Anais () is a commune in the Charente department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of southwestern France.

Geography

Location and access
Anais is located 14 km north of Angoulême. It is crossed from north to south by National Highway N10 from Angoulême to Poitiers which passes 1.5 km west of the town and is a landscaped expressway of four lanes.

Anais is also 4 km west of Jauldes, 6 km south-east of Saint-Amant-de-Boixe - the chief town of the district, 7 km east of Vars, 11 km south of Mansle, and 5 km north-west of Brie.

The commune is traversed from east to west by the D11 road from Chasseneuil to Rouillac via Vars which passes through the village and continues to join the N10 by an interchange on the western border of the commune. The D45 road also goes from the village south to La Chignolle as well as the D113 from Montignac-Charente in the west to Cherves in the east.

Anais is 5 km north of Angoulême airport. The nearest train station is that at Angoulême.

Localities and hamlets
The town has two large hamlets or villages as big as Anais town: Le Breuil d'Anais located to the south-east, and Churet to the south on the old national highway 10 near La Chignolle in Champniers commune.

To the west of the town the area of La Touche has developed due to the interchange on the N10. The commune also has many small hamlets and farms: La Claviere, Puymenier, les Nomblières, Puyfrançais, les Rivauds, Romefort, la Poutardière, etc.

Geology and terrain
The soil of the town is made up of limestone dating from the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian). The Argence Valley has alluvium from the Quaternary (gritty clay and Peat).

The relief of the commune is that of a plateau with an average altitude of 100 m traversed from north to south by a small valley - the Argence Valley - which is a Dry valley starting from Argence and descending to Anais. The highest point in the commune is at an altitude of 139 m and is located on the western boundary at the Vieille Touche (the Puy Delan). The lowest point is at 60 m located along the southerly limit of the Argence at Churet. The town is 80 m above sea level.

Hydrography

The commune is traversed by the Argence, a tributary of the right bank of the Charente at Balzac. The Argence is formed from two small tributaries: the Ruisseau du Moulin des Rivauds which rises in the east and  l'Étang which has its source in the north with the river Argence taking its name downstream of the town. The Fountaine de Maillou at the southern border near Churet also feeds the Argence.

Climate
As in the southern three-quarters and west of the department, the climate is oceanic Aquitaine.

Toponymy
Anais is derived from the Latin Annacum or Villa Anni, meaning that the village was built around the property of a rich Gallo-Roman named Annus.

The hamlet of Breuil d'Anais takes its name from the Low Latin brogilum which is of Gallic origin from brogilos, meaning "small wood".

History
Aerial archaeology has revealed the moat and the foundations of a medieval castle.

Administration
From 1793 to 1801 Anais was in the canton of Jandes then passed to the Canton of Saint-Amant-de-Boixe.

List of Successive Mayors

Population

Distribution of Age Groups
Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Anais and Charente Department in 2017

Source: INSEE

Throughout the twentieth century, Anais had a high level of stability in its population but the population has increased significantly since the 1970s.

Economy
The main area of activity in Anais is at La Touche along the N10 where there is an Intermarché base (with 100-249 employees), trucks, a hotel restaurant, and various companies such as: Aluplast, AMS, Crousti'charente, Inomould, industrial boilermaker Guerin, SOMC and some Wholesalers, materials, tyres, and petroleum products.

In the town is a bakery with another in La Touche where there is a bakery company.

There are trade enterprises such as masonry, a general construction company, a farm, and a garage.

Facilities, services, and local life

Education
The school is an RPI between Anais, Aussac-Vadalle, and Tourriers. Anais has a kindergarten and a primary school while Aussac-Vadalle and Tourriers have elementary schools.

Sites and Monuments

See also
Communes of the Charente department

Notes and references

Notes

References

External links
Anais on the National Geographic Institute website
Anais on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Anes on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Charente


Angeac-Champagne () is a commune in the Charente department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of southwestern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Angeacais or Angeacaises.

Geography

Location and access
Angeac-Champagne is a commune located in the west of the department of Charente, near Charente-Maritime, in Grande Champagne, the premier cru of cognac.

The commune is located 10 km south of Cognac, 6 km west of Segonzac, and 3 km east of Salles-d'Angles. Angoulême, the prefecture of Charente, is 35 km to the east. Angeac is also 9 km north of Archiac, 12 km south-west of Jarnac, and 19 km north-west of Saint-Hilaire.

The commune does not lie on any main roads. The D731 road from Barbezieux to Cognac via Archiac, passes through the west of the commune. The village is served by the D150 from Germignac in the south-east and passes through the village before continuing north-east to join the D44 from Juillac-le-Coq to Roissac towards Cognac and Gensac-la-Pallue. A country road leads to the village of Salles-d'Angles and another to Genté in the north-west.

The nearest train station is at Cognac which is served by the TER between Angoulême, Saintes, and Royan.

Hamlets and localities
There are many hamlets dotting the commune. In particular Roissac, located northeast of Angeac village, was an ancient parish, and the village is as important as Angeac.

The small village of Le Bois d'Angeac together with a small forest is located 1 km north-west of the village.

Apart from a few small patches of forest the commune is entirely farmland

Neighbouring communes and villages

Geology and relief
As with the whole left bank of the Charente between Angoulême and Cognac, this area is limestone dating from the Cretaceous period with Cuestas.

The commune is part of the Campanian (Late Cretaceous) chalky limestone area which occupies a large part of South Charente. There is also some Santonian rock on a small part of the northern border at  Longées.

The Campanian cuesta passes through the commune. This escarpment starts in the west at Salles-d'Angles, passes the foot of the town of Genté, then runs through the whole department going east towards Bouteville, Jurignac, and Plassac-Rouffiac. In the commune the escarpment passes through the east as an inlier northeast of Roissac. It separates the north of the plain of Châteaubernard from Champagne to the south.

The highest point in the commune is at an altitude of 84 m located north-west of Roissac. Another high point of 83 m faces it to the east (topped by an IGN Survey marker). The lowest point is 17 m located in Pas de la Tombe on the south-west edge of the commune near Salles d'Angles. The commune mostly varies in height between 40 and 70 m above sea level.

Hydrography

The Ruisseau de la Motte, a small tributary of the river Né and thus a sub-tributary of the Charente, forms the commune boundary to the south. No other rivers pass through the commune but there are many pools in a valley west of the village and towards Roissac and some springs including the Three Stones east of Bois d'Angeac.

Climate
The climate is oceanic Aquitaine.

Toponymy
The word Angeac is derived from the Latin Andiacum or villa Andii meaning that the village was built around the property of a rich Gallo-Roman named Andius. The term Champagne was added to the name of the town in 1801 to distinguish it from its namesake Angeac-Charente. In Saintonge the term Champagne refers to a fertile plain of limestone. It is derived from the Latin campus meaning "field" or "plain".

The word Roissac is derived from the Latin Riatacum or villa Riatii meaning that the village was built around the property of a rich Gallo-Roman named Riatus.

History
Proto-historic circular Ditches exist in the areas of Penchant de Lorimont and Houme, with square and circular ones at a place called Les Chirons. Roman villas are said to be at Puits d'Angeac at Chabanne and there are some medieval remains at Branges.

The remains of a Gallo-Roman villa possibly dating to the first half of the 9th century were found in 1904. It was a residence of Louis the Pious. These remains have disappeared.

Angeac was first a dependency of the Templars then passed to the Marquisate of Archiac then often changed hands. In 1239 Roissac passed to the House of Angoulême then at Barbezieux. By marriage Roissac became allied with Salles-d'Angles and Genté. The rights to the marshes resulted in brawls and lawsuits with the Lordship of Gademoulin.

The commune of Angeac was created in 1793 when it belonged to the Canton of Salles in district of Cognac and the Charente department. In 1801 it took the name of Champagne and was attached to the Canton de Segonzac.

The Roissac railway station was served from 1910 to 1939 by the Chemins de fer économiques des Charentes (Cheap Trains of Charente) with a metre gauge line from Cognac to Barbezieux with 3 return trips a day at a speed of 20 km/h. This line also served stations at Cognac, Genté, Segonzac, Juillac-le-Coq, Saint-Fort-sur-le-Né, Archiac, and Barbezieux.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Population

Distribution of Age Groups

Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Angeac-Champagne and Charente Department in 2017

Source: INSEE

Facilities, services, and local life

Education
The school is an educational inter-communal grouping between Angeac-Champagne and Salles-d'Angles. Angeac-Champagne has a kindergarten and Salles-d'Angles an elementary school.

Culture and heritage

The commune contains a very large number of buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments. Some of the more interesting sites are described below.

Civil heritage
The Chateau de Roissac (18th century). The Chateau bears the date 1830 but it was a chateau built in the Middle Ages for the La Rochefoucauld family at the site of a Gallo-Roman villa. The present chateau was built for the Beauchamp family around 1770 and the date 1830 with the initials I.P. corresponds to the remains of the outbuildings. There are decorations and, especially in the living room, wood paneling adorned with paintings of birds, flowers, fruit, landscapes, a scene with a sower, Moses and the Tablets of the Law.
The Duran S.A. Distillery (1968)
The Fountain, Lavoir (Public Laundry), and drinking trough at Roissac. They are linked to François I who would have visited the Chateau de Roissac for hunting.
The Girls' School at Roissac.
A Watermill at La Motte (in ruins) joined to that of Saint-Fort-sur-le-Né.
A Windmill at La Millière (19th century)
A Manor at Lorimont (1831). According to Martin Civat it already existed in the 16th century and was rebuilt in the 19th century. It bears the inscription "FAIT EN 1831 CHAILLOU PAUL" (Made in 1831 Chaillou Paul).
An Underground refuge (Antiquity). A staircase to the refuge has been identified but its location remains unknown.
An Ancient Villa of Louis the Pious (Antiquity).

The Logis d'Angeac Manor (1733). This is a manor that dates in part to the 16th century. When René de la Tour bought it in 1657 the house was to the north. The outbuildings are dated 1733. Another house was built to the west and rebuilt in the 19th century with outbuildings to the south. The entrance gate bears the date 1882.

The War Memorial (1920).
The Town Hall (1897). The town hall was built in 1897 and 1898 by Locussol, an entrepreneur from Cognac, from the plans of the architect Lucien Roy also from Cognac.
Farmhouses (15th - 20th century).

Religious heritage

A Cemetery Cross (19th century)
The Pinard Family Funeral Chapel (19th century)
The Renaud Family Funeral Chapel (19th century)
The Frapin Gimbelot Prioulat Family Funeral Chapel (19th century)
The Cemetery (19th century)
The Parish Church of Saint-Vivien (11th century) The church was built in the 11th century and partly rebuilt in 1534 then repaired at the expense of the priest, Jean Marcus, in 1748 then restored again in 1864. Finally it was vaulted in 1875. It is elongated like a ship and covered by a ribbed vault. The Church contains many items that are registered as historical objects:
The Furniture in the Church
A Bronze Bell (1783)
2 Vases (19th century)
2 Monstrances (19th century)
A Paten (19th century)
A Chalice (1884)
A Stoup (1874)
A Baptismal font (19th century)
A Pulpit (1879)
A Secondary Altar and Tabernacle (19th century)
The main Altar and Tabernacle (1897)
A Stained glass window (19th century)
A Stained glass window of Saint Theresa of Lisieux (1947)
A Stained glass window of Saint Francis of Sales (19th century)
A Stained glass window of Saint Joseph, Virgin, and child (19th century)
2 Stained glass windows (19th century)
2 Stained glass windows of Saints Peter and Paul (19th century)
3 Stained glass figures (19th century)

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

External links
Angeac-Champagne on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Angeac-Champagne on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Charente


Angeac-Charente () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Angeduc () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Ansac-sur-Vienne (, literally Ansac on Vienne; ) is a commune in the Charente department in Southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Anville () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Val-d'Auge.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente
Populated places disestablished in 2019


The Cund is a left tributary of the river Târnava Mică in Romania. It discharges into the Târnava Mică near Bernadea. Its length is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Mureș County


Ars is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


HMS Carlisle was a 60-gun fourth rate ship of the line of the English Royal Navy, launched at Deptford on 11 February 1693.

Carlisle was wrecked in 1696.

Notes

References

Lavery, Brian (2003) The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650-1850. Conway Maritime Press. .

Ships of the line of the Royal Navy
1690s ships


Asnières-sur-Nouère () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Aubeville () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Val-des-Vignes.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente


Auge-Saint-Médard () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. Situated within it are small villages; Auge, Saint-Médard, and La Bréchoire. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Val-d'Auge.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente


Aussac-Vadalle () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Baignes-Sainte-Radegonde () is a commune in the Charente department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Baignois or Baignoises.

The commune has been awarded one flower by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.

Geography
Baignes-Sainte-Radegonde is the capital of its Canton and also of Petit Angoumois, a natural region of pine forests and lakes in the south-west of Charente. The commune is located some 15 km south-east of Jonzac and 18 km north of Montlieu-la-Garde. The northern, western, and southern borders of the commune are also the departmental border between Charente and Charente-Maritime. The town is located on the eastern border of the commune and is accessed by the D2 from Brossac in the south-east which passes through the town then continues west, changing to the D152 in Charente-Maritime, then continuing south-west to Montendre. The D14 comes from Le Tâtre in the north-east passing through the town and continuing south-east, changing to the D155 in Charente-Maritime, to Bran. The D100 goes north-west from the town, changing to the D152E1 in Charente-Maritime, to Saint-Maigrin. The D38 goes north from the town to Lamérac. The D132 branches from the D38 south of the town and goes south-east to Bors and also branches off the D2 in the west and goes north-west, changing to the D142E2 in Charente-Maritime, to Mortiers. The D446 branches from the D2 in the west of the commune and goes south-east, changing to the D255 in Charente-Maritime, to Vanzac. Route nationale N10 (E606) forms the south-eastern border of the commune.

There are several hamlets in the commune apart from the town: Chez Merle, La Perdasse, Puygareau, Chez Boutin, Les Clonnieries, Montmille, Mathelon, Chardes, and Pilledoux.

Geology and terrain
A large part of the centre and west of the commune is from the Campanian period with chalky limestone from the Late Cretaceous which covers a large part of the southern Charente and Chrente-Maritime departments. The north and the south-east have terrain of kaolinic sandstone, clay, and pebbles dating from the Tertiary period. These soils are often covered in pine forests and are on the north-western edge of the Double saintongeaise forestry region.

The western part of the commune forms a vast plain open to the west and the relief is focused on the east. There are significant woods covering the north and south-east of the commune which are part of the Double saintongeaise. The highest point in the commune is at an altitude of 148 m located south-east of Pilledoux. The lowest point is 51 m located along the Pharaoh river on the western boundary. The village of Baignes is 75 m above sea level.

Hydrography
The Pharaon, a tributary of the Seugne which passes through Jonzac and is a sub-tributary of the Charente crosses the commune from east to west passing through the town. It forms the municipal boundary to the east with Touvérac and it is called the Ruisseau de la Grolle upstream. It rises at the foot of the highest point of the town in a small lake.

To the south-west of this same point is the Mathelon, another small indirect tributary of the Seugne (through the Lariat which flows through Bran), rises and flows west.

The northern border of the commune is formed by the Ruisseau de la Tâtre and, for some distance, by the Étang de Saint-Maigrin. The Tâtre is a tributary of the Trèfle, which is itself a tributary of the Seugne.

The commune is also dotted with many small lakes and reservoirs in the south and some sources in the north (Font du Bouille, Font du Quart).

Climate
The climate is oceanic Aquitaine and similar to the town of Cognac (40 km north) where the departmental weather station is located.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Toponymy
Old forms of the name are: Cathmeriacum, a name possibly of Celtic origin, before the 8th century when the abbey was founded which the monks named Beania (feminine singular). This name is found in 1068 and later then Sancta Radegundis.

Beanus in Low Latin means student newly arrived at the Academy or yellow beak but, according to Dauzat, Beania could be a popular distortion of Bethania, a locality often mentioned in the Gospels.

History
In Roman times Baignes-Sainte-Radegonde was called Cathmeriacum and the Pharaon river was called Cavallo.

According to popular tradition the Abbey of Saint-Étienne of Baignes was built in the time of Charlemagne to the south of the town. In principle this abbey depended on the Order of Saint Benedict but Ramnulphe (Ramnulfus Focaudi), Bishop of Saintes between 1083 and 1106, entrusted it to the direction of Hugh, the Abbot of Cluny. Pierre II de Soubise, his successor at the Holy Bishopric (1107-1112), confirmed this assignment to the Abbot Pontius according to a chart kept in the archives of Cluny.

In the 9th century Baignes was a viguerie which later became the Barony of Montausier. The Chateau of Montausier was a short distance from the town to the north. The only remains are an old tower and a fountain called Font de Madame of which the arch can be seen.

In the Middle Ages the monks of the abbey named the town Beania which included the abbey village and Montausier town.

The barony of Montausier with that of the neighbouring Chaux formed the enclave of Petit Angoumois (Little Angoumois), which relied on the Présidial of Angoulême for justice and the steward of the Généralité of Limoges for administration. The territory consisted of a dozen parishes including seven which were, in whole or in part, in the department of Charente: Sainte-Radegund with Mathelon, Chantillac, Le Tâtre, Touvérac, Bors with Venet, part of Boisbreteau with Peirrefont. All the surrounding country was Saintonge, election Barbezieux. The parish of Baignes itself was saintongeaise and of this election. It was from these that the Baronies of Montausier and Chaux were detached in the Middle Ages from the County of Angoulême.

In principle the Barony of Montausier belonged to the Counts and Dukes of Angoulême but in 1031 Count Geoffroi Taillefer detached it from the County and gave it to his son Arnaud. The descendants of Arnaud Taillefer retained the land of Montausier for a long time before passing it to the Sainte-Maure family.

The most notable member of this family was Charles de Sainte-Maure, Duke of Montausier who was tutor to the Dauphin, son of Louis XIV, and in whose favour this prince elevated the Barony of Montausier to a duchy-peerage in 1665. Charles de Montausier was an honest man of integrity but very disagreeable: he became a model for Molière for his character of Alceste in the comedy The Misanthrope.

Charles was succeeded by his only daughter, Julie Marie de Montausier who married Emmanuel II de Crussol, Duke of Uzès, Governor of Saintonge and Angoumois. This branch of Crussol owned Montausier until the Revolution without ever having lived there. The land was then confiscated due to emigration and the castle was destroyed in 1793.

During the French Revolution Sainte-Radegund commune was provisionally called Pharon, then Radegonde-la-Plaine.

In the 1870s Father Jean-Hippolyte Michon, author of the Monumental Statistics of Charente, built an elaborate mansion on the site of the ancient Chateau of Montausier.

At the beginning of the 19th century the main economic activity of Baignes was raising cattle and pigs. Almost all workers were textile workers who produced canvas which was sold in the Bordeaux markets. There were also several Tanners and Dressers who prepared tanned and white leather.

In 1855 Sainte-Radegund merged with Baignes to form Baignes-Sainte-Radegonde.

In 1893 the first dairy cooperative in Charente was started in Baignes. The designation Beurre de Baignes (Baignes Butter) is still famous.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Twinning

Baignes-Sainte-Radegonde has twinning associations with:
 Dietramszell (Germany) since 1984.

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 1,257 inhabitants. N.B. Prior to 1856 the figures include both the communes of Baignes and Sainte-Radegonde.

Distribution of Age Groups

Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Baignes-Sainte-Radegonde and Charente Department in 2017

Source: INSEE

Facilities

Education
The André Malraux College caters for students from 6th to 3rd levels. In 2011 there were 143 students in eight classes.
An Elementary school with five classes
A Kindergarten

Other facilities and services
As capital of the Canton, Baignes has a police station, a first aid station, and a post office.

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage
The commune has many buildings and sites that are registered as historical monuments:
Windmills (18th-19th century)
A Chateau on D100 (1879) by Abbé Michon, archaeologist and graphologist.
The tower of the Chateau de Montausier on D100 (15th century)
A House at Rue du Champ de Foire (18th century)
A Trade Shop at Rue du Champ de Foire (19th century)
The War Memorial at Place de l'Eglise (20th century)
The School on Grand Rue (1911)
Farmhouses (18th century)
A Mansion at Gadebor (15th century)
A Covered Market (destroyed)
Houses and Farms (18th-19th century)

Religious heritage

The commune has several religious buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:
A Cemetery Cross on D132 (19th century)
A Wayside Cross at D14/D132 (20th century)
The Benedictine Abbey of Saint Etienne (11th century). The Abbey has a large number of items that are registered as historical objects.
The Saint Jacques Benedictine Priory (destroyed)
A Presbytery at Sainte-Radegonde (1879)
A Protestant Church (19th century)
The Saint Radegonde Benedictine Priory (12th century). The columns of the north wall are Romanesque while those of the south wall are clearly Gothic and date from the 13th century. The tower gate was built in the 19th century and replaced a simple pediment bell tower which had two bells. There is a remnant of an arch and the start of some vaults from the 13th century. Inside the church there is a stained glass window representing Saint Radegund, wife of Chlothar I. The priory contains many items that are registered as historical objects:
The Furniture in the Priory
2 Bronze Bells (1877)
A Bronze Bell (1554)
A Flower Vase (19th century)
Patens (19th century)
A Chalice (19th century)
A Tabernacle Veil
A Pulpit (19th century)
A Secondary Altar and Tabernacle (19th century)
The main Altar and Tabernacle (19th century)
A Stained glass window: Saint Radegund (20th century)

Notable people linked to the commune
Jean-Hippolyte Michon, born in Corrèze in 1806. He moved with his family to Charente and lived there for many years. He was a universal man: writer, journalist, and archaeologist. He built a mansion on the ancient ruins of the Chateau of Montausier. He himself was the designer and the inventor of the house with the help of workers of the trade. It was inspired by travels in the East to define an architecture that borrows from the medieval Machicolations and battlements and Oriental art for the arches. Founder of graphology, studied handwritten manuscripts to reveal the personality of the authors. In 1878 he published "The practical method of handwriting."
Charles de Sainte-Maure, Duke of Montausier, tutor to the Dauphin, son of Louis XIV and in whose favour the prince elevated the Barony of Montausier to a duchy-peerage in 1665.
Baptiste Roussy (1856-1926). Born in Le Tâtre, Mayor of Baignes, professor at the École pratique des hautes études and the Collège de France, author of Home Education for Women and Social Renovation which covered demographics, birth rate, and mortality, and the author of numerous works.
Alfred Séguin, (1825–1900?) born in Baignes-Sainte-Radegonde, novelist and playwright.

See also
Communes of the Charente department

Notes

References

External links
Baignes-Sainte-Radegonde official website
Baignes-Sainte-Radegonde on Villages de France website
Baignes-Sainte-Radegonde on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Ste. Radegonde and Baignes on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Charente


Barbezières () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Barbezieux-Saint-Hilaire () is a commune in the Charente department, Southwestern France. The commune was formed in 1973 by the merger of the former communes Barbezieux and Saint-Hilaire. With 4,714 inhabitants (2019), it forms the most important town in Southern Charente.

Barbezieux is a fortified hill town on the historic route south west from Paris – Poitiers to Bordeaux – Spain, now served by the N 10, which bypasses Barbezieux. The town rises from narrow streets of unspoilt, typically Charentais buildings to the medieval chateau, which dominates the western approach. Barbezieux-Saint-Hilarie is the birthplace of world-record breaker pole vaulter Renaud Lavillenie and his brother, fellow vaulter Valentin Lavillenie.

Population

Wine
Barbezieux also forms part of the Petite Champagne area of cognac wine growing, second only to the finest Grande Champagne and is in the heart of the vineyards producing cognac and the local drink Pineau de Charente.

Services
The access to the N10 means that Barbezieux has developed as a modern lively town of over 5000 inhabitants, whilst retaining all the character of the old town, with interesting shops; twice weekly markets; foires and other public entertainments; lido; cinema; sporting and equestrian facilities, also a high school, a hospital, and other important services for the whole area.

Tourism
Barbezieux is a centre for touring the South Charente and also a short drive from the coast. For tourists and cyclists following the Chemin de St Jacques to Compostella, the Voie Verte, or Green Way, is the former railway line, running approx 40 km. south from Barbezieux towards Bordeaux. There is accommodation for those wishing to visit the town including a Chambres D'Hôtes in the restored 18th century Maison de Maitre, hosting a fine collection of Modern Art, to be found in Rue de L'Alma in the heart of the old town.

St Mathias Church

The main church of Barbezieux, St Mathias, was built in the twelfth century and is one of the largest in the Diocese of Angoulême. Entering the church, there is the statue of St Mathias. At one time, the Apostle's head is said to have been kept in the church. The church has been altered over the centuries and had major restoration in the 1970s. It is a fine example of a Romanesque church, well used by the community.

Notable people
 Corine Pelluchon (born 1967), philosopher and professor

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente
County of Saintonge


Bardenac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Oscar Godfrey Johnson Jr. (March 25, 1921 – May 13, 1998) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.

Biography
Johnson joined the Army from his birthplace of Foster City, Michigan in October 1942, and by September 16, 1944 was serving as a private first class in Company B, 363rd Infantry Regiment, 91st Infantry Division. On that day and the following two days, near Scarperia, Italy, he single-handedly held his position at his unit's left flank after all other members of his squad had been killed or wounded. He was subsequently promoted to Sergeant and, on June 25, 1945, awarded the Medal of Honor by General Mark W. Clark III in Gorizia, Italy.

Johnson later joined the Michigan National Guard in July 1959, and reached the rank of Chief Warrant Officer Four before his discharge in April 1964. He died at age 77 and was buried in DeWitt Cemetery, De Witt, Michigan.

Medal of Honor citation
Johnson's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
He practically single-handed protected the left flank of his company's position in the offensive to break the German's gothic line. Company B was the extreme left assault unit of the corps. The advance was stopped by heavy fire from Monticelli Ridge, and the company took cover behind an embankment. Sgt. Johnson, a mortar gunner, having expended his ammunition, assumed the duties of a rifleman. As leader of a squad of 7 men he was ordered to establish a combat post 50 yards to the left of the company to cover its exposed flank. Repeated enemy counterattacks, supported by artillery, mortar, and machinegun fire from the high ground to his front, had by the afternoon of 16 September killed or wounded all his men. Collecting weapons and ammunition from his fallen comrades, in the face of hostile fire, he held his exposed position and inflicted heavy casualties upon the enemy, who several times came close enough to throw hand grenades. On the night of 16–17 September, the enemy launched his heaviest attack on Company B, putting his greatest pressure against the lone defender of the left flank. In spite of mortar fire which crashed about him and machinegun bullets which whipped the crest of his shallow trench, Sgt. Johnson stood erect and repulsed the attack with grenades and small arms fire. He remained awake and on the alert throughout the night, frustrating all attempts at infiltration. On 17 September, 25 German soldiers surrendered to him. Two men, sent to reinforce him that afternoon, were caught in a devastating mortar and artillery barrage. With no thought of his own safety, Sgt. Johnson rushed to the shell hole where they lay half buried and seriously wounded, covered their position by his fire, and assisted a Medical Corpsman by the name of James L. Christopher from Mount Vernon, Ohio in rendering aid. That night he secured their removal to the rear and remained on watch until his company was relieved. Five companies of a German paratroop regiment had been repeatedly committed to the attack on Company B without success. Twenty dead Germans were found in front of his position. By his heroic stand and utter disregard for personal safety, Sgt. Johnson was in a large measure responsible for defeating the enemy's attempts to turn the exposed left flank.

Legacy
The Oscar G. Johnson VA Medical Center in Iron Mountain, Michigan is named in his honor. A 46-mile section of Michigan Highway M-69 running through Foster City was renamed the Oscar G. Johnson Memorial Highway. The 91st Division Training Support Headquarters in Dublin, California, was dedicated in his memory on July 15, 2000.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

References

1921 births
1998 deaths
People from Dickinson County, Michigan
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
United States Army officers
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
Military personnel from Michigan


HMS Winchester was a 60-gun fourth rate ship of the line of the English Royal Navy, launched at Bursledon on 11 April 1693.

On 24 September 1695, Winchester foundered on Carysfort Reef in the Florida Keys and was lost.  Scurvy had killed or incapacitated almost all of the 350 crewmen; only seven were still capable of working the bilge pumps when a hurricane drove the Winchester onto the reef. Just eight of the crew were rescued. Winchester had been in company with Dunkirk and Experiment, when poor weather caused them to separate from the English squadron sailing from the West Indies to England. In the night lookouts sighted breakers ahead, but her crew was so debilitated by disease that she was unable to avoid hitting a reef. Captain Soales died on shore some days later,before being rescued. The subsequent court martial judged that the current had sent them further north than calculated.

The remains of the wreck were discovered in 1938 or 1939 lying approximately  southwest of the Carysfort Reef Light. Cannons, cannonballs, wrought iron fittings, and a couple of sundials have been recovered from the wreck.

Citations

References

 Lavery, Brian (2003) The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650-1850. Conway Maritime Press. .

External links
 Pictures of artifacts recovered from Winchester wreck
Remains of portable sundial retrieved from the Winchester shipwreck

Ships of the line of the Royal Navy
1690s ships
Ships built on the River Hamble


Wonder, Nevada, is a ghost town in Churchill County, Nevada, approximately  east of Fallon.

History

Wonder was established in May 1906 when prospectors from the town of Fairview discovered rich quartz veins in a dry wash north of Chalk Mountain.  As was typical of the era of the 'second' silver rush in Nevada, hundreds of people soon flocked to the site, and the town of Wonder was born.

A newspaper, the Wonder Mining News, began delivering issues by August, and in September 1909 the town had its own post office.  By the fall of 1906 Wonder was going full-bore; it had a stage line connecting it to both Fairview and Fallon, and the usual assortment of stores, assay offices, freight depot, restaurants, hotels, boarding houses, and- of course- saloons.  Several mining concerns were formed in Wonder, but the highest yield operation was the Nevada Wonder Mining Company.  Backed by capital from eastern concerns, its operations produced the largest yields in silver and gold from the mines, and in 1913 a large mill was built onto the hillside just to the east of the town, were the ore was soon being processed.

For the better part of 11 years Wonder was an active and bustling mining town, but the veins in the mines did not go on indefinitely, and by 1919 they had played out, and the town began to slowly slide into obscurity.  In August 1920, the post office was closed. Many of the buildings themselves were torn down to be moved on to other mining camps.  Those that did remain crumbled over the years as the harsh Nevada winters and summers took their toll.  There was a brief resurgence in mining activity in the 1930s (although nowhere near the same as had occurred earlier), but it was short-lived.

Location

Today the site of Wonder can be reached by taking a dirt road off the Dixie Valley road, which is off US 50 East heading east from Fallon. The site of Wonder is recognizable by the remains of the large mill which can still be found on the hillside east of town, and some scattered wood remains in the valley where the town site was. Several depressions of foundations for buildings which once stood may also be found.

One should be extremely careful while exploring the area, as open pits leading down into old mine shafts present a hazard for falling. While some pits may have fences that mark such dangerous cavities, many have fallen into disuse, leading to possible injury.

Mineral deposits

The gold and silver veins of Wonder consist mostly of quartz, adularia (a hydrothermal feldspar) and brecciated volcanic rock.  The ore minerals, which are contained mostly as fine disseminations within the veins, include acanthite (silver sulfide), gold and several silver halides.  Wonder is classified as a low-sulfidation (adularia-sericite) epithermal deposit.  The veins were deeply oxidized, and there was some secondary enrichment; both of these factors made the Wonder veins more economical to mine.

References

External links
 Wonder (ghosttowns.com)

Ghost towns in Churchill County, Nevada
Populated places established in 1906
Ghost towns in Nevada
1906 establishments in Nevada


PathWave Design is a division of Keysight Technologies that was formerly called EEsof ( ; electronic engineering software). It is a provider of electronic design automation (EDA) software that helps engineers design products such as cellular phones, wireless networks, radar, satellite communications systems, and high-speed digital wireline infrastructure. Applications include electronic system level (ESL), high-speed digital, RF-Mixed signal, device modeling, RF and Microwave design for commercial wireless, aerospace, and defense markets.

History
EEsof was founded in 1983 by an entrepreneur, Charles J. ("Chuck") Abronson, and a former Compact Software employee, Bill Childs.

EEsof's first products included high-frequency circuit simulators such as Touchstone and Libra. Although the Touchstone simulator itself is obsolete, its eponymous file format lives on. EEsof was acquired by Hewlett-Packard in 1993 and later spun out first as part of Agilent Technologies in 1999 and then as part of Keysight Technologies.

After the merger of HP and EEsof, the EEsof products were combined with the HP simulator, Microwave Design System (MDS). HP's entry, MDS, had been introduced in 1985.  It was developed in-house and comprised a linear circuit simulator with integrated schematic capture and graphical layout with back-annotation, a first for RF EDA software.  MDS was offered on UNIX workstations from HP, Sun, and Apollo as well on the PC.  Before the introduction of MDS, HP had a marketing relationship with EEsof and sold Touchstone software on HP platforms such as the Series 200 (but not on the PC).  The marketing relationship ended after the introduction of HP's MDS product.

The HP and EEsof harmonic balance simulators also had parallel lives before the merger. HP funded an employee Ken Kundert to do a Ph.D. at UC Berkeley. For his thesis, he developed Spectre, the first harmonic balance prototype. Some sources argue that since Berkeley had an open policy to all of its research work, EEsof was able to learn about the project and released a product, Libra, before HP was able to commercialize it in MDS. (Libra was a play on the Latin word libra for balance or scales). However, other sources say that Libra was developed completely independently. In any case, Kundert left HP to join Cadence Design Systems shortly after receiving his Ph.D. There he developed Spectre and SpectreRF.

In 1997, HP acquired Optimization Systems Associates (OSA), founded by John Bandler in 1983. OSA thereby became part of HP EEsof. OSA’s products included HarPE and OSA90/hope, featuring the world’s then most powerful harmonic balance optimizer, as well as Empipe, Empipe3D, EmpipeExpress, and empath. OSA's optimization technology and the OSA's Empipe family became the foundation of HFSS Designer and Momentum Optimization. This integration into HP’s electromagnetic product line consolidated a paradigm shift in HP's offering of their tools—a shift from analysis to design. Longer-term plans of the acquisition included leveraging OSA technology across HP's circuit- and device-simulation product lines.

On January 7, 2014, Agilent announced a plan to spin off its electronic measurement divisions, including EEsof, as a separate company, Keysight Technologies.

In 2019, Keysight started to phase out the EEsof brand in favor of their new PathWave Design branded TestOps toolchain, although the old brand is still used in some places.

Products

 Platforms:
 PathWave Advanced Design System (formerly EEsof ADS) – RF, microwave and high speed digital EDA software for wireless communications and networking, aerospace and defense, and signal integrity applications
 PathWave EM Design (formerly EEsof EMPro or Electromagnetic Professional) - 3D EM platform that integrates 3D EM simulation and circuit simulation
 PathWave RF Synthesis (formerly EEsof/Eagleware Genesys) - RF and microwave design for circuit board and subsystem designers
 PathWave System Design (formerly EEsof/Eagleware/Elanix SystemVue) - Electronic system-level design tool for system architects and algorithm developers to change the physical layer (PHY) of wireless and aerospace/defense communications systems
 PathWave RFIC Design (formerly EEsof GoldenGate and RF Design Environment) - RFIC/RF mixed-signal simulator
 PathWave Device Modeling (formerly EEsof Integrated Circuit Characterization and Analysis Program (IC-CAP)), PathWave Model Builder (formerly MBP), PathWave Model QA (MQA), PathWave WaferPro - Device modeling, characterization, and validation
 EM solvers:
 Momentum –  3D planar EM simulator that uses frequency domain Method of Moments (MoM) technology. Available with the PathWave ADS, RF Synthesis, and RFIC Design platforms.
 FEM Element (formerly Electromagnetic Design System) –  full-wave 3D simulator, frequency domain. Available with the PathWave ADS and EM Design platforms.
 FDTD Element – full 3D, time-domain simulator to analyze 3D structures. Available with the PathWave EM Design platform.

Mergers and acquisitions
The GoldenGate product was added with the Xpedion acquisition. The SystemVue and Genesys products were added as a result of the acquisition of Eagleware-Elanix in 2005., In turn, Eagleware-Elanix was a result of the merger of Eagleware and Elanix. Eagleware itself was founded in 1985 by Randy Rhea. The MBP and MQA platforms were added with EEsof's acquisition of Accelicon Technologies.

See also
 List of EDA companies
 Comparison of EDA Software
 Optimization Systems Associates

Notes

Electronic design automation companies
Software companies based in California
Hewlett-Packard acquisitions
Defunct software companies of the United States


is a Japanese manga artist from Mie prefecture. He has published his works in a number of Shogakukan manga magazines, including Shonen Sunday, Young Sunday, and Big Comic Superior.

His best-known published manga is Tuxedo Gin. Also, he was formerly an assistant to Tatsuya Egawa.

Works

 . written by Buronson
 BROTHER's
 . written by Dankan

References

1968 births
Manga artists
Living people


Mohammed Ghanim is a retired Qatari football player. He was part of the Al-Sadd team that won the 1988–89 Asian Club Championship. He scored an 85th-minute goal in Al-Saad's 3–2 first leg away defeat to Al-Rasheed. The goal eventually proved crucial; Al-Saad won the second leg 1–0, and therefore won the tournament on the away goals rule.

References

Qatari men's footballers
Living people
Al Sadd SC players
Qatar Stars League players
Al Ahli SC (Doha) players
Men's association football players not categorized by position
Year of birth missing (living people)


Financial repression comprises "policies that result in savers earning returns below the rate of inflation" to allow banks to "provide cheap loans to companies and governments, reducing the burden of repayments." It can be particularly effective at liquidating government debt denominated in domestic currency. It can also lead to large expansions in debt "to levels evoking comparisons with the excesses that generated Japan’s lost decade and the 1997 Asian financial crisis."

The term was introduced in 1973 by Stanford economists Edward S. Shaw and Ronald I. McKinnon to "disparage growth-inhibiting policies in emerging markets."

Mechanism

Financial repression may consist of any of the following, alone or in combination.:
Explicit or indirect capping of interest rates, such as on government debt and deposit rates (e.g., Regulation Q).
Government ownership or control of domestic banks and financial institutions with barriers that limit other institutions from entering the market.
High reserve requirements.
Creation or maintenance of a captive domestic market for government debt, achieved by requiring banks to hold government debt via capital requirements, or by prohibiting or disincentivising alternatives.
Government restrictions on the transfer of assets abroad through the imposition of capital controls.

These measures allow governments to issue debt at lower interest rates. A low nominal interest rate can reduce debt servicing costs, while negative real interest rates erodes the real value of government debt. Thus, financial repression is most successful in liquidating debts when accompanied by inflation and can be considered a form of taxation, or alternatively a form of debasement.

The size of the financial repression tax was computed for 24 emerging markets from 1974 to 1987. The results showed that financial repression exceeded 2% of GDP for seven countries, and greater than 3% for five countries. For five countries (India, Mexico, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Zimbabwe) it represented approximately 20% of tax revenue. In the case of Mexico financial repression was 6% of GDP, or 40% of tax revenue.

Financial repression is categorized as "macroprudential regulation"—i.e., government efforts to "ensure the health of an entire financial system.

Examples

After World War II
Financial repression "played an important role in reducing debt-to-GDP ratios after World War II" by keeping real interest rates for government debt below 1% for two-thirds of the time between 1945 and 1980, the United States was able to "inflate away" the large debt (122% of GDP) left over from the Great Depression and World War II. In the UK, government debt declined from 216% of GDP in 1945 to 138% ten years later in 1955.

China
China's economic growth has been attributed to financial repression thanks to "low returns on savings and the cheap loans that it makes possible". This has allowed China to rely on savings-financed investments for economic growth. However, because low returns also dampens consumer spending, household expenditures account for "a smaller share of GDP in China than in any other major economy". However, as of December 2014, the People’s Bank of China "started to undo decades of financial repression" and the government now allows Chinese savers to collect up to a 3.3% return on one-year deposits. At China's 1.6% inflation rate, this is a "high real-interest rate compared to other major economies".

After the 2008 economic recession
In a 2011 NBER working paper, Carmen Reinhart and Maria Belen Sbrancia speculate on a possible return by governments to this form of debt reduction in order to deal with high debt levels following the financial crisis of 2007–2008.

"To get access to capital, Austria has restricted capital flows to foreign subsidiaries in central and eastern Europe. Select pension funds have also been transferred to governments in France, Portugal, Ireland and Hungary, enabling them to re-allocate toward sovereign bonds."

Criticism
Financial repression has been criticized as a theory, by those who think it does not do a good job of explaining real world variables, and also criticized as a policy, by those who think it does exist but is inadvisable.

Critics argue that if this view was true, borrowers (i.e., capital-seeking parties) would be inclined to demand capital in large quantities and would be buying capital goods from this capital. This high demand for capital goods would certainly lead to inflation and thus the central banks would be forced to raise interest rates again. As a boom pepped by low interest rates fails to appear in the time period from 2008 until 2020 in industrialized countries, this is a sign that the low interest rates seemed to be necessary to ensure an equilibrium on the capital market, thus to balance capital-supply—i.e., savers—on one side and capital-demand—i.e., investors and the government—on the other. This view argues that interest rates would be even lower if it were not for the high government debt ratio (i.e., capital demand from the government).

Free-market economists argue that financial repression crowds out private-sector investment, thus undermining growth. On the other hand, "postwar politicians clearly decided this was a price worth paying to cut debt and avoid outright default or draconian spending cuts. And the longer the gridlock over fiscal reform rumbles on, the greater the chance that 'repression' comes to be seen as the least of all evils".

Also, financial repression has been called a "stealth tax" that "rewards debtors and punishes savers—especially retirees" because their investments will no longer generate the expected return, which is income for retirees. "One of the main goals of financial repression is to keep nominal interest rates lower than they would be in more competitive markets. Other things equal, this reduces the government’s interest expenses for a given stock of debt and contributes to deficit reduction. However, when financial repression produces negative real interest rates (nominal rates below the inflation rate), it reduces or liquidates existing debts and becomes the equivalent of a tax—a transfer from creditors (savers) to borrowers, including the government."

See also

References

Inflation
Government debt
Monetary economics
Fiscal policy
Regulatory compliance
Financial regulation
Development economics


The Sovata is a right tributary of the river Târnava Mică in Romania. It discharges into the Târnava Mică in Sovata. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Mureș County


Bourdon (; Picard: Bordon) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Bourdon is situated on the D81 and D57 road junction, some  northwest of Amiens.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

External links

 Bourdon on the Quid website

Communes of Somme (department)


The International cricket in 2008  is defined as the season of international cricket between April and August 2008 in all cricket playing countries, as well as all international matches scheduled for the 2008 English Cricket Season. Matches between January and April are defined as belonging to the 2007–08 season, while matches between September and December will fall under the 2008–09 season.

Season overview

Pre-season rankings

April

Bangladesh in Pakistan

May

New Zealand in England

Australia in West Indies

World Cricket League Division 5

The 2008 ICC World Cricket League Division Five took place in May 2008 in Jersey. 12 teams took part in the tournament, including Afghanistan, Bahamas, Botswana, Germany, Japan, Jersey, Mozambique, Nepal, Norway, Singapore, USA, Vanuatu.

Group stage

*The ICC Event Technical Committee, as per 12.1.6 of the ICC World Cricket League Division 5 Playing Conditions, decided  not to replay all of group B's abandoned games. The abandoned match between Japan and Singapore will be played on 29 May to ensure that all teams in Group ` are to be played on 29 May.

Playoffs

Final Placings

June

2008 Kitply Cup

Asia Cup

The 2008 Asia Cup took place in June 2008 in Pakistan. Six teams took part in the tournament, including Bangladesh, India, Hong Kong, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and UAE.

Group stage

Super Fours

Final

Bermuda in Canada

July

Associates Tri-Series in Scotland

South Africa in England

India in Sri Lanka

August

ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier

Group stage

Knockout stage

Bermuda in the Netherlands

Kenya in Scotland

Canada in Ireland

Kenya in the Netherlands

England in Scotland

Associates Tri-Series in Canada

Kenya in Ireland

New Zealand in Pakistan

The New Zealand national cricket team was due to tour Pakistan during the northern summer of 2008. They would have played three One Day Internationals against Pakistan. The tour was cancelled due to the political situation in the country.

Bangladesh in Australia

References

External links
 2008 season on ESPN CricInfo

2008 in cricket


"On My Way Home" is a song by Irish new-age artist Enya. It was released as the second and final single from her fourth studio album, The Memory Of Trees (1995). The song achieved minor success, reaching #26 on the UK Singles Chart in December 1996, but in Brazil, it was a top 5 hit, reaching number four. According to Enya, the song is about "those wonderful memories and fond moments that you have when you're on your way home", and wished to present a positive feel in the chorus. The song contains samples from two other Enya songs, "Book of Days" and "Orinoco Flow".

Critical reception
Larry Flick from Billboard described the song as a "sweeping excursion into soothing new-age pop." He added, "Enya's dreamy, angelic voice is sewn into a quasi-classical arrangement of strings and acoustic guitars. Her performance ultimately grounds the song, as the music takes flight and winds through countless highs and lows. An excellent way to ring in the holiday season without resorting to "Jingle Bells" too soon." Mike Joyce from The Washington Post felt that "On My Way Home" "boasts a thoroughly engaging chorus and closes the album on a cheerful note."

Track listing

Note: A version used in the music video runs for 4 minutes and 26 seconds.

Charts

References

External links

Enya songs
Songs with lyrics by Roma Ryan
Songs with music by Enya
1996 singles
1995 songs
Reprise Records singles
Pop ballads


The office of Sheriff of Sussex was established before the Norman Conquest. The Office of sheriff remained first in precedence in the counties until the reign of Edward VII when an Order in Council in 1908 gave the Lord-Lieutenant the prime office under the Crown as the Sovereign's personal representative.

At various times the sheriff of Surrey was also sheriff of Sussex (1229–1231, 1232–1240, 1242–1567, 1571–1635), The office of Sheriff of Sussex ceased with local government re-organisation in 1974, when the county was split for local government purposes into East Sussex (see High Sheriff of East Sussex) and West Sussex (see High Sheriff of West Sussex). The High Sheriffs remain the Sovereign's representative in the County for all matters relating to the Judiciary and the maintenance of law and order.

List of officeholders

1229–1565

1566–1570

1571–1636

1636–1702

1702–1799

1800–1899

1900–1973

References

Sussex


Tarek Mohammed Al-Wazir (; born 3 January 1971) is a German politician. Al-Wazir is a member of Alliance '90/The Greens, and since January 2014, he has been deputy to the Hessian Minister-President, and Hessian Minister of Economics, Energy, Transport and Regional Development. He is a member of the Landtag of Hesse and was co-chair of the Hessian Green Party.

Early life and education
Al-Wazir was born in Offenbach am Main, Hesse, the son of an upper-class Yemeni father and a teacher. He holds dual citizenship of Yemen and Germany. His parents divorced while he was a child, and he spent several years of his youth in the Yemeni capital (Sana'a) with his father, an experience he later described as very influential in his personal development.

After his Abitur in 1991, he studied political science in Frankfurt, where he earned a degree.

Political career

Al-Wazir joined the German Green Party in 1989, and has been a member ever since. From 1992 to 1994 he was chair of the party's youth organisation (Green Youth) in Hesse. He has been a member of the Landtag since 1995 and is co-chair of the Hessian Green Party (with Kordula Schulz-Asche).

He was the leader of the Greens during the Hesse state election of 2008, and as such was the Green candidate for the position of Minister-President of Hesse. His party gained 7.5% of the votes. In the aftermath of the election, he pushed hard for a "red–green–red" coalition consisting of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), the Greens, and Die Linke. This would have succeeded if not for an internal revolt by SPD members, forcing a new election in January 2009. In the 2009 elections, he again stood as the Green candidate for minister-president. Surveys showed Al-Wazir to be Hesse's most popular politician at the time of the vote. This time his party, also benefitting from popular anger at the SPD, increased its share to 13.7% of the vote, but the Greens remained out of government.

On 18 January 2014, after the 2013 state elections, Al-Wazir became Deputy of the Hessian Minister-President Volker Bouffier and Hessian Minister of Economics, Energy, Transport and Regional Development in a Black-Green coalition. Thus they formed only the third CDU-Green government in Germany's 16 federal states and the first in a big and socially diverse region. As one of Hesse's representatives at the Bundesrat, Al-Wazir is a member of the Committee on Economic Affairs and the Committee on Transport.

Al-Wazir was a Green Party delegate to the Federal Convention for electing the president of Germany in 2017.

In the negotiations to form a so-called traffic light coalition of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), the Green Party and the Free Democratic Party (FDP) following the 2021 German elections, Al-Wazir was part of his party's delegation in the working group on mobility, co-chaired by Anke Rehlinger, Anton Hofreiter and Oliver Luksic.

Other activities (selection)

Regulatory agencies
 Federal Network Agency for Electricity, Gas, Telecommunications, Post and Railway (BNetzA), member of the Advisory Board

Corporate boards
 Helaba, alternate member of the supervisory board
 HA Hessen Agentur GmbH, chair of the supervisory board
 Messe Frankfurt, member of the supervisory board
 Wirtschafts- und Infrastrukturbank Hessen (WIBank), chair of the advisory board

Non-profit organizations
 Hessischer Rundfunk, member of the broadcasting council
 Frankfurt Main Finance, member of the presidium
 Rheingau Musik Festival, Member of the Board of trustees
 Stiftung Schloss Ettersburg, member of the board of trustees

Personal life
Al-Wazir is married to a Yemeni woman, with whom he has two sons. They also split time between Germany and Yemen.

Al-Wazir's surname has been an aptronym since  he assumed ministerial office in 2014, as  "al-wazīr" is Arabic for "the government minister."

References

External links

 Homepage of Tarek Al-Wazir

1971 births
Alliance 90/The Greens politicians
Living people
German people of Yemeni descent
People from Offenbach am Main
Members of the Landtag of Hesse
Ministers of the Hesse State Government


The Black Box is a 1915 American drama film serial directed by Otis Turner. This serial is considered to be lost. The film was written in part by E. Phillips Oppenheim, a popular novelist at the time. The story was published in 1915 as a novel and as a newspaper serial. Both published editions were illustrated by photographic stills taken from the movie serial. In the novel version, about 30 stills from the movie are preserved. These can be seen in the Gutenberg.org version.

Cast
 Herbert Rawlinson as Sanford Quest
 Ann Little as Lenora MacDougal (credited as Anna Little)
 William Worthington as Prof. Ashleigh / Lord Ashleigh
 Mark Fenton as Police officer
 Laura Oakley as Laura, Quest's assistant
 Frank MacQuarrie as Craig
 Frank Lloyd as Ian MacDouglas
 Helen Wright as Lady Ashleigh
 Beatrice Van as Ashleigh's daughter
 Hylda Hollis as Mrs. Bruce Reinholdt (credited as Hilda Sloman)
 J. Edwin Brown
 Dorothy Brown
 Duke Worne
 Harry Tenbrook as Thug
 Lionel Bradshaw
 Osborne Chase

Chapter titles

An Apartment House Mystery
The Hidden Hands
The Pocket Wireless
An Old Grudge
On the Rack
The Unseen Terror
The House of Mystery
The Inherited Sin
Lost in London
The Ship of Horror
A Desert Vengeance
’Neath Iron Wheels
Tongues of Flame
A Bolt from the Blue
The Black Box

See also
 List of American films of 1915
 List of film serials
 List of film serials by studio

References

External links

Oppenheim, Edward Phillips (1915), The Black Box, New York: Grosset & Dunlap, with stills from the 1915 film serial, on the Internet Archive

1915 films
1915 drama films
1915 lost films
American black-and-white films
American silent serial films
Silent American drama films
Lost American drama films
Films directed by Otis Turner
Universal Pictures film serials
1910s American films


Swythamley Hall is a late 18th-century country house near Leek, Staffordshire which has been converted into four separate residences. It is a Grade II listed building.

Originally a monastic Grange house and lands, the manor of Swythamley was held by the Crown following the dissolution of Dieulacres Abbey and thereafter had several owners. It was acquired by the Trafford family (who owned the adjoining manor of Heaton) in 1654. The Traffords replaced the old manor (recorded in 1666 as taxable for 8 hearths) with a new house in about 1690. The family remained in residence until Edward Trafford Nicholls (High Sheriff of Staffordshire in 1818) sold the estate to John Brocklehurst in 1832.  It was subsequently inherited by John's eldest son, William, and then William's nephew Philip Lancaster Brocklehurst (1827–1904) who was created a baronet in 1903.

The Brocklehursts considerably enlarged and improved the house during the 19th century including new wings and a two storey porch to the west entrance front.

On the death of the 2nd Baronet Philip Lee Brocklehurst in 1975 his heir and great nephew sold the house and broke up the estate. For some ten years the hall was occupied as a Transcendental Meditation training centre until in 1987 when it was sold for residential redevelopment. The Grade II listed coach house was also converted into a single residence, as was the Swythamley Chapel.

Historian Ralph Elliott located "The Green Chapel", featured in the Medieval poem "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight", at or near where the Swythamley Hall manor was later built.

Notes

References

   'A History of the County of Stafford, Volume 7' (1996) pp 186-191  Manors of Heaton and Swythamley from British History Online

Grade II listed houses in Staffordshire
Transcendental Meditation
1690 establishments in England


Reverend James Moore Sr. (February 1, 1956 – June 7, 2000), born James Leslie Moore, was an American gospel artist. He died in 2000, aged 44.

Career
In his earlier days, Moore received much of his tutelage and artistic craft by gospel music legends and personal friends such as the late Dr. Mattie Moss Clark, the late Rev. James Cleveland, and Bishop Richard "Mr. Clean" White, among many others. He also gave much acclaim to the Gospel Music Workshop of America (GMWA) for the molding of his gospel music career .

After many chart-topping gospel hits and much noted success in the 1980s and early '90s, Moore soon became a household name among many gospel music listeners. He recorded two live albums, in 1991 and 1995, with The Mississippi Mass Choir, singing duets with founding member Franklin Delano Williams on the 1991 album. In the mid-'90s Moore was diagnosed with colon cancer, and his health began to suffer. After recording a new album in May 1994, he was diagnosed with diabetes, which left him bound to a wheelchair, blind and placed on dialysis. Determined to disallow any disease from hindering him to sing and minister, Moore continued singing, ministering, and recording. Moore's last recordings, "It Ain't Over (Til God Says It's Over)" which was recorded on his forty-first birthday in 1997 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and another album entitled Family and Friends, Live in Detroit, was recorded in the summer of 1999 in his hometown of Detroit, with some of his dearest industry friends and gospel notables, such as Vanessa Bell Armstrong, Rudolph Stanfield, and Darius Twyman. The album was released in early 2000, shortly before his death at the age of 44. He leaves 2 children, a daughter named  Tamara Moore & a son named Armel Moore.

Awards
Rev. Moore has also won several awards and accolades, which include a Stellar Award for Best Male Solo Performance, three Grammy Nominations, Dove Award Recipient, and several awards from the GMWA.

References

External links

 James Moore memorial

1956 births
2000 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
American gospel singers
Singers from Detroit
American Pentecostals
Members of the Church of God in Christ
Church of God in Christ pastors
20th-century African-American male singers


"Si Tú Te Vas" (English: "If You Go Away") is a song by Spanish singer Enrique Iglesias from his 1995 eponymous debut studio album. The song was co-written by Iglesias when he was 16 and his friend Roberto Morales with Rafael Pérez-Botija handling its production. It was released as the lead single from the album in October 1995. Iglesias recorded a demo of the song which was accepted by Guillermo Santiso, the president of Fonovisa Records, which led to Iglesias signing on with the company. A pop ballad, the song is about a man inspired by love and is afraid of a farewell. A music video for the song was filmed in New York and led to Iglesias being nominated for Best New Artist at the 1996 MTV Latino Awards.

The song received mixed reactions with two music critics giving it a favorable review and was cited as one of Iglesias' 10 best tracks while a reviewer was not impressed by it. "Si Tú Te Vas" won the Lo Nuestro Award for Pop Song of the Year in 1996 as well as the Eres awards for Best Song and Best Video in the same year. The song was a recipient of an American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) Latin Award in 1996 and 1997. Commercially, it topped the Billboard Hot Latin Songs and Latin Pop Airplay charts in the United States. The track spent eight weeks at this position on the former chart and ranked number 6 on its year-end chart. It also topped the charts in Mexico, Panama and Puerto Rico; reached the top-ten in Belgium, El Salvador, Bolivia and Peru; and also peaked at number 27 in France.

Background and composition
Enrique Iglesias, the youngest child of Spanish singer Julio Iglesias, began co-writing songs as a teenager with his friend Roberto Morales and continued to do so while studying at the University of Miami for business administration. One of the songs they wrote together when Iglesias was 16 was "Si Tú Te Vas". In 1994, Iglesias invited his father's publicist, Fernán Martinez, to listen to his music which Martinez enjoyed. When searching for a label to sign on, Iglesias asked Martinez to not his father's surname which led to Martinez auditioning the singer as a Colombian singer named "Enrique Martinez", adopting the publicist's surname. Iglesias borrowed $4,000 ($7,240 in 2021) from his nanny Elvira Olivares to record a demo of "Si Tú Te Vas" without his father's knowledge.

After being turned down by three major Latin music labels,  Guillermo Santiso, the president of Fonovisa Records, was impressed with both the demo of the song and the photo of the artist. "The voice was very masculine and different" Santiso recalled and the artist was then signed on to the company. As Iglesias had not informed his parents that he began pursuing a music career, he could not record in either Spain or South America, which led him to doing it in Canada. The eponymous album, which was produced by Spanish musician Rafael Pérez-Botija, was released in late 1995. A pop ballad, "Si Tú Te Vas" speaks of a "sensitive young man, inspired by love and who shouts it (and sings it) to the four winds, and is in love to the core". He confesses that his fears about a farewell could "leave him adrift in his own sea of tears".

Promotion and reception
"Si Tú Te Vas" was released as the lead single from the album in October 1995. The music video was filmed in New York and premiered on 4 October 1995 as a screen projection on a side wall of the  Pantages Theatre in Hollywood. It features an overhead light, a microphone, and a woman and several scenes in black and white. Iglesias is wearing trousers and a jacket with the wind blowing his hair at his forehead which Los 40 editor Juan Vicente commented that it "defined him as a Latin balladeer or crooner like his father". At the 1996 MTV Latino Awards, the video led to Iglesias being nominated for "Best New Artist", but lost to "De Repente" by Soraya. Iglesias performed "Si Tú Te Vas" live on Sábado Gigante in 1995, which Billboard contributor Angie Romero listed as one of the show's "10 Best Musical Moments". An Italian- and Portuguese-language version of the track was recorded under their respective titles, "Se Te Ne Vai" and "Se Você Se Vai". The song was later included on Iglesias' compilation albums The Best Hits (1999) and Enrique Iglesias: 95/08 Éxitos (2008). A remix version of the song was included on his album Remixes (1998). It was also featured on the compilation album La Historia de los Exitos (2009) by Fonovisa Records to celebrate the record label's 25th anniversary.

Thessa Mooij of Music & Media called the song a "perfect summertime blues ballad with plenty of drama and arrangements". An editor for El Nuevo Herald noted that it has an "enormous resemblance" to his father. The Democrat and Chronicle critic Manuel Rivera-Ortiz unfavorably considered the song to be "drippy and not as love-inspiring as it hopes to be". Los 40 writer Noemi Fernández listed it as one of Iglesias' ten best songs. At the 8th Annual Lo Nuestro Awards in 1996, it was awarded in the category of Pop Song of the Year. At the Premios Eres in the same year, it won "Best Song" and Best Video". The track was recognized as one of the best-performing songs of the year on the Pop/Ballad field at the 1996 American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) Latin Awards and was awarded in the same category the following year.

In the US, "Si Tú Te Vas" debuted at number 22 on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart on the week of 14 October 1995. It reached the top of the chart on the week of 30 December 1995, where it spent a total of eight nonconsecutive weeks at this position. It also topped the Billboard Latin Pop Airplay chart for two weeks. The song also peaked at number three on the Regional Mexican Airplay chart. Fonovisa heavily promoted Iglesias on Regional Mexican radio stations which did not typically play pop music by non Mexican artists. "Si Tú Te Vas" ended 1996 as the sixth  best-performing song on the Hot Latin Songs chart. It peaked at number two on the Mexican ballads chart with the top stop being held off by Marta Sánchez's song "Arena y Sol".

In Belgium, it peaked at number six and eight on the Ultratop charts in the Flanders and Wallonia regions, respectively.  The song reached number 21 in France, where it received heavy rotations on the French radio networks RTL and NRJ. MCA Director of International Marketing Kate Farmer noted was "quite an unusual response for
France" while label manager Sophie Louvet mentioned that the French media are "usually very slow. Sometimes it takes six months to get airplay or a review". The song was covered by Mexican band Paco Barron y sus Norteños Clan on their album Norteños de Pura Sangre (1996) as a Mexican cumbia medley. It was performed as part of a potpourri where the band performs other songs by Iglesias under the title "Potpourri de Quique". The medley peaked at number 10 and 7 on the Hot Latin Songs and Regional Mexican charts, respectively, and led to Iglesias and Morales being awarded an ASCAP Latin Award in 1998 on the Regional Mexican field.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

All-time charts

See also
Billboard Hot Latin Songs Year-End Chart
List of number-one Billboard Hot Latin Tracks of 1995
List of number-one Billboard Hot Latin Tracks of 1996
List of Billboard Latin Pop Airplay number ones of 1996

References

External links

1995 debut singles
1995 songs
Enrique Iglesias songs
Spanish-language songs
Songs written by Enrique Iglesias
Songs written by Roberto Morales
Fonovisa Records singles
1990s ballads
Pop ballads


The soft dome tweeter is a particular type of tweeter invented and patented in 1967 by Bill Hecht, a renowned pioneer in the early days of audio engineering and the founder of Phase Technology.

Hecht states that he was confronted with what seemed a mundane problem: When showing speakers at various audio shows, onlookers often poked at the two-inch dome tweeters of the display models, sometimes cracking them.  He set out to make a soft, mock tweeter that wouldn't crack when prodded.

“I brought it back to the lab, and I thought it might possibly make a good mid-range if I coated it,” Hecht recalls. “So I coated it with a thin rubber coating and put noise through it with a signal generator. To my absolute surprise, it went beyond 12K; that was quite a shock.”

In those days, the belief was that only a rigid tweeter was capable of producing high frequencies. The soft dome revolutionized the reproduction of high frequency sound; it produced a smoother frequency response, wider dispersion to higher frequencies, and had almost no high frequency resonances, all with much lower distortion than conventional tweeters up to that point. After it was patented, the soft dome tweeter became an industry standard and was licensed almost immediately by all major audio companies in the world including Philips, Peerless, McIntosh,  Sony, JVC, Yamaha, Pioneer, Kenwood, Shure and many more.

References
 Phase Technology Official Web Site, Retrieved January 2014

External links
Official Website
Sundown Audio

Loudspeakers


HMS Medway was a 60-gun fourth rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched at Sheerness Dockyard on 20 September 1693.

Medway, together with Chatham and Triton, captured the French Auguste on 19 August 1705.

She was rebuilt according to the 1706 Establishment at Deptford Dockyard, and relaunched on 1 August 1718. Medway was hulked in 1740.

She was eventually broken up in 1749.

Notes

References

Lavery, Brian (2003) The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650-1850. Conway Maritime Press. .
Roche, Jean-Michel (2005) Dictionnaire des Bâtiments de la Flotte de Guerre Française de Colbert à nos Jours. (Group Retozel-Maury Millau), Vol. 1.

Ships of the line of the Royal Navy
1690s ships


Bourseville (; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Bourseville is situated on the D102 and D63 road junction, some  west of Abbeville.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


History

The office of High Sheriff is over 1000 years old, with its establishment before the Norman Conquest. The Office of High Sheriff remained first in precedence in the counties until the reign of Edward VII when an Order in Council in 1908 gave the Lord-Lieutenant the prime office under the Crown as the Sovereign's personal representative. The High Sheriff remains the Sovereign's representative in the County for all matters relating to the Judiciary and the maintenance of law and order.

The office of High Sheriff for Radnorshire ceased with local government re-organisation in 1974, when it was combined with the High Sheriffs of Brecknockshire and Montgomeryshire as the High Sheriff of Powys.

List of officeholders

16th century

17th century

18th century

19th century

20th century

References

Sheriffs:Radnorshire - Powys Local History Encyclopaedia

Radnorshire
Radnorshire


Ian King may refer to:

Ian King (businessman) (born 1956), BAE Systems executive
Ian King (Australian cricketer) (born 1943), former Australian first-class cricketer
Ian King (English cricketer) (1931–2020), former English first-class cricketer
Ian King (footballer) (1937–2016), Scottish footballer and former Leicester City player
Ian King (journalist), English journalist


The 2008 Minnesota Democratic presidential caucuses took place on  Super Tuesday, February 5, 2008 with 78 delegates at stake. The winner in each of Minnesota's eight congressional districts was awarded all of that district's delegates, totaling 47. Another 25 delegates were awarded to the statewide winner, Barack Obama. The 72 delegates represented Minnesota at the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado. Sixteen other unpledged delegates, known as superdelegates, also attended the convention and cast their votes as well.

Candidates
 Hillary Clinton
 Mike Gravel
 Barack Obama

Candidates Joe Biden, Chris Dodd, Dennis Kucinich, Bill Richardson, and John Edwards dropped out of the presidential race before the Minnesota Democratic Caucus.

Money Raised from Minnesota

Process

Of the 88 delegates, 72 were allocated based on the results of the caucuses. Candidates were required to reach a threshold of 15 percent support at the precinct, congressional district, and statewide levels. Unlike other caucuses, there was no realignment of nonviable groups, and the results were binding for the delegates.

In 2008, there were more than 4,000 precinct caucus sites. Any Minnesotan who would be eligible to vote in the November general election, was not an active member of a party other than the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, and agreed with DFL party principles was allowed to participate. All participants, by signing in, affirmed their agreement with the DFL's principles. The caucus included a presidential preference primary, in which voters cast secret ballots for presidential candidates. These results were tallied and used to elect 47 delegates from each of the state's eight congressional districts as follows:

An additional 25 pledged delegates were then allocated based upon the statewide caucus vote. Sixteen of these delegates were allocated for Barack Obama while nine were allocated for Hillary Rodham Clinton.

The remaining 16 delegates were unpledged superdelegates. The 14 Democratic Party Leaders and Elected Officials (PLEOs) included seven Democratic National Committee members, six members of the United States Congress, and former Vice President Walter Mondale. There were also two unpledged add-on delegates, elected at the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party State Convention.

Pre-Caucus Events, Predictions, and Polls

Polling showed a tightening race for the nomination.

Caucus Night

Minnesotans turned out in record numbers to attend the 2008 Democratic Caucuses in locations throughout the state. The previous record turnout was about 80,000 in 1968 or 1972; the 2008 turnout exceeded 214,000. As the caucus results came in, Barack Obama consistently held a two-to-one lead over Hillary Rodham Clinton with strong support all throughout the state. Turnout at the Democratic Caucuses was significantly higher than at the Minnesota Republican Caucuses that night.

Following the results of the Super Tuesday elections, U.S. Senator Amy Klobuchar endorsed Barack Obama.

Results

See also
 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries
 2008 Minnesota Republican presidential caucuses

References

External links
 League of Women Voters of Minnesota Information on caucuses and voting
 Minnesota Public Radio, Campaign 2008: Presidential Race Campaign news and polls
 Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party Detailed caucus information

Minnesota
2008 Minnesota elections
2008
2008 Super Tuesday


The Cosumnes River AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in both Sacramento County and San Joaquin County, California.  Located mostly in Sacramento County, the region is part of the larger Lodi AVA and includes a portion of the lower Cosumnes River.  Elevations in the AVA range from about  to  above sea level.  At these low elevations, frequent fog keeps the Cosumnes River AVA cooler than other regions of Lodi.

References

American Viticultural Areas of California
Cosumnes River
Geography of Sacramento County, California
Geography of San Joaquin County, California
2006 establishments in California
American Viticultural Areas


Wishes is the second studio album by American country music artist Lari White. Released in June 1994, it contains three singles: "That's My Baby", "Now I Know", and "That's How You Know (When You're in Love)", all of which were Top 10 hits on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts.

Content
White wrote "That's My Baby" with her husband, songwriter Chuck Cannon. According to her, the song was climbing the charts when the two were on honeymoon. The album itself received RIAA gold certification in the United States.

Critical reception

Track listing

A Track omitted from cassette version.

Personnel
Richard Bennett – acoustic guitar, requinto
Chuck Cannon – background vocals
Stuart Duncan – fiddle, mandolin
Paul Franklin – steel guitar, Pedabro
Garth Fundis – background vocals
John Gardner – drums
John Hobbs – piano
Hal Ketchum – background vocals on "That's How You Know (When You're in Love)"
Larry Knechtel – piano
Chris Leuzinger – electric guitar
Mark Luna – background vocals
Brent Mason – electric guitar
Steve Nathan – piano, keyboards
Dave Pomeroy – bass guitar
Vince Santoro – drums
Stephony Smith – background vocals
Verlon Thompson – acoustic guitar, background vocals
Billy Joe Walker Jr. – acoustic guitar, gut string guitar
Biff Watson – acoustic guitar
Lari White – lead vocals, background vocals

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

1994 albums
RCA Records albums
Lari White albums
Albums produced by Garth Fundis


The 10th Arabian Gulf Cup () was held in Kuwait, between 21 February to 9 March 1990. All matches were played at Peace & Friendship Stadium.

Saudi Arabia withdrew before the tournament, as they considered that the horses in the competition logo were a reference to two animals used by the Kuwaitis in the Battle of Jahra in 1920. Iraq also withdrew while the tournament was still running, complaining about the referee on their tie with the UAE.

Matches

Annulled games

Result

References

External links
 Official Site (Arabic)
 RSSSF page

1990
1990 in Asian football
1990
1989–90 in Qatari football
1989–90 in Bahraini football
1989–90 in Emirati football
1989–90 in Kuwaiti football
1989–90 in Iraqi football
1990 in Kuwaiti sport