William Bruce Lincoln (September 6, 1938 – April 9, 2000) was an American scholar and author who wrote a number of widely-read books on Russian history. An expert noted for his narrative skills, he explained that he began "to write for a broader audience in the hope that my efforts to explain Russia's past may enable readers to better understand Russia's present.".

Early life
William Bruce Lincoln, son of Charles A. and Ruth Lincoln, grew up was in Suffield, Connecticut. He had a brother named Charles. He received his A.B. degree from the College of William and Mary in 1960 and a Ph.D. in Russian history from the University of Chicago in 1966.

Career
In 1967 Lincoln joined the faculty of Northern Illinois University, where he taught Russian history until his retirement as Distinguished Research Professor at age 59. During his career at NIU he authored 12 books, several of which became featured book club adoptions and were translated into various foreign languages. He received many research grants and awards, including a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1982. He published more than 50 articles and reviews, and some of his books written for general readers sold more than 100,000 copies. At the time of his death, he was writing a general history of Russia.

Books
Nikolai Miliutin: An Enlightened Russian Bureaucrat (Oriental Research Partners, 1977)
Nicholas I:  Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias (Allen Lane Penguin, 1978) German edition, 1981; Polish edition, 1988.
Petr Petrovich Semenov-Tian-Shanskii: The Life of a Russian Geographer (Oriental Research Partners, 1980)
The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias (Dial Press-Doubleday, 1981)  Spanish edition, 1984; Chinese edition, forthcoming.
In the Vanguard of Reform:  Russia's Enlightened Bureaucrats (Northern Illinois University Press, 1982)  Italian edition, 1993.
In War's Dark Shadow: The Russians Before the Great War (Dial Press-Doubleday, 1983)
Passage Through Armageddon:  The Russians in War and Revolution (Simon and Schuster, 1986)
Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War (Simon and Schuster, 1989) Italian edition, 1991.
The Great Reforms: Autocracy, Bureaucracy, and the Politics of Change in Imperial Russia (Northern Illinois University Press, 1990)  Italian edition, 1993.
The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians (Random House, 1994)  German edition, 1996.
Between Heaven and Hell: The Story of A Thousand Years of Artistic Life in Russia (Viking  Press, 1998)
Sunlight at Midnight: St. Petersburg and the Rise of Modern Russia (published posthumously, Basic Books, 2001)

Lincoln's The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians was named "one of that magazine's best books of 1994" by Publishers Weekly. Fernanda Eberstadt of The Washington Post summarized the book Passage Through Armageddon, "[it is] an accessible, comprehensive and eminently balanced history". Post writer Jane Good summarized of the book Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War, "Covering all three topics in a single study of moderate length unfortunately results in a text that presumes more knowledge of Russian history than is typical of the general reader, yet glosses over details that would be of interest to the specialist. Nevertheless, Red Victory is worth reading by anyone willing to invest time and effort to better understand the Soviet Union" John A. C. Greppin of The New York Times listed it "as a notable book of year by The New York Times Book Review", saying "It is successful not because of a new analysis of fact but because of its author's abiding descriptive powers; he presents a vast warring frontier filled with people who, no matter how familiar their names and actions have become, often baffle us". Susan Jacoby also of the Post said of his book Between Heaven and Hell: The Story of A Thousand Years of Artistic Life in Russia, it "surely represents a rare triumph of atavistic editorial support for a serious historical work over the commercial bottom line" and saying he "is at his best on Russia's earliest cultural roots and on the emergence of an influential avant-garde between 1890 and the early 1920s" but also criticized, saying "the book is weakest on the post-Stalin era, reading too much like a cut-and-paste compendium of well-known literary biographies" and "failure to discuss the samizdat phenomenon at length".

Personal life
Three marriages ended in divorce. In 1984 he married Mary Eagle Lincoln, and together they cared for two daughters, Virginia Wallace and Mary Margaret Matzek. He died on April 9, 2000, at Kishwaukee Hospital in DeKalb, Illinois, of complications due to cancer.

Northern Illinois lecture series
After Lincoln's death Northern Illinois University established the W. Bruce Lincoln Endowed Lecture Series to "engage key issues and are often interdisciplinary, in the spirit of Professor Lincoln’s research, writing and teaching",. Among the notables who have spoken at the lectures are America historian and author Timothy D. Snyder, Richard White, Walter LaFeber John W. Dower, Jonathan Spence, and Ramón A. Gutiérrez, Lizabeth Cohen

References

Lee Congdon, "W. Bruce Lincoln, 1938-2000," Slavic Review (Spring 2001) 60 no. 1, 229-230.

External links
 American Historical Association Memorial Article

1938 births
2000 deaths
Historians of Russia
20th-century American historians
American male non-fiction writers
College of William & Mary alumni
20th-century American male writers


A fractal is an irregular geometric object with an infinite nesting of structure at all scales. It is mainly applicable in soil chromatography and soil micromorphology (Anderson, 1997). Internal structure, pore size distribution and pore geometry can be identified by using fractal dimension at nano scale. As soil is heterogeneous the pore spaces are made up of macropores, micropores and mesopores. When soil is studied in nanoscale it the macropore are composed of micro and meso pore and further they are composed of organo-mineral complex.

The fractal approach to soil mechanics is a new line of thought. It was first raised in "Fractal Character Of Grain-Size Distribution Of Expansion Soils" by Yongfu Xu and Songyu Liu, published in 1999, by Fractals. There are several problems in soil mechanics which can be dealt by applying a fractal approach. One of these problems is the determination of soil-water-characteristic curve (also called (water retention curve) and/or capillary pressure curve). It is a time-consuming process considering usual laboratory experiments. Many scientists have been involved in making mathematical models of soil-water-characteristic curve (SWCC) in which constants are related to the fractal dimension of pore size distribution or particle size distribution of the soil. After the great mathematician Benoît Mandelbrot—father of fractal mathematics—showed the world fractals, Scientists of Agronomy, Agricultural engineering and Earth Scientists have developed more fractal-based models.
All of these models have been used to extract hydraulic properties of soils and the potential capabilities of fractal mathematics to investigate mechanical properties of soils. Therefore, it is really important to use such physically based models to promote our understanding of the mechanics of the soils. It can be of great help for researchers in the area of unsaturated soil mechanics. Mechanical parameters can also be driven from such models and of course it needs further works and researches.
Fractal calculus is a framework that includes functions with fractal support.

References
 Anderson, A.N., McBratney, A.B. and Crawford, J.W., 1997. Applications of fractals to soil studies. In Advances in Agronomy (Vol. 63, pp. 1-76). Academic Press.

Soil mechanics
Fractals


Tynemouth and North Shields was a parliamentary borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom between 1832 and 1885. It elected one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first-past-the-post system of election.

Boundaries
The seat was created by the Reform Act 1832 under the name of Tynemouth. However, in the Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832, it is referred to as Tynemouth and North Shields.

The constituency was based upon the communities of Tynemouth and North Shields, in the part of the historic county of Northumberland which has, since 1974, been part of the metropolitan borough of North Tyneside in Tyne and Wear. Under the Boundaries Act, its contents were defined as:The several Townships of Tynemouth, North Shields, Chirton, Preston and Cullercoats.Tynemouth was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1849 under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835.  The borough covered the whole area east of Wallsend and south of Whitley Bay, including the less historic but more economically significant town of North Shields as well as smaller villages such as New York and Cullercoats.

Although there is no formal reference to Tynemouth and North Shields in the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, it became known as Tynemouth from that time. There was no change to the boundaries.

Members of Parliament

Supplemental Note:-
 1 F. W. S. Craig, in his compilations of election results for Great Britain, classifies Whig, Radical and similar candidates as Liberals from 1832. The name Liberal was gradually adopted as a description for the Whigs and politicians allied with them, before the formal creation of the Liberal Party shortly after the 1859 general election.

Elections

Elections in the 1830s

 On petition, Young was unseated and Grey was declared elected

Elections in the 1840s

Elections in the 1850s

Taylor's election was declared void on petition due to bribery and treating, causing a by-election.

Elections in the 1860s
Taylor's resignation caused a by-election.

Elections in the 1870s

Elections in the 1880s

See also
List of former United Kingdom Parliament constituencies
History of parliamentary constituencies and boundaries in Northumberland

References

Sources
 British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (The Macmillan Press 1977)
 Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Volume I 1832-1885, edited by M. Stenton (The Harvester Press 1976)

Parliamentary constituencies in Tyne and Wear (historic)
Parliamentary constituencies in Northumberland (historic)
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1832
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1885


The St. Paul Saints, also known as the Fighting Saints were a minor league professional ice hockey team that played in the International Hockey League from 1959 to 1963. The Saints were based in St. Paul, Minnesota and played at the St. Paul Auditorium. The Saints won consecutive Turner Cups in 1960 and 1961 as league champions, and finished runners-up in 1962. Their geographically closest rival were the Minneapolis Millers, across the river.

Season-by-season results

External links
 standings and results

International Hockey League (1945–2001) teams
Saints (IHL)
Defunct ice hockey teams in Minnesota
Ice hockey clubs established in 1959
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1963
1959 establishments in Minnesota
1963 disestablishments in Minnesota


The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1904 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 8, 1904. Republicans won the three Democratic-held districts, giving California an all-Republican House delegation, which it would maintain until 1910.

Overview

Delegation Composition

Results

District 1

District 2

District 3

District 4

District 5

District 6

District 7

District 8

See also
59th United States Congress
Political party strength in California
Political party strength in U.S. states
United States House of Representatives elections, 1904

References
California Elections Page
Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives

External links
California Legislative District Maps (1911-Present)
RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions

1904
United States House of Representatives
California


Cara Black and Liezel Huber were the defending champions, but the pair lost in the first round to Julie Ditty and Yuliana Fedak.

Alona Bondarenko and Kateryna Bondarenko won the title, defeating Eva Hrdinová and Vladimíra Uhlířová in the final 6–1, 6–4.

Seeds

Key
Q - Qualifier
WC - Wild card
Alt - Alternates

Draw

External links
Draws

Doubles 2008
Open Gaz de France


Papers is a reference management software for Mac OS X and Windows, used to manage bibliographies and references when writing essays and articles. It is primarily used to organize references and maintain a library of PDF documents and also provides a uniform interface for document repository searches, metadata editing, full screen reading and, a variety of ways to import and export documents.

Overview
Papers was developed by Alexander Griekspoor and Tom Groothuis while studying towards their Ph.D.'s at the Netherlands Cancer Institute. The pair worked on Papers to provide an iTunes-like approach to document management, after they were faced with working with hundreds of digital publications in PDF format. Papers was originally released as a public preview in February 2007, followed by the full 1.0 version a few months later. A new version of the software was released and put for sale in the third quarter of 2013, along with a new iPhone/iPad app. Both products went under a considerable amount of criticism from new and returning users, who experienced a number of issues, ranging from lost databases and annotations to incompatibility between mobile and desktop apps. Users criticized Mekentosj and Springer, respectively the developer and owner of Papers, for releasing a beta version of the software and their slowness in addressing problems that effectively rendered the software unusable.

On March 16, 2016, ReadCube acquired Papers from Springer Nature for an undisclosed amount. ReadCube Papers has been available since Fall 2019.

Versions

Mac
With the release of Papers 2 in March 2011, Papers provides EndNote-style reference citation features. It also allows for users to access their library and insert citations across a variety of different applications, whether in documents, presentations, or in web browsers. Papers offers a familiar user interface and a number of features for collecting, curating, merging and linking articles.

A new version for Mac was released in late 2013; Papers 3. This version introduces a redesigned user interface and Dropbox-based syncing, which has subsequently been expanded to other cloud-based repositories.

As of November 1st, 2018, Papers 3 is no longer available for sale and is no longer being actively developed. The new version of Papers is developed by ReadCube. It is primarily used to organize references and maintain a library of PDF documents and also provides a uniform interface for document repository searches, metadata editing, full screen reading and, a variety of ways to import and export documents.

Windows

Papers 3 for Windows was first released in 2012. A new version, now Papers 3 for Windows, was released late July 2014 following the redesign of the Mac and iOS applications earlier. This version was intended to streamline the user experience and the features available from the Mac application. Papers 3 for Windows also added unified search to its platform. It supported Dropbox syncing between Mac and iOS devices running Papers 3 as well as Papers Online. The Windows version of Papers 3 has been withdrawn from sale and is no longer available. It is a research literature management solution for PC, Mac, iPad and iPhone that allows users to find articles using any of its built-in search engines, to import and organize articles, to read and annotate articles.

Browser
The online version of Papers runs in most modern Web browsers. Users can access their library by signing in through their institutional or personal email address. Libraries will automatically sync and have unlimited cloud storage. Paper is a Chrome browser extension that injects advertisements into websites you visit and redirects your browser search queries.

iPhone and iPad
Versions of Papers are available for free from the Apple App Store for iPhone and iPad. A version was released with the Papers 3 for Mac launch and features unified search on the iOS app as well. The newest version of Papers is available via the Mac App Store. It has the article management features, and in addition to the standard annotation features the new Papers for iOS also features freehand annotations and supports Apple Pencil. Papers for iOS can be synchronized via a cloud storage system provided by ReadCube.

Android
A version of Papers is available for Android users and can be downloaded via Google Play. It automatically syncs to the Papers desktop and web applications. Paper is a fast NoSQL-like storage for Java/Kotlin objects on Android with automatic schema migration support.

Papers Online (legacy)
Papers Online was a set of services released in conjunction with Papers 3 for Windows. It worked across a variety of platforms and offers users a means of sharing collections of articles. Papers 3 users can create shared collections and access them from a browser on most devices and share collections to be accessed by other Papers 3 users as well as individuals who are not currently using Papers 3. This version is no longer available.

Awards
Papers won an Apple Design Award in 2007, for the best Mac OS X Scientific Computing Solution.

See also
 Comparison of reference management software for some comparisons with similar packages.
 ReadCube

References

External links

Reference management software
Proprietary software for macOS
Proprietary software for Windows


Christina Fusano and Raquel Kops-Jones were the defending champions, but decided not to compete together. Fusano partnered with Angela Haynes, but lost in the first round to Jill Craybas and Tamarine Tanasugarn. Kops-Jones partnered with Abigail Spears, but lost in the semifinals to Anna-Lena Grönefeld and Vania King.

Grönefeld and King went on to win the title, defeating Craybas and Tanasugarn 7–6(7–3), 6–4 in the final.

Seeds

Draw

References
Main Draw

Challenge Bell
Tournoi de Québec
Can


Nicole Pratt and Mara Santangelo were the defending champions, but chose not to participate that year.

Chan Yung-jan and Chuang Chia-jung won in the final 6–4, 6–4, against Hsieh Su-wei and Vania King.

Seeds

Draw

Draw

External links
Draw

Doubles
Pattaya Women's Open - Doubles
 in women's tennis


Máel Cothaid mac Máele Umai (flourished 601) was a King of Connacht from the Uí Fiachrach branch of the Connachta. He was of the Fir Chera sept of this branch and was the grandson of Feradach mac Ross (died c.557), a previous Connacht king. The king lists such as the Book of Leinster have placed his reign after his grandfathers and before Áed mac Echach Tirmcharna (died 575) and give him a reign of three years. Prof. Byrne has placed him after Uatu mac Áedo (died 600).

In 601 was fought the Battle of Echros (Aughris Head) where he suffered a defeat at the hands of the Cenél Coirpri led by Colman. This was part of the perennial feud between the Connachta and the northern Ui Neill for control of the strategic route through County Sligo. Mael Cothaid is only mentioned as king of the Uí Fiachrach in reference to this battle in the annals. His defeat may have contributed to the failure of his line to maintain their hold on the Moy estuary and his branch is found later in Carra, County Mayo and provided no further kings of Connaught.

Notes

See also
List of kings of Connacht

References

 Annals of Tigernach
 Annals of Ulster
 T.M.Charles-Edwards, Early Christian Ireland
 Francis J.Byrne, Irish Kings and High-Kings
 Book of Leinster,Section 30
 The Chronology of the Irish Annals, Daniel P. McCarthy

External links
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork

Kings of Connacht
Monarchs from County Mayo
7th-century Irish monarchs


Leucoptera spartifoliella is a species of moth in family Lyonetiidae known by the common name Scotch broom twig miner. It is used as an agent of biological pest control against the noxious weed known as Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius).

The adult is a tiny white moth about four millimeters long. It differs from Leucoptera laburnella as follows : forewings with anteapical spot of costa more oblique,
its margins rather converging downwards, metallic post-tornal spot more broadly black-edged, usually preceded by a yellowish mark.

It lays eggs one at a time on the stem of Scotch broom, its host plant. The larva burrows throughout the epidermis of the stem for nearly a year before it pupates, causing damage to the plant.

The moth was introduced to California for the purpose of controlling Scotch broom in 1960. It is now established in parts of the western United States. It was introduced to Australia in 1990. It may or may not be a worthwhile biocontrol agent; while the insect does do considerable damage to the plants, they can often recover. Much of the plant deaths occur when insect damage makes the plant susceptible to disease. Research is now focused on other agents of biocontrol for Scotch broom.

In the 1950s the moth was accidentally introduced to New Zealand. It has since become established. It has caused localized die-backs of scotch broom throughout the country.

References

External links
 Profile and photo

spartifoliella
Insects used for control of invasive plants
Lepidoptera used as pest control agents
Moths described in 1813
Moths of Europe
Moths of New Zealand


Doncho Atanasov (; born on 2 April 1983) is a former Bulgarian footballer, who played as a left winger.

Career
Doncho Atanasov came from the youth system of Beroe Stara Zagora, and was called up to the first team squad for the 2001–02 season. On 9 February 2002, he made his A PFG debut as he replaced Krum Bibishkov in the 69th minute of their 0–2 home loss against Litex Lovech. He only made 11 appearances for Beroe's first team before moving to Armeets Sliven in June 2002. On 19 July 2014, Atanasov scored the only goal in Haskovo's 1:0 victory over reigning A PFG champions Ludogorets Razgrad to provide his team with a winning start in the new league season.

Atanasov played for Botev Galabovo one season before being released in June 2017. On 1 September 2017, he announced his retirement as footballer.

Honours

Club
Beroe
Bulgarian Cup (2): 2009–10, 2012–13
Bulgarian Supercup: 2013

References

Bulgarian men's footballers
1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Stara Zagora
PFC Beroe Stara Zagora players
PFC Cherno More Varna players
FC Lyubimets players
FC Haskovo players
Limanovia Limanowa players
FC Vereya players
FC Botev Galabovo players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Second Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Bulgarian expatriate men's footballers
Bulgarian expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Expatriate men's footballers in Poland

Men's association football wingers


The 2008 Proximus Diamond Games was the 2008 Tier II tournament in the WTA Tour of the annually-held Proximus Diamond Games tennis tournament. It was played from 11 February through 17 February 2008 at the Sportpaleis in Antwerp, Belgium. First-seeded Justine Henin won the singles title and earned $95,500 first-prize money.

Gambling threat
On February 11, the first day of the event, tournament spokeswoman Katia Stroobants announced that three men had been ejected from the stadium after being caught gambling. The men, two Russians and one German, were logged on to a gambling website and were exploiting the delay between when the point was won, and when it appeared on the official website. Stroobants said that the men were asked to leave or hand over their laptops, and took the decision to leave.

This incident followed a spate of gambling scandals to hit the sport, with several male players admitting that they had been approached to fix matches; irregular betting patterns had also been observed in certain matches, in the months leading up to the event. In January 2007, WTA Tour chief Larry Scott had announced that the organization was anticipating problems and was trying to put in place measures to deal with them.

Finals

Singles

 Justine Henin defeated  Karin Knapp, 6–3, 6–3
It was Henin's 2nd title of the year, and the 41st of her career.

Doubles

 Cara Black /  Liezel Huber defeated  Květa Peschke /  Ai Sugiyama 6–1, 6–3

References

External links
 Official website
 ITF tournament edition details
 Tournament draws

Diamond Games
Proximus Diamond Games
2008 in Belgian tennis
2008 in Belgian women's sport


Amélie Mauresmo was the three-time defending champion, but chose not to participate this year.

Justine Henin won the title, defeating Karin Knapp in the final 6–3, 6–3.

Seeds

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

External links
 Main and Qualifying Draws

References

Diamond Games
Proximus Diamond Games
Proximus


Cara Black and Liezel Huber were the defending champions, and successfully defended their title, defeating Květa Peschke and Ai Sugiyama in the final, 6–1, 6–3.

Seeds

Draw

Draw

Diamond Games
Proximus Diamond Games
Proximus


Stefan Kikov (Bulgarian: Стефан Киков) (born 2 April 1982 in Plovdiv) is a Bulgarian footballer currently playing for Rakovski. Kikov usually plays as central defender or central midfielder.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Bulgarian men's footballers
Botev Plovdiv players
PFC Cherno More Varna players
OFC Sliven 2000 players
PFC Slavia Sofia players
FC Lyubimets players
PFK Svetkavitsa 1922 players
Doxa Drama F.C. players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
People from Rakovski
Sportspeople from Plovdiv Province

Men's association football defenders


KRTA (610 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a Spanish music format. Licensed to Medford, Oregon, United States, the station serves the Medford-Ashland area.  The station is currently owned by Opus Broadcasting Systems.

References

External links

FCC History Cards for KRTA

RTA
RTA
Regional Mexican radio stations in the United States
Medford, Oregon
1947 establishments in Oregon


The Integrated Resort Scheme (IRS) is an initiative of the Government of Mauritius in collaboration with the Board of Investment of Mauritius. This program is designed to facilitate the acquisition of resort and residential property by non-citizens on the island.

Until recent changes to legislation foreigners were not permitted to purchase property in Mauritius. In 2002 the Mauritian Government took the decision to open the market to foreign buyers on a restricted basis through this project named as IRS, which permits the construction and sale of luxury villas to foreigners in particular locations. To date eight projects have been successfully completed prior to the International Financial Crisis in 2008; Tamarina, Anahita, Villa Valriche, ClubMed Albion and Belle Rive. Three developments were since completed in 2013; La Balise, Matala and Azuri. The programme has however been plagued by a catalogue of false starts and a large number of fictional projects that were never delivered to their potential owners (Corniche Bay, River Club, Beau Sejour etc.). This legacy of failure appears to have been overcome and the current crop of developers have successfully negotiated the complexities inherent in the failures of these earlier developments. As a result of these failures the most recent projects to complete have taken a more innovative approach to the uses found within the IRS estates and innovated to establish market position.

Through the IRS, international buyers can become Mauritian residents once they acquire a luxury property on the island. The villa owner and his family are able to reside in Mauritius as long as he holds the property.

The IRS are often accompanied by extensive and high-class leisure and recreational facilities such as golf courses, marinas or wellness centres.

Minimum Investment Requirement

Under the scheme, outsiders are permitted to buy property with a minimum investment of $500,000 (about £350,000) plus a fixed land registration duty of $70,000. To date the average cost of an IRS residence in Mauritius has been in excess of US$1.6 million.

The luxury villas

Villas sold under the scheme form part of a complex of luxury villas of international standard and high-class facilities and amenities.

By law, the extent of land for each villa shall not exceed 1.25 arpents (0.5276 hectares). The villa can be acquired on the basis of a plan or during the construction phase.

Residence Permit under IRS

The acquisition of a villa under the Scheme grants resident status to the investor, his spouse and dependents. A residence permit granted under the IRS remains valid until such time as the non-citizen holds immovable property in Mauritius under the scheme. Application for Residence Permit shall be made at the time of purchasing a villa in an IRS.

Who can apply?

Any one of the following can apply under the Scheme:

A non-citizen of Mauritius (including his spouse and dependants);
A foreign company under the Companies Act (of Mauritius) 2001;
A citizen of Mauritius;
A company incorporated under the Companies Act 2001.

References

External links
Invest Mauritius
Government of Mauritius

Economy of Mauritius
Tourism in Mauritius


The Sioux Narrows Bridge is a bridge on Highway 71 at Sioux Narrows, Ontario, which spans the Sioux Narrows strait between Regina Bay and Whitefish Bay on Lake of the Woods.

Built in 1936 as an all-wooden truss bridge made of Douglas fir timber treated with creosote, it was at  the longest single-span wooden bridge in North America. The bridge overlooks the site of an 18th-century battle in which the local Anishnaabe and Cree nations defeated an invading force of Sioux.

Due to its unique construction, the bridge was designated a heritage site under the Ontario Heritage Act.

Reconstruction

In the early 1980s, study found that the load capacity of the trusses remained adequate, but there was significant overstress on the deck. In 1982, the bridge was reconstructed using a new prestressing technique, by which the deck planks were laid on their edges and squeezed together with hydraulic jacks to form a watertight slab, and then supported with steel reinforcing rods.

In the 1990s and early 2000s, the deteriorating quality of the structure necessitated load and lane restrictions on the bridge, with heavy trucking vehicles forced to detour via Ontario Highway 502 through Dryden or Ontario Highway 622 through Atikokan. Finally, a temporary bridge was built in 2003, and the wooden bridge was dismantled.

The decision was finally made to balance the need for structural improvements and durability with the structure's heritage by building the new bridge out of steel, but cladding the steel trusses in wood to preserve the original bridge's appearance.

Construction began on the new bridge in 2006, and the bridge was reopened to traffic in November 2007. The bridge was briefly closed on July 1, 2008, in order to stage its official opening ceremony. Bill Thompson, the mayor of the town at the time of the bridge's reopening, was the grandson of a construction worker who had worked on the original bridge. Some pieces of salvaged timber not used in recladding the new steel trusses were used to create artworks of the bridge for sale as a municipal fundraiser.

See also
 List of bridges in Canada

References

Road bridges in Ontario
Transport in Kenora District
Bridges completed in 1936
Bridges completed in 2007
Truss bridges in Canada
Bridges on the Trans-Canada Highway
Historic buildings and structures in Ontario
Wooden bridges in Canada
Buildings and structures in Kenora District


Cold Feet is a UK comedy-drama television series.

Cold Feet may also refer to:

Cold feet, apprehension or doubt strong enough to prevent a planned course of action
Project COLDFEET, a CIA operation in 1962
Cold Feet (American TV series), the US version of the UK series
Cold Feet (1922 film), a comedy short film directed by Al Christie
Cold Feet (1983 film), a comedy film starring Griffin Dunne
Cold Feet (1989 film), a comedy film starring Keith Carradine
Cold Feet (1999 film), a drama film starring Chenoa Maxwell
"Cold Feet!", a 1990 episode of The Raccoons
"Cold Feet", a song by Tracy Chapman from New Beginning
 "Cold Feet", a 2020 song by Loud Luxury

See also
 Chilblain
 Immersion foot, aka trench foot
 Frostbite
 Hypothyroidism
 Peripheral neuropathy
 Peripheral artery occlusive disease, aka peripheral vascular disease
 Raynaud's phenomenon
 Raynaud's disease


This article discusses the trademark doctrine regarding translation of foreign words. For the patent doctrine regarding equivalent means to practice an invention, see Doctrine of equivalents.

The doctrine of foreign equivalents is a rule applied in United States trademark law which requires courts and the TTAB to translate foreign words in determining whether they are registrable as trademarks, or confusingly similar with existing marks. The doctrine is intended to protect consumers within the United States from confusion or deception caused by the use of terms in different languages. In some cases, a party will use a word as a mark which is either generic or merely descriptive of the goods in a foreign language, or which shares the same meaning as an existing mark to speakers of that foreign language.

Test applied
The Trademark Manual of Examining Procedure ("TMEP") states the test for applying the doctrine of foreign equivalents is "whether, to those American buyers familiar with the foreign language, the word would denote its English equivalent". With respect to descriptive or generic marks, the TMEP specifies that in determining whether a foreign term is entitled to registration, "[t]he test is whether, to those American buyers familiar with the foreign language, the word would have a descriptive or generic connotation". However, "foreign words from dead or obscure languages may be so unfamiliar to the American buying public that they should not be translated into English for descriptiveness purposes." This test is also applied by courts to determine "whether that foreign word would be descriptive of the product to that segment of the purchasing public which is familiar with that language."

It is unclear whether the test differs for asserted cases of likelihood of confusion. The Federal Circuit has recently clarified the applicability of the doctrine of foreign equivalents in likelihood of confusion cases, stating that "When it is unlikely that an American buyer will translate the foreign mark and will take it as it is, then the doctrine of foreign equivalents will not be applied". The court noted that "the doctrine of foreign equivalents is not an absolute rule and should be viewed merely as a guideline". Instead "[t]he doctrine should be applied only when it is likely that the ordinary American purchaser would "stop and translate [the word] into its English equivalent".<ref>Palm Bay Imports, citing In re Pan Tex Hotel Corp., 190 U.S.P.Q. 109, 110 (T.T.A.B. 1976).</ref> The Federal Circuit specifically found that "it is improbable that the average American purchaser would stop and translate 'VEUVE' into 'widow'".

The Palm Bay Imports case suggests that it is the same test stating "[u]nder the doctrine of foreign equivalents, foreign words from common languages are translated into English to determine genericness, descriptiveness, as well as similarity of connotation in order to ascertain confusing similarity with English word marks."

 The Ordinary American Purchaser
As noted above, in Palm Bay, the Federal Circuit held that the doctrine of foreign equivalents only applies when the "ordinary American purchaser" is likely to translate the foreign mark
into English.  A short time after Palm Bay was decided, the T.T.A.B. interpreted "ordinary American purchaser" in In re Thomas and held that the ordinary American purchaser includes only purchasers "familiar with the foreign language."  This narrow definition of "ordinary American purchaser" effectively guaranteed that the doctrine would be applied in nearly every case involving a foreign word since "those proficient in a non-English language . . . would ordinarily be expected to translate words into English."

At its next opportunity, however, the Federal Circuit abrogated Thomas in part.  In In re Spirits International, a geographic deceptiveness case, the Federal Circuit held that the ordinary American purchaser "includes all American purchasers, including those proficient in a non-English language."

However, because the Spirits court limited its ruling to the doctrine's application with respect to the geographic deceptiveness bar, the Board currently applies the Spirits definition of ordinary American purchaser in cases of geographic deceptiveness refusals and the Thomas definition to all other bars.

Status of words in foreign countries
Cases have noted that the status accorded to words in foreign countries has no bearing on the registration of marks in the U.S. For example, in Anheuser-Busch, Inc. v. Stroh Brewery Co., the court rejected as irrelevant the generic usage of the phrase "L.A. beer" in Australia for low alcohol beer. In Seiko Sporting Goods USA, Inc. v. Kabushiki Kaisha Hattori Tokeiten, the court stated that "[w]hile plaintiff has sought to show that Seiko is a generic term in Japanese, it is not so recognized in this country. Accordingly, the mark must still be regarded as arbitrary and fanciful in the United States."

Furthermore, "[a] number of cases hold that a term may be generic in one country and suggestive in another". In Carcione v. The Greengrocer, Inc., a court rejected as irrelevant the generic use of the term "Greengrocer" in Britain for a retailer of fruit. The defendant argued that the trademark "Greengrocer", which is a generic term in Britain for a retailer of fruits and vegetables, was not entitled to protection as a trademark in the United States. The court rejected this argument on the ground that it is irrelevant how a term is used outside the United States: "The parties agree that the term is generic in Britain. Since we deal here with American trademark law, and thus American consumers, neither British usage nor the dictionary definition indicating such usage are determinative."

Dead and obscure languages
TMEP § 1209.03(g) expresses the caveat that "foreign words from dead or obscure languages may be so unfamiliar to the American buying public that they should not be translated into English for descriptiveness purposes." Emphasis added.  "Descriptiveness is evaluated according to 'that segment of the purchasing public which is familiar with that language.'" General Cigar Co. v. G.D.M. Inc., 988 F. Supp. 647, 660 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) (quoting 1 McCarthy § 11.14, p. 464-65). In that case, the court found that the strength of the Cohiba mark was not diminished by the fact that Cohiba is the Taino Indian word for tobacco, because the Taino language was an obscure language. The court noted:

Nevertheless, cases exist where trademark registration has been rejected for a word that was generic or descriptive when translated from a language such as Latin or Ancient Greek.

Transliterations versus translations
Where a word is a foreign transliteration of an English mark, the TTAB has held that there is nothing to translate, and the doctrine of foreign equivalents is not invoked. In Green Spot (Thailand) Ltd. v. Vitasoy Int'l Holdings Ltd.'', the TTAB considered the application of the doctrine where Green Spot sought to register "Vitamilk", and was opposed by Vitasoy, which was the owner of a senior registration. Green Spot also owned a mark in Chinese characters for which the first sets of characters were transliterations of "vi" and "ta" with no meaning in Chinese, while the third, 奶 (nai) was the Chinese word for "milk". Green Spot argued that its senior Chinese character mark was the equivalent of Vitamilk, and that Green Spot's ownership of the senior mark gave it the right to own the equivalent English mark. The TTAB refused to apply the doctrine of foreign equivalents, because the transliterations of "vi" and "ta" had no actual translation from Chinese to English.

Criticism
The doctrine has been criticized in recent years.  Commentators have noted that courts have "reached irreconcilable holdings" in applying the doctrine.  It has also been suggested that the doctrine be abolished.

References

United States trademark law
Legal doctrines and principles


The Indianapolis Chiefs were a minor league professional ice hockey team that played in the International Hockey League from 1955 to 1962. The Chiefs were based in Indianapolis, Indiana and played at the Indiana State Fair Coliseum. In seven seasons, the Chiefs never had a regular season record with more wins than losses, but were finalists for the 1957 Turner Cup in a season dominated by the Cincinnati Mohawks. The Chiefs won the 1958 Turner Cup by defeating the Louisville Rebels in seven games.

Season-by-season results

External links
 standings and results

International Hockey League (1945–2001) teams
Defunct ice hockey teams in the United States
Ice hockey clubs established in 1955
Ice hockey teams in Indiana
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1962
1955 establishments in Indiana
1962 disestablishments in Indiana
Defunct sports clubs and teams in Indiana
Sports clubs and teams in Indianapolis


An election was held for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 4, 1902. California gained one seat as a result of the 1900 Census, which Republicans won. However, of the existing districts, Democrats won three Republican-held districts.

Overview

Delegation Composition

Results

District 1

District 2

District 3

District 4

District 5

District 6

District 7

District 8

See also
58th United States Congress
Political party strength in California
Political party strength in U.S. states
United States House of Representatives elections, 1902

References
California Elections Page
Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives

External links
California Legislative District Maps (1911-Present)
RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions

United States House of Representatives
1902
California


Fearless Critic Media is a US publishing house best known for its books The Wine Trials, The Beer Trials, and the Fearless Critic series of restaurant guidebooks to US cities. The publishing house was founded in 2004, merged with Workman in 2008, and currently has eight restaurant guides in print—Austin, Texas, Houston, Texas, Dallas, Texas, San Antonio, Texas, Seattle, Washington, Portland, Oregon, Washington, D.C., and New Haven, Connecticut. In 2014, Fearless Critic launched a new nonfiction imprint whose first title will be the March 2015 hardcover Blind Taste: A Defense of Fast Food & Cheap Beer, by Robin Goldstein, author of The Wine Trials. Fearless Critic books are distributed by IPG.

Rating system
The Fearless Critic restaurant guide series uses a 10-point rating scale (1.0 to 10.0). In 2007, with the Houston guide, the series experimented with a letter grading system (from A+ to D-), but has since moved back to the original 10-point scale.

Series name change
The Fearless Critic restaurant guide series was called "The Menu" until 2005. Older titles in the Northeast US still bear "The Menu" title.

Controversy over ratings
Fearless Critic has incited debate on food boards such as Chowhound over its harsh ratings.

The Wine Trials
Fearless Critic's nonfiction polemic book The Wine Trials, by Robin Goldstein, sparked debate over its claim that non-expert wine drinkers preferred cheap bottles to more expensive bottles in scientific blind tastings. It went on to sell more than 100,000 copies in three editions, becoming the world's bestselling guide to cheap wine.

Wine Spectator Award of Excellence controversy
On August 15, 2008, Wine Trials author Robin Goldstein revealed that he had submitted an application for a Wine Spectator Award of Excellence for an imaginary restaurant in Milan, which he named "Osteria L'Intrepido" ("Fearless Restaurant"), and that the non-existent restaurant had won the award. The expose was reported widely across the media and blogosphere.

See also
 Zagat Survey
 Restaurant rating
 Michelin Guide
 Wine Spectator

References

External links
Fearless Critic web site
Austin American-Statesman article
Houstonist article
Foodinhouston blog
Yale Daily News article

Books about wine
Book publishing companies based in California
Restaurant guides
Travel guide books


Eunomus () was an Athenian admiral during the Corinthian War. In 389 BC he was put in charge of a fleet of 13 triremes to check the operation of the Spartan commander Gorgopas operating out of Aegina.

Eunomus encountered Gorgopas as he was sailing back to Aegina from Ephesus. Gorgopas retreated and was able to make it back to the port in Aegina. After unsuccessfully trying to bait Gorgopas to come out and fight, the Athenians sailed away at night fall. The lead Athenian ship carried a customary light which the other ships could follow. Gorgopas, keeping his ships dark, followed the light of the Athenian ship. He was able to surprise the Athenian fleet as it passed close to shore around Cape Zoster. The Spartans captured four triremes and forced the rest of the Athenian ships to retreat to Piraeus.

Footnotes

References

Ancient Athenian admirals
4th-century BC Athenians
Athenians of the Corinthian War


"In the Middle of the Land" is a song by Australian rock group Hoodoo Gurus. It was released in December 1987 as the third and final single from the group's third studio album, Blow Your Cool!. The song peaked at number 79 in early 1988.

In June 2000, Dave Faulkner said "... [it] was written about one of my pet subjects: evangelical preachers and their hypocrisy. As a later song of mine says, 'Follow any creed / If my freedom's guaranteed / I don't mind.'".

Dream Syndicate members Steve Wynn & Mark Walton provided background vocals for this single.

Track listing
7" version (BTS16)
 "In the Middle of the Land" (Dave Faulkner) — 4:06
 "Hayride to Hell, part 2 (The Showdown)" (Faulkner) — 3:29

Personnel
Credits:
 Clyde Bramley — bass, backing vocals
 Dave Faulkner — lead vocals, guitar
 Mark Kingsmill — drums, cymbals
 Brad Shepherd — guitar, backing vocals
 Producer — Charles Fisher
 Engineer — John Bee
 Mastering — Don Bartley

Charts

References

1987 singles
Hoodoo Gurus songs
1987 songs
Songs written by Dave Faulkner (musician)


Daniel Robert Anderson (born March 3, 1986) is an American musician and record producer, and one of the founding members of the alternative rock band Idiot Pilot and dance/electronic band Glowbug. His side projects include Tarantula Tapes and the Ghost and the Grace. He is a multi-instrumentalist and vocalist.

History
In 2010, Anderson officially held the fifth highest score ever recorded on Nintendo's Tetris. He has a brief cameo in the season 8 episode of CSI: New York, "Kill Screen", which is about competitive gaming.

Recently, Anderson recorded guitar on rapper Hyro Da Hero's upcoming album, Birth, School, Work, Death.

On October 14, 2010, Anderson released an EP of electronic and dance music under the moniker, Glowbug.

In late 2013, Anderson announced a musical collaboration with Lourdes Hernández of Russian Red, called Spectorize.

Discography

With Idiot Pilot

Studio albums
Strange We Should Meet Here (2005)
Wolves (2007)
Blue Blood (2019)

With The Ghost and the Grace

Studio albums
Behold! A Pale Horse (2009)

With Glowbug

Studio albums
Mr. Plastic (2011)
Suit of Swords (2012)
Wordless (2014)
Headhunters (2015)
Fantasma Del Tropico (2017)
Weezing (2018)
Vampire Empire (2020)
The Bumblebee King (2021)
Your Funeral (2022)

With Ancient Lasers
Studio albums
You In The Future (2013)
In Quicksand (2015)
Artifact Wavs (2016)
No Photos on God Mode (2018)

References

External links

 (Archived)

1986 births
Living people
21st-century multi-instrumentalists
American multi-instrumentalists
American punk rock guitarists
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
American rock singers
Singers from Washington (state)
Record producers from Washington (state)
People from Bellingham, Washington
21st-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Washington (state)
21st-century American male singers
21st-century American singers


Hierax (), or Hieracas, was a learned ascetic who flourished about the end of the 3rd century AD at Leontopolis in Egypt, where he lived to the age of ninety, supporting himself by calligraphy and devoting his leisure to scientific and literary pursuits, especially to the study of the Bible.

He was the author of Biblical commentaries both in Greek and Coptic, and is said to have composed many hymns. He became leader of the so-called sect of the Hieracites, an ascetic society from which married persons were excluded, and of which one of the leading tenets was that only the celibate could enter the kingdom of heaven. He asserted that the suppression of the sexual impulse was emphatically the new revelation brought by the Logos, and appealed to 1 Cor. vii., Heb. xii. 14, and Matt. xix. 12, xxv. 21.

Hierax may be called the connecting link between Origen and the Coptic monks. A man of deep learning and prodigious memory, he seems to have developed Origen's Christology in the direction of Athanasius. He held that the Son was a torch lighted at the torch of the Father, that Father and Son are a bipartite light. He repudiated the ideas of a bodily resurrection and a material paradise, and on the ground of 2 Tim. ii. 5 questioned the salvation of even baptized infants, "for without knowledge no conflict, without conflict no reward."

In his insistence on virginity as the specifically Christian virtue he set up the great theme of the church of the 4th and 5th centuries.

Quotes
Quotes attributed to Hierax from the Sayings of the Desert Fathers:

References

3rd-century births
4th-century deaths
Christian theologians
Desert Fathers


Zepperen is a village and a former municipality. It is part of the municipality of Sint-Truiden in the province of Limburg in Belgium.

This village developed in the northern, humid part of Haspengouw close to the stream Melsterbeek. This rivulet starts about 15 kilometers to the south near the border between Flanders and Wallonia and merges with the river Gete near Geetbets.

Traces of the prehistoric and Roman occupation were found alongside this river and alongside the Eigenbeek in the northern part of Zepperen.

The name of the village, in his Latin form ‘Septimburias’ or seven cabins, was first mentioned in the late 8th century. In the life of Saint Trudo, the founder of the nearby city of Sint-Truiden, is noted how the holy boy held a regularly nocturnal pilgrimage to Saint-Genevieve of Paris, especially worshipped in Zepperen. The young Trudo met in Zepperen around 650 with the interim-bishop Remaclus to ask him for his advice concerning his vocation. In that period there was already a basilica in Zepperen, dedicated to Saint-Genevieve.

Till the end of the 18th century the village was an enclave owned by the chapter of Saint-Servaas of Maastricht amidst the land of the principality of Liège. The popular pilgrimage to the so-called ‘Three holy sisters” stimulated this chapter to build a beautiful church in Zepperen. Only the defensive western tower of the Roman church from the 12th century still exists. During the whole of the 15th century a nave with transept was reconstructed towards this tower in the then modern late gothic style.

Zepperen has an elongated territory with the village square in the southwest corner. The communities of Roosbeek, Gippershoven, Tereyken and d’Eygen are situated more to the east and north. Ekhout or Dekken, in the middle of this territory, was mentioned in a document of 1244. This pasture between Eigenbeek and Bergbeek was used to graze the cattle of the villagers and to grow Canadian poplars by the village administration. In the late 19th century Dekken was transformed into farmland en since the 1950s the government allocated this terrain to build houses.

The proximity of the commercial and services center of Sint-Truiden makes Zepperen a living community for commuters. Zepperen merged with Sint-Truiden in 1977. The filling of the gaps between the existing houses gave the village its monotone face of ribbon building.  The road from Sint-Truiden-Brustem to Wellen-Borgloon through the elevated Honsberg in the south of Zepperen is probably of mediaeval or Roman age.
Since the 19th century Zepperen was enclosed in the northeastern part of Greater Sint-Truiden between the new highways to Tongeren (1817) and Hasselt (1839), and the railways to Hasselt (1847) and Tongeren (1879). New local roads were built around 1900 (the connection between the village square and the nearby train station of Ordingen) and in 1936 (the road from the center to the railway station of Kortenbos, one of the first roads in this region constructed in concrete). More recently the village is opened up in the north by the highway Sint-Truiden-Kortenbos and the connection highway Melveren-Ordingen in the west.

The Saint-Genevieve church is known for its wallpaintings in late gothic style (1509) and the altarpiece wings in the same style. Nearby the church is a churchyard gate (1765), the house of the curate (1907), the presbytery (1779), the house of the witchdoctor ’t Mesterke (1904) and the Ouwerx farmhouse (partly 1665). The famous Sint-Aloysius institute originated in the buildings of the former supreme convent of the Begards in the diocese of Liège, founded on the banks of the Melsterbeek in Zepperen in 1425. In the interval of the 19th and early 20th century these buildings were transformed in a castle for the noblemen of the families de Pitteurs, d’Astier and Loyaerts.

During the first world war a German Leib-Hussar was killed on 9 August 1914 and on the 17th a squadron of Belgian Guides was decimated by German Leib-Grenadiers. In the second World war there were two crashes in Zepperen: on the 30 July 1942 a German Junker 88-A4 was destroyed on landing, the three occupants died. On 27 April 1944 a Canadian Halifax MZ522 with the 431st crashed nearby the Sint-Aloysius institute. All the airmen got out safe by parachute. Two members of the resistance were shot dead near a crossroad  “De Dikke Linde” by collaborationists of the German occupation force.

The village of Zepperen, known as a fruit growing area, was the starting place of the firm HMZ (Hayen Mommen Zepperen), which build windturbines from 1978 on.

References

External links

Sint-Truiden
Former municipalities of Limburg (Belgium)
Populated places in Limburg (Belgium)


The LE-7 and its succeeding upgrade model the LE-7A are staged combustion cycle LH/LOX liquid rocket engines produced in Japan for the H-II series of launch vehicles. Design and production work was all done domestically in Japan, the first major (main/first-stage) liquid rocket engine with that claim, in a collaborative effort from the National Space Development Agency (NASDA), Aerospace Engineering Laboratory (NAL), Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and Ishikawajima-Harima. NASDA and NAL have since been integrated into JAXA. However, a large part of the work was contracted to Mitsubishi, with Ishikawajima-Harima providing turbomachinery, and the engine is often referred to as the Mitsubishi LE-7(A).

The original LE-7 was an expendable, high efficiency, medium-sized motor with sufficient thrust for use on the H-II.

H-II Flight 8, only operational LE-7 failure

The fuel turbopump had an issue using the originally designed inducer (a propeller-like axial pump used to raise the inlet pressure of the propellant ahead of the main turbopumps to prevent cavitation) where the inducer would itself begin to cavitate and cause an imbalance resulting in excessive vibration. A comprehensive post-flight analysis of the unsuccessful 8th H-II launch, including a deep ocean retrieval of the wreckage, determined that fatigue due to this vibration was the cause of premature engine failure.

LE-7A
The LE-7A is an upgraded model from the LE-7 rocket engine. Basic design is unchanged from the original model. The 7A had additional engineering effort placed on cost cutting, reliability, and performance developments. The renovation was undertaken to mate it with the likewise improved H-IIA launch vehicle, with the common goal being a more reliable, more powerful and flexible, and more cost effective launch system.

Changes / improvements
Specific emphasis was placed on reducing or the amount of required welding by allowing for more machined or cast components, and to simplify as many of the remaining welds as possible. This resulted in a substantial rework of the pipe routing (which makes the outward appearance of the two models considerably different). To combat the fuel inducer complications described above, the fuel inducer was redesigned for the 7A. The oxidizer inducer was also redesigned, but this was primarily due to poor performance at low inlet pressures as opposed to reliability concerns. The fuel turbopump itself was also the subject of various durability enhancements. Additionally the combustion chamber/injector assembly underwent a number of small changes, like decreasing the number of injector elements, to reduce machining complexity (and thus cost) and improve reliability. While these changes overall resulted in a drop in maximum specific impulse to  (basically making the engine less fuel efficient), the trade off for lower cost and enhanced reliability was considered acceptable.

New nozzle design (side-loading problem)
For the new engine model, a nozzle extension was designed that could be added to the base of the new standard “short” nozzle when extra performance was required. But when the engine was fitted with the nozzle extension, the 7A encountered a new problem with unprecedented side-loads and irregular heating on the nozzle strong enough to damage the gimbal actuators and  regenerative cooling tubes during startup. Meticulous computational fluid dynamics (CFD) work was able to sufficiently replicate and trace the dangerous transient loading and a new one-piece “long” nozzle with full regenerative cooling (as opposed to the original short nozzle with a separate film-cooled extension) was designed to mitigate the problem. Before this new nozzle was ready, some H-IIA's were launched using only the short nozzle. The 7A no longer uses a separate nozzle extension in any configuration.

Use on H-IIB
The new H-IIB launch vehicles uses two LE-7A engines in its first stage.

LE-7A specifications
 Operational cycle: staged combustion
 Fuel: hydrogen
 Oxidizer: liquid oxygen
 Mixture ratio (oxidizer to fuel): 5.90
 Short nozzle:
 Rated thrust (sea level):
 Rated thrust (vacuum):
 Specific impulse (sea level):
 Specific impulse (vacuum):
 Long nozzle:
 Rated thrust (sea level):
 Rated thrust (vacuum):
 Specific impulse (sea level):
 Specific impulse (vacuum):
 Dry mass:
 Length:
 short nozzle: 3.2 m
 long nozzle: 3.7 m
 Throttle capability: 72–100%
 Thrust-to-weight: 65.9
 Nozzle area ratio: 51.9:1
 Combustion chamber pressure:
 Liquid hydrogen turbopump: 41,900 rpm
 Liquid oxygen turbopump: 18,300 rpm

See also
 LE-5
 LE-9
 H-II, H-IIA, & H-IIB
 Comparison of orbital rocket engines
 Liquid-fuel rocket
 Staged combustion cycle
 JAXA

References

External links

 Encyclopedia Astronautica info page on the LE-7
 Encyclopedia Astronautica info page on the LE-7A
 Japanese Wikipedia LE-7 page (in Japanese)
 Japanese Wikipedia LE-7A page (in Japanese)
 H-IIA Rocket Engine Development
 Overview of the H-IIA Launch Vehicle Includes H-IIA-F6 failure analysis

Rocket engines of Japan
Rocket engines using hydrogen propellant
Rocket engines using the staged combustion cycle


Hierax () was a Spartan admiral during the Corinthian War. In 389 BC he was dispatched by Sparta to Aegina, to take over the Spartan fleet. The Spartans under the command of Teleutias had earlier driven off the Athenian fleet blockading Aegina. Soon after taking command, Hierax departed for Rhodes with most of the fleet, leaving Gorgopas, his vice-admiral, with twelve triremes as governor in Aegina.

Not long afterward, Antalcidas was sent to replace Hierax as admiral.

Notes

References

4th-century BC Spartans
Ancient Spartan admirals
Ancient Spartan generals


Boxwood Hall State Historic Site, located at 1073 East Jersey Street in Elizabeth, New Jersey, is a historic house museum operated by the state of New Jersey.  Boxwood Hall was built about 1750, and is a National Historic Landmark for its association with Founding Father Elias Boudinot (1740-1821), who lived here from 1772 to 1795.  Boudinot, a lawyer, politician, and diplomat, was president of the Continental Congress 1782–83.

In 1772, Alexander Hamilton, another Founding Father, stayed briefly with the Boudinots while attending Elizabethtown Academy. In 1795, Boudinot sold the mansion to Jonathan Dayton, also a Founding Father and then speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. Dayton lived at Boxwood Hall with his wife until dying in 1824.

Description and history
Boxwood Hall is located east of downtown Elizabeth, on the north side of East Jersey Street between Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard and Morrell Street. It is a two-story wood-frame structure with a shingled exterior and brick end chimneys. The house has a symmetrical five-bay facade, with a tripartite Palladian window above the center entrance. In its original configuration (ca. 1750) the house had two wings bringing the number of rooms to eighteen. The main block is a classic four-over-four center hall construction.

The property has had many owners and uses in its 250-plus years. Originally it was built by Samuel Woodruff, a merchant and onetime mayor of Elizabethtown. After Woodruff's death in 1768, it passed to his son, but was eventually sold at public auction to Elias Boudinot in 1772. Boudinot lived here with his wife Hannah Stockton Boudinot and their two daughters and also offered shelter to the teen-aged Alexander Hamilton who was studying at the Elizabethtown Academy. The Boudinots remained in the house until the outbreak of the Revolution, when for safety reasons Hannah moved to a family property in Basking Ridge, NJ, and Elias assumed his duties as Commissary General for the Continental armies. It is currently not known how the house was used during the war.

In 1783, the Boudinots returned to their mansion and remained there until selling it in 1795 to Jonathan Dayton, then a Congressman. Dayton and his wife Susan, son Elias Jonathan and daughter Hannah moved into the house in 1795. Soon after, Dayton redecorated the front two rooms on the main floor, installing  an Adamesque mantelpiece in the East parlor and a Federal mantelpiece in the West parlor. The financial reversal that was caused by his association with Aaron Burr and by extension with the Burr Conspiracy forced Dayton to sell the mansion to his son-in-law Dr. Oliver Hetfield Spencer while retaining life-rights for the remainder of his and Susan's lives.

Modern status
In the 1930s the building was threatened with demolition, and a nonprofit was formed to rescue it and turn it over to the state.  It underwent restoration in the 1940s.  The house is owned and operated by the State of New Jersey as a museum, overseen by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Parks and Forests.

Boxwood Hall was an important place of interest for the "Young Immigrant Hamilton Tour" led by the Alexander Hamilton Awareness Society, as part of the 2014 CelebrateHAMILTON events. The tour took place again in July 2016.

See also

List of museums in New Jersey
List of the oldest buildings in New Jersey
List of National Historic Landmarks in New Jersey

References

External links
Boxwood Hall - Go Elizabeth
New Jersey Historic Sites

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Buildings and structures in Elizabeth, New Jersey
National Historic Landmarks in New Jersey
Houses completed in 1750
Historic house museums in New Jersey
Museums in Union County, New Jersey
Houses in Union County, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Union County, New Jersey
1750 establishments in New Jersey
Homes of United States Founding Fathers


August 15 is the 227th day of the year (228th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar.

August 15 may also refer to:
15th August (1993 film), an Indian Bollywood Hindi-language film
 15 August (2001 film) or 15 Août, a French film
 August 15th (2008 film), a Sundance Film Festival short film
 August 15 (2011 film), an Indian crime thriller film
 15 August (2019 film), an Indian Marathi-language film
 August 15 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

Date and time disambiguation pages


Chowhound (or chowhound.com) was a food website owned by Red Ventures. It ceased operations on March 28, 2022.

History
Chowhound was a popular online food community founded by jazz trombonist and food writer Jim Leff and Bob Okumura in 1997, known for its user base of food fanatics. Chowhound was formed in a very different cultural era, before Americans had a mainstream interest in seeking out regional delicacies and local favorites.  As such, Chowhound served a very particular user base that was seeking delicious, regional and hard to find foods outside of the mainstream culture. It had an early influence in steering America's influence towards regional delicacies, as the future trailblazing food critics Jonathan Gold and Robert Sietsema were early contributors. In 2006, Leff and Okumura sold the site to CNET Networks, which redesigned it and merged it with CHOW magazine, keeping its busy forums, grouped by locale. After CNET was merged into CBS Interactive in 2008, the original chowhound.com domain was restored and CHOW was eliminated. It was bought by Red Ventures, in 2020.

In March, 2022, Red Ventures announced the site would close after 25 years online. Its closure was covered by the New York Times, among other media.

In October of 2023, the Chowhound website was put back online, with it now being under the ownership of Static Media.

Book series
Penguin USA published two Chowhound restaurant guides, The Chowhound's Guide to the San Francisco Bay Area, and The Chowhound's Guide to the New York Tristate Area.

See also
 List of websites about food and drink

References

 Boston Globe article on Chowhound redesign

Village Voice article on Chowhound sale
New York Times article on Chowhound sale to CNET
Newsweek article on Chowhound
New York Times article on Chowhound
Forbes Magazine article on Chowhound
People Magazine article on Chowhound

External links

Former CBS Interactive websites
Internet properties established in 1997
Websites about food and drink
Red Ventures
2020 mergers and acquisitions
Internet properties disestablished in 2022


A Manufacturer's Certificate of Origin (MCO), also known as a Manufacturer's Statement of Origin (MSO), is a specified document certifying the country of origin of the merchandise required by certain foreign countries for tariff purposes. It sometimes requires the signature of the consulate of the country to which it is destined.

A certificate of origin is employed to certify that a good being exported either from the United States into Canada or Mexico or from Canada or Mexico into the United States qualifies as an originating good for purposes of preferential tariff treatment under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

Kit vehicles
The MCO will specifically state that the vehicle is a glider kit or a kit vehicle. If the applicant does not have an MCO, the vehicle must be titled and registered as a reconstructed vehicle.

See also
 Bill of sale
 Certificate of title
 Financing statement
 Vehicle identification number (VIN)

References
 19 CFR §181.11

External links
  American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators: MCO
  AAMVA recommendations for MCOs
Automotive industry
  VIN Check for Vehicle Purchase


Shaktiman () is 1993 Indian Hindi action film directed by K.C. Bokadia and starring Ajay Devgn, Karisma Kapoor, Mukesh Khanna, Kulbhushan Kharbanda. Other cast members include Gulshan Grover, Ajit Khan, Parikshat Sahni and Mahavir Shah.

Plot
Businessman Rai Bahadur Laxminarayan lives a wealthy lifestyle in Bombay along with his wife, Laxmi. Although they have been married for several years, they have no children. While on a trip to Simla, they get to adopt their servant, Diler's son, rename him Vicky, and bring him back home, much to the dismay of Diler's wife, Parvati. Sometime later, Laxmi gets pregnant and revisits Shimla, meets with an accident and passes away, leaving behind a new-born son, Amar. Diler wants to kill Amar, but Parvati wants to return him to Laxminarayan and runs away to Bombay. Diler informs his employer that both his wife and son have died and have been cremated. Diler relocates to Bombay, follows her but is unable to locate Parvati. She does reach Bombay along with Amar but she, in turn, is unable to locate Laxminarayan. Years later Amar has grown up, lives with Parvati in Versova, works as a Police Inspector in Sion Police Station and is in love with Priya, the Superintendent of Police's daughter, while Diler is a taxi-driver, and Vicky is an alcoholic and wants to wed Priya. Their lives will soon interline and become complicated with blackmail, deceit and murder.

Cast
Ajay Devgan as Amar Chauhan
Karishma Kapoor as Priya Vashisht
Kulbhushan Kharbanda as Rai Bahadur Laxminarayan
Mukesh Khanna as Diler
Parikshit Sahni as Police Superintendent
Gulshan Grover as Vicky Bose
Ajit as Shamsher Singh / Tiger
Mahavir Shah as Chhote
Tiku Talsania as Dimagchand
Anjana Mumtaz as Parvati
Beena Banerjee as Laxmi

Soundtrack
Sameer wrote all songs.

References

External links

1993 films
1990s Hindi-language films
Films directed by K. C. Bokadia
Indian action drama films
Films scored by Channi Singh


Eastcote is a small village in the shire county of Northamptonshire (Northants), England. It is about  south-west of the county town of Northampton along Banbury Lane. It is close to the A5 road, the Roman Road known as Watling Street, about  north-west of Towcester. Prior to the opening in the 1959 of the M1 Motorway and the M6 Motorway a little later, the A5 was the main route by road from London to north Wales and north-west England.

Governance
The village is grouped with several other small villages into the parish council of the nearby larger village of Pattishall. It is governed by West Northamptonshire. Prior to local government changes in 2021 it the District Council was South Northamptonshire District Council where the village was part of Blakesley and Cote ward. This is a two-member ward currently both Conservative.

History
Eastcote House stood in 60 acres and was owned by a Mr Gresham. The house was demolished around the middle of the 20th century. Just before the start of World War I, the house was sold as a retirement home to the National Sailor's and Firemen's Union of England as a retirement home. The Union decided that they would help German seaman and prepared an internment camp initially housing 50 men. However, the leader of the union was greatly upset by the fact that, after he had left the concert room where he had informed the internees about the sinking of the Lusitania on 7 May 1915 and the loss of fellow merchant navy sailors, they had started to sing German songs. The next morning the leader of the union held a meeting with the War Office resulting in the camp being handed over to the British Government and subsequently surrounded by barbed wire. Most of the internees were transferred out of the camp by July 1916. The camp became a POW camp expanding to about 4500 men by 1919 and was complete with a new water supply, sewage system, hospital, theatre and workshop. The village of Pattishall did not have electricity until the 1930s. After the war the property was sold by the union. There were periodic escapes: seven men escaped in 1917 but all were caught.

References

External links
South Northants District Council
Northamptonshire County Council

Villages in Northamptonshire
West Northamptonshire District


The Alberta public colleges and technical institutes have had an informal association since 1990. In 1992, the Council of Presidents and the Council of Board Chairs for the 12 public colleges and institutes became more formalized and an Executive Assistant was hired to provide support to the two councils. Sharon Carry was one of the original founders of the organization.

In August 2002, the Alberta Association of Colleges & Technical Institutes (AACTI) was incorporated under the Societies Act of Alberta. Today, AACTI provides a single voice for Alberta's 16 public colleges and technical institutes. AACTI operates out of two locations; a head office in Edmonton and an innovation office at the Olds College School of Innovation (OCSI). The association is led by Mr. Tim Schultz, AACTI's Executive Director.

Membership
Alberta College of Art and Design
Banff Centre
Bow Valley College
Grande Prairie Regional College
Grant MacEwan College
Keyano College
Lakeland College
Lethbridge College
Medicine Hat College
Northern Alberta Institute of Technology
NorQuest College
Northern Lakes College
Olds College
Portage College
Red Deer College
SAIT Polytechnic

References

External links
Alberta Association of Colleges & Technical Institutes

Educational organizations based in Alberta


The Diocese of Fabriano-Matelica () is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in the Marche has existed under this name since 1986. It is a suffragan of the archdiocese of Ancona-Osimo.

History

Fabriano belongs to the medieval March of Ancona, and the modern province of Ancona. It is located approximately 56 km (35 mi) southwest and inland of the Adriatic port of Ancona, the capital of the March of Ancona. Fabriano is about 35 km (22 mi) north-northwest of Camerino by road.

Silvestro Guzzoli, the founder of the Congregation of the Sylvestrines, of the Order of Saint Benedict, is buried in the church of S. Benedict in the monastery of S. Silvestro at Monte Fano, three km. southwest of Fabriano, which he established in 1231, where Giuseppe dei Conti Atti and Ugo Laico, both Silvestrines, are also buried.

On 15 November 1728, Pope Benedict XIV established the town of Fabriano as the seat of a diocese, and the collegiate church of S. Venantius in Fabriano was constituted the cathedral of Fabriano. The new diocese of Fabriano was united aeque principaliter with the diocese of Camerino, from which its territory had been taken. Bishop Cosimo Torelli of Camerino became bishop of Camerino e Fabriano. Both dioceses continued to be directly subject to the Holy See (papacy), both politically and ecclesiastically.

The city of Fabriano in 1728 had a population of around 7,000 Catholics. Camerino's 18th century population was around 4,000. Fabriano had three parishes, twelve houses of male religious and nine houses of women religious. The diocese had fifteen towns (oppida) in its jurisdiction, and several country districts.

Bishop Francesco Viviani (1746–1767) held a diocesan synod for the dioceses of Camerino and Fabriano in 1748.

Matelica
In 487, Bishop Equitius of Matelica was at Rome; Basilius is recorded in 499; and in 551, Bishop Florentius accompanied Pope Vigilius to Constantinople. No other bishops of the ancient see are known. Until 1785, the territory of Matelica also was under the jurisdiction of Camerino. The town of Matelica was under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the diocese of Camerino until 8 July 1785, when Pope Pius VI re-established the old Diocese of Matelica and united it aeque principaliter with Fabriano.

In 1846, Bishop Francesco Faldi (1837–1858) held a synod for the diocese of Fabriano, and summoned the Chapter of the cathedral of Matelica to attend. They refused, and appealed to Rome, where the Sacred Congregation of the Council supported them against Fabriano.

Bishop Macario Sorini (1883–1893) held a diocesan synod for the diocese of Fabriano in the cathedral in Fabriano on 23–25 October 1884; he held another for the diocese of Matelica on 12–14 April 1885.

Reorganization of 1986
In a decree of the Second Vatican Council, it was recommended that dioceses be reorganized to take into account modern developments. As part of the project begun on orders from Pope John XXIII, and continued under his successors, to reduce the number of dioceses in Italy and to rationalize their borders in terms of modern population changes and shortages of clergy, the diocese of Matelica was united to the diocese of Fabriano. The change was approved by Pope John Paul II in an audience of 27 September 1986, and by a decree of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops of the Papal Curia on 30 September 1986. Its name was to be Dioecesis Fabrianensis-Mathelicensis. The seat of the diocese was to be in Fabriano. The former cathedral in Matelica was to have the honorary title of co-cathedral, and its chapter was to be the Capitulum Concathedralis. There was to be only one episcopal curia, one seminary, one ecclesiastical tribunal; and all the clergy were to be incardinated in the diocese of Fabriano-Matelica. The diocese of Matelica was completely suppressed.

Bishops

Diocese of Camerino and Fabriano
Erected: 15 November 1728
Latin Name: Camerinus et Fabrianensis

Cosma Torelli (1728–1736 Died)
Ippolito de Rossi (1736–1746)
Francesco Viviani (1746–1767)
Luigi Amici (1768–1785 Resigned)

Diocese of Fabriano e Matelica
United: 8 July 1785 with the Diocese of Matelica
Latin Name: Fabrianensis et Mathelicensis
Immediately Subject to the Holy See

Nicola Pietro Andrea Zoppetti, O.E.S.A. (1785–1796)
Sede Vacante (1796–1800)
Giovanni Francesco Capelletti (1800–1806)
Domenico Buttaoni (1806–1822)
Pietro Balducci, C.M. (1822–1837)
Francesco Faldi (1837–1858)
Antonio Maria Valenziani (1858–1876)
Leopoldo Angelo Santanché, O.F.M. (1876–1883)
Macario Sorini (1883–1893 Resigned)
Aristide Golfieri (1895)
Luciano Gentilucci (1895–1909)
Pietro Zanolini (1910–1913 Appointed, Bishop of Lodi)
Andrea Cassulo (1914–1921)
Luigi Ermini (1921–1945)
Lucio Crescenzi (1945–1960)
Macario Tinti (1960–1978 Retired)
Luigi Scuppa (1978–2001)

Diocese of Fabriano-Matelica
Combined: 30 September 1986 into one diocese
Latin Name: Fabrianensis-Mathelicensis
Giancarlo Vecerrica (2002–2016 Retired)
Stefano Russo (2016–2019)
Stefano Russo (2019–2020) Administrator
Francesco Massara (2019–2020) Administrator
Francesco Massara (2020– )

See also
Roman Catholic Diocese of Matelica

Notes

Bibliography

Reference works for bishops
 p. 704.

Studies

Lanzoni, Francesco (1927). Le diocesi d'Italia dalle origini al principio del secolo VII (an. 604). Faenza: F. Lega.

Fabriano
Diocese
Religious organizations established in the 1720s
Fabriano-Matelica
1728 establishments in Italy
1728 establishments in the Papal States


Alberto Murguia Orozco (born 1955) is a Mexican businessman and politician. He is best identified as a partner of Jorge Hank Rhon in Grupo Caliente, one of Latin America's largest gaming corporations. Murguia first became elected to public office in 2006, when he was elected as a federal supplemental senator for the Partido Revolucionario Institucional.  He is also the co-owner of the Mexican professional soccer team Club Tijuana.

References

Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
Living people
1955 births


Barber's itch may refer to:

 Pseudofolliculitis barbae
 Sycosis vulgaris
 Tinea barbae


Isshin is a Japanese word which may refer to:

Martial arts
Isshin-ryū, a modern style of karate
Isshin-ryu kusarigamajutsu, Japanese martial art using the chain and scythe weapon called kusarigama

Individuals
Isshin Chiba (born 1968), a voice actor who currently works for Arts Vision
Isshin Kurosaki, a fictional character in the popular anime and manga series Bleach created by Tite Kubo


Bronze disease is an irreversible and nearly inexorable corrosion process that occurs when chlorides come into contact with bronze or other copper-bearing alloys. It can occur as both a dark green coating, or as a much lighter whitish fuzzy or furry green coating.  It is not a bacterial infection, but the result of a chemical reaction with the chlorides that usually occurs due to contamination of the bronze object by saltwater or from burial in specific types of soil where chloride salts are present. If not treated, complete destruction of the affected artifact is possible.  Treatment is very difficult, costly and not always effective. Transfer of chlorides from the contaminated artefact to other artefacts can spread the condition.

Description
Bronze disease is the chloride corrosion of cuprous (copper-based) artifacts. It was originally thought to be caused by bacteria. It is contagious in that the chlorides which cause it can spread the condition if they are brought into contact with another cuprous object. Despite its name, bronze disease can affect any copper-bearing alloy, not just bronze. It is not reserved for antique objects but can affect contemporary metals like modern cupro-nickel coins.

Bronze disease ranges from vivid green to pastel green. It is commonly present in all colors in this range due to the series of reactions that cause it and there may also be tiny, possibly microscopic, blue crystals. Bronze disease typically affects isolated patches of the object in severe cases being a visibly and tactilely raised bloom of microscopic crystals as well as being associated with pitting. The patches of bronze disease can be scraped off the surface using a fingernail or a wooden pick. These properties are all in comparison with verdigris, which is normally a duller shade, uniform across the whole of the affected object, and cannot be scratched off with wood or fingernails. Unlike bronze disease, verdigris serves to protect the metal.

As it relies upon the presence of chlorides, water, and oxygen, the absence of one of these three halts the progress, although any damage done is irreversible. Treatment for the condition typically involves physical removal of the chlorides (through scrubbing), chemical or electrochemical removal, and then isolating the object from oxygen, water, and future chloride contamination using an airtight container or a wax coating. These treatments may also remove any patina, loss of which is often seen as undesirable to collectors and conservators but is preferable to loss of the object.

Bronze disease is common or even ubiquitous on artefacts recovered from a marine environment due to the presence of chlorides in seawater. Coastal areas may also be hazardous due to salt carried in the atmosphere as well as the humidity. Absence of dissolved chlorides and oxygen in the soil means buried objects may not be affected while interred (similarly, lack of soluble salts and oxygen means that buried metals may not develop a patina or that oxidation of the metal may be reversed). When an artefact is recovered, surface encrustations may hide and/or protect bronze disease.

Chlorides may occur in or on the metal due to contamination from soil, water (especially seawater), the atmosphere, human sweat, or be present as impurities when the object was created. In many cases chlorides may be present within the interior of the artefact; the disease may reoccur if not isolated from water and/or oxygen.

Reaction
Initially, copper is oxidized to the cuprous ion:
(1) Cu → Cu+ + e−

The cuprous ion reacts with the chloride ion to form the insoluble white colored salt cuprous chloride:
(2) Cu+ + Cl− → CuCl

The cuprous chloride reacts with atmospheric moisture and oxygen to form a green cupric chloride/cupric hydroxide compound and hydrochloric acid:
(3) 4 CuCl + 4 H2O + O2 → CuCl2·3 Cu(OH)2 + 2 HCl

The remaining copper is oxidised by air to the cuprous ion:
(4) Cu → Cu+ + e−

The cuprous ion reacts with the chloride ion in the hydrochloric acid to form the insoluble white colored salt cuprous chloride:
(5) Cu+ + Cl− → CuCl

The reaction then repeats from equation (3). It is the presence of two different white and green salts that lead to the fuzzy green appearance.

Treatment
Initial treatment can involve placing the object in a desiccating environment. Deprived of water, the reaction cannot continue. However, re-exposure of the object to even atmospheric water can restart the process. Bronze disease remains an active area of research within object conservation.

Surface

Removal of the chlorides is essential. In practice this first involves physical cleaning (with a wooden or even metal pick) to remove the bulk of the chlorides and then chemical treatment. One chemical treatment is soaking the object in a 5% sodium sesquicarbonate solution. This serves to neutralize the acid that attacks the metal as well as converting the reactive cuprous chloride to largely inert cuprous oxide. The oxide may coat the artefact with unsightly but harmless black spots or generally darken the metal.

The duration of soaking may be days to weeks or even a year for severely contaminated objects. The sesquicarbonate may remove copper from the artefact as it forms a complex ion with copper. Amateurs report that the patina may be stripped from the artefact but this is when the solution is boiled so that the carbonate rinse removes the chlorides in hours rather than the cool bath of long duration used by professional conservators.

Soaking in sodium carbonate—which does not form a complex ion with copper and is unlikely to affect the patina but is slower than the sesquicarbonate—or benzotriazole aqueous solutions may also be used. The carbonate is similar in effect to the sesquicarbonate. The benzotriazole does not remove the chlorides or neutralize the acid present but acts as a physical barrier to water, oxygen, and chlorides and so can be used as a final step in all cases but as a first or only step in only minor cases.

Use of tap water for initial carbonate rinses is fine as any chloride content in the water is low compared to the content found when the chlorides from the contaminated artefact have dissolved into the water. Later rinses should be with distilled water though the chlorine of a chlorinated town water supply is likely to have evaporated from tap water inside 24 hours and therefore will not further contaminate the object.

Instead of rinses, electrolysis may be used, often with sodium carbonate as the electrolyte and mild or stainless steel as the anode. This converts the cuprous ions to elemental copper. Elemental copper released from the chlorides may be redeposited on the artefact as a pinkish coating. A coin may take only hours, whereas a large artefact, such as a cannon, may take months.

Once treated, the specimen should be held in a dry environment and periodically inspected for recurrence of bronze disease as no long-term treatment has been confirmed.

Internal
If chloride ions have penetrated beyond the surface more rigorous treatment is required.

This typically involves soaking in acetone to displace any water in the specimen. Then soaking in a benzotriazole (BTA)–ethanol solution to chelate the copper and make it unreactive. Pits and holes may be filled with zinc powder, which is then painted over with shellac coloured to look like the specimen.

Prevention
Waxes prepared with BTA are available commercially, the idea being that the BTA will prevent any reaction by chelating the surface copper and the wax acting as a physical barrier reducing exposure to water, oxygen, and chlorides; but coating an infected object with wax will not stop the problem. Storing the object in a completely dry or oxygen free environment will also prevent bronze disease as will isolation from contact with chlorides.

References

Further reading

External links
 "The Critical RH for the Appearance of “Bronze Disease” in Chloride Contaminated Copper and Copper Alloy Artefacts", e-conservationonline.com. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
 "Bronze Disease: A Review of Some Chemical Problems and the Role of Relative Humidity", cool.conservation-us.org. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
 "Nick Carter: The Case of the Sick Statue" Bronze disease plays a role in solving a murder. Script by Alfred Bester. Aired 12 August 1945.

Corrosion
Bronze
Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage
Articles containing video clips


is a Japanese football referee. He has refereed in the Japanese J. League Division 1 since 1999 and has been a full international referee for FIFA since 2004. He refereed at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, where he was appointed to several prestigious matches, including as fourth official on the final. He also refereed the opening game in the 2014 FIFA World Cup between hosts Brazil and Croatia, his poor performance in which was criticized. He refereed the second leg of the 2014 AFC Champions League final between Al Hilal and Western Sydney Wanderers.

Career
Nishimura was the only Asian referee selected to officiate at the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations in Ghana along with assistant referees Toru Sagara from Japan and Jeong Hae-sang from South Korea.

Nishimura was appointed as the referee for four matches of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, including the quarter-final between the Netherlands and Brazil. He was also appointed to three matches as fourth official, including the final.

Nishimura refereed the 2010 FIFA Club World Cup final between Inter Milan and TP Mazembe.

On 13 November 2010, Nishimura was the referee for the 2010 AFC Champions League final between Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma and Zob Ahan, at the National Stadium in Tokyo.

Nishimura officiated at the 2007 and 2011 Asian Cups.

At the 2012 men's Olympic football tournament, Nishimura officiated the group stage matches between Brazil and Belarus and host Great Britain and Uruguay.

Nishimura was selected for his second World Cup in 2014. He refereed one match at the tournament.

The final match of his international career was the second leg of the 2014 AFC Champions League final between Al Hilal and Western Sydney Wanderers.

2010 FIFA World Cup
Nishimura was preselected as a referee for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. He was the referee for the Uruguay against France game at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, along with fourth official Joel Aguilar and assistant referees Jeong Hae-Sang, and Toru Sagara. Nishimura produced the first red card of the tournament, when he sent Uruguay midfielder Nicolás Lodeiro off the field for two yellow cards. He was fourth official for the Honduras vs Chile match 5 days later. He refereed two further matches in the group stage (Spain vs Honduras and Paraguay vs New Zealand) and also refereed the first quarter-final game between the Netherlands and Brazil at Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium in Port Elizabeth. During that match, Nishimura sent off Felipe Melo of Brazil in the 73rd minute of the game. He was selected as the fourth official for the semifinal between Uruguay and the Netherlands and also for the final match of the World Cup, Netherlands vs. Spain.

2014 FIFA World Cup

Nishimura was chosen by FIFA to referee the opening game of the 2014 FIFA World Cup between Brazil and Croatia. With this, he became only the third Japanese referee to officiate at two FIFA World Cups, after Shizuo Takada and Toru Kamikawa. In the match, Nishimura became the first referee to use vanishing spray at a World Cup finals, as well as to have access to goal-line technology. The game ended with a 3–1 victory for hosts Brazil. Nishimura was significantly criticized for his performance, most notably his decision to award a penalty kick to Brazil after Fred fell in the penalty area under minimal contact from Dejan Lovren. Nishimura was not appointed to any further matches at the tournament as referee, only officiating two other games as the fourth official: the Group E match between Honduras and Ecuador (2–1 win for Ecuador), and the third place play-off match between Brazil and the Netherlands (3–0 win for the Netherlands).

Awards
Nishimura was chosen as the J. League Referee of the Year in 2009 and 2010. In 2012, he was named Best Men's Referee of the Year by the Asian Football Confederation.

References

External links

FIFA profile (2007 U-17 World Cup)
Professional Referees, Japan Football Association
Video interview at the AFC Annual Awards
Yuichi Nishimura at worldreferee.com

1972 births
Living people
Japanese football referees
Association football people from Tokyo
2010 FIFA World Cup referees
Olympic football referees
Football referees at the 2012 Summer Olympics
2014 FIFA World Cup referees
AFC Asian Cup referees


Halls of the Things is a video game developed by Design Design for the ZX Spectrum and released by Crystal Computing in 1983. It was ported to the Amstrad CPC and Commodore 64. The player travels through seven floors of a tower, searching for seven rings, with each floor being a complex maze of corridors and rooms. Once the player has the rings they must then find the magical key hidden in the dungeon, which opens the drawbridge allowing the player to escape. To hinder the player's progress they are attacked by "things," but the player is armed with a sword, arrows, fireballs and lightning to aid you in the quest.

The game was re-released by Design Design Software and Firebird Software. A sequel, Return of the Things, was released in 1984.

Reception

The game was well received when it was released.

"Excellent and dangerously addictive it could change the Spectrum games scene overnight". Sinclair User

"Spectacular. One of the best games i've seen, finely balanced between simplicity and addictiveness - superb graphics and colour - I CAN'T RECOMMEND IT HIGHLY ENOUGH". Popular Computing Weekly

ZX Computing magazine, featured Halls of the Things as the best game of 1983. The ZX Spectrum version was voted the 27th best game of all time in a special issue of Your Sinclair magazine in 2004.

References

External links

Halls of the Things original source code  at Design Design

1983 video games
Amstrad CPC games
Commodore 64 games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
ZX Spectrum games
Crystal Computing games


Ron Kneebone is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Norwood in the SANFL. He was named as a half back flanker in the official Norwood 'Team of the Century'.

Kneebone debuted for Norwood in 1957 and was initially used up forward. Strong overhead, Kneebone was later pushed into defence and it was as a full back that he won the 1966 Magarey Medal. It was his second last league season and in 1967 he retired having played 201 games with Norwood and 16 interstate matches for South Australia.

References

External links

Living people
Norwood Football Club players
Magarey Medal winners
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
South Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
1937 births


Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) was the president of the United States from 1901 to 1909.

Theodore Roosevelt may also refer to:

Theodore Roosevelt Sr. (1831–1878), the president's father
Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (1887–1944), the president's eldest son
Theodore Roosevelt III (1914–2001), the president's grandson
Theodore Roosevelt IV (born 1942), the president's great-grandson

See also

USS Theodore Roosevelt, several ships
Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography, an autobiographical book by the President of the United States