Rational economic exchange also called goods exchange economy is an economic transaction where goods or services are transferred from the provider for a return of relative value (compensation) from the receiver in a manner that advances the economic interests of both parties. Rational economic exchange is implied in voluntary economic transactions between private parties (i.e., regular commerce) where it is assumed that an economic transaction would not occur unless both parties believed they would be better off after the trade.  Rational economic exchange can be implied in governmental taxation and spending where the agents of the citizen—government legislators and administrators—implement fiscal policy where tax assessment to the citizen is related, substantially, to an implied level of government service.

See also
Implied level of government service
Taxation in the United States
Islamic economic jurisprudence

References
. p. 161-162, 265.

Tax reform
Political philosophy


Travis Steven Baptist (born December 30, 1971) is a retired Major League Baseball pitcher.

Baptist was drafted by the Toronto Blue Jays in the 45th round of the 1990 Major League Baseball Draft, and he played his first professional season with their Rookie league Medicine Hat Blue Jays in . On December 9, 1996, he was drafted by the Minnesota Twins from the Toronto Blue Jays organization in the minor league portion of the 1996 Rule 5 draft. While Baptist was a member of the Salt Lake Buzz in 1998, he was chosen as the starting pitcher for the Pacific Coast League team in the Triple-A All Star game.

Baptist went on to later play his only season at the major league level with the Twins in 1998. He played his last season in affiliated ball in  for the Chicago White Sox's Double-AA Birmingham Barons and Triple-AAA Charlotte Knights, and his last professional season with the independent Central Baseball League's Rio Grande Valley WhiteWings in .

References

External links

 Pelota Binaria (Venezuelan Winter League)

1971 births
Living people
Baseball players from Oregon
Birmingham Barons players
Cardenales de Lara players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Charlotte Knights players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Medicine Hat Blue Jays players
Minnesota Twins players
Myrtle Beach Hurricanes players
Nashua Pride players
Nashville Sounds players
New Britain Rock Cats players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
People from Forest Grove, Oregon
Rio Grande Valley WhiteWings players
Salt Lake Buzz players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Mat-Su Miners players
Brother Elephants players
American expatriate baseball players in Taiwan


Hurkett is a  dispersed rural community and unincorporated place in the Unorganized part of Thunder Bay District in northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is on Black Bay on the north shore of Lake Superior in geographic Stirling Township, and is on Ontario Highway 582, a short spur off Ontario Highway 17. Hurkett is a designated place served by a local services board, and has a population of 236.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Hurkett had a population of 94 living in 51 of its 75 total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of 214. With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also

 List of unincorporated communities in Ontario

References

Other map sources:

Communities in Thunder Bay District
Designated places in Ontario
Local services boards in Ontario
Populated places on Lake Superior in Canada


Cinémaginaire is a Canadian film production company. The company is based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada and is headed by co-founders Denise Robert, who serves as president and Daniel Louis, who serves as vice president.

External links
 Profile from Telefilm Canada
   Interview with Denise Robert.
 BFI: Cinémaginaire profile

Film production companies of Canada
Companies based in Montreal
Cinema of Quebec


Omanaia () is a settlement in the Hokianga area of Northland, New Zealand. It is part of the Hokianga South statistical area, which covers the southern side of Hokianga Harbour between Rawene and Koutu. For demographics of this area, see Rawene.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "place of Manaia" for Ōmanaia.

In the 1830s, the Omanaia Maori chief Papahurihia led a nationalist movement to oppose the spread of Christianity through the Hokianga.

Marae

Te Pīti or Ōmanaia Marae, and Te Piiti meeting house, are a meeting place for the Ngāpuhi hapū of Ngāti Hau and Ngāti Kaharau.

In October 2020, the Government committed $493,685 from the Provincial Growth Fund for an overflow renovation of the marae, to create multipurpose space, creating 5 jobs.

Māhuri Marae and meeting house are a meeting place for the Ngāpuhi hapū of Ngāti Pākau and Te Māhurehure.

Education

Omanaia School is a coeducational full primary (years 1–8) school with a roll of  students as of

Notes

Far North District
Populated places in the Northland Region


Anthony Shepherd (c. 1721-1796) was a British astronomer.  He was the Plumian Professor at the University of Cambridge between 1760 and 1796. He published astronomical tables, and was a friend of Captain Cook, who named the Shepherd Islands after him.

Biography
He was born in Kendal, Westmorland, the elder son of Arthur Shepherd. Following his schooling at Kendal, he was admitted to St John's College, Cambridge on 27 June 1740, at the age of nineteen. He received a BA in 1744 and an MA from Christ's College in 1747; he became a BD in 1761, and a DD in 1766.

In 1777 he was appointed Canon of the seventh stall at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, a position he held until 1796.

He never married and died at his house in Dean Street, Soho, London, on 15 June 1796.

Notable students
William Paley

References

External links
 List of Plumian Professors
 Society for history of astronomy
 Places named after people by Captain Cook

18th-century British astronomers
1721 births
1796 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
English Anglicans
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Fellows of Christ's College, Cambridge
Canons of Windsor
Plumian Professors of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy


Eriastrum sapphirinum is a species of flowering plant in the phlox family known by the common name sapphire woollystar. This wildflower is endemic to California where it is found in many habitats throughout the state. It is an annual reaching anywhere from 5 to 40 centimeters in height, forming clumps or singular spindly stems. The stem is erect and may be reddish to green, and has the occasional threadlike leaf with sparse hairs to a coat of dense wool. The inflorescences at the tips of the stems are packed with pointed, leaflike green to red bracts and funnel-shaped flowers. The corolla of the flower has five lobes each one half to one centimeter long and pale to bright blue. The throat of the flower is the same color or yellowish to white. At the mouth of the tube there may be dots of yellow and white. The light colored stamens protrude.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

sapphirinum
Endemic flora of California


Bynum is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Teton County, Montana, United States, approximately 13 miles north of Choteau. Its population was 31 as of the 2010 census.

Bynum is the site of a one-room country school, a general store, post office, an agate shop, and Two Medicine Dinosaur Center, which provides displays and educational programs about dinosaurs.

The town's name is derived from the surname of a family of early settlers in the area. The post office was established in 1885. In 1908 work on the Bynum Reservoir began.

In 2017, the NBC Today Show produced a segment highlighting Bynum's school and its tradition of starting each school day with a song and a dance.

Demographics

Notes

External links
Bynum, Montana

Census-designated places in Teton County, Montana
Unincorporated communities in Teton County, Montana
Unincorporated communities in Montana


Luis Iván Cruz (born May 3, 1968) is a Puerto Rican former professional baseball first baseman and past coach for the GCL Braves in 2018.

Career
He played during four seasons at the major league level for the New York Yankees, Pittsburgh Pirates, and St. Louis Cardinals. He was drafted by the Detroit Tigers in the 28th round of the 1989 amateur draft. Cruz played his first professional season with their Class-A (Short Season) Niagara Falls Rapids in , and his last with the Chunichi Dragons of Japan's Central League in . He played his last affiliated season with St. Louis and their Triple-A Memphis Redbirds in , in which he won the Joe Bauman Home Run Award. In 2008, he entered his first of two seasons as manager of the U.S. Military All-Stars/Heroes of the Diamond and the Latin Stars "Red, White and Blue Tour" posting consecutive winning seasons. Under Cruz’s tutelage, over 25 players were offered scholarships or professional contracts. In 2010, he made his affiliated debut as the manager of the Peoria Padres, the Rookie Short Season A-ball affiliate of the San Diego Padres. Cruz was named as a coach for the GCL Braves in the Atlanta Braves organization for the 2018 season.

Cruz currently resides in St. Augustine, Florida, with his girlfriend and her daughter.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico

References

1968 births
Living people
Altoona Curve players
Chunichi Dragons players
Columbus Clippers players
Gulf Coast Yankees players
Hanshin Tigers players
Jacksonville Dolphins baseball players
Jacksonville Suns players
Lakeland Tigers players
London Tigers players
Major League Baseball first basemen
Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico
Memphis Redbirds players
Mexican League baseball first basemen
Mexican League baseball left fielders
Minor league baseball coaches
Minor league baseball managers
Nashville Sounds players
Nippon Professional Baseball first basemen
New York Yankees players
Niagara Falls Rapids players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
People from Fajardo, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican expatriate baseball players in Canada
Puerto Rican expatriate baseball players in Japan
Puerto Rican expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Saraperos de Saltillo players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Toledo Mud Hens players


Benedict Broutchoux (7 November 1879 – 2 June 1944) was a French anarchist opposed to the reformist Émile Basly during a strike in the north of France, in 1902.

Further reading

 Phil Casoar, Stéphane Callens, Les aventures épatantes et véridiques de Benoît Broutchoux, Humeurs Noires - Centre Culturel Libertaire de Lille, Alternative Libertaire Belgique (Brussels), 1993, .

References
 Broutchoux in the EnDehors newspaper

1879 births
1944 deaths
People from Saône-et-Loire
French anarchists
Members of the General Confederation of Labour (France)


Imputed income is the accession to wealth that can be attributed, or imputed, to a person when they avoid paying for services by providing the services to themselves, or when the person avoids paying rent for durable goods by owning the durable goods, as in the case of imputed rent.

Taxation of imputed income

Many countries, such as the United States, tax imputed income only in certain limited situations. Imputed income is sometimes difficult to measure, and tax policies regarding imputed income can have political consequences. For taxpayers, not taxing imputed income creates a tax incentive in favor of owning over renting, and in favor of self-service over hiring. For the economy, not taxing imputed income directs economic activity away from activities associated with extreme and severe division of labor.

Example: Durable property
Home ownership is an example of an instance involving imputed income from durable property. If someone lives in their own property, they forgo the rental income on this property in exchange for not owing an equivalent amount of rent to someone else. In effect they are paying rent to their mortgage lender. They also avoid paying income taxes on a portion of that rental income. (In the specific example of home ownership in the United States, this effect is emphasized by allowing home owners to deduct a certain level of their interest payments—but not mortgage principal payments—on home mortgage debts when computing taxable income for U.S. federal income tax purposes.)

Example: Personal services
An example of imputed income in connection with personal services is the situation where a stay at home parent is not taxed on wages that the family implicitly "pays" them for their services. If they were working for compensation, the wages they might pay a hired employee would be taxed. This is a systemic unneutrality that is inevitable in any income tax; the tax favors "leisure" (including self-rendered benefits such as shaving and mowing one's own lawn) over "work" (services sold on the market for remuneration). The concept of imputing income is logically extensible to any service people perform for themselves, such as cooking their own meals, washing their own laundry, or even bathing themselves.

Legal application in the United States

In dicta in 1934, the Supreme Court touched on the issue of the constitutionality of taxing imputed income:

If the statute lays taxes on the part of the building occupied by the owner or upon the rental value of that space, it cannot be sustained, for that would be to lay a direct tax requiring apportionment. The rental value of the building used by the owner does not constitute income within the meaning of the Sixteenth Amendment.

Whether the U.S. Supreme Court of the present day would conclude that there is a constitutional prohibition of imputed income is unknown.

Even though the Internal Revenue Code has no provision establishing an exclusion, most types of imputed income are not treated as income for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In 1985, in a discussion of "in kind" income, Professor William D. Andrews, a tax law professor at Harvard Law School, wrote:

Another form of income in kind does not even involve a receipt: it is the imputed income that results from the investment of capital or performance of services for one's own personal or family use. No effort has ever been made to tax imputed income generally, and its omission represents such a settled interpretation that any substantial inclusion of such income now would require legislation.

Regarding the non-taxability of imputed income from the performance of household services under U.S. federal income tax law, Professor Andrews wrote: ". ... it is commonly considered that difficulties of valuation would interpose an insuperable obstacle to any direct inclusion of such items in taxable income." Commentators Burke and Friel have written: "The exclusion is rather a matter of administrative practice, but no less firmly established for that reason."

Regarding the imputed income from the rental value in connection with living in one's own home, Professor Andrews wrote that such income "has never been included in taxable income in the United States."

On rare occasions, issues concerning imputed income have arisen with regard to working to provide for oneself. At least one court has ruled that the imputed income in connection with produce grown and eaten by a farm owner is not taxable as income to the farmer.

Similarly, the U.S. federal income tax law does not tax the imputed income consisting of the benefit one obtains from leisure. Professor Andrews wrote: "It would undoubtedly be impractical to try to reflect either the value of leisure or the cost of its sacrifice directly in taxable income."

See also
Implied level of government service
Rational economic exchange
Taxation in the United States
Theory of imputation

References

Tax reform
Taxation in the United States
Income taxation
Tax terms


The Sultan Ibrahim Ibn Adham Mosque () is the largest mosque in the Palestinian town of Beit Hanina, located northeast of Jerusalem. It is named after a Muslim man who lived in the town and worked as collector of olive products. An engraving in a stone in front of the mosque reads, "this mosque was built by Suwaid Abul Hamayel in the year 336 after Hijrah". The area of the mosque was expanded in 1938 by the residents of Beit Hanina. In 1993, a boys primary school was built alongside the mosque.

Sultan Ibrahim Ibn Adham was a famous saint "who renounced a Kingdom and consecrated himself to God" and buried in Jabala Syria.

References

Further reading
Sharon, Moshe (1997):   Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae  (Sultan Ibrahim Ibn Adham Mosque:  94  ff.)

Mosques in the West Bank


A pariah state (also called an international pariah or a global pariah) is a nation considered to be an outcast in the international community. A pariah state may face international isolation, sanctions or even an invasion by nations who find its policies, actions, or even its very existence unacceptable.

Background
Until the past few centuries, the authority to designate a nation as an outcast, or pariah state, was relatively clear, often resting with religious authorities. (e.g., "the Ottoman Empire for example was regarded as an outcast by European States" from the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 until the nineteenth century on a "religious basis.") In more recent times, however, the criteria for and attached implications of pariah statehood, as well as the designating authorities, are the subject of much disagreement. For example, the Nigerian scholar Olawale Lawal has stated:

By some criteria, nations can be considered pariahs within their own neighborhood of surrounding states. By other criteria, an international body (such as the United Nations) or perhaps a consensus among certain nations may govern the meaning or use of the term.

Etymology
The word "pariah" derives from Paraiyar, a large indigenous tribal group of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Under the Indian caste system, the Paraiyar were members of the lowest caste, which were called the "outcastes". Since its first recorded use in English in 1613, cultures worldwide have accepted the term "pariah" to mean "outcast".

Definitions
A pariah state, defined in its simplest terms, is an outcast state. This is not a new term in the lexicon of International Relations, nor is it a new historical concept. What is new, however, is what Lawal refers to as "the basis for Pariahood appellation." Other definitions have been advanced that expand this basis (see next section below), or perhaps add more academic nuance, which may vary by author or the author's field of study. These definitions are here grouped into two categories: definitions focusing on the lack (or disadvantage) the pariah state objectively suffers from, and definitions focusing on the political justification - given by other nations - for why that pariah state "deserves" their extraordinary attitude towards it.

The first type of definitions is well exemplified by Bellany's definition, according to which a pariah state is "A state lacking any significant soft power."
Similarly, The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations defines the pariah states as "international States/actors which, by virtue of their political systems, ideological postures, leadership or general behavior, suffer from diplomatic isolation and widespread global moral opprobrium." This definition, as the previous one, does not indicate what kind of political system, ideological posture, leadership or general behavior, is ascribed to the pariah state by the other nations.

The second type of definitions is most simply exemplified by Weiss's definition, according to which pariah states are "states that violate international norms." Similarly, Harkavy offers, "A Pariah State is one whose conduct is considered to be out of line with international norms of behavior." Geldenhuys gives a more detailed definition of that type: "A pariah (or outcast) country is one whose domestic or international behaviour seriously offends the world community or at least a significant group of states." Marks's definition elaborates more: a pariah state is "a state with provocative policies or expansionary territorial ambitions, measures of the absence of diplomatic relations with neighboring states or the situational harm posed to other states if the state in question acquired nuclear weapons."

Criteria for pariah statehood
As of August 2014, no internationally accepted criteria exist for designating a nation as a pariah state, nor is there any single accepted authority for doing so. Some criteria are proposed in the definitions offered in the previous section. For example, Harkavy and Marks make reference in their definitions to the international behavior of a nation in order to qualify it for pariahood. Marks goes one step further and includes the question of nuclear weapons in his criteria, while Weiss adds "a state’s defiant existence in the face of international non-recognition.". However, Bellany's sole criterion is a lack of soft power, while the Penguin Dictionary of International Relations requires that the pariah states also "suffer from diplomatic isolation and widespread global moral opprobrium".

Left-wing political commentator and activist Noam Chomsky declared in 2003 and again in 2014 that the United States had become a pariah state. Both declarations were based on both USA's leading violation of international laws and results from Gallup polls showing that only 10 percent of people around the world supported the US war in Iraq and that 24 percent of people in the world believed the United States represented the greatest threat to world peace. Such poll results are not listed among objective criteria advanced by academic sources, international authorities or NGOs, or any governing bodies as criteria for designation as a pariah state, and Geldenhuys argues that major world powers by definition cannot be pariah states because they cannot be isolated or harmed politically or economically, or brought into compliance with international norms by pariah designations, whether by individuals or international governing bodies. Mary Ellen O’Connell, a professor of international law at the University of Notre Dame, explains that there has been a decline in the respect towards international law in USA from our highest government officials to the person on the street because of the misunderstood belief that the laws are practice not enforceable.

Lawal distinguishes between subjective and objective designations. Subjective designation can also exist on a national level, according to the interests and values of the designating nation. If the designating nation is powerful enough, the designation of pariah statehood can become objective based on the amount of pressure the designating state can apply to gain international consensus. Such was the case, according to Lawal, when the United States used its strength within the Western Bloc to impose pariah status on Fidel Castro's Cuba instead of acting unilaterally through foreign policy, with no objective need to impose international pariah status. Lawal explains that the United States' problem with Cuba was geographical more than ideological, as Cuba was no further from the United States on the political spectrum than the Soviet Union was at the time, but the Soviets had attempted to establish nuclear missile launch facilities in Cuba, within 99 miles (159 km) of the United States coastline.

Lawal has summarized four primary categories often used for qualification as pariah states: 1) nations that possess or use weapons of mass destruction in contravention of existing treaties, 2) nations that support terrorism, 3) nations lacking democracy, and 4) nations with a record of human rights violations. To these four criteria, Geldenhuys adds another two: 5) nations that promote radical ideologies at home or even abroad (clarified as "exporting revolution"), and 6) nations that commit acts of military aggression abroad. In addition to these six categories of state conduct that can result in objective designation as a pariah state, Geldenhuys suggests a seventh category that might gain international consensus: nations that are involved in international drug trafficking.

According to Lawal, International law can serve as objective criteria. For example, nations who violate the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty are often sanctioned for their actions. Such sanctions can include designation as a pariah state, as has been the approach used by the United States. However, international law can fail in this regard, as under the current international system, most nation states recognize their own legal supremacy over the laws of any international governing body. Thus, according to Lawal, consensus under international law can be problematic. In the case of nuclear arms development, international isolation can have a paradoxical "push effect" on a pariah state, motivating accelerated development of nuclear weapons. As of 2012, there was no provision in international law for pariah status.

Common characteristics
Geldenhuys has identified four common characteristics shared by many pariah states that are unrelated to any actions of international deviance that might have qualified them as pariahs under the various criteria.

The first is that pariah states tend to lack strong identity as a nation. Geldenhuys cites Iraq as an example. Iraq is a relatively young nation state with "artificial borders." Saddam Hussein's ruling Ba'ath party denied that Iraqis formed a nation. Rather, they maintained that Iraqis were part of a larger Arab nation. (Iraqi Kurds are not Arabs.)

The second characteristic is that, although they are not necessarily small, pariah states cannot be "regarded as a major power in world terms." Certainly there are individuals who disagree with this second characteristic, such as Noam Chomsky (cited above) and author-journalist Robert Parry, each of whom has applied his own personal criteria to describe the United States as a pariah state.

The third characteristic noted by Geldenhuys is that pariah states tend to develop a siege mentality. Similar to the "push effect" (described above regarding sanctions against nations developing nuclear arms), this siege mentality can motivate pariah states to develop costly and ambitious arms programs.

Finally, pariah states tend to develop resentments against the established world order. They may seek to subvert the international status quo. These characteristics are presented as generalizations, and not intended by the author to apply to every pariah state.

See also
 Failed state
 Isolationism
 Rogue state
 Persona non grata

Notes

References

Types of countries


Jim "Long Gone" Thomas (December 18, 1938 – October 4, 2015) was an American gridiron football player and coach.  He played professionally as a running back for nine seasons in the Canadian Football League CFL) with the Edmonton Eskimos. Thomas ran for 6,161 yards in his CFL career and was a two-time CFL All-Star.  He signed to the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League (NFL) in 1970 for a five-game trial, but returned to Edmonton.

Thomas holds the record for the three longest rushing touchdowns in Eskimos history—a 104-yard run on October 9, 1965, against the BC Lions, a 100-yard run on August 2, 1966, against the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, and a 97-yard run on September 4, 1964, against the Ottawa Rough Riders.

Thomas attended R. E. Hunt High School in Columbus, Mississippi, a segregated school for blacks only. He attended college at Mississippi Industrial College in Holly Springs, Mississippi.

After his playing career was over, Thomas earned a master's degree from Southwestern Oklahoma State University. He coached in college at Southwestern Oklahoma State and the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) as well as Noxubee County High School, Houston High School, and in Memphis before winding up at Mississippi Valley State University.

Thomas died in 2015.

Head coaching record

References

1938 births
2015 deaths
Canadian football running backs
Edmonton Elks players
Mississippi Industrial Tigers football players
Mississippi Valley State Delta Devils football coaches
Ole Miss Rebels football coaches
Southwestern Oklahoma State Bulldogs football coaches
Southwestern Oklahoma State University alumni
People from Columbus, Mississippi
Players of American football from Mississippi
African-American coaches of American football
African-American players of American football
African-American players of Canadian football
20th-century African-American sportspeople
21st-century African-American sportspeople


The Thorndike Peaks are a mountain range located south of the entrance to Makinson Inlet, on the east coast of Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada. They are part of the Arctic Cordillera and are virtually unexplored. There are no trees or wildlife in the Thorndike Peaks because the mountains are north of the Arctic tree line and because of the harsh cold climate.

See also
List of mountain ranges

References

Mountain ranges of Qikiqtaaluk Region
Arctic Cordillera


Michael Carson (14 June 1947 – 14 May 2005) was an Australian television director who was responsible for some of Australia's most significant series in the last decades of the twentieth century. His work as a director, producer and script editor was recognised with AFI Awards, Logie Awards, Penguin Awards and AWGIE Awards.

Life and career

Carson was born in Sydney, Australia, and attended North Sydney Boys High School. He commenced work in the television industry as a studio hand and did all his training on the job. He started work with the Australia's national broadcaster, the ABC, in the early 1970s. His first directing jobs included the rock 'n roll music programme GTK, which combined live performances and interviews with cutting-edge bands and performers.

He married television producer and director Sandra Levy in the 1970s, and in 1980 they had a son, Simon. They later divorced but maintained close ties.

He was Course Director for screen acting at Australia's NIDA from 2000 to 2003.

He left the ABC to work freelance in 1990. In his post-ABC years he directed for such companies as Barron Television, Jonathan M. Shiff Productions, and Southern Star Xanadu.

Style and achievements

Carson was responsible for "an extraordinary range of drama during his years with the ABC, the standout probably being Scales of Justice which he conceived, developed and produced". It was made during his "message era" years, and it was "a three-part expose of police corruption". In its published form it became a high-school text. In the 1990s, he was the establishing director for Police Rescue, Phoenix and Janus. Carson himself claimed his peak productions were the first episodes of Janus (1994) and the popular series SeaChange, in which he cast Sigrid Thornton and David Wenham.

Internationally, Carson's work was recognised with Scales of Justice being accepted into official competition at BANFF (Canada) and Jackaroo receiving the New York Film & TV Festival Bronze Award.

Australian playwright Alex Buzo praised Carson for his "tremendous affinity with characters and the actors who played them". Australian actors Sigrid Thornton and Colin Friels also praised Carson's "sensitive handling" of actors. This is regarded as unusual in a director who came "up from the floor".

Awards and recognition
1992: AFI Award for Best Episode in a TV Drama for Phoenix. Hard Ball. Nominated for Best Director
1993: AFI Award for Best Achievement in Direction in a Television Drama for Police Rescue. Whirlwind
2005: Australian Screen Directors Association (ASDA): posthumous accreditation recognising lifetime achievement

Filmography

Loss of Innocence (1978, co-director, four-part drama)
A Place in the World (1979, co-director, six-part drama)
Coralie Lansdowne Says No (1980, director, telefeature)
Going Home (1980, director)
Intimate Strangers (1980, director, two-part drama)
The Timeless Land (1980, co-director, eight-part miniseries)
Scales of Justice (1983, producer, three self-contained telemovies)
Crime of the Decade (1984, producer)
Mail Order Bride (1984, producer)
Man of Letters (1984, producer)
Natural Causes (1985, director and producer, telefeature)
Times Raging (1984, producer)
White Man's Legend (1984, producer)
The Petrov Affair (1987, director, docudrama)
Peter and Pompey (1988, director, telefeature – in Touch the Sun series)
The Australians (1988, co-director, drama series)
Jackaroo (1990, director, two-part drama)
Police Rescue: The Movie (1993, director)
Damnation of Harvey McHugh (1994, co-director, television series)
Janus (1994, director, television series)
Halifax F.P.: Hard Cops (1995, director, telefeature – fifth in Halifax F.P. series)
Naked (1995, co-director, three-part television drama)
Old Flames (1995, director)
The Bite (1996, director, two-part miniseries)
The Devil Game (1997, director and writer)
Driven Crazy (1998, co-director, television series)
Time and Tide (1999, director)
Corridors of Power (2001, director, six-part miniseries)
Cybergirl (2001, co-director, children's television series)
Horace and Tina (2001, director: 4 episodes, television series)

Notes

References
About the ABC: Media Room: Inside the ABC. Issue 34. Accessed: 2008-01-20
Australian Film Commission: Michael Carson credits. Accessed: 2008-01-20
Buzo, Alex (2005), "ABC legend gave us Scales, Sea Change: Michael Carson, Television Director, 1947–2005)" (Obituary) in The Sydney Morning Herald
Frawley, Malcolm (2005) Vale Michael Accessed: 2008-01-20
Murray, Scott (1996), Australia on the Small Screen, 1970–1995, Melbourne: Oxford University Press
The Sydney Film Festival Takes on Television: ASDA/Scales of Justice (2005). Accessed: 2008-01-20

1947 births
2005 deaths
Australian television directors
Australian television producers


Boulder Glacier is located in the U.S. state of Montana in Glacier National Park (U.S.). The glacier is situated to the north of Boulder Peak and west of the Continental Divide. Between 1966 and 2005, Boulder Glacier lost more than 75 percent of its surface area. As of 2005 the glacier was measured to cover only , and no longer met the  threshold often cited as the minimal area to qualify as an active glacier.

Boulder Glacier was photographed in 2007 by researchers from the U.S. Geological Survey and those images demonstrate that the glacier has almost disappeared. Earlier images taken in 1910 depict a glacier that was far larger than what was recorded in 2007.

See also
List of glaciers in the United States
Glaciers in Glacier National Park (U.S.)

References

Glaciers of Flathead County, Montana
Glaciers of Glacier National Park (U.S.)
Glaciers of Montana


Tully Mountain, , is a prominent, steep-sided monadnock located in north central Massachusetts in the town of Orange. It is part of the Tully Mountain Wilderness Management Area.  An exposed east facing ledge on the summit provides views of the Millers River valley, Mount Monadnock, Mount Wachusett, and the Wapack Range. The  Tully Trail traverses the mountain.

There exists a Tully Mountain (Ireland) that, at 1168 feet above sea level, is almost identical in elevation to the Tully Mountain in Massachusetts.

The mountain drains into the Tully River, then into the Millers River, then to the Connecticut River and Long Island Sound.

The mountaintop is forested, except for a rocky outcropping (a monadnock) that faces due east, and a second granite "ledges" facing due west; the rocky prominence of Tully Mountain is visible from surrounding small towns and is a defining characteristic of this small mountain.  The form of the mountain is known as "ramp and pluck", as taught by science teacher Robert Coyle, Athol Junior High School.  The rocky eastern popular vantage point is the "practical" summit of the mountain, as the geological summit is wooded, unmarked, and without views. The vista, looking afar from the steep ledge, features Mount Monadnock (Jaffrey, NH, the peak of which is 16 miles NE); the bump of Gap Mountain, which can be seen just in front of Mount Monadnock; to the left of Mount Monadnock and distant is Mount Sunapee; Mount Kearsarge (Merrimack County, New Hampshire) is visible (55 miles away); Mount Cardigan is the shadowed mountain distant to the left/north of Mount Kearsarge; the tallest mountain in the distant southeast is Mount Wachusett, which is 22 miles away; also visible is the church steeple of Royalston, MA at 3.7 miles away, and three bodies of water: Tully Lake (due east, with views of automobile traffic across the dam), Packard Pond (including its private beach), and the lily-padded Tully Pond (south east). Mount Washington and the Presidential Range is not visible from Tully Mountain due to distance and being obscured by elevations in between.

With spyglass magnification of 15x-20x or more (high powered binoculars, spotting scope), the distant Quabbin Reservoir Observation Tower (24 miles south) is visible on the horizon line when peering far right/southward (over the ascent from the cemetery). Visible in the near south-eastern view is the town of Athol, Massachusetts, with its uptown (spires include the Congregational church (4.4 miles away) and the Athol Historical Society); the uptown Main Street coming directly toward the viewer (automobile headlights), the stoplight at foot of Pleasant Street; further south is downtown (Starretts and Union Twist Drill smokestacks), the former Athol High/Junior High (now senior citizen housing) and various steeples of downtown churches, such as the Athol-Orange Baptist Church with the large brick casket factory behind. Peering northward from Tully Mountain, one can see people atop Mount Monadnock silhouetted at the skyline.  Mount Kearsarge's antenna tower and smaller tower can be viewed on a clear day (55 miles away) north-east.

The mountain actually has twin "peaks" topographically, having a smaller 856-ft elevation to its south, near Fryeville Road, Mayo Road, and Tully Pond, which is sometimes referred to as Little Tully Mountain. Little Tully Mountain is clearly visible from Tully Mountain, but is seldom climbed as it is forested.

On the west side and near the top of Tully Mountain is an open granite area, larger than the more common eastward observation point, called Tully Ledges or "Thatcher Ledges" after a local that discovered the obscure vantage point in 1968. Clearly viewed on any satellite map, it is accessed from the cemetery trail only a hundred yards or so from the top of the trail and to the left/west.  It is not a well-marked pathway and is seldom hiked.  The Thatcher Ledges provides views to the west, including homes in North Orange, and some mountains and antenna in western Massachusetts.  However, the views are not long and open due to the hills immediately in front of the observer, principally Temple Hill (over 1000 feet); Mount Greylock cannot be observed.  The rocky ledges are a fine place for solitude, nature observation, picnicking, and birdwatching. The granite is sloped and often damp, easily turning a twisted ankle or errantly placed boot into a significant tumble down the rocky face. Extreme caution is mandatory, and hiking Thatcher Ledges after rain or ice is not suggested.

At least one documented injury with rescue occurred on Tully Mountain in May, 2018, when a 25-year-old hiker lost his footing on a wet trail and could not get himself out of the woods after he had rolled down a hill 15–20 feet and then fell off a ledge another 10–12 feet, landing on his back. He was able to call 911 for help.  Orange Fire & Rescue and the Western Mass Regional Technical Rescue Team responded, a medical helicopter was denied due to weather, so the rescue team set up a rope system to get the man out of the woods before he was sent to UMass-Worcester to be treated for his injuries.

In August, 2020, authorities were alerted to a fire just below the eastward observation point of the mountain. Fire crews from local fire departments, Massachusetts Forest Fire Control, and the Massachusetts Department of Fisheries and Wildlife responded and controlled the fire, the cause of which remains under investigation. Due to the steep, treacherous terrain, the Massachusetts Air National Guard responded and made several water drops with a Blackhawk helicopter, drawing water from Tully Pond.

Access to hike up the mountaintop of Tully Mountain is typically by one of three routes: (a) Cemetery Route from a pathway starting near the over-wintering vault at the Tully Cemetery, just south of Tully mountain, or (b) Tully Brook Route from a small unmarked dirt parking area off Tully Road, adjacent to the bridge over the Tully River, just west of the mountain; this pathway follows a completely level and wide cart-path and logging operation around the base of the mountain for about 3/8ths of a mile, and then ascends along a yellow blazed trail, or (c) Mountain Road Route from a defined parking area at the terminus of Mountain Road near the eastern base of the mountain on the side of the open observation face, allowing a slow pathway ascent and views of your parked vehicle from the observation point; one can walk the wide path in a slow winding ascent (this is the easiest, gentlest route up the mountain), or can cut directly across the field from the parking lot to a defined path that quickly connects with the cemetery ascent route (the steepest, fastest route up the mountain). From this parking lot, voices are heard as they carry down the mountain from the observation monadnock. The slow ascent trail is 0.9 miles long and winds along a classic New England stone wall which runs along a pasture and a bog before turning direction through the forested approach to the summit. The parking lot is at 709 feet altitude, and the total altitude gain of the hike is 422 feet to the east observation area.

Although there are blue and yellow blazes, there are no defined trailhead signs, and there is no fee to use the area. The sign at the parking area indicates No Camping. Total hiking time one-way to the vista is approximately 20–30 minutes, making this a common destination for hikers of all ages, active families, and teenagers looking for a spot to do what teenagers do.

References

External links
 Tully Trail The Trustees of Reservations
 Tully Mountain Trail Alltrails.com

Mountains of Franklin County, Massachusetts
Mountains of Massachusetts


Orestes Hampton Caldwell (March 8, 1888 – August 27, 1967) was one of the first five members of the Federal Radio Commission. He may have been the first person to coin the term electronics.

Biography
He was born on March 8, 1888, in Lexington, Kentucky. He graduated from Purdue University as an electrical engineer, specializing in telephone and communications.  In 1907 he succeeded Lee De Forest as technical editor of Western Electrician (later Electrical Review).  He went on to edit a number of engineering and technical journals, including Electrical World, Electrical Merchandising, and Radio Retailing.  He married Mildred Bedard.

In 1927, with the backing of United States Department of Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover, he was appointed to the newly created Federal Radio Commission, where he helped oversee the reorganization of the U.S. radio system.  His tenure on the FRC was marked by consistent support for high-powered radio, a position that led to frequent clashes with the United States Congress.  Making matters worse, he seemed to lack the temperament for politics; as one newspaper put it, "A stormy petrel on the commission from start to finish, he narrowly escaped confirmation by the Senate both times.  When he was on the grill the second time, he added to the gayety of the situation by bawling out Congress and this caused such a melee that he came within a couple of votes of being thrown out."

One of the enemies Caldwell made was a key senator for radio policy, Clarence Dill, who helped author the Radio Act of 1927.  Upon Caldwell's resignation from the FRC, Dill commented, "Since Mr. Caldwell is leaving the commission I am not going to spend time discussing [his work there], except to say that I think the country is very fortunate that he has left. … I think anybody would be an improvement over Mr. Caldwell so far as the service of the public is concerned."

Nonetheless, Caldwell had the reputation of being the most technologically knowledgeable of the early Radio Commissioners.  Following his stint on the FRC, he returned to the industry as editor of Electronics and in other capacities.  A passionate fan of electronic gadgets, he hosted a weekly show called Radio Magic on NBC in the late 1930s and early 1940s.  He also outfitted his house in Cos Cob, Connecticut, with all kinds of electrical devices as a kind of "Dwelling of the Future."  World Trade called it the "House of One Thousand Servants" and "an electrical fairyland where every function and every household chore is accomplished automatically."

He died on August 27, 1967, in Greenwich, Connecticut.

References

1888 births
1967 deaths
People from Lexington, Kentucky
Purdue University College of Engineering alumni
Members of the Federal Radio Commission


David or Dave Harper may refer to:

Arts and entertainment
David Harper (pseudonym), pseudonym of novelist Edwin Corley (1931–1981)
David M. Harper (architect) (born 1953), American architect and design/build entrepreneur
David W. Harper (born 1961), American actor
David Harper (antiques expert) (born 1967), British TV antiques expert and writer
David Harper (General Hospital), fictional character in the soap opera General Hospital

Science and medicine
David M. Harper (zoologist) (born 1950), English zoologist
David Harper (biologist), lecturer in evolutionary biology at the University of Sussex, England
David Harper (palaeontologist), British palaeontologist, professor at Durham University

Sports
Dave Harper (baseball) (1917–1996), American Negro leagues baseball player
Dave Harper (footballer) (1938–2013), English footballer
Dave Harper (American football) (born 1966), American football linebacker in the NFL

Others
David Harper (judge), Australian judge

Other uses
This is David Harper, a television parody show, originally called This is David Lander


Don Warrington (June 7, 1948 – December 4, 1980) was a running back who played ten seasons in the Canadian Football League for the Edmonton Eskimos. In his career, Warrington was a part of four Grey Cup championship teams. He was nicknamed "Jeep". He played college football for the Simon Fraser Clan.

He suffered fatal injuries in a car accident, which occurred near Sherwood Park, Alberta, on December 2, 1980, nine days after appearing in the Edmonton Eskimos third (of five) consecutive Grey Cups that year. Warrington died two days later at University Hospital in Edmonton. In his memory, the Eskimos wore a patch with 'EE 21' in a circle on their jersey sleeves the following season; the team would win its fourth straight Grey Cup that year.

Warrington's jersey number (21) was unofficially retired by the Eskimos following his death.

References

Sources

1948 births
1980 deaths
BC Lions players
Canadian football running backs
Edmonton Elks players
Players of Canadian football from British Columbia
Simon Fraser Red Leafs football players
Simon Fraser University alumni
Sportspeople from Burnaby
Road incident deaths in Canada
Accidental deaths in Alberta


The 2005 Molson Indy Montreal was the tenth round of the 2005 Champ Car season, held on August 28, 2005 at Circuit Gilles Villeneuve in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.  Sébastien Bourdais was the polesitter and Oriol Servià won the race.  It was Servià's first victory in major American open wheel competition and remains his only win.

Qualifying results

Race

Caution flags

Notes

 New Race Record Oriol Servià 1:59:10.516
 Average Speed 107.746 mph

Championship standings after the race

Drivers' Championship standings

 Note: Only the top five positions are included.

References

External links
 Friday Qualifying Results
 Saturday Qualifying Results
 Race Results

Montreal
Molson
Grand Prix of Montreal
2005 in Quebec


The Wildrose Party (legally Wildrose Political Association, formerly the Wildrose Alliance Political Association) was a conservative provincial political party in Alberta, Canada. The party was formed by the merger in early 2008 of the Alberta Alliance Party and the unregistered Wildrose Party of Alberta. The wild rose is Alberta's provincial flower.

It contested the 2008 provincial election under the Wildrose Alliance banner, and was able to capture seven percent of the popular vote but failed to hold its single seat in the Legislative Assembly. Support for the party rose sharply in 2009 as voters grew increasingly frustrated with the Progressive Conservative (PC) government, resulting in a surprise win by outgoing leader Paul Hinman in an October by-election. In the fall of 2009 Danielle Smith was elected as leader and by December the Wildrose was leading provincial opinion polls ahead of both the governing PCs and the opposition Liberals. Wildrose's caucus grew to four members in 2010, after two former PC members of the Legislative Assembly defected in January and an independent MLA joined the party in June of that year.

In the 2012 election, the party failed to have the breakthrough predicted by most media pundits, many of whom predicted that it would become the government. However, it increased its vote and seat totals and became the official opposition.

In December 2014, nine Wildrose MLAs, including the leader, Danielle Smith, left the party to join the Progressive Conservative caucus under its recently elected leader, Jim Prentice. All of the defectors to the PCs who sought re-election in the 2015 general election lost their seats by losing either the nomination process in their riding or the general election to the Wildrose challenger.

Effective February 3, 2015, the party's registered name was changed from Wildrose Alliance Party to Wildrose Party.

On May 18, 2017, the leaders of the Wildrose and Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta announced a merger, which was ratified with 95% support of the membership of both parties in July 2017. The combined United Conservative Party held its inaugural leadership election on October 28, 2017. Due to previous legal restrictions that did not formally permit parties to merge or transfer their assets, the PC Party and Wildrose Party maintained a nominal existence and ran one candidate each in the 2019 election in order to prevent forfeiture of their assets. The UCP government later passed legislation allowing parties to merge, clearing the way for the Wildrose to formally dissolve on February 7, 2020.

History

Founding and 2008 general election
The Alberta Alliance Party voted to change its registered name on January 19, 2008, to the Wildrose Alliance after it merged with the unregistered Wildrose Party of Alberta. The name officially changed to Wildrose Alliance Party of Alberta after being approved by Elections Alberta on January 31, 2008.

The two parties had similar policies and the Wildrose had key personnel previously involved with the Alberta Alliance. They hoped that a union would allow the new party to present a stronger front for an anticipated election in the spring of 2008. Paul Hinman, the party's only sitting Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) remained leader after the merger.  During the 27th Alberta general election, the Wildrose Alliance attempted to position itself as a conservative alternative to the governing PC party, and released a platform that promised fixed election dates, increasing personal tax exemptions, elimination of health care premiums, the creation of an Alberta Pension Plan, and a reworking of the controversial changes the PC government made to the oil and gas royalty regime.

An anticipated backlash against the governing PCs failed to materialize, as Premier Ed Stelmach extended his party's seat total to 72 from 60. While the Alliance finished second in eight ridings across the province, they failed to win any seats as Hinman lost his Cardston-Taber-Warner riding by just 39 votes. Running candidates in 61 of the province's 83 ridings, the Alliance took 6.8% of the vote, fourth behind the PCs, Liberals and New Democrats.

2009 leadership election

Hinman announced on April 20, 2009, his intention to step down as leader. He remained the party's leader in an interim capacity until the leadership convention. Former Canadian Federation of Independent Business provincial director Danielle Smith and Mark Dyrholm, a chiropractor in Calgary, announced their candidacy at the June convention. The party viewed the leadership campaign with optimism, announcing that its membership was growing rapidly as Albertans grew increasingly frustrated with the Stelmach government's performance.

Growing opposition to the government's oil and gas royalty program, a record $4.7 billion deficit in 2009, and the PC's "liberal spending" facilitated the growth of the party.  The party began to attract former Reform Party of Canada supporters along with high-profile former members of the provincial Progressive Conservatives, including former premier Ralph Klein's father. Using the slogan "Send Ed a message" as a rallying cry, Paul Hinman sought to take advantage of public discontent as he ran in a September by-election in the Calgary-Glenmore riding. He surprised political observers by capturing 37 percent of the vote, narrowly defeating Liberal opponent Avalon Roberts to win the election and gain the Wildrose Alliance its first seat in the legislature. The Tories, who had held the riding uninterrupted since 1969, fell to third place. Political observers argued the result was more a protest against the Stelmach government than firm support for the Alliance, though it gave the party momentum as it prepared to vote for a leader.

Smith and Dyrholm both attempted to capitalize on the party's election win, proclaiming that Albertans wanted change and that each of them would lead the Wildrose Alliance to a victory in the next general election. The party experienced a considerable growth heading into the leadership election, announcing it had 11,670 members at the beginning of October, compared to 1,800 in June. Smith was elected the new leader at the convention held in Edmonton on October 17.

Danielle Smith leadership

Upon her election, Smith sought to continue the party's growth, focusing her efforts on fundraising and a search for strong candidates.
The Wildrose Alliance's growth was evident in the polls. Shortly before Smith's election, a Return on Insight poll found that the Alliance had the support of 22 percent of respondents. By early November, the party had improved to 28 percent according to an Environics poll, firmly in second place and six points behind the Conservatives. By December, they topped the Tories, leading with 39 percent support according to an Angus Reid poll, while the Conservatives had fallen into a second place tie with the Liberals at 25 percent.  The party revealed at the same time that it had grown to over 13,000 members.

Amidst this wave of popularity, Smith announced on January 4, 2010, that two former Conservative MLAs had crossed the floor.  Rob Anderson and former cabinet minister Heather Forsyth announced that they had joined the Wildrose Alliance after growing frustrated with Ed Stelmach's leadership, accusing the Conservative government of being undemocratic. The defections moved the Wildrose Party past the New Democrats to become the third largest party in the Legislature,  Guy Boutilier joined the Wildrose Alliance on June 24, 2010.  The fourth Wildrose MLA, Boutilier took the party over the threshold for recognition as an official party in the Assembly.  He was unveiled at the party's annual conference, which was attended by 700 people: up from 175 the previous year.

In late July 2010, a controversy developed between Edmonton mayor Stephen Mandel and Smith over the future of the city-centre airport.  Smith argued that a vote on closure of the airport should be added to the October civic elections ballot. Alberta Liberal and NDP politicians also opposed the closure.

For much of the run-up to the 2012 provincial election, it looked like the Wildrose would defeat the Tories in a landslide.  Polling immediately before the election suggested that the gap had narrowed somewhat, but that the Wildrose was still poised to end the PCs' 41-year tenure in government.  In the general election, however, the Wildrose took 17 seats out of 87, well behind the Tories.  This was mainly because its support was confined to rural areas. The Wildrose only won two seats in Calgary (while losing the two seats it held there at dissolution) and were completely shut out of Edmonton.  Nonetheless, it tallied 34.3 percent of the popular vote, a healthy increase from 2008.  This was, however, enough to make the Wildrose the Official Opposition for the first time.

In 2014, Allison Redford stepped down as PC leader following numerous scandals, and polls began to show a resurgence in Wildrose support. Jim Prentice then won the PC leadership and called four by-elections to get his new cabinet, which included former Edmonton Mayor Stephen Mandel, seats in the Legislature. The Wildrose was expected to win two out of the four seats; however the PCs retained all four. The by-elections were seen as a test of both the PC Party under its new leader and Wildrose. As a result of the by-election losses, Smith asked the party to conduct a leadership review. On November 2, 2014, after Rimbey-Rocky Mountain House-Sundre MLA Joe Anglin left the Wildrose caucus to sit as an independent due to the party's "turmoil" and after making criticisms of Smith's leadership team internally., the remaining members of caucus unanimously pass a resolution asking Smith to withdraw her request for a leadership review; Smith agreed. At the party's Annual General Meeting on November 15, 2014, Smith pledged to resign as Wildrose leader if the party did not win government in the next provincial election. Also at the AGM, members voted 148–109 against a resolution supporting equal rights for all minority groups, regardless of race, religious belief, sexual orientation or other differences. This vote reversed a party policy supported by Smith which had been adopted the previous year and signified a shift by the party towards social conservatism resulting in resignations by more moderate party members.

Defections
On November 3, 2014, Joe Anglin (Rimbey-Rocky Mountain House-Sundre) quit the caucus to sit as an Independent MLA stating that he had found out he was out to be expelled due to his public criticisms of Smith's advisers. Anglin had previously lost his bid to be renominated in his riding as Wildrose's candidate for the next provincial election.

On November 24, 2014 Kerry Towle, (Innisfail-Sylvan Lake), and Ian Donovan, (Little Bow) crossed the floor to join the ruling PC Party's caucus giving the turmoil within the Wildrose Party, uncertainty about Smith's leadership and confidence in Prentice as reasons for their move.

On December 17, 2014, Smith confirmed she and eight other Wildrose members – Rob Anderson, Gary Bikman, Rod Fox, Jason Hale, Bruce McAllister, Blake Pedersen, Bruce Rowe and Jeff Wilson – would cross the floor to the Progressive Conservative caucus, with Smith saying "Under Premier Prentice’s strong leadership, I believe we can work together to lead Alberta with a renewed focus on the values and principles that we share." The action followed several days of rumours and a PC caucus meeting in which that party agreed to accept the Wildrose members. Smith said that several conversations with Prentice revealed that they shared much common ground, particularly on fiscal issues. Ultimately, she concluded that it made little sense for her to continue in opposition. "If you’re going to be the official Opposition leader," she said, "you have to really want to take down the government and really take down the premier. I don't want to take down this premier. I want this premier to succeed."

This reduced the Wildrose caucus to five members. In her formal resignation letter to the Wildrose executive, Smith asked that all party members vote on a "reunification resolution" to merge the Wildrose and PC parties; a request which the party executive rejected. This development angered many party members and provoked widespread controversy. Wildrose has stated that "At no time has the Wildrose Party been approached by any representative of the PCAA regarding a merger, combination, partnership or alliance. Yesterday’s events are confined to nine former Wildrose MLAs who opted to cross the floor without consulting the Wildrose Party."

The defections placed Wildrose in a tie with the Liberals for the second most seats but the Speaker ruled that Wildrose would continue as the Official Opposition based on prior precedent. Official Opposition status comes with additional funding and privileges.

2015 election

Former federal MP Brian Jean was elected Wildrose leader on March 28, 2015. Days later, Premier Jim Prentice called a provincial election for May 5, 2015 which resulted in an upset victory by the Alberta New Democratic Party under Rachel Notley, returning an NDP majority government. Despite its lack of preparedness, due to the caucus defections and having to organize an election campaign on the heels of a leadership election, Wildrose was able to rally and win 21 seats,  16 more than the five seats it had at the dissolution of the legislature, and four more than it had won in 2012, allowing the party to remain the Official Opposition. Prentice's Progressive Conservatives, however, collapsed and lost 60 of the 70 seats it had at dissolution, returning only 10 MLAs, finding itself out of power for the first time since 1971 and coming in third behind the NDP and Wildrose. Wildrose's popular vote fell by one-third, however, from 34% of the vote in 2012 to 24% in 2015.

Merger with Progressive Conservatives
Former federal Conservative cabinet minister Jason Kenney became Progressive Conservative leader after winning that party's leadership election in early 2017. Kenney's platform called for uniting the Progressive Conservative and Wildrose parties to form a united right-of-centre alliance. On March 20, 2017, Jean met with Kenney to begin unity discussions.

On May 18, 2017, Jean and Kenney announced that their two parties had come to a merger agreement pending the outcome of votes to be held by the membership of both parties on July 22, 2017. The merger proposal required the approval of 50%+1 of Progressive Conservative members and 75% of Wildrose members in order to be ratified.

Of the 42,617 Wildrose members eligible to vote on July 22, 2017, there was a 57 per cent turnout with 23,466 voters (95%) in favour of the agreement and 1,132 (5%) against, clearing the 75% threshold required by the party's constitution. The Progressive Conservative membership also approved the agreement by a margin of 95% to 5%. With a turnout of 55% of eligible members, 25,692 PC members voted yes and 1,344 voted no with 24 spoiled ballots; the party's constitution required a simple majority of its membership to approve the merger.

The parties then began the process of merging into the United Conservative Party, with a leadership election to occur on October 28, 2017, and a founding convention to be held in 2018. The UCP formally came into existence on July 24, with former Wildrose MLA Nathan Cooper as interim leader.

Current legal status and official dissolution
Because Alberta electoral law did not permit parties to formally merge (or even to transfer money among themselves), the PC and Wildrose parties did not formally dissolve upon creation of the new UCP. As a result, when the UCP came into existence on July 24, 2017; the UCP's interim leadership team formally assumed the leaderships of the PC and Wildrose parties as well. In that role, they withdrew both organizations from any meaningful public presence, thus effectively dissolving them although they continued to exist on paper. In order to give de facto effect to the merger, all Wildrose members in good standing as of July 24 became members of the UCP from that date, and all but a few Wildrose members formally withdrew their memberships in the Wildrose. Legally, the core leadership team of the UCP remained members of both the PC and Wildrose parties.

To maintain their registration through the 2019 Alberta general election, both the PCs and Wildrose ran one paper candidate each in that election. Both of these nominal candidates appeared on the ballot in Edmonton-Strathcona, the district held by incumbent Premier Notley and considered among the NDP's safest seats.

The newly elected UCP government passed legislation allowing parties to merge during the Fall 2019 legislative session. On February 7, 2020, the merger was formally approved by Elections Alberta, allowing the party to officially merge with the PCs and dissolve.

Policy and identity

Election reform was a focus of the Wildrose Alliance. The party proposed to set fixed election dates rather than the current format which allows the Premier to call an election at any time. It would allow more free votes in the legislature and would seek to elect the province's Senators rather than have them appointed by the Prime Minister. The party also planned to introduce a bill giving voters the right to recall their MLA. The Wildrose Party proposed numerous changes to how the province delivers health care, which it claimed will remain compliant with the Canada Health Act, as well as controls on government spending. Smith was also critical of international climate change treaties, believing climate change science remains inconclusive.

Smith stated that controversial social issues would not play a part in the party's election platform.

A Wildrose insider told Calgary Herald editorial page editor Licia Corbella that Smith had grown increasingly uncomfortable leading a party with a strong tinge of Social Conservatism.

Polling indicated that the party retained the support of a quarter of the electorate throughout 2010 as the party further attempted to define itself as not just a protest party but a party capable of forming government.  By July 2011, the Wildrose's support had fallen to 16 percent, while PC support had risen to 51 percent.

However, by March 2012, the Wildrose was polling the support of four-in-ten Albertans, showing significant improvement and a credible challenger to the PCs.

In the wake of the mass floor crossing, new leader Brian Jean stated that each candidate must sign a contract, under which they would need to pay a $100,000 fine if they intend to cross the floor to another party.

Leaders

Alberta Alliance leaders
 Randy Thorsteinson, 2003–2005
 Eleanor Maroes, 2005
 Paul Hinman, 2005–2008

Wildrose leaders
 Paul Hinman, 2008–2009
 Danielle Smith, 2009–2014
 Heather Forsyth, 2014–2015
 Brian Jean, 2015–2017

Members of the Legislative Assembly
Permanent party leaders in bold. The entire caucus crossed the floor to the United Conservative Party in 2017.

Electoral results

See also
 Wildrose Party candidates, 2012 Alberta provincial election

Notes

References

Conservative parties in Canada
Organizations based in Edmonton
Political parties established in 2002
Political parties disestablished in 2017
Provincial political parties in Alberta
2002 establishments in Alberta
2017 disestablishments in Alberta


Portrait of a Legend: 1951–1964 is a compilation album by American singer-songwriter Sam Cooke, released posthumously on June 17, 2003, by ABKCO Records. The disc covers Cooke's entire career, from his early 1950s beginnings with the Soul Stirrers to the posthumous 1964 single "Shake". The collection includes most of the singer's hit singles, including "You Send Me", "Wonderful World", "Chain Gang", "Cupid", "Twistin' the Night Away", "Bring It On Home to Me", "Another Saturday Night", "Little Red Rooster", "Ain't That Good News", "Good Times", and what is often regarded as Cooke’s magnum opus, "A Change Is Gonna Come".

The compilation is generally considered the most complete and comprehensive collection of Cooke's work. It has been included on various "best-of" lists by music publications, including Rolling Stone and Time.

Reception

Biographer Peter Guralnick, author of Cooke's biography Dream Boogie and the liner notes for the disc, writes: "For an overview of Sam's career, from his gospel beginnings through 'A Change Is Gonna Come,' nothing can compare to Portrait of a Legend which serves as a guide to Sam at his very best." The BBC's Alwyn Turner writes, "With perfect sound quality, and with sleeve-notes by Peter Guralnick, this is the best single-volume introduction to his work available." Bruce Eder of AllMusic considered it an improvement on the 1986 compilation The Man and His Music in terms of running time and audio quality; he did, however, lament the lack of inclusion of "'That's Heaven to Me' and 'Soothe Me', arguably one of Cooke's most important songs."

It is Cooke's highest placing position on Rolling Stone 2003 list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All-Time, at number 107, maintaining the rating in a 2012 revised list, dropping to number 307 in a 2020 revised list. In 2010, Time included the compilation on their list of the All-TIME 100 Albums, covering "the 100 greatest and most influential musical compilations since 1954." In the article, Alan Light writes, "The 31 tracks on Portrait of a Legend impressively capture Cooke’s range on a single disc […] Many artists are called "legends," but Sam Cooke truly earned this title."

Track listing

There is an additional track containing a segment of an interview by Magnificent Montague from 1963 in which Sam Cooke hums a few bars.

Personnel
All credits adapted from the disc's liner notes.

Sam Cooke – vocals, producer
Michael Gochanour – analog to digital transfers
Rick Essig – analog to digital transfers
Teri Landi – analog to digital transfers
Ben Bailes – assistant engineer
Matt Boynton – assistant engineer
Tom Camuso – assistant engineer
Jimmie Haskell – arrangement, conducting
René Hall – arrangement, conducting, guitar, producer
Alisa Coleman-Ritz – art direction
Iris W. Keitel – art direction
April Hobbs – art production coordinator
Seth Adkins – art production coordinator
Laura Walton – audio production coordinator
Alicia Adams – backing vocals
Betty Baker – backing vocals
Betty Jane Barker – backing vocals
Carol Lee Lombard – backing vocals
Charles Parlato – backing vocals
Doreen Tryden – backing vocals
Jack Halloran – backing vocals
Jackie Ward – backing vocals
James Bryant – backing vocals
J.J. Farley – backing vocals
Jimmie Outler – backing vocals
Lee Gotch – backing vocals
Loulie Jean Norman – backing vocals
Lou Rawls – backing vocals
Paul Foster – backing vocals
R.B. Robinson – backing vocals
Ralph Brewster – backing vocals
Richard Gibbs – backing vocals
Robert Tebold – backing vocals
Sally Stevens Castle  – backing vocals
S.R. Crain – backing vocals
Sue Allen – backing vocals
Thomas D. Kenny – backing vocals
Thomas L. Bruster – backing vocals
Adolphus Alsbrook – bass guitar
Chuck Badie – bass guitar
Clifford Hils – bass guitar
Eddie Tilman – bass guitar
Frank Fields – bass guitar
Harper Cosby – bass guitar
James Bond – bass guitar
Milton Hinton – bass guitar
Ray Pohlman – bass guitar
Red Callender – bass guitar
Ted Brinson – bass guitar
Jack Costanza – bongos
Armand Kaproff – cello
Cecil Figelski – cello
Emmet Sargeant – cello
Frederick Seykora – cello
Jesse Ehrlich – cello

Joseph Coppin – cello
Leanne Allik – conception
Glen Osser – conductor
Sammy Lowe – conductor
Angelo Tillery – cover illustration
Hiroyuki Komuro – DSD assistant
Gus Skinas – DSD
Charles Blackwell – drums
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John Boudreaux – drums
June Gardner – drums
Ronald Selico – drums
Edward Hall – drums, percussion
Frank Capp – drums, percussion
Hal Blaine – drums, percussion
Julius Wechter – drums, percussion
Al Schmitt – engineer
Dave Hassinger – engineer
Dick Bogart – engineer
Dino Lapis – engineer
Barney Kessel – guitar
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Lou Adler – producer
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Weekly charts

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Certifications

References

External links

Portrait of a Legend: 1951–1964 at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)

Sam Cooke compilation albums
2003 greatest hits albums
ABKCO Records compilation albums
Albums produced by Hugo & Luigi
Albums produced by Robert Blackwell
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Albums conducted by René Hall
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Albums conducted by Glenn Osser
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Gu Cong (顧琮) (died November 4, 702) was an official of Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty of China, briefly serving as chancellor.

Despite Gu's high status, little is firmly established about his career except for the time that he served as chancellor—as, unusual for a chancellor, he did not have a biography in either the Old Book of Tang or the New Book of Tang.  It is known that his clan traced its ancestry to the Eastern Wu prime minister Gu Yong. Gu Cong's great-grandfather Gu Yue (顧越) claimed to be a 10th generation descendant of Gu Yong's, and served as a mid-level official during the Chen dynasty. Gu Cong's father Gu Yin (顧胤) served as an imperial scholar during the Tang dynasty and was created the Duke of Yuhang.

In 701, Gu Cong was serving as the deputy minister of civil service affairs (天官侍郎, Tianguan Shilang), when he was given the designation of Tong Fengge Luantai Pingzhangshi (同鳳閣鸞臺平章事), making him a chancellor de facto. Historical accounts do not give any details about his acts as chancellor, however, and he died in winter 702. His sons Gu Run (顧潤) and Gu Jun (顧浚) later served as officials as well.

Notes and references

 Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 207.

Chancellors under Wu Zetian
702 deaths
Year of birth unknown


Beazell Memorial Forest is a preserve of temperate rainforest  west of Corvallis, Oregon, United States in the Central Oregon Coast Range. The forest was donated to Benton County by Fred Beazell in 2000.

Geography
A mixed forest, Beazell covers . It has a trail and a dirt road that form a loop around the forest together. The forest gets enough rain to almost be a temperate rainforest, as it's on a western slope.

It is the largest park maintained by Benton County.

See also

Benton County, Oregon
Corvallis, Oregon

References

External links
Beazell Memorial Forest (official website)

Forests of Oregon
Parks in Benton County, Oregon
County parks in Oregon


This is a list of seaports in Mexico.

Atlantic Ocean (Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea)

Pacific Ocean (including the Gulf of California)

Mexico's 10 busiest freight ports by total cargo tonnage.

References

Geography of Mexico

Mexico


Mount Tully may refer to:

 Mount Tully, Queensland a locality in Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia
Tully Mountain (disambiguation)


This is a list of flags used in Sri Lanka.

National flag

Presidential flag (1972–2022)
This flag was personal to every President of Sri Lanka, and as such the design changed when a new president assumed office.

On 15 July 2022, the acting President Ranil Wickremesinghe abolished the presidential flag.

Civil ensigns

Military flags

Government flags

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Sinhala Kingdom flags

Tamil flags

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References

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Sri Lanka

Flags


Fort Washita is the former United States military post and National Historic Landmark located in Durant, Oklahoma on SH 199. Established in 1842 by General (later President) Zachary Taylor to protect citizens of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations from the Plains Indians, it was later abandoned by Federal forces at the beginning of the American Civil War. Confederate troops held the post until the end of the war when they burned the remaining structures. It was never reoccupied by the United States military. After years in private hands the Oklahoma Historical Society bought the fort grounds in 1962 and restored the site. In 2017, the Chickasaw Nation purchased Fort Washita from the Oklahoma Historical Society and assumed responsibility for the site and its management. Today, Fort Washita is a tourist attraction and hosts several events throughout the year. In August 2023, the Fort Washita Historic Site was placed into federal trust with the U.S. government.

https://reader.mediawiremobile.com/ChickasawTimes/issues/208621/viewer

Location
The site is located about  northwest of the present-day town of Durant, Oklahoma, on Oklahoma State Highway 199, just north of the confluence of the Washita River with the Red River. The original fortification was a massive expanse of over seven square miles, containing far more than ninety buildings and sites. It was not abandoned until after the end of the war, in 1865.

History

Five Civilized Tribes removed to the Indian Territory

Eager to gain access to the lands of the Five Civilized Tribes in the southern United States the Federal government passed the Indian Removal Act into law on May 26, 1830.  The first of the Indians to be removed, the Choctaws, signed the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek on September 27, 1830, effectively ceding their native lands in Mississippi and Alabama to the United States in exchange for lands in the Indian Territory.  After traveling on the Choctaw Trail of Tears the Choctaws settled in the new Choctaw Nation, the southern part of the Indian Territory bordering the Red River.

The Cross Timbers, a thick line of nearly impassable trees and brush running from north to south, created an effective east–west barrier separating the flat, dry lands inhabited by the plains Indians to the west from the rolling prairies to the east where the Five Civilized Tribes were locating. These indigenous tribes included the Comanche, Wichita, Caddoes, and Kiowa.  They occasionally threatened the removed tribes with raids.  The Choctaws mostly settled in the eastern part of their territory since the western end was less secure against raids from the plains Indians, and they had protection from federal troops located at Fort Towson.

Dodge-Leavenworth Expedition

The first official contact between the United States and the plains Indians was during the Dodge-Leavenworth Expedition in 1834. Camp Washita, the precursor to Fort Washita, was established near the mouth of the Washita River to serve as a base of operations for the area. Two roads were cleared to the area, one from Fort Gibson to the north and one to Fort Towson to the east.  Camp Washita was abandoned later that year.

Chickasaw removal
The Chickasaws were removed to the Indian Territory in 1837, paying $530,000 to the Choctaws for the right to live in their lands.  After removal to the Indian Territory the Chickasaws were reluctant to settle in their district, composed of the west and central area of the Choctaw lands. The area was not secure against the plains Indians, since the closest federal garrison, at Fort Towson, was too far away to protect the area effectively. In 1838 the Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Western Territory, William Armstrong, asked the War Department to build a military post near the mouth of the Washita River to secure the area so the Chickasaws could move into their assigned territory.

Captain T. A. Blake led a company of Dragoons from Fort Towson to the site of Fort Washita in late 1841.

Location and construction
In response to the need to defend the removed Indians on the frontier the United States Army authorized the construction of a fort on the Choctaw lands west of Fort Towson. General Zachary Taylor, as commander of the Second Military Department in the Southwest, chose the site for Fort Washita in 1842 on high ground a mile and a half east of the Washita River and 18 miles north of its junction with the Red River.  At the time the Red River was the southern border of the Indian Territory with new Republic of Texas. The fort was surrounded by rolling prairie.  The nearest military post at this time was Fort Towson 80 miles to the east.

Fort Washita sat at a strategic point on the frontier.  In addition to being located near the Red and Washita rivers there existed an ancient north–south trail through the area.  In the Indian Territory this route was known as the Texas Road, leading from Missouri to Texas and beyond.  This route was called the old Preston Trail after it crossed into Texas on the Red River near Preston Bend at Coffee's Trading Post and later Colbert's Ferry.  Fort Washita became a major junction on this road.  Later the Shawnee Cattle Trail used this north–south route and, just prior to the Civil War, the Butterfield Overland Stage crossed just east of Fort Washita.

Fort Washita was connected to Fort Towson and Fort Gibson by military roads constructed earlier.  Later military roads connected Fort Washita with forts Arbuckle and Sill.

The Cross Timbers were located near Fort Washita, about 19 miles west of the Washita River.

Construction at Fort Washita began in the spring of 1842.  The Chickasaw Indian Agency was built early on as a one-story log building with four rooms in a group of trees on the edge of the prairie 600 yards west of Fort Washita near the springs.  Construction was carried out mostly by Companies A and F of the Second Dragoons, with a temporary log barracks in 1842.  There were supply difficulties, since the fort was located so far on the frontier.  Most materials had to be taken from the area, with a few supplies being shipped from Fort Towson.

Troops from Fort Washita were ordered to protect Texas frontier from Indian attacks in 1842 so Texans could muster against a supposed invasion from Mexico.

Fort Washita was almost abandoned in 1843 before it was fully occupied.  General Taylor learned in March 1843 that the War Department was considering abandoning it.  After Taylor testified to the fort's valuable location the War Department approved the plans to occupy the fort, and the United States Army occupied the post on April 23, 1843.

Bean Starr, one of the Starr gang, died at the hospital at Fort Washita after being wounded at a shootout on the Washita River 25 miles above the fort in the Autumn of 1844.

Had corral, stable area, blacksmith, farrier shops.

In 1845 Fort Washita was the only frontier fort not accessible by steamboat and had to rely on the interior for its supply.

The Mexican–American War

When the Mexican–American War began in May 1846 activity increased dramatically at Fort Washita.  As a United States military post near Texas the fort served as a staging point for the war.  Traffic on the Texas Road heading south increased during and after the war.  During the war years the average garrison of 150 troops increased to almost 2000 troops.  During this era Fort Washita served as the site of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indian Agencies.  The Mexican–American War ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848.

The Chickasaws met at Boiling Springs near Fort Washita in 1846 and adopted a constitution.  They met again at Boiling Springs on October 13, 1848, and created a more formal constitution, creating their own government separate from the Choctaws.  As the Chickasaws moved into their own country near and west of Fort Washita they increasingly needed protection from the fort against the plains Indians.

The temporary log barracks was replaced after the construction of the south barracks from limestone in 1849.

Commanded by Dixon S. Miles in late 1849 and early 1851.

Major Daniel Ruggles served at Fort Washita from 1849 to 1851 after the Mexican–American War and eventually commanded the fort.  He was popular, and the small settlement west of the fort was named Rugglesville after him.  It was sometimes called Rucklesville and later Hatsboro.

Shortly after the Mexican–American War the 2nd Artillery Regiment, commanded by Colonel Braxton Bragg and made famous at the Battle of Buena Vista, was assigned to the fort.  Bragg was later a General in the Confederate Army.

Moving frontier and the Gold Rush
Beginning after the discovery of gold in California in 1848 many settlers bound for California traveled through Fort Washita headed west. Many emigrants to California chose a more southern route to avoid the cold winters, the snow, and cholera outbreaks that plagued the northern routes.  The major obstacle to using the southern route was the indigenous plains Indians that lived along this route.  Travelers gathered in large groups for protection while crossing to California.  "It was customary for the emigrating parties to rendezvous at Fort Washita, where detachments would consolidate, elect their officers and make their final preparations before crossing Red River into Texas and straightening out on their long southwestern tangent to El Paso."  In 1850 General Arbuckle, commander at Fort Smith, ordered the establishment of a fort west of Fort Washita to aid the protection of California emigrants.  This fort became Fort Arbuckle.

Fort Worth was established June 6, 1849.  The distance between Fort Worth and Fort Washita is 120 miles.

General Belknap, commander of Fort Arbuckle died on November 10, 1851, on an ambulance between Preston, Texas and Fort Washita bound for Fort Gibson to see his family.  He was interred at Fort Washita.

The headquarters of the Seventh Military Department was transferred to Fort Washita in 1853.  With it Major T. H Holmes commanded the fort.  Only one light battery of artillery was assigned to the post in 1853.

The west barracks was built in 1856 from native limestone.

The two artillery batteries at Fort Washita were transferred to Fort Monroe, leaving on December 25, 1856.

By 1858 there was an east barracks, hospital, and surgeon's quarters all built from native stone, in addition to the wooden structures.  A corral and stables on the hillside southwest of the fort supported cavalry operations.  Cavalry comprised the bulk of the forces assigned to Fort Washita until the 1850s when it served as a United States Army Field Artillery School.  Several Artillery units were assigned to the fort during this time in addition to infantry and cavalry.  Forts Smith, Washita, Belknap and Arbuckle were abandoned temporarily in 1858 so their troops could be sent to Utah during the Utah War.  The Fort closed on February 17, 1858, but was reoccupied later that year on December 29 after increased Comanche activity.

Fort Washita's importance as a military post waned as the frontier moved westward.  The Chickasaw and Choctaw nations grew more settled and incursions by the plains Indians lessened.  As the frontier moved westward new military posts were established farther west to protect the new frontier.  The Army established Fort Cobb in October 1859.

Many men who served at Fort Washita would go on to become famous, including Randolph B. Marcy, George McClellan, William G. Belknap and Theophilus H. Holmes.

The Civil War and abandonment
Federal troops still occupied Fort Washita when the Confederates fired on Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861.  Expecting war, Colonel William Emory had concentrated all of his Federal troops from Forts Arbuckle and Cobb at Fort Washita.  When news of Fort Sumter reached Emory on April 16 he led his forces to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, pursued by 4000 Texas militia one day behind them.  Afterwards the Confederate forces seized Fort Washita.  Both the Choctaw and Chickasaw were allied with the Confederacy throughout the duration of the war.   During the Civil War Fort Washita saw no action, though it was an important supply depot for the Confederates in the Indian Territory.  It also served as military hospital.  Fort Washita became the headquarters of Brigadier General Douglas Cooper, who assumed command after the  battle of Honey Springs.  Other Confederate commanders during the Civil War include  General Albert Pike, served as commander of Fort Washita for a short time before establishing Fort McCulloch a few miles to the east, and General Stand Watie.  Near the end of the war, Confederate forces burned the existing buildings and abandoned the post.  A confederate cemetery remains to this day on the fort grounds.  United States military graves were exhumed and reinterred at Fort Gibson near Muskogee, Oklahoma.

After the Civil War Fort Washita was never reoccupied by the United States military and the grounds fell into disuse. On July 1, 1870, the War Department handed over the fort grounds to the Department of the Interior.   The passage of the Dawes Act in 1887 and the Atoka Agreement in 1897 divided the communal lands of the Chickasaw Nation, including Fort Washita, into allotments owned by individual Chickasaw citizens.  The Colberts, a prominent Chickasaw family, received the allotment of grounds including the fort.  Department of Interior turned land over to Abbie Davis Colbert and her son.  Charles Colbert turned the existing east barracks into a personal home and the site was used as a farm for many years.  The remaining buildings were used in a farming capacity.  The Colberts also used the cemetery as a family cemetery.  The old west barracks continued to serve as the Colberts' household until it burned down in 1917.

Douglas H. Cooper, once commander of Fort Washita and later commander of Confederate Troops in Indian Territory, continued to live at the fort after the Civil War. He died there on April 29, 1879, and was buried in the old fort cemetery in an unmarked grave.

National Historic Landmark
In 1927, Dr. William Brown Morrison, a history professor at Southeastern Oklahoma State University (then Southeastern State Normal School) visited the ruins of the fort and reported that "while rapidly disintegrating and disappearing, these ruins are still very extensive and very interesting to those who may be inclined to study the history of Oklahoma in the days long gone by."

In the 1960s there was a renewed interest in Oklahoma's Historical Sites.  The Oklahoma Historical Society was able to determine that at the Fort Washita site there were 86 structures, 50 foundations and 2 structures still standing.

Ward S. Merrick Sr. of Ardmore, Oklahoma contributed funds to the Oklahoma Historical Society for the purchase of the site from the Colbert family in 1962.  At the time, William "Buck" Loper and his wife, Lela, lived in the current park headquarters.  During the sale of the property to the Historical Society, the Colberts allowed the Lopers to stay until their death around 1963.  They are both buried in the fort cemetery.  It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965 and in 1967 the Oklahoma State Legislature approved $10,000 for the reconstruction and restoration of the fort's grounds.  In 1971 the Oklahoma Historical Society conducted an archeological dig and rebuilt the south barracks.

Today the Fort Washita site is home to Fort Washita Historic Site and Museum, Civil War reenactments, and a yearly Fur Trade Rendezvous.

On September 26, 2010, the reconstructed South Barracks was destroyed by fire.

Commanders
James Dean, Captain, 3rd Infantry May 1834-
George A. H. Blake, Captain, April 1842-
Thomas Faunteroy, Major 2nd class, October 1844-
Benjamin L Beall  Captain assumed command December 1842.
W.J. Newton, Jan 1842
Benjamin L. Beall, Capt.  Feb 1842
Benjamin L. Beall, Brev Maj, April 1843
W.S. Harney, Brev Colo., June 1843
B.L. Beall, Brev Major, Jan 1844-May 1844, Mar-May 1845
W.S. Harney, Brev Colonel (2nd Dragoons) June 1844
Theophilus Hunter Holmes May 1851 to December 1855.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Oklahoma
National Register of Historic Places listings in Bryan County, Oklahoma

Notes

References

Morrison, W.B. Fort Washita.  Oklahoma Historical Society (1927).

Further reading
 Adams, George R.  William S. Harney U of Nebraska Press (2001) 389.
 Corbett, William P. "Rifles and Ruts:  Army Road Builders in the Indian Territory,"  Chronicles of Oklahoma 60:294-309 (1982)
 Dyer, Brainerd.  Zachary Taylor.  Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press (1946)
 Fowler, Jack D.  "Amid Bedbugs and Drunken Seccessionists."  Civil War Times Illustrated 36:44-50 (1997)
  Frazer, Robert W. Forts of the West: Military Forts and Presidios, and Posts Commonly Called Forts, West of the Mississippi River to 1898 (2d ed.; Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1972).

 Holcomb, Raymond L.  The Civil War in the Western Choctaw Nation, 1861-1865.  Atoka, OK:  Atoka County Historical Society (1990)
 Howard, James A. II, "Fort Washita," in Early Military Forts and Posts in Oklahoma, ed. Odie B. Faulk, Kenny A. Franks, and Paul F. Lambert (Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Historical Society, 1978).
 Lewis, Kenneth E.  "Fort Washita From Past to Present An Archeological Report" (1975)
 Methvin, J.J.  "The Fly Leaf",  Chronicles of Oklahoma  6:3 (September 1928) 14-35
 Parker, William B.  Notes Taken During the Expedition Commanded by Capt. R. B. Marcy, U. S. A., Through Unexplored Texas, in the Summer and Fall of 1854 Hayes & Zell (1856) 242.
 Perrine, Fred S. "The Journal of Hugh Evans ," Chronicles of Oklahoma 3:3 (September 1925) 2-215 (retrieved November 17, 2008).
 Shirk, George H.  "Mail Call at Fort Washita",  Chronicles of Oklahoma  33:1 (1955) 14-35
 Shirk, George H. "Peace on the Plains," Chronicles of Oklahoma 28:1 (January 1950) 2-41 (retrieved November 17, 2008).
 Official Army Register for 1851

External links

 Fort Washita - Official site at the Oklahoma Historical Society
 Fort Washita Tour Map and Guide
 Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Fort Washita
 Fort Washita Information & Video - Chickasaw.TV
 Fort Washita - history, restoration and ghosts
 Fort Washita pamphlet
 National Park Service - Soldier and Brave (Fort Washita)
  Fort Washita info, photos and video on TravelOK.com Official travel and tourism website for the State of Oklahoma
 Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory

Pre-statehood history of Oklahoma
Indian Territory in the American Civil War
National Historic Landmarks in Oklahoma
Native American history of Oklahoma
Military and war museums in Oklahoma
Museums in Bryan County, Oklahoma
Indian Territory
Oklahoma Historical Society
Washita
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Oklahoma
1841 establishments in Indian Territory
National Register of Historic Places in Bryan County, Oklahoma


Smith Academy, a combination junior and senior high, is a small public school in Hatfield, Massachusetts, United States.

Notable alumni
Jack Hubbard, College Football Hall of Fame inductee
Judy Strong, Olympic field hockey player

References

External links
Smith Academy

Educational institutions established in 1872
Schools in Hampshire County, Massachusetts
Public high schools in Massachusetts
1872 establishments in Massachusetts


Above the Limit  (United States copyright 1902 as Chimmie Hicks at the Races) is a short film made in November 1900 by Frederick S. Armitage. It marks the film debut of vaudevillian actor Charley Grapewin, 39 years before his more memorable role as Dorothy's Uncle Henry in MGM'sThe Wizard of Oz.  Created by the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company along with its sister film, Grapewin's Chimmie Hicks and the Rum Omelet, it was shot in September and October 1900 and released in November of that year for viewing in Mutoscope "Moving Picture Machines" (a format with greater viewing quality than the Edison Kinetoscope) as a tale sharing the pitfalls of gambling.

Plot

The film is a silent character sketch that shows Chimmie Hicks (Charles E. Grapewin) imitating a man at the races winning and losing. Filmed on a bare stage with a dark backdrop, the sketch captures Chimmie in a three-piece suit and overcoat holding a racing program while watching a race taking place offstage.  It shows him excitedly jumping and pantomiming that his horse has won the race.  A second man enters the frame and gives Chimmie his winnings.  Chimmie returns a sum of money to the booker to place another bet.  The next race begins and Chimmie again shows great excitement, which quickly turns to despair and anger as the horse loses.  The bookie returns, collects all of Chimmie's money and his watch. The gambler falls to his knees, shakes his arms toward the sky, and tears up his racing form, scattering the pieces on the ground.  He rises and sadly begins to leave the stage.

References

External links

1900 films
American silent short films
American black-and-white films
1900s sports comedy films
American horse racing films
American sports comedy films
1900 short films
American comedy short films
Biograph Company films
1900s American films
Silent American comedy films
Silent sports films
1900s English-language films