Mitigation banking is the preservation, enhancement, restoration or creation (PERC) of a wetland, stream, or habitat conservation area which offsets, or compensates for, expected adverse impacts to similar nearby ecosystems. The goal is to replace the exact function and value of specific habitats (i.e. biodiversity, or other ecosystem services) that would be adversely affected by a proposed activity or project. The public interest is served when enforcement agencies require more habitat as mitigation, often referred to as a mitigation ratio, than is adversely impacted by management or development of nearby acreage.

Wetland Mitigation Credits do not convey any interest in the real estate that hosts the mitigation bank.  Wetland Credits are treated, for accounting purposes, as intangible personal property.

Mitigation banking in the US

Policies
In the United States, federal agencies (under section 404 of the Clean Water Act), as well as many state and local governments, require mitigation for the disturbance or destruction of wetland, stream, or endangered species habitat. Once approved by regulatory agencies, a mitigation bank may sell credits to developers whose projects will impact these various ecosystems.

The USEPA identifies four components of a mitigation bank as: the bank site, the bank instrument, the Interagency Review Team (IRT), and the service area. The bank site identifies the acreage of the area preserved, enhanced, restored, or created. The bank instrument is the formal agreement between regulatory agencies and the bank owner which establishes liability and success of the mitigation bank. The IRT regulates approval and oversight of the mitigation bank. The service area identifies the area in which the bank can sell credits for permitted impacts. Mitigation banks with multiple credit types (habitat types) can have different service areas for each credit type.

Mitigation credits
Credits are designated by an interagency Mitigation Bank Review Team (MBRT). The MBRT evaluates and permits a proposed Mitigation Bank.  They also determine the number of potential mitigation credits a bank may earn and sell. The MBRT may include representatives of various federal, state and/or local government agencies, including: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Marine Fisheries Service, Environmental Protection Agency, US Fish and Wildlife Service, State Environmental Protection Divisions, Local Water Management Districts, County Environmental Departments and the Soil Conservation Service.

A mitigation bank generates credits for the amount and quality of habitat the bank site improves. Credits are units of exchange defined as the ecological value associated with converting a naturally occurring wetland or other specific habitat type, for economic purposes. Mitigation credits to compensate for riparian impacts may be assigned in relation to the linear distance of a stream functioning at the highest possible capacity within the watershed of the bank. Mitigation credits are determined based on bank acreage, functional units, and other assessments. The estimated potential number of credits a bank may earn can vary based on ecological performance of the bank. The Interagency Review Team periodically releases bank credits as the bank meets certain performance milestones. This happens over the course of the "establishment period", which lasts around 10 to 12 years. When the IRT releases potential bank credits, they become available credits meaning they can be purchased for ecological offset.

RIBITS (Regulatory In lieu fee and Bank Information Tracking System) is a website created by the USACE with information on mitigation and conservation banks and in-lieu fee (ILF) program sites. The website contains local and national policies and procedures for mitigation banking. It houses information about all mitigation and ILF sites including site documents, mitigation credit availability, and service areas as well as tracks all credit transactions.

History
Section 404 of the 1972 Clean Water Act works to protect wetlands directly by mandating that in order to negatively impact a wetland, a person must first receive a permit from the US Army Corps of Engineers (the Corps). In this process, the developer submits an application, called a Public Notice, to their respective district of the USACE requesting to carry out the project and associated ecological impacts. The Corps evaluates the probable impacts and solicits comments on public notices to use when making the decision whether to issue, modify, or deny a permit.

The Corps initially preferred on-site mitigation to preserve the wetland functions at their location. Unfortunately, this approach had a low long-term success rate. A 1993 Memorandum of Agreement gave national guidance on mitigation banking by instead supporting a market-oriented method. It supported off-site wetland mitigation in which a permittee purchases mitigation credits from a third-party mitigation bank. This entity, private, governmental, or non-governmental, promotes the no-net-loss policy by restoring or creating an area of wetland into a mitigation bank and selling compensatory mitigation credits to permittees. By 2000, there were over 230 private mitigation banks and 180 state-run mitigation banks.

Advantages
There are several advantages to drawing on mitigation bank credits.  For example:
 Mitigation banks place a perpetual conservation easement on the land, with a trust fund specifically dedicated to long term management of natural resources inherent to the bank. By securing mitigation credits from neighboring ecosystems many large landowners, including the government, are able to maintain a property in its current management state (e.g. grazing, timber removal, low-impact recreation or education) while retaining ecological functionality, also called ecosystem services, important to the public interest.
 Mitigation banks usually provide greater benefits than on-site or small parcel mitigation efforts.  Landowners PERC properties that are of higher ecological quality than the small parcel impacts they compensate for.  By consolidating activities necessary to create, maintain, and monitor mitigation, banks are able to provide superior ecosystem services at a reduced cost.
 Mitigation banks provide many functional business advantages, allowing for ease of development.  They allow a developer to maximize the use of a preferred development site rather than breaking up the site into sub-optimal property uses. Because mitigation bank credits are negotiated prior to development, hence prior to impact, purchasing credits from a mitigation bank decreases permitting time while also ensuring no net loss of habitat.  The cost is often lower than other alternatives.  Both regulatory and long term management risk is passed from developer to mitigation banker.

Challenges
Despite policies mandating no net loss of habitat value and function, agencies have had difficulty ensuring that mitigation programs are managed.  Wetland mitigation programs, for example, have in some cases been approved based on total numbers of acres rather than in terms of equivalence in ecological value or function.  Merely assuming that the compensation involves a similar number of acres falls short of true equivalence unless the replacement ecological functions supplied by those acres are also the same.

A challenge faced by regulatory agencies is giving correct economic or monetary value for ecological loss, even through the use of environmental assessment techniques. Although mitigation banks have to be located in the same watershed as the impact in order to be considered adequate compensation, mitigation banks are often located far from the actual site of impact. Therefore, it is difficult to retain the original value and function.

Taxation
The creation of a mitigation bank will require the owner of the land to convey a perpetual conservation easement prohibiting future development of the property.  The Internal Revenue Service has viewed the filing of a perpetual conservation easement in return for mitigation credits as a sale or exchange of property under section 1001 for federal income tax purposes.

See also

References

Banking
Habitat management equipment and methods
Environmental economics
Environmental mitigation


Belafonte Sings the Blues is an album by Harry Belafonte, released by RCA Victor (LPM/LSP-1972) in 1958. It was recorded in New York City on January 29 (with Alan Greene as conductor) and March 29 (with Bob Corman as conductor), and in Hollywood on June 5 and 7 (conducted by Dennis Farnon). The album was Belafonte's first to be recorded in stereophonic sound.

Track listing
 "A Fool for You" (Ray Charles)
 "Losing Hand" (Charles Calhoun (Jesse Stone)
 "One For My Baby" (Johnny Mercer, Harold Arlen)
 "In the Evenin' Mama" (C. C. Carter)
 "Hallelujah I Love Her So" (Ray Charles)
 "The Way That I Feel" (Fred Brooks)
 "Cotton Fields" (C. C. Carter)
 "God Bless the Child" (Billie Holiday. Arthur Herzog Jr.)
 "Mary Ann" (Ray Charles)
 "Sinner's Prayer" (Lowell Fulson)
 "Fare Thee Well" (Fred Brooks)

Personnel
Harry Belafonte  – vocals

1958 albums
Harry Belafonte albums
Blues albums by American artists
RCA Victor albums


Luke Erickson (born December 24, 1982) is an American former professional ice hockey center who played in the Central Hockey League (CHL) and ECHL.

Playing career
Erickson started his career in the United States Hockey League (USHL) in the 2001–02 season, playing for the Lincoln Stars. In the middle of his second season with the Stars, he was traded to the Topeka Scarecrows. Luke attended Bemidji State University for four seasons beginning in 2003–04. After his college career, he signed with the Gwinnett Gladiators of the ECHL, where he played for 11 games at the remainder of the 2006–07 season.  He then signed with the Pensacola Ice Pilots of the ECHL for the 2007-2008 season and the Alaska Aces, also of the ECHL, for the 2008-2009 season.  He then signed with the Rapid City Rush of the CHL for the 2009-2010 season.  On November 12, 2010, he was traded by Rapid City to the Arizona Sundogs.

Career statistics

Awards and honors

References

External links

1982 births
Alaska Aces (ECHL) players
American men's ice hockey centers
Arizona Sundogs players
Bemidji State Beavers men's ice hockey players
Gwinnett Gladiators players
Ice hockey players from Minnesota
Lincoln Stars players
Living people
Pensacola Ice Pilots players
People from Roseau, Minnesota
Topeka ScareCrows players


{{Infobox animanga/Header
| name            = Voiceful
| image           = Voiceful vol1 full.jpg
| caption         = English Voiceful manga cover.
| genre           = Yuri}}Voiceful is a Japanese yuri manga by Nawoko. The first chapter was serialized in the manga magazine Yuri Shimai under the title Voice, and the next three chapters were serialized in Comic Yuri Hime under the title Voiceful. The bound volume, released in Japan on May 18, 2006, was also published under the new title. Two shorts stories are included in the collected volume; "Someone Special", which originally appeared in the second issue of Yuri Shimai, and "Opening", which originally appeared in the first issue of Yuri Shimai. Seven Seas Entertainment has licensed Voiceful'' for release in North America, and the English version was released in January 2008.

Plot
Kanae is an introverted high school girl who does not like to leave her home and as a result does not have any friends.  Her only solace comes from listening to the music of Hina, a singer who releases her music through the Internet and has never performed live.  One day, they pass each other on the street, and Kanae recognizes Hina and says, "I wish you all the happiness in the world!"  Those words affect Hina deeply, and the two of them become very close over the course of the story.

Characters
Kanae
She is a shy high school girl who spends most of her time alone. She lives with her mother, although the two of them do not seem to have a close relationship. She finds inspiration in Hina's music and thinks of Hina as her "goddess."
Hina
She is an independent singer who never performs live. After she meets Kanae, she sets up an e-mail address and a blog so that she can have more contact with her fans. Her older sister died sometime before the story began, so her only family left is her alcoholic father, whom she has not lived with since her sister's death.
Hiru
She is Hina's manager and a guitar-player. She first met Hina on a rainy day when the latter had run away from home after her sister's death and was resting on the bench where Hiru usually played. Hiru took Hina to her house, and encouraged by Hiru's own interest in music, Hina soon decided to start singing.

Further reading

References

External links
 Seven Seas Entertainment's Voiceful page

2004 manga
Ichijinsha manga
Music in anime and manga
Seven Seas Entertainment titles
Yuri (genre) anime and manga


S49 may refer to:
 County Route S49 (Bergen County, New Jersey)
 Ikarus S-49, a Yugoslav fighter aircraft
 Miller Memorial Airpark, in Malheur County, Oregon, United States
 New Jersey Route 47, partially designated Route S49 until 1953
 S49: Keep only in the original container, a safety phrase
 , a submarine of the United States Navy
 S49, a postcode district in Chesterfield, England


There is a rich and ancient culture in Eastern Arabia. The culture in this region has always been oriented towards the sea.

The semiannual tradition of Qarqe'an (قرقيعان) is deeply rooted in Gulf culture. The Eastern Arabian cuisine includes seafood (including mahyawa), harees, khubz and biryani. Other cultural features of the region include windcatchers (Badgeer) and Dewaniya.

Overview

Cultures in the region include those of Bahrain, southern Iraq, Kuwait, UAE, Eastern Saudi Arabia (Qatif and Al-Hasa), Qatar, and Northern Oman.

Gargee'an

Qarqe'an is an semiannual celebration, observed in Eastern Arabia, that takes place on the 15th night of Sha'ban and on the 15th night of Ramadan. Qarqe'an is marked with children dressing in traditional attire and going door-to-door to receive sweets from neighbours, whilst also singing traditional songs. The tradition has existed for hundreds of years and deeply rooted in Gulf culture.

Although the celebration of Qarqe'an shares superficial similarities with the Halloween custom of trick-or-treating, practiced in some western countries, Qarqe'an has no connection with horror and no associated origin with Halloween.

Music
A variety of music and dance forms are practised in the region, including Fijiri, Fann At-Tanbura, Sawt, contemporary Khaliji music, Yowlah and Liwa.

Musical instruments
Traditional instruments include the Oud, along with a variety of drums and the manjur. The Tanbūra lyre is also used.

Languages
A number of different dialects of Arabic are spoken in the region, including Gulf Arabic and Bahrani Arabic. The Lurs language of Kumzari is also spoken by Omani people of Musandam Peninsula. Kumzari is the only Iranian language native to the Arab world.

Cuisine

Due to the seafaring nature of the Arabs along the eastern Arabian coast, seafood forms the major part of the cuisine of the region. Camel meat and milk also forms a basic staple for all the population, most prominently for bedouins who used to usually breed and sell camels to the rest of the population. Dates are usually consumed as snacks in between meals or offered to guests alongside Arabic coffee in the majlis. Other basic meals are rice and meat, chicken, and strained yogurt. Seafood diet is various with multiple ways to prepare fish for consumption. Squids, oysters, crabs, as well as shrimps all form basic staple food for the coastal Arabs. Harees is also a popular dish in the majority of eastern Arabian households.

Dress

The dress of the region includes long Thobe for men. This is also called Dishdasha in Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain and Oman. Also a Bisht and Ghutra.

Transport
Traditional transport in the region includes boats such as Dhows and Abras.

Other cultural features
Other cultural features of the region include Qarqe'an, Badgeer wind towers, Bukhoor and Dewaniya.

References

Bibliography

 "The Gulf's Ethnic Diversity: An Evolutionary History" in Security in the Persian Gulf: Origins, Obstacles and the Search for Consensus, Edited by G. Sick and L. Potter, pp. 284.

Eastern Arabia
Eastern Arabia
Eastern Arabia


R33 may refer to:

 R-33 (missile), a Soviet air-to-air missile
 R33 (South Africa), a road
 R33 (New York City Subway car)
 HM Airship R.33, of the Royal Air Force
 , a destroyer of the Royal Navy
 , an aircraft carrier of the Indian navy
 Nissan Skyline (R33), a mid-size car
 Nissan Skyline GT-R (R33), a sports car
 R33: Danger of cumulative effects, a risk phrase
 Renard R.33, a Belgian trainer
 Urinary retention
 Wakonda Beach State Airport in Lincoln County, Oregon


The Goldsmiths' Professorship of Materials Science is a professorship in the University of Cambridge, associated with the Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy.

The professorship was established by grace of 20 November 1931 as the Goldsmiths' Professorship of Metallurgy to replace the Goldsmiths' Readership in Metallurgy. A further gift of £12,500 was received from the Goldsmiths' Company in 1933.  It was retitled the Goldsmiths' Professorship of Materials Science by grace 4 of 19 June 1991.

Goldsmiths' Professors of Metallurgy
 1932  Robert Hutton     (retired 1942)
 1945  George Wesley Austin
 1958  Sir Alan Cottrell      (resigned 1965)
 1966  Robert Honeycombe
 1984  Derek Hull (retired 1991)
 1990 Sir Colin John Humphreys
 2008 Anthony Cheetham

Goldsmiths' Professors of Materials Science

2018 Manish Chhowalla

Sources
 Cambridge University Officers

References

1931 establishments in England
Materials Science, Goldsmiths'
Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, University of Cambridge
Materials Science, Goldsmiths', Cambridge


Elizabeth Rogers is the name of:
Elizabeth Rogers, American actress
Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, American landscape preservationist
Elizabeth Selden Rogers, American civil reformer


WJSB (1050 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a country music format, simulcasting WAAZ-FM (104.7). Licensed to Crestview, Florida, United States, the station serves the Fort Walton Beach area. The station is currently owned by Crestview Broadcasting Co., Inc. and features programming from CBS News Radio.

References

External links

JSB
Country radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1954
1954 establishments in Florida
JSB


Mercy Secondary School, Mounthawk is a school in Kerry, Ireland, which has approximately 1,300 pupils and 105 teachers (85 permanent and 20 substitutes).

Description
Mounthawk offers the core subjects English, Irish and Mathematics as well as optional subjects such as Art, Science (Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Agricultural), Music, Home Economics, Technical Graphics, Construction (Woodwork), Engineering (Metalwork), Applied Mathematics, French, German and Spanish within three educational frameworks - Leaving Certificate, Leaving Certificate Applied and Leaving Certificate Vocational Programme.

The school also contains sport facilities including a large sized indoor basketball court with adjoining dressing rooms and an outdoor basketball court. In addition, there are a full-sized GAA pitch and two smaller training pitches.

Basketball
The school reached the 2022 All-Ireland U-19 basketball finals where they ceded to St Malachy's College 53-54 at Ireland's National Basketball Arena in Dublin.

Charity work
Mercy Mounthawk is currently paired with schools in Nairobi, Kenya and Pakistan.

References

External links
 Official website

Buildings and structures in Tralee
Education in Tralee
Secondary schools in County Kerry
Educational institutions established in 2001
2001 establishments in Ireland
Sisters of Mercy schools


Nation Broadcasting is a British media company headquartered in the Vale of Glamorgan, Wales. It currently owns and operates twelve Independent Local Radio stations across the United Kingdom.

History
Originally known as Town and Country Broadcasting, the Nation name came into being when the company took over XFM South Wales in May 2008 and rebranded the station as Nation Radio.

In June 2018, the company changed the name of Thames Radio to Nation Radio, with this service becoming their national service, with DJs such as Mike Read, Russ Williams and Neil Francis, broadcasting online and on DAB in 2021 from Nation Radio UK's studios in London.

In February 2019, Nation purchased several former Lincs FM Group and Celador Radio services from Bauer Radio, including The Breeze and Sam FM in the Solent region, and KCFM in East Yorkshire, as these stations overlap with pre-existing Bauer assets Wave 105 and Viking FM.

In September 2022 Nation Broadcasting's franchise agreement with Bauer Radio will end. This will result in a series of changes being made to Nation-owned services in September and October 2022, dubbed 'The Big Switch', which will include the removal of Hits Radio and Greatest Hits Radio content from Nation-owned stations in favour of material largely sourced from Nation Radio UK and Easy Radio.

Stations

Wales
Radio Pembrokeshire (Pembrokeshire)
Radio Carmarthenshire (Carmarthenshire, Llanelli}
Bridge FM (Bridgend, purchased from Tindle Radio in 2006)
Easy Radio (Swansea Bay area.  Formerly known as Swansea Bay Radio and Breezy Radio)
Nation Radio Wales, (formerly known as XFM South Wales until purchased from GCap Media on 30 May 2008)
Dragon Radio (Wales, DAB only)

Scotland
Nation Radio Scotland (West Central Scotland 96.3 FM, Dumbarton 103.0 FM and Helensburgh 106.9 FM)

Greater London
Nation Radio UK
Easy Radio UK

North East England
Sun FM (Sunderland), acquired from UKRD in April 2018. Since March 2020, the former Durham FM and Alpha 103.2 were added to Sun FM, following the purchase of these licenses from Helius Media Group.

South East England
Easy Radio South
Nation Radio South

Yorkshire
Nation Radio East Yorkshire

East of England
Nation Radio Suffolk

Digital services
Nation Broadcasting runs a suite of digital-first thematic music stations, available via DAB+ transmission in a select number of areas, and UK-wide online. As at December 2021, these include:

Nation 60s (on DAB+ across the Channel Islands since 1 December 2021)
Nation 70s (on DAB+ across Portsmouth, Tynemouth and the Channel Islands)
Nation 80s (on DAB+ across Portsmouth, South Shields, Birmingham, Sailsbury, West Wales (DAB) and the Channel Islands)
Nation 90s (on DAB+ across Portsmouth and the Channel Islands)
Nation 00s (on DAB+ across the Channel Islands, Portsmouth and Sailsbury)
Nation Hits (contemporary hit music, on DAB+ across the Channel Islands since 1 December 2021)
Nation Love (ballads, on DAB+ across the Channel Islands)
Nation Party (Party Classics, on DAB+ across Tynemouth and South Sheilds)
Nation Dance (upbeat music, on DAB+ across the Channel Islands)
Nation Rocks (guitar music, on DAB+ across the Channel Islands since 1 August 2021)

Many of the stations were previously carried on small-scale DAB in Glasgow, but this ended with the closure of the Trial Glasgow multiplex in autumn 2021 (in preparation for the new permanent franchise, won by Nation but later sold to Like Media Group, which is due for launch in 2022.)

The group also owns stakes in a number of DAB Digital Radio multiplexes.

Former stations
The group had also owned Radio Hampshire – broadcasting to Southampton and Winchester but this was sold to Play Radio, and then operated under the name The Breeze. Following the purchase of Celador Radio by Bauer Radio in February 2019, the Southampton and Winchester licences, along with a Portsmouth licence subsequently added to the network, were sold to Nation due to overlapping with the existing regional Bauer station Wave 105.

On 31 May 2019, Nation closed Radio Ceredigion and its frequencies are now used to broadcast Nation Radio Wales.

NME Radio
In July 2010, it was announced that Town and Country Broadcasting was to take over the licence to run the NME's spin-off radio station, NME Radio, after it was reduced to an online only service following DX Media pulling out of the venture.

The new NME Radio was launched on Wednesday 1 September 2010 - with familiar group presenters providing live programming for the national NME Radio service. The station also replaced the now defunct Dabbl station on the Cardiff & Newport DAB Multiplex as well as launching a brand new iPhone app.

References

 https://media.info/radio/stations/the-breeze-south-hamps

External links
Nation Broadcasting Website

Radio broadcasting companies of the United Kingdom


WPNS (1140 AM) is an American radio station licensed to serve Destin, Florida. As of March 21, 2020, the station has been silent.

History
The station went on the air as WWOU on April 21, 1987. On December 15, 1988, the station changed its call sign to WBZR, and on November 1, 2003, to WNWF.

Tri-City purchased the station in February 2016 and the license transfer was official in May; Tri-City Radio, LLC had been LMA'ing the station since November 2015. (Alabama Broadcast Media Page)

On November 29, 2013, WNWF was granted a U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) construction permit to move to 1140 kHz, increase day power to 3,000 watts, add critical hours operation with 2,400 watts and add night operation with 12 watts. A license to cover for their newly built facility was filed in December 2016, and was issued on December 19, 2017.

The station swapped call signs with Alabama-based radio station WPNS on December 21, 2018.

WPNS ceased broadcasting on March 21, 2020, due to financial reasons, as well as due to the COVID-19 emergency. WPNS must return to the air by March 22, 2021, or face deletion of its license.

Former logo

References

External links

PNS (AM)
Radio stations established in 1987
1987 establishments in Florida
Adult standards radio stations in the United States
1987 in Florida


Matthew William Peters (1742 – 20 March 1814) was an English portrait and genre painter who later became an Anglican clergyman and chaplain to George IV. He became known as "William" when he started signing his works as "W. Peters".

Life
Peters was born in Freshwater, Isle of Wight, the son of Matthew Peters (born at Belfast, 1711), a civil engineer and member of the Royal Dublin Society; by Elizabeth, the eldest daughter of George Younge of Dublin. The family moved from England to Dublin when Peters was young, where his father "advised on the improvement of loughs and rivers for navigation". and published two treatises on the subject.

Peters received his artistic training from Robert West in Dublin; in 1756 and 1758 he received prizes from the first School of Design in Dublin. In 1759, he was sent by the Dublin Society to London to become a student of Thomas Hudson and won a premium from the Society of Arts. The group also paid for him to travel to Italy to study art from 1761 to 1765. On 23 September 1762 he was elected to the Accademia del Disegno in Florence. Peters returned to England in 1765 and exhibited works at the Society of Artists from 1766 to 1769. Beginning in 1769, Peters exhibited works at the Royal Academy. In 1771 he was elected an associate and in 1777 an academician. He returned to Italy in 1771 and stayed until 1775. He also probably traveled to Paris in 1783–84, where he met Léopold Boilly, Antoine Vestier, and was influenced by the work of Jean-Baptiste Greuze.

On 27 February 1769, Peters became a freemason, and he was made the grand portrait painter of the Freemasons and the first provincial grand master of Lincolnshire in 1792. In 1785, he exhibited portraits of the Duke of Manchester and Lord Petre as Grand Master at the Royal Academy exhibition.

According to Robin Simon's article in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, "no British contemporary had such an Italian manner of painting as Peters, reflecting the old masters he copied". Many of Peters' works were erotic and although these works did not damage his career, according to Simon, Peters later regretted these when he became an ordained clergyman in 1781. He served as the Royal Academy's chaplain from 1784 to 1788, at which time he resigned to become chaplain to the Prince of Wales.

In 1784, Peters was awarded the living of Scalford, Leicestershire by Charles Manners, 4th Duke of Rutland. In 1788, the Dowager Duchess gave him the living at Knipton, at which time he also obtained that at Woolsthorpe. These livings were near to Belvoir Castle, at which he was curator of pictures. He became prebendary of Lincoln Cathedral in 1795, first with the stall of St Mary, Crackpool, but later with the better position of Langford Ecclesia, Oxfordshire. That same year he also acquired the living at Eaton. He lived at Woolsthorpe, Knipton, and Langford. After 1800, Masonic disputes forced Peters to live almost exclusively at Langford.

During these years, Peters also painted religious works, including a ten-by-five foot Annunciation for Lincoln Cathedral and The Resurrection of a Pious Family. He also painted five Shakespearean works for the Boydell Shakespeare Gallery and six for the Irish Shakespeare Gallery. He charged 80 guineas for painting full-length portraits.

On 28 April 1790 he and Margaret Susannah Knowsley were married; the couple had five children.

Peters died in Kent on 20 March 1814.

Notes

References

Simon, Robin. "(Matthew) William Peters". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. . Retrieved on 2 February 2008.

External links

1742 births
1814 deaths
18th-century English male artists
19th-century English male artists
18th-century English painters
19th-century English painters
18th-century English Anglican priests
19th-century English Anglican priests
British genre painters
English male painters
English portrait painters
People from Freshwater, Isle of Wight
Royal Academicians


WDSP (1280 AM) was a radio station licensed to DeFuniak Springs, Florida, United States, serving the Walton County, area, with a commercial-free format of independent music. The station was last owned by The SportzMax, Inc.

History
WDSP was founded in 1956 by W.D. "Cooter" Douglass and his wife, Marie. After spending several years broadcasting as WGTX, the station was reassigned the WDSP call letters by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1969.

LaVernie (Vern) Foster Jr., was hired by Mr. and Mrs. Douglas as manager of WDSP in 1957. The studios were at 30 South 8th Street, the current location of Peck Cawthon Insurance Agency.

After serving in World War II in the United States Army Air Corps, in the Chemical Corps, Vern Foster attended Trade School in Gadsden, Alabama where he received his certification in Broadcast Radio. He initially worked at WELR in Roanoke, Alabama as an announcer and technician.

After moving to Florida to manage WDSP, Vern Foster became an avid golfer and was the Club Champion at the DeFuniak Springs Golf Course on more than one occasion. He was also an accomplished fisherman, hunter and marksman.

During the cold war and threat of nuclear attack from the U.S.S.R. in the early 1960s, Vern oversaw the construction of a bomb shelter/civil defense broadcast center, which was located in the back yard of his residence where the transmitter and tower for WDSP was located at the intersection of South 2nd Street and Bruce Avenue.

Vern Foster died in a single car crash on February 19, 1966 near the Forestry Service Fire Watch Tower located on Highway 90 about three miles east of DeFuniak Springs. Not long after his death, the radio station changed ownership and the WDSP call sign was changed to WGTX. The studio of WGTX was relocated to the bomb shelter facility in the late 1960s where it remained for years broadcasting as WGTX.

The station was reassigned its original WDSP call sign by the FCC on February 25, 2006. Its license was cancelled and the call sign deleted by the FCC on March 30, 2023, due to the station apparently having been silent since June 9, 2021.

References

External links
FCC Station Search Details: DWDSP (Facility ID: 60812)
FCC History Cards for WDSP (covering 1955-1980 as WDSP / WGTX)

DSP
Defunct radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1956
Radio stations disestablished in 2023
1956 establishments in Florida
2023 disestablishments in Florida
DSP


Tamami Ono (, , born November 21, 1989, in Chiba, Japan) is a Japanese figure skater who competed for Hong Kong during her entire career. She is the 2005 & 2006 Hong Kong national champion and 2004 junior national champion. She qualified to the free skate at the 2008 and 2009 Four Continents Championships.

References

External links
 Profile at the Hong Kong Skating Union

Hong Kong female single skaters
Japanese female single skaters
Living people
1989 births
Hong Kong people of Japanese descent
Sportspeople from Chiba Prefecture


Morgan Parra (born 15 November 1988) is a former French rugby union player who played as a Scrum-half and occasionally Fly-half. He played most of his career with Clermont Auvergne after signing for them from Bourgoin. He is of Portuguese origin through his father, Antonio.

Career

Parra started playing rugby aged four for Metz. He made his debut for France aged 19 as a replacement against Scotland in the 2008 Six Nations Championship, making his first start for France in a defeat to England at the Stade de France. He is also a front-line goal-kicker, having taken on the mantle at Test level.

At club level Parra came to prominence with Top 14 strugglers Bourgoin, before moving to heavyweights Clermont Auvergne in 2009 replacing Pierre Mignoni and striking up a strong partnership with Australian fly-half Brock James.

In 2010 Parra was instrumental in guiding France to a Six Nations Grand Slam. He was picked partly after Julien Dupuy who was first choice in the 2009 autumn internationals was banned for eye gouging. After being paired with the equally youthful François Trinh-Duc at half-back, he produced a number of masterful performances, including a rout of reigning champions Ireland at the Stade de France.

After the Grand Slam Parra's fame and popularity rose in France, and is popular not just at his club but a darling to the French media and public.

On 23 October 2021 Parra completes a record series of 48 successful penalty kicks in a row against Pau.

On 5 June 2022 Parra played his last match for Clermont Auvergne as he signed to play for State Francais from 2022 onwards.

Style

Parra is known as a particularly vocal leader of the pack and is known in France as the petit général. He is a reliable kicker.

Honours

Club

Clermont

Top 14 Winner (2): 2010, 2017

European Rugby Challenge Cup Winner: 2019

International

France

Six Nations Winner: 2010

Grand Slam Winner: 2010

Rugby World Cup Runner Up: 2011

References

External links

RBS 6 Nations profile

Living people
1988 births
French rugby union players
ASM Clermont Auvergne players
Stade Français Paris players
France international rugby union players
French people of Portuguese descent
Rugby union scrum-halves
Sportspeople from Metz
CS Bourgoin-Jallieu players
2011 Rugby World Cup players
2015 Rugby World Cup players


WFSH (1340 AM) was a radio station licensed to Valparaiso-Niceville, Florida, United States.  The station served the Ft. Walton Beach area.  The station was last owned by Flagship Communications, Inc. The station had a Sports radio format and featured programming from ESPN Radio prior to going off the air in March 2009 due to economic problems.

References

External links
FCC Station Search Details: DWFSH (Facility ID: 4128)
FCC History Cards for WFSH (covering 1955-1981 as WNSM / WFSH)

FSH
Defunct radio stations in the United States
Radio stations disestablished in 2011
2009 disestablishments in Florida
Radio stations established in 2009
2011 disestablishments in Florida
FSH


"The Clubfooted Grocer" by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was first published in The Strand Magazine.

Plot
It is a nineteenth-century short story about a man who goes to help his wealthy uncle, once a grocer and trader of jewelry and expensive artifacts. The narrator doesn’t know why he is called to help his uncle until he arrives and finds that his uncle has a death threat from someone who wants something the uncle possesses.

External links
 Telling tales - Edxcel pages 19–34
 Arthur Conan Doyle Society

References

Short stories by Arthur Conan Doyle
1898 short stories
Works originally published in The Strand Magazine


Shalimar (Punjabi, ) is an administrative town (tehsil) in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It forms one of the 10 municipalities of Lahore City District.

History
Shalimar is one of the oldest neighbourhoods in Lahore, located along the historic Grand Trunk Road. Settlement of this area dates back to the 15th century during the Mughul Empire. The town is named after the Shalimar Gardens, built by Emperor Shah Jehan in 1640. The Mela Chiraghan festival used to take place at Shalimar Gardens, until President Ayub Khan ordered against it in 1958. Shalimar was officially declared a township in 1962 and became an administrative town (tehsil) of Lahore City District in 2001.

Neighbourhoods

Academic Institutions
University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

Healthcare
Shalimar Hospital

See also
Lahore City District
Metropolitan Commission Lahore

References

Shalamar Zone


Edward Hunter (July 2, 1902 – June 24, 1978) was an American writer, journalist, propagandist, and intelligence agent who was noted for his anticommunist writing. He was a recognized authority on psychological warfare. Both contemporary psychologists and later historians would criticize the accuracy and basis of his reports on brainwashing, but the concept nevertheless became influential in the Cold War-era United States.

Early life
Hunter was born in New York on July 2, 1902.

Journalism
Hunter began his career as a newspaperman and foreign correspondent for the old International News Service.

From 1926 to 1928, Hunter worked for the Hankow Herald newspaper in Hankow, China, and traveling in Japan and China during the Japanese invasion of Manchukuo and its detachment from China. He reported on the Japanese invasion of Manchuria before spending five years in Spain covering the Spanish Civil War. He later covered the Second Italo-Abyssinian War between Italy and Ethiopia and took note of the psychological warfare methods used in all those instances as well as during the preparations by Germany for World War II.

He went on to work at several newspapers and periodicals, including The Newark Ledger, The New Orleans Item, and in his home state, The New York Post, The New York American, Tactics, and Counterattack. He later worked in France at the Chicago Tribune'''s Paris edition. Hunter was also active in the Newspaper Guild, the journalists' trade union, which he felt was dominated by communist sympathizers.

In January 1964 he began publication of the Tactics newsletter under the auspices of Anti-Communism Liaison, Inc. Hunter served as Chairman of the organization and editor of the newsletter until 1978.

Critical reception
Historian Julia Lovell has criticized Hunter's reporting as "outlandish" and sensational. By 1956, US government psychologists largely concluded after examining files of Korean War POWs that brainwashing as described by Hunter did not exist, but the impact of his reporting was significant, and helped shaped public consciousness about the threat of Communism for decades. Lovell argues that Hunter created "an image of all-powerful Chinese 'brainwashing' ... [that] supposed an ideological unified Maoist front stretching from China to Korea and Malaya", but declassified US documents show a much more complicated and contested picture of Chinese influence and international aspirations in Asia.

Intelligence work
Hunter provided testimony to Senator Keating stating that he joined the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) about the time of Pearl Harbor and served for the life of the organization.

After the war he "helped close up shop" and continued his intelligence work under various other agencies such as SSU, the Strategic Services Unit of the U.S. Army. When the CIA was organized in 1947, Hunter joined under journalistic cover.

Psychological warfare
Hunter is widely acknowledged as having coined the term brainwashing in a 1950 article for Miami News.Holmes, Marcia (Spring 2016). "The 'Brainwashing' Dilemma." History Workshop Journal, vol. 81, no. 1. pp. 285–293. . He first used it publicly in an article for the Miami News on September 24, 1950. In this article and in later works, Hunter claimed that by combining Pavlovian theory with modern technology, Russian and Chinese psychologists had developed powerful techniques for manipulating the mind. It was Hunter's variation of the Chinese term "xinao", meaning "cleaning the brain." As author Dominic Streatfeild recounts, Hunter conceived the term after interviewing former Chinese prisoners who had been subjected to a "re-education" process. He applied it to the interrogation techniques the KGB used during purges to extract confessions from innocent prisoners, and from there, variations were conceived - mind control, mind alteration, behavior modification, and others.

A year later, Hunter's magnum opus Brain-Washing in Red China: The Calculated Destruction of Men's Minds was published, warning of a vast Maoist system of ideological "re-education." The new terminology found its way into the mainstream in The Manchurian Candidate novel and the movie of the same name in 1962.

Congressional testimony

In March 1958, Hunter testified before the US House of Representatives' House Committee on Un-American Activities. He described the US and NATO as losing the Cold War because of the communists' advantage in propaganda and psychological manipulation. He felt that the West lost the Korean War for being unwilling to use its advantage in atomic weapons.

He saw no difference between the various communist countries and warned that both Yugoslavia and China were as bent on communist world domination as was the Soviet Union.

Later life
He died in Arlington, Virginia on September 24, 1978."Hunter, Edward." Social Security Death Index, 1935-2014. Washington D.C.: Social Security Administration.

Works
Books
 Brain-Washing in Red China: The Calculated Destruction of Men's Minds. New York: Vanguard Press (1951).
Revised edition (1971).
 Brainwashing: The Story of Men Who Defied It. New York: Farrar, Straus & Cudahy (1956). Abstract at APA PsycNet.
Expanded edition published as Brainwashing: From Pavlov to Powers (1962).
 The Story of Mary Liu. New York: Farrar, Straus & Cudahy (1956); London: Hodder & Stoughton. .
 The Black Book on Red China: The Continuing Revolt. New York: The Bookmailer (1958).
 The Past Present: A Year in Afghanistan. London: Hodder & Stoughton (1959).
 In Many Voices: Our Fabulous Foreign-Language Press. Norman Park, GA: Norman College (1960). "These pages present a cross-section of the foreign-language newspapers in the United States."
 Brainwashing: From Pavlov to Powers. New York: The Bookmailer (1962).
Expanded edition of Brainwashing: The Story of Men Who Defied It (1956).
 Attack by Mail. Linden, NJ: The Bookmailer (1966).

Articles
 "Heresy in Japan." The Nation (May 9, 1928), pp. 549–550.
 "Hate Made to Order." (Jul. 1937).
 "The France and Germany of Asia." Esquire (Apr. 1938), pp. 46–47, 181–184. Full issue.
 "Streamlined Atrocities." Coronet Magazine (Jun. 1938), pp. 3–8.
 "The Isms Are After Me." Harpers Monthly (Jul. 1938), pp. 218–220.
 "Enemies at Democracy's Table." Esquire, vol. 10, no. 4(59) (Oct. 1938), pp. 36-37, 143-145.
 "He Warned Us Against Japan." American Mercury (Dec. 1943), pp. 692–695.
 "Can We Make Use of Hirohito?" The Nation (Mar. 4, 1944), pp. 278–279.
 "Can We Make Use of the Japanese Emperor?" New Republic (Mar. 4, 1944), pp. 278–279.
 "'Brain-Washing' Tactics Force Chinese Into Ranks of Communist Party." Miami News (Sep. 24, 1950), p. 2A.
 "If I Were Mao Tse-Tung." American Mercury (Apr. 1952), pp. 39–48.
 "The Suicide of Recognizing Red China." American Mercury (May 1952), pp. 44–54.
 "Defeat by Default." American Mercury (Sep. 1952), pp. 40–51.
 "A Policy for Asia." American Mercury. (Dec. 1952), pp. 37–42.
 "Betrayal in Asia." American Mercury. (Jan. 1958), pp. 117–122.
 "The Indian Shell Game." American Mercury (Sep. 1958), pp. 29–35.
 "We're Asking for It in Panama." National Review (Mar. 14, 1959), pp. 583–584.
 "Murray Kempton: Unkempt." American Opinion, vol. 5, no. 10 (Nov. 1962), pp. 1-9.
 "McNamara as Sec. of Disarmament: U.S. Defense Secondary." Tactics, vol. 3, no. 5 (May 20, 1966). 8-page supplement. Full issue.
 "Why He Was Planted in Treasury: Sonnenfeldt Case Explained." Tactics, vol. 10, no. 11 (Nov. 20, 1973), pp. 8–9. .

Pamphlets
 The France and Germany of Asia (1938). Chicago: Esquire-Coronet, Inc.

Testimony
 Communist Psychological Warfare (Brainwashing): Consultation with Edward Hunter. Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, 85th Congress, 2nd session, March 13, 1958. (1958) Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office.

Further reading
 Chapman, Frances E. (Jan. 2013). "Implanted Choice: Is there Room for a Modern Criminal Defense of Brainwashing?" Criminal Law Bulletin, vol. 49, no. 6. pp. 1379–1458.
 Marks, John D. (1979). "Brainwashing" (Chapter 8). In: The Search for the 'Manchurian Candidate': The CIA and Mind Control. New York: Times Books.
 Pick, Daniel (2022). Brainwashed, A New History of Thought Control. .
 Seed, David (2004). Brainwashing: The Fictions of Mind Control: A Study of Novels and Films''. Ohio: Kent State University Press. .

References

External links
 HUNTER, Edward (CIA file) at Internet Archive
 Works by Edward Hunter at The Online Books Page
 Edward Hunter Papers, 1922-1960 at Wisconsin Historical Society
 The Hunter Collection at the Association of Research Libraries
 Political Communications and Mass Education in China in the Early Years of the People's Republic. Hunter's collection of Chinese propaganda (leaflets and comic books), digitized by the Center for Research Libraries.

1902 births
1978 deaths
American male journalists
20th-century American journalists
20th-century American non-fiction writers
American anti-communists
20th-century American male writers
American war correspondents
American war correspondents of World War II


The Mississippi Delta AVA is an American Viticultural Area on the left (east) bank of the Mississippi River, between Memphis, Tennessee, and Vicksburg, Mississippi. It includes portions of the Mississippi Delta and the watershed of the lower Mississippi River in the U.S. states of Louisiana (west bank), Mississippi, and Tennessee.

Since the creation of the AVA in 1984, there has been very little viticulture in the Mississippi Delta region.  Mississippi State University established an enology laboratory to research grape cultivation in the area, but little commercial activity has resulted.  The few wineries that have produced wine from the Mississippi Delta AVA have used native Muscadine grapes. The region has a humid subtropical climate and the hardiness zone ranges from 8b in the south to 7b in some Tennessee portions of the Memphis metropolitan area.

References

American Viticultural Areas
Louisiana wine
Mississippi River
Mississippi wine
Tennessee wine
1984 establishments in Louisiana
1984 establishments in Mississippi
1984 establishments in Tennessee


The Free Expression Policy Project (FEPP) is an organization devoted to assisting researchers with assembling information related to freedom of speech, media democracy, and copyright, and advocating for these issues. Civil liberties lawyer Marjorie Heins founded the nonprofit organization in 2000. Based in Manhattan, New York, it was initially associated with the National Coalition Against Censorship, and subsequently operated as part of the Democracy Program of the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University Law School.

The FEPP conducted a survey in 2001 which revealed that online monitoring software, including Net Nanny, SurfWatch, and Cybersitter, cast too broad a net and often blocked legitimate educational websites in their attempts to censor material from youths. In 2003, the organization assisted 33 academics in filing a friend-of-the-court brief challenging a law which restricted the sale of violent video games to minors. In coordination with the Brennan Center for Justice, the FEPP released a public policy report in 2006 on the inefficiency of Internet filtering; the report concluded that freedom of expression was harmed by such online censorship activity. In 2007, the FEPP became an independent organization.

The New Walford Guide to Reference Resources praised the FEPP website for its links to resources on freedom of expression and censorship. FEPP has been characterized by the Austin American-Statesman as a think tank devoted to researching the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Denver Post described the organization as a censorship watchdog organization, and a separate article from the same newspaper called it a left-of-center politically aligned group, which advocated for both intellectual freedom and artistic freedom.

History

The Free Expression Policy Project was founded by Marjorie Heins, who became its initial director. It was formed as a nonprofit organization. Founded in 2000, the organization formed with goals of assisting researchers with assembling information related to freedom of speech, media democracy, and copyright, and advocating for these issues. It started as an outgrowth of the National Coalition Against Censorship. Prior to founding the organization, Heins served as director of the Art Censorship Project at the American Civil Liberties Union. The FEPP monitors incidents of censorship against artists, and is based in Manhattan, New York.

A 2001 survey conducted by the organization found that popular online filters including Net Nanny, SurfWatch, and Cybersitter had significant problems, and blocked legitimate websites, including the website of US Congressman Richard Armey because his site included his nickname, "Dick". The University of Kansas Archie R. Dykes Medical Library was blocked by SurfWatch because the word "dykes" appeared on the site. In 2003, Stephanie Greist served as communications director for the Free Expression Policy Project.

In 2003, the Free Expression Policy Project assisted 33 academics specializing in journalism, with filing a friend-of-the-court brief challenging a law which restricted the sale of violent video games to youths. In 2004 the organization operated at the National Coalition Against Censorship. In 2005 the organization was part of the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University Law School. Within the Brennan Center for Justice, the FEPP operated through the Democracy Program at the law school. In 2006 the organization, in collaboration with the Brennan Center for Justice, released a report on the inefficiency of Internet filtering. The 87-page report concluded that academic-based censorship of material on the Internet was far too broad and harmed free expression of ideas. The FEPP became independent from both the National Coalition Against Censorship and the Brennan Center for Justice in 2007.

Analysis
The New Walford Guide to Reference Resources praised the FEPP website for its links to other websites about freedom of expression and censorship. Austin American-Statesman described the Free Expression Policy Project as a think tank dedicated to the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. A 2002 article in The Denver Post called the FEPP a watchdog organization which monitored censorship. In a 2004 article, The Denver Post characterized the organization as a think tank from the left-of-center political alignment, which advocated for both intellectual freedom and artistic freedom. The New York Times called the FEPP an organization which was critical of censorship of depictions of violence in the media.

See also

Academic freedom
Censorship
Cutting the Mustard: Affirmative Action and the Nature of Excellence
National Coalition Against Censorship
Not in Front of the Children: "Indecency," Censorship, and the Innocence of Youth
Prior restraint
Sex, Sin, and Blasphemy: A Guide to America's Censorship Wars
Suppression of dissent

References

Further reading

External links

Political advocacy groups in the United States
Censorship in the United States
Freedom of expression organizations
Organizations established in 2000
Research institutes established in 2000
Think tanks established in 2000


KDAP may refer to:

 KDAP-FM, a radio station (96.5 FM) licensed to serve Douglas, Arizona, United States
 KDAP (AM), a defunct radio station (1450 AM) formerly licensed to serve Douglas, Arizona


Theodore Christopher (June 5, 1958 – September 16, 2017) was an American professional racing driver and business owner who raced and won in many different types of race cars, including Modifieds, SK Modifieds, ISMA, Camping World East Series, Late Models, Pro Stocks, and Midgets.  He also raced in NASCAR's now named Monster Energy Cup Series, Xfinity Series, and Camping World Truck Series. He is best known for competing in NASCAR's Whelen Modified Tour, where he has over 40 victories and a championship in 2008. He was also well known for his success on the 1.058 mile New Hampshire Motor Speedway where Christopher has won five Camping World East Series events and 5 Whelen Modified Tour events.

Christopher was an aggressive driver, known for his infamous "Three Tap Rule" when passing cars in front of him, though his driving style changed in his later career and brought more success to his racing career.

Racing career
2001 NASCAR Weekly Series national champion, winning 15 of the 18 races that he entered, clinching it at Thompson International Speedway in Connecticut.

2008 NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour champion. Christopher, who is known as one of the most accomplished drivers in the Northeast, won both the championship and the final race of the season at Thompson International Speedway. Christopher came into the race leading the championship standings over Matt Hirschman by 31 points. Late in the race, Hirschman suffered an electrical problem, which put him a handful of laps off the pace. Christopher drove on to win the event, with Hirschman finishing 21 laps down in 25th position. It was his 31st career win in his 12th full-time year of competition.

Ironically, three years prior in 2005, Christopher went to the season finale at Thompson holding a 36-point lead over Hirschman's father, five-time tour champion Tony Hirschman, only to lose the championship due to a crash on lap 11.

NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour: . . .  48 Victories  (third all-time).  Three times voted Most Popular Driver (2008,09,10)

NASCAR K&N Pro Series East: . . .   10 victories.

Stafford (CT) Speedway . . .  131 Feature Race victories (all-time track record). 9 time SK Modified Champion.  Only active driver to ever have a Stafford grandstand named for him.

Thompson (CT) Int'l Speedway . . .  99 Feature Race victories (all-time track record). 4 time SK Modified Champion.

Waterford (CT) Speedbowl . . .  47 Feature Race victories (17th all-time).  1992 SK Modified Champion

In addition to his racing in the Modifieds and Busch North/K&N East, he also attempted numerous Winston/Nextel Cup, Busch Series, and Craftsman Truck Series races in the 2000s. He attempted and qualified for his first Cup race at Watkins Glen in 1999. His last Cup race came in the 2006 Sylvania 300 and last attempt in the 2009 Lenox Industrial Tools 301 for Kirk Shelmerdine.

In the NASCAR Busch Series, Christopher competed part-time in 1998 with Marsh Racing, competing in three races for the team. Driving the No. 13 Whelen Engineering Chevrolet, Christopher posted the best finish of 10th at Nazareth. In 1999, the team attempted 12 races, again with Christopher driving the car. The team would make five races and posted the best finish of 8th at Nazareth.

He also competed for the then new team of Michael Waltrip Racing, competing in three races with the team at Loudon, Watkins Glen, and the inaugural race at Memphis. The last race he competed in was at Nazareth in 2001 with Richard Childress Racing in the All-Star car 21 Rockwell Automation Chevy. He finished 19th two laps down from the winner Greg Biffle.

The "Three Tap Rule"
The three NASCAR-sanctioned tracks in Connecticut use a handicap lineup system that starts the fastest cars deep in the field.  A 30 green flag lap feature gives drivers little time to be courteous if they want to win. Throughout his career, Christopher employed an aggressive driving style he referred to as the "Three Tap Rule." A combination of intimidation techniques most famously used by Dale Earnhardt in the NASCAR Cup Series as well as the "chrome horn" and "bump-and-run" techniques commonly employed in short track racing, Christopher uses a trio of taps to coerce a slower competitor into moving over or ultimately moving them himself. The initial tap informs his competitor that he is there, while the second bump is a warning to commit to a lane to let him by. If needed, the third and final tap is the classic bump and run, with Christopher moving the car in front out of his racing groove to move on by.

Death
Christopher was killed in a plane crash in North Branford near the Guilford, Connecticut, town line on September 16, 2017, while en route from Robertson Field in Plainville, Connecticut, to Francis S. Gabreski Airport in Westhampton Beach, New York, to compete in a Whelen Modified Tour race that evening at the Riverhead Raceway, in Calverton, New York, on Long Island. Christopher and Charles "Pat" Dundas, the pilot and family friend from Hauppauge, New York, who also died, were the only occupants of the Mooney M20C that went down in a wooded area. An NTSB report released in 2019 attributed the crash to fuel starvation due to pieces of towel cloth obstructing a fuel line. The aircraft impacted pine trees 1,500 feet away from an open field where investigators believed the aircraft may have been attempting an emergency landing.

Personal life
He was born to William Christopher and Lucy Graziano. He had a wife, Quinn Wazorko Christopher, and had no children with her. Christopher also had a twin brother, Mike, who also raced Modifieds, and Mike's son Mike Jr., has also begun racing Modifieds. Christopher was a 1976 graduate of Plainville High School and was a captain of the school's wrestling team. In 2013, he was inducted into the Plainville Sports Hall of Fame. He also owned and operated M&T Enterprises, which rebuilds transmissions for heavy trucks.

Honors
As part of the 25th anniversary of the NASCAR Weekly Series in 2006, Christopher was named one of the series' All Time Top 25 drivers.
In 2008 Stafford Motor Speedway named a section of their grandstand for him in honor of his 100th victory at Stafford.  Christopher, who had 109 victories at the prestigious and storied Connecticut oval, is Stafford's all-time winningest driver.
Christopher was the first driver to win SK modified track championships at all three Connecticut NASCAR Whelen All-American Series asphalt, oval short-tracks (Stafford Motor Speedway, Thompson International Speedway, and the Waterford Speedbowl) during his career.  The feat was later accomplished by Keith Rocco in 2010, the year he won his first SK Modified Championship at Waterford after multiple titles at the other two.
His twin brother Mike Christopher won before he did at Stafford. Also, the two started out racing go karts around Connecticut and the U.S. They were famous at The Pomfret Speedway in Pomfret, CT. The two also road raced with enduro karts at Daytona International Speedway, Pocono Raceway, Watkins Glen and many others.

Motorsports career results

NASCAR
(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. ** – All laps led.)

Sprint Cup Series

Busch Series

Craftsman Truck Series

Camping World East Series

Autozone West Series

Whelen Modified Tour

 1 Christopher was killed in a plane crash near the North Branford and Guilford, Connecticut, town line, while en route to Riverhead Raceway. He was officially credited with a "did not start" status and a 24th-place finish.

Whelen Southern Modified Tour

Rolex Sports Car Series
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, Results are overall/class)

24 Hours of Daytona

References

External links

1958 births
2017 deaths
Accidental deaths in Connecticut
NASCAR drivers
People from Plainville, Connecticut
Sportspeople from Hartford County, Connecticut
Racing drivers from Connecticut
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 2017
24 Hours of Daytona drivers
Michael Waltrip Racing drivers
Richard Childress Racing drivers


Gutterballs is a 2008 Canadian rape-and-revenge slasher comedy splatter film written and directed by Ryan Nicholson.

Plot
On January 1, 2008, at the Xcalibur Bowling Centre, a disco-themed bowling alley in Surrey, British Columbia, Egerton, the janitor, has allowed two groups of teenagers to bowl against one another after hours. The "prep", Steve, is still bitter after his best friend Jamie, the "jock", had sex with Lisa, a girl with whom Steve was smitten and even took to their senior prom. After Steve and his friends Joey, Patrick, and A.J. harass Sam, they are chastised by Jamie. This leads to a brawl between Steve's team and Jamie's. Lisa breaks up the fight by dropping a bowling ball on Steve's foot just as Steve is about to kick Jamie again. Egerton, brandishing a shotgun, tells the teenagers to leave and they can continue their tournament the following night.

Having forgotten her purse in the arcade, Lisa returns to find Steve and his friends waiting for her. Steve proceeds to violently rape Lisa while the others watch. Egerton is oblivious to Lisa's cries for help as he is downstairs cleaning up the teenagers' mess. After he finishes raping Lisa, Steve leaves the room. While Steve is gone, A.J. anally rapes Lisa on the pool table; then it's Joey who abuses her. Patrick, who believed the three were only going to "scare" Lisa, refuses to participate. Steve returns with a bowling pin and prepares to insert it into Lisa before Patrick intervenes. Steve retorts by giving Patrick the pin and ordering him to do it himself. Patrick refuses at first but complies when Steve threatens to do the same to him. The four leave Lisa on the pool table, naked and barely conscious.

The following night, the two groups arrive at the bowling alley to continue their tournament. Steve is joined by his "girlfriends", Julia and Hannah. Jamie arrives late with Lisa, who barely speaks. As the teams begin their first game, Lisa suddenly gets on an elevator. She is confronted by Patrick, who says he's only there to apologize. Lisa believes that he wants to make sure that she hasn't contacted the police. During the game, the players notice a mystery player on the scoreboard, BBK, but believe it is just a glitch. One of Jamie's friends, Dave, meets Julia in the bar and pays for the two beers she ordered. When he discovers that one of them belongs to Steve, he asks if he can urinate in it. Julia tells him that she doesn't care and that she dislikes Steve too but hangs out with him anyway because he's dating her friend Hannah. Julia follows Dave into the bathroom, and the two begin to make out. A mysterious person wearing bowling attire exits one of the stalls while Dave and Julia are in the 69 position and forces each one further onto the other, suffocating them both. After this, two strikes appear next to BBK on the scoreboard in the form of a skull and crossbones.

The game continues, and Sam goes to the bathroom to "freshen up." The person who murdered Dave and Julia is hiding in one of the stalls, and Sam, frightened by the noise coming from the stall, approaches it and is pulled inside. He tries to bargain with the killer, but the killer murders him by forcing a bowling pin down his throat. The killer lifts Sam's skirt up and, using the switchblade Sam tried to defend himself with, castrates Sam lengthwise. Lisa rejoins the group. Later, Ben and Cindy leave to have sex in a storage room upstairs, but Ben goes to buy a condom from the vending machine in the bathroom. Joey goes back behind the pinsetters to fix his team's after noticing they were broken. Ben dies in the bathroom when the killer hits him over the head with a bowling pin and gouges his eyes out with a sharpened one. A.J. notices the strikes appearing next to BBK on the scoreboard and questions Egerton about it, who assures him that it is still a glitch. Egerton sends A.J. to an area currently being remodeled with an "out of order" sign to put on an automatic ball polisher that Joey broke earlier. The killer finds Cindy upstairs and strangles her to death with a pair of bowling sneakers. Downstairs, Hannah searches for Julia but dies when the killer crushes her head with two bowling balls. A.J. turns the ball polisher on and finds it already fixed but gets killed when the killer uses it to wax his face off.

Noticing something amiss, Steve leaves to find Joey behind the pinsetters, headless. Steve is frightened by the killer, who bludgeons him with a bowling pin before sodomizing him with another sharpened pin. Steve drops to the floor, and the killer smashes his head in with the bowling pin. Meanwhile, Sarah and Jamie continue their game. Jamie reaches into the ball return slot to find his bowling ball, instead discovering Joey's severed head. The two try desperately to escape the bowling alley before coming face to face with the killer. They run and hide in the basement, where they find their friends' bodies. The killer appears with a shotgun and removes the bowling bag to reveal Egerton's face. Sarah discovers that Jamie knew about the murders of Steve, Joey, and A.J. but not the others. Lisa appears, dressed up as well, revealing that she murdered Steve. Jamie explains that Lisa told her father, who turns out to be Egerton, about the rape, and Egerton let Jamie in on the plan. When Lisa asked why he killed her friends, too, Egerton explains that they didn't help Lisa and were, therefore, just as guilty. Lisa tells him that they were not there and did not know. Another killer (possibly the real "BBK") enters the basement and removes the bowling bag to reveal Patrick's face. Patrick explains that he confessed his involvement to Egerton and wanted to contact the police, but Egerton let him in on the plan instead, and he was the person who murdered Joey and A.J., supposedly to make it up to her. Lisa is furious that her father allowed him to live, so Egerton betrays Patrick and slits his throat with the switchblade he got from Sam. Jamie, realizing he's out of control, wrestles Egerton to the ground and, after a scuffle, blows his head clean off with the shotgun. Lisa cradles her father's body before grabbing the switchblade and trying to attack Jamie. Sarah grabs the shotgun and kills Lisa.

With the three "BBK"'s dead, Sarah shoots the locks off the emergency doors, and the two survivors escape the bowling alley. Traumatized and, above all, upset that Jamie did nothing to prevent the murders, Sarah turns the gun on him. The screen cuts to black as a gunshot is heard, indicating that Sarah murdered Jamie and is on the run.

Cast
 Dan Ellis as Egerton
 Alastair Gamble as Steve
 Mihola Terzic as Sarah
 Nathan Witte as Jamie
 Candice Lewald as Lisa
 Trevor Gemma as Patrick
 Nathan Dashwood as A.J.
 Wade Gibb as Joey
 Jimmy Blais as Sam
 Jeremy Beland as Ben
 Scott Alonzo as Dave
 Danielle Munro as Julia
 Stephanie Schacter as Cindy
 Saraphina Bardeaux as Hannah

Release
The Balls-Out Uncut Edition was released by Plotdigger Films on DVD on April 29, 2008. The film was re-released (with an altered soundtrack) by TLA Releasing the following year on January 27, 2009.

The Pin-Etration Edition, a cut containing hardcore inserts and limited to 69 copies, was available for purchase on the Plotdigger Films website in 2011.

The film has a total of 516 uses of the word "fuck", ranking it fourth (behind Swearnet: The Movie, the documentary of the same name about the history and usage of the word, and The Wolf of Wall Street)) and first in total usage for a scripted motion picture.

Nicholson submitted the film to the MPAA Rating Board. The film, however, was released unrated when he was told that almost twenty minutes would have to be cut to avoid an NC-17 rating.

Reception
Johnny Butane of Dread Central said that while the music was fitting and the gore was impressive, the film suffered from atrociously bad acting, and "hits all the wrong notes, even if  intentions are in the right place".

In a review for DVD Verdict, Gordon Sullivan praised the gore, the atmosphere, and the performance of Dan Ellis, and despite finding various faults with the film (such as the prolonged rape scene, actions of the killers, and discomforting nudity) still recommended it, finding that it "delivers on everything it promises: old-school slasher thrills loaded with gore and nudity set in a kitschy '80s bowling alley". Gutterballs was described as "one of the weirdest movies I've seen" by Kurt Dahlke of DVD Talk, who gave it a two and a half out of a possible five, and concluded that it was "a damn fine sexually explicit, graphically violent, morally repugnant, willfully bad B movie" that refreshingly took itself seriously, despite the over-the-top subject matter.

Sequel
A sequel, subtitled Balls Deep, premiered in 2015, written and directed by Ryan Nicholson. The film stars Aidan Dee, Momona Komagata and Kirsty Elizabeth in the leading roles. The film premiered in May 2015 as part of the Texas Frightmare Weekend.

References

External links

2008 films
2008 horror films
2008 LGBT-related films
2000s Canadian films
2000s English-language films
2000s exploitation films
2000s slasher films
2000s vigilante films
Canadian comedy horror films
Canadian films about revenge
Canadian independent films
Canadian LGBT-related films
Canadian slasher films
Canadian splatter films
Canadian vigilante films
English-language Canadian films
Films directed by Ryan Nicholson
Films set in Vancouver
Films shot in Vancouver
Ten-pin bowling films
LGBT-related horror films
Rape and revenge films
Transgender-related films


KFXR may refer to:

 KFXR (AM), a radio station (1190 AM) licensed to Dallas, Texas, United States
 KFXR-FM, a radio station (107.3 FM) licensed to Chinle, Arizona, United States


The 89th Airlift Squadron is a United States Air Force Reserve squadron, assigned to the 445th Operations Group, stationed at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.

The squadron was first activated in June 1943 as the 89th Troop Carrier Squadron.  After training in the United States, it served in the European Theater of Operations, earning a Distinguished Unit Citation for its action on D-Day during Operation Overlord.  After VE Day. the unit returned to the United States, where it was inactivated.

The squadron was activated in the Air Force Reserve in June 1949.  It trained in troop carrier operations at Offutt Air Force Base until March 1951, when it was called to active duty and its personnel used as fillers for other units.  It was activated again in the reserves as a fighter-bomber unit the following year and served until 1957, when reserve fighter units were replaced by troop carrier units.  It was again activated in the reserve in 1972 as the 89th Tactical Fighter Squadron.  It returned to the airlift mission in 1994.

Overview
It operates C-17 Globemaster III aircraft providing strategic, tactical and global airlift.

History
World War II

The squadron was first activated as the 89th Troop Carrier Squadron in June 1943 by I Troop Carrier Command and equipped with Douglas C-47 Skytrains.   It trained in various parts of the eastern United States until the end of 1943.  The squadron deployed to England, where it became part of IX Troop Carrier Command.

The squadron prepared for Operation Overlord, the invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe.  On 5 June 1944, the squadron took off for assigned drop zones in Occupied France, commencing at 23:48 hours. Despite radio black-out, overloaded aircraft, low cloud cover and lack of marked drop zones, they carried parachute infantry of the 101st Airborne Division's 502d Parachute Infantry Regiment, who were dropped soon after midnight in the area northwest of Carentan. Glider-borne reinforcement missions followed, carrying weapons, ammunition, rations, and other supplies.

On 20 July 1944 the 89th departed for Italy in preparation for the August invasion of Southern France, Operation Dragoon. In that invasion, it dropped paratroops and towed gliders that carried reinforcements.

Returning to England, during Operation Market Garden in September 1944, the group released gliders carrying troops and equipment for the airborne attack in the occupied Netherlands. Resupply missions were flown on 20 September and on the 21st to Overasselt and on the 21st to Son.

During the Battle of the Bulge (December 1944 – January 1945), the squadron flew air supply missions to battle areas, including the first two flights into beleaguered Bastogne, resupplying the 101st Airborne Division.

After moving to France in February 1945, the squadron flew combat operations from rough resupply and evacuation airfields carrying supplies and ammunition to front line forces and evacuating wounded personnel to rear-zone hospitals.   The unit released gliders in support of an American crossing of the Rhine River called Operation Varsity in March 1945.

After V-E Day, the unit evacuated prisoners of war and displaced persons to relocation centers. It returned to the United States in August 1945, where it was inactivated in September 1945.

Air Force Reserve

In 1949 Continental Air Command reorganized its reserve units under the wing base organization, which placed support units under the same headquarters as the combat group they supported.  As part of this reorganization, the 438th Troop Carrier Wing was activated at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. The 89th Squadron was activated along with the wing.Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 268–269 The squadron's manning, however, was limited to 25% of active duty organization authorizations. The squadron trained under the 2473d Air Force Reserve Training Center for troop carrier operations with the C-46, but also flew the North American T-6 Texan trainer.See Mueller, p. 457. 2473d Center at Offutt from 1946–1951.

All combat units of the Air Force Reserve were ordered to active service for the Korean War. The 89th was called up in the second wave of mobilizations on 10 March 1951. Its personnel were used to man other organizations, primarily those of Strategic Air Command, and it was inactivated on 14 March 1951.Cantwell, pp. 96–97 Its aircraft were distributed to other organizations as well.

Little more than a year later the squadron was redesignated the 89th Fighter-Bomber Squadron and activated at Billy Mitchell Field, Wisconsin when the 438th Fighter-Bomber Wing replaced the 924th Reserve Training Wing there.  The reserve mobilization for the Korean war, however, had left the Reserve without airplanes, and the unit did not receive aircraft until July 1952. When it finally began to receive its planes, they were World War II era North American F-51 Mustangs, which would serve until the squadron's Lockheed F-80 Shooting Stars arrived. Once more, the 2473d Air Force Reserve Training Center was responsible for the training of the 438th Wing and other units at the station.  Despite its designation as a fighter bomber unit, the squadron initially trained in the air defense role.

In 1957 the squadron began to upgrade to the North American F-86 Sabre.  However, its time with this plane would be short. By 1956, the Joint Chiefs of Staff were pressuring the Air Force to provide more wartime airlift.  At the same time, about 150 Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcars became available from the active force. Consequently, in November 1956 the Air Force directed Continental Air Command to convert three fighter bomber wings to the troop carrier mission by September 1957. The squadron was inactivated 16 November 1957.Ravenstein, pp. 237–238

In 1982 the squadron was again activated as the 89th Tactical Fighter Squadron and trained on fighter operations until 1994.

Since 1994 the 89th has trained for and flown strategic airlift missions worldwide, taking part in contingency operations as needed. The wing was fully equipped with the C-17 in February 2012.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 89th Troop Carrier Squadron on 14 May 1943
 Activated on 1 June 1943
 Inactivated on 22 September 1945
 Redesignated 89th Troop Carrier Squadron, Medium on 10 May 1949
 Activated in the reserve on 27 June 1949
 Ordered to active service on 10 March 1951
 Inactivated on 14 March 1951
 Redesignated 89th Fighter-Bomber Squadron' on 26 May 1952
 Activated in the reserve on 15 June 1952
 Inactivated on 16 November 1957.
 Redesignated 89th Tactical Fighter Squadron on 20 January 1982
 Activated in the reserve on 1 July 1982
 Redesignated 89th Fighter Squadron on 1 February 1992
 Redesignated 89th Airlift Squadron on 1 October 1994

Assignments
 438th Troop Carrier Group, 1 June 1943 – 22 September 1945
 438th Troop Carrier Group, 27 June 1949 – 14 March 1951
 438th Fighter-Bomber Group, 15 June 1952 – 16 November 1957
 906th Tactical Fighter Group (later 906th Fighter Group), 1 July 1982
 445th Operations Group, 1 October 1994 – present

Stations

 Baer Field, Indiana, 1 June 1943
 Sedalia Army Air Field, Missouri, 11 June 1943
 Laurinburg-Maxton Army Air Base, North Carolina, 30 October 1943
 Baer Field, Indiana, c. 15 January – c. 28 January 1944
 RAF Langar (AAF-490), England, February 1944
 RAF Greenham Common (AAF-486), England, Mar 1944
 Operated from Montalto Di Castro Airfield, Italy, 20 July – 23 August 1944
 Prosnes Airfield (A-79), France, February 1945
 Amiens Glisy Airfield (B-48), France, May – Aug 1945
 Camp Myles Standish, Massachusetts, 21–22 September 1945
 Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, 27 June 1949 – 14 March 1951
 General Mitchell Field, Wisconsin, 15 June 1952 – 16 November 1957
 Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1 July 1982 – present

Aircraft

 Douglas C-47 Skytrain (1943–1945, 1949–1951)
 Beechcraft C-45 Expeditor (1949–1951)
 Curtiss C-46 Commando (1949–1951)
 North American F-51 Mustang (1953–1954)
 Lockheed T-33 T-Bird (1954–1957)
 Lockheed F-80 Shooting Star (1955–1957)
 McDonnell F-4 Phantom II (1982–1989)
 General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon (1989–1994)
 Lockheed C-141 Starlifter (1994–2006)
 Lockheed C-5 Galaxy (2005–2011)
 McDonnell Douglas C-17 Globemaster III (2011–present)

See also

 List of United States Air Force airlift squadrons
 List of C-47 Skytrain operators
 List of F-4 Phantom II operators
 General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon operators

References

Notes

Bibliography

089
089
Military units and formations in Ohio
Military units and formations of the United States in the Cold War


William Baxter ALS, FHS (Rugby, Warwickshire, January 15, 1787 - November 1, 1871), was a British botanist, author of British Phaenogamous Botany and appointed curator of the Oxford Botanic Garden in 1813.

British Phaenogamous Botany or Figures and Descriptions of the Genera of British Flowering Plants, was published in 6 volumes by William Baxter between 1834 and 1843, with 509 hand-coloured copper-plate engravings by Isaac Russell (an Oxford glass painter) and C. Matthews. These men were not trained botanical artists, but gradually acquired a good working knowledge of the subject. The engravings were later hand-coloured by Baxter's daughters and daughter-in-law. The volumes were sold by Whittaker, Treacher and Co., London and John W. Parker.

William Hart Baxter (c.1816-1890), William Baxter's son, succeeded his father as curator of the Oxford Botanic Garden.
This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation Baxter when citing a botanical name.

References

See also
List of florilegia and botanical codices

External links
Googlebooks - British Phaenogamous Botany

Botanists with author abbreviations
19th-century Scottish botanists
Scottish botanical writers
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
1787 births
1871 deaths
Scottish curators


Kanada (, (ISO 15919/IAST: Kānaṛā rāgaṅg Hindi: कान्हड़ा, Bengali: কানাড়া)) also known as Kanhada  is a group of ragas in Indian Classical Music . They are all believed to be derived from the Carnatic music raga Kanada. Some scholars suggest that all the raga's in the Kanada family are derived from individual aspects of Kanada. Shudda Kanada/Darbari Kanada is one of the most familiar raga's in the family and is considered to have the highest romantic,melancholy and longing aspect of Kanada in it.

Ragas in this group belong to different thaats, but particularly to the Asavari or Kafi thaat. Sadharana/Komal Gandhar (Ga) and Chaturshruti/Shudda/Komal Dhaivat (Dha) are vakra (zigzag) in descent and are used in phrases like gMR and dnP.

List of ragas in the Kanada family
The following ragas belong to this group :

Abhogi Kanada
Adana Kanada
Asavari Kanada
Basanti Kanada
Bageshree Kanada
Bhavsakh Kanada
Darbari Kanada
Enayatkhani Kanada
Devsakh Kanada
Gunji Kanada
Husseini Kanada
Jayant Kanada
Kafi Kanada
Kausi Kanada
Lachari Kanada
Lankashree Kanada
Malkauns Kanada
Nagadhwani Kanada
Navarasa Kanada
Nayaki Kanada
Rageshree Kanada
Raisa Kanada
Ramsakh Kanada
Shahana Kanada
Sughrai Kanada
Suha Kanada

See also
 List of Film Songs based on Ragas
 Sarang ragas

References

Literature

Hindustani ragas


Jacqueline Belenyesiová (born 3 December 1985) is a Slovak former competitive figure skater. She is a three-time (2005–2006, 2008) Slovak national champion and competed at five ISU Championships, qualifying to the free skate at the 2006 European Championships in Lyon.

Competitive highlights
JGP: ISU Junior Grand Prix

References

External links

 Jacqueline Belenyesiová at Tracings.net

Slovak female single skaters
1985 births
Living people
Figure skaters from Košice
Figure skaters at the 2007 Winter Universiade


Barton Academy is a historic Greek Revival school building located on Government Street in Mobile, Alabama, United States.  It was under construction from 1836 to 1839 and was designed by architects James H. Dakin, Charles B. Dakin, and James Gallier, Sr.  Gallier and the Dakin brothers also designed the nearby Government Street Presbyterian Church.  Barton Academy was the first public school in the state of Alabama.

History
Barton Academy was named for Willoughby Barton, an Alabama state legislator from Mobile who introduced an act that created the Board of School Commissioners of Mobile County on January 10, 1826.  This was the first education board in Alabama.   The board bought all of the property in the block between Government, Cedar, Conti, and Lawrence Streets for $2750 in 1830.

Lack of funding stalled progress on the project until an act was passed in the state legislature that allowed the commissioners to raise funds through a lottery.  By early 1836 the building committee had managed to pull together $50,000 in lottery funds, a $15,000 municipal loan, and additional private donations. This included a large private donation from local millionaire Henry Hitchcock, who was also on the building committee.  Construction commenced on February 13, 1836, the same day as Government Street Presbyterian, with Charles Dakin as the supervising architect.  Thomas James was hired as the mason, just as he was on the Government Street Presbyterian project.

The Barton building project proved to be more complex than the one on Government Street Presbyterian, with Dakin forced to spend much more of his time supervising the construction.  Progress on the building was slow.  Then, on March 9, 1837, the building committee determined that work done on the roof was incomplete or faulty, resulting in water damage to the interior plaster.  The building was at least habitable by the summer of that year, however, and the building committee began holding their meetings upstairs.  Interior paint was applied in September 1837, but the last of the finish work was not completed until January 1839.

Following completion, the Board of School Commissioners of Mobile County then allowed the building to be used for private and denominational schools, with some funding appropriated to them by the commissioners.  An act in 1846 allowed for taxes to be collected for the establishment of a free Methodist school by the commission.  The commission was behind another act on February 9, 1852, that would have allowed the commission to sell the building, which was now in need of maintenance and repairs, and distribute the proceeds among the existing schools, if approved by the voters.  The electorate rejected this and subsequently elected a new board of commissioners.

After the election of the new board, the building was repaired and the system was reorganized.  The building reopened as a public school in November 1852.  The school was closed for the duration of the American Civil War.  The Girls High School reopened in 1865, followed by the Boys High School in 1870.  Both would continue at Barton until the opening of Murphy High School in 1926.  The building was surveyed by the Historic American Buildings Survey several times from 1934 to 1937.  It continued to serve as a school building until the 1960s when it was converted into the Central Office for the Mobile County Public School System.  Barton was added  to the National Register of Historic Places on 16 February 1970.

Design
Barton Academy is three floors in height and is primarily constructed of brick which has been stuccoed and scored to look like ashlar.  A heavy ground floor supports the main floor and the slightly smaller third floor.  The building can be visually divided into a central block with a two-story, pedimented, hexastyle Ionic portico, five bays wide, with wrought-iron balustrades. A low-pitched hipped roof over this block is topped by a domed cupola that is ringed by 28 Ionic columns.  The dome is surmounted by a lantern, patterned after the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates.  To either side of the central block is a plain section, three bays wide.  Adjoining these plain sections are east and west blocks, also three bays wide, with each bay defined by projecting pilasters.

Barton has had many unsympathetic additions over the years since construction, resulting in an interior that currently bears little resemblance to the original plan.  That plan consisted of a central stair hall with flanking classrooms on all three levels.  The original wooden windows have been replaced by metal ones.  Only the interior of the rotunda under the dome remains in its original condition and configuration.

Restoration efforts
The Alabama Historical Commission and the Alabama Trust for Historic Preservation named Barton Academy as one of their "Places in Peril" in 2005, citing the school board's planned relocation of its administrative center and the general neglect that the structure had already suffered.  Places in Peril is a list of threatened historic sites in Alabama.  The school board relocated its central office in 2007 and was initially working with preservation agencies in an effort to have the building restored.

The restoration effort stalled on January 28, 2009, when the school board delayed a decision on setting aside an additional $700,000 for the renovation of Barton.  The board had already dedicated $2.3 million to the restoration effort, but two board members stated opposition to spending any of the money on the structure, citing needs elsewhere in the school system.  Barton was re-listed in 2009 on Alabama's "Places in Peril."Barton Academy was officially reopened in August 2021.

References

External links

Save Barton Academy
Mobile County Public School System
"Get creative with Barton." (editorial) Mobile Press-Register. Monday March 2, 2009.
"Board needs to deal wisely with Barton." (editorial) Mobile Press-Register. Sunday May 24, 2009.

School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
Educational institutions established in 1852
Buildings and structures in Mobile, Alabama
National Register of Historic Places in Mobile, Alabama
Greek Revival architecture in Alabama
Defunct schools in Alabama
1852 establishments in Alabama