Parmigiani Fleurier SA () is a Swiss brand of luxury watchmakers founded in 1996 in Fleurier, Switzerland, by Michel Parmigiani. In 2006, Parmigiani produced the Bugatti 370, a driving watch which won the 2006 "Watch of the Year Award" from the Japanese press, supposedly based on the Bugatti Veyron supercar.

The company is owned by the Sandoz Family Foundation. Guido Terreni is the CEO of the company since January 2021.

History
Parmigiani Fleurier was started in 1996 in Val-de-Travers. Founder Michel Parmigiani had conceived the brand as far back as 1976 through his work restoring watchmaking artifacts and his detailed knowledge of historical mechanical clocks and watches. The Parmigiani restoration workshop worked with the Sandoz family to restore the collection of the Room Maurice Yves Sandoz of the Musée d’Horlogerie du Locle, which eventually led to the creation of the Parmigiani Fleurier company owned by the Sandoz Foundation.

In 2016, Parmigiani Fleurier unveiled the Hippologia, a 55kg, oval-shaped table clock covered in a foil of white gold and elaborated with the French glassmaker Lalique. In December 2020, Parmigiani Fleurier inked a partnership with Giorgio Armani to create the Giorgio Armani Fine Watches collection which was supposed to be launched by the end of 2021. In January 2021, Guido Terreni replaced Davide Traxler as CEO of the company.

Watches
Parmigiani carries a men's line of watches, and a line that caters specifically to women. All Parmigiani Fleurier watches are hand-made, taking at least four hundred hours to put together; they are constructed with only precious metals and precious or semi-precious stones. In order to create exclusivity, only a few thousand pieces are produced every year. Their watch lines include the Toric, Forma (renamed Kalpa) and the single watch, the Bugatti 370.

In 2006, the Bugatti 370 was awarded the "Watch of the Year" award by the Japanese Press. The watch is a driving watch based on the Bugatti Veyron supercar. It is designed to look like a transversal engine, and is mounted in 18 carat gold. In order to make it readable while driving, the face of the watch has been placed in a vertical position on the case's front. The first Bugatti watch was given to car enthusiast Ralph Lauren. Only one hundred and fifty of the watches will be made each year, fifty of each of the three dial colors available. The watch will cost USD$200,000. In 2009, Parmigiani Fleurier and Pershing, the Italian Yacht Company announced that they will be offering the first ever line of Pershing Aquatic sport watches.  The watch will be available in two different lines - the limited edition one-one-five, and the Pershing Chronographs collection. The watch is available with a rubber strap or steel bracelet, and is water resistant up to 200 metres.

Senfine concept

In 2016, Parmigiani-Fleurier presents the Senfine concept housing a new escapement taking advantage of the properties of silicon flat springs. The revolutionary concept uses an oscillator with high frequency and low amplitude for enhanced precision and power reserve.

See also
List of watch manufactures

References

External links
An interview with founder Michel Parmigiani
Evolution of the escapement, Monochrome-watches, Xavier Markl, February 2016

Watch manufacturing companies of Switzerland
Swiss watch brands
Design companies established in 1975
Manufacturing companies established in 1975
Swiss companies established in 1975
Privately held companies of Switzerland
Companies based in the canton of Neuchâtel


The Wanshou Temple () is a temple located at No.121, Wanshousi Road, Zizhuyuan Subdistrict, Haidian District, Beijing. In addition to being a Buddhist temple, the Wanshou Temple also houses the Beijing Art Museum (北京艺术博物馆 / 北京藝術博物館).

It was built in 1577 during the Wanli era of the Ming dynasty to store Chinese Buddhist scriptures. It later became a permanent celebration place for the imperial families of the Ming and Qing dynasties.

The Wanshou Temple was known as one of Beijing's most important temples, and it was declared as one of Beijing's "Key Cultural Heritage of Preservation" in August 1979. The Beijing Art Museum housed in the Wanshou Temple has also collected and preserved precious historical relics such as bronze and jade articles of Shang and Zhou dynasties (17th - 3rd centuries B.C), and ancient art treasures such as porcelains, earthenwares, enamels, carved lacquer ware, ivory carving, wood carving, and many relics from past dynasties; it has a permanent collection of 70,000 items.

Among the most important items displayed in the museum includes Chinese paintings and calligraphy from the Ming and Qing dynasties since 1368, Chinese weavings and embroideries of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and ancient coins of China and other countries. Modern Chinese, Japanese and other Asian arts and crafts and paintings are also displayed in the museum.

Wanshou Temple reopened on 16 September 2022 after a five-year renovation.

Transport
Wanshousi station

References

Buddhist temples in Beijing
Museums in Beijing
Ming dynasty
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1577
Art museums and galleries in China
Ming dynasty architecture
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Beijing


Vicq () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)


The  is a DC electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) in Japan since October 2009 on Narita Express limited express services to and from Narita International Airport.

Design
The design of the trains was overseen by industrial designer Kenji Ekuan. Retracting gangway connections on the end cars allow two sets to be coupled together to form 12-car formations. Electrical and safety equipment is duplicated, as on the E233 series commuter trains, to improve safety and reliability. Active suspension on end cars and yaw dampers between all cars provide improved ride comfort. The MoHa E259-500 car is equipped with two single-arm pantographs, but one is reserved for emergency use.

Unlike the previous 253 series trains, the E259 series trains are not equipped with Automatic Train Control (ATC).

Operations

The E259 series trains are used almost exclusively on Narita Express limited express services linking Narita International Airport in Chiba Prefecture with  and other stations in the Greater Tokyo area. E259 series trains were also used occasionally on seasonal Marine Express Odoriko services between Tokyo and . One set, Ne002, was assigned to these services, and carried a logo sticker on the front and sides.

Formation
The fleet consists of 22 six-car sets, consisting of four motored (M) cars and two trailer (T) cars, as shown below, with car 1 at the Tokyo end.

The "Tsc" cars are green (first class) cars. Cars 3 and 5 are equipped with PS33D single-arm pantographs (two on car 5, one on car 3).

Bogies
The DT77 (motored) and TR262 (trailer) bolsterless bogies are developed from the DT71 and TR255 bogies used on the E233 series EMUs. The end bogies of the Tc driving cars are designated TR262, and the inner bogies of the Tc driving cars are designated TR262A. All the bogies use tread brakes, and the trailer bogies additionally use disc brakes. Wheel diameter is , and the distance between wheel centers is .

Interior accommodation
The passenger compartment floor construction has been improved for reduced interior noise, and the height difference between the coach and the platform has been reduced by  compared with the earlier 253 series trains for ease of access. Luggage storage areas feature lockable straps for security, and security cameras are installed in vestibule and luggage areas. Luggage space is also provided beneath the seats. Electric power outlets are provided at each seat.

Four ceiling-mounted passenger information display units are provided in each car. These feature two 17-inch screens on each side, displaying information in four languages (Japanese, English, Korean, and Chinese).

Ordinary class

Ordinary-class cars have 2+2 abreast seating with forward-facing rotating/reclining seats. Seat  pitch is , compared to  on earlier trains.

Green class

Green (first class) cars have leather-covered forward-facing rotating/reclining seats also arranged in 2+2 configuration. Seat pitch is .

History

The first two sets, Ne001 and Ne002, were delivered to Kamakura Depot from Tokyu Car Corporation's Yokohama factory on 23 April 2009, with test running on the Sōbu Main Line commencing the same day.

Nine E259 series sets entered revenue service on Narita Express services from 1 October 2009, with 10 out of 26 return workings daily operated by E259s.  By June 2010, they had completely replaced the 253 series EMUs formerly used on Narita Express services.

Future plans
In March 2023, JR East announced that it would introduce a new design to existing E259 series sets. The updated livery will retain the black and red color pallet but will feature silver accents at the front as well as the phrase "SERIES E259" being plastered along the exterior.

Build details
The manufacturers and delivery dates for the fleet are as shown below.

See also
 Keisei AE series (2009), train operated by rival company Keisei
 NS Koploper, trains featuring a similar walk-through design

References

External links

 JR East　E259 series description
 JR East E259 series (Japan Railfan Magazine Online)

Electric multiple units of Japan
East Japan Railway Company
Train-related introductions in 2009
Kinki Sharyo multiple units
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
Tokyu Car multiple units


Kodialbail is a locality in the city of Mangalore in Karnataka state of India. It is located 2 km to the north of Hampankatta. It is home to some of the most prestigious educational institutes of Mangalore as well as the Mangalore Stock Exchange.

Education
 Besant Institutions
 Besant Evening College
 Besant National Girl's High School
 Canara Institutions
 Canara College
 Canara Pre-University College
 Sharada Institutions
 Sharada Vidyalaya (Affiliated to CBSE)
 Sharada Pre-University College
 St. Aloysius ITI
 SDM College of Law & Business Management

Friend's Club
 KodialBail Friend's
Sarvajanika Satyanarayana Pooja Samiti Kodial-Bail
Sarvajanika Ganeshotsava Samiti Kodial-Bail 2002-present

Healthcare

 Yenepoya Hospital
 Densure Dental Clinic

Business
 TMA Pai International Convention Centre
 Mangalore Stock Exchange

Leisure
 City Center Mall (1 km towards Hampankatta)
 Empire Mall
 The Ocean Pearl
 Sagar Ratna

Other Places
 Bench Court
 District jail

References

External links
 Canara Institutions Website
 Besant Institutions Website
 Sharada Institutions Website
 KodialBail Friends

Localities in Mangalore


Apache ODE (Apache Orchestration Director Engine) is a software coded in Java as a workflow engine to manage business processes which have been expressed in the Web Services Business Process Execution Language (WS-BPEL) via a website. It was made by the Apache Software Foundation and released in a stable format on March 23, 2018. The software principally communicates with one or more Web services, sending and receiving messages, manipulating data and handling exceptions (errors) as defined by any given process. The engine is capable of running both long and short living processes to coordinate all the services that make up a service or application (orchestration).

As of August 2019, development of the software has been discontinued, and the project has been moved into the Apache Attic.

Communication

WS-BPEL itself is based upon the XML language and includes a number of ways in which business processes can be expressed. These include conditional clauses, repeating loops, calls to web services and the exchange of messages. Where interfaces with web services are required, it makes use of Web Services Description Language (WSDL) to express them. Messages can be handled in a flexible way by reading either part or all of the message into variables, which can then be used for onward communication.

The engine has two communication layers, with which it interacts with the outside world:
 Apache Axis2 integration layer: supports the communication over Web services.
 Layer based on the JBI standard: supports communication via JBI messages.

Features

 Side-by-side support for both the WS-BPEL 2.0 OASIS standard and the legacy BPEL4WS 1.1 vendor specification.
 Supports 2 communication layers: one based on Axis2 (Web Services http transport) and another one based on the JBI standard (using ServiceMix).
 Support for the HTTP WSDL binding, allowing invocation of REST-style web services.
 Possibility to map process variables externally to a database table of your choice.
 High level API to the engine that allows you to integrate the core with virtually any communication layer.
 Hot-deployment of your processes.
 Compiled approach to BPEL that provides detailed analysis and validation at the command line or at deployment.
 Management interface for processes, instances and messages.

Embedding
Apache ODE is embedded and an important part of the Jboss projects RiftSaw (WS-BPEL 2.0 engine) and also in the follow-up Switchyard, which is a service delivery framework for service-oriented applications.

See also

WS-BPEL

References

External links
Apache ODE home page
RiftSaw
SwitchYard

ODE
Beta software


Mohammad Farogh Naseem () is a Pakistani politician and barrister  who served as the Federal Minister of Law and Justice until 2 April 2022. He is serving as member of the Senate of Pakistan. He has previously served as Advocate General of Sindh.

Early life and education

He has completed his graduation in Bachelor of Laws (LLB) from the University of Wales, Master of Laws (LLM) from the London School of Economics and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in comparative constitutional law from the University of London.

Political career
He was elected to the Senate of Pakistan from Sindh against technocrats seat on March 12, 2012. In March 2018, he was re-elected on general seat from
Sindh.

On 20 August 2018, he was sworn in as Federal Minister of Law and Justice in the federal cabinet of Prime Minister Imran Khan.

He resigned on 26 November 2019, and presented his resignation in federal cabinet to represent the government in a case regarding Army Chief Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa's tenure extension in the Supreme Court

On 29 November 2019, he was again sworn in as Federal Minister of Law and Justice in the federal cabinet of Prime Minister Imran Khan.

He resigned on 1 June 2020, and presented his resignation to Prime Minister Imran Khan to represent Federal Government regarding Justice Qazi Faez Isa's case in Supreme Court.

On 24 July 2020,  he was again sworn in as Federal Minister of Law and Justice in the federal cabinet of Prime Minister Imran Khan for third time.
Law Minister Farogh Naseem, who paid over Rs35 million, was the highest tax-paying member of the Senate in 2018.

Family

His father, Mohammad Naseem (late), was also a practicing lawyer, and the late Justice M.B. Ahmad, an ICS officer who also served as the first secretary of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan; before being elevated as a judge of the Sindh High Court, was his paternal uncle.

References

Living people
1969 births
Pakistani lawyers
Pakistani barristers
Law Ministers of Pakistan
Pakistani senators (14th Parliament)
Muttahida Qaumi Movement politicians
Alumni of the University of Wales
Alumni of the London School of Economics
Alumni of the University of London
Lawyers from Karachi
Vice Chairmen of the Pakistan Bar Council


India Splendor was an arts event and awards ceremony recognising Indians and Indian-Americans, held in Los Angeles, California, running from 10-15 August 2007 and scheduled to coincide with the 60th anniversary of India's independence The event aspired to showcase contemporary Indian cinema, arts, fashion, dance, music and spirituality. India-born tennis star and veteran Hollywood film producer Ashok Amritraj was the cultural ambassador for the event.

Events
The festival featured Indian filmmakers presenting current Indian feature films, including a special tribute to Indian film star, Raj Kapoor. Other highlights included a spiritual discourse by  Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, founder of the Art of Living foundation, as well as a fashion show by Indian designer, Suneet Verma. On 15 August at the gala celebration of India's 60th Anniversary of Independence, Indians prominent in their respective fields were the recipients of the India Splendor Awards.

References

External links
 Official site

Culture of Indian diaspora
2007 in California
Indian-American culture in Los Angeles
2007 establishments in California
2007 disestablishments in California


Roderick McKenzie (1852 – 9 October 1934) was a New Zealand Member of Parliament for Buller and Motueka, in the South Island. He was a member of the Liberal Party.

Biography

Early life and career
He was born in Ross-shire, Scotland in 1852. He was educated at the Glasgow Academy and became a builder by trade. He then began two years of employment with the London and Glasgow Engineering and Ironship Building Company before deciding to move to Canada. He did not reside there long before emigrating to New Zealand in 1869. He sailed on the ship City of Dunedin and after arriving in Otago he became a miner.

McKenzie left his mining job in Otago to move to the West Coast and enter the construction industry as an engineer and bridge builder. He was involved in building infrastructure in the area. His projects included construction of the Westport Staiths at a cost of 22,000 pounds, the railway bridge at Arahura, laying rails to Hokitika and years later the Jervois Quay wharf in Wellington.

He became involved in community affairs on the West Coast. He was elected a member of the Westport Harbour Board, Nelson Harbour Board and Kumara Hospital Board.

Member of Parliament

McKenzie was the MP for Buller between  and 1896 and the MP for Motueka from  to 1914. He was a "strong supporter of the Seddon administration". In Parliament he helped to pass a Loan Bill which allowed the Westport Harbour Board to borrow £50,000 in order to fund extensive and long overdue improvements. In July 1905 a group of "country" Liberal members formed a ginger group and proclaimed their intention to advocate country interests in the Government caucus. MacKenzie was one of the group's members and was elected as their leader. He was Chairman of Committees from 1906 to 1908.

He was Minister of Public Works, Minister of Customs and Minister of Mines from 1909 to 1912 under Sir Joseph Ward. The practical experience he had as an engineer and builder made him an effective minister as the period featured great activity in public works schemes, particularly in roading improvements. However, in 1912 McKenzie would have nothing to do with Thomas Mackenzie's (no relation) Liberal Ministry stating that: John Millar should have been Prime Minister, Mackenzie's ministers were political novices and had forsaken their liberal principles.

In 1932, when he was 80 years old, McKenzie contested the Motueka seat once again at the by-election following the death of George Black. Standing as an Independent Liberal–Labour candidate he placed third out of three candidates.

Later life and death
Following his exit from Parliament, McKenzie resumed his career as an engineer and contractor in Wellington. He was also a prominent member of the West Coast Association.

McKenzie died on 9 October 1934 in Wellington aged 82.

Notes

References

External links

The Hon Roddy Nugget

|-

1852 births
1934 deaths
New Zealand Liberal Party MPs
Independent MPs of New Zealand
Members of the Cabinet of New Zealand
Local politicians in New Zealand
Businesspeople in construction
New Zealand people of Scottish descent
People from the West Coast, New Zealand
People from Motueka
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand MPs for South Island electorates
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1914 New Zealand general election
19th-century New Zealand politicians
19th-century New Zealand engineers
20th-century New Zealand engineers


Cartignies () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)


Platoon Leader may refer to:

 Platoon leader, the officer in charge of a platoon
 Platoon Leader (memoir), a 1985 memoir by James R. McDonough
 Platoon Leader (film), a 1988 film, based on the memoir


South Valley University (SVU) () is a university in Egypt that provides teaching and research facilities.

The President of South Valley University is Prof. Dr. Youssuf Gherbawy.

South Valley University is one of Egypt's more modern higher education institutions. It has 16 faculties split between its two campuses in Qena and Hurghada. Initially a branch of Assiut University, SVU was established in 1995.

It has a second campus in the coastal city of Hurghada, just south of where the Gulf of Suez meets the Red Sea. Hurghada is home to the faculty of education.

SVU has placed strongly among similar universities in the country in national rankings. Tuition fees are low for domestic and international students alike. More than a quarter of its students are postgraduates.

Other faculties include Arts, Law, Science, Special Education, Medicine, Veterinary Medicine, Nursing, Engineering, Commerce, Agriculture and Physical Education.

SVU previously owned a campus in the city of Sohag further upstream, but this became a separate institution, Sohag University, in 2006. SVU’s Faculties of Education, Engineering, Arts, Science and Social Work had a presence here.

Postgraduate Studies

The Postgraduate Studies and Research Sector is one of the three components of the University’s technical affairs (Education & Students, Postgraduate Studies and Research, Community Service and Environmental Development). The sector is concerned with all fields related to postgraduate studies (Diploma – Masters – Doctorate – Fellowship), also the scientific research and whatever related to it, such as output, topics, journals, academic promotions, training and motivation for researchers, devices and laboratories. As well as the sector includes university libraries, whether central or those in colleges, university hospitals and museums, borrowing systems, etc.

Community services and environmental affairs

community service and the environmental development. The sector supervises on the centers and the units of special nature and also the university establishments that present the services for the community and the surrounding environment. In addition to that the sector organize symposiums and conferences, that aid to raise the level of the environmental culture, in addition to that the service convoys (medical, veterinary, awareness campaign…)for the direct interaction with the surrounding community.

References

http://www.svu.edu.eg/en/

Universities in Egypt
Universities and colleges established in 1958
1958 establishments in Egypt
Educational institutions established in 1995
1995 establishments in Egypt


Devesh is an Indian masculine name which means "praised by deities or kings of God". It literally translates to "Lord of the Gods". This name is generally used for Lord Shiva or Lord Krishna.

Etymology
According to Hindi, Sanskrit, Bengali, Nepali and its grammar, the name "Devessh" is composed (sandhi) of the two words "Dev" and "Essh". They combine and form Devessh.
Dev (देव in Devanagari script, ) is the Sanskrit word for "God" or "deity". Essh (ईश in Devanagari script) is also a Sanskrit word for king, head, leader or Lord.

Meaning

A reference is found in Bhagwad Gita which establishes the meaning of the name Devessh. The literal meaning remains "Lord of the Gods", and is used to address Sri Krishna in his form as Vishvarupa.The reference to the meaning occurs in the Bhagwad Gita chapter 11, verse number 25, where Arjuna addresses Sri Krishna by this name.
Also Lord Shiva is called "Devadidev" which means "God of the Gods". So Lord Shiva is also addressed by this name.

In different scripts

Naming culture
As Esh's meaning in Sanskrit is king, Head, Leader who worshiped as Eshwar (God). Probably this belief arises from the fact that many Hindu names that end with "Esh or Ish" actually refer to God.

Notable people
Devesh Chandra Thakur (born 1953), Indian politician
Devesh Chauhan (born 1981), Indian field hockey player
Devesh Kapur, South Asian Studies professor

References

Indian masculine given names
Masculine given names


Sir James Porter FRS (1710 – December 1776) was a British diplomat. He wrote papers on astronomy and geology and was a member of the Royal Society.

Life
Porter was born in 1710 in Dublin, Ireland. He was the son of a Captain of Horse named La Roche who had adopted the name of Porter. James was apprenticed to a business house in London and studied mathematics in his spare time.

Career
He was a business associate of Lord Carteret, and in 1741 joined the staff of the English embassy to Austria at Vienna. Carteret's sympathies were entirely with Maria Theresa of Austria, mainly on the ground that the fall of the house of Austria would dangerously increase the power of France.

Porter then became British ambassador to the Sublime Porte of the Ottoman Empire in Istanbul. Appointed on 4 October 1746, he arrived in Constantinople on 11 February 1747. After his time there he would write his Observations on the religion, law, government, and manners, of the Turks. For Henry Laurens, the translation of Observations marked, in France, a break in the despotism narrative initiated by Montesquieu and Turgot. He sees James Porter as one of the last to praise the efficiency of the Ottoman Empire before the decline.

Porter's appointment stemmed from his connections with Carteret, Sir Thomas Robinson, ambassador in Vienna, and Mr Amyand of the Levant Company of merchants in Constantinople. A self-educated man of science, during his time in Constantinople he wrote papers on astronomy and geology, as well as publishing his memoirs, a detailed and comprehensive description of life in Turkey. He was recalled at his own request on 1 May 1761 and left Constantinople on 24 May. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1749.

Porter then became British minister in Brussels in 1762 but, finding the lifestyle there too expensive, resigned his position in 1765 and retired to Richmond, near London, where his associates included a friend from his travels in Turkey, Lord Bessborough. He was knighted in 1763.

Personal life
On 11 October 1755 Porter was married to Clarissa Catherine de Hochepied (1736–) at Pera in Turkey. The eldest daughter of Anna Margaretha Boelema and Elbert de Hochepied, 2nd Baron de Hochepied, the Dutch Ambassador to Constantinople, the de Hochepied family were a dynasty of Dutch diplomats. Together, they were the parents of five children, three of whom survived childhood, including:

 Anna Margaretta Porter (1758–1832), who is known today because of the seventeen volume daily diary that she kept from 1773 to 1830; she married John Larpent.
 George Porter (1760–1828), a Lieutenant-General and Whig MP who married Henrietta Grosvenor, widow of Richard Grosvenor, 1st Earl Grosvenor and mother of the 1st Marquess Grosvenor.
 Clara Porter, who was adopted by her elder sister.

Porter died at his home in Great Marlborough Street on 9 December 1776. Upon the death of his brother-in-law, Gerard Johannes de Hochepied, 5th Baron de Hochepied, his son George became Baron de Hochepied, Baron and Magnat of Hungary and, in September 1819, was granted a Royal Licence to bear the title of baron de Hochepied.

References

1710 births
1776 deaths
People from County Dublin
Ambassadors of Great Britain to the Ottoman Empire
18th-century British civil servants
Fellows of the Royal Society
Ambassadors of Great Britain to the Holy Roman Emperor


The various ethnolinguistic groups found in the Caucasus, Central Asia, Europe, the Middle East, North Africa and/or South Asia demonstrate differing rates of particular Y-DNA haplogroups.

In the table below, the first two columns identify ethnolinguistic groups. Subsequent columns represent the sample size (n) of the study or studies cited, and the percentage of each haplogroup found in that particular sample.

(Data from studies conducted before 2004 may be inaccurate or a broad estimate, due to obsolete haplogroup naming systems – e.g. the former Haplogroup 2 included members of the relatively unrelated haplogroups known later as Haplogroup G and macrohaplogroup IJ [which comprises haplogroups I and J].)

See also

 Genetics
 Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
 Human genome
 Genetic genealogy
 Genealogical DNA testing
 Race and genetics
 Genetic history
 Timeline of human evolution
 Recent African origin of modern humans
 Genetic history of the British Isles
 Genetic history of the Middle East
 Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia
 Genetic history of Europe
 Genetic history of Italy
 Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas
 Genetic studies on Jews

 Lists of Y-DNA haplogroups according to their distribution
 List of haplogroups of historical and famous figures
 Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
 Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe
 Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of the Near East
 Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of North Africa
 Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of South Asia
 Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Central and North Asia
 Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia
 Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa
 Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Oceania
 Y-DNA haplogroups in indigenous peoples of the Americas
 Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) by country

References

External links
 World Haplogroups Maps
 Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe
 Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa
 Y-chromosome haplogroup N dispersals from south Siberia to Europe
 A Synthesis of Haplogroup R2
 High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe (SEE) Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations
 A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios - Appears to be Indian nationalistic declined ...
 Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists
 Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus
 YunusbaevBB
 Map and tree based upon the current YCC 2003 tree

 Frequencies of Haplogroup I and its Subhaplogroups

Ethnicity
Genetic genealogy
Race (human categorization)
Genetics-related lists


Henry Grenville (11 September 1717 – 22 April 1784) was a British diplomat and politician.

Grenville was born into a family of politicians. His father was Sir Richard Grenville, MP; one of his elder brothers was Earl Temple, a government minister. Another brother, Thomas, was also an MP, and the third, James, was Lord of Trade and Cofferer of the Household.  Another brother, George Grenville, rose to become Chancellor of the Exchequer under William Pitt the Elder and was later Prime Minister himself in 1763–1765.

Henry Grenville was MP for Bishop's Castle from 1759 to 1761. In the 1768 general election, he was elected to parliament for the constituency of Buckingham on George Grenville's slate.

Henry Grenville was Governor of Barbados from 1746.  He was appointed British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire in Constantinople on 1 May 1761, but did not arrive until 21 February 1762.  He was recalled only three years later on 31 May 1765, during the reign of Sultan Mustafa III.

He left Turkey to return to England on 13 October 1765 to become Commissioner of Customs before retiring to Bath, where he died in 1784.

Grenville married Margaret Eleanor Banks. Their daughter Louisa married the statesman and scientist Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope.

References

Sources

Ambassadors of Great Britain to the Ottoman Empire
18th-century English people
Governors of Barbados
1717 births
1784 deaths
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1754–1761
British MPs 1768–1774
18th-century diplomats
Younger sons of earls


John Graham (12 January 1843 – 8 February 1926) was a New Zealand Member of Parliament for Nelson in the South Island.

Early life
Graham was born in Nelson in 1843, the eldest son of one of the earliest European settlers of the region.

Member of Parliament

John Graham represented the Nelson electorate in the House of Representatives for 18 years from 1893 to 1911, when he retired.

The 1893 general election was contested by four candidates in Nelson: Graham (1289 votes), Richmond Hursthouse (1011 votes), John Kerr (910 votes) and William Lock (74 votes). The 1896 general election was contested by Graham and Jesse Piper, who received 2061 and 1718 votes, respectively. Graham was thus elected with a majority of 343 votes.

Independent Liberal
In 1894, Graham successfully opposed the Midland Railway Bill insofar as it proposed to abandon the obligations of the company to provide a railway to Nelson.

As Chairman of the Banking Enquiry Committee of 1896, John Graham frequently came into conflict with the Premier Richard Seddon, the Minister of Lands, John McKenzie, and George Hutchison

Public offices
Graham was for some years chairman of the Town Schools' Committee. He was the first chairman of the Nelson Harbour Board and held that position for twelve years. He served on the Nelson Education Board, the Board of Governors of Nelson College (1894) and Council of Victoria College in Wellington (1899–1912). He was also a member of the Nelson City Council.

Death
Graham died in Feilding on 8 February 1926, after having lived in Nelson for practically all of his life.

See also
Nelson Railway Proposals

References

Further reading

1843 births
1926 deaths
New Zealand Liberal Party MPs
Independent MPs of New Zealand
Nelson City Councillors
People from Nelson, New Zealand
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand MPs for South Island electorates
19th-century New Zealand politicians


Elections to West Lindsey District Council were held on 7 May 1998. One third of the council was up for election and the Liberal Democrat party lost overall control of the council to no overall control.

After the election, the composition of the council was
 Liberal Democrat 18
 Independent 9
 Labour 5
 Conservative 4
 Others 1

Election result

References
"Council poll results", The Guardian 9 May 1998 page 16

1998
1998 English local elections
1990s in Lincolnshire


Brian Duppa (also spelled Bryan; 10 March 1589 – 26 March 1662) was an English bishop, chaplain to the royal family, Royalist and adviser to Charles I of England.

Life
He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford, graduating BA in 1609. He was a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford in 1612. According to the list of Vicars in Westham Church he was vicar at this Sussex parish from 1625 and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford in 1632. He became chaplain to Edward Sackville, 4th Earl of Dorset, who as his patron helped him become Dean of Christ Church.

He was chaplain to Charles I from 1634, and tutor to his two sons. He was regarded as a follower of William Laud. He was involved in the approval by Charles I of the manuscript of Eikon Basilike, reading it to the King in Carisbrooke Castle.

Duppa was made Bishop of Chichester (1638). From two years later (marking the start of the Civil War) until death he lived much more quietly at Richmond, (as Bishop of Salisbury from 1641), one of the few Anglican bishops to remain alive throughout the English Interregnum to retake their Sees at the Restoration. He was deprived of the See of Salisbury by Parliament on 9 October 1646, and episcopacy was abolished for the duration of the Commonwealth and the Protectorate.

In 1660, on the return from exile of Charles II of England to restore the monarchy, Duppa was briefly restored to Salisbury, but swiftly made Bishop of Winchester and Lord Almoner. He legally took up the See of Winchester by the confirmation of his election on 4 October 1660.

He died two years later. His tomb monument in Westminster Abbey was created by Balthasar Burman, the son of Thomas Burman.

Works
He was editor of Jonsonus Virbius (1638), a collection of memorial verses from various authors for Ben Jonson.

Eponymous places
Two places bear his name given mostly to sports fields: Bishop Duppas Park in Lower Halliford, Shepperton, Surrey and seemingly Duppas Hill in Waddon, Croydon, London reflecting his influence on the ex-ecclesiastical land.

Two sets of almshouses were erected with his funds or endowed with his lands: one with original components; one with 19th-century replacement such housing:
Duppa's Almshouses, Pembridge, Herefordshire
Bishop Duppa's Almshouses, Richmond, London owned by Richmond Charities.

In literature
Bishop Duppa appears in Robert Neil's historical novel "Crown and Mitre", set in 1659. In the last days of the Commonwealth the Bishop, living at a modest house in Richmond, is shown having a clandestine meeting with the emissaries of the exile King Charles II, to discuss plans for the Restoration.

Notes

References
Gyles Isham, Justinian Isham (editors), The Correspondence of Bishop Brian Duppa and Sir Justinian Isham, 1650–1660, Publications of the Northamptonshire Record Society Volume XVII

External links
Project Canterbury page

1589 births
1662 deaths
17th-century Church of England bishops
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Arminian ministers
Arminian writers
Bishops of Chichester
Bishops of Salisbury
Bishops of Winchester
Deans of Christ Church, Oxford
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
People educated at Westminster School, London
People from Lewisham
Burials at Westminster Abbey
16th-century Anglican theologians
17th-century Anglican theologians


Khed may refer to several places and administrative divisions in India:

Khed, Ratnagiri, a town in Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra
Khed taluka, Ratnagiri, the administrative division
Khed (Lok Sabha constituency), a former constituency
Khed, Satara, a census town in Satara district, Maharashtra
Rajgurunagar (Khed), a census town in Pune district, Maharashtra
Khed taluka, the administrative division
Khed Shivapur, a village in Pune district, Maharashtra
Khed, Rajasthan, a village in Barmer district, Rajasthan

See also
 Kher (disambiguation)
 Khergarh (disambiguation)
 Kheda, city in Gujarat, India
 Kheda (Lok Sabha constituency)
 Khedda, a type of elephant trap in India
 Khedda (film), a 2022 Indian film


Godmother is a 1999 Hindi biographical drama film directed by Vinay Shukla released in 1999, and ostensibly inspired by the life of Santokben Jadeja, who ran the Mafia operations at Porbandar, Gujarat, in the late 1980s and early 1990s and later turned politician.

Cast
 Shabana Azmi - Rambhi
 Milind Gunaji - Veeram
 Nirmal Pandey - Jakhra
 Govind Namdev- Kesubhai
 Vinit Kumar - Lakhubhai
 Loveleen Mishra - Ramde's wife
 Raima Sen - Sejal
 Sharman Joshi - Karsan

Music
Sanjeev Abhyankar (singing), Vishal Bhardwaj (music) and Javed Akhtar (lyrics) won the National Awards for this movie. The songs were:
 "Gunje Gagan Gunje Lalkaren Ham" (singer: Roop Kumar Rathod)
 "Matee Re Matee Re" (singer: Lata Mangeshkar)
 "Raja Kee Kahanee Puranee Ho Gayee" (singers: Usha Uthup, Rekha, Kavita Krishnamurthy )
 "Suno Re Suno Re Bhayila" (singer: Sanjeev Abhyankar )
 "Tum Agar Yeh Mujhse Puchho" (singer: Abhijeet )

Awards

National Film Awards – 1998
 National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi
 National Film Award for Best Music Direction: Vishal Bhardwaj
 National Film Award for Best Editing: Renu Saluja
 National Film Award for Best Actress: Shabana Azmi
 National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer: Sanjeev Abhyankar
 National Film Award for Best Lyrics: Javed Akhtar

Filmfare Awards
 Filmfare Best Story Award: Vinay Shukla

IIFA Awards
 IIFA Best Background Score Award: Vishal Bhardwaj

References

External links

 Godmother at Yashraj Films

1999 films
1999 crime drama films
1990s Hindi-language films
Films featuring a Best Actress National Award-winning performance
Indian crime drama films
Indian biographical drama films
Films set in Gujarat
Films about women in India
Films scored by Vishal Bhardwaj
Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing National Award
Best Hindi Feature Film National Film Award winners
Films distributed by Yash Raj Films
1990s biographical drama films
Indian gangster films
Films à clef
Hindi-language biographical films
Biographical films about gangsters


UFC 85: Bedlam was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) on June 7, 2008, at The O2 Arena in London, United Kingdom.

Background
The card was plagued by a number of injuries sustained by scheduled fighters, forcing the UFC to rework the card several times. Originally, the main event was to be between light heavyweights Chuck Liddell and Mauricio Rua; however, Rua required surgery on an injured knee and could not compete. Rashad Evans then replaced Rua in the main event with Liddell, but Liddell was forced to withdraw from the card due to a hamstring injury. The UFC then named James Irvin as Liddell's replacement to fight Evans, but Irvin sustained a foot injury that forced him to pull out. Evans was then removed from the card as well.

The main event was ultimately changed to Matt Hughes against Thiago Alves. Hughes took the fight on short notice as a favor to the UFC and Alves came in four pounds overweight.

In other changes, a Jonathan Goulet and Paul Kelly match was cancelled when Goulet dropped out citing a lack of training time, followed by Kelly withdrawing before his opponent could be named because of an injury sustained in practice.

Due to legal problems which resulted in a lack of time to prepare for his fight with Michael Bisping, Chris Leben was forced to withdraw from the card and the UFC announced Jason Day would face Bisping.

Ryo Chonan was replaced by Kevin Burns, and Neil Wain was replaced by Eddie Sanchez.

Results

Bonus awards
At the end of this event, the UFC awarded $50,000 to each of the fighters who received one of these three awards.

Fight of the Night: Matt Wiman vs. Thiago Tavares
Knockout of the Night: Thiago Alves
Submission of the Night: Kevin Burns

See also
 Ultimate Fighting Championship
 List of UFC champions
 List of UFC events
 2008 in UFC

References

External links
UFC 85 Event Site
Official UFC 85 Fight Card

Ultimate Fighting Championship events
2008 in mixed martial arts
Mixed martial arts in the United Kingdom
Sport in the Royal Borough of Greenwich
2008 sports events in London
June 2008 sports events in the United Kingdom


UFC 87: Seek and Destroy was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship on August 9, 2008, at the Target Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota.  It is the twenty-first UFC event for the Pay-Per-View broadcast in high-definition.

Background
The card was headlined by a welterweight championship bout between champion Georges St-Pierre and challenger Jon Fitch.

UFC Hall of Famer Mark Coleman was first scheduled to fight Brock Lesnar, but an Achilles tendon injury forced him to withdraw. Heath Herring stepped in to fight Lesnar instead.

Future UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Jon Jones made his UFC debut at this event after stepping in to replace Tomasz Drwal who pulled out of his bout with Andre Gusmao due to injury.

Results

Bonus awards
At the end of the night, the UFC awarded $60,000 to each of the fighters who received one of these three awards.

Fight of the Night: Georges St-Pierre vs. Jon Fitch
Knockout of the Night: Rob Emerson
Submission of the Night: Demian Maia

See also
 Ultimate Fighting Championship
 List of UFC champions
 List of UFC events
 2008 in UFC

References

External links
UFC 87 Fight Card
Official UFC 87 Site
Sherdog Results o

Ultimate Fighting Championship events
2008 in mixed martial arts
Events in Minneapolis
Mixed martial arts in Minnesota
Sports competitions in Minneapolis
2008 in sports in Minnesota


UFC 88: Breakthrough was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) on September 6, 2008, at Philips Arena in Atlanta, Georgia. The event was headlined by a light heavyweight bout between Chuck Liddell and Rashad Evans.

Results

Bonus awards
Each of the following awards resulted in an additional $60,000 payout to the participating fighter:
Fight of the Night:  Kurt Pellegrino vs. Thiago Tavares
Knockout of the Night: Rashad Evans
Submission of the Night: Jason MacDonald

External links
UFC 88 Event Site
UFC 88 Fight Card

See also
 Ultimate Fighting Championship
 List of UFC champions
 List of UFC events
 2008 in UFC

References

Ultimate Fighting Championship events
2008 in mixed martial arts
Mixed martial arts in Georgia (U.S. state)
Sports competitions in Atlanta
2008 in Georgia (U.S. state)
Events in Atlanta


UFC 89: Bisping vs. Leben was a mixed martial arts event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) on October 18, 2008, at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham, United Kingdom.

Background
The event was headlined by a middleweight bout between Michael Bisping and Chris Leben. After the event, Leben tested positive for Stanozolol, a banned substance. He was suspended for a period of 9 months and fined one third of his purse. Leben admitted he had used the substance several months prior to the fight, but stated he had assumed it would have been out of his system by then.

This event aired live in Great Britain and Ireland on Setanta Sports and via tape delay in the United States and Canada on Spike TV. It also aired live via Rogers Sportsnet in Canada. The broadcast drew an average of 2.6 million viewers and peaked with 3.4 million viewers on Spike TV.

Lyoto Machida was scheduled to face fellow undefeated light heavyweight Thiago Silva, but a back injury forced Silva to withdraw from the fight. The fight was rescheduled for UFC 94.

This event marked the debut of longtime UFC fighter and record holder Jim Miller.

Results

Bonus awards
All fighters were awarded an extra $40,000.

Fight of the Night: Chris Lytle vs. Paul Taylor
Knockout of the Night: Luiz Cane
Submission of the Night: Jim Miller

See also
 Ultimate Fighting Championship
 List of UFC champions
 List of UFC events
 2008 in UFC

References

External links
UFC 89 Event Site
UFC 89 Fight Card

Ultimate Fighting Championship events
2008 in mixed martial arts
Mixed martial arts in the United Kingdom
Sport in Birmingham, West Midlands
2008 in England
2000s in Birmingham, West Midlands


UFC 90: Silva vs. Côté was a mixed martial arts (MMA) pay-per-view event held by the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) on October 25, 2008, at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont, Illinois.

Background
The main event featured UFC Middleweight Champion Anderson Silva vs. number #1 contender Patrick Côté.  Silva's original opponent was rumored to be Yushin Okami, but the fight was cancelled after Okami suffered a hand injury.

A scheduled bout between Thales Leites and Goran Reljic was scratched from the card due to an injury suffered by Reljic. Drew McFedries was chosen as Reljic's replacement.

Diego Sanchez suffered an injury while preparing for his bout against Thiago Alves and was forced to pull out.  Josh Koscheck stepped in to fight instead.

Melvin Guillard was slated to fight Spencer Fisher, but was replaced by Shannon Gugerty.

Ricardo Almeida was replaced by Dan Miller due to an injury.

Marcus Aurélio replaced injured Gleison Tibau.

Future UFC Heavyweight Champion Junior dos Santos made his UFC debut at this event.

Results

Bonus awards
All fighters were awarded an extra $65,000.
Fight of the Night: Sean Sherk vs. Tyson Griffin
Knockout of the Night: Junior dos Santos
Submission of the Night: Spencer Fisher

See also
 Ultimate Fighting Championship
 List of UFC champions
 List of UFC events
 2008 in UFC

References

External links
UFC 90 Event Site
UFC 90 Fight Card

Ultimate Fighting Championship events
2008 in mixed martial arts
Events in Rosemont, Illinois
2008 in Illinois


Gladys Iola Tantaquidgeon (June 15, 1899 – November 1, 2005) was a Mohegan medicine woman, anthropologist, author, tribal council member, and elder based in Connecticut.

As a young girl, she was selected by women elders for training in traditional pharmacology and culture. She studied anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania with Frank Speck. Beginning in 1934, Tantaquidgeon  worked with the Bureau of Indian Affairs for more than a decade, including several years among western Native American tribes. Together with her father and brother, in 1931 she founded the Tantaquidgeon Indian Museum, the oldest to be owned and operated by Native Americans.

She published several books about Native American traditional medicine and healing with plants. For years she preserved vital records and correspondence of tribal members, which proved integral to their making the case for federal recognition, which the Mohegan received in 1994. That year, Tantaquidgeon was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame.

Biography
Gladys Tantaquidgeon was the third of seven children born to Mohegan parents, John and Harriet Fielding Tantaquidgeon. They lived on Mohegan Hill in Quinnetucket (Uncasville, in New London County, Connecticut). She was a 10th-generation descendant of the Mohegan chief Uncas, who was prominent in the colonial era. Culturally, the Mohegan tribe is Algonkian; linguistically, they speak one of the many Algonquian languages. In childhood, Gladys learned traditional practices, beliefs, and lore from nanus, respected women elders.  By age five, the tribal nanus had chosen her to be schooled in the traditions of Mohegan culture. One of her mentors was the Mohegan traditionalist Fidelia Fielding (1827–1908). From Fielding, she learned the ways of the makiawisug who guard the healing plants. Another mentor was her maternal aunt, Nanu Emma Fielding Baker (1828-1916). In 1992 Baker was posthumously elected by the tribe as the Mohegan Tribal Medicine Woman and was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame for her work in education and preservation. Gladys started studying with her aunt in 1904, specializing in traditional herbal medicine, and attending classes in local schools.

In 1919, at the age of 20, Tantaquidgeon attended the University of Pennsylvania to study anthropology. Penn anthropologist Frank Speck met Gladys as a child while he was working with her nanu Fidelia Fielding. When Gladys was old enough, Speck invited her to study with him at Penn; he arranged housing with foreign students at his home in Swarthmore, enrolled her in classes, and enlisted her as a fieldwork assistant to broaden her understanding of Native American cultures. Tantaquidgeon later did field work related to the Lenape and other eastern Algonquian tribes. She expanded her knowledge of traditional pharmacopeia by researching herbal medicine practices among many related East Coast tribes.

From 1934 to 1947, at the time of the Indian Reorganization Act and the Indian New Deal under the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Tantaquidgeon started work with the US Bureau of Indian Affairs. She was hired in 1934 under the Wheeler-Howard Act to administer social service benefits for Indians. At first she was assigned to the Yankton Sioux Indian Reservation in South Dakota.

In 1938 Tantaquidgeon transferred to the Indian Arts and Crafts Board to serve as a "Native Arts Specialist". Working in the Dakotas, Montana and Wyoming, she helped indigenous artisans preserve traditional skills and arts. In addition, she helped them form cooperatives and other institutions for the sale and management of their arts. She developed ways for tribes to revive their cultural practices. According to the Mohegan Tribal Historian Melissa Fawcett, while working for the federal Indian Arts and Crafts Board, Tantaquidgeon also helped preserve customs that had been prohibited in the 19th century, such as the Ghost Dance and the Sun Dance. Part of Tantaquidgeon's job was to encourage the restoration of these and other previously prohibited traditional practices.

In 1931, Tantaquidgeon worked with her brother Harry, a former chief, and father John to found the Tantaquidgeon Indian Museum. It is the oldest such museum to be owned and operated by Native Americans.  After concluding her government service in 1947, Tantaquidgeon returned to Mohegan Hill, Uncasville. She worked full-time at the museum for the next 50 years, until 1998.

As a librarian in the Niantic Women's Prison in the late 1940s, Tantaquidgeon had helped minority women. During the 1970s and 1980s, she also served on the Mohegan Tribal Council, encouraging the preservation and revival of tribal customs and language. During the 20th century, Tantaguidgeon served as the special guardian of Mohegan Hill

Tantaquidgeon published several books in her lifetime about traditional herbal medicine.  Her best-known work, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practices and Folk Beliefs (1942) was reprinted in 1972, 1995 and 2000 as Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians. In 1992 she was elected as the Tribal Medicine Woman of the Mohegan. She  preserved numerous records and tribal correspondence in boxes under her bed. These proved critical as documentation to aid the tribe's case for federal recognition. The tribe proved community continuity and was acknowledged as federally recognized in 1994, as part of a settlement linked to their claim for the lands that make up the present-day Mohegan reservation.

Dr. Gladys Tantaquidgeon was the great-aunt of Melissa Tantaquidgeon Zobel, an author and the current Mohegan Medicine Woman.

Legacy, awards and honors
 As an "outstanding role model", Tantaquidgeon was awarded the 'Tiffany Jewel' by the University of Connecticut.
 Connecticut Education Association's Friend of Education Award
 For "consistent endeavor in the area of social justice", she received the National Organization for Women’s Harriet Tubman Award in 1996.
 She received honorary doctorates from the University of Connecticut (Doctor of Humane Letters degree, 1987) and Yale University (1994).
 In 1994, she was inducted into the Connecticut Women's Hall of Fame.
 Her 100th birthday, June 15, 1999, was declared as 'Gladys Tantaquidgeon Day' by Gov. John G. Rowland of Connecticut; and it was marked in the U.S. Congress by Hon. Sam Gejdenson.
 Her likeness was carved out of sacred basswood and resides on the Mohegan Reservation.

Notes
Footnotes

References

Further reading

External links
 Gladys Tantaquidgeon biography , The Mohegan Tribe, official website
 Gladys Tantaquidgeon Collection, Hartford Courant newspaper articles
 Tantaquidgeon Indian Museum, Connecticut Office of Tourism
  — Inductee biography

1899 births
2005 deaths
American centenarians
American women historians
20th-century American anthropologists
20th-century Native Americans
Historians of Native Americans
Indigenous American traditional healers
Native American anthropologists
Native American women in politics
Native American women writers
Native American writers
People from Montville, Connecticut
University of Pennsylvania alumni
Women centenarians
American Folklorists of Color
Mohegan people
Native American people from Connecticut
20th-century American women
20th-century American people
20th-century Native American women
Historians from Connecticut
21st-century Native American women
21st-century Native American writers


The Sigma DP1 was a high-end compact digital camera introduced by the Sigma Corporation. It featured a 14-megapixel Foveon X3 sensor (2652 × 1768 × 3 layers), a fixed 16.6 mm F4.0 lens (28mm equivalent), a  LCD and a pop-up flash. It was the first "compact" camera that featured an APS-C sized sensor, a feature that Sigma claimed would result in DSLR quality images from a small, pocketable camera.

It was first announced on September 26, 2006, and after several production delays was delivered in the spring of 2008. A follow-up camera, the Sigma DP2, was released in 2009; it features a different lens, and they are being sold in parallel. An improved version called Sigma DP1S was announced on November 17, 2009.

Reviews
It has been praised for innovation (large sensor in compact body) and class-leading detail at ISO 100 – best image quality in a compact camera, in the same class as DSLRs,
and suited for daylight landscape and architecture photography – but criticized for poor low-light performance and slow speed, summarized as "a great concept that needs a considerable amount of additional work". The user interface has also been criticized.

Specification

Developments
In February 2012 it was announced by Sigma Corporation that an updated version of both the DP1 and DP2 series, to be known as DP1 Merrill and DP2 Merrill, will incorporate the updated 46 MP Foveon sensor of the SD1, resulting in substantially greater image detail.

Another notable change of the 'Merrill' DP cameras is the focus ring is now in the traditional location around the lens barrel.

Available in March 2013, the Sigma DP3 Merrill has 46MP with 50mm f2.8 (75mm in 35mm film format) and a new Face Detection autofocus.

Software

Sigma Photo Pro

Post-processing of raw X3F and JPEG of all digital SIGMA cameras

Version 6.x  is a free download for Windows 7+ and Mac OS Version 10.7  (6.3.x). Actual Versions are 6.5.4 (Win 7+) and 6.5.5 (MacOSX 10.9+).

See also
 Sigma DP2
 Sigma SD9
 Sigma SD10
 Sigma SD14
 List of large sensor fixed-lens cameras

References

External links

Sigma Corp. DP1 Special Site  (2007).
 Reviews: DPreview; Imaging-Resource   Rytterfalk,   Testieb
 Review of the DP1 camera

DP1
Point-and-shoot cameras


Chinese cash may refer to:

 Chinese cash as a currency unit (), a Chinese currency unit used on cash coins in imperial and early republican China
 Chinese cash as a coin (), a Chinese copper coin used in imperial and early republican China
 Chinese cash as a unit of weight (), equivalent to  tael or a currency equivalent to that weight in silver
 Any of the various other historical Chinese units of currency
 Yuan Renminbi, the present currency of the People's Republic of China
 New Taiwan dollar, the present currency of the Republic of China, also known as Taiwan


The Amur Front  of the Far Eastern Republic () was a front of the People's Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic during the Russian Civil War in Transbaikal.

It was created on April 22, 1920, on base of the partisan formations of the Eastern Transbaikal Front. Its operative area consisted of the following towns: Nerchinsk, Nerchinsky Zavod, Sretensk, Blagoveshchensk, Onon, and Khabarovsk. The Amur Front's headquarters was in Blagoveshchensk.

The Amur Front's Makeup

 1st Transbaikal Cavalry Corps then Division (Korotayev Yakov)
 1st Amur Infantry Division
 2nd Amur Infantry Division
 1st Amur  Cavalry Brigade

The Amur Front's achievements

The troops of the Front repelled successfully the 1920 spring attack of Grigory Semyonov's White Cossacks and the Japanese Expeditionary Corps. The objectives of the attack were an attempt of creating the "Black Buffer" from Chita to Primorye and prevention of establishment of the Far Eastern Republic. After signing the Gongota Agreement between the Government of the Far Eastern Republic and the Japanese Expeditionary Corps, military confrontations in Transbaikal between the People's Revolutionary Army and the Japanese were over and the Amur Front launched the final operation of taking Chita on October 1, 1920. Chita was taken on October 22, 1920, and the rest of Grigory Semyonov's troops had been expelled from Transbaikal by November 1, 1920. At that time the Amur Front included 38,000 personnel, 60 field guns, 191 machine guns, 6 armored trains, 10 tanks.

On November 24, 1920, the Amur Front was reorganized into the 2nd Amur Army.

Commanders-in-Chief
 Dmitriy Shilov (April 22, 1920, to August 18, 1920)
 Semen Seryshev (August 18, 1920, to November 24, 1920)

References
 The Encyclopedia of Transbaikal

Soviet fronts
Soviet units and formations of the Russian Civil War


Maurice Audin (14 February 1932 – c. 21 June 1957) was a renowned French mathematics assistant at the University of Algiers, a member of the Algerian Communist Party and an activist in the anticolonialist cause, who died under torture by the French state during the Battle of Algiers.

In the centre of Algiers, beside the university, the intersection of streets bearing the names of several other heroes of the Algerian Revolution is called the Place Maurice-Audin. He is also memorialized by the Maurice Audin Prize, sponsored by the Société de Mathématiques Appliquées et Industrielles, the Société Mathématique de France, and others, and granted biennially to an Algerian mathematician working in Algeria and a French mathematician working in France.

Family and childhood
He is the son of Louis Audin (1900-1977) and Alphonsine Fort (1902-1989), who married in 1923 in Koléa (Algeria); they both came from modest families, he from Lyon workers, she from peasants from the Mitidja. When Maurice was born, his father was commander of the gendarmerie brigade in Béja, in the French protectorate of Tunisia. Later, Louis Audin was assigned to metropolitan France, then he passed a competitive examination and became a postman in Algiers.

Academic studies and career
Son of a soldier, Maurice Audin became an  and, in 1942, entered the sixth grade at the preparatory military school of Hammam Righa. Then, in 1946, he was admitted to the Autun School.In 1948, giving up a career as an officer, he returned to the elementary mathematics class in Algiers (at the Gautier school).

He studied mathematics at the University of Algiers, obtaining his degree in June 1953, then a diploma of higher education in July. In February 1953, he was recruited as assistant to Professor René de Possel, a post he saved in 1954. He also worked on a thesis on “linear equations in a vector space” as part of a state doctorate from mathematics.

In January 1953, he married  (1931-2019); they had three children: Michèle (1954), Louis (1955-2006) and Pierre (April 1957).

Algerian War
Maurice and Josette Audin were part of the anti-colonialist minority of the French in Algeria, whose desire is the independence of Algeria, which is also the position of the Algerian Communist Party. The latter was banned on 13 September 1955 and became an underground organization, negotiating with the FLN.

The Audin family took part in certain illegal operations: in September 1956, Maurice together with his sister (Charlye, born in 1925) and his brother-in-law (Christian Buono), organized the clandestine exfiltration abroad of Larbi Bouhali, first secretary of PCA.

In January 1957, following the numerous attacks perpetrated against the population by the FLN, the so-called “Battle of Algiers” operation was launched, for which General Massu's 10th parachute division held police powers in the area of Algiers. This unit engaged in massive torture and summary executions. Paul Teitgen notes 3,024 disappearances in one year in the five regions of the Algiers. Also General Massu put forward an assessment of the losses of the  in nine months of "less than a thousand men, and very probably the relatively low number of three hundred killed”.

The Audin affair

During the Battle of Algiers, Maurice Audin was arrested at his home on 11 June 1957 by Captain Devis, Lieutenant Philippe Erulin and several soldiers of the First Parachute Regiment of the French Army. He was taken to the Villa Susini in the fashionable neighborhood of El Biar for interrogation.

A trap was installed in the apartment of the Audin family and Henri Alleg, the former editor of the Alger républicain, was arrested there the next day.

Doctor Georges Hadjadj later admitted that, under torture, he had given Audin's name to men working for Paul Aussaresses, following threats that his wife would be raped.

Audin was last seen alive by Henri Alleg, one day after his arrest. Alleg had just been arrested, and the paratroopers attempted to intimidate him by showing Audin, who had been tortured and was confused. Pressed to tell Alleg how torture would feel, he said "it is tough, Henri" (c'est dur, Henri). Alleg described the events in La Question; he also mentioned later hearing a prisoner dragged away and gunshots, that he assumed were Audin's summary execution.

Audin's wife and their three children never received any further information about him. According to Pierre Vidal-Naquet, who wrote in May 1958, in the first edition of L'affaire Audin, that escape was impossible, Maurice Audin died under torture on 21 June 1957, at the hands of Lieutenant André Charbonnier (a graduate of Saint-Cyr who was nicknamed "the doctor" because he liked to use a scalpel on his victims), under the orders of the General Jacques Massu. According to the French Army, Maurice Audin tried to escape by jumping from a jeep during a transfer. However, in November 1960, Charbonnier told Vidal-Naquet that he had strangled Audin and buried the body in Fort l’Empereur in El Biar.

By July 1957, some newspapers started to discuss "the Audin affair" and, on 2 December 1957, the defence in absentia of his doctoral thesis, On linear equations in a vector space, chaired by Laurent Schwartz, aroused indignation among certain academics against the situation in Algeria.

"Audin committees" were created to publicise the issue and arouse public opinion against the practice of torture in Algeria.

A judicial inquiry was initiated following a complaint from his wife. At the request of the lawyers for Madame Josette Audin, the case was transferred in Rennes in April 1959; it lasted until April 1962 when it was closed for lack of evidence. Moreover, on 22 March 1962 an amnesty had been decreed for "activities within the framework of the operations for the enforcement of law and order directed against the Algerian insurrection".

When the case was closed, Madame Audin's lawyers appealed to the supreme court of appeal. Their appeal was rejected in 1966. The body of Maurice Audin not having been found, a death certificate was issued by a court in Algiers on 1 June 1963, a judgment which was recognized in France on 27 May 1966.

In 2001, Madame Audin issued a new complaint, calling her husband's death a crime against humanity.

In June 2007, fifty years after her husband's disappearance, Madame Audin wrote to Nicolas Sarkozy, the then newly elected French president, asking him that the mystery of her husband's disappearance be cleared up and that France assume its responsibility in the affair.

In January 2009, Michèle Audin, the daughter of Maurice Audin, herself a mathematician, publicly declined the French Legion d'Honneur, which had been awarded for her work. As a motivation for her refusal, she cited the lack of response from the French government to her mother's letter.

In September 2018, president Emmanuel Macron admitted that Maurice Audin died under torture by French government in Algeria.

See also
Torture during the Algerian War
Censorship in France

References

Further reading
 General Paul Aussaresses, The Battle of the Casbah: Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Algeria, 1955-1957. (New York: Enigma Books, 2010) .

External links
 ldh-toulon.net – letters of Josette Audin and Michèle Audin to the French president .

1932 births
1957 deaths
People from Béja Governorate
Algerian Communist Party politicians
People of the Algerian War
French murder victims
French torture victims
Extrajudicial killings
People murdered in Algeria
Academic staff of the University of Algiers
People from Béja
Human rights abuses in France


The Żaglowiec Group (Polish: Zgrupowanie Żaglowiec) (Sailing-ship Group) - a group of conspiracy military units of Armia Krajowa in the Sub-district II of Żoliborz in Żoliborz of Warsaw during the German occupation of Poland. They fought in the Warsaw Uprising in 1944.

Organisation
Commander - captain Marian Kamiński pseudonym "Żaglowiec":
201st platoon - commanded by sec. lieutenant Eugeniusz Piotrowski pseudonym "Gama",
202nd platoon - commanded by sec. lieutenant Tadeusz Magier pseudonym "Żytomirski",
204th platoon - commanded by lieutenant Wacław Wysocki pseudonym "Piotr",
205th platoon - commanded by officer cadet Michał Churło pseudonym "Vis",
206th platoon - commanded by sec. lieutenant Witold Jabłonowski pseudonym "Marek",
207th platoon - commanded by lieutenant Henryk Czerwiec pseudonym "Jaskulski",
208th platoon - commanded by sec. lieutenant Edward Bonarowski pseudonym "Ostromir",
209th platoon - commanded by sec. lieutenant Józef Krzywnicki pseudonym "Prawdzic".

Course of combat in the Warsaw Uprising 1944
The group waged fights in Żoliborz: of the Warsaw Citadel, Forty Traugutta (Traugutt's Forts), Plac Inwalidów and Żoliborz Oficerski (Officers' Żoliborz).

A significant effort of "Żaglowiec Group" were two unsuccessful night attacks on the Warsaw Gdańsk Station done in the night from 20 to 21 August, during an attempt of military units from Kampinos forest to fight their way to relieve the falling Warsaw Old Town.

Human losses of the group amounted to 24% of killed and 21% wounded.

See also
 Żubr Group
 Żmija Group
 Żniwiarz Group
 Żyrafa Group
 Żbik Group

References

Units and formations of the Home Army
Warsaw Uprising


Joseph William Lionel, 17th Baron Petre (5 June 1914 – 1 January 1989) was an English peer. He was the patron of three livings but, being a Roman Catholic, could not present.

Family
He was the eldest child and only son of Lionel Petre, 16th Baron Petre, and his wife Catherine Boscawen. He succeeded to the title Lord Petre at only fifteen months old on 30 September 1915, after his father died in the First World War.

During the Second World War, the 17th Baron served in the Coldstream Guards as a Second-Lieutenant, and later in the Essex Regiment as Captain of the 5th Battalion. Also during the war, in 1941, he married Marguerite Eileen Hamilton. Their son, the present Baron Petre, was born a year later.

Wanganui’s tribute
Mr. W.J. Rogers, Mayor of Wanganui in New Zealand, wished to adopt the Petre coat of arms in its city seal. A letter granting formal permission for the Borough to adopt the Petre Arms was written by Lord Clifford of Chudleigh, resident of Ealing, on 7 August 1923. His Lordship stated in his letter of authority that the then Lord Petre was a minor and it was necessary to obtain the assent of the Trustees, which had caused considerable delay. ‘I have now been informed by the solicitors (who are also my family solicitors) that the Trustees have been pleased to give their consent, so that is all that is necessary’. In concluding his letter Lord Clifford expressed his pleasure, that of his family and his grandfather’s family, at the honour the town of Wanganui had conferred upon them in desiring to adopt the Petre Arms and mentioned the pride he felt in the knowledge of his uncle’s active association with the fortunes of this beautiful and progressive town in its early days. The City Seal embodying the coat-of-arms was first used when the Borough assumed City status by proclamation in terms of the Municipal Corporations Act, 1920 on 1 July 1924. A description of the City’s Arms appears in Fairbairn’s Crests of Great Britain and Ireland.

Almshouses
Father Grant instituted the repair of the Alms Row Chapel. On Monday 22 November 1922, five months after reconstruction work had been completed, Grant, with Episcopal permission, installed the Blessed Sacrament there. He had celebrated Mass in the chapel once each week since his appointment, and did so thrice weekly from 1922. E.E. Wilde commented:

Mass was still celebrated in the chapel after 1932: indeed, Hugh Verity, who was at Ingatestone from 1935 to 1965, and who was Treasurer of the Charity, normally said Mass there once a week. Pensioners continued to reside in the Almshouses until the early 1970s.

However, the endowment began to prove insufficient for the needs of the buildings themselves. The fabric deteriorated and they began to fall into disrepair. Once threatened with demolition, Lord Petre eventually offered the almshouses to the Diocese of Brentwood for renovation and for use for a charitable purpose. A total of £120,000 was required for the necessary repairs and alterations. A Trust was established, with six trustees, including Lord Petre himself, and Bishop Patrick Casey. A government grant of £49,000 was secured, £5,000 was received from the Almshouse Association of Great Britain, £10,000 from the Diocese of Brentwood, as well as a loan from another charity, and a smaller one from the Essex County Council. Each of the cottages is now occupied.

In 1978, the Ginge Petre Charity Almshouses were officially re-opened and dedicated with the celebration of Mass, in the presence of Lord Petre, by Bishop Casey. The chapel dedicated to St. John Payne, again houses the Blessed Sacrament, and Mass is celebrated there regularly.

References

1914 births
1989 deaths
Joseph
People educated at Eton College
British Army personnel of World War II
Coldstream Guards officers
English Roman Catholics
17
20th-century English nobility


Captain Lionel George Carroll, 16th Baron Petre (3 November 1890 – 30 September 1915) was an English peer.

Born in Wadhurst, Sussex in 1890, he was educated at the Oratory, Edgbaston & Sandhurst. There is a story that he originally intended to join the King's Royal Rifle Corps but was turned down he then joined the fourth Pioneer Battalion, Coldstream Guards. He became a lieutenant and finally a captain. In 1908, he became engaged to Catherine Margaret Boscawen (1891–1983), granddaughter of the 6th Viscount Falmouth, taking a diamond from an earring of the Petre jewels to make the ring. They married at Westminster Cathedral on 28 June 1913.

He became the 16th Lord Petre after his father's death in December 1908. His father had taken over the title from his brother for only six months.

He served in France and Belgium, but died at Paris-Plage on 30 September 1915 of wounds received in action at the Battle of Loos.

Through his mother Julia, Lord Petre is a relative of the American Carroll family of Maryland, who were prominent Catholics and Patriots in a largely Protestant society. A notable ancestor is Charles Carroll of Carrollton, the only Catholic signatory of the Declaration of Independence.

Issue
The 16th Lord Petre and his wife had two children:
Joseph William Lionel Petre, 17th Baron Petre (5 June 1914 – 1 January 1989)
Elizabeth Mary Lionel Margaret Petre (13 December 1915 – ?); married Major Robert Healing

References

1890 births
1915 deaths
Lionel
English Roman Catholics
Coldstream Guards officers
British military personnel killed in World War I
British Army personnel of World War I
Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
16
20th-century English nobility
Military personnel from Sussex
People from Wadhurst


Tomberry is a trademarked name for an unusually small cultivar of tomatoes developed by the Dutch company Eminent Seeds and produced by the Netherlands company Littletom BV and distributed in the United Kingdom and continental Europe. The Tomberry is about 0.5 to 1 cm in diameter with an average fruit weight of 1 to 2 grams. The fruits grows on branches containing 300 tomatoes. As of 2021 they were sold in Poland, Turkey, Spain, Canada, Mexico and Israel.

Production
The Tomberry presents difficulties for growers. Getting flowers and fruit to set early in growing, and managing new shoots during maturation is difficult. In countries with bumblebees, the insects are released in high amounts into the greenhouse in which they are grown. In countries without bumblebees, such as Australia, pollination is partly automated.

Due to the high amount of fruits to be picked in harvesting, hand-picking is too labour-intensive. As a consequence, growers cut off whole branches and then dry them until they can be shaken loose with a machine. This process is itself precarious.

See also
List of tomato cultivars

References

Hybrid tomato cultivars


William Joseph Petre, 13th Baron Petre (26 February 1847 – 8 May 1893) was an English nobleman and priest (Monsignor) of the Roman Catholic Church.

Family
Petre was the eldest son of William Bernard Petre, 12th Baron Petre and Mary Theresa Clifford (1823–1895). His maternal grandparents were Charles Thomas Clifford and Theresa Constable-Maxwell. Theresa was a daughter of Charles Clifford, 6th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh and Eleanor Mary Arundell. Eleanor was a daughter of Henry Arundell, 8th Baron Arundell of Wardour and his wife Mary Christina Conquest.

Priesthood
Petre began studying for the priesthood in 1872, was ordained in 1874, and taught for several years at Downside Abbey. During his time there, Petre endowed the school with a library (from which the works of Charles Dickens were banned) a cloister and a swimming pool. Petre eventually found conventional Catholic education narrow and stultifying and resolved to open his own school.

Petre was in Holy Orders and Domestic Prelate to the Court of the Holy See. He wrote several polemical pamphlets on the problem of Catholic Liberal Education; one pamphlet is highly critical of Jacques Offenbach, whose music Petre claimed was intended "merely to satisfy the cravings of sensibilities fuddled by brandy and soda water".

Woburn Park
Largely from the sale of the family library, in the summer of 1877 he purchased Woburn Park, home of the wealthy Southcote family,  of mostly deer park-style landscape fronting briefly the River Thames, in Addlestone, Surrey, England and containing a commanding knoll above the end of the combined Bourne, a deep stream and its confluence. The wide knoll is Woburn Hill where Philip Southcote turned its farmhouse into a mansion in the early 18th century.

In Woburn Park, Petre began a Catholic boarding school with a half-dozen boys. It was deliberately unconventional: it had few explicit rules and a Parliament at which the school's administration was freely debated by the pupils. These debates were recorded in the school magazine, The Amoeba.

Pupils dressed for dinner every night and special mention is made of the school's "constant hot water". The school grew and its ceremonial mace, made in 1881, displayed in the Stone Hall comes from the "parliament". Lord Petre, wearing sumptuous robes, acted as Speaker as the boys, sitting as members for imaginary constituencies such as Chilcompton, Gurney Slade and Radstock, debated "bills" in precise imitation of the House of Commons.

In Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk's "Essex" a passage reads: "A late lord Petre was himself a priest, who took a special interest in education, and carried on a lordly school at Woburn Hill, once renowned as a ferme ornée, between Weybridge and Chertsey".

The first incarnation of the school failed financially after a few years in midsummer 1884. The accidental death by drowning of Fotheringham, a senior boy staying at the site in the holidays, dented the confidence of prospective parents.

In 1884, Petre sold the premises to the Josephites for their St George's College.

Hiatus
From a Catholic publication at the time:

Baron
Five weeks later, on 4 July 1884, William's father died and he succeeded to the title as 13th Baron Petre of Writtle. That same year saw the beginning of Petre's new school at Northwood Park on the Isle of Wight, however, Northwood closed about a year later.

Lord Petre then retired to The Hyde in Ingatestone, Essex; also, in 1885 the Duchy of Lancaster granted him the Liberty of Clare and the Manor of Arnolds. Eight years later, he died at the early age of 46, his health apparently undermined by the strain of attempting to establish a new type of education for Catholic youth. He was a man of simple tastes and all who knew him spoke well of him. He was kind to his tenants, to the poor and especially to the young.

References

External links
His profile in Peerage.com

1847 births
1893 deaths
William
Ordained peers
19th-century English Roman Catholic priests
13


Saint-Mathieu-de-Tréviers (; ) is a commune in the Hérault department in the Occitanie region in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Hérault department
 Pic Saint-Loup

References

Communes of Hérault


Pic Saint-Loup (Languedocien: Puòg de Sant Lop) is a mountain in Languedoc-Roussillon, southern France, located near the communes of Cazevieille and Saint-Mathieu-de-Tréviers in the Hérault department.

Landforms of Hérault
Mountains of Occitania (administrative region)


William Bernard, 12th Baron Petre (20 December 1817 – 4 July 1884) "a pattern of charity and piety", was an enthusiastic builder of churches. To a greater or lesser extent, he was responsible for new churches in Brentwood, Chipping Ongar, Barking, Romford and Chelmsford and a mortuary chapel (designed by William Wardell, a pupil of Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin) in the grounds of Thorndon Hall (dedicated on 11 September 1857, and used last for interment in 1965), as well as twice extending the chapel at Ingatestone Hall, which then served as the parish church for the locality.

Family

He was a son of William Henry Francis Petre, 11th Baron Petre and his first wife Frances Charlotte Bedingfeld (1796–1822).

His maternal grandparents were Sir Richard Bedingfeld, 5th Baronet and his wife Charlotte Georgiana Jerningham. Charlotte was a daughter of Sir William Jerningham, 6th Baronet and Frances Dillon.

The senior Frances was a daughter of Henry Dillon, 11th Viscount Dillon and Lady Charlotte Lee. The senior Charlotte was a daughter of George Lee, 2nd Earl of Lichfield and Frances Hales. The eldest Frances was a daughter of Sir John Hales, 4th Baronet.

Wardell

William Wardell went to Australia at the age of 32 because he had tuberculosis. He designed many buildings there including the St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney. In testimonials to Wardell, Lord Petre expressed confidence in him, and noted his "acknowledged position in the first rank of England’s architects".

Order of Pius IX

It was no doubt for these charitable works that Pope Pius IX awarded Lord Petre the Order of Pius IX though there is a family tradition that he received it in recognition of his services as commander of a force of Papal Zouaves, international volunteers, in the defence of Rome against Giuseppe Garibaldi.

If this sounds unlikely, besides the Swiss Guard, Pius had another bodyguard called the Zouaves in which it was customary for young Catholic gentlemen, disqualified from becoming officers in the British Army, to serve. With the departure of Pius' allied forces of the Second French Empire at the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War (1870), the Papal States could offer little resistance to the Italian Army and fell.

Marriage and children

On 26 September 1843, in London, Petre married Mary Theresa Clifford (1 September 1823 – 31 December 1895). She was a daughter of Charles Thomas Clifford and Theresa Constable-Maxwell. Her paternal grandparents were Charles Clifford, 6th Baron Clifford of Chudleigh and Eleanor Mary Arundell. Eleanor was a daughter of Henry Arundell, 8th Baron Arundell of Wardour and his wife Mary Christina Conquest.

Petre and his wife had twelve children:

Frances Mary Petre (c. 1846 - 25 May 1920). Married George Forbes, 7th Earl of Granard.
William Joseph Petre, 13th Baron Petre (26 February 1847 - 8 May 1893).
Isabella Mary Petre (c. 1849 - 15 July 1919). Married Frederick Stapleton-Bretherton. They were parents to Evelyn Princess Blücher.
Margaret Mary Petre (c. 1850 - ?). A nun.
Katherine Mary Lucy Petre (c. 1851 -  21 October 1932).
Theresa Mary Louisa Petre (c. 1853 - ?). A nun.
Mary Winifrede Petre (c. 1855 - 31 July 1947). A Sister of Charity.
Eleanor Mary Petre (1856 - 17 November 1908). Married Edward Southwell Trafford.
Bernard Henry Philip Petre, 14th Baron Petre (31 May 1858 - 16 June 1908).
Monica Mary Petre (1860 - 15 May 1907). Married John Erdeswick Butler-Bowden, a Lieutenant-Colonel of the British Army.
Philip Benedict Joseph Petre, 15th Baron Petre (21 August 1864 - 6 December 1908).
Joseph Lucius Henry Petre (22 April 1866 - 24 January 1900). A Captain of the British Army. He fought in the Second Boer War and was among the casualties of the Battle of Spion Kop.

Decline of Thorndon

By the 1860s, the pomp and glamour of earlier years of living at Thorndon had begun to fall away. The young John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton spent a weekend at Thorndon; he had been invited because Lady Petre had a bevy of "Good looking and divinely tall" daughters to marry off. The studious young man, however, did not enjoy himself much, finding the favourite pastime of roller skating in the ballroom too boisterous for his taste.

However, it was the Great fire of 1878 that finally ended Thorndon's days as a great house. William almost certainly commissioned a large group of furniture, now at Ingatestone, in the latter part of the 19th century, possibly replacing items destroyed in the fire.

Family reputation

However much apart from noble court the Petres may have kept themselves, they seem to have been popular in the vicinity, and kind and liberal neighbours, for they are not infrequently referred to by travellers, and Daniel Defoe writes of them in his A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724–1726).

'From hence [Lees Priory], keeping the London Road, I came to Chelmsford, mentioned before, and Ingatestone, five miles west, which I mention again because in the Parish Church of this town are to be seen the ancient monuments if the noble family of Petre whose seat and large estate lie in the neighbourhood, and whose family, by constant series of beneficent action to the poor, and bounty upon all charitable occasions, have gained an affectionate esteem through all that part of the county, such as no prejudice of religion could wear out, or perhaps ever may – and I must confess need not, for good and great actions commend our respect, let the opinions of persons be otherwise what they may'.

The friendliness was carried on long after Defoe's visit. Miss Parkin still retains a lively memory of the kindliness of William, 12th Baron, and has a photograph, taken by him in the Rectory garden, of Rector Parkin and his family. It is a matter for regret that of late years the great landowner has been so much less in touch with the parish.

Romford Church

He donated the lands for the building of the church of St Edward the Confessor in Romford, consecrated by Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman on 6 May 1856. The Parish priest (in 2006), Kevin W.A. Hale writes:-

"Cardinal Wiseman, First Archbishop of Westminster, consecrated the new church at Romford on 6 May 1856. It was one of the first, after the Restoration of the English Hierarchy. The land for the church had been donated by the Petre family of Thorndon and Ingatestone Hall, and they also paid for the building. At that time, Romford was rather more rural and had only a handful of Catholic families, thus the proportions of the church reflected the meagre size of the congregation. Today, St Edward’s stands at the centre of what is a thriving market town, rather more urban in character.

Owing to the nature of the ceremonies and the necessity of commencing at an early hour, it was impossible to accommodate a large congregation at the consecration of the church. Two days later, on 8 May, Cardinal Wiseman returned for the opening ceremony and High Mass, at which he preached. It was the octave day of the Ascension and hence the text chosen for the sermon. Secular newspaper reports of the time state that the Cardinal preached standing at the centre of the Altar, and that it was long! They also state that the congregation, at the opening, was large only because Catholic families had come from far and wide for it is well known that it is almost a rarity to find a Romanist in our town!

I am very pleased to present this re-publication of Cardinal Wiseman’s sermon. Though lengthy by modern standards, it is a masterpiece and reflects the enthusiasm and sense of mission which the Catholic Church in England felt at that time. It is my hope that the reading of this sermon today will be an inspiration for our work of the new evangelisation of our land."

Correspondence with Wiseman

On 10 May 1856, Cardinal Wiseman wrote to Lord Petre from London:

"My dear Lord, It is in compliance with your Lordship’s kind wish, that I publish this sermon. I do not regret any little additional trouble this may give me: for it is fully compensated by the opportunity afforded me, of publicly testifying my regard for your Lordship. While the new church at Romford will be a lasting monument of your Lordship’s generous zeal, these few lines may serve as its inscription; to record the gratitude of a poor congregation, through one whose joy it is fully to share it, and whose duty it is to express it.

With earnest prayer for every blessing on Your Lordship, and Your House, I am ever,My dear Lord,Your Lordship’s affectionate Servant in Christ."

External links
His profile in Peerage.com

1817 births
1884 deaths
William
Knights of the Order of Pope Pius IX
English Roman Catholics
12