The Holy Cross Church (German: Heilig-Kreuz-Kirche) is a Catholic church in the Bornheim district of Frankfurt am Main (Germany). It is similar in design to the Frauenfriedenskirche (Church of Our Lady of Peace) in Frankfurt-Bockenheim. It was built by Martin Weber from 1928 to 1929, on a rise then known as Bornheimer Hang. The church is an unusual example of interwar modernism as sacred Bauhaus architecture.

The church was finally completed on 25 August 1929 and handed to the Catholic congregation of Bornheim. It was damaged in the Second World War, and afterwards rebuilt with money donated for this purpose.

It is a branch church of the parish of St. Josef and is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Limburg. The diocese dedicated it from 1 August 2007 as the location of a Holy Cross - Centre for Christian Meditation and Spirituality. The centre was directed from August 2007 until July 2018 by the Franciscan Helmut Schlegel OFM, who worked there until June 2019 as a retreat and meditation leader and priestly co-worker. Since November 2018 the centre is directed by the theologian Samuel Stricker, who works with a team of contributors, for example from the order of Medical Mission Sisters.

Since the beginning of the restoration of the interior of St. Leonhard in Frankfurt-Altstadt, the services of the local St. Leonhard's International English-Speaking Catholic Parish have been held in the Holy Cross Church since 7 May 2011. This remains the home of the Holy Cross Church even after the end of the work in St. Leonhard.

Logos

History

20th century

Foundation

The Holy Cross church was built in 1929 by the master church builder Martin Weber and is at the edge of the housing development at the Bornheimer Hang. Weber also built the churches of St. Bonifatius in Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen in 1927 and of the Holy Spirit in Frankfurt-Riederwald in 1931. The planned community center at the end of the Wittelsbacher Allee was not built, so there was enough space to build the new church. The Holy Cross Church was the second Catholic church in Frankfurt-Bornheim. The parish was an outsourcing of the later neighbour fold St. Josef, the first Catholic church in Bornheim. Reason for its priest Josef Höhler was the expansion of the Bornheim quarter eastward at the Bornheimer Hang, with the new settlement of the town planner Ernst May who built many new apartment buildings. This resulted in a growing number of Roman Catholics living in the quarter. On 3 August 1927 a jury decided in a competition for the draft with the name slope crown by the master church builder Martin Weber (1890-1941). The three other competitors were Hans (1872–1952) and Christoph Rummel (1881–1961) (Frankfurt), Richard Steidle (1881–1958) (Munich) and Robert B. Witte (Dresden). The competition had several stipulations for the church, e.g. the front of the steeple at the Wittelsbacher Allee, between 700 and 800 seats, a high altar and two side altars and an organ loft for 150 people. Weber called the building model "slope crown", since the church should crown the Bornheimer Hang (slope). On 19 February 1928 the construction work began with the first cut of the spade. The foundation stone was laid on 18 March 1928. The topping-out ceremony was held on 14 September 1928. On 25 August 1929 the church was inaugurated by Ludwig Maria Hugo, the Bishop of the Diocese of Mainz. The name was chosen because there were several places in medieval Frankfurt dedicated to the holy cross. One of these was the chapel of the Hospital of the Holy Cross which was donated in 1343 by Wicker Frosch. Together with the chapel of the monastery of St. Katharinen which was built in 1354, it formed a small double church, the predecessor building of the today's Evangelical-Lutheran Katharinen church. Until 1950 the Holy Cross parish was financially still a part of the St. Josef parish, with which it has a common church executive committee.

Second World War
During the Nazi era (from 1933) the Holy Cross parish was suppressed by the Nazis, and it lost fold members during World War II. Because of its prominent location, the church was used as a point of reference for the navigation of the bombers of the USAAF and the RAF. The windows at the west side of the church were destroyed on 4 October 1943 in an attack intended for the water works near the cemetery of Bornheim. During the first large-scale attack on Frankfurt in the evening of the same day, the windows of the eastern side and the parsonage building were destroyed by a line of bombs which came down on the garden plots at the Bornheimer Hang. With the next large attack on the city on 29 January 1944 parsonage building was heavily damaged. On the night of the 18/19 March 1944 the church was hit by several incendiary bombs, which pierced the roof timberwork. The bombs were extinguished inside the church. On 11 December 1944 the church was hit by three bombs, which tore the large outside staircase at the west side of the steeple and the auxiliary chapel in the steeple hall. Due to a large hole in the west side of the nave, the services had to be held from then on in the heating plant room underneath the steeple.

Post-war period
The heating plant room underneath the steeple was used until 1. July 1946 as church. During the time of the reconstruction starting from 26 September 1948 the parish hall which is under the church was used as a church beneath the church. In 1950 Holy Cross became its own parish with its own church executive committee. 1951 the order for the re-establishment of the church could be given. 1952 the inside of the church were restored. The church windows were glazed new by the glass painter Lorenz Matheis with stained glass window in white and golden yellow colours. The walls and the ceiling were painted in a single-coloured finish. 1957 the kindergarten in the west of the church was built. In 1965 a stage for events was built in the parish hall under the church ship during a renovation. In 1968 the altar area was transformed, a consequence of the liturgy reformation by the Second Vatican Council. The altar was shifted, so that the priest could celebrate the service turned to the fold. A stone lectern replaced the torn off pulpit. The old altar under the great wall-cross in the chancel was replaced by the baptismal font. The ceiling got an orange and the walls a light-beige paint. In 1969 the first election of the parish council took place. In 1975 the board of directors elected by the parish council replaced the church executive committee. In 1990 a further transformation of the altar was executed. The baptismal font now was located in the entrance hall of the church. It was replaced by a sacramental altar at the place of the old high altar was built and the tabernacle was placed on it. Starting from 1991 the minister of the fold was also simultaneous ministers of the parish Maria-Rosenkranz (=Mary Rosary) in Frankfurt-Seckbach. 1992 the church interior was restored to the original condition with the walls in a checkerboard pattern in light and dark red colours.

21st century

Holy Cross - Centre for Christian Meditation and Spirituality

At 1. August 2007 the Roman Catholic Diocese of Limburg intended the church on instruction of former bishop Franz Kamphaus to the Holy Cross - Centre for Christian Meditation and Spirituality. The centre is a pastoral institution of the diocese and is subordinated to the head of department of episcopalian chair (Prof. Dr. Hildegard Wustmans). In the center church services, meditation courses, contemplative prayer, Zen-meditation courses, days of reflection, spiritual exercises, retreats, and other meetings are offered. The Padre Helmut Schlegel of the Franciscan takes the responsibility for the offers as director/conductor of the center until July 2018 and as a priestly employee until June 2019. In November 2018 the theologian Samuel Stricker took over the leadership of the meditation center and in August 2019 Olaf Lindenberg the role as a priestly employee. The team includes colleagues like for example from the Medical Mission Sisters (MMS). Although the offerings of the centre are affected by Christianity the target audience includes humans of all Religious denominations, world views and cultures. The team currently publishes a program annual. It was the first institution of its kind in Germany. The Holy Cross Church is one of five profile churches of the Diocese of Limburg. Furthermore, there are besides the Centre for Mourning Counselling (German:Zentrum für Trauerseelsorge) in St.Michael in Frankfurt-Nordend as well founded in 2007 also the three youth churches (German: Jugendkirchen) Crossover in St. Hildegard in Limburg an der Lahn, Jona in St. Bonifatius in Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen and Kana in Maria-Hilf in Wiesbaden-Nordost which were founded already in 2005.

In the church, small changes were gradually implemented by 2010. The previous church benches have been replaced by folding chairs, which allow a more flexible use of the available space. The present main altar is no longer used for the church services of the centre for meditation and has been replaced by a small wooden altar, which forms a circle with the folding chairs. Stairlifts or wheelchair ramps have been installed for barrier-free access to the church interior or other premises. The crypt and the rooms of the former parsonage were redesigned for the use as a meditation center.

In March 2020, the center's program had to be suspended because all worship services in Germany and thus all other events had to be cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. However, at certain times the church is daily open for meditation for a limited number of people. In May services were resumed on Saturdays under special conditions. In Advent 2020, four theme weeks were held with a special light show, the Advent Labyrinth, the Peace Light and about light figures. In December 2020, a Protestant vicar of the Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau was employed for the first time in a six-month special vicariate in the center.

From the new parish of St. Josef to the parish of a new type
With the establishment of the Center for Christian Meditation and Christian Spirituality, the Holy Cross Church lost its previous role as a parish church. Thus, the former municipal territory of the Holy Cross parish belonged again to the parish of St. Josef from which the parish once emanated.

The two Catholic Bornheim congregations, with a part of the parish territory of the previous parish of St. Michael, were united to form the new parish of St. Josef. The Church of St. Michael in Frankfurt-Nordend became the Zentrum für Trauerseelsorge (=Centre for Mourning Counselling) of the Diocese of Limburg. The parish of St. Josef in Bornheim and the neighbouring parish of Maria Rosenkranz (=Mary Rosary) in Frankfurt-Seckbach formed the common pastoral area Frankfurt-Bornheim. Together with their neighbours Maria Rosenkranz in Frankfurt-Seckbach, the new St. Josef parishioners formed the pastoral area Frankfurt-Bornheim until 31 December 2011, in which a stronger cooperation than before took place. The parish of St. Josef was at this time with almost 11,000 Catholics one of the largest in the Diocese of Limburg. On 1 January 2012 the pastoral rooms in Frankfurt were reorganized and from the two pastoral areas of Frankfurt-Bornheim with the parishes of St. Josef-Bornheim and Maria Rosenkranz in Seckbach and Frankfurt-Ost with the two parishes of Heilig-Geist (=Holy Spiritin Frankfurt-Riederwald and Herz-Jesu (=Heart of Jesus) in Frankfurt-Fechenheim, a new pastoral area called Frankfurt-Ost was created. It existed until 31 December 2014.

On 1 January 2015, a parish of the new type under the name of St. Josef Frankfurt am Main was founded from the four parishes of the pastoral area Frankfurt-Ost St. Josef in Bornheim, Maria Rosenkranz in Seckbach, Heilig-Geist in Riederwald and Herz-Jesu in Fechenheim with the church places of Sankt Josef Bornheim, Maria Rosenkranz Seckbach, Heilig-Geist Riederwald and Herz-Jesu Fechenheim. This includes the centralization of certain tasks, such as the parish secretariat. The parish now has about 16,500 members. By its location in the parish of the new parish of St. Josef Frankfurt am Main, it is also their branch church. The buildings are managed by the Stadtkirche Frankfurt am Main.

Building
The church building, which is equipped with flat saddle roofs and executed in a steel skeleton construction, is entered via the large perron, which is located in the Wittelsbacher Allee. The church room is one floor above the street level. Martin Weber understood the ground plan of the church as a further development of the floor plan of the church St. Bonifatius in Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen.

The nave is oriented exactly north–south, the chancel is on the north side. After their inauguration, the interior was first painted red-pink plaid. The original windows bore large letters inside. It was a German translation of the Latin hymn Vexilla Regis (The banners of the king issue forth). The letters appeared dark in the day before the light shining from the outside through the windows. In the night they shone through the reflection of the light of the church illumination. The tower crosses are figured in the ratio of width to height 1:4 (1.50 × 6.00 meters). This is typical for crossed designed by Martin Weber (German: Weberkreuz).

In the church St. Bonifatius in Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen, the altar is located in its own chancel, and the church Heilig-Geist in Frankfurt-Riederwald has in contrast to this a centrally located chancel.

In the Second World War the church and the adjoining parsonage in the Kettelerallee were damaged by several bomb hits. The church windows were destroyed in 1943 by the blast waves of bomb explosions nearby. The large main staircase at the tower was destroyed in 1944 by a bomb hit and the church roof of fire bombs. After rebuilding, the church interior from 1951 got a white coating on the walls with an orange-coloured ceiling. The new church windows were re-glazed in a yellowish hue. The two side altars were removed. In addition, there were a total of five side chapels in the church between the pillars in the inner church and the two side walls of the church ship. They were dedicated to various saints, such as Saint Elizabeth, Saint Rita and Saint Agnes. Behind the left front pillar was the entrance to the pulpit, which had a rectangular sounding board. The church was put under cultural heritage management in 1986 together with its location and the assignment to the Ernst May settlement around the church. In 1990 extensive renovations were begun, in which the altar area was redesigned and the interior was restored to its original color in 1992, also for reasons of cultural heritage management.

The church has a three-voice peal of bells. In 1955, the choir of the then newly built Protestant Heilandskirche [=Church of the Savior) was adapted to that of the Holy Cross Church and the Johanniskirche (=St. John's Church), so that all three peal of bells could sound together without disharmony.

Under the church is the crypt, which was subjected to a major renovation and transformation to a meditation room because of the founding of the Center for Christian Meditation and Spirituality. Among other things, the floor was provided with a parquetry and the actual meditation area was provided with panels of linen and a door frame made of wood as an access. On the south wall of the crypt is a wooden crucifix with a size of 183 x 138 cm. Presumably it originates originally from the Alps of the 17th or 18th century. It comes from the Nachlass of the wife May of the Jewish entrepreneur Carl von Weinberg. She died in 1937, and knew the first parish priest of Holy Cross Georg Nilges from his time as a chaplain in Frankfurt-Niederrad.

Next to the crypt is a large auditorium with a stage, the parish hall of the former Holy Cross parish. In the foot of the tower building, which consists of seven floors, there is also the tower hall (German: Turmsaal), which is still used by the new parish of St. Josef Frankfurt am Main. On the outer walls of the side aisles, the inside of the left front partition of the left side aisle to the church room and the rear wall of the entrance hall in the tower building is a painted Stations of the Cross of the artist Georg Poppe. The penultimate (13th) station of the Stations of the Cross was  until 2020 the Pietà made of wood by the sculptor Arnold Hensler and Otto Zirnbauer.

In 2020, after a stay at an Arnold Hensler exhibition in the Diocesan Museum in Limburg, the Pieta was moved to a new location about halfway up the nave. On the altar side is a large cross renovated during the reconstruction in 1952, on which there is a painting with the rising Jesus. Until the Second World War there were two large painted angels on the left and right of the cross on the wall.

At the southern external wall of the steeple ends the bell chair basic bar in four winged animal figures with the heads of a human, a lion, a bull and an eagle. They symbolize the four evangelists Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. On the four girders is an inscription with a text from the First Epistle to the Corinthians (1 Corinthians 1, 23–24): Wir aber predigen Christus den Gekreuzigten, Christus Kraft und Gottes Weisheit (=But we preach Christ crucified, Christ the power of God, and the wisdom of God). Below the four animal figures is a plaster relief of the Veil of Veronica. The relief was created by the sculptor Arnold Hensler from Wiesbaden. At the western and the eastern side of the bell steeple are each with a turret clock without cyphers. On property are in addition the 1957 established kindergarten, a parsonage building with a parish office and dwellings, a building with group and club areas, as well as a football pitch used by young people. The parish kindergarten of St. Josef was expanded in 2011 by another building in the former parish court on Ortenberger Straße.

Organ
In 1964 the organ building company Gebr. Späth Orgelbau installed a typical pipe organ for this time. The tracker action works electrically, the organ stop loops are electro-pneumatically controlled. The organ was cleaned and overhauled in 2019 by the successor companies Freiburger Orgelbau Hartwig und Tilmann Späth. The freestanding organ console was completely redesigned and equipped with new organ stop rockers and LED lighting fixtures. The electrics were partially renewed, as well as the leather of the bellows, the membranes and other electro-pneumatic parts. The wind chests were overhauled and the wind supply stabilised by new bellows controls and a new motor. On the tonal level, the post-voicing gave the organ more character and softened loud sharpness. After the reconstruction and reversion, the Pommer 16' sounded as the supporting drone.

 Coupler (Organ): II-I, I-P, II-P, Sub II-I, Super II-I
 Music play help: 2 free combinations, 1 free pedal combination, crescendo roller, tutti, trigger, slider chest, electric action, electropneumatic stop action

Transport connections
The Holy-Cross-Church could easily be reached by walk in one minute from the tram stop Ernst-May-Platz of the tramline 14 of the Frankfurt tramway and the Stadtbahn station Eissporthalle/Festplatz of the line U7 of the Frankfurt light rail system (German: Frankfurt U-Bahn). Bus line 38 connects the Panoramabad and the settlement with the district center and the neighboring district of Seckbach. Also not far away is the motorway exit Frankfurt-Ost of the Federal Motorway 661 (German: Bundesautobahn 661).

Camino de Santiago
Beneath the Bornheimer Hang at the eastern side of the church a branch of the German Camino de Santiago (Way of St. James) runs along. The route is based on the ancient trade route from Leipzig to Frankfurt am Main (Des Reiches Straße). The way starts in the bishop city Fulda and leads through Schlüchtern, Steinau an der Straße, Bad Soden-Salmünster, Gelnhausen, Langenselbold, Erlensee and Bruchköbel. It belongs to the net of main routes of the pilgrim of St. James in Europe which are leading to the grave of the saint in the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. This branch which is 116 km long passes the Holy-Cross-Church and leads through the Ostpark and then passes the Seat of the European Central Bank at the former Großmarkthalle (Wholesale Market Hall) on its route to the Main river and the inner city of Frankfurt am Main. It passes also the Eiserner Steg (a footbridge made of iron) and leads further to Mainz and afterwards to Trier.

Trivia

Novel
A Frankfurt-based scene of the 1999 novel Die Türkin (=The Turk) of the German writer Martin Mosebach, awarded with the Heimito von Doderer-Literaturpreis, was inspired by the Holy Cross Church. The described scenery around the "chiricoesque basilica" resembles the Holy Cross Church on the Bornheimer Hang.

Television film
At the end of June 2019, a confession different scenes for the Sat.1-television film Mörderische Tage – Julia Durant ermittelt (=Murderous days – Julia Durant investigates) in the Julia Durant series by Andreas Franz and Daniel Holbe with actress Sandra Borgmann in the title role was shot by the director Nicolai Rohde in the Holy Cross Church as a film set. The script was written by Kai-Uwe Hasenheit and Andreas Bareiss. For the shooting, chairs with black seats and backrests were set up inside the church by the film crew, as well as a custom-made confessional, which incorporates design elements and colour schemes from church doors. Inside it can be seenn for example the wall painting of a grave scene in the entrance area, the pipe organ and the confessional as a film setting. Several times the perron and the houses of the settlement at Bornheimer Hang in opposite in the Ortenberger Street can be seen. In addition, drone images of the tower building were used. The television film was first broadcast on 10 November 2019 on Sat.1 emotions and on 11 November 2019 on Sat.1.

Further reading

External links

 Kulturdenkmäler in Hessen – Kath. Heilig-Kreuz-Kirche Frankfurt-Bornheim in der Siedlung am Bornheimer Hang (=Cultural monuments in Hesse – Catholic Holy Cross in Frankfurt-Bornheim in the settlement at Bornheim slope (in German, retrieved at 8 April 2021)
  (in German, retrieved at 4 April 2021)
 Meditationszentrum-Heilig-Kreuz on Facebook (in German, retrieved at 4 April 2021)
 Heilig-Kreuz-Kirche on Weg der Stille – Christliche Meditation in Frankfurt am Main (=Ways of silence – Christian meditation in Frankfurt am Main (in German, retrieved at 4 April 2021)
 Heilig-Kreuz-Kirche auf Bistum Limburg – Katholische Kirche in Frankfurt am Main (=Holy Cross Church on Diocese of Limburg – Catholic Church in Frankfurt am Main (in German, retrieved at 4 April 2021)
 St. Josef parish website (in German, retrieved at 4 April 2021)
 Website of the St. Leonhard's International English-Speaking Catholic Parish (in German, retrieved at 4 April 2021)
 Heilig-Kreuz-Kirche (Frankfurt-Bornheim) on Facebook (in German, retrieved at 4 April 2021)

References

Institutions of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Limburg
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1929
20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Germany
Christianity in Frankfurt
Modernist architecture in Germany
Roman Catholic churches in Frankfurt
Churches in the Diocese of Limburg


Wilhelmus Edwin Gorter (born 6 July 1963) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

Early and personal life
Born in The Hague, Gorter's mother died when he was 8 years old.

Gorter has two children, including son Donny who is also a professional footballer. His other child is a daughter, Sharon. Gorter has described himself as a "stern but fair" father.

Playing career
Gorter played for RVC, DS'79, Roda JC, Lugano, Caen, Lommel, Utrecht, Vitesse Arnhem, NAC Breda, the New England Revolution and the Miami Fusion.

While playing in Switzerland for FC Lugano, Gorter won the Foreigner of the Year award for the 1990–91 season.

In 1994, while playing for FC Utrecht, Gorter attempted to gouge the eyes of opposition player Björn van der Doelen, receiving a seven-match ban as a result. He left the club at the end of that season.

He moved to the United States in February 1998, playing in Major League Soccer for  the New England Revolution and the Miami Fusion.

Later career
After he retired from playing football, Gorter became a player's agent. He later worked as a television analyst for Eredivisie Live, and as a regional distributor for Cambridge België health products.

References

1963 births
Living people
Dutch men's footballers
FC Dordrecht players
Roda JC Kerkrade players
FC Lugano players
Stade Malherbe Caen players
K.F.C. Lommel S.K. players
FC Utrecht players
SBV Vitesse players
NAC Breda players
New England Revolution players
Miami Fusion players
Eerste Divisie players
Eredivisie players
Ligue 1 players
Belgian Pro League players
Major League Soccer players
Men's association football midfielders
Dutch expatriate men's footballers
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Footballers from The Hague


In mathematics, a Euclidean plane is a Euclidean space of dimension two, denoted . It is a geometric space in which two real numbers are required to determine the position of each point. It is an affine space, which includes in particular the concept of parallel lines. It has also metrical properties induced by a distance, which allows to define circles, and angle measurement.

A Euclidean plane with a chosen Cartesian coordinate system is called a Cartesian plane.
The set  of the pairs of real numbers (the real coordinate plane), equipped with the dot product, is often called the Euclidean plane, since every Euclidean plane is isomorphic to it.

History

Books I through IV and VI of Euclid's Elements dealt with two-dimensional geometry, developing such notions as similarity of shapes, the Pythagorean theorem (Proposition 47), equality of angles and areas, parallelism, the sum of the angles in a triangle, and the three cases in which triangles are "equal" (have the same area), among many other topics.

Later, the plane was described in a so-called Cartesian coordinate system, a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely in a plane by a pair of numerical coordinates, which are the signed distances from the point to two fixed perpendicular directed lines, measured in the same unit of length. Each reference line is called a coordinate axis or just axis of the system, and the point where they meet is its origin, usually at ordered pair (0, 0). The coordinates can also be defined as the positions of the perpendicular projections of the point onto the two axes, expressed as signed distances from the origin.

The idea of this system was developed in 1637 in writings by Descartes and independently by Pierre de Fermat, although Fermat also worked in three dimensions, and did not publish the discovery. Both authors used a single axis in their treatments and have a variable length measured in reference to this axis. The concept of using a pair of axes was introduced later, after Descartes' La Géométrie was translated into Latin in 1649 by Frans van Schooten and his students. These commentators  introduced several concepts while trying to clarify the ideas contained in Descartes' work.

Later, the plane was thought of as a field, where any two points could be multiplied and, except for 0, divided. This was known as the complex plane. The complex plane is sometimes called the Argand plane because it is used in Argand diagrams. These are named after Jean-Robert Argand (1768–1822), although they were first described by Danish-Norwegian land surveyor and mathematician Caspar Wessel (1745–1818). Argand diagrams are frequently used to plot the positions of the poles and zeroes of a function in the complex plane.

In geometry

Coordinate systems

In mathematics, analytic geometry (also called Cartesian geometry) describes every point in two-dimensional space by means of two coordinates.  Two perpendicular coordinate axes are given which cross each other at the origin.  They are usually labeled x and y. Relative to these axes, the position of any point in two-dimensional space is given by an ordered pair of real numbers, each number giving the distance of that point from the origin measured along the given axis, which is equal to the distance of that point from the other axis.

Another widely used coordinate system is the polar coordinate system, which specifies a point in terms of its distance from the origin and its angle relative to a rightward reference ray.

Embedding in three-dimensional space

Polytopes

In two dimensions, there are infinitely many polytopes: the polygons. The first few regular ones are shown below:

Convex
The Schläfli symbol  represents a regular -gon.

Degenerate (spherical)
The regular monogon (or henagon) {1} and regular digon {2} can be considered degenerate regular polygons and exist nondegenerately in non-Euclidean spaces like a 2-sphere, 2-torus, or right circular cylinder.

Non-convex
There exist infinitely many non-convex regular polytopes in two dimensions, whose Schläfli symbols consist of rational numbers {n/m}. They are called star polygons and share the same vertex arrangements of the convex regular polygons.

In general, for any natural number n, there are n-pointed non-convex regular polygonal stars with Schläfli symbols {n/m} for all m such that m < n/2 (strictly speaking {n/m} = {n/(n − m)}) and m and n are coprime.

Circle

The hypersphere in 2 dimensions is a circle, sometimes called a 1-sphere (S1) because it is a one-dimensional manifold. In a Euclidean plane, it has the length 2πr and the area of its interior is

where  is the radius.

Other shapes

There are an infinitude of other curved shapes in two dimensions, notably including the conic sections: the ellipse, the parabola, and the hyperbola.

In linear algebra
Another mathematical way of viewing two-dimensional space is found in linear algebra, where the idea of independence is crucial.  The plane has two dimensions because the length of a rectangle is independent of its width.  In the technical language of linear algebra, the plane is two-dimensional because every point in the plane can be described by a linear combination of two independent vectors.

Dot product, angle, and length

The dot product of two vectors  and  is defined as:

A vector can be pictured as an arrow.  Its magnitude is its length, and its direction is the direction the arrow points.  The magnitude of a vector A is denoted by .  In this viewpoint, the dot product of two Euclidean vectors A and B is defined by

where θ is the angle between A and B.

The dot product of a vector A by itself is

which gives

the formula for the Euclidean length of the vector.

In calculus

Gradient
In a rectangular coordinate system, the gradient is given by

Line integrals and double integrals
For some scalar field f : U ⊆ R2 → R, the line integral along a piecewise smooth curve C ⊂  U is defined as

where r: [a, b] → C is an arbitrary bijective parametrization of the curve C such that r(a) and r(b) give the endpoints of C and .

For a vector field F : U ⊆ R2 → R2, the line integral along a piecewise smooth curve C ⊂ U, in the direction of r, is defined as

where · is the dot product and r: [a, b] → C is a bijective parametrization of the curve C such that r(a) and r(b) give the endpoints of C.

A double integral refers to an integral within a region D in R2 of a function  and is usually written as:

Fundamental theorem of line integrals

The fundamental theorem of line integrals says that a line integral through a gradient field can be evaluated by evaluating the original scalar field at the endpoints of the curve.

Let . Then

Green's theorem

Let C be a positively oriented, piecewise smooth, simple closed curve in a plane, and let D be the region bounded by C. If L and M are functions of (x, y) defined on an open region containing D and have continuous partial derivatives there, then

where the path of integration along C is counterclockwise.

In topology
In topology, the plane is characterized as being the unique contractible 2-manifold.

Its dimension is characterized by the fact that removing a point from the plane leaves a space that is connected, but not simply connected.

In graph theory
In graph theory, a planar graph is a graph that can be embedded in the plane, i.e., it can be drawn on the plane in such a way that its edges intersect only at their endpoints.  In other words, it can be drawn in such a way that no edges cross each other.  Such a drawing is called a plane graph or planar embedding of the graph. A plane graph can be defined as a planar graph with a mapping from every node to a point on a plane, and from every edge to a plane curve on that plane, such that the extreme points of each curve are the points mapped from its end nodes, and all curves are disjoint except on their extreme points.

See also
 Geometric space
 Picture function
 Planimetrics

References

Works cited

Dimension
Multi-dimensional geometry
2 (number)


The name Calès may refer to:

Places
Calès is the name of two communes in France:
 Calès, Dordogne
 Calès, Lot

People
 Jean-Marie Calès (1757–1834), French politician (republican deputy under the Ist Republic)
 Jean-Chrysostôme Calès (1769–1853), French Colonel and Baron (deputy under the Ist Empire)
 Godefroy Calès (1799–1868), French politician (republican deputy under the IInd Republic)
 Jean Jules Godefroy Calès (1828–1899), French politician (republican deputy under the IIIrd Republic)


Macikai POW and GULAG Camps refers to the complex of prisoner-of-war camp and forced labor camps located near Macikai (Matzicken) in German-occupied Lithuania and later, the Lithuanian SSR. The camp was opened and operated by Nazi Germany (1939–1944), and later became a Soviet prisoner-of-war camp No. 184 (1945–1948), finally transforming into a Soviet GULAG forced-labour camp (1945–1955). It was located in the village of Macikai, 2 kilometres away from Šilutė in occupied Lithuania.

History
In the 17th century, Macikai was home to an estate manor, famous for its brewery. After the incorporation of Klaipėda Region into Lithuania in 1924, the Defence Ministry purchased some of the buildings of the former Macikai manor near Šilutė and repurposed them to use as barracks for the 7th Infantry Regiment's 2nd Battalion.

Nazi period
After the region was annexed by Germany in 1939, the barracks became Stalag 331, a POW camp. Later, it was renamed Stalag 1C Heydekrug, later still, Stalag Luft VI Heydekrug. First, the camp was used to hold Polish prisoners of war. Since 1940, captive Belgians and French would be interned there as well. In 1943, British and Canadian air force non-commissioned officers were held prisoners at the camp. Later on, a shipment of American, Australian, and even New Zealand POWs was brought to the camp. Soviet soldiers were also imprisoned in the camp.

According to US intelligence, at least 10,000 people could have been held at Macikai prior to the Soviet occupation. This number included a few Allied ace pilots. It was the northern-most POW camp within the bounds of the German Reich.

In October 1943, a group of British POWs organized a secret resistance movement in the camp. In cooperation with the Polish resistance movement, they organized escapes of British POWs through the port cities of Gdynia and Gdańsk to neutral Sweden. After an unsuccessful attempt by one English POW to escape on his own, the Gestapo discovered the British resistance and carried out arrests of its members.

As the frontline drew near in 1944, the prisoners were transferred to other camps. Most of them were brought by train to Stalag XX-A in Toruń in German-occupied Poland. Nearly 900 men brought to Klaipėda were shipped by the commercial vessel Instenburg to the port of Świnoujście (then Swinemunde) near Szczecin bay; the journey was 60 hours long. After that, they took a train and had to walk the rest of the way to Stalag Luft IV near Tychowo in today's Poland. Some of the prisoners died or were killed along the way. This march was one of the "Long Marches".

Numerous remains of prisoners from the Nazi Germany’s POW camp were discovered buried under a road in Village Armalėnai, Šilutė district, in 2011. An archaeological survey was done in 2020 to exhume the remains of more than 1,200 people. The remains were then buried next to the old cemeteries of the Macikai camps.

Soviet period
After the second Soviet occupation of Lithuania, the Soviets established in Macikai, the former German prisoner-of-war camp, the following:

 German and Allied Prisoners-of-War Camp No. 184, which operated from 1945 to 1948. Germans, Romanians, Hungarians, Austrians, the Czech, the Dutch, Danes and people of other nationalities were imprisoned there. In 1946, the camp was reorganized and renamed as the treatment camp; the seriously ill and physically exhausted prisoners of war were brought there from all camps in Lithuania. During this period, approximately 500 people died there;
 The Gulag camp, which operated from 1945 to 1955. Civilians, political prisoners, priests, as well as women and children were imprisoned there. Most prisoners were Lithuanians, Russians, Poles, and Belarusians. The Soviets would imprison people in the Gulag camp for 'counter- revolutionary crimes' (members of the resistance movement, partisan supporters, farmers having failed to pay obligations, and people having fled exile). Criminals were also held in the camp. In 1948–1955, approximately 450 people died in the camp.

Political prisoners sentenced to 25 years of correctional work at the camp were held in a separate enclosed area. Even though official documents would often falsify the causes of prisoner deaths, it is a known fact that people would be executed by firing squad or exterminated in gas chambers; some of them would die from cold and hunger. The camp had a branch on Rusnė Island, which was founded in 1951 and held a population of around 200. In 1948 to 1955, nearly 450 people perished at the Macikai Gulag camp. Dead prisoners would be buried next to the camp. Currently, the cemetery is surrounded by a fence; however, there are no exact data as to how many people are actually buried there.

The Gulag camp was closed on June 18, 1955. After that, efforts were made to tear down the prisoner cemetery. An irrigation project for the territory of the cemetery was drawn in 1955. Even though the irrigation was never completed, the remaining area of the cemetery is now smaller, because its western side had been washed and eroded by the River Šyša for an extended period of time, and its northern and eastern territory was used as pastures and tilled land. In the second half of the 20th century, residential buildings were erected on a portion of the cemetery.

Archaeological excavations of the mass graves of the Gulag camp in Macikai, discovered in 2020, will also be launched in the near future.

Notable prisoners

 Bill Ash (RCAF), MBE, US-born British writer, Marxist, and serial escaper.
 Stanley Bolton, (RAF), sergeant shot down while flying a Lancaster Bomber, presumed dead but was captured. Escaped during "The March".
 Ernest Booth, Flight Engineer, AR-R of 460 Squadron, Binbrook, who became a notable rugby player in later life.
 James "Dixie" Deans (RAF), sergeant pilot, guided 2,000 Allied POWs across Germany in what was known as the "Long March".
 George Grimson (RAF), sergeant, notable for escaping many times and organising escapes.
 Frederick Tees, was a member of No. 617 Squadron of the Royal Air Force who was shot down during the 1943 Dambusters raid
 Peter Thomas, Baron Thomas of Gwydir (RAF), a Welsh Conservative politician.
 Calton Younger, author of No flight from the cage.

What remains
Today, the camp complex in Macikai consists of the camp-site, a solitary cell, the prisoner cemetery, a bath, and possibly barracks. In 1993, at the initiative of the Šilutė chapter of the Association of Exiles and Political Prisoners, the former building of the solitary cell was turned into a museum, which became a branch of the Hugo Scheu museum in Šilutė in 1995.

In 2019, the government of the Republic of Lithuania approved the plan for the management and memorialisation of the Macikai camps.

On September 25, 2020, Macikai hosted a solemn international ceremony to pay respect to the victims of the German POW camp and the Soviet GULAG camps (1939–1955) killed in Macikai. During the ceremony, the remains of the prisoners, which had been transferred from the discovered mass grave and re-interred near the old Macikai cemetery, were consecrated by Catholic, Evangelical Lutheran, and orthodox bishops.

References

External links
Report on American prisoners of war in Germany : Stalag Luft 6 by Military Intelligence Service, July 15, 1944
 Stalag Luft 6 from the IBCC Digital Archive at the University of Lincoln.
Macikų lageriai

World War II prisoner-of-war camps in Germany
Buildings and structures in Klaipėda County
Museums in Klaipėda County
World War II museums
World War II sites in Lithuania
Prison museums in Lithuania
History museums in Lithuania
Soviet prisoners of war
Camps of the Gulag


Calviac-en-Périgord (, literally Calviac in Périgord; ) is a commune of the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine and is situated in southwest France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Campagnac-lès-Quercy (, literally Campagnac near Quercy; ) is a commune in the southern Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. It is located about 30 km south of Sarlat-la-Canéda, close to the border with Lot-et-Garonne.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Spoy () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Campsegret is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Cantillac (; ) is a former commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Brantôme en Périgord.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Former communes of Dordogne


These are the results of the Men's 60 kg (also known as Extra-Lightweight) competition in judo at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia.  A total of 34 men competed in this event, limited to jūdōka whose body weight was less than, or equal to, 60 kilograms.  Competition took place in the Georgia World Congress Center.

Tournament results

First round
As there were more than 32 qualifiers for the tournament, two first round matches were held to reduce the field to 32 judoka.
  defeated
  defeated

Main bracket
The gold and silver medalists were determined by the final match of the main single-elimination bracket.

Repechage
The losing semifinalists as well as those judoka eliminated in earlier rounds by the four semifinalists of the main bracket advanced to the repechage.  These matches determined the two bronze medalists for the event.

References

External links

 Official Olympic report

M60
Judo at the Summer Olympics Men's Extra Lightweight
Men's events at the 1996 Summer Olympics


Sheryfa Luna (born Chérifa Babouche; 25 January 1989) is a French R&B singer born to an Algerian-Kabyle father and a French mother.

She won the fourth series of the French edition of popular Popstars in October 2007.
Her self-titled debut album  peaked at No. 3 in France and was certified Gold there.

She has released three singles: "Quelque part" (Somewhere) and "Il avait les mots" (He Had the Words), which both went to No. 1 in France, and "D'ici et D'Ailleurs" (From Here and Elsewhere) which was released in March 2008.

Luna gave birth to a son, Vénus Junior, on 14 February 2008.

Discography

Album

Singles

Featured in

References

External links
Official website
Official blog
Persian-English Fan blog
 Persian forum

1989 births
Living people
People from Évreux
Popstars winners
Kabyle people
French people of Kabyle descent
21st-century French singers
21st-century French women singers


Capdrot (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Carsac-Aillac (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

Notable people
 Marius Rossillon, aka O'Galop (1867-1946), creator of the Bibendum Michelin, died in Carsac-Aillac
 Solange Sanfourche, (1922–2013), alias Marie-Claude, was a French resistance fighter born in Carsac-Aillac

Sights
Jardins d'Eau

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Carsac-de-Gurson (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Carves (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


La Cassagne (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Cause-de-Clérans (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Cazoulès (; ) is a former commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. On 1 January 2022, it was merged into the new commune of Pechs-de-l'Espérance.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Former communes of Dordogne


Celles (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department
Château de Lascoux

References

Communes of Dordogne


Cénac-et-Saint-Julien (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Geography
The river Céou, a tributary of the Dordogne, forms part of the commune's south-western border; the Dordogne forms most of its northern border.

The Commune has one main high street. That is in a N-S axis. It is the main road to Sarlat across one of the many bridges that cross the Dordogne to the north.

Population

Amenities
In summer time you can hire canoes for use on the river on the western southern bank near the bridge.

There is one main shopping center with a petrol station opposite. A pharmacy, grocers, a pizza house, bakers, and two taverns, one having a restaurant. There is also a primary school.

Sport
On Saturdays Rugby seems to be the main occupation on the fields to the south.  The enthusiasm and cheering echoes through the valley.

Events
A farmers market is held regularly in the central market area which also does clothes and handicrafts.

Sights
Cenac has a romanesque church, Ste. Marie, to the west, on the road that leads to Saint-Julien. It is nearly always open for visitors.

To the east roads go up and down from the famous bastide town of Domme. Drivers should be aware that the southernmost road is one way only down (except for access).

One other interesting thing is that Cenac retains its old communal washhouse in almost perfect condition.

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Cendrieux (; ) is a former commune in the Dordogne department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, southwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Val de Louyre et Caudeau.

Population

Monuments

 Château de la Pommerie

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Former communes of Dordogne


Cercles (; ) is a former commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune La Tour-Blanche-Cercles.

History
From 1825 to 1877, the nearby town of La Chapelle-Montabourlet was incorporated into Cercles.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Former communes of Dordogne


Chalagnac (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Champagnac-de-Belair (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Chalais (, before June 2009: Chaleix; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Champagne-et-Fontaine (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Champagne-et-Fontaine is the birthplace of Philip I of France.

Geography
The Lizonne flows southwestward through the northern part of the commune and forms part of its western border.

Population

Villages, hamlets, and localities

 Ambournet
 au Montey
 au Paris
 au Petit Bois
 au Rouge
 aux Pêcheries
 Basse Foucaudie
 Bois des Chambres
 Carabin
 Champagne
 Château de la Ligerie
 Château du Clauzurou
 Chaumont
 Chez Bidou
 Chez le Tard
 Chez Peillou
 Chez Robin
 Chez Trinquet
 Combe du Prieur
 Cormeille
 Espinasse
 Fombouille
 Fontaine
 Fontaine de Notre-Dame
 Grange du Breuil
 Grange du Mazac
 Grange Neuve
 Grelet
 Gué de Pompeigne
 Haute Foucaudie
 Jaufrenie
 Jovelle
 la Boige
 la Borie
 la Bourelie
 la Croix du Rapt
 la Divinie
 la Faye
 la Feuillade Basse
 la Feuillade Haute
 la Forêt
 la Genevrière
 la Richardie
 la Vaure
 la Vergne
 l'Âge
 Lardinie
 le Cluzeau
 le Combeau
 le Gouyot
 le Grafeuil
 le Grand Clos
 le Luc
 le Mazac
 le Nept
 le Pas de Fontaine
 le Petit Breuil
 le Petit Cluzeau
 le Petit Ferrier
 le Petit Rochat
 le Pigeonnier
 le Quinze
 le Repaire
 le Roc
 le Vivier
 les Bigonnies
 les Chaumes
 les Écures
 les Gacheries
 les Gagneries
 les Gravelles
 les Grilles
 les Jarriges
 les Jartres
 les Mottes
 les Vergnes
 Maine Vignau
 Maison Neuve
 Moulin Chaudeau
 Moulin de Rochat
 Moulin du Vivier
 Pas Vieux
 Plantigarde
 Pompeigne
 Puy de Versac
 Puy Tirel
 Ruisseau de Fontaine
 Saint-Morézi
 Saumont
 Terres du Fougereau
 Veyrines
 Villard

Personalities
For some twenty years the family of Charles de Gaulle owned a country home there called La Ligerie where de Gaulle spent his summers as a youngster. The de Gaulle family sold La Ligerie in 1920.

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


ʻAbd al-Ẓāhir (ALA-LC romanization of ) literally, "servant (or slave) of the Evident (Outer)," "evident" or "outer" being a reference to Allah, is the name of:

Abdul Zahir (politician) (1910 - 1983), Prime Minister of Afghanistan 1971-1972
Abdul Zahir (Guantanamo detainee 753) (born 1972), Afghan, tenth Guantanamo captive to face charges
Abdel-Zaher El-Saqua (born 1974), Egyptian footballer
Abdul Zahir (Konar Education Minister), Education Minister for Konar Province, Afghanistan, 2008

Arabic-language masculine given names
Masculine given names


Champcevinel (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Geography

Generalities
Being part of the urban unit of Périgueux, Champcevinel is located at the north of the main city. It's 4 km far from the city centre of Périgueux.

Champcevinel makes the immediate suburb of Périgueux, at north between the Routes Départementales 3 and 8.

Adjacent communes

Champcevinel is adjacent to five others communes. At the west of the commune, the territory of Chancelade is less than 300 meters far.

Geology and topography
Located in north of Aquitaine Basin and bordered by a part of the Massif Central, the Dordogne department shows a big diversity of geology. The terrains are disposed in depth in regular stratums, causing a sediment on this old marine platform.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Champeaux-et-la-Chapelle-Pommier (; Limousin: Champeus e La Chapela de Pomiers) is a former commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mareuil en Périgord.

Geography
The Lizonne flows west through the middle of the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Former communes of Dordogne


The Osborn Range is a small mountain range located on the northwest flank of Tanquary Fiord on north-central Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada. It lies just outside Quttinirpaaq National Park and is one of the northernmost mountain ranges in the world forming part of the Arctic Cordillera.

The only named summit in the Osborn Range is Mount Townsend  at the southwest edge of the Osborn Range near McKinley Bay, formed by the Chapman Glacier.

A well-known glacier called Gull Glacier lies in the Conger Range.

See also
List of mountain ranges

References

Arctic Cordillera
Mountain ranges of Qikiqtaaluk Region


Champniers-et-Reilhac (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

External links

Official site
Bed and Breakfast in Champniers-et-Reilhac

Communes of Dordogne


Champs-Romain (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Neighborhood Supastarz is the 17th album by rapper, JT the Bigga Figga.  The album was released on August 9, 2005, for Get Low Recordz and was produced by JT the Bigga Figga.  The album featured many of JT the Bigga Figga's discoveries and associates such as The Game, Juvenile, Young Buck, E-40 and Daz Dillinger.

Track listing
"When Shit Get Thick" feat. The Game, Sean T- 3:19
"Ceo Stacks" feat. Juvenile, Phats Bossi- 4:04
"Mobb with This"- 2:57
"Gotta Get It" feat. Young Buck, Juvenile- 3:39
"Independent Bubble" feat. E-40, Daz Dillinger- 3:00
"Neighborhood Supastarz" feat. The Game- 2:07
"Mind on My Money" feat. Tha Gamblaz, Joi Patrice- 3:29
"Street Warz" feat. Young Noble, Cozmo- 3:57
"Dangerous Minds" feat. Juvenile, Skip- 4:20
"Ghetto Slums" feat. C-Bo, Phats Bossi- 4:55
"Conspiracy" feat. Gucci, Cozmo- 3:41
"Who Got My Back" feat. Daz Dillinger, Telly Mac- 4:13
"Just Hustlin'"- 3:50

JT the Bigga Figga albums
2005 compilation albums
Gangsta rap compilation albums


Chancelade (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. The village is the site of Chancelade Abbey.

The so-called "Chancelade man" was found in the nearby Raymonden rock shelter in 1888,
the skeleton of an approximately 60-year-old male who was buried there in the Magdalenian, roughly 15,000 years ago.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Joseph Chamberlain Sixth Form College is located in Highgate, Birmingham, England (1 Belgrave Road, Birmingham B12 9FF, UK). The College offers a wide range of A-level and BTEC programmes. It also has an adult education provision. It is located in Birmingham and the building was designed by London-based Nicholas Hare Architects in 2008. Joseph Chamberlain College is a sixth form college independently governed by its own Corporation and funded by the Government.

It is not a school sixth form, nor is it part of a large FE college as is the case in most sixth form centres. The college offers many courses for students aged between 16 and 19 years. It also has courses for adults aged above 19 years of age and vocational programmes as well.

References

Learning and Skills Beacons
Higher education colleges in England
Sixth form colleges in the West Midlands (county)


Le Change (; Limousin: Lo Chamnhe) is a former commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Bassillac et Auberoche.

Population

Gallery

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Former communes of Dordogne
Dordogne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chantérac (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. Château de Chantérac is a château in the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Chapdeuil (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


La Chapelle-Aubareil (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Stephen is a surname of English, Scottish, and German origin. It is a reasonably common surname. The German variant is thought to have originated from the German-speaking world as (Von) Stephan.

Stephen is the 3,845 most common surname in the USA.

MacStèaphain (Scottish Gaelic) Stephen is a sept of the clan MacTavish. It is believed that Stephens from North East Scotland (Morayshire, Banffshire, and Aberdeenshire) south of the Moray Firth are descended from a Viking named Tarben whose longship landed in Banffshire in the late 10th century CE. His name was Christianized to Stephen.

Notable people with the surname
 Stephen (Australian legal family), a prominent legal dynasty, includes
 Sir Alfred Stephen (1802–1894), Chief Justice of New South Wales
 Sir Colin Stephen (1872–1937), lawyer and horse racing administrator
 George Milner Stephen (1812–1894), Australian politician and faith healer
 Harold Stephen MLA (1841–1889), Australian politician
 Sir Henry Stephen (Matthew Henry Stephen 1828–1920), Puisne Judge in New South Wales
 James Wilberforce Stephen (1822–1881), judge of the Victorian Supreme Court
 Montagu Stephen MLA (1827–1872), solicitor and politician
 Septimus Alfred Stephen MLC (1842–1901), solicitor and politician
 A. G. Stephen (1862–1924), Hong Kong banker
 Caroline Emelia Stephen (1834–1909), British philanthropist and writer on Quakerism
 C. M. Stephen (1918–1984), Indian politician
 Elizabeth Willisson Stephen (1856-1925), American author
 George Stephen, 1st Baron Mount Stephen, Canadian businessman, financier, philanthropist
 George A. Stephen (c.1922–1993), American inventor and entrepreneur
 Harry Lushington Stephen, judge, alderman, writer
 Hugh R. Stephen (1913–2002), mayor of Victoria, BC, Canada
 James Stephen (disambiguation), several people
James Stephen (architect) (1858–1938), American architect
James Stephen (British politician) (1758–1832), British abolitionist lawyer and Member of Parliament
Sir James Stephen (civil servant) (1789–1859), British under-secretary for the colonies, 1836–1847
Sir James Fitzjames Stephen (1829–1894), British judge and anti-libertarian writer
James Kenneth Stephen (1859–1892), English poet
 Jimmy Stephen (1922–2012), footballer
 Julia Stephen (1846–1895), English art model, wife of Leslie
 Leslie Stephen, English author, critic, historian, biographer, mountaineer, husband of Julia
 Marcus Stephen (born 1969), President of Nauru (2007–2011)
 Nicol Stephen, Scottish politician
 Ninian Stephen (1923–2017), Australian judge and Governor-General of Australia
 Norman Stephen (1865–1948), Scottish schoolmaster and cricketer
 Pamela Helen Stephen (1964–2021), English opera singer
 Shamar Stephen, American football player
 Susan Stephen, English actor
 W. S. E. Stephen (died c. 1973), philatelist

See also
Stephen, given name

References

Surnames from given names


La Chapelle-Faucher (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

This small but quaint rural French village has a Romanesque-style church, Notre Dame de l'Assomption built in the 12th century, a rambling ancient chateau overlooking the Cole River built in the 13th century (some of which has been restored and used for wedding receptions and other events), a kindergarten and a town hall. La Chapelle-Faucher is set above the river Côle, a tributary of the Dronne river which runs through the nearby town of Brantôme.

History
In the 14th century, the entire town was burnt to the ground during the Hundred Years' War. The village was gradually rebuilt, but religion's powerful hand frequented the village. On 2 July 1569, Protestants led by Gaspard de Coligny, rounded up 260 Catholic peasants (men, women and children), put into the chateau and brutally killed one by one during the wars of religion. The local priest pleaded that they be saved but to no avail. According to the local chronicler of these wars at the time, Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur (and abbé) de Brantôme, the killings began at 9am and finished around 2pm. Some residents say you can hear the voices of distressed peasants in the darkness of the night...

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


La Chapelle-Gonaguet (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Château-l'Évêque (; Limousin: Lo Chasteu) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. Château-l'Évêque station has rail connections to Bordeaux, Périgueux and Limoges.

Population

Castle
The castle of Chateau-L'Eveque was built in the 14th century by the bishop of Périgueux, and was partly destroyed and restored in the 15th and 16th centuries. The park and castle are open to visitors.

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


La Chapelle-Grésignac (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


La Chapelle-Montabourlet is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


La Chapelle-Montmoreau (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


La Chapelle-Saint-Jean (; Limousin: La Chapela Sent Joan) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Châtres (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Chenaud (; ) is a former commune in the Dordogne department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Parcoul-Chenaud.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Former communes of Dordogne


Cherval (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Château du Bourbet
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Cherveix-Cubas (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


In Greek mythology, Pandora (, derived from  "all" and  "gift", thus "all-gifted" or "all-giving") was Phthian princess as the daughter of King Deucalion of Thessaly. She was named after her maternal grandmother, the more infamous Pandora.

Biography
Pandora's mother was Pyrrha, daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora. She was the sister of Hellen and Thyia. Her other possible siblings were Amphictyon, Protogeneia, Melantho (Melantheia) and Candybus.

According to the Hesiodic Catalogue of Women, Pandora was the mother of Graecus by the god Zeus. The same parentage can be attributed to Latinus. In some accounts, Pandora's children by Zeus were called Melera and Pandorus.

Notes

References
 Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes:  (Vol. 1),  (Vol. 2).
Hesiod, Catalogue of Women from Homeric Hymns, Epic Cycle, Homerica translated by Evelyn-White, H G. Loeb Classical Library Volume 57. London: William Heinemann, 1914. Online version at theoi.com
 Pseudo-Clement, Recognitions from Ante-Nicene Library Volume 8, translated by Smith, Rev. Thomas. T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh. 1867. Online version at theoi.com
 West, M. L., The Hesiodic Catalogue of Women: Its Nature, Structure, and Origins, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1985. .

Princesses in Greek mythology
Deucalionids
Mortal women of Zeus
Thessalian characters in Greek mythology
Thessalian mythology


Chourgnac (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

Notable people
 Orelie-Antoine de Tounens, “King of Araucania and Patagonia”

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Cladech () is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Clermont-de-Beauregard () is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne
Dordogne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Colombier (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Condat-sur-Trincou (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Geography
The village lies on the right bank of the Trincou, which flows southwest through the northern part of the commune, before to flow into the Côle.

The Côle flows west through the middle of the commune, forms part of its southwestern border, then flows into the Dronne, which forms part of the commune's western border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Troels Lund Poulsen (born 30 March 1976 in Vejle) is a Danish politician, who is Minister for Economic Affairs and a member of the Folketing for the Venstre political party. He served as Minister for the Environment from 2007 to 2010, Minister for Taxation from 2010 to 2011, Minister of Education in 2011, Minister for Commerce, Business and Growth from 2015 to 2016 and Minister for Employment from 2016 to 2019.

Political career
Poulsen was first elected into parliament at the 2001 Danish general election.

In late 2011, he became the center of a dispute regarding the disclosure of confidential documents in favor of discrediting the former Danish prime minister, Helle Thorning-Schmidt and her husband Stephen Kinnock due to their tax relations.
The affair happened in the 2011 Danish parliamentary election and involved the head of SKAT (The Danish tax agency) Copenhagen (Erling Andersen), the Permanent Secretary of State in the Ministry of Taxes, Peter Loft, and the spindoctor of Lund Poulsen, Peter Arnfeldt.

He was appointed minister of economic affairs on 15 December 2022 when Mette Frederiksen presented her second cabinet.
On 6 February 2023, he became acting minister of defence while Jakob Ellemann-Jensen was on leave. On 22 August, the appointment became permanent. On 23 October, he replaced Ellemann-Jensen as Deputy Prime Minister after his resignation as party leader of Venstre.

Bibliography
Atlantiske afstande (2004, co-author)
Den forandrede verden (2003, co-author)
Tid til forandring (2001)

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
People from Vejle Municipality
Danish writers
Government ministers of Denmark
Danish Ministers for the Environment
Education ministers of Denmark
Danish Tax Ministers
Venstre (Denmark) politicians
Members of the Folketing 2001–2005
Members of the Folketing 2005–2007
Members of the Folketing 2007–2011
Members of the Folketing 2011–2015
Members of the Folketing 2015–2019
Members of the Folketing 2019–2022
Employment ministers of Denmark
Members of the Folketing 2022–2026


Condat-sur-Vézère (, literally Condat on Vézère; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. Condat-Le Lardin station has rail connections to Bordeaux, Périgueux and Brive-la-Gaillarde.

Population

See also
Château de la Fleunie
Château de la Petite Filolie
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Conne-de-Labarde (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Volturara may refer to:

Volturara Appula, Italian municipality of the province of Foggia
Volturara Irpina, Italian municipality of the province of Avellino

See also
Vulturaria (titular see)


Roberto Antonio Naveira Filgueiras (born 16 September 1970), better known as Roberto Naveira, is a Spanish judoka. He was born in A Coruña, Spain.

Achievements

References

1970 births
Living people
Spanish male judoka
Judoka at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic judoka for Spain
Place of birth missing (living people)
20th-century Spanish people


La Coquille (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

La Coquille was on one of the five routes leading to Santiago de Compostela in Spain and it was in this parish that pilgrims were given a coquille Saint-Jacques, a scallop shell symbolic of the Way of St. James, the celebrated pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela. From this fact came the name of the village of La Coquille.

The church in La Coquille was on the route of Richard the Lionheart, was reinaugurated by him and welcomed him during his journey.

As a community, the name of La Coquille only appeared officially in 1856, replacing the name of Sainte-Marie-de-Frugie.

Geography
La Coquille is located in the Périgord in a heavily wooded area with meadows surrounding the peaceful little village. It is near the town of Nontron between Limoges and Périgueux. The Côle flows south through the northwestern part of the commune. La Coquille station has rail connections to Bordeaux, Périgueux and Limoges.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Corgnac-sur-l'Isle is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Cornille (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Coubjours (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Coulaures (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Coulounieix-Chamiers (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. It is a suburb of Périgueux.

Population

International relations
Coulounieix-Chamiers is twinned with:
Venta de Baños,  Spain
Portlaoise,  Ireland

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne
Dordogne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Coursac (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne
Dordogne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Cours-de-Pile (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Coutures (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Couze-et-Saint-Front (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

External links

Communes of Dordogne


Creyssac (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

Gallery

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne
Dordogne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Creysse (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Creyssensac-et-Pissot is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Cubjac (; ) is a former commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Cubjac-Auvézère-Val d'Ans.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Former communes of Dordogne


Mafia & Fluxy are a British reggae rhythm section and production team, consisting of the brothers Leroy (bass) and David Heywood (drums), whose careers began with London reggae band The Instigators in 1977. They backed Jamaican artists on UK tours, and in 1987 visited Jamaica, building rhythm tracks for producers such as Bunny Lee, King Jammy,Mad Professor, Donovan Germain and Philip "Fatis" Burrell, becoming one of the most in-demand rhythm sections of the ragga age. They started their own label, producing for artists such as Sugar Minott, King Kong, Gregory Isaacs, Johnny Osbourne, Cornell Campbell and General Levy.

They produced a series of Reggae Heights albums featuring classic singers such as Johnny Clarke, Barry Brown, Gregory Isaacs and John Holt singing classic tracks over rhythms recreated by Mafia & Fluxy.

The duo have also remixed tracks for artists such as Janet Jackson. Leroy Mafia has also enjoyed a solo career.

Discography

Solo albums
A New Galaxy of Dub, Ariwa
Revival Hits Vol. 1 (1992), Mafia & Fluxy
Revival Hits Vol. 2 (1994), Mafia & Fluxy
Mafia & Fluxy Present... (1994), RCA
Revival Hits Vol. 3 (1994), Fashion. (1996), Mafia & Fluxy
Mafia & Fluxy Presents: Reggae Mega Hits Vol. 1 (1995), BMG
Dub Wicked: Michael Rose Meets Mafia & Fluxy at the Grass Roots of Dub (1997), Heartbeat
Mafia & Fluxy (1998), Mafia & Fluxy
Mafia & Fluxy Presents: Roots & Culture Vol. 1 (1999), Mafia & Fluxy
Mafia & Fluxy Presents: Roots & Culture Vol. 2 (1998), Mafia & Fluxy
Mafia & Fluxy Presents: Music for Lovers, Vol. 1 (1999), Mafia & Fluxy
Introducing Lovers Revival Hits (1999), Distribution Fusion
Revival Hits Vol. 4 (2000), Mafia & Fluxy
Soul of the Gong (2000), Cactus
Mafia & Fluxy Presents: Music for Lovers Vol. 2 (2000), Mafia & Fluxy
Mafia & Fluxy Presents: Reggae Heights - John Holt (2001), Mafia & Fluxy
Mafia & Fluxy Presents: Reggae Heights - Gregory Issacs (2001), Mafia & Fluxy
Mafia & Fluxy Presents: Music for Lovers Vol. 3 (2001), Mafia & Fluxy
Mafia & Fluxy Presents: Roots & Culture Vol. 3 (2001), Mafia & Fluxy
Mad Professor Meets Mafia & Fluxy - Sci-Fi Dub Series, Pt. 1: From Mars with Dub (2002), Ariwa
Entebbe Sounds Meets Mafia & Fluxy - Propa Dubwise Pt. 1 (2002), Entebbe Sounds
Mafia & Fluxy Presents: Roots and Culture Vol. 4 (2002), Mafia & Fluxy
Mafia & Fluxy Presents: Music for Lovers Vol. 4 (2002), Mafia & Fluxy
Gussie P. Meets Mafia & Fluxy - Dub Wax: Book of Dub Vol. 1 (2003), Gussie P Records
Gussie P. Meets Mafia & Fluxy - Dub Wax: Book of Dub Vol. 2 (2004), Gussie P Records
A Reggae Christmas (2004), Mafia & Fluxy
Mafia & Fluxy Presents: Strictly Vocals (2004), Mafia & Fluxy
Entebbe Sounds Meets Mafia and Fluxy Propa Dubwise Pt. 1 (2004), Entebbe Sounds
Mafia & Fluxy Presents: Music for Lovers Vol. 5 (2004), Mafia & Fluxy
Mafia & Fluxy Presents: Music for Lovers Vol. 6 (2004), Mafia & Fluxy
Hot It Up - R'N'B and Dancehall Mixes (2x LP) (2005), Mafia & Fluxy
Mafia & Fluxy Presents: Roots and Culture Vol. 5 (200?), Mafia & Fluxy
Mafia & Fluxy Presents: Roots and Culture Vol. 6 (2006), Mafia & Fluxy
Mafia & Fluxy Presents: Strictly Vocals Vol. 2 (2006), Mafia & Fluxy
Zion Riddim by Mafia and Fluxy (2006), Mafia & fluxy
Mad Professor Meets Mafia & Fluxy - Sci-Fi Dub Series, Pt. 2: New Galaxy (2006), Ariwa
Rocking Time Riddim by Mafia & Fluxy (2007), Heartbeat
Borderline Riddim by Mafia & Fluxy (2007), Mafia & Fluxy
From R&B to Reggae, Vol. 1 (2007), Mafia & Fluxy
Mafia & Fluxy Presents: Reggae Heights - Barry Brown (2012) Mafia & Fluxy
Mafia & Fluxy Presents: Reggae Heights -  Johnny Clarke (2012) Mafia & Fluxy
Mafia & Fluxy Presents: Strictly Vocals Vol. 3 (2012), Mafia & Fluxy
Live and Love Riddim by Mafia & Fluxy (2012), Mafia & Fluxy
Bun N Cheese Riddim by Mafia & Fluxy (2012), Mafia & Fluxy

Participated Albums
Never Ending by Beres Hammond (2018), VP Records - Bass, Keyboards, Drums

References

External links
Masouri, John "They Got That Vibe" (interview), Echoes, September 11, 1999

Record production duos
British reggae musical groups
Dub musical groups
Lovers rock musicians
English musical duos
Reggae duos
Sibling musical duos
Male musical duos


Cunèges (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Daglan () is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Geography
The village lies on the left bank of the Céou, which flows northwest through the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Doissat (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


La Dornac (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Douchapt is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Douville (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


La Douze (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. Les Versannes station has rail connections to Périgueux and Agen.

Population

History
The lordship of La Douze was acquired in 1372 by the Abzac family. It was converted to a marquisate in 1615, which lasted until 1943.

On Cassini's map of France between 1756 and 1789, the village is identified by the name Ladouze.

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Douzillac (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department
Château des Chauveaux

References

Communes of Dordogne


Échourgnac (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

It is the site of a Cistercian abbey, Notre-Dame de Bonne Esperance, which is renowned for producing cheese.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

External links

Echourgnac Abbey website

Communes of Dordogne


Église-Neuve-de-Vergt (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Tailly may refer to the following places in France:

Tailly, Ardennes, a commune in the department of Ardennes
Tailly, Côte-d'Or, a commune in the department of Côte-d'Or
Tailly, Somme, a commune in the department of Somme


Église-Neuve-d'Issac (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

The commune is located on the main road, D 709, between Bergerac and Mussidan.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Maryland Route 372 (MD 372) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Wilkens Avenue, the state highway runs  from MD 166 in Catonsville east to U.S. Route 1 (US 1) in Baltimore. MD 372 connects Baltimore and Interstate 695 (I-695) with the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), and Spring Grove Hospital Center. Wilkens Avenue begins westward from South Gilmor Street, and was constructed from Monroe Street in Baltimore to Rolling Road in the last quarter of the 19th century. Almost the entire length of the highway was improved in the 1930s for local and long-distance traffic. MD 372's eastern terminus was moved west twice: first in the late 1930s when US 1 was moved to the avenue east of Caton Avenue, and again in the late 1940s when US 1 was moved to its present course.

Route description

MD 372 begins at an intersection with MD 166 (Rolling Road) in Catonsville. The state highway heads northeast as two-lane undivided Wilkens Avenue. The route runs along the edge of Rolling Road Golf Course to the UMBC Roundabout, where the highway intersects Hilltop Road, which is one of the entrances to the UMBC campus.  After the roundabout, MD 372 expands to a four-lane divided highway and follows the edge of the UMBC campus. The state highway curves to the east after passing Valley Road, which provides access to Spring Grove Hospital Center, and meets I-695 (Baltimore Beltway) at a partial cloverleaf interchange. East of the Beltway, MD 372 intersects Maiden Choice Lane, where the highway reduces to a two-lane undivided highway, and Beechfield Avenue before entering the city of Baltimore. The state highway runs alongside Loudon Park National Cemetery as a four-lane undivided street before meeting its eastern terminus at US 1, which continues toward downtown Baltimore as Wilkens Avenue and heads south as Southwestern Boulevard. There is no access from northbound US 1 to westbound MD 372.

History
Wilkens Avenue was named for William Wilkens, an industrialist who owned a hair factory and donated land for the city of Baltimore to construct his namesake avenue. The avenue was originally constructed from Gilmor Street southwest to the Baltimore city limits near Gwynns Falls in 1876. Wilkens Avenue was extended southwest into Baltimore County to Rolling Road by 1887. Extending Wilkens Avenue across the Patapsco River to Howard County via a bridge near a site called Orange Grove was proposed in the early 1890s but this never came to fruition. The Maryland Geological Survey granted Baltimore County state aid to pave in macadam its portion of Wilkens Avenue, starting from the contemporary city limit at Desoto Road, around 1907. Two attempts to rename the avenue were met with disdain: H.L. Mencken panned a 1932 attempt to rename the street as Sunset Boulevard and community opposition derailed a 1941 attempt to rename the avenue Crozier Boulevard in memory of recently deceased city engineer Bernard "Bunny" Crozier.

By the 1930s, there were plans to improve the city and county portions of Wilkens Avenue to better handle commuter and long-distance traffic. In 1934, the Maryland State Roads Commission marked MD 372 for expansion from a width of  to  for its entire length in Baltimore County. The highway was widened to  from the city limits to the entrance to Spring Grove State Hospital in 1938. Between 1930 and 1933, the avenue was widened and resurfaced in concrete from the city–county line to Desoto Road in the city. East of there, new bridges were completed for the avenue over the Pennsylvania Railroad, Gwynns Falls, and the Western Maryland Railway in 1936. Between 1936 and 1938, Wilkens Avenue was widened to a  undivided street from Caton Avenue to Gwynns Falls and to a four-lane divided boulevard from Gwynns Falls east to Monroe Street. US 1, which originally followed Washington Boulevard to Monroe Street, was placed on Wilkens Avenue from Monroe Street to Caton Avenue, which was also widened, in 1939.

Starting in 1947, the Wilkens Avenue Extended project was constructed from Arbutus to the Pennsylvania Railroad (now Amtrak) bridge on Wilkens Avenue. When this four-lane divided highway, which is now named Southwestern Boulevard, was completed in 1949, US 1 was moved to its present alignment and the eastern terminus of MD 372 was rolled back from Caton Avenue to its present eastern terminus. MD 372 was expanded to a four-lane divided highway from its interchange with I-695 to east of Maiden Choice Lane in 1957 and from the Beltway to west of Valley Road in 1960. The roundabout at the junction of MD 372 and Hilltop Road was installed in 1998.

Junction list

See also

References

External links

MDRoads: MD 372
MD 372 at AARoads.com

372
Maryland Route 372
Maryland Route 372


Escoire (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Étouars is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Eygurande-et-Gardedeuil (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Eyliac (; ) is a former commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Bassillac et Auberoche.

Population

See also
Château d'Eyliac
Communes of the Dordogne department
Château de la Chalupie

References

Former communes of Dordogne


Eymet (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

It is notable as a popular location amongst English speaking immigrants, with Britons accounting for a quarter of the population.

Geography
Eymet is situated in the Périgord region, on the river Dropt.

The Bastide was founded in 1270, by Alphonse de Poitiers, Count of Toulouse and brother of Louis IX of France. The village is situated at the extreme south of the Department of Dordogne on the CD933 between Bergerac and Marmande, around  south of Bergerac, and around  east of Bordeaux.

Popular culture
During the summer of 2011, a TV production company filmed a series of reality TV programmes describing the life of various British expatriates now living in the Dordogne, with an emphasis on Eymet. The series was first shown in autumn 2011, on Monday evenings on ITV1, as twelve 30-minute episodes under the title Little England. Although it explored much of the region, some commentators found it less than exciting. Despite that, a second series was filmed in summer 2012, mainly in the area north of the Dordogne river and shown in autumn 2012 on UK's ITV.

Population

Twin cities — sister cities
Eymet is twinned with:

  Grumello del Monte, Italy (2006)
  North Hatley, Quebec, Canada (2008)

Gallery

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

External links

Communes of Dordogne
Dordogne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
British diaspora in Europe


兩, 两, or 両 may refer to:
Japanese ryō, a Japanese unit of weight and currency using Koban (Japanese gold coin)
Korean yang, the currency of Korea between 1892 and 1902
Liǎng or Tael, a Chinese unit of weight and currency using silver ingots called "Sycee"

zh:兩


Eyzerac is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Fanlac () is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

It is a small village with roads that are just wide enough for a car.
During the Second World War (WWII) the local German forces brought a convoy of military vehicles into the village and murdered a local couple who were in their 70s. The house that they lived in was burnt to the ground. There are various plaques dedicated to this couple around the village.

Geography

Location
Located in Périgord Noir, close to the forest of Barade, in the east of the Department of the Dordogne, the commune of Fanlac is crossed from the north to the south by the Thonac river, a small tributary of the river Vézère. It covers 14.37 km2 and has 131 inhabitants in 2015, a decrease of 5.07% compared to 2010, divided between the village and different farms around.

The minimum altitude, 97 or 99 meters, lies southeast downstream of the place called the Moulin d'Auberoche, where the Thonac receives its tributary the d'Auberoche stream and leaves the commune to enter Thonac. The maximum elevation with 267 or 269 meters, is located in the northeast at the place called Les Quatre Bornes, in the boundaries of three other communes, Bars, Auriac-du-Périgord and Montignac.

The village, away from the main roads, lies, as the crow flies, five kilometres west of Montignac and nine kilometres south of Thenon. House are typically built in white stones. The roofs are covered with flat tiles or on some houses, slate. Many of the houses in the village are secondary residences whose shutters begin to open as early as spring.

Within a few kilometres, access to the municipality can be made from the departmental roads D31 (to the north-west), D45 (to the South), D67 (to the north) or D706 (to the southeast). The communal territory is crossed by the GR 36 hiking trail.

Population

Toponymy
The municipality would derive its name from Famulus, Gallo-Roman character name, or Gallic Fanula, followed by the suffix -acum, indicating the domain of Famulus, or that of Fanula. In French as in Limousin Occitan, the name of the commune is written in the same way. The inhabitants of the commune are called the Fanlacois and the Fanlacoises.

History
The first known written mention of the place dates from the 13th century in the form Fallacum. The village church was built in the 12th century and a convent of Benedictine nuns was founded in 1625. In the Middle Ages, Fanlac was a parish dependent on the Castellan of Montignac.

From the end of the 17th to the 19th century, Fanlac was on the road of cannons. This route starts from the la Forge d'Ans where cannons were made to arrive at the pier at Moustier.

In the cemetery of the commune has the tomb of the Lostanges  family, that has its origins in the commune of Lostanges in Corrèze.

Second World War

The Château du Sablou was an internment camp for the "undesirable French Communists", Alsatian autonomists and Gypsies during 1940. A stele commemorates this event along the road between Fanlac and Montignac.

In addition, an isolated farm became a gathering place of the French Resistance. Its owners, who had left the premises before, paid with their lives for their help provided to the Marquis. Gabriel and Jeanne Aubarbier lived in Lespicerie, an old farmhouse in the forest, west of the village, going towards le Bos de Plazac. None of their children wished to return to the farm, so feeling too isolated, they decided in 1941 to leave their farm and settle in the village of Fanlac. The farm was therefore unoccupied.

At the end of 1942, at the beginning of 1943, the Resistance began to form in Dordogne as elsewhere in France. Lespicerie, because of its geographical location, quickly appeared as a strategic place to hide. The Resistance fighters informed Gabriel Aubarbier of their intention, and he could not refuse. The farm became a training school of the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans. This place was of paramount importance, with many resistance fighters finding training before joining other areas of resistance.

The winter of 1943-1944 was fatal. The chimney that warmed the Marquis also allowed to smoke to escape which was then visible to the surrounding hillsides and some neighbours of these hillsides denounced the Marquis. It was then that on 20 March 1944, a convoy of German soldiers arrived at Fanlac. The Lespicerie farm was discovered and immediately bombarded, but the resistance fighters had time to escape.

The German soldiers then came to the village, encircling the whole town. The Fanlacois were frightened, cloistered in their houses. The Germans carried out a search and plundered all the houses in the search of the so-called "terrorists". Finding nothing, the German soldiers left in the morning but returned in the afternoon and were directed to the Aubarbier couple, who were killed. Then the German soldiers set fire to the house, burnt the bodies and before leaving requisitioned a few men stop the fire so that it spread no further.

Two plaques honour the memory of the Aubarbier couple: one on the western facade of the church, the other on the wall of their burnt house in the village of Fanlac.

Filming of Jacquou le Croquant
The village of Fanlac was revealed to the general public following the broadcast of the 1969 TV mini-series Jacquou le Croquant, a film adaptation by Stellio Lorenzi based on the work of Eugène Le Roy. Shooting a film at Fanlac at the time proved to be an entertainment for its inhabitants, and the Fanlacois were numerous among the extras. Following the broadcast of the mini-series, many tourists visited the village, questioning "where is the house of Jacquou?", a question that has been asked again and again. Of this famous house, there is nothing left today.

Local culture and heritage

Places and monuments
 Château d'Auberoche of the 14th and 17th centuries, inscribed as historical monuments since 1962.
 Château du Sablou, 17th to 19th century. From January to December 1940, it served as internment camp for communist militants. Below the castle, near the bridge of Fanlac on the Thonac, a stele commemorates this episode of the World War II.
 The ancient Eglise Notre-Dame-de-la-Nativité, then known as the Eglise de la Décollation-de-Saint-Jean-Baptiste, is a fortified Romanesque church dating from the 12th century and reworked in the 17th and 18th centuries. On the left side is a sculpture in the wall, depicting Jean de La Jalage, who had his arm cut by a hatchet when defending the building against the English during the Hundred Years' War. Curiously, the stone comprising the sculpture of his arm is located inside the Château d'Auberoche, private property located in the valley of Fanlac. The church has been listed as a historic monument since 1970.
 The village also has a 14th-century Calvary Cross listed as a historic monument since 1948 and an old well with the curbstone worn by the ropes of the buckets. As an anecdote, it is said that an underground gallery leaves from under the church passing under the well going to the Château d'Auberoche.
 At the entrance of the village, from Bars, there is a road cross. Two other crosses of this type are located in the village following the great hiking trail GR 36.

Urban heritage
Fourteen hectares of the village of Fanlac has been registered since 1971 for its picturesque interest.

Politics and administration

Administrative and electoral affiliations
From 1790, the municipality of Fanlac was attached to the canton of Montignac which relied on the district of Montignac until 1795, when the districts were abolished. In 1801, the canton relied on the arrondissement of Sarlat (now the arrondissement of Sarlat-la-Canéda in 1965).

In the context of the 2014 reform, defined by the decree of 21 February 2014, the canton disappeared in the departmental elections of March 2015. The municipality is now attached to the Communauté de communes de la Vallée de l'Homme whose central office remains in Montignac.

Intercommunality
At the end of 2001, Fanlac was incorporated, from its inception, in the Communauté de communes de la Vallée de la Vézère. It is dissolved on 31 December 2013 and replaced on 1 January 2014 by the Communauté de communes de la Vallée de l'Homme.

Municipal administration
With the population of the municipality between 100 and 499 inhabitants in the census of 2011, eleven municipal councillors were elected in 2014.

Personalities related to the municipality
 Eugène le Roy (1836-1907), a writer, largely relies on the action of his main novel, Jacquou le Croquant, in Fanlac.

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne
Dordogne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


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See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


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Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


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See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


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Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne