Edmund Sharpe (31 October 1809 – 8 May 1877) was an English architect, architectural historian, railway engineer, and sanitary reformer.  Born in Knutsford, Cheshire, he was educated first by his parents and then at schools locally and in Runcorn, Greenwich and Sedbergh.  Following his graduation from Cambridge University he was awarded a travelling scholarship, enabling him to study architecture in Germany and southern France. In 1835 he established an architectural practice in Lancaster, initially working on his own.  In 1845 he entered into partnership with Edward Paley, one of his pupils.  Sharpe's main focus was on churches, and he was a pioneer in the use of terracotta as a structural material in church building, designing what were known as "pot" churches, the first of which was St Stephen and All Martyrs' Church, Lever Bridge.

He also designed secular buildings, including residential buildings and schools, and worked on the development of railways in north-west England, designing bridges and planning new lines.  In 1851 he resigned from his architectural practice, and in 1856 he moved from Lancaster, spending the remainder of his career mainly as a railway engineer, first in North Wales, then in Switzerland and southern France.  Sharpe returned to England in 1866 to live in Scotforth near Lancaster, where he designed a final church near to his home.

While working in his architectural practice, Sharpe was involved in Lancaster's civic affairs.  He was an elected town councillor and served as mayor in 1848–49.  Concerned about the town's poor water supply and sanitation, he championed the construction of new sewers and a waterworks.  He was a talented musician, and took part in the artistic, literary, and scientific activities in the town. Also an accomplished sportsman, he took an active interest in archery, rowing and cricket.

Sharpe achieved national recognition as an architectural historian.  He published books of detailed architectural drawings, wrote a number of articles on architecture, devised a scheme for the classification of English Gothic architectural styles, and in 1875 was awarded the Royal Gold Medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects. He was critical of much of the restoration of medieval churches that had become a major occupation of contemporary architects. Towards the end of his career Sharpe organised expeditions to study and draw buildings in England and France.  While on such an expedition to Italy in 1877, he was taken ill and died.  His body was taken to Lancaster, where he was buried.  Sharpe's legacy consists of about 40 extant churches; railway features, including the Conwy Valley Line and bridges on what is now the Lancashire section of the West Coast Main Line; and his archive of architectural books, articles and drawings.

Early life

Edmund Sharpe was born on 31 October 1809 at Brook Cottage, Brook Street in Knutsford, Cheshire, the first child of Francis and Martha Sharpe.  His father, a peripatetic music teacher and organist at Knutsford parish church, came from Stamford in Lincolnshire.  At the time of marriage his wife, Martha Whittaker, was on the staff of an academy for young ladies, Belvedere House, in Bath, Somerset. During his childhood in Knutsford, the young Edmund played with Elizabeth Stevenson, the future Mrs Gaskell. In 1812 the Sharpe family moved across town from Over Knutsford to a farm in Nether Knutsford called Heathside, when Francis Sharpe then worked as both farmer and music teacher.  Edmund was initially educated by his parents, but by 1818 he was attending a school in Knutsford.  Two years later he was a boarder at a school near Runcorn, and in 1821 at Burney's Academy in Greenwich. Edmund's father died suddenly in November 1823, aged 48, and his mother moved to Lancaster with her family, where she later resumed her teaching career.

Edmund continued his education at Burney's Academy, and became head boy. In August 1827 he moved to Sedbergh School (then in the West Riding of Yorkshire, now in Cumbria), where he remained for two years. In November 1829 he entered St John's College, Cambridge as a Lupton scholar. At the end of his course in 1832 he was awarded a Worts Travelling Bachelorship by the University of Cambridge, which enabled him to travel abroad for three years' study.  At this time his friend from Lancaster at Trinity College, William Whewell, was Professor of Mineralogy. John Hughes, Edmund Sharpe's biographer, is of the opinion that Whewell was influential in gaining this award for Sharpe. Edmund graduated BA in 1833, and was admitted to the degree of MA in 1836. During his time abroad he travelled in Germany and southern France, studying Romanesque and early Gothic architecture. He had intended to travel further into northern France, but his tour was curtailed in Paris owing to "fatigue and illness". Edmund returned home to Lancaster late in 1835, having by then decided to become an architect. In December he wrote a letter to William Whewell saying that he had "finally determined to adopt the Profession of Architecture".  Some sources state that Sharpe was articled to the architect Thomas Rickman. Sharpe did visit Rickman for a few days in 1832 and corresponded with him later. He may have been "acting as a research assistant" while on the Continent, but Hughes states "there is no evidence to suggest that Sharpe spent more time with Rickman, or served any kind of formal apprenticeship with him".

Architect

Lancaster practice

Edmund Sharpe started his practice at the end of 1835 in his mother's house in Penny Street, moving into premises in Sun Street in 1838. In October that year he took as his pupil Edward Graham Paley, then aged 15. Later in 1838 Sharpe took a house in St Leonard's Gate large enough to accommodate himself and Paley; the practice continued to use the premises in Sun Street until after Sharpe's retirement. In 1841 Thomas Austin also joined the practice as a pupil, staying until 1852 when he left to set up on his own as an architect in Newcastle upon Tyne. In 1845 Sharpe made Paley a partner, and in 1847 effectively handed the business over to him. At about this time also, John Douglas joined the firm as Paley's assistant, and stayed with the firm until about 1859, when he moved to Chester to establish his own practice. Sharpe retired completely from the practice in 1851, leaving Paley as sole principal. Also in 1851 Paley married Sharpe's sister, Frances.

Churches

In his letter of December 1835 to William Whewell, Sharpe also mentioned that plans for at least one church, St Mark's at Witton, west of Blackburn, were already well advanced, and that he was working towards another one, St Saviour's near Bamber Bridge, south of Preston.  In addition, he was in contact with the Earl of Derby with a view to designing a church for him near his seat at Knowsley, northeast of Liverpool.

Four of Sharpe's earliest churches – St Saviour, Bamber Bridge (1836–37);  St Mark, Witton (1836–38);.  Christ Church, Chatburn (1837–38); and St Paul, Farington, near Leyland (1839–40) – were in the Romanesque style, which he chose because "no style can be worked so cheap as the Romanesque".  They "turned out to be little more than rectangular 'preaching boxes'... with no frills and little ornamentation; and many of them were later enlarged".  The only subsequent churches in which Sharpe used Romanesque elements were the chapel of All Saints, Marthall, near Knutsford (1839); St Mary, Conistone in Wharfedale (1846); and St Paul, Scotforth in south Lancaster (1874), the last built towards the end of his life.

By 1838 Sharpe had begun to experiment with elements of English Gothic architecture, initially in the Early English style and in particular the lancet window, dating from the early 12th century or earlier.  The first church he built in this style was St John the Evangelist, Cowgill, Dent, (1837–38), followed closely by Holy Trinity, Howgill (1837–38), and then by several others in the same style.  He was soon incorporating elements from later styles of English Gothic architecture, and by 1839 was designing churches using Perpendicular features, as at St Peter, Stainforth (1839–42), St John the Baptist, Bretherton, and St Peter, Mawdesley (both 1839–40).

Sharpe was one of the architects who designed churches for the Church Building Commission, which had been established by the Church Building Acts of 1818 and 1824. The resulting churches have been called Commissioners' churches, and were built to provide places of worship in newly populated areas.  Sharpe designed six churches for the Commission: St John, Dukinfield, St George, Stalybridge (both 1838–40), St John the Baptist, Bretherton, St Paul, Farington, St Catharine, Scholes (near Wigan; 1839–41), and Holy Trinity, Blackburn (1837–46).He is also credited with the design of St. Bridgets, Beckermet, Cumberland (1842–43).

Although some architects designed the earlier Commissioners' churches in neoclassical style, most were in Gothic Revival style.  The earliest of the Gothic Revival churches were based loosely on the Early English style, with single or paired lancet windows between buttresses in the sides of the church, and stepped triple lancets at the east end.  Others were in a "stilted Perpendicular" style, with "thin west towers, thin buttresses, fat pinnacles, and interiors with three galleries and plaster vaults".  These features were only loosely derived from medieval Gothic architecture, and were not true representations of it.  A major influence on the subsequent development of the Gothic Revival was AWN Pugin (1812–52) and, influenced by him, the Cambridge Camden Society (later named the Ecclesiological Society).  Among other things, they argued that not only should Gothic be the only right and proper style for churches, but that their features should be accurate representations of that style; they should be "correct" Gothic features, rather than being loosely derived from the style.  The term "pre-archaeological" was used to describe churches designed using features only loosely derived from true Gothic.

Sharpe's early Gothic Revival works were pre-archaeological, including Holy Trinity, Blackburn, built in 1837–46 for Revd JW Whittaker.  Hughes expresses the opinion that this church is Sharpe's pièce de resistance, it contains "a mongrel mix of Gothic styles".  Simultaneously Sharpe was involved in the design of about twelve more churches in Northwest England, which increasingly incorporated more "correct" Gothic features. In 1841 he obtained a contract to build three churches and associated structures (vicarages and schools) for the Weaver Navigation Trustees, at Weston Point, Runcorn; Castle, Northwich; and Winsford.  All three were in Cheshire, and built between 1841 and 1844.  Between 1835 and 1842 Sharpe designed about 30 new churches in Lancashire and Cheshire, all to a low budget, and all to a degree pre-archaeological.  In 1843 Sharpe was able to fulfil his promise to build a church for the Earl of Derby; this was St Mary, Knowsley, which was completed and consecrated the following year.  It is described by Hughes as "one of Sharpe's loveliest creations".  About the same time he designed a new steeple for St Michael, Kirkham; the steeple and St Mary's Church contained much more in the way of "correct" Gothic features, and both were praised by the Camden Society in The Ecclesiologist.

In the early 1840s Sharpe was invited by John Fletcher, his future brother-in-law, to build a church near Fletcher's home in Little Bolton.  Fletcher was the owner of a coal mine at Ladyshore, Little Lever, overlooking the River Irwell and the Manchester, Bolton & Bury Canal.  He had been using the clay which came up with the coal to make refractory bricks for furnaces, and suggested its use for building the church, as it was much cheaper than stone. Sharpe then designed the first church in England to be built, in whole or in part, from this material (terracotta), St Stephen and All Martyrs, Lever Bridge (1842–44).  As terracotta is commonly used to make plant pots and the like, Sharpe himself called this church, and its two successors, "the pot churches", a nickname that has stuck.  The advantages of terracotta were its cheapness, its sturdiness as a building material, and the fact that it could be moulded into almost any shape.  It could therefore be used for walls, towers, arches, and arcades in a church, for the detailed decoration of capitals and pinnacles, and also, as at St Stephen's, for the furnishings, such as the altar, pulpit, font, organ case, and the pew ends.  Apart from the foundations and the rubble within the walls, St Stephen and All Martyrs was constructed entirely from terracotta.  The following year, a second church was built using the same material, Trinity Church, Rusholme, south of Manchester (1845–46), built and paid for by Thomas Carill-Worsley, who lived at nearby Platt Hall.  In this case, although the exterior is in terracotta, the interior is of plastered brick.  The church was consecrated in June 1846, although at the time work on the spire had not yet started and several other features were incomplete, including the heating, seating, and floor tiling.

Towards the end of his life, Sharpe designed one more church incorporating terracotta, St Paul, Scotforth, Lancaster (1874–76).  For this he returned to the Romanesque style, and used terracotta as a building and a decorative material.  By this time he was living in Scotforth, then a separate village to the south of Lancaster, but now absorbed into the city.  The new church was built within  of his home, and again terracotta was not the only material used.  It is used for the dressings, windows, doorways, the upper part of the tower, and internally for the piers and arches of the aisle arcades, but the walls are of stone.

Other structures
During his time as an architect Sharpe was also involved in the building, repair, and restoration of non-ecclesiastic structures, including houses and bridges.  In 1837 he was appointed bridgemaster for the Hundred of Lonsdale South of the Sands, and in 1839 he supervised the repair of Skerton Bridge over the River Lune in Lancaster. The following year he designed a new bridge over the River Hyndburn at Fournessford, a village to the east of Wray.  He had also been appointed as architect and superintendent of works for Lancaster Castle, the Judges' Lodgings, and the County Lunatic Asylum (later the Lancaster Moor Hospital). For the asylum he designed several new wings and a chapel, followed by extensions to the union workhouse. Sharpe was also involved in designing and altering several domestic buildings.  In 1843 he designed a vicarage in Cockermouth, and the following year he started to remodel Capernwray Hall, a country house northeast of Lancaster.  In the same year he designed the Governor's House for Knutsford Gaol, and in 1845 he re-designed Redmarshall Old Rectory for the Revd Thomas Austin, father of Sharpe's pupil (also named Thomas). Following Paley's becoming a partner in 1845, the pair worked together to design Lee Bridge in Over Wyresdale (1847), to plan the conversion of a disused manor house into the Furness Abbey Hotel (1847), and to arrange the remodelling of Hornby Castle (1847–52). In 1849–50 they planned the rebuilding and enlargement of the Charity School for Girls in Middle Street, Lancaster, followed in 1851 by the National School for Boys in St Leonard's Gate.  The practice then made plans for a new building at Giggleswick School, and new premises for Lancaster Grammar School in Moor Lane, but by then Sharpe was on the point of withdrawing from the practice, and it is likely that most of the designs were prepared by Paley.

Architectural historian

Sharpe studied and wrote about ecclesiastical architecture throughout his adult life, both sketching and measuring historical churches and ruins.  This resulted in a systematic series of published drawings in twelve parts between 1845 and 1847 entitled Architectural Parallels, containing measured drawings of abbey churches in the early Gothic style, and reissued as a single work in 1848.  Sharpe intended to produce a further version with text, but this never transpired.  Also in 1848 a Supplement to Architectural Parallels, was published, containing yet more detailed drawings. Simultaneously, Sharpe had produced the two-volume work Decorated Windows, the first volume being published in 1845, and the second in 1849.  The work, which was praised by the art critic John Ruskin in The Stones of Venice, consisted largely of drawings by Sharpe's pupils – Paley, Austin, and R. J. Withers – with text by Sharpe describing and analysing the tracery of Gothic windows.

In 1851 Sharpe published a monograph entitled The Seven Periods of English Architecture, a small book of about 50 pages suggesting a new scheme for classifying the styles of English ecclesiastical architecture "from the Heptarchy to the Reformation". It was intended to replace the scheme then in use, which had been proposed in 1817 by Thomas Rickman. Rickman had divided English architecture into "four distinct periods, or styles" which he termed "Norman", "Early English", "Decorated English", and "Perpendicular English". The Norman style lasting until about 1189, was characterised by its arches usually being semicircular, although sometimes pointed; the ornamentation was "bold and rude". The Early English style, continuing to about 1307, was distinguished by its pointed arches and long narrow windows without mullions.  He called the characteristic ornamentation "toothed" because it resembled the teeth of the shark. The following period, the Decorated English lasted until 1377, or possibly 10–15 years later, was characterised by large windows with pointed arches containing mullions, and with tracery "in flowing lines forming circles, arches and other figures".  There was much ornamentation, carved very delicately. The final period identified by Rickman, the Perpendicular English, lasted until as long as 1630 or 1640.  This was distinguished by the mullions and the "ornamental panellings" running in perpendicular lines.  The ornamentation was in many cases "so crowded as to destroy the beauty of the design".  The carving was again "very delicately executed".

In his classification, Sharpe first identified two main classes, according to whether the arches were "circular" or "pointed".  The class characterised by the circular arch was the Romanesque class; that by the pointed arch was the Gothic.  He divided the Romanesque class into two periods by date rather than by stylistic differences, the dividing date being 1066; this divided the "Saxon" from the "Norman" stage. Whereas Rickman allowed pointed arches when they occurred in the same building as round arches in his Norman period, Sharpe separated buildings that contained both types of arches into a separate intermediate style, the "Transitional". When it came to the Gothic class, Sharpe identified four styles, in contrast to Rickman's three, using the windows to differentiate between them.  The earliest style was characterised by windows resembling a lancet "in its length, breadth, and principal proportions".  These windows might be single, or in groups of two, three, five, or seven.  This style he termed the "Lancet Period". During the next period, tracery appeared in the windows, and originally consisted of simple geometric forms, in particular the circle.  This period he called the "Geometrical Period". Later the tracery became more complex, including the ogee curve; the characteristic feature being the "sinuosity of form" in the windows and elsewhere.  This Sharpe termed the "Curvilinear Period". Finally, the transom appeared in the windows, and the curved line in the tracery became replaced by straight lines, an "angularity of form", and a "square edge was preferred".  This style he named the "Rectilinear Period". The approximate dates Sharpe gave for his periods were, following 1066, the Norman Period up to 1145, the Transitional Period to 1190, the Lancet Period to 1245, the Geometrical Period to 1315, the Curvilinear Period to 1360, and the Rectilinear Period to 1550.

In comparing the two classifications, Sharpe divides Rickman's Norman period into two, the Norman and the Transitional periods.  Then Rickman has three Gothic periods in contrast to Sharpe's four.  Comparing the descriptions of the styles and, approximately, the dates, Sharpe's Lancet Period corresponds generally with Rickman's Early English; and Sharpe's Rectilinear Period with Rickman's Perpendicular English.  This leaves Rickman's Decorated English style divided into two periods by Sharpe according to the complexity of the tracery, the Geometrical and the Curvilinear Periods. Following the publication of the monograph, Sharpe read a paper to the Royal Institute of British Architects describing his system.  The monograph and the paper led to "a bitter controversy". The debate between Sharpe and his followers on one side and supporters of Rickman's scheme on the other was published as a series of letters to the journal The Builder until the editor called a halt to the correspondence.

In the same year as Sharpe's short book, An Essay on the Origin and Development of Window Tracery in England, a much larger work on essentially the same subject, was published by the distinguished historian Edward Augustus Freeman, which proposed the terms "Flowing" and "Flamboyant" (the later already in use in France) where Sharpe used "Curvilinear".  Although Rickman's scheme remains in general use, despite recognition of its deficiencies, Sharpe's terms "Geometrical" and "Curvilinear" are very often used in addition to distinguish styles or phases within Rickman's "Decorated".  They were used by Francis Bond in his 1905 book Gothic Architecture in England, and are used in various recent works including the Pevsner Architectural Guides.

In 1869 Sharpe joined the Architectural Association, established in 1847 "by a group of dissatisfied young architects ... to provide a self-directed, independent education at a time when there was no formal training available". He then proposed and organised a series of six annual expeditions to study and draw buildings in different areas, which took place between 1870 and 1875.  In 1870 the expedition was to Lincoln, Sleaford, and Spalding; in 1871 to Ely, Lynn, and Boston; the following year to Stamford, Oundle, Wellingborough, and Northampton; and in 1873 to Grantham, Newark, Southwell, Ashbourne, and Lichfield. The final two expeditions were to France: in 1874 to the northern part of the country, visiting places around Paris including Soissons, Laon, Rheims, and Chartres; the following year it was to the Charente district of southwest France, including Angoulême. In 1876 Sharpe gave a lecture on this expedition in London, linking the architecture of the region with Byzantine architecture elsewhere. Following Sharpe's death in 1877 the Association complied with his wish that the expeditions should be continued; and in 1882 it published Charente: In Memory of Edmund Sharpe, 1875.

Having been a fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects since 1848, Sharpe was awarded its Royal Gold Medal in 1875.  This was presented to him by Sir George Gilbert Scott, largely in recognition of his writings. In addition to those recorded above they include: The Architectural History of St Mary's Church, New Shoreham (1861), An Account of the Churches visited during the Lincoln Excursion of the Architectural Association (1871), The Mouldings of the Six Periods of British Architecture from the Conquest to the Reformation (1871–74), The Ornamentation of the Transitional Period of British Architecture AD 1145–90 (1871), The Ornamentation of the Transitional Period in Central Germany (1877), and The Churches of the Nene Valley, Northamptonshire (published posthumously in 1880). Other writings by Sharpe were published in The Builder and The Architect.  He also delivered papers to the Architectural Association, and to the Royal Institute of British Architects. Among other subjects, he argued for restraint in the use of colour in the decoration of churches, in the painting of walls and the stonework, and in the stained glass. He was very critical of recent restorations of medieval churches, which had been a major occupation of architects during the previous 20 years, and was particularly caustic about the removal of whitewash from the interior of churches, and the damage thus caused to the underlying stonework. Between January 1874 and February 1875 Sharpe published The Architecture of the Cistercians, which dealt in considerable detail with the design and functions of Cistercian monasteries built in the 12th and 13th centuries in Britain and in Europe, most of which he had visited. In addition, Sharpe attended several meetings of the Archaeological Institute, and was a Vice-President of the British Archaeological Association.

Railway developer and engineer

England

While Sharpe was designing churches, he was augmenting his income by working as a sub-contractor in building railways.  These were the lines between Lancaster and Preston, Lancaster and Skipton, and between Liverpool and Southport.  He first became involved with the Lancaster and Preston Junction Railway in 1838, two years after Joseph Locke was appointed as engineer for the line. Sharpe submitted a tender to supply the masonry work for the "Lancaster Contract", the northern section of the line; and Peter Perry from Durham submitted a tender for the earthwork.  Locke insisted that both earthwork and masonry work should be under one contract, which Perry accepted and subcontracted the masonry work to Sharpe. Subsequently, Perry reneged on his part of the contract, resulting in serious disputes between Sharpe, Locke, and the directors of the railway company concerning the costs involved and the quality of the work.  The masonry for this section of the line included 15 under-and-over bridges and the six-arch viaduct over the River Conder at Galgate.  The eventual outcome of the conflict was that Sharpe was dismissed from the work in 1839 with agreed financial compensation, having built most but not all of these structures.

Sharpe's next venture into railway building came in 1845 when, with others, he promoted the building of a cross-country line from Lancaster to Skipton to join the Midland Railway in the West Riding of Yorkshire.  This became known as the "Little" North Western Railway ("L"NWR), with projected branches joining the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway (then under construction) at points near Milnthorpe and Orton.  In the event the Milnthorpe branch was dropped during the committee stage of the passage through Parliament of the enabling Bill, leaving the Lancaster and Orton branches intact, parting at Ingleton and making much use of the Lune Valley.

About this time, the amount of trade handled by the Port of Lancaster was declining, largely owing to silting up of the River Lune.  In May 1842 Sharpe had been elected a Port Commissioner, and later proposed what became the Morecambe Bay Harbour Project.  This planned to build a new port at Poulton-le-Sands (soon to become part of Morecambe), and link it to Lancaster by means of a ship canal.  After prolonged discussion this proved to be too expensive, and it was agreed to link Lancaster and Morecambe by railway rather than by canal.  An Act for the creation of the Morecambe Harbour and Railway Company (MH&R) received Royal assent in July 1846, the revised plan being to link this line to the "L"NWR at Green Ayre, in the northern part of Lancaster next to the River Lune.  A clause in the Act allowed the MH&R to be sold to the "L"NWR, which took place in October. The parts played by Sharpe in all of this financial manoeuvring were conflicting and complex: he was simultaneously a Port Commissioner, a Town Councillor, a member of the board of the Morecambe Bay Harbour Company, and Secretary to the "L"NWR. In 1847, near the Morecambe terminus of the railway, Sharpe laid the first stone of the North Western Hotel (later the Midland), which he (or more probably Paley) had designed. In April that year Sharpe had resigned as Secretary to the "L"NWR to enable him to tender for building the line from Morecambe to Wennington, a village north-east of Lancaster near to the Yorkshire border. His tender of £100,000 (equivalent to £ as of ) for the line (excluding the bridge over the River Lune at Green Ayre) was accepted.  He also gained the contract for building the harbour. In June 1848 the section of line from Lancaster to Morecambe was opened, and by October 1849 the ten-mile section from Lancaster to Wennington was completed. In September Sharpe had also resigned as a director of the "L"NWR to become its traffic manager, and was then contracted to manufacture and supply rolling stock for the railway, something for which he had neither expertise nor previous experience.  By February 1851 the line was experiencing difficulties, its traffic being less than expected and its costs rising; and in December Sharpe was given notice that his contract with the company would be curtailed the following month.

Sharpe then turned his attention to the Liverpool, Crosby and Southport Railway (LCSR) and acted as its company secretary.  When in 1854 the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway discontinued leasing its rolling stock to the LCSR, Sharpe arranged the manufacture of its own locomotives and carriages. Also in 1854 he submitted proposals for a branch line running from Bootle to the North Docks in Liverpool, part of which was built in March 1855, though the project was never completed.

North Wales

In early 1856 Sharpe moved with his family to Llanrwst, North Wales with the intention of building a railway along the Conwy Valley. The prospectus for a line running from Conwy to Llanrwst was published in 1858, with Sharpe named as its engineer.  The intention for the full line was to build it from the Chester and Holyhead Railway to Betws-y-Coed, passing through Llanrwst; it would be  long, with a gauge of . A series of discussions and negotiations followed, resulting in changes to the route of the line from the west to the east side of the river, building it to the standard gauge (4 ft 8½in (1,435mm)), and running from Conwy only as far as Llanrwst. Construction started on 27 August 1860, and the railway was opened on 17 June 1863.  An extension of the line to Betws-y-Coed was completed in 1868, but by this time Sharpe and his family had moved to Geneva.

Abroad
In 1860 a horse-drawn tramway had been built by Charles Burn, an Englishman, in Switzerland between Geneva and Carouge, a distance of about .  This proved to be a success, and Burn planned to build more lines. In 1863 he was joined by Sharpe as a partner, but after a short time of working together the partnership was dissolved, and Sharpe continued with the project alone. By March 1864 a line from the centre of Geneva to Chêne-Bougeries, a distance of about  was under construction, to an innovative design.  The line to Carouge had two grooved rails.  Sharpe's line had two flat rails, with a third grooved rail between them, along which ran a wheel allowing the tram to be steered. The wheel could also be raised to permit the tram to deviate from the track to pass around obstacles, or come to the pavement.  This line was Sharpe's sole venture in Switzerland.

In August 1863 Sharpe was granted the concession for building a railway line in southern France from Perpignan to Prades in the Pyrenees, a distance of . Work on the line began in 1865, but proceeded very slowly; progress was blocked by local landowners, legal processes, and financial problems.  Sharpe was managing the project largely from Paris, through a series of agents.  By the latter part of 1864 the stress was adversely affecting his health, so in 1865 he spent some time in Italy to recuperate.  Following his return the difficulties continued to mount, and in 1867 he renounced his concession. The line was eventually taken over by the State, and was not fully completed until about 1877.  At some point Sharpe bought property and iron ore mines along the route of the line.

Civic life and sanitary reform

Concurrently with designing churches and building railways, Sharpe was heavily involved in the civic life of Lancaster, particularly in pioneering sanitary reform.  By political persuasion he was a Conservative, and in 1837 he joined the local Heart of Oak Club, the core of the Lancaster Conservative Association. He was elected a town councillor for Castle Ward in 1841, a post he held for ten years, and in 1843 was appointed the town council's representative on the local Police Commission.  He was also a visitor to the national schools, and in November 1848 he was elected as mayor for year, at that time a position more like that of a "chief magistrate". Through these offices he became aware of the unsatisfactory state of sanitation in the town, and resolved to improve it. The town was overcrowded, it suffered from poor housing, open sewers, overflowing cesspits, and a very poor water supply, mainly from wells polluted by infiltration.  Many people suffered from typhus, and in 1848 there was an outbreak of cholera. The Police Commission had been established in Lancaster in 1825 with a wider role than suggested by its title, including "cleansing, lighting and watching" the town. However, there was constant friction between the Police Commission and the Town Council, the former tending to block any necessary reforms on the grounds of cost to the ratepayers.  The conflict was unresolved until the two bodies merged in 1849. The functions of the new body included the establishment of the first Lancaster Board of Health.

Before, during and after his mayoralty, Sharpe played a major role in promoting sanitary reform, often meeting considerable opposition and needing to use his oratorical, political and persuasive skills to the full. A campaign to deal with the problems had been initiated in 1847 by two Lancaster doctors, Thomas Howitt and Edward Denis de Vitre.  Sharpe joined them, drawing extensively on his experience of having accompanied Professor Richard Owen (born and educated in Lancaster) on his tour of inspection of the town in 1844. In 1848 Robert Rawlinson, also from Lancaster, was appointed as local surveyor, and published a further report that recommended new sewers and drains and the construction of a waterworks. Although Sharpe agreed in principle with the report, he was not satisfied with its details. Later that year, which was during his mayoralty, he travelled to London with the town clerk and a former mayor to meet representatives of the General Board of Health, including its chairman, Lord Morpeth, and its secretary Edwin Chadwick.  As a result of this meeting, the Board of Health appointed James Smith from Scotland as an inspector, and commissioned him to produce a further report on Lancaster's problems. Smith's investigation took place in January 1849, and his report was received in July. In his conclusions, Smith noted that Lancaster was favourably situated to provide a healthy environment for its inhabitants, and that this could be achieved by "a complete and constant supply of pure and soft water, and ... a thorough system of drainage and sewerage". Subsequently, an Act of Parliament gave approval for these measures to be carried out, and in 1852 royal assent was given for the waterworks to be constructed. Delays, disputes and controversies continued, until the waterworks was eventually opened in 1855, when work on the drainage and sewage systems was already under way.  This enabled underground pipes for the two systems to be laid simultaneously. Sharpe had played a significant part in arranging Queen Victoria's visit to Lancaster in October 1851, and with Paley designed four triumphal arches for the occasion.  He also took part in the proceedings on the day, escorting the Queen, Prince Albert, and the Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VII) to the top of the castle tower.

In 1859 Sharpe was appointed as a Justice of the Peace for Lancashire and for Denbighshire. Shortly after his return to Lancaster in 1866 he again became involved in local politics.  In 1867 the constituency of Lancaster was disfranchised because of corruption, and so lost its two members of parliament. Sharpe wrote a long letter to Benjamin Disraeli (Chancellor of the Exchequer, and responsible for the Reform Act of that year), arguing the case for reinstating Lancaster as a parliamentary constituency, and putting forward his own proposals for electoral reform.  His letter received no reply, and Lancaster remained without parliamentary representation for the next 20 years.

Personal and family life

On 27 July 1843 Sharpe married Elizabeth Fletcher, second sister of John Fletcher, at Bolton Parish Church. The couple had five children: Francis in 1845, Edmund junior (known as Ted) in 1847, Emily in 1849, Catherine (known as Kate) in 1850, and Alfred in 1853.

When Sharpe moved his family from Lancaster to live in North Wales in early 1856 he was aged 47.  The seven years he spent there were later described, in a Memoir published in 1882 by the Architectural Association, as "perhaps the happiest years of his life". The family initially lived in a semi-detached house called Bron Haul near Betws-y-Coed, on what is now the A5 road.  Two years later he bought a larger property called Coed-y-Celyn on the east bank of the River Lledr, about a mile south of Betws-y-Coed. After moving to Geneva, the family lived for about three years in a rented property called Richemont on the road from Geneva to Chêne-Bougeries. Finally in 1866 the family moved back to Lancaster to live in Scotforth, then a small village to the south of the town.

Elizabeth Sharpe died on 15 March 1876, a month after the consecration of St Paul, Scotforth where a plaque to her memory can be found in the chancel of the church. A year later, Sharpe travelled to northern Italy with his two daughters, his youngest son Alfred, and three research assistants, to make drawings of 12th-century churches in the region. During the trip he became seriously ill with a chest infection and died on 8 May, in or near Milan.  His body was taken to Lancaster, where he was buried on 19 May, alongside his wife, in the municipal cemetery.  "Glowing obituaries" were carried by the local newspapers and the architectural press, including The Builder, The Building News, and The Architect. His estate was valued at "under £14,000" (equivalent to £ as of ).  A plaque to his memory was placed in the chancel of St Paul's, next to that of his wife.

Other interests

Throughout his life, Sharpe took an interest in sport, as an active participant and as an organiser. At Cambridge, he was a member of the Lady Margaret Boat Club, and coxed the college boat. Back in Lancaster, he took up archery, joined the John O'Gaunt Bowmen, played cricket and coxed. In June 1841 he helped to found the Lancaster Lunesdale Cricket Club and the Lancaster Rowing Club. Sharpe was also an accomplished musician, and a member of the committee that organised the Lancaster Choral Society's first concert in September 1836.  The society thrived for a number of years, and for a time Sharpe was its conductor. By the beginning of 1837 he was a member of the Lancaster Literary, Scientific, and Natural History Society, giving a number of talks to the society, and eventually becoming a committee member.  That same year he became the secretary and treasurer of the Lancaster Institution for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts, and in April 1840 he joined the committee of Lancaster's Protestant Association. In 1842 he was part of a committee promoting congregational singing, and he gave an illustrated series of lectures on its history and merits. His love of music continued throughout his life, and included training choirs, composing hymn tunes, and manufacturing musical instruments similar to small harmoniums.

In early 1843 Sharpe bought Lancaster's Theatre Royal (now the Grand Theatre), the third-oldest extant provincial theatre in Britain, which had opened in 1782.  He spent £680 (equivalent to £ as of ) on converting it into the Music Hall and Museum.  It was the only place in Lancaster, other than the churches, able to accommodate 400 or more people, and so was used for a variety of purposes, including concerts, lectures, and religious meetings. In 1848 Sharpe founded the Lancaster Athenaeum, a private society for "the promotion of public entertainment and instruction", to which end it organised lectures on literary and scientific subjects, concerts and exhibitions.  It held its meetings in the Music Hall, which was at one period renamed the Athenaeum. In 1852 Sharpe became the proprietor of the Phoenix Foundry on Germany Street, which among other things supplied cast iron pipes for the Lancaster waterworks, sewers and drains, and shells for the Crimean War.

Appraisal

Hughes considers that Sharpe was never in the "first division" of 19th-century church architects; his designs were "basic, workmanlike, and occasionally imaginative, though hardly inspiring". There is no such thing as a "typical" church designed by Sharpe.  He was an innovator and experimenter, and throughout his life a student of architecture.  The architectural styles he used started with the Romanesque, passed through "pre-archaeological" Gothic to "correct" Gothic, and then back to Romanesque for his last church.  The sizes of the churches varied, from the small simple chapels at Cowgill and Howgill to the large and splendid church of Holy Trinity, Blackburn.  During Sharpe's earlier years in practice, between 1838 and 1842, Britain was going through a period of severe economic recession, which may have been why he designed many of his churches to be built as cheaply as possible.

As an architectural historian, Hughes considers Sharpe to be "in the top rank". His drawings of authentic Gothic buildings were still in use a century after his death. The architectural historian James Price states that Sharpe was "considered the greatest authority on Cistercian Abbeys in England". Some writers have regarded Sharpe as an early pioneer of the Gothic Revival, although in Hughes' opinion this is "probably more for his books than for his buildings". In 1897, 20 years after his death, Sharpe was considered to be sufficiently notable to merit an entry in the Dictionary of National Biography. In the article, the author refers to his being "an enthusiastic and profound student of medieval architecture". As a railway engineer he was "hardly an unqualified success"; but his administrative and persuasive skills were considerable, as is shown in his planning of railways in Northwest England, and in the sanitary reform and water supply of Lancaster. As an amateur musician his "gifts were prodigious". Hughes considers that Sharpe "used his talents to the full", and in view of the ways in which he employed his many gifts, Price describes him as Lancaster's "Renaissance man".

See also
List of architectural works by Edmund Sharpe
List of works by Sharpe and Paley
Sharpe, Paley and Austin

Notes
A Worts Travelling Bachelorship (now known as a Worts Travelling Scholars Fund) is the result of a bequest by Wiliam Worts, who died in 1709. It makes grants "for the promotion or encouragement of investigations in countries outside Great Britain respecting the religion, learning, law, politics, customs, manner and rarities, natural or artificial, of those countries, or for purposes of geographical discovery or of antiquarian or scientific research in such countries".
A further Commissioners' church was later designed in conjunction with Paley, St Saviour, Ringley (1850–54).
Holy Trinity is now redundant and is in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust, the only one of Sharpe's churches to be so preserved.
Unfortunately the spire was not as durable as the rest of the church.  By 1936 it had become unsafe, and was dismantled.  In 1966 the lantern and bell-tower were also demolished.
The tower was not completed until 1850.  It was built from terracotta of inferior quality, and was later found to be unsafe, having to be rebuilt in 1912.
The two older boys were educated at Rossall School, and Alfred at Haileybury College.  Francis became the proprietor of the Phoenix Foundry, while Edmund (junior) joined the textile-coating firm of Storey Brothers, Lancaster, and later became Lord of the Manor of Halton.  Alfred had a career as a big-game hunter in Central Africa, then as a colonial civil servant, being knighted in 1897, and later becoming the first Governor of Nyasaland (now Malawi).  The girls did not marry, living together in Ambleside and later moving back to Lancaster.
An example of this is given in , which states "Mr Sharpe (d. 1877) was one of the earliest, ablest and most zealous pioneers of the English Gothic revival".

References
Citations

Sources

Hart, Stephen, Medieval Church Window Tracery in England, (2010), Boydell & Brewer Ltd, , 9781843835332

. Although this is self-published, it is a scholarly work and fully referenced throughout. As of 2012 it is available only as a CD.

External links

1809 births
1877 deaths
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge

19th-century English architects
English ecclesiastical architects
English engineers
Gothic Revival architects
People educated at Sedbergh School
People from Knutsford
People from Lancaster, Lancashire
Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal
Architects from Lancashire


Axel Mauritz Eriksson (18 December 1888 – 14 February 1947) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics, in the 1920 Summer Olympics, and in the 1924 Summer Olympics.

In 1912 he won the gold medal as member of the Swedish team in the team free rifle event and the bronze medal in the team military rifle competition.

In the 1912 Summer Olympics he also participated in the following events:

 300 metre free rifle, three positions - 14th place
 600 metre free rifle - 38th place

Eight years later he won the silver medal in the 600 metre military rifle, prone event and two bronze medals in military rifle team competitions.

In the 1920 Summer Olympics he also participated in the following events:

 Team 300 metre military rifle, prone - fifth place
 300 metre military rifle, prone - sixth place
 Team 300 and 600 metre military rifle, prone - sixth place
 Team free rifle - sixth place
 300 metre free rifle, three positions - seventh place

In the 1924 Summer Olympics he participated in the following events:

 Team free rifle - seventh place
 600 metre free rifle - 19th place
 50 metre rifle, prone - 24th place

References

External links
Mauritz Eriksson at databaseOlympics.com

1888 births
1947 deaths
Swedish male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Olympic shooters for Sweden
Shooters at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Sweden
Olympic silver medalists for Sweden
Olympic bronze medalists for Sweden
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Sport shooters from Stockholm
19th-century Swedish people
20th-century Swedish people


Water Lady (수녀 Sunyeo) is a 1979 South Korean film written, produced and directed by Kim Ki-young. In 2019, the film was screened at the 23rd Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival.

Plot
A literary drama telling the story of Jin-seok, a Korean veteran of the Vietnam War, and his marital life. His wife Sun-ok, runs a company that makes goods from bamboo. Her habitual stutter is passed on to their son. Jin-seok has an affair with Chu-wol, a femme fatale who schemes to ruin his family. Jin-seok manages to escape the bad influence of Chu-wol, and his son's stutter is cured.

Cast
Kim Ja-ok
Lee Hwa-si
Kim Chung-chul
Lee Ill-woong
Park Am
Lee Young-ho
Song Eok
Yu Sun-cheol
Ju Il-mong
Choe Jae-ho

References

Bibliography

External links

1970s Korean-language films
Films directed by Kim Ki-young
South Korean war drama films
1970s war drama films


The Sharing Knife: Beguilement is a fantasy novel by American writer Lois McMaster Bujold, published in 2006. It is the first book in the series The Sharing Knife.

Plot

Fawn, a farmer girl of about 20, has run away from her family, because another farmer has impregnated her and made it clear that he will not acknowledge the baby as his own. Dag, a Lakewalker patroller, first encounters Fawn hiding up in a tree. Later, they meet again, when Dag saves her from some slaves of a malice. Then she assists him in killing the malice, and, in the process, the ground of her unborn child creates a new sharing knife. Eventually, they realize that they are in love, against the customs of both their cultures, and the real story begins.

2006 American novels
Novels by Lois McMaster Bujold
American fantasy novels

HarperCollins books


Parri Bangla () is a village situated 28 km from Gilgit city and 23 km from Juglot town, Parri Bangla was established in 1885 by the residents of Juglot Sai and Balas. In 1929, . The first Development was a Dak Bangla on the Silk Route of the village during the period of British Colonial Rule. Locally Dak Bangla means "Post House". A water channel from Chakarkot Nala was constructed in 1931 by the locals of the village.

The population of Parri Bangla consists of Kashmiris, Sheens, Yashkuns, Dom, Kamin, Akhars etc.

External links
Parri-Bangla Satellite image at wikimapia.org
Parri-Bangla
KKH
Populated places in Gilgit District


Hasseröder is a brewery in Wernigerode, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

History

The company started in 1872, founded by Robert Hoppe under the name zum Auerhahn ("the Capercaillie"), in the Wernigerode district of Hasserode. In 1882 Ernst Schreyer assumed control of the brewery. In 1896 the brewery became a stock company (Aktiengesellschaft, AG), and in the same year put out 25,000 hectoliters of beer. It was renamed Hasseröder Brauerei in 1920. The brand remained in existence, when Wernigerode became part of East Germany after World War II, marketed predominantly in the Magdeburg district.

Since reunification, Hasseröder has become the most consumed beer in the new states of Germany. Hasseröder ranks number 6 among Germany's best selling breweries.

Products

 Premium Pilsener: Pilsner style beer 4.9 abv
 Premium Export: Strong Export beer 5.5 abv
 Premium Radler: Mixed drink with Export and Lemonade 2.7 abv
 Premium Diesel: Mixed drink with Export and Cola 2.7 abv

See also

 List of brewing companies in Germany

References

External links
Official Homepage of the Brewery

Food and drink companies established in 1872
Breweries in Germany
Beer brands of Germany
Buildings and structures in Saxony-Anhalt
Companies based in Saxony-Anhalt


The OMEGA Light Heavyweight Championship was the top light heavyweight title in the Organization of Modern Extreme Grappling Arts independent professional wrestling promotion. The title lasted from 1997 to 1999.
This is the only OMEGA title that neither of the Hardy brothers ever won.

Title history

Combined reigns

References

External links
 OMEGA Light Heavyweight Championship

Wrestling competitions


The Morinj camp (Logor Morinj) was a detention facility near Kotor, Montenegro (then part of SFR Yugoslavia, later FR Yugoslavia) where Croatian prisoners of war and civilians were kept by Montenegrin authorities in the Yugoslav People's Army during the Croatian War of Independence. The age of the incarcerated ranged from 15 to 82. Former captives are organized into the Association of Morinj Prisoners.

The camp was opened in autumn of 1991. Approximately 300 people were held here.

In 2006 the County Court of Dubrovnik began an investigation of possible war crimes at the camp. Montenegro brought to trial six former Yugoslav People's Army soldiers, who were guards at the camp, for war crimes. On May 15, 2010 the court brought down its ruling, finding all six men guilty and delivering prison sentences between one and a half to four years.

A documentary film about the camp was made by Montenegrin author Marko Stojanović.

References

Croatian War of Independence
1990s establishments in Montenegro
Yugoslav Wars internment camps


"I'm Getting Used to You" is the title of the fourth single released by Selena from the album Dreaming of You. It was written by Diane Warren and produced by Rhett Lawrence. The song was released on March 26, 1996, by EMI.

Song information
The track was written by songwriter Diane Warren in the key of F#minor with the BPM of 100 and Selena's range here was from F#3-F#5, and was chosen to be the fourth release (third in English language). The song was not as successful as the previous singles, but managed to peak at number 7 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 singles chart.

Track listing
US Maxi-CD
 I'm Getting Used To You (Album Version) 	4:03
 I'm Getting Used To You (Def Radio Mix) 	3:42
 I'm Getting Used To You (Def Club Mix) 	8:40
 I'm Getting Used To You (Dub A Dub Mix) 	6:48
 I'm Getting Used To You (Beatstrumental Mix) 	5:50

Chart performance

Personnel
Produced and arranged by: Rhett Lawrence
Lead and background vocals by: Selena
Mixed by: Nathaniel "Mick" Guzauski
Engineer: Dan García
Assistant engineer: Cal Harris Jr.
Synthetizers, drums and programming: Rhett Lawrence
Percussion: Luis Conte
Horns: Jerry Hey, Dan Higgens, Gary Grant, Bill Reichenbac
Production coordinator: Janie Smith
Computer tech: Chris Kohler
Recorded at: Oakshire Recorders, Los Angeles, CA
Mixed at: Conway Studios, Hollywood, CA

References

1995 singles
1996 singles
Selena songs
Songs written by Diane Warren
Songs released posthumously
1995 songs
Dance-pop songs
EMI Records singles
Song recordings produced by Rhett Lawrence


Mircea Axente (born 14 March 1987) is a Romanian former footballer who played as a forward for teams such as FC Politehnica Timișoara, Oțelul Galați, Dinamo București, ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș or SSU Politehnica Timișoara, among others.

Club career

Early career
Axente began his youth career at LPS Galați.

Politehnica Timișoara
He scored his first goal for FC Timişoara in Europa League game in away 2–1 win at MyPa. Just after few days after his goal in Europa League, he scored his first goal in Liga I for FC Timişoara in 91-minute against Gaz Metan Mediaş making 2–2. Again on 5 August 2010 he scored 1 goal in second leg against MyPa making 1–3 in a dramatic qualifier become an important man for Poli. He scored again against League Champions CFR Cluj in a 3–2 victory. At this moment, he had 12 goals in this season including Friendly Matches. On 26 September 2010 he scored the winning goal against Pandurii Târgu Jiu, ended 1–0.

FCM Reșița
The younger striker was loaned out at Reșița where impressed, scores 9 goals in 17 appearances. After scoring nine goals in the first half of the season, he was brought back to the club for the rest of the year.

CS Buftea
This time he was loaned to CS Buftea, who impressed again, scores 9 goals, but this time in 15 appearances.

Gloria Buzău
Now, he was loaned to first divisioner Gloria where scores at his debut against Oţelul Galaţi.

Oțelul Galați
He was loaned out again at Oțelul scores five goals, but three of this against his parent team, FC Timişoara. At the end of the season, finally he was promoted to first team at Timișoara.

Dinamo București
In the summer of 2012, Axente had his contract with Poli Timișoara ended by the Discipline Commission from the Romanian Federation, due to delays in the payments of his salary. Thus, he became a free agent, and signed a contract for four years with Dinamo București.

Viitorul Constanța
In the summer of 2013, Axente became free agent. Then, in August, he signed a contract with Liga I team Viitorul Constanta.

FC Dinamo București
In the summer of 2018, Axente became free agent. Then, after 1 month, he signed a contract with Liga I team FC Dinamo București. On 2 August 2018, Mircea Axente score in Derby Steaua-Dinamo. On 24 January 2019 the contract was terminated.

Honours
Politehnica Timișoara
Liga II: 2011–2012
Dinamo București
Romanian Supercup: 2012
Ermis Aradippou
Cypriot Super Cup: 2014
ASA Târgu Mureș
Romanian Supercup: 2015

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
People from Tulcea
Romanian men's footballers
FC Politehnica Timișoara players
CSF CFR Timișoara players
CSM Reșița players
LPS HD Clinceni players
FC Gloria Buzău players
ASC Oțelul Galați players
FC Dinamo București players
FC Viitorul Constanța players
Ermis Aradippou FC players
ASA 2013 Târgu Mureș players
Maccabi Netanya F.C. players
CS Gaz Metan Mediaș players
Al Faisaly FC players
FC Botoșani players
FC Universitatea Cluj players
SSU Politehnica Timișoara players
Liga I players
Liga II players
Cypriot First Division players
Israeli Premier League players
Saudi Pro League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Expatriate men's footballers in Israel
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Israel
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Romanian expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Sportspeople from Tulcea County


"Eggtown" is the fourth episode of the fourth season and 76th episode overall of the ABC's  serial drama television series Lost.  It was aired on February 21, 2008, on ABC in the United States and on CTV in Canada.  It was written by supervising producer Elizabeth Sarnoff and script coordinator Greggory Nations and directed by co-executive producer Stephen Williams.  This is the first episode written by Nations.

The episode's island plot takes place in late December 2004, 90-plus days after the crash of Oceanic Airlines Flight 815. Flashforwards show Kate Austen (played by Evangeline Lilly) on trial for her numerous pre-island crimes, after her escape from the island. "Eggtown" was watched by 15 million people and received mixed reviews from critics. The cliffhanger was generally praised, but the slow pace was criticized.

Plot

John Locke (Terry O'Quinn) is keeping Ben Linus (Michael Emerson) prisoner in the basement of the house that he has claimed in the Barracks.  He prepares breakfast for him, including the two remaining eggs which he fries along with some fresh melon, but Ben taunts him and Locke becomes frustrated.  Kate cuts a deal with Locke's prisoner Miles Straume (Ken Leung): he will tell her what he knows about her if he can speak to Ben for a minute.  Miles wants to extort $3.2 million from Ben and in return, Miles promises to lie to his employer claiming Ben is dead.  Miles gives Ben a week to produce the cash.  Before Locke finds them, Miles reveals that he knows all about Kate's past.  Locke banishes Kate from the Barracks and goes to a lake house where Miles is being held captive.  Locke puts a grenade in Miles's mouth so that if he ceases to bite, he will die.  Kate sleeps with James "Sawyer" Ford (Josh Holloway) but does not have sex with him.  Before Kate leaves for the camp at the beach, she slaps Sawyer across the face after he suggests that she is just pretending to be mad as an excuse to go back to Jack Shephard (Matthew Fox) and continue their love triangle.

Meanwhile, Jack returns to the survivors' beach camp with Juliet Burke (Elizabeth Mitchell) and newcomers Daniel Faraday (Jeremy Davies) and Charlotte Lewis (Rebecca Mader). Jack and Juliet grow increasingly uneasy over a series of unsuccessful attempts to contact the freighter by satellite phone and verify that Desmond Hume (Henry Ian Cusick), Sayid Jarrah (Naveen Andrews) and Frank Lapidus (Jeff Fahey), who departed for the freighter by helicopter the previous evening, have arrived safely. That evening, as Charlotte tests Daniel's memory using playing cards (Daniel successfully remembers two out of three cards, and Charlotte remarks that this is "progress"), Jack and Juliet ask if there is another phone number they could try. Charlotte dials an emergency number and speaks to Regina (Zoë Bell), who reports that the helicopter never arrived.

After leaving the island, Kate is famous as one of the Oceanic Six.  She is tried for her numerous crimes committed before the crash and pleads not guilty.  Because Kate is opposed to bringing her son into the trial, Jack is called in as a character witness.  He lies in his testimony, saying that Flight 815 crashed in the water, eight survived the crash, but two have since died and Kate was primarily responsible for the Oceanic Six's survival.  Kate speaks with her mother Diane Janssen (Beth Broderick) for the first time in four years.  Diane is no longer angry at Kate because her perspective changed when she thought that Kate had died in the plane crash.  When Diane, the prosecution's star witness, no longer wants to testify against her daughter, the District Attorney makes a plea deal: Kate gets ten years probation, but must stay in the state of California.  Jack meets Kate in the parking garage. He admits that he still loves her (in contrast to his false testimony under oath on her behalf) and asks to go out for coffee with her.  Kate responds that they cannot go out until he is willing to visit her baby.  It is then revealed that Kate is raising Claire Littleton's (Emilie de Ravin) son Aaron (William Blanchette) as her own.

Production

Greggory "Gregg" Nations worked as the script coordinator for the late 1990s CBS television series Nash Bridges.  Lost's show runners Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse—the former was a writer and the latter was the show runner for Nash Bridges—hired Nations to serve as Lost's script coordinator in the 2005 alongside pre-production of the second season.   Nations rewatched every episode and created a series "Bible" and timeline.  Nations made his direct Lost writing debut with "Eggtown".  Nations would be promoted to a coproducer for the show's fifth season.

Lindelof and Cuse hyped in September 2007 that "Eggtown" would conclude Kate's potential pregnancy.  After having sex a few times in the third season, Kate and Sawyer begin to wonder if Kate is pregnant.  In "Eggtown", Kate exclaims to Sawyer that she is not pregnant and Sawyer rejoices, causing Kate to become angry with him and suddenly leave the Barracks.  Evangeline Lilly was excited by Kate's new connection to Aaron.  Lilly has said that if she could choose to play another Lost character, it would be Claire because of Aaron. Now she gets to have Aaron while portraying Kate.  She also enjoyed Kate having more responsibility because it puts her in a different situation from previous seasons.

The word "Eggtown" is not directly referenced in the episode, resulting in online speculation and confusion.  According to Lindelof and Cuse, it has been "the most questioned title of the show".  Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly suggested that the title was a reference to the ancient cosmic egg concept or the chicken or the egg causality dilemma, while John Kubicek of BuddyTV guessed that it was a shout-out to the children's book and film called The Easter Egg Adventure, which depicts roosters attempting to steal Easter eggs from the animals of a place called Egg Town or that it was an allusion to the Great Depression slang term, which was used in the 1930s when describing a bad deal.  Lindelof and Cuse confirmed that the episode was primarily named as such because Locke fries eggs for Ben's breakfast and secondarily because the story deals with Kate's possible pregnancy.

"Eggtown" continues Lost's pattern of featuring numerous literary references, which may allude to a favourite book of the writers or a story similar to that of a character.  Locke gives Ben Philip K. Dick's VALIS, a 1981 science fiction novel about a gnostic vision of one aspect of God.  Sawyer reads The Invention of Morel, a 1940 science fiction novel by Argentine writer Adolfo Bioy Casares about a fugitive who hides on a deserted Pacific island where the people are only images and do not exist.

Hurley also asks James if he would like to watch Xanadu or a fictional film called Satan's Doom but James replies saying that he is reading a book. Hurley then plays Xanadu and we hear the film's title song.

Reception

"Eggtown" was watched by 13.647 million American viewers, ranking Lost seventh of the week in Nielsen ratings.  The episode was watched by a total of 15.438 million viewers, including those who watched within seven days of broadcast, making it the most recorded show of the week; this number went toward the year-end season average.  It received at least 5.7/13 in the key adults 18–49 demographic.  The Canadian broadcast was seen by 1.615 million people, making it the ninth most watched show of the week.  In the United Kingdom, Lost brought in 1.1 million viewers.  Amidst speculation that Lost would be pulled from the schedule, 780,000 Australians tuned in to "Eggtown" and made it the nineteenth most watched show of the night. Nevertheless, it was in the top ten programs of the night in each of the key adults 25–54, 18–49 and 16–39 demographics.

Robert Bianco of USA Today praised Lilly's performance, saying that it was almost worthy of a Primetime Emmy Award nomination.  TV Guide's Michael Ausiello dubbed "Eggtown" the best episode of the first four episodes of the fourth season.  Nikki Stafford of Wizard described it as a "great episode" and observed that it features "the first conversation between Jin and Sun [of the] season.  Interesting that last season so many fans were up in arms for the [early third season] because we didn't get to see enough of the other characters, and this season we're seeing even less of the others, yet no one is complaining.  Looks like the writers finally found the right balance."  Entertainment Weekly's Jeff Jensen thought that the episode "was all about moving all the simmering subplots forward so the next episodes can drive them home".  Kristin Dos Santos of E! called the episode's final plot twist "fantastic" and "unexpected".  Digital Spy's Ben Rawson-Jones called it the best of the first four episodes of the season with four out of five stars, saying that "the courtroom scenes were very well executed, with a marked difference in the characterisation of Jack [who] has become known as the trustworthy, honest type since Oceanic Flight 815 crashed, so his blatant lies about the island under oath were definitely dramatic."  Erin Martell of AOL's TV Squad reviewed "Eggtown" positively, writing that it "not many shows could mix topics like blackmail, grenades, and motherhood into one episode, but Lost pulled it off."  Jon Lachonis of UGO claimed that Lost "again blew everybody's minds" with "Eggtown".  BuddyTV's Oscar Dahl commented that "those last few [flash]forward scenes were genius.  The writers really out-did themselves."  Jay Glatfelter of The Huffington Post thought that "Eggtown" "effectively kept up the frantic pace that this season has set, answering some really good questions while effectively bringing up new ones."

Patrick Day of the Los Angeles Times found "Eggtown" to be set at a slower pace than other episodes of the season and said that "the witness stand as forum for revelation … holds no appeal for me."  Newsday's Diane Werts had mixed feelings about "Eggtown".  She criticized the lack of plot twists, stating that "that last-second 'reveal' of [Kate raising Aaron] turned out to be a bit of a dud".  Werts also critiqued the execution and acting, calling the trial "blandly delivered" and Lilly and Fox "expressionless".  Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger dubbed "Eggtown" "the weakest episode of the season", partially because he also was unimpressed with the lack of plot twists and does not find Kate to be a compelling character.  The San Diego Union-Tribune's Karla Peterson gave a mixed review, writing that "last night's Lost was not amazing, until it slammed us upside the head with a plot curveball that left us unable to remember whatever doubts we may have had, say, one minute before."  Daniel of TMZ gave the episode a "D", partially because the twist ending had been spoiled for him.  IGN's Chris Carabott rated it the worst of the first four by scoring it as a 7.6/10.  He wrote that the flashforward was "out of place" and that the "final revelation was shocking … but Lost can't survive on shock value alone."  Daniel MacEachern of Television Without Pity gave the episode a "B", the lowest grade for a fourth season episode from the website.

References

External links
"Eggtown" at ABC

Lost (season 4) episodes
2008 American television episodes
Television episodes directed by Stephen Williams (director)

pt:Lost (temporada 4)#Lista de Episódios


Party People may refer to:

People who love to party
Party People (album), a 2005 album by Maki Nomiya
"Party People" (Parliament song), a 1979 song by Parliament
"Party People" (Nelly song), a 2008 song by Nelly featuring Fergie
"Party People (Ignite the World)", a 2011 song by Erika Jayne
"Party People", a 2010 song by N.E.R.D from the album Nothing
"Party People", a 2012 song by Florida Georgia Line from the album Here's to the Good Times
"Party People", a 2012 remix of Edita Piekha's song "Nash Sosed" by DJs Gary Caos and Rico Bernasconi
Party People (TV series), a South Korean television program
Party People (play), a 2012 play by UNIVERSES Theater Ensemble
The Party People, a retail party supply chain based in Australia


George Brimhall may refer to:

 George H. Brimhall (1852–1932), President of Brigham Young University
 George W. Brimhall (1814–1895), his father, politician in territorial Utah


James O'Donnell (1860 – 1 May 1942) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A forward, he was a member of the first New Zealand national team in 1884, and later played for New South Wales.

Early life
Born in Piltown, County Kilkenny in Ireland in 1860, O'Donnell left Ireland with two of his brothers and a sister to escape their "tyrannical" father. Another brother fled the country after cutting off an English soldier's ear. Settling in New Zealand, O'Donnell is thought to have served in the police force and worked as a teacher.

Rugby union

New Zealand
Despite living in Invercargill, he represented Otago in 1883, as the Southland Rugby Union was not formed until 1887.

In 1884. O'Donnell was selected for the first national side to tour Australia but before he even got to Wellington to join the team, he was arrested on a fugitive warrant at Clinton and returned to Invercargill. Local tradespeople to whom he owed money had taken out the warrant after hearing that O'Donnell was unlikely to return from Australia. However none of the creditors attended the court hearing so he was able to join the team in Wellington as expected. Once on tour O'Donnell played in seven of the nine tour matches (none of them internationals), scoring four tries and was regarded as the speediest team member. Tour manager Samuel Sleigh described him as a "fast wing forward".

New South Wales
As his creditors feared, O'Donnell remained in Australia at the end of the tour. He went on to represent New South Wales between 1884 and 1888, and played against the 1888 British team. His son Jack O'Donnell also represented New South Wales.

Later life and death
In 1901, O'Donnell contested the seat of Randwick for the Progressive Party in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, but was defeated by the incumbent, David Storey.

Following the death of John Dumbell in 1936, O'Donnell was the oldest living All Black. He died in Randwick, New South Wales on 1 May 1942 and was buried at Waverley Cemetery.

References

1860 births
1942 deaths
Irish emigrants to New Zealand
New Zealand rugby union players
New Zealand international rugby union players
Canterbury rugby union players
Otago rugby union players
New South Wales Waratahs players
Rugby union wing-forwards
Burials at Waverley Cemetery
Rugby union players from County Kilkenny
People from Piltown
Sportspeople from the Colony of New Zealand


The Slovene Christian Democrats (, SKD) was a Christian-democratic political party in Slovenia between 1989 and 2000.

It was founded as the Slovene Christian Social Movement in March 1989. Its first president was Peter Kovačič Peršin. In November of the same year, it was renamed to Slovene Christian Democrats, and Lojze Peterle was elected as its president.

Between 1990 and 1992, it was the largest party within the DEMOS coalition.  Between 1992 and 1996, it formed a grand coalition with the Liberal Democracy of Slovenia, and its members were ministers in Janez Drnovšek's second cabinet. Between 1996 and 2000, it stayed in opposition. In 2000, it merged with the Slovenian People's Party. Soon afterwards, however, several prominent former members of the Christian Democrats, including Lojze Peterle and the Prime Minister Andrej Bajuk, left the Slovene People's Party, and formed New Slovenia - Christian People's Party.

The Slovene Christian Democrats were the official legal heir of the historical Slovene People's Party, the most important political party in the Slovene lands between 1907 and 1941.

Parliamentary representation:

See also
Slovene People's Party (historical)
National Democratic Party (Slovenia)

References

1989 establishments in Slovenia
2000 disestablishments in Slovenia
Catholic political parties
Christian democratic parties in Europe
Conservative parties in Slovenia
Defunct political parties in Slovenia
Organizations based in Ljubljana
Political history of Slovenia
Political parties disestablished in 2000
Political parties established in 1989
Political parties in Yugoslavia


is the first live album released by Number Girl in 1999, performed at Shibuya Club Quattro. It features the last day of their "Distortional Discharger" tour supporting their sophomore album, School Girl Distortional Addict.

Track listing

References

1999 live albums


The following article presents a summary of the 1906 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 5th season of competitive football in the country.

Campeonato Paulista

Final Standings

Mackenzie abandoned the competition, its matches were canceled and the points in the remaining matches were awarded to the club's opponents. São Paulo Athletic matches were canceled, as the club abandoned the competition.

Germânia declared as the Campeonato Paulista champions.

Campeonato Carioca

Final Standings

Fluminense declared as the Campeonato Carioca champions.

State championship champions

References

 Brazilian competitions at RSSSF

Seasons in Brazilian football
Brazil


Beresford Clive Dunfee (1904 – 24 September 1932) was a British racing driver, one of the "Bentley Boys" of the 1930s, who was killed in a dramatic accident at Brooklands.

Dunfee was the third of four sons of Colonel Vickers Dunfee and the younger brother of Jack Dunfee, also a motor racer. He took part in the 1930 24 Hours of Le Mans and in the same year married the actress Jane Baxter one of the leading ladies of the British cinema in the Thirties.

In 1932 the Dunfee brothers raced the BRDC 500 Miles Race at Brooklands, in the "Old Number One" Bentley Speed Six, with a brand new 8-litre engine installed. After the first driving stint Jack Dunfee was in fourth place when he entered the pits. Clive took over, and shortly after, in passing Earl Howe's Bugatti, he went too high up the banking, putting the wheel of his car over the lip. The car cartwheeled over the top, hit a large tree and plunged down through the trees to the road below. Dunfee was thrown out and killed instantly. His wife was watching the race when he crashed to his death.

References
 Tom Vallance Jane Baxter: Obituary The Independent, London,  17 September 1996

External links
Old No 1 Bentley
Bentley Boys at Le Mans
Newsreel footage of fatal crash
Clive Dunfee history with the Old Number One

Bentley Boys
Brooklands people
English racing drivers
Filmed deaths in motorsport
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
1932 deaths
1904 births


William Eugene Drummond (March 28, 1876 – September 13, 1948) was a Chicago Prairie School architect.

Early years and education
He was born in Newark, New Jersey, the son of carpenter and cabinet maker Eugene Drummond and his wife Ida Marietta Lozier. The family relocated from Newark to Chicago in 1886; William was ten.  The Drummonds settled on the West Side of Chicago, in Austin, at 813 Central Avenue. William Drummond grew up in the village of Austin and attended the Austin public schools.  The Drummond family house is standing as it underwent at the hands of William and Eugene.  William learned much in the remodeling of the family house.  He and his father built the present house around and over the old house, with the family still living in it.  The family owned the house until 1966.  William was fifteen years older than his brother Frank; there were five girls between them.  All seven Drummond children grew up in the village of Austin.

William Drummond was admitted to the University of Illinois School of Architecture in 1899, at the same time that fellow Prairie School architect Walter Burley Griffin was attending there.  However, financial difficulties forced Drummond leave after one year.

Prairie School years
Thereafter, Drummond began working in Chicago in the firm of architect Louis Sullivan.  Several months later, he went to work for Frank Lloyd Wright. Drummond would serve as the chief draftsman for several well-known Wright's commissions, including the home of Edwin and Mamah Borthwick Cheney in Oak Park, the Frederick Robie House in Chicago, the Susan Lawrence Dana House in Springfield, IL, and the Larkin Company Administration Building in Buffalo. Drummond obtained his architect's license in 1901. In the years 1901–1905 he worked for Wright part-time while also working full-time for Richard E. Schmidt (1901–1902) and Daniel H. Burnham (1903–1905). Drummond returned to full-time employment with Wright from 1905 to 1909, when disagreement about pay caused him to leave Wright's studio.  But Drummond was a key figure in Wright's studio during its most productive Prairie years.  As Wright's son, John, relates:

“William Drummond, Francis Barry Byrne, Walter Burley Griffin, Albert McArthur (Albert Chase McArthur), Marion Mahony, Isabel Roberts and George Willis were the draftsmen. Five men, two women. They wore flowing ties, and smocks suitable to the realm. The men wore their hair like Papa, all except Albert, he didn’t have enough hair. They worshiped Papa! Papa liked them! I know that each one of them was then making valuable contributions to the pioneering of the modern American architecture for which my father gets the full glory, headaches and recognition today! ”

In 1907 Drummond married Clara Alice McCulloch Christian (1874–1938), a woman several years his senior whose first husband died of tuberculosis. Their union produced three sons: Robert, William and Alan.  In 1910, Mary Roberts, Isabel Roberts’ mother, sold the property next to their celebrated River Forest, IL, Isabel Roberts House, to their friend and associate William Drummond, who built his own Prairie style home there.

Private practice
Upon parting ways with Wright, Drummond went into private practice, even though he had already undertaken his first commission in 1908, the First Congregational Church of Austin. In 1912 he went into partnership with Louis Guenzel (1860–1956), who had been a draftsman for Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan. Isabel Roberts worked for Guenzel and Drummond for about a year.  The partnership dissolved just after the start of World War I, in 1915.

Drummond continued his independent practice thereafter, designing churches, residences and small commercial buildings in the Prairie style, his work in the pure Prairie idiom culminating in 1920 in the delightfully elegant Hollywood Community House (also known as Hollywood House) in the Hollywood neighborhood straddling the villages of Brookfield and Riverside, just west of Chicago, Illinois.

Drummond was among those who submitted designs in the famous 1922 competition for the Chicago Tribune Building.  His entry is daringly original, with a huge tri-parti rectangular crown, perforated and carved in such a way that it defies conventional architectural descriptive terms.  With oversize urn forms at the base of the crown, scooped recesses and geometric ornament at its summit, the building offered a dynamic melding of Prairie and Art Moderne that, had it been chosen, would have become an immediate and vibrant landmark on the Chicago skyline, without harking back to any historic style (as did the winning entry by architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood).  Drummond's design still looks innovative ninety years later and compares favorably to early 21st century skyscraper design.

The prevailing view of his later career is that, as the public taste changed during the 1920s, Drummond's work bore fewer of the hallmarks of the Prairie School.  Instead, his work was sometimes characterized by English cottage and Tudor elements, many in River Forest, typified by the Edward W. Scott Residence (1928) with its massive chimney, steeply pitched gables and paired multi-story bay window towers, and by the River Forest Public Library (1928–1930).

William Drummond took part in the planning commission of River Forest throughout the 1920s and 1930s, while also remodeling several of Wright's designs. Shortly before his death on September 13, 1948, Drummond published a book detailing a plan to redesign the United States Capitol.  Drummond's final resting place is Forest Home Cemetery, Forest Park, Cook County, Illinois.

Partial list of works

Abajo Mountains (Utah) Resort (project)
Residence (1901); 742 Franklin Street, River Forest IL
L. Griffen house project (1902); Buena Park (Chicago) IL
L. Wolff house (circa 1903); 4234 N Hazel, Chicago, IL
Residence (1904); 185 E Quincy Street, Riverside, IL
Dexter M. Ferry, Jr. House project (1910); Grosse Pointe, MI
William E. Drummond Residence (1910); 559 Edgewood Place, River Forest, IL
Albert W. Muther Residence (1910–1912); 560 (580) Edgewood Place, River Forest, IL>
Charles Barr Residence (1910–1912); 7234 Quick Street, River Forest, IL
Curtis Yelland House (1911); 37 River Heights Road, Mason City, IA
River Forest Methodist Church (1912); 7070 Lake Street, River Forest, IL
River Forest Bank Building (1912); River Forest, IL
Gordon Abbott House (1912); 105 N. Grant, Hinsdale, IL
George Stahmer House (1913); Fourth Street and Chicago Avenue, Maywood, IL
River Forest Women's Club (1913); 526 Ashland Avenue, River Forest, IL
John B. Franke House, 2131 Forest Park Blvd, Ft Wayne, IN (1914) – with Barry Byrne
Ralph S. Baker House (1914–1915); 1226 Ashland Avenue, Wilmette, IL
John A. Klesert House (1915); Keystone Avenue, River Forest IL
First Congregational Church (1915); 5701 West Midway Park, Chicago, IL 60644
Shedd Park Fieldhouse (1917); 3660 West 23rd Street, Chicago, IL
Coonley Estate “Thorncroft” (1919–1921); Riverside, IL
Brookfield Kindergarten [aka Hilly House] (1920); 3601 Forest Avenue, Brookfield, IL
Hollywood Community Hall (1921); Washington and Hollywood, Hollywood (Brookfield), IL
Isabel Roberts House Remodeling (1922); Edgewood Place, River Forest IL
Langhorne Residence Remodeling (1924–1940); Chicago, IL
Badenoch House (1925); 555 Edgewood Place, River Forest IL
O. B. Higgins Residence (1927); 535 Edgewood Place, River Forest IL
Edward W. Scott Residence (1928); 619 Keystone, River Forest, IL
 River Forest Public Library (1928–1930); River Forest, IL
Rookery Building Remodeling (1930); Chicago IL
Washington Capital Redevelopment (1946–1947); Washington, DC

References

Prairie School architecture
20th-century American architects
1876 births
1948 deaths
Architects from Chicago
Architects from New Jersey
Artists from Newark, New Jersey


Anthony Rishard "Boobie" Dixon (born September 24, 1987) is a former American football running back. He was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the sixth round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He played college football for Mississippi State University, where he holds multiple school rushing records.

High school career
As a senior at Terry High School in 2005, he racked up 304 carries for 2,683 yards (8.8 average) and 31 touchdowns in leading Terry to an 11-2 mark. He was named the Jackson metro-area player of the year by The Clarion-Ledger. He was also a first-team All-State honoree by the paper, and was named to its (preseason) "Dandy Dozen" team (of the state's 12 best high school players) and its (postseason) "10 Most Wanted" list (of the state's top 10 college football prospects).

Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Dixon was listed as the No. 22 running back prospect in the nation in 2006. Scout.com ranked Dixon a four star prospect and the 30th best running back in the country.

He chose Mississippi State over University of Alabama, Louisiana State University, and Southern Miss.

College career
In his true freshman season, Dixon played in all 12 games, starting five times, and set MSU true freshman records for rushing attempts, yards gained rushing, and touchdowns rushing. His nine touchdowns on the ground were the most by a Bulldog since Dicenzo Miller's ten TDs in 2000. He earned his nickname "Boobie" from his college teammates, who compared him to Boobie Miles, the character in Friday Night Lights.

As a sophomore, Dixon played all 13 games and started twelve. He became just the seventh halfback (ninth occurrence) in school history and the first Bulldog sophomore ever to surpass 1,000 yards rushing in a single season and his attempts set a Mississippi State single season record. He scored MSU's game-winning touchdown in the 2007 Liberty Bowl game.

During his junior season, Dixon started all 12 games he played in, and rushed for 869 yards, compiling a career-best 4.4 yards per carry.

With 1,391 rushing yards in his senior season, Dixon not only set the Mississippi State single-season rushing record (surpassing J. J. Johnson's 1998 record of 1,383 yards), he also became the seventh player in Southeastern Conference history to lead his team in rushing four times. He joined Eddie Price (Tulane, 1946–1949), Sonny Collins (Kentucky, 1972–1975), Dalton Hilliard (LSU, 1982–1985), Carl Woods (Vanderbilt, 1983–1986), Errict Rhett (Florida, 1990–1993), and Kevin Faulk (LSU, 1995–1998) on that list. Dixon accumulated 3,994 career rushing yards during his collegiate career.

College statistics

 In addition, Dixon also accumulated 56 receptions, 449 Receiving Yards, and 4 Receiving Touchdowns in 4 years at MSU.

Professional career

2010 NFL Draft
Dixon was considered one of the best "power backs" available in the 2010 NFL Draft, alongside Toby Gerhart and Charles Scott. Projected as a third- to fourth-round pick, Dixon was thought to possibly be the Bulldogs' highest draftee since Jerious Norwood was selected by the Atlanta Falcons in the third round (79th overall) of the 2006 NFL Draft. However, he was selected as the 173rd overall pick in the sixth round by the San Francisco 49ers.

San Francisco 49ers
With the announcement of the sudden retirement of Glen Coffee on August 13, former head coach Mike Singletary stated that Dixon and veteran Michael Robinson would compete for the number 2 running back spot behind Pro Bowler Frank Gore. In the preseason, Dixon posted 74 rushes for 300 yards, averaging 75 yards per game and 4 touchdowns, leading the entire NFL in each of those categories. On September 20, 2010, Dixon rushed for his first career NFL touchdown against the New Orleans Saints on Monday Night Football. Despite playing well in the preseason, Dixon had only ten rushing attempts until week 12. After Gore suffered a fractured hip during a Monday Night Football game against the Arizona Cardinals on November 29, Dixon had 14 carries for 54 yards and a touchdown as a backup to Brian Westbrook, who took over for Gore. Dixon  played in all 72 games of his NFL career, primarily on special teams. At the end of the 2012 season, Dixon and the 49ers appeared in Super Bowl XLVII. He contributed on special teams, but the 49ers fell to the Baltimore Ravens by a score of 34–31. His only start as a member of the 49ers came in the 2013 NFC Championship game as a fullback, scoring a touchdown that gave San Francisco a 10–0 lead. Coincidentally, that was his last game as a member of the 49ers.  He finished his 49er career with 458 regular-season rushing yards and eight touchdowns.

Buffalo Bills
On March 15, 2014, Dixon signed a three-year, $3.5 million contract with the Buffalo Bills. Dixon went on to have the most productive year of his career, with career highs in rushing attempts (105), rushing yards (432), average yards per rush (4.1), as well as passes caught and receiving yardage (eight catches for 49 yards). Dixon also scored two rushing touchdowns, the same number he had scored each year since entering the NFL.

In 2015, Dixon's production dropped off significantly. He had only one rushing touchdown, and recorded both 44 yards rushing and 44 yards receiving. On March 1, 2016, Dixon was released by the Bills.

The Spring League
After spending the 2016 season out of football, Dixon played in front of NFL and Canadian Football League scouts as part of the inaugural season for a new instructional and developmental football program, The Spring League, taking part in both the April training camp and games held at The Greenbrier in West Virginia, as well as the 2017 Summer Showcase game held in Napa, California. As one of The Spring League's "marquee players" Dixon was one of the more vocal players in the league, and predicted he would amass 100 yards and 2 touchdowns during the California Showcase game. Playing as part of team California, Dixon's teammate included fellow running back Glen Coffee, the player Dixon replaced as a member of the 49ers. Playing predominately as a fullback, Dixon's first carry was a 49 yard touchdown run. Late in the game, Dixon caught a 4 yard touchdown pass from David Ash. Both plays occurred on 4th down, and were the first and last scores of the game, respectively. Dixon's totals were 7 carries for 55 yards, 5 catches for 23 yards, and the two touchdowns. With 78 total yards on 12 touches, Dixon was short of his statistical pregame prediction, but nonetheless he was listed as one of the Stand Out Players of the game during the Summer Showcase broadcast.

Personal life
Dixon is a Christian. Dixon describes himself on his Twitter account as a "God Fearing Man" and frequently tweets about his faith.

Anthony also has three younger brothers Antwon, Rashun, and Deshun (from oldest to youngest).  Antwon and Rashun  both committed to play football at Mississippi State, although neither played at MSU.  Antwon instead went to  Hinds Community College before transferring to Midwestern State University.  Rashun was drafted in the 10th round (304th overall) in the 2008 Major League Baseball draft by the Oakland As and chose to play professional baseball.  Deshun was also drafted by in the MLB Draft, taken in the 10th round by the Tampa Bay Rays in the 2010 Major League Baseball draft.

References

External links

 Buffalo Bills bio
 San Francisco 49ers bio
 Mississippi State Bulldogs bio

1987 births
Living people
American football running backs
Buffalo Bills players
Mississippi State Bulldogs football players
San Francisco 49ers players
Players of American football from Jackson, Mississippi
African-American Christians
African-American players of American football
The Spring League players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American people


Elaine Princi (born December 14, 1946 in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania)  is a contemporary American actress. She played roles on several soap operas, including Dr. Dorian Lord on the ABC daytime soap opera One Life to Live from January 12, 1990 to February 18, 1993.

Career
From 1977 to 1978 Princi appeared on NBC daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives, as Dr. Kate Winograd, Head of Anesthesiology at Salem University Hospital, where she befriends, and almost has an affair with, one of the show's core characters, Dr Bill Horton. She reprised the role of Kate for a brief stint in 1979.

From March 1981 to March 1983, Princi starred on CBS soap opera As the World Turns as Miranda Marlowe, and she remained on recurring status until December 1983. The role required that Princi speak with a French accent. Originally the apparent mastermind behind a crime ring in Oakdale, the character was reformed when she married Bob Hughes, a marriage that ended simply because Miranda became bored with Bob's provincial life that was a total contrast to her jet-setting past.

In August 1984, Princi returned to Days of our Lives, this time playing the role of Linda Patterson, a role previously played for many years by the blonde Margaret Mason who at the time was appearing on The Young and the Restless. Originally seen hiding behind a black veil, Princi's Linda disguised her identity by utilizing a French accent. The highlight of Princi's stint was when Linda pretended to be involved with her daughter Melissa's boyfriend, Pete Jennings, a dancer at a club which Linda secretly owned. She left the role in November 1985 after receiving a Soap Opera Digest nomination for Best Villainess.

In 1987, Princi appeared on ABC soap opera All My Children in the brief role of Eva, a madame.

In February 1990, Princi took over the role of Dr. Dorian Lord from Robin Strasser on ABC's One Life to Live, playing her until February 18, 1993, when Strasser returned to the role.

Princi was the first actress playing Dorian to take the character over to ABC's companion soap All My Children, where Dorian conspired with Adam Chandler against his ex-wife Natalie Hunter. Princi was nominated for a Soap Opera Digest Award for "Outstanding Villainess: Daytime" in 1992 for her portrayal of Dorian Lord.

During the last years of Another World, Princi guest-starred as a judge in several unrelated trial storylines.

Personal life
Princi is the daughter of actor Carl Princi.

References

External links

1946 births
American soap opera actresses
American television actresses
Living people
People from Chambersburg, Pennsylvania
21st-century American women


Shark Jaws is a single-player arcade video game by Atari, Inc. under the name of Horror Games, originally released in 1975. An unlicensed tie-in to the movie Jaws, and believed to be the first commercially released movie tie-in, it was created to be a game about sharks eating people. Atari head Nolan Bushnell originally tried to license the Jaws name, but was unable to secure a license from Universal Pictures. Deciding to go ahead with the game anyway, it was retitled Shark JAWS, with the word Shark in tiny print and JAWS in large all caps print to create greater prominence. Bushnell created a second hidden subsidiary corporation, Horror Games—the previous being Kee Games—to help isolate Atari from a possible lawsuit. According to Bushnell, the game was successful enough to sell approximately two thousand units.

The player controls a deep-sea diver trying to catch small fish while avoiding a great white shark that is trying to eat him. Points are scored by running over the fish to catch them.

The unrelated 1972 electromechanical arcade game Killer Shark from Sega was briefly featured in the movie Jaws.

Technology
The game is housed in a custom cabinet that includes a single joystick and start button. The cabinet bezel uses blue and green colors, and portrays sharks swimming around along with a solitary swimmer. The game PCB is composed of discrete technology, and although the game was released under the name Horror Games, the PCB clearly states Atari.

In Popular Culture
Shark Jaws is featured being played in the 1978 movie Piranha by supporting lead character Maggie McKeown portrayed by Heather Menzies-Urich. The short scene takes place a little less than 7 minutes into the film.

References

Additional sources

External links
Restored arcade cabinet
The Horror of IP Infringement, The Dot Eaters.com (2014)

1975 video games
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Action games
Atari arcade games
Jaws (franchise) video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set underwater


Anel Džaka (born 19 September 1980) is a German former professional footballer of Bosnian descent who played as a midfielder and most recently the coach of TuS Koblenz.

Career
Džaka began his career with Bayer 04 Leverkusen, where he made three Bundesliga appearances in three years as well as making it onto the bench for the 2002 UEFA Champions League Final. He left in 2003, joining VfL Osnabrück, where he spent just one season before joining TuS Koblenz. He was a popular figure at Koblenz, captaining the side and helping them earn promotion to the 2. Bundesliga in 2006. In 2008, he joined Koblenz's local rivals 1. FC Kaiserslautern. In February 2010, he returned on loan to TuS Koblenz. He was released by Kaiserslautern in June 2011, and spent half a season without a club before signing for Rot-Weiß Oberhausen. Six months later, after Oberhausen were relegated, he returned to TuS Koblenz for a third time.

References

External links

 Leverkusen Who's Who

1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Sarajevo
German people of Bosnia and Herzegovina descent
German men's footballers
Germany men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Bayer 04 Leverkusen players
Bayer 04 Leverkusen II players
VfL Osnabrück players
TuS Koblenz players
1. FC Kaiserslautern players
Rot-Weiß Oberhausen players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
3. Liga players


WKOL (105.1 FM; "Kool 105") is a radio station broadcasting a classic hits format. The station, which signed on in 1994 as WEXP-FM, is licensed to Plattsburgh, New York, United States, and serves the Burlington / Plattsburgh area.  WKOL is owned by Hall Communications, Inc.

History
The station was assigned the call letters WAEE on July 23, 1993; on March 18, 1994, the station changed its call sign to WEXP-FM. The station signed on August 22, 1994, with an album-oriented rock and adult album alternative format under the ownership of UBC Inc. and branded as "Experience 105.1". After UBC ran into financial problems, Hall Communications, owner of WOKO and WJOY in Burlington, agreed to purchase WEXP-FM in February 1995 and assumed control on June 13, 1995; on that date, the station was assigned its present WKOL call sign. "Experience 105.1" programming ended on June 15, 1995; on June 22, WKOL returned to the air as "Kool 105" with an oldies format.

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KOL
Radio stations established in 1994
1994 establishments in New York (state)


Raw Nerve is a 1999 erotic crime drama starring Mario Van Peebles, Nicollette Sheridan, Zach Galligan and Monica Trombetta. It was directed by Avi Nesher and written by Robert H. Berger.

External links

1999 films
Films directed by Avi Nesher
1999 crime drama films