School bullying, like bullying outside the school context, refers to one or more perpetrators who have greater physical strength or more social power than their victim and who repeatedly act aggressively toward their victim. Bullying can be verbal or physical. Bullying, with its ongoing character, is distinct from one-off types of peer conflict. Different types of school bullying include ongoing physical, emotional, and/or verbal aggression. Cyberbullying and sexual bullying are also types of bullying. Bullying even exists in higher education. There are warning signs that suggest that a child is being bullied, a child is acting as a bully, or a child has witnessed bullying at school.

The cost of school violence is significant across many nations but there are educational leaders who have had success in reducing school bullying by implementing certain strategies. Some strategies used to reduce or prevent school bullying include educating the students about bullying, restricting of recording devices in the classroom, employing security technology, and hiring school safety officers. How schools respond to bullying, however, varies widely. Effects on the victims of school bullying include feelings of depression, anxiety, anger, stress, helplessness, and reduced school performance Empirical research by Sameer Hinduja and Justin Patchin involving a national sample of US youth have found that some victims of school bullying have attempted to commit suicide.

This behavior is not a one-off episode; it must be repetitive and habitual to be considered bullying. Students who are LGBT, have parents of lower educational levels, are thought to be provocative, are perceived to be vulnerable, or are atypical or considered outsiders are at higher risk of being victimized by bullies. Baron (1977) defined such "aggressive behaviour as behaviour that is directed towards the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment".

Historically, Thomas Hughes's 1857 novel Tom Brown's School Days details intensive school bullying, but the first major scholarly journal article to address school bullying appears to have been written in 1897. Research in school bullying has dramatically expanded over time, rising from 62 citations in the 90 years between 1900 and 1990, to 562 in the 4 years between 2000 and 2004. Since 2004, research on school bullying has mushroomed. 2022 TV series The Glory drew renewed attention to the phenomenon.

Criteria
Bullying is a subcategory of aggressive behavior that is characterised by hostile intent (the harm caused is deliberate), imbalance of power (real or perceived power inequality between bully and victim), and repetition over a period of time. More ordinary types of student-student conflicts, which are sometimes part of everyday school life, are not associated with an imbalance of power. In contrast to more ordinary conflicts, school bullying can severely harm victimized students.

Power imbalance
By definition, bullying involves an imbalance of power. A bully has power over another student because of factors such as size, gender, age, standing among peers, and/or assistance by other students.  Among boys, bullying tends to involve differences in strength; among girls bullying is more focused on differences in physical appearance, emotional life, and/or academic status.

Some bullies target peers with physical impairments, such as speech impediments (e.g., stuttering). Many stutterers experience some degree of bullying, harassment, or ridicule from peers and, sometimes, teachers.

Warning signs
Signs that a child is being bullied may include:

 Unexplainable injuries,
 Symptoms of anxiety and post-traumatic stress,
 Lost or destroyed clothing,
 Changes in eating habits,
 Declining grades,
 Continual school absences,
 Self-harm,
 Suicidal ideations, and
 Becoming overly apologetic.

Signs that a child is bullying others may include:

 Getting into physical or verbal fights,
 Getting sent to the principal's office frequently
 Having friends who bully others, and being problematic
 Becoming increasingly aggressive in normal activities.

Signs that a child has witnessed bullying include:

 Poor school behavior,
 Emotional disturbance,
 Depression,
 Post-traumatic stress,
 Drug and alcohol abuse, and
 Suicidal ideation.

Control of bullying
There are two main methods employed in controlling bullying: Prevention (acting before something happens) or reaction (acting when something is happening or has just happened).

Preventative solutions may include:

 Education: The education of students, parents, and teachers as to what constitutes bullying may help people understand the harmful nature of bullying. Teachers, school bus drivers, and other school professionals are taught how and when to intervene. Examples of activities used to teach students about bullying include: presentations, role-play, discussions about identifying and reporting bullying, teaching bystanders how and when to help, use of arts and crafts to build understanding of the effects of bullying, and classroom meetings to talk about peer relations. A systematic review found that bullying is an indicator for later criminal behaviour, regardless of other major childhood risk factors, suggesting that anti-bullying programmes may be viewed as a form of early crime prevention.
 Restrictions on recording devices: It has been suggested that the use of mobile phones can lead to an increase in cyberbullying, which is why some schools have banned them throughout the school day.
 Security technologies: Schools may opt to install video cameras to monitor behaviour. However, skeptics argue that cameras may invade the students' privacy, especially if lax restrictions on the longevity of, and access to, the recordings leads to their misuse.
 Guards in the school: Schools may choose to employ internal security guards or watchmen to ensure the students' safety. Experts believe that the use of security guards inside the schools may assist in reducing incidents of bullying as the guards get to know the students and who may then be able to predict and prevent issues before they arise.

The recommended reactions to cases of bullying are manifold, and various methods may be called for, depending on the type of bullying, and the people who are involved. Some suggestions for appropriate reaction are:
 Avoid rigid confrontations: It is recommended that bullies not be met with physical violence, to avoid contributing to promoting the apparition of violent environments in society.
 Reports of the witnesses: Witnesses, whether known to the victim or not, are an important source of information in cases of bullying. It is recommended that anonymity be maintained where possible.
 Intervention by a bystander: It is recommended that bystanders, and other third persons, avoid intervening in a conflict situation, due to their potential to aggravate the situation.
 Parental response: Experts advise that involved parents avoid talking directly to each other. Instead it is recommended to contact the school and allow the appropriate school personnel to take action, assume responsibility, and act as a mediator.
 Teacher response: Teacher interventions are considered important in many anti-bullying programs. In many countries teachers have a legal obligation to prevent their students from harm. Teachers can intervene by using authority-based interventions, by using non-punitive approaches to bullying, by supporting victims, and by involving other teachers or professionals. Some other teacher interventions have been found to be helpful in reducing bullying. These interventions include clearly pointing out boundaries, making it clear that the behavior exhibited is not acceptable, and involving school principals. Discussing school bullying and the associated negative consequences with the entire class has also been found to be helpful in reducing bullying.
 Suspension and Expulsion: Where no other solution for bullying is working, or in cases where the bullying is very severe, it maybe necessary to suspend or expel the offender. Severe measures such as detention, expulsion, and suspension could however also have iatrogenic effects and increase aggression.
 Moving: In cases that are more difficult to solve, the victim may consider a change of institution or even moving with his or her family to another location.
 Psychosocial support: After the bullying ends, victims of bullying may require support, such as help with making new friends and/or taking up new activities.

Types of bullying
There are a number of ways in which school bullying takes place. These include verbal, physical, psychological, cyber, and sexual bullying. Direct bullying refers to an open physical or verbal attack on a victim. Indirect bullying is more subtle and harder to detect, but involves one or more forms of relational aggression, including social isolation via intentional exclusion, spreading rumors to defame the target's character or reputation, making faces or obscene gestures behind the target's back, and manipulating friendships or other relationships. Pack bullying is bullying undertaken by a group. There is evidence that pack bullying was more common in high schools than in lower grades and lasts longer than bullying undertaken by individuals.

Physical

Physical bullying is any unwanted physical contact between the bully and the victim. This is one of the most easily identifiable forms of bullying. Examples include: fighting, hazing, headlocks, inappropriate touching, kicking, pinching, poking, hair pulling, punching, pushing, slapping, spitting, stalking, or making unwanted and persistent eye contact with a victim, spilling liquids onto a victim, throwing small and lightweight objects at a victim, teasing, threatening, tickling, using weapons including improvised ones, theft and/or damaging of personal belongings.

Emotional

Emotional bullying is any form of bullying that causes damage to a victim's psyche and/or emotional well-being. Examples include: spreading malicious rumors about people, "ganging up" on others (this could also be considered physical bullying), ignoring people (e.g. the silent treatment or pretending the victim is non-existent), provoking others, belittling or saying hurtful things (which are also forms of verbal bullying).

Verbal

Verbal bullying are slanderous statements or accusations that cause the victim undue emotional distress. Examples include: foul language or (profanity) directed at the victim; using derogatory terms or deriding the person's name; commenting negatively on someone's looks, clothes, body, etc., (personal abuse); tormenting, harassing, mocking and belittling, threatening to cause harm, taunting, teasing, and making inappropriate sexual comments.

Cyberbullying

Coupled with the increasing use of computers and the internet, the use of such technology and social media has moved some bullying from the schoolyard to the internet. According to the website Stop Cyberbullying, schools experience difficulties in controlling off-campus bullying due to the perception that their role stops at the gates of the schoolyard. Schools are under pressure to not exceed their authority and to avoid violating students' right to free speech. Suggestions have been made that principals act to include cyberbullying in their code of ethics, allowing disciplining of bullying outside of school facilities and according to Professor Bernard James, "the timidity of educators in this context of emerging technology is working in the advantage of the bullies." Educators do appear to have support from the students. For example, three high school students from Melville, New York, organized a Bullying Awareness Walk, where several hundred people turned out to show their support.

Researcher Charisse Nixon found that students do not reach out for help with cyberbullying for four main reasons:
 They do not feel connected to the adults around them
 The students do not see cyberbullying as an issue that is worth bringing forward
 They do not feel the surrounding adults have the ability to properly deal with the cyberbullying
 The teenagers have increased feelings of shame and humiliation regarding the cyberbullying.

Research suggests that cyberbullying is sometimes an extension of bullying already taking place elsewhere.
 Students who are cyberbullied have, in many cases, also been bullied in other ways before (e.g., physically or verbally at school). There are few students who are bullied exclusively over the Internet. Some cyber victims are physically stronger than cyber bullies, which leads these bullies to prefer online confrontations to face-to-face contact.

Sexual

Sexual bullying is "any bullying behaviour, whether physical or non-physical, that is based on a person's sexuality or gender." A BBC Panorama questionnaire aimed at English teens aged 11 to 19 found that, of the 273 respondents, 28 had been forced to do something sexual, 31 had seen it happen to someone else, and 40 had experienced unwanted touching. U.K. government figures show that in the 2007–2008 school year, there were 3,450 fixed-period exclusions and 120 expulsions from schools in England due to sexual misconduct. This included incidents such as groping and using sexually insulting language. From April 2008 to March 2009, ChildLine counselled a total of 156,729 children, 26,134 of whom spoke about bullying as a main concern and 300 of whom spoke specifically about sexual bullying. Sexting cases are also on the rise and have become a major source of bullying and the circulation of explicit photos of those involved, either around school or on the internet, put the originators in a position to be scorned and bullied.

Bullying in higher education
About 15 percent of college students claim to have been victims of bullying. The misconception that bullying does not occur in higher education began to receive attention after the suicide of college student Tyler Clementi. According to a recent study, around 21.5% of college students reported rarely being victims of cyberbullying while around 93.3% of students said they rarely bullied others.

Characteristics of bullies
Several main categories of bullying have been identified. Coloroso noted that some bullies need to feel superior to others (the "confident bully"). Bullies with low self-esteem often try to bring others down (the "social bully"). Other bullies appear tough but are cowardly; they tend to want to be seen as tough (the "fully armored bully").

Other factors associated with being a bully is lower school performance and higher self-esteem.

Additional Information about Bullying in School
Bullying victims display a variety of defining characteristics, including emotional and physical behaviors. Increased susceptibility stands out as one prominent feature. Bullying frequently targets those who, for various reasons, may believe they are defenseless, different, or weak. Being introverted and feeling alone, they just avoid social situations at all costs. Because of this vulnerability, victims of bullying are more likely to experience anxiety, fear, and low self-esteem. In an effort to deal with the stress brought on by bullying, victims could isolate themselves, withdraw socially, or have a hard time forming relationships.

The worsening of mental health is another trait of bullied individuals. A variety of emotional problems, including sadness, anxiety, and even post-traumatic stress disorder, can result from persistent teasing and bullying. They are lonely and easily distracted especially in school. The stress and distraction brought on by bullying may also cause victims to do worse academically. The serious effects of bullying on a person's mental health are highlighted by the fact that some victims may turn to self-harm or even consider suicide as a means of escaping the suffering.

In conclusion, understanding the characteristics of bullying victims is essential for the prevention and intervention of bullying. By recognizing and addressing these traits, educators, parents, and society as a whole can work together to create a safer and more supportive environment for all individuals, reducing the prevalence and impact of bullying. Empowering victims, fostering empathy, and implementing anti-bullying programs are steps in the right direction to combat this pervasive issue.

Characteristics of victims
Victims of bullying tend to be physically smaller, more sensitive, unhappy, cautious, anxious, quiet, and withdrawn. They are sometimes characterized as passive or submissive and might use self-depreciating or self-defeating humor styles. Possessing these qualities makes these individuals vulnerable, as they are seen as being less likely to retaliate.

Another risk factor for becoming a victim is low self-esteem; however, low self-esteem can also be a consequence of having been bullied. Victims of cyberbullying, on the other hand, may not have lower scores than uninvolved students but might have higher body-related self-esteem than both victims of traditional bullying and bullies.

Locations and contexts
Bullying locations vary. Most bullying in elementary school happens on the playground. In middle school and high school, it occurs most often in hallways, which have little supervision. According to the U.S Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics, more than 47% of victims report being bullied in hallways and stairways. Bus stops and bus rides to and from school can also be sites of bullying; children tend to view the driver as someone with no disciplinary authority.

Roles
McNamee and Mercurio state that there is a "bullying triangle," consisting of the person doing the bullying, the victim, and the bystander. Conversely, the US Department of Health and Human Services divides the participants into 7 actors, consisting of the initial "triangle" plus those who assist, those who reinforce the actions of the bully, those who aren't involved but witness the bullying ("outsiders"), and those who come to the assistance of the victim after the fact ("defenders").

Complex cultural dynamics
School bullying might not end with interaction between students; other dynamics may be visible within a school. Students may bully each other or others (teachers, staff, parents), but the students may also experience bullying from teachers or staff. These dynamics may also be in play between staff and teachers, parents and teachers, or any other combination thereof.

Effects
As a result of bullying, victims may feel depressed, anxious, angry, stressed, helpless, out of control, and may experience a significant drop in school performance, or, in rare cases, commit suicide (bullycide). They tend to feel more lonely and have difficulties adjusting to school. Over the long term, they may feel insecure, lack trust, exhibit extreme sensitivity or hypervigilance, develop mental illnesses such as avoidant personality disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or develop other health challenges. They may also desire revenge, sometimes leading them to torment others in return.

Anxiety, depression, and psychosomatic symptoms are common among both bullies and their victims. Alcohol and substance abuse are at risk for developing later in life. People suffering from depression often feel better when they talk to others about their lives; victims of bullying, however, may be reluctant to talk to others about their feelings because they fear being bullied for doing so, which can, in  turn, worsen their depression.

In the short term, bystanders who witnesses bullying may experience anger, fear, guilt, and sadness. If they are witness to regular episodes of bullying, they may begin to exhibit the same symptoms as the victims themselves.

While most bullies, in the long term, grow up to be emotionally functional adults, many have an increased risk of developing antisocial personality disorder, which is linked to an increased risk of committing criminal acts (including domestic violence). Bullies have been shown to have higher levels of loneliness and lower levels of adjustment to school.

According to Mental Health America, more than 10% of young people exhibit symptoms of depression strong enough to severely undermine their ability to function at school, at home, or whilst managing relationships.

Educational quality and outcomes
The educational effects on victims of school violence and bullying are significant. Violence and bullying at the hands of students may make the victims afraid to go to school and interfere with their ability to concentrate in class or participate in school activities. It can also have similar effects on bystanders. Bullied students may miss classes, avoid school activities, skip school, or drop out of school altogether. Bullied students may also have lower grades, greater academic difficulties, and be less likely to anticipate going on to higher education. International analyses highlight the impact of bullying on learning outcomes, showing that bullying is related to lower achievement. Further, unsafe learning environments create a climate of fear and insecurity and a perception that teachers do not have control or do not care about the students, which reduces the quality of education for all.

Social and economic costs
The 2006 UN World Report on Violence Against Children shows that victims of corporal punishment, both at school and at home, may develop into adults who are passive and over-cautious or aggressive. Being bullied is also linked to a heightened risk of eating disorders and social and relationship difficulties. A 1958 study of children born in England, Scotland, and Wales looked at 7,771 children who had been bullied at ages 7 and 11 and found that by age 50, those who had been bullied as children were less likely to have obtained school qualifications and were less likely to live with a spouse or partner or to have adequate social support. These victims also scored lower in tests designed to measure cognitive IQ and were more likely to report that they had poor health.

The economic impact of violence against children and adolescents is substantial. Youth violence in Brazil alone is estimated to cost nearly US$19 billion every year, of which US$943 million can be linked to violence in schools, while the estimated cost to the economy in the USA is US$7.9 billion a year. Studies show that school-related gender-based violence alone can be associated with the loss of one primary grade of schooling, which translates to an annual cost of around US$17 billion to low- and middle-income countries. In Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Nigeria it is estimated that US$974 million, US$301 million, and US$1,662 million respectively are lost due to failures in the equal education of girls and boys, with violence in school listed as one of the key factors contributing to the under-representation of girls in education. In Argentina, the cost of early dropping out is estimated to be 11.4% of GDP, and in Egypt, nearly 7% of potential earnings is lost as a result of the number of children dropping out of school. It is not clear how much of these preceding losses may be attributable to school bullying.

Statistics

According to the American Psychological Association, "40% to 80% of school-age children experience bullying at some point during their school careers." Various studies show that students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds and students with disabilities experience bullying more often than other students.

Victims
 Statistics show that in the U.S. school system 1 in 3 children are affected by bullying in their lifetime, and 30% report being involved in some manner.
 In a 1997 study of five Seattle high schools, students recorded their peers' hallway and classroom conversations. It was discovered that the average high school student hears about 25 anti-gay remarks a day.
 U.S. students who are homosexual, bisexual, or transgender are five times as likely to miss school because they feel unsafe after being bullied due to their sexual orientation or gender identity.
 According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the percentage of gay, lesbian, and bisexual students who did not go to school at least one day during the 30 days preceding the survey, due to safety concerns, ranged from 11% to 30% for gay and lesbian students and 12% to 25% for bisexual students.
 61.1% of LGBT middle- or high-school students were more likely than their non-LGBT peers to feel unsafe or uncomfortable as a result of their sexual orientation.
 In the United States, a 2013 nationwide survey indicated that 20% of high school students were bullied on school property in the past year, 15% of the students were bullied electronically, and 8% of students ages 12–18 reported ongoing bullying on a weekly basis.
 According to the journal Evolutionary Psychological Science, victims of bullying are more likely to be sexually inactive compared to bullies.
 In a Canadian study that surveyed 2,186 students across 33 middle and high schools, 49.5% reported being bullied online in the previous three months. 33.7% of the sample reported being the perpetrator of cyberbullying.
 At least 1 in 3 adolescent students in Canada has reported being bullied.
 47% of Canadian parents report having a child who is a victim of bullying.
 The most common form of cyberbullying involved receiving threatening or aggressive emails or instant messages, reported by 73% of Canadian victims.
 A nationwide survey conducted by Trinity College Dublin, of bullying in first- and second-level schools in Ireland, estimates that some 31% of primary and 16% of secondary students have been bullied at some time.
 In a study of 32 Dutch elementary schools, 16.2% of the 2,766 participating children reported being bullied regularly (at least several times a month).

Statistics referencing the prevalence of bullying in schools may be inaccurate and tend to fluctuate. In a U.S. study of 5,621 students ages 12–18, 64% of the students had experienced bullying and did not report it.

Bullies
 In a 2005 survey, 3,708,284 students reported being a perpetrator of bullying in the U.S. school system.
 Studies have shown bullies report having more friends than children who are victims.
 Bullying behavior in perpetrators is shown to decrease with age.
 Developmental research suggests bullies are often morally disengaged and use egocentric reasoning strategies.
 Bullies often come from families that use physical forms of discipline. Adolescents who experience violence or aggression in the home, or are influenced by negative peer relationships, are more likely to bully. This suggests that positive social relationships reduce the likelihood of bullying.
 Bullies may show signs of mental health disorders. This trend is most evident in adolescents diagnosed with depression, anxiety, or ADHD.
 Poor theory of mind is associated with bullying.
 Up to 25% of students may encourage bullying, and more than 50% will not intervene in bullying situations.
 A study by Lisa Garby shows that 60% of bullies in middle school will have at least one criminal conviction by the age of 24.
 10.6% of surveyed children said they sometimes bullied other children (moderate bullying), 8.8% said they had bullied others once a week or more (frequent bullying), and 13% said they had engaged in moderate or frequent bullying of others. 6.3% had experienced bullying and also been a bully.

School shootings

Although research suggests that there might be a weak association between school bullying and school shootings, there is some evidence that having been a victim of school bullying is related to increased risk of a school shootings. The media have portrayed some individuals, such as Charles Andrew Williams, Eric Hainstock, Seung-Hui Cho, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, Luke Woodham, Michael Carneal, Wellington Menezes Oliveira, Karl Pierson, Jose Reyes, and Jeff Weise, as having experienced bullying and then becoming school shooters. However, research suggests that the vast majority of individuals who have been victims of bullying do not become school shooters.

Institutional prevention
Studies have shown that bullying programs set up in schools with the engagement of staff and faculty have been shown to reduce peer victimization and bullying. Incidents of bullying are noticeably reduced when the students themselves disapprove of bullying. Classroom activities where students reflect on bullying decrease the cases of bullying while increasing the communication between students and school staff.

The current literature shows that school-based anti-bullying programs are also effective in reducing bullying perpetration and bullying victimization by ~15%, based on moderate-quality evidence. However, as there is variation in the effectiveness of anti-bullying programs, further research is required to identify specific programmatic features that make programs effective.

Measures such as instituting zero tolerance for fighting or placing troubled students in the same group or classroom are actually ineffective in reducing bullying. Methods that are effective include increasing empathy for victims; adopting a program that includes teachers, students, and parents; and having students lead anti-bullying efforts. Success is most associated with beginning interventions at an early age, constantly evaluating programs for effectiveness, and having some students take online classes to avoid bullies at school. Another way to help victims is to provide peer support. Peer support can help a victim improve his or her school performance.

Effective national responses
Based on UNESCO case studies of six countries that have succeeded in reducing school violence and bullying (Eswatini, Italy, Jamaica, Lebanon, Republic of Korea and Uruguay) as well as two countries that have maintained low levels over time (the Netherlands and Sweden), there are a number of factors that contribute to effective national responses.

Factors that contribute to effective national responses include:

 Political leadership and high-level commitment, together with a robust legal and policy framework that addresses violence against children and school violence and bullying. Many successful countries also have an emphasis in national policies that promote a safe learning environment, a positive school and classroom climate, and a strong commitment to child rights and empowerment.
 Collaboration and partnerships. At the national level, this includes partnerships between the education sector and other sector ministries, civil society organizations, academic institutions, professional associations, and the media. At the school level, it includes partnerships involving all stakeholders in the school community, including head teachers, teachers, other staff, parents and students, local authorities, and professionals in other sectors. More specifically, the involvement of all students, including bystanders, and the use of peer approaches, have been a key factor in countries that have made the most progress.
 Evidence-based approaches, informed by accurate and comprehensive data and systematic evaluation of the effectiveness of existing programmes. Effective systems for routine reporting and monitoring of school violence and bullying and rigorous evaluation of the impact of programmes and interventions are critical. Bullying prevention programs that reach parents through trainings and material sent home, as well as role-playing scenarios that students can work through, have been found as relevant components to reduce the problem behavior according to research from David Finkelhor and colleagues from the University of New Hampshire's Crimes Against Children Center.
 Training and support for teachers and care and support for affected students. Training in successful countries has focused on developing skills to prevent and respond to school violence and bullying and to use positive approaches to classroom management.

The case studies also identified a number of factors that can limit the effectiveness and impact of national responses. These include lack of data on specific aspects of school violence and bullying and on the sub-groups of students who are most vulnerable, low coverage of interventions, lack of systematic monitoring of school violence and bullying, and of robust evaluation of the impact of programmes.

Anti-bullying legislation and court rulings

United Kingdom
Section 89 of the Education and Inspections Act 2006 provides for an anti-bullying policy for all state schools to be made available to parents.

United States
The victims of some school shootings have sued both the shooters' families and the schools. At one point only 23 states had anti-bullying laws. In 2015, Montana became the last state to enact an anti-bullying law. At that point, all 50 states had an anti-bullying law. These laws are not going to abolish bullying, but it does bring attention to the behavior, and they let the aggressors know it will not be tolerated.

Canada
In 2016, a legal precedent was set by a mother and her son, after the son was bullied at his public school. The mother and son won a court case against the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board, making this the first case in North America where a school board has been found negligent in a bullying case for failing to meet the standard of care ("duty of care") that the school board owes to its students. A similar bullying case was won in Australia in 2013 (Oyston v. St. Patricks College).

Taiwan
The Ministry of Education has launched a series of projects. In 2006, they started the 'anti-bully plan'. In 2008, they launched the "prevent-bully video from public project"—which included encouraging informants and monitoring the school—in the hope that it could improve education quality.

See also

References

Sources

Further reading
 Harger, Brent (2016). "You Say Bully, I Say Bullied: School Culture and Definitions of Bullying in Two Elementary Schools." Education and Youth Today. Ed. Yasemin Besen-Cassino and Loretta E. Bass (Sociological Studies of Children and Youth, Volume 20) Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2016. 91 – 121.

 Stuart W. Twemlow, Frank Sacco (2008). Why School Antibullying Programs Don't Work. Jason Aronson Inc,
  - PhD dissertation - Info page

External links

 StopBullying.gov
 School Bullying – Undergraduate research journal at Caldwell College
 Student Bullying: Overview of Research, Federal Initiatives, and Legal Issues Congressional Research Service
 STOP A BULLY: Canada's Anti-Bullying Report Service

Persecution
Bullying
Youth rights
Anti-bullying campaigns


Tabitha Wady (born 1 January 1976) is a British actress, known for playing receptionist Katrina Bullen in the BBC television soap opera Doctors and for her role as Gemma in Kevin & Perry Go Large.

Before her appearance in Doctors, she had played a leading role in the period drama series Berkeley Square.  In 2010 she played Ava Taylor in "Your Sudden Death Question," episode 3 of season 4 in Lewis.

Filmography

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
Actresses from Bath, Somerset
English television actresses
English soap opera actresses


WJNZ (1000 AM, "Talk Radio 1000") is a daytime-only American radio station licensed to serve the community of Robertsdale, Alabama.  The station, launched in 1985, is owned and operated by Noah Britt, through licensee Tri City Radio, LLC.

Programming
WJNZ broadcasts a talk format.

On August 16, 2012, the station's transmitter was damaged by lightning and the station had fallen temporarily silent. WBZR-FM continued to broadcast, dropping the AM call sign from its branding.

On February 20, 2013, the call sign of WBZR was changed to WDXZ and it was launched as a Southern gospel format to separate it from the FM in Atmore, which continued to broadcast country music. The station returned to the air full-time on February 25, 2013.

History

Launch
This station received its original construction permit for a new 1,000 watt AM station broadcasting at 1000 kHz from the Federal Communications Commission on July 25, 1984. The new station was assigned the call letters WXWY by the FCC. WXWY received its license to cover from the FCC on April 30, 1985.

Sale to Bowen
In December 1993, Opal Carrol Coley reached an agreement to sell this station to Bowen Broadcasting, Inc.  The deal was approved by the FCC on January 19, 1994, and the transaction was eventually consummated on August 2, 1994. However, a complication arose and the license reverted to Coley.  In June 1995, Opal Carrol Coley reached another agreement to sell this station, this time to JTL Broadcasting.  The deal was approved by the FCC on October 26, 1995, and the transaction was consummated on November 15, 1995.

In March 1999, JTL Broadcasting reached an agreement to sell this station to Gulf Coast Broadcasting Company, Inc.  The deal was approved by the FCC on May 19, 1999, and the transaction was consummated on June 9, 1999. On November 16, 1999, the new owners had the FCC assign new call letters WDXZ for "Dixie" to match the station's country music format.

In February 2001, Gulf Coast Broadcasting Company, Inc. (R. Lee Hagan, principal) reached an agreement to sell this station to Great American Radio Network, Inc. (Walter J. Bowen, owner) for a reported sale price of $180,000. The deal was approved by the FCC on March 16, 2001, and the transaction was consummated on August 24, 2001.

WNSI years

The station was assigned the WNSI call letters by the FCC on April 6, 2004, after a swap with a sister station in preparation for a switch from country music to news/talk on June 4, 2004.

In March 2006, Great American Radio Network, Inc. (Walter Bowen, president) announced an agreement to sell WNSI along with sister stations WNSI-FM and WBCA to Gulf Coast Broadcasting Inc. (R. Lee Hagan, president) for a reported combined sale price of $550,001. At the time of the announcement, WNSI aired a sports/talk radio format. The deal was dismissed at the request of the applicants on May 17, 2006, and the transaction was never consummated so the license remained with Great American Radio Network Inc.

Acquisition by Gulf Coast Broadcasting
In March 2010, the broadcast license for WNSI was involuntarily transferred from Great American Radio Network, Inc., to Lonnie L. Mixon, acting as the Chapter 11 bankruptcy trustee. The station was assigned new call letters WBZR by the FCC on May 4, 2010. In July 2010, the trustee reached an agreement to sell WBZR to Gulf Coast Broadcasting Company, Inc., for $190,000 in settlement of the owner's debts. This bankruptcy sale, along with sister station WBZR-FM, for a combined price of $410,000 is at a significantly reduced from the March 2006 agreement with Gulf Coast for $550,001. The sale was formally consummated on September 27, 2010.

Before switching to its classic country format, WBZR broadcast a news/talk radio format. Local programming included "The Morning Buzz" with Dale Jones and The Sports Table hosted by Scott Moore. Syndicated programming included talk shows hosted by Glenn Beck, Fred Thompson, Dave Ramsey, Dennis Miller, Dr. Dean Edell, Jim Bohannon, Leo Laporte, and Phil Valentine.

On January 28, 2013, an Application was filed with the Federal Communications Commission seeking consent to the Assignment of Broadcast Licenses of Radio Stations WBZR (AM), Robertsdale, Alabama and WBZR-FM, Atmore, Alabama from Gulf Coast Broadcasting, Inc., to 21st Century Broadcasting, Inc.

WBZR (AM) operates on an assigned frequency of 1000 Kilohertz, with an effective radiated power of 1 Kilo...watts and WBZR-FM operates on an assigned frequency105.9 Megahertz, with an effective radiated power of 5.5 Kilowatts.
The Officer, Director and Shareholder with 10% or more interest in Gulf Coast Broadcasting, Inc., is R. Lee Hagan. The Officers, Directors with 10% or more interest in 21st Century Broadcasting, Inc., are Norma Jean Lewis and Bryan Covey.
A copy of the Assignment Application is available for public inspection on-line at www.fcc.gov, or can be viewed in person during regular business hours at: the WBZR Studios located at 301 North Main Street Atmore Al right behind Coleys heating and ac.

On February 26, 2013, Gulf Coast Broadcasting Co., Inc. asked for a silent STA for WDXZ-A/Robertsdale, AL while new equipment was installed.

On August 5, 2013, WDXZ returned to the air full-time.

In November 2014, WDXZ changed their format to sports, branded as "The Game".

Gulf Coast Broadcasting sold WDXZ to Noah Britt's Tri City Radio, LLC in a transaction that was consummated on March 8, 2015. The purchase price was $65,000.

On July 1, 2016, WDXZ changed their call letters to WJNZ.

Controversy
Former owner Walter Bowen made national headlines in 2008 due to a dispute over music licensing with the performance rights organization known as the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. The WNSI and WNSI-FM combo did not itself play music—the clips at issue were played during the syndicated Dave Ramsey Show—and hadn't since a June 2004 switch from country music to talk radio. Bowen, upset by ASCAP's refusal to reduce his licensing fee from about $80 per month to the talk radio rate of $17 per month, stopped paying the fee altogether. Citing the airing of two song clips in September 2006 on the Ramsey program, ASCAP sued Bowen's Great American Radio Network, Inc., for damages. Bowen's attorneys and ASCAP reached a $15,000 settlement with a payment plan but Bowen refused to pay, calling the settlement "legal extortion". In September, 2010, Bowen was sentenced to ten years in prison for sexual abuse of a girl under the age of 12

References

External links
WJNZ Talk Radio 1000 Facebook

JNZ
Radio stations established in 1985
Mass media in Baldwin County, Alabama
1985 establishments in Alabama
JNZ


Altshof is a village in the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland.

It was first recorded in year 775 as Adalolteshoba.

Altshof is located in the former municipality Dotnacht. In 1996 Dotnacht municipality merged with its neighbor to form a new and larger municipality Kemmental.

References

Villages in Thurgau


Oscar Beregi (born Oszkár Beregi, 24 January 1876 – 18 October 1965) was a Hungarian-Jewish actor who appeared primarily in German films.

Biography
Beregi was born in Budapest, Hungary, and was the father of actor Oscar Beregi Jr. He acted on stage in Hungary for 21 years. In April 1920, as "the only Jewish actor of prominence" acting with the Budapest National Theatre, he was the subject of a demonstration that led to the group's changing its program and presenting a play in which Beregi did not participate.

In the early 1920s, Beregi was exiled from Hungary because of his "alleged political activities". During the exile he acted in Vienna for four years. He served as president of the Film Actors' Association of Vienna. Beregi appeared in 27 films between 1916 and 1953. He played Professor Baum in Fritz Lang's film Das Testament des Dr. Mabuse. In 1926, Beregi signed a five-year contract with Universal Pictures.

Beregi died in Hollywood, California, and was buried in Budapest, Hungary.

Partial filmography

 Ártatlan vagyok! (1916) - Pierre, katonaorvos
 Mire megvénülünk (1917) - Áronffy Lóránd
 Hófehérke (1917) - Balassa Imre mérnök
 The Stork Caliph (1917) - Tábori báró / kikötõmunkás
 A föld embere (1917) - Bán Ferenc, bányamérnök
 Károly bakák (1918) - Epres János
 Az aranyember (Man of Gold) (1919) - Tímár Mihály
 Jön az öcsém ("My Brother is Coming") (1919, Short) - As öcs
 Ave Caesar! (1919) - Alexis gróf, testõrkapitány
 A tékozló fiú (1919) - Wagner Oszkár, a fia
 Meriota the Dancer (1922) - Cesare Borgia
 William Ratcliff (1922)
 Children of the Revolution (1923)
 Das verbotene Land (1924)
 Vier Nächte einer schönen Frau (1924)
 Die Tragödie einer Frau (1924)
 Die Sklavenkönigin ("The Moon of Israel", lit. "The Queen of the Slaves") (1924) - Amenmeses
 Jiskor (1924) - The Count
 Ssanin (1924) - Wladimir Petrowitsch Ssanin
 Das Gift der Borgia (1924)
 The Curse (1925) - Jehuda Nachmann
 The Love Thief (1926) - Prime Minister
 The Flaming Forest (1926) - Jules Lagarre
 Camille (1926) - Count de Varville
 Butterflies in the Rain (1926) - Lord Purdon
 The Woman on Trial (1927)
 Der Geliebte seiner Frau (1928) - Polizeikommissär Ralph Förster
 Andere Frauen (1928)
 Povara (1928) - George Stralila
 Love in May (1928)
 Der Dieb im Schlafcoupée (1929)
 Die Jugend am Scheideweg (1929)
 Juwelen (1930)
 A kék bálvány (1931) - Turner, milliomos
 An Auto and No Money (1932)
 Kísértetek Vonata (1933) - Dr. Stirling
 Das Testament des Dr. Mabuse ("The Testament of Dr. Mabuse") (1933) - Prof. Dr. Baum
 Iza néni (1933)
 Rákóczi induló (1933) - Báró Merlin Ádám, földbirtokos
 Anything Can Happen (1952) - Uncle John
 Tonight We Sing (1953) - Dr. Markoff (uncredited)
 Call Me Madam (1953) - Chamberlain (uncredited)
 Desert Legion'' (1953) - Si Khalil

References

External links

1876 births
1965 deaths
Hungarian Jews
20th-century Hungarian male actors
Hungarian male silent film actors
Hungarian emigrants to the United States
Male actors from Budapest
Hungarian expatriates in Austria


Bommen is a village in the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland. It was first recorded in year 1348 as Boumen. Bommer Weiher is located north of the village.

Bommen is located in the former municipality Alterswilen. In 1996 Alterswilen municipality merged with its neighbor to form a new and larger municipality Kemmental.

References

Villages in Thurgau


The Standish Handicap is a Victoria Racing Club Group 3 Thoroughbred horse race held under open handicap conditions, over a distance of 1200 metres at Flemington Racecourse in Melbourne, Australia in January, traditionally on New Year's Day. The prizemoney Is $250,000.

History
The Standish Handicap is named after Captain Frederick Standish, (1824–1883) a VRC chairman and former Chief Commissioner of police at the time of the bushranger Ned Kelly. Standish is also credited with coming up with an idea to run a race and call it the Melbourne Cup.

1944 racebook

Distance
 1884–1972 - 6 furlongs
 1973–2005 – 1200 metres
 2006 – 1100 metres
 2007 onwards - 1200 metres

Venue
 1997 the race was run at Moonee Valley Racecourse.
 2006 the race was run at Caulfield Racecourse.

Grade
 1884–1979 - Principal race
 1980 onwards  -  Group 3

Winners

 2023 - Snapper
 2022 - Halvorsen
 2021 - Sirius Suspect
 2020 - Halvorsen
 2019 - Whispering Brook
 2018 - Lord Of The Sky
 2017 - Odyssey Moon
 2016 - Durendal
 2015 - Decircles
 2014 - Flamberge
 2013 - Adamantium
 2012 - Catapulted
 2011 - Ahdashim
 2010 - Royal Ida
 2009 - King Hoaks
 2008 - Publishing
 2007 - Watchyerback
 2006 - Honalee
 2005 - Super Impressive
 2004 - Blessum
 2003 - Super Impressive
 2002 - Lets Planet
 2001 - Iglesia
 2000 - Upright
 1999 - Whistle Up
 1998 - Hon Kwok Star
 1997 - Khaptingly
 1996 - Ben's Rocket
 1995 - Blue Boss
 1994 - Laser Beam
 1993 - Western Voyage
 1992 - Jolly Old Mac
 1991 - Grandiose
 1990 - Strawberry Ranch
 1989 - Grandiose
 1988 - Redelva
 1987 - Burano
 1986 - True Version
 1985 - Maniwreck
 1984 - Warrior King
 1983 - Braw Laddie
 1982 - Hes A Haze
 1981 - Grey Sapphire
 1980 - Rooney
 1979 - Kaoru Coup
 1978 - Rooney
 1977 - Skylea
 1976 - Aurealis
 1975 - Vain Prince
 1974 - Brooklyn
 1973 - Mao's Peak
 1972 - Scarborough Fair
 1971 - Timele
 1970 - Jimeal
 1969 - Ridicule
 1968 - Lord Orpin
 1967 - Top Court
 1966 - Elect
 1965 - Tone
 1964 - Chokra
 1963 - Regolano
 1962 - Monte Bianco
 1961 - Victorious
 1960 - Planetoid
 1959 - Scenic Star
 1958 - Sports Quiz
 1957 - On Parade
 1956 - Fair Chief
 1955 - Cowboy Bill
 1954 - Hyroanie
 1953 - Flying Halo
 1952 - Gay Saint
 1951 - Ungar
 1950 - Ungar
 1949 - Chal
 1948 - High Play
 1947 - Air Marshal
 1946 - David's Last
 1945 - David's Last
 1944 - Phildoll
 1943 - Reception
 1942 - Orteli
 1941 - Manrico
 1940 - Chatsbury
 1939 - Manrico
 1938 - Amiable
 1937 - Cereza
 1936 - Ogwell
 1935 - Press Gang
 1934 - Calulu King
 1933 - Waltzing Lily
 1932 - Bold Bid
 1931 - Umbertana
 1930 - Birdcage
 1929 - Aga Khan
 1928 - Sans Culotte
 1927 - Quintus
 1926 - Trice
 1925 - Valdes
 1924 - Una Carlos
 1923 - Sunburst
 1922 - Whiz Bang
 1921 - Blue Cross
 1920 - Blue Cross
 1919 - Head Wind
 1918 - Perdo
 1917 - Aleconner
 1916 - Eurobin
 1915 - Iownit
 1914 - Captain White
 1913 - Berry Consols
 1912 - Berry Consols
 1911 - Carette
 1910 - Malmsey
 1909 - Dunolly
 1908 - Miss Bobby
 1907 - Miss Bobby
 1906 - Rosebloom
 1905 - Sinnang
 1904 - Silenus
 1903 - Fishery
 1902 - The Victory
 1901 - Duke Of Portland
 1900 - Silvermoor
 1899 - Veloce
 1898 - Embrasure
 1897 - Culzean
 1896 - Lord Charles Scott
 1895 - Fortunatus
 1894 - Parramatta
 1893 - Ascot Vale
 1892 - Barefoot
 1891 - Gladstone
 1890 - Fishwife
 1889 - Boz
 1888 - Mozart
 1887 - William Tell
 1886 - Duration
 1885 - Middlemarch
 1884 - Chuckster

See also
 List of Australian Group races
 Group races

References

External links
 Standish Stakes at Pedigree Query

Horse races in Australia
Flemington Racecourse


Lowell Lo Kwun Ting (, born 12 October 1950) is a Hong Kong singer-songwriter, actor and film composer. He wrote the film scores to many Hong Kong films, and in particular, the theme music of the Hong Kong Film Awards. He is now also an environmental activist.

Early life
Lowell Lo Kwun Ting was born on 12 October 1950 in Hong Kong. Both his parents are opera singers. At the age of 16, he and his family moved to Seattle in the United States. There, he was a family friend of Bruce Lee. In 1977, he returned to Hong Kong.

Filmography

Films
 Find Your Voice (2019)
 Sons of the Neon Night (2019)
 Crossing Hennessy (2010)
 Black Rose II (1997)
 How to Meet the Lucky Stars (1996)
 Spider Woman (1995)
 She Shoots Straight (1990)
 Magnificent Warriors (1987)

References

External links

 HK cinemagic entry

1950 births
Living people
20th-century guitarists
21st-century guitarists
Male guitarists
Acoustic guitarists
20th-century Hong Kong male singers
20th-century Hong Kong male actors
21st-century Hong Kong male singers
Hong Kong guitarists
Hong Kong singer-songwriters
Cantopop singer-songwriters
Male songwriters
Hong Kong film score composers
Hong Kong male film actors
Hong Kong democracy activists
Hong Kong environmentalists
Male film score composers


Raymond McHale (born 12 August 1950) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. McHale began his career with Chesterfield before moving to Halifax Town. He later played  the Football League for Swindon Town, Brighton & Hove Albion, Barnsley, Sheffield United, Swansea City, Bury, Rochdale and Scarborough. making 599 appearances and scoring 87 goals. He had two spells as manager of Scarborough in the Football League.

References

External links

 Ray McHale at Chesterfield-FC.co.uk

1950 births
Living people
English men's footballers
Footballers from Sheffield
Men's association football midfielders
English Football League players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Halifax Town A.F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Barnsley F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Swansea City A.F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Scarborough F.C. players
Northwich Victoria F.C. players
English football managers
Scarborough F.C. managers


Jérémie-Louis Décarie,  (August 30, 1870 – November 5, 1927) was a Canadian lawyer, politician, and judge in the province of Quebec.

Born in Notre-Dame-de-Grâce, Quebec, the son of Daniel-Jérémie Décarie and Philomène Leduc, Décarie was educated at Sainte-Marie College and at the Université Laval in Montreal. He was called to the Bar of Quebec in 1896 and was created a King's Counsel in 1904. He read law, first in the office of E. Barnard and later with Mercier, Gouin & Lemieux. He later became a partner in the firm of Gouin, Lemieux & Decarie. In 1903 he formed a partnership with A. Decary under the firm name of Decarie & Decary.

He was an unsuccessful Liberal candidate to the House of Commons of Canada for the riding of Jacques-Cartier in the 1900 federal election. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec for the electoral district of Hochelaga in the 1904 election. A Liberal, he was re-elected in 1908, 1912, and 1916. In 1909, he was the Minister of Agriculture in the cabinet of Lomer Gouin. From 1909 to 1919, he was the Provincial Secretary. He did not run in 1919. He was appointed a judge in 1919.

He died in Montreal in 1927 and was buried in the Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery.

The geographic township of Décarie in Sainte-Anne-du-Lac was named after him, and  Décarie Boulevard in Montreal is named after his family.

References

1870 births
1927 deaths
Candidates in the 1900 Canadian federal election
Judges in Quebec
Lawyers in Quebec
Quebec Liberal Party MNAs
People from Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce
Canadian King's Counsel
Canadian lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
Liberal Party of Canada candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Burials at Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery
French Quebecers


The 1979–80 Alliance Premier League was the inaugural season of the Alliance Premier League – the first league outside the Football League to cover the whole of England.

Overview
Between 1979 and 2004 the single-division Alliance Premier League formed Level 5 of the English football league system. Since 2004 two regional divisions were added at Level 6.

The founder members of the Alliance Premier League were drawn from the Southern League and Northern Premier League, covering the country from Yeovil Town in the South West to Barrow in the far North. One club from Wales – Bangor City – also participated.

Teams
From the Northern Premier League

 Altrincham
 Bangor City
 Barrow
 Boston United
 Northwich Victoria
 Scarborough
 Stafford Rangers

From the Southern League

 AP Leamington
 Barnet
 Bath City
 Gravesend & Northfleet
 Kettering Town
 Maidstone United
 Nuneaton Borough
 Redditch United
 Telford United
 Wealdstone
 Weymouth
 Yeovil Town
 Worcester City

League table

Results

Promotion and relegation

Promoted
 Frickley Athletic (from the Northern Premier League)

Relegated
 Redditch United (to the Southern League Midland Division)

Top scorers

Election to the Football League
As winners of the Alliance Premier League, Altrincham won the right to apply for election to the Football League to replace one of the four bottom teams in the 1979–80 Football League Fourth Division. The vote went as follows:

As a result of this, Altrincham failed to be elected to membership of the Football League, falling just one point behind Fourth Division's bottom club Rochdale.

References

External links
 1979–80 Football Conference Results
 Re-election Results

National League (English football) seasons
5


Oscar Beregi may refer to:

Oscar Beregi (actor, born 1876) (1876–1965), Hungarian-American stage and silent film actor
Oscar Beregi (actor, born 1918) (1918–1976), Hungarian-American film and TV actor, son of above


Dube Jillo (born September 12, 1970) is a retired long-distance runner from Ethiopia, who won the 1996 edition of the Vienna Marathon. A year later he triumphed at the Rome City Marathon, clocking a total time of 2:13:08.

Achievements

External links

1996 Marathon Year Ranking

1970 births
Living people
Ethiopian male long-distance runners
Place of birth missing (living people)
Ethiopian male marathon runners
World Athletics Championships athletes for Ethiopia
20th-century Ethiopian people
21st-century Ethiopian people


A Gorn address (Gorn, 1967) is a method of identifying and addressing any node within a tree data structure. This notation is often used for identifying nodes in a parse tree defined by phrase structure rules.

The Gorn address is a sequence of zero or more integers conventionally separated by dots, e.g., 0 or 1.0.1.
The root which Gorn calls * can be regarded as the empty sequence.
And the -th child of the -th child has an address , counting from 0.

It is named after American computer scientist Saul Gorn.

References

Gorn, S. (1967). Explicit definitions and linguistic dominoes. Systems and Computer Science, Eds. J. Hart & S. Takasu. 77-115. University of Toronto Press, Toronto Canada.

Natural language processing


Felben is a village and former municipality in the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland.

It was first recorded in the year 1178 as Veluen. In 1433 it was known as Felwan.

The municipality had 200 inhabitants in 1850, which increased to 281 in 1900, 424 in 1950 and 525 in 1980.

In 1983 the municipality was merged with the neighboring municipality Wellhausen to form a new and larger municipality Felben-Wellhausen.

References

Former municipalities of Thurgau
Villages in Thurgau


Trélévern (; ) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France located at the intersection of the touristic Côte de granit rose (pink granite Coast) and the quieter and wilder Côte des ajoncs d'or (golden gorses Coast).

Population
Inhabitants of Trélévern are called trélévernais in French.

See also
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

External links

Official website

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


The Lady with the Black Gloves () is a 1919 Austrian film directed by Michael Curtiz.

Plot
The beautiful Helene, who hides a branding scar on her hand beneath a black glove she constantly wears, grew up among criminals. Her friend André equips her with everything she will need for their future misdeeds. Her first task is to marry the Duke of Komarow in order to quickly gain access to his fortune. When the high-ranking gentleman suddenly dies one day, Helene becomes an immediate suspect. She is arrested and convicted as a murderer.

André helps her escape from prison. However, he does not do this out of pure kindness; rather, he has already plans for Helene and their next scheme. Helene is to marry the envoy Gonter de Rieux (other sources refer to him as Viscount de Gontrau), but this time André is not interested in money. André, who has positioned himself as Helene's personal servant, is after important secret files belonging to the Count. André subsequently absconds with the documents, leaving Helene behind. However, Helene's feelings for the Viscount are genuine, so the remorseful sinner tries to recover the files for her husband. In doing so, she meets her demise.

Cast
 Lucy Doraine as Helene
 Harry Walden as Gonter de Rieux
 Iván Petrovich
 Kurt Lessen

References

External links

1919 films
Austrian black-and-white films
Films directed by Michael Curtiz
Austrian silent feature films
Austrian horror films
Silent horror films


Wellhausen is a village and former municipality in the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland.

In 1983 the municipality was merged with the neighboring municipality Felben to form a new and larger municipality Felben-Wellhausen.[cleanup rewrite]

Former municipalities of Thurgau
Villages in Switzerland


Trélivan (; ) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population

Inhabitants of Trélivan are called trélivannais in French.

See also
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

External links

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


Trémargat (; ) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population

People from Trémargat are called trémargatois in French and tremargadiz in Breton.

The commune's unusual demographics lend it to unusual political leanings; in the 2012 presidential election, Trémargat was one of the few communes where Eva Joly of Europe Ecology – The Greens secured a plurality of the vote, with 29.03% support, followed closely by Jean-Luc Mélenchon of the Left Front at 27.42%.

See also
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

External links

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


AlphaSim was a flight-simulation addon developer, based in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. The company was well known throughout the flight simulation community for their numerous highly detailed & realistic military simulation products. They developed both aircraft and scenery for the Microsoft Flight Simulator series. AlphaSim was renowned for developing often-niche aircraft as well as mainstream interests.  On August 18, 2010, AlphaSim announced, "[We have] ceased trading.  Due to circumstances beyond our control, this site will no longer be selling FS addons."

The website has since been shut down, and many workers from the AlphaSim team have opened a new company called Virtavia. Virtavia sells FSX addons through their own site, and third party vender sites such as Flight1.com.

The AlphaSim logo has evolved over the years.  The final design was an aircraft creating an Alpha symbol with a smoke trail; logo was created in 2005.

Example noteworthy products
Hawker Hunter
MH-53 Pave Low
AH-64A Apache
T-6 Texan
Admiral Kuznetsov
RAF Leuchars
Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
Lockheed C-130 Hercules
Republic F-105 Thunderchief
Consolidated B-24 Liberator
English Electric Lightning
Panavia Tornado
Convair F-106 Delta Dart
English Electric Canberra
A-6E Intruder/EA-6B Prowler
B-1 Lancer
Bristol Blenheim
Heinkel He 111
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25
B-47 Stratojet

References

External links
Official site
Virtavia

Defunct video game companies of New Zealand
Video game development companies


Zuckerkandl's tubercle is a pyramidal extension of the thyroid gland, present at the most posterior side of each lobe. Emil Zuckerkandl described it in 1902 as the processus posterior glandulae thyreoideae. Although the structure is named after Zuckerkandl, it was discovered first by Otto Madelung in 1867 as the posterior horn of the thyroid. The structure is important in thyroid surgery as it is closely related to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, the inferior thyroid artery, Berry's ligament and the parathyroid glands.  The structure is subject to an important amount of anatomic variation, and therefore a size classification is proposed by Pelizzo et al.

References

Glands
Endocrine system
Human head and neck
Thyroid
Anatomy named for one who described it


Tréméloir (; ) is a former commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the commune Pordic.

Population

The town experienced significant depopulation at the beginning of the 20th century: its population of roughly 700 fell to less than 400 by the beginning of the 1980s as its inhabitants moved to the countryside. Since then, however, the population has grown dramatically, mostly due to an influx of young people looking for cheaper housing than was available in Saint-Brieuc. In 2007, the population was once again estimated at 700 people. The local primary school, which had closed in 1986 due to lack of demand, was reopened on 30 August 2007 with 78 students in three classes. As the school's original buildings were not compliant with modern environmental norms, classes were initially held in prefabricated, temporary buildings.

See also
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

Former communes of Côtes-d'Armor


Tréméreuc (; ) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population

Inhabitants of Tréméreuc are called tréméreucois in French.

See also
 Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

External links

 Official website

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


Trémeur (; ) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population

Inhabitants of Trémeur are called trémeurois in French.

See also
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

External links

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


Hauptwil is a village and former municipality in the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland.

It was first recorded in year 1413 as Hoptwill.

The municipality had 50 inhabitants in 1649, which increased to 598 in 1850, 741 in 1900, 819 in 1950 and 910 in 1990.

In 1996 the municipality was merged with the neighboring municipality Gottshaus to form a new and larger municipality Hauptwil-Gottshaus.

References

Former municipalities of Thurgau
Villages in Thurgau


A mouse button is an electric switch on a computer mouse which can be pressed (“clicked”) to select or interact with an element of a graphical user interface. Mouse buttons are most commonly implemented as miniature snap-action switches (micro switches).

The three-button scrollmouse has become the most commonly available design. Users most commonly employ the second button to invoke a contextual menu in the computer's software user interface, which contains options specifically tailored to the interface element over which the pointer currently sits. By default, the primary mouse button sits located on the left-hand side of the mouse, for the benefit of right-handed users; left-handed users can usually reverse this configuration via software.

Design
In contrast to its motion-tracking mechanism, the mouse's buttons have changed little over the years, varying mostly in shape, number, and placement.

A mouse click is the action of pressing (i.e. 'clicking', an onomatopoeia) a button to trigger an action, usually in the context of a graphical user interface (GUI). “Clicking” an onscreen button is accomplished by pressing on the real mouse button while the pointer is placed over the onscreen button's icon.

The reason for the clicking noise made is due to the specific switch technology used nearly universally in computer mice. The switch is a subminiature precision snap-action type; the first of such types were the Honeywell MICRO SWITCH products.

Operation
Double clicking refers to clicking and releasing a button (often the primary one, usually the left button) twice. Software recognizes both clicks, and if the second occurs within a short time, the action is recognised as a double click.

If the second click is made after the time expires it is considered to be a new, single click. Most modern operating systems and mice drivers allow a user to change the speed of a double click, along with an easy way to test the setting. Some software recognises three or more clicks, such as progressively selecting a word, sentence, or paragraph in a word processor text page as more clicks are given in a sequence.

With less abstracted software, a mouse button's current state (“mouse up” and “mouse down”) is monitored, allowing for modal operations such as drag and drop.

Number of buttons
Douglas Engelbart's first mouse had a single button; Xerox PARC soon designed a three-button model, but reduced the count to two for Xerox products. Apple decided on one button for their GUI environments on commercial release in 1983, while most other PC environments standardized on two, and most professional workstation environments used three. Aside from such OEM bundled mice, usually having between one and three buttons, many aftermarket mice have always had five or more, with varying amounts of additional software included to support them.

This state of affairs continued until the late 1990s, when growing support for mice with a scroll wheel after the 1996 introduction of Microsoft's IntelliMouse incidentally made 3-button pointing devices ubiquitous on OEM hardware. The one major holdout, Apple, finally went multi-button in 2005 with their Mighty Mouse, though all Apple laptops would continue to use one-button trackpads until their first buttonless trackpad in 2008.

Computer
"My friend Marvin Minsky tells me there's great controversy in the artificial intelligence community over how many buttons a mouse should have", Jerry Pournelle wrote in 1983. In the matter of the number of buttons, Engelbart favored the view “as many as possible.” The prototype that popularized the idea of three buttons as standard had that number only because “we could not find anywhere to fit any more switches.”

Those favoring single-button mice argue that a single button is simpler for novice users to understand, and for developers to support. In addition, as a lowest common denominator option, it offers both a path gradual advancement in user sophistication for unfamiliar applications, and a fallback for diverse or malfunctioning hardware. Those favoring multiple-button mice argue that support for a single-button mouse often requires clumsy workarounds in interfaces where a given object may have more than one appropriate action. Several common workarounds exist, and some are specified by the Apple Human Interface Guidelines.

One workaround was the double click, first used on the Lisa, to allow both the “select” and “open” operation to be performed with a single button.

Another workaround has the user hold down one or more keys on the keyboard before pressing the mouse button (typically control on a Macintosh for contextual menus). This has the disadvantage that it requires that both the user's hands be engaged. It also requires that the user perform actions on completely separate devices in concert; that is, holding a key on the keyboard while pressing a button on the mouse. This can be a difficult task for a disabled user, although can be remedied by allowing keys to stick so that they do not need to be held down.

Another involves the press-and-hold technique. In a press-and-hold, the user presses and holds the single button. After a certain period, software perceives the button press not as a single click but as a separate action. This has two drawbacks: first, a slow user may press-and-hold inadvertently. Second, the user must wait for the software to detect the click as a press-and-hold, otherwise the system might interpret the button-depression as a single click. Furthermore, the remedies for these two drawbacks conflict with each other: the longer the lag time, the more the user must wait; and the shorter the lag time, the more likely it becomes that some user will accidentally press-and-hold when meaning to click. Studies have found all of the above workarounds less usable than additional mouse buttons for experienced users.

A workaround for users of two-button mice in environments designed for three buttons is mouse chording, to simulate a tertiary-click by pressing both buttons simultaneously.

Additional buttons
Aftermarket manufacturers have long built mice with five or more buttons. Depending on the user's preferences and software environment, the extra buttons may allow forward and backward web-navigation, scrolling through a browser's history, or other functions, including mouse related functions like quick-changing the mouse's resolution/sensitivity. As with similar features in keyboards, however, not all software supports these functions. The additional buttons become especially useful in computer gaming, where quick and easy access to a wide variety of functions (such as macros and DPI changes) can give a player an advantage. Because software can map mouse-buttons to virtually any function, keystroke, application or switch, extra buttons can make working with such a mouse more efficient and easier.

Scroll wheel

Scrollmice almost always mount their scroll wheels on an internal spring-loaded frame and switch, so that simply pushing down makes them work as an extra button, made easier to do without accidentally spinning it by wheel detents present in most scrollmice. The wheel can both be rotated and clicked, thus most mice today effectively have three buttons.

In web browsers, clicking on a hyperlink opens it in a new tab, and clicking on a tab itself usually closes it.

Some mice have scroll wheels that can be tilted sideways for sideways scrolling; others may contain a second scroll wheel for this purpose.

Omnidirectional scrolling can be performed in various document viewers including web browsers and PDF readers by middle-clicking and moving the pointer in any direction. This can be done by holding and scrolling until released, or by short clicking and scrolling until clicking once more (any mouse button) or pressing the Esc key. Some applications such as "Xreader" simulate a drag-to-scroll gesture as used by touch screen devices such as smartphones and tablet computers.

In Linux, pressing the left and right mouse buttons simultaneously simulates a middle click, and middle-clicking into a text area pastes the clipboard at the mouse cursor's location (not the blinking cursor's existing location).

Text editors including Kate and Xed allow switching between open tabs by scrolling while the cursor points at the tab bar.

Software environment use
The Macintosh user interface, by design, always has and still does make all functions available with a single-button mouse. Apple's Human Interface Guidelines still specify that other developers need to make all functions available with a single-button mouse as well. Various functions commonly done with additional buttons on other platforms were, when implemented on the Mac by most developers, instead done in conjunction with modifier keys. For instance, contextual menus were most often invoked by “Control Key-click,” a behavior later explicitly adopted by Apple in OS 8's Contextual Menu Manager.

While there has always been a Macintosh aftermarket for mice and other pointing devices with two, three, or more buttons, and extensive configurable support (usually through keyboard emulation) to complement such devices in many major software packages on the platform, it wasn't until Mac OS X shipped that support for multi-button mice was hardcoded. X Window System applications, which Mac OS X can also run, have been developed with the use of two or three-button mice in mind.

While historically, most PC mice provided two buttons, only the primary button was standardized in use for MS-DOS and versions of Windows through 3.1x; support and functionality for additional buttons was application specific. However, in 1992, Borland released Quattro Pro for Windows (QPW), which used the right (or secondary) mouse button to bring up a context menu for the screen object clicked (an innovation previously used on the Xerox Alto, but new to most users). Borland actively promoted the feature, advertising QPW as “The right choice,” and the innovation was widely hailed as intuitive and simple. Other applications quickly followed suit, and the “right-click for properties” gesture was cemented as standard Windows UI behavior after it was implemented throughout Windows 95.

Most machines running Unix or a Unix-like operating system run the X Window System which almost always encourages a three-button mouse. X numbers the buttons by convention. This allows user instructions to apply to mice or pointing devices that do not use conventional button placement. For example, a left-handed user may reverse the buttons, usually with a software setting. With non-conventional button placement, user directions that say “left mouse button” or “right mouse button” are confusing. The ground-breaking Xerox Parc Alto and Dorado computers from the mid-1970s used three-button mice, and each button was assigned a color. Red was used for the left (or primary) button, yellow for the middle (secondary), and blue for the right (meta or tertiary). This naming convention lives on in some Smalltalk environments, such as Squeak, and can be less confusing than the right, middle and left designations.

Acorn's RISC OS based computers necessarily use all three mouse buttons throughout their WIMP based GUI. RISC OS refers to the three buttons (from left to right) as Select, Menu and Adjust. Select functions in the same way as the “Primary” mouse button in other operating systems. Menu will bring up a context-sensitive menu appropriate for the position of the pointer, and this often provides the only means of activating this menu. This menu in most applications equates to the “Application Menu” found at the top of the screen in Mac OS, and underneath the window title under Microsoft Windows. Adjust serves for selecting multiple items in the “Filer” desktop, and for altering parameters of objects within applicationsalthough its exact function usually depends on the programmer.

References

Computer mice
History of human–computer interaction
Video game control methods
American inventions


Tréméven (; ) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Tréméven are called Trémévénais in French.

See also
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

External links

Official website

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


Trémorel (; ; Gallo: Termorae) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Geography
The river Meu flows southeast through the northern part of the commune.

Map

Population

Inhabitants of Trémorel are called trémorelois in French.

See also
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

External links

Official website

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


Moges Taye (born December 12, 1973 in Showa) is a long-distance runner from Ethiopia. His breakthrough performance came at the Rome City Marathon in 1996, which he won in a time of 2:12:03. He represented Ethiopia in the marathon at the 1997 World Championships in Athletics, but failed to finish the race.

At the 1997 Istanbul Marathon he won in a course record time of 2:13:37 – a time which went unbettered for almost a decade. Further to this, Taye would go on to defend his title for the next two years becoming the only man to have won the race on three occasions. In 1998 he won the Tiberias Marathon in a course record time of 2:12:51, beating Kevin Shaw's previous mark by more than a minute. Later that year he won the 1998 edition of the Vienna Marathon. He won the Venice Marathon in 2001. Making his second international road appearance, he ran at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics in the marathon but failed to finish the race. He won the 2004 edition of the Nagano Marathon in Japan.

Achievements

References

External links

Profile from MarathonFree

1973 births
Living people
Ethiopian male long-distance runners
Ethiopian male marathon runners
20th-century Ethiopian people
21st-century Ethiopian people


Gottshaus is a village and former municipality in the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland.

It was first recorded somewhere between year 1250 and 1300 as Gottshaus.

The municipality also contained the village Sankt Pelagiberg as well as 40 others. It had 781 inhabitants in 1850, which went up and down over the years to 676 in 1900, 798 in 1950, 707 in 1980 and 811 in 1990.

In 1996 the municipality was merged with the neighboring municipality Hauptwil to form a new and larger municipality Hauptwil-Gottshaus.

References

Former municipalities of Thurgau
Villages in Thurgau


Trémuson (; ) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population

Inhabitants of Trémuson are called trémusonnais in French.

See also
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


The Oklahoma Insurance Department (OID) is an agency of the state of Oklahoma under the Oklahoma Insurance Commissioner, a statewide elected official. The Oklahoma Insurance Department is responsible for supervising and regulating all insurance business in Oklahoma.

The current Insurance Commissioner is Glen Mulready. Glen Mulready was sworn in as Oklahoma's 13th Insurance Commissioner on January 14, 2019.

Responsibilities
The Oklahoma Insurance Department is responsible for regulating and reviewing all insurance companies within Oklahoma to make sure they are solvent and comply with all insurance laws and regulations. The department also educates consumers about insurance by publishing information, providing rate guides on homeowners and auto insurance, hosting community events and answering general insurance inquiries. The OID is also responsible for helping consumers when they have disputes with insurance companies.

Another duty of the department is to register and license agents who sell insurance products. The department also requires agents to meet ongoing continuing education requirements. Other professions regulated by the department include bail bond professionals, real estate appraisers, funeral directors, and insurance adjusters.

Budget
The revenue for Oklahoma Insurance Department's budget is generated from the fees associated with the licenses. Since 2016, the OID has been non appropriated. According to the OID's 2018 Annual Report, the department's operations have produced $46.5 million to be given back to the State of Oklahoma budget for use by other state agencies.

Organization
Insurance Commissioner
Deputy Insurance Commissioner
Anti-Fraud Unit - investigates insurance-related crimes and regulatory violations; educates the public about insurance fraud
Bail Bond Division - licenses, regulates and supervises all bail bond professionals
Consumer Assistance/Claims Division - investigates all complaints lodged against insurance companies by the public; answers general insurance questions and educates policyholders through various of outreach efforts
Communications Division - handles media relations, public relations, crisis communications, employee communications, and event planning
Comptroller Division - manages the internal fiscal affairs of the Department
Insurance Service Office - evaluates, educates and helps fire departments throughout the state improve their ISO rating.
Financial Division - monitors the financial condition of all domestic and foreign insurance companies operating in Oklahoma; oversees securities deposited by domestic insurance companies; and performs market conduct examinations and financial examinations of insurance companies and regulated entities
Public Policy Division - works closely with state lawmakers to represent the interests of the OID at the State Capitol
Legal Division - responsible for providing internal legal advice to the department and prosecuting violations of the insurance laws
Medicare Assistance Program - provides counseling and assistance on Medicare and other related health coverage plans
Producer Licensing & Education Division - responsible for licensing of resident and non-resident agents and adjusters to ensure they meet all legal requirements; responsible for administering and regulating continuing education credits
Rate and Form Division - responsible for approving all life, accident, health, property, marine, vehicle and casualty insurance products to ensuring policies and rates are in compliance with the law
Real Estate Appraiser Board - ensures that appraisers and appraisal management companies meet federal requirements; supervises continuing education

Staffing
The Oklahoma Insurance Department, for fiscal year 2018, was authorized 121 full-time employees.

See also
Oklahoma Insurance Commissioner
Governor of Oklahoma

References

External links
Oklahoma Insurance Department official website

Insurance, Department of
Government agencies established in 1907


Tréogan () is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Tréogan are called tréoganais in French.

See also
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

External links

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


Paul Patrick Streeten (18 July 1917 – 6 January 2019) was an Austrian-born British economics professor. He was a professor at Boston University, US until his retirement. He has been a distinguished academic working on development economics since the 1950s.

Biography

Born in Austria, Streeten spent his formative years in Vienna. He became involved in political activism at an early age, and from 1933 on he was under continual threat of arrest and imprisonment. The 1938 Anschluss forced his family to flee Austria, scattering around the globe. Paul was taken in by a kindly English family, but in 1940 he was interned as an enemy alien. He was placed in several different camps, and in each one he occupied himself by setting up lecture or literary study groups. In 1942 he was able to join the UK military in a commando group destined to fight for the liberation of Sicily. While awaiting the commando action he again set up a drama group. When the action did take place (1943), Streeten was landed behind enemy lines. After a few weeks of heavy fighting, he was severely wounded.

Education and early career
Streeten became a naturalized UK citizen. He entered Balliol College, Oxford in 1944. After receiving a degree he obtained a teaching post there (1948) and remained until 1964.

Career
Streeten's institutional affiliations include the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) unit at the University of Sussex (Streeten was one founder of that unit). He was associated with the UNDP group that creates the annual Human Development Report

He served as founding editor of the journal World Development from 1972. In the 1960s, he worked at the new Ministry of Overseas Development in the United Kingdom and acted as the director of the Institute of Development Studies (IDS). He became Warden of Queen Elizabeth House at the University of Oxford. Starting in 1990 he has been involved with both into the UNDP's Human Development Report and UNESCO's World Culture Reports.

In the 1980s Streeten became a professor at Boston University, and while there also served as director of the World Institute for Development Economics Research.

In the 1960s he was deputy director general of the Economic Planning Staff of the Ministry of Overseas Development and acting director of the Institute of Development Studies at Sussex before becoming Warden of Queen Elizabeth House, Oxford. In 1976-1980 and 1984–1985, he was a senior adviser with the World Bank, helping to formulate policies on basic needs. Since 1990, he has provided intellectual inputs into the UNDP's Human Development Report and UNESCO's World Culture Reports.

He turned 100 in July 2017 and died on 6 January 2019 at the age of 101.

Major published works
Works of Paul Streeten include:

Books

Chapters in books

Also available as:

Journal articles

Book in honour of Paul Streeten

Other
 United Nations Intellectual History Project (UNIHP), List of interviewees: Paul Streeten.
 Author: Paul P. Streeten Copenhagen Business School Press, Denmark.

References

1917 births
2019 deaths
Academic journal editors
Academics of the University of Oxford
Austrian centenarians
Boston University faculty
British centenarians
British development economists
Men centenarians
Austrian emigrants to the United Kingdom
British expatriates in the United States


Sankt Pelagiberg is a village in the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland.

The village is located in the former municipality Gottshaus. In 1996, Gottshaus municipality merged with its neighbor to form a new and larger municipality, Hauptwil-Gottshaus.

References

Villages in Thurgau


Tressignaux (; ; ) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the Brittany region in northwestern France.

The Chapel of Saint-Antoine, located in the village, was built in the thirteenth century and rebuilt in the sixteenth.  Each year, a "pardon" is celebrated on the 3rd Sunday in August, attracting visitors to the village.

Population

Inhabitants of Tressignaux are called tressignaulais in French.

See also
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

External links

History and information about Tressignaux

Photo of Chapel of Saint-Antoine
Etymology and History of Tressignaux

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


Trévé (; ) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population

Inhabitants of Trévé are called trévéens in French.

See also
 Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department
 Treve castle

References

External links

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


This list of JVM Languages comprises notable computer programming languages that are used to produce computer software that runs on the Java virtual machine (JVM). Some of these languages are interpreted by a Java program, and some are compiled to Java bytecode and just-in-time (JIT) compiled during execution as regular Java programs to improve performance.

The JVM was initially designed to support only the language Java. However, over time, ever more languages were adapted or designed to run on the Java platform.

JVM languages

High-profile languages
As of February 2023, according to the TIOBE index of the top 100 programming languages, and PyPL, the top JVM languages are:

 Java (#4, at one point at #1; #2 at PyPL), a statically-typed object-oriented language
 Kotlin (#18, at one point at #27; #13 at PyPL), a statically-typed language from JetBrains, the developers of IntelliJ IDEA and Google's preferred language for Android
 Scala (#38, at one point at #20; #19 at PyPL), a statically-typed object-oriented and functional programming language
 Groovy (no longer in top 50, is one of 51–100; #24 at PyPL), a dynamic programming language (also with static typing) and scripting language
 Clojure (no longer in top 50, is one of 51–100, at one point at #47), a dynamic, and functional dialect of the Lisp programming language (ClojureScript doesn't make TIOBE's index separately, and it's an implementation targeting the web with JavaScript, not the JVM.)

Python is TIOBE's top language; Jython, its JVM implementation, doesn't make the list (of 100 languages) under that name (is syntax compatible with Python 2.7, now an outdated Python version). JavaScript (7th), PHP, R and others, also make top 20 and have JVM implementations; Ruby is ranked 16th, while JRuby, its JVM implementation is listed separately.

JVM implementations of existing languages

New languages with JVM implementations
 Ateji PX, an extension of Java for easy parallel programming on multicore, GPU, Grid and Cloud
 Ballerina, a language for cloud applications with structural typing; network client objects, services, resource functions, and listeners; parallel concurrency with workers; image building; configuration management; and taint checking.
 BeanShell, a scripting language whose syntax is close to Java
 EPL (Event Processing Language), a domain-specific, data manipulation language for analyzing and detecting patterns in timed event streams, which extends SQL 92 with event-oriented features. It is implemented by Esper: up to version 6 EPL was mostly a language interpreted by a Java library; since version 7 it is compiled to JVM bytecode.
 Concurnas, an open source JVM language designed for building reliable, scalable, high performance concurrent, distributed and parallel systems.
 Ceylon, a Java competitor from Red Hat
 CFML, ColdFusion Markup Language, more commonly known as CFML, is a scripting language for web development that runs on the JVM, the .NET framework, and Google App Engine.
 Quark Framework (CAL), a Haskell-inspired functional language
 E-on-Java, object-oriented language for secure distributed computing
 Eta, pure, lazy, strongly typed functional language in the spirit of Haskell
 Fantom, a language built from the base to be portable across the JVM, .NET Common Language Runtime (CLR), and JavaScript
 Flix, a functional, imperative, and logic language with first-class Datalog constraints and a polymorphic effect system.
 Flow Java
 Fortress, a language designed by Sun as a successor to Fortran, mainly for parallel scientific computing. Product development was taken over by Oracle when Sun was purchased. Oracle then stopped development in 2012 according to Dr. Dobb's.
 Frege, a non-strict, pure functional language in the spirit of Haskell
 Golo, a simple, dynamic, weakly-typed language for the JVM developed at Institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon, France, now an incubating project at the Eclipse Software Foundation.
 Gosu, an extensible type-system language compiled to Java bytecode
 Haxe, a cross-platform statically typed language that targets Java and the JVM.
 Ioke, a prototype-based language somewhat reminiscent of Io, with similarities to Ruby, Lisp, and Smalltalk
 Jelly
 Join Java, a language that extends Java with join-calculus semantics
 Joy
 Judoscript
 Mirah, a customizable language featuring type inference and a highly Ruby-inspired syntax
 NetLogo, a multi-agent language
 Noop, a language built with testability as a major focus
 Pizza, a superset of Java with function pointers and algebraic data types
 Pnuts
 Processing, a visualization and animation language and framework based on Java with a Java-like syntax
 Prompto, a language "designed to create business applications in the cloud". It is part of the namesake platform to design business applications directly in the cloud. The Prompto language includes three "dialects": Engly, Monty, and Objy. Engly "mimics English as much as possible", Monty "tries to follow as much as possible the syntax of the Python 3 language", and Objy "tries to follow as much as possible the syntax of OOP languages such as C++, Java or C#". All three dialects seamlessly translate to one another.
 RascalMPL, a source and target language independent (parameterized) meta language
 Whiley
 X10, a language designed by IBM, featuring constrained types and a focus on concurrency and distribution
 Xtend, an object-oriented, functional, and imperative programming language built by the Eclipse foundation, featuring tight Java interoperability, with a focus on extension methods and lambdas, and rich tooling
 Yeti, an ML style functional language
 Yirgacheffe, a language that aims to simplify and extend the object oriented paradigm.
 Yoix, general purpose, non-object-oriented, interpreted dynamic language

Comparison of these languages

See also

 Da Vinci Machine

 List of CLI languages, following the CLI specification, Microsoft's response to JVM

Notes

References

JVM


WOPP (1290 AM) is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Opp, Alabama.  The station is owned by  Broadcasting, Inc.  It airs a variety format with a mix of country music and oldies during the week and Southern Gospel music on Sundays.

History
This station's original owner, Opp Radio, Inc., received the construction permit for a new AM station broadcasting at 1290 kHz from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on June 12, 1979.  The new station was assigned the call letters WOPP by the FCC on August 13, 1979. WOPP received its license to cover from the FCC on August 6, 1981.

In June 1983, Opp Radio, Inc., fell into financial difficulties and WOPP's broadcast license was involuntarily transferred to Opp Radio, Inc., Debtor-In-Possession.  The transfer was approved by the FCC on June 17, 1983, and the transaction was consummated on July 14, 1983.  In August 1986, having resolved its financial obligations, Opp Radio, Inc., Debtor-In-Possession, applied to the FCC to transfer the broadcast license back to Opp Radio, Inc.  This transfer was approved by the FCC on August 21, 1986, and the transaction was consummated on the same day.

Opp Radio, Inc., reached an agreement in August 1987 to sell WOPP to  Broadcasting, Inc.  The deal was approved by the FCC on September 21, 1987, and the transaction was consummated on the same day.

References

External links
WOPP official website

Country radio stations in the United States
Oldies radio stations in the United States
Southern Gospel radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1980
Covington County, Alabama
OPP


was a Japanese Rinzai Zen rōshi and Neo-Confucianist.

Kosen did his Zen training under Daisetsu Shoen (1797–1855) at Sōkoku-ji and received inka from Gisan Zenkai at Sōgen-ji in Okayama. Kosen was instrumental in bringing Zen to lay practitioners and to the west. Kosen's Dharma heir Soyen Shaku participated in the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago, which introduced Soyen Shaku's student D. T. Suzuki to Paul Carus and western Theosophy. Kosen's dharma descendant Tetsuo Sōkatsu established Ningen Zen Kyodan, an independent lay-Rinzai school.

As one-time head abbot of Engakuji in Kamakura, Japan, he was known as a government loyalist and is remembered for his support of Emperor Meiji—in the 1870s serving as Doctrinal Instructor for the Ministry of Doctrine.

See also
 Buddhism in Japan
 List of Rinzai Buddhists
 Ningen Zen

Successors
 Kawajiri Hokin
 Soyen Shaku
 Tetsuo Sōkatsu

See also
 Ningen Zen Kyodan

References

Sources

Japanese Confucianists
Rinzai Buddhists
Zen Buddhist abbots
1816 births
1892 deaths
Japanese Zen Buddhists
Edo period Buddhist clergy


Tréveneuc (; ) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population

Inhabitants of Tréveneuc are called tréveneucois in French.

See also
 Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

External links

 Official website

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


Andrew Ekai Eyapan (born December 12, 1965) is a long-distance runner from Kenya, who won the 1998 edition of the Vienna Marathon. He is a former race walker, who won the bronze medal in the men's 20 km Walk at the 1990 African Championships in Cairo, Egypt. He won the Berlin Half Marathon in 1998.

Achievements

External links

2000 Marathon Year Ranking

1965 births
Living people
Kenyan male racewalkers
Kenyan male long-distance runners
Place of birth missing (living people)
Kenyan male marathon runners
20th-century Kenyan people
21st-century Kenyan people


Trévérec (; ) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population

Inhabitants of Trévérec are called trévérecois in French.

See also
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

External links

Official website

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


Jhelum Tehsil is an administrative subdivision of Jhelum District in Punjab province, Pakistan. The tehsil is subdivided into 27 Union Councils and is headquartered at the city of Jhelum.

Union Councils
Jhelum Tehsil is subdivided into 17 Union Councils:
 Badlot
 Boken
 Chak Khasa
 Chotala
 Darapur
 Dhanyala
 Garh Mahal
 Kala Gujran
 Khukha
 Kotla Faqir
 Madu Kalas
 Monan
 Mughalabad
 Nakka Khurd
 Nara
 Sultanpure
 Sanghoi
 Sohan
 Kot Bassira

Colleges and schools

 Army Public School and College Jhelum Cantt
 Fauji Foundation Model School & College, Jhelum Cantt
 Cantonment Board CMB Model Jhelum
 Govt. Degree College, Jhelum
 Govt. College. G.T. Road, Jhelum
 Govt. College for Women, Jhelum
 Govt. College of Commerce, Bilal Town, Jhelum
 Research Girls College Kala Gujran Jhelum
 Jinnah Law College Near Kutcheri, Jhelum
 M. A. Jinnah College of Commerce & Computer Science, Jhelum
 Presentation convent high school for girls, Jhelum Cantt
 Jhelum Homeopathic Medical College, GT Road Jada, Jhelum
 SLS College of English Language and Information Technology, Jhelum
 National Reformers School Mohallah Khansama Jhelum
 Cantt Public High School Jhelum Cantt

Notable residents
 Muhammad Akram
 Nishan-e-Haider
 Tariq Kamal Khan, former Chief of Naval Staff Pakistan Navy
 Syed Manzoor ul Hassan Hashmi, Wing Commander Pakistan Airforce, Sitara-e-Jurrat Bar
 Chaudhry Farrukh Altaf, Ex- District Nazim Jhelum District
 Ch Fawad Hussain(Wazire Science and Technology)is also from JHELUM
 Captain Mohammad Akram]]

References

External links
 Jhelum District

Jhelum District
Tehsils of Jhelum District