The Grumpan bracteate, designated as runic inscription Vg 207 by Rundata, is a gold type C bracteate found in Västergötland, Sweden in 1911. It is dated to the 6th century.

Runic inscription
The Grumpan bracteate was found together with two other bracteates, two gold rings, two bronze hooks, and some glass beads. It is notable as an early attestation of the division of the elder futhark row into three groups or ættir of eight runes each ætt. On the Grumpan bracteate, the runes of each ætt are separated by a row of dots.

The following is a drawing of the inscription made by Sigurd  Agrell (Lapptrummor och Runmagi, 1934):

Transliteration:
fuþarkgw : hnijïp[zs] : tbeml(ŋ)(o)d

The Grumpan bracteate is damaged at the upper end near the eyelet, at the end of the second ætt, so that the z and s runes are no longer readable. The rune transcribed above as (ŋ) actually has the shape of the elder futhark z rune but is placed in the location for the ŋ rune.

Full listings of the elder futhark are known from the beginning of the 5th century, with the  Kylver stone, and other early examples such as the Vadstena bracteate and the Charnay Fibula. The sequences of the runes in the futhark given in these listings are mostly in agreement, except for the possible inversions of the positions of the p and ï and of d and o runes.

It is believed that bracteates such as that found at Grumpan were used as amulets with the futhark inscription part of the amulet's magical power.

References

Elder Futhark inscriptions
Bracteates
Individual items of jewellery


Walter Dietrich (24 December 1902 – 27 November 1979) was a Swiss footballer who started his active career by FC Basel. Via Forward Morges he moved to Servette and finally in the summer of 1925 to Eintracht Frankfurt and here he ended his active football ten years later. He played as forward.

Career
Dietrich joined Basel's first team in their 1919–20 season, but played only six test matches. He played his domestic league debut for the club in the first game of the next season, the away game on 26 September 1920 as Basel were defeated 1–4 by Young Boys. He scored his first goal for his club a week later on 3 October in the home game at the Landhof against Aarau as the two teams played a 2–2 draw.

Between the years 1919 and 1922 Dietrich played a total of 34 games for Basel scoring a total of five goals. Eight of these games were in the Swiss Serie A and 26 were friendly games. He scored one goal in the domestic league, the other four were scored during test games.

After playing one season for Forward Morges and two seasons for Servette he moved to Eintracht Frankfurt in 1925. Eintracht played in the Bezirksliga Main the highest association football league in the German state of Hesse and the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau. Dietrich played ten seasons for Eintracht playing 208 league matches and scoring 66 goals.

Dietrich played 14 games for the Swiss national team. He was a member of the Swiss team, which won the silver medal in the football tournament at the 1924 Summer Olympics.

After his career Dietrich opened up an architecture firm. In 1937 when a stand of the first version of Riederwaldstadion burned down Dietrich's firm was pivotal in the reconstruction. In 1938 he returned to Switzerland and shortly took over his hometown club FC Basel that had just been relegated to the second tier.

Honours

Switzerland
 Olympic Games
 Silver: Summer Olympics 1924

Servette FC
 Swiss Serie A:
 Champion: 1924–25

Eintracht Frankfurt
 Bezirksliga Main-Hessen:
 Champion: 1927–28, 1928–29, 1929–30, 1930–31, 1931–32
 Runner-up: 1932–33
 Southern German Championship
 Champion: 1929–30, 1931–32
 Runner-up: 1927–28, 1930–31
 German Championship
 Runner-up: 1932
 Gauliga Südwest/Mainhessen:
 Champion: 1937–38
 Runner-up: 1936–37

References

Sources
 Rotblau: Jahrbuch Saison 2017/2018. Publisher: FC Basel Marketing AG.
 Die ersten 125 Jahre. Publisher: Josef Zindel im Friedrich Reinhardt Verlag, Basel.
 Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv" Homepage

External links
 Walter Dietrich at eintracht-archiv.de
 DatabaseOlympics.com profile

1902 births
1979 deaths
Swiss men's footballers
Switzerland men's international footballers
Footballers at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Footballers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Olympic footballers for Switzerland
Olympic silver medalists for Switzerland
FC Basel players
Servette FC players
Eintracht Frankfurt players
Eintracht Frankfurt managers
FC Basel managers
Olympic medalists in football
Medalists at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Swiss football managers
Men's association football forwards


Barkuhi is a small township in Chhindwara District in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.

Location
Situated on the banks of Pench River, it lies midway between Junnardeo and Parasia, about 35 km north-west of Chhindwara. The nearest railway stations are Eklehra (1.5 km) and Parasia (5 km). The nearest airport, Nagpur, is 125 km to south-east of Barkuhi. Barkuhi's population is 18,000.

This place is known in nearby areas because of a central school. This is the only central school in 35 km of radius. Its name is Kendriya vidyalaya barkuhi.
Before being given the status of nagar panchayat in 2010, Barkuhi was the largest gram panchayat of Madhya Pradesh. There is a temple located on a hill known as Barah Mandir. All twelve shivlinga located across India are present here.

Transport
The nearest airport is Jabalpur.

Cities and towns in Chhindwara district


The  Black Mountains, a mid-Miocene formation, in Nevada are a series of rugged, arid rocky volcanic mountains ranging in elevations to 3310 ft. The range lies on the north shore of Lake Mead, at the southwest corner of the Overton Arm, about 25 mi south of Overton, Nevada.

The Black Mountains are mostly within the Lake Mead National Recreation Area, with a small valley bordering north, the Bitter Spring Valley at the southeast of the arid Muddy Mountains

Deep canyons and washes that flow southeast into the Overton Arm of Lake Mead cut into the mountain range.  The range contains deposits of soft manganese oxides/hydroxides.

History
The Armijo Route of the Old Spanish National Historic Trail ran down the Virgin Valley-Overton Arm section of the valleys now occupied by Lake Mead. The trail descended the Colorado from the mouth of the Virgin River, avoided Boulder Canyon, at the southwest of the Black Mountains, where the range is separated from the Black Mountains in Arizona.  The trail heading west to Las Vegas Wash, entered the mountains, went southwest of Pyramid Peak to Pinto Valley, and then skirted Hamblin Mountain to the south, with Pinto and Razorback Ridges north; past Cottonwood Spring.  North of those ridges lies the small, but broad, arid drainage valley, Bitter Springs Valley, which is southeast of, and adjacent the Muddy Mountains.  The trail passes the southern third of the mountain range on the west, making the circuit around Hamblin Mountain and descending Callville Wash. The southwestern end of the Black Mountain range, is now at Callville Bay.  At the time of the Old Spanish Trail the trail led to the bottom land valley along the Colorado River below the mouth of Boulder Canyon, that headed towards Las Vegas Wash.

Access
The northwest, and north of the mountains can be accessed by the paved route, North Shore Road, from Nevada State Route 564, Henderson, Nevada, about 30-mi to the south-southwest.

References

External links

 Hamblin Mountain, trails.com

Lake Mead National Recreation Area
Mountain ranges of Nevada
Mountain ranges of the Mojave Desert
Mountain ranges of Clark County, Nevada


Valdemoro is a municipal district, located in the Southern zone of the autonomous community of Madrid, Spain. Located 27 kilometers from the capital, Valdemoro is officially part of the comarca of La Sagra, though it is generally also included in the Madrid metropolitan area.

The municipality has experienced strong population growth in the past fifteen years, eventually reaching 74,745 inhabitants (INE 2018). Valdemoro's proximity to the capital has favored the demographic and economic development of the area. Due to the recent population boom, Valdemoro has had to construct new transportation, educational, sanitation, health, and entertainment facilities.

The municipality's recent history is closely linked to that of the Guardia Civil. Valdemoro is home to the Colegio de Guardias Jóvenes Duque de Ahumada, an academy open only to children and orphans of existing guardsmen.

Geography

Valdemoro is a located on the drainage basin of the Tagus River on the Southern slopes of the Sistema Central mountain range. The population of Valdemoro is concentrated in the western parts of the municipal district, "along the road that connects Madrid to Aranjuez".

Relief
The region is mostly flat, except in the area of the Espartinas hills in the South and the El Espartal farmland in the East.

The highest point of elevation in the municipal district is the Cerro de la Mira ("Hill of La Mira") at 712 meters. The lowest point of elevation is the La Cañada stream at 543 meters. The average altitude of Valdemoro is 615 meters above sea level. The ground slopes in an Easterly direction, averaging a 3% incline.

Hydrology
The La Cañada stream originates in the municipal district, and then feeds into the Jarama River. The Jarama runs parallel to Valdemoro and never enters its limits.

Climate

A part of the Continental Mediterranean climate, Valdemoro's temperatures average between 13 °C and 17 °C annually. Though winters are relatively gentle, the sky remains overcast and the ground frozen from November to April. Summers are hot and dry, averaging 26 °C in July.

All precipitation originates over the Atlantic and is heavily influenced by the mountain chains that border the Meseta Central and the anticyclones of the Azores. Rainfall is scarce, making Valdemoro one of the driest regions on the peninsula.

Flora and fauna
Valdemoro does not possess overly abundant populations of flora or fauna, though 794 hectares of the municipal district are part of the Parque Regional del Sureste.

Valdemoro is one of the few locations in Europe where the Russian silverberry Elaeagnus angustifolia occurs naturally.

Recent urban growth has significantly diminished the land available for natural forest growth.
The area is also home to 3 species of amphibians, 7 species of reptiles, and 127 varieties of birds (67 species with stable, reproducing populations). Of these species, 21 are hibernating species and 27 are nomadic.

Human geography
The city of Valdemoro borders the following municipal districts: to the North, Pinto and San Martín de la Vega; to the East, Ciempozuelos; to the South, Seseña and Esquivias; to the West, Torrejón de Velasco.

Valdemoro has 12 neighborhoods: Río Nilo, Brezo, Campo Olivar, El Caracol, El Restón I, El Restón II, La Estación, La Villa, Las Vírgenes, Viva Verde, Las Comunidades, and UDE Norte-Oeste.

Origin of the name
According to legend, the indigenous inhabitants' resistance to the Moorish invaders inspired the saying En balde, Moro, te cansas ("You tire yourself in vain, Moor"). This saying evolved to become the name of the area—Valdemoro. Taking into consideration the short amount of time it took for the Moors to completely conquer the Iberian Peninsula, it seems more likely that the name comes from Valle de Moro ("Valley of the Moor(s)"), a name the area received after the Reconquista.

History

Origins

Copper Age artefacts found in the area include arrowheads, knives, stone chips, and sheets of flint and quartzite. During the Bronze Age, certain strategically located areas were populated in a number of temporary settlements. The earliest indications of a continuous human presence in the area known as Valdemoro dates back to the Iron Age on the farmlands of El Espartal in the Eastern parts of the municipal district

Without a doubt, the most important archeological discovery in the area is the so-called "Ciempozuelo type" of Bell Beaker. Discovered in the extreme southeast of Valdemoro, close to the city of Ciempozuelos (its namesake), these vases, which date back to c. 1900 BCE, are made of gray or black clay and are decorated with geometric motifs. The remains of Roman villa from the Late Roman period, which operated continuously until the Visigoth invasion, can also be seen in the area.

The farmlands of El Espartal have been declared Bien de Interés Cultural ("Area of cultural heritage/interest") as an Archeological Zone.

Foundation
The discovery of ruins of ancient methods of water transportation confirms Valdemoro's origins as an ancient Moorish settlement. The area was populated before the Moors' arrival, and this indigenous Gothic ( Goths are not natives to Iberia) population resisted the invasion fiercely.

After the Reconquista, the bishops of Segovia and Palencia argued about who would control the settlement at Valdemoro. The settlement was eventually annexed into the Segovian communice in 1190 after the intervention of King Alfonso VIII and the mediation of Pope Clement III. Valdemoro soon became one of the most important municipalities in the Sistema Central mountain range, more so than Chinchón, Bayona, Villaconejos, Valdelaguna, Seseña, San Martín de la Vega and Ciempozuelos.

Modern age
In the middle of the 14th century, Adelantado Hernán Pérez de Portocarrero of Castile assimilated Valdemoro into his other holdings. By the end of that century, Valdemoro was assimilated into the ecclesiastical dominion of the Archbishop of Toledo. Soon after, King Henry III of Castile awarded Valdemoro the privileges of the designation of Villa, which facilitate the area's social and economic development.

In 1577, King Philip II became so infuriated with the Archbishop of Toledo that he declared Valdemoro realengo (under the direct control of the King). Soon after, Melchor de Herrera, the Marquess of Auñón, assumed control of Valdemoro. During this time, the Convento del Carmen religious community is founded. In 1602, de Herrera's heirs sold the village to Francisco Goméz de Sandoval y Rojas, Duke of Lerma and favourite of King Philip III. Under the Duke's rule, the area undergoes significant social development, including the foundation of the Feria Barroca. In 1605, the Fuente de la Villa ("Village Fountain"), one of the area's most emblematic monuments, is built. In 1616, the Convento de Santa Clara is inaugurated. The most important works of art in the Church of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción are created during the second half of the 17th century.

Due to the efforts of hidalgo José Aguado Correa during the 18th century, Valdemoro emerged from a period of deterioration and poverty. The arrival of the House of Bourbon to Spain brought a wave of industrial revolution, giving Aguado Correa the opportunity to establish a textile factory in Valdemoro. By the end of the 18th century, Pedro López de Lerena, a Minister in the Courts of Kings Charles III and Charles IV, founded a number of public schools in 1792, and funded the redecoration the Church of Nuestra Señora de la Asunción by artists such as Francisco de Goya, Francisco Bayeu, and Ramón Bayeu. López de Lerena also attempts to revitalize Aguado Correa's factory, but fails, as the population retains its Medieval mindset.

Though the area's economy remained primarily agricultural during the 19th century, the gypsum mining industry began to slowly develop. During this time, Valdemoran wines gained some fame throughout La Sagra. These timid attempts at industrialization were interrupted by the Peninsular War. The French army's occupation of Valdemoro resulted in a significant loss of life, art, and contemporary documentation.

In 1822, during the reign of King Ferdinand VII, Valdemoro was officially declared to be a part of the province of Madrid. In 1851, the ferry line connecting Madrid to Aranjuez is rerouted to stop in Valdemoro. Soon after, in 1855, the Colegio de Guardias Jóvenes "Duque de Ahumada" is constructed on the foundations of the old textile factory. The Colegio remained at this location until it was moved out of the municipality in 1972. The grounds now make up the Parque Duque de Ahumada.

20th century and the present
Valdemoro saw a significant loss of life and artistic heritage during the 20th century and especially during the Spanish Civil War. Economic stability wasn't re-established until well into the 1950s.

The restoration of the democracy in 1975 heralded a new era for the district, ushering in widespread urban and industrial growth. The construction of new industrial parks and new neighborhoods (El Restón, UDE Oeste-Norte, Las Comunidades) facilitated Valdemoro's transition from rural municipality to commuter town. This growth continues today, and the population is expected to continue to increase.

Politics and government

The current mayor of Valdemoro is José Carlos Boza Lechuga of the Partido Popular (PP), who was elected in 2011. In the 2011 regional elections, the PP received 45.16% of the vote and 14 town councillors. Other parties in the area include the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), who received 18.3% of the vote and 5 councillors; the United Left (IU), with 10.31% and 3 councillors; and, with 1 councillor each, the Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) with 6.09%, the local Partido Independiente Vecinos de Valdemoro (PIVV), with 5.46% and the local Proyecto Transparencia Utilidad y Distribución (TUD) with 5.45%.

Demographics

The earliest demographic information available for Valdemoro dates back to 1530, when the official population is recorded to be 2,216 inhabitants. Population remained relatively stable for the next few centuries, oscillating between 2,000 and 4,000 inhabitants depending on living conditions at the time.

In the 1970s, Valdemoro's population began to grow rapidly due to the district's budding industrial sector and its proximity to Madrid. The most notable population increase has occurred since the start of the 21st century: in 2001, the population of Valdemoro was 30,986 inhabitants; by 2007, the population had grown to 53,188. According to these statistics, the relative population growth during the 21st century has been 9%, one of the highest rates in the entire Comunidad de Madrid. Between 2006 and 2007, Valdemoro was one of the top five municipal districts with the largest absolute population growth in all of Spain. The only districts with higher growth rates were Palma de Mallorca, Rivas-Vaciamadrid, Murcia and Zaragoza.

In 2006, the population was divided into 24,351 men and 24,166 women. 20.51% of the population was younger than 15 years old. 6.4% of the population was older than 65, a percentage that was significantly smaller than the 14.45% average of the rest of the Comunidad de Madrid. The birth rate was 18.95% and the death rate was 3.63%.

Foreign immigration has increased significantly in recent years, going from 20.61 people per 1000 inhabitants in 1998 to 110.87 people per 1000 inhabitants in 2006. These immigrants are primarily from Latin America and non-EU Europe.

Valdemoro is the 17th-most populous city in the Comunidad de Madrid and the 131st-most populous city in Spain.

Economy

Up through the 1960s, Valdemoro's economy was primarily agricultural. The territory was divided into 19 agricultural districts: Tenerías, Horcavieja, Espinillo, Cerro del Boticario, Alvarado, Valle de las Monjas, Valle del Infierno, Cuevecillas, Cabeza del Gato, Valdajos, Pocillos, Marguilla, Santiago, Tranzones, Valdereja, Cárcava, Portillo, Mira and Arboledas. Its industry was limited almost exclusively to gypsum quarries which were in the process of going bankrupt due to lack of modernization. Of these, the most important quarry was known as La Integridad.

Valdemoro experienced a wave of industrialization during the 1980s, which resulted in a subsequent rapid increase in population. By 2002, the distribution of industry was as follows:
Agriculture: 0.16%
Industry: 39.50%
Services: 60.34%

Agriculture
Due to its arid climate, Valdemoro's main crop is cereals, and the main livestock is poultry. Much like the rest of the developed areas of the Autonomous Community of Madrid, this sector is rapidly diminishing in both importance and size.

Industry
Due to its proximity to Madrid, Valdemoro's industrial sector is considered fundamentally important. Large national and international companies have located their logistical headquarters in the area, including the wholesaler El Corte Inglés, the automotive supplier Lear, the German window & façade manufacturer Schüco, and the oil company Total S.A.

Services
The service industry, which includes the commercial sector, is the most developed industry in the area. On average, 14.7% of the population works in these fields. The two commercial centers of Valdemoro are the Calle Estrella de Elola in the historical district, and the Centro Comercial El Restón, located in one of the new residential neighborhoods that are currently under construction. There has been speculation in recent years that El Corte Inglés and/or Carrefour are planning to construct a new mall in the municipal district, though this has not been confirmed at present.

Transportation

Roads

National Autovías
A-4: (Madrid–Córdoba–Sevilla–Cádiz)
Toll Autopistas
R-4: (M-50–Ocaña)
First-level Autonomous Roads
M-506 (Villaviciosa de Odón–Fuenlabrada–San Martín de la Vega–Arganda del Rey)
M-410 (Arroyomolinos–Parla-Valdemoro) (Under construction)
M-423 (Variante Oeste de Valdemoro)
Second-level Autonomous Roads
M-404 (Navalcarnero–Griñón–Chinchón–Villarejo de Salvanés)
Third-level Autonomous Roads
M-942 (M-404-Valdemoro)

Rail system
Valdemoro has a train station, with service along the Cercanías Madrid C-3 Line. (Atocha–Aranjuez)
There has been some discussion of the creation of a second station in the western zone, but so far no official project has been created. In the last Plan General de Urbanismo ("General Plan of Urbanization"), several tracts of land have been reserved for the creation of a new railway line and station. In June 2006, with the start of the urban expansion project of El Espartal, the government announced that the C-3 Line would make a new stop between the stations of Valdemoro and Ciempozuelos. In addition, plans exist for a high speed train, part of the Alta Velocidad Española Madrid-Levate line, to run through the southern parts of Valdemoro.

Buses

Valdemoro has the second-most bus routes in the Community of Madrid, with 7 lines and 572 routes. Only Alcalá de Henares has more daily service.

Light rail
The government has been studying the viability of a light rail system for the past few years. The proposed line would connect Valdemoro's Cercanías station with the El Restón and UDE Norte-Oeste neighborhoods and the Hospital. The project is part of the Plan de Ampliación de la Red de Metro de Madrid 2007–2011 ("Plan to Expand the Network of the Madrid Metro"). The project was licensed to MINTRA on 9 July 2007.

Public health

The Hospital Infanta Elena opened 24 November 2007, providing services to Valdemoro, San Martín de la Vega, Ciempozuelos and Titulcia. It has 100 beds, 8 operating rooms, and 2 maternity rooms, in addition to urgent care facilities.

Valdemoro also has two other health centers operated by the Consejería de Sanidad de la Comunidad de Madrid:
Valdemoro Health Center
El Restón Health Center

Culture and tourism
The main cultural center in Valdemoro is the Centro Cultural Juan Prado. The Centro includes a hall of expositions, a library, the Teatro Municipal Juan Prado, and the offices of the Department of Culture, Tourism, and Cultural Heritage. More cultural activities are available at the Centro Lúdico ("Recreational Center") of the El Restón neighborhood.

In addition to the library of the Centro Cultural, Valdemoro has two libraries in the Viva Verde and El Restón neighborhoods, in addition to the new Biblioteca Central built in 2007.

Valdemoro is home to 4 hotels and 6 hostels, with a combined total of 546 rooms. The district's proximity to the Parque Warner Madrid and to the capital are key factors to the development of the local hotel economy.

Holidays and celebrations
Fiesta de Carnaval (February)
San Marcos (25 April), an Annual holiday celebrated in the Parque Bolitas del Airón. Historically, the Fiesta was a religious holiday in which residents made offerings to guarantee agricultural prosperity. The holiday now celebrates sports and other entertainment and cultural activities.
Santísimo Cristo de la Salud (Early May), the first patronal celebrations of the municipal district. These holidays originate around the year 1650, when local inhabitants sought permission to celebrate an annual holiday in honor of their patron saint. Celebrations consist of concerts, cultural events, and bull fights.
Nuestra Señora del Rosario (8 September), the second patronal celebrations of the district, dating back approximately five centuries. Much like the fiestas of Cristo de la Salud, celebrations consist of bull fights, cultural events, and various forms of entertainment.
Virgen del Pilar (12 October), a recently created feastday for the Virgen del Pilar, to whom is dedicated a parish in the El Restón neighborhood.
Feria Barroca (Early October): An annual artisan market from the 17th century, the Feria Barroca was revived in 2004.

Parks and gardens

Parque Bolitas del Airón. The 440 km² green "heart" of the municipality, the Parque is the city's most emblematic park. It contains the Comunidad de Madrid's largest population of Russian silverberry trees (Elaeagnus angustifolia).
Parque Tierno Galván. Named after the mayor of Madrid from 1979 to 1986, the Parque is the second-largest park in Valdemoro at 120 km². It contains a lake and various small waterways, in addition to a track and a number of playgrounds.
Parque de España. This 45 km² park located in the El Restón neighborhood contains two lakes, a bike track, and several playgrounds.
Parque de la Alberiza. Constructed at two different altitudes on a small hill, this 11 km² park contains a central fountain and is surrounded by an arbor of rosebushes.
Parque del Duque de Ahumada. Located within the historical district, on the grounds of the ancient Colegio de Guardias Jóvenes, the park consists of lawns and gardens of rosebushes and flowers in addition to two fountains and a stand of Japanese wisteria (Wisteria floribunda).
Jardín del Duque. Located next to the Parque del Duque de Ahumada, the garden contains an ornamental fountain and a sculpture of a Guardia Civil guardsman.
Parque Andalucía. This 6.7 km² park is located at the Northern entrance to the municipal district. It contains a playground and an ornamental fountain where residents enjoy bathing during the summer months.

People

People born in Valdemoro

Juan de Castro, architect.
 Friar Alonso de la Cruz, Franciscan mystic.
Juan Manuel Sotomayor, Mexican judge.
 Friar Pedro Aguado, Franciscan writer.
 Friar Pedro de Palacios, Dominican, professor, and bishop of Guadix.
Alejandro Aguado, professor at the Universidad de Alcalá and historian of the Spanish Inquisition.
Diego de Pantoja, missionary.
Pedro López de Lerena, Viceroy of Chile.
Nicolasa Escamilla, bullfighter.
Miguel de los Santos, journalist.
Fernando García Morcillo, composer.
David Santisteban, singer and composer.
Jesús España, athlete.
Vicente López y López de Lerena, Doctor, priest, and writer.

People who lived in Valdemoro

Pedro Antonio de Alarcón, novelist.
Manuel Bretón de los Herreros, dramaturg, poet and journalist.
Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, politician and historian.
Antonio Cánovas del Castillo y Vallejo, (AKA: "Kaulak"), photographer.
Pedro Duque, astronaut.

Sister cities
 Zug, Western Sahara. Status affirmed November 2007.
  Gödöllő, Hungary. Status affirmed 2008.

See also
La Sagra
Madrid metropolitan area
Madrid (autonomous community)

References

Sources

External links

Ayuntamiento de Valdemoro Official website of the government of Valdemoro. (Spanish)
Información turística (Spanish)
Instituto Nacional de Meteorología Meteorological predictions for up to seven days for Valdemoro, from the National Institute of Meteorology. (Spanish)

Statistics
Instituto Nacional de Estadística: Valdemoro (Spanish)
Instituto de Estadística de la Comunidad de Madrid > Ficha municipal (Spanish)
Instituto de Estadística de la Comunidad de Madrid > Series estadísticas del municipio (Spanish)

Directory, maps, and aerial photography
Instituto de Estadística de la Comunidad de Madrid > Nomenclátor Oficial y Callejero (Spanish)

Municipalities in the Community of Madrid


Safe Kids Worldwide (formerly Safe Kids USA) is a global non-profit organization working to prevent childhood injury through research, community outreach, legislative advocacy and media awareness campaigns. Safe Kids Worldwide has over 400 coalitions in 49 states, and has partners in over 30 countries. The proclaimed mission of Safe Kids Worldwide is "protecting kids from unintentional injuries, the number one cause of death for children in the United States." It is a 501(c) organization.

Definition of preventable injury
Preventable injuries include car crashes, falls, burns, drownings, fires, medication poisoning, and similar harms. Safe Kids addresses unintentional injuries that can result in serious disability or death.

Founding and history
Safe Kids was founded in 1988 by Dr. Martin Eichelberger, a pediatric trauma surgeon at Children's National Medical Center in Washington, D.C., and writer and public relations consultant Herta Feely. Dr. Eichelberger joined with Johnson & Johnson to create an organization dedicated to protecting children from preventable injuries. Dr. C. Everett Koop served as its chairman for its first 13 years. In 2011, the organized merged with the Home Safety Council, another non-profit organization with similar aims. The current president is Torine Creppy.

Programs
Safe Kids Worldwide achieves this goal through a number of accident-specific prevention and awareness-promoting programs. Some of these programs include:
Research: Safe Kids uses information from national injury databases and conducts original quantitative and qualitative research to explore how and why injuries happen and to develop effective behavior change strategies.
Community Outreach: Safe Kids has more than 400 coalitions in the United States and more than 25 global partners. Safe Kids coalitions provide community education, organize car seat inspection stations, hold safety fairs and sports safety clinics, and provide information to local educators and media.
Legislative advocacy: Safe Kids advocacy works at the local, state, federal and global level to ensure child safety is a top priority in the United States and around the world. Safe Kids works with partners around the world to elevate child safety issues on the around the world.d
Safe Kids has also worked with government agencies, administrators, and partners to achieve legislative success in risk areas, including drowning (Virginia Graeme Baker Pool and Spa Safety Act), sports safety (concussions in sport) and teen driving (graduated driver licensing).
Media Campaigns: Safe Kids uses social and traditional media to reach parents, educators, legislators, and medical and public safety workers. Safe Kids promotes several risk area specific campaigns each year on topics such as sports safety, child passenger safety and medication safety.  The organization also engages in media initiatives to spread general safety tips, information for new parents, and children’s product recall information.  In 2014 Safe Kids received two Telly awards for educational videos.

Sponsors and funding
Safe Kids work is funded by corporate sponsors who underwrite its programs. Sponsors include the General Motors Foundation, FedEx and founding sponsor Johnson & Johnson.

See also
 Alliance for Safe Children
 Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act
 Child safety lock
 National Child Passenger Safety Board

References

External links
Safe Kids Worldwide
Children's National Medical Center
National Child Passenger Safety Board

Charities based in Washington, D.C.
Children's charities based in the United States


The British expedition against Guadeloupe was a military action from January to May 1759, as part of the Seven Years' War. A large British force had arrived in the West Indies, intending to seize French possessions. After a six-month-long battle to capture Guadeloupe they finally received the formal surrender of the island, just days before a large French relief force arrived under Admiral Maximin de Bompart.

Though the island was eventually ceded back to the French, the capture of the island contributed to the Annus Mirabilis of 1759.

Background

To divert French troops from Germany, William Pitt decided the British should attack France wherever they could.

British troops were sent on diversionary attacks on the French coast, at St. Malo and Cherbourg. An expedition to western Africa captured the French slaving station at Senegal.  In North America, a force was dispatched to take Louisbourg and Quebec.

In India Robert Clive won the Battle of Plassey.

For 1759, Pitt directed attention to the West Indies, specifically Martinique and Guadeloupe.
Major-General Peregrine Hopson, who had been Governor at Nova Scotia before the outbreak of war, was appointed to the chief command, and Colonel John Barrington, a junior officer, was selected to be his second.

On 12 November 1758, the transports, escorted by 8 ships of the line under Commodore Hughes, got under way and sailed with a fair wind to the west.

On 3 January 1759, the British expedition reached Barbados where Commodore John Moore was waiting with two more ships of the line to join it and to take command of the fleet.
The total expeditionary force numbered some 6,800 men.

Attempt against Martinique

The primary target of the attack was Martinique. Hopson landed his troops near Fort Royal and fought a battle against the French, leaving 100 British dead or wounded. The terrain ahead was judged so difficult, that it was decided to re-embark the troops immediately. A second landing was considered at Saint-Pierre but the defenses were so formidable that Hopson decided to abandon the attack on Martinique and proceed to Guadeloupe.

Attack against Guadeloupe

The fleet sailed to Basse-Terre and on 22 January 1759 opened fire on the town, reducing it to a heap of blackened ruins. At dawn on 24 January, the British troops were landed, and moved inwards for some 5 km, until they met a strong French position in a rugged, mountainous terrain.

By that time the men on the sick list numbered 1,500, or fully a quarter of the force. Hopson's health was failing rapidly too and he remained inactive. Even the representations of Barrington could not stimulate him to further action. On 27 February, Hopson died, leaving the command to devolve to Barrington. The British expeditionary force was by now on the brink of destruction. More than 600 invalids had been sent to Antigua, and another 1,600 men were on the sick list. The remainder were succumbing so fast that sufficient men could hardly be found to do the daily duty.

Meanwhile, John Moore, being independent of Hopson in respect of naval operations, had sent ships round to Fort Louis. They speedily battered the fort into surrender and installed a garrison of 300 Highlanders and Marines on 14 February 1759.
Barrington transferred most of the soldiers from Fort Royal, Martinique, to Fort Louis on the Grande-Terre side of Guadeloupe. In March he used this as a base from which naval transport carried separate forces under Brigadiers Byam Crump and John Clavering to attack French positions around the island. The attacks were highly effective, and the French capitulated on 2 May 1759.
The French governor Nadau du Treil signed the capitulation.

Aftermath

Although the island had been captured, the diseases rife on the island proved fatal to many British troops. By the close of the seven months that remained of the year 1759 nearly 800 officers and men of the garrison had found their graves in Guadeloupe. The island was returned to French control after the Treaty of Paris, in return for France ceding its colonies in Canada.

References

Bibliography
 Anderson, Fred. Crucible of War: Faber and Faber, 2000
 McLynn, Frank. 1759: The Year Britain Became Master of the World. Pimlico, 2005

Sources
 British expedition against Martinique and Guadeloupe
 Olive Tree Genealogy
 An Historical Sketch of the 64th Regiment by Major HG Purdon

This article was originally based on material from , which is licensed under the GFDL.

1758
Guadeloupe
Guadeloupe
I01
Guadeloupe
Guadeloupe
1758 in the Caribbean
1759 in the Caribbean
History of Guadeloupe
Guadeloupe
18th century in Guadeloupe


MV St Catherine is a Roll-on/roll-off car and passenger ferry. She served the Wightlink crossing from Portsmouth to Fishbourne, Isle of Wight from 1983 to 2009. In 2010, she was sold to Delcomar and renamed GB Conte.

History
St Catherine was built by Robb Caledon Shipbuilders of Leith at a cost of £5 million. When she entered service on 3 July 1983, she was the biggest ferry ever in the Sealink Isle of Wight fleet, and the first able to carry more than 100 cars. Local papers reported that she made the other Isle of Wight ferries looked like toys in comparison. St Catherine remained the largest ship in the fleet only until her sister, St Helen entered service later in 1983.

St Catherine was present at the International Fleet Review in 2005, representing Wightlink with a number of her sisters. She was later laid up at Hythe in Hampshire.

In 2010 St Catherine was sold to Delcomar and sailed from Hythe to Sardinia as GB Conte on 31 July 2010, with a crew of 11 on board. In March 2015, it was announced that sisters 'St Catherine' and 'St Helen' were being reunited, after spending five years apart, as St Helen had also been sold to Delcomar. She was renamed Anna Mur.

Layout
St Catherine was the first of the Isle of Wight ferries to use a Voith Schneider asymmetric three-propeller layout with a bridge mounted forward. Two decks of passenger accommodation are provided above the car deck, with two bar areas and seating space. One of the fastest car ferries in the company at the time, she allowed Wightlink to provide a 35-minute crossing of the Solent. Two older ferries on the route were withdrawn from service, while another, Caedmon was transferred to join her sisters on the Lymington to Yarmouth route.

Service
St Catherine entered service with Sealink in 1983; the company becoming Wightlink in 1991. She sailed between Portsmouth, on the English mainland and Fishbourne, Isle of Wight until 2009. GB Conte and Anna Mur currently sail between the Isola di San Pietro and Portovesme; an approximately 40-minute service with a frequency of 17 ferries a day in each direction during the summer season.

References

External links

Ferries of England
Ferries of Italy
Ferry transport on the Isle of Wight
Ships built in Leith
1983 ships


Transition temperature is the temperature at which a material changes from one crystal state (allotrope) to another. More formally, it is the temperature at which two crystalline forms of a substance can co-exist in equilibrium. For example, when rhombic sulfur is heated above 95.6 °C, it changes form into monoclinic sulfur; when cooled
below 95.6 °C, it reverts to rhombic sulfur. At 95.6 °C the two forms can co-exist. Another example is tin, which transitions from a cubic crystal below 13.2 °C to a tetragonal crystal above that temperature.

In the case of ferroelectric or ferromagnetic crystals, a transition temperature may be known as the Curie temperature.

See also
 Crystal system

Crystallography
Threshold temperatures


John Crew, 1st Baron Crew of Stene (1598 – 12 December 1679) was an English lawyer and politician, who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1624 and 1660. He was a Puritan and sided with the Parliamentary cause during the Civil War. He was raised to a peerage as Baron Crew by Charles II after the Restoration.

Career
Crew was the son of Sir Thomas Crew of Nantwich, Cheshire and Steane and his wife Temperance Bray, daughter of Reynold Bray of Steane. His father was Speaker of the House of Commons from 1623 to 1625. Crew entered Gray's Inn in 1615 and matriculated at Magdalen College, Oxford on 26 April 1616, aged 18. He was called to the bar in 1624.

In 1624, Crew was elected Member of Parliament for Amersham and was re-elected in 1625. He was elected MP for Brackley in 1626. In 1628 he was elected MP for Banbury and sat until 1629 when King Charles decided to rule without parliament for eleven years.

In April 1640, Crew was elected MP for Brackley in the Short Parliament. He was elected MP for Northamptonshire in November 1640 for the Long Parliament. He voted against the attainder of Strafford, but supported Parliament when Civil War came, although he was a moderate, suspicious of the Army and supported the Self-Denying Ordinance. He was chosen chairman of the Commons Committee on Religion, was one of the parliamentary commissioners sent to negotiate with the Royalists at Uxbridge in 1645, and was one of those entrusted with the custody of the King at Holdenby House after the Scots handed him over to Parliament in 1647. However, the following year the army leaders, knowing that he would oppose the trial of the King, had him arrested and he was excluded from his parliamentary seat in Pride's Purge. He returned to the Commons as MP for Northamptonshire in 1654 for the First Protectorate Parliament  but was once again excluded by the government. Despite this, he was summoned by the Lord Protector to sit in his new House of Lords, which first met in 1658. After the collapse of the restored Rump he resumed his seat in the briefly resurrected unpurged House, then was elected once more for Northamptonshire in the Convention Parliament. He was appointed to the Council of State, and was one of the delegation sent to meet Charles II at The Hague and arrange his return to the throne.

On 20 April 1661, Crew was created Baron Crew of Stene in recognition of his efforts to promote the Restoration, and thereafter retired from active politics. A wealthy man, he had bought a large house in Lincoln's Inn Fields during the 1650s, and was a well-regarded host; Samuel Pepys, who was a retainer and poor relation of his son-in-law Edward Montagu and mentions him many times in his diaries, was a frequent guest.

Crew died in 1679 and was buried at Steane, Northamptonshire.

Family

Crew married Jemima Waldegrave, daughter of Edward Waldegrave of Lawford Hall in Essex. Their children included:
 Sir Thomas Crew (1624–1697), who succeeded his father in the peerage but died without male issue
 Rev. Nathaniel Crew (1633–1721), Bishop of Durham, who succeeded his older brother as 3rd Baron
 Jemima, Countess of Sandwich (1625–1674), who married Edward Montagu, later Earl of Sandwich, in 1642.
 Anne, who married Sir Henry Wright, 1st Baronet, of Dagenham, Essex.
 Reverend Samuel Crew, died in 1660.

References

 Burke's Extinct Peerage (London: Henry Colburn & Richard Bentley, 1831)
D. Brunton & D. H. Pennington, Members of the Long Parliament (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954)
Cobbett's Parliamentary history of England, from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the year 1803 (London: Thomas Hansard, 1808)
 Concise Dictionary of National Biography (1930)
 Mark Noble, Memoirs of several persons and families... allied to or descended from... the Protectorate-House of Cromwell (Birmingham: Pearson & Rollason, 1784)

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1598 births
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17th-century English landowners
17th-century English lawyers
English lawyers
English MPs 1624–1625
English MPs 1625
English MPs 1626
English MPs 1628–1629
English MPs 1640 (April)
English MPs 1640–1648
English MPs 1654–1655
English MPs 1660
Members of Cromwell's Other House
Burials in Northamptonshire


The Canada Olympic Park bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track is a bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track located in Calgary, Alberta. Part of Canada Olympic Park, it hosted the bobsleigh and luge competitions at the 1988 Winter Olympics. This track is one of only two of its type in the world to be featured in a non-documentary film when it was part of the 1993 American film Cool Runnings which loosely followed the Jamaican Bobsled Team during their competition in bobsleigh at the 1988 Games (The other was the 1981 British film For Your Eyes Only which included scenes from the bobsleigh track in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy.).

History
In 1981, Calgary was awarded the 1988 Winter Olympics over Falun, Sweden and Cortina d'Ampezzo. The track was constructed on a fast-track program running from fall 1984 to spring 1986. This was done with the help of East German technology and a consulting firm from Canada. It was the first combined track in North America and only the second of its type on the continent (Lake Placid, New York in the United States bobsleigh and luge tracks were separate when Calgary's construction was completed in spring 1986 though the Lake Placid track would be rebuilt as a combination track in January 2000.). During the 1988 Winter Olympics, the bobsleigh team from Jamaica debuted at these games, but crashed out during the third run of the four-man event. The story of the team would later be part of the 1993 film Cool Runnings with scenes done at the track. Skeleton was introduced to the track in the late 1980s with the track hosting the FIBT World Championships for skeleton in 1992. An indoor iced push facility near the track opened up in 2001. When competition does not occur on the track, it offers programs for bobsleigh and luge open to the public.

On 5 February 2019, WinSport (the operator of the track) announced that due to an $8 million CAD funding shortfall, the track would cease operations after the completion of the IBSF World Cup that year. On 3 March 2019, the track closed indefinitely, pending the funding of a $25 million CAD renovation. While the sliding facilities have closed for winter operations (due to the refrigeration system needing total replacement), the track would still be available for summer training and tourism, and the Ice House would remain open.

Track technical details
Costing C$ 27 million to complete, the track consisted of 48 reinforced concrete sections with five separate starting points. The facility is designed of that like a tuning fork with separate bobsleigh and luge start houses, selected to lessen construction and maintenance costs. The two portions of the track merge at turn five prior to the Omega combination curve. Lined with  of refrigeration coolant, the track can hold ice at air temperatures up to 20 deg C (68 deg F). Sunscreens were installed on curves directly exposed to the sunlight to keep the track smooth and prevent melting. Electronic timing systems include double photo sensors at the start and finish positions of the track and artificial lighting is used to allow for night runs on the track. Lighting was adjusted at the request of the host television broadcaster (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation) prior to the games to ensure proper video coverage for the 1988 games.

Renovation
On 5 April 2017 a $20 million CAD renovation was announced as part of WinSport's ongoing intention to operate the track in addition to Calgary's potential bid for the 2026 Olympic Winter Games. Despite a referendum rejecting Calgary's 2026 bid and subsequent closure of the track, WinSport announced renovations will begin and proceed as funding becomes available. On 9 October 2019 the first phase of the renovation project for the track began with the demolition of the bobsleigh/skeleton start portion of the track (curves 1–5). The bobsleigh/skeleton start is being removed to reduce operating costs and make the track more exciting for those athletes who will now start on the luge portion of the track. Until the renovation of the track is complete—including the replacement of the entire refrigeration system, the track will remain closed. Demolition of the track is scheduled to be completed by December 2021.

Statistics

Men's start at the tower start house (currently demolished) at the top of the track while the women's is at the regular start house at the top of the track.

The turn names were initially given during the 1988 Winter Olympic broadcast (ABC in the United States). All curves shown are bobsleigh curves. The luge section joins the bobsleigh and skeleton section at turn five. Turns 1 through 5 do not have turn names.

Championships hosted
1988 Winter Olympics
FIBT World Championships: 1992 (skeleton), 1996, 2001 (Women's bobsleigh, men's and women's skeleton), 2005
FIL World Luge Championships: 1990, 1993, 2001

Incidents and accidents
6 February 2016 - In the early hours of the morning of 6 February, 8 teenagers broke into the Canada Olympic Park's track and, using toboggans, began a slide down from the Bobsleigh start. At turn 5, the teens struck a large track switching element that had been used to configure the track for Luge. The impact with the track switch and the chains holding it in place resulted in death for two of the teens, and serious injuries to the other 6. In November, 2018 a provincial court judge who had been leading an investigation into the incident ruled it to be an accident. The judge also recommended a slew of security enhancements (including: motion-triggered alarms and lights, better signage and barriers, and more effective training of staff) to help prevent another incident of this nature—several of which WinSport had already adopted prior to the ruling.

References

External links
Operating organization. No track info.
IBSF track profile
FIL-Luge track profile

Venues of the 1988 Winter Olympics
Olympic bobsleigh venues
Olympic luge venues
Bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton tracks
Sports venues in Calgary


Jeff Novitzky (born December 15, 1967) is the current Senior Vice President of Athlete Health and Performance for the UFC, the world's largest mixed martial arts (MMA) promotion. He previously served as a special agent for the Food and Drug Administration, investigating the use of steroids in professional sports. Before April 2008 he was a special agent for the Internal Revenue Service who investigated the use of steroids for over five years.  Novitzky's work has been credited with "changing the face of sports."

Early life and education
Novitzky grew up in Burlingame, California and graduated from Mills High School in Millbrae, California, in 1986. While at Mills High School, Novitzky high jumped 7-feet, still the only high school athlete in San Mateo County history to achieve the 7-foot mark. Novitzky was the Peninsula Athletic League's (PAL's) Most Valuable Player in boys basketball in 1986.  After graduating from Mills High School, Novitzky enrolled at the University of Arizona on a track and field scholarship, before transferring to Skyline College to continue his basketball career. Novitzky played two seasons of basketball at Skyline but just one game in his second season due to injuries. In 1989, Novitzky transferred to San Jose State University on a basketball scholarship. For the San Jose State Spartans, Novitzky played two games as a reserve forward in the 1989–90 season, Stan Morrison's first as head coach. Again, injuries limited Novitzky's playing time to those two games. Novitzky graduated from San Jose State in 1992 with a degree in accounting.

Investigations
Novitzky first gained public notoriety during his role as a federal agent for the IRS. In a 2002 investigation which came to be known as the BALCO scandal, Novitzky was the lead investigative special agent for a raid on a San Francisco Bay Area laboratory co-operative that was supplying banned substances to dozens of elite professional athletes. The investigation is recognized as the world's most well known performance enhancing drug scandal in sports history.  The resulting fallout implicated many well-known athletes in cheating at various high level competitions including Major League Baseball (MLB) and the Olympic Games. Notable athletes involved included Marion Jones, Tim Montgomery, Barry Bonds, Bill Romanowski, and Jason Giambi.

Novitzky was the lead special agent on the federal perjury trial of Barry Bonds.  The trial detailed the extensive history of Bonds' athletic performance enhancing drug use during his quest for the two most hallowed records in American professional sports, the single season and all-time home run marks.

On May 20, 2010, the New York Daily News reported that Novitzky was involved in an investigation into performance enhancing drug use on Lance Armstrong's Tour de France teams, and that Armstrong's former teammate Floyd Landis was cooperating with the investigation. In a December 2018 UFC press conference, Novitzky referred to Armstrong as "one of the biggest frauds and cheats in professional sport history."   Previously, Marion Jones, a track and field Olympian winner, pleaded guilty in October 2007 to making false statements to Novitzky.

The bulk of the names provided in the Mitchell Report about doping in Major League Baseball were provided by Radomski and Brian MacNamee, a personal trainer for MLB pitcher Roger Clemens, both of whom Novitzky persuaded to talk to Senator Mitchell and his staff.

In his book The Secret Race, former professional cyclist Tyler Hamilton wrote that Novitzky drove a "bulldozer" through the sport of cycling in uncovering details about the pervasive use of performance enhancing drugs.

Novitzky has been compared to famed U.S. Treasury Department investigator Elliott Ness.

Starting in April 2015, Novitzky began working for the UFC as their Vice President of Athlete Health and Performance.  Within this role at the UFC, Novitzky oversees all anti-doping efforts, as well as other athlete related health and performance initiatives within the organization.   The UFC's program is widely recognized as the most comprehensive anti-doping program in professional sports.  In both 2016 and 2019, Novitzky was nominated for the category "Leading Man" at the World MMA Awards, awarded to the leading industry executive. In July 2019, Novitzky was promoted by the UFC to Senior Vice President of Athlete Health and Performance.

Criticism
Novitzky has been criticized by certain defendants in steroid-related cases as being biased and unfair.  Novitzky, in multiple cross examinations, including during the federal perjury investigation of Roger Clemens, has been a credible government witness.

The Joe Rogan Experience
Novitzky has appeared as a guest on The Joe Rogan Experience podcast on three separate occasions. It was Brendan Schaub who coined Novitzky's nickname, "The Golden Snitch."

Hotboxin' with Mike Tyson
In 2019, Novitzky appeared as a guest on Mike Tyson's podcast Hotboxin' with Mike Tyson. Tyson hailed Novitzky for his contribution to keeping the combat sports community clean.  In reference to Novitzky's nickname, "The Golden Snitch", Tyson stated “No, that’s not a golden snitch. He is a discoverer of people that are doing devilish and wicked things. People that are hurting people physically.”

References

1967 births
Drugs in sport in the United States
Internal Revenue Service people
Living people
Food and Drug Administration people
University of Arizona alumni
San Jose State Spartans men's basketball players
People from Burlingame, California


The Lorenzo Show, also called Lorenzo and Friends and Lorenzo's Cartoon Festival, was a children's television program starring Gerry Wheeler (1926-2013) that ran in several different American markets from the 1950s until the mid-1970s.

Background and broadcast history
Wheeler, a native of Salado, Arkansas debuted the character of Lorenzo on KARK-TV in Little Rock, Arkansas, initially playing opposite hostess Pat Fontaine before getting his own program. He then moved on to KOTV in Tulsa, Oklahoma and in 1961 on KTVI in St. Louis, Missouri. He achieved his greatest fame, perhaps, at WJZ-TV in Baltimore, Maryland where he starred from 1962 until 1966, before moving on to KYW-TV in Philadelphia, where he stayed until the mid-1970s before retiring from television. The time in Philadelphia also saw the show being syndicated nationally, including Baltimore. While in Philadelphia, Bud Smith joined the show. Bud Smith played characters, Smythe the Magician, Pancho Villa and others. Away from Lorenzo and Friends, Smith was best known for his character, Rex Nern, the movie person.

Synopsis
A typical program always began the same way: Wheeler, in his street clothes, would speak directly to the audience as he sat in front of a makeup table and put on his costume and makeup to transform himself into the show's title character, Lorenzo. The crowning touch would be a battered fedora which Wheeler would later claim to have worn on the show for 17 years.

Lorenzo, a mute character similar to Emmett Kelly or Don Sandburg's Sandy the Tramp from Bozo's Circus in Chicago, would then have his daily adventure, which usually revolved around him attempting to get a lollipop. In the rare instances when he got one, he would happily respond by dancing to Yakety Sax by Boots Randolph. (This became known as the "Lorenzo Stomp").

Through the years, Wheeler also created other characters in speaking roles—Clarence the Country Boy (with his trademark "overbite" teeth, a sunflower corsage and a straw hat); Nevada Ned, (an Old West prospector type who sported a gray, handle-bar mustache with a blue bandanna tied around his neck); and Percy the Pirate.

References

External links
 Profiled at Baltimore's CrabCityKidsTV.com
 Lorenzo's Cartoon Festival - Open/Promo/Close/Epilogue (Video)

1950s American children's television series
1960s American children's television series
1970s American children's television series
Local children's television programming in the United States


The A-train (from Afternoon Train) is a satellite constellation of four Earth observation satellites of varied nationality in Sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude that is slightly variable for each satellite.

The orbit, at an inclination of 98.14°, crosses the equator each day at around 1:30 pm solar time, giving the constellation its name (the "A" stands for "afternoon") and crosses the equator again on the night side of the Earth, at around 1:30 am.

They are spaced a few minutes apart from each other so their collective observations may be used to build high-definition three-dimensional images of Earth's atmosphere and surface.

Satellites

Active

The train, , consists of three active satellites:
 OCO-2, lead spacecraft in formation, replaces the failed OCO and was launched for NASA on July 2, 2014.
 GCOM-W1 "SHIZUKU", follows OCO-2 by 11 minutes, launched by JAXA on May 18, 2012.
 Aura, a multi-national satellite, lags OCO-2 by 19 minutes, launched for NASA on July 15, 2004.

Past
 PARASOL, launched by CNES on December 18, 2004 and moved to another (lower) orbit on December 2, 2009. PARASOL was deactivated in 2013
 CloudSat, launched with CALIPSO on April 28, 2006 and moved to another (lower) orbit on February 22, 2018. Now part of the C-train.
 CALIPSO, launched on April 28, 2006, is a joint effort of CNES and NASA. It follows CloudSat by no more than 8.5 seconds. CALIPSO was moved to CloudSat's new orbit in September 2018. It was then part of the C-train with Cloudsat until it was officially decommissioned on August 1, 2023.
 Aqua, used to run 4 minutes behind GCOM-W1, launched for NASA on May 4, 2002. In January 2022, it descended from the A-Train to save fuel and now is in a free-drift mode, wherein its equatorial crossing time is slowly drifting to later times.

Failed
 OCO, destroyed by a launch vehicle failure on February 24, 2009, and was replaced by OCO-2.
 Glory, failed during launch on a Taurus XL rocket on March 4, 2011, and would have flown between CALIPSO and Aura.

References

External links
 NASA A-Train Portal
 NASA satellite program impacted
 NASA Program Page
 Orbital Sciences Program Page

Earth observation satellites
Satellite constellations


Kim Ji-soo (born Yang Sung-yoon on October 24, 1972) is a South Korean actress.

Career
A graduate of Kaywon High School of the Arts, Kim made her acting debut in 1992. She worked as a television actress for over a decade before branching out into film, saying in an interview that, "I was getting older by the second, and I hated becoming complacent." In 2005, Kim made her first big screen appearance with a leading role in Lee Yoon-ki's This Charming Girl, a character study of a twenty-something single woman working at a post office. The film was well received by critics, and Kim herself was singled out for praise, with The Japan Times commenting, "Kim's performance is a masterful balance of understatedness and open-wounded vulnerability." Kim won Best Actress at the Singapore International Film Festival, and Best New Actress at the Blue Dragon Film Awards, Busan Film Critics Awards, and Korean Film Awards, with a further nomination at the Grand Bell Awards. Due to the success of This Charming Girl on the international film festival circuit, and in recognition of her role in promoting Korean culture overseas, Kim was invited to a Blue House luncheon, where she met then-South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun and First Lady Kwon Yang-suk.

In 2006 Kim appeared in several films, first with Jo Jae-hyun in the melodrama Romance, though she was publicly critical about the lack of depth to her character. In October 2006, she portrayed a victim of the Sampoong Department Store collapse in Traces of Love, which was selected as the opening film of the 11th Pusan International Film Festival. In November 2006, Kim starred opposite Han Suk-kyu in the romantic drama Solace, receiving a nomination for Best Actress at the Korean Film Awards.

Kim returned to television in May 2008 with a leading role in the drama Women of the Sun. Her turn as a complex antiheroine garnered praise, and she won a Top Excellence Award in Acting at the year-end KBS Drama Awards and a nomination for Best TV Actress at the Baeksang Arts Awards.

In 2010 she starred in her first historical series The King of Legend which focuses on Geunchogo, the 13th ruler of Baekje. Shortly before the drama's premiere, Kim was involved in a drunken hit-and-run accident (this was her second offense; her first DUI was in 2000 for which she lost her license). Amidst a wave of complaints demanding that she be fired from the drama, broadcast station KBS stuck by the actress, and Kim released an official apology and paid the fine of . She was later listed among the top 10 highest-paid entertainers on KBS for the year 2011, with a salary of . Starring roles followed in Love Again (2012) and One Warm Word (2013).

When asked in an interview if she would consider appearing nude onscreen, Kim replied, "I don't want to take nude scenes to prove my passion for acting, which I have always had."

In November 2020, Kim signed with new agency Lead Entertainment.

In November 2022, Kim left Lead Entertainment and signed with new agency IOK Company.

Personal life
She was in a six-year relationship with actor Kim Joo-hyuk, with whom she co-starred in the 2002 SBS drama series Like a Flowing River. The couple broke up in 2009.

After her change in relationship status on Facebook was leaked in March 2012, Kim confirmed that she was dating  a Korean-Canadian 16 years her junior. The couple split in 2013.

Filmography

Television series

Film

Variety show

Music video

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1972 births
Living people
People from Gangwon Province, South Korea
20th-century South Korean actresses
21st-century South Korean actresses
South Korean film actresses
South Korean television actresses
MAMA Award winners
Best New Actress Blue Dragon Film Awards winners


The Black Bonspiel of Wullie Maccrimmon is a play by Canadian author W. O. Mitchell. It was written as a radio play in 1951, but later produced for television by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in 1965. It has since been widely produced across Canada at Alberta Theatre Projects, the Manitoba Theatre Centre, Regina's Globe Theatre, and the Vancouver Playhouse among others.

The plot is inspired to some degree by the tale of Faust, but set in the context of Alberta in the first half of the twentieth century. The title character is a shoemaker and part-time recreational curler who is approached by the Devil with an offer. MacCrimmon initially accepts, but is persuaded to renegotiate, the result of which is the title contest: his team, composed of himself and three close friends, against the Devil's rink, including Macbeth, Judas Iscariot and Guy Fawkes.

Several manuscript and published versions of the story in various formats (e.g. novel, short story, radio play, stage play, film/television) are held in the University of Calgary's Archives & Collections W.O. Mitchell fonds but none appear to have been digitized.

References

1965 plays
Canadian plays
Works by W. O. Mitchell
Works based on the Faust legend
Alberta in fiction
Curling in Canada


Ingrid Caven (; born 3 August 1938) is a German film actress and singer. She is best known for her roles in several films directed by her husband, Rainer Werner Fassbinder, including Love Is Colder Than Death (1969), Why Does Herr R. Run Amok? (1970), and The American Soldier (1970). She continued to appear in Fassbinder's films after their 1972 divorce until his death in 1982. She has also appeared in Silent Night (1995), 35 Shots of Rum (2009) and Suspiria (2018).

Early life
Caven was born Ingrid Schmidt in Saarbrücken, Germany on 3 August 1938. She had one younger sister, Trudeliese Schmidt (1943–2004), who went on to become an opera singer. Caven's father worked as a tobacco trader. Prior to establishing herself as a film actress in the 1970s, Caven worked as a teacher in Upper Bavaria.

Career
Caven originally began acting onstage in Rainer Werner Fassbinder's antiteater (Anti-Theater) acting troupe in the 1960s. Her film debut was in 1969 in the short film Fernes Jamaica; this was swiftly followed by her first feature film Love Is Colder Than Death, directed by Fassbinder, to whom she was briefly married (1970–72). She also had a supporting role in his film The Merchant of Four Seasons (1970), a drama about a farmer who drinks himself to death. Even after their divorce, Caven remained a frequent collaborator of Fassbinder until his death in 1982, also appearing in his films  (1974), Fox and His Friends (1975), and Mother Küsters' Trip to Heaven (1975).

Her career was at its peak in the 1970s and early 1980s, mostly in film. In the 1970s, while making films in France, Caven became acquainted with fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent, and became one of his muses; he designed one of her stage costumes during her career as a singer.

In 1979 she was a member of the jury at the 29th Berlin International Film Festival. In 1981 Caven starred alongside Carole Bouquet in the film Day of the Idiots as a doctor, and the next year she won an award for Outstanding Individual Achievement: Actress at the German Film Awards for her performance as Inga in the film .

In 2000 she appeared in Rosa von Praunheim's film Fassbinder's Women. Caven has appeared in several films since the turn of the millennium, including supporting parts in Claire Denis's 35 Shots of Rum (2009), and Luca Guadagnino's American remake of Suspiria (2018).

Personal life
Caven has lived in Paris since 1977. She resides with her partner, French writer Jean-Jacques Schuhl, whose book Ingrid Caven won the Prix Goncourt in 2000.

Selected filmography

Discography

Albums
 Au Pigall's (1978 LP Barclay, live in Paris, re-released on CD Barclay in 2001)
 Der Abendstern (1979 LP RCA, re-released on CD Viellieb Rekords in 1999)
 Live In Hamburg (1980 LP RCA, concert at Audimax Hamburg, May 9, 1980)
 Erinnerungen An Édith Piaf (1983 LP RCA, Édith Piaf chansons with German lyrics)
 Spass (1986 LP Schariwari)
 Chante Piaf 'En Public''' (1989 LP Clever, recorded in 1988, live at Théâtre de l'Athénée, Paris, re-released on CD Fpr Music in 2001)
 Chambre 1050 (1996 CD Arcade/2000 CD Tricatel, 13 songs from Helle Nacht in French)
 Helle Nacht (1998 CD Viellieb Rekords, 16 songs, German version of Chambre 1050)

Soundtracks
 Chansons und Themen aus Fassbinder Filmen (1994 CD Alhambra, includes 3 Caven songs from the movie "Mutter Küsters Fahrt zum Himmel/Mother Kuesters Goes To Heaven", 1975)
 Hors saison'' (CD released in Japan in 1993, includes 6 songs sung by Ingrid Caven)

References

Works cited

External links

 Collection of articles on Ingrid Caven's film roles

1938 births
Best Actress German Film Award winners
German film actresses
Living people
People from Saarbrücken
20th-century German actresses
21st-century German actresses
German women singers
German expatriates in France


Velmej () is a village in the municipality of Debarca, North Macedonia. It used to be part of the former municipality of Belčišta.

Location
Velmej is located at Dolna Debarca region, 13 km. east from the Ohrid-Kicevo high road.

On the western slopes of mountain Ilinska Bigla, from the north and the east side, the village is surrounded with the mountain massifs of Ilinska Bigla, (to the east is Kilaec peakat 1068 m, to the north is Čuki at 1303 m) and in the west and south sides is the Velmej field.

The village's altitude is 860 m. The area of the village Velmej takes 39.3 km2 or 10% of the territory of Debarca.

The closest airport to Velmej is OHD-Ohrid, located 18.7 km southwest of Velmej. Other nearby airports include SKP-Skopje 95.0 km to the northeast and TIA-Tirana Rinas 99.7 km to the west.

Places near Velmej, Macedonia: 3.2 km to Grko Pole, 3.5 km to Sošani, 4.1 km to Lešani, 4.1 km to Gorno Sredoreče, 4.7 km to Dolno Sredoreče, 6.3 km to Kuratica, 5.4 km to Ozdoleni, 6.3 km to Slatino, 5.8 km to Brežani, 6.0 km to Belčišta, 6.2 km to Zlesti, 7.6 km to Izdeglavje, 8.5 km to Sirula, 10.1 km to Arbinovo, 10.7 km to Plakje.

History
During the Second World War, in 1943, Karaorman Mountain, about 30 km. from Ohrid, covered with dense vegetation and abounding in game, particularly the region around Debarca on its eastern slopes, became the centre of partisan activity. The first free territory in Western Macedonia was established there. The region of Debarca was especially favorable for the development of partisan warfare, in which the local population engaged in large numbers.

The first National Liberation Committees were set up in Debarca on
liberated territory in the spring of 1943. Their task was to organize
life throughout the free territory. The Debarca District National
Liberation Committee devoted special attention to education.

The first schools with classes on the Macedonian language were opened in October and November 1943 in Velmej, Vrbjani, Belciste, Botun and other Ohrid villages.

Demographics
According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 511 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:

Macedonians 511

Economy
55.3% of the surface area of Velmej is forest and mountains, 22.4% is farmland, and 22.3% is in the moorland.

Culture
In the Ohrid region there are several Neolithic settlements: Dolno Trnovo in Ohrid and Zlastrana in the village of Gorno Sredorece (Debarca), as well as the Kutlina site in the village of Velmej (Debarca), which dates back to the Eneolithic period.

At the centre of Velmej is a high bell tower of St Nikolas church. There is another church, St. George which looks down on northwards part of the village.

Also, an impressive fountain called ”Istok” (East) which disposes large amount of water running through 18 sources is situated at the western part of the village. That is the place where the traditional wedding ceremony  called ”Bringing water by the bride” happens. Nowadays, there is a water system through the village, built in 1982, but “Istok” still brings together the inhabitants of Velmej.

Near the fountain is a tablet of fallen fighters of People's Liberation War and Ilinden rebellion.

Notable people

Zoran Stavreski - minister of finance of the Government Republic of Macedonia
Ljube Trpeski - ex-governor of National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia
 Ilija Iloski - ex-Director of Customs Administration of the Republic of Macedonia, ex-member of Assembly of the Republic of Macedonia - Chief Operating Officer, Director of KMB - Komercijalna Banka Skopje

References

Villages in Debarca Municipality


Pleasanton Ridge Regional Park is a  park in the East Bay Regional Park District overlooking Pleasanton, California and the Livermore Valley to the east. The park is scheduled to grow by almost  (sic) with the acquisition of the Tyler Ranch.

History
Pleasanton Ridge Regional Park, located west of the I-680 freeway and the City of Pleasanton, California, became a reality in 1988, when the East Bay Regional Park District bought  to start what would become its second-largest park. In 1980, a real estate developer had proposed building a golf course and a number of new homes atop Pleasanton Ridge. A large number of area residents opposed the proposal and defeated it in a referendum in 1983.

In 2012, the park district announced it had purchased  from Robertson Ranch, east of Palomares Road, which it would add to Pleasanton Ridge Regional Park. The tract included the landmark Sunol Peak (elevation . The price was reported as $6.2 million.  The report stated that prior to the purchase, the regional park contained  of land.

Tyler Ranch acquisition
The Tyler Ranch extends for about  along Sunol Ridge.  The north end of the ranch abutted the existing Pleasanton Ridge park at the end of Kilkare Road. It also has good access from Foothill Road. The acquisition was supported by the Priem Family Foundation, which is dedicated to preserving open space in the greater Bay Area.

EBRPD claimed that the Tyler Ranch acquisition marked the occasion when the district acquired 100,000 acres since it was formed in 1934.

Trails
Pleasanton Ridge Regional Park contains over  of trails, most of which are dirt roads, except for the Woodland Trail, the Bay Leaf Trail, and a few sections of the North Ridge and Ridgeline trails.  Park elevations range from  at the main entrance to over  at the highest point.

Adjacent to the park is the Augustin Bernal Park.

Notes

References

External links
East Bay Regional Parks: official Pleasanton Ridge Regional Park website

East Bay Regional Park District
Parks in Alameda County, California
Geography of Pleasanton, California
Amador Valley


Travel Your Bus was a bus operator in the West Midlands. It was a subsidiary of West Midlands Travel.

History
The Your Bus network of bus services started on 30 November 1987 when route 50Y was introduced by Smiths Coaches. This ran every 20 minutes in competition with West Midlands Travel's route 50 between Druids Heath and Birmingham City Centre via Alcester Road using second-hand Daimler Fleetline double deck buses purchased from Greater Manchester Buses. The company adopted the orange, brown and white livery these vehicles arrived in as their fleet colours for the bus operation and uniquely added a Y to the end of all its bus service numbers. To get buses to and from the West Midlands and Alcester the company introduced placing journeys, initially just at peak times, which ran the most direct way via the A435 thus bypassing Redditch.

On 3 September 1988, a peak hour route 51Y of three journeys each way was introduced that diverted via Redditch New Town when it ran between Alcester and Birmingham. This service was withdrawn on 13 January 1992.

The company also introduced route 47Y on 31 October 1988, which was also a way of getting buses to and from the West Midlands, running via Redditch New Town, West Heath and the Pershore Road into Birmingham. This service was renumbered 45Y on 28 October 1989 and was withdrawn on 13 January 1992, bringing to an end the brief operation of Your Bus in Redditch. Your Bus continued to develop services in south Birmingham and Solihull over the next few years and invested heavily in new single deck vehicles. By 1990, it operated 40 buses.

West Midlands Travel Takeover
During 1993, Your Bus was taken over by West Midlands Travel who continued to run it as a separate subsidiary, adopting the branding Travel Your Bus in September 1996. The operating centre was soon moved to Miller Street in Birmingham where the coaching interests of West Midlands Travel under the Central Coachways trading name were absorbed. In 1995, West Midlands Travel was taken over itself by National Express.

Rebranded Travel West Midlands
On 4 February 2001, following a group restructuring the Travel Your Bus services were absorbed into the main company's West Midlands bus operation which by this time was trading as Travel West Midlands (and now trades as National Express West Midlands), ending the Your Bus operation. The Central Coachways name and some contract work was sold to Flights Coaches.

Photos
Your Bus service 50Y
Your Bus (WMT) service 2Y
Travel Your Bus service 53Y

References

Former bus operators in England
Mobico Group
Transport in Birmingham, West Midlands


Kakar Khurasan Subdistrict or Kakkar Subdistrict is an administrative division of Zhob District, Balochistan province of Pakistan.  It is named after the Kakar tribe of Pashtuns, some of whom live there, and Khurasan for the old province of Persia of which it was part.

There are two councils in the Kakar Khurasan Subdistrict, Qamar Din with 12 members, and Shafaloo with 11 members.  There are two tehsils in  Kakar Khurasan Subdistrict, Qamardin Karez Tehsil headquartered in the village of the same name and Ashwat sub-tehsil headquartered in Ashwat village. The kakar and Daavi tribes are the majority pashtoon tribes of this area and here one dam on the name of Daavi dam is located which was constructed some four hundred years ago by Daavi Qoom.

Services
There is a post office departmental sub office at the village of Qamardin Karez.  There is no airport and there are no paved (metaled) roads.  There are no rail lines.

See also
Shaghalu

Notes

External links

Zhob District


The Nova Scotian Settlers, or Sierra Leone Settlers (also known as the Nova Scotians or more commonly as the Settlers), were African Americans who founded the settlement of Freetown, Sierra Leone and the Colony of Sierra Leone, on March 11, 1792. The majority of these black American immigrants were among 3,000 African Americans, mostly former slaves, who had sought freedom and refuge with the British during the American Revolutionary War, leaving rebel masters. They became known as the Black Loyalists.  The Nova Scotian settlers were jointly led by African American Thomas Peters, a former soldier, and English abolitionist John Clarkson. For most of the 19th century, the Settlers resided in Settler Town and remained a distinct ethnic group within the Freetown territory, tending to marry among themselves and with Europeans in the colony.

The Settler descendants gradually developed as an ethnicity known as the Sierra Leone Creole people. Loan words in the Krio language and the "bod oses" of their modern-day descendants are some of their cultural imprints. Although the Jamaican Maroons and other transatlantic immigrants contributed toward the development of Freetown, the 1200 Nova Scotian Settlers were the single greatest Western black influence. The Nova Scotian settlers have been the subject of many social science books, which have examined how they brought "America" to Africa, because they naturally carried their culture with them. They founded the first permanent ex-slave colony in West Africa, and it was influential throughout the region.

Background and immigration to Nova Scotia
During the American Revolutionary War, the British offered freedom to slaves who left rebel masters and joined their forces. Thousands of slaves escaped during the war, disrupting some of the slave societies in the South, and many joined the British lines. After the British lost the American War of Independence, it kept its promise to the former slaves. Some freedmen were evacuated to the Caribbean or London.

But its forces also evacuated 3,000 former slaves to Nova Scotia for resettlement, and their names were recorded in the Book of Negroes. Nearly two thirds of the Nova Scotian settlers were from Virginia. The second largest group of black settlers were from South Carolina, and a smaller number from Maryland, Georgia, and North Carolina. Thomas Jefferson referred to these people as "the fugitives from these States". The US appealed to have the slaves returned, but the British refused. As part of its compensation to Loyalists, the Crown also settled white Loyalists in Nova Scotia, and the western frontier of Upper Canada (Ontario). It made land grants to households and offered supplies to help them get settled.

Life in Nova Scotia

Upon arrival in Nova Scotia, the Black Loyalist settlers faced many difficulties because of discrimination. They received less land, fewer provisions, and were paid lower wages than White Loyalists. Some fell into debt and had to sign terms of indentured servitude, which resembled their former enslavement in the colonies. They found the cold climate forbidding after living in more temperate areas.

In the late eighteenth century, the black Nova Scotians were offered a choice to emigrate to a new colony being established by Great Britain in West Africa, intended for the resettlement of blacks from London (who were also mostly African Americans resettled after the Revolution), and some free blacks from the Caribbean. In 1792, approximately 1,192 Black Nova Scotian settlers left Halifax, Nova Scotia and immigrated to Sierra Leone. The majority of free blacks did remain in Nova Scotia and made communities. Their descendants today comprise the Black Nova Scotians, one of the oldest communities of Black Canadians.

The Nova Scotian settlers to Sierra Leone tended to speak early forms of African-American Vernacular English; some from the Low Country of South Carolina spoke Gullah, a kind of creole more closely related to African languages. The Nova Scotians were the only mass group of former slaves to immigrate to Sierra Leone under the auspices of the Sierra Leone Company. After its officials learned what democratic and 'American' ideals the Nova Scotians held and practised, the Company did not allow other former slaves  to immigrate in large groups to the new colony.

Fifteen ships, the first fleet to bring Free blacks to Africa, left Halifax Harbour on January 15, 1792, and arrived in Sierra Leone between February 28 and March 9, 1792. About 65 passengers died en route.

One visitor to Sierra Leone distinguished the Settlers from other ethnic groups because of the "American tone" or accent, common to American slaves and perhaps lower-class American working-class people of the time. As was common for North Americans of African descent, many had some Native American or European ancestry. Only fifty of the group had been born in Africa and more recently enslaved.

After settling in Sierra Leone, many Nova Scotian blacks intermarried with Europeans as the colony developed. The Nova Scotians' political ideology of a democratic, representative government was at odds with the Sierra Leone Company's managing an imperialistic colony. The Nova Scotians referred to themselves as the "Settlers" or "Nova Scotians" in Sierra Leone.  Later scholars would describe them as "Afro-American", in reference to their ethnicity and particular historical origin in that culture of the Thirteen Colonies.

Settler Town
In 1792, the Nova Scotians founded and established Free Town in Sierra Leone. They based its plan on what they were familiar with: the grid of a North American colonial town plan. When they learned the Sierra Leone Company had reserved the best waterfront land for its own use, tensions arose. Soon the British deported some Maroons from Jamaica and resettled them in this colony. They mixed with the Novia Scotians, and this Settler part of Freetown became known as Settler Town.

The town was in close proximity to Cline Town (then Granville Town).  Eighty percent of Nova Scotians lived on five streets: Rawdon, Wilberforce, Howe, East, and Charlotte street.  Seventy percent of Maroons lived on five streets: Glouchester, George, Trelawney, Walpole, and Westmoreland street. The main Nova Scotian churches were in Settler Town; Rawdon Street Methodist Church was one of the main churches. The modern day Ebenezer Methodist Church is an offshoot of Rawdon Methodist; it was founded by wealthy Nova Scotians.  Many Settler families were forced to sell their land because of debt; families such as the Balls, the Burdens, the Chambers, the Dixons, the Georges (descendants of David George), the Keelings, the Leighs, the Moores, the Peters (descendants of Thomas Peters or Stephen Peters), the Prestons, the Snowballs, the Staffords, the Turners, the Willoughsby, the Williams, and the Goodings. Some descendants of James Wise and other settlers were able to keep their land in Settler Town.

Relationship with Granville Town settlers
The Granville Town settlers were initially separate from the Nova Scotian community. After Methodist teaching to the Granville Town settlers, they were slowly incorporated into the society of the Nova Scotians. Nova Scotians like Boston King were schoolteachers to the children of Granville Town settlers. However up until 1800, the 'Old Settlers' as the Granville Towners were called, remained in their own town.

French attack
During the War of the First Coalition (1792-1797) the French attacked and burned Freetown in September 1794. For over two weeks the settlement was subject to the depredations of the French Army over whom the French Commodore had little control. The Settlers offered the only resistance to the French during this time period. The Settlers assured the French that they were “Britons from North America” and were friends of the French. Despite showing they were Britons, the French still carried off two Nova Scotian boys as slaves. Zachary Macauley demanded all the supplies the Nova Scotians had managed to take from the French back. Many a Methodist preacher declared it was the judgment of God against their evil Caucasian oppressors. The aftermath of this was that Nathaniel Snowball and Luke Jordan established their own colony on Pirate's Bay to live as free men just as the Ezerlites.

Trade
The Nova Scotians were exceptional traders and some of the houses they built in Settler Town, which were initially built of wood with stone foundations, were renovated or upgraded into stone houses. At this time, the Nova Scotians lived in Eastern Freetown and the Jamaican Maroons were situated in Western Freetown. The Maroons were still distinct but became a more solid group and adopted some Settler values and customs. The Maroons became a cohesive trading unit, they displaced the Nova Scotians as the main traders in Sierra Leone in the 1820s. Nova Scotian traders such as Cato Preston, Eli Ackim, William Easmon, and John Kizell were forced to give up their homes because of business ventures gone wrong. In the 1826 census, about half of the Nova Scotian males were skilled artisans and only three were listed as unskilled workers. Initially, the Nova Scotians were allowed to use the American currency, dollars and cents, by the Sierra Leone Company; however, restrictions were later imposed when the company wanted reduced American economic influence. Trade was opened up with the United States in 1831 but grew only slowly, mainly through smuggling.

Culture
The Settlers had dance nights called 'Koonking' or 'Koonken' or 'Konken,' where Settler maidens would sing songs they brought from Colonial America or songs originating in Sierra Leone satirizing Europeans.  An analysis of extant letters written by the settlers has shown a majority of Settlers spoke a variant of English, typical of American English as spoken by people drawn from the lower classes, regardless of whether White or Black. James Walker noted that Settler pronunciation and grammar originated in the American South and was "perpetuated as the language of their preachers and teachers, and was regarded, in the nineteenth century, as a distinct dialect." Many Nova Scotians drank alcohol heavily and David George and David Edmonds kept alehouses in the 1790s. Settler women were independent and were employed as schoolteachers and in other roles. Some established schools and acted as schoolteachers. Extramarital affairs were also prominent in the community and some Settler men had mistresses and provided for their illegitimate children; many times they left land and property for them in their wills.

The majority of Nova Scotians were Methodist or members of the Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion; a smaller minority were Baptist. One half to two thirds of the Nova Scotians were Methodist; the former Anglican settlers converted to Methodism and the Methodists incorporated Moses Wilkinson's congregation, Boston King's congregation, and Joseph Leonard's Anglican congregation which was openly Methodist.

British Policy toward African Americans

Because of friction between the independent Nova Scotia settlers and British authorities, no further resettlement of Novia Scotians followed. When the Elizabeth,  a hired armed tender serving under the Royal Navy from 22 January 1808 to 27 April 1809, arrived from New York with 82 African Americans, the British did not permit them to land or settle in Freetown. These Novia Scotians, led by Daniel Coker, were offered land to settle in Sherbro by John Kizell, an African-born Nova Scotian settler. Unhappy with terrible conditions of the settlers at Sherbro, they moved to land in the Grain Coast; the African Americans who moved thither in 1820 were the first settlers of what would become Liberia. In the War of 1812, the British considered Sierra Leone as a home for the Black Refugees, another group of Africans who escaped American slavery, but instead chose to settle them in Nova Scotia and the West Indies. The Nova Scotians in the 1830s and 40s would be faced with the large-scale settlement of Africans freed from slave ships by the British Royal Navy's anti-slave trade campaign.

Relationship between Black Nova Scotians and Black Americans

Some of the settlers bore children during their nine-year sojourn in Nova Scotia; these children were Black Nova Scotians but retained many cultural habits similar to Africans in North America and Britain.  The descendants of the Nova Scotian settlers (who are the Sierra Leone Creole people) are related to both Black Nova Scotians and Black Americans.

Notable Nova Scotian Settlers and their Creole descendants

Notable Nova Scotian Settlers

 Thomas Peters - Black leader in Sierra Leone
 David George - Black American Baptist preacher
 Boston King - Black American Methodist preacher
 Harry Washington - slave of U.S. President George Washington

Notable Creole descendants of the Settlers

 Easmon family, prominent Creole medical dynasty
 Noah Arthur Cox-George, economist and university professor
 Arthur Thomas Porter, university professor and administrator
 George William Nicol, first African Colonial Secretary of Sierra Leone
Edward Mayfield Boyle, medical doctor
 Edna Elliott-Horton, political activist
 Henry O. Macauley, politician and diplomat
 James C.E. Parkes, first colonial Secretary for Native Affairs in Sierra Leone
 George T.O. Robinson, founder of the Krio Descendants Union which was an offshoot of the Settlers Descendants Union
 Sir Henry Lightfoot Boston, first African Governor-General of Sierra Leone
 Samuel Coleridge-Taylor, known for his three cantatas on the epic 1855 poem The Song of Hiawatha
 Lati Hyde-Forster, first female graduate of the oldest western-style university in Africa
 Clifford Nelson Fyle, university professor and author of the Sierra Leone National Anthem
 Charles D. B. King, former president of Liberia
 John Henry Clavell Smythe, pilot in the Royal Air Force during WWII

See also
Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor
African-American diaspora
African Americans
Black Loyalists
Atlantic slave trade
History of Sierra Leone
Philipsburg Proclamation
Slavery in the United States

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20140519003810/http://blackloyalist.com/canadiandigitalcollection/
 http://atlanticportal.hil.unb.ca/dev/acva/blackloyalists/

African-American diaspora
African Americans in the American Revolution

.
History of Black people in Canada
.
Black Loyalists
American rebel slaves
Repatriated slaves of African American descent
Repatriated Africans
American expatriates in Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone Creole people
History of Sierra Leone
African-American society
People of African descent
Sierra Leonean people of African-American descent


Events of 1999 in chess include the list of top chess players and news.

Top players

FIDE top 10 players by Elo rating - January 1999;

Garry Kasparov  2812
Viswanathan Anand  2781
Vladimir Kramnik  2751
Alexei Shirov  2726
Alexander Morozevich  2723
Michael Adams  2716
Vasily Ivanchuk  2714
Peter Svidler  2713
Anatoly Karpov  2710
Veselin Topalov  2700

Chess news in brief

The FIDE World Chess Championship is won by Alexander Khalifman in Las Vegas. Many leading players (including Garry Kasparov, Viswanathan Anand, Alexander Morozevich, Anatoly Karpov) boycott the event and there is talk of legal action against FIDE by Karpov.
The proposed 'Ultimate Championship' between Kasparov and Anand is postponed when the sponsorship deal is withdrawn.
FIDE's Women's World Chess Championship is won by Xie Jun, as she defeats Alisa Galliamova in the final. The proceedings are described as chaotic and unsatisfactory by the world press following Zsuzsa Polgar being stripped of her title and Galliamova defaulting in the Candidates Final.
The Linares chess tournament is dominated by a rampant Kasparov (10½/14), 2½ clear points ahead of Kramnik and Anand (both 8/14).
Kasparov wins at Sarajevo with 7/9, ahead of Evgeny Bareev and Alexei Shirov (both 6/9).
Michael Adams (6/9) achieves a career-best tournament result, winning at Dos Hermanas ahead of Vladimir Kramnik (5½). Surprisingly, Anand is in joint last place (3½).
Peter Leko (5/7) wins the Dortmund super-tournament, ahead of Kramnik (4½/7).
At the annual Hoogovens tournament in Wijk aan Zee, Kasparov runs out the winner from Anand and Kramnik.
The Frankfurt Giants takes the form of a 4-player, 4-round, all-play-all rapid event and is won by Kasparov, 1½ points ahead of Anand, Kramnik and Karpov.
The European Team Chess Championship is held in Batumi, Georgia. Armenia take gold, Hungary silver and Germany bronze.
An Advanced Chess Match between Vishwanathan Anand and Anatoly Karpov results in a crushing 5-1 victory for the Indian Grandmaster.
Kasparov plays and wins an internet game against The World. The game is followed closely by the world media. Irina Krush wins much respect for her analysis and steering of the World side. Daniel King commentates on MSN.
At the Melody Amber tournament in Monte Carlo, Kramnik is the overall winner, while Anand wins the 'rapid' section and Shirov the 'blindfold'.
Pamplona is won by Alexander Morozevich, ahead of Michał Krasenkow and Loek van Wely.
Konstantin Sakaev wins the Russian Chess Championship held in Moscow.
Julian Hodgson wins his third British Chess Championship title in Scarborough, North Yorkshire. Harriet Hunt makes it her fourth victory in the Ladies event.
Boris Gulko wins the Salt Lake City U. S. Chess Championship after a playoff. Anjelina Belakovskaia takes the Women's title.
Joel Benjamin wins the Manhattan Chess Club Championship for the sixth time.
The World Junior Chess Championship (Under 20) is won by Aleksandr Galkin in Yerevan, Armenia.
The annual Groningen tournament contains a strong field of grandmasters. Sergei Tiviakov wins, ahead of Vadim Milov and Zoltán Almási. The women's event is headed by Natalia Zhukova, closely followed by Antoaneta Stefanova and Peng Zhaoqin. Armenia's Sergei Movsesian takes first place in the Open.
Tony Miles (8½/13) wins the Capablanca Memorial in Havana, ahead of Suat Atalık and Lazaro Bruzon (both 8/13).
Prominent Chess publisher Batsford (formerly B. T. Batsford) ceases business activities.
Bobby Fischer gives a series of radio interviews in Baguio, Philippines. Much of the material is branded distasteful and offensive. Chess journalist Bobby Ang asks that listeners make some allowance for Fischer's state of mind following his recent losses; both his mother and sister had recently died and the U.S. authorities had auctioned all of his personal belongings and memorabilia.
Tõnu Õim wins the 14th Correspondence Chess World Championship (1994–99).
In Hungary, Judit Polgár loses a (30 minute) rapid match to Fritz 5.32 by a 2½-5½ score.
Shredder wins the 9th World Chess Computer Championship in Paderborn, Germany.
Eight-year-old David Howell defeats John Nunn in a blitz game at the 3rd Mind Sports Olympiad.
FIDE, the governing body of international chess, celebrates its 75th Anniversary. A number of FIDE's member federations, including Argentina, are excluded over the non-payment of fees.
Alexander Baburin launches Coffee-break Chess, an online newspaper for chess fans and a forerunner to his Chess Today and Grandmaster Square ventures.

Deaths

Lodewijk Prins, Dutch chess master and arbiter - November 11
Lembit Oll, Estonian Grandmaster and world top 50 player - May 17
Ortvin Sarapu, "Mr New Zealand Chess", 20-time NZ chess champion – April 13
Gary Koshnitsky, Australian Master - September 17
Catharina Roodzant, three-time winner of the women's Dutch championship – February 24
Ramchandra Sapre, former national champion of India and chess columnist - May 18
Francisco José Pérez Pérez, Spanish/Cuban master – September 11

Notes

References

Chess History & Chronology - Bill Wall(  2009-10-20)
Olimpbase - Olympiads and other Team event information
World Computer Chess Championship

20th century in chess
Chess by year


The Chartered Police of Navarre (, ) is the autonomous police force for the chartered autonomous community of Navarre in Spain, largely replacing the Spanish Policía Nacional (National Police) and Guardia Civil (Civil Guard). It operates across the Community, and was founded from a traffic police unit set up by the Provincial Council of Navarre in 1929. As of 2020, the Spanish Civil Guard is gradually transferring one of its last competences in Navarre, traffic policing and highways patrolling to the Navarrese autonomous Police, leaving the Civil Guard to specific tasks in this Autonomous Community (as for Catalonia and the Basque Country).

As of 2007, the force had 925 police officers, with medium-term plans to increase that number to about 1,200.

The current sidearm for officers is a Glock Model 19 Gen 3 chambered in 9x19mm which has been in service since before 2010.

Ranks

References

 Fabian Hinrichs: Das Recht der spanischen Vollzugspolizei, Ergon-Verlag 2004

Foral
Government agencies established in 1928
1928 establishments in Spain