Fern (also Stichting Fern) is a Dutch foundation created in 1995. It is an international Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) set up to keep track of the European Union's (EU) involvement in forests and coordinate NGO activities at the European level. Fern works to protect forests and the rights of people who depend on them.

Although Fern is known for its work on forests, since 2000 it has widened its scope to include climate, forest governance, trade and sustainable supply chain as many of the decisions made in these areas have a direct or indirect impact on forests and forest peoples' rights. In all these areas, Fern collaborates with many environmental groups and social movements across the world.

Fern is a non-hierarchical flat organization. Currently, it has two offices (Brussels, Belgium; and Moreton-in-Marsh, UK) and around 18 staff.

Fern's official mission statement is "To increase understanding of, and access to, European policy making; and to campaign for policies and practices in Europe that focus on forests and forest peoples’ rights and deliver economic, environmental and social justice globally.”

History

Fern's origin lies in the World Rainforest Movement meeting in Penang in 1989. At this meeting Southern participants decided they needed closer co-operation with a network of like-minded European organisations to further their objectives. An already existing ad hoc European coalition of NGOs responded and adopted the name European Rainforest Movement. This movement changed its name into Forest Movement Europe in 1994 after linking up with the newly formed Taiga Rescue Network (1992) and widening its focus to all forests, including Russia.

As most NGOs of the Forest Movement Europe were working at national level, and increasingly trade and aid decisions that impacted on forests were made at EU level, it was felt by most in the movement that more attention should be given to influencing the EU institutions. So, in March 1995 Saskia Ozinga (formerly working for Friends of the Earth in the Netherlands) and Sian Pettman (formerly working for the European Commission) created the Fern with a mandate to monitor EU activities relating to forests, and inform and educate the Forest Movement Europe about these activities and facilitate joint advocacy work towards the different EU institutions.

Starting in 1995 with Ozinga and Pettman both working part-time, the former from a shed in Oxford, the latter from a desk in Brussels, Fern has grown to an organisation of between 15 and 20 staff, while its area of work has widened to include climate change, carbon trading, finance, governance and development aid. Consistent themes in Fern's campaigns include tackling the corruption, lack of transparency and power imbalances which it says are among the universal causes of both legal and illegal forest destruction, and putting forest communities at the heart of decision-making about policies affecting them.

Fern's way of working still reflects its origin, as in its activities the organisation aims to create ad hoc or permanent North-South, North-North or South-South NGO coalitions to jointly develop campaigns or activities, mostly – but not always – targeted at the EU institutions. Facilitation of the wider movement and supporting Fern's partners in the South remain Fern core activities.

In March 2018, Fern's co-founder and Campaigns Coordinator Saskia Ozinga stepped down after 23 years with Fern. Hannah Mowat took over as the organisation's Campaigns Coordinator.

Fields of activity

The organisation campaigns in many areas with a direct or indirect impact on forests and forest peoples' rights. It focuses specifically on the policies and practices of the European Union, since together with its Member States, the EU is collectively the world's single biggest aid donor, and also plays a pivotal role in global trade, and therefore has a vast influence on the fate of the world's forests and their inhabitants.

To achieve its aims, Fern produces original research in briefings and reports; it builds NGO coalitions with its partners and affected peoples in the global South and Europe, and campaigns collaboratively with them; it raises awareness among decision-makers and proposes specific policy changes to tackle the threats facing the world's forests.

A significant portion of Fern's funding is channelled to its partners in tropical forested countries, and Fern says it prioritises supporting them (including in the form of building capacity and strengthening their advocacy skills) as they understand the issues facing forests in their countries first-hand.

Fern also plays a coordinating role in building networks and alliances among NGOs, a prime example being the annual Forest Movement Europe (FME) meeting which it organises.

Since 1996, Fern has published Forest Watch, a monthly specialist newsletter covering the latest developments in efforts to protect the world's forests.

Campaigns

Fern currently focuses on forests in relation to four overarching forest issues: Climate, Consumption, Development Aid and Trade. To achieve its aims, Fern works closely with environmental as well as social NGOs in Europe and the South.

Fern’s climate campaign calls for an EU climate policy which prioritises restoring European forests and ending subsidies for the burning of trees for bioenergy. Fern's climate campaigning also encompasses work on forest restoration, negative emissions, free trade agreements, land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF),  and carbon offsetting.

Fern’s sustainable supply chains campaign focuses on the biggest cause of deforestation globally: agriculture. The EU is the world's second biggest importer of agricultural goods causing deforestation. Fern campaigns to end EU imports of commodities – such as soy, palm oil and cocoa – grown on (often) illegally deforested land. In 2023, the EU adopted the Regulation on deforestation-free products, a long-awaited law Fern pushed for in the last decade. Fern now works to ensure the Regulation is effectively implemented in consultation and partnership with producer countries.

As part of its trade and sustainable supply chain campaigns, Fern has been instrumental in highlighting what it says are the damaging potential human rights and environmental impacts of the European Union - Mercosur free trade agreement. Fern’s sustainable supply chain and trade campaigns also focus on ensuring trade in transition minerals does not lead to harm for forests and peoples by campaigning on the Critical Raw Materials Act (CRM Act).

Fern’s consumption campaign aims to ensure that EU policies can fairly and swiftly reduce European consumption of Forest Risk Commodities. Fern campaigns to reduce pulp and paper use through work on the Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR) in response to the dramatically increase of paper consumption. Fern also works to reduce European meat consumption by leveraging the EU Sustainable Food System Framework. The meat industry is responsible for a large share of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and contributes substantially to deforestation, water scarcity and biodiversity loss.

The Forest Governance campaign works to ensure that forest communities have stronger rights to their forests and benefit from transparent and inclusive forest management practices and processes.

Previous Fern campaign’s include those on Export Credit Agencies (ECAs), biodiversity offsetting, certification, and Development Finance Institutions, aviation and finance.

Achievements

Some of the most visible Fern achievements include:

 Convincing the EU to regulate against imported deforestation; A decade long advocacy work by Fern, its allies and organisations in the Global South, contributed to the adoption of the EU Regulation on deforestation-free products, the world’s first law of its kind;
 Pushing for the EU to play a key role in tackling climate change; In the latest review of the Land Use Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) Regulation, Fern successfully advocated for biodiversity criteria and targets;
 The rejection of the scientifically flawed concept of planting trees to reverse climate change (‘carbon sinks’) by the European Parliament;
 Highlighting the undue and unjust influence by large companies on environmental and social laws in host countries when executing large projects, such as the Chad-Cameroon pipeline;
 Improving integration of environmental concerns and demands for recognition of indigenous peoples rights' into EU aid programmes and policies and the creation of networks of Southern NGOs to improve the quality of EU aid;
 Getting the EU to reduce illegal logging and improve forest governance through adopting and implementing the Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Action Plan - a pioneering programme to tackle illegal imports of timber, strengthen community rights and improve the way forests are managed; Fern is also co-manager of the FLEGT website "LoggingOff".
 Successfully coordinating the European network for reforming export credit agencies leading to the adoption of environmental guidelines for export credit agencies.

Some of Fern's successes have reduced threats to forest communities' livelihoods. For example, Fern's work on highlighting the flaws in carbon sinks and direct correspondence with the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) board, has led the CDM board to reject all plantation projects put to it, many of which would have had serious negative impacts on people.

The EU FLEGT Action Plan to combat illegal logging would not have been drafted without Fern. This Action Plan – if implemented properly - will create a leverage point to get customary rights accepted as 'legal' in countries including Indonesia (which is already exporting FLEGT timber), Ghana, Cameroon, Vietnam and Guyana: the lack of recognition of these rights are among the most significant obstacles to poverty alleviation, justice and even democracy.

Moreover, the campaign on reforming ECAs led to halting ECA funding and the subsequent cancellation of some projects, which would have had serious negative consequences for local people, such as in the case of the Ilisu Dam in Turkey which would have led to the replacement of around 80,000 people, with women suffering most.

Funding

Fern receives its money from private foundations and governments. In order to ensure its independence and impartiality, Fern has committed to not directly participate in the selection, award or administration of a contract when a real or apparent conflict of interest may be involved. Fern's audited finances are available from their website.

Fern’s donors during 2022 included: the Ford Foundation, the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) UK, the European Commission, the European Climate Foundation and the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD).

See also
Forest Peoples Programme
World Rainforest Movement

References

External links

 Fern's Twitter account
 Fern's LinkedIn page

Indigenous rights organizations in Europe
Environmental organisations based in the Netherlands
International climate change organizations
International forestry organizations
Forestry in Europe
Organisations based in Brussels
Forest conservation organizations


Adelange (; Lorraine Franconian Aidlingen; German: Edelingen) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Ajoncourt (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


The 1811 Great fire of Podil (, ) occurred on the morning of July 9, 1811 in the historical and commercial neighborhood of Podil in Kiev (Kyiv), the capital of Ukraine. The fire lasted for three days and almost destroyed the whole neighborhood. Before the fire, Podil was the city's most densely populated neighborhood; out of 3,672 households in the city, 2,068 were located in the Podil.

It was speculated that the fire was set by French spies or by their local collaborators on the eve of the French invasion of Russia.

The fire's power was strengthened with high winds and the season's severe droughts, from which even the nearby Dnieper River was reported to have been dried out. The city's official version of events regarding the cause of the fire, however, was said to be children playing with fire.

More than 2,000 homes, magistrate buildings, 12 churches, and 3 monasteries were destroyed in the fire. However, some buildings were spared destruction, including the House of Peter I. Smoke from the fire was reported to have been seen more than  away. In response to the fire, the Director of the Kiev Myshkovsky Gymnasium No. 3 stated:

In 1812, a new plan for the reconstruction of Podil was drawn up by architects Geste and Melensky. The plan had redrawn the neighborhood's curved streets into straightaways, thus creating the square city blocks that exist to this day. The fire showed the vulnerability of the city's wooden buildings, some of which would later be reconstructed in stone. Reconstruction after the fire brought about the construction of many architectural landmarks currently standing, including the Contracts House and Gostnyi Dvir, among many others.

Nevertheless, some streets remained in the shape they were in before the fire. These are Borychiv Tik, Pokrovska, Pritisko-Mykilska, per.Khoryva.

See also
1961 Kurenivka mudslide in Kyiv
Scorched earth

References

Great fire of Podil
19th century in Kyiv
Disasters in the Russian Empire
19th-century fires in Europe
1811 fires
Fires in Ukraine
Urban fires in Europe
July 1811 events
1811 disasters in the Russian Empire


Albestroff (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

Geography
Albestroff is located between Metz, Nancy and Strasbourg. 20 km from Dieuze, Morhange, Sarre-Union and Sarralbe and 35 km from Sarrebourg, Sarreguemines and Château-Salins.

The municipality is part of the Regional Natural Park of Lorraine.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department
 Parc naturel régional de Lorraine

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)
Three Bishoprics


Algrange (; Lorraine Franconian: Oolgréngen or Algréngen; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France. They have an association football team, AS Algrange, playing in the regional divisions, who reached the 8th round of the 2000–01 Coupe de France, losing on penalties to Levallois SC.

Population

Personalities
 Hervé Laborne (born 7 October 1946), electrical engineer and President of university.
 Adolf Wagner (1 October 1890 - 12 April 1944) : Gauleiter of the Gau München-Oberbayern.
 Josef Wagner (12 January 1899 – 22 April or 2 May 1945): Gauleiter of the Gau of Westphalia-South.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Alsting (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Altviller (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Alzing (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Cuauhtémoc Municipality  may refer to

Cuauhtémoc Municipality, Chihuahua
Cuauhtémoc Municipality, Colima
Cuauhtémoc Municipality, Zacatecas

Compound municipality names with "Cuauhtémoc"
Ixcateopan de Cuauhtémoc (municipality), Guerrero
Rojas de Cuauhtémoc (municipality), Oaxaca
Santa Ana Cuauhtémoc (municipality), Oaxaca
Tepeyahualco de Cuauhtémoc (municipality), Puebla

See also
Cuauhtémoc (disambiguation)

Municipality name disambiguation pages


Amanvillers (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

 Official site

Communes of Moselle (department)


Lemoncourt (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Lemud (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Lessy (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Lezey (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

 L'Annuaire service public: Lezey
 Annuaire-Mairie.fr: Lezey

Communes of Moselle (department)
Moselle communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Maizières-lès-Metz (, literally Maizières near Metz; Lorrain: Mach'ire) is a commune in the Moselle department, Grand Est, northeastern France.

Anciently part of the Duchy of Lorraine,  Maizières was within the Holy Roman Empire until 1766, when Lorraine was annexed by France. From 1871 to 1918, as part of Alsace-Lorraine, Maizières belonged to the German Empire as Maizières-bei-Metz. Between 1915 and 1918 the town's name was briefly Germanized to Macheren. During the German occupation from 1940 to 1944 it was known as Machern-bei-Metz.

The amusement park Walygator is located in Maizières-les-Metz.

The town gives its name to the now German Maizière family which, being Huguenots, had to emigrate from the Duchy of Lorraine to Prussia in the 17th century. Preserving the name of their town up to the present, prominent members of the family include Lothar de Maizière, last Prime Minister of the German Democratic Republic, the politician Thomas de Maizière and the general Ulrich de Maizière.

Population

International relations

Maizières-lès-Metz is twinned with Bukowsko, Poland and Montastruc-la-Conseillère, France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Maiziereslesmetz


Maizières-lès-Vic (, literally Maizières near Vic; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department
 Parc naturel régional de Lorraine

References

External links

Maiziereslesvic
Three Bishoprics


Malaucourt-sur-Seille (, literally Malaucourt on Seille; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Malaucourtsurseille


Marange-Silvange (; ; Lorraine Franconian:  Märéngen-Silwéngen) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Marangesilvange


Marange-Zondrange (; ; Lorraine Franconian Mëringen-Sonneringen) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Marangezondrange


Marimont-lès-Bénestroff (, literally Marimont near Bénestroff; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Marimontlesbenestroff


Béning-lès-Saint-Avold (, literally Béning near Saint-Avold; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Behren-lès-Forbach (, literally Behren near Forbach; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France. Between 1812 and 1925, it was part of the commune of Kerbach.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

 Official site

Communes of Moselle (department)


Berg-sur-Moselle (, literally Berg on Moselle; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Bérig-Vintrange (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Bernie Malone (born 26 March 1948) is an Irish former Labour Party politician. She was elected to Dublin County Council in 1979 for the Malahide area, and later to Fingal County Council. She was elected to the European Parliament for the Dublin constituency at the 1994 European election. Malone was selected as the only Labour Party candidate at the party convention, however the party leader Dick Spring had Orla Guerin added to the ticket which caused some friction between the candidates; Guerin polled well but was not elected. Malone was a member of the Party of European Socialists in the European Parliament. She lost her seat at the 1999 European election to her party colleague Proinsias De Rossa.

Malone was educated by the Dominicans in Eccles Street and earned a BCL from UCD, going on to train as a solicitor. She also holds a degree from the Miltown Institute and an MA from Mater Dei.

References

External links

1948 births
Living people
20th-century women MEPs for the Republic of Ireland
Labour Party (Ireland) MEPs
Members of Dublin County Council
Members of Fingal County Council
MEPs for the Republic of Ireland 1994–1999
Politicians from Fingal
People from Malahide
Alumni of University College Dublin
Alumni of Milltown Institute of Theology and Philosophy
Alumni of Mater Dei Institute of Education


Pers is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Four UN Security Council Resolutions have been passed during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.  These resolutions have not invoked Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter.

See also
 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war
 Anti-Armenian sentiment
 Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment
 Madrid Principles
 First Nagorno-Karabakh War
 United Nations General Assembly Resolution 62/243

Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
Nagorno-Karabakh conflict


Moreno, California may refer to:
 Moreno, Riverside County, California
 Moreno, San Diego County, California
 Moreno Valley, California

See also
 Moreno


Alec Jenkins (born 7 July 1987 in Wales) is a Welsh rugby union player who plays on the wing for Llanelli Scarlets and Wales Sevens.

When not playing for the Scarlets, Jenkins plays domestic rugby with Llanelli RFC. Jenkins' former clubs include Pontyberem RFC and Carmarthen Quins. He has previously represented the Wales Sevens team and was part of the squad that won the Hong Kong Sevens Plate in April 2006. He has further representative honours for Wales at U18 & U19 levels.

In February 2007, Jenkins was included in the Wales U20 squad ahead of the U21 Six Nations championship. He appeared in every game of the tournament and scored a try in the 56–8 victory over Scotland.

Jenkins was called up for the Wales Sevens squad for the 2006–07 season, for the fifth and six legs of the IRB Sevens World Series in Hong Kong and Adelaide. He scored a try in the Plate final in Hong Kong against Argentina; the Welsh lifted the trophy courtesy of the 26–19 scoreline.

In January 2008, Jenkins was included in the Wales Sevens squad for the Wellington, New Zealand, and San Diego, USA, legs of the 2007–2008 IRB Sevens World Series.

On 14 May 2008 it was announced that Jenkins would be leaving the Scarlets to join London Welsh. On 1 July 2009 it was announced that Jenkins was returning to Wales to play for semi-professional side Neath RFC.

References

1987 births
Living people
Welsh rugby union players
Rugby union wings
Scarlets players
London Welsh RFC players
Llanelli RFC players
Neath RFC players


Saint-Coutant may refer to the following places in France:

 Saint-Coutant, Charente, in the Charente department
 Saint-Coutant, Deux-Sèvres, in the Deux-Sèvres department
 Saint-Coutant-le-Grand, in the Charente-Maritime department


Saint-Coutant () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Bibliography
 Maurice Poignat, Le Pays mellois (Poitiers: Projet Editions, 1982. ) pp. 264–267

External links

 Church of Saint-Gilles and its tombstones (Saint-Coutant)
 Méridien Green French-English Association

Communes of Deux-Sèvres
Deux-Sèvres communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Sainte-Gemme may refer to the following places in France:

 Sainte-Gemme, Charente-Maritime, a commune in the Charente-Maritime department
 Sainte-Gemme, Gers, a commune in the Gers department
 Sainte-Gemme, Gironde, a commune in the Gironde department
 Sainte-Gemme, Indre, a commune in the Indre department
 Sainte-Gemme, Marne, a commune in the Marne department
 Sainte-Gemme, Deux-Sèvres, a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department
 Sainte-Gemme, Tarn, a commune in the Tarn department


Borderline Theatre company is a touring theatre company based in Ayr, Scotland.

Its alumni include the actors Billy Connolly and Robbie Coltrane. Recent successes include the award-winning, critically acclaimed plays The Wall and The Ducky by D C Jackson.

External links
 Official website
 Borderline's Bebo

References

Theatre companies in Scotland
Touring theatre


Frémestroff (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Contz-les-Bains (Lorraine Franconian: Nidderkonz, ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

The commune is located in the Pays de Sierck at the confluence of the Sauer (known in French as the Sûre) and the Moselle, which form the borders with Luxembourg and Germany. Just over the border in Germany is the town of Perl in Saarland, and the neighboring town in Luxembourg is Schengen.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department
 Haute-Kontz
 Sierck-les-Bains

References

External links

Contzlesbains


Corny-sur-Moselle (, literally Corny on Moselle; , (1940-1944) Korningen) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Cornysurmoselle


Courcelles-Chaussy (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

Gallery

References

External links

Courcelleschaussy


Courcelles-sur-Nied (, literally Courcelles on Nied; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Courcellessurnied


Pournoy-la-Chétive (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Pournoylachetive


Pournoy-la-Grasse (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Pournoylagrasse


Prévocourt (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Puttelange-aux-Lacs (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

The village is situated on the N56 road.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Puttelangeauxlacs


Puttelange-lès-Thionville (, literally Puttelange near Thionville) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Puttelangelesthionville


Diffembach-lès-Hellimer () is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Diffembachleshellimer


Danne-et-Quatre-Vents (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Geography
The municipal territory is delimited from north-east to south-east by the departmental border that separates the Moselle from the Bas-Rhin. To the south, the river Zorn serves as a natural border between the communal territories of Danne and Hultehouse.

It is the only place where the altitude of the Lorraine plateau is equal to that of the Vosges Mountains. Therefor, this place has been for millennia, the privileged crossing between the Lorraine plateau and the plain of Alsace. Thus the Roman road, now a national road, is now doubled by the A4 motorway. The railway at the bottom of a valley passes the East European LGV through the Saverne tunnel, connecting Danne-et-Quatre-Vents to Saint-Jean-Saverne.

History
This commune is the result of the union of the village of Danne with the hamlet of Quatre-Vents. Its first lords were the Counts of Lutzelbourg, who sold it in 1611 to the House of Lorraine. A few decades later, in 1661, the Duchy of Lorraine ceded Danne-et-Quatre-Vents to the Kingdom of France in accordance with the Treaty of Vincennes.

The commune was integrated into Alsace-Lorraine following the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, then returned to France following the First World War in 1918.

Historical, cultural and architectural heritage
The commune houses the chapel Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Fontaine, whose origin dates back to the Thirty Years' War. In 1638, the Croats destroyed the chapel. In 1715, it was rebuilt by soldiers healed of a serious illness in Phalsbourg.

The remains of a Roman road and a medieval fortified house of 1347 are observable in Danne-et-Quatre-Vents.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Danneetquatrevents


Réchicourt-le-Château (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. It is part of the arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins.

Until French Revolution, it was an Imperial County, which was ruled by the Counts of Ahlefeldt (1669-1751), and later by the Dukes of Richelieu.

Only after 1789 it became part of (then) Kingdom of France.

La Grande Ecluse de Réchicourt
A narrow stretch of the Canal de la Marne au Rhin from locks 6 to 1 on the western side of the summit pound which caused delays to barge traffic led to the decision to build a new lock to replace them. The lock, built alongside lock 2 and taking its number, has a rise/drop of around 15 metres and is the deepest lock on the Freycinet network. It was opened in 1965. Locks 3 to 6 are totally abandoned but lock 1 is still traversed, minus the gates. Because of this, boats heading eastwards pass from lock 7 to lock 2 and then onto the summit pound.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department
 Parc naturel régional de Lorraine

References

External links

Rechicourtlechateau


Rémering-lès-Puttelange (, literally Rémering near Puttelange; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Remeringlesputtelange


Domnom-lès-Dieuze (, literally Domnom near Dieuze; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Prior to 1 July 1994, it was known as Domnon-lès-Dieuze.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Domnomlesdieuze


Rohrbach-lès-Bitche (, literally Rohrbach near Bitche; ; Lorraine Franconian: Roerbach) is a commune in the Moselle department of the Grand Est administrative region in north-eastern France.

The village belongs to the Pays de Bitche.

Geography
Rohrbach-lès-Bitche is crossed from west to east by the road connecting Sarreguemines to Bitche. The road towards Sarre-Union branches off in the centre of the village.

Located in the open country, at an elevation of around 260 metres, the village is dominated to the west by the 360-metre-tall Guckenberg, the last hill of the Lorraine plateau. It is one of the earliest villages of the Pays de Bitche. The Vosges pink sandstone appears on the outskirts of the commune, but is mostly covered by forest.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Rorbach-lès-Dieuze (, literally Rorbach near Dieuze; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department
 Parc naturel régional de Lorraine

References

External links

Rorbachlesdieuze


Romelfing (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Roncourt (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Saint-François-Lacroix (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Saintfrancoislacroix


Saint-Jean-de-Bassel (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Saintjeandebassel


Saint-Jean-Kourtzerode (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

History
This village was part of the principality of Phalsbourg. It had just six houses in 1756.

The hamlet of Kourtzerode (meaning "small quarries") dates back to the 14th century. Saint-Jean was not built until the early 18th century.

The town's history was marked by the construction of an American military air base after the Second World War. Taken over by the French army, the La Horie district is now occupied by the 1st Combat Helicopter Regiment.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Saintjeankourtzerode


Saint-Julien-lès-Metz (, literally Saint-Julien near Metz; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Saintjulienlesmetz


Saint-Jure (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Saintjure


Francaltroff (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Pigeon Swamp State Park is a  New Jersey state park located on Deans Rhode Hall Road (Middlesex CR-610) in South Brunswick, in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. It is an undeveloped park, with a mix of habitats including open ponds and uplands hardwood forests.  It also includes a good example of an inner coastal plain lowland deciduous hardwood forest.   At one time, it was a major nesting site for passenger pigeons before they became extinct.  It was declared a National Natural Landmark in December 1976.

The park is located in the Lawrence Brook watershed.

History
The name of the park came from one of its original owners, Ann Pidgeon, daughter of Jeremiah Basse.  It transferred to John Wetheril in 1761.  In 1780, the building of the Great Ditch was begun which attempted to drain Pigeon Swamp in order to create farmland.  The ditch was maintained by the state until the mid 19th century.  In 1945, the Dallenbach Sand Company dredged part of the site, near what is now I-95. The dredged section is clearly visible from Deans Rhode Hall Road as an open area with a large lake. The entire area is fenced off.

As of February 1973, Pigeon Swamp was a  unprotected wetland. In 1974, efforts began to turn it into a state park. The park comprises a large number of land plots, owned by the state of New Jersey and managed by its Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Parks and Forestry.  Development continues to occur nearby, although there are attempts to preserve space for historical or environmental reasons.

Flora and fauna
Many instances of sweetgum, red maple, pin oak and black gum trees are visible from the road and trails.  In the open meadows, kestrels and red-tailed hawks have been spotted.  There are also vernal pools which are heavily used by amphibians

Visiting
The park is mostly undeveloped land, with no facilities, other than a small parking area.  Deer hunting is allowed in the park, so appropriate cautions must be taken during deer season, including wearing Blaze orange clothing.

A certain area of the park is closed off to the general public. It is used as a training facility for large cranes and tractors. The area, which includes a lake, is surrounded by barbed wire fences.

References

External links
New Jersey State map of region

Swamps of New Jersey
State parks of New Jersey
South Brunswick, New Jersey
National Natural Landmarks in New Jersey
Parks in Middlesex County, New Jersey
Landforms of Middlesex County, New Jersey


Sainte-Gemme () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


was a Japanese physician and politician. He served as Governor for the Okayama Prefecture from May 3, 1951 until he died September 21, 1964. During his period as governor, the prefecture went through considerable modernisation, becoming an important industrial district.

Yukiharu Miki was awarded the 1964 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Service.

References

1903 births
1964 deaths
People from Okayama Prefecture
20th-century Japanese physicians
Ramon Magsaysay Award winners
Kyushu University alumni
Governors of Okayama Prefecture


The Beauchamp–Sharp Tragedy (sometimes called the Kentucky Tragedy) was the murder of Kentucky legislator Solomon P. Sharp by Jereboam O. Beauchamp. As a young lawyer, Beauchamp had been an admirer of Sharp until Sharp allegedly fathered an illegitimate child with Anna Cooke, a planter's daughter. Sharp denied paternity of the stillborn child. Later, Beauchamp began a relationship with Cooke, who agreed to marry him on the condition that he kill Sharp to avenge her honor. Beauchamp and Cooke married in June 1824, and in the early morning of November 7, 1825, Beauchamp murdered Sharp at Sharp's home in Frankfort.

An investigation soon revealed Beauchamp as the killer, and he was apprehended at his home in Glasgow, four days after the murder. He was tried, convicted, and sentenced to death by hanging. He was granted a stay of execution to allow him to write a justification of his actions. Anna Cooke-Beauchamp was tried for complicity in the murder, but was acquitted for lack of evidence. Her devotion to Beauchamp prompted her to stay in his cell with him, where the two attempted a double suicide by drinking laudanum shortly before the execution. This attempt failed. On the morning of the execution, the couple again attempted suicide, this time by stabbing themselves with a knife Anna had smuggled into the cell. When the guards discovered them, Beauchamp was rushed to the gallows, where he was hanged before he could die of his stab wound. He was the first person legally executed in the state of Kentucky. Anna Cooke-Beauchamp died from her wounds shortly before her husband was hanged. In accordance with their wishes, the couple's bodies were positioned in an embrace when buried in the same coffin.

While Beauchamp's primary motive in killing Sharp was to defend the honor of his wife, speculation raged that Sharp's political opponents had instigated the crime. Sharp was a leader of the New Court party during the Old Court – New Court controversy in Kentucky. At least one Old Court partisan alleged that Sharp denied paternity of Cooke's son by claiming the child was a mulatto, the son of a family slave. Whether Sharp made such a claim has never been verified. New Court partisans insisted that the allegation was concocted to stir Beauchamp's anger and provoke him to murder. The Beauchamp–Sharp Tragedy served as the inspiration for numerous literary works, most notably Edgar Allan Poe's unfinished Politian and Robert Penn Warren's World Enough and Time (1950).

Background
Jereboam Beauchamp was born in Barren County, Kentucky, in 1802. Educated in the school of Dr. Benjamin Thurston, he resolved to study law at age eighteen. While observing the lawyers practicing in Glasgow and Bowling Green, Beauchamp was particularly impressed with the abilities of Solomon P. Sharp. Sharp had twice been elected to the state legislature and had served two terms in the U.S. House of Representatives. Beauchamp became disenchanted with Sharp when, in 1820, a planter's daughter named Anna Cooke claimed Sharp was the father of her child, who was stillborn. Sharp denied paternity, and public opinion favored him. The disgraced Cooke became a recluse at her mother's plantation outside Bowling Green.

Beauchamp's father lived a mile (1.6 km) from Cooke's estate, and the young man wanted to meet her. Beauchamp gradually gained Cooke's trust by visiting under the guise of borrowing books from her library. By summer 1821, the two became friends and began a courtship. Beauchamp was eighteen; Cooke was at least thirty-four. As the courtship progressed, Cooke told Beauchamp that, before they could be married, he would have to kill Solomon Sharp. Beauchamp agreed to her request, expressing his own desire to dispatch Sharp.

The preferred method of honor killing in that day was a duel. Despite Cooke's admonition that Sharp would not accept a challenge to duel, Beauchamp traveled to Frankfort to gain an audience with him. He had recently been named the state's attorney general by Governor John Adair. Beauchamp's account of the interview states that he bullied and humiliated Sharp, that Sharp begged for his life, and that Beauchamp promised to horsewhip Sharp every day until he consented to the duel. For two days, Beauchamp remained in Frankfort, awaiting the duel. He discovered that Sharp had left town, allegedly destined for Bowling Green. Beauchamp rode to Bowling Green, only to find that Sharp was not there and was not expected. Sharp was saved from Beauchamp's first attempt on his life.

Cooke resolved to kill Sharp herself. The next time Sharp was in Bowling Green on business, she sent a letter to him that denounced Beauchamp's actions and claimed she had broken off all contact with him. She asked Sharp to visit her at her plantation before he left town. Sharp questioned the messenger who delivered the letter, as he suspected a trap. He replied to her, saying he would visit at the time appointed. Beauchamp and Cooke awaited the visit, but Sharp never arrived. When Beauchamp rode to Bowling Green to investigate, he learned that Sharp had left for Frankfort two days earlier, leaving substantial unfinished business. Beauchamp concluded that Sharp would eventually have to return to Bowling Green to finish his business there. Determined to await Sharp's return, Beauchamp opened a legal practice in the city. Throughout 1822 and 1823, Beauchamp practiced law and waited for Sharp to return. He never did.

Although Beauchamp had not completed the task she set him, Cooke married the younger man in mid-June 1824. Beauchamp immediately hatched another plot to kill Sharp. He began sending letters – each from a different post office and signed with a pseudonym – requesting Sharp's assistance in settling a land claim and asking when he would again be in Green River country. Sharp finally answered Beauchamp's last letter – mailed in June 1825 – but gave no date for his arrival.

Murder

Serving as attorney general in Governor Adair's administration, Sharp had become involved in the Old Court – New Court controversy. The conflict was primarily between debtors who sought relief from their financial burdens after the Panic of 1819 (the New Court, or Relief, faction) and the creditors to whom these obligations were owed (the Old Court, or Anti-Relief, faction). Sharp, who came from humble beginnings, sided with the New Court. By 1825, the New Court faction's power was on the decline. In an attempt to bolster the party's influence, Sharp resigned as attorney general in 1825 to run for a seat in the Kentucky House of Representatives. His opponent was Old Court stalwart John J. Crittenden.

During the campaign, Old Court supporters again raised the issue of Sharp's seduction and abandonment of Anna Cooke. Old Court supporter John Upshaw Waring printed handbills that not only accused Sharp of fathering Cooke's child, but said that Sharp had denied paternity of the child on the grounds that it was a mulatto and the son of a Cooke family slave. Whether Sharp made such a claim has never been determined. Despite the allegations, Sharp won the election.

Word of Sharp's alleged claims soon reached Jereboam Beauchamp, reviving his resolve to kill him. Beauchamp abandoned the idea of killing Sharp honorably in a duel. Instead, he decided to murder him and cast suspicion on his political enemies. To add to the intrigue, Beauchamp plotted to commit the murder on the eve of the General Assembly's opening session.

Beauchamp rode to Frankfort on business, arriving in the city on November 6. Unable to find lodging at the local inns, he rented a room in the private residence of Joel Scott, warden of the state penitentiary. Sometime after midnight, Scott heard a commotion from Beauchamp's room. When he investigated, he found the door latch open and the room unoccupied. Beauchamp, clad in a disguise, buried a set of his clothes near the Kentucky River, then proceeded to Sharp's house. Sharp was not at home, but Beauchamp soon found him at a local hotel. He returned to Sharp's house, concealed himself nearby, and waited for Sharp's return. He observed Sharp re-enter the house about midnight.

Beauchamp approached the house at approximately two o'clock in the morning on November 7, 1825. In his Confession, he described the encounter:

The wound severed Sharp's aorta, killing him almost instantly. Sharp's wife Eliza witnessed the entire scene from the top of the stairs in the house, but Beauchamp fled before he could be identified or captured. Returning to the site where he had buried a change of clothes, he stripped off his disguise, tied it up with a rock, and sank them in the Kentucky River. In his regular clothes, he returned to his room at Scott's house, where he remained until the following morning.

Arrest
After learning of the murder, the Kentucky General Assembly authorized the governor to offer a reward of $3,000 for the arrest and conviction of Sharp's killer. The trustees of the city of Frankfort added a reward of $1,000, and friends of Sharp raised an additional $2,000 reward. Suspicion for the killing rested on three men: Beauchamp, Waring, and Patrick H. Darby. During Sharp's 1824 campaign for a seat in the Kentucky House of Representatives, Darby had remarked that, should Sharp be elected, "he would never take his seat and would be as good as a dead man". Waring had made similar threats, boasting that he had already stabbed six men.

A warrant was sworn out for Waring's arrest, but officials soon learned that he was incapacitated, after being shot through both hips the day before Sharp's death. When Darby discovered that he was under suspicion, he began his own investigation into the murder. He traveled to Simpson County where he met Captain John F. Lowe, who told Darby that Beauchamp had related to him detailed plans for the assassination. He also furnished Darby with a letter that contained damaging admissions against Beauchamp.

The first night following the murder, Beauchamp stayed at the home of a relative in Bloomfield. The next day, he traveled to Bardstown, where he spent the night. He lodged with his brother-in-law in Bowling Green on the night of November 9 before returning to his home in Glasgow on November 10. He and Anna had planned to flee to Missouri, but before nightfall, a posse had arrived from Frankfort to arrest him.

He was taken to Frankfort and tried before an examining court, but Commonwealth's Attorney Charles S. Bibb said that he had not yet collected enough evidence to detain him. Beauchamp was released, but agreed to stay in Frankfort for ten days to allow the court to finish its investigation. During this time, Beauchamp wrote letters to John J. Crittenden and George M. Bibb requesting their legal aid in the matter. Neither letter was answered. Meanwhile, Beauchamp's uncle, a state senator, gathered a defense team that included former U.S. Senator John Pope.

During the investigation, unsuccessful attempts were made to match a knife taken from Beauchamp upon his arrest to the type of wound observed on Sharp's body. Efforts to match a footprint found near Sharp's house to Beauchamp were similarly unsuccessful. The posse that arrested Beauchamp had taken a bloody handkerchief from the crime scene, but had lost it on the trip back to Frankfort after the arrest. The best evidence presented by the prosecution was the testimony of Sharp's wife Eliza that she heard the killer's voice and that it was distinctly high-pitched. When given the opportunity to hear Beauchamp's voice, she identified it as that of the killer.

When questioned, Patrick Darby testified that in 1824, Beauchamp had solicited his services in order to bring suit against Sharp for unspecified charges. During their ensuing conversations, Beauchamp had related the story of Sharp's abandonment of Anna Cooke and her child, swearing that he would kill him one day, even if he had to come to Frankfort and shoot him down in the street. The combined testimonies of Eliza Sharp and Patrick Darby were sufficient to persuade the city magistrates to hold Beauchamp for trial during the circuit court's next term, which began in March 1826.

Trial
Beauchamp was indicted, and his trial began May 8, 1826. Beauchamp pleaded not guilty, but never testified during the trial. Captain Lowe was called to repeat the story he had originally related to Patrick Darby regarding Beauchamp's threats to kill Sharp. He further testified that Beauchamp returned home following the murder waving a red flag and declaring that he had "gained the victory." He also turned over to the court a letter from the Beauchamps regarding the murder. In the letter, Beauchamp maintained his innocence, but told Lowe that his enemies were plotting against him and asked him to testify in his behalf. The letter gave Lowe several talking points to mention if called to testify, some true and some otherwise.

Eliza Sharp repeated her assertion that the murderer's voice was that of Beauchamp. Joel Scott, the warden who gave Beauchamp lodging the night of the murder, testified that he heard Beauchamp leave during the night and return later that night. He also mentioned that Beauchamp was extremely inquisitive about the crime upon being told of it the next morning. The most extensive testimony came from Darby, who recounted his 1824 meeting with Beauchamp. According to Darby, Beauchamp claimed that Sharp offered him and Anna $1,000, a slave girl, and  of land if they would leave him alone. Sharp later reneged on the offer.

Some witnesses maintained that the killer's claim to be John A. Covington was telling. They said that both Sharp and Beauchamp had been acquainted with John W. Covington, and that Beauchamp often mistakenly called him John A. Covington. Other witnesses told of threats they had heard Beauchamp make against Sharp.

Beauchamp's defense team attempted to discredit Patrick Darby by stressing his association with the Old Court and suggesting the murder was politically motivated. They also presented witnesses who testified that they knew of no hostility between Beauchamp and Sharp, and questioned whether Darby and Beauchamp's 1824 meeting ever occurred.

During closing arguments, defense counsel John Pope attempted to discredit Darby; the latter reacted by assaulting one of Pope's co-counselors with a cane. The trial lasted thirteen days, and despite the absence of any physical evidence, including a murder weapon, the jury returned a guilty verdict after only an hour of deliberation on May 19. Beauchamp was sentenced to be executed by hanging on June 16, 1826.

During the trial, Anna Beauchamp appealed to John Waring for help on her husband's behalf. She also tried to entice John Lowe to commit perjury and testify on her husband's behalf. Both appeals were denied. On May 20, Anna was examined by two justices of the peace on suspicion of being an accessory to the murder, but was acquitted due to lack of evidence. At her request, Anna was permitted to stay in the cell with Beauchamp .

Pope's request to have the verdict overturned was denied, but the judge granted Beauchamp a stay of execution until July 7 to allow him to produce a written justification of his actions. In it, Beauchamp said he had killed Sharp to defend Anna's honor. Beauchamp had hoped to publish his work before his execution, but the libelous charges it contained – that prosecution witnesses committed perjury and bribery to see him convicted – delayed its publication.

Execution
The Beauchamps were accused of trying to bribe a guard to let them escape, but this effort failed. They also tried to get a letter to Senator Beauchamp, asking for his help in escaping. A final plea to Governor Desha for another stay of execution was denied on July 5. Later that day, the couple attempted a double suicide by taking large doses of laudanum, but both survived.

On July 7, the morning of Beauchamp's scheduled execution, Anna requested that the guard allow her privacy while she dressed. Anna tried another overdose on laudanum, but was unable to keep it down. She had smuggled a knife into the cell, and the couple attempted another double suicide by stabbing themselves with it. When they were discovered, Anna was taken to the jailer's home and tended to by doctors.

Weakened by his own wounds, Beauchamp was loaded on a cart to be taken to the gallows and hanged before he bled to death. He insisted on seeing his wife before being executed, but doctors told him she was not severely injured and would recover. Beauchamp protested that not being allowed to see his wife was cruel, and the guards consented to take him to her. Upon arriving, he was angered to see that the doctors had lied to him; Anna was too weak even to speak to him. He remained with her until he could no longer feel her pulse. He kissed her lifeless lips and declared "For you I lived — for you I die."

On his way to the gallows, Beauchamp asked to see Patrick Darby, who was among the assembled spectators. Beauchamp smiled and offered his hand, but Darby declined the gesture. Beauchamp publicly denied that Darby had any involvement with the murder, but accused Darby of having lied about the 1824 meeting. Darby denied this accusation of perjury and tried to engage Beauchamp in a discussion about it, hoping he would retract the charge, but the prisoner ordered the cart driver to continue to the gallows.

At the gallows, Beauchamp assured the assembled clergy that he had a salvation experience on July 6. Too weak to stand, he was held upright by two men while the noose was tied around his neck. At Beauchamp's request, the Twenty-Second Regiment musicians played Bonaparte's Retreat from Moscow while 5,000 spectators watched his execution. It was the first legal hanging in Kentucky's history. Beauchamp's father requested the bodies of his son and daughter-in-law for burial. The two bodies were placed in an embrace in a single coffin, as they had requested. They were buried in Maple Grove Cemetery in Bloomfield, Kentucky. The couple's tombstone was engraved with a poem written by Anna Beauchamp.

Aftermath
Beauchamp's confession was published in 1826, the same year as The Letters of Ann Cook – the authorship of which is disputed. J. G. Dana and R. S. Thomas also published an edited transcript of Beauchamp's trial. The following year, Sharp's brother, Dr. Leander Sharp, wrote Vindication of the character of the late Col. Solomon P. Sharp to defend Sharp from the charges made in Beauchamp's confession. Patrick Darby threatened to sue Dr. Sharp if the work were published. John Waring threatened Dr. Sharp's life if he published Vindication. All copies of the work were left in the Sharps' home in Frankfort, where they were discovered many years later during a remodel.

Though many regarded Sharp's murder as an honor killing, some New Court partisans charged that Beauchamp had been incited to violence by members of the Old Court party, specifically Patrick Darby. Sharp was thought to be the minority party's choice for Speaker of the House for the 1826 session. By enticing Beauchamp to murder Sharp, the Old Court could remove a political enemy. Sharp's widow Eliza appeared to believe this notion. In an 1826 letter in the New Court Argus of Western America, she referred to Darby as "the chief instigator of the foul murder which has deprived me of all my heart held most dear on earth".

Some Old Court partisans claimed that Governor Desha had offered Beauchamp a pardon if he would implicate Darby and Achilles Sneed, clerk of the Old Court, in his confession. Shortly before his execution, Beauchamp was heard to say he had "been New Court long enough, and would die an Old Court man." Beauchamp had steadfastly identified with the Old Court, and his claim seems to imply that he had at least considered colluding with the New Court powers to secure his pardon. Such a deal is explicitly mentioned in one version of Beauchamp's Confession. Beauchamp ultimately rejected the deal for fear that he would be double-crossed by the New Court, leaving him imprisoned and deprived of the chivalrous motive for his actions.

Darby denied involvement with the murder, claiming that New Court partisans such as Francis P. Blair and Amos Kendall were seeking to defame him. He also countered that Eliza Sharp's letter to the New Court Argus was written by New Court supporters, including Kendall, the newspaper's editor. The claims and counterclaims between the two sides reached such an extreme that an 1826 letter in the New Court Argus suggested that New Court supporters had instigated Sharp's murder in order to blame Old Court partisans and affix a stigma to them.

Darby eventually brought suit for libel against Kendall and Eliza Sharp, as well as Senator Beauchamp and Sharp's brother Leander. Numerous delays and changes of venue prevented any of the suits from ever going to trial. Darby died in December 1829.

In fiction
The Beauchamp–Sharp Tragedy inspired fictional works, notably Edgar Allan Poe's unfinished play Politian and Robert Penn Warren's World Enough and Time. William Gilmore Simms wrote three works based on the Sharp murder and aftermath: Beauchampe: or The Kentucky Tragedy, A Tale of Passion, Charlemont, and Beauchampe: A Sequel to Charlemonte. Greyslaer: A Romance of the Mohawk by Charles Fenno Hoffman, Octavia Bragaldi by Charlotte Barnes, Sybil by John Savage, and Conrad and Eudora; or, The Death of Alonzo: A Tragedy and Leoni, The Orphan of Venice both by Thomas Holley Chivers, all draw to some degree on the events that surround Sharp's murder.

See also
Old Court – New Court controversy

Footnotes

Sources variously give the name as Anna Cooke, Anna Cook, Ann Cooke, and Ann Cook.

Notes

References

Further reading

Schoenbachler, Matthew G. Murder and Madness: The Myth of the Kentucky Tragedy Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 2009.
, scanned version online, Kentucky Digital Library

Works inspired by the Beauchamp–Sharp Tragedy

External links

1825 in Kentucky
Assassinations in the United States
History of Kentucky
Honor killing in the United States
Murder in Kentucky
Politics of Kentucky
Crimes in Kentucky
1825 murders in the United States


Souvigné may refer to the following places in France:

 Souvigné, Charente, a commune in the Charente department
 Souvigné, Indre-et-Loire, a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department
 Souvigné, Deux-Sèvres, a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department
 Souvigné-sur-Même, a commune in the Sarthe department
 Souvigné-sur-Sarthe, a commune in the Sarthe department


Zilling () is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Local history page, written in French

Communes of Moselle (department)


Vitry-sur-Orne (, literally Vitry on Orne; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. It is part of the urban area of Metz.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Vitrysurorne
Mediomatrici


Vittersbourg () is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Etymology
The toponym Vittersbourg is of Germanic origin, deriving from anthroponym Widhari.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Vittoncourt (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Hestroff (; ; Lorraine Franconian: Heschtroff) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Localities of the commune: Bousse, Dordatz, Geismühl.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Hilbesheim (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Hilsprich (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Hinckange (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Holacourt (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Hermelange (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Volstroff (; ; Lorraine Franconian Wolschdrëf/Wolschtrof) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Etymology
The toponym Volstroff is of Germanic origin, deriving from the anthroponym Volo. The suffix -stroff derives from Germanic -dorf, denoting village (see *þurpą).

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Veckersviller (in German Weckersweiler) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Vasperviller () is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Varsberg (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Vic-sur-Seille (, literally Vic on Seille; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

People
It was the birthplace of Georges de La Tour.

Art museum

The art museum of Vic-sur-Seille, in French , was created in 1996. Its most famous work is Saint John the Baptist in the desert, by Georges de La Tour. Its collections include 17th century paintings by Jacques de Létin, Jacques Blanchard, Cesare Dandini, Domenichino, Meiffren Conte, Charles Le Brun, Matthieu Le Nain, Madeleine Boullogne, Jacques Stella, 18th century landscapes and paintings by Sebastiano Ricci, Pierre-Henri de Valenciennes, Jan Frans van Bloemen, Jean-Bernard Restout, Joseph-Marie Vien, and 19th century and beginning of the 20th century paintings by Camille Corot, Paul Baudry, Eugène Isabey, Paul Delaroche, Léon Bonnat.

See also
Communes of the Moselle department
Parc naturel régional de Lorraine

References

External links

Art museum of Vic-sur-Seille

Vicsurseille
Three Bishoprics


Vernéville (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Vergaville (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Juvelize (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department
 Parc naturel régional de Lorraine

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Walschbronn () is a commune in the Moselle department of the Grand Est administrative region in north-eastern France.

The village belongs to the Pays de Bitche and to the Northern Vosges Regional Nature Park.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)
Moselle communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Diocese of Faro (), also called the Diocese of the Algarve and formerly the Diocese of Silves, is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic church in Portugal. It is a suffragan of the archdiocese of Évora. The current bishop of Faro is Dom Manuel Neto Quintas.

History

A see in the Algarve region was founded at Ossonoba in 306. After the Islamic conquest, this place fell, and in 688, the see was suppressed. It was re-established in 1188 at Silves, and in 1218 was made suffragan to the archdiocese of Braga, then to the archdiocese of Seville, in 1393 to the archdiocese of Lisbon and finally, in 1540, to the archdiocese of Évora. The title was transferred to Faro, 30 March 1577.

List of bishops

Bishops of Ossonoba
 Vincent (mentioned in 306)
 Itacius (before 379 – after 387)
 Peter (mentioned in 589)
 Saturninus (mentioned in 653)
 Exarnus (mentioned in 666)
 Belitus (mentioned in 683)
 Agrippius (before 688 – after 693)

Bishops of Silves
 Nicolau (1188 – 1191), first bishop after the reconquest of Silves
 Sede vacante (1191–1253)
 Roberto (before 28 August 1253 – 1260)
 Garcia (before 8 April 1261 – after May 1267)
 Bartolomeu (4 July 1268 – after 1288)
 Domingos Soares (27 May 1292 – 1297)
 João Soares Alão (12 November 1299 – 12 July 1313, transferred to León)
 Afonso Anes (9 October 1313 – 1320/1321)
 Pedro I (31 July 1321 – 9 June 1333, transferred to Astorga)
 Alvarus Pelagius (9 June 1333 – ?)
 Vasco (18 February 1350 – ?)
 João II (5 November 1365 – 9 February 1373, transferred to Porto)
  (9 February 1373 – 7 February 1379, transferred to Lisbon)
 Pedro II (7 February 1379 – ?)
 Paio de Meira (1383 – after 5 December 1386)
  (11 May 1389 – 15 February 1391, transferred to Porto)
 Martinho Gil (15 February 1391 – 6 February 1404, transferred to Évora)
 João Afonso Aranha (6 February 1404 – 3 February 1407, transferred to Porto)
 Martinho Gil (1407 – 1409) (second time)
 Fernando da Guerra (2 July 1409 – 18 June 1414, transferred to Porto)
 João Álvaro (18 June 1414 – 1418)
 Garcia de Menezes (15 July 1418 – 25 June 1421, transferred to Lamego)
 Álvaro de Abreu (25 June 1421 – 11 February 1429, transferred to Évora)
 Rodrigo Lourenço (12 March 1429 – 1440)
 Rodrigo Dias o Diogo (22 May 1441 – ?)
 Luís Pires (26 January 1450 – 24 August 1453, transferred to Porto)
 Álvaro Afonso (24 August 1453 – 8 February 1468, transferred to Évora)
 João de Melo (8 February 1468 – 5 September 1481, transferred to Braga)
 Jorge da Costa (5 September 1481 – 1486, transferred to Braga)
 João Camelo Madureira (27 January 1486 – 24 January 1502, transferred to Lamego)
 Fernando Coutinho (24 January 1502 – 1536)
 Manuel de Sousa (23 September 1538 – 22 March 1545, transferred to Braga)
 Sede vacante (1545–1549)
 João de Melo (13 March 1549 – 21 June 1564, transferred to Évora)

Bishops of Faro
 Jerónimo Osório (21 June 1564 – 20 August 1580)
 Afonso de Castelo-Branco (5 June 1581 – 3 June 1585, transferred to Coimbra)
 Jerónimo Barreto (3 June 1585 – 1589)
 Francisco Cano (30 August 1589 – 1593)
 Fernando Martins de Mascarenhas (22 August 1594 – 4 July 1616)
 João Coutinho (20 November 1617 – 14 June 1627, transferred to Lamego)
 Francisco de Menezes (5 July 1627 – May 1633)
 Francisco Barreto I (9 June 1636 – 4 November 1649)
 Sede vacante (1649–1671)
 Francisco Barreto II (19 January 1671 – August 1679)
 José de Menezes (1 April 1680 – 14 May 1685, transferred to Lamego)
 Simão da Gama (4 June 1685 – 1 October 1703, transferred to Évora)
 António Pereira da Silva (15 September 1704 – 17 April 1715)
  (8 June 1716 – 28 September 1738)
 Inácio de Santa Teresa (19 December 1740 – 15 April 1751)
 Lourenço de Santa Maria (15 May 1752 – 5 December 1783)
 André Teixeira Palha (5 December 1783 succeduto – 19 November 1786)
 José Maria de Melo (23 April 1787 – 30 March 1789)
 Francisco Gomes de Avelar (30 March 1789 – 15 December 1816)
 Sede vacante (1816–1819)
 Joaquim de Sant'Ana Carvalho (17 December 1819 – 23 November 1823)
 Inocêncio António das Neves Portugal (24 November 1823 – 30 March 1824)
 Bernardo Antônio de Figueiredo (20 December 1824 – 8 April 1838)
 Sede vacante (1838–1844)
 António Bernardo da Fonseca Moniz (22 January 1844 – 23 June 1854, transferred to Porto)
 Carlos Cristóvão Genuês Pereira (28 September 1855 – 27 April 1863)
 Inácio do Nascimento Morais Cardoso (28 September 1863 – 25 April 1871, transferred to Lisbon)
 Sede vacante (1871–1884)
 António Mendes Bello (13 November 1884 – 19 December 1907, transferred to Lisbon)
 António Barbosa Leão (19 December 1907 – 16 July 1919, transferred to Porto)
 Marcellino António Maria Franco (15 May 1920 – 3 December 1955)
 Francisco Rendeiro (3 December 1955 succeduto – 15 July 1965)
 Júlio Tavares Rebimbas (27 September 1965 – 1 July 1972)
 Florentino de Andrade e Silva (1 July 1972 – 4 April 1977)
 Ernesto Gonçalves Costa (4 April 1977 – 21 April 1988)
 Manuel Madureira Dias (21 April 1988 – 22 April 2004)
 Manuel Neto Quintas (since 22 April 2004)

Notes

Faro
Faro, Portugal
Faro, Roman Catholic Diocese of


Lachambre (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Earth sciences graphics software is a plotting and image processing software used in atmospheric sciences, meteorology, climatology, oceanography and other Earth science disciplines.

Earth Sciences graphics software includes the capability to read specialized data formats such as netCDF, HDR and GRIB. Such software is sometimes able to access the data from remote data centers. Examples of applications include satellite data processing, analysis of output from complex meteorological models and display of time series of data. Graphics capabilities range from simple line plots to complex three-dimensional visualizations.

This type of graphics software is often used to display results from earth sciences  numerical models.

External links
 List of many graphical packages which use NetCDF to provide a glimpse of graphical packages used in Earth Sciences.

Plotting software


Lafrimbolle (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Zarbeling (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. As of 2019, the population is 63.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department
 Parc naturel régional de Lorraine

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Zetting (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Spirochaeta americana is a single-celled extremophile. This haloalkaliphilic and obligately anaerobic bacterium can be found in the highly alkaline, salty, deep waters of California's Mono Lake.

Physical characteristics
S. americana has long helically coiled cells, is gram-negative, and is chemotrophic in its metabolism. Spirochaeta also have unique flagella, sometimes called axial filaments, which run lengthwise between the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane. These cause a twisting motion which allows the spirochaete to move about. Despite the extreme environment that they require, "their cell walls are very delicate, and it is difficult to keep them alive for long periods in the laboratory," says Dr. Elena Pikuta, one of the discoverers of S. americana.

Environment

S. americana thrives in the lake-bottom mud of Lake Mono, a 13 mile wide former monomictic volcanic basin which is fed by numerous small Sierra streams and which has no outflow except evaporation and Californian aqueducts, thereby continually increasing the concentration of salts and other minerals in its waters. Further mineral enrichment of these waters also occur due to the volcanically active area, such as when Negit Island erupted roughly 250 years ago.

Surviving in deep, salty, alkaline lake mud of Lake Mono, the extreme conditions in which S. americana thrive have prompted its discoverers to explore Antarctica's Lake Untersee, hopefully to discover similar species.

Reproduction

S. americana reproduces via transverse binary fission, where the cytoplasm divides transversely between two sets of DNA genomes, forming two dissimilar individuals, as do other Spirochaeta.

Growth and metabolism
This bacterium grows in environments of 10 to 44 degrees Celsius with optimal growth at 37 degrees and prefers a pH balance of 9.5, similar to that of baking soda, hand soap, or a solution of household bleach in water.

S. americana is capable of metabolizing D-glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose, starch and D-mannitol and has as its waste H2, acetate, ethanol and formate.

References

External links
Science a gogo - New Species Of Organism Excites Astrobiologists
Space.com - New Life Form Found in Mars-Like Conditions
Type strain of Spirochaeta americana at BacDive -  the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

Halophiles
Alkaliphiles
Spirochaetes
Bacteria described in 2003


Souvigné is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Alekos Markidis (Greek: Αλέκος Μαρκίδης; 23 January 1943 – 23 April 2020) was a Cypriot attorney and politician. Born in Nicosia, Markides studied law in Athens in 1966. He was elected a member of the Cypriot Parliament, in 1985, serving until 1995. He served as Attorney General of Cyprus from 1995 to 2003.

Markides died on April 23, 2020, at the age of 77.

References

1943 births
2020 deaths
Attorneys-General of Cyprus
Members of the House of Representatives (Cyprus)
Politicians from Nicosia


Vouhé may refer to the following places in France:

 Vouhé, Charente-Maritime, a commune in the Charente-Maritime department
 Vouhé, Deux-Sèvres, a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department


Charles Edward Patterson (May 3, 1842 – February 22, 1913) was an American lawyer and politician.

Life
Charles E. Patterson was born in Corinth, Vermont on May 3, 1842, the son of Dr. James Hervey Patterson. He was educated at Castleton Seminary in Castleton, Vermont and Cambridge Academy in Cambridge, New York, and graduated from Union College in 1860. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practiced in Troy, New York where he became a partner in the firm of David L. Seymour whose daughter he married.

He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Rensselaer Co., 1st D.) in 1881 and 1882; and was elected  Speaker on February 2, 1882, after a month-long struggle of the different factions of the Democratic Party. The rural Democrats and the County Democracy had tried to oppose John Kelly and Tammany Hall, but eventually came to terms.

Charles E. Patterson died in Augusta, Georgia on February 22, 1913.

References

Speaker election and short bio, in NYT on February 3, 1882
Courts_and_lawyers_pgs1060-1073 at www.courts.state.ny.us Rensselaer County lawyers at Court History

1842 births
1913 deaths
Union College (New York) alumni
Members of the New York State Assembly
Speakers of the New York State Assembly
People from Corinth, Vermont
Politicians from Troy, New York
19th-century American politicians


Vouhé () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Eincheville (; Lorraine Franconian Enschwiller/Äschwiller; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)


Nousseviller-lès-Bitche (, literally Nousseviller near Bitche; ; Lorraine Franconian: Nusswiller) is a commune in the Moselle department of the Grand Est administrative region in north-eastern France.

The village belongs to the Pays de Bitche and to the Northern Vosges Regional Nature Park.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

 Village website

Communes of Moselle (department)
Moselle communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Neunkirchen-lès-Bouzonville (, literally Neunkirchen near Bouzonville; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Neunkirchenlesbouzonville


Nousseviller-Saint-Nabor (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Noussevillersaintnabor


Novéant-sur-Moselle (; , (1940-1944) Neuburg an der Mosel) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department
 Parc naturel régional de Lorraine

References

External links

Noveantsurmoselle


Charleville-sous-Bois (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Localities of the commune:  Épange, Mussy-l’Évêque, Nidange, Rénange, Saint-Michel.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Charlesvillesousbois


Chailly-lès-Ennery (, literally Chailly near Ennery; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Chaillylesennery


Buhl-Lorraine (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

Geography
The village is located in Lorraine, as its name suggests, more specifically in South Moselle.

Buhl-Lorraine is located 3 miles from Sarrebourg. Its elevation is about 260 meters.

The municipality is crossed by the Bièvre, tributary of the Saar.

Population

Toponymy
The name of the village come from the germanic word, bühel or bühl, which means "hill".

Ancient names: Büle during the 15th, Buhel in 1525, Bill in 1526, Biel in 1751, Biel or Bihle in 1779, Bilh in 1790, Bille in 1793, Bühl between 1871-1918, Buhl-Lorraine in 1920, Bühl am Kanal between 1940-1944.

See also
 Communes of the Moselle department

References

External links

Communes of Moselle (department)