Max Richard Constantin Verworn (4 November 1863 – 23 November 1921) was a German physiologist who was a native of Berlin.

He studied medicine and natural sciences in Berlin, and later moved to Jena, where he furthered his studies with Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919) and William Thierry Preyer (1841–1897). In 1895 he became a professor at the University of Jena, and in 1901 a professor at the physiological institute at Göttingen. Later, as successor to Eduard Pflüger (1829-1910), he became a professor at the University of Bonn (1910). In 1902 he founded the journal Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Physiologie (Journal of General Physiology), and was its publisher until his death in 1921.

Max Verworn is remembered for his research in the field of experimental physiology, and especially for his work involving cellular physiology. He did extensive studies of the elementary physiological processes that take place in muscle tissue, nerve fibers and sensory organs. He conducted research in the fields of phylogenesis and ontogenesis. Verworn was influenced by Haeckel's theory of evolutionism and considered that all physiological phenomena seen in higher animals may already be recognizable in the most basic forms of life.

In his opposition to the concept of causalism, he proposed "conditionalism" to describe a state or process determined by totality of its processes.

He undertook investigations into human creativity and thought processes. In his studies of art, he believed that there were two types of style and aims of artistic representation. These two concepts he called "physioplastic" and "ideoplastic". He described physioplastic as direct reproduction of the object or its immediate image in memory, and ideoplastic as an intuitive attempt to create what the eye sees.

He was the first recipient of the Carus Prize from the "Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina" (or the National Academy of Germany) in 1896 for his work in the area of physiology.

Selected written works
 Psychophysiologische Protistenstudien, 1889 - Psychophysiological protist studies.
 Die Bewegung der lebendigen Substanz, 1892 - Movement of the living substances.
 Allgemeine Physiologie, 1895 - General physiology.
 Die Biogenhypothese, 1903 - The biogenic hypothesis.
 Naturwissenschaft und Weltanschauung, 1904 - Science and philosophy.
 Die Mechanik des Geisteslebens, 1907 - Mechanics of spiritual life.
 Zur Psychologie der primitiven Kunst, 1907 - Psychology of primitive art.
 Die Frage nach den Grenzen der Erkenntnis, 1908 - The question on the limits of knowledge.
 Die biologischen Grundlagen der Kulturpolitik. Eine Betrachtung zum Weltkriege., II Auflage, Jena, 1916.
With Eugen Korschelt, Gottlob Eduard Linck, Friedrich Oltmanns, Karl Schaum, Hermann Theodor Simon and Ernst Teichmann, he was co-author of the Handwörterbuch der naturwissenschaften.

References

 Brief biography in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute
 "Parts of this article are based on a translation of an equivalent article at the French Wikipedia".
 Theories of Art: From Impressionism to Kandinsky by Moshe Barasch

External links
 Dynamic and Statistical Regularity in Physics and Biology

German physiologists
Scientists from Berlin
1863 births
1921 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Bonn
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
Academic staff of the University of Jena


Archibald Byron Macallum  (April 7, 1858 – April 5, 1934) was a Canadian biochemist and founder of the National Research Council of Canada.  He was an influential figure in the development of Medical School of Toronto from a provincial school to a major institution. His scientific work centred on studies of ionic composition of cells and of blood.

Education and academic career
Macallum was born in Belmont, Canada West, the son of a Scottish immigrant and one of twelve children.  He grew up speaking Gaelic at home, learning English at school.  He attended high school in London, Ontario and became a teacher after graduation.  After saving money for several years he entered the University of Toronto.  There he was influenced by biology professor Ramsay Wright; at 22 he earned a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree and was awarded the medal in natural science.  Over the next several years, he taught high school in Cornwall, Ontario and continued scientific work under Wright's direction.  In 1883, he became a lecturer in biology at the University of Toronto and started work on a medical degree, studying both with Wright and with H. Newell Martin of Johns Hopkins University.  In 1888 he earned a Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins, and two years later completed a medical degree from the University of Toronto; he then became the first chair of physiology at Toronto.

In his first years as physiology chair at the University of Toronto, Macallum and several other biologists trained by Wright (anatomy chair James McMurrich and pathology professor J. J. Mackenzie) fought to replace the Toronto medical school's traditional medical education with a curriculum based on biological science.  They had largely succeeded in this by 1908, when Macallum became Chair of Biochemistry, a newly created position.  In 1917, he left academia to organize the National Research Council.  In 1920 he returned to chair the new Department of Biochemistry at McGill University, where he stayed until retirement in 1928.

Macallum was an elected International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and an International Member of the American Philosophical Society.

Scientific work

Most of Macallum's scientific work involved measurements of small concentrations of salts and ions in biological fluids.  In 1901, he showed that the chromatin in cell nuclei contains iron, and in his early years at the University of Toronto he adapted measurement methods for a number of ions (chloride, potassium and phosphate) for use with tissue and cell samples.  Using these methods, he found that some chemicals are localized within cells, e.g., being present in the cytoplasm but not the nucleus.  In 1906, he was recognized for this work by election to the Royal Society.

Building on his ion measurement work, Macallum's subsequent long-term research focused on the ionic content of blood and other biological fluids.  He found that in many animals, ions of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium occur in close proportion to the ionic content of seawater, providing a strong argument for the marine origins of land vertebrates.  Macallum argued that the vertebrate blood, with a total ion concentration of about one-third of seawater, indicates that vertebrates left the sea in the Silurian period or before, when the ion concentration of the sea was much lower.  Macallum's series of experiments and arguments became a central part of the broader field of biochemical evolution in the first half of the 20th century, which attempted to apply biochemical work to problems in evolution and general biology.

Macallum trained many biochemists during his time at the University of Toronto, including the university's first PhD candidate, F. H. Scott; Maud Menten, Clara Benson, and James Collip.

Notes

References

External links

 Macallum, Archibald Byron - The Canadian Encyclopedia
 Archibald Byron Macallum archival papers held at the University of Toronto Archives and Research Services

1858 births
1934 deaths
Canadian biochemists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada
Academic staff of McGill University
University of Toronto alumni
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Members of the American Philosophical Society


These are the official results of the Men's 20 km walk event at the 1998 European Championships in Budapest, Hungary. There were a total number of 33 participating athletes, with the race held on 18 August 1998.

Medalists

Abbreviations
All times shown are in hours:minutes:seconds

Records

Final ranking

See also
 1995 Men's World Championships 20km Walk (Gothenburg)
 1996 Men's Olympic 20km Walk (Atlanta)
 1997 Men's World Championships 20km Walk (Athens)
 1998 Race Walking Year Ranking
 1999 Men's World Championships 20km Walk (Seville)
 2000 Men's Olympic 20km Walk (Sydney)
 2001 Men's World Championships 20km Walk (Edmonton)

References
 Results

Walk 20 km
Racewalking at the European Athletics Championships


Marie Jaëll (née Trautmann) (17 August 1846 – 4 February 1925) was a French pianist, composer, and pedagogue. Marie Jaëll composed pieces for piano, concertos, quartets, and others, She dedicated her cello concerto to Jules Delsart, and was the first pianist to perform all the piano sonatas of Beethoven in Paris. She did scientific studies of hand techniques in piano playing and attempted to replace traditional drilling with systematic piano methods. Her students included Albert Schweitzer, who studied with her while also studying organ with Charles-Marie Widor in 1898–99. She died in Paris.

Early life and education
Her father was the mayor of Steinseltz in Alsace, and her mother was a lover of the arts. She began piano studies at the age of six and by seven, she was studying under piano pedagogues F.B. Hamma and Ignaz Moscheles in Stuttgart. Marie's mother served as her advocate and manager. A year after she began lessons with Hamma and Moscheles, she gave concerts in Germany and Switzerland.

In 1856, the ten-year-old Marie was introduced to the piano teacher Heinrich Herz at the Paris Conservatory. After just four months as an official student at the Conservatory, she won the First Prize of Piano. Her performances were recognized by the public and local newspapers; the Revue et gazette musicale printed a review on July 27, 1862, that reads: "She marked it [the piece] with the seal of her individual nature. Her higher mechanism, her beautiful style, her play deliciously moderate, with an irreproachable purity, an exquisite taste, a lofty elegance, constantly filled the audience with wonder."

On August 9, 1866, at twenty years of age, Marie married the Austrian concert pianist Alfred Jaëll. She was then known variously as Marie Trautmann, Marie Jaëll, Marie Jaëll Trautmann or Marie Trautmann Jaëll. Alfred was fifteen years older than Marie and had been a student of Frédéric Chopin. The husband and wife team performed popular pieces, duos, solos, and compositions of their own throughout Europe and Russia. As a pianist, Marie specialized in the music of Schumann, Liszt, and Beethoven. They transcribed Beethoven's "Marcia alla Turca" from The Ruins of Athens for piano; the score was successfully published in 1872.

Alfred was able to use his success and fame to help Marie meet with various composers and performers throughout their travels. In 1868, Marie met the composer and pianist Franz Liszt. A record of Liszt's comments about Marie survives in an article published in the American Record Guide: "[Marie Jaëll] has the brains of a philosopher and the fingers of an artist." Liszt introduced Marie to other great composers and performers of the day—for example, Johannes Brahms and Anton Rubinstein. By 1871, Marie's compositions began to be published.

With the death of her husband in 1881, Marie had the opportunity to study with Liszt in Weimar, and with Camille Saint-Saëns and César Franck in Paris. Saint-Saëns dedicated his Piano Concerto No. 1 and the "Étude en forme de valse" to her. Saint-Saëns thought highly enough of Marie to introduce her to the Society of Music Composers—a great honor for women in those days.

Compositions and reviews

The New Grove Dictionary of Music states that Marie "composed piano pieces and songs which, though essentially Romantic, reveal an assimilation of the innovations of the time." The American Record Guide lists Marie's compositional approach as "romantic in style, with more flavor of the salon than the concert hall."

Marie was well respected, both as a performer and a composer, by her contemporaries. Lea Schmidt-Roger states "Four-handed literature was as much a part of Jaëll's repertory as solo literature. She concertized with duo piano and four-handed pieces from the age of fourteen, and later she and husband Alfred transcribed and performed much of the contemporary four-handed literature."

Marie drew inspiration for her piece "Harmonies d’Alsace" from her childhood memories. She wrote pieces for cello, piano, orchestra, quartets, etc. Marie's variety of compositions extended to a symphonic poem, "Ossiane," which was based on the poems of Jean Richepin and Victor Hugo. She wrote a number of vocal pieces and an opera, Runea.

BBC Radio 3 featured her as Composer of the Week, first transmitted August-September 2020, repeated 10-14 July 2023.

Physiology research and Jaëll Method

After struggling with tendonitis, Jaëll began to study neuroscience. The strain on her playing and performing led her to research physiology. Jaëll studied a wide variety of subjects pertaining to the functioning of the body, and also ventured into psychology: "She wanted to combine the emotional and spiritual act of creating beautiful music with the physiological aspects of tactile, additive, and visual sensory."

Dr. Charles Féré assisted Jaëll in her research of physiology. Her studies included how music affects the connection between mind and body, as well as how to apply this knowledge to intelligence and sensitivity in teaching music. Liszt's music had such a tremendous influence on Jaëll that she sought to gain as much insight into his methods and techniques as possible. This research and study led to Jaëll creating her own teaching method based on her findings.

Jaëll's teaching method was known as the 'Jaëll Method'. Her method was created through a process of trial and error with herself and her students. Jaëll's goal was for her students to feel a deep connection to the piano. An eleven-book series on piano technique resulted from her research and experience. Piano pedagogues have since drawn insight into teaching techniques of the hand from her method and books. In fact, her method is still in use today.

As a result of her studies, Jaëll was able to compile her extensive research into a technique book entitled L'intelligence et le rythme dans les mouvements artistiques. This text is used by pianists and piano pedagogues as a reference, specifically with hand position and playing techniques.

List of compositions

 Am Grabe eines Kindes - 3 choirs.
 Ce qu'on entend dans l'Enfer, le Purgatoire
 Le Paradis - large work for piano.
 Concerto en fa - cello and orchestra, dedicated to Jules Delsart.
 Concerto en r‚ mineur - piano and orchestra, dedicated to Saint-Saëns (1877)
 Concerto en ut mineur - piano and orchestra, dedicated to Eugen d'Albert (1844)
 Harmonies d'Alsace - orchestra.
 Impromptu, 2 Meditations, 6 Petits morceaux, 10 Bagatelles - intermediate pieces for the piano.
 La Légende des Ours - soprano and piano.
 Les Orientales - voice.
 Ossiane - voice and orchestra.
 Psalm LXV - choir in four parts, dedicated to Monsieur Alfred Jaëll, unpublished.
 Runea - opera.
 Sonate pour violon.
 Sphinx - for piano, dedicated to Saint-Saëns, published in 1885.
 Sur la tombe d'un enfant - chorus and orchestra.
 Valses pour piano á quatre mains, Op. 8 - piano four-hands.
 Valses Mélancoliques and Valses Mignonnes - solo pieces for intermediate piano.
 Voix du Printemps - piano four-hands.

Writings

 Le toucher, enseignement du piano ... basé sur la physiologie (Paris, 1895)
 La musique et la psychophysiologie (Paris, 1896)
 Le mécanisme du toucher (Paris, 1897)
 Les rythmes du regard et la dissociation des doigts (Paris, 1901)
 L’intelligence et le rythme dans les mouvements artistiques (Paris, 1904)
 Un nouvel état de conscience: la coloration des sensations tactiles (Paris, 1910)
 La résonance du toucher et la topographie des pulpes (Paris, 1912)
 Nouvel enseignement musical et manuel basé sur la découverte des boussoles tonales (Paris, 1922)
 Le toucher musical par l’éducation de la main (Paris, 1927)
 La main et la pensée musicale (Paris, 1927)

Further reading
Additional sources
 Briscoe, James R., ed. "Historical Anthology of Music by Women." Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1987.
 Chantavoine, Jean. "Lettres de Liszt - Marie et Alfred Jaëll," Revue internationale de Musique, 1952.
 Cooper, Grosvenor W. and Leonard B. Meyer. The Rhythmic Structure of Music. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1971.
 Friedland, Bea. "Louise Farrenc." 1804-1875 Composer, Performer, Scholar. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1980.
 Jaëll, Marie. "La musique et la psychophysiologie." Paris: Alcan, 1896; reprint ed., Paris: Association Marie Jaëll, 1983.
 Kiener, Hêlêne. "Marie Jaëll, Problêmes d'esthétique et de pédagogie musicales." Nantes: Editions de l'Arche, 1989.
 Pendle, Karin, ed. "Women and Music." Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991.
 Stegemann, Michael. "Camille Saint-Saèns and the French Solo Concerto. Trans. by Ann C. Sherwin. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press, 1984.
 Uszler, Marienne, Stewart Gordon and Elyse Mach. "The Well-Tempered Keyboard Teacher." New York: Schirmer Books, 1991.
 Wright, Gordon. "France in Modern Times." Fourth Edition. New York: Norton, 1987.
 Ziloti, Alexander. "Moy vospomenaneya a Franz Liszt." Trans. into English, 1913, St. Petersburg.
 Marie Jaëll. "Cahiers de travail." 32 volumes, 1882–1906, Marie Jaëll's Journals.
 Bibliothèque Nationale et Universitaire, Strasbourg, France.

References

External links
 "Jaëll, Marie Trautmann", Encyclopedia.com. Accessed 13 October 2019.
 mariejaell.org/wordpress/english/ Website : Association Internationale Marie Jaëll
  www.marie-jaell.info A website about Marie partly in English
  www.mariejaell-alsace.net Website : Association Marie Jaëll-Alsace (Strasbourg)
  Catalogues de la Bibliothèque Nationale et Universitaire (Strasbourg) : Marie Jaëll's archives are in the B.N.U.S.

1846 births
1925 deaths
Musicians from Bas-Rhin
Conservatoire de Paris alumni
19th-century classical composers
20th-century classical composers
19th-century French women classical pianists
French Romantic composers
French women classical composers
19th-century French composers
20th-century French composers
20th-century women composers
19th-century women composers


The 2000 State of the Union Address was given by the 42nd president of the United States, Bill Clinton, on January 27, 2000, at 9:00 p.m. EST, in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives to the 106th United States Congress. It was Clinton's seventh and final State of the Union Address and his eighth and final speech to a joint session of the United States Congress. Presiding over this joint session was the House speaker, Dennis Hastert, accompanied by Al Gore, the vice president, in his capacity as the president of the Senate.

Clinton began the speech by saying, "We are fortunate to be alive at this moment in history. Never before has our nation enjoyed, at once, so much prosperity and social progress with so little internal crisis or so few external threats. Never before have we had such a blessed opportunity and, therefore, such a profound obligation to build the more perfect union of our founders' dreams." Clinton discussed many topics in the address, including education, health care, crime, the global economy, technology, and the environment.

It was the longest State of the Union address in recorded history at 1 hour and 28 minutes.

This State of the Union address is notable for being the first since President Reagan's 1986 address at which all 9 members of the Supreme Court were absent.  It is speculated that their absence was due to Clinton's recent impeachment. Bill Richardson, the Secretary of Energy, served as the designated survivor.

See also
2000 United States presidential election

References

External links

State of the Union Address (full transcript), The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara
Entire 2000 State of the Union Response (transcript)
Entire 2000 State of the Union address (video) at C-SPAN
Entire 2000 State of the Union Response (video) at C-SPAN
Entire 2000 State of the Union address (audio)

State of the Union Address 2000
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
State of the Union Address
Articles containing video clips
State of the Union Address
Presidency of Bill Clinton
State of the Union Address 2000
2000


France v United Kingdom [1953] ICJ 3 (also called the Minquiers and Ecrehos Case) was an International Court of Justice case concerning sovereignty over seas.

Facts
The United Kingdom and France requested for the ICJ to determine the country that held sovereignty over the islets and rocks in the Minquiers and Ecrehos groups. France claimed sovereignty because it fished in the waters and it had historic sovereignty over the area from the 11th century's Duchy of Normandy. The United Kingdom claimed that Jersey had historically exercised legal and administrative jurisdiction over them.

Judgment
Initially requested on 5 December 1951, the ICJ decided on 17 November 1953 that sovereignty over the islands belonged to the United Kingdom.

See also
 List of International Court of Justice cases

References
International Court of Justice records of this case

Further reading

External links
William B. Heflin, Diayou/Senkaku Islands Dispute: Japan and China, Oceans Apart, Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal, 2000 (including analysis of this case)

International Court of Justice cases
History of Jersey
Disputed islands
1953 in case law
1953 in France
1953 in the United Kingdom
France–United Kingdom relations
1953 in international relations


The Enforcer is a ship design created by Royal Schelde (now Damen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding) following the design and building of HNLMS Rotterdam. HNLMS Rotterdam was jointly developed by the Royal Netherlands Navy and the Spanish Navy.

Development began in the 1980s, when the Royal Netherlands Navy began investigating ways to provide an amphibious transport capability. In 1994, preliminary design work began. The Spanish government proposed in 1990 to collaborate on the design. A Memorandum of Understanding was signed in June 1992. Development of the base design occurred during 1993, after which the navies turned to local companies for further design work and construction: Royal Schelde in the Netherlands, and Bazán (which became Navantia in 2005) in Spain.

Royal Schelde completed one ship to the Rotterdam class, with  constructed between 1995 and 1998. Bazan/Navantia completed two ships to the Galicia-class design.

After building Rotterdam, Royal Schelde developed the "Enforcer Family": four variants of the Enforcer design intended for export sale. Increased modularity, less powerful propulsion systems, and  allowed the company to offer the export variants at lower prices.

The Enforcer design also served as the basis of a second ship for the Royal Netherlands Navy; , which was laid down in 2003 and commissioned in 2007. The design was used for the British Bay-class landing ships. Four vessels were built for the Royal Fleet Auxiliary by two shipyards between 2002 and 2007, with one sold in 2011 to the Royal Australian Navy.

The Enforcer design was considered a contender for the Indian Navy Multi-Role Support Vessel programme.

Ships based on Enforcer design
Here is a list of ships that are based on the Enforcer design.

References

Amphibious warfare vessels


"Lollipop" is a song by American rapper Lil Wayne, issued on March 13, 2008, as the lead single from his sixth studio album, Tha Carter III (2008). The track posthumously features vocals from American singer Static Major. The track, which heavily utilizes the Auto-Tune vocal effect, was produced by American record producers Deezle and Jim Jonsin

"Lollipop" is Lil Wayne and Static Major's most successful single to date, spending five non-consecutive weeks atop the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. Static Major died on February 25, 2008, approximately two weeks before the song's release, making it the eighth song to hit number one after the death of a credited artist. There are various versions of the song. The single was certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling 10 million units in the United States and was ranked the number one hip hop song of 2008 by MTV. The song reached number one on the 2008 issue of Notarized by BET. The song was ranked at number five on Rolling Stones list of the 100 Best Songs of 2008. With 9.1 million copies sold as of January 2009, "Lollipop" was named 2008's best-selling digital single worldwide by IFPI.

Music video

The music video for the song was directed by Gil Green and filmed in Las Vegas at Gavin Maloof's residence on December 31, 2007. He also filmed at 1700 East Flamingo Road in Las Vegas. The video premiered via BET's Access Granted on March 12, 2008. It also reached number one on TRL in April on MTV.

The limousine that Wayne and Static get into at the start of the video is based on an International XT pickup truck.

The video is the most-viewed video on Music Choice's video on demand service.

Jim Jonsin, Tyga, Jay Rock, Birdman and Mack 10 make cameos in the video.

The final frame of the video is a picture of Static praying with the words "In memory of Stephen "Static Major" Garrett".

Chart performance
The song won a Grammy Award in February 2009 for Best Rap Song.

Static Major died unexpectedly during a medical procedure on February 25, 2008, sixteen days before the song was released. "Lollipop" jumped 76 spots from number 85 to number 9 on the March 28, 2008 issue of the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Lil' Wayne's highest-charting single as a lead artist, along with being his first top ten hit on the chart as a lead artist. His previous highest-charting position as a lead artist was with "Go D.J.", which peaked at number 14 in 2004. The following week, it reached a new peak of number 7 on the Hot 100. The single reached a new peak of number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 on April 17, 2008, making it his highest-charting single as both a lead artist or as a featured performer. (Lil Wayne was a featured artist for Destiny's Child's number 3 (Hot 100) hit, "Soldier".) For the week of May 3, 2008, "Lollipop" reached the number-one spot on the Hot 100, his first number one on the chart. It is also Wayne's first number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and the Hot Rap Tracks chart. On the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, it is the first rap song to reach number one since Ludacris' "Money Maker" in 2006. After one week, it slipped away from top spot, but returned three weeks later, making it the song with the longest break in between peaks in the Hot 100 since Usher's "U Got It Bad."

The week after the release, Wayne and Mariah Carey became the number one most added and greatest gainer at both radio formats with a total of 138 adds. "Lollipop" has become a crossover hit on mainstream radio, as it became his first top 40 hit as a lead artist, entering at number 36, and has so far peaked at number 5. It is his first top ten on the Pop 100, where it has reached number two. It returned to number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for the second time on May 22, 2008.

The song has become a top ten success in Canada, peaking at number 10 as of May 29, 2008, and his most successful song in the UK, where it reached number 26 on downloads alone. It reached number 3 on the New Zealand charts and was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand.

In 2008, "Lollipop" was the best-selling ringtone in the United States with over 2.3 million copies sold and the second best-selling digital song with over 3.1 million copies.

To date, "Lollipop" sold 4,176,000 digital copies in the United States.

Remixes and covers
The song was officially remixed featuring vocals from Static Major and a verse from American rapper Kanye West. There is an extended version of the remix that has Wayne talking over the original bridge and singing an altered hook, with West singing adlibs, along with a guitar riff near the end. Other remixes feature Young Jeezy, Gorilla Zoe, Ace Hood, Kurupt, V.I.C., Nicki Minaj, Wiz Khalifa, Tekitek, Rasheeda and Khia, who made a popular female version of the song. Another remix was made commemorating the 2008 NBA champion Boston Celtics. It features the instrumental used in the main song.

David Banner's song "Shawty Say" samples the opening part of the Lil Wayne's second verse for its chorus. JJ uses elements of "Lollipop" in their song "Ecstasy". Drake samples this song on his song "In My Feelings" from his fifth studio album, Scorpion.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

All-time charts

Certifications

Framing Hanley cover

The post-hardcore band Framing Hanley covered the song as a bonus track on their album The Moment. It uses a slight bit of talkbox, but replaces almost all the other sound with electric guitar, and features a hard rock version of the lyrics sung by the band. It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipping 500,000 units in the United States.

See also
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2008 (U.S.)
List of number-one R&B/hip-hop songs of 2008 (U.S.)
List of Billboard Rhythmic number-one songs of the 2000s

References

External links

2007 songs
2008 singles
Lil Wayne songs
Framing Hanley songs
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Cash Money Records singles
Song recordings produced by Jim Jonsin
Songs written by Lil Wayne
Songs written by Jim Jonsin
Music videos directed by Gil Green
Universal Music Group singles
Songs released posthumously


The men's long jump at the 1998 European Athletics Championships was held at the Népstadion on 18 and 19 August.

Medalists

Results

Qualification
Qualification: Qualification Performance 8.05 (Q) or at least 12 best performers advance to the final.

Final

References

Results
Results
Results

Long Jump
Long jump at the European Athletics Championships


Josef Grohé (6 November 1902  – 27 December 1987) was a German Nazi Party official. He was the long-serving Gauleiter of Gau Cologne-Aachen and Reichskommissar for Belgium and Northern France toward the end of the Second World War.

Background
Grohé was born the son of a farmer and shopkeeper. He tried to join the Imperial German Navy during the First World War in 1918, but was refused for being underage. He attended business school from 1919 to 1921 and worked as a clerk in the hardware industry.

Grohé was already active in anti-democratic and racist organizations as an adolescent. He joined the anti-Semitic Deutschvölkischer Schutz und Trutzbund, and became a member of the Nazi Party in March 1922. He was co-founder of the Nazi Ortsgruppe (Local Group) in Cologne in 1922. He worked as a purchasing agent in a factory, and participated in armed resistance and acts of sabotage against the French occupation of the Ruhr in 1922 and 1923. He briefly fled to Munich in early 1923 but returned to Cologne in October and resumed his employment. There in early 1924 he co-founded the Völkisch-Social Bloc of Cologne and served for a time as its local business manager.

Nazi career
The Nazi Party had been banned after the abortive Beer Hall Putsch of November 1923. When the ban was lifted and the party was re-founded, Grohé immediately rejoined it on 27 February 1925. On 17 July he succeeded Robert Ley as the deputy Gauleiter of Gau Southern Rhineland, also serving as Gau business manager. In 1926 he became the editor-in-chief and publisher of the Nazi newspaper, the Westdeutscher Beobachter (West German Observer). On 17 November 1929 he became a city councilor in Cologne and chairman of the Nazi faction in that body. On 1 June 1931 when the Rhineland Gau was divided in two, he was promoted to Gauleiter of the newly formed Gau Cologne-Aachen, a post he would retain until April 1945. On 24 April 1932 he was elected to the Landtag of Prussia and was named to its executive board in May.

After the Nazi seizure of power, Grohé was involved in leading the overthrow of the elected government in the Rhine Province. On 12 March 1933, speaking from the balcony of Cologne City Hall, he announced the removal of Konrad Adenauer as Oberbürgermeister (lord mayor) of Cologne. Grohé was named the Rhine Province Plenipotentiary to the Reichsrat, a post he held until its abolition on 14 February 1934. On 14 September 1933, Grohé was made a member of the Prussian State Council and on 12 November 1933 he was elected to the Reichstag from electoral constituency 20, Cologne-Aachen. He would continue to hold these seats until the end of the Nazi regime. On 17 November 1934, came his appointment as Prussian Provincial Councilor for Rhine Province. In September 1935, he became a member of the Academy for German Law.

A virulent anti-Semite, during speeches in March 1935 Grohé advocated renewed boycotts and intensified attacks on Jews as a means to raise support for the Party among the lower middle classes. He also called for physical attacks on anyone ignoring the boycott and continuing to patronize Jewish businesses. Unlike most all other Gauleiters, Grohé did not belong to the SA or the SS; however, from 30 January 1939 he was promoted to Obergruppenführer in the National Socialist Motor Corps (Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps or NSKK).

On 10 February 1942, Grohé was named Reich Defense Commissioner for Wehrkreis (Military District) VI which comprised his Gau together with Gau Dusseldorf, Gau Essen and most of Gau Westphalia-North and Gau Westphalia-South. Although charged with responsibility for civil defense measures, there was little Grohé could do to protect his jurisdiction from Allied air attacks, though he was awarded the War Merit Cross first class with Swords for his efforts in assisting the residents of his Gau in the wake of the raids. Operation Millennium on 30–31 March 1942 was the first thousand-bomber air raid conducted by the RAF. It resulted in the deaths of over 450 people in Cologne and approximately 45,000 were left homeless. On 16 November 1942, the jurisdiction of the Reich Defense Commissioners was changed from the Wehrkreis to the Gau level, and he remained Commissioner for only his Gau.

On 18 July 1944, Grohé was made the Reichskommissar of the newly created Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France. However, his reign was short, as from September 1944 the territory's liberation by the Allied armies had begun and Grohé effectively could exercise no authority; on 15 December the Reichskommissariat was formally dissolved. Also in September 1944 Grohé, like all Gauleiters, assumed command of the Volkssturm militia units in his Gau. In early March 1945, Grohé ordered the demolition of five large bridges over the Rhine. On 6 March 1945 he abandoned Cologne, crossing the Rhine via motorboat ahead of advancing US forces. A fanatical follower of Adolf Hitler, Grohé continued to resist Albert Speer's plea to ignore the scorched earth policy mandated by Hitler's Nero Decree. Finally on 8 April he dissolved his Gau organization and fled toward the Ore Mountains where he stayed until the end of the war before returning to western Germany. In his diary entry of 3 April 1945, Joseph Goebbels harshly criticized Grohé's actions:

Our Gauleiters both in the West and the East have acquired a bad habit: having lost their Gau, they defend themselves in long memoranda seeking to prove that they were in no way responsible. For instance there is another one of these exposés, this time from Grohé. It is not in the least convincing. Despite a series of pompous declarations, Grohé has not defended his Gau. He deserted it before the civil population had been removed and now wants to present himself as a great hero.

Post-war life
After surviving a suicide attempt, Grohé worked as a farm laborer under an assumed name in Heringhausen and managed to evade capture until he was arrested by the British occupation authorities on 22 August 1946. Turned over to Belgian authorities on 7 May 1947, he was sent back to Germany on 30 September 1949 without having been prosecuted. On 18 September 1950, he was sentenced to a four and a half years imprisonment (time served) by a denazification court in Bielefeld for being a part of the political leadership of the Nazi Party. He had known of the Holocaust, but the court was not able to prove his involvement in atrocities.

After being released from imprisonment, he continued his professional career as a sales representative for German toy manufacturers. Between 1951 and 1953, he was associated with the group of former Nazis known as the Naumann Circle, headed by Werner Naumann, which tried to infiltrate the Free Democratic Party of West Germany. Grohé remained dedicated to the Nazi cause for the rest of his life and showed no remorse. He died on 27 December 1987.

Sources

Further reading
 Karl Höffkes: Hitlers Politische Generale. Die Gauleiter des Dritten Reiches: ein biographisches Nachschlagewerk (Grabert-Verlag, Tübingen, 1986), , S. 110–113.
 Birte Klarzyk: Vom NSDAP-Gauleiter zum bundesdeutschen Biedermann: der Fall Josef Grohé. in: Jost Dülffer, Margit Szöllösi-Janze (Hg.): Schlagschatten auf das "braune Köln". Die NS-Zeit und danach (Veröffentlichungen des Kölnischen Geschichtsvereins e. V., Bd. 49) SH-Verlag, Köln 2010, , S. 307–326.
 Ernst Klee, Das Personen-lexikon zum Dritten Reich (Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt-am-Main, 2005), 202.
 Daniel Meis: Josef Grohé (1902 - 1987) - ein politisches Leben? wvb, Berlin 2020, .
 Helge Jonas Pösche: Josef Grohé – ein Gauleiter als Held der Familie. In: Geschichte in Köln, Bd. 58, 2011, S. 123–156.
 Horst Wallraff: Josef Grohé (1902–1987), Gauleiter der NSDAP. Portal Rheinische Geschichte des Landschaftsverband Rheinland (mit Bildern) 6 May 2011; retrieved 10 November 2019.
 Rolf Zerlett: Josef Grohé. In: Rheinische Lebensbilder 17 (1997), S. 247–276.

External links

1902 births
1987 deaths
Gauleiters
German newspaper editors
German occupation of Belgium during World War II
Members of the Academy for German Law
Members of the Prussian State Council (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
National Socialist Motor Corps members
Nazis convicted of crimes
Politicians from Cologne
Prisoners and detainees of the British military
Prisoners and detainees of Germany
Recipients of the War Merit Cross
20th-century German newspaper publishers (people)
Volkssturm personnel


Betty Boop's Double Shift is a puzzle game, developed and published by DSI Games. The game is based on the popular Betty Boop cartoon series.

Gameplay

The gameplay is similar to the Diner Dash formula. Betty Boop must move from table to table in order to serve her customers in a timely manner, but if she takes too much time, customers will get angry and leave. After a while, however, Betty Boop's Double Shift changes gears, and becomes a game more akin to Elite Beat Agents. Betty gets called to the front of the diner to sing a song, and the player must tap the stylus on the buttons that correspond to the note she sings.

Reception
Critical reaction has been overwhelmingly negative. Nintendojo, which gave it a 3.0 out of 10, criticized the unresponsive touch controls, and the game's lack of originality. IGN came down on the game for being a clone of Diner Dash and Cake Mania, and gave the game a 4.5 out of 10.

References

External links
Nintendojo Review
IGN Review
GameSpot Profile Page

2007 video games
Betty Boop
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Video games based on animated television series
Video games featuring female protagonists
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Destination Software games
Video games developed in the United States
Black Lantern Studios games


The Quad Cities is a region of cities in the U.S. states of Iowa and Illinois.

Quad Cities may also refer to:

Geography

 Florence-Muscle Shoals Metropolitan Area, in Alabama, United States
 Quad Cities Metropolitan Area, the metropolitan area associated with the Quad Cities in Iowa and Illinois
 Quad Cities (Minnesota), the cities of Virginia, Eveleth, Gilbert, and Mountain Iron in Minnesota, United States
 Quad Cities (Arizona), Prescott, Arizona in the United States, and nearby cities

Other uses
 Quad Cities (train), a planned Amtrak train to the Iowa-Illinois Quad Cities
 Quad Cities Rocket, a defunct Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad train to the Iowa-Illinois Quad Cities
 Quad City DJ's, an American hip-hop music group
 Quad Cities Nuclear Generating Station, an Illinois nuclear power plant.

See also


The women's long jump at the 1998 European Athletics Championships was held at the Népstadion on 21 and 22 August.

Medalists

Results

Qualification
Qualification: Qualification Performance 6.65 (Q) or at least 12 best performers advance to the final.

Final

References

Results
Results
Results

Long Jump
Long jump at the European Athletics Championships
1998 in women's athletics


Hotel Fontenelle was an upscale hotel located at 1806 Douglas Street in downtown Omaha, Nebraska. Designed by noted architect Thomas Rogers Kimball in the Late Gothic Revival style, it opened in 1915 and was demolished in 1983. It was named after Logan Fontenelle, an interpreter for the Omaha Tribe when it ceded land to the U.S. government which became the city of Omaha.

History
The Fontenelle opened on February 15, 1915. Costing $1 million to build, it was funded largely by citizen subscribers, which was a common method for financing hotels at the time.  The building was designed by Thomas Kimball for the Douglas Hotel Company and its president, Gurdon W. Wattles. The building had 350 guest rooms decorated in an English style, and public areas appointed with marble floors and mahogany paneling.

The Fontenelle was operated by the Douglas Hotel Company until 1920, after which it was acquired by hotel magnate Gene Eppley, becoming the flagship of his Eppley Hotel Company, which in the 1950s was the largest privately held hotel company in the US.  Eppley operated 22 units in six states and lived in the Fontenelle after buying it in 1920, and died there in 1958.

The center of Omaha society, the hotel was the site of numerous civic events, weddings and conventions.  These included the founding of the Girl Scout movement in Omaha. a national women's bowling tournament, and lectures by Willa Cather and other nationally known authors.

Eppley sold his hotel empire to Sheraton Hotels, for thirty million dollars in 1956. It was the second largest hotel sale in United States history. The hotel became the Sheraton-Fontenelle and continued to be a popular destination for social events. Sheraton sold the hotel, along with seventeen other aging properties, to Gotham Hotels in 1968 and it regained its original name. The hotel was headquarters for Senator Robert F. Kennedy's 1968 Democratic Nebraska primary campaign.

The hotel closed on February 28, 1971. It had faded in popularity as the city grew westward and the structure's condition was also deteriorating. Many attempts were made to redevelop the Fontenelle as it stood empty over the next twelve years, but it was eventually demolished in the spring of 1983. The site is now the parking lot of the Roman L. Hruska Federal Courthouse.

Notable guests
The Fontenelle hosted many celebrities and politicians through the years, including Lou Gehrig and Babe Ruth, President Harry S. Truman, who was a personal friend of Gene Eppley. Senator John F. Kennedy and his wife Jacqueline stayed there during his campaign for the 1960 Presidential election.

See also
 History of Omaha
 Yule Marble

References

Hotel buildings completed in 1915
Hotel Fontenelle
Demolished hotels in Omaha, Nebraska
Hotel Fontenelle
Hotel Fontenelle
Hotel Fontenelle
Hotels established in 1915
Former skyscrapers
Hotel Fontenelle
Hotel Fontenelle
Skyscraper hotels in Nebraska
Sheraton hotels


Vieth v. Jubelirer, 541 U.S. 267 (2004), was a United States Supreme Court ruling that was significant in the area of partisan redistricting and political gerrymandering. The court, in a plurality opinion by Justice Antonin Scalia and joined by Chief Justice William Rehnquist and Justices Sandra Day O'Connor and Clarence Thomas, with Justice Anthony Kennedy concurring in the judgment, upheld the ruling of the District Court in favor of the appellees that the alleged political gerrymandering was not unconstitutional. Subsequent to the ruling, partisan bias in redistricting increased dramatically in the 2010 redistricting round.

Background
The plaintiff-appellants in this case were Norma Jean, Richard Vieth, and Susan Furey, Democrats registered to vote in the state of Pennsylvania. They contended that the Republican-controlled Pennsylvania General Assembly had unconstitutionally gerrymandered the districts for the election of congressional representatives. This, the plaintiffs claimed, denied Democrats full participation in the American political process by violating the one-person one-vote requirement of Article I of the United States Constitution, and denied Democrats equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

The 2000 census determined that Pennsylvania was entitled to 19 Representatives in the United States Congress (two fewer than the previous delegation) and congressional election districts therefore had to be redrawn consistent with previous Supreme Court rulings. At the time the election districts were being drawn, the Republican Party controlled both houses of the Pennsylvania legislature as well as the Governor's office. According to the plaintiffs, prominent Republicans in the national party put pressure on the Assembly to redistrict along partisan lines "as a punitive measure against Democrats for having enacted pro-Democratic redistricting plans elsewhere" and to benefit the party in congressional elections in Pennsylvania.

Legal arguments
The Court considered the following three major questions in relation to the appeal:
 Can voters affiliated with a political party sue to block implementation of a Congressional redistricting plan by claiming that it was manipulated for purely political reasons?
 Does a state violate the Equal Protection clause of the 14th Amendment when it disregards neutral redistricting principles (such as trying to avoid splitting municipalities into different Congressional districts) in order to achieve an advantage for one political party?
 Does a state exceed its power under Article I of the Constitution when it draws Congressional districts to ensure that a minority party will consistently win a super-majority of the state's Congressional seats?

Plaintiff's argument
Paul M. Smith represented the plaintiffs before the Supreme Court, arguing that the ruling by the District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania "effectively overruled [Davis v.] Bandemer", which had found the issue of partisan gerrymandering within the judiciary's remit: five justices were unwilling to determine that partisan gerrymandering claims were nonjusticiable, instead simply not coming to a clear criteria. In contrast, the District Court's ruling in this case require, according to Smith, factual showings of plaintiffs in these cases that are [...] impossible," effectively making gerrymandering claims nonjusticiable. He contended that a "shut-out" standard was applied, to the extent that to prove disenfranchisement of voters through gerrymandering, one must prove disenfranchisement to the extent of voter suppression or suppressing campaigns. Application of this standard doesn't allow scrutiny of an electoral map because gerrymandering doesn't require such overt constitutional violations to manipulate vote share. The plaintiff's proposed standard, that one must be able to demonstrate with a congressional map that it would be impossible to get more than half the congressional seats with less than half the votes, came under heavy scrutiny for its supposed inapplicability.

The plaintiff also struggled to convince the Court that one could use prior voting records to decide the electoral outcome of a new redistricting scheme. Both Justice Scalia and Justice Breyer wondered how accurately this would be able to predict outcomes in future elections. Scalia stated the following:Race does not change. You [..] are the race you are, and you're not going to change it next year. Political party doesn't work that way. How [...] do you decide what is the Republican vote? Is it just registered Republicans and is everybody that's registered a Republican now have to stay [...] I just don't understand how you run this scheme? You cannot really tell until after the election is done how many Republicans and how many Democrats there are in each district.Smith justified this by emphasizing that future cases contending electoral maps would leave the burden of proof on the plaintiffs to prove that the districting scheme was unfair. The Court also questioned how districts could be redrawn to be fair even if a court were able to find a standard by which an electoral map could be struck down.

Defense's argument
John P. Krill, Jr. of K&L Gates represented Robert Jubelirer and John Perzel at the Supreme Court. The defense's argument rested on the claim that redistricting "requires inherent political choices to be made [which] are inappropriate for the judiciary to make" under the political question doctrine. This rather extreme position posited that even if the entire legislature came forward and admitted to political gerrymandering, it would not be the place of the judiciary to strike down the redistricting. The crux of this argument is that there is no constitutional requirement to draw districts impartially with regards to political party.

Furthermore, the defense took the ruling and successive elections regarding Indiana's contested electoral map in Bandemer to be instructive. Krill cites that Democrats, who were supposedly heavily gerrymandered against, won 50% of House seats from Indiana, and successively won control the following election. He also challenged the plaintiff's test used in the complaint as broken as it uses 10 years of election data, counting voters who could have died, moved, or otherwise not become involved in future elections. He also contends that the plaintiff's test assumes Democrats are evenly dispersed across the state when they are normally compacted into urban areas instead.

J. Bart DeLone from the Pennsylvania's Attorney General's Office represented Pedro Cortés and Monna Accurti (Commissioner of the Bureau of Commissions, Legislation and Elections) at the Supreme Court. He argued that even if the Court holds political gerrymandering justiciable, a districting scheme could only be found unconstitutional if "the disadvantaged group has been shut out of a political process as a whole." He also contends that Krill's claim that there is nothing wrong with judicial intent to gerrymander an electoral map is correct as districting is inherently political.

Opinion of the Court
The plurality opinion determined that partisan gerrymandering claims were nonjusticiable because there was no discernible and manageable standard for "adjudicating political gerrymandering claims." The court did not explicitly overturn its ruling in Davis v. Bandemer.

Justice Anthony Kennedy concurred with the ruling of the court to uphold the District Court's decision maintaining that cases of political gerrymandering were not justiciable. He did not, however, foreclose the possibility that judicially manageable standards for gerrymandering could be developed in future cases before the Court.

Justice John Paul Stevens, Justice David Souter, and Justice Stephen Breyer each provided dissenting opinions.

See also
 Davis v. Bandemer (1986)
 League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry (2006)
 Gill v. Whitford (2018)
 Benisek v. Lamone and Rucho v. Common Cause (2019)

References

Further reading

External links

 Case Brief for Vieth v. Jubelirer at Lawnix.com

United States Constitution Article Three case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
United States electoral redistricting case law
United States political question doctrine case law
2004 in United States case law
Congressional districts of Pennsylvania
Gerrymandering in the United States


This is a list of city managers of San Jose, California from the establishment of the office by charter amendment in 1916.

Thomas H. Reed July 1916–October 1918
W. C. Bailey August 1918–October 1920
C. B. Goodwin October 1920–May 1944
John J. Lynch May 1944–1946
O. W. Campbell June 1946–December 1949
Anthony P. "Dutch" Hamann March 1950–November 1969
Thomas W. Fletcher December 1969–April 1973
Ted Tedesco February 1973–August 1978
James A. Alloway February 1979–May 1980
Francis T. Fox June 1980–July 1983
Gerald E. Newfarmer July 1983–May 1989
Leslie R. White May 1989–August 1994
Regina V. K. Williams November 1994–January 1999
Del D. Borgsdorf September 1999–February 2006
Leslie R. White February 2006–June 2007
Debra Figone July 2007–December 2013
Ed Shikada December 2013–January 2014
Norberto Duenas January 2014–October 2017
David Sykes October 2017–July 2021
Jennifer Maguire July 2021–present

See also
List of mayors of San Jose, California

References

Arbuckle, Clyde; Clyde Arbuckle's History of San Jose; 1985

Gallery of San Jose City Manager portraits, San Jose City Hall, 17th Floor

External links
City of San Jose
History San Jose

City managers
City Managers
San Jose
City managers San Jose
City managers
History of San Jose, California
.City managers


The Keskiniemi beacon tower (Keskiniemen tunnusmajakka in Finnish), often referred to as the Karvo beacon tower, is a historic daymark located on a promontory of Keskiniemi in  the northwestern part of Hailuoto island in the Gulf of Bothnia in Finland. The tower was built in 1858 to alert the vessels about sandbars reaching northwest from the site. It is the oldest surviving navigational aid on Hailuoto island. The tower has structural similarities with the Härkmeri beacon tower built in 1857.

The wooden tower has a six-metre (20 ft) high square base with a square pyramidical top. The first floor houses a 70 cm ( feet) thick layer of stones serving as a counterweight to prevent the structure from tipping in wind. The structure also has wooden beams in all four corners for increased support against winds. The tower has a wooden top ornament.

The structure measures 18,9 meters (62 ft) high from the ground, with the top being 20,9 meters (87 ft) above sea level. All of its faces are white.

The current beacon tower is the second navigational aid located on the Keskiniemi promontory. In a navigational map dated on 1785 by Henrik Wacklin a beacon tower is shown at the same location.

The tower has never been lit. Keskiniemi sector light was erected alongside the tower in 1908.

References

Towers completed in 1858
Towers in Finland
Gulf of Bothnia
Hailuoto
Beacon towers
Landmarks in Finland
Buildings and structures in North Ostrobothnia
Daymarks


The Metro Manila Popular Music Festival (also known as Metropop) was launched by the Popular Music Foundation of the Philippines in 1977 and held annually from 1978 to 1985. It was "the country’s pioneering and once foremost songwriting competition," according to The Philippine Star. Its objective was to promote the advancement of Filipino music, and its chief proponents were journalist Teodoro Valencia and Imee Marcos. These festivals launched many the careers of songwriters and singers (who interpreted the songs), and gave original Filipino music more than a few memorable and modern-day song classics. Among them is Freddie Aguilar.

This songwriting competition was originally open to all music composers. From the fourth festival onwards, the competition was divided into professional and amateur divisions, to give new songwriters a level playing field without competing with more well-known composers. After 1985, the festival was discontinued due to a decline in public interest towards the song entries.

It was later revived as the Metropop Song Festival which aired on GMA Network from 1996 to 2003.

The original Metropop (1978–1985)

The 1st Metro Manila Popular Music Festival

"Anak" failed to win any of the prizes, but went on to become one of the most popular Philippine pop songs ever and to launch the career of Freddie Aguilar. This period in time was right at the beginning of the Original Pilipino Music (OPM) boom, and after this first festival, the singing careers of Hajji Alejandro, Celeste Legaspi, Maricris Bermont, and Anthony Castelo went to full gear. Ryan Cayabyab is now a well-respected composer and musician; so as Joel Navarro. Imelda Papin and Janet Basco went on to big careers as well after they had other hit songs. Heber Bartolome's "Tayo'y Mga Pinoy" became a protest anthem, and Ryan Cayabyab's "Kay Ganda ng Ating Musika" became the anthem of sorts of Original Pilipino Music. Emil Mijares was the musical director for this festival. The first grand finals of the festival was held at the Folk Arts Theater, with RPN-9 as the official broadcaster for the first edition of the said competition.

The 2nd Metro Manila Popular Music Festival

This time, Freddie Aguilar's interpretation of Snaffu Rigor's composition won the grand prize. However, the biggest pop hit to come out of the 2nd Metropop was that of "Ewan". This song launched the career of Louie Ocampo, now a well-respected composer, and added to the numerous hits of The Apo Hiking Society. The Apo is one of the biggest musical acts ever in the Philippines, and their songs have been covered through the years. Rico J. Puno, already a big star at this time, interpreted the third place song, which also became a hit song for him. Composer George Canseco failed to win any of the top prizes, but with his songs before and after the competition, he became one of the most prolific and successful composers in the music scene. "Umagang Kay Ganda" also failed to place, but has since become a classic pop hit, and was used as the theme song of ABS-CBN's now-defunct weekday morning show of the same title, and most recently, as the campaign song for the presidential bid of Bongbong Marcos.

The 3rd Metro Manila Popular Music Festival

Leah Navarro and "Isang Mundo Isang Awit" represented the Philippines and won the bronze prize at that year's Seoul Popular Music Festival.  "Ikaw, Ako, Tayo (Magkakapatid)" turned out to be the biggest hit from the Third Metropop.

The 4th Metro Manila Popular Music Festival

Established singers like Florante, Eugene Villaluz, Leo Valdez, and Marco Sison interpreted their first Metropop entries. Something Special was an offshoot of The New Minstrels, and Joseph Olfindo also came from the latter singing group. There was no big hit from the festival songs, although "Kahit Konti" and "Magsimula Ka" were relative successes. Emil Sanglay (pioneer of the Neo-Ethnic Rock or the world music of today in the Philippines) and Sonny Nicolas also known as Philippine's "Jose Feliciano" (both singers, composers and guitarists) were the only individuals who interpreted their own songs. The one aside from the women in Something Special (there were male members as well), all the interpreters in this festival were men.

The 5th Metro Manila Popular Music Festival

The 6th Metro Manila Popular Music Festival

The 7th Metro Manila Popular Music Festival

The 8th Metro Manila Popular Music Festival

Metropop Song Festival (1996–2003)
The Metropop Song Festival (also known as Metropop) was an annual Philippine music festival that served as a relaunch of the original competition, which began in 1996 and ran until 2003.  The festival was broadcast on GMA Network. It has recognized non-mainstream musicians such as Gary Granada and Angelo Villegas, and boosted the singing careers of Jaya and Carol Banawa upon participating as interpreters.

Another associated event called the Metropop Young Singers (later renamed Metropop Star Search) ran at the same time. Unlike the main festival, this event served as a talent competition for young aspiring singers. The contestants were judged based on their interpretation or cover of an already released music material. The most notable participant was Melanie Calumpad who came third in 1997 and later returned as an interpreter for the actual song festival in 2003 under her stage name Kyla. She went on to have a successful career in music and competed as an interpreter for the winning songs at the Himig Handog and Philippine Popular Music Festival song contests.

Metropop Song Festival winners

1996:
Sometimes You Just Know, composers: Danny Tan, and Edith Gallardo, interpreter: Jaya (grand prize)
Shine, composer: Trina Belamide, interpreter: Ima Castro (recording only) (second prize)
Aawitin Ko, Ang Awit Mo, composer: Greg Caro, interpreter: Rannie Raymundo (third prize)

1997:
Para Sa Inyo, 'Tong Kanta Kong 'To, composer and interpreter: Gideon "Jungee" Marcelo (grand prize)
If I Could, composer: Dodjie Simon, interpreter: Lloyd Umali (second prize)
Delikado, Delikadesa, composer: Soc Villanueva, interpreter: Judith Banal (third prize)

1998:
Mabuti Pa Sila, composer and interpreter: Gary Granada (grand prize)
Bring Back The Times, composer: Eunice Saldaña, interpreter: Dessa (second prize)
You Make Me Smile, composer: Rica Arambulo, interpreter: Carol Banawa (third prize)

1999:
Can't Stop Loving You, composer: Dodjie Simon, interpreter: Lani Misalucha and The Noisy Neighbors (grand prize)
Tayo Pa Rin, composer: Soc Villanueva, interpreter: Zebedee Zuniga (second prize)
Clara's Eyes, composer: Joey Benin, interpreter: Side A (third prize)

2000:
Forever And A Day, composer: Angelo Villegas, interpreter: Rachel Alejandro (grand prize)
Paano Na?, composer: Arnold Reyes, interpreter: Bituin Escalante (second prize)
Ganyan Ako, composer: Vehnee Saturno, interpreter: Jeremiah (third prize)

2001
Pag-Uwi – composers:Louie Ocampo and Joey Ayala, interpreter- Martin Nievera (grand prize)
Kawikaan – composers:Laverne Ducut and Catherine Carlos, interpreter- Cynthia Alexander (second prize)
Heaven Sent - composer- Dennis Garcia, interpreter- Ella Mae Saison with The Saisons and Friends, musi arranger - Emil Mayor (third prize)

2003:
Malayo Man, Malapit Din - composer and interpreter- Bayang Barrios (grand prize)
Pretend That I Don't Love You – composer:Mike Villegas, interpreter- Cookie Chua (second prize)
Buti Na Lang – composer:Jonathan Manalo, interpreter- Kyla (third prize)

Metropop Star Search winners

1997:
Jonard Yanzon- "I Believe I Can Fly" (champion)
Carmela Cuneta- "Di Ko Na Kaya" (second place)
Melanie Calumpad- "Somewhere Over the Rainbow" (third place)

1998:
Champagne Morales- "Journey to the Past" (champion)
Roxanne Barcelo- "Part of Your World" (second place)
Xaxa Manalo- "Bakit Pa?" (third place)

1999:
Miles Poblete - "Anak ng Pasig" (champion)
Idelle Martinez- "Baby, One More Time" (second place)
Jericson Matias- "Stay the Same" (third place)

2000:
Anna Katrina Lara- "On the Wings of Love" (champion)
Camile Velasco - "How Could An Angel Break My Heart?"  (second place)
Jacky Garcia- "I Don't Wanna Miss A Thing" (third place)

See also
Himig Handog
Philippine Popular Music Festival

References

Music festivals established in 1977
Recurring events disestablished in 1985
Music festivals established in 1996
Recurring events disestablished in 2003
1977 establishments in the Philippines
1985 disestablishments in the Philippines
1996 establishments in the Philippines
2003 disestablishments in the Philippines
Radio Philippines Network original programming
GMA Network original programming
Pop music festivals
Song contests
Music festivals in the Philippines
Festivals in Metro Manila
Philippine music awards


Windhorse is an American film from 1998, directed and produced by Paul Wagner, co-directed by Thupten Tsering and co-produced with Julia Elliott. The leading roles were played by Dadon, Jampa Kalsang Tamang and Richard Chang.

Shot in Tibet and Nepal in 1996, the film is notable for being the first commercially released film shot on digital cameras - a prototype of the digital-beta Sony DVW-700WS and the prosumer Sony DCE-VX1000. The offline editing (Avid) and the online post and color work (Roland House / da Vinci) were also all digital. The film, transferred to 35mm negative for theatrical release, won Best U.S. Independent Film at the Santa Barbara Film Festival in March 1998, also co-winning the Best Director award. The film's international premiere was at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 16, 1998. The film was released theatrically in 1999 by Shadow Distribution and played in over 100 theaters in North America.

Story

The film is set in Tibet. In a remote Himalayan village in Western Tibet, three young Tibetans - Dorjee, his sister Dolkar and their cousin Pema - witness their grandfather murdered by Chinese soldiers. Years later, the three children are living in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, and their lives have taken different directions. Dolkar becomes a pop-star and assimilates into contemporary Chinese culture. Dorjee turns to hating the Chinese government. Pema becomes a Buddhist nun, joining a nunnery a few miles from Lhasa. When Pema is arrested after demonstrating against the Chinese government, her cousins are caught up in the dangerous activities of the Tibetan resistance movement.

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1998 films
American historical films
American war drama films
1990s war drama films
1990s historical films
Tibetan-language films
Films about Tibet
1998 drama films
1990s American films


These are the official results of the Women's long jump event at the 1994 European Championships in Helsinki, Finland, held at Helsinki Olympic Stadium on 11 and 12 August 1994. There were a total number of 25 participating athletes and two non-starters, with two qualifying groups.

Medalists

Results

Final
Held on 12 August

Qualification
Held on 11 August

Group A

Group B

Participation
According to an unofficial count, 25 athletes from 17 countries participated in the event.

 (1)
 (1)
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See also
 1990 Women's European Championships Long Jump (Split)
 1991 Women's World Championships Long Jump (Tokyo)
 1992 Women's Olympic Long Jump (Barcelona)
 1993 Women's World Championships Long Jump (Stuttgart)
 1995 Women's World Championships Long Jump (Gothenburg)
 1996 Women's Olympic Long Jump (Atlanta)
 1997 Women's World Championships Long Jump (Athens)
 1998 Women's European Championships Long Jump (Budapest)

References

 Results

Long jump
Long jump at the European Athletics Championships
1994 in women's athletics


In mathematics, forcing is a method of constructing new models M[G] of set theory by adding a generic subset G of a poset P to a model M. The poset P used will determine what statements hold in the new universe (the 'extension'); to force a statement of interest thus requires construction of a suitable P. This article lists some of the posets P that have been used in this construction.

Notation
P is a poset with order <
V is the universe of all sets
M is a countable transitive model of set theory
G is a generic subset of P over M.

Definitions
P satisfies the countable chain condition if every antichain in P is at most countable. This implies that V and V[G] have the same cardinals (and the same cofinalities).
A subset D of P is called dense if for every  there is some  with .
A filter on P is a nonempty subset F of P such that if  and  then , and if  and  then there is some  with  and .
A subset G of P is called generic over M if it is a filter that meets every dense subset of P in M.

Amoeba forcing

Amoeba forcing is forcing with the amoeba order, and adds a measure 1 set of random reals.

Cohen forcing

In Cohen forcing (named after Paul Cohen) P is the set of functions from a finite subset of ω2 × ω to {0,1}
and  if .

This poset satisfies the countable chain condition. Forcing with this poset adds ω2 distinct reals to the model; this was the poset used by Cohen in his original proof of the independence of the continuum hypothesis.

More generally, one can replace ω2 by any cardinal κ so construct a model where the continuum has size at least κ. Here, there is no restriction. If κ has cofinality ω, the reals end up bigger than κ.

Grigorieff forcing

Grigorieff forcing (after Serge Grigorieff) destroys a free ultrafilter on ω.

Hechler forcing
Hechler forcing (after Stephen Herman Hechler) is used to show that Martin's axiom implies that every family of less than c functions from ω to ω is eventually dominated by some such function.

P is the set of pairs  where s is a finite sequence of natural numbers (considered as functions from a finite ordinal to ω) and E is a finite subset of some fixed set G of functions from ω to ω. The element (s, E) is stronger than  if t is contained in s, F is contained in E, and if k is in the domain of s but not of t then  for all h in F.

Jockusch–Soare forcing
Forcing with  classes was invented by Robert Soare and Carl Jockusch to prove, among other results, the low basis theorem.  Here P is the set of nonempty  subsets of  (meaning the sets of paths through infinite, computable subtrees of ), ordered by inclusion.

Iterated forcing

Iterated forcing with finite supports was introduced by Solovay and Tennenbaum to show the consistency of Suslin's hypothesis. Easton introduced another type of iterated forcing to determine the possible values of the continuum function at regular cardinals.  Iterated forcing with countable support was investigated by Laver in his proof of the consistency of Borel's conjecture, Baumgartner, who introduced Axiom A forcing, and Shelah, who introduced proper forcing.  Revised countable support iteration was introduced by Shelah to handle semi-proper forcings, such as Prikry forcing, and generalizations, notably including Namba forcing.

Laver forcing
Laver forcing was used by Laver to show that Borel's conjecture, which says that all strong measure zero sets are countable, is consistent with ZFC. (Borel's conjecture is not consistent with the continuum hypothesis.)

P is the set of Laver trees, ordered by inclusion.

A Laver tree p is a subset of the finite sequences of natural numbers such that
 p is a tree: p contains any initial sequence of any element of p, equivalently stated as p is closed under initial segments
 p has a stem: a maximal node  such that  or  for all t in p,
If  and  then t has an infinite number of immediate successors tn in p for .

If G is generic for , then the real , called a Laver-real, uniquely determines G.

Laver forcing satisfies the Laver property.

Levy collapsing

These posets will collapse various cardinals, in other words force them to be equal in size to smaller cardinals.

Collapsing a cardinal to ω: P is the set of all finite sequences of ordinals less than a given cardinal λ. If λ is uncountable then forcing with this poset collapses λ to ω.
Collapsing a cardinal to another: P is the set of all functions from a subset of κ of cardinality less than κ to λ (for fixed cardinals κ and λ). Forcing with this poset collapses λ down to κ.
Levy collapsing: If κ is regular and λ is inaccessible, then P is the set of functions p on subsets of  with domain of size less than κ and  for every  in the domain of p. This poset collapses all cardinals less than λ onto κ, but keeps λ as the successor to κ.

Levy collapsing is named for Azriel Levy.

Magidor forcing
Amongst many forcing notions developed by Magidor, one of the best known is a generalization of Prikry forcing used to change the cofinality of a cardinal to a given smaller regular cardinal.

Mathias forcing
An element of P is a pair consisting of a finite set s of natural numbers and an infinite set A of natural numbers such that every element of s is less than every element of A. The order is defined by
  is stronger than      if s is an initial segment of t, B is a subset of A, and t is contained in .

Mathias forcing is named for Adrian Mathias.

Namba forcing
Namba forcing (after Kanji Namba) is used to change the cofinality of ω2 to ω without collapsing ω1.
P is the set of all trees  (nonempty downward closed subsets of the set of finite sequences of ordinals less than ω2) which have the property that any s in T has an extension in T which has   immediate successors. P is ordered by inclusion (i.e., subtrees are stronger conditions). The intersection of all trees in the generic filter defines a countable sequence which is cofinal in ω2.

Namba' forcing is the subset of P such that there is a node below which the ordering is linear and above which each node has  immediate successors.

Magidor and Shelah proved that if CH holds then a generic object of Namba forcing does not exist in the generic extension by Namba', and vice versa.

Prikry forcing
In Prikry forcing (after Karel Prikrý) P is the set of pairs  where s is a finite subset of a fixed measurable cardinal κ, and A is an element of a fixed normal measure D on κ. A condition  is stronger than  if t is an initial segment of s, A is contained in B, and s is contained in . This forcing notion can be used to change to cofinality of κ while preserving all cardinals.

Product forcing
Taking a product of forcing conditions is a way of simultaneously forcing all the conditions.
Finite products: If P and Q are posets, the product poset  has the partial order defined by  if  and .
Infinite products: The product of a set of posets , each with a largest element 1 is the set of functions p on I with  and such that  for all but a finite number of i. The order is given by  if  for all i.
The Easton product (after William Bigelow Easton) of a set of posets , where I is a set of cardinals is the set of functions p on I with  and such that for every regular cardinal γ the number of elements α of γ with  is less than γ.

Radin forcing
Radin forcing (after Lon Berk Radin), a technically involved generalization of Magidor forcing, adds a closed, unbounded subset to some regular cardinal λ.

If λ is a sufficiently large cardinal, then the forcing keeps λ regular, measurable, supercompact, etc.

Random forcing

P is the set of Borel subsets of [0,1] of positive measure, where p is called stronger than q if it is contained in q. The generic set G then encodes a "random real": the unique real xG in all rational intervals  such that  is in G. This real is "random" in the sense that if X is any subset of  of measure 1, lying in V, then .

Sacks forcing
P is the set of all perfect trees contained in the set of finite  sequences. (A tree T is a set of finite sequences containing all initial segments of its members, and is called perfect if for any element t of T there is a segment s extending t so that both s0 and s1 are in T.) A tree p is stronger than q if p is contained in q. Forcing with perfect trees was used by Gerald Enoch Sacks to produce a real a with minimal degree of constructibility.

Sacks forcing has the Sacks property.

Shooting a fast club
For S a stationary subset of  we set  is a closed sequence from S and C is a closed unbounded subset of , ordered by  iff  end-extends  and  and .  In , we have that  is a closed unbounded subset of S almost contained in each club set in V.  is preserved. This method was introduced by Ronald Jensen in order to show the consistency of the continuum hypothesis and the Suslin hypothesis.

Shooting a club with countable conditions
For S a stationary subset of  we set P equal to the set of closed countable sequences from S. In , we have that  is a closed unbounded subset of S and  is preserved, and if CH holds then all cardinals are preserved.

Shooting a club with finite conditions
For S a stationary subset of  we set P equal to the set of finite sets of pairs of countable ordinals, such that if  and  then  and , and whenever  and  are distinct elements of p then either  or .  P is ordered by reverse inclusion.  In , we have that  is a closed unbounded subset of S and all cardinals are preserved.

Silver forcing

Silver forcing (after Jack Howard Silver) is the set of all those partial functions from the natural numbers into  whose domain is coinfinite; or equivalently the set of all pairs , where A is a subset of the natural numbers with infinite complement, and p is a function from A into a fixed 2-element set.  A condition q is stronger than a condition p if q extends p.

Silver forcing satisfies Fusion, the Sacks property, and is minimal with respect to reals (but not minimal).

Vopěnka forcing

Vopěnka forcing (after Petr Vopěnka) is used to generically add a set  of ordinals to .
Define first  as the set of all non-empty  subsets of the power set  of , where , ordered by inclusion:  iff .
Each condition  can be represented by a tuple
where , for all .
The translation between  and its least representation is , and hence
is isomorphic to a poset  (the conditions being the minimal representations
of elements of ). This poset is the Vopenka forcing for subsets of .
Defining  as the set of all representations for elements  such that
, then  is -generic and .

References

External links
A.Miller (2009), Forcing Tidbits.

Forcing (mathematics)


Santa Cruz sheep are an extremely rare breed of domestic sheep that once existed as a feral population on the Santa Cruz Island of the Channel Islands of California. Small and hardy, the sheep were all killed or removed from the island to prevent destruction of natural habitats. Today, they number fewer than 200 animals. This breed is primarily raised for wool.

History
In the mid-19th century, sheep that were most likely of the Merino, Rambouillet (French Merino), or Churro breed were brought to Santa Cruz Island. By the 1860s, thousands of sheep grazed freely on the island. Throughout the 20th century, ranching declined on the island and most of the sheep became feral. In 1978, The Nature Conservancy gained control of the island; sheep numbers around this time were estimated to be over 20,000. Later, the Nature Conservancy and the National Park Service began to kill or remove all sheep remaining to prevent overgrazing of the island's vegetation. Today, the breed has fewer than 200 animals remaining, and is considered "critical" by the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy. A small population of the sheep exists on the mainland, and were largely placed through adoption.

Characteristics
Like many breeds of island sheep, Santa Cruz sheep are relatively small and extremely hardy. They are good foragers and need no assistance with lambing.  However, because of the fine–wooled breeds that they are derived from, Santa Cruz sheep are unique among formerly feral island breeds in their medium to fine wool with a soft feel. Their fleeces are mostly white, but some colored sheep are known among the breed.

Conservancy
In 1988, the Livestock Conservancy placed twelve of the island's lambs with five California breeders. Additional sheep were brought from the island in 1991. In 2017, there were less than a dozen breeders in the United States.

See also
 Hog Island sheep

References

External links
 Santa Cruz sheep at the SVF Foundation website

Fauna of the Channel Islands of California
Feral sheep
Sheep breeds originating in the United States
Sheep breeds


Energy recycling is the energy recovery process of utilizing energy that would normally be wasted, usually by converting it into electricity or thermal energy.  Undertaken at manufacturing facilities, power plants, and large institutions such as hospitals and universities, it significantly increases efficiency, thereby reducing energy costs and greenhouse gas pollution simultaneously.  The process is noted for its potential to mitigate global warming profitably. This work is usually done in the form of combined heat and power (also called cogeneration) or waste heat recovery.

Forms of energy recycling

Waste heat recovery
Waste heat recovery is a process that captures excess heat that would normally be discharged at manufacturing facilities and converts it into electricity and steam, or returns energy to the manufacturing process in the form of heated air, water, glycol, or oil.
A "waste heat recovery boiler" contains a series of water-filled tubes placed throughout the area where heat is released. When high-temperature heat meets the boiler, steam is produced, which in turn powers a turbine that creates electricity. This process is similar to that of other fired boilers, but in this case, waste heat replaces a traditional flame. No fossil fuels are used in this process. Metals, glass, pulp and paper, silicon and other production plants are typical locations where waste heat recovery can be effective.

Combined heat and power (CHP)
Combined heat and power (CHP), also called cogeneration, is, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “an efficient, clean, and reliable approach to generating electricity and heat energy from a single fuel source. By installing a CHP system designed to meet the thermal and electrical base loads of a facility, CHP can greatly increase the facility's operational efficiency and decrease energy costs. At the same time, CHP reduces the emission of greenhouse gases, which contribute to global climate change.” When electricity is produced on-site with a CHP plant, excess heat is recycled to produce both processed heat and additional power.

Waste heat recovery from air conditioning
Waste heat recovery from air conditioning is also used as an alternative to wasting heat to the atmosphere from chiller plants. Heat recovered in summer from chiller plants is stored in Thermalbanks in the ground and recycled back to the same building in winter via a heat pump to provide heating without burning fossil fuels. This elegant approach saves energy - and carbon - in both seasons by recycling summer heat for winter use.

Some companies offer products to install on the HVAC Condenser Unit, to collect waste heat that the condenser is supposed to evacuate in the air, to heat up heat-producing devices like water heaters. Those devices are called heat recovery units (HRU).
For residential applications, some units available are : HotSpot Energy Heat Recovery Unit  or LG Heat Recovery Units

For industrial applications, these units are usually called waste heat recovery unit (WHRU).

Heat pumps
Heat pumps and thermal energy storage are classes of technologies that can enable the recycling of energy that would otherwise be inaccessible due to a temperature that is too low for utilization or a time lag between when the energy is available and when it is needed. While enhancing the temperature of available renewable thermal energy, heat pumps have the additional property of leveraging electrical power (or in some cases mechanical or thermal power) by using it to extract additional energy from a low quality source (such as seawater, lake water, the ground, the air, or waste heat from a process).  Innovation efforts are underway now for full electrification of industry, including with Industry Heat Pumps at levels of efficiency between COP 5 & 9 using multi-stage thermal recycling via refrigerant tuned Heat Pump Modules.

Thermal storage
Thermal storage technologies allow heat or cold to be stored for periods of time ranging from hours or overnight to interseasonal, and can involve storage of sensible energy (i.e. by changing the temperature of a medium) or latent energy (i.e. through phase changes of a medium, such between water and slush or ice). Short-term thermal storages can be used for peak-shaving in district heating or electrical distribution systems. Kinds of renewable or alternative energy sources that can be enabled include natural energy (e.g. collected via solar-thermal collectors, or dry cooling towers used to collect winter's cold), waste energy (e.g. from HVAC equipment, industrial processes or power plants), or surplus energy (e.g. as seasonally from hydropower projects or intermittently from wind farms). The Drake Landing Solar Community (Alberta, Canada) is illustrative. Borehole thermal energy storage allows the community to get 97% of its year-round heat from solar collectors on the garage roofs, with most of the heat collected in summer.
Types of storages for sensible energy include insulated tanks, borehole clusters in substrates ranging from gravel to bedrock, deep aquifers, or shallow lined pits that are insulated on top. Some types of storage are capable of storing heat or cold between opposing seasons (particularly if very large), and some storage applications require inclusion of a heat pump. Latent heat is typically stored in ice tanks or what are called phase-change materials (PCMs).

Current system
Both waste heat recovery and CHP constitute "decentralized" energy production, which is in contrast to traditional "centralized" power generated at large power plants run by regional utilities.  The “centralized” system has an average efficiency of 34 percent, requiring about three units of fuel to produce one unit of power.  By capturing both heat and power, CHP and waste heat recovery projects have higher efficiencies.

A 2007 Department of Energy study found the potential for 135,000 megawatts of CHP in the U.S., and a Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory study identified about 64,000 megawatts that could be obtained from industrial waste energy, not counting CHP.  These studies suggest about 200,000 megawatts—or 20% -- of total power capacity that could come from energy recycling in the U.S.  Widespread use of energy recycling could therefore reduce global warming emissions by an estimated 20 percent.  Indeed, as of 2005, about 42 percent of U.S. greenhouse gas pollution came from the production of electricity and 27 percent from the production of heat.

Advocates contend that recycled energy costs less and has lower emissions than most other energy options in current use.

Currently RecyclingEnergy Int. Corp. takes advantage of recycling energy in heat recovery ventilation and latent heat pump and CHCP.

History
Perhaps the first modern use of energy recycling was done by Thomas Edison.  His 1882 Pearl Street Station, the world's first commercial power plant, was a CHP plant, producing both electricity and thermal energy while using waste heat to warm neighboring buildings. Recycling allowed Edison's plant to achieve approximately 50 percent efficiency.

By the early 1900s, regulations emerged to promote rural electrification through the construction of centralized plants managed by regional utilities.  These regulations not only promoted electrification throughout the countryside, but they also discouraged decentralized power generation, such as CHP.  They even went so far as to make it illegal for non-utilities to sell power.

By 1978, Congress recognized that efficiency at central power plants had stagnated and sought to encourage improved efficiency with the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA), which encouraged utilities to buy power from other energy producers. CHP plants proliferated, soon producing about 8 percent of all energy in the U.S.  However, the bill left implementation and enforcement up to individual states, resulting in little or nothing being done in many parts of the country.

In 2008 Tom Casten, chairman of Recycled Energy Development, said that "We think we could make about 19 to 20 percent of U.S. electricity with heat that is currently thrown away by industry."

Outside the U.S., energy recycling is more common. Denmark is probably the most active energy recycler, obtaining about 55% of its energy from CHP and waste heat recovery. Other large countries, including Germany, Russia, and India, also obtain a much higher share of their energy from decentralized sources.

References

Recycling by material
Sustainable technologies
Energy recovery
Energy economics
Energy conversion
Energy conservation


Ron Jon Surf Shop is a surfer-style retail store chain founded in 1959 in Ship Bottom, New Jersey by Ron DiMenna. The store specializes in surfing and bodyboarding equipment, and their Cocoa Beach, Florida, store is currently the largest surf shop in the world. Michele Goodwin is the current president.

Ron Jon Surf Shop has 13 stores nationwide. In addition to the Ship Bottom and Cocoa Beach stores, Ron Jon also operates stores in Orange Beach, Alabama; Orlando, Pensacola, Key West, Jacksonville Beach, Fort Myers, Panama City Beach and Clearwater Beach, Florida; Myrtle Beach, South Carolina; Ocean City, New Jersey; and Ocean City, Maryland. There is also a store on Grand Turk and Cozumel, Mexico. A  store in Orange, California, closed in early 2009. Another store in Sawgrass Mills in Sunrise, Florida, closed in 2019. The corporation also includes one Ron Jon Surf School separately owned and run by Craig Carroll, located in Cocoa Beach, Florida. The company made plans to construct a surf park at the location of the Orlando Ron Jon store, but it has since been canceled, due in part that the schematics for the pool were installed backwards.

The flagship store in Cocoa Beach is open daily and has over 52,000 square feet of retail space.

In popular culture
Ruon-Jian is the name of a fictional character in the animated television series Avatar: The Last Airbender which aired on Nickelodeon between 2005 and 2008.  His name (pronounced Ron-Jon) is humorously derived from the shop, as Ruon-Jian acts and looks like a stereotypical surfer.

Cocoa Beach Surf Museum

Ron Jon Surf Shop also houses the Cocoa Beach Surf Museum at the Cocoa Beach location. This museum contains exhibits highlighting surfing in the East Coast of the United States. It preserves and documents the unique history and culture of East Coast surfing through exhibits and educational events, community outreach programs for all ages, digital archiving activities, and its new oral history project. It highlights surfing history and culture from Cocoa Beach, nationally and internationally, and from differing perspectives, including exhibits that feature the history and lore that defines Cocoa Beach as one of the premier surf towns in the world.

References

External links

Sporting goods retailers of the United States
Swimwear brands
Surfwear brands
Companies based in Brevard County, Florida
Cocoa Beach, Florida
Long Beach Island
American companies established in 1959
Retail companies established in 1959
1959 establishments in New Jersey
Tourist attractions in Brevard County, Florida
Surfing retailers


Living It Up! is a Philippine television lifestyle show broadcast by Q. Hosted by Raymond Gutierrez, Tim Yap and Issa Litton, it premiered in March 2007. The show concluded in February 2009.

Accolades
Winner, Best Lifestyle Show & Hosts (Raymond Gutierrez, Tim Yap & Issa Litton) - 2008 PMPC Star Awards for TV.
Winner, Best Lifestyle Show Hosts (Raymond Gutierrez, Tim Yap & Issa Litton) - 2007 PMPC Star Awards for TV.
Nominated, Best Lifestyle Show- 2007 PMPC Star Awards for TV.

2007 Philippine television series debuts
2009 Philippine television series endings
Philippine television shows
Q (TV network) original programming


Aurora Publishing, Inc. was the American subsidiary of Japanese publisher Ohzora Publishing, the leading josei manga publisher in Japan. Headquartered in Torrance, California, it licensed and published Japanese manga for the North American market. Aurora Publishing's first release was Walkin' Butterfly under the shōjo imprint Aurora, which features manga targeting female readers in their teens and younger. Aurora Publishing also released manga under two other imprints: the yaoi imprint Deux Press featured female-oriented manga about homoerotic relations between beautiful men, while the josei imprint Luv Luv featured erotic romance manga targeting female readers in their late teens and up. Aurora Publishing distributed some of its manga via Netcomics.  In 2010, the Aurora office in California closed. The former employees of Aurora Publishing went on to found Manga Factory. Manga Factory lasted until at least June 2013 before it closed as well.

Publications
The following is a list of titles that was published by Aurora

References

External links

Flipped!: David Welsh Interviews Michael Perry Of Aurora by The Comics Reporter
Sequential Tart interview with Michael Perry

Defunct comics and manga publishing companies
Defunct publishing companies of the United States
Publishing companies based in California
2006 establishments in California
2010 disestablishments in California
Publishing companies established in 2006
Publishing companies disestablished in 2010
American subsidiaries of foreign companies
Companies based in Torrance, California
Defunct companies based in Greater Los Angeles
American companies established in 2006
American companies disestablished in 2010


Brian Bratton (born July 31, 1982) is a former Canadian football wide receiver who is currently a football coach at Indianapolis Colts. He most recently played for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League. Having played with the Alouettes since 2007, he is a two-time Grey Cup champion, after winning in 2009 and 2010. He played college football for the Furman Paladins from 2002 to 2005.

Professional career

Atlanta Falcons
Bratton signed his first professional contract with the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League in May 2005 and attended the team's training camp. He was later released in September of that year.

Baltimore Ravens
Following his release from Atlanta, Bratton signed with the Baltimore Ravens in October 2005 and spent time on the team's practice roster.

Cologne Centurions
After the 2005 season, Bratton was allocated to NFL Europe's Cologne Centurions in January 2006. While playing for Cologne, he started 10 games and caught 23 passes for 280 yards and two touchdowns. He was released in August, thereby terminating his contract with the Centurions.

Montreal Alouettes
Bratton signed with the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League on February 27, 2007, to a one-year plus an option contract. In his first season, he mainly played on special teams, returning punts and kickoffs. He recorded his first career touchdown on July 26, 2007, against the Toronto Argonauts on a 79-yard punt return. He achieved a career-high in touchdowns scored in the 2008 season when he scored seven receiving touchdowns.

He played in both of Montreal's Grey Cup victories in 2009 and 2010. In 2011, he recorded a career-high in receiving yards with 675 yards to go along with five touchdowns, including the 20th scored of his career that year. At the end of the 2012 Eastern Final against the Toronto Argonauts, Bratton missed an attempt to catch a deflected ball which would have been the game-tying touchdown with only 39 seconds left on third town. The Alouettes lost possession of the football and the Argonauts went on to win the 100th Grey Cup. Two weeks before entering free agency, Bratton was released on February 1, 2013, so that he could pursue offers from other teams.

In 2012, he won the Tom Pate Memorial Award for outstanding sportsmanship and because he had made a significant contribution to his team, his community and Association.

Statistics

References

External links

 Montreal Alouettes bio

1982 births
Living people
Montreal Alouettes players
Furman Paladins football players
American players of Canadian football
Cologne Centurions (NFL Europe) players


Marion City School District is a public school district serving students in the city of Marion, Ohio, United States. The school district enrolls 4,315 students as of October 2017.

History
The original high school opened in 1893 under the name Marion High School. In 1915, a second Marion High School opened, later to be renamed Harding High School in 1920. The third high school, which currently houses Grant Middle School, opened in 1953. The first two schools have since been demolished with the exception of the gymnasium of the second school, which now operates as a community center.

In the early 2000s, many of the district buildings were in need of renovations, as some of the buildings were nearly 100 years old. With the assistance of state funds offered for the replacement or upgrade of older school facilities, a new high school and three identical new elementary school buildings were erected. The previous high school underwent renovations, including the addition of a library wing and an additional cafeteria, and became Grant Middle School. Three additional buildings; Fair Park Elementary School, George Washington Elementary School, and Indian Mound Elementary School; were updated as well. These buildings now house Hayes Elementary School, George Washington Elementary School, and Harrison Elementary School respectfully.

Schools

Elementary schools
Garfield Elementary School
Harrison Elementary School
Hayes Elementary School
McKinley Elementary School
Taft Elementary School
George Washington Elementary School

Middle schools
Grant Middle School

High schools
Marion Harding High School

Alternative Schools

 Mary Ellen Withrow Middle School
 Mary Ellen Withrow High School
 Tri Rivers Career Center

References

External links
Marion City School District official website

Education in Marion County, Ohio
School districts in Ohio
Marion, Ohio