Besham (Urdu, ; also known as Besham Qila) is a city in the Shangla District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Located on the right bank of the Indus River (locally known as Abasin), Besham serves as a major junction on the Karakoram Highway, that connects Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab with Gilgit-Baltistan, and crosses over into China's Xinjiang. Besham is also the eastern terminus of the under-construction E90 expressway, which will connect the city westward with Khwazakhela in Swat District. Besham is located around  east of Swat,  north of Rawalpindi-Islamabad, and  northeast of the provincial capital, Peshawar, Pakistan.

Historically, the place has been home to many Buddhist hermits, as well as a Hindu community. Besham was previously a part of the State of Swat and then Swat District, until the creation of Shangla District on 10 July 1995.

The inhabitants of this area belong to Azi Khel, the major Pashtun tribe, Ttribes and sects, traditionally called hujras and the sects residing therein are Kamal khel, Khodo khel, Mullah khel, and Umer khel

Kamal khel is the sub tribe Azi khel Akuzai yousafzai tribe of pashtun peoples

Tourism
Tourists pass through Besham if they are taking Karakoram Highway route for Hunza and Gilgit, as the alternative route through the Kaghan Valley is often blocked due to heavy snowfall. A rest house, located on the bank of the Indus River, is provided by the Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation.

BESHAM TRIBE,

Azi khel is one of the Yousafzai clans and Azi khel is settled in the shangla and khwazakhela the ancestors of Kamal khel tribe was Azi khel who settled in Butyal Besham chakisar shangla from khwazakhela and from Azikhel many branches emerged which are Khado khel, Begam khel, Bara Khel and Khan khel these tribe are now present in Butyal Besham Chakisar shang Opal and katoor are living their lifes in these places mentioned above Azi khel is the sub tribe of the Akuzai Yusufzai tribe of pashtun people

Climate
With a mild and generally warm and temperate climate, Besham features a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) under the Köppen climate classification. The average temperature in Besham is 20.7 °C, while the annual precipitation averages 842 mm. Even in the driest months, there is a lot of precipitation. November is the driest month with 18 mm of precipitation, while August, the wettest month, has an average precipitation of 138 mm.

June is the hottest month of the year with an average temperature of 30.6 °C. The coldest month January has an average temperature of 8.9 °C.

References

Cities and towns in Shangla District


Hathaway Scholarships are scholarships designed to provide an incentive for Wyoming students to prepare for and pursue postsecondary education within the State of Wyoming. The program, which was named in honor of former Wyoming Governor and U.S. Secretary of the Interior Stanley K. Hathaway, consists merit and need-based awards. The origins of the scholarship relate to Hathaway's 1974 creation of the Wyoming Permanent Mineral Trust Fund.

Hathaway Merit Scholarships became available for eligible recipients beginning with the class of 2006 for the 2006 fall semester  and as of 2018 provided more than 5,000 students with $16m in financial aid. All community colleges as well as the University of Wyoming accept the scholarship.

References

External links
 hathawayscholarship.org

Scholarships in the United States
Education in Wyoming
2006 establishments in Wyoming


Eccellenza Lombardy () is the regional Eccellenza football division for clubs in Lombardy, Italy. It is competed amongst 48 teams, in three groups (A, B and C). The winners of the Groups are promoted to Serie D. The club which finishes second also has the chance to gain promotion, they are entered into a national play-off which consists of two rounds.

Champions
Here are the past champions of the Lombardy Eccellenza, organised into their respective group.

Group A

1991–92 Gallaratese
1992–93 Real Cesate
1993–94 Pro Patria
1994–95 Corbetta
1995–96 Oggiono
1996–97 Cantalupo
1997–98 Oggiono
1998–99 Bellusco
1999–2000 Seregno
2000–01 Vigevano
2001–02 Robbio
2002–03 Solbiatese
2003–04 Caratese
2004–05 Fanfulla
2005–06 S.V.Turate
2006–07 Sestese
2007–08 Casteggio Broni
2008–09 Vigevano
2009–10 Saronno
2010–11 Naviglio Trezzano
2011–12 Pro Sesto
2012–13 Inveruno
2013–14 OltrepoVoghera
2014–15 Bustese
2015–16 Varese
2016–17 Arconatese
2017–18 Cavenago Fanfulla
2018–19 Castellanzese
2019–20 Busto 81
2020–21 Olginatese
2021–22 Varesina
2022–23 Vogherese

Group B

1991–92 Capriolo
1992–93 Chiari
1993–94 Crema
1994–95 Pontisola
1995–96 Clusone A.Ser.
1996–97 Corbetta
1997–98 Sancolombano
1998–99 Pavia
1999–2000 Bergamasca
2000–01 Olginatese
2001–02 Canzese
2002–03 Città di Lecco
2003–04 Fiorente BG
2004–05 Renate
2005–06 Merate
2006–07 Caratese
2007–08 AlzanoCene
2008–09 Pontisola
2009–10 Seregno
2010–11 Mapello
2011–12 Caravaggio
2012–13 Giana Erminio
2013–14 Ciserano
2014–15 Alzano Cene
2015–16 Scanzorosciate
2016–17 Crema
2017–18 Sondrio
2018–19 NibionnOggiono
2019–20 Casatese
2020–21 Alcione Milano
2021–22 Sant'Angelo
2022–23 Tritium

Group C

1991–92 Cassano 1966
1992–93 Broni
1993–94 Romanese
1994–95 Sancolombano
1995–96 Trevigliese
1996–97 Bagnolese
1997–98 Romanese
1998–99 Pizzighettone
1999–2000 Frassati
2000–01 Palazzolo
2001–02 Cremapergo
2002–03 Nuova Albano
2003–04 Salò
2004–05 Castellana
2005–06 Darfo Boario
2006–07 Feralpi Lonato
2007–08 Nuova Verolese
2008–09 Pedrengo
2009–10 Rudianese
2010–11 Aurora Seriate
2011–12 Sant'Angelo
2012–13 Palazzolo
2013–14 Ciliverghe Mazzano
2014–15 Grumellese
2015–16 Darfo Boario
2016–17 Rezzato
2017–18 Adrense
2018–19 Brusaporto
2019–20 Telgate
2020–21 Leon Monza Brianza
2021–22 Lumezzane
2022–23 Cast Brescia

References

External links
Some Club Histories In the League

Sport in Lombardy
Lom
Sports leagues established in 1991
1991 establishments in Italy
Football clubs in Italy
Association football clubs established in 1991


Azwar Anas gelar Datuk Rajo Suleman (2 August 1931 – 5 March 2023), more colloquially referred to as Pak Anas, was an Indonesian politician, bureaucrat, and military officer. A member of the Golkar political party, he served in a number of positions during President Suharto's New Order regime. During his career in government, he served as the coordinating minister for people's welfare, minister of transportation, and governor of the province of West Sumatra.

Born in Padang, in what was then the West Sumatra Residency, he graduated from the Bandung Institute of Technology in 1959, and attended Syracuse University that same year. He then joined the military, and underwent military training at the Reserve Officers School in Bogor. After graduating he was appointed by President Sukarno as a first lieutenant. During his time in the military, he became the director of Semen Padang.

In 1977, he was elected as the governor of West Sumatra, following the end of Harun Zain's term. He served as governor for two terms, from 1977 until 1987. As governor, he was known for his religiosity and was popular among many West Sumatrans. After leaving the office of governor, he continued to serve in government. In 1988, he was appointed minister of transportation and later he was appointed the General Chair of the Football Association of Indonesia (PSSI) in 1991. Two years later, Azwar was appointed coordinating minister for people's welfare, before eventually leaving government in 1998.

Anas died on 5 March 2023, at the age of 91.

References

1931 births
2023 deaths
Minangkabau people
Bandung Institute of Technology alumni
Syracuse University alumni
People from Padang
Government ministers of Indonesia
Presidents of the Football Association of Indonesia
Football Association of Indonesia officials
Governors of West Sumatra
Transport ministers of Indonesia


Martung, Mārtung or Martoong () is a highland village and tehsil of Shangla District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan included in Puran Subdivision. Central Martung (Koozkalai) is 982 m above sea level., Being hilly area, some parts of Martung are even more than 1800 m above mean sea level. Alogai is a place with scattered population in Martung having an altitude of 1641 meters. Martung is a green valley and has great scenic beauty. It is situated in the south-east of Shangla District, about 5 km north-west from River Indus. Major villages of the sub tehsil include Kabalgram, Pishlor, Titwalan, Koozkalai, Manzkalai, Shaga and Karindara.

Name

The name "Martung" is supposed to be derived from the word "Mar Tuang" meaning snake charmer basket. Central Martung is relatively a low altitude valley surrounded by high hills from all around resembling to a snake charmer basket. There also exists a story about presence of a huge monster snake in Martung in the past. According to the story, the monster snake lived in the northern part of Tangiyal hill in Martung and ate rocks and soil from the hill. That portion of the hill looks to have been eaten away by something and is called "Mar Khoraley" that means eaten by snake in Pashtu. Both of these explanations support the idea "Martung" to be evolved from "Mar Tuang", though not confirmed at all.

Road links with other cities

Martung has road links with Mingora and Buner. Both the links are ordinary jeep tracks mostly with no black topping. Mingora is the largest city and trade centre in the region, but due to relatively better condition of the Buner road and less severe aftermaths of terrorist Taliban activities, people of the area prefer Buner as the nearest largest market and way of exit to the rest of the country. Beside these, two other ordinary jeep tracks from Martung to Chakesar and Martung to Kabalgram also provide alternate ways. Chakesar is connected to Mingora-Besham road while from Kabalgram one can cross the river Indus to have access to a road leading to Mansehra and other parts of Hazara.

Weather

Climate

Unlike other parts of Shangla, weather in Martung remains moderate in winters and valleys in Martung get little snowfall. Areas very close to river Indus are quite hot in summer. Deforestation has been a great issue especially for Martung since long. People living in this area have no access to coal or gas at all and are facing problems of poor network of electricity, low voltage and load shedding since the area has got connected to the national grid. The people, therefore, have been burning wood for their household cooking and other requirements since the beginning. Although not very cold, even then the temperature goes below freezing point in the winter and people have to keep their houses warm by burning wood. Once there were thick forests of pine and olive trees within the valleys; now forests can only be found in far and high hills.

Water situation

Martung is not very rich in water in contrast to the rest of District Shangla. Water is not a problem only in Sinkarai viz: the areas very near to the river Indus. Sinkarai includes Kabalgram, Dedal, Kamach, Behar and many more small villages. The rest of Martung has many springs and small streams but they normally depend on the annual rainfall. Spring water was being used as drinking water since long, which the people carried from nearby springs to their houses. Small pipelines stretched from such springs to one or more houses are also common there, but a proper water supply scheme does not exist. Environmental changes since the early 1990s have affected the area and Martung gets less precipitation than normal since then. Some people living in the valley now dig wells to get water from. The water table is around 50 m below the earth surface in the central village of Martung. This situation has also led to reduced water quantity in the springs and small rivers. For the last 10 to 15 years, there are only two small rivers, namely Eitai and Khowar that flow for the whole year, also with reduced water than usual. This situation has greatly reduced the production of rice in the area, which is one of the major crops being grown there.

People

Professions

People of this area mainly live on farming. Soil of Martung is rich and fertile but unfortunately there is no irrigation system and agriculture in the area mainly depends upon rains. People are poor and are not aware of modern agriculture; they use old traditional ways and tools. They mainly grow wheat, maize and rice but not on the commercial scale. These are hardly enough for most of the people to eat. Being physically far from the local market (Mingora), it is not feasible to take their products to the market because of high transportation expenses. People grow vegetables and fruits only on small scale for their own use. A large number of people go to big cities of the country like Lahore and Karachi for seeking low level jobs like watch men, waiters in restaurants and  labourers. Some people (very small portion) have small businesses in the local market and a few are government employees.

Population and literacy
The population of the Tehsil is more than 85,000 persons. It was about 79,000 according to 1998 census. The central town Koozkalai has an approximate population of 6,500+ persons. Literacy rate in Martung is very low; less than 7% for male and less than 1% for female on the average. This figure is a little high for larger villages like Kabalgram, Koozkalai, Shaga, Karindara and Manzkalai. There was only one secondary school for boys in the area till 2006, and a few middle and primary schools for both boys and girls. Number of students and level of education both are very much below standards in all the educational institutes.

Culture and religion

The people have rich culture and great moral values. Unlike the general image of Pathans, Martungis are peace loving people. Tribal enmities are very rare. Some of the typical Pathan cultures like Hujra and Jirga are still active in most of the villages. The inhabitants of Martung mainly belong to Aziz Khel or Azikhel and Khan Khel, section of the major Pathan tribe Yousafzai. Pashto is the major local language of all the inhabitants. Very few families in far hilly areas speak Gujri as their mother tongue and Pushto as their second language. Being national language of the country Urdu is understood by most of the people.

All of Martung people are Sunni Muslims by religion. Maulana Khan Bahadur (1898?~1976) known as Martung Babajee has been the well-known religious and spiritual figure in the history of Martung. Religious students from whole of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Afghanistan used to come to Martung and seek religious knowledge during his lifetime.

Hakeem Sahib of Alamibanda

Hakeem Sahib of Alamibanda is one of the notable figures of Martung, renowned for his so-called specialty in old traditional medicines. He is not conventionally educated in medicines and has inherited some remedies and recipes from his forefathers. He has got countrywide fame for one of his recipes that he uses for the treatment of cancer. Being not formally authorized to practice medicine, some people may object the authenticity of his medicines and treatment; disappointed patients of cancer however visit him from all over the country with the hope that they will spend the remaining moments of their lives with less pain after using his medicine..

Facilities

Martung lacks in most of the basic necessities and facilities. The status of health and education facilities is stagnant for about three decades. Roads have had no improvement since 1969 when the former Swat State was taken up by the Government of Pakistan except for some ordinary jeep tracks constructed by the people themselves with either no or very little support from the local government. With increase in overall level of awareness and life style, status of local market has been improved and most items of day to day use are now easily available. Martung was connected to the national grid of electricity and telephone network in 2006–07.

Health facilities

A dispensary was opened by government of the former Swat State in nineteen sixties. There used to be two dispensers with supporting staff who provided first aid to the people. The condition remained as it until early nineteen eighties when the dispensary was upgraded to Basic Health Unit by the government. A post of Medical Officer was also created in the unit. The unit however lacks in medicines, tools and basic facilities regarding health. Post of Medical Officer also remains vacant for most of the time. The unit faces a lot of issues even to handle medical emergencies and provide first aid to the patients.

Education facilities

Government High School Martung is the oldest educational institute in the area. Middle School Martung opened by Government of the former Swat State in 1960s was upgraded to secondary level as High School Martung in 1980 and is still at the same position. This was the only secondary school in the Tehsil until 2006 when Middle School Titwalan and Middle School Pishlor were upgraded to secondary level. There are however a few middle and primary schools within the tehsil providing the so-called basic education to the children. Lacking in facilities even like chalk and black board, neither the teachers nor parents of the students take interest in the schools. Many of the primary schools are just Ghost Schools with no students and buildings. The only one middle school for girls in Koozkalai is facing severe shortage of teachers. Few politically appointed female teachers seldom visit the school; most of them have hired less educated poor girls for very small amount compared to their salary to impersonate them. A few private schools, however, have some female students comparatively in better educational environment to the government schools

Roads

Government of the former Swat State had constructed an ordinary road (with no black topping) from Mingora to Martung via Puran. Though not black topped, the road was well maintained in the duration of Swat State until 1969 and was one of the best tracks at that time. After accession of the Swat State by Pakistan Government, the road had been neglected and there was no improvement until early nineteen nineties. In nineteen nineties, when Pir Muhammad Khan of Puran remained Member of Provincial Assembly for five consecutive times, he took interest in the portion of the road from Mingora to Puran and improved it a little bit, but its condition is still not up to the mark.

Another ordinary track road from Buner has also been constructed and joined with the existing road midway between Puran and Martung. This road is likely to be improved. It has provided a second option for the people to have link with the rest of the country especially in severe winter conditions when the other link is either blocked or very difficult to cross due to snowfall.

Martung-Chakesar link road is also being improved and is likely to provide an alternate way soon after its completion. Martung-Kabalgram road is yet another way to have access to Hazara Division from Kabalgram across the river Indus. This track is, however, in very poor condition and not usable except for specially designed jeeps. This was the only way of exit for the people of Puran and Martung when the Buner and Mingora roads were in-accessible because of the Taliban movement and the army operation against it in 2009. People have also constructed link tracks from the main road to many small villages by themselves either with no or very little help from the government.

Telephone and electricity

Martung remained disconnected from the national grid and telephone network until 2006. In 2006–07, electricity supply was provided to Martung followed by telephone exchange. Mobile network was also made active in 2008. All these connections were badly suffered by the activities of Taliban and the army operation against them. Telephone network in the area has still not been restored.

Water supply and drinking water

It is the very basic necessity of life Martung is still lacking in. Drinking and domestic water has been a problem in Martung since long. People used to bring water from the nearby springs for their house hold use until there was enough availability of such water for them. With increase in population, change in life style of the people and worse water conditions, people try to go for alternate options to get water. No proper water supply scheme is available within the area. (See Water Situation within this article for further details)

Da Shage Jang

"Da Shage Jang" (Means Battle of Shaga) is an important event in the history of Martung. Shaga is one of the major villages situated in central Martung at a distance of about two kilometers from both Koozkalai and Manzkalai. The residents of Shaga belong to Chagharzai sub tribe of Yousufzai, and historically are rivals of Azikhel i.e. the residents of Koozkalai and Manzkalai. In the beginning of 20th century, Shaga was very strong and contained a protective wall around the village. Practically there was no government in this area in those days and the people lived tribal life. Chagharzai were aggressive and were a threat for Azikhel. In September(?) 1908 Azikhel decided to fight a decisive war against them.  They collected their force from the nearby areas like Chakesar and Shahpur and jointly attacked Shaga. Defense of Shaga was very strong, and at the beginning they shot dead top leaders of their rivals from behind the protective wall. In the evening, Azikhel were able to break the protective wall and entered the village. They burnt the entire village and killed almost all males except young boys and children who were taken away by their mothers. Killing of women and children was against the tribal rules.

For long, people of Martung have been using "Da Shage Jang" as a reference for measuring dates and counting years. The author of this article has met a few people in Martung who remembered the event. As this event is nowhere documented, thus data and some legends attached to the event have not been stated here.

Earthquake in 2005

Martung was hit by severe earthquake on October 8, 2005 resulting in scores of casualties and leaving hundreds of people homeless.

Martung and Taliban

The terrorist Taliban movement in 2007-09 affected Martung like all other surrounding areas. People of Martung were not displaced and they did not face shelling from the security forces, but they spent their lives for months in intense fear and feeling of insecurity as the war was expected to reach the area. They also faced shortage of food and other necessary items of daily life, lack of medicine, unavailability of communication means etc. due to blockage of roads and operation in Mingora and Buner. Taliban have no support from the local people of Martung and that's why they could not succeed to carry out their activities here.

A hardliner Islamic cleric and former politico-religious personality of Kabalgram Maulana Waliullah had ties with the Taliban and thus they had a few supporters in Kabalgram and Behar villages. Being local and belonging to a notable clan in the area, Waliullah could not support Taliban openly in the duration they were fighting against Pakistan army in Swat and Buner. He played a dual role and tried to mediate between Taliban and the people of Martung, Puran and Chakesar. He had, however, been providing shelter and way of exit to those Taliban who succeeded to reach Kabalgram from Buner via Martung. Waliullah was respected by all the leaders of Taliban including Maulana Fazlullah as a teacher and powerful supporter of their movement. He thus managed to keep Taliban away from Martung until start of June 2009. In early June 2009 when weakened in Swat and Buner, some Taliban moved to Yakhtangay in Puran tehsil and some areas of Martung adjuscent to Buner. Sensing threat to his life from both the local anti Taliban people and the army, Waliullah surrendered himself to security forces just after they entered Martung.  He was released by Pakistan Army for a few days in July, 2010 and re-arrested shortly afterwards. He died on 7 December 2010 in the custody of the security forces. During his captivity, the army presented him a few times before media. Every time he spoke in favour of the army and their operation against the terrorists.

Taliban have apparently no roots in Martung. No one can openly support Taliban or even talk in their favour. Some events, however, prove their hidden existence in the region. In November 2012, a bomb attack on police van killed a cop and injured four more at Martung. On 12 January 2014, convoy of Amir Muqam, Senior Vice President PML-N and Adviser to Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was targeted by a bomb blast at Martung killing six people including five policemen; luckily Amir Muqam had a narrow escape.. Two brothers were arrested from Martung in November 2011 for having an apparent link with Osama bin Laden and his stay at Abbottabad . . Similarly, the suicide bomber who attacked Superintendent of Police (SP) Crime Investigation Department (CID) Chaudhry Aslam in Karachi on 9 January 2014 is said to be from Kabalgram, Martung.

Better than death or better to die in?

There is an old saying about Martung in Pashto language quoted in two different ways with slight difference in words and much difference in meanings. One form of the saying is “(Da) Marg na Martung Kha Dai”: that means Martung is better than death. The word “Da” shown in brackets is part of speech, but in slang language the sentence is meaningful even without it, and the saying is generally quoted as “Marg na Martung Kha Dai”. Second form of the saying is “Marg la Martung Kha Dai”. Replacing “na” with “la” changes the meaning of the sentence as "Martung is better to die in".

Those who quote the saying in its first form relate it to a story of three brothers. The story says that one of three brothers in the past was forced by the other two to live in Martung otherwise they would kill him. The poor third brother accepted to live in Martung thinking that it was at least better than death. Supporters of the other saying provide a logical reason for it. In Shangla and Swat, dead bodies are buried in a rectangular grave dug vertically downwards. Stone slabs are placed on the top of the grave and sealed with mud before a lot of soil/sand is thrown over it. In the entire region except Martung, a large cavity is dug about 4–5 feet wide and 8–9 feet long and then stone walls are erected from all four sides to support the raw walls of the pit. Hence a rectangular box with four stone walls is prepared. In Martung, the soil 3~5 feet below the surface of the earth is rock hard fine white sand. To dig the rectangular box is a little difficult because the sand is hard enough, but using proper tools (normally a pick or an axe) a fine box is dug with the required dimensions. It is not needed to erect walls in the pit. Because of its white colour, fineness and hardness (without the use of stones), the grave looks very nice and is of course more durable compared to that dug in ordinary soil. Supporters of the second thinking “Marg la Martung Kha Dai” produce this logic and say; "Martung is better to die in". It is, however, just a saying quoted both ways; the real origin is of course not known.

Gallery

References

External links

 Information
 Martung Baba Ki Kahani Khud Unki Zabani by Fazal Mehmood, Rokhan
District/Tehsil wise population of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
Information

Populated places in Shangla District


In psychotherapy and mental health, enabling has a positive sense of empowering individuals, or a negative sense of encouraging dysfunctional behavior.

Positive
As a positive term, "enabling" is similar to empowerment, and describes patterns of interaction which allow individuals to develop and grow. These patterns may be on any scale, for example within the family, or in wider society as "enabling acts" designed to empower some group, or create a new authority for a (usually governmental) body.

Negative
In a negative sense, "enabling" can describe dysfunctional behavior approaches that are intended to help resolve a specific problem but in fact may perpetuate or exacerbate the problem. A common theme of enabling in this latter sense is that third parties take responsibility or blame, or make accommodations for a person's harmful conduct (often with the best of intentions, or from fear or insecurity which inhibits action). The practical effect is that the person themselves does not have to do so, and is shielded from awareness of the harm it may do, and the need or pressure to change.

Codependency
Codependency is a theory that attempts to explain imbalanced relationships in which one person enables another person's self-destructive behavior such as addiction, poor mental health, immaturity, irresponsibility, or under-achievement.

Enabling may be observed in the relationship between a person with a substance use disorder and their partner, spouse or a parent. Enabling behaviors may include making excuses that prevent others from holding the person accountable, or cleaning up messes that occur in the wake of their impaired judgment. Enabling may prevent psychological growth in the person being enabled, and may contribute to negative symptoms in the enabler. Enabling may be driven by concern for retaliation, or fear of consequence to the person with the substance use disorder, such as job loss, injury or suicide. A parent may allow an addicted adult child to live at home without contributing to the household such as by helping with chores, and be manipulated by the child's excuses, emotional attacks, and threats of self-harm.

Abuse
In the context of abuse, enablers are distinct from flying monkeys (proxy abusers). Enablers allow or cover for the abuser's own bad behavior while flying monkeys actually perpetrate bad behavior to a third party on their behalf. Padilla et al. (2007), in analyzing destructive leadership, distinguished between conformers and colluders, in which the latter are those who actively participate in the destructive behavior.

Emotional abuse is a brainwashing method that over time can turn someone into an enabler. While the abuser often plays the victim, it is quite common for the true victim to believe that he or she is responsible for the abuse \and thus must adapt and adjust to it.

Examples of enabling in an abusive context are as follows:
 Making excuses for another's violent rages.
 Cleaning up someone else's mess.
 Hiding an abuser's dysfunctional actions from public view.
 Absorbing the negative consequences of someone else's bad choices.
 Paying off another person's debts.
 Refusing to confront or protect oneself when exposed to physical, emotional or verbal assault.
 Regurgitating the abuser's 'facts' / version of reality to a third party without seeking evidence.
 Revictimising the abuser's other victims with behaviour such as gaslighting, denial, or scapegoating.
 Triangulation (playing the part in an abuse triangle as either victim or protector, but never seeing themselves as perpetrator).
 Keeping secrets for the abuser such as affairs, extramarital children, alcoholism, gambling, incest.
 Projecting / passing on their own shame (the shame projected on to them by the abuser) to third parties.
 Giving up/over knowledge of their finances to be taken care of by the abuser (oftentimes resulting in considerable debt).

See also
 Personal boundaries
 Sycophancy

References

Motivation
Counseling
Behavior modification
Behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors
Interpersonal relationships
Narcissism
Abuse


A sāqiyah or saqiya (), also spelled sakia or saqia) is a mechanical water lifting device. It is also called a Persian wheel, tablia, rehat, and in Latin tympanum. It is similar in function to a scoop wheel, which uses buckets, jars, or scoops fastened either directly to a vertical wheel, or to an endless belt activated by such a wheel. The vertical wheel is itself attached by a drive shaft to a horizontal wheel, which is traditionally set in motion by animal power (oxen, donkeys, etc.) Because it is not using the power of flowing water, the sāqiyah is different from a noria and any other type of water wheel.

The sāqiyah is still used in India, Egypt and other parts of the Middle East, and in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands. It may have been invented in Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, Iran, Kush or India. The sāqiyah was mainly used for irrigation, but not exclusively, as the example of Qusayr 'Amra shows, where it was used at least in part to provide water for a royal bathhouse.

Name and meaning

Etymology and related meanings
The Arabic word saqiya () is derived from the root verb saqa (), meaning to "give to drink" or "make (someone/something) drink". From this, the word saqiya (often transliterated as seguia in Morocco or the Maghreb) has the sense of "one that gives water" or "irrigator". Its general meaning is to denote a water channel for irrigation or for city water supplies, but by extension it applies to a device which provides water for such irrigation. Likewise, Spanish acequia, derived from the same word, is used to denote an irrigation canal or water channel in Spain. In the Maghreb and Morocco, the related word saqqaya () also denotes a public fountain where residents could take water (similar in function to a sabil).

Saqiya versus noria
The term saqiyah or saqiya is the usual term for water-raising devices powered by animals. The term noria is commonly used for devices which use the power of moving water to turn the wheel instead. Other types of similar devices are grouped under the name of chain pumps. A noria in contrast uses the water power obtained from the flow of a river. The noria consists of a large undershot water-wheel whose rim is made up of a series of containers which lift water from the river to an aqueduct at the top of the wheel. Some famous examples are the norias of Hama in Syria or the Albolafia noria in Cordoba, Spain.

However, the names of traditional water-raising devices used in the Middle East, India, Spain and other areas are often used loosely and overlappingly, or vary depending on region. Al-Jazari's famous book on mechanical devices, for example, groups the water-driven wheel and several other types of water-lifting devices under the general term saqiya. In Spain, by contrast, the term noria is used for both types of wheels, whether powered by animals or water current.

Description

With buckets directly on the wheel
The saqiya is a large hollow wheel, traditionally made of wood. One type has its clay pots or buckets attached directly to the periphery of the wheel, which limits the depth it can scoop water from to less than half its diameter. The modern version is normally made of galvanized sheet steel and consists of a series of scoops. The modern type dispenses the water near the hub rather than from the top, the opposite of the traditional types. It is a method of irrigation frequently met within various parts of the Indian subcontinent.

Saqiya wheels range in diameter from two to five metres. Though traditionally driven by draught animals, they are now increasingly attached to an engine. While animal-driven saqiyas can rotate at 2–4 rpm, motorised ones can make as much as 8–15 rpm. The improved modern versions are also known as zawaffa and jhallan.

With buckets attached to endless belt
The historical Middle-Eastern device known in Arabic as saqiya usually had its buckets attached to a double chain, creating a so-called "pot garland". This allowed scooping water out of a much deeper well.

An animal-driven saqiya can raise water from 10 to 20 metres depth, and is thus considerably more efficient than a swape or shadoof, as it is known in Arabic, which can only pump water from 3 metres.

Types

There are two main types of saqiya. One type consist of a vertical wheel which is slung with an endless belt or chain of buckets. The buckets hang down into a well which may be up to 8 m (26 ft) deep. The second type has the buckets or other water containers attached directly to the vertical wheel.

The most primitive saqiyas are driven by donkeys, mules, or oxen. The animal turns a horizontal wheel, which is engaged with the vertical wheel and so causes it to turn. This causes the buckets of the first type to circulate and lift up water from a deeper well, or with the second type, it causes the vertical wheel to rotate and scoop up water from a less deep well.

In terms of propulsion, there is a different, much rarer type of saqiya which uses the same general technique, but it is driven by wind. In Spanish an animal-driven saqiya is named aceña, with the exception of the Cartagena area, where it is called a noria de sangre, or "waterwheel of blood". The wind-driven saqiyas there, are virtually identical in appearance with the local grinding mills.

History

Kingdom of Kush

The saqiya was known in the Kingdom of Kush as Kolē.
The Ancient Nubians developed the saqiya to improve irrigation during the Meroitic period. The introduction of this machine had a decisive influence on agriculture as this wheel lifted water 3 to 8 metres with much less labour force and time than the Shaduf, which was the previous irrigation device in the Kingdom. The Shaduf relied on human energy while the saqiya was driven by buffalos or other animals.

India

The sāqiyah might, according to Ananda Coomaraswamy, have been invented in India, where the earliest reference to it is found in the Panchatantra (c. 3rd century BCE), where it was known as an araghaṭṭa; which is a combination or the words ara (speedy or a spoked[wheel]) and ghaṭṭa "pot" in Sanskrit. That device was either used like a sāqiyah, to lift water from a well while being powered by oxen or people, or it was used to irrigate fields when it was powered in the manner of a water-wheel by being placed in a stream or large irrigation channel. In the latter case we usually speak of a noria as opposed to a sāqiyah.

Egypt
Paddle-driven water-lifting wheels had appeared in ancient Egypt by the 4th century BCE. According to John Peter Oleson, both the compartmented wheel and the hydraulic noria appeared in Egypt by the 4th century BCE, with the saqiya being invented there a century later. This is supported by archeological finds at Faiyum, where the oldest archeological evidence of a water wheel has been found, in the form of a saqiya dating back to the 3rd century BCE. A papyrus dating to the 2nd century BCE also found in Faiyum mentions a water wheel used for irrigation, a 2nd-century BC fresco found at Alexandria depicts a compartmented saqiya, and the writings of Callixenus of Rhodes mention the use of a saqiya in the Ptolemaic Kingdom during the reign of Ptolemy IV Philopator in the late 3rd century BCE.

Early Mediterranean evidence of a saqiya is from a tomb painting in Ptolemaic Egypt that dates to the 2nd century BCE. It shows a pair of yoked oxen driving a compartmented waterwheel. The saqiya gear system is already shown fully developed to the point that "modern Egyptian devices are virtually identical". It is assumed that the scientists of the Musaeum, at the time the most active Greek research center, may have been involved in its implementation. An episode from Caesar's Civil War in 48 BC tells of how Caesar's enemies employed geared waterwheels to pour sea water from elevated places on the position of the trapped Romans.

Roman Empire
Philo of Byzantium wrote of such a device in the 2nd century B.C.; the historian Vitruvius mentioned them around 30 B.C.; remains of tread wheel driven, bucket chains, dating from the 2nd century B.C., have been found in baths at Pompeii, and Costa, Italy;  fragments of the buckets and a lead pipe, from a crank handle operated, chain driven, bilge pump, were found one of the 1st century A.D. Nemi ships, of Lake Nemi; and a preserved 2nd century A.D. example, used to raise water from a well, to an aquifer in London, has also been unearthed.

Talmudic sources
The term used by Talmudic sources for a saqiya is 'antelayyā-wheel.

Medieval Islamic realm

A manuscript by Ismail al-Jazari featured an intricate device based on a saqiya, powered in part by the pull of an ox walking on the roof of an upper-level reservoir, but also by water falling onto the spoon-shaped pallets of a water wheel placed in a lower-level reservoir.

Complex saqiyas consisting of more than 200 separate components were used extensively by Muslim inventors and engineers in the medieval Islamic world. The mechanical flywheel, used to smooth out the delivery of power from a driving device to a driven machine and, essentially, to allow lifting water from far greater depths (up to 200 metres), was first employed by ibn Bassal (fl. 1038–1075), of al-Andalus.

The first known use of a crankshaft in a saqiya was featured in another one of al-Jazari's machines. The concept of minimising the intermittence is also first implied in one of al-Jazari's saqiya devices, which was to maximise the efficiency of the saqiya. Al-Jazari also constructed a water-raising device that was run by hydropower, though the Chinese had been using hydropower for the same purpose before him. Animal-powered saqiyas and water-powered norias similar to the ones he described have been supplying water in Damascus since the 13th century, and were in everyday use throughout the medieval Islamic world.

See also
Man engine

Notes

References

Further reading
 Fraenkel, P., (1990) "Water-Pumping Devices: A Handbook for users and choosers" Intermediate Technology Publications.
 Molenaar, A., (1956) "Water lifting devices for irrigation" FAO Agricultural Development Paper No. 60, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Pumps
Watermills
Ancient Egyptian technology
Egyptian inventions
Indian inventions


Christopher Megaloudis (born May 14, 1984) is a Puerto Rican international footballer.

Career

Youth career
Chris played soccer in high school at Monsignor McClancy Memorial High School. He is the school's all-time leading goal scorer. For all of his goal-scoring accomplishments, Christopher was named as team Most Valuable Player after his freshman, junior, and senior years. Throughout his high school career, the Crusaders won the Brooklyn-Queens Championship four times, losing only one game along the way (a span that saw the team go undefeated in 56 league games). In Christopher's sophomore season, the team advanced to the City Championship game. In his junior season, the Crusaders once again progressed to the City Championship game, this time defeating Salesian 2-0, a season that saw the Crusaders outscore their opponents by   a staggering 100-17 goals with a school best 14-2-1 record. In his senior year, the team compiled a record of 16-3, falling in a penalty shootout to Saint Joseph's by the Sea in Staten Island. Christopher received recognition as a City All-Star first team member from the C.H.S.A.A. coaches all four years as well as by the Daily News, Newsday, and various local newspapers.

Professional career
Following his college career, Megaloudis joined the Long Island Rough Riders of the PDL on a full-time basis. In 2007 Megaloudis joined semi-pro club New York Pancyprian-Freedoms of the Eastern New York League (ENYSASA) and helped lead the club past the first round of the U.S. Open Cup. He later joined the PDL's Westchester Flames.

In January 2008, Megaloudis went on trial with New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer. He was signed by the club in March 2008, and made his full professional debut for the Red Bulls on June 18, 2008 in a game against the New England Revolution. He was waived by New York Red Bulls on September 15, 2008.

In 2009, Sevilla FC Puerto Rico of the Puerto Rico Soccer League signed Megaloudis to the club near the end of the 2009 Puerto Rico Soccer League Playoffs. In January 2010 he joined club Radnički Obrenovac in Serbia third league.

He signed with River Plate Puerto Rico but the team soon folded. After he left and signed with FC New York until the end of the USL Pro 2011 Season. He played just four games for F.C. New York, during the 2011 USL Professional Division season and joined in November the same year to USL Premier Development League club Long Island Rough Riders. Megaloudis played six games for Long Island, before moved to Cosmopolitan Soccer League side Greek American AA.

National team
Megaloudis scored his first international goal for Puerto Rico against Trinidad and Tobago on January 26, 2008. His second was scored against Honduras in a World Cup Qualifier (ended in a 2-2- draw).

International goals
Scores and results list Puerto Rico's goal tally first.

Personal life
Megaloudis works since his retirement as FIFA Player agent for Washington, District Of Columbia based agency  James Grant Sports. He now coaches at Nassau Community College. This season his team went all the way to the NJCAA National Championship where they placed 4th in the nation.

Family
Megaloudis is eligible to play for Puerto Rico because his mother Carmen is Puerto Rican. His father Michael is of Greek descent but played for Puerto Rico in the 1990s. His grandfather Demosthenes played in the 40s active soccer and was during this time, member of the Greek American AA, whose brother Steve Megaloudis, was a player too. His uncle Nicky Megaloudis played in the 80s, active in the North American Soccer League (NASL) and MISL. His Cousins and sons of Nick, George and Dino, played professionally in Greece. George played in the Greece Super League for AO Chania, while Dino was a member of the Greece national U-16 and U-20 side. Another uncle Gus, played also for the reserve side of Greek American AA. His cousin Nicole was in the Women Soccer Team of Virginia Commonwealth University Rams, before she died in a car crash Goochland County, Virginia in 2004.

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
American men's soccer players
Puerto Rican people of Greek descent
Puerto Rican men's footballers
Puerto Rico men's international footballers
Brooklyn Knights players
Long Island Rough Riders players
Westchester Flames players
New York Red Bulls players
New York Pancyprian-Freedoms players
Puerto Rican expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Serbia
FK Radnički Obrenovac players
Sevilla FC Puerto Rico players
Club Atlético River Plate Puerto Rico players
F.C. New York players
USL League Two players
Major League Soccer players
USL Championship players
Cosmopolitan Soccer League players
Men's association football forwards
Soccer players from Queens, New York
Saint Peter's Peacocks men's soccer players
Stony Brook Seawolves men's soccer players
Nassau Lions women's soccer coaches


Alfred Mylne (1872–1951) was a Scottish yacht designer, born in Glasgow. He founded A Mylne & Co. in 1896.

Work
Alfred Mylne was apprenticed to the Scottish shipbuilders Napier, Shanks and Bell, and went on to work as a draftsman and apprentice to George Lennox Watson. Watson was the designer of the Royal Yacht HMY Britannia, the racing cutter first owned by Edward, Prince of Wales.

Mylne set up his own office in 1896. In 1906, Mylne was involved in establishing the International Metre Rule, a yacht-racing handicap rule. Mylne designed a number of race-winning boats, including the 19-metre class cutter Octavia in 1911. Four 15-metre class yachts and the early 12-metre class Cyra are listed as built to his designs, as well as the 8 metre Raven.

Boat designer Uffa Fox was a close friend of Mylne, and the latter appears regularly in the books Fox wrote before the Second World War. When Sir William Burton had his 12-metre class yacht, Marina, designed, this was reviewed in Uffa Fox's Second Book (1935).

"The mast of Marina, the 12-metre Alfred Mylne designed for Sir William Burton in 1935, was called upon to endure some very heavy strains before the racing season started, for on her passage from the Clyde to the South round the "Land" she met very bad weather... Though designed as a light-weather "12", Marina proved herself an able and seaworthy vessel, and came through that gale without damage to herself or her crew."

Mylne was joined in his office by Thomas Glen-Coats, and in 1908 Mylne and his apprentice Glen-Coats competed in the 12-metre class sailing event of the 1908 Summer Olympics, in the yachts Mouchette and Hera respectively. This was the only Olympic event ever to be held in Scotland (prior to 2012), and Hera won the gold medal.

During the First World War, the Bute Slip Dock Co (Mylne's yard at Ardmaleish point on the Island of Bute) produced hulls and components for Felixstowe F.3 and Felixstowe F.5 flying boats, as well as other Naval work. This introduced the company to new methods of construction and experience with new materials that were later adopted for use in Mylne's post war yacht designs.

The 41 ft Bermudan Cutter Medea (Ex Vladimir), see above photo, was designed by A Mylne in 1903 and built by Alexander Robertson & Sons in 1904.  The yacht was subsequently bought by A Mylne in 1930, modified extensively, and stayed in the Mylne family for over 30 years.

Alfred Mylne II succeeded his uncle as the senior partner in the business in 1945. He was joined by Ian Nicolson as a partner in 1959. A.Mylne & Co continues to trade as an independent yacht design company Mylne Yacht Design, and is managed within the portfolio of Marine Design International Ltd.

Notes

References

External links
Website of A. Mylne & Co

1872 births
1951 deaths
Scottish male sailors (sport)
British yacht designers
Businesspeople from Glasgow


Eccellenza Liguria is the regional Eccellenza football division for clubs in the northern Italian region of Liguria. It consists of 16 teams competing in one group. The winning team is promoted to Serie D, the top level of Italian amateur football. The club that finishes second may also gain promotion by taking part in a two-round national play-off.

Champions
The past champions of Eccellenza Liguria were:

1991–92 Sanremese
1992–93 Migliarinese
1993–94 Sestrese
1994–95 Pontedecimo
1995–96 Sanremese
1996–97 Entella Chiavari
1997–98 Sestrese
1998–99 Entella Chiavari
1999–00 Savona
2000–01 Vado
2001–02 Lavagnese
2002–03 Fo.Ce. Vara
2003–04 Loanesi S.Francesco
2004–05 Sestri Levante
2005–06 Imperia
2006–07 Sestrese
2007–08 Virtus Entella
2008–09 Borgorosso Arenzano
2009–10 Sanremese
2010–11 Bogliasco
2011–12 Sestri Levante
2012–13 Vado
2013–14 Argentina
2014–15 Ligorna
2015–16 FBC Finale
2016–17 Albissola
2017–18 Fezzanese
2018–19 Vado
2019–20 Imperia
2020–21 Ligorna
2021–22 Fezzanese
2022–23 Albenga

References

Sport in Liguria
Lig
Sports leagues established in 1991
1991 establishments in Italy
Football clubs in Italy
Association football clubs established in 1991


David "Darby" Riordan (23 July 1886 – 15 October 1936) was an Australian  politician.

Riordan was the Australian Labor Party member for Burke in the Queensland Legislative Assembly, winning the seat in 1918. He held Burke till 1929 at which time he resigned from the seat to successfully contest the House of Representatives seat of Kennedy at the 1929 federal election.

Riordan won Kennedy from the sitting Nationalist Party member, Grosvenor Francis. He held the seat, improving his vote at each election, till his death in 1936 and succeeded by his nephew Bill.

Darcy Riordan had two brothers who were also politicians: Jim Riordan (a member of the Queensland Legislative Council from 1917 to 1922) and Ernest Riordan (a member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 1936 to 1944 and 1950 to 1954).

Riordan died of pneumonia on 15 October 1936 at the Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Brisbane. He had undergone an operation to remove gallstones a few weeks earlier that left him in poor health. His funeral was held at St Stephan's Cathedral, and proceeded to the Lutwyche Cemetery.

References

Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Kennedy
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
1880s births
1936 deaths
Burials at Lutwyche Cemetery
20th-century Australian politicians


David Riordan is an interactive media executive, producer and designer, a documentary television producer and a professional songwriter. He co-wrote the number-one hit "Green-Eyed Lady" for the band Sugarloaf in 1970, and released his first solo album in 1974 called Medicine Wheel. In the early 1980s, while working as a consultant for Lucasfilm, producer of the Star Wars franchise, he began his career as an interactive media designer, producer and director that continued until the late 1990s. During that time he directed interactive entertainment groups for Cinemaware, Philips Media, Time Warner and Disney. He later became a producer for television shows that appeared on the A&E network, was the VP of media at Integral Life and the director of the Ken Wilber Biography Project. Riordan is currently the director of Story Studio TV, a convergence transmedia company.

Music career
Riordan began his recording career in 1968, as a member of the Yankee Dollar, singing vocals, playing guitar and writing songs for the band's debut album, Yankee Dollar. In 1970 he was a songwriter on the Sugarloaf albums Sugarloaf in 1970, Spaceship Earth in 1972, and I Got a Song in 1973. On the band's debut album, Riordan was the co-writer of the number one hit song "Green-Eyed Lady". He next was a performing member of the group Sweet Pain and songwriter for the group's debut album, Sweet Pain. In 1974 he performed and wrote songs for the band's second album, Sweet Pain II. That year he also released his only solo album, on Capitol Records. Both the A side of the vinyl LP and the B side held five tracks each. Billboard reviewed the album positively upon its release in November 1974, and charted the album among the top fifteen albums with major rotation on the leading progressive radio stations in the US for several weeks. He recorded albums for the record and film companies Capitol Records, United Artists, 20th Century Fox, and Dot Records. Eventually his catalogue reached over 100 songs, and was purchased by Paul McCartney's publishing company MPL Publishing.

Video games and interactive movies
In 1983 and 1984, Riordan was involved in the design of the video game Ballblazer, which was the first game developed between Lucasfilm's and Atari's new partnership and Lucasfilm's first ever video game collaboration. He also served as producer for the Laserdisc arcade game Freedom Fighter, which used mostly original anime footage based on designs from the films Galaxy Express 999 and Adieu Galaxy Express 999.  Later in the 1980s Riordan designed It Came from the Desert for Cinemaware. He became one of the lead directors and producers for the company Cinemaware during the 1980s, before founding Philips P.O.V. Entertainment Group for Philips Media in 1991.

In 1993 he was the designer of the game Voyeur. Voyeur was featured on the cover of Time magazine's September 27, 1993, issue entitled "Attack of the Video Games", featuring the most popular video game titles of the early 1990s—alongside Mario, Sonic, Mortal Kombat, and others. In 1995 he was the designer and writer for the game Thunder in Paradise, an interactive game featuring Hulk Hogan. That year he also served as director of the game Caesars World of Boxing. The game won the Best Sports game award at Cybermania '94, broadcast on national television. Voyeur was also the winner of the awards for Best Female Actor (Grace Zabriskie), Best Male Actor (Robert Culp), and other Philips CD-i products that Riordan had directed also won awards, such as Best Comedy winner The Wacky World of Miniature Golf, and two others. Riordan's products won a total of six awards at this inaugural ceremony.

Up until 1994 he served as Philips POV creative director, and by 1995 he had become vice president of production for the entertainment division of Time Warner Interactive, where his vision for the future of gaming included a transition to narratives with more positive imagery, in addition to the coupling of video games with the release of studio recordings and the inclusion of Time Warner bands on the game soundtracks. During the 1990s he also directed the Interactive Entertainment Studio for Disney. In 1998 he was also director for the game Of Light and Darkness, which featured actor James Woods. Over his career he was credited for producing, designing or directing over twenty video games and interactive movies.

Television
Riordan was a consulting producer and lead web producer for episodes of the reality television show Random 1 between 2005 and 2006. He was also executive producer for the 2007 television documentary Lost in Woonsocket. Both television programs aired on the A&E network.

Web media publishing
In 2001, Riordan was the managing editor of the One World Journeys website, which published photo-documentaries of eco-expeditions in environmentally sensitive regions. From 2007 to 2018 he was the vice president of media for Integral Life responsible for creating personal development programming, documentaries and public conferences. He is currently the director of Story Studio TV, a convergence transmedia company creating television and web programming.

His work on the "evolution of intelligence" is located at: .

References

American video game designers
American rock songwriters
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Eccellenza Marche is the regional Eccellenza football division for clubs in the region of Marche, Italy. It comprises 16 teams. The winners of the Groups are promoted to Serie D. The club who finishes second also have the chance to gain promotion, they are entered into a national play-off which consists of two rounds.

Champions
Below are the past champions of the Marche Eccellenza

1991–92 Maceratese
1992–93 Tolentino
1993–94 Jesina
1994–95 Sambenedettese
1995–96 Lucrezia
1996–97 Urbania
1997–98 Monturanese
1998–99 Civitanovese
1999–2000 Real Montecchio
2000–01 Cagliese
2001–02 Truentina
2002–03 Imab Urbino
2003–04 Pergolese
2004–05 Maceratese
2005–06 Centobuchi
2006–07 Recanatese
2007–08 Elpidiense Cascinare
2008–09 Fossombrone
2009–10 Sambenedettese
2010–11 Ancona 1905
2011–12 Maceratese
2012–13 Matelica
2013–14 Sambenedettese
2014–15 Folgore Veregra
2015–16 Civitanovese
2016–17 Sangiustese
2017–18 Montegiorgio
2018–19 Tolentino
2019–20 Castelfidardo
2020–21 Porto d'Ascoli
2021–22 Vigor Senigallia
2022–23 Atletico Ascoli

References

External links
Some Club Histories In the League

Sport in le Marche
Mar
Sports leagues established in 1991
1991 establishments in Italy
Football clubs in Italy
Association football clubs established in 1991


David Abdón Galeano Olivera (born February 18, 1961 in Asunción) is a Paraguayan linguist, anthropologist, philologist, translator, and educator.  He is also the president and founder of the Lyceum of Guarani Language and Culture.

Background
Dr. Olivera studied at Gral. Bernardino Caballero College in Asunción in 1979. He received his bachelor's degree in Guarani at the Universidad Nacional de Asunción in 1985. He earned doctorates in the following specialties: Linguistics and Philology of Guarani (in 1998–1999), Methodology of Research (2000), University Didactics (1994–1995), and Common Linguistics (1987). At Ntra. Sra. de la Asunción Catholic University he became a Doctor of Anthropology (1988) and International Anthropology and Ethnology (1991).

Work at university
Dr. Olivera is a professor at Universidad Nacional de Asunción and teaches Philosophy (philology of Guarani), Medicine, Poli-technology, Nature, and Exact Sciences. He is the head of the Anthropology, Research Methodology, Sociology and Spanish department.

Guarani language
Dr. Olivera founded the Lyceum of Guarani Language and Culture (Ateneo de Lengua y Cultura Guarani) in 1985 and has been its president since then. He is also a Grammar, Literature, Didactics and Culture professor at the lyceum. Dr. Olivera  is an activist for the propagation of the Guarani language and culture, and he organizes various cultural events, conferences, seminars, and forums about Guarani in Paraguay. He is a member of various government and UN commissions on Paraguayan culture. Dr. Olivera is also the author of numerous books on Guarani and Paraguayan culture. Dr. Olivera has won various national and international prizes as a result of his work.

Bibliography
Mbo’ehao arapapaha Guarani ha España ñe’ême - Calendario Escolar Bilingüe (1988)
Jakavere ypykue (15 káso ñemombe’u) (1989)
Guarani Rayhupápe mbohapyha (1995)
Guarani Rayhupápe irundyha (1995)
Differencias gramaticales entre el Guarani y el Castellano: estudio contrastivo, y su incidencia en la educación (1999)
Káso Ñemombe’u (1999)
Antropología – Avakuaaty (2002)
Guarani Ñe’êkuaaty – Lingüística (en) Guarani (2002)
Sentimientos - Temiandu Pytu (2002)
Pukarâmeme (2007)
Pukarântevoi (2007)

He also writes articles in newspapers and magazines, and essays for conferences.

Family
Mr. David Galeano Olivera lives in Capiatá, Central department with his wife Sabina (specialist in Guarani) and his four children Edgar, Norma, Jorge and Anai.

References
Site at the net
Guarani Rayhupape, 2006 Asunción

External links
Personal website
David Abdón Galeano Olivera's user page on the Guarani Wikipedia
Ateneo de Lengua y Cultura Guarani

1961 births
Living people
People from Asunción
Universidad Nacional de Asunción alumni
Anthropological linguists
Academic staff of Universidad Nacional de Asunción
Linguists from Paraguay
Paraguayan activists
Paraguayan anthropologists
Paraguayan educational theorists
Guarani-language writers
Paraguayan philologists
Paraguayan translators
Translators from Guaraní
Translators to Guaraní


The following is a list of living Australians who have been appointed Knights or Dames.

The list includes:
Knights and Dames of the Order of Australia
Knights and Dames of an Order of Chivalry under the British Imperial Honours system, including
Order of the British Empire
Royal Victorian Order
Order of St Michael and St George
Order of the Bath
Order of the Garter
Knights Bachelor (there is no female counterpart).

The list excludes Australian baronets.

Living Dames

Living Knights

Note 1: In 1981 as Prince of Wales, King Charles III was awarded a substantive knighthood of the Order of Australia (AK), despite not being an Australian. He has been the Sovereign Head of the Order of Australia since his accession to the throne on 8 September 2022.

See also
 Australian knights and dames, which includes both living and deceased persons
 Australian peers and baronets
 List of Knights and Dames of the Order of Australia
 Order of Australia
 Australian honours system
 Living New Zealand dames and knights

Notes

British honours system


This article lists public artworks which used to exist in London, but which have either been destroyed or removed to another place. Works which have been moved within London are not included, nor are temporary installations such as those on the Fourth plinth at Trafalgar Square. However, where one statue has been removed and replaced by another similar one, the former is included in this list.

Works removed or lost

 Prior to the installation of the present statue of Oliver Cromwell in Parliament Square there was a different statue of Cromwell in another part of the square. It looked very similar to the one by Matthew Noble currently in Wythenshawe, Manchester, but it is not clear whether this is the same statue or one is a copy of the other.

Works replaced by replicas

 The statue of Queen Anne by Francis Bird which stood outside St Paul's Cathedral was damaged by a lunatic in the 19th century, and as it was in any case in rather poor condition, it was removed, together with the four statues at its base, and replaced by a copy, partly the work of Richard Belt. The original was moved to a location near St Leonards in Sussex.
 The Victoria Palace Theatre had a figure on its roof of a dancer (possibly representing Anna Pavlova, by some accounts). It was taken down to protect it from the bombing during World War II, and apparently was mislaid as a result. A replica of the original was installed in 2006.

Works removed and subsequently returned

 The statue of Charles II in Soho Square was removed for many years to Grim's Dyke, the estate of W. S. Gilbert, and returned to its current position after the death of Gilbert's widow, who had willed it back to the square. It was originally accompanied by four other statues representing British rivers, and the current whereabouts of these is unknown; they have probably been destroyed or buried.

See also
Actions against memorials in the United Kingdom during the George Floyd protests
List of demolished buildings and structures in London
Lost artworks
Works by Banksy that have been damaged or destroyed

References

Bibliography

Lists of buildings and structures in London
Former buildings and structures in London by building type
Monuments and memorials in London
London
Former


The Age of Oil, also known as the Oil Age, the Petroleum Age, or the Oil Boom, refers to the era in human history characterised by an increased use of petroleum in products and as fuel. Though unrefined petroleum has been used for various purposes since ancient times, it was during the 19th century that refinement techniques were developed and gasoline engines were created.

Although crude petroleum oil has been used for a variety of purposes for thousands of years, the Oil Age is considered to have started in the 1800s with the advance of drilling techniques, as well as the processing of products made use in internal combustion engines. Alternatively, the age of oil can be placed in the first period until the early 1900s, when oil consumption and combustion engines utilization increased. Contemporary industrial society is built largely on petroleum resources, but the future of the Oil Age has become increasingly controversial as the effects of climate change have become apparent, and use of alternative energy sources increases.

History
Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, fossil fuels have been used as sources of energy. Coal began to be widely used after 1800 and would continue to be the dominant source of fuel into the 20th century. However, two events set the stage for the Age of Oil: The first was in 1846, when Abraham Gesner invented kerosene making coal and petroleum practical raw materials for lighting fuel. The second was in 1859, when Edwin Drake invented the first modern drilling process for deep oil wells. John Davison Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust. In 1870, he founded Standard Oil Company and aggressively ran it until he officially retired in 1897. Karl Friedrich Benz developed petrol-powered automobiles by 1878 and, in 1879, obtained a patent for the practical automobile. The invention of the internal combustion engine was the major influence in the rise in the importance of petroleum.

The beginning of the contemporaneous age of oil is commonly thought of originating in 1901 with the strike at Spindletop by Croatian oil explorer Antun Lučić and Texan Patillo Higgins, near Beaumont, Texas in the United States which launched large-scale oil production and soon made the petroleum products widely available.

Powered by the increased use of petroleum, the post–World War II economic expansion was a period of economic prosperity in the mid-20th century which occurred, following the end of World War II in 1945, and lasted until the early 1970s. It ended with the 1973 oil crisis. In 1956, Geophysicist M. King Hubbert deduced that U.S. oil production would peak between 1965 and 1970 (peaked in 1971) and that oil production would peak "within half a century" on the basis of 1956 data. In 1989, another peak was predicted by Colin Campbell

Since the 1960s and 1970s, when petroleum production peaked in many industrialized nations, a frequent topic of speculation among scholars has been when worldwide production will peak, as well as when and how the oil age will ultimately end. According to some definitions the age is defined as ending at the point where consumption outstrips the decreasing production making its use unprofitable or impossible.

Contemporary oil
With the dawning of the so-called Atomic Age many observers in the mid-20th century believed that the Oil Age was rapidly coming to an end. The rapid change to atomic power envisioned during this period never materialized, in part due to environmental fears following high-profile accidents such as the 1979 Three Mile Island accident, the 1986 Chernobyl disaster and the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster.

Peak oil is the point in time when the maximum rate of petroleum extraction is reached, after which the rate of production is expected to enter terminal decline.  Many believe that we are at or close to the peak, positioning us in the second half of the oil age. Some estimate, assuming current consumption rates, current oil reserves will last through at least the year 2040. In 2004, OPEC estimated, with substantial investments, it would nearly double oil output by 2025.

See also
General Wheeler No. 1 Oil Well, Edward L. Doheny, Texas Oil Boom, History of the petroleum industry in Canada, History of the Venezuelan oil industry

Fuels Fossil fuel, Unconventional oil, Oil sands, Oil shale reserves

Gluts and crisis Price of petroleum, 1980s oil glut, 1980–1989 world oil market chronology, 1979 energy crisis, Oil price increases since 2003, Oil depletion

Business Chronology of world oil market events (1970–2005), Company man, Drilling Fluids Engineer, Major Drilling Group International

Drilling Extraction of petroleum, Oil well (Oil well drilling, Oil Driller), Well drilling (Drilling), Drilling rig (Wellhead, Drill string), Oil platform, Drillship, Oil well Dog House, Submersible pump, Well logging, Wellbore, Relief well, Oil well control, Completion (oil and gas wells), Pore pressure gradient, Offshore drilling, Deepwater drilling, Drilling fluid

Other Resource curse, Oil reserves in Saudi Arabia, Problems in oil well drilling, Oil imperialism, Energy Slave

Alternatives Natural gas, Renewable energy, Renewable energy commercialization, History of renewable energy

References and notes

Citations

 Goodstein, D. L. (2005). Out of gas: The end of the age of oil. New York., NY: W.W. Norton.
 Ash, R.  Whitaker's World of Facts.

Petroleum politics
20th century
21st century


In nautical terminology, stowage is the amount of room available for stowing materials aboard a ship, tank or an airplane.

In container shipping, stowage planning refers to the arrangement of containers on board a container vessel. The stowage of a container ship involves different objectives, such as to optimize the available space and prevent damage to the goods, and more importantly, to minimize the time the vessel spends at the port terminal. Containers will be arranged depending on their destinations (those going to the first port calls in the schedule will be placed on top), cargo weight (lighter containers are stored on top of heavier ones), cargo nature (dangerous goods containers normally are placed at the end of ship, and on upper deck to minimize the loss, in case of fire or leakage), etc.

In the past, this process was done by the ship's captain, merely based on his experience. Today, it has become more automated with optimization software.

References

Shipbuilding
Nautical terminology
Cargo ships


The Diocese of Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno () is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Lazio, Italy. It was established under this name in 1986. It is the continuation of the Diocese of Terracina, Priverno e Sezze, whose existence was confirmed by Pope Honorius III in 1217, as a joining of the Diocese of Terracina  with the Diocese of Priverno and the Diocese of Sezze under a single bishop. It is immediately exempt to the Holy See.

History
According to a local tradition, the first bishop of Terracina was St. Epaphroditus, who is claimed to have been one of Jesus' original seventy-two disciples, mentioned by Paul of Tarsus in one of his epistles. The most ancient Christian record of the city is that of the martyrdom of St. Julianus, priest, and St. Cæsareus, deacon, who were cast into the sea under the emperor Trajan. The early date is rejected by Francesco Lanzoni, along with many hagiographical details. In the third century, a Quartus is recorded by the "Passion of S. Caesareo" as a sacerdos, and martyr along with Caesareo; he is also mentioned as a martyr along with Quintus of Capua. There is no reason to think that Quartus was a bishop.

The first bishop whose date is known with certainty is Sabinus. He was present at the Lateran synod of Pope Miltiades in November 313.

It is claimed that an African priest, Silvianus, a fugitive during the Vandal persecution was bishop of Terracina about 443. The catalogue of Hieronymianus notes under 10 February: "iuxta Terracina in Campania natale Silvani episcopi
et confessoris." The story of his African origins first appears in an anonymous local historian of Terracina belonging to the 17th and 18th centuries. It is rejected by Francesco Lanzoni as being without foundation. He also rejects the date of 444, preferring to place Silvianus in the 4th century.

Agnellus, Bishop of Fundi, whose city had been destroyed, was appointed cardinalis sacerdos of the diocese of Terracina by Pope Gregory I.

The sees of Piperno (Privernum) and Sezze (Setia), situated on the side of the Lepinian hills, were united to Terracina, perhaps by Pope Alexander III, or even earlier. The union of the three dioceses was confirmed by Pope Honorius III on 18 January 1217, during the episcopate of Simeone.

On 16 July 1725, with the Bull "Regis Pacifici", Pope Benedict XIII restored the See of Piperno and Sezze, declaring them united aeque principaliter to the diocese of Terracina.

Bishop Francesco Antonio Mondelli (1805) was exiled in 1809, for refusing to take the oath of loyalty to Napoleon, following the arrest, deposition and deportation of Pope Pius VII. He was deported first to the fortress of Chambéry in Savoy, and then to Trevoux in France.

The Cistercian Abbey of Fossa Nuova is within the territory of this see. The diocese is immediately subject to the Holy See (Papacy).

Chapters and cathedrals

The cathedral of Terracina, dedicated to S. Cesareo, was built in the 11th and 12th centuries, on foundations of an ancient Roman temple, dedicated to Apollo, or to the Goddess Roma and Augustus. It was served and administered by a corporation, the Chapter, composed of twelve Canons, presided over by the Archpriest. Since the cathedral served as a parish church, the Archdeacon had the "cure of souls" (responsibility for the spiritual welfare of the parishioners).

The cathedral of Latina, dedicated to S. Marco, was begun in 1932 as a parish church, at the same time that Latina was established as a city and the capital of its prefecture. The former Pontine Marshes, which had finally been drained after more than fifty years of work, were opened to agriculture, and the state sponsored a large-scale immigration from the Veneto, whose principal patron saint was Mark the Evangelist of Venice. The new parish church was dedicated on 23 November 1933, by Cardinal Enrico Gasparri, suburbicarian Bishop of Velletri. It was elevated to the status of a cathedral on 30 September 1986.

The original church at Sezze was dedicated to S. Luke, the mythological founder of the Christian community at Setina. There was a Romanesque church, which was seriously damaged in a fire in 1150. The latest known bishop of Sezze was Bishop Landus in 1178. The Romanesque church was replaced, and a new church dedicated on 18 August 1364, by the Franciscan Bishop Giovanni of Terracina, Priverno e Sezze. It was dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Pope Benedict XIII granted the old cathedral the title of "minor basilica". By the papal bull of 29 April 1725, the church of S. Maria was reestablished as a cathedral and united aeque principaliter with the diocese of Terracina. The cathedral was staffed and administered by a Chapter, consisting of three dignities and twelve Canons.

The cathedral of Piperno was dedicated to the Virgin Mary. The old cathedral was destroyed in a fire in 1159, and Pope Lucius III dedicated a new cathedral in the summer of 1183. The cathedral was staffed and administered by a Chapter, consisting of an Archpriest and twelve Canons.

Diocesan reorganization
Pope Leo XIII had determined that all of the dioceses of Lazio should belong to one and the same ecclesiastical province. His successor Pope Pius X, however, decided to split the province into two, Upper Lazio and Lower Lazio (to which Terracina belonged), while the suburbicarian bishops would belong to a separate conference under the direction of the Vicar of the city of Rome. The city of Latina, however, which was the largest in Lazio except for Rome itself, belonged to the diocese of Velletri, one of the suburbicarian bishoprics.

The Second Vatican Council, in order to ensure that all Catholics received proper spiritual attention, decreed the reorganization of the diocesan structure of Italy and the consolidation of small and struggling dioceses, in particular those with financial and personnel problems. It also decreed that the natural population units of people, together with the civil jurisdictions and social institutions that compose their organic structure, should be preserved as far as possible as units. It was their wish that all of Lazio was to belong to one ecclesiastical province. Latina was recognized as an anomaly in terms of ecclesiastical organization. Therefore, on 12 September 1967, with the approval of Pope Paul VI, the Consistorial Congregation ordered that the part of the territory of Lazio that belonged to the district of which Latina was the capital was to be transferred from the diocese of Velletri to the diocese of Terracina, bringing a substantial increase in territory and population to the diocese of Terracina. On the same day, in a separate decree, the name of the diocese was changed to "Terracinensis-Latiniensis, Privernensis et Setinus".

On 18 February 1984, the Vatican and the Italian State signed a new and revised concordat. Based on the revisions, a set of Normae was issued on 15 November 1984, which was accompanied in the next year, on 3 June 1985, by enabling legislation. According to the agreement, the practice of having one bishop govern two separate dioceses at the same time, aeque personaliter, was abolished. This applied to the dioceses of Terracina-Latina and Priverno e Sezza.  The Vatican therefore continued consultations which had begun under Pope John XXIII for the merging of dioceses. On 30 September 1986, Pope John Paul II ordered that the dioceses of Terracina-Latina and Priverno e Sezza be merged into one diocese with one bishop, with the Latin title Dioecesis Latinensis-Terracinensis-Setina-Privernensis. The seat of the diocese was to be in Latina, the largest city and capital of the province, and the cathedral of Latina, San Marco, was to serve as the cathedral of the merged dioceses. The cathedrals in Terracina, Sezze, and Priverno were to become co-cathedrals, and the cathedral Chapters were each to be a Capitulum Concathedralis. There was to be only one diocesan Tribunal, in Latina, and likewise one seminary, one College of Consultors, and one Priests' Council. The territory of the new diocese was to include the territory of the former dioceses of Latina, Terracina, Sezze, and Priverno.

Diocesan synods
A diocesan synod was an irregularly held, but important, meeting of the bishop of a diocese and his clergy. Its purpose was (1) to proclaim generally the various decrees already issued by the bishop; (2) to discuss and ratify measures on which the bishop chose to consult with his clergy; (3) to publish statutes and decrees of the diocesan synod, of the provincial synod, and of the Holy See.

In 1640, Bishop Cesare Ventimiglia (1615–1645) presided over a diocesan synod.  In 1764. Bishop Francesco Odoardi (1758–1775) held a diocesan synod at Priverno. In 1784, from 30 May to 1 June, Bishop Benedetto Pucilli (1775–1786) held a diocesan synod in the cathedral of Terracina, the decrees of which were published in Rome in 1885 by the Salamonian press.

A diocesan synod of the diocese of Terracina Priverno e Sezze was held by Bishop Salvatore Baccarini (1922–1930) in 1929.

Bishop Giuseppe Petrocchi (1998–2013) presided over the first diocesan synod of the reorganized and renamed diocese of Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno from 2005 to 2012. An extensive report of the consultations, Perché la nostra Chiesa sia "Più-Una", was published.

Bishops

Diocese of Terracina

...
Sabinus (attested 313)
...
Martyrius (attested 496–502)
...
Petrus (attested 591–592)
Agnellus (attested 592–598)
...
Sabbatinus (attested 963–964)
Benedictus (attested 969)
...
Joannes (attested 986–994))
...
Adeodatus (attested 1015)
Joannes
Theodaldus (attested 1042)
Joannes
...
Ambrosius, O.S.B. (attested 1064–1071)
...
Petrus (attested 1092–1095)
Benedictus (attested 1098–1105)
Gregorius, O.S.B. (attested 1112–1126)
...
Hugo (attested 1168–1179)
...
Filegarius (attested 1196–1199)
Simeon (attested 1203–1217–1224)

Diocese of Terracina, Priverno e Sezze
United: 17 January 1217 with the Diocese of Priverno and the Diocese of Sezze

1217 to 1500

Simeon (continued)
Gregorius (attested 1227–1238)
Docibilis (attested 1248)
Petrus (attested 1257–1259)
Franciscus Canis (attested 1263–1273)
Franciscus, O.Min. (1273–1295)
Theobaldus, O.Min. (1295–1296)
Albertus (1296–1300)
Joannes (1300–1318)
Andreas (1319–1326)
Sergius Peronti (1326–1348)
Petrus (1348–1352)
Jacobus de Perusio, O.E.S.A. (1352–1362)
Giovanni Ferreri, O.Min. (1362–1369)
Stefano Armandi (1369–1381?)
Rogerius ( ? –1390) Roman Obedience
Nicolaus (1390–1402) Roman Obedience
Marinus de Santa Agatha (1402–1404) Roman Obedience
Antonius (de Rossi) (1404–1411)
Antonius da Zagarolo, O.F.M. (1411–1422)
Andrea Gacci (1422–1425)
Giovanni de Normannis (1425–1427)
Nicola de Aspra (1430–1448)
Alessandro Trani (1448)
Alexander de Gaetano (1449–1455)
Franciscus de Benedictus de Licata (15 Dec 1455 – 1458 Died)
Corrado Marcellini (1458–1490)
Francesco Rosa (1490–1500)

1500 to 1800

Juan Gálvez (1500–1507)
Oliviero Carafa (1507–1510 Resigned) Administrator
Zaccaria de Moris (1510–1517)
Andrea Cibo (Cybo) (1517–1522)
Giovanni de Copis (1522–1527)
Antonio Bonsi (1528–1533)
Cinzio Filonardi (1533–1534)
Cipriano de Caris (1534 Died)
Alessandro Argoli (1534–1540)
Ottaviano Maria Sforza (1540–1545)
Ottaviano Raverta (1545–1562)
Francesco Beltramini (1564–1575)
Beltramino Beltramini (1575–1582)
Luca Cardino (1582–1594)
Fabrizio Perugini (1595–1608)
Pomponio de Magistris  (28 Jan 1608 – 1614)
Cesare Ventimiglia  (1615–1645)
Alessandro Tassi  (25 Jun 1646 – 21 Nov 1647)
Francesco Maria Ghislieri  (1 Feb 1649 –1664)
Pompeo Angelotti  (15 Dec 1664 – 2 Mar 1667)
Ercole Domenico Monanni  (1667–1710)
Bernardo Maria Conti, O.S.B.  (1 Dec 1710 – 3 Jun 1720 Resigned)
Giovanni Battista Conventati, C.O.  (3 Jul 1720 – 27 Nov 1726 Resigned)
Gioacchino Maria Oldi, O. Carm.  (1726–1749)
Callisto Maria (Vincenzo Antonio) Palombella, O.S.M.  (1 Dec 1749 – 3 May 1758)
Francesco Alessandro Odoardi  (11 Sep 1758 – 18 Jan 1775)
Benedetto Pucilli  (29 May 1775 – 7 Apr 1786)
Angelo Antonio Anselmi  (18 Dec 1786 –1792)

1800 to 1966
Michele Argelati, O.S.M.  (1800–1805)
Francesco Antonio Mondelli  (23 Sep 1805 – 26 Sep 1814 Appointed Bishop of Città di Castello)
Francesco Saverio (François-Xavier) Pereira  (15 Mar 1815 – 2 Oct 1818 Appointed Bishop of Rieti)
Francesco Albertini  (29 Mar 1819 – 24 Nov 1819 Died)
Carlo Cavalieri Manassi  (21 Feb 1820 – 19 Aug 1826 Died)
Luigi Frezza  (2 Oct 1826 – 15 Dec 1828 Appointed Titular Archbishop of Chalcedon)
Bernardino Panzacchi  (20 Jan 1834 – 24 Dec 1834 Died)
Guglielmo Aretini-Sillani  (6 Apr 1835 – 4 Dec 1853 Resigned)
Nicola Bedini  (19 Dec 1853 – 29 Sep 1862 Resigned)
Bernardino Trionfetti, O.F.M.  (25 Sep 1862 – 23 Feb 1880 Resigned)
Flaviano Simoneschi  (27 Feb 1880 – 2 Jul 1883 Resigned)
Tommaso Mesmer  (9 Aug 1883 – 12 Dec 1892 Died)
Paolo Emio Bergamaschi  (12 Jun 1893 – 19 Jun 1899 Appointed Bishop of Troia)
Domenico Ambrosi  (18 Sep 1899 – 17 Aug 1921 Died)
Salvatore Baccarini, C. R.  (7 Mar 1922 – 30 Jun 1930 Appointed Archbishop of Capua)
Pio Leonardo Navarra, O.F.M. Conv.  (29 Jan 1932 – 2 Feb 1951 Resigned)
Emilio Pizzoni  (27 Mar 1951 – 6 Sep 1966 Resigned)

Diocese of Terracina-Latina, Priverno e Sezze

Arrigo Pintonello  (12 Sep 1967 – 25 Jun 1971 Resigned)
Enrico Romolo Compagnone, O.C.D.  (9 Mar 1972 – 22 Dec 1983 Retired)
Domenico Pecile  (22 Dec 1983 – 27 Jun 1998 Retired)

Diocese of Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno
Name Changed: 30 September 1986

Giuseppe Petrocchi (27 Jun 1998 – 8 Jun 2013 Appointed Archbishop of L'Aquila)
Mariano Crociata (19 Nov 2013 – )

References

Books

Studies

Kehr, Paul Fridolin (1907). Italia pontificia. vol. II: Latium. Berlin 1909. pp. 113–130.
Lanzoni, Francesco (1927), Le diocesi d'Italia dalle origini al principio del secolo VII (an. 604), Faenza 1927, pp. 516–517; 545–547.
Schwartz, Gerhard (1913), Die Besetzung der Bistümer Reichsitaliens unter den sächsischen und salischen Kaisern : mit den Listen der Bischöfe, 951-1122, Leipzig-Berlin 1913, pp. 272–273.

Apostolic sees
Latina
Latina, Lazio
Terracina
Latina


Grosvenor Arundell Francis (14 August 1873 – 30 November 1944) was an Australian  politician.  He was the Nationalist Party member for the House of Representatives seat of Kennedy from 1925 to 1929.

Francis was brought up in Normanton, where his father was the local lands commissioner, and moved with his family as a child to Maryborough, Brisbane and Cunnamulla. He was educated at a preparatory school and then Brisbane Grammar School; he was in boarding school from age nine. He worked in "clerical and mercantile pursuits" at Cunnamulla for two years after finishing school, then worked for three years as a law clerk at Charleville. He did his articled clerkship at Charleville, was admitted as a solicitor in Brisbane, and then moved to Charters Towers, where he commenced practicing as a solicitor in 1901. In 1906, he entered into partnership with John Marsland in the firm of Marsland and Marsland, then one of the largest law firms in North Queensland; upon Marsland's retirement in 1913, Francis bought him out and continued practising under that name. A Freemason, he was the District Grand Master of Northern Queensland in 1922–23. He was also a director of the North Queensland Worsteel and Woollen Mills (Charters Towers), Ltd.

Francis was declared elected unopposed at the 1925 election when the sitting Labor member, Charles McDonald died on 13 November 1925, the day before the election. He was a member of the Public Accounts Committee from March 1927 and became committee chairman in August 1929. Francis was re-elected at the 1928 election, but was defeated by Darby Riordan at the 1929 election.

He resided in Canberra after his parliamentary defeat, where he entered into partnership with solicitor C. W. Davies and acquired, along with his son, an interest in a pastoral lease at Mount Stromlo. He sought to make a political comeback in 1931, contesting the Queensland seat of Herbert despite residing in Canberra; he was easily defeated. He also served as chairman of the Federal Capital Territory Rural Lessees Association until 1932. In 1932, he relocated to Sydney, where he formed the partnership of Francis and Francis along with his son, and continued as senior partner in that practice until shortly before his death. He also remained involved in Freemason Grand Lodges throughout his time in Canberra and New South Wales. He died in Sydney in 1944.

He married Florence M. Powell in 1902. They had three sons, Egbert, John and Grosvenor.

Notes

Nationalist Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Kennedy
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
1873 births
1944 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians
People from Normanton, Queensland


The Royal Corps of Naval Constructors (RCNC) is an institution of the British Royal Navy and Admiralty for training in naval architecture, marine, electrical and weapon engineering.  It was established by Order in Council in August 1883, on the recommendation of the naval architect Sir William White. Its precursor was the Royal School of Naval Architecture, London.

According to the Royal Navy's Books of Reference 3 Chapter 46, it is a "civilian corps and an integrated part of the Defence Engineering & Science Group". Members in certain posts who do not hold commissions are eligible to wear a uniform similar to that of the Royal Navy and are accorded the same respect as commissioned officers.

History
From Tudor times, the ships of the Royal Navy were built in the Royal Dockyards under the supervision of the Master Shipwright and to the design of the Surveyor of the Navy who was always an ex-Master Shipwright. In 1805, seeing the growing application of science in industry, Lord Barham’s Commission recommended, that a School of Naval Architecture should be formed to produce men suitably trained both to design the ships of the fleet and to manage the work of the Royal Dockyards. This school was created in 1811 at Portsmouth and after an erratic series of changes it settled down at Greenwich in 1873.

The graduates of these schools were Naval Architects who quickly established high professional standards in the field. Their influence, combined with the effects of the Industrial Revolution led to the formation of the Institution (now the Royal Institution) of Naval Architects in 1860.

Although the number of professionally qualified Naval Architects employed in the design, building and repair of warships had risen to 27 by 1875, ships were still being designed and built against the Chief Constructor’s advice and there were inevitable disasters.  The main obstacle to progress was the poor career prospects of the professionally qualified Naval Architect with the linked difficulty of getting sufficient recruits.

To solve these linked problems William White, then Professional Assistant to the Director of Naval Construction, proposed a co-ordinated training programme and career structure and these ideas were approved in 1882 by a committee under Lord Brassey: On 23 August 1883, Queen Victoria approved an order in Council as follows:

WHEREAS, we have had under our consideration the position of the Civilian Officers charged with Shipbuilding duties in the Department of the Controller of the Navy, and in Your Majesty’s Dockyards; and whereas we are humbly of the opinion that the said officers should be constituted into a Corps, to be called “The Royal Corps of Naval Constructors”, Your Majesty having been graciously pleased to approve of the said Corps being designated Royal.

We recommend that Your Majesty will, by your order in Council, approve of the Corps being constituted under such Rules and Regulations as regards Titles, Numbers and Salaries as we may from time to time determine with the concurrence of the Lords Commissioners of Your Majesty’s Treasury.

The first head of the Royal Corps of Naval Constructors was Sir Nathaniel Barnaby. Due to illness his resignation in 1885 led to the appointment of Sir William White as his successor.

The professional Naval Architects of the Royal Corps had grown in number to 91 by 1901 and were heavily involved in the build up to the First World War.  The rapid and successful design and building of  was probably their best known achievement of the time, although the foundations were being laid for future advances in weapons and machinery and also in the field of submarine design.

The Royal Corps had a flirtation with airship design between 1915 and 1922 but this was overshadowed by the conversion of ships to operate aircraft and the design and construction of the first purpose built ship to carry aircraft, .  The success of these ships, together with that of submarines and escorts designed by the Royal Corps, played a large part in establishing British naval supremacy.

The Second World War saw a similar expansion of the shipbuilding effort and the evacuation to Bath of the Director of Naval Construction.  Many members of the Royal Corps served in uniform in the ranks up to the level of Constructor Rear-Admiral.

In the post-war period the major features have been the very considerable achievement in designing and maintaining a fleet of nuclear-powered submarines and the changing nature of the Royal Corps itself.

Recognising the increasing impact of a vessel’s equipment on its hull and structure, the Royal Corps combined with the professional Electrical and Mechanical Engineers of the Royal Naval Engineering Service (RNES) in 1977.  Whereas the RCNC wore a grey stripe between the gold stripes when in uniform, the RNES had a dark green stripe. After amalgamation, all officers of the now larger RCNC adopted the grey stripe. Further amalgamation with specialist weapons designers was also enacted. In the last decade this more diverse corps has been instrumental in the design and manufacture of the very latest iconic warships such as the Type 45 class air warfare destroyer, s and s; all of which contain highly complex and powerful engineering systems.

The Royal Corps currently numbers nearly 100 naval architects, marine, electrical and weapon engineers and, in keeping with its original aims, continues to provide highly professional engineers for the design, building and maintenance of vessels of the Royal Navy. Indeed, the skills of the naval constructor have been keenly sought by UK warship building and the global marine industry giving the Corps a unique and effective professional network.

Six naval constructors gave their lives in the course of duty; Arthur K Stephens, Assistant Constructor 2c, who was lost 31 May 1916 aboard HMS Queen Mary which was sunk at the Battle of Jutland (listed as ‘Admiralty Civilian’). F. Bailey and A.A.F. Hill were lost in the  disaster of June 1939. H.H.Palmer was lost at sea on the SS Aguila whilst on route to Gibraltar for Dockyard duties in August 1941, Also during World War Two F. Bryant was killed in the bombing of Bath in 1942 and R. King was killed in Mombasa.

The RCNC and the Naval Service

The RCNC, by virtue of the Order in Council, forms part of the Royal Naval Service. As such members of the Corps hold equivalent Royal Navy ranks, preceded by the word "Constructor", and followed by the post nominal designation RCNC (example Constructor Commander A. Nonsuch, RCNC). Constructors are entitled to wear a modified version of the standard RN uniform, the difference being the presence of grey bands between gold stripes worn on the arms and on shoulder boards. Constructors may wear uniform in certain posts in UK establishments (predominantly naval bases) and in several overseas posts.

RCNC Uniform Ranks

References

External links
A set of annual albums produced by the Corps

1883 establishments in the United Kingdom
Marine engineering organizations
History of the Royal Navy
Admiralty during World War II
Royal Navy


Tina Gharavi ( born 1 July 1972) is an Iranian-born British BAFTA and Sundance nominated artist, director and screenwriter.

Early life and education
Born in Tehran, her family moved to the United Kingdom, then New Zealand, and finally New Jersey, United States. Gharavi attended high school in suburban New Jersey, spending part of her life in Red Bank, close to the Jersey Shore. Gharavi initially trained as a painter at the Mason Gross School of the Arts at Rutgers University. She later attended Le Fresnoy studio National des arts contemporains, near Lille, France. She currently splits her time between Newcastle, England and Venice Beach, California.

Career
Gharavi is known for her innovative cross-platform stories about rebels, misfits, and outsiders as well as people in extraordinary situations. According to The Spectator, Gharavi's work is simultaneously intimate and lyrical, as well as poignant and political.

Her debut, I Am Nasrine, was nominated for a BAFTA. Sir Ben Kingsley called it "an important and much-needed film" and Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film 4 stars, writing that it was "a valuable debut, shot with a fluent kind of poetry." Gharavi has TV credits to her name including directing on The Tunnel, the UK equivalent of The Bridge for Sky and Ackley Bridge for Channel 4. She is a showrunner for an Icelandic/British Detective series, Refurinn (The Fox), an adaptation of an Icelandic best-selling detective series by Sólveig Pálsdóttir.

Gharavi's award-winning work has been broadcast worldwide on the BBC, Channel 4 (UK), ITV, Showtime, Educational Broadcasting System South Korea, and in the contemporary art world, including multiple screenings at the ICA in London, the BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art (UK). Her films are housed in the permanent collections of MIT, Museum of Fine Arts Boston, British Film Institute, Harvard University Library, Tyne & Wear Archives, Manchester Art Gallery, and the Donnell Library in New York amongst others.

She was awarded a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship, received a UK Arts Council Decibel Spotlight Award and served as a diversity champion for a variety of organizations (UK Refugee Council, Arts Council North-East, Tyneside Cinema and BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Arts). Gharavi is an associate professor in Film & Digital Media at the University of Newcastle. She was invited to join the BAFTA Academy in 2017 and received a Fellowship from the MIT Documentary Lab in Boston.

Production
Gharavi established the film company, Bridge + Tunnel Productions, based in Newcastle upon Tyne, England in 1998.
In 2000, Gharavi set up the Kooch Cinema Group, a media training project, for asylum seekers and refugee participants; a project started after returning to Iran to make a Channel Four commissioned documentary, Mother/Country, where she revisited her mother's house after 23 years. In 2005, she established a separate media charity, Bridge + Tunnel Voices, to undertake the charitable and educational work she initiated mainly working with refugees and asylum seekers; stepping down as the lead creative director in 2015. This led to the development of the feature film, I Am Nasrine which received a BAFTA nomination in 2013. In 2014, she co-established Bridge + Tunnel France in Paris, with James Richard Baillie, to specialize in European co-productions. In 2019, she set up Which Witch, a new banner to undertake long-form TV drama, launching their first production, Refurinn/The Fox, set in the UK and Iceland.

Selected filmography

References

External links

Living people
1972 births
Iranian film directors
British film directors
British directors
American film directors
New Zealand film directors
Iranian women film directors
British women film directors
Iranian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Iranian emigrants to the United States
Film people from Tehran
Women screenwriters