The negation of the Diaspora (, shlilat ha'galut, or , shlilat ha'golah) is a central assumption in many currents of Zionism. The concept encourages the dedication to Zionism and it is used to justify the denial of the feasibility of Jewish emancipation in the Diaspora. Life in the Diaspora would either lead to discrimination and persecution or to national decadence and assimilation. A more moderate formulation says that the Jews as a people have no future without a "spiritual center" in the Land of Israel.

Origin of the concept
The earliest publication of the concept in Zionist discourse was in a series of public exchanges between Simon Dubnow and Ahad Ha'am, beginning in 1901. Ha'am's 1909 Hebrew-language essay שלילת הגולה (shlilat ha'golah, Negation of the Diaspora) fixed the phrase in Zionist public terminology.

Before 1948
According to Eliezer Schweid, in the early twentieth century, Yosef Haim Brenner and Micha Josef Berdyczewski advocated an extreme form of the concept. In his literary work, Brenner describes Jews in the Pale of Settlement as poor, mentally, morally and spiritually disfigured, panicky, humiliated, disoriented, with no realistic view of life, depressed, despised, slovenly of dress, lacking taste, unwilling to defend themselves against violence, desperate, and feeling at the same time inferior and part of a Chosen People. According to Schweid, Brenner thought that that despair was good, as it would leave Zionism as their only option.

Yehezkel Kaufmann saw Jews in the Diaspora as territorially assimilated, religiously segregated and in other matters semi-assimilated, with even their Jewish languages often a mixture of Hebrew and the local language. Kaufmann viewed this Diaspora culture as flawed, misshapen, poor and restricted. Although Diaspora Jews could assimilate more easily now that the Jewish ghettos had been abolished and the larger cultures were becoming more secular, European cultures remained essentially Christian.

Ahad Ha'am and A. D. Gordon held a more moderate view in that they still saw some positive traits or possibilities in life in the Diaspora. As he thought the creation of a homeland in Palestine would take several generations, Ahad Ha'am wanted to improve life in the Diaspora by creating a "spiritual center" in Palestine. This would give Jews more self-confidence and help them resist assimilation, which he saw as a deformation of the personality  and a moral failing in regards to family and people. He believed Jews should feel historical continuity and organic belonging to a people. Gordon perceived nature as an organic unity. He preferred organic bonds in society, like those of family, community and nation, over "mechanical" bonds, like those of state, party and class. Since Jews were cut off from their nation, they were cut off from the experience of sanctity, and the existential bond with the infinite. In the Diaspora, a Jew was cut off from direct contact with nature. Gordon wrote:

The poet Hayyim Nahman Bialik wrote:

And my heart weeps for my unhappy people ...
How burned, how blasted must our portion be,
If seed like this is withered in its soil. ...

According to Schweid, Bialik meant that the "seed" was the potential of the Jewish people, which they preserved in the Diaspora, where it could only give rise to deformed results. However, once conditions changed, the "seed" could still give a plentiful harvest. Schweid says the concept of the organic unity of the nation is the common denominator of Ahad Ha'am's, Gordon's and Bialik's views, which prevents them from completely rejecting life in the Diaspora.

Zeev Sternhell distinguishes two schools of thought in Zionism. One was the liberal or utilitarian school of Theodor Herzl and Max Nordau. Especially after the Dreyfus Affair they held that anti-Semitism would never disappear, and saw Zionism as a rational solution for Jews. The other school, prevalent among the Zionists in Palestine, saw Zionism as a project to rescue the Jewish nation and not as a project to rescue Jews. Zionism was a matter of the "Rebirth of the Nation". In "Rebirth and Destiny of ISRAEL", a collection of speeches and assays by David Ben-Gurion, he describes his horror after discovering, shortly after his arrival in Palestine in 1906, that a moshava (a private Jewish agricultural settlement) employed Arabs as guards: "Was it conceivable that here too we should be deep in Galuth (exile), hiring strangers to guard our property and protect our lives?"

The question of security, apart from the shame of Jewish inability to defend their lives and honor during pogroms, was not central to their thinking. For instance, in 1940, Katznelson wrote about Polish Jews in areas conquered by the Soviet Union: "[They] are unable to fight even for a few days for small things like Hebrew schools. In my opinion that is a terrible tragedy, no less than the trampling of Jewry by Hitler's Jackboots."

According to Frankel, some Zionists of the Second Aliyah, like Ya'akov Zerubavel, advocated a new Jewish mentality that would replace the old one. The old mentality, the Galut (exile) mentality, was one of passivity, of awaiting salvation from the Heavens. According to Zerubavel, after the final defeat of Bar Kochba by the Romans began "the tragedy of our passivity." For him, to work the soil in the Land of Israel, to settle the country and to defend the settlements, was a complete break with Exile and meant picking up the thread where it had been dropped after the national defeat by the Romans in the first century CE. The Jew with the new mentality would fight to defend himself. According to Ben-Gurion, "to act as guard in Eretz Israel is the boldest and freest deed in Zionism." Zerubavel wrote that the remark by which a fallen guard, Yehezkel Ninasov, was remembered, revealed the image of being guard in all its glory. Ninasov had once said: "How is it that you are still alive and your animals are gone? Shame on you!". According to Brenner, "[the pioneers in Palestine are] a new type among the Jews".

In an address to the youth section of the Mapai political party in 1944 Ben-Gurion said:

According to Sternhell, the Zionist views underlying the negation of the Diaspora, e.g., the view of the Jews as a parasitic people, were often quite similar to the views underlying modern European antisemitism.

Hebrew revival
According to Itamar Even-Zohar, in the late 19th century, secular Jews in Eastern Europe saw Jewish culture as in a state of decline or even degeneration. Some wanted to assimilate completely. The Zionists sought a return to the "purity" and "authenticity" of the existence of the "Hebrew nation in its land", a pastoral vision reflecting contemporary romantic ideals.

This vision manifested itself by counterposing "new Hebrew" to "old Diaspora Jew" in various ways. Even-Zohar mentions several:
 the transition to physical labor, mainly agriculture or "working the land", as it was called;
 self-defense and the concomitant use of arms;
 the supplanting of the old, "contemptible" Diaspora language, Yiddish, with a new tongue, "authentic" Hebrew, adopting the Sephardi rather than the Ashkenazi pronunciation;
 discarding traditionally European dress and adopting other, Middle Eastern fashions, like the Bedouin-Circassian; and
 dropping Eastern European family names (often based on German or Russian) and adopting Hebrew ones instead.

This rejection of the Diaspora, for some such as the Canaanists (who originated from Revisionist Zionism), extended to the rejection of the close and intimate ties between the culture practiced by most self-identified Jews, and the reclaiming of Jewish culture as a "Hebrew culture" that would become agnostic to religious affiliation, rely upon the land of Israel and its ancient cultures as a prime factor in self-identification as a Hebrew rather than as Jew, and even seek for assimilation of the Arab residents into the larger Hebrew culture. This extreme negation of both the Diaspora and Judaism would not become popular among even secular Zionists, but it would continue to resurface in nationalistic thought to the present day.

Ze'ev Jabotinsky, the founder of Revisionist Zionism, is famous for summarizing the attitude, "Eliminate the Diaspora, or the Diaspora will surely eliminate you."

After 1948
According to Schweid, since about 1970, the idea of the negation of the Diaspora was removed from the basic premises guiding national education in Israel. One reason for this was the need of the State of Israel to "reconcile" itself with Jews in the Diaspora.

In 2007, the Israeli government started a campaign to encourage Jews in Germany from the former Soviet Union to emigrate to Israel, in order, according to the decision of the Israeli Cabinet, to "counter [their] dangerous assimilation".

The anti-Diaspora position is present within the Israeli literature to this day, with A. B. Yehoshua being considered chief of this sentimental strain; Yehoshua has often been recorded or cited as critical of Diaspora Judaism as being inauthentic and rootless in comparison to Israeli Judaism, and the Judaism-tinged Diaspora existence as being stifling to the identity and conviviality of secular Jewish culture.

See also

Anti-Yiddish sentiment
Jewish question
Muscular Judaism
Nation-building
Golus nationalism
Zionist antisemitism

Footnotes

Bibliography
Ben-Gurion, 1959, 'Rebirth and destiny of Israel', Thomas Yoseloff Ltd., London
E. Schweid, 'Rejection of the Diaspora in Zionist Thought', in 'Essential Papers on Zionism', ed. By Reinharz & Shapira, 1996,
Z. Sternhell, The founding myths of Israel: nationalism, socialism, and the making of the Jewish state. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998. p. 3-36.

Zionism
Expulsions of Jews
Jewish diaspora
Aliyah


The VDP cloche was an element of the Maginot Line fortifications. A cloche (bell) was a fixed and non-retractable firing position made of a thick iron casting which shielded its occupant. By comparison, turrets could be rotated and sometimes lowered so that only the top shell was exposed. VDP cloches were used for observation of the surrounding area for artillery direction. VDP is an acronym for Vision Directe et Périscopique. By comparison with the GFM cloche, the VDP cloche had narrower ports and was consequently lower in profile.

Description
VDP cloches were equipped with three embrasures or crenels for direct vision, providing protection to observers.  VDP cloches were also equipped with periscopes that allowed a greater arc of view. The cloches were embedded in a thick concrete carapace over a combat, entrance or observation block element of a largely subterranean Maginot fortification. A platform, identical to that used in the GFM cloche, was installed for the observer within the cloche. No armament was fitted. 64 VDP cloches were installed along the Maginot Line.

VP cloche
The similar VP (Vision Périscopique) cloche lacked direct observation ports, presenting a much lower profile. Twenty VP cloches were installed.

See also
JM cloche, heavy twin machine gun cloche
LG cloche, grenade launcher cloche

References

Bibliography
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.

World War II weapons of France
VDP


Joseph Bologne may refer to:
 Chevalier de Saint-Georges (Joseph Bologne, 1745–1799), French fencer, composer, violinist and conductor
 Joseph Bologne (politician) (1871–1959), Belgian socialist politician

See also
 Joseph Bologna (1934–2017), American actor


Johan "Janne" Gustafsson (2 May 1883 – 24 September 1942) was a Swedish shooter who competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics.

In 1908 he won the silver medal in the team free rifle event. In the 300 metre free rifle competition as well as in the team military rifle event he finished fifth.

References

External links
profile

1883 births
1942 deaths
Swedish male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Olympic shooters for Sweden
Shooters at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Sweden
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics
19th-century Swedish people
20th-century Swedish people


Castejón may refer to:

 Castejón, Navarre, a municipality in Navarre, Spain
 Castejón, Cuenca, a municipality in the province of Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain
 Castejón de Alarba, a municipality in the province of Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
 Castejón de las Armas, a municipality in the province of Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
 Castejón de Henares, a municipality in the province of Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha, Spain
 Castejón de Monegros, a municipality in the province of Huesca, Aragón, Spain
 Castejón del Puente, a municipality in the province of Huesca, Aragón, Spain
 Castejón de Sos, a municipality in the province of Huesca, Aragón, Spain
 Castejón de Tornos, a municipality in the province of Teruel, Aragón, Spain
 Castejón de Valdejasa, a municipality in the province of Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
 Castejón Mountains, in Aragon, Spain
 Sierra de Castejón, in La Rioja, Spain


Billy Tohill (April 5, 1939 – April 11, 2000) was an American football player and coach. He served as head coach at Texas Christian University (TCU) from 1971 to 1973.

A native of Batesville, Mississippi, Tohill played at Mississippi State University from 1958 to 1960, where he was awarded letters in 1959 and 1960. He served as an assistant at TCU before taking over as head coach for Jim Pittman, who died midway through the 1971 season. Seventeen months after replacing Pittman, Tohill had a serious automobile accident that nearly killed him and left him with a prosthetic foot. Tohill compiled an 11–15 record overall at TCU. He was fired after the 1973 season. In 1974, Tohill became part of the recruiting team and the coach of the defensive backs for the Birmingham Americans of the World Football League (WFL). One of his final coaching jobs was at Pelham High School in Alabama, where in 1986 he coached the Panthers in their first winning season ever. In 1988, Tohill lead Pelham to a 7-3 season, which was, at the time, the best season the program had ever experienced. In early 1990, Tohill would resign as football coach and athletic director of Pelham High School. Although the reasons were never made clear, it was stated that this move was due to clashes with the school administration. He would go on to be an assistant coach at the University of Alabama at Birmingham in 1991, which was UAB's inaugural football season. Tohill would retire from coaching altogether after the 1991 season at UAB. Tohill lived in Hoover, Alabama until his passing in 2000.

Current Clemson University head football coach, Dabo Swinney, played high school football for Tohill at Pelham High School. In 2016 and 2018, Swinney led Clemson to the College Football Playoff National Championship, making Swinney the first former player of Tohill's to win a national title as a head coach.

Head coaching record

College

Notes

References

1939 births
2000 deaths
Birmingham Americans coaches
Mississippi State Bulldogs football coaches
Mississippi State Bulldogs football players
TCU Horned Frogs football coaches
Tulane Green Wave football coaches
UAB Blazers football coaches
High school football coaches in Alabama
People from Batesville, Mississippi
Players of American football from Mississippi


Carl Axel Jansson (24 April 1882 – 22 September 1909) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics. In 1908 he won the silver medal in the team free rifle event. In the team military rifle event he finished fifth and in the 300 metre free rifle competition he finished seventh.

References

External links
profile

1882 births
1909 deaths
Swedish male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Olympic shooters for Sweden
Shooters at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Sweden
Olympic medalists in shooting
Sport shooters from Stockholm
Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics
20th-century Swedish people


Knight Rider is an American action television series that follows the 1982 television series of the same title created by Glen A. Larson and the 2008 television movie. The series aired on NBC from September 24, 2008 to March 4, 2009. The series stars Justin Bruening as Michael Traceur, the estranged son of Michael Knight; at the end of the pilot episode, Traceur renames himself Michael Knight II. The series also stars Deanna Russo as Sarah Graiman, Traceur's former girlfriend and love interest. Sarah is the daughter of Charles Graiman. Graiman, played by Bruce Davison, is the creator of a new generation of KITT (Knight Industries Three Thousand), which is voiced by Val Kilmer and based on a Ford Mustang Shelby GT500KR. The series was in production for just one season.

Plot
Continuing from the pilot movie, Mike Traceur is partnered with KITT and works for Knight Industries Research and Development, a secret intelligence agency overseen by NSA Agent Alex Torres and FBI Agent Carrie Rivai. Other team members include Charles Graiman and his daughter Sarah, Tech specialists Billy Morgan and Zoe Chae. During the first episode, the mission is compromised by people who claim to be associates of Mike but of whom he has no recollection. Mike reveals that a significant chunk of his memory is missing due to an unexplained trauma, which co-incides with a period when he stopped talking to Sarah. To end the damage, Carrie orchestrates his "death", thus Mike Traceur dies. Traceur renames himself Michael Knight II and continues his work with KITT.

Cast
Justin Bruening as Michael "Mike" Knight (originally known as Mike Traceur): the son of the original Michael Knight, driver of the first KITT.
Deanna Russo as Dr. Sarah Graiman: the daughter of Charles Graiman and romantic interest of Mike Knight.
Val Kilmer as the Voice of KITT: the artificially intelligent automobile. Will Arnett was originally cast for the voice of KITT and had his lines recorded but he was later replaced by Val Kilmer.
Paul Campbell as Billy Morgan
Smith Cho as Zoe Chae (Episodes 13–17, Guest Star in Episodes 1–12)
Bruce Davison as Dr. Charles Graiman: KITT's creator and Sarah's father. (Episodes 1–12)
Sydney Tamiia Poitier as FBI Agent Carrie Rivai (Episodes 1–11)
Yancey Arias as NSA Agent Alex Torres (Episodes 1–12)
Peter Cullen as the Voice of KARR 2.0, the evil artificially intelligent automobile

Production

Development
In the spring of 2007, NBCUniversal chief executive Jeff Zucker hired Ben Silverman as chief NBC programmer, and asked him to help bring NBC out of last place in network ratings. One of Silverman's early moves was to try to revive old franchises like Knight Rider and American Gladiators. Silverman, in a deal endorsed by Ford Motor Company, the car supplier, approved production. In advance of its anticipated weekly run, the new Knight Rider series was introduced with a television movie on February 17, 2008. The new series premiered on NBC on September 24, 2008 and led the network's Wednesday evening lineup, along with Deal or No Deal and Lipstick Jungle. On October 21, 2008, NBC gave the show a full season order of 22 episodes, where all of the episodes that aired on TV are also available on NBC, the PlayStation Network Video Store, Xbox Live Marketplace, Hulu Plus (available only for computer streaming, not TV or mobile streaming), and iTunes Store. The episodes are available in high-definition and standard-definition formats.

Retooling
On November 10, 2008, NBC reformatted the show in an effort to more closely resemble the storyline of its predecessor. Yancey Arias, Bruce Davison, and Sydney Tamiia Poitier's characters were removed from the series after the end of their original thirteen episode commitment starting with a two-part episode scheduled to air in January 2009. The show continued with a more character-driven focus on Michael and KITT.

Cancellation
On December 3, 2008, NBC reduced its season order from 22 to 17 episodes. The series finale aired on March 4, 2009. On May 19, 2009, NBC canceled the series after one season.

Vehicle

For the series premiere, many new features in KITT were introduced in addition to those seen on the pilot movie. As an homage to the original KITT's Super Pursuit Mode, the new KITT transforms into Attack Mode – a significantly more aggressive version than the Attack Mode depicted in the pilot movie, which consisted primarily of an extended rear spoiler. KITT also transforms into a Ford F-150 FX4 pickup truck for off-road purposes, a Ford E-150 van, Ford Flex, Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor, and a 1969 Mach 1 Mustang for disguise purposes. The series also demonstrated capabilities such as KITT's Turbo Boost, allowing KITT to briefly become airborne, and submergibility, maintaining system integrity and life support for occupants while underwater. Also installed in KITT are a grappling hook, a laser that originates from his scanner bar, double mini-guns, defensive flares, offensive missiles, parachute, a dart gun, a sonic inhibitor and an EMP weapon.

The interior of the vehicle has been reworked, with the single display screen on the center console replaced by touch-enabled head-up displays spanning the entire interior surface of the windshield. The removal of the center console screen has also seen KITT's "presence" indicator, reminiscent of the original series KITT's voice modulator, appearing in a pulsing orb mounted high in the middle of the dashboard with a dot in the middle that shifts over to "look" at whoever he's talking to. Other interior changes include a more conventional steering wheel, replacing the previously seen 3/4 steering wheel, blue lighting in the dashboard over the driver's-side instrumentation and the passenger-side console that becomes red whenever KITT is in Attack Mode, and a standard Mustang rear seat instead of the super-computer laden rear seat of the movie KITT. The interior of 4x4 Mode uses the same customized Mustang dashboard, but the F-150's passenger and driver's seats. KITT also carries a backup mainframe that he can reboot to in the event his primary is damaged. KITT's mechanics are high-tech industrial robots named Katie, Lisa, and Hank. They scan KITT for damages and interact with the human actors.

KITT's technology includes a surface screen program, enabling the hood to operate as a touchscreen display, similar to the internal head-up displays, a printer in the passenger-side console, and a 3D Object Generator in the rear passenger compartment, as well as a self-destruct program.

Episodes

On December 3, 2008, NBC reduced its season order to seventeen episodes. The series finale aired on March 4, 2009. On May 19, 2009, NBC announced that they would not renew Knight Rider for a second season.

Home media
Knight Rider: The Complete Series DVD was released on July 28, 2009 on a four disc set with bonus material.

See also

 Knight Rider franchise

References

External links

2008 American television series debuts
2009 American television series endings
American action television series
English-language television shows
Knight Rider
Knight Rider television series
Television series about robots
NBC original programming
American sequel television series
Alternative sequel television series
Television series reboots
Television series by Universal Television
Malware in fiction


The Governance Interoperability Framework (GIF) is an open, standards-based specification and set of technologies that describes and promotes interoperability among components of a service-oriented architecture (SOA). GIF integrates SOA ecosystem technologies to achieve heterogeneous service lifecycle governance and is supported by Hewlett-Packard Company and by GIF partners.

SOA Governance and creating a system-of-record

Governance is recognized as a foundational requirement for successful enterprise adoption of SOA: Gartner has stated that “governance isn’t an option but an imperative”, and predicts that the dominant mode of SOA project failure will be a lack of adequate governance.

The primary products used by most organizations to achieve SOA governance are based on an integrated registry-repository, and provide support for managing and communication information in an SOA as well as automating key governance activities. These SOA governance systems provide a central system-of-record for all services and related information in an SOA, and are the place where services can be advertised by providers and discovered by consumers. As such, they act as a key control point for governing service availability, versioning, service lifecycle management, and for ensuring compliance with business and technical policies.

To be effective, SOA governance systems need a mechanism for exchanging information between all the disparate technologies that support an SOA. Interoperability is a fundamental requirement for the visibility, trust and control required for effective SOA governance. The objective of GIF is to drive interoperability through the adoption of standards and common approaches to modeling and exchanging information.

GIF Overview

GIF represents a collection of APIs defined by standards organizations, data mappings and classifications and leverages UDDI and WS-Policy standards, among others, as building blocks. In order to promote commonality of approaches and understanding of the information represented, GIF also defines vocabularies for the purpose of applying metadata to service information.

Integration with the Governance Interoperability Framework is based on two primary pillars of integration: Control Integration and Service Data Integration. These themes are based on the famed Model–View–Controller (MVC) pattern:

Control integration – Consists of alerting and notification integration; launching events and actions; and integration of business service governance and lifecycle.

Data integration – Consists of leveraging the Business Service Registry as the primary service description, characteristic, and policy catalog.

GIF provides control and data integration needed to support activities such as the governance of business service provisioning and lifecycle management. Aspects of this are:

Provisioning integration – Leverage the SOA governance system as part of the provisioning and deployment process of business services.  Once integrated, bi-directional exchange of service information between participants is enabled.

Deployment integration – Upon deployment of services, any party should have the ability to alert others to the existence of the service and the need to put the service and its definitions under management.

Lifecycle management – Lifecycle management of all facets of a business service is required. This means collaborating and integrating components for the purpose of managing:
 service and artifact versioning
 lifecycle information (e.g. development, test, production, deprecated)
 lifecycle status and state of the service (availability)
 deployment information including up-time, first deployed date, last deployment date
 contact and support information about the service or template (owner, responsible organization, support contact, manager, etc.)
 compliance status
 dependencies and relationships between:
 services – those dependencies that the partner creates partner
 proxies and the services they proxy
 services consumed by another service

GIF has been driven by several use cases, including:

 SOA governance system acting as the authoritative source of service descriptions and metadata to other components of an SOA ecosystem.
 SOA governance system as the recipient of service descriptions, metadata and policy information, including but not limited to publishing service descriptions (typically WSDL documents and associated metadata) and lifecycle information.
 Publish service characteristics to the SOA governance system to enable the searching and reporting of services and their artifacts. This may include publishing performance data, historical trends and other facets of service information such as constraints and capabilities of the service.
 Make service characteristics, such as configuration, constraints and capabilities typically expressed as policy, discoverable.
 Publishing and making available protocol and binding information, such as the WSDLs of proxied services by security or management partners, and their associated business service (functional) WSDLs.

GIF organization and membership

GIF is not a standard itself, but rather leverages existing standards to support SOA governance interoperability. GIF is supported by Hewlett-Packard Company and by GIF partners. For more information about the GIF specification, existing GIF partners and how to join GIF, visit HP’s website.

References

Paolo Malinverno, Gartner Research Service-Oriented Architecture Craves Governance, January 2006
Philip J. Windley, SOA Governance: Rules of the Game, InfoWorld.com, 23 January 2006
Frank Kenney, Daryl Plummer, Magic Quadrant for Integrated SOA Governance Technology Sets, January 2007

External links

Information about the Governance Interoperability Framework

See also
 Service-Oriented Modeling Framework

Enterprise application integration
Information technology governance
Open standards


The Bybrook, also known as the By Brook, is a small river in England. It is a tributary of the Bristol Avon and is some  long. Its sources are the Burton Brook and the Broadmead Brook, which rise in South Gloucestershire at Tormarton and Cold Ashton respectively, and join just north of Castle Combe in Wiltshire. The river has a mean flow rate of  as recorded at Middlehill near Box. A variety of flora and fauna is supported by the river including the endangered white-clawed crayfish. Twenty watermill sites have been identified on the river but none now remain in use.

Course
The Burton Brook rises near Lower Lapdown Farm at Tormarton and runs in an easterly direction towards the village of Burton on the Gloucestershire-Wiltshire border. The Broadmead Brook rises at Folly Farm at Cold Ashton and runs eastwards south of the Burton Brook; the two join below Gatcombe Hill, just north of the Wiltshire village of Castle Combe, at the beginning of a steep valley.

The Bybrook now flows southwards towards the village of Ford. Just before the village, the Danscombe Brook and another unnamed tributary join on the right bank from North Wraxall and Colerne Airfield. On through Slaughterford and turning southwards, the Bybrook is joined on the right bank by the Lid Brook at Drewett's Mill, north of Box; locally, the Bybrook is more commonly referred to as the Weavern downstream of Weavern Farm. The stream now runs in a southwesterly direction through a shallower valley, past Shockerwick House, before joining the Bristol Avon at Bathford, at a point adjacent to the main railway line from London and the A4 road.

Mills
There is evidence of at least 20 mill sites along the Bybrook; many were seasonal and only operated when there was sufficient water. In Roman times, the mills were exclusively used for grinding corn, but by the end of the 12th century, this part of Wiltshire became an important centre for the wool trade. Mills were converted to the cleansing and thickening of wool, a process known as fulling.

Fulling mills were established by Sir John Fastolf in Castle Combe, along the Bybrook, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, supporting a thriving woollen industry. With the decline of the woollen industry in the 17th century, accelerated by the Civil War and plague, many mills returned to grain, and fulling finally ceased when steam power shifted cloth-making to the north in the Industrial Revolution. The rise in demand for paper for packaging from nearby Bristol led to many mills converting to papermaking in the 18th and 19th centuries. Among them was Bathford Mill, just upstream of the confluence with the Avon, where papermaking began in 1809; paper for banknotes and passports is still made there by Portals.

Chapps Mill paper mill, which is associated with Slaughterford although it is in Colerne parish, continued in production until the 1990s.

Named mills

Goulters Mill, also known as Littleton Mill (1773) was a corn mill mentioned in the Domesday Book.

Gatcombe Mill, also known as Gadcombe Mill, was of greater significance than Goulters Mill. It was known to be a corn mill in 1887 and continued in use until the 1920s. There is no evidence of use other than to grind corn, but the proximity to Castle Combe raises the possibility of earlier cloth industry unless water was insufficient.

Tanners Mill, also known as Old Mill (1887), which dates back to at least 1773, is now incorporated in the buildings of Lower Shirehill Farm. Due to inadequacy of water supply, this must have been a seasonal corn mill.

West Kington Mill. Its size and age seem to be similar to Gatcombe Mill. In 1887 it was a corn mill that also housed a shoemaker and a butcher's shop.

Wick Mill, also known as Longs or Langs Mill and Hennars Mill. This was derelict by 1887. In 1704, three mills in the parish of North Wraxall paid tithes: Doncombe Mill 4s, Ford Mill 3s 4d and Hennars Mill 4s. A cloth mill in 1802, by 1829 it became a grist mill.

Nettleton Mill is part of the Castle Combe estate. The buildings date from the 18th century. A grist mill, its undershot wheel was replaced by a turbine during the 19th century. In the 1950s and 60s, the turbine power was utilised at some time, probably when the stream flow became inadequate.

Castle Combe Mill. The stepping stone weir and sluice are all that remain, in the gardens of the Manor House Hotel.

Upper Colham Mill. A barn on the old mill site is reported to have been a weaving shed. A turbine was in use in the 20th century for a sawmill on the opposite bank from the mill.

Lower Colham Mill declined in importance with the demise of the wool trade. Racks of cloth would have been taken across the bank from both Colham Mills to dry on the significantly named Rack Hill, now a nature reserve.

Upper Long Dean Mill is reported to have been a blanket mill prior to the First World War, It was then a flour mill, and changed to a grist mill until it ceased operation in 1956. Its undershot wheel is still in place and the rooms inside its mansard roof show evidence of the weavers who used to work there.

Lower Long Dean Mill was built as a paper mill by a Bristol merchant, Thomas Wilde (or Wyld) in 1635. Paper was still being manufactured in 1746 and 1860, but by 1887 it was listed as a corn mill. The track along the valley from Long Dean to the A420 has two strong bridges and paved sections, which suggest it was the common route for transporting the paper to the Bristol Road. The mill was destroyed by fire in the 19th century caused, as local legend would have it, by a boiler exploding, hurling its tenderer, a young lad, across the Bybrook into Chapel Wood. The well for the water wheel remains, as does part of a hatchway in what was the passageway underneath the drying house. Through this hatchway, the local doctor from Castle Combe dispensed medicine to his Long Dean patients in the second half of the 19th century. Straddling the millstream downstream from the mill is a unique stone built privy with seating for two adults and one child at once.

Ford Mill in 1725 was a fulling mill, gig mill, and grist mill, with racks, a furnace, presses and workhouses. In 1778, when it was rebuilt, it was a grist mill. by 1784 it was large enough for a paper mill to be added.

Doncombe Mill. Paying a tithe of 4s in 1704, the mill was probably a fulling mill by then, and earlier could have been a fulling mill. In 1778, with the local industry in decline, owner Benjamin Edwards overstretched himself by building six new tenements (still existing as the stable block, Doncobe Mill Cottage) adjoining his fulling and gig mill. He became bankrupt and in 1793 Charles Ward was the owner, and soon the partnership of Cottle and Ward were making paper. In 1847, the mill became a corn mill. The water in Doncombe Brook is less reliable than the Bybrook, and the mill needed a reservoir covering two thirds of an acre to regulate the supply. This survives as a pond behind the mill house.

Rag Mill in Slaughterford, also known as Overshot Mill. A mill leat, now filled in, ran for over three quarters of a kilometre from the sluices just downstream of the Doncombe Brook confluence to an overshot wheel in a fulling mill on this site. In the 1890s, rag processing machinery was installed at the mill, and the undershot wheel, which can still be seen on the derelict site dates from that time, being served by a much shorter leat from the next sluice upstream from the mill. Also clearly identifiable on the site is the remains of a rag boiler. The mill, demolished in 1964, processed rags into individual fibres or "stuff", which was transported in vats of elm across the bridge to Chapps Mill for paper making. The water wheel power was supplemented by a gas engine, and ran shafts and pulleys to a cutting machine and conveyor belt, as well as a grindstone to sharpen the cutting machine blades.

Chapps Mill was a fulling mill until 1790, when Charles Ward of Doncombe Mill took over from the Drewett family, clothiers of Colerne and Batheaston. Charles Ward and partner William Duckett converted the mill to paper. In 1805, Charles Ward was found guilty of producing unstamped paper and the sheriff confiscated all his goods. By 1818, the mill had been converted to cloth and the paper machinery was put up for sale. By 1827 the mill was back to paper making, until it was closed under W J Dowding in 1994. The Bybrook approaching the mill is man made at a high level and wider than the natural brook to provide a reservoir of water.

Weavern Mill. No mill buildings remain adjacent to the now derelict Weavern Farm; only the sluice opening can be seen at the original location. The name Weavern is a corruption of Wavering, by which the meandering Bybrook was known at this location. The mill was originally a fulling mill. In 1728 it was described as a corn mill, and in 1793 as a paper mill. It ceased work in 1834. From this point, the river is commonly known as the Weavern, even though Ordnance Survey maps maintain the name the Bybrook from the river's source to where it meets the River Avon near Bath.

Widdenham Mill was a fulling mill until 1662, and then lay derelict until the 18th century, when it returned to fulling until 1767, during which it was also a nap mill and had its own shearshop. in 1770 it was also dyeing its own cloth. Between 187 and 1866 the mill produced brown, blue and sugar paper.

Drewett's Mill was in working order as recently as 1990. The mill originally operated an overshot wheel driving three grindstones. In recent times, power to operate two stones and a saw has been through a vertical turbine.

Box Mill (also known as Pinchin's Mill) was in 1864 part of the Box Brewery owned by the Pinchins who in that year closed their Northgate Brewery at Pulteny Bridge. In 1867 it was described as a corn mill and malthouse. The mill was bought from Spafax in 1987 by musician Peter Gabriel, and converted into his internationally known Real World recording studios.

Cuttings Mill. Nothing is known of this mill, which was a casualty of the Great Western Railway, ending up under the embankment between Middlehill Tunnel and Box station.

Shockerwick Mills. Two mills are included in a 1270 deed, and one in a 1275 deed, but nothing is known of them, although a weir and sluice arrangement does exist today just south of the road bridge to Shockerwick.

Bathford Mill, also known as Forde Mills, Gamage Mills and Trevarno Mill. Mentioned in the Domesday Book, in the 16th century this was a grist and fulling mill. In 1740, the then miller sent some water from a newly discovered spring to Oxford, where it was judged to contain minerals. The spring was dubbed "Bathford Spa", and the miller sold his estate to Dr William Oliver, creator of the Bath Oliver biscuit and founder of the Rheumatic Hospital. Dr Oliver named the mill Trevarno. In 1768, James Yeeles, a skinner, converted the mill to a leather mill. On his death, his sons converted it to paper making. In 1882 it suffered in that year's major flooding, then in 1884 a great deal of it was destroyed by a boiler explosion. Finally it was completely rebuilt after a fire in 1910. In 1913 it changed from water power to steam power, in use for the next 50 years. Since 1972, behind high security fencing, Portals have produced high quality paper used by financial institutions in Europe.

Geology
The Bybrook is situated roughly in the centre of the River Avon catchment. In recent geological history, the Bybrook was the headwaters of the Avon; drainage to the south, east, and north of its catchment being to the headwaters of the River Thames. Then a major shift along a fault line captured these waters for the River Avon, the sudden increase in water-cut gorges through what is now Bristol and Bath exposing deep springs, including Bath's hot springs. This also caused the Bybrook to run deeper and steeper, creating the valley it now runs through, and leaving it as a minor tributary of the larger river.

Natural history
The Bybrook has significant populations of water crowfoot, native white-clawed crayfish and dippers. The crayfish are under threat from the invasive species American signal crayfish and otters. Miller's thumbs and lampreys also are to be found in the waters. Grey wagtail, kingfisher and reed bunting can also be seen in the river near Box. Just south of Slaughterford the river passes between two Sites of Special Scientific Interest at Colerne Park and Monk's Wood and Honeybrook Farm. These environments contain many rare meadow and aquatic plants including meadowsweet, common meadow-rue, hemlock water-dropwort and golden-saxifrage.

Hydrology
The Environment Agency measures flow rates in the Bybrook at Middlehill, near Box. The mean flow rate is . A peak flow of  was recorded on 2 January 2003 and a minimum flow of  on 18 September 1990.
Despite its input of runoff from the M4 motorway, the water quality along the whole of its length is A1.

References

Further reading

Rivers of Gloucestershire
Rivers of Wiltshire


Victor Chuchkov (Cyrillic:Виктор Чучков) (born 25 February 1946 in Gorna Oryahovitsa) is a Bulgarian composer and pianist. He graduated piano and composition from the Bulgarian State Conservatoire and has also studied at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome. As a pianist, he has received international prizes like the Alfredo Casella Prize and Alessandro Casagrande Prize, both in Italy. As a composer, he is the author of "Letters from the Future" (after Ray Bradbury - for voice, rock band and symphony orchestra), concerto for piano and orchestra, piano trio and others.

References

External links

Composer and pianist Victor Chuchkov

1946 births
Bulgarian composers
Living people
People from Gorna Oryahovitsa
Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia alumni


The lost village of Onley is in the parish of Barby in the English county of Northamptonshire. The site is bordered on the north by the M45 motorway. On the east are Onley and Rye Hill prisons, and on the south-west is the A45 road. The Oxford Canal and the disused trackbed of the Great Central Railway run close to the eastern boundary.

History
Onley was presumed to be included under entries for Barby in taxation records before 1272.

The first known mention of Onley is in 1272, when it was recorded as being in the possession of George de Cantelupe along with the manor of Barby. The entry records that "Virgates  in villeinage  are valued at 9 shilling per annum".

Records in 1345 mention ‘Tenements in Onle’, which may imply that at that time the village was still viable.

There is no further record of Onley until the early part of the 18th century, when the village was described as only a hamlet of seven shepherds' houses, which implies that the site had become pasture land for sheep.

Records of 1841 show that 19 people lived on the site of Onley in five scattered farms which still exist on the land.

Remains
The earthwork remains lie either side of a stream that runs from south to west across the site with the north-eastern end of the stream now in a culvert. The whole area of the village site covers 28 hectares with much of the earthworks well preserved. There is some difficulty in interpreting some of the earthworks due to the site being over ploughed in narrow ridge and furrow which has smoothed and flattened some of the earthworks of the village. The features of this site combine to make Onley lost village one of the most important sites of this kind in the country, despite the lack of documentation.

References

Former populated places in Northamptonshire


The 15th Punjab Regiment was a infantry regiment of the British Indian Army from 1922 to 1947 and of the Pakistan Army from 1947 to 1956. Following its allotment to Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947, it was amalgamated in 1956 with the 1st Punjab Regiment, the 14th Punjab Regiment, and the 16th Punjab Regiment to form the present-day Punjab Regiment.

Early history
The regiment was formed in 1922 by the amalgamation of the 25th, 26th, 27th, 28th, and 29th Punjabis into the British Indian Army. All five battalions were raised during the upheaval of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 by John Lawrence in Punjab. The 27th Punjabis served in Qing China during the Second Opium War in 1860–1862, while the 26th and 29th Punjabis participated in the Bhutan War of 1864–1866. All battalions saw service on the North-West Frontier of British India (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan) and took part in the Second Anglo-Afghan War of 1878–1880, while the 26th and 27th Punjabis also served in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885–1887. In 1901, the 27th Punjabis were dispatched to British Somaliland to suppress the resistance movement led by Diiriye Guure of the Dervish State.

Formation
When the 15th Punjabis were formed in 1922, it was organized into 5 battalions (including additions until World War II):

 1st Battalion, former 25th Punjabis
 2nd Battalion, former 26th Punjabis
 3rd Battalion, former 27th Punjabis
 4th Battalion, former 28th Punjabis
 10th (Training) Battalion, former 29th Punjabis
 11th (Territorial) Battalion
 12th (Territorial) Battalion, formed 1939

World War II

During the Second World War, the 15th Punjab Regiment raised ten new battalions. Most of the active battalions were engaged in fighting the Japanese in the Far East except the 3rd Battalion, which fought in Somaliland and Italy. The performance of the 4th Battalion in Burma in particular was outstanding. The battalion suffered 921 casualties and was awarded numerous gallantry awards including two Victoria Crosses to Lieutenant Karamjeet Singh Judge and Naik Gian Singh.
1st Battalion - India, Burma.
2nd Battalion - India, Singapore, Sarawak, Borneo. The fighting withdrawal of the regiment is detailed, and they surrendered on 3 April 1942 to the Japanese  and.
3rd Battalion - India, Somaliland, Aden, Persia, Iraq, Syria, Italy. Became a Machine-Gun Battalion in 1946.
4th Battalion - India, Burma, Siam, Malaya.
5th Battalion - Raised in 1940. India. Disbanded 1946.
6th Battalion - Raised in 1941. India, Ceylon, Burma. Disbanded 1947.
7th Battalion - Raised in 1941. India, Burma. Disbanded 1946.
8th Battalion - Raised in 1941 by re-designation of the 11th (Territorial) Battalion. India. Disbanded 1946.
9th Battalion - Raised in 1941 by re-designation of the 12th (Territorial) Battalion. India, Burma. Disbanded 1947.
10th (Training) Battalion - Converted into the 15th Punjab Regimental Training Centre in 1943.
11th (Territorial) Battalion - Mobilized in 1939. Re-designated as 8/15th Punjab on conversion to active status in 1941. Disbanded 1946.
12th (Territorial) Battalion - Raised in 1939. Re-designated as 9/15th Punjab on conversion to active status in 1941.
14th Battalion - Raised in 1942. India. Disbanded 1943.
15th Battalion - Raised in 1942. India. Broken up into garrison companies in 1945.
16th Battalion - Raised in 1943 by re-designation of 25th Garrison Battalion on conversion to active status. India. Re-designated as 2/15th Punjab in 1946.
25th Garrison Battalion - Raised in 1941. On conversion to active status, became the 16th Battalion. India.
26th Garrison Battalion - Raised in 1942. India. Abu Atoll. Disbanded 1946.
27th (Jind) Garrison Battalion - Raised in 1943 in Jind State. India. Disbanded 1946.
Machine-Gun Battalion - Raised in 1942. Transferred to the Indian Artillery to form the 15th Punjab Anti-tank Regiment. Disbanded 1944.

Post-independence history
On the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the 15th Punjab Regiment was allotted to Pakistan Army. At the time, the active battalions were 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th. Sikhs and Jats were transferred to the Indian Army and the regiment's new class composition was fixed as Punjabis and Pathans.
The 2nd Battalion was reformed as a Medium Machine Gun battalion, moving to Kohat in early 1946; by the time of Partition in August 1947 all the British and non-Muslim officers had left, except for one Indian officer, the Adjutant and he left once all Indian Army personnel moved to India. The unit helped to escort the 3rd Grenadiers from Kohat to Rawalpindi, after they had been ambushed twice by Pathan tribes. Other references are the books by Kaushik Roy and Frederick Llewellyn Freemantle (listed below).
The regiment's badge was also modified and the Sikh quoit was replaced by an Islamic star. In 1948, the 2nd and 3rd Battalions fought in the war with India in Kashmir. In 1956, a major reorganization was undertaken in the Pakistan Army and larger infantry groups were created by amalgamating the existing infantry regiments. As a result, the 15th Punjab Regiment was amalgamated with the 1st, 14th and 16th Punjab Regiments to form one large Punjab Regiment. The four regimental centres were also merged and the combined centre moved to Mardan. The line up of the new regiment was:
1 Punjab - 1/1st Punjab
2 Punjab - 2/1st Punjab
3 Punjab - 3/1st Punjab
4 Punjab - 5/1st Punjab
5 Punjab - 1/14th Punjab
6 Punjab - 2/14th Punjab (Duke of Cambridge's Own)
7 Punjab - 3/14th Punjab
8 Punjab - 4/14th Punjab
9 Punjab - 1/15th Punjab
10 Punjab - 2/15th Punjab
11 Punjab - 3/15th Punjab
12 Punjab - 4/15th Punjab
13 Punjab - 1/16th Punjab
14 Punjab - 2/16th Punjab
15 Punjab - 3/16th Punjab
16 Punjab - 5/14th Punjab (Pathans)
17 Punjab - 4/16th Punjab (Bhopal)
18 Punjab - 7/1st Punjab
19 Punjab - 7/16th Punjab
20 Punjab - 14/1st Punjab

Battle honours
China 1860–62, Ali Masjid, Peiwar Kotal, Charasiah, Kabul 1879, Ahmad Khel, Kandahar 1880, Afghanistan 1878–80, Burma 1885–87, Chitral, Somaliland 1901–04, Loos, France and Flanders 1915, Suez Canal, Egypt 1915, Megiddo, Sharon, Palestine 1918, Tigris 1916, Kut al Amara 1917, Baghdad, Mesopotamia 1915–18, Persia 1918, NW Frontier, India 1917, Kilimanjaro, East Africa 1914–17, Berbera, Assab, Abyssinia 1940–41, Tug Argan, British Somaliland 1940, The Sangro, The Moro, Cassino II, Gothic Line, The Senio, Italy 1943–45, West Borneo 1941–42, South East Asia 1941–42, Rathedaung, Donbaik, Jail Hill, Naga Village, Kyaukmyaung Bridgehead, Mandalay, Fort Dufferin, Meiktila, Nyaungu Bridgehead, Capture of Meiktila, Taungtha, Myingyan, The Irrawaddy, Yenaungyaung 1945, Kama, Pyawbwe, Toungoo, Pegu 1945, Sittang 1945, Burma 1942–45.

See also
Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)

References

Further reading
Shearer, Lt Col JE. (1937). A History of the 1st Battalion, 15th Punjab Regiment, 1857-1937. Aldershot: Gale & Polden.
Stoney, Lt PS. (1924). A History of the 26th Punjabis, 1857-1923. Aldershot: Gale & Polden.
A Short History of the 4th Battalion 15th Punjab Regiment (28th  Punjabis).
Rizvi, Brig SHA. (1984). Veteran Campaigners – A History of the Punjab Regiment 1759-1981. Lahore: Wajidalis.
Cardew, Lt FG. (1903). A Sketch of the Services of the Bengal Native Army to the Year 1895. Calcutta: Military Department.

 Roy, Kaushik (2012). The Army in British India: From Colonial Warfare to Total War 1857-1947. London: Bloomsbury.
 Freemantle, Frederick Llewellyn Major General (2000). Fred's Foibles. London and Delhi: Lancer Publishers.
 Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger

British Indian Army infantry regiments
Honourable East India Company regiments
Military units and formations established in 1922
Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)
Indian World War II regiments
R
Military units and formations in British Somaliland in World War II
Punjab


Weldon "Weldy" Champness Young (October 4, 1871 – October 27, 1944) was a Canadian businessman and athlete. Young was an ice hockey player for the Ottawa Hockey Club, playing in its founding years in the 1880s and in the 1890s. Young later became a member of the Dawson City Nuggets which played against Ottawa in the 1905 Stanley Cup challenge. His older brother George Young (1865–1926) was one of the original Ottawa players and the two played together for Ottawa from 1889 to 1891. Young later became an investor and executive in mining in the Cobalt, Ontario area.

Playing career

Young, a defenceman, first played for Ottawa Hockey Club in 1890 and played for the team until 1899. He moved out west, finding work in Dawson City, Yukon Territory during the Klondike Gold Rush. He was recruited by the Dawson City Nuggets which challenged Ottawa for the Stanley Cup in the 1904–05 season, although he was unable to participate in the series due to his duties as a federal civil servant during a federal election at the time. He also found work as a referee in the Timiskaming League after retiring as a player.

When the National Hockey Association (NHA) was holding merger talks with the Canadian Hockey Association (CHA), Young was the representative of the Haileybury club, although the club was owned by Ambrose O'Brien.

Mining career
After leaving Ottawa, Young joined the mining business in Dawson City, Yukon Territory. By 1911, he was back east in Haileybury, Ontario during the "silver rush" in the area and he became an investor in several mines. Young later became the president of Young-Davidson mines, Weldon Coal Mines and vice-president of Matachewan-Hub Pioneer Mines Limited.

Young died at his home in Collingwood, Ontario on October 27, 1944. He was survived by his wife Jessie Williams. Young was buried in the Trinity United Church cemetery in Collingwood.

References

Notes

1871 births
1944 deaths
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Ice hockey people from Ottawa
Ottawa Senators (original) players


Eowils and Halfdan (Healfdan) were kings in Danish (Viking) ruled Northumbria in the early tenth century.

Following the death of Alfred the Great in 899 the throne was disputed between his son Edward the Elder and Æthelwold, a son of Alfred's elder brother. Æthelwold was unable to get significant support in Wessex and fled to Northumbria, where he was accepted as king, but he was killed by Edward's men at the Battle of the Holme in 902. In the following years there seems to have been no clear leadership in Northumbria as no kings are named on coins of the period.

In 909 King Edward sent an army to ravage Northumbria, and the following year the Northumbrians retaliated by sending an army to raid across Wessex and Mercia. On the way back the army was intercepted near Tettenhall by an army of Wessex and Mercia and suffered a heavy defeat. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle names two kings among the Danish dead called Eowils and Halfdan.  In Æthelweard's Chronicon, a Latin translation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a third king, Ingwær, is also named as killed at Tettenhall.

The defeat put an end to the threat from the Northumbrian Vikings for a generation.

References

External links
Anglo-Saxon Monarchs - Edward the Elder
  and

10th-century English monarchs
Monarchs of Jorvik
Monarchs killed in action
Vikings killed in battle
Anglo-Saxon warriors
910 deaths
Year of birth unknown
10th-century Vikings


Utricularia myriocista is a medium-sized suspended aquatic carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. myriocista is endemic to South America and can be found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad, and Venezuela.

See also
 List of Utricularia species

References

Carnivorous plants of South America
Flora of Argentina
Flora of Bolivia
Flora of Brazil
Flora of French Guiana
Flora of Guyana
Flora of Suriname
Flora of Trinidad and Tobago
Flora of Venezuela
myriocista


The Journal of Social Psychology is a bimonthly academic journal covering social psychology published by Routledge, who acquired it from Heldref Publications in 2009. The journal was established in 1929 by John Dewey and Carl Murchison. It covers all areas of basic and applied social psychology. The journal was subtitled Political, Racial and Differential Psychology until changing its name in 1949. The Journal incorporated with Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs between 1925 - 2006

Contents
The Journal of Social Psychology focuses on original empirical research.  Most of the articles report laboratory or field research that covers a variety of topics in core areas of social and organizational psychology, including (but not limited to): the self and social identity, person perception and social cognition, attitudes and persuasion, social influence, consumer behavior, decision making, groups and teams, stereotypes and discrimination, interpersonal attraction and relationships, prosocial behavior, aggression, organizational behavior, leadership, and cultural psychology. The journal publishes work from all over the world and aims to improve the integration of contemporary social sciences.

See also

 Lists of academic journals
 List of psychology journals
 Social psychology
 Social psychology (sociology)

References

External links

Bimonthly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1929
Social psychology journals
Routledge academic journals


Glasvegas are a Scottish indie rock band from Glasgow. The band consists of James Allan (vocals), Rab Allan (lead guitar) and Paul Donoghue (bass guitar), with Swedish drummer Jonna Löfgren joining the group in 2010 until her departure in 2020.

Their platinum-selling debut album Glasvegas released in September 2008 was well received by critics and reached No. 2 in the UK Albums Chart. It was nominated for the Mercury Music Prize in September 2009. The album went on to enjoy further critical and commercial success in North America and in Sweden (where it went Gold). On 1 December 2008, less than three months after the release of their debut album the band released the mini-album, A Snowflake Fell (And It Felt Like a Kiss), a 6 track Christmas E.P, which was recorded in Transylvania.

On 4 April 2011 the band released their second album Euphoric Heartbreak, which was recorded in a beach house in Santa Monica. The album reached No. 10 in the UK and No. 1 in Sweden. The album received mixed reviews and was not as commercially successful as the band's debut album. Several months later the band and their major label, Sony parted company.

In June 2013, the band announced that they had signed a major record deal with BMG. The band released their third album Later...When the TV Turns to Static in September 2013. It received generally favourable reviews from critics but failed to match the commercial success of previous albums.

In 2018, the band announced a UK tour celebrating the ten-year anniversary of their self titled platinum-selling debut album. The album was also reissued with new artwork in gold.

On 14 August 2020, Glasvegas released their first single in seven years, "Keep Me a Space". The single is taken from their fourth album Godspeed, which was released in April 2021 by the band's own label Go Wow Records.

History

Formation and early years (2003–2007)
The band was formed by cousins James Allan and Rab Allan in the summer of 2003 with Paul Donoghue and Ryan Ross on drums completing the line-up soon after.  Local gigs in and around Glasgow were frequent and in May 2004 the band released a self-financed limited edition double A-side single, "I'm Gonna Get Stabbed"/"Ina Lvs Rab" on CD. The single gained an early and positive review for Glasvegas from Rick Fulton of the Daily Record on 24 December 2004.  The single (along with some early demos) gained (their first) radio airplay and favourable feedback from Jim Gellatly on his radio show 'Beatbreakers' in January 2005, which was broadcast on the now defunct Beat106FM.  Although many make the obvious observation that the band name is a mix of Glasgow (where they are from) and Las Vegas (the world capital of entertainment), the band have made it clear many times that this was never the reason why the band called themselves Glasvegas.  According to James Allan he liked the name Glasvegas as it rolled sweetly off the tongue.  It is a possibility that it is the combination of the Gaelic 'Glas' (grey) with the Spanish 'vegas' (meadow). Another common mistake is that the band name is split into two words "Glas Vegas" (especially in the USA) which is incorrect.

When Ryan Ross left in late 2004, the band went on a very brief hiatus until Caroline McKay was asked to join the group in early 2005.  Although having never played drums before James asked her to be the drummer because she looked "cool".  The band played most of their gigs in and around Scotland through 2005 and 2006 with Caroline performing basic drumming while the more intricate drum parts were taken care of by a drum sample machine on stage operated by Rab.  As they played more and more gigs Caroline's skill level increased and the band became increasingly less reliant on the sample machine.  It was 3 Feb 2006 when the band first came to the attention of Alan McGee who saw them play third on the bill at the iconic Glasgow venue King Tuts Wah Wah Hut.  McGee was also accompanied that night by ex-Libertine Carl Barât who, on the strength of their performance, offered Glasvegas several support slots with his band Dirty Pretty Things throughout 2006.

In October 2006, the band released a self-financed limited edition 7" vinyl single, "Go Square Go!/Legs'n' Show" on a small independent record label called WaKS Records followed by a digital release two weeks later. This limited edition vinyl single of 500 pressings sold out within days and has since become a collectors item with the single exchanging hands for a three figure sum on eBay. On 4 November 2006, the band their launch night gig for "Go Square Go!/Legs'n' Show" held at the Glasgow Art School. In mid-December 2006, the band played a special gig in Polmont Young Offenders Institute which was also a pivotal moment for the band musically; as it was during this gig that they made the decision to move away from their reliance on drum samples.  The close of 2006 saw the band play their first European gig at La Flèche d'Or in Paris on 28 December 2006.  The band then rounded off 2006 with a gig at the Proud Galleries in Camden on New Year's Eve.

Indie sensations and Sane Man Recordings (2007–2008)
The band opened 2007 with a headline show at King Tuts Wah Wah Hut.  In early February 2007 (with assistance from Alan McGee), the band made a video for one of their demos, "Daddy's Gone", which was shot in London and in Glasgow's East End.  This early video helped pave the way for the song's popularity. In late February 2007, James Allan made the decision to post up all the band's demos on MySpace for free download. These free downloads helped foster recognition about Glasvegas and soon their gigs were selling out.  On 8 March 2007, the band took time out to play a low key acoustic gig in Barlinnie Prison in Glasgow.

At the beginning of April 2007, Alan McGee invited the band down to London to play three consecutive club nights that he was involved in; Death Disco @ Notting Hill Arts Club, Kill Surf City @ Punk and Queen is Dead @ Borderline.  Over these three days the band also produced their first black and white 'press' shots at Bloomsbury Bowling Lanes, London on 6 April.  On 25 May, the band played their first festival date at the (now defunct) Isle of Skye music festival before playing their third prison gig at Saughton Prison, Edinburgh on 7 June.  On 14 July, the band supported Dirty Pretty Things for the last time at the Hackney Empire in London which saw Glasvegas join the headliners for an encore and on 23 July 2007 another notable first was the band's TV appearance on Death Disco TV in London at The Cuckoo Club alongside Carl Barât and Milburn.  Constant gigging throughout the summer saw the band's fan base grow and during the summer of 2007 the band's demo's started to pick up radio airplay in the United States via a St Louis based Internet Radio Station called IChannel. On 22 August 2007, the band travelled once again down to London for some more gigs and while in London the band commissioned their first professional press shots.  These photographs were taken by professional photographer Peter Mallet and are still widely used by the press today even though they show the old band line-up.  They were taken at Vauxhall Cross and the train station at the Elephant and Castle.  That same night the band played at Death Disco in London. In the crowd was Tim Jonze, who came along to the gig.  He was so impressed by the band's performance that he offered to release their next record despite never having released one before.  The band also offered to help in this venture and within a few days Sane Man Recordings was born; the aim was to release 1000 copies of "Daddy's Gone" on 7" vinyl by November 2007.

Prior to the release of the single, Tim Jonze attended the In The City Music Festival in October 2007 and brought several copies of the forthcoming single along with a view to previewing it. According to Tim, he played the single after a keynote speech at a very well attended convention at the festival.  The impact of the song was immediate with several label heads making enquiries about the song (and the artist) there and then.  One of the most immediate consequences of the buzz generated at "In The City" was Ian Brown asking Glasvegas to support him on several dates in late October 2007.  Prior to these support dates Glasvegas announced their intention to play two live shows in Glasgow on consecutive nights (Saturday and Sunday; 13 and 14 October 2007 at the now defunct Barfly, Glasgow).  NME magazine chose to review Glasvegas for the very first time in their Radar section and review the forthcoming single "Daddy's Gone/Flowers & Football Tops" which was chosen as the single of the week.

"Daddy's Gone" sold out and was voted the number two single of the year by NME magazine even though the band had only produced 1000 copies.

Glasvegas and A Snowflake Fell (And It Felt Like a Kiss) (2008–2010)
After releasing their second limited edition 7" single, "It's My Own Cheating Heart That Makes Me Cry" on 14 February 2008 via Sane Man Recordings, the band opted to sign to Columbia Records part of Sony. On 28 February 2008, Glasvegas won the Philip Hall Radar Award at the NME Awards. On 10 March 2008, Glasvegas travelled to the United States where they recorded their eponymous debut album, Glasvegas, at Brooklyn Recording Studios, Brooklyn, New York. The album was co-produced by James Allan and Rich Costey. Glasvegas also filmed the video for their first single "Geraldine" in Brooklyn on 30 April 2008. On return to the UK at the beginning of May 2008, the band embarked on a touring schedule that would continue for over 16 months.  On 23 June 2008, Glasvegas released their first Columbia single "Geraldine" which debuted at No. 16 on the UK singles chart. The summer of 2008 also saw the band make their debut at Glastonbury Festival playing the John Peel Stage on 27 June 2008.  On 12 July 2008, Glasvegas played at T in the Park in the Futures Tent.  Further debut festival appearances in the summer of 2008 took place at Oxegen in Ireland and on consecutive days on 18 and 19 July 2008 at the Benicassim Music Festival in Barcelona and Madrid in Spain.  On 20 July 2008, the band played Latitude Festival.  On 13 August 2008, Glasvegas were invited as opening support to Muse at Marlay Park on the outskirts of Dublin, and the following day saw the band play their first support with Kings of Leon at the Brixton Academy.  On 25 August, Glasvegas released their second Columbia single "Daddy's Gone" which debuted at No. 12 on the UK Singles Chart. On 30 August 2008, the band played the last ever Hydro Connect Festival near Inveraray in Scotland.

The band's self-titled debut album Glasvegas was released on 8 September 2008 and debuted at No.2 on the UK Album Chart.  Even though their debut album sold almost 60,000 copies in the first week they were denied a No.1 by Metallica.  The NME declared, "If The Libertines defined the start of the decade and Arctic Monkeys its middle, then Glasvegas are almost certainly going to define its end and beyond."  Their debut album went on to enjoy success in the UK (where it went Platinum) and in Sweden (where it went Gold). The impact of the band in the UK and success of their debut album did not go unnoticed in North America, where the band toured six times between October 2008 and September 2009.  The band have mentioned on many occasions during interviews of their commitment to making the breakthrough in the US and Canada. On 6 October 2008, the band started recording a Christmas-themed second album, A Snowflake Fell (And It Felt Like a Kiss), with a view to releasing it in time for Christmas 2008. Initial recording began at the Electric Lady Studios before the band moved to a Transylvanian Castle in Brasov, Romania.  It was the band's intention to release a full album containing ten brand new tracks but due to their tight schedule they could only complete six tracks and the album instead became an E.P.  It was released on 1 December 2008 as a limited edition standalone CD and was also released as a Special Edition CD Box Set alongside their debut album Glasvegas. Throughout 2008 and 2009 the band embarked on a world tour, appearing at various festivals, including support slots for Oasis, U2 and Kings of Leon. Glasvegas were nominated for the 2009 Mercury Music Prize, however lead singer James Allan disappeared just days before the Awards Ceremony on 8 September 2009.  He went missing for a total of five days before eventually turning up safe and well in New York.

Euphoric Heartbreak (2010–2012)
In January 2010, Glasvegas moved to California and set up a studio in a beach house in Santa Monica where for over five months they demoed, tracked and recorded most of their second album Euphoric Heartbreak.  Santa Monica and its location on Southern California's West Coast had a massive influence on the sound and feel of the new songs. During this period in Santa Monica, Caroline McKay chose to leave the band before demoing and any recording began, officially leaving on 25 March 2010 citing personal reasons. The remaining band members stayed in Santa Monica until early May 2010 before returning to Scotland with an album's worth of new material. After a break over the summer, the band headed south to the Assault & Battery 2, a tracking and mix studio in London, with producer Flood through September, October and November 2010. Further post-production took place at the Castle of Doom studios in Glasgow through December 2010 and January 2011. On 14 December 2010, the band announced the appointment of a new drummer, Jonna Löfgren from Boden in Sweden.  The album was finished a year to the day that the band arrived at the Santa Monica Beach House. Glasvegas opened 2011 with an intimate 8 date tour of Scotland which took the band to places in Scotland that are normally missed out by touring bands. The tour took in Kirkwall, Wick, Forres, Oban, Dunoon, Troon, Hawick and Dunfermline. The band announced the tour to ensure that Scotland would be the first to hear the new music. The tour received positive critical reviews with Simon Price of The Independent on Sunday quoting that "Glasvegas are still – and we desperately need this right now – a band to believe in".

The songs delivered by Glasvegas were a marked departure from the debut album. The marketing campaign kicked off in January 2011 with a free track giveaway and the track chosen was the second track on the album "The World Is Yours". To give the fans more than just a free giveaway the band also created an "Album Trailer Movie" as well. On 4 April 2011 the band released their second album Euphoric Heartbreak. The album reached No.10 in the UK and No.1 in Sweden.  The album received mixed reviews from critics. It was not as commercially successful as the band's debut album, selling about ten percent of that album's sales. Several months later the band and their record label officially parted company on 4 August 2011.

After the release of Euphoric Heartbreak, the band embarked on their biggest headline European tour to date in April/May 2011. After the band's academy tour of Europe and the UK, the band left for their seventh tour of the United States in June 2011 playing to venues in New York City, Toronto and Los Angeles. On return to the UK the band played at Rockness in Scotland followed by a headline appearance on the John Peel Stage. Several more festival appearances including a slot at Where The Action Is in Gothenburg, Sweden saw the band round off June 2011. In July 2011, the band toured Australia for the first time playing three shows at The Rosemount Hotel in Perth, The Metro in Sydney and The Hi-Fi in Melbourne before making a festival appearance at Splendour in the Grass held at Woodford 45 miles north west of Brisbane. The band were also invited to the set of Neighbours by the TV producers which was located just outside Melbourne and spent the day there meeting the cast and crew and were thrilled to be served by Tom Oliver (Lou Carpenter) at Harold's. The band also made their second trip to Japan to play the Fuji Rock Festival and then rounded off the summer by headlining the first ever Famous Grouse Music Festival and playing the V Festival for the first time. In October 2011 Glasvegas embarked on a successful tour of the UK and Ireland starting in Cork, then London and then working their way north via Manchester, Sheffield and York eventually ending with a homecoming gig at the ABC Glasgow on Halloween.

Later...When the TV Turns to Static (2012–2014)
Glasvegas chose Sweden to showcase brand new demos from their (as yet untitled) third album and they announced a small run of dates in Sweden and the UK at the end of March 2012, and beginning of April.  The band played to over 4,500 fans over four days in Sweden with visits to Malmö, Stockholm, Uppsala and Umeå.  They also played three sell-out shows in London, Liverpool and Glasgow.  In May they played the Camden Crawl festival at Koko in London as special guests of XFM. The band also announced on their official website that they had been invited to play in China with two dates, one in Shanghai and another in Beijing in May 2012.  The band also played several major European festivals across the summer of 2012.  During the summer of 2012 the band started the tracking and recording of all their demos at the Gorbals Sound Studios in Glasgow and the album was completed at the end of 2012.  The band rounded off the year with a small intimate sell-out tour of the UK in December called "The Crying Onion Tour" where they showcased several new tracks from their forthcoming album, Later...When the TV Turns to Static.

On 24 November 2012, the band announced that they would release their third album Later...When the TV Turns to Static in early autumn 2013. The band played a one-off gig date in Kilmarnock on 2 February 2013 where they headlined the Kilmarnock Edition Festival. The video for the band's first single "I'd Rather Be Dead (Than Be With You)" was posted on their official website on 18 March.  The new single was released on 22 April 2013 as a digital download and as a limited edition 7" white vinyl.  The limited edition vinyl became ever more collectible as it was the band's first release on their own label Go Wow Records and after the band's new record deal with BMG it would be the last Glasvegas release for quite some time.  Rick Fulton (who gave the band their first ever review in 2004) described the new single as "gorgeous, simple, devastating.  An incredible return to form from one of Scotland's truly great storytellers." On 27 March 2013, the band returned to play a one-off charity gig at the iconic King Tut's Wah Wah Hut.

In June 2013 the band announced that for the second time in their careers they had signed a worldwide major record deal with one of the world's biggest music companies; BMG. The first release via BMG was the single "If".  The track was released on 8 July 2013. A music video to accompany the release of "If" was first released onto YouTube on the same day. The video features William Shatner and is Glasvegas' take on The Old Grey Whistle Test. "We played on the Late Show with Craig Ferguson in LA a couple of years ago and William Shatner introduced us as he is a fan of the band," Allan said. "We thought it would be a cool thing to add in for the new video since it also has a 'late show' theme. It's a simple live performance by the band with an abstract part in the middle where it looks like the video has been taped over with random visuals. The video has a filter that we wanted to put on it just to make it look even more like you were watching a recording on VCR. Old school!" The band released their third album Later...When the TV Turns to Static in September 2013. It received generally favourable reviews from critics stalling at No.41 in the UK Charts.  Later...When The TV Turns To Static was released in three formats. Standard CD, Heavyweight White Vinyl and Deluxe Almanac. The Deluxe Almanac is presented with the iconic chevron foil embossed on a hardback almanac bound in linen with 40 stitched-in pages and ribboned page keeper. The Deluxe Almanac was conceived by James Allan in its entirety. The band released a third single; the title track "Later...When the TV Turns to Static" to promote the fact that 30 min of footage contained within the Deluxe Almanac DVD was broadcast by Sky Arts.

In 2014 the band undertook another tour of Europe with four dates in Germany where the album has been well received. The band also performed in Poland for the first time since 2009 and also performed for the very first time in the cities of Prague and Vilnius. In February & March 2014 the band embarked on their eight tour of North America taking in 13 cities across 19 days. The band also appeared on The Late Late Show on 4 March for the second time in their careers, performing the album track "All I Want Is My Baby".

Godspeed (2020)
On 25 June 2020, Glasvegas announced that drummer Jonna Löfgren had amicably parted ways with the band. She had missed several recent Glasvegas shows due to other commitments, and the band acknowledged that she would continue to be in high demand for her talents. The group will search for a New drummer to replace her.

On 14 August 2020, Glasvegas released their first single in seven years called "Keep Me a Space". The single is taken from their fourth studio album Godspeed, which was released on 2 April 2021 by the band's own label Go Wow Records. In March 2021, they issued the single "Shake The Cage (für Theo)".

Band members
Current members
James Allan – vocals, rhythm guitar (2003–present)
Rab Allan – lead guitar, backing vocals (2003–present)
Paul Donoghue – bass guitar (2003–present)

Touring members
Chris Dickie – drums (2019–present)

Past members
Jonna Löfgren – drums (2010–2020)
Caroline McKay – drums (2005–2010)
Ryan Ross – drums (2003–2004)

Discography

Studio albums
Glasvegas (2008)
Euphoric Heartbreak (2011)
Later...When the TV Turns to Static (2013)
Godspeed (2021)

Awards
Glasvegas received three nominations for the 2008 Swedish Rockbjornen awards: Best International Act, Best International Album for Glasvegas and Best International Song for "Geraldine". In Q magazine's list of the Top 50 Albums of 2008, Glasvegas was voted the fifth best album of the year.

References

External links

 Glasvegas Official Website - Official Website
 Glasvegas on Facebook - Glasvegas Facebook Page
 Glasvegas on Instagram - Glasvegas Instagram Page
 Glasvegas on Twitter - Glasvegas Twitter
 Glasvegas - Universal Music Publishing -

Scottish indie rock groups
Musical groups established in 2003
Musical groups from Glasgow
Columbia Records artists
2003 establishments in Scotland
Bridgeton–Calton–Dalmarnock


Eriodictyon tomentosum is a species of flowering plant in the borage family known by the common name woolly yerba santa. It is endemic to California, where it grows on the slopes of the central coast ranges.

Description
Eriodictyon tomentosum is a shrub reaching a maximum height of one to three meters. Its twigs and foliage are covered in a dense coat of white woolly hairs, giving the bush a silvery look. The leaves are oval and up to ten centimeters long and five wide, and they may have small teeth along the edges. The bush flowers in dense fuzzy bunches of very light lavender glandular blossoms, each a few millimeters long. The fruit is a tiny capsule less than three millimeters wide, containing about 10 minute seeds.

Distribution
This shrub can be found only in the California Coast Ranges, where it occurs in grassland and chaparral plant communities.

References

External links
Eriodictyon tomentosum. CalFlora.
CalPhotos.

tomentosum
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Various types of spin-offs and merchandise of the ITV soap opera Emmerdale have been released throughout the show's history, including films, books and documentaries.

Films
This is the list of the direct-to-home-media Emmerdale films that have been released. The character of Marlon Dingle (played by Mark Charnock) is the only one to have appeared in them all.

1997: The Dingles Down Under
1998: Revenge
1999: The Dingles in Venice
2010: The Dingles: For Richer, For Poorer
2011: Paddy and Marlon's Big Night In

Television

Soapstars

An ITV talent show, Soapstars, was broadcast in 2001 to cast a new five-member family on Emmerdale. The judging panel consisted of drama producer Yvon Grace, casting director Paul de Freitas, and Emmerdale scriptwriter Bill Lyons. The five winners made their debut on the show in November that year, and all had left by August 2002.

Documentaries
Emmerdale Family Album was a series of documentary episodes looking at the histories of three Emmerdale families: the Dingles, the Sugdens and the Tates. The episodes aired on ITV in 2005.

Books

Several Emmerdale books, fiction and non-fiction, have been produced, a number written by Lee Mackenzie, the pen name of author Jean Bowden who also wrote as Tessa Barclay, Barbara Annandale and others; and James Ferguson (a pen name of author Peter Walker who (as Nicholas Rhea) also wrote the original novels the TV show Heartbeat is based on. Lance Parkin (who had been a storyliner on the TV show) also wrote a novel in the early 2000s. At least one of these was also translated into Finnish. The book titles for the original, popular series of novelisations, are:
 The Legacy (1) by Lee Mackenzie – stories from the original 1972 episodes
 Prodigal's Progress (2) by Lee Mackenzie – stories from 1973
 All That A Man Has... (3) by Lee Mackenzie – stories from 1973
 Lovers' Meeting (4) by Lee Mackenzie – stories from 1974
 A Sad And Happy Summer (5) by Lee Mackenzie – stories from 1973/1974
 A Sense Of Responsibility (6) by Lee Mackenzie – stories from 1975/1976
 Nothing Stays The Same (7) by Lee Mackenzie – stories from 1976
 The Couple At Demdyke Row (8) by Lee Mackenzie – stories from 1976/1977
 Whispers Of Scandal (9) by Lee Mackenzie – stories from 1977
 Shadows From The Past (10) by Lee Mackenzie – stories from 1977
 Lucky For Some (11) by Lee Mackenzie – stories from 1978
 Face Value (12) by Lee Mackenzie – stories from 1978
 Good Neighbours (13) by Lee Mackenzie – stories from 1978
 Innocent Victim (14) by Lee Mackenzie – stories from 1979
 False Witness (15) by Lee Mackenzie – stories from 1979
 The Homecoming (16) by Lee Mackenzie – stories from 1980
 Old Flames (17) by Lee Mackenzie – stories from 1980/1981
 Wedding Bells (18) by Lee Mackenzie – stories from 1981/1982
 Family Feuds (19) by Lee Mackenzie – stories from 1982
 Young Passions (20) by Lee Mackenzie – stories from 1983
 Another Door Opens (21) by Lee Mackenzie – stories from 1983
 A Friend In Need (22) by James Ferguson – stories from 1983/1984
 Divided Loyalties (23) by James Ferguson – stories from 1984
 Wives And Lovers (24) by James Ferguson – final novel of original series, stories from 1985

There was also
 Annie Sugden's County Diary by Lee Mackenzie – Annie's life in the 1920s until 1945
 Early Days at Emmerdale Farm by Lee Mackenzie – Annie's life from 1945 until the mid-1950s
 Emmerdale: Their Finest Hour by Lance Parkin – Life in Beckindale in 1941

A new series is currently being published
 Christmas at Emmerdale (1) by Pamela Bell – Life in Beckindale in 1914
 Spring Comes To Emmerdale (2) by Pamela Bell – Life in Beckindale through 1918 and beyond
 Emmerdale At War (3) by Pamela Bell – Life in Beckindale in 1940
 Hope Comes To Emmerdale (4) by Kerry Bell – Life in Beckindale during the Second World War
 The Emmerdale Girls (5) by Kerry Bell - Life in Beckindale as 1944 draws to a close

Episode DVDs

Other
As well as the films, books and episode DVDs there have been other videos and DVDs and memorabilia (often signed by cast members) released, including merchandise relating to The Woolpackers, the Emmerdale band that existed in the 1990s.

References

Spin-Offs
Merchandise


"This Is Me You're Talking To" is a song written by Tommy Lee James and Karyn Rochelle, and recorded by American country music artist Trisha Yearwood.  It was released in January 2008 as the second single from her tenth studio album Heaven, Heartache and the Power of Love.

Content
The song is a ballad about two lovers who encounter one another after a breakup, and the series of emotions that the chance encounter generates. "You're smilin' that smile you get when you're nervous, like you don't quite know what to do / But this is me you're talking to," Yearwood sings in the first verse.

Critical reception
The single received positive reviews from most critics. Allmusic called the song, "devastatingly beautiful" and called the emotion from Yearwood's voice, "downright real."
Billboard.com reviewed the song and called it "nothing but a modern classic."
Engine 145 reviewed "This Is Me You're Talking To" in 2008, giving the song high praise, calling it, "Trisha Yearwood’s best vocal performance on a single recording to date," and describing it as "absolutely breathtaking."

Music video
The video of "This Is Me You're Talking To" explains how a woman runs into her former lover, and handling the emotion from the encounter. Yearwood's lover is played by actor, John Corbett (who also plays the band's conductor and Trisha's sound engineer), and it was directed by Trey Fanjoy. It made its debut on CMT's Top 20 Countdown on March 6, 2008.

In it, Yearwood is shown recording the song in a church, which is acting as a recording studio. In the studio, there is a large television screen hanging behind Yearwood, showing two lovers meeting and eventually walking away on a snowy night, which helps explain the meaning of the song. Conducting the song's instruments is Yearwood's lover in the video. Throughout the video their relationship relates to the central idea of the song and throughout the video there are conversations between them back and forth. Later scenes of them go on to show Yearwood and Corbett hugging and departing from each other, as well as Yearwood singing by the piano which Corbett is playing.

Chart performance
"This is Me You're Talking To" debuted at number 58 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. It peaked at number 25 on the chart in May 2008, but spent nearly two months between number 25 and number 26 before it became recurrent. Its chart run overlapped with "Another Try", Yearwood's duet with Josh Turner, which was a Top 20 hit.

References

2008 singles
2007 songs
Trisha Yearwood songs
Songs written by Tommy Lee James
Music videos directed by Trey Fanjoy
Songs written by Karyn Rochelle
Song recordings produced by Garth Fundis
Country ballads
Big Machine Records singles


Gasteracantha falcicornis is a species of spider belonging to the family Araneidae. It is found in eastern and southern Africa.

The female, larger and more colourful than the male, has a bright red abdomen decorated with many deep black pits. There is a long, curved black horn at each side and two shorter, straight horns at the front and rear.

References

falcicorni
Spiders of Africa
Spiders described in 1873


The Biblioteca William Mulloy (Spanish for William Mulloy Library; in Rapa Nui, Hare Puka ko Wiliam Mulloy) is a research library administered by the Father Sebastian Englert Anthropological Museum on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) in Chilean Polynesia. Named for the late Dr. William Mulloy, an American archaeologist, the library’s collection focuses on Rapa Nui and Polynesian Studies, especially the prehistory, history, ethnology, archaeology, cultural anthropology, osteology and geology of Easter Island.

Mission

The mission of the Biblioteca William Mulloy is threefold.  Firstly, the Library seeks to support the field work of archaeologists, anthropologists, linguists, ethnologists and other scholars who come to Easter Island for research purposes. Secondly, the Library promotes the conservation and study of the cultural patrimony of the Rapa Nui people. Finally, the Library provides broad access within the island community to the best scholarly resources in Rapa Nui and Polynesian Studies.

Mulloy Collection

The collection of the Biblioteca William Mulloy includes books, journals, articles, archival materials, field notes, maps, photographs and audiovisual materials related to Rapa Nui. Dr. William Mulloy’s personal library forms the core of the collection. The Father Sebastian Englert Anthropological Museum, the Chilean Directorate of Libraries, Archives and Museums (DiBAM), the Easter Island Foundation and the Mulloy family have contributed to the original collection, more than doubling it in a short period of time. The library, located on the campus of the museum in the Tahai district of the island, has climate-controlled stacks and a  lecture hall, which accommodates approximately thirty persons.

Background

Shortly before his death in 1978, the renowned archaeologist, William Mulloy, expressed the desire that his personal library, consisting of books, articles, reprints, field notes, maps, photographs and slides, find a permanent home on Rapa Nui in order to be of service to both specialized researchers coming to the island from abroad and to the general public.

After his death, his widow, Emily Ross Mulloy, consigned the collection to Mario Correa, Cultural Attaché of the Consulate General of Chile in Washington DC, who with the aid of Marilyn Pugh of LanChile, transferred the library to mainland Chile. At the time, lack of satisfactory facilities on Rapa Nui did not favor the immediate transfer of library or archival materials. Instead, the collection was entrusted to the Easter Island Foundation. The Foundation maintained the library at the Fonck Museum in Viña del Mar, hired a Rapa Nui librarian and placed the collection at the disposal of the public. In addition to its long-term financial support of the library, the Easter Island Foundation assisted with the relocation of Mulloy Library materials to the island when a suitable space was made ready on Museum premises.

After its transfer from Viña del Mar, the Biblioteca William Mulloy opened on Rapa Nui in 2002 and was dedicated by Dr. Mulloy’s widow, Emily Ross Mulloy, Clara Budnik (Director of the DiBAM), and prominent members of the Rapa Nui community.

References

External links
 Biblioteca William Mulloy
 Father Sebastian Englert Anthropology Museum
 Chilean Directorate of Libraries, Archives and Museums
 Easter Island Foundation
 Fonck Museum

Research libraries
Archaeological collections
Libraries established in 2002
2002 establishments in Chile
2002 establishments in Oceania
Libraries in Chile
Buildings and structures in Easter Island


Robert, Bob, or Bobby Franklin may refer to:

Robert Michael Franklin Jr. (born 1954), president of Morehouse College
Robert Franklin (divine) (1630–1684), English nonconformist divine
Bobby Franklin (1957–2011), Georgia state legislator
Bobby Franklin (American football) (born 1936), former American football safety for the Cleveland Browns
Bob Franklin (Australian footballer) (1886–1959), Australian rules footballer who played with South Melbourne
Bob Franklin (comedian) (born 1965), British comedian who has lived in Australia since 1989

See also


David Omashola Carew is a Sierra Leonean economist and politician. He is Sierra Leone's Minister of Trade and Industry. He had also served as Minister of Finance of Sierra Leone from September 2007 to February 2009.

Education and career
Carew is married to a Creole and has two children.

Cabinet positions
Carew was appointed as Minister of Finance of Sierra Leone under President Ernest Bai Koroma. It was announced on 28 February 2009 that he was being moved to the position of Minister of Trade and Industry.

David Carew has held the office of Minister of Trade and Industry  in Sierra Leone since late April 2009.

References

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20080112052054/http://news.sl/drwebsite/publish/article_20056720.shtml

Finance ministers of Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone Creole people
Living people
KPMG people
Fourah Bay College alumni
Sierra Leonean expatriates in Nigeria
Year of birth missing (living people)
Sierra Leonean economists


Fuentes (meaning "fountains" or "sources" in Spanish) may refer to:

People
 Fuentes (surname)

Places
 Fort Fuentes, a military fort near Colico, province of Lecco, Lombardy, Italy
Fuentes (Cuenca), a municipality in the province of Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain
 Fuentes Calientes, a municipality in the province of Teruel, Aragón, Spain
Fuentes Carrionas, a mountain range belonging to Cantabrian Mountains in Northern Spain
 Fuentes Claras, a municipality in the province of Teruel, Aragón, Spain
Fuentes de Andalucía, a municipality in the province of Seville, Andalusia, Spain
Fuentes de Año, a municipality in the province of Ávila, Castile and León, Spain
Fuentes de Ayódar, a municipality in the province of Castellón, Valencian Community, Spain
 Fuentes de Béjar, a municipality in the province of Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain
Fuentes de Carbajal, a municipality in the province of León, Castile and León, Spain
Fuentes de Corbeiro, a parish in Cangas del Narcea, a municipality in the province and autonomous community of Asturias, Spain
Fuentes de Ebro, a municipality in the province of Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
Fuentes de Jiloca, a municipality in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain
Fuentes de León, a municipality in the province of Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain
Fuentes de Magaña, is a municipality located in the province of Soria, Castile and León, Spain
Fuentes del Narcea, Degaña and Ibias Natural Park, a natural park in the province and autonomous community of Asturias, Spain
Fuentes de Nava, a municipality in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain
 Fuentes de Oñoro, a village and municipality in the province of Salamanca, Spain
 Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro, fought 1811 between British-Portuguese and French forces
 Fuentes de Ropel, a municipality in the province of Zamora, Castile and León, Spain
Fuentes de Rubielos, a municipality in the province of Teruel, Aragón
Fuentes de Valdepero, a municipality in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain
 Fuentes del Valle, a town in Tultitlán, State of Mexico, Mexico
 Fuentes del Valle (Mexibús), a BRT station serving the area
 Las Fuentes (Mexibús), a BRT station in Chimalhuacán, State of Mexico

Other uses
 Discos Fuentes, a record label based in Medellín, Colombia
Fuentes (spider), a genus of the spider family Salticidae, jumping spiders


Puru River may refer to:

 Izvorul Purului, tributary of the Lotru in Vâlcea County, Romania
 Puru, tributary of the Vaser in Maramureș County, Romania


The Asian Journal of Social Psychology (AJSP) is a monthly psychology journal published by Wiley-Blackwell. The journal is published in conjunction with the Asian Association of Social Psychology and the Japanese Group Dynamics Association. AJSP publishes work in all aspects of social processes, including development, cognition, personality, health, counselling, organisation and education. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.424.

References

External links
 Official webpage

Social psychology journals
Wiley (publisher) academic journals


Eriodictyon traskiae is a species of flowering plant in the waterleaf family known by the common names Pacific yerba santa and Trask's yerba santa.

Description
Eriodictyon traskiae approaches a maximum height of two meters. Its twigs and foliage are covered in a dense coat of white woolly hairs, giving the bush a gray-green look. The leaves are oval and anywhere from 3 to 14 centimeters long and 1 to 7 wide. They are woolly and crinkled and the edges roll under, and they may have small teeth. The bush flowers in dense fuzzy bunches of white to brownish-purple glandular blossoms, each under a centimeter wide. The fruit is a tiny capsule up to three millimeters wide containing two to four minute seeds.

Distribution
This shrub is endemic to California, where it grows on the chaparral slopes of the central Coast Ranges and Southern California Transverse Ranges.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment - Eriodictyon traskiae
Eriodictyon traskiae - Photo gallery

traskiae
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
Flora without expected TNC conservation status