Hours of Service (HOS) regulations are issued by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) and govern the working hours of anyone operating a commercial motor vehicle (CMV) in the United States. These regulations apply to truck drivers, commercial and intercity bus drivers, and school bus drivers who operate CMVs. These rules limit the number of daily and weekly hours spent driving and working, and regulate the minimum amount of time drivers must spend resting between driving shifts. For intrastate commerce, the respective state's regulations apply.

The FMCSA is a division of the United States Department of Transportation (DOT), which is generally responsible for enforcement of FMCSA regulations. The driver of a CMV is required to keep a record of working hours using a log book, outlining the total number of hours spent driving and resting, as well as the time at which the change of duty status occurred. In lieu of a log book, a motor carrier may keep track of a driver's hours using Electronic Logging Devices (ELDs), which automatically record the amount of time spent driving the vehicle.

The HOS's main purpose is to prevent accidents caused by driver fatigue. This is accomplished by limiting the number of driving hours per day, and the number of driving and working hours per week. Fatigue is also prevented by keeping drivers on a 21- to 24-hour schedule, maintaining a natural sleep/wake cycle (or circadian rhythm). Drivers are required to take a daily minimum period of rest, and are allowed longer "weekend" rest periods to combat cumulative fatigue effects that accrue on a weekly basis.

Enforcement of the HOS is generally handled by DOT officers of each state, and are sometimes checked when CMVs pass through weigh stations. Drivers found to be in violation of the HOS can be forced to stop driving for a certain period of time, which may negatively affect the motor carrier's safety rating. Requests to change the HOS are a source of contentious debate, and many surveys indicate some drivers get away with routinely violating the HOS. These facts have started another debate on whether motor carriers should be required to use ELDs in their vehicles, instead of relying on paper-based log books.

Purpose

Drivers subject to the HOS include any driver of a vehicle which has a gross vehicle weight of  or more; which is designed or used to transport more than 8 passengers (including the driver) for compensation; which is designed or used to transport more than 15 passengers (including the driver) and is not used to transport passengers for compensation; or which is used to transport hazardous materials in quantities requiring the vehicle to be marked or placarded under the hazardous materials regulations.

The purpose of the HOS is to reduce accidents caused by driver fatigue. As the graph to the right illustrates, the number of hours spent driving has a strong correlation to the number of fatigue-related accidents. According to numerous studies, the risk of fatigue is also greatest between midnight and 6:00 a.m., and increases with the total length of the driver's trip. The blanket assignment of midnight as the time of day when all drivers gain fresh hours may therefore not be the safest choice possible.

The FMCSA identifies three main factors in driver fatigue: Circadian rhythm effects, sleep deprivation and cumulative fatigue effects, and industrial or "time-on-task" fatigue.

Circadian rhythm effects describe the tendency for humans to experience a normal cycle in attentiveness and sleepiness through the 24-hour day. Those with a conventional sleep pattern (sleeping for seven or eight hours at night) experience periods of maximum fatigue in the early hours of the morning and a lesser period in the early afternoon. During the low points of this cycle, one experiences reduced attentiveness. During the high points, it is difficult to sleep soundly. The cycle is anchored in part by ambient lighting (darkness causes a person's body to release the hormone melatonin, which induces sleep), and a person's imposed pattern of regular sleeping and waking times. The influence of the day-night cycle is never fully displaced (standard artificial lighting is not strong enough to inhibit the release of melatonin), and the performance of night shift workers usually suffers. Circadian rhythms are persistent and can only be shifted by one to two hours forward or backward per day. Changing the starting time of a work shift by more than these amounts will reduce attentiveness, which is common after the first night shift following a "weekend" break during which conventional sleep times were followed.

Sleep deprivation and cumulative fatigue effects describe how individuals who fail to have an adequate period of sleep (7–8 hours in 24 hours) or who have been awake longer than the conventional 16–17 hours will suffer sleep deprivation. A sleep deficit accumulates with successive sleep-deprived days, and additional fatigue may be caused by breaking daily sleep into two shorter periods in place of a single unbroken period of sleep. A sleep deficit is not instantly reduced by one night's sleep; it may take two or three conventional sleep cycles for an individual to return to unimpaired performance.

Industrial or "time-on-task" fatigue describes fatigue accumulated during the working period and affects performance at different times during the shift. Performance declines the longer a person is engaged in a task, gradually during the first few hours and more steeply toward the end of a long period at work. Reduced performance has also been observed in the first hour of work as an individual adjusts to the working environment.

Definition of terms

Parts of a driver's work day are defined in four terms: On-duty time, off-duty time, driving time, and sleeper berth time.

FMCSA regulation §395.2 states:

On-duty time is all time from when a driver begins to work or is required to be in readiness to work until the driver is relieved from work and all responsibility for performing work.

On-duty time includes:

 All time at a plant, terminal, facility, or other property of a motor carrier or shipper, or on any public property, waiting to be dispatched, unless the driver has been relieved from duty by the carrier
 All time inspecting, servicing, or conditioning any CMV at any time
 Crossing a border
 All driving time as defined in the term "driving time"
 All time, other than driving time, in or upon any CMV except time spent resting in a sleeper berth
 All time loading or unloading a CMV, supervising, or assisting in the loading or unloading, attending a CMV being loaded or unloaded, remaining in readiness to operate the CMV, or in giving or receiving receipts for shipments loaded or unloaded
 All time repairing, obtaining assistance, or remaining in attendance upon a disabled CMV
 All time spent providing a breath sample or urine specimen, including travel time to and from the collection site, to comply with random, reasonable suspicion, post-accident, or follow-up drug testing
 Performing any other work in the capacity, employ, or service of a motor carrier
 Performing any compensated work for a person who is not a motor carrier (This rule does not explicitly forbid a driver from obtaining a second or part-time job; it simply prevents a driver switching from a non-driving job to a driving job without the required 10 hours of rest)

Driving time is all time spent at the driving controls of a CMV.

Sleeper berth time is any amount of time spent inside the sleeper berth (e.g., resting or sleeping). FMCSA regulation §393.76 gives the minimum requirements for a space to be defined as a sleeper berth. The simple definition is an area separate from (usually immediately behind) the driving controls that includes a bed. The rules do not explicitly require that a driver must sleep, only that a driver must take a period of "rest" within the sleeper berth or off-duty (i.e., home). A statement made by the ICC in 1937 gives the reason: "We have no control over the manner in which a driver may spend his time off-duty, although some of his spare time activities may tire him as much as any work would do. We can only emphasize, by this comment, the responsibility which is the driver's own to assure himself of adequate rest and sleep, in the time available for this purpose, to ensure safety of his driving, and likewise the employer's responsibility to see that his drivers report for work in fit condition."

Off-duty time is any time not spent on-duty, driving, or in the sleeper berth.

History

In 1938, the now-abolished Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) enforced the first HOS rules. Drivers were limited to 12 hours of work within a 15-hour period. Work was defined as loading, unloading, driving, handling freight, preparing reports, preparing vehicles for service, or performing any other duty pertaining to the transportation of passengers or property. The ICC intended the 3-hour difference between 15 hours on-duty and 12 hours of work to be used for meals and rest breaks. The weekly maximum was limited to 60 hours over 7 days (non-daily drivers), or 70 hours over 8 days (daily drivers). These rules allowed for 12 hours of work within a 15-hour period, 9 hours of rest, with 3 hours for breaks within a 24-hour day.

Within a short time, however, representatives of organized labor (including the American Federation of Labor, the Teamsters, and the International Association of Machinists) petitioned for a stay of the original regulations. A few motor carriers made a similar request. The ICC agreed, and oral arguments were heard again. Labor wanted HOS limits of 8 hours per day and 48 hours per week. The ICC commented "there was no statistical or other information which would enable [them] to say definitely how long a driver can safely work."

Within six months of the original ruling, the ICC ultimately decided to change the 12-hour work limit in 24 hours to a 10-hour driving limit in 24 hours, and the 15-hour on-duty limit was rescinded. Motor carriers were required to give drivers 8, rather than 9, consecutive hours off-duty each day. These rules allowed for 10 hours of driving and 8 hours of rest within a 24-hour day.

In 1962, for reasons it never clearly explained, the ICC eliminated the 24-hour cycle rule, and reinstated the 15-hour on-duty limit. With 10 hours of driving and 8 hours of sleep, drivers were allowed to maintain an 18-hour cycle, disrupting the driver's natural 24-hour circadian rhythm. This change allowed up to 16 hours of driving per day, allowing the driver to exhaust their weekly limits in as little as five days. Later, an added exception for trucks equipped with sleeper berths meant drivers were allowed to "split" their 8-hour off-duty time into two parts. With the new splitting provision, a driver could take two 4-hour periods of rest. Using one of these short rest periods would effectively "stop the on-duty clock", allowing the driver to split the 15-hour on-duty time limit into two parts as well. These rules allowed for 10 hours of work within a 15-hour time limit, and 8 hours of rest within an 18-hour day.

Between 1962 and 2003, there were numerous proposals to change the HOS again, but none were ever finalized. By this time, the ICC had been abolished, and regulations were now issued by the FMCSA. The 2003 changes applied only to property-carrying drivers (i.e., truck drivers). These rules allowed 11 hours of driving within a 14-hour period, and required 10 hours of rest. These changes would allow drivers (using the entire 14-hour on-duty period) to maintain a natural 24-hour cycle, with a bare minimum 21-hour cycle (11 hours driving, 10 hours rest). However, the retention of the split sleeper berth provision would allow drivers to maintain irregular, short-burst sleeping schedules.

The most notable change of 2003 was the introduction of the "34-hour restart." Before the change, drivers could only gain more weekly driving hours with the passing of each day (which reduced their 70-hour total by the number of hours driven on the earliest day of the weekly cycle). After the change, drivers were allowed to "reset" their weekly 70-hour limit to zero, by taking 34 consecutive hours off-duty. This provision was introduced to combat the cumulative fatigue effects that accrue on a weekly basis, and to allow for two full nights of rest (e.g., during a weekend break).

In 2005, the FMCSA changed the rules again, practically eliminating the split sleeper berth provision. Drivers are now required to take a full 8 hours of rest, with 2 hours allowed for off-duty periods, for a total of 10 hours off-duty. This provision forced drivers to take one longer uninterrupted period of rest, but eliminated the flexibility of allowing drivers to take naps during the day without jeopardizing their driving time. Today's rule still allows them to "split" the sleeper berth period, but one of the splits must be 8 hours long and the remaining 2 hours do not stop the 14-hour on-duty period. This rule is confusing and impractical for most drivers, resulting in the majority of drivers taking the full 10-hour break.

In the years since 2005, groups such as Public Citizen Litigation Group, Parents Against Tired Truckers (PATT), Owner-Operator Independent Drivers Association (OOIDA), Citizens for Reliable and Safe Highways (CRASH, which has merged with PATT), and the American Trucking Associations (ATA), have been working to change the HOS again. Each group has their own ideas about what should be changed, and different agendas on why the rules should be changed.

Property-carrying vehicles

FMCSA rules prohibit driving a property-carrying CMV (e.g., trucks) more than 11 hours or to drive after having been on-duty for 14 hours. The 3-hour difference between the 11-hour driving limit and the 14-hour on-duty limit gives drivers the opportunity to take care of non-driving working duties such as loading and unloading cargo, fueling the vehicle, and required vehicle inspections, as well as non-working duties such as meal and rest breaks. After completing an 11- to 14-hour on-duty period, the driver must spend 10 hours off-duty.

FMCSA rules prohibit drivers from operating a CMV after having been on-duty 60 hours in 7 consecutive days (if the motor carrier does not operate CMVs every day of the week), or after having been on-duty 70 hours in 8 consecutive days (if the motor carrier operates CMVs every day of the week).

After accumulating, for example, 70 hours of driving and on-duty time within a period of 8 days, a driver's daily driving limit may be reduced (70 / 8 = 8.75 driving hours per day). A driver may be allowed (but not required) to take 34 hours off-duty to reset the weekly total back to zero (also known as a "34-hour restart").

Passenger-carrying vehicles

FMCSA rules prohibit driving a passenger-carrying CMV (e.g., commercial and intercity buses, passenger vans, and school buses) for more than 10 hours, or to drive after having been on-duty for 15 hours. The 5-hour difference between the 10-hour driving limit and the 15-hour on-duty limit gives drivers the opportunity to take care of non-driving work-related duties such as loading and unloading of passengers and luggage, and fueling the vehicle, as well as non-working duties such as meal and rest breaks. After completing a 10 to 15-hour on-duty period, the driver must be allowed 8 hours off-duty.

The FMCSA weekly hours limitations for passenger-carrying vehicles are identical to those for property-carrying vehicles.

After accumulating, for example, 60 hours of driving and on-duty time within a period of 7 days, a driver's daily driving limit may be reduced (60 / 7 = 8.57 driving hours per day). The driver of a passenger-carrying vehicle may not use the 34-hour restart provision.

Log book

Every driver of a CMV is required to keep track of their time with a log book or an ELD. A log book is simply a notebook with a grid pattern on every page, dividing the 24-hour day into 15-minute (1/4-hour) segments. Drivers are required to make carbon copies of each page, so one page may be kept with the driver (to be produced upon inspection by DOT officers), and so the other copy may be sent to the driver's employer.

Electronic Logging Devices can be thought of as an automated electronic log book. An ELD records the same information as a manual paper log book, and requires less input from the driver. The ELD automatically records driving time and location, leaving the driver responsible only for reporting on-duty and off-duty time. In these respects, the ELD is less susceptible to forgery than a paper log book.

FMCSA rules require that a log book (or ELD) must record for each change of duty status (e.g., the place of reporting for work, or starting to drive), the name of the city, town or village, with state abbreviation. If a change of duty status occurs at a location other than a city, the highway number and nearest milepost or the nearest two intersecting roadways followed by the name of the nearest city must be recorded. In addition to the time grid, a log book must record the date, total miles driven for the day, truck and trailer number, name of carrier, bill of lading number, and the driver's signature. The driver is required to retain a copy of each log page for the previous seven consecutive days which must be in their possession and available for inspection while on-duty.

Exceptions
There are numerous exceptions to these rules, some of these include but are not limited to:
 During adverse weather or emergency driving conditions, drivers are permitted to exceed the 11 hour maximum daily driving time. However, drivers may not extend the 14 hour on duty time. This changed as of 29 September 2020, and now drivers may extend their 14-hour limits by up to 2 hours for adverse conditions. This exception includes unusual traffic conditions but not recurring traffic conditions which should reasonably have been anticipated.
 Drivers who venture less than a 150 air-mile radius from their work reporting location are not required to maintain log books (but are not exempt from limits on driving time), provided their employers maintain accurate records of their driving time.
 Drivers who start and stop their work day at the same location for at least the previous 5 work days may drive past the 14 hour mark, for an extra 2 hours, if 11 driving hours are not exceeded. The 16-hour rule extends the work day by two hours, but does not extend the allowable driving hours. The 16-hour rule may be invoked once per 34 hour reset, if the 5 day pattern has been established. The driver must be relieved from work after the 16th hour.
 Drivers for oilfield operations in the petroleum industry, groundwater drilling operations, construction materials, and utility service vehicles are permitted to take a 24-hour restart.
 Retail store drivers who venture less than a 100 air-mile (115.08 statute miles or 185.2 kilometers) radius are allowed to exceed daily driving limits to make store deliveries from 10 December to 25 December, because of the demands of the Christmas shopping season.
 Drivers in Alaska can drive up to 15 hours within a 20-hour period.
 Drivers in Hawaii are not required to maintain log books, provided their employers keep accurate records of their driving time.
 Drivers in California are allowed up to 12 driving hours and 16 on duty hours.
 Drivers for theatrical or television motion picture productions are exempt if the driver operates within a 100 air-mile radius of the location where the driver reports to and is released from work. These drivers may take an 8-hour break, and are allowed 15 hours on duty.

Enforcement

The HOS are issued, among other industry-related regulations, by the FMCSA. In this instance, federal regulations apply only to interstate commerce. Commerce which does not involve the crossing of state lines is considered intrastate, and is under the jurisdiction of the respective state's laws. However, most states have adopted intrastate regulations which are identical or very similar to the federal HOS regulations.

Enforcement of the HOS rules is generally handled by DOT officers of their respective states, although any ordinary police officer may inspect a driver's log book. States are responsible for maintaining weigh stations commonly located at the borders between states, where drivers are pulled in for random vehicle inspections (although some of the inspections are based on the motor carrier's safety rating). Otherwise, a driver may be pulled over for random checks by police officers or DOT officials at any time. Drivers are required to maintain their log books to current status, and if inspections reveal any sort of discrepancy, drivers may be put "out of service" until the driver has accumulated enough off-duty time to be back in compliance. Being put out of service means a driver may not drive his truck during the prescribed limit under risk of further penalty. Repeated violations can result in fines from $1,000 to $11,000 and a downgrade in the motor carrier's safety rating.

Long-haul drivers are normally paid by the mile, not by the hour. Legally, truck drivers are not required to receive overtime pay for hours worked in excess of the standard 40-hour work week. Some drivers may choose to violate the HOS to earn more money. Being paid by the mile, any work performed that is not actual driving is of no value to the driver, providing incentive to falsify the amount of time spent performing non-driving duties. Drivers who falsify their log books often under-report their non-driving duties (such as waiting to be loaded and unloaded) which they are not paid for, and under-report their driving time or total miles. Many drivers who receive mileage pay are not paid by logged miles or actual miles, instead, motor carriers use computer mapping software (such as PC Miler) or published mileage guides (such as the Rand McNally Household Goods Carriers' Bureau Mileage Guide). PATT suggests that paying all drivers by the hour would reduce HOS violations by removing the incentive to "cheat the system" by driving more miles than are being logged. Surveys by OOIDA report 80% of drivers are not paid for waiting times while loading and unloading, and the majority of those drivers log these times as off-duty (while regulations require they be logged as on-duty). These same drivers reported they would log these times as on-duty if they were paid reasonably for such delays.

Drivers can get away with this rule-breaking because of their paper-based log books. As drivers record their time spent behind the wheel, there is very little to stop them from forging their log books. There is very superficial oversight and some drivers take advantage of this fact. Surveys indicate that between 25% and 75% of drivers violate the HOS. Other drivers maintain more than one log book, showing falsified versions to enforcement officers.

Trucking companies (motor carriers) can also play a role in HOS violations. Certain carriers may choose to knowingly ignore HOS violations made by their drivers, or even encourage their drivers to do so. Allowing drivers to violate the HOS is an effective cost-cutting measure used mostly by non-union, long haul carriers. Permitting HOS violations allows a carrier to hire fewer drivers, and run on fewer trucks than a company which follows the rules. To comply with the HOS, these companies would have to hire more drivers (possibly driving up wages) and purchase additional trucks and trailers. Making a change to comply with the law is complicated by competition with carriers that already comply with HOS regulations. Because of this competition, carriers who choose to switch from non-compliance could not pass on all of their increased costs associated with HOS compliance to their customers.

In 1999, two trucking company officials were sentenced to federal prison for violating hours of service regulations. Charles Georgoulakos Jr. and his brother, James Georgoulakos were sentenced to four months in prison, eight months in home confinement, and one year of supervised release. Their company, C&J Trucking Company of Londonderry, New Hampshire, was placed on two years probation and fined $25,000 (the maximum amount). The sentences were the result of an investigation which began when one of the trucking company's drivers was involved in a collision on Interstate 93 in Londonderry on 2 Aug. 1995, in which four individuals were killed.

Several private and public motor carriers such as Frito-Lay, United Parcel Service, and Werner Enterprises, have voluntarily implemented electronic on-board recorders to ensure drivers are in compliance with the federal regulations, to reduce the errors and hassles associated with paper log books, and to improve driver retention and recruitment. EOBRs automatically record the driving time and cannot be easily forged. Any violation of the HOS will automatically be recorded and reported to the company.

The FMCSA posted a notice of proposed rule making (NPRM) concerning Electronic logging devices (ELD's), as part of the move to require mandatory ELD's for all carriers, on 18 January 2007. On 18 December 2017, ELD rules were implemented as part of the Congressionally mandated  MAP-21 Act, for all carriers subjected to the record of duty status (RODS) requirements.

The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) announced the Final Rule of the ELD mandate, and ELD regulations being implemented in several phases with a compliance date of 18 December 2017. Fleets had until December 2017 to implement certified ELDs to record hours. Fleets already equipped with loggers or recorders had until December 2019 to ensure compliance with the published specifications

Rewriting the Hours of Service

Whereas the 11 and 14 hour rules are still in effect, drivers will also be required to take a 30-minute break within the first 8 hours of on duty time.  The 34 hour restart provision will still be in effect.  However, drivers will only be allowed 1 restart per week (168 hours).
Up to 2 hours either side of a sleeper-berth period while in the passenger seat will count as off-duty. Drivers inside a parked CMV who are not in the sleeper berth must log it as on-duty.

This regulation has been codified into the Final Rule, and will come into force on 27 February 2013 (for the additional Off Duty allowances) and 1 July 2013 (for the break rules, and restart limits).

HOS Final Rule
On 27 December 2011 (76 FR 81133), FMCSA published a final rule amending its hours-of-service (HOS) regulations for drivers of property-carrying commercial motor vehicles (CMVs). The final rule adopted several changes to the HOS regulations, including a new provision requiring drivers to take a rest break during the work day under certain circumstances. Drivers may drive a CMV only if 8 hours or less have passed since the end of the driver's last off-duty or sleeper-berth period of at least 30 minutes. FMCSA did not specify when drivers must take the 30-minute break, but the rule requires that they wait no longer than 8 hours after the last off-duty or sleeper-berth period of that length or longer to take the break. Drivers who already take shorter breaks during the work day could comply with the rule by taking one of the shorter breaks and extending it to 30 minutes. The new requirement took effect on 1 July 2013.

On 2 August 2013, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit issued its ruling on the Hours of Service litigation brought by the American Trucking Associations and Public Citizen. The Court upheld the 2011 Hours of Service regulations in all aspects except for the 30-minute break provision as it applies to short haul drivers. While the decision does not officially take effect until the mandate is issued 52 days after the decision (unless a party files a petition for rehearing, either by the panel or en banc, or moves to stay the mandate pending the filing of a petition for certiorari in the Supreme Court), FMCSA announces the Agency will immediately cease enforcement of the 30-minute rest break provision of the HOS rule against short-haul operations.
The Agency requests that its State enforcement partners also cease enforcement of this provision. States that do so will not be found in violation of the Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program (MCSAP).
ENFORCEMENT POLICY
Effective 2 August 2013, FMCSA will no longer enforce 49 CFR 395.3(a)(3)(ii) against any driver that qualifies for either of the "short haul operations" exceptions outlined in 49 CFR 395.1(e)(1) or (2). The Agency requests that State and local enforcement agencies also refrain from enforcing the 30-minute rest break against these drivers. Specifically, the following drivers would not be subject to the 30-minute break requirement:
 All drivers (CDL and non-CDL) that operate within 150 air-miles of their normal work reporting location and satisfy the time limitations and record keeping requirements of 395.1(e)(1).
 Non-CDL drivers that operate within a 150 air-mile radius of the location where the driver reports for duty and satisfy the time limitations and record keeping requirements of 395.1

2018

An Advanced Notice of Proposed Rule making (ANPRM) was published in August 2018, to revisit the 2013 HOS rules with possible changes that would include the 30 minute break. The ANPRM is in response to a Congressional mandate and industry concerns that may lead to hours of service rule reforms concerning the air-mile "short-haul" exemption, modification to the 14-hour on-duty limitation, revision of the current mandatory 30-minute break for truck drivers after 8 hours of continuous driving, and reinstating split-sleeper berth options.

See also
 Airline pilot
 Bus driver
 Commercial driver's license
 Drivers' working hours (European Union)
 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
 Helmsman
 List of trucking industry terms in the United States
 Public Citizen Litigation Group
 Railroad engineer
 Tachograph
 Truck driver
 Trucking industry in the United States
 U.S. Department of Transportation

References

External links
 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA)
 Parents Against Tired Truckers (PATT) & Citizens for Reliable and Safe Highways (CRASH)
 Owner-Operator Independent Drivers Association (OOIDA)
 American Trucking Associations (ATA)
 Log Book Examples

Commercial vehicles
Road transport
Truck drivers
Trucking industry in the United States
Trucks
Vehicle law
United States transportation law


The Spanish Figure Skating Championships () are a figure skating national championship held annually to determine the national champions of Spain. Medals may be awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing on the senior, junior, and novice levels. Not all disciplines in all levels have been held every year due to a lack of competitors.

Senior medalists

Men

Women

Pairs

Ice dancing

Junior medalists

Men

Women

Pairs

Ice dancing

Novice medalists

Men

Women

Pairs

Ice dancing

References

External links
 Federación Española de Deportes de Hielo (Spanish Ice Sports Federation)

Figure skating national championships
Figure skating in Spain


William Morrant Baker (20 October 1839, Andover, Hampshire, England – 3 October 1896, Pulborough, Sussex) was an English physician and surgeon. He first described the condition now known as Baker's cyst.

Life
William Morrant Baker was the son of a solicitor in the Hampshire town of Andover. He was apprenticed to the local surgeon, Mr. Payne. In 1858 he entered St. Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School in London and qualified in 1861.

Baker became Sir James Paget's assistant for many years. From 1869 until 1885, he was lecturer in general anatomy and physiology at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. He was elected an assistant surgeon to the hospital in 1871 and a surgeon in 1882. He resigned his post as surgeon in 1892 due to his own locomotor ataxia condition. He was then appointed a governor of the hospital.

Baker was also surgeon, later consultant surgeon, to the Evelina Children's Hospital, London and was examinator of general anatomy and physiology at the Royal College of Surgeons.

Work
He wrote a number of articles on bone and joint problems. He became regarded as an expert in renal surgery, particularly nephrolithomy. He first described the knee joint problem Baker's cyst which is named after him, as are Baker's cannula, a flexible tracheal cannula and Baker's disease a defect of the periarticular ligaments. Baker's other major contribution was his original description in 1873 of a kind of infective dermatitis known today as erysipeloid.

Bibliography
Handbook of Physiology by William Senhouse Kirkes (1823–1864). (Editor)
Statistics of cancer. Transactions of the Medico-Chirurgical Society of London, Vol. XIV.
Erythema serpens. St. Bartholomew's Hospital Reports, 1873, 9: 198–211. on Rosenbach's erysipeloid.
The formation of abnormal synovial cysts in connection with the joints. II. Saint Bartholomew's Hospital Reports, London, 1885; 21: 177–190. On Baker's cyst.
''Baker's cyst: formation of abnormal synovial cysts in connection with joints. Medical Classics, 1941; 5: 805–820.

References
William Morrant Baker Biography at Whonamedit.com. Accessed January 2008
Entry at biography center Accessed January 2008
Baker, William Morrant Entry at Merriam Websters Medical Dictionary. Accessed January 2008

1839 births
1896 deaths
19th-century English medical doctors
Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital
Academics of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital
People from Andover, Hampshire


Sgòr Gaoith (, 'windy peak') is a mountain peak in the far western massif of the Cairngorms in the Scottish Highlands. It is  high, and is the highest point on a long north-south ridge. The ridge is separated from the Braeriach massif to the east by Glen Eanaich and Loch Eanaich.

The name 'Sgòr Gaoith' also refers to the mountain as a whole. The other summits of the mountain are Sgòran Dubh Mòr (1,111 m high) to the north, and Càrn Bàn Mòr (1052 m high) to the south. The eastern side of Sgòr Gaoith is girded by steep cliffs which plunge down to Loch Eanaich; the western side is composed of heather slopes and a number of shallow corries.

The two most commonly used routes up Sgòr Gaoith start from Glen Feshie to the west. One ascends the mountain via a track starting in the pine woods, leading up into Coire Ruadh and thence to the summit by a number of indistinct paths. The other starts further south down Glen Feshie from a car-park just before the farm of Achlean and reaches the summit via the lower peak of Carn Ban Mòr (1,052 m).

References

Badenoch and Strathspey
Marilyns of Scotland
Munros
Mountains and hills of the Cairngorms
Mountains and hills of Highland (council area)
Mountains and hills of Aberdeenshire
One-thousanders of Scotland


Eccellenza Emilia-Romagna is the regional Eccellenza football division for clubs in Emilia-Romagna, Italy. It is competed amongst 36 teams, in two different groups (A and B). The winners of the Groups are promoted to Serie D. The club who finishes second also have the chance to gain promotion, they are entered into a national play-off which consists of two rounds.

Champions
Here are the past champions of the Emilia-Romagna Eccellenza, organised into their respective group.

Group A

1991–92 Fidenza
1992–93 Reggiolo
1993–94 Sassolese San Giorgio
1994–95 Mantova
1995–96 Virtus Pavullese
1996–97 Virtus Castelfranco
1997–98 Casalese
1998–99 Bagnolese
1999–2000 Poggese
2000–01 Lentigione
2001–02 Virtus Pavullese
2002–03 Bagnolese
2003–04 Virtus Castelfranco
2004–05 Castellarano
2005–06 Fidenza
2006–07 Crociati Parma
2007–08 Fiorenzuola
2008–09 Dorando Pietri
2009–10 Bagnolese
2010–11 BettolaPonte
2011–12 Formigine
2012–13 Piacenza
2013–14 Fiorenzuola
2014–15 Lentigione
2015–16 Castelvetro
2016–17 Vigor Carpaneto
2017–18 Axys Zola
2018–19 Correggese
2019–20 Bagnolese
2020–21 Borgo San Donnino
2021–22 Corticella
2022–23 Borgo San Donnino

Group B

1991–92 Argentana
1992–93 San Marino
1993–94 Imola
1994–95 Iperzola
1995–96 Boca Bologna
1996–97 San Marino
1997–98 Russi
1998–99 Bellaria Igea Marina
1999–2000 Mezzolara
2000–01 Boca Bologna
2001–02 Ravenna
2002–03 Cattolica
2003–04 Reno Centese
2004–05 Cervia
2005–06 Giacomense
2006–07 Real Cesenatico
2007–08 Comacchio Lidi
2008–09 Valleverde Riccione
2009–10 Forlì
2010–11 Riccione
2011–12 Castenaso
2012–13 Romagna Centro
2013–14 Ribelle Castiglione
2014–15 Sammaurese
2015–16 Alfonsine
2016–17 Rimini
2017–18 Savignanese
2018–19 Alfonsine
2019–20 Marignanese
2020–21 Not awarded
2021–22 Fya Riccione
2022–23 Victor San Marino

References

External links
Some Club Histories In the League

Sport in Emilia-Romagna
Emi
Sports leagues established in 1991
1991 establishments in Italy
Football clubs in Italy
Association football clubs established in 1991


Italia's Next Top Model (; abbreviated as INTM) is an Italian reality television show hosted by Natasha Stefanenko and based on Tyra Banks' America's Next Top Model. It is broadcast on SKY Uno, a channel of the Italian Pay Television SKY Italia. The first season premiered in December 2007 and soon became popular among viewers.

Show format
The show is mainly taped in Milan, one of the most important capitals of fashion where the girls stay during the competition.

Each season of Italia's Next Top Model features 14-15 aspiring models and airs in 12-13 episodes.
Each episode one contestant is eliminated except for the final episode when two eliminations take place, although double eliminations have also occurred. Makeovers are administered to the girls early in the season, usually after the first elimination. Photoshoots in destinations outside of Milan or Italy are also scheduled, usually in the second half of the competition.
Each episode covers the events of roughly a week of real time and features a reward challenge, an elimination challenge (photo shoot, runway, a commercial), then the judging of the girls' performances, which leads to the elimination of one contestant.

An episode usually shows the contestants receiving training in an area concurrent with the job of a model. For example, contestants may get coached in runway walking, applying make-up to suit various occasions, improving knowledge of fashion or fashion business, developing a personal style. A related challenge soon follows to show what the girls have learned, for example a mock runway show, and a judge chooses a winner. She receives some prize, such as clothing, some spare time in Milan, or the chance to phone home since the contestants of Italia's Next Top Model cannot keep in touch with their families or friends while the show is being taped.

In the first three seasons daily episodes were also aired to show the girls' life in their house and teachings given them: usually lessons on runway walk and posing, meetings with a life coach, lessons with nutritionists and physical training.

The judging panel originally included four permanent judges: the host Natasha Stefanenko, Russian former model and actress who is popular in Italy and equals the role of Tyra Banks as the head of the search in the original series; former top model, Gianni Versace's and Giorgio Armani's muse, Nadège du Bospertus, Michael Giannini who also appeared on ANTM season 2 of America's Next Top Model's go-sees episode and is the art director and talent scout of d’Management Group; the fourth judge is the noted Italian fashion journalist Giusi Ferré. Other judges often showing up at panel in the first two seasons were the recurring photographers: photographer Ciro Zizzo and renowned photographer Settimio Benedusi and they both also worked alternatively with the girls in many of their photo shoots. In season 3 the panel was joined by a guest judge changing each week while the panel changed in season 4 when former top model Nadege was replaced by former top model Antonia Dell'Atte, Giorgio Armani's muse in the 1980s and photographer Alberto Badalamenti became another permanent judge.

Several well-known faces from the Italian fashion industry made an appearance on the show, including important fashion designers such as Gentucca Bini for Maison Romeo Gigli, Francesco Martini Coveri, Carlo Pignatelli, Eva Cavalli, Rossella Jardini for Moschino, Chantal Thomass, Maurizio Modica & Pierfrancesco Gigliotti of Frankie Morello, Manuel Facchini for Byblos, fashion designer John Richmond, Elio Fiorucci, Antonio Riva, Dean and Dan Caten from DSquared2 and Antonio Marras. Top models such as Bianca Balti, Kartika Luyet and Alena Seredova made an appearance on the show as well.

At the end of the first season Gilda Sansone emerged victorious. Sansone subsequently enjoyed success in the model business working with well-known artists such as photographer Annie Leibovitz.

The second season started in September 2008 with the selection of the final 14 among the 30 semifinalists chosen in the previous castings throughout Italy. Michela Maggioni ended up being the winner, thus getting a one-year-contract with d'Management and becoming the face of Max Factor 2009 Italian campaign.

The third season was aired in Fall 2009 with some changes in the format such as the introduction of a public in the studio where judgment and eliminations took place and a runway challenge to determine who among the 2 worst girls each week would be eliminated. It was reported that about 1,500 aspiring models have applied for castings. Anastasia Silveri succeeded in taking the title, resulting the first winner with no appearances in the bottom two.

A fourth season was aired in Spring 2011 with a return to the original format with no more public in the studio. Alice Taticchi earned the win, thus gaining a contract with Fashion Models Milan and an editorial for Lancôme.

Differences with ANTM & criticism

Both the American and Italian Top Model shows share a similar structure with challenges, judging and elimination.

However, Italia's Next Top Model developed features on its own: first of all, not every episode includes a photo shoot since the elimination challenge could consist of a runway challenge, where the girls are asked to interpret or make the most of different ranges of outfits.
Another difference is the administration of two makeovers to the girls, one at the beginning of the competition and one halfway through when the group has been reduced to seven contestants.
Also, for its first 3 seasons INTM has been structured in both weekly episodes - with one girl's elimination - and daily episodes - aired to show what the aspiring models learn in the modeling school.

The main difference from the original American format was introduced in season 3. The judging session was made in front of an audience with the judges openly voting for the girl in the bottom two they want to evict from the competition, after the two worst girls of each week have performed in a runway challenge to help the judges decide.
These changes were not well received by the public who immediately felt disappointed in watching a show that did not reflect the American format anymore, thus losing suspense and cohesiveness. The new format was also criticized for introducing guest judges not related to the fashion world but rather being TV celebrities with very little knowledge of modelling and poor judging skills which made the show lose credibility in the viewers' eyes. The viewers also criticized the production for focusing too much on clashes in the daily episodes and for trying to arise tensions among the girls in the judging studio by showing them videos of themselves talking behind one another's backs. The new process of elimination made the episodes less entertaining,  as well as the removal of the weekly reward challenges subsequently shown in daily episodes, with lower quality tasks and prizes. Heavy criticism has also affected the general production of the show and its photoshoots, often deemed poorer than the original version in planning, execution and outcome and repetitive in themes always focusing on sexy shoots.

In season 4 the show returned to its original format without audience at elimination and no more open eviction vote from the judges. Daily episodes were also removed in favour of more developed weekly episodes.

Judges

Cycles

 In season 3 the original pool of 16 girls was reduced. For the show's rules only 14 girls could make it into the final cast, therefore the 2 semi-finalists Giada Combusti and Veronica Valentini were not credited in the official opening sequence. This number expanded to 15 girls, when Marianna replaced Jade after her decision to quit the competition.

Original finalist Elizabeth Reale picked in the live final casting episode quit before the beginning of the tapings and was replaced by semi-finalist Rossella Bersani

External links
 Italia's Next Top Model Official Site

Italia's Next Top Model
2007 Italian television series debuts
Italian reality television series
2011 Italian television series endings
2000s Italian television series
2010s Italian television series
Italian television series based on American television series
Sky Uno original programming


Indo-Barbadian or Indo-Bajan, refers to Barbadians of Indian ancestry from the Indian subcontinent, including present-day Bangladesh and Pakistan. Currently, there is a 3,000-strong Indian community in Barbados.

History

Research has shown that the first known Muslims to arrive in the Americas were enslaved Africans via the transatlantic slave trade. The first Muslim of Asian background to arrive in Barbados took place over one hundred years ago when in 1913 Abdul Rohul Amin, a silk merchant from West Bengal came to Barbados.  Soon after, some more Bengalis arrived and they shared a house in Wellington Street, in the city. Some of them also lived in Milk Market and Tudor Street (upstairs Bata Shoe Shop) in Bridgetown.  Most of these Bengalis married local Barbadian women and started families in Bridgetown.  Today many well-known Barbadians are the grandchildren of these unions.

These Muslims started the itinerant trading process, which continues up to this day.  In the early stages most of the trading was with poor Barbadians living in the country areas who found it difficult to get to Bridgetown to do their shopping.  The traders would take the bus to get their wares to the people in the country.  If there were no buses available they would walk long distances just to accommodate the customers.  Over the years, these traders built up a relationship with Barbadians, which still remains of mutual benefit.

Following the Bengalis, Muslims from villages in Gujarat, West India arrived.  It is reported that the first of the Gujarati Muslims came in 1929.  These Muslims had set out for Brazil to cut timber but ended up in Guyana and stayed there for a while.  In Guyana they learnt that there was money in coal trading with Barbados.  They visited Bridgetown a couple of times by boat and then decided to make Barbados their home.

Demography
There are reports of a growing Indo-Bajan diaspora originating from Guyana and India. Mostly from southern India and other Indian states, Indo-Bajans are growing in size but smaller than the equivalent communities in Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica and Guyana.  Hinduism is one of Barbados' growing religions.

Notable people
Avinash Persaud, Barbados-born British business executive of Indo-Trinidadian and Indo-Guyanese descent

See also

 Indo-Caribbeans
 Barbados–India relations

References

Indian Diaspora in the Caribbean
Racial Integration in Barbados

Indians
Barbados


Mu'ayyid al-Din Ai-Aba (died July 1174) was the amir of Nishapur from c. 1154 until his death. Although nominally subservient to the Seljuks of Khurasan, he acted as an independent ruler. Due to his control of much of Khurasan, the historian Ibn Funduq called him "Emperor of Khurasan, King of the East."

Establishment of Authority

Ai-Aba had once been a ghulam of the Seljuk Sultan Sanjar, who ruled in Merv. After Sanjar was captured by a band of Ghuzz nomads in 1153 his empire quickly fell into chaos as Ghuzz tribes overran much of the sedentary areas. Sanjar's amirs attempted to restore order by recognizing Suleiman Shah as sultan. Suleiman Shah quickly demonstrated that he was incapable of dealing with the Ghuzz and fled; the amirs then set up the Karakhanid Mahmud Khan in his place, but he did little better.

With the central government unable to restore order on its own, Ai-Aba was free to pursue a largely independent policy in Khurasan. He first drove the Ghuzz out of Nishapur, Tus, Damghan, and several other cities. By lowering taxes and placating the landowners, he was able to build up a good reputation and expand his influence over much of Khurasan. After Mahmud Khan was appointed as sultan, Ai-Aba initially resisted submitting to him; after prolonged negotiations he was convinced to become Mahmud's vassal, although he retained his autonomous rule of the cities he administered.

Under Mahmud Khan

Sanjar had escaped from Ghuzz captivity in 1156, but died a year later; before his death he confirmed Mahmud Khan as his successor. In spite of this, Mahmud Khan was incapable of establishing any effective control over Ai-Aba and was forced to deal with him as an equal. The latter had gone to war after Sanjar's death against Ikhtiyar al-Din Ai-Taq, another amir who had formerly been one of Sanjar's ghulams. Ai-Taq received assistance from the Bavandids of Tabaristan, but was nevertheless defeated by the armies of Ai-Aba and Mahmud Khan and was compelled to make peace with them in 1158.

After the war with Ai-Taq, Ai-Aba and Mahmud Khan attempted to quell the Ghuzz bands that had set themselves up in various parts of Khurasan. The Ghuzz, however, managed to defeat them and then went on the offensive. After occupying Merv, they moved against Ai-Aba's territories and raided Sarakhs and Tus. Furthermore, they offered their services to Mahmud Khan, who considered them to be a useful check on Ai-Aba's power and accepted.

The Ghuzz continued to push against Ai-Aba, even managing to temporarily occupy Nishapur in 1159. Ai-Aba's fortunes were soon revived, however, and he was able to retake his capital that same year. He then began a purge against individuals who he considered to be responsible for the internal strife that had plagued the cities for several years, such as the head of the Nishapur Alids. In 1161, meanwhile, Mahmud Khan attempted to abandon his alliance with the Ghuzz and make peace with Ai-Aba, who however seized and blinded him before imprisoning him and his son. For two years after this he made the khutba out for himself only.

Expansion and Death

Following the imprisonment of Mahmud Khan, Ai-Aba rigorously attempted to expand his domain. In 1163 he received gifts and an investiture patent from the Seljuk sultan of Hamadan, Arslan Shah, and Ai-Aba hereafter inserted his name in the khutba, although the Seljuk had no effective authority over him. During this time he engaged in border disputes with the Ghurids. He also seized Qumis from the Bavandids, although they were able to take back the province in 1164. In the same year, the amir of Herat died and local citizenry handed over the city to Ai-Aba, in the hopes that he could protect them from the Ghuzz. Campaigns against the Ghuzz in Merv and Sarakhs were also undertaken.

In the mid 1160s, Khwarezmid armies began raiding into Khurasan. Ai-Aba, fearing that they would eventually move against him, wrote of the matter in 1167 to his friend Ildeniz, the Atabeg of Azerbaijan and the "protector" of the Hamadan Seljuks. Ildeniz responded by writing to the Khwarezmshah, warning him that Khurasan comprised part of the territories of the Seljuks.

In 1174, Ai-Aba led an expedition into Khwarezm following an appeal for help by the recently displaced Khwarezmshah, Sultan Shah, who had lost his throne to his brother Tekish. Unfortunately for Ai-Aba, his army was defeated by Tekish's forces and he himself was captured and killed. In Nishapur he was succeeded by his son Toghan-Shah.

Notes

References
Biran, Michal. The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press, 2005. .
Bosworth, C.E. "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000-1217)." The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Edited by J.A. Boyle. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press, 1968. .

1174 deaths
Amirs of Nishapur
12th-century monarchs in Asia
Year of birth unknown
Generals of the Seljuk Empire


Jordão, the Portuguese equivalent to Jordan (name) may refer to:

People
Aida Jordão, Portuguese-Canadian playwright
Bruno Jordão (born 1998), Portuguese footballer
Francisco Jordão (born 1979), Portuguese basketball player
Jordão (footballer born 1971), Adelino José Martins Batista, Angolan-Portuguese footballer
Jordão Diogo (born 1985), footballer from Portugal who plays for Panserraikos on loan from KR Reykjavík
Jordao Pattinama (born 1989), Dutch footballer
Rui Jordão (1952–2019), Angola-born Portuguese international footballer

Place
Jordão, Acre
Campos do Jordão
Foz do Jordão
Jordão River (disambiguation)


David Mota (born 13 October 1985) is a Spanish rugby union player for Complutense Cisneros. Formerly he was a player of rugby league for the Crusaders for the CRC Madrid and for the CR Liceo Francés.
His position of choice is at centre/wing.

He also played for Gatos de Madrid, one of the franchises of the competition called Superibérica de Rugby.

He has played for the Spain national rugby union team since 20 November 2004 when he has made his début against Hungary. Since then, he has played 25 games and has scored 40 points (8 tries). He also has played with Spain the European Nations Cup.

Honours
CRC Madrid
 División de Honor de Rugby: 2008-09
 Copa del Rey de Rugby: 2008-09

Gatos de Madrid
 Superibérica de Rugby: 2009

References

1985 births
Spanish rugby league players
Crusaders Rugby League players
Spanish rugby union players
Living people
Spain international rugby union players
Rugby union centres
Spanish expatriate rugby league players
Expatriate rugby league players in Wales
Spanish expatriates in Wales
Sportspeople from Madrid
Rugby union players from the Community of Madrid


Peter Pucker (born February 8, 1988 in Sankt Veit an der Glan, Carinthia) is an Austrian football player who currently plays for Austria Klagenfurt.

Before joining SK Austria Kärnten he played youth soccer for SK Maria Saal, BNZ Kärnten and FC Kärnten.

References

1988 births
Living people
People from Sankt Veit an der Glan
Austrian men's footballers
Austrian Football Bundesliga players

Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Carinthia (state)
SK Austria Kärnten players
SK Austria Klagenfurt (2007) players


Alois Pernerstorfer (3 June 1912 – 12 May 1978) was an Austrian bass-baritone

Born in Vienna, Pernerstorfer began his training in 1933 at the Wiener Musikhochschule with Theo Lierhammer and Josef Krips and made his opera debut in 1936 in Graz singing the role of Biterolf in Tannhäuser. He sang for many years at the Vienna State Opera and the Vienna Volksoper, and was a regular performer at the Salzburg Festival, where he sang in the European premiere of Samuel Barber's Vanessa. He also sang at the New York Metropolitan Opera (1951-1952), the Glyndebourne Festival, La Scala, and other major European opera houses.

Pernerstorfer's first wife was the soprano Henriette Herze, prominent in operetta at the Vienna Volksoper, as was his second wife, the soprano Emmy Funk. In 1963, Alois Pernerstorfer was made a Kammersänger of Austria, and in 1977 he was awarded the Großes Ehrenzeichen (Grand Order of Merit) by the Austrian government.

He died in Vienna at age 65.

Recordings
Wagner: Rienzi (Set Svanholm (Tenor), Christa Ludwig (Mezzo Soprano), Walter Berry (Bass Baritone), Teresa Stich-Randall (Soprano), Heinz Holecek (Tenor), Karl Terkal (Baritone), Anne Christiansen (Soprano), Alois Pernerstorfer (Bass Baritone), Paul Schöffler (Bass)). Vienna State Opera Orchestra and Chorus; Conductor: Josef Krips. Melodram  MEL 10039.
Wagner: Götterdämmerung (Kirsten Flagstad (Soprano), Max Lorenz (Tenor), Josef Hermann (Baritone), Alois Pernerstorfer (Bass Baritone), Hilde Konetzni (Soprano), Elisabeth Höngen (Mezzo Soprano) ) Teatro alla Scala Orchestra and Chorus; Conductor: Wilhelm Furtwängler. Urania URA 154.
Samuel Barber: Vanessa (Norman Foster, Eleanor Steber,  Nicolai Gedda, Alois Pernerstorfer, Rosalind Elias, Ira Malaniuk, Giorgio Tozzi) Vienna State Opera Chorus, Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra; Conductor: Dimitri Mitropoulos. Orfeo ORF 653062.

References

External links
 Biography on Bach-Cantatas
 MetOpera database
 Salzburg Festival Archives

1912 births
1978 deaths
Operatic bass-baritones
Singers from Vienna
Österreichischer Kammersänger
20th-century Austrian male opera singers
University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna alumni


The Sportzentrum Fischl is a soccer stadium in Klagenfurt.

It has a capacity of 3,000 people.

Currently the Red-Zac team FC Kärnten plays its home games in the stadium.

Football venues in Austria
Sport in Klagenfurt
FC Kärnten
Sports venues in Carinthia (state)
Buildings and structures in Klagenfurt


Cahon () is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Cahon is situated on the D108 road, some  west of Abbeville.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Eccellenza Friuli-Venezia Giulia is the regional Eccellenza football division for clubs in the northern Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy. It is competed amongst 16 teams, in one group. The winners of the Groups are promoted to Serie D. The club who finishes second also have the chance to gain promotion; they are entered into a national play-off which consists of two rounds.

Champions
Here are the past champions of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia Eccellenza, organised into their respective seasons.

1991–92 Manzanese
1992–93 Pro Gorizia
1993–94 Sanvitese
1994–95] Palmanova
1995–96 Cormonese
1996–97 Tamai
1997–98 Itala San Marco
1998–99 Pro Gorizia
1999–2000 Sevegliano
2000–01 Tamai
2001–02 Monfalcone
2002–03 Sacilese
2003–04 Pro Romans
2004–05 Manzanese
2005–06 Pordenone
2006–07 Sarone
2007–08 Pordenone
2008–09 Manzanese
2009–10 Torviscosa
2010–11 I.S.M. Gradisca
2011–12 Kras
2012–13 Unione Fincantieri Monfalcone
2013–14 Fontanafredda
2014–15 Unione Fincantieri Monfalcone
2015–16 Cordenons
2016–17 Cjarlins Muzane
2017–18 Chions
2018–19 San Luigi
2019–20 Manzanese
2020–21 Not awarded
2021–22 Torviscosa
2022–23 Chions

References

External links
Some Club Histories In the League

Sport in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Frui
Sports leagues established in 1991
1991 establishments in Italy
Football clubs in Italy
Association football clubs established in 1991


Shyauli Bazaar in Karapu, Ward No.9 Lamjung District is located at the river Middim Khola, 30 km east of Pokhara in Nepal.  The tiny village is inside the range of the geographic middle of Nepal.
geo:lat=28.103935006866482 geo:lon=84.22874987125397

A trekking path  that starts at the Begnas Lake east of Pokhara leads alongside the village and up
to Nalma and Kudi at the Annapurna Round Trek.
In Shyauli Bazaar is the only Search and Rescue Dog Handlers Academy in South East Asia.

Populated places in Lamjung District
Himalayas


The Invisible Empire is the first of the short series of fast-paced, action-based adventure of Agent 13: The Midnight Avenger, written by Flint Dille and David Marconi in a style reminiscent of popular 1930s pulps.

The eponymous title referred to the secret network of operatives working for a sinister organization bent on world domination. After countless years of clandestine activity, the organization exerted inestimable influence in the world, penetrating numerous major governments and powerful institutions.

Plot summary

The Opening
Set in the late 1930s, just before the outbreak of World War II which ominous events around the world was portending, the book opened with a mysterious nocturnal trip made by a Nazi SS Colonel Schmidt to a clandestine meeting in a secret chamber beneath the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul.

The chamber predated the existence of the church, and known only to the organization known as the Brotherhood, of which the colonel was a member of, sent as an agent to Germany in late 1918 to closely monitor the factions struggling for control of the humiliated, wrecked nation defeated in World War I.

The Brotherhood was seeking to gain control over the whole world, and it was Colonel Schmidt who found a candidate with great potential in an anti-Semitic demagogue in Bavaria to be the puppet leader of Germany, an unwitting but definite pawn of the Brotherhood. Schmidt had carefully groomed the man, bankrolled the endeavor to take over from the troubled Weimar Republic, having first changed the man's name from awful Schicklgruber into Hitler.

Having succeeded in securing his pawn as undisputed leader of Germany, and even arranging the disposal of Engelbert Dollfuss of Austria to pave the way for the Anschluss, Schmidt was in Istanbul to make a report to his superiors. He only made it as far as the concealed entrance of the secret chamber, killed right after he triggered the mechanism to disclose the hidden portal.

His killer left a calling card on Schmidt's corpse, the number 13 burnt on the forehead of the dead man, and attended the meeting disguised as Schmidt. At the meeting, a senior Brotherhood member was inspecting all attendees, using a special crystal to reveal a number imprinted on the palms of all Brotherhood agents. The palm of Schmidt's killer was inspected and the number 13 was called out in the familiar routine.

It was a moment before the significance struck and a gasp of sharp fear seized all who heard it. That moment was all it took for the killer to strike and slaughter all the others, before escaping with his goal accomplished, along with documents Schmidt was carrying, and the bonus of the special crystal, with which he could use to unerringly identify all members of the Brotherhood.

Agent 13
The killer, known only as Agent 13 in the series, was once the best assassin raised from childhood and trained by the Brotherhood. The Brotherhood itself claimed to its members to be a hidden guiding hand in world affairs through the centuries, always keeping its presence secret in the background, while manipulating events around the globe through its agents, to direct the development of human culture. Its existence preceded the written history of mankind, founded by survivors of the Lemurian nation which was destroyed in antiquity long before the rise of ancient human civilizations.

During his training, Agent 13 had perceived that the Brotherhood true nature not to be benevolent but evil, and fled. For years, he was hunted by Brotherhood agents, and in time, he turned around fought back, dedicating himself to cause as much damage possible in his mostly single vanguard crusade against an organization of unimaginable power, resources and reach into the world's governments. One of his main aim was to relocate the Brotherhood's main base. The close pursuit during his desperate flight from the Brotherhood's secret headquarters to the outside world prevented him from retracing his route later.

The Trap
After the debacle of Istanbul, the virtually immortal leader and founder of the Brotherhood, known as Itsu, the Hand Sinister, laid a cunning elaborate trap for Agent 13, knowing his agents were vulnerable with the special crystal (Seer Stone) in Agent 13's possession, the renegade who would stop at nothing to thwart the Brotherhood.

From Schmidt's documents, Agent 13 learned of the Brotherhood's interest in an experimental Lightning Gun developed by American scientist Dr. David Fischer. At a successful demonstration of the gun's principles, conducted by the US military, and attended by senior officials, Agent 13 overheard the National Security Advisor (NSA) Kent Walters hurrying to call a National Security Council (NSC) in response to a blackmail threat just received.

Infiltrating the meeting, which was attended by the NSC composed of John Myerson (Assistant Attorney General), Jack Halloran (Treasury), Kent Walters (NSA), Constantin Gyrakos (head, Secret Service, East Coast division), and Robert Buckhurst (Deputy Director, FBI), it was revealed through a projection of a film that an enemy, known as the Masque, using the omega as his symbol, easily capable of untraceable large-scale destruction was demanding the USA to drastically scale down its armament process. The blackmailer claimed responsibility for three disasters shown in the film:
 Montana Rail Crash as the train Olympian was plying on a 180-feet high bridge.
 Complete destruction of Westron Aircraft base for aircraft development and experiments.
 Airship Hindenburg disaster.

The deliberate filmings indicated prior knowledge of the disasters, and probably, responsibility by the blackmailers. The filmings also strongly hinted at the blackmailers having unknown advance technology, and capable of massive destruction.

The council was undecided about the response to the threat when Agent 13 revealed himself. News, with more rumors than truth, of his exploits over the years had filtered to the intelligence community, causing the council to be just as undecided whether he was an ally or a foe.

Before the decision was reached, elite assassins from the Brotherhood launched an ambush, killing almost everyone in the room. Only Agent 13 and Kent Walters narrowly escaped death, Kent Walters badly shot and barely alive.

Counter-strike
From clues collected from the bodies of one of the ambushers, Agent 13 deduced the local footpad was to collect his pay-off at an opera in New York city, performed by the world-famous diva named China White. Agent 13 attended the opera disguised as the footpad, with his loyal assistant, Maggie Darr. Maggie noted that the mention of China White invoked a never seen before in Agent 13's otherwise perpetually emotionless expression.

Using the Seer Stone as bait, Agent 13 and Maggie Darr were invited to China White's local lair, a speakeasy called the Brown Rat, located beneath the city. They barely escaped with their lives from watery death trap there, but found another clue to follow the Brotherhood's plot to the sailing of the luxury liner SS Normandie.

When they discovered Dr. David Fischer was on board with his Lightning Gun, and China White was also along as a star performer, they realized what the Brotherhood wanted, but still did not know how it was to be carried out. Trying to avoid the easy way out to kill Fischer, Agent 13 and Maggie boarded the liner in disguise, separately keeping an eye on Fischer and on White.

Too late, Agent 13 and Maggie discovered the Brotherhood intended to sink the ship, while kidnapping the scientist. Fighting valiantly, they managed to save the ship, but the Brotherhood agents escaped with the experimental weapon.

Worst of all, Agent 13 was lost to the icy waters of the Atlantic Ocean, where he would have his watery grave after all, leaving Maggie Darr alone in the impossible fight against the Brotherhood.

Characters
 Colonel Schmidt, an SS officer and Brotherhood's primary agent in Nazi Germany.
 Agent 13, a former member of the Brotherhood, skilled in combat, undercover operations, and master of disguise.
 Maggie Darr, hailing from a respectable and relatively well-off Chicago family, her unfortunate choice of boyfriend led her to being kidnapped and held against her will by gangsters. Escaping after a humiliating ordeal, she trained herself to shoot to take vengeance on her tormentors. By serendipity, a disguised Agent 13 saved her after she finished off her last target and was about to be killed by her victim's henchmen. She became one of his closest operator.
 Kent Walters, National Security Advisor.
 LaMonica, Washington DC police detective. He was pursuing suspects after the NSC ambush, nearly arrested Agent 13, but in the end, was saved from the assassins by Agent 13.
 Michael Carson, a lowly hoodlum engaged as pointer by the Brotherhood assassins in the NSC ambush.
 Ray Furnow, an assistant of Agent 13 of Asian origins. He had apparently disappeared many times before, seemingly killed, but always mysteriously returned, claiming to use some trick he learned to keep his so-called numerous wives and children at bay, but also using them as endless supply of help to Agent 13. Ray experimented and provided many gadgets and special equipment to Agent 13.
 China White, agent of the Brotherhood whose cover was a world-class opera diva.
 Dr. David Fischer, inventor of the experimental Lightning Gun. Through machinations of the Brotherhood, the US military rejected his invention and refused funding to develop it into a viable weapon. This was intended to make him open to "alternative offers".
 Jack Spade, a hoodlum employed by the Brotherhood in New York city.
 Renard, Night Watch officer on the SS Normandie.

Chapter headings
 Intrigue in Istanbul
 The Invisible Empire
 Lightning Strikes
 The Cryptic Tryst
 Death's Calling Card
 Voice from the Shadows
 After the Assassins
 Who Stalks the Night?
 Trail of Torment
 Sanctuary
 Ashes to Ashes
 Tickets to Doom
 The Siren's Scream
 Below the Brown Rat
 Dark Greetings
 Jaws of Horror
 Dance in the Deluge
 Death Waits Alone
 Vessel of Light
 Grim Assignments
 Gathering Gloom
 Waltz of the Spider
 Fish in the Net
 Lights Out for the Ladies' Man
 Wheels of Fury
 Iron Fish of Death
 Dead in the Water

Footnotes

References
 Agent 13 The Midnight Avenger #1: The Invisible Empire,

1986 American novels
1986 children's books
Junior spy novels
American young adult novels
Fiction set in 1937
Hagia Sophia
Novels set in the 1930s
Novels set in Istanbul
Cultural depictions of Adolf Hitler


São Bernardo may refer to:

Places
 São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
 São Bernardo, Maranhão, Brazil
 São Bernardo (parish), Portugal

Sports
C.D. São Bernardo (handball), a Portuguese handball club
São Bernardo Futebol Clube, a Brazilian football club
Esporte Clube São Bernardo, a Brazilian football club

Other
São Bernardo (film), or S. Bernardo, a 1972 film directed by Leon Hirszman

See also
 Saint Bernard (disambiguation)
 Bernard (disambiguation)


In this article, the results of Al-Nassr FC of Saudi Arabia in 2007-2008 season is summarized

Saudi League

Results

Al-Nasr Standing in 2007-2008 League

King Cup

Quarter-final
|}
Al Hazm won on penalties shotout.

First leg

Second leg

Crown Prince Cup

Round of 16

Federation Cup

Group stage

Group standing

Semi-final

Final

Under 20 Team

Results

Al-Nasr Standing

Last Updated 2008-04-28

Under 17 Team

Results

Al-Nasr Standing

Last Updated 2008-04-28

References
 kooora.com - Arabic
 goalzz.com - English

Saudi Arabian football clubs 2007–08 season
Al Nassr FC seasons


The Peel Football League (PFL) is a country football league based in the Peel region of Western Australia. The competition was formed in 1992 when teams from the Metropolitan Football League and Murray Districts Football League merged. There are currently seven clubs fielding a league reserves and colts team.

The formation years
The Metropolitan Football League (MFL) was a predecessor to the PFL and competed from 1988 to 1991 under the administration of the Sunday Football League.  The six founding MFL teams in 1988 were Kwinana, Manning, Midland, Mosman Park, North Fremantle and Cockburn. In 1989, the MFL grew from 6 teams to 8 teams with the inclusion of Mundijong Centrals and Pinjarra.  These two teams were previously competing in the Murray Districts Football League (along with Harvey Town, South Mandurah and Waroona).

The MFL gained another two teams in 1990, with the admission of South Mandurah and Waroona, who were forced to join the league when the Murray Districts Football League disbanded at the end of the 1989 season.  Cockburn also did not compete in 1990, but re-entered for the final year of the MFL in 1991.

In 1992, the ten MFL teams broke ties with the Sunday Football League and combined with Mandurah (from the Sunday Football League) and Belmont to form the new Peel Football League (PFL).  In 1994, Midland, Mosman Park, Manning, North Fremantle, Cockburn and Belmont left the PFL to form Division 2 of the Sunday Football League (along with a new club from Kingsley).  However, the loss of these six teams was offset by the admission of Rockingham (from the WA Amateur Football League) and a new team from Harvey.

The information above was sourced from Sunday Football League Yearbooks and Westside Football Newspapers.

Current clubs

Former clubs

Most League Games Played

Jasan Hysen (Waroona) - 306

Courtney Lakay (Waroona) - 289*

Rhys Bloxsidge (Waroona) - 256*

Mathew Thomas (Waroona) - 241*

Grand final results

League

Premierships

Honour board

Ladders

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

AFL players who originally come from PFL clubs
 Paul Bower (South Mandurah) – Carlton

 Daniel Haines (South Mandurah) – Fremantle

 Matt Riggio (Waroona) – North Melbourne

 Daniel Wells (Kwinana) – North Melbourne

 Hayden Ballantyne (Baldivis) – Fremantle

 Farren Ray (Mandurah) – Western Bulldogs/ St Kilda

 Brock O'Brien (Pinjarra) – Fremantle

 Nathan Wilson (Mandurah) – GWS Giants

 Brad Walsh (Rockingham) – Carlton

 Harley Bennell (Pinjarra) – Gold Coast/ Fremantle

 Ben Newton (Baldivis) – Port Adelaide/Melbourne

 Josh Schoenfeld (Rockingham) – Gold Coast

 Bradley Lynch (Mandurah) – Western Bulldogs

References

Australian rules football competitions in Western Australia
Sport in Mandurah


The  Diocese of Iesi () is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in the Marche, Italy. It is a suffragan of the archdiocese of Ancona-Osimo. The diocese itself prefers the spelling Jesi.

History
Saint Septimius, supposedly martyred in 307, has been venerated as the first bishop of Jesi since the 15th century. Saint Florianus, who was cast into the Esino in the Diocletian persecution, is also venerated (perhaps he is confounded with Saint Florianus who was cast into the Enus or Anisus). Other bishops of antiquity were Calumniosus (c. 647) and Honestus. Their relics were discovered in 1623.

The future emperor Frederick II was born in Jesi on 26 December 1194. His mother, Constance, Queen of Sicily, was on her way to join her husband, Henry VI, who had been crowned King of Sicily at Palermo on the previous day. At Jesi she was overcome by sudden labor pains, and, anticipating the birth of an heir, the people erected a pavilion for her in the town square, so that the birth might take place amid a large complement of witnesses. Fifteen cardinals and bishops witnessed the birth of the baby Frederick.

On 30 May 1247, Pope Innocent IV rejected the election of one of the Canons of the Cathedral Chapter, Armannus, as bishop of Jesi, on the grounds that the Canons were excommunicated due to their support of the Emperor Frederick II. One Canon, however, named Montanario, was loyal to the Holy See and had escaped to Ancona from Jesi; he notified the Pope that he elected the Franciscan Gualterio. Innocent ordered the Rector of the March of Ancona, Marcellino Aretino, and Bishop Philip of Fermo to investigate the election and consult with Canon Montanario, and provide the new bishop. The Franciscan Gualtiero, an Englishman, was appointed. He was a friend of John of Parma, general of the order and patron of the Franciscan Spirituals.

Bishop Severinus in 1237 laid the foundations of the new cathedral; the old cathedral, dedicated to Saint Nicholas of Myra, was outside the city, and in the eighteenth century had fallen into ruin. In its current form, the cathedral is the result of restorations and renovations carried out by Bishop Antonio Fonseca.

The cathedral was and is administered by a Chapter, composed of a Prior and ten Canons. Up until the middle of the 15th century the Canons were required to live in the Canonica, unless individually dispensed. Pope Paul II (1464–1471) dispensed the Canons from this obligation. The best-known of the Canons was Marcello Cervini, who became Pope Marcellus II (1555).

Gabriele del Monte (1554) introduced the reforms of the Council of Trent, which he had attended. His successors were Cardinal Camillo Borghese (1597), afterwards Pope Paul V; Cardinals Tiberio Cenci (1621) and Alderano Cybo (1656), noted for their benefactions; Bishop Antonio Fonseca (1724), who founded a hospital. Cardinal Caprara, afterwards Archbishop of Milan, who concluded the Concordat with Napoleon, was Bishop of Jesi (1800–02). He was succeeded by Antonio Odescalchi, who was deported to Milan by the French in 1809, dying in exile in Cesano Boscone in 1812.

On 15 August 1972, by the Bull Qui apostolico officio, Pope Paul VI created the new ecclesiastical province of Ancona, and granted its archbishop the status of Metropolitan. The ecclesiastical province was assigned the suffragan dioceses of Jesi (Aesina) and Osimo (Auximana).

Synods

A diocesan synod was an irregularly held, but important, meeting of the bishop of a diocese and his clergy. Its purpose was (1) to proclaim generally the various decrees already issued by the bishop; (2) to discuss and ratify measures on which the bishop chose to consult with his clergy; (3) to publish statutes and decrees of the diocesan synod, of the provincial synod, and of the Holy See.

Bishop Marco Agrippa Dandini (1599–1603) held a diocesan synod in Jesi on 16 September 1600. Bishop Tiberio Cenci (1621–1653) held a synod on 10 May 1626, and, as Cardinal, another synod on 23 September 1649. Cardinal Alderano Cybo (1656–1671) held a diocesan synod in Jesi from 4 to 6 July 1658. Cardinal Pietro Matteo Petrucci held his first diocesan synod on 26—28 April 1683. He held his second diocesan synod in Jesi on 21 March 1695.

On 23 April 1708, Bishop Alessandro Fedele (1696–1715) held a diocesan synod, whose decisions were published in 1713. Bishop Antonio Fonseca held a diocesan synod in the Cathedral on 25 to 27 May 1727. The synodal decrees were published. He held a second diocesan synod on 26 and 27 September 1741, and its constitutions too were published. From 14 June to 16 June 1772, Bishop Ubaldo Baldassini, B. (1764–1786) held a diocesan synod, and published its synodal constitutions.

Cardinal Carlo Luigi Morichini (1854–1871) presided over a diocesan synod on 15—17 November 1857.

Bishop Oscar Serfilippi (1978–2006) held a diocesan synod in Jesi on 24 January 1982.

Bishops of Iesi

to 1100

...
 ? Septimius
...
[Martianus (501)]
...
Calompiosus (c. 647)
Honestus (attested 680)
Petrus (attested 743)
...
Anastasius (attested 853)
...
Eberhard (attested 967)
...
[Martianus (attested 1027)]
...

from 1100 to 1500

Raynaldus (1164–1175)
Grimoaldus
Crescentius (attested 1207)
Philippus
Severinus (attested 1230, 1235, 1237)
Armannus (Hermannus)
Gualterus, O.Min.
Crescentius (1252–1263)
Bonajuncta, O.Min. (1263–1267)
Hugo (1267– )
Ioannes (1289–1295)
Leonardus (1295–1311)
Francesco Alfani (1312–1342)
Francesco Jordani Brancaleoni (1342–1350)
Nicolaus de Pisis, O.E.S.A. (1350–c. 1370)
Giovanni Zeminiani Rizardi, O.P. (1371–1373)
Berardus de Beysiaco, O.E.S.A. (1373–1391?)
? Pietro Borghese (? attested c. 1380)
Tommaso Pierleone (1391–1400)
Ludovico (Aloysius) Francisci Alfani (1400–1405)
Jacobus Bonriposi (1405–1418)
Blondus Conchi (1418– )
Lazarus ( ? –1425)
Innocenzo de Comite (30 May 1425 – 1443)
...
Thomas Ghisleri (5 Oct 1463 –1505)

from 1500 to 1800
Angelo Ripanti (1505–1513)
Pietro Paolo Venanzio (1513–1519)
Antonio de Spello (1519–1540)
Benedetto Conversini (1540–1553)
Gabriele Del Monte (10 Nov 1554 – 27 Apr 1597 Died)
Camillo Borghese (1597–1599)
Marco Agrippa Dandini (1599–1603 Died)
Pirro Imperoli (1604–1617)
Marcello Pignatelli, C.R. (13 Nov 1617 – 1621 Died)
Tiberio Cenci (1621–1653)
Cardinal Giacomo Corradi (21 Apr 1653 – Apr 1656 Resigned)
Alderano Cibo (24 Apr 1656 – 10 Dec 1671 Resigned)
Lorenzo Cibo (Cybo) (18 Jan 1671 – 17 Aug 1680 Died)
Pier Matteo Petrucci, C.O. (14 Apr 1681 –1695/1696)
Alessandro Fedele (20 Feb 1696 – 7 Apr 1715 Died)
Francesco Antonio Giattini (7 Dec 1716 – 27 Sep 1724 Resigned)
Antonio Fonseca (20 Dec 1724 – 9 Dec 1763 Died)
Ubaldo Baldassini, B. (1764–1786)
 Sede vacante (1786–1794)
Cardinal Giovanni Battista Bussi de Pretis (1794–1800)

since 1800
Cardinal Giovanni Battista Caprara (11 Aug 1800 – 24 May 1802)
Antonio Maria Odescalchi (28 May 1804 – 23 Jul 1812 Died)
Sede vacante (1812–1817)
Cardinal Francesco Cesarei Leoni (28 Jul 1817 – 25 Jul 1830 Died)
Francesco Tiberi Contigliano (2 Jul 1832 – 18 May 1836 Resigned)
Cardinal Pietro Ostini (1836–1841)
Cardinal Silvestro Belli (1842–1844)
Cardinal Cosimo Corsi (1845–1853)
Cardinal Carlo Luigi Morichini (23 Jun 1854 –1871)
Rambaldo Magagnini (1872–1892)
Aurelio Zonghi (12 Jun 1893 – 9 Jan 1902 Resigned)
Giovanni Battista Ricci (9 Jun 1902 – 21 Jul 1906 Appointed, Archbishop of Ancona e Numana)
Giuseppe Gandolfi (1 Dec 1906 – 14 Sep 1927 Died)
Goffredo Zaccherini (15 Jun 1928 – 11 May 1934 Resigned)
Carlo Falcinelli (6 Sep 1934 – 6 Nov 1952 Resigned)
Giovanni Battista Pardini (7 Jan 1953 – 30 Apr 1975 Resigned)
Oscar Serfilippi, O.F.M. Conv. (1 Mar 1978 – 20 Mar 2006 Retired)
Gerardo Rocconi (20 Mar 2006 – present)

Notes and references

External links
Diocesi di Jesi, Guida diocesana 2018 (Press the gray bar entitled "Scarica la Guida Diocesana"); retrieved: 5 March 2019.

Bibliography

Reference works for bishops
 pp. 700–701.

Studies

Lanzoni, Francesco (1927). Le diocesi d'Italia dalle origini al principio del secolo VII (an. 604). Faenza: F. Lega, pp. 490–492.
Mezzadri, L; Tagliaferri, M; Guerriero, E. (eds) (2008), Le diocesi d'Italia Volume III (Torino, San Paolo edizioni, 2008).

Iesi
Iesi
Diocese
6th-century establishments in Italy


Caix (; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. Its 13th-16th century church is a listed monument.

Geography
Caix is situated on the D28 road, some  southeast of Amiens.

First World War

In the First World War Caix was under German occupation for most of the period. It was recaptured by the 1st Canadian Division on 8 August 1918.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

External links

 Caix on the Quid website

Communes of Somme (department)


SPTV may refer to:
Space Power TV
Sony Pictures Television


A state legislative assembly (, DUN; also known simply as state assembly) is the legislative branch of the state governments in each of the 13 Malaysian states. Members of a state legislative assembly comprises elected representatives from single-member constituencies during state elections through the first-past-the-post system.

The assemblies have powers to enact state laws as provided for by the Constitution of Malaysia. The majority party in each assembly forms the state government, and the leader of the majority party becomes Menteri Besar (for states with hereditary rulers) or Chief Minister (for states without hereditary rulers) of the state.

The state legislative assemblies are unicameral, unlike the bicameral Parliament of Malaysia. The hereditary rulers or Yang di-Pertua Negeri (governors) are vested with powers to dissolve their respective state legislative assemblies on the advice of the menteri besar or chief minister. Once dissolved, elections must be carried out within an interim period of sixty (60) days. Prior to 2018, state elections are previously held simultaneously with the federal parliamentary elections, with the exception of Sarawak.

List of state legislative assemblies in Malaysia
The list excludes Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya and Labuan as Federal Territories do not have state legislative assemblies and are governed directly by the federal government under the Ministry of Federal Territories together with local authorities, namely the Kuala Lumpur City Hall, Putrajaya Corporation and Labuan Corporation respectively.

Lists of State Assembly Representatives in Malaysia

 List of Malayan State and Settlement Council Representatives (1954–59)
 List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (1959–64)
 List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (1964–69)
 List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (1969–74)
 List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (1974–78)
 List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (1978–82)
 List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (1982–86)
 List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (1986–90)
 List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (1990–95)
 List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (1995–99)
 List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (1999–2004)
 List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2004–08)
 List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2008–13)
 List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–18)
 List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2018–22)

Women
Women in state legislative assemblies of Malaysia

See also

 Politics of Malaysia
 List of state by-elections in Malaysia

Notes

References

Politics of Malaysia


Gamelan Munggang are considered among the most ancient gamelans of the kraton (courts) of central Java. The ensemble of instruments consists of gong ageng, kempul, kendang and horizontal gong chimes tuned to three pitches. Very low in absolute pitch, each ensemble consists of two types: pelog and slendro.  There is a repertory of several repetitive pieces, the best known permutation being high-middle-high-low.
It is theorized that pelog was derived from the three note munggang scale. The origin of the munggang ensembles themselves are described in Javanese myths, however the first one may have been imported to Indonesia in the first century CE, with the first ensemble constructed by the Javanese made in the 4th century.

See also

 Gamelan
 Gong gede
 Gamelan sekaten
 Gamelan surakarta

Sources

Gamelan ensembles and genres


Taufiq Ismail (born 25 June 1935) is an Indonesian poet, activist and the editor of the monthly literary magazine Horison. Ismail figured prominently in Indonesian literature of the post-Sukarno period and is considered one of the pioneers of the "Generation of '66". He completed his education at the University of Indonesia. Before becoming active as a writer, he taught at the Institut Pertanian Bogor. In 1963, he signed the "Cultural Manifesto" as a document that opposed linking art to politics. This cost him his teaching position at the Institut.

Ismail wrote many poems, of which the best-known are: Malu (Aku) Jadi Orang Indonesia, Tirani dan Benteng, Tirani, Benteng, Buku Tamu Musim Perjuangan, Sajak Ladang Jagung, Kenalkan, Saya Hewan, Puisi-puisi Langit, Prahara Budaya : Kilas Balik Ofensif Lekra, Ketika Kata Ketika Warna and Seulawah-Antologi Sastra Aceh. Bored with his serious writing style, in 1970 he began writing poems mixed with humor. He has won many awards, including  the "Cultural Visit Award" from the Australian government (1977) and the S.E.A. Write Award (1994).

Biography
Taufiq Ismail was born in Bukittinggi, West Sumatra, on June 25, 1935. He was reared in a teacher and journalist family. He had wanted to become writer since he was in high school. His reading hobby was more satisfied when Taufiq became the librarian in Pelajar Islam Indonesia Pekalongan's library, where he read the works of Chairil Anwar, William Saroyan, and Karl May, besides books about history, politics, and religion.

He attended high school in Pekalongan, Central Java, and then Whitefish Bay High School in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on a scholarship from American Field Service International. There he read the works of Robert Frost, Edgar Allan Poe, and Walt Whitman. He also liked Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea.

He began a career as a writer in the 1960s, and was a noted critic of Sukarno's Guided Democracy program, lashing out at the censorship and totalitarian control of Sukarno's government. Ismail was a joint editor of Horison, a literary magazine, along with D.S. Muljanto, Zaini, Su Hok Djin, and Goenawan Mohamad. Horison was started in July 1966 by Mochtar Lubis and HB Jassin, as a successor to Sastra. He remains active writing for the magazine as a senior editor. He was a prominent member of the Jakarta Arts Council (Dewan Kesenian Jakarta) and was head of the Jakarta Arts Education Institute (Lembaga Pendidikan Kesenian Jakarta) from 1973 to 1978.

Personal life
Taufiq Ismail married in 1971. He and his wife have one son.

Works
Manifestasi (1963) (alongside Goenawan Mohamad, Hartojo Andangjaya, et al.)
Benteng (1966)
 Tirani (1966)
 Puisi-puisi Sepi (1971)
 Kota, Pelabuhan, Ladang, Angin, dan Langit (1971)
 Buku Tamu Museum Perjuangan (1972)
 Sajak Ladang Jagung (1973)
 Puisi-puisi Langit (1990)

 (literally means ( I ) Shamed to be Indonesian, this work was published after Indonesian 1998 Revolution, this work is about Ismail's criticism about the government)

Taufiq Ismail. Dengan Puisi Aku. 1 Puisi, 80 Bahasa, 80 Tahun. Terjemahan Puisi dalam 58 Bahasa Dunia dan 22 Bahasa Daerah.  Prakata Prof. Victor A. Pogadaev. Jakarta: Horison, 2015,  ISSN 0125-9016
Taufiq Ismail. Dengan Puisi Aku. Dalam 60 Bahasa. Editor Victor A. Pogadaev . Kuala Lumpur: Esasatera Enterprise, 2016

In English
 "Stop Thief!" (short story) in Black Clouds over the Isle of Gods, edited and translated by David Roskies. M.E. Sharpe (1997). .

In Russian
 Taufik Ismail. Rendez-Vous. Izbrannie Stikhi (Rendez-Vous. Selected Poems). Edited and translated by Victor Pogadaev. Designed by Aris Azis. Moscow: Humanitary, 2004: 136. .
 Taufiq Ismail. Vernite Mne Indoneziyu. Izbrannie Stikhi (Return Indonesia To Me. Selected Poems). Edited and translated by Victor Pogadaev. Designed by Hardi. Moscow: Klyuch-C, 2010: 124. .

References

External links
  Tokoh Indonesia:Taufiq Ismail
  Blog Bio: Taufiq Ismail
 A short biography of Ismail at the "Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence"
  Biography of Taufiq Ismail | Southeast Asia Digital Library

1935 births
Living people
20th-century Indonesian poets
Indonesian writers
Bogor Agricultural University alumni
Minangkabau people
International Writing Program alumni
Indonesian male poets
20th-century male writers
Whitefish Bay High School alumni


Lake Hornborga () is a lake in Västergötland in Sweden, famous for its many birds, in particular the many cranes that stay here temporarily during their annual migrations. The lake has an area of 28 square kilometers.

History

Lake Hornborga was created after the last ice age, approximately 10,000 years ago. The area has been settled since the Stone Age.

In order to relieve starvation, it was decided in 1802 to lower the water level in order to create pastures for cattle to graze. The water level was lowered a further four times after this. The surface area was reduced from 28 km² to less than 4 km², but rather than make way for pastures, reeds took over and turned the lake into a swamp. Throughout these reductions, the lake remained a popular habitat for birds, but the last reductions in 1933 also reduced its attraction for birdlife. In 1965, a Government investigation suggested that the lake be restored, and between 1992 and 1995, the water level increased by an average of 0.9 metres. During the restoration, 1,200 hectares of reed and 800 hectares of trees were removed, and animals were reintroduced to graze the shores of the lake.

References

External links
 Lake Hornborga

Västergötland
Hornborga
Ramsar sites in Sweden
Tourist attractions in Västra Götaland County


Invisible Empire may refer to:

 Invisible Empire (album), a 2003 album by Reef the Lost Cauze
 "Invisible Empire" (song), a song by KT Tunstall
 Invisible Empire // Crescent Moon, a 2013 album by KT Tunstall
 Invisible Empires, a 2011 album by Sara Groves
 Agent 13: The Invisible Empire, first of the Agent 13: The Midnight Avenger series
 Ku Klux Klan, occasionally referred to as the "Invisible Empire" or "Invisible Empire of the South"
 The Invisible Empire: The Ku Klux Klan in Florida, a book by Michael Newton


Frank Charles Barnaby (27 September 1927 – 1 August 2020) was the Nuclear Issues Consultant to the Oxford Research Group, a freelance defence analyst, and a prolific author on military technology. He was based in the United Kingdom.

He was born in Andover, Hampshire, and was educated at Andover Grammar School and the University of London.

Barnaby trained as a nuclear physicist and worked at the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment, Aldermaston, between 1951 and 1957. He was on the senior scientific staff of the Medical Research Council (UK) when a university lecturer at University College London (1957–1967).

Barnaby was Director of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) from 1971–1981. In 1981, Barnaby became a founding member of the World Cultural Council. He was a professor at the VU University Amsterdam 1981–85, and awarded the Harold Stassen Chair of International Relations at the University of Minnesota in 1985. He has been the Executive Secretary of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs.

He was married and has a son and a daughter.

He died on 1 August 2020 at the age of 92.

Works
The nuclear future (Fabian Society, 1969)
Man and the Atom (Minerva, 1971)
Nuclear proliferation and the South African threat (1977)
Future Warfare (Michael Joseph, 1986)
Star Wars (Fourth Estate, 1987)
The Automated Battlefield (Sidgwick & Jackson, 1987)
The Invisible Bomb (Tauris, 1989)
The Gaia Peace Atlas (Pan, 1989)
A Handbook of Verification Procedures (editor - Palgrave Macmillan, 1990)
The Role and Control of Military Force in the 1990s (1992)
How to Build a Nuclear Bomb: And Other Weapons of Mass Destruction  (Granta, 2003)
The Future of Terror (Granta, 2007)
Prospects for Peace (Pergamon, 2013)
How Nuclear Weapons Spread: Nuclear-Weapon Proliferation in the 1990s (Routledge, 2016)

References

External links
Parents of the Field of Peace and Conflict Studies: Frank Barnaby
Consequences of a Nuclear Renaissance
Too Hot to Handle?: The Future of Civil Nuclear Power

People associated with nuclear power
British anti–nuclear weapons activists
Academics of University College London
University of Minnesota faculty
Founding members of the World Cultural Council
People from Andover, Hampshire
1927 births
2020 deaths


The Afghan leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius afghanicus) is one of the five subspecies of the common leopard gecko, a small to midsized lizard belonging to the family Gekkonidae. This subspecies was first discovered by entomologist Carl Julius Bernhard Börner in 1976. It is much smaller than other leopard gecko subspecies.

Distribution and habitat
The Afghan leopard gecko is native to southeastern Afghanistan along the Kabul River and its tributaries, its range extending into northern Pakistan. It can be found in the Hindu Kush Mountains. Its habitat includes rocky desert and sparse grassland, but it avoids sand. It does not live in large colonies and is most active in April and May.

Appearance
The adult is pale to bright yellow dorsally, with scattered black or blue spots. There is a continuous light vertebral stripe. There are dark or light reticulations (netlike patterns) on the head. The limbs are blotched and the tail has irregular dark markings. The juvenile typically has three yellow bars along the back.

The male is about 15 centimeters long from snout to tail-tip. Females average about 14 centimeters.

References

External links
 Afghan geckos
 Images

Eublepharis
Lizards of Asia
Reptiles of Afghanistan
Reptiles of Pakistan
Taxa named by Carl Julius Bernhard Börner
Reptiles described in 1976


During the French Revolution, a constitutional bishop was a Catholic bishop elected from among the clergy who had sworn to uphold the Civil Constitution of the Clergy between 1791 and 1801.

History
Constitutional bishops were often priests with less or more moderate Gallican and partisan ideas, of a less or moderate nature. They were elected locally by the same body of electors that elected the députés of the future Legislative Assembly. They organised national councils in 1797 and 1801 to mark their independence from the pope, who usually called major ecclesiastical councils (unlike minor synods).

On the signature of the 1801 concordat, pope Pius VII and Napoleon I of France both demanded that the constitutional bishops and the remaining Ancien Régime bishops who had not sworn to uphold the Civil Constitution all resign their episcopal seats so that new holders could be appointed to the sees. 15 constitutional bishops refused to resign, feeling that their election to their episcopal seats were still valid (one such bishop, Henri Grégoire, signed himself as bishop of Loir-et-Cher right up until his death).

Selected constitutional bishops
It is notable that a constitutional bishop's diocese was not named after his cathedra or episcopal seat (as was previous practise) but after the department (themselves mostly named after natural features like rivers or mountain ranges) corresponding to his diocese, following the re-drawing of the diocesan boundaries according to the department boundaries created in 1790.
 Yves Marie Audrein, bishop of Finistère in Brittany
 Jean-Baptiste-Luc Bailly, bishop of Poitiers
 Louis Belmas, bishop of Aude
 Claude Debertier, bishop of Aveyron
 Jean-Baptiste Demandre, bishop of Doubs
 Charles-François Dorlodot, bishop of Mayenne
 Louis-Alexandre Expilly de la Poipe, bishop of Finistère, the first constitutional bishop to be elected
 Claude Fauchet (revolutionist), bishop of Calvados in Normandy
 Léonard Honoré Gay de Vernon, bishop of Haute-Vienne
 Jean-Baptiste Gobel, bishop of Paris
 Henri Grégoire, bishop of Loir-et-Cher, better known as abbé Grégoire
 Marc-Antoine Huguet (1757-1796), bishop of Creuse (executed by firing squad on 124 Fructidor, year 4)
 Louis Jarente de Sénac d'Orgeval, bishop of Loiret
 Antoine-Adrien Lamourette, bishop of Rhône-et-Loire (Lyon)
 Jean-Claude Leblanc de Beaulieu, Arch?bishop of Rouen in Normandy
René Lecesve, bishop of Poitiers.
Claude Le Coz, bishop of Ille-et-Vilaine
Jean-Baptiste Massieu, bishop of Oise in Picardy
 Charles II Montault-Désilles, bishop of Maine et Loire (Angers)
 Hugues Pelletier, bishop of Maine et Loire (Angers) in Anjou
 Michel-Joseph de Pidoll, bishop of Sarthe
 Pierre Pontard, bishop of Dordogne
 François-Ambroise Rodrigue, bishop of Vendée
 Barthélémy-Jean-Baptiste Sanadon, bishop of Basses-Pyrénées
 Jean-Baptiste Pierre Saurine, bishop of Landes
 Noël-Gabriel-Luce Villar, bishop of Mayenne

References

Bibliography
  Rodney J. Dean, L'Église constitutionnelle, Napoléon et le Concordat de 1801, Paris, Picard, 2004, 737 p. (French edition)
  Edmond Préclin, Les Jansénistes du XVIIIe siècle et la Constitution civile du clergé. Le développement du richérisme. Sa propagation dans le bas clergé. 1713-1791, Paris, librairie universitaire J. Gamber, 1929, 578 p.

Religion and the French Revolution
Catholic Church in France
1791 establishments in France
1801 disestablishments
First French Empire