Sébastien Aymar Bassong Nguena (born 9 July 1986) is a former professional footballer who played as a defender. Born in France, he opted to play for the Cameroon national team.

Club career

Metz
Born in Paris, France, Metz signed Bassong out of the Clairefontaine academy. After progressing through the ranks of the FC Metz's youth team, he was promoted to the reserve side for the 2004–05 season.

In the 2005–06 season, Bassong was promoted to the first team and made his professional debut for FC Metz, starting the whole game, in a 0–0 draw against Strasbourg on 23 August 2005, keeping a clean sheet in a process. Following his debut, Bassong soon received a handful of first team appearances for the side throughout the 2005–06 season. In his first professional season at FC Metz, Bassong went on to make twenty–four appearances in all competitions. At the end of the 2005–06 season, he was offered his first professional contract, which he signed a three–year contract.

The 2006–07 season saw Bassong becoming a first team regular for FC Metz, establishing himself in the defensive position. He said that he progressed in the first team, as the season progressed. Since the start of the 2006–07 season, Bassong started in every match until he missed one match, due to international commitment. After his return to the starting lineup, he helped the side keep five clean sheets between 30 March 2007 and 27 April 2007. During the encounter, Bassong helped the side beat Amiens 2–0 on 20 April 2007 to secure their place in Ligue 1 next season after being relegated in the previous season. On 18 May 2007, Bassong scored his first professional goal for the side, in a 2–1 loss against Strasbourg. At the end of the 2006–07 season, he went on to make thirty–eight appearances and scoring once in all competitions.

In the 2007–08 season, with the club playing in Ligue 1, Bassong, however, was sidelined at the start of the season, due to hamstring he sustained in the pre–season. It wasn't until on 15 September 2007 when he returned to the starting up for the side, in a 5–1 loss against Lyon. Halfway through the 2007–08 season, Bassong was soon sidelined with suspension and another injury. At the end of the 2007–08 season, which saw FC Metz relegated once again, Bassong went on to make twenty–four appearances in all competitions.

During his three years spell at FC Metz, Bassong played seventy–nine times and scoring once, in the French second tier.

Newcastle United
In July 2008, Bassong was offered a one-week trial with Newcastle United and made his debut in a pre-season friendly against Doncaster Rovers. On 30 July, it was confirmed that Newcastle had agreed a fee of £500,000 with Metz for Bassong.

Bassong made his professional debut for Newcastle on 26 August 2008 in a League Cup game away to Coventry City, before playing his first league game for Newcastle away to Arsenal five days later when he came on as a substitute for José Enrique. Since joining the club, Bassong began to receive a handful of first team appearances for the side, playing in the left–back position. Despite the club's struggles in the league, his performance was praised by Manager Joe Kinnear. Following the return of José Enrique, Bassong moved to playing in the centre–back position. However, he received his first red card for the club away to Wigan Athletic on 26 December 2008. Following his return from suspension, Bassong continued to regain his first team place for the side despite suffering from groin injury and then was sent–off once again on 16 May 2009 as part of 0–1 home defeat to Fulham in the penultimate game of the season. In his first season at Newcastle United, Bassong went on to make thirty–four appearances in all competitions.

At the end of the season, Bassong was named the Newcastle Player of the Season for 2008–09. He was considered by the club's supporters as the best signing this season. Following Newcastle's relegation to the Championship, Bassong expressed his desire to leave the club, with Manchester City, Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur linked with him. But the club was keen on selling him for £15 million. In July 2009, Bassong said he wanted to leave the club, which he later cited "shambolic political situation at the club, with no manager or owner in place and pre-season well under way". The following month, Bassong was fined by Newcastle United for not traveling with the squad during the club's pre–season tour.

Tottenham Hotspur

On 6 August 2009, it was confirmed he had passed a medical at Spurs signing a five-year deal and completed an £8 million move to the North London club that same day. Newcastle United previously rejected a £10 million from Tottenham Hotspur for him.

Bassong scored on his debut for Tottenham in a 2–1 victory over Liverpool, heading in the winner from a free kick cross from teammate Luka Modrić in the 59th minute. During a 3–0 loss against Chelsea on 22 September 2009, he suffered a concussion "after falling awkwardly in a collision with Nicolas Anelka" and had to be substituted. But Bassong was given an "all clear", allowing him to return to the starting lineup for the side. He started in every match since the start of the season, due to the absence of Jonathan Woodgate and Ledley King until he missed one match in early–November after suffering from a hamstring injury. Since returning to the first team from a hamstring injury, Bassong continued to fight for his first team place, as he was featured in and out of the club's starting lineup. At the end of the 2009–10 season, Bassong went on to make thirty–eight appearances and scoring once in all competitions.

At the start of Tottenham's 2010–11 Champions League campaign, Bassong scored Spurs' first goal in a 3–2 losing effort to Swiss club Young Boys. However, he failed to start or make the bench for the second leg in which Spurs won 4–0 (6–3 on aggregate), sending Tottenham into the Champions League group stages. During a 4–1 loss against rivals, Arsenal on 22 September 2010, Bassong fouled Samir Nasri in the penalty box, which Nasri, himself, converted the penalty successfully; and after the match, he said about the foul: "I touched his chest but I did not grab him. He went down too easily. He told me afterwards that I just barely touched him." However, Bassong found himself behind the pecking order in the centre–backs and found himself in the substitute bench and cover role throughout the season. At the end of the 2010–11 season, Bassong only made 12 league appearances during the season with one league goal away at Birmingham City on 4 December 2010.

Ahead of the 2011–12 season, Bassong expressed his desire to leave Tottenham Hotspur, citing lack of first team opportunities at the club. Throughout the summer transfer window, he was linked a move to Newcastle United and Queens Park Rangers, but ultimately stayed at Tottenham Hotspur. However, he continued to remain behind the pecking order in the centre–backs. Despite this, Bassong captained the side for the first time in the UEFA Europa League against Rubin Kazan on 21 October 2011; and helped the side win 1–0. In the next encounter against Rubin Kazan on 3 November 2011, however, he was at fault for giving away a free kick, leading to a goal from the opposition team, as Tottenham Hotspur lost 1–0. By the time he departed to Wolverhampton Wanderers for the rest of the 2011–12 season, Bassong made thirteen appearances for Tottenham Hotspur this season.

Loan spell at Wolves
On 31 January 2012, Bassong joined fellow Premier League side Wolverhampton Wanderers on loan until the end of the 2011–12 season. Upon joining Wolverhampton Wanderers, he said he joined the club because of first team football.

Four days later, he made his debut for Wolves, playing the full 90 minutes in the 2–1 win against QPR. After suffering a hamstring injury, he returned to the starting lineup and featured in a number of matches in the first team until his sending off in the early first–half, in a 3–0 loss against Arsenal. However, his loan spell with Wolves did not prevent the club from being relegated after a 2–0 home loss to Manchester City. At the end of the 2011–12 season, Bassong made nine appearances for the side and returned to his parent club.

Norwich City
On 21 August 2012, Bassong signed with Norwich City for an undisclosed fee. This deal linked him back up with Chris Hughton who he worked under at Newcastle.

Bassong made his Canaries debut against Queens Park Rangers in a 1–1 draw at Carrow Road. Since making his Norwich City, he quickly became a first team regular for the side, establishing himself in the centre–back position. He started in the first four league matches until he suffered an injury against Newcastle United in early minutes of the first half, as Norwich City lost 1–0. It wasn't until on 6 October 2012 when he returned to the first team, in a 4–1 loss against Chelsea. At the beginning of November, Bassong helped the side keep three clean sheets, winning two out of the three matches. In a follow–up match, Bassong scored his first goal for Norwich, a 90th-minute equaliser away at Everton. During the match, he was subjected of racist abuse from Everton supporters, leading Norwich City to report the abuse to the police. At the beginning of December, he scored again to help Norwich get three points and a 2–1 win against Sunderland. He scored his third goal for Norwich City at Swansea City on 8 December 2012. For his performance, Bassong was named Sky Sports’ Team of the Week. During the match, he was, again, subjected of racist abuse from Swansea City supporters, leading Norwich City to report the abuse to the police for the second time and investigated four separate incidents of actual or alleged racist abuse, resulting in the police making an arrest. In May 2013, charges against a Swansea City supporter was dropped. Despite suffering from injuries later in the season, Bassong continued to feature in the first team for the rest of the season. At the end of the 2012–13 season, he finished his first season, making thirty–five appearances and scoring three times in all competitions. On 17 May 2013, Bassong was named Norwich City's Player of the Season for 2012–13, winning the Barry Butler Memorial Trophy. In doing so, he became the first player from outside the British Isles to win the prestigious award.

Ahead of the 2013–14 season, Bassong was named as the club's team captain on 10 August 2013 following the departure of Grant Holt. However, Bassong missed the start of the 2013–14 Premier League season after suffering an injury just before the start of pre-season. He played in developmental games and a League Cup fixture against Bury to get back to match fitness. On 31 August 2013, he returned against Southampton and helped the team keep a clean sheet as they beat the Saints 1–0. Since returning to the first team from injury, Bassong regained his first team place, establishing himself in the centre–back position. However, against Manchester City on 2 November 2013, he was the captain in the match that saw Norwich City lost 7–0, leading him to be dropped to the bench for the next match. Bassong then returned to the starting lineup for Norwich City, without the captaincy, where he helped the side beat Crystal Palace 1–0 on 30 November 2013. On 12 December 2013, he signed a new contract with the club, keeping him until 2016. Three days after that, Bassong returned as the club's captain against Swansea City, where he made a mistake that led to Nathan Dyer, as the game finished 1–1. Later in the 2013–14 season, his performance in number of matches was soon a subject of criticism from the club's supporters and pundits. As a result, he was dropped from the first team for the rest of the season. However, Norwich were relegated that season along with Cardiff City and Fulham. This was his third relegation from the Premier League with a third different club. At the end of the 2013–14 season, Bassong made thirty appearances in all competitions.

Ahead of the 2014–15 season, Bassong was challenged by new Manager Neil Adams to fight for his first team place. Bassong switched number shirt to thirty. However, at the start of the 2014–15 season, he fell out of favour in the first team by Manager Neil Adams. After his loan spell at Watford came to an end, Bassong was given a chance to return to the first team by Manager Alex Neil. It wasn't until on 30 January 2015 when he returned to the first team, keeping a clean sheet, in a 0–0 draw against Birmingham City. Bassong then started in a match against Watford on 21 February 2015, the team he was loaned during the season, in a 3–0 win. Since returning to Norwich City, he quickly regained his first team place for the side for the rest of the season. His performance was praised since returning from a loan spell at Watford and played a role that saw Norwich City qualify for the play-offs in the Championship. He started the whole game in the Championship play-off final against Middlesbrough, as Norwich City beat them 2–0 to secure promotion to play in Premier League football next season. Reflecting to the 2014–15 season, he praised Manager Neil for giving him a first team chance since returning. At the end of the 2014–15 season, Bassong made thirty–two appearances in all competitions.

Ahead of the 2015–16 season, Bassong was given a number six shirt for the side. He also signed a contract extension, keeping him until 2017. Since the start of the 2015–16 season, Bassong continued to regain his first team place for the side, establishing himself in the centre–back position. Having received first team football under the management of Alex Neil since the start of the 2015–16 season, Bassong credited him for putting his football career back on track. Between 28 December 2015 and 2 January 2016, he helped the side keep two clean sheets in two matches. On 23 January 2016, Bassong scored his first goal for the club in over three years, in a 5–4 against Liverpool. Since the start of the 2015–16 season, he started in every match for the side until he suffered a fitness concern. Following his return, Bassong spent the rest of the 2015–16 season, competing in the centre–back position with Timm Klose and Ryan Bennett that saw him on the substitute bench. Once again, Norwich City was relegated to Football League Championship for the second time in two years; which Bassong making history by suffering six relegations in a decade.

Ahead of the 2016–17 season, Bassong was expected to leave the club, as he had one year left to his contract. At the start of the 2016–17 season, he found himself in the substitute bench and found his playing time reduced. His first appearance of the 2016–17 season came on 23 August 2016, starting the whole game, in a 6–1 win over Coventry City in the second round of the EFL Cup. A month later, on 20 September 2016, he captained the side for the first time this season against Everton, as they won 2–0. Between mid–November and late–December, Bassong had a run of first team football, playing in the centre–back position. At the end of the 2016–17 season, he made thirteen appearances in all competitions.

On 2 May 2017, Bassong was among seven players to be released by Norwich City following their 2016–17 Championship season. During his time at Norwich City, he became the club's fan favourite, due to his "strong, quick, a great organiser".

Loan spell at Watford
In the summer, Bassong was loaned to Championship rivals, Watford, along with notable signing Odion Ighalo.

Bassong made his Watford debut, starting the whole game, in a 3–0 win over Sheffield Wednesday on 18 October 2014. Since making his debut, he quickly received a run of first team football, which saw him make eleven appearances for the side. Although he suffered two injuries while at Watford, Bassong returned to Norwich in the January window. After his loan spell at Watford came to an end, Bassong went on to receive both medals at Watford and Norwich City following their promotions.

Peterborough United
After being released by Norwich City, Bassong spent the 2017–18 season as a free agent, having been training and linked with a move to Queens Park Rangers and Birmingham City. On 25 October 2018, Bassong signed a short-term deal at League One side Peterborough United after spending 18 months as a free agent.

Bassong made his Peterborough United debut, starting the whole game, in a 2–1 win over Luton Town in the EFL Trophy campaign. However, this turns out to be his only appearance for the club, as he struggled to overcome his knee injury, as well as, facing competition. It was announced on 11 January 2019 that Bassong was expected to leave Peterborough United by the end of January.

Volos FC
It was announced on 24 July 2019 that Volos signed Bassong on a one–year contract. Upon joining the club, he was given the number four shirt.

Bassong made his Volos debut, playing the full 90 minutes, in a 2–1 win against Panionios in the opening game of the season. However, his time at the club was plagued with injuries before being released by Volos in December. By the time he left Volos, Bassong made a total of three appearances for the side.

In September 2020, he featured in a pre-season friendly for Isthmian League side Haringey Borough.

International career

France U21
Bassong played as a defensive midfielder for the France under-21 national team, playing in two matches against the Netherlands and Japan in the summer of 2007 before joining Newcastle.

Cameroon
Bassong stated in an interview that if he was called up to the Cameroon squad, he would accept the offer. He is eligible for Cameroon due to not having played in a competitive under-21 match for France. On 25 May 2009, he was called up by the Cameroon national team for their 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Morocco and made his debut for the national side on 12 August in a 2–0 away win to Austria.

Bassong was selected for the 2010 World Cup squad in South Africa alongside his former Tottenham teammate Benoît Assou-Ekotto. He regularly wears the number 5 jersey internationally for Cameroon. He played two times in the World Cup tournament, as Cameroon were eliminated in the Group Stage. After the end of the tournament, Bassong made three more appearances by the end of 2010.

After almost a two years absence, Bassong was called up to the national side, appearing as an unused substitute against Togo on 23 March 2013. It wasn't until on 6 September 2015 when he made his first appearances for Cameroon in four years, coming on as a late substitute, in a 1–0 win against Gambia. A month later, Bassong also made his first starts in four years, as the national side lost 3–0 against Nigeria on 11 October 2015.

Personal life
Bassong's parents were from Cameroon, making him eligible to play for Cameroon. Bassong revealed he started playing football, quoting: "Naturally, like all the kids in the Parisian suburbs. When you live there, you play football as you go to school. This is the sport that can be practiced by going out on the street. So I started this way, it came without even asking me the question. Then, as I went, I enjoyed more and more." Bassong has four brothers and one sister. However, his parents did not applaud his son's exploits in football, as they wanted him to study. As a result, he balanced his football and studies and eventually earned his baccalaureate Es and studied marketing techniques. As Bassong grew older, he remained interested in football and his father was eventually give in and allowed him to play the sport. Growing up, he supported Paris Saint-Germain. In the interview with The Guardian, Bassong mentioned that he has two children.

When Bassong moved to Newcastle United, he began learning English quickly. By February 2009, Bassong has an excellent early grasp of the English language and lifestyle. Bassong also mentioned that he's a Christian and said that he reads the Bible every day.

In November 2012, Bassong was fined £1,000 for carrying a baton, which was described as "police-style", in his car. In May 2013, he made national headline when The Sun published pictures of Bassong holding a gun, which was posted on the internet. Afterwards, he apologised for his action and was fined by Norwich City. Three months later, Bassong spoke out in an interview about the incident.

In August 2017, Bassong was charged and found guilty for speeding at 110 mph at Suffolk Magistrates’ Court and was banned from driving for 40 days, fined £440 and told to pay court costs.

Career statistics

Honours
Metz
 Ligue 2: 2006–07

Norwich City
 Football League Championship play-offs: 2015

Individual
 Newcastle United Player of the Year: 2009
 Norwich City Player of the Season: 2013

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Paris
Men's association football defenders
French sportspeople of Cameroonian descent
Citizens of Cameroon through descent
French men's footballers
Cameroonian men's footballers
INF Clairefontaine players
FC Metz players
Newcastle United F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Norwich City F.C. players
Watford F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C. players
Volos F.C. players
Ligue 1 players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Super League Greece players
France men's youth international footballers
France men's under-21 international footballers
Cameroon men's international footballers
2010 FIFA World Cup players
French expatriate men's footballers
Cameroonian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
French expatriate sportspeople in England
French expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in England
Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in Greece


The West Coast Accord was an agreement signed on 6 November 1986 between government, industry and environmental organisations concerning the forests of the West Coast of New Zealand.

The major focus of the Accord was for the sustainable yield of timber from the indigenous forests on the West Coast.

The signatories were:
Minister for the Environment
West Coast United Council
Native Forest Action Council
Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand
Federated Mountain Clubs of New Zealand
West Coast Timber Association
Westland Timber Workers Union

It was cancelled on 15 May 2000 by the Forests (West Coast Accord) Act 2000. From 31 March 2002 the forests in public ownership were no longer logged and were reclassified for conservation purposes.

The Accord was doomed to failure since there were conflicting opinions between industry and environmental groups as to what constituted sustainable management of the forests.

See also
Forestry in New Zealand

References

External links

Environment of the West Coast, New Zealand
1986 in New Zealand law
1986 in the environment


Sébastien Renouard (born 11 July 1984) is a French former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

Career
Born in Nancy, Renouard began his career in the youth sides of FC Metz and before being promoted to the senior side in Ligue 1 in 2002. On 11 August 2009, Angers SCO signed the midfielder from FC Metz on a two-year deal. He went on to score four goals in 36 league appearances for Angers before joining Stade Lavallois in the summer of 2011. Renouard played 22 games for Laval during the 2011–12 season, scoring twice, but was released by the club at the end of the campaign.

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
French men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
France men's under-21 international footballers
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Championnat National 3 players
Luxembourg National Division players
FC Metz players
Angers SCO players
Stade Lavallois players
CS Fola Esch players
French expatriate men's footballers
French expatriate sportspeople in Luxembourg
Expatriate men's footballers in Luxembourg


Blu 3 was a Ugandan all-female band formed in April 2004 after winning the TV show Coca Cola Popstars. The name is contrived to mean 3 Beautiful (or Black) Ladies from Uganda. Original members were Jackie Chandiru, Lilian Mbabazi and Cinderella Sanyu. After winning the contest, they went on to record the albums Hitaji (2004) and Burrn (2007). The Hitaji album spawned the hit singles "Hitaji", "Frisky" and the afro beat "Tomalaako". The girls launched Hitaji at lugogo cricket stadium in December 2004 with thousands of fans. The "Hitaji" video went on to win the Pearl of Africa Music Award for Video of the Year.

Sanyu left to pursue other projects and was replaced by Mya Baganda. The group's name was changed to Blu 3 having dropped the star.

In 2006 Blu 3 got back in the studio with their longtime producer and manager Steve Jean and recorded the full-length album Burrn. The title track featured Navio from hip hop group Klear Kut. Other hits on the album were the Sylver Kyagulanyi penned songs "Nsanyuka Nawe", "Ndibeera Nawe" and "Nkoye". "Burrn" won the Video of the Year award at the 2006 Pearl of Africa Music Awards (PAM Awards). They have also been nominated for Kora Awards, Channel O Music Video Awards and have won two Kisima Awards, three PAM Awards and numerous others. The group has toured many countries including Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, South Africa, Ghana, Nigeria, UK and Ethiopia. A new album had been planned for late 2008 with a slew of international producers like Charlie King and Aydee of Goodenuff coming in on the project. The working title of the project is B3 and is expected to wrap production in October 2009. The first single off the new album is the Latin flavored "Together" produced by Steve Jean.

Awards

Won
2005 Kisima Music Awards — Best Artist/Group from Uganda & Best Music Video from Uganda
2005 Pearl of Africa Music Awards — Video of the Year ("Hitaji")
2007 Pearl of Africa Music Awards — Video of the Year ("Burrn")

Nominations
2005 Kora Awards — Best East African Group
2005 Tanzania Music Awards — Best East African Album (Hitaji)
2006 Channel O Music Video Awards — Best East African video ("Frisky")
2009 MTV Africa Music Awards — Best Group & Best Performer
2010 Tanzania music awards — Best East African Song ('Where you are' with Radio & Weasel).

References

External links
 Blu 3 - Exclusive interview with UGPulse.com
 MTV review

Musical groups established in 2004
2004 establishments in Uganda
Popstars winners
Girl groups
Ugandan musical groups
Ugandan women singers
Musical trios


Eugen Bamberger (19 July 1857 – 10 December 1932) was a German chemist and discoverer of the Bamberger rearrangement.

Life and achievements
Bamberger started studying medicine in 1875 at the University of Berlin, but changed subjects and university after one year, starting his studies of science at the University of Heidelberg in 1876.  He returned to Berlin in the same year and focused on chemistry.
He received his PhD for work with August Wilhelm von Hofmann in Berlin and became assistant of Karl Friedrich August Rammelsberg at Charlottenburg and in 1883 of Adolf von Baeyer at the University of Munich, where, after his habilitation in 1891, he became associate professor for chemistry.

The Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH Zurich) appointed him professor in 1893, where he stayed until a severe illness forced him to retire from the position in 1905.
He suffered from limited control of his right arm and severe headache for the rest of his life. Still he did research work in a private laboratory at ETH. In the last years of his life he lived at Ponte Tresa, Ticino. He died there in 1932.

Further reading

 Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 1 (1970), S. 426 (incl. bibliography)
 Pötsch/Fischer/Müller: Lexikon bedeutender  Chemiker, Verlag H. Deutsch, 1989, S.26

External links

Short bio of  Bamberger for his 150th birthday at the ETH-Website here

1932 deaths
1857 births
19th-century German chemists
Scientists from Berlin
German emigrants to Switzerland
Academic staff of ETH Zurich
20th-century German chemists


KHIX (96.7 FM, "Mix 96.7") is a radio station licensed to serve Carlin, Nevada. The station is owned by Richard Hudson, through licensee Global One Media, Inc. It airs a hot adult contemporary music format.

The station was assigned the KHIX call sign by the Federal Communications Commission on May 15, 1998.

Current radio hosts
Sandy Beeler: 5:00 - 9:00 (Weekdays)

Katie Clark: 10:00 AM - 2:00 PM (Weekdays)

Jaelynn Blue: Overnights

Current shows
American Top 40, Hosted by Ryan Seacrest. 6:00 - 10:00 (Saturday) 10:00 - 2:00 PM (Sunday)

On Air with Ryan Seacrest, Hosted by Ryan Seacrest. 2:00 PM - 6:00 PM (Weekdays)

The Ray Ray Show, Hosted by Ray. 6:00 - 10:00 PM (Weekdays)

References

External links
KHIX official website

HIX
Hot adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
Elko County, Nevada


Flavien Belson Bengaber (born 22 February 1987) is a French former professional international footballer who played as a defensive midfielder. At international level, he represented Guadeloupe.

Career
Belson was born in Sainte-Adresse. He previously played for English club Milton Keynes Dons, but was released following the 2008–09 season. After leaving the English club, he played on the reserve team of his former club Metz before joining Cannes in 2010. After featuring with Cannes in three matches, Belson was released from the club. He went on a trial with Red Star Saint-Ouen before joining his Dives in January 2011.

On 16 September 2011, Belson signed for League One club Yeovil Town on a short-term contract until January 2012, and he made his début in a 3–0 loss against Carlisle United but received a first-half red card after a second bookable offence. Belson was released following just the one appearance at the end of his contract in early January 2012 along with Abdulai Bell-Baggie, Alan O'Brien and Kerrea Gilbert.

Career statistics

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
People from Sainte-Adresse
French men's footballers
French sportspeople of Cameroonian descent
Men's association football midfielders
FC Metz players
Milton Keynes Dons F.C. players
AS Cannes players
SU Dives-Cabourg players
Yeovil Town F.C. players
Ligue 1 players
English Football League players
Footballers from Seine-Maritime
Guadeloupe men's international footballers


Panoramic 34 is a restaurant and bar located on the 34th floor of West Tower, Liverpool. It is 300 feet above ground and claims to be 'one of the UK's highest restaurants' with views as far away as North Wales.

External links
 Panoramic Restaurant
 Images from Liverpool Pictorial
 Liverpool Daily Echo article
 Liverpool Daily Echo article
 Review from The Guardian newspaper

Restaurants in Merseyside
Buildings and structures in Liverpool


Vincent Bessat (born 8 November 1985) is a French footballer who plays as a left-back for Apollon Limassol.

Career
Born in Lyon, Bessat began his career with Toulouse where he was promoted to the reserve team in summer 2004. After 32 games and 4 goals for the reserves of Toulouse he left the Midi-Pyrénées to sign for Louhans-Cuiseaux. He played two years for Louhans-Cuiseaux and then signed a three years contract with Metz. On 11 June 2010, Boulogne signed the midfielder on a two-year contract from Metz. He played for Nantes from 2011 to 2015, before joining Caen in June 2015.

References

External links
 Profile at L'Équipe

1985 births
Living people
French men's footballers
Louhans-Cuiseaux FC players
Men's association football midfielders
FC Metz players
US Boulogne players
FC Nantes players
Stade Malherbe Caen players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players


The War Next Door is an American sitcom created by Will McRobb and Chris Viscardi. The show used non-canon humor as one of the two main characters dies at the end of each episode, only to reappear alive the following episode as if nothing had happened. The show ran for only 8 out of 13 episodes and was broadcast on USA Network from July 23 until September 24, 2000.

Summary
Kennedy Smith, a super secret agent, just wants to retire. Unfortunately, his seemingly indestructible nemesis, Kriegman, wants to make his life hell and so moves into the suburbs and becomes Smith's next-door neighbor and evil opponent.

Characters and actors
 Linden Ashby as Kennedy Smith
 Damian Young as Allan Kriegman
 Susan Walters as Lili Smith
 Tara Rosling as Barbara Bush
 Nicole Dicker as Ellis Smith
 Mark Rendall as Lucas Smith

Episodes

External links

Television series created by Will McRobb and Chris Viscardi
2000s American single-camera sitcoms
2000 American television series debuts
2000 American television series endings
English-language television shows
USA Network original programming


Laurent Karim Agouazi (born 16 March 1984) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for the reserve team of Metz. Born in France, he played for the Algeria national team.

Career
Born in Langres, France, Agouazi began his career with FC Metz and had a spell on loan with Championnat National side Besançon RC during the 2004–05 season. On 18 June 2009, US Boulogne-sur-Mer announced that it had the midfielder on a free transfer from Metz until June 2011. After two seasons with Boulogne he joined FC Istres, before moving to SM Caen on 8 June 2012. On 3 July 2015, Agouazi signed for Tours on a one-year deal. He signed a three-year contract with Chamois Niortais on 9 June 2016.

In January 2019, he returned to Metz to help the reserve team.

International career
Born in Langres, France, to an Algerian father and French mother, Agouazi was eligible to represent both Algeria and France. In May 2013, he received his first call-up to the Algeria national team.

Career statistics

References

External links
 Scoresway.com

 Profile at Foot-National.com

1984 births
Living people
People from Langres
Footballers from Haute-Marne
French men's footballers
Algerian men's footballers
Algeria men's international footballers
Kabyle people
Men's association football midfielders
FC Metz players
US Boulogne players
FC Istres players
Stade Malherbe Caen players
Atromitos F.C. players
Tours FC players
Chamois Niortais F.C. players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Championnat National players
Super League Greece players
French expatriate men's footballers
French expatriate sportspeople in Greece
French expatriate sportspeople in Luxembourg
Racing FC Union Luxembourg players
Algerian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Algerian expatriate sportspeople in Luxembourg
Algerian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Luxembourg


Abdoulaye Baldé (born 30 November 1986) is a French professional footballer who currently plays as a striker for Vendée Luçon Football.

Personal life
Baldé holds French and Senegalese nationalities. He is the brother of the footballer Ibrahima Baldé.

References

External links
 lequipe.fr

1986 births
Living people
French sportspeople of Guinean descent
French men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from Paris
Amiens SC players
FC Metz players
FC Lumezzane players
Hatta Club players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
French expatriate men's footballers
French expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
France men's youth international footballers
Black French sportspeople


KWVR may refer to:

 KWVR (AM), a radio station (1340 AM) licensed to Enterprise, Oregon, United States
 KWVR-FM, a radio station (92.1 FM) licensed to Enterprise, Oregon, United States
 Keighley & Worth Valley Railway, a heritage railway line in West Yorkshire, England


Shlomo Molla (, ; born 21 November 1965) is an Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Kadima and Hatnuah between 2008 and 2013. He became Israel's second MK of Ethiopian origin.

Biography
Molla was born in a small Jewish village of 40 families in Gondar Province in Ethiopia in 1965 into a family of 9 brothers and 2 sisters. Molla attempted to immigrate to Israel in 1984 on foot, after being overlooked by Operation Moses and Operation Joshua. He was rescued by Israeli forces in Sudan; during his journey in Sudan, one of the Ethiopian Jews traveling with him was shot and killed by Sudanese forces. Upon reaching Israel, he was sent to an immigrant absorption center in Tzfat. Ill with malaria upon arrival to Israel, he learned Hebrew in the hospital. After his national service in the Israel Defense Forces, he studied for a BA in social work at Bar-Ilan University. During his studies he served as co-chairman of the Organization of Ethiopian Students. He later also gained an LLB from Ono Academic College.

In 1991, he became head of a Jewish Agency immigrant absorption center in Tiberias, and in 1995 was appointed supervisor of the absorption centers and ulpans in northern kibbutzim.  In 1996 he became a member of the Ministry of Health's committee to advise on war conditions, and in 1999 he became head of the Jewish Agency's Ethiopian Division.  In the same year Molla won eighth place on Yisrael BaAliyah's list for the Knesset elections, but the party won only six seats.

In 2006, he was a member of the Zionist Executive and head of department at the World Zionist Organization. Prior to the 2006 elections he was placed thirty-third on Kadima's list. However, following the resignation of Avigdor Yitzhaki in February 2008, Molla became the second MK of Ethiopian origin. He was placed nineteenth on the Kadima list for the 2009 elections, and retained his seat as the party won 28 mandates.

In 2012 he left Kadima to join the new Hatnuah party. Placed eighth on its list for the 2013 elections, he lost his seat when the party won only six seats.

In 2015, he encouraged Ethiopian-Israelis to refuse to pay taxes or to serve in the Israeli armed forces to protest racist acts against Ethiopian-Israelis such as the police assault on Demas Fikadey.

Molla is married with three children, and lives in Rishon LeZion.

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
Bar-Ilan University alumni
Beta Israel
Black Jewish members of the Knesset
Deputy Speakers of the Knesset
Ethiopian emigrants to Israel
Ethiopian Jews
Ethiopian Zionists
Hatnua politicians
Israeli Jews
Israeli people of Ethiopian-Jewish descent
Jewish Israeli politicians
Kadima politicians
Members of the 17th Knesset (2006–2009)
Members of the 18th Knesset (2009–2013)
Ono Academic College alumni
People from Amhara Region
Yisrael BaAliyah politicians


Mamadou Diakité (born 22 May 1985) is a former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder. Born in France, he made one appearance for the Mali national team in 2009.

Career
Diakité previously played for Al Ahli in Qatar, and previously played for FC Metz and R.E. Mouscron.

Diakité made one appearance for the Mali national team, in a friendly against Burkina Faso on 12 August 2009.

References

1985 births
Living people
People from Rosny-sous-Bois
Footballers from Seine-Saint-Denis
French men's footballers
Citizens of Mali through descent
Malian men's footballers
Malian expatriate men's footballers
Mali men's international footballers
Mali men's under-20 international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Ligue 2 players
Primeira Liga players
Belgian Pro League players
Serie B players
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
FC Metz players
Vitória F.C. players
Royal Excel Mouscron players
Al Ahli SC (Doha) players
Budapest Honvéd FC players
FC Crotone players
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Qatar
Expatriate men's footballers in Mauritania
Expatriate men's footballers in Hungary
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Malian expatriate sportspeople in France
Malian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Malian expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Malian expatriate sportspeople in Qatar
Malian expatriate sportspeople in Hungary
Malian expatriate sportspeople in Italy


Kukarail is a left-bank small tributary of the Gomti River which merges with it in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.

Rivers of Uttar Pradesh


The International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism (IISHJ) is the academic and intellectual center of Humanistic Judaism. It was established in Jerusalem in 1985 and, with its second center of activity based in Farmington Hills, Michigan. The Institute offers professional training programs for spokespersons, educators, leaders (also referred to in Hebrew as madrikhim/ot or in Yiddish as vegvayzer), and rabbis, in addition to publications, public seminars, and colloquia for lay audiences. It has also trained music leaders and cantors, though those programs are not currently active.

The Institute began offering its Leadership Program in 1986 as a joint program serving the communities of the Congress of Secular Jewish Organizations and the Society for Humanistic Judaism. It began a rabbinic program in 1992, and its first rabbinic ordination in North America took place in 1999; subsequent ordinations have happened biennially. The Israeli rabbinic program of the IISHJ began in 2004 and held its first ordination in 2006. The IISHJ's founding co-chairs were Rabbi Sherwin Wine and Yaakov Malkin of Tel Aviv University. Wine led the IISHJ in North America until his death in July 2007. The current dean for North America is Rabbi Adam Chalom, while the dean for Israel is Rabbi Sivan Malkin Maas.

References

External links
Official website
Tmura, the Institute for Training Secular Humanistic Rabbis and Jewish Leadership in Israel
Congress of Secular Jewish Organizations

Educational institutions established in 1985
Humanistic Judaism in the United States
Jews and Judaism in Michigan
Jewish organizations established in 1985
Secular Jewish culture in the United States
1985 establishments in Michigan
Jewish seminaries


Jean-Emmanuel Effa Owona (born 26 December 1983) is a Cameroonian professional footballer who last played as a striker for Negeri Sembilan FA in the Malaysia Premier League.

Club career

Owona previously played for FC Metz in the Ligue 2 of France. He also has played for club in Turkey's Super Lig such as Elazigspor, Ankaragücü and Malatyaspor.

Malaysia

Owona signed to play for Negeri Sembilan FA in the 2012 Malaysia Super League. On his debut in Malaysian football, he managed to score two goals, thus giving a 2–1 win over Kelantan FA in the 2012 Malaysia Charity Shield. This was Negeri Sembilan's first Charity Shield title since 1985. With Negeri Sembilan, Owona would end the season joint top scorer in the league, with 15 goals. He joined Terengganu FA for the 2013 Malaysia Super League season. However, after only a season with Terengganu, he returned to Negeri Sembilan, who were just relegated from the Super League and playing in the 2014 Malaysia Premier League.

References

External links

FC Metz profile

1983 births
Living people
Cameroonian men's footballers
Altay S.K. footballers
Elazığspor footballers
Malatyaspor footballers
MKE Ankaragücü footballers
LB Châteauroux players
US Créteil-Lusitanos players
FC Metz players
Negeri Sembilan FC players
Terengganu FC players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Expatriate men's footballers in Qatar
Süper Lig players
Cameroonian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Men's association football forwards
Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Al-Sailiya SC players
Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in Qatar
Qatar Stars League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Iraq
Cameroonian expatriate sportspeople in Iraq
Cameroon men's international footballers


Non-linear least squares is the form of least squares analysis used to fit a set of m observations with a model that is non-linear in n unknown parameters (m ≥ n).  It is used in some forms of nonlinear regression.  The basis of the method is to approximate the model by a linear one and to refine the parameters by successive iterations. There are many similarities to linear least squares, but also some significant differences. In economic theory, the non-linear least squares method is applied in (i) the probit regression, (ii) threshold regression, (iii) smooth regression, (iv) logistic link regression, (v) Box–Cox transformed regressors ().

Theory
Consider a set of  data points,  and a curve (model function)  that in addition to the variable  also depends on  parameters,  with  It is desired to find the vector   of parameters such that the curve fits best the given data in the least squares sense, that is, the sum of squares

is minimized, where the residuals (in-sample prediction errors)  are given by

for

The minimum value of  occurs when the gradient is zero. Since the model contains  parameters there are  gradient equations:

In a nonlinear system, the derivatives  are functions of both the independent variable and the parameters, so in general these gradient equations do not have a closed solution. Instead, initial values must be chosen for the parameters. Then, the parameters are refined iteratively, that is, the values are obtained by successive approximation,

Here,  is an iteration number and the vector of increments,  is known as the shift vector. At each iteration the model is linearized by approximation to a first-order Taylor polynomial expansion about

The Jacobian matrix, , is a function of constants, the independent variable and the parameters, so it changes from one iteration to the next. Thus, in terms of the linearized model,

and the residuals are given by

Substituting these expressions into the gradient equations, they become

which, on rearrangement, become  simultaneous linear equations, the normal equations

The normal equations are written in matrix notation as

These equations form the basis for the Gauss–Newton algorithm for a non-linear least squares problem.

Note the sign convention in the definition of the Jacobian matrix in terms of the derivatives. Formulas linear in  may appear with factor of  in other articles or the literature.

Extension by weights
When the observations are not equally reliable, a weighted sum of squares may be minimized,

Each element of the diagonal weight matrix  should, ideally, be equal to the reciprocal of the error variance of the measurement.
The normal equations are then, more generally,

Geometrical interpretation
In linear least squares the objective function, , is a quadratic function of the parameters.

When there is only one parameter the graph of  with respect to that parameter will be a parabola. With two or more parameters the contours of  with respect to any pair of parameters will be concentric ellipses (assuming that the normal equations matrix  is positive definite). The minimum parameter values are to be found at the centre of the ellipses. The geometry of the general objective function can be described as paraboloid elliptical.
In NLLSQ the objective function is quadratic with respect to the parameters only in a region close to its minimum value, where the truncated Taylor series is a good approximation to the model.

The more the parameter values differ from their optimal values, the more the contours deviate from elliptical shape. A consequence of this is that initial parameter estimates should be as close as practicable to their (unknown!) optimal values. It also explains how divergence can come about as the Gauss–Newton algorithm is convergent only when the objective function is approximately quadratic in the parameters.

Computation

Initial parameter estimates
Some problems of ill-conditioning and divergence can be corrected by finding initial parameter estimates that are near to the optimal values. A good way to do this is by computer simulation. Both the observed and calculated data are displayed on a screen. The parameters of the model are adjusted by hand until the agreement between observed and calculated data is reasonably good. Although this will be a subjective judgment, it is sufficient to find a good starting point for the non-linear refinement.  Initial parameter estimates can be created using transformations or linearizations.  Better still evolutionary algorithms such as the Stochastic Funnel Algorithm can lead to the convex basin of attraction that surrounds the optimal parameter estimates.  Hybrid algorithms that use randomization and elitism, followed by Newton methods have been shown to be useful and computationally efficient.

Solution
Any method among the ones described below can be applied to find a solution.

Convergence criteria
The common sense criterion for convergence is that the sum of squares does not decrease from one iteration to the next. However this criterion is often difficult to implement in practice, for various reasons. A useful convergence criterion is

The value 0.0001 is somewhat arbitrary and may need to be changed. In particular it may need to be increased when experimental errors are large. An alternative criterion is

Again, the numerical value is somewhat arbitrary; 0.001 is equivalent to specifying that each parameter should be refined to 0.1% precision. This is reasonable when it is less than the largest relative standard deviation on the parameters.

Calculation of the Jacobian by numerical approximation

There are models for which it is either very difficult or even impossible to derive analytical expressions for the elements of the Jacobian. Then, the numerical approximation

is obtained by calculation of  for  and . The increment,, size should be chosen so the numerical derivative is not subject to approximation error by being too large, or round-off error by being too small.

Parameter errors, confidence limits, residuals etc.
Some information is given in the corresponding section on the linear least squares page.

Multiple minima
Multiple minima can occur in a variety of circumstances some of which are:
 A parameter is raised to a power of two or more. For example, when fitting data to a Lorentzian curve  where  is the height,  is the position and  is the half-width at half height, there are two solutions for the half-width,  and  which give the same optimal value for the objective function.
 Two parameters can be interchanged without changing the value of the model. A simple example is when the model contains the product of two parameters, since  will give the same value as .
 A parameter is in a trigonometric function, such as , which has identical values at . See Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm for an example.
Not all multiple minima have equal values of the objective function. False minima, also known as local minima, occur when the objective function value is greater than its value at the so-called global minimum. To be certain that the minimum found is the global minimum, the refinement should be started with widely differing initial values of the parameters. When the same minimum is found regardless of starting point, it is likely to be the global minimum.

When multiple minima exist there is an important consequence: the objective function will have a maximum value somewhere between two minima. The normal equations matrix is not positive definite at a maximum in the objective function, as the gradient is zero and no unique direction of descent exists. Refinement from a point (a set of parameter values) close to a maximum will be ill-conditioned and should be avoided as a starting point. For example, when fitting a Lorentzian the normal equations matrix is not positive definite when the half-width of the band is zero.

Transformation to a linear model

A non-linear model can sometimes be transformed into a linear one. Such an approximation is, for instance, often applicable in the vicinity of the best estimator, and it is one of the basic assumption in most iterative minimization algorithms.
When a linear approximation is valid, the model can directly be used for inference with a generalized least squares, where the equations of the Linear Template Fit apply.

Another example of a linear approximation would be, when the model is a simple exponential function,

it can be transformed into a linear model by taking logarithms.

Graphically this corresponds to working on a semi-log plot. The sum of squares becomes

This procedure should be avoided unless the errors are multiplicative and log-normally distributed because it can give misleading results. This comes from the fact that whatever the experimental errors on  might be, the errors on  are different. Therefore, when the transformed sum of squares is minimized different results will be obtained both for the parameter values and their calculated standard deviations. However, with multiplicative errors that are log-normally distributed, this procedure gives unbiased and consistent parameter estimates.

Another example is furnished by Michaelis–Menten kinetics, used to determine two parameters  and :

The Lineweaver–Burk plot

of  against  is linear in the parameters  and , but very sensitive to data error and strongly biased toward fitting the data in a particular range of the independent variable .

Algorithms

Gauss–Newton method

The normal equations

may be solved for  by Cholesky decomposition, as described in linear least squares. The parameters are updated iteratively

where k is an iteration number. While this method may be adequate for simple models, it will fail if divergence occurs. Therefore, protection against divergence is essential.

Shift-cutting
If divergence occurs, a simple expedient is to reduce the length of the shift vector, , by a fraction, f

For example, the length of the shift vector may be successively halved until the new value of the objective function is less than its value at the last iteration. The fraction, f could be optimized by a line search.  As each trial value of f requires the objective function to be re-calculated it is not worth optimizing its value too stringently.

When using shift-cutting, the direction of the shift vector remains unchanged. This limits the applicability of the method to situations where the direction of the shift vector is not very different from what it would be if the objective function were approximately quadratic in the parameters,

Marquardt parameter

If divergence occurs and the direction of the shift vector is so far from its "ideal" direction that shift-cutting is not very effective, that is, the fraction, f required to avoid divergence is very small, the direction must be changed. This can be achieved by using the Marquardt parameter. In this method the normal equations are modified

where  is the Marquardt parameter and I is an identity matrix. Increasing the value of  has the effect of changing both the direction and the length of the shift vector. The shift vector is rotated towards the direction of steepest descent when

 is the steepest descent vector. So, when  becomes very large, the shift vector becomes a small fraction of the steepest descent vector.

Various strategies have been proposed for the determination of the Marquardt parameter. As with shift-cutting, it is wasteful to optimize this parameter too stringently. Rather, once a value has been found that brings about a reduction in the value of the objective function, that value of the parameter is carried to the next iteration, reduced if possible, or increased if need be. When reducing the value of the Marquardt parameter, there is a cut-off value below which it is safe to set it to zero, that is, to continue with the unmodified Gauss–Newton method. The cut-off value may be set equal to the smallest singular value of the Jacobian. A bound for this value is given by  where  is the trace function.

QR decomposition
The minimum in the sum of squares can be found by a method that does not involve forming the normal equations. The residuals with the linearized model can be written as

The Jacobian is subjected to an orthogonal decomposition; the QR decomposition will serve to illustrate the process.

where  is an orthogonal  matrix and  is an  matrix which is partitioned into an  block, , and a  zero block.  is upper triangular.

The residual vector is left-multiplied by .

This has no effect on the sum of squares since  because Q is orthogonal
The minimum value of S is attained when the upper block is zero. Therefore, the shift vector is found by solving

These equations are easily solved as R is upper triangular.

Singular value decomposition
A variant of the method of orthogonal decomposition involves singular value decomposition, in which R is diagonalized by further orthogonal transformations.

where  is orthogonal,  is a diagonal matrix of singular values and  is the orthogonal matrix of the eigenvectors of  or equivalently the right singular vectors of . In this case the shift vector is given by

The relative simplicity of this expression is very useful in theoretical analysis of non-linear least squares. The application of singular value decomposition is discussed in detail in Lawson and Hanson.

Gradient methods
There are many examples in the scientific literature where different methods have been used for non-linear data-fitting problems.

Inclusion of second derivatives in The Taylor series expansion of the model function. This is Newton's method in optimization.  The matrix H is known as the Hessian matrix. Although this model has better convergence properties near to the minimum, it is much worse when the parameters are far from their optimal values. Calculation of the Hessian adds to the complexity of the algorithm. This method is not in general use.
Davidon–Fletcher–Powell method. This method, a form of pseudo-Newton method, is similar to the one above but calculates the Hessian by successive approximation, to avoid having to use analytical expressions for the second derivatives.
Steepest descent. Although a reduction in the sum of squares is guaranteed when the shift vector points in the direction of steepest descent,  this method often performs poorly. When the parameter values are far from optimal the direction of the steepest descent vector, which is normal (perpendicular) to the contours of the objective function, is very different from the direction of the Gauss–Newton vector. This makes divergence much more likely, especially as the minimum along the direction of steepest descent may correspond to a small fraction of the length of the steepest descent vector. When the contours of the objective function are very eccentric, due to there being high correlation between parameters, the steepest descent iterations, with shift-cutting, follow a slow, zig-zag trajectory towards the minimum.
Conjugate gradient search. This is an improved steepest descent based method with good theoretical convergence properties, although it can fail on finite-precision digital computers even when used on quadratic problems.

Direct search methods
Direct search methods depend on evaluations of the objective function at a variety of parameter values and do not use derivatives at all. They offer alternatives to the use of numerical derivatives in the Gauss–Newton method and gradient methods.
 Alternating variable search. Each parameter is varied in turn by adding a fixed or variable increment to it and retaining the value that brings about a reduction in the sum of squares. The method is simple and effective when the parameters are not highly correlated. It has very poor convergence properties, but may be useful for finding initial parameter estimates.
Nelder–Mead (simplex) search. A simplex in this context is a polytope of n + 1 vertices in n dimensions; a triangle on a plane, a tetrahedron in three-dimensional space and so forth. Each vertex corresponds to a value of the objective function for a particular set of parameters. The shape and size of the simplex is adjusted by varying the parameters in such a way that the value of the objective function at the highest vertex always decreases. Although the sum of squares may initially decrease rapidly, it can converge to a nonstationary point on quasiconvex problems, by an example of M. J. D. Powell.

More detailed descriptions of these, and other, methods are available, in Numerical Recipes, together with computer code in various languages.

See also
 Least squares support vector machine
 Curve fitting
 Grey box model
 Nonlinear programming
 Nonlinear regression
 Optimization (mathematics)
 Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm

References

Further reading

Least squares


Oumar Pouye (born 19 June 1988 in Niomre, Senegal) is a Senegalese football midfielder.

External links

1988 births
Living people
Senegalese men's footballers
FC Metz players
Thonon Evian Grand Genève FC players
Amiens SC players
RC Strasbourg Alsace players
US Quevilly-Rouen Métropole players
US Créteil-Lusitanos players
Les Herbiers VF players
US Lusitanos Saint-Maur players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Championnat National players
Championnat National 2 players
Championnat National 3 players
Men's association football midfielders
French sportspeople of Senegalese descent


The Allied leaders of World War I were the political and military figures that fought for or supported the Allied Powers during World War I.

Russian Empire
Nicholas II – Last Tsar of Russia, titular King of Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland.
Georgy Lvov – Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government (1917)
Alexander Kerensky – Minister of War (1917), Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government (1917)
Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich – Commander-in-Chief and Viceroy in the Caucasus
Ivan Goremykin – Prime Minister of Russia (1914–1916)
Boris Stürmer – Prime Minister of Russia (1916)
Alexander Trepov – Prime Minister of Russia (1916–1917)
Nikolai Golitsyn – Prime Minister of Russia (1917)
Vladimir Sukhomlinov – Minister of War (1909–1915)
Alexei Polivanov – Minister of War (1915–1916)
Dmitry Shuvayev – Minister of War (1916–1917)
Mikhail Belyaev – Minister of War (1917), Chief-of-Staff (1914–1916)
Alexander Guchkov – Minister of War (1917)
Ivan Grigorovich – Minister of Navy (1911–1917)
Nikolai Yanushkevich – Chief-of-Staff (1914)
 – Chief-of-Staff (1916–1917)
Ivan Romanovsky – Chief-of-Staff (1917)
Vladimir Marushevsky – Chief-of-Staff (1917)
Mikhail Alekseyev – Commander of Southwestern Front (1914), Northwestern Front (1915), Chief of Staff (1915–1917), Commander-in-Chief of the Army (1917)
Yakov Zhilinsky – Commander of the Northwestern Front in the early stages of the war (1914)
Alexander Samsonov – Commander of the Second Army for the invasion of East Prussia
Paul von Rennenkampf – Commander of the First Army for the invasion of East Prussia
Nikolay Ivanov – Commander of the Russian army on the Southwestern Front (1914–1916) and responsible for much of the action in Galicia
Aleksei Brusilov – Commander of the Southwestern Front (1916–1917), then provisional Commander-in-Chief after the Tsar's abdication
Lavr Kornilov – Commander of the Southwestern Front and Commander-in-Chief (August 1917)
Vladislav Klembovsky – Commander of the Northern Front (1917) followed by becoming Commander-in-Chief in August 1917
Nikolai Ruzsky – Commanded the 3rd Army, Northwestern Front (1914–1915) and lastly the Northern Front (1915)
Aleksey Kuropatkin – Commander of the Northern Front (1916)
Paul von Plehwe – Commander of the 5th Army, 12th Army and briefly the Northern Front (1916)
Aleksei Evert – Took part in the Invasion of Galicia as commander of the 10th Army, later commanded the Western Front (1915–1917)
Anton Denikin – Led the 8th Army in the Brusilov Offensive and commanded the Western Front in 1917.
Illarion Ivanovich Vorontsov-Dashkov –  Governor General of the Caucasus Viceroyalty and Commander of the Caucasus Army (1914–1915),
Nikolai Yudenich – Commander of the Russian forces in the Caucasus Campaign (1917)
Andrei Zayonchkovski – Commander of the Russian-Romanian Dobruja Army in the Romanian Campaign
Vladimir Viktorovich Sakharov – Commanded the 11th Army (1915–1916), the Danube Army (1916) and then became deputy commander-in-chief of Romanian Front (1916–1917)
Dmitry Shcherbachev – Commanded the 11th Army and later became deputy commander-in-chief of the Romanian Front in 1917
Mikhail Diterikhs – Commander of the Russian Expeditionary Force at the Macedonian front
Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich – Chief of the Imperial Russian Air Service
Andrei Eberhardt – Commander of Black Sea Fleet (1914–16)
Alexander Kolchak – Commander of Black Sea Fleet (1916–17)
Nikolai Essen – Commander of Baltic Fleet (1913–1915)

French Third Republic
Raymond Poincaré – President of France (1913–1920)
René Viviani – Prime Minister of France (1914–1915)
Aristide Briand – Prime Minister of France (1915–1917)
Paul Painlevé – Prime Minister of France (1917)
Georges Clemenceau – Prime Minister of France and Minister of War (1917–1920)
Adolphe Messimy – Minister of War (1914)
Alexandre Millerand – Minister of War (1914–1915)
Marie-Jean-Lucien Lacaze – Minister of War (1917)
Paul Painlevé – Minister of War (1917)
Joseph Joffre – Commander-in-Chief of the French Army (1914–1916); Marshal of France from the end of 1916
Ferdinand Foch – Commander of French Army Group North (1914–1916), Commander-in-chief and Generalissimo of the Allied Armies (1918); Marshal of France from August 1918
Robert Nivelle – Commander-in-Chief of the French Army (1916–1917)
Philippe Pétain – Commander-in-Chief of the French Army (1917–1918); Marshal of France from November 1918
Maxime Weygand – General in the French Army and one of the Permanent Military Representatives in the Allied Supreme War Council
Augustin Dubail – Commanded the 1st Army (1914–1915) followed by Army Group East at Battle of Verdun until 1916. He was later military governor of Paris (1916–1918)
Fernand de Langle de Cary – Commander of the 4th Army in the Battle of the Ardennes, 1914. Later took command of Central Army Group in 1915–1916.
Victor d'Urbal – Commander of all French troops in Belgium in 1914, then the 8th Army (1915–1916) and 10th Army which participated in the Second and Third Battle of Artois
Maurice Sarrail – Commander of the Army of the Orient and which evolved to the Allied Army of the Orient on the Macedonian front (1915–1917)
Adolphe Guillaumat – Commander of the Allied Army of the Orient (1917–1918), then became military governor of Paris and was appointed to the Supreme War Council
Louis Franchet d'Espèrey – Commander of Army Group North 1916–1918, The Allied Army of the Orient and in the Liberation of Serbia (1918)
Joseph Gallieni – Military Governor of Paris and Minister of War (1915–1916)
Michel-Joseph Maunoury – Commander of the 6th Army (1914–1915) during the First Battle of the Marne
Pierre Roques – Commanded the 1st Army (1915–1916) and served as Minister of War (1916)
Marie-Eugène Debeney – General of the 1st Army (1917–1918) and Chief of Staff to Philippe Pétain
Paul Maistre – Commander of the 6th Army (1917), the 10th Army as part of the Italian Expeditionary Force in the Italian Front (1917–1918) ). Finally the Northern Army Group (1918)
Henri Putz – Commander of the Army Detachment of the Vosges which later became the 7th Army (1914–1915)
Louis de Maud'huy – Commander of the 10th Army (1914–1915), followed by command of the 7th Army in 1915, notably at the Battle of Hartmannswillerkopf
Georges Louis Humbert  – Commander of the 8th Army (1915) followed by command of the 3rd Army (1915–1918)
Denis Auguste Duchêne – Commander of the 6th Army (1917–1918) during the Third Battle of the Aisne
Charles Mangin – Commanded the 6th Army (1916–1917) in the Second Battle of the Aisne and later the 10th Army in the Second Battle of the Marne
Henri Gouraud – Led the Oriental Expeditionary Forces in 1915 during the Gallipoli Campaign where he lost his arm, later commanded the 4th Army (1915–1916 & 1917–1918)
François Anthoine – Commander of the 1st Army during the Battle of Passchendaele (1917)
Henri Mathias Berthelot – General of French Military Mission in Romania and the Fifth Army
Noël Èdouard de Castelnau – Commander of the 2nd (1914–1915), Central Army Group (1915) and Eastern Army Group (1918)
Émile Fayolle – Commander of the 1st Army (1916–1917), Army Group Center (1917), French divisions to the Italian Front (1917–1918) and the Army Group Reserve (1918)
Hubert Lyautey – Resident-General of Morocco (1912–1916), suppressing rebellions in North Africa during the war. Minister of War (1916–1917)
Jean César Graziani – Commander of the Italian 12th Army in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto
Milan Rastislav Štefánik – Commander of Czechoslovak Legions
Édouard Barès – Commander of French Air Force

British Empire
King George V – King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India

United Kingdom
H. H. Asquith – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1908–1916), Secretary of State for War (1914)
David Lloyd George – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1916–1922), Secretary of State for War (1916)
Herbert Kitchener – Secretary of State for War (1914–1916)
The Earl of Derby – Secretary of State for War (1916–1918)
The Viscount Milner – Secretary of State for War (1918–1919)
James Wolfe Murray – Chief of the Imperial General Staff (1914–1915), British Troops in Egypt (1916–1917)
William Robertson – Chief of the Imperial General Staff (1916–1918)
John French – Commander-in-Chief of the BEF (1914–1915) and Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces (1915–1918)
Douglas Haig – Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force (1915–1918)
Henry Wilson – Advisor of John French and Chief of the Imperial General Staff (1918–1922)
Archibald Murray – Chief of Staff of the British Expeditionary Force (1914–1915), Chief of the Imperial General Staff (1915) and Commander of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (1916–1917)
Edmund Allenby – Commander of the Third Army and later the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (1917–1918)
Henry Horne – Commander of the First Army (1916–1918)
Horace Smith-Dorrien – Led the II Corps of the BEF at the Battle of Mons and Le Cateau, he then commanded the 2nd Army (1914–1915)
Herbert Plumer – Commander of the V Corps at the Second Battle of Ypres (1915) followed by command of the 2nd Army (1915–1917). He then led the Italian Expeditionary Force before going back to the 2nd Army (1918)
Henry Rawlinson – British General of the Fourth Army, notably at the Battle of the Somme and Battle of Amiens
Hubert Gough – Commander of the Fifth Army (1916–1918)
George Milne – Commander of the British Salonika Army at the Salonika front (1916-1918f)
The Earl of Cavan – Commander of the Italian 10th Army at the Battle of Vittorio Veneto
Ian Hamilton – Commander of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force during the Gallipoli Campaign
Reginald Wingate – Commander of the British forces in the Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition
Charles Macpherson Dobell –  Commander of the Allied force in the Kamerun campaign
Hastings Ismay – Commander of the British forces in the Somaliland Campaign
Stanley Maude – Commander during the Mesopotamian Campaign
Prince Louis of Battenberg – First Sea Lord (1912–1914)
Lord Fisher – First Sea Lord (1914–1915)
Sir Henry Jackson – First Sea Lord (1915–1916)
Sir John Jellicoe – Commanding officer of the Grand Fleet (1914–1916), First Sea Lord (1916–1918)
Sir Rosslyn Wemyss – First Sea Lord (1918–1919)
David Beatty – Commanding officer of the Grand Fleet (1916–1919)
Winston Churchill – First Lord of the Admiralty (1911–1915)
Arthur Balfour – First Lord of the Admiralty (1915–1916), Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (1916–1919)
Sir Edward Carson – First Lord of the Admiralty (1916–1917)
Sir Eric Geddes – First Lord of the Admiralty (1917–1919)
John de Robeck – Naval Commander in the Gallipoli Campaign
David Henderson – Director-General of Military Aeronautics (1913–1917)
Sir Edward Grey, Bt. – Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (1905–1916)`

Australia
Joseph Cook – Prime Minister of Australia (1913–1914)
Andrew Fisher – Prime Minister of Australia (1914–1915)
Billy Hughes – Prime Minister of Australia (1915–1923)
Ronald Munro Ferguson – Governor-General of Australia
Edward Millen – Minister for Defence (to 17 September 1914)
George Pearce – Minister for Defence (from 17 September 1914)
Jens Jensen – Minister for the Navy (1915–1917)
Joseph Cook – Minister for the Navy (1917–1920)
William Birdwood – Commander of the ANZAC (1914–1916) and Australian Imperial Force (1915–1919)
John Monash – Commander of the Australian Corps (1918)
William Holmes – Commander of the Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force (1914–1915)
Harry Chauvel – Commander of Desert Mounted Corps (1917–1919)

Dominion of Canada

Robert Borden – Prime Minister of Canada (1911–1920)
The Duke of Connaught and Strathearn – Governor-General of Canada (1911–1916)
The Duke of Devonshire – Governor-General of Canada (1916–1921)
Sam Hughes – Minister of Militia and Defence (1911–1916)
Albert Edward Kemp – Minister of Militia and Defence (1916–1917) Minister of Overseas Military Forces of Canada (1917–1918)
Joseph Flavelle – Chairman of Imperial Munitions Board (1915–1919)
Edwin Alderson – Commander of the Canadian Corps (1915–1916)
Julian Byng – Commander of the Canadian Corps (1916–1917) and British Third Army (1917–1919)
Arthur Currie – Commander of 1st Canadian Division (1915–1917) and Canadian Corps (1917–1919)

British Raj
Lord Hardinge – Viceroy of India (1910–1916)
Lord Chelmsford – Viceroy of India (1916–1921)
Robert Crewe-Milnes – Secretary of State for India (1911–1915)
Austen Chamberlain – Secretary of State for India (1915–1917)
Edwin Samuel Montagu – Secretary of State for India (1917–1922)
Beauchamp Duff – Commander-in-Chief, India (1914–1916)
Charles Monro – Commander-in-Chief, India (1916–1920), Mediterranean Expeditionary Force (1915–1916) and the British First Army (1916)
John Nixon – Commander in the British Indian Army
James Willcocks – Commander of the I Indian Corps on the Western Front

Union of South Africa
Louis Botha – Prime Minister of South Africa
The Earl of Buxton – Governor-General of South Africa
Jan Smuts – Commander in the South-West Africa Campaign and in the East African Campaign (1916–1917)
Jacob van Deventer – commanded the Union Defence Force and later all forces of the South African Overseas Expeditionary Force in the East African Campaign (1917–1918)

Dominion of New Zealand
William Massey – Prime Minister of New Zealand
The Earl of Liverpool – Governor-General of New Zealand
Alexander Godley – Chief of Army of New Zealand Military Forces (1910–1914) and The New Zealand Expeditionary Force (1914–1918)
Alfred William Robin – Quartermaster-General and Chief of Army of New Zealand Military Forces (1914–1919)
Andrew Hamilton Russell – Commander of the New Zealand Division

Dominion of Newfoundland
Edward Morris – Prime Minister of Newfoundland (1909–1917)
John Crosbie – Prime Minister of Newfoundland (1917–1918)
William Lloyd – Prime Minister of Newfoundland (1918–1919)
Walter Edward Davidson – Governor of Newfoundland (1913–1917)
Charles Alexander Harris – Governor of Newfoundland (1917–1922)
Arthur Lovell Hadow – Commander of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment in the Battle of the Somme 1916
James Forbes-Robertson – Deputy Commanding Officer of the 1st Battalion of the Royal Newfoundland Regiment, acting commander during the Battle of Monchy-le-Preux (part of the Battle of Arras)

Kingdom of Serbia
Peter I – King of Serbia
Crown Prince Alexander – Regent, nominal Commander-in-Chief
Nikola Pašic – Prime Minister (1912–1918)
 – Minister of War (1914–1915)
Radomir Putnik – Chief of Staff of the Serbian Army (1914–1915)
Živojin Mišić – Deputy Chief of General Staff (1914), Commander of First Army (1914–1915; 1917) and Chief of General Staff (1918)
Petar Bojović – Commander of First Army (1914), Deputy Chief of General Staff (1915–1916), Chief of General Staff (1916–1918) later Commander of First Army (1918)
Stepa Stepanovic – Commander of Second Army (1914–1918)
Pavle Jurišić Šturm – Commander of Third Army (1914–1916)

Kingdom of Montenegro
Nikola I – King of Montenegro
Janko Vukotić – Prime Minister and Commander of the 1st Army
Božidar Janković – Chief of Staff of the Montenegrin Supreme Command
Petar Pešić – Chief of Staff of the Montenegrin Supreme Command
Andrija Radović – Prime Minister in Exile (1916–1917)
Krsto Popović – General during the Montenegrin Campaign

Belgium

Albert I of Belgium – King of the Belgians and Commander-in-chief
Charles de Broqueville – Prime Minister (1911–1918)
Gérard Cooreman – Prime Minister (1918)
Antonin de Selliers de Moranville – Chief of Staff until September 6, 1914
Félix Wielemans –  Deputy Chief of Staff (1914) and Chief of Staff (1914–1917)
Louis Ruquoy – Chief of Staff (1917–1918)
Cyriaque Gillain – Chief of Staff (1918)
Émile Dossin de Saint-Georges – Commander of the 2nd Division in the German invasion of Belgium, later Military envoy of the Belgian Government-in-exile
Alphonse Jacques de Dixmude – General notable for his role in the Battle of the Yser, later commanded the 3rd Division (1917–1919)
Gérard Leman – General commanding the defense of Liège
Charles Tombeur – Commander of the colonial Force Publique in the East African theater

Luxembourg
Marie-Adélaïde – Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
Paul Eyschen – Prime Minister

Kingdom of Italy

Victor Emmanuel III – King of Italy
Antonio Salandra – Prime Minister of Italy (1914–1916)
Paolo Boselli – Prime Minister of Italy (1916–1917)
Vittorio Orlando – Prime Minister of Italy (1917–1919)
Vittorio Italico Zupelli – Italian Minister of War (1914–1916) (1918)
Paolo Morrone – Italian Minister of War (1916–1917)
Gaetano Giardino – Italian Minister of War (1917)
Vittorio Luigi Alfieri – Italian Minister of War (1917–1918)
Luigi Cadorna – Chief of Staff of the Italian Army (1914–1917)
Armando Diaz – Chief of Staff of the Italian Army (1917–1919)
Emanuele Filiberto – Commander of the Third Army through all 12 Battles of the Isonzo
Guglielmo Pecori Giraldi – Commander of the First Army (1916–1918)
Luigi Capello – Commander of several Army Corps and later the Second Army in 1917
Gaetano Giardino – Commander of several Army Corps and close advisor to Armando Diaz, stopped the Austrian Offensive in the Second Battle of the Piave River as commander of the Fourth Army (1918)
Mario Nicolis di Robilant – Commander of the Fourth Army (1915–1918) and Italian representative to the Allied Supreme War Council
Pietro Frugoni – Commander of the Second Army in the first four Battles of the Isonzo (1915–1916), later commanded the newly created Fifth Army
Enrico Caviglia –  Commanded the XXIV Army Corps in the Eleventh Battle of the Isonzo and was later in command of the newly created Eight Army
Ernesto Mombelli – Italian commander on the Macedonian front
Paolo Thaon di Revel – Commander-in-Chief of the Italian Navy
Alfredo Acton – Chief of Staff of the Italian Navy
Luigi Amedeo – Commander-in-Chief of the Adriatic Fleet of Italy
Maurizio Moris – Head of Italian military aviation

Kingdom of Romania
Ferdinand I – King of Romania
Ion I. C. Brătianu – Prime Minister of Romania (1914–1918)
Alexandru Averescu – Prime Minister of Romania (1918) and Commander of the 2nd Army, 3rd Army, then Army Group South
Vintilă Brătianu – Minister of War
 – Chief of the General Staff of Romania (1914–1916)
Constantin Prezan – Commander of the 4th (also known as Northern Army), later Chief of the General Staff of Romania (1916–1918)
Ioan Culcer – Led the 1st Army during the Battle of Transylvania
Eremia Grigorescu – Commander of the II Corps, VI Corps, VI Corps and finally the 1st Army during the Battle of Mărășești
Constantin Cristescu – Chief of Staff of the 2nd and 3rd Army and later of Army Group Averescu. Later commanded the Northern and 1st Army
Mihail Aslan – Commander of the 3rd Army
Artur Văitoianu – Commander of the II Corps during the Battle of Mărăști, later commander of the Second Army (1917–1918)
Ion Dragalina – Commander of the 1st Division at the Battle of Orșova, later briefly commander of the 1st Army (1916)
Eustațiu Sebastian – Commander of the Romanian Navy (1909–1917)

United States

Woodrow Wilson – President of the United States
Thomas R. Marshall – Vice President of the United States
Newton D. Baker – Secretary of War
Josephus Daniels – Secretary of the Navy
Tasker H. Bliss – Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army (1917–1918)
Peyton C. March – Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army (1918)
John J. Pershing – Commander of the American Expeditionary Forces
William Sims – Commander of all American naval forces in Europe
Hunter Liggett – Commander of the I Corps (1917–1918) and the First American Army (1918)
Robert Lee Bullard – Commander of the Second American Army (1918)

Empire of Japan

Yoshihito – Emperor of Japan
Okuma Shigenobu – Prime Minister of Japan (1914–1916)
Terauchi Masatake – Prime Minister of Japan (1916–1918)
Hara Takashi – Prime Minister of Japan (1918–1921)
Kamio Mitsuomi – Commander of the Army during the Siege of Tsingtao
Kato Sadakichi – Commander of the Second Fleet during the Siege of Tsingtao
Kōzō Satō – Commander of the Second Special Task Fleet in the Mediterranean

Kingdom of Greece
Constantine I – King of Greece (1913–1917)
Alexander of Greece – King of Greece (1917–1920)
Eleftherios Venizelos – Prime Minister of Greece
Panagiotis Danglis – Commander-in-Chief of Greek forces on the Macedonian front
Emmanouil Zymvrakakis – Commanded the first Greek units on the Macedonian front and commanded the Greek forces in the Battle of Skra-di-Legen
Leonidas Paraskevopoulos – Commander of the I Army Corps (1917–1918)
Pavlos Kountouriotis – Minister of the Navy

Kingdom of Hejaz
Hussein bin Ali – King of Hejaz, Sharif of Mecca and leader of the Arab Revolt
Faisal bin Hussein – Commander of the Northern Arab Army
Abdullah bin Hussein – Commander of the Eastern Arab Army
Ali bin Hussein – Commander of the Southern Arab Army
T. E. Lawrence – British Officer in the Arab Revolt

First Portuguese Republic
Bernardino Machado – President of Portugal (1915-1917)
Sidónio Pais - President of Portugal (1917-1918). Prior to this, he seized power in a coup d'état in December 1917 and proclaimed himself President of the Revolutionary Junta (1917). Later appointed himself as Prime Minister of Portugal, and simultaneously held the posts of Minister of War and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1917-1918) before being elected President
Afonso Costa – Prime Minister of Portugal (1915-1916, 1917) upon entry into war
António José de Almeida - Prime Minister of Portugal (1916-1917) and Minister of the Colonies (1916-1917)
José Norton de Matos – Minister of War (1915-1917)
Vítor Hugo de Azevedo Coutinho - Minister of the Navy (1915-1917)
 - Minister of the Navy (1917)
 - Minister of the Navy (1917-1918)
 - Minister of the Navy (1918)
João do Canto e Castro - Minister of the Navy (1918)
 - Minister of the Colonies (1917)
João Tamagnini Barbosa - Minister of the Colonies (1917-1918)
Fernando Tamagnini de Abreu e Silva – Commander-in-Chief of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps (1917–1918)
Tomás António Garcia Rosado – Commander-in-Chief of the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps (1918)
José Augusto Alves Roçadas – Commander of the Portuguese Forces in the South West Africa Campaign
José César Ferreira Gil – Commander of the Portuguese Forces in the East African Campaign
António Egas Moniz - Minister of Foreign Affairs (1918), later led the Portuguese delegation at the Paris Peace Conference

First Republic of Armenia
Hovhannes Kajaznuni – Prime Minister of Armenia
Andranik Ozanian – Commander in the Caucasus Campaign, never recognized the First Republic of Armenia and fought independently
Aram Manukian – Minister of Internal Affairs
Alexander Khatisian – Foreign Minister
Hovhannes Hakhverdyan – Defense Minister
Tovmas Nazarbekian – General and Commander-in-Chief of the Armenian Army
Drastamat Kanayan – General in the Armenian Army
Movses Silikyan – General in the Armenian Army

Kingdom of Siam
Rama VI, Vajiravudh – King of Siam
Chao Phraya Bodindechanuchit – Minister of Defence and Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Siamese Army
Chakrabongse Bhuvanath – Chief of staff in the Royal Siamese Army
Phraya Thephatsadin – Commander of Siamese Expeditionary Forces on the Western Front

Emirate of Nejd and Hasa
Abdul Aziz ibn Saud – Emir of Nejd and Hasa
William Shakespear – British Military Advisor to Emirate of Nejd and Hasa

First Brazilian Republic
Venceslau Brás – President of Brazil
Pedro Frontin – Admiral and Commander of the Brazilian Naval Division (DNOG)
José Pessoa Cavalcanti – Brazilian Captain and part of the preparatory military mission of Brazilian officers to French units in 1918
Dr. Nabuco Gouveia – Chief of the Brazilian Medical Delegation

Republic of China
Yuan Shikai
Li Yuanhong
Feng Guozhang

Notes

References

Military leaders of World War I
Allies of World War I


CPCS (Check Processing Control System) is an IBM software product that supports high-speed check sorting within financial institutions. The software works in conjunction with check-sorting equipment, such as the IBM 3890.

IBM began development of CPCS in or before 1971.  It was scheduled to be available in October 1972, although the IBM System/360 and System/370 Bibliography shows CPCS documentation as newly added in the August 1972 edition.  The goal was to create a database of all MICR entries and handle pass control.   It was designed to work with OS/360 in 256KB of core storage.  It was IBM Product 5734-F11.

CPCS is run on IBM System/360 and later IBM mainframe computers and receives the data from the document processor and can store information from the cheques, including the bank number, branch number, account number and the amount the check was written for, as well as internal transaction codes.

IBM withdrew CPCS from marketing on Nov 29, 2021.

References

See also
 z/OS

Check Processing Control System
IBM mainframe software


Shivsena Nepal (; translation: Shiva's Army of Nepal) is a political party in Nepal. The party was founded in 1990 by Arun Subedi, in response to the demands for secularism in the backdrop of the Jana Andolan.

In difference to the Nepal Shivsena, Shivsena Nepal has profiled itself mainly as a religious organisation. Whereas Nepal Shivsena has links to the Indian Shiv Sena, Shivsena Nepal denies such links.

The party was registered with the Election Commission of Nepal ahead of the 2008 Constituent Assembly election.

When the Taliban began destroying the Buddhistic ancient artifacts, the Nepal Shiv Sena and the Shivsena Nepal strongly criticized the attacks.

Organisation
The party claims to have organisation in 36 out of 77 districts of Nepal. Its main base, according to Subedi, is in the Terai areas.

References

Nepalese Hindu political parties
1990 establishments in Nepal


KCLS may refer to:

 KCLS (defunct), a defunct radio station in Flagstaff, Arizona, United States
 KCLS (FM), a radio station (101.5 FM) in Leeds, Utah, United States
 King County Library System, a library system in King County, Washington, United States
 Chehalis-Centralia Airport's ICAO code for the airport in Washington state