Events from the year 2009 in Ireland.

Taoiseach Brian Cowen described 2009 as the most challenging of his career in politics.

Incumbents
 President: Mary McAleese
 Taoiseach: Brian Cowen (FF)
 Tánaiste: Mary Coughlan (FF)
 Minister for Finance: Brian Lenihan (FF)
 Chief Justice: John L. Murray
 Dáil: 30th
 Seanad: 23rd

Events

January
 1 January – The phase-out of incandescent light bulbs commenced in Ireland.
 6 January – A priest, Michael Mernagh, completed a nine-day 272 km atonement pilgrimage from Cobh to the Pro-Cathedral in Dublin to repent the Roman Catholic Church's response to clerical child sex abuse.
 8 January – Post-2008 Irish economic downturn: Dell announced the axing of almost 2,000 jobs at their factory in Limerick, with the total job loss predicted to rise to 10,000 in the region.
 9 January – Confidential documents from Letterkenny General Hospital were revealed to have been discovered in a public area of Derry.
 11 January – A woman died in childbirth at Kerry General Hospital in Tralee, County Kerry.
 17 January – A County Down woman was killed in extreme weather when her car was struck by a tree.
 21 January – Anglo Irish Bank hidden loans controversy: Anglo Irish Bank was nationalised when the President, Mary McAleese, signed the Anglo Irish Bank Corporation Bill 2009.
 22 January – A County Roscommon woman was jailed for seven years after her conviction for incest, sexual abuse and neglect of her children.
 30 January – Post-2008 Irish economic downturn: After an announcement that the Waterford Crystal plant at Kilbarry was to shut down, its employees began an unofficial sit-in which led to some scuffles that damaged the main door to the visitors' centre. The sit-in continued until 22 March.

February

 2 February – extreme weather across the country disrupted transport services, including flights, and bus routes.
 2 February – former Taoiseach Bertie Ahern was blockaded and jostled out of National University of Ireland, Galway by angry students protesting at the reintroduction of fees as he attempted to lecture the Literary and Debating Society.
 4 February – unemployment reached 9.2 percent with a record 326,100 people signing onto the live register. It was the highest monthly increase in 40 years with an average 1,500 people being laid off daily.
 4 February – an estimated 15,000 students protested in Dublin at the threatened reintroduction of university fees, blockading government buildings for a time.
 12 February – a man was arrested after threatening to set fire to himself outside Government Buildings in Dublin.
 17 February – Irish Nationwide Chairman Michael Walsh resigned over his involvement in the Anglo Irish Bank hidden loans controversy.
 21 February – up to 120,000 people marched in Dublin in protest at how the Government was handling the economic crisis.
 24 February – Gardaí raided the headquarters of Anglo Irish Bank in St Stephen's Green, Dublin.
 25 February – two thousand members of the Garda Síochána marched through the streets of Dublin to protest against a pension levy.
 25 February – The Irish Times suspended supply of its newspapers to the retailer Dunnes.
 27 February – the Bank of Ireland robbery took place.

March
 2 March – the left door of a helicopter carrying politician Martin Cullen fell off at a height of 150 metres but no-one was hurt.
 5 March – items belonging to singer Michael Jackson went on view in County Kildare.
 6 March – the Court of Criminal Appeal dismissed an appeal by Joe O'Reilly against his conviction for the murder of his wife, Rachel Callely, in October 2004.
 7 March – Dissident Republicans opened fire on British soldiers in County Antrim. Two were killed and two injured while two civilian pizza delivery men, one Polish, were seriously injured. The Real IRA later claim responsibility.
 March – Odyssey Marine Exploration announced the discovery of the wreck of  (torpedoed 1917)  northwest of Fastnet Rock.

April
 8 April – the Supplementary Budget was announced by Minister for Finance Brian Lenihan.
 25 April – an opinion poll showed a five percent drop to 23 percent in support for the governing Fianna Fáil party in the wake of early April's Supplementary Budget. Fine Gael, in opposition, was ten points clear at 33 percent, an increase of two, while the Labour Party, also in opposition, was also up two to 19 percent.
 27 April – four people were tested after swine flu broke out from Mexico.
 28 April – tests on all four Irish people with suspected cases of swine flu proved negative.
 29 April – figures from the Central Statistics Office showed a record 388,600 people on the live register; the figure had almost doubled in one year, rising by 96 percent.
 30 April – the Department of Health and Children's Chief Medical Officer Tony Holohan confirmed the first probable case of swine flu at a news briefing in Dublin.

May

 6 May – the chief economics editor of broadcaster, Raidió Teilifís Éireann, George Lee, was named as the Fine Gael party nomination for the Dublin South by-election.
 11 May – Ryan Tubridy was named as the new presenter of The Late Late Show, replacing Pat Kenny. His first show as presenter was in September 2009.
 14 May – Ireland failed to progress to the final of the 2009 Eurovision Song Contest. Sinéad Mulvey and Black Daisy's song "Et Cetera" was not one of the ten selected from the second semi-final in Moscow.
 15 May – a 27-year-old man was shot dead and another man was wounded during a shootout with gardaí during an attempted raid on a cash-in-transit van in Lucan in west Dublin.
 20 May – the Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse report was published. The long-delayed investigation into Ireland's Roman Catholic-run institutions said that priests and nuns terrorized thousands of boys and girls in workhouse-style schools for decades.
 25 May – a new stretch of motorway between Fermoy and Mitchelstown in north Cork opened to traffic nine months ahead of schedule.
 26 May – former Government press secretary Frank Dunlop was sentenced to two years incarceration for corruption, with the final six months suspended. He pleaded guilty to five charges of corruption.
 29 May – Ireland's oldest brewery in Cork since at least 1650, and home to Beamish and Crawford since 1792, ceased operations.

June
 3 June – the Leaving Certificate English Paper 2 was postponed for two days after it emerged that students in one County Louth centre had already seen the exam paper.
 5 June – the Local and European Parliament elections took place.
 15 June – mayoral elections were held in several towns and cities.

July
 1 July – a woman died after falling 20 metres off the Mweelrea mountains in County Mayo.
 3 July – GOAL charity aid workers Sharon Commins and Hilda Kawuki were abducted from their compound in Darfur.
 3 July – a child in Roxboro National School in County Roscommon was found to have a case of swine influenza.
 6 July – the Treaty of Lisbon Bill was published.
 7 July – a 61-year-old woman was stabbed to death in Castlebar, County Mayo. Her son was charged with her murder the following day.
 10 July – Ronnie Dunbar was sentenced to life imprisonment for the manslaughter of Melissa Mahon.
 12 July – the Broadcasting Act changed the spelling of the national broadcaster from Radio Telefís Éireann to Raidió Teilifís Éireann.
 16 July – the report of the Special Group on Public Service Numbers and Expenditure Programmes, also called An Bord Snip Nua, was published by University College Dublin economist Colm McCarthy. It recommended €5.3 billion in potential savings, including 17,300 public service job cuts and a five percent drop in social welfare.
 23 July – the Defamation and Criminal Justice (Amendment) Bills became law, after being signed by President Mary McAleese.
 30 July – draft legislation to establish the National Asset Management Agency was published. The Bill proposed to give NAMA extensive powers to take over land and development loans from banks in an effort to get them lending again and supporting economic recovery.

August

 5 August – a murder investigation was launched after a woman's body was discovered under a tree in Phoenix Park. The woman was later found to be 50-year-old Eugenia Bratis from Timișoara in Romania, who had been in Ireland for several months. Her torso was stabbed several times.
 12 August – former President Mary Robinson received the United States Presidential Medal of Freedom from Barack Obama at a ceremony in the White House in Washington, D.C., with Obama declaring her to have "not only shown a light on human suffering, but illuminated a better future for our world".
 21 August – a section of the main Dublin to Belfast railway line collapsed in Malahide in north Dublin. A 20-metre section of viaduct on the Broadmeadow estuary, between Malahide and Donabate gave way. A preliminary assessment carried out on 24 August identified significant erosion of the seabed as a possible reason for the collapse. The viaduct reopened to traffic on 16 November.

September

 1 September – at a civic reception, Muhammad Ali was made the first Honorary Freeman of Ennis, the birthplace of his great-grandfather, Abe Grady, who left the town in the 1860s. Ali later sends a letter of thanks to the people of Ennis.
 5 September – apprentice jockey Jamie Kyne from Claregalway, County Galway was killed in a fire at his flat in Yorkshire, UK.
 13 September – the Dublinbikes bicycle-sharing system was launched.
 14 September – Ireland's 2008 Olympic bronze medalist, boxer Darren Sutherland, was found dead in London at the age of 27. Hundreds of people attended his funeral one week later in Navan, County Meath.
 16 September – 21 people were injured, three seriously, after a collision involving a Luas tram and a double-decker bus on O'Connell Street in Dublin, the worst accident to date involving the Luas service.
 18–20 September – the three-day Global Irish Economic Forum was held in Farmleigh House in Dublin.
 20 September – the Government announced their intention to introduce a national postal code system in 2011.
 21 September – Lisa Cummins and 16-year-old Owen O'Keefe set new records for swimming the English Channel.
 22 September – Mary McAleese opened the National Ploughing Championships in Athy, County Kildare.
 27 September – the presence of swine influenza in Irish pigs was confirmed for the first time.
 30 September – thousands of people protested in Dublin against Colm McCarthy's An Bord Snip Nua proposals.

October

 1 October – the Chairman of Foras Áiseanna Saothair, Peter McLoone, resigned.
 2 October – the second referendum on the Treaty of Lisbon was held. The treaty was passed with a 67 percent Yes vote. Donegal voted No.
 10 October – singer Stephen Gately died in an apartment in Majorca that he shared with his husband, Andrew Cowles. Thousands of people attended the funeral in Dublin one week later, including fans from South Africa and Taiwan.
 11 October – Michael Sinnott, a priest from Barntown, County Wexford, was abducted in the Philippines. He was held until 11 November, then he arrived in Ireland on 3 December.
 12 October – two Air Corps pilots were killed when their plane crashed during a training flight in Connemara. They received military funerals.
 13 October – Séamus Kirk was elected Ceann Comhairle following the resignation of John O'Donoghue over an expenses scandal.
 18 October – GOAL charity aid workers Sharon Commins and Hilda Kawuki were released after more than one hundred days in captivity in Darfur in Sudan.
 19 October – the River Suir Bridge opened to traffic as part of the N25 Waterford Bypass. The 230-metre main span was the longest single bridge span in the country.
 27 October – a tenth person was confirmed to have died from swine influenza in Ireland.

November

 Continuing: Mass floods across Ireland, the most affected areas were the south coastal counties and cities, such as Cork City, the worst hit.
 1 November – the Gaelic Athletic Association celebrated its 125th anniversary.
 6 November – tens of thousands of people marched across eight cities in protest at government cutbacks.
 7 November – a street in Belfast disappeared into a large hole.
 9 November – Sligo was heavily flooded.
 12 November – Passage West in County Cork was heavily flooded.
 13 November – John McFarlane was sentenced to at least twenty years in prison at the Old Bailey in London for the murder of Dublin mother Mary Griffiths at her home in Suffolk.
 14 November – the Papal ban on discussion of the ordination of women priests was challenged by Willie Walsh, Bishop of Killaloe, during his address to the Association of European Journalists in Dublin.
 14 November – Scoil Mhuire Community School in Clane, County Kildare removes security cameras from student toilets following a two-day protest by parents and students.
 17 November – Brian Hennessy, a 23-year-old postal worker, was sentenced to life imprisonment for the murders of Sharon Whelan and her two daughters, Zara and Nadia, in Roscon, County Kilkenny in the early hours of Christmas Day of 2008.
 19 November – the Football Association of Ireland made an official complaint to FIFA and requested a replay, after France qualified for the 2010 FIFA World Cup the previous night with a goal resulting from a double handball by their striker and team captain Thierry Henry. FIFA and the French Football Federation refused. The incident attracted comment globally. Fans protested outside the French embassy in Dublin. The match had been watched by Ireland's highest television audience of 2009 and the highest audience for any sporting event in the country since 1995.
 20 November – the Progressive Democrats political party was officially dissolved.
 25 November – Ireland's largest tour operator, Budget Travel, ceased trading.
 26 November – the Murphy Report of the Commission of Investigation into the Catholic Archdiocese of Dublin was published.
 26 November – an outbreak of measles occurs in Galway.
 27 November – it was announced that Máire Geoghegan-Quinn has been allocated Research and Innovation in the European Commission.
 30 November – the Health Service Executive began an expected two-month swine influenza vaccination programme in the nation's primary and secondary schools designed to combat the 2009 flu pandemic.
 30 November – it was announced that Monaghan's former army barracks is to be converted into an educational campus in a €20 million project intended to accommodate a primary and secondary Gaelscoileanna as well as a higher education institute.

December

 1 December – St. James's Hospital in Dublin reported a 20% increase in newly diagnosed HIV patients for 2009, the highest annual increase ever.
 2 December – more than 1,200 students at National University of Ireland, Maynooth signed a petition to university management objecting to the appointment of former Taoiseach Bertie Ahern to the position of Honorary Adjunct Professor to the university's School of Business and Law. It followed a letter of protest signed by 36 members of academic staff the previous week.
 3 December – a speech by Paul McCartney in Brussels angered the president of the Irish Farmers' Association, Padraig Walshe, who accused the ex-Beatle of "leading a flawed campaign against meat that is contradictory on climate change". Member of the European Parliament Mairead McGuinness had earlier described the event as "a media circus without the animals".
 3 December – the Sisters of Mercy announced that they would contribute property and money worth €128 million following the publication of the Ryan Report in May.
 6 December – the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food confirmed the slaughter at an undisclosed location of approximately 25–30 horses, some of whom were healthy, despite attempts by Irish Horse Welfare Trust to save as many as possible. The horses had been taken from a farm in County Kilkenny.
 7 December – Bishop Dermot O'Mahony resigned as patron of The Irish Pilgrimage Trust after his response to child sexual abuse was described as "worse than that of any other living auxiliary bishop of Dublin".
 7 December – former prison officer Dillon O'Brien was imprisoned for four years on charges of smuggling alcohol, drugs, and mobile phones into Mountjoy Prison, with Judge Katherine Delahunt saying his crime was "at the very high end of the scale".
 7 December – the funeral of Liam Clancy, the last of The Clancy Brothers, was attended by hundreds of mourners, including the aides-de-camp of the Taoiseach and the President, the Minister for Arts, Sport and Tourism, Martin Cullen, and various musicians and artists.
 8 December – four new Luas tram stations were opened in Dublin by Minister for Transport Noel Dempsey as the Red Line was expanded to Dublin Docklands.
 9 December – Minister for Finance Brian Lenihan delivered the nation's Budget for 2010.
 9 December – the Irish Bishops Conference apologised for the sexual abuse suffered by its children after spending the first day of its winter conference in Maynooth examining the Murphy Report.
 10 December – in what was described as a landmark case, the Supreme Court of Ireland ruled that a gay man who donated his sperm to a lesbian couple would have access to the resulting child, overturning the original High Court decision. The Gay and Lesbian Equality Network expressed concern at the Supreme Court's rejection of the lesbian couple as a "de facto family".
 11 December – backbench Green Party TD Paul Gogarty was condemned and forced to apologise for swearing after he yelled "Fuck you, Deputy Stagg, fuck you" at Labour Party TD Emmet Stagg during the Budget 2010 debate on the Social Welfare Bill.
 13 December – two gardaí were injured in a traffic collision in County Donegal. Garda Gary McLoughlin died the following day. Taoiseach Brian Cowen paid tribute and politicians attended his funeral in County Leitrim on 16 December.
 15 December – the Supreme Court dismissed the appeal of Mary Roche who sought to have three frozen embryos belonging to her estranged husband, Thomas, released to her for implantation in her womb, a case which highlighted the lack of legislation concerning in vitro fertilisation. The court also ruled that embryos are not recognised or protected as "unborn" under the Constitution.
 15 December – the funeral of renowned broadcaster and music collector Ciarán Mac Mathúna was attended by hundreds of mourners, including the aides-de-camp of the Taoiseach and the President, the Director-General of RTÉ Cathal Goan, poet Séamus Heaney, and musicians and colleagues.
 16 December – 78-year-old priest Thomas Naughton was given a three-year prison sentence for his sexual abuse of an altar boy while he served in Blessington, County Wicklow.
 17 December – Pope Benedict XVI accepted the resignation of Bishop of Limerick Donal Murray who was criticised by the Murphy Report for his behaviour concerning child sexual abuse.
 18 December – Seán Sheehy, a priest in Castlegregory, withdrew from work in his parish after shaking the hand of a convicted sex offender in a court in Listowel days earlier. Bishop of Kerry William Murphy disassociated himself from Sheehy and his actions.
 18 December – Ireland's first motorway to link two cities was opened several months ahead of schedule between Dublin and Galway.
 23 December – Jim Moriarty, the Bishop of Kildare and Leighlin, resigned, the second bishop to do so following the publication of the Murphy Report. He was followed within 36 hours by the two remaining serving auxiliary bishops in Dublin, Eamonn Walsh and Raymond Field.
 25 December – St Mel's Cathedral, Longford was destroyed by fire.

Arts and literature
 5 January – Sebastian Barry won the Costa Prize for Fiction for his novel The Secret Scripture at the 2008 Costa Book Awards.
 19 March – the poet Seamus Heaney was awarded the David Cohen Prize for Literature, honouring him for his lifetime's work.
 7–8 March – Brian Cowen nude portraits controversy: Nude portraits of the Taoiseach were hung clandestinely by Conor Casby in the National Gallery of Ireland and Royal Hibernian Academy's gallery.
 17 April – Seamus Heaney's 70th birthday. A commemorative audio recording, Seamus Heaney Collected Poems, was released of Heaney reading all of his collected work to date.
 11 June – Man Gone Down, the debut novel of American Michael Thomas, won the 2009 International Dublin Literary Award.
 23 June – Colum McCann's novel Let the Great World Spin was published in New York City, where it is set.
 24 November – Colm Tóibín's novel, Brooklyn, and Peter Murphy's novel, John the Revelator, were included on the shortlist for the 2009 Costa Book Awards.
 Gerry Hunt's graphic novel Blood Upon the Rose: Easter 1916: The Rebellion that Set Ireland Free was published.
 Claire Kilroy's novel All Names Have Been Changed was published.

Music

 25 June – newly formed pop band Industry entered the Irish charts with their debut single "My Baby's Waiting".

Sport

Boxing
 Bernard Dunne
 On 21 March, Bernard Dunne became the WBA Super Bantamweight World Champion at the O2 in Dublin.
 On 26 September, he lost to Poonsawat Kratingdaenggym in the same venue after two minutes and 57 seconds of the third round.

Gaelic games
 2009 All-Ireland Hurling season
 Semi-finals:
 Kilkenny 2–23 Waterford 3–15
 Tipperary 6–19 Limerick 2–7
 Final:
 Kilkenny 2–22 Tipperary 0–23, Croke Park, 6 September.
 2009 All-Ireland Football season
 Semi-finals:
 Cork 1–13 Tyrone 0–11
 Meath 1–7 Kerry 2–8
 Final:
 Cork 1–09 versus Kerry 0–19, Croke Park, 20 September.

Golf
 17 May – Offaly man Shane Lowry became just the third amateur to win a European Tour event by clinching the Irish Open in a playoff.
 28 November – Ireland finish second to Italy in the 2009 Omega Mission Hills World Cup.

Sailing
 24 May, Leg 7 of the 2008–09 Volvo Ocean Race finished in Galway Bay.

Football

Hosting
29 January – UEFA announces that the new Lansdowne Road stadium would host the 2011 Europa League Final, the new title for the UEFA Cup.

League of Ireland
 Premier Division Winner; Bohemians
 First Division Winner; UCD
 A Division Winner; Salthill Devon
 Promoted to Premier Division; Sporting Fingal
 Relegated to First Division; Bray Wanderers, Derry City
 FAI Ford Cup; Sporting Fingal
 FAI EA Sports Cup: Bohemians

Internationals
29 May – Ireland 1–1 Nigeria (London, UK)
6 June – Ireland 1–1 Bulgaria (Sofia, Bulgaria)
12 August – Ireland 0–3 Australia (Thomond Park, Limerick)
8 September – Ireland 1–0 South Africa (Thomond Park, Limerick)
First ever Irish-based senior international matches to be played in the Mid-West and the first to be played outside Dublin in twenty-four years. Training in County Tipperary.

World Cup 2010 Qualifiers
11 February – Ireland 2–1 Georgia
28 March – Ireland 1–1 Bulgaria
1 April – Italy 1–1 Ireland
6 June – Bulgaria 1–1 Ireland
5 September – Cyprus 1–2 Ireland
10 October – Ireland 2–2 Italy
14 October – Ireland 0–0 Montenegro
14 November – Ireland 0–1 France
18 November – France 1–1 Ireland

Rallying
 30 January – 1 February Rally Ireland was held. The rally was won by Sébastien Loeb.

Rugby union

2009 Six Nations Championship
7 February – Ireland 30–21 France
15 February – Italy 9–38 Ireland
28 February – Ireland 14–13 England
14 March – Scotland 15–22 Ireland
21 March – Wales 15–17 Ireland

 21 March – Ireland won the 2009 Six Nations Championship and Triple Crown as well as the Grand Slam for first time in 61 years.
 21 April – Paul O'Connell named as the captain of the British & Irish Lions squad to tour South Africa this summer along with 13 other Irish players.
 28 November – Declan Kidney was named IRB International Coach of the Year, the first Irishman to achieve this, and Ireland are named IRB International Team of the Year on the same day they defeat World and Tri Nations champions South Africa at Croke Park to end the year undefeated.
 9 December – Declan Kidney was awarded Philips Sports Manager of the Year for the third time in four years, beating Brian Cody, John Oxx and Giovanni Trapattoni to the title.
 2008–09 Heineken Cup
12 April – Muster and Leinster reached the semi-finals.
2 May – Leinster beat Munster 25–6 in the Heineken Cup semi-final at Croke Park in front of a world-record 82,208 attendance for a club match.
23 May – Leinster beat Leicester in the Heineken cup final, the fourth time an Irish province has done so.

2009–10 Heineken Cup
 10 October – Munster and Leinster began their Heineken Cup season, with Leinster defending a title and Munster looking to win back the crown.

Deaths

January to July

 2 January – Tony Gregory, 61, Independent TD sitting in Dáil Éireann.
 27 January – Connie Buckley, 93, former Cork hurler and oldest surviving All-Ireland-winning captain.
 7 February – Joe Haverty, 72, former Irish soccer player.
 12 February – Hugh Leonard, 82, playwright.
 15 February – John Rackard, 80, member of the famous Rackard hurling brothers from Wexford.
 18 February – Nell McCarthy, retired camogie player, manager and former president of the Camogie Association of Ireland.
 27 February – Joe Bruton, 99, prominent farmers' rights campaigner, journalist and father of Fine Gael politicians John and Richard Bruton.
 5 March – Patrick Cummins, 88, former Fianna Fáil TD
 8 March – Anna Manahan, 84, Tony Award-winning actress of stage and screen.
 9 March – Frank Stockwell, 80, former Galway Gaelic footballer.
 23 March – Billy Rackard, 79, former Wexford hurler.
 7 April – Paddy O'Hanlon, barrister and SDLP politician (born 1944)
 17 April – Kevin McConnell, 84, former Meath Gaelic footballer.
 19 April – Tony Kett, 57, Fianna Fáil party Senator.
 27 April – Karl Mullen, 82, former Rugby Union player and Grand Slam-winning captain of 1948.
 28 April – Pearse Wyse, 81, Former Progressive Democrats founding member and former Lord Mayor of Cork.
 5 May – Philomena Garvey, 83, former golfer.
 9 May – David Marcus, 85, literary editor.
 12 May – Roger Ryan, former Tipperary hurler.
 20 May – Alan Kelly, Sr., 72, former Ireland international goalkeeper.
 27 May – E. D. "Ned" Doyle, 90, military figure and analyst.
 31 May – Danny La Rue, 81, entertainer known for his singing and drag impersonations.
 1 June – Vincent O'Brien, 92, race horse trainer.
 13 June – Michael Collins, former Wexford hurler.
 28 June – Rita Keane, 86, traditional singer.
 29 June – Sheila Cloney, 83, leader of the Ne Temere decree incident or "Fethard Boycott".

July to December

 11 August – Nuala Fennell, 73, Fine Gael politician.
 16 August – Paul Healion, 31, cyclist.
 5 September – Jamie Kyne, 18, jockey.
 8 September – Stephen White, Louth Gaelic footballer included in the Team of the Century in 1984.
 14 September – Darren Sutherland, 27, boxer, 2008 Olympic bronze medalist.
 17 September – Frank Deasy, 49, Emmy Award-winning screenwriter.
 22 September – Edward Delaney, 79, sculptor—Thomas Davis and Wolfe Tone memorials in Dublin.
 6 October – Aengus Finucane, 77, priest, Chief Executive of Concern Worldwide (1981–1997).
 10 October – Stephen Gately, 33, Boyzone singer.
 11 October – Peter Callanan, 74, politician, member of Seanad Éireann since 1997.
 27 October – Frank Brady, Jr., association footballer.
 1 November – Seán Mac Fionnghaile, 57, actor, cancer.
 2 November – Beverley O'Sullivan, 28, singer and actress.
 17 November – Paul "Skinny" Kelly, 43, musician – Paranoid Visions.
 23 November – Pat Quinn, 74, founder of the Quinnsworth supermarket chain and the first person to bring The Rolling Stones to North America.
 4 December – Liam Clancy, 74, folk singer.
 6 December – Pat Carolan, former Meath Gaelic footballer.
 11 December – Ciarán Mac Mathúna, broadcaster and music collector.
 20 December – Joan Brosnan Walsh, actress (Fair City), motor neurone disease.
 23 December – Noel O'Connell, 76, hurler (Aghabullogue, Blackrock, Cork senior team).
 30 December – Dermot Nally, 82, civil servant, sudden death.
 31 December – Cahal Daly, 92, Catholic priest (Primate of All Ireland 1990–1996).
 31 December – Justin Keating, 79, humanist and Labour Party politician (Minister for Industry and Commerce, 1973–1977).

See also
2009 in Irish television

References

External links
 2009 at Reeling in the Years
 "The Month In Pictures: January 2009" – Irish sport


The Kent Crusaders Rugby Football Club fields high school boys' and girls' teams in Kent, Washington, with close to 100 players from high schools and junior high schools in the Kent and Tahoma school districts. The players' ages range from 14 to 19 years old. The rugby season runs from February through May.

National Recognition

The Crusaders' performance at the local and national level by both the boys and girls. Teams have received recognition in prominent national rugby publications that said, "... the Crusaders have established themselves as one of the premier high school rugby programs in the country." No other program in the country has repeatedly placed both boys' and girls' high school teams in the national championships. In the 2013 season, the girls' team won 2nd place in the national high school girls' rugby tournament in Wisconsin only losing one game to Fallbrook Highschool.

High School Boys' Team Highlights

Since its inception in 1991, the Kent Crusaders boys' team has won numerous Championships, including seven (7) Pacific Northwest Championships and playing for the National Championship almost every year since 1993. The teams have toured the United States, Canada, England, Wales, Ireland France and New Zealand. In November 2013 Trident rugby from New Zealand had a friendly match with the Crusaders.

High School Girls' Team Highlights

The Kent Crusaders girls' team was the first high school girls' rugby team in the nation, established in 1993. They too have gained national status by winning the Washington State Championship every year beginning in 2000. They have also competed in the Nationals tournament every year since 2000 and won the prized national title in 2002. The ladies have toured Canada, New Zealand (2), England, and Wales. In the 2012 season, the girls' team was named 5th in the nation after losing one game and winning two. In 2013 they were named 2nd in the nation, losing to Fallbrook but were the only team to have scored on Fallbrook throughout the tournament.

Coaching staff

The KCRF club is fortunate to have some of the most experienced and skilled rugby coaching staff in the nation. The focus has been teaching the players the game of rugby while instilling a spirit of teamwork, good sportsmanship, academic achievement, and community involvement into these fine young men and women. Rex Norris coaches the girls' team, as well as being an AP Psychology teacher at Kentwood high school, and is the head football coach there as well. Jeremy Torres is the head coach for the boys' team for the 2013 season. He was assistant to Alan Blackstock for the past years. Joining Norris will be Brad Young and joining Torres will be Rienus Hazelman, who has played rugby in America and New Zealand

References

External links

Official website

Rugby union teams in Washington (state)
Sports in Kent, Washington
1991 establishments in Washington (state)
Rugby clubs established in 1991


Big Horn or Bighorn may refer to:

 Bighorn sheep, a species native to North America

Places

Canada
 Bighorn, British Columbia
 Bighorn Dam, Alberta
 Bighorn River (Alberta)
 Bighorn Wildland Provincial Park, a proposed park in Alberta
 Big Horn 144A, an Indian reserve in Alberta
 Municipal District of Bighorn No. 8, a municipal district in Alberta

United States
 Big Horn, Wyoming
 Big Horn County, Montana
 Big Horn County, Wyoming
 Big Horn (Washington), a peak in the state of Washington
 Bighorn Mountain, in Nebraska
 Bighorn Mountains, in Wyoming and Montana
 Bighorn Mountains (California), in San Bernardino County
 Bighorn Basin, in Wyoming and Montana
 Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area, in Wyoming and Montana
 Bighorn National Forest, in Wyoming
 Bighorn Lake, in Wyoming and Montana
 Bighorn River, in Wyoming and Montana

Other uses
 USS Big Horn (AO-45), a US Navy tanker 1942–1946
 USS Big Horn (T-AO-198), a US Navy fleet replenishment oiler since 1992
 Big Horn, Manchester, a public sculpture in Manchester, England
 Big Horn Academy Building, a school in Cowley, Wyoming, US
 Big Horn Hotel, a demolished historic building in Arminto, Wyoming, US
 The Big Horn, a 1979 album by Houston Person
 Bighorn Airways, an American charter company
 Bighorn Fire, a 2020 wildfire near Tucson, Arizona, US
 Isuzu Bighorn, or Isuzu Trooper, an SUV

See also
Little Bighorn (disambiguation)


Orphanet is an organisation and knowledge base dedicated to rare diseases as well as corresponding diagnosis, orphan drugs, clinical trials and expert networks.

Orphanet was founded in France in 1997 by Inserm, the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research. The website is managed by a network of academic establishments from 40 countries, led by Inserm, and is a European Union Health Programme Joint Action. It contains content for both physicians and patients. Its administrative office is in Paris and its official medical journal is the Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases published on its behalf by BioMed Central. , the site provides information on over 6,100 rare diseases and 5,400 genes.

Available information
Orphanet is an online database with the goal of gathering, providing and improving knowledge on rare diseases and to improve the diagnosis, care and treatment of patients with rare diseases. By listing rare diseases, and maintaining a standard nomenclature of rare diseases (ORPHAcodes), Orphanet contributes to making them more visible in health and research information systems. The information is available in the following languages: English, French, German, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish and Czech. The website does not feature any advertising.

Rare disease directory
There are various possibilities to search for diseases affecting less than 1 person per 2000 (based on data from Europe). The search is either possible by entering the name of the disease, such as progeria for instance, to receive information about the prevalence and a definition.
A specific disease can also be searched for by entering the ICD code, the OMIM code or the name of the gene associated with the disease.

Diagnostic tests and testing facility directory
Information on diagnostic tests conducted in order to establish a diagnosis of a rare disease and laboratories with the technical competence to carry them out can be found in the section diagnostic tests. Constitutional genetic tests are also registered for non-rare diseases, for diseases with a genetic susceptibility and for pharmacogenetics. Searches can be conducted either by country, speciality,  objective, technique or purpose.

Professional and institution directory

Professionals
Professionals working in the field of rare diseases can be found in this section, if they have agreed to be listed. It is possible to find consultants and physicians in charge of an expert centre, biologists in laboratories, researchers, patient organisation representatives, coordinators of networks, principal investigators of clinical trials, managers or contact persons of registries and biobanks.

Institutions
The list of institutions includes for example, institutions hosting expert centres, research or clinical laboratories, patient organisations, institutions hosting registries or biobanks. The information displayed is provided by the professionals working in the institution who have agreed to be listed.

Expert centre directory
By entering the respective rare disease one can find information on corresponding centres of expertise or networks of centres of expertise dedicated to the medical management and/or genetic counselling.

The list comprises medical management centres officially designated by the health authorities in the country and centres offering genetic counselling and genetic consultations for any genetic disease or for a particular genetic disease or group of diseases. The results can be sorted either geographically or by specificity; it is also possible to specify medical management, genetic counselling or both, and to search for adult or pediatric clinics.

Orphan drug directory
The directory includes drugs (and substances) for the treatment of rare diseases at all stages of development. This includes all substances which have been granted an orphan designation for disease(s) considered rare in Europe or the USA. Drugs without the designation are also included, as long as they have been granted a marketing authorisation with a specific indication for a rare disease.

Research and clinical trial directory

Research projects
Information is available on ongoing and unpublished research projects explicitly focused on a rare disease – either funded by regular national research funding or by a funding body with a scientific committee performing a competitive selection of research projects. Single-centre and national or international multicentric research projects are registered.

Clinical trials
The clinical trials listed on Orphanet comprise interventional studies aiming to evaluate a drug (substance, or combination) to treat (or prevent) a specific rare disease. The trials can be national or international and, regarding the phase they are in, either recruiting, ongoing or finished.
Since beginning collaboration in 2018, the World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) and Orphanet intend to make clinical trials on rare diseases easily identifiable and findable, thus improving knowledge on rare diseases.

Patient organisations
Information on patient organisations, umbrella organisations and alliances dedicated to one particular rare disease or to a group of rare diseases are provided in this section. They can either be sorted geographically, or by specificity.
Patient organisations should be active, responsive, provide support and information to patients, hold legal status according to the country's laws and have a designated head and/or contact person; however, Orphanet does not assume any responsibility if these requirements are not fulfilled.

Activity Report and other publications

On the Orphanet website
Orphanet reports comprise a series of texts covering topics relevant to all rare diseases. New reports are regularly put online and some of these texts are periodically updated. The annual Activity Report is available as a PDF file of roughly 80 pages.

Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
The Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases is published in cooperation with Springer Nature. Numerous reports and features are available online. The offer is free of charge.

See also
European Organisation for Rare Diseases

References

External links

 Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
 International Clinical Trials Registry Platform

Biological databases
Medical websites
Rare disease organizations


An impossibility defense is a criminal defense occasionally used when a defendant is accused of a  criminal attempt that failed only because the crime was factually or legally impossible to commit. Factual impossibility is rarely  an adequate defense at common law. This is not to be confused with a 'mistake of fact' defense, which may be a defense to a specific intent crime like larceny.

Factual impossibility
An impossibility occurs when, at the time of the attempt, the  facts make  the intended crime impossible to commit although the defendant is unaware of this when the attempt is made. In People v. Lee Kong, 95 Cal. 666, 30 P. 800 (1892), the defendant was found guilty for attempted murder for shooting at a hole in the roof, believing his victim to be there, and indeed, where his victim had been only moments before but was not at the time of the shooting. Another case involving the defense of factual impossibility is Commonwealth v. Johnson, in which a psychic healer was charged and convicted of fraud, despite the fact that a fictitious name was used to catch him. In United States v. Thomas the court held that men who believed they were raping a drunken, unconscious woman were guilty of attempted rape, even though the woman was actually dead at the time sexual intercourse took place.

Legal impossibility
An act that is considered legally impossible to commit is traditionally considered a valid defense for a person who was being prosecuted for a criminal attempt. An attempt is considered to be a legal impossibility when the defendant has completed all of his intended acts, but his acts fail to fulfil all the required in elements in a common law or statutory crime. The underlying rationale is that attempting to do what is not a crime is not attempting to commit a crime. One example of legal impossibility is a person who, thinking that Country 1 has banned the importation of lace from Country 2, attempts to smuggle some "banned" lace into Country 1.  The actor believed that her act was a crime, and even fully intended to commit a crime. However, Country 1 does not, in fact, ban lace from Country 2.  The traditional approach to understanding the legal impossibility defense is that the mistake (about the content of the law of Country 1) insulates the actor from a conviction for the crime of attempted smuggling.  The legal impossibility may be thought of as reflecting that the actor had not satisfied the actus reus of the crime (because they had not actually brought a banned substance into the country). To put it another way, merely trying to commit a crime is insufficient to constitute a criminal attempt; for criminal liability to attach, the actor must be attempting to engage in behaviour that is actually criminal.

Legal impossibility can be distinguished from factual impossibility, which is not generally a defense at common law. Factual impossibility involves an error as to factual reality (the state of the world) that causes the actor to fail to commit a criminal offence when, if the circumstances were as the actor believed, the offence would have been committed. Legal impossibility involves an error as to a legal reality (the state of the law).

However, it is not always easy to identify whether an actor made a legal and factual mistake.  In State v. Guffey (1953), the defendant shot a stuffed deer, thinking it was alive and was convicted for attempt to kill a protected animal out of season. In a highly debated reversal, an appellate judge threw out the conviction on the basis of legal impossibility, concluding that it is no crime to shoot a stuffed deer out of season.

See also
People v. Dlugash
DPP v Armstrong

Footnotes

Common law
Criminal defenses
Attempt


Ouvrage Gordolon is a work (gros ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line, also known as the Little Maginot Line.  The ouvrage consists of one and two infantry blocks at an altitude of . Gordolon was built by Borie contractors at a cost of 21.4 million francs.  Work started in November 1931 and was completed in April 1934.

Description
Ouvrage Gordolon was planned to control the road through Roquebilliėre in coordination with Ouvrage Flaut. Both ouvrages are unusual for the Alps in having anti-tank guns, which were more commonly used in main Maginot Line in the more favorable tank country of northeastern France. The compact plan was laid out on two levels, with a planned expansion of the barracks never carried out.
Block 1 (entry): one machine gun cloche and one machine gun embrasure.
Block 2 (infantry): one machine gun cloche, one twin heavy machine gun cloche, one grenade launcher cloche, one machine gun/47mm anti-tank gun embrasure and two 81mm mortar embrasures.
Block 3 (infantry): one machine gun cloche, two twin heavy machine gun cloches, one observation cloche, two 75mm gun embrasures and two 81mm mortar embrasures.

A fourth block was planned as a casemate with two heavy machine gun embrasures, but not built. Two observation posts included the post at Pas d'Albéras.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Gordolon (gros ouvrage) at fortiff.be
  L'ouvrage de Gordolon, photos, maps and infos  at wikimaginot.eu
 Ouvrage Gordolon at Subterranea Britannica

GORD
Maginot Line
Alpine Line


Donald Jules Cazayoux Jr. (; born January 17, 1964) is an American lawyer and former politician. He served as the United States Attorney for the Middle District of Louisiana from 2010 to 2013. From 2008 to 2009, he was a Democratic United States Representative from Louisiana's 6th congressional district.

He won a special election held on May 3, 2008, to fill the seat vacated on Republican Congressman Richard H. Baker. He defeated Republican nominee Woody Jenkins and was sworn in on May 6, 2008. In the regularly-scheduled general election held later that year, Cazayoux ran for re-election but was defeated by the Republican nominee, State Senator Bill Cassidy.

Early life
A native of New Roads, Cazayoux is the son of Donald J. and Ann Cazayoux. His paternal grandparents were Jules Joseph Cazayoux Jr. (1914–2010), who was employed by the Southern Cotton Oil Company, and the late Ida Belle Glynn Cazayoux. A Roman Catholic, he graduated from the Catholic High School of Pointe Coupee in 1982. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge and a Juris Doctor from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. After finishing his studies, Cazayoux practiced law and then became a prosecutor for Pointe Coupee Parish. As an assistant district attorney under the 18th Judicial Court District Attorney, Richard "Ricky" Ward, Cazayoux never lost a jury trial.

Political career

Louisiana Legislature

Cazayoux was first elected to the state legislature in 1999. He represented District 18, a heavily Democratic district that includes his home in Pointe Coupee Parish as well as Iberville, West Baton Rouge, and West Feliciana parishes. In the legislature, he became one of the few freshmen ever appointed to the powerful Appropriations Committee. He also worked for passage of laws to assist law enforcement in cracking down on child sexual predators.

U.S. House of Representatives

Cazayoux announced his candidacy for the 6th District shortly after Baker resigned. With the strong backing of the national party, he easily defeated fellow state representative Michael L. Jackson, who represents a portion of Baton Rouge, in the Democratic primary.

Cazayoux was the first Democrat to represent the 6th since four-term incumbent John Rarick was defeated in the 1974 Democratic primary. The seat was won that fall by Republican Henson Moore, who held it for twelve years before giving way to Baker in 1987.

Cazayoux lost his attempt for a full term in November 2008 to State Senator Bill Cassidy, who took 48 percent of the vote to Cazayoux's 40 percent. Jackson ran again, this time as an independent with funding from long-time Cassidy supporter Lane Grigsby. He finished third, garnering 36,133 votes, more than the 25,000-vote margin between Cassidy and Cazayoux, suggesting that he siphoned off many African-American votes that would have otherwise gone to Cazayoux and threw the election to Cassidy. The Daily Kingfish published photos of Jackson meeting with Congressman-elect Cassidy just three days after the election. Cazayoux was one of five incumbent House Democrats to be defeated in the 2008 congressional elections, along with Nancy Boyda (D-KS), William J. Jefferson (D-LA), Nick Lampson (D-TX), and Tim Mahoney (D-FL).

Cazayoux's 2008 campaign was endorsed by Democrats for Life of America.

Political positions
Cazayoux is considered a moderate-to-conservative Democrat, which is typical for most Louisiana Democrats outside New Orleans. He strongly opposes abortion and gun control.

He also supports expanding SCHIP, and favors withdrawing U.S. forces from Iraq. He calls himself "a John Breaux Democrat."

Career after Congress
In April 2010, U.S. President Barack Obama nominated Cazayoux as United States Attorney for the Middle District of Louisiana, following a recommendation by U.S. Senator Mary Landrieu from May 2009. Cazayoux was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate for the position on June 22, 2010.

In 2014, after stepping down as U.S. Attorney for the Middle District of Louisiana, Cazayoux announced the opening of the Cazayoux Ewing law offices in Baton Rouge and New Roads. Lane Ewing, a former assistant U.S. Attorney, is partnering with Cazayoux, who has also tapped former longtime assistant U.S. Attorney Stan Lemelle to join the firm.

Personal life
Cazayoux is a former president of the New Roads branch of the Lions Club (2002–2003). He married Cherie Chavanne in 1986, and they have three children, Michael, Chavanne, and Katie. Cazayoux is a distant relative of the late Lindy Boggs, former US Representative and US Ambassador.

Electoral history

See also
 2008 Louisiana's 6th congressional district special election
 United States House of Representatives elections in Louisiana, 2008#District 6

References

External links

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1964 births
20th-century American lawyers
21st-century American lawyers
21st-century American politicians
Cajun people
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Louisiana
Georgetown University Law Center alumni
Living people
Louisiana State University alumni
Louisiana lawyers
Democratic Party members of the Louisiana House of Representatives
People from New Roads, Louisiana
United States Attorneys for the Middle District of Louisiana


This is a bibliography of books, plays, films, and libretti written, edited, or translated by the Anglo-American poet W. H. Auden (1907–1973). See the main entry for a list of biographical and critical studies and external links.

Publications by W. H. Auden

In the list below, works reprinted in the Complete Works of W. H. Auden are indicated by footnote references.

Books and selected pamphlets
 Poems (London, 1928; privately printed; different contents from 1930 volume with the same title) (dedicated to Christopher Isherwood).
 Poems (London, 1930; second edn., seven poems substituted, London, 1933; includes poems and Paid on Both Sides: A Charade)  (dedicated to Christopher Isherwood).
 The Orators: An English Study (London, 1932, verse and prose; slightly revised edn., London, 1934; revised edn. with new preface, London, 1966; New York 1967) (dedicated to Stephen Spender).
 The Dance of Death (London, 1933, play) (dedicated to Robert Medley and Rupert Doone).
 Poems (New York, 1934; contains Poems [1933 edition], The Orators [1932 edition], and The Dance of Death).
 The Dog Beneath the Skin (London, New York, 1935; play, with Christopher Isherwood) (dedicated to Robert Moody).
 The Ascent of F6 (London, 1936; 2nd edn., 1937; New York, 1937; play, with Christopher Isherwood) (dedicated to John Bicknell Auden).
 Look, Stranger! (London, 1936, poems; US edn., On This Island, New York, 1937) (dedicated to Erika Mann)
 Spain (London, 1937; pamphlet poem).
 Letters from Iceland (London, New York, 1937; verse and prose, with Louis MacNeice) (dedicated to George Augustus Auden).
 On the Frontier (London, 1938; New York, 1939; play, with Christopher Isherwood) (dedicated to Benjamin Britten).
Selected Poems (London, 1938) (selected by Auden from previously published work)
 Education: Today - and Tomorrow (London, 1939; journalism, with T. C. Worsley)
 Journey to a War (London, New York, 1939; verse and prose, with Christopher Isherwood) (dedicated to E. M. Forster).
 Another Time (London, New York 1940; poetry) (dedicated to Chester Kallman).
 Some Poems (London, 1940)) (not selected by Auden)
 The Double Man (New York, 1941, poems; UK edn., New Year Letter, London, 1941) (Dedicated to Elizabeth Mayer).
 For the Time Being (New York, 1944; London, 1945; two long poems: "The Sea and the Mirror: A Commentary on Shakespeare's The Tempest", dedicated to James and Tania Stern, and "For the Time Being: A Christmas Oratorio", in memoriam Constance Rosalie Auden [Auden's mother]).
 The Collected Poetry of W.H. Auden (New York, 1945; includes new poems) (dedicated to Christopher Isherwood and Chester Kallman).
 The Age of Anxiety: A Baroque Eclogue (New York, 1947; London, 1948; verse; won the 1948 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry) (dedicated to John Betjeman).
 The Enchafèd Flood (New York, 1950; London, 1951; prose) (dedicated to Alan Ansen).
 Collected Shorter Poems, 1930-1944 (London, 1950; similar to 1945 Collected Poetry) (dedicated to Christopher Isherwood and Chester Kallman).
 Nones (New York, 1951; London, 1952; poems) (dedicated to Reinhold and Ursula Niebuhr)
 Mountains. (1954) (pamphlet edition of a single poem, included in The Shield of Achilles)
 The Shield of Achilles (New York, London, 1955; poems; won the 1956 National Book Award for Poetry) (dedicated to Lincoln and Fidelma Kirstein).
 The Old Man's Road (New York, 1956; pamphlet with poems, all included in Homage to Clio).
 W. H. Auden: A Selection by the Author (Harmondsworth, 1958; New York, 1959, as Selected Poetry of W. H. Auden) (includes some new revisions to previously published poems)
 Homage to Clio (New York, London, 1960; poems) (dedicated to E. R. and A. E. Dodds).
 The Dyer's Hand (New York, 1962; London, 1963; essays) (dedicated to Nevill Coghill).
 About the House (New York, London, 1965; poems) (dedicated to Edmund and Elena Wilson).
 Collected Shorter Poems 1927-1957 (London, 1966; New York, 1967) (dedicated to Christopher Isherwood and Chester Kallman).
 Selected Poems (London, 1968) (includes some new revisions to previously published poems)
 Collected Longer Poems (London, 1968; New York, 1969).
 Secondary Worlds (London, New York, 1969; prose) (dedicated to Valerie Eliot).
 City Without Walls and Other Poems (London, New York, 1969) (dedicated to Peter Heyworth).
 A Certain World: A Commonplace Book (New York, London, 1970; quotations with commentary) (dedicated to Geoffrey Gorer).
 Academic Graffiti (London, New York, 1971; poems) (in memoriam Ogden Nash).
 Epistle to a Godson and Other Poems (London, New York, 1972) (dedicated to Orlan Fox).
 Forewords and Afterwords (New York, London, 1973; essays) (dedicated to Hannah Arendt).
 Thank You, Fog: Last Poems (London, New York, 1974) (dedicated to Michael and Marny Yates).

Posthumous books
Note: These are works that Auden did not intend to publish
 "The Prolific and the Devourer" (1939, prose; unfinished book; published in magazine form 1981, in book form, New York, 1993).
 Lectures on Shakespeare (1946–47, reconstructed and ed. by Arthur Kirsch, Princeton, 2001).

Anthologies edited by Auden
 The Poet's Tongue (2-vol and 1-vol edns., with John Garrett, London, 1935; introduction reprinted).
 The Oxford Book of Light Verse (Oxford, 1938; introduction reprinted) (dedicated to E. R. Dodds).
 The Portable Greek Reader (New York, 1948; introduction reprinted).
 Poets of the English Language (5 vols., with Norman Holmes Pearson; New York, 1950; London, 1952; introduction reprinted).
 The Faber Book of Modern American Verse (London, 1956; US edn., The Criterion book of Modern American Verse); introduction reprinted.
 The Viking Book of Aphorisms (with Louis Kronenberger; New York, 1964; UK edn., The Faber Book of Aphorisms); introduction reprinted.
 Nineteenth-Century British Minor Poets (New York, 1966; UK edn. Nineteenth-Century Minor Poets).

Film scripts and opera libretti
 Coal Face (1935, closing chorus for GPO Film Unit documentary).
 Negroes (1935, narrative for GPO Film Unit documentary); completed 1938 (without Auden's participation) as God's Chillun.
 Night Mail (1936, narrative for GPO Film Unit documentary, not published separately except as a program note).
 The Way to the Sea (1936, narrative for Strand Films documentary).
 Paul Bunyan (1941, libretto for operetta by Benjamin Britten; not published until 1976).
 The Rake's Progress (1951, with Chester Kallman, libretto for an opera by Igor Stravinsky).
 Elegy for Young Lovers (1956, with Chester Kallman, libretto for an opera by Hans Werner Henze).
 The Bassarids (1961, with Chester Kallman, libretto for an opera by Hans Werner Henze based on The Bacchae of Euripides).
 Runner (1962, documentary film narrative for National Film Board of Canada)
 Love's Labour's Lost (1973, with Chester Kallman, libretto for an opera by Nicolas Nabokov, based on Shakespeare's play).

Non-fiction
"Gresham's School" in Graham Greene (ed.) The Old School: Essays by Divers Hands (London: Jonathan Cape, 1934)

Edited selections of individual authors
 A Selection from the Poems of Alfred, Lord Tennyson (New York, 1944; UK edn. Tennyson: An Introduction and a Selection, London, 1946); introduction reprinted.
 Selected Prose and Poetry of Edgar Allan Poe (New York, 1950; rev. edn., 1956); introduction reprinted.
 The Living Thoughts of Kierkegaard (New York, 1952; UK edn., Kierkegaard: Selected and Introduced by W. H. Auden, London, 1955); introduction reprinted.
 A Choice of De La Mare's Verse (London, 1963); introduction reprinted.
 Louis MacNeice, Selected Poems (London, 1964); preface reprinted.
 George Gordon, Lord Byron, Selected Poetry and Prose (New York, 1966); introduction reprinted.
 G. K. Chesterton: A Selection from His Non-Fictional Prose (London, 1970); introduction reprinted.

Translations
 The Magic Flute (New York, 1956; London, 1957;  with Chester Kallman, English version of Emanuel Schikaneder's original German libretto to the Mozart opera Die Zauberflöte) (dedicated to Anne and Irving Weiss).
 Don Giovanni (New York, 1961; with Chester Kallman, English translation of Lorenzo da Ponte's original Italian libretto to the Mozart opera).
 Goethe, J. W. von. Italian Journey, tr. by W. H. Auden and Elizabeth Mayer (London, New York, 1963); introduction reprinted.
 The Elder Edda: A Selection, tr. by W. H. Auden and Paul B. Taylor (London, 1969; New York, 1970).

Editions published after Auden's death
 Collected Poems (1976, new edns. 1991, 2007, ed. by Edward Mendelson; Auden's final revisions).
 The English Auden: Poems, Essays, and Dramatic Writings, 1927-1939 (1977, ed. by Edward Mendelson).
 Selected Poems (1979, expanded edn. 2007, ed. by Edward Mendelson; includes earlier versions and discarded poems).
 Plays and Other Dramatic Writings, 1927-1938 (1989, first vol. of The Complete Works of W. H. Auden, ed. by Edward Mendelson).
 Libretti and Other Dramatic Writings, 1939-1973 (1993, second vol. of The Complete Works of W. H. Auden, ed. by Edward Mendelson).
 Tell Me the Truth About Love: Ten Poems (1994, later UK edns. have 15 poems).
 Juvenilia: Poems 1922-1928 (1994, ed. by Katherine Bucknell; expanded edn. 2003).
 As I Walked Out One Evening: Songs, Ballads, Lullabies, Limericks, and Other Light Verse (1995, ed. by Edward Mendelson).
 Prose and Travel Books in Prose and Verse: Volume I, 1926-1938 (1997, third vol. of The Complete Works of W. H. Auden, ed. by Edward Mendelson).
 W.H. Auden: Poems selected by John Fuller, (2000).
 Prose, Volume II: 1939-1948 (2002, fourth vol. of The Complete Works of W. H. Auden, ed. by Edward Mendelson).
 The Sea and the Mirror: A Commentary on Shakespeare's "The Tempest" (2003, ed. by Arthur Kirsch).
 Prose, Volume III: 1949-1955 (2008, fifth vol. of The Complete Works of W. H. Auden, ed. by Edward Mendelson).
 Prose, Volume IV: 1956-1962 (2010, sixth vol. of The Complete Works of W. H. Auden, ed. by Edward Mendelson).
 The Age of Anxiety (2011, ed. by Alan Jacobs)
 Prose, Volume V: 1963-1968 (2015, seventh vol. of The Complete Works of W. H. Auden, ed. by Edward Mendelson).
 Prose, Volume VI: 1969-1973 (2015, eighth vol. of The Complete Works of W. H. Auden, ed. by Edward Mendelson).

References

Further reading
Bibliography
Bloomfield, B. C., and Edward Mendelson (1972). W. H. Auden: A Bibliography 1924–1969. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. .

Post-1969 supplements to the item listed above are included in the following:

Auden, W. H.; ed. by Katherine Bucknell and Nicholas Jenkins (1990) "The Map of All My Youth": early works, friends and influences (Auden Studies 1). Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
Auden, W. H.; ed. by Katherine Bucknell and Nicholas Jenkins (1994). "The Language of Learning and the Language of Love": uncollected writings, new interpretations (Auden Studies 2). Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
Auden, W. H.; ed. by Katherine Bucknell and Nicholas Jenkins (1995). "In Solitude, For Company": W. H. Auden after 1940: unpublished prose and recent criticism (Auden Studies 3). Oxford: Oxford University Press. .

External links

Bibliographies by writer
Bibliographies of American writers
Bibliographies of British writers

Poetry bibliographies


No Es lo Mismo (It's Not the Same) is the seventh studio album recorded by Spanish singer-songwriter Alejandro Sanz, It was released by WEA Latina on September 2, 2003 (see 2003 in music). released more than three years after his last album, El Alma al Aire (2000). It was produced with the collaboration of the Cuban musician Lulo Pérez.

Track listing
 No es lo Mismo – 6:04
 Hoy Llueve, Hoy Duele – 4:52
 He Sido Tan Feliz Contigo – 3:52
 Try To Save Your S'ong – 3:42
 Eso – 4:17
 Labana – 5:28
 Sandy a Orilla do Mundo – 3:27
 12 Por 8 – 4:40
 Al Olvido Invito Yo – 4:21
 Regálame la Silla Donde Te Esperé – 4:50
 Lo Diré Bajito – 4:33
 Sí, He Cantado Mal – 0:21

Chart performance

Album

Singles

Personnel

 Adonaya Agarrado Méndez – Background vocals in "12 Por 8"
 Tomasa Agarrado Méndez – Background vocals in "12 Por 8"
 Manu Araujo – Stylist
 Hammadi Bayard – Saxophone
 Tom Bender – Mixing assistant
 Nancy Berek-Mraz – Recording coordinator
 Miguel Betancourt – Recording coordinator
 Dana Bourke – Recording assistant
 Vinnie Colaiuta – Drums
 Luis Conte – Percussion
 Tomás Cruz – Conga in "Regálame la Silla Donde Te Esperé"
 Niños De Jerez – Background vocals in "12 Por 8"
 Jaume de Laiguana – Art direction, graphic design, photography
 Paco de Lucía – Acoustic guitar in "Regálame la Silla Donde Te Esperé"
 Adrián Fregnac – Assistant engineer
 Carlos González – Background vocals
 GQ – Rap
 Guere – Bass in "Sandy a Orilla do Mundo"
 Mick Guzauski – Mixing in all songs except "Labana"
 Horacio "El Negro" Hernández – Drums
 Anthony Jackson – Bass
 Simon James – Conductor (concertino)
 Daniel Kresco – Assistant engineer
 Rosa Lagarrigue – Executive producer
 Michael Landau – Acoustic guitar, electric guitar
 Bob Ludwig – Mastering
 Ala Madrugada – Background vocals
 Carlos Martin – Trombone

 Delvis Mesa – Piano in "Sandy a Orilla do Mundo"
 Raúl Midón – Background vocals
 Zaida Moreno Ruíz – Background vocals in "12 Por 8"
 María Antonia Nogaredo – Background vocals
 The Northwest Sinfonia – Orchestra, strings
 Wendy Pedersen – Background vocals
 Lena Pérez – Background vocals
 Lulo Pérez – Arranger, background vocals, Flugelhorn, Keyboards, piano, programming, trumpet, producer
 Lulo Pérez – Bass synthesizer in "Try To Save Your S'ong"
 Lulo Pérez – Hammond organ in "Eso"
 Santiago Pérez – Conductor (orchestra)
 José Antonio Rodríguez – Acoustic guitar
 Carlos Rufo – Electric guitar
 Enrique Ruíz Carrasco – Background vocals in "12 Por 8" Alejandro Sanz – Vocals, acoustic guitar, arranger, background vocals, producer
 Alejandro Sanz – Tres in "Labana"
 Rafa Sardina – Engineer
 Rafa Sardina – Flute in "Sandy a Orilla do Mundo"
 Rafa Sardina – Mixing in "Labana"
 Pepo Scherman – Engineer
 Jon Schluckebier – Recording assistant
 Shaw Simmon – Recording assistant
 Rafaela Soto Bermúdez – Background vocals in "12 Por 8"
 Eddie Thomas – Background vocals
 Javier Valverde – Assistant engineer, mixing assistant, background vocals
 Chelo Vázquez – background vocals in "12 Por 8"'
 Irene Vázquez – Background vocals in "12 Por 8"
 Dan Warner – Acoustic guitar, electric guitar, guitar (nylon string)

 Awards

 Special edition No Es lo Mismo: Edición Especial Gira is the 2004 re-release of the album No Es lo Mismo containing a CD and DVD. The CD contains 5 new tracks and the DVD contains 11 videos.

 Re-release No Es lo Mismo (Edición 2006) is the 2006 re-release of the album No Es lo Mismo'' containing a CD and DVD. The CD contains 15 tracks and the DVD contains 13 videos.

Sales and certifications

See also
 List of best-selling Latin albums

References

2003 albums
Alejandro Sanz albums
Latin Grammy Award winners for Album of the Year
Warner Music Latina albums
Latin Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Album
Latin Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album
Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album
Spanish-language albums


Ouvrage Flaut is a work (gros ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line, also called the Little Maginot Line.  The ouvrage consists of one entry block, one infantry block and one artillery block at an altitude of . The position was intended, acting with Ouvrage Gordolon, to stop an approach by Italian forces from the north towards Nice through the Vésibie Valley.

Description
Flaut was built between November 1931 and March 1935, by a contractor named Borie. The cost was 23.5 million francs. The ouvrage is laid out in the shape of a T, with a gallery running straight into the hillside to block 3 with the barracks, ammunition magazine and usine in galleries to either side.  Halfway to Block 3 a long gallery extends to the left, connecting to blocks 4 and 5.
Block 1 (entry): one machine gun cloche, one grenade launcher cloche and one machine gun/47mm anti-tank gun embrasure.
Block 2 (artillery): one machine gun cloche and two 81mm mortar embrasures.
Block 3 (artillery): one machine gun cloche, two heavy twin machine gun cloches, one observation cloche and two 76mm gun embrasures.
Block 4 (artillery): one machine gun cloche, one heavy twin machine gun cloche, one observation cloche, one heavy twin machine gun embrasure and two 81mm mortar embrasures.
Block 5 (infantry): one machine gun cloche, one observation cloche and one heavy twin machine gun embrasure.

A sixth block was proposed with a 75mm gun turret but not built. Five observation posts reported to Flaut, including Caire-Saint-Saveur, Tête Saint-Saveur, and Castel-Viel.

History
During 1940 the artillery of Flaut was heavily involved in firing against III Italian Corps.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Flaut (gros ouvrage de) at fortiff.be

FLAUT
Maginot Line
Alpine Line


Chechelnyk (earlier also Chichelnik; alternate spellings Chetschelnik, Chitchilnik, Cicelnic, Czeczelnik, Tschetschelnik) (, ) is an urban-type settlement on the Savranka River (a tributary of the Southern Bug) in Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine, near Odesa Oblast, located in the historic region of Podolia. Chechelnyk was formerly the administrative center of Chechelnyk Raion, although it is now administrated under the Haisyn Raion. The economy is based on the food industry, especially alcohol production. Population:

History
Chechelnyk was founded "as a refuge from Tatars and landlords" in the early 16th century and achieved the status of a town in 1635. Until the Partitions of Poland Czeczelnik was part of the Bracław Voivodeship of the Lesser Poland Province of the Polish Crown. It was a private town of Poland, owned by the House of Lubomirski.

Later it became part of the Podolian Governorate of the Russian Empire. Between 1795 and 1812 it was renamed Olgopil. In 1898 the population was 7,000, of whom 1,967 were Jews. Like most of Podillya, the town suffered terribly during the First World War and 1917-1921 Ukrainian War of Independence; during the summer of 1920, "the south of Podillya seethed with counterrevolution... and Olgopil County, where Chechelnyk is located, was the most unstable area in all of Podillya."

Notable residents

 Brazilian writer Clarice Lispector was born in Chechelnyk during a pause in the family's journey to escape Russia.

References

External links
Chechelnik at JewishEncyclopedia.com
Chechelnyk.com (in Ukrainian)

Urban-type settlements in Haisyn Raion
Cossack Hetmanate
Olgopolsky Uyezd


Lieutenant General William Home, 8th Earl of Home (1681 – 28 April 1761) was a Scottish peer and the British Governor of Gibraltar between 1757 and 1761. Lord Home was a well-known spendthrift.

Military career
He inherited the title Earl of Home in 1720 on the death of his father, Alexander Home, 7th Earl of Home. He was commissioned into the 2nd Regiment of Dragoon Guards in 1735. Home married wealthy Jamaican-English heiress Elizabeth Lawes for her fortune on Christmas Day 1742. The couple would have no children, and the Earl deserted his wife in February 1743 for unknown reasons, taking a commission as a captain in the 3rd regiment of dragoon guards in July 1743. The couple remained technically married, however, and the Countess of Home went on to become a society figure, entertaining lavishly at her London home, Home House.

Lord Home fought at the Battle of Prestonpans in 1745 under Sir John Cope. Distinguishing service meant that he was given command of the Glasgow volunteer regiment of foot which was given orders to defend Stirling. He did well as most of the Jacobite forces were in England making their way to Derby with Bonnie Prince Charlie.

On 11 August 1750 he became colonel of the 48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot, transferring on 29 April 1752 to become colonel of the 25th (Edinburgh) Regiment of Foot until his death.

In 1757 he was made Governor of Gibraltar and in 1759 promoted to Lieutenant General.

Death and legacy
He was meant to return to England on 29 April 1761 but he died the day before in Gibraltar. His younger brother Alexander succeeded him as Earl. Despite the separation, his wife Elizabeth retained her title and remained independently wealthy due to her father and first husband until her death in 1784. She was buried in Westminster Abbey.

The UK Government has a painting of Major General William Home in its collection attributed to the British school of painters.

References

Works cited

|-

1681 births
1761 deaths
British Army lieutenant generals
Earls of Home
Scottish representative peers
British Army personnel of the Jacobite rising of 1745
2nd Dragoon Guards (Queen's Bays) officers
48th Regiment of Foot officers
29th Regiment of Foot officers
Governors of Gibraltar
William
Scottish slave owners


Ouvrage Baisse de Saint Véran is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line.  The ouvrage consists of one infantry block facing Italy. Three combat blocks and an entrance block were planned, but only Block 2 was built, with one observation/light machine gun cloche, three light machine gun embrasures and one heavy twin machine gun embrasure at an altitude of 1915 meters.  However, armament was never furnished and the cloche was not fitted. Almost none of the supporting subterranean galleries were completed. The position was manned in 1940 by 68 soldiers of the 40th Demi-Brigade des Fusiliers Alpins under Sub-Lieutenant Kessler.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Saint Véran (petit ouvrage de la Baisse de) at fortiff.be
 Info, location and photos about the  PO de Saint Véran  at wikimaginot.eu

BAIS
Maginot Line
Alpine Line


Network Italy (Rete Italia) is a Christian-democratic association connected to Popular Alternative (AP), a political party in Italy, and earlier to The People of Freedom. Most of its members, including its long-time leader Roberto Formigoni, are members of the Catholic lay movement Communion and Liberation (CL).

History
The political involvement of large chunks of CL dates back to the Seventies. In 1975 Formigoni organised the Popular Movement (MP) as a faction within Christian Democracy (DC). In January 1994, when the DC was dissolved, its members joined the Italian People's Party (PPI) and, a year later, they founded the United Christian Democrats (CDU), along with Rocco Buttiglione. Formigoni, who had been elected President of Lombardy in April 1995 thanks to the support of Silvio Berlusconi's Forza Italia (FI), was appointed president of the CDU at the party's founding congress in July. In 1998, when Buttiglione temporarily aligned his party with the centre-left in support of D'Alema I Cabinet (through the Democratic Union for the Republic, UDR), Formigoni and his followers (known as Formigoniani) formed the Christian Democrats for Freedom (CDL). When Buttiglione re-established the CDU and re-positioned it in the centre-right, joining the House of Freedoms coalition in 2000, Formigoni, his Formigoniani and many regional councillors from northern regions had already joined FI.

In 2006 Network Italy was organized as an association within Forza Italia. Leading members of the faction, whose powerbase was in Lombardy, have included Maurizio Lupi, Mario Mauro, Giancarlo Abelli, Adriano Paroli, Maurizio Bernardo, Mario Malossini, Raffaello Vignali, Aldo Brandirali and Mario Sala.

In 2009 the association, along with Forza Italia, joined The People of Freedom (PdL) party.

In November 2010, during a convention in Milan, Formigoni formed an alliance with other two party bigwigs, Raffaele Fitto and Angelino Alfano. The aim of the initiative was to reinforce the Catholic image of the party. The ties with Franco Frattini's Liberamente and Gianni Alemanno's New Italy were reinforced too.

In December 2012 Mauro, who had been the FI/PdL leader in the European Parliament since 1999, broke with the PdL and joined Civic Choice (SC).

In November 2013, upon the transformation of the PdL into a new Forza Italia, the entire faction joined Alfano's New Centre-Right (NCD).

In March 2017 the NCD was dissolved into Popular Alternative (AP).

References

External links
Official website

Organisations associated with The People of Freedom


Roy Lee Schmidt (May 3, 1942 – September 11, 2022) was an American professional football player who was an offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL) for the New Orleans Saints, Atlanta Falcons, Washington Redskins, and the Minnesota Vikings. He played college football at Long Beach State University and was drafted in the thirteenth round of the 1965 NFL Draft by the Green Bay Packers.

Schmidt was the great uncle of international basketball player, Sami Whitcomb.

References

1942 births
2022 deaths
American football offensive guards
Long Beach State 49ers football players
New Orleans Saints players
Atlanta Falcons players
Washington Redskins players
Minnesota Vikings players
Players of American football from Colorado Springs, Colorado


Ouvrage Plan Caval is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line, also known as the Little Maginot Line.  The ouvrage consists of two infantry blocks and one observation block facing Italy. The ouvrage is located on the heights of L'Authion, surrounded by older fortifications. Three additional blocks were planned to make it a gros ouvrage but were not built. Cost for the full ensemble was estimated at 23 million francs.

The ouvrage consists of three blocks facing Italy at an altitude of . The ouvrage was manned by 287 soldiers in 1940, under the command of Captain Philipp. Plan-Caval was located to control the Maglia and Cayros valleys, as well as providing flanking cover the La Béole and Saint-Véran. An extensive set of underground barracks and magazines near the uncompleted entrances was never started, so that the ouvrage as constructed consists mostly of a single narrow gallery connecting the combat blocks.

Description
Block 1 (unbuilt entry block): planned to have one observation/machine gun cloche and one twin heavy machine gun embrasure.
Block 2 (unbuilt artillery block): planned to have one 75mm/31cal gun embrasure.
Block 3 (partially built artillery block): planned to have one observation/machine gun cloche and one 81mm mortar turret. Neither was installed and the block is blocked off from the gallery below.
Block 4 (infantry block): one heavy twin machine gun cloche and one twin machine gun embrasure.
Block 5 (infantry block): one observation/machine gun cloche.
Block 6 (infantry block): two heavy twin machine gun embrasures.

Plan Caval is also associated with a nearby casemate with one machine gun embrasure and one advance post bunker. The advanced post is a small blockhouse with three machine gun embrasures.

Other, older fortifications exist in the same neighborhood. The Batterie du Plan Caval and its associated barracks are immediately to the west of the ouvrage.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Ouvrage Plan Caval at Subterranea Britannica

PLAN
Maginot Line
Alpine Line


Saganing Eagles Landing Casino is a casino located just outside the city of Standish, Michigan, United States. Opened on December 31, 2007, the casino is owned by the Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Council, which also owns the Soaring Eagle Casino in Mount Pleasant, Michigan. This is located on the tribe's Isabella Indian Reservation.

The casino features over 800 slot machines and virtual games on the gaming floor. Traditional table games such as blackjack and roulette are offered through a virtual experience.

The casino was renovated and expanded in 2019.

References

Casinos completed in 2007
Buildings and structures in Arenac County, Michigan
Casinos in Michigan
Native American casinos
Tourist attractions in Arenac County, Michigan
Native American history of Michigan
Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation


Ouvrage La Béole is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line.  The ouvrage consists of one entry block and two observation blocks at an altitude of .  The ouvrage consists of two entry blocks and one observation block facing Italy. The ouvrage was manned by 94 soldiers in 1940, under the command of Sub-Lieutenant Caillard. Additional blocks were planned but not built.  The ouvrage was never provided with electricity. Three more blocks were planned but not built.

Description
Block 1 (entry): one light machine gun embrasure and one twin heavy machine gun embrasure.
Block 2 (entry): one light machine gun embrasure.
Block 3 (infantry): one observation/machine gun cloche.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 La Béole (petit ouvrage) at fortiff.be

LABE
Maginot Line
Alpine Line


The Cathedral of Saint Joseph located in Burlington, Vermont, United States, is the seat of the Catholic Diocese of Burlington.  It served at the co-cathedral of the diocese from 1999 to 2018 when it became the cathedral church following the closure of the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Burlington.

History

Col. Archibald Hyde donated land for the first Catholic Church built in Burlington, which served both Irish and French Canadian immigrants. The French-speaking members felt like second-class citizens in the predominantly Irish congregation. After raising the necessary funds and another donation of land, St. Joseph's parish was established as the first French Canadian parish in the United States in 1850. A church was constructed to serve the growing French-speaking Canadian population that had immigrated to the North End of Burlington during the mid-19th century.

The present church building was designed in 1883 by Rev. Joseph Michaud who was a self-taught architect hailing from Montreal. He used the Chapel of the Palace of Versailles as his inspiration. The cornerstone was laid on July 4, 1884. It took four years to complete the structure, which relied on the labor and financial sacrifices of its parishioners. The church was dedicated on St. Jean the Baptist Day (Fête de la Saint-Jean-Baptiste) on June 24, 1887, and blessed by the Archbishop of Montreal, Édouard-Charles Fabre. The church's seating capacity was designed to accommodate over 1,200 worshipers, and it remains the largest church in Vermont. St. Joseph's has been renovated in 1920, 1968, and 2000–2001. It was named the co-cathedral for the Burlington diocese in 1999.

Because of low attendance and finances, the process for merging the two Burlington Catholic cathedrals began in 2017. Sunday Masses were celebrated at St. Joseph, while Immaculate Conception had a weekday Mass at Noon and a monthly Mass in Vietnamese. The title to the Immaculate Conception property was transferred to St. Joseph Parish. In April 2018 Bishop Christopher Coyne decreed that St. Joseph was the sole diocesan cathedral, and later in the year relegated the Immaculate Conception building to secular use. On October 11, 2018, the Diocese of Burlington announced that it would sell the Immaculate Conception property. The last Mass was celebrated in Immaculate Conception Church on December 8, 2018.

Steeple
A violent storm in November 2010 damaged St. Joseph's steeple, and the top portion of it had to be removed in April of the following year. Repair crews had found that the structure had undergone severe deterioration and it was subsequently determined that the  wrought-iron cross on top was at risk of toppling. The cross was placed into storage, while the lower sections of the steeple (e.g. the belfry) required renovations costing about $200,000. Efforts to restore the steeple to its original height were delayed due to the estimated expense of $1 million, which the church could not afford. Through donations to the repair fund and the sale of the parish's school building in April 2018 the necessary funds became available. The project was completed in May 2019.

See also
List of Catholic cathedrals in the United States
List of cathedrals in the United States

References

External links

Official Cathedral Site
Diocese of Burlington Official Site

Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Burlington
French-Canadian American history
French-Canadian culture in Vermont
Joseph (Burlington, Vermont)
Churches in Burlington, Vermont
Religious organizations established in 1850
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1887
1805 establishments in Vermont
Baroque Revival architecture in the United States
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States


The Bleu du Maine is a French breed of domestic sheep. It originated in the historic region of Maine, and is distributed mainly in the départements of Maine-et-Loire, the Mayenne and the Sarthe in the Pays de la Loire in western France.

It is a large and prolific sheep, characterised by the distinctive blue face from which its name derives. It is raised primarily for meat.

History

The Bleu du Maine shares some ancestry with the Rouge de l'Ouest. It derives from cross-breeding in the early nineteenth century of the now-extinct Choletais – named for the town of Cholet in southern Maine-et-Loire – with imported British Leicester Longwool or Dishley Leicester stock. Towards the end of the century there was some influence from the Wensleydale, from which the characteristic blue face derives. As the name suggests, the breed originated in the historic region of Maine, principally in the areas surrounding the towns of Bazougers in the département of Mayenne and Sablé-sur-Sarthe and Souvigné-sur-Sarthe in the Sarthe. It is reared mainly in the Mayenne, the Sarthe, and in Maine-et-Loire; its range extends into the Orne in southern Normandy.

A flock-book was started in 1927; the breed received the official recognition of the Ministère de l'Agriculture in 1948. In 2015 the total population was estimated at just under 11 000, of which 1703 were recorded in the flock-book. In 2007 the conservation status of the breed world-wide was listed by the FAO as "not at risk"; in 2021 the status for France only was reported to DAD-IS as "endangered".

Some have been exported to European countries, and to Ethiopia; in 2021 the breed was reported from Belgium, France, Holland, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Some were exported to the United Kingdom in 1980 for use as mule sires; the resulting ewes were found to be considerably less productive than daughters of British breeds such as the Blue-faced Leicester, the Border Leicester and the British Milksheep.

Characteristics

The Bleu du Maine is a large heavy sheep: rams weigh some , ewes about . It is characterised by a distinctive blue face, varying in colour from almost black to a reddish tinge. The fleece is white. The face is broad, with a slightly convex profile; it and the legs are free of wool.

Use

The Bleu du Maine is reared primarily for meat. Prolificity is reported to be 1.88.

Fleeces weigh some , with a staple length of approximately  and fineness of Bradford count  equivalent to approximately

References

Sheep breeds originating in France
Sheep breeds


Desson Patrick Thomson is a former speechwriter for the Obama administration and former film critic for The Washington Post. He was known as Desson Howe until 2003 when he changed his name after reuniting with his birth father.

Biography
Thomson attended American University from 1975 until 1979, graduating in Spring 1980 with a degree in visual communications and cinema studies. He started working for The Washington Post in 1983 as a copy aide for the Style section, and by 1984 was writing freelance articles for the paper. In 1987 he became a film critic for the paper. He was one of the few film critics in the country to write a positive review of The Coen Brothers' The Big Lebowski,  and wrote many well received film tributes including one to Richard Pryor . He has frequently acknowleged writing one of the few negative reviews of The Shawshank Redemption..

Thomson left the Washington Post in 2008, and in 2010 became a speechwriter in the administration of President Barack Obama. From February 2010 until November 2010 he was stationed in London working for the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom, Louis Susman. In December 2010, he joined the Policy Planning Office of the U.S. Department of State as a speechwriter for Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. In February 2012, he became a speechwriter and Senior Advisor for Content Development for the Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs. Until September 2017 he was a speechwriter and senior advisor for Charles H. Rivkin, Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs.

References

The Washington Post people
American University School of Communication alumni
American film critics
Living people
1958 births
20th-century American journalists
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American journalists
21st-century American male writers
American male journalists
American speechwriters
Writers from Surrey
English emigrants to the United States


Te Kao is a village on the Aupouri Peninsula of Northland, New Zealand. Te Aupōuri are mana whenua (tribe with traditional authority over a territory) over Te Kao and the surrounding district, and it is the principal settlement of the iwi (tribe). Te Aupōuri's Post-Settlement Governance Entity, Te Runanga Nui o Te Aupōuri, has an office at Te Kao, along with the iwi's marae and urupa.   State Highway 1 passes through the district. Cape Reinga is 46 km to the north, and Houhora is 24 km to the south. The Aupouri Forest and Ninety Mile Beach are to the west.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "the dried kūmara" for .

The athlete Te Houtaewa, of Te Aupōuri, started his legendary run along Ninety Mile Beach at Te Kao.

Demographics
Te Kao is in an SA1 statistical area which covers  and includes the area between the mouth of Parengarenga Harbour and Tauwhia Stream. The SA1 area is part of the larger North Cape statistical area.

The SA1 statistical area had a population of 225 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 54 people (31.6%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 9 people (4.2%) since the 2006 census. There were 75 households, comprising 120 males and 105 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.14 males per female. The median age was 30.5 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 57 people (25.3%) aged under 15 years, 54 (24.0%) aged 15 to 29, 75 (33.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 36 (16.0%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 22.7% European/Pākehā, 92.0% Māori, 9.3% Pacific peoples, and 1.3% Asian. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Of those people who chose to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 20.0% had no religion, 45.3% were Christian and 29.3% had Māori religious beliefs.

Of those at least 15 years old, 9 (5.4%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 36 (21.4%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $20,000, compared with $31,800 nationally. 6 people (3.6%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 66 (39.3%) people were employed full-time, 18 (10.7%) were part-time, and 9 (5.4%) were unemployed.

Marae

Pōtahi Marae, near the centre of Te Kao, is the traditional meeting place for Te Aupōuri, and includes the wharehui (meeting house) Waimirirangi and wharekai (dining hall)  Te Rongopātūtaonga.

In October 2020, the Government committed $220,442 from the Provincial Growth Fund to upgrade the marae, creating 9 jobs.

Education

Te Kura o Te Kao is a coeducational full primary (years 1–8) school with a roll of  students as of

The school started as Te Kao Native School in 1881. It became Te Kao Area School, providing education up to seventh form, but with few secondary students it changed to become a primary school in 1999.

The school celebrated its 125th anniversary during Labour Weekend in 2006. It became a designated character school at the start of 2019, and extended to include years 9 and 10 in 2020.

Notes

Far North District
Populated places in the Northland Region


Caïman Fu are a Québécois pop rock band founded in 2000 by Nicolas Grimard and Yves Manseau.  They released their self-titled debut album in 2003, which was subsequently followed by Les Charmes du Quotidien ("the charms of the everyday") in fall 2005 and Drôle d'animal in 2008.

In 2005 they were spokespersons for the first Salon of independent music of Quebec. They played at Francofolies in 2002 and 2003.

Discography
 2003  : Caïman Fu
 2006 : Les charmes du quotidien
 2008  : Drôle d'animal
 2012  : À des milles

Band members

Line-up

Anecdotes
 The name of their group is often stylized with an "ï" that includes two dots placed vertically and not horizontally.

References

Canadian indie rock groups
Musical groups from Montreal
Musical groups established in 2003
2003 establishments in Quebec


Ouvrage Col d'Agnon is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line.  The ouvrage consists of two entry blocks and one observation block facing Italy at an altitude of . The ouvrage was manned by 59 soldiers in 1940 under Sub-Lieutenant Lacour. The position was sited to observe the Roya valley.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Col d'Agnon (petit ouvrage) at fortiff.be

COLA
Maginot Line
Alpine Line


Tschingelsee is a lake in the valley Kiental of the Canton of Berne, Switzerland. The lake formed on Tschingelalp in 1972 after severe weather. Since 1987 the area has been a nature preserve.

Tschingel
Lakes of the canton of Bern
1972 establishments in Switzerland
LTschingelsee


Hubert Stromberger (born January 18, 1963) is a former Austrian racing driver from Weitensfeld im Gurktal. He competed in one CART Championship Car race for Project Indy in 1995 at Road America where he started 27th and finished 16th. He also attempted to qualify at the Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course a month later but failed to make the race. Most of his driving success was in Formula Opel EFDA Nations Cup competition. He retired from competitive racing in 2001 and is now a racing instructor.

Motorsports career results

American Open-Wheel
(key)

CART

External links
Hubert Stromberger at ChampCarStats.com

1963 births
Austrian racing drivers
Champ Car drivers
EFDA Nations Cup drivers
Living people
Sportspeople from Carinthia (state)


Ouvrage La Déa, also known as the Petit Ouvrage de la baisse de la Déa, is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line.  The ouvrage consists of two entry blocks and one observation block facing Italy at an altitude of , armed with one observation cloche and one machine gun embrasure. The ouvrage was manned by 81 soldiers in 1940, and commanded by sous-lieutenant Guillemin. The position was sited to control the Maglia valley. A fourth block with three machine gun positions was not built.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 La Déa (petit ouvrage) at fortiff.be
 ouvrage d'infanterie de la Déa, map , photos and informations  at wikimaginot.eu

LADE
Maginot Line
Alpine Line