Water conflict or water war is a term describing a conflict between countries, states, or groups over the rights to access water resources. The United Nations recognizes that water disputes result from opposing interests of water users, public or private. A wide range of water conflicts appear throughout history, though rarely are traditional wars waged over water alone. Instead, water has long been a source of tension and one of the causes for conflicts. Water conflicts arise for several reasons, including territorial disputes, a fight for resources, and strategic advantage.

Water conflicts can occur on the intrastate and interstate levels. Interstate conflicts occur between two or more neighboring countries that share a transboundary water source, such as a river, sea, or groundwater basin. For example, the Middle East has only 1% of the world's fresh water shared among 5% of the world's population. Intrastate conflicts take place between two or more parties in the same country. An example would be the conflicts between farmers and industry (agricultural vs industrial use of water).

These conflicts occur over both fresh water and salt water, and both between and within nations. Conflicts occur mostly over freshwater; because freshwater resources are necessary, yet scarce, they are the center of water disputes arising out of need for potable water, irrigation and electricity generation. As freshwater is a vital, yet unevenly distributed natural resource, its availability often impacts the living and economic conditions of a country or region. The lack of cost-effective water supply options in areas like the Middle East, among other elements of water crises can put severe pressures on all water users, whether corporate, government, or individual, leading to tension, and possibly aggression.

There is a growing number of water conflicts that go unresolved, largely at the sub-national level, and these will become more dangerous as water becomes more scarce, climate changes alter local hydrology, and global population increases. The broad spectrum of water disputes makes them difficult to address, but a wide range of strategies to reduce the risks of such disputes are available. Local and international laws and agreements can help improve sharing of international rivers and aquifers. Improved technology and institutions can both improve water availability and water sharing in water-scarce regions.

Causes

Water scarcity has most often led to conflicts at local and regional levels. Water is a vital element for human life, and human activities are closely connected to availability and quality of water. Water is a limited resource. Water conflicts occur because the demand for water resources and potable water can exceed supply, or because control over access and allocation of water may be disputed, or because water management institutions are weak or missing. Elements of a water crisis may put pressures on affected parties to obtain more of a shared water resource, causing diplomatic tension or outright conflict.

Tensions and conflicts over water now occur more frequently at the subnational, rather than the transnational, level. Violence between pastoralists and farmers in sub-Saharan Africa are on the rise. Attacks on civilian water systems during wars that start for other reasons have increased, such as in Yemen, Syria, and Iraq. Water scarcity can also exacerbate conflicts and political tensions which are not directly caused by water. Gradual reductions over time in the quality and/or quantity of fresh water can add to the instability of a region by depleting the health of a population, obstructing economic development, and exacerbating larger conflicts.

Climate change and the growing global populations also combine to put new pressures on limited water resources and increase the risk of water conflict.

Predictions
Over the past 25 years, politicians, academics and journalists have frequently expressed concern that disputes over water would be a source of future wars. Commonly cited quotes include: that of former Egyptian Foreign Minister and former Secretary-General of the United Nations Boutros Boutros-Ghali, who forecast, "The next war in the Middle East will be fought over water, not politics"; his successor at the United Nations, Kofi Annan, who in 2001 said, "Fierce competition for fresh water may well become a source of conflict and wars in the future," and the former Vice President of the World Bank, Ismail Serageldin, who said the wars of the next century will be over water unless significant changes in governance occurred. Moreover, "it is now commonly said that future wars in the Middle East are more likely to be fought over water than over oil," said Lester R. Brown at a previous Stockholm Water Conference.

The water wars hypothesis had its roots in earlier research carried out on a small number of transboundary rivers such as the Indus, Jordan  and Nile. These particular rivers became the focus because they had experienced water-related disputes. Specific events cited as evidence include Israel's bombing of Syria's attempts to divert the Jordan's headwaters, and military threats by Egypt against any country building dams in the upstream waters of the Nile.

Another factor raising the risks of water conflicts is growing competition for water in water-scarce regions, where necessities for water supply for human use, food production, ecosystems and other uses are running up against water availability. Extreme hydrologic events such as floods and droughts are also worsening the risks of water conflicts. As populations and economic development increase, water demands can also increase, worsening disagreements over the allocation and control of limited water in some regions or countries, especially during drought, or in shared international watersheds.

Water resources that span international boundaries are more likely to be a source of collaboration and cooperation than war. Scientists working at the International Water Management Institute have been investigating the evidence behind water war predictions. Their findings show that, while it is true there has been conflict related to water in a handful of international basins, in the rest of the world's approximately 300 shared basins the record has been largely positive. This is exemplified by the hundreds of treaties in place guiding equitable water use between nations sharing water resources. The institutions created by these agreements can, in fact, be important factors in ensuring cooperation rather than conflict.

Categories
Water-related conflicts can be categorized as follows:

Trigger: Water as a trigger or root cause of conflict, where there is a dispute over the control of water or water systems or where economic or physical access to water, or scarcity of water, triggers violence.
Weapon: Water as a weapon of conflict, where water resources, or water systems themselves, are used as a tool or weapon in a violent conflict.
Casualty: Water resources or water systems as a casualty of conflict, where water resources, or water systems, are intentional or incidental casualties or targets of violence.

Economic and trade issues

Water's viability as a commercial resource, which includes fishing, agriculture, manufacturing, recreation and tourism, among other possibilities, can create dispute even when access to potable water is not necessarily an issue. As a resource, some consider water to be as valuable as oil, needed by nearly every industry, and needed nearly every day. Water shortages can completely cripple an industry just as it can cripple a population, and affect developed countries just as they affect countries with less-developed water infrastructure. Water-based industries are more visible in water disputes, but commerce at all levels can be damaged by a lack of water.

Fishing
Historically, fisheries have been the main sources of question, as nations expanded and claimed portions of oceans and seas as territory for 'domestic' commercial fishing. Certain lucrative areas, such as the Bering Sea, have a history of dispute; in 1886 Great Britain and the United States clashed over sealing fisheries, and today Russia surrounds a pocket of international water known as the Bering Sea Donut Hole. Conflict over fishing routes and access to the hole was resolved in 1995 by a convention referred to colloquially as the Donut Hole Agreement.

Pollution
Corporate interest often crosses opposing commercial interest, as well as environmental concerns, leading to another form of dispute. In the 1960s, Lake Erie, and to a lesser extent, the other Great Lakes were polluted to the point of massive fish death. Local communities suffered greatly from dismal water quality until the United States Congress passed the Clean Water Act in 1972.

Water pollution poses a significant health risk, especially in heavily industrialized, heavily populated areas like China. In response to a worsening situation in which entire cities lacked safe drinking water, China passed a revised Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law. The possibility of polluted water making its way across international boundaries, as well as unrecognized water pollution within a poorer country brings up questions of human rights, allowing for international input on water pollution. There is no single framework for dealing with pollution disputes local to a nation.

Responses

Cooperation
Transboundary institutions can be designed to promote cooperation, overcome initial disputes and find ways of coping with the uncertainty created by climate change. The effectiveness of such institutions can also be monitored.

The Indus River Commission and the 1960 Indus Water Treaty have survived two wars between India and Pakistan despite the two countries' mutual hostility, proving a successful mechanism in resolving conflicts by providing a framework for consultation, inspection and exchange of data. The Mekong Committee has functioned since 1957 and outlived the Vietnam War of 1955–1975. In contrast, regional instability results when countries lack institutions to co-operate in regional collaboration, like Egypt's plan for a high dam on the Nile. As of 2019 no global institution supervises the management of trans-boundary water sources, and international co-operation has happened through ad hoc collaboration between agencies, like the Mekong Committee which formed due to an alliance between UNICEF and the US Bureau of Reclamation. Formation of strong international institutions seems to provide a way forward – they encourage early intervention and management, avoiding costly dispute-resolution processes.

The Israel/Jordan Project Prosperity water-for-energy deal, with the cooperation of the UAE, will bring solar generated electricity from Jordan to Israel, and Israel will provide desalinated water to Jordan.  The UAE will assist with the installation of the solar power system in Jordan.

One common feature of almost all resolved disputes is that the negotiations had a "need-based" instead of a "right–based" paradigm. Irrigable lands, population, and technicalities of projects define "needs". The success of a need-based paradigm is reflected in the only water agreement ever negotiated in the Jordan River Basin, which focuses in needs not on rights of riparians. In the Indian subcontinent, the irrigation requirements of Bangladesh determine water allocations of the Ganges River. A need-based, regional approach focuses on satisfying individuals with their need of water, ensuring that minimum quantitative needs are met. It removes the conflict that arises when countries view the treaty from a national-interest point-of-view and move away from a zero-sum approach to a positive-sum, integrative approach that equitably allocates water and its benefits. This means that both equity and efficiency of water use systems become significant, particularly under water scarcity. The combination of these two performance factors should occur in the context of sustainability making continuous cooperation among all the stakeholders in a learning mode highly desirable.

Sustainable management of water resources
The Blue Peace framework developed by Strategic Foresight Group in partnership with the governments of Switzerland and Sweden offers a unique policy structure which promotes sustainable management of water resources combined with cooperation for peace. By making the most of shared water-resources through cooperation rather than mere allocation between countries, the chances for peace can increase. The Blue Peace approach has proven effective in (for example) the Middle East and the Nile basin.

Programs by the United Nations
The UN UNESCO-IHP Groundwater Portal aims to help improve understanding of water resources and foster effective water management. But by far the most active UN program in water dispute resolution is its  Potential Conflict to Co-operation Potential (PCCP), which is in its third phase, training water professionals in the Middle East and organizing educational efforts elsewhere. Its target groups include diplomats, lawmakers, civil society, and students of water studies; by expanding knowledge of water disputes, it hopes to encourage cooperation between nations in dealing with conflicts.

UNESCO has published a map of trans-boundary aquifers. UNESCO publishes first world map of underground transboundary aquifers, accessed November 21, 2008.</ref> Academic work focusing on water disputes has yet to yield a consistent method for mediating international disputes, let alone local ones. But UNESCO faces optimistic prospects for the future as water conflicts become more public, and as increasing severity sobers obstinate interests.

Arbitration by international organizations

International organizations play the largest role in mediating water disputes and improving water management. From scientific efforts to quantify water pollution, to the World Trade Organization's efforts to resolve trade disputes between nations, many types of water disputes can be addressed through current frameworks and institutions.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) can arbitrate water disputes presented by its member states when the disputes are commercial in nature. The WTO has certain groups, such as its Fisheries Center, that work to monitor and rule on relevant cases, although it is by no means the authority on conflict over water resources.

Still, water conflict occurring domestically, as well as conflict that may not be entirely commercial in nature may not be suitable for arbitration by the WTO.

Because water is so central to agricultural trade, water disputes may be subtly implicated in WTO cases in the form of virtual water, water used in the production of goods and services but not directly traded between countries. Countries with greater access to water supplies may fare better from an economic standpoint than those facing crisis, which creates the potential for conflict. Outraged by agriculture subsidies that displace domestic produce, countries facing water shortages bring their case to the WTO.

The WTO plays more of a role in agriculturally based disputes that are relevant to conflict over specific sources of water. Still, it provides an important framework that shapes the way water will play into future economic disputes. One school of thought entertains the notion of war over water, the ultimate progression of an unresolved water dispute—scarce water resources combined with the pressure of exponentially increasing population may outstrip the ability of the WTO to maintain civility in trade issues.

Transboundary water conflicts

Transboundary waters are waters in which two or more different states border the same body of water. In order to reduce the risk of water conflicts, transboundary water arrangements or agreements are often negotiated, but many shared international rivers still lack such treaties. According to the UN, these cooperations are supposed to be equitable and sustainable in that each state does not abuse the water, but rather use the water to their best benefits while protecting and reserving it.

International competition over water can arise when one country starts drawing more water from a shared water source. This is often the most efficient route to getting needed water, but in the long term can cause conflict if water is overdrafted.  More than 50 countries on five continents are said to be at risk of conflict over water.  Moreover, international water law can sometimes exacerbate the potential for conflict:  the legal principles of "prior appropriation" and "riparianism" are both implicated in transboundary water conflicts as both can mean that good luck historically and geographically can legally divide countries into those with water abundance and those with scarcity.

The current interstate conflicts occur mainly in the Middle East (disputes stemming from the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers among Turkey, Syria, and Iraq; and the Jordan River conflict among Israel, Lebanon, Jordan and the State of Palestine), in Africa (Nile River-related conflicts among Egypt, Ethiopia, and Sudan), as well as in Central Asia (the Aral Sea conflict among Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan).

A comprehensive online database of water-related conflicts—the Water Conflict Chronology—has been developed by the Pacific Institute. This database lists violence over water going back around 4,500 years and include more than 1290 examples of violence over water resources

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
During history there has been much conflict over use of water from rivers such as the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Turkey's Southeastern Anatolia Project (Guneydogu Anadolu Projesi, or GAP) on the Euphrates has potentially serious consequences for water supplies in Syria and Iraq. During the 1950s multiple dams and other water projects were started as a result from water sharing concerns particularly for downstream countries.

Mekong basin (China and other Asian countries)
In the Mekong Basin, the most upstream country China is busy constructing dams on the Mekong's headwaters, potentially leaving downstream countries Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand with less water.

As of 2020, China has built 11 dams on the Mekong river, which flows from China through Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam to the South China Sea. Experts fear that China's ability to control the Mekong's flow gives it leverage over downstream nations who rely on China's goodwill. In 2018, water levels in the Mekong River fell to their lowest in more than 100 years, even during the annual monsoon season.
The Jinghong Dam, as of January 2020 the nearest Chinese dam upstream of the Thai border, has caused huge fluctuations in river levels, affecting people's livelihoods downstream by disrupting the river's natural cycle.

Aral Sea Crisis
In another (in)famous case, Soviet-era overdevelopment of irrigation agriculture (especially cotton) in Central Asia led to the Amu Darya River, shared by Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan, almost completely drying out, so much so that it has ceased to reach the Aral Sea, which is now much reduced in extent and volume.

Egypt and Ethiopia
In 1979, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat said that if Egypt were to ever go to war again it would be over water. Separately, amidst Egypt–Ethiopia relations, Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi said: "I am not worried that the Egyptians will suddenly invade Ethiopia. Nobody who has tried that has lived to tell the story."

Conflict between Egypt and Ethiopia over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam escalated in 2020. Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed warned that "No force can stop Ethiopia from building a dam. If there is need to go to war, we could get millions readied."

Egypt sees the dam as an existential threat, fearing that the dam will reduce the amount of water it receives from the Nile. Both countries face the threat of water shortage, as demand for water is projected to increase with growing population, increased urbanisation and pursuit of economic growth. Tensions are made worse as a result of fundamental differences in beliefs over water rights; Egypt claims its rights to the Nile water on the basis of historical practice, whereas Ethiopia claims its rights to the water based on geography, where 85% of its water comes from highland sources within its territory. While the Nile Basin Initiative provides a platform to ensure sustainable management of water resources through cooperation of riparian countries, the Cooperative Framework Agreement has only been ratified by six of 11 countries to date.

India-Pakistan water conflicts
In 1948, India and Pakistan had a dispute over the sharing of water rights to the Indus River and its tributaries. An agreement was reached after five weeks and the dispute was followed by the signing of the Indus Waters Treaty in 1960.

Competition for transboundary water sources could also be worsened as a result of escalating tensions between countries, as in the case between India and Pakistan. Both countries are highly dependent on the Indus River Basin for water supply, which is governed primarily by the Indus Waters Treaty set out in 1960. In February 2019, India had threatened to cut off water supply to Pakistan, in response to the Kashmir military clash, diverting water to areas like Jammu, Kashmir and Punjab instead. The construction of dams upstream would also result in flooding downstream if water was released too quickly.

Since the two countries share the resources of the Indus water basin, India and Pakistan decided on a notable and influential treaty called the Indus Water Treaty (IWT). The treaty is mediated by the World Bank and regulates the water use and flow of the basin's multiple rivers by each country. The treaty has survived three wars, but seen its share of bilateral strains. Following high tensions in 2019, the Indian Prime Minister threatened to restrict water flow to Pakistan in the region – an act which Pakistan said it would consider an act of war.

Transboundary water conflicts and their effects on the environment

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

Since the 1960s, there has been conflict revolving around water in Turkey, Syria, and Iraq. Turkey, throughout the years, has continuously decided not to follow the 1987 agreement that ensured roughly 500 cubic meters per second of water is streamed down the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to supply water for the Mesopotamian Marshes and millions of individuals. Turkey decided to start the Southeastern Anatolia Project or GAP, which is to build 20 dams that could hold up to 120 billion cubic meters along with nineteen hydroelectric electricity generators leaving millions of people and wildlife living downstream that rely on both the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers with no water.

Turkey and the GAP Project

The Tigris and Euphrates River GAP project, which consists of (1.7 million hectares) has exasperated the situation and has created irreversible and future irreversible environmental damage not only to the surrounding countries but to Turkey as well. The GAP project decreased water by 50% from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to the surrounding downstream countries, Syria and Iraq. The lack of downstream water has led to many Kurds becoming homeless, increasing water salinity in the Euphrates reaching 1000 PPM and preventing Iraq from returning to rich organic soil used for agriculture. In addition, the lack of downstream water also prevent natural drainage, including salts and pollution that the rivers naturally got rid of, affecting the health of millions.

Effects on the Mesopotamian Marshes

The Mesopotamian Marshes, also known as the Iraqi Marshes, saw a considerable decrease during the 1980-1988 war with Iran when Saddam Hussein, the fifth president of Iraq, accused Arab inhabitants of treachery and therefore used water as a weapon to push them out of the Marshes. To get thousands of people out of the area, the Iraq government drained 10%, which used to cover 9,000 square kilometres (3,500 square miles) to 760 km2, and in 2005 only gained 40 percent of their original coverage. The Third River is a 172 kilometres long project that started in 1992. It involved an additional channel in capturing the downflow water from the Tigris River and moving it across the marshes and the Euphrates River near Al-Qurna. The project forced half a million marshland people to migrate, burnt down the surrounding towns, and polluted the surrounding farmland and water, making the land inhabitable for thousands of species and human life.

Mosul and Haditha Reservoirs

The conflict in Tigris and Euphrates Rivers has resulted in reservoirs decreasing rapidly. In 1985 and 1986, the two biggest reservoirs, Mosul and Haditha, situated in the Tigris and Euphrates, were built to provide hydropower and downstream flow. During the first Gulf War, in 1990 and 1991, 3.3km2 of surface area was lost per day in the Mosul reservoir falling from 372 to 346 km. On January 25 and February 10, 1991, the reservoir continued to lose about 3.4 km2 per day of the lake surface, leading to a final surface area of 215 km2 and a volume of 3.3 km3. This was the same time in February 1991 when multiple British bombers sent multiple missiles hitting bridges in southern and western Iraq, killing more than 100 in each attack  and affecting water levels. During the same time, between January 17 and February 10, 1991, the Haditha reservoir, also situated in Iraq, lost an average of 2.5 km2 of lake surface per day and, in three weeks, a total of 21%. In August 2014, ISIS, a rebel group, captured the Mosul Dam, which Kurdish sources feared would be used to flood downstream countries, causing thousands of deaths. The US sent over 130 air strikes to help recapture the dam from ISIS in northern Iraq. The US also sent airstrikes hitting the areas surrounding the Haditha reservoir to stop ISIS from capturing another vital dam that is a source for millions. The conflict over the resource in the area caused both the Mosul and Haditha reservoirs to lose surface area at a rate of 2.0km2 a day.

Other notable conflicts
 The earliest known example of an actual inter-state conflict over water took place between 2500 and 2350 BC between the Sumerian states of Lagash and Umma.
 At a local level, a remarkable example is the 2000 Cochabamba protests in Bolivia, depicted in the 2010 Spanish film Even the Rain by Icíar Bollaín.
 Following Russia's annexation of Crimea, Ukraine blocked the North Crimean Canal, which provided 85% of Crimea's drinking water. Vasily Stashuk, Ukraine's top irrigation official at the time, said it would bring a humanitarian "catastrophe".
 In late April 2021, a conflict over water escalated into the most serious border clashes between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan since independence in 1991.
 War over Water (Jordan river) - tensions between Israel and the Arab League in late 1960s over water supply from Jordan river basin
 California Water Wars - were a series of conflicts between the city of Los Angeles, farmers and ranchers in the Owens Valley of Eastern California, and environmentalists
 Water wars in Florida - water crises in Florida
 Tennessee–Georgia water dispute - ongoing territorial dispute
 Tri-state water dispute - is a water use conflict between the states of Georgia, Alabama, and Florida over the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin and the Alabama-Coosa-Tallapoosa River Basin
Kaveri River water dispute - A Water Conflict between the Indian states Karnataka and Tamil Nadu for Kaveri river which flows through the Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
Hirmand between Iranians and Afghanistanis 2023 Afghanistan–Iran clash
Isfahan farmers

Research
Some research from the International Water Management Institute and Oregon State University has found that water conflicts among nations are less likely than is cooperation, with hundreds of treaties and agreements in place.  Water conflicts tend to arise as an outcome of other social issues. Conversely, the Pacific Institute has shown that while interstate (i.e., nation to nation) water conflicts are increasingly less likely, there appears to be a growing risk of sub-national conflicts among water users, regions, ethnic groups, and competing economic interests. Data from the Water Conflict Chronology show these intrastate conflicts to be a larger and growing component of all water disputes, and that the traditional international mechanisms for addressing them, such as bilateral or multilateral treaties, are not as effective.
Some analysts estimate that due to an increase in human consumption of water resources, water conflicts will become increasingly common in the near future.

Naho Mirumachi and John Anthony Allan proposed the Transboundary Water Interaction Nexus (TWIN) approach in 2007 as a two-dimensional method to approaching water conflict and cooperation. This model neglects the conventional linear continuum of conflict and cooperation and instead sees the two as coexisting and not mutually exclusive. They postulate that not all cooperation is good, and not all conflict is bad. The TWINS approach can also serve as a useful final step after separate. analyses on cooperative methods and conflict intensity measures. The model is split into two parts—the horizontal scale (measures cooperation intensity) and the vertical scale (measures conflict intensity).

See also
Hydraulic empire
Nomadic conflict
Resource war
Water politics
Water security

References

External links
 The Water Conflict Chronology and Database (2022) by The World's Water of Pacific Institute

Environmental issues with water
Water supply
Fishing industry
Natural resource conflicts

Water and politics


Al Badil Al Taharouri (Arabic: البديل التحرّري, The Anarchist Alternative) is a Lebanese anarchist organization.  It is linked to the French anarchist group Alternative libertaire. Another name commonly used is Al Badil Al Chouyouii Al Taharouri (The Anarcho-Communist Alternative) or Alternative Communiste Libertaire.

See also
 Alternative libertaire

References

Anarchism in the Arab world
Anarchist organizations in Asia
Defunct platformist organizations


is a former Japanese idol, singer and voice actress who was active in the mid-to-late 1980s.

Early life
Miyasato was born on October 1, 1969, in Sagamihara, Kanagawa Prefecture, the oldest child to a younger sister (by one year) and a younger brother (by three years). She showed interest in music from a young age, during her Junior High School she said one of her favorite school subjects was music education, she had dreamed to become a singer (and alternatively a kindergarten teacher), and she idolized Momoe Yamaguchi.

Career
In 1984, she participated in a talent scout competition set up by Horipro and was one of the winners in the Tokyo Preliminary Tournament. She initially entered Horipro as a model, however she quickly showed interest in the Megazone 23 OVA project and decided to audition for the role of Tokimatsuri EVE. Her management and OVA producers were impressed by her singing abilities so much she passed the audition and received the role for EVE. Much of EVE's choreography (choreographed by Toru Miura) was video-taped by Kumi herself performing it, and the animators using the video as a reference. On February 5, 1985, she debuted as a singer with the single Senakagoshi ni Sentimental as a tie-in song to the Megazone 23 OVA that would release the month later starring herself. The release put her in line with the likes of other singer-seiyuu idols such as Mari Ijima. In October of that year, she released her first album Hitomi de Whispering (alternatively titled I Only Have Eyes For You).

References

1969 births
Living people
Actresses from Kanagawa Prefecture
Singers from Kanagawa Prefecture
Anime musicians
20th-century Japanese actresses
20th-century Japanese women singers
20th-century Japanese singers


HMS Cameleon was one of 20 s built for the Royal Navy in the 1910s. Completed in 1910, she saw active service in the First World War.

Design and description
The Acorn class marked a return to oil-firing as pioneered in the Tribal or F class of 1905 and  of 1907. The Admiralty provided general specifications, but each shipyard did their own detailed design so that ships often varied in size. The Acorns had an overall length of , a beam of , and a deep draught of . The ships displaced  at deep load and their crew numbered 72 officers and ratings.

The destroyers were powered by a single Parsons steam turbine that drove three propeller shafts using steam provided by four Yarrow boilers. The engines developed a total of  and were designed for a speed of . Cameleon reached a speed of  from  during her sea trials. The Acorns had a range of  at a cruising speed of .

The primary armament of the ships consisted of a pair of BL  MK VIII guns in single, unprotected pivot mounts fore and aft of the superstructure. They were also armed with two single QF 12-pounder () guns, one on each broadside between the forward and centre funnels. These destroyers were equipped with a pair of single rotating mounts for 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes amidships and carried two reload torpedoes.

Construction and career

Cameleon was ordered under the 1909–1910 Naval Programme from Fairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering Company. The ship was laid down at the company's Govan shipyard on 6 December 1909, launched on 2 June 1910 and commissioned in December. She was sold for scrap on 21 November 1921.

Citations

References

External links
 Acorn Class

Cameleon (1910)
Cameleon (1910)
1910 ships


The Eugenio Monti Olympic Track (  ) was a bobsleigh and skeleton track located in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. It was named after Eugenio Monti (1928–2003), who won six bobsleigh medals at the Winter Olympic Games between 1956 and 1968 and ten medals at the FIBT World Championships between 1957 and 1966. It was featured in the 1981 James Bond film For Your Eyes Only, held after the 1981 FIBT World Championships, before the track was shortened to its current configuration. In January 2008, after one last bobsleigh race tournament, the track was closed.

History

Bobsleigh at Cortina d'Ampezzo was introduced in 1905-6 using a snow-covered road on the Dolomite Road between Cortina and Pocol. An attempt was made in 1911 to build an artificial bobsleigh run near the centre of Cortina, but that failed due to funding issues. By 1923, a new track 1200 metres in length, was constructed in Ronco, a village near Cortina on the Dolomite Road laid with special water piping constructed into the earth and covered with turf to allow for track freezing.

The track made its international debut in 1928 at the International University Winter Games (forerunner of the Winter Universiade, under administration by the International University Sports Federation), giving the track first notice, increasing its growth. Rebuilding of the track occurred in 1936 to meet the standards of other tracks such as St. Moritz, Switzerland and Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany with the finish of the track moving down to the bank of the Boite River. This extended the track length to 1500 metres with 15 turns and a vertical drop of 152 metres. The track hosted its first FIBT World Championships in 1937 in the two-man event. Two years later, it hosted the four-man event of the FIBT World Championships though it would lead to the death of Swiss bobsledder Reto Capadrutt during competition. Another renovation occurred with the track after World War II in 1948, when all of the turns were rebuilt and the track lengthened to 1700 metres and 16 turns.

When the International Olympic Committee awarded the 1956 Winter Olympics to Cortina, the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI) took over all operations and improvement of the track at considerable expense. Following the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, track officials added large scoreboards, and electronic timing and scoring. The track used for the 1956 Winter Olympics was 1720 metres long with 16 turns and an elevation drop of 152 metres. When a bobsleigh track was not built for the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California in the United States, the track in Cortina was used to host the world championships that year in place of being excluded from the Winter Olympic Games.

The track played a key role in improving bobsleigh safety when West Germany's Toni Pensperger was killed during the four-man event at the 1966 World Championships. Because of Pensperger's death, the world championships did not take place at the track until safety improvements were made satisfactory to the Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing (FIBT). This was not until 1981, though the death of American bobsledder James Morgan during the four-man event on February 8 led to track officials shortening the course to its current configuration. The week following the 1981 championships, the track was filmed as part of the movie For Your Eyes Only; one of the stuntmen involved, Paolo Rigon, was killed during the first day of filming.

By 1989 the track was deemed safe enough by the FIBT to host another world championship. Following the death of Eugenio Monti in 2003, the Olympic Bobrun Cortina was renamed the Eugenio Monti Track () early the following year. The track was awarded the 2011 World Championships in June 2007 over Winterberg, Germany and was to have undergone homologation to involve skeleton (last competed in 1992) though that was not done during the 2007-08 Bobsleigh and Skeleton World Cup season. Following some issues with the city of Cortina, the track withdrew its bid to host the 2011 championships so the FIBT awarded the championships instead to Königssee, Germany. The track is now artificially refrigerated.

On October 16, 2023 it was reported that the track will not be rebuilt to host the Olympic Winter Games. The sliding sport portion of the 2026 Games will be held outside of Italy.

Track statistics
The track used for the 1956 Winter Olympics had 16 curves that was 1,700 meters long with an elevation difference of 152 meters. Turns 3 and 5 were not named.

Following the 1981 FIBT World Championships, the track was shortened to 1350 meters in length with 13 curves, an elevation drop of 120.45 meters, a maximum grade of 15.9%, and an average grade of 9.3%.

Championships hosted
Winter Olympics: 1956
FIBT World Championships: 1937 (Two-man), 1939 (Four-man), 1950, 1954, 1960 (Extraordinary event since bobsleigh was not included for the 1960 Winter Olympics), 1966, 1981, 1989 (Bobsleigh only), 1999 (Bobsleigh only)
Bobsleigh European Championship: 1965, 1970, 1982, 2000, 2002, 2007
Bobsleigh Italian Championship: 1930, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1949, 1950, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1969, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008

Gallery

See also
Italy national bobsleigh team

References

External links

FIBT track profile - Track diagram shown is the track prior to its reconfiguration in 1981 though video image shown is for track in its current configuration.
Official website
Eugenio Monti olympic track today in sofiapodesta.com

Venues of the 1956 Winter Olympics
Bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton tracks
Olympic bobsleigh venues
Sports venues in Italy


The European Union uses a range of legal instruments to implement policy, varied across two major decision-making processes co-decision and cooperation procedure.

Green Paper

Green Papers are usually used to launch a consultation process. They present Commission policy orientations for debate to interested parties who may wish to comment. The Commission will generally prepare a subsequent proposal.

White Paper

White Papers communicate a decided Commission policy or approach on a particular issue.
They are chiefly intended as statements of Commission policy, rather than a consultation or starting point for debate.

Communication
Communications usually set out a Commission action plan (may include concrete proposals for legislation).

Regulation

Regulations, once approved, are immediately applicable and binding in all EU member states. No legislation is required at a national government level.

Directive

Directives occur when a decision at an EU level is used to direct member state governments what to do. Directives specify the results to be achieved and the deadline within which to achieve them, but form and methods of implementation are left at the discretion of member states.

Recommendation

Recommendations are similar in structure to Directives but they do not hold any legal obligation. There are often described as soft law, and the Commission has been accused of using Recommendations to avoid lengthy and politically sensitive consultations.

Decision

Decisions (by Council or Commission) apply specifically to one or more member states and are directly binding.

References

External links
Official European Union website

Politics of the European Union


Harijs Lazdiņš (25 July 1910 in Liepāja – 23 August 1988 in Kingston, Ontario) was a Latvian football goalkeeper who played for Olimpija Liepāja and Latvia national football team in 1920s-1930s.

Biography

Lazdiņš made his debut for the top football club in Liepāja in 1928 as Olimpija Liepāja won its second Latvian league title. In the first year Lazdiņš was mainly the backup goalkeeper behind K.Minsterjānis but in 1929 he already was the number one goalkeeper for Olimpija.

Through the entire 1930s Lazdiņš played rarely was replaced in the goal of Olimpija and was considered one of the best goalkeepers in the country. He was tall and rarely made spectacular jumps but he always played without fear and as the first of Latvian goalkeepers started participating in playing outside the penalty area. Lazdiņš was the most popular footballer of Olimpija of his era.

Lazdiņš made 16 appearances for Latvia national football team, after matches against Poland, Germany and Sweden international football specialists praised him as a European class goalkeeper. The brightest season in his career came in 1936 when he managed to keep his goal shut in half of the games in the Latvian Virsliga and played 5 matches for Latvia as it won four times and played one draw. With Olimpija Lazdiņš played from 1927 to 1944.

After World War II he ended up in Germany. There he played with TSV Schwaben Augsburg in 1946 and with FC Gundelfingen under management of his former Latvia national teammate Vladimirs Bērziņš in 1947. In 1948 Lazdiņš played with RFC Liege in Belgium. Afterwards he settled in Canada and played football in St Catharines.

References

Latvian men's footballers
Latvia men's international footballers
RFC Liège players
1910 births
1988 deaths
Sportspeople from Liepāja
Men's association football goalkeepers
TSV Schwaben Augsburg players
Latvian emigrants to Canada


Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease. This article focuses on the bacteria that are pathogenic to humans. Most species of bacteria are harmless and are often beneficial but others can cause infectious diseases. The number of these pathogenic species in humans is estimated to be fewer than a hundred. By contrast, several thousand species are part of the gut flora present in the digestive tract.

The body is continually exposed to many species of bacteria, including beneficial commensals, which grow on the skin and mucous membranes, and saprophytes, which grow mainly in the soil and in decaying matter. The blood and tissue fluids contain nutrients sufficient to sustain the growth of many bacteria. The body has  defence mechanisms that enable it  to resist microbial invasion of its tissues and give it a natural immunity or innate resistance against many microorganisms.

Pathogenic bacteria are specially adapted and endowed with mechanisms for overcoming the normal body defences, and can invade parts of the body, such as the blood, where bacteria are not normally found. Some pathogens invade only the surface epithelium, skin or mucous membrane, but many travel more deeply, spreading through the tissues and disseminating by the lymphatic and blood streams. In some rare cases a pathogenic microbe can infect an entirely healthy person, but infection usually occurs only if the body's defence mechanisms are damaged by some local trauma or an underlying debilitating disease, such as wounding, intoxication, chilling, fatigue, and malnutrition. In many cases, it is important to differentiate infection and colonization, which is when the bacteria are causing little or no harm.

Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, one of the diseases with the highest disease burden is tuberculosis, which killed 1.4 million people in 2019, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Pathogenic bacteria contribute to other globally important diseases, such as pneumonia, which can be caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus,  Streptococcus and Pseudomonas, and foodborne illnesses, which can be caused by bacteria such as Shigella, Campylobacter, and Salmonella. Pathogenic bacteria also cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, and leprosy.

Pathogenic bacteria are also the cause of high infant mortality rates in developing countries. A GBD study estimated the global death rates from (33) bacterial pathogens, finding such infections contributed to one in 8 deaths (or ~7.7 million deaths), which  the second largest cause of death globally in 2019.

Most pathogenic bacteria can be grown in cultures and identified by Gram stain and other methods. Bacteria grown in this way are often tested to find which antibiotics will be an effective treatment for the infection. For hitherto unknown pathogens, Koch's postulates are the standard to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease.

Diseases

Each species has specific effect and causes symptoms in people who are infected. Some people who are infected with a pathogenic bacteria do not have symptoms. Immunocompromised individuals are more susceptible to pathogenic bacteria.

Pathogenic susceptibility
Some pathogenic bacteria cause disease under certain conditions, such as entry through the skin via a cut, through sexual activity or through a compromised immune function.

Some species of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus are part of the normal skin microbiota and typically reside on healthy skin or in the nasopharangeal region. Yet these species can potentially initiate skin infections. Streptoccal infections include sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis. These infections can become serious creating a systemic inflammatory response resulting in massive vasodilation, shock, and death.

Other bacteria are opportunistic pathogens and cause disease mainly in people with immunosuppression or cystic fibrosis. Examples of these opportunistic pathogens include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cenocepacia, and Mycobacterium avium.

Intracellular
Obligate intracellular parasites (e.g. Chlamydophila, Ehrlichia, Rickettsia) have the ability to only grow and replicate inside other cells. Even these intracellular infections may be asymptomatic, requiring an incubation period. An example of this is Rickettsia which causes typhus.  Another causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

Chlamydia are intracellular parasites. These pathogens can cause pneumonia or urinary tract infection and may be involved in coronary heart disease.

Other groups of intracellular bacterial pathogens include Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, and Yersinia pestis. These can exist intracellularly, but can exist outside of host cells.

Infections in specific tissue
Bacterial pathogens often cause infection in specific areas of the body.  Others are generalists.
 Bacterial vaginosis is a condition of the vaginal microbiota in which an excessive growth of Gardnerella vaginalis and other mostly anaerobic bacteria displace the beneficial  Lactobacilli species that maintain healthy vaginal microbial populations.
 Bacterial meningitis is a bacterial inflammation of the meninges, which are the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
 Bacterial pneumonia is a bacterial infection of the lungs.
 Urinary tract infection is predominantly caused by bacteria. Symptoms include the strong and frequent sensation or urge to urinate, pain during urination, and urine that is cloudy. The most frequent cause is Escherichia coli. Urine is typically sterile but contains a variety of salts, and waste products Bacteria can ascend into the bladder or kidney and causing cystitis and nephritis.
 Bacterial gastroenteritis is caused by enteric, pathogenic bacteria. These pathogenic species are usually distinct from the usually harmless bacteria of the normal gut flora. But a different strain of the same species may be pathogenic. The distinction is sometimes difficult as in the case of Escherichia.
 Bacterial skin infections include:
 Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial skin infection commonly seen in children. It is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes.
 Erysipelas is an acute streptococcus bacterial infection of the deeper skin layers that spreads via with lymphatic system.
 Cellulitis is a diffuse inflammation of connective tissue with severe inflammation of dermal and subcutaneous layers of the skin. Cellulitis can be caused by normal skin flora or by contagious contact, and usually occurs through open skin, cuts, blisters, cracks in the skin, insect bites, animal bites, burns, surgical wounds, intravenous drug injection, or sites of intravenous catheter insertion. In most cases it is the skin on the face or lower legs that is affected, though cellulitis can occur in other tissues.

Mechanisms of damage
The symptoms of disease appear as pathogenic bacteria damage host tissues or interfere with their function. The bacteria can damage host cells directly or indirectly by provoking an immune response that inadvertently damages host cells, or by releasing  toxins.

Direct
Once pathogens attach to host cells, they can cause direct damage as the pathogens use the host cell for nutrients and produce waste products. For example, Streptococcus mutans, a component of dental plaque, metabolizes dietary sugar and produces acid as a waste product.  The acid decalcifies the tooth surface to cause dental caries.

Toxin production

Endotoxins are the lipid portions of lipopolysaccharides that are part of the outer membrane of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are released when the bacteria lyses, which is why after antibiotic treatment, symptoms can worsen at first as the bacteria are killed and they release their endotoxins. Exotoxins are secreted into the surrounding medium or released when the bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart.

Indirect
An excessive or inappropriate immune response triggered by an infection may damage host cells.

Survival in host

Nutrients
Iron is required for humans, as well as the growth of most bacteria. To obtain free iron, some pathogens secrete proteins called siderophores, which take the iron away from iron-transport proteins by binding to the iron even more tightly. Once the iron-siderophore complex is formed, it is taken up by siderophore receptors on the bacterial surface and then that iron is brought into the bacterium.

Bacterial pathogens also require access to carbon and energy sources for growth. To avoid competition with host cells for glucose which is the main energy source used by human cells, many pathogens including the respiratory pathogen Haemophilus influenzae specialise in using other carbon sources such as lactate that are abundant in the human body

Identification

Typically identification is done by growing the organism in a wide range of cultures which can take up to 48 hours. The growth is then visually or genomically identified. The cultured organism is then subjected to various assays to observe reactions to help further identify species and strain.

Treatment

Bacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics, which are classified as bacteriocidal if they kill bacteria or bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth. There are many types of antibiotics and each class inhibits a process that is different in the pathogen from that found in the host. For example, the antibiotics chloramphenicol and tetracyclin inhibit the bacterial ribosome but not the structurally different eukaryotic ribosome, so they exhibit selective toxicity. Antibiotics are used both in treating human disease and in intensive farming to promote animal growth. Both uses may be contributing to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations. Phage therapy, using bacteriophages can also be used to treat certain bacterial infections.

Prevention
Infections can be prevented by antiseptic measures such as sterilizing the skin prior to piercing it with the needle of a syringe and by proper care of indwelling catheters. Surgical and dental instruments are also sterilized to prevent infection by bacteria. Disinfectants such as bleach are used to kill bacteria or other pathogens on surfaces to prevent contamination and further reduce the risk of infection. Bacteria in food are killed by cooking to temperatures above 73 °C (163 °F).

List of genera and microscopy features
Many genera contain pathogenic bacterial species. They often possess characteristics that help to classify and organize them into groups. The following is a partial listing.

List of species and clinical characteristics

This is description of the more common genera and species presented with their clinical characteristics and treatments.

Genetic transformation

Of the 59 species listed in the table with their clinical characteristics, 11 species (or 19%) are known to be capable of natural genetic transformation.  Natural transformation is a bacterial adaptation for transferring DNA from one cell to another.  This process includes the uptake of exogenous DNA from a donor cell by a recipient cell and its incorporation into the recipient cell's genome by recombination.  Transformation appears to be an adaptation for repairing damage in the recipient cell's DNA.  Among pathogenic bacteria, transformation capability likely serves as an adaptation that facilitates survival and infectivity.  The pathogenic bacteria able to carry out natural genetic transformation (of those listed in the table) are Campylobacter jejuni, Enterococcus faecalis, Haemophilus influenzae, Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Vibrio cholerae.

See also
 Human microbiome project
 List of antibiotics
 Pathogenic viruses

Notes

References

External links

 Bacterial Pathogen Pronunciation by Neal R. Chamberlain, Ph.D. at A.T. Still University
 Pathogenic bacteria genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID

Bacterial diseases


"Rise & Shine" is a song by Swedish band the Cardigans. It first appeared in 1992 on a limited edition 7-inch EP, The World According To..., and was the first Cardigans recording to feature Nina Persson (rather than Peter Svensson) as lead vocalist. Due to the positive response to the track, Persson became the group's permanent lead singer, and the song was re-recorded and released as the first single from their debut 1994 album Emmerdale. It was later re-recorded again for their second album Life and was re-released throughout Europe to promote the international version of the album.

International releases contained "Pikebubbles", a song omitted from the international release of Life; and  "Cocktail Party Bloody Cocktail Party", an instrumental medley of songs from Life performed by Lars-Olof Johansson in the style of a lounge pianist, with background sound effects throughout to give the illusion of being performed in the midst of a cocktail party. The Life recording was also issued as a standalone single in Sweden, backed with previously-released tracks from Emmerdale and Life. The Canadian EP release is unique in that it instead includes a selection of cover songs and was given the subtitle Under the Covers.

Formats and track listings
Swedish CD single (1994)
 "Rise & Shine" – 3:24
 "After All..." (demo '93) – 2:36

UK 7-inch single (1995)
 "Rise & Shine" – 3:24
 "Pikebubbles" – 3:04

UK/European maxi CD single (1995)
 "Rise & Shine" – 3:24
 "Pikebubbles" – 3:02
 "Cocktail Party Bloody Cocktail Party – 15:50

Japan CD single (1995)
 "Rise & Shine (New Version)" – 3:30
 "Iron Man" – 3:41
 "Cocktail Party Bloody Cocktail Party" – 15:50

Swedish CD EP (1996)
 "Rise & Shine" – 3:32
 "Pikebubbles" – 3:02
 "Over the Water" – 2:13
 "In the Afternoon" – 4:10

Canadian CD EP (1996)
 "Rise & Shine" – 3:32
 "The Boys Are Back in Town" – 4:01
 "Sabbath Bloody Sabbath" – 4:32
 "Mr. Crowley" – 2:36
 "In the Afternoon" – 4:10

Charts

References

External links
 release data

1992 songs
1994 debut singles
The Cardigans songs
Songs written by Peter Svensson
Songs written by Magnus Sveningsson


HMS Goldfinch was an  built for the Royal Navy. Completed in 1911, the ship spent her career in home waters and participated in the First World War as part of the Grand Fleet. She was wrecked in fog on Start Point, Sanday, one of the northern Orkney Isles, on the night of 18–19 February 1915. Her wreck was broken up for scrap in April 1919.

Description
Ordered as part of the 1909–1910 Naval Programme, the Acorn-class ships were improved versions of the earlier . The ships displaced  at normal load and  at deep load. They had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . The ship was powered by a single Parsons steam turbine set which drove three propeller shafts using steam provided by four Yarrow boilers. The turbine was rated at  and was intended to give a speed of not less than . During her sea trials Goldfinch reached  from . The Acorns carried a maximum of  of fuel oil in wartime that gave them a range of  at . Their crew numbered 70 officers and ratings.

The ships were armed with a pair of BL  Mk VIII gun in single mounts, one on the forecastle and the other on the stern and a pair of quick-firing (QF) 12-pounder () guns, one on each broadside between the two forward funnels. Their torpedo armament consisted of two rotating torpedo tubes for 21-inch (533 mm) torpedoes amidships.

Construction and service
Goldfinch was laid down at Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company's Govan, Glasgow shipyard on 23 February 1910 and was launched on 12 July 1910 and was completed in February 1911.

On commissioning, Goldfinch joined the Second Destroyer Flotilla. On the night of 11 March 1911, a fire broke out in the radio room of Goldfinch while alongside at Devonport, destroying the radio equipment. Goldfinch remained part of the Second Flotilla in February 1913.

On the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla, including Goldfinch, joined the newly established Grand Fleet. Goldfinch ran aground on Start Point, Sanday in the Orkney Islands in fog on the night of 18/19 February 1915. While none of her crew was killed, Goldfinch was wrecked. The ship's remains were sold for scrap in 1919.

References

Bibliography

External links
Photo of HMS Goldfinch
Bow/forefoot of HMS Goldfinch on Start Point

Acorn-class destroyers
World War I destroyers of the United Kingdom
Shipwrecks of Scotland
World War I shipwrecks in the North Sea
Maritime incidents in 1915
Ships built on the River Clyde
1910 ships


The Regina is a Swedish model of electric multiple unit passenger train, manufactured by Bombardier Transportation (formerly Adtranz). It is used by the national passenger railway SJ along with numerous regional and private operators, in variants designated X50, X51, X52, X53, X54 and X55, and in two-, three-, and four-carriage models. The Regina units are short trains built for local and regional service. The Regina is wider than other Swedish trains; at , it allows five-across seating, increasing passenger capacity by 25%. The car body is built of stainless steel, with only bolsters and coupler pockets made of mild steel. The length is ,  and , and the capacity 165-294 seats. A variant of the Regina is used in China as the CRH1. Unlike X 2000, Regina trainsets are corrugateless due to eliminate molybdenum content and add titanium instead.

Top speeds of various models range from . As part of the Gröna tåget ("the green train") project, a modified X52 train set the Swedish rail-speed record of  on 14 September 2008; the goal was to reach  in regular service.

X55, new high-speed train
In late 2007 it was announced that SJ were ordering twenty units furnished for inter-city service. These trains, designated X55 (also marketed as SJ 3000), were delivered during 2011 and 2012, and are used on the routes connecting Stockholm with destinations like Sundsvall, Karlstad and Falun, allowing the displaced X 2000 units to be used instead to lengthen the busy trains running to Gothenburg and Malmö. These units are four-carriage trains with a first-class section and an on-board bistro; four-across seating. There is an option for another 20 units.

Gallery

See also
 List of high-speed trains
 China Railway CRH1

References

External links

Regina official site
Gröna tåget project
Järnväg.net Regina page

Bombardier Transportation multiple units
High-speed trains of Sweden
Multiple units of Sweden
SJ multiple units
Passenger trains running at least at 200 km/h in commercial operations
2000 establishments in Sweden
15 kV AC multiple units


Rise and Shine may refer to:

Film and television

Films
 Rise and Shine (film), a 1941 film starring Jack Oakie
 "Rise and Shine" (Overwatch), a 2017 animated short based on the video game Overwatch

Series
 Rise & Shine (TV series), a 1989–2010 morning talk show that aired in Columbus, Georgia, U.S.
 Rise and Shine Pilipinas, a Philippine morning news program on PTN 2020–present
 Rise & Shine, a Canadian TV series broadcast by Crossroads Television System

Episodes
 "Rise and Shine" (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.), 2018
 "Rise and Shine" (SpongeBob SquarePants), 2007

Music

Albums
 Rise and Shine (Aswad album), 1994
 Rise and Shine (The Bears album), 1988
 Rise & Shine (Ian McLagan album), 2004
 Rise and Shine (Randy Travis album) or the title song, 2002
 Rise & Shine (Sierra Leone's Refugee All Stars album), 2010
 Rise & Shine (Steppenwolf album) or the title song, 1990
 Rise and Shine (EP), by Cassadee Pope, or the title song, 2020
 Rise and Shine, by Adeaze, 2011
 Rise and Shine, by the Adicts, 2002
 Rise and Shine, by Cassadee Pope, 2020
 Rise and Shine, by the Lacs, 2019
 Rise and Shine, by Louna, 2013
 Rise and Shine, by Raffi, or the title song, 1982

Songs
 "Rise and Shine" (The Cardigans song), 1994
 "Rise and Shine" (Poe song), 1998
 "Rise and Shine" (children's song), a children's camp song
 "Rise 'n' Shine", by Dick Damron, 1971
 "Rise and Shine", by Deorro, 2017
 "Rise and Shine", by Eraserheads from Fruitcake, 1996
 "Rise and Shine", by J. Cole from Cole World: The Sideline Story, 2011
 "Rise and Shine", by One Minute Silence from Buy Now... Saved Later, 2000
 "Rise and Shine", original opening theme for the TV series The Flintstones, 1960
 "Rise and Shine", sung by Kylie Jenner to her daughter Stormi, 2019
 "Rise and Shine", by Niki and Gabi, a parody of Kylie Jenner's verse, 2019

Other uses
 Rise and Shine, a 2006 novel by Anna Quindlen
 Rise and Shine State School, in Yalboroo, Queensland, Australia, 1936–c. 1962


Browne Jacobson LLP is a UK & Ireland law firm with offices in Birmingham, Cardiff, Dublin, Exeter, London, Manchester, and Nottingham. It offers services across a number of key UK and international markets: corporates, education, government, health, financial services & insurance. It has over 1000 employees, with over 450 lawyers of which over 150 are partners. The firm works with regional, national and international clients in the public, private and voluntary sectors.

For 2022-23, the firm announced a record turnover of £105m, which reflects year-on-year growth of 12 per cent.

Operations
Browne Jacobson has seven offices : Birmingham, Cardiff, Dublin, Exeter, London, Manchester and Nottingham.

History
Browne Jacobson was founded in 1832. Its founding partner, Michael Browne, was the then Coroner of Nottingham. Browne & Son, as it was known was based in Church Gate, Nottingham, and has been in continuous business from this date.

In the early 1900s, the then sole principal of the practice, Arthur Browne, took into partnership Montagu Williams. The firm changed its name to Browne Son & Williams accordingly. Bill Jacobson joined the firm as an Assistant Solicitor, and shortly after, Arthur Browne retired.

Williams and Jacobson joined the war effort in 1914, however Williams was killed in action. Jacobson returned to the firm eventually becoming a partner. On his appointment, the firm was renamed Browne Son & Jacobson.

In 1931, the firm Robert Hallam, led by principal Jack Hallam, amalgamated with Browne Son & Jacobson, to become Browne Jacobson & Hallam. The practice moved from its Church Gate base to 44 Friar Lane.

Browne Jacobson & Hallam employed Norman Roose in 1932. Roose joined as a young assistant solicitor with a bent for litigation – he became a partner by 1938 creating a three strong partnership; Jacobson, Hallam & Roose

Hallam subsequently left to set up his own practice J. Hallam and Sons at Wheeler Gate, Nottingham in 1954. The firm reflected this change, renaming itself Browne Jacobson & Roose.

Norman Roose retired from the firm as senior partner in the early 1980s and, when the firm moved to the Nottingham premises at Castle Gate in 1987, the name of the firm was changed to Browne Jacobson.

Browne Jacobson's London office opened in 1994. There are now more than 70 members of staff, including 22 partners, based in London full-time.

Browne Jacobson's Birmingham office opened in July 1999. Growth in the past couple of years has seen the office double in size with a headcount of over 140 including 29 partners.

On 1 May 2004 the firm converted to a limited liability partnership and is now known as Browne Jacobson LLP.

Browne Jacobson's Manchester office opened in January 2012.

In July 2012 the firm re-located its Nottingham headquarters to Mowbray House, the award-winning 60,000 sq ft Grade A building which is part of the HM Revenue and Customs headquarters complex designed by Sir Michael Hopkins in the 1990s.

In August 2012 the firm opened its fifth office at 1 Manor Court in the heart of Exeter city centre.

In September 2014 the firm announced that it was re-locating its London office to 6 Bevis Marks.

In October 2016 the firm announced the moving of its Manchester office to No.1 Spinningfields.

In May 2019 the firm moved its Exeter office to The Mount, 72 Paris Street.

In March 2022 the firm announced the relocation of its Birmingham office to 103 Colmore Row.

In July 2022 the firm announced its first overseas office in Dublin.

In May 2023 the firm relocated its Exeter office to Keble House, Southernhay Gardens.

In July 2023 the firm announced the opening of its Cardiff office - its first in Wales.

References

External links
Official Website

Law firms established in 1832
Law firms of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Nottingham
1832 establishments in England
British companies established in 1832


The huge moth family Noctuidae contains the following genera:

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Xandria
Xanthanomis
Xanthia
Xanthiria
Xanthirinopsis
Xanthocosmia
Xanthodesma
Xanthograpta
Xantholepis
Xanthomera
Xanthomixis
Xanthopastis
Xanthospilopteryx
Xanthostha
Xanthothrix
Xenapamea
Xenopachnobia
Xenophysa
Xenopseustis
Xenotrachea
Xerociris
Xestia
Xiana
Xipholeucania
Xoria
Xylena
Xylinissa
Xyliodes
Xylis
Xylocampa
Xylomania
Xylomoia
Xylophylla
Xylopolia
Xylormisa
Xylostola
Xylotype
Xymehops
Xystopeplus

References

 Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Noctuid genera X


"Slow Dancing in a Burning Room" is a song by John Mayer from the 2006 album Continuum. Although it was not one of the singles released from the album, it is widely regarded as one of Mayer's best songs, and has become one of his most commercially successful tracks. The song reached #10 as its highest radio airplay position in Indonesia.

Reviews
The song has been positively reviewed; Stereogum describes it as "laced with Clapton-esque guitar lines". and Crypticrock describes it as "emotionally driven and with an impassioned guitar solo which is sultry and somber and lends perfectly to the image of a dying relationship". The Daily Evergreen described "Slow Dancing in a Burning Room" as Continuum'''s masterpiece, with an impeccable guitar solo.

"Slow Dancing in a Burning Room" is regarded as Mayer's best song by Billboard, as his fourth-best song by Blues Rock Review and his second-best song by Marie Claire.

Commercial performance
Despite never having been released as a single, the song has been certified platinum in the United States, silver in the UK and gold in Denmark.

Released versions
The song was also released in an acoustic version on the EP The Village Sessions and on the live album Where the Light Is: John Mayer Live in Los Angeles. The official Vevo video, however, uses the live version of the song from the online concert series Live on Letterman''.

Cover versions
K-pop singer Rosé covered the song live in 2021; Mayer stated he found the interpretation "gorgeous".

References

John Mayer songs
2006 songs
Songs written by John Mayer


Debra Berger (born March 17, 1957), sometimes credited as Debby Berger or Deborah Berger, is an American actress, artist, and designer.

Life
She was the daughter of actor William Berger from his first marriage in 1957. She was the step-sister of actress Katya Berger and half-sister of child actor Kasimir Berger. She is also the stepdaughter of Croatian singer and actress Hanja Kochansky. She was the star of Marcel Carné's La merveilleuse visite.

Personal life
Berger was linked romantically to Alessandro, Principe Ruspoli (December 9, 1924 – January 11, 2005), 9th Principe di Cerveteri, 9th Marchese di Riano, and 14th Conte di Vignanello. They had two sons:
 Tao Ruspoli (born in Bangkok on November 7, 1975). He married actress Olivia Wilde on June 7, 2003 in Washington. They divorced in 2011.
 Bartolomeo Ruspoli (born in Rome on October 6, 1978). He married Aileen Getty, daughter of John Paul Getty, Jr. and his first wife Gail Harris, in November 2004. They have no children. He appeared as himself in his brother's documentary Just Say Know (2002).

Filmography
 Hawaii Five-O (1 episode, The Diamond That Nobody Stole, 1973): Michi Djebara (as Deborah Berger)
 La merveilleuse visite (1974): Déliah (as Deborah Berger)
 Terminal (1974)
 Rosebud (1975): Gertrude
 Parapsycho – Spectrum of Fear (1975): Debbie
 Born for Hell (1976): Bridget (as Debby Berger)
 Emanuelle in Bangkok (1976): Debra
 Una devastante voglia di vincere (1977, TV mini-series)
 The Inglorious Bastards (1978): Nicole
 Nana (1982): Satin
 Dangerously Close (1986): Ms Hoffman
 Invaders from Mars (1986): Corporal Walker
 Lightning, the White Stallion (1986): Lili Castle
 52 Pick-Up (1986): O'Boyle's Wife
 Just Say Know (2002): Herself

See also
 Ruspoli

References

External links

 Debra Berger's Genealogy on a Portuguese Genealogical site

American people of Austrian descent
American film actresses
American television actresses
1957 births
Living people
21st-century American women


The Velie Monocoupe was an American general aviation aircraft manufactured from 1927 to 1929 by the Mono-Aircraft Corp, a division of Velie Motors Corporation (founded by Willard L. Velie, maternal grandson of John Deere).

Design and development
The Velie Monocoupe was a wooden framed, doped fabric-covered monoplane, seating two people side-by-side in an enclosed cabin (hence the name).

Conceived by pilot/businessman Don A. Luscombe, who developed a mock-up in 1926, and developed into a flying airplane by farmer-turned-plane-designer Clayton Folkerts—first produced by Central States Aircraft Corp in Davenport, Iowa—the little plane was a revolution in personal aviation:  small, relatively inexpensive, quick and efficient (70-80 mph on just 55 horsepower), and with an enclosed cockpit (protected from the weather) for two people. In an era of big, costly, lumbering, open-cockpit biplanes, the Monocoupe was like a flying sports car coupe.

In all there were 350 Velie Monocoupes produced under the approved type certificate number 22. Upon W. L. Velie's death, his son had planned to continue production of the aircraft but he died within months of his father. The company, and design, survived, however.

Company change
Upon the death of Velie's founder, in 1929 the Mono Aircraft Division was transferred to the holding company Allied Aircraft Co., which split the airplane division into Mono Aircraft Co. and Lambert Motors Co.  Mono Aircraft would continue to produce the Monocoupe, in various versions—ultimately changing its name to Monocoupe Corp. The company producing the Monocoupe line changed ownership and location several times from 1926 to the early 1950s.

Surviving aircraft

 31 – Model 70 airworthy with the Kelch Aviation Museum in Brodhead, Wisconsin.
 85 – Model 70 on static display at the Quad Cities International Airport in Moline, Illinois. It was flown in 1928 by female aviation pioneer Phoebe Omlie to set an altitude record at the airport.
 132 – Model 70 airworthy with Kenneth R. Hetge of Tehachapi, California
 133 – Model 70 on static display at the California Science Center in Los Angeles, California. It is on loan from the National Air and Space Museum.
 134 – Model 70 airworthy at the Golden Age Air Museum in Bethel, Pennsylvania.
 151 – Model 70 on static display at the Hiller Aviation Museum in San Carlos, California.
 156 – Model 70 airworthy at the Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon.
 247 – Model 113 on static display at the EAA Aviation Museum in Oshkosh, Wisconsin.
 248 – Model 113 airworthy with Robert J. Coolbaugh of New Market, Virginia.
 304 – Model 113 airworthy with Walter C. Bowe of Sonoma, California.
 322 – Model 113 (original registration NC8955) under restoration to airworthiness at the Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome in Red Hook, New York.

Specifications (Monocoupe Model 70)

See also
 Monocoupe Aircraft
 Monocoupe Model 22
 Monocoupe 70

Notes

External links
 Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome's Golden Age aircraft listing on their NC8955 Model 113 Monocoupe
 Davisson, Budd, "The Mighty Monocoupe: Big Legend in a Small Package, from the “Peanut Pireps” section, at author's Airbum.com website
 Early Birds Foundation, "Velie 'Monocoupe,'", Early Birds Foundation

1920s United States civil utility aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Manufacturers based in Grantville, Pennsylvania


Four ships of the Royal Navy and one shore establishment have borne the name HMS Goldfinch, probably after the bird the European goldfinch.

Ships
  was a 6-gun brig launched in 1808 that became a Post Office Packet Service packet, sailing out of Falmouth, Cornwall. She was sold in 1838.
  was an  wooden screw gunboat launched on 2 February 1856 and broken up 1869.
  was a  composite gunboat launched in 1889 and sold in 1907.
  was an  launched in 1910. She was wrecked on Start Point, Sanday Island, Orkney on 18 February 1915, and subsequently broken for scrap in April 1919.

Shore establishment
 HMS Goldfinch was the name given to Ta' Qali airfield in Malta when it was transferred to the Fleet Air Arm on 1 April 1945 for use as a Fleet Requirements Unit.

References

Royal Navy ship names


Interim President of the Israel and Acting President of Israel are temporary posts established by Israeli Basic Law for the State of Israel. These are two different offices, the Interim President in case of presidential vacancy, and Acting President when the President remains in office but temporarily cannot fulfill his or her duties.

Interim President

The Basic Law states that in case of the death, resignation or removal from office of the President, the Speaker of the Knesset shall become Interim President:

If the place of the President of the State has fallen vacant, and so long as the new President has not yet begun to hold office, the Speaker of the Knesset shall hold office as Interim President of the State

An Interim President, who retains his post of Knesset Speaker, serves until the Knesset chooses a new President.

The following individuals have served as Interim President:
 Yosef Sprinzak (November 9 – December 8, 1953)
 Kadish Luz (April 23 – May 21, 1963)
 Avraham Burg (July 13 – August 1, 2000)
 Dalia Itzik (July 1 – July 15, 2007)

Acting President

During a period in which the President of the State has temporarily ceased to carry out his functions and exercise his powers, the Speaker of the Knesset shall hold office as Acting President of the State

Disregarding cases in which the President is outside Israel (and is legally deemed to "cease to carry out his functions and exercise his powers"), the most recent person to serve as Acting President was Dalia Itzik, when Moshe Katzav was suspended. However, when including those cases, the speaker of the knesset receives the role every time the president goes abroad.

Majalli Wahabi, briefly became Israel's Acting President due to Moshe Katzav's leave of absence and Dalia Itzik's trip abroad in February 2007, making him the first non-Jew (Druze) to act as Israel's head of state.

References


Marie's Disease may refer to:
Ankylosing spondylitis
Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy


Virgil Lee Garvin (January 1, 1874 – June 16, 1908), nicknamed "The Navasota Tarantula", was a pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB). He pitched in 181 games with six teams from 1896 to 1904. Garvin was known for his bad luck as a pitcher; he had a strong career earned run average (ERA) of 2.72, but his win–loss record (57–97) suffered because he played on poorly performing teams. He was known for throwing a pitch that made an atypical curve as it approached the batter.

Off the field, Garvin was prone to fighting and excessive drinking, and Garvin's behavior led to the end of his MLB career in 1904. Over the course of his career, he was implicated in the assaults of a team traveling secretary and an insurance salesman, the shooting of a saloonkeeper and the attempted murder of a black man at a barber shop. Garvin died of tuberculosis less than four years after his last major league appearance.

Early life
Garvin was born in Navasota, Texas. He entered professional baseball in 1895 with a Texas League team in Sherman, Texas. After playing for part of the next year with a minor league team in New Haven, Connecticut, Garvin made his major league debut with the Philadelphia Phillies in 1896. He returned to the minor leagues with a team in Reading, Pennsylvania, where he played in 1897 and 1898.

Near the beginning of the 20th century, Garvin developed an unusual pitch that curved in the opposite direction of the typical curveball thrown by a right-handed pitcher. Garvin's long fingers allowed him to hold the ball with a unique grip. Sportswriter Hugh Fullerton described the pitch, writing that "the ball appeared to be moving with great speed. As it came near the batter the ball seemed to hesitate in the air and then suddenly curve down and in, just as a left hander's slow curve does. The ball was a freak. Garvin did not understand its full worth and it remained for [pitcher Christy Mathewson] to develop and use it intelligently."

Some sources credit Garvin with teaching star pitcher Mathewson about his signature pitch. Mathewson became well known for a related pitch known as the fadeaway, and a similar pitch known as a screwball exists in modern baseball. However, baseball authors Rob Neyer and Bill James credit a minor leaguer named Dave Williams with showing the fadeaway to Mathewson.

Early in his career, Garvin showed a tendency to drink heavily and to enter into violent confrontations. "It wasn’t a high-paying job and not a particularly highly looked-upon job, at the time. Not many baseball players were considered particularly good guys; they didn’t have a very good reputation in the country. But Virgil was especially bad," said baseball author Kris Rutherford. The lanky pitcher was known as "The Navasota Tarantula".

In 1900, he shot at a black man who he said had refused to shine his shoes. In the ensuing attempted murder trial, shoeshine James Harrison testified that Garvin had entered the barber shop where he was working and asked Harrison if he knew "what they did with negroes in Texas". Harrison was able to flee through a door. Garvin began to fire gunshots, and one bullet lodged in the door through which Harrison had fled. The next year Garvin knifed a man during a barroom fight.

Garvin once attempted to use his propensity for fighting in a sanctioned activity, challenging championship boxer Terry McGovern to a bout. In 1900, teammate Clark Griffith was said to be willing to bet $1,000 that McGovern could not knock Garvin out within six rounds. Griffith said that Garvin weighed 140 pounds. Though McGovern was a foot shorter than the 6'3" pitcher and weighed 122 pounds, Griffith said that it would still be a fair fight if the inexperienced Garvin could get his pre-fight weight down to 135 pounds. Griffith put up a $500 wager on the matter, but the fight never came to fruition.

Middle career
After spending two seasons with the Chicago Orphans, Garvin was traded to the New York Giants in early 1901. Just days after the trade, he had an altercation with Brooklyn Superbas infielder Tom Daly. The Brooklyn infielder insulted Garvin's playing ability and told him to return to Texas. Garvin knocked Daly to the ground, then placed a beer glass on Daly's face and stomped on it. Garvin was arrested for assault with a deadly weapon and held on $300 bond. That year the fledgling American League (AL) made a serious attempt to recruit players from NL teams. Before the 1901 season started, Garvin jumped to the AL's Milwaukee Brewers.

Garvin signed with the Chicago White Stockings in January 1902. Garvin returned to Chicago with a history of bad luck on the field. With the Orphans in 1899, his 2.85 ERA led to only a 9–13 win–loss record. The next year, his ERA fell to 2.41, more than 1.2 runs better than the league average, but he earned a 10–18 record. For the 1901 Milwaukee Brewers, his ERA was higher (3.46) but still better than the league average (3.66), and Garvin registered a 7–20 record.

In August 1902, Garvin became intoxicated and shot a Chicago bar owner named Lawrence Flanigan. He also pistol whipped a policeman during the incident. The injuries were not life-threatening. He was immediately released by the White Stockings. Charles Comiskey said that Garvin had not been in good enough condition to pitch for the team in a long time and said that Garvin frequently carried a bottle of whiskey with him. Comiskey said that he was releasing Garvin for the protection of the other players on his team. Garvin was assessed a $100 fine after the incident.

Garvin signed with the Brooklyn Superbas and appeared in two games for them late in 1902, returning to the team for the 1903 and 1904 seasons. In the middle of the 1904 season, the Brooklyn team was traveling to St. Louis by Pullman car when Garvin and a few teammates were drinking heavily. The team's traveling secretary tried to calm Garvin down, but Garvin beat him severely and caused great damage to the Pullman car. During the middle of his baseball career, Garvin began to study dentistry in the offseason.

In October 1904, Garvin was in Plainfield, New Jersey, to file a lawsuit against the Plainfield Athletic Club over salary that he felt he was owed. Garvin attempted to start a conversation with another guest at the hotel, New York insurance salesman R. N. Sheffey. When the man continued to read his newspaper instead of talking to Garvin, the hot-headed pitcher beat Sheffey about the face, resulting in a broken nose. After the incident, Garvin took a trolley car to Scotch Plains, leaving his wife behind at the hotel. By the next day, Garvin agreed to return to Plainfield, to apologize to Sheffey, and to pay Sheffey $50.

On the field, Garvin found that his luck had not improved while pitching with Chicago and Brooklyn. His 2.09 ERA in 1902 earned him only an 11–11 record. He had a 15–18 record the next year, despite a better-than-average 3.08 ERA. In 1904, Garvin pitched for a 1.72 ERA, a full run better than the league average, but he finished with a 5–16 record. His last two major league appearances came with the New York Highlanders at the end of the 1904 season. Bill James wrote that Garvin was "pretty much the tough-luck pitcher of the year every year."

Later life
After the 1904 season, Garvin spent the next two years pitching for the minor-league Portland Giants and Seattle Siwashes of the Pacific Coast League. In December 1906, there was speculation in the media that Garvin might not be asked to return to the team. In the same year, authorities had declared Garvin's wife Jean to be insane for the third time, as she was in the hospital and refusing to eat. Authorities were in the process of placing her either with her sister or in an institution. The couple had been longtime sweethearts and had been married since 1898.

He spent his final season pitching with the Butte Miners of the Northwestern League in 1907. In August of that year, a newspaper account said that he was pitching well. By the winter, Garvin was suffering from tuberculosis and his sports friends in Seattle raised money for him to return to Texas in the hopes that a climate change would help him. The change of location was ineffective, and Garvin moved again, this time to a drier climate in Fresno, California. He died there on June 16, 1908.

Notes

References

External links

Baseball Almanac

1874 births
1908 deaths
People from Navasota, Texas
Baseball players from Texas
Major League Baseball pitchers
Philadelphia Phillies players
Chicago Orphans players
Milwaukee Brewers (1901) players
Chicago White Sox players
Brooklyn Superbas players
New York Highlanders players
19th-century baseball players
Sherman Orphans players
New Haven Texas Steers players
Newark Colts players
Grand Rapids Rippers players
Grand Rapids Gold Bugs players
Reading Actives players
Philadelphia Athletics (minor league) players
Reading Coal Heavers players
Portland Giants players
Portland Beavers players
Seattle Siwashes players
Butte Miners players
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Tuberculosis deaths in California


The Pont de la Concorde is an arch bridge across the Seine in Paris connecting the Quai des Tuileries at the Place de la Concorde (on the Rive Droite) and the Quai d'Orsay (on the Rive Gauche). It has formerly been known as the "Pont Louis XVI", "Pont de la Révolution", "Pont de la Concorde", "Pont Louis XVI" again during the Bourbon Restoration (1814); in 1830, its name was changed again to Pont de la Concorde, the name it has retained to this day. It is served by the Metro stations Assemblée nationale and Concorde.

Situation

The bridge is located on the border between the 7th and 8th arrondissement of Paris. The Pont Alexandre III is the next bridge downstream; the Passerelle Léopold-Sédar-Senghor is the next bridge upstream.

History

Construction
The architect Jean-Rodolphe Perronet was commissioned in 1787 with this new bridge. It had been planned since 1755, when construction of "place Louis XV" (now "place de la Concorde") began, to replace the ferry that crossed the river at that point. Construction continued in the midst of the turmoil of the French Revolution, using the dimension stones taken from the demolished Bastille (taken by force on 14 July 1789) for its masonry. It was completed in 1791.

19th century

In 1810, Napoleon placed along the sides of the bridge the statues of eight French generals killed in battle during the campaigns of the First French Empire. On the Bourbon Restoration these were replaced with twelve monumental marble statues, including four of the "grands ministres" (Suger, Sully, Richelieu, Colbert), four royal generals (Du Guesclin, Bayard, Condé, Turenne) and four sailors (Duguay-Trouin, Duquesne, Suffren, Tourville). However, this collection of statues proved too heavy for the bridge, and Louis-Philippe I had them removed and transferred to Versailles.

20th–21st centuries
Traffic across the bridge became very congested and the bridge had to be widened on both sides between 1930 and 1932, doubling the width of the original bridge. The engineers Deval and Malet nevertheless took care to preserve the neoclassical architecture of the original. It was renovated one last time in 1983. Today, this bridge bears the brunt of Paris's road traffic (except for those of the Boulevard Périphérique).

References

External links

 Satellite image on Google Maps

Concorde, Pont de la Concorde (Paris)
Buildings and structures in the 7th arrondissement of Paris
Buildings and structures in the 8th arrondissement of Paris
Concorde, Pont de la Concorde (Paris)
Concorde, Pont de la Concorde (Paris)
Concorde, Pont de la Concorde (Paris)
Stone arch bridges


Harry Herbert (2 August 1934 – 19 January 2011) was an Australian rules footballer for the Geelong Football Club and a Victorian policeman.

Born in Warrnambool, he played in the Geelong team that holds the VFL/AFL record for the longest run of winning games in succession (26 matches). He also played cricket and was once rated by the famous English cricketer, Sir Leonard Hutton, who was on tour in Australia, as Australia's fastest bowler.

References

1934 births
Geelong Football Club players
Warrnambool Football Club players
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
2011 deaths
Australian police officers
Sportspeople from Warrnambool