Ranked-choice voting (RCV) can refer to one of several ranked voting methods used in some cities and states in the United States. The term is not strictly defined, but most often refers to instant-runoff voting (IRV) or single transferable vote (STV).

RCV is used for state primary, congressional, and presidential elections in Maine; and for state, congressional, and presidential general elections in Alaska. It is used for local elections in 47 US cities including Salt Lake City, Seattle, and Cambridge, to name a few. It is also used by the Virginia, Utah, and Indiana Republican parties in state conventions and primaries. As a contingency in the case of a runoff election, RCV ballots are used by overseas voters in six states.

RCV is used in American non-governmental elections as well. Examples include: student elections at approximately 95 colleges and universities, along with elections for officers in professional associations, such as the American Chemical Society, American Philosophical Association, and Society of Actuaries.

Between 1912 and 1930 limited forms of RCV, typically with only two rankings, were implemented but later repealed, as has also occurred in some cities in the 21st century.

Use at presidential level

Alaska, 2022–present
In the 2020 Alaska elections voters approved Measure 2, ranked-choice voting for state and federal (including presidential) elections. It replaces party primaries with a single nonpartisan blanket primary; so the top 4 candidates advance to a general election. However, presidential primaries continue to be partisan.

Democratic presidential primaries, 2020
Five states used RCV in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, some in response to COVID-19 making an in-person caucus too risky. Alaska, Hawaii, Kansas, and Wyoming used it for all voters and Nevada used it for absentee caucus voters. Rather than eliminating candidates until a single winner is chosen, voters' choices were reallocated until all remaining candidates had at least 15%, the threshold to receive delegates to the convention. While all candidates but one had dropped out by the time of the four primaries, use of RCV ensured that voters who selected non-competing candidates as their first choice would not have their votes wasted, but rather used toward determining delegate allocation among the remaining candidates.

Maine, 2020–present
On August 26, 2019, the Maine Legislature passed a bill adopting RCV for both presidential primaries and the general election. On September 6, 2019, Governor Janet Mills allowed the bill to become law without her signature, which delayed it from taking effect until after the 2020 presidential primaries in March but would have Maine use it for the general election, making Maine the first state to use RCV for a presidential general election. The law continues the use of the congressional district method for the allocation of electors, as Maine and Nebraska have used in recent elections. However, in June the Maine Republican Party filed signatures for a veto referendum to ask voters if they want the law repealed and preclude the use of RCV for the 2020 election. Matthew Dunlap, Maine's secretary of state, rejected a number of signatures that had not been collected by a registered voter as required under the state constitution, resulting in there being insufficient signatures for the veto referendum to qualify for the ballot. A challenge to Dunlap's decision in Maine Superior Court was successful for the Maine Republican Party, but the case was appealed to the Maine Supreme Judicial Court. On September 8, the court issued a stay of the Superior Court ruling pending appeal on the merits, causing confusion and uncertainty regarding the 2020 election.  Nevertheless, ballots began being printed later that day without the veto referendum and including RCV for the presidential election, and the court ruled in favor of the secretary of state on September 22, allowing RCV to be used. An emergency appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court claiming a First Amendment violation was denied by Justice Stephen Breyer (the circuit justice for the First Circuit) on October 6. It was predicted that implementation of RCV could potentially delay the projection of the winner(s) of Maine's electoral votes for days after election day, and could also complicate interpretation of the national popular vote. However the 2020 United States presidential election in Maine was won statewide and in the 1st congressional district by Joe Biden and in the 2nd congressional district by Donald Trump with majorities, so the instant runoff did not need to be held, and did not impact the projection of the winners or the national popular vote tally. Outside of the presidential election, RCV was used in the U.S. Senate and U.S. House elections.

Use at state and federal levels

Nevada, 2022 (2026)–present
In the 2022 Nevada elections, voters approved Question 3, which proposed replacing party primaries with a single nonpartisan blanket primary where the top 5 candidates would advance to a general election that uses ranked-choice voting.  Because the proposal modifies the Nevada constitution, it will have to be reapproved by Nevada voters in 2024 before it can take effect. If it is reapproved, the system would take effect for the 2026 election cycle and be used for all state and federal elections in Nevada except President and Vice President.

Alaska, 2022–present
In the 2020 Alaska elections, voters approved Measure 2, which replaced party primaries with a single nonpartisan blanket primary, in which the top 4 candidates advance to a general election that uses ranked-choice voting. This system is now used for all state, federal, and presidential elections (except presidential primaries). The first election using the system was held on August 16, 2022, and elected Democrat Mary Peltola to Congress over former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin and Republican Nick Begich.

Maine, 2018–present
Maine Question 5, 2016 asked Maine voters whether to implement ranked-choice voting for primary and general elections for governor, U.S. Senate, U.S. House and state legislature, starting in 2018. It was approved by 52% to 48%, making Maine the first state to use RCV for all such elections. However, on May 23, 2017, the Maine Supreme Judicial Court issued an advisory opinion stating that the state constitution specified that for general elections for governor and the state legislature only a plurality was required to win, which is not consistent with the use of RCV and its multi-round vote transfers to ensure majority support. In June 2017, the legislature debated legislation to propose a constitutional amendment, to repeal the measure entirely, and to keep RCV in place for elections for U.S. Senate, U.S. House and primaries. All bills failed to pass in the regularly scheduled legislative session, but the legislature voted in October 2017 to delay implementation until 2021, by which time either a constitutional amendment must be adopted or the entire law would be considered repealed. Maine voters then collected enough signatures to force a veto referendum of the parts of the new law that blocked use of RCV for primary and congressional elections. In April 2018, the Maine Supreme Judicial Court ruled against a legal challenge seeking to prevent RCV from being used in state primaries and elections for federal office starting in June 2018. The people's veto, Question 1, passed in the June 12, 2018 election, which was also the first election that used RCV for state and federal offices, including Republican and Democratic primaries for governor, the Democratic primary for the 2nd Congressional District, and the Republican primary for House District 75.

No elections required the use of a runoff in 2020.

2018 Congressional election
In the 2018 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine, though Republican incumbent Bruce Poliquin led by 2,171 votes in the first round of vote tabulation in the 2nd Congressional District, he did not have a majority of the votes, initiating the ranked-choice tabulation process. Poliquin filed a lawsuit in federal court on November 13, seeking an order to halt the second-round tabulation of ballots and declare RCV unconstitutional, but his request for an injunction to halt the counting was denied. On November 15, the Maine Secretary of State announced Democratic candidate Jared Golden as the winner by 3,509 votes, after votes for independent candidates Tiffany Bond and Will Hoar were eliminated and ballots with these votes had their second- or third-choice votes counted.

Poliquin requested a recount of the ballots just before the deadline of November 26. On December 14, with almost half of the votes recounted and with the result not being significantly changed, Poliquin ended the recount after incurring $15,000 in fees.

Poliquin also continued his lawsuit and asked the judge, Lance Walker, to order a new election be held should he decline to hold RCV unconstitutional. Judge Walker ruled against Poliquin on December 13, rejecting all of his arguments. Poliquin appealed to the Court of Appeals in Boston and requested an order to prevent Golden from being certified as the winner, but that request was also rejected. On December 24, Poliquin dropped his lawsuit, allowing Golden to take the seat.

As a result, Poliquin became the first incumbent to lose the 2nd Congressional District since 1916, whereas Golden became the first member of Congress to be elected via RCV (along with 1st district Representative Chellie Pingree and Senator Angus King, who won with majorities that did not require subsequent rounds of counting).

2022 Congressional election
In 2022, Golden, Poliquin, and Bond all ran in the 2nd congressional district election. Once again, Bond received enough votes to prevent Golden or Poliquin from crossing 50% of the vote (although this time Golden led in the initial round) and once again Golden prevailed in the second round of tabulation.

North Carolina, 2006–2013
A 2006 law had established that ranked-choice voting would be used when judicial vacancies were created between a primary election and sixty days before a general election.  In November 2010, North Carolina had three RCV elections for local-level superior court judges, each with three candidates, and a statewide RCV election for a North Carolina Court of Appeals seat (with 13 candidates). The Court of Appeals race is believed to be the first time RCV has been used in any statewide general election in the United States.

The statewide RCV law was repealed by the General Assembly in 2013 as part of a sweeping voter ID bill, meaning that special judicial elections with more than two candidates would once again be decided by a simple plurality.

Party primaries, caucuses, and conventions

Florida, Indiana, Maryland, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, 1912–1930
In the United States, ranked-choice voting election laws were first adopted in 1912. Five states (Florida, Indiana, Maryland, Minnesota, and Wisconsin) used versions of RCV for party primaries, typically with each voter having two rankings and candidates needing to finish in the top two to advance to the instant runoff (also known as supplementary voting). By 1930 each jurisdiction had replaced RCV.

Utah Republican Party
After voting to authorize its use, the Utah Republican Party used RCV in 2002, 2003 and 2004 at its statewide convention, including in a contested race to nominate a governor in 2004. In 2005, Republicans used repeated balloting for its statewide convention and has done so in subsequent years. Some county Republican parties like Cache County continue to use instant runoff voting at their conventions, and IRV was used by Republicans to fill several state legislative vacancies in 2009-2011.

Democratic Party of Virginia
In 2014, the Democratic Party of Arlington, Virginia used RCV in two "firehouse primaries" for countywide office that each drew several thousand voters, and it joined with the Democratic Party of Fairfax county that year to use RCV in a seven-candidate primary election for a special election for the House of Delegates. Arlington Democrats also used the system in 2016.

RCV was also used in 2014 by leaders of the Henrico County Democrats in a three-candidate special election nomination contest for the House of Delegates in December 2014

In May 2009, the Democratic Party of Charlottesville, Virginia, held its first open caucus to select its nominees for city council and sheriff, using RCV. Voter turnout was close to 1,600 voters. One of two city council incumbents was renominated and another was defeated by a challenger without the need for an instant runoff. Three candidates ran in the sheriff's race. No candidate won an initial majority. In the instant runoff, James E. Brown III defeated Mike Baird.

In August 2011, the Party again used RCV to nominate candidates. Voter turnout rose to 2,582 in the city council race for three nominations. Two candidates were nominated with a majority of the first round vote. The final nomination was determined by RCV.

For the first time in 2023, the Democratic Party of Fairfax County elected to hold a caucus to determine the party's endorsees for school board and Soil and Water Conservation District. Although these offices are officially non-partisan, parties traditionally endorse candidates and party-endorsed candidates almost always win. For the three at-large seats on each board, the party elected to use a form of voting they dubbed S-IRV, or successions of instant runoff voting, which combined single-winner IRV with multi-winner STV. The first endorsed candidate would be determined like a single-winner IRV election, with candidates being eliminated until someone received a majority. The winner's first place votes would then be re-allocated to the voters' second choices in their entirety (unlike in STV where only the excess portion of the winners' vote share is reallocated), all other voters' ballots would be re-allocated back to their first place choice even if that candidate was previously eliminated, and the process would repeat again until three winners had been determined. The soil and water board vote was ultimately cancelled after one candidate withdrew, leaving only three remaining. The caucus rules also called for traditional IRV to be used for single-winner races for individual district seats on the school board in the event there were three or more candidates. However, no district seats had more than two candidates for the endorsement.

Republican Party of Virginia
In 2021, Republicans in Virginia used RCV in their primary elections for statewide offices. In the general election, the Republican Party, which had last won an election for a statewide office in 2009, swept all three statewide races.

In 2022, Republican voters in three congressional districts (CD 7, CD 10, and CD 11) used RCV in the primary election. This created an opportunity for a natural experiment comparing CD 10 with an adjacent district, CD 7, where ordinary plurality voting was used. A survey of Republican primary voters in the two districts found that the Republican nominee in the district using RCV (CD 10) enjoyed a substantially higher net favorable rating than the nominee in the other district (CD 7), and substantially more primary voters in CD 10 said that the Republican candidates ran positive campaigns. Also, the winner in CD 10 enjoyed higher name recognition, presumably because RCV gives voters more reason to learn about all the candidates.

Independence Party of Minnesota (2004 Presidential poll)
In part to increase awareness of the voting method and to demonstrate it in a real-world situation, the Independence Party of Minnesota tested RCV by using it in a straw poll during the 2004 Minnesota caucuses.

The poll allowed a none of the above option which could not be eliminated. Their rules eliminated one weakest candidate at a time, or all candidates in a tie at the bottom. They continued the elimination until only one candidate remained to confirm that this candidate had more support than none of the above.

This summary table shows the first round, and final five rounds, excluding five rounds during which 18 weak candidates were eliminated.

Use at local levels

California

Berkeley
The city of Berkeley, California passed (72%) ranked-choice voting in 2005 to use RCV to elect the mayor, auditor and city council. The city used RCV for the first time in November 2010 for elections for four city council seats and the city auditor. Berkeley used IRV for electing its mayor and four city council seats in November 2012. The city continues to use RCV, including in city elections in November 2014 and November 2016.

Oakland
The city of Oakland, California, passed (69%) a measure in November 2006 to adopt RCV for 18 city offices. In November 2010, Oakland used RCV to elect its mayor, three city council races and four other local offices, with elections for mayor and council district four requiring multiple rounds of counting. It used RCV in the city's remaining elected offices in 2012. IRV was again used in 2014 and 2016, including in the 2014 mayoral election in which incumbent Jean Quan was defeated by Libby Schaaf.

2010 mayoral election
Oakland's 2010 mayoral election was an open-seat election in which no candidate earned more than 34% of votes in the first round. In the tally, candidates were eliminated sequentially, with three candidates far ahead in first choices. After the count of first choices, Don Perata was in first place, Jean Quan in second place, and Rebecca Kaplan in third place. They remained in that order of votes after all other candidates were eliminated and their votes re-allocated. When Kaplan was then eliminated, Quan picked up 18,864 votes from Kaplan backers while Perata was the next choice of only 6,407 Kaplan backers. As a result, Quan won a final round majority when matched against Perata, which means she was ranked ahead of Perata on a majority of ballots in which one of them received a ranking.(11% of voters did not rank either of them, making their votes exhausted by the time of the final round.)

2012 elections
Oakland used RCV for several elections in 2012, including a citywide election for city attorney and for several seats on the city council and school board. Several races were decided after multiple rounds, including the District 3 city council race where the winner trailed in first choices. Of the 18 Oakland offices elected by RCV in 2010 and 2012, sixteen of the RCV winners received more votes than the previous winner had won before adoption in the last non-RCV election

Ojai
On November 8, 2022, Ojai, California voters approved a ballot measure to use RCV in city elections instead of using electoral districts, with the first RCV election set to occur in November 2024.

San Francisco
San Francisco has used RCV for its Board of Supervisors and most citywide offices nearly every November since 2004. In March 2002, an initiative backed by a broad coalition of civic organizations won 55% of the vote to adopt RCV. The initial configuration afforded a voter up to three choices for each candidate.
A unanimous panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit upheld San Francisco's RCV law as constitutional.

RCV was first used in October 2004 for YouthVOTE, an election held throughout San Francisco's public schools which elected the San Francisco school board's student delegate; after that, it was used in the November 2004 supervisorial races and every November since that time for at least one election in the city. RCV has played a decisive role in at least one city election in 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2014. Exit polls by San Francisco State University have shown support for the new system from all groupings of voters.

The San Francisco Department of Elections prefers the term ranked-choice voting rather than instant-runoff voting because "the word 'instant' might create an expectation that final results will be available immediately after the polls close on election night." The department used to release first-choice totals immediately but wait until more absentee ballots arrived before running subsequent rounds of counting. That practice has since changed.

San Francisco continues to hold RCV elections, several of which have gone to multiple rounds of counting. In 2010, for example, two candidates won who were not the leaders in first-choice rankings. In 2011, all three citywide elections up for election- mayor, sheriff and district attorney— were decided in RCV tallies. In the wake of the November 2012 elections, sixteen of eighteen offices elected by RCV were held by people of color.

San Leandro
In November 2000, the voters of San Leandro, California approved a charter amendment by 63% to 37% requiring use of a two-round runoff or ranked-choice if no candidate won a majority of first round votes. In January 2010, the city council voted 5-2 to use RCV for its elections for mayor and three city council seats in November 2010. The mayor's race required multiple rounds of counting.  Challenger Stephen H. Cassidy narrowly defeated incumbent Mayor Tony Santos in the final vote by a 50.57% to 49.43% margin.

In November 2012, San Leandro held RCV elections for three city council seats. One election was decided in first choices, and two with multiple rounds of counting. In November 2014 and November 2016, San Leandro used RCV for electing six city council seats and the mayor.

The November 2018 elections used RCV for the mayor and three council seats.

Palm Desert
To settle a California Voting Rights Act challenge, Palm Desert, California will switch from an at-large election for its city council to a new system, with RCV to be used starting in 2022. One of its five members will be elected in a single-member district, while the other four will be elected in a multimember district, electing two members every two years.

Albany

In the 2020 election, Albany, California adopted RCV for city council and Albany School Board elections. It will use the single transferable vote (STV) to attain proportional representation on both.

Eureka
In the 2020 election, Eureka, California voted to use RCV in mayoral and city council elections.

Colorado

Aspen (2007–2010)
Aspen, Colorado passed ranked-choice voting in November 2007 for the mayoral race and for at-large council races with two winners. In March 2009, the Aspen council adopted a unique variation of RCV for the council races. A block voting tally based on the first and second rank choices was used to determine first round support. Any candidate with initial majority support was elected. If there were not two first-round winners, there was a batch elimination of low-placing candidates to reduce the number of continuing candidates before the instant runoff. In the latter case, separate rounds of ranked-choice counting would be conducted for each council seat, with the winner of the first seat eliminated from the race for the second seat.

Aspen's first elections with RCV and the new city council system were on May 5, 2009. The number of voters was the highest in the history of Aspen elections. Mick Ireland was re-elected as mayor in the fourth round of a four-candidate race. Both city council incumbents were defeated in the two-seat RCV election in which nine candidates participated. The winners were selected after RCV tallies. 168 spoiled ballots were recast by voters alerted to errors by their optical scanning machine. The city reported 0% invalid ballots in the mayor's race and 0.9% invalid ballots in the two-seat city council elections.

The elections were close, and some Aspen observers argued that a traditional runoff system would have given more time to consider their top choices. There also was debate over how to implement audit procedures. In 2009 voters rejected an advisory measure to maintain IRV and in 2010 approved a binding amendment to return to a traditional runoff system.

Basalt
The city of Basalt, Colorado adopted RCV in 2002 for mayoral elections in which there are at least three candidates. The city was ready to run ranked-choice elections in 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016 but it did not have more than two candidates file for the mayor's office. In 2020, RCV was used as there were three candidates for mayor, with Bill Kane receiving a majority in the first round.

Boulder
In the 2020 election, Boulder, Colorado voted to make the mayor an elected position, rather than appointed by the city council, and elected by RCV.

Broomfield
In 2021, 52% of voters in Broomfield, Colorado voted to implement RCV in city elections.

Carbondale
Carbondale, Colorado adopted RCV in 2002 for municipal elections, but has not actually used it in an election.

Fort Collins
On November 8, 2022, Fort Collins, Colorado voters approved a ballot question to adopt RCV in city elections, set to take effect in 2025. The voting system could cost the city $35,000 per election for the proper tabulation equipment.

Telluride
On November 4, 2008, voters in the town of Telluride, Colorado, passed an ordinance with 67% of the vote to adopt RCV for the next three mayoral elections, starting in November 2011 if three candidates file for the office. The system was used for the city's 2011 mayoral election. The incumbent mayor Stu Fraser was re-elected by securing a majority of first choices. In the 2015 mayoral election, Sean Murphy handily won an open seat election for mayor after trailing in first choices.

Delaware

Arden
The village of Arden, Delaware uses single transferable vote to elect members of its Board of Assessors at large.

Florida

Sarasota
The city of Sarasota, Florida passed ranked-choice voting (78%) in November 2007. While initially precluded from implementation by the lack of compatible voting machines, in 2015, new compatible machines were purchased by the Sarasota County Supervisor of Elections. Implementation now hinges on the adoption of certification criteria for RCV tabulation equipment by the Florida Department of State's Division of Elections.

In April 2022, Florida banned RCV in all federal, state, and municipal elections.

Illinois

Evanston
In 2022, Evanston, Illinois voted to use ranked-choice voting in future elections for mayor, city council and city clerk.

Maine

Portland

In November 2010, voters in Portland, adopted a charter amendment with 52% to establish a directly elected mayor, using ranked-choice voting. The first election was in November 2011. Fifteen candidates ran. The winner, Michael Brennan, led with 27% of first choices and won decisively in the final instant runoff voting.

In November 2015, Brennan ran for re-election against two opponents and was defeated by Ethan Strimling, who won a majority of votes in the first round. In November 2019, Strimling was defeated by Kate Snyder, who won by 62% to 38% over Spencer Thibodeau in the final instant runoff.

The Portland city council in November 2019 voted unanimously to place a charter amendment on the March 2020 ballot to extend use of RCV to all city elections. The amendment passed.

Westbrook
In 2021, 63% of voters in Westbrook voted to implement RCV in all city elections.

Maryland

Takoma Park
The city of Takoma Park, Maryland adopted ranked-choice voting for city council and mayoral elections in 2006 after voters approved it with 84% support in November 2005.

In January 2007 the first RCV election was held to fill a city council vacancy in a three-way race with a majority winner in the first round. Voters selected Reuben Snipper with 107 votes (52.7%), defeating Eric Hensal with 72 votes (35.5%) and Alexandra Quéré Barrionuevo with 23 votes (11.3%) and one write-in. Snipper said the possibility of using the RCV system changed the race's dynamics. "I had every reason to believe this was going to be a close race," he said. "It meant that when I knocked on a door, if a person indicated they were going to vote for another candidate, I didn't just leave right away. I tried to persuade them I would be a good second choice."

In November 2007 the mayor ran unopposed, and, out of six ward seats on the ballot, one was contested. Runoff provisions were not exercised. In November 2009, the mayor and one city councilor each faced one opponent. In November 2011, one city council race drew three candidates; it was won by a candidate securing a majority of first choices.

In July 2012, the Ward Five race again was vacant. In another three-way race, first-time candidate Jarrett Smith was elected. After securing 44% of first choices, Smith won a majority in subsequent rounds against Eric Hensal.

RCV was used in regularly scheduled city elections in 2013, 2015 and 2017, along with a special election that required two rounds of counting.

Massachusetts
Massachusetts rejected Ballot Question 2 in the 2020 general election, which would have authorized ranked-choice voting for "primary and general elections for all Massachusetts statewide offices, state legislative offices, federal congressional offices, and certain other offices beginning in 2022," but not "for President of the United States, county commissioner, or regional district school committee members."

Cambridge
Cambridge, Massachusetts has been using RCV for city council and school committee since 1941. For decades it was the only location in the US that used the multi-member version of RCV, also known as single transferable vote (STV), but now four other municipalities are using it as well. Unlike IRV, STV produces proportional representation.
Six other Massachusetts towns were using the system by 1947, but all except Cambridge abandoned it due to concerns about Communists being elected. (Albany, Minneapolis and Amherst (Mass.) use STV as well.)

Amherst
Amherst, Massachusetts adopted RCV in 2018 as part of a new town charter. The details of implementation were delegated to a Ranked Choice Voting Commission, with expected first use in November 2021 for the town council, school committee, and library trustees. All of these races will be in multi-member districts, varying from two to six members.
The Commission found that the town cannot use RCV without state approval, which has not yet been granted. The November 2021 election did not use RCV. Instead block voting, where each voter casts multiple votes, was used, as in the past.

Easthampton
Easthampton, Massachusetts voted to adopt RCV for mayoral and city council elections in 2019 with 55% in favor. First use will be in 2021.

Michigan

Ann Arbor (1974–1976)
Ranked-choice voting (then called preferential voting) was adopted for mayoral races in Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1974 after a successful ballot initiative sponsored by the local Human Rights Party. RCV was used in the 1975 mayoral election. Democratic Party nominee Albert H. Wheeler, the city's first African-American mayor, won after trailing the Republican incumbent 49% to 40% in the first round of counting, with remaining votes cast for the Human Rights Party nominee. The ousted incumbent Stephenson alleged in a lawsuit that RCV violated the equal protection clause, but the county circuit court upheld the voting system.

In April 1976, 62% of voters voted to repeal RCV in a low-turnout special election petitioned by city Republicans.

In 2021 Ann Arbor voted with 73% to implement RCV, pending state approval to administrative changes.

Eastpointe
Eastpointe, Michigan entered a consent decree with the US Department of Justice to implement RCV for city council elections for at least four years starting in 2019 to address claims of racial discrimination. Multi-winner RCV in the form of the single transferable vote is used, with two city council members elected at each staggered election.

Ferndale
The city of Ferndale, Michigan passed (68%) RCV in 2004, however the system has not been implemented.

Minnesota

Minneapolis
The city of Minneapolis, Minnesota, passed (65%) ranked-choice voting in November 2006. Although a citizen group filed a lawsuit in 2007 challenging the constitutionality of the system and to block its implementation, the lawsuit was dismissed in a ruling on January 13, 2009. The Minnesota Supreme Court unanimously upheld this ruling in an opinion on June 11, 2009.

On November 3, 2009, the City used RCV to elect the mayor, 13 city council seats, and seven other local offices and used a multi-seat variation of RCV, the single transferable vote (STV), for park board elections. In November 2013, it again used RCV for those same elections, including in the open seat for the 2013 Minneapolis mayoral election.

St Louis Park
St. Louis Park, Minnesota began using RCV in November 2019 after adopting it in April 2018.

Saint Paul
On November 4, 2009, voters in the city of Saint Paul, Minnesota, passed a charter amendment with 52% of the vote to adopt RCV for future elections for mayor and city council. In February 2011, the city council adopted rules governing the November 2011 elections. RCV elections took place for city council races, with two council races requiring multiple rounds of counting.

RCV was used in St. Paul's 2013 election for mayor and in an open seat election for city council. RCV was also used for city council elections in 2015, including one election decided after multiple rounds.

Minnetonka
In the 2020 election, Minnetonka, Minnesota voted to eliminate the primary and use RCV in city elections.

Bloomington
In the 2020 election, Bloomington, Minnesota voted to use RCV in mayoral and city council elections.

New Mexico

Santa Fe
On March 4, 2008, the city of Santa Fe, New Mexico, passed a referendum for ranked-choice voting by a vote of 5659 to 3044 (65% for). RCV was authorized to begin with the regular municipal election in March 2010 or as soon as equipment was available at a reasonable price. Responding to a petition to force the city to implement RCV, the New Mexico Supreme Court ordered RCV to be used in municipal elections, beginning with the March 6, 2018 races for mayor and city council.

Las Cruces
Following successful implementation of RCV in Santa Fe, the city council of Las Cruces, New Mexico voted in June 2018 to adopt RCV, beginning with the November 2019 municipal elections.

New York

New York City
On November 5, 2019, New York City voters passed Ballot Question #1 to amend the City Charter to "Give voters the choice of ranking up to five candidates in primary and special elections for Mayor, Public Advocate, Comptroller, Borough President, and City Council beginning in January 2021." In its October endorsement, The New York Times editorial board wrote: "Ranked-choice voting is a smart, tested reform that would help New Yorkers elect candidates who have support from a majority of voters. Isn’t that what democracy is all about?"  The first election in the city to use ranked-choice voting was in the 24th Council District in Queens, which took place on February 2, 2021.

The 2021 New York City mayoral election took place on November 2, 2021. The primaries were held on June 22, 2021, and were the first New York City mayoral election primaries to use RCV during which voters were able to rank up to five candidates.  The Democratic primary was won by Brooklyn Borough President Eric Adams and the Republican primary was won by Guardian Angels founder Curtis Sliwa.

North Carolina
A 2006 law established that ranked-choice voting would be used when judicial vacancies were created between a primary election and sixty days before a general election. The law also established a pilot program for RCV for up to 10 cities in 2007 and up to 10 counties for 2008; to be monitored and reported to the 2007–2008 General Assembly.  In November 2010, North Carolina had three RCV elections for local-level superior court judges, each with three candidates, and a statewide IRV election for a North Carolina Court of Appeals seat (with 13 candidates). The Court of Appeals race is believed to be the first time RCV has been used in any statewide general election in the United States.

Several municipalities considered participating in the RCV pilot in 2007. Cary, Hendersonville and Kinston voted to participate; Kinston dropped out because there were not enough candidates running to use RCV. Other cities declined to participate in the pilot. No North Carolina counties volunteered to participate in RCV in the 2008 elections held in conjunction with state and federal races. In August 2008 the governor signed legislation extending the pilot program for local elections to be held in 2009–2011.

There was much debate whether RCV was successful when it was used. This debate continued in the North Carolina legislature when it debated legislation to extend the pilot program. Some "verified voting" advocates contended that the RCV tabulation procedures used were not legal. Both advocates and opponents of the provision supported amendments to the pilot program to ensure that the local governing body of any jurisdiction participating in the pilot must approve their participation; the jurisdiction must develop and implement voter education plans; and the University of North Carolina School of Government must approve procedures for conducting RCV elections by January 2009. After these amendments were adopted, the state House of Representatives, by a majority of 65-47, rejected an amendment designed to remove the pilot program from the legislation, and the legislation ultimately won approval by both houses.

Hendersonville (2007–2011)
In 2009, Hendersonville again used RCV, Three candidates ran for mayor in Hendersonville in November 2009; five candidates ran for two seats on the city council using a multi-seat version of RCV. All seats were filled based on first choices without the need for further counting.

In 2011, Hendersonville's city council unanimously voted to use RCV a third time, although ultimately not enough candidates filed for office to trigger the need for the system.

The RCV pilot program was repealed by the General Assembly in 2013 as part of a sweeping voter ID bill, meaning that special judicial elections with more than two candidates would once again be decided by a simple plurality.

Cary (2007)
In October 2007 the city of Cary, North Carolina used RCV for municipal election for three council seats and for mayor. The mayor's race (with two candidates) and two of the council seats (with four and three candidates on the ballot) were won with a majority in the first round. The remaining council seat, with three candidates, went to a second round of counting; the plurality winner in the first round went on to win with 50.9% of the final round vote, amounting to 46.4% of first-round ballots cast, with 8.9% of the ballots offering no preference between the top two candidates.

Cary used hand or machine-marked paper ballots that are read on optical scanners manufactured by ES&S. First column choices were tallied at the precinct. The second and third column choices were counted at a central location. In 2009 the Cary Town Council voted to use a traditional runoff method.

Ohio

Ashtabula
After home rule was adopted, Ashtabula was the first American adoption of single transferable vote in 1915.:59-60 It was repealed in 1929.:62

Cincinnati
Cincinnati adopted a single transferable vote charter in 1925:60 until it was repealed in 1957.:171

Cleveland
In 1921, Cleveland amended its charter adopting proportional representation to elect city council.:116 Single transferable vote with large multi member districts:158 was used in 5 elections until repealed in 1931.:117

Hamilton
Hamilton changed its charter to adopt single transferable vote in 1926:60 until its repeal in 1960.:231

Toledo
Toledo adopted a single transferable vote charter in 1935:60 until its repeal in 1949.:245

Oregon

Benton County
On November 8, 2016, voters in Benton County, Oregon, passed a charter amendment with 54.3% of the vote to enact ranked-choice voting for county elections. The first use of RCV took place in November 2020, after the state legislature in 2018 appropriated funds to enable the county to administer the elections; neither race on the ballot required an instant runoff.

Corvallis
In January 2022, the Corvallis, Oregon City Council voted to adopt the use of RCV in municipal elections. It was put to use in the November 2022 elections, when both the mayor and Ward 9 councilor three-way elections went to a second round.

Multnomah County
On November 8, 2022, Multnomah County, Oregon voters approved a charter amendment to use RCV for electing county officials, set to take effect in 2026.

Portland
On November 8, 2022, voters in Portland, Oregon passed wide-sweeping reforms to the city's governmental structure. Among these were the establishment of multi-member districts whose three members would be elected via single transferable vote (a change from city commissioners previously being elected at-large), becoming the first U.S. city to do so. The mayor and auditor would continue to be elected at-large, but with instant-runoff voting.

Tennessee
In February 2022, the Tennessee General Assembly prohibited the use of ranked-choice voting statewide including all municipal elections.

Memphis
On November 4, 2008, voters in the city of Memphis, Tennessee, passed a charter amendment with 71% of the vote to enact RCV for city elections. The first use of RCV has been dependent on the city's ability to administer the election: it was scheduled for 2019, however, the city council voted in 2017 to place a referendum to repeal RCV on the 2018 ballot. 63% of voters elected to keep RCV but it remains unclear when it will be implemented.

Texas

Austin
In 2021 Austin voters approved a ballot measure 59–41% to adopt ranked-choice voting for city elections, replacing the two-round system. However, it is not clear if the reference to "majority" in state law allows its use.

Utah

In 2018, Utah passed a law allowing municipalities to opt in to ranked-choice voting starting with 2019 municipal elections. Six cities indicated interest in using RCV in 2019, West Jordan, Vineyard, Salem, Cottonwood Heights, Lehi, and Payson, with Vineyard and Payson following through with the trial.

Both the Utah Republican Party and Utah Democratic Party used RCV at their state conventions in 2020.

Following a successful trial in Vineyard and Payson in 2019, 21 more cities and towns intend to use RCV in 2021 municipal elections: Salt Lake City, Draper, Lehi, Riverton, Springville, Goshen, Newton, Woodland Hills, Heber City, Moab, Genola, Sandy, South Salt Lake, Magna, Bluffdale, Nibley, Millcreek, River Heights, Cottonwood Heights, Elk Ridge, and Midvale. This was enabled in part by a new law allowing cities to contract with counties besides their own to administer elections.

Vermont

Burlington
The city of Burlington, Vermont approved ranked-choice voting for use in mayoral elections with a 64% vote in 2005.  The 2006 Burlington mayoral race was decided after two rounds of tallying, and the mayoral race in 2009 was decided in three rounds. Unlike Burlington's first RCV mayoral election in 2006, the RCV winner in 2009 (VT Progressive candidate Bob Kiss) was neither the same as the plurality winner (Republican candidate Kurt Wright) nor the Condorcet winner (Democratic candidate Andy Montroll).

The results caused a post-election controversy regarding the RCV method. In late 2009, a group of several Democrats (who supported Republican Kurt Wright) led a signature drive to force a referendum on RCV. According to a local columnist, the vote was a referendum on Mayor Kiss, who was a "lame duck" because of a scandal relating to Burlington Telecom and other local issues. However, in an interview with Vermont Public Radio, Mayor Kiss disputed that claim. RCV was repealed in March 2010 by a vote of 52% to 48%.

The repeal reverted the system back to a 40% rule that requires a top-two runoff if no candidate exceeds 40% of the vote. Had the 2009 election occurred under these rules, Kiss and Wright would have advanced to the runoff. If the same voters had participated in the runoff as in the first election and not changed their preferences, Kiss would have won the runoff. In 2011, an initiative effort to increase the winning threshold from the 40% plurality to a 50% majority failed.

In 2021, Burlington approved RCV for a second time, this time for City Council elections with another 64%–36% vote. Since the referendum is an amendment to the city's charter, it also has to be approved by the Vermont General Assembly and the Governor.

In March 2023, Burlington residents voted to expand ranked-choice voting in city elections, to include races for mayor, city councilors, School Commissioners, Ward Clerks, and Inspectors of Election. This passed with 64% support.

Virginia
The legislature passed a bill in 2020 providing a local option for municipalities to use ranked-choice voting through 2031. Arlington County, Virginia began using RCV for local elections in June, 2023.

Washington

Pierce County (2006–2009)
Pierce County, Washington, passed (53%) ranked-choice voting in November 2006 for most of its county offices. Voters upheld the 2008 implementation timing with a vote of 67% in 2007 and made minor adjustments to the charter language involving ballot access and numbers of rankings. Seven RCV elections took place on November 4, 2008 and one on November 3, 2009. The introduction of RCV was marked by controversies about costs and confusion about the simultaneous introduction of the top two election system following a Supreme Court ruling that restored it after it passed statewide in 2004, but was struck down by courts in 2005. On November 3, 2009, voters repealed RCV.

Seattle
In 2022, Seattle voters passed a measure adopting RCV in city elections, choosing it over approval voting by a wide margin as a new voting system for the city.

Absentee use
Several states jurisdictions that hold runoff elections allow certain categories of absentee voters to submit ranked-choice ballots, because the interval between votes is too short for a second round of absentee voting. Ranked-choice ballots enable long-distance absentee votes to count in the runoff election if their first choice does not make the runoff. Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia, and South Carolina all use ranked-choice ballots for overseas and military voters in federal elections that might go to a runoff. Springfield, Illinois follows the same practice for city elections after voters approved it with 91% support.

Implementations rejected
Between 1912 and 1930, limited forms of ranked-choice voting (typically with only two rankings) were implemented and subsequently repealed in Florida, Indiana, Maryland, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. In the 1970s, it was implemented and repealed in Ann Arbor, Michigan following the election of the city’s first Black mayor in an RCV election.  More recently, it was adopted and repealed in Pierce County, Washington (2006–2009); Burlington, Vermont (2005–2010); and Aspen, Colorado (2007–2010). It has since been reinstated in Burlington, and Ann Arbor residents voted to reinstate it as well, with that use likely needing approval from Michigan’s state legislature.

According to FairVote, an organization advocating RCV and STV, dozens of states have entertained RCV legislation since 2000. In 2008, Vermont governor Jim Douglas, a Republican, vetoed legislation which would have established RCV for that state's congressional elections starting that year despite testimony in support by Vermont's independent U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders and its Democratic U.S. House Member Peter Welch. In 2003, an amendment to the California State Constitution was proposed with wide-ranging goals of election reform, including RCV for statewide offices. In Washington, an initiative seeking to adopt RCV in 2005 failed to garner enough signatures. The city of Vancouver, Washington voted in 1999 to adopt RCV and the state legislature enacted enabling legislation in 2004, but the city in 2006 chose not to exercise its option. RCV for all state and federal elections was on Alaska's statewide ballot in August 2002, when it was defeated. It also was defeated by voters in Glendale, Arizona in 2008, in Fort Collins, Colorado in 2011, and in Duluth, Minnesota in 2015. Both Alaska and Fort Collins have voted to adopt RCV since. The number of jurisdictions using RCV has grown from two to over 50 since 2000, and RCV has won 22 city ballot measures in a row.

In 2020 Massachusetts Question 2 failed to pass, while 2020 Alaska Measure 2 succeeded.

Proposed laws

Proposed federal laws
In the U.S. Congress, the Voter Choice Act of 2005 would require the use of ranked-choice voting for general elections for federal office. The For the People Act, passed by the House of Representatives in 2019 and reintroduced in 2021, would promote the purchase of voting systems capable of RCV.

The proposed Fair Representation Act would amend several laws including the Help America Vote Act and the Reapportionment Act of 1929 to mandate the conversion of all congressional districts from single- to multi-member districts elected by RCV as well as the creation of state-level nonpartisan redistricting commissions for congressional redistricting.

Proposed state laws
Oregon will vote in 2024 on a legislatively-referred constitutional amendment which, if passed, will adopt ranked-choice voting for subsequent elections for both federal offices (U.S. president, senator and representative) and state constitutional officers (governor, secretary of state, attorney general, state treasurer, and commissioner of labor and industries), as well as allow local government bodies to adopt ranked-choice voting unless prohibited by local charter.

See also
 First-past-the-post voting
 Instant-runoff voting
 Single transferable vote
 Score voting
 STAR voting
 Approval voting
 Comparison of electoral systems

References

External links
Who Wins RCV Races? - research on how RCV has changed outcomes in US races that have used it

Ballotpedia: "Ranked Choice Voting"
Ranked-choice voting practice ballot (conventional grid style) and actual local ballot examples, RCV123.org

Instant-runoff voting
Electoral reform in the United States
Federal elections of the United States
Local elections in the United States
Primary elections in the United States


Anna Mercury is creator-owned comic book series created by writer Warren Ellis and artist Facundo Percio. Two series featuring the character have been published by Avatar Press.

Creation and publication history
Ellis compared the character to a mix of Daredevil, Lara Croft and a character from Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, also noting the influence of science fiction pulp magazines and the Lensman series.

The writer had first worked with Percio on Ellis' webcomic FreakAngels, noting that he loved the fusion of European-style illustration with Anglo-American comics. Anna Mercury was the first of a planned series of limited series for Avatar, a format Ellis felt was "the future".

The character debuted in April 2008 in a five-part limited series. A second five-part series, Anna Mercury 2, followed in 2009, but only three of the issues were published. In 2012, Ellis said that the conclusion - reworked as a double-length one-shot - was partly complete.  no more information about the series has been released.

Synopsis
Anna Mercury is a vinyl-clad, red-headed hero who travels between divergent worlds, fighting to keep advanced weaponry from being used by more primitive worlds. Among these are the city of New Ataraxia, where she is often considered an urban myth.

On Earth, in the modern day United Kingdom, Anna Mercury is actually Anna Louise Britton, an agent of the government, tasked with missions in the nine divergent worlds adjacent to our own. Anna's travels through the space between worlds charges her equipment that lets her defy gravity, move through solid objects, and perform other feats, though the energy is limited and must be monitored closely.

Collected editions

Reception
The first issue of Anna Mercury was chosen for Comics Bulletin's "Sunday Slugfest", and all three reviewers gave the issue four 'bullets' out of five. Rich Johnston was positive about the first issue of Anna Mercury 2 in a review for Bleeding Cool: "It's big, it's bold and it's brash but it also has the depth and background and even occasional tenderness of the likes of Planetary".

References

External links

Avatar Press titles
Comic book limited series
Comics by Warren Ellis
Comics about women
Comics characters introduced in 2008
Comics publications
Mercury, Anna
Science fiction comics
Unfinished comics


The Seattle Star was a free, neighborhood newspaper in Seattle, Washington, United States, covering the south and central sections of the city. Founded in 2002 as the South Seattle Star, it changed its name to the Seattle Star in 2004. It was published biweekly.

With the May 18–31, 2005, issue, the Star merged with the Seattle Sun to form the Seattle Sun and Star. It printed its last issue on July 1, 2005.

The Star was unusual for being a well-written neighborhood newspaper whose issues regularly featured investigative reporting.

References

Newspapers published in Seattle
Defunct newspapers published in Washington (state)


Stenocereus alamosensis (octopus cactus or cina) is a species of cactus native to Mexico.  It is viviparous (that is, the seeds germinate before leaving the parent plant), apparently an adaptation to living in coastal plains which are prone to flooding. The Seri people of Sonora call this cactus xasaacoj. The specific epithet, , refers to the plant's occurrence at Álamos in the Mexican state of Sonora, in northwestern Mexico.

References

External links

Alamosensis
North American desert flora
Flora of Arizona
Flora of Mexico
Plants described in 1896


IEEE 1547 (Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems) is a standard of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers meant to provide a set of criteria and requirements for the interconnection of distributed generation resources into the power grid.

Purpose
"This document provides a uniform standard for interconnection of distributed resources with EPSs [Electric Power Systems]. It provides requirements relevant to the performance, operation, testing, safety, and maintenance of the interconnection."

With the increased adoption of distributed resources in the present and future, a set of standards regarding their usage in the grid becomes increasingly important for the overall reliability, safety, and cost. Furthermore, the lack of a concrete national standard was seen as a roadblock to the implementation of new distributed generation projects. The standard is intended to be universally adoptable, technology-neutral, and cover distributed resources as large 10 MVA.

Development
In early 1999, the IEEE approved the undertaking of P1547.  With the support of the United States Department of Energy, the project was initiated on a fast-track basis, which would halve the usual development time. The draft standard was revised 10 times before P1547/Draft 11 was approved with a 91% vote in February 2003. It was then approved by the IEEE Standards Board on June 12, 2003, and received an ANSI designation on October 20, 2003.

Risk of System Disturbance
IEEE 1547-2003 had a tight underfrequency protection setting of 59.3 Hz which posed a risk for grid stability. In case of an underfrequency situation,
e.g. after a major loss of generation, the situation may get worse when a multitude of distributed energy resources (DER) disconnect simultaneously. IEEE 1547-2003 demanded also an obligatory overfrequency disconnection at 60.5 Hz. With a rising share of distributed generation there is a possibility of triggering a non-linear oscillator in the multi GW range within the transmission grid. In Europe, this problem with similar standards has already been addressed by ENTSO-E. IEEE 1547-2018 now allows operation from 56.5Hz to 62Hz with frequency droop included.

Energy Policy Act of 2005
"Interconnection services shall be offered based upon the standards developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: IEEE Standard 1547 for Interconnecting Distributed Resources With Electric Power Systems, as they may be amended from time to time."

The Energy Policy Act of 2005 established IEEE 1547 as the national standard for the interconnection of distributed generation resources in the United States of America.

Related Standards
Currently, there are six complementary standards designed to expand upon or clarify the initial standard, two of which are published, and the other four still in the draft phase.
IEEE 1547.1, published in 2005 and updated in May 2020, further describes the testing of the interconnection in order to determine whether or not it conforms to standards.
IEEE 1547.2, published in 2008, provides a technical background on the standard.
IEEE P1547.3, draft in progress, details cyber security guidelines.
IEEE 1547.4, published in 2011, is a guide for the design, operation, and integration of conforming systems.
IEEE 1547.6, published in 2011, describes practices for secondary network interconnections.
IEEE 1547.7, published in 2013, provides distribution impact studies for distributed resource interconnection.
IEEE P1547.9, draft in progress, details energy storage guidelines
IEEE 1547-2018, published in 2018, IEEE Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with Associated Electric Power Systems Interfaces.  Revision to IEEE 1547-2003

See also
 Net metering

References

External links
 http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/scc21/1547/1547_index.html (IEEE 1547 Homepage)

IEEE standards
Distributed generation


Russell School may refer to:

in New Zealand:
Russell School, Bay of Islands
Russell School, Porirua East

in the United Kingdom:
The Russell School (Chorleywood) in Hertfordshire
The Russell School, a former school in Petersham, London
The Russell Primary School, in Petersham, London
Royal Russell School in Croydon

in the United States
Russell School (Flatwoods, Kentucky), Flatwoods, Kentucky
Russell School (Lexington, Kentucky), listed on the NRHP in Kentucky
Russell School (Kalispell, Montana), listed on the NRHP in Montana
Russell School (Missoula, Montana)
Russell School (Durham, North Carolina), an NRHP-listed Rosenwald school

See also
Russell High School (disambiguation)


The Seattle Sun may refer to the following newspapers in Seattle, Washington, United States:

 Seattle Sun (alternative weekly), 1974–1982, a weekly newspaper
 Seattle Sun (2002-2005), a monthly neighborhood newspaper

See also
 Seattle Sun and Star (2005), bi-weekly neighborhood newspaper


Very is the 2nd studio album by the German progressive metal band Dreamscape.

Track listing

 "When Shadows Are Gone" – 4:45
 "Lost Faith" – 1:05
 "Thorn in My Mind" – 5:27
 "Reborn" – 4:32
 "A Voice Inside" – 5:35
 "Winter Dreams" – 5:59
 "Fearing the Daylight" – 4:56
 "I Leave the Past Behind" – 7:25
 "Alone - Panterei Part I" – 4:29
 "She's Flying - Panterei Part II" – 7:00
 "A New Beginning - Panterei Part III" – 4:14
 "Dancing with Tears in My Eyes" (bonus track) – 4:49

1999 albums
Dreamscape (band) albums


Walter Colman (1600–1645) was an English Franciscan friar.

Life
Colman was born in Cannock, Staffordshire, to a noble and wealthy family. His father was also named Walter Coleman. His mother's family, the Whitgreaves, later gave asylum to Charles II in 1651 at Mosley Hall near Wolverhampton.

Young Colman left England to study at the English College, Douai. In 1625 he entered the Franciscan Order at Douai, receiving in religion the name of Christopher of St. Clare, by which he is more generally known.

Having completed his year of novitiate, he returned to England at the call of provincial superior Father John Jennings, but was immediately imprisoned because he refused to take the Oath of Allegiance. Released through the efforts of his friends, Colman went to London, where he was employed in the duties of the ministry and where, during his leisure moments, he composed , or, Death's Duel (London, 1632 or 1633), an elegant metrical treatise on death, which he dedicated to Queen Henrietta Maria, consort of Charles I.

When religious persecution broke out anew in 1641, Colman returned to England from Douai, where he had gone to regain his health. On 8 December of the same year he was brought to trial, together with six other priests, two of whom were Benedictines, the other four were members of the secular clergy. They were all condemned to be hanged, drawn, and quartered on 13 December, but through the interposition of the French ambassador the execution was stayed indefinitely. Colman lingered on in Newgate Prison for several years until 1645, when he died, exhausted by starvation and the rigours of his confinement.

Notes

Attribution
   cites:
Thaddeus, The Franciscans in England (London, 1898), 62, 72, 106
Anne Hope, Franciscan Martyrs in England (London, 1878), xi, 123 sqq
Mason, Certamen Seraphicum (Quaracchi, 1885), 211, 228
Leo, Lives of the Saints and Blessed of the Three Orders of St. Francis (Taunton, 1887), IV, 368.

References

1600 births
1645 deaths
English Catholic poets
English College, Douai alumni
English Friars Minor
People from Cannock
Prisoners who died in England and Wales detention


Business M-28 (Bus. M-28) was a state trunkline highway in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. It served as a business route running for  through the Newberry area. The business loop followed a U-shaped routing to connect downtown Newberry with M-28 south of town. It ran west of the city of Newberry, passing through the community of Dollarville before entering downtown, turning south and ending near the county airport.

Bus. M-28 was originally a section of M-28 before the latter was realigned in the late 1930s. The highway carried the M-28A designation before it was redesignated as Bus. M-28 in 1950. The trunkline was partially turned back to local control in 1953, and the business loop designation was removed at that time. The section of the roadway in downtown Newberry has carried several different designations in addition to the original M-28.

Route description

Bus. M-28 started at the top of a small hill at an intersection with M-28 southwest of Newberry. The highway ran due north from the intersection along Engadine Road, running downhill towards Teaspoon Creek. Just south of the Tahquamenon River, Bus. M-28 turned east into the community of Dollarville. There the trunkline followed Dollarville Road and Engadine Road to the western city limits of Newberry.

Once in the city of Newberry, Bus. M-28 followed West McMillan Avenue. At the intersection with M-117 (Newberry Avenue), Bus. M-28 turned south concurrently with M-117. The combined highway passed through the central business district. South of town, M-117/Bus. M-28 turned east along Campbell Avenue and then south along Miller Road. West of the Luce County Airport, M-117/Bus. M-28 met M-28; at this intersection, M-117 turned west along M-28 and the business loop ended.

History

The first highway through downtown Newberry was M-25 which was assigned by July 1, 1919. M-28 replaced this designation by the end of 1927, when M-28 was extended eastward through the Upper Peninsula to end in downtown Sault Ste. Marie.

M-28 was transferred to a new roadway south of Newberry in late 1935 or early 1936 as shown on the Michigan State Highway Department (MSHD) maps of the time. The segment of roadway between the new highway and downtown Newberry was given the M-28A designation. In downtown Newberry, M-28A followed M-48 south, returning to M-28. Between late 1949 and early 1950, M-48 was rerouted on its west end. The former M-48 that ran through downtown Newberry north to Roberts Corner was part of a relocated M-117. The M-28A designation was also changed to Bus. M-28 at this time on the map, creating an M-117/Bus. M-28 concurrency in place of the older M-28A/M-48 one.

The Bus. M-28 designation remained in place until late 1952 on maps. The April 15, 1953 MSHD map shows the highway turned back to local control. The concurrent M-117/Bus. M-28 segment was redesignated as just M-117. Later in 1953, M-117 was shown rerouted due south of Newberry, avoiding the jog along Webber and Miller roads. The segment of M-117 north of Newberry, including part of the former Bus. M-28 became part of an extended M-123 by the publication of the 1962 MSHD map.

Major intersections

See also

Bus. M-28 in Ishpeming and Negaunee
Bus. US 41 in Marquette, formerly also Bus. M-28

References

External links

Bus. M-28 at Michigan Highways

028B Newberry
Transportation in Luce County, Michigan
M-28 (Michigan highway)


Hells Canyon Wilderness is a 9,951 acre (4,027 ha) wilderness area in the U.S. state of Arizona. It is located approximately 25 miles (40 km) northwest of Phoenix in Maricopa and southeast Yavapai counties.

Topography
Hells Canyon Wilderness is a portion of the Hieroglyphic Mountains.  The most prominent peaks are Garfias Mountain at  and Hellgate Mountain at .  Other peaks, most over  in elevation, encircle Burro Flats, effectively isolating the flats from the surrounding countryside.

Private Land
On Earth Day, 2008, The Wilderness Land Trust purchased a  inholding near the center of Hells Canyon Wilderness. The parcel included Hells Canyon itself and had belonged to a Phoenix area land developer. Once the Trust transfers the land to the federal government the entire wilderness area will be publicly owned.

Vegetation
Most of Hells Canyon Wilderness is covered by Sonoran desert shrub vegetation such as saguaro cactus, paloverde, barrel cactus, ocotillo, and various desert grasses.

Recreation
Popular recreational activities in Hells Canyon Wilderness include rock climbing, hiking, wildlife watching, and camping.

See also
 Bradshaw Mountains
 Castle Hot Springs (Arizona)
 List of Arizona Wilderness Areas
 List of U.S. Wilderness Areas
 Wilderness Act

References

External links
 Hells Canyon Wilderness – Bureau of Land Management
 The Wilderness Land Trust

Bureau of Land Management areas in Arizona
IUCN Category Ib
Protected areas of Maricopa County, Arizona
Protected areas of Yavapai County, Arizona
Wilderness areas of Arizona
1990 establishments in Arizona
Protected areas established in 1990


Admiral Albert Gallatin Noble (December 14, 1895 – February 22, 1980) was a United States Navy admiral who was promoted to four star rank as a "tombstone admiral".

Biography
Noble was born in Preston, Texas to Albert G. and Sallie Wilson Noble. After graduating from Ardmore High School in Ardmore, Oklahoma, he received an appointment to the United States Naval Academy in 1913. He graduated and was commissioned an ensign on March 29, 1917, and was assigned to the battleship . In November 1921 he was accepted into Massachusetts Institute of Technology where in June 1923 he received a degree of Master of Science in mechanical engineering. After graduation, he joined the  In June 1924. In September 1924, he received an appointment as aide to the commander of the . In July 1930, he joined the  for duty as executive officer. From June 1931 until May 1933 he served as aide and flag secretary on the staff of commander, Cruiser Division 3, Scouting Force assigned to the . In 1935, he was the commander of the , and in July 1936 he became the commander of the , which he commanded from August 21, 1936, until June 1937.

During World War II Gallatin was commander of Aitape Attack Force in April 1944, commanded a Naval Attack Group during the battle of Wakde in May 1944, and was Commander of Amphibious Group Eight, during operations against enemy forces in Mindanao and Balikpapan in mid-1945. Noble received the Navy Cross in 1944.

Gallatin was promoted to vice admiral on December 29, 1950, in charge of the Office of Naval Material. He retired on October 1, 1951, and was advanced to admiral based on his combat service.

Gallatin died in Washington, D.C., on February 22, 1980. He was married to Madeline Martin. They had one daughter. He was buried in the United States Naval Academy Cemetery.

See also

References

1895 births
1980 deaths
People from Grayson County, Texas
United States Navy admirals
United States Naval Academy alumni
MIT School of Engineering alumni
United States Navy personnel of World War I
United States Navy World War II admirals
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Burials at the United States Naval Academy Cemetery
Military personnel from Texas


Bija may refer to:

 Bija, India, a village in Punjab, India
 Bija State, a former princely state with seat in the above town
 Bīja, a concept in Hinduism and Buddhism
 Bija (album), a music album from 2000


Komstad is a village in the former Norra Ljunga Parish, Småland, Sweden, suited about  west of Sävsjö town.

It is an old village, mentioned in historical records as early as 1370.

Recent research tries to document that Jonas Bronck (), who gave name to The Bronx, New York, United States, was born in Komstad.

Komstad was previously the location for the parish's Thing and was the main village in Västra Härad (western part of Njudung). But when the railroad was constructed in the 1860s, nearby Sävsjö became the new main town in the region.

External links
 Site in connection with Komstad and its region: Baltic lodge No.689, Vasa order of America

References

Populated places in Jönköping County


Colin West (born 13 November 1962) is an English former footballer. He played as a forward and scored 158 goals in 555 league and cup games in the English Football League, Conference and the Scottish Football League.

He began his career at Sunderland in 1981, playing more than 100 games for the Black Cats before moving on to Watford in March 1985. He was sold on to Rangers the following year for £180,000, though made only occasional appearances as Rangers won the Scottish Football League Premier Division title during the 1986–87 season. He returned to England with Sheffield Wednesday in September 1987 for a fee of £150,000. Two years later he signed with West Bromwich Albion, before he joined Swansea City in August 1992, following a loan spell at Port Vale. He moved on to Leyton Orient in July 1993 and spent five years at the club. In 1997, he was loaned out to Northampton Town, before he switched clubs to Conference club Rushden & Diamonds. The next year he signed with Northwich Victoria, before signing with Hartlepool United in 2000. After retiring in 2001, he spent the next ten years coaching at various clubs, including: Hartlepool United, Sheffield Wednesday, Stockport County, Millwall, Southend United, Notts County, Carlisle United and Northampton Town. He served both Hartlepool United and Millwall as caretaker manager. He was most recently the assistant manager at Hartlepool United.

Playing career

Sunderland
West turned professional in July 1980, and made his debut for Sunderland on 17 October 1981 against Tottenham Hotspur in a 2–0 defeat at Roker Park under manager Alan Durban. The club narrowly avoided relegation out of the First Division in 1981–82 under new boss Alan Durban, finishing just one place and two points above relegated Leeds United. They then finished four places and three points above the drop in 1982–83. West was the club's top scorer in 1983–84 with nine goals. The next season, he scored three goals over the two legs in the League Cup semi-final win over Chelsea, but was left out of the Wembley final by manager Len Ashurst. Following this snub he joined league rivals Watford for £115,000 in March 1985. The "Black Cats" went on to lose their top-flight status in 1984–85, finishing two places and ten points short of safety. He scored 28 goals in 122 competitive appearances for Sunderland.

Watford, Rangers and Sheffield Wednesday
Following his arrival at Watford, West helped the club to a mid-table finish in the league. He was then the club's top scorer in 1985–86 with 16 goals. In total he hit 23 goals in 56 league and cup appearances for Graham Taylor's Watford. In May 1986, he became new Rangers' player-manager Graeme Souness's first signing when he moved to Scotland for a £175,000 fee. However, a serious knee injury sustained in only his fourth game restricted his impact at Ibrox, but he did manage to play 12 games in the title winning 1986–87 campaign, scoring three goals. He returned to England to sign with First Division side Sheffield Wednesday for £150,000 in September 1987. The club finished eleventh in 1987–88 under Howard Wilkinson's stewardship, before heading into a relegation dogfight under Peter Eustace in 1988–89. West made 57 league and cup appearances at Wednesday, scoring 13 goals.

West Bromwich Albion
He signed with Second Division side West Bromwich Albion in exchange for Carlton Palmer in February 1989, but was unable to fire Brian Talbot's side into the play-offs in 1988–89, as they ended up two places and four points short of their target. The "Baggies" dropped to 20th in 1989–90, and were just two places and three points above relegated AFC Bournemouth. The 1990–91 season was a disaster, and West Brom were relegated into the Third Division for the first time in their history. Not highly rated at the Hawthorns, he made 73 league appearances, scoring 22 goals, during his stay in the West Midlands. He joined Second Division club Port Vale on loan in November 1991, making five appearances and scoring one goal for John Rudge's side.

Swansea City
He was signed by Swansea City manager Frank Burrows in August 1992, and scored two goals in his first start for the club in a 2–0 win over former side Port Vale. He went on to score 12 goals in 33 Second Division appearances, as the "Swans" reached the play-offs in 1992–93, only to be sent off for fouling Ian Hamilton during a 2–0 defeat by his former club West Bromwich Albion in the second leg of the semi-finals, which left Swansea with a 3–2 aggregate loss. West later said that "I instantly thought 'why on earth did I do that?' but the referee rightly sent me off. It was a very sad way for me to end my time with the club."

Leyton Orient
West switched to Second Division rivals Leyton Orient in July 1993, who were then by managed by his former boss Peter Eustace. The "O's" finished 18th in 1993–94, before being relegated in last place in 1994–95. The club struggled in the fourth tier, and posted a 21st-place finish in 1995–96 under Pat Holland, three positions above Torquay United, the English Football League's bottom club. He scored five goals in 26 appearances in 1996–97, as Orient moved up to 16th under Tommy Taylor's stewardship. In total he made 142 league appearances for Leyton Orient, scoring 42 goals. In September 1997, he joined Second Division side Northampton Town on loan, but made just two goalless appearances for Ian Atkins' "Cobblers". Two months later he was loaned out to Rushden & Diamonds of the Conference, in a move that reunited him with former manager Brian Talbot, and helped to fire the "Diamonds" to a fourth-place finish in 1997–98. The loan was made into a permanent transfer.

Later career
West signed with Rushden & Diamonds permanently for the 1998–99 season, and helped the club to another fourth-place finish. He scored two goals against Doncaster Rovers in an FA Cup replay to secure Rushden a tie with Leeds United at Nene Park in the next round. His contract was cancelled by mutual consent in September 1999. He moved on to Mark Gardiner's Conference strugglers Northwich Victoria in the 1999–2000 campaign, before ending his career at Hartlepool United, where he made just a single appearance in 1999–2000.

Style of play
West was a forward who was "powerful in the air and determined on the ground".

Coaching career
When West joined Hartlepool United in November 1999 he was appointed as assistant manager to Chris Turner. The pair helped the club avoid falling into the Conference when they arrived, before they led the club to three successive Third Division play-offs, though they never made it past the semi-finals. When Turner left the club to take over as manager of Sheffield Wednesday in November 2002, West briefly took charge of the first team on a caretaker basis. After a win and a draw, West left to team up with Turner at Hillsborough, and later followed him to Stockport County, before the pair left Edgeley Park in December 2005.

He then spent time as reserve team coach at Millwall, being appointed assistant caretaker manager to Richard Shaw after Willie Donachie was dismissed. He later took up the reserve team coaching position at Southend United in December 2008. Three months later, with Turner back in charge at "Pools" on a caretaker basis, West left the position at Southend to return to Hartlepool as assistant coach. He left Hartlepool again in June 2010 after the club chose not to renew his contract. In February 2012, Notts County manager Keith Curle recruited West to work as a coach. He left the club a year later, when Curle was sacked. He was appointed assistant manager at Carlisle United when Curle took charge of the club in September 2014. The pair left Brunton Park at the end of the 2017–18 season. On 1 October 2018, Curle was appointed as Northampton Town, and again hired West as his assistant. The pair were sacked on 10 February 2021.

In July 2021, he re-united with Curle after being named assistant head coach at Oldham Athletic. Curle and West both left Oldham on 24 November 2021 with the club sitting in 22nd-position in League Two. West rejoined Hartlepool United as assistant manager on 18 September 2022, once again alongside Keith Curle, who was appointed interim manager on the same day. On 22 February 2023, Curle and West were sacked.

Career statistics

Playing statistics
Source:

Managerial statistics

Honours
Rangers
Scottish Football League Premier Division: 1986–87

References

1962 births
Living people
Footballers from Wallsend
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Sunderland A.F.C. players
Watford F.C. players
Rangers F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Swansea City A.F.C. players
Leyton Orient F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Rushden & Diamonds F.C. players
Northwich Victoria F.C. players
Hartlepool United F.C. players
English Football League players
Scottish Football League players
National League (English football) players
English football managers
Association football coaches
Hartlepool United F.C. non-playing staff
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. non-playing staff
Stockport County F.C. non-playing staff
Millwall F.C. non-playing staff
Southend United F.C. non-playing staff
Notts County F.C. non-playing staff
Carlisle United F.C. non-playing staff
Northampton Town F.C. non-playing staff
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. non-playing staff


Mont-Bellevue may refer to:

Mont-Bellevue, Quebec, a borough of Sherbrooke, Quebec,
Mont-Bellevue Park, a recreational ski hill within the borough.


The Seattle Sun was an alternative weekly in Seattle, Washington, USA, which ran from July 31, 1974 to January 6, 1982. It was a direct competitor to the Seattle Weekly; The Rocket (1979 – 2000) began as a supplement to the Sun.

Notes

Newspapers published in Seattle
Defunct newspapers published in Washington (state)


Karuna may refer to:

Karuṇā, part of the spiritual path in Buddhism and Jainism
Karunas, Indian actor and politician
Karuna Kodithuwakku (born 1961), Sri Lankan politician
Vinayagamoorthy Muralitharan (born 1966), also known as Colonel Karuna
Karuna, Finland, former municipality in Finland
Karuna, Bangladesh
Karuna (album), an album by Nawang Khechog
Karuna (1966 film), a Malayalam language film
Karuna (1994 film), a Maldivian film


The Setia Jaya Station is a connected station located nearby Bandar Sunway and served by the  KTM Port Klang Line and  BRT Sunway Line. However, the BRT section of the station is called Sunway-Setia Jaya.

The stop is located on the junction of Federal Highway and Damansara–Puchong Expressway and within walking distance of factories in the free industrial zone. Leisure Commerce Square & Mentari Court Apartment is just behind the station. A major landmark near station would be the Freescale LDP Bridge at Damansara–Puchong Expressway.

There is no "paid area to paid area" link-up between the Port Klang Line and BRT Sunway Line and users have to exit the paid area of one system and enter the paid area of the other when transferring.

The  passes through, but does not stop at this station. Skypark Link trains stop at the adjacent  station instead.

Name
The station was known as Sungai Way Station in the 1980s. while the new name “Setia Jaya” originate from Seri Setia (Sungai Way) new village, and “Jaya” means victory in Malay language and also from Petaling Jaya.

Gallery

References

External links
 Setia Jaya KTM Komuter Station

Railway stations in Selangor
Railway stations opened in 1995
Rapid transit stations in Selangor
Port Klang Line
Bus rapid transit in Malaysia
1995 establishments in Malaysia


The Jacksonville Landing (informally The Landing) was a festival marketplace in Downtown Jacksonville, Florida, at the intersection of Independent Drive and Laura Street, along the Jacksonville Riverwalk. It was built by the Rouse Company for $37.5 million, opened in 1987, and officially closed after the 4th of July festivities in 2019. Demolition began about October 8, 2019. The  center was comparable to New York City's South Street Seaport, Boston's Faneuil Hall, and Miami's Bayside Marketplace, all developed by Rouse.

History

The Jacksonville Landing was designed and built by the Rouse Company, which built similar structures in other cities. It opened its doors on June 25, 1987, hosting a week-long celebration featuring a drum-and-bugle corps, balloon release, community choirs, and national acts. The Rouse company partnered with City of Jacksonville, which gave $20 million to the construction of a festival marketplace to revitalize the city's core.

The first floor of the Landing featured tenants that were common to other shopping malls when it first opened, including Foot Locker, The Gap, and Victoria's Secret.

The second floor of the main building was devoted to the Founders Food Hall, a food court, with 18 restaurants. The décor featured silhouettes of 17 persons instrumental in the settlement of North Florida. Outside seating included a view of the center courtyard fountain and stage and of the river. Foot traffic never reached projected numbers, and within four years a third of the food court tenants had closed. The west side of the food court became a video arcade, Ostrich Landing, which also later closed. Ever more food tenants closed; in 2019, the food court closed completely, after the shooting at the Landing, and the Landing blocked and disabled the escalators.

The Landing's first bar was Fat Tuesdays, which sold frozen alcoholic beverages. The business attracted mostly young customers; the Landing management decided not to renew the 10-year lease, citing a desire for an "older crowd".

The Rouse Company announced in 2003 that it would sell the Jacksonville Landing to a local developer, Toney Sleiman, for $5.1 million. The Florida Times-Union reported that Sleiman, who bought the buildings but not the city-owned land, would not have to pay the $100,000 rent required by the City of Jacksonville for the land until the city provided the 800 parking spaces that it had promised the previous owners.

The 23-year obligation was finally resolved in 2010. The Jacksonville City Council passed a bill to give $3.5 million for Sleiman's purchase of a parking lot near the Landing. That money included a 20-year parking-validation program at a cost of $2.5 million to the city. Mayor John Peyton vetoed the bill, and the council voted unanimously to override the veto.

In May 2018, the City of Jacksonville informed Jacksonville Landing Investments, LLC, a subsidiary of Sleiman Enterprises, that the Jacksonville Landing had defaulted on the lease by not curing a breach of contract within the 30 days of notification. The City of Jacksonville demanded immediate access and possession of the property.

A mass shooting occurred at the video-game tournament that was held on August 26, 2018, at the GLHF Game Bar; three persons, including the perpetrator, were killed, and others injured.

On February 20, 2019, the city of Jacksonville and Sleiman Enterprises reached an $18-million settlement to transfer ownership of Jacksonville Landing to the city. The agreement includes $1.5 million to buy out the remaining tenants' leases and $1.5 million to demolish the mall for redevelopment of the site.

On May 1, 2019, the city of Jacksonville sent letters to the remaining tenants of Jacksonville Landing, giving them 30 days to vacate the premises.

The City of Jacksonville bought out the three remaining tenants' leases, paying $303,333.31 for the Hooters lease, $550,000 for the Fion MacCools lease, and $450,000 for the BBVA lease. BBVA must not open after October 28, 2019.

The city received demolition bids and has bids ranging from $978,200 to $2,776,000. Plant City–based D. H. Griffin bid $1.074 million to tear down the Landing; this was one of seven sealed bids received by the deadline, 2 p.m. on June 14, 2019. The Department of Public Works recommended this bid to the General Government Awards Committee, which approved it at its next meeting. D. H. Griffin was to start site work 10 calendar days after the city sent the contractor a written notice to begin.

The Landing wasn't officially fully closed until after July 4, because it was the primary viewing spot for the downtown Independence Day fireworks.

On August 5, 2019, it was reported that D. H. Griffin Wrecking Co. Inc, the company hired to demolish the Landing, would erect fences so that demolition work could begin.

In August 2019, Mayor Lenny Curry discussed a plan to build at the site housing, restaurants, and a museum, staying "I think that those are the options that are on the table.  What will happen is, as demolition happens, the Downtown Investment Authority will put out a request for proposal to the market to say, you know, to private investors, 'What would you like to do here? What can you do here?' My personal opinion is it should be a combination of some green space—not all, [for] we don't want just a park there—but a combination of some green space and then some sort of buildings that are iconic, that serve the public. It's an important piece of property. I also think should you be able to see the river from Laura Street. We don't want to block the view of that wonderful jewel." Some citizens believe that the mayor didn't include them in the decision to demolish or renovate the Landing.

Location and services

The two-level glass-and-steel complex with the orange roof is located on the north bank of the St. Johns River. The  complex at one time featured 65 stores as well as dining, with full-service restaurants plus a food court, and entertainment. The Landing staged a variety of special events. There was weekly live music on the courtyard stage. Most events took place in the open brick courtyard in the center of the horseshoe shaped structure. Just before the Georgia-Florida football game in 2007, the Landing installed a 19 × 15-foot (5.8 × 4.6 m) JumboTron in the courtyard.

Patronage
The Jacksonville Landing (usually referred to as just the Landing by locals) had a local patronage base of over 65,000 downtown office workers and over 1,000,000 residents in the surrounding metropolitan area of North Florida. According to various Florida travel sources, it had been "an icon" for Jacksonville and "one of the most recognized attractions in Northeast Florida" since it opened in June, 1987. Downtown Improvement District (DID) for Jacksonville claims it was a popular tourist destination.

Events
The Landing hosted more than 300 events each year including Florida/Georgia Weekend Celebrations, the annual Christmas Tree Lighting, New Year’s Eve and Gator Bowl Celebrations, St. Patrick’s Day, the Jacksonville Jazz Festival and July 4th fireworks.

Weekly events included year-round live entertainment in the center courtyard every Friday, Saturday and Sunday. The bands offered a variety of music including classic rock, oldies, contemporary, jazz, and top 40. The Landing also hosted national country concerts and classic rock concerts in the spring, summer and fall each year.

In September, 2010, The Landing announced a partnership with Downtown Vision to host an every Friday Farmer's Market from 10am to 2pm.  The market was relocated from Hemming Plaza. Since relocating to The Landing the market averaged over 40 vendors each week.

The Landing also hosted events for the community, such as charity walks and runs and the Earth Day Ecology Fair.

Museum
The Landing allowed the Jacksonville Maritime Museum to use unoccupied retail space to display their collection of large-scale model ships for seven years, beginning in 1990. It was a positive for both parties; the museum increased their exposure with a free venue and the Landing filled an otherwise empty storefront and offered a free attraction to increase foot traffic. Jacksonville Maritime Museum Society President John Lockhart explained, "Every time they would get a new tenant, they would move us to another empty space." That situation occurred five times in seven years, but in mid-November, 1997, the museum was given seven days to vacate in preparation for a new tenant. "This time, they just ran out of empty space," commented Lockhart. Many exhibits were put into storage.

In October 2011, the museum was invited to return to the landing, and was given a large space to use. Their former home on the Southbank of the Riverwalk was demolished as part of a larger renovation that included Friendship Fountain.

Gallery

See also
 Jacksonville Riverwalk

References

Shopping malls established in 1987
Economy of Jacksonville, Florida
Tourist attractions in Jacksonville, Florida
Buildings and structures in Jacksonville, Florida
Redeveloped ports and waterfronts in the United States
Shopping malls in Florida
Downtown Jacksonville
Northbank, Jacksonville
Laura Street
1987 establishments in Florida
2019 disestablishments in Florida
Demolished buildings and structures in Florida
Buildings and structures demolished in 2019
Demolished shopping malls in the United States


Jacques-Cartier is an arrondissement, or borough, of the city of Sherbrooke, Quebec. The borough comprises the portion of pre-amalgamation Sherbrooke located north of the Magog River. It contains the Carrefour de l'Estrie shopping centre and the Bois Beckett Park, one of few old-growth forests in the region.

The borough had a population of 32,555 in 2009.

Government

The borough is represented by four councillors on the Sherbrooke City Council. Its current councillors are Chantal L'Espérance, Marc Denault, Nathalie Goguen and Pierre Tardif.

References

External links
Borough of Jacques-Cartier

Boroughs of Sherbrooke


Lynn Franklin (December 19, 1922 in Mississippi – 2005) was an American author, and the most highly decorated officer in Beverly Hills Police history. He is most famous for being the Beverly Hills Police detective who pulled over a car containing Robert F. Kennedy, Peter Lawford, and Ralph Greenson (Lawford was behind the wheel), the night he claims Marilyn Monroe was killed.  He received the Clinton H. Anderson Award.

Bibliography
Sawed-off Justice, 1976
The Beverly Hills Murder File, 1999

References

External links

People from Beverly Hills, California
People from Mississippi
1922 births
2005 deaths


Au Yeung Yiu Chung (born 11 July 1989 in Hong Kong), commonly known as Au Chung, is a Hong Kong professional footballer who currently plays for J3 League club Iwate Grulla Morioka.

Club career
Au Yeung studied at Yan Chai Hospital Tung Chi Ying Memorial Secondary School in Shatin and played for the school's football team in inter-school tournaments.

Early career
Au Yeung made his debut in the Hong Kong First Division League for Hong Kong 08. After the team was disbanded at the end of the season, he turned down an offer from South China to join Workable for the 2007–08 season.

After one season with Workable, which sees the team relegated for 2008–09 season, Au Yeung finally joins South China and takes over the vacant no. 10 shirt. He was only 18 when he signed for South China.

South China
At South China his playing opportunities are less regular, as he plays in a similar position as team captain Li Haiqiang.

In 2010, Au spent a week with Tottenham Hotspur, the club partner of South China AA, and trained with the first team and received personal training from the Hotspurs.

In October 2011, Au Yeung and teammate Kwok Kin Pong were sent to Tottenham Hotspur for training with Spurs' first team as part of the duo's development.

In the 2011 AFC Cup, Au Yeung was sent on as a substitute against East Bengal. He played on the right wing and delivered a perfect cross for Mateja Kežman to head home and scored the winning goal for South China.

Yokohama FC Hong Kong
On 10 June 2013, Yokohama FC Hong Kong announced that they have recruited Au Yeung and will send him, alongside Wong Wai, Leung Kwun Chung and Lee Kar Yiu to Yokohama FC on 16 June for a month's training. Au Yeung said he joined Yokohama FC Hong Kong because he wants more playing opportunities. He will wear number 19 for his new club.

He scored his only goal in the season against Sunray Cave JC Sun Hei on 30 March 2014.

Atlético CP
On 22 August 2014, Atlético CP announced through their official website that they have completed the transfer of Au Yeung. He made his debut against S.C. Olhanense on 24 May 2015.

GS Loures
Au Yeung was unable to establish a place in Atlético CP. He transferred to G.S. Loures on 1 November 2015. Also, he has played 90 minutes for the first match.

Guizhou Zhicheng
On 26 December 2015, Au Yeung had signed by China League One club Guizhou Zhicheng with a 3 years contract.

Dreams FC
On 2 March 2018, Hong Kong Premier League club Dreams announced that they had signed Au Yeung. On 3 July 2018, the club announced that Au Yeung's services would not be retained.

Tai Po
After an injury-shorted half season, Au Yeung left Dreams. He signed a one-year contract with Tai Po on 31 July 2018 in order to work with head coach Lee Chi Kin.

Even though he had experience in Chinese Super League and Chinese League One in the previous year, Au Yeung was unable to break into the first team, and his chances were limited in the reserve team. He was played 4 times in the entire season, including 2 league matches, 1 cup match and 1 AFC match.

On 19 June 2019, Au Yeung announced that his contract with Tai Po had ended and would search for a new club abroad.

Hong Kong Rangers
On 31 July 2019, Au Yeung signed a one-year contract with Hong Kong Rangers. He became a regular player in the first two league matches but failed to lead the team to victory.
And he went on playing for the club in the first half of the 2019–20 season while a regular starting XI place was not guaranteed due to the arrival of several attacking players. He was released by the club after the club announced that they would withdraw from the remaining of the season.

YSCC Yokohama
On 13 April 2021, J3 League club YSCC Yokohama announced that they have signed a contract with Au Yeung.  He became the first Hong Kong player to play for a J.League club.

On 7 January 2023, Au Yeung confirmed that he has already left the club.

Iwate Grulla Morioka
On 21 January 2023, J3 League club Iwate Grulla Morioka announced that they have signed a contract with Au Yeung.

International career
He was selected for the Hong Kong team in 2008 and made his international debut in the 9–1 thrashing of Macau in November of the same year, scoring one goal.

On 14 January 2009, he scored his second goal for Hong Kong with a freekick against India. On 30 September 2011, Au Yeung scored the equalising goal in the 3:3 draw with the Philippines in the 2011 Long Teng Cup.

2009 East Asian Games

Au Yeung was appointed as captain by coach Kim Pan-gon for the 2009 East Asian Games. He led the side to the final against Japan, which ended 1–1 after extra time. Despite Au Yeung missing the first kick, Hong Kong scored the following four while Japan missed two, winning the gold medal.

2010 Asian Games
Au Yeung was a member of the Hong Kong national under-23 football team again for the 2010 Asian Games. In the final group game, Au Yeung scored two goals against Bangladesh and helped Hong Kong win 4:1 and advance to the knock-out stage for the first time in 52 years. But Hong Kong was then eliminated by 0:3 by Oman.

2012 Olympic Games
Au Yeung was a member of the Hong Kong national under-23 football team again for the 2012 London Olympics. The team won its first round tie against Maldives by 7:0 aggregate score but lost 0:3 on aggregate to Uzbekistan in the second round.

He has been omitted from the national squad ever since due to his lack of form.

Honours
South China
Hong Kong First Division: 2008–09, 2009–10
Hong Kong Senior Shield: 2009–10
Hong Kong FA Cup: 2010–11
Hong Kong League Cup: 2010–11

Tai Po
 Hong Kong Premier League: 2018–19

Hong Kong
 East Asian Games: 2009

Career statistics

Club
As of 7 Oct 2015

International

Hong Kong U-23
As of 29 February 2012

Hong Kong
As of 16 October 2012

Notes

References

External links
Au Yeung Yiu Chung at HKFA

Au Yeung Yiu Chung's Facebook Page

1989 births
Living people
Hong Kong men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Shek Kip Mei SA players
South China AA players
Metro Gallery FC players
Atlético Clube de Portugal players
GS Loures players
Guizhou F.C. players
Hong Kong Sapling players
Tai Po FC players
Hong Kong Rangers FC players
YSCC Yokohama players
Iwate Grulla Morioka players
Hong Kong First Division League players
China League One players
Chinese Super League players
Hong Kong Premier League players
J3 League players
Hong Kong expatriate sportspeople in China
Hong Kong men's international footballers
Footballers at the 2010 Asian Games
Hong Kong expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in China
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Asian Games competitors for Hong Kong
Hong Kong expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Hong Kong expatriate sportspeople in Portugal


Piti may refer to:
 Pīti, a mental factor in Buddhism
 PITI, the principal, interest, taxes, and insurance sum of a mortgage payment
 Piti (food), a soup dish of the South Caucasus and Central Asia
 Piti (footballer) (born 1981), Spanish footballer
 Piti, Guam
 Piti language, a language of Nigeria
 P'iti or Piti, a mountain in the Lima Region, Peru

See also
 Piti Guns, a heritage site in Piti, Guam