The Petun (from ), also known as the Tobacco people or Tionontati ,(Dionnontate, Etionontate, Etionnontateronnon, Tuinontatek, Dionondadie,or Khionotaterrhonon) ("People Among the Hills/Mountains"), were an indigenous Iroquoian people of the woodlands of eastern North America. Their last known traditional homeland was south of Lake Huron's Georgian Bay, in what is today's Canadian province of Ontario

The Petun were closely related to the Huron, or Wendat. Similarly to other Iroquoian peoples, they were structured as a confederacy. One of the less numerous Iroquoian peoples when they became known to Europeans, they had eight or nine villages in the early 17th century, and are estimated to have numbered around 8000 prior to European contact.

A number of disease epidemics were documented in Huron–Petun societies between 1634 and 1640, which have been linked to the arrival of settlers from urban Europe; this decimated their population. Although they each spoke Iroquoian languages, they were independent of the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee), based south of the Great Lakes in present-day New York State. The powerful Iroquois sent raiding parties against the smaller tribes in 1648–1649 as part of the Beaver Wars associated with the lucrative fur trade, and virtually destroyed them. Some remnant Petun joined with refugee Huron to become the Huron–Petun Nation, who were later known as the Wyandot.

Names

The term "Pétun" was derived from the early French-Brazilian trade and comes from the Guarani indigenous language. The word later became obsolete in the French language.

Numerous sources connect the name, Petun, to the cultivation and trade of tobacco by the historical Iroquoian society that existed at the time of the arrival of Europeans. For example, a 19th-century American translation by John Gilmary Shea of the History and General Description of New France, written by the late 17th and early 18th century French Jesuit historian Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix, notes that they "raised and sold tobacco, whence the French called them Petuns or Peteneux." This widespread claim was later echoed by other sources such as the Smithsonian Institute's Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico in 1910, which referenced "large fields of tobacco." Later encyclopedias, such as the 1998 Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes and the 2001 Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Northeast also emphasize tobacco cultivation and trade as an explanation for the French nickname, "".

Despite this, no contemporary French accounts mention tobacco cultivation at Petun settlements. The nickname was originally used by Samuel de Champlain for a particular village he visited during his 1616 expedition. Wider usage of the term can be traced to the Récollet brother Gabriel Sagard in 1623. One of the earliest traceable claims for notable tobacco production by the Petun is in the table of notes accompanying a 1632 map attributed to Champlain, but which was not wholly his creation. The table has significant differences from Champlain's earlier work; in his 1619 text, he notes that the Petun grew corn, but did not mention tobacco, whereas the 1632 table explicitly mentions cultivation and trade of tobacco.

In the Iroquoian Mohawk language, the name for tobacco is O-ye-aug-wa. French colonial traders in the Ohio Valley transliterated the Mohawk name as Guyandotte, their spelling of how it sounded in their language. Later European-American settlers in the valley adopted this name. They named the Guyandotte River in south-western West Virginia for the Wendat people, who had migrated to the area during the Beaver Wars of the late seventeenth century.

History

Historical sources
There are few historical primary sources which focus on the Petun before their dispersal. The main contemporary written source for the era, the Jesuit Relations, was written from the perspective of the predominantly French Jesuit missionaries in Huronia (located across Nottawasaga Bay from the Petun Country). The missionaries' information on the Petun was often second-hand. Additionally, English translations of French sources historically suffered from inconsistency due to translator preference or bias.

Compounding the issue, early sources did not clearly distinguish between the Huron, Petun, and Neutral confederacies. The Petun were sometimes grouped with the Huron, and at other times unrelated peoples, such as the Cayuga, were called "Petun".

Pre-contact
The Petun emerged during the Late Ceramic archaeological period, which began around 1100 years ago and ended around 400 years ago. They are grouped with the Huron and Neutral peoples as part of the Ontario Iroquois tradition. The Ontario Iroquoians, St. Lawrence Iroquoians, and the Iroquois of what is now upstate New York are sometimes grouped together as Northern Iroquoians. The Late Ceramic is characterized by its longhouse-based fortified settlements, which were often enclosed by palisades. The early Ontario Iroquoian tradition is further split into two regional groupings: the Glen Meyer to the south (associated with the north shore of Lake Erie) and the Pickering to the north, which covered the area between Lake Ontario and Georgian Bay. At some point around 700 years ago, the Pickering culture spread across most of what is now southern Ontario. J. V. Wright, who in the mid- and late 20th century wrote extensively on the prehistory of Ontario, attributes this to warfare, with the Pickering dispersing and assimilating the Glen Meyer. There is no evidence of widespread warfare, however, which casts doubt on this hypothesis.

Throughout the Late Ceramic period, agriculture became more important, while the importance of hunting decreased. Corn was first introduced to the area during the Early Ceramic period (3000–1100 BP) and coincides with the rise of the Princess Point culture, which is generally agreed by archaeologists to be ancestral to Iroquoians, even as it shows discontinuity with previous archaeological cultures in the area and possibly represents a movement of Iroquoian peoples to the area from the south. The lavish grave goods which appeared in the Early Ceramic, often made from imported materials, underscored a Late Ceramic development of more elaborate funerary practices, which included secondary burials and the use of ossuaries.

Immediately before contact with Europeans, later Ontario Iroquoians had developed into two separate cultural groupings: the Huron–Petun to the north, and the Neutrals and their close relatives, the Erie, to the south. Populations became more centralized around large, well-fortified village sites. The Huron–Petun and Neutrals both retreated to core areas: the Huron around their "homeland" territory near Georgian Bay, and the Neutrals in the Niagara Peninsula.

Arrival of Europeans

The arrival of the French in the area by the early 17th century allowed for a brief period of extensive written records about the Huron, Petun, and Neutrals. By this point, the Huron and Petun were politically separate, though their customs were considered similar by the French. Jesuit missionaries noted that while they were closely allied, they had previously fought bitter wars with each other. The Hurons were living to the northeast of the Petun, in a territory lying between Georgian Bay and Lake Simcoe. Trails linked the Huron and the Petun, with about a day's journey between them. In 1616, Samuel de Champlain listed about eight Petun villages, while later Jesuit accounts in 1639 listed nine. One modern estimate places the Petun population at around 8000, dropping to 3000 by 1640 following waves of disease epidemics. In comparison, there were an estimated 18–25 Huron villages with an overall population of 20,000–30,000; this had dropped to about 9000 by 1640. Modern scholarly analysis finds no evidence of large-scale mass death or depopulation events immediately preceding this epidemic wave, implying that populations had remained relatively consistent before this despite migrations.

Politically, the Petun were a tribal confederacy, similarly to the Huron. The Petun were composed of two sub-groups which the Jesuits termed the "Nation of the Wolves" and the "Nation of the Deer".

Beaver Wars

The fur trade and the French presence in the area ushered in change for Petun society. The French dealt with the Hurons as their primary trading partner, which blocked direct access by the Petun and others to valuable European trade goods. With the French seeking beaver pelts, the beaver was soon virtually extinct in Huronia itself, and the Hurons were forced to turn to others, such as the Algonquin, for furs. The Iroquois to the south, meanwhile, were beginning their campaign of expansionism which would become known as the Beaver Wars. The Dutch, well-established in their New Netherland colony and trading up the Hudson and Delaware rivers, were also desirous of furs and were willing to supply the Iroquois with European firearms. In contrast, the French strictly controlled access to firearms, and only supplied trusted Christian converts among the Huron. Epidemics and conflict with the Iroquois in the east had driven many Hurons to seek refuge at the French mission of Sainte-Marie among the Hurons (near modern-day Midland, Ontario) and to convert to Christianity.

In 1648, the Iroquois raided and destroyed a number of eastern Huron villages. That winter, a thousand-strong Iroquois army of mostly Seneca and Mohawk warriors secretly camped north of Lake Ontario, and in the spring they were unleashed on the Huron. The Iroquois overran the western Huron villages around Sainte-Marie; the French burned Sainte-Marie to avoid its capture by the Iroquois, then ultimately retreated from the Pays d'en Haut to the safety of Quebec. The Huron themselves dispersed in defeat, with some following the French to Quebec (settling at Wendake), while others took refuge among the Neutrals and the Petun.

By the end of 1649, however, the Iroquois had turned on the Petun as well.  Many Huron and Petun were then absorbed into Iroquois society. However, a large group of Huron and Petun refugees fled to the upper Great Lakes, where they took refuge with the Odawa and Potawatomi. The bulk of them at first stayed with the Odawa on Manitoulin Island, then occupied the Michilimackinac–Green Bay area, before eventually migrating to the area near modern-day Detroit and by 1701 arriving at the southwest shore of Lake Erie.

Later migrations
They began to trade in present-day Pennsylvania, where they were called the Wyandot, a corruption of Wendat. Under settler pressure, the Wendat were forced to move further west to Ohio Country.

In the 1830s during the period of Indian Removal, most removed to the Indian Territory in present-day Kansas and Oklahoma. In 1843, they were all resettled in Wyandotte County, Kansas and in 1867, the American government gave them land in Indian Territory, now northeastern Oklahoma. Two tribes are federally recognized in the United States: the Wyandotte Nation (in Oklahoma) and the Wyandot Nation of Kansas. The Wyandotte Nation self-identifies as being primarily descended from the Petun, with mixed Huron and Wenro ancestry.

Culture
The Jesuit Relations in 1652 describes the practice of tattooing among the Petun and the Neutrals:

The Petun nation shared a similar dialect with the Huron Nation and many of the same cultural customs. They had an alliance with the Neutral Nation southwest and south of the, and with the Ottawa, or Odawa, an Algonquian-speaking nation to the east. They also shared elements of material culture with the Odawa, as a disc pipe of similar type to ones found at Odawa sites was also found at a Petun site dated to 1630–47.

Historical Iroquoian peoples

St. Lawrence Iroquoians

Five Nations of the Iroquois
Mohawk
Onondaga
Oneida
Cayuga
Seneca

Western areas
Chonnonton
Erie
Conestoga (Susquehannock)
Petun
Wenro
Huron

Southern interior/mountains
Cherokee
Meherrin
Nottoway
Tuscarora, left the Carolinas after the wars, migrated to New York by 1722

References

Citations

Sources

Further reading

External links

 "Petun" in The Canadian Encyclopedia.

Wyandot people
Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands
First Nations in Ontario
Iroquoian peoples
History of Grey County


The Ogilvie Mountains are a mountain range in the Yukon Territory of northwestern Canada.

Geologically they are part of the Yukon Ranges, in the upper Laramide Belt of the North American Cordillera.

Geography
The range lies north of Dawson City, and is crossed by the Dempster Highway.

The area was first surveyed by William Ogilvie and the range subsequently named after him.

Sub-ranges
Nahoni Range

Peaks
The best known mountain peaks of the Ogilvie Mountains are located within Tombstone Territorial Park.

The highest mountain within the range is Mount Frank Rae, at  in elevation.

The range's most familiar mountains, with their jagged granite peaks, are:
 Tombstone Mountain
 Mount Monolith

References

External links

Canadian Mountain Encyclopedia: Ogilvie Mountains

Mountain ranges of Yukon
North American Cordillera


Woman of Fire () is a 1971 South Korean film directed by Kim Ki-young. This was the second film in Kim's Housemaid trilogy followed by Woman of Fire '82. The film is a remake of the classical The Housemaid.

Plot
In South Korea, a man named Dong-sik and a woman named Myeong-ja are found dead near a poultry farm with multiple stab wounds. The police assume it is a robbery but also find Jeong-suk, the wife of Dong-sik as a person of interest. While a robber is suspected (owing to a confession from a crazed man), attention soon turns to Jeong-suk, particularly when discrepancies come to light such as a letter apparently from the dead woman. Throughout the film, the story of the two dead people come to light, which involves Myeong-ja having come to work for free at the farm of the family (as run by the wife) while recovering from trauma involving an attacker that had seen her leave her rural roots; unlike the wife, she is comfortable dealing with pests such as rats, with her at one point squashing a rat with her shoe. In fact, she doesn't want a great amount of pay, merely wanting to find a suitable husband. Dong-sik is a songwriter under the constant pressure of female would-be suitors such as Hye-suk, and when Jeong-suk has to go on business, she tasks Myeong-ja to guard him. Push comes to shove when Myeong-ja prevents Hye-suk from making advances on Dong-sik only to find herself in the arms of a drunken rape by him when he mistakes her for Hye-suk. The result is that she becomes pregnant, but when Jeong-suk finds out, she forces her to have an abortion.

Unfortunately, Myeong-ja finds revenge by taking revenge on their child and trapping them with the knowledge for blackmail. Another person happens to be tangled in their web when he is found dead by blunt force trauma. Eventually, tired of the game, Dong-sik goes with Myeong-ja to drink rat poison together, but he manages to make his way to the arms of his wife in order to tell her to make it look like he was stabbed to death. In the end, the last sequence of the film shows the wife out of the police station collapsing before losing a shoe as it washes away in a gutter.

Production and analysis
There are considerable similarities between The Housemaid and Woman of Fire, which each have the women being the breadwinner of the family before the introduction of a maid to the equation. His later films in Insect Woman (1972) and Beasts of Prey (1985) have been thought to have touched upon similar dynamics within their portrayal of weak-willed men engaging in affairs that result in trouble. When Kim was asked about similarities between his films, he stated the following: “A carpenter builds homes relying on his talent and insight. A carpenter who is talented in handling wood builds a wooden house; one who’s good with bricks builds a brick house. It’s the same with me. Starting with ‘The Housemaid,’ and going through ‘Woman of Fire’ and ‘Insect Woman,’ the films that saw success were those about demon-like femme fatales who, for their own reasonings, destroy domestic peace. What is success? People flock to theaters because the films are well-made. So my calculation is that I’m proficient in this kind of genre.”

This was the feature film debut for Youn Yuh-jung, who appeared in both two further films with Kim. Decades later, when she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 2021, she gave thanks to Kim for their work together.

Release
Woman of Fire was rescreened in South Korean cinemas on May 1, 2021.

Cast
Namkoong Won as Dong-shik
Jeon Gye-hyeon as Jeong-suk
Youn Yuh-jung as Myeong-ja
Choi Moo-ryong as Detective
Kim Ju-mi-hye
O Yeong-a as Hye-ok
Hwang Baek
Chu Seok-yang as Ki-ja
Lee Hoon
Lee Ji-yeon

Awards
Festival de Cine de Sitges
Special Mention Best Actress (Youn Yuh-jung)
Blue Dragon Film Awards
Best Director (Kim Ki-young)

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Maids in films
1970s Korean-language films
Films directed by Kim Ki-young
South Korean romantic thriller films
South Korean erotic films
Remakes of South Korean films


Sir Walter Adams  (16 December 1906 – 21 May 1975) was a British historian and educationalist.

Adams was educated at University College London, and was a lecturer in history at the same institution from 1926 to 1934. He was a Rockefeller Fellow in the United States from 1929 to 1930, and the organising secretary of the Second International Congress of the History of Science and Technology in 1931.

He served as secretary of the Academic Assistance Council from 1933 to 1938, and of the London School of Economics from 1938 to 1946; he also served as Deputy Head of the British Political Warfare Mission in the United States from 1942 to 1944, and as Assistant Deputy Director-General of the Political Intelligence Department of the Foreign Office in 1945.

After the war, he served as secretary of the Inter-University Council for Higher Education in the Colonies from 1946 to 1955; he was the principal of the College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland from 1955 to 1966, and subsequently Director of the London School of Economics from 1967 to 1974.

Adams was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1945, and Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1952. He was knighted in 1970.

References

External links

1906 births
1975 deaths
Alumni of University College London
Academics of University College London
Knights Bachelor
Academics of the London School of Economics
People educated at Brighton, Hove and Sussex Grammar School
Academic staff of the University of Zimbabwe
British expatriates in Rhodesia
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century English historians
Rockefeller Fellows
Heads of universities and colleges in Zimbabwe


Vaišvila is a Lithuanian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Rytis Vaišvila (born 1971), Lithuanian basketball player and coach
Zigmas Vaišvila (born 1956), Lithuanian politician

See also
Vaišvilas

Lithuanian-language surnames


André Rey (born 22 January 1948, in Strasbourg) is a French former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

External links
RC Strasbourg archives

1948 births
Living people
Footballers from Strasbourg
French men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
RC Strasbourg Alsace players
FC Mulhouse players
FC Metz players
OGC Nice players
La Roche VF players
France men's international footballers


The Negrea is a left tributary of the river Lozova in Romania. It flows into the Lozova in Schela. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Galați County


Edmund Kiss (1886 – 1960) was a German pseudoarchaeologist and author best known for his books about the ancient settlement of Tiwanaku in the Andes mountains of Bolivia.

Early life and writings

Edmund Kiss was born in Germany in 1886 and later studied architecture. He claimed to have also studied archaeology, but there is no evidence that this is true. He was a soldier during the First World War. After the Treaty of Versailles, he started writing a series of novels of adventure fiction in the prestigious German collection Der Gute Kamerad and with other publishing houses. He also wrote non-fiction works that adhered to the tenets of pseudo-scientist Hanns Hörbiger. In the 1920s and early 1930s, he worked as a municipal officer responsible for the construction of public buildings.

In the 1920s, Edmund Kiss started writing his first books on alternative archeology and ancient mysticism. In his book entitled The Last Queen of Atlantis (Die letzte Königin von Atlantis) he equated the mythical northern land Thule to the origins of humanity. According to Kiss 'The inhabitants of Northern Atlantis were led by their leader Baldur Wieborg, a native of the mythical Thule who migrated all across the world'. He later described the return journey of the Nordic Thulians to their mythical homeland in The Swans of Thule.

Tiwanaku and Welteislehre
Edmund Kiss was a follower of the pseudoscience Welteislehre (World Ice Theory). Welteislehre was a pseudoscientific hypothesis created by Hanns Hörbiger and Philipp Johann Heinrich Fauth during the 1890s. Welteislehre suggests that the Earth and all other cosmic planetary bodies were made out of ice. One of the claims made in Hörbiger's book Glacial-Kosmogonie was that the Earth once had six satellite moons and that sometime in the ancient past, five of these moons were destroyed.  According to Hörbiger, this event would have caused global flooding and the formation of continent-spanning glaciers. According to Hörbiger, flora and fauna could only survive at high altitudes such as those found in the Himalayas and the Andes. Kiss was attracted by the claim of global ice and wanted to explore the Andes for evidence to prove Hörbiger's theory.

In 1927, Kiss made contact with an Austrian writer and amateur archaeologist  Arthur Posnansky.  Posnansky informed Kiss about the ruins of Tiwanaku. Posnansky had been undertaking research at Tiwanaku since the early 1900s and suggested that the temples built on the site predated the traditionally accepted date of 200 C.E. and were instead constructed around 17,000 B.C.E. Posnansky used pseudoscientific astronomical calculations on one of the walls at the site to obtain this date.

In 1928, Kiss used a 20,000 Mark reward he received in a writing contest to fund an expedition to Tiwanaku. Kiss generally agreed with Posnansky's findings and came to the conclusion that the ruins were not Andean in origin. These findings were based on Kiss's personal opinion that the ruins were "European" in design. He later stated in a letter translated by Heather Pringle, "The works of art and the architectural style of the prehistoric city are certainly not of Indian style…Rather they are probably the creations of Nordic men who arrived in the Andean Highlands as representatives of a special civilization.". Kiss theorized that the original builders of Tiwanaku were Nordic peoples who had begun construction of Tiwanaku almost one million years ago. Kiss claimed that the same Nordic race that he claimed built Tiwanaku had been the inhabitants of the mythical lost continent of Atlantis.

Kiss's research was discussed in several publications that appeared after his 1928 expedition to Tiwanaku, in 1930, published an article for the architecture magazine Zeitschrift für Bauwesen, titled Die Rekonstruktion des Mausoleums Puma Punku und der Sonnenwarte Kalasasaya in Tihuanaku in Bolivien. From 1930-1933 Kiss, published Das Gläserne Meer, Die Letzte Königin von Atlantis, and Frühling in Atlantis. These novels were presented as historical fiction and were based on his archaeological theories. The novels portray the Atlanteans as Nordic Aryans with access to advanced technology and the builders of Tiwanaku. Kiss did not publish a comprehensive work detailing his findings at Tiwanaku until 1937, when he published Das Sonnentor von Tihuanaku und Hörbiger's Welteislhere. The title makes a reference to the Gateway of the Sun, a monolithic carved gateway located at Tiwanaku. The Gateway of the Sun is known for its intricate carvings, with the central figure known as the front-facing figure or Staff God. One of Kiss's theories for the Gateway of the Sun was that the monolith was a celestial calendar, according to Heather Pringle. "He felt certain he could see symbols for twelve months of the year, each possessing either twenty-four or twenty-five days…each of the days had thirty hours." Kiss claimed about a notable artifact from the site found at Kalasasaya that it resembles a Nordic man. The interpretation as a "Nordic Man's Head" is an interpretation based on racist assumptions.

Connections to Nazism
Kiss, along with other leading Nazis such as Heinrich Himmler, was influenced by Völkisch ideology for most of his writing career. His adherence to the Welteislehre further strengthens his connection due to its popularity within the Völkisch movement. Canadian author Heather Pringle has noted Kiss' lack of concern for conventional scientific theory and the way in which his ideas 'greatly appealed to right-wing politics extremists who were always looking for ways of Germanizing science and junking anything that smacked of "Judaism" science'. According to Pringle, mainstream scientists in America and Great Britain at the time described Kiss as a 'complete idiot.'

The publishing of Das Sonnentor von Tihuanaku und Hörbiger's Welteislehre brought Kiss to the attention of Heinrich Himmler.  Himmler was so enthralled with Kiss's theories that he purchased a leather-bound copy of ‘’Das Sonnentor von Tihuanaku und Hörbiger's Welteislehre’’ as a Christmas present for Adolf Hitler.  Kiss's novel also included a large collection of reconstructive illustrations he created of Tiwanaku. These illustrations drew more from Kiss's fantasies than from actual archaeological work. Furthermore, his reconstructions show signs that they were also influenced by Nazi monumental architecture.

By 1939, Kiss had requested the SS-Ahnenerbe to fund another expedition to Tiwanaku. The proposed expedition would've been one of the most technical of the time, including aerial and underwater photography alongside the excavations.  The Ahnenerbe's director Wolfram Sievers concluded the cost for the expedition would've come to around 100,000 Reichsmarks. The expedition was delayed indefinitely following the German invasion of Poland. The expedition was canceled in 1941.

Following the German declaration of war in 1939, Kiss was called in to serve as a Hauptsturmführer in the Waffen-SS. Kiss was captured in 1945. In 1948, a denazification trial classified him as a Mitläufer. He was fined 501 Reichsmarks.

Later life
Following his trial, he retired in order to continue writing. In the 1950s he wrote two more books on mysticism. One of these books was entitled Some comments on Critias which was a reanalysis of the location of Atlantis. In 1959 he published an article titled, An Early Account of Tiahuanaco, for the journal, New World Antiquity. He died in 1960.

Books
 Das gläserne Meer. Leipzig: Koehler & Amelang, 1930.
 Die letzte Königin von Atlantis. Leipzig: Koehler & Amelang, 1931.
 Frühling in Atlantis. Leipzig: Koehler & Amelang, 1933.
 Das Sonnentor von Tihuanaku und Hörbigers Welteislehre. Leipzig: Koehler & Amelang, 1937.

Literature
Michael H. Kater, Das Ahnenerbe der SS 1935–1945. Ein Beitrag zur Kulturpolitik des Dritten Reiches. Stuttgart 1974 (in German)
Peter Mierau, Nationalsozialistische Expeditionspolitik. Die deutschen Asienexpeditionen. Munich 2005 (in German)

References

1886 births
1960 deaths
Pseudoarchaeologists
German Army personnel of World War I
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United States
SS personnel
Waffen-SS personnel
German male novelists
20th-century German novelists
20th-century German male writers
Ahnenerbe members


François Achille Longet (25 May 1811 – 20 April 1871) was a French anatomist and physiologist who was a native of Saint Germain-en-Laye, Yvelines.

He was a student of François Magendie (1783–1855), and a pioneer in the field of experimental physiology. In 1853 he attained the chair of physiology of the Faculté de Médecine in Paris. One of his better known students was German physiologist Moritz Schiff (1823–1896).

Longet is remembered for extensive research of the autonomic nervous system, and physiological experiments of the anterior and posterior columns of the spinal cord in regards to sensory and motor functionality. Also, he is credited with providing a detailed comprehensive description of nerve innervation of the larynx. With Jean Pierre Flourens (1794–1867), he performed pioneer experiments on the effects of ether and chloroform on the central nervous system in laboratory animals.

Selected writings
In 1843, with Jacques-Joseph Moreau (1804–1884), Jules Baillarger (1809–1890) and Laurent Alexis Philibert Cerise (1807–1869), he founded the Annales médico-psychologiques, a journal of psychiatry that is still in publication today. The following are a few of his notable writings:
 Recherches expérimentales et pathologiques sur les propriétés et les fonctions des faisceaux de la moelle épinière et des racines des nerfs rachidiens (1841) - Pathological and experimental research on the properties and functions of the spinal cord and spinal nerve roots.
 Traité l'Anatomie et Physiologie du Système nerveux de l'Homme et des Animaux vertébrés (1842) - Treatise on the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system in humans and vertebrate animals.
 Traite de physiologie (1850–) - Treatise of physiology.

References
 The English Cyclopaedia by Charles Knight
 text from Longet's  Traite de Physiologie

1811 births
1871 deaths
People from Saint-Germain-en-Laye
French anatomists
French physiologists


Mountain Gear is a privately held online retailer of outdoor equipment and apparel, based in Spokane Valley, Washington in the United States. The business decided to close in 2019, beginning to close its in-person stores after the holiday season, and selling the rest of its inventory online through 2020.

The company carries clothing and gear from brands including The North Face, Arc'teryx, Mountain Hardwear,  Marmot, Black Diamond Equipment, Petzl and Keen Footwear. At its peak, it was an important member of the mountain climbing equipment community—estimating that in 2012 82% of Americans climbing everest and 90% of Americans who climbed K2 had been customers.

Company history
Mountain Gear was founded in 1983 by Paul Fish and Karn Nielsen.   At its inception, the company was a manufacturer specializing in handmade backpacks.  Over time, the focus of the company shifted from manufacturing to retail and grew to include a nationwide catalogue.

The company first mailed a catalog in 1993 and developed its first website in 1995. In 2001, Mountain Gear acquired MountainWoman.com, one of the first women's-specific outdoor websites, and in 2003 Shoreline Mountain Products, a web-based retailer that specialized in rock climbing. MountainWoman.com has been updated and rolled into the Devi Outdoor catalog and DeviOutdoor.com website. Shoreline was discontinued as an independent website and catalog a few years after the acquisition.  From 2002 to 2006, Mountain Gear was listed by Success Magazine as one of America's 100 fastest-growing catalog businesses. The company moved into a renovated, , environmentally sustainable distribution center and corporate headquarters in 2006.

References

External links
  Mountain Gear, Inc. official site

Sporting goods retailers of the United States
Retail companies established in 1983
Spokane Valley, Washington


Nuclear Information Service (NIS) is an independent, non-profit research organisation which investigates the UK nuclear weapons programme and publishes information to stimulate informed debate on nuclear disarmament and related issues.

NIS conducts original research, providing information on the public interest issues surrounding nuclear weapons. This results in reports, articles, press releases, webinars, discussion events, legal action and consultation services to other organisations, parliament and government agencies.

Over the years it has focused in from general peace and disarmament work to concentrate on serving the disarmament community, media and decision-makers with research on the maintenance, upgrades and transport of nuclear weapons. This work has included research on the Atomic Weapons Establishment at Aldermaston and Burghfield and on warhead modification, new warhead development, decommissioning, nuclear convoys, outsourcing/privatisation, costs and delays, safety and accidents.

NIS circulates information through its website, newsletters, social media and blogs and links with individuals and organisations working on similar issues. Its archives go back to 1991 and it is in the process of digitising and uploading the vast archives of the late John Ainslie, Scottish CND campaigner which date back to the 1970s and the Cold War. NIS is the successor to the Nuclear Information Project (NIP). It became an incorporated company limited by guarantee in 2000 and is funded by charitable trusts, foundations and public donations.

Patrons: Jonathon Porritt, Nick Ritchie, John Downer, Phil Johnstone, Andy Stirling

See also
Anti-nuclear movement in the United Kingdom
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament

References

Nuclear organizations
Anti-nuclear movement


The Lozova is a left tributary of the river Bârlădel in Romania. It flows into the Bârlădel in Braniștea. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Galați County


Harry James Barber (March 29, 1875 – February 11, 1959) was a Canadian politician. He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1925 election as a Member of the historical Conservative Party in the riding of Fraser Valley. He was re-elected in 1926, 1930, 1935 and defeated in 1940. Prior to his federal political experience, he was mayor of Chilliwack, British Columbia between 1914 and 1916 and also Chairman of the Chilliwack school board for eight years.

References

External links

1875 births
1959 deaths
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from British Columbia
People from Caledon, Ontario
Mayors of Chilliwack
Canadian pharmacists
British Columbia school board members


Eugeniusz Mikołaj Romer (3 February 1871 in Lviv (, ) – 28 January 1954) was a distinguished Polish geographer, cartographer and geopolitician, whose maps and atlases are still highly valued by experts.

Born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, he graduated from a high school in Nowy Sącz and studied history, geology, geography and meteorology at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, also attending courses in Lwów and Halle (Saale). In 1894, Romer earned a doctorate in philosophy at University of Lviv. He was a president of Polish Copernicus Society of Naturalists (1910–11).

In final years of the 19th century, he went to Vienna and Berlin to broaden his knowledge of glaciology, geology and meteorology. Romer also went to Lausanne, to study tectonics and morphology. In 1911 he became professor of Lwów University (in 1946 also of Jagiellonian University), later he was named professor honoris causa at the universities in Lwów, Poznań and Kraków. In 1952 he became a member of Polish Academy of Sciences

In 1909 Romer went to Switzerland, to study Alpine glaciers. Next year, he traveled to Asia, and in 1913 to Alaska, to the Saint Elias Mountains (where one of glaciers has been named after him). In 1916, while in Vienna, Romer started work on the Great Statistical and Geographical Atlas of Poland. This atlas, published in Vienna in 1916, was crucial to establishing borders of the Second Polish Republic. He was a member of the Polish delegation at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, helping to draw the western border of Poland.  His Ukrainian rival, and the father of Ukrainian geography, Stepan Rudnytsky, was a fellow student of Albrecht Penck in Vienna. The second edition of his atlas was published in Lwów and Warsaw in 1921.

In 1921 in Lwów Romer founded Cartographical Institute. In 1921-24 he led to a merger of two publishing companies Książnica and Atlas into Ksiaznica-Atlas, which was moved to Wrocław after World War II. It still exists today. In 1929 he retired, concentrating his activities on the institute. However, he kept close ties with Lwów's Jan Kazimierz University, lecturing and examining.

In 1941, when Lwów was captured by the Germans, he hid in a monastery at Piekarska Street, and this decision probably saved his life. Soon after, the Home Army decided to move him to Warsaw, from where he was to be transferred to England to work as an advisor of the Polish government-in-exile. However, doctors recommended that Romer should stay in the occupied country, as the journey was too risky for his weak health. Thus, he remained in Warsaw, using the false name Edmund Piotrowski. Romer survived the Warsaw Uprising and a camp in Pruszków.

After the war, he settled in Kraków, taking the post of director of Department of Geography at the Jagiellonian University. Since 1899, he had been married to Jadwiga Rossknecht, daughter of co-owner of the Okocim Brewery. They had two sons: Witold Romer (1900–1967), professor of the Wrocław University of Technology and Edmund Romer (1904–1988), professor of the Silesian University of Technology in Gliwice.

Eugeniusz Romer died 1954 in Kraków and was buried at the Salwator Cemetery.

Sources

 http://www.lwow.home.pl/semper/romer.html
 http://www.pgi.gov.pl/muzeum/poczet/Eugeniusz_Romer/eugeniusz_romer.html
 https://archive.today/20130415102509/http://www.muzeum-polskie.org/muzeum/w-18-21-eng.htm
 http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/63522,,,,romer_eugeniusz,haslo.html

External links

1871 births
1954 deaths
Polish cartographers
Polish geographers
Jagiellonian University alumni
University of Lviv alumni
Academic staff of the University of Lviv
Academic staff of Jagiellonian University
Geopoliticians
Burials at Salwator Cemetery
Römer family
Geographers from Austria-Hungary


Margaret Claire Hoover (born December 11, 1977) is an American conservative political commentator, political strategist, media personality, author, and great-granddaughter of Herbert Hoover, the 31st U.S. president. She is author of the book American Individualism: How A New Generation of Conservatives Can Save the Republican Party, published by Crown Forum in 2011. Hoover hosts PBS's reboot of the conservative interview show Firing Line.

Early life
Hoover was born in Colorado, the daughter of Jean (Williams), a flight attendant, and Andrew Hoover, a mining engineer. She received primary education at Graland Country Day School, an independent co-educational day school in Denver. She earned a B.A. in Spanish literature with a minor in political science from Bryn Mawr College in 2001. She also attended Davidson College for two years, but did not earn a degree there. Along the way, Hoover studied Spanish-language literature and Mandarin Chinese. She also studied abroad in Bolivia, Mexico and China.

After graduating from college, Hoover moved to Taipei where she got her first job as a research assistant and editor in a Taiwanese law firm; she arrived on the day of the September 11 attacks. Quickly realizing she wanted to be back in the U.S., she returned home in 2002.

Career

Public service
Hoover worked for the George W. Bush administration as associate director of Intergovernmental Affairs. She worked on Bush's 2004 reelection campaign and was Deputy Finance Director for Rudy Giuliani's presidential bid in 2006–07. She also worked as a staffer on Capitol Hill for Congressman Mario Díaz-Balart, and as Advisor to the Deputy Secretary at the Department of Homeland Security. Hoover is on the board of overseers at Stanford University's Hoover Institution, and on the boards of the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library Association and the Belgian American Educational Foundation. She served on the advisory council of The American Foundation for Equal Rights and GOProud.

Political beliefs
Hoover is a conservative, with libertarian beliefs on issues of personal morality. Hoover is an advocate for gay rights, including gay marriage, arguing that individual freedom and marriage are conservative values. She has been profiled in The Advocate as "exactly the brand of straight ally we need right now". In 2013, Hoover was a signatory to an amicus curiae brief submitted to the Supreme Court in support of same-sex marriage in Hollingsworth v. Perry.

Hoover is opposed to Donald Trump. Before the 2020 election, she said, "I can't bring myself to vote for Donald Trump", adding that she would "quite likely" vote for Joe Biden instead, as she found the vote a "binary choice".

Political commentator
From 2008 to 2012, Hoover was a Fox News contributor, appearing on Bill O'Reilly's The O'Reilly Factor. In the branded segment "Culture Warrior", she jousted with O'Reilly on a range of topics from entertainment news to popular culture to Hollywood and politics. In 2012, she became a political contributor at CNN. In 2014, she hosted the Toyota Solutions Studio at the Women In The World conference held at Lincoln Center, where she interviewed several participants. In April 2018, it was announced she would host Firing Line.

Firing Line with Margaret Hoover (PBS TV Series)
Hoover hosts Firing Line with Margaret Hoover, a relaunch of National Review founder William F. Buckley Jr.'s public-affairs television show, Firing Line. The original show aired on PBS for 33 years, the longest-running public affairs show in television history with a single host. Hoover's show premiered on June 2, 2018, on WNET, which serves the New York metropolitan area, and is the largest PBS market in the country. The New York Times wrote, "Under Ms. Hoover's direction, the discourse is civil and substantive". According to the National Review, "the reincarnation of Firing Line comes at an interesting time, and a needful one". In the runup to the show's premiere Politico said, "It seems like a great idea, so let's test drive it and see what happens". In May 2019, The Algemeiner named Hoover its Journalist of the Year for her work on Firing Line.

Personal life
Hoover is married to fellow CNN contributor John Avlon, a former Rudy Giuliani speechwriter, senior columnist for Newsweek, and former Editor-in-Chief of The Daily Beast. They have a son, Jack, born in 2013, and a daughter, Toula Lou, born in 2015.

Selected works

See also

 New Yorkers in journalism

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
American political consultants
American bloggers
American feminists
American political commentators
Hoover family
Bryn Mawr College alumni
Stanford University people
American LGBT rights activists
George W. Bush administration personnel
Colorado Republicans
CNN people
Fox News people
Wyckoff family
Activists from Colorado
21st-century American women


Four ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Escort:

 was a 14-gun sloop, formerly a French privateer. She was captured in 1757 and sold in 1768.
 was a 12-gun gun-brig launched in 1801 and transferred to Customs in 1815.
 was an  wooden screw gunboat launched in 1856 and broken up in 1865.
 was an E-class destroyer launched in 1934. She was torpedoed in 1940 and foundered three days later.

Royal Navy ship names


Green Zone is a 2010 action thriller film directed by Paul Greengrass. The storyline was conceived from a screenplay written by Brian Helgeland, based on a 2006 non-fiction book Imperial Life in the Emerald City by journalist Rajiv Chandrasekaran. The book documented life within the Green Zone in Baghdad during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

The key players in the film are General Mohammed Al-Rawi (Yigal Naor), who is hiding in Baghdad during the invasion of Iraq, and US Army Chief Warrant Officer Roy Miller (Matt Damon), a Mobile Exploitation Team (MET) leader who is searching for Iraqi weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Miller finds that the majority of the intel given to him is inaccurate. His  efforts to find the true story about the weapons are blocked by US Department of Defense official Clark Poundstone (Greg Kinnear). The cast also features Brendan Gleeson, Amy Ryan, Khalid Abdalla and Jason Isaacs.

The film was produced by Working Title Films, with financial backing from Universal Pictures, StudioCanal, Relativity Media, Antena 3 Films and Dentsu. Principal photography for the film project began during January 2008 in Spain, later moving to Morocco and the United Kingdom.

Green Zone premiered at the Yubari International Fantastic Film Festival in Japan on February 26, 2010, and was released in Australia, Russia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia and Singapore on March 11, 2010, followed by a further 10 countries the next day, among them the United States, United Kingdom and Canada. The film generally received mixed critical reviews and was a box office flop, as it cost $100 million to produce plus $40 million in marketing, while the global theatrical runs  produced only $94,882,549 in gross revenue.

Plot
On March 19, 2003, Iraqi Army General Mohammed Al-Rawi flees his residence amid the bombardment of Baghdad. Before leaving the compound he passes a notebook to his aide Seyyed, instructing him to warn his officers to get to their safehouses and wait for his signal.

Four weeks later, US Army CBRN Chief Warrant Officer Roy Miller and his platoon check a warehouse for Iraqi weapons of mass destruction. To Miller's surprise, the warehouse has not been secured, with looters making their way in and out, as soldiers from the 101st Airborne Division are too limited in strength to do much. After a firefight with a sniper Miller finds that the warehouse is empty, the third consecutive time an official mission has led to a dead end. Later, at a debriefing, Miller makes the point that the majority of the intel given to him is inaccurate and anonymous. High-ranking officials quickly dismiss his concerns. Afterwards CIA Officer Martin Brown tells him that the next place he is to search was inspected by a United Nations team two months prior and that it too has been confirmed empty.

Meanwhile, US Department of Defense official Clark Poundstone welcomes returning Iraqi exile politician Ahmed Zubaidi at the airport. There Poundstone is questioned by Wall Street Journal reporter Lawrie Dayne. She says she needs to speak directly to "Magellan" (based on real-life informant "Curveball"), but Poundstone brushes her off.

Meanwhile, while checking another unpromising site, Miller is approached by an Iraqi who calls himself "Freddy", who tells him that he saw some Ba'ath Party VIPs meeting in a nearby house. They include Al-Rawi and his officers and aides in Baghdad, who are discussing the current situation. Al-Rawi decides to wait for the Americans to offer him a deal, and attack if they don't. As the meeting ends, Miller and his men burst into the house. Al-Rawi narrowly escapes, but Seyyed is captured. Before Miller can extract much information, Seyyed is taken away by Special Forces operators and gets in a fight with Miller's team—however, Miller keeps Al-Rawi's notebook. Dayne complains to Poundstone again, but he states that the stakes are much larger than her role in selling newspapers.

Miller goes to Brown's hotel in the Green Zone, where he tells him what happened and gives him the notebook. Brown arranges for Miller to get into the prison where Seyyed is being interrogated. Miller is then approached by Dayne, who questions him about the false reports of WMDs. Miller bluffs his way in to see Seyyed. Near death after being tortured, he tells Miller that they "did everything you asked us to in the meeting." When Miller asks what meeting he is talking about, he says one word: "Jordan." Miller then confronts Dayne about the bogus intel she published, but she refuses to identify Magellan, her source. After Miller tells her he suspects that Al-Rawi is Magellan, Dayne reluctantly confirms that Magellan met with a high-ranking official in February in Jordan.

Miller realises that Poundstone's men are hunting Al-Rawi, and can think of only one reason: Al-Rawi confirms there was no Iraqi WMD program, and is now a major liability. Poundstone confiscates the notebook from Martin; it contains the locations of Al-Rawi's safe houses. When Miller tries to arrange a meeting with Al-Rawi, he is abducted by Al-Rawi's men following Poundstone's announcement of the decision to disband the entire Iraqi Army. Al-Rawi tells Miller that he informed Poundstone that the WMD program had been dismantled after the First Persian Gulf War; Poundstone, however, reported that Al-Rawi had confirmed there were WMDs so the US government would have an excuse to invade. Poundstone's men attack the locations listed in the notebook. When they get to the general's hiding place he flees, ordering one man to kill Miller. Miller manages to kill his captor and races after Al-Rawi, finally capturing him,  but Freddy suddenly appears and shoots the general, telling Miller that "It is not for you to decide what happens here". With his only witness against Poundstone now dead, Miller tells Freddy to flee.

Later, Miller writes a scathing report. He confronts Poundstone in a meeting and gives him the report, but Poundstone dismisses it, telling Miller that WMDs do not matter. Poundstone then rejoins the meeting, only to see Iraqi factional leaders reject Zubaidi, the US's choice as leader of Iraq, as an American puppet and storm out. Afterwards, Dayne receives Miller's report by email. The recipient list includes reporters for major news agencies around the world.

Cast
 Matt Damon as Roy Miller, an idealistic US Army CBRN Chief Warrant Officer. Roy Miller is based on real-life Army Chief Warrant Officer Richard "Monty" Gonzales. Damon joined the film with the assurance that production would conclude by April 14, 2008, so he could start working on the Steven Soderbergh film The Informant! on April 15, amid scheduling difficulties caused by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike.
 Amy Ryan as Lawrie Dayne, a foreign correspondent for The Wall Street Journal who investigates the Bush administration's claims of the existence of weapons of mass destruction. One reviewer noted that, "it's crystal-clear that...Dayne is former New York Times reporter Judith Miller."
 Brendan Gleeson as Martin Brown, the CIA Officer and Baghdad bureau chief, loosely based on Jay Garner.
 Greg Kinnear as Clark Poundstone, U.S. Department of Defense Special Intelligence official. One reviewer saw Poundstone as Paul Bremer, the "...Coalition Provisional Authority head in 2003–04...
 Yigal Naor as General Mohammed Al Rawi, loosely based on the real-life informant Rafid Ahmed Alwan, a.k.a. "Curveball".
 Jerry Della Salla as Platoon Sergeant Wilkins
 Nicoye Banks as Perry
 Jason Isaacs as Major Briggs, a special operations commander on the hunt for high-value targets.
 Martin McDougall as Mr. Sheen, CIA Baghdad assistant bureau chief.
 Khalid Abdalla as Freddy, an Iraqi Army veteran who lost his leg in 1987 during the Iran–Iraq War. Abdalla was cast in the role after impressing Greengrass with his performance in United 93. The actor, who is of Egyptian descent, prepared for his role by learning the Iraqi Arabic dialect and reading Iraqi blogs like Riverbend and Alive in Baghdad.
 Michael O'Neill as Colonel Bethel
 Antoni Corone as Colonel Lyons
 Tommy Campbell as the Chopper Comms Commander
 Paul McIntosh as a CIA officer
 Sean Huze as Sergeant Conway, a member of Roy Miller's MET team.
 Robert Harrison O'Neil as a TV Journalist
 Ben Sliney as the bureaucrat at VTC
 Said Faraj as Seyyed Hamza
 Abdul Henderson as Marshall, a member of Roy Miller's MET team
 Raad Rawi as Ahmed Zubaidi, an Iraqi political exile based on Ayad Allawi
George W. Bush, the 43rd President of the United States appears in a cameo via television archive footage.

Production

Development
In January 2007, after completing The Bourne Ultimatum, director Paul Greengrass announced his intent to adapt a film of the 2006 non-fiction book Imperial Life in the Emerald City by Rajiv Chandrasekaran, a journalist for The Washington Post. Greengrass wrote a script based on the book, working with researchers Kate Solomon and Michael Bronner, who helped the director research for the 2006 film United 93. The script was reported to be developed more in advance than the script for The Bourne Ultimatum, which had undergone changes during production. Screenwriter Tom Stoppard was originally requested to write the script for Greengrass, but because Stoppard was too busy, screenwriter Brian Helgeland instead collaborated with the director to shape the film's premise. Greengrass expressed interest in casting in the lead actor Matt Damon, with whom he had worked on The Bourne Supremacy and The Bourne Ultimatum, and the actor joined the project in June 2007. Actors Amy Ryan, Greg Kinnear, and Antoni Corone were later cast in January 2008. Greengrass said of the project's contemporary relevance, "Film shouldn't be disenfranchised from the national conversation. It is never too soon for cinema to engage with events that shape our lives."

Themes and inspirations

Director Paul Greengrass has said that he first thought about making a movie about the subject of the war in Iraq rather than telling a particular story. Although he initially supported Tony Blair's justifications of the war, he became disillusioned over time. Greengrass carried out extensive research into the background to the conflict, reading journalists such as Bob Woodward, Seymour Hersh, James Risen, Thomas Ricks, and Ron Suskind, in addition to Rajiv Chandrasekaran, whose book he optioned. He has even compiled a document, How Did We Get It So Wrong?, detailing what he learned. Although Greengrass initially wanted to make a smaller film, he eventually decided a bigger budget production would expose more people to the ideas in the film.

Addressing some of the contentions in the film, Greengrass has said that the arguments about disbanding the Iraqi army portrayed in the film represent debates that actually took place by US policy makers. The issue of the culpability of the Fourth Estate, i.e. the mainstream (news) media, or MSM, in taking intelligence at face value, although embodied by a single character, represents a broad based failing in both the US and UK, but for Greengrass the fault ultimately lay with those trying to manipulate them.

Greengrass has said that both the Bourne films and Green Zone reflect a widespread popular mistrust of authority that was engendered by governments that have deliberately lied and have let their citizens down over the Iraq war. The confusion surrounding the absence of WMD in Iraq also provided an ideal scenario for a thriller, in which the protagonist battles for the truth.

Filming
Production of Green Zone was originally slated to begin in late 2007. Instead, it began at the Los Alcázares Air Base in Spain on January 10, 2008, moved to Morocco, and finished filming in the UK in December 2008.

Soundtrack
The original motion picture soundtrack was composed by musician John Powell, a frequent collaborator of Greengrass. Jorge Adrados mixed the sound elements for the chorus, while Jon Olive edited the film's music. The soundtrack for the film was released on March 9, 2010, by the Varèse Sarabande music label.

Release
Green Zone opened in Australia and Russia on March 11, 2010. It was released in the United States and some other countries on March 12, 2010.

Home media
The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in United States on June 22, 2010. The initial Blu-ray Disc includes audio commentary with director Paul Greengrass and Matt Damon, deleted scenes with a video commentary by Damon, Greengrass and his son Kit, several featurettes, BD-Live, My Scenes and Digital Copy on disc.

Reception

Box office
The film opened at No. 2 in the United States with $14.3 million in 3,003 theaters, averaging $4,765 per theater. In the UK the film was the third most popular film of its opening weekend, selling £1.55 million worth of tickets (£2.07 million including previews). Comparing the relative opening weekend results of Green Zone and Shutter Island between the US and UK, Green Zone did twice as well in the UK as on the other side of the Atlantic.

Given its budget of roughly $100 million, in addition to its $40 million in marketing, Green Zone has been referred to as a flop for its production company Universal Studios. The Guardian stated that the film would be unlikely to recoup its production costs through box-office receipts alone. Green Zone has grossed $94.9 million in total worldwide ($35.1 million in the United States and Canada plus $59.8 million elsewhere).

Critical response
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 53% based on 186 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "Matt Damon and Paul Greengrass return to the propulsive action and visceral editing of the Bourne films – but a clichéd script and stock characters keep those methods from being as effective this time around." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 63 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".

Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film 4 stars and wrote that Green Zone is "one hell of a thriller." James Berardinelli of ReelView gave the film 3.5 stars, stating that the "most rewarding aspect of Green Zone is the manner in which it interweaves fact and fiction into an engaging whole."

A.O. Scott, writing for The New York Times, praised Greengrass's direction, writing in his review that "There is plenty of fighting in Green Zone, most of it executed with the hurtling hand-held camerawork and staccato editing that are hallmarks of Mr. Greengrass's style. From Bloody Sunday through the second and third Bourne movies... this director has honed his skill at balancing chaos with clarity."

Empire's Mark Dinning awarded the film 4/5 stars, concluding that "There is a murky morality in the whole sorry saga of Iraq. Some of the motivation is money, some of it is a genuine — if confused — desire for good. Reel can’t quite match real in portraying this aspect, but Green Zone will nevertheless provoke thoughts as well as thrills — it’s an honest, compelling, smart blockbuster that dares to deliver on several levels. And in that, at the very least, star and director are bang on target."

Ilana Ozernoy in Newsweek criticized the film's "popcorn-crunching conventions" and simplification of the source material, writing "if Green Zone were an exercise in bubble-gum pop, I would have chewed happily. But it is Greengrass's insistence on making the thing look and feel authentic that made it all the more unbelievable."

Writing for The Boston Globe, Wesley Morris was critical of the film's mixture of style and tone. "If tremulous 100-yard-dash camerawork is Greengrass’s voice, this sort of movie might not be the song for him. Helgeland’s script doesn’t just suspect conspiracy. It’s certain there is corruption. And righteousness doesn’t suit the illusory objectivity of the director’s docu-realism."

In the UK, Tim Robey in The Daily Telegraph conceded that "with all we retrospectively know about the wool-pulling to make the case for war, it's a kick to follow a main character on the ground who smells a rat"; he nevertheless criticized the film for lacking credibility in its portrayal of a rogue hero who never faces a reprimand and never suffers paranoia.

More enthusiastically, Andrew O'Hagan in The Evening Standard called Green Zone "one of the best war films ever made" because "it does what countless newspaper articles, memoirs, government statements and public inquiries have failed to do when it comes to the war in Iraq: expose the terrible lies that stood behind the decision of the US and Britain to prosecute the war, and it does so in a way that is dramatically brilliant, morally complex and relentlessly thrilling."

The film was nominated for a Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Feature Motion Picture but lost to another Matt Damon film, Hereafter.

Political reaction
Green Zone is seen as a political film, portraying the CIA in Iraq as the good guys while the Pentagon, more generally, the White House, as the bad guys. Film critic A. O. Scott wrote in The New York Times that "the inevitable huffing and puffing about this movie's supposedly left-wing or 'anti-American' agenda has already begun". US military veteran Kyle Smith labeled the film "slander" and "egregiously anti-American", as he wrote on New York Post. An article on Fox News.com states, "Given this set-up, audiences are encouraged to root for Miller's rogue activities and against the government, represented in the film by a corrupt Pentagon chief played by Greg Kinnear."

Richard "Monty" Gonzales, the person on whom the character of Roy Miller was loosely based, commented that both sides of the political spectrum have reacted disproportionately and any political controversy is unwarranted. Gonzales worked as one of the film's military advisors over two years on the condition that the film would be faithful to the experience of American soldiers in Iraq. Gonzales wrote that, on the one hand, the film captures the critical intelligence blunders prior to the war and de-Baathification program that ensured that the conflict was costly and complicated. He nevertheless maintains that a reading of the film that reflects a genuine conspiracy by sections of the Federal government of the United States is incorrect. He sees the film as an exciting "Bourne-in-Baghdad thriller". Matt Damon cites Gonzales' motives for working on the film as being "because we need to regain our moral authority."

James Denselow, writing for The Guardian, praises the film's portrayal of the conflict, saying "ultimately what gives the film its credibility is that it avoids any simplistic idea that Iraq could have simply been 'got right'. Indeed Miller's vision of exposing the WMD conspiracy and the CIA's plan to keep the Iraqi army is undermined by the film's wildcard – a nationalist Shia war veteran who turns the plot on its head before delivering the killer line to the Americans when he tells them: 'It is not for you to decide what happens here [in this country].'"

Greengrass defended his film in an interview with Charlie Rose, saying, "The problem, I think, for me is that something about that event strained all the bonds and sinews that connect us all together. For me it's to do with the fact that they said they had the intelligence, and then it emerged later that they did not." Matt Damon also defended the film, telling MTV News, "I don't think that's a particularly incendiary thing to say. I think that's a journey that we all went on and a fundamental question we all asked and it's not partisan." Filmmaker Michael Moore commented: "I can't believe this film got made. It's been stupidly marketed as an action film. It is the most HONEST film about the Iraq War made by Hollywood."

References

External links

2010 films
2010s war films
2010 action thriller films
English-language French films

English-language Spanish films
American action thriller films
Films directed by Paul Greengrass
Films set in Baghdad
Films shot in England
Films shot in Morocco
Films shot at Longcross Studios
Films shot in Spain
French action thriller films
British action thriller films
Spanish action thriller films
American war films
Political thriller films
Iraq in fiction
Iraq War films
Films about Delta Force
Relativity Media films
StudioCanal films
Action films based on actual events
War films based on actual events
Working Title Films films
Films produced by Eric Fellner
Films produced by Tim Bevan
Films with screenplays by Brian Helgeland
Films set in 2003
Films scored by John Powell
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
2010s British films
2010s French films


Esoteric Escape is the debut studio album by Scottish rock and Electronic music band Keser.

Overview
Esoteric Escape was recorded in 2006 at the studio of Alex Tronic Records in Edinburgh, Scotland, and was produced by Paul Croan. The album features guitar-driven Electronic music and it is predominantly instrumental, with 3  exceptions, Lost for Days, In the Next Beginning and Frozen Fireworks. It consists mainly of Guitar, Bass, Keyboards and the use of various types of Drum Machine.

When questioned about the influences for the sound created on Esoteric Escape, the band have been quoted as saying

Track listing

 "FM Rocker" – 4:14
 "4_Cycles" - 5:06
 "Lost for Days" - 6:37
 "Page 20" - 2:50
 "In the Next Beginning" - 6:06
 " Rolling V2" - 4:57
 "Teach" - 4:21
 "Frozen Fireworks" - 5:51
 "Destination:Destiny" - 5:34
 "Page 21 (Reasons to Believe)" - 6:09
 "We are Closed on Every Tuesday" - 2:44
 "Kontrol/Kaos" - 5:41

Personnel
 Paul Croan - Producer, Arrangement
 Gavin Clark - Recorded "In the Next Beginning", "Rolling V2", and "Kontrol/Kaos" at Hidden Channel, Glasgow.
 David Reid - Bass
 Kevan Whitley - Guitar, Keyboards, Programming
 Geoff Allen - Mastering at CaVa Studios

Release history
Esoteric Escape was released in various countries in 2006 via UK label Alex Tronic Records. The label's distribution includes Cargo Records for the UK and Arabesque for the rest of the world.

Notes

Keser albums
2006 albums
Alex Tronic Records albums


Eric M. Witchey (born 10 June 1958) is an American writer living in Salem, Oregon. As a communication consultant, he writes nonfiction. As a fiction writer, he has sold over 100 short stories and several novels. His fiction covers at least ten genres and has been published on five continents.

Witchey's articles on writing have appeared in The Writer, Writer's Digest, and other print and online magazines.

His short fiction has appeared in numerous print and online anthologies and magazines, such as Polyphony, The Best New Writing 2012, Low Port, Short Story America, Realms of Fantasy, Space Squid, Fortean Bureau, Thug Lit, ClarkesWorld, Jim Baen's Universe and Writers of the Future.

Witchey has won recognition and awards from New Century Writers, Writer's Digest, Writers of the Future, Ralan.com's Clincher Contest, Ralan.com's Grabber Contest, The Ralph Williams Memorial Award, and the Eric Hoffer Prose Award Program.

He has taught seminars at many conferences, including on the Greek island of Crete (Write in Crete, 2005) and near Lake Chapala in Mexico (The Lake Chapala Writer's Conference, 2012). Some of his works have been translated. Stories have appeared in Polish, German, Spanish, Italian, Chinese, and other languages.

In addition to teaching or writing, Witchey spends his time fly fishing or restoring antique, model locomotives.

Awards and recognition

2014 "Fitting for the Groom." Fourth Place. Spinetingler Magazine, UK. Dec. 2014.
2013 "Forgotten Lore," Short Story America IV Anthology. Blind, international competition. Second Place Prize and Finalist for Short Story America Award
2013  "Fly, Denora Bird," Short Story America IV Anthology. Blind, international competition. Finalist for Short Story America Award
2013 "Cascade Sunrise," Short Story America IV Anthology. Blind, international competition. Finalist for Short Story America Award, *"For Your Entertainment," Third Place Winner of the Aeon Award 2012 Short Fiction Contest.
2012  "Bosque Circular," Short Story America III Anthology. Third Place in the Short Story America Festival Contest. Sept. 2012. (print antho, e-antho, audio, e-single).
2012  "The Cell Door Opens," Short Story America III Anthology. Top Ten in the Short Story America Festival Contest. Sept. 2012. (print antho, e-antho, audio, e-single).
2012 Finalist for the Eric Hoffer Prose Award, 2011. "Reunion." Published in Best New Writing 2012.
2008  Second Place in the Ralph Williams Memorial Short Story Contest. Science Fiction. "Ezekiel, Prophet to Bones."
2008  Third Place in the Ralph Williams Memorial Short Story Contest. Science fiction. "Service."
2007  Second Place 76th Annual Writer's Digest Short Fiction Contest Inspirational Category. "The Hero of Kill Devil Butte."
2005  Judge: Ralan's Clincher Contest. www.ralan.com
2004  Third Place www.ralan.com Grabber Contest; "Stealing Faith."
2003  Honorable Mention Fantasist Contest, Dec. 2003. Accepted but not printed; "Purity of Blood and Courage."
2003  Honorable Mention Writer's Digest Genre Short Story contest; "Badger Love"
2003  Honorable Mention Writer's Digest Genre Short Story contest; "Bad Day Running Water to L.A.."
2003 First Place www.ralan.com Grabber Contest; "Life and Death and Stealing Toads."
2001  Honorable Mention Writer's Digest Genre Short Story contest; "Grandma Vernon's Cookies."
2000  2nd Place Writers of the Future Q3; "Dreams and Bones."
1999 Semi-finalist Writers of the Future Q1; "For Your Entertainment."
1999  9th Place New Century Writers Novel Contest; "Echo."
2002  Finalist Calendar.atEros Erotic Fiction Contest; "Diver's Moon."
1998  Susan Petrey Award recipient, Clarion West.

Published works

Novels
 Bull's Labyrinth, 2016
 How I Met My Alien Bitch Lover: Book 1 of the Sunny World Inquisition Daily Letter Archives', IFD Publications', 2012
 Beyond the Serpent’s Heart, IFD Publications, 2011
 Fighting Mother's Echo, Fantastyka Wydanie Specjalie (Poland), May, 2005
 Fighting Mother's Echo, New Century Writers Award, 1999
 Darwin's Silence excerpt, Clarion West attendance and scholarship
 Fighting Mother's Echo novel in-progress, Oregon Writer's Colony Anthology, In Our Own Voices 1998
 Fighting Mother's Echo'' novel in-progress, Oregon Writer's Colony Anthology, In Our Own Voices 1996

Short fiction: Literary/Little/Mainstream
 "Tequila Volcano," Timberline Review. Issue 1, Summer, 2015.
 "Goodbye Home," Independent Ink Magazine Issue 12, Jan. 2014. Print and online.
 "Co-dependent Spectral Disorder." Short Story America Anthology Vol. IV.
 "Fly, Denora Bird," Short Story America IV Anthology. Blind, international competition. Finalist for Short Story America Award, 2013. (print antho, e-antho, audio, e-single).
 "Forgotten Lore," Short Story America IV Anthology. Blind, international competition. Finalist and 2nd Place for Short Story America Award, 2013. (print antho, e-antho, audio, e-single).
 "Cascade Sunrise," Short Story America IV Anthology. Blind, international competition. Finalist for Short Story America Award, 2013. (print antho, e-antho, audio, e-single).
 "Bosque Circular," Short Story America III Anthology (2013). Third Place in the Short Story America Festival Contest. Sept. 2012. (print antho, e-antho, audio, e-single).
 "The Cell Door Opens," Short Story America III Anthology (2013). Top Ten in the Short Story America Festival Contest. Sept. 2012. (print antho, e-antho, audio, e-single).
 "The Apple Sniper." IFD Publishing stand-alone ebook. 2012.
  "Lost Island Story Hour." Short Story America II Anthology. 2012. (Online single, Online antho, Print antho, audio).
 "Reunion." Best New Writing 2012. Eric Hoffer Prose Award.
 "Mirages." The Writer Magazine web site. November, 2010
 "Mirages." Polyphony 7, July 2010. Only online.
 "The Hero of Kill Devil Butte." Second Place 76th Annual Writer's Digest Short Fiction Contest Inspirational Category, 2007.
 "Forgotten Lore." CDN Video presentation rights. June, 2006.
 "Daniel's Wagon." Up Lights Christmas Anthology, 2007. Purchased but not printed.
 "Mud Fork Cottonmouth Expedition." The Best of Polyphony, 2005. Accepted but not printed.
 "Mud Fork Cottonmouth Expedition." Polyphony 4. August, 2004.
 "The Runner" originally "Small Courages." American Intercultural Magazine (AIM) Spring, 2002.
 "Daniel's Wagon." printed in the One Evening a Year anthology published by the Eugene Professional Writer's Workshops, Inc.
 "Masquerade" Poem. American Poetry Anthology. 1983.

Short fiction: Science fiction

 "Vincent's First Bass." Daily Science Fiction eMagazine. Pub. Date TBA.
 "Vincent's First Bass." Daily Science Fiction Print Anthology. Pub. Date TBA.
 "For Your Entertainment." Third Place Winner of the Aeon Award 2012 Short Fiction Contest. Published in Albedo One Magazine in Ireland. Aug., 2013.
 "Beware the Boojum…" IFD Publishing stand-alone ebook novelette. 2013.
 "Brieanna's Constant." The Writer Magazine web site, accompaniment to the print article "Enriching Character through Simile, Metaphor, and Symbol. Oct, 2010.
 "Can You See Me Now?" Realms 2: The Second Year of Clarkesworld Magazine. Anthology. March, 2010
 "Ezekiel, Prophet to Bones." Second Place in the Ralph Williams Memorial Short Story Contest, 2008. Science Fiction.
 "Service." Third Place in the Ralph Williams Memorial Short Story Contest, 2008. Science fiction.
 "Can You See Me Now?" Clarkesworld Magazine. Autumn issue, 2008.
 "Men Are From Mars; Women Are Intravenous" Space Squid. April, 2008
 "Dreams and Bones." Nowa Fantastyka. Dec. 2007
 "Bibliophile." Nowa Fantastyka. July, 2007.
 "Running Water for L. A.." Jim Baen's Universe, Vol. 3, #1. June, 2007
 "Brieanna's Constant." Selected for Best of Jim Baen's Universe, 2006. Published, 2007.
 "Bibliophile." CDN Video presentation rights. June, 2006
 "Prime Time Religion." CDN Video presentation rights. June, 2006
 "Service." CDN Video presentation rights. June, 2006
 "Brieanna's Constant." Jim Baen's Universe Magazine, Vol. 1, Issue 1. May, 2006.
 "Christmas Eve on Able Flight." December, 2005. www.forteanbureau.com.
 "Voyeur." Meisha Merlin Press, Low Port Anthology. Summer, 2003
 "Bad Day Running Water to L.A.." Honorable Mention, Writer's Digest 2003 Genre Short Story contest.
 "Dreams and Bones." Writers of the Future Q3, 2000; L. Ron Hubbard presents The Writers of the Future. Anthology #17.
 "Prime Time Religion." sold but not printed; Eugene Register Guard
 "For Your Entertainment." Writers of the Future Honorable Mention Q1, 1999
 Echo. 9th Place, New Century Writer Novel Contest, 1999.

Short fiction: Fantasy
 "Circus Circus." Circus: Fantasy under the Big Top. Eketarina Sedia, ed. Prime Books. Oct. 2012.
 "To Build a Boat, Listen to Trees." IFD Publishing stand-alone ebook novelette. 2012.
 "Opacity and the Death Editor." w/ Alan M. Clark. Boneyard Babies. A Bizzaro Anthology. Eraserhead Press. Sept. 2010
 "Hold the Moon." Dark Wine and Stars anthology: Cat's Eye New Bella Anthology. June, 2010.
 "Conrad’s New Shoe Goo." Boneyard Babies. A Bizzaro Anthology. Eraserhead Press. Sept. 2010.
 "Circus Circus." Realms of Fantasy Magazine. February, 2007.
 "Christmas Spice Cookies." Up Lights Christmas Anthology for 2007 Holiday Season. Purchased but not printed.
 "Bat Baby and Big Foot vs. The Blood Trucking Vampire." CDN Video presentation rights. June, 2006.
 "Christmas Spice Cookies." Story House. December, 2005. Accepted again. Not printed.
 "Stealing Faith." www.ralan.com Spectravaganza anthology. Oct. 2003 (third place, Grabber Contest).
 "Life and Death and Stealing Toads." June, 2005. Nowa Fantastyka (Poland).
 "Batbaby and Bigfoot vs. The Blood Trucking Vampires." August, 2004. www.forteanbureau.com.
 "The Tao of Flynn." March, 2006. Nowa Fantastyka (Poland). Published 2005.
 "The Tao of Flynn." April, 2004 Realms of Fantasy Magazine.
 "Purity of Blood and Courage." Fantasists Anthology. December, 2003 Accepted. Not printed.
 "Christmas Spice Cookies." Story House. December, 2003 Accepted. Not printed.
 "Life and Death and Stealing Toads." www.ralan.com Spectravaganza anthology. Oct. 2003 (first place, Grabber Contest)
 "Hold the Moon." Vol. #4; Frequency Audio Magazine. Sold, Not Printed (SNP).
 "Hold the Moon." Kinships Magazine. Accepted. Not printed.
 "Lindeman's Life." June, 2002 Realms of Fantasy Magazine

Short fiction: Romance and erotica
 "Diver's Moon." IFD Publishing stand-alone short story. 2012. (Pen name: E.M. Arthur).
 "Seducing Storms." IFD Publishing stand-alone short story. 2012. (Pen name: E.M. Arthur).
 "Roxie’s Jackhammer." Oysters and Chocolate online Magazine. Sept. 2010. (Pen name: E.M. Arthur)
 "Nan and the New Spinners." Moon Washed Kisses. Sept. 2010. (Pen name: E.M. Arthur)
 "She Blossoms in Mine Tailings." Quantum Kiss Online Magazine.
 "Diver's Moon." The Mammoth Books Best New Erotica 3. (Pen name: E.M. Arthur)
 "Grandma Vernon's Cookies." Short Stuff for Adults Magazine. Valentine's Day issue, Feb. 2003.
 "Badger Love." Honorable Mention, Writer's Digest 2003 Genre Short Story contest.
 "Diver's Moon." e-book anthology. December, 2002, Calendar.atEros. (Pen name: E.M. Arthur).
 "Seducing Storms." The Mammoth Books Best New Erotica 2. (Pen name: E.M. Arthur).
 "Seducing Storms." Clean Sheets online magazine; April, 2001. (Pen name: E.M. Arthur).
 "Grandma Vernon's Cookies." Honorable Mention, Writer's Digest 2001 Genre Short Story contest.

Short fiction: Horror
 "Fitting for the Groom." Fourth Place. Spinetingler Magazine, UK. Dec. 2014.
 "Scare Tactic." Dark Discoveries Magazine. 2007
 "Collaboration." Poem. Surreal Magazine. September, 2005
 "The Fix in Mr. Giovelli's Bandit." TripleTree Press. Ghosts at the Coast anthology, 2005
 "Confession for a Heart of Stone." Fortean Bureau. Oct. 2003.

Short fiction: Other
 "On The Program." Thug Lit. www.Thuglit.com, 2006.
 "The Golden Spike." Lost Treasures Magazine, 1987.
 "Wheel of Fortune." CICADA Magazine. Accepted but not printed.

Education

Witchey is a graduate of Clarion West Writers Workshop 1998.

Witchey is a graduate of Colorado State University: BA, 1985. MA (CD), 1988.

Witchey is a graduate of Shelby Senior High 1976.

References

External links

21st-century American novelists
American fantasy writers
American male novelists
Writers from Salem, Oregon
1958 births
Living people
American male short story writers
21st-century American short story writers
21st-century American male writers
Novelists from Oregon


Jordanis Theodore Pavlides (; Iordanis Theodoros Pavlidis; 12 October 1903 – 26 February 1985) was a Greek-British contract bridge player who won the British Bridge League Master Pairs in 1948, the Gold Cup in 1949, the European championship in 1954, and the Bermuda Bowl in 1955. He also represented Britain in the European championships of 1955. Pavlides was the sixth member of a winning team whose other members were Terence Reese, Boris Schapiro, Kenneth Konstam, Leslie Dodds and Adam Meredith.

He was born in Athens, lived for a while in France and Germany, before settling in London in 1935. He became a British subject in 1951. He died in Westminster, London in 1985.

References

1903 births
1985 deaths
British and Irish contract bridge players
English contract bridge players
Bridge players from London
Bermuda Bowl players
Greek emigrants to the United Kingdom
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Sportspeople from Athens
Greek expatriate sportspeople in France
Greek expatriate sportspeople in Germany


The men's 200 metres at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California had an entry list of 76 competitors from 58 nations, with ten qualifying heats (76), four quarterfinals (32), and two semifinals (16) before the final (8) took off on Wednesday August 8, 1984. The maximum number of athletes per nation had been set at 3 since the 1930 Olympic Congress. The event was won by Carl Lewis of the United States, the nation's first victory in the men's 200 metres since 1968 and 13th overall. It was the third gold medal of the Games for Lewis, who was attempting to match Jesse Owens in winning the 100, 200, long jump, and 4x100 relay; his victory in this event left only the relay to go, in which the United States was heavily favored. The American team competed in a medal sweep in this event, the first since 1956 and the fifth overall for the United States, with Kirk Baptiste earning silver and Thomas Jefferson taking bronze.

Background

This was the 19th appearance of the event, which was not held at the first Olympics in 1896 but has been on the program ever since. Two of the eight finalists from the 1980 Games returned: gold medalist (and 1972 bronze medalist and 1976 finalist) Pietro Mennea of Italy and bronze medalist (and 1976 gold medalist) Don Quarrie of Jamaica. The favorite was Carl Lewis of the United States, attempting to win four golds, with his teammates Kirk Baptiste and Thomas Jefferson his biggest challengers. The Soviet-led boycott had little effect on this event, with none of the top 200 metres runners in 1984 being from boycotting nations.

Algeria, Bangladesh, the British Virgin Islands, the People's Republic of China, Costa Rica, Equatorial Guinea, The Gambia, Indonesia, Mali, Mauritius, the Netherlands Antilles, Oman, Qatar, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe each made their debut in the event. The United States made its 18th appearance, most of any nation, having missed only the boycotted 1980 Games.

Competition format

The competition used the four round format introduced in 1920: heats, quarterfinals, semifinals, and a final. The "fastest loser" system introduced in 1960 was used in the heats.

There were 10 heats of 8 runners each (before withdrawals), with the top 3 men in each advancing to the quarterfinals along with the next 2 fastest overall. The quarterfinals consisted of 4 heats of 8 athletes each (again, before withdrawals); the 4 fastest men in each heat advanced to the semifinals. There were 2 semifinals, each with 8 runners. Again, the top 4 athletes advanced. The final had 8 runners. The races were run on a 400 metre track.

Records

These were the standing world and Olympic records (in seconds) prior to the 1984 Summer Olympics.

In the final Carl Lewis set a new Olympic record with 19.80 seconds.

Schedule

All times are Pacific Daylight Time (UTC-7)

Results

Heats

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Heat 4

Heat 5

Heat 6

Heat 7

Heat 8

Heat 9

Heat 10

Quarterfinals

Quarterfinal 1

Quarterfinal 2

Quarterfinal 3

Quarterfinal 4

Semifinals

Semifinal 1

Semifinal 2

Final

See also
 1980 Men's Olympic 200 metres (Moscow)
 1982 Men's European Championships 200 metres (Athens)
 1983 Men's World Championships 200 metres (Helsinki)
 1984 Friendship Games 200 metres (Moscow)
 1986 Men's European Championships 200 metres (Stuttgart)
 1987 Men's World Championships 200 metres (Rome)
 1988 Men's Olympic 200 metres (Seoul)

References

External links
  Results

2
200 metres at the Olympics
Men's events at the 1984 Summer Olympics


Inverse Problems is a peer-reviewed, broad-based interdisciplinary journal for pure and applied mathematicians and physicists produced by IOP Publishing. It combines theoretical, experimental and mathematical papers on inverse problems with numerical and practical approaches to their solution. The journal has a specialized relevance to workers in geophysics, optics, radar, acoustics, communication theory, signal processing and medical imaging.

The editor-in-chief is Otmar Scherzer at University of Vienna, Austria.

It is indexed in Applied Mechanics Reviews, INSPEC Information Services, ISI (Science Citation Index, SciSearch, ISI Alerting Services, COMPUMATH Citation Index, Current Contents/Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences), Mathematical Reviews, Current Mathematical Publications, MathSciNet, Article@INIST, Engineering Index/Ei Compendex, Zentralblatt MATH, and VINITI Abstracts Journal.

See also
 Journal of Physics A
 Nonlinearity

External links

 IOP Publishing

Physics journals
IOP Publishing academic journals
Academic journals established in 1985


Allsvenskan 2001, part of the 2001 Swedish football season, was the 77th Allsvenskan season played. The first match was played 7 April 2001 and the last match was played 27 October 2001. Hammarby IF won the league ahead of runners-up Djurgårdens IF, while BK Häcken and Trelleborgs FF were relegated.

Participating clubs

League table

Results

Relegation play-offs

IFK Norrköping won 4–3 on aggregate.

Season statistics

Top scorers

Attendances

References

Print

Online

Allsvenskan seasons
Swed
Swed
1


Tinsel Town Rebellion is a double live album released by Frank Zappa in May 1981. The album was conceived by Zappa after he scrapped the planned albums Warts and All and Crush All Boxes, and contains tracks that were intended for those albums.

Overview
The lyrical themes varyingly focus on human sexuality, popular culture and other topics. The title track is a satire of the punk rock scene, describing a band that adopts the punk style to get a record deal. The album also contains reworked recordings of older Zappa songs, including "Love of My Life," "I Ain't Got No Heart," "Tell Me You Love Me," "Brown Shoes Don't Make It" and the third release of "Peaches en Regalia" (appropriately titled "Peaches III").

Production

Tinsel Town Rebellion was formed out of two albums - Warts and All and Crush All Boxes - that Zappa originally planned to release following the establishment of his home studio, the Utility Muffin Research Kitchen. Warts and All was intended to be a triple live album, while Crush All Boxes would have consisted largely of studio recordings. As Warts and All reached completion, Zappa found the project to be "unwieldy" due to its length, and scrapped it, later conceiving Crush All Boxes. During the final stages of Crush All Boxes, Zappa decided to salvage the scrapped Warts and All album by releasing a series of albums which used the planned material to emphasize his various talents: You Are What You Is, Tinsel Town Rebellion and two series of live albums, Shut Up 'n Play Yer Guitar and You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore.

The opening track, "Fine Girl" is a studio recording originally intended for the unreleased album Crush All Boxes, along with an early mix of the live track "Easy Meat". The Tinsel Town Rebellion version of "Easy Meat" featured much heavier studio overdubs than the version prepared for Crush All Boxes.  Zappa wrote "Easy Meat" in 1970 and the song was a concert staple of the early 1970s Mothers of Invention line-up featuring ex-members of The Turtles: Mark Volman and Howard Kaylan on lead vocals.

The front cover art for Tinsel Town Rebellion retains the Crush All Boxes title, with the new album title spray painted over it. The sleeve and interior was designed by Cal Schenkel, and contains still images from the film Freaks, directed by Tod Browning.

The majority of Tinsel Town Rebellion consists of overdub-free live recordings from the 1979 and late-1980 concert tours. This album marks the first appearance of three new band members from the 1980 tours: drummer David Logeman, who appeared on the spring and summer tours, and guitarist Steve Vai and vocalist/keyboardist/trumpet player Bob Harris (not to be confused with the musician of the same name who appeared on Fillmore East – June 1971), who joined for the fall tour.

Release history

The album was reissued on a single CD by Rykodisc in 1990. (An unauthorized CD had been previously issued by EMI in England in 1987.) Complaints regarding the significantly inferior sound quality (the album was mastered by Bob Stone) led to a remaster by Spencer Chrislu in 1998. Universal Music Group released a new remaster in 2012.

The 1990 release omitted the applause that Zappa had edited onto the endings of "For The Young Sophisticate" and "Pick Me I'm Clean" to end the album sides. The 1998 release restored the applause and included crossfades from the concluding songs of each side to the songs beginning the following side. The 2012 CD release includes the full applause endings with fadeouts as they had occurred on the original vinyl LP.

Reception

Allmusic writer Steve Huey praised the album's instrumental work and the reworked versions of older songs, but described the sexually-themed lyrics as "problematic".

Track listing
All songs written, composed and arranged by Frank Zappa.

Personnel

Musicians
 Frank Zappa – lead guitar, vocals
 Arthur Barrow – bass & vocals
 Vinnie Colaiuta – drums
 Warren Cuccurullo – rhythm guitar & vocals
 Bob Harris – keyboards, trumpet & high vocals
 David Logeman – drums on "Fine Girl" and first half of "Easy Meat"
 Ed Mann – percussion
 Tommy Mars – keyboards & vocals
 Patrick O'Hearn – bass on "Dance Contest"
 Steve Vai – rhythm guitar & vocals
 Denny Walley – slide guitar & vocals
 Ray White – rhythm guitar & vocals
 Ike Willis – rhythm guitar & vocals
 Peter Wolf – keyboards

Production staff
 Frank Zappa – arranger, producer
 Joe Chiccarelli – engineer
 George Douglas – engineer
 Tommy Fly – engineer
 Jo Hansch – mastering
 Thomas Nordegg – everything remote
 Mark Pinske – chief engineer
 Cal Schenkel – cover art
 Allen Sides – engineer
 Bob Stone – remixing, remastering, digital remastering (1990 edition)
 Spencer Chrislu - digital remastering (1996 edition)
 John Williams – graphics

Charts
Album - Billboard (United States)

References

1981 live albums
Albums produced by Frank Zappa
Barking Pumpkin Records albums
Frank Zappa live albums


The Jacksonville Fire Museum is part of the Jacksonville Fire and Rescue Department's Fire Prevention Division.  The museum is home to artifacts detailing the history of the fire service not only in Jacksonville, but the entire state of Florida. Exhibits include photos from and a diorama of the Great Fire of 1901, a fully restored 1902 LaFrance horse-drawn fire engine, and a 1926 American LaFrance fire engine.

The Catherine Street Fire Station, also known as Station 3, is home to the Jacksonville Fire Museum. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and has been designated as an official landmark of the City of Jacksonville. Having initially been home to an African-American company of firefighters, the building is also part of Florida's Black Heritage Trail and is registered with the Northeast Florida African-American Historical Society. The station was located at 12 Catherine Street for nearly a century before being moved in 1994 to its current home adjacent to Metropolitan Park.

The museum is currently closed pending the outcome of a planned multi-use development that would utilize its land.

Catherine Street Fire Station

On April 20, 1886, the Jacksonville City Council passed an ordinance creating a professional fire department. The department initially consisted of 3 fire stations and 17 men. Station 3, or the Catherine Street Fire Station, was located at 500 East Bay Street and manned entirely by African Americans. Henry Butler served as foreman along with privates Louis M. Kelly and J. Sirmans. Station 3 was also home to a hose reel pulled by a horse named George.

After Fire Station No. 3 was disbanded in 1933, the building was used first to host the Jacksonville Fire Department shop facilities, and then as a storage facility. The Catherine Street Fire Station was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on June 13, 1972 and converted into the Jacksonville Fire Museum in 1982.

The building was last renovated following a 1993 report highlighting a deterioration of its foundations. The building is currently closed for more renovations.

References

External links

 Duval County listings at National Register of Historic Places
 Duval County listings
 Museum of City Fire of 1901
 Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs

Buildings and structures in Jacksonville, Florida
History of Jacksonville, Florida
Museums in Jacksonville, Florida
History museums in Florida
Sports Complex, Jacksonville
1982 establishments in Florida
Museums established in 1982
Firefighting museums in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Florida
Firefighting in Florida


The Geru () is a left tributary of the river Siret in Romania. It discharges into the Siret near Independența. Its length is  and its basin size is . Before the regularization of the lower course of the Siret, it was a tributary of the Bârlădel, a secondary branch of the Siret. Since the regularization works, the Geru discharges directly into the Siret, and the remaining course of the Bârladel collects the left Siret tributaries to the east of the Geru and the Suhu. The Geru flows through the villages Mândrești, Valea Mărului, Cudalbi, Costache Negri, Tudor Vladimirescu, Vameș, Piscu and Independența.

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Galați County


Nicolas Isouard (also known as Nicolò, Nicolò Isoiar or Nicolò de Malte; 18 May 1773 – 23 March 1818) was a Maltese-born French composer.

Biography
Born in Porto Salvo, Valletta, Malta, Isouard studied in Rabat or Mdina with Francesco Azopardi, in Palermo with Giuseppe Amendola, and in Naples with Nicola Sala and Pietro Alessandro Guglielmi. From 1795 he was organist at St. John de Gerusalemme in Valletta at the Conventual Church of the Order of Saint John, San Giovanni di Malta.

He moved to Paris, where he worked as a free composer and became friends with Rodolphe Kreutzer. The pair worked together on several operas, including Le Petit page, ou La Prison d'état (1800) and Flaminius à Corinthe (1801). Isouard adopted the pseudonym Nicolò (or Nicolò de Malte) and found rapid success in the field of opéra comique with Michel-Ange (1802) and L'Intrigue aux fenêtres (1805). He composed regularly for the Théâtre de l'Opéra-Comique, writing some thirty works for it.

He composed masses, motets, cantatas, romances, and duos, along with over 45 operas.

Family and legacy

Isouard had two daughters, Sophie-Nicole (1809–1885), a composer of romances, and Annette-Julie (1814–1876), a pianist and composer. His brother Joseph (1794–1863) had a career as a singer and opera director before being named inspector of historic monuments in Rouen. Nicolas Isouard died in Paris and was buried in Notre-Dame-des-Victoires. A bust of the composer was placed on one of the facades of both the Théâtre de l'Opéra-Comique and the Palais Garnier, and one of the main squares in Paris was given his name.

Works
 Casaciello, perseguitato da un Mago, Opera buffa - Two-act comedy 1793, Malta
 L'avviso a Maritati, Opera,  Florence June1794
 Artaserse, re di Persia, Opera seria, Livorno August 1794. Two excerpts only survive. Edited by Richard Divall
 Il barbiere di Siviglia, Opera buffa after Pierre Beaumarchais, Malta Teatro Manoel 1796
 Rinaldo d'Asti, Dramma giocoso, Malta 1796
 L'improvvisata in campagna,  Opera buffa, Malta 1796-7
 I due avari, Commedia per musica, Malta 1797
 Il bottaio, Opera comique, 1798
 Il barone d'Alba chiara, Commedia per musica, Carnevale, Malta 1798
 Ginevra di Scozia, Dramma serio eroico, 1798
 Le Petit page, ou La Prison d'état, Opera, Paris, February 1801
 Flaminius à Corinthe,  Opera, Paris February 1801
 Le Tonellier' Opera-comique, Paris May 1801
 L'Impromptu de campagne', Opera-comique, Paris June 1801
 La Statue, ou La Femme avare, Opera comique, 1802
 Michel-Ange, Opera, 1802
 Les Confidences, Opera, 1803
 Le Baiser et la quittance, ou Une Aventure de garnison, Opera comique, 1803
 Le Médecin turc, Opéra bouffon, 1803
 L'Intrigue aux fenêtres, Opera, 1805
 La Ruse inutile, ou Les Rivaux par convention, Opera,  1805
 Léonce, ou Le Fils adoptif, Opera, 1805
 La Prise de Passaw, Opera comique,  1806
 Le Déjeuner de garçons, Comédie mêlée de musique, 1806
 Idala, ou La Sultane, Opera comique, 1806
 Les Rendez-vous bourgeois, Opéra bouffon, 1807
 Les Créanciers, ou Le Remède à la goutte, Opera comique, 1807
 Un Jour à Paris, ou La Leçon singulière, Opera comique, 1808
 Cimarosa, Opera comique, 1808
 Zélomir, ou L'Intrigue au sérail, Opera comique, 1809
 Cendrillon, Opéra féerie after Charles Perrault, 1810
 La Victime des arts, ou La Fête de famille, Opera comique, 1811
 La Fête de village, ou L'Heureux militaire, Opera comique, 1811
 Le Billet de loterie, Opera comique, 1811
 Le mMagicien sans magie, Opera comique,  1811
 Lulli et Quinault, ou Le Déjeuner impossible, Opera comique, 1812
 Le Prince de Catane, ou Alamon, Opera, 1813
 Le Français à Venise, Opera comique, 1813
 Bayard à Mézières, ou Le Siège de Mézières, Opera comique, 1814
 Joconde, ou Les Coureurs d'aventures, Opera comique, 1814
 Jeannot et Colin, Opera comique, 1814
 Les Deux maris, Opera comique, 1816
 L'Une pour l'autre, ou L'Enlèvement, Opera comique, 1816
 Les Deux capitaines de hussards Opera-coiique, Paris March 1817
 Aladin, ou La Lampe merveilleuse, Opéra féerie, 1822
 Une Nuit de Gustave Wasa, Opera, 1825

Sacred works - all with orchestra and voices (In alphabetical order). Original Manuscripts - Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
 Angelus Domini
 Credo Leg a 4 Voci 1795
 De torrente in A flat major
 De torrente in B flat major
 Diffusa est Gratia
 Dixit Dominus a 4
 Dixit Dominus Leg
 Dominus Deus a Terzetto
 Gloria in D
 Gratia agimus tibi in E flat
 Gloria Patri in E flat
 Kyrie in E flat
 Kyrie in C minor
 Kyrie Messa no 2 in E flat - fragment
 Juravit Dominus
 Lauda Jerusalem
 Laetatus sum
 Magnificat
 Missa a Quattro Voci 1790 ( attr. to another composer) Cospicua Archives
 Missa Pro Defunctorum - Jommelli, orchestrated by Isouard (Brussels Conservatoire Library)
 Nisi Dominus
 Panis Angelicus
 Qui Tollis
 Quoniam Tu Solus
 Salve Regina
 Sinfonia in C minor
 Stabat Mater (5 fragments) Suscepimus Deus
 Te Deum 1791
 Vexilla Regis
 Virgam Virtutis for tenor and bass duet
 Virgam Virtutis for solo tenor
 Virtute Magna

All of the above have been edited by Richard Divall and are available from the University of Divinity, Australia. Richard Divall is currently preparing a publication of a monograph and complete thematic catalogue, and an edition of the opera Cendrillon.

Further reading

References

External links

1775 births
1818 deaths
18th-century classical composers
18th-century French composers
French composers of sacred music
18th-century French male musicians
19th-century classical composers
19th-century French composers
19th-century French male musicians
Composers for piano
19th-century male musicians
French male classical composers
French opera composers
French Romantic composers
Sacred music composers
19th-century French musicologists
Male opera composers
Maltese classical composers
Maltese opera composers
Musicians from Valletta
Knights of the Legion of Honour