The A-100 is a , 10-tube multiple rocket launcher developed by Beijing-based China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT, also known as 1st Space Academy) for the Chinese PLA ground forces. It is a derivative of Weishi Rockets WS-1 with simple cascade  terminal inertial guidance.

Although, not active with the Chinese military, the system is active in the Pakistan Army and locally produced by SUPARCO.

Overview
China reportedly received a small number of the Russian Smerch 9K58 300 mm, 12-tube multiple launch rocket system and its ammunition in 1997. The Smerch 9K58 system is capable of firing a ‘smart’ submunition that has a dual-colour infrared sensors for terminal guidance, which enables the rocket to achieve accuracies previously difficult to achieve with unguided rockets of that range. The submunition is fitted with kinetic energy fragment warheads which are said to be able to penetrate 70mm of armour at an angle of 30° to the normal.

China National Precision Machinery Import and Export Corporation (CPMIEC), a trading company that markets Chinese missile and defence technologies to foreign customers, revealed the A-100 multiple launch rocket system in 2000. The system was developed by CALT, which is famous for its ChangZheng (Long March) family of space launch vehicles and DongFeng family of ballistic missiles. The A-100 system is CALT's first attempt to break into the tactical weapons market. The development of the A-100 possibly began in the late 1990s and the MRL system was observed in service with the PLA 1st Artillery Division in Guangzhou MR in 2002, possibly for trial and evaluations.

Although the system resembles the Russian Smerch 9K58 300 mm rocket system, it is not a copy of the Smerch as previously speculated. The A-100 rocket is fitted with a simple guidance system for greater accuracy.

In 2019, Pakistan admitted that China sold the designs of A-100 system to Pakistan and Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR) released an official statement regarding the indigenously developed A-10 and commissioned as Multiple Launch Rocket System in its Regiment of Artillery.

Rocket specifications
 Rocket calibre: 300mm
 Rocket length: 7,300mm
 Rocket weight: 840 kg
 Warhead: 235 kg, ~500 submunitions
 Firing range: 40~100 km

The A-100 fires 300 mm solid propellant rockets, with a firing range of 40~100 km. The A-100 rocket is 7.3m in length, weighs 840 kg, carries a 235 kg warhead, and is stabilised by spin, thrust, and stabilising fins. It is fitted with a warhead containing 500 HE-FRAG (High Explosive Fragmentation) anti-armour/personnel submunitions. The submunition can penetrate 50mm of armour, and has a blast radius of 7m. The submunitions have a spreading radius of 100 +/- 40 metres.

The rocket consists of the warhead and fuse, a thrust stabilising system, a rocket motor and the tail section. The rocket motor is a single chamber, solid rocket motor with an advanced hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) composition rocket propellant. The stabilising fins are folded inside the launch tube and open once the rocket leaves the tube.

The rocket is equipped with an onboard computer to help correct the horizontal and vertical deviations. During the first three seconds of the rocket's flight, the onboard computer detects the horizontal difference between the programmed trajectory and actual status of the rocket, and controls the rocket's stabilising thrust system to correct the rocket's flying direction. The onboard computer corrects the vertical deviation by adjusting the warhead detonation time so that the submunitions are spread with high accuracy.

Launch vehicle
 Launch vehicle road speed: 60 km/h
 Launch vehicle travelling range: 650 km
 Reloading time: 20 minutes

The launch vehicle is based on a Taian TAS4500 8X8 wheeled truck chassis developed by Tai'an Special Vehicle Manufactory. The vehicle weights 21t and has a maximum load of 22t. The vehicle has a maximum road speed of 60 km/h and a maximum range of 650 km. The vehicles has a gradient of 57% and a fording depth of 1.1m. The vehicle is equipped with four hydraulically operated stabilisers which are lowered in preparation for the rocket launch. 10 launcher tubes mounted on the chassis are arranged as two blocks of four (top) and six (bottom) tubes.

Variants

A100E
Export version

A200
Development of A100 with simple cascade inertial terminal guidance updated by GPS.  The arrangement of A200 is different from A100 in that each launching box consists of three rows of launching tubes, three on the top and bottom respectively, and two in the middle.  A200 rockets also have additional forward control surfaces that were not present on A100 rockets.

A300
Development of A200 with a range of 290 km and integrated GNSS/INS guidance.

Operators

Current operators
 - Belarusian Army - Local production of A200 known as Polonez
 - Pakistani Army - 900+ systems in service. Locally produced by SUPARCO
 - Tanzania People's Defence Force - Unknown number of A-100 MRLs in service.

Failed trials
 - People's Liberation Army - The A-100 MRL was trialed by the PLA in 2002; however the PHL03 was selected.

See also
 T-122 Sakarya
 Fajr-5
 TOROS
 Falaq-2

References

Jane's Land Based Air Defence 2005-2006

Wheeled self-propelled rocket launchers
Salvo weapons
Self-propelled artillery of the People's Republic of China
Multiple rocket launchers
Military vehicles introduced in the 2000s
China–Pakistan military relations


Chuignolles (; Picard: Chugnole ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Chuignolles is situated on the D143 and D71 junction, which is near the banks of the river Somme, approximately  east of Amiens.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Épenouse () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Egila is a genus of small sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

This genus was previously placed in the tribe Chrysallidini of the family Odostomiidae. It has both extant and fossil (Cenozoic) members.

Life habits
Little is known about the biology of the members of this genus. As is true of most members of the Pyramidellidae sensu lato, they are most likely to be ectoparasites.

Species
Species within the genus Egila include:
 † Egila arcuata Laws, 1941
 Egila australis Laseron, 1959
 Egila curtisensis Laseron, 1959
 Egila ektopa Pimenta & Absalão, 2004
 Egila lacunata (Carpenter, 1857) - type species, as Odostomia (Parthenia) lacunata
 Egila poppei (Dall & Bartsch, 1909)
 Egila univestis Laseron, 1959
 Egila virginiae van Regteren Altena, 1975
Species brought into synonymy
 Egila articulata (Hedley, 1909) : synonym of Besla articulata (Hedley, 1909)
 Egila mayii (Tate, 1898): synonym of Chrysallida mayii (Tate, 1898)
 Egila spiralis Laseron, 1959 : synonym of Chrysallida spiralis (Laseron, 1959)
 Egila typica Laseron, 1959 : synonym of Parthenina typica (Laseron, 1959) (original combination)

The species of Egila from Brazil have been reviewed by Piementa & Absalão (2004).

References

 Robba E. (2013) Tertiary and Quaternary fossil pyramidelloidean gastropods of Indonesia. Scripta Geologica 144: 1-191

Pyramidellidae


Épenoy () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Longbow 2 is the sequel to Jane's AH-64D Longbow from Jane's Combat Simulations. The game was developed by Origin Systems with executive producer Andy Hollis on board, and released by Electronic Arts on November 13, 1997.

Gameplay

This is an simulation game for PC where the player is a pilot of an AH-64D Apache Longbow helicopter. A fully dynamic campaign engine is used to create challenging missions and a random mission generator can be used to create a wide variety of missions. Gameplay is dynamic in the sense that new missions are generated automatically. The game features a command structure, allowing the player to command other helicopters, including OH-58 Kiowa scouts and UH-60 Black Hawk transports. The game's primary campaign features a fictional war between the United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran in which Iranian forces invade nearby Azerbaijan in early to mid 1990s.

Longbow Anthology
Longbow Anthology was released in 1998 and is a compilation of Jane's AH-64D Longbow, the mission disk Flash Point: Korea (basically, Longbow Gold), and Longbow 2 in one box, with an abbreviated manual. Although compiled into one box, the games are still played as separate games, unlike Fighters Anthology which is all games of that series compiled into one playable game. All included simulators are fully patched to the latest versions.

Reception

In the United States, the game sold 49,397 copies during 1997. Its total sales in the region reached 99,430 copies by October 1999, which drew in revenues of $3.89 million. The Longbow franchise as a whole, including the compilations and Jane's AH-64D Longbow, ultimately shipped above 1.2 million units.

Kenji Takeda of PC Gaming World was positive of the game.

The Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences nominated Longbow 2 for its inaugural "PC Simulation Game of the Year" award, but gave the prize to Microsoft Flight Simulator 98. However, Longbow 2 was named the best flight simulation of 1997 by Computer Games Strategy Plus, Computer Gaming World, GameSpot, CNET Gamecenter, PC Gamer US and the Computer Game Developers Conference. It was also a runner-up for Computer Games Strategy Pluss overall game of the year award, but lost to Myth: The Fallen Lords. The editors of Computer Gaming World wrote: "Authentic, exciting, immersive, and graphically dazzling, this is a sim that transcends its genre".

In 1998, PC Gamer declared it the 12th-best computer game ever released, noting its balance between realism and fun, and its campaign model and multi-player support.

See also

Team Apache
Enemy Engaged: Apache vs Havoc

References

External links

1997 video games
Combat flight simulators
Longbow 2
Electronic Arts games
Helicopter video games
Origin Systems games
Windows games
Windows-only games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States


Épeugney () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


The PLZ-45 or Type 88 is a 155 mm self-propelled howitzer designed by Su Zhezi of 674 Factory, and developed by Norinco, 123 Factory (Heilongjiang Hua'an Industry Group Company), 127 Factory (Tsitsihar Heping Machine Shop), 674 Factory (Harbin First Machine Manufacture Limited Company) and the Beijing Institute of Technology in the early 1990s for the export market. It is based on Norinco's Type 89 (PLL-01) 155 mm/45-calibre towed gun-howitzer.

The PLZ-45 self-propelled howitzer is used by the Chinese People's Liberation Army, the Algerian People's National Army, the Kuwait Army and the Saudi Arabian Army.

History
Noricum, the arms division of the Austrian steel company Voestalpine, purchased the design rights to the GC-45 howitzer after Space Research Corporation moved to Brussels. They made a number of detail changes to improve mass production, resulting in the GHN-45 (Gun, Howitzer, Noricum), which was offered in a variety of options like the APU and fire-control systems. Once out of prison, Gerald Bull was soon contacted by China.

The PLA also used the Noricum version, producing it as the PLL-01, which entered service in 1987. They also mounted it on a locally designed tracked chassis to produce the PLZ-45 (also known as the Type 88), along with an ammo-carrier based on the same chassis. The PLZ-45 did not enter service with the PLA primarily because their existing artillery was all based on Soviet-standard 152 mm ammunition. However, two major batches of PLZ-45s were sold to Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.

Design

Armament
Operated by a crew of five (commander, gunner, two loaders and a driver), the PLZ-45 is armed with a 155 mm, 45-calibre main gun, with a semi-automatic loader and an electrically controlled and hydraulically operated ram that enables projectile loading to take place at any angle of elevation with the charge being loaded manually. The turret has an elevation of +72 to –3 degrees with 360 degree traverse.

Secondary weapons include a roof-mounted W-85 heavy machine gun and two sets of four-barrel smoke grenade launchers on the turret's side.

Ammunition is stored at the rear of the turret. A total of 30 rounds for the gun-howitzer and 480 rounds for the machine gun are carried on board. 24 howitzer rounds are carried in the loader and 6 rounds on the right side below the loader.

The fire-control system of the PLZ-45 includes an automatic laying system, optical sighting system, gun orientation and navigation system, and a GPS receiver.

Munitions

The PLZ-45 howitzer fires a range of Extended Range Full Bore (ERFB) ammunition, including High Explosive (ERFB/HE), Base Bleed High Explosive (ERFB-BB/HE), ERFB-BB/RA, ERFB/WP, ERFB/Illuminating, ERFB/Smoke, and ERFB-BB/Cargo.

China obtained the Russian Krasnopol laser-guided projectile technology in the 1990s, and successfully developed its own 155 mm laser-guided ammunition. Designed to defeat armoured vehicles and weapon emplacements, the projectile has inertial mid-course guidance and semi-active laser homing. The projectile has a range of , and can hit a target by the first shot without registration.

Combat
A standard PLZ-45 battalion consists of 3 batteries, each with 6 PLZ-45 self-propelled howitzers (SPH) and 6 PCZ-45 ammunition support vehicles (ASV). Each battery has a battery command post and 3 battery reconnaissance vehicles (BRV), both of which are based on the Type 85 APC. These are supported by W653A armoured recovery vehicles, 704-1 artillery locating and fire correction radar, 702-D meteorological radar, and fire support maintenance vehicles.

Propulsion
The PLZ-45 self-propelled howitzer is powered by a 525 hp Deutz turbocharged air-cooled diesel engine, giving a max road speed of .

Armour and protection
The armour of the PLZ-45 self-propelled howitzer protects against small arms fire and artillery shell splinters. It is fitted with NBC protection and automatic fire suppression systems.

Operational history
In April 2015, the Saudi Arabian Army used the PLZ-45 for shelling Houthi rebels along the Saudi Arabia–Yemen border during the Saudi Arabian–led intervention in the Yemeni Civil War. This was the first time the PLZ-45 has been used in combat. In late 2015, Kuwait sent an artillery battalion to Saudi Arabia to assist its Saudi ally against the Houthis.

Operators

Current operators

: 50 have been delivered. First appearance was in 2014.
: Used by the People's Liberation Army.
: 18 delivered in 1999.
: (51) 27 PLZ-45s (to form a training platoon and the first battalion) ordered in 1998 and delivered in 2000–2001. 24 more howitzers (to form the second battalion) were ordered in 2001 and delivered in 2002–2003.
: (54) In 2007, it was reported that the Saudi Arabian Army had decided to order two battalions (54 units) of the PLZ-45 artillery system. In August 2008, China signed a contract to provide Saudi Arabia with one battalion, i.e. 27 PLZ-45 155 mm self-propelled howitzers. Another contract to supply one more battalion (27 more PLZ-45 self-propelled guns) was signed later in the month. The howitzers were delivered between 2008 and 2009.

Potential operators

See also
 PLZ-05
 2S19 Msta
 Panzerhaubitze 2000
 K9 Thunder
 T-155 Fırtına
 Type 75 155 mm self-propelled howitzer
 GC-45 howitzer
 M109A6 Paladin

References

155 mm artillery
Military vehicles introduced in the 1990s
Self-propelled artillery of the People's Republic of China
Tracked self-propelled howitzers


General elections were held in the Gambia on 4 and 5 May 1982. Following a constitutional amendment in March 1982, for the first time the president was elected by a popular vote alongside the National Assembly. Both elections were won by the People's Progressive Party, whose leader Dawda Jawara remained president.

Results

President

National Assembly

References

Gambia
Parliamentary elections in the Gambia
Election
Presidential elections in the Gambia
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results
May 1982 events in Africa


Esnans () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


The Type 83 is a 152 mm self-propelled howitzer used by the People's Liberation Army of China.

This self-propelled gun system was developed by Factory 674 (Harbin First Machinery Building Group Ltd) and based on a tracked chassis. The project's development started in the late 1970s and the prototype was completed in February 1980, followed by a second in 1981. Production was authorized in 1983 under the designation Type 83. The first production run started in May 1983 and the first public display was on 1 October 1984.
This self-propelled gun is similar to the 2S3, with a modified version of the Type 66 gun and a Type 321 utility tracked chassis and is the first modern self-propelled gun in service with the People's Liberation Army. Production ended in 1990, after only 78 examples were built. Manufacturing also involved factory 5318 (artillery), 298 (aiming), 754 and 843.

Unlike the U.S. M109 howitzer, this self-propelled gun is made from steel and not aluminum alloy. It has six wheels on each side with the engine is in the forward hull. There is stowage for 30 shells, included a Chinese version of the Krasnopol laser ammunition. The elevation is 0-62° giving a range of 17 km. There is also base-bleed ammunition with improved range, cluster and fragmentation projectiles. A secondary weapon, a 12.7 mm machine gun, is also mounted on the turret. The engine is a 520 hp (382 kW) WR4B-12V150LB four-stroke, liquid-cooled diesel engine. The maximum speed is 55 km/h and range 450 km.

The typical Chinese artillery regiment (one for each armoured division) has 18 SPG organized as one battalion with three batteries. Not long after entering service it was determined to be obsolescent and China started to develop new systems, like the PLZ-45 (mainly for international market) and the real Type 83's replacement, the PLZ-05.

Operators

 People's Liberation Army Ground Force - 150 PLZ-82/83

References

 Type 83 152MM SELF-PROPELLED GUN-HOWITZER, retrieved 29 set 09

152 mm artillery
Tracked self-propelled howitzers
Self-propelled artillery of the People's Republic of China
Military vehicles introduced in the 1980s


Robert Struble (1899–1967) was a political figure and social welfare reformer in Washington from the post-World War II years until his death in Seattle on July 26, 1967.

Career
From 1949 to 1953 Struble was chief assistant to Jack Taylor, Washington State Commissioner of Public Lands.  He also pioneered welfare reform in Washington state during his years (1957–1967) with the non-disabled program (NDVR) within the state Division of Vocational Rehabilitation.  Under Struble's leadership, the NDVR program attracted national attention for its initiative in converting welfare from handouts to career retraining.  Administratively, NDVR sought to apply the proverb about teaching people how to fish rather than merely giving fish to needy people.

In the mid-1950s, during the nascency of television in Spokane, Struble was an executive with KXLY.

Awards and honors
He was a U.S. veteran of both World Wars, and was awarded the Purple Heart for service in France during World War I.

Family
He was the grandnephew of ex-Iowa Congressman Isaac Struble and the first cousin of football hall-of-famer Max Krause.

Excerpt from Look article on welfare reform, 1965
"She (Alicia Carlington) could have dimmed her ambitions and thus found help within the rules of the welfare system.  But she would then have failed.  That she did not have to fail is a tribute to the humanity of Johnson, Struble, Murphy and others who cared enough to become involved with another person, to give part of themselves, to go out of their way – to use all the human resources of a system that is too often applied impersonally, thoughtlessly, grimly.  They dared to break, or at least bend, some of the habits that so often make a prison of a society crammed with treasures.

"Why did they do it?  Perhaps they are better men than most; perhaps they saw in Mrs. Carlington an uncommon spirit and a chance for a return on their risk.  Whatever the reason, Mrs. Carlington got the help she had to have.  She used it."  (See below, References, J. Polly article)

References

 Welfare Reform
 Rev. Erle Howell, "Vocational rehabilitation of nondisabled: It Works to Everyone's Gain," Seattle Times, July 10, 1960, p. 10.
 Current Washington State Department of Vocational Rehabilitation website (DVR)
 "Discussing progress of rehabilitation...," Your Public Schools, Washington State Superintendent of Public Instruction publication, hereafter cited SPI, vol. 3 (Fall 1964), p. 11.
 John  Polly, "Triumph of a Stubborn Lady," Look (February 9, 1965), pp. 64–69.  Represents national attention focused on the state program, NDVR (Non-disabled Vocational Rehabilitation). Polly, Look'''s senior editor, chronicles how NDVR helped young mother of five, Alicia Carlington, achieve a career worthy of her abilities and adequate to meet her family's material needs.  The article references Winn Johnson, a guidance counselor at North Thurston High School when Carlington attended, and John Murphy, her caseworker at NDVR.  When Carlington entered the program, Struble was NDVR supervisor of Murphy's Seattle office; Struble was NDVR state supervisor by the time Carlington became financially self-supporting.
 Seattle Times, March 10, 1965, March 11, 1965, follow-up articles on J. Polly, ibid. "4300 Helped by Rehab Division," Your Public Schools, SPI, vol. 5 (October 1966), p. 5.
 "75,000 In State Need Rehabilitation Service," Vocational Rehabilitation Outlook'', SPI, vol. 3 (Winter, 1966), p. 7.
 "Quite a Life: Bob Struble, Sr." (2002).  In the Concluding section this biography notes the Jeffersonian breath of Struble's undertakings: ..."He engaged actively in sports, horses, playing in a marching band, soldiering, inventing, mining, surveying, salesmanship, promoting rodeos, deputy sheriff, pioneering television, and various avenues of politics, of which his work on the state pollution control commission was not without redeeming social qualities.  His last job--also the longest in duration--was devoted to helping the needy and to rehabilitating wrecked lives."

Washington (state) politicians
1967 deaths
1899 births


Sir Pierre-Amand Landry,  (May 1, 1846 – July 28, 1916) was an Acadian lawyer, judge and political figure in New Brunswick. He represented Westmorland County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1870 to 1874 and from 1878 to 1883. He represented Kent in the House of Commons of Canada from 1883 to 1890 as a Conservative member.

Early life and education
He was born in Memramcook, New Brunswick, the son of Amand Landry and Pélagie Caissie, and was educated in Memramcook and Fredericton. He taught school for a time, articled in the law office of Albert James Smith and was called to the bar in 1871, becoming the first Acadian lawyer in the province.

Legal career
Landry set up practice in Dorchester. In 1872, he married Bridget Annie McCarthy. In 1875, he helped defend nine Acadians charged with killing an English protester at a demonstration by Acadians against a public school tax. Landry served in the province's Executive Council as Commissioner of Public Works from 1878 to 1882 and provincial secretary from 1882 to 1883. As Commissioner of Public Works, he was responsible for the construction of a new provincial building for the assembly; the old building had burned in 1880. In 1881, he was named Queen's Counsel.

Political career
Landry was elected to the House of Commons in an 1883 by-election after Gilbert-Anselme Girouard accepted the position of customs collector. In 1890, he was named judge in the county court of Westmorland and Kent and, in 1893, was appointed to the Supreme Court of New Brunswick. Landry was knighted in June 1916, the first and only Acadian to be so honoured. He died in Dorchester later that year at the age of 70.

Electoral record

References

1846 births
1916 deaths
Acadian people
Canadian Knights Bachelor
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Judges in New Brunswick
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from New Brunswick
Members of the Executive Council of New Brunswick
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick MLAs
Canadian King's Counsel
Provincial Secretaries of New Brunswick


This is a list of aircraft operators which are licensed by the Kyrgyz civil aviation authorities and which have been assigned domestic codes by the Kyrgyzstan authorities.

Scheduled airlines

Cargo airlines

See also
 List of defunct airlines of Kyrgyzstan
 List of airports in Kyrgyzstan
 List of air carriers banned in the European Union
 List of defunct airlines of Asia
 List of airlines

References

Kyrgyzstan
Airlines
Airlines
Kyrgyzstan


Edward Berkeley Portman (31 January 1771 – 19 January 1823, Rome) of Bryanston House, Bryanston, Dorset was an 18th-century English housing developer and politician.

He was the son of Henry Portman, and ultimately a descendant of the Tudor landowner Sir William Portman.  Edward continued his father's work developing the family lands in London into the Portman Estate. He was appointed High Sheriff of Dorset for 1798–99.

He also sat as Member of Parliament for Boroughbridge between 1802 and 1806 and for Dorset between 1806 and 1823.

Marriage and issue
On 21 August 1798, he married Lucy Whitby (10 Mar 1778 - 25 Mar 1812), daughter of Reverend Thomas Whitby.  Among their children were:

Marianne Portman, married George Drummond (son of George Harley Drummond and Margaret Munro) in 1831, died 1 December 1842
 Edward Berkley Portman, 1st Viscount Portman (1799–1888)
Harriet Ella Portman, married William Stratford Dugdale (MP) (son of Dugdale Stratford Dugdale and Hon. Charlotte Curzon, daughter of Assheton Curzon, 1st Viscount Curzon) in 1827, died 17 April 1903 (1807-1903)
Reverend Henry Fitzharding Berkeley Portman (1811–1893)

After Lucy's death in 1812, he married as his second wife Mary Hulse, daughter of Sir Edward Hulse, 3rd Baronet Hulse, on 22 March 1816.  The couple had no children.

References

Bibliography
 John Burke, A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland, London 1834,  vol. I, p. 62-64

1771 births
1823 deaths
Housebuilding companies of the United Kingdom
Edward
High Sheriffs of Dorset
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies
UK MPs 1802–1806
UK MPs 1806–1807
UK MPs 1807–1812
UK MPs 1812–1818
UK MPs 1818–1820
UK MPs 1820–1826


Little Wars is an album by Unwed Sailor. It was recorded between December 27, 2002 and November 7, 2007. The album was released on April 1, 2008, by Burnt Toast Vinyl.

Critical reception
PopMatters called the album "geometrically precise yet warmly organic, serenely unperturbed but with a bubbling undercurrent of mirth," writing that "this is what might happen to post-rock if you put it in a warm corner of the garden and allowed it to grow." Exclaim! called it "instrumental post-rock covered in molasses ... the pace is lethargic, barely creeping beyond a plod."

Track listing
"Copper Islands"
"Little Wars"
"The Garden"
"Aurora"
"Campanile"
"Echo Roads"
"Nauvoo"
"Lonely Bulls"
"Numeral"

Personnel
Stalactite Oracle Studio Session (December 27–28, 2002)
 Jonathan Ford
 Matthew Putman
 Matthew Depper
 Brooks Tipton
 Nic Tse
 Jeff Shoop
 James McAllister
Ester Drang Studio Session (mid-2004)
 Jonathan Ford
 Aaron Ford
 Brooks Tipton
 Stephen Tucker
 Bryce Chambers
 James McAllister
 Matthew Magee
Little Wars Blackwatch Studio Sessions 1 and 2 (October 12–19, 2007 and November 5–7, 2007)
 Jonathan Ford
 Nic Tse
 Matthew Putman
 Brooks Tipton
 Matthew Depper
 Patrick Ryan
 Andrew Haldeman
 Ryan Lindsey
 Chad Copelin

References

2008 albums
Unwed Sailor albums


Deborah & Clare were bespoke shirtmakers based in Beauchamp Place, London SW3 from 1965 to 1975. Examples of their work are in the Victoria & Albert Museum.

History
Deborah Wood and Clare Bewicke set up business together as designers in 1965, working from a condemned basement in Walton Street, Chelsea. Observing a general lack of innovation in men's clothes they moved into the specialised field of bespoke shirts, using a Greek shirtmaker in London's East End. Until this time custom-made men's shirts were largely the preserve of Jermyn Street, catering to a traditional elite.

The shop soon became known for contemporary design within the classic art of shirtmaking. Sample books of fine English shirtings sat reassuringly on the desk alongside more sensual cloths from the collections of Europe's most sophisticated textile manufacturers.

A visit to New York in 1967 produced an offer of backing from Ahmet Ertigan to open a London shop, but his pre-requisite that the shop also carried the entire range of Levi jeans was dismissed as "much too serious," and the eventual backing came from David Astor.

Shirtmakers trained in Jermyn Street were found after a lengthy search. Andy and Annie Mullins, who had between them the vital skills of Cutter and Collar-maker. "It's two girls on the game," Andy told his wife "making shirts as a cover up." Alan Holston, poached from Dandie Fashions in Kings Road became the popular manager. The shop was designed by David Mlinaric, and opened in December 1967. Terracotta walls with putty-coloured paintwork were the backdrop for polished glass shelves of stock shirts and racks of cloth. It was a cave of colour, and No 29 Beauchamp Place became one of the trendiest venues in London, attracting a global clientele of all persuasion.

Deborah sold out to Clare in 1973, and Clare left the business in 1975.

Deborah, as head designer of clothes and textiles played a leading role in the Laura Ashley story for ten years from 1978. Clare trained as a polarity therapist and went on to practice in the world of complementary medicine.

Examples of Deborah & Clare shirts are in the Victoria & Albert Museum.

References
 The Cutting Edge 50 Years of British Fashion P108
 Sunday Times Magazine 2 August 1970 cover
 Stern Journal No 52 1969 P 109
 The Times Friday 11 July 1969
 Evening Standard Monday 24 March 1975 'Leaving their shirts behind'
 Weekend Telegraph Saturday 26 December 1998 ' the shirt of my Dreams' Rory Knight Bruce
 Nicky Panicci collection of over 200 vintage Deborah & Clare men's shirts

Clothing companies based in London
Clothing companies of England
Clothing retailers of England
English fashion designers
British women fashion designers
Shirts
British companies established in 1965
Clothing companies established in 1965
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1975
1965 establishments in England
1975 disestablishments in England
Defunct companies based in London
1960s fashion
1970s fashion


The Type 89 self-propelled howitzer (military designation PLZ-89) is a 122 mm self-propelled howitzer used by China's People's Liberation Army to replace Type 85 and Type 70 122 mm self-propelled howitzer. The PLZ-89 was first unveiled to the public during the 1999 Chinese National Day Parade.

Development
Since the late 1970s, a number of 122 mm self-propelled howitzers (SPH) had been developed in China to meet Chinese army requirements. The People's Liberation Army (PLA) required a mobile artillery system to provide medium- to long-range indirect fire support for motorised infantry and armoured troops and capable of keeping pace with them. However, none of them could meet these requirements. The Type 89 self-propelled howitzer, also known as the PLZ-89, was developed in the late 1980s. It was a Chinese attempt to develop an indigenous SPH with similar capabilities to the Soviet 2S1 Gvozdika. The Type 89 is currently in service with the PLA and PLA Navy Marine Corps. Several hundred of these artillery systems were built.

Design
The Type 89 SPH is armed with a 122 mm/L32 howitzer. The main armament is derived from the Type 86 (W-86) 122 mm/32-caliber towed howitzer, which itself is a Chinese licensed copy of the Soviet D-30 122 mm howitzer. The PLZ-89 carries 40 rounds inside the turret. The gun is equipped with semi-automatic loader with a maximum rate of fire of 6–8 rounds/min and fire accuracy is achieved by a digital fire-control system and a roof-mounted electro-optical sighting for day/night operations. This artillery system is compatible with Chinese and Russian 122 mm ammunition. Its maximum range of fire is  using standard HE projectiles and  with extended-range projectiles. The vehicle is fitted with a computerised fire-control system, night vision.

The secondary armament consists of a roof-mounted QJC-88 12.7 mm machine gun. For the safety of its crew of five, the vehicle is armoured against small-arms fire and artillery shell splinters, and fitted with NBC protection, fire detection and automatic fire suppression systems. Its tracked chassis, developed from the Type 77 amphibious armoured personnel carrier, is powered by a  12V150L12 diesel engine. The Type 89 can also be fitted with a flotation kit for amphibious warfare.

Variants
PLZ-89 Baseline military version.
SH-3 Export-oriented variant featuring an improved chassis, new engine, new transmission.

Operators

People's Liberation Army Ground Force – 500 PLZ-89

 Rwanda Defence Force – 6 SH-3

See also
 List of equipment of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force
 PLZ-07 – the successor of PLZ-89

References

122 mm artillery
Military vehicles introduced in the 1990s
Self-propelled artillery of the People's Republic of China
Tracked self-propelled howitzers


The Type 66 is a 152 mm towed howitzer used by the People's Liberation Army of China.  The gun system is developed from the Soviet D-20 towed artillery. In addition to conventional shells the gun is capable of firing Type MP-152 rocket-assisted projectiles.  In some cases a gun-shield is fitted but this is not universal.

Versions
Type 66-1: Improved version.
6x6 mobile gun: Self-propelled version.
Type 83 SPH: Improved towed and self-propelled versions.

Operators

 90 in service in 2002

 4 received in 1999

 46 in service

 People's Liberation Army Ground Force - 500

Former operators
 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam: 9

Gallery

References

Works cited

External links
 Type 66 122MM TOWED GUN-HOWITZER
 http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/d-20.htm

152 mm artillery
Field artillery of the Cold War
Artillery of the People's Republic of China
China–Soviet Union relations


Evangelista may refer to:

People

Given name
 Evangelista Andreoli (1810–1875) was an Italian organist, pianist, and teacher
 Evangelista Cittadini, Italian Roman Catholic Bishop of Alessano (1542–1549)
 Evangelista da Pian di Meleto (c. 1460–1549), Italian painter of the Renaissance period
 Evangelista Gennaro Gorga (1865–1957), Italian lyric tenor
 Evangelista Martinotti (1634–1694), Italian painter of the Baroque period
 Evangelista Menga (c. 1480–c. 1571), Italian military engineer
 Evangelista Santos (born 1977), Brazilian mixed martial arts fighter
 Evangelista Schiano, Italian painter, mainly of sacred subjects, active in 1755-77
 Evangelista Tornioli, O.S.B. (1570–1630), Italian Roman Catholic Bishop of Città di Castello (1616–1630)
 Evangelista Torricelli (1608–1647), Italian physicist and mathematician
 Fernando Evangelista Iglesias (born 1991), Argentine football defender
 Giovanni Evangelista Draghi (1654–1712), Italian painter
 Giovanni Evangelista Pallotta, (also named Palotta or Palotto (1548–1620), Italian Roman Catholic Cardinal
 Giovanni Evangelista Pelleo, O.F.M. Conv. (died 1595), Italian Roman Catholic Bishop of Sant'Agata de' Goti
 Jan Evangelista Purkyně (1787–1869), Czech anatomist, patriot, and physiologist
 João Evangelista Belfort Duarte (1883–1918), Brazilian football central defender
 Jucimara Evangelista Dantas (born 1978), Brazilian basketball player
 Juan Evangelista Venegas (c. 1928 – 1980), first Puerto Rican to win an Olympic medal
 Laura Evangelista Alvarado Cardozo, Blessed (1875-1967), Venezuelan Roman Catholic founder of the Augustinian Recollect Sisters of the Heart of Jesus
 Lucas Evangelista Santana de Oliveira (born 1995), Brazilian professional football central midfielder
 Marcílio Luís Evangelista dos Santos (born 1964), Brazilian former football forward
 Marcos Evangelista de Moraes (born  1970), known as Cafu, Brazilian former professional football defender
 Marcos Evangelista Pérez Jiménez (1914–2001), Venezuelan military and general officer of the Army of Venezuela
 Paulo Afonso Evangelista Vieira (21st century), member of the PMDB of Santa Catarina

Surname
 Adrian Evangelista (born 1989), Filipino contemporary painter and part-time photographer
 Alfredo Evangelista (born 1954), former Uruguayan-Spaniard boxer
 Alfredo E. Evangelista (1926–2008), Filipino archeologist
 Armando Evangelista Macedo Freitas (born 1973), Portuguese football manager and former player
 Benjamin Evangelista (born 1949), Filipino former cyclist
 Billy Evangelista, American mixed martial arts fighter
 Christine Evangelista (born 1986) is an American actress
 Crisanto Evangelista (1888–1943), Filipino Communist politician and labor leader
 Daniella Evangelista (born 1982), Canadian actress and model
 David Evangelista (21st century), fashion journalist
 Diego Evangelista dos Santos (born 1989), Brazilian footballer
 Ed Evangelista (21st century), judge for the first season of ABC's reality television show American Inventor
 Edilberto Evangelista (1862–1897), Filipino civil engineer and revolutionary
 Frankie Evangelista (1934–2004), Filipino radio and television broadcaster of ABS-CBN since 1953
 Heart Evangelista (born 1985), Filipino actress, singer, model, and VJ
 Irineu Evangelista de Sousa, Viscount of Mauá (1813–1889)
 Johannes Evangelista Gossner (1773-1858), German divine and philanthropist
 José Evangelista (1943–2023), Spanish composer and music educator
 Larissa Evangelista (born 1988), Brazilian group rhythmic gymnast
 Linda Evangelista (born 1965), Canadian supermodel
 Lucy Evangelista (born 1986), 2005 Miss Northern Ireland
 Nick Evangelista (born 1949), fencing master, author, and magazine publisher
 Patricia Evangelista, Filipino journalist and documentary filmmaker
 Paulo Afonso Evangelista Vieira, Brazilian federal deputy and member of the PMDB of Santa Catarina
 Rey Evangelista (born 1971), Filipino former professional basketball player
 Reynaldo G. Evangelista, OFS, DD, Filipino Roman Catholic bishop of Imus
 Romeu Evangelista (born 1950), also known as Romeu Cambalhota, former Brazilian footballer
 Stefanie Evangelista (born 1989), beauty pageant titleholder
 Tony Evangelista (born 1945), Canadian FIFA referee

See also
 Evangelist (disambiguation)
 Evangelistas Islets, a group of four islands that come under the jurisdiction of the Chilean Navy
 Evangelisti, a surname
 Italian submarine Evangelista Torricelli, a list of ships

Italian feminine given names
Feminine given names
Occupational surnames


Étalans is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. On 1 January 2017, the former communes of Charbonnières-les-Sapins and Verrières-du-Grosbois were merged into Étalans.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Éternoz () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
Eternoz is 26 kilometres from Besancon, the department capital. It sits on the second plateau of the Jura massif at an altitude of .
The River Vau passes through the village and plunges down a 40 meter waterfall on the edge of the village before joining the river Lison.

Notable buildings
The parish church, dedicated to Saint Laurent, was built in 1804. It has a single nave and belltower, with a round dome that is unusual in the region.

The chateau of Refranche was built in the 16th century by a branch of the Eternoz family. Until recently, only part of the main building and a tower remained, but it has recently been renovated.

For three generations, the Société Garnier had its workshop in Eternoz. In 1913, a local blacksmith, Jean Garnier, founded a forge that made and sold ploughs. By 1953, the business had sold 5000 ploughs, but this progressively gave way to the sale of more innovative and diverse farm machinery from the 1960s onwards. The resulting expansion led to the decision, in 2008, to move the company to new and larger premises 15 km away in Levier.

Notable people
 Alfred Billot (1925-1965), was Catholic priest, and missionary in Cameroon.
 Marie-Léone Bordy (1921-1992), a nun of the congregation of the Filles de Notre-Dame du Sacré-cœur in Issoudun, was assassinated in Djoum, Cameroun.
 Auguste Castan, librarian, historian, and archaeologist; excavated Roman remains in Besançon on the site of which a square is named in his honour.
 Édouard Clerc, historian.
 Georges Colomb (1856-1945), a botanist, science populariser, and pioneer of comics.
 Alphonse Delacroix (1807-1878), architect.
 Pierre-Michel Duffieux (1891-1976), a physicist and founder of Fourier Optics. Lecturer and researcher at the University of Franche-Comté. Lived at Coulans-sur-Lison.
 Emmanuelle Garnier (1964 - ), professor and currently president of the University of Toulouse-Jean Jaurès, originally from Doulaize.
 Pierre Lorius (1925-2014), a professional footballer (goalkeeper). Played with Racing Besançon (1952-1954) FC Sochaux (1949-1952) and Lyon OU (1945-1947).
 Jean Mennerat (1917-2007), a member of the French resistance, lived in Coulans-sur-Lison. Owned the world's largest collection of books about chess (27,500 volumes) which he bequeathed to the city of Belfort.
 Jules Quicherat (1814-1882), historian, archaeologist, professor at the École nationale des chartes.

Etymology
The name of the village has evolved. It has been called Esternoz (1262), Esternos (1275), Esternoch (1280), Esternoz dessoz Monmaour (1294), and Sternol (14th century). The name appears to be of Germanic origin and may mean "valley of beech trees".

Demographics
Since 1973, the commune has been made up of five hamlets:
 Éternoz (191 inhabitants): round-domed church tower; two fountains.
 Refranche (42 inhabitants): bronze and iron age tumuli; chateau.
 Alaise (38 inhabitants): iron age tumuli; Roman remains; 14th century church.
 Doulaize (19 inhabitants): Paleolithic remains.
 Coulans-sur-Lizon (12 inhabitants): Church with a flamboyant Gothic porch.

Politics and administration

List of mayors

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Étouvans () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs
County of Montbéliard


Étrabonne () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography

Bordering municipalities

Town planning

Typology
Étrabonne is a rural municipality, because it is part of the municipalities with little or very little density, within the meaning of the municipal density grid of INSEE.

In addition, the municipality is part of the attraction area of Besançon, of which it is a municipality in the crown. This area, which includes 312 municipalities, is categorized in areas of 200,000 to less than 700,000 inhabitants.

Land use
The zoning of the municipality, as reflected in the database European occupation biophysical soil Corine Land Cover (CLC), is marked by the importance of the agricultural land (73.5% in 2018), a proportion identical to that of 1990 (73.5%). The detailed breakdown in 2018 is as follows:

 arable land (44.3%)
 forests (26.5%)
 meadows (20%)
 heterogeneous agricultural areas (9.2%)

The IGN also provides an online tool to compare the evolution over time of land use in the municipality (or in territories at different scales). Several eras are accessible as aerial maps or photos: the Cassini map (18th century), the map of Staff (1820-1866) and the current period (1950 to present).

Toponymy
The place was designated as Strabunne in 1166; Strabona in 1223; Estrabeigne in 1266 and Estrabonne in 1307.

Policy and Administration

Administrative and electoral attachments
The town is located in the district of Besançon in the department of Doubs. For the election of deputies, it has been part of the first district of Doubs since 1986.

Since 1801, it was part of the canton of Audeux. As part of the 2014 cantonal redistribution in France, the town is now attached to the canton of Saint-Vit.

Intercommunality
The municipality was a member of the small community of municipalities of the Val Saint-Vitois, created at the end of 2001.

Within the framework of the provisions of the law on the new territorial organization of the Republic (NOTRe Law) of August 7, 2015, which provides that public inter-municipal cooperation establishments (EPCI) with their own taxation must have a minimum of 15,000 inhabitants (and 5,000 inhabitants in mountain areas), the prefecture of Doubs has adopted the new departmental inter-municipal cooperation plan (SDCI) which provides in particular for the break-up of this community of communes and the attachment of some of its communes to the community of communes of Val-de-Marne, others to Grand Besançon Métropole, and two, finally, to the community of communes of Loue-Lison.

Places and monuments

 House of Bailly.
 Étrabonne Castle, from medieval times, listed as a historical monument in 1968.
 Saint-Martin Church.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Étrappe () is a commune in the Doubs département in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Étray () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Étupes () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs
County of Montbéliard


Evangelisti is a surname, and may refer to:

 Alessandro Evangelisti (born 1981), Italian footballer
 Franco Evangelisti (composer) (1926–1980), Italian composer
 Franco Evangelisti (politician), (1923–1993) Italian politician
 Giovanni Evangelisti (born 1961), Italian long jumper
 Mattia Evangelisti, (born 1991), Italian footballer
 Valerio Evangelisti (1952–2022), Italian writer of science fiction, fantasy and horror

Italian-language surnames
Occupational surnames

it:Evangelisti (disambigua)


Évillers is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Exincourt () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Official website

Communes of Doubs
County of Montbéliard


Citerne (; Picard: Chitèrne) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Citerne is situated on the D53, in the west of the département, some  south of Abbeville.

Population

Places of interest
War memorial
Church

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Eysson () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Faimbe () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Fallerans () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Ferrières-le-Lac () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Ferrières-les-Bois () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Fertans () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


The Nanjing NJ2045 and NJ2046 are a series of high mobility trucks deployed by the Chinese Army, capable of transporting 1.5 tonne of cargo cross-country. It is a licensed version of the Iveco 40.10WM 4X4 off-road military truck, built by Nanjing Motor Corporation.

The truck entered service in the PLA after 1999.

Weapon platform
 4X4 high-mobility truck
 HJ-9A anti-tank guided missile carrier
 riot control vehicle
 troop carrier

Variants
 10-man (3+3+2X2)
 11-men (3+4X2)

Operators

  used by People's Liberation Army
  Seen on the State Flag Day parade in 2022
  used by Pakistan Army
  used by Sri Lanka Army Commando Regiment
  used by Dominica Police Force

References

Military trucks of China


Fesches-le-Châtel () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Official website

Communes of Doubs
County of Montbéliard


Junthy Valenzuela (born June 5, 1979) is a Filipino former basketball player in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA), a former Red Bull Barako player. He was automatically pulled by Red Bull directly from the Philippine Basketball League.

On April 14, 2008, he was traded by the Red Bull Barako to the Barangay Ginebra Kings in exchange for a 2009 second round pick and a 2010 first round draft pick.

After his PBA career came to an end, Valenzuela returned to Cebu to coach the University of San Carlos Warriors men's basketball team in the Cebu Schools Athletic Foundation, Inc. (CESAFI), where he, as head coach, led the team to the 2014 CESAFI Finals for the first time since 2007. He resigned as head coach in 2015 to manage his business in Asturias, Cebu.

References

External links
Player Profile
PBA-Online Profile

1979 births
Living people
Barako Bull Energy Boosters players
Barangay Ginebra San Miguel players
Basketball players from Cebu
Cebuano people
Salazar Tech Skyblazers basketball players
Filipino men's basketball coaches
Filipino men's basketball players
Filipino Roman Catholics
People from Bogo, Cebu
Philippine Basketball Association All-Stars
Shooting guards
Small forwards


Fessevillers is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Feule () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Billy Baxter may refer to:
Billy Baxter (motorcyclist) (born  1963), British motorcyclist who set the blind solo world land speed record on a motorbike
Billy Baxter (footballer) (1939–2009),  Scottish footballer
Billy Baxter (poker player) (born 1940), American poker player and sports bettor
Billy 'Silver Dollar' Baxter (1926–2012), American film producer
Billy Baxter (musician) (born c. 1959), Australian radio presenter and musician
"Billy Baxter" (song), a 1980 song by Paul Kelly & the Dots describing the musician

See also
Bill Baxter (disambiguation)
William Baxter (disambiguation)
Baxter (disambiguation)


Les Fins () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


EDLUT (Event-Driven LookUp Table) is a computer application for simulating networks of spiking neurons.
It was developed in the University of Granada and source code was released under GNU GPL version 3.

EDLUT uses event-driven simulation scheme and lookup tables to efficiently simulate medium or large spiking neural networks.
This allows this application to simulate detailed biological neuron models and to interface with experimental setups (such as a robotic arm) in real time.

References

Neuroscience software
Neural network software
Software using the GPL license
University of Granada


Flagey-Rigney () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Kinanthropometry is defined as the study of human size, shape, proportion, composition, maturation, and gross function, in order to understand growth, exercise, performance, and nutrition.

It is a scientific discipline that is concerned with the measurement of individuals in a variety of morphological perspectives, its application to movement and those factors which influence movement, including: components of body build, body measurements, proportions, composition, shape and maturation; motor abilities and cardiorespiratory capacities; physical activity including recreational activity as well as highly specialized sports performance. The predominant focus is upon obtaining detailed measurements upon the body composition of a given person.

Kinanthropometry is the interface between human anatomy and movement. It is the application of a series of measurements made on the body and from these we can use the data that we gather directly or perform calculations using the data to produce various indices and body composition predictions and to measure and describe physique.

Kinanthropometry is an unknown word for many people except those inside the field of sport science. Describing the etymology of the word kinanthropometry can help illustrate simply what you are going to talk about. However, if you have to say just a few sentences about the general scope of it, some problems will arise immediately. Is it a science? Why are its central definitions so ambiguous and various? For what really matter the kinanthropometric assessment. And so on.

Defining a particular aim for kinanthropometry is central for its full understanding. Ross et al. (1972) said “K is a scientific discipline that studies the body size, the proportionality, the performance of movement, the body composition and principal functions of the body. This so well cited definition is not completely exact as the last four words show. What are the kinanthropometric methods that truly tell us something about principal functions of the body? In principle an amount or distribution of fat mass or muscular mass could be correlated or show a level of causation with any disease. The morpho-physiological mechanisms involved in those explanations are big enigmas today. Few diseases are in practice diagnosed using anthropometric measures and body composition methods at any public health care system. The use of body composition outcomes for predicting health status due to their associations with a lot of physiological variables is valid. However, this purpose is not included within the kinanthropometric perspective because the absence of movement prediction's probability in those diagnoses. The countless uses of some of its fundamental methods have to be accepted but they should not change the theoretical core of the scientific discipline. On the other hand, this definition omits some important objectives of quantifying the body that are an indelible part of its frame; for example: the study of human shape using the  method of the anthropometric somatotype of Carter and Heath (1990). Besides that, the performance of movement is why one studies the body size, proportionality, body composition, and human shape. It is confusing to write at the same level the performance of movement because then one never clearly portrays the purpose of the discipline, meaning that a descriptive knowledge of the body is the sole purpose while you are mixing the real scope in the statement.

Stewart (2010) defined kinanthropometry as "The academic discipline that involves the use of anthropometric measures in relation to other scientific parameters and/or thematic areas such as human movement, physiology or applied health sciences".

For Betancourt (2009), kinanthropometry is a scientific discipline of biomechanics that can be defined as: the set of theoretical assumptions that explain the relationships between the morpho-functional structure of healthy individuals and their biological potentiality of performing an efficient motion in an ontogenic moment.

Notes

References
 Carter JE, Heath BH. Somatotyping: development and applications. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1990.
 Betancourt H. The human body of the ballet dancer. An analysis of the contemporaneous dancer from Cuba. (Ph.D. Dissertation) Institute for Anthropological Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico. Mexico DF. 2009.
 Ross WD, Hebbelinck M, Van Gheluwe B, Lemmens ML. Kinanthropométrie et l’apprétiation de l’erreur de mesure. Kinanthropologie 1972; 4:23-4.
 Stewart A. Kinanthropometry and body composition: A natural home for threedimensional photonic scanning. Journal of Sport Science 2010; 28(5): 455–457.
 Emerald Insight
 Eston,R., & Reilly, T. Kinanthropometry and Exercise Physiology Laboratory Manual: Tests, procedures and data. Routledge. (2008)
 978-0-415-43720-2 Kinanthropometry and Exercise Physiology

Terrestrial locomotion
Human anatomy


Flangebouche () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Fontain () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. On 1 January 2019, the former commune Arguel was merged into Fontain.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Fontaine-lès-Clerval (, literally Fontaine near Clerval) is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Clerval
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Fontenelle-Montby is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Les Fontenelles () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department
 Congregation of Christian Retreat

References

Communes of Doubs


Fontenotte () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Foucherans () is a former commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Tarcenay-Foucherans.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Former communes of Doubs


Fourbanne () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Fourcatier-et-Maison-Neuve () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Jahn (Jähn)  is a German surname. Notable people with this surname include the following:

 Constanze Jahn (born 1963), German chess player
 David Jahn (born 1975), Czech burlesque impresario
 Erich Jahn (born 1907, date of death unknown), Hitler Youth leader
 Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852), German educator, founding figure of German Turner athletic movement
 Gunnar Jahn (1883–1971), Norwegian politician and resistance member
 Gunter Jahn (1910–1992), German U-boat commander
 Hans Max Jahn (1853–1906), German physical chemist
 Helmut Jahn (1940–2021), German-American architect
 Hermann Arthur Jahn (1907–1979), British scientist
 Jan Jahn (1739–1802), Czech painter and art historian
 Jeff Jahn (born 1970), American artist and critic
 Johann Jahn (1750–1816), German Orientalist
 Kurt Jahn (1892–1966), German general
 Marie-Luise Jahn (1918–2010), German physician
 Martin Jahn (c. 1620 – c. 1682), German church musician, minister, hymnwriter
 Martin Jahn (born 1970), Czech economist and politician
 Joseph Michael Jahn (born 1943), American author and critic
 Molly Jahn, American plant scientist and food security policy advisor
 Otto Jahn (1813–1869), German archaeologist, philologist, and writer on art and music
 Patrick Jahn (born 1983), German football player
 Robert G. Jahn (1930–2017), American scientist, electrical engineer, and psychic investigator
 Ryan David Jahn (born 1979), American novelist and screenwriter
 Sigmund Jähn (1937–2019), German astronaut
 Thomas Jahn (born 1965), German film and television director
 Wilhelm Jahn (1835–1900), Austro-Hungarian orchestral conductor
 Willie Jahn (1889–1973), German athlete, leader of the Wandervogel youth movement, folksong composer, publisher, World War II army officer

German-language surnames
Surnames from given names


Leslie Royston Johnson AM (22 November 1924 – 26 May 2015) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and held ministerial office in the Whitlam government, serving as Minister for Housing (1972–1973), Works (1973), Housing and Construction (1973–1975), and Aboriginal Affairs (1975). He represented the Division of Hughes in New South Wales from 1955 to 1966 and from 1969 to 1983. He later served as High Commissioner to New Zealand from 1984 to 1985, cutting short his term due to his daughter's ill health.

Early life
Johnson was born at Enfield, New South Wales on 22 November 1924. He initially worked as a boilermaker's mate before becoming an apprentice fitter and turner. He became active in the Amalgamated Engineering Union, serving as chair of its New South Wales Youth Committee. He later worked as an organiser for the Federated Clerks Union and ran a general store and newsagency at Gymea.

Politics

Johnson was elected for the Australian Labor Party as the first member for the newly created House of Representatives seat of Hughes at the 1955 election. He held it until his defeat at the 1966 election by Liberal Don Dobie.  However, a redistribution ahead of the 1969 election shifted most of the wealthier portions of Hughes to the newly created seat of Division of Cook. The reconfigured Hughes now had a notional Labor majority of eight percent, making it a fairly safe Labor seat on paper.  Believing this made Hughes impossible to hold, especially with Johnson priming for a rematch, Dobie transferred to Cook.  This proved prescient, as Johnson retook the seat on a large swing while Dobie narrowly won Cook. Johnson would hold Hughes without serious difficulty until 1983.

Following Labor's win at the December 1972 election, he was appointed to the Whitlam ministry as Minister for Housing. In October 1973, he was appointed to the additional portfolio of Works. In November the two portfolios were combined as Housing and Construction. In June 1975 he was moved to the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs. He lost this position as a result of the dismissal of the Whitlam government in November 1975. He subsequently became the Opposition Whip.

Labor returned to government at the March 1983 election, but Johnson did not stand for a place in the ministry. However, he was elected chairman of committees. He resigned from parliament in December 1983 so that he could become Australian High Commissioner to New Zealand. His position as High Commissioner was cut short following the serious illness of his daughter, Sally Anne Penman, who was diagnosed with breast cancer, and subsequently died in February 1988.

Personal life
Les Johnson married Gladys (Peg) Jones in 1947, and she died in 2002. They had three children, Grant, Sally (deceased) and Jenny. In 2003 Les Johnson married Marion Sharkey, and they lived at Shoal Bay, NSW.

Johnson was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in June 1990. He died on 26 May 2015, aged 90.

References

1924 births
1975 Australian constitutional crisis
2015 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
High Commissioners of Australia to New Zealand
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Hughes
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Cabinet of Australia
Members of the Order of Australia
People from the Sutherland Shire


The multiple non-transferable vote (MNTV) is a group of voting system, in which voters elect several representatives at once, with each voter having more than one vote. MNTV uses multi-member electoral districts or only one district, which contains all voters, which is used to provide at-large representation.

MNTV systems are not designed towards obtaining proportional representation; instead the usual result is that where the candidates divide into definitive parties (especially for example where those parties have party lines which are whipped) the most popular party in the district sees its full slate of candidates elected, resulting in a landslide.

The exceptions to this are Limited Voting or Cumulative Voting, both of which are brought in on purpose to produce diverse representation—minority representation as well as representation of the largest group. But other systems have proven themselves more dependable at producing Proportional Representation than those two - party-list PR or Single Transferable Voting, for example.

MNTV systems include:
 Plurality block voting (BV), also known as "plurality at-large", where each voter has as many votes as there are seats to be filled, but can cast no more than one vote per candidate (May result in election by plurality, which may be a one-party sweep by a minority group)
 Limited voting (LV), where each voter has less votes than there are seats to be filled, but can cast no more than one per candidate (resulting in semi-proportional representation)
 Limited block approval voting, where each voter has more votes than there are seats to be filled, but can cast no more than one vote per candidate (resulting in majoritarian representation)
 Block approval voting (a type of multi-winner approval voting), where each voter may vote for any number of candidates, but cast no more than one vote per candidate (resulting in majoritarian representation)
 Cumulative voting, where voters have a multiple number of votes, and they may assign more than one vote to a candidate. Produces semi-proportional representation.

The multiple winners are usually elected simultaneously in one round of voting and the vote is non-transferable, unlike under preferential block voting. MNTV sometimes appears in a runoff (two-round) version, as in some local elections in France, where candidates who do not receive an absolute majority must compete in a second round. In these cases, it is more accurately called "majority-at-large voting".

The single non-transferable vote (SNTV) is the extreme version of limited voting, when each voter can vote for only one candidate.

Terminology

Block voting
The term "plurality at-large" is in common usage in elections for representative members of a body who are elected or appointed to represent the whole membership of the body (for example, a city, state or province, nation, club or association). Where the system is used in a territory divided into multi-member electoral districts the system is commonly referred to as "block voting" or the "bloc vote". Block voting as described in this article is "unlimited voting", unlike "limited voting", where a voter has fewer votes than the number of seats contested. The term "block voting" sometimes means simple plurality election of slates (electoral lists) in multi-member districts. In such a system, each party puts forward a slate (party-list) of candidates, a voter casts just one vote, and the party winning a plurality of votes sees its whole slate elected, winning all the seats.

Variations of the MNTV

Plurality block voting (BV)

In a block voting election, all candidates run against each other for m number of positions, where m is commonly called the district magnitude. Each voter selects up to m candidates on the ballot (voters are sometimes said to have m votes; however, they are unable to vote for the same candidate more than once as is permitted in cumulative voting). Voters are most commonly permitted to cast their votes across more than one party list. The m candidates with the most votes (who may or may not obtain a majority of available votes) are the winners and will fill the positions.

Majority-at-large voting / Two-round block voting

The majority-at-large voting is the plurality-at-large voting, but candidates who do not receive an absolute majority must compete in a second round.

Limited voting (LV) / Partial block voting

Partial block voting, also called limited voting, functions similarly to plurality-at-large voting, however in partial block voting each voter receives fewer votes than the number of candidates to be elected. This in turn can enable reasonably sized minorities to achieve some representation, as it becomes impossible for a simple plurality to sweep every seat. Partial bloc voting is used for elections to the Gibraltar Parliament, where each voter has 10 votes and 17 seats are open for election; the usual result is that the most popular party wins 10 seats and forms the ruling administration, while the second most popular wins seven seats and forms the opposition. Partial block voting is also used in the Spanish Senate, where there are four seats per constituency and each voter receives three votes. Historically, partial block voting was used in three- and four-member constituencies in the United Kingdom, where voters received two votes, until multimember constituencies were abolished.

Under partial block voting, the fewer votes each voter is granted the smaller the number of voters needed to win becomes and the more like proportional representation the results can be, provided that voters and candidates use proper strategy. At the extreme, if each voter receives only one vote, then the voting system becomes equivalent to the single non-transferable vote. Many votes can be wasted and vote-splitting can produce unfair results (but likely more balanced than elections under Block Voting). Due to these reasons, the portion of votes needed to win a seat under SNTV may be quite small indeed. (Single transferable voting is more scientific, producing less wasted votes. Under STV, the minimum proportion needed to assure victory is the Droop quota, although commonly one or two in each contest are elected with less than that.)

Block approval voting
In block approval voting, every voter may vote for any number of candidates (but no more than once for each candidate)

Cumulative voting

General ticket / Party block voting (PBV)

Party block voting (PBV), or general ticket, is the party-list version of the block vote. In contrast to the classic block vote, where the candidates may formally stand as non-partisan and some minority nominations can be theoretically successful, PBV each candidate are linked to their party-list, which is voted by the electors producing a landslide, and any minority representation is excluded.
This system is used to elect the vast majority of the Parliament of Singapore.

Compared to preferential block voting
Block voting, or plurality block voting, is often compared with preferential block voting as both systems tend to produce landslide victories for similar candidates. Instead of a series of checkboxes, preferential block voting uses a preferential ballot, therefore it is not a multiple non-transferable vote, but a multiple transferable vote. A slate of clones of the top preferred candidate will win every seat under both systems, however in preferential block voting this is instead the instant-runoff winner.

See also
Voting bloc
Municipal elections in France
Block approval voting
Single non-transferable vote

Notes

References
 http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/oped/voter_rights.shtml
 Rogers v. Lodge, (1982) Supreme Court Case

External links
A Handbook of Electoral System Design from International IDEA
Electoral Design Reference Materials from the ACE Project
ACE Electoral Knowledge Network Expert site providing encyclopedia on Electoral Systems and Management, country by country data, a library of electoral materials, latest election news, the opportunity to submit questions to a network of electoral experts, and a forum to discuss all of the above
TallyJ Election System A website tool customized to support Baha'i elections.

Non-proportional multi-winner electoral systems
Approval voting


Fourg () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Les Fourgs () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in the eastern part of France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Fournet-Blancheroche () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


The legal system of Ukraine is based on the framework of civil law, and belongs to the Romano-Germanic legal tradition. The main source of legal information is codified law. Customary law and case law are not as common, though case law is often used in support of the written law, as in many other legal systems. Historically, the Ukrainian legal system is primarily influenced by the French civil code, Roman Law, and traditional Ukrainian customary law. The new civil law books (enacted in 2004) were heavily influenced by the German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch.

The primary law making body is the Ukrainian Parliament (Verkhovna Rada), also referred to as the legislature (). The power to make laws can be delegated to lower governments or specific organs of the State, but only for a prescribed purpose. In recent years, it has become common for the legislature to create "framework laws" and delegate the creation of detailed rules to ministers or lower governments (e.g. a province or municipality). After laws are published in Holos Ukrayiny they come into force officially the next day.

Ukrainian politicians and analysts have described the system of justice in Ukraine as "rotten to the core".

Areas
Ukrainian law is commonly divided into Public law, Private law, and International law. These areas of the legal system are further subdivided into Civil law (including Family law, Inheritance law, Contract law and Commercial law, Law of Obligations, Property law, Intellectual property law, Companies law, Land law, and Tort law),  Criminal law, Constitutional law (including laws on the structure of the state), Administrative law, and International law.

Civil law

Civil law regulates the everyday life of citizens and other legal entities, such as corporations. The main code of Ukrainian civil law is the Civil Code of Ukraine. It comprises provisions governing ownership, intellectual property rights, contracts, torts, obligations, inheritance law, and the definition of legal entities. The code introduces new types of business contracts into the legal practice, including factoring, franchising, rent service, and inherited contracts. Civil litigation is governed by the Civil Procedural Code of Ukraine.

Criminal law
Criminal law deals with the prosecution and punishment of criminal offenses. The Criminal Code of Ukraine contains the written criminal laws of Ukraine. There is no capital punishment in Ukraine. The maximum criminal punishment is life imprisonment, which can be reduced by decree of the President of Ukraine to 25 years of imprisonment, but only after 20 years of sentence service. The Parliament of Ukraine has the power of amnesty for prisoners not serving life sentences. Criminal proceedings, investigation, and court examination in criminal trials are regulated by The Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine, which was not changed since 1962 when Ukraine was a republic of the Soviet Union till the Ukrainian Parliament passed the new Code of Criminal Procedure in April 2012.

Constitutional law
Constitutional law frames the constitution and the structure of Ukraine. It regulates the powers of democratic institutions, the organization of elections and the division of power between central and local government. See also the article on the Constitution of Ukraine. Only the Constitutional Court of Ukraine is allowed to determine the constitutionality of laws created by the legislature.

Administrative law

Administrative law is the area of law that regulates the operation of the various levels of Ukrainian Government, including the process for people and legal entities to appeal decisions by the government. This code is referred to as the Administrative Code in Ukraine.

International law
International law, also referred to as  the Law of Nations, involves the application of international laws in Ukraine. International agreements, ratified by the Parliament of Ukraine, are a part of Ukrainian legislation. The Constitution of Ukraine allows the direct application of most international laws in Ukrainian courts. If an international agreement of Ukraine prescribes rules other than those set by the Law of Ukraine, the rules of that international agreement shall apply. Laws regulating jurisdiction with an international aspect, such as  because parties come from different countries, are not part of international law, but form a specific branch of civil law.

In September 2005, the Law of Ukraine on Private International Law was enacted. The Law sets the procedure for the regulation of private legal relations which are subject to other legal systems in addition to that of Ukraine.

Commercial law
The Commercial Code of Ukraine describes the details for compliance with the Constitution of Ukraine's clauses for commercial activity. The Code regulates the fundamentals of commercial activity, including business entities, property basis, responsibility for violations, peculiarities of legal regulation, and foreign commerce regulation.

Types of corporations
 TOV (Товариство з обмеженою відповідальністю, ТОВ) - Ukrainian "Limited liability company" with obligate charter capital
 PP (Приватне Підприємство, ПП) - Ukrainian "Limited liability company" without obligate charter capital
 TDV (Товариство з додатковою відповідальністю, ТДВ) - Ukrainian "Additional liability company"
 PrAT, in past ZAT (Приватне акцiонерне товариство, ПрАТ) -  Ukrainian "Private joint-stock company"
 PAT, in past VAT (Публічне акцiонерне товариство, ПАТ) - Ukrainian "Public joint-stock company"

Legal liabilities
Ukrainian legal liability includes constitutional liability, which  is imposed on President or Deputy [Member of Parliament] by the Parliament of Ukraine, criminal liability, which is imposed by local courts in the form of sentencing, civil liability, which is imposed by local courts in the form of decision, administrative liability, which is imposed by administrative courts in form of decision, and disciplinary liability, which is imposed by superior officials or specially created organizations.

How positions are assigned
Judges are imposed by the Supreme Council of Ukraine. Attorneys at law are imposed by the Disciplinary Bar Commission. Notaries are imposed by the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine. Public prosecutors are imposed by regional Superior officials. Policemen are imposed by Superior officials.

List of acts of parliament

The Constitution of Ukraine is a supreme law of Ukraine. Laws and other legislation should be adopted on its basis and conform to it.

Because Ukrainian legal system is code-based, there are a number of codified laws in the main spheres of national legislation. These include:
Civil Code of Ukraine
Criminal Code of Ukraine
Family Code of Ukraine
Labor Code of Ukraine
Land Code of Ukraine
Water Code of Ukraine
Natural Resources Code of Ukraine
Administrative Code of Ukraine
Budget Code of Ukraine
Forestry Code of Ukraine
Customs Code of Ukraine
Maritime Code of Ukraine
Housing Code of Ukraine
Commercial Code of Ukraine
Air Transportation Code of Ukraine
Tax Code of Ukraine (pending)
Code of Civil Procedure
Code of Criminal Procedure
Administrative Procedure Code
Business Arbitration Code
Prison Code

Only the Parliament of Ukraine is entitled to issue normative acts in the form of laws.  The laws of Ukraine are the highest normative acts in Ukraine.

The secondary legislation of Ukraine comprises other normative acts including decrees, resolutions, and orders issued by the President of Ukraine, Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, National Bank of Ukraine, ministries and other state agencies. They are adopted on the basis and in realization of the general provisions of laws.

Courts system

Ukraine's court system is widely regarded as corrupt. Ukrainian judges have been arrested while taking bribes.

Courts in Ukraine are divided  by jurisdiction including constitutional courts, general (criminal and civil jurisdiction) courts, economic courts, and administrative courts. There is also the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, the Supreme Court of Ukraine, Appellate Courts (in every Region oblast of Ukraine), and District Courts in every city, town, or raion (which is a subdivision of oblast). As well, there is the High Administrative Court of Ukraine, Local Administrative Courts in every administrative district, usually oblast, the High Commercial Court of Ukraine, Local Commercial Courts in every administrative district, usually oblast, and Military court in every Appellate Court in every regional oblast. There is also the Tertiary Court created in accordance to the law "On Tertiary Court" and registered in Ministry of Justice of Ukraine.

In order to become a judge in Ukraine, one must be 25 years old. Newly inducted judges are appointed by the President of Ukraine and serve for five years. Afterwards, judges are elected for life by the Parliament of Ukraine. Judges are not elected by the citizenry as practiced in many western countries. The judicial branch of power in Ukraine is not completely independent. To detain or arrest a judge, special permission by the Parliament of Ukraine is needed.

A judge shall not refer to political parties and trade unions, as well as participate in any political activity, have representative mandate, occupy any other paid posts, or do any other paid work except that which is scientific in nature, teaching or creative value. According to the law, a judge, while executing justice, shall follow the Constitution and the laws of Ukraine and shall ensure full, thorough and objective consideration of the cases adhering to the terms set by law. They are also obliged to take measures concerning prevention of unauthorized dissemination of the information the state and/or commercial entity considers secret or is confidential and became known to him/her in the process of doing official duties. Moreover, the Law requires a judge to refrain from the actions that defame a judge and may cause doubt that she/he is objective, as well as unprejudiced and independent.

The Law sets the system of guarantees of judge's professional activity which are necessary to approve unprejudiced and objective decisions. The Law guarantees to judges their personal immunity, secrecy of court decisions, legal protection, as well as material and social provision. The Law also prohibits any not envisaged by law interference in judge's activity concerning justice execution, detention or arrest of a judge without the consent of the Verkhovna Rada until bill of indictment concerning him/her is carried out by the court.

Law schools
Ukraine has taken steps to reform its education frameworks in consistence with the Bologna process. By the mid-2000s, Universities started granting undergraduate Bachelor of Laws degrees (about 3 years for full-time students and 4 years for part-time students) and graduate Master of Laws degrees (about 5 years for full-time students and 6 years for part-time students). In Soviet times, the only undergraduate degree (following a 10-year secondary education) was a 5-year Specialist Diploma, with a thesis requirement, usually placing it somewhere between a bachelor's and master's degree in the West. Degrees are awarded by authorities of the State Examination Board of University. The University degree gives people the right to engage in professional legal activities in Ukraine as a legal advisor. However, judges and criminal defense attorneys must take an additional state licensing exam.

Post-graduate education
The post-graduate system has not been reformed. Law academic degrees in Ukraine are the Candidate of Science of Jurisprudence (CSJ) and Doctor of Science of Jurisprudence (DSJ), equivalent to Doctor of the Science of Law (L.Sc.D.)
The Diploma is awarded after the successful defense of dissertation (thesis) by the Higher Attestation Commission (VAK). Full text of all defended dissertations are kept in the Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine.

Fields of study

Scientific degrees awarded by VAK are classified into an established list of specialties, grouped into the following major sections.

12.00.01 Theory of Law
12.00.02 Constitutional Law
12.00.03  Civil Law
12.00.04  Economic Law
12.00.05 Labor Law
12.00.06 Land law
12.00.07 Administrative Law, Finance Law
12.00.08 Criminal Law
12.00.09 Criminal procedure
12.00.10 Court system
12.00.11 International law
12.00.12 Philosophy of Law

A database of all practicing Doctors of Science of Jurisprudence is maintained by the Ministry of Education of Ukraine.

University docents

A docent of a university is one who has the right to teach. The qualifications include one dissertation (CSJ) and demonstrating the competence of conducting scientific research independently.

University professor

A professor of a university is one who has the right to teach. The qualifications include one dissertation (doctoral degree (DSJ)) and demonstrating the competence of conducting scientific research independently.

Academician
The title Academician denotes a full member of the National  Academy of Sciences of Law.

Corresponding Member
There also exists a lower-rank title, variously translated Corresponding Member or Associate Member of the National academy of Sciences of Law.

Lawyers and law firms
Law is practiced in Ukraine by jurists (legal consultants, counsels, attorneys), professionals awarded a diploma after graduation from a law faculty of a university. Law offices are maintained by lawyers who register it as a law firm in the Ministry of Justice, and are awarded state certification.

The Constitution of Ukraine defines an attorney's work as "securing the right for protection against accusation and provide legal assistance while considering cases in courts and other state bodies in Ukraine". In this case, the Law “On the Bar and Advocate's Activity” defines the Bar as a voluntary professional public association.

In order to defend a person charged with criminal offense, a person must be an attorney. An attorney under the Law “On the Bar and Advocate's Activity” can be a person who has higher legal education, stated by the diploma of Ukraine, or in line with the international treaties of Ukraine diploma of a foreign country, the work experience in the field of law no less than two years, fluent in the Language of the State, has passed a qualification exam, received a certificate entitling him to practice law, and taken the Ukrainian  Oath of the Attorney.

The Law determines that attorneys cannot hold a previous conviction. The Law also stipulates that the attorney cannot work in court,  a prosecutor's or state notary's office, bodies of internal affairs, security service, or state administration bodies.

In order to defend a person charged with criminal offense, an attorney must have a certificate entitling him to practice law  (issued by Regional Qualification-Disciplinary Bar Commission) or a Power of Attorney letter.
There are 25 Regional Qualifications- Disciplinary Bar Commissions in Ukraine: each in every Region (oblast) and one in the City of Kyiv and the City of Sevastopol.

A list of attorneys is kept and published by the  Supreme Qualification Bar Commission of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine.

To represent a client in a non-criminal case or to be an in-house a person must have a higher legal education.

A list of law firms is kept and published on the  official website of Ministry of Justice of Ukraine.

A list of lawyers from Kyiv University List of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv people.

A list of lawyers from Ukraine List of jurists.

Notaries
Notary in Ukraine is based on the guidelines set forth by the law entitled "On Notariate". According to the law, the Notariate is a system of bodies and officials obliged to certify rights, certify facts that have legal force and perform other notary actions as stated in the law with the purpose of giving them legal force.
In Ukraine, notary operations are carried out by state notaries, private notaries or officials of executive bodies of local (village, settlement, city) councils, if there are no notaries therein. The  difference between state and private notaries is the service fees imposed  by public notaries are fixed by the state, whereas the only aspect regulated by the State in regards to private notaries is the  price floor.

Any person who considers occupation of the notary post must be a citizen of Ukraine, have higher legal education (university, academy, institute), work on probation during 6 months in a state notary office or at private notary, pass a qualification exam and receive a certificate permitting notary actions. A person with any outstanding convictions cannot be a notary by law.

The Certificate permitting notary activities may be abrogated by the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine in the following cases:
- on notary's own initiative;
- loss of Ukrainian citizenship or departure to permanent residence outside Ukraine;
- notary's non-conformity to the occupied post because of health condition preventing him from accomplishment of notary activities;
- coming into force of conviction sentence against notary.

Notaries are not allowed by law to work in courts, police, and prosecutor offices, nor represent citizens in courts or any other government offices. The major role of notaries in Ukraine is to notarize documents and contracts between persons in accordance to Civil Code of Ukraine. Every notarized document, agreement, contract, etc. is issued on numerated, special paper form, protected by security features and is registered in the  notary's records which is kept after completion in regional (oblast) archives indefinitely. A notary database is kept and accessible to public on the official website of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine. As of 2007, about 13,000 registered notaries practice in Ukraine.

Criminal justice system
Criminal Investigations are carried out under official authority by law enforcement personnel
such as the Police,  the tax police (tax militia), Public Procurators (Public Prosecutors),  and the Security Service of Ukraine.

In Ukraine and other civil law jurisdictions, the jury holds equal power to three professional judges. The jury and judges first consider the question of guilt. Then, if applicable, they consider the penalty to apply. Juries are only used for severe felony cases with a ten-year or higher sentence.

Prison system
The State Department of Ukraine for Enforcement of Sentences oversees the prison system of Ukraine.

As of 2007, the total prison population in Ukraine was 240,000 people out of the 48 million population.

Prisons in Ukraine are classified as pre-trial or remand prisons (SIZO), high security prisons, medium security prisons, and low security prisons.

Those who are charged with criminal offenses which entail sentencing for three years or more are arrested and held before trial in investigative isolation during the period of criminal investigation and after sentencing are moved to the prison as indicated by the courts in the sentencing decision. Bail is rarely used by courts in Ukraine.

Identification
In Ukraine, every person over 18 years of age must carry a passport or (for foreigners) an alien document. A person unable to provide passport is allowed  to be arrested and held in police custody for up to 72 hours in order to establish the identity thereof.

See also
Incarceration in Ukraine
Constitution of Ukraine
Ukrainian nationality law
Income tax in Ukraine
Law enforcement in Ukraine
Ukrainian copyright law
Ministry of Justice (Ukraine)
Judicial system of Ukraine

References

Ukraine
Statutory law
Lists of Acts of Parliament of Ukraine


Fournets-Luisans () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Frambouhans () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Franey () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Franois () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France

Population

References

Communes of Doubs


Frasne () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

The local railway station, Gare de Frasne, was opened on 10 June 1855.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Website of the village www.frasne.net

Communes of Doubs


Froidevaux () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Fuans () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Gellin () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Gémonval () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Coal mines were operated in the village between 1826 and 1944.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Geneuille () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Montagu House at 22 Portman Square was a historic London house. Occupying a site at the northwest corner of the square, in the angle between Gloucester Place and Upper Berkeley Street, it was built for Mrs Elizabeth Montagu, a wealthy widow and patroness of the arts, to the design of the neoclassicist architect James Stuart. Construction began in 1777 and the house was completed in 1781, whereupon it became Mrs Montagu's London residence until her death on 25 August 1800. The house was destroyed by an incendiary bomb in the Blitz of London and the site is now occupied by the Radisson SAS Portman Hotel.

As described in a newspaper of the time, there were some improvements to the house that were completed in 1791.  These were a drawing room and a feather room.
The drawing room was designed by Bonomi.  The centrepiece of the ceiling was painted by Riguad.  The columns of verde antico were executed by Bartoli.  The chimney piece was by Westmascott.  The carvings and gildings were by Nelson and Borgnis.  The drawing room was hung with white figured damask.

The curtains were white satin fringed with gold.  In addition the room was furnished with chandeliers and large mirrors. The feather room was designed by Bonomi.   The background on the walls was of white feathers.  These were then decorated with brilliantly coloured feathers sewn together to form festoons of flowers and other fanciful decorations.  The decoration of this room was executed by Mrs Montagu together with a number of other women attendants.

References

See also
 List of demolished buildings and structures in London
 Montagu House, Bloomsbury
 Montagu House, Whitehall
 Montagu House, Blackheath

Former houses in the City of Westminster
Houses completed in 1781
Neoclassical architecture in London
Portman estate