The Bull's Eye is a 1917 American film serial directed by James W. Horne. It is now considered to be a lost film.

Cast

Chapter titles

 First Blood
 The Fearless One
 Desperate Odds
 Still In The Ring
 The Swing of Death
 On The Brink
 Riding Wild
 Dynamite
 The Flaming Crisis
 Coyotes of The Desert
 Fired
 Burning Sands
 Sold At Auction
 The Firing Squad
 The Stained Face
 Running Wild
 In Irons
 The Runaway

Reception

Like many American films of the time, The Bull's Eye was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards. For example, the Chicago Board of Censors required the following cuts by chapter:
Chapter 1, Reel 1, of the shooting of man from horse, Reel 2, all holdup scenes, flagging train and attack on crew and passengers, all scenes in fight between sheepmen and Cody where guns are drawn, two scenes of sheepmen shooting at crowd on rear platform of train, and the choking of Cody on trailer at end of reel;
Chapter 2, Reel 1, of sheepmen shooting at passengers on the train, pulling man off horse by his hair, knocking down half unconscious man, kicking prostrate man, two shooting scenes in which men fall, three scenes of cattle rustlers shooting at Cody, Reel 2, shooting John Clayton and his falling, binding man to tree, Sweeney suggestively leering at young woman, all scenes of her struggling in man's arms, and the man carrying her off;
Chapter 3, Reel 1, two scenes of man carrying young woman to cabin, man carrying her into cabin, man barricading door on self and young woman, choking young woman, two scenes of her laying across table, two intertitles "Sweeney's no better than we are" etc. and "Sweeney, you're no better than we are" etc., Sweeney shooting man outside cabin, nine scenes of men shooting at couple in cabin, four fight scenes between men in cabin, Reel 2, sheepmen entering Clayton's home through window, five scenes of holdup and abduction of Clayton except the scene of taking him from house, seven scenes of chase after Cody in which men shoot at him, and three scenes of rustlers shooting at Cody in cabin;
Chapter 4, Reel 1, eight scenes of shooting at cabin harboring Cody, Reel 2, the attack on sheepman's gate and two scenes of cattle rustling;
Chapter 5, two scenes of men outside window shooting at Cody, intertitle "Say the word, boss, and we'll hang him", all but first two and last two shooting scenes to include two scenes of men falling, Reel 2, two scenes of man holding gun to Clayton's side, four shooting scenes between sheepman and cowboy to include men falling, shooting man during truce between sheepman and cowboys, first three choking scenes between Cody and Johnson, Nathan Loose falling and scene of covering dead man's face with handkerchief in battle between sheepmen and cattlemen, first struggle scene between man and young woman in which she breaks away and is carried to other side, and struggle scene in which man puts hand over her mouth;
Chapter 6, Reel 1, choking man on edge of cliff, striking man on head with gun, pushing Cody over cliff, the three intertitles "Say the word and he swings", "You forget what he has done", and "You're not going to hang me. Give me one more chance", all scenes of cattlemen preparing to lynch Sweeney to include putting rope around his neck, all scenes of Sweeney pleading for his life, Reel 2, attack on man guarding Sweeney, abduction of young woman in garden, gagging her, and the two intertitles "Sweeney's brutal desires were not to be easily thwarted" and "There'll be no one to plead for him now, because I'll shoot straight";
Chapter 7, Reel 1, closeup of North shooting at Cody, young woman breaking away from Sweeney and Sweeney carrying her back, Cody shooting man from horse, two coach holdup scenes including shooting of man, third holdup scene in which Sweeney drives away, two scenes of Sweeney on coach shooting back at Cody, the intertitle "For his own brutal desires" etc., Reel 2, two scenes of Sweeney holding up engineer, Sweeney shooting Cody in cab of train engine, cowboys flagging train, assault on trainman at station, two scenes of holdup of train crew, two scenes of Sweeney knocking down trainman on top of car, three scenes of Sweeney shooting at Cody on top of train, and Cody shooting back;
Chapter 8, Reel 1, striking Cody with butt of gun, shooting and man falling at railroad station, four scenes of lassoing and dragging man, Reel 2, throwing man over cliff and the binding of Cody;
Chapter 9, Reel 1, all but five scenes of burning rope, five fight scenes, three scenes of gang shooting, Reel 2, all scenes of man with dynamite near bridge, man lighting fuse, and seven scenes of outlaw gang shooting;
Chapter 10, Reel 1, shooting man and man falling, three scenes of threatening man with guns, and, Reel 2, arranging and lighting fuse;
Chapter 11, Reel 1, the intertitle "Here's $1,000 — it is yours if you cut the rope", man shooting at rope, two scenes of Sweeney holding up men in office, Sweeney shooting man in office, Norton shooting man in office, Sweeney pouring oil over room, Reel 2, three scenes of old man at bar pointing gun at man, old man shooting in saloon, five saloon fight scenes.
Chapter 13, Reel 1, the intertitle "Hands off — she belongs to North and me", Reel 2, two intertitles "No, Senor, American girls are scarce at Fendez — she'll bring big money" and "We'll sell her to the highest bidder", seven scenes of young woman standing on auction table, three closeups of Mexicans suggestively leering at young woman, last five struggle scenes between young woman and Mexican to include two scenes of choking her on table, entire scene of young woman unconscious on floor to include man closing door on group of women;
Chapter 14, Reel 1, two intertitles "The girl was sold by her captors to the highest bidder" and "Juanita the favorite until Cora came", scenes of young woman on floor in room, young woman arising from floor after man comes in room, all but first struggle scene between man and young woman, closeup of Cody choking Mexican across table, Cody stabbing jailer in prison cell, five scenes of Mexicans playing dice for young woman, striking guard on head outside room, three scenes of men falling after Cody shoots, and two intertitles "We must decide who gets the girl" and "Now we'll watch your friend breath his last";
Chapter 15, Reel 1, Cody slugging Mexican guard, Reel 2, two shooting scenes with men falling, three scenes of dead bodies on floor, throwing body into well, man cutting rope leading to well, and shooting at Cody in well;
Chapter 16, Reel 1, last four shooting scenes between bandits and posse in which men fall, Reel 2, three closeups of battering door with pole, passing bundle to prisoner, prisoner sawing prison bars, attack on Cody, three scenes of threatening Cody with gun, flash three fight scenes between Cody and bandits, the intertitle "I'll tickle him a little with a couple of shots", two scenes of Sweeney shooting at Cody. and Cody bound to horse falling down mountainside;
Chapter 17, Reel 1, Sweeney shooting at Cody, two near views of Mexican throwing knife at tree to which man is bound, Reel 2, knocking down man, slugging McGuire, placing Cody on tracks, all but first and last scene of Cody bound to tracks; and
Chapter 18, Reel 1, all scenes of train and men holdup, Sweeney shooting and man falling, North slugging Cody, four holdup scenes by Mexican, three scenes of Mexican shooting and man falling, two scenes of forcing engineer to start engine, Sweeney slugging engineer, three scenes of rigging chair with gun, one scene of demonstration of chair and gun and following scene, Reel 2, three views of chair and gun, holdup of North, two scenes of Sweeney shooting North, robbing North, and two scenes of Sweeney shooting at pursuers.

See also
 List of American films of 1917
 List of film serials
 List of film serials by studio

References

External links

1917 films
1917 lost films
1917 drama films
1910s English-language films
American silent serial films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by James W. Horne
Films with screenplays by Tom Gibson
Lost American drama films
English-language drama films
Universal Pictures film serials
1910s American films
Silent American drama films


EML Tasuja (A432) was a  diving vessel built in 1977. She served in the Danish Navy as KDM Lindormen until 2004. Handed over to the Estonian Navy, she was commissioned as EML Tasuja in the Mineships Division until 2016.

History
Lindormen was the first of two similar minelaying ships built at the Svendborg Skibsværft shipyard for the Danish Navy. She was launched on 7 June 1977 as KDM Lindormen (). After fitting out, she entered service a year later on 14 June 1978.

Lindormen was refitted at Søby Værft (shipyard), Denmark, in 2001. Decommissioned in 2004, she was handed over to the Estonian Navy. She was renamed EML Tasuja and served as a tender and utility vessel for the young navy. Her sister ship, KDM Lossen (), was also donated by Denmark two years later in 2006, but not directly to the Estonian Navy. The ex-Lossen began serving with the Estonian Maritime Academy as a civilian training vessel named: MS Kristiina, for new marine officers.

EML Tasuja was used on active duty as the naval diving vessel of the Estonian Mineships Division, while her sister ship was held in reserve and used for training. On 1 November 2016, after 10-years of active duty, the Merevägi decommissioned Tasuja. Shortly thereafter they took her sister ship (in Danish service: Lossen, then Estonian Kristiina) out of reserve and commissioned her into active duty as  as her replacement.

Ship's crest
The coat of arms for Tasuja was presented at a ceremony on 12 April 2006. A silver sword was in the center of the vessel's coat of arms. The sword points to Tasuja's importance during the ancient Estonian Freedom Fight in the 13th century AD and the historical Estonian Navy vessels Tasuja role during the Estonian War of Independence. The ship's Latin motto was "More Maiorum" (). The coat of arms was designed by Priit Herodes. On 8 July 2006 a  contract was signed between the vessel and Kunda city council, giving Tasuja the right to wear the Kunda town coat of arms and to engage in promotion of the city in all foreign harbours across the world.

See also
BALTRON project
 (A230)

References

External links

Lindormen-class minelayers
EML Tasuja (A432)
1977 ships
Ships built in Svendborg


This is the discography of American singer Pat Benatar. It consists of 11 studio albums, nine live albums, 27 compilation albums, 39 singles, and 34 music videos.

Albums

Studio albums

Live albums

Compilations

Worldwide compilations

Singles

Notes
^ "We Belong" also peaked at number 34 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart.
^ "Dancing Through the Wreckage" peaked at number 22 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. It is her first song to chart there since "We Belong" in 1984.

Other charted songs, B-sides, soundtracks

Music videos

References

Discographies of American artists
Rock music discographies


The Diocese of Cartagena () is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in the city of Cartagena in the Ecclesiastical province of Granada in Spain.

History
 1st century: Established as Diocese of Cartagena

Reports of Sex Abuse
On 18 May 2020, Cartagena Bishop José Manuel Lorca Planes announced the start of an "important inquiry" into sex abuse allegations spanning from 1950 to 2010. At least eight potential victims have publicly come forward, and Lorca urged more accusers to publicly come forward as well.

Special churches
Minor Basilicas:
Basílica de la Purísima Concepción, Yecla (Murcia), Región de Murcia

Leadership
 Bishops of Cartagena (Roman rite)
. . .
Pedro Gallego, O.F.M. (1241–1267 Died)
. . .
Nicolás Yáñez Gutiérrez de Aguilar (4 Aug 1361 – 1372 Died)
. . .
Rodrigo de Borja (8 Jul 1482 – 11 Aug 1492 Elected, Pope)
Bernardino López de Carvajal y Sande (27 Mar 1493 – 2 Feb 1495 Appointed, Bishop of Sigüenza)
Juan Ruiz de Medina (20 Feb 1495 – 1502 Appointed, Bishop of Segovia)
Juan Daza (16 Mar 1502 – 4 Nov 1504 Appointed,  Bishop of Córdoba)
Juan Fernández Velasco (4 Nov 1505 Appointed – 22 Dec 1505 Appointed, Bishop of Calahorra y La Calzada)
Martín Fernández de Angulo Saavedra y Luna (22 Dec 1508 – 30 Sep 1510, Appointed, Bishop of Córdoba)
Matthäus Lang von Wellenburg (30 Sep 1510 – 30 Mar 1540 Died)
Juan Martínez Silíceo (23 Feb 1541 – 8 Jan 1546 Appointed, Archbishop of Toledo)
Esteban Almeida (16 Apr 1546 – 23 Mar 1563 Died)
Gonzalo Arias Gallego (22 Aug 1565 – 28 Apr 1575 Died)
Gómez Zapata (11 Apr 1576 – 8 Nov 1582 Appointed, Bishop of Cuenca)
Jerónimo Manrique de Lara (19 Jan 1583 – 5 Apr 1591 Appointed, Bishop of Ávila)
Sancho Dávila Toledo (26 Apr 1591 – 10 Jan 1600 Appointed, Bishop of Jaén)
Juan de Zúñiga Flores (24 Jan 1600 Appointed – 20 Dec 1602 Died)
Alfonso Coloma (13 Jan 1603 – 20 Apr 1608 Died)
Francisco Martínez de Cenicero (13 Aug 1607 – 3 Aug 1615 Appointed, Bishop of Jaén)
Francisco González Zárate (de Gamarra) (17 Aug 1615 – 30 May 1616 Appointed, Bishop of Ávila)
Alfonso Márquez de Prado (18 Jul 1616 – 9 Jul 1618 Appointed, Bishop of Segovia)
Antonio Trejo de Sande Paniagua, O.F.M. (9 Jul 1618 – 21 Dec 1636 Died)
Francisco de Manso Zuñiga y Sola  (5 Oct 1637 – 8 Oct 1640 Appointed, Archbishop of Burgos)
Mendo de Benavides (19 Nov 1640 – 17 Oct 1644 Died)
Juan Vélez de Valdivielso (21 Aug 1645 – 1 Jul 1648 Died)
Diego Martínez Zarzosa (1 Mar 1649 – 31 Jan 1656 Appointed, Bishop of Málaga)
Andrés Bravo de Salamanca (18 Sep 1656 – 13 Mar 1662 Appointed, Bishop of Sigüenza)
Juan Bravo Lasprilla (31 Jul 1662 – 17 Aug 1663 Died)
Mateo de Sagade de Bugueyro (28 Jan 1664 – 26 Aug 1672 Died)
Francisco de Rojas-Borja y Artés (29 May 1673 – 17 Jul 1684 Died)
Antonio Medina Cachon y Ponce de Leon (5 Feb 1685 – 20 Sep 1694 Died)
Máximo Francisco Joániz de Echalaz (16 May 1695 – 17 Nov 1695 Died)
Francisco Fernández de Angulo (18 Jun 1696 – 29 Sep 1704 Died)
Luis Antonio Belluga y Moncada, C.O. (9 Feb 1705 – 11 Sep 1724 Resigned)
Tomás José Ruiz Montes (11 Sep 1724 – 11 Dec 1741 Died)
Juan Mateo López Sáenz, C.R.M. (9 Jul 1742 – 14 Oct 1752 Died)
Diego Rojas y Contreras (12 Mar 1753 – 10 Nov 1772 Died)
Manuel Rubín y Celis (15 Mar 1773 – 9 Aug 1784 Died)
Manuel Felipe Miralles (27 Jun 1785 – 15 Jul 1788 Died)
Victoriano López Gonzalo (14 Dec 1789 – 21 Nov 1805 Died)
José Jiménez (31 Mar 1806 – 1 Dec 1820 Died)
Antonio Posada Rubín de Celis (29 Jun 1821 – 18 Mar 1825 Resigned)
José Antonio Azpeitia y Sáenz de Santamaria (19 Dec 1824 – 1 Nov 1840 Died)
Mariano Benito Barrio Fernández (17 Dec 1847 – 18 Jun 1861 Confirmed, Archbishop of Valencia)
Francisco Landeira y Sevilla (22 Jul 1861 – 16 Sep 1876 Died)
Diego Mariano Alguacil y Rodríguez (18 Dec 1876 – 10 Jan 1884 Died)
Tomás Bryan y Livermore (10 Nov 1884 Appointed – 11 Sep 1902 Died)
Vicente Alonso y Salgado, Sch. P. (25 Jun 1903 – Jun 1930 Died)
Miguel de los Santos Díaz y Gómara (28 Jan 1935 – 7 Nov 1949 Died)
Ramón Sanahuja y Marcé (13 May 1950 – 22 Apr 1969 Retired)
Miguel Roca Cabanellas (22 Apr 1969 – 25 May 1978 Appointed, Archbishop of Valencia)
Javier Azagra Labiano (23 Sep 1978 – 20 Feb 1998 Retired)
Manuel Ureña Pastor (1 Jul 1998 – 2 Apr 2005 Appointed, Archbishop of Zaragoza)
Juan Antonio Reig Pla (24 Sep 2005 – 7 Mar 2009 Appointed, Bishop of Alcala)
José Manuel Lorca Planes (18 Jul 2009 – )

See also

Roman Catholicism in Spain

Sources

 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy
  Diocese website

Roman Catholic dioceses in Spain
Dioceses established in the 1st century

Diocese of Cartagena


Events from the year 1512 in art.

Events
 Michelangelo completes his nine Sistine Chapel ceiling paintings of the Creation.

Works

 Hans Baldung – The Trinity and Mystic Pietà
 Fra Bartolomeo – Madonna in Glory with Saints (altarpiece, Besançon Cathedral, 1511–12)
 Albrecht Dürer – The Virgin Mary Appearing to St. John on Patmos (woodcut)
 Leonardo da Vinci – Self-portrait in red chalk (approximate date)
 Michelangelo – Sistine Chapel ceiling, including the Separation of Light from Darkness (completed)
 Raphael
 The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple (fresco in the Raphael Rooms of the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican)
 Portrait of Pope Julius II
 The Triumph of Galatea (fresco in Villa Farnesina in Rome)
 Titian – approximate date
 The Gypsy Madonna
 La Schiavona
 The Three Ages of Man
 Lucas van Leyden – The History of Joseph series of engravings, e.g. Joseph Explains Pharaoh's Dream
 Bernard van Orley – Triptych of the Carpenters and Masons Corporation of Brussels ("Apostle Altar")

Births
date unknown
Lazzaro Calvi, Italian painter who frequently collaborated with his brother (died 1587)
Luis de Morales, Spanish painter known as "El Divino" (died 1586)
Battista del Moro, Italian painter of the Renaissance period active in his native Verona (died 1568)
Prospero Fontana, Italian painter of the late Renaissance,  (died 1597)
 (born 1512/1520): Giorgio Ghisi, Italian coppersmith, painter, and engraver  (died 1582)
 1512/1515: Marcello Venusti, Italian Mannerist painter primarily in Rome (died 1579)

Deaths
April 5 - Lazzaro Bastiani, Italian painter of the Renaissance, active mainly in Venice (born 1449)
date unknown - Giovanni Cristoforo Romano, Italian sculptor and medallist (born 1456)

Years of the 16th century in art


The 1998 Hastings Borough Council election took place on 7 May 1998 to elect members of Hastings Borough Council in East Sussex, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour Party gained overall control of the council from the Liberal Democrats.

After the election, the composition of the council was:
Labour 18
Liberal Democrat 13
Conservative 1

Election result
The Labour victories saw them gain a majority on Hastings Borough Council for the first time.

References

1998
1998 English local elections
1990s in East Sussex


Sinezona is a genus of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Scissurellidae, the little slit shells.

Description
The shell has turbinate or depressed turbinate form. The anal fissure is closed, forming a foramen in the outer wall of the aperture. The
slit fasciole is shorter, not over 1½ whorls in length.

Sinezona is a Scissurella in which the anal slit becomes closed in the adult, and transformed into an oblong perforation like one of the holes of a Haliotis.

Distribution
This marine genus occurs worldwide.

Species
Species in the genus Sinezona include:

 Sinezona bandeli Marshall, 2002
 Sinezona beddomei  (Petterd, 1884)
 Sinezona brevis (Hedley, 1904)
 Sinezona brucei Geiger, 2012
 Sinezona calumnior Geiger, 2012
 Sinezona carolarum Geiger & McLean, 2010
 Sinezona chilensis Geiger, 2012
 Sinezona cingulata (O.G. Costa, 1861)
 Sinezona confusa Rolán & Luque, 1994
 Sinezona costulata Geiger & Sasaki, 2009
 Sinezona danieldreieri Geiger, 2008
 Sinezona doliolum  Herbert, 1986
 Sinezona enigmatica Geiger & B.A. Marshall, 2012
 Sinezona ferriezi (Crosse, 1867)
 Sinezona finlayi (Laws, 1948)
 Sinezona garciai Geiger, 2006
 † Sinezona geigeri Landau, Van Dingenen & Ceulemans, 2017
 Sinezona globosa Geiger, 2006
 † Sinezona haliotimorpha Lozouet, 1998
 Sinezona hawaiiensis Geiger & McLean, 2010
 Sinezona insignis (E.A. Smith, 1910)
 Sinezona insularis Simone, 2009
 Sinezona iota (Finlay, 1926)
 Sinezona kayae Geiger & McLean, 2010
 † Sinezona kondoi
 † Sinezona koruahina (Laws, 1936)
 Sinezona laqueus (Finlay, 1926)
 Sinezona levigata (Iredale, 1908)
 Sinezona macleani Geiger, 2006
 Sinezona marrowi Geiger, 2012
 Sinezona mechanica Geiger & B.A. Marshall, 2012
 Sinezona milleri Geiger & Sasaki, 2009
 Sinezona mouchezi (Vélain, 1876)
 Sinezona norfolkensis Geiger, 2012
 Sinezona pacifica (Oliver, 1915)
 Sinezona pauperata (Powell, 1933)
 Sinezona platyspira Geiger & B.A. Marshall, 2012
 Sinezona plicata  (Hedley, 1899)
 † Sinezona praecedens Lozouet, 1998
 Sinezona rimuloides (Carpenter, 1865) - rim scissurelle
 Sinezona semicostata  Burnay & Rolán, 1990
 Sinezona singeri Geiger, 2006
 Sinezona singulata (O. G Costa)
 Sinezona subantarctica (Hedley, 1916)
 † Sinezona tertia (Laws, 1940)
 Sinezona wanganellica Geiger & B.A. Marshall, 2012
 Sinezona wileyi Geiger, 2008
 Sinezona zimmeri Geiger, 2003

Nomine dubia
 Sinezona concinna (G. B. Sowerby I, 1831)
 Sinezona miranda (A. Adams, 1862)
 Sinezona modesta (A. Adams, 1862)
 Sinezona paumotuensis (Garrett, 1872)
Species brought into synonymy
 Sinezona armillata Yaron, 1983: synonym of Sukashitrochus armillatus (Yaron, 1983)
 Sinezona atkinsoni Tenison-Woods, J.E., 1877: synonym of Sukashitrochus atkinsoni (Tenison Woods, 1877)
 Sinezona brasiliensis Mattar, 1987: synonym of Satondella brasiliensis (Mattar, 1987)
 Sinezona carinata (Adams, A., 1862): synonym of Sukashitrochus carinatus (A. Adams, 1862)
 Sinezona crossei (Folin, L. de, 1869): synonym of Sinezona cingulata (O. G. Costa, 1861)
 Sinezona fayalensis (Dautzenberg, 1889): synonym of Sinezona cingulata (O. G. Costa, 1861)
 Sinezona lobini Burnay & Rolán, 1990: synonym of Scissurella lobini (Burnay & Rolan, 1990)
 Sinezona morleti (Crosse, 1880): synonym of Sukashitrochus morleti (Crosse, 1880)
 Sinezona lyallensis (Finlay, 1927): synonym of Sukashitrochus lyallensis (Finlay, 1926)
 Sinezona padangensis (Thiele, 1912): synonym of Sinezona ferriezi (Crosse, 1867)
 Sinezona pulchra (Petterd, 1884): synonym of Sukashitrochus pulcher (Petterd, 1884)
 Sinezona redferni Rolán, 1996: synonym of Scissurella redferni (Rolán, 1996)
 Sinezona tricarinata Yaron, 1983: synonym of Sukashitrochus tricarinatus (Yaron, 1983)

References

 Geiger D.L. (2003). Phylogenetic assessment of characters proposed for the generic classification of Recent Scissurellidae (Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) with a description of one new genus and six new species frop Easter Island and Australia. Molluscan Research 23:21-83
 Geiger D.L. (2012) Monograph of the little slit shells. Volume 1. Introduction, Scissurellidae. pp. 1-728. Volume 2. Anatomidae, Larocheidae, Depressizonidae, Sutilizonidae, Temnocinclidae. pp. 729–1291. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Monographs Number 7

External links
 DiscoverLife
 ZipCodeZoo

Scissurellidae
Extant Miocene first appearances
Taxa named by Harold John Finlay


The 2008 Chinese winter storms () were a series of winter storm events that affected large portions of southern and central China, where it does not usually snow severely or extensively, starting from 25 January 2008, until 6 February 2008. The systems affected most of the area with heavy snows, ice, and cold temperatures causing extensive damage and transportation disruption for several thousand travelers. It became China's worst winter weather in half a century. According to some media sources, the storms were directly responsible for at least 129 deaths.

Cold snap and blizzard
The severe winter events started on 10 January when a large dome of cold air enveloped most parts of China, causing much precipitation in the form of heavy snow west of the coastal areas, where the temperature dropped to slightly below 0 °C (32 °F). The provinces of Hunan, Hubei, Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, and the municipality of Shanghai were hardest hit. Some received their worst snowstorms in seventeen years while some experienced their worst in five decades. After the first wave of precipitation had passed, the snow continued to fall for several days, accompanied by bitterly cold weather.

Snow was even reported in the country's largest true desert, the Taklamakan, where the snow and record low temperatures near  lasted 11 consecutive days and killed livestock. At one point, the temperature dropped to , breaking the January 2006 record of . However, the historical temperature series in this observatory is very short (started in 1996). The snow depth exceeded  at times in the center of the desert according to the Tazhong Observatory. According to Xinhua, it was the first time that snow covered the entire desert simultaneously.

Causes
According to scientists at China's National Climate Center and the United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), these winter storms in China have been mainly related to abnormal atmospheric circulation and La Niña, and are not directly linked to climate change. The China Meteorological Administration mentioned that the 2007-08 winter was the coldest recorded across the country since 1986-87, with one month during the winter storm event that was 2.5 degrees Celsius below normal.

Effects

Damage
The snowstorm caused extensive damage to many low-rise buildings, the roofs of which collapsed, killing occupants inside. It was estimated that about 223,000 homes were destroyed and 862,000 others were damaged. CNN also reported that a 500 meter-long auto plant in Xiangtan had its entire roof collapse.

The power system of China was also severely affected by adverse conditions. Widespread power outages were reported. In Chenzhou, which has a population of 4.6 million, it was reported that the entire city had no power or water for nearly two weeks, including government buildings and hospitals, while telecommunications cables and Internet networks were also damaged. In Fuzhou, Jiangxi, it was reported that the city lost power for about 3 weeks. At one point, seventeen of the thirty-one provinces and autonomous regions of China had to endure reduced power supplies. Beginning 1 February, all of Shanghai's skyline night lights were shut off to support relief efforts and were not resumed until the storm was declared officially over. In Guizhou, officials said it could take up to five months to mend the power grid fully. Xinhua reported that electricity across most of the 170 worst-hit counties was restored by the Chinese New Year. Coal reserves were also down to emergency levels and stockpiles were only sufficient for eight days of power generation.

The snowstorm also damaged water supply equipment. For instance, in Wuhan, up to 100,000 people were out of running water when several water pipes burst, cutting the supply to local households. In the Guangxi region, about 239,000 were also having problems accessing drinking water. Moreover, during the first week, there were significant mandatory evacuations, and an estimated 827,000 people were evacuated across fourteen provinces, affecting a total population of about 78 million. Over two weeks, according to Xinhua, 1.8 million residents were relocated elsewhere.
In addition, 870,000 pigs, 450,000 sheep, and 85,000 head of cattle were killed by the storm. In addition,  of forest were destroyed, including   of bamboo,  of wood, and  of saplings. The freak storms were especially painful because they hit warmer parts of China that have little experience with snow. Many communities lacked the necessary equipment to handle the heavy snowfall.

Transportation
Transportation was also heavily affected as the storms hit during the busiest travelling season of the year, Chunyun, preceding the Lunar New Year. Nearly 180 million people, more than the population of Russia, travel throughout the country during the holiday. According to Xinhua, in early February, millions of Chinese were travelling from the major cities to the countryside to celebrate the Spring Festival, a traditional celebration where the Chinese people return to their families, which fell on 7 February that year.

Railway
Heavy snow damaged the Jingguang railway from Beijing to Guangzhou. Tens of thousands of people (on occasion as many as 500,000 to 800,000 at once) were left stranded at several railway stations across southern China, including Guangzhou railway station. It was estimated that nearly 6 million railway passengers in total were stranded during the period while about 8,000 cargo trains were delayed. Backlogs at that station where people were waiting desperately to return home lasted several days. Many travelers took refuge in an emergency shelter at the China Import and Export Fair exhibition center where at times the mass of people was about the size of three to four entire football fields. Goods were distributed to stranded travelers, including free water bottles and lunch boxes of rice, chicken legs, and cabbages sold at about a dollar each.

Red banners were installed at one station encouraging some travelers to abandon their travel plans, and nearly half a million cancelled their trips after lengthy waits. Xinhua reported that 11 million migrant workers in the Guangdong area received ticket refunds. Most of the rail service resumed on 31 January, but heavy fog on 3 February caused further delays, particularly in Hunan. The lengthy delays occasionally caused clashes between travelers, police, and soldiers.

Highway
Several main highways including in Shanxi and Henan as well as Jingzhu Expressway, the main highway connecting the capital Beijing and Guangdong province, were shut down. Seven of the eight highways connecting Hunan and Guangdong were closed, and all public highways in Anhui were closed. The road closures disrupted the transportation of goods across several areas of the country where there were concerns of significant food shortage as the storm also did significant damage to crops.

Water transport

Water transportation was also affected as 10 boats at the Shanghai port which contained goods were stuck and unable to unload because of the snow.

Airport
About 60,000 bus riders were stranded on various highways, and 19 major airports in 10 cities were also closed at one point. 10,000 at Baiyun Airport in Guangzhou were stranded after 55 flights were cancelled. In total, about 3,250 flights were cancelled and another 5,550 were delayed. All provincial bus services in Jiangxi were halted. The Chinese Public Safety Ministry mentioned that about 1 million police officers were dispatched to keep the roadways open but numerous trucks were stranded in many areas. 100 diesel locomotives were also dispatched to get stranded trains back into service.

Fatalities
According to CNN, 63 were killed as of 31 January due to the effects of the storm, many of them because of the cold or collapsed roofs. The toll later rose to at least 107, according to Xinhua. Among the fatalities, 11 were killed in a bus accident in Anhui in which the bus flipped into a ditch on January 21. Another crash on 28 January killed at least 25 when a bus plunged into an icy road near Zunyi City. Three electricians were killed in Hunan while attempting to remove snow and ice from power lines and were named "revolutionary martyrs" by the government. As there was a gradual restoration of train services, stampedes killed at least one person in Guangzhou. Chinese officials mentioned that medical teams treated about 200 000 sick and injured people while 60 died from the cold. 11 electricians were also killed while restoring power across the country, but it wasn't clear if they were included in the official death toll of 60 people killed in accidents and building collapses blamed on the storms.

Economic impact and costs

The Chinese economy, which has experienced rapid growth over the past thirty years, was also affected by the winter event. According to the BBC, the country's civil affairs ministry estimated that the costs to the country's economy were about 54 billion Chinese yuan but the cost rose to 80 billion yuan as of February 7. Damage estimates as of February 13 were at about 111 billion yuan. Insurance companies across the country received tens of thousands of compensation cases including half a million from the hardest-hit regions.

Analysts also mentioned that extensive loss of crops (of over 40,000 km²) including fresh vegetables and fruit resulted in substantial inflation of food prices. At least 11 provinces reported significant price increases after the loss of millions of crops. The price for box lunches increased fivefold across many areas in the aftermath. During the month of January, the country's producer price index hit a three-year high with a rise of 6.1%, including a nearly 30% surge in crude prices, nearly 9% in fuel, raw materials, and power prices, and a 7 to 10% increase in diesel oil, kerosene, and gasoline prices. In addition, food prices climbed by 10% to as much as 18% during the month and significantly affected the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The inflation rate itself reached 7.1%, the highest since September 1996 when it hit 7.4%.

In addition, productivity at numerous factories was affected. Among them, steel and aluminum production was scaled back due to a significant shortage of raw materials, and a loss of production of about 50,000 tonnes of lead and zinc was forecasted in Hunan. Telecom companies had significant repair costs as about 10,000 kilometers of lines were affected. The Ministry of Information Industry mentioned that this has affected 33 million users and cost at least 80 million yuan up until 27 January. Other sectors affected were hotels, airlines, and auto sales while other businesses had a disruption in the supply of products because of transportation delays. The Chinese government mentioned that the storm would not have a significant long-term effect on the general economy but would not be without significant short-term problems.

The winter weather may have been responsible for a 7% drop in the Shanghai Composite Index due to concerns about the effects of transport breakdowns and power shortages. However, the storms happened at the same time as significant worldwide stock market volatility was occurring due to concerns of a recession in the United States. Energy-related stocks rose as much as 23% due to the rise in profits because of the weather woes.

Government response

The winter storms marked the largest national mass mobilization since the 2003 SARS crisis and are comparable in size to the relief efforts of the 1998 Yangtze River Floods. Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao issued an apology to citizens regarding the situation in a publicly-televised appearance at a railway station in Changsha, Hunan. He mentioned that the electrical system would be the first to be fixed before restoring normal train operations for Lunar New Year holiday travelers. The severe weather also led to an emergency meeting of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, chaired by General Secretary Hu Jintao, to discuss ways in order to control the situation.

About 300,000 troops and 1.1 million reservists were deployed to assist relief efforts and snow removal across various parts of affected regions. The government also announced a $700 million (2008 USD) plan for helping farmers who had their crops destroyed by the winter weather. In addition, the government spent over 330 million yuan for local disaster relief operations. On 1 February, Premier Wen held a State Council meeting to discuss matters related to the snowstorms, and immediately afterward flew out to Hunan to inspect relief efforts. General Secretary and President Hu visited various coal mines to urge them to help end power shortages.

There were also reports that China would invest significantly in better forecasting and cooperation between weather departments in the event of future storms as there were reports of criticism of the weather agencies. According to the China Meteorological Administration, there are plans to invest nearly 2 billion yuan (US$300 million) for the improvement of the weather forecasting work, which was reportedly approved by the State Council.

In addition, several weather experts from the meteorological office said that the country was not properly prepared to face a winter weather event of this magnitude. Some had praised northern parts of the country for their emergency plans in unusual weather. but have criticized those from the southern parts. The Chinese Meteorological Administration also added that officials were not expecting such a lengthy episode of severe winter weather with an extensive impact across a large area.

Foreign and interior aid
The Red Cross Society of China reported that they received at least 60 million yuan in donations and provided donations of food, medicine, quilts, coats, and tents. In addition, some other events, including an opera performance, raised additional funds for the areas affected. In addition, several foreign countries across the world had offered monetary assistance for the relief efforts.
n government has offered US$43,000 in aid for snow disaster relief.
an government pledged US$500,000 in emergency aid to China's foreign ministry.
n government pledged US$100,000 in emergency aid to China.
 government has said it will give US$150,000 in emergency aid to China via the Chinese Red Cross.
 and  donated a significant amount to the relief crisis. Local newspapers in the Special administrative region tried to increase the people's awareness of donations.  On March 7, 2008, the PRC paramount leader Hu Jintao publicly responded and thanked the region in a 15-minute speech.

See also
 Winter storms of 2007-08

References

External links

 Images of the winter events (via BBC)

Chinese winter storms
Blizzards
2008 storms
Winter storms
January 2008 events in Asia
February 2008 events in Asia
January 2008 events in China
February 2008 events in China


Lost in Blue 3 (original title: Survival Kids: 小さな島の大きな秘密!?, directly translates to "Survival Kids: The Big Secret of the Small Island!?") is a survival game developed by Matrix Software and published by Konami for the Nintendo DS handheld video game console. It is the sequel to Lost in Blue 2. It was released on December 20, 2007 in Japan with the North American version released on March 18, 2008.

Story
A luxury passenger line is lost at sea. Two survivors, a young man and a young woman, are washed ashore on a deserted island. The shock of the accident robs the boy of all his memories.

Believing that they will soon be rescued, they begin their new survival adventure, but no help comes. As they explore the island, they encounter one strange incident after another.

Gameplay
At the beginning of Lost in Blue 3, the player can choose to play as either Eric (called "Sam" by Claire) or Claire. They each have their advantages and disadvantages. Their goal is to survive on the island. This is done by finding food, water, shelter and a means for starting a fire. The player can unlock two additional characters who can help them with chores such as hunting, gathering water, firewood or making ropes or baskets. As they explore the island, they will find items that will make it easier to survive. When the character has new team members, they will notice that smaller amounts of food will fill up their hunger meters more quickly. They will find new locations to call home, but their furniture will not automatically transfer; they must build new furniture there. Also, if the player is Claire or brings her with them, they can unlock mini-games in which they can befriend the chimpanzee and dolphin. The ultimate goal is to escape the island.

Characters
At the beginning of the game, the player is given the option to play as one of two characters. After the player completes the game, they are given the option to play the game as any of the four characters.

Claire: A 17-year-old blonde-haired white girl. She was brought on board the ship to sing at the evening dinner party. She's cheerful, energetic and curious, but not much of an athlete. She is reunited with her boyfriend on the island, but not everything goes as she hoped it would.

Eric: A 17-year-old brown haired white boy. He doesn't remember his name, but the girl he meets on the island calls him "Sam", so that's what he goes by. A cautious young man, he knows a lot about living in the wild.

Kumiko: A 13-year-old Asian girl. A girl-genius, she knows everything there is to know about science and machines. A quiet, cool type, she is also a wiz in the kitchen. It seems that she came to this island of her own choice.

James: A 15-year-old black boy. A boy with a strong sense of justice and fair play. He's an accomplished martial artist who has won many tournaments. Just before the luxury liner sank, he witnessed a suspicious incident.

Reception

The game received "mixed" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.

References

External links

2007 video games
Survival video games
Lost in Blue
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Video game sequels
Video games featuring female protagonists
Action-adventure games
Matrix Software games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games set on islands
Multiplayer and single-player video games


The Saab 36 (also known as Projekt 1300) was a cancelled Swedish supersonic bomber planned by Saab AB during the 1950s. The aircraft was intended to be able to carry an 800 kg free-falling nuclear weapon, but the Swedish nuclear weapons program was cancelled in the 1960s; the plans for the bomber had been cancelled in 1957.  The Saab 36 was to be fitted with delta wings, as was the Saab 35 Draken fighter. The engine was to be a version of the British Bristol Olympus turbojet, the same engine powering the Avro Vulcan jet bomber.

Specifications (as designed)

See also

References

Bibliography
 .

36
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Sweden
Twinjets
Nuclear weapons programme of Sweden
Low-wing aircraft


All Aboard, We Are Off is a children's picture book written and illustrated by Nura – the American artist Nura Woodson Ulreich. It was published by the Junior Literary Guild in 1944, and its copyright was renewed in 1971.

The book is about a woman who sells apples to young boys and girls every day before and after school. She takes the children on a trip to lands which have never been mapped, to teach them about the importance of moderation in life. Destinations include the "Land of Play," the "Land of Food and Drink," the "Land of Sleep," among other similar places.

References

American picture books
1944 children's books


The Gwalia Singers (Swansea) is a Welsh male voice choir based in Swansea, Wales.

History
The choir was formed in 1966 by Bryan Myles. They competed in their first serious competition in 1978 - the Welsh Brewers' Choral Competition, held in Carmarthen. The following year they won in the category for fewer than 40 voices at the Miners' Eisteddfod in Porthcawl. 1981 saw the choir record a single with the Cory Band. It was a cover version of Jona Lewie's "Stop the Cavalry". Although it failed to chart, it was regularly played by DJs in the United States and has been suggested as "probably the most popular song ever by an artist who never had a charted recording".

Musical director, Bryan Myles, left the choir in 1996 and was replaced by Simon Oram.

The choir were invited to perform at the christening of Alvin Stardust's daughter, Millie Margaret May, in May 2001.

To celebrate their 40th anniversary, two special concerts were held during 2006. The first, in the Swansea Grand Theatre, featured guest performances from Mal Pope, Miss Daisy Blue, the Vivace Singers and The Storys. The second concert was held in the city's Brangwyn Hall. Later in the year, due to a move out of the area, MD Simon Oram passed the baton on to Deputy MD Nick Rogers.

2007 saw the choir performing in Mannheim, Germany, to mark the city's 400 years of history. This coincided with the 50th anniversary of its twinning with Swansea. The Deputy Lord Mayor of Swansea, Ioan Richard, presented Mannheim Oberburgermeister Gerhard Widder with a dragon memento cut from Welsh slate. 2007 also saw the choir increasing its size to 44 members.

The choir was chosen to participate in the 2008 St. David's Celebration held at the Disneyland Resort Paris. They provided four performances for the resort visitors on 1 and 2 March. The choir has returned for the celebration in subsequent years and performed for the fourth time in as many years in March 2011.

The choir's President from 2005 to 2010 was singer/songwriter Mal Pope. He was succeeded in 2011 by former Wales international rugby union rugby player Geoff Wheel.

Alvin Stardust's funeral took place at St Thomas Church in Swansea on 5 December 2014 at which the Gwalia Singers sang Calon Lân, a Welsh hymn which was a particular favourite of his.

A performance of "Stop the Cavalry" was recorded by Fresh One Productions and a clip was included in the documentary "Rewind the Christmas Hits" which was broadcast on Channel 4 on 20 December 2014.

References

External links
 Gwalia Singers official website
 BBC Wales profile

Welsh choirs
Boys' and men's choirs
Musical groups established in 1966
Musical groups from Swansea
1966 establishments in Wales


Eccellenza Veneto is the regional Eccellenza football division for clubs in Veneto, Italy. It is competed amongst 32 teams, in two different groups (A and B). The winners of the Groups are promoted to Serie D. The club who finishes second also have the chance to gain promotion, they are entered into a national play-off which consists of two rounds.

Champions
Here are the past champions of the Veneto Eccellenza, organised into their respective group.

Group A

1991–92 Contarina
1992–93 Donada
1993–94 Luparense
1994–95 Lendinarese
1995–96 Giorgianna
1996–97 Bassano Virtus
1997–98 Montecchio Maggiore
1998–99 Chioggia Sottomarina
1999–2000 Tezze sul Brenta
2000–01 Cologna Veneta
2001–02 Lonigo
2002–03 Sambonifacese
2003–04 Union Vigontina
2004–05 Este
2005–06 Virtus Verona
2006–07 Domegliara
2007–08 Somma
2008–09 Villafranca
2009–10 Legnago Salus
2010–11 Sarego
2011–12 Trissino
2012–13 Marano
2013–14 Villafranca
2014–15 Campodarsego
2015–16 Adriese
2016–17 Ambrosiana
2017–18 Cartigliano
2018–19 Vigasio
2019–20 Sona
2020–21 San Martino Speme
2021–22 Villafranca
2022–23 Clivense

Group B

1991–92 Miranese
1992–93 Montebelluna
1993–94 Schio
1994–95 Mestre
1995–96 Portogruaro
1996–97 Martellago
1997–98 Portogruaro
1998–99 La Marenese
1999–2000 Bessica
2000–01 Cordignano
2001–02 Conegliano Calcio
2002–03 Gemeaz Cusin San Polo
2003–04 Montebelluna
2004–05 Eurocalcio
2005–06 Union Quinto
2006–07 San Donà
2007–08 Sagittaria Julia
2008–09 Adriese
2009–10 Opitergina
2010–11 Delta
2011–12 Clodiense
2012–13 Vittorio Veneto
2013–14 Union Pro Mogliano
2014–15 Calvi Noale
2015–16 Pievigina
2016–17 Liventina
2017–18 Sandonà
2018–19 Luparense
2019–20 San Giorgio Sedico
2020–21 Spinea
2021–22 Portogruaro
2022–23 Treviso

References

External links
Some Club Histories In the League

Sport in Veneto
Ven
Football clubs in Italy
Sports leagues established in 1991
1991 establishments in Italy
Association football clubs established in 1991


Botho Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein (His Serene Highness Prince Botho of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein) (16 February 1927 in Eisenach – 27 January 2008 in Salzburg) was a German politician. He was a member of the Christian Democratic Union and represented the party in the Bundestag from 1965 to 1980. He first gained a direct mandate as representative of Siegen-Wittgenstein and subsequently was elected from the land list.

He served as president of the German Red Cross between 1982 and 1994.

External links and references
Welt Online: Botho Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein obituary (German) 28 January 2008

Notes

1927 births
2008 deaths
Grand Crosses with Star and Sash of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Botho Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein
German Red Cross personnel


Alan Chambers may refer to:

 Alan Chambers (explorer) (born 1968), British polar adventurer
 Alan Chambers (activist) (born 1972), former President of Exodus International
 Alan Chambers (Canadian politician) (1904–1981), Canadian politician
 Alan Chambers (Northern Ireland politician) (born 1947), Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly


Mash and Peas was a parodic sketch show written by and starring Matt Lucas and David Walliams. Their first television work together, it originally aired on Paramount Comedy 1 and Channel 4 between 1996 and 1997. The episodes were repeated before the channel's relaunch in 1999. The programme is made up of parodies of various television genres, introduced by the childish and incompetent Danny Mash (Lucas) and Gareth Peas (Walliams). Edgar Wright directed and long-standing collaborator Paul Putner appeared throughout.

Episode guide
1. "Kids TV"
 Parodies of Play Away, Tony Hart, Jackanory and Why Don't You? specifically, each with a hidden agenda - such as oppressive Christianity or entrapment - or some surprising surrealism coming to the fore.

2. "American Sitcoms"
 Parodies of standard American sitcoms, both domestic and blue-collar.*

3. "Sex Talk"
 Simon Greenall acts as host for a parody of the type of supposedly dangerous late-night sexual discussion programs that were around in the early nineties, featuring early Rock Profile-style interviews with married couples.

4. "Prime Time ITV"
 Parodies of Gay Byrne's hosting of The Late Late Show, Michael Barrymore's hosting in general, Victoria Wood's comedy and two old women talk over Wish You Were Here...?.

5. "Late Night ITV"
 Parodies of contemporary presenter Gaz Top, late night video review shows, television producer Mike Mansfield's contemporary music show, and Richard Littlejohn's journalistic nature.

6. Boy Band Documentary
 Spoof documentary on a dim, up and coming, manufactured Take That-style band.

7. "British On The Box
 A full parody of Garry Bushell and the type of television and bigotry he inhabits.

8. "Strange Phenomenums"
 A take on the early 1990s mystery science-fiction sensation, parodying cheap shows that sprang up in the wake of The X-Files, including the likes of TV psychics and Michael Aspel's Strange but True?. It is unclear as to whether videotape of this edition still exists.

In addition to these, in 1997, four sketches, very similar in tone to the American sitcoms edition (one of which was a remake of a A Puppet Lives In My House, with the only major difference being that Jessica Stevenson's role was now taken by Rebecca Front) were produced for a Sitcoms Night, which was made in partnership between Paramount Comedy 1 and Channel 4.

The remaining sketches were My Gay Dads, in which one typical American teenage girl is beset with three loud homosexual fathers, a US remake of Only Fools and Horses entitled Only Jerks and Horses and a Seinfeld parody, I'm Bland (but my friends are krazy!). Also appearing in these sketches were Bob Mortimer, Reece Shearsmith, Steve Pemberton, Mark Gatiss and Simon Greenall.

Shortly before transmission, Lucas and Walliams appeared in-character to publicise the show on Dominik Diamond's Paramount chat show Night O'Plenty. Later, the pair also appeared as Mash and Peas in a number of music videos by Fat Les made between 1998 and 2000, including the hit single "Vindaloo".

Soon after this, Lucas and Walliams created Sir Bernard's Stately Homes, before achieving recognition with Play UK's Rock Profile and, subsequently, their most successful work, Little Britain.

References

Channel 4 comedy
1990s British television sketch shows
1996 British television series debuts
1997 British television series endings
English-language television shows


Galaxius may refer to:

Epithet of Apollo in Boeotia, derived from a stream Galaxius
Galaxius (Γαλάξιος), a small river in Boeotia, near the temple of Apollo Galaxius. The name is derived from the fact that its waters were of the colour of milk (γάλα), due to the chalky nature of the soil.
Galaxius Mons on planet Mars


Tom Gibson (September 1, 1888 – December 6, 1950) was an American screenwriter and film director. He wrote for more than 70 films between 1915 and 1946. He also directed 16 films between 1923 and 1937. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts and died in Burbank, California.

Selected filmography
 Bull's Eye (1917)
 The Midnight Man (1917)
 High Speed (1917)
 Wolves of the Street (1920)
 Paying the Limit (1924)
 Getting Her Man (1924)
 West of Arizona (1925)
 Reckless Courage (1925)
 Lightning Reporter (1926)
 Kid Boots (1926)
 The Climbers (1927)
 Thus is Life (1930)
 The Great Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok (1938)
 Covered Wagon Trails (1940)
 Wild Horse Range (1940)

External links

1888 births
1950 deaths
American male screenwriters
American film directors
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters


The Washburn N4 is an electric guitar model, developed in collaboration between Nuno Bettencourt, Washburn and the Seattle-based luthier Stephen Davies. Since its introduction in mid-late 1990, it became Bettencourt's primary guitar and it is marketed by Washburn as his signature model. The N4 is the flagship of the Washburn N-prefix guitar models.

(N8 being an "N4 times 2" since it is a double neck guitar).

The N4 features a distinctive superstrat form-factor, two humbucking pickups, floating tremolo system and the Stephens Extended Cutaway enhanced bolt-on neck joint, a patented design that allows easier player access to higher frets.

Since 1990, there have been numerous versions of the N4 using various woods and hardware parts.

Features

Body

Models have appeared using alder, padauk (paduak, padouk) and swamp ash. Korina, mahogany, sapele, and maple woods also have been used for some limited series.

While all regular N4s have an oil finish, a few limited-edition models have featured lacquered bodies.

Neck

Generally, the N4 has a maple neck (the N4 Vintage having birdseye maple), excepting padauk models (padauk necks) and sapele models (sapele necks).

The neck has 22 jumbo frets and dot inlays, with the exception of the N4E-MNM Mourning Widows model and the XX model, which
have Mourning Widows logo-shaped inlays. That logo reproduces a tattoo Bettencourt has on his left arm.

Fingerboard

With the exception of the very rare all-padauk models (which have a padauk fingerboard), all N4s have ebony fingerboards. Recent special editions, as well as the derived N5/N6 models have maple fingerboards. Some other derivative such as the N2, N3 and N24 have rosewood boards to reduce costs. Composite fingerboards have been used on prototypes.

Neck Joint

The N4 neck is a bolt-on type using an unusual mounting system, the Stephen's Extended Cutaway, invented by Seattle luthier Stephen Davies and licensed by Washburn. It features a five-bolt curved joint, intended to give the player greater access to upper frets while maintaining proper and comfortable hand position, due to its 'heel-less' design.

Pickups

The standard N4 bears a Seymour Duncan SH1n (nicknamed the "'59 Model") at the neck position and a Bill Lawrence L500 at the bridge.

Some confusion arises as Washburn has in the past installed pickups from both Bill Lawrence (doing business as Wilde Pickups) and Bill Lawrence USA (owned by Jzchak Wajcman). Bill Lawrence left the company Bill Lawrence USA in 1984.

Bettencourt has stated that he uses an L500 pickup. Actually, his primary N4 (alder) bears an L500XL Bill Lawrence USA pickup—made before Bill Lawrence left the company—rather than the more recent L500.  Although similar in appearance, there is controversy among fans over which pickup is genuine in sound to the original pickups Bettencourt used.

A "Bill Lawrence USA" logo may appear on the bridge pickup. Else, if the spaces of the pickup's chrome case have been filled with epoxy resin, it is a Bill Lawrence USA L500 rather than Wilde (which doesn't employ epoxy potting in their design).

The first 20 N4s made in 1990 actually came with a Seymour Duncan JB in the neck and a Bill Lawrence L500 in the bridge.

Controls

All N4s have a 3-way pickup selector located on the lower horn as well as a single volume pot.
Few models also feature a tone control (i.e. the Washburn sunburst as well as the Mourning Widows model).

Tremolo

While the very first N4 design had a Kahler tremolo, standard Washburn N4s feature a Washburn tremolo made by Schaller in Germany. Vintage and Relic models as well as the "2.0 models" do have the Original Floyd Rose tremolo unit as used by Bettencourt himself.

Buzz Feiten Tuning System

In the mid-1990s, Washburn added the Buzz Feiten Tuning System as a standard feature of the N4. This purports to improve tuning accuracy of guitars over the fretboard. (A few slots of the guitar's nut are moved fractionally toward the bridge, and the instrument is intonated accordingly).

Series Rundown
 N1: Fender-style non-locking tremolo, Washburn-branded pickups, standard four-bolt neck plate
 N2: L500 Bill Lawrence bridge pickup, Washburn-branded neck pickup, standard 4 bolt neck, rosewood fretboard
 N3: direct-mounted Washburn-branded pickups, Stephen's Extended Cutaway—Bettencourt has owned an N3 with 24 frets and Bill Lawrence pickups, but that was a one-off, never offered commercially
 N4: "standard" model
 N5: three single-coil pickups, Stephen's Extended Cutaway, five-way blade switch, Volume and Tone controls, maple fretboard
 N6: similar to the N5, with L500 Bill Lawrence bridge humbucker
 N7: similar to the N4, seven-string variant with a Duncan SH-6 "Distortion" bridge pickup
 N8: double-neck version of the N4
 N24: N3 reissue
 N27: an N7 with Washburn-branded pickups and a standard neck plate

Model names

The N4 model number using a letter suffix to indicate the woods used. The first letter indicates the fingerboard wood (most usually E for ebony). Remaining letters represent body wood and finish.

Examples:
 N4E-SA: ebony fingerboard, swamp ash body.
 N4P-PNM: padauk fingerboard, padauk body, Natural Matte.
 N4E-MNM: ebony fingerboard, mahogany body, Natural Matte.

Serial numbers

The first 20 N4s that were made in 1990 started with serial number 901-920. Nuno bought 901 from a fan in late 2021 which was covered and documented by Guitar World. The serial number was stamped on the back of the headstock and inside the tremolo cavity.

N4s all have a serial number on the back of the headstock using the following form:
 2 digits for the year
 2 digits for the month
 at least 3 digits for the actual serial number.

For instance, a 9512nnn would be the nnnth N4 produced in December 1995.

Very early N4s have a different serial number system: 3 or 4 digits for the guitar's number followed by the production year's last two digits.

Evolution

Early models-Davies/La Jolla N4s

The first run of 20 N4s were built as a limited run in 1990 starting with serial number 901-920 by Stephen Davies. These 20 guitars were much like the later 1991 model Davies except they came with a Seymour Duncan JB in the neck instead of a Seymour Duncan 59. They did not come with a case because Washburn had not produced a molded N4 case until 1991.

All early models were made of Alder, using a Maple neck and an Ebony fingerboard.

Early N4s have a Kahler tremolo, a distinctively large control cavity rout, a rounded-rectangle shaped pickup selector cavity, a sloped Stephen's Extended Cutaway front side, a barrel jack, and a thinner neck.

Washburn models have the Washburn/Schaller tremolo unit, smaller volume-control cavity, a rounded-triangle pickup selector cavity, a 90-degrees 'Stephen's Extended Cutaway' front side, a standard 1/4" jack, and a thicker neck.

From a recent testimony by Terry Atkins, who was in charge of the early Washburn N4 production, some of these early N4s were not (entirely) made by Stephen Davies :
Starting from July '91, some bodies were also produced in La Jolla (California), while necks were produced in a cabinet factory in Chicago. Those parts were then sent to either Washburn or Stephen Davies for assembly.
A rough estimation based on the preceding production pace has been made stating that N4s whose serial numbers are over 060091 may not have been entirely made by Stephen Davies.

Padauk

In early 1993, Washburn released a new version of the N4 made from padauk that was used by Nuno Bettencourt during the tour following  Extreme's third album III sides to every story and during the next album (Waiting for the punchline) recording.
Padauk is extremely dense and heavy, providing a deeper/darker tone than alder, while still conserving good high end frequencies.
These are considered valuable for having gained a reputation for being exceptionally good-sounding.

Swamp ash

Washburn Guitars also produced a version of the N4 with a body of swamp ash, a wood considered to have an "aggressive" trebly emphasis, granting this N4 a distinctive tone.

After Washburn stopped producing padauk N4, they offered a swamp ash models stained to resemble padauk. These are readily recognized because of the typical swamp ash porous veins showing behind the stain. This models sounds exactly like the (unstained) N4E-SA.

Limited editions

Since 1990, Washburn produced a few limited editions of the N4.

 Black N4 by Davies : In 1991, six black N4s were constructed by Stephen Davies and his team.
 Korinas (limba wood) : Body made of korina, maple neck, all signed by Nuno Bettencourt and numbered on the back of the headstock.

 Mourning Widows: One-piece mahogany body, maple neck, the Mourning Widow logo was used to design the neck inlays.
This model came with two control pots : 1 volume + 1 tone, each of them being a push/pull pot allowing to coil-split each pickup independently.
Washburn made 100 of them, all signed by Bettencourt and numbered on the back of the head.
Those N4s were reserved for the Japan market.
 various finishes: These fall into two categories. the Washburn ones (which feature various limited-run finishes such as White & Black Stains, solid-colour lacquers, sunbursts & sparkles). These guitars all feature different woods depending on the finish (swamp ash for the stained models, Alder for the solid coloured ones & either alder, maple/mahogany or solid maple for the sunbursts). Then there are the 1992 'Transitional' models, all made of Alder & could be found in various bursts & (to a lesser extent) acid rain finishes. In addition to this, there were also one-of-a-kind iridescent models.
 padauk re-edition models: in the early 2000s, Washburn produced new padauk models. These tend to be lighter in weight than the original-run padauk N4s, and lighter in color (orange to red, as opposed to the red to purple colours of the original run).
Two theories exist for that obvious change in production: quick-grown wood (therefore not giving the time for the wood to age naturally and achieve the full density that padauk would naturally acquire over time) or a change in the wood species (African padauk for the first models, Indian padauk for the later ones).  Another reason for the difference in color is the oxidation of the reddish pigments in padouk wood by UV light over time.  All padauk darkens with age from a red/orange to a deep purplish brown, and the time between runs likely contributes to the differentiation in color.

These models don't feature in Washburn's catalogues, as they are produced in limited supply.

 Asian production : While all N4s have been produced in the United States, specific N4s have been produced in Japan for the Japanese market exclusively (also known as Made in Japan "MIJ" N4s).
Even though these models feature all the characteristics of early N4s, they lack any visible serial number and do not have the 'Made in USA' written on the back of the headstock. A red serial number is printed on the hidden part of the Stephen's Extended Cutaway.

Since MIJ N4s are made from an early blueprint, they resemble Nuno's own guitar in many details.

There is also controversy as a number of N4s were made in Asia during the mid-nineties. Washburn tried to pass these guitars off as though they were built in the USA custom shop and therefore do feature the 'Made in the USA' tag line on the cutaway and serial number on the back of the headstock. Washburn consequently faced legal action and closed their Washburn Europe operation as a result of the heavy fines that they were dealt.

 special N3-like custom production : There has been a special custom run inspired by Nuno's 1990 N3 model.

A very limited run of 20 US-made units based on Nuno's third ever Washburn prototype, which had a maple fretboard and two Bill Lawrence L500 pickups. There was a Korean-produced model called the N3 for a while, but these limited edition N3s are made in the United States. They have 22 frets, unlike Nuno's original which had 24, and feature an original Floyd Rose bridge, a birdseye maple fretboard, the original  nut width and the original N4 neck profile. Manufactured in relic and non-relic versions. A Washburn N3 can be seen in the official music video of Extreme's "Decadence Dance".

 the 2.0 (Davies-spec) : Mid 2009, Washburn created a new model, using Nuno's main Davies N4 as a model. They moulded Nuno's N4 neck to reproduce its profile exactly. They added a curved Stephen's extended cutaway, and changed the output jack to a barrel one. They also increased the tremolo back routing to give more headspace to the tremolo to be used. These 2.0 specifications will be used on the XX-Anniversary and some other Davies Reissue models.
 the 8 Specials : Built with one-piece padauk bodies, 8 guitars were done as a test run for the 2.0 specification...

 the XX Anniversary model : This is the deluxe anniversary limited run (100 pieces). Using the 2.0 model specification, with a black limba (Korina) body, a flame Koa top, Mourning Widow inlays, deluxe hard case.

  Various Maple tops on Mahogany bodies: Body made out of Mahogany, with a top layer of Flame Maple or Quilted Maple. Neck made out of Birdseye Maple with either a Birdseye Maple or Ebony fingerboard. These were custom built, sometimes one-of-a kind, mostly in 2009, continued in 2010.

  Sapele: Body and neck both made out of Sapele wood with Ebony fingerboard. There were roughly 15 or so made. Sapele is close to Mahogany in tone. These were produced in 2009.

Current editions

In 2017, Washburn Guitars offers
 N2: import model, in natural matte or padauk-stain matte finish
 N4EPNM: padauk body
 N4 Authentic: detailed replica of Bettencourt's original N4
 N4 Vintage: birdseye maple neck, alder body
 N24: import model, rosewood fingerboard, agathis body in "vintaged" natural or padauk-stain finish

References

External links
 Official homepage of Nuno Bettencourt Series electric euitars at Washburn Guitars site
 Facebook N4 owners group

N4


The 1999 Hastings Borough Council election took place on 6 May 1999 to elect members of Hastings Borough Council in East Sussex, England. One third of the council was up for election and the Labour Party stayed in overall control of the council.

After the election, the composition of the council was:
Labour 18
Liberal Democrat 12
Conservative 2

Election result

References

1999
1999 English local elections
1990s in East Sussex


The Millionaire is a 1931 all-talking pre-Code comedy film produced and distributed by Warner Bros. and starring George Arliss in the title role. The film is a remake of the 1922 film titled The Ruling Passion, which also starred Arliss. The film was based on the short story "Idle Hands" by Earl Derr Biggers. In one of his early film roles, James Cagney had a brief but key appearance as a life insurance salesman. The supporting cast features Florence Arliss, David Manners, Evalyn Knapp, Noah Beery Sr., Cagney, J. Farrell MacDonald, Charley Grapewin and Tully Marshall.

Plot
Wealthy car manufacturer James Alden is forced to retire by his physician, Dr. Harvey. However, idleness soon bores him. He takes the advice of brash life insurance salesman Schofield and buys half interest in a gas station from Peterson without telling his wife Laura or socialite daughter Barbara 'Babs' Alden. Because he is known nationwide, he uses the alias Charles Miller.

He and new partner William 'Bill' Merrick quickly discover that they have been swindled. A new highway opens the next day, and Peterson's new gas station takes nearly all their business away. Refusing to give up, James convinces Bill to borrow $1,000 from his aunt to build a new gas station right across the street from Peterson's. Bill is an architect, so he does the design work. With James' business sense, they thrive, while Peterson languishes.

One day, Babs stops at the station for gas. Bill recognizes her (they met once at a dance at the University of Michigan) and starts a conversation. Soon, Babs is a frequent customer. James is secretly pleased because he disapproved of the rich idler she had been dating, Carter Andrews, but publicly he discourages his daughter from seeing someone not of their lofty social rank.

In the end, Peterson buys James and Bill out (at a substantial profit to them). Bill finally works up the courage to speak to Babs' father about marrying her and is stunned to learn his future in-law's identity.

Cast

Box office
According to Warner Bros records, the film earned $542,000 domestically and $293,000 foreign.

Preservation status
A print is preserved in the Library of Congress collection.

References

External links

  1893-1993

Warner Bros. films
1931 comedy films
1931 films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by John G. Adolfi
Films based on American short stories
Booth Tarkington
American comedy films
1930s American films
1930s English-language films
English-language comedy films


Gwynedd Rae (born 23 July 1892, Gipsy Hill, Norwood, Surrey – died 14 November 1977, Tott Close, Burwash, Sussex, aged 85),  was the author of children's books about a bear called Mary Plain. Her stories were read on BBC Radio Children's Hour in the 1930s and by Richard Briers on BBC TV's Jackanory in 1969. She was the daughter of George Bentham Rae, stockbroker (born 1846, Birkenhead) and Mary Victorine Rae (born 1858, San Francisco, US).

Publications in date order
1930: Mostly Mary
1931: All Mary
1934: And Timothy Too. [A novel.]
1935: Leap Year Born
1935: Mary Plain in Town
1937: Mary Plain on Holiday
1940: Mary Plain in Trouble
1942: Mary Plain in War-Time
1944: Mary Plain's Big Adventure
1949: Mary Plain Home Again
1950: Mary Plain to the Rescue
1951: Mary Plain, V.I.P.
1952: Mary Plain and the Twins
1954: Mary Plain goes bob-a-jobbing
1957: Mary Plain goes to America
1965: Mary Plain's "Whodunit"

Books by Gwynedd Rae, held by the British Library, in alphabetical order
All Mary ... Illustrated, etc. E. Mathews & Marrot: London, 1931.
All Mary ... With illustrations by Irene Williamson. Cobden-Sanderson: London, 1938.
All Mary; illustrated by Janina Ede. Brockhampton P, 1968. Series: Red knight books
All Mary; with illustrations by Irene Williams. Rev. ed. London : Owl Man, 1995.
And Timothy Too. [A novel.] . Blackie & Son: London & Glasgow, 1934.
Leap Year Born.  pp. 281. Blackie & Son: London & Glasgow, 1935.
Mary Plain and the Twins ... With illustrations by Irene Williamson. Routledge & Kegan Paul: London, 1952.
Mary Plain and the twins, illustrated by Janina Ede. Leicester : Knight Books, 1970. Series: ( A red knight book).  (pbk)
Mary Plain goes bob-a-jobbing ... With illustrations by Irene Williamson. Routledge & Kegan Paul: London, 1954.
Mary Plain goes to America ... With illustrations by Irene Williamson. Routledge & Kegan Paul: London, 1957.
Mary Plain goes to America; illustrated by Janina Ede.Leicester : Knight Books, 1971. Series: A Red Knight book)  (pbk)
Mary Plain Home Again ... With illustrations by Irene Williamson.  Routledge & Kegan Paul: London, 1949 [1948].
Mary Plain in Town ... With illustrations by Irene Williamson. Cobden-Sanderson: London, 1935.
Mary Plain in Trouble ... With illustrations by Irene Williamson. G. Routledge & Sons: London, 1940.
Mary Plain in War-Time, etc. G. Routledge & Sons: London, 1942.
The Mary Plain omnibus; illustrated by Irene Williamson. London : Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976. Contents: Mostly Mary - All Mary - Mary Plain in town - Mary Plain on holiday.
Mary Plain on Holiday ... With illustrations by Irene Williamson. Cobden-Sanderson: London, 1937.
Mary Plain on holiday; illustrated by Janina Ede. London : Knight Books, 1969. Series: A red knight book
Mary Plain to the Rescue. With illustrations by Irene Williamson.Routledge & Kegan Paul: London, 1950.
Mary Plain to the rescue; illustrated by Janina Ede.Leicester : Knight Books, 1971. Series: Red knight book   (pbk)
Mary Plain, V.I.P. ... With illustrations by Irene Williamson.. Routledge & Kegan Paul: London, 1961.
Mary Plain's Big Adventure ... With illustrations by Irene Williamson, G. Routledge & Sons: London, 1944
Mary Plain's big adventure; illustrated by Janina Ede.,Leicester : Knight Books, 1970. Series: Red Knight book  (pbk)
Mary Plain's "Whodunit" ... With illustrations by Irene Williamson. Routledge & Kegan Paul: London, 1965.
Mostly Mary ... Illustrated, etc. E. Mathews & Marrot: London, 1930
Mostly Mary With illustrations by Irene Williamson, Cobden-Sanderson: London, 1938.
Mostly Mary, illustrated by Janina Ede.  Brockhampton P, 1968. Series:  Red Knight books.
Mostly Mary, with illustrations by Irene Williams. Rev. ed. London: The Owl Man, 1995.

References

External links

British children's writers
1977 deaths
1892 births


Vivian Reed (April 17, 1894 – July 19, 1989), also known as Vivian R. Green, was an American silent film actress. She appeared in 36 films between 1914 and 1938, and was described in news reports during her early years as "the girl-with-the-million-dollar-smile" and a "screen beauty" who was "one of the most beautiful young women in motion pictures."

Personal life

Born in Chicago, Illinois on April 17, 1894, Vivian Reed was a daughter of William L. and Cora Reed. Raised in Chicago's twelfth ward during the early 1900s, and educated in the city's public schools, she married film director Alfred E. Green in Manhattan on July 19, 1918. They were the parents of three children: Douglas Green, Hilton A. Green, and Marshall Green, all of whom later worked as assistant directors in the film industry.

Listed in film credits as Vivian Reed during the 1910s and 1920s, she was known by her married name, Vivian R. Green, in later life. She was preceded in death by her husband, Alfred, who died in Newport Beach, California on September 4, 1960, following a lengthy illness.

A resident of the Woodland Hills neighborhood of Los Angeles in her later years, she died there on July 19, 1989.

Film career
Reed performed the role of Princess Gloria in His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz. This was the last Oz film produced by L. Frank Baum.

Another of her films, The Lad and the Lion (1917), was the first adaptation of an Edgar Rice Burroughs novel, predating the Tarzan films. As with many early silent films, no copies of this lost film are known to exist. In 1918, she was cast as "the wronged girl," Marie Dubois, in The Guilty Man.

Reportedly an adept horsewoman and "regular whirlwind" with "nerve in abundance" who could "ride a horse with the most daring cowboys" and was "not a mere camera poser," Reed was associated with the Selig Polyscope Company in 1917 and 1918, and appeared with Eddie Polo in the twelfth episode of the 1917 series, The Bull's Eye.

Reed also portrayed Princess Ozma in the introductions to films made by The Oz Film Manufacturing Company. She had a non-speaking, minor role in the 1939 film version of The Wizard of Oz.

Selected filmography

References

External links

1894 births
1989 deaths
Actresses from Pittsburgh
American film actresses
American silent film actresses
20th-century American actresses
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)


World Series of Poker 2008: Battle for the Bracelets is a video game based on the popular gambling tournament World Series of Poker. It is the sequel to World Series of Poker: Tournament of Champions and is available for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS and Microsoft Windows. There are many well-recognized professional poker players in this game, such as Scotty Nguyen, Phil Hellmuth, Chris Ferguson, and Johnny Chan.

Reception

The PC, PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 versions received "generally favorable reviews", while the DS and Xbox 360 versions received "mixed or average reviews", according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

References

External links
 BeatTheBrat.com - The Official World Series of Poker 2008 Video Game
 Activision - World Series of Poker: Battle For The Bracelets
 Left Field Productions

2007 video games
Activision games
Left Field Productions games
Nintendo DS games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 3 games
Xbox 360 games
Windows games
PlayStation Portable games
World Series of Poker video games
Poker video games
Video games developed in the United States
Multiplayer and single-player video games


The idea that there are specific marine counterparts to land creatures, inherited from the writers on natural history in Antiquity, was firmly believed in Islam and in Medieval Europe. It is exemplified by the creatures represented in the medieval animal encyclopedias called bestiaries, and in the parallels drawn in the moralising attributes attached to each. "The creation was a mathematical diagram drawn in parallel lines," T. H. White said a propos the bestiary he translated. "Things did not only have a moral they often had physical counterparts in other strata. There was a horse in the land and a sea-horse in the sea. For that matter there was probably a Pegasus in heaven". The idea of perfect analogies in the fauna of land and sea was considered part of the perfect symmetry of the Creator's plan, offered as the "book of nature" to mankind, for which a text could be found in Job:
But ask the animals, and they will teach you, or the birds of the air, and they will tell you; or speak to the earth, and it will teach you, or let the fish of the sea inform you. Which of all these does not know that the hand of the Lord has done this? In his hand is the life of every creature and the breath of all mankind.

The idea appears in the Jewish Tannaic sources as well, as brought down in Babylonian Talmud, Chulin 127a. Rashi (Psalms 49:2) traces this to a biblical source – the land is referred to as "Chaled", from the weasel (chulda), because the weasel is the only animal on dry land that does not have its counterpart in the sea.

All of Creation was considered to reflect the Creator, and Man could learn about the Creator through studying the Creation, an assumption that underlies the "watchmaker analogy" offered as a proof of God's existence.

The correspondence between the realms of earth and sea, extending to its denizens, offers examples of the taste for allegory engendered by Christian and Islamic methods of exegesis, which also encouraged the doctrine of signatures, a "key" to the meaning and use of herbs.

The source text that was most influential in compiling the bestiaries of the 12th and 13th centuries was the Physiologus, one of the most widely read and copied secular texts of the Middle Ages. Written in Greek in Alexandria the 2nd century CE and accumulating further "exemplary" beasts in the next three centuries and more, Physiologus was transmitted in the West in Latin, and eventually translated into many vernacular languages: many manuscripts in various languages survive. Aelian, On the Characteristics of Animals (A. F. Scholfield, in Loeb Classical Library, 1958).

Christian writers, trained in anagogical thinking and expecting to find spiritual instruction inherent in the processes of Nature, disregarded the caveat in Pliny's Natural History, where the idea is presented as a "vulgar opinion":

Hence it is that the vulgar notion may very possibly be true, that whatever is produced in any other department of Nature, is to be found in the sea as well; while, at the same time, many other productions are there to be found which nowhere else exist. That there are to be found in the sea the forms, not only of terrestrial animals, but of inanimate objects even, is easily to be understood by all who will take the trouble to examine the grape-fish, the sword-fish, the sawfish, and the cucumber-fish, which last so strongly resembles the real cucumber both in colour and in smell.
Pliny points out that many more things are found in the sea than on the land, and also mentions the correspondences that may be discovered between many non-living objects of the land and living creatures in the sea.

Saint Augustine of Hippo reasons based on analogy, that since there is a serpent in the grass, there must be an eel in the sea; because there is a Leviathan in the sea, there must be a Behemoth on the land. (City of God? xi.15?)

The reaction to such anagogical thinking set in with the unfolding of critical scientific thought in the 17th century. Sir Thomas Browne devoted a chapter of his Pseudodoxia Epidemica to dispelling such a belief: Chapter XXIV: "That all Animals in the land are in their kinde in the Sea." During the Enlightenment the ancient conception was given an innovative and rationalized cast by Benoît de Maillet in describing the transformations and metamorphoses undergone by creatures of the sea to render them fit for life on land, a proto-evolutionist concept, though it was based on superficial morphological similarities:
There are in the Sea, Fish of almost all the Figures of Land-Animals, and even of Birds. She includes Plants, Flowers, and some Fruits; the Nettle, the Rose, the Pink, the Melon and the Grape, are to be found there.

As for the Quadrupeds, we not only find in the Sea, Species of the same Figure and Inclinations, and in the Waves living on the same Aliments by which they are nourished on Land, we have also Examples of those Species living equally in the Air and in the Water. Have not the Sea-Apes precisely the same figure with those of the Land?

Though in Moby-Dick Ishmael, with a nod to Sir Thomas Browne's wording, denies the claim that land animals find their counterparts in the sea:For though some old naturalists have maintained that all creatures of the land are of their kind in the sea; and though taking a broad general view of the thing, this may very well be; yet coming to specialties, where, for example, does the ocean furnish any fish that in disposition answers to the sagacious kindness of the dog? The accursed shark alone can in any generic respect be said to bear comparative analogy to him.

In discussing dolphins trained to aid scuba divers, a 1967 Popular Mechanics article could still casually state: "It's hoped that the marine counterparts of some land animals can be trained to become useful members of the Man-in-the-Sea program."

Notes

Obsolete biology theories
Natural history


The Diocese of Guadix () is a Latin suffragan diocese of the Catholic Church in the Ecclesiastical province of Granada in Andalusia, southern Spain and a Latin titular bishopric under its Ancient name of Acci. Its cathedral episcopal see is Nuestra Señora de la Anunciación, dedicated to Our Lady of the Annunciation, in the city of Guadix, administrative province of Granada. It was commenced in 1710, on the site occupied by the principal mosque, and completed in 1796.

The diocese also has an (also Marian) co-cathedral, Nuestra Señora Santa María de la Encarnación, dedicated to Our Lady of the Incarnation (of Christ), in Baza, built as cathedral of the absorbed Diocese of Baza (Basti, suppressed circa 700).

The Seminary of St. Torquatus was founded by Bishop Juan José Fonseca in 1595. King Charles IV of Spain founded a hospice in 1803, and the ancient Jesuit college had become a hospital before the early 20th century.

Statistics
The modern diocese of Guadix comprises the greater part of the Province of Granada and a portion of the Province of Almería. As per 2014, it pastorally served 102,000 Catholics (97.3% of 104,871 total) on 5,677 km² in 74 parishes and 67 missions with 58 priests (55 diocesan, 3 religious), 114 lay religious (8 brothers, 106 sisters) and 4 seminarians.

Bishopric of Acci
The first bishopric was established in 47 AD. The legend of the Seven Apostolic Men, preserved in the Mozarabic Missal, places the episcopal see of St. Torquatus (bishop from 47), one of the seven, in Ancient Acci, now called Guadix el Viejo, 6 km northwest of the modern city of Guadix, where the matron Luparia built a baptistery and primitive church. From then until 303, when Felix presided at the Council of Elvira, no record is preserved of the Accitanian bishops. However one names one called Atanasia and one Emiliano (136? – ?)

Liliolus attended the Third Council of Toledo in 589, and the names of the Accitanian bishops are to be found among those who attended the other Toletan councils; Clarencius at the fourth and fifth; Justus at the sixth; Julian at the eighth; Magnarius at the ninth and tenth; and Ricila, the last bishop whose name has come down to us before the Muslim invasion, at subsequent ones.

In 741 it was suppressed, due to the Moorish conquest of Andalusia.

In the Mozarabic period the diocese of Acci continued to exist. Isidorus Pacensis mentions Frodoarius, who presided seven years over the see. Quiricus assisted at the Council of Córdoba in 839.

The Almohades, in the 12th century, destroyed this together with the other Andalusian sees.

Titular see of Acci
By right of postliminium, the apostolic rank possessed by the see of Acci previous to the Islamic invasion is attributed to that of Guadix. The Annuario Pontificio gives the date of foundation of the diocese of Guadix as 1st century AD. It also lists the ancient see of Acci as a titular see (one that no longer has a diocesan bishop), thus distinguishing it from the bishopric of Guadix, so there are two parallel titles and lists of incumbents.

Since the Ancient diocese was nominally restored in 1969 as Latin Titular bishopric of Acci, Latin adjective Accitan(us), it has had the following incumbents, so far all  of the fitting Episcopal (lowest) rank, including an Eastern Catholic:
 Henryk Gulbinowicz, (1970.01.12 – 1976.01.03) as Apostolic Administrator of Vilnius (Lithuania, then USSR) (1970.01.12 – 1976.01.03); later Metropolitan Archbishop of Wrocław (Breslau, Poland) (1976.01.03 – 2004.04.03), created Cardinal-Priest of Immacolata Concezione di Maria a Grottarossa (1985.05.25 – ...)
 Joseph Phan Văn Hoa (1976.03.30 – death 1987.10.06) as Coadjutor Bishop of Quy Nhon (Vietnam) (1976.03.30 – 1987.10.06)
 Vilhelms Nukšs (1987.11.23 – death 1993.02.27), first as Auxiliary Bishop of Diocese of Liepāja (Latvia, then USSR) (1987.11.23 – 1991), then Auxiliary Bishop of Archdiocese of Riga (Latvia) (1987.11.23 – 1993.02.27)
 Heinrich Fasching (1993.05.24 – death 2014.06.01), first as Auxiliary Bishop of Diocese of Sankt Pölten (Austria) (1993.05.24 – retired 2004.10.07), then on emeritate
 Hryhoriy Komar (2014.06.25 – ...), Auxiliary Bishop of Sambir–Drohobych of the Ukrainians (Ukraine, Byzantine rite).

Bishopric of Guadix
An effective diocese was not restored until the time of the Catholic sovereigns. Cardinal Pedro González de Mendoza, Archbishop of Toledo, erected the new see of Guadix on 21 May 1492, in virtue of the Apostolic commission of Innocent VIII granted on 4 August 1486. It comprised the territory of the old dioceses of Acci and Basti. The collegiate church at Baza, the new name of Basti, was reluctant to accept rule from Guadix. As a compromise, the collegiate church was given authority, under the bishop, over twelve parishes, and the name of the bishopric was changed to Diocese Guadix-Baza, indicating a union of two dioceses under a single bishop. This continued until 1851, when the collegiate church became a simple parish church and the diocese resumed the name of Diocese of Guadix.

In 1957 it lost territory to the Diocese of Almeria.

Bishops of Guadix
 Pedro (?–1401)
 Nicolás, Friars Minor (O.F.M.) (1401–1417)
 Pedro (1417–1434)
Fernando de Atienza, O.F.M. (19 Feb 1434 – 1472 Died)
 Pedro (1475.06.03 – 1485.04.01)
 García de Quijada, O.F.M. (21 May 1490 – ?1522 Died)
 Pedro González Manso (31 August 1523 – 26 Oct 1524 ? 1524.10.26), next Bishop of Bishop of Tui ((1524.10.26 – 1525.07.03), Bishop of Badajoz (Spain) (1525.07.03 – 1532.03.13), Bishop of Osma (Spain) (1532.03.13 – death 1537.02.12)
 Gaspar de Ávalos de la Cueva (14 Nov 1524 – 22 Jan 1529), next  Metropolitan Archbishop of Granada) (Andalusia, southern Spain) (1529.01.22 – 1542.03.29), Metropolitan Archbishop of (Santiago de) Compostela (northern Spain) (1542.03.29 – 1545.11.02),  created Cardinal-Priest with no Title assigned (1544.12.19 – death 1545.11.02)
 Antonio Guevara Noroña, O.F.M. (22 Jan 1528 – 11 April 1537), next Bishop of Mondoñedo) (Spain) (1537.04.11 – death 1545.04.03)
 Antonio del Aguila Vela y Paz (11 April 1537 – 9 April 1546), next Bishop of Zamora (Spain) (1546.04.09 – 1560)
 Martín Pérez de Ayala (16 May 1548 – 17 July 1560), next Bishop of Segovia (1560.07.17 – 1564.09.06), Metropolitan Archbishop of Valencia (southern Spain) (1564.09.06 – 1566.08.05)
 Melchor Alvarez de Vozmediano (4 Sep 1560 – retired 1570), died 1597
 Julián Ramirez, Military Order of Saint James the Sword (O.S.) (15 Dec 1574 – death 1581), Metropolitan Archbishop of Valencia (Spain) (1564.09.06 – 1566.08.05)
 Juan Alonso Moscoso (6 July 1582 – 30 August 1593), next Bishop of Bishop of León (Spain) (1593.08.30 – 1603.05.09), Bishop of Málaga (Spain) (1603.05.09 – death 1614.08.21)
 Juan Fonseca (15 Nov 1593 – death 16 Nov 1604), founded the Seminary of St. Torquatus
 Juan Orozco Covarrubias y Leiva (16 Jan 1606 – death 23 June 1610), previously Bishop of Agrigento (Sicily, Italy) (1594.12.02 – 1606.01.16)
Juan Nicolás Valdés de Carriazo (10 Oct 1611 – death 9 March 1617), previously Bishop of Islas Canarias (Canary Islands, Spain) (1610.04.26 – 1611.10.10)
 Jerónimo Herrera Salazar (2 Oct 1617 – death 30 July 1619)
 Plácido Tosantos Medina, Benedictine Order (O.S.B.) (6 April 1620 – 12 Feb 1624), next Bishop of Zamora (Spain) (1624.04.27 – death 1624.08.30)
 Juan Arauz Díaz, O.F.M. (7 Oct 1624 – death 16 August 1635)
 Juan Dionisio Fernández Portocarrero (28 Jan 1636 – 16 July 1640), next Bishop of Cádiz (Andalusia, Spain) (1640.07.16 – death 1641.11.27)
 Juan Queipo de Llano y Valdés (bishop) (13 August 1640 – 13 July 1643) next Bishop of Coria (Spain) (1643.07.13 – death 1643.10.17)
 Francisco Pérez Roya (3 August 1643 – death 25 April 1648), previously Bishop of Perpignan–Elne (southern France) (1638.06.21 – 1643.08.03)
 Bernardino Rodríguez de Arriaga, Augustinians (O.S.A.) (7 Dec 1648 – death 4 Dec 1651)
 Diego Serrano Sotomayor, Mercedarians (O. de M.) (29 April 1652 – death 5 Oct 1652), previously Bishop of Solsona (Spain) (1635.12.03 – 1639.05.30), Bishop of Segorbe (Spain) (1639.05.30 – 1652.04.29)
 ? José de Láyñez y Gutiérrez, O.S.A. (17 March 1653 – death 14 Oct 1667)
 ? Diego de Silva y Pacheco, O.S.B. (28 Feb 1668 – 27 May 1675 Appointed, Bishop of Astorga)
 ? Clemente Alvarez López, Dominican Order (O.P.) (15 July 1675 – 17 June 1688 Died)
 ? Juan de Villacé y Vozmediano (27 Sep 1688 – 13 April 1693 Appointed, Bishop of Plasencia)
 Pedro de Palacios y Tenorio, O.P. (8 June 1693 – ?death 1700 ? 31 July 1702 Resigned)
 Juan Feyjóo González de Villalobos, Carmelite Order (O. Carm.) (31 July 1702 – death Feb 1706), previously Prior General of Order of the Brothers of Our Lady of Mount Carmel (Carmelites) (1692–1698)
 Juan Montalbán Gómez, O.P. (13 Sep 1706 – 16 Sep 1720), next Bishop of Plasencia (Spain) (1720.09.16 – death 1720.11.12)
 Felipe de los Tueros Huerta (3 Feb 1721 – 20 Jan 1734), next Archbishop of Granada (Spain) (1734.01.20 – death 1751.09.12)
 Francisco Salgado Quirago (24 March 1734 – death April 1744)
 Andrés Licht Barrera (25 Jan 1745 – 17 Jan 1750 Resigned), died 1751
 Miguel (a S. Iosepho) Valejo Berlanga, Trinitarians (O.SS.T.) (19 Jan 1750 – death 17 May 1757)
 Francisco Alejandro Bocanegra Jivaja (19 Dec 1757 – 8 March 1773), next Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela (Spain) (1773.03.08 – death 1782.04.16)
 Bernardo Lorca Quiñones, Hieronymites (O.S.H.) (15 March 1773 – death 19 Jan 1793)
 Raimundo Melchor Magi Gómez, O. de M. (14 Oct 1797 – death 26 Sep 1803)
 Marcos Cabello y López, O.S.A. (20 August 1804 – death 6 Sep 1819)
 Juan José Cordón Leyva (3 May 1824 – death 3 April 1827)
 José Uraga Pérez (28 Jan 1828 – death 3 Sep 1840
 Apostolic Administrator Cardinal Francisco Javier de Cienfuegos y Jovellanos (1840 – 1847.06.21), while Metropolitan Archbishop of Sevilla (Sevilla, Andalusia, Spain) (1824.12.20 – death 1847.06.21), created Cardinal-Priest of S. Maria del Popolo (1831.02.28 – 1847.06.21); previously Bishop of Cádiz (Andalusia, Spain) (1819.06.04 – 1824.12.20)
 Antonio Lao y Cuevas (7 Jan 1850 – death 14 July 1850), previously Bishop of Teruel (Spain) (1847.12.17 – 1850.05.14)
 Juan José Arbolí y Acaso (18 March 1852 – 22 Dec 1853), next Bishop of Cádiz (Spain) (1853.12.22 – death 1863.02.01)
 Mariano Martínez Robledo y Robledo (7 April 1854 – death 3 Feb 1855)
 Antonio Rafael Domínguez y Valdecañas (25 Sep 1857 – death 21 Dec 1865)
 Mariano Brezmes y Arredondo (25 June 1866 – 17 Sep 1875), next Bishop of Astorga (1875.09.17 – death 1885.11.11)
 Vicente Pontes y Cantelar, O.S.A. (17 Sep 1875 – 18 March 1893 Died)
 Maximiliano Fernández del Rincón y Soto Dávila (21 May 1894 – death 24 July 1907), previously Bishop of Teruel (Spain) (1891.06.01 – 1894.05.21) and Apostolic Administrator of Albarracín (Spain) (1891.06.01 – 1894.05.21)
 Timoteo Hernández y Mulas (19 Dec 1907 – death 19 March 1921)
 Ángel Marquina y Corrales (6 Sep 1922 – 1 Jan 1928 Died), previously Bishop of Islas Canarias (Canaries, Spain) (1913.07.18 – 1922.09.06)
 Blessed Manuel Medina y Olmos (2 Oct 1928 – death 30 August 1936), previously Titular Bishop of Amorium (1925.12.14 – 1928.10.02) as Auxiliary Bishop of Granada (Andalusia, Spain) (1925.12.14 – 1928.10.02)
Apostolic Administrator Agustín Parrado García (1939–1942), while Metropolitan Archbishop of Granada (Spain) (1934.04.04 – death 1946.10.08); previously Bishop of Palencia (Spain) (1925.05.20 – 1934.04.04) and Apostolic Administrator of Jaén (Spain) (1936 – 1942.12.29); later created Cardinal-Priest of S. Agostino (1946.02.22 – 1946.10.08)
 Rafael Alvarez Lara (10 June 1943 – 10 March 1965), next Bishop of Mallorca (Balearic Spain) (1965.03.10 – retired 1973.04.13); died 1996
 Gabino Díaz Merchán (23 July 1965 – 4 August 1969), next Archbishop of Oviedo (Spain) (1969.08.04 – retired 2002.01.07), President of Episcopal Conference of Spain (1981–1987)
 Antonio Dorado Soto (31 March 1970 – 1 Sep 1973), next Bishop of Cádiz y Ceuta (Spain) (1973.09.01 – 1993.03.26), Bishop of Málaga (Balearic Spain) (1993.03.26 – retired 2008.10.10); died 2015
 Ignacio Noguer Carmona (10 Sep 1976 – 19 Oct 1990), next Coadjutor Bishop of Huelva (Spain) (1990.10.19 – 1993.10.27), succeeding as Bishop of Huelva (1993.10.27 – retired 2006.07.17); died 2019
 Juan García-Santacruz Ortiz (31 March 1992 – retired 3 December 2009); died 2011
 Ginés Ramón García Beltrán (3 December 2009 – 3 January 2018), appointed Bishop of Getafe
 Francisco Jesús Orozco Mengíbar (30 October 2018 – present)

See also
 List of Catholic dioceses in Spain, Andorra, Ceuta and Gibraltar
 Roman Catholicism in Spain

References

Sources and external links
 Official website
 GCatholic - Acci, with Google satellite photo
 GCatholic - Guadix, with Google map and satellite photo
 Catholic Hierarchy

Roman Catholic dioceses in Spain
Dioceses established in the 1st century


The Geographical Society of Ireland (GSI) Irish: Cumann Tíreolaíochta na héireann was founded in 1934 to promote geographical studies in Ireland and welcomes as members all persons interested in the subject.

Activities
The Society hosts seminars, workshops, field trips and other events during the year, principally in Dublin, but also in other cities such as Limerick, Galway, Belfast and Cork. The Society has an annual conference on issues of concern to geographers and the general public. The conference is open to all members.

Location
The Geographical Society of Ireland is not located in any one university but traditionally meets in the university of the current President. Members of the committee are based in most of the geography departments of Irish universities. A majority of geography academics across the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland are members of the GSI, and many contribute continually to the internationally renowned peer-reviewed journal Irish Geography.

Peer-reviewed journal
The primary publication of the Geographical Society of Ireland is Irish Geography, the premier peer-reviewed journal devoted to the geography of Ireland. It has an international distribution and is read on all five continents.

Geonews
Geonews is the newsletter of the Geographical Society of Ireland, providing news and information about geography in Ireland and about the activities of the Society. It acts as a forum for the discussion of matters of general geographical interest.

Special publications
A number of special publications have also been published in recent time, based on one-day conferences hosted by the society.

Membership of the society is open to all those who have an academic interest or curiosity into geography and the geography of Ireland.

References
Geographical Society of Ireland

External links

Learned societies of Ireland
All-Ireland organisations


Eccellenza Tuscany () is the regional Eccellenza football division for clubs in Tuscany, Italy. It is competed amongst 37 teams, in three different groups (A, B and C). The winners of the Groups compete together in final round robin, and the first and second teams are promoted to Serie D. The club who finishes third, along with the second placed teams in the regular season, also have the chance to gain promotion, as they are entered into a national play-off which consists of two rounds.

Champions
Here are the past champions of the Tuscany Eccellenza, organised into their respective group.

Group A

1991–92 Livorno
1992–93 Sangiovannese
1993–94 Torrelaghese
1994–95 Viareggio
1995–96 Pietrasanta
1996–97 Venturina
1997–98 Cascina
1998–99 Cerretese
1999–2000 Larcianese
2000–01 Cappiano Romaiano 1945
2001–02 Massese
2002–03 Armando Picchi
2003–04 Cecina
2004–05 Pontedera
2005–06 Viareggio
2006–07 Gavorrano
2007–08 Mobilieri Ponsacco
2008–09 Rosignano
2009–10 Tuttocuoio
2010–11 Pistoiese
2011–12 Lucca
2012–13 Jolly e Montemurlo
2013–14 Ponsacco
2014–15 Viareggio 2014
2015–16 Forte dei Marmi
2016–17 Seravezza
2017–18 Sangimignano
2018–19 Grosseto
2019–20 Pro Livorno Sorgenti
2020–21 Cascina
2021–22 Tau Altopascio
2022–23 Cenaia

Group B

1993–94 Impruneta Tavarnuzze
1994–95 Virtus Chianciano
1995–96 Barberino M.
1996–97 Castelfiorentino
1997–98 Sangimignano
1998–99 Lanciotto Campi Bisenzio
1999–2000 Fortis Juventus
2000–01 Sansovino
2001–02 Chiusi
2002–03 Calenzano
2003–04 Poggibonsi
2004–05 Sangimignano
2005–06 Figline
2006–07 Colligiana
2007–08 Calenzano
2008–09 Monteriggioni
2009–10 Pianese
2010–11 Lanciotto
2011–12 FiesoleCaldine
2012–13 Olimpia Colligiana
2013–14 San Donato Tavarnelle
2014–15 Montecatini
2015–16 Rignanese
2016–17 Montevarchi Aquila
2017–18 Aglianese
2018–19 Grassina
2019–20 Badesse
2020–21 Poggibonsi
2021–22 Livorno
2022–23 Figline

References

External links
Some Club Histories In the League

Sport in Tuscany
Tus
Sports leagues established in 1991
1991 establishments in Italy
Football clubs in Italy
Association football clubs established in 1991