In computer science and formal methods, a SAT solver is a computer program which aims to solve the Boolean satisfiability problem. On input a formula over Boolean variables, such as "(x or y) and (x or not y)", a SAT solver outputs whether the formula is satisfiable, meaning that there are possible values of x and y which make the formula true, or unsatisfiable, meaning that there are no such values of x and y. In this case, the formula is satisfiable when x is true, so the solver should return "satisfiable". Since the introduction of algorithms for SAT in the 1960s, modern SAT solvers have grown into complex software artifacts involving a large number of heuristics and program optimizations to work efficiently.

By a result known as the Cook–Levin theorem, Boolean satisfiability is an NP-complete problem in general. As a result, only algorithms with exponential worst-case complexity are known. In spite of this, efficient and scalable algorithms for SAT were developed during the 2000s, which have contributed to dramatic advances in the ability to automatically solve problem instances involving tens of thousands of variables and millions of constraints.

SAT solvers often begin by converting a formula to conjunctive normal form. They are often based on core algorithms such as the DPLL algorithm, but incorporate a number of extensions and features. Most SAT solvers include time-outs, so they will terminate in reasonable time even if they cannot find a solution with an output such as "unknown". Often, SAT solvers do not just provide an answer, but can provide further information including an example assignment (values for x, y, etc.) in case the formula is satisfiable or minimal set of unsatisfiable clauses if the formula is unsatisfiable.

Modern SAT solvers have had a significant impact on fields including software verification, program analysis, constraint solving, artificial intelligence, electronic design automation, and operations research. Powerful solvers are readily available as free and open-source software and are built into some programming languages such as exposing SAT solvers as constraints in constraint logic programming.

Overview

A Boolean formula is any expression that can be written using Boolean (propositional) variables x, y, z, ... and the Boolean operations AND, OR, and NOT. For example,

 (x AND y) OR (x AND (NOT z))

An assignment consists of choosing, for each variable, an assignment TRUE or FALSE. For any assignment v, the Boolean formula can be evaluated, and evalutes to true or false.
The formula is satisfiable if there exists an assignment (called a satisfying assignment) for which the formula evaluates to true.

The Boolean satisfiability problem is the decision problem which asks, on input a Boolean formula, to determine whether the formula is satisfiable or not. This problem is NP-complete.

DPLL solvers

A DPLL SAT solver employs a systematic backtracking search procedure to explore the (exponentially sized) space of variable assignments looking for satisfying assignments. The basic search procedure was proposed in two seminal papers in the early 1960s (see references below) and is now commonly referred to as the Davis–Putnam–Logemann–Loveland algorithm ("DPLL" or "DLL"). Many modern approaches to practical SAT solving are derived from the DPLL algorithm and share the same structure. Often they only improve the efficiency of certain classes of SAT problems such as instances that appear in industrial applications or randomly generated instances. Theoretically, exponential lower bounds have been proved for the DPLL family of algorithms.

Algorithms that are not part of the DPLL family include stochastic local search algorithms. One example is WalkSAT. Stochastic methods try to find a satisfying interpretation but cannot deduce that a SAT instance is unsatisfiable, as opposed to complete algorithms, such as DPLL.

In contrast, randomized algorithms like the PPSZ algorithm by Paturi, Pudlak, Saks, and Zane set variables in a random order according to some heuristics, for example bounded-width resolution. If the heuristic can't find the correct setting, the variable is assigned randomly. The PPSZ algorithm has a  of  for 3-SAT. This was the best-known runtime for this problem until 2019, when  Hansen, Kaplan, Zamir and Zwick published a modification of that algorithm with a runtime of  for 3-SAT. The latter is currently the fastest known algorithm for k-SAT at all values of k. In the setting with many satisfying assignments the randomized algorithm by Schöning has a better bound.

CDCL solvers

Modern SAT solvers (developed in the 2000s) come in two flavors: "conflict-driven" and "look-ahead". Both approaches descend from DPLL. Conflict-driven solvers, such as conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL), augment the basic DPLL search algorithm with efficient conflict analysis, clause learning, backjumping, a "two-watched-literals" form of unit propagation, adaptive branching, and random restarts. These "extras" to the basic systematic search have been empirically shown to be essential for handling the large SAT instances that arise in electronic design automation (EDA). Well known implementations include Chaff and GRASP. Look-ahead solvers have especially strengthened reductions (going beyond unit-clause propagation) and the heuristics, and they are generally stronger than conflict-driven solvers on hard instances (while conflict-driven solvers can be much better on large instances which actually have an easy instance inside).

The conflict-driven MiniSAT, which was relatively successful at the 2005 SAT competition, only has about 600 lines of code. A modern Parallel SAT solver is ManySAT. It can achieve super linear speed-ups on important classes of problems. An example for look-ahead solvers is march_dl, which won a prize at the 2007 SAT competition. Google's CP-SAT solver, part of OR-Tools, won gold medals at the Minizinc constraint programming competitions in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021.

Certain types of large random satisfiable instances of SAT can be solved by survey propagation (SP). Particularly in hardware design and verification applications, satisfiability and other logical properties of a given propositional formula are sometimes decided based on a representation of the formula as a binary decision diagram (BDD).

Different SAT solvers will find different instances easy or hard, and some excel at proving unsatisfiability, and others at finding solutions.
All of these behaviors can be seen in the SAT solving contests.

Other Techniques

Parallel SAT-solving
Parallel SAT solvers come in three categories: portfolio, divide-and-conquer and parallel local search algorithms. With parallel portfolios, multiple different SAT solvers run concurrently. Each of them solves a copy of the SAT instance, whereas divide-and-conquer algorithms divide the problem between the processors. Different approaches exist to parallelize local search algorithms.

The International SAT Solver Competition has a parallel track reflecting recent advances in parallel SAT solving. In 2016, 2017 and 2018, the benchmarks were run on a shared-memory system with 24 processing cores, therefore solvers intended for distributed memory or manycore processors might have fallen short.

Portfolios
In general there is no SAT solver that performs better than all other solvers on all SAT problems. An algorithm might perform well for problem instances others struggle with, but will do worse with other instances. Furthermore, given a SAT instance, there is no reliable way to predict which algorithm will solve this instance particularly fast. These limitations motivate the parallel portfolio approach. A portfolio is a set of different algorithms or different configurations of the same algorithm. All solvers in a parallel portfolio run on different processors to solve of the same problem. If one solver terminates, the portfolio solver reports the problem to be satisfiable or unsatisfiable according to this one solver. All other solvers are terminated. Diversifying portfolios by including a variety of solvers, each performing well on a different set of problems, increases the robustness of the solver.

Many solvers internally use a random number generator. Diversifying their seeds is a simple way to diversify a portfolio. Other diversification strategies involve enabling, disabling or diversifying certain heuristics in the sequential solver.

One drawback of parallel portfolios is the amount of duplicate work. If clause learning is used in the sequential solvers, sharing learned clauses between parallel running solvers can reduce duplicate work and increase performance. Yet, even merely running a portfolio of the best solvers in parallel makes a competitive parallel solver. An example of such a solver is PPfolio. It was designed to find a lower bound for the performance a parallel SAT solver should be able to deliver. Despite the large amount of duplicate work due to lack of optimizations, it performed well on a shared memory machine. HordeSat is a parallel portfolio solver for large clusters of computing nodes. It uses differently configured instances of the same sequential solver at its core. Particularly for hard SAT instances HordeSat can produce linear speedups and therefore reduce runtime significantly.

In recent years parallel portfolio SAT solvers have dominated the parallel track of the International SAT Solver Competitions. Notable examples of such solvers include Plingeling and painless-mcomsps.

Divide-and-conquer

In contrast to parallel portfolios, parallel divide-and-conquer tries to split the search space between the processing elements. Divide-and-conquer algorithms, such as the sequential DPLL, already apply the technique of splitting the search space, hence their extension towards a parallel algorithm is straight forward. However, due to techniques like unit propagation, following a division, the partial problems may differ significantly in complexity. Thus the DPLL algorithm typically does not process each part of the search space in the same amount of time, yielding a challenging load balancing problem.
Due to non-chronological backtracking, parallelization of conflict-driven clause learning is more difficult. One way to overcome this is the Cube-and-Conquer paradigm. It suggests solving in two phases. In the "cube" phase the Problem is divided into many thousands, up to millions, of sections. This is done by a look-ahead solver, that finds a set of partial configurations called "cubes". A cube can also be seen as a conjunction of a subset of variables of the original formula. In conjunction with the formula, each of the cubes forms a new formula. These formulas can be solved independently and concurrently by conflict-driven solvers. As the disjunction of these formulas is equivalent to the original formula, the problem is reported to be satisfiable, if one of the formulas is satisfiable. The look-ahead solver is favorable for small but hard problems, so it is used to gradually divide the problem into multiple sub-problems. These sub-problems are easier but still large which is the ideal form for a conflict-driven solver. Furthermore look-ahead solvers consider the entire problem whereas conflict-driven solvers make decisions based on information that is much more local. There are three heuristics involved in the cube phase. The variables in the cubes are chosen by the decision heuristic. The direction heuristic decides which variable assignment (true or false) to explore first. In satisfiable problem instances, choosing a satisfiable branch first is beneficial. The cutoff heuristic decides when to stop expanding a cube and instead forward it to a sequential conflict-driven solver. Preferably the cubes are similarly complex to solve.

Treengeling is an example for a parallel solver that applies the Cube-and-Conquer paradigm. Since its introduction in 2012 it has had multiple successes at the International SAT Solver Competition. Cube-and-Conquer was used to solve the Boolean Pythagorean triples problem.

Cube-and-Conquer is a modification or a generalization of the DPLL-based Divide-and-conquer approach used to compute the Van der Waerden numbers w(2;3,17) and w(2;3,18) in 2010  where both the phases (splitting and solving the partial problems) were performed using DPLL.

Local search
One strategy towards a parallel local search algorithm for SAT solving is trying multiple variable flips concurrently on different processing units. Another is to apply the aforementioned portfolio approach, however clause sharing is not possible since local search solvers do not produce clauses. Alternatively, it is possible to share the configurations that are produced locally. These configurations can be used to guide the production of a new initial configuration when a local solver decides to restart its search.

Applications

In mathematics

SAT solvers have been used to assist in proving mathematical theorems through computer-assisted proof. In Ramsey theory, Several previously unknown Van der Waerden numbers were computed with the help of specialized SAT solvers running on FPGAs. In 2016, Marijn Heule, Oliver Kullmann, and Victor Marek solved the Boolean Pythagorean triples problem by using a SAT solver to show that there is no way to color the integers up to 7825 in the required fashion. Small values of the Schur numbers were also computed by Heule using SAT solvers.

In software verification

SAT solvers are used in formal verification of hardware and software. In model checking (in particular, bounded model checking), SAT solvers are used to check whether a finite-state system satisfies a specification of its intended behavior.

SAT solvers are the core component on which satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solvers are built, which are used for problems such as job scheduling, symbolic execution, program model checking, program verification based on hoare logic, and other applications. These techniques are also closely related to constraint programming and logic programming.

In other areas

In operations research, SAT solvers have been applied to solve optimization and scheduling problems.

In social choice theory, SAT solvers have been used to prove impossibility theorems. Tang and Lin used SAT solvers to prove Arrow’s theorem and other classic impossibility theorems. Geist and Endriss used it to find new impossibilities related to set extensions. Brandt and Geist used this approach to prove an impossibility about strategyproof tournament solutions. Other authors used this technology to prove new impossibilities about the no-show paradox, half-way monotonicity, and probabilistic voting rules. Brandl, Brandt, Peters and Stricker used it to prove the impossibility of a strategyproof, efficient and fair rule for fractional social choice.

See also

 :Category:SAT solvers
 Computer-assisted proof
 Satisfiability modulo theories

References

Formal methods
Logic in computer science
Satisfiability problems


Illinois v. Lidster, 540 U.S. 419 (2004), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Fourth Amendment permits the police to use a roadblock to investigate a traffic incident.

Facts
Just after midnight, on August 23, 1997, a 70-year-old man riding a bicycle was killed when a passing car struck him while he was riding on a highway in Lombard, Illinois. A week later, at the same time of day and at the same location, the police erected a roadblock.  They stopped each passing motorist and handed him or her a flyer asking for information about the hit-and-run incident.

Robert Lidster approached the checkpoint in his minivan. Before he reached the designated stopping point, Lidster swerved and nearly struck one of the officers. The officer smelled alcohol on Lidster's breath and directed Lidster to a side street where another officer administered field sobriety tests. Lidster was later tried and convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol.

Lidster challenged the lawfulness of his arrest, arguing that the checkpoint violated the Fourth Amendment. The trial court rejected the challenge, but the Illinois Appellate Court accepted it, as did the Illinois Supreme Court. Because a decision of the Virginia Supreme Court had reached the opposite conclusion, the US Supreme Court agreed to hear Lidster's case.

Majority opinion

In City of Indianapolis v. Edmond, , the US Supreme Court ruled that police checkpoints set up for the purpose of "general crime control" were unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment.  Although the Illinois Supreme Court ruled that Edmond required the trial court to suppress the evidence of Lidster's stop, the Court disagreed.

Unlike the checkpoint in Edmond, the "primary law enforcement purpose" of the stop in this case was to "ask vehicle occupants, as members of the public, for their help in providing information about a crime in all likelihood committed by others." Edmond was directed solely at roadblocks whose purpose was general crime control; however, not every activity undertaken by law enforcement falls under the rubric of general crime control. Ordinarily, a brief investigatory stop requires individualized suspicion. In the case of seeking information from the public, the Court reasoned, "the concept of individualized suspicion has little role to play.  Like certain other forms of police activity, say, crowd control or public safety, an information-seeking stop is not the kind of event that involves suspicion, or lack of suspicion, of the relevant individual."

The law allows the police to seek the voluntary cooperation of members of the public in investigating crime. The importance of doing so is "offset to some degree by the need to stop a motorist to obtain that help—a need less likely present where a pedestrian, not a motorist, is involved." Although such a stop is a "seizure" in Fourth Amendment terms, it is a reasonable one. The stop is hardly more onerous than ordinary traffic congestion, and the resulting cooperation with the investigation would prove just as fruitful as stopping pedestrians on the street. Accordingly, it would be "anomalous" to allow the police to stop pedestrians and ask for their help in solving crimes but forbid them to stop motorists for the same reason.

The Court stressed that this does not mean that the roadblock in this case was presumptively constitutional. Each roadblock must be evaluated on its own merits. In this case, the "relevant public concern was grave" in that the police were "investigating a crime that resulted in a human death." The roadblock advanced the police's "grave public concern," but it "interfered only minimally with liberty of the sort the Fourth Amendment seeks to protect." The stops were relatively short in duration. They "provided little reason for anxiety or alarm" on the part of the motorists, and there was no indication that the police acted in a discriminatory manner. Thus, the checkpoint stop was constitutional.

Concurring opinion

Justice Stevens pointed out that pedestrians are free to keep walking when they see a police officer handing out flyers or seeking information while "motorists who confront a roadblock are required to stop, and to remain stopped for as long as the officers choose to detain them." At the same time, the "likelihood that questioning a random sample of drivers will yield useful information about a hit-and-run incident that occurred a week earlier is speculative at best." However, neither of the lower courts had balanced the relative factors weighing in favor of and against finding the seizure reasonable, as the per se rule of Edmond dictated the outcome of this case.  Consequently, Stevens opined he would remand the case to the Illinois courts to perform the balancing in the first instance.

See also

List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 540
List of United States Supreme Court cases

External links

  Amicus brief of the Criminal Justice Legal Foundation
  Opinion of the Illinois Supreme Court
  Amicus brief of ACLU
  Amicus brief of the Solicitor General
  Brief of Petitioner State of Illinois

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Fourth Amendment case law
2004 in United States case law
Lombard, Illinois
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court


The Thai Public Broadcasting Service (; ), or TPBS (), is a public broadcasting service in Thailand. It was established by the Thai Public Broadcasting Service Act, BE 2551 (2008), which came into force on 15 January 2008. Under this act, TPBS holds the status of state agency with legal personality, but is not a government agency or state enterprise.

TPBS operates Thai PBS (ไทยพีบีเอส), which was formerly known as iTV, TITV and TV Thai television station, respectively. Thai PBS is a public television station broadcasting on UHF Channel 29. The station broadcasts on a frequency formerly held by the privately run channel, iTV. Thai PBS tested its broadcast by connecting to a temporary signal for broadcasting to the special programs chart which had been appropriated by Television of Thailand (TVT or TV 11 Thailand) at TVT New Phetchaburi Road Broadcasting Station. (presently National News Bureau of Thailand headquarters and NBT World TV Station and formerly UHF Channel 29, from 15 to 31 January 2008.  Programs began on 1 February 2008.)

History

The iTV years

Discussion of a public television station in Thailand began in the aftermath of the "Bloody May" crackdown on anti-government protests in 1992, in which the need was expressed for a TV station that would broadcast news and information free from state intervention. The resulting public debate gave rise to iTV, a privately owned channel which started broadcasting in 1995 under a 30-year state concession. According to the covenant, iTV had to include news and information no less than 70% of its total airtime. This condition made it difficult for iTV to make a profit. Soon after the 1997 economic crisis in which Thailand was hard hit, iTV underwent massive debt restructuring. Nation Multimedia Group, a major news and publishing company and shareholder, pulled out and was replaced by Shin Corporation, a telecommunications conglomerate owned by the family of Thaksin Shinawatra, who was elected prime minister in 2001.

Under Shin Corporation, iTV was granted permission by an arbitration panel to increase the amount of entertainment programming and pay a significantly reduced amount of annual licensing fee in 2004. The case was contested in Thailand's Central Administrative Court, but iTV restructured its programming to include more entertainment and less news. This move was criticized as an act contrary to its original mandate. iTV was also harshly criticized for its biased coverage in favor of the Thaksin government, particularly when the government encountered fierce public scrutiny surrounding the sale of Shin Corporation to Temasek Holdings and its aftermath which eventually led to the 2006 Thai coup d'état.

iTV becomes TITV
In June 2006, the Administrative Court ruled that iTV's move to change its programming structure violated conditions stated in the covenant and ruled that iTV pay fines and concession fees illegitimately lessened by the arbitration panel. Penalties totalled 94 billion baht. The ruling nearly bankrupted iTV. The concession was later repealed and iTV was returned to state possession during the Surayud administration, which renamed the station TITV, but continued programming provided by the former iTV.

Creation of Thai PBS
The Surayud administration formed a task force headed by Somkiat Tangkijvanich to conduct a possibility study to transform iTV into a fully public-financed television station. This effort resulted in the proposal of the Public Broadcasting Service Act, in which legal measures were put in place to protect the new TV station against both political and commercial influence. According to the PBS Act, the new public TV station, called TPBS (Thai Public Broadcasting Service), receives financial support derived from sin taxes to ensure its financial independence and to protect itself against any possible business links. The organization is designed such that autonomy and immunity to any intervention from politicians or state power are ensured. The required establishment of a viewers committee would also help guarantee accountability and the quality of programs that reflects viewer preferences.

The creation of Thai PBS was controversial, because it displaced the privately run iTV. The announcement that iTV was to be shut down and replaced by the commercial-free TPBS in accordance with the Public Broadcasting Service Act was made with no prior announcement. Approximately 800 employees of the former TITV were uncertain of their jobs.

All of TITV's old programming was pulled from the air and, during a two-week interim period, programming was provided by the Public Relations Department's Television of Thailand, and mainly consisted of tributes to Princess Galyani Vadhana, who had died on 2 January 2008.

Broadcasting commences
New programming by TPBS commenced on 1 February 2008, consisting of documentaries and children's programs, commissioned by the Public Relations Department. Broadcast hours were originally from 16:30 to 23:00 daily, later 11:30 to 23:00, and later 05:00 to 02:00, with five to six hours of news programs.

Most of the production staff for TPBS has come from the ranks of former iTV/TITV crew. The status of around 300 for iTV/TITV journalists has been uncertain. managing director of Thai PBS is Thepchai Yong, a former editor of The Nation newspaper and News Director of iTV who in 2009 was awarded a Media Leadership Award by the US-based international media development NGO Internews.

Political interference
During its short history, Thai PBS has been attacked persistently by the government of the day. In the latest example (March 2016) Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha slammed the public broadcaster for being "one-sided" in its coverage of the ongoing drought crisis. The junta leader was angry because he thought Thai PBS was giving too much emphasis to people's suffering while neglecting what the government was doing to alleviate problems. He pointed to the fact that Thai PBS is financed by the state, which he claimed should oblige it to propagate government news releases.

Digital switchover

Starting in December 2015, Thai PBS started the process of switching off analog transmissions around the country, starting with transmitters in Chiang Mai (Specifically at Fang District)  and Surat Thani (Specifically at Koh samui District) provinces on 1 December. The switch off was completed at midnight on 15 June 2018 into 16 June with Bangkok, Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai site transmitters.

Presenters

Current
 Pimpimol Panyana
 Chindanai Meechai
 Theeradet Ngamleur
 Thepchai Yong
 Nattha Komonwatin
 Jessada Jeesala
 Sirima Songklin
 Paweena Fukhthong
 Butsirin Yingkiatkul
 Onevisa Thinnawat
 Thidarat Anantarakitti
 Krittha Deemee
 Ornsinee Amornmolee
 Chersan Srisatjang
 Jeerachata Iamrasamee
 Thanawan Milindasut
 Nantini Lailaied
 Apiya Chaichanthip
 Venika Wichaiwattana
 Athip Klinwichit
 Prawadee Latnadee
 Pheungnapha Klongphayabarn
 Anucha Khamduang
 Oranit Phetchwongsiri
 Suthakini Suthibongkot
 Akkaradej Wattanabanjongkul
 Wiriya Tannukunkit
 Intouch Petchprasomkul
 Weerid Hooncharoen
 Anchalee Posuwan
 Pongsathat Sukphong
 Tulip Naksompop Blau
 Wipaporn Wattanawit
 Kokhet Chantalertlak
 Piyachat Karunanon
 Butsirin Yingkiatkul
 Apirak Harnpichitwanich
 Atiwat Teeranirisnan
 Chamaiporn Heanprasert
 Pakkanunt Saengkham Thanasom
 Wisut Komwatcharapong

Former
 Tawanrung Parisuttidham (now at MONO29)

See also
List of television stations in Thailand
Media of Thailand

References

External links

Television stations in Thailand
Television channels and stations established in 2008
State media
Publicly funded broadcasters
Commercial-free television networks
Independent administrative organizations of Thailand


Javier Fernández is the name of:
 Javier Fernández (Spanish politician) (born 1948), Spanish politician and President of the Principality of Asturias
 Javier Fernández government, the regional government of Javier Fernández
 Javier Fernández Aguado (born 1961), Spanish PhD in Economics, author and expert in Management
 Javier Fernández (judoka) (born 1981), Spanish judoka
 Javi Fernández (footballer, born 1988), Spanish footballer
 Javier Fernández (figure skater) (born 1991), Spanish figure skater
 Javier Fernández (footballer, born 1994), Uruguayan footballer
 Javi Fernández (footballer, born 1997), Spanish footballer
 Javier Fernandez (American politician), member of the Florida House of Representatives
 Javier Fernández (footballer, born 2006), Spanish footballer

See also
 Francisco Javier Fernández (disambiguation)
 Javier Ferrer Fernández (born 1961), Puerto Rican attorney
 Javi Navas (born 1991), Spanish footballer born Javier Fernández Herranz
 Bicho (footballer, born 1996), Spanish footballer born Javier Fernández Abruñedo


The Kirin Open was a golf tournament in Japan. It was founded in 1972 as the season ending event on the Asia Golf Circuit, replacing the Yomiuri International which had been cancelled when sponsors decided to discontinue the event. It was also a fixture on the Japan Golf Tour from 1974 until 2001.

It was played at Sobu Country Club in Inzai until 1976. In 1977 Dunlop became title sponsors and the tournament was moved to Ibaraki Golf Club in Ibaraki.

Winners

Notes

References

External links
Coverage on Japan Golf Tour's official site

Asia Golf Circuit events
Former Japan Golf Tour events
Defunct golf tournaments in Japan
Sport in Ibaraki Prefecture
Recurring sporting events established in 1972
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2001
1972 establishments in Japan
2001 disestablishments in Japan


The British Columbia Recall and Initiative Referendum was a referendum held in British Columbia on October 17, 1991. It was concurrent with that year's general election. The referendum posed two questions. They were on whether elected officials should be able to be recalled and whether voters should be given a citizen's initiative. Both questions were decisively approved with over 80% of the electorate voting yes to both questions.

Lead up
British Columbia has had several referendums in its history. A previous bill, the Direct Legislation Act, was passed by the Oliver government in 1919. the Direct Democracy Act was given royal assent in March of that year, but was never proclaimed. A similar statute was struck down by the Manitoba Court of Appeals later that year. These combined to leave the BC law in legislative limbo until it was removed in a 1924 statute consolidation.

A promise to hold referendums was included in the British Columbia Social Credit Party (Socred) government's speech from the throne in April 1990. In preparation, the Socreds had invited two experts from California familiar with recall and initiative to their annual convention. Appropriate legislation was introduced on July 5, 1990.

The two questions were:

A: Should the voters be given the right, by legislation, to vote between elections for the removal of their member of the Legislative Assembly?

B: Should the voters be given the right, by legislation, to propose questions that the Government of British Columbia must submit to voters by referendum?

Both of the questions were announced by Premier Rita Johnston during a news conference on September 5, 1991, although by then they were an open secret. NDP leader Mike Harcourt criticized the timing, saying that the Socreds had moved too slowly in launching the proposals. Liberal leader Gordon Wilson also criticized the referendum, saying that it was intended to divert attention away from the scandal-plagued Socreds. In response, Johnston said she could not comment on either timing or structure for the proposals because they would be decided after the referendum.

The referendum was run by Attorney-General Russ Fraser. The total cost was 1.7 million dollars. The cost includes information pamphlets, advertising, toll-free information telephone lines, and costs related to running the referendum.

The referendum also got caught up in the campaign going on at the same time. Both Premier Johnston and British Columbia New Democratic Party (NDP) leader Harcourt announced that they would be voting yes in the referendum.

Results
There was overwhelming support for both questions. Support was over 80% of yes votes for both questions. However, more than nine percent of ballots for question A were rejected, and more than eleven percent were rejected for question B. Turnout was slightly less than that in the general election.

Question A: Recall

Question B: Initiative

Aftermath
British Columbia's legislation made a referendum binding only on the government that called it. As the Socreds had been defeated, the incoming NDP government was not required to enable recall and initiative. Nevertheless, Premier-elect Mike Harcourt announced that his government would be bound by the results. As a consequence, the Recall and Initiative Act was passed and entered into force on February 24, 1995.
In 1998, MLA Paul Reitsma resigned his seat when it appeared that a recall petition would be successful and he could be the first person ever recalled under the legislation.

As of April 2023, according to Elections BC the Recall and Initiative Act has been invoked:
 29 times with registered Recall petitions, all of which are deemed to have failed;
 14 times with registered Initiative petitions, of which only one passed (see 2011 British Columbia sales tax referendum).

See also
 Politics of British Columbia
 Referendums in Canada
 William Aberhart, the first politician in Canada ever to be subject to a recall campaign

References

External links
 Elections BC

1991 elections in Canada
Political history of British Columbia
1991 referendums
Elections in British Columbia
Initiatives
1991 in British Columbia
October 1991 events in Canada


SMK Mahsuri or officially, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Mahsuri, is a public secondary school located at the heart of Kuah, Langkawi, Kedah, Malaysia. The majority of the students in this school are enrolled in 10 semesters (5 school years) of preparatory courses before taking the national exam known as the Malaysian Certificate of Education. whereas some students who choose to pursue Sixth Form usually undergo one and a half more years of schooling. Science courses including Biology, Chemistry and Physics are usually not offered here.

The school has always been widely recognized as the most culturally diverse school within the local community. The school has successfully proven its excellence in nurturing past and future generations of students on the island of Langkawi.  The school is also proud of its motto: "Berusaha, Berjaya", or "Strive, Succeed" in English.
which clearly symbolizes its dedication to providing quality education and equal opportunities for local residents. SMK Mahsuri is the second oldest secondary school in Langkawi after SMK Tunku Putra. It was established in 1964 under the name "Lanjutan Kampong School" and later known as "Kuah Secondary School". In 1966, the school moved to Jalan Ayer Hangat, now renamed "Mahsuri Secondary School".

In April 1966, a dormitory was built using the school's B block. In 1982, two hostel blocks, a canteen and a surau were built. Now the school has a dormitory consisting of 4 blocks (2 blocks for males and 2 blocks for females). The school was opened by the Minister of Education, Mr. Mohamed Khir Johari on November 12, 1966. The name of the school, SMK Mahsuri was derived from a young girl's name, Mahsuri who was executed after being accused of adultery according to local mythology.  It is generally believed that the girl was actually innocent and thus the school adopted her name as a tribute to the tragic death of Mahsuri who was at the time a victim of slander and herd mentality.

On August 1, 1997, the school was known as SMK Mahsuri. Now, SMK Mahsuri consists of a classroom block, a three-floor block made up of 9 science laboratories, a computer laboratory, a large hall and a dormitory.

Notable alumni
Notable alumni from SMK Mahsuri include:
 Aziz Desa – Former host, reporter & announcer of Langkawi.FM, TV3, ASTRO OASIS, RTM, and TV9.
 Aidid Marcello – TV3 host.
 Amylea Azizan – Placed third in reality program Akademi Fantasia Season 3.
 Raja Yasmin – Host.
 Kartina Aziz - Actor and Active.

References

External links

Schools in Kedah
Secondary schools in Malaysia


The United States has held a total of 115 Yemeni citizens at Guantanamo Bay, forty-two of whom have since been transferred out of the facility. Only Afghanistan and Saudi Arabia had a greater number of their citizens held in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. By January 2008, the Yemenis in Guantanamo represented the largest group of detainees.

Among the Yemeni detainees currently held (as of November 2015), 44 are recommended for transfer out of the facility, while twenty-three are being held indefinitely and are not recommended for transfer. Only Ali Hamza Ahmad Suliman al Bahlul has been convicted by military tribunal, and his conviction has been vacated on appeal. Two Yemeni detainees are awaiting trials by military commissions, Ramzi bin al-Shibh and Walid Bin Attash.

Events
A delegation of Yemeni officials visited Guantanamo shortly after it opened in January 2002.

On March 12, 2008, Mark Falkoff of the Center for Constitutional Rights issued a call for the repatriation of the Yemeni detainees, reporting that 95 Yemenis remained in detention, and they now constituted more than a third of the total detainee population.
Falkoff wrote that the delay in his release is due to a failure of the United States and Yemeni governments to reach an agreement on the security arrangements for the detainees, following their repatriation. By contrast, almost all the 133 Saudi detainees in Guantanamo had been sent home in 2006 and 2007.

Impact of Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab's alleged attempted suicide bombing
On December 25, 2009, Nigerian Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab allegedly tried to set off a suicide bomb on Northwest Airlines Flight 253.
By December 27, 2009, responding to rumors that Abdulmutallab had confessed to being trained and equipped in Yemen, various American politicians, including Joe Lieberman, Pete Hoekstra, Peter T. King and Bennie Thompson, called for American President Barack Obama to halt plans to repatriate the Yemenis.

Repatriation negotiations
An article published in the Yemen Post on November 13, 2012, reported on secret terms in the US-Yemeni repatriation negotiations.

Yemen recently had a change in administration.  Officials of the new administration said, "Saleh demanded $200 million in return for receiving the Yemeni detainees, but the US offered him only $20 million. The two sides could not reach an agreement to release the detainees by then."'

Repatriated detainees
Several returned Yemeni detainees were charged and stood trial, following their repatriation.
Yemen established a special Criminal Court for Terrorism where their trials took place.

On June 7, 2008, the Yemeni site Al Sahwa Net reported that negotiations were advanced for the repatriation of approximately seventy Yemeni detainees.

On June 7, 2008, Yemen Online'' reported that several Yemeni detainees had recently been allowed to their first phone calls to their families.
The article also reported that "informed sources" said Stephan Seche, the American ambassador had returned to the US to brief the Bush Presidency on Yemen's rehabilitation program for repatriated detainees.

List of Yemeni detainees in Guantanamo

See also
 Timeline of the release and transfer of Guantanamo Bay detainees
 Al-Asadi v. Bush

References

External links

 Fahed Abdullah Ahmad Ghazi's (a.k.a. Fahd Ghazy) Guantanamo detainee assessment via Wikileaks
 Yemenis cleared for release held in Guantanamo for years May 2011

Lists of Guantanamo Bay detainees by nationality
United States–Yemen relations
Yemeni people imprisoned abroad


The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1964 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 3, 1964. One Republican-held district and one previously Democratic-held open seat switched parties, resulting in no net change in the balance of 23 Democrats and 15 Republicans.

Overview

Separate election

On February 18, 1964, a special election was held in the .  Incumbent John Shelley (D) had resigned January 7, 1964, to become Mayor of San Francisco.  Phillip Burton (D) won the special election and would run again in November for the full term.

Results
Final results from the Clerk of the House of Representatives:

District 1

District 2

District 3

District 4

District 5

District 6

District 7

District 8

District 9

District 10

District 11

District 12

District 13

District 14

District 15

District 16

District 17

District 18

District 19

District 20

District 21

District 22

District 23

District 24

District 25

District 26

District 27

District 28

District 29

District 30

District 31

District 32

District 33

District 34

District 35

District 36

District 37

District 38

See also
89th United States Congress
Political party strength in California
Political party strength in U.S. states
1964 United States House of Representatives elections

References
California Elections Page
Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives

External links
California Legislative District Maps (1911-Present)
RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions

1964
California
United States House of Representatives


Water supply and sanitation in Yemen is characterized by many challenges as well as some achievements. A key challenge is severe water scarcity, especially in the Highlands, prompting The Times of London to write "Yemen could become the first nation to run out of water". A second key challenge is a high level of poverty, making it very difficult to recover the costs of service provision. Access to water supply sanitation in Yemen is as low or even lower than that in many sub-Saharan African countries. Yemen is both the poorest country and the most water-scarce country in the Arab world. Third, the capacity of sector institutions to plan, build, operate and maintain infrastructure remains limited. Last but not least the security situation makes it even more difficult to improve or even maintain existing levels of service.

The average Yemeni has access to only 140 cubic meters of water per year (101 gallons per day) for all uses, while the Middle Eastern average is 1,000 m3/yr, and the internationally defined threshold for water stress is 1,700 cubic meters per year. Yemen's groundwater is the main source of water in the country but the water tables have dropped severely leaving the country without a viable source of water. For example, in Sana'a, the water table was 30 meters below surface in the 1970s but had dropped to 1200 meters below surface by 2012 in some areas. The groundwater has not been regulated by Yemen's governments. Even before the revolution, Yemen's water situation had been described as increasingly dire by experts who worried that Yemen would be the "first country to run out of water". Agriculture in Yemen takes up about 90% of water in Yemen even though it only generates 6% of GDP - however a large portion of Yemenis are dependent on small-scale subsistence agriculture. Half of agricultural water in Yemen is used to grow khat, a narcotic that most Yemenis chew. This means that in such a water-scarce country as Yemen, where half the population is food-insecure, 45% of the water withdrawn from the ever-depleting aquifers is used to grow a narcotic that does not feed Yemenis.

Due to the 2015 Yemeni Civil War, the situation is increasingly dire. 80% of the country's population struggles to access water to drink and bathe. Bombing has forced many Yemenis to leave their homes for other areas, and so wells in those areas are under increasing pressure. In addition, water infrastructure itself has been targeted by warplanes. For example, on January 8, 2016, a major desalination plant in the city of Mokha was destroyed by a Saudi bomb, which caused the disruption of water supply not of Mokha but also of Ta'iz. In addition to the impacts of the war, global warming and human overpopulation have also contributed to the destruction of Yemen's water supply.  Yemen is facing the world's worst outbreak of cholera, caused by lack of clean drinking water. Over 2000 people died from the highly contagious bacterial infection in the four months from April to August 2017.

Access
In 2014, around 11.2 million people lacked access to "improved" water and around 11.5 million people were without access to "improved" sanitation in Yemen.

Previously, in 2012, 55% of the total population  had access to "improved" water, or 72% of the urban population and 47% of the rural population. Regarding sanitation, in 2012, 53% of the total population had access to "improved"  sanitation, or 93% of the urban population and 34% of the rural population.

Running water is available in many parts of the country, but most villages remain without it. Women in remote areas typically draw water from the nearest well or from a cistern, sometimes walking up to two hours each way twice a day. They may carry the water in pots on their heads or load them onto donkeys.

Statistics on access to water supply and sanitation in Yemen are contradictory. For example, the data from the latest census, carried out in 1997, are very different from data in a Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) carried out in the same year. According to the census, 61% or urban households had access to water connections in their home, while according to the DHS the same figure was 70%, but for rural areas the order is reversed. The census gives higher figures for access to house connections (25%) than the DHS (19%). The latest data used by the United Nations are from the 2004 Family and Health Survey and the 2006 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. Estimates for 2011 are made based on an extrapolation of trends from previous years.

In 2011, the United Nations' Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation estimated that only 55% of the Yemeni population had access to improved water source – including 40% from house connections and 15% from other improved water sources such as standpipes. Only 53% had access to improved sanitation. Access to improved water supply, using a broad definition of access, is estimated to be much higher in urban areas than in rural areas (72% vs. 47%). The urban-rural gap is much higher for improved sanitation (93% vs. 33%). Due to rapid population growth, access to water supply actually declined in relative terms from 66% in 1990 to 55% in 2011 despite a substantial increase in absolute access. However, access to improved sanitation increased from 24% to 53% during the same period, according to the estimates.

Service quality
Service quality for water supply and sanitation has many dimensions. For example, service quality for water supply can be measured through the continuity of supply, which is generally low in Yemen, and customer satisfaction, which is surprisingly high. One indicator for the service quality of sanitation is the effectiveness of wastewater treatment plants at removing pollutants, which is often low in Yemen.

Continuity of water supply

Continuity of water supply is poor in most Yemeni cities. For example, in Taiz, the frequency of the public piped water delivery is only once about every 40 days. More and more people have to rely on more costly water provided by private wells supplying water tankers. The quality of this water is questionable because these tankers have often been used for other purposes without appropriate cleaning. According to the Ministry of Water and Environment, 15 of 23 urban water utilities provided water every day for between 12 and 24 hours in 2007. These data do not differentiate between utilities with continuous supply and those with intermittent supply of a “moderate” sort (more than 12 hours daily water supply). The 15 cities thus include Sana’a and Aden that provide intermittent water supply. Four other towns provided water on a daily basis, but less than 12 hours per day. The city of Ibb and the town of Bajil provide water only once a week. And the utilities in Taiz and Mahwit provided water only less than once a week in 2007. However, there are potentially conflicting reports about the continuity of supply. For example, the Ministry reported that water was being provided on a daily basis in Amran in 2007. However, 100% of the respondents to a household survey in the same town in 2008 indicated that they received water only once a week or even once a month.

Customer satisfaction
According to a survey carried out in 2008 in 7 towns 88% of the customers of water utilities said they were satisfied with the service level of their water utility, and only 9% were dissatisfied. Even in the city of Ibb, where water supply is intermittent, 47% of customers declared they were satisfied. In the town of Amran, where the situation was similar, even more customers - 74% - were satisfied. It may be that customers have become accustomed to poor service quality and have correspondingly lowered their expectations. 77% of households said that they drank tap water.

Wastewater treatment
Yemen has more than 17 urban and more than 15 rural wastewater treatment plants. They use the following technologies:
 Activated sludge in Sana'a and Ibb (2)
 Imhoff tanks or trickling filters in Hajjah (1)
 Imhoff tanks followed by stabilization ponds in Zabid (1)
 Septic tanks followed by stabilization ponds in Al Mahwait (1)
 Stabilization ponds in Aden, al-Hodeidah, Bajil, Thamr, Yarim, Al Bayda, Radaa, 'Amran, Bayt Al-Faqih (9) and other cities or towns.

According to a 2002 report by staff from the Yemeni Environment Protection Agency, there were also wastewater treatment plants in Taiz, Dammar, Yarem, and Radaa. Most of the plants use the stabilization pond technology. The largest wastewater treatment plant in the country, located in Sana'a, was completed in 2000, but it had to be upgraded between 2003 and 2005 due to "deficiencies in its operation, unacceptable odor emissions, and inadequate management of the generated sludge". While data on the quality of treated effluent are limited, available data show that the effluent of at least two plants complied with the relatively lenient national standard of 150 mg/L of Biological oxygen demand, a measure of organic pollution. However, none of the four analyzed plants complied with the standard for fecal coliform, a measure of biological contamination. Reuse of treated and untreated wastewater in agriculture is common in Yemen. Wastewater from hospitals and medical laboratories is discharged into the sewer system, but cannot be adequately treated in the existing municipal wastewater treatment plants.

Water resources

With renewable water resources of only 125 cubic meters per capita/year Yemen is one of the most water-scarce countries in the world. This level is less than one tenth of the threshold for water stress, which is defined at 1,700 cubic meters per capita/year. Total water demand of 3,400 million cubic metres per year exceeds renewable resources of 2,500 million cubic metres per year, thus leading to a steady decline in groundwater levels, varying between 1 m per year in the Tuban-Abyan area and 6–8 m per year in the Sana’a basin. Today, there are between 45,000 and 70,000 wells in Yemen, the majority of which are under private control. No one can be certain of the exact number, as almost all were drilled without license. Agriculture takes the lion's share of Yemen's water resources, sucking up almost 90 percent, and it is estimated that khat production accounts for 37 percent of all water used in irrigation.

Furthermore, climate change has apparently led to a reduction in the level of rainfall. For example, in Sana'a the average rainfall has declined by one sixth from 240mm (average 1932–1968) to 200mm (1969–1982) and 180mm (1983–2000).

Sana'a
Sana'a could be the first capital city in the world to run dry. Even today, many wells have to be drilled to depths of , extremely deep by world standards. The combined output of the 125 wells operated by the state-owned Sana'a Local Corporation for Water Supply and Sanitation barely meets 35 percent of the growing city's need. The rest is supplied either by small, privately owned networks or by hundreds of mobile tankers. In recent years, as water quality has deteriorated, privately owned kiosks that use reverse osmosis to purify poor-quality groundwater supplies have mushroomed in Sana'a and other towns. Future supply options include pumping desalinated water from the Red Sea over a distance of , over  mountains into the capital, itself located at an altitude of . The enormous pumping cost would push the price of water up to $10 per cubic meter.

The Minister for Water and the Environment, Abdulrahman al-Eryani, said in 2007:

Other localities
"Along the coast between Mukalla and Aden a number of fishing villages are supplied by water within a half mile of the shore. The water levels are a few feet above mean sea level and probably represent wedges of freshwater floating on sea water (Ghyben-Herzberg principle). The freshwater probably originated from the higher ground behind the coastal plains by slow seaward movement, and partly from natural precipitation."

Groundwater near the city of Ibb is polluted by leachate from a landfill.

History and recent events

Sector reforms (1995–2008)
The water and sanitation sector has undergone important changes between 1995 and 2008, with most significant changes occurring between 2000 and 2003. Decentralization, commercialization and community participation were key principles of these reforms. In 2003 the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) was created, taking over responsibility for water supply and sanitation from the former the Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW). This was seen a sign of political commitment to tackle the challenges Yemen faces in the water sector. In 2005 a National Water Sector Strategy and Investment Program was adopted. One result has been closer cooperation between the Ministries of Water and Agriculture, as well as between donors. Through the process of joint annual reviews these ministries, their agencies and donors evaluate progress. The changes affect urban water supply and sanitation, rural water supply and sanitation, as well as water resources management.

Despite these challenges, achievements were achieved in the sector around the turn of the millennium when wide-ranging reforms were carried out, flanked by substantial donor support. Through the reforms urban service provision was decentralized to commercially run local corporations. The utilities substantially increased tariffs, despite the political sensitivity of the topic in a poor country, and managed to increase cost recovery. Despite these increases water remains affordable with the average share of total monthly household expenditure on water and sewerage at about 1.1% of total expenditures. The average monthly expenditure on the widely used stimulant qat is about eight times the amount paid for the water and sewer bill. Between 1995 and 2008, 2.8 million people in Yemen gained access to an improved water source and 7.5 million to improved sanitation. According to a survey carried out in 2008 in 7 towns, 89% of the customers of water utilities said they were satisfied with the service level of their water utility, and only 9% were dissatisfied. In Sana'a, the collection efficiency of water and sewer bills increased from 60% to 97% during the same period. However, it declined again to 60% in 2011.

The main external donors involved in the water and sanitation sector in Yemen are Germany, the World Bank and the Netherlands.

Urban water supply and sanitation
Until 2000 urban water and sewer services were provided by a national public enterprise called the National Water and Sanitation Authority (NWSA). According to a study of the reform process, before the reform tariffs were set by the national government at levels insufficient to meet operating costs, the revenues were centrally controlled, civil service salaries were too low to motivate staff; local branches were dependent on headquarters for hiring and firing staff; budgets allocated to branches were inadequate; and centralized procedures and management systems were inadequate to run the branches on a more efficient cost recovery basis.

A World Bank-funded study, which would become the blueprint of the reform process, was conducted by John Kalbermatten during 1995–1996. The study recommended that the urban water and sanitation sector should be decentralized, corporatized and commercialized through the creation of local corporations that would take over service provision from the national utility NWSA. In addition, the private sector was to take a major role in service provision and an autonomous regulatory agency was to be created. This became national policy in 1997.

A small branch of the national utility NWSA in Rada'a in the Al Bayda' Governorate was selected to be a pilot to test the decentralized, commercial approach. The principles on which the reform were based became thus known as the Rada'a. They are as follows:
 The Branch will operate independently of NWSA Head Office while remaining accountable to NWSA on regulatory matters and to the Minister of Electricity and Water on policy issues.
 The Branch will be accountable to the community it serves through a Local Advisory Committee which will monitor and review the Branch's activities.
 The Branch will set its own local tariff and billing system, and retain revenues in its own bank accounts, while paying an overhead contribution for regulatory services.
 The Branch will appoint its own staff, except for the three main management posts which will be via Ministerial resolution on agreed criteria.
 The Branch will apply a staff incentive scheme based on actual performance to supplement staff remuneration according to civil service standards.
 The Branch will prepare monthly operational reports and quarterly and annual statements of account
 The Branch will have its accounts audited by a private auditor.

In 2000 the Local Administration Law No. 4 was passed, providing an impetus to decentralization. The first local corporation was created in the Sana'a region in February 2000, followed by Aden in the same year. Five more local corporations were established in 2001 in Taiz, Hodeida, Ibb, Wadi Hadramaut and Mukalla. Two more (Hajjah and Al-Bayda') were established in 2005, four (Sadah, Abyan, Lahj and Dhamar) in 2006, and 2 further (Amran and Ad Dali') in 2008.  more than 95% of urban areas were served by 15 local corporations. In 2003, the newly created Ministry of Water and Environment introduced a Performance Indicators Information System (PIIS) to monitor and evaluate the performance of the urban water and sanitation service providers at the local and national levels. A regulation study was completed in 2006. On its basis a bill was prepared to establish an independent regulatory agency, but it has not been adopted so far.

According to the Yemen Observer, "the process of decentralization was not smooth; it faced strong resistance from the central organization. Sustainable political will and endorsement of the local administration law helped to overcome these obstacles".

The autonomy of the local corporations, however, remained limited. Important decisions such as the approval of tariff increases, investment decisions, and the selection of the General Manager of each Local Corporation still required the approval of the central government. Investments are financed by foreign grants channeled through the central government. Furthermore, the Boards of the local corporations often did not play an active role. For example, in Ibb the Board met infrequently, did not discuss the corporation's accounts and was reluctant to even discuss a tariff increase. In 2009 a study recommended to transform local corporations into public companies with clear business plans and more autonomy, but this recommendation was not implemented.

Rural water supply and sanitation
Concerning rural water supply and sanitation, in a Cabinet Decree (Decree #21 of November 22, 2000) the government ratified a Policy Statement, emphasizing the principles demand-responsiveness, decentralized community-based management and cost recovery. The General Authority for Rural Electricity and Water (GAREW) was responsible for promoting rural water supply and electrification at that time. In 2003 GAREW was also separated along sector lines and the GARWSP created for water supply.

Water Resources Management: 2002 Water Law
In July 2002 Law No. 33 of 2002 was passed. It deals with water resources management, not with drinking water supply and sanitation. However, it provides a framework to preserve water resources that are essential for the sustainability of water services. An Arabic copy is available on the Yemeni Public Prosecutor's website, together with a copy of the Environment Law No. 26 of 1995. The context of the water law is described as follows:

National water conservation campaign (2008)
In 2008 NWRA launched a national water conservation campaign in partnership with the German development organisation GTZ and the United Nations Development Programme. The campaign's figurehead was a cartoon character in the shape of a raindrop. His name - Rowyan - means "I've had enough water" in Arabic.

Impact of the crisis since 2009
Since 2009 the security situation in Yemen began to deteriorate, resulting in heavy fighting in different parts of the country and a change of government in 2011. The fighting has forced many people to flee their homes, such as tens of thousands of people who fled from Abyan to Lahej and who received emergency drinking water supplies from the international community. Urban water supply throughout the country was affected by the interruption of power supply, lack of diesel fuel, insufficient backup generators, and a decline in revenues due to reluctance of consumers to pay their bills. In January 2012 the Minister of Water, Abdulsalam Razaz, said that the Ministry was owed over YR 33 billion (US$153 million) "by government bodies and people of power” and warned that it was "on the verge of bankruptcy". In addition, strikes caused chaos in the Ministry and its branches.

In 2010, the General Rural Water Authority (GRWA) commissioned an assessment of existing rural water coverage. It recommended to focus on rainwater harvesting in Yemen's highlands, and on well drilling in the coastal and desert areas. But the ensuing political chaos prevented implementation of the recommendations. According to international aid organisations, the government of President Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi has put little energy towards resolving the water crisis and "water was at the bottom of the list" of its priorities.

Civil War
Yemen's water situation has deteriorated significantly since the start of the civil war in 2015. The blockade has prevented Yemenis from importing fuel, which is necessary to pump groundwater.  20 million people are now in need of water and sanitation, a 52% increase since before the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen started, and the price of water has increased so much that some families spend a third of their income on water. Since the normal means of supplying and storing water have been severely damaged by the bombing, Yemenis have resorted to collecting water in buckets when it rains. The situation has led to the spread of disease, including dengue and malaria.

Devastation of Yemeni infrastructure, health, water and sanitation systems and facilities by Saudi-led coalition air strikes led to the spread of cholera.

Saudi-led coalition airstrikes are deliberately targeting water systems in Yemen.

Responsibility for water supply and sanitation

Policy and regulation
The Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) is in charge of formulating water policies in Yemen. In the field of water supply and sanitation it is supported by a Technical Secretariat (TS) for Water Sector Reform. The government envisages to create an autonomous regulatory agency for the water and sanitation sector.

Four agencies report to the Ministry: The National Water Resources Authority (NWRA) for water resources management, the National Water and Sewerage Authority (NWSA) for urban water supply, the General Authority for Rural Water Supply (GARWSP) for rural water supply, and the Environment Protection Agency (EPA).

The National Water and Sewerage Authority (NWSA) provides technical assistance, establishes sector standards, organizes and implements training programs and establishes data bases for all local corporations until the establishment of a regulatory agency. In addition, it still provides water and sewer services in some urban areas.

The National Water Resources Authority (NWRA) has the mission to manage the nation's water resources on a sustainable basis, to ensure satisfaction of basic water needs by all but especially by the poor, and to establish a system of water allocation that is fair, yet flexible for meeting varying needs of economically and demographically dynamic sectors. NWRA has branches in Sana'a, Taiz, Sa'dah, Aden, Hadramaut and Hodeida.

The General Authority for Rural Water Supply (GARWSP) provides support to water user associations in rural areas.

Service provision

Urban areas

 15 Local Corporations (LCs), 13 autonomous public utilities, as well as 16 local branches of NWSA provide services in urban areas.

Local corporations provide services in the largest cities of the country: Aden, Al-Hodeidah, Ibb, Mukalla, Sana'a and Taiz. They also provide services in 9 towns:  Abyan, Amran, Al-Bayda', Ad Dali', Dhamar, Hajjah, Lahj, Sadah and Wadi Hadramaut. They thus serve the great majority of the urban population of Yemen. 15 of the 21 governorates of Yemen have a LC and the objective is to have one LC per governorate.

Autonomous public utilities are typically affiliated to the local corporation in their governorate. They are cost centers within the LC. For example, the autonomous utility in Bait al-Faqih reports to the local corporation in Hodeidah, and the autonomous utility in Rada'a, where the reform process had been piloted, reports to the local corporation in Al/Bayda'. Two of the 15 autonomous utilities are still affiliated to NWSA. These two utilities—in Ataq, the capital of Shabwah Governorate, and in Al Mahwit—are located in governorates where there is no local corporation yet. They are in an intermediate state before becoming LCs. The Rada’a Principles apply to all autonomous public utilities.

The local branches of NWSA include the smaller capital cities of governorates where there is neither  a local corporation nor an autonomous utility yet. They include Ma'rib, Al Jawf and Al Mahrah as well as the newly created governorate Raymah. It is estimated that less than 5% of the urban population of Yemen live in the 16 local branches that remain with NWSA.

Rural areas

Services in rural areas are provided by thousands of community-based water committees. According to a 2000 World Bank report, at that time communities were insufficiently involved in water system design and government and donor-supported schemes usually fell short of developing effective community construction and management mechanisms. Water committees were imposed local institutions, often suffering from internal management conflicts, leading to negligence of operation and maintenance which resulted in frequent break-downs. More than 50 percent of systems were broken down. Systems were often over-designed, and users can not afford paying the full cost of operating the schemes, let alone producing an operating surplus for the purchase of spare parts and major repairs. In addition, political and tribal leaders frequently demanded that the government allocates its resources to particular projects, thereby interrupting—even abandoning—the work of started schemes. According to a 1996 Review, there were several hundreds of incomplete projects at that time. Little was done in the area of hygiene education, safe drinking water storage, and wastewater and excreta disposal.

Most of the projects require some "contribution" of the beneficiaries, for example, an up-front down-payment towards investment costs (varying between 5 percent and 30 percent).

In 2007 the World Bank reported that a “Demand Responsive Approach (DRA) has been mainstreamed into all sub-sector interventions throughout the country and is used in all governorates”. Furthermore, a rural water strategy has been finalized, agreed upon by all stakeholders and awaited cabinet approval in early 2008.

Efficiency
In 2011 the level of non-revenue water was estimated to be 32% in Sana'a, 33% in Aden, 22% in Taiz and 35% in Mukalla. This is an improvement compared to previous levels. In 2001 non-revenue water was estimated to be around 50 percent. According to the joint annual review of the water and sanitation sector for 2007, average non-revenue water was down to 28%. In Sana'a non-revenue water had declined from about 50% in 1999 to an estimated 38% in 2007. In 2007, among the larger utilities the lowest level was achieved in Ibb with 20% and the highest in Hodeidah with 43%. The authors of the report caution that the data quality may be poor.

All utilities suffer from overstaffing, but continue to recruit staff. The number of staff per 1,000 connections was 10 in 2000, while a level of less than five is considered as typical for an efficient utility. In 2007, the number of staff per 1,000 connections varied between 5 and 20.

Financial aspects
Financial aspects of water and sanitation cover the financial sustainability of the entities that provide piped water supply and sanitation services, as well as the affordability of these services to households. Household expenditures for water include payments for water bought from private tanker trucks as well as the payment of bills for piped water.

Urban areas
Cost recovery. The accepted norm for cost recovery by the entities in charge of urban water supply and sanitation in Yemen is for the tariff to be set such that the operation and maintenance costs are recovered at the least, with the government and donors financing investments. However, in some cases, such as Sana’a, credits by international donors are on-lent to the utility. A few utilities have been able to achieve full cost recovery. One example is the small town Bait al Faqih which has a new system and low losses, indicating a functional and efficient network, and no inherited staff and thus no overstaffing. Collection efficiency, the share of bills actually paid, increased from 60% in 1999 to 97% in 2007. However, in 2011 it declined again to about 60%.

Tariff structure. Municipal water tariffs in Yemen are differentiated based on three customer categories: domestic users pay the least, while commercial users as well as government entities pay more. All utilities use increasing-block tariffs, with the lowest block covering a consumption between 5 and 10 cubic meters per month and connection.

Tariff adjustments. The government has shown a willingness to raise tariffs, having done so in 1995, 1998, 1999 and 2001. Further increases have been undertaken subsequently by local corporations. From 1995-2001 the monthly bill increased over 350% for a domestic customer consuming 15 m³/month, and the industrial tariff increased over 150 percent per m3.

Affordability. As a result of the collapse of state institutions after war broke out, even more households than before have to rely on water bought from tanker trucks, who in turn buy water from well owners. According to the World Bank, in 2018, the cost of water supplied by tankers cost seven times the price of municipally supplied water in Sana’a. In Aden untreated water costs 25 times as much or USD 7.30 per cubic meter. Treated, desalinated water costs as much as 20 USD per cubic meter. The war-induced fuel crisis has driven up the price of gasoline, which made it more expensive to pump, transport and treat water. Prior to the war, the share of the water bill for 5 cubic meter per month and household was between 0.5% and 1.1% of income of poor households for the 11 largest utilities in 2007. The share of the sewer bill was between zero and 0.7%. Water and sewer bills were thus highly affordable. The highest combined share of water and sewer bill was found in Sana'a with 1.6%. The average share of total monthly household expenditure on water and sewerage was about 1.1%, which amounted to about YR 1,363, while the average monthly expenditure on qat was about eight times (YR 10,888) the amount paid for water, according to the household budget survey (2005–2006).

Rural areas
In 2000 the majority of rural water systems used some form of cost-recovery, either based on metered water use, or a flat rate.

External cooperation
Prior to the war, the main donors for the water and sanitation sector were the World Bank, the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development , the German Development Bank KfW, the German Technical Cooperation agency GIZ and the Netherlands. Other important donors included Japan, UNDP, DFID and the European Union. Since the outbreak of the war, agencies specialized on assistance during conflicts such as UNICEF have gained importance.

UNICEF
UNICEF and its local partners provide water through trucks, water points and communal water tanks to internally displaced people. They also construct emergency latrines and distribute hygiene kits and tablets for water treatment. In urban areas, they provide fuel, spare parts and chlorine. They also help rehabilitate sewage systems. Together with GARWSP it installed 29 rural solar-powered water schemes in 2018. A total of 750 Rapid Response Teams intervened in 259 of Yemen's 333 districts whenever cholera cases were suspected by desludging and fixing damaged water and sewage pipes. This has significantly reduced the cholera cases in the affected districts.

World Bank
An Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Program Project supported by a US$150 million World Bank credit, approved in August 2002, aims at efficient and sustainable water and sanitation services in major urban areas. Their project has three components. The first rehabilitates and expands the water supply and sanitation infrastructure. The second component supports institutional restructuring and improving managerial capacities of local corporations; and to put in place an appropriate structure for a regulatory body for the urban water and sanitation sector in Yemen. A Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project—with US$20 million approved in December 2000 and additional financing of US$20 million approved in January 2008—aims to expand sustainable rural water supply and sanitation service coverage to mostly poor rural dwellers in ten governorates. Until 2007, 140 water sub-projects serving a population of 320,000 were completed. In addition, three consecutive Social fund for Development Projects financed partly by the World Bank allocated an estimated 15% for rural water supply and sanitation.

Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD)
The Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD), a regional Arab funding institution, has financed several water and sanitation projects in Yemen. Examples are: the construction of the  Sanaa' wastewater treatment plant (with a soft loan of around $30 million); the construction of  wastewater networks in Sanaa' (first and second phase)(with two soft loans of around $100 million); the expansion of the Sanaa' wastewater treatment plant; the improvement of water and sanitation facilities in Aden (with a soft loan of around US$35 million); the construction of wastewater facilities in Seiyun and Tareem (with a soft loan of around US$50 million); and the Sanaa' Flood protection project (with a soft loan of around US$25 million). In November 2012, Arab Fund signed an agreement to finance the fourth phase of Sanaa' wastewater networks with a soft loan of about US$54 million. The construction will be completed before the end of 2017. In 2014, the Arab Fund signed an agreement to finance additional works in Sanaa' flood protection, with a soft loan of around US$35 million. In addition, AFESD provided several grants for the water and sanitation sector in Yemen. Examples are preparing wastewater study for old Sanaa' city, construction of a septage disposal facility in Sanaa'.

Germany
Germany has played an important role in the implementation of urban water and sanitation reforms in Yemen since the mid-1990s, including through the support provided by GTZ to the technical secretariat in the Ministry in charge of the sector. GTZ supports the water and sanitation sector through a €23 million program for the Institutional Development of the Water Sector from 1994 to 2009. The program supports the decentralization reforms, strengthens local corporations, and establishes water basin committees and water resources management plans through training provided by NWSA and NWRA.

On behalf of the German government KfW development bank provides financing for water and sanitation investments in the city of Aden as well as in the towns of Al Shehr/Al Hami in Mukalla District, Mokha, Yarim, Amran, Sa'dah, Zabid, Bajil, Mansouria and Beit al-Faqih, the latter four being located in the Al Hudaydah Governorate. An evaluation of an earlier project for the renewal and expansion of drinking water supply systems in eight provincial towns in Yemen (Bajil, Bait al Faqih, Al Mansouria, Zabid, Mokha, Amran, Yarim und Hajjah), and sanitation measures in three towns (Hajjah, Amran and Yarim) showed that the project largely achieved its objectives related to water supply. The quality of the construction work was rated as high and the collection of bills was considered to be "efficient". However, in Yarim the objective was not achieved due to water shortages. Only "modest improvements" were achieved regarding waste water disposal. Another project to reduce water losses in Taiz and Mukalla was considered a partial failure: On the positive side, the evaluation showed that losses in the rehabilitated areas were reduced significantly. In Mukalla, where 40% of the network was rehabilitated, they were reduced from 22% to 8%. In Taiz, where only 12% of the network was rehabilitated, they fell from 45% to 6%. However, overall losses in the cities remained high at 30% in Mukalla and 47% in Taiz, because only parts of the network were rehabilitated. The cost of the measures was higher than expected due to the poorer than expected state of the network. KfW is now in the process of applying robust, quantitative-based evaluation methods to more accurately assess the health impact of the interventions it supported in Yemeni towns based. This will be done through surveys including both beneficiaries and a control group.

Netherlands
The Netherlands have a long development assistance history in the Water Sector of Yemen (since 1978). Considerable amounts of funds have been used for urban and rural infrastructure projects in water and sanitation, irrigation, water resources assessment and management, but also for capacity development and organisational and institutional strengthening as well as Water Sector Reform.

Until the late nineties the assistance mainly consisted of projects, the slowly shifting to a program approach. Between 2006 and 2009, around €5 million per year is available for the water sector. Rural Water Supply and Water Resources Management will continue to be the main areas to which funds will be made available.

In February 2006, the Netherlands Minister for Development Cooperation at the time, during her visit to Yemen, signed a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) declaration between three partners:
 the Ta’iz Water Supply and Sanitation Local Corporation
 Vitens N.V. the largest drinking water supply company in the Netherlands
 the Netherlands Ministry for Development Cooperation.
The PPP will implement a three-year utility support program to improve the management and service delivery of the Ta’iz corporation. The PPP implementation costs a total amount of €1.5 million.

Japan
Japan International Cooperation Agency focuses its cooperation on rural water supply, building and rehabilitating water supply facilities in 20 remote villages in five governorates, including Sana'a, Ibb and Taiz.

See also

Hot stain
Peak water
Water crisis

References

Bibliography
 Greenwood, J.E.G.W. and D. Bleackley. 1967. “Geology of the Arabian Peninsula- Aden Protectorate.” Washington, DC: US Geological Survey Professional Paper 560-C.
 Hadden, Robert Lee. 2012. The Geology of Yemen: An Annotated Bibliography of Yemen's Geology, Geography and Earth Science. Alexandria, VA: US Army Corps of Engineers, Army Geospatial Center.
 Richards, Tony. 2002. “Assessment of Yemen Water Law: Final Report.” Prepared for: Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH. Page 1.
 Mark Zeitoun, Tony Allan, Nasser Al Aulaqi, Amer Jabarin and Hammou Laamrani:Water demand management in Yemen and Jordan: addressing power and interests, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 178, No. 1, March 2012, pp. 54–66.

External links
 Yemenwater, hosted by the Yemen Water Partnership
 Yemeni-German Technical Cooperation - Water Sector Program
 Caton, Steven C.:Anthropology, Harvard University: Yemen, Water and the Politics of Knowledge, 2007
 Sustaining Water for All in a Changing Climate - The World Bank, 2010, Special case study on water resources in Yemen, pgs. 87-90.

Environment of Yemen
Health in Yemen
Decentralization


That's Enough of That is the debut studio album by American country music artist Mila Mason. It was released in 1996 (see 1996 in country music) on Atlantic Records Nashville. It was produced by Blake Mevis.

The album produced three hit singles, all three of which charted both the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts and the Canadian RPM country charts. "That's Enough of That", the first, reached number 18 in the US and number 30 in Canada. "Dark Horse" was originally recorded by its co-writer, Amanda Marshall, on her self-titled debut album. Her version was a number 12 on the RPM Top Singles charts in 1996, while Mason's version was a number 21 country hit in the US and number 12 country hit in Canada. "That's the Kinda Love (That I'm Talkin' About)", the final single, was number 59 in the US and 66 in Canada.

Track listing

Personnel
From liner notes.
Larry Byrom – slide guitar
Mark Casstevens – acoustic guitar
Glen Duncan – fiddle
Sonny Garrish – pedal steel guitar
John Hobbs – keyboards
Christopher James – background vocals
David James – background vocals
Kirk "Jelly Roll" Johnson – harmonica
Liana Manis – background vocals
Brent Mason – electric guitar
Mila Mason – lead vocals
Matt Rollings – piano, keyboards
Billy Joe Walker, Jr. – acoustic guitar
Lonnie Wilson – drums
Glenn Worf – bass guitar

Chart performance

References

1996 debut albums
Atlantic Records albums
Mila Mason albums


Maggie LePique (born Margaret LePique on January 29, 1964) is a prominent jazz and radio program host based in Los Angeles, California. She gained recognition as a modern jazz DJ on KCUR-FM, NPR 89.3, in Kansas City during the 1980s, playing primarily Kansas City Jazz and bebop to listeners across the midwest Plains. LePique's ability to feature and interview many of the original modern jazz pioneers on her programs drew the attention of famous Jazz Masters.

LePique soon expanded her presence on the bebop scene to Los Angeles and Hollywood, becoming a well-known advocate and friend to many of the original creators of this unique American art form. In the 1990s, she made her mark as a LA traffic reporter on commercial AM and FM radio dials, winning the coveted LA Broadcaster's Award for her live coverage of the Los Angeles riots of 1992.

LePique was also a regular contributor to the popular radio program The Real Don Steele on KRTH-FM (K-Earth 101), engaging in quick-witted banter and delivering with an on-your-toes, street-smart agility that endeared her to LA listeners. She later returned to her true passion, music DJing, and became the music director for Pacifica Radio's KPFK-FM 90.7 in Los Angeles.

LePique's return to radio took on new dimensions and meaning as she embraced world music in addition to jazz. She hosted KPFK's popular Global Village show from 2003–2009 and continues to be a strong voice on the station, hosting special programs that pay tribute to artists such as John Lennon and Bob Dylan. Her latest venture is her podcast "Profiles With Maggie LePique," which offers an in-depth look at the lives and legacies of musicians and artists who defined a uniquely creative era, breaking boundaries and finding new influences while ushering in social and political change.

References

Global Village, Mondays with Maggie LePique Program Guide
First Sunday of the month on KPFK Los Angeles (Pacifica Radio)

American radio personalities
Living people
1964 births


Claire Malis (February 17, 1943 – August 24, 2012) was an American actress. In later years she was often credited as Claire Malis Callaway.

Malis was perhaps best known as the second actress to play Dr. Dorian Lord on the ABC daytime soap opera One Life to Live from 1977 to 1979. She appeared in the 1980 television series From Here to Eternity as Dr. Anne Brewster. The 13-episode series continued the story of the 1979 miniseries of the same name. Malis went on to guest star on numerous drama and comedy TV series and multiple films. Between 1983 and 1988 Malis portrayed Rose Polniaczek, mother of series regular Jo, in six episodes of the NBC sitcom The Facts of Life.

Death
Malis suffered from non-Hodgkin lymphoma but recovered through a stem cell transplant administered at City of Hope Helford Clinical Research Hospital in Duarte, California, in 2010. She died of congestive heart failure and pneumonia on August 24, 2012, at City of Hope. She was 69. She is survived by her husband, architectural and interior designer Thomas Callaway; their son Catlin; and her brother Lee.

References

External links

1943 births
2012 deaths
Actresses from Gary, Indiana
American film actresses
American soap opera actresses
American television actresses
Deaths from pneumonia in California
21st-century American women


Enumclaw High School is a public school in Enumclaw, Washington. The school serves about 1300 students from Enumclaw as well as local unincorporated regions of King County and cities such as Black Diamond and Greenwater. The school's mascot is the Hornet; its colors are maroon and gold.

Athletics
Enumclaw High School sports teams compete in the Olympic Division of the North Puget Sound League, under the auspices of the WIAA, and previously competed in the SPSL 3A division. Its rival school's team is the White River High School Hornets. The Hornets were the 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, and 2015 Washington state wrestling champions of division 3A.  The 2010 Boys Basketball team went on a 27–0 run before losing in the championship game to Union High School (Camas, Washington) by one point in the last 10 seconds of the game because of a controversial foul called sending a Union guard to the line. 1977 WIAA Baseball Champions. Enumclaw High School has also had success in gymnastics, with state titles in 2012 & 2013.

Enumclaw High School offers the following athletics:

Boys

Baseball,
Basketball,
Football,
Golf,
Soccer,
Swim & Dive,
Tennis,
Track,
Water Polo,
Wrestling,
X-Country,

Girls

Basketball,
Golf,
Gymnastics,
Soccer,
Softball-Fastpitch,
Swim & Dive,
Tennis,
Track,
Volleyball,
Water Polo,
Wrestling,
X-Country,

CoEd

Unified Basketball,
Unified Soccer

Theatre
Enumclaw High School's theatre department operates at a high standard. The 5th Avenue theatre in downtown Seattle holds a 'High School Theatre' Awards show every year, much like the Tony Awards for Broadway. They award things such as 'Best Overall Musical Production,' and 'Best Performance By A Chorus' all the way through 'Best Costumes' and 'Best Program Design' to high school shows all over the western Washington area. In the 2006–2007 school year, Enumclaw High School's Theatre Department received three nominations from the 5th Avenue for their production of 'Chicago.' Those nominations were in the categories of 'Outstanding Orchestra,' 'Best Performance by a Small Ensemble—Cell Block Girls,' and 'Best Choreography.' A cast member commented, "The experience was one I will remember for the rest of my life."

Musicals

 2006 – Bye Bye Birdie
 2007 – Chicago
 2008 – It's A Bird, It's A Plane, It's Superman! The Musical
 2009 – Titanic: The Musical
 2010 – Peter Pan
 2010 – Sweeney Todd
 2011 – The Drowsy Chaperone
 2012 – Les Misérables
 2013 – Legally Blonde
 2014 - Cabaret
 2015 - The Addams Family
 2016 - State Fair
 2017 - Urinetown
 2018 - Spamalot
 2019 - The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee
2020 - Hello, Dolly! (canceled due to Covid)
2021 - Alone Together (original show)
2022 - Little Shop of Horrors

Instrumental/Choir Program
Paul Scott is the head of the music department at EHS and also directs the choir programs. Tim Hager-Wentz directs the band programs and Ainsley Holz directs the string programs.

Instrumental Awards

 2019 - State champion for small percussion ensemble (The Pythagorean Brotherhood)

Marching Band
The Enumclaw marching band is directed by Tim Hager-Wentz. .

Shows

 2008 - Motown
 2013 - Salute to America
 2014 - Phantom of the Opera
 2015 - Skyrim
 2016 - Divergent
 2017 - Invincible
 2018 - Rach and Roll
 2019 - Outside the Box

Awards

Auburn Veterans Day 2019

 Parade: 1st Place, A Division
 Field Show: 1st Place, A Division
 Best Marching
 Best Percussion
 Best Music
 Best General Effect

Notable alumni
T. R. Bryden (1977), high school state baseball champion and former MLB player (California Angels)
Kasey Kahne (1999), stock car racing driver with 18 NASCAR Cup series wins
Brian Scalabrine (1996), former basketball player for the New Jersey Nets, Chicago Bulls, and NBA Champion with the Boston Celtics (2008)
Tony Tost (1993), poet, critic, and screenwriter

References

External links
Enumclaw High School website
Enumclaw School District website
Enumclaw Hornets website

High schools in King County, Washington
Public high schools in Washington (state)
Buildings and structures in Enumclaw, Washington
1961 establishments in Washington (state)


Music of the World Cup: Allez! Ola! Olé! is a compilation album with various artists, released on 9 June 1998. This album is the official music album of the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France.

Track listing
"The Cup of Life" – Ricky Martin (The Official 1998 FIFA World Cup Song)
"Do You Mind If I Play – Youssou N'Dour & Axelle Red (The Official 1998 FIFA World Cup Anthem)
"I Love Football" (Cameroon) – Wes
"Rendez-Vous '98" (France & England) – Jean Michel Jarre & ApolloFourForty
"Oh Eh Oh Eh" (France) – Gipsy Kings
"País Tropical" (Brazil) – Daniela Mercury
"Tamborada" (Mexico) – Fey
"MaWe" (South Africa) – M'du
"Don't Come Home Too Soon" (Scotland) – Del Amitri
"Hot Legs" (Denmark) – M.A.T.C.H.
"Il Bello Della Vita" (Italy) – Spagna
"Pantera en Libertad" (Spain) – Monica Naranjo
"Rise Up" (Jamaica) – Jamaica United
"It's Only a Game" (Germany) – Jam & Spoon
"Together Now" (France & Japan) – Jean Michel Jarre & Tetsuya 'TK' Komuro
"Top of the World (Olé, Olé, Olé)" (England) – Chumbawamba
"É Uma Partida de Futebol" (Brazil) – Skank
"Los Sueños de Todo el Mundo" (Argentina) – Soledad
"Kick Off" (Netherlands) – Slagerij van Kampen
"Colors of the World" (Taiwan) – CoCo Lee
"Samba E Gol" (Germany) – Bellini
"La Copa de la Vida" (Spanish) – Ricky Martin

Charts

References

See also
List of FIFA World Cup songs and anthems

1998 FIFA World Cup
1998 compilation albums
FIFA World Cup albums
Sony Music compilation albums