Okinawan names (Okinawan: /, nā) today have only two components, the family names (surnames or last names) first and the given names last. Okinawan family names represent the distinct historical and cultural background of the islands which now comprise Okinawa Prefecture in Japan. Expatriates originally from Okinawa also have these names.

Modern names
As Japanese citizens, Okinawans today comply with the Japanese family register (koseki) system. Accordingly, an Okinawan name has only two components, a family name and a given name. A family name is called myōji (苗字 or 名字), uji (氏) or sei (姓), and a given name is called the "front name" (名前, namae) or "lower name" (下の名前, shita no namae). The family name precedes the given name. The given name may be referred to as the "lower name" because, in vertically-written Japanese, the given name appears under the family name.

Japanese family names generally show regional variation, but Okinawan family names are known for their distinctiveness. In contrast it becomes increasingly difficult to find unique Okinawan given names.

Top 10 popular Okinawan family names
This top 10 list is based on the name as written in kanji (Chinese characters). Since the Japanese language allows for multiple possible readings, or pronunciations, for each character, the reading of Okinawan family names written with the same characters varies. In addition, the Okinawan language has its own means of reading Japanese kanji, but some surnames like Nakama, Yara have the same reading in both languages.

Historical names

As in mainland Japan, historical names in Okinawa are more complicated. People with different social statuses bore different kinds of names, maintained several names to use in different occasions, and sometimes changed them in their lifetime. Okinawan names underwent great changes after the Ryūkyū Kingdom fell under the Satsuma Domain's control.

Warabi-naa
Warabi-naa (warabe-na/warabi-naa, 童名) were personal names. For example, the warabi-naa of Tamagusuku Chōkun was Umi-guraa (思五良). Warabi-naa were most prevalent among Okinawans, from the king to commoners, both male and female. They were the oldest component of Okinawan names as, like people in mainland Japan, the inhabitants of Ryukyu islands did not originally have names for families, clans or lineages. They were used as the official names during the early era of the Ryukyu Kingdom. They appeared even in appointment letters by the king, written mostly in hiragana. It was during the 17th century that other name components prevailed among the pechin class.

A warabi-naa was given soon after birth. Although literally meaning childhood name, it was used by commoners for their entire life. While it was overshadowed by other name components, even adult male members of the pechin class used warabi-naa at home and when referring to their friends.

Later in history, stylized use of prefixes and suffixes differentiated social statuses. A commoner used neither a prefix nor suffix, a samurai used either a prefix or suffix, and an aristocrat used both a prefix and a suffix. For example, Tukū (徳) was a name for commoners, Umi-tukū (思徳) for samurai, and Umi-tuku-gani (思徳金) for aristocrats.

A set of warabi-naa appeared in the very beginning of recorded history and has not been changed since then. The number of warabi-naa pooled in society was extremely small. It was not uncommon for a warabi-naa to be shared by more than one person in a household. The first male child was usually named after his paternal grandfather. For example, the last king Shō Tai had the warabi-naa Umi-jiraa-gani (思次良金), which was also the name of his grandfather Shō Kō.

Kamei
Even in the Old Ryukyu era, social development led Okinawans to acquire names other than warabi-naa for disambiguation. Kamei (家名) or Yaa-n-naa (家の名), both meaning "family name," were often attached to warabi-naa. Kamei were toponyms, either the domains they ruled or the places of their origin. For example, an inscription of the Old Ryukyu era contains a personal name, Mafuto-kane    Ufusato no Ufu-yakumoi (まふとかね 大さとの大やくもい), where Mafuto-kane (Mafutu-gani) was a warabi-naa, Ufusato (Ufusatu) was a place associated with him, and Ufu-yakumoi (Ufu-yakumui) was the title he was given.

In the naming conventions after the separation of the Peichin class from peasants, only the Pechin class was allowed to have kamei. Because the vast majority of the Pechin families lacked domains to rule, they inherited fixed kamei. In contrast, an upper class member used the name of the fief he was given by the king. This means that his kamei was changed every time a different land was allotted. For example, Makishi Chōchū (1818–1862) originally had the kamei Itarashiki (板良敷) but was then given a fief of Ōwan (大湾) before being finally renamed to Makishi (牧志).

In early times, kamei were written predominantly in hiragana. After the invasion of the Ryūkyū Kingdom by Japan's Satsuma Domain in 1609, the Japanese-style use of Chinese characters (kanji) was adopted. The Keichō Land Surveys of 1609-1611 probably conventionalized to some degree the choice of kanji for place names, and thus surnames based on them. In 1625 the Satsuma Domain instituted a . As a result, the kanji used to write kamei changed from characters that were common in Japan to new, unique character combinations. For example, the name 東 (Higashi) was often changed to 比嘉 (Figa) or 比謝 (Fija), the name 前田 (Maeda) to 真栄田 (the same reading), 福山 (Fukuyama) to 譜久山 (the same reading), etc.

In practice, kamei represented a group who shared the founder of a relatively recent past. When it was necessary to distinguish branch families, the main family attached the prefix ufu (大, great) to its kamei while the suffix gwa (少, small), for example, was used for a branch family.

Officially, commoners did not have kamei. At some point in history, commoners in the capital region, Shuri and Naha, started to assume kamei. However, kamei of commoners were differentiated verbally and in writing. The last syllable of a commoner's kamei was lengthened (e.g. Arakachii) while that of a Pechin was not (e.g. Arakachi). For commoners, his warabi-naa is written first and is followed by his kamei. For example, Taraa (warabi-naa) from Yamagushiku was written as たら山城 (Taraa Yamagushiku).

Commoners in rural areas unofficially used names for households, which were also called Yaa-n-naa (屋の名). They were similar to yagō, private family names used by commoners in Japan.

Rank
Like in Japan, a rank (位階) was also part of the addressing system. The following was the list of ranks after they were fixed:
 Wōji (王子)
 Anji or Aji (按司)
 Uwekata (親方)
 Peechin (親雲上)
 Satunushi-peechin (里之子親雲上)
 Satunushi (里之子)
 Chukudun-peechin (筑登之親雲上)
 Chukudun (筑登之)
Young male members of the Pechin class who had no rank were addressed with honorific suffixes: shii (子) for the upper class and nyaa (仁屋) for the lower class. Commoners had no rank.

Nanui
Male members of the Pechin class adopted nanui (nanori/nanui, 名乗), or Japanese-style personal names, when they reached adulthood. Each nanui consists of two kanji characters, e.g. 朝薫 (Chōkun). The first character of a nanui, called nanui-gasira (nanori-gashira/nanui-gasira, 名乗頭), was shared by a lineage or munchū. For example, the character 朝 (chō) was used by branch families of the royal family including Chōkun (玉城朝薫), his father Chōchi (朝致) and his son Chōki (朝喜).

The direct reference to a nanui verbally and in writing was usually avoided because it was considered rude. In domestic documents, a Pechin was usually addressed by the combination of a kamei and a rank (e.g. Kyan Peekumi (喜屋武親雲上)). This was similar to the convention of Japan, e.g. Andō Tsushima-no-kami (安藤対馬守, Andō, Governor of Tsushima Province) for Andō Nobumasa. This combination can be found in as early as the first half of the 16th century. When necessary, a nanui was attached to the combination of a kamei and a rank. It is only a convention of historiography that people of the Ryūkyū Kingdom are referred to by the combination of a kamei and a nanui, e.g. Tamagusuku Chōkun (玉城朝薫).

Nanui came into use during the 17th century with obvious influence from Satsuma. The use of nanui-gashira is similar to that of tsūji (通字) in Japan. However, while tsūji was usually assumed only by the successor of a household, the first son in most cases, each nanui-gashira was shared by all the male member of a lineage.

Kara-naa
From 1689 male members of the Pechin class also had kara-naa (唐名) or Chinese names. Each kara-naa consists of a one-character name for a lineage called shii or uji (sei/shii, 姓 or uji/uji, 氏) and a personal name called imina (諱). For example, Tamagusuku Chōkun had the kara-naa Shō Juyū (向受祐). Kara-naa appeared neither officially nor privately in domestic affairs, but were used for diplomatic correspondence with Chinese dynasties. Thus a lower-class Pechin who had no post in the court had virtually no chance to use his kara-naa.

Names for Okinawan officials were recorded in early diplomatic documents written in Classical Chinese. They were actually corrupt forms of warabi-naa and kamei. For example, a-fu-sat-to 阿布薩都 and ō-sat-to 王察度 both referred to the kamei Ufuzatu (大里). Similarly, go-ratsu 呉剌 and tatsu-ro-ka-ne 達魯加禰 derived from warabi-naa Guraa (五良) and Taru-gani (樽金) respectively. It is during the 16th century that some officials used names that could be analyzed as Chinese surnames and given names. It seems that at first these names were coined each time they were needed for a diplomatic trip to China. Some families from which diplomats came for generations began to succeed the first character of their ancestors' transcribed names as shii. For instance, descendants of Mafutu-gani, who appeared as ma-botsu-to (麻勃都) in diplomatic records, adopted the shii Ma (麻) after him.

Munchū or lineages
The development of Okinawan naming conventions was closely related with that of munchū (monchū/munchū, 門中), or patrilineages. In 1689 Keizu-za or the Board of Genealogies (系図座) was established and all the Pechin lineages were ordered to compile genealogical records. In 1690 the royal court assigned one-character shii or Chinese surnames to all registered lineages. Since commoners were forbidden to compile genealogical records, this effectively separated the Pechin class from commoners. Genealogical records became a status symbol of the Pechin class. The Pechin class came to be referred to as keimochi (系持), lit. possessing genealogy, while commoners were called mukei (無系), lit. without genealogy.

Among the Pechin class, lineages were identified by the combination of the Chinese-style shii and the Japanese-style nanui-gashira. A lineage with the shii Mō (毛) shared the nanui-gashira Sei (盛), but this nanui-gashira was also used by a lineage named Ō (翁). Also, there was another lineage whose shii was Mō, but its nanui-gashira was An (安). Kamei cannot be a designator of lineages. The Mō lineage with the nanui-gashira Sei had was headed by the family with the kamei  Tomigusuku (豊見城), but its branch families had various kamei including Kunigami (国頭) and Tomikawa (富川).

Royal house
The title Ō (王) or king was of foreign origin. In Okinawan, the king styled himself anji-osoi-jyanashi or later Shui-tin-jyanashi (首里天加那志). The king was referred to as ushu-jyanashi-me by his people and as myuumee-jyanashi or nuumee-jyanshi by his family members.

Close relatives of the king were given the ranks of wōji (王子) and anji (按司). Although wōji literally means the king's son, its conferrers were not limited to the king's son. A wōji or anji was referred to by his domain plus the suffix udun (御殿). The crown prince was traditionally given the domain Nakagusuku (中城) and therefore referred to as Nakagusuku-udun (中城御殿).

Many early kings, up to Shō Hō, had divine names (神号) in addition to warabi-naa. For example, Shō Gen's divine name was tida-hajimi-aji-sui (日始按司添). It seems that divine names were assumed after accession to the throne.

The king had a kara-naa and used it in diplomatic correspondence with China. The royal shii Shō (尚) was, according to Ryukyuan records, given to Shō Hashi by the Xuande Emperor of Ming China. This statement is highly questionable because no such record is found in Chinese documents and Shō Hashi used the shii even earlier. In 1692, the branch families of the royal house were given the shii Shō (向, note the different kanji) and the nanui-gashira Chō (朝) no matter how distant from the king.

Kumemura
A district near the capital named Kumemura is said to have been founded by immigrants from Fujian, China. Its raison d'être was to manage diplomatic contacts with China although some were later engaged in domestic affairs. The members of the community had kara-naa or Chinese names from the very beginning. It is known that they also had warabi-naa as early as the first half of the 15th century.

Today historical figures from Kumemura are often known by kara-naa, e.g. Sai On. He appeared in domestic documents as Gushichan Uwekata after his kamei Gushichan (具志頭) and his rank Uwekata (親方). He had a nanui Bunjaku (文若), and therefore is sometimes known as Gushichan Bunjaku.

Modernization
The Ryūkyū Kingdom was forced to become a Japanese feudal domain by the Meiji government in 1872, and it was formally annexed by Japan in 1879. Ryūkyūans were then entered into the Japanese family register (koseki) system and, as in Japan, surnames were extended to all citizens, no longer being the province of the aristocratic classes alone. A large number of the names created at this time were taken from geographical names or places of residence. Direct descendants of Tamagusuku Chōkun, who by the time assumed the kamei Hentona (辺土名), adopted Hentona as their new surname.

While the nobles had assumed new names when they reached adulthood, the new system forced them to adopt lifetime personal names soon after birth. At first, Japanese given names were often given when they entered school. For this reason, given names were informally called "school names" (学校名). Warabi-naa continued to be used unofficially until the early Shōwa period.

With increasing contacts with Japan, many Okinawans felt it inconvenient to use their alien-looking surnames. Since the law made it extremely difficult to change surnames, they often changed the reading of surnames while leaving their written forms unmodified. For example, Naagusuku (宮城) was usually changed to Miyagi (宮城). It is reported that, during the American military occupation after World War II, many managed to change their surname relatively easily. The family registers were completely destroyed by American attacks and reconstructed on individual declarations.

See also
 Amami name
 Japanese name
 Okinawa Prefecture

References

External links
 Okinawan family names, Center for Information Infrastructure, Shizuoka University

Names by culture


KGVO (1290 kHz) is an AM radio station licensed to serve Missoula, Montana.  The station is owned by Townsquare Media.  It airs a news/talk format.

The station was assigned the KGVO call letters by the Federal Radio Commission on March 17, 1931.

On May 6, 1932, the FRC authorized KGVO to move from 1420 kHz to 1200 kHz and to change to unlimited operation rather than its previous 10 a.m.-6 p.m. schedule. At that time, KGVO had 100 watts power.

KGVO has been the flagship station of Montana Grizzlies football and men's basketball for decades; it frequently brands itself as "Home of the Grizzlies."

Until 2017, KGVO simulcast on KGVO-FM at 101.5 FM, which was used to fill in the gaps when the AM station adjusted its coverage at night. However, on February 2, 2017, KGVO-FM broke off to air an alternative rock format as KAMM-FM. KGVO then began simulcasting on a low-powered translator at 98.3 FM, and Hamilton's KLYQ began simulcasting KGVO.

Ownership

In October 2007, a deal was reached for KGVO to be acquired by GAP Broadcasting II LLC (Samuel Weller, president) from Clear Channel Communications as part of a 57 station deal with a total reported sale price of $74.78 million.  What eventually became GapWest Broadcasting was folded into Townsquare Media on August 13, 2010.

Previous logo

References

External links
Official Website

FCC History Cards for KGVO

News and talk radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1931
GVO
1931 establishments in Montana
Townsquare Media radio stations


Gaspard Augé (; born 21 May 1979 in Besançon) is a French musician and graphic designer. He is one of the two members of French electronic music duo Justice.

Biography
Augé was born into a family of Protestant industrialists from Besançon, France. He is the nephew of André Marcel Augé, whose father André Augé founded Augé Découpage, a metallurgy company now owned by Diehl Metall.

He created his first musical project with his cousin Théo Vuarnet called Microloisir (Back in your Eyes), recorded in his home with a computer microphone and an Ableton sequencer. He later became a retro-futurist graphic designer, under the pseudonym, Gaspirator, and designed shirts for Sixpack France, one of which was worn by M. Pokora in the music video for his single Dangerous.

In 2010, he designed the covers for Surkin's Silver Island, Fan Out Remixes and Ultra Light EPs. Gaspard was also chosen to compose the music for the film Rubber with Mr. Oizo. He also makes an appearance in the film in the role of a hitchhiker.

As part of Justice, Augé received a Grammy Award in 2019 alongside de Rosnay for their remix album Woman Worldwide, under the category for Best Dance/Electronic Album.

Between 2020 and 2021, Augé co-produced Kavinsky's second album, Reborn. Also in 2021, he announced the release of his first solo studio album, Escapades, which he released on 25 June 2021.

Discography

Albums

References

French electronic musicians
French DJs
1979 births
Living people


DY Persei is a variable star and carbon star in the Perseus constellation. At maximum it is 11th magnitude  and at its faintest it drops to 16th magnitude. DY Persei is the prototype of the very rare DY Persei class of variables that pulsate like red variables but also fade from sight like R Coronae Borealis variables.

Location
DY Persei is located on the outskirts of the Trumpler 2 open cluster, near the famous Double Cluster. At 1,500 pc, DY Persei is thought to be much further away than Trumpler 2 and not a member.

Variability

DY Persei was reported to be variable in 1947. It was initially classified as a semiregular variable star with a brightness range of magnitude 10.6 to 13.2 and an approximate period of 900 days. Further study revealed that it showed deep declines every few years as well as continuous variations with a rough period of 792 days. The deep declines were considered to be related to the declines seen in R CrB stars, but DY Persei was a unique example, being a cool carbon star and showing large amplitude semiregular variations when not in decline.

DY Persei is now classed as a member of the very rare class of DY Persei variables, with only four known in the Milky Way and 13 more in the Magellanic Clouds. It has shown declines as deep as visual magnitude 16.0.

The deep declines of DY Persei occur much more regularly than those of most R CrB stars, and they are generally symmetrical with slower decline and recovery rates than other R CrB stars. It is unclear whether it is really a member of the class or a pulsating asymptotic giant branch star with unrelated veiling ejections, or just the cooler version of R CrB stars.

Companion
There is a 14th magnitude star 2.5" from DY Persei, but it appears to be a chance alignment. It was not generally recognised until 2005, and would have strongly affected observations when DY Per was below maximum light. The companion is likely to be a G5 main sequence star much further away than DY Per. It had been reported that the colour of DY Persei became more blue during a deep decline, highly unexpected for a star of this type, but this has been explained as the relatively increased contribution to the light from the companion as DY Persei itself becomes fainter.

Spectrum

DY Persei is a carbon star, with an excess of carbon relative to oxygen in its atmosphere. This causes dramatic changes in the atmospheric chemistry that are visible in the spectrum.

The spectral type under the original M-K carbon star system is C5,4pJ: (C54pJ:). This means that the spectrum overall is comparable to a late K or early M class, with strong C2 Swan bands. The "p" indicates that there are peculiarities and the "J" that there are isotopic bands from 13C. In the revised M-K system, the spectral type is C-R4+ C25.5. This describes essentially the same spectral features, although the C-R type indicates that the isotopic bands are strong but not sufficiently so to merit a "J". The exact 13C/12C ratio for DY Persei is disputed. S-process metal spectral lines are weak compared to other carbon stars, suggesting that DY Persei is not a thermally-pulsing asymptotic giant branch star. Overall, hydrogen spectral features are weak and metal lines typical, showing that DY Persei is hydrogen-deficient but not metal-poor.

During deep minima, the carbon-related spectral bands become less prominent, and some emission lines are seen. In typical R CrB variables, the spectra at minimum show many strong emission lines of metals, but in DY Persei only a few are detected. A broad emission line of neutral sodium is seen, together with possible emission from neutral calcium and carbon.

Properties

DY Persei has a temperature around 3,000 K, but at a deep minimum its spectrum has been best modelled as the sum of two black body objects, one of 1,700 K typical of dusty circumstellar material and one of 2,400 K typical of the coolest giant stars.

The size and luminosity of DY Persei, and other DY Persei and R Coronae Borealis stars, are very poorly known. The absolute magnitude is thought to be around −2.5, about 855 times brighter than the sun.

The metallicity of DY Persei has been reported to be much lower than solar, but other studies consider it to be near-solar.

References

Further reading

Perseus (constellation)
DY Persei variables
Carbon stars
Persei, DY
J02351713+5608446
IRAS catalogue objects


Marquess Marcello Amero D'Aste-Stella (April 1, 1853 – September 17, 1931) was an Italian admiral of the Regia Marina (Royal Italian Navy) and later a politician.

Amero d'Aste was born in the borough of Leca of the Ligurian city of Albenga, in an ancient Italian family of noble heritage. He took part as vice-admiral in the Italo-Turkish War and was the commander of naval operations in the 1912, when Italy began operations against the Turkish possessions in the Aegean Sea.

Until August 25, 1914 he was the Commander-in-Chief of the Italian Naval Army. During World War I Admiral Amero d'Aste participated in the Italian naval operations in the Adriatic Sea. After the war he was promoted to Admiral and was appointed Senator by King Victor Emmanuel III in 1919. He was for many years the president of the Senate Commission on War. He died in Rome.

1853 births
1931 deaths
People from Albenga
Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy
Margraves in Italy
Italian admirals
Italian military personnel of the Italo-Turkish War
Italian military personnel of World War I


Contamination control is the generic term for all activities aiming to control the existence, growth and proliferation of contamination in certain areas. Contamination control may refer to the atmosphere as well as to surfaces, to particulate matter as well as to microbes and to contamination prevention as well as to decontamination.

Function
The aim of all contamination control activities is to permanently ensure a sufficient level of cleanliness in controlled environments. This is accomplished by maintaining, reducing, or eradicating viable and non-viable contamination for either sanitary purposes or in order to maintain an efficient rate of production.

Usage
One of the most common environments that incorporates contamination control into its standards protocol is the cleanroom. There are many preventive procedures in place within a cleanroom environment. They include subjecting cleanroom staff to strict clothing regulations, and there is often a gowning room where the staff can change clothes under sterile conditions so as to prevent any particulates from entering from the outside environment. Certain areas in the cleanroom have more stringent measures than others: packaging areas, corridors, gowning rooms and transfer hatches incorporate strict contamination control measures in order to maintain cleanroom standards.

Contamination control is also an important asset for industrial laboratories in the pharmaceutical and life science sectors. Other places of use include automotive paint shops, entrances to industrial kitchens and food service providers, many manufacturing areas, and electronic component assembly areas.

More recently, effective contamination control has been a concern for laboratories and other sensitive environments as a bio-security crisis management measure. Some banks and insurance companies use contamination control products as part of their disaster management protocols. Preventive measures are devised as preparation for combating potential pandemics or the proliferation of biohazards in any potential terrorist attack.

Types of contamination
Beside particulate matter such as ions and molecules, the most common types of contamination are:
 People – Hair, fibre particles from bodies and clothes, also poor hygiene leading to deposition of microorganisms
 Environment – Dust particles, contaminated air, work surfaces, gases, movement ceilings, walls and floors
 Materials – Micro organisms on packaging, packaging also creates particles, fibres, dust.
 Equipment – Moving parts shavings drive belts.
 Buildings – Paint flaking, rusty pipe work, poorly maintained surfaces.
 Water – Micro organisms grow in water. equipment not cleaned correctly left in a damp condition, spills not mopped up properly etc.

Many types organisms are potentially detrimental to processes in a critical environment. Seven of the most common contaminants are:
 Aspergillus niger
 Burkholderia cepacia
 Clostridium difficile
 Escherichia coli
 Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
 Salmonella enteritidis

These and many other damaging contaminants can infiltrate critical areas in a number of ways. Particulates can enter by air, or on the feet of any carrier moving between the external environment and inside the critical area, for example.

The effects of contamination
Contamination poses a significant risk to technical processes, experiments or production activities, as well as to the individuals involved. Unguarded proliferation of contamination can quickly lead to product damage, yield reduction, product recalls and other outcomes highly detrimental to business. Products in a range of industries are recalled due to ineffective contamination control systems.

Based on this evidence it could be argued that many businesses are not adequately protecting themselves from the harmful effects of contamination, and many products in many industries are being recalled due to unsafe manufacturing processes.

Types
Body movement causes contamination, and protective clothing such as hats, cleanroom suits and face masks are accordingly basic items of contamination control. Apart from people, another common way for contamination to enter is on the wheels of trolleys used to transport equipment.

To prevent airborne contamination, high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, airlocks and cleanroom suits are used. HEPA filtration systems used in the medical sector incorporate high-energy ultraviolet light units to kill the live bacteria and viruses trapped by the filter media. These measures restrict the number of particulates within the atmosphere and inhibit the growth of those that are viable.

Sticky mats

Studies by 3M show that over 80% of contamination enters the cleanroom through entrances and exits, mostly at or near floor level. To combat this problem, suitable flooring systems are used that effectively attract, retain and inhibit the growth of viable organisms. Studies show that the most effective type of flooring system is one of polymer composition.

Polymer mats are particularly effective due to their suppleness as they allow for more contact with serrations on shoes and wheels and can accommodate more particles while still remaining effective. An electrostatic potential adds to the effectiveness of this type of contamination control as it enables particles to be retained until the flooring is cleaned. This method of attracting and retaining particles is more effective than mats with an active adhesive coating which needs to be peeled and is often not as supple. As long as the tack level of the mat is greater than the donor's (such as a foot or a wheel), the contamination touching the surface will be removed. Very high tack surfaces pose a contamination threat because they are prone to pulling off overshoe protection. Polymeric flooring is produced to ensure a higher level of tackiness than the surfaces it comes into contact with, without causing discomfort and potentially damaging 'stickiness'.

Copper alloy surfaces

Copper-alloy surfaces have intrinsic properties which effectively and quickly destroy microbes and they are being installed in healthcare facilities and in a subway transit system as a protective public health measure in addition to regular cleaning. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved the registration of 355 different antibacterial copper alloys that kill E. coli O157:H7, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The EPA has determined that when cleaned regularly, these copper alloy surfaces:
 Continuously reduce bacterial contamination, achieving 99.9% reduction within two hours of exposure;
 Kill greater than 99.9% of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria within two hours of exposure;
 Deliver continuous and ongoing antibacterial action, remaining effective in killing more than 99.9% of the bacteria within two hours;
 Kill more than 99.9% of the bacteria within two hours, and continue to kill 99% of the bacteria even after repeated contamination;
 Help inhibit the buildup and growth of bacteria within two hours of exposure between routine cleaning and sanitizing steps.

As a contamination control measure, EPA has approved a long list of antimicrobial copper products "with public health benefits" made from these copper alloys, such as bedrails, handrails, over-bed tables, sinks, faucets, door knobs, toilet hardware, computer keyboards, health club equipment, shopping cart handles, etc. (For a comprehensive list of products, see: ).

See also
 Cleanroom
 Decontamination
 HEPA
 Decontamination foam

References

External links
 The Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology (IEST)
 Cleanrooms in Ireland
 The Global Society for Contamination Control (GSFCC)
 Cleanroom Technology-The Internal Journal of Contamination Control

Hygiene
Security
Safety
Civil defense
Cleanroom technology


Upasarga is a term used in Sanskrit grammar for a special class of twenty prepositional particles prefixed to verbs or to action nouns.  In Vedic, these prepositions are separable from verbs; in classical Sanskrit the prefixing is obligatory.

The twenty prefixes are recognized in 's  at 1.4.58-59, and are enumerated in the  (#154):

 pra- "forth"
 parā- "away"
 apa- "away"
 sam-/saṃ- "with"
 anu- "after"
 ava- "off, down"
 -/nis- "away"
 -/dus- "bad, difficult, hard"
 vi- "apart, asunder"
 ā- "near"
 ni- "down"
 adhi- "over"
 api- "proximate"
 ati- "beyond"
 su- "good, excellent"
 ut-/ud- "up(wards)"
 abhi- "to, towards"
 prati- "against"
 pari- "round, around"
 upa- "towards, near"

By the usual rules of euphonic combination the two prepositions ending in visarga,  and , have the alternative forms nis-/nir- and dus-/dur- respectively.  The  listing has these variants, not the forms in pausa, and thus has twenty-two items in all.

A versified form of this list may be found in modern primers or textbooks:

Notes

References
 Monier-Williams, M., A Sanskrit English Dictionary, (reprint) New Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass 2005
 Katre, Sumitra M.,  of Pānini, New Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass 1989

Vyakarana
Prefixes


, "Amta", is a local newspaper published in Drøbak, Norway. It covers the western Follo district, with its stronghold in Frogn and Nesodden.

History and profile
It was established in 1874 under the name Follo Tidende, and got its current name in 1884.

 is published by the company Akershus Amtstidende AS, which is in turn owned 100% by Amedia. Its editor is Jan Mattias Mellquist. A hundred years later, it had a circulation of 5,655, and had the same editor-in-chief as Akershus Arbeiderblad and .

References

External links
  Official website

1874 establishments in Norway
Daily newspapers published in Norway
Norwegian-language newspapers
Mass media in Akershus

Newspapers established in 1874


Østlands-Posten is a local newspaper published in Larvik, Norway. It covers Larvik and Lardal. It was established in 1881.

It has a circulation of 14,284, of whom 13,888 are subscribers.

1896-1995 Østlands-Posten was owned by the Næss family. It is now published by the company A-pressen Lokale Medier AS, which in turn is owned 100% by A-pressen.

References

Norwegian Media Registry

External links

Newspapers established in 1881
Daily newspapers published in Norway
Mass media in Vestfold
Amedia
1881 establishments in Norway


KXTL (1370 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Butte, Montana. The station is owned by Townsquare Media and licensed to Townsquare License, LLC. It airs a talk radio format.

KXTL and its sister stations are all located at 750 Dewey Blvd. in Butte. The rear of this radio facility houses the small studios of the local NBC affiliate, KTVM Channel 6. The KXTL transmitter site is on Nissler Road, west of Butte.

The station was first licensed as KGIR on January 18, 1929. It changed its call sign to KXLF on November 20, 1946, became KCEZ on April 26, 1984 and has been assigned the KXTL call sign by the Federal Communications Commission since August 1, 1985.

Ownership
In June 2006, KXTL was acquired by Cherry Creek Radio from Fisher Radio Regional Group as part of a 24 station deal with a total reported sale price of $33.3 million.

Effective June 17, 2022, KXTL was acquired by Townsquare Media from Cherry Creek Radio as part of a 42 station/21 translator deal with a sale price of $18.75 million.

References

External links
FCC History Cards for KXTL
KXTL official website
Cherry Creek Radio

Talk radio stations in the United States
XTL
Radio stations established in 1929
1929 establishments in Montana
Townsquare Media radio stations


(born 9 January 1953 in Usuki, Ōita) is a retired long-distance runner from Japan, who represented his native country at two Summer Olympics: 1976 and 1984. He won the 1985 edition of the Tokyo Marathon. His twin brother Takeshi So is also a retired Olympic marathoner, and finished fourth in Los Angeles, California (1984).

Some road racing authorities consider his winning run at the Beppu-Ōita Marathon in 1978 (2:09:05.6) to have been a marathon world best.

Achievements
All results regarding marathon, unless stated otherwise

Notes

References

External links
 1986 Year Ranking

1953 births
Living people
Japanese athletics coaches
Japanese male long-distance runners
Japanese male marathon runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Japan
Japanese twins
Sportspeople from Ōita Prefecture
Identical twins


The phrase "inherent bias" refers to the effect of underlying factors or assumptions that skew viewpoints of a subject under discussion.  There are multiple formal definitions of "inherent bias" which depend on the particular field of study.

In statistics, the phrase is used in relation to an inability to measure accurately and directly what one would wish to measure, meaning that indirect measurements are used which might be subject to unknown distortions.

See also

 Systemic bias and systematic bias, or cognitive bias
 Tacit assumption, paradigm shift
 Hawthorne effect

References
 In opinion polls or statistics: "OECD glossary of statistical terms - Inherent bias", OECD, April 2003, Statistical terms - Inherent bias.
 In journalism: "Audeamus — How dare we… • The Press's Inherent Bias" (by Miche), September 2007, The Press's Inherent Bias.

Sampling (statistics)
Polling terms
Bias


Harold Goodwin may refer to:
Harold Goodwin (professor) (born 1952), professor at Manchester Metropolitan University
Harold Goodwin (cricketer) (1886–1917), English cricketer at Cambridge University and Warwickshire
Harold Goodwin (American actor) (1902–1987)
Harold Goodwin (English actor) (1917–2004)
Harold L. Goodwin (1914–1990), American writer
Harold  Goodwin (American football) (born 1973), offensive line coach

See also
Harry Goodwin (disambiguation)
Goodwin (surname)
Harold Godwin (ca. 1022–1066), king of England
Harry Godwin (1901–1985), English botanist and ecologist


Charles Robert "Bert" Kelly CMG (22 June 1912 – 17 January 1997), was an Australian politician and government minister.  He was influential in moving Australian political parties away from support for high-tariff policies.

Early life
Kelly was born in Tarlee, South Australia and educated at Prince Alfred College, Adelaide.  His father, Stan Kelly was a part-time Commissioner of the Commonwealth Tariff Board from 1929 to 1940, and supported its opposition to the high-tariff policies of successive Australian governments. He was a farmer before entering politics and in 1951, he was granted a Nuffield Fellowship to study farming in the United Kingdom.

Political career
Kelly was elected as the Liberal Party member for the House of Representatives seat of Wakefield at the 1958 election.  He was a passionate supporter of free trade, when this was very much a minority opinion in Australia.  Kelly was Minister for Works from February 1967 to February 1968 in the Holt and Gorton ministries and then Minister for the Navy until November 1969. As navy minister he dealt with the aftermath of the Melbourne–Evans collision in June 1969. His period as minister may have been limited by his free trade views.

After Kelly's departure from the ministry, he wrote a column in the Australian Financial Review, Modest Member, supporting free trade. When the seat of Angas was abolished in 1977, its member Geoffrey Giles beat Kelly for preselection for Wakefield.

Later life
Kelly renamed his column "Modest Farmer" and it was published successively in the Australian Financial Review, The Bulletin and The Australian.  He was invested as a Companion of the Most Distinguished Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1980.  Survived by his wife, Lorna and three sons, Kelly's funeral was attended by former Labor Prime Minister Gough Whitlam and Ray Evans, the former head of Western Mining Corporation and president of the right-wing H. R. Nicholls Society.

Notes

1912 births
1997 deaths
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Wakefield
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
People educated at Prince Alfred College
Australian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
20th-century Australian politicians
South Australian politicians


Melpuram is a historical place in Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, India.

Rubber plantation plays an important role in this village's economy.

Melpuram is a quasi town that is sandwiched by Pacode town panchayat and Edaicode town panchayat also the Melpuram union block name is derived from this small town which incorporates 10 village panchayats and 6 town panchayats. Christians and Hindus are the inhabitants of the Melpuram which is proudly saying that there is no communal violence seen.

History

Melpuram had been  also a part of the Travancore Kingdom till India got freedom from the British. After India emerging as country, the small town was an enclave of the state of Kerala. The efforts being taken by the Kanyakumari district leaders such as Marshel Nesamony, Ponnapan Nadar and Chithamparanathan Nadar, etc. who fought against to the state of Kerala in order to join with Tamil Nadu had made ease Melpuram to be the part of Tamil Nadu.

Landmarks
Churches and Temples are the landmarks of Melpuram. The Assemblies of God Church (AG) is one of the oldest AG churches in India, It was established in the year 1922 by missionaries. The year 2022 marked the centennial celebration completing 100 years in service. People worship Hindu village temples and Kudumpa Deva, devi swamis like Nagar Kavoo, Essakki Amman temples, Ayya Vaikundar Nilal Thangals with age-old temples (Madathu vilagam Essakki Amman temple Perai, Kaisala vilai Esakki Amman, Kalpadagu Amman) and churches, it is a place for communal harmony. The Oldest Church near melpuram is Immanuel Lutheran Church Melpuram (near Aluvilai) established by American Missionaries on the lights of Rev. Sheltor and Rev. Koepke in 1947 August 15, India Elim Deva Sabai, which is called Elim church (near block office) established by Rev. K. M. Mathew in 1947, Sree Navaneetha Krishna Temple  and the Sree Eeshwara Kaala Bhoothathaan Temple.

Economy

The rubber industry and cashewnut industry is a main income source of the people of melpuram. The extinct of the paddy fields and banana planting is a chaos for future generation. The agriculture of tapioca (Marichini kilangu) and palm tree are also diminishing sectors in the areas of Melpuram which was once considered as part of livelihood. The income from the coconut trees are not relied on since the booming of rubber has been welcomed.

References

Villages in Kanyakumari district


A partial lunar eclipse took place on 16 August 2008, the second of two lunar eclipses in 2008, with the first being a total eclipse on 20 February 2008. The next lunar eclipse was a penumbral eclipse occurring on 9 February 2009, while the next total lunar eclipse occurred on 21 December 2010.

The Moon's apparent diameter was 26.2 arcseconds smaller than the 21 February 2008 total lunar eclipse.

Eclipse season

This is the second eclipse this season.

First eclipse this season: 1 August 2008 Total Solar Eclipse

Viewing

Parts of Australia saw it begin before sunrise, while parts of South America saw it end just after sunset.
The eclipse is also seen in the Philippines and other parts of Asia at moonset. Parts of Europe, the Middle East and Africa saw it when it is visible.

The penumbral eclipse began at 18:23 UTC, with the partial eclipse beginning at 19:36. The time of greatest eclipse was 21:10. The partial eclipse ended at 22:44, and the penumbral eclipse will ended at 23:57.

The planet Neptune was 2 days past opposition, visible in binoculars as an 8th magnitude "star" just two degrees west and slightly south of the Moon.

Map

Relation to other lunar eclipses

Eclipses of 2008
 An annular solar eclipse on 7 February.
 A total lunar eclipse on 21 February.
 A total solar eclipse on 1 August.
 A partial lunar eclipse on 16 August.

Lunar year series

Saros series

Metonic cycle (19 years)

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two total solar eclipses of Solar Saros 145.

Photo

Progression from Oslo, Norway

See also
 List of lunar eclipses and List of 21st-century lunar eclipses
 Solar eclipse of August 1, 2008
 :File:2008-08-16 Lunar Eclipse Sketch.gif Chart

Notes

External links
 NASA: Partial Lunar Eclipse: August 16, 2008
 NASA

 Hermit eclipse (Ian Cameron Smith) Partial Lunar Eclipse: August 16, 2008
 Sky&Telescope, Eclipses of 2008
 Animation of lunar eclipse 16 August 2008
 APOD August 20, 2008,
 Composite photos showing Earth's shadow
 Spaceweather.com lunar eclipse gallery

2008-08
2008 in science
August 2008 events


Incongruent transition, in chemistry, is a mass transition between two phases which involves a change in chemical composition.  This is contrasted with congruent transition, for which the composition remains the same.

The transition may be that of melting, vaporization or allotropism. The concept is also often extended to related phenomena, for example, incongruent dissolution of a solid by a liquid solvent, which is often encountered in geology.

The term "phase decomposition" is sometimes used to describe incongruent transition. However, it has to be kept in mind that incongruent transition is described by an equilibrium.

For an example, see incongruent melting.

References

Physical chemistry


R v Collins 1973 QB 100 was a unanimous appeal in the Court of Appeal of England and Wales which examined the meaning of "enters as a trespasser" in the definition of burglary, where the separate legal questions of an invitation based on mistaken identity and extent of entry at the point of that beckoning or invitation to enter were in question.

Collins was a 19-year-old workman with access to a ladder to a very small family he knew of after a late-night drinking. He was convicted of burglary: with intent to commit rape of an 18-year-old woman and sentenced to a term of imprisonment.  This was overturned at this appeal.

Facts
The victim had seen her boyfriend a few hours before the relevant intercourse in question, who was blond and of a similar build to the defendant.  She was somewhat inebriated when they parted and she went to bed; she slept naked that July night in her room, the location of which the defendant knew having done some work in the house.  At 02:00 the defendant climbed the ladder and, alleging much dutch courage, caught sight of the sleeping woman, stripped to his socks, and rested kneeling on the sill - he "was just pulling [him]self in" to ask for sex when the victim awoke, and immediately believed she was greeting her boyfriend.  The two had sex in bed.  In conversation afterwards the victim realised her mistake (making a mistake of identity) and struck and bit her unintended partner; no charges were placed for this reaction.  He left the house.  His account that he would not have entered were it not for the invitation was rejected by the jury.  He had stated in evidence that it was his firm intention to "have his way with a girl" that night.

Trial and appeal
The defence barrister submitted during the trial that because she had invited him into her bedroom, even under a mistake of fact, Collins had not "entered as a trespasser". The judge rejected this. The judge made mistakes. He should have listed all issues very relevant to make out the offence under the statute.
At least two were not put to the jury:-
as to where exactly Collins had been at the time of her mistaken invitation—outside the window on the outer sill or already inside the bedroom—and the evidence was inconclusive on that point.
as to whether it was reckless entry to assume the embrace was intended for him which the victim intended towards her boyfriend entering the room.  If so it should be stated that reckless entry, believing or having good reason to think he was not invited, would amount to trespass.

Decision
The point in issue had never been adjudicated one so there was no authority on which the court could rely; instead, three completing analyses of the most distinguished textbooks were weighed up.

Having examined these, the court ruled that the person entering:

The court considered that on the facts, the judge had misdirected the jury on this test. It was also considered, obiter, that civil law concepts such as trespass ab initio and her occupancy status were irrelevant to the criminal law.

The court allowed the appeal on the basis that the jury had never been invited to consider
whether Collins was a trespasser
when he rested on the sill; and then
when he fully entered X's bedroom.
even if he were not on the ordinary basis a trespasser, whether he was reckless as to his entry on the basis of consent not intended for him and should have realised himself to be a trespasser

The conviction was duly quashed.

External links

Full text of decision

Footnotes

References

1972 in United Kingdom case law
C
Court of Appeal (England and Wales) cases


Željko Nimš (born 22 April 1950) is a Croatian handball player who competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics for Yugoslavia.

In 1976 he was part of the Yugoslav team which finished fifth in the Olympic tournament. He played three matches.

He was a part of RK Bjelovar squad (at the time called Partizan) that won European Champions's Cup against West German squad VfL Gummersbach, in a game played in Dortmund.

Honours
Partizan Bjelovar
Yugoslav First League (6): 1967–68, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1971–72, 1976–77, 1978–79
Yugoslav Cup (2): 1968, 1976
European Champions Cup (1): 1971–72

Pallamano Trieste
Serie A (1): 1985-86

Yugoslavia
1974 World Championship - 3rd place
1976 Summer Olympics - 5th place
1978 World Championship - 4th place

External links
 sports-reference.com profile
 RK Bjelovar

1950 births
Living people
Yugoslav male handball players
Croatian male handball players
Olympic handball players for Yugoslavia
Handball players at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Sisak


SimPort-MV2 is a computer-supported construction and management simulation game that mimics the processes involved in planning, equipping and exploiting the Second Maasvlakte (MV2) in the Port of Rotterdam. The Second Maasvlakte is a port expansion project to be situated on newly reclaimed land adjacent to the existing port area.

The simulation/serious game is primarily for staff of the Port of Rotterdam, but with its emphasis on strategy, project management and teamwork, it is appropriate for others as well, such as students and (young) professionals as part of their education or training courses.  The game requires no specific prior knowledge of sea ports or of the Maasvlakte.

A serious challenge

The object of the simulation is to build the Second Maasvlakte. Specifically, they must individually and collectively make the appropriate planning and implementation decisions to lead to a workable design and exploitation of the Second Maasvlakte  over a 30-year period.

Gameplay
The game is played in teams. Collectively, the game's management team (3-6 people) from the Port of Rotterdam possesses virtually all of the responsibilities and competencies to plan, coordinate and implement the decisions necessary to build, equip and exploit the MV2 in the coming years.

The management team works under the supervision of the General Director and is also made up of one or more directors from the Commercial Department and the Infrastructure and Management Department. Each of the three roles has the use of a laptop.

Players use the laptops to input their decisions into the game. Thus, two (or more) persons can play one role together, though this means they will use the same laptop. To make it easier to look up information during the game, each team is also given a reference document containing all of the customer and strategy information.

All decisions that are physically possible (in the simulation) and within legal and ethical boundaries are implemented immediately. Players wanting to confer with parties not actively represented in the game — for example, a minister — can direct their questions to the game leader who, if possible, will take on the role for a short time.

Technical details
SimPort was developed from scratch in Java. All parameters are stored in XML files.  The 3D environment is rendered using OpenGL, bound to Java using JMonkeyEngine.

SimPort currently only features the module "Maasvlakte 2", but due to the modular design it will also be possible to create new modules for new ports.

References

Further reading
 "The serious game SimPort: overcoming technical hurdles in educational gaming" by Warmerdam J, Knepflé M, Bekebrede G, Mayer I and Bidarra R (2007)
 "SimPort: a multiplayer management game framework" by Warmerdam J, Knepflé M, Bidarra R, Bekebrede G and Mayer I (2006)
 "How serious are serious games? Some lessons from Infra-games." by Bekebrede, G, Mayer, IS, Houten, SPA van, Chin, RTH & Verbraeck, A  (2005)

External links
 Official game website

2007 video games
MacOS games
Windows games
Construction and management simulation games
Video games developed in the Netherlands
Video games set in the Netherlands


Falk Struckmann (; born 1958 in Heilbronn, West Germany) is an operatic bass-baritone, particularly prominent in the Wagnerian repertoire.

A Kammersänger of the Vienna State Opera, he made his debut there as Orest in Elektra on 13 September 1991. In addition to his frequent appearances in Vienna, he has sung at the Bayreuth and Salzburg festivals and in many of the world's major opera houses, including the Gran Teatre del Liceu in Barcelona, the Berlin State Opera, the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, and the Paris Opera. He made his debut at the New York Metropolitan Opera in the title role of Wozzeck on 10 February 1997, returning there as Telramund in Lohengrin (1998), Abimélech in Samson et Dalila (2000), Don Pizarro in Fidelio (2000), Amfortas in Parsifal (2003), and Iago in Otello (2012).

His recordings include: the role of Orest in Elektra (Berlin Staatskapelle Orchestra and Chorus, conducted by Daniel Barenboim); Bartók's Bluebeard's Castle (Radio-Sinfonie-Orchester Frankfurt, conducted by Eliahu Inbal); Kurwenal in Tristan und Isolde (Bayreuther Festspiele 1995, conducted by Daniel Barenboim, filmed); Amfortas in Parsifal (Vienna State Opera Orchestra and Chorus, conducted by Christian Thielemann) and the Dutchman in The Flying Dutchman (Berlin Staatskapelle Orchestra and Chorus, conducted by Daniel Barenboim).

References
George Jahn, Iago Steals 'Otello' at the Vienna Staatsoper, Associated Press, October 25, 2006. Accessed 31 January 2008.
Richard Morrison, Review: Parsifal, Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, The Times, December 8, 2007. Accessed 31 January 2008.
Vienna State Opera Biography (in German). Accessed 31 January 2008.
MetOpera Database

Operatic bass-baritones
Living people
1958 births
People from Heilbronn
Österreichischer Kammersänger
20th-century German male opera singers
21st-century German male opera singers


Rogalands Avis is a local newspaper published in Stavanger, Norway.

History and profile

Rogalands Avis was established in 1899. The paper is based in Stavanger and covers the southern Rogaland.

A Labour Party-affiliated newspaper, it was titled 1ste Mai until 1955, when it absorbed the bankrupt Haugaland Arbeiderblad. Notable former editors-in-chief include Johan Gjøstein, Cornelius Holmboe (1908–1909), Otto Luihn, Hans Andreas Hanssen (1919–1920), Børge Olsen-Hagen (1920–1936), Trond Hegna (1940–1958), Engwall Pahr-Iversen (1978-1990), Norulv Øvrebotten (1990-1996) and Lars Helle (1996-2000). Rogalands Avis is owned 95.8% by A-pressen Lokale Medier AS, which in turn is owned 100% by A-pressen.

Rogalands Avis had a circulation of 13,276 copies in 2006 and there were 10,521 subscribers the same year. In 2009 its circulation was 10,500 copies. The circulation of the paper was 8,471 copies in 2012.

References

Norwegian Media Registry

External links
Website

1899 establishments in Norway
Newspapers established in 1899
Daily newspapers published in Norway
Norwegian-language newspapers
Amedia
Mass media in Stavanger


Uwe Jansen is a rugby league coach, administrator and former player.

Jansen played for Germany against Estonia in 2006, scoring a try in the 24–38 win.

Jansen coached Germany in four matches, winning three. In the 2008 season he was co-coach of the national side alongside Dan Stocks and also coached the Rohrbach Hornets. Dan Stocks then took over as coach in 2009.

Jansen is currently one of Rugby League Deutschland's board members.

References

German rugby league coaches
German rugby league players
Germany national rugby league team coaches
Germany national rugby league team players
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Rugby league administrators
Year of birth missing (living people)


Adalbert Pilch (16 February 1917 in Vienna, Austria – 10 December 2004 in Tulln) was an Austrian painter and graphic artist.

The works of Adalbert Pilch include paintings, drawings and illustrations. He became well known for designing postage stamps.

Life
In 1937, after graduating from school, Pilch took up studies at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna in the master class of Wilhelm Dachauer, with whom he was close friends until his death. From 1940 to 1945 he was enlisted and was at first deployed to Russia. Later he was sent to Lapland, Italy, Greece, and Yugoslavia as a painter for the German war museums. He married in 1942.

In 1945, after the end of the Second World War, Pilch started illustrating newspapers and was consulted for collaboration on textbooks and murals. He created more than 4,000 illustrations for children's and young adult's books and textbooks. Secondary, he worked on the appraisal of old farmhouses, hammer mills, mills, and saw mills by order of the Federal Museum of Lower Austria. He portrayed former and acting Federal Presidents of Austria, as well as Presidents of the National Council, Traffic Ministers, and  Director Generals of the postal service. He devised 200 drawings for the War Museum at Vienna.

From 1950 on he was a member of the Vienna Künstlerhaus. In 1953 he received public attention due to a special exhibition of approximately 50 of his works, while in 1956 he got the first order for designing Austrian stamps.

His "Hunting Series" (1959), the Europe Stamp (1960), the series "Olympia 1963" and "UPU 1964", as well as the commemorative stamp "Die Kunst der Donauschule" (The Art of the Danube School; 1965) got international acknowledgment. During his life, Pilch designed 318 stamps for the Austrian post, 30 for the Principality of Liechtenstein and one stamp for Israel. The stamp he created in 1965, "Die Kunst der Donauschule", was elected the "most beautiful stamp of the world".

In 1968 Pilch moved to Mauerbach near Vienna. In 1970 he was promoted to Professor. He displayed his opus at several exhibitions until 2000. Pilch spent his last year of life in the nursing home Theresiaheim in Tulln.

Honours
 Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art
 Gold Medal of Honour of the Land of Vienna
 Silver Medal of the city of Vienna
 Gold Decoration for Services to the province of Lower Austria

External links

 Homepage of Adalbert Pilch

20th-century Austrian painters
Austrian male painters
21st-century Austrian painters
21st-century male artists
Austrian stamp designers
Artists from Vienna
1917 births
2004 deaths
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni
Recipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art
20th-century Austrian male artists


is a local newspaper published in Lillestrøm, Norway. It covers the Romerike district.

History and profile
 was established by Martin Julius Halvorsen in 1902 in Jessheim under the name Akershusingen, and was affiliated with the Norwegian Labour Party. The name  was taken in 1905.

Between 1953 and 1967 it expanded from two to five editions a week. It mainly covered Ullensaker, Nannestad and Gjerdrum, although offices at Kjeller were opened in 1974. In 1990 it merged with the larger newspaper Akershus Arbeiderblad, which mainly covered Skedsmo, Rælingen, Fet, Sørum and Lørenskog. The two newspapers had shared the same editor-in-chief for some time.  had been the smaller newspaper before the merger, with a circulation of 10,694 copies in 1983 compared to Akershus Arbeiderblad which had 24,529 copies. Nonetheless, after an initial period under the name Akershus/Romerikes Blad, the name  was used. The editor-in-chief at the time of the merger was Terje Granerud (1989-2001).

Today,  is owned 100% by Amedia, like many former Labour-affiliated newspapers. It has a circulation of 37,653 copies of which 36,166 are subscribers.

References

External links
Romerikes Blad trykte «fiktive» aviser

1902 establishments in Norway
Newspapers established in 1902
Daily newspapers published in Norway
Norwegian-language newspapers
Mass media in Akershus
Lillestrøm
Labour Party (Norway) newspapers
Amedia


KGRZ (1450 AM, "Griz Sports 1450 and 92.7") is a radio station licensed to serve Missoula, Montana, United States. The station is owned by Townsquare Media and licensed to Townsquare License, LLC. It airs a sports format.

KGRZ is Missoula's second-oldest operating radio station, having gone on the air as KXLL in 1948. After a financial failure, the station broadcast a Christian format for five years in the 1960s, then returned to music formats as primarily a country music outlet between 1968 and 1997.

History

KXLL
On June 3, 1946, Western Montana Associates applied for a construction permit to build a new radio station in Missoula on 630 kHz. This was amended to 1450 kHz and granted on November 14 of that year. The owners of the permittee were three men, one from Butte and two from Helena. The station remained unbuilt by May 1947, but it had been rolled into the growing Z Bar Network, with affiliation with NBC and the call sign of KXLL (to match the XL designations of the other Z Bar outlets). The station made its debut February 29, 1948, marking the first new service for the city since KGVO (1290 AM) started in 1930.

Goodover remained with KXLL until 1958, when he purchased station KXLK at Great Falls; Craney needed to sell that outlet to purchase KFBB radio and television. Two years later, the Z-Bar network was sold off to separate owners, with June, Inc.—owned by the Wilson family—purchasing KXLL.

KGMY
After more than two years running KXLL, however, the station's financial condition had worsened. At midnight on February 7, 1963, the station closed down and went silent. Christian Enterprises, Inc., which owned stations airing Christian programming in Billings, Glendive and Belgrade, purchased the outlet for $28,000, with the Wilsons receiving a waiver of the FCC's three-year ownership minimum to sell the property. On November 21, the station returned to the air with new KGMY call letters and a religious and "good" music format.

Christian Enterprises leased KGMY to Dewey and Lawrence G. Wilmot in 1966; the new operators, who also held an option to buy the station outright, intended to return KGMY to a popular music-based format. Nothing ever came of the agreement, however, and a new local firm, Mission Broadcasters, acquired the outlet in 1968. Mission hired a station manager who had worked at KGVW, the original Christian Enterprises station, and claimed it would retain the "good music" format. However, the station manager was replaced that December, and KGMY flipped to country music. Daytime power was increased to 1,000 watts in 1971.

KGRZ
Robert Ingstad of Grand Forks, North Dakota, purchased KGMY from Mission in 1977. The station was shut down for a month while new studios were built in the Town and Country Shopping Center—replacing the transmitter site studios used since the start of operations. The call letters were also changed to KGRZ, and the country music format was broadened. Ingstad then purchased KDXT (93.1 FM). During this time, morning host Dan Sollom—who, like Ingstad, was a Grand Forks native—did a regular North Dakota "joke of the mornin'" on his show.

KGRZ and KDXT were sold to Wind Point 1970 Holding Company, which was owned by the S.C. Johnson family, in 1982. (The name likely came from the fact that the Johnsons' first bank was founded in a trailer in Wind Point that year.) The next year, the country format was jettisoned in favor of oldies. The two stations were then sold to Sunbrook Communications in 1986; Sunbrook opted to flip KGRZ back to country the following year.

The country format's second stint lasted until 1991, when the station flipped to jazz music as "Lite Jazz 1450"; the unusual format for an AM station was intended to revive it and also a recognition that KYSS-FM 94.9 had taken most of the country audience in the Missoula market. Within a year, this was replaced by adult standards. The station then turned back to country by September 1993.

Sunbrook sold its radio properties—ten in Montana and a pair in Wenatchee, Washington—to Seattle-based Fisher Broadcasting in 1994, with Sunbrook becoming a division of Fisher after the sale was completed. The present sports talk format was adopted by 1997.

In a 24-station sale that was only partially completed, Fisher sold many of its small-market radio properties to Cherry Creek Radio in 2006 in order to fund an expansion into Spanish-language television in major Pacific Northwest markets. The 24 stations contributed just one-fourth of the radio division's revenue, with Fisher's three Seattle stations comprising the rest.

Effective June 17, 2022, Cherry Creek Radio sold KGRZ as part of a 42 station/21 translator package to Townsquare Media for $18.75 million.

References

External links
Cherry Creek Radio

FCC History Cards for KGRZ

GRZ
Radio stations established in 1948
Fox Sports Radio stations
1948 establishments in Montana
Townsquare Media radio stations


The Road to Wellville is a 1994 American comedy-drama film written, produced and directed by Alan Parker, an adaptation of T. Coraghessan Boyle's novel of the same name, which tells the story of the doctor and clean-living advocate John Harvey Kellogg and his methods employed at the Battle Creek Sanitarium at the beginning of the 20th century.

Starring Anthony Hopkins, Matthew Broderick, Bridget Fonda, John Cusack, Dana Carvey and Colm Meaney, the film was shot in New Paltz, New York at the Mohonk Mountain House. Other locations were the North Carolina towns of Winnabow and Wilmington. It received mixed reviews from critics.

Plot
Dr. John Harvey Kellogg opened a sanitarium in Battle Creek, Michigan, where he practiced his unusual methods for maintaining health, including colonic irrigation, electrical stimulus and sexual abstinence, vegetarianism and physical exercise. The sanitarium attracts well-to-do patients including William and Eleanor Lightbody, who are suffering from poor health following the death of their child. On their way to Battle Creek they meet Charles Ossining, hoping to make a fortune by exploiting the fad for health food cereals.

Ossining finds a partner in Goodloe Bender. Having enlisted the services of George Kellogg, the doctor's estranged adopted son, they attempt to produce "Kellogg's Perfo Flakes."

In the sanitarium, Will Lightbody is separated from his wife, and is soon harboring lustful thoughts toward Nurse Graves and patient Ida Muntz. His wife Eleanor, meanwhile, befriends Virginia Cranehill, who has a modern attitude toward sexual pleasure, influenced by the works of Dr. Lionel Badger. Will eventually succumbs to Ida Muntz's charms. Later he learns that Ida has died during treatment. Following the electrocution of a patient in the defective sinusoidal bath, and the discovery of yet another death, Will suffers a breakdown, flees the sanitarium, gets drunk and eats meat. At a restaurant, he meets Ossining, and agrees to invest $1,000 in his health food business. Will returns drunk to the sanitarium, where he is reprimanded by Dr. Kellogg and is abandoned by a distraught Eleanor.

Ossining's business is a disaster, with no edible product. He and the partners resort to stealing Kellogg's cornflakes and repackaging them in their own boxes. Ossining meets his aunt, his sole investor, on visiting day at Kellogg's sanitarium, and is there exposed as a fraud and arrested.

Nurse Graves attempts to seduce Will, who is guilt-stricken and spurns her advances. He searches for Eleanor, only to find her and Virginia Cranehill receiving clitoral massages from Dr. Spitzvogel while Dr. Badger masturbates. Will is incensed, thrashes Dr. Spitzvogel with a branch and takes Eleanor away.

George Kellogg visits his father, but things go badly. George burns down the sanitarium. In the ensuing chaos, Ossining escapes. Kellogg seems to reconcile with George in the mud bath in the aftermath of the fire.

In a final coda, the Lightbodys have reconciled and are happily married, with four daughters. Will receives a check for $1,000 from Ossining, who has become a cola beverage tycoon. Dr. Kellogg dies of a heart attack while diving from a high board.

Cast

Reception

Critical reception
The film received mixed to negative reactions upon its release, with much criticism towards the scatological nature of the film. Hopkins' portrayal of Kellogg was also singled out for criticism. The film has a 39% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 18 reviews. Despite this, not all reviews were negative. Writing in Bright Lights Film Journal, Tanfer Emin-Tunc commented: "It is a sophisticated blend of humor and documented historical material that seeks to question the various forms that race and class have assumed in twentieth-century American society." Gene Siskel gave it a thumbs-down review, and was audibly displeased when Roger Ebert gave it a thumbs-up. Ebert said part of his positive review stemmed from his own interest in health foods and products.

Box office
The film opened at number 5 at the US box office with $2,580,108 in its opening weekend. It grossed $6,562,513 in the US and Canada and $26 million worldwide. After regular showings on cable TV and a hard to find DVD release, the film became a cult classic and was finally released on Blu-ray by Shout! Factory in 2020.

Year-end lists
 5th worst – Peter Travers, Rolling Stone
 5th worst – Janet Maslin, The New York Times
 Top 10 worst (not ranked) – Betsy Pickle, Knoxville News Sentinel
 Guilty pleasure – Douglas Armstrong, The Milwaukee Journal
 Dishonorable mention – Glenn Lovell, San Jose Mercury News

References

External links

1994 films
1994 comedy-drama films
American comedy-drama films
American satirical films
Films directed by Alan Parker
Films scored by Rachel Portman
Films about psychiatry
Films based on American novels
Films set in Michigan
Films set in the 1890s
Films set in the 1900s
Films shot in New York (state)
Films shot in North Carolina
Columbia Pictures films
Films with screenplays by Alan Parker
Beacon Pictures films
Films produced by Armyan Bernstein
1990s English-language films
1990s American films


Chandgoan Residential Area () is one of the major residential area in Chittagong, Bangladesh. It's situated at Chandgaon Thana, near a place called "Bahaddarhat". The "Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra" is also situated here, where the declaration of the Independence of Bangladesh were declared for the first time. Chandgaon Residential Area is fast becoming a commercial zone as a section owners rent out their residential buildings and flats to traders for use for commercial purposes.
Such undesirable phenomenon now poses a threat to the tranquility of life of thousands of residents of Chandgaon - one of the posh residential areas in the port city.

Developed by Chittagong Development Authority (CDA) in 1978, Chandgaon R/A has 663 multi-storied residential buildings on 741 plots consisting of three blocks,
A-Block,
B-Block,
Y-Block.

Economy
The peaceful residential character of the area is being spoiled day by day as a section of owners encourage mushroom growth of commercial establishments in violation of law for higher rent, the residents said.

Numerous enterprises, including schools and colleges, health care centres, government and Non-Government Organisations' offices, boutiques, tailoring shops, beauty parlours and drug addicted medication and rehabilitation centres, have been set up in the residential flats and buildings of the area during the last one decade.

Educational Institutions

 CDA Public School and College
 Chittagong International School
 Chittagong Blooming Buds School
 Chittagong Residential School and College
 Darul Irfan Academy, City Model School and College
 Royal Pre-Cadet School and College
 Begum Rokeya School and College
 Bright Four Tutorial Home
 Little Star School
 Ananda Multimedia School
 Madinatul Ulum AL Islamia
 Nurani Alimul Quran Madrasa
 International School and College
 City Laboratory School and College
 Zukhrufa Education Family
 Glorious Coaching Center
 English Learning Center (ELC)
 Star Fair Teaching Home
 Southeast Public School & College
Chittagong Education Board is also located within this area.

Establishment

The government establishments include Karmajibi Mahila Hostel and Rabindra Sanad Cultural Academy.

Non-government organizations are Integrated Development Foundation (IDF), Young Power in Social Action (YPSA) and Organization for Women Development in Bangladesh (OWDEB).

Addicts' medication and rehabilitation centres, including Tori, Protisruti and Prashanti have also been set up in the residential area having grocery store and other shops at almost each and every corner inclueds Shwapno which is a Bangladeshi supermarket chain.

Issues
The residents said apart from noise of the commercial firms, addicts at the rehabilitation centres and staffs and employees of different offices sometimes make the life unbearable. They are making noise and singing or playing songs in a loud volume throughout the whole day, even in the midnight.

With movement of vehicles and crowd of people all the day and night, we experience an atmosphere of a busy commercial area here, they said.

“A section of owners rent out buildings or flats for commercial use for money ignoring the rules,” said Moinuddin Khokan - a resident of A Block.

Besides, the commercial establishments here are paying bills as per residential rates depriving the government of a huge revenue, he added.

Chittagong Development Authority (CDA) Authorisation Officer Fazlul Karim said setting up of commercial enterprises in the plots of Chandgaon is illegal. He said, they have already launched a drive against the practice.
And they will took action against a medicine factory recently for running business at the A Block of the residential area illegally.

"We have also directed estate department to take proper action against owners of the plots and buildings for renting them out for commercial use", Karim added.

References

Neighborhoods in Chittagong


No. 232 Operational Conversion Unit was an Operational conversion unit of the Royal Air Force which existed between 1955 and 1986

First formation

The unit was first formed at RAF Gaydon (now Jaguar Land Rover Gaydon Centre) on 21 February 1955 (shortly after Gaydon reopened following expansion) operating a number of aircraft including English Electric Canberra T.4s, Vickers Valiant B.1s and Handley Page Victor B.1 & B.2s (two of the three V bombers) and was disbanded still at Gaydon with the Victor element becoming the Tanker Training Flight.

History of the Tanker Training Flight

Formed at RAF Marham operating various marks of the Victor and a de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk, being disbanded on 13 October 1969 becoming the Victor Training Unit.

Second formation

232 OCU was reformed at RAF Marham on 6 February 1970 by merging the Victor (B.2) Training Flight and the Victor Training Unit and was disbanded on 4 April 1986 still at Marham.

History of the Victor (B.2) Training Flight

Formed at RAF Cottesmore (now Kendrew Barracks) on 1 April 1962, operating Victor B.2's, disbanded eight years later at RAF Wittering.

History of the Victor Training Unit

Formed at RAF Cottesmore during September 1961, operating B.2's, disbanded less than a year still at Cottesmore.

References

Citations

Bibliography

Conversion units of the Royal Air Force


Geo-replication systems are designed to provide improved availability and disaster tolerance by using geographically distributed data centers. This is intended to improve the response time for applications such as web portals. Geo-replication can be achieved using software, hardware or a combination of the two.

Software
Geo-replication software is a network performance-enhancing technology that is designed to provide improved access to portal or intranet content for uses at the most remote parts of large organizations. It is based on the principle of storing complete replicas of portal content on local servers, and then keeping the content on those servers up-to-date using heavily compressed data updates.

Portal acceleration
Geo-replication technologies are used to provide replication of the content of portals, intranets, web applications, content and data between servers, across wide area networks WAN to allow users at remote sites to access central content at LAN speeds.

Geo-replication software can improve the performance of data networks that suffer limited bandwidth, latency and periodic disconnection. Terabytes of data can be replicated over a wide area network, giving remote sites faster access to web applications.

Geo-replication software uses a combination of data compression and content caching technologies. differencing technologies can also be employed to reduce the volume of data that has to be transmitted to keep portal content accurate across all servers. This update compression can reduce the load that portal traffic place on networks, and improve the response time of a portal.

Portal replication
Remote users of web portals and collaboration environments will frequently experience network bandwidth and latency problems which will slow down their experience of opening and closing files, and otherwise interacting with the portal. Geo-replication technology is deployed to accelerate the remote end user portal performance to be equivalent to that experienced by users locally accessing the portal in the central office.

Differencing engine technologies
To deliver this reduction in the size of the required data updates across a portal, geo-replication systems often use differencing engine technologies. These systems are able to difference the content of each portal server right down to the byte level. This knowledge of the content that is already on each server enables the system to rebuild any changes to the content on one server, across each of the other servers in the deployment from content already hosted on those other servers. This type of differencing system ensures that no content, at the byte level, is ever sent to a server twice.

Offline portal replication on laptops
Geo-replication systems are often extended to deliver local replication beyond the server and down to the laptop used by a single user. Server to laptop replication enables mobile users to have access to a local replica of their business portal on a standard laptop. This technology may be employed to provide in the field access to portal content by, for example, sales forces and combat forces.

Geo-replication systems

iOra
Syntergy
Colligo Contributor

See also
Load balancing
Round robin DNS

References

Business software
Geography
Cloud computing


Bert Kelly is the name of:

 Bert Kelly (1912–1997), Australian politician and magazine columnist
 Bert Kelly (jazz musician) (1882–1968), American jazz musician and bandleader

See also
Albert Kelly (born 1991), Australian rugby player
Robert Kelly (disambiguation)
Bertram Kelly (1884–1976), British electrical engineer
Burt Kelly (producer) (1898-1983), film producer and writer
Herbert Kelly (disambiguation)


Tvedestrandsposten is a local newspaper published in Tvedestrand, Norway. It was established in 1872 by Arne Garborg.

It has a circulation of 3522, of whom 3383 are subscribers.

Tvedestrandsposten is published by Tvedestrand & Risør Holding AS, which is owned 75% by Østlands-Posten, which in turn is owned 100% by A-pressen.

References
 Norwegian Media Registry

External links
 Website

Newspapers established in 1872
Daily newspapers published in Norway
Mass media in Aust-Agder
Amedia
1872 establishments in Norway


No. 236 Operational Conversion Unit was a Royal Air Force Operational Conversion Unit which was active between 1947 and 1992 and formed by re-numbering and merging different units.

No. 236 OCU

The conversion unit was formed at RAF Kinloss on 31 July 1947 and operated a variety of aircraft including Avro Lancasters, Airspeed Oxfords and Bristol Beaufighters until 30 September 1956 when it was disbanded for the first time to become the Maritime Operational Training Unit on 30 September 1956.

The MOTU was formed by the merger of No. 236 OCU and No. 1 Maritime Reconnaissance School at Kinloss and operated Avro Shackletons and Nimrods until 1 July 1970 at St Mawgan.

236 OCU reformed at RAF St Mawgan on 1 July 1970 operating Hawker Siddeley Nimrods borrowed from No. 42 Squadron RAF until the unit was disbanded on 30 September 1992 at Kinloss to become No. 42 (Reserve) Squadron, the Nimrod Operational Conversion Unit

History of No. 1 Maritime Reconnaissance School (1 MRS)

The school was formed on 1 June 1951 at St Mawgan as the School of Maritime Reconnaissance and later renamed to 1 MRS operating Airspeed Oxfords, Lancasters and Avro Ansons until 30 September 1956 at St Mawgan.

Previous identities

The unit was initially No. 11 Group Pool which was formed on 14 August 1939 just before the start of the Second World War at RAF Andover operating Hawker Hurricanes, Miles Mentors and Airspeed Oxfords until 6 March 1940 when at RAF Sutton Bridge it was disbanded and became No. 6 Operational Training Unit RAF.

The OTU operated Gloster Gladiators, Miles Masters and Fairey Battles until 1 November 1940 when the unit became No. 56 OTU.

However No. 6 OTU was reformed at Andover on 1 June 1941 by redesignating No. 2 School of Army Co-operation operating Bristol Blenheims for a short time until 18 July 1941 when the unit became No. 42 OTU.

No. 6 OTU reformed for the last time on 19 July 1941 at RAF Thornaby again operating a wide variety of aircraft including Lockheed Hudsons, de Havilland Tiger Moths and Bristol Buckmasters until 31 July 1947 when at Kinloss the unit was disbanded and became No. 236 OCU.

See also
 List of conversion units of the Royal Air Force

References

Citations

Bibliography

Conversion units of the Royal Air Force


Swami Krishnananda Saraswati (25 April 1922 – 23 November 2001) was a disciple of Sivananda Saraswati and served as the General Secretary of the Divine Life Society in Rishikesh, India from 1958 until 2001. Author of more than 40 texts, and lecturing extensively, on yoga, religion, and metaphysics, Krishnananda was a prolific theologian, saint, yogi and philosopher.

Krishnananda was President of the Sivananda Literature Research Institute and the Sivananda Literature Dissemination Committee.  He served as editor of the Divine Life Society’s monthly paper, Divine Life, for 20 years.

Life
Swami Krishnananda (born as Subbaraya), initiated by his mentor Swami Sivananda Saraswati, was born on 25 April 1922 into an orthodox Madhva (Shivalli Brahmin) family in Puttur, Karnataka. He learnt Sanskrit at an early age and took to reading and memorising Sanskrit works. His understanding of Hindu scriptures predisposed him towards Advaita philosophy. He yearned for spiritual learning and renunciation, however, his father persuaded him into accepting a government job at Hospet Government Training School in Bellary in 1943. He fell ill there and returned home. In 1944, he left his home to visit Sivananda Ashram in Rishikesh. He worked as an editor in the Ashram and in 1948, on Sivananda’s request, he wrote his first book Realisation of the Absolute. (note: the year 1948 in the preceding sentence is incorrect. Swami Krishnananda's Preface to The Realization of the Absolute is dated 1 August 1947. Swami Sivananda's Foreword is dated 8 September 1947).

In 1961, he became the general secretary of Divine Life Society. He spent his life in the Ashram giving lectures and writing over 40 books on philosophy, Hindu scriptures, yoga, meditation, mysticism and poetry till his death on 23 November 2001.

Philosophy

Vedanta
Swami Krishnananda valued and was a scholar of Western philosophy and was also an exponent of Advaita Vedanta philosophy, the most influential sub-school of Vedanta.

Yoga
Swami Krishnananda taught and practiced Yoga of Synthesis, which combines the four main paths of the discipline - Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Raja Yoga, and Jnana Yoga.

Books
Saraswati wrote many books, published by the DLS. Among them were Mundaka Upanishad and The Tree of Life.

Footnotes

Further reading

 Chidananda, S.; Gunasekaran, K.J.A.; Hridayananda, S.; Keikens, Narayan; Krishnamurthy, V.; Krishnananda, S.; Madhavananda, S.; Mandali, Matru; Naik, B.R.; Nath, Dr. Bharat Chandra; Narayanananda, S.; Prasad, Ganesh; Randev, Prof. Vasudav; Rao, Seshagiri; Sachdev, Medha; Sahai, Baldeo; Sinha, D.M.; Sivachidananda, S.; Sivananda, S.; Tushar, Chattopadhyay; Vandana, Mataji; Viveka, Mataji; Yagnavalkyananandaji, S.; (1999) A Messenger of Peace and Wisdom. Rishikesh: Yoga Vedanta Forest Academy Press.
 Divine Life (2001). "Swami Krishnananda Attains Mahasamadhi" Divine Life. December 2001: pp. 1–5

 Krishnananda, Swami. A Sacramental Life. Rishikesh: Yoga Vedanta Forest Academy Press. 2004
 Krishnananda, Swami. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Yoga. Rishikesh: Y.V.F.A. Press. 3rd ed. 2000
 Krishnananda, Swami. My Life. Rishikesh: Y.V.F.A. Press. 1998

1922 births
2001 deaths
20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians
20th-century Hindu religious leaders
20th-century Indian philosophers
Advaitin philosophers
Devotees of Krishna
Indian Hindu saints
Indian Hindu spiritual teachers
Indian yoga teachers
Indian magazine editors
Indian religious writers
Indian theologians
Modern yoga gurus
Writers from Karnataka
People from Rishikesh
People from Dakshina Kannada district
Tulu people


No. 237 Operational Conversion Unit was a Royal Air Force Operational conversion unit.

Operational history

 First formation: 31 July 1947 - 1 December 1951
 Second formation: 23 October 1956 - 21 January 1958
 Third formation: 1 March 1971 - 1 October 1991

Future identity

Buccaneer Training Flight RAF within No. 208 Squadron RAF at RAF Lossiemouth (1 October 1991 - 1992)

Previous identities

 No. 8 OTU No. 8 Operational Training Unit RAF (18 May 1942 - 31 July 1947)
 PRU Conversion Flight of No. 3 School of General Reconnaissance RAF (February 1942 - 13 May 1942)
 No. 3 School of General Reconnaissance RAF (16 December 1940 - 1 May 1946)
 No. 2 School of General Reconnaissance RAF (28 May 1940 - 16 December 1940)
 No. 1 School of General Reconnaissance RAF (19 June 1940 - 30 September 1940)
 School of General Reconnaissance RAF (4 April 1938 -  19 June 1940 & 1 March 1946 - 5 September 1947)
 K Flight of No. 1 Photographic Reconnaissance Unit RAF (23 January 1942 - 1 August 1942)

See also
 List of conversion units of the Royal Air Force

References

Citations

Bibliography

Military units and formations established in 1947
Conversion units of the Royal Air Force


Vitaliy Mykolayovych Rudenko (, born 26 January 1981) is a football goalkeeper.

Career
Rudenko is a product of the Chornomorets Odesa youth system. Having spent a few years playing in lower divisions, in 1999 he was brought in to the senior team of Chornomorets as cover for Hennadiy Altman. The following season he was battling for the starting position and becoming first choice keeper for Chornomorets in the 2001–02 season. He has since solidified his position as the number one keeper with a series of consistent seasons for the club.

Following the relegation of Chornomorets from the Ukrainian Premier League at the end of the 2009–10 season, Rudenko joined FC Karpaty Lviv. Having limited opportunities behind the first-choice Karpaty goalkeeper and captain Andriy Tlumak, Rudenko went on loan to FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia during the 2010–2011 winter break.

Rudenko has represented Ukraine at all levels but senior. In 2000, he was part of the team that won the silver medal at the European Under-18 Football Championship.

See also
 2001 FIFA World Youth Championship squads#Ukraine

External links
Stats on Odesa Football site

1981 births
Living people
Ukrainian men's footballers
Ukraine men's under-21 international footballers
Ukraine men's youth international footballers
FC Chornomorets Odesa players
FC Chornomorets-2 Odesa players
SC Odesa players
FC Karpaty Lviv players
FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Footballers from Odesa


No. 240 Operational Conversion Unit RAF is a former Royal Air Force Operational conversion unit which was formed by a series of mergers, it then became No. 27 Squadron RAF in 1993.

240 OCU

240 OCU was formed on 5 January 1948 within No. 4 Group RAF using Douglas Dakota II & IV's by merging 1333 Transport Support Training Unit and 1382 (Transport) Conversion Unit at RAF North Luffenham. The unit was moved to No. 38 Group RAF on 2 February 1948 with a detachment at Wunstorf Air Base during June 1948. From October 1948 Avro Anson's were added with Vickers Valetta's and de Havilland Devons being added from December 1948. The unit moved to RAF Dishforth on 28 March 1951 and it was disbanded for the first time on 16 April 1951 and merged with 241 OCU to become 242 OCU.

240 OCU was then reformed 20 years later for helicopter training at RAF Odiham still under No. 38 Group RAF using Westland Wessex HC.2's, Westland Puma HC.1's and Boeing CH-47 Chinook HC.1's. The training of Wessex crews moved to the Wessex Training Flight RAF at RAF Benson from 3 November 1980 (until 1982 when this new unit was disbanded). 240 OCU was disbanded on 1 October 1993.

Air Training Squadron

The Air Training Squadron was formed at RAF Odiham on 1 May 1971 using Westland Wessex's and Westland Puma's until 1 January 1972, when it was used to reform 240 OCU.

Helicopter Operational Conversion Unit

The Helicopter Operational Conversion Unit was formed at RAF Odiham on 1 July 1967 with the Wessex and Puma until 1 May 1971 when it became the ATS.

Short Range Conversion Unit

The Short Range Conversion Unit was formed on 5 August 1964 at RAF Odiham and used both fixed wing and rotary aircraft such as the Scottish Aviation Twin Pioneer and the Wessex. It was disbanded on 1 July 1967 to become the HOCU.

Twin Pioneer Conversion Unit

The Twin Pioneer Conversion Unit was formed on 1 January 1963 at RAF Odiham by redesignating the Twin Pioneer element from No. 230 Squadron RAF. It was disbanded on 5 August 1964 still at Odiham to become the SRCU.

Previous identities

No. 1333 Transport Support Training Unit

1333 Transport Support Training Unit RAF was previously No. 1333 (Transport Support) Conversion Unit RAF, that unit was previously 107 OTU. 133 (TS) CU was formed on 12 March 1945 at Leicester East, it was similar to 107 OTU and renamed to 1333 TSTU on 6 July 1946. 1333 TSTU was disbanded on 5 January 1948 to become 240 OCU.

No. 107 OTU

107 OTU was formed at RAF Leicester East on 3 May 1944 and primarily used Douglas Dakota's to train crews. It was disbanded on 12 March 1945 to become 1333 (TS) CU.

No. 1385 (Heavy Transport Support) Conversion Unit

1385 (HTS)CU was formed at RAF Wethersfield on 1 April 1946 by redesignating the Operational and Refresher Training Unit. The conversion used transport aircraft and gliders to train transport crews for operational missions. It was disbanded on 6 June 1946 and absorbed by the 1333 (Transport Support) Conversion Unit.

Operational and Refresher Training Unit

ORTU was formed at RAF Thruxton on 1 December 1943 by redesignating the Glider Pilot Exercise Unit which used a variety of aircraft including Supermarine Spitfire's, de Havilland Tiger Moth's and Waco Hadrian gliders to train glider and transport pilots. It was disbanded on 1 April 1946.

Glider Pilot Exercise Unit

GPEU was formed at Netheravon Airfield on 12 August 1942 by redesignating No. 296B Squadron, it operated Hawker Hart's, Hawker Hind's and Airspeed Horsa's amongst others until 1 December 1943 when it was disbanded to become the ORTU.

No. 1382 (Transport) Conversion Unit

1382 (Transport) Conversion Unit was previously 108 OTU, it was formed at RAF Wymeswold on 10 August 1945 and was similar to the previous unit. It disbanded on 5 January 1948 to become 240 OCU.

No. 108 OTU

108 OTU was formed at RAF Wymeswold on 10 October 1944, it was used Miles Magister's and Douglas Dakota's to train personnel until 10 August 1945 when it was disbanded to become 1382 (T)CU.

See also
 List of conversion units of the Royal Air Force
 List of Royal Air Force Operational Training Units

Notes

References

Conversion units of the Royal Air Force
Military units and formations disestablished in 1993


No. 242 Operational Conversion Unit RAF is a former Royal Air Force Operational conversion unit which operated between 16 April 1951 and 1 July 1992 when the unit became No. 57 Squadron RAF.

History

No. 242 OCU

Argosy Conversion Unit

The Argosy Conversion Unit was formed at RAF Benson on 1 November 1961 to convert new pilots onto the Armstrong Whitworth Argosy. The unit was disbanded on 30 April 1963 to become Argosy Flight, 242 OCU.

The Andover Training Flight was formed at RAF Abingdon on 1 July 1966.

No. 240 Operational Conversion Unit RAF

No. 240 Operational Conversion Unit RAF was formed by the merging of No. 1333 Transport Support Training Unit RAF and No. 1382 (Transport) Conversion Unit RAF on 5 January 1948 at RAF North Luffenham. It used Douglas Dakotas and de Havilland Devons to train new pilots until 16 April 1951 when still at North Luffenham it was disbanded and merged with No. 241 OCU to become No. 242 OCU.

No. 241 Operational Conversion Unit RAF

No. 241 Operational Conversion Unit RAF was formed at Dishforth on 5 January 1948 and operated a number of different aircraft types such as Handley Page Hastings, Vickers Valettas and Avro Ansons until 16 April 1951 while still at Dishforth the unit was disbanded and merged with No. 240 OCU to become No. 242 OCU.

No. 1332 Heavy Transport Conversion Unit

No. 1332 HTCU was formed at RAF Longtown on 5 September 1944 as No. 1332 (Transport) Heavy Conversion Unit and operated a variety of aircraft including Consolidated Liberators, Avro Yorks, Short Stirlings and Handley Page Halifaxes. It was renamed to No. 1332 Heavy Transport Conversion Unit from May 1947, it was disbanded on 5 January 1948 at RAF Dishforth to become No. 241 OCU.

See also

 List of conversion units of the Royal Air Force

References

Citations

Bibliography

Conversion units of the Royal Air Force


Smaalenenes Avis is a local newspaper published in Askim, Norway. It covers Indre Østfold.

It was established in Mysen in 1899 under the name Indre Smaalenenes Avis, and covered the municipalities of Eidsberg, Trøgstad and Marker. A trial issue came on 22 December 1899, followed by the first official issue on 4 January 1900. The first editor, who sat until 1901, was a Methodist pastor. Peder Slotsvik took over. It had a politically bourgeois leaning, with an unofficial Liberal affiliation during Slotsvik's time, then a Norwegian Agrarian Association affiliation in the 1920s. In 1929 it absorbed the agrarian newspaper Søndre Østfold. In the 1930s Indre Smaalenenes Avis gradually became an unofficially Conservative newspaper. During the German occupation of Norway it was forced to have a Nazi editor from 1942 to 1945.

The circulation improved from about 4,000 in 1932 to 4,853 in 1950, 5,928 in 1970 and 7,578 in 1990. In 1983 the newspapers Indre Smaalenenes Avis and neighbor Øvre Smaalenene were about the same size, with a circulation of 6,995 and 7,061 respectively. In 1996 the Indre Smaalenenes Avis was surprisingly bought by A-pressen, despite its bourgeois roots. Already on 2 January 1997 the Askim-based newspaper Øvre Smaalenene was amalgamated into Indre Smaalenenes Avis From 3 February 2003 the name was changed to Smaalenenes Avis. The headquarters are now in Askim. It now has a circulation of 13,190, of whom 12,905 are subscribers. It is owned by the company Smaalenene Medier, which is in turn owned 100% by A-pressen.

References

Newspapers established in 1899
Daily newspapers published in Norway
Mass media in Askim
1899 establishments in Norway
Amedia