The 1934 college football season was the 66th season of college football in the United States. Two New Year's Day bowl games were initiated to rival the Rose Bowl Game. On February 15, Warren V. Miller and Joseph M. Cousins organized the New Orleans Mid-Winter Sports Association and by October, the group had enough funds to sponsor the Sugar Bowl. Meanwhile, W. Keith Phillips and the Greater Miami Athletic Club worked in November at a January 1 game for Florida, and the Orange Bowl was created.

Once again, University of Illinois Professor Frank Dickinson's math system selected a Big Ten team as national champion, the undefeated Minnesota Golden Gophers. William Boand and Professor Edward Earl Litkenhous also selected Minnesota at the end of the season. The conference, however, still had a bar against its members playing in the postseason, so Minnesota did not play in any of the bowl games. The undefeated and eventual Rose Bowl champion Alabama Crimson Tide was selected as national champion by the other contemporary math system selectors, Dick Dunkel, Paul Williamson and Deke Houlgate.

Conference realignment

Membership changes

September
September 22 Stanford opened with a 48–0 win over San Jose State, while in Houston, Rice opened with a 12–0 win over Loyola College of New Orleans.

September 29 Minnesota beat North Dakota State 56–12 and Illinois beat Bradley 40–7.
Alabama beat Samford 24–0, and Tulane beat UT-Chattanooga 41–0.  Rice and LSU played to a 9–9 tie while Stanford and Santa Clara tied 7–7.
Navy defeated William & Mary 20–7 while Pittsburgh beat Washington & Jefferson 26–6.

October

October 6
Minnesota beat Nebraska, 20–0, in Minneapolis. Alabama beat Sewanee, 35–6, in Montgomery Alabama. Illinois beat Washington University, 12–7, in St. Louis. Navy beat Virginia 21–6 in a game in Washington, DC.  In New Orleans, Tulane beat Auburn 13–0. At Portland, Stanford beat Oregon State 17–0. Columbia opened its season in New York with a 12–6 win over Yale, and Colgate beat St. Lawrence 32–0.  Pittsburgh won at West Virginia 27–6.  Ohio State beat Indiana 33–0. Rice won at Purdue 14–0.

October 13 Illinois beat Ohio State 14–13.
Stanford beat visiting Northwestern 20–0.  Pittsburgh defeated visiting USC 20–6.  Alabama defeated Mississippi State 41–0, Rice defeated SMU 9–0, and Tulane won at Florida 28–12.
Navy defeated Maryland 16–13, Colgate beat St. Bonaventure 62–0 and Columbia beat VMI 29–6.

October 20 Minnesota won at Pittsburgh, 13–7.  Ohio State defeated visiting Colgate 10–7.  Navy beat Columbia 18–7.  Alabama and Tennessee, both 3–0–0, met in Birmingham, with Bama winning 13–6.  Tulane edged visiting Georgia 7–6.  In Omaha, Rice beat Creighton University 47–13.
Stanford beat USF at San Francisco, 3–0.

October 27 Alabama beat Georgia 26–6 at Birmingham, while in New Orleans, Tulane beat Georgia Tech 20–12.  Rice stayed unbeaten with a 20–9 win over visiting Texas.  Minnesota won at Iowa 48–12, .
Illinois won at Michigan 7–6, and Ohio State won at Northwestern 28–6.  Stanford registered its fourth shutout, a 16–0 win over USC.
Navy won at Penn, Colgate won at Holy Cross 20–7 and Columbia beat visiting Penn State 14–7.  Pittsburgh beat host school Westminster College of Pennsylvania, 30–0

November
November 3 Pitt (4–1–0) and Notre Dame (3–0–0) met in Pittsburgh, with the Panthers winning 19–0.  Minnesota beat Michigan 34–0.  In Cleveland, Ohio State won at Western Reserve 76–0. Illinois beat Army 7–0.  Alabama won at Kentucky 34–14.  Rice beat Texas A&I 27–0.  Tulane beat Ole Miss 15–0. In Los Angeles, Stanford beat UCLA 27–0.
Columbia defeated Cornell 14–0 and Navy beat Washington & Lee 26–0.

November 10 At Yankee Stadium, Tulane (6–0–0) faced Colgate (3–1–0), with the Red Raiders handing the Green Wave their first loss, 20–6.  In a meeting of unbeaten teams, Stanford (7–0–1) hosted Washington (4–0–0) and had a sixth straight shutout 24–0.    Over in Cleveland, Navy beat Notre Dame 10–6.  Pittsburgh won at Nebraska 25–6.
Minnesota beat Indiana 30–0, Illinois won at Northwestern 14–3, and Ohio State beat Chicago 33–0
Alabama beat Clemson 40–0 and Rice won at Arkansas 7–0.  Columbia beat Brown 39–0

November 17 Navy (7–0–0) hosted Pittsburgh (6–1–0) and lost 31–7

Minnesota beat Chicago 35–7 and Ohio State defeated Michigan 34–0.  Previously unbeaten (6–0–0) Illinois was upset at Madison when it faced a (3–3–0) Wisconsin Badgers team, falling 7–3.
Alabama defeated Georgia Tech 40–0, while Tulane won at Kentucky 20–7.  Stanford beat the Olympic Club team 40–0, and had a record of 192–7 against its opponents to that time.  Colgate won at Syracuse 13–2 and Columbia edged Penn 13–12.  Rice beat Texas A&M 25–6.  Yale's 11 "Iron Men" (they played the entire game with no substitutions) upset Princeton 7–0 at Princeton.

November 24
Minnesota won at Wisconsin 34–0, Ohio State beat Iowa 40–7, and
Illinois won at Chicago 7–1.  Stanford clinched a trip to the Rose Bowl with a 9–7 win at California.  Colgate beat Rutgers 14–0.  Tulane beat Sewanee 32–0.  Columbia (7–1–0) beat Syracuse (6–1–0) in a Sunday game 12–0.  In Houston, previously unbeaten (8–0–1) Rice hosted (6–3–0) Texas Christian (TCU) and was upset, 7–2.

On Thanksgiving Day, November 29, Alabama beat Vanderbilt in Birmingham, 34–0, and was invited soon after to meet Stanford at the Rose Bowl.  Pittsburgh beat crosstown rival Carnegie Tech, 20–0, and Kansas State beat Nebraska 19–7 to clinch the Big Six Conference championship.

December
December 1
In Louisiana, Tulane (8–1–0) and LSU (6–0–2) faced each other in Baton Rouge.  Both teams were likely hosts for the first Sugar Bowl in New Orleans, and Tulane edged the Tigers 13–12 to become the host team, where it would face 7–0–2 Temple University.
Rice ended at 9–1–1 with a 32–0 win at Baylor.
Colgate closed its season with a 20–13 win in Providence against Brown.  At the Army–Navy Game, held in Philadelphia, Navy (7–1–0) beat Army (7–2–0) on a field goal, 3–0.

Conference standings
For this article, major conferences defined as those including multiple state flagship public universities.

Major conference standings

Independents

Minor conference standings

Minor conference champions

Rankings

Bowl games

 played with non-collegiate teams
Rankings from the Dickinson System

In the first Sugar Bowl game, Tulane (9–1) hosted unbeaten Temple (7–0–2) before a crowd of 30,000 in New Orleans.  Temple took a 14–0 lead before Tulane came back to win the game, 20–14.  Temple had closed its season with a scoreless tie against Bucknell, which finished at 6–2–2, and the Bison were invited to play the Miami Hurricanes in the first Orange Bowl.  The 'Canes best days were still ahead of them, and they made only three first downs altogether.  Although 15,000 were expected, only 5,000 turned out to watch Bucknell beat Miami, 26–0.

The big game remained the Rose Bowl with Stanford, at 9–0–1, and Alabama, at 9–0. With both teams unbeaten, a crowd of 85,000 turned out in Pasadena to watch them.  Stanford led 7–0 in the first quarter, but Alabama scored 22 points in the second, with the help of quarterback Dixie Howell and future Pro Football Hall of Fame Don Hutson, with Alabama winning, 29–14.
The Sun Bowl was given a test drive with non-collegiate teams, as the El Paso All-Stars beating the visiting Ranger Bulldogs, 25–21, before a crowd of 3,000 in El Paso.  In Honolulu, the Hawaii team beat vacationing California, 14–0, and in Houston,  beat Prairie View, 15–6, in a New Year's Day game for negro colleges

Awards and honors

All-Americans
The consensus 1934 College Football All-America Team included:

Statistical leaders
 Points scored: Bill Shepherd, Western Maryland, 133
 Total offense: Dixie Howell, Alabama, 1,437
 Receptions: Don Hutson, Alabama, 19

References


Vladimir (Vlad) M. Shalaev (born February 18, 1957) is a Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Scientific Director for Nanophotonics at Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University.

Education and career
Shalaev earned a Master of Science Degree in physics (summa com laude) in 1979 from Krasnoyarsk State University (Russia) and a PhD Degree in physics and mathematics in 1983 from the same university. Shalaev received several awards for his research in the fields of nanophotonics and metamaterials, including the Max Born Award of the Optical Society of America (OSA), the Willis E. Lamb Award for Laser Science and Quantum Optics, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Photonics Society William Streifer Scientific Achievement Award, the Rolf Landauer Medal of the Electrical, Transport and Optical Properties of Inhomogeneous Media (ETOPIM) International Association, the UNESCO Medal for the development of nanosciences and nanotechnologies, OSA and SPIE - The International Society for Optics and Photonics -  Goodman Book Writing Award,
the 2020 Frank Isakson Prize for Optical Effects in Solids. Shalaev is a Fellow of the OSA, IEEE, SPIE, American Physical Society (APS), and Materials Research Society (MRS). Prof. Shalaev has co-/written three- and co-/edited four books, and authored over 800 research publications, in total. As of January 2023, his h-index  is 117 with the total number of citations about 64,000, according to Google Scholar. In 2017-2022 Prof. Shalaev has been on the list of Highly Cited Researchers from the Web of Science Group; he is ranked #9 in the optics category of the Stanford list of top 2% World's highest-cited scientists (career-long; out of 64,044 entries).

Research

Vladimir M. Shalaev is recognized for his pioneering studies on linear and nonlinear optics of random nanophotonic composites that had helped to mold the research area of composite optical media. He also contributed to the emergence of a new field of engineered, artificial materials - optical metamaterials. Currently, he studies new phenomena resulting from merging metamaterials and plasmonics with quantum nanophotonics.

Optical metamaterials
Optical metamaterials (MMs) are rationally designed composite nanostructured materials that exhibit unique electromagnetic properties drastically different from the properties of their constituent material components. Metamaterials offer remarkable tailorability of their electromagnetic response via shape, size, composition and morphology of their nanoscale building blocks sometimes called 'meta-atoms'. Shalaev proposed and demonstrated the first optical MM that exhibits negative index of refraction and the nanostructures that show artificial magnetism across the entire visible spectrum. (Here and thereafter, only selected, representative papers by Shalaev are cited; for complete list of Shalaev's publications visit his website.) He made important contributions to active, nonlinear and tunable metamaterials, which enable new ways of controlling light and accessing new regimes of enhanced light-matter interactions. Shalaev also experimentally realized negative-refractive-index MMs where optical gain medium is used to compensate for light absorption (optical loss). He made significant contributions to the so-called Transformation Optics, specifically on optical concentrators and "invisibility cloaks". In collaboration with Noginov, Shalaev demonstrated the smallest, 40-nm, nanolaser operating in the visible spectral range. Shalaev also made seminal contributions to two dimensional, flat metamaterials – metasurfaces – that introduce abrupt changes to the phase of light at a single interface via coupling to nanoscale optical antennas. He realized extremely compact flat lens, ultra-thin hologram and record-small circular dichroism spectrometer compatible with planar optical circuitry. MM designs developed by Shalaev are now broadly employed for research in sub-wavelength optical imaging, nanoscale lasers, and novel sensors.

Shalaev’s work had a strong impact on the whole field of metamaterials. Three of Shalaev’s papers - Refs. , , and  - remain among the top 50 most-cited out of over 750,000 papers included in the ISI Web of Science OPTICS category since 2005 (as of January 2021).

Random composites

Shalaev made pioneering contributions to the area of random optical media, including fractal and percolation composites. He predicted the highly localized optical modes -'hot spots' - for fractals and percolating films which were later experimentally demonstrated by Shalaev in collaboration with the Moskovits and Boccara groups. Furthermore, he showed that the hot spots in fractal and percolation random composites are related to localization of surface plasmons.− These localized surface plasmon modes in random systems are sometimes referred to as  Shalaev's "hot spots": see e.g. This research on random composites stemmed from the early studies on fractals performed by Shalaev in collaboration with M. I. Stockman; a theory of random metal-dielectric films was worked out in collaboration with A. K. Sarychev. Shalaev also developed fundamental theories of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and strongly-enhanced optical nonlinearities in fractals and percolation systems and led experimental studies aimed to verify the developed theories.− Shalaev also predicted that nonlinear phenomena in random systems can be enhanced not only because of the high local fields in hot spots but also due to the rapid, nanoscale spatial variation of these fields in the vicinity of hot spots, which serves as a source of additional momentum and thus enables indirect electronic transitions.

Shalaev’s contributions to the optics and plasmonics of random media− helped to transform those concepts into the area of optical metamaterials.−− Owing to the theory and experimental approaches developed in the area of random composites, optical metamaterials have quickly become a mature research field surprisingly rich in new physics. Shalaev’s impact on the development of both fields is in identifying the strong synergy and close connection between these two frontier fields of optics that unlock an entirely new set of physical properties.

New Materials for Nanophotonics and Plasmonics

Random composites and metamaterials provide a unique opportunity to tailor their optical properties via shape, size and composition of their nanoscale building blocks, which often require metals to confine light down to the nanometer scale via the excitation of surface plasmons. To enable practical applications of plasmonics, Shalaev in collaboration with A. Boltasseva developed novel plasmonic materials, namely transition metal nitrides and transparent conducting oxides (TCOs), paving the way to durable, low-loss, and CMOS-compatible plasmonic and nanophotonic devices. The proposed plasmonic ceramics operating at high temperatures, can offer solutions to highly efficient energy conversion, photocatalysis and data storage technologies−. In collaboration with the Faccio group, Shalaev demonstrated ultrafast, strongly-enhanced nonlinear responses in TCOs that possess an extremely low (close to zero) linear refractive index – the so-called epsilon-near-zero regime. Independently, the Boyd group obtained equally remarkable results in a TCO material, demonstrating that low-index TCOs hold a promise for novel nonlinear optics.

Early research

Shalaev’s PhD work (supervised by Prof. A.K. Popov) and early research involved theoretical analysis of resonant interaction of laser radiation with gaseous media, in particular i) Doppler-free multi-photon processes in strong optical fields and their applications in nonlinear optics spectroscopy and laser physics as well as ii) the (newly-discovered then) phenomenon of light-induced drift of gases.

Awards, honors, memberships
 Recognized as Highly Cited Researcher by the Web of Science Group in 2017-2022;
 Ranked #9 in the optics category of the Stanford list of top 2% World's highest-cited scientists (career-long; out of 64,044 entries)
 Ranked #28 in electronics and electrical engineering among top USA researchers, according to Research.com.
 The 2020 Frank Isakson Prize for Optical Effects in Solids
 The Optical Society of America Max Born Award, 2010
 The Willis E. Lamb Award for Laser Science and Quantum Optics, 2010
 IEEE Photonics Society William Streifer Scientific Achievement Award, 2015
 Rolf Landauer Medal of the ETOPIM (Electrical, Transport and Optical Properties of Inhomogeneous Media) International Association, 2015
 The 2012 Nanotechnology Award from UNESCO
 The 2014 Goodman Book Award from OSA and SPIE
 Honorary Doctorate from University of Southern Denmark, 2015
 The 2006 Top 50 Nano Technology Award Winner for “Nanorod Material”
 The 2009 McCoy Award, Purdue University's highest honor for scientific achievement
 Fellow of the Materials Research Society (MRS), since 2015
 Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), since 2010
 Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS), since 2002
 Fellow of the Optical Society of America (OSA), since 2003
 Fellow of the International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE), since 2005
 General co-Chair for 2011 and Program co-Chair 2009 of CLEO/QELS conferences
 Chair of the OSA Technical Group “Photonic Metamaterials”, 2004 - 2010
 Reviewing Editor for Science Science Magazine
 Co-Editor of Applied Physics B - Lasers and Optics, 2006 - 2013
 Topical Editor for Journal of Optical Society of America B, 2005–2011
 Editorial Board Member for Nanophotonics journal, since 2012
 Editorial Advisory Board Member for Laser and Photonics Reviews, since 2008

Publications

Prof. Shalaev co-/authored three- and co-/edited four books in the area of his scientific expertise. According to Shalaev's website, over the course of his career he contributed 30 invited chapters to various scientific anthologies and published a number of invited review articles, over 800 publications in total. He made over 500 invited presentations at International Conferences and leading research centers, including a number of plenary and keynote talks.

References

21st-century American physicists
Russian physicists
1957 births
Living people
Optical physicists
Metamaterials scientists
Purdue University faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of Optica (society)
Fellows of SPIE


Grey Towers National Historic Site, also known as Gifford Pinchot House or The Pinchot Institute, is located just off US 6 west of Milford, Pennsylvania, in Milford Township. It is the ancestral summer home of Gifford Pinchot, first chief of the newly developed United States Forest Service (USFS) and twice elected governor of Pennsylvania.

The house, built in the style of a French château to reflect the Pinchot family's French origins, was designed by Richard Morris Hunt with some later work by H. Edwards Ficken. Situated on the hills above Milford, it overlooks the Delaware River. Gifford Pinchot grew up there and returned during the summers. When his later life took him to Washington, D.C. and Harrisburg. His wife, Cornelia Bryce Pinchot, made substantial changes to the interior of the home and gardens, in collaboration with several different architects, during that time.

In 1963, his family donated it and the surrounding 102 acres (41 ha) to the Forest Service; it is the only U.S. National Historic Site managed by that agency. Three years later the Department of the Interior designated it a National Historic Landmark. Today it is open to the public for tours and hiking on its trails; it is also home to the Pinchot Institute, which carries on his work in conservation.

Building and grounds
The mansion itself is a three-story L-shaped fieldstone chateau. Conical roofed towers at three of the corners give the property its name. A service wing juts out from the fourth corner. As originally built it contained 43 rooms, with the first floor featuring a large entrance hall, billiard room, dining room, library and sitting room. Bedrooms were located on the second floor, with more on the third floor plus storage spaces and children's playrooms.

The house boasts a number of outbuildings. On the  of the combined parcels that made up the original estate, there are 48 total buildings, structures and sites, all but eight of which are considered contributing to its historic value. These include nearby cottages known as the Letter and Bait Boxes, a unique outdoor dining facility called the Finger Bowl, a Forester's Cottage used as a residence by the Pinchot descendants, an open-air theatre, the former Yale School of Forestry's summer school, and a white pine plantation established by Gifford Pinchot.

History
There are four distinct periods in the history of Grey Towers: its initial construction under James Pinchot and his ownership, Gifford and Cornelia Pinchot's years, the early years with the Forest Service, and a more recent period of historic preservation efforts.

James Pinchot

In 1875, Gifford's father, James Wallace Pinchot (1831–1908), retired after a successful career in the wallpaper and window shade business.  He bought  overlooking the Delaware in Dingman Township, just outside the borough. Particularly attractive to him and his family was a small waterfall on Sawkill Creek.

There, James Pinchot's primary endeavor was planning and designing Grey Towers and the land around it. At first, he developed the land along lines of the ornamental farm advocated by Andrew Jackson Downing. The original winding drive up the hill was meant to show off his orchards. In 1884, he retained Hunt, a family friend, to put on paper these ideas for a French-style chateau, modeled after the Marquis de Lafayette's LaGrange and reflecting the Pinchot family's origin in France. Two years later construction was complete, but not before Pinchot altered the plans slightly to save money. While Hunt was away in Europe, he also had Ficken alter Hunt's design slightly when bedrock on the site made it difficult to build the raised foundation Hunt had originally planned. Ficken added some of his own decorative touches to the house, such as the front door, interior paneling and wrought iron porches on the south and east facades.

Almost all the materials came from local sources. Hemlock timbers were floated down the Delaware on rafts from Lackawaxen, and another river town, Shohola, provided the bluestone and windows. Roofing slate came from across the river, in Lafayette, New Jersey. All the workers and contractors hired were Milford residents. The total cost was $19,000 for the house itself and $24,000 for furnishings.

In 1906, a design by Frederick Law Olmsted (who had died three years earlier) was implemented for an old cemetery on the property. (Olmsted's contribution is unclear, as all had existed from the early 19th century, before the Pinchot family's ownership of the land.) Today it is in poor condition.

James Pinchot had come to regret the environmental damage forest-product industries such as his had done, and he endowed the Yale School of Forestry, the first graduate forestry program in the country. From 1901 to 1926, the Grey Towers estate grounds served as the school's primary summer preparatory fieldwork location. Only ruins of the educational buildings exist today.

Gifford and Cornelia
James Pinchot died in 1908, and his wife, Mary, died 10 days after Gifford married Cornelia Bryce in August, 1914. He and his brother Amos split the estate, with Amos taking the half on which a small forester's cabin was the main dwelling and Gifford taking the house. The couple began spending their summers at Grey Towers. Cornelia realized that Gifford's developing political career, and hers (she ran for Congress three times), required a residence more suited to entertaining guests than it had originally been intended to be, and set about modernizing the house. At her behest, many alterations were made to the original first-floor plan. The most significant involved merging the dining and breakfast rooms to create a large sitting room, and similarly enlarging the library by adding the living room to it. "The first thing my wife did", Pinchot told the Saturday Evening Post in 1922, "was to break down the partition walls and let in light and air ... [O]f course, it's a vast improvement."

An avid gardener, she turned her attention to the grounds. Chester Holmes Aldrich first designed a swimming pool for the property, a raised structure enclosed on three sides by a pergola of stone piers and wooden trellises. After that came the Bait Box, a playhouse for the couple's son, Gifford Bryce Pinchot. Elliptical openings in the stone walls around the courtyard provide views over the surrounding landscape. Next, in the late 1920s, when her husband was serving his first term as governor, came the Letter Box, a small cottage intended both as an archive for his papers and an office for his political staff when he was in residence. In their last collaboration, Aldrich and Cornelia Pinchot added a moat, which finally gave the house the raised effect Hunt had originally intended. In building it became necessary to lengthen the east lawn and build a new stone wall to support the moat.

 In the early 1930s, she hired William Lawrence Bottomley to create a unique addition known as the Finger Bowl, an outdoor dining area consisting of a raised pool surrounded by a flat ledge. Chairs were pulled up to the ledge and food was served from bowls floating on the water. It was sheltered by a wisteria-covered arbor supported by 12 stone piers. In the late 1930s, Gifford Pinchot started the White Pine Plantation to reforest some old farmland near the mansion. He was particularly interested in that species since it was the dominant tree in the forests of Pike County and had been heavily harvested during the previous century.

Forest Service

After his mother died in 1960, Gifford Bryce Pinchot donated the building to the Forest Service, as the family had planned. The agency intended to use the house as a conference center, and had to replace some interior walls that had suffered insect and water damage. Various other rooms in the wing and second floor were converted to storage or office use, and the swimming pool was filled in, in 1979, when it became a safety and maintenance problem. A parking lot was built to the northwest.

The Pinchot Institute, which also has a role in administering the site, was dedicated by President John F. Kennedy on September 24, 1963. That same year Grey Towers was one of the first sites declared a National Historic Landmark by the Secretary of the Interior.

In 1980, the USFS realized how much its renovations had damaged an architecturally significant structure and began trying to undo some of the changes it had made. It developed a plan to restore the house and estate to a condition similar to the way it had been in Pinchot's era, in consultation with the Park Service's Harper's Ferry Center, and hired staff with expertise in landscape and architecture. After a brief closing for this renovation, it reopened on August 11, 2001, Gifford Pinchot's birthday. The state of Pennsylvania's Department of Natural Resources also made a $2 million grant available for renovations to the entrance, entry road and parking facilities. In 2007 the USFS restored the swimming pool.

Today

The grounds are open daily from 9 a.m.-4:30 p.m. from Memorial Day weekend through October. Guided tours home and gardens start every hour on the hour from 11 a.m.-3 p.m.; there is a fee except when stated on their calendar of events. Self-guided interpretive trails devoted to the history of the Pinchot family, forestry and the bluebirds nesting in the woods are available on the grounds. There is also a gift shop.

The Pinchot Institute also hosts conferences related to conservation matters. They are held either in the upper floors of the mansion or in the Letter Box.

Gallery

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

Official website - US Forest Service
Grey Towers Heritage Association
Pinchot Institute
Grey Towers History (Forest History Society)
 Grey Towers, Old Route 6, Milford, Pike County, PA: 8 measured drawings at Historic American Buildings Survey
 Grey Towers, Gate House, Old Route 6, Milford, Pike County, PA: 2 measured drawings at Historic American Buildings Survey
 Grey Towers, Bait Box, Old Route 6, Milford, Pike County, PA: 1 measured drawing at Historic American Buildings Survey
 Grey Towers, Letter Box, Old Route 6, Milford, Pike County, PA: 1 measured drawing at Historic American Buildings Survey

Pinchot family
Houses completed in 1886
National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
National Historic Sites in Pennsylvania
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Châteaux
Richard Morris Hunt buildings
United States Forest Service protected areas
U.S. Route 6
Historic house museums in Pennsylvania
Museums in Pike County, Pennsylvania
Biographical museums in Pennsylvania
Neo-Norman architecture in the United States
Houses in Pike County, Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Pike County, Pennsylvania
Protected areas of Pike County, Pennsylvania


Casa Grande may refer to:

Places

Australia
 Casa Grande, Mount Isa, a heritage-listed house in Queensland

Brazil
Casa Grande, Minas Gerais, a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais
Casa grande (sugar plantation), the home of the owner of a sugar plantation in Brazilian history

Mexico
Casas Grandes Municipality in Chihuahua, Mexico
Casas Grandes, an architectural zone in the municipality
Nuevo Casas Grandes, another municipality in the state of Chihuahua
 Casa Grande (museum), an old ranch in the state of Veracruz, home of Lucía Zárate

Peru
 Casa Grande, Peru, a city in the Casa Grande District, in the Ascope Province of La Libertad Region

United States
 Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, a national monument outside Coolidge, Arizona
 Casa Grande, Arizona
 Casa Grande, Pasadena, California

Other
 casa-grande, Brazilian plantation estates
 Casa Grande Municipal Airport, a general aviation airport in Casa Grande, Arizona
 Casa Grande High School, a secondary school in Petaluma, California
 Casa Grande (soil), the state soil of Arizona
 The Great House (film) (La casa grande), a 1975 Spanish drama film
 Casa Grande (film), a 2014 Brazilian film starring Marcello Novaes and Suzana Pires

 Casa Grande-class dock landing ship
 Casagrande, a surname
 The Casagrandes, a Nickelodeon TV series

See also

 Casa Grande Hotel (disambiguation)
 Casa (disambiguation)
 Grande (disambiguation)
 Grand (disambiguation)


The 1999 Five Nations Championship (sponsored by Lloyds TSB) was the seventieth series of the rugby union Five Nations Championship. Including the previous incarnations as the Home Nations and Five Nations, this was the hundred-and-fifth series of the northern hemisphere rugby union championship. Ten matches were played over five weekends from 6 February to 11 April. The tournament was won by , who beat  on points difference. Scotland scored sixteen tries in the tournament, to England's eight.

It was notable for the dramatic climax to the tournament, which was decided in the dying minutes of the final match. England were heavy favourites to beat Wales and claim both the tournament title and Grand Slam. With England leading the match by six points as the game entered injury time, Wales centre Scott Gibbs evaded a number of tackles to score a try from approximately 20 metres. Neil Jenkins successfully converted to claim victory for Wales by a single point and hand the Championship to Scotland in one of the most memorable matches in the tournament's history. Scotland had staged their own remarkable upset the previous day, scoring five first-half tries to beat France in Paris for only the second time in thirty years.

Scotland's Gregor Townsend became only the fifth player in history to score a try against each other country in the five nations tournament. He also became the second Scotsman to do so, following on from Johnnie Wallace in 1925. The other men to achieve the feat were Carston Catcheside (England 1924), Patrick Estève (France 1983) and Phillipe Sella (France 1986). After him, French Philippe Bernat-Salles scored a try in the 5 games of the new '6 Nations' in 2001.

This was the last Five Nations Championship; in 2000,  joined the tournament, which became the Six Nations Championship. Indeed, Italy played all the Five Nations sides during the 1998/99 season, partly in preparation for joining the tournament the following year, albeit that the game against England (at Huddersfield) was a World Cup qualifier. Italy lost all five of these games.

 missed out on a twelfth Grand Slam after losing to  at Wembley Stadium.

Participants
The teams involved were:

Squads

Table

Results

Week 1

Week 2

Week 3

Week 4

Week 5

References

External links

The official RBS Six Nations Site
1999 championship results on ESPN Scrum

1999 rugby union tournaments for national teams
1999

1998–99 in Irish rugby union
1998–99 in English rugby union
1998–99 in Welsh rugby union
1998–99 in Scottish rugby union
1998–99 in French rugby union
Five Nations
Five Nations
Five Nations


This is a list of state highways in the U.S. state of California that existed before the 1964 renumbering. It includes routes that were defined by the California State Legislature but never built, and is sorted by the unmarked legislative route number. For details on routes added before 1931, see history of California's state highway system#List of route numbers, 1917-1931; the dates given here are when the numbers were assigned (1916 for routes added in the first two bond issues, 1917 for routes added by the legislature before 1917).

Legislative Routes

Sign routes

See also

References
Howe & Peters, Engineers' Report to California State Automobile Association Covering the Work of the California Highway Commission for the Period 1911-1920, pp. 11–16

 List pre-1964


Archbishop Spyridon of America (born George Papageorge, ) is a retired Greek Orthodox bishop of the Ecumenical Patriarchate who was the archbishop of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America from July 1997 to August 1999. Internal conflicts within the church caused his resignation in 1999, after which he went into retirement, without accepting his subsequent assignment as Metropolitan of Chaldia.

Early life
Archbishop Spyridon was born on September 24, 1944, in Warren, Ohio and was the son of Clara and Constantine Papageorge, ethnic Greek American parents.

Spyridon attended elementary school in both Steubenville, Ohio, and Rhodes, Greece and graduated from Tarpon Springs High School in 1962.

He studied at the Theological School of Halki where he graduated in 1966 and he then attended graduate school at the University of Geneva in Switzerland, specializing in The History of the Protestant Churches. Awarded a scholarship by the Ecumenical Patriarchate, he then studied Byzantine Literature at Bochum University in Germany from 1969 to 1973).

Following graduation, he served as secretary at the Permanent Delegation of the Ecumenical Patriarchate to the World Council of Churches from 1966 to 1977 and later served as secretary of the Orthodox Center in Pregny-Chambésy, Geneva where he was the director of its well-known news bulletin "Episkepsis". In 1976, Spyridon was assigned as dean of the Greek Orthodox Community of St. Andrew in Rome, where he served until 1985.

Metropolitan of Italy
His stay in Italy, where Catholicism is prominent, led to his 1984 appointment as Executive Secretary of the Inter-Orthodox Commission for the Theological Dialogue between the Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Churches.

In 1985, the Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate elected him titular bishop of Apamea, assigning him as an auxiliary bishop to the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Austria and Exarchate of Italy, as it was then known. In November 1991, upon the creation the Archdiocese of Italy and Exarchate of Southern Europe, the Holy Synod elected Spyridon as its first Metropolitan.

During the course of the four years he served as Metropolitan of Italy, Spyridon increased the prevalence of the Orthodox Church and contributed to Orthodox unity by incorporating various Italian Orthodox communities. He gave particular attention to the Orthodox youth by creating the Union of Greek Orthodox Students of Italy and after centuries, he reintroduced Orthodox monasticism in Italy by reopening the Byzantine monastery of Saint John Theristis in Calabria.

In 1992, he was appointed chairman of the inter-Orthodox Commission for the Theological Dialogue between the Orthodox Church and the Lutheran World Federation. He was Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew's delegate to the Special Synod of the Roman Catholic Bishops in Europe which took place in Rome in 1991 where his address on the theological dialogue between Eastern Orthodoxy and Catholicism received much praise.

Archbishop of America
Following his productive 22-year ministry in Italy and because of his American birth, he was appointed Archbishop of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America on July 30, 1997.

Spyridon stressed the importance of the Orthodox Church as a symbol of Greek-American pride. He took bold initiatives in dealing with vital matters affecting the Greek Orthodox Church of America in terms of Greek education, Orthodox theological training, the Greek American lobby and the administration of the Archdiocese.

Due to internal church conflicts, Spyridon resigned from the archiepiscopal throne of America on August 19, 1999. He never accepted his subsequent appointment as Metropolitan of Chaldia by the Ecumenical Patriarchate and on September 15, 1999, he left New York City and moved to Lisbon, Portugal, where he occasionally grants interviews and writes articles for the Greek press in America.

References

Sources
Biographical Profile of Archbishop Spyridon, former primate of the Greek Orthodox Church in America
Orthodox Research Institute

External links
Archbishop Spyridon E-Files

1944 births
Living people
People from Warren, Ohio
Bishops of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
American people of Greek descent
20th-century Eastern Orthodox archbishops
Archbishops of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America
Theological School of Halki alumni
Eastern Orthodoxy in Italy
Greek expatriate bishops


Whatcheeriidae is an extinct family of tetrapods which lived in the Mississippian sub-period, a subdivision of the Carboniferous period.  It contains the genera Pederpes, Whatcheeria, and possibly Ossinodus. Fossils of a possible whatcheeriid have been found from the Red Hill locality of Pennsylvania. If these remains are from a whatcheeriid, they extend the range of the family into the Late Devonian and suggest that advanced tetrapods may have lived alongside primitive tetrapod ancestors like Hynerpeton and Densignathus. They also imply that a very long ghost lineage of whatcheeriids lived through Romer's gap, a period during the Early Carboniferous conspicuously lacking in tetrapod remains.

Classification
Currently, using modern cladistic taxonomy, Whatcheeriidae is not placed in Amphibia or any other class but simply as its own family within stem-group tetrapods. The analysis below was conducted by Swartz in 2012, showing the relationship of whatcheeriids with other stem-tetrapods.

References

 Taxonomicon article on Whatcheeriidae
 Zipcode Zoo article on Whatcheeriidae

Carboniferous vertebrates
Mississippian animals
Prehistoric tetrapod families
Stegocephalians
Mississippian first appearances
Mississippian extinctions


The Royal Signals Motorcycle Display Team (RSMDT), also known as the White Helmets, was a group of serving soldiers from the Royal Corps of Signals of the British Army, who gave public displays of motorcycling skills, acrobatics and stunt riding.  The team was based at the home of the Royal Signals at Blandford Camp in Dorset.  The team was disbanded at the end of 2017.

Origins
The team's origins lie in precision motorcycling and horseriding demonstrations given by instructors and students from the British Army Signal Training Centre in Yorkshire, beginning in 1927.  Riders were  normally employed as despatch riders. They have had many names in the past including 'The Red Devils', before the Parachute Regiment team of the same name existed, Mad Signals (on account of the poor brakes on the motorcycles) and only adopted the name 'White Helmets' in 1963.

The team
The team consisted of one commissioned officer and up to 36 other ranks, all volunteers from within the Royal Signals.

Potential new members began with a two week selection course in October and the whole team spent the winter learning routines and stunts, culminating in an opening display in April where white motorcycle helmets are ceremonially presented to successful new recruits by the Signal Officer in Chief. The remainder of the summer is spent touring, giving public performances at events throughout the United Kingdom and abroad, such as the Royal Military Tournament.

In the 1980s, the team participated prominently in a British television advertisement for petrol stations of Texaco.

Dress and equipment
During displays, the team wore tailored No1 Dress uniform and open face white motorcycle helmets, however in inclement weather,  black coveralls were worn,  and traditionally used Triumph motorcycles. The used 750cc Millennium Triumph TR7V Tiger motorcycles adopted since originally supplied by the Meriden Motorcycle co-operative in the middle of the 1970s, and since by Les Harris.

The Royal Signals Museum holds many of the teams’ memorabilia.

See also
 Units of the Royal Corps of Signals

References

External links
Official website
Team Members' Website - Past & Present

Royal Corps of Signals
Motorcycle stunt performers
British ceremonial units


Anthony Chanona is a Belizean politician for the People's United Party.

He was elected Mayor of Belmopan in 2000, re-elected in 2003, and opted not to run for a third term, leaving office in 2006; while in office, he handed the keys of the city to Chen Shui-bian, President of the Republic of China. Simeon López succeeded him as mayor.

Chanona was appointed to the Senate in April 2006, holding the position until his resignation on September 13, 2007, over the issue of the passage of the Public Utilities Act (which he had opposed on the grounds that it diminished the autonomy of the Public Utilities Commission). David Hoy was appointed to fill Chanona's seat in November of that year.

Chanona was also formerly chairman of the Belize Citrus Growers Association (CGA). He and several members of his family were among the hundreds of victims of the May 2, 1998 Hummingbird Highway robbery.

References
http://www.channel5belize.com/archive_detail_story.php?story_id=14500
http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2004/09/04/2003201552
http://www.channel5belize.com/archive_detail_story.php?story_id=10332
http://www.channel5belize.com/archive_detail_story.php?story_id=19602

Mayors of Belmopan
People's United Party politicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


The 1886 Kansas City Cowboys was a season in American baseball. The team had a 30–91 record in the National League, finishing in seventh place. This was the only season this version of the team existed, as the team went bankrupt before the 1887 season.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References
 1886 Kansas City Cowboys team page at Baseball Reference

Kansas City Cowboys season
Kansas City Cowboys
Kansas City Cowboys


North Perrott is a village and civil parish in the South Somerset district of the English county of Somerset.

History

The name Perrott comes from the River Parrett.

There is evidence of Roman and Iron Age settlement in the village.

The manor was held with South Perrott just over the border in Dorset.

The parish was part of the hundred of Houndsborough.

 north north-west of Pipplepen Farmhouse are earthworks of an  by  platform with the remains of buildings. The site with its surrounding moat is believed to be the medieval mansion home of the De Pipplepens.

Governance

The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

The village falls within the Non-metropolitan district of South Somerset, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Yeovil Rural District. The district council is responsible for local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection and recycling, cemeteries and crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism. North Perrott is part of this electoral ward which is called Parrett. At the 2011 census the population of this ward was 2,336.

Somerset County Council is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, policing and fire services, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning.

It is also part of the Yeovil county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one member of parliament by the first past the post system of election.

Geography

To the east of the village is Whitevine Meadows a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest which consists of a nationally rare type of neutral grassland together with adjoining areas of scrub and ancient woodland. The Whitevine meadow is unusual in being one of only three British localities where the grass Gaudinia fragilis is a prominent and established component of the sward. The scrub provides nest sites for several species of bird, including nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos). Clearings within the scrub support a mixed flora with saw-wort (Serratula tinctoria), yellow-wort (Blackstonia perfoliata) and autumn gentian (Gentianella amarella). These sheltered glades provide favourable climatic conditions for butterflies including marbled white (Melanargia galathea) and silver-washed fritillary (Argynnis paphia).

Landmarks

North Perrott Manor House was built in 1877 by Thomas Henry Wyatt for P.M. Hoskyns. After World War II it became Perrott Hill School and, along with the ornaments, stables and other outbuildings, has been designated as a listed building.

Religious sites

The Church of St Martin dates from the 12th century and has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade I listed building.

Sport
North Perrott Cricket Club Ground is a former List A cricket ground.  It hosted a single Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy match in 2001 between Somerset Cricket Board and Wales Minor Counties. The ground has also been used by Somerset County Cricket Club and Board for numerous other matches.  It has also hosted the Somerset women's cricket team occasionally since 2005.  The ground is home to North Perrott Cricket Club, and has been since its creation in 1946.

Notable people
The writer Elizabeth Ham was born in North Perrott in 1783.

References

13. North Perrott Remembered by Leslie Parkman

External links

Villages in South Somerset
Civil parishes in Somerset


NHM may refer to:
 National Health Mission, a healthcare initiative in India
 Natural history museum, a scientific institution with natural history collections
 Natural History Museum, London
 Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
 Natural History Museum, Vienna
 Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij, the Netherlands Trading Society
 NHM, a settlement thought by some to be Nahom


KLKS (100.1 FM; "Talk 100") is a radio station owned by Jimmy D. Birkemeyer's R & J Broadcasting and located in Pequot Lakes, Minnesota. It serves the Brainerd Lakes Area of central Minnesota.

It is owned by R & J Broadcasting, Inc. Its sister stations are KKIN, KKIN-FM, KFGI, WWWI-FM, and WWWI.

Ownership
KLKS was built in 1983 by Allen Gray, who has a broadcasting career of 60 years. He was inducted into the Museum of Broadcasting Hall of Fame in 2001. The station, at the time operating on 104.3 FM in Breezy Point, had a full service programming format.

In June 2012, it was announced that KLKS was being sold by Lakes Broadcasting Group, Inc. to Minnesota Christian Broadcasters. That transaction was consummated on September 11, 2012, at a purchase price of $350,000. According to FCC filings, however, the station continued to operate commercially.

On September 12, 2012 KLKS swapped frequencies with WZFJ (100.1 FM). 104.3 adopted the contemporary Christian format that had been aired on 100.1, branded as The Pulse, while 100.1 KLKS went silent.

On March 21, 2013, KLKS was purchased by Red Rock Radio Corp.; the transaction, at a purchase price of $250,000, was consummated on August 1, 2013. This made KLKS the sixth station in the area for Red Rock Radio.

On August 9, 2013, KLKS returned to the air with a classic hits format, branded as The Wave. This format and branding was later dropped in the fall of 2014 when the station adopted a talk radio format under the branding Talk 100.

On September 16, 2016, Red Rock Radio announced that it would sell KLKS to R & J Broadcasting as part of an eight station deal; the sale was completed on December 21, 2016.

References

External links

Radio stations in Minnesota
News and talk radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 2002
2002 establishments in Minnesota


Russell Howard Gillow (born September 2, 1939 in Hespeler, Ontario) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 109 games in the World Hockey Association with the Los Angeles Sharks and San Diego Mariners. As a 32-year-old rookie in the 1972–73 WHA season, Gillow was 2nd to Cleveland's Gerry Cheevers in lowest goals against average and helped the Los Angeles Sharks to a 3rd-place finish and playoff berth.

Gillow was an emergency backup goalie for the Philadelphia Flyers on February 1, 1972, against the California Golden Seals.

External links

1939 births
Living people
Calgary Stampeders (ASHL) players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Des Moines Oak Leafs players
Edmonton Flyers (WHL) players
Greensboro Generals (SHL) players
Knoxville Knights players
Los Angeles Blades (WHL) players
Los Angeles Sharks players
Milwaukee Falcons players
Oklahoma City Blazers (1965–1977) players
San Diego Mariners players
Seattle Totems (WHL) players
Ice hockey people from Cambridge, Ontario
Syracuse Blazers players
Western International Hockey League players


Belinda McClory (born 1968) is an Australian film, television and stage actress, mainly known for her role as Switch in The Matrix.

McClory was born in Adelaide, Australia. Her father was a police officer, giving her insight to the life of a cop and their family. On 30 January 1999 she married director Jon Hewitt. She received a Helpmann Award for Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Play for her role in the 2004 Australian production of Frozen.

Education
Attended Marymount College and Sacred Heart College Snr; both being Private Catholic schools in South Australia.

Filmography

Film

Television

Theatre
 Frozen (2004)
 The Modern International Dead (2009)
Edward II (2016)
My Sister Feather (2018)

References

External links

1968 births
Australian film actresses
Australian television actresses
Helpmann Award winners
Living people
Actresses from Adelaide
20th-century Australian actresses
21st-century Australian actresses
Australian women screenwriters


The Shining Levels: The Story of a Man Who Went Back to Nature is an autobiographical book by John Wyatt. It was published by Geoffrey Bles1973.

Background
In the book, Wyatt recounts his life as a forester on Cartmel Fell in the Southern Lake District in the early-1960s. Wyatt, born in 1925, grew up in the Cheshire mill town of Ashton-under-Lyne. As a boy he visited the Lake district with the Cub Scouts and fell in love with the area. After working as a copy boy for the Daily Telegraph in Manchester he applies for the post of forest worker in the lakes and finds himself living a very simple life having to build his own stove, etc. He adopts a roe deer fawn who lives with him in his woodkeeper's hut. The book describes his growing bond with nature. The title Shining Levels describes moments of great beauty that he came across unexpectedly in his everyday life.

Wyatt eventually became head warden of the Lake District National Park. He died in 2006 and is buried in a Lake district wood with a yew tree planted on his grave. The book inspired the band Sea Power, who almost named their first album after it.

References

English non-fiction literature
1973 non-fiction books
Books about writers


Sabour (Urdu صبور) is a Union Council of Gujrat District, in the Punjab province of Pakistan.

Geography

Sabour is located at 32°48'10.45"N 74° 3'44.45"E  and is situated on the Bhimber Road, 30 kilometres away from Gujrat and 17 km from Bhimber. A road from Kharian to Bhimber also links Sabour with Rawalpindi. Samrala, Ladian (the village of Major Aziz Bhatti Shaheed), Rolia and Shampur are neighbouring villages. Administratively Sabour is head office of the Union Council Sabour and part of Kharian Tehsil.

Geographically Sabour is situated in a plain area, but there is a small hill in the middle of the village which is being used as Graveyard of the village it is called "Tibba". Most beautiful is the eastern side of the village where there flows a rainy stream called "Nala Bhandar". There is much greenery on the both banks of it. Youth enjoy swimming on rainy days along its banks.  Bhimber Road bisects the village into two halves.

History
Sabour is an ancient town. Documented records of Sabour exist of Sher Shah Suri's time.

Pre Partition
Muslims and Hindus were living in Sabour before partition. Muslims were peasants and Hindus were merchants.
Roshan Lal his two brothers and family also migrated to India.
Roshan Lal had a great desire to meet or to talk to somebody from Sabour. Seven years after his death his wish come true but in a different way. His son at last met somebody from Sabour in London.

Trade and Economy
Historically, Sabour has always been reliant on employment in Military. Land Holdings are generally Small. Due to uneven land feature of Sabour irrigation through canals is not possible. Rain and sub surface water wells provide water for irrigation. Subsistence Agriculture is practiced by some but increasingly reducing in size.
People diversified their option more after independence from British Raj. Many people joined Civilian Govt. departments and industrial Units across Pakistan. Karachi became the preferred city for employment for Sabourians during 1960s and 1970s. Sabour was usually a low-income village in the early decades of Pakistan.

Oil Boom in Gulf helped sabour's economy during 1980s and 1990s. People from Sabour provided much needed skills in Gulf countries chiefly Saudi Arabia. It provided much needed boost to local economy of Sabour. Workers in Gulf were earning good salaries are buying power of their families back home in Sabour increased many fold. Local business and tradesmen benefited from this improvement in buying power. Modern houses, better schools, hospitals and shops were all reaping positive results of improved earnings. Success in Gulf encouraged people to explore Europe and North America. Many people from Sabour are settled and working in Europe and North America. Sabour, a poor village of 1950s, is a Modern Town center of Today.
Last decade has seen a great improvement in Dinning and Catering business in Sabour. From a humble start of Al-Karam Bofia, Sabour is rightfully a center of grilled food in Kharian Tehsil. There are many groceries, Tikka corners, and restaurants.
There are many mobile & computer shops. One of the famous shop is Imran mobile shop it have two other branches also called imran mobile shop.

The people of Sabour run a cooperative charity organization in the village. The organisation launched its projects to provide clean water and sanitary services in the village. Generous donations of SABOUR diaspora in the world and around Pakistan support the organisation financially.

Infrastructure

Sabour's location is unique with roads from Gujrat and Kharian meet in Sabour.
Electricity came in 1966 and fixed line telephone in 1995. There are two water turbines to supply fresh water to Sabour which is a project of WHO. There is no specific marketplace but there are many shops in Sabour, most of them are situated on both sides of the Gujrat Bhimber road. Streets are paved and sewage channels are open but lined.

Schools
Sabour has had a primary School since 1905.

Today there are four Government Schools,
Government Primary School for Girls Sabour.
Government Primary School for Boys Sabour.
Government High School for Girls Sabour.
Government High School for Boys Sabour.
and few Private Schools.

There is one religious School Jamia Naqshbandai Majadadia Nooria(Madrasa) founded by Great ISLAMIC Scholar Peer Irshad Hussain Noori Churahi (Rah.A) in Sabour.
There are four Masjids in Sabour, two Jamiaa Masjids Jamia Masjid Faizan-e-Oulia, Jamia Masjid BaBa Phully wali and another two mosques in suburbs or newly built areas.

Hospitals
One Government Rural Hospital Sabour (not yet operational).
Private Hospitals, Sadi Hospital (run by MBBS Doctor Fayyaz Hussain), three dispenser-type clinics [Dr. Ghulam Mustafa, Dr. Ghulam Nabi (Chakora), Dr. Habib Hashmi]

Sabour Cricket Team
Sabour Cricket Team won the Dolta Nagar annual tournament thrice, and the Kotla annual tournament twice led by allrounder Malik Jawad. In 2002 and 2004, Malik Jawad also played for Royal Dutch cricket club Holland, Sabour team won many more tournaments. Sabour's cricket ground is alongside Nala Bhandar.

References

Union councils of Gujrat District


John Joseph Stockdale (1770, 1776 or 1777 – 16 February 1847) was an English publisher and editor with something of a reputation as a pornographer. He sought to blackmail a number of public figures over the memoirs of society courtesan Harriette Wilson, drawing the notorious retort from the Duke of Wellington, Publish and be damned! He also famously sued the parliamentary reporter Hansard over an allegation that he had published an indecent book and became involved in an important constitutional clash between parliament and the courts that ultimately brought about a change in the law.

Publisher

The son of John Stockdale and Mary née Ridgway, John Joseph was brother to Mary Stockdale. He was educated privately at a boarding school in Bedfordshire and in 1793 started to work for his father, being admitted to the freedom of the Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers on 3 August 1802, and afterwards taking up the livery. In 1805 he married Sophia, a niece of Philip Box a successful banker, and he established his own business in Pall Mall in 1806, possibly with financial help from Box. He compiled and edited many books, including:
Richard Wellesley's Events and Transactions in India (1805);
Eaton Stannard Barrett's All the Talents: A Satirical Poem (1806);
Don Pedro Cevallos's Usurpation of the Crown of Spain (1808) and Sketches Civil and Military of the Island of Java (1811); and
Percy Bysshe Shelley's second novel St. Irvyne; or, The Rosicrucian, A Romance (1810; reprinted in 1822).

Stockdale also sold copies of Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire by Percy Bysshe Shelley and his sister Elizabeth in 1810. In 1811, Stockdale, under the pseudonym of Thomas Little published an edition of John Roberton's treatise on the pathology of the reproductive system On Diseases of the Generative System. Roberton was a radical and something of an outsider to the medical profession, and the book's explicit anatomical plates, together with Stockdale's louche reputation, meant that the book attracted some distaste and notoriety. Stockdale had in fact interpolated some additional sensational illustrations. In 1824, again as Thomas Little, Stockdale published The Beauty, Marriage Ceremonies and Intercourse of the Sexes in All Nations; to which is added The New Art of Love (Grounded on Kalogynomia), an augmented edition of Roberton's 1821 book Kalogynomia, or the Laws of Female Beauty, a work that Roberton had himself published under the pseudonym T. Bell.

Blackmailer
Stockdale was the publisher of the notorious Memoirs of Harriette Wilson (1826) which attracted a crowd ten deep outside his shop. Before publication, Stockdale and Wilson wrote to all those lovers and clients named in the book, including Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington and Henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux, offering them the opportunity to be excluded from the work in exchange for a cash payment.<ref>Stockdale (1990) p.36</ref> Wellington famously responded with, Publish and be damned.Bourne (1975)

Stockdale died at Bushey and his wife Sophia seems to have made a further attempt to blackmail Brougham after Stockdale's death.

Stockdale v. Hansard

In 1839, HM Prisons Inspectors discovered a copy of On Diseases of the Generative System, well thumbed by the inmates of Newgate Prison. Official parliamentary reporter Hansard, by order of the House of Commons, printed and published the Report of the Inspectors of Prisons stating that an indecent book published by a Mr. Stockdale was circulating. Stockdale sued for defamation but Hansard’s defence, that the statement was true, succeeded. However, parliament ordered a reprint and Stockdale sued again but this time Hansard was ordered by the House to plead that he had acted under order of the Commons and was protected by parliamentary privilege.

The court of Queen's Bench, led by Lord Denman, unanimously found that Hansard was not protected by privilege and awarded damages to Stockdale, HM Treasury defraying Hansard's costs. However, when the  Middlesex sheriffs attempted to enforce the court order, Hansard fell back upon parliament for protection. Accordingly the sheriffs and other persons who sought to carry out the orders issued by the law court against the Hansards were imprisoned by order of the House of Commons. These protracted and vexatious proceedings were brought to a close only by the passing of the Parliamentary Papers Act 1840 by which it was enacted that proceedings, criminal or civil, against persons for the publication of papers printed by order of either house of parliament shall be stayed upon the production of a certificate to that effect. Stockdale was thus finally defeated, and the printer was indemnified.

Notes

References
Barker, H. (2004) "Stockdale, John (c.1749–1814)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, accessed 8 February 2008

 (Google Books)

Attribution

1770 births
1847 deaths
Publishers (people) from London


Cleland Lindsay "Keke" Mortson (March 29, 1934December 8, 1995) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player who played 73 games in the World Hockey Association for the Houston Aeros. His hockey career spanned 27 years, which included playing more than 1,000 games in minor league hockey, and 576 games in the American Hockey League. Mortson was posthumously inducted into the North Bay Sports Hall of Fame in 1996.

Early life
Cleland Lindsay Mortson was born on March 29, 1934, in Arntfield, Quebec. He was the second of five children to parents Malcolm and Irene Mortson. He grew up in Swastika, Ontario, then lived in Cobalt, Ontario during World War II.

Playing career
Mortson played the centre and right wing positions in hockey. His first semi-professional season was in 1952–53, with the New Haven Nutmegs. After briefly returning to junior hockey, he finished the 1953–54 season playing his first three professional games with the Cleveland Barons. His first complete professional season was in 1954–55, with the Troy Bruins in the International Hockey League, scoring 25 goals. The Bruins played in the Turner Cup finals, losing in seven games. He then returned to Canada, playing four seasons of senior hockey before getting another chance to play professionally.

The National Hockey League established the Eastern Professional Hockey League in 1959, and Mortson joined the Sudbury Wolves team. Sudbury finished first place in 1960, and were runners up for the Tom Foley Memorial Trophy in the playoffs. Mortson played two and a half seasons in the EPHL with Sudbury, and still had the fourth most assists, and eighth most points in the history of the four-year league. Mortson moved up to the Hershey Bears partway through the 1961–62 season. He scored 32 goals in the 1962–63 season, as Hershey reached the Calder Cup finals, but lost in game seven. Mortson moved closer to home, and played four full seasons with the Quebec Aces. He scored a personal best 33 goals in the 1965–66 season, finished second in the league with 95 points, and was named an AHL second team all-star.

Mortson was recruited by Murray Costello to move west in 1967, and join the Seattle Totems. At age 34, he played in all 72 games that regular season, and in the playoffs won his first team championship as a player, winning the Lester Patrick Cup, as champions of the Western Hockey League. Mortson returned to the AHL for the 1968–69 season with the Baltimore Clippers, but partway through the next season, he went back to the WHL with the Vancouver Canucks. In the 1970 playoffs, the Canucks won the Lester Patrick Cup, giving Mortson his second championship.

Mortson would end up playing with a different team each season, for the remainder of his career. He played with the Rochester Americans in the 1970–71 season, then the Dallas Black Hawks in the 1970–71 season. Playing with Dallas, his team reached the Adams Cup finals in the Central Hockey League, but lost in six games. Mortson who was now 37 years old, returned to the AHL in the 1971–72 season, and was named captain of the Cincinnati Swords. His team placed third in the regular season, only one point out of first place, and reach the second round of the playoffs. The World Hockey Association was founded in 1972, and Mortson at age 38, made his major league debut with the Houston Aeros in the 1972–73 season. He played 67 games in the season, scoring 13 goals, as the oldest player on the team.

The Southern Hockey League was founded in 1973, and Mortson played for the Macon Whoopees. While playing, he was also hired to be the team's head coach, and general manager. Mortson was hired because he was the favourite player of team owner Jerry Pinkerton, when Mortson played in Hershey. Mortson used his WHA connections to establish affiliation agreements with both the Houston Aeros and Cleveland Crusaders. Mortson was the team's leading scorer, with 24 goals, and 51 assists in 59 games, and was also the first hockey player to wear the number 99. When the Whoopees folded in February due to financial issues, Mortson had led the team to 22 wins in 62 games. Mortson finished the remainder of the 1973–74 season with the Jacksonville Barons, and was named team captain.

After taking a year off, at age 42 Mortson played 16 games including playoffs, for the Buffalo Norsemen of the North American Hockey League. Mortson returned briefly two years later with the Houston Aeros as a late season replacement, playing six games during the season, and two more in the WHA playoffs at age 44. When returning to the Aeros in 1978, he was warned to be careful then replied, "Be careful? That's no good – you're not trying if you do that". He retired with 1,401 points scored in 1,410 professional games played, including 348 goals.

Personal life
Mortson spent summers in North Bay, Ontario, playing fastpitch softball from the late-1950s until 1975, then umpired softball from 1975 to 1985. After his professional career, he retired to North Bay, and played oldtimers hockey and softball. In 1985, he coached the North Bay Sun Life team to an Ontario Baseball Association midget championship. He was also involved with the annual John D'Amico skate-a-thon fundraiser for Easter Seals. He also contributed annually to an academic award for a student in Swastika.

Mortson had two children with his first wife was Clara, and a stepson with his second wife Jane. He died at his home in North Bay, on December 8, 1995, after a short illness.  His remains were cremated and interred in Terrace Lawn Cemetery in North Bay.

The North Bay Sports Hall of Fame posthumously inducted Mortson in 1996. He had first been elected to the hall of fame in 1989, but asked for it to be deferred. He was remembered by the North Bay Nugget as "a very colorful and vocal individual", and posthumously named chairman of the annual old-timers softball tournament in North Bay.

Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs statistics.

References

External links

1934 births
1995 deaths
Baltimore Clippers players
Barrie Flyers players
Buffalo Norsemen players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Cincinnati Swords players
Cleveland Barons (1937–1973) players
Dallas Black Hawks players
Eastern Hockey League players
Hershey Bears players
Houston Aeros (WHA) players
Ice hockey people from North Bay, Ontario
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Ice hockey player-coaches
Jacksonville Barons players
Kitchener Greenshirts players
Macon Whoopees (SHL) players
Ontario Hockey Association Senior A League (1890–1979) players
Quebec Aces (AHL) players
Rochester Americans players
Seattle Totems (WHL) players
Southern Hockey League (1973–1977) coaches
Sportspeople from Rouyn-Noranda
Sudbury Wolves (EPHL) players
Troy Bruins players
Vancouver Canucks (WHL) players


Niclas Lucenius (born May 3, 1989) is a Finnish professional ice hockey center. He is currently playing with Vaasan Sport of the Finnish Liiga. Lucenius was selected by the Atlanta Thrashers in the 4th round (115th overall) of the 2007 NHL Entry Draft.

Lucenius played for Tappara in SM-liiga from 2007–2011. He later reached agreement with Dinamo Riga played in Kontinental Hockey League in the 2011–12 season.

After parts of two seasons abroad, Lucenius returned to Finland during the 2016-17 season, joining LeKi of the Mestis.

References

External links

1989 births
Atlanta Thrashers draft picks
HC '05 Banská Bystrica players
Dinamo Riga players
Düsseldorfer EG players
ETC Crimmitschau players
Finnish ice hockey centres
HPK players
Kiekko-Vantaa players
Living people
Lempäälän Kisa players
SC Rapperswil-Jona Lakers players
Tappara players
TuTo players
HC TPS players
Vaasan Sport players
Ice hockey people from Turku
Finnish expatriate ice hockey players in Latvia
Finnish expatriate ice hockey players in Slovakia
Finnish expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Finnish expatriate ice hockey players in France
Finnish expatriate ice hockey players in Switzerland
Finnish expatriate ice hockey players in Austria
Krefeld Pinguine players
Dragons de Rouen players
EHC Lustenau players


Martin Township may refer to:

Arkansas
 Martin Township, Conway County, Arkansas, in Conway County, Arkansas
 Martin Township, Pope County, Arkansas

Illinois
 Martin Township, Crawford County, Illinois
 Martin Township, McLean County, Illinois

Kansas
 Martin Township, Smith County, Kansas, in Smith County, Kansas

Michigan
 Martin Township, Michigan

Minnesota
 Martin Township, Rock County, Minnesota

Nebraska
 Martin Township, Hall County, Nebraska, in Hall County, Nebraska

North Dakota
 Martin Township, Sheridan County, North Dakota, in Sheridan County, North Dakota
 Martin Township, Walsh County, North Dakota

South Dakota
 Martin Township, Perkins County, South Dakota, in Perkins County, South Dakota

Township name disambiguation pages


Super Roots 6 is the fifth installment in the Super Roots EP series by noise rock band Boredoms, released in 1996 by WEA Japan. In the United States, it was numbered and priced as a standard album.

Track listing
"01" – 1:42
"0 (x12)" – 0:57
"6" – 6:08
"2" – 5:19
"3" – 5:44
"9" – 6:04
"4" – 1:20
"7" – 5:38
"8" – 4:05
"5" – 5:00
"10" – 6:06
"11" – 3:49
"12" – 3:30
"13" – 3:07
"14" – 3:29
"15" – 3:16
"1" – 1:01

(Note: The track titled "7" on this release is different than the track titled "7" on Rebore, vol. 0.)

References

Boredoms EPs
1996 EPs
Reprise Records EPs


A  (literally 'head of ten', also called caporegime in the American Mafia) is the head of a , a branch within a Sicilian Mafia family. In the larger families, a  is selected by the head of the family and coordinates units of about ten people.

Mafia members are organized under the supervision of a  who reports to the , the head of the Mafia family or cosca. The term derives from  ('ten'), suggesting that each would be in charge of ten men. The term was mentioned as early as the 1880s in Sicily to describe the organisation of the Fratellanza, a Mafia-type organisation in Agrigento, in the south of Sicily.

The Mafioso Melchiorre Allegra spoke of a  in his 1937 testimony. He said a family split into groups of ten men each when it became unmanageably large.

References

Gambetta, Diego (1993).The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection, London: Harvard University Press,
Paoli, Letizia (2003). Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style, New York: Oxford University Press  (Review)
Schneider, Jane T. & Peter T. Schneider (2003). Reversible Destiny: Mafia, Antimafia, and the Struggle for Palermo, Berkeley: University of California Press

Organized crime members by role
Organized crime terminology


Crugybar is a village in Carmarthenshire, Wales, located between Talley and Pumsaint. It is roughly of equal distance from Lampeter, Llandovery and Llandeilo. It is within the parish of Llanwrda.

Etymology
The Welsh word "Crug" most commonly refers to a mound of earth, often a burial mound. The meaning of "y bar" is less certain but has been linked to the Modern Welsh word "Barnu", meaning "wrath" or "judgement", giving a possible etymology of "burial place of the wrathful" or "burial place of the judged".

This derivation is possibly a folk etymology, connected with the local account that the Romans buried their dead here following a ferocious battle with the forces of Boudica (or Buddug in Welsh).

Geography
The village of Crugybar is located on the B4302 about half a mile south of the junction between that road and the A482, the road from Lampeter to Llanwrda. The village lies in the valley of the Annell, a tributary of the Afon Cothi, with low hills on either side.

The village
At one time the village had a primary school but that is long closed, and the building has been converted into a community owned village hall and community centre. It was completely refurbished in 2013 and now has a kitchen and disabled access and is able to seat about sixty people.

The Crugybar Independent Chapel is a Grade II listed building. It was established about 1688, a new chapel was built 1765, and was further rebuilt and enlarged in 1837. It was then refitted in 1893. It has a rendered, three-bay front with arched windows and door openings and many original interior fittings.

At the far end of the village with the Bridgend Inn is the local petrol station that doubles as the village shop, Down Home Stoves and Felin Newydd, a water-driven corn mill. The mill is no longer open to the public. When the mill was renovated back to working order in the 1980s, writing was found on the walls with reference to the then Davies family owners whose daughter and son-in-law emigrated to Patagonia, Argentina in the late 19th century.

Behind the Bridgend Inn runs a one-way street, a continuation of the road from Caio to Crugybar and likely to have been used by drovers taking livestock from Carmarthenshire on to the English border towns for sale.

References

External links
 Pictures of Crugybar

Villages in Carmarthenshire


The World of Fine Wine, abbreviated WFW, is a British quarterly publication for a wealthy audience of wine enthusiasts and collectors. Originally published by Quarto Magazines Ltd, and now published by New Statesman Media Group (formerly Progressive Media International), the first issue was released in June 2004. It has been described as "an up-market Decanter, with longer, more in-depth features, more credible tastings and less advertising". Hugh Johnson describes The World of Fine Wine as "not a consumer magazine, but the first cultural journal of the wine world".

The World of Fine Wine won the 2009 Gourmand World Cookbook Award for Best Wine Magazine in the World. and in September 2010 and 2012 the journal won the Louis Roederer Award for International Wine Publication of the Year.

In July 2015 the magazine digitized its past issues.

Contributors
The editorial team consists of Neil Beckett as editor with Andrew Jefford as contributing editor, David Williams as deputy editor, and Hugh Johnson as editorial advisor.

Among the content contributors are Michael Broadbent MW, Jancis Robinson MW, David Peppercorn MW, Serena Sutcliffe MW, Clive Coates MW, Nicolas Belfrage MW, Jasper Morris MW, James Halliday, Tim Atkin MW, Tom Stevenson, Michel Bettane, Franco Ziliani, Ann C. Noble, Oz Clarke, Tom Cannavan, Jamie Goode, Anthony Rose, Mike Steinberger, Antonio Galloni, Allen Meadows, David Schildknecht, Francois Mauss, Peter Liem, Roger Scruton, Anthony Hanson MW, and Jeannie Cho Lee MW.

In September 2010 The World of Fine Wine launched a weekly online blog updated every Friday, to be written by regular contributors Andrew Jefford, Peter Liem, Margaret Rand, and Bruce Schoenfeld, as well as other guest contributors.

References

External links
The World of Fine Wine official site

Quarterly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 2004
Wine magazines


North Stoke is a village within the civil parish of Kelston in the Bath and North East Somerset (BANES) unitary authority within the historic county of Somerset, England, and close to the border with South Gloucestershire. The parish has a population of 72.

History

North Stoke was part of the hundred of Bath Forum.

Governance

The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny.  North Stoke is the only parish in BANES which doesn't charge a precept. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, such as the village hall or community centre, playing fields and playgrounds, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also of interest to the council.

The parish falls within the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset which was created in 1996, as established by the Local Government Act 1992. It provides a single tier of local government with responsibility for almost all local government functions within their area including local planning and building control, local roads, council housing, environmental health, markets and fairs, refuse collection, recycling, cemeteries, crematoria, leisure services, parks, and tourism. They are also responsible for education, social services, libraries, main roads, public transport, trading standards, waste disposal and strategic planning, although fire, police and ambulance services are provided jointly with other authorities through the Avon Fire and Rescue Service, Avon and Somerset Constabulary and the Great Western Ambulance Service.

Bath and North East Somerset's area covers part of the ceremonial county of Somerset but it is administered independently of the non-metropolitan county. Its administrative headquarters are in Bath. Between 1 April 1974 and 1 April 1996, it was the Wansdyke district and the City of Bath of the county of Avon. Before 1974 that the parish was part of the Bathavon Rural District.

The parish is represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom as part of North East Somerset. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

Religious sites

The Church of St Martin dates from the 12th century and has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II* listed building.

Notable residents

Patrick Seager Hill, T.D. (1915–2010), who was a British clothing manufacturer, and a pioneer and developer of safety and fire protective clothing.
Lawrence baronets, of Lucknow (1858), whose family plaque is located in St Martin's Church, North Stoke.

References

Civil parishes in Somerset
Villages in Bath and North East Somerset


Glasgow Bridge may refer to:

Glasgow Bridge, Glasgow over the Clyde sometimes known as Jamaica Bridge.
Glasgow Bridge, Kirkintilloch, the site of the Roman Fortlet and bridge over the Forth and Clyde Canal.
Glasgow Bridge, Missouri over the Missouri River adjacent to a rail bridge.


Servis was a British white goods brand. The company was founded in 1929 in Darlaston, an area of the West Midlands renowned for manufacturing. The company started out as a manufacturer, but fell into difficulties in the 1980s.  From 1991 to 2008, the brand was owned and manufactured by Italian white goods company Antonio Merloni SpA. Antonio Merloni entered administration in 2008 and ceased manufacturing Servis appliances. In 2011, the brand was sold to Turkish white goods and TV manufacturer Vestel who relaunched the brand in 2012.

As a manufacturer
Servis Domestic Appliances manufactured  washing machines (and later tumble driers). It acquired a patent on electronic controls for washing machine drums and the Servis Quartz & Servis Sapphire models were the first washing machines & washer dryers to be controlled by a microchip. The company went into liquidation in 1991. The Servis name was then acquired by  Antonio Merloni SpA. In 2008 Servis appliances from  Antonio Merloni SpA disappeared from stores. The Servis name is now owned by Vestel, who bought the group in 2011.

Origins of name
One source suggests that the name was the result of a staff competition. A more plausible explanation is that the spelling differentiates the name for trademark purposes. During a staff training course in the 1970s, employees were told that the name of the company was derived from one of the manager's children, who had spelt "service" incorrectly.

Liquidation
In October 2008, Merloni announced that it would be placing the Servis operation into liquidation with the loss of 150 jobs.

In September 2011, Vestel of Turkey was reported to have purchased the Servis brand from Antonio Merloni SpA.

In November 2020, Servis brand was shut down in favour of Sharp.

References

External links

Home appliance brands
Home appliance manufacturers of the United Kingdom


Pederpes ("Peter's Foot") is an extinct genus of early Carboniferous tetrapod, dating from 348 to 347.6 Ma in the Tournaisian age (lower Mississippian). Pederpes contains one species, P. finneyae, 1 m long.

This most basal Carboniferous tetrapod had a large, somewhat triangular head, similar to that of later American sister-genus Whatcheeria, from which it is distinguished by various skeletal features, such as a spike-like latissimus dorsi (an arm muscle) attachment on the humerus and several minor skull features. The feet had characteristics that distinguished it from the paddle-like feet of the Devonian Ichthyostegalia and resembled the feet of later, more terrestrially adapted Carboniferous forms. Pederpes is the earliest-known tetrapod to show the beginnings of terrestrial locomotion and despite the probable presence of a sixth digit on the forelimbs it was at least functionally pentadactyl.

Discovery and classification

Pederpes was discovered in 1971 in central Scotland and classified as a lobe-finned fish. Its fossils were found in the Ballagan Formation. The type specimen was a nearly complete, articulated skeleton. Only the tail and some bones of the skull and limbs were missing. It was not until 2002 that Jennifer Clack named and reclassified the fossil as a primitive tetrapod.

Pederpes is placed in the family Whatcheeriidae, of uncertain relationships to other tetrapod families. While an amphibian in the broad sense, under cladistic taxonomy, Pederpes is not a member of the crown group amphibian in the meaning of modern amphibians. As a very basal (primitive) tetrapod, it falls under the traditional class Amphibia in Linnaean taxonomy.

Pederpes is an important fossil because it comes from the period known as Romer's gap and provides biologists with rare information about the development of tetrapods in a time when terrestrial life was rare.

The fossil was discovered in the Ballagan Formation, Inverclyde Group, claviger-macra (CM) palynozone (348 to 347.6 mya), Tournaisain Tn3c, Courceyan, Dinantian, Lower Carboniferous.

Anatomy and lifestyle

Pederpes was 1 m long, making it average-sized for an early tetrapod.

The shape of the skull and the fact that the feet face forward rather than outward indicate that Pederpes was well adapted to land life. It is currently the earliest known fully terrestrial animal, although the structure of the ear shows that its hearing was still much more functional underwater than on land, and may have spent much of its time in the water and could have hunted there.

The narrow skull suggests that Pederpes breathed by inhaling with a muscular action like most modern tetrapods, rather than by pumping air into the lungs with a throat pouch the way many modern amphibians do.

References

External links
 Taxonomicon entry for Pederpes
 Taxonomicon entry for P. finneyae
 Abstract of description
 National Geographic News article on 2002 identification of Pederpes fossil
 Dixon, Dougal.The World Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Creatures. Anness Publishing Ltd. London, UK: 2007.

Carboniferous tetrapods
Fossil taxa described in 2002
Carboniferous tetrapods of Europe


Melincourt Falls is an  high waterfall on Melin Court Brook, a left-bank tributary of the River Neath / Afon Nedd, located  south of Resolven in the county borough of Neath Port Talbot, south Wales. It is formed where the brook plunges over a resistant band of 'Lower Pennant Sandstone' in a 13 acre / 5 hectare nature reserve managed by the Wildlife Trust of South and West Wales.
The falls have been drawing visitors for at least two centuries – they are certainly known to have inspired J. M. W. Turner to paint them in 1794.  The falls are considered by some to constitute a part of Waterfall Country though the bulk of these falls are a few miles further northeast at the head of the Vale of Neath.

Visitor facilities

It can be accessed by the public footpath from the B4434 Resolven to Tonna Road,  south of Resolven. The entrance to the path is on the opposite side of the road from the public car park. The falls (otherwise known as Melincwrt Falls), can also be viewed from above where a minor public road bridges the brook immediately upstream of the drop.

Gallery

External links
 Melincourt Waterfalls
 South and West Wales Wildlife Trust website
 images of Melin Court Falls and the surrounding area on the Geograph website
 Open source map showing location of falls and nearest carpark (approx 1 mile away)

References

Waterfalls of Neath Port Talbot
Vale of Neath


Negative B is the second and last album by the Swedish band Sanctifica, released on Rivel Records in 2002. This album saw the band abandoning their previous black metal style for a more alternative, electronic, avantgarde, experimental, progressive death metal sound.
The album received mixed reviews: some found the album too bizarre, unfocused and unbalanced, while others praised it for its unique style. Many fans of Sanctifica's old style were disappointed on the drastic style change, but Negative B brought the band a new group of fans from the progressive metal crowd.

Recording
Presumably tired of their "Emperor clone" label, by 2001 the band left black metal and evolved to a more experimental, progressive death metal act. Later that year, Sanctifica entered a studio to record Negative B. Produced by the guitar virtuoso Carl Johan Grimmark, Negative B turned out to be a concept album about social issues. The band recorded the album in 4 months and released it in March 2002. David Seiving of Crimson Moonlight sung guest vocals on "Stardust Inc." The album contains a pregap of 9min 20sec of hidden content, presumably the band members talking.

The album is characterized by technical riffing, vocals shared between mostly clean vocals and some death growls, and experimenting with studio effects, including clapping hands, cellphone ringtones, cable noises etc. The album also includes a variety of instruments atypical of metal such as flute and mandolin. The flute is used such many times on the album that some previous fans began calling the band "Sanctiflutica." The song "Stardust Inc.", considered by some critics as the best song on the album, contains keyboards typical for the horror punk genre. As opposed to the previous brutal style, several songs lean more towards ballad feel rather than dark metal. Lyrically, the album takes stances on social issues and society, such as European Union.

Reception
Negative B gained mixed reviews for its bizarreness. Several critics considered it to be unique, at parts even "brilliant," but some reviewers called the style unbalanced and unfocused, claiming that the songs on the second half of the album, especially "Juxtapose" trilogy, lacked a proper structure or that the band had clearly great ideas but could not ration them convincingly. However, it was praised for its technically proficient musicianship. The album contains such a wide variety of musical elements that some critics thought the style is impossible to label or to compare to other musical ensembles. Hubertus Liljegren was cited by a critic as a talented guitarist but considered a decent vocalist at best, compared to the more acclaimed performance of David Seiving.

Tour
Despite gaining mixed reviews, Sanctifica received fairly good promotion for the album, opening them the opportunity to tour Scandinavia to support the album's sales. During the concerts following the album's release, Björn Isacsson played all guitar parts for a while, letting Hubertus perform vocals. In May, David Seiving of Crimson Moonlight joined as a vocalist, and Hubertus concentrated on playing guitar. Sanctifica played a number of concerts at different festivals in Scandinavia during the summer 2002. Some concerts included a performance by the dancer Lovisa Lindström.

In the beginning of October, Sanctifica played a tour in Finland, performing at rock clubs of Turku, Helsinki and Jyväskylä. Afterwards, Hubertus left the band, and Sactifica split up in 2003.

Track listing

References

2002 albums
Sanctifica albums


Floyd M. Boring (June 25, 1915 – February 1, 2008) was an American Secret Service agent who served with five US Presidents. He was also present and took part in the gunfight that foiled an assassination attempt on Harry S. Truman.

Truman assassination attempt

On the afternoon of 1 November 1950, Truman was taking a nap at Blair House, where he was living while The White House, across Pennsylvania Avenue, was being renovated. Boring was stationed outside Blair House with several uniformed White House guards, while two Secret Service agents were posted inside. Around 2:00 Oscar Collazo and Griselio Torresola started to fire at Blair House. Boring, drawing his .38-caliber Colt pistol, known as a Detective's Special, fired a bullet through the hat of one of the gunmen, Oscar Collazo, grazing his scalp. Collazo was also shot in the chest, and bullets grazed his nose and an ear. He was captured at the entrance to Blair House as Boring kicked his pistol away from his side.

Other Presidents

As well as Truman, Boring also worked with Franklin D. Roosevelt, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. He was with President Franklin D. Roosevelt when he died at Warm Springs, Georgia, in 1945, and accompanied his body to the funeral at Hyde Park, New York. He was not with President Kennedy's Secret Service detail in Dallas when Kennedy was assassinated. According to author Vince Palamara, Mr. Boring played a pivotal role in the security planning of Kennedy's trip to Dallas, as he was in charge of the advance arrangements. As well as the assassination, Boring also dealt with a frightening moment on the Potomac River one day when Truman struggled while swimming off his yacht.

In 1965, Boring was replaced by Roy Kellerman as "deputy special agent in charge" and assigned to Secret Service headquarters as an inspector. He retired in 1967 and entered private security work.

Personal life and death

His wife, Ruth, died in 2005. He had two daughters with her, Judith Orzell and Kate Elliott. On February 1, 2008 he died of congestive heart failure.  He is survived by both his daughters and his granddaughter, Kay.

References

1915 births
2008 deaths
United States Secret Service agents