The 2004 Football Association Community Shield  (also known as The FA Community Shield in partnership with McDonald's for sponsorship reasons) was the 82nd staging of the FA Community Shield, an annual football match contested by the reigning champions of the Premier League and the holders of the FA Cup. It was contested on 8 August 2004 by Arsenal, champions of the 2003–04 Premier League, and Manchester United, who beat Millwall in the final of the 2003–04 FA Cup. Watched by a crowd of 63,317 at the Millennium Stadium, Arsenal won the match 3–1.

This was Manchester United's 23rd Community Shield appearance and Arsenal's 18th. Manchester United were without seven of their first-choice players for the game, which meant David Bellion and Eric Djemba-Djemba came into the starting 11. Cesc Fàbregas started alongside Gilberto Silva in midfield for Arsenal as captain Patrick Vieira was absent. After a goalless first half, Arsenal took the lead when Gilberto scored in the 50th minute. Striker Alan Smith equalised for Manchester United soon after, but José Antonio Reyes put Arsenal back in front after United's defenders failed to clear the ball. Mikaël Silvestre scored an own goal 11 minutes before the end that ensured Arsenal's victory.

Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson was complimentary of his opponents afterwards and was pleased there were no new injuries to report. Opposing manager Arsène Wenger praised Fàbregas's performance and reiterated his desire to keep Vieira at Arsenal, after speculation regarding the player's impending transfer to Real Madrid.

Background
Founded in 1908 as a successor to the Sheriff of London Charity Shield, the FA Community Shield began as a contest between the respective champions of the Football League and Southern League, although in 1913, it was played between an Amateurs XI and a Professionals XI. In 1921, it was played by the league champions of the top division and FA Cup winners for the first time. Wembley Stadium acted as the host of the Shield from 1974. Cardiff's Millennium Stadium was hosting the Shield for the fourth time; it took over as the venue for the event while Wembley Stadium underwent a six-year renovation between 2001 and 2006.

Arsenal qualified for the 2004 FA Community Shield as winners of the Premier League. They finished their league campaign without a single defeat and earned the nickname "The Invincibles", akin to the Preston North End team that went unbeaten in the inaugural Football League season. The other Community Shield place went to Manchester United who had defeated Millwall 3–0 in the 2004 FA Cup Final. This was the fifth meeting between the two clubs in the Community Shield; Arsenal had won three of those meetings to Manchester United's two.

Meetings between Manchester United and Arsenal were often eventful encounters, as both clubs vied for domestic honours. A goalless draw between the two clubs in September 2003, in which Ruud van Nistelrooy missed a penalty in stoppage time, resulted in an altercation between both teams. Several Arsenal players were charged and fined accordingly by The Football Association (FA) for instigating the brawl; the club was later fined £175,000, the largest ever given to a club by the FA.

Pre-match

Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson said in his press conference: "The game will be competitive. Prestige comes into it, pride comes into it, so it is always competitive when we play Arsenal." He wanted to use the game as a means of preparing his team for their UEFA Champions League third qualifying round game against Dinamo București the following Wednesday. Ferguson was concerned about the state of his squad, with several first team players injured. He was irked that senior players Cristiano Ronaldo and Gabriel Heinze were absent, on duty for their respective national teams at the Summer Olympics: "Apparently, it's supposed to be for amateurs, and money earned is put in trust, but we will be paying their wages while they are away so I don't know what that's all about."

When asked about Arsenal's unbeaten run and whether it would be repeated in English football, Ferguson replied:

Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger responded by saying: "Everybody has the freedom to make a judgement. In the last 20 minutes of every game last season, we were never behind. That means we had already done the job before." He insisted the draws did not reflect on his team's negative tactics, but "because of other teams coming back into the game". On the issue of Patrick Vieira's anticipated move to Real Madrid, Wenger told reporters the player would remain at Arsenal. Wenger acknowledged his team were short on experience as a result of selling players and missing Vieira, Sol Campbell and Thierry Henry, who all were injured. He considered this to be a disadvantage, but argued "...the younger ones have to be given a chance. They all have to take some responsibility."

Tickets for the game went on general sale on 28 July 2004. They were advertised on the FA website at a cost of between £15 and £40. Sir Geoff Hurst was named as the event's chief guest.

Match

Team selection
For Arsenal, Thierry Henry was declared fit to start and played alongside Dennis Bergkamp up front. 17-year-old Cesc Fàbregas partnered Gilberto Silva in central midfield, with José Antonio Reyes and Jermaine Pennant providing width on either side. Manchester United were without seven of their first-team players, including Ruud van Nistelrooy, who required surgery on his hernia. Wes Brown and Louis Saha were also ruled out because of injury, so David Bellion and Eric Djemba-Djemba came into the first team.

Summary
Arsenal kicked off the match and within the first two minutes forced Manchester United defender Gary Neville to concede a throw-in. In the fifth minute, Manchester United won a free kick, but nothing came out of it as José Antonio Reyes blocked Paul Scholes's shot. Good play by Reyes and Henry fashioned a chance for Bergkamp in the ninth minute, but his strike was off target. Two minutes later a shot by Bergkamp from outside the box was saved by Manchester United goalkeeper Tim Howard. Before Henry was about to take a corner for Arsenal in the 16th minute, a cigarette lighter was thrown at him from the section occupied by Manchester United supporters – this resulted in police making two arrests during the game. Quinton Fortune used his pace to get the better of Lauren, but his cross into the Arsenal penalty area was cleared by Pascal Cygan. Arsenal continued to threaten – Henry's free kick prompted Howard to make a save and tip the ball over the crossbar, and Bergkamp came close to scoring in the 27th minute after clever play to lose his marker John O'Shea. The football continued to move from one end to the other, with Giggs and Reyes causing problems for their respective defences. In stoppage time at the end of the first half, Henry had his shot saved by Howard, while Scholes was similarly denied by Arsenal goalkeeper Jens Lehmann.

Manchester United made a slight change before the second half commenced, with Neville and O'Shea switching positions, while Arsenal brought Robin van Persie on in place of Henry. Arsenal began the half more strongly – Reyes sprinted past the Manchester United defence and went past Howard in the 48th minute, but his shot hit the side-netting. A minute later Arsenal scored. Bergkamp's pass put Reyes clear to run down the right-hand side of the pitch. He squared the ball to Gilberto, who side-footed it into the empty goal net. Manchester United responded by making three substitutions – Fortune, Giggs and Roy Keane off for Phil Neville, Diego Forlán and Darren Fletcher. Five minutes after going behind, Alan Smith equalised for Manchester United. A mistake in the Arsenal defence presented him with the chance to hit a half-volley; the ball dipped over Lehmann in goal. Arsenal retook the lead in the 59th minute – a disjointed move that ended with Reyes shooting the ball low in the bottom left hand corner. Phil Neville was shown the game's first yellow card in the 62nd minute, after fouling Reyes. Van Persie's free kick a minute later was deflected for a corner, which came to nothing. Jérémie Aliadière who came on for Bergkamp sustained a knee injury and had to come off after only a few minutes on the field. He was replaced by Gaël Clichy, whose arrival according to journalist Henry Winter "…accelerated Arsenal's drive further, particularly down the left where he kept combining well with Ashley Cole." In the 72nd minute, Eric Djemba-Djemba and Cole were each shown a yellow card for clashing with one another. Arsenal scored their third goal of the match 11 minutes before the end. Cole carried the ball into United's penalty box and his attempted cross hit defender Mikaël Silvestre, who was helpless to prevent the ball going into his own net.

Details

Statistics

Post-match and aftermath

Wenger clarified Vieira's future after the match: "My intention is clear: to keep him […] The challenge in front of us is hugely difficult and we need a complete focus. I'm not resigned to let the story go on. It has all to be sorted out before the season." He added that if Vieira chose to leave, the club could sufficiently replace him: "We've worked very hard in the last five years to get good young players in and you saw that today." Reyes, who was named man of the match, was frustrated at his missed chance early in the second half, but continued: "I set one up and then scored myself so I was much happier." Bergkamp was impressed with Fàbregas's performance in the match: "Normally at 17, you might be a bit unsure when you step out. But with players like Cesc, the way he has developed in one year is quite amazing."

Ferguson congratulated Arsenal on their win and said of the game: "It was about trying to make sure everyone was fit for Wednesday. I think we have managed to do that. There are no new injuries so far. Hopefully by tomorrow morning it will be a definite." He believed it was important to substitute Giggs and Keane early in the second half in order for them to recuperate in time for the Dinamo București game. Scholes, however, "…needed a game, which is why I left him on that bit longer." Ferguson felt Manchester United's preparations to the new season were hampered because of the injuries: "It's got a lot to do with summer football. It's not down to the European Championship, but you do wonder why the Copa América can't be at the same time. That harmony is never quite right, from Africa to America to Europe. Something should be done about that." Giggs said Manchester United needed to take the positives out of the match and anticipated Arsenal as their main rivals in the league: "[They] know what to do and how to handle the pressure when it comes around."

The two clubs next faced each other in a league fixture at Old Trafford on 23 October 2004, where Arsenal's unbeaten league run of 49 matches came to an end as Manchester United beat them 2–0.

See also
2004–05 FA Premier League
2004–05 FA Cup
Arsenal F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry

Footnotes

References

2004
Fa Community Shield
Charity Shield 2004
Charity Shield 2004
Fa Community Shield
2000s in Cardiff


The high commissioner for the Western Pacific was the chief executive officer of the British Western Pacific Territories, a British colonial entity, which existed from 1877 until 1976. Numerous colonial possessions were attached to the Territories at different times, the most durable constituent colonies being Fiji (1877 — 1952) and the Solomon Islands (1893 — 1976).

The office of high commissioner never existed independently, but was always filled ex officio by the Governor of one of the constitutive British islands colonies. The high commissioners were concurrently Governor of Fiji from 1877 to the end of 1952, although the office was suspended from 1942 through 1945, with most of the islands under British military rule and others, namely the Solomon Islands, Gilbert Islands and Phoenix Islands, under Japanese occupation. From 1 January 1953 to 1976, when the office was abolished, the governor of the Solomon Islands doubled as high commissioner. On 1 January 1972, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands were taken off with their own governor. On 2 January 1976 after nearly all had been given separate statehood, the office of high commissioner and the entity of the Pacific Territories were abolished.

They administered from Suva and Honiara, respectively.

List of high commissioners for the Western Pacific (1877–1976)

References

Sources and external links
 WorldStatesmen
 Deryck Scarr, Fragments of Empire. A History of the Western Pacific High Commission. 1877-1914, Canberra: Australian National University Press & London: C. Hurst & Co., 1967.
 McIntyre, William David. "Disraeli's colonial policy: The creation of the Western Pacific High Commission, 1874–1877." Historical Studies: Australia and New Zealand Volume 9, Issue 35  (1960): 279-294.

Lists of office-holders
History of Oceania
Oceania-related lists
Solomon Islands diplomacy-related lists
Western Pacific
Governance of the British Empire

Fiji diplomacy-related lists


The Seldom Seen Kid is the fourth studio album by English rock band Elbow. It was released by Fiction Records on 17 March 2008 in the United Kingdom and was released by Geffen Records on 22 April 2008 in the United States. The album debuted at number five on the UK Albums Chart and won the Mercury Prize in 2008.

Production
The album was recorded at Blueprint Studios in Manchester, and is the first Elbow album to be entirely self-produced, mixed and recorded without any outside help. The bulk of the record was written and performed by the band, aside from a guest appearance from singer-songwriter Richard Hawley, who contributes guest vocals, lead guitar and co-songwriting on "The Fix". The Seldom Seen Kid also incorporated dynamic range and made note of this in its packaging, by promoting Turn Me Up! in the album's packaging.

The title of the album is taken from one of the characters who appears in US author Damon Runyon's humorous, idiosyncratic tales of gangster life on New York's Broadway in the 1920s. In addition to appearing as a lyric within the album's first single, "Grounds for Divorce", The Seldom Seen Kid is also a nickname, given by Guy Garvey's father, to Bryan Glancy, a fellow Mancunian musician and friend of the band who died suddenly in 2006. The closing track, "Friend of Ours", as well as the liner notes of the album, are dedicated in his memory.

Release
The album debuted at number five on the UK Albums Chart, the highest charting position of the band's career so far. The album was released in the UK in three versions: a regular CD in a super-jewel box, a digipak CD (both with one bonus track, "We're Away") and a double 12" vinyl LP.

The song "Grounds for Divorce" was featured in a TV ad for the video game Left 4 Dead. It is also featured in the trailer for the 2008 Coen Brothers film Burn After Reading. Samples of the song are also featured on the motoring series Top Gear. Furthermore, "Grounds For Divorce" has also been featured in a promo-ad for the 6th season of the hit TV-show House, as well as the Rescue Me season 5 episode Jump on 25 August 2009. It was also featured in the soundtrack for Colin McRae: Dirt 2. "Grounds For Divorce" was also a background track in the 2011 season finale of "In Plain Sight" on USA Network. The song also appears on the soundtrack for the video game Driver: San Francisco in 2011. In 2019 the song also appeared in the season 1 episode "No One's Gonna Harm You, Not While I'm Around" of The Morning Show, and is used as the closing song.

"Mirrorball" appears on Skins in 2009 on series 3 episode "Katie and Emily".

A version of the song "One Day Like This", without lyrics, was used as background and theming for the BBC's coverage of the 2008 Olympic Games. It was used in adverts for the film The Soloist, as well as an episode of Waterloo Road, and was included in The Official BBC Children in Need Medley.

On 17 January 2009, at Abbey Road Studios in London, the band played the album live with the BBC Concert Orchestra (conducted by Mike Dixon), featuring London choir Chantage. BBC Radio 2 broadcast the audio recording on Saturday 31 January, whilst the filmed event was made available on BBC interactive television via the red button.

The band released a special limited edition CD/DVD set of the performance, entitled The Seldom Seen Kid Live at Abbey Road, on 30 March 2009.

Reception

The album has received nearly unanimous praise from media outlets, including the NME and Planet Sound, which both gave Elbow their fourth consecutive 9/10 album rating.

The album won the Mercury Music Prize in 2008, an achievement which Guy Garvey declared to be "the best thing that's ever happened to us." The band were previously nominated for the award in 2001 with their debut album Asleep in the Back.

Commercially the album was well received, opening at number five on the UK album charts, but faded away quickly. However, after the Mercury nomination the album saw a revival to gain gold status, with its second single "One Day Like This" re-entering the top 40 singles listing after the award win. The album had a steady chart run afterwards (including a re-entry in the top ten), enabling it to benefit from the busy Christmas market, and eventually reach over 300,000 sales, making it eligible for platinum status. It has since sold 860,000 .

In July 2011, The Seldom Seen Kid climbed from No. 103 back to No. 59 in the album's 159th charting week, making it having charted for more than 3 years there.

The band also won Best British Group at the 2009 Brit Awards and picked up two awards at the 2009 Ivor Novello Awards.  "One Day Like This" won Best Song and "Grounds for Divorce" was Best Contemporary Song.

The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Track listing

On the UK version of the album, there are 23 seconds of silence after "Friend of Ours" before "We're Away" begins, making its running time 5:01.

Personnel

Elbow
Guy Garvey – vocals, string and brass arrangements
Mark Potter – guitars
Craig Potter – keyboards, trumpet
Pete Turner – bass
Richard Jupp – drums

Additional musicians
Richard Hawley – vocals, lead guitar on "The Fix"
Ian Burdge – cello, backing vocals
Prabjote Osahn – violin, backing vocals
Stella Page – violin, viola, backing vocals
Ben Parsons – cornet
Nick Smart – cornet, flugel
Matt Ball – trombone
Sheona White – E-flat horn
Tim Barber – trumpet
Elbow Choir – backing vocals
Angela Thwaite – backing vocals
Louise Turner – backing vocals

Production
 Craig Potter – production, mixing
 Danny Evans – additional engineering on "Grounds for Divorce" and "Friend of Ours"
 Danny McTague – additional engineering on "One Day Like This"
 Tim Young – mastering
 Mazen Murad – mastering on "We're Away"
 Oliver East – artwork
 Red Design – design

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Accolades

Singles
 "Grounds for Divorce" (10 March 2008) [released and deleted in the same week] UK# 19
 CD: b/w "Hotel Istanbul" – 7:01
 7" #1: b/w "Our Little Boat" – 2:58
 7" #2: b/w "A Regret" – 1:09
 "One Day Like This" (18 March 2008 – US; 2 June 2008 – UK) UK# 35
 US: one-track digital download only
 CD: b/w "Lullaby" – 3:13
 7" #1: b/w "Every Bit the Little Girl" – 4:32
 7" #2: b/w "Li'l Pissed Charmin' Tune" – 3:44
 "The Bones of You" (29 September 2008)
 Promo CD: "The Bones of You" (radio edit) – 3:06
 Digital download: b/w "The Bones of You" (Live at Manchester Academy) – 4:47

The Seldom Seen Kid Live at Abbey Road

The Seldom Seen Kid Live at Abbey Road was recorded live with the BBC Concert Orchestra at Abbey Road Studios on 17 January 2009. A special limited edition CD/DVD set was released by Fiction Records on 30 March 2009, featured inside a small box with individual card sleeves for each disc, as well as five postcards featuring photos of each band member, and a special booklet with photos commemorating the recording.

CD and DVD track listing

References

2008 albums
Elbow (band) albums
Mercury Prize-winning albums
Fiction Records albums
Polydor Records albums
Geffen Records albums


"Let Me Get 'em" is a promo single from rap artist Soulja Boy's first studio album souljaboytellem.com. The song peaked number 15 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles.

Music video
The music video premiered on BET in February, 2008. The music video is in black and white showing friends of Soulja Boy doing the "Pool Palace", and girls dancing. At the end of the clip, it shows a sample of Soulja Boy and his friends all by a car singing a track on the album, "Snap and Roll." Cameos are made by S.O.D. Money Gang member Arab, and Collipark artist Hurricane Chris.

Song information
The track provides a warning at the beginning of the song, stating that the song is only a dance.

No official remix was made to the song, but Lil Wayne did a freestyle to the song for his mixtape Dedication 3, he titled it "Bang Bang", and featured guests are Gudda Gudda and Jae Millz.

Charts

References

2008 singles
Soulja Boy songs
Songs written by Soulja Boy


Utricularia calycifida is a small to medium-sized terrestrial perennial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. calycifida is endemic to northern South America and can be found in Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela.

Utricularia calycifida is frequently grown by carnivorous plant specialists. Because of its large leaves and variations in flower color and size, several cultivars of this species have been established, e.g. Utricularia 'Lavinia Whateley', U. 'Cthulhu', U. 'Yog-Sothoth', U. 'Mrs. Marsh,' and U. 'Asenath Waite.' These names are based upon characters in the novels and short stories of H. P. Lovecraft.

See also
 List of Utricularia species

References

External links
 New Cultivars - Carnivorous Plant Newsletter Volume 29, Number 1, March 2000, pages 14 - 21
 Galleria Carnivora - Utricularia
 Focusing on U. calycifida--a Variable Species (Carnivorous Plant Newsletter, 1992, 21:1, 9.)

Carnivorous plants of South America
Flora of Brazil
Flora of Guyana
Flora of Suriname
Flora of Venezuela
calycifida


The following article presents a summary of the 1918 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 17th season of competitive football in the country.

Campeonato Paulista

Final Standings

Paulistano declared as the Campeonato Paulista champions.

State championship champions

Brazil national team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1918.

References

 Brazilian competitions at RSSSF
 1918 Brazil national team matches at RSSSF

Seasons in Brazilian football
Brazil


Blast is a 2004 action film directed by Anthony Hickox and starring Eddie Griffin, Vinnie Jones, Breckin Meyer, and Vivica A. Fox. It was written by Steven E. de Souza. The film is a remake of the German television film Operation Noah (1998).

Plot
A terrorist, Michael Kittredge (Vinnie Jones), posing as an environmentalist protester leads a team of highly skilled mercenaries to take control of an oil rig off the coast of California, intending to detonate an electromagnetic bomb over the United States, striking a sort of "new Pearl Harbor" attack on behalf of enemies to the nation. What Kittredge didn't count on is a tugboat captain, Lamont Dixon (Eddie Griffin), who survives an attack on his ship, and is soon recruited by an FBI agent (Vivica A. Fox) to infiltrate the oil rig and procure information about their plans, and if possible, stop them. In the process, Dixon meets an eager computer expert (Breckin Meyer) aboard the oil rig who helps Dixon even as he gets on his nerves and Lamont suspects he can't really trust him.

Cast
 Eddie Griffin as Lamont Dixon
 Breckin Meyer as Jamal
 Vivica A. Fox as Agent Reed
 Vinnie Jones as Michael Kittridge
 Shaggy as Mace
 Tiny Lister as Smiley
 Nadine Velazquez as Luna
 Hannes Jaenicke as CEO Heller
Jordan Preaster as Andrew Cardway

References

External links

2004 films
2004 action thriller films
Films directed by Anthony Hickox
Films with screenplays by Steven E. de Souza
2000s English-language films
English-language German films
English-language South African films
American remakes of German films


David Bakradze () (born 1 July 1972) is a Georgian politician and diplomat who served as the Chairman of the Parliament of Georgia from 7 June 2008 to 21 October 2012.

Bakradze's previous assignments include a member of the Parliament from the United National Movement (April 2004-September 2007), Minister for the Conflict Issues (July 2007-January 2008), Minister of Foreign Affairs (January 2008-April 2008), and the President of Georgia's special envoy to NATO and the European Union (April 2008-June 2008). He is a First Class State Counselor and holds a diplomatic rank of Chief Minister Counselor.

Early life and education
David Bakradze was born in Tbilisi, Georgian SSR. He was educated at Georgian Technical University and the Georgian Institute for Public Affairs (GIPA) as well as gaining a Doctor's degree in Physics and Mathematics from Tbilisi State University. Apart from numerous high-profile government positions Bakradze has been actively involved in various educational programmes attending the Swiss International Relations Institute in Geneva, in 1997, and studying at George Marshall European Centre for Security Studies in Germany in 1998. In 2001 Bakradze graduated from NATO Defence College, Rome, Italy. He has served in the National Guard of Georgia Reserve and is a lieutenant commander.

Political career
Bakradze has been actively involved in Georgian politics since 1997. He worked for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia from 1997 to 2002, and for the National Security Council of Georgia from 2002 to 2004. In April 2004, he was elected to the Parliament of Georgia from the United National Movement (UNM) led by the President of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili. He chaired the Parliamentary Committee for the Euro-Atlantic Integration until 19 July 2007, when he was appointed as a Minister for the Conflict Issues, and hence, a chief negotiator in the Abkhazian and South Ossetian affairs. In January 2008, he became the Foreign Minister of Georgia in the cabinet of the Prime Minister Lado Gurgenidze.

On 21 April 2008 Bakradze was named to lead the UNM party list in the parliamentary election scheduled on 21 May 2008. This decision came after the chairperson of the outgoing parliament, Nino Burjanadze, refused, in a surprise move, to lead the party list due to her disagreement with the UNM leadership.

On 7 June 2008 Bakradze was unanimously elected a chairperson of the Parliament of Georgia at that legislature's inaugural session. In 2012 he was again selected again selected to lead the UNM list for the 1 October parliamentary election, which was won by the Bidzina Ivanishvili-Georgian Dream opposition coalition. Consequently, Bakradze became the leader of the parliamentary minority, being succeeded by David Usupashvili, a Georgian Dream member, as the chairman of the parliament.

In 2013, Bakradze was selected to be the UNM's candidate through internal party election, primaries for the 27 October presidential election. He ended up second in the race and, shortly after the exit poll results were announced, congratulated Georgian Dream's candidate Giorgi Margvelashvili on victory. In the 2018 election, he came in third and received nearly 11 percent of the vote; for the run-off, he announced he would support Grigol Vashadze in the second round.

Recognition
Bakradze was awarded the Commander's Cross Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland by the President of Poland (2010).

Notes

References

External links
Bakradze - Government of Georgia Website

|-

1972 births
Living people
Diplomats from Tbilisi
Government ministers of Georgia (country)
Politicians from Tbilisi
Speakers of the Parliament of Georgia
United National Movement (Georgia) politicians
Commanders of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
Foreign Ministers of Georgia
Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies alumni
Ambassadors of Georgia (country) to the United States
European Georgia politicians
Georgian Technical University alumni


The Best Science Fiction Stories: 1951 is a 1951 anthology of science fiction short stories edited by Everett F. Bleiler and T. E. Dikty.  An abridged edition was published in the UK by Grayson in 1952 under the title "The Best Science Fiction Stories: Second Series".  Most of the stories had originally appeared in 1950 in the magazines Fantasy and Science Fiction, Worlds Beyond, Astounding SF, Other Worlds, Galaxy Science Fiction, Fantastic Story Quarterly, Startling Stories, Collier's Weekly, Thrilling Wonder Stories and Weird Tales.

Contents

 Introduction, by Everett F. Bleiler & T. E. Dikty
 "The Santa Claus Planet", by Frank M. Robinson
 "The Gnurrs Come from the Voodvork Out", by Reginald Bretnor
 "The Mindworm", by Cyril Kornbluth
 "The Star Ducks", by Bill Brown
 "Not to Be Opened—", by Roger Flint Young
 "Process", by A. E. van Vogt
 "Forget-Me-Not", by William F. Temple
 "Contagion", by Katherine MacLean
 "Trespass!", by Poul Anderson & Gordon Dickson
 "Oddy and Id", by Alfred Bester
 "To Serve Man", by Damon Knight
 "Summer Wear", by L. Sprague de Camp
 "Born of Man and Woman", by Richard Matheson
 "The Fox in the Forest", by Ray Bradbury
 "The Last Martian", by Fredric Brown
 "The New Reality", by Charles L. Harness
 "Two Face", by Frank Belknap Long
 "Coming Attraction", by Fritz Leiber

Reception
P. Schuyler Miller described the anthology as an "intelligent, representative, well-balanced panorama of the science-fiction field."

References

Sources

1951 anthologies
Best Science Fiction Stories 1951


Events from the year 1525 in Ireland.

Incumbent
Lord: Henry VIII

Births
Gerald FitzGerald, 11th Earl of Kildare (d. 1585)

References

1520s in Ireland
Ireland
Years of the 16th century in Ireland


The Momentary Average Interruption Frequency Index (MAIFI) is a reliability index used by electric power utilities.  MAIFI is the average number of momentary interruptions that a customer would experience during a given period (typically a year).  Electric power utilities may define momentary interruptions differently, with some considering a momentary interruption to be an outage of less than 1 minute in duration while others may consider a momentary interruption to be an outage of less than 5 minutes in duration.

Calculation
MAIFI is calculated as

Reporting
MAIFI has tended to be less reported than other reliability indicators, such as SAIDI, SAIFI, and CAIDI.  However, MAIFI is useful for tracking momentary power outages, or "blinks," that can be hidden or misrepresented by an overall outage duration index like SAIDI or SAIFI.

Causes
Momentary power outages are often caused by transient faults, such as lightning strikes or vegetation contacting a power line, and many utilities use reclosers to automatically restore power quickly after a transient fault has cleared.

Comparisons
MAIFI is specific to the area ( power utility, state, region, county, power line, etc. ) because of the many variables that affect the measure: high/low lightning, number & type of trees, high/low  winds, etc. Therefore, comparing MAIFI of one power utility to another is not valid and should not be used in this type of benchmarking. It also is difficult to compare this measure of reliability
within a single utility. One year may have had an unusually high number of thunderstorms and thus skew any comparison to another year's MAIFI.

References

Electric power
Reliability indices


Andrew Michael Duncan Lycett (born 1948) FRSL is an English biographer and journalist.

Early life
Born at Stamford, Lincolnshire to Peter Norman Lycett Lycett and Joan Mary Duncan (née Day), Lycett spent some of his childhood in Tanganyika, where his father established a preparatory school, The Southern Highlands School. Peter Lycett's mother was of the Burns-Lindow family of Ingwell and Ehen Hall, Cumbria. Lycett was educated at Charterhouse School and studied history at Christ Church, Oxford.

Career
Lycett worked for a while for The Times as a correspondent in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. He has written several well-received biographies and he is best known for his biography of Ian Fleming, Ian Fleming: The Man Behind James Bond.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2009 and he is a Fellow in 2014.

He lives and writes in London.

Bibliography

Books

 Ian Fleming (W&N, 1995); US title, Ian Fleming: The man behind James Bond (Turner Publishing, 1995)
 From Diamond Sculls to Golden Handcuffs: A history of Rowe & Pitman (London: Robert Hale, 1999) – stockbrokers established by George Duncan Rowe and Frederick I. Pitman
 Rudyard Kipling (W&N, 1999)
 Barrack-Room Ballads, Rudyard Kipling (2001?) – an edition of Barrack-Room Ballads and other verses (1892) annotated by Lycett
 Dylan Thomas: A new life (W&N, 2003)
 Conan Doyle: The man who created Sherlock Holmes (W&N, 2007); US title, The Man Who Created Sherlock Holmes: The life and times of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (Free Press, 2007)
 Kipling Abroad: Traffics and discoveries from Burma to Brazil, Rudyard Kipling, edited by Lycett (I.B. Tauris, 2010)
 Wilkie Collins: A life of sensation (Hutchinson & Co., 2013)

Book reviews

References

External links

Living people
1948 births
English biographers
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
History Today people
People educated at Charterhouse School


Oxbow is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Antwerp, Jefferson County, New York, United States. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 108.

History
It was founded in 1817 by Abraham Cooper, an ancestor of Ambassador Charles W. Yost. Located at Oxbow is the Dr. Abner Benton House (1819), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

Geography
Oxbow is in northern Jefferson County, in the northern part of the town of Antwerp. It sits at the south end of a sharp bend in the Oswegatchie River at an altitude of . According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all  land.

Oxbow is  northeast of Watertown, the Jefferson county seat, and  southwest of Gouverneur.

Demographics

References

Hamlets in New York (state)
Census-designated places in New York (state)
Census-designated places in Jefferson County, New York
Hamlets in Jefferson County, New York


Events from the year 1546 in Ireland.

Incumbent
Monarch: Henry VIII

Events
February 7 – John Bathe becomes Principal Solicitor for Ireland.
May 30 – Cornelius O'Dea is nominated by Henry VIII as first Church of Ireland Bishop of Killaloe (consecrated 12 July).
October 28 – Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond succeeds the earldom following the death of his father James.
Sir John Alan, Lord Chancellor of Ireland, is removed from office by the Privy Council of England on a complaint of corruption, and Sir Richard Reade is sent to Dublin to replace him.

Births
Possible date – Thomas Field, Jesuit explorer (d. 1625)

Deaths
October 28 – James Butler, 9th Earl of Ormonde (b. c.1515)

References

1540s in Ireland
Ireland
Years of the 16th century in Ireland


In terms of available healthcare and health status Sierra Leone is rated very poorly. Globally, infant and maternal mortality rates remain among the highest. The major causes of illness within the country are preventable with modern technology and medical advances. Most deaths within the country are attributed to nutritional deficiencies, lack of access to clean water, pneumonia, diarrheal diseases, anemia, malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS.

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative finds that Sierra Leone is fulfilling 62.1% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to health based on its level of income. When looking at the right to health with respect to children, Sierra Leone achieves 76.8% of what is expected based on its current income. In regards to the right to health amongst the adult population, the country achieves only 67.3% of what is expected based on the nation's level of income.  Sierra Leone falls into the "very bad" category when evaluating the right to reproductive health because the nation is fulfilling only 42.3% of what the nation is expected to achieve based on the resources (income) it has available.

Health status
The 2014 CIA estimated average life expectancy in Sierra Leone was 57.39 years. In 2015, after improvements in health in other poorer countries life expectancy for both men and women was the lowest in the world.

Disability

It is estimated that there are about 450,000 disabled people in Sierra Leone, though number could be under-estimated. Common disabilities in Sierra Leone include blindness, deafness, war wounded, amputees and post-polio syndrome.

Emergency medical response
In 2019, having lacked an organised rapid emergency medical response, the First Responder Coalition of Sierra Leone (FRCSL) was established by five national and international organizations in June to develop emergency first responder programs across Sierra Leone. The founding members of the Coalition were the Sierra Leone Red Cross Society, LFR International, the University of Makeni, Holy Spirit Hospital, and Agency for Rural Community Transformation. The establishment of the FRCSL was timely as the 72nd World Health Assembly had declared emergency care systems essential to universal health coverage in May. The Coalition began work in Makeni, training 1,000 community members to be first responders over a two-month period and equipping each with first aid skills and materials.

Endemic diseases
Yellow fever and malaria are endemic to Sierra Leone.

Sierra Leone's entire estimated population of 6.5 million is vulnerable to malaria. Over two million outpatient visits are reported due to malaria annually, of which half are children under five years of age. The 2016 Malaria Indicator Survey demonstrated parasitemia ranges from 6 percent in Western Urban to 58 percent in Koinadugu district, among children 6–59 months of age. Malaria transmission has two peaks, during the rainy season in May and in October/November. Plasmodium falciparum causes the majority of infections.

Maternal and child healthcare
Of the 20 countries with the highest incidence of maternal mortality, 19 of them are located in Sub-Saharan Africa, with the highest rates in the world occurring in Sierra Leone. One in seventeen women risks dying during pregnancy or childbirth.

The 2015 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Sierra Leone is 1,360.  This is compared with 970 in 2010 and 1032 in 2008. The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 198 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 25. In Sierra Leone the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 1 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women 1 in 21.

Since the Ebola outbreak of 2014/2015, healthcare facilities have been associated with pain and death. Africans are choosing to reject the safety of hospitals out for any sort of care, especially for childbirth. It is estimated that maternal mortality rates will increase by 74 percent in the coming years. This statistic has been called the "next wave of deaths from Ebola
" due to the potential increase in maternal deaths because of the avoidance of hospitals.

Mental health
Mental health care in Sierra Leone is almost non-existent. Many sufferers try to cure themselves with the help of traditional healers. During the Civil War (1991–2002), many soldiers took part in atrocities and many children were forced to fight. This left them traumatised, with an estimated 400,000 people (by 2009) being mentally ill. Thousands of former child soldiers have fallen into substance abuse as they try to blunt their memories. There is one primitive psychiatric facility in Sierra Leone.

Infectious diseases
Sierra Leone suffers from epidemic outbreaks of diseases including cholera, Lassa fever, and meningitis.

HIV/AIDS
Sierra Leone has a prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the population of 1.6 percent.

Ebola
In 2014 there was an outbreak of the Ebola virus in Sierra Leone. As of August 4, 2014, there had been 691 cases of Ebola in Sierra Leone and 286 deaths.

Health conditions and human rights in Sierra Leone

HIV/AIDS
Discrimination based on HIV status is illegal, but HIV-positive people are highly stigmatized, with HIV-positive children being denied schooling, adults denied jobs, and abandonment by families common. Persons with HIV are often driven to suicide.

Leading causes of death
The leading 10 causes of death in Sierra Leone are:

 Malaria
 Lower respiratory infections
 Neonatal disorders
 Diarrheal diseases
 Ischemic heart disease
 Tuberculosis
 Stroke
 Congenital defects
 HIV/AIDS
 Meningitis

Water supply and sanitation

A 2006 national survey found that 84% of the urban population and 32% of the rural population had access to an improved water source. Those with access in rural areas were served almost exclusively by protected wells. The 68% of the rural population without access to an improved water source relied on surface water (50%), unprotected wells (9%) and unprotected springs (9%).

20% of the urban population and 1% of the rural population had access to piped drinking water in their home.

Access to an improved water source does not give an indication about whether water supply is continuous. For example, in Freetown taps were running dry for most of the year in 2009. People collected water in containers wherever they can and those who can afford it install water tanks on their houses. Even the fire brigade used its trucks to sell drinking water. There were fights between firefighters and employees of the Guma Water Company, responsible for water supply in Freetown, sometimes resulting in deaths.

References

External links
 Ministry of Health and Sanitation
 The State of the World's Midwifery - Sierra Leone Country Profile


Jaanus Sirel (born 29 July 1975 in Pechory, Russia) is an Estonian former professional footballer. He was playing the position of defender and midfielder.

Former clubs include DAG Tartu, Lelle SK, JK Viljandi Tulevik, FC Kuressaare, FC Elva, JK Maag Tartu and JK Maag Tammeka Tartu.

Sirel played once for the Estonia national team.

References

1975 births
People from Pechory
Living people
Estonian men's footballers
Estonia men's international footballers
Viljandi JK Tulevik players
FC Kuressaare players
Tartu JK Tammeka players
FC Elva players
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football midfielders
Pärnu JK Tervis players
Tartu JK Merkuur players


Audrey Mullender FAcSS FRSA is a British academic who was Principal of Ruskin College, Oxford, from April 2004 to November 2013.

Education
Mullender was educated at the University of Sheffield, as well as the University of Bordeaux, University of Nottingham, and the University of Warwick, where she obtained a PhD and a DLitt.

Career
From 1996 to 2004, she was Professor of Social Work and chair of the School of Health and Social Studies and the Faculty of Social Studies and director of the Centre for the Study of Safety and Well-being at the University of Warwick.

She is a prolific writer, with more than 120 publications in the social work field, including 20 books. She is a member of the Academy of Social Sciences, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, and was Vice-Chair of the Social Policy and Social Work Sub-Panel in the last Research Assessment Exercise.

Mullender has carried out research on domestic violence, post-adoption issues, and group work theory.

While Principal of Ruskin College, Mullender took the controversial decision to destroy parts of the college's archives. While she took significant criticism for her decision, Mullender asserted that the College was legally required to dispose of the records because they contained personally identifying information.

Publications

Books

Journal articles

References

Living people
Academics of Ruskin College
Academics of the University of Warwick
British educational theorists
Alumni of the University of Sheffield
Alumni of the University of Nottingham
Alumni of the University of Warwick
Fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences
Year of birth missing (living people)


Al-Ahli Sports Club () also known as Al-Ahli Wad Medani is a football club in Wad Medani, Sudan. They played in the top level of Sudanese professional football, the Sudan Premier League. Their rival is Ittihad Madani,  a team also based in Wad Medani
Al-Ahli (Wad Medani)
Founded in 1928

Honours

National titles
Sudan Premier League
Runners-up (2):1969, 1982
Sudan Cup
Runners-up (1) :2000

Performance in CAF Competitions
African Cup Winners' Cup
1983 – Second Round

References

External links
Team profile – leballonrond.fr

Football clubs in Sudan
Al Jazirah (state)
1928 establishments in Sudan
Association football clubs established in 1928


Waria may refer to:
 Waria River
 Waria, India, a locality in West Bengal
 IK Waria, a Swedish football club
 Waria (person), a portmanteau word for the third gender group in Indonesia
 Waria Rural LLG in Papua New Guinea


Opolski (feminine Opolska, neuter Opolskie, plural Opolscy) may refer to:

 Uniwersytet Opolski
 Politechnika Opolska
 Powiat opolski (disambiguation)
 Opole Voivodeship (Province) ()
 Góry Opolskie
 Kąty Opolskie
 Rogów Opolski
 Strzelce Opolskie
 Gmina Strzelce Opolskie
 Strzelce Opolskie County
 Tarnów Opolski
 Gmina Tarnów Opolski

 Family name
 Jarosław Opolski (means "Jarosław, Duke of Opole")
 Nicholas Opolski, an Australian actor
 Władysław Opolski (means "Władysław of Opole")

See also
 Władysław Opolczyk
 Oppolzer

Polish-language surnames


KETU (1120 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Catoosa, Oklahoma, and serving the Tulsa metropolitan area. The station broadcasts a Spanish adult contemporary radio format and is owned by Antonio Perez, through licensee Radio Las Americas Arkansas, LLC.

KETU is a daytimer station.  It is powered at 10,000 watts by day and 7,000 watts during critical hours.  Because 1120 AM is a clear channel frequency reserved for KMOX in St. Louis, KETU must go off the air at night to avoid interference.  The station uses a directional antenna with a two-tower array.  The transmitter is on East 106 Street at North 14th Avenue in Sperry.  Programming is heard around the clock on 250-watt FM translator K250BN at 97.9 MHz in Tulsa.

History
The station signed on the air on .  Its original call sign was KEOR licensed to Atoka, Oklahoma, and operated for many years on the frequency 1110 kHz.  Then, as now, KEOR was a daytimer.  It had a power of 5,000 watts but had to go off the air at sunset.  It broadcast a country music format and was an affiliate of the ABC Entertainment Network.

KEOR flipped to Top 40 hits in the 1970s. In 1984, KEOR changed to Southern Gospel, after brokering the station to Sonshine Ministries. In the 1990s, Sonshine broker weekday programming to Christian talk and teaching ministries, while Saturday mornings were brokered to Ed and Jolene Bullard, who used their time to play Classic Country and Bluegrass music. KEOR would be sold to Edward J. and Leticia Vega in 2012.

In 2008, the Raftt Corporation, the station's owner, got permission from the Federal Communications Commission to move 100 miles north, into the more lucrative Tulsa radio market.  The city of license was switched to Catoosa, a suburb of Tulsa, and the frequency relocated to 1120 kHz, one notch up the dial.  Meanwhile, in the early 2000s, some Catholic organizations around the U.S. were looking for radio stations to broadcast Catholic programming, in response to the increasing number of stations proclaiming an Evangelical Christian message.

In January 2009, The Raftt Corporation reached an agreement to sell this station to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tulsa for $880,000. The deal was approved by the FCC on March 17, 2009.  However the transaction was subsequently cancelled. Raftt later sold the station to Edward J. and Leticia Vega's La Zeta 95.7 Inc. The sale was consummated on November 21, 2012, and the station switched its call sign to KETU.  La Zeta put a Spanish-language format on KETU.

Effective September 22, 2020, La Zeta 95.7 swapped KETU and $10,000 to Radio Las Americas Arkansas, LLC in exchange for KLTK, a Regional Mexican station in Centerton, Arkansas.

Translators

References

External links
http://ladiferentetulsa.com/

ETU
Radio stations established in 1968
ETU
1968 establishments in Oklahoma


Object Technology International (OTI) was founded in Ottawa, Ontario (Canada) in 1988 and acquired by IBM in 1996. OTI, in conjunction with the IBM development lab in Cary, NC, developed the VisualAge line Smalltalk and Java development tools, that eventually culminated in the open source Eclipse tool platform and integrated development environment (IDE).

OTI continued to operate with many of the same employees as it did when it was purchased by IBM until 2003–2004, when it was gradually disbanded as a distinct entity and its remaining employees absorbed into IBM.

References

External links
Dave Thomas - Travels with Smalltalk: an account of the story of Smalltalk from one of the founders of OTI
Planet OTI  Aggregator for former OTI employee blogs.

Software companies of Canada
Eclipse (software)
1988 establishments in Canada
1988 establishments in Ontario
Software companies established in 1988
Companies established in 1988


The Delmas Treason Trial was heard in the Supreme Court of South Africa from 16 October 1985 to 18 November 1988. In one of the lengthiest political trials in South African history, the apartheid state pursued treason charges against 22 activists for their alleged role in instigating the 1984 Vaal uprising in the Vaal Triangle. The trial led to the conviction of Moses Chikane, Mosiuoa Lekota, Popo Molefe, and Tom Manthata on treason charges, and seven others were convicted of terrorism.

Formally State v Baleka and Others, the trial is nicknamed for the town of Delmas in the Eastern Transvaal, though it was concluded in Pretoria. It is commonly viewed as part of an attempt by the apartheid state to criminalise and suppress the United Democratic Front (UDF) and broader anti-apartheid movement. Most of the accused were members of the Vaal Civic Association, a UDF affiliate which had been involved in organising the protests that triggered the 1984 uprising. Three – Chikane, Lekota, and Molefe – were high-ranking UDF officials. Most were arrested in late 1984, indicted in June 1985, and released on bail by July 1987, though the three UDF leaders were refused bail throughout the trial.

Over the course of three years, the state presented its argument that the UDF had been established at the instigation of the outlawed African National Congress (ANC) and had henceforth become the ANC's co-conspirator in seeking to overthrow the state. The defendants were accused of having, through various non-violent political acts, sought to further the ANC's revolutionary aims, including by deliberately provoking revolt in the Vaal Triangle. Represented by Arthur Chaskalson and George Bizos, the defendants also denied alternative charges of common-purpose murder, terrorism, and other violations of the Internal Security Act.

Three of the accused were acquitted when the prosecution concluded its argument in November 1986, and a further eight were acquitted when Judge Kees van Dijkhorst handed down his verdict in November 1988. The remaining 11 were convicted and were sentenced on 8 December 1988. The three UDF leaders and one other were convicted of treason and sentenced to lengthy terms of imprisonment, while seven others were convicted of terrorism, for which two served prison sentences.

The verdict was overturned on appeal in State v Malindi and Others, handed down in the Supreme Court Appellate Division in Bloemfontein on 15 December 1989. The appeal succeeded on the narrow procedural ground that the trial judge had improperly removed an assessor from the case on the basis of his political sympathies. The 11 convicts were released six weeks before the ANC and other political organisations were unbanned to facilitate the progress of negotiations to end apartheid.

Background

Vaal Uprising: September 1984

The Delmas Treason Trial was rooted most directly in events in September 1984 in the Vaal Triangle, an industrial area in the Southern Transvaal which included Boipatong, Sebokeng, Sharpeville, and other black townships. The events in question later were the opening salvo in the Vaal uprising, which constituted a period of unprecedented revolt by the townships' black residents against the South African government's system of apartheid.

In the early 1980s, the government of P. W. Botha had undertaken a package of political reforms, known as the Koornhof Bills, which established a Tricameral Parliament, purporting to provide political representation for Coloured and Indian South Africans, alongside Black local authorities, purporting to provide political representation for urban Black communities. At the national level, much of the political opposition to these reforms was led by the United Democratic Front (UDF), a network of civic and political organisations opposed to apartheid. In Vaal specifically, the group leading the opposition movement was the Vaal Civic Association, which was affiliated to the UDF but ideologically diverse. On 3 September 1964, shortly after the 1984 general election, the association organised demonstrations against black local authorities, who had recently imposed rent increases. The protests turned violent, leading, among other things, to the killing of black councillors and residents and to a prolonged period of civil unrest in the area.

Most of the defendants in the Delmas trial were arrested in the weeks after 3 September, as the unrest continued. Although the defendants were primarily activists in Vaal, their arrest was part of a wider-scale national crackdown on anti-apartheid groups, particularly the UDF and its affiliates; the same wave of arrests led also to the Pietermaritzburg Treason Trial and a handful of other political trials. The crackdown continued throughout the three-year trial, with the apartheid government instituting a series of states of emergency which restricted the activities of the UDF and other opposition groups.

Indictment: June 1985
The 22 defendants were finally indicted in June 1985 on charges arising from events during the Vaal uprising; they appeared in court less than 24 hours later. The main charge against them was high treason, with alternative charges of terrorism, subversion, and furthering the aims of illegal organisations, all statutory offences under the Internal Security Act of 1982. They were also charged with five counts of murder in respect of the deaths of five black councillors in Vaal. The charges carried the death penalty.

After the indictment was filed, the Transvaal attorney general, using powers granted to him by the Internal Security Act, ordered the court to deny bail to all the accused; although the defence appealed the order, it was upheld. For much of the trial, the defendants were held at Modderbee Prison.

Defendants
The Delmas defendants had diverse ideological backgrounds, but the vast majority were residents of black townships in the Vaal Triangle and members of the Vaal Civic Association, an affiliate of the UDF. In particular, three of the accused were high-ranking officials in the UDF: Mosiuoa Lekota (national publicity secretary), Moss Chikane (former Transvaal regional secretary), and Popo Molefe (national general secretary). However, another three of the accused were members or sympathisers of the Azanian People's Organisation, which generally had a strained relationship with the UDF and its allies. All of the accused were men.

The following is a list of all 22 defendants in the trial.

 Patrick Mabuya Baleka
 Oupa John Hlomuka
 Tebogo Geoffrey Moselane
 Mohapi Lazarus More
 Gcinumuzi Petrus Malindi
 Morake Petrus Mokoena
 Tsietsi David Mphuthi
 Naphtali Mbuti Nkopane
 Tebello Ephraim Ramakgula
 Bavumile Herbert Vilakazi
 Sekwati John Mokoena
 Mkhambi Amos Malindi
 Simon Tseko Nkoli
 Pelamotse Jerry Tlhopane
 Serame Jacob Hlanyane
 Thomas Madikwe Manthata
 Hlabeng Sam Matlole
 Maxala Simon Vilakazi
 Popo Simon Molefe
 Mosiuoa Patrick Lekota
 Moses Mabokela Chikane
 Thabiso Andrew Ratsomo

Trial: 1985–1988

The trial began on 16 October 1985 in the small town of Delmas in the Eastern Transvaal; from January 1986, it was heard at the Palace of Justice in downtown Pretoria, the seat of the Supreme Court Transvaal Division. The ultimate verdict was handed down in the same courtroom where Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964. Presiding was Judge Kees van Dijkhorst, assisted on factual questions by two assessors, Willem Joubert and W. F. Kruger. The prosecution was led by P. B. Jacobs, P. Fick and W. Hanekom. Counsel for the defence were led by Arthur Chaskalson and also included George Bizos, Karel Tip, Gilbert Marcus, Zak Yacoob, and Ismail Mahomed.

The state expected the trial to last no longer than six months, but it became one of the longest political trials in South African history, partly because the large number of defendants. It was conducted over 37 months, with 437 days in the courtroom and court transcripts running to 27,194 pages; 278 witnesses were called and 1,556 documents were admitted as evidence. During that time, one of the youngest defendants, Lazarus More, was married in the same courtroom. Also during the trial, one of the defendants, Simon Nkoli, famously came out as gay, first to his co-accused and then publicly; his prison letters, primarily concerning his announcement and the reaction it received, were later published.

Arguments

Prosecution
The prosecution alleged that all 22 defendants were participants in a grand conspiracy against the apartheid state. At the most abstract level, it was alleged that the UDF had been formed as a vehicle for carrying out the purposes of the African National Congress (ANC) and South African Communist Party (SACP), anti-apartheid organisations which had been banned in South Africa since 1960 and operated in exile from headquarters in Lusaka, Zambia. According to the prosecution, the UDF had been founded in August 1983 at the direct instigation of ANC president Oliver Tambo, who the state said had called for ANC members inside South Africa to mobilise against the state. In other words, the UDF was alleged to be the "internal wing" of the ANC. The state claimed that "the UDF, its management, officialdom and members of organisations affiliated to the UDF and members of organisations that actively support the UDF" were all participants in a conspiracy whose ultimate aim was to overthrow the state.

More proximately, the prosecution alleged that the Delmas defendants had attempted to serve the ANC's revolutionary aims by instigating violence in the Vaal townships in September 1984. Political leaders in Vaal were accused of having exploited residents' socioeconomic grievances to provoke subversion. In this respect, the prosecution concurred with national Minister of Law and Order Louis le Grange, who had announced in September 1984 that the uprising was not in fact a response to the rent increases but was driven by "individuals and other forces".

In this framework, and with the aid of the common purpose doctrine, the state presented ostensibly normal, non-violent political acts by the defendants – including attendance at political or community meetings, statements at such meetings, and possession of political literature – as evidence for their complicity in the ANC's revolutionary conspiracy. By a similar logic, the state argued that the defendants could collectively be held responsible for the killing of the five black councillors during the uprising, even though the state did not claim that they had individually participated in any murderous acts.

Defence
The defendants denied all charges, but the UDF's Lekota said that they would attempt to use the trial to "assist in the process of change in this country". Leading co-counsel George Bizos later described their strategy as "a Socratic defence", similar to that adopted by activists in the 1956 Treason Trial: "we would admit to most of the facts but then you say far from committing any crime, I have done my patriotic duty and shouldn't be punished". The defence conceded that they had participated in opposition politics but argued that their participation constituted legitimate and non-violent acts of protest. The defendants also put forward that they had been politicised by their socioeconomic circumstances, not by the ANC's political ideology. At a broader level, they claimed that the UDF had been formed as a popular front not in response to a call by Oliver Tambo but to an earlier call by internal activist Allan Boesak, an account generally supported by scholars of black politics.

Similarly, in respect of the September 1984 protests, the defence argued that the UDF had a minimal role, and that most of the organisation had occurred in independent local structures. They presented hundreds of affidavits from local residents in Vaal who outlined the specific local grievances – primarily related to misconduct and maladministration by local councillors – which they said had motivated them to participate in popular protests.

Three acquitted: November 1986
When the state rested its case, Chaskalson for the defence applied for the release of all 22 defendants on the grounds that the state's evidence was irrelevant to the charges. In late November 1986, Judge van Dijkhorst ruled that, in the case of most of the defendants, there was evidence to suggest that their aim had been "the destruction of local authority in the Vaal Triangle". However, he said that there was insufficient evidence to continue to hold three of the defendants: Lazarus More, Amos Malindi, and Simon Vilakazi were acquitted and released.

At the same time, van Dijkhorst granted bail to six of the remaining 19 defendants. They were joined by ten others in mid-1987, when van Dijkhorst granted $7,500 bail to all but the three UDF leaders, Lekota, Molefe, and Chikane. He said that his decision was based on the evident "material change" in the security situation in Transvaal, with less racial unrest, but that he remained unpersuaded that the UDF three would appear for trial if released.

Verdict: November 1988
Arguments concluded in mid-November 1988 and Judge van Dijkhorst opened the reading of his 1,521-page verdict by withdrawing bail for eight defendants. Another early inauspicious sign for the defence was the judge's warning that "No freedom can be absolute, not even freedom of speech. The state also is entitled to be protected against the venomous tongue of rabble rousers". On 18 November 1988, van Dijkhorst concluded his verdict by acquitting eight of the defendants and convicting the eleven others.

Underlying the convictions was the judge's endorsement of the prosecution's view of the UDF. In a lengthy footnote, he accepted the state's claim "that the dominant part of the UDF leadership acted as the internal wing of the ANC". He accepted, moreover, that the UDF, though it had not openly advocated violence, had "set about to foster dissatisfaction and create a revolutionary climate amongst the Black population" in order to "prepare the ground for the final onslaught by the masses" against the state. He viewed the Vaal uprising as a mechanism of this stratagem and therefore dismissed the defence's argument that the uprising had been a spontaneous reaction to socioeconomic grievances, writing:It is evident that the unrest which flared in the period of 1984 to 1985 in South Africa was not sporadic haphazard violence as can be associated with frustration borne from unemployment or low living standards. The unrest was preceded by a propaganda campaign of vast magnitude, which not only attacked the new constitution and the exclusion of blacks therefrom, but also encompassed the Black education system and the Black local authorities.The three UDF leaders, whom van Dijkhorst described as the "conspiratorial core inside the UDF apple", were convicted of treason, as was Tom Manthata, a South African Council of Churches (SACC) representative and former Black Consciousness activist. Defining treason as "crime by those who, with hostile intent, engage in injury or damage to the state", and identifying the state with the government, van Dijkhorst accepted the prosecution's argument that non-violent speeches and protests could be treasonable.

The other seven convicted  were found guilty of terrorism under section 54 of the Internal Security Act for having organised demonstrations in Vaal. Van Dijkhorst agreed with the prosecution's contention – consistently denied by the defendants – that the defendants had gone ahead with the demonstrations in full knowledge that they would create a climate of violence that would destabilise the government. In the judge's phrase, "A legal march was held with guilty intent."

Responses
In the immediate aftermath of the judgement, the defendants did not express contrition, with Lekota telling the press, "We don't apologize for our stand". Critics of the apartheid state condemned the verdict and worried that it provided the government with a justification to ban the UDF. Frank Chikane of the SACC said, ''What shocked me in particular in the nature of the judgment is that you are found guilty of terrorism for simply providing leadership and for understanding the political situation in this country.''

Agreeing with analysts' assessment that the application of the treason charge constituted an unprecedented broadening of the concept, Helen Suzman expressed concern about van Dijkhorst's implication that "one can commit high treason without violence", saying that the judgement "narrows the margin in this country between lawful dissent and what is considered treason". In a similar vein, Desmond Tutu wrote an op-ed in the New York Times arguing that, "If these four men have committed treason, then I have committed treason and should face charges as well". Tutu mounted a particular defence of Tom Manthatha, whom he said he had sent to Vaal in his capacity as general secretary of the SACC.

Sentencing: December 1988
After the defence presented arguments on mitigating circumstances, Judge van Djikhorst handed down sentences on 8 December. In a 45-minute address to the court, he dismissed the argument that punitive sentencing would delay racial reconciliation in South Africa, saying: I accept in order to work out through a process of negotiation a peaceful co-existence, a credible leadership is needed. I accept the UDF is seen by many to have an important role in the process. I fully appreciate that the demise of the UDF may leave a void which may take a number of years to fill. It may well be this will slow down the process of reform, as was alleged. For this consequence, the UDF has itself to blame.However, he said that he had nonetheless decided he "would rather err on the side of leniency", taking into account that most of the accused had already been detained for long periods and the need to heal the wounds of the Vaal uprising. He also said that he had taken into account what he described as the defendants' "leadership potential". Particularly singling out Molefe and Manthata, he said that those convicted "can in the future play a constructive role on the political scene, provided that they forswear the violent option and act within the law".

The defendants therefore did not receive the maximum penalty, the death sentence. Those convicted of treason were sentenced to lengthy prison sentences, with Molefe earning the longest sentence of 12 years. Gcina Malindi was also given a prison sentence for terrorism, with Djikhorst citing his criminal record (a public violence conviction). The six other accused were convicted of terrorism but received five-year suspended sentences with stringent conditions on their political activity, similar to those imposed on the recipients of banning orders. The following is a list of sentences handed down.

 Mosiuoa Lekota (treason, 12 years)
 Popo Molefe (treason, ten years)
 Moss Chikane (treason, ten years)
 Tom Manthata (treason, six years)
 Gcina Malindi (terrorism, five years)
 David Mphuthi (terrorism, suspended)
 Naphtali Nkopane (terrorism, suspended)
 Tebello Ephraim Ramakgula (terrorism, suspended)
 Sekwati Mokoena (terrorism, suspended)
 Serame Hlanyane (terrorism, suspended)
 Hlabeng Matlole (terrorism, suspended)

The sentencing hearing was attended by a large number of UDF supporters, who shouted "Viva UDF" and sang Nkosi Sikelel' i'Afrika as the men were led to the cells. Responding to the sentencing, the United States Embassy in Pretoria, calling the accused "men of good will, working peacefully for a non-racial, democratic South Africa", said, "Even though the sentences are not as harsh as many people feared they would be, the judgment in this case is regrettable because of its grave implications for those committed to pursuing political change through peaceful means". The defence immediately filed an application for leave to appeal. While the appeal was prepared and heard, the 11 convicts were held on Robben Island.

Appeal: 1988–1989

Arguments
During the appeal, the defence argued that the prosecution had relied on evidence from unreliable state's witnesses and had not clearly defined its central charge of a "revolutionary climate". It also argued that Judge van Dijkorst had been impatient with defence counsel during proceedings and had frequently intervened in a manner which was prejudicial to the accused, which created the impression of partiality on his part, and which made it difficult for defence counsel to cross-examine state's witnesses.

However, the centre of the appeal was the defence's objection to the removal of one of two assessors, Willem Joubert, in early 1987. Van Dijkhorst had fired Joubert after discovering that he was a signatory to the UDF's Million Signatures campaign. This decision had sparked acrimonious arguments between the judge and Joubert and the judge and the defence, leading in March 1987 to an unsuccessful application by the defence for van Dijkhorst's recusal. Van Dijkhorst had repeatedly suppressed an affidavit from Joubert – purporting to describe prejudicial conversations between himself and van Dijkhorst – both during the trial and while hearing the application for leave to appeal. Among other things, Joubert claimed that, early in the trial, the judge had bet him a bottle of whiskey that the defendants would not dare take the stand, implying that he had prejudged the defendants' guilt.

Verdict
In 1989, the Supreme Court Appellate Division in Bloemfontein heard arguments on a limited aspect of this saga, the procedural question of the lawfulness of Joubert's removal; the defence argued that it had been irregular and that the trial court had therefore not been properly constituted. By the time the decision was handed down, South African state president P. W. Botha had been replaced by F. W. de Klerk, who was comparatively willing to negotiate the end of apartheid and whose government had already freed several political prisoners. On 15 December 1989, the 11 Delmas convicts joined those freed when the appellate division overturned their convictions and sentences. Chief Justice Michael Corbett ruled in S v Malindi and Others that van Dijkhorst had fundamentally misapplied the Criminal Procedure Act in releasing Joubert as an assessor.

Dennis Davis of the University of Cape Town applauded the appellate judgement insofar as it freed the defendants to participate in the political transition and partly restored the legitimacy of the legal system. Indeed, he said that the initial trial had been so clearly "fraught with legal controversy" that the state's aim of delegitimating the opposition had already been defeated, notwithstanding the guilty verdict. However, while criticising van Dijkhorst's decision-making, he also expressed sympathy for the judge, noting that van Dijkhorst had adjudicated the case in a different political context to that which now faced the appellate division:The real loser in trials designed by the State to criminalize the political programmes of its opponents can only be the legal system, particularly where there is a fundamental lack of political consensus within the society. In these circumstances judges are asked to perform the role of political commissars rather than lawyers adjudicating on the competing claims of a set of facts or interpreting a legal rule. When judges are asked to assess the content of political programmes they function outside their traditional field of competence... Where there is a lack of political consensus the real possibility exists that the judge will assess the case within the framework of the political discourse of the political group holding power [in van Dijkhorst's case, P. W. Botha's wing of the National Party].Other analyses similarly stressed that Judge van Dikhorst shared the government's "political worldview, its fears, prejudices, sense of morality and political values".

Monument
In March 2012, the provincial government of Mpumalanga (a new province established in the Eastern Transvaal after the end of apartheid) unveiled a monument to the Delmas triallists outside the Delmas Magistrate's Court.

References

External links
 1988 poster by the Delmas Support Group
 Video documentary
 S v Malindi and Others (115/89)
 S v Malindi and Others (174/89)
 Record of proceedings at University of Pretoria

1985 in South African law
1986 in South African law
1987 in South African law
1988 in South African law
Treason in South Africa
Trials in South Africa
Treason trials


Tolmie State Park is a public recreation area covering  on Nisqually Beach on Puget Sound,  northeast of Olympia, Washington. The state park includes  of saltwater shoreline at the mouth of a creek known as Big Slough as well as forest lands, a saltwater marsh, and an underwater park with artificial reef for scuba diving.

History
The park was named after William Fraser Tolmie, a Hudson's Bay Company officer. The state began acquiring land for the state park in 1962.

Activities and amenities
Park activities include hiking on three miles of trails, boating, swimming, scuba diving, fishing, crabbing, and bird watching.

References

External links
Tolmie State Park Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission
Tolmie State Park Map Washington State Parks and Recreation Commission

Parks in Thurston County, Washington
State parks of Washington (state)
Protected areas established in 1962


John D. Kelly (July 8, 1923 – November 23, 1944) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.

Biography
Kelly joined the Army from Cambridge Springs, Pennsylvania in June 1942, and by June 25, 1944, was serving as a corporal in Company E, 314th Infantry Regiment, 79th Infantry Division. On that day, at Fort du Roule, Cherbourg, France, Kelly repeatedly exposed himself to hostile fire in order to destroy an enemy emplacement and capture its occupants. He was killed in action five months later, after having been promoted to technical sergeant. For his actions at Fort du Roule, he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor on January 24, 1945.

Kelly died November 23, 1944, and was buried at the Epinal American Cemetery and Memorial in Épinal, France.

Medal of Honor citation
Kelly's Medal of Honor citation reads:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. On 25 June 1944, in the vicinity of Fort du Roule, Cherbourg, France, when Cpl. Kelly's unit was pinned down by heavy enemy machinegun fire emanating from a deeply entrenched strongpoint on the slope leading up to the fort, Cpl. Kelly volunteered to attempt to neutralize the strongpoint. Arming himself with a pole charge about 10 feet long and with 15 pounds of explosive affixed, he climbed the slope under a withering blast of machinegun fire and placed the charge at the strongpoint's base. The subsequent blast was ineffective, and again, alone and unhesitatingly, he braved the slope to repeat the operation. This second blast blew off the ends of the enemy guns. Cpl. Kelly then climbed the slope a third time to place a pole charge at the strongpoint's rear entrance. When this had been blown open he hurled hand grenades inside the position, forcing survivors of the enemy guncrews to come out and surrender. The gallantry, tenacity of purpose, and utter disregard for personal safety displayed by Cpl. Kelly were an incentive to his comrades and worthy of emulation by all.

See also

 List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

References

External links

1923 births
1944 deaths
United States Army personnel killed in World War II
People from Crawford County, Pennsylvania
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
United States Army non-commissioned officers
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
Battle of Normandy recipients of the Medal of Honor
Military personnel from Pennsylvania


WNHV (910 AM) was a radio station licensed to White River Junction, Vermont, United States. The station served the Lebanon-Rutland-White River area. The station was owned by Nassau Broadcasting III, LLC.

History
The station began operations in 1959 as WWRJ, playing music. In 1963 the call letters were changed to WVTR. Two years later the station became WNHV, branded as "The Voice of The Valley", when purchased by television announcer and Reynolds Aluminum spokesman Rex Marshall (NH-VT Broadcasting Corp). The studios shifted to downtown White River Junction for several years prior to becoming WNHV. Marshall moved the station back to its original Route 5 transmitter location, enlarging the old studio building to house his future FM facility. WNHV-FM was added in 1969, and the stations simulcast until local sunset, when the AM station, authorized to operate daytime-only, had to sign-off. Upon the death of Marshall in 1983, both stations were sold and had several owners by the time the AM station went off the air in 2010. The FM station became WKXE in March 1985; it is now WXLF. In 2000, the AM station adopted a sports radio format, affiliated with ESPN Radio, and branded as The Score 910. It ceased operations on May 5, 2010, due to transmitter problems. It also lost its tower site, which had been farm land. The former site now houses a National Guard facility. On September 12, 2011, the station's license was deleted by the Federal Communications Commission.

References

External links
FCC Station Search Details: DWNHV (Facility ID: 17800)
 (covering 1958-1981 as WWRJ / WVTR / WNHV)

NHV
Defunct radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1959
1959 establishments in Vermont
Radio stations disestablished in 2010
2010 disestablishments in Vermont
NHV


Brzeski may refer to the following places in Poland:
Brzeg County (powiat brzeski) in Opole Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
Brzesko County (powiat brzeski) in Lesser Poland Voivodeship (south Poland)
Brzeski, Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
Brzeski, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)


Events from the year 1497 in Ireland.

Incumbent
Lord: Henry VII

Events
 July – Perkin Warbeck, Pretender to the English throne, lands in the south of Ireland but attracts little support.
 Start of great famine.

Births

Deaths
James Ormonde, Lord Treasurer of Ireland, Earl of Ormonde (b. c. 1418)

References

1490s in Ireland
Ireland
Years of the 15th century in Ireland


Powiat nowodworski (disambiguation)

Surname
 Adam Nowodworski (1572–1634) was a Roman Catholic Polish bishop.
 Michał Nowodworski (1831–1896) was a 19th-century Roman Catholic Bishop of Plock in Poland.

See also
 Bartłomiej Nowodworski High School
 Nowodworski Foundation
 Wólka Nowodworska
 Valeriya Novodvorskaya


Fairfield Junior-Senior High School is public secondary school located in Goshen, Indiana, United States, and part of Fairfield Community Schools. It serves about 949 students in grades 7 through 12 coming from New Paris Elementary School, Millersburg Elementary School, and Benton Elementary School.

Demographics
The demographic breakdown of the 2011-2012 enrollment is:
White - 93.4%
Hispanic - 4.4%
Multiracial - 1.1%
Asian/Pacific Islander - 0.6%
Black - 0.3%
Native American - 0.2%
Male - 51.4%
Female - 48.6%

Athletics

Fairfield's school colors are navy blue and gold. Its athletic teams compete as the Falcons. They are part of the Northeast Corner Conference (NECC). The following IHSAA sports are offered:

Baseball (boys)
Basketball (boys and girls)
Cross Country (boys and girls)
Football (boys)
Golf (boys and girls)
Softball (girls)
Tennis (boys and girls)
Track and field (boys and girls)
Volleyball (girls)
Wrestling (boys)
The girls basketball team won the 2023 IHSAA 3A State Championship. That same team held its opponents to only scoring an average of 28.3 per game. The best in the state.

See also
 List of high schools in Indiana

References

External links
Fairfield Junior-Senior High School website

Goshen, Indiana
Public middle schools in Indiana
Public high schools in Indiana
Schools in Elkhart County, Indiana


The Fuji/Rockwell Commander 700 is a light transport aircraft which was a joint Japanese-American development between Fuji Heavy Industries and Rockwell International. When Rockwell sold off the general aviation division the agreement was terminated.

Design and development

Design of the Commander 700 started in Japan in 1971 with the designation FA-300, and on 28 June 1974 Fuji signed a collaboration with Rockwell International to design and develop the aircraft as a joint venture. The aircraft was designated the Commander 700 for the North American market. The Commander 700 is a low-wing cantilever monoplane with a conventional tail unit and a retractable tricycle landing gear. The aircraft is powered by two wing mounted Avco Lycoming turbocharged piston engines. The fuselage was designed to be pressurized with accommodation for two crew and four–six passengers. The first prototype made its maiden flight at Fuji's Utsunomiya factory on 13 November 1975 and the second aircraft, assembled by Rockwell, flew at Bethany, Oklahoma on 25 February 1976. A parallel development was the Commander 710 with more powerful engines which first flew on 22 December 1976. In 1979 Rockwell International sold its General Aviation Division to Gulfstream American and the agreement with Fuji was terminated. Fuji then acquired the worldwide manufacturing and marketing rights for the aircraft.

Variants
Commander 700
Powered by two 340hp (254kW) Avco Lycoming TIO-540-R2AD engines.
Commander 710
Powered by two 450hp (335kW) Avco Lycoming TIO-540 engines.

Specifications (700)

See also

References
Notes

Sources

 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 1920

External links

 Commander 700 Support Network Wiki  -  NO LONGER MONITORED

FA-300
1970s international civil utility aircraft
Commander 700
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1975
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft


The Augusta International Raceway was a multi-use motorsports facility located in Hephzibah, Georgia, (just south of Augusta). It was designed by Fireball Roberts.

History

Half mile oval
The  oval hosted NASCAR Grand National Series races from 1962 to 1969.  During that time span they ran 12 races with eight different winners.

On June 19, 1962 Joe Weatherly started on the pole position with a lap of .  Joe drove his Bud Moore-owned Pontiac to a 1-lap victory over Ned Jarrett. Augusta International Speedway back in 1962 was a .500 dirt mile oval.  The race was 200 laps and saw only 16 cars start the race.

Less than a month later Joe did a repeat by winning on July 17, 1962, over Richard Petty. Fred Lorenzen took home the win on September 13, 1962, over Petty.

In 1963 a crowd of 4,000 in attendance saw Ned Jarrett take his Burton Robinson #11 Ford to victory lane over Richard Petty on April 4, 1963.

On August 15, 1965 Dick Hutcherson won the 200 lap event with a 2.75 second lead over David Pearson.  On November 14, 1965, Richard Petty took home a victory in the "Georgia Cracker 300".

November 13, 1966, saw Richard Petty win at the half mile oval with an average speed of 84.112. The movie (Tiny Lund) Harder Charger was partly made. Tiny dropped out of the race with a broken distributor gear. After the race, in the movie a young Southern MotoRacing sales girl (Joy Tollison Agner) can be seen kissing Richard Petty and jumping up and down in excitement.

Rex White won two races at the half mile track, and it was the last track at which he raced.

On May 3, 1968 Bobby Isaac won the "Dixie 250" over Buddy Baker in his K & K Insurance Dodge.  Later that year on October 5, 1968, David Pearson won over Bobby Allison in his Holman Moody-owned Ford.

On March 16, 1969, David Pearson won the first of two events at the track during this last season of racing.  He won over Richard Petty with Bobby Isaac finishing third after starting on the pole with a record lap of . On October 19, 1969, a field of 29 cars took the green flag at the track for the last time. The 4,500 that attended the race only saw two lead changes between Bobby Isaac and Richard Petty.  The entire race went caution free. The race time was only 1:16:12 and the average speed was . Bobby Isaac won for the second time at the track.

Road circuit
Located next to the 1/2 Mile Oval was the Augusta International Raceway 3 Mile road circuit.  This former track is being developed into the  Diamond Lakes Regional Park.

The "Augusta 510" was run on November 17, 1963, at the road circuit with a noon start time and a 5:00 PM end time.  The race actually covered  because of the time limit.

The raceway was one of the fastest road courses in the country.

This event was the second race of the 1964 season for the Grand National Division of NASCAR, later evolving into the present-day Cup Series. The preceding race was held at Concord Motor Speedway and the following race was held at Jacksonville, Florida. Glenn "Fireball" Roberts was the winner of the "Augusta 510" and he would die later that season as the result of burns suffered at Charlotte Motor Speedway.  He was driving a 1963 Ford and Augusta would be his last win.

The pole sitter was Fred Lorenzen with a speed of 89.545.  He would only run 12 laps before engine failure forced him to retire. Lorenzen, Roberts, and sports car star Dave MacDonald were teammates for the Augusta 510 and MacDonald's 2nd-place finish gave Holman Moody the top two spots. Weldon Adams would finish last after completing only two laps due to an atrocious tumble. Wendell Scott would finish 18th.  He would win the next event in Jacksonville becoming the first and only black driver to win a NASCAR race at this level until Bubba Wallace's win at Talladega Superspeedway in 2021. 36 cars started the Augusta 510 and 16 cars finished. The event lasted for four hours and fifty minutes and the average speed was . There were 10 lead changes during the event with Richard Petty leading the most laps (56). The total purse for the event was $50,620. The expected turnout was to be 75,000 fans.  Only 15,000 actually attended.

The "Augusta 510" was the second race of the 1964 season.  Six of the top seven finishers would lose their lives before the next racing season: Glenn "Fireball" Roberts, Dave MacDonald, Joe Weatherly, Billy Wade, Larry Thomas, and Jimmy Pardue; the seventh driver was Ned Jarrett.

On March 1, 1964, the United States Road Racing Championship (USRRC) held two 150 mile events on the road course. Dave MacDonald won the first race in a King Cobra, Jim Hall was second in a Chaparral 2A and Bob Holbert was third in another King Cobra. Ken Miles and Dave MacDonald finished 1–2 in Cobra Roadsters in the afternoon race. Dave would lose his life a few weeks later at the Indy 500.

Road course description
The track itself is a  long banked road course with 21 total turns.  The width of the track is .

The track elevation change is  with the highest point being at pit exit and the lowest point on the "backstretch" where the spring fed infield lakes drain into Spirit Creek just outside the track.  Joe Weatherly called this part of the track  "Alligator Hollow".

The track had a  garage area (50' x 300') with two restrooms and showers.

There were seven main grandstands located along the pit lane.

The control tower was located between the fourth and fifth grandstand.

Since the closure
In 2001, the Augusta International Raceway Preservation Society (AIRPS), a 501c3 non profit, was formed to document the former Augusta International Speedway complex and work with local officials to develop the former 8 track racing complex into Diamond Lakes Regional Park. The Society sponsores the 5Wkids Outdoor Learning Area adjacent to the Diamond Lakes Community Center/Library Complex and dedicated a portion of this area as the Rex White Motorsports Memorial Plaza – Home To 5Wkids Outdoor Learning Area in September 2017. This outdoor green space for learning, which contains the memorial and seating for an entire classroom of young folks, will be used to educate by using the 5W's of learning:  "Who, What, When, Where, Why?" The Augusta International Raceway Preservation Society can be reached at: AIRPS PO Box 212248 Martinez, Georgia 30917 USA

References

NASCAR tracks
Sports venues in Georgia (U.S. state)
Sports in Augusta, Georgia
History of Augusta, Georgia
Defunct motorsport venues in the United States
Buildings and structures in Richmond County, Georgia


WTSV (1230 AM; "94 WEEI") is a radio station broadcasting a sports format. Licensed to Claremont, New Hampshire, United States, the station serves the Dartmouth–Lake Sunapee Region. The station is owned by Jeffrey Shapiro's Great Eastern Radio. Most of the station's programming is simulcast from Boston sports radio station WEEI-FM. WTSV's programming is also carried on two FM translators, W232DN (94.3 FM) in Claremont, and W233CC (94.5 FM) in White River Junction, Vermont.

The station's call letters stand for Twin State Valley, as the station serves the Connecticut River Valley of New Hampshire and Vermont. It was built by the original owners of WKBR in Manchester as part of a chain of "Twin State Network" stations, which also included WTSL in Hanover, WTSA in Brattleboro, and WTSN in Dover.

History

WTSV, along with 29 other stations in northern New England formerly owned by Nassau Broadcasting Partners, was purchased at bankruptcy auction by Carlisle Capital Corporation, a company controlled by Bill Binnie (owner of WBIN-TV in Derry), on May 22, 2012. The station, and 12 of the other stations, were then acquired by Vertical Capital Partners, controlled by Jeff Shapiro; this reunited WTSV with WTSL, which Shapiro already owned via Great Eastern Radio. After the sale's completion on November 30, 2012, WTSV dropped its sports radio format from ESPN Radio and began simulcasting WTSL, which at the time carried a news/talk format branded as "The Pulse". The Vertical Capital Partners stations were transferred to Great Eastern Radio on January 1, 2013. By March 2014, when WTSL translator W232AP moved from 94.3 to 94.5, WTSV had returned to an ESPN-supplied all-sports format, still simulcast with WTSL; its lineup also included Boston Bruins hockey and high school sports.

On July 7, 2016, Dartmouth College announced that WTSV would carry Big Green football, men's hockey and women's hockey broadcasts as part of Learfield's Big Green Sports Network. WTSL left the "94.5 ESPN" simulcast in June 2018, when it used a new translator to launch a classic hip hop format; the sports programming continued on WTSV and the two existing translators, with W233CC now being fed by WHDQ 106.1-HD3. In September 2020, WTSV relaunched the sports format as an affiliate of the WEEI Sports Radio Network, based out of WEEI-FM in Boston; Great Eastern Radio already carried WEEI programming on WEEY in the adjacent Keene market.

References

External links

TSV
Claremont, New Hampshire
Radio stations established in 1948
ESPN Radio stations
Sports radio stations in the United States
1948 establishments in New Hampshire


The Canadian city of North Bay, Ontario, is divided into numerous neighbourhoods.

Birchaven
Birchaven1 is a neighbourhood located to the south of Trout Lake Road.  Many people unfamiliar with this area and have incorrect maps mistakenly believe that it is called Birch Haven. Birchaven1 borders Trout Lake and extends to Wallace Road.

Downtown
North Bay's Downtown is located along the shore of Lake Nipissing, between the Gateway and Ferris neighbourhoods. The area is aligned southeast to northwest, and bounded roughly by Fisher Street, Memorial Drive, Algonquin Avenue and Fifth Avenue.

Feronia
Feronia is a dispersed rural community and unincorporated place (). It used to be a farming community with a school, general store and community centre.  In 2005 Feronia is far less impressive, however still with a decent population scattered off the highway.  There is still a community centre, which is mostly an ice rink and a swing set, and up off the highway slightly on Cemetery Road, you will find a cemetery that has been there since the early 1900s.  Daly's Road, so named for the Daly family who had farms all along that road, Four Mile Lake Road and Feronia Road are predominantly the entrance points to Feronia off the highway.

Some time between 1906 and 1918, Maude Emma Beach became the first school teacher for the brand new one room school house built on Feronia Road.  This school house serviced the farming community of the area, and it was not uncommon for children to miss school during harvest and planting time.

Gateway
Gateway, one of the city's oldest residential neighbourhoods, is located immediately adjacent to the city's downtown core. The neighbourhood is centred on Algonquin Avenue.

Hornell Heights
Hornell Heights is the primary residential and institutional cluster on the grounds of CFB North Bay and Jack Garland Airport.  Hornell Heights is not financially affiliated with the municipality of North Bay and is Federal land, funded and taken care of through Federal tax dollars.  Currently North Bay provides transit service and snow removal service to some areas of Hornell Heights.  Mail sent to this area is to be addressed to Hornell Heights, Ontario.

Pinewood
The Pinewood area, adjacent to Gateway, is roughly the area between Algonquin Avenue and Gormanville Road, Main West and Highway 17.

Thibeault Terrace
Thibeault Terrace is a residential neighbourhood located north of Highway 17 and west of the Algonquin Avenue segment of Highway 11. The neighbourhood is located between the escarpment and McKeown Avenue.

Thibeault Terrace is also the closest neighbourhood to the campuses of Canadore College and Nipissing University housing many students.

Trout Lake Road
The residential neighbourhoods of St. John's Village, Eastview, Graniteville, Sage, Birchaven and Trout Mills extend northeasterly from the city core along Trout Lake Road.

West Ferris

West Ferris, formerly an independent township, was surveyed in 1880, and named after James Marshall Ferris, a member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. It was amalgamated into the city in 1968.

The township was quite small in size, sandwiched between the City of North Bay on the north, the township of North Himsworth on the south, East Ferris on the east, and Lake Nipissing on the west. The township consists of North Bay's southern suburbs, namely the community of West Ferris. The area also includes the neighbourhoods of Sunset Park, Marshall Park, Champlain Park, Thorncliff, Tweedsmuir and Nipissing Junction. The La Vase River bifurcates the township running from the east into Lake Nipissing, as does Highway 11 running north–south. The township is home to about 14,000 people.

Widdifield
Widdifield, formerly an independent township, was first surveyed in 1883 and named for Ontario MPP Joseph Henry Widdifield. It was amalgamated into the city in 1968, at the same time as West Ferris.

The pre-amalgamation boundary between North Bay and Widdifield extended along a line from Trout Lake to Lake Nipissing. The city's Lansdowne and Norwood Avenues, in the Gateway neighbourhood, marked part of the municipal boundary. The township also includes the smaller neighbourhoods of Cooks Mills, Feronia, Fricker, Hornell Heights, Lounsbury, Pinewood, Thibeault Terrace, Trout Mills, Wallace Heights, and Kenwood.

A neighbourhood in the northeastern corner of the city, near Widdifield Forest Provincial Park, retains the Widdifield name. Widdifield Secondary School was also the name of one of the city's main public high schools. The school closed in 2020.

The old Widdifield Fire Tower still stands on Tower Drive with its cupola removed. It is now used as a radio tower for the City of North Bay.  In the winter of 1965 the tower was used in scenes from the old CBC TV show The Forest Rangers.

See also
List of townships in Ontario

References

Sources
MapArt Ontario Road Atlas
Statistics Canada
Downtown North Bay
Heritage Perspectives
Transit schedules

North Bay
Geography of North Bay, Ontario
Populated places in Nipissing District


Bielski is a Polish spelling of the Slavic surname Belsky. The Lithuanized form is Bielskis/Bielskiene/Bielskytė, Latvian: Beslkis.

Notable people with the surname include:

World War II partisans
 Bielski partisans , a World War II Jewish partisan group in German-occupied Poland led by four brothers:
 Tuvia Bielski (1906–1987), a Jewish partisan of the Second World War and leader of the Bielski partisans; oldest of the four brothers
 Asael Bielski (1908–1945), second oldest of the four brothers
 Alexander Zeisal Bielski (nicknamed "Zus") (1912–1995), second youngest of the four brothers
 Aron Bielski (born 1927), youngest of the four brothers

Media about the partisans
 The Bielski Brothers (book), a biography of the Bielski partisans written by Peter Duffy
 Defiance (2008 film), a film adaptation of Nechama Tec's eponymous book
Defiance: The Bielski Partisans, a book about the Bielski partisans written by Nechama Tec

Others
 Adi Bielski (born 1982), Israeli theatre and film actress
 Joan Bielski, (1923–2012), Australian activist
 Marcin Bielski (1495–1575), a Polish chronicler of the 16th Century
 Monika Bielskyte (born 1986), Lithuanian-born creative and futurologist
 Ze'ev Bielski (born 1949), Israeli Knesset Member and former chairman of the Jewish Agency for Israel
 Dick Bielski (born 1932), American NFL football professional player and coach

See also
Bielsk County, in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
Bielsko County, in Silesian Voivodeship (south Poland), the county seat being Bielsko-Biała
 Belsky (surname)

Polish-language surnames