The following is an episode list for the television series TV Nation. Written, directed, and hosted by Michael Moore, the show premiered in the United States on NBC on July 19, 1994. After the broadcast of the eighth episode, the show was subsequently cancelled by NBC, but was picked up by Fox for the summer of 1995. A total of 17 episodes were produced during the show's two seasons.

Season 1
The first season of TV Nation ran from July 19, 1994, to a special New Year's episode. The following table includes short summaries of the individual segments in each episode.

Season 2
Fox decided to air TV Nations second season during the summer of 1995. The first show aired on July 21, and ran for seven consecutive weeks in the U.S. until September 8.

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! # !! Title !! Original U.S. airdate !! Runtime !! # in total
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|align=center rowspan=2| 1
|"We're #1" || July 21, 1995, 8pm EST|| 45 minutes
|align=center| 10
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"Bruno for President" - TV Nation runs convicted felon Louie Bruno as its candidate in the 1996 Presidential election.
"We're #1" - A visit to cities in America that are number one in some infamous category, such as Playboy subscriptions or carjackings.
"Beach Party" - TV Nation invades the public beach of Greenwich, Connecticut, which is restricted only to residents of Greenwich. After the busload of New Yorkers TV Nation has brought to the beach is turned away, correspondent Janeane Garofalo and some of the New Yorkers take a boat out to sea and then swim onto the beach. The city of Greenwich was later brought to court over the issue.
"Crime Scene Cleanup" - A look at the Barnes, a couple who started a lucrative crime scene cleanup business.
"Slaves" - TV Nation travels to Mississippi to acquire some slaves before the state officially outlaws slavery.
"Crackers" - The introduction of Crackers the Corporate Crime Fighting Chicken, a seven-foot chicken that takes action against corporate criminals across the country. In this segment, Crackers talks to New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani about tax breaks given to First Boston financial to stay in New York, even though the company left.
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|align=center rowspan=2| 2
|"Payback Night" || July 28, 1995, 8pm EST|| 45 minutes
|align=center| 11
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"Payback Night" - After asking people on the street what annoys them, TV Nation visits CEOs at the heart of the complaints, performing tasks like setting off ten car alarms outside the house of a CEO of a car alarm maker, or lifting and dropping a garbage dumpster outsider the owner of a garbage company.
"KGB" - The show hires a former KGB officer named Yuri Shvets to begin conducting investigations. Shvets' first mission is to confirm that former U.S. President Richard Nixon is actually dead.
"NEA" - In response to members of Congress who want to eliminate funding for the National Endowment for the Arts, the show visits privately funded museums to examine the quality of their offerings, visiting such places as the Kentucky Fried Chicken Museum.
"A-Bomb" - A visit to a man in Idaho who unknowingly purchased the remnants of an atomic bomb factory in a U.S. government scrap metal auction.
"Jerusalem Syndrome" - TV Nation correspondent Louis Theroux investigates the phenomenon of visitors to the city of Jerusalem believing they are Jesus Christ upon reaching the holy site, a condition known as Jerusalem Syndrome.
"Johns of Justice" - Citing long lines for women's restrooms at theaters, sporting events, and other venues, TV Nation rents a flatbed truck and many portable toilets, taking them to the aforementioned venues.
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|"War Night" || August 4, 1995, 8pm EST|| unknown
|align=center| 12
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"War Night" - Civil War Reenactors reenact more recent battles in their authtentic Civil War uniforms, including the fall of Saigon, the Battle of Hiroshima, a battle between Tom Arnold and Roseanne, and the battle that resulted when Elizabeth Hurley picked up Hugh Grant from Heathrow Airport.
"Cobb County" - TV Nation takes note of the fact that Cobb County, Georgia, home to outspoken "big government" critic Newt Gingrich, is the third largest receiver of federal funds. The show then tries to relieve Cobb County of government interference by closing its federally funded highways, schools, sewer system, and senior center.
"Electronic Sniffer" - The invention of machines that can detect different smells threatens the jobs of people who test products like deordorant and air freshener. TV Nation visits companies that make products like those and pit the human sniffers against their machine counterparts.
"Helltown" - After the Southern Baptist Church published a map of Alabama depicting which counties have the most "unsaved" residents, TV Nation visits the county with the most "lost" souls, and attempts to save them from eternal damnation.
"School of Assassins" - A look at a US government run School of Americas in Georgia that trains Latin America soldiers in "population control."
"Crackers in Philly" - Crackers travels to Philadelphia in search of corporate crime, discovering that banks in the city charge up to $30 for bounced check fees, even if you're not the one responsible for bouncing the check.
"Widgery" - Insight into the firm of Widgery and Associates, the legitimate polling firm that conducts all of TV Nations polls.
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|align=center rowspan=2| 4
|"Love Night" || August 11, 1995, 8pm EST|| 45 minutes
|align=center| 13
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"Love Night" - The show spreads some love to U.S. hate groups, doing things like sending a gay men's choir to sing outside the home of Senator Jesse Helms.
"America's Most Wanted" - After being detained by Washington, D.C. police over 20 times because he resembles a fugitive, TV Nation uses billboards and radio ads in Washington to inform police that BET lighting director Brian Anthony Harris is not wanted.
"Aquariums" - An investigation into aquariums built in places like Camden, New Jersey and Long Beach, California in the hopes that they could help revive tourism and the inner cities of those communities.
"Militia" - TV Nation visits the Michigan Militia and encourages them to put down their arms and participate in democracy. Militia Commander Norm Olsen bakes a cake, and later the Militia members travel to a local carnival where they ride the Ferris Wheel and sing "Kumbaya."
"KGB" - Former KGB agent Yuri Shvets investigates TV Nations competition, including Unsolved Mysteries, Family Matters, and Diagnosis: Murder to see what those shows are doing to win in the Neilsen ratings.
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|align=center rowspan=2| 5
|"Canada Night" || August 25, 1995, 8pm EST|| 45 minutes
|align=center| 14
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"Canada Night" - A tribute to Canada throughout the episode, as the show smuggles illegal Canadians across the United States border, and Moore sings the Canadian National Anthem before a Major League Baseball game between the Toronto Blue Jays and the Detroit Tigers.
"Contract with America" - TV Nation tries to enforce the Contract With America, a 1994 effort by the Republican party to win back control of Congress. Specifically, TV Nation notes the Contract says members of Congress must abide by all the laws regular United States citizens do. TV Nation then attempts to park a car in the "Members Only" spaces at National Airport, receive free medical care from Bethesda Naval Hospital, and use the services of the congressional cosmetologist.
"Ted Nugent" - Ted Nugent, rock legend and National Rifle Association board member, gives the show a tour of his Michigan farm while commenting on topics ranging from assault weapons to Janet Reno.
"Crackers in St. Louis" - Crackers goes to the St. Louis area town of Doe Run, Missouri to confront the lead battery factory there. The citizens of the town believe their children have been poisoned by the lead runoff from the factory, so Crackers conducted a series of lead tests and took the results to the state environmental office.
"Falklands" - Argentina promised to pay each citizen of the Falklands Islands $1,000,000 if they became a part of Argentina and renounced their British citizenship. TV Nation finds Falkland residents have little interest in the deal, but that people in the village of Maerdy in Wales were much more willing to renounce their British citizenship for $1,000,000.
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|align=center rowspan=2| 6
|"Fox Show 6" || September 1, 1995, 8pm EST|| 45 minutes
|align=center| 15
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"Mike Hugs All 50 Governors" - After the new Republican-controlled Congress says it wants to return power to the States, TV Nation tries to touch that power by hugging the governors of all 50 states.
"Psy-Ops at O.J." - The show hires a retired U.S. Army psychological operations expert to help conduct a "psy-op" program to destabilize and reduce the massive amount of O.J. Simpson media coverage.
"Rosemont" - The wealthy Chicago suburb of Rosemont, Illinois decided to place guard booths on public streets leading into the city, allowing only people who can prove they are residents of Rosemont in. TV Nation then sets up its own guard booth on the outskirts of Rosemont to prevent the town's residents from entering Chicago.
"New Unions" - TV Nation looks at new groups of non-industrial workers who are beginning to unionize, such as the Buffalo Bills cheerleading squad and cartoon characters at Disney World.
"Endangered White Men" - The show assembles a panel of white male experts to examine the threat from the white man's supposed enemies, like minorities and women.
"America's Most Wanted Part 2" - After receiving a number of African-American viewer responses to the "Most Wanted" segment, rapper Doug E. Fresh takes the names of these TV Nation viewers to the FBI in Washington, D.C. to the tell agency that these people are not wanted by law enforcement officials.
"Fan Mail" - TV Nations candidate in the 1996 Presidential Election, Louie Bruno, answers viewer fan mail along with his campaign manager Lucky.
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|align=center rowspan=2| 7
|"Bully Reunion Night" || September 8, 1995, 8pm EST|| 45 minutes
|align=center| 16
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"Bully Reunion Night" - Each TV Nation correspondent is reunited with their bully from high school.
"Confession" - Janeane Garofalo visits twenty Catholic churches in the New York City area to confess the same sin in order to see which church hands out the harshest punishment. (NOTE: Michael Moore originally presented the idea in his first meeting with NBC executives about TV Nation. It met with much laughter and positive reception, despite Moore's instance that, "think of all the hate mail you'll get from your Catholic viewers--including me!"  Despite Moore's reservations, the segment was filmed for the Pilot episode of TV Nation, with the "recovering Catholic" Garofalo eager to do the piece. Confident he would "burn in eternal hell" if he ran the segment, Moore decided not to include the piece in the Pilot, only to finally give in and air it in this second season episode.)
"TV Felons" - The show travels around Great Britain with "TV Cops" who bust British citizens that haven't paid for a license to watch television.
"Savings and Loan Scandal" - TV Nation outlines the history of the Savings and loan crisis, the charges, fines, convictions and outcomes for various financial institution executives (including Neil Bush, the son of then Vice President of the United States George H. W. Bush), and the overall financial impact on the United States. This segment only aired on BBC Two and did not air on Fox in the United States due to it being considered controversial by the network. It was later presented in 2003 as part of the screening series Antagonism Over the Airwaves: A Look at Controversy on Television and Radio, presented by the Museum of Television and Radio.
"Crackers -- Detroit" - Crackers investigates the strikes of the Detroit Free Press and the Detroit News, then attempts to stop the scab newspapers from being published.
"KGB4" - Yuri Shvets tries to find out what happened to the heart and soul of the Democratic Party in the United States.
"Weatherman" - After a weatherman is fired for refusing to lie and go ahead with his forecast of rain on the day of a Republican Party picnic, TV Nation hires him. This segment did not air on the BBC Two version of this episode, instead featuring in the subsequent episode.
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|align=center rowspan=2| 8
|"Fox Show 8'''" || only aired outside U.S. || 45 minutes
|align=center| 17
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Features the Health Care Olympics, the radio weatherman who lost his job for forecasting rain, and Rusty Cundieff looking at business philosophies. The show was produced for this second season on Fox, but never found an airdate on the network (or in the United States for that matter). This episode aired exclusively on BBC Two on 9 October 1995.
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 Unaired segments
The release of TV Nation'' on two VHS volumes in 1997 offered a chance to view two unaired segments considered too controversial to be aired on broadcast television at the time. In the first segment at the end of Volume One, one of the correspondents visits drug stores and inquires about extra-small sized condoms. The second unaired segment at the end of Volume Two looks at the Phelps family, known for picketing the funerals of AIDS victims.

References

External links

TV Nation


Fengning Manchu Autonomous County (; Manchu: ) is a Manchu autonomous county of northern Hebei province, bordering Beijing to the southwest and Inner Mongolia to the north, and lying under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Chengde.

It is the second-largest county of Hebei in terms of area, after the neighbouring Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County.

Administrative divisions
The county has 1 subdistrict, 11 towns and 15 townships under its administration.

Geography

Geology
Fossil-bearing rocks of the Mesozoic Huajiying Formation and/or Yixian Formation occur on the surface. The prehistoric bird Paraprotopteryx was found in such a deposit.

Climate
Fengning has a rather dry, monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa), with long, very cold and dry winters, and hot, humid summers, and the elevation depresses temperatures. The monthly 24-hour mean temperature in January is , and in July it is , while the annual mean is . More than half of the annual precipitation occurs in July and August alone.

Economy

The county draws in many tourists as the Bashang Grasslands in the far north of the county is the nearest grasslands to Beijing. The cultivation of a local tourism is part of a broader regional development policy to support tourism as a primary industry in the Chengde area due to the environmentally friendly character of the industry going well with the goal of preserving the Chengde area's pristine environment, especially compared to the pollution problems besetting the rest of Hebei and also Beijing and Tianjin.

The county's primary tourist attraction are the horse ranches in the Datan grassland. Other highlights are the Dahan Palace of Genghis Khan and the Baiyun Ancient Cave. The height of the tourism season is in July and August when there are bonfire festivities filled with ethnic songs and dances, roasted whole lamb, and staged traditional sporting events like wrestling and archery.

Transport
Both China National Highway 111 and 112 pass through the county, with the former providing direct access to Beijing.

References

External links

County-level divisions of Hebei
Manchu autonomous counties
Chengde


"Look Out Cleveland" is the title of the Robbie Robertson-written song on The Band's self-titled album, also known as The Brown Album. The song begins with a boogie-woogie blues riff by pianist Richard Manuel followed by lead singer Rick Danko warning -- "Look out Cleveland, storm is coming through, And it’s runnin’ right up on you". The song's reference is presumably to Cleveland, Ohio, but Cleveland, Texas has also been suggested.

"Look Out Cleveland" differs from most of the songs on The Band's first two albums in that is more influenced by urban blues music than by rural music.  According to music critic Nick DeRiso, Elton John's early song "Take Me to the Pilot" appears to be influenced by this song.

Soundtrack Listing

"Look Out Cleveland" is featured in the movie A Home at the End of the World, a film adaptation of the novel of the same name by Michael Cunningham. In the film, the song is used in a scene where the two main characters (played by Colin Farrell and Dallas Roberts), are singing along to the song while riding a truck.

Cover versions
The song was covered by Albert Lee on his album "That's Alright Mama."

Blues artist Jackie Greene covered the song for Endless Highway: The Music of The Band, a 2007 tribute album to The Band.

Phish opened their show at Blossom Music Center in Cuyahoga Falls, OH, on June 12, 2010, with "Look Out Cleveland".

Charlie Robison covered the song on his 2013 album "High Life".

The Cold Irons, a band in Austin, Texas, have played “Look Out Cleveland” at every gig they have played since they formed in 2011.

Goose  covered it on their 2021 live album 2020.10.03 Swanzey, NH.

Personnel

Rick Danko – lead vocal, bass guitar
Levon Helm – drums, backing vocal
Garth Hudson – Lowrey organ
Richard Manuel – piano
Robbie Robertson – electric guitar

References

The Band songs
1969 songs
Songs written by Robbie Robertson
Song recordings produced by John Simon (record producer)


Miller Beach (also commonly known as Miller) is a neighborhood of Gary, Indiana on the southernmost shore of Lake Michigan. First settled in 1851, Miller Beach was originally an independent town. However, the "Town of Miller" was eventually annexed by the then flourishing city of Gary in 1918. Located in the northeastern corner of Lake County, Indiana, the former town is now known as "The Miller Beach Community." Miller Beach borders Lake Michigan to the north, Porter County to the east, and is largely surrounded by protected lands, including Indiana Dunes National Park.  Miller Beach is also the closest beach/resort community to Chicago, and has been a popular vacation spot since the early 20th century.  As of the 2000 US census, it had a population of 9,900.

Home to some of the world's most threatened ecosystems, Miller Beach contains a high proportion of legally protected land. Miller encompasses the westernmost part of Indiana Dunes National Park, which is part of the United States National Park system, and includes both the Miller Woods and Long Lake areas. Indiana Dunes' West Beach area lies immediately to the east of Miller Beach.  The entire shoreline of Miller is public beachfront. Miller's large lakefront park, Marquette Park, is a national landmark containing architecturally significant and historic structures, two bronze sculptures and the location of early experiments in aviation which predate the Wright Brothers flights.
Less than an hour from downtown Chicago by car, Miller Beach has attracted Chicagoans as tourists and residents for more than a century.  The most affluent area within the municipal boundaries of Gary, Miller Beach contains multiple business districts, including the Miller Beach Arts and Creative District, a robust civil society, and numerous public and charter schools.  The community is within a mile of exits on four major interstates, and is also served by South Shore Line commuter trains. Having defied regional trends toward racial polarization and environmental degradation, Miller Beach exhibits extraordinary socioeconomic, racial and bio diversity. The community has been described as "an island of integration and natural beauty".

Geography

Miller Beach sits at Lake Michigan's southern tip, and at the northeastern tip of Lake County.  The majority of Gary's lakefront is occupied by heavy industry, Miller Beach is the only residential area within Gary's municipal boundaries with unspoiled lake frontage.  The shoreline of Miller is publicly owned either by the municipal or federal governments, and beachfront homes are separated from the lake by "an apron of dunes".

Protected lands separate Miller Beach from most of its neighbors, except for the smaller Gary neighborhood of Aetna to the southwest.  To the west, the Miller Woods area of Indiana Dunes National Park lies between Miller and U.S. Steel's Gary Works. To the east, Miller borders on the Park's West Beach area.  To the southeast and south, the Little Calumet River corridor largely separates Miller from the cities of Portage and Lake Station.  Although mostly in private hands, the land along the Little Calumet is largely protected from development by flood-control easements.  In addition, a strip of National Park property separates Miller's northern and southern halves, making the northern half of Miller Beach one of four beachfront communities entirely surrounded by the National Park.

As a legacy of the cycles of expansion it has undergone since the 19th century, Miller Beach contains a number of distinct neighborhoods.  Miller's traditional core, The Grandlake Historic District, between Lake Street and Grand Boulevard, is home to Miller's oldest homes and civil structures, many built during the period of Miller's political independence such as Miller Town Hall and Miller School. The northern part of Miller Beach is chiefly residential and surrounded entirely by national parkland. At the far northeast corner, along County Line Road, Miller's most expensive development, East Edge, rubs shoulders with the Miller Village apartment complex.

West of Miller's downtown is another multi-block apartment complex, Duneland Village, containing a small baseball park, the 3.47-acre Gibson Fields, home field of Miller Little League for generations.  In the opposite direction, more than a mile to the east of downtown on the Dunes Highway, the isolated Inland Manor subdivision lies in the midst of Indiana Dunes National Park. All property in Inland Manor has been acquired by the US government to become part of the National Park, however many residents remain in their homes under reservation of use and occupancy agreements.

History

Early history

When Lake Michigan first entered recorded history in the early 1600s, the land at the lake's southern end was populated by the Miami people. By 1640, the Miami had been driven from the region by the Beaver Wars.  The Potawatomi moved in from the north to replace them.  The Potawatomi frequently came into the areas now within the Indiana Dunes National lakeshore to hunt, fish and gather food including wild rice.  The Odawa people also hunted deer there in the winter.

French missionary Father Jacques Marquette passed along the south shore of Lake Michigan in 1675, attempting to return to Canada after he had fallen gravely ill on the Mississippi River.  According to local tradition, Marquette camped for a night at the mouth of the Grand Calumet River in present-day Marquette Park, shortly before his death.

As the United States expanded westward in the early 19th century, the Potawatomi were removed from Indiana through a series of treaties and forced removals in the 1820s and 1830s.  Indian Boundary Road in Miller Beach marks the border of a tract ceded in one such treaty, the 1826 Treaty of Mississinewas, which used the southern end of Lake Michigan as the tract's southern limit.  By 1836, the Potawatomi nation had been deprived of all of its lands throughout Indiana. Some Potawatomi, however, remained in the Miller Beach area as landowners, including Simon Pokagon, second chief of the Pokagon Band.  Other Potawatomi continued to visit the region in the spring and summer into the late 19th century.

As white settlement spread across the Upper Midwest in the 19th century, many promoters and speculators sought to attract settlers and commercial development to the Calumet Region, but were defeated by the difficult terrain and lack of transportation.  In 1833, an inn called the Bennett Tavern was built at the mouth of the Grand Calumet River, serving the Detroit-Chicago stagecoaches that ran along the shoreline.  It stood for only a few years. The first man to plat a town in modern-day Miller Beach was Indian trader Joseph Bailly, who in 1833 platted a "Town of Bailly" at the mouth of the Grand Calumet, in present-day Marquette Park.  But nothing came of the Town of Bailly or the "Indiana City" laid out nearby in 1837.

In 1837, the area that would become downtown Miller was purchased and platted by Indian traders William and George Ewing and George H. Walker.  The plat bore the name of "Ewing's Subdivision", as the lots within it still do.  Development in Ewing's Subdivision took off when the railroad arrived in 1851.

Town of Miller

With the coming of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway in 1851, a train stop first called "Miller's Station" and later "Miller's Junction" or "Miller's", and ultimately "Miller", was established in the present-day downtown area of Miller Beach. A railroad town from its inception, Miller would later also be served by the B&O Railroad beginning in 1874 and the South Shore Line beginning in 1908.  The person for whom the town was named is unknown.  An early railroad agent recalled the name as coming from a construction engineer named John Miller who lived in the area, and at whose home the early trains would stop for water and wood between LaPorte and Chicago. Other possible namesakes include an innkeeper for whom train crews dropped off milk, and a foreman who buried his son nearby.

Swedes began to migrate to the United States in large numbers in the 1860s as a result of the famines in Scandinavia, and some of these immigrants settled in Miller.  The Swedish- and German-Americans of early Miller drew their livelihood from sand mining, ice harvesting, and railroad maintenance. Miller remained very small in this period; only twelve families were present in 1870.  Miller acquired its first schoolhouse in the 1860s, and its own post office in 1879. Beginning in the 1880s, the town hosted a small commercial sturgeon and whitefish fishery, with fishermen bringing in sturgeon weighing as much as 200 pounds.

The combination of proximity to Chicago  and a pristine natural environment soon drew visitors from the city.  Among them was aviation pioneer Octave Chanute, who staged a series of experimental flights from the 70-foot dunes near Lake Street Beach in 1896.  Around the same time, the pioneering botanist Henry Chandler Cowles conducted early studies of ecological succession in Miller Woods.  In subsequent decades, the Chicago film industry used the Miller dunes and beaches as backdrops in numerous silent films set in exotic locales.  Among these were films by the Selig Polyscope Company, and the Chicago Essanay Studios productions The Plum Tree (1914) and The Fall of Montezuma (1912), in which the Miller beach represented the coast of Mexico.

Millerites rallied to incorporate their community as the Town of Miller in 1907, hoping to prevent annexation by Gary following the founding of that then booming city in 1906. Gary mayor Thomas Knotts first attempted to annex Miller in 1910 as part of a larger territorial dispute with East Chicago. According to the 1910 census, at that time the Town of Miller had a population of 638 people.  This initial annexation effort was successfully resisted.

In the 1910s, the Gary city government and US Steel became increasingly aware of the need for a lakefront park for the millworkers and their families.  In view of this, Miller and Gary formed a joint parks department in 1915 to administer part of the land that is now Marquette Park.  Encountering difficulties purchasing this land, however, Gary sought to annex Miller so that it could seize the property by eminent domain.  In 1918, the town board voted to accept annexation, ending Miller's political independence.

Part of Gary

After its annexation, the community continued to grow. So did its tourist industry: Drusilla Carr, proprietress of Carr's Beach (now Lake Street Beach), collected rent on more than a hundred beach cottages.  With attractions including a shooting gallery, bath house, miniature railroad and "night spots", Carr's Beach was Gary's most popular summer destination in the late 1920s.  With the construction and expansion of Marquette Park in the 1930s, and an influx of affluent residents from other parts of Gary in the late 1940s, the neighborhood became increasingly a resort community.  It also became a segregated white community, with African-Americans banned from the beaches, and also from the neighborhood except for day workers.

In 1967, Richard Hatcher was elected mayor of Gary, becoming the first African-American mayor of any major US city.  The voting in his election was almost entirely along racial lines, with white Democrats voting en masse for the Republican candidate in the general election.  A key exception to this was in Miller Beach, where Hatcher obtained decisive support from a group of primarily Jewish Millerites who had opposed the Wallace presidential campaign in 1968  and had subsequently supported Hatcher in his bid for the Gary Common Council.

Fearing that the white flight occurring elsewhere in Gary would be replicated in Miller Beach, local residents formed the Miller Citizens Corporation (MCC) in 1971.  Unlike similar groups elsewhere in the city, the goal of the MCC was not to prevent integration, but to slow the process so that events did not spiral out of control.  The MCC worked to stem flight from the community with techniques including positive publicity about Miller's advantages, and banning "For Sale" signs. As part of this effort, the organization also took on environmental issues, including banning sand mining in residential areas.

The National Lakeshore was founded in 1966 through the efforts of Senator Paul Douglas, ending a struggle that had begun in the 1890s.  The Lakeshore's initial boundaries, however, did not include the Miller Woods and Long Lake areas in Miller Beach.  After the death of Senator Douglas in 1976, a Lakeshore expansion bill gained bipartisan support in Congress, as a memorial to him.  With the bill's passage, the Lakeshore was expanded by 4,300 acres, including Miller Woods and Long Lake.

In 2002, faced with plummeting property tax revenue due to a state-imposed change in assessments of industrial property, the city of Gary nearly doubled tax rates, leading to widespread outcry.  Together with other organizations around the state, the Miller Citizens Corporation lobbied successive state governments to impose tax caps.  The tax caps became law in 2008, and became part of the state constitution in 2010.

Demographics

Miller Beach began as a working-class town with a primarily Swedish-American and German-American population.  The neighborhood's demographic makeup became wealthier and more diverse beginning in the late 1940s as it attracted affluent residents from elsewhere.  In 1950, Miller supplanted the Horace Mann neighborhood as Gary's wealthiest area, a distinction it has retained ever since. Along with other areas on Gary's periphery, Miller saw strong 70% growth during the 1950s.  During this period, Miller Beach developed a sizable Jewish population.

The first house in Miller Beach to be purchased by an African-American family was sold in 1964.  Unlike other Gary neighborhoods that saw abrupt white flight and economic dislocation during this period, Miller Beach underwent a stable and peaceful transition through the 1970s to an integrated population with most of the new African-American residents being "upwardly mobile" black professionals.  Miller Beach and the previously little-developed Westside neighborhood were the only areas in Gary to experience population growth during the 1970s.

Since early in the community's history, many people have moved to Miller Beach from nearby Chicago, "seeking a getaway from the city".  Early examples included nonconformist Alice Mabel Gray, known as "Diana of the Dunes", who frequented Miller Beach and nearby Ogden Dunes in the early 1900s. In the 1950s, as it gained prominence as a resort area. Miller's many new residents included author Nelson Algren, who bought a house on the East Lagoon with the proceeds from the Pulitzer Prize and The Man With the Golden Arm.  Another wave of migration from Chicago began in the 1990s. The live and let live style of Miller Beach has also attracted numerous lesbian and gay families to the community over the years- both as part-time and full-time residents.

Natural environment

The natural landscape of Miller Beach includes "some of the most pristine habitats that remain in Northwest Indiana". The freshwater panne habitat, found at Miller Woods and West Beach, is considered globally imperiled by the Nature Conservancy. The dune and swale complex is unique to the southern Great Lakes, with only a few isolated pockets remaining. Sand oak savanna, of which Miller Woods provides "one of the finest in the Chicago region", is both globally and state imperiled.

This varied landscape of dunes and wetlands is the legacy of fluctuations in Lake Michigan and the Grand Calumet River since the last ice age. The Wisconsinan glaciation ended in the Miller Beach area around 18,000 years ago, forming Glacial Lake Chicago as the glaciers melted. Some boreal species remained in hospitable habitats after the climate had warmed, while more heat-tolerant species such as the six-lined racerunner and prickly pear cactus moved in during the Holocene climatic optimum to inhabit the mesic uplands.

After the glaciers retreated, factors including isostatic rebound of the earth's crust led to a series of different lake levels, each of which left a mark on the landscape. During the Algonquin stage, the dune-and-swale ridges of the Tolleston Beach were formed across much of the Calumet Region, including the southern part of Miller Beach. The later and lower Nipissing stage created the high dunes that mark the northern, lakeward part of Miller Beach. Around 2600 BP, the Grand Calumet River formed; prior to the 19th century, it emptied into Lake Michigan at Marquette Park in Miller Beach, where the Grand Calumet Lagoons are today. The direction of the Grand Calumet was changed in 1862. Because the river is nearly flat, however, the direction of flow through the lagoons sometimes reverses after heavy rains.

Flora and fauna

Indiana Dunes National Park, which includes large areas in and around Miller Beach, is a place of extremely high biodiversity. The neighborhood's Miller Woods area alone is home to 287 species of plants and animals, including the federally endangered Karner Blue butterfly and the federally threatened Pitcher's thistle.

At 1,445 plant species, the Park has more species per unit of area than any other national park in the United States. Among these, numerous species of orchids are found in the neighborhood's Miller Woods area, including the Northern fringed orchid and snake-mouth orchid. Some plant species found in Miller Woods, such as the fame flower, grow nowhere else in the Indiana Dunes.

A wide range of species of wild mammals inhabit the natural areas of Miller Beach, including the Virginia opossum, prairie deer mouse, fox squirrel, and beaver. The coyote, which returned to the area in the 1990s, is the region's largest wild predator, and the white-tailed deer is its largest herbivore. Although no definitive survey of local bats has been conducted, several species are believed to be present in the area, including the endangered Indiana myotis.

Miller Beach and the adjacent West Beach area of the National Park provide a stopping point for many migratory birds, thanks to their position at the southernmost tip of Lake Michigan. The Audubon Society has consequently designated both areas as Important Bird Areas. In particular, the neighborhood's beachfront is known as one of the best areas in the Midwest for observing jaegers during their autumn migration, and also lies under a spring flyway of the sandhill crane.  Migrant birds stopping at Long Lake include the state-endangered least bittern and Virginia rail.

Miller Woods is home to 18 species of reptiles and amphibians, giving it one of the most diverse herpetofauna in the Indiana Dunes. These include the Fowler's toad, the six-lined racerunner and the state-endangered Blanding's turtle.  In addition, the slender glass lizard inhabits the Inland Marsh area in the neighborhood's southeast.

Society

The Miller Citizens Corporation (MCC) has played a key role in Miller Beach politics and society since its foundation in 1971.  Founded to help prevent white flight and disruption during the sudden changes of the 1970s, the MCC quickly expanded into other ways of promoting community stability, including through environmental preservation and zoning ordinances. In the 21st century, the MCC has also been active in addressing city fees and taxation issues.

Other major civic organizations in the neighborhood include the Humane Society of Northwest Indiana and Crisis Center.  Located in Miller Beach since 1988, Crisis Center provides crisis intervention and suicide prevention services to teens and adults nationwide.

Miller Beach has had a vibrant religious life dating back to 1874, when the Swedish-speaking Bethel Lutheran church was organized, meeting originally in the Miller schoolhouse.  The town's first English-speaking church, Chapel of the Dunes, was built in 1901.  Miller is unusual among communities in the region, in that both of these early churches are still standing.  The Roman Catholic parish of St. Mary of the Lake was established in 1929, under the Gary diocese.  Miller Beach is also home to Gary's only synagogue still in operation, Temple Israel, a Reform congregation founded in 1910.

The Miller Garden Club, founded in 2000, hosts an annual garden walk and plant sale.  Miller also hosts several community gardens, one of which is a joint project between Miller's Lutheran and Jewish congregations.

Numerous festivals are held in Miller through the year, including the South Shore Air Show at Marquette Park.  The biweekly farmer's market also functions as a sort of community fair, with information booths from groups such as the Miller Historical Society.  In 2011, Miller was the site of the only gay pride parade in Northwest Indiana.  Called "Northwest Indiana Rainbow Days," the annual parade has been held in Gary since 2006.

Miller Beach is part of the First District of the Gary Common Council,. Residents additionally vote for three at-large council seats.

Economy

The economy of Miller Beach is dominated by retail and tourism, with no heavy industry. Because of its relatively affluent population and scenic lakefront setting, Miller Beach is also able to attract luxury high-end housing development. Many Miller homeowners commute to work in Chicago or have their primary residence in Chicago and a vacation or weekend home in Miller Beach.

Home values in Miller are the highest of any area within the municipal boundaries of Gary. In 2006, a home on Miller's lakefront sold for more than US$1 million for the first time. As of 2008, the "East Edge" development in northeastern Miller Beach was the city's most expensive, with single-family home prices in excess of $500,000.  As of 2000, Miller's 4,773 housing units had an owner-occupancy rate of 47.4% and a vacancy rate of 10.3%.

Commercial activity in Miller Beach is clustered primarily along Lake Street and U.S. 20, in the neighborhood's southwestern corner. The Lake Street corridor is a traditional downtown area, described by the city government as having a "pedestrian-friendly, 'Main Street' character." The downtown area has the highest walkability of any part of Miller Beach. Most retail catering to neighborhood residents is concentrated along this corridor. Near the southern end of downtown, the historic Miller Train Station was relocated just a few yards from its original location and is now the main dining room for Miller Pizza Station, a popular restaurant in the downtown area.

The U.S. 20 corridor, running along Miller's southern end and partially shared with the Aetna neighborhood, is another commercial center.  Businesses along U.S. 20 cater primarily to highway and interstate travelers.  This corridor is also home to several strip clubs, a source of frequent anger from community activists.

During the summer months, the Miller Beach Farmers' Market provides an alternative source of fresh food. Begun in 2008 and now sponsored by the Miller Beach Arts and Creative District, the Farmers' Market seeks to promote a sustainable local economy and allow residents access to high-quality, fresh produce and gourmet foodstuffs.

Education

Public schooling in Miller Beach, is provided by the Gary Community School Corporation. Public elementary schools in Miller include Marquette Elementary, near Marquette Park, and Banneker Elementary near Long Lake.  Miller's public secondary schools include Wirt Emerson VPA, formerly William A. Wirt High School.  Wirt Emerson is a magnet school for the visual and performing arts, serving grades 6-12.

Charter schools in Miller Beach include KIPP: Lead College Prep Charter School and the Charter School of the Dunes, located adjacent to the Lake Street Beach.  Like all charter schools in Gary, these schools are sponsored by Ball State University.  At the neighborhood's edge, a private religious school is operated by Christ Baptist Church in the Glen Ryan area; another private school is located in Aetna.  The Miller Beach area is also served by the Roman Catholic schools of the Gary diocese.  As of 2011, there were no Catholic schools in Miller Beach, although the local parish did operate a K-8 institution, Saint Mary of The Lake School, from 1949 to 1993.

Nearby institutions of higher learning include Indiana University Northwest in Gary's Glen Park neighborhood, Purdue University Calumet in Hammond, and Valparaiso University in Valparaiso.  There are no colleges or universities within Miller Beach itself.  The 2005-2009 American Community Survey found that approximately 28% of Miller Beach residents had a bachelor's degree or higher.

Additional community education facilities include the Paul Douglas Center for Environmental Education in Miller Woods, which provides environmental education to residents and visitors.  Numerous scheduled lectures, classes and workshops are held there each year.  The trails around the Douglas Center additionally provide a self-guided nature tour.

Downtown Miller Beach is home to the South Shore Centre for the Arts, located in the building once occupied by the Miller School. The Centre provides classes for the general public on subjects including dance, piano, voice, and self-defense. The Centre is also home to the South Shore Dance Alliance, a "pre-professional" contemporary dance company drawing members from throughout Northwest Indiana and performing throughout the Chicago area.

Transportation

Miller Beach lies near the nexus of four major interstates: 65, 80, 90, and 94, although none of them pass directly through the neighborhood. Interstate 65 reaches its northern terminus just to the west of Miller. Joined as the Borman Expressway, Interstates 80 and 94 have exits just southwest and south of Miller, at Interstate 65 and at Indiana State Road 51 in Lake Station.  The Indiana Toll Road (Interstate 90) shares both the Borman's exit at State Road 51, and the Interstate 65 exit.  Using the Toll Road, Miller Beach is 36 miles from downtown Chicago, with an estimated travel time of 50 minutes.

Surface highways traversing Miller Beach include U.S. 12, the earliest highway to serve the area.  U.S. 20 also passes along the community's southern edge.  Highways 12 and 20 connect Miller to the interstates, downtown Gary, and nearby towns of Porter County such as Portage and Chesterton. Additionally, Indiana State Road 51 has its northern terminus at U.S. 20, at Miller's the southern limit, and connect Miller Beach to communities south of the Little Calumet River, such as Lake Station and Hobart.

The all-electric commuter trains of the NICTD South Shore Line stop at Miller Station.  On weekdays, Miller Station is served by 14 eastbound trains and 12 westbound trains. The South Shore Line has served the neighborhood since 1908, when the line was built as an interurban railroad by tycoon Samuel Insull.

Miller Beach is served by the Route 13 buses of the Gary Public Transportation Corporation (GPTC), which do a full circle of the neighborhood and terminate at the GPTC hub station at Gary Metro Center in downtown Gary.  At the Metro Center, passengers can transfer to buses serving other parts of Gary and towns as distant as Hammond and Crown Point.  The Metro Center is also served by Greyhound buses, and is the eastern terminus for many South Shore Line trains.

A 2.0-mile bicycle trail, the Marquette Greenway, runs through National Lakeshore property from downtown Miller Beach to West Beach in Porter County.  Paved with fine limestone, as of 2010, the Marquette Greenway was one of only two bicycle trails within Gary. The Gary Green Links plan calls for additional trails and bikeways connecting Miller Beach to other towns and neighborhoods.  As of 2011, however, the 46403 ZIP code, which chiefly encompasses Miller Beach and Aetna, has a mean Walk Score of 30 out of 100, tied for the lowest walkability in Gary.

Landmarks

Many of the notable sites in Miller Beach are located within its large lakefront park, Marquette Park.  Covering 159.4 acres of dunes and beaches, the park was designed in the 1920s by pioneering landscape architect Jens Jensen. Historic structures within Marquette Park include the Chanute Aquatorium and the Marquette Park Pavilion, both designed by Prairie School architect George W. Maher.  The beach of the park, known as Marquette Beach, has been a popular summer destination since the early 20th century. Because of Octave Chanute's experiments in the area, the park has been designated a National Landmark of Soaring.

A bronze statue of the park's namesake, Father Jacques Marquette, stands at the park entrance.  The statue was installed in 1931 when the park, formerly known as Lake Front Park, was rededicated under its current name.  It was created by beaux-arts architectural sculptor Henry Hering, and has an ornate limestone base designed by the Walker and Weeks architectural firm.  Restoration work on the statue began in October 2010.  The Marquette Park Pavilion, constructed in 1924 by Maher, stands immediately across from the statue.

The Pavilion sits on the south bank of the East Lagoon of the Grand Calumet River.  The lagoon has been extensively landscaped in accordance with Jensen's park design.  In the center of the lagoon stands a small man-made island, Patterson Island, built by the Works Progress Administration in the 1930s.  The island is connected to the shore by two footbridges: a suspension bridge on the north and a Japanese-style bridge on the south.

As of 2011, a US$28 million project to improve Marquette Park was underway, funded by a grant from the Northwest Indiana Regional Development Authority.  Begun in 2009, the project was the first capital improvement to Marquette Park since 1931.  In addition to Marquette Park itself, the project covers the entire lakefront of Miller Beach, including the Lake Street and Wells Street beaches, for a total of 241 acres.

Two buildings in Miller Beach are on the National Register of Historic Places.   The Miller Town Hall, built in 1911, was added to the Register in 1978. The Chanute Aquatorium on the Marquette Park lakefront was added to the Register in 1994.  A Classical Revival structure designed by George W. Maher, the Aquatorium was built in 1922.  Originally a bathhouse, it fell into disuse in the mid-20th century and was closed and nearly demolished in 1971.  With the support of a society of local residents, the building was remodeled as a combination of an aviation museum and public event space.

References

Works cited

External links

Miller Citizens Corporation

Neighborhoods in Gary, Indiana
Miller


The 100 meter running deer, double shots was a shooting sports event held as part of the Shooting at the 1920 Summer Olympics programme. It was the third appearance for the event. The competition was held on 27 July 1920. 8 shooters competed from 3 nations competed.

Results

References

External links
 Official Report

Shooting at the 1920 Summer Olympics
100 meter running deer at the Olympics


The Zilberman Method is a system of teaching the Torah to young students, pioneered by Jerusalem rabbi Yitzchak Shlomo Zilberman, that emphasizes rote learning of the text, while leaving the more advanced study of Talmud to older students.  Schools employing the method are colloquially referred to as Zilberman Schools.

Theory
The Zilberman Method draws upon traditional teaching methods as outlined by Chazal and championed by The Maharal and the Vilna Gaon. The Mishnah and the Talmud set forth halakhic guidelines for teaching Torah to children. These guidelines include the ages at which texts should be studied: "Five years old [is the age to begin studying] Scripture; a ten year-old [learns] the Mishnah; a thirteen year-old for the mitzvot ([obligation of the] commandments); a fifteen year-old [for the study] of Talmud..."; the times of study (including Shabbat for children; Hachazan roeh heichan tinokot korin – the chazzan observes [on Shabbat] where [in the text] the children are reading) and the manner of teaching (safi lei k'tura –stuffing the children like oxen; ligmar inish v'hadar lisbor –read the text and then explain it.

The Zilberman method has children focus exclusively on Tanakh and Mishnah in their younger years, ensuring that they know large portions of both areas by heart before they begin learning Gemara (Talmud). Indeed, graduates of such schools tend to have impressive fluency in these areas. Two key elements in Zilberman's methodology, however, must be singled out: chazarah (review) and student participation.

In the Zilberman-styled school, a new text of Chumash (Scripture) is introduced in the following manner. On Monday and Tuesday, the teacher chants the text with the tropp (ta'amei ha'mikra) and the students immediately imitate him. This is repeated several times until the students are able to read the text independently. Then the teacher introduces the translation/explanation of the text and invites students to participate in the process. New words typically need to be translated only once; subsequently, students are encouraged to call out the translation on their own. All translations are strictly literal. If the translation does not automatically yield a comprehensible meaning, the students are invited to try to find one. The class spends the rest of the week reviewing the material. Each pasuk is reviewed with the tropp at least twenty-four times. Adjustments are made for each grade level.

Examples
In Shabbat 63a it states, "A man should recite, and only later expound." This is in contrast to standard procedure in the Torah world, where intense scrutiny of the text at a relatively young age is favoured over the covering and committing to memory of vast amounts of material. Zilberman also instituted that school sessions be continued on Shabbat and Jewish holidays, albeit at a reduced schedule.

Other practices
Rabbi Zilberman kept the practice of donning his tefilin all day, and so encouraged his students. In normative practice, the tefilin are removed after Shacharit. Zilberman was one of the first rabbis to promote the usage of tekhelet, and encouraged his students and family to make use of the dye in their tzitzit.  He encouraged his students to get married young, because it states in Pirkei Avot "An 18 year-old [enters] the chuppah (wedding canopy)".

History
Proponents of the Zilberman Method argue that it is not a new innovation, but rather a return to an ancient form of Torah study elucidated in the Mishna and Talmud, and favoured  by both the Maharal and the Vilna Gaon.

Zilberman found the existing Jerusalem heders' curriculum not suitable for his own children, so he began to teach them at home according to his method. In the beginning of the 1980s, after years of limited success with incorporating his teaching style in existing institutions, Zilberman founded,  with the help of his sons, a school in the northern part of the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem. The school, Yeshivat Aderet Eliyahu – also known as "Zilberman's Cheder" – adopted its founder's method, and became an inspiration for many of his students, who later branched out all over Israel founding schools with the same teaching approach.

Zilberman's life work was favored by rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach and the Tchebiner Rav.

Schools using the Zilberman Method
In addition to Yeshivat Aderet Eliyahu, numerous other schools throughout Israel adhere to Zilberman Method principles, including Talmud Torah Yishrei Lev and the Zichru schools.

References

External links
https://oldcitycheder.org/
http://jsli.org/zilberman-method/
https://jewishaction.com/religion/education/the_zilberman_method
http://5tjt.com/the-zilberman-method-innovation-in-torah-education
Jewish education
Learning methods


Jarmila Machačová (born 9 January 1986) is a Czech professional racing cyclist.

Major results

Road
Source:

2006
 3rd Time trial, National Road Championships
 3rd Zingem
 3rd Belsele-Puivelde
 3rd De Klinge
2007
 2nd Road race, National Road Championships
 3rd Wiener Radfest
2008
 National Road Championships
1st  Time trial
2nd Road race
 2nd ELK Heurigen Grand Prix
2009
 National Road Championships
3rd Time trial
3rd Road race
 7th Overall Tour de Feminin-O cenu Českého Švýcarska
2011
 National Road Championships
3rd Time trial
3rd Road race
2012
 1st  Time trial, National Road Championships
2015
 2nd Time trial, National Road Championships
2016
 2nd Time trial, National Road Championships
2017
 National Road Championships
2nd Time trial
3rd Road race
 6th VR Women
 9th Overall Gracia–Orlová
1st  Mountains classification
1st  Active rider classification
2018
 National Road Championships
1st  Road race
2nd Time trial
 8th VR Women ITT
2019
 National Road Championships
2nd Time trial
3rd Road race
 2nd Pannonhalma, V4 Ladies Series
2020
 1st  Road race, National Road Championships
2021
 2nd Time trial, National Road Championships

Track

2006
 2nd  Scratch, 2005–06 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics, Sydney
 3rd  Points race, UEC European Under-23 Track Championships
2007
 3rd  Scratch, UEC European Under-23 Track Championships
 3rd  Points race, 2007–08 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics, Sydney
2008
 2007–08 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics
1st  Points race, Los Angeles
2nd  Scratch, Copenhagen
2009
 1st  Points race, 2008–09 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics, Beijing
 International Track Challenge Vienna
3rd Individual pursuit
3rd Points race
3rd Scratch
2010
 1st Points race, Melbourne
 3rd Omnium, Grand Prix Vienna
2011
 2nd  Points race, UCI Track Cycling World Championships
 3rd  Points race, UEC European Track Championships
2012
 2nd  Scratch, 2011–12 UCI Track Cycling World Cup, London
 2012–13 UCI Track Cycling World Cup, Cali
2nd  Scratch
3rd  Omnium
2013
 1st  Points race, UCI Track Cycling World Championships
 UCI Track Cycling World Ranking
1st Overall Points race
1st Overall Scratch
 2nd  Points race, 2012–13 UCI Track Cycling World Cup, Aguascalientes
 3rd  Points race, 2013–14 UCI Track Cycling World Cup, Aguascalientes
2014
 2nd Points race, Grand Prix Minsk
2015
 GP Czech Cycling Federation
1st Points race
1st Scratch
2nd 500m time trial
 Trofeu Ciutat de Barcelona
1st Points race
1st Scratch
2016
 1st Scratch, Six Days of Bremen
 Prostejov GP - Memorial of Otmar Malecek
1st Scratch
3rd Points race
 GP Czech Cycling Federation
1st Team pursuit (with Lucie Hochmann, Eva Planickova and Ema Kankovska)
3rd Points race
 2nd Points race, Grand Prix Vienna
 3rd  Points race, 2016–17 UCI Track Cycling World Cup, Apeldoorn
2017
 1st Scratch, Six Days of Bremen
 1st Madison, Finale 4 Bahnen Tournee (with Lucie Hochmann)
 2nd Points race, Track Cycling Challenge
 3rd  Points race, 2017–18 UCI Track Cycling World Cup, Milton
 3rd Madison, 2. Etappe 4 Bahnen tournee (with Lucie Hochmann)
2019
 3rd  Points race, European Games
2020
 National Track Championships
1st  Points race
1st  Team pursuit
2nd Individual pursuit
3rd Scratch
2021
 National Track Championships (February)
1st  Omnium
2nd Elimination race
2nd Madison (with Dagmar Hejhalová)
 National Track Championships (December)
1st  Team pursuit
2nd Elimination race
2nd Omnium

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Czech female cyclists
Sportspeople from Havlíčkův Brod
UCI Track Cycling World Champions (women)
Czech track cyclists
Cyclists at the 2019 European Games
European Games medalists in cycling
European Games bronze medalists for the Czech Republic


Cato Perkins was an African-American slave from Charleston, South Carolina who became a missionary to Sierra Leone.

He was enslaved by John Perkins.
Cato Perkins self-emancipated by joining the British during the Siege of Charleston and he joined General Clinton in New York and worked as a carpenter there. Perkins was evacuated to Birchtown, Nova Scotia in 1783 and he is listed in the Book of Negroes. Upon arriving in Nova Scotia he was converted by John Marrant of the Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion, which was a Methodist splinter group. Perkins migrated to Sierra Leone, where he led a strike of carpenters against the Sierra Leone Company. Cato Perkins established the first Huntingdon's Connexion church, and later on other Nova Scotian settler preachers established churches in the Liberated African villages. Cato Perkins died in 1805 and his churches are the remnant of the Huntingdon's Connexion churches around the world.

Sources

American rebel slaves
American Methodist missionaries
African-American Methodist clergy
American Methodist clergy
Black Loyalists
Methodist missionaries in Sierra Leone
Nova Scotian Settlers
Sierra Leone Creole people
1805 deaths
Year of birth unknown
18th-century American slaves
African-American missionaries


Cucalón is a municipality located in the province of Teruel, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2010 census the municipality has a population of 102 inhabitants. This town gives its name to the Sierra de Cucalón system of mountain ranges.

There are ruins of an ancient Iberian settlement, known as Peña el Castillo, located within Cucalón's municipal term.

Gallery

See also
Jiloca Comarca
List of municipalities in Teruel

References

External links

Cucalón, Jiloca
Cucalón
Sierra de Cucalón
Guía general de las sierras de Cucalón, Oriche y Fonfría

Municipalities in the Province of Teruel


Lee Min-hye (11 October 1985 – 12 November 2018) was a South Korean professional racing cyclist. Lee represented her country at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, finishing 19th in the points race. She achieved great success in a major international road racing competition at the 2010 Asian Games Individual Time Trial event by winning the gold medal in the  course in the time of 49 minutes and 38.35 seconds. She also competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics, in the women's omnium, finishing in 15th place.

In 2016, Lee was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia, and died on 12 November 2018.

Major results
Source:

2003
 3rd  Scratch, UCI Juniors Track World Championships
2006
 Asian Games
1st  Individual pursuit
2nd  Points race
3rd  Time trial
 Asian Track Championships
1st  Individual pursuit
2nd  Team sprint
 Asian Road Championships
2nd  Time trial
3rd  Road race
2007
 1st  Individual pursuit, Asian Track Championships
 1st GP Rund um Visp
 2nd  Time trial, Asian Road Championships
 2nd Tour de Berne
2008
 2nd  Points race, 2007–08 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics, Los Angeles
2010
 Asian Games
1st  Time trial
2nd  Individual pursuit
 Asian Track Championships
2nd  Scratch
2nd  Team pursuit
2011
 Asian Track Championships
1st  Omnium
2nd  Team pursuit
2012
 3rd  Omnium, Asian Track Championships
2013
 Asian Track Championships
1st  Team pursuit
2nd  Omnium
2014
 2nd  Team pursuit, Asian Games (with Lee Chaek-Yung, Lee Ju-mi, Na A-reum, Son Hee-jung and Kim You-ri)
 Asian Track Championships
2nd  Team pursuit (with Lee Ju-mi, Na A-reum and Kim You-ri)
3rd  Omnium
2015
 3rd Time trial, National Road Championships

References

External links

1985 births
2018 deaths
South Korean female cyclists
South Korean track cyclists
Olympic cyclists for South Korea
Cyclists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Asian Games medalists in cycling
Cyclists at the 2006 Asian Games
Cyclists at the 2010 Asian Games
Cyclists at the 2014 Asian Games
Asian Games gold medalists for South Korea
Asian Games silver medalists for South Korea
Asian Games bronze medalists for South Korea
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games
Deaths from leukemia
20th-century South Korean women
21st-century South Korean women


The United Sabah National Organisation (; abbrev: USNO) was a political party in North Borneo and later Sabah, Malaysia. The widely known Sabah's Muslim indigenous especially Suluk-Bajau ethnic based party was founded by the third Chief Minister of Sabah; Mustapha Harun in December 1961.

Prior to the formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963, USNO played a major role in cooperation with United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation (UPKO), led by Donald Stephens, and the Federation of Malaya, in attaining independence from the British. UPKO was then dissolved and merged into USNO in 1967.

The party came into power after winning the 1967 state election. USNO remained in power until 1975 under Mustapha's leadership, and until 1976 under Mohammad Said Keruak's leadership.

In 1975, USNO's secretary-general Harris Salleh quit the party and teamed up with former UPKO leader Stephens who had become Sabah Governor and had returned to politics to create a new party called Sabah People's United Front (BERJAYA). This new party defeated USNO in the 1976 state election to form government until 1985. USNO consistently continued to participate in state elections of 1981, 1985, 1986, and 1990, winning several state electorates, however never enough to form government again.

After the 1990 state election when BERJAYA themselves were ousted by United Sabah Party (PBS), Mustapha returned to team-up with Harris again in a merger of USNO and BERJAYA for his long-envisaged initiative to create the Sabah chapter of peninsula-based United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) with Mustapha himself became its first chief of UMNO Sabah. In 1996, USNO was finally de-registered by the federal Registrar of Societies (RoS). Six of its legislators joined the Sabah UMNO while the rest joined the opposition PBS.

General election results

State election results

See also
 Politics of Malaysia
 List of political parties in Malaysia
 United Sabah National Organisation (New) (USNO Baru)

References

Further reading

Defunct political parties in Sabah
1961 establishments in North Borneo
1996 disestablishments in Malaysia
Political parties established in 1961
Political parties disestablished in 1996


ʿIyāḍ ibn Mūsā (1083–1149) (, formally Abū al-Faḍl ʿIyāḍ ibn Mūsā ibn ʿIyāḍ ibn ʿAmr ibn Mūsā ibn ʿIyāḍ ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Mūsā ibn ʿIyāḍ al-Yaḥṣubī al-Sabtī ), was a Maghrebi Sunni polymath and considered the leading scholar in maliki fiqh and hadith in his time. He was a prominent theologian, historian, poet, and genealogist.

Biography

Birth and Education
Iyaḍ was born in Ceuta, into an established family of Arab origin. As a scion of a notable scholarly family, ʿIyad was able to learn from the best teachers Ceuta had to offer. The judge Abu ʿAbd Allah Muhammad b. ʿIsa (d. 1111) was ʿIyad's first important teacher and is credited with his basic academic formation. Growing up, ʿIyad benefited from the traffic of scholars from al-Andalus, the Maghrib, and the eastern Islamic world. He became a prestigious scholar in his own right and won the support of the highest levels of society.

In his quest for knowledge, Iyad spent part of 1113 and 1114 visiting Cordoba, Murcia,  Almeria, and Granada. He received ijāzas from the most important traditionist of his time, Abū ʿAlī al-Ṣadafī (d. 1120) in Murcia, and met  with some of the most celebrated scholars of the moment, such as Ibn Rushd (d. 1126), and Ibn Hamdin (d. 1114).

Career
ʿIyad was appointed judge of Ceuta in 1121 and served in the position until 1136. During his tenure as judge of Ceuta he was extremely prolific. Iyad's overall fame as a jurist and as a writer of fiqh (positive law) was based on the work he did in this city. Iyad was also appointed the judge of Grenada where he worked for just over a year. He was a teacher of Averroes and Ibn Maḍāʾ.

Exile and Death
He headed a revolt against the coming of the Almohades to Ceuta, but lost and was banished to Tadla and later Marrakech.

He died in 1149. He refused to acknowledge Ibn Tumart as the awaited Mahdi. Sources disagree on how and where he died. Some sources, including one written by his son, Muhammad, describe how he ingratiated himself with the Almohads in Marakech and eventually died of sickness during a military campaign. Other sources describe how he died a natural death while acting as a rural judge near Tadla, while later sources tend to assume a violent death at the hands of the Almohads. Although he was opposed to the Almohads and the ideas of Ibn Hazm, he did not hold enmity for the Zahirite school of Sunni Islam, which the Almohads and Ibn Hazm followed. Ayyad's comments on Ibn Hazm's teacher Abu al-Khiyar al-Zahiri were positive, as was Ayyad's characterization of his own father, a Zahirite theologian.

Influence
In doctrine Iyad to known have  influenced later scholars like  Ibn Taymiyyah and Taqī ad-Dīn as-Subkī (d.1355) in expanding the definition of heresy in apostasy, being the first to call for the death penalty for those Muslims guilty of “disseminating improprieties about Muḥammad or questioning his authority in all questions of faith and profane life” (according to Tilman Nagel).

Cadi Ayyad University, also known as the University of Marrakech, was named after him. Qadi Ayyad is also well known as one of the seven saints of Marrakech and is buried near Bab Aïlen.

Works

He was one of the most famous scholars of Maliki law and author of the well-known Ash-Shifa on the virtues of the prophet and Tartib al-mardarik wa-taqrib al-masalik li-marifat alam madhab Malik, a collection of biographies of eminent Malikis, a.o. Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi. Qadi `Iyad's other well-known works include:

Ikmal al-mu`lim bi fawa'id Muslim, a famous commentary on Sahih Muslim which transmitted and expanded upon al-Maziri's own commentary, al-Mu`lim bi-fawa'id Muslim. Qadi `Iyad's own commentary was utilised and expounded upon heavily by Al-Nawawi in his own commentary of Sahih Muslim.
Bughya al-ra'i lima Tadmanahu Hadith Umm Zara` min al-Fawa'id, published with Tafsir nafs al-Hadith by Al-Suyuti.
al-I`lam bi Hudud Qawa'id al-Islam, written on the five pillars of Islam.
al-Ilma` ila Ma`rifa Usul al-Riwaya wa Taqyid al-Sama`, a detailed work on the science of Hadith.
Mashariq al-Anwar `ala Sahih al-Athar, based on al-Muwatta of Malik ibn Anas, Sahih Al-Bukhari of Imam Bukhari and Sahih Muslim by Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj.
al-Tanbihat al-Mustanbata `ala al-kutub al-Mudawwana wa al-Mukhtalata.
Daqa`iq al-akhbar fi dhikr al-janna wa-l-nar, an "eschatological manual" describing the joys of jannah (heaven) and the horrors of jahannam (hell)

See also
 List of Ash'aris and Maturidis

References

Bibliography
 Dictionnaire historique de l'islam, de Janine Sourdel et Dominique Sourdel, édition PUF.
 Ahmad al Maqqari al Tilimsani, Azhar al Riyad fi Akhbar al Qadi 'Ayyad (biography and works of Qadi Ayyad), 5 volumes
 "Qadi Iyad's Rebellion against the Almohads in Sabtah (A. H. 542–543/A. D. 1147–1148) New Numismatic Evidence", by Hanna E. Kassis, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 103, No. 3 (July–Septempber, 1983), pp. 504–514

External links
 Islamophile.org, extensive article on his life and work, in French
 His grave, the Koubba Cadi Ayyad, near Bab Aylen in Marrakesh  Cadi Ayyad Ben Moussa : les tombeaux de Marrakech

1083 births
1149 deaths
11th-century Arab people
12th-century Arab people
12th-century Arabic-language writers
12th-century jurists
12th-century Moroccan historians
12th-century writers from al-Andalus
Historians from the Almohad Caliphate
Asharis
Genealogists
Hadith scholars
Malikis
People from Ceuta


Li Yan (born July 17, 1980) is a Chinese professional racing cyclist.

Career highlights

 2005
 2005–2006 World Cup
 2nd, Points race, Manchester

 2006
 2005–2006 World Cup
 3rd, Points race, Los Angeles
 2006–2007 World Cup
 3rd, Points race, Sydney
 Asian Games, Doha
 1st, Points race

 2007
 2007–2008 World Cup
 2nd, Points race, Sydney

 2008
 2007–2008 World Cup
 3rd, Points race, Los Angeles

External links

1980 births
Living people
Chinese female cyclists
Chinese track cyclists
Cyclists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists for China
Place of birth missing (living people)
Asian Games medalists in cycling
Cyclists at the 2006 Asian Games
Asian Games gold medalists for China
Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
21st-century Chinese women


The men's 100 meter team running deer, single shots was a shooting sports event held as part of the Shooting at the 1920 Summer Olympics programme. It was the third appearance for the event.  The competition was held on 27 July 1920. 20 shooters from four nations competed.

Results

The scores of the five shooters were summed to give a team score.

References

External links
 Official Report

Shooting at the 1920 Summer Olympics
100 meter running deer at the Olympics


Gary John Blackwood (born 6 June 1951) is a former Australian politician. He was a Liberal Party member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly between November 2006 and November 2022, representing the electorate of Narracan.

Early life
Blackwood was born and raised in Warragul. He studied economics and politics at Monash Teachers College (later Rusden State College), but after a year of national service in 1972, followed his father into the timber industry, operating his own timber transport and harvesting business from 1973 to 2003. He served as the chief executive officer of the Victorian Forest Harvesting and Cartage Council from 2003 until his election to parliament in 2006.

Political career
Blackwood first became involved in politics in 1992, when he was elected for a term as a councillor for the Rural City of Warragul. He was the campaign manager for Russell Broadbent during his successful bid for the federal seat of McMillan at the 1996 federal election and for the failed Liberal campaign in Narracan at the 2002 state election. Blackwood returned to local politics in 2003, with his election as a Shire of Baw Baw councillor, a role he held until his election to parliament. He was also involved in his local branch, serving as treasurer of the party's Narracan electorate council from 2001 until 2006.

Blackwood was preselected as the Liberal candidate for Narracan at the 2006 state election, and faced a difficult race against two-term incumbent Ian Maxfield, who held the seat with a margin of nearly 7%. Though the Liberals were badly beaten statewide, there was a strong swing against the government in the Gippsland region, and Blackwood achieved a narrow victory in one of the upset results of the election.

In 2010, Blackwood's two-party-preferred result increase his margin to 12.39 points, a swing of 9.74 points. Blackwood also received 56.67% of first preference votes, an increase of 14.64 points and the highest value of any elected member to the seat since its establishment in 1967.

Following the election of the Baillieu government in 2010 Blackwood was appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Forestry and Fisheries due to his experience within the industry. Later, he was appointed to the role of Parliamentary Secretary for Transport in the Napthine Government.

A redistribution saw Narracan's notional margin become 16.00 points before the 2014 Victorian Election. A swing to the Victorian Labor Party saw the seat return to an estimated 12.17-point margin following the defeat of the Napthine Government and Blackwood returned as member for Narracan for a third term. Though there was a swing against the government, Blackwood's first-preference vote remained steady.

Blackwood was challenged for pre selection by Stephanie Ross who is wife of Liberal power broker and alleged branch stacker Marcus Bastiaan Blackwood retained the seat from Ross.  The challenge was seen as an attempt to oust MP aligned with Liberal opposition leader Matthew Guy. Blackwood voted against banning anti-abortion protesters from protesting outside abortion clinics.

In February 2022, Blackwood, along with Matthew Guy, Peter Walsh, David Davis and Melina Bath, were fined $100 each for breaching face mask rules, after the Coalition MPs were photographed maskless while attending an event in Parliament House.

Blackwood announced his retirement from politics on 9 November 2021 and did not contest the 2022 state election.

References

External links
 Parliamentary voting record of Gary Blackwood at Victorian Parliament Tracker

1951 births
Living people
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
People from Warragul
21st-century Australian politicians


USNO or Usno, may refer to:

 United States Naval Observatory
 United Sabah National Organisation, a defunct political party in Malaysia
 United Sabah National Organisation (New), a revived political party in Malaysia
 Usno River, a river in Ethiopia


A payer is a person who makes a payment.

Payer also may refer to:

People
Evariste Payer (1887–1963), Canadian professional hockey player
Chantal Payer (born 1953), Canadian fencer
Helge Payer (born 1979), Austrian international footballer
Imre Payer (1888 – 1957), Hungarian footballer.
Serge Payer (born 1979), Canadian ice hockey player

Places
Payer Island, Franz Josef Land, Russia
Payer Mountains, Queen Maud Land, Antarctica
Payer Peak, a mountain in King Christian X Land, Greenland
Mount Payer, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia

See also
Friedrich von Payer (1847–1931), vice-chancellor of Germany during the last year of World War I
Julius von Payer (1841–1915), best known for the North Pole expedition in 1872–74 and the discovery of Franz Josef Land
Player (disambiguation)
Single payer, a type of universal healthcare


Tin mining in Britain took place from prehistoric times, during Bronze Age Britain, until the 20th century. Mention of tin mining in Britain was made by many Classical writers. Tin is necessary to smelt bronze, an alloy that played a vital cultural role during the Bronze Age. As South-West Britain was one of the few parts of Anglian stage England to escape glaciation, tin ore was readily available on the surface. Originally it is likely that cassiterite alluvial deposits in the gravels of streams were exploited but later underground working took place.  Shallow cuttings were then used to extract ore. In the 19th century advances in mining engineering enabled the exploitation of much deeper mines. In a few cases these mines even extended both to multiple levels and workings below the seabed.

See also
Tin sources and trade in ancient times
Dartmoor tin-mining
Mining in Cornwall and Devon

References

External links

The history of the Count House of Ding Dong Mine, one of the oldest tin mines in Cornwall, where Richard Trevithick carried out his first experiments with high pressure steam.

Tin mining
Mining in the United Kingdom


Sandie Clair (born 1 April 1988) is a French professional racing cyclist and bobsledder. She won her first title in 2005 in the national junior sprint championship. It qualified her for the European junior championship in Fiorenzuola, where she won the sprint and rode the keirin and 500m time trial. She came third in the junior world 500m championship a month later.

She won two medals at the world junior championship in 2006, then at Ghent, won the world championship 500m and came third in the sprint. She rode World Cup meetings throughout 2007 and 2008 and won the team sprint with Clara Sanchez at Cali in 2008.

She came third in the 500m world championship at Manchester in 2008. From 2007 to 2010, she won eight titles at the éspoir level in the European championships, including three in the team sprint with Virginie Cueff.

In 2010, she won four medals, including three at the European éspoir championship in St Petersburg. In November, she won the sprint and team sprint championships at the élite European championship in Pruszków, riding the team sprint with Sanchez.

She represented France at the 2012 Summer Olympics (in the women's team sprint) and the 2016 Summer Olympics (in the women's sprint and the team sprint.)

Palmarès

2005
1st Sprint, French National Track Championships, Juniors
3rd European Championship, Track, Sprint, Juniors (F), Fiorenzuola
3rd 500 m, UCI Track Cycling World Championships, Juniors

2006
2nd 500 m, European Track Championships, Juniors, Athens
3rd Keirin, European Track Championships, Juniors, Athens
1st 500 m, UCI B Track Cycling World Championships, Juniors, Ghent
3rd Sprint, UCI Track Cycling World Championships, Juniors, Ghent
3rd Moscow, Team Sprint (RUS)

2007
1st 500 m, European Track Championships, U23, Cottbus (GER)
3rd Sydney, Team Sprint (AUS)
2nd Beijing, Team Sprint (CHN)

2008
2nd Los Angeles, Team Sprint (USA)
UEC European U23 Track Championships
1st  500m Time Trial
1st  Team Sprint (with Virginie Cueff)
2nd  Keirin

2009
3rd 500m, 2009–2010 Track World Cup
UEC European U23 Track Championships
1st  500m Time Trial
1st  Team Sprint (with Virginie Cueff)

2010
UEC European U23 Track Championships
1st  Keirin
1st  500m Time Trial
1st  Team Sprint (with Virginie Cueff)
3rd  Sprint

2014
Fenioux Piste International
1st Sprint
1st Team sprint (with Virginie Cueff)
2nd Keirin
Fenioux Trophy Piste
1st Sprint
1st 500m Time Trial
GP von Deutschland im Sprint
2nd Team Sprint (with Virginie Cueff)
3rd Sprint
South East Asian GP Track (1)
3rd Keirin
3rd Sprint
3rd Sprint, South East Asian GP Track (2)
South East Asian GP Track (3)
3rd Keirin
3rd Sprint
Grand Prix de Vitesse de Saint-Denis
3rd Keirin
3rd Sprint
3rd Team Sprint, Open des Nations sur Piste de Roubaix (with Virginie Cueff)
2015
Grand Prix de Vitesse de Saint-Denis
1st Keirin
2nd Sprint
2nd Keirin, Revolution - Round 1, Derby
2nd Keirin, Trofeu CAR Anadia Portugal
2016
2nd Sprint, Fenioux Piste International
2017
Fenioux Piste International
1st Keirin
2nd Sprint

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
French female cyclists
French track cyclists
Cyclists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists for France
Sportspeople from Toulon
Cyclists at the 2019 European Games
European Games competitors for France
French female bobsledders
Cyclists from Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur


Christian Community of Universal Brotherhood (CCUB) () was the main spiritual and economic organization of the majority Doukhobors from Russia in Canada, followers of Peter V. Verigin, from the time of their immigration in 1899 until its bankruptcy in 1938. In its corporate form, it was an instrument that allowed its members, known as Community Doukhobors, to have a form of collective ownership of the lands that they lived and worked on, as well as of agricultural and industrial facilities.

History of the name
The name of the Christians of the Universal Brotherhood was used by the Doukhobors to describe themselves even before they left Russian Empire in 1899. It appears, for example, in Leo Tolstoy's article The Emigration of the Doukhobors (April 1898). The name was inspired to Peter V. Verigin from the name of the Brotherhood Church, England, associated with the Tolstoyan movement, after John C. Kenworthy corresponded with him. Verigin explained to his followers in an 1896 letter: "The name 'Doukhobor' is not understood by outsiders ... yet the name 'Christian Community of Universal Brotherhood' will tell more clearly that we look on all men as our brothers, according to the command of the Lord Jesus Christ. ... '

Once in Canada, the Doukhobor immigrants started to use the name of The Christian Community of Universal Brotherhood to identify themselves as a group even before the group leader Peter Verigin joined them in the late 1902.

Throughout the years, the name appeared to be attached to the overall social and economic organization of the Community Doukhobors (i.e., those who owned land and other means of production as a community). It became the official name of the organization when it was officially incorporated on March 25, 1917, and remained in use until its bankruptcy in 1937 and the following liquidation.

First attempts at communal economy in Saskatchewan (1898–1907)
When several thousand Doukhobors refugees arrived to Saskatchewan from Russian Transcaucasian provinces in 1899, the largely agricultural community was faced with deciding what form of settlement, land ownership, and overall economic organization they would choose for their new community. At one end of the range of possibilities, the settlers could become individual homesteaders, each family living on and farming its allotment of , as envisioned in Dominion Lands Act and encouraged by the Canadian authorities. At the other end of the range, people could live in multi-family villages, collectively owning their amalgamated land grants and other resources, and just as collectively working on them and owning the fruits of their work, as was later practiced in kibbutzim. There were, of course, also many intermediate options - as, e.g. in a typical 19th century Russian peasant community, where land was owned collectively, but partitioned (and regularly repartitioned) among families for individual farming.

While the option of individual ownership appealed to wealthier Doukhobors, and was very much encouraged by the authorities, the majority of the Doukhobor settlers, including their elders, expected to live in villages (according to the Russian tradition, which even later Stolypin reform could not successfully destroy) and to own the land collectively, in accordance with the Doukhobor religious belief.  On the practical level, whatever their private beliefs, most of the poorer members of the community simply could not afford to strike out on their own, and would follow the communal-minded leaders.

Thus in practice most of the early Doukhobor economic activity was communal; the earnings of the members were pooled together, and the expenses of each member were paid out of the community budget. In the annual reports of Doukhobor annual meetings
discussing these income and expenses, the name of The Christian Community of Universal Brotherhood was used to designate the overall organization. In the early years (1904, 1906 (Doukhobor Genealogy Website)), these meetings took place in the now-defunct village of Nadezhda, some 10 km of Veregin, Saskatchewan. In May 1906, The New York Times reported of "the first general meeting of the Doukhobor Trading Company", in the same village of Nadezhda. In accordance with the Doukhobor philosophy, the meeting took care not only of the community financial affairs, but also of animal welfare.

The forms of land ownership remained a thorny issue. Against the background of the government requiring the Doukhobors to register individual ownership of land as per the Dominion Lands Act, and the majority of the Doukhobors refusing to do so, their charismatic leader, Peter Vasilevich Verigin, who fortuitously arrived from Siberian exile in the late 1902, proposed a seemingly satisfactory solution in early 1903: asking his followers to register individual ownership, while still in fact owning the resources and working in the land in common.

However, this compromise was not to be long lasting. On the one hand, some zealots in the Doukhobor community felt that even  registration "as a formality only" was against their principles. On the other hand, as Anglos' demand for Saskatchewan land increased, Frank Oliver replaced Clifford Sifton as the Minister of the Interior, the authorities attitude toward Doukhobors become increasingly uncompromising. Soon after assuming office (1905), Frank Oliver demanded that, in order to keep their land, the Doukhobors naturalize as British subjects, swearing the Oath of Allegiance to the Crown. As one of their religious conviction was that one does not swear allegiance to anyone but God, this would be an insurmountable obstacle for many. Toward 1906, the authorities would also start to enforce the Dominion Lands Act rule that the homesteaders actually lived on their individual lots or (as per the "Hamlet Clause") at a village (hamlet) no more than  away from their land.

Migration to British Columbia and Peter V. Verigin's incorporation of CCUB (1908–1924)
The result of the conflict between the communitarian ideals of Verigin's Doukhobors and the policies of the Canadian authorities was that, while the "Independent" Doukhobors (those who had chosen to abide by the individual ownership rules and to naturalize) prospered, the
"Community Doukhobors" lost much of their land by 1907. Verigin solution to this catastrophe was to privately buy land in British Columbia in his own name, and resettle his followers there, in communal villages of their liking. This would obviate both Dominion Lands Act issues (the "village vs. individual homestead" issue and the Oath of Allegiance issue), just like the Hutterites' private purchase of land had done for Hutterites.

Verigin's migration plan was accomplished during several years starting in 1908. A British Columbia Royal Commission report from 1912, describes the social and economic organization of some 5,000 Doukhobors that had arrived to the province at the time in the following way:

The same report quotes correspondence from the "Doukhobor Community located around Nelson and Grand Forks" dated July 1912, in which the community is referred to as "The Christian Community of Universal Brotherhood Doukhobors in Canada".

In 1917, the Doukhobor communities were incorporated as Christian Community of Universal Brotherhood, and the ownership of lands purchased by Verigin was transferred to this organization.
 CCUB Inc. included some land occupied and managed by Independent Doukhobors who were not "followers" of Verigin.

For the next decade, the organization continued to be a commercial success, owning and productively operating agricultural, forestry, and industrial enterprises.

After the death of Verigin
The death of Peter V. Verigin in October 1924 brought about a leadership crisis.

Attempts of Verigin's widow,  Anastasia F. Golubova (1885–1965) ; often spelled in English as Holuboff), who had been Verigin's common-law wife for some 20 years, to lead the community, were supported by only a few hundreds Doukhobors, who in 1926 split from CCUB, forming a breakaway organization called "The Lordly Christian Community of Christian Brotherhood" (). They left British Columbia for Alberta, where the set up their own village, called Anastasyino (Анастасьино) between Arrowwood and Shouldice, which existed until 1943.

These days, only a cemetery 5 miles east of Arrowhead (map) reminds us of the existence of this community, with the sign "Christian Community of Universal Brotherhood."

In the meantime, Peter P. Verigin arrived from the USSR and assumed the leadership of CCUB in 1928.

Bankruptcy
After the bankruptcy of CCUB, Peter P. Verigin reorganized and renamed the falsely sensationalized Community Doukhobors as the "Union of Spiritual Communities of Christ" (USCC) in 1938. Unlike CCUB, this organization had no major economic functions, and only provided spiritual and cultural leadership to its members. It continues in this role to this day.

References

Doukhobors
Religion in Saskatchewan
Religion in British Columbia
Agricultural cooperatives in Canada
Christian organizations established in 1917
Agricultural organizations based in Canada


Translate from :es:Escucha, :an:Escuita

Escucha is a municipality located in the province of Teruel, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2005 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 1,097 inhabitants.

References

Municipalities in the Province of Teruel


Virginie Cueff (born 18 June 1988, in Gouesnou) is a French professional racing cyclist.

Palmarès

2006
2nd Sprint, European Track Championships, Juniors, Athens
3rd 500 m, European Track Championships, Juniors, Athens
2nd European Championship, Track, Scratch, Juniors (F), Athens
3rd Sydney, Team Sprint (AUS)
3rd Moscou, Team Sprint (RUS)
3rd Sydney, Team Sprint (F) (AUS)

2007
3rd 500 m, European Track Championships, U23, Cottbus (GER)

2nd Los Angeles, Team Sprint (F) (USA)

2009
1st Team Sprint, UEC European U23 Track Championships

2010
UEC European U23 Track Championships
1st Team Sprint
2nd  Keirin
2nd  Sprint
3rd  500m Time Trail

2013
3rd Keirin, European Track Championships, Apeldoorn (NED)

2014
South East Asian GP Track (1)
1st Keirin
1st Sprint
South East Asian GP Track (3)
1st Sprint
2nd Keirin
Fenioux Piste International
1st Keirin
1st Team sprint (with Sandie Clair)
2nd Sprint, South East Asian GP Track (2)
Grand Prix de Vitesse de Saint-Denis
2nd Keirin
2nd Sprint
2nd Team Sprint, GP von Deutschland im Sprint (with Sandie Clair)
3rd Sprint, Fenioux Trophy Piste
3rd Team Sprint, Open des Nations sur Piste de Roubaix (with Sandie Clair)

2015
Grand Prix de Vitesse de Saint-Denis
1st Sprint
3rd Keirin
Prova Internacional de Anadia
1st Keirin
1st Sprint
6 giorni delle rose - Fiorenzuola
2nd Sprint
3rd Keirin
2nd Keirin, UEC European Track Championships
3rd Sprint, Trofeu CAR Anadia Portugal
3rd Sprint, Open des Nations sur Piste de Roubaix

2016
1st Sprint, Fenioux Piste International

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
French female cyclists
French track cyclists
Cyclists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists for France
Sportspeople from Finistère
Universiade medalists in cycling
Universiade bronze medalists for France
Medalists at the 2011 Summer Universiade
Cyclists from Brittany


Kaarle McCulloch (born 20 January 1988) is an Australian former professional track cyclist and four time World Champion in the team sprint. She also won three golds at the Commonwealth Games and an Olympic bronze medal. She qualified for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics and rode in two events, the Women's Keirin where she came ninth, and the Women's Sprint where she came thirteenth.

Early years
McCulloch grew up in Gymea New South Wales. She was a promising middle-distance runner and won middle-distance championships in the 400 metres and 800 metres events when she was 14,15 and 16.

When she was 17 her motivation in track and field waned and she turned to cycling to reinvigorate her Olympic dream. Her step-father Ken Bates introduced her to track cycling. She rose through the ranks quickly eventually competing at the UCI Junior Track World Championships.

McCulloch honed her cycling skills at the St George Cycling Club where she was supported by her sporting family. Each of the McCulloch siblings pursued their own sporting dreams. Her younger sister, Abbey McCulloch, is a netball player. She captained New South Wales Swifts. Kaarle and Abbey both attended Endeavour Sports High School. Her younger brother Jack also rode for St George Cycling Club.

Achievements
McCulloch was part of the Australian sprint team that won bronze at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

At the 2010 Commonwealth Games she won a gold medal in the Team sprint and a silver medal in the 500m Time Trial.

McCulloch took a break from cycling following the London Olympics due a knee injury, missing the 2014 Commonwealth Games. In 2016 she missed selection for the Rio Olympics due to a contentious decision to send former teammate Anna Meares.

McCulloch returned for the 2018 Commonwealth Games winning Gold in the 500m Time Trial and Team Sprint and Silver in the Keiran and Bronze in the Sprint.

She retired from competition in November 2021.

She has a university degree in Personal Development, Health and Physical Education (PDHPE) teaching.

In February 2022 she was appointed as Podium Women’s Sprint Coach for the Great Britain Cycling Team, replacing Jan van Eijden, who left the role in November 2021.

Palmarès

2006
Australian National Track Championships – Juniors
1st 500m Time Trial
1st Sprint
3rd Keirin
2nd Team Sprint, Australian National Track Championships, Adelaide – Elite
3rd Track World Championships, Ghent – Juniors
Oceania Games
3rd 500m Time Trial
3rd Sprint, Oceania Games
2007
2nd Team Sprint, World Cup, Los Angeles
Australian National Track Championships
3rd 500m Time Trial
2nd Team Sprint
Oceania Cycling Championships
3rd Sprint
1st Keirin
1st Team Sprint
1st 500m Time Trial, European Championship
2nd Team Sprint, World Cup Sydney
2008
3rd Team Sprint, World Cup, Los Angeles
2009
1st Team Sprint (with Anna Meares), 2009–2010 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics, Manchester
1st Team sprint, 2008–09 UCI Track Cycling World Ranking
2010
1st Team Sprint, Track World Championships
Commonwealth Games
1st Team Sprint
2nd 500m Time Trial
2011
1st Team Sprint (with Anna Meares), UCI Track World Championships
2012
3rd Team Sprint, Olympic Games
2nd Team Sprint (with Anna Meares), UCI Track World Championships
2013
2nd Sprint, Invercargill
2014
Oceania Track Championships
1st  Team Sprint (with Stephanie Morton)
3rd Sprint
2015
Oceania Track Championships
1st  Sprint
1st  500m Time Trial
2nd Sprint, Super Drome Cup
Melbourne Cup on Wheels
3rd Keirin
3rd Sprint
2016
 Oceania Track Championships
1st  Sprint
1st  500m time trial
ITS Melbourne DISC Grand Prix
2nd Keirin
3rd Sprint
3rd Sprint, ITS Melbourne Grand Prix
2017
Oceania Track Championships
1st  Team Sprint (with Stephanie Morton)
2nd Sprint
2nd Team Sprint, UCI World Track Championships (with Stephanie Morton)
US Sprint GP
2nd Keirin
3rd Sprint
2nd Sprint, ITS Melbourne – DISC Grand Prix
ITS Melbourne – Hisense Grand Prix
2nd Sprint
2nd Keirin
Austral
3rd Keirin
3rd Sprint
3rd Keirin, Fastest Man on Wheels
3rd Sprint, Keirin Cup / Madison Cup
2018
Commonwealth Games
1st Team Sprint (with Stephanie Morton)
1st 500m Time Trial
2nd Keirin
3rd Sprint

References

External links

1988 births
Living people
Australian female cyclists
Sportswomen from New South Wales
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Australia
Cyclists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
UCI Track Cycling World Champions (women)
Australian Institute of Sport cyclists
Cyclists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists for Australia
Olympic medalists in cycling
Olympic bronze medalists for Australia
New South Wales Institute of Sport alumni
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Cyclists from Sydney
Commonwealth Games medallists in cycling
People educated at Endeavour Sports High School
Australian track cyclists
Cyclists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Australian cycling coaches
Medallists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games


Raimonds Laizāns (born 5 August 1964) is a former Latvian football goalkeeper who played for Latvia national football team in the 1990s.

Club playing career
Raimonds Laizāns started playing football at the Daugava sports school in Riga at the age of 13. In 1980 with Progress Rīga he won the silver medals of the Latvian league and in 1983 debuted for the strongest Latvian club - Daugava Rīga. However his career with Daugava never really got off - Aleksandrs Kulakovs was in his prime years and the best Laizāns could hope for was being back-up to Kulakovs. From 1985 to 1987 Laizāns played with Zvejnieks Liepāja, then went to the Ukraine - first to Volyn Lutsk with which he won the Ukrainian league in 1989, then - to FC Karpaty Lviv.

After the 1991/1992 season in Ukraine he returned to Latvia and joined Skonto FC. In the first year Laizāns played significantly less than Oļegs Grišins but from 1993 to 1996 he was the undisputed number one goalkeeper in the club which was without a doubt the strongest in Latvia. From 1994 to 1996 Laizāns was selected the best goalkeeper in Virslīga. In 1997 Laizāns started experiencing a competition from the club's second goalkeeper - Aleksandrs Koliņko (both played 12 matches in the Latvian Virslīga). And after that season Laizāns left Skonto for Fakel Voronezh in the 1st Russian league. The season was good for Laizāns - he played 39 of 42 matches with Fakel, but for the club it wasn't especially good - 10th place in the league. In 1999 Laizāns returned to Latvia again and joined Policijas FK. After one season with Policijas FK Laizāns retired from active football.

National team playing career
In early nineties when Latvia regained independence and its national team debuted in international matches there were two main contenders for the number one goalkeeper spot in Latvia - Laizāns and Oļegs Karavajevs. Laizāns got the honor of playing the first Latvia official game - against Romania on 8 April 1992. Karavajevs was the one who usually played the most important matches and who played for Latvia in its most historic matches but Laizāns usually got a chance to play in friendlies and in the Baltic Cup.

Laizāns last match for Latvia came in 1998 as it lost 0:3 in a friendly game against Tunisia. In total he made 31 international appearances for Latvia.

After retiring from active football Laizāns took over the youth squad of Skonto FC, and as of January 2008 he is the chairman of JFK Olimps Rīga.

Raimonds Laizāns is not a relative of another former Daugava Rīga goalkeeper Laimonis Laizāns and of Latvia international footballer Juris Laizāns.

Honours
 Champion of Latvia
6 (1992–1997)
 Latvian Cup winner
2 (1995, 1997)
 Best Goalkeeper in the Latvian League (3):
1994, 1995, 1996
 Champion of Ukraine
1 (1989)
 Baltic Cup
 1 (1993)

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
Latvian men's footballers
Latvia men's international footballers
Latvian expatriate men's footballers
FC Daugava Riga players
FC Karpaty Lviv players
Skonto FC players
FC Fakel Voronezh players
Latvian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine
Latvian expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine
Ukrainian Premier League players
Footballers from Riga
Men's association football goalkeepers
Soviet men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
FK Liepājas Metalurgs players
FC Volyn Lutsk players
JFK Olimps players