LAZIO MERDA, E FORZA ROMA (1520 kHz, "The Big 1520") is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Clinton, Illinois, United States.  The station, established in 1947, is owned by the Miller Media Group and the broadcast license is held by Kaskaskia Broadcasting, Inc.  WHOW is a daytime-only station broadcasting on the United States clear-channel frequency of 1520 AM.  It must sign-off at night to protect Class A WWKB Buffalo, New York, and KOKC Oklahoma City.

WHOW broadcasts a farm news and talk radio format branded as "The Big 1520". The station airs local news and public affairs programs, agricultural news, and a tradio program called "RFD Trading Post". WHOW places special emphasis on serving the farm community of Central Illinois with a weekday morning farm show, live and local agriculture talk shows, a syndicated noon farm show, "The Horse Show", and frequent market reports.

Weekday syndicated talk programming includes Michael Medved, Jim Bohannon, Larry Elder and Red Eye Radio overnights.  On weekends, WHOW carries CBS Sports Radio programming, along with a Saturday morning farm show, local Clinton High School football and basketball games, and afternoon blocks of classic country music.

History

Early years
This station began broadcast operations in August 1947 as a 1,000 watt daytime-only radio station broadcasting at 1520 kHz as WHOW. The station, licensed to serve the community of Clinton, Illinois, was owned by Dr. Keith Rhea, H.E. Rhea, Rex K. Rhea, Tom Dinsmore, and Frank Moots doing business as the Cornbelt Broadcasting Company.

Livesay era
WHOW licensee Cornbelt Broadcasting Company was acquired by James R. "Ray" Livesay in September 1950.  The station was able to increase its daytime signal to 5,000 watts in 1962.  On April 19, 1972, the station's studios were moved from the downtown square to an office building at its tower site, four miles (6 km) south of Clinton, built to resemble a "big red barn".  (The station and its FM sister station still operate from this facility.) Inspired by the April 1987 opening of the Clinton Nuclear Generating Station, WHOW changed its motto to "WHOW, your radio active station" in 1989.

Livesay founded the Daytime Broadcasters Association in 1955 and served as its president until 1982. The National Association of Broadcasters presented the National Radio Award to Livesay in 1989 citing his "lifelong contributions to the industry".  Ray Livesay died in May 1995. Livesay's son, James R. "Jim" Livesay II, took over operation of WHOW and WHOW-FM after his death.  Alonzon Newnum, the chief engineer for WHOW for more than four decades, died in late November 1999.

Gone silent
In June 2002, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issued a Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture to Cornbelt Broadcasting for its failure to maintain an operational Emergency Alert System decoder, post an antenna structure registration number, and enclose its AM antenna structure within effective locked fences or other enclosures."  Cornbelt Broadcasting did not file a response and on October 31, 2002, the FCC issued a forfeiture notice that ordered the WHOW and WHOW-FM licensee to pay a fine of $17,000 for "willfully and repeatedly violating" FCC regulations.

In response, WHOW and WHOW-FM went off the air on November 1, 2002, and notified the FCC that they had gone "silent" on November 5, 2002. At the time of the shutdown, the financially struggling stations had a combined 8 to 10 part-time employees and had maintained an "irregular broadcast schedule" in the months leading up to the shutdown. Within days, the station's office hours sign had the normal "8 a.m.-6 p.m." crossed out and "Permanently closed forever" written in its place.

In January 2003, however, the stations resumed at least intermittent broadcasting with WHOW concentrating on news, sports, and farm updates with the FM station changed to light rock music.  Normal broadcast operation was restored in early November 2003 with personnel borrowed from other Cornbelt Broadcasting radio stations and recorded programming.  The stations were being prepared for a sale, then in the negotiation stage, to a group led by real estate developer and Illinois state senator Bill Brady.

New ownership
After more than five decades of ownership by the Livesay family, Cornbelt Broadcasting Company (James R. Livesay II, president) reached an agreement in late November 2003 to transfer the broadcast license for this station to WHOW Radio, LLC (led by Bill Brady) along with FM sister station WHOW-FM for a reported combined sale price of $300,000.   The deal was approved by the FCC on January 26, 2004, and the transaction was consummated on February 9, 2004.

At the time of the sale, both stations were "dark" for reported financial reasons. In September 2004, with both stations back on the air, WHOW adopted a news/talk format while shifting all sports programming to its FM sister station which itself switched to a 24-hour all-sports radio format. WHOW increased live, local programming and focused more on subject of specific local interest, especially farm and agricultural issues.

Tower collapse
An ice storm, part of the Early Winter 2006 North American Storm Complex, struck the Central Illinois region on November 30, 2006.  On December 1, the broadcast tower shared by WHOW and its FM counterpart collapsed under the weight of the accumulated ice.  WHOW was able to return to the air at reduced power a few days later using a long wire antenna while the FM station resumed broadcasting from a makeshift  tower on December 8.  The station received special temporary authority from the FCC in January 2007 to operate in this manner until a new, permanent tower could be constructed.

The extensive damage and the station combo's struggling finances led the WHOW Radio, LLC, partners to sell the two stations to local media group owner Randy Miller.  In October 2007, WHOW Radio, LLC, announced an agreement to sell WHOW to Kaskaskia Broadcasting, Inc. (Randy Miller, president) as part of a two-station deal along with FM sister station WHOW-FM for a reported $400,000. Kaskaskia Broadcasting, Inc., is part of the Miller Media Group. The deal was approved by the FCC on December 7, 2007, and the transaction was consummated on January 4, 2008.  At the time of the sale, WHOW broadcast a news/talk format.

WHOW, still broadcasting from a temporary antenna while the new tower was being erected, received an extension of its special temporary authorization on January 17, 2008. Both the AM and FM stations returned to full power operation on February 25, 2008.

WHOW today is one of Illinois' most prominent agriculture radio stations, broadcasting over 6 hours a day of ag programming weekdays and  hours on Saturdays.  The station has its own local farm broadcaster, Jared White.  WHOW also does a live and local morning show with three local interview shows a day, from 6 to 10am.  WHOW broadcasts Clinton High School sports, as well as Eastern Illinois University football.

WHOW is streamed on smartphones thru tunein.com.

Former on-air staff
John Hartford, then known by his birth name of John Harford, worked at WHOW for from 1961 to 1963 before moving to Nashville to pursue a career in country music.  Hartford would go on to write "Gentle on My Mind", a song made famous by Glen Campbell, and record more than 30 albums of newgrass and traditional bluegrass music.

Brian Leonard began his career at WHOW in 1979 and worked at the stations until 1980. He moved to California, where he co-hosted a live comedy/music show on KSTS-TV, San Jose, and then began a long stand-up comedy career, appearing on numerous TV shows. He was also a writer and performer on BBC Radio and appeared in several movies and TV shows.

References

External links
WHOW official website
Miller Media Group
The History of AM 1520 WHOW Radio - Clinton, Illinois

HOW
News and talk radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1947
DeWitt County, Illinois
1947 establishments in Illinois
HOW


WJBD may refer to:

 WJBD-FM, a radio station (100.1 FM) licensed to serve Salem, Illinois, United States
 WSIQ, a radio station (1350 AM) licensed to serve Salem, Illinois, which held the call sign WJBD until 2016


The Wensleydale is a British breed of domestic sheep. It is named for the Wensleydale region of North Yorkshire, in the north of England, where it was bred in the early nineteenth century by cross-breeding a Dishley Leicester ram with local long-woolled sheep of a breed that is now extinct. It has a blue-grey face and long purled wool, and is among the heaviest of British sheep breeds. It is an endangered breed, and is categorised as "at risk" by the Rare Breeds Survival Trust. It is often used as a ram breed to cross with other breeds to obtain market lambs, and for its high-quality wool.

History

The mating of a Leicester ram with a Teeswater ewe in 1838 made the famous ram 'BLUE CAP' who was the first sire of the Wensleydale breed.

Today this breed is established throughout the United Kingdom and extends into mainland Europe, this breed is also being established in the United States of America.

The Wensleydale contributed to the development of the Blue-faced Leicester.

Characteristics

... grey black face, ears and legs. The ears are slightly elongated and stand upright.
They are naturally polled and have a tuft of long wool on top of the head which is not typically shorn (for aesthetic purposes).The wool that falls between the ears and across the face is known as the topping.

Rams weigh about  and ewes about .

References

External links

 The Wensleydale Longwool Sheep Breeders Association founded in 1890
 North American Wensleydale Sheep Association
Images

Sheep breeds
Sheep breeds originating in England
Animal breeds on the RBST Watchlist
Wensleydale


Rob Ryan (born 1962) is a British  visual artist who specialises in Papercutting and screen-printing. He is known for his detailed paper cut outs. His artwork has featured in Vogue, Elle, and Stylist. He has also collaborated with fashion designer Paul Smith.

Ryan has illustrated book and album covers, including John Connolly's novel The Book of Lost Things, Erasure's album Nightbird, Louis de Bernières short-story collection Notwithstanding and Dara Horn's novel The World to Come. His first book, This Is for You, was published in October 2007 by Hodder & Stoughton; it consists of a fairy tale told through his paper cut-out art and explores themes of love and loneliness. Ryan also creates the Global Gift greeting cards for the charity Trocaire.

Personal life
Ryan was born in 1962 in Cyprus in Paphos to Irish parents Doris and Buddy Ryan who divorced in 1966. He is the youngest of three brothers and his father was an RAF mess hall officer. He studied at Trent Polytechnic and has a Master of Arts in printmaking from the Royal College of Art. He graduated from the Royal College of Art in 1987.

He currently works from his studio in London, where he lives with his wife and two daughters.

References

External links
 Rob Ryan (official website)

Living people
1962 births
Paper artists
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
Alumni of Nottingham Trent University
English printmakers
English illustrators


WLBH may refer to:

 WLBH (AM), a defunct radio station (1170 AM) formerly licensed to serve Mattoon, Illinois, United States
 WLBH-FM, a defunct radio station (96.9 FM) formerly licensed to serve Mattoon, Illinois, United States


The 2009 Major League Soccer season was the 14th season of Major League Soccer. It was also the 97th season of FIFA-sanctioned soccer in the United States, and the 31st with a national first-division league.

The Seattle Sounders FC debuted as the league's 15th club and were the second team in history to qualify for the MLS Cup Playoffs in their inaugural season. The club set a league record for attendance and averaged 30,943 per regular season match at Qwest Field.

After three seasons, the MLS Reserve League was discontinued. As a result, each team's Developmental Roster spots were reduced from 10 to four, and each team's Senior Roster spots were increased from 18 to 20. This had the effect of reducing each team's total roster from 28 to 24 players.

The regular season began on March 19, and concluded on October 25. The 2009 MLS Cup Playoffs began on October 29, and concluded with MLS Cup 2009 on November 22. Real Salt Lake won their first MLS Cup by defeating the Los Angeles Galaxy in a penalty shootout.

Overview

Season Format
The season began on March 19 and concluded with MLS Cup on November 22. The 15 teams were split into two conferences with 7 playing in the Eastern Conference and 8 playing in the Western Conference. Each team played 30 games that were evenly divided between home and away. Each team played every other team twice, home and away, for a total of 28 games. The remaining two games were played against four regional rivals, one at home and one away.

The top two teams from each conference automatically qualified for the MLS Cup Playoffs. In addition, the four highest remaining point totals, regardless of conference, also qualified. In the first round, aggregate goals over two matches determined the winners. The conference finals were played as a single match, and the winners advanced to MLS Cup. In all rounds, draws were broken with two 15-minute periods of extra time, followed by penalty kicks if necessary. The away goals rule was not used in any round.

The team with the most points in the regular season was awarded the MLS Supporters' Shield and qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League. Additionally, the winner of MLS Cup, and the runner-up, also qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League. An additional berth in the Champions League was also awarded to the winner of the U.S. Open Cup. If a team qualified for multiple berths into the Champions League, then additional berths were awarded to the highest overall finishing MLS team(s) not already qualified. Also, Toronto FC, as a Canadian-based team, could not qualify for the CONCACAF Champions League through MLS, and had to instead qualify through the Canadian Championship.

Automatic qualification for the U.S. Open Cup was awarded to the top six overall finishers. The rest of the U.S.-based MLS teams had to qualify for the remaining two berths via a series of play-in games.

Qualification for the SuperLiga was awarded to the top four overall finishers not already qualified for the CONCACAF Champions League.

Stadiums and locations

Personnel and sponsorships

Results table

Standings

Eastern Conference

Western Conference

Overall Standings

MLS Cup Playoffs

Player statistics

Goals

Assists

Clean Sheets

Awards

Individual awards

Best XI

Weekly awards

Save of the week was first introduced during week 10 of the 2009 season.

Monthly awards

Attendance

See also

 List of transfers for the 2009 Major League Soccer season
 2008 MLS Expansion Draft

References

External links
 Soccernet ESPN (Stats) Site
 MLS Site

Major League Soccer seasons
1
1


Werdenbergersee is a small lake in Buchs, below the town of Werdenberg, in the municipality of Grabs, Canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland.

External links

Werdenberger
Lakes of the canton of St. Gallen


Carnarvon Station Reserve is a 59,000–hectare nature reserve in the Great Dividing Range of south-eastern Central Queensland, Australia.  It is adjacent to Carnarvon National Park, and includes most of the Channin Creek valley.  It is 600 km west of Bundaberg, and 744 km north-west of Brisbane.  It is owned and managed by Bush Heritage Australia (BHA), by which it was purchased in 2001.  It is within the traditional lands of the Bidjara people.

Landscape and plants
Carnarvon Station is a former cattle station.  The property is composed of rocky hills and plains, with the north-eastern section being the highest and most rugged.  All its streams are seasonal, though there are several permanent springs.  Vegetation communities include vine thickets, eucalypt and angophora woodlands and open forest, brigalow and belah, as well as grasslands.

Animals
Carnarvon Station, with the adjacent national parks of Carnarvon and Expedition, are part of a high-altitude archipelago of areas of protected woodland in the Great Dividing Range that is critical to the conservation of the eastern Australian bird migration system.  Threatened birds recorded from the property include the square-tailed kite, squatter pigeon, glossy black-cockatoo, powerful owl and black-chinned honeyeater.

References

External links
 Bush Heritage Australia

Bush Heritage Australia reserves
Nature reserves in Queensland
2001 establishments in Australia


Guaire Aidne mac Colmáin (died 663) was a king of Connacht. A member of the Ui Fiachrach Aidhne and son of king Colmán mac Cobthaig (died 622). Guaire ruled at the height of Ui Fiachrach Aidne power in south Connacht.

Early reign

Guaire appears to have succeeded his father as king of the Ui Fiachrach Aidhne in 622. In 629 was fought the Battle of Carn Feradaig (Carhernarry, County Limerick), where he suffered a defeat at the hands of the Munster king Faílbe Flann mac Áedo Duib (died 639). His ally Conall mac Máele Dúib of the Ui Maine was slain. According to Keating, Guaire's reason for this campaign was to recover the Thomond region from Munster. Prof. Byrne believes that this defeat marked the true expansion of the Déisi Tuisceart into Thomond. He also states that this defeat may have paved the way for Rogallach mac Uatach (died 649) in acquiring the overlordship of Connacht.

Carn Conaill

The next event recorded of Guaire in the annals is the Battle of Carn Conaill (in his home territory near Gort) in 649. In this battle he was put to flight by the high-king Diarmait mac Áedo Sláine (died 665) of Brega. Diarmait was the aggressor in this war and the saga Cath Cairnd Chonaill gives much detail of this affair. Diarmait won the support of the monastery of Clonmacnoise and refused the request of Cumméne Fota (died 662), the abbot of Clonfert, for a truce; who had been sent by Guaire to ask for one. Also Caimmín, abbot of Inis Celtra, put a curse on Guaire before the battle. However, Guaire was able to turn his defeat into a moral victory when upon submitting to Diarmait he outdid the high-king with his generosity to the poor. Diarmait granted him a peace treaty and friendship.

Also according to the saga, the following Munster allies of Guaire were slain in this battle: the king of Munster Cúán mac Amalgado (died 641) (called Cúán mac Éndai in the saga); Cúán mac Conaill, king of the Uí Fidgenti; and Tolomnach, king of the Uí Liatháin. Byrne believes this is not probable however; based on Cúán mac Amalgado's death date in the annals and on the improbability of the Uí Liathain being involved in a conflict far from their territory in South Munster. The Annals of Ulster and Annals of Innisfallen do not mention the Munster connection but the saga tradition is preserved in the Annals of Tigernach.  Interaction with the Ui Fidgenti are evidenced by the 8th century poem The Lament of Créide, a poem written about his daughter's lament for a young man of the Ui Fidgenti.

Guaire in Irish sagas

Anecdotes are told about his relations with such saints as Cumméne Fota of Clonfert, Caimmín of Inis Celtra, and Colmán mac Duach of Kilmacduagh. He also was associated with the church at Tuam Gréine (Tuamgraney) and was ancestor of two 8th century abbots there. He seems to have patronised the expansion of West Munster saints up the Shannon. For this reason, Byrne believes his influence must have extended into parts of Munster including overlordship of Corco Mruad and Corco Baiscind tribes in Thomond and actual holdings in the later territory of Dál gCais.

In the saga Scéla Cano meic Gartnáin (The Story of Cano mac Gartnain) the exiled prince of Dalriada comes to live at his court for a while where Guaire's daughter Créide falls in love with him. Creide however was married to Marcán mac Tommáin (died 653) the king of the Ui Maine.
According to the c.1300 tale called Tromdámh Guaire (The Heavy Company of Guaire) or Imtheacht na Tromdhaimhe (The Proceedings of the Great Bardic Institution Guaire was visited by the Chief Ollam of Ireland, Senchán Torpéist who was accompanied by one hundred and fifty other poets, one hundred and fifty pupils "with a corresponding number of women-servants, dogs, etc".

Later years and legacy

Guaire is listed after his brother Loingsech mac Colmáin (died 655) in the king lists. It is possible that his defeat at Carn Conaill caused a temporary abdication and entering of a religious life. Upon Loingsech's death in 655, Guaire then became over-king of Connacht ruling until his death in 663. He was buried at Clonmacnoise.

In the following centuries the Ui Fiachrach lost power to the Uí Briúin, who ever after were kings of Connacht. To the south, in what is now County Clare, the Déisi Tuisceart would in the 700's annexe Thomond permanently to Munster.

Children and descendants

Guaire's known sons were Cellach mac Guairi (died 666); Artgal mac Guairi; and Muirchertach Nár mac Guairi (died 668), the latter a king of Connacht. Guaire is the ancestor of the families of Ó Cléirigh, O'Shaughnessy, Colton, Mac Kilkelly, Hynes, O'Dowd, and others. Descendants of Guaire include the following:

 Major-General William O'Shaughnessy, 1673–1744
 Mícheál Ó Cléirigh, c. 1590–1643, main compiler of the Annals of the Four Masters
 William Brooke O'Shaughnessy, 1808–1880, toxicologist and chemist
 Tech Entrepreneur H.H. Marquis Landon Hines, other known as Marquis Cabrera, born 1988, (United States) CEO & Chairman of Stat Zero
 Margaret Heckler, born 1931, US Republican politician from Massachusetts
 Thomas Shaughnessy, 1st Baron Shaughnessy, 1853–1923, President of Canadian Pacific Railway
 John O'Heyne, fl. 1706, Dominican Historian

According to the Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland, the modern surname Hynes frequently derived from the Irish name Ó hEidhin ('descendant of Eidhin'), adding that 'the principal family of this name is descended from Guaire of Aidhne, King of Connacht'.

Reference in Literature
Is included in the poem by William Butler Yeats entitled The Three Beggars
A comprehensive history of King Guaire and his descendants is given in The Hynes of Ireland and supplemented in The O'Shaughnessys, both books by James Patrick Hynes and published by Appin Press (Countyvise Ltd), Birkenhead, United Kingdom.

Notes

See also
Kings of Connacht
Gort (Gort Inse Guaire), County Galway

References

 Annals of Tigernach
 Annals of Ulster
 Annals of Innisfallen
 G.Keating, History of Ireland
 T.M.Charles-Edwards, Early Christian Ireland
 Francis J.Byrne, Irish Kings and High-Kings
 The Chronology of the Irish Annals, Daniel P. McCarthy
 Ó Coileáin, Seán, "Some Problems of Story and History", in Ériu 32 (1981): 115–36.
 Ó Coileáin, Seán, "The Structure of a Literary Cycle", in Ériu 25 (1974): 88–125.

External links
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork

Medieval Irish poets
663 deaths
Kings of Connacht
Nobility from County Galway
Cycles of the Kings
7th-century Irish monarchs
Year of birth unknown
7th-century Irish poets
Irish male poets
Gaels


WSMI may refer to:

 WSMI (AM), a radio station (1540 AM) licensed to Litchfield, Illinois, United States
 WSMI-FM, a radio station (106.1 FM) licensed to Litchfield, Illinois, United States


Muyange is a city in northwest Burundi.

References
Fitzpatrick, M., Parkinson, T., & Ray, N. (2006) East Africa. Footscray, VIC: Lonely Planet.

Populated places in Burundi
Bubanza Province


WZOE may refer to:

 WZOE (AM), a radio station (1490 AM) licensed to Princeton, Illinois, United States
 WZOE-FM, a radio station (98.1 FM) licensed to Princeton, Illinois, United States


Kinyinya is a city in eastern Burundi, close to the border with Tanzania. It is located southwest of Gisuru and northeast of Mount Kikizi.

References
Fitzpatrick, M., Parkinson, T., & Ray, N. (2006) East Africa. Footscray, VIC: Lonely Planet.

Populated places in Burundi


The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery is a biweekly peer reviewed medical journal in the field of orthopedic surgery. It is published by the non-profit corporation The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc. It was established as the Transactions of the American Orthopedic Association in 1889, published by the American Orthopedic Association. In 1903, volume 16 of the Transactions became the first volume of the American Journal of Orthopedic Surgery, which was renamed Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery in 1919 and also became the official journal of the British Orthopaedic Association. The journal obtained its current name in 1921.  As of 2016, it had a Journal Citation Reports impact factor of 4.8 and ranking of 10/197 (surgery), 2/76 (orthopedics).

The journal became the organ of the newly founded American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons in 1933. A British volume was established in 1948, using the name under license from the American volume. In 1954, the American journal incorporated itself as a non-profit organization. The British volume was published by The British Editorial Society of Bone and Joint Surgery, a registered charity in the United Kingdom. The American and British volumes were completely independent of each other, and had completely different content. The British volume was renamed The Bone & Joint Journal in 2013.

Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Biological Abstracts
Chemical Abstracts
Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature
Energy Citations Database
Embase
Index Medicus
PubMed

Societies
The journal is the official scientific journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and is affiliated with the American Orthopaedic Association, Eastern Orthopaedic Association, Mid-America Orthopaedic Association, and the Western Orthopaedic Association.
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, British volume (now titled The Bone and Joint Journal) was the official journal of the Australian Orthopaedic Association, British Orthopaedic Association, British Orthopaedic Research Society, Canadian Orthopaedic Association, Canadian Orthopaedic Research Society, European Federation of National Associations of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, European Orthopaedic Research Society, Irish Orthopaedic Association, New Zealand Orthopaedic Association, and the South African Orthopaedic Association.

See also
 Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research

Further reading

References

External links

Orthopedics journals
Surgery journals
Publications established in 1889
Biweekly journals
English-language journals


Gisuru is a city in eastern Burundi. It is located close to the border with Tanzania, to the northeast of Kinyinya and southwest of Cankuzo. It is the capital of the Commune of Gisuru.

References
Fitzpatrick, M., Parkinson, T., & Ray, N. (2006) East Africa. Footscray, VIC: Lonely Planet.

Populated places in Burundi


Route 139 is a state highway in southern Connecticut running from Branford to North Branford.

Route description
Route 139 begins as North Branford Road at an intersection with US 1 in the northern part of Branford. It heads northeast, crossing the Branford River soon entering the town of North Branford. At the town line, the road changes name to Branford Road and continues northward for about  until its end at an intersection with Routes 22 and 80 in the town center.

History
In the 1920s, a route running east from Fair Haven (in New Haven) via the village of Totoket to the town center of North Branford, then southward to the northeastern corner of Branford, was a state highway designated as Highway 135. In the 1932 state highway renumbering, Route 139 was created from the north–south portion of old Highway 135 between North Branford center and Route 1. The east–west portion of old Highway 135 was assigned to Route 80. In 1935, Route 139 was extended north along Forest Road (now Route 22) to end in the village of Northford at Route 15 (now Route 17). In 1951, the section north of the current northern terminus was transferred to Route 22 when that route was created.

The southern end of Route 139 originally used School Ground Road. In the 1940s, the southern terminus was shifted to use North Branford road instead. The old alignment became Route 139A, which was removed from the state highway system in 1964.

Junction list

References

External links

Transportation in New Haven County, Connecticut
139
Branford, Connecticut
North Branford, Connecticut
1932 establishments in Connecticut


The current judiciary of Niger was established with the creation of the Fourth Republic in 1999.  The constitution of December 1992 was revised by national referendum on 12 May 1996 and, again, by referendum, revised to the current version on 18 July 1999. It is an inquisitorial system based on the Napoleonic Code, established in Niger during French colonial rule and the 1960 constitution of Niger. The Court of Appeals reviews questions of fact and law, while the Supreme Court reviews application of the law and constitutional questions. The High Court of Justice (HCJ) deals with cases involving senior government officials. The justice system also includes civil criminal courts, customary courts, traditional mediation, and a military court. The military court provides the same rights as civil criminal courts; however, customary courts do not. The military court cannot try civilians.

Judicial structure
Niger's independent judicial system is composed of four higher courts — the Court of Appeals, the Supreme Court, the High Court of Justice and the Court of State Security — as well as lower criminal, civil and appeals courts.

The Supreme Court of Niger is the highest judicial body of the State in administrative, judicial and financial matters. The Supreme Court hears cases appealed from lower civil and criminal courts, it only rules on the application of the law and constitutional questions: the lower Courts of Appeals may decide appeals on questions of fact and law.
The Court of Appeals of Niger, one in each of Niger's eight regions, reviews questions of fact and law in criminal and civil law, and rulings may be appealed to the Supreme Court of Niger.
The Constitutional Court of Niger has jurisdiction over constitutional and electoral matters, and is a provisionally organised court, what the French legal system terms a . It is responsible for ruling on the constitutionality of laws and ordinances, as well as compliance with international treaties and agreements. The Court includes seven members.  These seven members are chosen for six-year terms, renewable for two-year terms thereafter.  The president of the court is chosen by the other member for three years.  They are not removable. They must include certain professions chosen by certain institutions, and nominated by the President It may be called upon to provide rulings by certain constitutional triggers (elections, referendum, constitution revision) or by the request of the President, the Speaker of the National Assembly, or by the vote of one-fifth of the members of the national assembly.  When called upon to give binding rulings it is the final arbiter, and rulings must be carried out in 30 days.  Most recently it came into prominence when required to offer a non-binding ruling of President Mamadou Tandja's plan for a referendum on a new constitution.  Its opposition, presented on 26 May 2009, triggered the President's dismissal of the National Assembly.

Crimes or misdemeanors committed by government officials in the exercise of their office are tried in the High Court of Justice, a . This court is composed of seven deputies elected from within the National Assembly on a provisional basis, and organised and instructed by the Supreme Court of Niger.
The State Security Court, established under the rule of Seyni Kountché in the 1970s is a military court for trying offenses committed by the military and police, but also enabling the military of Niger to try civilians accused of crimes touching upon state secrets, defense, espionage, or internal security.  The closing of the court was one of the first acts of the 1991 National Assembly, which led to the Third Republic.  In 2007, some elements of the court were reestablished, but it may no longer try civilians.

Criminal and civil courts
Nigeren law is based on the French legal system, in which investigative judges develop and bring to trial criminal cases which they judge.  Criminal courts are based on this "investigating magistrate" system.  Appeals courts – up to and including the Supreme Court of Niger – are panels of professional judges who hear criminal appeals.

Criminal trial procedure
The 1999 constitution and Nigerien law require a warrant for an arrest, and this generally is observed in practice, outside areas under special states of emergency, such as the entire Agadez Region between 2007 and 2009. Judges and prosecutors weigh evidence and issue warrants accordingly. Persons are brought before an independent judiciary.

Those arrested must be notified of their right to a lawyer within 24 hours of detention.  Nigerien law allows individuals to be detained initially for up to 48 hours without charge, and allows an additional 48-hour detention period if police need more time to gather evidence. Detainees have a right to prompt judicial determination. Security forces must inform detainees of the charges against them promptly. Law provides for a maximum pretrial confinement of 30 months for serious crimes and 12 months for minor offenses, with special extensions in certain sensitive cases.

The law affirms the presumption of innocence. Trials are public, and juries are used. Defendants have the right to counsel, including counsel at public expense for minors and indigent defendants charged with crimes carrying a sentence of 10 years or more. There is a functioning bail system for crimes carrying a penalty of fewer than 10 years' imprisonment.  Indigents are provided a lawyer by the government. Widespread ignorance of the law and lack of financial means prevented many from fully exercising their right to an attorney and using the bail system. Defendants also have the right to be present at trial, to confront witnesses, and to present witnesses on their own behalf. The government has a legal obligation to inform defendants of all evidence against them, and defendants have access to government-held evidence. Defendants may appeal verdicts, first to the court of appeals and then to the Supreme Court.

Civil Judicial system
Civil law in Niger is modeled on the French  (civil law). Courts of civil procedure in each major city which hear lawsuits related to civil matters and can apply judicial remedies, while a single appellate entity is responsible for administrative remedies.

Customary courts
Traditional chiefs can act as mediators and counselors and have authority in customary law cases as well as status under national law where they are designated as auxiliaries to local officials. Under customary courts and traditional mediation, individuals do not have the same legal protections as those using the formal court systems. They have authority to arbitrate in many customary law matters, including marriage, inheritance, land, and community disputes, but not in all civil issues. Chiefs receive government stipends, but have no police or judicial powers.

Customary courts, which try civil law cases, are based largely on Islamic law and local tradition, and are located only in large towns and cities. A legal practitioner with basic legal training, advised by an assessor knowledgeable in the society's traditions, heads these courts. The judicial actions of chiefs and customary courts are not regulated by formal law, and defendants can appeal a verdict in the formal court system.

Legal profession
Criminal and civil attorneys are titled  (advocate): the equivalent of the French . An  is authorized to act in all legal matters between his client and other parties, including representation before a court.

Other legal professionals are , legal technicians authorized to handle civil and commercial matters such as inheritance and other family law (except divorce), real estate, leases, mortgages, contracts and other business matters.

Should a case go before a court, however, a  must call upon the services of an  to represent his client. Both  and  carry the title "" as a matter of honor.

Prison system
Niger has thirty-five prisons, but these have been criticized for poor operations and overcrowding.

Reported violations of rights

Judicial procedure
While citizens of Niger are provided with broad legal rights before the law, government interference, corruption, poverty, and a widespread ignorance of the law prevents many accused from taking full advantage of these rights. Although lawyers provide counsel per government request, the government general has a history of failing to remunerate them. Women do not have equal legal status with men in customary courts and traditional mediation, and do not enjoy the same access to legal redress.

According to the United States government, there were reports in 2008 that several persons were detained arbitrarily under the state of alert. Detainees involved with sensitive cases were sometimes held longer than legally permitted.

There were serious backlogs in the judicial system. Some persons waited as long as six years to be tried. At the end of 2008, 70 percent of the prisoners in Niamey's civil prison were awaiting trial. Such trial delays have been attributed to lengthy legal procedures, inadequate resources, staff shortages, and corruption.

Judicial impartiality
Although the constitution and law provide for an independent judiciary, this has not been the case in practice under the Hamani Diori government (1960–74) and the three following military regimes (1974–91, 1996–99, 1999). Under the post-1999 Fifth Republic of Niger the executive branch has been accused of interfering with the judicial process, especially in high-profile cases, or in cases having to do with press freedoms.  Amnesty International and Reporters Without Borders have charged the government of Niger with politically motivated arrests, trials, detentions, and rulings in cases against members of the press critical of the government.  Corruption and inefficiency remain problems within the judicial system. Judges are reported to sometimes fear reassignment or having their financial benefits reduced if they render a decision unfavorable to the government. In civil matters there were reports that family and business ties influenced lower court decisions. In some instances judges granted provisional release pending trial to high-profile defendants. These defendants were seldom called back for trial, and had complete freedom of movement and could leave the country.

A 2008 public opinion poll found that only 49% of Nigeriens had confidence in their judicial system, down from 56% in 2006.

At the same time, local civil judicial courts are considered by the United States government to be generally independent and impartial, and there is access to seek damages for human rights violations.  One such case was the much publicised suit by a woman who successfully sued the Nigerien government for failing to enforce anti-slavery legislation in 2008.

See also
 Law enforcement in Niger

References

Further reading
Source: U.S. Department of State, Niger Embassy to the U.S.
 NIGER. Situation institutionnelle. Sory Baldé, CEAN, IEP-Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV. Accessed 2009-04-13

Government of Niger
Law of Niger


Agrilus hyperici, the St. John's wort root borer, is a species of jewel beetle. It is used as an agent of biological pest control against common St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) in areas where it is a noxious weed or invasive species.

Description
The adult beetle is narrow and elongated, reddish-brown in color and about 5 millimeters in length.

Biology
The female deposits eggs low on the stem of the St. John's wort plant in July and August. The larva emerges from the egg and makes its way to the roots where it feeds on root tissue for the following year. Often the larvae consume nearly all the roots on a plant and then pupate inside the remnants. Few plants survive attack by this species. The beetle is known to attack the similar plant goldwire (Hypericum concinnum) in California, but it does not appear to have a destructive impact on this species.

Distribution and habitat
This beetle is native to Europe. Its association with Hypericum perforatum has been known for a long time and it was first introduced to the United States for the purposes of biocontrol in 1950, in California. It is now established in much of the northwestern United States, especially in mountainous areas, and in Australia.

References

hyperici
Woodboring beetles
Insects used for control of invasive plants
Biological pest control beetles
Beetles of Europe


Gisozi, also Kisozi is a settlement in central Burundi and capital of the commune of the same name. It is located in Mwaro Province, to the southeast of Bujumbura (the largest city and former capital of Burundi) and southwest of Gitega (the current capital).

References

Populated places in Burundi


English Qaballa (EQ) is a system of Hermetic Qabalah, supported by a system of arithmancy that interprets the letters of the English alphabet via an assigned set of values, discovered by James Lees in 1976. It is the result of an intent to understand, interpret, and elaborate on the mysteries of Aleister Crowley's received text, Liber AL vel Legis, the Book of the Law. According to Jake Stratton-Kent, "the English Qaballa is a qabalah and not a system of numerology. A qabalah is specifically related to three factors: one, a language; two, a 'holy' text or texts; three, mathematical laws at work in these two."

This system has also been referred to as the ALW cipher, New Aeon English Qabalah or NAEQ by other writers.

Background

The practice of using alphabetic letters to represent numbers developed in the Greek city of Miletus, and is thus known as the Milesian system. Early examples include vase graffiti dating to the 6th century BCE. Aristotle wrote that the Pythgoraean tradition, founded in the 6th century by Pythagoras of Samos, practiced isopsephy, the Greek predecessor of Hebrew gematria. Pythagoras was a contemporary of the philosophers Anaximander, Anaximenes, and the historian Hecataeus, all of whom lived in Miletus, across the sea from Samos. The Milesian system was in common use by the reign of Alexander the Great (336–323 BCE) and was adopted by other cultures during the subsequent Hellenistic period. It was officially adopted in Egypt during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (284–246 BCE).

The first system of English gematria was used by the poet John Skelton in 1523 in his poem "The Garland of Laurel". In 1532, Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa defined an analogue of the Greek system of isopsephy in his work De Occulta Philosopha. Agrippa based his system on the order of the Classical Latin alphabet, appending the four additional letters in use at the time after Z, including the still-in-use letters J (600), U (700), and W (900). Agrippa was the mentor of Welsh magician John Dee, who makes reference to the Agrippa code in Theorem XVI of his 1564 book, Monas Hieroglyphica. Other variations are detailed in Underwood Dudley's Numerology, Or, What Pythagoras Wrought.

In 1904, Aleister Crowley wrote out in English the text of the foundational document of his world-view, known as Liber AL vel Legis, The Book of the Law. In this text was the injunction found at verse 2:55; "Thou shalt obtain the order & value of the English Alphabet, thou shalt find new symbols to attribute them unto" which was understood by Crowley as referring to an English Qabalah yet to be developed or revealed.

Order and value
The "order & value" discovered by James Lees lays the letters out on the grid superimposed on the page of manuscript of Liber AL on which this verse (Ch. III, v. 47) appears (sheet 16 of Chapter III). Also appearing on this page are a diagonal line and a circled cross. The Book of the Law states that the book should only be printed with Crowley's hand-written version included, suggesting that there are mysteries in the "chance shape of the letters and their position to one another" of Crowley's handwriting.  Whichever top-left to bottom-right diagonal is read the magickal order of the letters is obtained. As there are ten squares per column, this method is equivalent to taking every eleventh letter of the alphabet as the order and then assigning them sequential values:

Methods

Calculation and comparison
The first method of English Qaballa is simple arithmancy with a numerical dictionary. The value of the word, phrase, or sentence is calculated and the resulting value is looked up in a numerical dictionary, an example of which may be found in an appendix of . For example, the value of the word 'Jesus' is 68; other words with this value are 'life' and 'change'. The meaning of these 'word collisions' must be determined by the individual qaballist.

Initial and final letters
The second method is to calculate the value of the first letters of a phrase or sentence, and also the value of the last letters of the phrase. As with the first method, the resulting values are then looked up and utilized in the same manner. This analysis is intended to indicate how a process indicated by the phrase will begin and how it will end.

Reversal yields the reward
The third method is reversing the digits in the value of a word. This method is based on Liber AL III:1 "Abrahadabra! The reward of Ra Hoor Khut." In this example, 'Ra Hoor Khu' sums to 97, and 'Abrahadabra' sums to 79. Thus the verse provides its own example of how the reward may be calculated.

Counting well
The method of 'counting well' involves two words and is represented by the symbol '%'. To 'count well' the value of two words is to multiply the value of the first word by the number of letters in the second word and vice versa, then sum the two values thus obtained. Thus 'Jesus % Christ' yields (68 x 6) + (81 x 5) = 408 + 405 = 813. As with the first method, the resulting value is then looked up and interpreted in a similar manner.

Other methods
A fourth method involves summing the word progressively (e.g. 'word' yields 'w' = 3, 'wo' = 10, 'wor' = 22, and 'word' = 28). These successive values are then interpreted as a sequence which may elucidate the meaning of the word. A fifth method is to divide word into two or more parts, then sum each part separately, again producing a sequence of numbers to be interpreted. The sixth method is to replace a word with other words of the same value in a sentence or verse in order to clarify the meaning of the word in that specific context.

History

Initial discovery
The first report of the system known as English Qaballa (EQ) was published in 1979 by Ray Sherwin in an editorial in the final issue of his journal, The New Equinox. In his editorial, Sherwin reported that the "order & value of the English Alphabet" had been discovered by an English magician, James Lees, in November 1976. Lees subsequently assumed the role of publisher of The New Equinox and, starting in 1981, published additional material about the EQ system over the course of five issues of the journal, extending into 1982. The first software designed to perform textual analysis of Liber AL and the other Holy Books of Thelema was written in 1984-5 by Trevor Langford. Langford subsequently worked with Jake Stratton-Kent on The Equinox: British Journal of Thelema, in which further original material on EQ was summarized by Stratton-Kent in the March 1988 issue.

Solution to Liber AL II:76
Early on, Jim Lees also discovered the first proof of the system. In the original handwritten text, the string of letters and numbers in the 76th verse of the second chapter is divided into two lines, the first ending with "Y" and the second beginning with "X". Jake Stratton-Kent thought that in the manuscript the 'X' at the beginning of line two looked like a multiplication symbol, so he added each line's values together and multiplied them; 17x11=187, the numerical value of the phrase "English alphabet", which he felt confirmed the correctness of the system.

In 1988, Stratton-Kent described his discovery of this solution. He wrote:

In the original handwritten text, the string of letters and numbers is divided into two lines, the first ending with "Y" and the second beginning with "X". Stratton-Kent says,

21st century
Little, if any, further material on English Qaballa was published until the appearance of Jake Stratton-Kent's book, The Serpent Tongue: Liber 187, in 2011. This was followed in 2016 by The Magickal Language of the Book of the Law: An English Qaballa Primer by Cath Thompson. An account of the discovery, exploration, and continuing research and development of the system up to 2010, by James Lees and members of his group in England, is detailed in her 2018 book, All This and a Book.

Reception
In 2020, Lon Milo DuQuette wrote "... as an individual, I cannot hide my personal enthusiasm concerning the English Qaballa [...] and marvelous work being done by Jake Stratton-Kent and others who are continuing to develop and enrich it. They deserve the admiration and thanks of every student of modern magick."

See also
 Astrotheology
 Ceremonial magic
 Magical formula
 Magical organization

References

Citations

Works cited

Further reading

External links
 Thelema Now! Guest: Cath Thompson - discusses EQ in this podcast
 "History of Ciphers" (part 4a) - The Thelemic Ciphers (I)
 Online EQ summation and lookup tool

Ceremonial magic
Hermetic Qabalah
Kabbalah
Numerology
Thelema


Gihofi is a city in eastern Burundi. It is located close to the border with Tanzania, to the south of Mount Kikizi and southeast of Rutana.

References
Fitzpatrick, M., Parkinson, T., & Ray, N. (2006) East Africa. Footscray, VIC: Lonely Planet.

Populated places in Burundi


Paterson True Blues was a professional U.S. soccer team founded in 1887 and disestablished after 1915.  The True Blues, based out of Paterson, New Jersey, are best known as one of the dominant soccer teams of its era and one of the first U.S. soccer dynasties.

History
In the late 19th century, the northern New Jersey area of Paterson, Kearny and Newark began producing dozens of talented teams which drew their rosters from the region's textile mills, the True Blues themselves were born in 1887.  Their first near success came in the 1894 American Football Association’s American Cup.  That year, Paterson went to the final before falling to the Fall River Olympics.  Paterson won its first Cup title in 1896 under manager Herbert Newton. They would be the only Paterson team to win the American Cup. Their second triumph came in 1908 guided by John Watt while the third was in 1913 with manager John Hall. In 1897, Paterson joined the National Association Football League, the top professional league in the U.S. at the time.  Paterson immediately established itself as the best in the league, taking the championship in its first season.  Paterson won its second league title the next season, but around the start of the 20th century, soccer in the U.S. went into a brief decline.  As a result, both the NAFBL and the American Cup were suspended.  The Cup resumed play in 1905 and the NAFBL in 1907.  They rejoined the NAFBL and remained in the league until 1915.  In December 1913, Paterson travelled to St. Louis to match up against the best of the St. Louis Soccer League.  They fell in their first game against an SLSL All Star team before defeated Columbian Athletic Club and tying St. Leo's, the city’s dominant team.  After finishing the 1914-1915 NAFBL season at the bottom of the standings with an 0-14-2 record, Paterson withdrew from the league.

Year-by-year

Honors
American Cup
 Winner (3): 1896, 1909, 1913
 Runner Up (4): 1894, 1897, 1906, 1908

League Championship
 Winner (2): 1898, 1899
 Runner Up (1): 1913

External links
 National Association Football League standings
 American Cup results

References

Defunct soccer clubs in New Jersey
National Association Football League teams
Sports in Paterson, New Jersey
1887 establishments in New Jersey
Association football clubs established in 1887


The Chutes de la Kagera (Kagera Falls or Chutes de la Karera) are a spectacular series of waterfalls in southeastern Burundi. They are located to the south of Rutana.  The falls occupy over 142 hectares, being made up of six branches divided on three landings.

Description
On a first level, is a main fall subdivided into two parallel branches of a length estimated at 80 m about which pours on a basin. This fall consists of several waterfalls of different sizes intersected with two platforms.  Another smaller waterfall is located roughly 50 m to the west of this main fall. Waters of these two falls converge on a second landing to form the third waterfall which pours on the valley.

World Heritage Status
The site, along with the Nyakazu Fault, was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on May 9, 2007 in the Mixed (Cultural & Natural) category.

References

Further reading
 Fitzpatrick, M., Parkinson, T., & Ray, N. (2006) East Africa. Footscray, VIC: Lonely Planet.

Landforms of Burundi
Waterfalls of Africa


Mabanda means Pathfinder (the way finder). Mabanda is also named after human beings for example, Mabanda Shita Mayankwa from Zambia.And
Mabanda is a city located close to the southern tip of Burundi, near the border with Tanzania.

References
Fitzpatrick, M., Parkinson, T., & Ray, N. (2006) East Africa. Footscray, VIC: Lonely Planet.

Populated places in Burundi


Canterbury Presbyterian Church is located along Clinton Street in downtown Cornwall, New York, United States. It is a white stone and brick building in the Federal style, with later additions in a Colonial Revival style consistent with the earlier structure. Since 1996 it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Services were last held in 2004 as the church merged into Cornwall Presbyterian Church, which had been founded by dissident members of Canterbury. The building has been used by several local nonprofit groups. In 2018 the Church which had been in need of structural repairs was acquired and converted in to a Dance Studio.

Church and grounds
The church follows a three-by-four-bay layout with distinctive Federal touches as symmetrical fenestration, fanlights and rectangular gable massing. It is one and a half storeys in height with the dominant bell tower, added later, reaching two stories. Two major additions have been built, both much later but consistent with the original style.

Much of the interior of the church is original. The floor plan has not been significantly altered, and the pews, furnishings, wainscoting and wall finishings are original.

A contributing resource to the listing is the original churchyard to the rear of the property. Fifty gravestones of past congregants have been identified, the earliest dating to the 1830s.

History
The first Presbyterian congregation in the Cornwall area first met in 1824 under both the Canterbury name and the First Presbyterian Society in the village of Cornwall. The church was built two years later and then, in 1827, the 17 charter members, referring to themselves in their minutes as a "small and feeble band", formally organized as the First Presbyterian Church in Canterbury.

By 1829 the new church had more than tripled in size. In 1856 part of the congregation broke away to form the Cornwall Presbyterian Church when they disagreed with the prevailing abolitionist sentiment, and the strictness of Jonathan Silliman, the church's longtime pastor. Nine years later, in 1865, the remaining members raised funds to build the bell tower and new entrance vestibules. Further renovations came in 1891, when local contractor H. R. Taylor was hired to build a new chapel, named after The Rev. Jonathan Silliman, pastor from 1835–61. Electric lights were installed in the church sanctuary at that time.

Cornwall Presbyterian Church reunited with Canterbury in 1925, only to break away again in 1957 over other issues. Canterbury responded by adding onto the building again, with Hagen Hall, an addition to Silliman Chapel, in 1961. Its low gabled roof was modeled after the carriage shed it had replaced.

In the later years of the 20th century the church grew smaller and smaller, and began taking in tenants like the Arts Alliance, which brought films and dances to the building on weekends. These were well-attended, but ultimately it was not enough to save the church, and by 2003 it was down to 11 members. The walls were shaky enough to require temporary shoring up by steel struts.

On February 15, 2004, the last services were held, ending 178 years of church history. Members merged with Cornwall, which had become the dominant Presbyterian church in the town. Since then the Arts Alliance and other nonprofits have continued their activities in the church. It has been sold to a couple who plan to reopen it as the Canterbury Center, a combination spiritual awareness and healing arts center, while continuing to make it available for community groups. Some of the artifacts from the church have been preserved and will be exhibited at the Cornwall Historical Society's museum at Town Hall.

References

National Register of Historic Places in Orange County, New York
Churches completed in 1826
19th-century Presbyterian church buildings in the United States
Cornwall, New York
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
Presbyterian churches in New York (state)
Federal architecture in New York (state)
Former Presbyterian churches in New York (state)
Closed churches in New York (state)
1826 establishments in New York (state)


Professor Kageyama's Maths Training: The Hundred Cell Calculation Method is a puzzle video game published by Nintendo and developed by Jupiter for the Nintendo DS handheld video game console. It was first released in Japan, then later in Europe and Australasia. It was released in North America as Personal Trainer: Math on January 12, 2009 and also in South Korea in 2009. The game is part of both the Touch! Generations and Personal Trainer series. The game received mixed reviews, with common criticisms cited for the game's difficulty in recognizing some numbers and for not being very entertaining to play. At GameRankings, it holds an average review score of 65%.

Gameplay
Maths Training, designed to be played daily, uses a method called "The Hundred Cell Calculation Method" that focuses on repetition of basic arithmetic. This method was developed by Professor Kageyama who works at the Centre for Research and Educational Development at Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto. Utilizing a 10 x 10 grid of blank squares lined with rows of numbers along the top and side of the grid, the player has to match up each top number with each side number and add or subtract or multiply them. They then fill in the appropriate square with the appropriate answer.

The game is played by holding the Nintendo DS vertically like a book, and it supports both right- and left-handed users, allowing them to view the exercises on the message screen while they note down their answers with the stylus on the Touch Screen. The user can play against up to 15 other Nintendo DS users by using the DS Download Play option or with multiple game cards.

See also
List of Nintendo DS games
Personal Trainer: Cooking
Personal Trainer: Walking

Notes

References

External links
Official website for Japan

2007 video games
Brain training video games
Mathematical education video games
Jupiter (company) games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Nintendo games
Shogakukan
Touch! Generations
Video games developed in Japan
Multiplayer and single-player video games


Grayland is a Metra commuter railroad station in the Old Irving Park neighborhood in Chicago, Illinois, along the Milwaukee District North Line. It is located at 3729 North Kilbourn Avenue, is  away from Chicago Union Station, the southern terminus of the line, and serves commuters between Union Station and Fox Lake, Illinois. In Metra's zone-based fare system, Grayland is in zone B. As of 2018, Grayland is the 132nd busiest of Metra's 236 non-downtown stations, with an average of 357 weekday boardings.

As of December 12, 2022, Grayland is served by 40 trains (19 inbound, 21 outbound) on weekdays, by all 20 trains (10 in each direction) on Saturdays, and by all 18 trains (nine in each direction) on Sundays and holidays.

The station is an open platform shelter near the Union Pacific Railroad crossing/remote-Tower A-5. Parking is available on Kilbourn Avenue along the west side of the tracks south of Milwaukee Avenue, and on-street parking is also available on Kilbourn Avenue along the east side of the tracks north of Milwaukee Avenue.

The station was opened in 1873 to service Grayland, at the time a suburb of Chicago (annexed in 1889) created by subdividing John Gray's farm. Gray deeded the land the already built depot was on to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad in return for a promise to maintain and service the depot, thus insuring that the inhabitants of Gray's subdivision would have easy transport to Chicago and back.

Bus connections
CTA
 56 Milwaukee
 152 Addison (1 block south at Addison and Milwaukee Ave.)

References

External links

Station from Google Maps Street View

Grayland
Former Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1873


Atrina rigida, commonly called the rigid pen shell, is a species of bivalve mollusc in the family Pinnidae.

Description

The rigid shell has a pair of thick spiny valves held together by ligaments that run along the entire dorsal side of the bivalve. The bivalve is triangular with 15 to 25 low ribs radiating from the pointed anterior end (or umbo) to the large posterior edge. The exterior of the shell is usually a dull brownish color with many small tube-like spines along the crest of its radiating ribs. Its anterior end is typically buried in fine substrate and attached by byssal threads, with its wider posterior gaping end extending just above the sea bottom surface to facilitate filter-feeding.  Algae (e.g. Lobophora variegata) and invertebrates such as sponges and encrusting corals tend to grow on the exposed part of the shell and may camouflage it very well.

Distribution and habitat

The rigid pen shell can be found in coastal western Atlantic waters, ranging from southern Florida across the Caribbean and the West Indies to Brazil. It is a benthic shallow water species and is typically found in soft-bottom silty habitats, with its narrow anterior end (umbo) burrowed down and attached to underground substrate by its byssal threads. Its wider posterior gaping end extends just above the sea bottom surface to facilitate filter-feeding. Algae, invertebrates such as sponges and encrusting corals tend to grow on the exposed part of the shell and may camouflage it very well.

Filter-feeding
The rigid pen shell burrows as it grows, but the wide posterior end of the shell always remains exposed so water from above the seafloor can be drawn through the inhalent chamber of the mantle cavity. Typical of bivalves, water is drawn over gills or ctenidium by the beating of cilia where oxygen from the water is absorbed. Suspended food and other water-borne nutrients also become trapped in mucus, which is then transported to the mouth, digested and expelled as feces. Unique gutter-like waste canals in the viscera of the inhalent chamber also help to keep gills and other organs clear from silt and other unwanted water-borne particules by expelling these as pseudofeces.

Symbionts

Commensal symbionts such as crustaceans and a cardinal fish, Astrapogon stellatus, may be found sheltering inside the shell's mantle cavity.
This species is preyed upon by starfish, and other carnivorous gastropods, including the horse conch Triplofusus papillosus.

References

 p. 79

Pinnidae
Molluscs described in 1786
Molluscs of the Atlantic Ocean


Eric DeLamarter (February 18, 1880 in Lansing, Michigan – May 17, 1953 in Orlando, Florida) was an American composer and classical organist.

He was the child of Dr. Louis and Mary B. DeLamarter, and went to Albion College.

He served as assistant conductor of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra from 1918 to 1933 and from 1933 to 1936 he served as their associate conductor.   He was also an uncredited orchestra conductor in the 1946 film "Humoresque".

Among his pupils was Leon Stein.

Eric DeLamarter was a composer, church organist and music critic of "Interocean."  He was also a close friend and adviser to Leo Sowerby as well as a champion of Sowerby's music.  DeLamarter aided Sowerby in his becoming an accomplished organist.  In 1915 he was organist at the Fourth Presbyterian Church in Chicago, IL.  The following year he commissioned and gave the premiere performance of Sowerby's Comes Autumn Time.

The Lila Acheson Wallace Library of The Juilliard School has several of his holographs as well as printed items.  The University of Michigan Library holds the holograph of his organ concerto and a number of printed items.

References

External links
Eric De Lamarter Papers at The Newberry

1880 births
1953 deaths
American classical composers
American male classical composers
20th-century classical composers
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians
Musicians from Lansing, Michigan
Classical musicians from Michigan
Musicians from Chicago
Classical musicians from Illinois
American classical organists
20th-century organists
American male conductors (music)
20th-century American conductors (music)
Albion College alumni


El Oro is one of 125 municipalities in the State of Mexico within the United Mexican States. The municipal seat is the town of El Oro de Hidalgo. The name El Oro () means "the gold" in  Spanish. It has subsequently been given an alternative Nahuatl name of "Teocuitlatl", meaning "sacred excrement" (referring to gold). Its seal, in the form of an Aztec glyph, contains elements referring to gold and to caves, of which there are many in the municipality.

The municipality is located in the northwest of the State of Mexico, 96 km from the state capital of Toluca, and is bounded by the municipalities of Temascalcingo to the north, Jocotitlán to the east, San Felipe del Progreso and San José del Rincón to the south, and by the state of Michoacán to the west. , the municipal seat with the formal name of El Oro de Hidalgo had a population of 5,797, and the municipality of El Oro had a population of 31,847. While the settlement made its name as a major gold- and silver-mining town from the 17th to the early 20th centuries, the mines have since been tapped out and the town is turning to tourism for economic development.

The town

History
The Mazahua people first populated this area, migrating from the north. One of these migrations is documented in the Annals of Cuauhtitlán, which occurred in 538 AD, when five tribes headed by Ehécatl, Coahuatzin, Mazacóatl, Otzihuacoatl and Tlalpanhuitz y Huitz, with Mazacóatl leading them. The first populations settled in communities now known as Tapaxco, Endotejiare, Tultenango and Santiago Oxtempan, all of which are in the current municipality of El Oro. Initially, the Mazahuas were hunter-gatherers but dedicated themselves to agriculture and fishing as well as hunting, as the Mazahua-populated region became dominated the Toltecs, the Chichimecas and then the Aztecs. The last group conquered this area in 1474 by Axayacatl.

Up until the Spanish Conquest of Mexico, there was no settlement in what is now the town of El Oro, nor was its gold deposit discovered. In nearby Tlalpujahua, gold was being mined and this brought the Spaniards to the area. Some traces of gold were found early in the colonial period, especially in nearby Tapaxco, but the traces were not investigated further.

It was gold that brought about the settlement and one of the town's early names was El Real de El Oro, which was a mining community under the jurisdiction of Ixtlahuaca. There are conflicting stories as to how the town was founded. One version states that it was founded by the Mondragón family, guided by a child who showed them where he grazed his flock. Here someone in the family noticed something shiny among the rocks, which turned out to be quartz containing gold, indicating the vein that would be named after the family.

El Oro was founded in 1787 by miners who bought the land from the Hacienda of Tultenango. El Oro initially belonged to the territory of Ixtlahuaca, but upon discovery of gold, the land became Crown property. In 1793, the mining community was given municipality status and authority over the neighboring communities of Tapaxco, San Nicolás, Santiago Oxtempan, Santa Rosa, Hacienda La Jordana, Hacienda Venta del Aire and Hacienta Tultenango. It also gained rights to regulate all mineral extraction in this area.

Twenty two years after the discovery of gold here, the Count of Revillagigedo hired engineer Manuel Agustín Mascaró to plan out the community, which was centered just northeast of where the downtown is now. The town had become an important source of gold and silver in late colonial times, but there were problems with supplying food and other needs due to the rocky terrain. El Oro's first chapel was built in 1791, but the seat of ecclesiastical power in the area as established in Tapaxco, four years earlier.

Miguel Hidalgo's army passed through the municipality on its way to Mexico City. After independence, engineer Vicente Rivafola and Lucas Alamán worked to create mining companies here with investment funds from British sources. One such company, called the Tlalpuajuhua Company revitalized 86 mines in the area. Another important company was the United Mexican Mining Association. Before Independence, El Oro mines had been productive but they were mostly shut down during the war. By 1825, most mining here was in English hands. This led to a significant population of foreigners here, mostly English and French, who influenced the town's culture. This would eventually lead to the building of the municipal palace and the Juarez Theater with Neoclassic and Art Nouveau designs.
Foreign investment here reached its peak near the end of the 19th century into the early 20th century, introducing new technologies, such as a rail line, and electricity. These were introduced primarily in the town of El Oro, which began to establish it as the primary center over Tapaxco. Furthering its importance was the discovery of the Esperanza vein, which greatly increased the town's population. El Oro was declared the head of the municipality by two decrees, one issued in 1901 and the other in 1902, giving it the town official name of El Oro de Hidalgo.

In 1926, a number of mines, including El Oro Mining and Railway Co., La Esperanza Mining and others, began to cut back production, stating that the deposits were tapped out. The situation worsened when the mining companies where expropriated from their English owners in 1937. Soon the only operating mine was one called Dos Estrellas, located between El Oro and Tlalpujahua, which subsequently closed in 1958. In the mid-20th century, El Oro was left with only 2,500 residents. Since that time, the town's economy has turned to commerce, light industry, and handcrafts.

Points of interest
The Municipal Palace is the seat of government for both the town and the surrounding municipality. The first palace was built in 1829 of wood and nicknamed "The White House." The current one was inaugurated in 1910. This municipal palace is distinctive for it combination of Neoclassic and Art Nouveau designs. This is a result of the English and French populations as well as the preference during the Porfirio Díaz presidency between the 19th and 20th centuries for French style. The two towers of the palace are of English design. The façade, with its balustrade, lamps and fencing show Neoclassic influence. Its portico, courtyard and "Salon de Cabildos" or Delegation Hall is Art Nouveau in design. Just about the whole building is in its original condition. On either side of the main entrance, there is a mural by Manuel D´Rugama called "The Genesis of the Miner."

The Juarez Theater and is of French Neoclassic style. During the height of the town's mining, this theater attracted top-level talent of the early 20th century such as Ángela Peralta, Enrico Caruso, María Conesa and others. The interior is of Moorish design with gilded decorative plant motifs indicative of Art Nouveau. The side booths are done in sculpted wood and stylized lions can be found in the pilasters.

The train station was completed at the very end of the 19th century and inaugurated by President Porfirio Díaz. Its architecture is typical of the time but also shows English influence. Running from here to Tultenango and Villa Victoria,  rail line leading here was created for the mines, but the trains carried both cargo and passengers. The first owner of the line was Manning Gold Company. The rail line was completed in 1860, but the station was completed in 1899. To the side of the station is an antique rail car which contains a restaurant, which contains a collection of photographs from the town's mining heyday.

The Mining Museum depicts El Oro's history as one of the country's most productive mining area, starting from the 17th century to the first half of the 20th. The museum is located at a former mine shaft, with a collection of photographs from the La Esperanza, La Provedenica, La Descubridora and Dos Estrellas mines, during their peak operation. Also on display are mining machinery and mineral samples from the various mines.

Cuisine
Typical dishes of this area include red or green mole with turkey or chicken, barbacoa, and carnitas. A local sweet is called "cola de macho," which is made from dried fruit and piloncillo sugar. Beverages include pulque and two very local drinks called "sende choo," a fermented corn drink, and"agua de sambumbia," which is made from fermented pineapple husks.

A drink peculiar to El Oro is called "chiva". It is a digestif, or alcoholic drink taken after meals. It was most in demand with miners from the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century. This drink was thought to calm nerves and promote the health of the miners. It was invented by Jacobita Galán Archundia, owner of a bar, who infused medicinal herbs into alcohol. The recipe varies with every family and establishment that makes it, and each is jealously guarded. It is typically prepared with the herbs prodigiosa and anise. However, despite its supposed curative properties, it is now mostly drunk by tourists to the town.

Festivals

There are two major festivals in the town. The first is Carnival, celebrated with the typical costumes and parades, but cockfights, charreada rodeos and horse racing. The other is the feast day of the Virgin of Guadalupe, as the town's main church is named after her. In addition to processions and fireworks, regional indigenous dances are performed.

The municipality

As municipal seat, the town of El Oro de Hidalgo is the governing authority for the following communities: Adolfo López Mateos, Ejido San Nicolás el Oro (Agua Escondida), Bassoco de Hidalgo, Buenavista (Buenavista Tapaxco), Citeje, Concepción Primera, La Concepción (La Concepción Segunda), Colonia Cuauhtémoc, Endotejiare, La Jordana, La Magdalena Morelos, La Mesa, La Nopalera, La Palma, Presa Brockman, Pueblo Nuevo de los Ángeles, San Nicolás Tultenango, Santa Rosa de Lima, Ejido Santiago Oxtempan, Santiago Oxtempan, Tapaxco, Santa Cruz el Tejocote (El Tejocote), Estación Tultenango (Tultenango), Venta del Aire, Yomeje, Cerro Llorón, Barrio del Gigante, El Mogote, San Isidro Ejido de Tapaxco, El Libramiento (Cerro de Estrellita), Barrio de las Peñitas, San Nicolás el Oro (San Nicolás), Santa Rosa de Guadalupe, Ex-hacienda de Santo Domingo Tultenango, La Soledad, Jales Tiro México, El Carmen, Laguna Seca, Loma del Capulín, Lázaro Cárdenas, Llanito Cuatro, Colonia Monte Alto and La Loma de la Cima. The municipality has a total area of 137.86 km2.

There is no post-independence document of the founding the modern municipality of El Oro. Its organization is in accordance of the Cadiz Constitution, like the rest of the municipalities in the country have been since 1820. City councils existed at both Tapaxco and El Oro in the 1820s and the municipality has held both names. The determination to make El Oro the seat and the name of the municipality was made in the very early 1900s.
It is located in the Sierra Madre Occidental, in the Tlalpujahua range, which extends into Temascalcingo and Atlacomulco. "La Somera" is the highest peak at 3,200 meters located next to the town of El Oro. The municipality has 36 springs, seven natural deep wells, 54 arroyos, 18 dams and five aqueducts. The main river here is called "El Oro" or "San Juan" which flows through a canyon between the La Somera and San Nicolas mountains. Its flow varies greatly between the rainy and dry seasons.

About 37% of the land in the municipality is dedicated to farming, but generally these are small plots with crops for local use. Some livestock is also raised here, primarily for dairy and pork products. There is some small light industry here as well as commerce, which is concentrated in the municipal seat. Since the end of mining in the area, areas outside the town have turned to logging, stonework and crafts. More recently, a tourism trade is being developed to take advantage of the natural surroundings of the area as well as the interesting architectural features that can be found in the towns of the municipality.

Near the capital of the municipality is the San José del Rincon Monarch Butterfly Sanctuary. These butterflies appear here from November to March. The Sanctuary has rustic lodgings as well as restaurants, horse rentals, trained guides and handcraft vendors. The sanctuary also has educational programs designed to promote the conservation of the monarch butterfly.

The Brockman Dam is located about 4 km south of the town of El Oro on the road to Villa Victoria. It was built by Guillermo Brockman to act as a reservoir for water for the mines and homes of El Oro and Tlalpujahua. Today, it is promoted as an ecotourism spot for camping, picnicking and rainbow trout fishing. It fairly isolated, surrounded by pines, cedars and a few country residences. There are rustic cabins for rent here.

There is also an unexplored archeological site between Endotejiare and Tapaxco.

References

External links
 El Oro, Pueblo con Encato

Municipalities of the State of Mexico
Populated places in the State of Mexico
Pueblos Mágicos
Otomi settlements
Municipality seats in the State of Mexico


Mutambara is a city in southwest Burundi, in Bururi Province. It is situated on the shores of Lake Tanganyika, to the north of Nyanza Lac and southwest of Bururi.

References
Fitzpatrick, M., Parkinson, T., & Ray, N. (2006) East Africa. Footscray, VIC: Lonely Planet.

Populated places in Burundi


Nyanza Lac is a city in southern Burundi, in Makamba Province. The city is located on the shores of Lake Tanganyika, to the south of Mutambara and close to the border with Tanzania.

References
Fitzpatrick, M., Parkinson, T., & Ray, N. (2006) East Africa. Footscray, VIC: Lonely Planet.

Populated places in Burundi


Lac Lioson is a lake in the municipality of Ormont-Dessous, near Les Mosses, in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. Its surface area is .

The lake is used for fishing and ice diving.

See also
 List of mountain lakes of Switzerland
 Lac de l'Hongrin

External links
 Lac de Lioson diving photos

Lakes of Switzerland
Lakes of the canton of Vaud
LLacLioson


Beata Beatrix is a painting completed in several versions by Pre-Raphaelite artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti. The painting depicts Beatrice Portinari from Dante Alighieri's 1294 poem La Vita Nuova at the moment of her death. The first version is oil on canvas completed in 1870.

Painting
The painting's title in English translates to Blessed Beatrice. La Vita Nuova had been a story that Rossetti had found of interest from childhood and he had begun work translating it into English in 1845 and published it in his work The Early Italian Poets.

Rossetti modeled Beatrice after his deceased wife and frequent model, Elizabeth Siddal, who died in 1862. The painting was created from the numerous drawings that Rossetti had made of Siddal during their time together. The symbolism in the painting of a red dove, a messenger of love, relates back to Rossetti's love for Siddal with the white poppy representing laudanum and the means of her death. Several of Siddal's friends found the painting to bear little resemblance to the drawings of her—the facial features were harder and the neck is out of proportion. Beata Beatrix is one of Rossetti's most recognized works and has caused Siddal's name to be frequently linked with Dante Alighieri's Beatrice.

In an 1873 letter to his friend William Morris, Rossetti said he intended the painting "not as a representation of the incident of the death of Beatrice, but as an ideal of the subject, symbolized by a trance or sudden spiritual transfiguration."

This first painting is on display in the Tate Britain. It was a gift in memory of Francis, Baron Mount-Temple by his wife, Georgiana in 1889.

Renditions by Rossetti
Rossetti  was commissioned by William Graham to paint for him a version of Beata Beatrix, which Rossetti at first resisted. After stopping and starting the work, he grew to enjoy revisiting the theme, and altered the suffusion of light from the original, increasing background definition, and perhaps the idealization of the subject. This oil-on-canvas painting, dated 1871–1872, is in the main slightly larger than the original and adds a predella (bottom panel) depicting Dante Alighieri and Beatrice meeting in paradise within a frame designed by Rossetti. Gifted by Charles L. Hutchinson in the 1920s, it is on display at the Art Institute of Chicago.

Several other renditions were made by Rossetti of Beata Beatrix—a watercolor, a chalk drawing and another oil painting that was begun in 1877. The last painting was still unfinished at the time of his death. His lifelong friend, Ford Madox Brown, completed it. In this painting, in contrast to the original, the bird flying towards Beatrice is a white dove holding red poppies in its beak. This painting is in Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, England. An 1880 oil on canvas version is in the National Galleries of Scotland.

See also
 List of paintings by Dante Gabriel Rossetti

Notes

References

External links

The Rossetti Archive: Beata Beatrix
 The Art Institute of Chicago: Beata Beatrix with predella

Paintings by Dante Gabriel Rossetti
Unfinished paintings
Paintings about death
1870 paintings
Paintings based on works by Dante Alighieri
Pre-Raphaelite artworks
Paintings in National Galleries Scotland
Paintings in the Art Institute of Chicago
Doves in art
Collection of the Tate galleries
Bridges in art
Works based on La Vita Nuova