The Jardin des Plantes (7 hectares) is a public park and botanical garden located on Allée Jules-Guesde, Toulouse, France.

History
The first botanical garden in Toulouse was created in 1730 by the Société des sciences de Toulouse (Society of Sciences of Toulouse) and located in the Saint-Sernin district, not far from the Matabiau. However, the quality of the ground was unsatisfactory, and in 1756 the collection was moved towards Sénéchaussée Street (now the Street of the Flowers). This second garden was surrounded by walls and in time proved to be too small. In 1794, thanks to naturalist Philippe-Isidore Picot de Lapeyrouse, the garden was relocated into part of the old enclosure of the Carmelite friars, where it remains.

This third site became both a large botanical garden and also a place where the poorest of the city could collect medicinal plants, growing to contain some 1,300 species, both local and acclimatised. By decree of July 27, 1808, Napoleon gave the grounds and the buildings of the garden to the city, and during the battle of Toulouse (April 10, 1814), the garden was used as artillery point. In 1885 the garden was slightly trimmed due to the construction of the Faculty of Medicine near the Allée Jules-Guesde, but at the same time it increased in size towards the Grand  Allée. The garden was transformed for the arrival of the international exhibition of 1887, becoming a park.

Present day
Today's botanical garden, the Jardin botanique Henri Gaussen, lies in the south-east of the downtown area, in the district of Busca close to the district of the Bridge of the Young Ladies, near the Canal du Midi. Although it was originally outside the city walls, it is now within a zone of very dense habitat mixing old construction and the more recent buildings.

It is bordered by the Medical school, the Natural history museum, the Daniel-Sorano theatre and the Saint-Exupère church. It is very close to Boulingrin but a broad avenue separates them. A metal footbridge makes it possible for pedestrians to travel between the two public parks.

The Garden has several old buildings or vestiges. The Natural History Museum dates to the end of the 16th century. The entrance door in the garden is a reconstitution of one of the doors of old Capitole, and dates back to 1886. The Northern door at Ozenne street was drawn by Virebent.

See also

 List of botanical gardens in France
 Jardin Royal (Toulouse)

References
 This article includes a translation of the French Wikipedia article.
 Jean-Marie Granier, Toulouse côté jardins'', Daniel Briand, Drémil-Lafage, 2005.

Buildings and structures in Toulouse
Toulouse
Toulouse
Tourist attractions in Toulouse


Peter Marksman (c. 1817–1892) was a Native American Methodist minister, active in Michigan among the Potawatomi Indians.  He was member of the L'Anse Band of Lake Superior Chippewa. His Indian name was Ma-dwa-gwun-a-yaush, from the Ojibwe Madwegwaneyaash, meaning "[Arrow]-Feathers Are Heard in the Breeze," which is an indicator of an expert archer/marksman. Consequently, when he converted to Christianity, he chose "Marksman" as his surname. As a chief, he was a signatory to the 1847 Treaty of Fond du Lac and the 1854 Treaty of La Pointe. His wife's name was "Hannah", to which the Hannahville Indian Community chose to be named after her in honor of both Marksman and his wife. He died March 28, 1892, aged about 75 years.

External links
Brief biography of Peter Marksman
Brief history of Potawatamie in Hannahville, Michigan.
The Indian Convert, a letter from Peter Marksman to Bishop Morris.  The Ladies' Repository.  Cincinnati: December, 1842.  P. 361.

Converts to Christianity
Ojibwe people
Native American leaders
1810s births
1892 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
19th-century American clergy
Native American people from Michigan


Festa della Repubblica (; English: Republic Day) is the Italian National Day and Republic Day, which is celebrated on 2 June each year, with the main celebration taking place in Rome. The Festa della Repubblica is one of the national symbols of Italy.

The day commemorates the 1946 Italian institutional referendum held by universal suffrage, in which the Italian people were called to the polls to decide on the form of government following the Second World War and the fall of Fascism.

The ceremony of the event, organized in Rome, includes the deposition of a laurel wreath as a tribute to the Italian Unknown Soldier at the Altare della Patria by the President of the Italian Republic and a military parade along Via dei Fori Imperiali in Rome.

History

On 2 and 3 June 1946, an institutional referendum was held with which the Italians were called to the polls to decide which form of state – monarchy or republic – to give to the country. The referendum was announced at the end of World War II, a few years after the fall of the Fascist regime in Italy, the dictatorial regime that had been supported by the Italian royal family, the House of Savoy, for more than 20 years.

The supporters of the republic chose the symbol of the Italia turrita, the national personification of Italy, to be used in the electoral campaign and on the referendum card on the institutional form of the State, in contrast to the Savoy coat of arms which represented the monarchy. This triggered various controversies, given that the iconography of the allegorical personification of Italy had, and still has, a universal and unifying meaning that should have been common to all Italians and not only to a part of them: this was the last appearance in the institutional context of Italia turrita.

This institutional referendum was the first vote by universal suffrage in Italy. The result of the popular consultation, 12,717,923 votes for the republic and 10,719,284 for the monarchy (with a percentage, respectively, of 54.3% and 45.7%), was communicated on 10 June 1946, when the Court of Cassation declared, after 85 years of the Kingdom of Italy, the birth of the Italian Republic, being definitively sanctioned on 18 June.

The King of Italy, Umberto II of Savoy, decided to leave Italy on 13 June to avoid the clashes between monarchists and Republicans, already manifested in bloody events in various Italian cities, for fear they could extend throughout the country. He went into exile in Portugal. From 1 January 1948, with the entry into force of the Constitution of the Italian Republic, the male descendants of Umberto II of Savoy were banned from entering Italy; the provision being repealed in 2002. 11 June 1946, the first day of republican Italy, was declared a public holiday.

On 2 June the birth of the modern nation is celebrated in a similar way to the French 14 July (anniversary of the storming of the Bastille) and to 4 July in the United States (anniversary of the declaration of independence from Great Britain). The unity of Italy and the birth of the modern Italian state is celebrated on 17 March, in honour of 17 March 1861, the date of the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy. Before the birth of the republic, the national celebratory day of the Kingdom of Italy was the feast of the Statuto Albertino, which was held on the first Sunday of June.

The first celebration of the Festa della Repubblica took place on 2 June 1947, while in 1948 there was the first parade in Via dei Fori Imperiali in Rome; 2 June was definitively declared a national holiday in 1949. On this occasion the ceremonial included the past review of the armed forces in honor of the republic by the President of the Italian Republic; the demonstration took place in Piazza Venezia, opposite the Altare della Patria. After the deposition of the laurel crown to the Italian Unknown Soldier by the President of the Italian Republic Luigi Einaudi, the banners of the armed forces abandoned the formation, they walked the stairway of the monument and paid homage to the president with a bow.

In 1949, with the entry of Italy into NATO, ten celebrations took place simultaneously throughout the country: on the occasion, to highlight the bond of the newly formed republic with Mazzinianism, current of the Risorgimento which was headed by Giuseppe Mazzini, fervent Republican, a celebratory monument was inaugurated in the current Piazzale Ugo La Malfa in Rome, in memory of the Genoese patriot, in front of which the main event of the Festa della Repubblica took place.

In 1961 the main celebration of the Festa della Repubblica did not take place in Rome but in Turin, the first capital of a united Italy. Turin was the capital of Italy from 1861 to 1865, followed by Florence (1865–1871) and finally by Rome, which is its capital since 1871. In 1961, in fact, was also celebrated the centenary of the unification of Italy (1861–1961). In 1963 the demonstration was not carried out on 2 June for the health conditions of Pope John XXIII, now dying, and was postponed to 4 November, simultaneously with National Unity and Armed Forces Day.

In 1965 the banners of the suppressed military units that took part in the World War I also participated in the main celebration of Rome; in that year the 50th anniversary of Italy's entry into the First World War was also commemorated. Specifically, Italy officially began military operations in World War I on 24 May 1915, with the first cannon shot fired by Fort Verena, on the Asiago plateau, towards the Austrian fortresses located on the Vezzena Plain: to the first infantry of the Royal Italian Army that crossed the border is dedicated the first stanza of La Leggenda del Piave.

Due to the severe economic crisis that gripped Italy in the 1970s, to contain state and social costs, the Festa della Repubblica, with Law n. 54 of 5 March 1977, was moved to the first Sunday of June, with the consequent suppression of 2 June as a public holiday connected to it. In 2001, on the impulse of the then President of the Republic, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, who was the protagonist, at the beginning of the 21st century, of a more general action to promote national symbols of Italy, the Festa della Repubblica has abandoned the status of a moveable feast, summarizing its traditional location of 2 June, which has now returned to being a holiday in all respects.

Celebration

The official ceremony of the Rome celebration includes the solemn flag-raising ceremony at the Altare della Patria and the tribute to the Italian Unknown Soldier with the deposition of a laurel wreath by the President of the Italian Republic in the presence of the most important officers of the State, or of the President of the Senate, the President of the Chamber of Deputies, the President of the Council of Ministers, the President of the Constitutional Court, the Minister of Defense and the Chief of Defense. After the playing of the National Anthem Il Canto degli Italiani, the Frecce Tricolori cross the skies of Rome.

Following the ceremony the President is then driven to Via di San Gregorio with the presidential Lancia Flaminia escorted by a patrol group of Corazzieri on a motorcycle where, together with the military commander of the capital garrison, usually a Major General, he reviews the parade formations presenting arms as the bands play their service or inspection marches. The Head of State then processes to the presidential tribune which is located in Via dei Fori Imperiali, gets down the vehicle, and processes there to meet other dignitaries and as he arrives in his spot in the dais the Corazzieri's mounted troopers, which had provided the rear escort during the review phrase, salute the President as the anthem is played.It is tradition, for the members of the Italian government and for the presidents of the two chambers of parliament, to have pinned on the jacket, during the whole ceremony, an Italian tricolor cockade. Following the anthem, the parade begins, which the ground columns of military personnel saluting the President with eyes left or right with their colours dipped as they march past the dais. Mobile column crew contingent colour guards perform the salute in a like manner.

The ceremony concludes in the afternoon with the opening to the public of the gardens of the Quirinal Palace, seat of the Presidency of the Italian Republic, and with musical performances by the bands of the Italian Army, the Italian Navy, and the Italian Air Force, of the Carabinieri, of the Polizia di Stato, of the Guardia di Finanza, of the Polizia Penitenziaria and of the State Forestry Corps.

On the feast day, at the Palazzo del Quirinale, the Changing of the Guard with the Corazzieri Regiment and the Fanfare of the Carabinieri Cavalry Regiment in high uniform is carried out in solemn form. This solemn rite is only performed on two other occasions, during the celebrations of the Tricolour Day (7 January) and the National Unity and Armed Forces Day (4 November).

Official ceremonies are held throughout the national territory. Among them are the traditional receptions organized by each prefecture for the local authorities, which are preceded by solemn public demonstrations with reduced military parades that have been reviewed by the prefect in his capacity as the highest governmental authority in the province. Similar ceremonies are also organized by the Regions and Municipalities.

All over the world, Italian embassies organize ceremonies to which the Heads of State of the host country are invited. Greetings from the other Heads of State reach the President of the Italian Republic from all over the world.

Parade

The Italian Armed Forces, all the police forces of the Republic, the Vigili del Fuoco, the Protezione Civile and the Italian Red Cross take part in the military parade. The military parade was included for the first time in the protocol of official celebrations in 1950.

In 1976 the military parade was not organized following the disastrous earthquake of Friuli, while the following year, in 1977, in full austerity, it was decided not to resume the traditional military parade to avoid burdening further expenses on the state budget. This decision was also reiterated in the following years. Instead of the military parade, a demonstration was organized in Piazza Venezia, which was attended by representatives of the Italian armed forces.

The military parade was reinserted in the official ceremony of the main celebration of Rome in 1983; in that year the Festa della Repubblica was organized on the first Sunday of June, which was the 5th, between the Aventine and Porta San Paolo to commemorate the Resistance to the German occupation of the city of Rome during the World War II. The following year, in 1984, the parade returned to Via dei Fori Imperiali, while in 1985 it took place between Via dei Cerchi and the Baths of Caracalla. In 1989 the military parade was eliminated again; in its place, a historical exhibition was organized in Piazza di Siena in Rome. Until 1999, the celebration of the Festa della Repubblica was limited exclusively to the ceremony at the Altare della Patria.

The parade returned permanently to the ceremony in 2000 on the initiative of the then President of the Republic Carlo Azeglio Ciampi. In 2004, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi granted a special privilege to the municipal police corps of Rome, representing all the local Italian police, and the Protezione Civile personnel to take part in the parade in honour of their services to the country and their communities.

The military parade also includes some military delegations from the United Nations, NATO, the European Union and representatives of multinational departments with an Italian component. One of the most awaited parts of the celebrations, the parade is saluted by the President in his or her capacity as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces.

Brief summary of the parade segment
As earlier stated the parade begins with the playing of the National Anthem as troopers of the Corazzieri salute the President. After the troopers march off the grandstand, the parade begins as the Central National Band of the Carabinieri marches past the dais, the first band of the parade, to herald the official arrival of the parade commander, usually a Major General of the Army, who drives past the grandstand with his motorized escort, followed by a motorized colour guard. Veterans contingents in vehicles from the Armed Forces, all police forces and the Vigili del Fuoco follow the command contingent.

The personnel are followed by the ground contingent, made up of personnel of the Armed Forces, all police forces, Civil Protection and civil service personnel. They march past the dais in a strict order of precedence with the military contingents marching past first followed by the police and civil contingents.

See also

 1946 Italian institutional referendum
 National symbols of Italy
 Republic Day
 Public holidays in Italy
 Anniversary of the Unification of Italy
 Anniversary of the Liberation
 National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe
 National Unity and Armed Forces Day
 Tricolour Day

Citations

References

1946 establishments in Italy
Recurring events established in 1946
Festivals in Italy
Public holidays in Italy
June observances
Articles containing video clips
Italy
Umberto II of Italy


Henri Julius Reverony Saint Cyr (15 March 1902 – 27 July 1979) was a Swedish officer and equestrian. Competing in five consecutive Olympics, he won two gold medals in dressage in 1952, and two gold medals in 1956.

Early life
Saint Cyr was born on 15 March 1902 in Stockholm, Sweden, the son of Lieutenant Esaias Saint Cyr and his wife Tyra (née Andersson).

Military career
Saint Cyr was commissioned as an officer in Svea Artillery Regiment (A 1) with the rank of Fänrik in 1924. He attended the Artillery and Engineering College from 1926 to 1928 when he was promoted to Lieutenant. Saint Cyr then attended the Army Riding School from 1928 to 1929, from 1931 to 1932 and from 1934 to 1936. He served as a teacher at the Army Riding School from 1936 to 1940 and he was promoted to Captain in 1938. Saint Cyr became Major in 1944 and attended the Cavalry School in France from 1948 to 1950. He was placed in the reserve in 1957.

Sports career
He competed at five consecutive Olympics from 1936 to 1960 and won two gold medals in 1952 and two in 1956, all in individual and team dressage. At his last Olympics in 1960 he finished fourth in the individual dressage.

Saint Cyr was the national champion in eventing in 1935, 1937, and 1939 and won a world title in the individual dressage in 1953. He took the Olympic Oath at the 1956 Games in Stockholm.

Saint Cyr was a board member of the Swedish Equestrian Federation (Svenska ridsportens centralförbund) from 1932 to 1948 and from 1950 to 1959.

Personal life
In 1921 he married Ruth Constantin-Peterson (1904–1966), the daughter of Bror Constantin-Peterson, a chief physician, and Sophie Psilanderskjöld. He was the father of Madeleine (born 1930) and Guy (born 1934).

Awards and decorations
  Knight of the Order of the Sword (1944)
  H. M. The King's Medal
  Knight of the Legion of Honour

Dates of rank
1924 – Second lieutenant
1928 – Lieutenant
1938 – Captain
1944 – Major

References

External links

1902 births
1979 deaths
Swedish Army officers
Military personnel from Stockholm
Sportspeople from Stockholm
Swedish male equestrians
Swedish dressage riders
Equestrians at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Equestrians at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Equestrians at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Equestrians at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Equestrians at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Sweden
Olympic medalists in equestrian
Knights of the Order of the Sword
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Swedish people of French descent
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Oath takers at the Olympic Games


The sural communicating nerve (SCN) (peroneal communicating branch of the common fibular nerve) is a separate and independent nerve from both the medial and lateral sural cutaneous nerves, often arising from a common trunk of the common fibular nerve The primary purpose of the sural communicating branch is to provide the structural path for transferring tibial nerve fascicular components to the sural nerve.

Anatomy
The sural communicating nerve (colloquially the peroneal communicating nerve) is one of the components of the sural nerve complex (MSCN, LSCN,SCN). It travels in an inferomedial direction from its origins either as a terminal component of the LSCN or is considered a nerve that originates along a common trunk of the lateral sural cutaneous nerve.

This particular nerve is best described by Dr. Huelke in 1958. Dr. Huelke took the original modern cadaveric studies (from the turn of the 20th century) and wrote a treatise titled "The origin of the peroneal communicating nerve" that describes the origins and pathways of the peroneal communicating nerve. He did this research in such a way that would today be called a systematic review with the addition of his own cadaveric samples. He reported that the peroneal communicating nerve was only considered named if it 'originated from the lateral sural cutaneous nerve to anastomose with the medial sural cutaneous nerve' to form the sural nerve proper.

Huelke found of the 159 samples that the peroneal communicating nerve arose from the common peroneal nerve with the lateral sural cutaneous nerve around 58.5% of the time and originated separately from the common peroneal nerve the remaining 41.5% of the time. In fact, Huelkes work is directly observed and fortified in a recent cadaveric study by Steele et al in which further origins of the sural communicating nerve arise lending the name nerve over branch, however even now there is no firm definition of the communication from the common peroneal nerve or from the lateral sural cutaneous nerve . Steele et al found that the sural communicating branch originated from the common peroneal nerve 50.79%, common trunk 16.67%, the lateral sural cutaneous nerve 30.16%, and sciatic nerve 2.38% of the 126 total samples that contained a sural communicating branch.

Essential component to the Sural Nerve Complex
The sural nerve complex was first used by Mayo Clinic orthopedic surgeon Dr. Ortiguela in a 1987 cadaveric study of the contributing nerves that is the genesis before the sural nerve moves from deep fascia of the gastrocnemius into the subcutaneous of the posterior sura. Later, meta-analysis and follow on large sample cadaveric confirmation study make reference to the sural communicating branch and both reference this nerve complex as the components contributing to the formation of the sural nerve.

In Steele et al. study identifying eight variations of the sural nerve formation. Types 1 and 7 sural nerve complex formations possess a sural communicating branch. This recent cadaveric study a 50.79% prevalence of nerves with a sural communicating nerve. Ramakrishnan et al found that type 1 nerves (only sural nerve complex types that contain SCN as defined by his figures) were globally present in 51.50% of all cadaveric studies captured in their systematic review.

Additional images

References

External links
Referenced papers:
 Steele et al. 208 sample cadaveric review 2021
 Ramakrishnan et al.systematic review on sural nerve formation 2015

Anatomy web references

 Cutaneous field

Nerves of the lower limb and lower torso


Elisenberg station () is an unfinished railway station within the Oslo Tunnel on the Drammen Line in Oslo, Norway. The ghost station was partially built during the construction of the tunnel between 1971 and 1980, but has never been put into use. It is located between Nationaltheatret Station and Skøyen Station, at Elisenberg in Frogner. A  long center platform and part of the access way has been built, but never completed. While the station initially was not put into use because of lack of funds to complete it, it is now unlikely that it will ever be completed, as the need for a station has disappeared and an opening would need a large investment of funds.

Facilities
Elisenberg is located approximately halfway between Nationaltheatret Station and Skøyen Station in the Oslo Tunnel of the Drammen Line. It is located under Balchens gate, near the tram stop with the same name. All that has been built at Elisenberg Station is the centre platform, which is  long and  wide, and a passageway across the south track. The tracks lay  below the surface.

The plans called for a two-track station which would be connected to the surface via elevators. At ground level, there would have been a vestibule with traveller facilities and ticket sales. The main entrance was to be from Balchensgate, with a secondary entrance from the street junction Elisenbergveien–Frognerveien.

History
Planning of the Oslo Tunnel was officially initiated in 1938, as a way to connect the Drammen Line to Oslo East Station (Oslo Ø, now Oslo Central Station, Oslo S). The Station Committee of 1938, led by Axel Grenholm, recommended a route that would branch off from the existing line close to the then terminal station of Oslo West Station (Oslo V). Another committee, led by Oddvar Halvorsen, was established in 1960 to look at the matter again. It stated that the tunnel should be longer and intersect with the Drammen Line at a point between Skarpsno and Skøyen, and with a second station built at Frogner. The proposal was presented to Parliament on 4 November 1961, along with several other matters related to rail transport investments. Construction of the Oslo Tunnel and Elisenberg Station was passed unanimously.

A planning office was established in 1962, initially led by Erik Himle. The final plans for the route were passed by parliament in 1968, and construction started in 1971. The rationale for the building of the station was that Frogner was to be developed as a dense, commercial district. However, to cut costs with the Oslo Tunnel, it was decided that parts of Nationaltheatret would not be built yet, and that Elisenberg Station would not open until after the tunnel was completed. By 1978, the platform area had been built, but the access way had not. The investments cost 30 million Norwegian krone (NOK), 75 mill. of 1998 standard. The Oslo Tunnel opened, without Elisenberg Station, on 1 June 1980.

During the mid-1980s, the plans for Elisenberg were again considered, after an initiative by Prime Minister Kåre Willoch who had been stuck in traffic congestion at Frogner. At the time, the cost estimate to open the station was NOK 105 million. The rail administration planned instead to build an additional, western entrance to Nationaltheatret Station, located near the roundabout between Parkveien and Henrik Ibsens gate (then Drammensveien), which would only cost 40 million NOK.

This entrance was expected to replace the need for Elisenberg Station, and was located in the middle of the Oslo Tunnel, between Nationaltheatret and Skøyen. Oslo Byes Vel and the Conservative, Red and Centre parties opposed the construction of the entrance, arguing that it would ruin the south-western corner of the Palace Park. The Conservative Party proposed building it further south, across Henrik Ibsens gate, either in Hansteens gate or in Parkveien near Oslo Commerce School, while the others wanted to open Elisenberg Station for traffic.

However, by then it had become clear that Frogner west of Solli plass would remain dominantly a residential area. The estimates showed that the station would capture few new riders and instead simply give a shorter walk for a small minority of those who used Nationaltheatret Station and Skøyen Station. With the upgraded Nationaltheatret Station, which opened in 1999, the capacity of the Oslo Tunnel increased from 16 to 24 trains per hour in each direction, because the station from then had four, rather than two, tracks. A similar upgrade would need to be done for Elisenberg Station, should it be taken into use, or the capacity of the tunnel would again be reduced. It is therefore highly unlikely that the station will ever be opened. In 1998, the readers of the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten proposed making Elisenberg an emergency exit.

In 2008, one hundred million NOK were given from the state budget of Norway to make improvements to the Oslo Tunnel following a cable fire at Skøyen Station. The replacement of the overhead wires would be started close to Elisenberg Station.

References

Bibliography

Railway stations on the Drammen Line
Railway stations in Oslo
Disused railway stations in Norway
Railway stations located underground in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1990s


The Olympia Bob Run St. Moritz-Celerina is a bobsleigh track located in the Engadin Valley, Switzerland. It officially opened on New Year's Day 1904 and is the oldest bobsleigh track in the world. It is also the only one that is naturally refrigerated. It is used for other sliding sports, including skeleton and luge.

History
The track was initially created for winter guests from Great Britain who invented bobsleigh. In 1897, the St. Moritz Bobsleigh Club was created. Because of the popularity of the sport, fund raising for the track was completed in 1903 with CHF 11,000 raised. The track served as host to the bobsleigh events for both the 1928 and the 1948 Winter Olympics. Track modifications have been made several times since the 1948 games, especially in the lower part of the track to adapt on higher speeds of the sleds and the increased braking issues after the end of the run. The horse-shoe corner, constructed of natural stones, was strengthened and its height and radius increased during the winters of 1995 and 1996. This was also important with the addition of guest rides to the program in 1973. In 1972, the Dracula Start House (Starthaus Dracula ) was demolished and a new structure was created to meet the needs of the bobsleigh organizers with further renovations done in 1992, 1993, and 2002. The last additional modification took place in 2002 with the addition of a runoff after the Portago curve that lead to the Frizzoni's Finish lodge.

Current track turns and length

The track, with 19 curves, is 1,722 meters long with an elevation difference of 130 meters and an average grade of 8.14%. The curves were given most of their names by the British and remain to this day.

Track construction
The track is constructed out of ice-covered snow, and as such, the track is not exactly identical from year to year. The track construction begins around the middle of November and takes a crew of fifteen ice workers a total of three weeks to construct the track. Construction follows the entire length of the track from start to finish. Because it is a natural track, length and elevation changes occur annually during construction. Once construction is completed, the fifteen workers split up into respective sections to maintain their area during the season which is done every afternoon and can take up to four hours. Once the bobsleigh and skeleton season concludes in early March, track dismantling begins.

References

External links
IBSF information
Olympia Bobrun (Official website)
St. Moritz Bob Club History
St. Moritz Celerina Olympic Bobrun
St. Moritz-Celerina Olympic Bobrun on Google Maps

Venues of the 1928 Winter Olympics
Venues of the 1948 Winter Olympics
Bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton tracks
Olympic bobsleigh venues
Sports venues in Switzerland
Sport in St. Moritz
Buildings and structures in Graubünden
Bobsleigh in Switzerland
1904 establishments in Switzerland
Sports venues completed in 1904
20th-century architecture in Switzerland


The string quintet normally comprises the four instruments of the standard string quartet (2 violins, viola, and cello), plus one additional instrument. This additional instrument may be a viola, cello or double bass. Of these three different combinations, the string quintet with a second viola has the widest repertoire and may be referred to as the standard string quintet. The other two combinations have far fewer important works, though the combination with two cellos includes the string quintet by Schubert, which is widely considered the greatest of all string quintets.

Ordering in each section is by surname of composer. These lists should be complete for major composers and their string quintets. For secondary or minor composers,  the lists are not exhaustive but those shown may be taken as representative examples. For recent or living composers, no attempt has been made at completeness.

"Viola" quintets
String quintets with 2 violins, 2 violas and cello

Arnold Bax (1883-1953)
String Quintet in G (1908)
Lyrical Interlude (1922)
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)
String Quintet in E flat, Op. 4 (1792-3; 1795–6)
String Quintet in C major, Op. 29 (1801)
String Quintet in C minor, Op. 104 (1793-5; 1817)
Luigi Boccherini (1743-1805)
String Quintet Op. 60 No. 1 in C major, G 391 (1801)
String Quintet Op. 60 No. 2 in B flat major, G 392 (1801)
String Quintet Op. 60 No. 3 in A major, G 393 (1801)
String Quintet Op. 60 No. 4 in E flat major, G 394 (1801; lost)
String Quintet Op. 60 No. 5 in G major, G 395 (1801)
String Quintet Op. 60 No. 6 in F major, G 396 (1801)
String Quintet Op. 62 No. 1 in C major, G 397 (1802)
String Quintet Op. 62 No. 2 in E flat major, G 398 (1802)
String Quintet Op. 62 No. 3 in F major, G 399 (1802)
String Quintet Op. 62 No. 4 in B flat major, G 400 (1802)
String Quintet Op. 62 No. 5 in D major, G 401 (1802)
String Quintet Op. 62 No. 6 in E major, G 402 (1802)
Also 12 further quintets arranged from piano quintets
Johannes Brahms (1833-1897)
String Quintet No. 1 in F major, Op. 88 (1883)
String Quintet No. 2 in G major, Op. 111 (1891)
Frank Bridge (1879-1941)
String Quintet in E minor, H 7 (1901)
Benjamin Britten (1913-1976)
Phantasy Quintet (1932)
Max Bruch (1838-1920)
String Quintet No. 1 in A minor (1918)
String Quintet No. 2 in E flat major (1918)
Anton Bruckner (1824-1896)
String Quintet in F major, WAB 112 (1878-9)
Intermezzo for String Quintet, WAB 113 (1879)
Franz Danzi (1763-1826)
String Quintet in E flat major, op. 66 no. 1 (1823-4)
String Quintet in F minor, op. 66 no. 2 (1823-4)
String Quintet in A major, op. 66 no. 3 (1823-4)
Gaetano Donizetti (1797-1848)
Allegro in C major
Antonín Dvořák (1841-1904)
String Quintet in A minor, Op. 1 (1861)
String Quintet in E-flat major, Op. 97 (1893)
François-Joseph Fétis (1784-1871)
String Quintet no. 1 in A minor (1860)
String Quintet no. 2 (1862)
String Quintet no. 3 (1862)
Niels Gade (1817-1890)
String Quintet in E minor, op. 8 (1845)
Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)
Divertimento in G major, Hob.II:2 (c. 1753)
Michael Haydn (1737-1806)
Quintet in C major, MH 187
Quintet in B flat major, MH 412
Quintet in F major, MH 367
Quintet in F major, MH 411
Quintet in G major, MH 189
Heinrich von Herzogenberg (1843-1900)
String Quintet in C minor, op. 77 (1892)
Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847)
String Quintet No. 1 in A major, op. 18 (1826; 1832)
Minuet in F sharp minor (1826)
String Quintet No. 2 in B flat major, op. 87 (1845)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791)
 String Quintet in B-flat, K. 174 (1773)
 String Quintet in C major, K. 515 (1787)
 String Quintet in G minor, K. 516 (1787)
 String Quintet in C minor, K. 406/516b (1782; c. 1788)
 String Quintet in D major, K. 593 (1790)
 String Quintet in E-flat major, K. 614 (1791)
Carl Nielsen (1865-1931)
String Quintet in G major, FS 5 (1888)
George Onslow (1784-1853)
Three string quintets
Three further string quintets with two versions, either for 2 violins, 2 violas and cello or for 2 violins, viola and 2 cellos
Sir Hubert Parry (1848-1918)
String Quintet in E flat major (1883-4)
Anton Reicha (1770-1836)
Seven string quintets
Ferdinand Ries (1784-1838)
Five string quintets
Franz Schubert (1797-1828)
Overture in C minor, D. 8 (1811)
Louis Spohr (1784-1859)
Seven string quintets
Sir Charles Villiers Stanford (1852-1924)
String Quintet no. 1 in F major, op. 85 (1903)
String Quintet no. 2 in C minor, op. 86 (1903; unpublished)
Johan Svendsen (1840-1911)
String Quintet in C major, Op. 5 (1867)
Sergey Taneyev (1856-1915)
String Quintet no. 2 in C major, Op. 16 (1903-4)
Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872-1958)
Phantasy Quintet (1912)

"Cello" quintets
String quintets with 2 violins, viola and 2 cellos

David Baker (1931-2016)
Two Cello String Quintet (1987) Violoncello and string quartet (Commissioned by Janos Starker)
Ludwig van Beethoven
Kreutzer Sonata arranged for String Quintet (Simrock, 1832)
Luigi Boccherini (1743-1805)
String Quintet Op. 10 No. 1 in A major, G 265
String Quintet Op. 10 No. 2 in E flat major, G 266
String Quintet Op. 10 No. 3 in C minor, G 267
String Quintet Op. 10 No. 4 in C major, G 268
String Quintet Op. 10 No. 5 in E flat major, G 269
String Quintet Op. 10 No. 6 in D major, G 270
String Quintet Op. 11 No. 1 in B flat major, G 271
String Quintet Op. 11 No. 2 in A major, G 272
String Quintet Op. 11 No. 3 in C major, G 273
String Quintet Op. 11 No. 4 in F minor, G 274
String Quintet Op. 11 No. 5 in E major, G 275 (This quintet includes the well-known "Boccherini's Minuet")
String Quintet Op. 11 No. 6 in D major ("L'uccelliera" - "Bird Sanctuary"), G 276
String Quintet Op. 13 No. 1 in E flat major, G 277
String Quintet Op. 13 No. 2 in C major, G 278
String Quintet Op. 13 No. 3 in F major, G 279
String Quintet Op. 13 No. 4 in D minor, G 280
String Quintet Op. 13 No. 5 in A major, G 281
String Quintet Op. 13 No. 6 in E major, G 282
String Quintet Op. 18 No. 1 in C minor, G 283
String Quintet Op. 18 No. 2 in D major, G 284
String Quintet Op. 18 No. 3 in E flat major, G 285
String Quintet Op. 18 No. 4 in C major, G 286
String Quintet Op. 18 No. 5 in D minor, G 287
String Quintet Op. 18 No. 6 in E major, G 288
String Quintet Op. 20 No. 1 in E flat major, G 289
String Quintet Op. 20 No. 2 in B flat major, G 290
String Quintet Op. 20 No. 3 in F major, G 291
String Quintet Op. 20 No. 4 in G major, G 292
String Quintet Op. 20 No. 5 in D minor, G 293
String Quintet Op. 20 No. 6 in A minor, G 294
String Quintet Op. 25 No. 1 in D minor, G 295
String Quintet Op. 25 No. 2 in E flat major, G 296
String Quintet Op. 25 No. 3 in A major, G 297
String Quintet Op. 25 No. 4 in C major, G 298
String Quintet Op. 25 No. 5 in D major, G 299
String Quintet Op. 25 No. 6 in A minor, G 300
String Quintet Op. 27 No. 1 in A major, G 301
String Quintet Op. 27 No. 2 in G major, G 302
String Quintet Op. 27 No. 3 in E minor, G 303
String Quintet Op. 27 No. 4 in E flat major, G 304
String Quintet Op. 27 No. 5 in G minor, G 305
String Quintet Op. 27 No. 6 in B minor, G 306
String Quintet Op. 28 No. 1 in F major, G 307
String Quintet Op. 28 No. 2 in A major, G 308
String Quintet Op. 28 No. 3 in E flat major, G 309
String Quintet Op. 28 No. 4 in C major, G 310
String Quintet Op. 28 No. 5 in D minor, G 311
String Quintet Op. 28 No. 6 in B flat major, G 312
String Quintet Op. 29 No. 1 in D major, G 313
String Quintet Op. 29 No. 2 in C minor, G 314
String Quintet Op. 29 No. 3 in F major, G 315
String Quintet Op. 29 No. 4 in A major, G 316
String Quintet Op. 29 No. 5 in E flat major, G 317
String Quintet Op. 29 No. 6 in G minor, G 318
String Quintet Op. 30 No. 1 in B flat major, G 319
String Quintet Op. 30 No. 2 in A minor, G 320
String Quintet Op. 30 No. 3 in C major, G 321
String Quintet Op. 30 No. 4 in E flat major, G 322
String Quintet Op. 30 No. 5 in E minor, G 323
String Quintet Op. 30 No. 6 in C major ("Musica notturna delle strade di Madrid"), G 324
String Quintet Op. 31 No. 1 in E flat major, G 325
String Quintet Op. 31 No. 2 in G major, G 326
String Quintet Op. 31 No. 3 in B flat major, G 327
String Quintet Op. 31 No. 4 in C minor, G 328
String Quintet Op. 31 No. 5 in A major, G 329
String Quintet Op. 31 No. 6 in F major, G 330
String Quintet Op. 36 No. 1 in E flat major, G 331
String Quintet Op. 36 No. 2 in D major, G 332
String Quintet Op. 36 No. 3 in G major, G 333
String Quintet Op. 36 No. 4 in A minor, G 334
String Quintet Op. 36 No. 5 in G minor, G 335
String Quintet Op. 36 No. 6 in F major, G 336
String Quintet Op. 39 No. 1 in B flat major, G 337
String Quintet Op. 39 No. 2 in F major, G 338
String Quintet Op. 39 No. 3 in D major, G 339
String Quintet Op. 40 No. 1 in A major, G 340
String Quintet Op. 40 No. 2 in D major, G 341
String Quintet Op. 40 No. 3 in D major, G 342
String Quintet Op. 40 No. 4 in C major, G 343
String Quintet Op. 40 No. 5 in E minor, G 344
String Quintet Op. 40 No. 6 in B flat major, G 345
String Quintet Op. 41 No. 1 in E flat major, G 346
String Quintet Op. 41 No. 2 in F major, G 347
String Quintet Op. 42 No. 1 in F minor, G 348
String Quintet Op. 42 No. 2 in C major, G 349
String Quintet Op. 42 No. 3 in B minor, G 350
String Quintet Op. 42 No. 4 in G minor, G 351
String Quintet Op. 43 No. 1 in E flat major, G 352
String Quintet Op. 43 No. 2 in D major, G 353
String Quintet Op. 43 No. 3 in F major, G 354
String Quintet Op. 45 No. 1 in C minor, G 355
String Quintet Op. 45 No. 2 in A major, G 356
String Quintet Op. 45 No. 3 in B flat major, G 357
String Quintet Op. 45 No. 4 in C major, G 358
String Quintet Op. 46 No. 1 in B flat major, G 359
String Quintet Op. 46 No. 2 in D minor, G 360
String Quintet Op. 46 No. 3 in C major, G 361
String Quintet Op. 46 No. 4 in G minor, G 362
String Quintet Op. 46 No. 5 in F major, G 363
String Quintet Op. 46 No. 6 in E flat major, G 364
String Quintet Op. 49 No. 1 in D major, G 365
String Quintet Op. 49 No. 2 in B flat major, G 366
String Quintet Op. 49 No. 3 in E flat major, G 367
String Quintet Op. 49 No. 4 in D minor, G 368
String Quintet Op. 49 No. 5 in E flat major, G 369
String Quintet Op. 50 No. 1 in A major, G 370
String Quintet Op. 50 No. 2 in E flat major, G 371
String Quintet Op. 50 No. 3 in B flat major, G 372
String Quintet Op. 50 No. 4 in E major, G 373
String Quintet Op. 50 No. 5 in C major, G 374
String Quintet Op. 50 No. 6 in B flat major, G 375
String Quintet Op. 51 No. 1 in E flat major, G 376
String Quintet Op. 51 No. 2 in C minor, G 377
String Quintet in C major, G 378
String Quintet in E minor (from G 407), G 379
String Quintet in F major (from G 408), G 380
String Quintet in E flat major (from G 410), G 381
String Quintet in A minor (from G 412), G 382
String Quintet in D major (from G 411), G 383
String Quintet in C major (from G 409), G 384
String Quintet in D minor (from G 416), G 385
String Quintet in E minor (from G 417), G 386
String Quintet in B flat major (from G 414), G 387
String Quintet in A major (from G 413), G 388
String Quintet in E minor (from G 415), G 389
String Quintet in C major (from G 418), G 390
String Quintet Op. 60 No. 1 in C major, G 391
String Quintet Op. 60 No. 2 in B flat major, G 392
String Quintet Op. 60 No. 3 in A major, G 393
String Quintet Op. 60 No. 4 in E flat major (lost), G 394
String Quintet Op. 60 No. 5 in G major, G 395
String Quintet Op. 60 No. 6 in E major, G 396
String Quintet Op. 62 No. 1 in C major, G 397
String Quintet Op. 62 No. 2 in E flat major, G 398
String Quintet Op. 62 No. 3 in F major, G 399
String Quintet Op. 62 No. 4 in B flat major, G 400
String Quintet Op. 62 No. 5 in D major, G 401
String Quintet Op. 62 No. 6 in E major, G 402
String Quintet in E flat major (lost), G 406
Also: "String Quintet in C major" put together by Johann Lauterbach (1832-1918) from unrelated Boccherini string quintet movements
Aleksandr Borodin (1833-87)
String Quintet in F minor (1853-4: unfinished; completed by O. Evlakhov)
Luigi Cherubini (1760-1842)
String Quintet in E minor (1837)
Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf (1739-99)
Six string quintets
Henry Eccles (1670-1742)
Sonata in G minor for cello and strings
(This is actually a sonata for viola da gamba and figured bass and not a string quintet. The version for cello and strings is a transcription. This sonata is also often played in a transcription for cello and piano.)
Aleksandr Glazunov (1865-1936)
String Quintet in A major, Op. 39 (1891-2)
Karl Goldmark (1820-1915)
String Quintet in A minor, Op. 9 (1862)
Jay Greenberg (born 1991)
String Quintet (2005)
George Onslow (1784-1853)
Twenty-two string quintets
Three further string quintets with two versions, either for 2 violins, viola and 2 cellos or for 2 violins, 2 violas and cello
Anton Reicha (1770-1836)
Three string quintets
Franz Schubert (1797-1828)
Quintet in C major, D. 956, Op. 163 (1828)
Peter Seabourne (born 1960)
String Quintet
Adrien-François Servais (1807-66)
Souvenir de Spa for cello and strings
Sergey Taneyev (1856-1915)
String Quintet no. 1 in G major, Op. 14 (1900–01)

"Double bass" quintets
String quintets with two violins, viola, cello and double bass

Luigi Boccherini (1743-1805)
String Quintet Op. 39 No. 1 in B flat major, G 337 (1787)
String Quintet Op. 39 No. 2 in F major, G 338 (1787)
String Quintet Op. 39 No. 3 in D major, G 339 (1787)
Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf (1739-99)
Six string quintets (with non-obbligato horns)
Antonín Dvořák (1841-1904)
String Quintet in G major, Op. 77 (1875)
Alistair Hinton (born 1950)
String Quintet (1969–77)
George Onslow (1784-1853)
Six string quintets

See also
 String instrument repertoire

Sources
 Grove Music Online
 Jeffery, Paul 'A Player's Guide to Chamber Music' (Robert Hale, 2017)


Reflector (反光鏡楽隊) is a rock band that formed in Beijing in 1997.   According to the band's official English language website, Reflector has been featured on CNN and in Newsweek magazine.  Reflector lists among its English language musical influences the bands Green Day, NOFX and Lagwagon. In 2000 their song "Scream Club" was featured in the movie Warm Summer Day.

In 2001 Reflector became one of the first bands (which many in China consider to be "punk") from China to tour the United States; the band performed in seven West Coast cities, including a gig in Sacramento opening for punk band Anti-Flag.

The band performed at Cui Jian's 2003 Live Vocals festival, and in the 2003 Midi Music Festival.

Personnel
Tian Jianhua aka "Tj" - bass/vocals
Li Peng - guitar/vocals
Ye Jingying - drums/background vocals

Discography
1999 - Wuliao Contingent compilation, 8 songs
2002 - Reflector EP on People's Records

External links
 Reflector official site
 Reflector at Yaogun Chinese Rock Database

Chinese punk rock groups
Musical groups from Beijing


The Honeoye Central School District is a public school district in New York State that serves 619 students in  in the hamlet of Honeoye and the town of Richmond in Ontario County with a staff of 227 (140 instructional personnel and 87 support staff).

The average class size is 17 students (all grades). With each graduating class having an average of 45 students (Lowest level has 32, highest grade level is 58)  The student-teacher ratio is 10:1.

References

External links

 New York State School Boards Association

School districts in New York (state)
Education in Ontario County, New York


In mathematics, a topological game is an infinite game of perfect information played between two players on a topological space. Players choose objects with topological properties such as points, open sets, closed sets and open coverings. Time is generally discrete, but the plays may have transfinite lengths, and extensions to continuum time have been put forth. The conditions for a player to win can involve notions like topological closure and convergence.

It turns out that some fundamental topological constructions have a natural counterpart in topological games; examples of these are the Baire property, Baire spaces, completeness and convergence properties, separation properties, covering and base properties, continuous images, Suslin sets, and singular spaces. At the same time, some topological properties that arise naturally in topological games can be generalized beyond a game-theoretic context: by virtue of this duality, topological games have been widely used to describe new properties of topological spaces, and to put known properties under a different light. There are also close links with selection principles.

The term topological game was first introduced by Claude Berge,
who defined the basic ideas and formalism in analogy with topological groups. A different meaning for topological game, the concept of “topological properties defined by games”, was introduced in the paper of Rastislav Telgársky,
and later "spaces defined by topological games";
this approach is based on analogies with matrix games, differential games and statistical games, and defines and studies topological games within topology. After more than 35 years, the term “topological game” became widespread, and appeared in several hundreds of publications. The survey paper of Telgársky
emphasizes the origin of topological games from the Banach–Mazur game.

There are two other meanings of topological games, but these are used less frequently.

 The term topological game introduced by Leon Petrosjan in the study of antagonistic pursuit–evasion games. The trajectories in these topological games are continuous in time.
 The games of Nash (the Hex games), the Milnor games (Y games), the Shapley games (projective plane games), and Gale's games (Bridg-It games) were called topological games by David Gale in his invited address [1979/80]. The number of moves in these games is always finite. The discovery or rediscovery of these topological games goes back to years 1948–49.

Basic setup for a topological game

Many frameworks can be defined for infinite positional games of perfect information.

The typical setup is a game between two players, I and II, who alternately pick subsets of a topological space X. In the nth round, player I plays a subset In of X, and player II responds with a subset  Jn. There is a round for every natural number n, and after all rounds are played, player I wins if the sequence

 I0, J0, I1, J1,...

satisfies some property, and otherwise player II wins.

The game is defined by the target property and the allowed moves at each step. For example, in the Banach–Mazur game BM(X), the allowed moves are nonempty open subsets of the previous move, and player I wins if .

This typical setup can be modified in various ways. For example, instead of being a subset of X, each move might consist of a pair  where  and . Alternatively, the sequence of moves might have length some ordinal number other than  ω1.

Definitions and notation

 A play of the game is a sequence of legal moves
 I0, J0, I1, J1,...
 The result of a play is either a win or a loss for each player.

 A strategy for player P is a function defined over every legal finite sequence of moves of P's opponent. For example, a strategy for player I is a function s from sequences (J0, J1, ..., Jn) to subsets of X. A game is said to be played according to strategy s if every player P move is the value of s on the sequence of their opponent's prior moves. So if s is a strategy for player I, the play

 is according to strategy s. (Here λ denotes the empty sequence of moves.)

 A strategy for player P is said to be winning if for every play according to strategy s results in a win for player P, for any sequence of legal moves by P's opponent. If player P has a winning strategy for game G, this is denoted . If either player has a winning strategy for G, then G is said to be determined. It follows from the axiom of choice that there are non-determined topological games.
 A strategy for P is stationary if it depends only on the last move by P's opponent; a strategy is  if it depends both on the last move of the opponent and on the ordinal number of the move.

The Banach–Mazur game

The first topological game studied was the Banach–Mazur game, which is a motivating example of the connections between game-theoretic notions and topological properties.

Let Y be a topological space, and let X be a subset of Y, called the winning set. Player I begins the game by picking a nonempty open subset , and player II responds with a nonempty open subset . Play continues in this fashion, with players alternately picking a nonempty open subset of the previous play. After an infinite sequence of moves, one for each natural number, the game is finished, and I wins if and only if

The game-theoretic and topological connections demonstrated by the game include:

 II has a winning strategy in the game if and only if X is of the first category in Y (a set is of the first category or meagre if it is the countable union of nowhere-dense sets).
 If Y is a complete metric space, then I has a winning strategy if and only if X is comeagre in some nonempty open subset of Y.
 If X has the Property of Baire in Y, then the game is determined.

Other topological games

Some other notable topological games are:

 the binary game introduced by Ulam — a modification of the Banach–Mazur game;
 the Banach game — played on a subset of the real line;
 the Choquet game — related to siftable spaces;
 the point-open game — in which player I chooses points and player II chooses open neighborhoods of them.
 Selection games — each round player I chooses a (topological) collection and II chooses a member or finite subset of that collection. See .

Many more games have been introduced over the years, to study, among others: the Kuratowski coreduction principle; separation and reduction properties of sets in close projective classes; Luzin sieves; invariant descriptive set theory; Suslin sets; the closed graph theorem; webbed spaces; MP-spaces; the axiom of choice; recursive functions. Topological games have also been related to ideas in mathematical logic, model theory, infinitely-long formulas, infinite strings of alternating quantifiers, ultrafilters, partially ordered sets, and the coloring number of infinite graphs.

For a longer list and a more detailed account see the 1987 survey paper of Telgársky.

See also
Topological puzzle

References

General topology


In medical terminology, disarticulation is the separation of two bones at their joint, either traumatically by way of injury or by a surgeon during arthroplasty or amputation.

See also
 Joint dislocation
 Acrotomophilia
 Apotemnophilia
 Amputation
 Total body disruption

References

Musculoskeletal disorders
Amputations


Hans-Jürgen Gede (born 14 November 1956) is a German football coach and former player.

Playing career
Born in Gelsenkirchen, Gede began playing football for FC Schalke 04 in 1975. In 1977, he joined SC Preußen Münster and after playing 71 times for club, he left Preußen and joined SC Fortuna Köln. He made 344 appearances for Fortuna Köln and scored 48 goals. He retired in 1991.

Coaching career
Gede was appointed as head coach of Fortuna Düsseldorf in 1991, just months after his retirement from playing. He signed with Iranian side Persepolis in 1994, beginning a successful tenure. After about three months in Persepolis, he was appointed as head coach of the Iran national under-23 football team in June 1994 to lead the team to qualification for the 1996 Summer Olympics, but failed. After that, he coached at KSV Hessen Kassel, SV Lippstadt 08 and Rot-Weiß Oberhausen. In 2004, he was appointed as assistant coach of the Uzbekistan national football team and became their head coach in 2005, coaching the team in two matches. In 2005, he returned to Iran and managed Shahid Ghandi in the Azadegan League. Al-Ahli Manama, Kuala Lumpur FA, Neftchi Baku, Okktha United FC and Tahaddy Benghazi were his next teams. During the 2010–11 Persian Gulf Cup, he was the assistant coach to Parviz Mazloomi in Esteghlal. On 1 June 2011, he was appointed as the assistant coach of Zob Ahan. On 20 June 2016, he was appointed as a technical director of the Vietnam national team. On 10 August 2020, he was appointed as the technical director of Viettel.

External links

References

Living people
1956 births
Footballers from Gelsenkirchen
German football managers
German expatriate football managers
FC Schalke 04 players
SC Fortuna Köln players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
Fortuna Düsseldorf managers
KSV Hessen Kassel managers
Persepolis F.C. managers
Al-Ahli Club Manama managers
Expatriate football managers in Iran
Expatriate football managers in Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan national football team managers
Expatriate football managers in Bahrain
Expatriate football managers in Malaysia
Expatriate football managers in Myanmar
Expatriate football managers in Libya
Expatriate football managers in Azerbaijan
Men's association football midfielders
German men's footballers
Aluminium Hormozgan F.C. managers
Persepolis F.C. non-playing staff
West German men's footballers
German expatriate sportspeople in Vietnam


Caroline Vis (born 4 March 1970 in Vlaardingen) is a retired professional tennis player from the Netherlands.

Vis turned pro in 1989. A doubles specialist, Vis won nine titles during her career on the WTA Tour. She reached the mixed doubles final at the 1991 French Open, playing with countryman Paul Haarhuis. Her career-high doubles ranking was No. 9 in the world, which she reached in August 1998. Vis retired in 2006.

Grand Slam mixed doubles finals

Runner-up (1)

WTA Tour finals

Doubles finals (9-17)

ITF finals

Singles (0–1)

Doubles (5-5)

External links

1970 births
Living people
Dutch female tennis players
Sportspeople from Vlaardingen


Jim Del Gaizo (born May 31, 1947) is a former professional American football quarterback for the Miami Dolphins, Green Bay Packers, and New York Giants. His career in the National Football League (NFL) lasted five seasons

Early life
Born in Everett, Massachusetts, and raised in Revere, Del Gaizo was the star quarterback for Revere High School, and still holds the Patriots' most notable passing records.

Career
After playing college football at both Syracuse and Tampa, Del Gaizo went unselected in the 1971 NFL Draft, which had only three quarterbacks taken in the first six rounds and only seventeen selected over the entire seventeen rounds. He is one of only two quarterbacks ever to play at Tampa who appeared in the NFL. Del Gaizo made the Dolphins' roster as an undrafted free agent in 1971 and spent the season as the third-string quarterback and was not activated the entire season.

In Del Gaizo's rookie season (his second season although his first one on an active roster), he was the backup quarterback in four appearances during the Dolphins' undefeated  season in 1972 that culminated in a victory in Super Bowl VII. Del Gaizo completed 5 of 9 passes for two touchdowns and one interception; he also lost one fumble.

The Dolphins did not retain Del Gaizo's services for the 1973 season; however, his stock had risen after two good preseasons coupled with his game performances in the 1972 season, and he was traded to the Packers for two second round picks (one in 1974 and one in 1975). Green Bay is where he saw his most extensive game action, appearing in eight games while starting three. He suffered a separated shoulder early, and his final statistics were: 27 completions in 69 passing attempts with two touchdowns, six interceptions, and one fumble. In the strike season of 1974, he was traded to the Giants for a third round draft pick.

Del Gaizo's final season in 1975 was spent with the Giants, where he appeared in four games (one start), completing 12 of 32 passes with no touchdowns and three interceptions. The Giants released him and Del Gaizo never appeared in another NFL regular season game. However, he was re-signed by the Dolphins for the second half of the 1975 season after injuries had sidelined both Bob Griese and Earl Morrall, and was on the roster for the final three games of the season, but did not play.

He was invited to camp the following season, and played in the 1976 pre-season for the Dolphins, where he completed 25 passes out of 40 attempts, for 372 yards, three touchdowns, and no interceptions; however, he was cut by the Dolphins. Del Gaizo entertained starting job offers from the Atlanta Falcons and Buffalo Bills, as well as a back-up offer from the Pittsburgh Steelers (which he was quoted as saying later he should have probably accepted); however, disillusioned with both pro football and the Miami Dolphins (where he felt he had earned his spot), he decided to retire at the age of 29.

Since retirement, Del Gaizo has enjoyed a successful career as a mortgage broker.

References

 Career statistics at pro-football-reference.com
 Update on Del Gaizo (follows golf story)
 1972 NFL draft list
 "Downfield! Untold Stories Of The Green Bay Packers", by Jerry Polling. Copyright 1996
 The Miami Herald, Tuesday, Sept. 7, 1976 Front Page Article of Section D, "Del Gaizo Losses QB Roulette"

External links

1947 births
Living people
People from Revere, Massachusetts
Players of American football from Suffolk County, Massachusetts
Players of American football from Massachusetts
American football quarterbacks
Green Bay Packers players
Miami Dolphins players
New York Giants players
Syracuse Orange football players
Tampa Spartans football players
Revere High School (Massachusetts) alumni


The Commonwealth Foundation is an intergovernmental organisation based in the UK.

Commonwealth Foundation may also refer to:

 Commonwealth Foundation for Public Policy Alternatives in Pennsylvania, U.S.

See also
Commonwealth of Nations
Commonwealth Fund
Commonwealth Games Federation
Commonwealth Institute


Miss Universe 1955 was the 4th Miss Universe pageant, held at the Long Beach Municipal Auditorium in Long Beach, California, United States on 22 July 1955. This is the first edition that the pageant was televised.

At the end of the event, Miriam Stevenson of the United States crowned Hillevi Rombin of the Sweden as Miss Universe 1955. It is Sweden's first victory in the pageant's history.

Contestants from thirty-three countries and territories competed in this year's pageant. The pageant was hosted by Bob Russell.

Background

Selection of participants
Contestants from thirty-three countries and territories were selected to compete in the pageant. The age requirement in this edition is still from eighteen to twenty-eight, where women who are married and have children can also participate.

Debuts, returns, and withdrawals
The 1955 edition saw the debuts of Ceylon, Ecuador, England, Guatemala, Lebanon, and Nicaragua, and the return of Venezuela who last competed in 1953. Australia, Hong Kong, New Zealand, Panama, Peru, Singapore, and Thailand withdrew after their respective organizations failed to hold a national competition or appoint a delegate.

Expected to compete are Karin Rasmussen of Denmark, Gladir Leopardi of Egypt, Angelina Kalkhoven of Holland, and Suna Soley of Turkey. However, these women withdrew due to undisclosed reasons.

Results

Placements

Special awards

Pageant

Format
From sixteen in the previous edition, fifteen semi-finalists were chosen at the preliminary competition that consists of the swimsuit and evening gown competition. Each of the fifteen semi-finalists gave a short speech during the final telecast using their native languages. Afterwards, the fifteen semi-finalists paraded again in their swimsuits and evening gowns, and the five finalists were eventually chosen.

Selection committee

 Myrna Hansen – Miss USA 1953 from Illinois

Contestants
Thirty-three contestants competed for the title.

Notes

References

External links

 Miss Universe official website

1955
1955 beauty pageants
Beauty pageants in the United States
1955 in California
July 1955 events in the United States


Horst Lippmann (17 March 1927 in Eisenach, Germany – 18 May 1997 in Frankfurt am Main) was a German jazz musician, concert promoter, writer and television director, best known as promoter of the influential American Folk Blues Festival tours of Europe during and after the 1960s.

Life
The son of a hotelier, Lippmann played drums in the illegal Frankfurter Hot Club in the 1940s, and wrote for one of the first German jazz magazines, Mitteilungen für Freunde der modernen Tanzmusik (Messages for Friends of Modern Dance Music). After the war he played in the combos of the Hot Club with Günter Boaz. Together with , he was involved in the founding of the , and organized and participated in concert tours by the West German jazz clubs. In 1953 he founded the German Jazz Festival at Frankfurt.

In the mid-1950s he formed the Lippmann + Rau concert agency with Fritz Rau, and began bringing jazz, blues and rock and roll stars to Germany for the first time. Between 1962 and 1982 he organized the American Folk Blues Festival, initially by contacting Chicago blues musician and songwriter Willie Dixon. The festivals were arranged almost annually during the 1960s, performing in England and France as well as Germany and being recorded for television programmes, and brought such musicians as Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, Howlin' Wolf, Lonnie Johnson, Big Joe Williams, John Lee Hooker, Skip James, Little Walter, Buddy Guy, and Memphis Slim before European audiences for the first time. Attendees of early festivals included such influential musicians as Mick Jagger, Eric Burdon, Eric Clapton, and Steve Winwood.  Lippmann and Rau entered the Blues Hall of Fame in 2012. They also were the promoters in Germany for Jimi Hendrix in 1969.

Lippmann was also known in Germany as a radio personality and as director of television broadcasts.

Further reading
 Rieth, Michael: Horst Lippmann. Ein Leben für Jazz, Blues und Rock. Prefaces by Emil Mangelsdorff and Klaus Doldinger. Heidelberg 2008: Palmyra. (German)
 Rau, Fritz: 50 Jahre Backstage. Erinnerungen eines Konzertveranstalters. Heidelberg 2005: Palmyra. Pg. 18-20, 23-26, 31-34, 36-40, 235-239 (German)

References

External links
Lippmann+Rau-Musikarchiv (German)

1927 births
1997 deaths
German blues musicians
Jazz writers
German jazz drummers
Male drummers
German music journalists
German music critics
German music managers
People from Eisenach
German male non-fiction writers
20th-century German musicians
20th-century drummers
20th-century German male musicians
German male jazz musicians


Abakania is an extinct genus of corynexochid trilobite in the family Corynexochidae. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

Distribution
 A. superba occurs in the Lower Cambrian of the Russian Federation (Botomian, Sanashtykgol Spring, Sanashtykgol Formation, Altay-Sayan Region, 49.4° N, 136.4° E).
 A. crassa is present in the Lower Cambrian of the Russian Federation (Botomian, Kiya River section, Poliellaspis-zone, Usa Formation, Kemorovo, Kuznetsk Alatau, 56.0° N, 88.0° E).

References

Corynexochidae
Cambrian trilobites
Corynexochida genera
Fossils of Russia
Fossil taxa described in 1973

Cambrian genus extinctions


Acidiscus Rasetti, 1966, is a genus of Eodiscinid trilobite belonging to the family Weymouthiidae Kobayashi T. (1943), Order Agnostida Salter (1864).  It lived during the Botomian stage = late Lower Cambrian Stage 4 (upper of two stages subdividing the unnamed Series 2); the upper Botomian boundary corresponds to base of the Middle Cambrian, Miaolingian Series and Wuliuan stage.

Etymology
 A. birdi is named for Dr. John M. Bird who collected the holotype.
 A. hexacanthus is derived from the Greek hexa "six" and acanthos "spine", for having two pairs of border spines in addition to one pair of genal spines.
 A. theristes is named after a Greek in the Iliad (an epic poem written by Homer around 800 B.C.E.) who accused Agamemnon of greed and Achilles of cowardice during the Trojan War.

Taxonomy
A cladogram showing the relationship between several species of the genera Acidiscus, Bolboparia and Stigmadiscus Acidiscus is most closely related to Bolboparia and slightly more distantly to Stigmadiscus. Synapomorphies for Acidiscus-Bolboparia include anterolateral cephalic spines and a large preoccipital glabellar tubercle or spine. Both of these features have been considered as being diagnostic of Acidiscus (e.g., Rushton, 1966; Rasetti, 1966;) but they are shared with Bolboparia. Synapomorphies of Bolboparia include a sharply tapered and pointed glabella, no occipital spine, tubercles confined to posterior part of the cephalic border, strongly inflated genae, and a sculpture of tightly packed coarse granules. Stigmadiscus is characterised by an inflated posterior part of the glabella, the loss of anterolateral cephalic spines and a preoccipital glabellar node, and in having a very narrow cephalic border.
Among genera currently assigned to Weymouthiidae Kobayashi, 1943 (Jell in Whittington et al. 1997), Rushton (1966, p. 12) noted that, “Acidiscus Rasetti differs from Serrodiscus but slightly”, although several of the characteristics in the former genus that he listed, include the preoccipital glabellar and anterolateral cephalic spines, and the configuration of the lateral glabellar furrows.

Distribution
 A. birdi is known from the Lower Cambrian of the United States (unnamed formation, East Chatham Quad, Columbia County, New York State ), Canada (Newfoundland) and England (Purley Shales of Warwickshire).
 The Holotype of A. theristes Rushton, 1966, is A 57082, held at the Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge and was collected by Rushton from about 450' above base of the Purley Shale Formation (Protolenus Biozone) at Camp Hill, St. Paul's Church, Stockingford, Nuneaton, Warwickshire, England [Closest ICS interval: Cambrian Series 3 – Terreneuvian Epoch].
 A. hexacanthus Rasetti (1966, p. 13, pl. 7, figs 1–6) is part of a trilobite faunule that was collected from unnamed limestone beds which form several outcrops on a hill (Griswold farm) about 1 mile southeast of North Chatham, Columbia County, New York State, USA; the faunule is referred to as the Acimetopus bilohatus faunule from one of the most common and characteristic trilobites. The Acimetopus bilobatus faunule is notable for the number and variety of trilobites of the family Eodiscidae.

Ecology
A. birdi occurs in association with other Weymouthiidae (Acimetopus, Analox, Bathydiscus, Bolboparia, Leptochilodiscus, Serrodiscus), Calodiscus,
several species of Olenellus, and Bonnia (Dorypygidae).

Description
Like all Weymouthiidae, Acidiscus lacks eyes and facial sutures. The cephalic border carries one or two pairs of marginal spines. The glabella does not reach the border furrow and has two short pit-like pairs of lateral furrows. Occipital and genal spines are present. Thorax unknown, but all weymouthiids in which it is known have three segments. The pygidium is much like that in Serrodiscus, with an axis composed of ten rings. Pleural fields unfurrowed.

References

Weymouthiidae
Agnostida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Animals described in 1966
Fossils of Canada
Paleontology in Newfoundland and Labrador


Acimetopus Rasetti, 1966,  is a genus of Eodiscinid trilobite belonging to the family Weymouthiidae Kobayashi (1943),  Order Agnostida Salter (1864).  It lived during the Botomian stage. = late Lower Cambrian Stage 4 (upper of two stages subdividing the un-named Series 2); the upper Botomian boundary corresponds to base of the Middle Cambrian, Miaolingian Series and Wuliuan stage.

Type species
Acimetopus bilobatus Rasetti, 1966, from his locality cs-4 in limestone beds which form several outcrops on a hillside at Griswold Farm, about 1 mile southeast of North Chatham, Columbia County, New York State, USA; the associated faunule is referred to as the Acimetopus bilobatus faunule due to the nominate species being one of the most common and characteristic trilobites.

Distribution
Acimetopus is known from the Lower Cambrian of the United States (unnamed formation, East Chatham Quad, Columbia County, New York State ), and England.

Description
Like in all Agnostida, the body of Acimetopus is diminutive, the headshield (or cephalon) and tailshield (or pygidium) are approximately the same size (or isopygous). The thorax is unknown but all weymouthiids where it is known have 3 thoracic segments. Acimetopus has no eyes. Its cephalic border is strongly convex, with a pair of lateral marginal spines. The entire exoskeleton of Acimetopus is covered in granules. The central raised area of the cephalon, called the glabella, is strongly divided by two deep furrows that merge when crossing the midline. The large and inflated anterior lobe is isolated from border furrow. Behind it is a pair of small, separated, subtriangular lobes. The posterior part of the glabella is large and carries an inflated spine that is directed upwards and backwards. Genal spines are present. The axis of the pygidium (or rhachis) has nine rings that are strongly inflated, with the second ring carrying a vertical spine. The border surrounding the pygidium is defined by a deep furrow, is narrow, and lacks spines.

Ecology
Acimetopus bilobatus occurs in association with other Weymouthiidae including (Acidiscus, Analox, Bathydiscus, Bolboparia, Leptochilodiscus, Serrodiscus), Calodiscus, and several species of Olenellus Billings, 1861, and Bonnia Walcott, 1916 (Family Dorypygidae).

References

Weymouthiidae
Agnostida genera
Cambrian trilobites of Europe
Fossils of Great Britain
Fossils of the United States
Animals described in 1966
Cambrian trilobites of North America

Cambrian genus extinctions


Aguaraya is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Trilobite genera
Cambrian trilobites


Alataurus is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Ptychopariida genera
Palaeolenidae
Cambrian trilobites
Fossils of Russia


Analox Rasetti, 1966  is a genus of Eodiscinid trilobites belonging to the family Weymouthiidae Kobayashi T. (1943), Order Agnostida (Salter 1864)  It lived during the Botomian stage. It can easily be distinguished from other trilobites by the two furrows that extend forwards and sidewards from the front of the glabella.

Distribution
Analox bipunctata is known from the Lower Cambrian of the United States. ).

Type locality for Analox bipunctata is Rasetti's (1966) locality cs-4 in an unnamed limestone Formation which is exposed in several outcrops on a hill (Griswold Farm) about 1 mile southeast of North Chatham, Columbia County, New York State, USA; the faunule is referred to as the Acimetopus bilobatus faunule from one of the most common and characteristic trilobites.

Ecology
A. bilobatus occurs in association with other Weymouthiidae (Acidiscus, Acimetopus, Bathydiscus, Bolboparia, Leptochilodiscus, Serrodiscus), Calodiscus,
several species of Olenellus and Bonnia (Dorypygidae).

Description
Like all Agnostida, Analox is diminutive and the headshield (or cephalon) and tailshield (or pygidium) are of approximately the same size (or isopygous) and outline. Like all Weymouthiidae, it lacks eyes and rupture lines (or sutures). The central raised area of the cephalon (or glabella) tapers forward and has a hardly discernible transverse furrow. Where the lateral portion of the furrow surrounding the glabella bends into the frontal portion, it meets left and right with the merged median and border furrows that extend more outwards than forwards, until these end in a pit some distance from the side. This is a very distinct character of Analox. The large lobe behind this furrow (or L1), extends into a massive, broad based spine that points backward and upwards. The most backwards portion of the glabella, called occipital ring, is indistinct beneath the glabellar spine. The anterior border swollen medially, defined by the furrows running anterolaterally from axial furrow at front of glabella. There is no lateral cephalic border. The posterior border furrow fades out a little in front of genal angle. The pygidium has a long axis (of about eight rings). The pygidial border is narrow and defined by equally narrow border furrow.

References

Weymouthiidae
Agnostida genera
Cambrian trilobites of North America
Animals described in 1966
Fossils of the United States

Cambrian genus extinctions


Archaeagnostus is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived from the terminal Toyonian to early Amgaian. Species belonging to this genus have been found in Eastern North America, the Newfoundland in Canada, the Henson Gletscher Formation in Greenland, the Nekekit and Molodo Rivers in Eastern Siberia, and in Guizhou, China.

References

Cambrian trilobites of North America
Peronopsidae
Agnostida genera
Extinct animals of North America
Cambrian trilobites of Asia
Paleozoic life of Quebec

Cambrian genus extinctions


Argunaspis is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Ellipsocephalidae
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites


Asiatella is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 520 to 516 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Ellipsocephalidae
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Fossils of Russia


Bathydiscus is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage.

Distribution
Bathydiscus is known from the Lower Cambrian of the United States (unnamed formation, East Chatham Quad, Columbia County, New York State ), and of Canada (Newfoundland).

Ecology
Bathydiscus  occurs in association with other Weymouthiidae (Acidiscus, Acimetopus, Analox, Bolboparia, Leptochilodiscus, Serrodiscus), Calodiscus,
several species of Olenellus and Bonnia (Dorypygidae).

References

Weymouthiidae
Agnostida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Extinct animals of North America


Bathyuriscellus is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Jakutidae
Corynexochida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Fossils of Antarctica
Fossils of Russia


Belliceps is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Cambrian trilobites
Redlichiida genera


Bidjinella is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Ellipsocephaloidea
Cambrian trilobites
Fossils of Russia
Ptychopariida genera


Bolboparia is an extinct genus of eodiscinid agnostid trilobites. It lived during the late Lower Cambrian in what today Canada and the United States.

Taxonomy
Bolboparia is most closely related to Acidiscus and slightly more distantly to Stigmadiscus.

Description
Like all Agnostida, Bolboparia is diminutive and the headshield (or cephalon) and tailshield (or pygidium) are of approximately the same size (or isopygous) and outline. Like all Weymouthiidae, Bolboparia lacks eyes and rupture lines (or sutures). The short, downsloping glabella and the bulging cheeks give it a very peculiar aspect.

Distribution
 Bolboparia superba and B. elongata are both known from the Lower Cambrian of the United States (unnamed formation, East Chatham Quad, Columbia County, New York State ).
 Bolboparia canadensis is only known from the Lower Cambrian of Canada (Olenellus-zone, calcarenite bed a half mile north of Elgin Station, south shore of the St. Lawrence River in Quebec).

References

Weymouthiidae
Agnostida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Fossils of Canada
Fossils of the United States
Paleontology in Quebec


Chengkouia is an extinct genus of corynexochid trilobites. It lived in what is now China, during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago, in the Cambrian Period.

References

Corynexochida
Cambrian trilobites of Asia


Chondrastaulina is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Cambrian trilobites


Cobboldites Kobayashi, 1943,  is a genus of Eodiscinid trilobite belonging to the family Weymouthiidae Kobayashi T. (1943), Order Agnostida (Salter 1864)  It lived during the Botomian stage,   which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

Species
Cobboldites comleyensis (Cobbold, 1910)  is from the lower Cambrian of Comley Quarry (), Shropshire, England.

Cobboldites itsariensis Geyer, 1988.  is from the Lower Cambrian of Morocco.

References

Cambrian trilobites
Fossils of Great Britain
Fossils of Poland
Weymouthiidae
Agnostida genera


Elegestina is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Cambrian trilobites
Redlichiida genera


Silmaril (foaled March 31, 2001 in Maryland) is an American thoroughbred mare racehorse.  She is sired by stakes winner, Diamond, who in turn was sired by leading North American sire, Mr. Prospector. She was out of the mare, Kattebuck, whose sire was the 1985 United States Horse of the Year, Spend A Buck.

Silmaril raced a total of 36 times, mostly in Maryland. She won 16 races, 11 of them stakes races. Silmaril is probably best known for defeating the Eclipse award winning filly, Ashado twice, once in the grade two Pimlico Breeders' Cup Distaff Handicap (now called Allaire duPont Distaff Stakes) in 2005 and in the What A Summer Stakes in 2007. Ashado went on to become North America's second leading mare in career earnings with almost $4,000,000.

Silmaril was also a very popular mare at Laurel Park Racecourse and throughout Maryland. She won two different races on Maryland Million Day, both the Maryland Million Oaks in 2004 as a three-year-old and the Maryland Million Distaff Handicap in 2006 as a five-year-old.

Named for the "great jewels" of the J.R.R. Tolkien tales, Silmaril is one of only five Maryland-bred mares to ever reach the million dollar mark in total earnings on the racetrack.  She was retired back to her owners' breeding facilities in Maryland on January 12, 2008.

References
 Pedigree & Partial Stats
 DRF Silmaril Joins Elite Five

2001 racehorse births
Thoroughbred family 4-m
Racehorses bred in Maryland
Racehorses trained in the United States
Organisms named after Tolkien and his works


Andreas Efstratiou () is a Cypriot bridal shop owner and perennial candidate. He has been a candidate in every Cypriot presidential and parliamentary election since 2000 and every European election until 2019. In the 2003, 2008, 2013 and 2018 presidential elections he received 0.15, 0.16, 0.10 and 0.22% of the vote, respectively, and in the 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016 parliamentary elections, he received 1.10, 1.40, 0.65 and 0.62% of the vote in Paphos Constituency, respectively. As a candidate for MEP, he received 0.13, 0.13 and 0.18% of the vote in the 2004, 2009 and 2014 European elections, respectively.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Greek Cypriot people
Candidates for President of Cyprus


"My Kind of Woman/My Kind of Man" is a song written by and recorded by American country music artist Vince Gill, who recorded it as a duet with ex-labelmate Patty Loveless.  It was released in May 1999 as the fourth single from Gill's album The Key and the second single from Loveless' compilation album Classics.

After the release of Loveless' studio album Long Stretch of Lonesome in late 1997, she collaborated with Gill in a series of recording sessions which were produced by Gill and Tony Brown.  Two of the recordings were eventually released, "My Kind of Woman, My Kind of Man" along with "Wine, Women And Song".  Gill and Loveless debuted the song on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno upon its release in 1999.

The song charted for 20 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart, reaching #27 during the week of July 31, 1999. It also reached #16 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart. "My Kind of Woman/My Kind of Man" won the Country Music Association's 1999 award for Vocal Event of the Year.

Chart positions

References

1999 singles
Vince Gill songs
Patty Loveless songs
Male–female vocal duets
Songs written by Vince Gill
Song recordings produced by Tony Brown (record producer)
MCA Records singles
1998 songs


"Heavy Metal" is the fourth episode of the American television series Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles.  Written by John Enbom, the episode aired on February 4, 2008, and features the discovery and stymieing of another Terminator and its preparatory mission to artificially bolster Skynet's future war resources, as well as Cromartie's realization of his new human disguise.

Plot
Written by John Enbom, the plot of "Heavy Metal" consists of two non-intersecting storylines.

Suspicious of a redirected shipment of refined coltan, Cameron, Sarah, and John discover another Terminator (Brian Bloom) hoarding the metal—an essential component of Terminator construction—in preparation for its use in the future war.  Dealing with this new threat focuses on John and Sarah's differing tactics; whereas Sarah is more concerned with John's safety and decides they should ignore this new development, John feels that despite the lack of any apparent threat to himself, they have a responsibility to deal with this new Terminator.  John ultimately defies his mother and follows the Terminator to a military bunker where it stores the coltan, seals itself (and John) in, and goes into a "standby mode".  Sarah and Cameron successfully retrieve John and the coltan, sealing the Terminator inside.  After driving the truck with the coltan into the ocean, it's revealed that Cameron kept a bar of the metal without the others' knowledge.

On a Friday evening, Cromartie forces Dr. Lyman, a plastic surgeon, to sculpt his face into the same as another patient the doctor had already treated—unemployed actor, George Laszlo (Garret Dillahunt); after receiving his surgery Cromartie kills the doctor and leaves.  The recurring Agent Ellison arrives on the murder scene as it's tied to his previous cases by Cromartie's mysterious faux blood.  Investigating the real Mr. Laszlo, his blood does not match that at the scenes, and he is released by the FBI only to be killed and replaced by the doppelgänger Cromartie.

Production
Travis Fickett of IGN opined that series creator Josh Friedman had apparently devoted a lot of time to imagining the technical aspects of Terminators when this episode touched on such questions as "If [a Terminator] were badly damaged and lost their skin […] how would they continue their mission?" and "If a terminator completed its mission, would it just go into standby?"  Fickett also explicitly extolled the special effects in "Heavy Metal", especially as spectacle has been a hallmark of the Terminator films.

"Heavy Metal" was included in the first season set of Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, released on both DVD and Blu-ray Disc by Warner Home Video on August 19, 2008.

Reception
The episode aired on February 4, 2008.  , members of the user-contributed television review sites TV.com and the IMDb rated "Heavy Metal" a 9.0 (rated "Superb") and 7.7 out of 10 respectively.  According to Nielson research for the week of February 4–10, "Heavy Metal" was the twenty-sixth most watched program on American television.

Brad Trechak, blogger for TV Squad, felt that despite John Connor's character development consisting of "showing his teenage angst by going totally emo" the episode was an improvement over the previous episode—"The Turk".  In contrast, Steven Kotler of Hollywood.com wrote in the New York Post that "Heavy Metal" allowed John to evolve into more of a hero archetype by "learning to get his Rambo on, [... and] putting aside all that 'why can't I be a normal teenager angst.

References

External links

2008 American television episodes
Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles episodes


Cobra Strike may refer to:

G.I. Joe: Cobra Strike, a video game for the Atari 2600
Cobra Strike, a side project of musician Buckethead
Cobra Strike, a science fiction novel by Timothy Zahn


The Confederate Monument of Bowling Green, in Bowling Green, Kentucky, is among the sixty-one monuments of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission, all of which became part of the National Register of Historic Places on July 17, 1997. It is within Bowling Green's Fairview Cemetery, on the east side of the old/northern side of the cemetery.

Description
The monument is made of white limestone that was locally acquired. It cost $1,500 to build, attained by a subscription drive that ran from 1875 until the monument's dedication on May 3, 1876. The obelisk stands thirty feet tall, and is draped by a carved Confederate flag.  A bas-relief of a painting popular in the Reconstruction-South, Henry Mosler's "Lost Cause", which typified the devastation of the U.S. Civil War between the Union army and the Confederate army, was placed on the front of the monument. Different reliefs are on other sides of the monument.

Statues of cannons pointed straight up are twenty feet away from each corner of the main monuments, and are eight feet tall. Cannonballs are depicted around the base of the cannon monuments.

A marker describing the monument lies in front of the monument, beside the cemetery road. The marker contains a factual error, saying that Thomas Hines was unable to make it to the dedication due to dying before then. In actuality, Hines would not die for another twenty-two years; his grave is in the same cemetery. Another problem with the marker is that it gives Henry Mosler's name as Thomas Moseler.

Surrounding the monument are the graves of seventy Confederate soldiers, some of them unidentified.

History

It was built thanks to the efforts of George B. Payne. In 1875, he lived in Topeka, Kansas, but had served in the Confederate 4th Kentucky Infantry during the Civil War, spending much time around Bowling Green as he was a courier under General John C. Breckinridge. He desired a monument honoring the Confederate war dead buried at the cemetery. This caused the Warren County Monumental Association to form, with Thomas Hines, who had served as a spy under John Hunt Morgan but was now living in Bowling Green, serving as president. Popular support for the monument came from the barbaric actions of Union general Stephen Burbridge, who sought to murder Confederate soldiers for any reason,  resulting in the deaths of twenty-two residents of Warren County in 1864. Prior to that time, the Union saw more support in the county, though the Confederate government of Kentucky briefly resided in Bowling Green 1861–1862.

Over ten thousand people came to the dedication of the monument. The dedication speaker was William Campbell Preston Breckinridge, who served as a colonel for John Hunt Morgan's 9th Kentucky Cavalry, and was instrumental in many veteran organizations for former Confederate soldiers.

One other Civil War monument is at Fairview Cemetery, the William F. Perry Monument.

Gallery

References

Civil War Monuments of Kentucky MPS
Obelisks in the United States
National Register of Historic Places in Bowling Green, Kentucky
Confederate States of America monuments and memorials in Kentucky
1876 sculptures
Limestone sculptures in Kentucky
1876 establishments in Kentucky


Eoagnostus is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the terminal Lower Cambrian (Toyonian), until the earliest Middle Cambrian (earliest Kounamkites-zone, part of the lower Amgaian).

Distribution
 E. roddyi terminal Lower Cambrian of the United States (Bonnia-zone, Kinzers Shale, Lancaster, New York; Pennsylvania; Vermont) and the early Middle Cambrian of Newfoundland, and Greenland (around the boundary of Ovatoryctocara-zone, Henson Gletscher Formation).
 E. acrorhachis occurs in the terminal Lower Cambrian of the United States (Bonnia-zone, Hatch Hill, New York).

Description
Almost identical to Archaeagnostus, but the frontal lobe of the central raised area of the cephalon (or glabella) is effaced, while the back of glabella is inflated.

References

Peronopsidae
Agnostida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Fossils of Greenland
Fossils of the United States


Erbiopsidella is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Dinesidae
Cambrian trilobites
Fossils of Russia
Corynexochida genera
Extinct animals of Russia


Erbiopsis is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Dinesidae
Corynexochida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Extinct animals of Russia


Gigoutella is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Palaeolenidae
Cambrian trilobites
Trilobites of Asia
Ptychopariida genera


Habrocephalus is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.

References

Cambrian trilobites
Ptychopariida