Ideal is the only studio album by R&B group Ideal, released on August 24, 1999 by Virgin Records US.

The album sold 615,000 units in the U.S., according to Nielsen SoundScan, and was certified Gold by the RIAA. It features the hit single "Get Gone", which reached #13 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and the moderately successful third single "Whatever". Allmusic's Heather Phares called Ideal's initial effort a "heartfelt first album" which showcased the "group's smooth, sensuous vocal styling and romantic songwriting.

Track listing
Standard
 Credits adapted from standard liner notes.
 "Intro" (M. Cotton, C. Cotton, L. Perry, P. Alexander) (1:30)
 "I Don't Mind" (P. Stewart, C. Thomas, T. Nkhereanye, M. Scandrick, M. Keith, D. Jones, Q. Parker) (4:05)
 "Things You Can't Do" (J. Austin, T. Bishop, K. Hicks, C. Wallace, C. Smith, O. Harvey, Jr.) (3:49)
 "Creep Inn" (J. Austin, B. Casey, B. Casey, B. Cox, M. Jackson) (4:28)
 "Get Down With Me" (J. Robinson, E. Jackson, M. Cotton, J. Elias) (4:16)
 "Get Gone" (J. Austin, K. Hicks, B. Cox) (4:35)
 "Ideally Yours" (M. Cotton, C. Cotton, J. Green, L. Perry) (1:37)
 "All About You" (M. Cotton, J. Green, L. Perry, D. Scantlebury, M. Cooper, A. Crosley, L. McCall) (4:06)
 "Break Your Plans" (J. Robinson, J. Elias, J. Love) (4:15)
 "There's No Way" (J. Austin, T. Bishop, K. Hicks) (3:15)
 "Jealous Skies" (J. Thomas, J. Skinner, J. Thompson) (4:39)
 "Never Let You Go" (M. Cotton) (4:35)
 "Tell Me Why" (J. Walker, M. Cotton, C. Cotton, J. Green, L. Perry) (5:15)
 "No More" (J. Green, L. Perry) (1:11)
 "Pigeon" (Skit) (0:32)
 "Sexy Dancer" (P. Alexander, S. Watson, J. Smith) (3:48)
 "Outro" (M. Cotton, C. Cotton, J. Green, L. Perry, P. Alexander) (1:11)

Re-release
 Credits adapted from re-issue liner notes.
 "Intro" (M. Cotton, C. Cotton, L. Perry, P. Alexander)
 "I Don't Mind" (P. Stewart, C. Thomas, T. Nkhereanye, M. Scandrick, M. Keith, D. Jones, Q. Parker)
 "Things You Can't Do"(J. Austin, T. Bishop, K. Hicks, C. Wallace, C. Smith, O. Harvey, Jr.)
 "Whatever [Radio Version]" (K. Gist, R.L. Huggar, E. Berkeley)
 "Creep Inn" (J. Austin, B. Casey, B. Casey, B. Cox, M. Jackson)
 "Get Down With Me" (J. Robinson, E. Jackson, M. Cotton, J. Elias)
 "Get Gone" (J. Austin, K. Hicks, B. Cox)
 "Ideally Yours" (M. Cotton, C. Cotton, J. Green, L. Perry)
 "All About You" (M. Cotton, J. Green, L. Perry, D. Scantlebury, M. Cooper, A. Crosley, L. McCall)
 "Break Your Plans" (J. Robinson, J. Elias, J. Love)
 "There's No Way" (J. Austin, T. Bishop, K. Hicks)
 "Jealous Skies" (J. Thomas, J. Skinner, J. Thompson)
 "Never Let You Go" (M. Cotton)
 "Tell Me Why" (J. Walker, M. Cotton, C. Cotton, J. Green, L. Perry)
 "No More" (J. Green, L. Perry)
 "Pigeon" (Skit)
 "Sexy Dancer" (P. Alexander, S. Watson, J. Smith)
 "Get Gone [Remix Radio Version]" (J. Austin, K. Hicks, B. Cox)
 "Outro" (M. Cotton, C. Cotton, J. Green, L. Perry, P. Alexander)

Personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes.
 Keyboards and drum programming: Jazze Pha, Bryan-Michael Cox, Joe, Bishop "Stick" Burrell, PZ, Jon-John, J-Dub, Donnie Scantz, Teddy Bishop
 Guitar: Kevin Hicks
 Additional background vocals: Johnta Austin, Ericka "Babydoll" Jerry, Jazze Pha
 Recording engineer: Steve Durkee, Soloman Jackson, Kevin Hicks, Sinclair Ridley, Manny Marroquin, Adam Kudzin, Dave Aaron, Kevin "KD" Davis
 Mixing: Jazze Pha, Rick Camp, Manny Marroquin, Bishop "Stick" Burrell, Kevin "KD" Davis, Adam Kudzin
 Mastering: Eddy Schreyer
 Executive producer: Eric L. Brooks, Carmonique Roberts
 Photography: Reisig & Taylor, William Hanes
 Design: Jason Clark

Samples
Credits adapted from liner notes.
 "Things You Can't Do" contains a sample of "The What", as performed by The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Method Man
 "Creep Inn" contains a sample of "This Place Hotel", as performed by The Jacksons
 "All About You" contains a sample of "Promise You Love", as performed by Con Funk Shun
 "Sexy Dancer" contains a sample of "New Beginning", as performed by Dexter Wansel
 "Whatever" contains a sample of "Get Down Saturday Night", as performed by Oliver Cheatham.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

1999 debut albums
Albums produced by Bryan-Michael Cox
Albums produced by Jazze Pha
Albums produced by Jermaine Dupri
Virgin Records albums
Albums produced by Laney Stewart


Robert Bernard Considine (November 4, 1906 – September 25, 1975), was an American journalist, author, and commentator. He is best known as the co-author of Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo and The Babe Ruth Story.

Biography
As a student, Considine attended Gonzaga College High School and George Washington University, both in his hometown of Washington, D.C., where he also worked for the government.

He launched his journalism career on his own initiative. In 1930, he purportedly complained to the editors of the now defunct Washington Herald when they misspelled his name in a report about an amateur tennis tournament in which he had participated. He was hired as the newspaper's tennis reporter. He later wrote drama reviews and Sunday feature articles. The newspaper was part of a syndicate of major-market daily newspapers owned by media magnate William Randolph Hearst. Considine could and would use this fact to his advantage.

With the advent of World War II, Considine became a war correspondent with the International News Service, also owned by Hearst. The wire service was a predecessor to United Press International. and, his column "On the Line" was a popular syndicated feature.

"Bob Considine is no great writer, but he is the Hearstling who regularly gets there first with the most words on almost any subject", wrote Time magazine in an unsigned profile.

With Ted W. Lawson, Considine authored Thirty Seconds over Tokyo, an account of Lt. Col. James Doolittle's 1942 air raid on Japan that was released the following year. It became a best-selling book.

Considine was prolific, with output that few could match. "Considine's speed, accuracy, and concentration as a writer and his seemingly inexhaustible energy were legendary in the newspaper profession. He was known to work at two typewriters at one time, writing a news story on one and a column or book on the other. His colleagues at the Washington Post recalled that he wrote a column on the 1942 World Series in nine minutes--on a train with his typewriter on a baggage car and the conductor shouting, 'All aboard, according to the Dictionary of American Biography.

In 1955, Considine was a panelist on the television game show Who Said That?, hosted on American Broadcasting Company by John Charles Daly, where celebrities attempt to identify the speaker of a quotation from recent news.

Considine was not without his detractors. He was often taken to task for biased reporting, such as a 1946 article about then U.S. President Harry S. Truman. Simply working for Hearst was enough for others. "I was talking to Harry Bridges about a miserable anti-union article by a Hearst columnist named Bob Considine", remembered journalist Sidney Roger in a series of interviews. "He was a quintessential Hearstling. Very anti-union and very pro-war. I was describing what Considine wrote in his column. Harry said, 'I saw it, but you know, after all he works for Hearst and he's loyal to Hearst and Hearst's ideas.

A profile of the writer appearing in Time bore the headline "Ghost at Work", alluding to the numerous works to which he contributed in a behind-the-scenes role.  "Ghostwriter Considine dashes off his fast-moving autobiographies while their heroes still rate Page One, takes one-third of the 'author's' royalties as his cut. His General Wainwright's Story was in print before Wainwright was out of the hospital. While Ted Lawson was still recovering from wounds suffered in Doolittle's Tokyo raid, Considine finished Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo." He made an estimated $100,000 annually.

He continued to work for Hearst while writing his books and adapting some of them into screenplays. He was undaunted by the pace of his schedule. "Last year [1948] I spent time in Palm Springs, Paris, and Mexico City. I covered the Kentucky Derby and talked to the Pope. I even saw the World Series. It's a pretty good job", he told Time.

With the creation of United Press International in 1958, Considine remained on the Hearst payroll, but his work was syndicated through the wire service.

Around 1960, a children's parody of the Howdy Doody show theme song went "It's Howdy Doody time, the show's not worth a dime, so turn on channel nine, and watch Bob Considine."

Considine had an array of influential admirers. He had correspondence from Truman, Lyndon B. Johnson, Rube Goldberg, Nelson A. Rockefeller, Cardinal Francis Spellman, and General William C. Westmoreland. President Dwight D. Eisenhower in a 1960 letter to William Randolph Hearst Jr., praised Considine's reporting on the 1960 U-2 incident in which the Soviets downed an American aircraft piloted by Francis Gary Powers and used for intelligence gathering. The controversy sank the American-Soviet summit which was about to convene in Paris. "Writing this note gives me also an opportunity to express my satisfaction over the balanced and reasonable way the Hearst papers handled the recent U-2 incident and the 'Summit' meeting. I thought that some of the pieces by Bob Considine were excellent, and of course from my viewpoint they were highly complimentary. I never forget the old saw -- 'He is a great man; he agrees with me.

Bob Considine's "On The Line With Considine" commentaries were heard at different periods on the ABC Radio Network, and on NBC Monitor.

In his final column in 1975, Considine reportedly wrote: "I'll croak in the newspaper business. Is there any better way to go?" He died in the Manhattan borough of New York City that same year following a stroke. Bob Considine is interred in a crypt at Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Hawthorne, New York.

His papers are held by the Special Collections Research Center at Syracuse University (see "External links" below).

Awards
 1957 Overseas Press Club
 1959 Overseas Press Club

Selected works
MacArthur the Magnificent, 1942
Thirty Seconds over Tokyo, 1943
The Babe Ruth Story, written with Babe Ruth, 1948
The Red Plot against America, with Robert E. Stripling. 1949
Innocents at Home, 1950
The Maryknoll Story, 1950
The Panama Canal, 1951
It's the Irish, 1961
The Men Who Robbed Brink's, 1961
Ripley, The Modern Marco Polo:  The Life and Times of the Creator of Ripley's Believe It or Not!, 1961
It's All News to Me, 1967
Toots, 1969
The Remarkable Life of Armand Hammer, 1975

References

External links

Bob Considine Papers at Syracuse University, 70 linear ft.

1906 births
1975 deaths
American war correspondents
Journalists from Washington, D.C.
Gonzaga College High School alumni
George Washington University alumni
American male journalists
20th-century American journalists
Burials at Gate of Heaven Cemetery (Hawthorne, New York)
20th-century American writers
Considine family
American anti-communists


The Interdisciplinary Council on Developmental and Learning Disorders (ICDL) is a nonprofit organization founded by Stanley Greenspan and Serena Wieder for identification, prevention, and treatment of developmental and learning disorders.

External links

Non-profit organizations based in Maryland
Learning disabilities
Medical and health organizations based in Maryland


Carlavirus, formerly known as the "Carnation latent virus group", is a genus of viruses in the order Tymovirales, in the family Betaflexiviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 53 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: mosaic and ringspot symptoms.

Description
Carlavirus is described in the 9th report of the ICTV (2009). The genus is characterised by having six ORFs (open reading frames) including a TGB (Triple Gene Block). The viruses are transmitted by insects.

Taxonomy
The genus was first proposed in the first report of the ICTV in 1971, as the 'Carnation latent virus group' but was renamed in 1975 as the 'Carlavirus group', and as the genus Carlavirus in 1995 (6th report). In 2005 (8th report) it was placed in the Flexiviridae family, having previously been unassigned. The current position in the 9th report (2009) as a genus of the family Betaflexiviridae derives from the subsequent subdivision of Flexiviridae.

The following species are assigned to the genus:

Aconitum latent virus
American hop latent virus
Atractylodes mottle virus
Blueberry scorch virus
Butterbur mosaic virus
Cactus virus 2
Caper latent virus
Carnation latent virus
Chrysanthemum virus BCole latent virusColeus vein necrosis virusCowpea mild mottle virusCucumber vein-clearing virusDaphne virus SGaillardia latent virusGarlic common latent virusHelenium virus SHelleborus mosaic virusHelleborus net necrosis virusHippeastrum latent virusHop latent virusHop mosaic virusHydrangea chlorotic mottle virusKalanchoe latent virusLigustrum necrotic ringspot virusLigustrum virus ALily symptomless virusMelon yellowing-associated virusMirabilis jalapa mottle virusNarcissus common latent virusNerine latent virusPassiflora latent virusPea streak virusPhlox virus BPhlox virus MPhlox virus SPoplar mosaic virusPotato latent virusPotato virus HPotato virus MPotato virus PPotato virus SRed clover vein mosaic virusSambucus virus CSambucus virus DSambucus virus EShallot latent virusSint-Jan onion latent virusStrawberry pseudo mild yellow edge virusSweet potato C6 virusSweet potato chlorotic fleck virusVerbena latent virusYam latent virusVirology
The virions are non enveloped, filamentous, 610–700 nanometers (nm) and 12–15 nm in diameter.

The linear 5.8–9 kilobase genome is positive sense, single-stranded RNA. The 3’ terminus is polyadenylated. In some species the 5’ end is capped. The genome encodes 3 to 6 proteins including a coat protein located at the 3' end and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase located at the 5' end of the genome.

Life cycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic, and is lysogenic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by tripartite non-tubule guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host.

Transmission
Infection is at times spread by aphids in a semi-persistent mode, that is, the vector is infective for a number of hours.(Pimentel) Some species are transmitted by Bemisia tabaci'' in a semi-persistent mode or through the seed. Most species infect only a few hosts and cause infections with few or no symptoms, for example, American hop latent virus and lily symptomless virus. Some, such as blueberry scorch virus and poplar mosaic virus, cause serious illnesses. (Foster)

References

Bibliography

 Astier, S. Principles of Plant Virology
 Foster, Gary. "Carlavirus Isolation and RNA Extraction." Foster, Gary D. and Sally C. Taylorin. Plant Virology Protocols: From Virus Isolation to Transgenic Resistance. Page 145. 1998. Humana Press. Online. February 13, 2008.
 Pimentel, David. Encyclopedia of Pest Management.Page 407. CRC Press. 2002/ Google Books. Online February 13, 2008..

External links

 The Taxonomicon. Online. February 28, 2008.
 Viralzone: Carlavirus
 ICTV

Carlaviruses
Virus genera
Viral plant pathogens and diseases


Terram is part of the Berry Global group, and has its manufacturing headquarters in Maldon, Essex, United Kingdom, supplying geosynthetics materials to the worldwide civil engineering & construction industry. The company was founded in the late 1960s as part of ICI Fibres, and is now part of Berry Global, a supplier of nonwoven materials. Terram Geosynthetics are manufactured under the name Fiberweb Geosynthetics Limited.

The company supplies geotextiles for roads and highway construction, rail trackbed construction, coastal defences, flood defence, slope and soil stabilisation, SuDs source control paving solutions and a specialist range of geosynthetics for the rail industry, drainage composites for structural and waste management drainage systems.

Locations
The Terram production plant is located in the Maldon, Essex UK and supports global sales and supplies distributors in over 60 countries. Product supply is complemented by production from its sister companies in North America (Typar geotextiles) and India (Terram Geosynthetics Pvt Ltd)

References

Building materials companies of the United Kingdom


L'Arena is an Italian local daily newspaper, based in Verona, Italy.

History and profile
Founded in 1866, shortly before the annexation of Veneto into the Kingdom of Italy, L'Arena is one of the oldest newspapers in Italy and the most popular newspaper in Verona. The owner and publisher of the daily is Società Athesis.

Carlo Terron, Italian drama critic and playwright, worked for the newspaper at the beginning of the 1940s.

References

External links

1866 establishments in Italy
Newspapers established in 1866
Italian-language newspapers
Mass media in Verona
Daily newspapers published in Italy


The Viterra Championship is the Manitoba men's provincial curling championship.  The tournament is run by Curl Manitoba, the provincial curling association. The winner represents Manitoba at the Tim Hortons Brier, the Canadian men's championship.

The tournament was previously known as the Safeway Championship (2008–2015), Safeway Select (1995–2007); the Labatt Tankard (1980–1994); the British Consols (1937–1979) and the Macdonald Brier Trophy event winner at the MCA Bonspiel (1925-1936).

Qualification
32 teams qualify. The distribution of berths changes from year to year but is generally composed of the following:
Winners of Regional Zone Playdowns
Winners of a "Berth Bonspiel"
Brandon Men's Bonspiel winner
Defending champion
Manitoba Curling Tour champion
Top team(s) from the Manitoba Curling Tour Rankings
Top Manitoba team(s) on the CTRS rankings
Top teams from the Manitoba Curling Association Bonspiel

Winners

Listed below are the provincial champion skips for each year. Manitoba did not participate in the 1927 Brier. Brier champions in bold.

References

The Brier provincial tournaments
Curling in Manitoba


Frank Harrison Gassaway was a noted American humorist and poet who often wrote under the pseudonym Derrick Dodd.  Dodd is perhaps most well known for his travel letters Summer Saunterings published under this pseudonym.  Although little is known of his personal life before he became a prominent writer in California, save that he was of a Virginian family, Dodd apparently married a southern belle from Washington, D.C., named Elizabeth Paschal and fathered a son, Francis, in 1874 or 1875. Dodd's grandson was the writer Brian Howard. In 1880, Dodd left Washington, D.C., and moved to Oakland, California where he began writing for major San Francisco papers including the San Francisco Examiner, Chronicle and the Evening Post.  By 1892, Dodd had become the business manager for William Randolph Hearst's paper the San Francisco Examiner and a great admirer of the leading newspaper mogul.  A volume of his poems entitled Poems was published in 1920 and was dedicated to Hearst.

Writing career
Dodd contributed a humorous column to the Evening Post and gained notoriety for his Mark Twain-like style and wit.  Some of his writings from this column were compiled in 1882 as the volume Summer Saunterings.  This collection of short travel narratives comments on popular hotels, landmarks and transportation routes in various California cities such as Santa Barbara, Monterey, Napa and San Jose.  In his later work, Dodd adopted a more serious and sentimental style, mainly writing poetry dealing with the Civil War.  His most renowned poem, "The Pride of Battery B" was originally published in the San Francisco Examiner.  This poem, about an orphan girl who temporarily reconciles the two sides during the bloody battle of Antietam, was critically acclaimed and became a popular piece for recitations.  A compilation of Dodd's poetry was published as the volume Poems in 1920.

References

External links

Library of Congress•Contains information about Dodd as well as access to some of his workshttp://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/calbkbib:@field(NUMBER+@od1(calbk+201))

California Legacy Radio Anthology•Provides access to a radio script containing an excerpt from Summer Saunterings
 https://web.archive.org/web/20071128143945/http://californialegacy.org/radio_anthology/scripts/dodd.html

American male writers
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing


Mineville is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Moriah in Essex County, New York. The population was 1,269 at the 2010 census. Prior to the 2010 census, it was part of the Mineville-Witherbee, New York census-designated place. Mineville and Witherbee are located in the northern part of Moriah, northwest of Port Henry. Mineville was named for the iron ore mines that used to operate here.

Geography
Mineville is located at . According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which , or 0.17%, is water. The CDP is located along County Road 7 at the junction of County Road 6,  northwest of Port Henry.

Demographics

References

Census-designated places in New York (state)
Census-designated places in Essex County, New York
Mining communities in New York (state)


Cats on a Smooth Surface is an American rock group, that starting in 1978 and throughout the 1980s was the house band at The Stone Pony in Asbury Park, New Jersey

In the years 1981 and 1982, the band's lineup consisted of Bobby Bandiera on lead guitar and vocals, Harry Filkin on rhythm guitar and vocals, Peter Schulle on keyboards and vocals, John Micco on bass guitar and vocals, Pete Gagen on drums, and Ray Plante on saxophone.  Other band members through the years have included Glen Burtnick,  Vincent Danielle, and Mike Bovenzi, Steff "Stiff Reed" Munter, Rich Ruggiero and Joel Krausse.  The band is still in existence and performs regularly in New Jersey.
In 1971, prior to founding "Cats", Harry Filkin and Bobby Bandiera were the key players in the Jersey shore band called Holme in Belmar NJ. Harry still plays as current member of Holme and with "Harry and Billy". Bobby Bandiera is now a 5-year member of the internationally famous Bon Jovi band as a vocalist and guitarist. He was also lead guitar with Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes and still makes occasional appearances with them.

Starting in the spring of 1982 Bruce Springsteen often performed with the band, particularly on Sunday nights when he would appear unannounced at the Stone Pony and jump up on stage with them. He often claimed to the press that they were his favorite band to jam with Recently Rachel Copeland has also begun to sing with the band.

Discography

Albums
 Cats on a Smooth Surface (1992)
 Live 1982 With Bruce Springsteen: The Legendary Radio Broadcast (2018)

Singles
 "Mean Streets" / "No Right Time (To Say Goodbye)" (1988)
 "Midnight Romeo" / "What Do All the People Know" (1992)

References

External links
 MySpace page

Rock music groups from New Jersey
Jersey Shore musical groups


Witherbee is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Moriah in Essex County, New York, United States. The population of the CDP was 347 at the 2010 census. Prior to 2010 the hamlet was part of the Mineville-Witherbee CDP.

Geography
Witherbee is located in the northern part of the town of Moriah and is bordered to the north by the hamlet of Mineville. It is  northwest of Port Henry, the largest settlement in the town of Moriah.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the Witherbee CDP has a total area of , all land.

Demographics

History
Newport Pond, a 25 acre pond beside County Road 6 (Tracy Road) west of Witherbee, is namesake of a former royal fish pond in Newport, Essex, England, original manor of the Howland family ancestor John Howland, 1st Lord Newport Pond of Essex, England (1500-1546).
The Witherbee Memorial Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.

Notable person
Former Major League Baseball pitcher Johnny Podres was born in Witherbee.

References

Census-designated places in New York (state)
Census-designated places in Essex County, New York


is the 14th single released by Japanese singer Maaya Sakamoto. "Kazemachi Jet" and "Spica" were featured as the ending song for the second season of Tsubasa Chronicle. Sakamoto had stated that the two songs in this single were meant to represent Syaoran and Sakura's view in Tsubasa. "Kazemachi Jet" represents Syaoran while "Spica" represents Sakura; there are several clear references in the songs.

Single Track Listing

Charts

References

2006 singles
Maaya Sakamoto songs
Songs written by Maaya Sakamoto
Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle


Lukáš Dlouhý and Pavel Vízner were the defending champions, but chose not to participate that year.

Marcelo Melo and André Sá won in the final 4–6, 6–2, [10–7], against Albert Montañés and Santiago Ventura.

Seeds

Draw

Draw

External links
Draw

Doubles


Guus is a common Dutch given name. It is a diminutive of the name Augustus. The female variant of this name is "Guusje".

People named Guus include:

 Guus Albregts (1900–1980), Dutch economist and politician
 Guus Berkhout (born 1940), Dutch engineer
 Guus Bierings (born 1956), Dutch cyclist and Olympic competitor
 Guus Dräger (1917–1989), Dutch footballer
 Guus Haak (born 1937), Dutch footballer
 Guus van Hecking Colenbrander (1887–1945), Dutch footballer
 Guus Hiddink (born 1946), Dutch football manager and coach
 Guus Hoogmoed (born 1981), Dutch sprinter
 Guus Hupperts (born 1992), Dutch footballer
 Guus Janssen (born 1951), Dutch composer, recording artist and multi-instrumentalist
 Guus Joppen (born 1989), Dutch footballer
 Guus Kessler (1888–1972), Dutch industrialist
 Guus Kouwenhoven (born 1942), Dutch convicted arms trafficker
 Guus Kuijer (born 1942), Dutch author
 Guus Lutjens (1884–1974), Dutch footballer
 Guus Meeuwis (born 1972), Dutch singer-songwriter
 Guus Scheffer (1898–1952), Dutch weightlifter and Olympic competitor
 Guus Vogels (born 1975), Dutch field hockey goalkeeper and Olympic medalist

Dutch masculine given names
Masculine given names
nl:Augustus (voornaam)#Guus


The medieval Latin manuscript Propositiones ad Acuendos Juvenes () is one of the earliest known collections of recreational mathematics problems.  The oldest known copy of the manuscript dates from the late 9th century.  The text is attributed to Alcuin of York (died 804.)  Some editions of the text contain 53 problems, others 56.  It has been translated into English by John Hadley, with annotations by John Hadley and David Singmaster.

The manuscript contains the first known occurrences of several types of problem, including three river-crossing problems:
 Problem 17: The jealous husbands problem.  In Alcuin's version of this problem, three men, each with a sister, must cross a boat which can carry only two people, so that a woman whose brother is not present is never left in the company of another man,, p. 111.
 Problem 18: The problem of the wolf, goat, and cabbage, p. 112., and
 Problem 19: Propositio de viro et muliere ponderantibus plaustrum. In this problem, a man and a woman of equal weight, together with two children, each of half their weight, wish to cross a river using a boat which can only carry the weight of one adult;, p. 112.
a so-called "barrel-sharing" problem:
Problem 12: A certain father died and left as an inheritance to his three sons 30 glass flasks, of which 10 were full of oil, another 10 were half full, while another 10 were empty. Divide the oil and flasks so that an equal share of the commodities should equally come down to the three sons, both of oil and glass;, p. 109.  The number of solutions to this problem for n of each type of flask are terms of Alcuin's sequence.

a variant of the jeep problem:

Problem 52: A certain head of household ordered that 90 modia of grain be taken from one of his houses to another 30 leagues away. Given that this load of grain can be carried by a camel in three trips and that the camel eats one modius per league, how many modia were left over at the end of the journey?, pp. 124–125.

and three packing problems:

Problem 27: Proposition concerning a quadrangular city. There is a quadrangular city which has one side of 1100 feet, another side of 1000 feet, a front of 600 feet, and a final side of 600 feet. I want to put some houses there so that each house is 40 feet long and 30 feet wide. Let him say, he who wishes, How many houses ought the city to contain?
Problem 28: Proposition concerning a triangular city. There is a triangular city which has one side of 100 feet, another side of 100 feet, and a third of 90 feet. Inside of this, I want to build a structure of houses, however, in such a way that each house is 20 feet in length, 10 feet in width. Let him say, he who can, How many houses should be contained?
Problem 29: Proposition concerning a round city. There is a city which is 8000 feet in circumference. Let him say, he who is able, How many houses should the city contain, such that each [house] is 30 feet long, and 20 feet wide?

Some further problems are:

Problem 5: A merchant wanted to buy 100 pigs for 100 pence. For a boar, he would pay 10 pence; for a sow, 5 pence; while he would pay 1 penny for a couple of piglets. How many boars, sows, and piglets must there have been for him to have paid exactly 100 pence for the 100 animals?
This problem dates back at least as far as 5th century China, and occurs in Indian and Arabic texts of the time., p. 106.
Problems 32, 33, 34, 38, 39, and 47 are similar, in that each divides a given quantity of money or food among a given number of people or animals consisting of three types, according to set ratios, and asks the number of each type.  Algebraically, this is equivalent to two equations in three unknowns.  However, since a sensible solution can only have whole people or animals, most of the problems have only one solution consisting of positive integers.  In each case, Alcuin gives a solution and proves that it is correct, without describing how the solution was found.

Problem 26: There is a field that is 150 feet long. At one end stood a dog; at the other, a hare. The dog chased the hare. Whereas the dog went 9 feet per stride, the hare went only 7. How many feet and how many leaps did the dog take in pursuing the fleeing hare until it was caught?
Overtaking problems of this type date back to 150 BC, but this is the first known European example., p. 115.

 Problem 42: There is a staircase that has 100 steps. One pigeon sat on the first step, two pigeons on the second, three on the third, four on the fourth, five on the fifth, and so on up to the hundredth step. How many pigeons were there in all?
Note that this word problem is equivalent to the arithmetic problem of adding all numbers from 1 through 100. Alcuin's solution is to note that there are 100 pigeons in total on the first and 99th steps combined, 100 more on the second and 98th combined, and so on for all the pairs of steps, except the 50th and 100th. Carl Friedrich Gauss as a pupil is presumed to have solved the equivalent arithmetic problem by pairing 1 and 100, 2 and 99, ..., 50 and 51, thus yielding 50 times 101 = 5050, a solution which is more elegant than Alcuin's solution 1000 years before., p. 121.

Problem 43: A certain man has 300 pigs. He ordered all of them slaughtered in 3 days, but with an uneven number killed each day. What number were to be killed each day?
This problem seems to be composed for rebuking troublesome students, and no solution is given.  (Three odd numbers cannot add up to 300.), p. 121.

Problem 14: How many footprints in the last furrow does an ox make which has been plowing all day?
Another humorous problem: the answer is none, as the plow destroys them in making the furrow.

References

External links and further reading

  Propositiones ad acuendos iuuenes, Latin text.
 Problems to Sharpen the Young, John Hadley and David Singmaster, The Mathematical Gazette, 76, #475 (March 1992), pp. 102–126.  Annotated translation of the text into English.
  HOST: An Electronic Bulletin for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, 1, #2 (Spring/Summer; June 1993), ISSN 1192-084X.  Contains a translation by Peter J. Burkholder of the text into English, together with introduction, commentary, and the original text.
 Rutger Kramer, "'Ecce fabula!' Problem-Solving by Numbers in the Carolingian World: The Case of the Propositiones ad Acuendos Iuvenes", http://epub.oeaw.ac.at/0xc1aa5576_0x0036d428.pdf
 Nikolai Yu. Zolotykh, Alcuin's Propositiones de Civitatibus: the Earliest Packing Problems. arXiv preprint  (2013)

9th-century manuscripts
Mathematics manuscripts
Works attributed to Alcuin


Jeffers Glacier is southeast of Mount Olympus in the Olympic Mountains in Olympic National Park, Washington, US. The glacier is relatively small compared to the nearby Hoh Glacier. Beginning at the foot of a very steep headwall at about , the glacier descends northeast to about  before terminating. Meltwater from the terminus flows to the Queets River.

The Jeffers Glacier is named for Olympia photographer Joseph Jeffers, who died after falling into a crevasse there in 1924.

See also
List of glaciers in the United States

References

Glaciers of the Olympic Mountains
Glaciers of Jefferson County, Washington
Glaciers of Washington (state)


Dr Charlotte Staples Lewis is a fictional character on the ABC television series Lost, played by Rebecca Mader. Charlotte is introduced in the second episode of season four and is a cultural anthropologist on a mission to the island where Oceanic Flight 815 crashed. On the island she is initially held hostage by one of the plane crash survivors, John Locke (Terry O'Quinn), but is freed when another person from her team switches places with her. She helps prevent poison gas from being released over the island, and develops a relationship with Daniel Faraday (Jeremy Davies). Charlotte dies in Daniel's arms after the frequent time traveling causes her headaches to worsen into something unexplainable.

Although conceived by the show's creators to be American, Charlotte's nationality was changed to British after the producers were impressed with English actress Rebecca Mader's audition. She was supposed to feature in just eight episodes of season four, but after the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike the role was expanded, which resulted in her starring in fifteen episodes over the fourth and fifth seasons. Charlotte's introduction, along with the three other new characters from the freighter introduced in season four, was well received, but her storylines in later episodes had a mixed reception, though Mader's acting was praised.

Arc
During season five, a young Charlotte Lewis is shown living with her parents as part of a scientific community known as the Dharma Initiative, on the island where Oceanic Flight 815 would later crash. She is confronted by an adult Daniel Faraday, who attempts to persuade her never to return to the island once she leaves, and is seen evacuating the island during the fifth-season finale "The Incident". Charlotte grows up in Bromsgrove, unaware of where she was born, and goes on to study at the University of Kent for her undergraduate degree. She earns a doctoral degree in cultural anthropology from the University of Oxford, with her interest in anthropology stemming from a desire to find her birthplace. While visiting an excavation site in the Sahara Desert, Charlotte discovers the remains of a polar bear, which has a collar bearing a Dharma Initiative logo. Businessman Charles Widmore (Alan Dale) selects Charlotte along with Daniel Faraday, Miles Straume (Ken Leung), and Frank Lapidus (Jeff Fahey), to travel on a freighter to the island where she was born, and find Widmore's rival Ben Linus (Michael Emerson). She is forced to eject from a helicopter during a lightning storm over the island.

Charlotte arrives on the island on December 23, 2004, where she is held hostage by a number of the survivors of Oceanic Flight 815, who believe that she is dangerous. She spots a flare that belongs to a member of her team, but none of the survivors wish to investigate. Charlotte becomes impatient and attempts to leave, so Ben shoots her. As she is wearing a bulletproof vest she survives, forcing Ben to reveal that Charlotte's team are looking for him, and not on a rescue mission for the survivors. When the group encounters fellow survivors Kate Austen (Evangeline Lilly) and Sayid Jarrah (Naveen Andrews) with Miles, they agree for Miles to switch places with Charlotte. After reuniting with Faraday, she tests his memory with playing cards, noting he has made progress when he can remember two out of three cards. That night, Charlotte and Faraday sneak off to the Tempest Dharma Initiative station, where they neutralize a potential source of poison gas. While getting medical supplies at the Staff Dharma Initiative station, Jin-Soo Kwon (Daniel Dae Kim) notices Charlotte smiling after his wife Sun-Hwa Kwon (Yunjin Kim) remarks in Korean that Charlotte will know Faraday likes her as she is a woman. Jin confronts Charlotte in Korean, saying he will hurt Faraday if she does not promise to take Sun off the island. Later Faraday begins to ferry survivors to the freighter, but Charlotte chooses to remain on the island, as she believes she has found her birthplace. She kisses him, then watches on as he leaves.

After Ben causes the island to vanish, Charlotte, Faraday and the remaining survivors begin to randomly travel through time. Charlotte experiences nosebleeds and headaches, and realizes she is unable to remember her mother's maiden name. During one time jump Charlotte, Faraday and Miles are captured by the Others in 1954, where Faraday proclaims his love for her. After a further time jump, her nosebleed becomes more severe, and she collapses. As she dies, Charlotte relays to Faraday that she now remembers living on the island as a child, and that she recognizes Faraday as the man who told her not to return once she left the island. In season six the afterlife experienced by the characters is shown, in which Charlotte is set up as a blind date for James "Sawyer" Ford (Josh Holloway). The two spend the night together but when Sawyer catches her going through his belongings he throws her out of the apartment. He comes to her apartment later to apologize but she refuses, telling him he blew his chance. At a concert in the series finale, she and Faraday are reunited.

Development

Creation and casting

After Naomi (Marsha Thomason) parachuted onto the island in season three, the producers began to plan who else would be on the freighter she came from. They wanted these new characters to be scientists, who would be interested in finding the island for their own personal reasons. They decided to create a character who would be interested in lost civilizations, and named her Charlotte Staples Lewis as a reference to C. S. Lewis, which Lost producer Damon Lindelof said was a clue to the direction the show would be taking during season four.

The role was originally offered to Kristen Bell, however she chose to join Heroes as Elle Bishop instead. The producers cast English actress Rebecca Mader because "she won [them] over with her charm and presence and charisma". During casting, Charlotte was described as "a hot twentysomething ... precocious, loquacious and funny... a very successful academic who also knows how to handle herself in the real world". She also has "lots of repressed and pent-up emotions" beneath the surface. The Lost producers described her as a female version of Indiana Jones. During auditions, the producers provide fake scenes, to keep new characters' identities a secret. Mader's audition scene was a flashback that she was disappointed was not used for the show. Whilst recording her audition, a producer who was with her noticed that the shows on her résumé were from the British Broadcasting Corporation, so asked her to redo the audition again with a British accent. According to Lindelof, this "opened up another dimension [to the character that the producers] hadn't foreseen", so Charlotte was changed from American to English. Mader was pleased to be able to use her own accent, as many of her previous roles had been American characters.

Mader subsequently began to watch the first three seasons of Lost on DVD and was watching the fourth episode when she received the news that she had been chosen for the role. She watched all the previous episodes of Lost in the few weeks before she started working on the show. She found it "a really amazing moment" and felt like she had just stepped into the show. When she was cast, Mader was unaware of whether she would be a guest star, or would develop into a regular, and was planned to feature in eight episodes of season four. Mader helped develop Charlotte's outfit and was pleased to be wearing comfortable jeans and boots for the role. She only required a small amount of hair and makeup done, and stated "I just wanted to rough it. I wanted to roll around in the mud with a gun". This was a welcome change to her usual roles which required "full-on hair, makeup and heels".

Storyline progression
Charlotte's discovery of a polar bear with a Dharma Initiative collar caused fan speculation about her connection with the island. Mader herself was unaware of Charlotte's backstory beyond the flashback in "Confirmed Dead"—she noted "I feel like I'm almost in the same seat as the audience, like 'What the hell is going on?' and 'What the hell is going to happen next?', it's really exciting actually". She found it freeing to not know her character's history, and felt it made her give a natural performance. Mader felt Charlotte's relationship with Faraday allowed her character to develop and show a softer, more human side, and thought their relationship resonated with the audience as she and Jeremy Davies had good chemistry. Eight episodes of season four were written before production stopped due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike. Once the strike was resolved, a further six episodes were written, two less than originally planned for the season, and as a result Charlotte's role continued into season five. She enjoyed speaking Korean in "Something Nice Back Home" and wished the full scene had been aired. Mader was excited when she discovered that Charlotte grew up on the island, and hoped to have scenes with Nestor Carbonell who plays Richard Alpert, as his character also has a history on the island. However, when negotiating contracts in June 2008 she found out that her character would die during season five; Mader summed up Charlotte's season five arc as her demise. Charlotte's death scene was written by Eddy Kitsis and Adam Horowitz and was amongst their favourite scenes they wrote during season five. Horowitz loved the emotion in the scene due to the audience only just learning Charlotte's backstory, and Kitsis thought Mader's performance "elevate[d] the words to a whole other level". Mader called it "the best thing [she] ha[d] ever done in [her] entire career" and enjoyed playing a significant role within the episode.

Three episodes after Charlotte's death, Faraday sees a young Charlotte in a scene set in 1974. This created a continuity error as her date of birth was given in "Confirmed Dead" as July 2, 1979. Lost producers Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse explained in the "Official Lost Audio Podcast" that Mader changed the age of Charlotte so she would not be portraying someone in their mid-thirties. However Mader retaliated on her Facebook page that the timeline error was their fault and was unhappy about being blamed for it. Lindelof and Cuse clarified that it was their mistake and apologized for blaming Mader. Fellow Lost producer Greggory Nations had noticed Mader was eight years younger than the age Charlotte was originally conceived to be, so suggested Charlotte's birthday be changed to the same as Mader's, without realizing the effect this would have on the subsequent season.

Mader returned to the show for two guest appearances in season six to show Charlotte in the afterlife. Mader described Charlotte as "the role of a lifetime", and cited it as a reason that she was cast in better roles following the series' conclusion.

Reception

The producers of Lost were nervous about how well the new characters would be received after two characters introduced in season three, Nikki (Kiele Sanchez) and Paulo (Rodrigo Santoro), were hated by the fan community. IGN's Chris Carabott described Charlotte, as well as the other new characters from the freighter, as "great" and "exciting". James Poniewozik of Time liked the introduction of the new characters from the freighter because "Each got just one flashback and a little time on the island, and yet by the end of the episode, [he] felt [he] had a true handle on what they were like as individuals". Jeff Jensen from Entertainment Weekly liked that the "fascinating" new characters brought "mind-blowing new possibilities, and exciting new theory fodder". Oscar Dahl of BuddyTV called it the "perfect introduction". Michael Ausiello of TV Guide also liked their introduction, and praised the actors' performances.

During the season Charlotte's storylines had mixed reactions. Jensen thought Charlotte and Faraday's mission to the Tempest in "The Other Woman" felt "forced". Dan Compora from Airlock Alpha liked Charlotte and Juliet's fight scene in this episode. BuddyTV's Oscar Dahl thought the whole plot at the Tempest was "filler" and wondered if it had been added just to give Charlotte and Faraday something to do. After Charlotte speaks Korean in "Something Nice Back Home", James Poniewozik from Time became curious about her past because she is "the member of the four freighties whom we know the least about, and the most secretive and sinister-seeming of the bunch". Chris Carabott was also intrigued after this scene, which he called "one of the more unexpected scenes".

Carabott felt Charlotte's death could have been explored further, but as there was so much happening in the episode not enough time was made for her death. Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger noted it was Jeremy Davies portrayal of Faraday's grief that made him care about her death. Cynthia Littleton from Variety said this was one of the few times Charlotte did not annoy her, as she acts as a translator for Jin, "finally do[ing] something worthwhile". Noel Murray of The A.V. Club felt distracted by Charlotte in this episode, because her reaction to time travel was different from what was shown in "The Constant", and found it "incredibly awkward" when Charlotte explained her whole backstory to Faraday. TV Guide's Mickey O'Connor praised Mader's acting, saying "Well done, Rebecca Mader, who has really done some fine work on Lost".

References
Explanatory notes

Centricity of "Confirmed Dead" is shared between Charlotte, Faraday, Miles, Lapidus and Naomi.

Citations

Lost (2004 TV series) characters
Fictional English people
British female characters in television
Fictional anthropologists
Television characters introduced in 2008
Time travelers


Miles Straume is a fictional character played by Ken Leung on the ABC television series Lost.  Miles is introduced early in the fourth season as a hotheaded and sarcastic medium as a crew member aboard the freighter called the Kahana that is offshore the island where most of Lost takes place.  Miles arrives on the island and is eventually taken captive by John Locke (played by Terry O'Quinn), who suspects that those on the freighter are there to harm his fellow crash survivors of Oceanic Airlines Flight 815 and expose the island to the general public.  Miles is on a mission to obtain Ben Linus (Michael Emerson); instead, he tries to cut a deal with Ben to lie to Miles's employer Charles Widmore (Alan Dale) that Ben is dead.

The writers created the role of Miles specifically for Leung after seeing him guest star on The Sopranos.  Leung was the only actor to read for the part.  They chose his name because it resembles "maelstrom", another word for a powerful whirlpool. Reaction to the character was positive.

Arc

Miles was born in March 1977.  As a child, he lives with his mother Lara Chang (Leslie Ishii) in Encino, California.  Miles does not know his father, only being told by his mother that he is dead and did not care about them when he was alive, forcing them to leave him when Miles is a baby.  Miles resents his father for never having been around and also has disdain for other fathers who mistreat their children.  At seven years old, Miles discovers that he can hear the thoughts of the deceased before their death.  He becomes a professional spiritualist and develops his ability so that he can access specific information from the deceased.  In early December 2004, when he is twenty-seven years old, Miles is hired for $1.6 million by Charles Widmore to go on a freighter called the Kahana to an uncharted island to retrieve a mass murderer named Ben Linus, as Widmore believes that Miles will be able to communicate with those whom he had killed and gain information regarding his location.  Before he leaves, Miles is briefly abducted by Bram (Brad William Henke) and his team. Bram claims to know about Miles's father and the source of his superpower and he warns Miles not to go on this mission, instead trying to convince Miles to join him.

Season 4

Miles is flown via helicopter from the freighter to the island on December 21 as part of a science team.  The next day on the island, Miles encounters the survivors of the September 22 Oceanic Airlines Flight 815, who are believed to be dead by the world at large.  Hostile and distrustful of the survivors for killing his colleague Naomi Dorrit (Marsha Thomason), Miles is taken prisoner by 815 survivor John Locke (Terry O'Quinn) and kept in a boathouse near a Barracks on the island.  The next day, Miles temporarily escapes and bargains with Ben, who has also been taken prisoner: Miles will tell Widmore that Ben is dead in exchange for $3.2 million, double what Widmore was paying him.  The Barracks are ransacked on December 27 by a mercenary team from the freighter, who murder six people.  Miles leaves with Sawyer, Claire and Aaron for their beach camp. On the way, Miles stumbles upon the dead bodies of Karl and Danielle Rosseau. Later that night Claire disappears into the jungle and Sawyer initially blames Miles.
Miles arrives on December 30, shortly before eight are rescued not far from the island, the freighter explodes and the mercenary team is killed by the Others, the island's indigenous people under Ben's leadership.  Also that day, Ben moves the island through spacetime by turning a large frozen donkey wheel underground.

Season 5

The group on the beach begin flashing through time, landing in fourteen different times throughout the Island's past and future in the span of about a week before the wheel is turned again; however, according to fellow freighter science team member physicist Daniel Faraday (Jeremy Davies), none of the past is changed because their suddenly appearing in various times is what had always happened.  The survivors settle in 1974, by which point only Miles, Faraday, former Other Juliet Burke (Elizabeth Mitchell) and 815 passengers James "Sawyer" Ford (Josh Holloway) and Jin Kwon (Daniel Dae Kim) remain; Rose Henderson (L. Scott Caldwell), Bernard Nadler (Sam Anderson) and Vincent the dog (Pono) also survive, but they are physically separated and do not meet any of them again for three years until July 1977.  Miles and his group move into the Barracks and pseudonymously join the DHARMA Initiative, an organization conducting scientific research while living there that would eventually be purged in 1992 by Ben and the Others.  Despite the option to board the DHARMA submarine and "go back to the real world", the survivors from 2004 stay on the island together in the hope that they can somehow return to the time that they knew. Miles becomes a security officer and ends up becoming friends with Sawyer.  He discovers that his mother and father Dr. Pierre Chang live on the island as part of DHARMA and his father is even the man in the organization's station-specific orientation films; however, Miles does not approach or befriend his father, continuing to harbor resentment for his absence from much of Miles's life.

In July 1977, both thirty-year-old security officer Miles and three-month-old infant Miles are living on the island.  Four survivors, Jack, Kate, Hurley, and Sayid from Flight 815 who had been rescued nearly three years earlier on December 30, 2004, arrive on the island in 1977 after flying near the island in late 2007 and also join DHARMA, Sayid being a prisoner on suspicion of being an Other.  Miles still stays distant from his father, but, after talking to Hurley during a late-night chore, witnesses a peaceful moment between his younger self and his father. Three days later, the groups from the future are exposed as liars.  The next morning, Faraday comes clean to Chang that they are from the future and warns of a catastrophic "incident" that is due to occur at the building site for the Swan, DHARMA's planned island station dedicated to electromagnetism.  He instructs Chang to evacuate the island of non-essential personnel, which he does, ordering his wife and baby Miles to leave him, shortly after finding out that adult Miles is his son and confronting him about it.  Here, Miles realizes that he himself caused his father to order his mother and his three-month-old self to leave. Faraday theorizes that if "Jughead" – a hydrogen bomb that is buried on the island – is detonated at the Swan site by the underground electromagnetic pocket of energy, the timeline will be altered, preventing any of the group from the future from ever having come to the island in 2004, saving everyone who had died after they arrived.  The plan proceeds as planned, even though Miles expresses skepticism.  The antagonistic DHARMA members engage in a gunfight with Jack, believing him to be an Other, and Miles, Sawyer, Juliet, and Kate come to his aid.  When the Swan site goes haywire, Chang's arm is caught in the debris and Miles rushes to his side, saving him and calling him "Dad".  After he tells his father to run as far as possible from the site, the bomb is detonated and everything goes to white, leaving Miles's status uncertain.

Season 6

In the first episode of Season 6, Miles is revealed to have been returned to the future along with the other survivors. When Kate, Jack, Hurley and Jin go to the temple to save Sayid, Sawyer asks Miles to remain behind to help bury the now-deceased Juliet and to use his power to find out what she was trying to tell him before she died. He reluctantly agrees, and after a few seconds, tells Sawyer "it worked."

He and Sawyer are captured shortly after by the Others and taken to the Temple, where he stays with Hurley, Jack, and Sayid, while Kate, Jin, and Sawyer escape. A few days later, after Jack and Hurley too escape, Miles is left behind with the "infected" Sayid and the Others when Claire Littleton, also "infected," shows up to talk to the Others' spokesperson, Dogen (Hiroyuki Sanada). Kate meanwhile returns, hoping to find Claire.  Miles tells her Claire is held hostage.  Later that night, the Smoke Monster ravages the Temple, killing anyone in its path. Miles and Kate flee but get separated; Miles shuts himself in a room, until Ilana, Frank Lapidus, Sun-Hwa Kwon, and Ben burst in to help him. They go through a secret passageway safely just as the Smoke Monster enters the room.

Miles uses his gift to discover how Jacob died, and reveals to Ilana that Ben killed him.  They take shelter at the Oceanic Flight 815 survivors' beach camp.  When confronting Ben later, Miles refuses the offered $3.2 million in exchange for freeing Ben from Ilana.  Ben is spared, however, and Miles then digs up Nikki and Paulo's diamonds where they had been buried with them to compensate for his lack of money on the Island.

When Hurley, Jack, and Richard join their group, Miles is particularly happy to greet Hurley.  A few days later, Richard decides their mission is to stop the Man in Black from escaping; they are to destroy the Ajira Airways Flight 316 on the other Island, dubbed "Hydra Island," so that the Man in Black stays trapped in the area. However, Hurley destroys the remaining dynamite from an old ship shipwrecked on the Island, thinking it will save everyone.  The disagreement between Richard and Hurley splits the group into two: Hurley's party will go talk to the Man in Black, while Richard's party will search for more explosives.  Miles decides to follow Richard and Ben, telling Hurley that he has seen "that thing in action," and that it doesn't want to talk.

Miles, Richard, and Ben go back to the barracks to get some C4 that Ben secretly kept in his closet behind the bookcase. When they get there Miles hears the screams of Ben's daughter Alex, buried there. They get the C4 but when they come out they are confronted by Widmore and his geologist Zoe. Widmore says he needs a hiding place because the monster was coming. Ben reluctantly says he can hide in his secret room. When The Man in Black comes Richard says he can talk to it, claiming all he wants is for Richard to join him. Ben goes with him but Miles; saying he is sticking to surviving, decides to leave them and run back into the jungle.

He then finds Richard Alpert in the jungle and calls Ben on a walkie talkie that he gave him. When Richard gets up he says to Miles that they need to get back to Hydra Island and destroy the plane with the C4 that they still have; saying they have to finish what they started.

Miles and Richard get to the boat they left at the dock. As they are undocking the boat he reveals to Richard that he is starting to age. When they are rowing to Hydra Island they spot Frank Lapidus drifting in the water in life vests. When they get him on the boat Frank proposes they leave the island on the plane before the Man in Black comes. Richard and Miles agree. Miles then radios Ben again, saying they have made it to Hydra Island and about his plan about the plane. As he is talking, Claire comes out from the bushes and fires two warning shots to tell them not to come closer. Richard manages to calm her down but she refuses to go on the plane with them. Miles radios a third time. Kate picks up. He says to her they are patching up the plane and getting ready to take off. He tells Kate about Claire not wanting to come with them. Kate then smashes the radio she has. Miles asks Frank how the plane was doing. Frank says he has to check the electrical outlet before they take off.  Miles and Richard repair the hydraulics with duct tape, then rejoin Frank in the cockpit.

With Richard and Miles in the cockpit Frank tries a third time to turn the plane on, and this time succeeds.  Miles heads to the back to watch out for Sawyer and the others who want to come. Miles announces they are clear for takeoff, and closes the door. Frank then tells Richard and Miles to open the door back up again when he sees Kate and Sawyer. Miles opens the door and lets in Kate, Sawyer and Claire. After that Miles sits in the back with the others. Miles and the others smile at the sight of the island getting smaller and smaller in the distance.

Afterlife

Oceanic Flight 815 does not crash on the Island, resulting in a different background for Miles.  Instead of a professional medium, he is an officer of the LAPD along with his partner, James Ford. A comment by Miles indicates that his father is still alive in this reality, working at a museum with Charlotte, who Miles sets up on a blind date with Ford. Although working well with James, Miles feels he lacks trust from him. He later gains access to James' credit card account and learns his partner did not go to Palm Springs like he said, instead going to Australia. Angrily demanding answers, Miles makes James eventually informing him of Anthony Cooper's con. Miles objects to James' intention to kill Cooper, until a car crashes into theirs. The two cops pursue the hit-and-run driver, who is revealed to be Kate.

After receiving a surveillance tape showing Sayid Jarrah leaving the scene of a crime, Miles informs James of this and together they go to the home of Sayid's sister-in-law, Nadia.  While Miles blocks the front door, James catches Sayid and arrests him at the back.

Personality
Miles is hotheaded and initially hostile toward the survivors, after one of them kills his colleague Naomi Dorrit (Marsha Thomason).  But he, too, is disrespectful of Naomi after she dies, telling Kate, "Sure I'm affected [by Naomi's death].  She was hot and I dug her accent."  Upon learning that Miles has been captured by Locke, Frank informs Sayid that "that guy's nothing but a pain in my ass."

Miles sarcastically nicknames his acquaintances, prompting critics, fans and characters to compare him to the character Sawyer and give him a nickname of his own: "mini-Sawyer".  Ken Leung claims that he is often approached by people who like the character and he assumes that it is because of Miles's "sardonic wit" and "devil-may-care sort of attitude."  Leung surmised that "Usually when people are like that, just … kind of throwing off quick [and] quirky remarks … they're hiding something, so he's definitely hiding something."  Asked if Miles is much like him, Leung responded with "I don't think I'm that similar.  Um, I don't know—I guess I have moments."  Leung said that "Miles doesn't know how to be social, which is great, because I don't know how to be social."  He has also stated that Miles "trust[s] the dead more than the living" and is intrigued as to whom Miles grieves for.  Leung stated that "He seems haunted by something, that—that's for sure … one of the first thoughts I had [was that his] communication with the dead … can't be a great thing … it's not a happy skill to have."

Both Miles and Hurley can speak to the dead—a similarity noted by Hurley; however, their manners of communication vary.  While Miles is able to access a person's mind as it was before death, Hurley physically interacts with apparitions of the deceased.  Executive producer/writer Edward Kitsis has commented that "they both have unique abilities, and that very question of how they differ may be explored by the end of the series."

Development
The day after the April 22, 2007 episode of The Sopranos titled "Remember When" aired, Lost's co-creator Damon Lindelof met with fellow executive producer/writer/show runner Carlton Cuse and said that "there's an actor on th[e] show [last night]—I'm not going to tell you who he is—and I wonder if he has the same impression on you that he had on me".  Cuse correctly guessed Ken Leung, who had guest starred as one-time character Carter Chong, a young and angry mental patient.  In mid-May, they contacted Leung's agent and were informed in July that he was available and interested in working on Lost.  To limit the leak of spoilers, Lindelof and Cuse auditioned Leung with a character and scene created specifically for the audition that would not be used in the show but was "analogous to the role [that they] really want[ed]."  Leung believed that he was auditioning for the role of Russell, a "brilliant mathematician" in his late thirties with immense knowledge across various scientific fields, limited social skills and broken personal relationships.  Leung was the only actor who tried out for this part, as writers had written the role of Miles for him; had he not accepted the job, the character would have been completely rewritten.  The name Miles Straume was simply chosen because the writers thought that "it would be cool if his name sounded like 'maelstrom' ".

Leung relocated from New York to where the show is filmed in Oahu, Hawaii, which Leung described as "so dreamy".  He was initially contracted as a guest star with "potential regular status in [the] future", which came to fruition.  At first, Leung struggled with the show's secrecy, not knowing much about his character's background or motivations, but he found some understanding with his character's clothing.  Costume designer Roland Sanchez based Miles's wardrobe choice after that of The Rolling Stones member Keith Richards; specifically a picture in which he wore a sleeveless vest.  Sanchez believed that Miles fit the haggard look and bought an Armani Exchange jacket, cropped the sleeves and added a hood.

The writers planned for the ninth or tenth episode of the fourth season to focus on Miles's backstory; however, this was pushed back to the thirteenth episode of the fifth season as a result of the Writers Guild of America strike.  The revelation that Miles is Chang's son was not confirmed until Miles's flashback episode; however, this plot point had been speculated by the Internet fan community as early as Miles's first appearance on the show.  Further speculation occurred following the broadcast of the fifth-season premiere, in which Chang was seen tending to a baby boy.  This influenced the way that it was revealed in the show, as the writers looked for a way to present the information in a way that would both be interesting to those who had not guessed it and not insulting to viewers who had been predicting it.  What resulted was Miles and Hurley discussing Chang with Miles plainly saying, "That douche is my dad" before a cut to a commercial break.

Reception
After four appearances, Leung was nominated for the J. C. Penney Asian Excellence Award in the Supporting Television Actor category, but he lost to Rex Lee, who plays Lloyd on HBO's Entourage.  According to Jon Lachonis of UGO, Miles and the other new characters have been well received by fans.  Maureen Ryan of The Chicago Tribune said that Leung is "terrifically intense" in his portrayal.  Paige Albiniak of the New York Post praised the cast addition.  Diane Werts of Newsday thought that "Ken Leung and Michael Emerson may be the two current most interesting actors in this mix".  Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger commented that "Miles the dustbusting ghostbuster is easily my favorite [of the characters introduced in 'Confirmed Dead'] … why not throw in a medium [among the show's science fiction phemonena] … I love the sarcastic energy he brings.  Sawyer and Ben can't be the only ones getting the good one-liners".  After Miles' introduction in the second episode of the fourth season, Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly wrote that Leung made "a strong impression" and was well cast.  Chris Carabott of IGN stated that "Leung does an adequate job of getting Miles' arrogant brand of confidence across."

References

Lost (2004 TV series) characters
Fictional Chinese American people
Fictional characters from Los Angeles
Fictional spiritual mediums
Fictional Los Angeles Police Department detectives
Television characters introduced in 2008
Male characters in television
Time travelers


On February 7, 2008, a gunman went on a shooting rampage at a public meeting in the city hall, leaving six people dead and a seventh injured in Kirkwood, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis. Charles Lee "Cookie" Thornton, aged 52, shot one police officer with a revolver across the side street from city hall and took the officer's handgun before entering city hall. Thornton reached council chambers with these two pistols shortly after the meeting began. There, he shot a police officer, the public works director, two council members, the mayor, and a reporter. The shooter died from two gunshot wounds in a shootout with police.

The shooting

Thornton parked his van on the side street near Kirkwood City Hall and saw Kirkwood Police Sgt. William Biggs, who was on duty but walking to pick up dinner nearby. In a parking lot across the side street from City Hall, Thornton confronted Biggs and shot him with a Smith & Wesson Model 29 .44 Magnum revolver, killing him instantly. Before Thornton fired, Biggs had hit a distress signal on his radio to summon additional police officers.

Thornton took Biggs' Smith & Wesson .40-caliber handgun and went inside City Hall. There, in the city council chambers, the Pledge of Allegiance had just been recited and the mayor was starting the city council meeting with 30 people attending. Thornton entered the room quietly from the back with both of his weapons concealed but soon got close to his intended victims. He first fatally shot Kirkwood Police Officer Tom Ballman in the head and continued shooting other victims at close range while reportedly repeating the phrase "Shoot the mayor!" He fatally shot council members Connie Karr and Michael H.T. Lynch, and Public Works Director Ken Yost. He shot Mayor Mike Swoboda twice in the head and left him for dead. Witnesses reported about 15 gunshots. Ignoring the four other council members, Thornton chased City Attorney John Hessel, who slowed Thornton by throwing chairs at him until escaping from the room.

All of this gunfire was audible at the Kirkwood police department building, located across a small parking lot from the rear entrance to city hall. Two Kirkwood police officers rushed to the council chambers. There, Thornton fired on them from behind a desk. The officers returned fire; Thornton, who still had rounds left, sustained two gunshot wounds and died at the scene.

Aftermath
In total, Thornton killed five people and wounded two, reporter Todd Smith and Mayor Swoboda, who were taken to St. John's Mercy Medical Center, the latter in critical condition. The mayor had been shot in the lower jaw, with the bullet exiting from his cheek, and was also shot in the back of his head. He underwent surgery on February 7 and again on February 8, the latter surgery lasting three hours. Mayor Swoboda's condition was upgraded after a few days to "serious", and after two weeks to "satisfactory". Since then, he had begun eating soft food and talking. His family said that he had no memory of the shootings. He would need reconstructive surgery for his face; other long term health effects were unknown.

On April 18, Swoboda returned to city hall to briefly address the last city council meeting before the expiration of his second and (due to term limits) final term as mayor.
Seven months later, Swoboda died on September 6, 2008, in a hospice he had entered a week earlier. He had also been battling cancer.

A reporter for the local Suburban Journals, Todd Smith, was shot in the hand but released from the hospital within 24 hours.

Perpetrator

Early background
Charles Lee "Cookie" Thornton (December 23, 1955 – February 7, 2008) was a lifelong resident of Meacham Park, an unincorporated predominantly African American community that bordered Kirkwood in St. Louis County, Missouri. In 1992, a ballot proposition appeared under which Kirkwood, an abutting, comparatively prosperous city with only a small percentage of African-American residents, would annex the low-income Meacham Park area. After spirited debate and campaigning, residents of both Meacham Park and Kirkwood approved the annexation. Upon annexation, the municipal codes of Kirkwood became the law for Meacham Park, which had previously lacked municipal codes due to its unincorporated status.

During the 1990s, Thornton was active in a number of civic and charitable organizations in Kirkwood. He ran for Kirkwood City Council in 1994, unsuccessfully.

Via eminent domain, part of the Meacham Park area was taken for a large commercial development in the late 1990s in a tax increment financing project. Thornton, who foresaw that his construction company would get contracts in this development, was a public proponent of it, in this respect opposing the views of some others in Meacham Park.

Legal and financial troubles
Thornton sought and received some work for his construction company during this commercial development. Family members and friends have said that he became resentful over having gotten less than he felt he had been promised. In 1999, Thornton filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission alleging racial discrimination in the awarding of contracts he had wanted.

Marge Schramm, who was mayor at the time the contracts were bid, has said that contracts were awarded by the developers, not the city, and that the city had not promised contracts to Thornton.

In 1996, Thornton had begun receiving citations from Kirkwood for violations of city codes. In June 1998, he pleaded guilty to six violations; and agreed to a five-phase plan to bring his property and his paving business into conformance with city codes within two years.

However, this plan was not fulfilled, and Thornton began to leave new tickets unpaid. By late 2001, Thornton had been cited many dozens more times by Kirkwood officials under municipal code enforcement actions for operating an unlicensed business from his home in a residentially-zoned incorporated area; illegal dumping; destruction of property; parking his construction company's equipment near his home; and for numerous other municipal code violations. Kirkwood said in a state court memorandum in 2003
 that by May 2002, multiple trials in city and county courts had concluded with Thornton pleading guilty to, or being found guilty of, more than 100 of 114 charges. Charges were dropped, or Thornton was found not guilty, on at least a dozen other charges.

Thornton said later in federal court, and at Kirkwood city council meetings, that he had received more than 150 tickets. Courts ordered that he pay nearly $20,000 in fines and court costs.

Thornton filed for bankruptcy in December 1999. During the bankruptcy process, he was put on a plan to get out of debt: he would pay $4,425 a month for five years. Thornton stopped making the payments within four months, and moved the portion of his business that had for a while occupied a rental property in a nearby commercially zoned area, back into his residentially zoned neighborhood.

Thornton never paid any of the fines from the Kirkwood code violation cases concluded in 2001 and 2002. Instead, he appeared regularly at city council meetings complaining of persecution, fraud and coverup by city officials. In 2003, he had signs on the side of his van, in which he vowed he would never again "accept lies from the city of Kirkwood".

Thornton repeatedly sued the city and Kirkwood public works director Ken Yost in state court unsuccessfully during a period of several years in the early 2000s. From around 2004 onward, Thornton, despite having no education, training or experience in the practice of law, acted as his own attorney. In 2005, the Missouri Court of Appeals opinion dismissing his suit against Kirkwood and Ken Yost for malicious prosecution and civil rights violations termed his brief "largely incomprehensible". After several years of the lawsuits, he declined an offer from the city to let his fines remain unpaid in exchange for dropping his last lawsuit against the city and no longer disrupting council meetings.

Previous incidents
On May 13, 2002, Thornton was convicted of assault on Ken Yost, who later became one of the murder victims. He was also arrested and handcuffed at two city council meetings in 2006. The first occasion was May 18, 2006. Thornton was charged with disorderly conduct and was released.

On June 1, 2006, the council considered resolutions to ban Thornton from attending or speaking at meetings. However, both were defeated; Kirkwood mayor Mike Swoboda stated then that, "We will act with integrity and continue to deal with him at these council proceedings. However we will not allow Mr. Thornton, or any other person, to disrupt these proceedings."

On June 24, 2007, Thornton was charged with misdemeanor assault after a struggle outside PJ's Restaurant in Kirkwood. Thornton had been picketing outside the restaurant and began stomping the owner until subdued by bystanders. The criminal case was pending.

2007 lawsuit
On January 18, 2007, Thornton sued the city in federal court for $350. On March 15, 2007, Thornton entered a motion with the court with the purpose of amending the January 18 suit in several ways, including adding a claim for $14 million in damages. On June 21, 2007, a federal judge denied the motion to amend the original federal lawsuit. Thereafter, only the remaining (original) suit, which sought but $350 in damages, was in contention. Yet as late as February 1, 2008 — more than six months after the attempt to amend for an increased claim of damages had lost, and three days after the entire remaining suit had been dismissed—Thornton continued to tell friends of his hopes of winning millions from the suit.

A federal judge in St. Louis, Missouri ruled on January 28, 2008 on the lawsuit by Thornton in which he claimed his free speech rights were violated by Kirkwood officials preventing him from speaking at meetings. The judge dismissed his claims, citing his convictions for disorderly conduct at the 2006 meetings because "Thornton does not have a First Amendment right to engage in irrelevant debate and to voice repetitive, personal, virulent attacks against Kirkwood and its city officials during the comment portion of a city council public hearing, his claim fails as a matter of law." Included among documents from Thornton's federal lawsuit are court filings, evidence, judgments, etc. from several of the city, county and state court cases, both criminal and civil, in which Thornton had been a plaintiff or a defendant.

Witnesses, relatives, and acquaintances of Thornton reported that his motive for the shooting spree was anger about not receiving construction contracts he believed he was promised, his parking tickets, disputes with local government, and finally the dismissal of his federal lawsuit.

Reaction

Gerald Thornton, one of Charles Thornton's brothers, told CNN that his brother Charles thought his "constitutional protections" were violated and that his act was the only option. In other interviews he said that "my brother went to war tonight with the government," that he could not resolve his problems through communication, and that "this was not a random rampage." Gerald Thornton himself served five years in Missouri prison for fatally stabbing a man in 1996.

Charles Thornton left a one-line note on his bed, saying: "The truth will come out in the end" or "The truth will win out in the end." The note was considered to be a suicide note, indicating that Thornton may have intended to die in the shooting. Another brother, Arthur Thornton, said his family was "truly, truly sorry" for the shootings.

The Meacham Park Neighborhood Association (MPNA) met the afternoon of February 8. In attendance were 100 people, including Thornton's mother, and a "procession of ministers" who spoke at the meeting. Many there spoke sympathetically of Thornton.  Elder Harry Jones of Men and Women of Faith Ministries said "This is something that took place over time, and perhaps it could have been avoided. There always has been a great divide between Kirkwood and Meacham Park."  Thornton's mother spoke last, saying "We've got to do things the Bible way. I'm sad that this happened." A blog entry that same day from a minister who used to live and work in Kirkwood provides some background about the relationship between Meacham Park and Kirkwood:

The town of Kirkwood mourned on February 8, with flags at half-staff, and with prayer services and vigils being held throughout the day. A vigil was held across the street from city hall, with black fabric held over the entrance of it and a memorial of flowers, at 7 P.M. local time, about 24 hours after the shooting. Notes were left with the flowers, some addressing the deceased. Outside of the Kirkwood police department building various flowers and an American flag were laid in memoriam of the two officers killed during the shooting.

In 2014, a one-hour animated documentary, "Elegy to Connie," was released, which focused on Thornton and the racial tensions in Kirkwood while memorializing Connie Karr, one of the council members killed in the shooting. The director, artist Sarah Paulsen, stated, "It [the film] came out of the desire to talk about the event, about somebody who was lost in it, and how that impacted the community, and what happened to the community afterward."

See also
 Ross Township Municipal Building shooting
 ABB plant shooting, occurred in a neighboring community
 Carl Drega, a man who attacked public officials
 James E. Davis, a New York City councilman, was assassinated in New York's City Hall
 Mount Pleasant, Iowa, where a shooting of officials took place
 Panama City school board shootings
 List of rampage killers in the United States

Notes

References

2008 murders in the United States
Mass murder in 2008
Assassinations in the United States
Massacres in the United States
2008 mass shootings in the United States
Mass shootings in the United States
Deaths by firearm in Missouri
Murder in Missouri
2008 in American politics
2008 in Missouri
History of St. Louis County, Missouri
Political violence in the United States
Crimes in Missouri
Spree shootings in the United States
Attacks in the United States in 2008
February 2008 crimes in the United States
Mass shootings in Missouri


"Happy Endings" is a short story by Margaret Atwood. It was first published in a 1983 Canadian collection, Murder in the Dark, and highlighted during the nomination period for the 2017/2018 Galley Beggar Press Short Story Prize.

The short story includes six different stories, labeled A to F, which each quickly summarize the lives of its characters, eventually culminating in death. The names of characters recur throughout the stories and the stories reference each other (e.g. "everything continues as in A"), challenging narrative literary conventions.

In addition, the story explores themes of domesticity, welfare, and success.

Though the story boasts multiple scenarios, Atwood declares in her writing the only "authentic ending" is the one where John and Mary die. This gives readers six scenarios, and one ending.

Atwood has spoken on the story saying, "l did not know what sort of creature it was. lt was not a poem, a short story, or a prose poem. lt was not quite a condensation, a commentary, a questionnaire, and it missed being a parable, a proverb, a paradox. lt was a mutation. Writing it gave me a sense of furtive glee, like scribbling anonymously on a wall with no one looking....lt was a little disappointing to learn that other people had a name for such aberrations [metafiction], and had already made up the rules."

Characters
John
He is one of the main characters of the short story. In A, he is in love with Mary and is happily married to her. In B, he doesn't feel the same way Mary does for him as he only uses her for her body. He eventually takes a woman named Madge to a restaurant. In the end, he marries her. In C, he is a middle-aged man married to Madge but is in love with twenty-two-year-old Mary. One day he sees Mary with another man and shoots both of them before shooting himself.

Mary
She is the main character of the short story. In A, she is happily married to John and had children with him. In B, Mary is in love with John but is saddened with the fact that he doesn't love her. In C, she is a twenty-two-year old who is in love with James. She is shot by John.

James
He is a twenty-two-year-old whom Mary has feelings for. He isn't ready to settle down and prefers to ride his motorcycle. He wants to be free while he's still young. One day, he and Mary have sex. He is shot by John towards the end. He doesn't appear anywhere else.

Madge
In B, Madge is John's love interest. She is taken to a restaurant and eventually, they get married. In C, she is John's wife. In D, she meets a man named Fred.

Fred
He is the man Madge meets. They both have sex and then die.

References

Short stories by Margaret Atwood
1983 short stories


Hugo Armando and Xavier Malisse were the defending champions, but lost in the first round to Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan.

Max Mirnyi and Jamie Murray won in the final 6–4, 3–6, [10–6], against Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan.

Seeds

Draw

Draw

External links
Draw

Doubles


Winged Creatures is a drama novel written by Roy Freirich.  Rowan Woods has directed a film based on the book.

Main characters

Bruce Laraby
Laraby was in Carby's Restaurant twenty minutes before the shooting, as he soon finds out. While operating on one of the victims, he accidentally nicks the aorta with the scalpel, causing the victim to bleed to death. Riddled with guilt, Laraby sneaks migraine-inducing medicine into his wife's food so he can "save" her each time. She ends up almost dying from overdose to these drugs where he rushes to save her.
In the film Laraby is played by Guy Pearce.

Charlie Archenault
Charlie was grazed by a stray bullet as a result of the shooting, and survives. The doctors tell him he is some kind of lucky not to have been killed. A dazed Charlie walks out of the hospital, clinging onto the word "lucky". It is for this reason he begins to gamble incessantly, thinking his luck will work for him at the casino.
In the film, Charlie is played by Forest Whitaker.

Carla Davenport
Carla is the cashier at Carby's when the shooting happens. She is unharmed, but it has a definite effect on her. She loses her ability to take care of herself and her infant son. She turns to alcohol and men to make herself feel better.
Carla is also noted to have a crush on Laraby.
In the film, Carla is played by Kate Beckinsale.

Anne Hagen
Anne's father was killed in the shooting, which Anne and her best friend Jimmy witnessed. Anne appears unwilling or unable to accept her father's death, and instead becomes infatuated with religion, in addition to becoming spacy and distant.
In the film, Anne is played by Dakota Fanning.

Jimmy Jaspersen
Jimmy was with Anne when her father was shot, and it troubles him as much as anyone else. In response, he emotionally shuts down, refusing to speak or show any sort emotion whatsoever. He is noted to be secretly in love with Anne, as the book mentions that he looks at her when she isn't looking. Only Jimmy affectionately calls her "Annie" and is goofy around her because he loves the sound of her laughing. Tortured by their secret, Jimmy attempts suicide twice, with Anne there to stop him both times.
In the film, Jimmy is played by Josh Hutcherson.

Minor characters

Ron Abler
Abler is a psychologist, who repeatedly attempts to get through to Carla, Jimmy, and Anne. Carla is suspicious of him and deletes all the messages he sends her. Anne continually spurns his advances and seems to hate him especially. Jimmy is shielded from talking mostly by his father, who blames psychologists for the death of his other son, Michael. The one time Abler is not sent away by Mr. Jaspersen, Jimmy runs away and attempts to jump off of the bridge. The only reason he doesn't jump is because  Anne was there to talk him out of it by threatening to reveal their secret.

Doris Hagen
Anne's mother is just as grief-stricken as Anne, but she is confused as to why Anne shows no grief following her father's death. Anne resists Doris too until the scene of Jimmy's second suicide attempt, in which she is forced to tell Jimmy's and her secret.
In the film, Doris is played by Jeanne Tripplehorn.

Lydia Jaspersen
Jimmy's mother seems just as trapped and sad as Jimmy does, which is perhaps why he only shows emotional reaction to her and Anne. Lydia does not understand Jimmy's failure to speak either, but she is the only one besides Anne who doesn't pry. For that, Jimmy reacts to his mother's sorrow, occasionally comforting her. In the film, Lydia is played by Robin Weigert.

Bob Jaspersen
Jimmy's father is self-pitying and selfish, and doesn't pry very much either, but simply because of his belief that if you ignore a problem, it will just go away. He physically abuses Jimmy's mother, which causes Jimmy to attempt suicide a second time. Bob eventually moves out, and Jimmy and Lydia know they are better off.
In the film, Bob is played by Jackie Earle Haley.

Kathy Archenault
Charlie's wife is stunned to find that Charlie has left the hospital and is even more shocked when their life savings begins to dwindle away due to Charlie's excessive gambling. In the film, Kathy is played by Jennifer Hudson, and she is Charlie's daughter instead of his wife.

Lori and Sue Carline
Their father was killed in the shooting and both Lori and Sue look to Anne for guidance. Anne is quite aware that they are doing this purely because no one else would understand.

Howard
Howard is a popular boy at Jimmy and Anne's high school. Anne has a crush on him (to which Jimmy is visibly jealous) until she goes to a party and realizes he just wanted to have his way with her. She is almost submissive with this until Howard's grip on her hand reminds her of the day her father was shot. She runs home, whimpering, and smashes all of the pigeon cages her father kept without really knowing what she's doing.

References

2008 novels
American novels adapted into films


is a junior college in Tokyo, Japan, and is part of the Aoyama Gakuin network.

The institute was founded in 1874 by Dora E. Schoonmaker, an American missionary sent to Japan by the Women's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church.

External links
 official website
A Brief History- Aoyama Gakuin Women's Junior College

Educational institutions established in 1874
Japanese junior colleges
Universities and colleges in Tokyo
1874 establishments in Japan


Arnaud Clément and Michaël Llodra were the defending champions; however, they withdrew to due a left ankle injury for Clément.

Martin Damm and Pavel Vízner won in the final 7–6(7–0), 7–5, against Yves Allegro and Jeff Coetzee.

Seeds

Draw

Draw

External links
 Main Draw

Doubles


Vero Beach Regional Airport  is a public airport one mile northwest of Vero Beach in Indian River County, Florida, United States. The airport is publicly owned and is the home of Piper Aircraft.

History

1929–1941
In 1929, Bud Holman, whose sons and grandsons now operate Sun Aviation, was one of the group that built the airport in Vero Beach. The Vero Beach Regional Airport was dedicated in 1930 and in 1932 Eastern Air Lines began refueling there. In 1935 EAL started passenger and mail service from Vero Beach, making Vero Beach the smallest little airport in Florida to have airmail service, continuing until about January 1973. By the end of the 1930s the airport got runway lights and radio and teletype machines; in 1939, using Public Assistance workers, the runways were extended and a year later the Civil Aviation Administration spent $250,000 on more improvements.

NAS Vero Beach
In 1942 the U.S. Navy notified Vero Beach that it had selected its airport for a naval air station and purchased  surrounding the airport. The base was commissioned as Naval Air Station Vero Beach in 1942 and initially functioned as an operational training unit training for Naval Aviators beginning in February 1943 with the SB2A Buccaneer aircraft.

In December 1944 the mission of NAS Vero Beach changed to night fighter training using F6F Hellcats and F7F Tigercats. Witham Field in Stuart was designated as Naval Auxiliary Air Station Witham Field and was a subordinate base of NAS Vero Beach.  Airfields at Sebastian/Roseland (OLF Roseland) and Fort Pierce (OLF Fort Pierce) also served as outlying landing fields. Air-sea rescue of downed pilots was provided from Fort Pierce.  Over 237,100 hours of flight time occurred between 1942 and the base closing in 1946. Base personnel were quartered in the Beachland Hotel, The Sebastian Inn, and other facilities in the community.  At its peak NAS Vero Beach was home to 250 aircraft and 1,400 U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps personnel, to include Navy WAVES and Woman Marines. After the war, the installation was reduced to a skeletal staff and in 1947 the Navy closed NAS Vero Beach and returned it to the city for use again as a civil airport.

Postwar
In 1948 Major League Baseball arrived as Bud Holman, a local businessman, invited the Brooklyn Dodgers to take over barracks facilities from the closed naval air station for winter and spring training. The Dodgers liked the area so much that Dodgertown was born, a  tract next to the airport, as their training grounds. The Dodgers continued to use the facility even after becoming the Los Angeles Dodgers until they moved to a new facility in Glendale, Arizona in 2008.

In 1957 Piper Aircraft selected Vero Beach for a research and development center at the former naval air station; in 1961 Piper moved administrative and manufacturing operations here. By 1967 Piper had expanded its facility to  and its workforce to over 2,000. Manufacturing of Piper Aircraft at the Vero Beach facility ceased in the mid-1980s when increasing product liability insurance premiums made continued operation financially impossible. Upon limitation of liability by new legislation by United States Congress in the early 1990s, manufacturing began again in 1995.

Skyborne Airline Academy, a leading flight training school, is also based at Vero Beach Regional Airport. The company purchased and rebranded the FlightSafety Academy in 2021 in order to expand its flight training to the United States. The flight school's focus is to provide a dynamic, engaging, and welcoming flight training environment.

Today, Vero Beach Regional Airport is a  tower-controlled facility with an FAR Part 139 operating certificate. The airport has seen airlines (mainly regional) in the past, commercial passenger service continued, including USAir Express flights to Melbourne and Orlando in the 1990s, but the American Eagle flew its last flight to Miami in February 1996 — ending Vero Beach's commercial passenger service for nearly two decades. Elite Airways began operating flights from the airport in 2015 but stopped indefinitely in 2022.

The airport currently has scheduled non-stop service on Breeze Airways to Hartford and White Plains, which began on February 2, 2023. Breeze plans to begin non-stop service to Providence on November 2, 2023. Vero Beach is one of the few commercial airports in the United States to offer free long-term parking for up to 21 days.

Airline and destinations

References

External links

1930 establishments in Florida
Airports in Florida
Airports established in 1930
Buildings and structures in Vero Beach, Florida
Transportation buildings and structures in Indian River County, Florida
Transportation in Vero Beach, Florida


The FBI Police is the uniformed security police of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and is part of the Bureau's Security Division. The FBI Police is tasked with protecting key FBI facilities, properties, personnel, users, visitors, information and operations from harm and may enforce certain laws and administrative regulations.

Jurisdiction

They are endowed with full police powers of crime prevention, arrest, law enforcement and investigation within and around some key FBI facilities. They have duty stations at the following locations:

 J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington, D.C. (FBI Headquarters)
 Washington Field Office also in Washington, D.C.
 FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia
 FBI Laboratory, also in Quantico
 New York field office in Lower Manhattan, New York
 Criminal Justice Information Services Division in Clarksburg, West Virginia

The FBI has a cooperative agreement with the Metropolitan Police Department for the FBI Police to carry out protective duties outside of its regular patrol areas in Washington, D.C., of the J. Edgar Hoover building and the Washington Field Office.

Duties and responsibilities
The primary role of the FBI Police is to deter terrorist attacks with the visible presence of a well trained, well equipped, professional police force; and provide protective security for FBI facilities from criminal acts and unauthorized access, including protecting FBI employees, official visitors and tourists.

FBI Police methods include several duties such as:

 Entrance and/or exit screening
 Patrolling in vehicles*
 Patrolling on foot
 Patrolling on bicycle
 Use of explosives detection K-9s
 Counter-surveillance

*Vehicle patrols include patrolling in cars, motorcycles and all-terrain vehicle patrols.

The FBI Police may be occasionally deployed to significant national security events, such as presidential inaugurations, the Super Bowl, conferences of world leaders as well as major political party conferences. FBI Police routinely assist in the protection of the Director of the FBI and the Attorney General. FBI Police were deployed in support of the Hurricane Katrina effort in Louisiana and in 2010 deployed to Puerto Rico to assist with an arrest operation.

Training
FBI Police recruits are required to complete a twelve-week Uniformed Police Officer Training Program at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center followed by a four-week FBI Police Advanced Training Program at the FBI Academy and then complete five weeks of on-the-job training with a Field Training Officer in the Field Training Program.

Pay and benefits
Salaries in the FBI Police are determined via a basic pay plan set out under the General Schedule (GS). Three levels of entry are in place for FBI Police officers, GS-7, GS-8 and GS-9. Promotion opportunities within FBI Police come with increased pay, with Corporals earning in the GS-10 band, going up the Colonel earning GS-13 pay. Additionally, FBI Police officers are covered under the Federal Employee Retirement System (FERS) and do not receive enhanced Law Enforcement Retirement (6C). The FBI Police are among the lowest paid Federal Law Enforcement Officers in the United States, and have the highest attrition rate at 17.9%. (fiscal years 2009–2010)

Other benefits available to FBI Police officers include access to health insurance, life insurance, a thrift savings plan as well as providing officers with a gym/fitness program, transportation subsidies, tuition assistance and student loan repayments.

Class action lawsuit
On August 2, 2007, a group of more than 100 FBI Police officers filed a class action complaint in the U.S. Court of Federal Claims for millions of dollars of back and future pay. The complaint alleged that the FBI had not complied with a 2002 statute, part of the FBI Reform Act, that mandated that the FBI police force be paid the same pay and benefits as members of the Uniformed Division of the United States Secret Service. The judge ruled against the FBI Police officers in February 2017. The FBI Director had not implemented the 2002 statute U.S. Code, Title 28, Section 540C to formally establish FBI Police.

Gallery

See also

 Federal police
 List of FBI field offices
 List of protective service agencies
 List of United States federal law enforcement agencies
 Federal Protective Service

References

External links

Agency-specific police departments of the United States
Police
Law enforcement agencies of the District of Columbia
United States Department of Justice agencies