Shaun Patrick McKenna (born 5 April 1957 in Maidstone, Kent) is an English dramatist, lyricist and screenwriter.

Biography
Shaun McKenna studied at Maidstone Grammar School and the University of Bristol (1975–1978).  He was an actor for a few years, then taught drama, and began writing in his late 20s.  He married former actress and agent Jenny Hayes in 1985; she died in 2014.  Shaun McKenna lives in West London.

Theatre
Shaun McKenna's early theatre plays include Killing Camille (Paines Plough, Old Red Lion 1990, a rehearsed reading directed by Kathy Burke).  He began an association with Michael Napier Brown at the Royal Theatre in Northampton for whom he adapted Richard Llewellyn's How Green Was My Valley (1990) in which Aled Jones made his acting debut, and R. F. Delderfield's To Serve Them All My Days (1992).  He subsequently wrote a drama, Ruling Passions, which was presented at the Royal in 1995.

He wrote the book for Ben Hur Live, based on the novel by Lew Wallace shown at the O2 arena in September 2009, and in a revised version at the Fiera di Roma, Rome in 2011.

In spring 2012 his stage adaptation of Charles Dance's screenplay for Ladies in Lavender,  with Hayley Mills and Belinda Lang, toured the UK.  The production won five BroadwayWorld UK Awards 2012, including Best Fringe or Regional Play, Best Director (Robin Lefevre), Best Actress in a Leading Role (Hayley Mills), Best Actress in a Featured Role (Belinda Lang)and Best Actor in a Featured Role (Robert Rees).

In 2014 his stage adaptation of Peter James's novella The Perfect Murder toured the UK, from January to April 2014 with Les Dennis and Claire Goose, and with Robert Daws and Dawn Steele from September 2014.  In January 2016 a new tour went out with Shane Richie and Jessie Wallace.  After The Perfect Murder, McKenna was commissioned by producers Joshua Andrews and Peter James to adapt James's novel Dead Simple.  This toured in 2015 with a cast led by Tina Hobley, Jamie Lomas and Gray O'Brien.  In 2017 there was a major UK tour of McKenna's stage version of Not Dead Enough starring Shane Richie, Laura Whitmore and Stephen Billington.  Bill Ward subsequently took over from Shane Richie.  In 2019, Shaun's fourth Peter James adaptation The House On Cold Hill toured the UK with a cast led by Joe McFadden, Rita Simons and Charlie Clements.  McKenna's fifth Peter James adaptation, Looking Good Dead, began a long UK tour in Leicester in June 2021 and, ended in April 2022.  It starred Adam Woodyatt and Gaynor Faye.  Laurie Brett subsequently took over the female lead.  The next play in the series Wish You Were Dead began a UK tour in February 2023, starring Clive Mantle, Giovanna Fletcher and George Rainsford as Roy Grace.

In May 2021 his original thriller Rocky Road  streamed during lockdown from Jermyn Street Theatre.  Tyger Drew-Honey and Kirsten Foster played the two roles, and the show was directed by Steven Kunis and designed by Ceci Calf.

Musical theatre
Musical theatre credits include Maddie (Salisbury Playhouse 1996, West End 1997) which he wrote with Steven Dexter and Stephen Keeling.  He has subsequently written a book, Maddie and Us, about the experience (see below).

He wrote the book for Lautrec (West End 2000), collaborating with Charles Aznavour.  Also that year, he and Stephen Keeling contributed additional material for La Cava.

McKenna wrote book and lyrics for the stage adaptation of JRR Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (Toronto 2006, West End 2007) with Matthew Warchus.  The show won seven Dora Mavor Moore Awards including Best Musical for McKenna and Warchus.  McKenna's work was nominated for an Olivier Award for Best Musical.

In 2004 McKenna's musical adaptation of Terry Pratchett's Only You Can Save Mankind was premiered at the Edinburgh Festival, with music by Leighton James House and lyrics by Shaun McKenna.  An album of songs was released in 2009, prior to a new production.

In 2005 McKenna and Stephen Keeling wrote Heidi, entwining the famous children's story and the life of its creator Johanna Spyri, which was first performed in an open-air production in Walenstadt, Switzerland. Heidi II, a sequel, followed in 2007 and 2008.  The One True Thing, a prequel, has been commissioned

He co-wrote Murder Mystery Musical with Alister Cameron and composer Richard Brown, which was performed at the Edinburgh Festival in 2009.

In September 2012 the York Theater in New York premiered a workshop lab production of Last Dance, for which McKenna wrote the book.  The songs are by Paul Jabara and the show was directed by Philip Wm. McKinley.

He wrote the book for the arena show The Bible: In The Beginning, with lyrics by Maribeth Derry, planned to open in the US in 2020.

With Chet Walker, McKenna has written Being Jack Cole: The Last Scrapbook a new musical with original music by Guy Kitchenn which will workshop in London in 2023.  He has written lyrics for Celtic Warrior, a new musical by Marti Pellow and lyrics for four songs on Pellow's album Stargazer.

In October 2022 the new British musical Are You As Nervous As I Am? played a short run at Greenwich Theatre in London. McKenna wrote the lyrics, with music by Leighton James House and book by Simon Spencer. The cast was led by Katie Elin Salt as fictional diva Peggy Starr, Bill Ward as husband Bob and Emma Thornett as her sister, Janet.

Screen writing
For ITV Shaun McKenna wrote The Crooked Man (2003, a feature directed by David Drury for ARG), and the two part thriller Like Father, Like Son (2005, directed by Nick Laughland for Ecosse Films).

He wrote seven episodes for the last three series of TV series Heartbeat.  His first episode, One Small Step won a Royal Television Society Yorkshire Award for Best Drama.

He had a two-part drama Cuckoo in development for ITV with TXTV.  In 2014 and 2015 he wrote episodes of the BBC series Doctors.

He wrote and researched several films in the Great West End Theatres series presented by Sir Donald Sinden.

Radio writing
In 2020 McKenna wrote two series of Eleanor Rising, a BBC Radio 4 drama series about Eleanor of Aquitaine.  With recording postponed by COVID-19, the first series was broadcast in November 2020, with the second series in April 2021.  A third series recorded in June 2022 and will broadcast in September/October.

In July 2021 BBC Radio 4 broadcast his two-part reworking of a Henry Fielding novel, Joseph Andrews Remixed with a cast led by Max Bennett, Lyndsey Marshal, Angus Imrie and Michael Bertenshaw.

McKenna spent much of 2018 writing China Towns, an eleven hour BBC Radio 4 series based on five novels by Arnold Bennett which was broadcast over six weekend in 2019 and is now available on Audible.  McKenna and co-writer Lin Coghlan merged and entwined characters and plots from the novels to create a sweeping drama across five decades.

McKenna was a core writer on the BBC's 600-episode First World War drama Home Front, which began broadcasting daily episodes on 4 August 2014.  Each episode is set exactly one hundred years before the date of transmission, and centres on a single character's story of life at home during the Great War.  He was lead writer on seasons three, six and twelve.  Home Front ran until 11 November 2018, the centenary of the end of the First World War.

McKenna was commissioned by BBC Radio 4, alongside Lyn Coghlin, to adapt all nine of John Galsworthy's Forsyte novels, to be transmitted from 2016.  The cast includes Joseph Millson as Soames, Juliet Aubrey as Irene and Jessica Raine as Fleur.  The complete series is now available on Audible. McKenna adapted four of the eight John le Carré George Smiley novels shown in BBC Radio Four's "Complete Smiley" season – A Murder of Quality, The Looking Glass War, Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy and The Honourable Schoolboy (2009–2010), all of which have been released on BBC audiobooks. He later adapted Winston Graham's novel Marnie for Radio 4 (2011) and Rosemary Sutcliff's Brother Dusty Feet for Radio 4 Extra.

He wrote both original and adapted radio dramas for BBC Radio: The Postman Always Rings Twice (1993), Meeting Jack (1995), The Ghost Train (1997), East of Eden (Classic Serial, 2000), Me and Little Boots (2000) a comedy about Caligula's horse with Leslie Phillips, Smiles of a Summer Night (2001) with Samuel West and Nicholas Farrell, Seawyf and Biscuit (2002), The Cry of the Owl (2002), a World Service adaptation of Mrs. Warren's Profession (2002), and the radio adaptation of To Serve Them All My Days (2005).

Other
McKenna edited eight books of 'Scenes for Actors' for Oberon Books.  In 2020 he published a book about the making of his first musical Maddie, called Maddie and Us which was briefly Amazon's best selling theatre book.

References

External links
shaunmckenna.me

1957 births
Alumni of the University of Bristol
English dramatists and playwrights
English lyricists
English screenwriters
English male screenwriters
Living people
People from Maidstone
People educated at Maidstone Grammar School
English male dramatists and playwrights


This is a listing of records for the original Ottawa Senators (1883–1955). The Senators existed for a number of years before and after their membership in the National Hockey League. This list focuses on the NHL years (1917–34).

Team Records
 Lowest goals-against-average, one season: 1.17, 1925–26 (42 goals in 36 games)
 Fewest home losses, one season: 0, 1922–23 (NHL record)
 Fewest road losses, one season: 4, 1919–20 (12 games played)
 Highest percentage win record, one season: 0.792, 1919-20 (19–5)
 First place finishes: 1918–19, 1919–20, 1921–22, 1922–23, 1923–24, 1925–26, 1926–27
 Regular season record: 258 wins, 221 losses, 63 ties.

Individual Records

 Longest shutout sequence by a goaltender: 461 minutes, 29 seconds, Alec Connell, 1927–28 (NHL record)
 Most shutouts, one season: 15(2x) Alex Connell (1925–26, 1927–28)
 Highest goal-scoring percentage, career: Cy Denneny, .767
 First winner of Hart Trophy (Most Valuable Player): Frank Nighbor, 1923–24
 First winner of Lady Byng Trophy (Sportsmanship & high level of play): Frank Nighbor, 1924–25
 First winner of Lester Patrick Trophy: Jack Adams, former player in 1926–27

References

Source:

records
records


The 2001 Lunar New Year Cup (aka Carlsberg Cup) was a football tournament held in Hong Kong over the first and fourth day of the Chinese New Year holiday.

Participating teams
  Hong Kong League XI (host)

Squads

Hong Kong League XI
Some of the players include:
  Viktor Derbunov
  Cristiano Cordeiro
  Dejan Antonić
  Ailton de Araujo
  Andrew Roddie
  Paul Ritchie
  John Moore
  Gerardo Laterza
  Gary McKeown
  Dimitre Kalkanov
  Gerard Guy Ambassa
  Luk Koon Pong
  Aderbal Filho
  Cornelius Udebuluzor

Korea Republic
Coach:  Guus Hiddink

Norway
Coach: Nils Johan Semb

Paraguay
Coach: Víctor Genés

Results

Semifinals

Third place match

Final

Bracket

Scorers
 3 goals
  Frode Johnsen

 2 goals
  Thorstein Helstad
  Ko Jong-soo

 1 goal
  Kim Do-hoon
  Gustavo Morinigo
  John Moore

See also
Hong Kong Football Association
Hong Kong First Division League

References
 Wing Lung Bank 2008 Lunar New Year Cup – Past Results, HKFA Website
 Carlsberg Cup 2001, Rsssf.com
 XIX. Carlsberg Cup Chinese New Years Tournament 2001 – Details, YANSFIELD

2001
2001 in South Korean football
2000–01 in Hong Kong football
2001 in Paraguayan football
2001 in Norwegian football


The Wales national Under 18 rugby team is for Welsh rugby union players aged 18 or under on January 1 of the year during which they are selected.

They compete in the Under 18 Six Nations Festival and a separate under 18's four nation tournament.

Current squad

Wales Under 18's squad for the 2019 season

Forwards:
 S’Connor (Llandovery)
 Oliver Burrows (Ospreys, Millfield School)
 Lewys Jones (Ospreys, Ysgol Gyfun Ystalyfera)
 James Fenders (Ospreys, Neath/Port Talbor College)
 Ben Carter (Dragons, Caldicot – Capt)
 Alex Mann (Cardiff Blues, Coleg y Cymoedd)
 Harri Deaves (Ospreys, Coleg y Cymoedd)
 Carwyn Tuipulotu (Scarlets, Sedburgh)
 Rhodri King (Scarlets, Coleg Sir Gar)
 Kieron Stevens (Ospreys, Bridgend College)
 Iestyn Haskins (Cardiff Blues, Coleg y Cymoedd)
 Harry Breeze (Scarlets, Whitgift School)

Backs:
 Dan John (Exiles, Hartpury College)
 Mason Grady (Cardiff Blues, Glantaf/Bro Morgannwg)
 Ioan Evans (Cardiff Blues, Coleg y Cymoedd)
 Tom Matthews (Exiles, Hartpury College)
 Louis Rees-Zammit (Gloucester, Hartpury College)
 Ioan Lloyd (Bristol, Clifton College)
 Dylan Davies (Dragons, Newbridge/Cross Keys College);

References

Rugby union
European national under-18 rugby union teams


Aiglun () is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.

Geography
Aiglun is located about 6 km southeast of Digne following Route nationale N85, which runs mostly parallel to the Bléone river which forms the southeastern border of the commune. Highway N85 continues through the southern part of the commune towards the next town of Malijai. The village lies about 3 km north of the N85 along a country road, the Avenue Marius Autric, which loops through the commune to intersect with Highway D17 outside the southwestern border of the commune. No other major roads run through the commune, and access is via country roads and lanes. Much of the commune is forested, with patches of farmland.

Hydrography
A large number of streams cover all parts of the commune, most of which flow into the Bléone river on the southeastern border, which is itself a tributary of the Durance river.

Localities and hamlets
In addition to the village, the town has three other hamlets:
 Les Lavendes
 Les Grees
 Le Thoron

Neighbouring communes

Natural and technological hazards
All of the 200 communes of the department are in some seismic risk. The canton of Digne-les-Bains-2, to which Aiglun belongs, is zoned 1b (low risk) according to the classification of 1991, based on historical earthquakes, and in Zone 4 (medium risk) according to the probability classification EC8 of 2011. The commune of Aiglun is exposed to three other natural hazards:
 Forest fire
 Flooding (in the valley of the Bléone )
 Landslide: the community is almost entirely classified medium-to-high hazard.

Aiglun is also exposed to a risk of technological origin: the transport of hazardous materials by rail, road and pipeline. As regards the railway, the St. Auban to Digne line is closed and so there is no traffic. The National Highway 85 can be used for the road transport of dangerous goods. Finally, the pipeline for feeding natural gas to Digne passes through the commune and is thus an additional risk factor.

The prevention plan for foreseeable natural risks (PPR) of the commune was approved in 2006 for flood risk, landslide and earthquake and  the Dossier of communal information on major risks (DICRIM) has existed since 2011.

The commune has been the site of several natural disasters: an earthquake in 1984, floods and mudslides in 1996 and 2001, drought in 1989, 1990, and 1998, and landslides in 1996.

The earthquake of 19 June 1984 had its epicentre in Aiglun and a macro-seismic intensity of VI on the Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale (MSK). On 25 July 2001 a storm with hail and rainfall of 150mm in three hours caused floods.

Toponymy
The name of the town appears for the first time in texts of 1195 (according to Rostaing and Nègre) in the form: Aiglezino (and Aygladuno in 1319). The term is based on the Latin aquila meaning "eagle" and the Gallic dunum meaning "height" and would therefore mean "height of the eagle". According to Fénié, it has two oronymic roots: *akw-il plus the Celtic dunum.

History
In ancient times, the Bodiontiques (or Bodiontici) inhabited the valley of the Bléone, and so it was Gallic people who lived in what is now the commune of Aiglun. The Bodiontiques, who were defeated by Augustus Caesar at the same time as other people living in the area of the Tropaeum Alpium (from 14 BC to 14 AD), were attached to the Roman province of Alpes-Maritimes at its creation. The Roman road linking Sisteron to Vence crossed the territory of the present commune. Some Gallo-Roman tombs have been found.

The community of Aiglun was under the Viguerie of Digne and the church of the Bishop of Digne who received income related to the church. In return he provided his canons. On the secular side, the village was divided between multiple lords (similar to feudal barons) which by 1315 had reached 22 in number. The village was an ancient fortress called castrum de Aglenio in the Middle Ages.

At the end of the Second World War, the Liberation of Aiglun was marked by the passage of a column of the U.S. 36th Infantry Division on 19 August 1944, coming from Malijai as reinforcements to secondary column stopped at Digne, to outflank the German garrison at Digne.

Until the middle of the 20th century, grapevines were cultivated in the commune on 55 hectares of land for local consumption. Part of the production was sold to Digne. This activity has now disappeared.

Heraldry

Transport

The railway line from Saint-Auban to Digne passed through the town but has been closed since 1991.

Economy
In 2017, the labour force was 602 persons, with 51 unemployed. The workers are mostly employed (84.1%) and mostly work outside the commune (83.1%). Most of those employed in the commune are employed in administration, education and health (50.7% in 2015), construction (26.1%) and trade and services (22.0%).

At 31 December 2015, companies based in the municipality were mainly shops and services (67 of 123 establishments) and 22 companies in the construction sector.

Agriculture
At the end of 2015 the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, and fisheries) had four different establishments.

The number of farms has increased only slightly in the 2000 decade, from 7 to 8 in 10 years, including four field crop farms, sheep farms, and polyculture farms. From 1988 to 2000, the agricultural area has increased from 267 to 415 hectares, of which only 56 hectares are for cereals, and almost none for livestock. During the course of this change the amount of agricultural land used doubled in the 2000s to 886 hectares.

There were no olive trees in the commune at the beginning of the 19th century. Currently, there are a few small areas with olive groves with less than 1,000 plants.

Industry

In late 2015, the secondary sector (industry and construction) had 30 different establishments, employing a total of 114 employees.

Two of the largest employers in the town within this sector are:
 Cosepi France, (Building and Public works), with 40 employees
 Martin, (road transport), with 32 employees.

Service activities

In December 2015, the tertiary sector (trades and services) had 67 establishments (with 92 employees), plus 22 administrative establishments and public services (employing 212 people).

According to the departmental Tourism Observatory, tourism is of secondary importance to the commune, with less than 1 tourist per inhabitant and a limited capacity for accommodation. There are no hotels, camping grounds or other tourist accommodations in the commune. Finally, the secondary homes (holiday homes) are quite marginal compared to the total housing (5.6%).

Two of the largest employers in the commune are responsible for service activities:
 Office Centre, a secretarial service, which employs 10 people
 IGH group, which is a Carmelite specialized clinic for rehabilitation

Administration

List of mayors
The mayoral election was an innovation of the French Revolution of 1789. From 1790 to 1795, mayors were elected by suffrage for 2 years. From 1795 to 1800 there was no mayor, the town simply designated a municipal official who was delegated to the Municipality of the canton.

In 1799–1800, the Consulate returned to the election of mayors who were then appointed by the central government. This system was maintained by the following regimes, with the exception of the Second Republic (1848-1851). After maintaining the authoritarian system, the Third Republic by liberalizing the law for the administration of communes on 5 April 1884: the municipal council was to be elected by universal suffrage and they to elect the mayor from among their members.

List of Successive Mayors of Aiglun

Intercommunality
Aiglun has been a member of the Agglomeration Community Provence-Alpes-Agglomération since 1 January 2017.

Budget and taxation

The regional share of the property tax is not applicable. The business tax was replaced in 2010 by:
 the land premium on companies (CFE) on the rental value of their property and
 the contribution of the added value of enterprises (CAVE)

(both of these form the territorial economic contribution).

Education
The town has a primary school.

Population

Sights
The town hall has a vase (19th century) which is listed as an historical object.

The Romanesque church of Saint Mary Magdalene, whose nave is dated to 1555, is at Old Aiglun. Its construction used anachronistic techniques such as:
 a semicircular portal
 the nave is vaulted with a broken support
 the choir has a flat apse, vaulted lower than the nave

The church contains many items which have been listed as historical objects:
A baptismal font (16th century)
A painting of the Virgin and child with a bishop and a clerk in a scene of healing (17th century)
A statue of Saint Joseph (19th century)
A retable (17th century)
A cope (19th century)
A chasuble, stole, and maniple (19th century)
A huméral veil (19th century)
A painting with frame: Bishop (17th century)

The cemetery church contains many items that are listed as historical objects:
A statue of Saint Joseph (17th century)
A retable on the main altar and its painting of the crucifixion (16th century) in an archaic style.
A processional cross (16th century)
A crucifix (16th century)
A crucifix (18th century)

The chapel of Saint John is on the road leading to Saint John, connecting the town centre to Old Aiglun. This was probably the first parish church in the community during the High Middle Ages. It was abandoned in the second half of the 19th century.

The modern village had a new church in 1974, whose patron saint is Saint Delphine.

The chateau of Villeneuve in Aiglun dates to the 17th century. It is a large rectangular building with turrets at each corner. A clinic was installed there in 1935. In the village, the old castle is in a state of disrepair.

In the village, a few houses date to the 17th century.

See also
 Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

External links
Aiglun on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Ayglun on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence


Allons is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of southeastern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Allonsais or Allonsaises

Geography
Allons occupies an area mainly located in the small valley of the Ivoire, a tributary of the Verdon, away from the main road of the valley of the Verdon some 60 km north-west of Nice and 40 km south-east of Digne. There are two natural closures of the site, one at Vauclause which corresponds to the edge of the commune at the valley of the Verdon, the other immediately at the exit of the village where the remains of a fortification can be seen.

The village is situated at 1073 m altitude.

The only access to the commune is via road D52 which runs south-east to the village from Road D955 some 6 km north-east of Saint-Andre-les-Alpes.

Relief
The commune is mountainous with high points including:
Puy de Rent (1996 m)
Le Puy (1820 m)
Basse d'Allons (1493 m)
Le Roncheret (1617 m)
Le Puel (1532 m)
Col de l'Iscle (1394 m)
Montagnone (1775 m)
Chamatte
Basse d'Angles
Serres (1778 m at Serre Gros)

Hydrography
The commune is traversed by the Ivoire stream into which many streams flow from the mountains. The Ivoire flows into the Verdon (a tributary of the Durance), which forms the north-western border of the commune.

Flora
The commune is a Drainage basin oriented east-west resulting in a large shady side and a large south-facing slope.
On the shady side, there are Pine forests. There is a forest of beech trees growing near the village. A Riparian forest with abundant willow trees grows along the Ivoire stream.

Transport
There is a railway station at the intersection of the roads called Allons-Argens Halt which is an optional stop on the metre-gauge Nice to Digne line of the Chemins de Fer de Provence.

Hamlets
La Moutiere
La Forêt

Neighbouring communes and towns

Natural and technological hazards

The area to which Allons belongs is in zone 1b (low risk) according to the deterministic classification of 1991, based on historical earthquakes (medium risk), and in zone 4 according to the classification probability EC8 of 2011. The common Will also faces three other natural hazards:
forest fire,
flood, marginally in the valley of the Verdon)
landslide: the community is affected by a medium hazard high on the slope located above Vauclause in the valley of the Verdon
avalanche

The commune is not exposed to any risk of technological origin identified by the prefecture and no prevention plan for foreseeable natural risks (PPR) exists for the commune, the DICRIM has existed since 2011.

The commune was the subject of one natural disaster in 1994 for flooding and mudslides.

Toponymy
The village is mentioned for the first time in the charters of 1113 (in the form Alonz). This place name is formed from the Germanic proper name Alonius according to Ernest Nègre. Charles Rostaing and Fénié argue that the name was formed from the orographic root (in relation to the mountains) Al- (as in the word alpe). This root is probably older than the Gallic.

History
An oppidum occupied the site of Castellas in the Iron Age. Augustus conquered the valley of the Verdon at the same time as the Alps, which he completed in 14 BC. It is difficult to know the name of the Gallic tribe that inhabited the valley nor the name of the civitas on which Allons depended in the High Empire: Eturamina (Thorame),  Civitas Saliniensum (Castellane), or Sanitensium (Senez). At the end of the Roman Empire, the connection to Sanitensium and its diocese seem to be proven.

A bronze statue from Antiquity was once found in the commune (now lost).

Middle Ages

It is possible that the Chapel Saint-Domnin at La Moutiere was built on the site occupied by the Allons community in the High Middle Ages in connection with a first monastery. On the opposite side of the valley there are several names of Villas that reinforce this hypothesis. The site of the upper Town, in the valley is possibly contemporary.

In 1072, Pons Sylvain (Pontius Silvanus) owned an important part of the area, if not the entire valley. He donated land to the abbey of Saint-Victor de Marseille which established the priory of Saint Martin there at the end of the 11th to the beginning of the 12th centuries. The village of Allons was created shortly after around a new church which was also called Saint Martin and the priory was abandoned in the 13th century.

The fief belonged to the bishops of Senez and then to the Abbey of St. Victor, Marseille.

The Allons community was under the viguerie of Castellane. Three recognisable structures were found in the village that housed various noble families, among which were that of Requiston and Richery (joint lords), Villeneuve, and Autane - the last two being lords of the fief from 1757 to the French Revolution. These buildings are similar to castles, the largest of them is that of Autane located on the square of the same name, it surprises by its large size and the 17th century style unusual in the region. Since the Revolution the castle has been divided between several owners, and several changes have been made - especially on the roof. The most important lords were the Requiston family.

In 1390, Raymond de Turenne laid siege to the  Vauclause castle.

The story of Allons is also linked to that of Vauclause - a rocky outcrop overlooking the entrance to the valley of the Ivoire. In the Middle Ages a community was located there near a castle of which only a few walls remain. This community had twelve fires in 1315 and had no church. It was drastically depopulated by the crises of the 14th  century (the Black Death and the Hundred Years War) and was annexed by Allons. The fief of Vauclause was distinct from that of Allons, and remained until the Revolution. Today there is a large farm that is the subject of restoration.

From the late Middle Ages to the French Revolution
In 1745 the people rebelled against a demand by the Bishop of Senez who removed the bust of Saint Domnin, patron of the parish church but the worship of whom was considered outdated or too close to pagan rituals. The resistance of the villagers caused a transfer of the bishop, Monseigneur Vocance, who was jostled and his clothes torn. Faced with the threat of military intervention the people were minded to concede but in fact hid the bust and continued their devotions.

Since the French Revolution
There used to be two mills in the commune, on the Verdon and on the Ivoire outside the village.

The tunnel under the pass was completed in 1903, and the entire railway line between Saint Andrew and Nice was inaugurated from 5 to 7 August 1911 in the presence of Victor Augagneur, Minister of Public Works.

In the 20th century the mixed agricultural economy moved towards specialization in lavender, which was processed locally in three distilleries. The mill of Verdon was converted into a Sawmill. These activities have now been abandoned.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors of Allons

Intercommunality
Allons is a member of the Community of Alpes Provence Verdon - Sources de Lumière.

Budget and Taxation

The regional share of the property tax is not applicable. The business tax was replaced in 2010 by the enterprise land premium (CFE) on the rental value of properties and the contribution of the added value of enterprises (CAVE) (both forming the territorial economic contribution).

Population

Prior to 1793 the following censuses had been taken:
1315: 89 fires
1471: 19 fires
1765: 359 people

Source:
Édouard Baratier, Georges Duby, and Ernest Hildesheimer for the Ancien Régime

Economy
The only jobs in the commune are at three farms and two masonry companies plus a campsite near the Verdon and a bar open during the summer. Much of the population works in Saint-André-les-Alpes.

The Mérimée database says that in 2006 there was only one farm: a sheep farm with a golf course, hay meadows, and cereal crops. Lavender is grown on some plots.

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage
The commune has a very large number of buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments.

At Vauclause, the remains of the castle are called the Saracen Tower.

There are several lordly manor houses, sometimes called castles:
three in the village
one at Vauclause in ruins
one at La Moutière.

The old communal Oven was inaugurated in 2009 after having restoration done inside

Religious heritage

The commune has many religious buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:
The Chapel of Saint Martin (in ruins) (20th century).
The Chapel of Saint Domnin. The Chapel contains several items that are registered as historical objects:
A Statuette of the Child Jesus (19th century)
The Furniture in the Chapel of Saint Domnin (18th century)
The Parish Church of Saint Martin (1862) The church contains a very large number of items that are registered as historical objects. Some of the more interesting items are:
a bust-reliquary of Saint Domnin, the first Bishop of Digne, carved and gilded, placed on procession stretchers and saved from destruction in 1745
a Monstrance in the shape of the sun (19th century), embossed and carved in silver
a golden chalice (19th century)
an ornate silver chalice signed Dejean (19th  century)
several paintings by Fidèle Patritti:
The Resurrection (1851)
The Annunciation, (before 1858)
The donation of the Rosary (1851)
A scene of Saints Domnin and Martin admiring the Sacred Heart, created before 1858
a small statue of St. Joseph (1856)
a small statue of the Virgin and Child (1881)
Oratories and Wayside Crosses (19th century)
The Church of Saint-Clair de Gouts (13th century)

Notable People linked to the commune

Jean-Jacques Béraud, born in Allons in 1753 and died in Cartagena in 1794, a priest and hydraulic engineer
Joseph de Richery (1757-1798), Rear-Admiral, born and died in Allons.
Charles Alexander Richery born in Allons, Bishop of Fréjus (1823-1829), and Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

Bibliography
Raymond Collier, Haute-Provence monumental and artistic, Digne, Jean Louis Printing, 1986, 559  p.
Under direction of Édouard Baratier, Georges Duby, and Ernest Hildesheimer, Historical Atlas. Provence, Comtat Venaissin, principality of Orange, County of Nice, Principality of Monaco, Librairie Armand Colin, Paris, 1969

References

External links
Allons and Argens Station on the Chemins de fer de Provence website
On the History of Allons, a site gathering numerous historical documents and information]
Allons on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Allons on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence


Authon (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of south-eastern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Authoniers or Authonières.

Geography
Authon is located in the northern part of the Digne foothills, some 15 km north-east of Sisteron and 22 km north by north-west of Digne-les-Bains.

Geology
The commune is located on the eastern boundary of the Baronnies Orientales on Provençal limestone formations of the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous periods (sedimentary rocks from a former Alpine Ocean) between three main geological formations of the Alps:

the Digne Nappe at the level of the Valavoire lobe: there is a thrust sheet or Nappe - i.e. a slab about 5000 m thick which was moved to the south-west during the Oligocene and at the end of the formation of the Alps. The lobes (or scales) correspond to the exposed edges to the west of the Nappe;
the Durance fault to the south-west in the valley;
the Plateau of Valensole to the south-east: a molassic basin of the Miocene and Pliocene periods composed of detritic sedimentary rocks (deposited from the erosion of the mountains which appeared in the Oligocene).

Topography
The village is located at an altitude of 1,137 metres above sea level in the Massif des Monges. The altitude varies from 881 metres (in the downstream gorges of the Vanson and the narrow valley in the west of the commune) to 2,114 metres at the top of Coste Belle along the Conaples ridge in the east. Mount Jouere is located in the north with the ridge of Clot des Martres being the northern boundary of the commune. The Planchettes ravine lies between this mountain and the Lieuron - the mountain overlooking the village.

In the south, the Col de Font-Belle, towards Le Castellard-Melan, lies between the Melan mountain and the escarpment of Géruen. Beyond this to the east are the Ravine des Barres and then the Col Saint-Antoine.

Relief

The commune consists of mountainous topography belonging to the Massif des Monges. The mountains and their ridges alternate with ravines and mountain passes.

Hydrography
Several rivers flow through the commune. Authon is traversed by the river Vançon which rises at Feissal, in the north of the commune at 1900 m altitude. Several streams flow into the Vançon: the Riou d'Authon, the Ravin de la Bastié,  and the Verdachon. There is also an enclosed spring north-west of the village.

Land use

The town has 800 hectares of woods and forests.

Human occupation is dispersed across the commune in tiny hamlets, mostly in the western part: Les Fabres, le Vivier, Briançon, Bonnet, Lèbre, Théous, Champdolent. Feissal (location of the village in a former commune) and Bastide Blanche are located in the east. There is also a jas in this part, at a little over 1,800 metres: the jas Monges.

The Vanson Forest is found in the north, south, and east.

Transport
The A51 autoroute passes to the west more than 10 kilometres from the commune in the Durance valley. It goes north towards Gap and south to Aix-en-Provence. Access to the commune is by road D3 from Sisteron in the west via a tortuous route to the south of the commune and the village then continues south to Barras. Hiking is available on the GR 6 hiking trail which passes through the commune.

The nearest railway station is located in Sisteron and is served by TER (Marseille-Briancon). There is also a bus station in Sisteron.

The Sisteron-Theze Aeredrome is located 15 kilometres north-west of the commune at Vaumeilh.

Natural and technological hazards
None of the 200 communes of the department is in a no seismic risk zone. The canton of Sisteron to which Authon belongs is zone 1b (low risk) according to the deterministic classification of 1991 based on the historical seismicity, and zone 4 (medium risk) according to the probabilistic classification EC8 in 2011. Authon also faces three other natural hazards:

forest fire,
flood (the Vanson and tributaries)
landslide: the town has an average to high hazard on some slopes.

Authon is not exposed to any risk of technological origin identified by the prefecture.

There is no risk prevention plan for foreseeable natural risks (PPR) nor is one planned for the commune and there is no DICRIM.

Climate
The nearest weather stations to Authon are located at Thoard, Beaujeu, Sisteron, and Turriers.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Toponymy
The area appears for the first time in texts of 1237 (de Autono). According to Charles Rostaing the name designates a height (from the Latin altus meaning "high" and the Gallic dunam). Bénédicte Fénié has a slightly different explanation using as a base *Al-t- and he also saw an oronym in Authon. According to Ernest Nègre the name came from the Germanic proper name Alto.

The name Briançon is reported in 1190 and Feissal is reported in 1113.

The name Saint-Michel, near Briançon, is perhaps the name of the community church.

History
At Feissal there was a priory of the Abbey of Saint Victor, Marseille which was first mentioned in 1113.

The churches and communities of Authon and Briançon depended on the Order of the Temple in the 13th century who also received the related income. After the dissolution of the Order they moved to dependence on the Commandery of Claret of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. Among the fiefs covering these communities there was also Dromon. Rigaut de Montomat seized the castle on 4 November 1392 and established a substantial toll for passage to Maupas. He also ransomed the surroundings until the Viguerie of Sisteron raised an army equipped with artillery and put siege to the castle. In February Rigaut de Montomat abandoned the castle for 800 florins and a promise to set fire to it, a promise he kept. The Briançon community, which consisted of 42 fires in 1315, was depopulated by the crises of the 14th century (the Black Death and the Hundred Years War) and was annexed by Authon in the 15th century. At the end of the Middle Ages a Fair was held in Authon as it was located on one of the routes between the Sisteron bridge on the Durance and the Bléone valley.

In the 12th century there was a lawsuit opposing the hospitallier commander of the village over an honorable ceremony (it brought honour to the peasants who were invited): the villagers brought wood at Christmas and the commander shared the family nectar (a superior quality drink), fine pastries, and grapes with their leaders. He wanted to move the ceremony to a variable date and replace the nectar with good wine.

At the beginning of the French Revolution the news of the storming of the Bastille was welcomed but caused collective fear of an aristocratic reaction. Locally the Great Fear came from Tallard and was part of the flow of "Macon Fear", reaching the area of La Motte on the evening of 31 July 1789. The consuls of the village community were warned that a troop of 5-6,000 brigands were moving towards Haute-Provence after having looted the Dauphiné. The communities of La Motte, Clamensane, Saint-Geniez, Authon, Curbans, Bayons, and Claret together constituted a group of 700 armed men. They put the Marquis d'Hugues de Beaujeu at its head who decided to meet the danger by monitoring the ferries on the Durance.

On 2 August the panic settled and the news which was originally rumours were clarified. An important change took place however: the communities were armed and organized to defend themselves and their neighbours. A sense of solidarity was born within the communities and between neighbouring communities and the consuls decided to maintain the National Guard. As soon as the fear subsided, however, the authorities recommended disarming the workers and the landless peasants and to keep only property owners in the National Guard.

Between 1820 and 1874, four mills were built "suddenly" at Authon (flour, nut oil) in a rivalry with Saint-Geniez. They went bankrupt. Each 29 June until 1843, then on Trinity Sunday, there has been a pilgrimage of the faithful of the commune of Baume from Saint Vincent church to the Melan mountain (in Mélan commune). As with many communes in the department, Authon and Feissal endowed a school well before the Jules Ferry laws: in 1863 a school providing a primary education to boys already operated in both villages. No instruction was given to girls: the Falloux Act (1851), which required the opening of a girls' school in communes with more than 800 inhabitants, and the first Duruy law (1867), which lowered the threshold to 500 inhabitants, did not concern Authon or Feissal. It was only with the Ferry laws that the girls in the two communes were educated.

The town suffered a major rural exodus. Authon lost population in 1793, earlier than elsewhere in the department (where the rural exodus began in the 1850s).

Some men called to the front to die during the First World War. The commune of Feissal (97 inhabitants in 1765) merged with Authon in 1936.

During World War II the department was occupied by Italy from 1942-1943 and then by Nazi Germany until August 1944. At that time the nearby town of Sisteron was bombed by the allies during the landings in Provence. Liberation came quickly after the landings and the commune became part of the liberated zone on 20 August.

Unlike the departmental trend, population loss continued long after the war until 1982 when the town, had only 21 inhabitants. Population growth began at the end of the 20th century. Population reduced by 90% since 1793 with a population of only 40 in the 2000s.

Heraldry

Politics and Administration

Municipal administration
Based on its size the town has a council of 9 members (Article L2121-2 of the General Local Authorities Code). During the 2014 elections there was only one round and Alain Rahon was elected councilor with 56 total votes, or 94.91% of the vote. The turnout was 92.19%. He was then appointed mayor by the council

List of mayors
The mayoral election was an innovation of the French Revolution in 1789. From 1790 to 1795 mayors were elected by suffrage for 2 years. From 1795 to 1800 there was no mayor and the commune simply designated a municipal agent who was delegated to the Municipality of the Canton.

In 1799-1800, the Consulate returned to the election of mayors who were now appointed by the central government. This system was maintained by the following schemes except during the Second Republic (1848-1851). After keeping the authoritarian system the Third Republic liberalized the system by the law of 5 April 1884 Administration of Communes: the council, elected by universal suffrage, elects the mayor from among its members.

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Judicial and administrative proceedings
Authon is one of fifteen communes in the Canton of Sisteron. The canton was in the Arrondissement of Sisteron from 17 February 1800 to 10 September 1926 when it was moved to the Arrondissement of Forcalquier and to the Alpes de Haute Provence's 2nd constituency. Authon has been part of the canton of Sisteron since 1801 after having been in the Canton of Saint-Geniez from 1793 to 1801.

Authon falls within the area of the Tribunal d'instance (District court) of Digne-les-Bains the Tribunal de grande instance (High Court) of Digne-les-Bains, the Cour d'appel (Appeal court) of Aix-en-Provence, the Tribunal pour enfants (Juvenile court) of Digne-les-Bains, the Conseil de prud'hommes (Labour Court) of Digne-les-Bains, the Tribunal de commerce (Commercial Court) of Manosque, the Tribunal administratif (Administrative tribunal) of Marseille, and the Cour administrative d'appel (Administrative Court of Appeal) of Marseille

Taxation

The Regional part of the Residential tax is not applicable.

In 2010 Business tax was replaced by the property contribution of enterprises (CFE) on the rental value of the property and the value added contribution of the business sector (CAVE) (both forming the territorial economic contribution (CET) which is a local tax introduced by the Finance Act 2010).

Population and society
As with many communes in the department Authon has had a rural exodus. The commune has steadily lost population since 1765 although its population doubled between 1982 and 2007.

Population

After the crises of the 14th and 15th centuries and a long period of growth until the beginning of the 19th century, there was a period of "slack" where the population remained stable at a high level. This period lasted from 1806 to 1846. The rural exodus then caused long term population loss. In 1901 the town recorded the loss of more than half its population since 1800. The outwards movement of population continued until 1980. Since then the population has increased to over 60 people, 15% of its historical peak.

Authon has an area of 4,016 hectares and a population of 45 and is ranked in the following table:

Education
The commune has neither a kindergarten nor a primary school. Students from the commune are assigned to the Paul Arène Scholastic City in Sisteron.

Health
The nearest hospital is at Sisteron which depends on the inter-communal hospital of the Southern Alps headquartered in Gap.

Economy

Overview
In 2017, the active population amounted to 32 people, including 3 unemployed. These workers are in majority not employees (74%), and are in majority employed in the commune (65%).

At the end of 2015 businesses active in the commune were mainly farms (8 out of 19) and services (6).

Agriculture
At the end of 2015 the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, fisheries) had 8 businesses under the INSEE definition and 10 according to the Agreste Department of Agriculture survey. The farms are sheep and polyculture farms. The utilized agricultural area (UAA) has almost doubled in ten years from 572 to 1,056 hectares with almost all of the area being devoted to livestock.

Authon is included in the boundaries of an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) Designation for Lavender oil (Huile essentielle de lavande de Haute-Provence) and nine Geographically Protected Indications (IGP):.
Pommes des Alpes de Haute-Durance (Apples of Alpes de Haute-Durance)
Miel de Provence (Honey of Provence)
Agneau de Sisteron (Sisteron Lamb)
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (VDP) blanc, rouge, and rosé
VDP de Méditerranée blanc, rouge, and rosé

Lavender
Lavender has been harvested for centuries in the wild until cropping was organized in the 16th century along with the distillation of its flowers. Its golden age was at the beginning of the 20th century although it was during the 1920s that there was a real fever for planting. After the crisis of 1929 and the Second World War the market saw renewed demand from 1955 only to go into crisis five years later. Mechanization of harvesting, better organization of the market, and obtaining an AOC for "Lavender essential oil from Haute-Provence" in 1981 should have boosted production. Production fell however from approximately 200 tonnes in the early 1980s to 25 tonnes in 1990 then finally increased to 80 tons in 2003.

Sisteron lamb

Sisteron lamb is a lamb raised by its mother in the Alps or Drôme of Provence for a minimum 60 days with an age between 70 and 150 days and weighing 13 to 19 kg. It comes from traditional farms with Merino, Mourerous, or Prealpes du Sud mothers who breastfeed for at least two months on a pastoral area with less than 10 sheep per hectare and with a minimum of 10 hectares in area. Lambs who meet these criteria can be sold under the control of the INAO with the red Sisteron lamb label granted by a governmental decree dated 3 January 2005.

These quality requirements put an end to the practice of flocks being reared in the same conditions but from other regions. Each year nearly 400,000 animals used to pass through the slaughterhouses of Sisteron enjoying a certain laxity sought to usurp their provenance.

Apples of Alpes de Haute-Durance

Apples from Alpes de Haute-Durance received a Protected Geographical Indication which was published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 17 April 2010.

The IGP covers the apple varieties Golden Delicious and Gala from six cantons in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and thirteen cantons in Hautes-Alpes located between 450 metres and 900 metres above sea level. The quality of these apples is linked to their soil and, in particular, the climate of Haute-Durance with over 300 days of sunshine per year. The prevailing cold nights during the maturation of apples prevents the degradation of acids while a strong diurnal temperature range allows them to yellow and even become pink.

Honey of Provence

Honey from Provence is protected by a red label associated with a protected geographical indication for honey from all flowers as well as for honey from lavender and lavandin. There are a number of Beekeepers estimated at about 4,500 of which 700 have between 70 and 150 hives. Regional production is around 2,000 tonnes/year or 8% of the production of France Many practice transhumance along a path from the coast to Haute-Provence. Summer is the prime season for lavender honey and beehives are located in an area bounded in the north by a line from Montelimar to Digne and in the south Mont Ventoux, the Plateau d'Albion, Lure mountain, the Vaucluse Mountains, and Luberon. Honey from other flowers is produced in a wide area bounded by Nîmes, Montélimar, Gap, Digne-les-Bains, Nice, Toulon, Marseille, and Avignon.

Service activities
At the end of 2010 the tertiary sector (trades and services) had 6 businesses (no employees) plus three administrative entities employing one person.

According to the Departmental Observatory of tourism, tourism is very important for the commune with more than 5 tourists per resident per year. Nevertheless accommodation is rare in the commune since one small cottage is the only collective accommodation accessible to tourists: there is no hotel nor camping nor furnished accommodation, nor cottages.

Second homes provide more capacity with 29 secondary residences out of 63 housing units (46%).

Sites and Monuments

Near the Calade passage of Malpas between Authon and Saint-Geniez there is an engraved stone, dated 1849, depicting a devil or demon, smiling and with feline features like the Matagot des Hautes-Alpes.

There are remains of a castle destroyed in 1393 in the hamlet of Briançon.

The Sainte-Marie-Madeleine church in the village is a simple rectangular shape and capped in timber except for the choir which is surmounted by a bower of slats. It is considered to be "without style" by Raymond Collier. Its walls are deformed.

There is also the Church of Notre-Dame (formerly Sainte-Marie-Madeleine) at Feissal.

The Sainte-Marthe Chapel was completely rebuilt on its remains in 2007.

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

Bibliography
 Irène Magnaudeix, Fixed rocks, Moving rocks: Usage and representations in stone by the inhabitants of Haut-Vançon, Mane, Les Alpes de Lumière, Forcalquier, 2004.
 Élie Marcel Gaillard, "The nectar of Authon: a curious proceeding from the 17th century", in Chronicles of Haute-Provence, No. 357 (autumn 2006), p. 82-89
 Raymond Collier, Haute-Provence monumental and artistic, Digne, Imprimerie Louis Jean, 1986, 559 p.
 Under the direction of Édouard Baratier, Georges Duby, and Ernest Hildesheimer, Historical Atlas of Provence, County of Venaissin, Principality of Orange, County of Nice, Principality of Monaco, Librairie Armand Colin, Paris, 1969
 Mount Ventoux. Encyclopedia of a provençal mountain, Guy Barruol, Nerte Dautier, and Bernard Mondon (coord.)

External links
Authon on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Authon on the 1750 Cassini Map

Notes and references

Notes

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence


Seven Years (1998–2005) is a DVD released in 2005 by German producer and DJ ATB. It was also released in a special edition with the Seven Years: 1998-2005 CD.

As the title says, the DVD features all his music videos from 1998 to 2005, a photo gallery, the making of the "I Don't Wanna Stop" video, an interview, and many more specials.

Track listing

Videos
 "9pm (Till I Come)"
 "Don't Stop"
 "Killer"
 "The Summer"
 "The Fields of Love"
 "Let U Go"
 "Hold You
 "You're Not Alone"
 "I Don't Wanna Stop"
 "Long Way Home"
 "Marrakech"
 "Ecstasy"
 "Believe In Me"
 "Humanity" (Special Bonus Video "ATB in Concert")

Inside
 ATB interview

Gallery
 ATB photo gallery

Special
 ATB - The Making of "I Don't Wanna Stop" video

Bonus
 Bonus Video - "Believe In Me" (Airplay Version)

ATB video albums
2005 video albums
Music video compilation albums
2005 compilation albums


Dr. Enzio von Pfeil is a German economist.

Early life
Dr. von Pfeil has been a commercial economist throughout his working life. Enzio studied inter alia under Friedrich von Hayek at the University of Freiburg, in West Germany. He graduated at the top of his class and received two scholarships. One from the "Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes", which is reserved for the top one per cent of all German students, and the other from the Free Democratic Party's (FDP)  exclusive Friedrich-Naumann Stiftung.   His PhD thesis examined the macro economic impact of direct investment flows. At the University, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor specializing in international economics.

Career
Dr. von Pfeil spent many years as a treasury economist for JP Morgan and Schroders in New York and London, and as a banker specializing in macro investment planning on behalf of large industrial families in the region while stationed in Istanbul. In 1986, von Pfeil became Chief Regional Economist at Smith New Court Far East Ltd, London which merged with Merrill Lynch. Dr. von Pfeil moved to Hong Kong in 1989 and by 2000 he had helped, as Chief Regional Economist, S.G. Warburg Securities Far East (which subsequently was bought by UBS), Clarion Capital and ABN-AMRO establish Asian specialist regional economic research teams.

For some years, Dr. von Pfeil ran his own macro advisory firm, Commercial Economics Asia Limited. He advises institutional as well as private investors.

In 2015 Dr. von Pfeil joined Private Capital Limited as their Investment Strategist.

Works
Dr. von Pfeil has written the following books:
 2008 - Trade Myths: Globalization and the Trade Balance Fallacy.
 1988 - Effective Control of Currency Risks : A Practical, Comprehensive Guide, Macmillan, London and St. Martin's Press, New York.
 1985 - German Direct Investments in the United States, JAI Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.
 1979 - Deutsche Direktinvestitionen in den USA, Knapp, Frankfurt.

Dr. von Pfeil contributes regularly to Reuters as well as Bloomberg TV, Channel News Asia and to CNBC as well as NDTV (India) and Z TV (India). He has appeared inter alia in the Asian Wall Street Journal, The Economist, Forbes, the New York Times, and the South China Morning Post.

References

1953 births
Living people
German economists


Allos (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of southeastern France.

Allos is a high mountain commune in the southern Alps. The commune experienced a significant rural exodus in the 19th century, following the population movement of the department. Then the town was overwhelmed for eighty years by winter sports: the construction of accommodations and ski-lifts has changed the landscape and the mountain urbanisation. The economy was profoundly altered with almost all jobs being found in tourism. Traditional agricultural activities persisted only marginally.

Historically Allos, located in the valley of the Verdon, has long been linked to the Ubaye Valley: first at the time when Ubaye belonged to the States of Savoy (from 1388 to 1713) then after it became part of France it continued to be administered across the Col d'Allos (impassable in winter). Even after the Revolution, it was attached to the Barcelonnette district. It was not until 1985 that it was (administratively) turned towards the valley by accepting the connection to the Canton of Colmars.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Allossards or Allossardes

Geography
Allos is located some 12 km south of Barcelonnette and some 100 km north-west of Nice at an altitude of 1425 m. The Allos valley is traversed by the Verdon which has its source in the Foux d'Allos in the Sestriere valley at 2500 m altitude.

Access to the commune is by the D908 road: a tortuous road running off the D902 south of Barcelonette which passes through the heart of the commune and the village before continuing south to Colmars.

Located at the edge of the Mercantour National Park, the country of Upper Verdon and the Allos valley offers landscapes of great beauty: from the famous Lac d'Allos (Allos Lake) which is the largest mountain lake in Europe to the waterfall of La Lance, near Colmars-les-Alpes. The flora is rich and varied depending on the altitude: larch, spruce, fir as well as Alpine clematis, peonies, and Martagon.

Geology
The mountains around Allos are composed of black schist.

Relief

All around Allos from the Col d'Allos (2247 m, north of the village) and in a clockwise direction:
on a north-south ridge of the Cheiroueche mountain (2362m) which overlooks the village, the Roche Grande (2409 m), completely denuded of vegetation;
to the north: the Petit Cheval de Bois (Little Wooden Horse) (2754 m) and the Grand Cheval de Bois (Large Wooden Horse) (2838 m), the Pichs or Nivoulet (2575 m);
to the east: the Cimet (3020 m), separated from the Teton (2969 m) by the small col de Talon (2678 m), Mount Pelat (3050 m), and between Allos and Mont Pelat the Tête  du Vallonnet (Head of Vallonnet) (2710 m) and the Tête  de Prachastel (Head of Prachastel) (2320 m);
around Lake Allos: the Trou de l'Aigle (Hole of the Eagle) (2961 m), the Col de la Petite Cayolle (2639 m), the Garrets summit (2822 m), the Montagne de l'Avalanche (Mountain of Avalanches) (2729 m), the Tete du Lac (Head of the Lake) (2626 m), the group of Tours du Lac (Towers of the Lake) which is five peaks between 2585 and 2745 m, and the Tete de Valplane (Head of Valplane) (2624 m);
to the South: the Roche Cline (2415 m) and on the right bank of the Verdon the Autapie (2435 m);
to the west: the Gros Tapie (2371 m), the summit of Valcibière (2375 m), the Mourre Gros (2652 m), the Tete Noire (Black Head) (2560 m), the Tete de l'Auriac (Head of Auriac) (2639 m), the Trois-Évêchés (Three bishoprics) (2818 m), the Tete de la Sestriere (Head of Sestriere) (2575 m);
to the northwest of the Col d'Allos: the Tete de Vescal (Head of Vescal) (2515 m).

The peaks to the west of Allos belong to the Massif des Trois-Évêchés (Three bishoprics mountains) while to the east are the secondary mountains of Mount Pelat.

Environment
The town has 1,869 hectares of woods and forests.

Hamlets

 La Beaumelle;
 La Beaume;
 La Foux;
 La Foux d’Allos;
 Le Seignus (Bas and Haut);
 le Villard (Bas and Haut);
 Le Brec Bas et Haut;
 Sainte-Brigitte (Basse and Haute);
 Le Foreston;
 Bouchiers;
 La Peyrière (Basse and Haute);
 Prémin;
 Montgros;
 Champrichard;
 La Colette;

Natural and technological risks
None of the 200 communes of the department is in a no-risk seismic area. The commune is in zone 1b (low risk) according to the deterministic classification of 1991 and based on historical earthquakes. It is in Zone 4 (medium risk) according to the ECS probability classification of 2011. Allos commune is also exposed to four other natural hazards:
avalanche,
forest fire,
flooding (in the valley of the Verdon),
landslide (the commune is affected by a random medium to high risk in limited areas).

Allos commune is exposed to a risk of technological origin - i.e. the risk of dam breakage on the hill reservoir of Tardée above the Foux-d'Allos ski-station.

The prevention plan for foreseeable natural risks (PPR) for the commune was approved in 1998 for flood risk, landslide, and avalanche; and a Communal Dossier on Major Risks (DICRIM) has existed since 2010.

The commune has been the location of several natural disasters: an earthquake in 1984, flooding and mudslides in 1994 and 2003. In November 2012 a landslide cut off the only access road to the hamlets of Bouchiers and La Colette - a cut that lasted more than seven months.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Toponymy
The locality appears for the first time in texts from 1056 under the name of ad Alodes which means Allods in Occitan. A Pre-Gallic hypothesis has also been considered more in line with local phonetic rules such as Fénié. The name Allos derived then from Al- designating "rocks". The form Alodes would be in this case a bad romanization. The commune is called Alòs in Occitan Vivaro-Alpine dialect.

The name of the station La Foux-d'Allos means "narrow gorges" between the surrounding peaks.

History
The name of the people located in the upper valley of the Verdon is not certain but it may be the Eguiturii. At the end of the Roman Empire the upper valley of the Verdon depended on the civitas and the bishopric of Thorame.

It is possible that the first village was built around Notre-Dame-du-Valvert in the High Middle Ages. It would then have been perched at Banivol before moving lower in the 12th to 13th centuries. The village was cited in 1056 and had its own consulat from 1233, by privilege from the Comte de Provence, and a Fair. Allos belonged to the Counts of Provence until 1388 then, with the Ubaye Valley and Nice, passed to the Counts of Savoy until 1713. From that time until the beginning of the French Revolution Allos was administratively attached to Barcelonnette. The first division of Basses-Alpes included Allos in the Barcelonnette district.

During the Wars of religion the Duke of Lesdiguières bombarded the town without taking it in 1597. He had brought his army through the Col de Thuiles.

The peculiarities of the Allos community, which occupies several deep valleys and whose habitat is dispersed across multiple villages, led to the creation of three parishes in the 17th century: one in La Foux, one in Bouchiers, and one in Baumelle. A large number of chapels were also built: 29 in total throughout history.

Several major fires ravaged the town in 1718, 1747, and 1769.

During the French Revolution the commune had a patriotic society which was created at the end of 1792.

In the 20th century Allos became a tourist town: in 1935, the ski-lifts were built at Seignus and Foux. In the 1970s, when winter sports become mass entertainment, more ski resorts were built in two hamlets. It was not until 1985 qu'Allos turns towards the valley by integrating with the Arrondissement of Castellane.

Heraldry

Canting arms: Allos, in Latin Allosium, in Provençal Alouès. Alo-west Wing-bone.

Administration
List of Successive Mayors

Mayors from 1971

The election of the City Council in March 2008 was the subject of an appeal to the administrative court of Marseille; the judgment led to new elections in September.

Population

Education
The town has had a computerized library since 2004 (See online catalogue) in the Haut-Verdon library network (Communauté de communes du Haut-Verdon-Val-d'Allos) and has two primary schools (one at Allos and one in La Foux d'Allos).

Economy

Overview
Allos is a high mountain commune whose main resource is tourism - hiking in the summer - but especially winter sports.

In 2017 the active population was 525 people including 24 unemployed. These workers are mostly employed (66.9%) and the vast majority work in the commune (83%). This can be explained by the predominance of the tourism sector which provides sufficient employment to the people of the commune. As a result, most of the people of the commune work in services and administration (96% at the end of 2015). Industry, construction and agriculture employ 12 people in total.

At the end of 2015 establishments active in the commune were mainly shops and services (372 of 501 establishments) and health and social administrative sector (91).

Agriculture
At the end of 2015 the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, fisheries) had 9 different establishments with 2 employees.

Most of the survey data from the Ministry of Agriculture are subject to statistical secrecy which indicates low numbers and extent of cultivated land. In 2000 three farms used a utilized agricultural area (UAA) of 281 hectares - the area has been in sharp decline since 1988 (406 hectares).

Industry
In late 2015 the secondary sector (industry and construction) had 29 establishments mainly crafts (24 companies with no employees). The sector employs 10 people.

Service activities

The commune has two ski-stations:
Val d'Allos-La Foux, which links to the Pra-Loup ski area;
Val d'Allos-Le Seignus, which is called the village-station because it is connected by Aerial tramway to Allos village.

Summer tourism is also developed with different lakes and mountain walks.

In late 2015 the tertiary sector (trades and services) had 372 establishments (with 286 employees) plus 91 administrative establishments and the health and social sectors (employing 30 people).

According to the Department of Tourism, tourism activity is very important for the commune with more than 5 tourists per resident and with a large capacity for accommodation. Several accommodation facilities for tourists exist in the commune (as of January 2020):
10 hotels (3 ranked two stars, and one three-star) with a capacity of 161 beds;
no camping;
some furnished, some approved;
B & Bs are absent from the commune;
a large carrying capacity in various collective accommodations (summer shelters, youth hostels, holiday villages).

It is nevertheless second homes that weigh more heavily on the capacity with 5,110 second homes (92.6% of the 5,520 dwellings).

Culture and heritage

The commune contains a very large number of sites that are registered as historical monuments. Lists below are abridged showing the main sites.

There is also a very large number of items registered as historical objects located at:

The Chapel of Notre-Dame-de-la-Fleur (2 items)
The Chapel of Notre-Dame-de-la-Salette (1 item)
The Chapel of Saint-Antoine (11 items)
The Chapel of Saint-Laurent (8 items)
The Chapel of Saint Pierre (6 items)
The Chapel of Saint Sebastian (58 items)
The Chapel of Sainte-Marie-Madeleine (5 items)
The Church of Notre-Dame-de-Valvert (59 items)
The Church of Notre-Dame-de-la-Baumelle (3 items)
The Chapel of Notre-Dame-de-Lumiere (12 items)
The Church of Saint John the Baptist (21 items)

Civil heritage
There are still remnants of medieval structures:
The City Fortifications (Middle Ages)
The Banivol Tower (Middle Ages) is 7.2 m square. It may have protected a small town.

Examples of later structures registered as historical monuments:
The Cooperative Dairy Factory (1931)
The Abrau Bridge (16th century)
A Lavoir (Public laundry) (19th century)
The Town Hall (19th century)

Other sites of interest
The Ski-station of Foux d'Allos in the classic style of ski-stations with roofs dominated by corrugated iron (mid-1980s) with a presence of roof slate and traditional scale tiles.

A Sundial in Allos village (1913).

Religious monuments
The churches and rural chapels are in a simple alpine style imposed by the climate. Notre-Dame-de-Valvert at Allos is a good example from the 13th century.

The extent of the commune with its large population the 19th century, when the parishes and their branches were under the Concordat plan, made communications difficult due to the terrain and snow in winter. All these conditions justified the creation of several parish churches which are now registered as historical monuments:
The Church of Notre-Dame-de-Valvert (13th century)
The Parish Church of Saint John the Baptist at la Foux (17th century) in traditional Romanesque style  and whose facade is decorated with a sundial from 1757. It has an ex-voto in leather from Cordoba dated 1675;
The Parish Church of Saint-Antoine at Bouchier (1862)

The commune also has many chapels which are also registered as historical monuments:
The Chapel of Saint Sebastian or Chapel of White Penitents (18th century) has the rise to glory of Saint Sebastian painted on the dome. It is used for parish worship in Winter.
The Chapel of Notre-Dame-de-la-Fleur at Villard-Haut (17th century)
The Chapel of Sainte-Marie-Madeleine at Villard-Bas (19th century)
The Chapel of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce at Seignus-Bas (19th century).
The Chapel of Sainte-Brigitte and Saint-Joseph at Sainte-Brigitte (1890)
The Chapel of Saint-Roch at Plan-Ouest (17th century)
The Chapel of Saint Laurent at Seignus-Haut (1624)
The Chapel of Notre-Dame-de-Lumière (formerly a parish church) at Baumelle (1857)
The Chapel of Saint-Pierre near Basse-Colette (16th century) has a Retable closed by two small doors from the 16th century
The Chapel of Notre-Dame-de-la-Salette at Charrières-Sud (19th century)

Other religious sites of interest
The Chapel of Notre-Dame-des-Monts has a sundial dated 1757 and bearing the legend Dieu seul est éternel; déjà loin de toi ("God alone is eternal; already far from you")
The Chapel of Saint-Jacques at Seignus-Bas

The Church of Notre-Dame-de-Valvert

The parish church of Allos dates from the first half of the 13th century  and was listed as a historical monument in 1846 for the parts dating from the second half of the 9th and 10th centuries.

It is built in Brickwork in a regular way with a chevet made of a single semicircular Apse, vaulted in cul-de-four. Like all churches in alpine style only the south wall has three bays which are semicircular.

The decor is unusual with walls decorated with a series of small arcs. The decor is a late development (13th century) of the Lombard band. The capitals are adorned with foliage, except for the facade, and decorated with masks (Lombard influence) and animals. The front is reinforced by two buttresses at the corners.

Raymond Collier identifies several characteristics of Notre-Dame-de-Valvert different from the communal type of alpine Romanesque:
the pilasters supporting the Arc-doubleaux are replaced by engaged columns (or half-columns);

It was damaged at the beginning of the 17th century and again in 1697 by the war: the second time the Savoyards caused the collapse of the tower. The vault of the choir was repaired between that date and 1723 before the bell was worn out in 1727. The Allos fire on 15 November 1747 reached the church and caused extensive damage. A new tower was built in 1751. Major restoration work took place between 1894 and 1896: the bottom of the facade and the Mur gouttereau (guttered walls), the bay windows, and the Buttresses were completely rebuilt and the roof of the third bay itself was also completely rebuilt. The rest of the arches and the bell tower were rebuilt in 1899-1904 with various repairs, when the murals disappeared.

Gallery

Notable people linked to the commune
Patritti: a painter of the 19th century
Jean-Esprit Pellissier, priest until 1905, he was the historian of the town.
Simon-Jude Honnorat (1783-1852), doctor and also the town historian and author of the Great dictionary of the Occitan language

See also
 Col d'Allos
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

Bibliography
Raymond Collier, Haute-Provence monumental and artistic, Digne, Imprimerie Louis Jean, 1986, 559 p.
Edited by Édouard Baratier, Georges Duby, and Ernest Hildesheimer, Historical Atlas. Provence, Comtat Venaissin, Principality of Orange, County of Nice, Principality of Monaco, Librairie Armand Colin, Paris, 1969

References

External links
Allos on the old National Geographic Institute website
History of Allos
Allos on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Allos on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence


Angles () is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of southeastern France.

Geography
Angles is located some 5 km south-east of Saint-Andre-les-Alpes and 15 km north-east of Castellane. The village is close to the centre of the commune in the valley of the Torrent d'Angles at an altitude of 956m. National Highway N202 passes along the south-west edge of the commune in a tunnel with a country road branching north-east to the village then continuing south-east to Vergons. The commune is remote and rugged with extensive forests totalling 417 hectares which is almost half the total area. There is a small area of farming activity near the village.

The highest points in the commune are at Baisse d'Angles (1577m) and Serre Gros (1778m) on the Crest of Serres.

The Torrent d'Angles flows through the commune from the south-east and curves to the south-west where it joins the Verdon which is at the south-western border of the commune. Many tributaries flow into the Torrent d'Angles from the north including the Ravin des Bastides, Ravin de Pas d'Empicon, and numerous other unnamed streams.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Toponymy
The locality was reported for the first time in texts from the 13th century (Angulis). The name refers to an element of the landscape shaped like a wedge: the village according to Ernest Nègre, or the fields according to Fénié.

The name of the district of Moustier is from the traces of the priory of Lérins in that name.

History
Augustus conquered the valley of the Verdon at the same time as the Alps which he completed in 14 BC. It is difficult to know the name of the Gallic people who inhabited the valley nor who were the Civitas on whom the Angles valley depended in the High Empire: Eturamina (Thorame), Civitas Saliniensum (Castellane), or Sanitensium (Senez). At the end of the Roman Empire, its connection to that of Sanitensium and its diocese seems proven.

The locality appears for the first time in charters from 1245 as it was a co-lordship of the bishops of Senez and the Abbey of Lérins. Its priory was joined to Vergons in 1454. The Abbot of Lérins built a hospice which then passed to Agoult.

The community was under the Viguerie of Castellane.

The inhabitants of Angles lead a struggle against the local lord over several generations and denied the rights of the half-lords to any inheritance. After the non-payments and a trial, the Lord's pew in the church was smashed to pieces. In 1731, the Lord's harvest was not gathered, and everyone was forbidden to do so. The steward narrowly escaped a lynching.

A permanent primary school has existed in Angles since 1776. In 1788 the priory disappeared with the secularization of Lérins Abbey

During the French Revolution the town had a patriotic society which was formed after the end of 1792.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Population

The demographic history of Angles is marked by a period of "stagnation" where the population was relatively stable at a high level. This period lasted until 1861. The rural exodus then caused a decline in population of long duration. By 1901 the town had lost more than half its population from the historical maximum in 1806. The downward trend continued to 1970. Since then population growth has very slowly resumed.

Economy

In 2017 the active population was 24 people, including three unemployed. These workers are in majority employees (67%), and are in majority employed outside the commune (71%).

At the end of 2015 the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, fisheries) had two establishments, and employed one person.

The number of farms, according to the Agreste survey by the Ministry of Agriculture, remained stable in the 2000s at 3 which specialise in the breeding of sheep. From 1988 to 2000 the agricultural area (UAA) fell significantly to 113 hectares from 603 hectares with most of the remaining in grass. In contrast, the utilized agricultural area declined sharply in the 2000s: it went from 608 to 63 hectares.

At the end of 2015 the secondary sector (industry and construction) had 3 establishments but had no employees. The tertiary sector (trades and services) had 3 establishments (with two employees).

According to the Departmental Observatory of tourism, the tourism business is important for the town (considering the population) with between 1 and 5 tourists welcomed for each resident. Most of the accommodation capacity is non-market. Structures specifically to accommodate tourists are rare in Angles. There are:
camping at the farm;
some furnished accommodation;
some cottages;
there are no hotels or group accommodation

Considering the low supply, it is ultimately the second homes that have the highest capacity: 29 of 75 housing units in the commune are second homes (39%).

Natural and technological risks
None of the 200 communes of the department is in a no seismic risk zone. The canton of Saint-André-les-Alpes to which Angles belongs is in zone 1b (low risk) according to the deterministic classification of 1991, based on the seismic history and in zone 4 (medium risk) according to the probabilistic classification EC8 of 2011. Angles commune is also exposed to four other natural hazards:
avalanche
forest fire,
flood (in the lower Torrent d'Angles)
landslide: the commune has an average to high hazard in certain areas of its territory.

The commune of Angles is also exposed to a risk of technological origin: the transport of dangerous goods by road. The N202 national road can be used by trucks carrying dangerous goods and pass within the limits of the commune.

No risk prevention plan for foreseeable natural disasters (PPR) exists for the commune and a DICRIM has existed since 2011.

The town has not been subject to any natural disasters. The earthquake felt most strongly in Angles was at Chasteuil on 30 November 1951.

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage

The commune has many buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:

Angles Bridge (1947)
Farmhouses (18th-20th centuries)
The Primary School (20th century)
An Agricultural Storehouse at Les Coutails (1893)
An Agricultural Storehouse at Les Perruches (18th century)
An Agricultural Storehouse at La Bourgade (18th century)
An Agricultural Storehouse at La Bourgade (18th century)
An Agricultural Storehouse at Les Perruches (19th century)
Agricultural Storehouses (18th-20th centuries)
A House at Moustier (18th century)
A House at Moustier (18th century)
A House at La Bourgade (18th century)
A House at La Bourgade (18th century)
A House at La Bourgade (18th century)
A House at La Bourgade (18th century)
A House at La Bourgade (18th century)
Houses (18th-19th century)
A Bread Oven (19th century)
A Fountain and Lavoir (Public laundry) (1898)
A Lavoir (Public laundry) (1932)
A Lavoir (Public laundry) (1932)
A Drinking Trough (18th century)

Religious heritage

The commune has several religious buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:
The Chapel of Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours (1870) has a polygonal choir with cross ribs from the 16th or early 17th century. It was in ruins at the end of the 19th century but was restored in the 1970s, contrary to the statements of diocesan investigations of the 19th century which gave a construction date of 1870. The Furniture in the Chapel is registered as an historical object.
The Parish Church of Notre-Dame (1686) has a bell tower with polychrome tiles. The Church contains a very large number of items that are registered as historical objects.
Oratories and Wayside Crosses (19th-20th centuries)
A Chapel of Saint-Jean also existed south of the village but it disappeared in the 19th century

Gallery of Historical Objects in Angles
Historical Monuments

Historical Objects in the Church

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

External links
Angles on the National Geographic Institute website
Angles on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Angles on the 1750 Cassini Map

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence


Archail (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of south-eastern France.

With 14 inhabitants (as of 2019), it is the third least populated commune in the department, after Majastres and Saint-Martin-lès-Seyne.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Archailois or Archailoises.

Geography
Archail is located some 8 km north-east of Digne and some 5 km south of Le Brusquet. By road from Digne it is 14 km by a winding mountain road. The village is located in a wooded basin at an altitude of 920m. Access to the commune is by the D22 road which runs east from Marcoux to Draix and which passes through the northern tip of the commune. A local road runs off the D22 in the northern tip of the commune and continues south through the commune to the village. The commune is mountainous and heavily forested but there is a small area of farmland south-west of the village.

Geology

Much of the commune consists of rounded hills of eroded black marl. The Pic de Couar (1,988m) is spectacular as is the Pas d'Archail (1,667m). The Ravine and Torrent of l'Areste is in the south in the hills.

Hydrology
A vast number of streams rise in the commune including: The Bouinenc (14 kilometres long), the Sauzeries Ravine (9 km long), the Mouiroués Ravine (8 km long), and its tributary, the Escure Stream (5.7 km long). These all flow north to join the Bouinenc which continues west to join the Bléone.

Natural and technological hazards
None of the 200 communes of the department is in a no seismic risk zone. The area to which Archail belongs is in Zone 1b (low risk) according to the deterministic classification of 1991 and based on its seismic history. The Canton is in Zone 4 (medium risk) according to the probabilistic classification EC8 2011. The commune of Archail is also exposed to two other natural hazards: forest fire and landslide.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Toponymy
The area appears for the first time in texts around 1200 in the form Archallo. The origin of the name is Celtic-Ligurian and means in front of the rocks. The Historical Atlas of Provence also indicates a spelling of Arcalhum.

History
In Antiquity the Bodiontiques (Bodiontici) inhabited the Bléone valley and so were the Gallic people who lived in what is now the commune of Archail. The Bodiontiques were defeated by Augustus at the same time as the other people present on the Tropaeum Alpium (before 14 BC) and were attached to the province of Alpes-Maritimes during its creation.

According to Daniel Thiery, the community was reported in the Polyptych of Wadalde (Bishop of Marseille) in 814 under the name Argario.

The community of Archail was under the Viguerie of Digne. In 1193 the lordship of Archail (Argal) was given by the two lords of Saint-Julien to the Chapter of Digne. The lordship was divided between the Bishops of Digne and the Chapter of Digne before the French Revolution. These new lords strengthened their new possession and collected the population in a central location.

As with many of the communes in the department, Archail had a school well before the Jules Ferry laws: in 1863 it already had a school that provided primary education for boys in the main town. No instruction was given to girls: neither the Falloux Laws (1851), which required the opening of a girls' school in communes with more than 800 inhabitants, nor the first Duruy Law (1867), which lowered the threshold to 500 inhabitants, related to Archail and it was only through the Ferry laws that Archail girls were able to regularly study.

Between 1973 and 1979 the commune was merged with Draix under the name Archail-Draix.

Administration

List of successive mayors:

Population

Economy

In 2017, the active population was 6 people with no unemployed. All of these workers were employees and worked outside the commune.

At the end of 2015 the commune had eight active establishments: three in the industry and construction sector, four in the trade and services sector, and one in the public sector. In total there were 4 salaried jobs in the commune: three in the public sector and one in industry.

According to the Departmental Observatory of Tourism, tourism is very important for the community, with more than five tourists welcomed per resident. Most of the accommodation capacity is non-market and is composed solely of secondary homes: 17 secondary homes are 64% of the commune housing.

Sites and monuments
The Parish Church of Our Lady of the Assumption and Saint George was built in 1828. Its origin can be traced back to the 13th century. The church contains many items that are registered as historical objects:
A Processional Banner (19th century)
A Painting: Saint Charles Borromée (1842)
A Statue: Saint Charles Borromée (19th century)
A Painting: Donation of the Rosary (19th century)
A Thurible (18th century)
A Monstrance (19th century)
A Statue: Saint Joseph (19th century)
A Statue: The Coronation of the Virgin (19th century)
The Notre Dame Chapel, situated on a hill in the middle of the cemetery, is the oldest parish church in the community: its foundation is older than the current village church. Residents participated in the rebuilding of the chapel in 1994. Until the Revolution and the Empire, this chapel was the focus of a pilgrimage in August, which attracted people in surrounding communities, and which ended with games and a ball.

Cultural life
The association Les Ateliers du Couar hosts May Art every year in May with many artists-exhibitors (ceramics, paintings, sculptors, photographers) and various other events related to images in all their forms and in association with many artistic expressions (literature, poetry, cinema, theatre, etc.). The theme is rural and historical heritage and messages are conveyed through various modes such as the creation of an artist's book on transhumance.

This association publishes Les Cahiers du Couar with four numbers:
"Banaste of words and images for a summer pasture. Transhumance 2005 at the foot of White Horse"
the Robines
In September 2008: the Couar Workbook No. 3 on "Water"
In October 2009: the Couar Workbook No. 4 on honey and lavender

Notable people linked to the commune
Jean-Pierre Alexandre Dieudé (1743-1819), born in Archail, general of the armies of the Republic and the Empire.

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

Bibliography
Raymond Collier: La Haute-Provence monumental and artistic, Digne, Jean Louis Printing, 1986, 559  p.
Ed. Edward Baratier, Georges Duby, and Ernest Hildesheimer: Historical Atlas. Provence, County of Venaissin, Principality of Orange, County of Nice, Principality of Monaco, Librairie Armand Colin, Paris, 1969

References

External links
Ateliers du Couar website
Archail on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Archail on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence


Watervliet Shaker Historic District, in Colonie, New York, is the site of the first Shaker community. It was established in 1776. The primary Shaker community, the Mount Lebanon Shaker Society, was started a bit later. Watervliet's historic 1848 Shaker meetinghouse has been restored and is used for public events, such as concerts.

The founder of the Shakers, Mother Ann Lee, is buried here.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, and the listing was expanded later in the same year. Albany International Airport was constructed on the community's herb garden.

At the time it was founded it was located in the Town of Watervliet, which went out of existence in 1896. Since then it has been in the Town of Colonie, not even close to the boundary of the modern City of Watervliet.

Community

The Shakers, who believed that spiritual ties were more significant than blood relationships, organized the community at Watervliet into four large "families," each of which formed an independent, self-supporting unit with its own buildings, although all members worshiped in the same meetinghouse. They were known as the "Church," "North," "West," and "South" families. At its high point, the community had 350 members and  of land.

In the early 19th-century, a custody battle involving a father who had gone to live at Watervleit with his minor child was widely publicized. The negative publicity caused the Shakers to establish a rule that married persons would not be accepted into Shaker communities unless both partners agreed to enter.

Buildings

The original buildings were log cabins; however, the oldest surviving buildings date to 1820.  Each "family" house had a basement, 3 living floors, and an attic. Kitchens, including the large kitchens for baking and canning, were located in the basement.  Each house had a wing for "sisters" and a wing for "brothers," with separate staircases; the wings were separated by a large hall. Not only bedrooms, but sitting rooms were separate. Both sexes shared the dining and meeting rooms, but sat on opposite sides of the room. Typically, 2 to 6 Believers of the same sex shared a bed chamber. The buildings of the North family burned to the ground in 1920. Other buildings were lost to neglect, or torn down over the years. 22 buildings survive.

Collectively, the buildings at Watervliet are regarded as among the finest and best preserved surviving Shaker buildings.

Meeting House
The 1848 meetinghouse replaced a 1791 meetinghouse. It is a plain, wooden building decorated according to the Shaker rule that "Meetinghouses should be painted white without, and of a bluish shade within." It was the only white building in the community, since, according to Shaker rules, "no buildings may be painted white, save meeting houses." Three doors on the building's northern side provide separate entrances tor the brothers, the sisters, and the members of the ministry, who used the center door. The meetinghouse was located in the center of the village and it served as the home of the ministers. The austere interior provided a large floor space for the dancing that was a central part of Shaker worship.

Economy

The Watervliet Shakers, like all Shaker communities, were almost self-sufficient, raising their own food and producing their own clothing and machinery.  They purchased a limited range of goods from outsiders, principally iron, which they worked into hardware and tools in their own workshops.

Each village also produced market goods for outside sale.  The Watervliet Shakers had a tannery, produced brooms for sale in volume, and had a small industry manufacturing brass, steel and silver writing pens, but they are most noted in business history as having been among the first producers of garden seeds as a commercial product in the United States and the first Shaker community to have produced and sold seeds.  It has been claimed that a member of this community, Theodore Bates, invented the flat broom, older brooms having been fashioned as round bundles of broom corn straw or twigs.

Seed business

The Watervliet seed business is known to have been highly profitable at least as early as 1811.  Prior to this time, individuals saved vegetable seeds from the previous year, or traded with neighbors.  The Watervliet Shakers are thought to have been the first seed sellers to package seeds in small, paper envelopes.

See also
Watervliet (town), New York

References

External links

Shaker Heritage Society - museum and tours of the buildings and grounds
Watervliet Shaker Historic District website on Shaker Historic Trail, National Park Service.
Shaker Collection From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Shaker communities or museums
Seed companies
Museums in Albany County, New York
Religious museums in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Albany County, New York
Agricultural organizations based in the United States