During the Soviet struggle to establish control over Western Ukraine, NKVD units dressed as UPA fighters committed atrocities in order to demoralize the civilian population, and to turn the people against nationalist groups.

Some of the NKVD units consisted of former UPA members.  From the November 1944 NKVD starting usage of  so-called “special groups” composed from voluntarily surrendered OUN and UPA members and, sometimes, 1 of NKVD communication officer.

Their tasks were:
 capturing or extermination of OUN-UPA head staff and/or headquarters;
 extermination of small UPA units and local detachment of OUN and SB (OUN Security Service);
 localization of UPA units for NKVD service and troops action;
 Extermination of OUN-UPA communication network;
 data collection before large scale NKVD operations;
 Localization and destruction of OUN-UPA bunkers-stockpiles.

As of June 20, 1945 such groups were numbered 156 with 1783 of personnel. Since summer 1945 the fact of such group existence also became known for OUN/UPA, thus the NKVD stopped new groups creation and rejoin the existing to larger size formation (initially they can have from 3 to 50 persons depending on task). In 1946-47 such group was formed by MGB. According to report from 15 February 1949 No. 4/001345 from Military Judge of Ukrainian area to Khrushchev, some special groups committed atrocities against the civil population in order to falsify their links with OUN/UPA and summon faked OUN/UPA detachments, sometimes even they exterminate Soviet agents from other region or authority . In many cases such “crimes against Soviet law” were hidden by local regional MGB staff, nevertheless some of such “groups” were prosecuted by Military Court.

In 2008, the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) has published information about the actions of special groups from the NKVD posing as fighters of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) and the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) in the western regions of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic during the 1944-1954 period. About 150 such special groups consisting of 1,800 people operated until 1954.

See also

 The NKVD special groups
 The Ukrainian Insurgent Army

Footnotes

Military units and formations of the NKVD
False flag operations
Ukrainian Insurgent Army


From March 9 to June 1, 1948, voters of the Republican Party elected delegates to the 1948 Republican National Convention, in part to choose the party nominee for president in the 1948 United States presidential election.

The 1948 Republican National Convention was held from June 21 to June 25, 1948, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey was nominated for president and California Governor Earl Warren was nominated for vice president. Dewey and Warren went on to lose the general election to the Democratic Party's ticket of incumbent President Harry S. Truman and Kentucky senator Alben W. Barkley

Candidates
Both the Republican Party and the Democratic Party courted Dwight D. Eisenhower, the most popular United States general of World War II. Eisenhower's political views were unknown in 1948. He was, later events would prove, a moderate Republican, but in 1948 he flatly refused the nomination of any political party.

With Eisenhower refusing to run, the contest for the Republican nomination was between New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey, former Minnesota Governor Harold Stassen, General Douglas MacArthur, Ohio Senator Robert A. Taft and California Governor Earl Warren. Governor Dewey, who had been the Republican nominee in 1944, was regarded as the frontrunner when the primaries began. Dewey was the acknowledged leader of the GOP's powerful eastern establishment; in 1946 he had been re-elected Governor of New York by the largest margin in state history. Dewey's handicap was that many Republicans disliked him; he often struck observers as cold, stiff and condescending. Senator Taft was the leader of the GOP's conservative wing. He opened his campaign in 1947 by attacking the Democratic Party's domestic policy and foreign policy. In foreign policy, Taft was a non-interventionist who opposed many of the alliances the U.S. government had made with other nations to fight the Cold War with the Soviet Union; he believed that the nation should concentrate on its own problems and avoid "imperial entanglements". On domestic issues, Taft and his fellow conservatives wanted to abolish many of the New Deal social welfare programs that had been created in the 1930s; they regarded these programs as too expensive and harmful to business interests. Taft had two major weaknesses: he was seen as a plodding, dull campaigner, and he was viewed by most party leaders as being too conservative and controversial to win a presidential election. Taft's support was limited to his native Midwestern United States and parts of the Southern United States.

The "surprise" candidate of 1948 was Stassen, the former "boy wonder" of Minnesota politics. Stassen had been elected governor of Minnesota at the age of 31; he resigned as governor in 1943 and served in the United States Navy in World War II. In 1945 he had served on the committee which created the United Nations. Stassen was widely regarded as the most "liberal" of the Republican candidates, yet as the primaries continued he was criticized for being vague on many issues.

The following political leaders were candidates for the 1948 Republican presidential nomination:

Major candidates
These candidates participated in multiple state primaries or were included in multiple major national polls.

Competing in primaries

Bypassing primaries
The following candidates did not actively campaign for any state's presidential primary, but may have had their name placed on the ballot by supporters or may have sought to influence to selection of un-elected delegates or sought the support of uncommitted delegates.

Favorite sons
The following candidates ran only in their home state's primary or caucus for the purpose of controlling its delegate slate at the convention and did not appear to be considered national candidates by the media.

 Businessman Riley A. Bender of Illinois
 R.W. Hitchcock of South Dakota

Polling

National polling

Source:

Primary campaign

New Hampshire: March 9
Dewey declined to enter the campaign actively while the New York legislature remained in session. In New Hampshire, that meant Dewey relied on the state's Governor, Charles M. Dale, and other supporters to deliver the eight-person delegation to his column. His campaign spent only $9,000.

The result was inconclusive. Dewey took six of the state's eight delegates, and the most popular Dewey delegate outpolled the most popular Stassen delegate by 28,000 votes to 21,000.

Wisconsin: April 6
Wisconsin had proven decisive in 1944 by eliminating Wendell Willkie from the campaign after a poor showing; in 1948, it evolved into a contest between native son Douglas MacArthur and neighbor Harold Stassen of Minnesota. Dewey, maintaining his front-runner approach, remained in Albany and nearly declined to enter the primary, submitting his name only halfheartedly at the last minute.

The Stassen campaign benefited from the large Scandinavian population and the support of Senator Joseph McCarthy, while MacArthur, still in Tokyo, was supported by the La Follette family, the Milwaukee Sentinel, and many of Dewey's 1944 campaigners. McCarthy, a Catholic, criticized MacArthur for his remarriage and divorce; the attack was aimed at the state's large Catholic population. Stassen also succeeded by appealing to both young and liberal voters (through internationalist foreign policy) and conservative and ethnic voters (by calling for a national ban on the Communist Party). In an indirect attack on Dewey, he noted that forty percent of the nation's communists resided in New York.

Though he did not initially campaign in the state, Dewey was weakened by Wisconsin; the leading candidates and other enemies, like former Congressman Hamilton Fish III, had the opportunity to attack him while he remained in New York. Dewey briefly entered the fray in the final days, delivering speeches at Kenosha and Appleton College, and issuing a statewide radio broadcast on April 1 to criticize Stassen's proposed ban on communists, famously arguing, "You can't shoot an idea with a gun."

Stassen won a triumph over MacArthur, taking nineteen delegates to the General's eight. Dewey was shut out, though he captured ten delegates in Oklahoma.

Nebraska: April 13

One week after Wisconsin, Stassen again bested Dewey in Nebraska. Dewey had made a much stronger effort there, having left Wisconsin early to deliver a foreign policy speech in Lincoln. The two were joined on the campaign trail in Nebraska by Senator Robert A. Taft, entering his first primary. Given a break in the Senate schedule for Lincoln's birthday, Taft campaigned in Nebraska, as well as Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, and Colorado in the span of one week.

Taft was unpopular in the state over his opposition to farm subsidies and unable to campaign until Senate business concluded; he likely  preferred to bypass the state altogether. His hand was forced, however, by an independent committee which placed the names of all candidates on the ballot and Senator Hugh A. Butler, who offered Taft the support of his political organization and personally planned a three-day campaign trip for him; he reluctal. The result was disaster for Taft, who finished a distant third (with only twice the vote of the non-candidate Vandenberg) and a boost for Stassen, who won a clean victory over Dewey.

Now with clear momentum, Stassen appeared to be the favorite for the nomination; he led in the Gallup poll for the first time and was the betting favorite to win the crucial Oregon primary, his next showdown with Dewey. Faced with the definite prospect of a third failed presidential campaign, the press began to write Dewey off. "Although he is not a tragic figure," wrote the liberal magazine The Nation, "there is an element of tragedy in his collapse as a leading contender. ... [H]e has pursued such a cautious course and been so clearly motivated by ambition that he stands for nothing and has no real friends."

Dewey thus decided to stake his political career on Oregon and left for the state on April 20, to establish a campaign and barnstorm for votes.

Ohio: May 4
In January, Stassen made a serious violation of political etiquette by challenging a candidate in his home state. Though Taft personally appealed to Stassen to desist for both candidacies' sakes, the Minnesotan pressed forward with a January 25 announcement that he would controversially file in Ohio, angering Taft and his conservative supporters. Stassen reasoned that he must campaign in the state, since he relied entirely on popular support without establishment backing.
After losing Nebraska, Taft hurried home, where he would campaign from April l7 until primary day, speaking eight to ten times per day.

Stassen focused his strength by running a slate of only twenty-three delegates out of a possible fifty-three. Only one, a respected former Ohio Supreme Court justice, ran at-large; the other twenty-two ran in carefully selected districts in the urban centers of Akron, Cleveland, Dayton, and Youngstown. Stassen presumed that voters in these districts would oppose Taft for his sponsorship of the anti-union Taft-Hartley Act.

Taft ridiculed Stassen for vagueness on the issues and took a firm stance in response against universal military training. He proudly spoke in favor of Taft-Hartley and also noted his public housing and education aid bills. Taft's public relations advisor L. Richard Guylay utilized a radio campaign based on the principles of Gustave Le Bon, targeting veterans, young voters, and even union members with a direct appeal to emotion.

The primary was a resounding victory for Taft. Out of the twenty-two district races, Stassen won only nine. His sole delegate at-large finished last. Taft was particularly gratified by the support in industrial regions and told Newsweek that he had received a "new lease on life." Stassen had been dealt his first major blow and permanently alienated the conservative wing of the party in the process. Privately, however, Taft acknowledged Ohio as a Pyrrhic victory; the effort strained his health and budget and gave Dewey a major leg up on both exhausted candidates,.

Oregon: May 21
Beginning after his loss in Nebraska, Dewey prepared for a final stand in Oregon; he proclaimed to advisors that his political career was at stake. Oregon was the only remaining state in which he would compete directly with Stassen for delegates elected by the voters. He had established a campaign strategy in the crucial state in July 1947 with Herbert Brownell and local campaign veteran Ralph Moores, but by March, Moores warned Dewey that the campaign was adrift, and that it would be "desperately hard" to regain the advantage over Stassen.

Dewey enlisted support from various lobbyists and groups, including Winthrop Aldrich, the Brooklyn Real Estate Board, the New York American Federation of Labor, Detroit Edison, the Michigan Alumni Association, Detroit Edison, and the Railroad Brother; he was even backed by lobbyists from the Minnesota Rose Society in Stassen's home state. The campaign established several interest group-specific campaigns, including those for sportsmen, teachers, dentists, lawyers, osteopaths, and farmers. Among those constituencies targeted were the state's 12,000 black voters, who received mailings paying tribute to Dewey's efforts for a landmark anti-discrimination law and practice of race-blind hiring in state employment.

Dewey arrived in the state personally on May 1, campaigning throughout the state; within the first week, he met 35,000 voters. By May 12, Dewey forces had spent $71,000 in the state, most raised by Harold Talbott of the Chrysler Corporation. The campaign would ultimately spend around $150,000, triple the state record, on billboards, radio spots, newspaper advertisements, and half-hour broadcasts. The day before the primary, the Dewey campaign ran a telegram to every physician in the state, written by a former Stassen supporter who had soured on the candidate over socialized medicine.

Stassen, exhausted from his campaign in Ohio, found himself on the defensive for the first time and returned to Oregon earlier than he had planned. His opponents now criticized him for being vague on the issues, including Taft-Hartley, universal military training, and reciprocal tariffs.

Radio debate
In the final week of the campaign, Stassen returned to anti-communism, the issue which had boosted his campaign to the forefront. Stassen attacked Dewey for a "soft, coddling policy" on communism in the United States and challenged him to a direct debate on the issue—the first ever head-to-head radio debate between two presidential candidates. Dewey accepted, and as the challenged party, chose the format, topic, and rules; the debate would be broadcast nationally on 900 stations from a quiet studio at KEX Portland. The single topic: "Shall the Communist Party be outlawed in the United States?" The debate was heard by an estimated 40–80 million listeners throughout the country, one of the largest audiences in history.

During the debate, Stassen read credited his wartime service and world travels for his belief than an international Communist network demanded immediate, punitive response. Dewey responded with an extemporaneous criticism of the Mundt-Nixon Bill as a "grievous error," and pointed to the fact that Canada had banned communism but still hosted an international espionage ring in the Russian embassy.

In his concluding remarks, Dewey delivered the most famous lines of the night:

"I am unalterably, wholeheartedly, and unswervingly against any scheme to write laws outlawing people because of their religion, political, social, or economic ideas. I am against it because it is a violation of the Constitution of the United States and the Bill of Rights, and clearly so. I am against it because it is immoral and nothing but totalitarianism itself. I am against it because I know from a great many years experience in the enforcement of the law that the proposal wouldn't work, and instead would rapidly advance the cause of Communism in the United States and all over the world. ... Stripped to its naked essentials, this is nothing but the method of Hitler and Stalin. It is thought control, borrowed from the Japanese war leadership. It is an attempt to beat down ideas with a club. It is a surrender of everything we believe in."

Dewey won the primary by just under 10,000 votes; Stassen no longer had a direct path to the nomination and had failed at establishing himself as the clear popular favorite. Though Stassen had entered the primaries as the presumable heir to Wendell Willkie as the leader of liberal Republicans, the debate over communism had flipped his and Dewey's positions. He now entered negotiations with Taft to block Dewey's nomination at the convention.

Statewide contests by winner

 Italics - Write-In Vote

Primaries total popular vote results:
 Earl Warren - 771,295 (26.99%)
 Harold Stassen - 627,321 (21.96%)
 Robert A. Taft - 464,741 (16.27%)
 Thomas E. Dewey - 330,799 (11.58%)
 Riley A. Bender - 324,029 (11.34%)
 Douglas MacArthur - 87,839 (3.07%)
 Leverett Saltonstall - 72,191 (2.53%)
 R. W. Hitchcock - 45,463 (1.59%)
 Edward Martin - 45,072 (1.58%)
 Unpledged delegates - 28,854 (1.01%)
 Arthur H. Vandenberg - 18,924 (0.66%)
 Dwight D. Eisenhower - 5,014 (0.18%)
 Harry S. Truman - 4,907 (0.17%)
 Henry A. Wallace - 1,452 (0.05%)
 Joseph W. Martin - 974 (0.03%)

Convention

The 1948 Republican National Convention was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the first presidential convention to be shown on television. As the convention opened, Dewey was seen as having a large lead in the delegate count. His major opponents – Taft, Stassen, and Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg of Michigan – met in Taft's hotel suite to plan a "stop-Dewey" movement. However, a key obstacle soon developed when the three men refused to unite behind a single candidate to oppose Dewey. Instead, all three men simply agreed to try to hold their own delegates in the hopes of preventing Dewey from obtaining a majority. This proved to be futile, as Dewey's efficient campaign team gathered up the delegates they needed to win the nomination. After the second round of balloting, Dewey was only 33 votes short of victory. Taft then called Stassen and urged him to withdraw from the race and endorse him as Dewey's main opponent. When Stassen refused, Taft wrote a concession speech and had it read at the start of the third ballot; Dewey was then nominated by acclamation. Dewey then chose popular Governor Earl Warren of California as his running mate. Following the convention, most political experts in the news media rated the GOP ticket as an almost-certain winner over the Democrats.

See also
1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries

References

Notes

Further reading


In the Battle of the Bidasoa (or the Battle of Larrun) on 7 October 1813 the Allied army of Arthur Wellesley, Marquess of Wellington wrested a foothold on French soil from Nicolas Soult's French army. The Allied troops overran the French lines behind the Bidassoa River on the coast and along the Pyrenees crest between the Bidasoa and La Rhune (Larrun). The nearest towns to the fighting are Irun on the lower Bidassoa and Bera on the middle Bidasoa. The battle occurred during the Peninsular War, part of the wider Napoleonic Wars.

Wellington aimed his main assault at the lower Bidasoa, while sending additional troops to attack Soult's centre. Believing his coastal sector secure, Soult held the right flank with a relatively weak force while concentrating most of his strength on his left flank in the mountains. However, the British general obtained local intelligence that indicated that water levels on the lower river were much lower than the French suspected. After careful planning, Wellington launched a surprise assault which easily overran the French left flank defences. In the centre, his army also won through the French defenses, though his Spanish allies were repulsed in one attack. At the beginning of the fighting, Soult realised that his left flank was in no danger, but it was too late to reinforce his positions on the right. Some French generals were shocked at how poorly their soldiers fought.

Background

Operations
In the Battle of San Marcial on 31 August and 1 September 1813, Soult's army was repelled in its final bid to advance into Spain. After a costly assault followed by a brutal sack of the city, the Allies also brought the Siege of San Sebastián to a successful conclusion in early September. A French garrison held out in the Siege of Pamplona which would end in a surrender on October 31.  The British commander also wanted to capture French positions that overlooked the Allied lines on the west side of the Bidassoa.

Preparations
Because the French troops had begun to plunder their fellow citizens, Emperor Napoleon's Minister of War, Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke ordered Marshal Soult to defend a position as close to the frontier as possible. He had to hold a  front in the Pyrenees mountains. The area was highly defensible, but lateral communications were poor.

Deciding that the coastal sector was the strongest part of his line, Soult posted General of Division Honoré Charles Reille and 10,550 men to defend that sector. Reille's command included General of Division Antoine Louis Popon de Maucune's 3,996-strong 7th Division and General of Division Pierre François Xavier Boyer's 6,515-strong 9th Division. Maucune held the lower Bidassoa on the Bay of Biscay, while Boyer defended the stream farther inland. Behind them was the entrenched camp of Bordagain and the port of St-Jean-de-Luz which were held by General of Division Eugene-Casimir Villatte's 8,018-man Reserve Division.

General of Division Bertrand Clausel held the centre with 15,300 men under Generals of Division Nicolas François Conroux, Jean-Pierre Maransin, and Eloi Charlemagne Taupin. On the right, near the Bidassoa, stood the La Bayonette redoubt. Mont La Rhune (Larrun) rose in the center of Clausel's sector. His left touched the Nivelle River near Ainhoa. Conroux's 4th Division numbered 4,962 men; Maransin's 5th Division counted 5,575 troops; Taupin's 8th Division had 4,778 soldiers and held the area just north of Bera. Soult's gunners, sappers, and other troops added up to 2,000 and his total forces numbered 55,088 effectives. His cavalry was stationed in the Nive valley.

Fearing an allied thrust over the Maya Pass and down the Nivelle River to the sea, Soult gave General of Division Jean-Baptiste Drouet, Comte d'Erlon 19,200 men to hold his left flank. D'Erlon's corps included the soldiers of Generals of Division Maximilien Sebastien Foy, Jean Barthélemy Darmagnac, Louis Jean Nicolas Abbé, and Augustin Darricau. These troops held a line from Ainhoa to the mountain fortress of St-Jean-Pied-de-Port, covering the Maya and Roncevaux Passes. Darricau's 4,092-man 6th Division was deployed between Ainhoa and Sare; Abbé's 6,051-strong 3rd Division was west of Ainhoa; Darmagnac's 4,447-man 2nd Division held Ainhoa; Foy's 4,654-strong 1st Division held the fortress at the extreme left flank.

Wellington had 64,000 Anglo-Portuguese infantry and artillery, plus 25,000 Spanish soldiers from the Army of Galicia. Since cavalry was of little use in the mountains, the British commander sent most of his horse regiments to the rear, keeping a few light dragoons for patrolling. In order to gain his bridgehead, Wellington had to force a crossing of the Bidassoa estuary. The river was  wide and  deep at the high-water mark below the Île de la Conference. The French never suspected that there was only  of water over the lower fords at certain low tides, a fact that the Allies gleaned from Basque fishermen. Allied intelligence knew that the next low tide was 7 October.

The crossing was meticulously planned. Near the lower fords, British engineers built a turf wall near the river. This would shelter Andrew Hay's 5th Division during the time before it crossed the river. Wellington positioned five field batteries and three 18-pound siege cannon to provide fire support to the attacking infantry.

Battle

Allied Army
Arthur Wellesley, Marquess of Wellington (89,000, 24,000 engaged)

French Army

Bidassoa
At 7:25 am the 5th Division launched its attack from near Hondarribia (Fuenterrabia). It came as a complete surprise to the French, who had deployed only Maucune's 4,000 men to defend six km (four miles) of river. Immediately, Hay's men gained a foothold at the village of Hendaye and swung two brigades to the right to assist the crossing of Kenneth Howard's 1st Division. At 8:00 am, Howard's men, Thomas Bradford's independent Portuguese brigade and Lord Aylmer's independent British brigade forded the river near a destroyed bridge at Béhobie. Three Spanish brigades from Manuel Freire's two divisions (Del Barco and Barcena) crossed farther to the right. Rapidly, the British overran the Croix des Bouquets position and the Spanish captured Mont Calvaire at . The entire ridge on the French side of the river fell into Allied hands at the cost of only 400 casualties. With the high ground in his possession, Wellington suspended the attack.

That morning Soult was absorbed in watching Henry Clinton's 6th Division advancing from the Maya Pass. The division's Portuguese brigade boldly seized the Urdax ironworks, losing 150 men in the combat. Soult suddenly realised the operation was only a demonstration. He rode off to his coastal sector but he was too late to help Reille.

La Rhune

The toughest fighting of the day occurred in Clausel's sector. John Colborne's brigade of Charles Alten's Light Division attacked La Bayonette at . The French charged downhill and drove back the green-jacketed skirmishers of the 95th Rifles Foot. Suddenly the 1/52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry) appeared out of the trees and quickly turned the tables. Following closely behind the retreating French, the redcoats of the 52nd overran the redoubt with surprising ease.

Meanwhile, James Kempt's other Light Division brigade and Francisco de Longa's Spanish division attacked up two spurs of La Rhune to secure some positions. To their right, Pedro Girón's two Andalusian divisions (Virues and La Torre) attacked the summit of La Rhune. Though the Spanish attacked repeatedly, they were defeated. However, the next day the French abandoned the position to avoid encirclement.

Results
The Allies were victorious for the first time on French soil. In Reille's sector, the French lost 390 killed and wounded, plus 60 men and eight cannons captured. In Clausel's sector, the French suffered 600 killed and wounded, plus 598 men and nine cannons captured. The British lost 82 killed, 486 wounded, and five missing, or a total of 573. The Portuguese lost 48 killed, 186 wounded, and eight missing, or a total of 242. The Spanish suffered the balance of the 1,600 total Allied casualties. The defeat lowered morale in Soult's army. Except at La Rhune, French troops did not obstinately defend their positions. Villatte commented, "with troops like these we can expect only disgrace". Soult made Maucune the scapegoat, dismissed him from his division, and sent him to the rear. After the battle, some of the Allied troops indulged themselves in the looting of French homes and towns. Wellington came down harshly on British troops caught plundering. He felt sympathetic to the Spanish, who had seen their nation ravaged by French soldiers, but he determined to tolerate no looting for fear of provoking a guerilla war.

During the follow-up to this victory, Spanish troops seized the Sainte-Barbe Redoubt at ,  south of the village of Sare. On 12 October, Conroux's division recaptured the fort from its garrison of La Torre's division and drove off a five-battalion Spanish counterattack. French casualties are estimated at 300, while the Spanish lost 300 killed and wounded, plus 200 captured. The next engagement was the Battle of Nivelle on 10 November 1813.

Explanatory notes

Notes

References

External links

Battles of the Peninsular War
Battles of the Napoleonic Wars
Battle of the Bidassoa (1813)
Battles involving France
Battles involving the United Kingdom
Battles involving Portugal
Battles involving Spain
Battles in Nouvelle-Aquitaine
History of Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Battle of the Bidassoa (1813)
October 1813 events
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington


Uvs Lake Basin (also Uvs Nuur Basin or Ubs Nuur Basin; ) is an endorheic basin located on the territorial border of Mongolia and Tuva, a republic of the Russian Federation. The basin is part of the Central Asian Internal Drainage Basin and is named after Uvs Lake (Uvs Nuur, Ubsu Nur), a large saline lake situated in the western part of its drainage basin, and is one of the last remnants of the mammoth steppes. Uvs Lake is a shallow lake with an area of . Its entire basin, which includes several smaller lakes, is .

Uvs Lake Basin may also refer to Ubsunur Hollow (Russian: Убсунурская котловина, Ubsunorskaya Kotlovina), which is the western part of the drainage basin, or to over  of protected areas covering the lake and its surroundings. The hollow forms the northern part of the Great Lakes Depression, which has a surface of over . The hollow, and most of the drainage basin, are situated in the Khövsgöl, Zavkhan and Uvs Provinces of north-western Mongolia, and the Mongun-Tayginsky, Ovyursky, Tes-Khemsky and Erzinsky Districts of southern Tuva.

The basin is part of a combination of raised lands and hollows located throughout the Tannu-Ola and Altai mountainous regions. Here, the world's most northern desert meets the Northern Hemisphere's most southern tundra zone. An area of , around three quarters of which lies in Mongolia, was designated Biosphere Reserve in 1997, and a partly overlapping zone of around the same size was designated UNESCO World Heritage in 2003. The Mongolian part of the lake and its immediate surroundings were further adopted as Ramsar wetland in 2004.

Geography

The Tannu-Ola mountains form the northern border of Ubsunur Hollow. , the only freshwater lake of the basin, lies, like Uvs Lake, on the Russian-Mongolian border. The more eastern part of the Uvs Lake drainage basin extends, in the north, to the Sengilen ridge of the Sayan Mountains, and in the east, to the basin of Sangiin Dalai Lake. The southern part of the hollow is bordered by the basin of Khyargas Lake, with the Khan Khökhii mountains separating both basins of the Great Lakes Depression. More to the east, the  forms the southern border of Uvs Lake's drainage basin. West of the Uvs Lake Basin lies the endorheic basin of Üüreg Lake, bordered by the Altai Mountains. The  separates, in part, the Uvs and Üüreg lake basins. The south-western tip of the Uvs Lake Basin covers most of the  range, and includes the north-eastern slopes of

Archaeology

According to Greenpeace, Ubsunur Hollow counts 40,000 archaeological sites from nomadic Scythians, Turks, Huns and other tribes. A number of its archaeological artefacts remain unstudied. In Central Asia, it has the highest concentration of burial mounds, constituting around half of its archaeological sites, and many of which are older than the Egyptian pyramids. Thousands of rock carvings and stone sculptures remain from medieval settlements and Buddhist temples.

Archaeological searches carried out in 2007–2008 on the Por-Bazhyn ruins, which are situated on an islet in the Russian part of Tere-Khol' Lake, suggested that the enclosure was built around the middle of the second half of the 8th century, under the Uyghur Khaganate.

Population

The population density is low in the Ubsunur Hollow. Populated almost exclusively by the nomadic Tuvan people, cattle breeders living in yurts, The lack of industry and the reliance of the inhabitants on traditional ways of life, such as nomadic pasturing, have had little impact on the landscape and have allowed the ecosystem to remain relatively free from the negative effects that human presence can impose. Both the Russian
and the Mongolian parts of the hollow are home to nomadic Tuvan cattle herders, who live in yurts and make up virtually all of the population.

Flora and fauna

The Hollow, located on the border between Mongolia and Russia, lies at the intersection of complex ecosystems. Its area is . The terrain includes glaciers,  desert, alpine tundra,  sub alpine meadows, and  a vast mountain taiga areas. There are also forested steppes, treeless steppes, semi-arid deserts, and ever shifting sand dunes. It is a diversified natural habitat, producing an interaction of Euro-Siberian and Central Asian-Mongolian plant and animal life.

Due to its location on the cusp of the Siberian and Central Asian-Mongolian terrains, the flora and fauna of the hollow exhibit a high biodiversity for mid-latitudes. Animal species that inhabit both mountains and tundra, such as the Siberian roe deer and Altai snowcock, flourish here. The endangered snow leopard is also present, as well as taiga dwellers such as the Caspian red deer, lynx and wolverine. Steppe dwellers include the Mongolian lark, demoiselle crane and long-tailed Siberian squirrel. Desert inhabitants include the bustard and midday gerbil. The bird species alone number some 359. Since the hollow is a protected area, many ancient species extinct in other regions have found refuge here.

Conservation instruments

In 1993 Russia protected the Tuvan parts of Ubsunur Hollow as the Ubsunurskaya Kotlovina State Nature Biosphere Reserve. In 1995 Greenpeace Russia prepared its proposal to nominate Ubsunur Hollow, in conjunction with Mongolia, as World Heritage Site, describing it as "one of the largest intact watersheds in Central Asia".

Biosphere Reserve
Ubsunur Hollow Biosphere Reserve is a fragile mountain hollow or depression located on the territorial border of Mongolia and  the Republic of Tuva in the Russian Federation among the mountains  — Tannu-Ola Mountains, and the Altay Mountains region —  part of a combination of raised lands and depressions. Here the world's most northern desert meets the world's most southern  tundra zone.

Ubsunur Hollow Reserve (Tuva) was awarded international Biosphere Reserve status in 1998, as a step toward protecting Southern Siberia's wilderness which contain  Russia's largest intact tracts of Siberian Pine and Siberian Fir-dominated ecosystems.

World Heritage Site
Ubsunur Hollow was nominated for inclusion  in Russia's second World Heritage Site (the first being the Virgin Komi Forests) in 1995  as "one of the largest intact watersheds in Central Asia where up to 40,000 unexcavated burial mounds and other archaeological sites can be found from historically famous nomadic tribes such as the Scythians, the Turks and the Huns." The nomination was submitted in conjunction with the Tuva Republic and Mongolia and included 75,000 square kilometres of forest and steppe and associated cultural and natural heritage. Other sites included in this first Russian listing proposal were:
 The Virgin Komi Forests  in the Russian Far East (40,000 km2).
 The Volcanoes of Kamchatka (40,000 km2) including unique  forests, salmon streams and volcanoes on the Kamchatka Peninsula).
 The sources of the Ob River in the Altai Mountains (65,000 km2 of mountain ecosystem) of Siberia.
 Vodlozero National Park (including Lake Vygozero) (10,000 km2), Europe's largest intact wetland and old-growth boreal forest (taiga) ecosystem.

The Uvs Lake Basin World Heritage Site, designated as 769rev in 2003, includes:
Mongun Taiga, Russia (), west of the Uvs Lake drainage basin.
Ubsu-Nur, Russia (), area at the north-eastern tip of Uvs Lake.
Oroku-Shinaa, Russia (), northern part of the zone around the Tes River, adjacent to part 12 on the Mongolian side.
Aryskannyg, Russia (), east of the previous zone, partly in the Tannu-Ola mountains
Jamaalyg, Russia (), west of Erzin
Tsugeer els, Russia (), northern part of , and environs
Ular, Russia (), situated in the western part of the Sengilen ridge
, Mongolia (), part of the
, Mongolia (), mountain range south of Üüreg Lake, near Türgen, Uvs.
Uvs Lake, Mongolia (), bulk of the Uvs Lake zone
Altan els, Mongolia (), sand dune region south of Tere-Khol' Lake, including the Mongolian part of that lake
Tes River, Mongolia (), zone between the delta at Uvs Lake and the Russian border

See also
Nomad
Tuvans

References

External links
Ubsu-Nur Accepted into World Network of Biosphere Reserves
Russian Federation Legislative Survey: June 1990-December 1993
Surveying the Lop Nor
 Uvs Nuur Basin at Natural Heritage Protection Fund website

Mongolia–Russia border
Landforms of Tuva
Endorheic basins of Asia
Depressions of Russia
Depressions of Mongolia
Biosphere reserves of Russia
Biosphere reserves of Mongolia
World Heritage Sites in Russia
World Heritage Sites in Mongolia
Zapovednik


Erysimum menziesii is a species of Erysimum known by the common name Menzies' wallflower.

This rare plant is endemic to California. It is found only in the declining beach sand dune habitat in three areas on the California coastline, in Humboldt, Mendocino, and Monterey Counties. It is listed as an endangered species on the California state and federal levels. There are three to four subspecies depending on the authority, and each is rare.

Description
Erysimum menziesii is a mustardlike biennial or perennial herb which is short in size, reaching maximum heights of usually not more than 15 centimeters. The leaves are long and straight along the stem, and often thicker, hairier, and lobed in shape at the base. The top of the stem is occupied by a thick bunch of flowers with bright yellow, rounded petals. The flowers fall away to leave behind the fruits, which are very long siliques sticking straight out. The plant can vary in appearance, particularly across subspecies.

At least one subspecies is pollinated by the similarly distressed bee Emphoropsis miserabilis. The plant has high fecundity, but very low seedling survivorship, with over 98% of seedlings perishing within the first year. At least one subspecies is commonly infected with the white rust fungus Albugo canadensis.

Subspecies
Subspecies include:
E. m. ssp. eurekense (Humboldt Bay wallflower) — known from a few occurrences in the vicinity of Humboldt Bay. It grows with other beach species such as beach sagewort (Artemisia pycnocephala), coast buckwheat (Eriogonum latifolium), (sand verbena (Abronia latifolia), and (beach pea (Lathyrus littoralis). It occurs within the Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge. Some of its habitat is on beaches owned by the city of Eureka, California, and by private entities.
E. m. ssp. menziesii — a plant with a disjunct distribution on either side of the San Francisco Bay Area, it is known from the Mendocino Coast and Monterey Peninsula. It grows in bare beach sand which is often wet from the tides and seaspray, and can be battered by storms. Other plants in the area include evening primrose (Camissonia cheiranthifolia), beach bur (Ambrosia chamissonis), sea rocket (Cakile maritima), and beach knotweed (Polygonum paronychia). The northern population is mostly within MacKerricher State Park and the southern occurs on Asilomar State Beach and a few nearby dunes.
E. m. ssp. yadonii (Yadon's wallflower) — known from a few occurrences near Marina in Monterey County. Some of have been destroyed by mining operations and other factors. Some plants occur at Marina State Beach, including some individuals which have been propagated and planted in appropriate habitat.
E. m. ssp. concinnum (curly wallflower) — known from  Mendocino County into Oregon. This subspecies was revised from Erysimum concinnum to a subspecies of E. menziesii after the 1992 listing, so it was not included under the  Endangered Species Act.

Conservation
Because Erysimum menziesii ssp. concinnum has been included within this species since it received its federal listing as Erysimum concinnum, the species is now technically more abundant than it was then, but there is no current reliable estimate of the species' abundance now. In 1997, there were about 22 occurrences containing 33,000 individuals, not counting ssp. concinnum.

A number of forces threaten the species' existence. Minor threats include trampling by hikers and horseback riders, off-road vehicles, and sand mining operations. Many occurrences of the plant are protected from these threats. A more major threat is the invasion of non-native plant species such as Pampas grass (Cortaderia jubata). Conservation projects underway for the species include removal of this vegetation from the habitat.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile
California DFG Profile
Photo gallery

menziesii
Flora of California
Flora of Oregon
Natural history of Humboldt County, California
Natural history of Mendocino County, California
Natural history of Monterey County, California


Dokuchayev or Dokuchaev (feminine: Dokuchayeva or Dokuchaeva) is a Russian language surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Artyom Dokuchayev ( born 2001), Russian football player
Aleksandr Dokuchayev, Russian early aircraft designer
Vasily Dokuchaev (1846–1903), Russian soil scientist, geologist and geographer.

Russian-language surnames


and Chuy is an American animated television series created by Alfonso Amey and Keu Reyes. The series premiered November 8, 2007 on the LATV Network. On June 12, 2008, the series began airing on Mun2.

Characters
 and Chuy are a couple of animated hosts of a music video show on LATV. The pair watch and critique music videos as they are being shown. Ceasar and Chuy have ongoing hilarious stories throughout the episodes, and they touch on serious issues ranging from Global Warming to the state of education; all of course, from their unique perspective.

 and Chuy attend the East City Vocational Junior College and they interact with other characters in that setting. One of them being Keel Whitay, a professor, and others include their classmates, Jerome, Rosario, and Dhat Ho.  and Chuy's family names or age are never mentioned on the show, but it is presumed they are in the range of 18 to 24 years old.

Recurring themes
The series has a number of recurring elements.
  and Chuy work at LATV and broadcast their show live from the station's studio. They spend most of their time watching and critiquing music videos. Chuy has quit the show on several occasions to pursuit other interests, only to come back and beg for his job with shame.
  and Chuy have started many debates at school, often dividing the class into groups that disagree. Some of the debates have included the correct way to use language, and the Iraq war.
 One of Chuy's life goals is to become rich and he plans to achieve this by any means necessary.  is in a constant position to either talk Chuy out of engaging in destructive schemes, or cleaning up after Chuy has already ruined something because of such feat.
 Chuy has a fascination and obsession over Pirates. He has been known to sometimes become a Pirate and randomly yell "Pirate, argh!".

Episodes

Holiday specials
 and Chuy have not yet featured Holiday specials, but Halloween and Christmas episodes are said to be in the works.

Music videos
One of the key elements of the program is the inclusion of music videos, and their ruthless and irreverent critique of the artists and music featured on the videos, à la Beavis and Butt-head. Nothing is sacred: the performer, lyrics, or the production in general.

Criticism
The critiques of the music video are often censored by LATV due to the content of some of the content; however,  and Chuy have been known to speak the truth.

 and Chuy in most shows play a cultural music video, being a Mexican banda or a Puerto Rican orchestra. They really turn up their criticisms on these types of music videos.

Good music videos
 and Chuy absolutely love music videos that feature women in skimpy attire.

Reggaeton is another genre that gets  and Chuy to become heartless with their comments.

Music video interaction
 and Chuy are sometimes seen dancing or skating as the videos play.

Controversy
Sometimes, the program gets into a little trouble by touching issues and/or saying things that may cause a reaction from their audience. In the "Touch My Horroscope" episode, the animated duo called Walter Mercado's hotline, only to find that their future was being gathered from Mercado's crystal balls, in which it was insinuated that it was referring to his genitalia.

Other forms of media
 A  and Chuy DVD is currently in the works.
  and Chuy ringtones, wallpapers, and mobile phone episodes are available through different sources.
 Film and distribution companies have expressed interest in the  and Chuy Movie.

References

External links

2007 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings
2000s American adult animated television series
2000s American musical comedy television series
American adult animated comedy television series
American adult animated musical television series


The Sentricon Termite Colony Elimination System is a subterranean termite pest control product developed and manufactured by Corteva (Previously Dow AgroSciences). It was introduced in 1995 as a termite baiting system and an alternative to liquid termicide soil barriers. It eliminates all members of the termite colony, including those of the Formosan subterranean termite colonies.

Operation
The baiting technique employed by the Sentricon System takes advantage of termite biology and behavior. Subterranean worker termites forage for cellulose food sources 24 hours a day, ranging abroad from their underground nest, or colony, through tunnels in the soil that can extend up to 300 feet or more. When worker termites find a food source, they leave a pheromone scent trail to summon nest mates. Worker termites chew and digest cellulose, and then regurgitate it to share with other termites in the colony.

Sentricon bait stations are installed in the soil, creating a protective perimeter around a property. These stations are baited with a cellulose material impregnated with noviflumuron , a chitin synthesis inhibitor. When foraging, worker termites find the stations, eat the bait material, and then regurgitate it for colony nest mates to consume. Termites affected by noviflumuron later die as the compound inhibits molting and is its effects are inconspicuous to termites as to where it originates. As termites within the colony die, the colony is eliminated, typically over a period of months. Noviflumuron bait treatment requires less disruption of buildings and surroundings than traditional methods based on creating a barrier of termicide-treated soil around the structure to be protected, but noviflumuron bait treatment also needs to be continued indefinitely to prevent re-infestation in areas where termites are endemic.

In 2000, the Sentricon System received the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award, an environmental honor from the U.S. government.

Effectiveness
Sentricon has been extensively tested. Multiple independent research studies have shown that its bait matrix and baiting technique is an effective termite control option. Field evaluations have documented the elimination of subterranean termite activity, including that of Formosan subterranean termites, often within 3 to 6 months.
Ongoing monitoring and re-baiting is critical to termite colony elimination. Without proper oversight, re-infestation from neighboring foraging colonies can occur. However, such re-infestations have not included any members of the original colony. Long-term studies have shown that by implementing the recommended service frequency, approximately 60% of the colonies are eliminated during the first quarter, approximately 75% of the colonies are eliminated after the second quarter, and nearly all colonies are eliminated within a year of the initial baiting, with all colonies ultimately being eliminated. According to the Dow AgroSciences, Sentricon is used by organisations that include Independence Hall, the Statue of Liberty, and the White House

References

External links

 Sentricon Consumer Blog
 How Sentricon Works
 University of Kentucky Entomology Study about Termite Control Methods
 Above Ground Termite Baiting. Florida Entomologist 82(1), March 1999, pg. 60.

Products introduced in 1995
Dow Chemical Company
Insecticides
Termites


The Gotha Go 345 was a prototype German Military transport glider of the Second World War. A single example was tested in 1944.

Variants
Go 345AThe assault transport base-line version, optionally fitted with 2x Argus As014 pulse-jet sustainer engines under the wings.
Go 345BA dedicated cargo variant with no provision for passengers. A shortened nose swung upwards complete with the crew compartment to gain access to the cargo compartment; one built.

Specifications (Go 345A)

References

Further reading

External links

Go 345
1940s German military transport aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1944
Military gliders


Melvin Yovany Valladares Castillo (born 14 July 1984) is a Honduran footballer who plays as a striker and currently plays for F.C. Motagua in the Honduran Liga Nacional.

Club career
Valladares made his professional debut for Municipal Valencia on 6 August 2004 against Real España before joining Real España himself after the 2005 Apertura. He would score 14 goals for them over a 5 year-period. In November 2009, he went on a trial with Tottenham Hotspur after being recommended by Wilson Palacios.

In 2010, he moved abroad to play for Mexican second division side Guerreros and left them in summer 2011 for Dorados.

He joined Motagua before the 2012 Clausura.

International career
Valladares made his debut for Honduras in a March 2007 friendly match against El Salvador and has, as of March 2013, earned a total of 14 caps, scoring 2 goals. He has represented his country in 2 FIFA World Cup qualification match and played at the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup.

His most recent international was an April 2010 friendly match against Venezuela.

International goals

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Footballers from Tegucigalpa
Men's association football forwards
Honduran men's footballers
Honduras men's international footballers
2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
F.C. Municipal Valencia players
Real C.D. España players
Dorados de Sinaloa footballers
F.C. Motagua players
Honduran expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional de Honduras players


The SP&S Class A-1 steam locomotives were a group of 5 identical locomotives. They were used in the rail yards at Portland, Oregon, and Vancouver, Washington, from 1907 to 1952. They were replaced with diesel-electric switch locomotives.

Background
In 1907, the new SP&S needed equipment for regular operations. Company officials wanted 25 freight locomotives and two switch locomotives to start with. The president of the Great Northern Railway advised SP&S officials that his railroad could contribute excess engines. Because of this, only five switch locomotives were purchased for use in the terminal yards in Portland and Vancouver.

Construction history
All five locomotives in Class A-1 were built by the Manchester plant of American Locomotive Company. Because of the availability of spare parts from the Northern Pacific Railway in Portland, OR, and Pasco and Vancouver, WA, these locomotives were identical to Northern Pacific class L-9 switch locomotives.

Operational history
All five locomotives were delivered to the SP&S in February 1908. They were initially used in work service completing the North Bank line from Portland to Spokane. Upon completion of the main line, these locomotives were transferred to the terminals for switching service. In late 1942 and early 1943 all 5 locomotives were assigned to the Portland Terminal yards as switch locomotives. In 1946 locomotive number 2 was sold to the City of Prineville Railway. With the arrival of SW9 switch engines 43-45 in 1951, the remaining A-1 class steamers were retired in 1952.

Numbering
These locomotives were numbered 1 to 5

Disposition
Locomotive number 1 was scrapped April 25, 1952. Locomotive number 2 was sold to the City of Prineville Railway and renumbered as their number 7 on July 31, 1946. Locomotive number 3 was scrapped January 24, 1952. Locomotive number 4 was scrapped April 25, 1951.  Locomotive number 5 was scrapped January 24, 1952.

References

A-1
0-6-0 locomotives
ALCO locomotives
Steam locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1907
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Shunting locomotives


is a Japanese musician, best known as bassist of The Blue Hearts. He is a music producer in Tokyo, and in 2009 became the deputy director of propaganda for the Happiness Realization Party. He was born Hiroyuki Kawaguchi (河口 宏之 Kawaguchi Hiroyuki) in the Setagaya ward of Tokyo.

History
Kawaguchi had intended on being The Blue Hearts' manager, but when the original bassist left the group in August 1985, he stepped in to help, eventually becoming a band member.

References

The Blue Hearts members
Japanese rock bass guitarists
Punk rock bass guitarists
Japanese punk rock musicians
Musicians from Setagaya
1961 births
Living people
Happiness Realization Party politicians


The Cessna Citation Columbus was a business jet project by Cessna, part of the Cessna Citation family.
The Model 850  was launched in February 2008 and cancelled in July 2009. It would have been the largest model of the family at the time. Powered by 8,830 lbf (39.3 kN) PW810 turbofans and a  range, the $27 million aircraft had a 709 sq ft (66 m2), 30° swept wing.

Development
Cessna began research on the largest Citation in 2002 with market studies, surveys, concept testing, focus groups and customer advisory boards. A mockup of the large cabin concept was unveiled on October 17, 2006, at the National Business Aviation Association convention

Cessna formally announced the aircraft on February 6, 2008 ; FAA certification was planned by the end of 2013, with deliveries beginning in 2014. The Columbus had a target range of  with 8 passengers. The cockpit would have featured a synthetic vision system, autothrottles, optional head-up display and Collins' MultiScan weather radar with optional windshear prediction.

Cessna was going to invest $780 million into the development including a new plant, major suppliers were Pratt & Whitney Canada for the engines; Rockwell Collins for the avionics; Vought Aircraft Industries for the wing; Spirit AeroSystems for the fuselage and Spirit AeroSystems Europe Ltd. for the empennage; Parker Hannifin for the powered flight control system; Goodrich Corporation for the landing gear.

On April 29, 2009 Cessna announced that it was suspending the Citation Columbus program, but indicated at that time that the program might be restarted once economic conditions improved. The company also indicated that it would lay off 1,600 workers, including up to 700 workers from the Columbus program.

On July 8, 2009, Cessna reported the cancellation of the program in documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The company said "Upon additional analysis of the business jet market related to this product offering, we decided to formally cancel further development of the Citation Columbus". Cessna's parent company, Textron will write-off US$43 million as a results of the cancellation. The SEC-filed documents indicate that Cessna spent approximately US$50 million on tooling, facilities and other costs for the project. Most of these costs are unrecoverable and cannot be used for other projects.

Pratt & Whitney Canada immediately stopped the PW810 engine program, but continued the PW800 series. On July 11, 2009, Cessna announced that it would return US$10M to the City of Wichita and Sedgwick County. The money was received as an economic incentive for developing the aircraft in Wichita and was part of $70M in cash assistance and tax breaks received from those two governments.

Specifications

See also

References

External links
 Cessna Citation Columbus home page archives on Archive.org

Citation Columbus
Twinjets
Low-wing aircraft
Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
Columbus


Joseph Swain (June 16, 1857 – May 19, 1927) served as the ninth president of Indiana University and also as the sixth president of Swarthmore College.

Summary

Education

 Indiana University (B.L. 1883, M.S. 1885)
 Wabash College (LL.D. 1893)

Career

 Professor of mathematics and biology at Indiana University (1883–1891)
 Professor of mathematics at Stanford University (1891–1893)
 President of Indiana University (1893-1902)
 President of Swarthmore College (1902-1921)

Biography

Joseph Swain was IU's first Indiana-born president. He was born in Pendleton, Indiana, to Woolston and Mary A. Swain.  Swain attended IU as an undergraduate and graduate student. He matriculated in 1879 and graduated with a B.L. degree in 1883.  From 1883-1885, he was an instructor of mathematics and biology at IU while he completed his graduate education and graduated with a M.S. degree in 1885.  Starting in 1885, Swain was an associate professor of mathematics until 1886, where he then was professor for five years until 1891.  He left his professorship at IU in 1891 to follow departing IU president David Starr Jordan to Stanford University, where he taught as a professor of mathematics.  In 1893, Swain received an honorary LL.D. degree from Wabash College.  Swain returned to IU in 1893 to serve as IU's ninth president, succeeding John Coulter.  He met Frances M. Morgan, of Knightstown, Indiana, while teaching at IU and they went on to marry on September 22, 1885.   Swain accepted the invitation to serve as President for Swarthmore College in 1902 until 1921.  He retired from Swarthmore in 1921 as President Emeritus and died six years later from heart disease in Clifton Heights, Pennsylvania, on May 19, 1927. He is buried in his hometown of Pendleton in Friends Cemetery.

IU Administration

Swain served as IU's president from 1893 to 1902.  During that time, he established Kirkwood Hall in 1894; a gymnasium for men in 1896, which later was named Assembly Hall; Kirkwood Observatory in 1900; and he began construction for Science Hall in 1901.  During his presidency, student enrollment increased from 524 to 1,285.

Associations

Swain was the ex-president of the Indiana State Teachers Association, member of the Section on Higher Education of the National Council on Education, member of the World Peace Foundation and served as president of the N.E.A. from 1913-1914.

Tributes

In 1940, Indiana University opened a new physical science building which they called Swain Hall (now known as Swain Hall West). In 1960, The building was expanded by the incorporation of the former Biology Hall, which became Swain Hall East. The entire complex is known as Swain Hall.

In 2016, Indiana University renamed the Student Building to the Frances Morgan Swain Student Building to honor his wife Frances for her work in trying to increase women enrollments and make it easier for women to acquire a college education during the 1890s.

See also
:Category:Taxa named by Joseph Swain (academic)

References

Further reading
 Clark, Thomas D. Indiana University: Vol. I: The Early Years (1970)

External links

  This source claims he made post-graduate studies in Scotland.
Indiana University President's Office records, 1893-1902, Indiana University Archives

Wabash College alumni
Indiana University alumni
Indiana University faculty
Stanford University Department of Mathematics faculty
Presidents of Swarthmore College
1927 deaths
1857 births
People from Pendleton, Indiana
Presidents of Indiana University


Boyce Dawkins McDaniel (June 11, 1917 – May 8, 2002) was an American nuclear physicist who worked on the Manhattan Project and later directed the Cornell University Laboratory of Nuclear Studies (LNS). McDaniel was skilled in constructing "atom smashing" devices to study the fundamental structure of matter and helped to build the most powerful particle accelerators of his time.  Together with his graduate student, he invented the pair spectrometer.

During World War II, McDaniel used his electronics expertise to help develop cyclotrons used to separate Uranium isotopes. McDaniel is also noted as having performed the final check on the first atomic bomb prior to its detonation in the Trinity test.

Biography
Born in Brevard, North Carolina, McDaniel attended Chesterville High School in Ohio. After graduating in 1933, he attended Ohio Wesleyan University, from which he graduated in 1938 with a Bachelor of Science.  His initial postgraduate studies took place at the Case School of Applied Science, graduating with a master's degree in 1940. McDaniel continued postgraduate studies when he moved to Cornell University, and in 1943 he completed his doctoral thesis, examining the absorption rates of neutrons in indium. The research was not classified, but McDaniel and Robert Bacher, his adviser at Cornell, marked it as "secret" on their own initiative. From Cornell, McDaniel moved to MIT where he held a postdoctoral position, studying "the rapidly evolving field of fast electronics", which he applied to research in particle physics.

After the outbreak of World War II, McDaniel joined Bacher in Los Alamos, New Mexico to work for the Manhattan Project, where he became a part of Robert R. Wilson's cyclotron research team. McDaniel was to have "a crucial role in helping to identify the amount of uranium-235 needed to ... detonate the world's first nuclear bomb". McDaniel is also noted as having performed the final check on the first atomic bomb prior to its detonation in the Trinity test.

McDaniel was one of many Manhanttan Project researchers to join the Cornell faculty after the war.  He became an assistant professor in 1946 and became a full professor in 1955. With his Ph.D. student Robert Walker, he invented the pair spectrometer, a device that measures gamma ray energies. He was a co-founder of Cornell's Laboratory for Nuclear Studies (LNS) and had helped create the 300 megavolt (MeV) electron synchrotron, one of the first such accelerators in the world. He and Wilson, who was McDaniel's predecessor as director of LNS, built three more electron synchrotrons of 1 GeV, 2 GeV, and 10 GeV, each of which enabled physicists to study phenomena in a new energy range. McDaniel quickly earned a reputation as a hands-on designer as indicated by this episode in the construction of the 300 MeV synchrotron:
The magnet coil was wound incorrectly, a fatal flaw. To get it repaired by the manufacturer could take months. Mac made a toy model of the coil, studied it carefully for an evening, and discovered an ingenious but simple way to repair it, which he did in about a day, and defused the crisis.
He was a Fulbright research fellow in 1953 at the Australian National University and a Guggenheim fellow in 1959 at the University of Rome.

In 1967, McDaniel became director of LNS and served until he retired from the Cornell faculty in 1985. He research included important measurements with each of the series of LNS accelerators, including studies lambda-meson photo production, K-meson production, and measurements of the neutron electromagnetic form factors.

Wilson and McDaniel continued to collaborate at Cornell until Wilson left to head Fermilab in Batavia, Illinois in 1967. In 1972, Wilson invited McDaniel to serve as acting head of the accelerator section at Fermilab, and McDanield took a one-year leave of absence from Cornell. Though the Fermilab accelerator had been placed into operation, it suffered from frequent component failures. When McDaniel left eight months later, he led the effort which increased the power of Fermilab's accelerator from 20 GeV to 300 GeV and its beam density by a factor of 1000. Of McDaniel's contribution to Fermilab, Wilson said, "This bravura performance demonstrated Mac’s skill for leadership as well as his celebrated sixth sense for finding sources of trouble and fixing them.” Upon returning to Cornell in 1974, McDaniel proposed upgrading the then existing 10 GeV synchrotron with an 8 GeV electron-positron storage ring, which would greatly increase the energy of particle collisions when the particles in the storage ring hit the particles traveling in the opposite direction in the synchrotron.  When constructed in 1979, the Cornell Electron Storage Ring became the world's primary source of information about one of the fundamental building blocks of matter, the b-quark.  After the end of particle physics experiments 20 years later, CESR is now used as a test facility of damping rings for a future international linear collider. In 1981, McDaniel developed a proposal for a new mile-diameter electron-positron collider called CSER II, but could not obtain the necessary $200 million in funding for it. In 1988, McDaniel was Visiting Distinguished Professor at Arizona State University.

When interviewed in 1973 about his feelings on his work resulting in the dropping of atomic bombs on Japanese cities, McDaniel said:
It's so difficult to assess these things today. I would have preferred to see a demonstration and am rather sad that it didn't work out that way ... but I don't know if it would have worked out as a useful venture. I have no idea what the Japanese would have done.

Sexual harassment allegation
In 1975, 11 years before the Supreme Court decision in Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson recognized sexual harassment as a violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Carmita Dickerson Wood, an administrative assistant to McDaniel, quit her job after years of alleged sexual harassment by McDaniel, bringing her case to Lin Farley and the Working Women United organization which Farley chaired. Wood was denied unemployment benefits by Cornell after having cited "personal reasons" as the cause of her departure. She was later placed in another job on Cornell's campus. No formal investigation into the allegations was conducted, and McDaniel was not formally investigated by Cornell nor reprimanded. Nevertheless, the incident contributed to a surge in interest in workplace sexual harassment which culminated in the 1986 decision.

Honors
McDaniel was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1981. He was a governing board member of Fermilab, a trustee of the Associated Universities, a member of the Department of Energy High Energy Advisory Panel, a trustee of the Universities Research Association and a board member of Brookhaven National Laboratory.

In 1993, the McDaniels donated a farm to the Cornell Plantations, which named the 60.6 acre property the Jane McDaniel Preserve.

In 2002, McDaniel died of a heart attack in Ithaca, New York, aged 84.

See also
List of accelerators in particle physics

References

1917 births
2002 deaths
Manhattan Project people
Cornell University alumni
Cornell University faculty
American nuclear physicists
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Accelerator physicists
People from Brevard, North Carolina


ZMPSTE24 is a human gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a metallopeptidase. It is involved in the processing of lamin A. Defects in the ZMPSTE24 gene lead to similar laminopathies as defects in lamin A, because the latter is a substrate for the former.  In humans, a mutation abolishing the ZMPSTE24 cleavage site in prelamin A causes a progeroid disorder.  Failure to correctly process prelamin A leads to deficient ability to repair DNA double-strand breaks.

As shown by Liu et al., lack of Zmpste24 prevents lamin A formation from its precursor farnesyl-prelamin A. Lack of ZMPSTE24 causes progeroid phenotypes in mice and humans.  This lack increases DNA damage and chromosome aberrations and sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents that cause double-strand breaks.  Also, lack of ZMPSTE24 allows an increase in non-homologous end joining, but a deficiency in steps leading to  homologous recombinational DNA repair.

See also
 Progeria
 Progeroid syndromes

References

External links


Roscoe "Roc" Kirby  (14 March 191825 January 2008) was an Australian businessman who founded the Village Roadshow cinema chain and film production company.

Biography
Roc Kirby was born in Leongatha, Victoria in 1918.  He entered the cinema business at the bottom end, selling ice creams and sweeping floors at his father's cinemas on the Mornington Peninsula, then graduating to managing the small chain of Kirby Cinemas. In 1954, Kirby took the financially risky step of constructing a drive-in theatre called "The Village Drive-in" at Croydon, and soon afterwards the company owned around 40 drive-in theatres. With cinema attendances dropping due to the introduction of television, Village made a move into the metropolitan "hard-top" cinemas, and then into twin cinemas and multiplexes.

In 1989, Village Roadshow went public, making an aggressive move into other markets, such as film production, theme parks and radio. After the public float, the Kirby family remained the majority shareholders, owning 51.5% of the shares in Village Roadshow. Roc Kirby retired as CEO in 1988, leaving the running of Village Roadshow to his sons, Robert and John, as chairman and deputy chairman, and "surrogate son", Graham Burke, as managing director.

At his death Village Roadshow comprised "a production division, an extensive cinema exhibition business, three theme parks on the Gold Coast and a stake in the listed radio company Austereo".

Kirby died at the age of 89 on 25 January 2008, after suffering an illness.

Impact
John Cain II, a former Victorian Premier, interviewed Kirby for his book on Australian entertainment pioneers, On with the Show. Kirby is credited in the book for being "one of the few people to judge correctly that TV would not kill cinema, 'and refused to scuttle out of it when his contemporaries were deserting it in droves'". He has also been described as "probably Australia's most visionary cinema or entertainment company entrepreneur".

Kirby also supported the local film industry and was a partner of Tim Burstall in Hexagon Productions, which made some of the early films of the Australian film renaissance such as Alvin Purple and Petersen.

Honours
Kirby was appointed as a Member of the Order of Australia for service to the entertainment industry in the Queen's Birthday Honours in 1993.

References

1918 births
2008 deaths
Australian film studio executives
Members of the Order of Australia
People from Leongatha


The NZR RM class Thomas Transmission railcar was an experimental electro-mechanical railcar operated by the New Zealand Railways Department (NZR).  It was introduced to service in 1916 and therefore was one of the earliest railcars to operate in New Zealand.

Development

In the early 20th century, NZR sought a means of providing economic services on lowly trafficked services including some suburban routes and to provide a faster alternative to mixed trains on rural lines.  It aimed to develop a light and self-contained vehicle that could operate economically even with low passenger levels.  The first true railcar, the MacEwan Pratt petrol railcar of 1912, did not pass its tests and never entered revenue service.  It was followed by the Westinghouse railcar in 1914, which did enter revenue service but proved unreliable.  Accordingly, in 1916, NZR developed its third railcar, the Thomas Transmission railcar.  It was classified as RM 2; the Westinghouse railcar had previously re-used the MacEwan-Pratt railcar's classification of RM 1.

Technical specifications

The body of the railcar was built at Petone Workshops in the Hutt Valley; driver's compartments were located at both ends and it could carry fifty passengers.  The railcar employed the Thomas system of transmission, built by Thomas Transmission Ltd. of England.  They also supplied the underframe and bogies, and J. Tylor and Sons of London provided the railcar's  V8 petrol engine.  Power from the engine was transmitted to the leading bogie mechanically and to the rear bogie electrically by current produced by a generator within the engine.  When engine revolutions passed a certain level, the electrical system was cut and used for battery charging while special clutches and gears allowed the engine to mechanically drive both bogies.  Unladen, the railcar weighed approximately  and its length was .

Operation
The railcar was designed to reach speeds of  on level track, and  while hauling a  carriage up a 1 in 40 (2.5%) grade.  Trials were conducted to see if it could achieve these expectations, and in some ways it exceeded them.  A  trailer was hauled with ease along the 1 in 35 (2.86%) route between Upper Hutt Railway Station and Mangaroa Railway Station, and on the level it could haul two bogie passenger carriages and a brake van at .

The railcar was subsequently introduced to service, operating the steep route out of Wellington to Johnsonville along what was then the North Island Main Trunk Railway and has, since the 1937 opening of the Tawa Flat deviation, been the Johnsonville Branch.  This route was also operated by the Westinghouse railcar until 1917, when its repeated failures caused it to be permanently withdrawn from service.  A similar but temporary fate befell the Thomas Transmission railcar; it gave good service for a few months but then had to be mothballed as a critical component of its transmission failed and World War I restricted the ability of NZR to source a replacement.  In 1920, the railcar was finally returned to service.  It suffered further reliability problems and did not operate for long.  It was written off in 1925 and NZR sold its body to private interests for use as a dwelling.

References

External links
Alexander Turnbull Library 1916 photos -
 Railcar
 Driver's compartment
 Engine at the Petone Railway Workshops
 Frame

Railcars of New Zealand
Rail transport in New Zealand
Train-related introductions in 1916


Mohammad Shams Langeroodi () (born November 17, 1950) is one of the most celebrated contemporary Iranian poet, actor, singer, author and university lecturer. He has researched extensively on different periods of Persian poetry, most famous of which has resulted in the book named An Analytic History of Persian Modern Poetry in four volumes. He is currently in the process of publishing his second novel.

Life and early works

Shams Langeroodi was born in Langerood, Gilan, Iran as Mohammad Taghi Javaheri Gilani. Later his father changed their last name to Shams.
He published his first poetry book in 1976, but it wasn't until the 1980s that he established himself as one of the major poets of that decade when his poetry gained attention due to its novel imagery and surreal elements.
He currently lives in Tehran, Iran and is also the editor of Ahang-e Digar publications along with Hafez Mousavi and Shahab Mogharabin.

An Analytic History of Persian Modern Poetry
Published in 1998 in four volumes, An Analytic History of Persian Modern Poetry was the first extensive research work done on the contemporary Persian poetry. It starts from 1905 and goes year by year describing the events in Iran's political and social scenes, poetry and criticism conditions, literary magazines and poetry books published each year along with selected reviews including a brief review by the author up until 1979. In order to focus on research Shams Langeroodi did not publish any poetry book for 10 years.

Recent works
In his recent works, Shams Langeroodi has shown interest in a more simplistic approach to language. While imagery still plays a major part, simplicity and sarcasm are the new elements in his work that is engaged with Iran's social condition.

It includes elements from mythology and religion to pop culture. An example to this is "Poem 36" from Gardener of Hell (2006).
You are late Moses!
The miracle era has passed
Grant your cane to Charlie Chaplin
So we have some laughs

Bibliography

Poetry
(رفتار تشنگی) Raftaar-e Teshnegi, 1976
(در مهتابی دنیا) Dar Mahtaabi-e Donya, 1984
(خاکستر و بانو) Khaakestar o Baanoo, 1986
(جشن ناپیدا) Jashne Naapeyda, 1988
(قصیده لبخند چاک چاک) Ghasideye Labkhand-e Chaak Chaak, 1990
(نت‌های برای بلبل چوبی) Notes For A Wooden Nightingle, 2000
(پنجاه و سه ترانه عاشقانه) Fifty Three Lovesongs, 2004
(باغبان جهنم) Gardener of Hell, 2006
(ملاح خیابان‌ها) Sailor of the Streets, 2008

Films
(فلامینگو شماره ۱۳ ) Flamingo Number 13, 2010
(احتمال باران اسیدی) Risk of Acid Rain, 2015
(دوباره زندگی) Life Again, 2018

Research works
(گردباد شور جنون) Gerdbaade Shoor-e Jonoon (Hindi Style and Kalim Kaashaani), 1986
(مکتب بازگشت) Maktab-e Baazgasht (Research on history and poetry of Afsharids, Zand and Qajar eras), 1993
(تاریخ تحلیلی شعر نو) An Analytic History of Persian Modern Poetry (1905–1979) (in 4 Volumes), 1998
(از جان گذشته به مقصود می‌رسد) Az Jaan Gozashte Be Maghsood Miresad (On Nima Yooshij), 2001

Novels
(رژه بر خاک پوک) Reje Bar Khaak-e Pook, 1991
(شکست‌خوردگان را چه کسی دوست دارد) Who Likes the Defeated Ones?, 2008 (not yet published)

Essays
(از دیگران شنیدن و از خود گفتن) Az Digaraan Shenidan o Az Khod Goftan, (not yet published)

Interviews
(بازتاب زندگی ناتمام) Baaztaab-e Zendegi-e Naatamaam, 2007

See also

List of Persian poets and authors

References

External links
Shams Langeroodi's Weblog
English translation of Shams Langeroodi's short poems
Interview with BBC Persian
Interview about crisis in Persian poetry (in English)
Interview in Persian

20th-century Iranian poets
1950 births
Living people
People from Gilan Province
21st-century Iranian poets


Lemuel Moss (December 27, 1829 – July 13, 1904) served as the sixth president of Indiana University, being the last of a long line of six "Preacher Presidents."

Early life
Lemuel Moss was born in Bullittsville, Kentucky, on December 27, 1829, to Demas and Esther Moss. After the first four years of his childhood, his family moved to Dearborn County, Indiana. Moss worked mainly as a printer in Cincinnati, Ohio, until 1853. He received his B.A. from the University of Rochester in 1858, then a degree from Rochester Theological Seminary in 1860. Moss served as the pastor of the First Baptist Church of Worcester, Massachusetts, from 1860 to 1864 and of a church in Woodbury, New Jersey, from 1864 to 1866. In 1864 and 1865, he served as the secretary of the U.S. Christian Committee.

Academic career
Moss began his career in academia in 1865, becoming professor of theology at the University of Lewisburg (now Bucknell University). He served 1868, the same year he received his D.D. from the University of Rochester. Between 1868 and 1872, Moss served as editor of the National Baptist as well as professor of New Testament interpretation at the Crozer Theological Seminary in Upland, Pennsylvania. In 1874, Moss became president of the University of Chicago. He left the next year to become president of Indiana University. While on the job, he received his LL.D. from the University of Rochester in 1883. He remained there until 1884, when a scandal broke with a female professor that brought him to resign his post. After a few years away from academia, he returned as lecturer of Christian Sociology at Bucknell University, where he remained until his death on July 12, 1904.

Presidency
Upon President Cyrus Nutt's death in August 1875, Lemuel Moss was elected president of Indiana University. During his first year as president, he made a strong impression upon the students and faculty at the university, viewed as a strong teacher and extremely adept at public speaking. Moss was also unyielding in his power and a firm disciplinarian, who was sometimes viewed as arrogant. However, giving his unusual prowess as a platform speaker, Moss accumulated several outstanding achievements during his time at Indiana University.

President Moss was a member of the National Council of Education (1880–1884), vice president of the American Baptist Missionary Union (1883–1884), and president of the department of higher education, a part of the National Education Association (1883–1884). Several small changes occurred at the university during his presidency: the curriculum was somewhat expanded, an attempt was made to increase salaries for professors and reduce faculty work loads, and several men were added to the faculty as well as young men added to the teaching staff as assistants. The Indiana Student, conceived in 1867 and now better known as the Indiana Daily Student, was revived in 1882 after a hiatus.

An Indiana University alumni convention convened in January 1883 in order to promote interests of the university. The most immediate success of this convention was the passage of a bill by the 1883 legislature giving a tax of one-half cent on each $100 of appraised value in order to create an endowment for the university. This tax was scheduled to last for thirteen years; at its enactment, it was estimated to produce over a half a million dollars.

The new science building that was built on Seminary Square in 1873 was struck by lightning and destroyed by a fire on July 12, 1883. The loss of this building was an estimated $100,000. After this event, the trustees felt they should rebuild on a larger campus. On February 4, 1884, an area of  known as "Dunn's Woods" were purchased. An additional site for buildings was available for purchase, amounting to $70,000, twenty of which went to insure the site with the additional fifty thousand donated by Monroe County. The first buildings on this site, Owen and Wylie Halls, were completed in 1885. Although Lemuel experienced the aforementioned successes while at Indiana University, the Law and Medicine departments at the university were ended (both revived in later years) and fewer than six new students enrolled during his presidency at Indiana University.

Moss Killers controversy
In November 1884 amid rumors of an improper relationship with Katharine Merrill Graydon, a professor of Greek at Indiana University, Moss resigned abruptly as President of Indiana University. Affidavits were presented to the board of trustees detailing the inappropriate behavior observed between the two by students M. W. Fordyce and Ed. Hall in order to bring charge of "improper and immoral conduct" by Moss. The affidavits states the two witnessed Moss and Graydon kissing and hugging as well Graydon sitting on Moss' lap in her office. These two were members of a group that called themselves the Moss Killers along with four fellow students and janitor Thomas Spicer. The group had drilled a hole in the ceiling of Graydon's office in order to observe her and Moss. Given the resignation of those involved, the board of trustees decided against continuing the investigation of the charges. Moss did not contest his dismissal, but Graydon left under protest stating that Moss had threatened her with dismissal from her position if she refused his advances. Moss fled Indianapolis, even before his family could sell their home, leaving them to join him later.

In addition to creating controversy because of his role as President of the University, at the time he was President of the National Baptist Association. In December 1884, the Baptist Council conducted its own investigation into the relationship between Moss and Graydon; in his defense, he stated, "I have confessed that I was guilty of an indiscretion but that was all". He was later reinstated by the council.

Publications
In addition to serving as editor of the National Baptist from 1868 to 1902, Moss published and edited many other works. He served as the editor of the Baptist and the Centenary in 1876 as well as serving as the writer of other various magazine articles and reviews. From 1889 to 1893, Dr. Moss was the editor of a Baptist publication, The Examiner. In 1897, Moss was the editor of the Philadelphia publication The Baptist Commonwealth.

Moss was the author of several works during his lifetime, one of which is the eight-volume Annals of the Christian Commission. He also wrote A Day with Paul and The Baptists of the National Centenary: A Record of Christian Work.

Later life
While serving as a professor of Christian sociology at Bucknell, Moss also contributed to the work of the American Baptist Historical Society, serving as president from 1895 to 1900 and vice president from 1900 to 1904. Although he suffered considerable physical ailments during his later years in life, Lemuel Moss used his remaining energy on behalf of the Baptist denominations. He died on July 13, 1904, in New York City and was buried in Flatbush, Brooklyn.

References

External links
 http://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/findingaids/archives/InU-Ar-VAA2629 Indiana University President's Office records, 1880–1884
 http://purl.dlib.indiana.edu/iudl/findingaids/archives/InU-Ar-VAA2633 Lemuel Moss papers, 1860–1876

American theologians
People from Boone County, Kentucky
People from Dearborn County, Indiana
University of Rochester alumni
1829 births
1904 deaths
Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School alumni
Presidents of Indiana University


Mackerel may refer to:
 Mackerel, any of a number of different species of fish
 Mackerel as food
 Mackerel sky, a formation of altocumulus clouds
 Mackerel, a type of Tabby cat
 Great Mackerel Beach, NSW, Australia
 Mackerel Islets, two small islands off eastern Tasmania, Australia
 , the name of three ships of the Royal Navy
 , the name of two submarines of the U.S. Navy


Bolton

Chequerbent (1831 station)
Chequerbent (1885 station)

Darcy Lever
Horwich

Bury
Ainsworth Road Halt
Bradley Fold
Brandlesholme Road Halt
Bury Bolton Street (now preserved, as part of the East Lancashire Railway)
Bury Knowsley Street

Molyneux Brow

Radcliffe Bridge
Ringley Road

Withins Lane

Manchester
Baguley
Chorlton-cum-Hardy
Clayton Bridge
Dean Lane (converted to Metrolink)
Didsbury
Fallowfield
High Street (Metrolink)
Hyde Road
Levenshulme South
Longsight
Manchester Central

Manchester Mayfield

Miles Platting
Mosley Street (Metrolink)
Newton Heath
Northenden
Park

Woodlands Road (Metrolink)

Oldham

Derker (converted to Metrolink)

Failsworth (converted to Metrolink)

Grasscroft

Hollinwood (converted to Metrolink)
Lees

Middleton Junction
Moorgate
Oldham Central
Oldham Clegg Street
Oldham Glodwick Road
Oldham Mumps (converted to Metrolink)

Oldham Werneth
Royton
Royton Junction

Shaw & Crompton (converted to Metrolink)

Rochdale

Middleton
Milnrow (converted to Metrolink)
New Hey (converted to Metrolink)

Salford
Agecroft Bridge
Barton Moss
Cadishead
Cross Lane

Ellenbrook
Irlams o' th' Height

Manchester Exchange
Monton Green

Ordsall Lane
Pendlebury
Pendleton
Pendleton Bridge
Seedley
Walkden Low Level
Weaste
Worsley

Stockport
Cheadle (Cheshire Lines)
Cheadle (LNWR)
Cheadle Heath
Hazel Grove (Midland)
Heaton Mersey
Heaton Norris
Stockport Portwood
Stockport Tiviot Dale
High Lane
Middlewood Higher

Tameside
Ashton Moss
Ashton Oldham Road
Ashton Park Parade
Audenshaw
Droylsden
Dukinfield & Ashton
Dukinfield Central
Godley East
Hooley Hill

Park Bridge

Trafford
Altrincham (1st)
Bowdon
Broadheath

Dunham (W&SR)

Partington
West Timperley

Wigan
Astley
Atherleigh
Atherton Bag Lane

Hindley Green
Hindley South

Leigh
Lower Ince
Pennington
Plank Lane
Platt Bridge
Tyldesley
West Leigh
West Leigh & Bedford

See also
List of railway stations in Greater Manchester

Lists of railway stations in Great Britain
 Closed
Railway stations


"A-Punk" is a song by indie rock band Vampire Weekend, released on February 28, 2008 as the second single from their 2008 self-titled debut album. The band made their network television debut by performing "A-Punk" on the Late Show with David Letterman.

Critical reception
Mark Richardson of Pitchfork described "A-Punk" as having a "spunky drive, pogo-inducing rhythm, and subtle but hugely effective sonic accents" and said that "while solid, [it] isn't one of the stronger songs on Vampire Weekend". Drowned in Sound writer Alex Denney, commented that "A-Punk" was not the best song from their debut album due to it being "a little too uptempo to let their disarmingly clever melodies breathe", but stated "for the flute-aping synths and bottled-sunshine guitars alone you need this in your life." The review from Greg Rose of Gigwise, was mixed. Rose said that although the song lacked originality, it "manages to sound unique" due to the lyrical inventiveness of lines by Ezra Koenig such as, "His honor drove southward seeking exotica/cut his teeth on turquoise harmonicas", which were described as being "perky" and gave the song "a buzzing zip." In reference to "A-Punk", The Times writer Ben Blackmore, said, "Do believe the hype."

"A-Punk" is widely regarded as one of the band's best songs. Paste and Far Out ranked the song number five and number one, respectively, on their lists of the greatest Vampire Weekend songs. In October 2011, NME placed it at number 62 on its list "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years".

Commercial performance
The song peaked at number 55 on the UK Singles Chart and number 25 on Billboard magazine's Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart. The single also reached #6 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart. Though it never reached the Billboard Hot 100, the single was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in July 2013, making it the band's first gold single.

On October 27, 2008, Vampire Weekend re-released "A-Punk" in the UK, in the hope of achieving a higher Chart placement on the UK Singles Chart. However, "A-Punk" only managed to peak at number 63, which was less than the placement at number 55 earlier that year.

The single continues to be sold over the years. In 2019 it was certified Platinum in the US and in the UK. In 2020 it achieved platinum certification in Canada.

Music video
The music video directed by Garth Jennings, that was said to convey the song's "spiky energy," used footage of the band performing as sped up stop-motion figures, simulating winter and underwater scenes during the performance. Despite the band being sped up, they "never miss an upstroke beat." The video made its worldwide premiere on January 7, 2008 on MTV2's Subterranean indie video block.

Track listing
 "A-Punk"
 "Oxford Comma" (Rehearsal version)

Personnel
Vampire Weekend
Ezra Koenig
Rostam Batmanglij
Christopher Tomson
Chris Baio

Technical
 Emily Lazar – mastering
 Rostam Batmanglij – mixing

Charts

Weekly charts

Certifications

Use in other media
The song is featured in the video games Lego Rock Band, Guitar Hero 5, Guitar Hero Live, Just Dance 2, SingStar Guitar, the 2008 film Step Brothers, the 2010 film Furry Vengeance, and the UK television shows The Inbetweeners, Love Island and The Wrong Door. It is also used in the second trailer for Peter Rabbit. It is also featured in the shows Reef Break, Superstore, 90210 and Friday Night Lights.

References

External links
Vampire Weekend on XL Recordings - Album page on record label's site
"A-Punk" music video - as provided by record label on YouTube

2008 songs
2008 singles
Vampire Weekend songs
XL Recordings singles
Songs written by Ezra Koenig
Songs written by Rostam Batmanglij
Songs written by Chris Baio
Songs written by Chris Tomson


Erysimum teretifolium is a species of Erysimum known by the common names Santa Cruz wallflower and Ben Lomond wallflower. It is a very rare plant endemic to Santa Cruz County, California, where it grows on inland sand spits, chaparral, and sandstone deposits in the southern Santa Cruz Mountains. It is a California state and federally listed endangered species.

This plant is a biennial or perennial herb with one or more unbranched erect dark reddish-purple stems reaching anywhere from 15 centimeters to nearly a meter in height. There are a few straight, somewhat toothed, dark greenish leaves along the stems. At the tops of the stems are thin clusters of flowers with rounded bright to dark yellow or orangish petals, each one or two centimeters long. The flowers drop to leave long, flat fruits which are siliques up to 15 centimeters long, sticking out from the stem.

This species is found only within a strip of land measuring 9 miles long by 5 miles wide. The plant is mainly threatened by coastal and inland development in the area and mining of the sand it lives in. About 75% of the remaining plants grow on land belonging to a sand mining company. Fire suppression has also altered the habitat to the detriment of the plant; leaf and needle litter builds up while the plant requires stretches of open sand. Urban development is another threat, destroying habitat and leading to habitat fragmentation.

There are about 13 known extant populations. Several others are believed to have been extirpated. Habitat that has been damaged by sand mining operations will likely never be restored to its natural condition.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment for Erysimum teretifolium
USDA Plants Profile
Erysimum teretifolium Photo gallery

teretifolium
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of Santa Cruz County, California
~


Cyrus Nutt (September 4, 1814 – August 24, 1875) served as the fifth president of Indiana University.

Biography
Cyrus Nutt was born in Southington Township, Trumbull County, Ohio on September 4, 1814. His father was James Nutt and his mother was Mary Viets who married in 1806. Cyrus was the second son, with one brother and two sisters who all lived in a log cabin on a piece of land next to a large farm belonging James father-in-law.

Cyrus Nutt graduated from Allegheny College (B.A. 1836). and became a professor of languages at Asbury (now DePauw) University (1837-1845), pastor of Methodist Episcopal church in Bloomington (1845), professor of Greek at Asbury University (1846-1849), president of Fort Wayne Female College (1849-1850), president of Whitewater College (1850-1855), professor of mathematics and acting president at Asbury University (1857-1860).

In 1860, Nutt was elected president of Indiana University. During his presidency, the University attempted to create an agricultural and mechanical school under the terms of the Morrill Act, though by 1869 Purdue was established as the land grant college of Indiana. In 1867, the board of trustees voted to admit women to classes, and around the same time the university experienced the beginning of organized athletics with students embracing the game of baseball. The junior and senior-class-controlled newspaper The Student also was founded that year.

The final years of Nutt’s presidency saw growing tensions with students, though the reasons are unknown. Students published a bogus newspaper in March 1873 titled The Dagger in which they attacked Nutt. In June 1875, Nutt retired from his position at the university and died on August 24, 1875, from remittent fever. He was buried in the Forest Hill Cemetery in Greencastle, Indiana.

Works
Several of Nutt's baccalaureate sermons were published.

Notes

References

External links
Indiana University President's Office records, 1857-1875

1814 births
1875 deaths
Allegheny College alumni
DePauw University faculty
Presidents of Indiana University
People from Trumbull County, Ohio
Asbury University faculty


Stacey Katu (born 8 November 1983) is a former professional rugby league footballer who played for the Burleigh Bears in the Queensland Cup and the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. He also played for the Cook Islands national rugby league team.

References

External links
 http://www.rleague.com/db/player/k/katu_stacey/index.php
RLP

Cook Island rugby league players
Cook Islands national rugby league team players
Living people
Burleigh Bears players
1983 births
Cook Island expatriate rugby league players
Expatriate rugby league players in Australia
Cook Island expatriate sportspeople in Australia
South Sydney Rabbitohs players
Rugby league props