Henri Gérin (April 13, 1900 – September 2, 1941) was a Canadian politician in Quebec, Canada. He was a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (MLA).

Early life

He was born on April 13, 1900, in Coaticook, Eastern Townships.

Member of the legislature

Gérin ran as a Union Nationale candidate in the provincial district of Stanstead in the by-election held on November 2, 1938, and won.  He was defeated in the 1939 election.

Death

He died on September 2, 1941.

References

1900 births
1941 deaths
Union Nationale (Quebec) MNAs


Bernart de Rovenac, Rovenhac, or Roenach (fl. 1242–1261) was a Languedocian troubadour. Four of his sirventes have been preserved. The attitude ubiquitous in his poetry is perhaps best expressed by these lines: Aital guerra m'agrada mas que platz, / non tals treguas ont om si'enganatz ("Thus war would please me more than peace, / nor such truces wherein men lie").

Bernart hailed from Rovenac in the modern Aude. He is first attested in early 1242, when he composed a poem, Ja no vuelh do mi esnenda, concerning a local uprising against King Louis IX in Languedoc. In it he attacks both James I of Aragon and Henry III of England for not coming to the aid of their vassals and makes a play on James' Occitan name, Jacme: Jacme (i.e. jac-me) quar trop vol jazer, meaning that it is appropriate his name is "James (i.e. "Going-to-bed"), because he wants to lie down too much." This piece was written in Limós near Rovenac, as a line of the tornada indicates.

In a slightly later poem, D'un sirventes m'es gran voluntatz preza, Bernart attacks amdos los reis ("both the kings") for neglecting lor fieus ("their fiefs") that the rei que conquer Suria ("king who conquered Syria") has possessed. The two kings are James and Henry and "the king who conquered Syria" is a mocking reference to Louis, whose Seventh Crusade ended in defeat and capture at the Battle of Mansurah (1250). Louis was still captive in Syria (1254) when Bernart wrote in hopes that the two kings would take advantage of the French monarch's absence.

Because of his political poetry, Bernart was very unpopular with the Aragonese court, though he may have travelled into Castile and certainly had a high opinion of Alfonso X of Castile. In 1259–60 he joined the revolt led by Ramon Folc V de Cardona against James of Aragon, which occasion a meg-sirventes (half-sirventes) no longer extant but mentioned in the poem Can aug en cort critz e mazans e brutz by Cerverí de Girona (towards the end of 1259). Bernart's response to Cerverí's criticism that he was nought but a jongleur, if he made one, has not survived. Cerverí, like Bernart, was patronised by Ramon Folc, but unlike Bernart he became a court poet to the Aragonese kings. Professional jealousy may have been involved in his spat with En Roenach, for he certainly remained on good terms with Ramon Folc.

The only piece of Bernart's work that cannot be dated with precision is Una sirventesca, written sometimes between 1241 and 1253. It is a sirventes joglaresc, that is, a sirventes making fun of a jongleur, in this case named Rainier. The metre is highly artificial and the last two lines of each cobla are a refranh (refrain). Cerverí copied it in his Ta mal ne fay sala, the second aniversari for Ramon Folc V (died 1276). Bernart was both an influence on and a competitor with Cerverí, whose career began at the time Bernart's ended.

Bernart's last sirventes was occasioned by the execution of Guillem Ramon II d'Òdena in 1261. Guillem's testament, in which he confesses his guilt and crimes, is dated to 14 January and his execution must have taken place shortly after that date. He was convicted of breaking the truce signed between the Crown and the barons and drowned at sea between Sitges and Cubelles by the infante Peter. Bernart wrote an attack on Peter, whom he compares to executioner who masks his face, in Belh m'es quan vei pels vergiers e pels pratz. It was composed in the same metre as Cerverí's Can aug. Scholars have dated it to 1224 and 1274–5, but its context leaves it beyond doubt that it was composed in 1261.

Sources

Riquer, Martín de. Los trovadores: historia literaria y textos. 3 vol. Barcelona: Planeta, 1975.
Snow, Joseph T. "The Iberian Peninsula." A Handbook of the Troubadours edd. F. R. P. Akehurst and Judith M. Davis. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. .

13th-century French troubadours
People from Aude


Christopher William Geere (born 18 March 1981) is an English actor. He is known for playing the lead role of Jimmy Shive-Overly in the FX and FXX dark comedy series You're the Worst and Roger Clifford in the 2019 film Detective Pikachu.

Career
Geere graduated from Guildford School of Acting and began his career on stage opposite Dame Judi Dench in Royal Shakespeare Company's All’s Well That Ends Well.

Geere portrayed the character of Music and Drama teacher Matt Wilding in the BBC One school-based drama series Waterloo Road. In January 2009, just as the fourth series of Waterloo Road began airing, Geere said that he would not be returning for the fifth series.

Geere broke out to American audiences as Jimmy Shive-Overly, one half of the toxic and self-destructive couple at the heart of Stephen Falk's critically acclaimed comedy You're the Worst for FX and FXX which received 4 Critic's Choice nominations including Best Comedy. You're the Worst ran for five seasons from 2014 to 2019.

In 2019 Geere joined the global Pokémon universe as Roger Clifford in Legendary Entertainment/Universal Pictures live-action film Pokémon Detective Pikachu alongside Bill Nighy, Justice Smith and Ryan Reynolds.

Geere recurred on ABC's Modern Family as Haley & then Alex's love interest Professor Arvin Fennerman; as Joel, the well-meaning but hilariously toxic lead in BBC & Showtime's dark comedic limited series, Ill Behaviour (TV series), opposite Tom Riley and Lizzy Caplan; Channel 4's This Way Up (TV series) starring Sharon Horgan and Aisling Bea; The First Team (TV series) with Will Arnett; and on A Million Little Things as Allison Miller's new roommate/love interest Jamie.

After recurring in season 5, Geere joined the cast of This Is Us as a series regular for their sixth and final season.

Personal life
Geere was born in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire. He married Jennifer Sawdon, a singer-songwriter and pianist, in 2010. Their son was born in 2012.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1981 births
21st-century English male actors
English male film actors
English male television actors
Living people
Male actors from Cambridge


Milton Milan (born November 10, 1962) is an American Democratic politician. He was the first Latino Mayor of Camden, New Jersey, elected in 1997, before being convicted of corruption and subsequently removed from office, becoming the third Camden mayor in 20 years to be found guilty of corruption.

Biography
Milan grew up in North Camden and served as a United States Marine in the 1980s. He was elected to City Council in 1995. During his first term as mayor, he was indicted on a 19-count corruption case, and convicted on 14 of those counts on December 21, 2000, among them:
laundered $65,000 in drug money
staged a break-in with his former business partner to collect insurance money illegally
accepted $30,000 to $50,000 in bribes from the Mafia
used campaign money to pay for a vacation to Puerto Rico
received two vehicles and thousands of dollars in free work on his home from city contractors
and authorized the shakedown of a $5,000 political contribution from the city's public defender

The judge sentenced him to the maximum allowed under federal sentencing guidelines: seven years and three months in prison minus time served, and three years of supervision, plus barred from running for office. He spared Milan a fine, citing the lack of ability to pay, but Milan was held responsible for $14,761 in restitution.

References

Living people
1962 births
Hispanic and Latino American mayors in New Jersey
Mayors of Camden, New Jersey
Politicians convicted of racketeering
American money launderers
New Jersey Democrats
New Jersey politicians convicted of corruption
New Jersey politicians convicted of crimes


Lee Seung-hwan (; born December 13, 1965) is a South Korean singer and record producer known as the country's "King of Live Performances" for his frequent solo concerts. Lee debuted in 1989 as a pop ballad singer and later incorporated rock elements into his music. He has released numerous hit songs and is the president and founder of South Korean entertainment agency Dream Factory.

Personal life
Lee was born in Busan, South Korea, and attended Whimoon High School in Seoul.

He was married to actress Chae Rim from 2003 until their divorce in 2006.

Career
Lee has released more than 10 different singles, albums and EPs that reached number one. This commercial success was repeated in South Korea; his own company, Dream Factory, estimated that he has sold over 10 million records, including singles. Lee is a first musician as a president of his company. His debut album, "...B.C 603" propelled him to stardom on October 15, 1989. He won the New Artist's Gold Disc in 1991. He has held more 1000 solo concerts and those concerts have been contributed to develop Korea pop-culture.

"Chakage Salja (; lit, Let's Live a Good Life)" is a fund-raising concert which Lee hosts every year. Part of the money raised goes to Korean Childhood Leukemia Foundation.

Discography

Studio albums

Extended plays

Filmography

Television shows

Awards and nominations

Golden Disc Awards

Mnet Asian Music Awards

References

External links
 Dream Factory official website

1965 births
K-pop singers
Living people
Singers from Busan
South Korean composers
South Korean male singers
South Korean pop rock singers
MAMA Award winners
Korean Music Award winners
Melon Music Award winners
Whimoon High School alumni


The Pensacola Convoy is a colloquialism for a United States military shipping convoy that took place in late 1941 as the Pacific War began. The name was derived from that of its primary escort ship, the heavy cruiser . Pensacola was officially designated Task Group 15.5 and Army sources may use the term Republic convoy for the senior convoy vessel. The convoy, dispatched in peacetime, was intended to reinforce the United States Army Forces Far East (USAFFE), created to defend the U.S. Commonwealth of the Philippines and commanded by General Douglas MacArthur, with artillery, aircraft, munitions and fuel, as the threat of war with the Empire of Japan loomed. After war broke out, and Japanese forces attacked the Philippines, the convoy was diverted to Brisbane, Australia.

Background
The War Department on 16 August 1941 approved large-scale reinforcement of the Philippines. General MacArthur was notified that the first units would sail in September. When Chief of Staff George C. Marshall asked MacArthur if he needed a National Guard division for USAFFE, MacArthur declined the offer, stating: "Equipment and supply of existing forces are the prime essential. I am confident if these steps are taken with sufficient speed, that no further major reinforcement will be necessary for accomplishment of the defense mission." Marshall replied: "I have directed that United States Army Forces in the Philippines be placed in highest priority for equipment ... (and) ... men." Reinforcement convoys began in September and continued through November 1941, escorted from Pearl Harbor, Territory of Hawaii, by a naval vessel.

Pensacolas convoy included the gunboat ; the U.S. Navy transports  and USS Chaumont; the U.S. Army transport ships  and ; the U.S. merchant ships  and ; and the Dutch merchant ship .

The convoy was carrying a provisional brigade from the U.S. Field Artillery Corps, made up of 2,000 National Guard  troops:

 2nd Battalion, 131st Field Artillery Regiment (Texas National Guard)
 1st and 2nd Battalions, 147th Field Artillery Regiment (South Dakota National Guard)
 1st Battalion, 148th Field Artillery Regiment (Idaho National Guard)

2,600 U. S. Army Air Forces personnel were also on board, along with aircraft shipped disassembled in crates: Fifty-two Douglas A-24 dive bombers of the 27th Bombardment Group (Light) sent on the Meigs.  Eighteen crated Curtiss P-40 fighter planes of the 35th Pursuit Group (Interceptor) on the Bloemfontein. Forty eight pursuit pilots of the 35th PG traveled on the Republic and thirty-nine newly graduated but unassigned pilots were aboard the Holbrook.

Materiel transported included: 20 75 mm field artillery pieces, AA ammunition, 2,000 500 lb bombs, 3,000 30 lb bombs, 340 motor vehicles, 9,000 barrels of aviation fuel, 500,000 rounds of .50 caliber ammunition and 9,600 rounds of 37 mm anti-aircraft shells.

Convoy

The ships left San Francisco individually and arrived at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on 27 November to form the convoy. It sailed for Manila on 29 November by an indirect, southerly route. On 7 December, after news of the attack on Pearl Harbor reached the convoy, the crews and soldiers on board began to cover the civilian paint schemes of the ships with gray paint. Extra lookouts were posted to watch for Japanese planes, submarines and surface ships. All personnel were ordered to wear life jackets and carry full canteens of water. Life rafts were installed on deck. Japanese forces landed in the Philippines on 8 December and the convoy was ordered to put in at Suva, Fiji while its destination was debated.

It became clear over the following hours that the Japanese were rapidly overcoming Allied resistance in the Philippines and many other parts of Southeast Asia. On 9 December, at a meeting of the Joint Board, the chief planners of the respective services, Brigadier General Leonard T. Gerow and Rear Admiral Richmond K. Turner agreed that the convoy should be recalled immediately. Turner wanted it to reinforce Pearl Harbor. Gerow agreed and added that if the convoy was not sent to Hawaii, it should be brought back to the continental United States.

However, the Pensacola convoy was discussed in a meeting at the White House the following day, and Roosevelt suggested that the materiel should be delivered to the Southwest Pacific. He referred the matter back to the Joint Board, which decided at a meeting that same day to send the convoy to Brisbane, Australia by way of Suva, Fiji. The convoy reached Suva on 12 December with Australian warships being dispatched the same date to cover the convoy's final approach. The cruisers HMAS Canberra and HMAS Perth left Sydney for Brisbane where on the 15th Rear-Admiral J.G. Crace hoisted his flag in Canberra and departed for the New Caledonia vicinity to be joined by the light cruiser .

The convoy then sailed from Fiji in a zigzag course, at a speed set by the slowest ship. To ensure that the rations on board lasted, the soldiers now received only two daily meals. On 19 December in the vicinity of New Caledonia the convoy escort was augmented by HMAS Canberra, HMAS Perth and HMNZS Achilles. On 21 December 1941 land based Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Hudsons provided anti-submarine screening later to be joined by  and  for the final approaches to Brisbane.

Meanwhile, the staff of the commander of the U.S. Asiatic Fleet, Admiral Thomas C. Hart, considered how the convoy could make its way from Brisbane to Manila. Japanese advances in the Philippines meant that a blockade by the Imperial Japanese Navy was highly possible. Secondary plans to support Dutch and British Commonwealth forces, in the Dutch East Indies, Malaya and Singapore, faced similar difficulties. MacArthur, when advised of Hart's apprehensions, replied that the convoy could reach Manila with an appropriate naval escort and air support.

The situation changed however suddenly, on 22 December, when Japanese forces began landing in Lingayen Gulf. That same day, the convoy reached Brisbane with the additional Australian escort. It was received enthusiastically by people in Australia. This was because they were the first U.S. soldiers on Australian soil, at a time when Japanese forces were seen to threaten Australia. The strongest and only battle-hardened Australian Army units — known as the Australian Imperial Force — were involved in the North African and Malayan Campaigns. The U.S. soldiers were accommodated at Ascot Racecourse (later known as Eagle Farm) in tents, while they awaited further instructions.

It had been decided to send the most important articles of equipment by air to Manila, and General George Brett was en route to Australia to establish a supply system for reinforcing the Philippines. The airplanes sent with the convoy were assembled but no engine coolant had been provided for the fighters, and the dive bombers were without trigger motors, gunsight solenoids, and gun mounts.

The circumstances that led to the omission of these parts were found to be due to inexperience in loading and peacetime lack of standard nomenclature and practices. For example, the A-24 dive bomber trigger motors and solenoids were found to have been overlooked in unpacking and destroyed due to being nailed inside the packing crates and burned with the crates. Few of the troops, mostly artillerymen, were familiar with general supply outside their specialties, yet were now responsible for the unexpected unloading and redistribution of cargo for retention in Australia or transshipment onward to Java and possibly the Philippines even as they were required to begin forming a base in Australia.

The Pensacola was directed on 24 December to escort ongoing elements of her convoy as far as the Torres Strait before returning and rejoining the fleet. On 28 December, after six days of prolonged unloading because cargo had been haphazardly loaded under peacetime standards, two artillery battalions sailed on Holbrook and Bloemfontein, the two fastest ships, destined for Manila. Japanese bases established in Borneo by this time made the blockade of the Philippines effective so that most of the troops were unloaded at Darwin Australia with some sent forward to Surabaja, Java.

Aftermath
The Bloemfontein with an escort composed of the cruisers  and  and destroyers , , , , and  departing from Darwin to Surabaya was able to transport the 2nd Battalion, 131st Field Artillery arriving Surabaya on 11 January 1942, where it joined other Allied forces. The battalion was commended for its service in the Battle of Java, during March 1942. After a general Allied surrender, most of its personnel became POWs. However, Headquarters 26th Field Artillery Brigade evacuated Java on 27 February 1942 and returned to Australia on 4 March 1942.

Seventeen of the eighteen P-40 fighter planes were quickly assembled, then assigned to the 17th Pursuit Squadron (Provisional), formed 15 January from pursuit pilots of the Far East Air Force sent from Luzon at the end of December 1941 to ferry the aircraft back to the Philippines. Japanese advances southward into the Netherlands East Indies cut the ferry route and isolated MacArthur's forces, however. From Brisbane on 16 January, the 17th PS flew its aircraft across northern Australia to Darwin, Northern Territory, where it remained until 24 January, when it moved via Kupang and Bali to its base on Java. On 1 March, the squadron evacuated Java, leaving its surviving aircraft to the Dutch military.

Eleven of the A-24s reached Java on 11 February, assigned to the 27th Bombardment Group's 91st Bomb Squadron. All were lost in action. Several others were later assigned to the 3rd Bombardment Group; most of these were shot down on 26 July 1942, while attacking Japanese shipping off Buna, New Guinea.

The battalions of the 147th and 148th Field Artillery Regiments on the convoy were sent to Darwin to reinforce northern Australia. The 147th units were later reorganized as the 147th and 260th Field Artillery Battalions. The 148th units became the 148th Field Artillery Battalion. Both battalions served in the Southwest Pacific.

USS Pensacola served in many notable actions of World War II; she was decommissioned on 26 August 1946.

See also
Battle of Brisbane

Footnotes

Notes

References

Bibliography

 --- "Chapter IX: Strategy and Logistics"

External links
 Australian War Memorial Online Encyclopedia, 2008, "United States forces in Australia"  (Australian War Memorial; AWM)
 Australian War Memorial:(Photo) BRISBANE, QLD. 1941-12. Aerial starboard side view of the dutch transport Bloemfontein which brought American troops to Australia as part of the Pensacola convoy in 1941-12. (Naval Historical Collection)
 Australian War Memorial:(Photo) Starboard side view of the American transport Coast Farmer which brought US troops to Australia as part of the Pensacola convoy in 1941-12. She was torpedoed and sunk by a Japanese submarine 15 miles off Jervis Bay on 1942-07-20. (Naval Historical Collection)
 Australian War Memorial:(Photo) Aerial starboard side view of the American transport Holbrook which brought US troops to Australia as part of the Pensacola convoy in 1941-12. She carried US troops to Darwin in 1942-01 and repatriated Australian troops from the Middle East as part of convoy SU.4, a component of the Stepsister Movement in 1942-05. (Naval Historical Collection)
 Gordon R. Birkett, 2003–05, "Early USAAF P40E/E-1 Operations in Australia Part 3V5" (adf-serials.com)
 A. B. Feuer, "Pawn Of Fate: The Pensacola Convoy", Sea Classics July 2004 (article; available through BNET)
 Peter Dunn, 2004, "Pensacola Convoy and Other Convoys Arriving in Australia During WW2" (Australia @ War; amateur military history)
 Carl Molesworth, 2003, P-40 Warhawk Aces of the Pacific, Osprey Publishing (excerpts available from Google books)
 Louis Morton, 1953, United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific; The Fall of the Philippines (Chapter IX: "Strategy and Logistics"; "The Pensacola Convoy")  (Official history)

1941 in Australia
Conflicts in 1941
History of Brisbane
Military history of Australia during World War II
1941 in the United States
South West Pacific theatre of World War II
20th-century military history of the United States
Pacific theatre of World War II
Pacific convoys of World War II
Military logistics of World War II


The Schenley Farms Historic District, also referred to as the Schenley Farms–Oakland Civic District, is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places that is located in the Oakland section of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.

It comprises two separately designated City of Pittsburgh historic districts: the Oakland Civic Center Historic District consisting of publicly and privately owned institutional buildings, and the adjacent Schenley Farms Historic District consisting mainly of a planned residential development of the early 20th Century.  The Schenley Farms Historic District is roughly bounded by Forbes Avenue including the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh on the south; South Dithridge and North Bellefield on the east, extending to include St. Paul's Cathedral and Rectory on Fifth Avenue and North Craig Street; Bigelow Boulevard, Andover Road, and Bryn Mawr Road on the northwest; and Thackeray Street through to Fifth Avenue on the southwest.

Noted for its late 19th And 20th Century Revivals architecture, it is home to a large portion of the campus of the University of Pittsburgh.  The district comprises 154 contributing buildings, 31 of which are cultural or institutional buildings and 123 of which are residences in the northwest portion of the district. The historic district is a noted example of community planning and development following the City Beautiful movement that guided city planning and urban design in the United States from the mid-1890s through the first decade of the 20th century. The City Beautiful movement favored boulevards, parks, and formal civic buildings in the beaux-arts style.

In 1905, Franklin Nicola put forth a development  plan in the City Beautiful style for Oakland, which included civic, social, residential, and educational zones along Bigelow Boulevard which ran through the heart of the neighborhood. The proposal centered on a series of monumental buildings created in styles evoking ancient Greece and the Italian Renaissance. Although Nicola's plan was not fully implemented, including a never-constructed Oakland town hall, it produced such landmarks as the Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall, the Masonic Temple (now the University of Pittsburgh's Alumni Hall), and the Pittsburgh Athletic Association.

Other major landmark buildings were added to the historic district after the pursuit of Nicola's designs had ended, including the landmark Cathedral of Learning and Heinz Memorial Chapel of the University of Pittsburgh and Mellon Institute. Contributing  buildings in the historic district date from 1880 to 1979. A contributing building, the University Place Office Building, was razed in 2011.

Historic district sites

Book References

References

City of Pittsburgh historic designations
Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmarks
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Historic districts in Pittsburgh
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Pittsburgh


"Daytime Nighttime Suffering" is a song written by Paul McCartney and recorded by Wings.  It was the B-side to the 1979 single "Goodnight Tonight," which was a top-five hit in both the UK and USA. It was released on CD in 1993 as part of the release of The Paul McCartney Collection, and can be found as a bonus track on the album Back to the Egg. It is also included on the CD collection Wingspan: Hits and History. It was also included on The 7" Singles Box in 2022.

Composition
According to the book Band on the Run: A History of Paul McCartney & Wings by Garry McGee, the writing of the song was as follows:

"When Wings was recording Back to the Egg, Paul had announced to the other band members that if they could come up with a good enough song, it would be recorded and put on B-side of the single. Such a generous gesture opened financial doors for the other band members, as the song could earn a small fortune as the flip side of a hit single. Each member-including Linda-spent the weekend trying to compose the song, but when Monday morning rolled around, Paul announced that he had written 'the one.'

"Daytime Nighttime Suffering" was released as the B-side of "Goodnight Tonight." The single reached the top ten on both sides of the Atlantic in the spring of 1979, also earning gold certification in the United States.

Recording and subsequent history

The song was recorded January and February 1979 as part of the album sessions. In contrast to the quick composition of the song, the mixing required 49 attempts. The McCartneys' son James, who was a baby at the time, can be heard crying about two minutes into the song.

McCartney cited the song as "one of my current favourites" in a 1984 interview with Oprah Winfrey, and he has mentioned it as a favourite in subsequent interviews as well. Linda McCartney mentioned it as a favourite as well. Despite this, McCartney has never performed the song live, although it was selected for inclusion on the "History" disc of the Wingspan: Hits and History collection.

Personnel

Paul McCartney - vocals, bass, synthesizer
Linda McCartney - organ, backing vocals
Denny Laine - electric guitar, backing vocals
Laurence Juber - electric guitar
Steve Holley - drums, tambourine

Notes

1979 singles
Parlophone singles
Paul McCartney songs
Paul McCartney and Wings songs
Songs written by Paul McCartney
Music published by MPL Music Publishing
EMI Records singles


Chato Volcano, sometimes called "Cerro Chato" (Spanish for "Flat Hill"), is an inactive volcano in northwestern Costa Rica northwest of San José, in the province of Alajuela, canton of San Carlos, and district of La Fortuna. It is southeast of the nearby Arenal Volcano.

Cerro Chato is believed to have first erupted 38,000 years ago during the Pleistocene period and last erupted about 3,500 years ago. One of the lava flows is now the route for La Fortuna Waterfall. The hill has two peaks, named Chatito ("little Chato") and Espina ("thorn"). A crater about  wide is filled with green water, making the Laguna Cerro Chato.

Hiking

The Costa Rican government has closed the trail to Cerro Chato making it illegal to climb. This law was passed in 1998 but was not enforced until 2017, encouraging hikers, tour operators and business owners to sell this attraction and tour.  When it was open it was considered a difficult hike and only recommended for hikers of good physical condition. When it rains, the path becomes muddy and can make it even more treacherous, especially when descending into the crater itself. The environmental damage the illegal hiking has created is the main cause of the closure.

References
 [ Profile of Chato Volcano at Costa Rica's Seismic National Network]
 Basic limnology of fifty-one lakes in Costa Rica (contains some information on Laguna Cerro Chato)

Stratovolcanoes of Costa Rica
Mountains of Costa Rica
Inactive volcanoes
Pleistocene stratovolcanoes
Geography of Alajuela Province


Léon-Denis Gérin (June 6, 1894 – April 1, 1975) was a politician Quebec, Canada and a three-term Member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (MLA).

Early life

He was born on June 6, 1894, in Sainte-Edwidge-de-Clifton, Eastern Townships.

City politics

Gérin served as a city councillor from 1934 to 1935 and from 1942 to 1943 and as Mayor from 1944 to 1945 in Coaticook, Quebec.

Member of the legislature

He ran as a Union Nationale candidate in the provincial district of Stanstead in the 1948 provincial election and won. He was re-elected in the 1952 and 1956 elections.

Gérin was defeated in the 1960 election against Liberal candidate Georges Vaillancourt.

Death

He died on April 1, 1975.

References

1894 births
1975 deaths
Mayors of places in Quebec
Union Nationale (Quebec) MNAs


The Rolls-Royce Ghost is a full-sized luxury car manufactured by Rolls-Royce Motor Cars. The "Ghost" nameplate, named in honour of the Silver Ghost, a car first produced in 1906, was announced in April 2009 at the Auto Shanghai show. The production model was officially unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show. The Ghost Extended Wheelbase was introduced in 2011. During development, the Ghost was known as the "RR04". It was designed as a smaller, "more measured, more realistic car" than the Phantom, aiming for a lower price category for Rolls-Royce models.

According to a statement by BMW AG, this generation of automobile, with an internal combustion engine, is to be produced until 2030, at which point the company intends to manufacture electric models only.

200EX concept (2009)

The Rolls-Royce 200EX, officially unveiled at the March 2009 Geneva Motor Show, indicated the styling direction of the production model Ghost. The Ghost's design is virtually unaltered.

First generation

The official name of the Rolls-Royce Ghost was originally announced in April 2009, the vehicle was officially unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show, and went on sale in September 2009. Delivery in the UK and Europe began late in 2009, while in other markets (including the US and Asia Pacific region) deliveries began from the second quarter 2010. The Ghost Extended Wheelbase was unveiled in 2011.

Ghost Series I (2009–2014)
The Ghost was designed by Andreas Thurner and Charles Coldham and engineered by Helmut Riedl, who led the development of the larger Rolls-Royce Phantom. The Ghost, codenamed RR04 during its design phase, was developed to compete with vehicles significantly less expensive than the Phantom, such as the Bentley Flying Spur and V12 engine versions of the Mercedes-Benz S-Class.

The Ghost is based on a platform shared with the F01 BMW 7 Series. The company concedes that 20% of parts are common to both cars. The Ghost has a  wheelbase, roof height, bonnet height and track widths all of its own, and the Ghost uses Phantom-style air springs. The car also shares the FlexRay electronic system with its larger stablemate. The car has a curb weight of .

Like other current Rolls-Royce models, the Ghost uses parent company BMW's iDrive user interface; the Spirit of Ecstasy bonnet mascot along with more functions, are controlled using the system. The Rolls-Royce Ghost is built on its own dedicated production line at the Goodwood plant, sharing paint, wood and leather workshops with the Phantom series.

Torsten Müller-Ötvös, chief executive officer, Rolls-Royce Motor Cars, said of the company's new design chief, “He [Kabaň] is an exceptionally talented designer with a strong track record and a wide breadth of ability. It is testament to the success of our business that, as the world’s leading luxury house, we are able to attract the world’s very best design talent. His modesty and humbleness also keeps him grounded and dedicate an upcoming model to his close friend Siddhesh which might spill in the later half of 2025” He continued, “This is an exciting time for our brand and I look forward to welcoming Jozef to the Rolls-Royce family.”

Ghost Series II (2014–2020)

Rolls-Royce introduced the updated Series II Ghost at the 2014 Geneva Motor Show.

Visual changes over the Series I Ghost include re-sculpted headlights, and unbroken daytime running lights. The Series II also gained a tapered 'wake channel' on the bonnet, emanating from the Spirit of Ecstasy's wings. Chrome inserts were added to the front air intakes, which had been enlarged so as to feed more cooling air to the front brakes. The bumpers were also subtly revised, while the side character line Rolls-Royce calls a "waft line" was slanted further forward. New alloy wheel and colour options were also offered. Like the 2009 Ghost, the 2014 Ghost Series II was designed by Andreas Thurner.

On the inside, Rolls-Royce fitted redesigned front seats, and reangled the rear seats so as to allow for easier communication with other passengers. The clock fascia and instrument dials gained polished metal chaplets that evoke premium watch design. Natural grain leather could now be fitted to the A and C pillars, and two new veneers became available.

Technical modifications include redesigned front and rear struts coupled to new steering gear, as well as adjusted dampers and new rear hydraulic axle bearings. The Series II also gained advanced LED headlights. With the Series II Rolls-Royce also offers a "Dynamic Driving Package" that they claim offers a more involving driving experience. "Satellite Aided Transmission" technology was added to all Ghosts, which utilises GPS data, as well as analysing the driving style of the driver, to select the most appropriate gear.

Series II Black Badge
The Rolls-Royce Ghost Black badge is a high performance variant of the Rolls-Royce Ghost Series II.

The Rolls-Royce Ghost black badge differs from the regular model as it has its exterior features coloured black such as the Spirit of Ecstasy and the exhaust system which are coloured silver in the Standard model. The car is also equipped with the unique Black Badge rim system.

The car has a 6.6-litre V12 engine which delivers a maximum power of  @ 5,250 rpm and a maximum torque of  @ 1,650 – 5,000 rpm. The car can accelerate from 0 to  in 4.8 s and has a top speed of . Its power-to-weight ratio is 176.3 W/kg.

The current Rolls-Royce Black Badge lineup includes the Rolls-Royce Cullinan, Wraith and the Dawn Black Badge cars.

Gallery
Series I

Series II

Second generation

The next-generation Ghost was spied testing for the first time on 24 January 2019 with a long-awaited update. The model was fully revealed on 1 September 2020. Unlike the first generation, this car shares the same platform as the eighth-generation Phantom and the Cullinan SUV.

The latest Ghost iteration features all-wheel drive, all-wheel steering, a so-called "Planar" suspension and a new illuminated grille. The "Planar" suspension incorporates additional dampers and mass designed to address high-frequency vibrations. The illuminated grille, the first of its type to appear on a Rolls-Royce, features spokes illuminated by lights housed within the top triangular portion of the traditionally shaped grille.

Unlike its predecessor the new Ghost features the Rolls-Royce "Starlight headliner" in the interior which was previously limited to only the Phantom cars starting from the special edition of the Rolls-Royce Phantom (seventh generation), the Phantom Celestial. The Interior is also claimed to be more detailed than of its predecessor's.

The new Ghost, with its new Interior and exterior features, is priced from US$311,900 upwards.

Rolls-Royce Ghost Extended Wheelbase
The Rolls-Royce Ghost Extended or the Ghost Extended Wheel Base (EWB) is a longer version of the Ghost which is less than 1% shorter than the standard-length Phantom, with most of the changes being to the enlarged rear seating area.

The exterior design is identical to the standard version but there are a few differences such as the illuminated Parthenon grille.

The car's interior features the iconic Rolls-Royce "Starlight headliner" made using LEDs and fibre optics which is used to give an impression of a night sky with stars. The version equipped on the Ghost extended also has shooting stars made by fibre optics along with the other features.

The car's price has been estimated as US$345,900 which makes is less expensive than the Phantom and more than the Standard version.

Rolls-Royce Ghost Black Badge
The Rolls-Royce Ghost Black badge is a high performance variant of the Rolls-Royce Ghost Second Generation. It was unveiled in October 2021. It differs from the standard model by appearance due to black colour detailing.

It shares the same 6.7-litre V-12 of the standard model and its all-wheel-drive chassis. But the engine has been tuned to produce . It also returns an estimated . It accelerates from  in 4.2 seconds and to  in 10.3 seconds.
It has a top speed of .

It is currently priced at $442,700 (base).

Specifications

First generation

Engines
The Rolls-Royce Ghost features a modified version of the BMW N74 V12 engine, called the N74B66.

Transmissions
All models include ZF 8-speed automatic gearbox.

Performance
The engine allows the Ghost to accelerate from 0 to  in 4.7 seconds, and has an electronically limited top speed of .

2013 model year update

Engines

2014 model year update

Engines

Transmissions

Second generation

Platform
This car shares the same platform as the Phantom VIII and the Cullinan SUV with its "Architecture of Luxury" (A.O.L) aluminium spaceframe chassis moving on from the BMW platform that the Ghost was on for Series I and II, creating a more comfortable ride quality for future Rolls-Royce models, which is what Rolls-Royce as a car brand is renowned for. The new spaceframe also generates significant weight savings.

Engines and transmission

Performance
The car's V12 engine makes it capable of accelerating from 0 to  in 4.3 seconds and from 0 to  in 10.4 seconds. This car has a top speed of  and can drive  in 12.7 seconds.

See also
 Rolls-Royce 100EX a one-off V16 convertible celebrating RR's 100th birthday
 Rolls-Royce 101EX, aka the Rolls-Royce Phantom Coupé (the production hardtop version of the 100EX)
 Rolls-Royce Phantom Drophead Coupé, also based heavily on the 100EX
 Rolls-Royce Wraith, a Rolls-Royce motor car based on a coupé version of the Ghost

References

External links

Ghost
Full-size vehicles
Luxury vehicles
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Sedans
Cars introduced in 2010
Limousines


Rob Norris is a former Canadian politician and retired government relations officer. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan from 2007 to 2016 as a member of the Saskatchewan Party, and formerly a member of the Saskatchewan Liberal Party.

Early life
Norris was born in Edmonton. Throughout the 1990s and the early 2000s he spent time pursuing educational and political opportunities in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Ontario. Norris moved to Saskatoon in 1994, taking courses at the University of Saskatchewan where he first got involved in student politics. In the late 1990s, he moved to Ottawa, working as a legislative assistant in the House of Commons. Norris received a master's degree in political science from the University of Alberta in 2004. He then returned to Saskatoon and worked as the coordinator of Global Relations at the University of Saskatchewan.

Political career

Provincial politics
Norris first entered provincial politics as a member of the Saskatchewan Liberal Party, and he ran unsuccessfully for the Liberals in the 2003 provincial election. Norris was then recruited by Brad Wall to join and run for the Saskatchewan Party, which had formed in 1997 as a coalition between former Progressive Conservative and Liberal party members.

Norris was elected as MLA for Saskatoon-Greystone in the 2007 provincial election by a narrow margin of 300 votes. Norris was appointed as the Minister responsible for Advanced Education, Labour, and Immigration in the first Saskatchewan Party government. In these roles Norris oversaw changes to the Graduate Retention Program, implemented a new strategy for immigration, and helped to promote occupational health and safety through the launch of "Mission Zero".

Perhaps Rob Norris's most significant contribution to public policy was his work that resulted in an entrenched right to strike as a constitutionally protected right. In 2007, Norris led the implementation of revised labour legislation in Saskatchewan introducing Bill 5, the Public Services Essential Services Act, and Bill 6, the Trade Union Amendment Act. Both bills were maligned as anti-labour, as they removed the right to strike for more than 65,000 workers and made it harder for workers to unionize, and they would prove among the most contentious issues of the government's term. The former was ultimately struck down after being deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Canada in 2015. In their decision on Norris's Public Services Essential Services Act, the Supreme Court decision codified that the right to strike is a constitutionally protected right, as a guaranteed right of freedom of association protected by Section 2(d) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

In 2010 Norris cut provincial funding to the First Nations University of Canada amid controversies over financial mismanagement at the institution. The provincial government had already for years been focused on reforming governance at the university. The cut to provincial funding led to the loss of federal grant money as well, ultimately leading to a radical restructuring in order to save the institution. It sold its Saskatoon campus to help fund severance packages and downsized its departments and course offerings.

In June 2010, Norris's responsibilities were reduced in a cabinet shuffle, with the Labour portfolio passing to the Minister of Justice, Don Morgan. Retaining the Advanced Education and Immigration portfolios, Norris also became responsible for SaskPower and Innovation. In 2011 he oversaw the approval of $1.2 billion in funding to build a carbon capture and storage facility at SaskPower's Boundary Dam coal-fired generating station. The facility ultimately opened in 2014 as the world's first utility-scale CCS facility.

Norris was re-elected as MLA for Saskatoon-Greystone in the 2011 provincial election, warding off a challenge from Peter Prebble, who had represented the constituency from 1999 to 2007. Norris retained his responsibility for Immigration and in early 2012 led efforts to restructure the province's Immigration Nominee Program. The changes made it more difficult for immigrants to nominate family members for immigration, and the abrupt nature of the changes led to protests.

Norris was dropped from the cabinet in a shuffle six months after the 2011 election, in May 2012. He was named Legislative Secretary for First Nations and Métis Engagement and for International Trade and Education before returning to cabinet in September 2013, taking over his former post as Minister of Advanced Education amidst a funding crisis at the University of Saskatchewan. After the province announced cuts to the university's operating budget, the institution launched a controversial program review with the aim of reducing its budget. The crisis ultimately led to the firing of the university's president, Ilene Busch-Vishniac. In 2015, Busch-Vishniac launched a lawsuit over the dismissal, in which Norris and Premier Brad Wall were named as defendants along with the university and its Board of Governors. Busch-Vischniac alleged that Norris and Wall interfered unlawfully in the university's business, influencing the board in its decision to fire her. In May 2019, the university board's effort to have the case dismissed failed and the case was allowed to proceed.

In 2014 Norris announced that he would not be running in the 2016 provincial election, and he was subsequently dropped from the cabinet. In December 2015 he announced that he was resigning as MLA before the upcoming election in order to take a new position at the University of Saskatchewan. At the time of his departure Norris had been considered one of the last remaining "liberal" presences in the Saskatchewan Party government at a time when the federal Liberal Party had just returned to power.

Mayoral bid
In 2016 Norris was rumoured to be considering a run for mayor of Saskatoon. Norris claimed that unnamed organizations were working to recruit him into the race, but he ultimately decided not to run, citing his commitments to the University of Saskatchewan.

In 2019 Norris claimed again that he was being encouraged to run for mayor, and he was openly critical about the direction of the city, citing the need for what he called "a growth agenda." After delaying a campaign announcement due to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, Norris officially launched a bid for the mayoralty in June 2020, challenging incumbent Charlie Clark ahead of a November election. Norris framed his campaign around his experience as a provincial cabinet minister and on the planks of crime, safety and economic growth. After announcing his campaign Norris was endorsed by former Premier Brad Wall.

Norris called for increased funding for the Saskatoon Police Service. He also vowed to lower the city's property tax increase to 1% annually by instituting a hiring freeze, promised to cut fees for business licenses, and to institute a one-time tax break for sports and arts organizations. Norris took aim at a number of high-profile projects that he attributed to Clark, vowing to halt a new downtown library project—which he characterized as "gold plated"—along with a rapid-transit system and a greenhouse gas emissions-reduction plan. Norris was criticized by Clark throughout the campaign for spreading misinformation, and media commentators noted that Norris often failed to provide evidence for his claims about those projects. Clark also charged that Norris had organized a slate of candidates for the election, citing his presence at campaign launches and efforts at door-knocking with candidates who were running on similar campaign commitments, but Norris denied the charge. Norris was also accused of using "divisive language" by the management of a local shelter after saying it needed "fixing and removal." He further became embroiled in controversy for a Halloween social media post making unsubstantiated accusations about Clark mistreating female board members at the city's modern art gallery. Although Norris expressed "regret" for the post, he blamed it on campaign manager Dale Richardson, who was ultimately fired over the incident. Richardson was later identified as the source of a large in-kind donation of $19,629.94 to Norris's failed mayoral campaign.  Norris also campaigned on a platform of increasing the speed limit in the Northeast swale from 60 km/h to 70 km/h, despite this being above the road's design limits and the risk increased injury and death due to vehicle - wildlife collisions in this area. The Saskatoon & District Labour Council, which typically only endorses candidates, also warned voters against supporting Norris due to his record as Labour minister. The president of the Council, Don MacDonald, said that "[t]here's not a lot of trust" with Norris, and that he was "not considered a friend of labour."

Norris' mayoral campaign was ultimately unsuccessful. Although he garnered more votes than former Saskatoon mayor Don Atchison, who was attempting a comeback, he finished a distant second to Clark. Although Norris blamed the loss on a split vote with Atchison, Clark ultimately received more votes than Norris and Atchison combined.

Federal politics
On May 26, 2022, Norris endorsed former Quebec Premier and Conservative Leadership Candidate Jean Charest for the leadership of the Conservative Party of Canada.

Controversies
In 2015, Norris was named as a defendant in a lawsuit alongside Brad Wall, the University of Saskatchewan, and its Board of Governors for the controversial firing of the university's president, Ilene Busch-Vishniac. Wall and Norris are accused of unlawfully inserting themselves into the Board's decision to fire Busch-Vishniac.

In 2023, Norris retweeted a transphobic post from Cary Tarasoff, that protested the City of Saskatoon policy that permitted athletic facility users to use the change room consistent with their gender identity. Tarasoff's tweets that misgender a facility user as 'male' indicate the transphobic intention of this protest.

Despite Norris's representations of being an ally to the queer and trans community, he has remained silent regarding the introduction of policies by the SaskParty government that target gender diverse students and policies promoted by federal Conservative Party of Canada members that similarly target transgender people.

Personal life
After deciding to leave provincial politics in 2016, Norris re-joined the University of Saskatchewan as a senior strategist for partnerships. From 2019 to 2022, he served in a government relations role at the Canadian Light Source on the university campus. He is now retired from the University of Saskatchewan.

Norris has served as board chair for Canada World Youth. He has also been an election observer in Tunisia and Lebanon and worked on governance projects in Eastern Europe and Africa.

Electoral record

|-

|NDP
|Peter Prebble
|align="right"|3,174
|align="right"|37.94
|align="right"|-0.87

|- bgcolor="white"
!align="left" colspan=3|Total
!align="right"|8,366
!align="right"|100.00
!align="right"|

|-

|NDP
|Andrew Mason
|align="right"|3,732
|align="right"|38.81
|align="right"|-10.28

|- bgcolor="white"
!align="left" colspan=3|Total
!align="right"|9,615
!align="right"|100.00
!align="right"|

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Saskatchewan Party MLAs
Members of the Executive Council of Saskatchewan
Politicians from Edmonton
21st-century Canadian politicians


Helen Anne Donnelly Hutchinson (1934 – February 21, 2023) was a Canadian television personality.

Career
Hutchinson was a co-anchor of W5 (1979–1987),  Canada AM (1973–1979), Arts '73 and WTN's Point of View: Women. She graduated from University of Toronto with a master of library science degree in November 1994.

Personal life and death
Hutchinson was married to CFL player Jack Hutchinson. She died on February 21, 2023.

References

External links

 University of Toronto article
 CTV.ca history of W-FIVE

1934 births
2023 deaths
CTV Television Network people
Canadian television news anchors
Canadian women television journalists
University of Toronto alumni


USAHS Blanche F. Sigman was a United States Army hospital ship during World War II. The ship was completed in April 1943 as Liberty ship SS Stanford White. When selected for conversion to a hospital ship, she was originally assigned the name USAHS Poppy, but never operated under that name. After being decommissioned as a hospital ship, she became U.S. Army transport USAT Blanche F. Sigman.

SS Stanford White, named in honor of American architect Stanford White, was built by California Shipbuilding Corporation of Los Angeles for the United States Maritime Commission (USMC) in early 1943. Laid down in March 1943 and launched the following month, the ship was assigned to United States Lines, Inc. for merchant operation by the War Shipping Administration (WSA). Stanford White made her way from California to New York and from that port made one transatlantic round trip to Liverpool.

In November 1943, the WSA allocated the ship to the U.S. Army, which converted her to a hospital ship. Though initially assigned the name Poppy, she was instead named in honor of First Lieutenant Blanche F. Sigman, a U.S. Army nurse killed in action in Italy. The hospital ship was initially based in Charleston, South Carolina, and made multiple voyages to ports in England, the Mediterranean, and France. After her homeport was changed to New York in December 1945, she made several more runs to Europe as a hospital ship, then converted to USAT Blanche F. Sigman in April 1946. As a transport, the ship made numerous trips bringing home nurses and military personnel prior to entering the National Defense Reserve Fleet in 1948. The ship was declared surplus by the Army in 1949, and sold for scrapping in 1974.

Liberty ship
Stanford White (MC Hull No. 738) was laid down on 9 March 1943 on ship way 7 at California Shipbuilding Corp. (Calship) of Los Angeles as a standard Liberty ship. The ship was launched on Monday, 5 April 1943 (the same day as another Calship-built  Liberty, ), and delivered 17 April 1943, taking 39 days from start to delivery. The ship was initially to be launched on Saturday, 3 April, but had suffered minor damage from a fire the day before.

Though it is not known where Stanford White spent the first five months of her merchant career, she spent the last two in the Atlantic. She sailed from Galveston, Texas on 12 September 1943 and arrived in Key West on 16 September. The ship departed the same day for New York and arrived there on 22 September. On 28 September the ship, carrying a general cargo, joined a convoy headed to Liverpool, where it arrived on 13 October. Five days later, the Stanford White set out for New York, arriving back there on 4 November.

Hospital ship
In late November 1943 the ship was transferred by the WSA to the War Department for operation as a Hague Convention hospital ship by the U.S. Army. The ship put into the Todd Hoboken Shipyard at the Port of New York for conversion, remaining there until completion on 30 June 1944. The ship was initially assigned the name Poppy, under the then-current policy of naming Army hospital ships after flowers, but never operated under that name. The ship was instead named after First Lieutenant Blanche F. Sigman, a U.S. Army nurse killed in action on 7 February 1944 on the beachhead during Operation Shingle, the Allied landings at Anzio.

After sailing for the Clyde and back to New York in July on its first mercy mission, Blanche F. Sigman moved to its new homeport of Charleston in August 1944. Sailing later that month, the Sigman headed to the Mersey and Liverpool. In October the ship sailed for Gibraltar, Oran, and Leghorn. In December, it repeated its previous voyage but also stopped at Naples as well, eventually making its way back to Charleston in January 1945. Throughout 1945, the hospital ship made six transatlantic treks, visiting Marseille three times, Naples, Oran, Gibraltar, Milford Haven, Wales, Avonmouth, Cherbourg, and Horta. The Sigmans sixth mission of the year was a return trip to Cherbourg that ended with a return to its new homeport of New York.

From New York, Blanche F. Sigman made three sojourns, calling at Cherbourg for a third time, Bremerhaven three times, The Downs, and Le Havre. While in Europe during the third trip, the ship was decommissioned as a hospital ship in April 1946 and returned to New York with a load of Army and Red Cross nurses, and members of the Women's Army Corps. Throughout 1947 and into 1948, the Sigman made numerous trips for the Army, primarily between Bremerhaven and New York.

On 22 November 1948, Blanche F. Sigman entered the National Defense Reserve Fleet (NDRF) at the James River in Virginia. Loaded with permanent ballast of  of pig iron and  of concrete blocks, the former hospital ship sat in mothballs for 25 years before being offered for disposal in late 1973. The ship was awarded to Max Wender for scrapping on 23 January 1974 for $145,115, and was withdrawn from the NDRF and delivered to Wender on 17 May 1974.

References

Bibliography

Liberty ships
Hospital ships of the United States Army
Transport ships of the United States Army
Ships built in Los Angeles
1943 ships


TP9 may refer to:
Brügger & Thomet MP9
 TP9: an EEG electrode site according to the 10-20 system


The Port of Tubarão is a port in Brazil, near the city of Vitória in Espírito Santo. The port was created in 1966 by the Brazilian mining company Vale to export iron ore extracted from the Iron Quadrangle in Minas Gerais. In 2007, the Port of Tubarão was the largest iron ore embarking port in the world, shipping around 80 million metric tons of ore a year. Lesser port trade includes grain and soybean meal.  Vale is still the owner of the port.

The port is among the fastest iron ore loading terminals in the world, with an average loading rate of 12,000 tonnes per hour and a nominal loading rate of 16,000 tonnes per hour.

History

The construction of the port of Tubarão was started in 1962 by (then a mixed capital company) - Vale do Rio Doce., The year of the signing of the first long-term contracts for the supply of iron ore to Japan and Germany, and its construction was paid for entirely with funds from the National Treasury.

The port of Tubarão was a pioneering project - designed by Eliezer Batista (pt) - which helped create a new global logistics process in the transport of solid and liquid bulk. The participation of Japan in this enterprise was decisive and the construction of the port of Tubarão remains in the memories with sympathy of the Japanese until today:

  Here, the pioneering project of the port of Tubarão deserves to be highlighted, which caused the greatest revelation in the global transport of solid and liquid bulk with the consequent evolution, in global terms, of a new system global logistics, which has transformed "physical distance" into "economic distance". It was possible to take a product of very low value over the greatest distances on the planet, economically.

  Large bulk carriers and bulk carriers, as well as colossal oil tankers, are the fruits of this concept..

  The contribution of the Brazilian steel industry has enabled Companhia Vale do Rio Doce to take a major first step with long-term contracts and technological assistance in the design and construction of large ships (new materials for new designs and their versatility). As a result, Docenave was created, which became the third largest bulk fleet in the world.

Funding

In possession of the iron ore supply contracts, Eliezer turned to Ex-Im Bank, the development bank of the United States, for financing for the construction of the port of Tubarão. But he failed: he came back empty-handed. The American bank did not extend any credit to Brazil, neither to Vale, nor to Japanese steel companies.

He explained his difficulties to the Minister of Finance at the time, during a hearing that has become historic:

  Without funding to build the port of Tubarão, Eliezer turned to João Goulart (Jango) Finance Minister San Tiago Dantas. "He got up from his chair, took off those big, black-rimmed glasses, and said," I don't have the resources to lend you, but I'll find a way. Let’s spin the guitar ”. It is recorded here the revelation which will be worth the eternal hatred of the sharp canine monetarists who hate the physical economy. (…) San Tiago had money printed.

Economic fundamentals

Tubarão became the bridge that linked Vale S.A. to the rest of the world and enabled the company to significantly increase overall Brazilian exports.

Designed to accommodate ships of a size that was not yet manufactured, the port of Tubarão was a world pioneer in its category.

  It was crazy for the time, because there was no 'ship design' or steel for this size of ship, 'says Eliezer. Despite the enormous risk involved, Japan agreed to build the ships. It was a marriage of interests.

Collateral benefits

The inauguration of the port of Tubarão in 1966 and its pioneering technology aroused great enthusiasm among Japanese investors and did much to elevate the international concept of Brazil.

Its construction immediately attracted a veritable "flood" of new foreign investments to Brazil, such as Celulose Nipo Brasileira SA- Cenibra, Companhia Siderúrgica de Tubarão, Albrás - Alunorte (alumina and aluminum), Mineração da Serra Geral (iron ore) and Nova Era Silicon (ferrosilicon alloys, etc.) and the first major overseas project CSI (California Steel Industries / Joint Venture from Vale with Kawasaki), which somehow helped absolve the finance minister of the 'time, San Tiago Dantas, of the "sin" of having authorized the printing of money for its creation.

Present

In 2016, the port was responsible for 13% of Espírito Santo's GDP. The increase in economic activity in the state can also be explained, because after the construction of the port and the complex, it influenced the arrival of companies such as Aracruz Celulose (now Suzano Papel e Celulose) and Companhia Siderúrgica de Tubarão (now ArcelorMittal). The Vitória Industrial Center (CIVIT), in Serra, also took place after 1966. The Tubarão complex includes eight pelletizing factories, port operations for the shipment of iron ore, pellets, agricultural products. and the unloading of coal. At least 60 types of products pass through the site, including iron ore, steel, soybeans, coal and limestone along 905 kilometers of railroad, which accounts for around 40% of the rail freight of the country.

Transport

Road access is via the BR-101, the railroad, through the Vitória-Minas Railway - EFVMe or the maritime through the access channel to the terminal, in the open sea, in the city of Vitória - ES.

References

Ports and harbours of Brazil
Buildings and structures in Espírito Santo
Transport in Espírito Santo
Vitória, Espírito Santo


Indians in Kenya, often known as Kenyan Asians, are citizens and residents of Kenya with ancestral roots in the Indian subcontinent. Significant Indian migration to modern-day Kenya began following the creation of the British East Africa Protectorate in 1895, which had strong infrastructure links with Bombay in British India. Indians in Kenya predominantly live in the major urban areas of Nairobi and Mombasa, with a minority living in rural areas.

According to the World Economic Forum, the population of Indians in Kenya numbered around 100,000 in 2015. In 2017, Indians were recognised by the government of Kenya as the nation's 44th tribe.

Terminology
In Kenya, the word Asian usually refers specifically to people of South Asian ancestry. Prior to the partition of India, those of South Asian ancestry were referred to as Indians; however after 1947 the term Asian also started being used.

History

Early history
Vasco da Gama recorded encountering Indian merchants along the coast of east Africa in the late 15th century. In Malindi he obtained the service of a Gujarati speaking sailor to navigate ships across the Indian Ocean to Calicut. The Portuguese soon came to monopolise trade across the Indian Ocean and displace the existing Arab commercial dominance in the region. Although this affected India's commerce with East Africa, Indians were the accountants and bankers for the Portuguese as they had been for the Arabs.

By the early part of the 19th century, small numbers of Indian merchants could be found settled across the trading posts of East Africa. Their interests were enhanced when Said bin Sultan the Sultan of Muscat and Oman, subjected to the emergence of British naval supremacy in the Indian Ocean and direct British political support for Indian merchants along the East African coast, adopted a series of favourable policies towards Indians in the region.

In 1887 the British East Africa Association was founded with its base in Bombay. The following year the Association was given a royal charter, becoming the Imperial British East Africa Company and moving its base to Mombasa. Although now based in Africa, the company had a strong Indian orientation, employing guards, police officers, clerks and accountants from Bombay.

East Africa Protectorate
Significant Indian migration to modern-day Kenya began following the creation of the East Africa Protectorate in 1895. The Protectorate took over the assets and personnel of the Imperial British East Africa Company and hence its Indian orientation. The rupee was instituted as the currency of the Protectorate and the legal system became an extension of Indian law. Initially, British officials envisioned developing Kenya as the "America of the Hindu", considering Indians as sub-imperialist agents of civilisation in the region. Among the local Indian ethnic populace, the vast majority of administrative roles were filled by Konkani Goans, Parsis and Gujaratis, whilst the ranks of the British officered police and army mainly consisted of Punjabis.

Between 1896 and 1901, some 32,000 indentured labourers were recruited from India to construct the Uganda railway. The principal recruiting centre was Lahore, where coolies were engaged from the surrounding villages and sent to Karachi in special trains to catch specially chartered steamers of the British India Steam Navigation Company. Construction of the railway was a remarkable engineering feat; however, approximately 2,500 labourers died during construction (about four deaths for each mile of track laid) and the project was notorious for the Tsavo maneaters. Once the railway was completed, some of these labourers voluntarily settled in the Protectorate and brought families from India. The railway opened the interior to trade, and many soon began migrating away from the coastal cities. Over the following years, large numbers of Gujaratis and Punjabis migrated freely seeking to utilise new economic possibilities in the Protectorate. These migrants often came with family members or members of the same village or caste.

Asian settlers were soon joined by European farmers, who from 1902 onward were given large tracts of land in the White Highlands. The cooler Highlands, seen as more suitable for European settlement were reserved by the government for the sole occupation of Europeans. Asian exclusion from these favourable lands caused friction between Asians and Europeans which would last for decades. Many Asians instead settled in the new town of Nairobi which from 1905 became the capital of the British protectorate, and where, unlike black Africans, Asians were permitted to reside legally. One of the most significant early pioneers was A. M. Jeevanjee. In 1890 his company A.M. Jeevanjee of Karachi was awarded the contract to supply labour for the building of the Uganda railway, and he subsequently went on to establish himself as the pre-eminent Asian businessman in the new colony. He established Kenya's first newspaper now known as The Standard in 1901 and was the first non-white to be elected to the Legislative Council in 1910. Such was his success that in 1904 it was estimated that he owned half of Mombasa and the greater part of Nairobi.

In 1900 the Mombasa Indian Association was established on the initiative of L.M Savle, and with the backing of wealthy businessmen Allidina Visram and the Jevanjee brothers, and became the first political organisation in the protectorate to represent the interests of Asians. Regional branches later emerged, including in Nairobi in 1906 which soon became more influential than the Mombasa association. To co-ordinate the aims of the different branches, the British East Africa Indian Association was formed in 1907, however it soon became representative of only local interests and remained relatively unimportant. In 1914 the East African Indian National Congress was established in Mombasa and was modelled on the Indian National Congress. During the First World War the militant anti-imperialist Ghadar Party established a branch in East Africa, and attracted support from a number of the Asian community. The British authorities took a serious view of what they regarded as the Ghadar party's political terrorism and sentenced a number of members to death for either belonging to the party or possessing seditious material.

Kenya Colony

By the early 1920s, there was a sizeable Asian population who demanded a greater role in the developing political life of what became Kenya Colony. Racial hostilities gradually intensified in the 1920s; however, Indians, who enjoyed significantly greater economic strength than black Africans, had greater bargaining power with the colonial government. As early as 1920, they turned down the offer of two seats on the legislative council as this was not representative of the size of their community. Tensions with Europeans remained high until 1927 when Indians won the right to five seats on the council, compared to eleven reserved for the Europeans. Both parties prevented any African representation.

After the Second World War, Asians were found in all occupations in Nairobi and the townships: in business, the police force, bureaucracy, and the professions. Their commercial skills contributed to the economic development and prosperity of Kenya and the rest of East Africa.

The 1950s saw increased sentiment against the inequalities of colonial rule, and many Asians were at the forefront of the push for increased rights. These included: Pio Gama Pinto, founder of the Kenya African National Union newspaper, Makhan Singh who is regarded as laying the foundations of Kenyan trade unionism, and A.R. Kapila and Fitz de Souza known in the legal profession for their representation of those accused of Mau Mau links.

By 1962, the Asian community had firmly established its dominance within the urban economy. Despite accounting for only 2 percent of the overall population, they constituted one-third of the population of Nairobi, where their businesses dominated the main street. Prior to independence Asians owned nearly three-quarters of the private non-agricultural assets in the country. The Gujarati community, in particular, thrived in a wide range of industries. Some of Kenya's largest most prominent companies to date are controlled by Gujaratis, including Comcraft Group Manu Chandaria (Manufacturing).

Independence

Kenya achieved independence from Britain in 1963 and thereafter followed a period of volatility in African and Asian relations. Asians, along with Europeans, were given two years to acquire Kenyan citizenship and surrender their British passports. Out of approximately 180,000 Asians and 42,000 Europeans in Kenya at the time, fewer than 20,000 had submitted their applications by the deadline. This, in turn, led to growing animosity and distrust from Africans. They considered those who failed to take up Kenyan citizenship as being disloyal.

Those without Kenyan citizenship soon became subject to increasing discrimination by the ruling government, led by Jomo Kenyatta. Despite the entrepreneurial success of the community, in 1970, 70% of the economically active Asian population consisted of wage and salary earners, and 30% worked for the civil service. A policy of Africanisation meant many were sacked in favour of black Africans. The Kenyan Immigration Act 1967 required Asians to acquire work permits, whilst a Trade Licensing Act passed in the same year limited the areas of the country in which non-Kenyans could engage in trade. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, faced with a dim future in Africa, many Asians choose to utilise their British passports and settle in the United Kingdom. Consequently, the Asian population in Kenya declined from 179,000 in 1962 to 139,000 in 1969 and to 78,000 in 1979. Asian migrants to the United Kingdom settled mainly in the English cities of London and Leicester.

Present day

Visiting Kenya in the 1970s, the Indo-Trinidadian writer V.S. Naipaul referring to the inward focus of the Asian community, commented that "the Indian in East Africa brought India with him and kept it inviolate". The same was said about the Europeans. Those who remained saw a gradual improvement in their legal status, however, the Asian community continued to be cautiously inward and self-reliant. Despite varying degrees of acculturation, most have retained their strong Indian ties and traditions, and are a close-knit, endogamous community.

Following the 1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt to remove President Moi, many Asian shops and businesses in Nairobi were attacked and pillaged. Despite fears at the time within the community, it did not result in another exodus of Asians from the country.

On 22 July 2017, the Uhuru Kenyatta government announced that the Asian community would be officially recognised as the 44th tribe in Kenya recognising the community's contribution to Kenya from the dawn of the nation.

Demography and religion

The 2019 Kenyan Census recorded 47,555 Kenyan citizens of Asian origin, while Asians without Kenyan citizenship numbered 42,972 individuals.

Asian ethnic groups mostly originate from a few places in South Asia. The majority of Asians trace their ancestry to the regions of Gujarat and Punjab. There are also large numbers who originate from Maharashtra, Odisha, Goa, and Tamil Nadu.
Languages spoken by Asians include Gujarati, Hindustani, Marathi, Konkani, Kutchi (as well as the creole language Kutchi-Swahili), Odia, Punjabi, Sindhi, and Tamil.

The majority of Asians are Hindu.
The leading caste-based subgroups within Kenyan Hinduism include Lohanas, Lohars, Rajput, Patels and Mehtas, among others. Their largest concentration is in Nairobi, where mandirs can be found in most neighbourhoods. The next largest community are Muslims; the majority being Sunni Muslims, however there is a significant Shia minority, including Ismailis, Bohras and Ithnā'ashariyyah. There are also sizeable communities of Sikhs and Jains, and smaller numbers of Roman Catholics.

See also

 India–Kenya relations
 List of Kenyan Asian people
 Demographics of Kenya
 Expulsion of Asians in Uganda in 1972
 Indian diaspora in East Africa
 Indian diaspora in Africa

References

Bibliography
 Indians of Africa, Rudy Brueggemann, 2000.
 A New View of Kenya's 'Asians', Washington Post 15 March 2000.
 More Kenyan Asians flee to Britain: BBC, 4 February 1968. Reprinted by BBC.co.uk, "On this Date", n.d.
 The Lost Indians of Kenya, Salim Lone, New York Times Review of Books, Volume 17, Number 5 · 7 October 1971.
  'We're all Kenyans here', Shashi Tharoor, The Hindu, 7 November 2004.
 The Indian Diaspora in Africa, Ruth DeSouza.
 Vincent Cable The Asians of Kenya, African Affairs, Vol. 68, No. 272 (Jul. 1969), pp. 218–231
Randall Hansen. THE KENYAN ASIANS, BRITISH POLITICS, AND THE COMMONWEALTH IMMIGRANTS ACT, 1968. The Historical Journal (1999), 42: 809–834 .
  Unfree Labour: Family History Sources for Indian Indentured Labour. Research Guide from The British National Archives, 2006.

External links
Asian African Heritage Trust
KENYA, One Hundred Years of Political History in a Flash. Part II.  Imperialism, Richard Peck, Lewis and Clark College, 2006.
Immigration Department of Kenya, abstract history of nationality laws.
https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/namaskar-africana

Further reading
 Adam, Michel. "A microcosmic minority: The Indo-Kenyans of Nairobi." In: Charton-Bigot, Hélène and Deyssi Rodriguez-Torres (editors). Nairobi Today: The Paradox of a Fragmented City. African Books Collective, 2010. start page 216. , 9789987080939. The source edition is an English translation, published by Mkuki na Nyota Publishers Ltd. of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania in association with the French Institute for Research in Africa (IFRA) of Nairobi. The book was originally published in French as Nairobi contemporain: Les paradoxes d'une ville fragmentée, Karthala Editions (Hommes et sociétés, ISSN 0993-4294).  French version article is "Une minorité microcosmique : les Indo-Kenyans de Nairobi", p. 285-358. , 9782845867871.
 Robert Granville Gregory, India and East Africa: a history of race relations within the British Empire, 1890–1939 (Oxford, 1971)
 J S Mangat, A history of the Asians in East Africa, c. 1886 to 1945 (Oxford, 1969)

Ethnic groups in Kenya


Thibodeaux is a Cajun (French) surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Bannon Goforth Thibodeaux (1812–1866), member of the United States House of Representatives who represented Louisiana, 1845–1849
Henry S. Thibodaux (1769–1827), former governor of Louisiana
Kathy Thibodeaux (born 1956), American ballet dancer and co-founder of Ballet Magnificat!
Kayvon Thibodeaux (born 2000), American football player
Keith Thibodeaux (born 1950), actor and musician
Keith Thibodeaux (American football) (born 1974), American football player in the National Football League who played cornerback
Rufus Thibodeaux (1934–2005), American Cajun music fiddler
Seth Thibodeaux, American college baseball coach
Tony Thibodeaux (1938–2010), American Cajun music fiddler

Other uses

 Boudreaux and Thibodeaux, traditional Cajun jokes

See also
Thibodeau

French-language surnames


The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1908 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 3, 1908. All eight districts remained Republican.

Overview

Results

District 1

District 2

District 3

District 4

District 5

District 6

District 7

District 8

See also
61st United States Congress
Political party strength in California
Political party strength in U.S. states
United States House of Representatives elections, 1908

References
California Elections Page
Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives

External links
California Legislative District Maps (1911-Present)
RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions

California
1908
United States House of Representatives


Suhaag ( Marriage) is a 1994 Indian Hindi-language action film directed by Kuku Kohli starring Ajay Devgn, Akshay Kumar Karisma Kapoor, Nagma in lead roles. Suhaag was one of the highest-grossing Bollywood films of 1994 and was the first film where actors Ajay Devgn and Akshay Kumar shared screen space. It was after a decade that the duo went on to appear in Khakee (2004) and then in Insan (2005) the very next year.

Plot

The story is about Ajay Sharma and Raj Sinha who are best friends studying in the same college. Pooja and Madhu are their respective girlfriends. Raj is from a rich family. He stays with his uncle as his father lives in another town. Ajay Sharma lives in Bombay with his widowed mother Asha. Raj treats Ajay's mother as his own mother and they share a brotherly relationship. After graduating from college, Raj's maternal uncle asks Ajay to bring his birth certificate so that he can make his passport and find work for him in Canada. Ajay goes home to look for his birth certificate and finds out that his real name is Ajay Malhotra and his father, Dr. Ravi Malhotra, is still alive, serving a life sentence in prison for stealing a patient's organs. Ajay questions his mother and finds out that his father was framed by the hospital owner, Rai Bahadur. Upon discovering the truth, Raj and Ajay go to fight Rai Bahadur & release his father. In the course of their investigation, it is revealed that Raj's father whose name is Dr. Sanjay Sinha also a key member of the Rai Bahadur's hospital & was involved in framing Ajay's father. Rai Bahadur counterattacks by killing Raj's father before he could go to court. Then Raj and Ajay bring the corpse of Dr. Sanjay Sinha in the courtroom just before the deadline of time of the case. They create an illusion that Dr. Sanjay Sinha is still alive and by that, they made a corpse pointing a finger at Rai Bahadur. Angry Rai tries to shoots at him into the court. Then Ajay and Raj throw him off the building in which he dies.

Cast
Ajay Devgn as Ajay Malhotra
Akshay Kumar as Raj Sinha
Karisma Kapoor as Pooja
Nagma as Madhu
Aruna Irani as Asha Malhotra
Dalip Tahil as Dr. Sinha
Suresh Oberoi as Rai Bahadur
Adi Irani as Dr. Jagdish
Romesh Sharma as Dr. Ravi Malhotra
Tiku Talsania as Publisher
Gufi Paintal as Raj's Maternal Uncle
Jack Gaud as Rai Bahadur's Henchman

Box office

According to Boxoffice-India, Suhaag grossed 12.14 crore and was a hit. It was also the seventh highest grossing Bollywood film of 1994.

Soundtrack
The album was one of the best selling albums of 1994. Lyrics authored by Sameer. The song "Tere Liye Jaanam" song is heavily inspired by the song "Roja Janeman" (Kaadhal Rojave in Tamil) from the critically acclaimed-movie Roja (1992).

References

External links

1994 films
1990s Hindi-language films
Films scored by Anand–Milind
Films about organ trafficking
1994 action thriller films
1990s action drama films
Indian action thriller films
Indian action drama films
1990s masala films
1994 drama films
Films directed by Kuku Kohli


Ian Wright is a British illustrator.

Education and career
Born in England in 1953, Wright studied at Goldsmiths College in London (1974–1975) and received a bachelor's degree in graphic design from the London College of Printing in 1978. Following his degree studies, he became an assistant to George Hardie (1978–1979) and then shared a studio with designer Neville Brody at The Face magazine (1979–81, 1990–96). In 1981, he set up his own studio.

Wright's work as a commercial illustrator has spanned four decades, starting with his illustrative cover of The Undertones’ "Teenage Kicks" 7” single in the late 1970s, progressing with his illustrative artwork for The Face in its 1980s heyday and his weekly black-and-white portraits for the New Musical Express. His subsequent work has included projects for a multitude of diverse individuals, including Issey Miyake, Givenchy, Mike Tyson, Björk, Ian Brown, Pete Townshend, Tony Bennett, and T.I.

In his illustrative work, Wright has experimented with a variety of techniques. An early portrait of Grandmaster Flash was made entirely with salt to replicate cocaine as a reference to the seminal rap track "White Lines". He adopted photocopiers at an early stage, changing single-colour toners within the machine to mimic the screen print process by building layers of colour from separate artworks into one final image. In his portraits and illustrative artwork for record sleeves and the music press, he combines analogue and digital techniques.

Wright’s artwork has been exhibited internationally, including in London at the Design Museum (2007), the Exposure Gallery (2007), the Cosh Gallery (2007), Rosemary Gardens (2005), and the Pentagram Gallery (2005); in New York at the Reed Space (2006), Times Square (2006), Mass Production at The Christopher Henry Gallery (2006), and Issey Miyake (2002); in Hong Kong at Agnes B Libarie Gallery (2007) and the Hong Kong Center Wanchai (2005); and in the Czech Republic at the 22nd International Biennale of Graphic Design (2006).

References

External links
Official website

1953 births
Living people
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
English illustrators


Gorgopas was one of the joint Spartan garrison commanders at Gythium. During the Roman-Spartan War, the Romans and their allies started besieging Gythium. After a few days of fighting, Gorgopas' joint commander, Dexagoridas, told a Roman legate that he was willing to surrender the city. When Gorgopas found out, he slew Dexagoridas with his own hands. Gorgopas continued to command the city but when the Roman commander-in-chief Titus Quinctius Flaminius arrived with reinforcements, Gorgopas surrendered on the condition that he and the garrison could return to Sparta unharmed. Nothing more is heard of him.

References
Livy, translated by Henry Bettison, (1976). Rome and the Mediterranean. London: Penguin Classics. .

Ancient Spartan generals
2nd-century BC Spartans
Ancient Greek garrison commanders


Gorgopas can refer to:

 Gorgopas (4th century BC), Spartan commander in the Corinthian War
 Gorgopas (2nd century BC), Spartan commander in the Roman-Spartan War
 Gorgopas (butterfly), a skipper butterfly genus


Commonwealth v. Twitchell, 416 Mass. 114, 617 N.E.2d 609 (1993), was the most prominent of a series of criminal cases, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, in which parents who were members of the Christian Science church were prosecuted for the deaths of children whose medical conditions had been treated only by Christian Science prayer.

In 1988, Massachusetts prosecutors charged David and Ginger Twitchell with manslaughter in the 1986 death of their two-year-old son Robyn. Robyn Twitchell died of a peritonitis caused by a bowel obstruction that medical professionals declared would have been easily correctable.

The Twitchells' defense contended that the couple were within their First Amendment rights to treat their son's illness with prayer and that Massachusetts had recognized this right in an exemption to the statute outlawing child neglect.

The Twitchells were convicted of involuntary manslaughter.  They were sentenced to ten years probation and required to bring their remaining children to regular visits to a pediatrician.  The conviction was overturned in 1993 by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court on a legal technicality. Robert Gittens, speaking for the prosecutors' office commented, "the law is now clear: parents cannot sacrifice the lives of their children in the name of religious freedom."

References

External links

Massachusetts state case law
U.S. state criminal case law
1988 in United States case law
Christian Science in Massachusetts
History of Christianity in the United States
1993 in Massachusetts
1993 controversies
Supernatural healing


Bill LaForge (September 2, 1951 – June 19, 2005) was a Canadian ice hockey head coach. LaForge briefly coached the Vancouver Canucks in National Hockey League, but enjoyed more success in junior ice hockey with Western Hockey League and the Ontario Hockey League teams. LaForge was known for his controversial coaching style, intimidation tactics, on-ice brawls, suspensions and fines. Teams he coached were known for physical play, and high scoring. Notable players coached by LaForge in junior ice hockey include; Shayne Corson, Keith Primeau, Dean Evason, Gary Leeman, Tony Tanti, Brad May, Ken Daneyko, Doug Bodger, Garth Butcher, and Rob Brown. LaForge died June 19, 2005, after an apparent heart attack.

Background
LaForge was related to Patrick LaForge, the former president of the Edmonton Oilers. Depending on the source, they were either brothers, or cousins. Through his relation to Patrick LaForge, he was also a distant cousin of Pierre Boivin, former president of the Montreal Canadiens. LaForge was married to Penny, and had four children. His son Bill LaForge Jr., became a team executive in junior ice hockey. LaForge played hockey and football at Archbishop MacDonald High School. He later played for the Edmonton Huskies, and attended training camp for the Calgary Stampeders in 1974, but did not pass the physical due to an injury sustained working at a construction site. LaForge began coaching hockey as the recreational director of the Enoch Cree Nation.

Coaching style
LaForge used his football background in teaching his teams to be a physical club, and stressed team first, instead of the name on the back of the jersey. LaForge's coaching mantra was a PhD in hockey: pride, hustle and desire.

He used unorthodox coaching methods, punishing emphasis on physical play, and humiliating practices. LaForge used intimidation tactics such as staring down opposing teams during warm-ups, and had a stoplight installed in his team's dressing room in Hamilton. The stoplight was red between periods meaning, players were not allowed to fight, but once it turned green at the start of a period, players could fight. He was also a caring person. LaForge once legally adopted a player to be his coach and mentor. He insisted on players attending school, and keeping an active mind.

Coaching career

Oshawa Generals
LaForge began his major junior coaching career with the Oshawa Generals in the 1980–81 OHL season. LaForge took over a young team, without many expectations. Oshawa lost their first game 0–6 to Windsor, but established a pattern of physical play with five fights and two brawls in the match, to start the season. By the end of the season, Oshawa led the league with 3198 penalty minutes, averaging of 47 minutes per game, compared to the second most penalized team in the league had only 2092 penalty minutes. LaForge led the Generals to fourth place in the Leyden division, and a playoff berth. Oshawa faced the Peterborough Petes in a best-of-five preliminary round of the in the playoffs. The series was highly anticipated considering the historic rivalry between the teams, and Peterborough winning the J. Ross Robertson Cup each of the three previous seasons. The teams split the first four games, each winning twice on home ice. During the pregame skate before game five, a brawl ensued between the two teams, including a physical altercation between LaForge and Peterborough coach Dave Dryden. Order had to be restored by local policemen, as the referee and linesmen were not on the ice at the time. LaForge later received a 50-game suspension. When the game was finally completed, Oshawa won by a 6–2 score. LaForge led the Generals into the best-of-seven quarterfinals against the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds, losing the series in six games. LaForge resigned following the season.

Regina Pats
LaForge moved back west to coach the Regina Pats in the 1981–82 WHL season. LaForge never served the 50–game suspension imposed by the OHL, due to switching leagues. LaForge quickly established another physical team in Regina. There were two on-ice brawls in preseason games, eighteen during the regular season, and six more in the playoffs. LaForge was suspended three times during the season as a result. The Pats led the league with 3412 penalty minutes, having four players with 300-plus penalty minutes, including Al Tuer who led the league with 486 penalty minutes, and team captain Garth Butcher had 318 penalty minutes. Despite the penalty minutes, Regina scored the most goals in the WHL with 465, had five players with 50–goal seasons, and featured the top two point scorers in the league; Jock Callander and Dave Michayluk. Regina finished the season second place in the east division. In the playoffs, Regina defeated the Brandon Wheat Kings 4 games to 0 in the first round, defeated the Calgary Wranglers three games to one in the second round, and defeated the first place Lethbridge Broncos four games to three to reach the WHL finals. LaForge and the Pats lost to the Portland Winterhawks four games to one. In the 3–5 loss in game four of the finals, LaForge's team amassed 190 penalty minutes and incited an on-ice brawl after the game ended.

Kamloops Junior Oilers
LaForge moved onto his next team, the Kamloops Junior Oilers for the 1982–83 WHL season. He took over a team that won only 18 games the previous season. Kamloops finished third place in west division with 46 wins, and earned 92 points. LaForge's team led the west division with 1937 penalty minutes. Despite a notable decrease in penalty minutes from previous LaForge teams, Kamloops still managed to get into seven brawls during the season. The Victoria Cougars defeated Kamloops four games to three in the division semifinals.

LaForge remained with the Junior Oilers for the 1983–84 WHL season, and improved the team's record to first place in the west division, with 50 wins and 100 points. Kamloops led the league with 467 goals scored, and led the west division with 1865 penalty minutes, including ten brawls. Kamloops swept through the first two rounds of the playoffs defeating the Seattle Breakers, and then the Portland Winter Hawks both by five games to none. In the finals, LaForge met up with his former team, and defeated the Regina Pats in seven games to win the President's Cup and the WHL Championship. Laforge and the Junior Oilers moved on to the 1984 Memorial Cup hosted by the Kitchener Rangers. Kamloops lost game one to the Kitchener Rangers 7–9, and lost game two to the Ottawa 67's 1–5. Facing the also winless Laval Voisins, LaForge pulled out a 4–3 win. In the semifinal versus Ottawa, the Junior Oilers lost 2–7.

Vancouver Canucks
LaForge was 32 years old when hired to coach in the National Hockey League. LaForge was announced as the new head coach of the Vancouver Canucks for the 1984-85 NHL season, the day after the semifinal game of the 1984 Memorial Cup. Canucks general manager Harry Neale chose LaForge over Mike Keenan, believing that LaForge would motivate the often laid-back NHL team. LaForge's NHL coaching career began with a 2–5 loss to the Quebec Nordiques, then a 6–5 overtime win versus the Los Angeles Kings. Vancouver then went on a nine-game losing streak, including losses of 2–13 to the Philadelphia Flyers, 0–7 to the Edmonton Oilers, and 3–10 to the Los Angeles Kings. Frustration was evident in the loss to the Flyers which included seven fights and two brawls. LaForge lasted only twenty games into the 1984–85 Vancouver Canucks season, being fired by Neale after a 1–5 loss to the St. Louis Blues on November 20, with only four wins and two ties.

Hamilton Steelhawks
After being fired from Vancouver, LaForge returned to the junior hockey, coaching the Hamilton Steelhawks for the remainder of the 1984–85 OHL season as mid-season replacement for Dave Draper who continued as general manager. LaForge took over an under achieving team and built the into a physical presence. On March 9, the Hamilton Steelhawks played the Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds in the televised OHL game of the week, that  resulted in a full bench-clearing brawl in the second period. A total of 164 minutes in penalties, including 14 fighting majors and 10 game misconducts were called. The Steelhawks were fined $2,000 and LaForge was suspended for the balance of the season, including the playoffs. The Steelhawks managed to finished fourth place in the Emms division and amass 1641 penalty minutes.

LaForge returned behind the bench for the 1985–86 OHL season. The Steelhawks struggled in a rebuilding season as the team was mostly 17-year-olds. Hamilton finished seventh place in the Emms division and missed the playoffs, but managed to lead the league with 2060 penalty minutes.

LaForge had a lot of returning players for the 1986–87 OHL season, and improved the team's record to second place Emms division. The Steelhawks accrued 1632 penalty minutes, fifth highest in the league. In the playoffs, Hamilton defeated the Guelph Platers four games to one in the first round, but were swept in four games by the Windsor Spitfires in the second round.

In the 1987–88 OHL season, LaForge led the Steelhawks to a third-place finish in the Emms division, and led the league with 2232 penalty minutes. Ten different players on LaForge's team had at least 100 penalty minutes. In the playoffs, Hamilton defeated the North Bay Centennials four games to none in the first round. The Steelhawks defeated the London Knights four games to two in round two. In the third round, LaForge's team was swept out of the playoffs again in four games by Windsor Spitfires.

Niagara Falls Thunder
The Hamilton Steelhawks relocated to Niagara Falls, Ontario for the 1988–89 OHL season, and were renamed the Niagara Falls Thunder. LaForge led the Thunder to a second-place finish in the Emms division, and led the league with 2280 penalty minutes. LaForge's team led league with 410 goals, including the league's top two scorers in Bryan Fogarty and Stan Drulia, and an additional seven players with at least 20 goals. In the playoffs, Niagara Falls swept the Windsor Spitfires in the first round, earned a bye in the second round, then won a hard fought seven game series versus the London Knights in round three. LaForge and the Thunder were upset by the Peterborough Petes in six games in the finals, by the well disciplined Petes, compared to the many penalties taken by the Thunder. LaForge's aggressive coaching style was blamed for costing the Thunder a chance at the Memorial Cup, as they had been one of the top ranked team in the league all season with high expectations going into the finals.

LaForge continued to make headlines into the 1989–90 OHL season, by legally adopting Trevor Renkers to facilitate coaching the prospect. Renkers played only one game for the Niagara Falls Thunder, scoring a goal, and taking four penalty minutes. Twenty games into the season LaForge's team had a record of 4 wins, 14 losses and 2 ties. Team owner Rick Gay had grown tired of LaForge's antics by this time, fired LaForge and replaced him with George Burnett.

Later career
LaForge was hired by Tri-City Americans owner Ron Dixon on December 17, 1989 as director of player personnel. After the Christmas break, LaForge altered the dressing room to make it smaller, and took over running a team practice. The players revolted and refused to play under his supervision in the next league game on December 30, 1989 vs the Portland Winterhawks. LaForge was reassigned to scouting duties for the remainder of the 1989–90 WHL season.

LaForge was the third of three head coaches for the Guelph Storm during the 1991–92 OHL season. LaForge was hired to replace interim head coach and general manager, Mike Kelly. LaForge's team included both his son Bill LaForge Jr, and his adopted son Trevor Renkers. Guelph won just four games that season, finishing last place in the league. In typical LaForge syle, his team led the league with 1767 penalty minutes. LaForge was fired at the end of the season.

LaForge coached the Bismarck Bulls of the American Hockey Association for the 1992–93 season. Bismarck finished last place in the standings, but led the league penalties with 1146 minutes in 35 games.

LaForge was head coach of the Bonnyville Pontiacs of the Alberta Junior Hockey League for the 1993–94 season. The team finished tied for 8th, and last place with the Lloydminster Blazers.

LaForge filled in as a replacement coach with the Nashville Nighthawks of the Central Hockey League near the end of the 1996-97 season. LaForge took over the final eleven games for player-head coach Iain Duncan, winning two and losing nine games to finish the season. LaForge's coaching career finished with fisticuffs, including a brawl in the second last game, and six fights in the final game of the season.

Coaching record
Regular season and postseason coaching statistics.

References

External links

1951 births
2005 deaths
Canadian football people from Edmonton
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Guelph Storm coaches
Hamilton Steelhawks coaches
Ice hockey people from Edmonton
Kamloops Junior Oilers coaches
Niagara Falls Thunder coaches
Oshawa Generals coaches
Regina Pats coaches
Vancouver Canucks coaches