Cross with the Caiaphas Plaque Restored to Its Base". Gesta, University of Chicago Press, volume 30, No. 1, 1991.
 Parker, Elizabeth. "Editing the 'Cloisters Cross'". Gesta, volume 45, no. 2; 50th Anniversary of the International Center of Medieval Art, 2006.
 Parker, Elizabeth; Little, Charles. The Cloisters Cross. NY: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1994 Full online PDF from MMA
 Watson, Peter; Todeschini, Cecilia. The Medici Conspiracy: The Illicit Journey of Looted Antiquities from Italy's Tomb Raiders to the World's Greatest Museums. NY: Public Affairs, 2007

External links
Picture at the Met website
The Cloisters Cross Research Papers : 1960-2000. The Cloisters Library and Archives, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Ivory works of art
Medieval European sculptures
Sculptures in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Altar crosses
Individual crosses and crucifixes
12th-century sculptures
Romanesque sculptures


Highway 87 is a  long east-west highway in northern Israel and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights. It extends from the northern shores of Lake Kinneret through the central Golan Heights. It begins in the west at Kfar Nahum/Capernaum and ends in the east at Bashan Junction.

Junctions & Interchanges (West to East)

Places of interest near Highway 87
 Tabgha/Ein Sheva with the Church of the Multiplication and the Church of the Primacy of St. Peter
 Church of the Beatitudes
 Capernaum/Kfar Nahum – the Franciscan side of the archaeological site with the ancient synagogue, and the Greek Orthodox side and monastery
 Arik Bridge
 Bethsaida, Bethsaida Valley and
 Yehudiya Forest Nature Reserve and Yehudiya Stream
 Memorial statue for the IDF's 7th brigade
 Husayniyah (חושנייה)

References

See also
List of highways in Israel

Roads in Israel
Roads in Israeli-occupied territories


Musashi-Koganei Station (武蔵小金井駅, Musashi-Koganei-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Koganei, Tokyo, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

Lines
Musashi-Koganei Station is served by the Chūō Line (Rapid), and lies 29.1 kilometers from the starting point of the line at .

Station layout
The station has two elevated island platforms serving four tracks, with the station building located underneath. The station has a Midori no Madoguchi staffed ticket office.

Platforms

The main platforms are platforms 1 and 4. Trains beginning service from this station usually use platform 3.

History
The station opened on 15 January 1926.
The station became part of the JR East network after the privatization of the JNR on April 1, 1987.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 62,565 passengers daily (boarding passengers only). The passenger figures for previous years are as shown below.

Surrounding area
 Tama Cemetery
 Tokyo Gakugei University
 Koganei Park
 Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum

See also
 List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links

Stations of East Japan Railway Company
Railway stations in Tokyo
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1926
Chūō Main Line
Koganei, Tokyo


The Dandenong Football Club was an Australian rules football club which played in the Victorian Football Association (VFA) from 1958 until 1994. Based in the Melbourne suburb of Dandenong, the Redlegs wore navy blue and red as their club colours.

History
From 1953 to 1957 the club played in the Federal Football League. Success was immediate by winning the 1953 flag. Near success continued by being runner-up in 1954 and 1955, a third in 1956 and fifth in 1957. In all, the club had 72 wins compared to 25 losses and a draw.

VFA
Dandenong joined the Victorian Football Association from the Federal League for the 1958 season, and found itself in Division 2 when then Association was partitioned in 1961. The club originally played at the Dandenong Showgrounds, before moving to Shepley Oval in 1962. The club was runner-up to Northcote in Division 2 in 1961, then won the 1962 Division 2 premiership against Prahran to earn promotion to Division 1.

Within three years, Dandenong became one of the power clubs in Division 1. It reached its first finals campaign in 1965, winning the minor premiership that season, and seldom missed the finals from then until the late 1970s.

In a ten-year period from 1967 until 1976, Dandenong played in six Grand Finals for two premierships. Both premierships came in controversial Grand Finals:
 1967 Grand Final: Dandenong defeated a Port Melbourne team which nearly walked off the ground and forfeited the game in the second quarter in protest at the umpiring;
 1971 Grand Final: Dandenong defeated Preston; but only after Preston unsuccessfully protested to have Dandenong's six-point victory amended to a draw.

Over that time, Dandenong was runner-up to Preston in 1969, Oakleigh in 1972, Geelong West in 1975, and Port Melbourne in 1976. The club enjoyed the services of full-forward Jim 'Frosty' Miller, a local west Gippslander who won the VFA goalkicking on six occasions, and it established itself as one of the wealthiest clubs in the competition, able to attract quality former Victorian Football League players.

The popularity of the VFA as a whole declined in the late 1970s and into the 1980s, and Dandenong was one of many clubs which struggled financially during that time. By 1983, the club was $100,000 in debt, and could no longer attract the high class of players it had fielded in the 1970s, relying instead on local talent; this in turn led to poorer onfield performances and a waning supporter base. The club finished last in Division 1 in 1984, and was relegated to Division 2 the following year.

Following the VFA's contraction to a single division in 1989, Dandenong and fellow Division 2 battlers Camberwell and Sunshine were completely uncompetitive at the top level, with Dandenong's sole win in 1989 coming against the winless Camberwell. But while Sunshine and Camberwell soon folded, Dandenong fought back, raising $140,000 in sponsorship from local businesses resulting in the recruitment of five former VFL players, including Tony Elshaug as captain-coach. Only two years later, Elshaug led Dandenong to the 1991 premiership, with a nine-point Grand Final victory against Werribee.

From then, the club suffered from bad financial problems, in large part because it spent more money than it could afford during the 1991 season. In the week prior to the 1993 season, the club decided to deal with its debts totalling more than $220,000 by liquidating and disbanding the club, then immediately reforming as a new legal entity, which was known as Dandenong Redlegs Ltd. The new club played two seasons. At the end of 1994, when administration of the VFA was turned over to the Victorian State Football League, Dandenong left the Association as part of the VSFL's efforts to reduce the size of the VFA and align it with the TAC Cup; Dandenong's identity was carried on within the TAC Cup from 1995, when the Southern Stingrays club moved to Shepley Oval and was renamed the Dandenong Stingrays.

Lew Wright is the club record holder for most games, appearing in 210 senior games for Dandenong.

Premierships
Federal Football League: 1953
VFA Division 1: 1967, 1971, 1991
VFA Division 2: 1962

VFA Club Records

Footnotes

References
 Dandenong: australianfootball.com.

Former Victorian Football League clubs
Australian rules football clubs in Melbourne
Dandenong, Victoria


Coleen Sexton (born in Westfield, New Jersey) is an American stage actress who made her Broadway debut at age 20 in Frank Wildhorn and Leslie Bricusse's Jekyll & Hyde in 2000. She portrayed the starring role of Lucy Harris in the Broadway production, as an understudy from 1999, and took over the role from Luba Mason in January 2000. She can be seen on the DVD of the show starring Andrea Rivette as Emma Carew and David Hasselhoff in the title role. Before making her debut in Jekyll & Hyde, Sexton was a singer/performer in a Germany-based band called 5NY.

Theatre career
Sexton is mostly known for her portrayal of Lucy Harris in the Broadway production of Jekyll & Hyde, where she was the final actress to play the role. Sexton is the only actress to play Lucy who had been seen with every Jekyll/Hyde, except for the original Robert Cuccioli. When she took over the role, she had performed with Jack Wagner (from January to June 2000), Sebastian Bach (from June to October 2000), and the show's final actor, David Hasselhoff (from October to January 2001). Furthermore, Joseph Mahowald was the alternate until October 2000, when the original alternate Rob Evan came back to the show for its final months. In December 2000, camera crews came in to film the show, live from the audience, which starred Sexton, Andrea Rivette, and Hasselhoff, who funded the project himself. It appeared on HBO several times in early 2001, and was released in September 2001. It has since been re-released, in November 2006, but has not seen on television since 2003. Sexton has also toured with the Broadway National touring company of Chicago, from 2004 until 2005.

In 2007, Sexton was the standby for Elphaba on the first North American tour of Wicked. She joined the tour January 3 through October 28, 2007, playing the role in the absence of lead star Victoria Matlock. Her first performance took place in Providence on January 17, when she replaced Matlock mid-show.

Sexton also played Brooke Wyndham in the national tour of Legally Blonde, and the Lady of the Lake in Spamalot at the Gateway Playhouse through July 30, 2011.

In 2012 Sexton returned to the New York stage in the Off-Broadway musical Forever Dusty, about British singer Dusty Springfield. She plays dual roles of "Becky Brixton", Dusty Springfield's manager, and later "Gini", a drug and alcohol counselor. Sexton also understudies the lead role of Dusty Springfield. She played the Springfield role for the first time on February 4, 2013.

In 2018, Sexton joined the touring company of Dear Evan Hansen as a standby for Heidi Hansen and understudy for Cynthia Murphy, alongside fellow Jekyll & Hyde alum Christiane Noll. As of 2022, Sexton is the principal actor for the role of Heidi Hansen.

Raised in Westfield, New Jersey, Sexton went into acting after graduating from Westfield High School.

References

Actresses from New Jersey
American musical theatre actresses
American television actresses
Living people
People from Westfield, New Jersey
Westfield High School (New Jersey) alumni
21st-century American women
Year of birth missing (living people)


Lis (Library of Iterative Solvers for linear systems, pronounced [lis]) is a scalable parallel software library for solving discretized linear equations and eigenvalue problems that mainly arise in the numerical solution of partial differential equations by using iterative methods. Although it is designed for parallel computers, the library can be used without being conscious of parallel processing.

Features
Lis provides facilities for:
 Automatic program configuration
 NUMA aware hybrid implementation with MPI and OpenMP
 Exchangeable dense and sparse matrix storage formats
 Basic linear algebra operations for dense and sparse matrices
 Parallel iterative methods for linear equations and eigenvalue problems
 Parallel preconditioners for iterative methods
 Quadruple precision floating point operations
 Performance analysis
 Command-line interface to solvers and benchmarks

Example
A C program to solve the linear equation  is written as follows:
#include <stdio.h>
#include "lis_config.h"
#include "lis.h"

LIS_INT main(LIS_INT argc, char* argv[])
{
  LIS_MATRIX  A;
  LIS_VECTOR  b, x;
  LIS_SOLVER  solver;
  LIS_INT     iter;
  double      time;

  lis_initialize(&argc, &argv);

  lis_matrix_create(LIS_COMM_WORLD, &A);
  lis_vector_create(LIS_COMM_WORLD, &b);
  lis_vector_create(LIS_COMM_WORLD, &x);

  lis_input_matrix(A, argv[1]);
  lis_input_vector(b, argv[2]);
  lis_vector_duplicate(A, &x);

  lis_solver_create(&solver);
  lis_solver_set_optionC(solver);
  lis_solve(A, b, x, solver);

  lis_solver_get_iter(solver, &iter);
  lis_solver_get_time(solver, &time);
  printf("number of iterations = %d\n", iter);
  printf("elapsed time = %e\n", time);

  lis_output_vector(x, LIS_FMT_MM, argv[3]);

  lis_solver_destroy(solver);
  lis_matrix_destroy(A);
  lis_vector_destroy(b);
  lis_vector_destroy(x);

  lis_finalize();

  return 0;
}

System requirements
The installation of Lis requires a C compiler. The Fortran interface requires a Fortran compiler, and the algebraic multigrid preconditioner requires a Fortran 90 compiler.
For parallel computing environments, an OpenMP or MPI library is required. Both the Matrix Market and Harwell-Boeing formats are supported to import and export user data.

Packages that use Lis
 Gerris
 OpenModelica
 OpenGeoSys
 SICOPOLIS
 STOMP
 Diablo
 Kiva
 Notus
 Solis
 GeMA
 openCFS
 numgeo
 freeCappuccino
 Andromeda
 Yelmo

See also

 List of numerical libraries
 Conjugate gradient method
 Biconjugate gradient stabilized method (BiCGSTAB)
 Generalized minimal residual method (GMRES)
 Eigenvalue algorithm
 Lanczos algorithm
 Arnoldi iteration
 Krylov subspace
 Multigrid method

References

External links

 Development repository on GitHub
 Prof. Jack Dongarra's freely available linear algebra software page
 Netlib repository (Courtesy of Netlib Project)

 Fedora packages (Courtesy of Fedora Project)
 Gentoo packages (Courtesy of Gentoo Linux Project)
 AUR packages (Courtesy of Arch Linux Community)
 FreeBSD packages (Courtesy of FreeBSD Project)
 Packages for macOS (Homebrew) (Courtesy of Homebrew Project)
 Packages for macOS (MacPorts) (Courtesy of MacPorts Project)
 Packages for Windows (Courtesy of WHPC Project)
 Packages for Mingw-w64 (Courtesy of Mingw-w64 Project)
 Spack packages (Courtesy of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory)

Numerical libraries
Numerical linear algebra
Scientific simulation software
C (programming language) libraries
Fortran libraries
Free simulation software
Free software programmed in C
Free software programmed in Fortran


The genus Ramaria comprises approximately 200 species of coral fungi. Several, such as Ramaria flava, are edible and picked in Europe, though they are easily confused with several mildly poisonous species capable of causing nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; these include R. formosa and R. pallida. Three Ramaria species have been demonstrated to contain a very unusual organoarsenic compound homoarsenocholine.

Etymology
The genus name is derived from Latin rāmus meaning branch.

Description
Basidiocarps may range in color from bright yellow, red, pink, or orange, to purple, white, and shades of tan. Color changes after bruising occur in some species.

The spores of Ramaria species are yellow-brown to rusty-brown in mass deposit and range from smooth to warted to echinulate or striate; spore size may range considerably, and ornamentation, when present, is cyanophilous.

Classification
Hjomsköld was the first to introduce the name Ramaria in 1790. Persoon later described R. botrytis, and placed it in the genus Clavaria. Fries sanctioned the name Clavaria in 1821 and treated Ramaria as a section of Clavaria. In 1933, Donk elevated the name Ramaria to its current generic status by recognizing Bonorden's use of the name Ramaria. Currently, Ramaria is placed in the Gomphaceae, although some older sources still classify it in the Ramariaceae. Ramaria has been further subdivided into four subgenera based on differences in spore ornamentation, substrate habitat, clamps, and basidiocarp appearance.

Phylogenetic analyses has shown that Ramaria is not monophyletic, and that the characteristic coralloid shape has likely evolved several times from different ancestors.

Species

R. acrisiccescens
R. acutissima
R. aenea
R. africana
R. albidoflava
R. albocinerea
R. alborosea
R. altaica
R. ambigua
R. americana
R. amyloidea
R. anisata
R. anziana
R. apiahyna
R. apiculata
R. araiospora
R. arcosuensis
R. argentea
R. armeniaca
R. articulotela
R. asiatica
R. atkinsonii
R. aurantiisiccescens
R. aurea
R. aureofulva
R. aureorhiza
R. australiana
R. avellaneovertex
R. basirobusta
R. bonii
R. botrytis
R. botrytoides
R. bourdotiana
R. brevispora
R. brienzensis
R. broomei
R. brunneicontusa
R. brunneipes
R. brunneomaculata
R. bulbobasidiata
R. cacao
R. camelicolor
R. camellia
R. campestris
R. campoi
R. candida
R. canescens
R. capitata
R. capucina
R. celerivirescens
R. cettoi
R. cinereocarnea
R. cladoniae
R. clarobrunnea
R. claviramulata
R. cokeri
R. conjuncta
R. conjunctipes
R. coulterae
R. curta
R. cyaneigranosa
R. cystidiophora
R. daucipes
R. decurrens
R. distinctissima
R. divaricata
R. dolomitica
R. echinovirens
R. eosanguinea
R. ephemeroderma
R. eryuanensis
R. fagetorum
R. fagicola
R. fennica
R. filicicola
R. filicina
R. fistulosa
R. flava
R. flavescens
R. flaviceps
R. flavicolor
R. flavigelatinosa
R. flavoalba
R. flavobrunnescens
R. flavoides
R. flavomicrospora
R. flavosalmonicolor
R. flavosaponaria
R. flavoviridis
R. flavula
R. foetida
R. formosa
R. fragillima
R. fumosiavellanea
R. fuscobrunnea
R. gelatiniaurantia
R. gelatinosa
R. gigantea
R. glaucoaromatica
R. gracilis
R. grandipes
R. grandis
R. griseobrunnea
R. grundii
R. guyanensis
R. gypsea
R. harrisonii
R. hemirubella
R. henriquesii
R. highlandensis
R. hilaris
R. himalayensis
R. holorubella
R. ignicolor
R. incognita
R. incongrua
R. indoyunnaniana
R. inedulis
R. inquinata
R. insignis
R. intimorosea
R. junquilleavertex
R. kisantuensis
R. lacteobrunnescens
R. laeviformosoides
R. laevispora
R. largentii
R. leptoformosa
R. linearioides
R. longicaulis
R. longispora
R. longissimispora
R. lorithamnus
R. luteoflaccida
R. maculatipes
R. maculospora
R. madagascariensis
R. magnifica
R. magnipes
R. marrii
R. mediterranea
R. moelleriana
R. murrillii
R. mutabilis
R. myceliosa
R. nanispora
R. neoformosa
R. obtusissima
R. ochracea
R. ochrochlora
R. pallida
R. pallidissima
R. pallidosaponaria
R. palmata
R. pancaribbea
R. patagonica
R. perbrunnea
R. perfluopunicea
R. petersenii
R. piedmontiana
R. polonica
R. polypus
R. primulina
R. prostrata
R. pseudobotrytis
R. pseudogracilis
R. pumila
R. pupulispora
R. pura
R. purpureopallida
R. purpurissima
R. pusilla
R. pyrispora
R. rainierensis
R. rasilispora
R. raveneliana
R. reticulata
R. roellinii
R. rosella
R. rotundispora
R. rubella
R. rubiginosa
R. rubriattenuipes
R. rubribrunnescens
R. rubricarnata
R. rubrievanescens
R. rubripermanens
R. rubrogelatinosa
R. samuelsii
R. sandaracina
R. sanguinea
R. sanguinipes
R. sardiniensis
R. schildii
R. sclerocarnosa
R. secunda
R. sesiana
R. sinoconjunctipes
R. solomonensis
R. somniculosa
R. spinulosa
R. strasseri
R. stricta
R. stuntzii
R. subaurantiaca
R. subbotrytis
R. subgelatinosa
R. subtilis
R. subviolacea
R. suecica
R. synaptopoda
R. terrea
R. testaceoflava
R. testaceoviolacea
R. thalliovirescens
R. thiersii
R. toxica
R. tridentina
R. tropicalis
R. tsugina
R. valdiviana
R. varians
R. velocimutans
R. verlotensis
R. vinaceipes
R. vinosimaculans
R. violaceibrunnea
R. watlingii
R. xanthosperma
R. zeppelinospora
R. zippelii

References

External links

MushroomExpert.Com "Clubs and Corals" by Michael Kuo

Gomphaceae
Agaricomycetes genera


Slip joint pliers are pliers whose pivot point or fulcrum can be moved to increase the size range of their jaws. Most slip joint pliers use a mechanism that allows sliding the pivot point into one of several positions when the pliers are fully opened.

Jaws can be thick, thin, regular and multiple. Multiple ones are those slip joint pliers that provide 2 or more pivoting positions.

Varieties
There are many different varieties of slip joint pliers, including straight slip joint pliers, tongue-and-groove pliers and lineman's pliers.

Straight slip joint pliers
Straight slip joint pliers are configured similarly to common or lineman's pliers in that their jaws are in line with their handles. One side of the pliers usually has two holes that are connected by a slot for the pivot. The pivot is fastened to the other side and shaped such that it can slide through the slot when the pliers are fully opened.

Tongue-and-groove pliers

Tongue-and-groove pliers have their jaws offset from their handles and have several positions at which the lower jaw can be positioned.

Pliers


The 1962 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise's 30th in the National Football League.

Regular season

Schedule

Note: Intra-conference opponents are in bold text.

Game summaries

Week 1 (Sunday September 16, 1962): Detroit Lions

at Tiger Stadium, Detroit, Michigan

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 46,641
 Referee:
 TV announcers:

Scoring Drives:

 Detroit – Cogdill 1 pass from Plum (Walker kick)
 Pittsburgh – Carpenter 43 pass from Brown (Michaels kick)
 Detroit – Pietrosante 22 run (Walker kick)
 Detroit – Cogdill 21 pass from Plum (Walker kick)
 Detroit – Lewis 1 run (Walker kick)
 Detroit – Lewis 1 run (Walker kick)
 Detroit – FG Walker 44
 Detroit – Studstill 9 pass from Plum (Walker kick)

Week 2 (Sunday September 23, 1962): Dallas Cowboys

at Cotton Bowl, Dallas, Texas

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 19,478
 Referee:
 TV announcers:

Scoring Drives:

 Dallas – Lockett 29 pass from LeBaron (Baker kick)
 Pittsburgh – Womack 16 run (Michaels kick)
 Pittsburgh – Dial 38 pass from Layne (Michaels kick)
 Pittsburgh – Johnson 16 pass from Layne (Michaels kick)
 Dallas – Perkins 2 run (Baker kick)
 Pittsburgh – Safety, Dallas holding in end zone
 Dallas – Perkins 6 run (Baker kick)
 Pittsburgh – Womack 3 run (Michaels kick)
 Dallas – Clarke 13 pass from LeBaron (Baker kick)

Week 3 (Sunday September 30, 1962): New York Giants

at Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 40,916
 Referee:
 TV announcers:

Scoring Drives:

 Pittsburgh – Womack 7 run (Michaels kick)
 New York Giants – FG Chandler 23
 Pittsburgh – Mack 28 pass from Layne (Michaels kick)
 New York Giants – Dudley 11 pass from Tittle (Chandler kick)
 Pittsburgh – FG Michaels 41
 New York Giants – Webster 58 pass from Tittle (Chandler kick)
 Pittsburgh – FG Michaels 33
 New York Giants – Gifford 27 pass from Tittle (Chandler kick)
 New York Giants – Shofner 16 pass from Tittle (Chandler kick)
 Pittsburgh – Johnson 1 run (Michaels kick)

Week 4 (Saturday October 6, 1962): Philadelphia Eagles

at Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 23,164
 Referee:
 TV announcers:

Scoring Drives:

 Pittsburgh – FG Michaels 14
 Pittsburgh – Schmitz 24 interception return (Michaels kick)
 Pittsburgh – FG Michaels 10
 Philadelphia – McDonald 46 pass from Jurgensen (Walston kick)

Week 5 (Sunday October 14, 1962): New York Giants

at Yankee Stadium, The Bronx, New York

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 62,808
 Referee:
 TV announcers:

Scoring Drives:

 New York Giants – FG Chandler 30
 Pittsburgh – Layne 1 run (Michaels kick)
 Pittsburgh – Johnson 5 pass from Layne (Michaels kick)
 New York Giants – Walton 21 pass from Tittle (Chandler kick)
 Pittsburgh – FG Michaels 16
 Pittsburgh – FG Michaels 9
 New York Giants – Gifford 16 pass from Tittle (Chandler kick)

Week 6 (Sunday October 21, 1962): Dallas Cowboys

at Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 23,106
 Referee:
 TV announcers:

Scoring Drives: Dallas – Perkins 1 run (Baker kick)
 Pittsburgh – Dial 26 pass from Layne (Michaels kick)
 Dallas – Howton 16 pass from LeBaron (Baker kick)
 Pittsburgh – FG Michaels 10
 Dallas – Clark 45 pass from LeBaron (Baker kick)
 Pittsburgh – FG Michaels 40
 Dallas – Clark 3 pass from LeBaron (Baker kick)
 Pittsburgh – Johnson 1 run (Michaels kick)
 Pittsburgh – Dial 9 pass form Layne (Michaels kick)
 Dallas – Clarke 13 pass from LeBaron (Baker kick)
 Dallas Folkins 26 pass from LeBaron (Baker kick)

 Week 7 (Sunday October 28, 1962): Cleveland Browns

at Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 35,417
 Referee:
 TV announcers:Scoring Drives: Cleveland – Costello 21 fumble run (Groza kick)
 Cleveland – FG Groza 37
 Cleveland – Scales 12 run (Groza kick)
 Pittsburgh – Hoak 1 run (Michaels kick)
 Cleveland – Brown 15 pass from Ryan (Groza kick)
 Cleveland – FG Groza 51
 Cleveland – Brown 1 run (Groza kick)
 Cleveland – Green 8 pass from Ryan (Groza kick)
 Pittsburgh – Dial 6 pass from Brown (Michaels kick)

 Week 8 (Sunday November 4, 1962): Minnesota Vikings

at Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 14,642
 Referee:
 TV announcers:Scoring Drives: Pittsburgh – Johnson 2 run (Michaels kick)
 PIttsburgh – Womack 3 run (Michaels kick)
 Minnesota – Mason 37 pass from Tarkenton (Christopherson kick)
 Minnesota – Ferguson 19 pass from Tarkenton  (Christopherson kick)
 Pittsburgh – Safety, Huth recovered fumble in end zone, covered by Stautner
 PIttsburgh – FG Michaels 32
 Pittsburgh – Johnson 2 run (Michaels kick)
 Minnesota Reichow 4 pass from Tarkenton (Christopherson kick)
 Pittsburgh – FG Michaels 38
 Minnesota – Ferguson 59 pass from Tarkenton (Christopherson kick)
 Minnesota – FG Christopherson 42
 Pittsburgh – FG Michaels
 Pittsburgh – Hoak 16 run (Michaels kick)

 Week 9 (Sunday November 11, 1962): St. Louis Cardinals

at Busch Stadium, St. Louis, Missouri

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 20,265
 Referee:
 TV announcers:Scoring Drives: St. Louis – Crow 22 run (Perry kick)
 Pittsburgh – FG Michaels 27
 St. Louis – FG Perry 22
 Pittsburgh – Carpenter 9 pass from Layne (kick failed)
 St. Louis – Gautt 1 run (Perry kick)
 Pittsburgh – Hoak 5 run (Michaels kick)
 Pittsburgh – Johnson 5 run (Michaels kick)
 Pittsburgh – FG Michaels 8

 Week 10 (Sunday November 18, 1962): Washington Redskins

at Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 21,231
 Referee:
 TV announcers:Scoring Drives: Pittsburgh – FG Michaels 37
 Washington – Cunningham 10 pass from Snead (Khayat kick)
 Pittsburgh – FG Michaels 18
 Washington – Anderson 46 pass from Snead (Khayat kick)
 Washington – Barnes 32 run (Khayat kick)
 Pittsburgh – Mack 20 pass from Brown (Michaels kick)
 Pittsburgh – Dial 9 pass from Brown (Michaels kick)
 Pittsburgh – FG Michaels 24

 Week 11 (Sunday November 25, 1962): Cleveland Browns

at Cleveland Municipal Stadium, Cleveland, Ohio

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 53,601
 Referee:
 TV announcers:Scoring Drives: Cleveland – Brown 34 pass from Ryan (Groza kick)
 Cleveland – Collins 12 pass from Ryan (Groza kick)
 Pittsburgh – Womack 15 run (Michaels kick)
 Cleveland – Renfro 31 pass from Ryan (Groza kick)
 Pittsburgh – Johnson 6 run (Michaels kick)
 Cleveland – Brown 1 run (Groza kick)
 Cleveland – Brown 1 run (Groza kick)

 Week 12 (Sunday December 2, 1962): St. Louis Cardinals

at Forbes Field, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 17,285
 Referee:
 TV announcers:Scoring Drives: Pittsburgh – Daniel 49 interception return (Michaels kick)
 Pittsburgh – FG Michaels 35
 Pittsburgh – FG Michaels 36
 Pittsburgh – FG Michaels 23
 St. Louis – Randle 12 pass from Johnson (Perry kick)
 Pittsburgh – FG Michaels 10

 Week 13 (Sunday December 9, 1962): Philadelphia Eagles

at Franklin Field, Philadelphia

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 60,671
 Referee: George Rennix
 TV announcers:Scoring Drives: Philadelphia – Retzlaff 7 pass from Jurgensen (Walston kick)
 Pittsburgh – Carpenter 12 pass from Brown (Michaels kick)
 Pittsburgh – FG Michaels 21
 Pittsburgh – Johnson 1 run (Michaels kick)
 Philadelphia – Retzlaff 49 pass from Jurgensen (Walston kick)
 Philadelphia – FG Wittenborn 18
 Pittsburgh – FG Michaels 46
 Pittsburgh – FG Michaels 28
 Pittsburgh – FG Michaels 29

 Week 14 (Sunday December 16, 1962): Washington Redskins

at D.C. Stadium, Washington, D.C.

 Game time:
 Game weather:
 Game attendance: 34,508
 Referee:
 TV announcers:Scoring Drives:'

 Washington – FG Khayat 33
 Pittsburgh – Dial 39 pass from Layne (Michaels kick)
 Pittsburgh – Hoak 1 run (Michaels kick)
 Washington – James 25 pass from Izo (Khayat kick)
 Pittsburgh – FG Michaels 38
 Pittsburgh – FG Michaels 13
 Pittsburgh – Carpenter 23 pass from Layne (Michaels kick)
 Washington – James 49 pass from Izo (Khayat kick)
 Washington – Anderson 26 pass from Izo (Khayat kick)

Standings

Personnel

Final roster

Roster

Playoff Bowl

The game matched the conference runners-up for third place in the league and was played three weeks after the end of the regular season (and a week after the championship game). The ten editions of the Playoff Bowl, all held at the Orange Bowl in Miami, Florida, are now considered exhibition games by the NFL, not post-season contests.

References

External links
 1962 Pittsburgh Steelers season at Profootballreference.com
 1962 Pittsburgh Steelers season statistics at jt-sw.com

Pittsburgh Steelers seasons
Pittsburgh Steelers
Pittsburgh Steel


Fort DuPont, named in honor of Rear Admiral Samuel Francis Du Pont, is located between the original Delaware City and the modern Chesapeake and Delaware Canal on the original Reeden Point tract, which was granted to Henry Ward in 1675. Along with two other forts of the Harbor Defenses of the Delaware, it defended the Delaware River and the water approach to Philadelphia from 1900 through 1942. In 2016, the acreage which is not in the state park system was annexed into Delaware City.

The first fortification built was the Ten Gun Battery, an auxiliary to nearby Fort Delaware during the American Civil War. The Twenty Gun Battery was constructed on the reservation during the 1870s, later followed by a mine control casemate for an underwater minefield in 1876. In 1897-1904, Endicott-era emplacements were constructed for long-range rifles, mortars, and rapid-fire guns. In 1922 the post became headquarters for the 1st Engineer Regiment, which remained at the post until 1941. During World War II, Fort DuPont served as a mobilization station for deploying units, and contained a prisoner-of-war camp for captured German soldiers and sailors. After the war, Fort DuPont was declared surplus and offered to the Veterans Administration for use as a veterans hospital. After they declined, the state bought the site at a 100 percent discount and adapted existing structures for reuse. In 1948, it officially opened as the Governor Walter W. Bacon Health Center. In 1992 a portion was redesignated as Fort DuPont State Park, which became Delaware's 13th state park. In 1999 the site was officially designated the Fort DuPont Historic District after it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The historic district comprises Fort DuPont State Park and the Governor Bacon Health Center. The site is currently being redeveloped by the Fort DuPont Redevelopment and Preservation Corporation.

Civil War through 1885
Ten Gun Battery, briefly called Fort Reynolds, was built from 1863 to 1864 on the property of 1st Lt. Clement Reeves of the 5th Delaware Volunteer Infantry. The first soldiers to garrison the post were from Capt. John Jay Young's Independent Battery G, also called the Pittsburgh Heavy Artillery. Sgt. Bishop Crumrine of Young's Battery wrote, "This fortification is not properly a Fort but rather a water battery. Situated just across the river from Fort Delaware on the Delaware City side, it has five sides. The two longest sides being next to the river is a heavy breast work on which six 10-inch and four 15-inch Rodman guns are mounted." The battery was rebuilt as the Twenty Gun Battery in the 1870s. It was to house both heavy guns and coast defense mortars, but was not fully armed. In 1876 a mine casemate was built for an underwater minefield.

1885 through Spanish–American War
In 1885 the Board of Fortifications chaired by Secretary of War William C. Endicott made sweeping recommendations for new coast defenses. Most of these recommendations were adopted in what became known as the Endicott program. Before the Spanish–American War and continuing in the following few years, major construction took place to upgrade the defense capabilities of the three forts defending the major ports along the Delaware River. Fort Mott and Fort DuPont were built essentially from scratch, and a new heavy gun battery was constructed inside Fort Delaware. At all three forts, Endicott-era batteries were built that mounted long-range rifles, mortars, and rapid-fire guns. Construction at Fort DuPont began in 1897, with all but one battery completed by the end of 1900.

Batteries Rodney and Best, with eight  mortars each, were the largest batteries at the fort. All sixteen mortars were named Battery Rodney in 1902, then split in 1906. These were in an "Abbot Quad" battery of four pits with four mortars each, arranged in a square and enclosed and separated by high walls of earth and concrete for maximum protection against enemy fire. This was typical of early Endicott mortar installations and was also intended to concentrate the mortars' fire. However, it was soon found to be too cramped for efficient reloading and later batteries had a linear, open-back arrangement. Batteries Read and Gibson mounted two  guns and two  guns, the former on barbette carriages and the latter on disappearing carriages. These were in an unusual combined battery, with the 12-inch guns of Battery Read on either side of the pair of 8-inch guns of Battery Gibson. Battery Ritchie had two  guns on pedestal mounts. Battery Elder, completed in 1910, had two  guns on pedestal mounts. These small-caliber guns were intended to protect the minefield from minesweepers, and were called "mine defense guns".

Battery Rodney was named for Caesar Rodney, signer of the Declaration of Independence and a major general in the Delaware militia. Battery Best was named for Major Clermont L. Best, an artillery officer in the Spanish–American War who died in 1903. Battery Read was named for George Read, signer of the Declaration of Independence and U.S. Constitution, and U.S. senator. Battery Gibson was named for Colonel James Gibson, killed in the War of 1812 at Fort Erie, Canada. Battery Ritchie was named for Captain John Ritchie, an artillery officer killed in the War of 1812 at Lundy's Lane, Canada. Battery Elder was named for Samuel S. Elder, an artillery officer in the Civil War who died in 1885.

On July 22, 1899, Army General Orders, No. 134, officially designated the "battery at Delaware City" as Fort DuPont, named in honor of Rear Adm. Samuel Francis Du Pont. During this time, according to the Fort DuPont Flashes, the post was garrisoned by soldiers of the 4th U.S. Artillery under the command of Maj. Van Arsdale Andruss. Fort DuPont included the headquarters for the three-fort complex, and had more barracks and administrative buildings than the other two forts. In 1901 the heavy artillery companies garrisoning forts were redesignated as coast artillery companies under the Artillery Corps, and in 1907 they became part of the new U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps. On completion Forts DuPont, Delaware, and Mott were an artillery district, redesignated in 1913 as the "Coast Defenses of the Delaware".

World War I
The overcrowding situation in the mortar battery was relieved by transferring half the mortars (two mortars per pit) to batteries under construction elsewhere. Four of Battery Best's mortars were transferred to Fort Ruger, Hawaii in 1913, and four of Battery Rodney's mortars were transferred to Fort Rosecrans, San Diego, California in 1918. During World War I, Fort DuPont continued serving the role of coastal defense as well as training post for local draftees and deploying artillery units. In 1915, Batteries Read and Gibson were declared obsolete. Following the American entry into World War I, in 1917 Battery Gibson's 8-inch (203 mm) guns were dismounted for potential use as railway artillery on the Western Front. The carriages were dismounted in 1918 and scrapped in 1922. In 1918 Battery Read's 12-inch (305 mm) guns were transferred to Fort Hamilton, Brooklyn, New York. One carriage was scrapped in 1918, one was sent to Fort Hancock, New Jersey. Battery Ritchie's pair of 5-inch (127 mm) guns were transferred to an "emergency battery" at Fisherman's Island, Virginia in 1917–1918. None of the removed guns were ever returned to the fort. Units such as the 7th Trench Mortar Battalion used Fort DuPont for basic and advanced training before heading to France in October 1918. A two-gun antiaircraft battery with M1917  AA guns was built at the fort in 1918.

Between the wars
Fort Saulsbury near Slaughter Beach, Delaware, built 1917–1920 and accepted for service in 1924, effectively replaced the three forts near Delaware City, though these retained mortars, mines, and some guns through early World War II. Fort Saulsbury had four  guns on long-range barbette carriages and was sited to engage the enemy much further down the estuary than the earlier forts. The Harbor Defenses of the Delaware was one of the most extreme examples of coast defense forts being built further seaward as gun ranges increased. Following World War I, Fort DuPont transitioned to a quartermaster depot and also became an engineer post with the arrival of the First Engineers in May 1922. During this time, Battery E, 7th Coast Artillery was the caretaker detachment for the Coast Artillery Corps facilities at Fort DuPont and the other Delaware River forts. On December 12, 1932, six sets of officers' quarters were floated to Fort DuPont from Fort Mott in Pennsville, N.J. One set of quarters was floated over the year prior. From 1934 until 1936, Fort DuPont and the 1st Engineer Regiment were commanded by Col. Ulysses S. Grant III, grandson of President Ulysses S. Grant. Some sources state the two  guns of Battery Elder were relocated to "Delaware Beach" in 1922 (location unclear), and in 1942 further relocated to Reedy Island to protect a US Navy defensive boom as Battery Liston or Battery Elder II, reportedly leaving service later that year.

World War II

During World War II Fort DuPont served as a mobilization station for deploying units. In 1941, following re-designation, the 1st Engineer Battalion departed for overseas service. At the war's start, the post was the headquarters for the Harbor Defenses of the Delaware, with garrison units including the 21st Coast Artillery Regiment, 261st Coast Artillery Battalion, and the 122nd Separate Coast Artillery (Anti-Aircraft) Battalion. In 1942, the headquarters for HD Delaware was transferred, along with artillery troops, to Fort Miles in Lewes, Delaware. Fort DuPont was disarmed with all weapons scrapped by this time, as Fort Miles had superseded the previous defenses of the Delaware. Col. George Ruhlen was post commander from 1940 until 1944, and following retirement was succeeded by Col. Randolph Russell. In May 1944, the 1231st SCU prisoner-of-war camp was established using repurposed temporary buildings in the mobilization area. During the war, roughly 3,000 German POWs were housed at Fort DuPont. These POWs included crew members of the submarine U-858 that surrendered off the coast of Lewes, Delaware along with the rest of German forces in May 1945. POWs worked as dishwashers, waiters, grocers, butchers, and other support roles on post as well as working on other local installations such as the New Castle Army Air Base. German POWs worked for civilian canneries, garbage companies and repaired sections of the boardwalk for the city of Rehoboth Beach. Following the war, effective December 31, 1945, Fort DuPont was placed "in the category of surplus" according to AG 602 (dated October 5, 1945) issued by the federal government.

After World War II
In 1948, the post reopened as the Governor Bacon Health Center operated by the Delaware Division of Health and Social Services. In 1992, a large portion was rededicated as Fort DuPont State Park. In 1976, the Maj. Gen.  Joseph J. Scannell Armory (named in 1992) was built on the site of the former POW camp. In 1996, this armory became the home station for the 153rd Military Police Company, a unit in the Delaware Army National Guard. Fort DuPont was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. The Fort DuPont Historic District comprises roughly 350 acres and over 75 buildings, structures, and objects.

Restoration and preservation
During WWII, about 300 buildings and structures lined the streets of Fort DuPont. By 2011, less than 80 historic buildings and structures remained. In 1947, temporary mobilization barracks were torn down by the state prior to the opening of the health center. The mobilization hospital complex, recreation hall, and chapel were integrated into the health center's master plan. Today, only the chapel and one hospital building survive. The others have collapsed and were torn down.  Most of the quarters on officers row were cannibalized and demolished by 1980. Sections of Fort DuPont are governed by six different state agencies, which often leads to confusion over who is responsible for maintaining specific roads, buildings, and structures. Since the health center downsized in the late 1970s, state funding is limited and doesn't allot for basic maintenance and care of the buildings. Houses built in the 1890s to 1900s are plagued by collapsed chimneys, damaged roofs, broken windows, rotting porches, and in desperate need of a simple coat of paint. The twenty-gun battery is barely visible in summer months due to reclamation by invasive species of vegetation. According to the Natural Lands Trust, most buildings/structures are at a point where they can be stabilized but waiting any longer could prove detrimental. In 2011, the State of Delaware approved a $250,000 bond bill that will fund the creation of a master plan, which will focus on restoration, preservation, and adapting historic structures for modern use.

Resident curatorship program

Currently, Delaware State Parks offers a resident curatorship program, which is an "opportunity for a public/private partnership in which the curator (which may be a couple) donates their own resources—time and/or money—to the restoration of an historic property in exchange for a long-term no-rent agreement. Because the cost to the curator is often much more than $100,000, the term of the lease is typically for the life of the curator(s)". Almost a dozen historic properties on Fort DuPont are available for residency as part of this curatorship program. There are also several buildings/structures that are available under a similar program zoned for regular businesses and non-profit organizations. In 2006, the Fort Delaware Society became the first successful curator following the adaptive reuse of the quartermaster office (Building 113) on Staff Lane. Since then, the Delaware Military Heritage & Education Foundation has signed on with the program, pledging to restore the Post Exchange & gymnasium (Building 36) and a non-commissioned officer duplex (Building 91), both for use as part of the Delaware Military Museum. In 2007, the post movie theater's very existence was threatened by years of neglect. State funding was scarce, due to the economy, but enough money was allocated to provide the 398-seat theater with a new roof, drains and gutters, stabilized marque, and minor window repair. In 2007, The News Journal published an article citing the theater's availability in the curatorship program. Delaware State Parks' historian, Lee Jennings said it would be "the perfect place for the community to gather..." and watch plays, musicals, vintage films, as well as modern movies.

Adaptive reuse
Although not part of the curatorship program, almost a dozen historic buildings are currently under adaptive reuse status. The Renewal Center (non-denominational) operates out of the post chapel (Building T-213), which was built in 1941. The center, which maintains and cares for the building, has a lease through the Delaware Division of Health and Social Services (DHSS).

The Delaware Wing of the Civil Air Patrol is headquartered out of the old post headquarters (Building 10) and has lease for the property through the Delaware Division of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC). The double-company barracks (Building 49) and band barracks (Building 48) serve as the main hospital buildings for the Governor Bacon Health Center (DHSS) at Fort DuPont.  In fact, several other historic structures still serve their original purpose, including the carpenter shop (Building 61) and other maintenance buildings, which are utilized by DHSS.

The Delaware Division of Purchasing operates a surplus warehouse in the original commissary (Building 43), and the state's fleet vehicles are housed and maintained in the original motor pool. In 2008, Delaware State Parks (part of DNREC) restored one of the brick duplexes (Building 90), which according to Lee Jennings, will eventually contain 1930s furnishings and serve as a location for public programming.

See also
 Seacoast defense in the United States
 United States Army Coast Artillery Corps
 Harbor Defense Command
 List of coastal fortifications of the United States

Gallery

References

Further reading

External links

 Map of HD Delaware at FortWiki.com
 American Forts Network, lists forts in the US, former US territories, Canada, and Central America
 List of all US coastal forts and batteries at the Coast Defense Study Group, Inc. website
 FortWiki, lists most CONUS and Canadian forts
Fort DuPont State Park
Fort Delaware Society
Images of America: Fort DuPont
Delaware Military Heritage & Education Foundation
153rd Military Police Company

1864 establishments in Delaware
Delaware City, Delaware
DuPont, Fort
DuPont
Delaware in the American Civil War
Buildings and structures in New Castle County, Delaware
DuPont
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Delaware
National Register of Historic Places in New Castle County, Delaware


Purple Storm may refer to:

Operation Purple Storm, a series of US Military exercises in Panama in 1989
Purple Storm (film), a 1999 Hong Kong action film


Augusta Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, United States.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 1,405.

History
Augusta Township was organized in 1870. It was named Augusta in honor of a postmaster's wife.

Geography
Augusta Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Augusta.  According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Calvary. It also contains a cemetery called Augusta Township Cemetery (Kuster).

The streams of Elm Creek and Whitewater River run through this township.

Transportation
Augusta Township contains three airports or landing strips: Augusta Airport, Augusta Municipal Airport and Sills Air Park.

Further reading

Notes

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


The Rachel Alexandra Stakes is a Grade II American Thoroughbred horse race for three-year-old fillies at a distance of one and one sixteenth miles on the dirt run annually in February at Fair Grounds Race Course in New Orleans, Louisiana.  The event currently offers a purse of $300,000.

History

The inaugural running of the event was on 6 March 1982 as the Davona Dale Stakes over a distance of one mile and forty yards and was won by Windfields Farm's Laura North who was trained by US Hall of Fame trainer Grover G. Delp and ridden by jockey Ronald Franklin in a time of 1:42.

The event was named in honor of Calumet Farm's champion homebred filly Davona Dale, foaled in 1976 was U.S. Champion Three-Year-Old Filly after winning the Grade I Kentucky Oaks and sweeping the New York Triple Tiara series: the Acorn Stakes, the Mother Goose Stakes, and the Coaching Club American Oaks. Davona Dale was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1985. Today Davona Dale continues to have an event named for her as the GII Davona Dale Stakes at Gulfstream Park in Hallandale Beach, Florida.

The event became a preparatory event for the Fair Grounds Oaks and was scheduled after the Thelma Stakes (today known as the Letellier Memorial Stakes for two-year-olds held in December) which was run over the six-furlong distance.

In 1985 the distance of the event was increased to one and one sixteenth miles and the winner Marshua's Echelon also was victorious in winning both the Thelma Stakes and the Fair Grounds Oaks.

The following year Tiffany Lass repeated Marshua's Echelon achievements and then continued with her undefeated streak winning the GI Fantasy Stakes at Oaklawn Park and the GI Kentucky Oaks. Although Tiffany Lass would not race in the second half of 1986 her performances were substantial enough to land her U.S. Champion Three-Year-Old Filly honors for the year.

In 1999 the American Graded Stakes Committee upgraded the classification of the event to Grade III. For the first running as a graded event, the US Champion Two-Year-Old Filly and Breeders' Cup Juvenile Fillies winner Silverbulletday from 1998 entered and began her three-year-old campaign in the event. Starting at short odds of 1/10 Silverbulletday faced seven other fillies and won the event by  lengths. Silverbulletday would go on an win another seven more events of which four were Grade I and be crowned  US Champion Three-Year-Old Filly of 1999.

In 2001, a year after Silverbulletday retired Fair Grounds track administration renamed the event to the Silverbulletday Stakes.

In 2002 running of the event Take Charge Lady equaled the track record in winning by  lengths in a time of 1:42.09.

In 2003 the event was upgraded to Grade II status but this only was until 2005 when it was downgraded back to Grade III.

Due to the catastrophic damage caused by of Hurricane Katrina to the Fair Ground Race Course in 2005 the event was held at Louisiana Downs in 2006.

In 2010 Fair Grounds track administration renamed the event again to the Rachel Alexandra Stakes in honor of the 2009 American Horse of the Year, Rachel Alexandra. Rachel Alexandra had won the Fair Grounds Oaks in 2009 during her exceptional campaign that won her the Eclipse Award.

In 2016 the event was upgraded from Grade III to Grade II status. In 2020, the purse was increased to $300,000.

The Rachel Alexandra Stakes is part of the Road to the Kentucky Oaks and has produced multiple winners of that race, including Monomoy Girl (2018) and Serengeti Empress (2019).

Records
Speed  record:
  miles: 1:42.09 – Take Charge Lady (2002)

Margins:
 11 lengths – Out of the Bid (1987)

Most wins by a jockey:
 3 - Kenneth Bourque (1984, 1987, 1991)
 3 - Ronald Ardoin (1993, 1994, 1998)

Most wins by a trainer:
 6 - Steven Asmussen (2005, 2007, 2009, 2014, 2020, 2021)

Most wins by an owner:
 4 - Winchell Thoroughbreds  (2005, 2009, 2014, 2020)

Rachel Alexandra Stakes – Fair Grounds Oaks double:
Marshua's Echelon  †(1985), Tiffany Lass  †(1986), Prospectors Delite †(1992), Blushing K. D.  †(1997), Silverbulletday †(1999), Shawnee Country ‡(2000), Take Charge Lady ‡(2002), Summerly ‡(2005), Untapable (2014), I'm a Chatterbox (2015), Farrell (2017)

Notes:

† Rachel Alexandra Stakes was known as the Davona Dale Stakes

‡ Rachel Alexandra Stakes was known as the Silverbulletday Stakes

Winners

Notes:

§ Ran as an entry

See also
List of American and Canadian Graded races
Road to the Kentucky Oaks

References

Fair Grounds Race Course
Flat horse races for three-year-old fillies
Graded stakes races in the United States
Horse races in New Orleans
Horse racing
Recurring sporting events established in 1982
1982 establishments in Louisiana
Grade 2 stakes races in the United States


Benton Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 2,211.

History
Benton Township was organized in 1872. It was named for Thomas Benton Murdock, a state politician.

Geography
Benton Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Benton.  According to the USGS, it contains three cemeteries: Benton, Indianola and Old Benton.

Transportation
Benton Township contains one airport or landing strip, Benton Airport.

See also
List of Kansas townships

Further reading

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Bloomington Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 544.

History
Bloomington Township was established in 1872.

Geography
Bloomington Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Bogle.

The stream of Hickory Creek runs through this township.

Further reading

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Bruno Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 9,744.

Bruno Township was organized in 1873.

Geography
Bruno Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Andover.  According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Andover.

The stream of Republican Creek runs through this township.

Further reading

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Chelsea Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 190.

History
Chelsea Township was organized in 1876. The township was named by a settler from Boston after Chelsea, Massachusetts. Some sources give it as the birthplace of painter Gladys Nelson Smith.

Geography
Chelsea Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Chelsea.

The streams of Cole Creek, Durechen Creek and Gilmore Branch run through this township.

Further reading

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas
Populated places established in 1876
1876 establishments in Kansas


Clay Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 83.

History
Clay Township was created in 1879.

Geography
Clay Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the United States Geological Survey, it contains two cemeteries: Bryant and Lone Star.

The stream of North Branch Rock Creek runs through this township.

Further reading

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Clifford Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 259.

History
Clifford Township was organized in 1876. The township was named for John A. Clifford, a pioneer settler.

Geography
Clifford Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.

Cemeteries
The township contains the following cemeteries:
 Clifford Cemetery (aka Pleasant Center Cemetery), located in Section 14 T23S R4E.
 Ebenezer Methodist Church Cemetery, located in Section 19 T23S R5E.

Further reading

References

External links
 Butler County Website
 City-Data.com
 Butler County Maps: Current, 1936

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Douglass Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 2,306.

History
Douglass Township was organized in 1874. The township was named for Captain Joseph Douglass, a pioneer settler.

Geography
Douglass Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Douglass.  According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Douglass.

The stream of Little Walnut River runs through this township.

Further reading

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


El Dorado Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 1,700.

El Dorado Township was organized in 1867.

Geography
El Dorado Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, El Dorado (the county seat).  According to the USGS, it contains three cemeteries: Belle Vista, Sunset Lawns and Walnut Valley Memorial Park.

The streams of Constant Creek, Sutton Creek and West Branch Walnut River run through this township.

Transportation
El Dorado Township contains one airport or landing strip, El Dorado Municipal Airport.

Further reading

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Christmas Island, part of the New Year Group, is a  granite island located in the Great Australian Bight, lying off the north-west coast of Tasmania, Australia.

New Year Group
There are four islands in the New Year Group. Besides Christmas Island, these are:
 King Island,
 New Year Island and
 Councillor Island.

While King Island has the largest area of the four islands, the group is named after New Year Island because it was discovered by Europeans a few days earlier than King Island.

Fauna
Breeding seabird and shorebird species include little penguin, short-tailed shearwater, Pacific gull, silver gull, sooty oystercatcher, pied oystercatcher and black-faced cormorant. Reptiles include tiger snakes and lizards. A species of mouse is present.

The island forms part of the King Island Important Bird Area because of its importance for breeding seabirds and waders.

Geography
According to the International Hydrographic Organization, the line separating the Bass Strait from the Great Australian Bight runs through King Island, so Christmas Island lies in the Great Australian Bight.

Christmas Island is not to be confused with Little Christmas Island on Tasmania’s east coast or the Australian external territory Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean.

See also

 List of islands of Tasmania

References

Protected areas of Tasmania
Important Bird Areas of Tasmania
King Island (Tasmania)


In Fiction were an Australian five-piece melodic rock band from Adelaide.

Having formed in 2005, In Fiction signed to Boomtown Records in 2006 with their debut release The Four Letter Failure and featured as Triple J's "Next Crop" artist as part of AusMusic Month.

The Four Letter Failure peaked at number 86 on the Australian ARIA Charts and stayed in the top 100 for five weeks.

In March 2007, the group released Ghost which peaked at number 85 on the ARIA Chart.

In Fiction frequently tour Australia with a number of bands, including The Matches, Bodyjar, Behind Crimson Eyes and Kisschasy. In Fiction also play many festival tours including the 2007 Vans Boys Of Summer Tour, both the 2006 and 2007 Boomtown Showdown tours, the 2008 Adelaide Soundwave Festival and 2008 Push Over Festival.

In Fiction's debut album The Forecast was released on 7 June 2008 featuring the single "Liar Liar".

In late October 2008, the band announced that they would be breaking up indefinitely for personal reasons.
As of 2009, three new incarnations of In Fiction have emerged from the previous members which are: The Afterparty (Brad), The Fountainhead (Paul, Alistair and Tom) and The Miracle is Now (Josh).

On 26 June 2010, In Fiction played a reunion show for the grand opening of a new music venue in Light Square, Adelaide.

Another reunion show was also held on 20 August 2011 at Fowlers Live.

Discography

Albums

Extended plays

References

External links

 In Fiction at Boomtown Records

Australian rock music groups
Musical groups from Adelaide


Fairmount Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 511.

History
Fairmount Township was organized in 1873.

Geography
Fairmount Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Elbing.

Cemeteries
The township contains the following cemeteries:
 Fairmount Cemetery
 Pleasant View Cemetery.
 Zion Cemetery.

Further reading

References

External links
 Butler County Website
 City-Data.com
 Butler County Maps: Current, 1936

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas