Abbans-Dessus is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Abbanais or Abbanaises.

The similarly named commune Abbans-Dessous lies 1.5 km to the north.

Geography
Abbans-Dessus is located some 20 km south-west of Besançon and 3 km north of Quingey on the hills between Le Doubs River to the north-west and the Loue river to the south-east in the west of the Doubs department. The D13 road from Byans-sur-Doubs to Chouzelot passes through the south of the commune. Access to the village is by the D107 which branches off the D13 and goes north to the village continuing north to join the D105 north-east of Abbans-Dessous. The commune is long and narrow oriented north-east with bands of forest lining the long borders and the rest of the commune is farmland.

An unnamed stream rises in the south of the commune and flows north to join the Doubs river to join the Doubs river north-east of Abbans-Dessous. Abbans-Dessus is located midway between the Loue and Doubs rivers although it does not border on either river but overlooks the Doubs river.

Neighbouring Communes and Villages

Toponymy
The name Abbans is based on a German man's name Abbo with the Germanic suffix -ing.

History
The village is built on a rocky outcrop overlooking the forest of Chaux and the Doubs valley. It is likely, in view of its strategic location, that it was a Gallo-Roman oppidum. Abbans-Dessus has a highly visible castle that is well known as the Keep where the Marquis Jouffroy d'Abbans, the inventor of the steamboat, largely conceived his work. There is mention made of the building in 1091. It belonged to the Lords of Abbans, important figures in the region's history. When, at the end of the 13th  century, the sons of Philippe d'Abbans inherited the lordship, they created a "Front-Village" and a "Back-Village" The "Back Castle" passed to William and Richard built the "Front Castle" nearby. In 1290 Richard's daughter chose to sell the Front Castle to John I of Chalon-Arlay and in 1297 he granted Abbans a franchise charter.

Abbans-Dessus was a cereal crops and livestock farming area. Viticulture was established in the commune until the 19th century when it was totally eradicated by phylloxera.

Heraldry and Genealogy of the Squires of Abbans

Heraldry

Genealogy
Humbert Abbans (? – after 1134).
Marriage and succession:
His wife is unknown, he had two sons:
 Hubald
 Roger

Hubald of Abbans (? – after 1143), Squire and Lord of Abbans.

He was mentioned in a charter of 1143, in which the Pope Lucius II confirmed the rights of the Church of Saint-Madeleine in Besançon:
"Dimidium Mansum, in castris Toragii vestre terre, quod expugnastis duello, contra Hubaldum of Habens".

Marriage and succession:
His wife is unknown, he had two sons:
 Louis I of Abbans
 Olivier d'Abbans, knight, benefactor of the Cherlieu Abbey in the diocese of Besançon, father of Louis II.

Louis I of Abbans (? – after 1157), Lord of Abbans, knight and squire, he donated to the Abbey Notre-Dame of Billon and was confirmed in 1156.
Marriage and succession:
His wife is unknown, he had four sons:
 Humbert II
 Thiebaud, (? – before 1190)
 Olivier, abbot of the Monastery of Luxeuil from 1189 to 1201, Vicar-General of the diocese of Besançon in the absence of the Archbishop Thierry II of Montfaucon who left for the Third Crusade during which he died of the plague in 1191
 Otto, who died childless.

Humbert II of Abbans (? – after 1182), Squire and Knight, Lord of Abbans, Purgerot, and Augicour.
Marriage and succession:
His wife is unknown, he had one son and one daughter:
 Louis II
 Julienne, she married Lambert of Cicon.

Louis II of Abbans (? – after 1235), squire and knight, Lord of Abbans. His seal attached to a deed of gift to the Cherlieu Abbey, of a horse, armed and with a banner in his arms.
Marriage and succession:
His wife is unknown, he had 3 sons and 3 daughters:
 Philippe
 Richard (? – 1281), Knight, Lord of Abbans, Villers-Saint-Georges, and Noironte.
 Guillaume, a Knight
 Nicolette
 Willemette
 Odilette

Philippe of Abbans knight, Lord of Abbans. In 1224 he joined a number of hostages that the Count of Chalon  gave to Besançon to guarantee a treaty he had concluded with them.
Marriage and succession:
He married Richarde, daughter of Richard of Chay and Agnes of Arguel, by whom he had 1 son and 1 daughter:
 Guillaume
 Guillemette, the first wife of Henri de Conflandey and her second husband was Hugh de Montferrand.

Guillaume of Abbans (? – before 1336), Squire and Knight, Lord of Abbans.
Marriage and succession:
He married Isabella (? – after 1300), daughter of Pons of Cicon and Agnes of Pelousey, with whom he had one son:
 Amiet

Amiet of Abbans (? – August 1314), Squire, Lord of Abbans.
Marriage and succession:
He married Isabella by whom he had that 1 daughter and 1 son:
 Jeanne, she married Henry de Saint-Aubin (circa 1310 – ?), knight
 Jean (? – 1370), Knight and Squire, Lord of  Noironte and Châtillon-le-Duc, he married Marguerite, daughter of Thiebaud Belvoir III and Jeanne de Montfaucon, by whom he had a daughter who passed the chateau of Abbans to Guillaume of Arbon. By inheritance the chateau passed to the Joux family, then the Grammonts and the Jouffroys.

Administration

List of Successive Mayors of Abbans-Dessus

Intercommunality
Abbans-Dessus is a member of the Community of communes Loue-Lison, which was created on 1 January 2017. It comprises 74 communes, and has its seat in Ornans.

Population

Sites and monuments
 The Chateau de Jouffroy d'Abbans (15th and 18th centuries) is best known for its dungeon, where Claude-François-Dorothée, marquis de Jouffroy d'Abbans (1751–1832) devised the first steamboat with paddlewheels.
 Church of the Assumption
 House
 Street with walls covered in flowers
 Lavoir (Public Laundry)

Notable people linked to the commune
 Claude-François-Dorothée, marquis de Jouffroy d'Abbans

Bibliography
 Genealogical History of the Lords of Salins, Jean-Baptiste Guillaume, Jean-Antoine Vieille, Besançon, 1757, 39 pages
 Roglo, Lord of Abbans

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links
 Abbans-Dessus on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN)  website
 Abans desous on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Doubs


Because the country contains two major language groups and numerous other linguistic minorities, in Canada official languages policy has always been an important and high-profile area of public policy.

In an exhaustive 1971 study of Canadian language law prepared for the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, Claude-Armand Sheppard offered this definition for the term “official language”: “[An] official language is a language in which all or some of the public affairs of a particular definition are, or can be, conducted, either by law or custom. We take public affairs to comprise the parliamentary and legislative process, administrative regulations, the rendering of justice, all quasi-judicial activities, and the overall day-to-day administration.”

This article lists key events in the evolution of language policy in Canada since 1710, when the French-speaking population of Acadia first came under British administration. The timeline covers the policies of the colonial predecessors to the current Canadian state, and the policies of Canada's provinces and territories. The policies listed include:
  Legislative changes  including constitutional amendments, acts of Parliament, and Orders in Council;
  Major policy announcements  including abortive policy proposals that were never implemented;
  Key administrative initiatives  governing the implementation of major policies;
  Court decisions  relating to Canada's language laws.

These policy changes have been important to the extent that they affected the lives of individual Canadians. Therefore, in order to give some idea of the relative importance of various policies over the centuries, population statistics for Canada's different language groups are included where such information is available.

General themes in official languages policy
Official languages policies, in one form or another, have been in existence since the beginning of the European colonization of North America.  In the early years, French was the sole language used in New France while English had been the sole language of British America.  The First Nations continued to use their indigenous languages in their own affairs.  There were a limited number of people who knew both a European and a native North American language, often Christian missionaries the “black robes” and the children of natives they ministered to.  These bilinguals were called on in diplomacy, but otherwise the linguistic worlds of the settlers and the natives were largely separate.  Without being fluent, natives and settlers often learned very rudimentary forms of each other's languages called “pidgins”.  Pidgins, such as the Algonquian–Basque pidgin, Labrador Inuit Pidgin French, American Indian Pidgin English, and Pidgin Delaware were initially important languages of trade and diplomacy, but none of them was ever prestigious enough to be used in any other governmental context.

The need for a considered language policy came with the absorption New France into the British Empire.  This began with the British occupation of Acadia in 1710 followed by the conquest of Canada in 1759.  Britain was then ruling over a large population of non-English speaking white settlers.
In what is now the eastern half of the country, some sort of accommodation was made for French during the long period of British colonial rule that followed, but at no point did the language achieve full legal and practical equality with English. The public reaction to this situation was one of the sources of the political instability that led to the adoption of a series of constitutions, culminating in the adoption of a federal structure in 1867 as a way of allowing the two languages to have different levels of official status in different provinces.

Following Confederation in 1867, French and English were treated as being fully equal within Quebec, in all matters under provincial jurisdiction. In matters under federal jurisdiction, English occupied a de facto privileged position, and French was not fully equal, although it did enjoy some constitutionally protected privileges. In other provinces, French was sometimes tolerated and sometimes actively suppressed.  Other settler languages, such as Scottish Gaelic, Irish, and German were ignored in politics and increasingly suppressed with adoption of universal public education.

Aboriginal languages, which earlier Christian missionaries had studied and helped to document, came under sustained attack by a system of state-sponsored church-run residential schools beginning in the 1840s in the east and later extending across the country.  These schools were part of a deliberate policy to suppress or eliminate indigenous languages in favour of English.
Over the course of the Twentieth and early Twenty-first centuries, the two predominant settler languages, English and French, have gradually achieved a greater level of equality in most of Canada's provinces, and full equality at the federal level. The trend has been very different in Quebec, however, where in the 1970s English was formally deprived of its status of full legal equality. Today, French is, both de facto and de jure, the sole official language of Quebec.

Also since the 1960s and the adoption of the policy of Official multiculturalism in Canada, teaching of other languages besides English and French, not only as a separate subject but as the medium of instruction, has expanded dramatically, beginning primarily with European languages, notably Ukrainian, the policy changes at the provincial level have seen a boom in schools catering to a variety of language groups.  For example, in Edmonton, Alberta in 2015 the Catholic school board offered full immersion in French, "bilingual programs" (one third to one half time immersion) in Polish, Spanish, and Ukrainian, and part-time language and culture programs in Filipino, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Spanish, and Nehiyaw Pimatisiwin (Cree).  Likewise, the public school board offered American Sign Language Bilingual, Arabic Bilingual, Chinese (Mandarin) Bilingual, French Immersion, Late French Immersion, German Bilingual, Hebrew Bilingual, International Spanish Academy, Ukrainian International Bilingual, and Awasis (Cree) programs.

Official languages policy and legislation relating to the Province of Canada (1840-1867) and the Dominion of Canada (1867-present)

  1840:  The Act of Union is adopted. Section 41 of the Act bans the French language from Parliament and Courts of the new united Province of Canada.
  1841:  At the first meeting of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada, Austin Cuvillier, a French-Canadian, is elected as the first Speaker.  As well, the new Parliament adopts rules of order. Rule 29 provides for the translation of papers into French. Rule 38 provides for the reading of motions in both French and English.
  1841:  The Parliament of the Province of Canada adopts An Act to provide for the translation into the French Language of the Laws of the Province, which ensures that a non-official copy of all Canadian laws will be "distributed among the People of this Province speaking the French language, in the same manner in which the English text of the said Laws shall be printed and distributed among those speaking the English language...."
  1848:  Article 41 of the Act of Union  is amended. In a return to the situation that had existed from 1792 to 1837 in Lower Canada, it is once again legal to use the French language in the Parliament and in the Courts.
  1857:  Section 15 of the Act respecting the Codification of the Laws of Lower Canada relative to Civil Matters and Procedure requires that the Civil Code of Lower Canada be printed only in bilingual form, with English and French displayed on the same page: “[T]he two texts, when printed, shall stand side by side.” Side-by-side publication is a first step towards the adoption of the "Equal Authenticity Rule" for interpreting bilingual statutes.
  1867:  Section 133 of the British North America Act, 1867 (later renamed the Constitution Act, 1867) decrees that "The Acts of the Parliament of Canada and of the Legislature of Quebec shall be printed and published in both those Languages [ie. in both English and French]", and also mandates the use of both French and English for parliamentary debates, parliamentary publications, and federal court cases.
 1935: R. v. DuBois: The Supreme Court of Canada applies the rule of judicial interpretation that will come to be known as the “Equal Authenticity Rule” to Acts of Parliament. This rule of interpretation holds that section 133 of the Constitution Act, 1867 requires courts to treat “both [the English and French] versions of statutes [as] equally valid and authoritative interpretations of the law,” even if the statute in question was clearly drafted in one language and translated into the other, and even if the two versions of the law are incompatible.  This rule had been applied to Quebec legislation since 1891, as a consequence of the court's ruling in CPR v. Robinson.
 1959: The Conservative government of John Diefenbaker introduces simultaneous interpretation in the House of Commons. Prior to this, the right to use English or French in Parliament had been guaranteed, but unilingual MPs had been unable to understand each other's speeches.
 1962: From this date, family allowance cheques are mailed in bilingual form, nationwide.
  1963:  The Liberal government of Lester Pearson establishes the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism “to inquire into and report upon the existing state of bilingualism and biculturalism in Canada.”.
 1963: The Pearson government established an interdepartmental committee of senior public servants to report regarding measures to promote bilingualism in the Public Service.
 1964: The first language school for Public Servants opens.
  1964: A private member's bill, initiated by Liberal backbencher Jean Chrétien, gives Canada's state-owned airline, Trans-Canada Air Lines, the new bilingual name "Air Canada," starting a trend of giving bilingual names to federal institutions which formerly had borne English-only names.
 1968: From this date forward, statutes of Canada are printed with the English and French texts of the law side by side, rather than in separate volumes. This "allows for a first-hand comparison of both texts...." Side-by-side publication is an indication of the internalization, within the Canadian parliament, of the "Equal Authenticity Rule".
  1965:  The Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism releases a Preliminary Report that underlined the cultural and linguistic duality of Canadian society.
  1967-70:  The Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism releases a final report in six books, The Official Languages (1967), Education (1968),The Work World (Socioeconomic Status, the Federal Administration, the Private Sector, 1969),The Cultural Contribution of the Other Ethnic Groups (1969), The Federal Capital (1970), and Voluntary Associations (1970).
  1969:  The Liberal government of Pierre Trudeau enacts the Official Languages Act.
 1970: The Secretary of State (the future Department of Canadian Heritage) establishes the Official Languages in Education Program to supervise financial transfers from Ottawa to the provinces and territories to promote two objectives: First, to promote second-language training in public schools across Canada with the goal of promoting an increase in personal bilingualism; and second, to financially promote education for the linguistic minority of the province (English in Quebec, French elsewhere).
  1973:  Parliament passes a Resolution on Official Languages in the Public Service confirming the right of civil servants to work in the official language of their choice.
  1974:  Jones v. Attorney General of New Brunswick: The Supreme Court of Canada rejects the argument of Moncton mayor Leonard Jones that the Official Languages Act is unconstitutional because it deals with subject matter outside the jurisdiction of the federal government.
  1974:   The Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act requires the use of both French and English on all consumer packaging across the country; bilingual packaging remains one of the most visible aspects of bilingualism for the Canadian general public resulting in this aspect of bilingualism sometimes being termed "cereal box bilingualism".
  1978:  The Criminal Code is amended to give accused persons the right to be heard by a judge (a judge and jury, in the event of a jury trial) who speaks the official language of the accused.
  1986:  Société des Acadiens v. Association of Parents: The Supreme Court of Canada rules that the right of the accused, under section 19 of the Charter of Rights, to use English or French in a trial, does not guarantee the right to be heard by a judge who speaks the defendant's preferred language. This decision is reversed in 1999, in R. v. Beaulac.
  1988:  A second version of the Official Languages Act is introduced, taking into account the new requirements of the Charter of Rights.
 1988: The Conservative government of Brian Mulroney enacts the Air Canada Public Participation Act, which allows for the state-owned airline to be privatized, but which also provides that, even as a private company, Air Canada will be required to operate in conformity with the Official Languages Act, precisely as it had done when it was government-owned. In 2003, Air Canada will restructure, spinning off a number of independent companies, including Jazz Airlines. Because these new entities are not part of Air Canada, they are no longer subject to the terms of the Air Canada Public Participation Act, and hence cease to be obligated to adhere to the practices of the Official Languages Act.
  1989:  Saulnier v. The Queen: A Nova Scotia county court rules that under section 20 of the Charter of Rights, a federal government department cannot simply presume that there is no need for French –language services, particularly where French-speakers might face penalties for failing to comply with laws of which they could not be fully aware unless these had been explained to them in their own language.
  1993:  Professional Institute of the Public Service v. the Queen: The Federal Court of Canada rules that sections 32 and 33 of the Official Languages Act impose a positive burden upon the federal government not only to react or respond to pressures for more or better bilingual services, but to initiate programmes to those serves where there is a perceived need for them.
  1993:  R. v. Haché: The New Brunswick Court of Appeal rules that the government is not under a positive obligation to inform people that they have a right to services in their own language.
  1999:  R. v. Beaulac: The Supreme Court of Canada rules that section 530 of the Criminal Code, which allows for the accused to be heard in court in his or her preferred official language, be given a generous, purposive interpretation.
  2002:  Quigley v. Canada (House of Commons) : The Federal Court of Canada, Trial Division, rules that the House of Commons is obliged to ensure that, in any part of the country where its proceedings are broadcast in one language, they must also be broadcast in the other official language.
  2003:  The Liberal government of Jean Chrétien tables its Action Plan for Official Languages. The Action Plan includes a statement of intention to raise the ratio of bilingual young Canadians (aged 15–19) from 24% in 2001 to 50% in 2013.
  2005:  An Act to amend the Official Languages Act (promotion of English and French) (better known at the time of its passage as "Bill S-3") is enacted, making Part VII of the Official Languages Act justiciable.
 2006: Desrochers v. Canada (Industry): The Federal Court of Appeal rules that section 25 of the Official Languages Act requires  third parties providing services to the public on behalf of a federal department "to provide these services in both official languages if ... the federal institution or federal government were themselves subject to this obligation." This decision is a virtual twin to the Supreme Court of Canada's 2008 ruling, regarding services provided on behalf of a provincial government, in Société des Acadiens et Acadiennes du Nouveau-Brunswick Inc v Canada.
 2008: The Conservative government of Stephen Harper amends the Criminal Code to require that all accused persons are advised of their right to have the proceedings conducted in the official language of their choice.
  2008:  The Conservative government of Stephen Harper tables its Roadmap for Canada's Linguistic Duality, a five-year plan to spend $1.1 billion to promote the two official languages.

Official languages policy and legislation relating to the provinces and territories

Laws and policies applicable to all provinces and territories
 1917: Ottawa Separate Schools Trustees v. Mackell: The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council rules that section 93 of the Constitution Act, 1867 provides guarantees only of religious education, not of the language in which that education will take place. In consequence of this ruling, French-speaking minorities in Ontario and elsewhere are not able to use section 93 in order to force provincial governments to permit francophone students to be educated in French. Although the ruling applies in theory to all provinces, it has no practical impact on Quebec, where the provincial government continues, for several more decades to provide full access to English-language schooling to all students whose parents want it.
  1982:  The Constitution Act, 1982 requires provinces and territories, under section 23, to make education available in both official languages where numbers warrant.
  1990:  Mahe v. Alberta: The Supreme Court of Canada rules that section 23 guarantees a "sliding scale."  In certain circumstances, the children whose parents could exercise the right might be so few that literally no minority language education may be provided by the government.  With a greater number of children, some schools might be required to provide classrooms in which the children could receive minority language education.  An even greater number would require the construction of new schools dedicated solely to minority language education.
  2000:  Arsenault-Cameron v. Prince Edward Island: The Supreme Court of Canada applies a purposive interpretation to section 23, ruling that the purpose of this section is to redress past injustices and provide "an official language minority with equal access to high quality education in its own language in circumstances where community development will be enhanced."
  2003:  Doucet-Boudreau v. Nova Scotia (Minister of Education) The Supreme Court of Canada again expands the scope of section 23 by determining that the right of parents belonging to official-language minorities to have their children educated in their mother tongue is a positive right requires governments to act in a timely fashion to provide minority language programs and/or facilities, and may require the judiciary to order affirmative remedies to secure these rights. The court rules that it was therefore legitimate for a lower-court judge to require the provincial government to report to him periodically on the construction of French-language schools that had been proceeding more slowly than he had deemed permissible.
  2008:  Société des Acadiens et Acadiennes du Nouveau-Brunswick Inc v Canada: The Supreme Court of Canada rules that agencies which are not organs of a provincial government, but which provide a service on behalf of that province, are under the same obligation to provide bilingual services that would exist if the agency was an integral part of the provincial government. This ruling occurred in the context of a traffic ticket issued by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, by an officer who could not speak French, to a Francophone driver; policing is a provincial government function, and in New Brunswick all persons have a right to receive this government service in both official languages. The court ruled that the fact that policing had been contracted out (to a federal government agency) did not void this right. This decision is a virtual twin to the Federal Court of Appeal's 2006 ruling, regarding services provided on behalf of the federal government, in Desrochers v. Canada (Industry).

Alberta
For events prior to the creation of the province 1905, see Northwest Territories

  1905:  Under the provisions of the Alberta Act, the new province of Alberta is carved out of the Northwest Territories. Section 16 of the Alberta Act calls for the continuation within the new province of all existing Northwest Territories legislation. Therefore, because the Northwest Territories legislature had voted in 1892 to make that English the only official language for that territory, Alberta comes into existence as an officially unilingual jurisdiction.
 1988: R. v. Mercure. The Supreme Court of Canada rules that Saskatchewan is legally obligated to enact all laws in both French and English, but that this obligation may be altered or repealed by a 'clear legislative pronouncement' of the provincial legislature. Because Alberta and Saskatchewan came into being at the same time, and as the result of nearly identical federal laws, this ruling is seen as having equal application to Alberta.
  1988:  In response to the Supreme Court ruling in R. v. Mercure, the legislature enacts the Languages Act, which provides that any provincial laws or regulations may be enacted in English only.
  2009:  R. v. Caron: The Alberta Court of Queen's Bench rules that the Royal Proclamation of 1869, which transferred Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory to Canada, did not have "the effect of constitutionalizing language rights in the remaining territories [i.e. outside the Red River Colony which forms the core area of Manitoba].... Accordingly, when the Canadian Parliament created the Province of Alberta and established its constitution in 1905, there was no constitutional condition requiring it to include in the Province's constitution an obligation to publish provincial legislation in English and French." This means that Alberta laws enacted in English only are still valid. The case is currently under appeal before the Alberta Court of Appeal.

British Columbia
  1849:  The Crown Colony of Vancouver Island is established by an Act of the Imperial Parliament. As with the prior establishment of colonies in the Maritimes, the domestic laws of England are extended to the new colony. This means that, as in England, English is the only official language of the new colony.
  1858:  The Crown Colony of British Columbia is established by an Act of the Imperial Parliament. The template provision used for the Vancouver Island colony is again used: domestic English law is applied to the new colony, which therefore has English as its only official language.
  1865:  British Columbia and Vancouver's Island are merged into a single colony. English remains the only official language.
  1871:  The Crown Colony of British Columbia becomes a Canadian province. English remains the only official language in matters of provincial jurisdiction.

Manitoba
  1845: The Council of Assiniboia agrees to promulgate all laws in both French and English. Given the small size of the colony and the limited literacy of the population, promulgation consists of distributing bilingual copies of all ordinances be put on public display at the courthouse, distributed to all Protestant and Catholic clergy, “and, lastly, that copies, in both languages, be read aloud and explained at meetings of the General Court in November and February of each year....”
  1849: The Council of Assiniboia  agrees to henceforth conduct all judicial proceedings in both English and French. According to Claude-Armand Sheppard, this event “marked the beginning of bilingualism in the courts of Assiniboia.” .
  1869: The provisional government of Louis Riel issues a list of fourteen rights which it regards as necessary for the future permanent government of the region. Items 10 and 11 relate to official languages:
 “10. That the English and French languages be common in the Legislature and Courts, and that all public documents and Acts of the Legislature be published in both languages.”
”11. That the Judge of the Supreme Court speak the English and French languages....”
  1870: The Manitoba Act establishes the new province of Manitoba. The Act serves as a de facto provincial constitution. Under section 22 of the Act, denominational schools on the model used in Quebec are to be established in the province. Section 23 of the Act uses the model established in 1867 for Quebec for Manitoba's provincial legislature, which must conduct its debates and enact all laws and journals in both English and French.
  1890:  The Manitoba Schools Act removes funding for Catholic schools (which in practice meant all French-language schools).
  1890:  The legislature enacts An Act to Provide that the English Language shall be the Official Language of the Province of Manitoba (better-known as the Official Language Act abolishes French as an official language of the legislature and requires that only English be used in Manitoba courts.
  1892:  Pellant v. Hebert: The recently enacted law establishing English as the only official language of the province is found to be ultra vires (and therefore unconstitutional) by the St. Boniface County Court. The provincial government simply ignores this decision, as well as a parallel 1909 decision of the same court (Bertrand v. Dussault) which also finds the law to be ultra vires.
  1896:  The Laurier-Greenway Compromise: Catholic education is permitted in public schools, and French may be used in teaching, but only on a school-by-school basis and only when there is a minimum of 10 French-speaking pupils. A Catholic school board is re-established, but without government funding.
  1900:  The provincial legislature amends the electoral law to permit qualified electors to vote as long as they are literate in English, French, German, Icelandic or any other Scandinavian language.
  1916:  The Laurier-Greenway Compromise of 1896 is rescinded by the Liberal government of Tobias Norris and French instruction is abolished.
  1916:  Dumas v. Baribault: In this case, a court is asked to overturn the decision of a prothonotary who had rejected a statement of claim on the basis that it was written in French only. In practice, therefore, the case tests the legal status of French in judicial proceedings in Manitoba. The court refuses to issue a writ of mandamus, thereby upholding the province's 1890 Official Language Act.
1955: The provincial government permits instruction in French from grade four to grade 12 in certain schools.
  1966:  The first of two amendments to the provincial Public Schools Act (the second taking place in 1970) reintroduce French-language instruction.
  1979:  Manitoba (Attorney General) v. Forest: The Supreme Court of Canada rules that the Official Language Act of 1890 is ultra vires.
  1983:  On October 5, Parliament unanimously passes a resolution asking the Manitoba legislature to enact a proposed constitutional amendment which would have made French an official language of Manitoba and ensured that under certain circumstances, provincial government services would be offered in French. Another resolution on Manitoba Francophones is passed on Feb. 24, 1984. Ultimately, the legislature fails to enact the proposed amendment, and the federal government responds by referring the question of the constitutional validity of Manitoba's Official Language Act to the Supreme Court of Canada.
  1985: Reference re Manitoba Language Rights: The Supreme Court of Canada rules that the provincial government acted unconstitutionally in enacting its laws in English only from 1890 onwards. The province is given a limited time in which to re-enact its laws in French. At the end of this period, any law that has not been enacted in a French version will be of no force or effect.
1986: Bilodeau v. Attorney General of Manitoba: The Supreme Court of Canada rules that the use of French on government documents such as parking tickets is not mandated by section 133 of the Constitution Act, 1867.
 1999: The French Language Services Policy is adopted, with the intention of providing comparable levels of provincial government services in both official languages, including public utilities and health services, official documents such as parking tickets and court summonses, availability of translation at court and commission hearings, and bilingual government web sites.

New Brunswick
For events prior to the creation of the colony in 1784, see Nova Scotia

  1784-1867:  In 1784 the colony of New Brunswick is created out of territory formerly belonging to Nova Scotia. “By virtue of custom and usage as well as the importation of English law into New Brunswick, English law [becomes] and [remains] the official tongue of that province. Before Confederation there were no legal statutes whatever governing language rights.” However, in practice French is used as a language of schooling in Acadian communities (provided by the Catholic Church), and court cases are conducted in French in certain New Brunswick jurisdictions.  When French-language schooling is eventually regulated in the 1870s, the province greatly limits the use of French. But French continues to be used informally in the courts until the practice is formalized in the 1970s.
 1871:  The legislature enacts the Common Schools Act, ending the province's separate Catholic school system-and therefore limiting the availability of French-language schooling in the province. French language instruction is permitted only until Grade Three.
 1875: The provincial government relents slightly, permitting the use of some French translations of English texts in the classroom.
 1878: The provincial government allows francophone teachers to be trained at the provincial normal school.
 1928: The Conservative government of Premier JBM Baxter proposes Regulation 32, which would have allowed local school boards to adopt a bilingual programme. The proposal meets with strong anglophone opposition, and is withdrawn.
 1966: The Liberal government of Louis Robichaud amends the Schools Act to permit all francophone and anglophone primary-school students to receive instruction in their mother tongue.
 1967: The New Brunswick Schools Act is enacted by the Liberal government of Louis Robichaud in an "attempt...to equalize francophone and anglophone education by centralizing the administration of the school system. The new law replaces the previous 422 school boards with 33 district school boards, and turned the funding for these schools over to the provincial Department of Education. Under the terms of the 1943 County Schools Finance Act, each school had had its own school board, and funding had come from solely from county governments. The francophone population, which at the time was concentrated in poorer rural areas, had therefore been at a perpetual educational disadvantage.
 1968: The opposition Progressive Conservatives, led by future premier Richard Hatfield, propose a motion in the legislature to recognize the equality of the French language. This motion is defeated by Premier Robichaud's Liberal majority.
 1968: R. v. Murphy: The New Brunswick Court of Appeal rules that a 1731 statute of the United Kingdom parliament, abolishing the use of French in that country's courts, was incorporated into New Brunswick law at the time that the colony was created, meaning that only English may be used in the province's courts.
  1969:  The Liberal government of Louis Robichaud enacts the Official Languages of New Brunswick Act.
 1973: Release of the report of the Department of Education's Task Force on Social Development (better known at the time as the "MacLeod-Pinet Report", recommending that francophones be given control of their own educational institutions by dividing the Department of Education into two sections along linguistic lines, with a deputy minister for each of the two systems, both of whom would report to the same minister of education. This recommendation is adopted in 1974 by the Conservative government of Richard Hatfield.
 1979: Release of the report of the Commission on the Organization and Boundaries of School Districts in New Brunswick (better known at the time as the "Finn-Elliott Report") calling for the abolition of bilingual schools because they lead to the assimilation of francophone students, and their replacement by "homogenous schools" in which all student will be educated in their mother tongue. This becomes the basis upon which the provincial school system is later reorganized, and eventually constitutionally entrenched by means of Section 16.1 of Canada's Charter of Rights.
  1981:  The Progressive Conservative government of Richard Hatfield enacts An Act Recognizing the Equality of the Two Official Linguistic Communities in New Brunswick (better known at the time as "Bill 88").
 1982: Release of the "Poirier-Bastarache Report" (officially titled, Towards Equality of Official Languages in New Brunswick). The report, which had been commissioned by Premier Hatfield in 1980 to make suggestions as to how best to update the 1969 Official Languages of New Brunswick Act, sets out 96 recommendations, which turn out to be sufficiently controversial that two years later, a special Advisory Committee is set up to conduct public hearings into the recommendations.
  1993:  Section 16.1 is added to Canada's Charter of Rights,  entrenching "the right to distinct [i.e. separate] educational institutions [for the province's] English-speaking and French-speaking communities] and such distinct cultural institutions as are necessary for the preservation and promotion of those communities."
  2001:  Charlebois v. Moncton (City): The New Brunswick Court of Appeal rules that all municipal laws must be enacted in both official languages in all municipalities in which there is a minority-language population of 20% or more (all such municipalities having been, under the province's language law, designated bilingual). The province complies with the ruling by providing financing for all pre-existing statutes to be translated into French.
 2002: The legislature enacts the Official Languages Act. This law repeals the 1969 Official Languages of New Brunswick Act, replacing its provisions with more detailed and extensive rights protections.
  2005:  Charlebois v. Saint John (City): The Supreme Court of Canada rules that it is not necessary, under the terms of the province's Official Languages Act, for New Brunswick municipalities which have not been designated bilingual by the provincial government to nevertheless operate in both official languages. Had the court ruled that municipalities were institutions of the province, they would have fallen under the province's legal obligation to operate in both official languages. Instead, the court holds that municipalities are incorporated entities and therefore not “institutions” of the province.

Northwest Territories
 1873-1876:   In the absence of federal legislation dealing with language, the Territorial Council makes provision for all laws and ordinances to be published in English, French and Cree, and in practice allows the courts to operate in both English and French. Therefore, “in the period prior to the separate political existence of the Northwest Territories [as enacted by Parliament in 1875 and effected in 1876], there was a rudimentary and unofficial bilingualism....”
 1875:  Parliament enacts the Northwest Territories Act, which goes into effect in 1876. This law creates uncertainty regarding the legal status of languages in the Territorial Council and courts, because it contains no provisions dealing with language.
 1877:   The Parliament of Canada amends the Northwest Territories Act to include the following provision:

When legislation is drawn up in 1880 to permit the creation of a Territorial Assembly, Parliament amends the law slightly to permit the use of both languages in the new Assembly as well.
At this time, the Territory includes the landmass that today makes up the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta, parts of Manitoba, all of what today is the Yukon Territory, and the parts of Nunavut and the present-day Northwest Territories that are part of the North American mainland. In 1877 most of the population of this vast region consists of aboriginals who speak neither English nor French and have little or no contact with the government, but in the settled areas in the south, the Territory has a population of 3,104 English-speakers and 2,896 French-speakers.

 1891:  Following a high-profile campaign by independent MP D’Alton McCarthy to use federal legislation to abolish the official status of French in the Northwest Territories, a compromise bill, An Act to Amend the Northwest Territories Act, is enacted by Parliament. This Act amends Section 110 of the  Northwest Territories Act to state that “Either the English or the French language may be used by any person in the debates of the Legislative Assembly of the Territories and in the proceedings before the courts; and both those languages shall be used in the records and journals of such Assembly” but allows the Assembly itself to make the territories unilingual, providing a specific formula is used:

 1892:  The territorial legislature votes in favour of a resolution “that it is desirable that the proceedings of the Legislative Assembly shall be recorded and published hereafter in the English Language only.” However, the resolution is never proclaimed by the lieutenant governor, as required by the amended wording of Section 110 of the Northwest Territories Act that had been adopted by the Parliament of Canada a year earlier. This is significant because it means that in the Northwest Territories and all of the successor jurisdictions that are carved out of it (Yukon in 1898, Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905, and Nunavut in 1999), French retains, in theory at least, its legal status as a language of the legislature and courts, even though English is nearly universally assumed to be the only official language. In the 1980s, this will result in Alberta and Saskatchewan being declared officially bilingual by a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada.
 1984:  The territorial government responds to federal government pressure to make the territory officially bilingual (English and French only) by adopting the Official Languages Act, which English, French, and six aboriginal languages (amended, with the aboriginal languages redefined as nine, in 2003) into official languages of the territorial government. The law permits territorial residents to use any of these languages in territorial courts or in debates of the legislature, but documents are published in the aboriginal languages only when requested by the legislature, and laws are enacted only in English and French.

Nova Scotia
 1710-1749:  In 1710 Acadia is occupied by the British, and under the terms of Article XII of the Treaty of Utrecht, sovereignty is formally transferred from France to Britain in 1713. For the next four decades, the British retain only a limited presence in the colony, consisting of a few soldiers and merchants, and a transient fishing population.  Therefore, “[g]overnment was largely a matter of supervising the Acadians who constituted almost the entire population.... [The Acadians] disregarded official regulations and maintained a form of rudimentary self-rule.”  This informal arrangement was possible because “[as] early as 1710 the Acadians had sent emissaries to deal with the new masters who, realizing the need for persons to receive and see to the execution of their orders, proceeded to regularize their election and functions.” On this basis, “it might be said that to that extent the French language continued to be recognized under the British.” Population Affected:  Between 1710-1749, the French-speaking Acadian population grows from around 1,700 to about 10,000, and the English-speaking population grows from zero to about 2,500.
 1749: Nova Scotia receives its first constitution, in the form of a Commission and Instructions to Governor Edward Cornwallis, meaning that the domestic law of England would govern the functioning of the courts. Because the use of all other languages, including French, had been banned in the courts of England in 1731, this means that in Nova Scotia, English becomes the only official language.
 1755:  Mass deportation of the Acadians takes place. Seven thousand Acadians are rounded up and expelled from the colony. Others flee to the woods or make their way overland to New France.
 1758-1867:  In 1758, Nova Scotia's first elections are held and the first Legislative Assembly is convened. No formal provisions exist as to the language of debate and of record, but mot Acadian have already been expelled and the rest are ineligible for office under the provisions of the anti-Catholic Test Act, which applies in Nova Scotia by virtue of the 1749 Commission applying English domestic law to Nova Scotia. Therefore, no French-speaking voters participate in the elections, and the question of using a language other than English never arises. “From the time of the first Legislative Assembly in 1758 to Confederation, not a single Nova Scotia statute is to be found conferring any legal recognition whatever on the French language. Only English has legal status.”

Ontario
For events prior to the creation of the Province of Upper Canada in 1791, see Quebec

 1912:  Regulation 17, which forbids the use of French as a language of instruction after the first year of school, unless the pupil is unable to speak English because of "defective training", and bans the teaching of French after the fourth year of school.
  1917:  Ottawa Separate School Trustees v. Mackell: The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council rules that in Ontario, only religious (Catholic) educational rights, not French language education rights, are covered by the constitutional protections under Section 93 of the British North America Act.
 1927:  Regulation 17 is repealed.
 1968:  The Education Act is amended to recognize French-language schools.
 1970:  a new post, Coordinator of Bilingualism, is created to oversee the development of French language government services. Over the next 16 years, a large number of service policies are adopted on a piecemeal basis by individual ministries.
 1986:  The legislature adopts the French Language Services Act, requiring that provincial government services be made available in French in any community or region where the francophone population exceeds 5,000 or 10 percent of the community's total population. In 1992, language author Richard Joy asserts that the Ontario language laws enacted in the 1980s "confer a semi-official status on the French language."
1988: The legislature enacts Bill 109, creating a French-language school board for Ottawa (which is home to about one quarter of the province's French-speaking population). When it starts to function in January 1989, the new school board operates fifty schools which formerly had been under the jurisdiction of pre-existing school boards, with a total student body of 12,500 elementary and 5,600 secondary students.
 2000:  A divisional court rules that the provincial government's plans to close Ottawa's French-language Montfort Hospital are unconstitutional because of an unwritten constitutional principle of minority rights found by the Supreme Court in its ruling on Reference re Secession of Quebec (1998).  The government of Ontario criticizes the decision as judicial activism, and charges that "The divisional court decision has effectively rewritten the constitution to make Section 16.1 applicable to Ontario despite the express intention that it apply to New Brunswick alone." In 2001 a higher court upholds the ruling, and the provincial government abandons its plans to close the hospital.
 2005: The City of Ottawa Act is amended to require the city to have a policy respecting the municipal administration of English and French. This stops short of a Liberal campaign promise to make the newly enlarged city officially bilingual and restricting the ability of the municipal council to alter its bilingual status.
2007: The Liberal government of Dalton McGuinty establishes the post of Commissioner of French Languages Services. Unlike the federal Commissioner of Official Languages Ontario's commissioner reports to a minister rather than being an officer of Parliament who reports directly to the legislature.

Prince Edward Island
  1720-1759:  The first settlers arrive from France in 1720. Prior to the British conquest of Île Saint-Jean in 1758, the island is home to a homogenous French-speaking population and is  administered entirely in French. Following the great Acadian deportation of 1755, the island's Acadian population grows  rapidly, to around 3,500 (many of whom were refugees fleeing the deportations in the Acadian heartland on the Bay of Fundy).
  1758:  British under Colonel Andrew Rollo capture Île Saint-Jean.  About 3,500 Acadians are deported shortly thereafter, nearly depopulating the island. Only a few families, amounting to a little over two hundred individuals, are able to hide in cabins in the interior, or are allowed to stay by the British authorities.
  1769:  The colony of Prince Edward Island is created. The new colony's constitution in the form of a Commission and Instructions to its first Governor. These documents instruct the governor to follow the Nova Scotia model for judicial institutions, meaning that, as in Nova Scotia, the domestic law of England would govern the functioning of the courts. Because the use of all other languages, including French, had been banned in the courts of England in 1731, this means that in Prince Edward Island, English is the only official language. From this starting point, “no provisions governing the status of any language are to be found in the pre-Confederation statutes of Prince Edward Island.”

Quebec
  1608-1759:  Prior to the British conquest of Quebec in 1759, the European population in the most heavily populated part of what is now Quebec (primarily the St. Lawrence River valley) was a homogenous French-speaking community, and was administered entirely in French.
 1760: The Articles of Capitulation, under which French resistance to the British occupiers ceases, are signed in Montreal. These articles provide the legal framework for the administration of the territory while it remains under British military rule (which lasts until 1763). Capitulation article no. 45 contains the first British acknowledgement of a formal role for the French language in its newly conquered territory. The British agree that legal documents of the ancien regime, including deeds, registers, and notarized documents, will retain legal force. Although no mention is made of the French language, "the British ... ensured continuity in the administration of justice by having available for consultation the precedents and records of the previous regime, all of them, of course, entirely in the French language."
 1763: On October 7, King George III issues a Royal Proclamation establishing a colonial government for Quebec. The Proclamation gives legal expression to assimilationist policies. Although assimilation is primarily focused on replacing Catholicism with Protestantism, it has the practical consequence of denying rights on the basis of language. Since Catholics cannot take the necessary oath, they are excluded from participating in the new assembly of freeholders, from serving as officers of the new courts that are to be established, or even from practicing law. The practical consequence of this is to cause all justice to be administered by English-speakers. However, informal considerations make the restrictions on the use of French much less onerous than the letter of the law would suggest. Eugene Gosselin explains:

 1764: Governor James Murray issues an ordinance modifying the restrictive rules regarding the administration of justice, to permit French-speaking Catholics to serve as lawyers in the Court of Common Pleas because "we have not yet got one English Barrister or Attorney [in Quebec] who understands the French Language." Murray's ordinance also allows French-speaking Catholics to serve on juries, because "As there are but Two Hundred Protestant Subjects in the Province ... it is thought unjust to exclude the new Roman Catholic Subjects to sit upon Juries, as such exclusion would constitute the said Two hundred Protestants perpetual Judges of the lives and Property of...Eighty Thousand of the new Subjects...." Murray asserts in a letter to his superiors in England that this is meant to be a "temporary Expedient" until he receives clearer instructions, but in practice, French-speaking juries and lawyers exist from this point forward.
 1764: The Quebec Gazette is published for the first time on June 21. This publication contains public ordinances and subordinate legislation (regulations) in both English and French. From this point forward, all such information has never ceased to be available in published form in both languages, in the successor governments to the one then governing Quebec.
 1768: Governor Guy Carleton hires a secretary to translate all laws and orders of the governor and council into French. This provides a permanent formalization of the process of bilingual publication that had been undertaken by the Quebec Gazette four years earlier.
  1774:  The Quebec Act is adopted. Although it contains nothing specific on language, the Act ends  the legal exclusion of French Canadians from participating in government  on the basis of religion (the Test Oath being replaced with a simple Oath of allegiance to the Crown). From this point forward, French-speaking Catholics begin to participate in some of the functions of the civil government. French Canadians participate when the first session of the colony's new Legislative Council in 1777. As well, from the very start debates in the Legislative Council take place in both French and English, and both languages are used for its records. The absence of specific mention, in the Quebec Act, of reference to the use of French in the courts or in government is probably due to the fact that informal arrangements had already been made, under Governor Carleton's administration, for Canadian lawyers to plead cases in French and to use either language in written procedures. As well, ordinances were already being published in both languages.
  1793:  Following the adoption of Constitutional Act in 1791, the Parliament of Lower Canada meets and debates the question of language. The House of Assembly of Lower Canada resolves that the Speaker ought to be bilingual, that MPPs ought to be free to speak French or English, that the language of civil law be French and that of criminal law be English. This was overruled by Westminster which decided that only the English text should have legal value but could be translated to French.
  1834:  Resolution 75 of the Ninety-Two Resolutions of the House of Assembly of Lower Canada complains of the disproportion in the offices held by natives of the British Isles vs natives of Canada.
 1838: During the Lower Canada Rebellion of 1837/38, Patriote rebels, led by Robert Nelson issue a Declaration of Independence of Lower Canada, containing eighteen “solemn declarations” which are intended to form the basis of an eventual national constitution. Declaration #18: “That the French and English languages shall be used in all public affairs.”
  1840:  The Act of Union is adopted. Section 41 of the Act bans the French language from Parliament and Courts of the new united Province of Canada.
  1848:  Article 41 of the Act of Union  is amended. In a return to the situation that had existed from 1792 to 1837 in Lower Canada, it is once again legal to use the French language in the Parliament and in the Courts.
  1857:  Section 15 of the Act respecting the Codification of the Laws of Lower Canada relative to Civil Matters and Procedure requires that the Civil Code of Lower Canada be printed only in bilingual form, with English and French displayed on the same page: “[T]he two texts, when printed, shall stand side by side.” Side-by-side publication is a first step towards the adoption of the "Equal Authenticity Rule" for interpreting bilingual statutes.
 1866: The Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada enacts the Civil Code of Lower Canada. This law code, which will remain in effect in the post-Confederation Province of Quebec until 1994, includes Canada's first explicit rule for the judicial interpretation of statutes that have been drafted in both English and French. Article 2615 of the Code reads as follows:

  1867:  Section 133 of the British North America Act decrees that "The Acts of … the Legislature of Quebec shall be printed and published in both those Languages [ie. in both English and French]", and mandates the use of both French and English for legislative debates, publications of the legislature, and provincial courts. This set of provisions is identical to that used the federal parliament and courts. These rules apply only to the new province of Quebec and not to any of the other provinces, which continue to operate in English only.
 1891: CPR v. Robinson: The Supreme Court of Canada introduces for the first time the rule of judicial interpretation that will come to be known as the “Equal Authenticity Rule”. This rule of interpretation holds that section 133 of the Constitution Act, 1867 imposes an obligation upon the courts to treat “both [the English and French] versions of statutes [as] equally valid and authoritative interpretations of the law,” even if the statute in question was clearly drafted in one language and translated into the other, and even if the two versions of the law are incompatible. The case revolved around the inconsistent wording of the English and French versions of the Civil Code of Quebec, and hence applied only acts of the Quebec legislature. But it was an implication of the decision that the same rule must apply to acts of the Parliament of Canada. This implication would be enforced by the Supreme Court in its 1935 ruling in R. v. DuBois.
  1910:  The Liberal government of Lomer Gouin enacts what came to be known as the La Vergne Law, which requires the use of French alongside English on documents such as utility bills and transportation tickets.
  1956:  The Tremblay Commission, an inquiry established by the provincial government of Maurice Duplessis, publishes its report. The report deals primarily with constitutional issues, but also makes recommendations for the creation of a provincial agency to monitor and regulate the quality of French in Quebec,
  1961:  The Liberal government of Jean Lesage establishes the Office de la langue française ("Office of the French language"). Its mandate is "to align on international French, promote good Canadianisms and fight Anglicisms, [...] work on the normalization of the language in Québec and support state intervention to carry out a global language policy that would consider notably the importance of socio-economic motivations in making French the priority language in Québec."
  1968:  The Union Nationale government of Jean-Jacques Bertrand establishes the Commission of Inquiry on the Situation of the French Language and Linguistic Rights in Quebec (better known as the “Gendron Commission”). The commission completes its report in 1973, recommending that the provincial government enact laws to make French “the common language of Quebecers” and the sole official language of Quebec.
  1969:  The Union Nationale government of Jean-Jacques Bertrand enacts Bill 63, which confirms the status quo on the language of instruction in the public schools (Parents can choose English or French).
  1974:  The Liberal government of Robert Bourassa enacts Bill 22, making Quebec officially unilingual, with French as its only official language. English retains a proscribed legal status.
  1977:  The Parti Québécois government of René Lévesque enacts the Charter of the French Language (better known as "Bill 101"), banning the use of all languages but French on commercial signs, requiring that French be the language of the workplace, and placing further restrictions on the ability of parents to place their children in English-language schools.
  1979:  Attorney General of Quebec v. Blaikie (No. 1): The Supreme Court of Canada rules that the parts of Quebec's Charter of the French Language stating that provincial laws will be enacted in French only, violates section 133 of the Constitution Act, 1867.  The Court finds that section 133, which requires that all Acts be printed and published in both French and English, means in practice that all provincial legislation and regulations must be enacted in both languages, and that the English text of any law is of equal weight to the French text.
  1981:   Quebec (Attorney General) v. Blaikie (No. 2): Following an application from the Quebec government to determine whether there exist any exceptions to the requirement, under section 133 of the Constitution Act, 1867, that all laws be printed and published in English as well as in French, the Supreme Court of Canada rules that the section 133 requirements do not extend to bylaws enacted by Quebec municipalities.
  1982:  The Parti Québécois government of René Lévesque enacts a law inserting the "Notwithstanding Clause" into all existing Quebec legislation, thereby causing the Charter of Rights to be largely inoperative in Quebec. However, the  Lévesque government is unable to prevent section 23 of the Charter from applying to Quebec, as the "Notwithstanding Clause" has been drafted to apply only to certain parts of the Charter, excluding this part.
 1984: The Parti Québécois government of René Lévesque enacts Bill 3, a law to divide the province's schools based upon language rather than the traditional division based upon religion. A year later, the law is struck down by the Superior Court of Quebec. The decision is not appealed by the government, effectively ending this initiative.
  1984:   Attorney General of Quebec v. Quebec Protestant School Boards: The Supreme Court of Canada rules that as a result of the recent adoption of the Charter of Rights, it is no longer constitutional for the Charter of the French Language to deny an education in English to the child of any parent who was educated in English in any Canadian province (provincial law had previously permitted this only for children of parents educated in English in Quebec).
  1986:   MacDonald v. City of Montreal: The Supreme Court of Canada rules that Section 133 of the  Constitution Act, 1867 establishes only a negative right to use either official language in the Quebec legislature and its institutions, and does not extend to a right to have municipal services in English as well as French.
  1987:   The 1982 law inserting the Notwithstanding Clause into all Quebec laws is allowed to lapse by the Liberal government of Robert Bourassa, and all Quebec laws therefore become subject to the Charter of Rights.
  1988:   Ford v. Quebec (A.G.): The Supreme Court of Canada rules that the commercial sign law provisions of Bill 101, are unconstitutional.  The Quebec government reacts by An Act to Amend the Charter of the French Language (better known as “Bill 178”), which re-enacts the unconstitutional provisions under the authority of the "Notwithstanding Clause".
  1988:   Devine v. Quebec (Attorney General): The Supreme Court of Canada rules that it would be a constitutionally permissible restriction on freedom of speech for the Quebec government to require that French be “markedly predominant” on commercial signs, as long as other languages are not actually banned.
  1989: Greater Montreal Protestant School Board v. Quebec: The Supreme Court of Canada rules that language rights which are not included in the Charter of Rights should be interpreted less generously than those which have Charter protection.
  1993:  The Liberal government of Robert Bourassa enacts An Act to Amend the Charter of the French Language (better known as “Bill 86”), amending the sign law to bring it into conformity with the Supreme Court rulings in Ford v. Quebec (A.G.)  and Devine v. Quebec (A.G.), by allowing other languages on commercial signs, subject to French being "markedly predominant".
  1993:  Ballantyne, Davidson, McIntyre v. Canada: A human rights tribunal of the United Nations finds Quebec's restrictions on commercial signs in languages other than French to be an unwarranted restriction, under the terms of articles 2, 19, 26 and 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights on freedom of expression in the pursuit of a legitimate objective (strengthening the position of the French language). The ruling is not enforceable.
 1997:  An amendment to the Constitution provides for linguistic rather than confessional (Catholic and Protestant) school boards in Quebec.
  2002:   A.G. of Quebec (Procureur Général) c. John Reid et Frances Muriel Reid: The Quebec Court of Appeal rules that the Quebec government cannot require Quebec-based websites to conform with provincial language law, because the internet falls under federal jurisdiction.
  2002:  The legislature enacts Bill 104, An Act to amend the Charter of the French Language. This law amends section 73 of the Charter to limit the ability of parents to get around the Charter's requirement that they send their children to school in French. Some parents had been enrolling their children in private English-language schools for short periods of time, thereby meeting the technical hurdle needed to allow the child to be enrolled permanently in an English-language school. Section 73 was amended to require that the "major part" of the instruction received by the child had been in English, in order to allow that child to receive a publicly funded English-language education.
  2005: Solski (Tutor of) v. Quebec (Attorney General): The Supreme Court of Canada rules that the "major part" requirement in section 73 of the Charter of the French Language, which had been added to the Charter under 2002's Bill 104, violates subsection 23(2) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.  The Court does not strike down the law, but presents the province with a set of criteria for bringing the law into conformity with the Charter of Rights.

Saskatchewan
For events prior to the creation of the province 1905, see Northwest Territories

  1905:  Under the provisions of the Saskatchewan Act, the new province of Saskatchewan is carved out of the Northwest Territories. Section 16 of the Saskatchewan Act calls for the continuation within the new province of all existing Northwest Territories legislation. Therefore, because the Northwest Territories legislature had voted in 1892 to make that English the only official language for that territory, Saskatchewan comes into existence as an officially unilingual jurisdiction.
1931: The legislature enacts the School Act, which declares English to be the sole language of instruction in Saskatchewan's public schools.
1967: The first of three amendments to the provincial Education Act (the second and third taking place in 1973 and 1978, respectively) reintroducing French-language instruction. By the end of this decade-long process, French can again be used in Saskatchewan as the principal language of instruction, opening up the possibility of schools specifically for francophone students. As well,  immersion schools are now possible.
 1988: R. v. Mercure. The Supreme Court of Canada rules that Saskatchewan is legally obligated to enact all laws in both French and English, but that this obligation may be altered or repealed by a 'clear legislative pronouncement' of the provincial legislature.
 1988: In response to the ruling in R. v. Mercure, the provincial legislature enacts the Language Act. This law declares all existing laws valid, even if enacted in English only, but provides that limited French-language rights will apply within the judicial system.
1990: The provincial government establishes the Office of French Language Coordination (later renamed the Francophone Affairs Branch), "to assist provincial government ministries, crown corporations and agencies in providing more services in French to the Francophone community."
1993: The Education Act is amended to permit francophones to manage their own schools.

Yukon
For events prior to the creation of the territory in 1898, see Northwest Territories

 1898:  By an Act of Parliament, the Yukon Territory is created out of territory formerly under the jurisdiction of the Northwest Territories. Section 9 of the Yukon Territory Act states that “the laws relating to civil and criminal matters and the ordinances as the same exist in the North-west Territories at the time of the passing of this Act, shall be and remain in force in the said Yukon Territory in so far as applicable thereto until amended or repealed....” Therefore, because the Northwest Territories legislature had voted in 1892 to make that English the only official language for that territory, the Yukon comes into existence as an officially unilingual jurisdiction.

See also

Official bilingualism in Canada
Official Languages Act (Canada)
Languages of Canada
Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories (for present-day policies)

References

Language
Canada
Canada


Montivernage () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
Montivernage lies  east of Baume-les-Dames.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Montivernage on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Abbenans () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Abbévillers is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs
County of Montbéliard


Maisons-du-Bois-Lièvremont () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune is located  from Montbenoît on both banks of the Doubs. The village stretches along the main street and spreads over the plateau 50 m above the Doubs valley.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Maison-du-Bois-Lièvremont on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Accolans () is a village and commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Reculfoz () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Adam-lès-Passavant (, literally Adam near Passavant) is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population
The inhabitants of Adam-lès-Passavant are known as Adams.

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Adam-lès-Vercel (, literally Adam near Vercel) is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Quingey () is a commune and former canton seat in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
Quingey lies  southwest of Besançon and  east of Dole in the department of Jura.

The commune is at the western extremity of the department of Doubs, a dozen km from the department of Jura. The river Loue runs through it. On the north is the valley of the river Doubs, the vast forests of Chaux and the Val d'Amour lie on the west, the mountains of Salins on the south, and the valley of the Lison on the east.

As the Loue traverses this alluvial plain, it is barred by numerous natural dams. The plain is surrounded by peaks between 470 m and 850 (the Mont Poupet).

History
Situated on the Roman road between Lyon and Strasbourg, its history goes back to the third century.

The last vestiges of its fortifications were destroyed in 1823, but the bridge over the Loue dates from 1590. It was slightly rebuilt in 1844.

Pope Calistus II was born in Quingey in c. 1065.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Quingey on the intercommunal Web site of the region

Communes of Doubs


Aibre () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs
County of Montbéliard


Vuillecin () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Aïssey () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Vorges-les-Pins () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Voujeaucourt () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs
County of Montbéliard


Vuillafans () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Personalities
It was the birthplace of Balthasar Gérard, the assassin of the Dutch independence leader, William I of Orange, also known as William the Silent. Gérard was born at number 3 in the street now called Rue Gérard.

Population

See also
Communes of the Doubs department
 Philippe François Zéphirin Guillemin (1814-1886), Roman Catholic bishop, was born in Vuillafans

References

Communes of Doubs


Voires () is a commune in the Doubs department' in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Allenjoie () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Pays de Montbéliard website

Communes of Doubs
County of Montbéliard


Les Alliés () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Longemaison () is a commune in the Doubs département in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The village likes on the wooded slopes of the Mont Chaumont, which is the highest point of the commune at 1092 meters.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Longemaison on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Allondans () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs
County of Montbéliard


Mandeure () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

History

Mandeure was a Roman town called Epamanduodurum. It reached its apogee in the 2nd century. The Roman theater was one of the largest in Gaul, measuring 142 m with four levels of seats that could seat 12,000 to 15,000 spectators. Free guided tours are available by contacting the mayor's office.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Mandeure on the intercommunal Web site of the department
 Official Web site

Communes of Doubs
Sequani


Dmitriy Nikolayevich Abramenkov (born April 24, 1947) is a Russian government official and political figure.

Abramenkov was the vice-governor of the Smolensk Oblast and was a deputy in the State Duma during the second (1995–1999) and third (1999–2003) sessions.

Abramenkov graduated from the Roslavl Technical School for Rail Transport, and the highest party school of Leningrad. He worked as a crane operator and locomotive technician, then as staff leader of the All-Union Komsomol of the Smolensk AES, chairman of the District Committee of People's Control, instructor of the City Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and following election to the State Duma, Master of Production Training at the Roslavl Technical School for Rail Transport.

In the State Duma, Abramenkov was associated with the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, serving on the committee for science, and was selected as a candidate for membership in the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party.

References

1947 births
Living people
Crane operators
Second convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)
Third convocation members of the State Duma (Russian Federation)


Amagney () is a commune in the Doubs department in  Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France, close to Besançon.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


John Houser may refer to:

 John Houser (rower) (1909–1991), American Olympic rower
 John Houser (American football) (born 1935), American football player
 John Sherrill Houser (born 1935), American sculptor and painter
 John Russell Houser, perpetrator of the 2015 Lafayette shooting


Amancey () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Samson () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
Samson lies  south of Besançon on national highway 83.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Samson on the regional Web site

Communes of Doubs


is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Cocoa Fujiwara. It was serialized in Square Enix's shōnen manga magazine Monthly Gangan Wing from 2002 to 2007. Square Enix published 12 tankōbon volumes in Japan. The manga is set in the same world as Fujiwara's other work, Watashi no Ookami-san.

Plot
This story is about a girl named Chiruha who is a Lycanthrope, a mythical creature thought to have died out. She lives in the mountains alone in an abandoned hut with only a small television. Chiruha decides to leave her home and live with the humans. When there she discovers her childhood friend, Kisara. Kisara, though, has no memories of when he was friends with Chiruha. What he does remember is that he was supposedly cursed with immortality by a Lycanthrope. He believes Chiruha gave him immortality as curse and hates her for it, although this is not the case. Kisara was the adopted son of a rich nobleman and was being bullied when he was saved by Chiruha. They became friends, but after Chiruha was attacked by some villagers they both run away to live on their own. Two men who were sent to get Kisara and kill Chiruha accidentally hurt Kisara fatally. During that moment Chiruha unintentionally gave Kisara her immortality. When being used as a human sacrifice to drive away demons, Kisara remembers this and does not know what to feel since he can no longer hate her but can't go back to the past. He decides to just keep going forward and asks the captain if he could stop being the military's pawn.

After that it switches to characters from Watashi no Ookami-san. This is back to the past when Chiruha was using her powers. Both Subaru, the ex-demon lord, along with Komomo and General Purino (along with Kurenai and Carol) react to Chiruha's powers and go to find the source.  Purino and Subaru all come on a mission to go to where Chiruha is. When they meet Chiruha doesn't know how to help them but wants to become friends.

Characters
Chiruha
Chiruha is supposedly the last remaining lycanthrope at the beginning of the series. It is revealed early in the series that when she was young she isolated from society for purposes of protection, as her potential power was too great. At this time, she knew Kisara, and they were friends. One day while running away from home, they ran into a group of men who were trying to take Kisara back home. While trying to kill Chiruha, the men accidentally wound Kisara fatally. In an attempt to save Kisara, Chiruha unknowingly transfers her immortality to Kisara (chapters 7 to 8). Years later, Kisara seemingly out of her life, Chiruha summons her courage and joins the human world, walking to a nearby village. Here she reunites with Kisara, and starts living with him and becoming friends with the punitive squad, while meeting new demon friends who join them. It is then revealed that Chiruha loves Kisara in many ways, not limited to friendly love.
Chiruha has straight black hair that initially is shoulder length with bangs, but grows slightly longer as time goes by. She often wears a kimono and stockings. Her signature style is bows; she often wears one in her hair and there is often a large one on the back of her kimono that is at her waist. Ume once gave her a bikini that had bows on it, which resulted in Kisara's over protectiveness when he saw her in it with other guys around.

Demon Continent Inhabitants

Subaru
Subaru was once the demon lord, and was the target of Komomo, but he falls in love with Komomo and decides to abdicate his throne so that he could go support her on her. Because he refuses to sacrifice humans, however, he begins to show a rejection reaction from his right Lyncanthrope hand that was given to him by the Lyncanthrope so that he could hold the position as the demon lord. The rejection could kill him if left alone, which leads to Komomo's determination to visit the human continent to find the other Lycanthrope for information regarding a way to heal his hand.

Subaru has black hair that is styled to the side, as noted by Komomo that he looks more youthful when his hair is not styled. Due to his cool composure, tall stature, and manly appearance, many women and Cain swoon over him, though he only has eyes for Komomo. Chiruha thinks that he is handsome because he looks like a king from a TV show, much to Kisara's annoyance because she called him cute rather than handsome, resulting in Chiruha whole-heartedly assuring him that he is beautiful.

Komomo
Komomo is a human magic holder whose goal is to be a hero so that she can be able to build a house that she promised her mother before she died. Because she is poor and at level 0, she often takes on small jobs. Her initial goal is to defeat Subaru when he was the demon lord, but Subaru likes Komomo so much that he abdicates his throne to help Komomo with her journey. Komomo then begins to develop feelings for Subaru, and then she starts on her journey to the human continent with the goal of healing Subaru's cursed Lyncanthrope hand. Subaru often teases Komomo, which leaves her annoyed, but she still harbors feelings for him. Throughout the story, Komomo's impoverished background shows through her actions; she spends money very sparingly and even finds methods of making dishes out of tofu.

Komomo has straight, very light blonde hair that is styled in a bob with bangs, though it is revealed she had long hair in the past. Her signature style is rather frilly tops and miniskirts, giving off a Lolita-like appearance. Her clothes were given to her by Ume; she once complained to him about how she'd prefer simpler clothes, but Ume's response suggests that he is giving what suits her the most.
Purino
Purino is a beautiful but clumsy general in the demon continent who travels along with Kurenai and Carol to find out information on their ex-lord's hand. Sometimes, she will suddenly start to act like a puppy when she is exposed to Lyncanthrope magic. She once liked Subaru because of his kindness, but she supports Subaru and Komomo's relationship. Purino is often insecure about her abilities, despite holding the important position as general. Because of her beauty, she is even subject of a fan club, consisted of boys she doesn't know. Purino also plays the violin, along with her brother.

Purino has long chestnut colored hair that is slightly wavy with bangs. Due to her position as general, she often wears more formal, scholarly clothing, although she likes dresses too. It is shown that she is also insecure of her body, since she  was displeased that Ume gave her a bikini even when she asked not to because she is not as slim as Komomo or Chiruha, contrary to the fact that Komomo once complimented her on her more voluptuous body.
Kurenai
Kurenai has red hair and although he is a demon, he has no powers and is therefore a skilled swordsman. He has a temper that his friend Carol often likes to provoke for comical reasons. Although Kurenai has a tough outward personality, he in truth is a very gentle person that loves animals- another side that Carol likes to tease to gauge his reaction. Kurenai is often mad at Subaru's seemingly selfish decisions, but he understands Subaru as well and secretly wishes for the best of Subaru. Although Subaru has once joked that Kurenai is gay so that Komomo would be misinformed, it is implied that Kurenai developed feelings for Purino over time.
Carol
Carol is a lifelong friend of Kurenai and goes on a journey along with him and Purino to find out about Subaru's hand. He, as a demon, wields magical power and uses amulets and paper to activate it, making him very skilled in the battle field. He is a cheerful person that often likes to play mind games on people, especially Kurenai, for laughs. Despite this, he is also very understanding of people's emotions, as shown in talk with Purino and Kurenai about their pasts as well as his observation of Kisara's reactions involving Chiruha. This emotional understanding is most likely due to his experience at an orphanage church that he spent time in as a child.
Carol has short white hair and is the youngest of the characters at 16 years old in the beginning of the story. He is rather short and is very youthful looking, which is one of his insecurities and is why he works out excessively every day in an attempt to make himself look more masculine. He has many female friends because they often find him to be cute and he could easily hold a conversation with them.

Punitive Force
Kisara
Having forgotten his childhood memories of the strange girl who lived in the mountains, Kisara grows up with the police force, knowing that he is immortal and remembering only that a lycanthrope (revealed to be Chiruha) "cursed" him with it. Over the years, he developed a hatred for the lycanthrope who changed his body. When Chiruha appears out of the blue, Kisara seems determined to gain her trust and then kill her, as revenge for the "curse". After attempting to kill her in her sleep, his memories return and he realizes that she saved his life, and that she didn't even know what she had done (chapter 7). After this, Kisara slowly starts falling in love with her.
Before getting his memories back, he had a cold and distant personality. Then when his memories came back in chapter 8, he shows a more caring and heartwarming personality, mainly to Chiruha. He seems to only smile more for Chiruha.
Kisara is the vice-captain of the Punitive Force. Before meeting Chiruha, he was bullied because of his girly face.

Captain Cain Clevart
Cain is supposed to be the head of the Punitive Squad and is the superior of Kisara, having met Kisara for the first time and his special abilities, he intended to use Kisara for missions. But later on he realizes Kisara's true pain from the events of his childhood, and started thinking of him as a brother. He is constantly praising the "beauty" of others and is especially attracted to Purino, Kisara, and Subaru.
When Chiruha's identity get revealed by accident, Cain resolves to make a pact between the "demon lord's army" saying that both parties are trying to protect their companions and they will have to act together onwards to reach their goals.

Other Punitive Force Members
The other punitive force members play a small role in the story, often serving comic relief purposes, and they often fawn over girls like the maid, Purino, and Komomo. Cain thinks that they are ugly. They are not always aware of what is going on, but they are always there for support.

Enemies
Sigma
Sigma wishes for Subaru's obedience and wants to live with Chiruha forever so they, as the last of the Lycanthropes, may pass on the Lycanthrope bloodline. He has strange tendencies like refusing to take off his stuffed animal mask. His goals are to kill Kisara so that Chiruha could regain her immortality and to get Subaru to sacrifice more humans for him. He relied on human lives for an extended life and is currently weak due to his age. However, he is still extremely powerful in magic and could heal himself faster than Kisara.

Kanade
Kanade works alongside Mimosa to help Sigma. At first he seems to have helped the punitive force, but he cannot abandon Sigma. He also seems to care a lot for Mimosa; he puts a lot of effort to make her feel better about her unrequited love with Sigma but he often fails. Kanade doesn't like to deal with serious situations, so he often brings a lot of party equipment with him.
Although he is seen with dark clothing in public, he wears an apron while doing household jobs.

Mimosa
Mimosa works alongside Kanade to help Sigma, the man who she loves and would do anything for, although she understands that Sigma prefers his own kind.
Mimosa has a dog that is the complete opposite of Ume; she is female, has black fur, and shoots powerful laser-like rays out of her mouth instead of being able to vacuum everything in like Ume. In the last chapter, she can be seen next to Ume.

Loria
Loria is an actress popular among Lolicons, as shown by her two followers. She is narcissistic and selfish, both traits shown among children with poor behavior, which her followers find to be cute. She refers to herself in a third person point of view and bosses her two men around. She could take away a magic holder's stamina instantly, making her very dangerous in battle.

Izumo
Izumo wears glasses and has black hair, he is more polite than his counterpart but he is just as dangerous, with his mastery of bombs. He is also more of a devout fan of Loria than his counterpart is.

Others
Abel
Abel is the inspector of the punitive force that brings comic relief due to his hiding techniques, punctuality, and the fact that he seems to know everything about the person he is inspecting; he never fails to surprise someone. He, surprisingly, is involved in many different activities, and even talked about an animal club to Kurenai. He has a daughter who loves to cake her face with makeup, and it is later revealed that he is Kisara's father as well.
Kaname
He is the seventh generation of a family-owned bun store that Chiruha frequently visits throughout the manga. He showed Cain the way of love by telling stories of his wife and himself. Kaname is a romantic who often loses touch with reality.
Ume
Ume is a dog that Subaru once used as his messenger. He is later raised by both Subaru and Komomo, since Komomo loves animals. He provides Komomo clothing and would even provide Purino and Chiruha clothing, if needed, by regurgitating clothes out of his mouth. In an extra, it was revealed that Ume simply consumes random clothing and regurgitates them, forming them into different styles depending on the receiver (frilly clothing for Komomo, simple clothing for Purino, and clothes with bows for Chiruha). Ume could somehow fit anything into his body, as his mouth is like a vacuum, which is the reason why Subaru and Komomo could ride a luxurious boat to the human continent because Ume won a dog competition by putting bigger dogs' heads in his mouth.
Purino's Brother
Purino had always referred to her brother as more skilled than her, though it shows that he is just as clumsy as her. He cares about Purino very much though Kurenai views him as awkward due to his overly firm handshake.
He wears glasses and has short hair the same chestnut shade as Purino, she dressed scholarly like Purino and clumsiness seems to run in the family as he, his sister, and their mother all have it.

References

External links

Gangan Comics manga
2002 manga
Japanese audio dramas
Shōnen manga


Amathay-Vésigneux () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Amondans () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

Notable People:

Napoléon Coste, classical composer and guitarist (1805-1883)

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Saint-Maurice-Colombier () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune lies  north of L'Isle-sur-le-Doubs.

History
The commune was formed by merging the former communes of Saint-Maurice-Échelotte and Colombier-Châtelot in 1972.

Population

See also
 Colombier-Fontaine
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Saint-Maurice-Colombier on the regional Web site

Communes of Doubs


Anteuil () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Appenans is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Velesmes-Essarts () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Asia Nalani Vernimo (born February 11, 1990), better known by her stage name Asia Cruise, is an American R&B singer. In 2008, she became the first artist of Asian descent to be signed to Hitz Committee/Jive Records

Biography
Originally from Jacksonville, Florida, Asia Cruise is of Filipino descent. Signed to Jive Records in 2007, Cruise released her debut single "Selfish" in 2008 by revealing her face only after the music video was released. "Selfish" became a modest hit in the United States; peaking at number 33 on the Rhythmic Songs airplay, it spent nine weeks on the chart. Cruise also appeared in the music video for apl.de.ap's charity single "We Be Workin'".

Discography

Albums

Singles

References

1990 births
Living people
American contemporary R&B singers
21st-century American singers
American musicians of Filipino descent
Jive Records artists
Musicians from Jacksonville, Florida
21st-century American women singers


Arbouans () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Official website

Communes of Doubs
County of Montbéliard


Vaux-et-Chantegrue () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs