The effects of pornography on individuals or their intimate relationships depend on the type of pornography used and differ from person to person. Consumption of pornographic material is associated with negative and positive impacts. It has been studied particularly for associations with addiction as well as effects on the brain over time. Some literature reviews suggest that pornographic images and films can be addictive, particularly when combined with masturbation, while others maintain that data remains inconclusive. Other research has looked at pornographic material's relation to acts of sexual violence, with varying results.

Methodology and key theories

Sexual scripting

Pornography research is greatly influenced by script theory. Originally proposed by researcher Silvan Tomkins, script theory proposes that behavior is a series of "scripts", or programs in order to achieve a goal. These scripts provide meaning for specific behaviors in relation to a goal or desire. In 1986, Simon and Gagnon applied script theory to sexuality research, asserting that sexual scripts fall under a category of cultural scripts to regulate sexual behaviors. Modern research has applied this concept to work with pornography, and specifically how pornography may influence sexual scripts and behaviors. Some studies argue that pornography functions as a sexual script, cluing people in to certain signals and behaviors and influencing their own sexual behaviors in later encounters.

Pornography may alter individuals' expectations regarding sexual activity, which then impacts their ability to form and maintain romantic, or sexual, relationships. Pornography functions as a cultural script, a media through which individuals may pick up on or learn sexual cues. These cues lead individuals to express sexual behaviors and function in sexual situations at appropriate times. One concern is that, by relying on pornography for education on sexual cues or sexual scripts, individuals may have an altered sense of what sexuality and sexual intercourse truly entail, or how to behave sexually in a real-life scenario, potentially causing misunderstandings or, in a more extreme cases, abusive behavior.

Typical gender roles can also confuse and alter expectations for the traditional heterosexual sexual script. From an early age, boys are often taught to explore or embrace their sexuality more than girls. Pornography can often display women acting with traditional male sexual scripts or exaggerated female scripts. Pornography thus creates a double-standard for the male of expecting a real life female partner to act in an unrealistic, exaggerated way that is portrayed in much pornography. Furthermore, many young adult men can get confused or perplexed when having a sexual experience with a woman using a traditional female sexual script, as opposed to a more embraced (even sometimes aggressive) sexuality, often outside the confines of an exclusive relationship, that is shown frequently in pornography that is constructed to cater to men.

Affection exchange theory

Affection Exchange Theory classifies human affection and interaction as innate acts which assist individuals in mating, reproduction, and survival, as well as in developing and maintaining healthy relationships. This theory can be extended to sexuality to consider sexual acts as significant contributions to affection behavior. Humans express affection through a myriad of actions, including verbal affirmations and physical touch. This theory takes a more modern approach to traditional evolutionary theories, and extrapolates that affection communication plays a role in sexual selection and reproduction. Furthermore, Affection Exchange Theory posits that, although often found together, affectionate expression is separate from affectionate emotion. An individual may express unauthentic affection (expression without emotion), or may feel affection that they suppress (emotion without expression). Beyond relationship findings, more affectionate people also report better overall health, including more self-esteem, less anxiety, less fear of intimacy, and greater satisfaction with their lives and their relationships. Research on Affection Exchange Theory has been connected to pornography and couples research as a potential mitigator to relationship and sexual satisfaction, as well as sexual desire.

Methodology limitations
Pornography has many different forms which are difficult to cover in blanket form. Pornographic internet videos, for example, have been found to have different effects on viewers than material such as pornographic magazines. Within the field of pornography research, there are also other challenges that arise due to strong opinions and feelings on the topic. Confirmation bias has been prevalent on both sides due to societal taboos surrounding pornography. Studies have looked into both negative effects of pornography as well as potential benefits or positive effects of pornography. A large percentage of studies suffer from methodological issues. In one meta-study by researchers at Middlesex University in England, over 40,000 papers and articles were submitted to the team for review: 276 or 0.69% were suitable for consideration due to the low quality of research within the field.

One limitation to current research about pornography's effect on relationships is the sample. Researchers often, but not always, sample individuals who are in a relationship. They rarely sample both partners. This method limits the scope of research as pornography can affect a relationship depending on how often one or both partners watch and if they watch alone or together. For example, a Norwegian study on heterosexual partners evaluated these effects. The study found that couples experience higher levels of dysfunction when only one partner is watching alone. Partners who both watch pornography alone experienced low levels of dysfunction. Partners who did not watch at all experienced an average level of dysfunction.

Psychological effects
Men who consume pornography regularly have reported less stable mental health, specifically higher levels of depression. Pornography can be considered addictive, especially in men.

Pornography addiction

Pornography addiction is a purported behavioral addiction characterized by compulsive, repeated use of pornographic material which causes serious consequences to one's physical, mental, social, and/or financial well-being. There is no diagnosis of pornography addiction in the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), though the DSM-5 considered the diagnosis of hypersexuality-related behavioral disorders (to which porn addiction was a subset), but rejected it because "there is insufficient peer-reviewed evidence to establish the diagnostic criteria and course descriptions needed to identify these behaviors as mental disorders." Instead, some psychologists suggest that any maladaptive sexual symptoms represent a manifestation of an underlying disorder, such as depression or anxiety which is simply manifesting itself sexually, or, alternatively, there is no underlying disorder and the behavior simply is not maladaptive. It is argued that psychologists do not recognize the concept of addiction, only chemical dependence, and some believe the concept and diagnosis to be stigmatizing and unhelpful.

Two 2016 neurology reviews found evidence of addiction related brain changes in internet pornography users. Psychological effects of these brain changes are described as desensitization to reward, a dysfunctional anxiety response, and impulsiveness. Another 2016 review suggests that internet behaviors, including the use of pornography, be considered potentially addictive, and that problematic use of online pornography be considered an "internet-use disorder".

Introductory psychology textbook authors Coon, Mitterer and Martini, passingly mentioning NoFap (former pornography users who have since chosen to abstain from the material) speak of pornography as a "supernormal stimulus" but use the model of compulsion rather than addiction.

A number of studies have found neurological markers of addiction in Internet porn users, which is consistent with a large body of research finding similar markers in other kinds of problematic internet users. Yet other studies have found that critical biomarkers of addiction are missing.

According to the American Society of Addiction Medicine, some psychological and behavioral changes characteristic of addiction brain changes include addictive cravings, impulsiveness, weakened executive function, desensitization, and dysphoria. BOLD fMRI results have shown that individuals diagnosed with compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) show enhanced cue reactivity in brain regions associated traditionally with drug-cue reactivity. These regions include the amygdala and the ventral striatum. Men without CSB who had a long history of viewing pornography exhibited a less intense response to pornographic images in the left ventral putamen, possibly suggestive of desensitization. ASAMs position is inconsistent with the American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors, and Therapists, who cite lack of strong evidence for such classification, describing ASAM as not informed by "accurate human sexuality knowledge".

Neuropsychopharmacological and psychological researches on pornography addiction conducted between 2015 and 2021 have concluded that most studies have been focused entirely or almost exclusively on men in anonymous settings, and the findings are contradicting. Some researches support the idea that pornography addiction qualifies as a form of behavioral addiction into the umbrella construct of hypersexual behavior and/or a subset of compulsive sexual behavior (CSB), and should be treated as such, whereas others have detected the increased activation of ventral striatal reactivity in men for cues predicting erotic but not monetary rewards and cues signaling erotic pictures, therefore suggesting similarities between pornography addiction and conventional addiction disorders.

ICD-11 added pornography to CSBD. CSBD is not an addiction and should not be conflated with sex addiction.

Some clinicians and support organizations recommend voluntary use of Internet content-control software, internet monitoring, or both, to manage problematic online pornography use. Sex researcher Alvin Cooper and colleagues suggested several reasons for using filters as a therapeutic measure, including curbing accessibility that facilitates problematic behavior and encouraging clients to develop coping and relapse prevention strategies. Cognitive therapist Mary Anne Layden suggested that filters may be useful in maintaining environmental control. Internet behavior researcher David Delmonico stated that, despite their limitations, filters may serve as a "frontline of protection."

DSM-5-TR, published in March 2022, does not recognize a diagnosis of porn addiction.

Rothman stated "The professional public health community is not behind the recent push to declare pornography a public health crisis." She and another researcher have called these moves a "political stunt". The ideas supporting the "crisis" have been described as pseudoscientific.

Withdrawal symptoms
Individuals who have developed some form of dependence on pornography use, and do consider themselves as addicted to pornography, have experienced withdrawal symptoms. A study on effects and consumption of pornography across large sample of students from various universities has shown more than a half tried to give up consumption for pornography (or at least minimize the use of such material). Within those who at least made one attempt, almost 75% experienced at least one symptom of withdrawal. Withdrawal symptoms included erotic dreams, irritability, attention disturbance, and sense of loneliness. Other recorded potential symptoms included depression, anxiety, obsessive thoughts, and an intense longing for pornography. On topic on anxiety, a survey performed on a sample of internet users with porn dependency, concluded 24% of the participants had experienced anxiety symptoms if access to porn on the Internet was inhibited. Individuals who showcased an abstinence from online pornography has shown "most common positive effects" to include improvements in day-to-day functioning, increased energy, mental clarity and productivity. Some surveyed individuals even experienced enhanced sensation and greater pleasure from ordinary activities.

Body image and self esteem

Men
A study of 359 college men found that high viewership of pornography relates to increased masculinity and body dissatisfaction. Sexual performance changes a man's view of his masculinity, and often his self-esteem. Pornography is not the only factor affecting men's self-esteem and body image. Popular media often depicts strong but lean men. Pornography is significant to men's self-image. It connects a lean body type to sexual validation. As of 2021, few studies have evaluated how exposure to pornography relates to men's body image. Researchers recommend that others conduct more studies on pornography's effect on men's psychology.

Heterosexual pornography reinforces a concept called the centerfold syndrome. In 1995, psychologist Gary R. Brooks wrote about men and the centerfold syndrome. This concept asserted that gender roles in media contribute to high sexual dysfunction in men. Sexual dysfunction has many parts. One part is the viewing of women as body parts, trophies, or sexual conquests. These concepts are often known as voyeurism, objectification, and trophyism. Another part is tying female approval of manliness to a man's self-image. The third part of sexual dysfunction includes avoiding intimacy, attachment, and emotions. Heterosexual pornography reinforces this syndrome through observational learning. In other words, the story within pornography becomes the expected reality. Deviations from that story create low self-esteem.

Women
Studies rarely observe women's viewership of pornography. One modern study with female subjects provided mixed results. Pornography does not affect women's perception of body image and relationship satisfaction if it is free of behavior. Violence is one example. All other viewership appears to minimally affect body image and relationship satisfaction.

A 2021 study has shown a mediating role of pornography use among women and how it affects the consciousness of body image and attachment insecurities. Girls who have not experienced a sensitive response to their needs and/or were emotionally deprived under the parent/caretaker childhood environment had a greater chance of developing insecurities about their body image. The use of pornography seems to amplify attachment fears and anxiety. Such anxiety is correlated to females seeking approval of their bodies and self-worth from their counterpart in a relationship setting. The findings did correlate with past research articles which found that "anxious but not avoidant attachment affects body image, the drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction and body appreciation." Furthermore, pornography use could also amplify women's body image self-consciousness in an intimate setting. The acts performed in pornographic movies created a feeling of pressure among women, not only creating a higher negative body image but also the feeling of being criticized by their partners if their body was not resembling the body shape of models in pornographic content. However, mediating role between pornography, and anxiety attachment, and body image self-consciousness was found only in women in a relationship at the time of the study, which correlated with attachment theory.

Delay discounting and Dehumanization

A 2019 survey of 1083 U.S. adults evaluated the relationship between pornography and unethical behavior in the workplace. Unethical behavior, according to the researchers, consists of delay discounting and dehumanization. Delay discounting involves the idea of waiting with the steps that usually involve more process and work versus acting now and getting instant  reward. It is to expect lower rewards in the future versus when acting now. The expectation of a high, instant reward for acting now can lead to reduced self-control and increased impulsivity

Dehumanization is a form of moral disengagement in which people view others as less than human. According to the study, increased pornography use causes increased dehumanization and unethical behavior. Regressing women to be looked at as sexual objects is a prime example of Dehumanization.

Sexual effects
The sexual effects of pornography on intimacy and relationships observe some of the most gendered differences. Men and women differ vastly in how they are impacted by pornography both within and beyond a romantic or sexual relationship.

The consumption of pornography has been shown to have an impact on sexual risk-taking, including less frequent usage of condoms and birth control, as well as more casual sexual encounters. It can negatively impact sexual functioning, especially in men. However, pornography can function as an educational resource for individuals to improve their sexual knowledge, and women who consume pornography more regularly experience increased desire for sexual activity, indicating that pornography might be useful as a form of foreplay.

Sexual desire

Sexual desire is one of the factors most strongly moderated by gender differences. In general, men experience the most acute effects from pornography in terms of sexual desire. Straight men report less sexual desire, both for their partner and in general, directly after consuming pornography. Men also typically utilize pornography for masturbation and solo-sexual activities, rather than partnered or joint purposes. Strong associations exist between increased pornography consumption, as well as frequency of pornography consumption, and problematic decreases in sexual desire for men. Men who more frequently use pornography report less desire for their partner, and less desire for sex in general.

While most modern research on pornography focuses on men, the findings in women hold interesting information on pornography's gendered impact on sexual desire. Women have found a positive correlation between pornography consumption and sexual desire, indicating that women who view pornography feel more positively about expressing their sexual desire. In addition to increased sexual desire, women also express more sexual desire specifically for their partner on days when they watch pornography, indicating pornography may function as a form of foreplay.

Although men and women do differ in many significant ways with respect to pornography consumption and sexual behavior, they share one important similarity: brain activity. Men and women's brain activity while watching pornography is nearly identical, suggesting that both men and women experience similar arousal while watching pornography. Further, both men and women report significant support for female-centric pornography, though men express similar levels of arousal to both traditional male-centric pornography as well as female-centric pornography. While women report more general negativity towards traditional, male-centric pornography, women express stronger support and higher levels of self-reported arousal for female-centric pornography.

In general, pornography consumption in couples has been associated with greater sexual desire. Although research in the way of same-sex relationships is limited, available findings indicate that pornography use is connected to an increased level of sexual desire. Men partnered with women report less sexual desire in general with increased pornography consumption, whereas women in both mixed-sex or same-sex relationships report greater sexual desire overall. Also, individuals were less likely to consume pornography the day after engaging in sexual intercourse.

In 2016, model and actress Pamela Anderson and Orthodox Rabbi Shmuley Boteach co-authored a viral Wall Street Journal opinion piece, in which they called online pornography a "public hazard of unprecedented seriousness."

Sexual function
Sexual function is a rising concern with pornography consumption. Primarily thought to affect men, there is a notable relationship between pornography consumption and sexual function problems. Commonly reported problems include erectile dysfunction, delayed ejaculation, anorgasmia, and a lack of sexual desire. Recently, rates of sexual dysfunction have been increasing in younger age brackets. Medical professionals suspect pornography may be one factor contributing to this increase, however there is little causal evidence of such an effect. Another issue is delayed ejaculation, during which men may experience a large disconnect between their orgasm and ejaculation, or difficulty achieving ejaculation. Overarching research shows little evidence of pornography having any effect on delayed ejaculation. Despite the lack of evidence for more physical issues with sexual function, pornography is related to problematic decreases of sexual desire and sexual satisfaction, though the direction of this relationship remains up for debate without additional causal research.

In women, there is little evidence for pornography-induced sexual dysfunction. The most commonly observed effect is increased anxiety or distress, which may then lead to issues of sexual function. The most commonly reported issue for women is arousal dysfunction, indicating a difficulty in achieving or maintaining arousal during sexual activity. This could potentially lead to physical issues, such as painful penetration or vaginismus, making sexual intercourse painful and unpleasant. Women also tend to report more negative effects with regards to pornography, including strong feelings of shame or guilt.

For both men and women, pornography may lead individuals to make riskier decisions with their sexual health. A study analyzing the use of barrier contraceptives by German adults found that, when pornography is viewed as an educational resource, there is an inverse relationship between pornography consumption and condom usage; people who viewed more pornography tended to not use condoms as frequently. Overall, the most frequently reported issues with sexual function that relate to pornography are decreases in sexual desire for men, and decreases in sexual satisfaction overall.

Sexual satisfaction
Research on pornography's effect on sexual satisfaction is highly varied. Numerous studies looking at both individuals and couples have found different, at times contradictory, results. One study found a negative relationship between pornography consumption and sexual satisfaction across two samples of men. In addition, frequency of pornography consumption, rather than the type of pornography consumed, is negatively correlated with sexual satisfaction; the type of pornography an individual consumed had no effect on sexual satisfaction. When considering couples and their pornography consumption, couples with a greater discordance reported being more sexually dissatisfied than couples who watched pornography together, as well as couples who jointly abstained from pornography altogether.

When looking at women, there is a positive correlation between pornography consumption and sexual satisfaction. Some suggest the connection between male pornography use and sexual dissatisfaction may be the other way around, with men resorting to pornography due to sexual satisfaction, or even perhaps a cyclical effect. An indirect, yet positive, effect on sexual satisfaction has been found when looking at sexual preference.

Individuals who use pornography alongside masturbation as the primary tool of sexual arousal and fulfillment of one's sexual satisfaction (or needs) may become conditioned to prefer pornography more than other needs of sexual arousal. Furthermore, the "frequency of pornography consumption was also directly related to a relative preference for pornographic rather than partnered sexual excitement." The individuals in the given study primarily used pornography for masturbation purposes. Such preference of pornography over sexual satisfaction fulfilled with a partner, especially in the case of extracting sexual information from pornography, would lead to lower overall sexual satisfaction. Individuals who seek pornography as the main source of information about sexuality were associated with lower sexual excitement, and in return, lower sexual satisfaction in a partnered relationship. Gender did not affect the results of such findings.

However, pornography among some individuals is not only used for sexual satisfaction. A study on affection substitution has shown that "pornography consumption is positively related to affection deprivation, depression, and loneliness and inversely related to experienced affection, relational satisfaction, and closeness." All presented above variants, except affection deprivation, had a significant correlation based on statistical data. Due to such positive relations, individuals who consume pornography not only use it to satisfy their sexual arousal but also to reduce loneliness and create a coping mechanism against social disconnection. Some of the examples of coping mechanisms may include "creating parasocial relationships with the characters depicted in pornography."

Sexual preferences
The use of pornography is extremely varied, especially in the United States. Consumption rates —including general consumption, frequency of consumption, length of time, and type of pornography— vary by gender, age, and relationship status, as well as frequency of consumption, which all factor into overall pornography consumption rates. In general, men consume more pornography, and consume pornography more frequently, than women. A vast majority of men report having consumed pornography, with rates ranging from 50% to 90%, usually plateauing in the upper 80% range. Women, however, report significantly less and significantly more varied consumption of pornography, with between 30% and 80% of women saying they have viewed pornography in their lifetime. This variation reflects differences in nationality and culture in terms of sex positivity and pornography acceptance, as well as the unreliability of self-reporting. Despite the variation and lower reports of pornography consumption for women, female viewership of pornography is steadily increasing. Women tend to prefer less hardcore porn compared to men, and men report consuming pornography in conjunction with masturbation more frequently than women.

One of the more current findings revolves around how pornography impacts sexual preference. Theories speculate that increase pornography consumption may alter an individual's preferences during sexual intercourse to more closely resemble what is depicted in pornography. This may include both the acts depicted, as well as the behaviors displayed by actors. Among men, there is a positive relationship between pornography consumption and a desire for more porn-like sexual experience. Frequency of consumption and type of pornography consumed are related to increased desire for more porn-like sex, which is measured by items  indicating an expressed preference for "kinkier sex," "hotter sex," and a more porn-like "sexual appearance." The latter includes grooming habits, as well as hair color and body type. While correlational, the findings do present evidence that pornography consumption has a role in sexual preferences, though causal relationships cannot be confirmed. This effect is mitigated by both the type of pornography consumed, as well as the frequency of pornography consumption, and the finding holds for both men and women.

A study by Professor Kathryn C. Seigfried-Spellar and Professor Marcus Rogers found results which suggested deviant pornography use followed a Guttman-like progression, concluding that individuals with a younger "age of onset" for adult pornography use were more likely to engage in deviant pornography (bestiality or child) compared to those with a later "age of onset".

Prolonged exposure to pornographic content can lead to a development of increased sexual stimuli tolerance. Study showed earlier exposure may lead to potential desensitization to the stimuli, meaning individuals seek longer stimulation (12.0%) and more intensive sexual stimuli (17.6%) to reach climax. Such increase in tolerance was connected to a change in online pornography use pattern, major one's being "switching to a novel genre of explicit material (46.0%), use of materials that do not match sexual orientation (60.9%) and need to use more extreme (violent) material (32.0%)."

A cross-sectional study on prevalence and patterns in pornography use has detected individuals who mentioned an increased need for more extreme content. Although this may have been depicted as a result of desensitization due to frequent use of pornography, thus a need to use more graphic, violent, and degrading porn material to achieve similar sexual arousal, the actual causation comes from aggression as "more extreme pornography material was more frequently reported by males describing themselves as aggressive." On the other hand, females who increased their search for extreme pornographic content came from the curiosity aspect itself rather than a need due to desensitization.

The research focused on associations of dark personality traits with online activities has also found some dark traits related to online sexual use. Specific online activities of the study covered social media, online gaming, online gambling, online shopping and online sex. The results showed that "Machiavellianism, spitefulness, sadism, and narcissism were related to different types of internet activities such as online sex, social media use, online gambling, online gaming, and online shopping." Individuals' correlation to sexual use to such study variables is Machiavellianism (.32), spitefulness (.31), sadism (.34), narcissism (.24), and psychopathy (.26).

Sexual violence

Controlled studies

A controlled study describes the relationship between given behaviors or environmental conditions and health effects in a laboratory setting in which conditions other than those under study are effectively held constant across groups of participants receiving various levels of the experimental condition(s).  Since it is considered that the only functional difference between groups is the level of experimental condition(s) received, researchers can strongly infer cause-and-effect relationships from statistically significant associations between experimental condition(s) and health consequences. Thus, if executed properly, controlled studies have high levels of internal validity. However, such studies often suffer from questionable external validity due to the considerable differences between real-world environments and the experimental context, and the consequent belief that results cannot be generalized beyond that context.

The link between pornography and sexual aggression has been the subject of multiple meta-analyses. Meta-analyses conducted in the 1990s suggested to researchers that there might not be an association of any kind between pornography and rape supportive attitudes in non-experimental studies. However, a meta-analysis by Hald, Malamuth and Yuen (2000) suggests that there is a link between consumption of violent pornography and rape-supportive attitudes in certain populations of men, particularly when moderating variables are taken into consideration.

A meta-analysis conducted in 2015 found that pornography "consumption was associated with sexual aggression in the United States and internationally, among males and females, and in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Associations were stronger for verbal than physical sexual aggression, although both were significant. The general pattern of results suggested that violent content may be an exacerbating factor."

An earlier review of this literature by Ferguson and Hartley in 2009 argued that "it is time to discard the hypothesis that pornography contributes to increased sexual assault behavior". They stated that the authors of some studies tended to highlight positive findings while de-emphasizing null findings and concluded that controlled studies, on balance, were not able to support links between pornography and sexual violence.

Ferguson and Hartley updated their review with a 2020 meta-analysis. This meta-analysis concluded that mainstream pornography could not be linked to sexual violence and was associated with reductions in sexual violence at the societal level. Small correlations were found between violent porn viewing and sexual aggression, but evidence was unable to differentiate whether this was a causal or selection effect (i.e. sexual offenders seeking out violent porn).

Rothman stated in 2021: "In other words, five studies found that the sexual violence perpetrators had seen less pornography than other criminals." She added "Should these few “bad apples” spoil the pleasure of the potentially much larger subset of people who enjoy violent-looking pornography with no ill effects?"

There is no reason to assume that pornography is a cause of rape.

Epidemiological studies
An epidemiological study describes the association between given behaviors or environmental conditions, and physical or psychological health by means of observation of real-world phenomena through statistical data. Epidemiological studies generally have high levels of external validity, insofar as they accurately describe events as they occur outside of a laboratory setting, but low levels of internal validity, since they do not strongly establish cause-and-effect relationships between the behaviors or conditions under study, and the health consequences observed.

Danish criminologist Berl Kutchinsky's Studies on Pornography and sex crimes in Denmark (1970), a scientific report ordered by the Presidential Commission on Obscenity and Pornography, found that the legalizing of pornography in Denmark had not resulted in an increase of sex crimes. In 1998 Milton Diamond from the University of Hawaii noted that in Japan, the number of reported cases of child sex abuse dropped markedly after the ban on sexually explicit materials was lifted in 1969; however, in Denmark and Sweden, there was a very slight increase in reported rapes after the liberalization of their pornography laws during the same time period, which scientists attribute to a higher awareness of what amounts to sex abuse.

Some researchers argue that there is a correlation between pornography and a decrease of sex crimes. The effects of Pornography: An International Perspective was an epidemiological study which found that the massive growth of the pornography industry in the United States between 1975 and 1995 was accompanied by a substantial decrease in the number of sexual assaults per capita - and reported similar results for Japan.

In 1986, a review of epidemiological studies by Neil M. Malamuth found that the quantity of pornographic material viewed by men was positively correlated with degree to which they endorsed sexual assault. Malamuth's work describes Check (1984), who found among a diverse sample of Canadian men that more exposure to pornography led to higher acceptance of rape myths, violence against women, and general sexual callousness. In another study, Briere, Corne, Runtz and Neil M. Malamuth, (1984) reported similar correlations in a sample involving college males. On the other hand, the failure to find a statistically significant correlation in another previous study led Malamuth to examine other interesting correlations, which took into account the information about sexuality the samples obtained in their childhood, and pornography emerged as the second most important source of information.  Malamuth's work has been criticized by other authors, however, such as Ferguson and Hartley (2009) who argue Malamuth has exaggerated positive findings and has not always properly discussed null findings. In a Quartz publication, Malamuth argued that porn is like alcohol: "whether it's bad for you depends on who you are" (stating that it increases violence in a few people, not in most people; it makes most people more relaxed).

Pornography is not the cause of rape.

Effects on relationships
The consumption of pornography has a large reach across various areas of relationships in life. Pornography can influence an individual's relationship and intimacy through a number of channels, including overall level of satisfaction in their relationships, communication within a relationship, and setting boundaries for infidelity within a relationship.

Pornography's impact on relationship satisfaction comes under scrutiny, as findings range from negative correlations, to positive relationships. Pornography consumption is correlated with less relationship satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, and in men, less sexual desire for their partner. Researchers have concluded this could be because the novelty value of porn makes it difficult for a female partner to compete. Some research reports positive findings for women who consume pornography more regularly, including increased relationship satisfaction and decreased distress.

Relationship satisfaction
The research on the relationship between pornography use and relationship satisfaction is vast and mixed. While some believe pornography consumption leads people to become less satisfied in their relationships, others believe it can have the direct opposite effect. Pornography consumption tends to accompany lower levels of satisfaction in long-term, heterosexual relationships. Most of the current research is correlational, indicating a connection but not a cause; however, one major trend is the rate of divorce. Couples who increase their consumption of pornography are nearly twice as likely to divorce than couples who do not, with the rate rising from 5% to 11%. Also, married adults who watch porn are twice as likely to be divorced after 6 years than married adults who don't watch porn. One mitigator is the frequency of pornography consumption. More frequent pornography consumption is negatively associated with relationship satisfaction. Individuals who report more frequent use of pornography within a relationship also report low levels of satisfaction in their relationships.

However, many reject the idea that pornography is inherently harmful to relationship satisfaction. Joint pornography consumption within a relationship has been connected to increased levels of relationship satisfaction for both partners. Couples who consumed pornography together expressed more satisfaction with their relationships than couples in which only one individual used pornography. This suggests that there is more at play than simply the consumption of pornography, such as the role of honesty and partner perception. Individuals whose partners are honest about their own pornography consumption tend to feel more satisfied in their relationships, to a point. There is evidence for an "honesty threshold," indicating that the relationship between honesty and pornography is not linear, and partners do not want to hear every detail about the other's pornography habits. This indicates that, although honesty and disclosure is important for pornography consumption, there seems to be a threshold of helpful honesty that, once surpassed, may cause more harm. In addition, when women consume pornography, they report lower levels of distress than their counterparts. While women often consume pornography less often than men, men are fairly accurate at perceiving their partner's pornography consumption. Women, on the other hand, are less accurate at perceiving their male partner's pornography use.

Some research suggests that there is no connection between relationship satisfaction and pornography use, whether individually or jointly. Although finding evidence in their second study for a negative correlation, a study of two independent male samples found no relationship between pornography and relationship satisfaction in their first sample. Conversely, other studies found no relationship whatsoever between joint pornography use and satisfaction. When analyzing couples and their pornography consumption over the course of one month, researchers found no correlation between relationship satisfaction and pornography use.

Wright and Herbenick (2022) suggest that White men (as research subjects) are almost entirely responsible for the statistical depreciation of relationship satisfaction due to pornography use. Women in general and men of other races do not have this problem.

Communication
Communication is a vital component of any healthy relationship, and many researchers question how pornography may impact the ability of a couple to communicate openly. Honesty has been shown to be a mitigator in relationship effects of pornography consumption. Couples in which partners are honest about their pornography consumption report greater satisfaction than couples dealing with concealment, or dishonesty, surrounding pornography use. Pornography consumption among couples leads to improved communication about sexual desires, and increased openness in communication. Conversely, active concealment of pornography use habits can lead to less openness in communication and trust.

Another important aspect is the communication of affection within relationships. Affection Exchange Theory establishes the inherent role of affection within romantic relationships, and even in the role of survival, reproduction, and sexual selection. Trait attachment is positively associated with relationship satisfaction. Individuals who score higher in trait attachment report feeling and expressing greater sexual desire for their partners, compared to individuals who score lower in trait attachment. Some evidence indicates that the connection between Affection Exchange Theory and sexual desire is, in fact, stronger than the connection to relationship satisfaction, suggesting that sexual desire may have a crucial moderating role between the two. While this study found no correlation between pornography consumption and trait affection, researchers noted that increased feelings of guilt were related to lower levels of sexual desire for one's partner. This is somewhat indicative of partner-imposed or communicated guilt, or possibly reflecting an effect of the sexual scripts of pornography creating unrealistic expectations that lead to magnified dissatisfaction.

Occupational safety and health in the industry

Because the creation of pornography involves unsimulated sex, usually without condoms (barebacking), pornographic actors have been found to be particularly vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases.
In 2004-2008 a study was done by the American Public Health Association regarding STDs in adult film industry companies from California. The association found that 18%-26% of those working in the industry are infected annually with Gonorrhea or Chlamydia. Of those infected, about 72% are women, and 25% of those women are diagnosed with reinfections.

The AIDS Healthcare Foundation tried several times to have California's Department of Industrial Relations, Division of Occupational Safety and Health's Appeals Board force companies in the pornography industry to treat actors and actresses as employees subject to occupational safety and health regulation. The first notable HIV outbreaks were in 1998, 2004, and 2010. Each of these outbreaks follows the same procedure. They first halt all filming. At the same time, their workers are being tested for STDs. The main issue with this procedure is those who are infected but do not show symptoms and have false negatives on tests are still contagious after filming starts again.
In a 2014 case brought against Treasure Island Media, an administrative judge ruled that the company had to comply with the regulations.

Effect on adolescents
In the United Kingdom, the Association of Teachers and Lecturers feels schoolchildren need to be educated about pornography and warned what is reasonable and what is unacceptable. The UK children's commissioner initiated a meta-study conducted by researchers at Middlesex University which concluded that pornography is linked to unrealistic attitudes about sex, beliefs that women are sex objects, more frequent thoughts about sex, and found that children and young people who view pornography tend to hold less progressive gender role attitudes. Miranda Horvath stated about this: "But it is not possible to establish causation from correlational studies, and to say whether pornography is changing or reinforcing attitudes."

The Journal of Adolescence concluded in 2019 that the adolescent brain, due to its immature development, may be more sensitive to sexually explicit material, but due to a lack of empirical research, no firm conclusions can be drawn.

There are considerable ethical problems with performing some kinds of research on the effects of pornography use on minors.  For example, Rory Reid (UCLA) declared, "Universities don't want their name on the front page of a newspaper for an unethical study exposing minors to porn."

The PhD thesis of Marleen J.D. Katayama-Klaassen (2020), at the University of Amsterdam, found a low correlation, and could not show causality.

Peter and Valkenburg (2016) 20 years systematic review: its positive conclusions are tentative, and causality cannot be shown. Brown and Wisco (2019) systematic review: idem ditto.

A 2021 review which compiled evidence from other empirical sources such as surveys found that representations of women in pornography may lead adolescent boys to view women mainly as sexual objects, with probable repercussions for gender equality. The review, however, nowhere claims that it has shown a causal relationship from mainstream pornography viewing to perspectives furthering gender inequality. Besides, it nowhere states if the correlation found is large or small, numbers for it are not given either.

See also

 Meese Report, 1986 U.S. Attorney General's Commission on Pornography
 Pornographication
 President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography, 1969, United States
 Stanley v. Georgia, U.S. Supreme Court case that established a right to pornography
 Williams Committee, 1979 UK Committee on Obscenity and Film Censorship
 Religious views on pornography
 Sexual ethics
 Victorian morality

References

Further reading

External links
 Report of the Surgeon General's Workshop on Pornography and Public Health, United States Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General, August 4, 1986

Sexual misconduct
Interpersonal relationships

Behavioral addiction
Sexology
Sexuality


The Barber of Seville is an 1816 opera by Gioachino Rossini.

The Barber of Seville may also refer to:
The Barber of Seville (play), a 1773 French play by Pierre Beaumarchais
The Barber of Seville (Paisiello), a 1782 comic opera by Giovanni Paisiello
The Barber of Seville (1904 film), a French silent film
The Barber of Seville (1933 film), a French film directed by Hubert Bourlon and Jean Kemm
The Barber of Seville (1938 film), a German-Spanish musical film
The Barber of Seville (1944 film), a Woody Woodpecker cartoon
The Barber of Seville (1947 film), an Italian film
The Barber of Seville (1948 film), a French film
The Barber of Seville (1958 film), an Australian telefilm

See also
Adventures of the Barber of Seville, a 1954 film
The Ghosts of Versailles, a 1991 opera by John Corigliano
Rabbit of Seville, a 1950 Looney Tunes theatrical short


International Schools Association of Thailand (ISAT) is an association of private schools in Thailand, headquartered in Pak Kret, Nonthaburi Province in Greater Bangkok. Its principal 'raison d'etre' is to act as a link between its 45-member international schools, on the one hand, and the Ministry of Education and the Office of the Private Education Commission in particular.

History
The International Schools Association of Thailand was established in 1994.
During the past year, ISAT has been extensively involved with the Department of Export Promotion in the joint marketing of international education both in Thailand and overseas.

Objectives

The issues of new education legislations and educational reforms have also featured high on the agenda over the past year. ISAT has lent its support to this process through assistance in in-service training by arranging placement for Thai teachers and administrators in international schools where they are able to observe modern approaches to teaching and learning first hand.

In addition to disseminating information to its members on educational issues both at home and overseas, its regular meeting provide a forum for discussion, debate and the exchange of views and information. The organization of in-service training courses, particularly in the fields of cross-cultural management and Thai language teaching, also features highly on the list of ISAT's priorities.

The promotion of Thai language and culture in international schools and support for charitable causes are other major aims of the Association as is support for culture and sporting links between international schools in Thailand and abroad and between international schools and Thai educational institutions.

Members Accreditation
The quality of education offered at the International Schools Association of Thailand’s (ISAT) member schools has been recognized by accreditation organizations such as the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC), the New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC) and the Council of International Schools (CIS).

Members
ISAT has over 75 member schools offering a range of curricula from American, British and International Systems.
Adventist International Mission School
American Pacific International School
American School of Bangkok
Anglo Singapore International School
Bangkok Patana School
British International School, Phuket
Bromsgrove International School Thailand
Chiang Mai International School
Chiang Rai International School
Concordian International School
Ekamai International School
Garden International School (Rayong) & Bangkok
Grace International School
Harrow International School
Heathfield International School
International Community School
International School Bangkok
KIS International School
Korean International School of Bangkok
Lanna International School
Lycée Français International de Bangkok
Nakorn Payap International School
New Sathorn International School
NIST International School
Niva International School
Modern Montessori International Pre-School
Pan-Asia International School
Panyaden International School
Prem Tinsulanonda International School
Ramkhamhaeng Advent International School
RIS Swiss Section - Deutschsprachige Schule Bangkok
Ruamrudee International School, Bangkok
Royce Royal International School
Saint John's International School
Shrewsbury International School
Silver Fern International School
Singapore International School of Bangkok
St Andrews International School Bangkok
St. Andrews International School, Rayong
St. Andrews Samakee International School
Thai-Chinese International School
Thai-Japanese Association School
Thai Sikh International School
The Early Learning Centre
The Regent's School
Traill International School
Wells International School

See also

List of international schools in Thailand

References

External links
Home Page

Education in Thailand

International school associations
Private and independent school organizations
1994 establishments in Thailand
Organizations established in 1994


Wilhelm Lindenschmit (the Elder) (March 9, 1806 – March 12, 1848) was a German history painter born in Mainz. He was an older brother to prehistorian Ludwig Lindenschmit (1809–1893), and father to history painter Wilhelm Lindenschmit the Younger (1829–1895).

Lindenschmidt studied art in the academies at Munich and Vienna, returning to Munich in 1826 as an assistant to Peter von Cornelius (1783–1867). Here, he painted Sieg Ludwigs des Reichen über Albrecht Achilles von Brandenburg bei Giengen an der Brenz (Victory of Ludwig over Albrecht Achilles of Brandenburg at Giengen an der Brenz) in the arcades of the Hofgarten, as well as Leben des Leonardo da Vinci (Life of Leonardo da Vinci) on the loggia at Alte Pinakothek. Afterwards, he performed a series of frescos at the Castle of Hohenschwangau.

In 1830 he finished work on the fresco Die Bauernschlacht von Sendling 1705 (The Farmer's Battle of Sendling 1705) on the outer wall of the old parish church of St. Margaret in Sendling. Later in his career, he painted a series of frescos at the ducal castle of Lantlsberg in regards to the history of the House of Wettin.

He also painted in oils, several of which are presently located at galleries in Karlsruhe, Munich, Mainz and Leipzig. These works include Schlacht des Arminius (Battle of Arminius) and Einzug Ottos des Großen in das befreite Augsburg am Abend nach dem Sieg auf dem Lechfeld (Entry of Otto the Great into Augsburg after victory at Lechfeld). In 1848 he was commissioned as court painter at Meiningen, but died soon afterwards at the age of 42.

References
 This article is based on a translation of an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia, whose sources include:
 ADB: Lindenschmit, Wilhelm @ Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie.
 Lindenschmit, Wilhelm @ NDB/ADB Deutsche Biographie.
 The New International Encyclopaedia

19th-century German painters
19th-century German male artists
German male painters
1806 births
1848 deaths
Artists from Mainz
Court painters
Fresco painters


Events during the year 2008 in Northern Ireland.

Incumbents
 First Minister - Ian Paisley (until 5 June), Peter Robinson (from 5 June)
 deputy First Minister - Martin McGuiness
 Secretary of State - Shaun Woodward

Events
 4 January – An unforecast blizzard creates havoc across eastern Northern Ireland, with falls of 8 inches in one hour.
 22 January – Peter Robinson, Minister of Finance, releases the first final budget and programme for government, agreed by the Stormont executive.
 23 January – The brother of a Real IRA leader is one of two Irish citizens arrested in Lithuania on suspicion of buying firearms and explosives for the Real IRA.
 28 January – The appointment of four Commissioners Designate for Victims and Survivors is announced: Bertha McDougall, Patricia MacBride, Brendan McAllister and Mike Nesbitt.
 29 January – Environment Minister, Arlene Foster, refuses developer, Seymour Sweeney, planning permission for a Giant's Causeway visitor centre, reversing her earlier position of "being minded" to approve it.
 29 January – PSNI Historical Enquiries Team is to reopen files on 124 deaths resulting from fatal shootings by British Army soldiers between 1970 and 1973.
 1 February – Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern, travels to Ballymena to meet First Minister, Ian Paisley, and open a resort and spa.
 6 February – Éamon Ó Cuív, Minister for Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs, announces €250,000 grant to allow Orange Lodges to employ a development officer.
 7 February – Northern Ireland Policing Board decide to appoint a panel of independent experts to carry out a review of the police investigation into the Omagh bombing. Relatives still seek a public inquiry.
 8 February, Secretary of State, Shaun Woodward reveals that the Bloody Sunday Inquiry is still costing £500,000 a month although it has not held hearings since 2005. The total cost of the Inquiry has reached £181.2m and will not report until the second half of 2008.
 8 February – Economy Minister, Nigel Dodds, officially opens Invest NI's first office in India, in Mumbai.
 6 March – Victoria Square, commercial, residential and leisure development in Belfast is opened.
 7 August – DUP NI Assembly member, Mervyn Storey, who chairs the Assembly education committee, calls for creationism to be taught alongside evolution in schools in Northern Ireland.
 16 August – Flash floods occurred over all of Northern including Counties Antrim, Down and Armagh. Many rivers were flooded, cutting off traffic to several towns. The newly constructed Broadway Underpass in west Belfast was under 15 ft of flood water. 3/4 of the rain in August fell in a 24-hour period.

Arts and literature
 8 February – Ulster Bank announces three-year sponsorship worth over £1m for Belfast Festival at Queen's
 28 April – Björk plays a concert in the Waterfront Hall, Belfast.
 Sam Millar's detective novel Bloodstorm, introducing Belfast private investigator Karl Kane, is published.
 David Park's novel The Truth Commissioner is published.

Sport

Athletics
 26 – 27 January – Irish Indoor Athletics Championships, Odyssey Arena, Belfast.
 5 May – 27th Belfast City Marathon takes place.

Football
 Internationals
18 January – Nigel Worthington is reappointed as manager of the Northern Ireland International team.

6 February – Northern Ireland 0 – 1 Bulgaria
26 March – Northern Ireland 4 – 1 Georgia
20 August – Scotland 0 – 0 Northern Ireland

 World Cup 2010 Qualifiers
6 September – Slovakia v Northern Ireland
10 September – Northern Ireland v Czech Republic
11 October – Slovenia v Northern Ireland
15 October – Northern Ireland v San Marino

 29 January – Local developer, Doug Elliott, announces that he will put up the rest of the money required by the George Best Memorial Fund to raise a life-size bronze sculpture of George Best, and would manage delivery of the project.
 1 June – Prohibition on Sunday football in Northern Ireland lifted.

GAA
 20 July – Fermanagh and Armagh draw 1–11 to 2–08 in the final of the Ulster Senior Football Championship 2008.
 27 July – Armagh defeat Fermanagh 1–11 to 0–08 in the replay.
 20 September – Tyrone defeat Kerry 1–15 to 0–14 to win the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship 2008.

Rugby Union
 RBS Six Nations Championship
2 February – Ireland 16 – 11 Italy
9 February – France 26 – 21 Ireland
23 February – Ireland 34-13 Scotland
8 March – Ireland 12–16 Wales
15 March – England 33-10 Ireland

Deaths
 13 April – Robert Greacen, poet (born 1920).
 16 May – Robert Dunlop. motorcycle racer (born 1960) (motorcycle crash).
 16 May – William Blease, Baron Blease, trade unionist and politician (born 1914).
 19 July – Sarah Conlon, housewife and successful campaigner for the release of the Guildford Four (born 1926).
 25 August – David Hammond, singer, film-maker and broadcaster (born 1928).

See also
2008 in England
2008 in Scotland
2008 in Wales

References

2008 in Europe


Bee Gees' 1st is the third studio album by the Bee Gees, and their first international full-length recording after two albums distributed only in Australia and New Zealand. Bee Gees' 1st was the group's debut album for the UK Polydor label, and for the US Atco label. Bee Gees 1st was released on 14 July 1967 in the UK. On 9 August it entered the UK charts; on that same day, the album was released in the US, and it entered the US charts on 26 August.

Reflecting the group's early style, Bee Gees' 1st was a psychedelic pop album. The album cover was designed by Klaus Voormann, who had previously done the cover for Revolver by The Beatles, amongst others. Bee Gees 1st peaked at No. 7 on Billboard's Pop Albums chart and at No. 8 on the UK Albums Chart. In 2006, Reprise Records (sister label to Atco under Warner Music Group) reissued the album with both stereo and mono mixes on one disc and a bonus disc of unreleased songs and alternate takes.  (This 2-CD set on Reprise corrected the fluttering on the lead-off stereo track "Turn of the Century".  The mono version never had this problem.)

History
Drummer Colin Petersen and lead guitarist Vince Melouney, both Australians, were hired to make the Bee Gees into a full band. Both played on the first English recorded album and became official members of the group between its completion and release. Petersen had played with the Bee Gees at St. Clair studio in 1966 on the Spicks and Specks sessions and was officially added first, accounting for some early photos with him and not Melouney, such as the one later used on the cover of Best of Bee Gees. Melouney had worked with the Gibbs in 1966 in Australia when he recorded his first solo single "Mystery Train" as the brothers provided backing vocals on the song. He had been lead guitarist in top Australian band, Billy Thorpe & the Aztecs, later led his own group The Vince Melouney Sect and had most recently been in Melbourne-based outfit The Blue Jays. Melouney, who had recently relocated to London heard that the Gibb brothers were in town and made contact. He was asked to join them, with Petersen, in the studio and after this album was completed, Melouney became the fifth official member of the band.

Most of the band's recording for the next five years took place at IBC Studios. IBC had a four-track recording facility, the standard in Britain at the time. The Bee Gees also recorded at various other studios during this first year in England.

Recording
Recording sessions began on 7 March, not long after the Gibb Brothers' return to England, with overdubbing a week later. Orchestral parts were then added to many of the songs. Most were arranged by Bill Shepherd (who for the next six years would act as the Bee Gees' arranger and conductor in the studio and on tour); four were done by Phil Dennys.

Barry Gibb commented about the recording process: "We drive the producer and technicians mad. We have nothing knocked out. We sit about and think up a subject, then write a song on the spot. We did the whole of the LP like this. It's the really the only way we can work, spontaneously off the cuff."

Release

Maurice Gibb has sometimes been given writing credits for the songs "To Love Somebody" and "I Can't See Nobody" when the songs appeared on albums by other artists, but almost never on a Bee Gees album. Bee Gees Gold, Vol. 1 (1976) credited "I Can't See Nobody" to Barry, Maurice and Robin on both the album jacket back cover and on the record label. The brothers often spoke of their hits from Bee Gees 1st as having been written by all three rather than what was shown on the official writing credit which only credited Maurice on three tracks (see track listing below).

Aftermath
By the end of 1967, the album had been a top ten hit in the United States, United Kingdom and Germany. Byrne never worked on another Bee Gees recording as IBC Studios engineer Damon Lyon Shaw explained:

Shaw's colleague John Pantry agreed with Shaw's assessment:

After singer Adam Faith heard the songs, he asked the Gibbs to write a song for him. The brothers came out with "Cowman, Milk Your Cow".

Reception
According to music critic Bruce Eder of AllMusic:
In one fell swoop, they became competitors with the likes of veteran rock bands such as the Hollies and the Tremeloes, and this long-player, Bee Gees' 1st, is more of a rock album than the group usually got credit for generating. Parts of it do sound very much like the Beatles circa Revolver, but there was far more to their sound than that. The three hits off of Bee Gees' 1st, "To Love Somebody" "New York Mining Disaster 1941" and "Holiday" were gorgeous but relatively somber, thus giving Bee Gees' 1st a melancholy cast, but much of the rest is relatively upbeat psychedelic pop." In My Own Time" may echo elements of the Beatles' "Doctor Robert" and "Taxman" but it's difficult to dislike a song with such delicious rhythm guitars and a great beat, coupled with the trio's soaring harmonies; "Every Christian Lion Hearted Man Will Show You" was close in spirit to the Moody Blues of this era, opening with a Gregorian chant backed by a Mellotron, before breaking into a strangely spaced-out, psychedelic main song body. Robin Gibb's lead vocals veered toward the melodramatic and poignant, and the orchestra did dress up some of the songs a little sweetly, yet overall the group presented themselves as a proficient rock ensemble who'd filled their debut album with a full set of solid, refreshingly original songs.

In a c.1967 interview, Robin and Vince took as a compliment rumours that the Beatles sang on "In My Own Time" and "Every Christian Lion Hearted Man Will Show You", but denied this, claiming that they had written the first song years earlier.

According to music critic Bill Sherman:
Recently picked up the first of these releases, 1967's 1st, and I was surprised by how tunefully eclectic the darn thing was. In addition to its trio of Sensitive Guy hit singles (elegantly schlocky "Holiday," quiet desperation classic "New York Mining Disaster 1941" and the Motown-indebted "To Love Somebody" which would also be a British hit for Nina Simone), the album is a veritable fruit basket of sweet stuff: from the chamber psychedelia of "Red Chair, Fade Away" to the Moody Blues-driven chant-work of "Every Christian Lion Hearted Man Will Show You" to a surprisingly garage-stained nugget like "In My Own Time" (check out that "Taxman"-driven guitar), plus several risible slips of veddy veddy swingin' sixties whimsy and the songs are "Craise Finton Kirk Royal Academy of Arts" "Turn of the Century". And for those who simply must have their unabashed Gibbian wimpiness, there's "One Minute Woman" which features Barry Gibb getting down on his knees for a fickle and ungrateful lass.

Jim Miller at Rolling Stone said that this album, along with Horizontal and Idea, "can be easily considered as a group". K. Kanitz described "Turn of the Century" as having "lush orchestration and classic vocals from the Brothers Gibb."

Track listing

Personnel
Bee Gees
Barry Gibb – lead, harmony and backing vocals; rhythm guitar
Robin Gibb – lead, harmony and backing vocals; Hammond organ; pump organ
Maurice Gibb – harmony and backing vocals; bass guitar; rhythm guitar; piano; Mellotron; Hammond organ; harpsichord
Vince Melouney – lead guitar
Colin Petersen – drums

Additional musicians and production
Phil Dennys – orchestral arrangement on #3, 4 (side 1) and #1, 4 (side 2)
Bill Shepherd – orchestral arrangement
Mike Claydon – audio engineer
Robert Stigwood, Ossie Byrne – producer
Klaus Voormann – cover art

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

1979 reissue

References

Bee Gees albums
1967 albums
Polydor Records albums
Atco Records albums
Psychedelic pop albums
Albums produced by Robert Stigwood
Albums with cover art by Klaus Voormann
Albums recorded at IBC Studios


Charles Johns may refer to:

Charles Alexander Johns (1811–1874), British botanist and educator
Charles A. Johns (1857–1932), American lawyer, jurist and politician
Charles Johns (golfer) (1887–1947), English golfer


Barkas may refer to:

Barkas (van manufacturer), a van manufacturer in the German Democratic Republic
Barkas, Hyderabad, a neighbourhood of Hyderabad, India
Barkas (surname)

See also
Barcas, a notable family in the ancient city of Carthage


Victor di Mello (July 18, 1940 – April 27, 2011) was a Brazilian actor, film director and screenwriter born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Filmography

As director
 1989 - Solidão, Uma Linda História de Amor
 1981 - O Sequestro
 1980 - Giselle
 1979 - Copa 78 - O Poder do Futebol
 1978 - Assim Era a Pornochanchada
 1978 - Os Melhores Momentos da Pornochanchada
 1977 - A Mulata Que Queria Pecar
 1976 - As Desquitadas em Lua de Mel
 1974 - Essa Gostosa Brincadeira a Dois
 1974 - Um Varão entre as Mulheres
 1973 - Como É Boa a Nossa Empregada
 1972 - O Grande Gozador
 1971 - Quando as Mulheres Paqueram
 1970 - Ascensão e Queda de um Paquera
 1970 - Os Maridos Traem... as Mulheres Subtraem

As actor

In cinema
 1975 - Os Maniacos Eróticos (from  Alberto Salvá)
 1975 - O Padre Que Queria Pecar (from  Lenine Otoni)
 1972 - Revólveres Não Cospem Flores (from  Alberto Salvá)
 1968 - A Noite do Meu Bem (from Jece Valadão)
 1968 - A Doce Mulher Amada (from Ruy Santos)
 1968 - Engraçadinha Depois dos Trinta (from J. B. Tanko)

In tv
 2007 - O Profeta  .... Genaro
 2006 - Belíssima .... Humberto Moraes

References

2011 deaths
1940 births
Brazilian male film actors
Brazilian film directors


Halton is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Whittington, in the southern part of Northumberland, England. It is situated  north of Corbridge just south of Hadrian's Wall. In 1951 the parish had a population of 24.

Halton Castle is a pele tower and grade I listed building.

Governance
Halton was formerly a township and chapelry in Corbridge parish, from 1866 Halton was a civil parish in its own right until it was abolished on 1 April 1955 to form Whittington.

References

External links
GENUKI (Accessed: 27 November 2008)

Villages in Northumberland
Former civil parishes in Northumberland


Harry Lester Adams (October 1, 1880 – August 12, 1968) was an American sport shooter who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics and in the 1920 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he won the gold medal as member of the American team in the team military rifle competition.  In the 1912 Summer Olympics he also participated in the following events:

 600 metre free rifle - twelfth place
 300 metre military rifle, three positions - twelfth place
 300 metre free rifle, three positions - 28th place

Eight years later he participated in the 300 metre military rifle, prone event but his place is unknown. He was born in Medway, Massachusetts.

References

External links
Harry Adams' profile at databaseOlympics

1880 births
1968 deaths
American male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Shooters at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in shooting
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics
20th-century American sportsmen


Borough Hill Roman villa is located on the north tip of Borough Hill, a prominent hill near the town of Daventry in Northamptonshire. The villa’s remains lie within the ramparts of an Iron Age fortress which covers the summit of the hill. The remains of the Roman villa were discovered in 1823 by the historian and archaeologist George Baker, who identified Borough Hill with the Benaventa of the Britons and Isannavaria of the Romans. The remains were not fully excavated until 1852 when local historian Beriah Botfield thoroughly excavated and recorded the site. Botfield employed an artist to make drawings of the site and these illustrations along with Botfield's notes, manuscripts and some of the antiquities found on the site are now kept at the British Museum.

The excavations

Botfield’s excavations revealed a large range of rooms which ran from north to south, part of which was a bath suite. It was deduced that the buildings were built over a period of time and that the northern rooms are later additions. The earliest parts of the villa were built in the early years of the Roman occupation. The villa consisted of a single storey and was constructed from the local marlstone (sandstone), infilled with rubble. The inside walls were plastered, as may have been the exterior, although this is not certain. The building had a tiled roof, examples of which can be seen in Northampton Museum. Some specimens of frescoed plaster were found still clinging to the remains of interior walls. It was also discovered that the villa had an elaborate heating system installed under the building. Hot air from a furnace or hypocaust flowed through the building by means of flues. Some of the floors were supported upon brick or flat stone piers which supported the floor leaving a two to three foot gap in which the air flowed. Botfield also discovered a well south-west of the villa. The well was stone lined and in the upper levels of the well a skeleton was found, with bronze accoutrements as well as an iron fibula and hook.

The site today
A walk across the site of the villa reveals nothing today. Botfield very carefully backfilled the site to its original state. The nature of the construction of this villa, being built from sandstone, meant that the only way these remains would survive the ravages of the British weather was to backfill the site.

See also
Bannaventa
Piddington Roman Villa near Northampton

References

External links
Roman central heating: the hypocaust
Hypocaust
How to build your own hypocaust Channel 4 Time Team project

Roman villas in Northamptonshire
Iron Age sites in England
Archaeological sites in Northamptonshire
West Northamptonshire District
1823 archaeological discoveries


The Letter of the Karaite elders of Ascalon (c. 1100) was a communication written by six elders of the Karaite Jewish community of Ascalon and sent to their coreligionists in Alexandria nine months after the fall of Jerusalem during the First Crusade. The contents describe how the Ascalon elders pooled money to pay the initial ransom for pockets of Jews and holy relics being held captive in Jerusalem by the Crusaders, the fate of some of these refugees after their release (including their transport to Alexandria, contraction of the plague, or death at sea), and the need for additional funds for the rescuing of further captives. It was written in Judeo-Arabic, Arabic using the Hebrew alphabet.

This and other such letters related to the Crusader conquest of Jerusalem were discovered by noted historian S.D. Goitein in 1952 among the papers of the Cairo Geniza. Goitein first published his findings in Zion, a Hebrew journal, and then presented a partial English translation of the letter in the Journal of Jewish Studies that same year. Since then, it has been retranslated in several other books pertaining to the Crusades. Goitein's final and most complete English translation appeared in his final book posthumously published in 1988.

See also

Aleppo Codex
Battle of Ascalon
Crusades
Siege of Ascalon

References

External links
University of Michigan. The letter based on Goitein's incomplete 1952 English translation (Internet Archive). Retrieved 20-08-2007.

1100 in Asia
1100 works
11th-century documents
11th-century Judaism
11th century in the Fatimid Caliphate
1952 archaeological discoveries
Archaeological discoveries in Egypt
First Crusade
Manuscripts from the Cairo Geniza
Medieval Jerusalem
Christian antisemitism in the Middle Ages
Jews and Judaism in Egypt
Jews and Judaism in Jerusalem
Jews and Judaism in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
Judeo-Arabic literature
Karaite Judaism
Letters (message)
Ascalon
Medieval Alexandria


Bradenstoke Priory was a medieval priory of Augustinian canons regular in the village of Bradenstoke, Wiltshire, England. Its site, in the north of the county about  west of Lyneham, is on a ridge above the south side of Dauntsey Vale. In the 1930s the property was purchased by William Randolph Hearst and some of its structures were used by him for the renovation of St Donat's Castle near Llantwit Major, Wales.

Foundation and four centuries of life

The priory was founded in 1142 as the Augustinian priory of Clack, and dedicated to Saint Mary. It was well-sited on a high ridge near a holy well, with further springs nearby; there is some evidence that a chapel of the era of Henry I already existed at the holy well.

The founder, Walter FitzEdward de Salisbury, was the son of Edward de Salisbury, a High Sheriff of Wiltshire; he gave lands for a priory as a daughter house of St. Mary's Abbey, Cirencester, according to its charter, "to serve God forever!". After the death of his wife, he "took the tonsure and habit of the canons" and on his death in 1147, was buried in the Priory, near the choir. His descendants, the Earls of Salisbury remained closely connected with the priory for many years. In 1190 thirteen of the canons migrated to form the first community of Cartmel Priory, now in Cumbria, which had been recently founded by William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke.

Throughout most of its early history, the priory also enjoyed royal support, being granted a charter by Henry II some time between 1173 and 1179; Richard I also lent assistance for the priory to break away from the abbot of Cirencester to become a priory in its own right, and King John, a frequent visitor, intervened to confirm this secession. This tradition continued with the grant of royal protection by Henry III, who visited in 1235.

By the 14th century, Bradenstoke Priory had gained wealth and lands in nine counties besides Wiltshire. This does not imply that the community lived in luxury or were corrupt. It was not a backwater, since in its latter years it had benefitted from the residence of its then prior, Thomas Wallashe, in the household of Cardinal Bainbridge, Archbishop of York, during his embassy in Rome (1509–1514), leading to grant of extensive papal privileges to the priory.

The Dissolution
At first it seemed that Bradenstoke Priory would escape the Dissolution of the Monasteries, and the last prior, William Snowe, wrote to Thomas Cromwell thanking him for saving the monastery. However, the priory was suppressed as a religious institution and surrendered by prior Snowe and thirteen canons on 17 January 1539. At about this time, its total income was £270 10s 8d, or at least £212 in 1535. The property then passed from the Crown to a Richard Pexel (or Pecsall) and his heirs sold it to the Methuen family of Corsham. The priory's estate at Wilcot, some 14 miles to the southeast, was bought in 1549 by John Berwick, a member of the Seymour entourage who had previously sat as a Member of Parliament.

Prior Snowe was granted a Crown pension on 24 April 1539, and was later appointed Dean of Bristol (1542–1551).

John Aubrey described the priory as "Very well built, with good strong ribs", and having a cellar "the stateliest in Wiltshire". But he added "the very  of this fair church are now, 1666, digged up, where I saw severall freestone coffins ... and severall capitalls and bases of handsome Gothique pillars. On the west end of the hall was the King's lodgeings, which they say were very noble, and standing about 1588."

Recent archaeological and pictorial analysis of the extant remains reveals that they had been embellished by c. 1732, probably by Sir John Danvers, who is also likely to have been the designer of the associated formal gardens around the ‘pleasaunce’ known as Clack Mount. Danvers added an Italianate tower, a barrel vault incorporating spolia, a faux garderobe turret and an internal arched buttress of brickwork (demolished since 2003) to create a pre-Piranesi ‘dungeon’. Later embellishments were added by Sir Gabriel Goldney of Chippenham.

A grange farm at Lower Seagry, near Christian Malford, had been associated with the priory.

Recent history

In 1925, William Randolph Hearst saw St Donat's Castle advertised for sale in Country Life magazine and cabled his English agent to buy it. He also bought and removed the guest house, Prior's lodging, and great tithe barn of Bradenstoke Priory; of these, some of the materials became a banqueting hall, complete with a sixteenth-century French chimneypiece and windows; also used were a fireplace dated to c. 1514 and a fourteenth-century roof, which became part of the Bradenstoke Hall, despite this use being questioned in Parliament. The demolition of the Priory had been strongly opposed by the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, including a poster campaign on the London Underground. The tithe barn was crated and sent to Hearst Castle, San Simeon, California, and sold again when Hearst lost interest. The crates with the barn's roof timbers are stored in a warehouse of Alex Madonna Construction of San Luis Obispo, California.

Present-day remains
All that remains of the priory in the 21st century are its tower and undercroft, the latter being identified by English Heritage in its 1996–97 programme as being at risk and requiring emergency remedial works. It was announced in 2005 that the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs would finance a programme to preserve the orchard and landscape around the remains.

The undercroft was placed on the Heritage at Risk Register by Historic England, the successor to English Heritage. This enabled grants in 2017 and 2019 to assist the owner with two phases of work: initial propping, waterproofing and investigative works, followed by a substantial restoration project to repair and stabilise the ruins. This work was completed in January 2020, and the site was removed from the Register in 2020.

Images of the priory before its removal, from Brakspear (1923)

See also
Wyntoon – Hearst family estate in California

References

External links

Ruins in Wiltshire
Monasteries in Wiltshire
Augustinian monasteries in England
1142 establishments in England
1539 disestablishments in England
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century


Bow High School is a four-year public high school in Bow, New Hampshire, United States, and is part of the Bow School District. The principal is Brian O'Connell and the vice principal is Matt Fisk.

As of the 2021-2022 school year, the school had an enrollment of 621 students and 49.40 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student-teacher ratio of 12.57.

History
Bow High School was established in 1997, serving grades 9 through 12. Before this time high school students from Bow went to Concord. In 1993 the Concord School District told Bow they could no longer send Bow students to Concord High after the 1996-1997 school year. Immediately Bow started to make plans for a high school of their own. The school was built and now sits on the shores of Turee Pond. The school was originally designed to accommodate 600 students, and in the 2021-2022 school year had a student population of 621. The school cost $16 million. Beginning in the fall of 2014, the school began serving students from the neighboring town of Dunbarton.

The school has a 595-seat auditorium, an 800-seat gym, rock climbing wall, and state of the art technology.

Academics

Classes
Each student at BHS is required to take two science classes, which is fulfilled through a mandatory Integrated Science and Technology class freshman and sophomore year,  although the majority of students take more than that. Students are required to graduate with two and a half Building Essential Skills for Tomorrow (B.E.S.T) classes (physical education). Students are also required to take a freshmen Humanities class, a sophomore American studies class, a junior World Studies class, and seniors are required to take Senior Seminar, a class that directs them through their senior project. The school offers many different elective classes, such as art, music, STEM, and physical education.

Recently, Bow High School revamped its schedule adding in a 40 minute study period called "flex time." The start time of the school day has been pushed back on certain days of the week as well.

Graduation credit requirements
Bow High School requires students to acquire 24 academic credits to graduate.

Non-Credit Requirements:
 Minimum of 20 community service Community Service hours.
 Minimum of 20 Career Exploration hours.
 Senior Project (as part of the Senior Seminar course)
 Digital Portfolio

Athletics
Mike Desilets is Bow School District's Athletic Administrator. As of 2022, Bow has won 82 state championships.

The athletic teams participate primarily in NHIAA Division 2 with some teams participating in Division 1 and 3.

Extracurricular activities
Bow High School offers an extensive and diverse list of student and staff ran clubs in addition to their Athletic Programs. Clubs range from service based clubs such as Interact, Peer Outreach, and NHS, to Language, Arts, STEM, and Special Interests Clubs.

Student Teal Van Dyck won second place in the national Poetry Out Loud in 2006, earning a $10,000 scholarship. Van Dyck was also selected to be one of Bow High School's Granite State Challenge competitors on New Hampshire's PBS station, NHPTV.

The school was the scene of a set piece speech by Bill Clinton on January 8, 2008 in support of Hillary Clinton's 2008 presidential campaign.

Controversies
In 2005 there was controversy when the Bow High School administration told a student, Isabel Gottlieb, that she would not graduate for not satisfying the state's physical education requirement. The student did not want to take the minimum state requirements of Physical Education, and opted for study hall instead.  The situation was resolved when her previous high school issued her a new transcript, awarding her credit for participation in varsity athletics.

In June 2005 the student population, with the exception of the senior class, took place in a school mandated DHHS survey.  17% of surveyed students reported smoking marijuana during a 30-day period and 31% reported consuming alcohol during the same period.  The results were below the state average for student substance abuse and the school principal did not consider the results sufficient to necessitate drug testing of student athletes.

References

External links
 Official site

Educational institutions established in 1997
Schools in Merrimack County, New Hampshire
Public high schools in New Hampshire
Bow, New Hampshire
1997 establishments in New Hampshire


Solidão, uma linda história de amor is a Brazilian movie from 1989, directed by Victor Di Mello, with production executive, Carlo Mossy, and script by Victor Di Mello and Avelino Dias dos Santos.

Cast
José Wilker
Roberto Bonfim
Stênio Garcia
Tarcísio Meira
David Cardoso
Maitê Proença
Simone Carvalho
Magda Cotrofe
Luma de Oliveira
Ibanez Filho
Vera Gimenez
Paulo Goulart
Lutero Luiz
Nuno Leal Maia
Carlo Mossy
Pelé
Rogério Samora
Cléa Simões
Luciana Vendramini
Humberto Catalano
Marcella Prado

See also
Brazilian films of the 1980s

1989 films
Brazilian drama films
1980s Portuguese-language films


Allan Lindsay Briggs (February 14, 1873 – November 12, 1951) was an American sport shooter who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.

In 1912 he won the gold medal as member of the American team in the team military rifle competition. In the 1912 Summer Olympics he also participated in the following events:

 600 metre free rifle – fourth place
 300 metre military rifle, three positions – 25th place
 300 metre free rifle, three positions – 35th place

He was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and died in Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts.

References

External links

1873 births
1951 deaths
American male sport shooters
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
ISSF rifle shooters
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in shooting
Olympic medalists in shooting
Sportspeople from Bridgeport, Connecticut
Shooters at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics


Iain Forsyth and Jane Pollard are British artists and filmmakers.

Life and work
Forsyth and Pollard met and began working collaboratively while studying Fine Art and Art Theory at Goldsmiths College, graduating together in 1995. They initially focused on live performance events, but since 2003 their work has been predominantly film and video based. They returned to Goldsmiths in 2002, receiving an MA degree in Fine Art in 2004.

They have restaged David Bowie's farewell performance as Ziggy Stardust, a 1973 video work by Vito Acconci (working with rap artist Plan B) and a 1968 work by Bruce Nauman. In 2003 the artists recreated the 1978 Cramps performance at the Napa Mental Institute at the ICA in a work entitled File under Sacred Music. The work caused some controversy  by including an audience of patients undergoing psychiatric care. The musicians were assembled by Forsyth and Pollard for the project and included Alfonso Pinto from The Parkinsons as Lux Interior, Holly Golightly as Poison Ivy, former Headcoat Bruce Brand as Bryan Gregory and John Gibbs as longtime Cramps drummer Nick Knox.

Silent Sound, featuring an original score by J. Spaceman, was presented at the 2006 Liverpool Biennial. The piece was originally presented as a live performance that took place in the Small Concert Hall at St. George's Hall, Liverpool. It was based, in part, on the public séance act performed by Victorian entertainers The Davenport Brothers. During the performance the artists were seated on-stage inside a soundproof booth based on the Davenport's "Spirit Cabinet". Together they recited a single phrase into a microphone, which was fed into a machine they had created that claimed to embed the phrase as a subliminal message into the music, which was performed live by a small orchestra. The Davenport Brothers had performed their act on the same stage in 1865. The performance was introduced by Ciarán O'Keeffe, a British parapsychologist who became famous after appearing as the resident skeptic on the paranormal television series Most Haunted. An installation of "Silent Sound" was then presented by A Foundation at Greenland Street, Liverpool. An ambisonic recording of the live performance was incorporated into a large-scale immersive installation, created in consultation with acousticians from Arup. The installation was recreated inside a shipping container in 2008 for Art Basel Miami Beach where it was described by the New York Times as "one of the fair's biggest word-of-mouth hits". In 2010 Silent Sound was re-presented as part of the AV Festival at Middlesbrough Town Hall.

Begun while at college, their first project together was publishing "Words & Pictures" - an art magazine in a box. Published three times per year from May 1994 until November 1997 each issue collected together objects made by 20 different artists into an A5 sized cardboard box, produced in a signed and numbered limited edition of 100 copies. A printed booklet was included that contained information on the contributors as well as a specially commissioned preface and introductory text. The first issue was launched at the Institute of Contemporary Arts in London, with a preface by Scottish singer/songwriter Momus and an introduction by artist and writer Liam Gillick. Artists contributing to the project included Martin Creed, Jeremy Deller, Matthew Higgs, Bob and Roberta Smith, Georgina Starr and David Shrigley. Writers for the project included Tracey Emin, Angus Fairhurst, Billy Childish, Jake Chapman, Billy Childish and Joshua Compston. Forsyth and Pollard ended the project after 10 issues, citing the influence of the British indie band Felt who released ten albums in ten years and then disbanded.

In 2008 they directed the promo videos for the Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds singles Dig, Lazarus, Dig!!!, "More News From Nowhere" and "Midnight Man". They have also worked with Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds on a series of films relating to each of the 14 studio albums produced by the band. Collectively titled "Do you love me like I love you" each film will feature on a DVD accompanying the album it relates to as part of the remastered Collector's Editions released by Mute Records throughout 2009. Continuing their association with Nick Cave, the duo produced and sound-directed the audiobook for his novel The Death of Bunny Munro, working with the acoustics department at Arup to produce a spatialized binaural mix which creates a 3D effect when played on headphones. It was published by Canongate Books in September 2009.

Occasionally directing music videos for other artists, they have also worked with The Veils, Fanfarlo, Tindersticks, Scott Walker and Gil Scott-Heron.

In 2009 they were commissioned by the British Film Institute to produce a new work for the BFI Gallery (the contemporary art space at BFI Southbank) called "Radio Mania: An Abandoned Work" a multi-screen 3D video installation featuring Kevin Eldon, Caroline Catz, Terrence Hardiman and Fenella Fielding with Martians played by Ben Crompton, Iain Lee and Ben Moor. The project was curated by Elisabetta Fabrizi, who invited the artists to access the BFI National Archive of film and television, the largest of its kind in the world, to create a new commission.

Their first major survey show was presented by the South London Gallery in February–March 2011. In January 2012 they were nominated for the Samsung Art+ Prize.

Iain Forsyth and Jane Pollard are currently represented by Kate MacGarry (London). They have previously worked with Lawrence Eng Gallery (Vancouver) and Galleria Paolo Bonzano (Rome). They are represented as filmmakers by Josh Varney at 42.

Their first feature film was announced by Film4. The hybrid drama-documentary titled 20,000 Days on Earth focusses on the musician and writer Nick Cave, and is backed by Film4, BFI and Corniche Pictures. The film is produced by Pulse Films and JW Films and cinematography is by Erik Wilson (Submarine, Tyrannosaur, The Imposter, The Double). An interview in The Guardian with the directors revealed that the film will also star Kylie Minogue and Ray Winstone. Forsyth & Pollard won the Directing Award  at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2014, where the film premiered. The Editing Award was also presented to Jonathan Amos for 20,000 Days on Earth. The European premiere was in February 2014 at Berlinale in Berlin. A theatrical release took place in September 2014 by Picturehouse in the UK, Drafthouse in the US and Madman in Australia.

In 2014 they were shortlisted for the Jarman Award and were awarded a Channel 4 Random Acts Commission. Forsyth and Pollard were presented with the Douglas Hickox Award for best debut director at the 2014 Moët British Independent Film Awards. They have also been BAFTA nominated for Best Documentary  and shortlisted for the London Film Critic's Circle Award.

Filmography

Feature films

Short films

Collections
Public collections include:
Tate Gallery
Arts Council Collection
Zabludowicz Collection
Government Art Collection
Musée d’art moderne Grand-Duc Jean Luxembourg (Mudam)
Museum De Hallen, Haarlem
BFI National Archive

Exhibitions
Solo Exhibitions
2013 Bish Bosch: Ambisymphonic (with Scott Walker), Sydney Opera House
2013 Jumpers (What must I do to be saved), Live at LICA, Lancaster
2011 Audience/Performer, Lighthouse, Brighton
2011 New Work, Kate MacGarry, London
2011 Romeo Echo Delta, FACT Liverpool and BBC Radio Merseyside
2011 Soon, Nuit Blanche, Toronto
2011 PUBLICSFEAR, South London Gallery, London
2010 Silent Sound, AV Festival, Middlesbrough
2009 Radio Mania: An Abandoned Work, BFI Gallery, London (curated by Elisabetta Fabrizi)
2009 Iain Forsyth & Jane Pollard, Void Gallery, Derry
2009 Performer. Audience. Fuck Off., Site Gallery, Sheffield (performed by Iain Lee)
2008 Run For Me, Great North Run Moving Image Commission, Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art, Gateshead
2008 Walking Over Acconci (Misdirected Reproaches), Kate MacGarry, London
2008 "Run For Me" Artprojx at Prince Charles Cinema, London (introduced by Andrew Graham-Dixon)
2008 "Iain Forsyth & Jane Pollard", Lawrence Eng, Vancouver
2007 Silent Sound, Art Basel Miami Beach/ Art Positions
2007 Grain - an exploration of contemporary landscape using sound, Grain Power Station, Isle of Grain, Kent
2007 The 24 seven, Milton Keynes Gallery Project
2007 Precious Little, Moving Image Centre Toi Rerehiko, Auckland, New Zealand, touring to The Physics Room, Christchurch
2007 The Weasel: Pop Music and Contemporary Art, South London Gallery
2007 Kiss My Nauman, Jarvis Cocker’s Meltdown, Southbank Centre, London
2006 Silent Sound, A Foundation/Greenland Street, Liverpool
2006 In Brief, Jerwood Space, London
2005 Anyone else isn't you, George Rodger Gallery, Maidstone
2005 Walking After Acconci (Redirected Approaches), Kate MacGarry, London
2005 Anyone else isn't you, The Hospital, Covent Garden, London
2004 Everybody else is wrong, Pavilion, Montreal, Canada
2003 File under Sacred Music, Institute of Contemporary Arts, London
1998 A Rock 'N' Roll Suicide, Institute of Contemporary Arts, London
1998 The kids are alright, Institute of Contemporary Arts, London
1997 The Smiths is dead, Institute of Contemporary Arts, London
1997 Doing it for the Kids, Bluecoat Arts Centre, Liverpool
1996 The World Won't Listen, 30 Underwood Street, London

References

External links
 Official site

Art duos
Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London
English installation artists
British video artists
Women video artists
Living people
British performance artists
English music video directors
1972 births
1973 births
People from Bolton
People from Gateshead
Filmmaking duos
English contemporary artists


William Keen (c. 1680s – 29 September 1754) was a sheep merchant in St. John's who became the first resident judicial officer in the British colony of Newfoundland.

Biography
Keen was an English resident of Boston, Province of Massachusetts Bay; little is known about his life in Boston. In 1704, he moved to St. John's, Newfoundland to act as an agent for New England merchants operating in the area. He eventually became a trader himself and he became a wealthy and significant property owner in St John's, Harbour Grace, and Greenspond.

From 1699 to 1729, Newfoundland courts consisted solely of "fishing Admirals" who travelled to the island from England during the summers with the fishing fleets. Persons who committed capital offences were required to travel to England for trial, and no judicial officers were present in Newfoundland during the winters. By 1720, this situation had led to a high crime rate in St. John's and the British government appointed Keen as the first "winter" justice of the peace who would conduct judicial business while the fishing Admirals were away.

In practice, Governor Henry Osborn allowed Keen and the other justices of the peace who were appointed to hear cases year round. There were many disputes between the justices of the peace and the fishing Admirals, and Keen became the leader of a movement to officially establish a permanent judiciary in Newfoundland. He was a close advisor to many of the governors of Newfoundland, most of whose tenure lasted only a few years. In 1750, the British government decided that justices of the peace in St John's could sit in judgment as "commissioners" over all cases except treason, although they could only do so if the governor was present in Newfoundland. Keen was the first such commissioner to be appointed.

On 9 September 1754, Keen was attacked in his bed at his summer home when he awoke during a burglary. He was beaten with a scythe and the butt of a musket and died of his injuries in St. John nearly three weeks later. Eight men and one woman, Eleanor Power, were convicted of his murder before the court that Keen had presided over; four, including Power, were executed for the crime.

Keen's son, William, inherited his property and his position as commissioner. William Keen, Jr. moved to England in 1760, but the Keen family retained property in St. John's and Harbour Grace until 1839.

References

"William Keen Witnessed the Capture of St. John's", The Gazette, 1997-08-21

1754 deaths
English emigrants to pre-Confederation Newfoundland
Businesspeople from Boston
People murdered in Newfoundland and Labrador
1680s births
Newfoundland Colony judges