Janzé (, Gallo: Janzae) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France. It is also the seat of the Canton of Janzé.
The inhabitants of Janzé are called Janzéens in French.

Early historical evidence points to the settlement of the area by Gallic tribes before the Roman occupation. Two Christian parishes were established in the 11th and 13th centuries.

After the French Revolution, Janzé became an important center of agriculture and commerce and is currently well known for its poultry industry.

Among its sites of interest are two official French Historical Monuments (): the menhir called The Fairies' Rock () and the Church of Saint Martin ().

Geography
Janzé is located approximately 16 miles southeast of Rennes, the capital of Brittany, at the junction of highways D41 and D777. The countryside is hilly and dotted with farms, orchards and small woods.

History
Beginning with the Roman occupation of Gaul up to the 10th century, Janzé was called Janziacum. The name is thought to come perhaps from the gallo language word "jan" (a type of shrub) or from the name of the Roman god Janus or from Gennitius (a Gallo-Roman name) plus the suffix -acum. The name changed to Janzéium, Janzay or Janzey and then finally to Janzé from 1216 on.

The existence of menhirs in the area of modern-day Janzé is an indication that Gallic tribes settled in the area long before the arrival of the Romans in Armorica. Beginning in 58 BC, the Romans occupied the area known as Gallia Celtica for some 400 years. During this time, Christianity was introduced by monks from the Marmoutier Abbey, Tours. The parish of Saint-Martin was established by the Abbey by the end of the 11th century. Another parish, Saint-Pierre, was founded sometime before 1216. In the Middle Ages, Janzé was controlled by the nobility of the nearby town of Brie.

During the French Revolution, the clerics of Saint-Martin agreed to swear allegiance to the new government, but the priests of Saint-Pierre refused, so the two parishes were combined under the name of Saint-Martin. In the 19th century, a new parish church was built and given the name Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (). It is now one of 13 churches in the Parish of Saint Anne in Janzé ().

After the Revolution, Janzé was an important market for sailcloth produced from hemp grown in the surrounding countryside. It also became famous for poulardes, which by 1900 were being served on transatlantic sailing ships. Other notable agricultural products included grain - rye, wheat, oats and buckwheat - and apples used to make cider. A station on the Rennes-Châteaubriant rail line was opened in 1881. This enabled the town to expand its markets toward the south.

During World War I, 187 men of Janzé were killed in battle. A war memorial () in their honor was erected in 1920. Later, 20 names of soldiers fallen during World War II were added, along with five names from the Indochina Wars and the Algerian War. Janzé was occupied by the Germans during World War II from 18 June 1940 until 3 August 1944, when the town was liberated by the American army.

Janzé continues to be a center of agriculture and commerce in Brittany. In addition to grains and apple cider, farmers became known for their dairy and other agricultural products. The local poultry industry goes back at least to the 18th century, when the black chickens of the area were mentioned in a Breton dictionary. In 1980 the Janzé Poultry Association () was created, and the first Label Rouge (Red Label) indicating a superior product was awarded. By 1996, the association achieved the status of Protected Geographical Indication or IGP (:fr:Indication géographique protégée) reflecting the importance of the Janzé brand. Most recently, the farmers began offering organic poultry following strict guidelines. With the increasing interest in organic farming, it was discovered that the black chickens of Janzé are particularly good at eating insects that can decimate orchards, thus avoiding the need for chemical pesticides.

Language and culture
The traditional culture of Brittany remains important to the inhabitants of the region. Before the introduction of compulsory education in French, the Breton language was widely spoken in the western part of the region, while the Latinate Gallo language was typically spoken in the eastern part around Rennes, which includes Janzé. Gallo is currently spoken by some 28,000 people, mostly in rural areas.

As the French language gained dominance throughout the country, local dialects like Gallo came to be called Patois. The word patois tends to  have a pejorative meaning because these dialects were typically associated with uneducated rural classes, in contrast with the dominant "prestige language" (Standard French) spoken by the upper classes in cities, or as used in literature and formal settings. However, it can be argued that the local languages retained their "old" words and pronunciations simply because the way of life in the countryside stayed much the same over the centuries.

Population

Administration
Janzé is the seat of the Canton of Janzé, which from 1801 to 2014 included six communes. In 2015, the canton was expanded to include ten communes.

The commune of Janzé is part of the Roche aux Fées Communauté de communes, which is made up of 16 communes.

As of 2020, the current mayor of Janzé is Hubert Paris. The deputy mayors are François Goiset, Anne Joulain, Pierric Morel, Elisabeth Barre-Villeneuve, Dominique Cornillaud, Isabelle Ceze, Jean-Paul Botrel, and Martine Pigeon.

Education
There are six schools (private and public) in Janzé.

Transport
Bus service to Rennes and nearby smaller cities is provided by the regional transportation service BreizhGo.
SNCF (the French national railway company) provides service to Rennes through its Transport express régional or TER network. The Gare de Rennes, a major railway station, provides high-speed rail service to Paris and other cities in France, plus regional service throughout Brittany.
The nearest airport is Rennes–Saint-Jacques Airport, approximately 17 miles from Janzé.

Sites of interest
The Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (). From 1874 to 1885, a neo-Romanesque church designed by architects Jules and Henri Mellet was built to replace the old church of Saint-Martin that dated from the Middle Ages. The church was designated as an official  in 2016 under the name Eglise Saint-Martin.
War Memorial (). Installed in 1920 to honor local soldiers who died in World War I, the memorial features a Gallic rooster and also includes the names of the fallen from World War II, the Indochina Wars and the Algerian War.
The Château de la Franceule. A priory existed in this location dating back to the 12th century. When the building was destroyed by fire in 1905, the owner built the current brick and stone chateau, which now belongs to the sisters of Saint-Cyr. This building is indexed in the Base Mérimée, a database of architectural heritage maintained by the French Ministry of Culture, under the reference IA35046234.
Gristmill at la Franceule. The existence of a mill on the Seiche River at La Franceule dates back to at least 1280. Beginning in the early 19th century, the mill had a paddle wheel measuring 6 meters in diameter and 2.50 meters wide. This paddle wheel, which is still in place, originally drove two stone grindstones. A steam engine was added in 1875. This was replaced by a gas engine in 1925, then by an electric motor in 1942. The stone grindstones were replaced by a mechanism in steel. The mill was used until 1995. The facility is currently used as an animal feed factory. The mill is listed in the Base Mérimée under the reference IA35000529.
The Château de la Jaroussaye. Parts of the building were built in the 15th century. It currently houses the MFR () agricultural trade school. The main building is listed in the Base Mérimée under the reference IA35046299.
La Pierre des Fées. A large (14 feet tall) purple schist Neolithic menhir or "standing stone" located 3 miles southwest of the town of Janzé. The menhir was designated as an official  in 1963.

Gallery

Notable people
 Éric Besnard (born 1961), sportscaster
 Pierre-Aristide Bréal (1905–1990), film writer
 Hervé Gauthier (born 1949), footballer and coach
 Jean Jouzel (born 1947), glaciologist and climatologist
 Jérôme Julien Marie Louis de La Morinière (1790-1849). Named Superior General of the Congregation of Jesus and Mary (Eudists) in 1830. Co-founder of the Collège-Lycée Saint-Martin (secondary school) in Rennes.
 Paul Rolland (1951-2015), teacher and cofounder of community radio station Zénith FM.
 Victor Rossignol, priest of the parish of Saint-Martin from 1871 until his death in 1902. He oversaw the construction of the current church and is buried near the altar.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department
Cantons of France
Communauté de communes

References

External links

Official website
Roche aux Fées Communauté
BreizhGo Regional Transportation Authority
Inventaire et Valorisation du Patrimoine de Bretagne
French Ministry of Culture list of Historical Monuments for Janzé
Inventaire des monuments mégalithiques du département d'Ille-et-Vilaine

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Le Vigean is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Vitrac () is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal


Ydes (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Main sights
Sights include at 12th century Church of Saint-Georges d'Ydes-Bourg, in Romanesque style.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

External links
Official site

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Auvergne


Yolet (; ) is a commune in the Cantal département in south-central France.

Population

People linked to the commune
 Jean-Baptiste Carrier (1756-1794), French Revolutionary
 Jean de Roquetaillade (1310-1365), French Franciscan alchemist

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Auvergne


Irodouër (, Gallo: Irodoèrr) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Irodouër are called Irodouëriens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Ytrac (; ) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Cantal department

References

Communes of Cantal
Cantal communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Hobson is a ghost town in White Pine County, Nevada, United States, in or near Ruby Valley.  Hobson is the site of Fort Ruby, a National Historic Landmark.

History
Fort Ruby, near Hobson was established in 1862 to protect the Overland Trail's important connection between California and the Union States during the American Civil War.  It was located at the east entrance to the Overland Pass into Ruby Valley.

References

Ghost towns in White Pine County, Nevada
Ghost towns in Nevada
Great Basin National Heritage Area


Les Iffs (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in north-western France.

Population
Inhabitants of Les Iffs are called in French ifféens.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Title 40 is a part of the United States Code of Federal Regulations. Title 40 arranges mainly environmental regulations that were promulgated by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), based on the provisions of United States laws (statutes of the U.S. Federal Code). Parts of the regulation may be updated annually on July 1.

Chapter I - Environmental Protection Agency
Subchapter A - General (Parts 1 - 29)
Subchapter B - Grants and Other Federal Assistance (Parts 30 - 49)
Subchapter C - Air Programs (Parts 50 - 97) (Clean Air Act)
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Criteria air contaminants
Requirements for Preparation, Adoption and Submittal of Implementation Plans
Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans
Ambient Air Monitoring Reference and Equivalent Methods
Prior Notice of Citizen Suits
Outer Continental Shelf Air Regulations
Regional Consistency
Primary Nonferrous Smelter Orders
Ambient Air Quality Surveillance
National Volatile Organic Compound Emission Standards for Consumer and Commercial Products
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources (NSPS)
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP)
Approval and Promulgation of State Plans for Designated Facilities and Pollutants
Compliance Assurance Monitoring
Consolidated Federal Air Rule
Assessment and Collection of Noncompliance Penalties by EPA
EPA Approval of State Noncompliance Penalty Program
Chemical Accident Prevention Provisions
Special Exemptions From Requirements of the Clean Air Act
State Operating Permit Programs
Federal Operating Permit Programs
Permits Regulation
Sulfur Dioxide Allowance System
Sulfur Dioxide Opt-Ins
Continuous Emission Monitoring
Acid Rain Nitrogen Oxides Emission Reduction Program
Excess Emissions
Appeal Procedures
Registration of Fuels and Fuel Additives
Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives
Designation Of Areas for Air Quality Planning Purposes
Protection of Stratospheric Ozone
Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP)
Control of Air Pollution From Mobile Sources
Control of Emissions From New and In-Use Highway Vehicles and Engines
Control of Air Pollution From Aircraft and Aircraft Engines
Clean-Fuel Vehicles
Control of Emissions From New and In-Use Nonroad Compression-Ignition Engines
Control of Emissions From Nonroad Spark-Ignition Engines at or Below 19 Kilowatts
Control of Emissions From Marine Spark-Ignition Engines
Control of Air Pollution From Locomotives and Locomotive Engines
Determining Conformity of Federal Actions to State or Federal Implementation Plans
Control of Emissions From Marine Compression-Ignition Engines
Mandatory Patent Licenses
NOx Budget Trading Program and CAIR NOx And SO2 Trading Programs for State Implementation Plans
Federal NOx Budget Trading Program and CAIR NOx and SO2 Trading Programs
Subchapter D - Water Programs (Parts 100 - 149)
Clean Water Act
Public Hearings on Effluent Standards for Toxic Pollutants
Recognition Awards Under the Clean Water Act
Employee Protection Hearings
Criteria for State, Local and Regional Oil Removal Contingency Plans
Discharge of Oil
Oil Pollution Prevention
Liability Limits for Small Onshore Storage Facilities
Designation of Hazardous Substances
Determination of Reportable Quantities For Hazardous Substances
State Certification of Activities Requiring a Federal License or Permit
EPA-Administered Permit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
State Program Requirements
Procedures for Decisionmaking
Criteria and Standards for the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Toxic Pollutant Effluent Standards
Water Quality Planning and Management
Water Quality Standards
Water Quality Guidance for the Great Lakes System
Secondary Treatment Regulation
Prior Notice of Citizen Suits
Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for the Analysis of Pollutants
Marine Sanitation Device Standard
Safe Drinking Water Act
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations Implementation
National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations
Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program
State UIC Program Requirements
Underground Injection Control Program: Criteria and Standards
State Underground Injection Control Programs
Hazardous Waste Injection Restrictions
Sole Source Aquifers
Standards on the Maximum Contaminant Level of drinking water (microorganisms, viruses, turbidity, inorganic chemicals, organic chemicals, disinfectants and disinfection byproducts, radionuclides )
Subchapter E - Pesticide Programs (Parts 150 - 180)
Worker protection standards and enforcement by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Tolerances and exemptions from tolerances for pesticide chemicals in food
Pesticide Registration and Classification Procedures
Pesticides classified for restricted use
Standards for certification of commercial and private applicators
Subchapter F - Radiation Protection Programs (Parts 190 - 197)
Environmental radiation protection standards for nuclear power operations
Management and disposal of spent nuclear fuel, high-level and transuranic radioactive wastes
Protection standards for uranium and thorium mill tailings
Radon programs
Subchapter G - Noise Abatement Programs (Parts 201 - 211)
Noise emission standards for transportation equipment
Product noise labeling
Subchapter H - Ocean Dumping (Parts 220 - 238) based on the Ocean Dumping Ban Act
ocean dumping, dredge and fill permit application process
Subchapter I - Solid Wastes (Parts 239 - 282) based on the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
Guidelines for the thermal processing (incineration) of solid wastes
Guidelines for the storage and collection of residential, commercial, and institutional solid waste
 Criteria for classification of solid waste disposal facilities and practices
Criteria for municipal solid waste landfills
Identification and listing of hazardous waste
Technical standards and corrective action requirements for owners and operators of underground storage tanks (UST)
Subchapter J - Superfund (Parts 300 - 374) based on the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA)
Hazardous substances designation, reportable quantities, and notification
Hazardous chemical reporting: Community right-to-know
Toxic chemical release reporting: Community right-to-know
Subchapter N - Effluent Guidelines and Standards (Parts 400 - 471)  (Clean Water Act)
General pretreatment regulations for existing and new sources of pollution
Point source categories:
Dairy products processing
Grain mills
Canned and preserved fruits and vegetables processing
Canned and preserved seafood processing
Sugar processing
Textile mills
Cement manufacturing
Concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO)
Electroplating
Organic chemicals, plastics, and synthetic fibers (OCPSF)
Inorganic chemicals manufacturing
Soap and detergent manufacturing
Fertilizer manufacturing
Petroleum refining
Iron and steel manufacturing
Nonferrous metals manufacturing (smelters)
Phosphate manufacturing
Steam electric power generating
Ferroalloy manufacturing
Leather tanning and finishing
Glass manufacturing
Asbestos manufacturing
Rubber manufacturing
Timber products processing
Pulp, paper, and paperboard
Meat and poultry products
Metal finishing
Coal mining
Oil and gas extraction
Minerals mining and processing
Centralized waste treatment
Metal products and machinery
Pharmaceutical manufacturing
Ore mining and dressing (Hard rock mining)
Dental offices
Transportation equipment cleaning
Paving and roofing materials (Tars and asphalt)
Waste combustors
Landfills
Paint formulating
Ink formulating
Airport deicing
Construction and development
Concentrated aquatic animal production (Aquaculture)
Gum and wood chemicals manufacturing
Pesticide chemicals
Explosives manufacturing
Carbon black manufacturing
Photographic processing
Hospitals
Battery manufacturing
Plastics molding and forming
Metal molding and Casting (Foundries)
Coil coating
Porcelain enameling
Aluminum forming
Copper forming
Electrical and electronic components
Nonferrous metals forming and metal powders
Subchapter O - Sewage Sludge (Parts 501 - 503)  (Clean Water Act)
Subchapter Q - Energy Policy (Parts 600 - 610)
Subchapter R - Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) (Parts 700 - 799)
Subchapter U - Air Pollution Controls (Parts 1039 - 1068)
Clean Air Act (1970)
Clean Air Act (1990)

Chapter IV - Environmental Protection Agency and Department of Justice
(Part 1400)

Chapter V - Council on Environmental Quality
National Environmental Policy Act implementing regulations (Parts 1500 to 1509)
(Parts 1510 - 1518)

Chapter VI -- Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
(Parts 1600-1620)

Chapter VII -- Environmental Protection Agency and Department of Defense; Uniform National Discharge Standards for Vessels of the Armed Forces
(Part 1700)

References

 40
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental law in the United States


Bouillancourt-la-Bataille (; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The communes is situated on the D155, D26 and D483 road junction, about  southeast of Amiens.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Alexandru Manta (born 7 June 1977 in Bucharest) is a Romanian former rugby union footballer.

Career
Manta spent the majority of his career in France, playing for USC Terrasson (1998), Stade Aurillacois (1998/02), Bègles-Bordeaux (2002/03), Section Paloise (2003/06), Castres Olympique (2006/07), CA Brive (2007/09), Lyon OU (2009/13), La Voulte-Valence (2013/15) and CS Vienne (2015/16).

Manta made his debut for Romania in 1996 against Belgium, in an 83–5 win. He played three matches at the 2007 Rugby World Cup, scoring a try against Italy (18–24).

Honours
Club
Lyon
Pro D2
Champion: 2010–11

Pau
European Challenge Cup
Runner-up: 2004–05

International
Romania
European Nations Cup
Winner: 2006

External links

1977 births
Rugby union players from Bucharest
Living people
Romanian rugby union players
Rugby union number eights
Rugby union flankers
SCM Rugby Timișoara players
CA Brive players
Section Paloise players
Lyon OU Rugby players
Castres Olympique players
Expatriate rugby union players in France
Romania international rugby union players
Romanian expatriate rugby union players
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in France
Stade Aurillacois Cantal Auvergne players
CA Bordeaux-Bègles Gironde players
2007 Rugby World Cup players


Zachary Lieberman is an American new media artist, designer, computer programmer, and educator.

Early life and education
Born in 1977, Lieberman holds a B.A. in Fine Arts from Hunter College and both a B.F.A. and M.F.A. in Design and Technology from Parsons School of Design.

Work
Lieberman's work has appeared in numerous exhibitions around the world, including Ars Electronica, Futuresonic, CeBIT, and the Off Festival.

He collaborated with artist Golan Levin on the interactive audiovisual project  "Messa Di Voce".

With Theo Watson and Arturo Castro, he created openFrameworks, an open source C++ library for creative coding and graphics.

Lieberman has held residencies at Ars Electronica Futurelab, Eyebeam, Dance Theater Workshop, and the Hangar Center for the Arts in Barcelona. In 2013, he co-founded the School for Poetic Computation, a hybrid of a school, residency and research group in New York City.

His work uses technology in a playful way to break down the fragile boundary between the visible and the invisible.
His art work focuses around computer graphics, human-computer interaction, and computer vision.

He teaches graphics programming classes at Parsons School of Design.

Awards & distinctions

 2018: Maryland Institute College of Art, William O. Steinmetz ’50, Designer-in-Residence.
 2010: AOL, 25x25 artist grant
 2010: Golden Nica in Interactive Art for the project Eyewriter, Prix Ars Electronica. Shared with James Powderly, Tony Quan, Evan Roth, Chris Sugrue (US) and Theo Watson (UK).
 2010: Number 36, of the "100 Most Creative People in Business", Fast Company
 2009: Artist's Grant, New York State Council on the Arts
 2008: Honorary Mention at Ars Electronica in the Interactive Art category, for the OpenFrameworks project, shared with Theo Watson
 2006: Award, CynetArt competition.
 2006: Award of Distinction, Ars Electronica 2006 Prix.
 2005: Artist's Grant, New York State Council on the Arts
 2005: Nominee, Artist of the Year, 6th Annual WIRED magazine Rave Award
 2004: Honorable Mention, Interactive Art, Prix Ars Electronica 2004

References

External links
 thesystemis, Lieberman's personal website
 openFrameworks
 Drawn: on Zachary Lieberman’s work
 Interview on Window.org.nz
 Interview on Rocketboom
 Unexpected: live performance, technology and the risk of something (or everything) going wrong. ie, learning love chance, talk by Zachary Lieberman at Medialab Prado, 15 October 2009
 New York Times article about School for Poetic Computation

Living people
American digital artists
Hunter College alumni
Modern artists
American video artists
Parsons School of Design alumni
1977 births
Parsons School of Design faculty


The Historic Park Inn Hotel and City National Bank are two adjacent commercial buildings located in downtown Mason City, Iowa, United States which were designed in the Prairie School style by the renowned architect Frank Lloyd Wright. Completed in 1910, the Park Inn Hotel is the last remaining Frank Lloyd Wright-designed hotel in the world, of the six for which he was the architect of record. The City National Bank is one of only two remaining Frank Lloyd Wright-designed banks in the world. It was the first Frank Lloyd Wright-designed project in the state of Iowa, and today carries both major architectural and historical significance. In 1999, the Park Inn Hotel was named on the Iowa Historic Preservation Alliance's Most Endangered Properties List.

The Park Inn Hotel was the third hotel designed by Wright and served as the prototype for Midway Gardens in Chicago and the Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, which was torn down in 1968.

In 1907, when law partners James E. Blythe and J. E. E. Markley were looking for an architect to compete in quality with the eight-story bank building that would be built across the corner, they didn't hesitate to give the commission to Frank Lloyd Wright, a young architect who was building a reputation in the Chicago area. For them Wright would build a complex, multi-purpose building that would give them multiple income streams. Their law offices would be on the second floor of the building's narrower central waist and the hotel's east wing, surrounded on the south by a two-story banking room with rental office space above. On the north would be a 42-room hotel, with basement shops beneath the bank and hotel. Wright managed to pack all these functions into an aesthetically well-integrated building that architecturally would be the bridge between Wright's Prairie School period and his Midway Gardens and the Imperial Hotel to follow.

Construction
Wright's drawings of the bank and hotel are dated from as early as December 17, 1908. Construction began on April 1, 1909, with supervision by Wright until his departure for Europe in late October of that year. At that time, architect William Drummond, from Wright's Oak Park Studio in Oak Park, Illinois, took over supervision of the construction. During his subsequent visits, Drummond was commissioned to design a Prairie style home for a prominent Mason City family, not far away.

The law office of developer-owners Blythe and Markley opened for business on August 29, 1910, with the gala opening of the new hotel and bank buildings, two weeks later, on September 10. A month later, Wright returned to the Midwest from his year in Europe.

Despite its glossy, up-to-date appeal and choice location,  just west of Mason City's primary downtown intersection of Federal Avenue and State Street, overlooking Central Park from the south, the Park Inn Hotel struggled through a relatively short life. The building had simply cost too much, and the return on investment was simply too little. During its first ten years, the hotel seldom made a profit. By 1922, the business was barely afloat, and the restaurant was closed more than it was open. Then, just when things could hardly get worse, disaster struck.

Nearby, overlooking Central Park from the west, the regal, stylish, 250-room Hotel Eadmar was newly-completed, and now open for business. The 250-room Eadmar, four massive stories of Edwardian elegance and comfort, made a powerful statement. On the other hand, with just 43 rooms, the Park Inn had very little to say. No longer stylish, now regarded as strictly second-class, the Park Inn couldn't compete. It soon went bankrupt, and closed for good in 1925.

Adding insult to injury, 1925 also saw the closure and liquidation of the City National Bank. It was quickly absorbed by another local bank, which, just a few months later, would itself fail. The nationwide farming crisis had, for Mason City, led to a banking crisis as well. By the end of 1925, four of the city's five banks had failed.

By early 1926, the worst seemed to be over. That year, the former City National Bank building and the former Park Inn Hotel, were sold, but as separate properties. The old bank building underwent an extensive, quite unsympathetic remodeling, then reopened as a new commercial venture in 1928. As for the Park Inn, the two upper floors were clumsily converted into small, cheap apartments. No longer a hotel, the building was renamed. in honor of its world-renown architect, becoming the Frank Lloyd Wright Apartments East and West.

For the next 45 years, the once-charming Park Inn would be anything but charming. The ground floor had hosted a multitude of different businesses - for a brief period, in the early 1970's, it had even been a strip club - and the two floors above were now cramped, dreary, just-getting-by apartments, the renters who chose them couldn't afford to be choosy. The building, in decline for years, now began to deteriorate. Finally, in 1972, the few remaining tenants were served notice, then were sent packing.

For the next 25 years, the building stood empty. Derelict and neglected, city residents and city leaders fretted, fussed, fumed, and fought about what to do with the dingy, shabby, all-too-conspicuous eyesore. Even the cachet of the architect's name meant little or nothing. In Mason City, most people didn't really know who Frank Lloyd Wright was, and those who did know didn't really care. Almost everyone knew, and most agreed, that the building wasn't really worth saving.

What almost no one knew, however, was that the Park Inn had been the only remaining hotel in the world designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, who, even years after his death, retained almost a legendary status as an architect. What's more, Wright had designed only six hotels to begin with - and five had long since been demolished. Now, the wrecking ball appeared to be taking aim at Number Six. Only then did Mason City realize what they had on their hands - and how very close they were, even then, to not having it at all.

Suddenly, seemingly overnight, Mason City had an architecturally, culturally, and historically significant treasure on their hands. But what they didn't have on their hands was much money, or much time. This realization became something of a call to arms. The people had to take action, to find the money, then to take the time to restore the Park Inn to its former glory. If they didn't, it would soon be out of their hands.

Renovation

The Park Inn Hotel received a complete interior and exterior renovation thanks to numerous grants, as well as coordination at the local level. This included a comprehensive restoration of the brick and terra-cotta façade, replacement of the art glass skylight windows, and a complete interior reconstruction.

Wright on the Park, Inc., the organization overseeing the work, purchased the adjacent City Bank Building and reunited the Park Inn Hotel with the City National Bank. The bank building was refitted with an elevator and provides six additional rooms for the hotel; the old bank lobby is now a hotel ballroom.

The restoration was completed in September 2011. It builds on Mason City's rich architectural heritage, which includes a history deep in Prairie School architecture from not just Wright, but many of his associates who built in Mason City, including Walter Burley Griffin, Marion Mahony Griffin, William Eugene Drummond, and Francis Barry Byrne.

See also
 List of Frank Lloyd Wright works

Notes

 Storrer, William Allin. The Frank Lloyd Wright Companion. University Of Chicago Press, 2006,  (S.155)

External links

Wright on the Park, Inc.
Wright in Iowa
The official website of the Historic Park Inn Hotel
The Last Wright on Internet Movie Database

Hotel buildings completed in 1910
Buildings and structures in Mason City, Iowa
Frank Lloyd Wright buildings
Prairie School architecture in Iowa
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Tourist attractions in Cerro Gordo County, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Mason City, Iowa
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Iowa


The Idiciu is a left tributary of the river Cund in Romania. It flows into the Cund in Bahnea. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Mureș County


Abzac (; Azac in Limousin dialect) is a commune in the Charente department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of southwestern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Abzacois or Abzacoises but can also be alternatively known as Abzacais or Abzacaises

Geography
Abzac is located in the extreme north-east of the department of Charente and borders the communes of Availles-Limouzine, Lessac, Saint-Germain-de-Confolens, Brillac, and Oradour-Fanais. The northern border of the commune is also the border between Charente and Vienne departments.

Abzac village is at the crossroads of two roads: the D729 from Confolens in the south and continuing north to Adriers - the former route Bis from Paris to Spain and the D99 (Route de Brillac) which branches from the D951 in the south-east then continues through the village north-west to Availles-Limouzine. The D951 road passes along the southern border of the commune from Lessac in the south-west to Mezieres-sur-Issoire in the east. Other departmental minor roads pass through the commune such as the D98 from Oradour-Fanais in the east to join the D729 in the north of the commune and the D324 which branches off the D951 in the south and passes through the commune to join the D99 south of the village.

Hamlets and Localities
To the northeast of the village, the hamlet of Chardat is nicknamed the Village of Clay. This village is home to many tile and brick makers.

Other smaller hamlets are:

In the north:
Chez Redon
Le Petit Serail
Le Grand Serail
Le Marnier
Le Serail

In the south:
Le Queroy
La Pelletiere
Monette
Le Fourniou
Vernet
Les Chaumes
Chaumont
Chez Pilloux

Geology and terrain
As with the whole north-east of the department of Charente which is called Charente Limousine, the commune is located on the plateau of Limousin in the western part of the Massif Central which is composed of crystalline and metamorphic rocks - relics of the Hercynian orogeny.

A large central part of the commune of Abzac is granite. The west of the commune is composed of paragneiss and diorites. The plateau in the east of the commune is covered with alterite and degraded granite. Small areas in the north of the commune are composed of flinty clay and quartz shingle.

The commune is situated on a plateau inclined towards the west descending to the valley of the Vienne with increasingly steep slopes.

The lowest altitude is 122m along the northwestern border with Vienne and the highest is 232m to on the south-eastern border. Most of the commune is at an altitude greater than 200m.

The territory is composed of 81% agricultural land and 17% forest and semi-natural environments. The remaining 2% is shared between artificial territories and areas of water.

Hydrography
The commune is bordered in the west by the Vienne, a tributary of the Loire, and occupies the right bank. The entire commune is therefore in the Loire basin.

Many ponds dot the commune and streams connect them to the Vienne such as the Ruisseau de l'Etang de Serail in the north and the Ruisseau de l'Etang de Monette in the centre. In the south there is also the Ruisseau du Moulin de la Toueille, the Ruisseau de la Vergne, and La Curre which is the border of the commune in the south. The Ruisseau de Marcillac is the only stream to flow eastwards. It is a tributary of the Blourde which itself is a tributary of the Vienne.

Climate
The climate is degraded oceanic. This is the same as Charente Limousine but more humid and cooler than the rest of the department.

Toponymy
The name Abzac has been attested in the forms Absacum in the 14th century and Azat in the 17th century.

The name Abzac is derived from the low Latin Apiciacum which is based on the Latin anthroponym Apicius with a suffix -acum of Gallic origin signifying property. Ernest Negre preferred the Latin personal name of Avitius (without mentioning the older form) followed by the same suffix.

The name of the place called le Quéroy comes from the Latin quadrivium meaning "crossroads" which probably indicated two old roads.<ref>Stéphane Gendron, 'The Toponymy of Roman and Medieval Roads, Ed. Errance, 2006, 196 pages, p. 61, , Read online </ref>

History

Prehistoric remains and antiquities in Abzac  indicates an ancient settlement. Abzac was part of the old province of Limousin, and the people of the village spoke the Limousin dialect.

Abzac was a former priory of the Diocese of Limoges, famous for its pilgrimage for the saints Lucius and Emerite every seven years.

In 1311 Audemar of Archiac, one of a family from Saintonge, was Lord of Saint-Germain, Availles-Limouzine and Abzac. He was also attested as lord of Abzac Aimar and Archiac in 1410 then it was Odet of Archiac in 1478 who would have built the castle. The blazon for their coat of arms was: "Gules two pales of vair, in chief of Or".

Abzac then passed to the Béraudière family whose blazon for their coat of arms was "Quarterly of Or a double-headed eagle in gules and azure, a cross of argent couped and fourchee" then the Rochechouart family which explains how it was that Françoise Athénaïs Rochechouart of Mortenart Marquise de Montespan stayed there with her brother. Their blazon was "barry wavy in Argent and gules of six" emblem is found in hearths.

Administration

The commune of Abzac was founded in the Canton of Saint-Germain then became Abjac in the Canton of Confolens. In 1801 the commune returned to the name Abzac in the Canton of Confolens-Sud.

List of Successive Mayors of Abzac

Population

Distribution of Age Groups
Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Abzac and Charente Department in 2017

Source: INSEEÉvolution et structure de la population en 2017: Département de la Charente (16)

Economy

The Delage tile factory and Bonnaud & son brick factory, built in the early 20th century, ceased operation in 1970 and 1987 respectively.

The Malmanche tile and brick factory was built at Chardat in the 1920s and 1930s with a Hoffman kiln which was replaced in the 1970s by a tunnel kiln. Another Malmanche tile factory was built in 1979 with a gas-powered tunnel furnace, a dryer, and a continuous Unicerar press. It employed 16 people in 1989.

The Chardat Brick factory completes the industrial activity.

In trades there are two masons, one electrician, an agricultural contractor, a horticulturist, a landscaper, a mechanic, and a body shop.

Facilities

Education

The public elementary school is located in the village with has two classrooms. It is part of an inter-communal teaching group (RPI) which includes other schools in the communes of Brillac and Oradour-Fanais for kindergarten, and Abzac, Lesterps, and Lessac for elementary. The RPI is called Boreall. The nearest college is at Confolens.RPI Boreall , 2010, consulted on 1 July 2012

Other services
These are found in other communes, the nearest being in Availles-Limouzine in Vienne.

Life in Abzac

Sports
There are several sports clubs and associations:
the US football club of Abzac
the Sports Unionthe Gardon Abzaçaisthe Hunting Society

Other associations
These include the Friends of the Teching Grouping, Veterans Affairs, and the Old Peoples Club.

The association of Etang du Serail is an association with environmental objectives which aims to protect the Serail natural pond site.

The French Association of Fell Pony who promote race Fell ponies and encourage the development of a natural ecosystem.

The Brotherhood of Saints Lucius and Emeritus of Abzac was created in 2006 to bring together in a fraternal association the inhabitants of the town of Abzac and participate in the organization of the Ostensions septennial and ceremonies attached to it.

Festivals
On the 1st Sunday in August there is the employer and communal festival.

According to limousine tradition the Ostensions septennial take place in Abzac where the relics of Saints Lucius and Emeritus are venerated and conserved by the parish. The Ostensions start on Easter Monday (13 April in 2009 until 3pm).

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage
The commune has several sites that are registered as historical monuments:
The Tuilerie Delage (Delage Tile and Brick factory) (20th century)
The Tuilerie Bonnaud et Fils (Bonnaud and son Tile and Brick factory) (20th century)
The Tuilerie Malmanche frères (Malmanche Brothers Tile and Brick factory) (20th century)
The Tuilerie Malmanche (Malmanche Tile and Brick factory) (1979)
The Chateau of Serre (15th century) was rebuilt in the 17th century. The interior has an antechamber before the Duke of Vivonne's rooms with a painted alcove. There is also a room on the second floor decorated with murals. The plaque in the fireplace in the room on the first floor displays the arms of Rochechouart-Mortemart.

Other sites of interest
The Chateau of Fayolle has a dungeon dating to the 13th century, a round tower with stairs, a polygonal tower, and lodgings from the 18th century with a mansard roof.
The Lodgings of Monette belonged to the Tisseuil and the Garnier de la Boissiere families. It was rebuilt in the 19th century.
The Lodgings of Tuffas has a main building and a round tower at the gatehouse from the 17th century.
The Rectory farm could date from the 17th century. It belonged to the Tisseuil family and was bequeathed by Marie-Philippe-Gaston Rousiers on his death in 1920 to be used as a rectory. Above a door is the inscription "19.4.1921" and "DON.G. de ROUSIERS". Today it is the rectory for the parish.
The Lavoir (Public laundry) and Fountain at Saint Sulpice probably had healing powers and was where processions were held.

Religious Heritage

The Church of Saint-Sulpice from the 13th century is in the early Gothic style.

At the end of the Choir Enclosure, the communion table is an oak sculpture from the early 17th century. The table consists of four members including two doors. The balustrades are decorated with leaves and topped with Ionic capitals, pilasters with a foliated stand, a console, and a sculpted head. Two elements of this table are reused as a pulpit.

The relics of the saints Lucius and Emerite are preserved at Abzac. In 1670 Pope Clement IX offered to Louis Victor de Rochechouart de Mortemart, Duke of Vivonne (1636-1688), then ambassador of the King of France in Rome, the relics of Saint Lucius and Saint Emeritus, two martyrs of the primitive church. However the Duke of Vivonne, marshal of France, brother of Madame de Montespan, was the Squire of Serre at Abzac which he inherited from his mother, Diane de Grandsaigne, and it was in the chapel of Serre that the relics were of first placed where they were venerated by the people.

The relics were sent to Paris in 1758 in order to manufacture new shrines and they were divided into three parts:
The two largest pieces were locked in two copper shrines with silver ornaments and sent to the castle of La Forge à Verrières in Poitou and are now kept at Montmorillon.
Two small shrines sent to Manneville Castle in the Diocese of Rouen were returned to Abzac in September 1865.

"Two other large shrines of ebony thirteen to fourteen pouces (inches) long and about nine wide and ten deep which was also covered in ebony with a pyramid supporting a silver cross - also with glass framed by a silver blade - divided by a shelf covered with crimson satin" contained most of the bones of the two martyrs and were offered to the parish of Abzac in 1762 by Jean-Victor, Duke of Mortemarts (1712-1771).

On 16 July 1762 the relics were verified by Philippe Rabilhac, pastor of Oradour-Fanais, and on 26 July 1762 Monseigneur du Plessis of Argentré, Bishop of Limoges, gave Abzac parish permission to display and worship them. Since then they have been in the custody of the priest and the people of Abzac and are used, in the limousine custom, in the Ostensions septennial.

The church contains three items that are registered as historical objects:
A Statue: Saint Roch (17th century)
A Statue: Virgin and child (17th century)
The Choir Enclosure (17th century)

The Church of Chardat was created in 1930 in an old house.

Environmental heritage
The Étang du Sérail (Serail Pond)
The Font Radareu which was used to supply the military is located on the old imperial road D951 near the hamlet of Chaumont.
The Vienne Valley and streams for fishing.
The Eaux d'Availles or Fontaines Salées (Waters of Availles or Salty Fountains) are located in the communes of Availles-Limouzine and Abzac on the D99 near the right bank of the Vienne. This locality has natural sources of salt water. Many wells have been drilled to do research on potential benefits of these natural waters. Revived many times in recent decades, a project for a spa complex has apparently been dropped.
The Forest of Monette is spread across the communes of Abzac, Oradour-Fanais, and Brillac and has a small population of deer and forest birds that are rare in the region. It has the status of a Site of Community Importance with flora and fauna of type I.

See also
Communes of the Charente department

Bibliography
Dujardin V., Moinot É., Ourry Y. (2007) - Le Confolentais, entre Poitou, Charente et Limousin'', Images du patrimoine, No. 243, Geste éditions, 2007.

References

External links
Abzac on the old National Geographic Institute website
Abzac on the Community of Communes of Confolentais website
Abzac on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Abjac on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Charente


USS Satellite (SP-1012) was a yacht acquired by the U.S. Navy for use as a training ship during World War I.  She operated out of Key West, Florida, and was scrapped at war’s end.

World War I service

Soon after the United States entered World War I, Satellite, a wooden yacht, built during 1887 by John F. Mumm at Brooklyn, New York, was enrolled in the Naval Coast Defense Reserve for Navy service. She was delivered to the Navy on 9 July 1917 by her owner, E. L. Sanborn of New York City, and commissioned on 7 September 1917.

Assigned to local duty within the 7th Naval District, Satellite was based at Key West, Florida, during her World War I service. She trained crews of new submarine chasers about to be commissioned, by a vigorous schedule of seamanship drills and gunnery exercises, until inactivated about 6 April 1918 for overhaul.

Post-war deactivation

The Satellite was not returned to full service because of boiler trouble, and was struck from the Navy list on 30 March 1920. She was subsequently sold for scrapping.

References

Individual yachts
Ships built in Brooklyn
1887 ships
World War I auxiliary ships of the United States
Auxiliary ships of the United States Navy


Les Adjots () is a commune in the Charente department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of southwestern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Adjotois or Adjotoises

Geography

Location and access
Les Adjots is a commune located in the north of the department of Charente. It borders both neighbouring departments of Deux-Sèvres (northwest) and Vienne (north-east). It is located some 65 km south of Poitiers and 60 km north of Angoulême.

Traversed by the N10 west of the village running from north to south and by the parallel railway line along the eastern border of the commune, Les Adjots was on the road from Paris to Bordeaux as shown on plate 28 in the Atlas of Trudaine.

The departmental roads D911 passes through the commune close to the N10 from the north and continues south to Ruffec. The D176 also runs from the village south-east to Taize-Aizie and the D305 runs west to La Paiziere.

The railway line Paris-Austerlitz to Bordeaux Saint-Jean passes through the eastern boundary of the commune. Ruffec is the nearest station.

Hamlets and localities
Northwest of the town of Adjots, Chez Branger is the largest hamlet in the commune. It is located on the former N10. North of the town there are Chez Chagnaud and Chez Machet and to the south La Cour, Les Robins, and Les Loges. In the south-west the hamlet of La Batarderie is separated from the rest of the commune by the N10.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Geology and terrain
Geologically, the commune is located on Jurassic limestone of the Aquitaine Basin as is all of North-Charente. The Bathonian age appears on a small area east of the town, but the plateau is covered by alterite in the form of red flinty clay and locally by Oolite of iron south of the town.

The relief of the commune is that of a plateau with an average altitude of 140m. The highest point of the commune is at an altitude of 168m located on the north-western boundary. The lowest point is 120m located on the south-eastern boundary (Bois de Vallons). Due to the nature of the karst soil there are also some depressions and sinkholes. The village is 127m above sea level.

Hydrography
The town is located in the basin of the Charente but it has no watercourses or lakes.

Climate
As in three-quarters south and west of the department, the climate is oceanic Aquitaine, slightly degraded in the north of the department near the Seuil du Poitou.

Vegetation
The territory is composed of 69% of agricultural land, 27% forests and semi-natural areas, and 4% of artificial areas.

Toponymy
Attested in the Latinized form De Adjotis meaning "The gorse" in 1280

The current spelling is explained by the medieval romanization of the old French word ajou (13th century) ajonc which actually dates back to the pre-Latin *ajaugone giving *ajon ( of where ajonc. It is spelt with a final C by analogy with jonc, from the Latin juncus) giving ajou.

There are at least two dialects in the region ajaillon and jogue (feminine form from *ajauga) more to the south.

Administration
Created in 1793, Les Adjots passed from the arrondissement of Angoulême to the arrondissement of Confolens on 1 January 2008.

List of Successive Mayors of Les Adjots

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 525 inhabitants. After losing 45% of its population from 1851 to 1921 Les Adjots stabilized its population between 390 and 530 inhabitants.

Distribution of Age Groups

Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Les Adjots and Charente Department in 2017

Source: INSEE

Economy
Les Adjots is an agricultural commune with a few artisans, backhoe services, masons, and a painter.

In the village there is a grocery store.

Facilities

Education
The school is an inter-communal teaching group between Les Adjots and Taizé-Aizie with each hosting an elementary school.

Medico-social
The IME Marc Signac is at La Tour.

Other services
Other services are found in Ruffec 8.5 km south.

Life in Adjots

Sport
The football club is a union between Taizé-Aizie and Les Adjots.

Communal and Employers Festival
The communal festival is at Easter and the employers festival on the first Sunday after 14 July.

Sites and Monuments

The Church, a parish of the former diocese of Poitiers, dates from the 12th and 13th centuries and was restored in the 19th century.
The Pavillon Tower dates from the 17th century.

Notable People linked to the commune
Auguste Merle (1855-1940), mayor of Saint-Junien, President of the Chamber of Notaries.

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

External links
Les Adjots on the old National Geographic Institute website
Les Adjots on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Les Adjots on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Charente


Salsalate is a medication that belongs to the salicylate and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) classes.

Salsalate is the generic name of a prescription drug marketed under the brandnames Mono-Gesic, Salflex, Disalcid, and Salsitab. Other generic and brand name formulations may be available.

Mechanism of action
Relative to other NSAIDs, salsalate has a weak inhibitory effect on the cyclooxygenase enzyme and decreases the production of several proinflammatory chemical signals such as interleukin-6, TNF-alpha, and C-reactive protein.

The mechanism through which salsalate is thought to reduce the production of these inflammatory chemical signals is through the inhibition of IκB kinase resulting in decreased action of NF-κB genes. This mechanism is thought to be responsible for salsalate's insulin-sensitizing and blood sugar lowering properties.

Medical uses
Salsalate may be used for inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis or noninflammatory disorders such as osteoarthritis.

Safety
The risk of bleeding is a common concern with use of the NSAID class of medications. However, the bleeding risk associated with salsalate is lower than that associated with aspirin use.

Research

Salsalate has been proposed for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus due to its ability to lower insulin resistance associated with inflammation and may be useful in prediabetes. However, the use of salsalate to prevent the progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes mellitus has received limited study.

History

Salsalate had been suggested as possible treatment for diabetes as early as 1876.

Synthesis

References

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Salicylate esters
Salicylic acids
3-Hydroxypropenals
Salicylyl esters


Agris (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of southwestern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Agritois or Agritoises, alternatively Agritauds or Agritaudes

Geography

Location and access
Agris is located 19 km north-east of Angoulême and 5 km north-west of La Rochefoucauld by the D390 road which passes through the village or the D6 which passes through Pont-d'Agris.

The town is also traversed by the D11 from Vars to Chasseneuil-sur-Bonnieure and the D12 to Angoulême as well as by minor departmental roads: the D175 from Pont-d'Agris to Saint-Claud by the Bois de Bel-Air, the D40 to the nearby commune of La Rochette, and the D88 (called the Road of the Duchess) from La Rochefoucauld to Jauldes and Tourriers.

Agris is also 10 km south-west of Chasseneuil-sur-Bonnieure and 16 km south-east of Mansle.

The nearest railway station is at La Rochefoucauld which is served by the TER between Angoulême and Limoges. Angoulême Airport is 10 km south-west of the commune.

Hamlets and localities
The commune has many hamlets to the north-west of the village in the Tardoire valley. The main ones are Pont-d'Agris, located on the right bank and at the crossroads of the D6 and D11 and La Grange located on the left bank and on the D11 up to the heights of the village. On the right bank there is also the Les Camus, les Fougères, la Côte, la Brousse, les Garrauds, and on the left bank le Monac, chez Goby, les Martonnauds, les Chevilloux, which are almost part of the village. There are also les Vieilles Vaures in the south and les Treize Vents in the north

There are also many farms. The part of the forest west of the village is uninhabited.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Geology and terrain
The soil consists of limestone dating from the middle and upper Jurassic period (Callovian to Kimmeridgian from east to west). The plateau east of the Tardoire Valley is covered with alterite and flinty clay from the Massif Central close by (10 km east) and deposited during the Tertiary period. The valley is covered with alluvium and along the edges with sand and gravel terraces dating from the Quaternary period.

In the Braconne Forest there are excavations of Fosse Limousine, Fosse Mobile and Fosse Rode, which opens up in the form of a winding gallery in the upper reef. These collapses, sinkholes, galleries, and concretions form a caving site which is part of the La Rochefoucauld karst.

The relief of the commune is that of a low plateau sloping gently towards the valley of the Tardoire, with an average altitude of 110 m. The highest point is at an altitude of 134 m to the south-west in the Braconne forest near Gros Fayant. The lowest point is 70 m located on the Tardoire opposite the town of La Rochette. The village is 80 m above sea level.

Hydrography
The commune is traversed by the Tardoire and Bandiat Valleys.

Bandiat Valley is almost always dry in summer because its waters are absorbed by the successive sinkholes of the La Rochefoucauld karst so never reach the Tardoire Valley. The base of the Valley is nothing more than a ditch along a path between the Vieilles Vaures and the village. In winter the water still reaches the Vieilles Vaures but quickly sinks underground.

Tardoire Valley is also often dry in summer for the same reasons.

Climate
As in three-quarters of the department in the south and west, the climate is oceanic Aquitaine.

Dialect Area
The commune is in the Limousin region and marks the boundary with the Saintongeais local dialect (to the West).

Toponymy
There are two hypotheses for the origin of the name Agris:
Agris comes from the Latin Acrisium fundum or villa Acrisii meaning that the village was built around the property of a rich Gallo-Roman named Acrisius
Agris comes from the Latin ager meaning "field"

In the Middle Ages, Agris was called Agresio.

History

The remains of eight people have been exhumed (five adults and three children) who were hunter-gatherers from the Mesolithic period around 7000 BC.

Aerial photos reveal traces of ancient occupation in an undetermined era.

It is certain that the occupation of the site was very ancient as evidenced by the discovery of the Agris Helmet, a ceremonial Celtic helmet dated from the 4th century BC. which was found in 1981 during archaeological excavations in Perrats Cave. This site's primary occupation dated to the Mesolithic period in 7000 BC. and was reused from the Neolithic period in the Bronze Age to the second Iron Age in the Roman period and also during the Middle Ages.

In the same site in the Perrats Cave pottery of the second Iron Age was found.

Administration
Agris was created in 1793 as part of the canton of Jandes and the district of La Rochefoucauld but in 1801 changed to the Canton of La Rochefoucauld in the Arrondissement of Angoulême.

List of Successive Mayors of Agris

Population

Agris had its peak population in 1851 then lost 43% of its population from 1851 to 1921. Since then the population has stabilized around 700-800 people.

Distribution of Age Groups

Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Agris and Charente Department in 2017

Source: INSEE

Economy

During the 19th century three stone quarries were operating in the commune: Chez les Foucauds in La Moussière and Chez les Fouilloux.

Shops
Two grocery stores, a tobacco shop, a restaurant, a bakery and a hairdresser.

Trades
A large number of tradesmen and entrepreneurs are present in the commune: electrician, motor garage, carpenter, mason, painter, plasterer-tiler, plumber, and agricultural workers.

Tourism
There are three rural cottages, with two open all year.

Facilities, services and local life
Agris has a post office.

Education

The school is an intercommunal teaching group between Agris and La Rochette. Agris has the Primary School and La Rochette only the elementary school. The Agris school is located in the village.

Sport and activities
The US football club of Agris plays in the Marc Labrousse Stadium.

There is also an association for playing tennis and pétanque, an equestrian centre located in Chez Pelet, a quad bike club, a motor-cycle club, a hunting society, a club for seniors, and an association of parents.

The commune has a leisure centre and a library.

There is also an autocross circuit that hosted the championship of France several times  but it has been closed since 2010.

Health
There are two general practitioners and one home help service.

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage

The Casque d'Agris (Agris helmet) is a ceremonial Celtic helmet dating from the 4th century BC which was found in 1981 during archaeological excavations in the Perrats Cave, a Late Bronze Age site. The helmet was made with a shell of riveted iron covering the neck and gold plating on bronze decorated with plant motifs. It is displayed in the Angoulême museum.
The Fouilloux site includes a moated structure dating to the Middle Bronze Age widely open to the west where stone ballast fills the moat.
The Statue of the seated god of Agris shows the existence of Gallo-Roman "leftist gods".
The Chateau of Fouilloux has a portal and Puyssaguet enclosure which are notable.

Religious Heritage

The commune has two sites that are registered as historical monuments:
The Croix de la Tuilière (Tuilière Cross) is a wayside cross located at the intersection of the local road from Granges to Le Bourg and the local road from Granges to Le Chevilloux.
The Parish Church of Saint Caprais (12th century). It depended on the priory of Saint-Florent de La Rochefoucauld. The church contains three items that are registered as historical objects:
A Harmonium (1860)
A Winged Tabernacle (17th century)
A Stoup for holy water and an Aspergillum (18th century)

Environmental heritage
The Braconne Forest, the Tardoire Valley, and the Bandiat Valley are of great interest for flora and fauna. They are a Natura 2000 zone.

Legend

Legend of the mobile pit: a man who killed his father and wanting to hide his corpse wandered all night to find this pit which concealed itself and moved constantly to avoid being complicit in the patricide. Exhausted, the man surrendered to police of La Rochefoucauld in the morning.

See also
Cantons of the Charente department

Notes and references

Notes

References

External links
Agris official website
Agris on the Community of communes of Bandiat-Tardoire website
Agris, Catillus Carol, 1999
 Amigos del Románico, Descriptive page on the Romanesque Church of Saint-Caprais
Agris on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Agris on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Charente


Bouquemaison (; Picard: Bouque-Moaison) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Bouquemaison is situated on the D196 and D916 road junction, some  north of Amiens.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Aignes-et-Puypéroux () is a former commune in the Charente department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of southwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Montmoreau.

Geography

Location and access
Aignes-et-Puypéroux is a commune located 25 kilometres due south of Angoulême, in the Highway D674 which passes through the heart of the commune north to south and on to Montmoreau-Saint-Cybard. The Highway D54 also runs through the heart of the commune from Perignac in the west to the D16 in the south-east. Both highways intersect at the village of Aignes-et-Puypéroux.

The railway line from Paris-Austerlitz to Bordeaux-Saint-Jean passes through the southern part of the commune from north-east to south-west. The nearest train station is Montmoreau, some 10 km south of the commune, which is served by the TER running between Angoulême and Bordeaux.

Hamlets and localities
Hamlets are numerous in the commune, and several have some importance:
Puypéroux in the far north where the abbey of the same name
Chez Jambon, in the south of the commune
Chez Boucher, in the western part
Maine Guillien and Boisbourdeau, both south of the town of Aignes
Les Héries and les Cardineaux, near the Moulin Brunet creek
Le Bouet and la Gautrie near the road to Perignac
La Croix, towards Chadurie
Le Pétingaud and le Tavilard, close to the railway line.

Neighbouring Communes and Villages

Geology and terrain
The town is located in the limestone hills of the Aquitaine Basin dating from the Late Cretaceous period, as is all of the southern half of the department of Charente.

The limestone is in the form of chalk of the Campanian age over the entire municipal area. The ridge north of the town and a few peaks in the south are covered with deposits of the Tertiary period (Lutetian and Cuisian) composed of pebbles, sand and clay. The peaks and some slopes in the valleys exhibit formations of detrital rock and colluvium derived from bedrock and dated to the glaciations of the Quaternary period (Pliocene and Pleistocene).

The high plateau between the valleys of two rivers, is covered by 66% agricultural land and 34% forests and semi-natural lands.

The highest point of the commune is at an altitude of 201 metres, located at the northern end of the reservoir Croix de Verdelette. The lowest point is 84 metres, located at the southern edge of the commune along the Moulin d'Aignes Creek near its confluence with the Tude. The village of Aignes is at 145 metres above sea level 2.

Hydrography
Bounded on the north-west by the stream of Chaverrut (name of the upstream part of the Arce), a sub-tributary of the Charente and in the south by the Tude, a tributary of the Dronne and sub-tributary of the Dordogne. The territory of the municipality is split between the two basins of the Charente (17% of the area) and the Gironde (83% of the area).

There are also several streams, all tributaries of the Tude: the Dead Water Stream, Gouyat Pond stream (also called Ribérat in its upper part ), Moulin d'Aignes Creek,  and the  Moulin Brunet stream.

The clayey nature of the soil on the peaks is favourable to some small water reservoirs and springs and fountains (Fontaine Jeannot, fontaine du Coursier, fontaine du Chat, source Saint-Gilles, etc.).

Climate
As in three-quarters of the department in the south and west, the climate is oceanic Aquitaine.

Toponymy
The name Aignes comes from the patron saint of the village, Agnès. In Greek, agnê means "pure".

Puypéroux comes from the Latin Podium Petrosum meaning "stony hill".

History
The commune of Aignes-and-Puypéroux, created in 1793 under the name of Aigne was renamed Agne-et-Puispérou in 1801, then Aignes-et-Puypéroux later. It was, until 1970, part of the Canton of Blanzac and was integrated into the Canton Montmoreau-Saint-Cybard at that date.

There can be seen in the village of Aignes a former stately home, once the seat of a fief which fell under the lordship of la Faye. In 1541, the lordship of Aignes acquired it through Antoine de Viaud and it remained in the family until the end of the 17th century.

At that time the lordship was held by Gaston Pierre de Viaud, a captain in the regiment of Navarre. His daughter, Gabrielle Catherine, wife of Philippe Auguste Mastin of Nuaillé, who had a dowry of the land of Aignes. The Mastin family still owned Aignes at the time of the Revolution.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the house was owned by Mr. L. Tabuteau, the mayor of the town.

The most remarkable monument of the town is the Church of Puypéroux, built on top of a high hill, which juts like a promontory between two narrow valleys. The church also contains the tomb of Saint Gilles, its founder, and has been the subject of a beautiful restoration.

The church was, in the beginning, an abbey of Benedictine monks founded, if tradition is to be believed, in the 6th century. Later, the community could not support themselves, the monks retired to Blanzac and the Puypéroux monastery became a simple monastic priory.

This priory retains some importance even to the 15th  century, at which time it was destroyed by the English. The buildings were burned, the monks retreated to the cloisters of Blanzac, abandoning their possessions.

From 1836, Puypéroux was the mother house of the Society of Sisters of Our Lady of the Angels, to whom we owe the restoration of the church by the architect Barbaud.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the tradition of annual pilgrimage to the tomb of St. Giles was still practiced.

Administration

List of Successive Mayors of Aignes-et-Puypéroux

Population

Distribution of Age Groups
Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Aignes-et-Puypéroux and Charente Department in 2007

Facilities, services, and local life

Education
The school is a RPI between Chavenat and Aignes. Both Chavenat and Aignes have an elementary school.

Sport
The commune has a field for ULM (Ultralight aviation). The club is called the ULM club montmorélien.

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage

Castle: in the village there is a chateau dating back to the end of the 18th century. The grounds of the castle are a "listed site".

Religious Heritage
Puypéroux Abbey (11th century) was founded before 925 according to tradition by Saint Gilles; the church being rebuilt at the latest in the middle of the 11th century due to:
the small embellishments in the walls of the nave
the decoration of the Imposts in that part
the imposts on the side and on the apse

All are reminiscent of the same era of primitive Romanesque architecture.

The transept, from a little later period, contains very archaic sculptures of great archaeological value. Only the facade was rebuilt in the 12th  century, around the year 1130. It has an octagonal dome and a pentagonal choir with the original font.

The site of the abbey is a "listed site".

Other sites of interest
The Tomb of Saint Gilles is located in the second bay of the church of Puypéroux.
The Puypéroux Fountain is a place of processions during drought.

The Church of Saint-Martial of Aignes: there is no documentation of the date of this old church. The nave, in very poor condition, was repaired in 1838 and 1879. The bases of the columns, their curved imposts, and their method of construction suggest a date for the oldest parts of the last quarter of the 12th century. The remains of a funeral litter are visible on the north wall of the nave.

Environmental heritage

In the north, straddling the communes of Aignes and Chadurie, the Landes de Bois Rond are classified as a Natural Zone of ecological interest for fauna and flora (ZNIEFF) of type I.

Many types of wildlife can be seen: nesting birds such as the hen harrier, the nightjar, the Dartford warbler and the common grasshopper warbler; amphibians such as the yellow-bellied toad, the tree frog, the marbled newt and the natterjack toad; also plants such as long leaf oats and the bicolor Phalangère.

The Valley of the Tude and the valley of the Arce are classified as Natural Zones of ecological interest for fauna and flora of type II under French regulations, and zones of Natura 2000 from a European point of view. They are characterized mainly by the presence of the European mink, an endangered species.

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

External links
Aignes-et-Puypéroux on the website of the National Geographic Institute (archive)
Aignes-et-Puypéroux
Aignes on the 1750 Cassini Map

Former communes of Charente


Aigre () is a commune in the Charente department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of southwestern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Aigrinois or Aigrinoises

The commune has been awarded one flower by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.

Geography

Location and access
Aigre is located in the north-west of the Charente department 40 kilometres north of Angoulême. The town lies within the borders of the former provinces of Angoumois, Saintonge, and Poitou.

The department of Charente is not served by the French motorway network so access by the A10 autoroute is by National Route N10 at Exit  Poitiers-Sud in the north and by the former National Route N739 from Exit 34, Saint-Jean-d'Angely in the west.

The commune is traversed by three former national roads: the D739 which connects Tonnay-Charente to Fontafie, the D736 which connects Ruffec to Saint-Fort-sur-le-Né,  and the D737 which connects Nanteuil to Angouleme.

The local railway station is Luxé station on the Paris-Bordeaux line. It is served by the TER Nouvelle-Aquitaine network and the TGV passes without stopping. The Saint-Angeau to Segonzac line once passed through Aigre.

The nearest airport is the Angoulême-Cognac Airport.

Hamlets and localities
The main hamlets are L'Ouche and Saint-Méxant to the north-west. The commune has only a few isolated farms such as La Combe and Cessac and the subdivision of La Broussette and the Castle of Crève-Cœur in the west. In the south-east there are La Servanterie, the college zone of Reuclos and Aizef at their limits with Marcillac-Lanville are essentially joined to the urban core.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Geology and terrain
The geology of the commune is limestone from the Jurassic period, part of the Aquitaine Basin as with all the northern half of Charente. The commune is on an Upper Jurassic area, specifically the Kimmeridgian. A small area of sandy soil dating from the Quaternary period covers the plateau in the south-west of the commune and alluvium (silt and clay) cover the Aume Valley on the north-eastern border. The oldest alluvium has accumulated in terraces mainly in the north of the commune.

The south of the commune is a plateau. The Aume Valley is near the north-eastern border near the town. The highest point of the commune is at an altitude of 129m located on the south-eastern boundary (IGN marker). The lowest point is 62m located on the eastern boundary along the Aume at Aizef. The town is built in an old loop of the river and is 65m above sea level.

Hydrography
Aigre is traversed by the river Aume which has its source in Bouin (Deux-Sèvres) and flows into the Charente river at Ambérac. The Aume passes through the town which is built mainly on the right bank.

The Aume divides into several branches, some of which pass through the old town.

There are also some fountains such as the Font du Geau at the foot of the Crève-Cœur Castle.

Climate
Aigre has an oceanic Aquitaine climate but like all the department underwent Cyclone Lothar and Martin in 1999, and Cyclone Klaus in 2009, and a memorable flood in December 1982.

Toponymy
Aigre comes from the Latin Acriacis or villa Acriacii meaning that the village was built around the property of a rich Gallo-Roman named Acrius. At the end of the 13th century Aigre appears in the form Acriacis then Agria in the 17th century.

History
There is mention of a church in the 13th century.

Nothing is left of a Castle located at a place called Saint-Mexant which was the subject of fortification works in 1472 except the dovecote, the enclosure, and the moat in 1906. The chapel built before 1706 has also been destroyed.

Aigre belonged to the Lordship of Marcillac and was a very poor vicarage of the archpriest of Ambérac. It was vacant and annexed to Mons from the 15th century. In 1789, a priest for Aigre was finally provided. Marie de Medici stopped over in Aigre in 1619.

In the 16th century a large part of the population became part of the reformation and together with Marcillac formed a Protestant parish of the Synod of Poitou. Protestantism was prohibited in Marcillac in 1665 then on 31 March 1667 a decision of the grand Seneschal of Poitou ordered the closure of the Protestant place of worship in Aigre.

On 1 January 2019, the former commune of Villejésus was merged into Aigre.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors of Aigre

Taxation
Taxation is a rate of 16.05% on buildings, 49.81% on undeveloped land, 7.13% for residence tax, and business tax of 11.48% (2007 rates).

The Community of communes levies 2.61% on buildings, 6.06% on undeveloped land, 1.09% for residence tax, and business tax of 1.45%.

Twinning

Aigre has twinning associations with:
 Fahrenkrug (Germany) since 1987.

Population

Distribution of Age Groups
Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Aigre and Charente Department in 2017

Source: INSEE

It is clear that the population is elderly, especially for women.

Economy
The Wheat mill, called the Moulin du Château  dates from the 18th century and was converted in the 19th century to using the driving force of the water for the workshop for making Angelus liqueur.

Currently, it has become the Gautier distillery which in 1990 employed 32 people at the plant and 20 in sales.

Cognac Gautier joined the Berger group in 1975 which was itself taken over by the Marie Brizard group in 1995.

Facilities, services, and local life

Education
The secondary college of Osme hosts 180-200 students from the 6th to the 3rd divided into eight classes.

Aigre also has a primary school with four classes.

Services
As the capital of the Canton, Aigre has a police station and a rescue centre.

Sports

Cycling
The cycling track is located in the town. The club is called ACJAR and they organize several amateur races in the north-west of Charente such as the Criterium of Villejésus and the Tour of Aigre country. In 2010, the club organized, with the French federation of wheelchair sports, the championship of France of for wheelchair cycling in the commune of Saint-Fraigne.

The town had already been traversed by the Tour de France but in 2009 for the first time it held the 1st stage in the 23rd Tour du Poitou-Charentes and the victory of Anthony Ravard on 25 August 2009. The start of the second stage took place the next day at Rouillac.

Bicycle touring has increased since the CC Aigrinois organized a biennial event called the Coco Trainaud whose last event was held on 15 May 2011. It is named after a former rider who has done a lot for local cycling.

Football
Soccer is a major sport in the commune with a club founded in 1902 that participated in the USFSA championship of Charentes before the First World War. Thereafter the club has long been at the regional level and was in 1968 the winner of the Challenge of the Central-West League.

Sites and Monuments

Civil heritage
The commune has several sites that are registered as historical monuments:

A House at l'Ouche (1793)
A House at Rue de l'Eglise (19th century)
A House at 17 Rue de l'Eglise (15th century)
A House at Rue des Planches (19th century)
A Flour Mill at 28 Rue des Ponts (18th century)
A House at 2 Rue de la Servanterie (1774)
A House at RN 736 (19th century)
A Chateau at Saint Mexant (destroyed) (15th century)
Houses and Farms (15th, 18th-19th centuries)
A Chateau at Crève-Coeur (19th century)

There are many registered historical objects in the commune, several of which are in private collections.

Religious Heritage

The commune has two religious sites that are registered as historical monuments:
A Chapel at Saint Mexant (17th century)
The Parish Church of Saint Pierre (1875). The church was first built in 1620 then rebuilt in 1868 but collapsed in 1870 and was rebuilt again from 1874 to 1877. The bell tower spire was completed in masonry in 1882. The church contains a number of items that are registered as historical objects:
A Bronze Bell called Marie Louise (1807)
An Altar and Tabernacle (19th century)
An Altar and Tabernacle (19th century)
An Altar and Tabernacle (19th century)
2 Stained glass windows: Saint Louis and Saint Radegonde (1876)
3 Stained glass windows of people (1876)
A Portal (19th century)

Environmental heritage
Aigre is located on the Aume river.

Notable People linked to the commune

Bertrand Hériard Dubreuil, graduate of the Ecole Centrale de Lille, head of Ceras
Louis Gustave Chauveaud (1859–1933), botanist and anatomist, born in Aigre
Paul Flamand, founder of Editions du Seuil, born in Aigre
Louis Gautier (1810–1884), Bonapartist politician, born in Aigre
René François Gautier (1851–1936), politician, born in Aigre

See also
 Communes of the Charente department

References

External links
Aigre in the old National Geographic Institute website
Aigre Country website
Aigre on charente.ruffec.free.fr
Aigre on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Charente
Communes nouvelles of Charente