Swifts Football Club were a football team based in Slough, England.

History

The club was founded in 1869 by Mr W. Mansfield Gardner, Mr R.T. Smith, and Mr F. Mitchell, of Slough, who also formed the Uxbridge club two years later.  The club played home matches on a ground near The Dolphin public house, Slough.

The Swifts club  was originally a rugby union club but by 1873 had changed to the association code.  During the late-19th century the club produced several England players, most notable of whom was Charles Bambridge who made 18 appearances for the national team.  In 1873 the club inflicted a record home defeat on the Wanderers, beating a depleted side 5–0 at the Kennington Oval.

FA Cup

The club had some success in the FA Cup, reaching the semi-finals in 1874, 1876 and 1886.
In the 1873–84 FA Cup the club lost 2–0 at home to the Royal Engineers in the Semi-Final, 2 years later they would make the Semi-Final again this time losing 2–1 to eventual Champions Wanderers. It would be another ten years before Swifts would reach the FA Cup Semi-Finals again, this time against defending Champions Blackburn Rovers. Rovers would go on to win 2–1 on the 13 March 1886, a month later Blackburn would retain the FA Cup beating West Bromwich Albion.

In 1887–88 the club looked to have reached the fifth round, having beaten Crewe Alexandra 3–2 at the Queen's Ground in West Kensington, but the Railwaymen appealed the result on the basis that one of the crossbars was too low, one of the directors having measured the posts before the match and keeping the information private as an insurance policy.  The FA reluctantly upheld the protest and ordered a replay, which Crewe won 2–1.  The next month the Football Association passed a motion of censure against Crewe for conduct that was "most unsportsmanlike and calculated to degrade the game of association football in the estimation of those of the public who wish to see it played in a proper spirit."

Final years

The final full season was 1890–91, the club winning half of its 20 matches.  Swifts entered the 1891–92 FA Cup qualifying rounds and were drawn at home to Wolverton, but, with the Bambridge brothers having retired from the game the Swifts scratched, having not been able to raise a team; worse, the club lost the use of the Dolphin Ground, which became the sole preserve of the revamped Slough club.  The club continued entering the FA Cup until 1893–94, and had a tenuous existence, playing occasional matches against old boy sides, until 1895.

Colours

The club colours were originally white with a black swift on the shirt and black stockings, and by 1877 it changed to black shirts with a white swift, white knickerbockers, and black stockings.

England international players
The following eight players played for England whilst on the books of Swifts F.C. (with the number of caps received whilst registered with Swifts F.C.):

Arthur Bambridge (3 caps)
Charles Bambridge (18 caps)
Ernest Bambridge (1 cap)
George Brann (3 caps)
Edward Haygarth (1 cap)
Francis Pawson (1 cap)
William Rose (3 caps)
Frank Saunders (1 cap)

Scotland international players
Andrew Watson (3 caps)

Honours

London Charity Cup:

 Winners: 1885-86, 1886-87
 Runners-up: 1887-88

Berkshire & Buckinghamshire Senior Cup:

Winners: 1879-80, 1881-82
Runners-up: 1882-83

References

External links

Slough Town F.C.
Defunct football clubs in England
Association football clubs established in 1868
Association football clubs disestablished in 1895
Sport in Slough
1868 establishments in England
1895 disestablishments in England
Defunct football clubs in Berkshire


The Patea Freezing Works was a meat-processing plant promoted by The Patea A&P Association in the town of Patea. The West Coast Meat and Produce Export Company was formed in August 1883 and operated a tinning plant and tallow factory in the area.  Changes in technology saw the company change from canning to freezing in 1904.

The Patea Freezing Company came into being in 1910. In 1933, a new Patea Freezing Company was formed and at times provided work for nearly 1000 workers during peak season.  However, the company suffered badly during the downturn in the New Zealand meat-processing industry in the early 1980s.  The Patea works were among the first to close down, ending operations in September 1982.  At the time The Patea Freezing Works was owned by the British Vestey Group.

Since the closure the site had fallen derelict.

Residents regarded the area as a health hazard and blamed its high visibility from the highway as being partly responsible for a decline in property values over the years. "The works has been a thorn in everyone's side for 25 years. This eyesore is our identity, it's Taranaki's eastern gateway and it's absolutely shocking what's been allowed to happen there." said former Patea Mayor Norm McKay, who worked at the freezing works for 29 years.

Parts of the site were owned by the South Taranaki District Council and Escada Enterprises of Sydney, Australia

The site was riddled with Asbestos cladding and insulation, chemicals, heavy metals, boiler ash dumps, rusting fuel storage tanks and collapsing structures.

On Wednesday 6 February 2008 a large part of the Patea Freezing Works was destroyed by fire.

During August 2009 Nikau Contractors were awarded the contract to demolish and clear the Patea Freezing works site. Nikau Contractors was chosen from eight companies that tendered to do the work.

The chimney, which wasn't the original freezing works chimney, was toppled on 19 February 2010. This was despite support from local Iwi, and the South Taranaki Mayor Ross Dunlop, to explore the possibility of preserving the chimney as a monument. Such preservation had not been budgeted for in the site cleanup and would likely have ended up being paid for by local ratepayers.

Video of the toppling of the chimney is available on YouTube. A link is provided in the External links section below.

Demolition was completed in mid 2010.

References

External links
 Toppling of Chimney

South Taranaki District
Buildings and structures in Taranaki
Meat processing in New Zealand
Defunct meat export companies of New Zealand
History of Taranaki
Patea


The discography of American rapper Trina consists of six studio albums, four EPs, eleven mixtapes and 23 singles. Trina made her debut in spring 2000 with the single "Da Baddest Bitch", which reached the top forty in the United States and topped the US R&B charts. Her debut album, Da Baddest Bitch, was released on March 21, 2000, and debuted at eleven on Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. By November 2000, the album had sold 700,000 and was certified Gold by the RIAA. The album also featured the singles "Da Baddest Bitch" and "Pull Over".

Trina has released the songs "B R Right", which landed at number eighty-three on the Hot 100, and "Here We Go" featuring Kelly Rowland, which became a top 20 hit in the United States and outside the country and was certified Gold by the RIAA. Trina has released five albums, being one of the only female rappers to do so.

Trina released her fifth album, Amazin', on May 4, 2010. It featured the singles "That's My Attitude", which peaked at number 10 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, "Million Dollar Girl", and "Always", which peaked at forty-two on US R&B charts and "White Girl", which failed to chart.

On July 24, 2013, Trina released a single titled "A$$ Fat", featuring Meek Mill.

In her career, Trina has achieved a gold-certified album, Da Baddest Bitch, and a gold-certified single, "Here We Go".

Albums

Studio albums

Extended plays

Mixtapes

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

Promotional singles

Guest appearances

Music videos

DVDs

References

Hip hop discographies
Discographies of American artists


Chen Shucheng (born Tan Soo Seng on 21 October 1949) is a Singaporean actor and television host. He is one of Mediacorp's few artistes still active from the "black and white" era.

Career

Acting
Chen joined Mediacorp, then known as Radio Television Singapore (RTS), as an actor in 1971. Since then he has portrayed many different roles ranging from a young nerdy doctor in The Awakening, a rich flirting playboy in Pretty Faces, the famous philanthropist, Tan Kah Kee in the war drama, The Price of Peace to a strict and unbending father in Love at 0°C .

Chen's work was recognised in 2007 when he was awarded the "Evergreen Veteran" award at the Star Awards 2007 anniversary special. After being nominated many times, he won his first acting award in Star Awards 2012 for his role in The Oath and received a standing ovation from both colleagues and fans. In Star Awards 2018 , he was nominated for Best Supporting Actor for the drama, Home Truly .

Chen has gotten 2 out of 10 Top 10 Most Popular Male Artistes in 2019 and 2021 respectively.

Hosting
During the late 1990s, Chen was best known as host of long-running variety shows Econ Nite (宜康之夜) and Weekend Delight (欢乐周末夜) for over a decade.

Singing
He also had an album to his name in the 1970s. He sang in the Teochew dialect.

Personal life
Chen and former actress Huang Peiru acted as a couple in the 1984 television series The Awakening and married after the drama aired. Chen and Huang had also starred in the series Enchanted Eyes.

Chen previously had a 21-year marriage with C N Lim, which ended in 1991. Lim filed for divorce from Chen and had claimed that the actor had been ignoring her since 1979. Lim has the custody of their daughter.

Filmography

Film

Television series

Discography

Compilation albums

Awards and nominations

References

External links
Profile on xinmsn

20th-century Singaporean male actors
21st-century Singaporean male actors
Singaporean male television actors
Singaporean people of Teochew descent
People from Johor
1949 births
Living people
Singaporean television presenters


Jacobson is an English language patronymic surname meaning "son of Jacob".  The prefix is an Ashkenazic variation of the Latin Jacobus, itself derived from the Hebrew language given name Yaakov ("supplanter" or "follower"). The suffix, -son denotes "son/descendant of".  There are several variants.  The earliest record of the surname is found in Cambridgeshire in 1273.

People with the surname Jacobson include:

 Abbi Jacobson (born 1984), American comedian, actress and writer
Amy Jacobson (born 1969), television reporter for WMAQ News in Chicago
 Andrew Jacobson (born 1985), Major League Soccer player
 Arthur Jacobson (1901–1993), American assistant director
 Ben Jacobson (born 1970), American college basketball coach
 Bill Jacobson (born 1955), American photographer
 Brandon Jacobson (born 2003), American chess player
 Cecil Jacobson (1936–2021), disgraced American fertility doctor
 Clayton Jacobson II (1933–2022), credited with inventing the personal water craft
 Dan Jacobson (1929–2014), South African writer
 Dana Jacobson (born 1971), American news anchor
 David Jacobson (diplomat) (born 1951), lawyer and former United States Ambassador to Canada
 Douglas T. Jacobson (1925–2000), US Marine who was awarded the Medal of Honor
 Edmund Jacobson, American physician, creator of the Jacobson's Progressive Muscle Relaxation technique
 Edward Jacobson (1891–1955), Jewish American businessman and activist
 Edith Jacobson (1897–1978), German psychoanalyst
 Emily Jacobson (born 1985), American sabre fencer
 Eric Jacobson (born 1970), American puppeteer
 Ethel Jacobson (1899–1991), American poet
 Ethel Jacobson (editor) (1877–1965), New Zealand journalist and editor
 Freddie Jacobson (born 1974), Swedish golfer
 Georgiy Jacobson (1871–1926), Russian entomologist
 Harvey Jacobson (born 1956), British businessman
 Howard Jacobson (born 1942), British author
 Israel Jacobson (1768–1828), German philanthropist and reformer
 Ivar Jacobson (born 1939), Swedish computer scientist
 Jacob F. Jacobson (1849–1938), American businessman and politician
 Jeff Jacobson (Ohio), American politician, Ohio Republican state senator
 Joe Jacobson (born 1986), Welsh footballer
 Joel Jacobson (born 1951), American curler
 John G. Jacobson (1869–1929), American businessman and politician
 Joseph Jacobson, American inventor
 Judy Jacobson (1939–2019), American politician
 Leonard Jacobson (1921–1992), American museum architect
 Ludwig Lewin Jacobson (1783–1843), Danish surgeon
 Jacobson's cartilage
 Jacobson’s nerve
 Jacobson's organ
 Marcey Jacobson (1911–2009), American photographer
 Mark Z. Jacobson (born 1965), professor of civil and environmental engineering
 Nathan Jacobson (1910–1999), American mathematician
Jacobson's conjecture
Jacobson density theorem
Jacobson radical
Jacobson ring
 Norm Jacobson, rugby league footballer
 Oscar Jacobson (1882–1966), Swedish-born American painter and museum curator
 Peter Marc Jacobson, American television writer, director and producer
 Peter Jacobson, American film and television actor
 Peter Jacobson (judge), Federal Court of Australia judge
 Richard Jacobson (1923–2000), birth name of American actor Rick Jason
 Richard Jacobson (born 1959), Canadian artist
 Robert Jacobson (born 1940), former Lutheran Bishop who became a Catholic priest
 Robert M. Jacobson (born 1958), American physician
 Roman Jakobson or Jacobson (1896–1982), Russian linguist
 Sada Jacobson (born 1983), American sabre fencer
 Sam Jacobson (born 1975), American basketball player
 Sydney Jacobson (1908–1988), British journalist and editor
 Van Jacobson, American scientist and network specialist
 Walter Jacobson, American TV and radio personality
 William Jacobson (1803–1884), British Anglican bishop
 William A. Jacobson, American attorney, Cornell Law School professor, and blogger
 Zach Jacobson (born 1984), American curler

See also
 Jakobson (surname)
 Jakobsson
 Jacobsen (surname)

References

Patronymic surnames
English-language surnames
Swedish-language surnames
Norwegian-language surnames
Surnames of Jewish origin


90 Signals Unit (90 SU) is based at RAF Leeming, North Yorkshire and provides information and communication services to deployed units of the Royal Air Force.

History
No. 90 (Signals) Group was formed on 26 April 1946 and had its headquarters at RAF Medmenham in Buckinghamshire. It combined the signals, radio and countermeasures elements of Numbers 26, 60 and 100 Groups and No. 80 Wing RAF. Its purpose was to provide ground radio engineering, telecommunications, electronic warfare and the calibration and operation of navigational aids for aircraft. The Group became RAF Signals Command in November 1958, then becoming part of Strike Command, and reverting to No. 90 (Signals) Group on 1 January 1969.

No. 90 Signals Unit was formed on 1 April 2006 under the command of a Group captain. Force elements from RAF Brize Norton, RAF High Wycombe and RAF Sealand relocated to RAF Leeming in Yorkshire between Summer 2007 and Summer 2009 as part of the creation of the A6 Communications hub.

In December 2009 No 1 Expeditionary Radar and Airfield (ERA) Squadron becoming No 1 Field Communications (FC) Squadron, with personnel from the former Squadron being incorporated into the four FC Squadrons.  No 1 (ERA) Squadron's role was to deploy, support and recover a wide range of airfield sensors, navigational aids and information infrastructure worldwide. This role was then carried out by specialist teams within the field Communications squadrons. No 5 Information Systems (IS) Squadron moved under the control of 90 SU Force Generation Wing (FGW).

In February 2015, No 1 (Field Communication) Squadron was transferred to Engineering Support Squadron, FGW, becoming 1 (Engineering Support) Squadron.  Additionally, the Trade Group 4 Aerial Erectors employed on the Field Communication Squadrons were centralised within the Aerial Erector Flight, FGW.

Motto and badge
90SU's motto is "Aetherem Vincere" (which translates as "To conquer the upper air") and is taken from the former No. 90 (Signals) Group badge.

Unit role
90SU is an Air Combat Service Support Unit that exists to "support airpower through the delivery of assured information & communication services".

Organisational structure

90 Signals Unit is commanded by a Group Captain. The Unit is split into two Wings, with a number of Squadrons carrying out various roles.

Operational Information Services Wing (OpISW)
No 1 (Engineering Support) Sqn - responsible for the engineering support to deployable network equipment used across the Unit. The maintenance of Defence’s Navigational Aids both fixed and deployable. Providing Defence Working at Height and cable infrastructure specialists. Providing engineering support to a number of Defence’s Above Secret Systems.
No 5 (Information Services) Sqn - responsible for building, configuring and supporting 90SU’s deployable Information Systems.
Capability and Innovation Sqn - provides specialist technical and Information eXploitation (IX) expertise support to Air on any fielded equipment, Air Information Services (IS) application or IX issues.

Tactical Communications Wing (TCW)
TCW provides communications facilities to deployed units of the RAF

 No 1, 2, 3 and 4 Field Communications (FC) Sqns - providing deployed networks and information systems in a range of settings and locations.
5 Sqn provides support to the FC Sqns, through calibration and testing of equipment.

History
TCW's roots can be traced back to 1962, and the forming of 38 Group Support Unit, based at RAF Odiham. It was then quickly realised that communications played a large part in supporting operations.

In 1965 No. 50 Tactical Signals Unit was formed at RAF Tangmere and as it grew in size was renamed, in 1967 to 38 Group Tactical Signals Wing then again in 1969 to its current name, Tactical Communications Wing.

TCW has played its part in many operational theatres worldwide, including providing communications and meteorological services in the Falklands War, both Gulf Wars, Operation Granby, Operation Jenna, Operation Haven, Operation Jural, Operation Barras, Operation Phylis, Sarajevo, Nepal, Northern Ireland, Turkey, Angola, Rwanda, Operation Warden, Operation Jural, Operation Veritas and Operation Herrick.

During Operation Telic TCW provided vital communications infrastructure in support of air operations.

Motto and badge
TCW's motto is "Ubique Loquimur" which translates to "We Speak Everywhere" which was taken from No. 38 Group Tactical Communications Wing badge.

Until the amalgamation with 90 Signals Unit in 2006, TCW personnel could be distinguished by both their rank slides, embroidered with the letters 'TCW' and the Wing badge (the rock dove with lightning bolt). Upon amalgamation, the latter was replaced with that of 90 Signals Unit.

90SU and TCW Royal Air Forces Association Branch and Memorial

Formed on 1 April 2010, the Branch was created to promote the relevance and aims of RAFA and also to be a focal point for current and ex-serving members of the Unit.  To develop further the friendships and Morale they experienced whilst serving with the Unit.

Being the first virtual Branch of RAFA, this initiative paved the way for similar Branches to be formed within the Association.  It created a new method of promoting RAFA and demonstrating that it has as much relevance today as the day it was formed.

The Branch is also the first to have its own website and this initiative also helps to promote the Association in a way that has previously not been possible.

The RAFA Branch will ensure that the Unit Memorial, dedicated in 2008, and located at the National Memorial Arboretum will stand as a permanent reminder to those who lost their lives whilst serving in the Royal Air Force.

References

External links
90 Signals Unit official website

Organisations based in North Yorkshire
Signals units of the Royal Air Force


Karan Singh Grover (born 23 February 1982) is an Indian model and actor known for his work as Dr. Armaan Malik in Dill Mill Gayye and Asad Ahmed Khan in Qubool Hai. He has also starred in Bollywood films like Alone and Hate Story 3. In 2019, Grover made a comeback to television with Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2 as Mr. Rishabh Bajaj. In 2019, Grover also made his digital debut with BOSS: Baap of Special Services. In 2020, he appeared in the action-thriller web series Dangerous. In 2021, he appeared in the web series Qubool Hai 2.0, the reboot of Qubool Hai.

Early life
Grover was born on 23 February 1982 in New Delhi, India to a Punjabi Sikh family. He has a younger brother. When Grover was young, his family moved to Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia. He did his schooling in Dammam, Saudi Arabia, and pursued a degree in Hotel Management from IHM Mumbai. He then worked as a Marketing Executive in the Sheraton Hotel in Oman.

Career
In 2004, Grover participated in the Gladrags Manhunt Contest and won the award for the "Most Popular Model." Also in 2004, he began his television career with Balaji Telefilms' youth show Kitni Mast Hai Zindagi on MTV India, for which he was chosen after a nationwide talent hunt conducted by the production house.

In 2007, Grover starred in the show Dill Mill Gayye, a medical youth drama. The Times of India reported that Grover became an "instant hit" and a "teenage icon" due to the show, and that the show became the no.1 show on STAR One. Whilst shooting for Dill Mill Gayye, Grover also participated in a few reality shows and was also seen in several advertisements.

Two years later, Cinevistaas Limited stated that they had lodged a complaint against Grover for routinely reporting hours late for work, which made them incur a loss. Grover left the show for a while, but returned after 6 months due to fan demands. The show ended on 29 October 2010. After Dill Mill Gayye, Grover did two shows with Cinevistaas Limited. He featured in their telefilm Teri Meri Love Stories, and made a cameo appearance in Dil Dosti Dance.

On 29 October 2012, Grover returned to daily fiction with 4 Lions Films' Qubool Hai. The show gained popularity quite early, becoming the number 2 show of Indian Television. The Times of India gave Grover the credit for the high television ratings of the show. Grover won two Best Actor Popular Awards for his portrayal of Asad Ahmed Khan in the show. In 2013, Grover was described as one of the highest paid Indian Television Actors.

Grover's work at Qubool Hai ended at the end of 2013. The channel, Zee TV, said that it had fired him because of his unprofessional behaviour. He denied the allegations, saying that the channel was trying to defame him, and stated that he left because his contract ended and due to ill health. Grover's exit caused a sizeable drop in the ratings of the show.

In 2015, Grover featured in the films Alone and Hate Story 3. Hate Story 3 became a box office success. The International Business Times reviewed Hate Story 3 and wrote "Audiences say Karan Singh Grover steals the show."

In August 2019, Grover made his digital debut in Alt Balaji's web series BOSS: Baap of Special Services. In June 2019, Grover made a comeback to television after six years with Kasautii Zindagii Kay as Mr. Rishabh Bajaj. This made Grover the highest paid TV actor, as he charged 3 lakhs per day. In October, Grover quit the show, and fans requested him to make a comeback. He returned to the show four months later. Later, he quit the show again.

In 2020, due to COVID-19 pandemic Grover's show Qubool Hai repeated on prime time TV. Also in 2020, Grover starred opposite his wife Bipasha Basu for the second time in crime drama web series Dangerous.

In 2021, Grover starred in the  web series Qubool Hai 2.0, which is a reboot of the 2012 Zee TV soap opera Qubool Hai.

Grover has also signed the projects 3 Dev. Grover will also soon star in Siddharth Anand's action film Fighter which is set to release in 2024.

Personal life

Grover married actress Shraddha Nigam on 2 December 2008. They divorced after 10 months. He married Jennifer Winget on 9 April 2012. The couple separated in 2014. Grover married actress Bipasha Basu on 30 April 2016. In August 2022, Basu confirmed she was expecting her first child with Grover. On 12 November 2022, Grover and Basu's daughter, Devi Basu Singh Grover was born.

Filmography

Films

Television

Web series

Accolades

See also
 List of Indian television actors
 List of Indian film actors

References

External links

21st-century Indian male actors
Indian male film actors
Indian male television actors
Indian male models
Male actors in Hindi cinema
Indian television presenters
Living people
People from New Delhi
Punjabi people
Indian Sikhs
Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi participants
1982 births


The U.S. federal-aid highway program was commenced in 1916, with milestones of Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 and  Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956.

The federal-aid highway system consists of three parts:

The Interstate Highway System (FAI routes)
The Federal-aid primary highway system (FAP system) is a system of connected main highways, selected by each state highway department subject to the approval of the Bureau of Public Roads. It encompasses routes of the Interstate System and other important routes serving essentially through traffic with their urban extensions, including important loops, belt highways, and spurs.
The Federal-aid secondary highway system (FAS system) consists of the principal secondary and feeder routes including farm-to-market roads, rural mail and public school bus routes, local rural roads, county and township roads, roads of the county, road class, and their urban extensions. These roads are chosen by the state highway departments and appropriate local road officials cooperatively, subject to approval by the Bureau of Public Roads.

References

1916 introductions
Federal Highway Administration
Highways in the United States
Road infrastructure in the United States
Transport economics
United States federal transportation legislation


The Portuguese national ice hockey team () is the national men's ice hockey team of Portugal. The team was previously controlled by the Federation of Portuguese Ice Sports (FPDG.) In September 2017, control was given to the Federação de Desportos de Inverno de Portugal, which also retains the associate membership within the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), which had been acquired by the FPDG on May 13, 1999. Portugal is currently not ranked in the IIHF World Rankings and is still not actively competing in any World Championship events.

History

2000

Ice hockey was played in Portugal from 1996 until 2006 in the Palácio do Gelo shopping center, in Viseu. Since 2010, ice hockey practices and friendly games have been played in Elvas, Portugal.

In 2000, the national team of Portugal played three games, the only games they ever played. The team they compiled to play was made up of former Portuguese immigrants who played ice hockey in the United States and Canada, as well as former players from traditional roller hockey. The event consisted of three games between the newly created national team of Portugal and the First Portuguese Canadian Cultural Center (FPCCC) from Toronto, Ontario, representing Canada. The games were held from June 21 to June 23, 2000 at the Palácio do Gelo in Viseu.

The tournament was a game venture by the Federação Portuguesa de Desportos No Gelo and the Embassy of Canada, namely the Ambassador of Canada, Robert Vanderloo. The event was also sponsored by Banco Comercial Português and Nortel.

The FPCCC won the first game 18–6 and the second 21–5. Pedro Regado was the first ever player to score for Portugal when he scored on 8:04 mark of the first period. The third and final game was played with the decision to mix-up the teams, placing Portuguese descendants of the FPCCC on the Portuguese team. At the end of the third match, the score was a close 15–11 for FPCCC. Portugal has not played an organized match until 2015.

2015 onwards

In January 2015, Portugal returned to play two international exhibition games, against the Čeští lvi in Elvas, Portugal. Portugal won their first game ever with a 6-4 win and a 6-2 win on the day after. This exhibition games were sponsored by the Czech Republic embassy in Portugal, namely by the strong support of Czech ambassador Stanislav Kázecký.

On January 14, 2016. Portugal played two exhibition games in Prague, Czech Republic. Portugal lost 0-2 against the Čeští Lvi and 0-3 against the Sklepovští Sršáni. Two days afterwards Portugal won their first ever away game with a 4-3 victory against the Čeští Lvi.

On 14 and 15 January 2017, Portugal hosted a quadrangular tournament in Elvas, Portugal. This was the largest ice hockey competition ever held in the country. Other than team Portugal, there were invited two teams from Czech Republic, the Čeští Lvi, the Sklepovští Sršáni and the second division French team Evry-Viry Jets. Even if Portugal was not able to conquer the tournament, this event was another step forward for the Portuguese ice hockey community and showed their capacity of organizing an international event.

Portugal played on 22 and 23 April 2017 at an international tournament with teams from Norway, Finland and Spain at Granada, Spain. The national team now lead by their Canadian Coach Jim Aldred was able to retain a 6-0 victory against the Granada Eagles. It was the first away tournament played by Portugal and it showed a clear improvement in their level of play.

History was made once again on September 29, 2017 when Portugal won their first official game against another ice hockey national team. In Canillo, Andorra, Portugal won, 2-3 in a shootout, against the hosting state. After this historical moment, Portugal also played Ireland and Morocco, recording losses, nevertheless, in the silver medal game, Portugal won again against Andorra, by the score of 5-3. At this date, the Portuguese national team clearly showed that they would be able to compete against other national teams and also deliver a consistent game.

On March 17 and 18, 2018, Portugal played at the Gladiators international tournament were they won a silver medal, with a 4 win and 3 draw record. The team performed with 27 goals for and only 7 against. This tournament brought also several new Portuguese players playing in France, Switzerland and Canada, which assisted the team to greatly perform against other competitive teams.

On April 28 and 29, 2018, Portugal played returned to Granada to play the Mr. Taxi Cup. The team performed, once again, at a very competitive level, with very close scores with more experience teams.

Portugal then participated in the IIHF 2018 Development Cup which was held in Füssen, Germany along with Andorra, Ireland] and Macedonia. On November 19th Portugal faced Andorra and won  the final score of 11-2. At 20:00 they played against Ireland] and grabbed another victory with the scoreboard reflecting 12-4. On November 20th Portugal faced Macedonia where they fell short by 1 goal with Macedonia taking the victory with 5-4. At 18:00 Portugal played against Ireland] once more to determine which would be playing for Gold.  Winning 11-1 Portugals next game was at 19:00 against Macedonia where they fell short with the final score of 9-3 where Portugal obtained the Silver Medal.

Current roster

Tournaments results

2017, Canillo, Andorra : Bronze
 2018, Füssen, Germany : Argent

All-time Record Against Other Nations
As of 6 May 2023

Press Articles

Diário de Notícias: Falta um terreno para a semente do hóquei no gelo português florescer
Sapo 24:Jogar hóquei no gelo... na praça de touros de Elvas
Sapo 24:Hóquei no Gelo: Portugal conquista a primeira vitória internacional
Sapo Desporto:Portugal Venceu República Checa em Gelo Alentejano
Sapo 24:Jogar hóquei no gelo... na praça de touros de Elvas
Correio da Manhã Jornal:Federação de Desportos no Gelo quer pista em Lisboa
Público:Uma nova selecção nacional
Diário de Notícias:Primeiras vitórias internacionais podem impulsionar hóquei no gelo em Portugal
IIHF:Portugal goes on ice: Interview With Maurício Xavier and Ivan Silva
National Teams of Ice Hockey: Portugal Wins First Ever Ice Hockey Game
The Hockey Writers: 2017 Development Cup Sees Two National Teams Debut
National Teams of Ice Hockey: Interview and Q & A With Luis de Almeida Johansson
TSF: Primeiras vitórias internacionais podem impulsionar hóquei no gelo em Portugal
National Euro Hockey: The new pioneers- Interview With Luis de Almeida Johansson
Embaixada Checa em Lisboa: O hóquei no gelo português estreou-se em Praga
Lidovsky: Záruba proháněl po ledě mladé hokejisty. Herec Vávra slavil triumf díky rumu
Lidovsky: Portugalští hokejisté vzkazují Ronaldovi a spol: Fotbal je hra pro ‚buzeranty'
Sapo Desporto: Curling, Luge e Hóquei no Gelo vão integrar Federação de Desportos de Inverno
Elvas News: Coliseu Acolheu Torneio Internacional de Hóquei no Gelo
Sic Notícias: Grupo de adeptos de hóquei no gelo usou pista de Natal em Elvas para jogar
Portal Alentejano: Elvas: Equipas amadoras de hóquei no gelo
Hockey Archives: Interview with Ronald Calhau, 03/12/2001
Sapo Desporto: Portugal Conquista o Segundo Lugar em Torneio Internacional na Holanda
Jornal de Notícias: A Falta que faz uma Pista de Gelo das Cidades
Sapo Desporto: O Inverno Chegou Só Falta o Milagre do Gelo
Sapo 24: Sonham com Uma Pista de Gelo e Gostavam que Sporting ou Benfica Seguissem o Exemplo

References

External links
www.iihf.com
Hockey Hall of Fame
Federação de Desportos de Inverno de Portugal
International Ice Hockey Federation - Portugal
National Teams of Ice Hockey - Portugal
EuroHockey - Portugal

National ice hockey teams in Europe
Ice hockey


USS Leedstown (APA-56) was a Windsor-class attack transport that served with the United States Navy from 1943 to 1946. She was subsequently sold into commercial service and was scrapped in 1970.

History
Leedstown was laid down as Exchequer by the Bethlehem Steel Corporation of Baltimore, Maryland on 26 August 1942; classified AP-101 and renamed Wood 5 October 1942; reclassified APA-56 1 February 1943; launched 13 February; renamed Leedstown 17 March 1943; and commissioned 16 July 1943.

World War II
Leedstown arrived at Norfolk, Virginia 16 July 1943 for amphibious training in Chesapeake Bay with units of the U.S. Army. She departed Norfolk, 11 December for the Pacific, arriving Honolulu New Year's Eve 1943.

Invasion of the Marshall Islands

The ship sailed from Honolulu 22 January bringing troops to Kwajalein 31 January for the invasion of the Marshall Islands, a major step in the Navy's mighty island hopping campaign which relentlessly pushed Japan back to her home islands and defeat. After the Marshalls were secured, she departed Kwajalein 5 February and spent the next 3 months transporting supplies and reinforcements to the Solomon and Marshall Islands.

Invasion of Guam

From 10 to 28 May, the ship was at Tulagi, training for the amphibious assault on Guam. Sailing 12 June, she debarked her troops in the resistless assault on Guam, 21 July. Leedstown cared for 270 battle casualties, and departed 5 August for Guadalcanal, returning many of the wounded for hospitalization.

Invasion of Pelelius

The busy APA rehearsed for the next operation and departed Guadalcanal 8 September for the invasion of Peleliu 15 to 20 September. During this operation, she repaired numerous landing craft and cared for a total of 326 casualties.

Invasion of Leyte

On 13 October, she sailed from Honolulu as a unit of TF 78, Central Philippine Attack Force, for the attack on Leyte Island, 20 October. On 14 November, she brought reinforcements to this crucial battle zone and then departed for New Guinea 29 November.

Correct "she sailed from Honolulu as a unit of TF 78"
To read: "she sailed from Hulmboldt Bay, New Guinea as a unit of TF 78"

Data source: Deck Log, U.S.S. LEEDSTOWN (APA-56) Friday 13 October 1944

Ray D. Kester
served aboard Leedstown JULY 1943- JULY 1945
U.S.S. LEEDSTOWN (APA-56) reunion secretary
6128 SHERBORN LN
SPRINGFIELD VA 221520-1630
TEL/FAX: 703-451-2520

Invasions of Luzon and Iwo Jima

She then participated in the landings at Lingayen Gulf, Luzon, 9 January, and Iwo Jima 22 February 1945. Leedstown spent the remainder of the war engaged in training operations and transportation duties in the Pacific.

After hostilities

After the conclusion of hostilities, she participated in two Operation Magic Carpet missions bringing demobilizing troops home from the war. The first mission traveled from Long Beach to the Philippines, taking a load of soldiers from the Philippines to Japan, then picked up a load of Seabees in Okinawa Japan for transport home to Seattle. The second mission began in Seattle, traveled to Yokohama, Japan, picked up a load of soldiers, then returned to Long Beach. Following the second Magic Carpet mission, the USS Leedstown traveled via the Panama Canal to Norfolk VA where the ship was decommissioned, and later became a cargo ship.

Decommission and awards
She last entered Seattle in March 1946, decommissioned 7 March and transferred to the Maritime Commission for disposal 1 July 1946. Leedstown was awarded six battle stars for World War II service.
The Leedstown (apa56) was the most decorated Winsor Class ship of World War II.
It earned its position at the head of the fleet for its last three of its six invasions.

Commercial service
Leedstown was sold to the Shepard Steam Ship Company in 1947 and renamed Minute Man. Later, she was sold to American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines and renamed Exilona. In February, 1964 the Exilona, captained by Edward L. Jungerheld, delivered the first 6,642-ton installment on the million-ton sale of US grain to the Soviet Union, the first since the conclusion of the Second World War. The ship was scrapped in April 1970.

References

New York Times, 30 Jan 1964

External links

Windsor-class attack transports
Type C3-S-A3 ships of the United States Navy
Ships built in Sparrows Point, Maryland
1942 ships
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Ships of American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines


Jayanta Mongkol, the Prince Mahisara Rajaharudaya (; ; 30 January 1866 – 15 April 1907) was a son of King Mongkut, Rama IV, and his Royal Consort Huang. He was 13 years younger than his brother, Chulalongkorn, who would become Rama V. The prince was a leading member of the progressive clique known as the "Young Siam", on whom King Chulalongkorn relied for support in his efforts to reform the country. At the king's insistence, the younger members of his family and extended family were all educated in Western ways, sometimes attending schools abroad.

Biography
Prince Jayanta began his public career with the Royal Guard and was later transferred to a civilian post in the Bureau of the Royal Secretariat. In 1895, Prince Jayanta was given the royal title Prince Mahisara Rajaharudaya, and was promoted to a very high position in the Siamese court. There was a major shuffle of ministerial posts, with eight of the 12 minister positions going to members of the Young Siam. In 1896 the Prince was put in charge of the Ministry of Treasury (later Finance Ministry), which had recently absorbed the Ministry of Agriculture. In 1897, when HM King Rama V embarked on a nine-month tour of Europe, Prince Jayanta, as the Minister of Treasury, accompanied him and saw first-hand the government administration of several European states, and the important role banks played in developing the economy and promoting international trade.

Upon returning home, the Prince assumed the task of developing international trade relations and bringing Siam's business practices in line with those in Europe. There was certainly a great need for an indigenous bank but the Prince realised that founding a bank would take time and expertise, while at the same time, there would be resistance from the established foreign banking community. The Prince also turned his attention to further reforming the awkward pod duang currency into a European-style metric system, involving just two units (1 baht equivalent to 100 satang). The reform made bookkeeping much easier and paved the way for the introduction of Siamese banknotes in 1902. Having succeeded with his currency reforms, Prince Jayanta went on to launch a small Siamese-owned private trust in 1904 called the Book Club. Three years later, this trust was the foundation for Siam's first commercial bank, Siam Commercial Bank, Limited, which was launched under a royal charter on the Prince's birthday, 30 January, in 1907. Because of his achievements, he is widely acknowledged as the 'Father of Thai Banking'.

References

Literature
 Century of Growth: The First 100 years of Siam Commercial Bank. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet, 2007.

Thai male Phra Ong Chao
19th-century Chakri dynasty
20th-century Chakri dynasty
Children of Mongkut
Jayanta family
1866 births
1907 deaths
Ministers of Finance of Thailand
Members of the Privy Council of Thailand
Sons of kings


The Namibia national inline hockey team is the national men's inline hockey team of Namibia.

The sport of inline hockey was introduced to Namibia in 1995, and the Namibia Ice and InLine Hockey Association (NIIHA) was organized to promote inline hockey, with the potential of competition in ice hockey. Although Namibia has not yet been represented in ice hockey competition, the NIIHA has, since 2005, sponsored national teams to represent Namibia internationally in inline hockey. The national team participated in the 2005 tournament in Kuopio, Finland, where it was awarded the Fair Play Trophy, the 2006 tournament in Budapest, Hungary, and the 2007 tournament in Passau, Germany.  In 2008, two 18 and under teams played in the FIRS Junior world championship, and the FIRS Ladies World championship, and a 14-years old and under team participated in AAU competition in the United States in Philadelphia.

The NIIHA has been a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation since 31 May 1998, but is not currently ranked in the IIHF World Ranking and is not actively competing in any IIHF World Championship events.

See also
Ice hockey in Africa

References
Namibia Ice and InLine Hockey Association
www.iihf.com

Inline hockey
National inline hockey teams
Inline hockey in Namibia
Men's sport in Namibia


The Malaysian national ice hockey team () is the national men's ice hockey team of Malaysia. The team is controlled by the Malaysia Ice Hockey Federation and has been an associate member of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) since 28 September 2006.

Ice hockey was part of the 2017 SEA Games held in Kuala Lumpur. The IIHF announced that Malaysia will make its World Championship debut in 2020.

Malaysian Invitational 3-on-3 Hockey Tournament
In the 2009 edition of this tournament, the Malaysian team defeating Hong Kong in a thrilling game by a score of 8–7 in front of a huge crowd at Sunway Pyramid.
In 2010, the Malaysian team was undefeated on their way to the final against Kuwait. In the final, thanks to some great goaltending, Malaysia hung on to a 5–4 victory and their second MIHF tournament victory in as many years.

Tournament record

World Championships
2020 – Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic
2021 – Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic
2022 – 48th place
2023 – 52nd place

Asian Winter Games
 2007 – 8th place
 2011 – 10th place (5th in Premier Division)
 2017 – 15th place (5th in Division II)

Challenge Cup of Asia
 2008 –  2nd place
 2009 –  3rd place
 2010 – 4th place
 2012 –  3rd place
 2013 – 5th place
 2015 – 10th place (5th in Division I)
 2016 – 7th place ( 2nd in Division I)
 2017 – 5th place
 2018 – 6th place ( 1st in Division I)
 2019 – 4th place

Southeast Asian Games
 2017 –  3rd place
 2019 – 4th place

All-time record against other nations
Last match update: 5 March 2023

References

External links

IIHF profile

Ice hockey in Malaysia
National ice hockey teams in Asia
Ice hockey


KOKK (1210 AM, "Dakota Country") is a radio station licensed to serve Huron, South Dakota. The station is owned by Carolyn and Doyle Becker, through licensee Riverfront Broadcasting, LLC. It airs a full-service country music format. It has changed its frequency since signing on the air. It was previously at 1190 AM.

The station was assigned this call sign by the Federal Communications Commission.

Programming
In addition to its usual Country music programming, KOKK airs local news, market updates, ABC News updates, Paul Harvey news and commentary, live sports coverage of area high schools, Minnesota Twins baseball, and both Sunday and Monday NFL football games. The station's motto is "KOKK - the station that grows on you."

References

External links
 KOKK official website
 Listen Online

OKK
Country radio stations in the United States
Full service radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1974
Huron, South Dakota
Beadle County, South Dakota
Mass media in the Mitchell, South Dakota micropolitan area
1974 establishments in South Dakota
Riverfront Broadcasting LLC


This is a list of airlines currently operating in Egypt.

Airlines of Egypt

See also
 List of all airlines
 List of defunct airlines of Egypt
 List of airports in Egypt

Egypt
Airlines
Airlines
Egypt


The Phi Delta Theta House located at 1437 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan, is a splendid example of Georgian Revival architecture.  The house, finished in 1903, is on the Michigan Register of Historic Places.  It is located near the southeast edge of the University of Michigan's Central Campus.

History
The Michigan Alpha chapter built their Georgian Revival style house between 1902 and 1903 as the fraternity's first permanent house on campus.  Phi Delta Theta was the seventh fraternity established at the University of Michigan on November 28, 1864.  The house was built with funds from alumni, faculty members and active chapter members.

The three story house was designed by Alpheus W. Chittenden and built by Koch brothers construction firm replaced a mansion built by University of Michigan Librarian Andrew Ten Brook in the 1860s.  The house was constructed with red brick on a raised foundation featuring a projecting central portico entrance supported with doric columns.  The house has thirteen bedrooms and can accommodate more than thirty residents.

On March 22, 1983, the State of Michigan Historic Preservation Office placed the house on the Michigan Register of Historic Places. The fraternity house has significance as an early Georgian Revival style residence and recalls one of the University of Michigan's oldest social fraternities.

In the early 2000s, the Michigan Alpha chapter spent approximately $500,000 to completely renovate the house and restore its historic integrity.    Elements of the interior finish were modified following major fires in the early 1970s and building code upgrades during the recent renovation; however, most of the original floor plan remains unchanged.

Notes

External links
State of Michigan Historic Preservation Office

Houses completed in 1903
Georgian Revival architecture in Michigan
Houses in Washtenaw County, Michigan
University of Michigan campus
1864 establishments in Michigan
Michigan State Historic Sites in Washtenaw County, Michigan
Houses in Ann Arbor, Michigan


Alfred Gray (December 5, 1830 – January 23, 1880) was an American politician from Kansas. He served as a state legislator and as Secretary of the state Board of Agriculture.

Gray was born to English parents in Evans, New York. His father died when he was 14, after which he worked to support his mother; after his mother died when he was 19, he enrolled in law school. He attended Albany Law School, earning a degree in 1855, and then entering law practice.

In 1857, however, he moved to Quindaro, Kansas, and took up farming. He was soon elected to the Kansas Legislature and served for a time. During the Civil War he served in the Union Army, and returning to Kansas politics, held a series of high-profile agricultural posts. He was a director in the Kansas State Agricultural Society from 1866 until it was merged into the Kansas State Board of Agriculture. He later sold his farm and moved to Topeka to serve as Secretary of the Board of Agriculture from 1873 until his death from tuberculosis in 1880.

Gray County, Kansas is named after him.

References

1830 births
1880 deaths
Albany Law School alumni
19th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in Kansas
Kansas Secretaries of Agriculture
Members of the Kansas House of Representatives
People from Evans, New York
People from Wyandotte County, Kansas
19th-century American politicians


Pandit Dattatreya Vishnu Paluskar (28 May 1921 – 26 October 1955), was a Hindustani classical vocalist. He was considered a child prodigy.

Early life and background
D.V. Paluskar was born in Nasik, Bombay Presidency to well-known Hindustani musician Vishnu Digambar Paluskar. His original surname was Gadgil, but as they hailed from the village Palus (near Sangli), they came to be known as the "Paluskar" family.

He was only ten years old when his father died, and was subsequently trained by Pandit Vinayakrao Patwardhan and Pandit Narayanrao Vyas. He was also trained by Pandit Chintamanrao Paluskar and Pandit Mirashi Buwa.

Career and life
D.V. Paluskar gave his debut performance at the Harvallabh Sangeet Sammelan in Punjab at the age of fourteen. He inherited the Gwalior gharana and the Gandharva Mahavidyalaya, but he was always open to adopting aesthetic features of other gharanas and styles.

He sung a duet with Ustad Amir Khan in the film Baiju Bawra. The only other film he sang for was a Bengali film called Shaap Mochan.

Death
He died from encephalitis on 26 October 1955. Mumbai, India

Discography
 List of D. V. Paluskar's  78 rpm recordings

References

External links
 D. V. Paluskar Page
 Extract from G.N. Joshi's "Down Melody Lane" (1984)
 Paluskar recordings on www.sarangi.info

Paluskar, D. V., Pandit
Paluskar, D. V., Pandit
Hindustani singers
People from Nashik
Gwalior gharana
20th-century Indian male classical singers
Singers from Maharashtra
20th-century Khyal singers


In time series analysis, singular spectrum analysis (SSA) is a nonparametric spectral estimation method. It combines elements of classical time series analysis, multivariate statistics, multivariate geometry, dynamical systems and signal processing. Its roots lie in the classical Karhunen (1946)–Loève (1945, 1978) spectral decomposition of time series and random fields and in the Mañé (1981)–Takens (1981) embedding theorem. SSA can be an aid in the decomposition of time series into a sum of components, each having a meaningful interpretation. The name "singular spectrum analysis" relates to the spectrum of eigenvalues in a singular value decomposition of a covariance matrix, and not directly to a frequency domain decomposition.

Brief history

The origins of SSA and, more generally, of subspace-based methods for signal processing, go back to the eighteenth century (Prony's method). A key development was the formulation of the spectral decomposition of the covariance operator of stochastic processes by Kari Karhunen and Michel Loève in the late 1940s (Loève, 1945; Karhunen, 1947).

Broomhead and King (1986a, b) and Fraedrich (1986) proposed to use SSA and multichannel SSA (M-SSA) in the context of nonlinear dynamics for the purpose of reconstructing the attractor of a system from measured time series. These authors provided an extension and a more robust application of the idea of reconstructing dynamics from a single time series based on the embedding theorem. Several other authors had already applied simple versions of M-SSA to meteorological and ecological data sets (Colebrook, 1978; Barnett and Hasselmann, 1979; Weare and Nasstrom, 1982).

Ghil, Vautard and their colleagues (Vautard and Ghil, 1989; Ghil and Vautard, 1991; Vautard et al., 1992; Ghil et al., 2002) noticed the analogy between the trajectory matrix of Broomhead and King, on the one hand, and the Karhunen–Loeve decomposition (Principal component analysis in the time domain), on the other. Thus, SSA can be used as a time-and-frequency domain method for time series analysis — independently from attractor reconstruction and including cases in which the latter may fail. The survey paper of Ghil et al. (2002) is the basis of the  section of this article. A crucial result of the work of these authors is that SSA can robustly recover the "skeleton" of an attractor, including in the presence of noise. This skeleton is formed by the least unstable periodic orbits, which can be identified in the eigenvalue spectra of SSA and M-SSA. The identification and detailed description of these orbits can provide highly useful pointers to the underlying nonlinear dynamics.

The so-called ‘Caterpillar’ methodology is a version of SSA that was developed in the former Soviet Union, independently of the mainstream SSA work in the West. This methodology became known in the rest of the world more recently (Danilov and Zhigljavsky, Eds., 1997; Golyandina et al., 2001; Zhigljavsky, Ed., 2010; Golyandina and Zhigljavsky, 2013; Golyandina et al., 2018).  ‘Caterpillar-SSA’ emphasizes the concept of separability, a concept that leads, for example, to specific recommendations concerning the choice of SSA parameters. This method is thoroughly described in  of this article.

Methodology

In practice, SSA is a nonparametric spectral estimation method based on embedding a time series   in a vector space of dimension . SSA  proceeds by diagonalizing the  lag-covariance matrix  of  to obtain spectral information on the time series, assumed to be stationary in the weak sense.  The matrix   can be estimated directly from the data as a Toeplitz matrix with constant diagonals (Vautard and Ghil, 1989), i.e., its entries  depend only on the lag :

An alternative way to compute , is by using the  "trajectory matrix"  that is formed by  lag-shifted copies of , which are  long; then

The  eigenvectors  of the lag-covariance matrix   are called temporal empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs). The eigenvalues   of  account for the partial variance in the
direction  and the sum of the eigenvalues, i.e., the trace of
, gives the total variance of the original time series
. The name of the method derives from the singular values  of

Decomposition and reconstruction
Projecting the time series onto each EOF yields the corresponding
temporal principal components (PCs) :

An oscillatory mode is characterized by a pair of
nearly equal SSA eigenvalues and associated  PCs that are in approximate phase quadrature (Ghil et al., 2002). Such a pair can represent efficiently a nonlinear, anharmonic oscillation. This is due to the fact that a single pair of data-adaptive SSA eigenmodes often will capture better the basic periodicity of an oscillatory mode than methods with fixed basis functions, such as  the sines and  cosines used in the Fourier transform.

The window width  determines the longest periodicity captured by SSA. Signal-to-noise separation can be obtained by merely inspecting the slope break in a "scree diagram" of eigenvalues  or singular values   vs. . The point  at which this break occurs should not be confused with a "dimension"  of the underlying deterministic dynamics (Vautard and Ghil, 1989).

A Monte-Carlo test (Allen and Smith, 1996; Allen and Robertson, 1996; Groth and Ghil, 2015) can be applied to ascertain the statistical significance of the oscillatory pairs detected by SSA. The entire time series or parts of it that correspond to trends, oscillatory modes or noise can be reconstructed by using linear combinations of the PCs and EOFs, which provide the reconstructed components (RCs) :

here  is the set of EOFs on which the reconstruction is based. The values of the normalization factor , as well as of the lower and upper bound of summation  and , differ between the central part of the time series and the vicinity of its endpoints (Ghil et al., 2002).

Multivariate extension

Multi-channel SSA (or M-SSA) is a natural extension of SSA to an  -channel time series of vectors or maps with  data points . In the meteorological literature, extended EOF (EEOF) analysis is often assumed to be synonymous with M-SSA. The two methods are both extensions of classical  principal component analysis (PCA) but they differ in emphasis: EEOF analysis typically utilizes a number  of spatial channels much greater than the number  of temporal lags, thus limiting the temporal and spectral information.  In M-SSA, on the other hand, one usually chooses . Often M-SSA is applied to a few leading PCs of the spatial data, with  chosen large enough to extract detailed temporal and spectral information from the multivariate time series (Ghil et al., 2002). However, Groth and Ghil (2015) have demonstrated possible negative effects of this variance compression on the detection rate of weak signals when the number  of retained PCs becomes too small. This practice can further affect negatively the judicious reconstruction of the spatio-temporal patterns of such weak signals, and Groth et al. (2016) recommend retaining a maximum number of PCs, i.e., .

Groth and Ghil (2011) have demonstrated that a classical M-SSA analysis suffers from a degeneracy problem, namely the EOFs do not separate well between distinct oscillations when the corresponding eigenvalues are similar in size. This problem is a shortcoming of principal component analysis in general, not just of M-SSA in particular. In order to reduce mixture effects and to improve the physical interpretation, Groth and Ghil (2011) have proposed a subsequent VARIMAX rotation of the spatio-temporal EOFs (ST-EOFs) of the M-SSA. To avoid a loss of spectral properties (Plaut and Vautard 1994), they have introduced a slight modification of the common VARIMAX rotation that does take the spatio-temporal structure of ST-EOFs into account. Alternatively, a closed matrix formulation of the algorithm for the simultaneous rotation of the EOFs by iterative SVD decompositions has been proposed (Portes and Aguirre, 2016).

M-SSA has two forecasting approaches known as recurrent and vector. The discrepancies between these two approaches are attributable to the organization of the single trajectory matrix  of each series into the block trajectory matrix in the multivariate case. Two trajectory matrices can be organized as either vertical (VMSSA) or horizontal (HMSSA) as was recently introduced in Hassani and Mahmoudvand (2013), and it was shown that these constructions lead to better forecasts. Accordingly, we have four different forecasting algorithms that can be exploited in this version of MSSA (Hassani and Mahmoudvand, 2013).

Prediction

In this subsection, we focus on phenomena that exhibit a significant oscillatory component: repetition increases understanding and hence confidence in a prediction method that is closely connected with such understanding.

Singular spectrum analysis (SSA) and the maximum entropy method (MEM) have been combined to predict a variety of phenomena in meteorology, oceanography and climate dynamics (Ghil et al., 2002, and references therein). First, the “noise” is filtered out by projecting the time series onto a subset of leading EOFs obtained by SSA; the selected subset should include statistically significant, oscillatory modes. Experience shows that this approach works best when the partial variance associated with the pairs of RCs that capture these modes is large (Ghil and Jiang, 1998).

The prefiltered RCs are then extrapolated by least-square fitting to an autoregressive model , whose coefficients give the MEM spectrum of the remaining “signal”. Finally, the extended RCs are used in the SSA reconstruction process to produce the forecast values. The reason why this approach – via SSA prefiltering, AR extrapolation of the RCs, and SSA reconstruction – works better than the customary AR-based prediction is explained by the fact that the individual RCs are narrow-band signals, unlike the original, noisy time series  (Penland et al., 1991; Keppenne and Ghil, 1993). In fact, the optimal order p obtained for the individual RCs is considerably lower than the one given by the standard Akaike information criterion (AIC) or similar ones.

Spatio-temporal gap filling

The gap-filling version of SSA can be used to analyze data sets that are unevenly sampled or contain missing data (Kondrashov and Ghil, 2006; Kondrashov et al. 2010).  For a univariate time series, the SSA gap filling procedure utilizes temporal correlations to fill in the missing points. For a multivariate data set, gap filling by M-SSA takes advantage of both spatial and temporal correlations. In either case: (i) estimates of missing data points are produced iteratively, and are then used to compute a self-consistent lag-covariance matrix   and its EOFs ; and (ii)  cross-validation is used to optimize the window width  and the number of leading SSA modes to fill the gaps with the iteratively estimated "signal," while the noise is discarded.

As a model-free tool
The areas where SSA can be applied are very broad: climatology, marine science, geophysics, engineering, image processing, medicine, econometrics among them. Hence different modifications of SSA have been proposed and different methodologies of SSA are used in practical applications such as trend extraction, periodicity detection, seasonal adjustment, smoothing, noise reduction  (Golyandina, et al, 2001).

Basic SSA

SSA can be used as a model-free technique so that it can be applied to arbitrary time series including non-stationary time series. The basic aim of SSA is to decompose the time series into the sum of interpretable components such as trend, periodic components and noise with no a-priori assumptions about the parametric form of these components.

Consider a real-valued time series  of length . Let   be some integer called the window length and .

Main algorithm

1st step: Embedding.

Form the trajectory matrix of the series , which is the  matrix

where  are lagged vectors of size . The matrix  is a Hankel matrix which means that  has equal elements  on the anti-diagonals .

2nd step: Singular Value Decomposition (SVD).

Perform the singular value decomposition (SVD) of the trajectory matrix . Set  and denote by  the eigenvalues of  taken in the decreasing order of magnitude () and by  the orthonormal system of the eigenvectors of the matrix  corresponding to these eigenvalues.

Set  (note that  for a typical real-life series) and  . In this notation, the SVD of the trajectory matrix  can be written as

where

are matrices having rank 1; these are called elementary matrices. The collection  will be called the th eigentriple (abbreviated as ET) of the SVD. Vectors  are the left singular vectors of the matrix , numbers  are the singular values and provide the singular spectrum of ; this gives the name to SSA. Vectors  are called vectors of principal components (PCs).

3rd step: Eigentriple grouping.

Partition the set of indices  into  disjoint subsets .

Let . Then the resultant matrix  corresponding to the group  is defined as . The resultant matrices are computed for the groups  and the grouped SVD expansion of  can now be written as

4th step: Diagonal averaging.

Each matrix  of the grouped decomposition is hankelized and then the obtained Hankel matrix is transformed into a new series of length  using the one-to-one correspondence between Hankel matrices and time series.
Diagonal averaging applied to a resultant matrix  produces a reconstructed series . In this way, the initial series  is decomposed into a sum of  reconstructed subseries:

This decomposition is the main result of the SSA algorithm. The decomposition is meaningful if each reconstructed
subseries  could be classified as a part of either trend or some periodic component or noise.

Theory of SSA separability

The two main questions which the theory of SSA attempts to answer are: (a) what time series components can be separated by SSA, and (b) how to choose the window length  and make proper grouping for extraction of a desirable component. Many theoretical results can be found in Golyandina et al. (2001, Ch. 1 and 6).

Trend (which is defined as a slowly varying component of the time series), periodic components and noise are asymptotically separable as . In practice  is fixed and one is interested in approximate separability between time series components. A number of indicators of approximate separability can be used, see Golyandina et al. (2001, Ch. 1). The window length  determines the resolution of the method: larger values of  provide more refined decomposition into elementary components and therefore better separability. The window length  determines the longest periodicity captured by SSA. Trends can be extracted by grouping of eigentriples with slowly varying eigenvectors. A sinusoid with frequency smaller than 0.5 produces two approximately equal eigenvalues and two sine-wave eigenvectors with the same frequencies and -shifted phases.

Separation of two time series components can be considered as extraction of one component in the presence of perturbation by the other component. SSA perturbation theory is developed in Nekrutkin (2010) and Hassani et al. (2011).

Forecasting by SSA

If for some series  the SVD step in Basic SSA gives , then this series is called time series of rank  (Golyandina et al., 2001, Ch.5). The subspace spanned by the  leading eigenvectors is called signal subspace. This subspace is used for estimating the signal parameters in signal processing, e.g. ESPRIT for high-resolution frequency estimation. Also, this subspace determines the linear homogeneous recurrence relation (LRR) governing the series, which can be used for forecasting. Continuation of the series by the LRR is similar to forward linear prediction in signal processing.

Let the series be governed by the minimal LRR . Let us choose ,  be the eigenvectors (left singular vectors of the -trajectory matrix), which are provided by the SVD step of SSA. Then this series is governed by an LRR , where  are expressed through  (Golyandina et al., 2001, Ch.5), and can be continued by the same LRR.

This provides the basis for SSA recurrent and vector forecasting algorithms (Golyandina et al., 2001, Ch.2). In practice, the signal is corrupted by a perturbation, e.g., by noise, and its subspace is estimated by SSA approximately. Thus, SSA forecasting can be applied for forecasting of a time series component that is approximately governed by an LRR and is approximately separated from the residual.

Multivariate extension

Multi-channel, Multivariate SSA (or M-SSA) is a natural extension of SSA to for analyzing multivariate time series, where the size of different univariate series does not have to be the same. The trajectory matrix of multi-channel time series consists of linked trajectory matrices of separate times series. The rest of the algorithm is the same as in the univariate case. System of series can be forecasted analogously to SSA recurrent and vector algorithms (Golyandina and Stepanov, 2005). MSSA has many applications. It is especially popular in analyzing and forecasting economic and financial time series with short and long series length (Patterson et al., 2011, Hassani et al., 2012, Hassani and Mahmoudvand, 2013).
Other multivariate extension is 2D-SSA that can be applied to two-dimensional data like digital images (Golyandina and Usevich, 2010). The analogue of trajectory matrix is constructed by moving 2D windows of size .

MSSA and causality

A question that frequently arises in time series analysis is whether one economic variable can
help in predicting another economic variable. One way to address this question was proposed by
Granger (1969), in which he formalized the causality concept. A comprehensive causality test based on MSSA has recently introduced for causality measurement. The test is based on the forecasting accuracy and predictability of the direction of change of the MSSA algorithms (Hassani et al., 2011 and Hassani et al.,2012).

MSSA and EMH

The MSSA forecasting results can be used in examining the efficient-market hypothesis controversy (EMH).
The EMH suggests that the information contained in the price series of an asset is reflected “instantly, fully, and perpetually” in the asset’s current price. Since the price series and the information contained in it are available to all market participants, no one can benefit by attempting to take advantage of the information contained in the price history of an asset by trading in the markets. This is evaluated using two series with different series length in a multivariate system in SSA analysis (Hassani et al. 2010).

MSSA, SSA and business cycles

Business cycles plays a key role in macroeconomics, and are interest for a variety of players in the economy, including central banks, policy-makers, and financial intermediaries. MSSA-based methods for tracking business cycles have been recently introduced, and have been shown to allow for a reliable assessment of the cyclical position of the economy in real-time (de Carvalho et al., 2012 and de Carvalho and Rua, 2017).

MSSA, SSA and unit root
SSA's applicability to any kind of stationary or deterministically trending series has been extended to the case of a series with a stochastic trend, also known as a series with a unit root. In Hassani and Thomakos (2010) and Thomakos (2010) the basic theory on the properties and application of SSA in the case of series of a unit root is given, along with several examples. It is shown that SSA in such series produces a special kind of filter, whose form and spectral properties are derived, and that forecasting the single reconstructed component reduces to a moving average. SSA in unit roots thus provides an `optimizing' non-parametric framework for smoothing series with a unit root. This line of work is also extended to the case of two series, both of which have a unit root but are cointegrated. The application of SSA in this bivariate framework produces a smoothed series of the common root component.

Gap-filling

The gap-filling versions of SSA can be used to analyze data sets that are unevenly sampled or contain missing data (Schoellhamer, 2001; Golyandina and Osipov, 2007).

Schoellhamer (2001) shows that the straightforward idea to formally calculate approximate inner products omitting unknown terms is workable for long stationary time series.
Golyandina and Osipov (2007) uses the idea of filling in missing entries in vectors taken from the given subspace. The recurrent and vector SSA forecasting can be considered as particular cases of filling in algorithms described in the paper.

Detection of structural changes

SSA can be effectively used as a non-parametric method of time series monitoring and change detection. To do that, SSA performs the subspace tracking in the following way. SSA is applied sequentially to the initial parts of the series, constructs the corresponding signal subspaces and checks the distances between these subspaces and the lagged vectors formed from the few most recent observations. If these distances become too large, a structural change is suspected to have occurred in the series (Golyandina et al., 2001, Ch.3; Moskvina and Zhigljavsky, 2003).

In this way, SSA could be used for change detection not only in trends but also in the variability of the series, in the mechanism that determines dependence between different series and even in the noise structure. The method have proved to be useful in different engineering problems (e.g. Mohammad and Nishida (2011) in robotics), and has been extended to the multivariate case with corresponding analysis of detection delay and false positive rate.

Relation between SSA and other methods

 Autoregression Typical model for SSA is , where  (signal satisfying an LRR) and  is noise. The model of AR is . Despite these two models look similar they are very different. SSA considers AR as a noise component only. AR(1), which is red noise, is typical model of noise for Monte-Carlo SSA (Allen and Smith, 1996).

 Spectral Fourier Analysis In contrast with Fourier analysis with fixed basis of sine and cosine functions, SSA uses an adaptive basis generated by the time series itself. As a result, the underlying model in SSA is more general and SSA can extract amplitude-modulated sine wave components with frequencies different from . SSA-related methods like ESPRIT can estimate frequencies with higher resolution than spectral Fourier analysis.

 Linear Recurrence Relations Let the signal be modeled by a series, which satisfies a linear recurrence relation ; that is, a series that can be represented as sums of products of exponential, polynomial and sine wave functions. This includes the sum of dumped sinusoids model whose complex-valued form is . SSA-related methods allow estimation of frequencies  and exponential factors  (Golyandina and Zhigljavsky, 2013, Sect 3.8). Coefficients  can be estimated by the least squares method. Extension of the model, where  are replaced by polynomials of , can be also considered within the SSA-related methods (Badeau et al., 2008).

 Signal Subspace methods SSA can be considered as a subspace-based method, since it allows estimation of the signal subspace of dimension  by .

 State Space Models The main model behind SSA is , where  and  is noise. Formally, this model belongs to the general class of state space models. The specifics of SSA is in the facts that parameter estimation is a problem of secondary importance in SSA and the data analysis procedures in SSA are nonlinear as they are based on the SVD of either trajectory or lag-covariance matrix.

 Independent Component Analysis (ICA) SSA is used in blind source separation by ICA as a preprocessing step (Pietilä et al., 2006). On the other hand, ICA can be used as a replacement of the SVD step in the SSA algorithm for achieving better separability (Golyandina and Zhigljavsky, 2013, Sect. 2.5.4).

 Regression SSA is able to extract polynomial and exponential trends. However, unlike regression, SSA does not assume any parametric model which may give significant advantage when an exploratory data analysis is performed with no obvious model in hand (Golyandina et al., 2001, Ch.1).

 Linear Filters The reconstruction of the series by SSA can be considered as adaptive linear filtration. If the window length  is small, then each eigenvector  generates a linear filter of width  for reconstruction of the middle of the series , . The filtration is non-causal. However, the so-called Last-point SSA can be used as a causal filter (Golyandina and Zhigljavsky 2013, Sect. 3.9).

 Density Estimation Since SSA can be used as a method of data smoothing it can be used as a method of non-parametric density estimation (Golyandina et al., 2012).

See also
Multitaper method
Short-time Fourier transform
Spectral density estimation

References

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Golyandina, N., A. Korobeynikov and A. Zhigljavsky (2018): Singular Spectrum Analysis with R. Springer Verlag. .
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External links
Singular Spectrum Analysis–Multi-taper Method (SSA-MTM) Toolkit freeware from UCLA.
kSpectra Toolkit for Mac OS X from SpectraWorks.
Caterpillar-SSA Papers and software from Gistat Group.
Efficient implementation of SSA in R
Examples in R with the Rssa package
Applied SSA in R
SSA and Phase Synchronisation in  R
Multivariate singular spectrum filter for tracking business cycles
Singular Spectrum Analysis Excel Demo With VBA
Singular Spectrum Analysis tutorial with Matlab
Multichannel Singular Spectrum Analysis tutorial with Matlab
Singular Spectrum Analysis in Julia

Multivariate time series
Time domain analysis


Athlon was a typical passenger steamboat of the Puget Sound Mosquito Fleet.

Construction
Athlon was built in Portland, Oregon by the J.H. Johnston yard.  Her first owners were a consortium  of Jacob Kamm (and his company, Vancouver Transportation Co.), Shaver Transportation Company and the Kellogg Transportation Company.  The consortium built her at a cost of $4,950.  The consortium's purpose was to Captain Neusome, owner of the Iralda, which he ran on the lower Columbia.  Neusome had refused to fix (or "cooperate on," as the phrase then was) steamboat rates on river.  Neusome came around when Athlon was launched, and struck a deal with the consortium.  In return, Athlon was sold to H.B. Kennedy, who took her up to Puget Sound.

Operations on Puget Sound
Once at Puget Sound, H.B. Kennedy put Athlon on the popular Seattle-Port Orchard (Navy Yard) Route, in competition with Joshua Green's boat, the Inland Flyer.  Athlon's first captain on Puget Sound, in February 1901, was William Mitchell, who had worked his way up from cabin boy.  (Mitchell eventually in 1933 became manager of the Kitsap Transportation Company, one of the last remaining competitors to the by-then dominant Puget Sound Navigation Company.)
By July 1901, H.B. Kennedy and Joshua Green reached a deal to end competition between their two boats, fixing rates on the route as was usual with these anti-competitive agreements.  Over the years, the firms of H.B. Kennedy and Joshua Green's Puget Sound Navigation Company drew closer together and eventually merged.  By 1903, Athlon was still owned by H.B. Kennedy personally, but was being operated by Puget Sound Navigation.  This combination drove off all would be competitors including the Manette, and later, Arrow, even though Arrow was a much faster boat than Athlon, beating her by 30 minutes on a race from Seattle to Bremerton.

Inadequate safety equipment
In January 1904, the steamer Clallam and 50 of her passengers were lost en route to Victoria crossing the Strait of Juan de Fuca.  Clallam carried no distress rockets, which in those days before radio, might have saved some or all of her people. Steamship inspectors cracked down and fined a large number of steamers, including Athlon, $500 and more for operating without fog horns, signal flares or rockets, fire axes or proper life-saving equipment. Some measure of the severity of the fine can be judged by the fact that it was almost exactly 10% of the cost of Athlon's construction.

Conversion to oil burner
In 1907, Athlon's compound engine was replaced with a triple expansion steam engine.  About the same time, she was converted to oil fuel, in response to the oil companies launching a push to persuade the steamboat operators to convert from burning cord wood or coal to burning oil.  H.D. Collier, a marine engineer, was then Standard Oil's representative in the Puget Sound region.  When he approached Joshua Green to consider conversion to oil fuel, Green declined, telling him "Harry, that stuff blows up!"  To prove the contrary, Collier rigged up an oil burner under Athlon's boiler, then dropped a lighted match in the oil tank.  When no explosion ensued, Collier had made his sale.  Collier later became president and chairman of the board of Standard Oil of California. bb

Anti-union propaganda stunt
Starting in late 1890s, Congress became more concerned about working conditions, safety equipment and standards on steamboats.  Political pressure increased after the sinking of the RMS Titanic which foundered in the North Atlantic with a large loss of lives due to too few lifeboats. Athlon's owners, prominent capitalists, opposed this, and when a version of what eventually became the La Follette Seaman's Act of 1915 passed Congress in 1913, Athlon was used by the Puget Sound Steamboat Owners Association in a stunt to point out what they perceived as some of the absurdities of the legislation.  The owners calculated that based on the number of passengers that Athlon was licensed to carry, she would have to be equipped with 19 lifeboats, this on a steamboat only  long.  They were able to cram only 8 boats on her decks, and put the other eleven in a scow lashed alongside.  Using this and other tactics, the steamboat owners of Puget Sound and the rest of the country were able to stall passage of the Seamen's Act until 1915.

Sale to Moe Brothers
The Moe brothers were engaged in competition with the Kitsap County Transportation Company for dominance of the Seattle-Poulsbo route.  In 1914, the Moe Brothers, with backers on Bainbridge Island and around Liberty Bay, bought Athlon and put her on the route, where she ran for the next six years.

Grand Trunk pier fire
On July 30, 1914, Athlon and the coastal liner Admiral Farragut were moored in Seattle at the pier of the Grand Trunk Pacific, immediately to the north of Colman Dock.  About 3:00 in the afternoon, the engineer on Athlon noticed a fire on the pier.  Athlon and Farragut quickly cast off.  The fire on the pier spread quickly, as the structure was newly built (four years old) and covered with creosote.  Fire boats and land crews unsuccessfully fought the flames.  Tragically four firemen were killed.

Final loss
On August 1, 1921, in a heavy fog while running into Port Ludlow, Athlon struck the Ludlow Rocks at the harbor entrance.  Athlon struck at extreme high tide, and at low tide it was possible to walk all around the boat.  The nine people aboard all reached safety, but the vessel was a total loss.  Her owners, Poulsbo Transportation Co., were able to salvage her machinery.

External links

Photographs

Athlon
Athlon circa 1901, a classic Wilhelm Hester image
Athlon, early profile view, showing poor combustion in boiler generating heavy black smoke
Athlon and several smaller Mosquito Fleet boats at Colman Dock

Competitors of Athlon
Inland Flyer, competitor then ally of Athlon
Manette, would-be competitor

Grand Trunk Pacific fire
Grand Trunk fire, colorized postcard
fighting the fire from the deck of a fireboat

Websites
HistoryLink Seattle's Grand Trunk Pacific dock burns on July 30, 1914

References

Steamboats of Oregon
History of Washington (state)
Steamboats of the Columbia River
1900 ships


McCallum Brothers is an Auckland, New Zealand-based sand and construction aggregate supplier. Its main products are sand and jasper (of which it quarries up to 30,000 tonnes per year). The company mainly supplies building and roading companies in the North Island of New Zealand, and it also provides sand for beach replenishment. It was founded in 1904, and is still in family ownership to this day.

The company has recently (2007) won a case in the Environment Court which will allow it to continue extracting sand from the Mangawhai-Pakiri embayment, with the court agreeing that the removal was environmentally sustainable, mainly due to the argument that the removal would not exceed the natural buildup of new sand, a point that had been contested by various local opponents and the ARC. McCallum Brothers itself also notes that the use of its own fleet of ships to deliver their product to the mostly coastal-area delivery locations around the Auckland area helps reduce traffic issues and improve sustainability.

To reduce dependence on the Pakiri area, the company is currently intending to gain permission to remove sand from the Kaipara Harbour, from where the sand would be transported to the Port of Onehunga. The extraction area is however historically considered dangerous for ships due to the local weather and sea conditions, which have wrecked or grounded many ships over the years.

References

External links
McCallum Bros (official company website)

Mining companies of New Zealand
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1904
New Zealand companies established in 1904


Koskela Light () is a sector light tower located on the southern shore of Letonniemi promontory in Taskila district of the City of Oulu in Finland. The tower is located within the boundaries of the Letonniemi natural preserve.

History
The current tower was built in 1939 to guide vessels towards the Toppila harbour. It replaced an older and smaller light built in 1911; the older light was located approximately  southeast from the current tower.

The tower is -high octagonal concrete structure with an octagonal steel lantern, resting on a square slab of concrete. The tower was originally painted red with a white lantern. The light displayed a flash every three seconds, green, red or white depending on direction. The focal plane was  and the range was .

The light was noted as an active light in the 1996 List of Lights of Finland, but was not mentioned in the 2000 edition.

The light was deactivated in the late 1990s and nautical charts dated in 2005 shows the light marked down as a cairn. It served as a cairn until 20 June 2023 when it was deleted from the charts.

Due to the glacial rebound the tower is located  away from the coastline, and is almost completely hidden by the shrub. A footpath leading to the western end of the Letonniemi promontory leads next to the tower.

Gallery

References

Lighthouses completed in 1940
Gulf of Bothnia
Buildings and structures in Oulu
Lighthouses in Finland