The 1989 San Diego Chargers season was the franchise's 20th season in the National Football League (NFL), its 30th overall and the first season under head coach Dan Henning, whose predecessor, Al Saunders, had been fired shortly after the previous season.

The team matched their 6–10 record from 1988. Their season followed a similar pattern to the previous year, with their six wins arriving in three pairs. San Diego brought in a high-profile free agent in quarterback Jim McMahon, but it was their defensive unit that saw a big improvement, ranking sixth in the league, and never conceding more than 26 points in a game after week 2.

On the field, McMahon's form was indifferent; off it, he repeatedly clashed with journalists. He was released shortly after the season finished. Second-year receiver Anthony Miller had a strong year with 1,252 yards. The running game lost Gary Anderson to a holdout, which lasted the entire season; one of his replacements, 7th-round draft pick Marion Butts, was the only player from San Diego's 1989 draft class to make the Pro Bowl during his career.

The combination of a strong defense and mediocre offense led to several close finishes - thirteen games were decided by seven points or fewer, including the last twelve in a row. Before the NFL adopted the two-point conversion in 1994, this was tied for the most one-score games in a single season.

Offseason

Head coaching change

Al Saunders was fired the day after the 1988 season ended, after two-and-a-half seasons in charge. He had compiled a 17-22 record, with no playoff appearances. Saunders had publicly criticised the personnel decisions of Steve Ortmayer, the Chargers' director of football operations, creating personal friction that potentially accelerated his departure.

Marty Schottenheimer, who had recently resigned as Cleveland Browns head coach, was among those interviewed for the San Diego vacancy. Schottenheimer signed for the Chiefs instead, though he would become the Chargers' head coach 13 years later. Other candidates included Chicago assistant Johnny Roland, Washington assistant Dan Henning, Illinois head coach Mike White, and the Chargers' own defensive coordinator, Ron Lynn.

On February 9, Henning was named to the role, bringing an end to a long search - the Chargers had been the first in the league to fire their previous head coach, but the last to appoint a replacement. While serving as an offensive assistant with Washington, Henning's teams had won Super Bowls in 1981 and 1987. He had struggled as a head coach in between those jobs, compiling a record of 22-41-1 in Atlanta from 1983 to 1986, with a losing record in each of the four seasons. Ortmayer spoke of Henning's Super Bowl rings as a factor in the hire, as well as his willingness to retain the incumbent Chargers assistant coaches.

Henning had previously been in San Diego as a quarterback, in 1966, when he made his solitary appearance for a professional team.

Departures and arrivals

Having passed for 2,388 yards the previous season, third worst in the league, San Diego sought a new quarterback during the offseason. Chargers' owner Alex Spanos had mentioned Jim McMahon as a possible acquisition as early as March. McMahon had won a Super Bowl ring four seasons previously, but had proven injury-prone since then. San Diego were still linked with McMahon during the draft, and eventually worked out a deal on August 18, with McMahon's relationship with Chicago head coach Mike Ditka having deteriorated substantially. Chicago received a conditional pick in the following year's draft. This proved to be a second-round pick. Two quarterbacks from the previous season, meanwhile, left the team. Babe Laufenberg, who had started the first six games, was released in April; Mark Malone, starter in eight games, was re-signed in July but released in August after McMahon was acquired.

The running back position also saw significant upheaval, prompted by Gary Anderson's season-long holdout. Anderson, who was coming off a 1,000-yard season, asked that his wages be increased from $400,000 per season to $1 million. The Chargers' highest offer was $700,000. As the holdout dragged on, San Diego made lower offers, while refusing Anderson's trade requests. By October 21, the player had sold his home in San Diego, resolving not to play there again. After sitting out the entire year, he signed for the Buccaneers in April 1990. Also at the running back position, the versatile Lionel James was cut shortly before the season started, backup Barry Redden was traded to Cleveland, and former Super Bowl winner Timmy Smith came in as a free agent only to be cut. 8th-year running back Darrin Nelson came in in a mid-season trade. He arrived from Dallas in exchange for a mid-round draft pick, after stating he'd sooner retire than play for the Cowboys.

Wide receiver Phil McConkey, a former Super Bowl winner, was another mid-season pickup - his five games in San Diego proved to be the last of his NFL career.

There were also significant changes in the offensive line. Ken Dallafior (traded to Detroit) and Dan Rosado (waived) left after starting a combined 24 games in 1988, while Dennis McKnight, who had started every non-strike game since 1984, missed the entire season after rupturing a tendon in his knee in the final preseason game, and didn't play for the Chargers again. Newcomers to the line included tackles Joel Patten and Brett Miller, who were picked up from the Colts and Falcons respectively.

On defense, 1988 holdout Chip Banks went to Indianapolis, and Keith Browner was released after failing a drug test. Browner had started 15 games at linebacker in 1988. The Chargers added Jim Collins, a former Pro Bowl linebacker.

The Chargers also released punter Ralf Mojsiejenko and kickers Steve DeLine and Vince Abbott. Fourteen-year veteran Chris Bahr beat out DeLine and Abbott for the kicking job in training camp, while Lewis Colbert lasted only two games as the new punter before being replaced by CFL veteran Hank Ilesic.

NFL Draft

San Diego made ten selections in the 1989 Draft. Their first pick (eighth overall) was defensive end Burt Grossman, from the University of Pittsburgh, described by Henning as "the best downline pass rusher in this draft". The Chargers came close to timing out and forfeiting their pick, as several possible deals to trade down fell through - San Diego were trying to obtain a free agent quarterback, with both McMahon and Washington backup Stan Humphries mentioned as possibilities. Humphries would become a Charger four years later. Grossman held out until August 25, but ultimately signed a five-year deal worth over $3 million.

In the second round, San Diego picked center Courtney Hall. Long-time center Don Macek had missed the final 11 games of the previous season through injury; Hall was inserted into the starting line-up in week 1, and didn't miss a game until 1994. With McMahon not yet acquired, the Chargers gave up three picks to select a quarterback. They worked a trade with the Giants, swapping a third-, fourth- and seventh-round pick for New York's second-round choice. With this, they selected Billy Joe Tolliver from Texas Tech.

Further down in the draft, San Diego found a future Pro Bowler in running back Marion Butts. With Anderson holding out, Butts was pressed into immediate action in 1989, and finished as the Chargers' top rusher. He would gain over 4,000 yards in 5 seasons with the team. During training camp, eighth-round pick Dana Brinson made a sufficiently good impression as a runner and receiver that he took Lionel James' spot on the roster.

Personnel

Staff

Roster

Preseason

San Diego struggled to a 20–3 defeat in their preseason opener, turning the ball over five times against the Cowboys. Quarterbacks Billy Joe Tolliver, David Archer and Mark Malone combined for 20 completions from 42 attempts, for 198 yards. The Chargers managed only a Chris Bahr field goal, wasting a strong defensive performance that saw Dallas gain only 206 yards. Rookie Marion Butts led all rushers with 12 carries for 61 yards. Jim McMahon joined the Chargers the day before their second game, which was against his old club, Chicago. McMahon featured only briefly, with Tolliver throwing two touchdown passes in a 24–7 win. McMahon saw more extensive action in the next game, a 17–14 loss to the defending Super Bowl champions, San Francisco. He struggled, completing 7 of 13 passes for 26 yards and an interception. Tolliver again threw two touchdowns, with Butts and Anthony Miller scoring after the 49ers went 17–0 ahead. Steve DeLine was short on a potentially game-tying 53-yard field goal try late in the game.

The final preseason game had a dramatic finish. Despite a 49-yard touchdown pass from McMahon to Miller, the Chargers trailed 20–7 after a Cardinals' field goal with 9:38 to play. Tolliver then led a 65-yard touchdown drive, with Butts scoring from a yard out. Bahr, who had earlier missed two field goals, then recovered his own onside kick, but Tolliver was intercepted. After forcing a punt, San Diego took over on their own 39 with 1:49 to play, and began a 15-play drive that saw Tolliver convert two fourth downs, before breaking a collarbone while  scrambling out of bounds at the Phoenix 4 yard line with a second left. McMahon came back in and found Quinn Early for the game-winner as time expired. As well as Tolliver, offensive lineman Dennis McKnight ruptured during a tendon in his knee during the game, and missed the whole regular season.

Regular season

Overview

Jim McMahon struggled at quarterback, and was benched for five games, including the final four of the year. He passed for under 100 yards in three of his eleven starts, and finished the year with 2,132 yds, 10 touchdowns and 10 interceptions. His relations with the media were frequently frosty: when asked by a reporter whether he was in pain, McMahon responded, "Only when I look at you". On another occasion, he blew his nose in the direction of a reporter who had brought up San Diego's two-minute offense. Dan Henning released McMahon shortly after the season ended. Rookie backup Billy Joe Tolliver won two of his five starts, but his passer rating of 57.9 was well below the league average of 75.6. Despite the indifferent quarterbacking play, second-year wide receiver Anthony Miller performed well enough that his teammates voted him the Chargers' MVP for the season; he had 75 catches for 1,252 yards and 10 touchdowns, ranking at least eleventh in the league in each statistic. His mark for receptions was twice what any of his teammates posted, his yardage triple any teammate, and his touchdown tally was double the combined total of every other Charger.

While Gary Anderson's holdout meant that the running game had lost a 1,000-yard rusher from 1988, rookie Marion Butts proved a pleasant surprise for his head coach, scoring seven touchdowns in his first six games. He had a scoring drought mid-season, and missed time through injury, but still led the team with 683 yards at 4 yards per carry, while his total of nine rushing touchdowns ranked seventh in the league. Tim Spencer added 521 yards, and the team ranked near the middle of the league overall.

San Diego's defense ranked ninth in the league for points allowed, and sixth for yardage. They benefitted from a strong defensive front seven, where Leslie O'Neal shifted to the outside linebacker position to make room for rookie defensive end Burt Grossman. O'Neal, back to full fitness following his 1986 knee injury, had  sacks, while Grossman had 10 and Lee Williams led the AFC with 14. The trio's combined total of  helped San Diego rank third in the league with 48 sacks. Inside linebacker Gary Plummer led the team with 146 tackles, while Gill Byrd's seven interceptions were the most by a Charger, and tied for fourth-best in the league.

On special teams, Chris Bahr made 17 of 25 kicks, ranking 22nd in the league with a 68% conversion rate. The Chargers struggled to cover kick returns, giving up the fifth highest average yardage per punt return with 10.5 and second highest per kickoff return with 21.9. Anthony Miller, in addition to his successes on offense, averaged 25.4 yards on 21 kickoff returns, fourth best in the league, while running one back for a touchdown for the second consecutive season.

Schedule

Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

Game summaries

All game reports use the Pro Football Researchers' gamebook archive as a source.

Week 1: at Los Angeles Raiders

Jim McMahon struggled on his San Diego debut as the Chargers were well beaten. On the game's first play from scrimmage, a hit by Leslie O'Neal on Jay Schroeder forced the Raider quarterback to leave the game, but not until after he'd capped a 4-play, 76-yard drive with a touchdown pass. McMahon converted third downs with his arm and his legs during the answering drive; San Diego reached a 3rd and 1 at midfield, from where rookie Marion Butts burst through the middle and scored a 50-yard touchdown on only his third NFL carry. O'Neal sacked backup QB Steve Beuerlein on the next drive to force a punt, but Los Angeles came back with three straight touchdown drives, and Beuerlein had scoring throws on two of them. With San Diego's offense struggling to move the ball consistently, it was 28–7 early in the 3rd quarter.

San Diego were then forced to punt, but Chris Gannon recovered a Tim Brown fumble on the return. Taking over at the Raider 43, McMahon immediately hit Anthony Miller for 38 yards down the left sideline, and Butts scored from a yard out three plays later. With David Archer in at quarterback, the Chargers could add no further points. Los Angeles scored three times in quick succession in the final quarter to turn the game into a runaway: a field goal was followed by Victor Floyd muffing the kickoff, and being tackled in the end zone for a safety; the Raiders received the ensuing free kick, and added a touchdown in short order.

McMahon completed 7 of 18 passes, for 91 yards. Butts carried nine times, gaining 64 of San Diego's 171 rushing yards and scoring two touchdowns.

Week 2: vs. Houston Oilers

A run of 31 unanswered Oilers points proved too much for San Diego to overcome. Following a Tony Zendejas field goal, McMahon was intercepted on the Chargers' first play from scrimmage. The defense forced a punt, and Cris Dishman was flagged for unnecessary roughness to keep the next Charger drive alive. The play after the penalty, McMahon found Miller for a 63-yard touchdown. The receiver was open at the Houston 25, and wrong-footed the last defender before scoring easily. McMahon threw incomplete on 4th down in the red zone the next time San Diego had the ball, but they soon made another chance - Elvis Patterson blocked a punt, which rolled out of bounds at the Oiler's 1 yard line. Butts scored off right tackle a play later.

Down 14–3, Houston quickly retaliated when Warren Moon connected with Ernest Givins for a 14-yard touchdown. When Floyd fumbled later in the half, Moon ran the go-ahead score in himself. McMahon completed four passes on the next drive, but his throw on 2nd and 15 from the Oiler 24 was tipped and intercepted - Houston added another field goal as time expired in the half. In the 3rd quarter, a Butts fumble and McMahon interception were turned into a pair of Oiler touchdowns, giving them a 34–14 lead.

San Diego fought back in the final quarter. McMahon converted a pair of third downs with completions to Rod Bernstine and Quinn Early, before Butts scored his fourth touchdown in two games on 3rd and goal from the 1, completing an 80-yard drive. Archer botched the hold on the extra point, keeping the deficit at fourteen. Houston then recovered an onside kick and ran the clock down to only three minutes before Zendejas missed a 24-yard chip shot wide left. The Chargers again drove 80 yards for a touchdown; Miller had catches of 12 yards (to convert a 4th and 10), and 10 yards (for a touchdown, with 55 seconds to play). Lester Lyles then appeared to have recovered an onside kick for the Chargers, but after a five-minute consultation, officials ruled the ball had been illegally touched before travelling ten yards. The kick was retaken, and the Oilers recovered, clinching their win.

McMahon was 27 of 45 for 389 yards, two touchdowns and three interceptions. His completions and yardage would stand as single game career-highs. San Diego outgained Houston 413–367, but committed all five of the game's turnovers.

Week 3: vs. Kansas City Chiefs

San Diego intercepted Steve DeBerg five times as they posted their first win of the year. Miller's 35-yard reception gave the Chargers a 1st and goal at the 2 early on, but four straight rushing plays ended with Butts being stuffed a yard short of the goal line, turning the ball over on downs. Vencie Glenn soon gave his team another chance by intercepting a tipped pass and returning it 31 yards to the Chief 17. Tim Spencer had back-to-back carries of eight and nine yards at right tackle, the latter for a touchdown. In reply, Christian Okoye broke off a 59-yard run, setting up a field goal. Gill Byrd intercepted an underthrown bomb from DeBerg to stop a later Kansas City threat, but the Chiefs managed a further field goal, and trailed by just one point at halftime.

The Chargers opened the second half with an 11-play, 74-yard touchdown drive. Rod Bernstein, who played as both tight end and running back during the game, rushed for 12 yards early in the drive; Butts added 14-yard gains on consecutive plays, moving the ball to the 1, from where Bernstine pulled in McMahon's pass. On the next two Chief drives, Byrd had his second interception of the game, and strong safety Martin Bayless claimed his first as a Charger. San Diego's offense went three-and-out after both turnovers, and Kansas City drove into the red zone. O'Neal's third down sack forced a field goal try, and kicker Nick Lowery missed from 40 yards out to keep it a two-score game. Miller's 20-yard catch then helped San Diego move the ball to the Chief 32, from where Bernstine ran off tackle for the clinching touchdown, 3:31 from time. Lester Lyles bagged the final Charger interception shortly afterwards.

In contrast to the previous week, McMahon only passed for 96 yards, while his running game gained 200 yards on 37 carries. Bernstine (73 yards), Butts (62) and Spencer (57), split the bulk of the workload between them. San Diego won the turnover battle 5–0 a week after losing it by the same margin.

Week 4: at Phoenix Cardinals

Billy Ray Smith made two critical plays as San Diego took control of a close game in the final quarter. The Charger offense was unproductive in the first half, gaining 80 yards and three first downs while punting five times. Phoenix also struggled to move the ball, but managed a 54-yard field goal drive shortly before halftime. After a second Cardinal field goal, San Diego finally sprang into life, covering 82 yards in just 6 plays - Miller's 47-yard reception moved the ball into Phoenix territory, and his 16-yard touchdown put his team ahead. Only two plays later, Gary Hogeboom threw a 57-yard bomb to Roy Green, restoring the Cardinal lead at 13–7.

McMahon had completions of 20 and 16 yards on the next drive, as well as a 14-yard carry. After his incompletion on 3rd and goal from the four, Chris Bahr came on for a field goal try. He made the kick, but Phoenix were guilty of a hold, giving San Diego a fresh set of downs. Butts scored on the next play, and the Chargers were ahead to stay, fourteen minutes from time. Two plays later, Byrd forced a fumble which Smith scooped up and returned 15 yards for a touchdown. Smith continued to make an impact as the final quarter wore on, breaking up a fourth down pass in Charger territory and recovering a second fumble to set up a field goal. The Cardinals' last big chance ended when Lee Williams sacked Hogeboom on 4th and 3 from the Charger 8, three minutes from time.

Byrd and Bennett each intercepted a pass in the game, and San Diego had a 4–0 edge in turnovers.

Week 5: at Denver Broncos

Given the chance to join Denver stop the AFC West, the Chargers instead slipped two games back with a narrow defeat. There were only six drives in total in the first half, with the bulk of the time being taken up by a trio of eight-minute field goal drives - one by San Diego, two by Denver. The Chargers forced a punt on the opening possession of the second half, which Dana Brinson returned 52 yards to the Bronco 28. Six plays later, Butts scored from the 2-yard line. Broncos running back Bobby Humphrey broke off a 40-yard run later in the 3rd quarter, but Byrd intercepted John Elway when he tried a long pass on the next play.

Tim Spencer lost a fumble with ten minutes to play, which Denver turned into a third field goal. After a Charger punt, Denver drove to the San Diego 37, where they faced a 4th and 1 at the two-minute warning, trailing 10–9. The Broncos converted, Elway faking a handoff up the middle and instead giving to Steve Sewell, who swept left and eluded O'Neal's dive before turning the corner and gaining seven yards. Humphrey scored the winning points two plays later with a 16-yard run. There were 57 seconds still to play, but McMahon threw two incompletions followed by a game-sealing interception.

Week 6: vs. Seattle Seahawks

Crucial blocked kicks led to a one-point loss for the Chargers. Both offenses began well: Jamie Holland drew a 39-yard pass interference penalty to account for nearly half of an 82-yard touchdown drive (Arthur Cox scoring), before Seattle drove from their own 26 all the way to a 4th and goal from the 1. Dave Krieg then threw incomplete, but Smith was called for a hold to prolong the drive, and Curt Warner scored on the next play. McMahon was then intercepted when Dana Brinson bobbled a pass, and Seattle capitalised with a field goal. Miller's 44-yard catch was the biggest play of the next drive, as San Diego went 81 yards and Chris Bahr levelled the scores at 10–10 with a 29-yard kick. Late in the first half Byrd intercepted Krieg, but McMahon lost a fumble as San Diego threatened to move into field goal range.

Brinson fumbled a punt early in the second half, and Seattle only had to drive 16 yards to take a seven-point lead. Vencie Glenn and Seahawk Eugene Robinson had interceptions on back to back plays early in the 4th quarter, before San Diego forced a punt and took over at their own 18 with nine minutes to play. They drove 82 yards in 10 plays, with rookie receiver Wayne Walker's 31-yard catch the biggest play. Butts finished the drive with a 2-yard touchdown run, but Bahr's game-tying extra point attempt was blocked by the Seahawks with 4:45 to play. San Diego had an immediate chance to make amends, as David Brandon recovered a fumble on the ensuing kickoff, but the offense backed up from the Seattle 18 to the 33, and Bahr's 51-yard attempt was met by a second block. After forcing a punt, the Chargers had one final chance, starting from their own 10 with 1:51 to play. A 43-yard catch by Walker helped them reach a 2nd and 4 at the Seattle 27, before a holding penalty backed them up. McMahon threw incomplete with 10 seconds to play, then was sacked by Rufus Porter and the clock ran out.

Miller finished with 7 catches for 116 yards.

Week 7: vs. New York Giants

San Diego's offense was kept out of the end zone as they slipped to another defeat. The Chargers managed only two first downs on their first three drives, and trailed 3–0 midway through the 2nd quarter. McMahon kept their next drive alive with when he barely ran for enough to convert a 4th and 3 from the Giants 30, allowing Bahr to tie the scores with a 26-yard kick. New York appeared to have answered with a touchdown, but Mark Bavaro's catch was ruled out by penalty, and Raul Allegre made his second field goal as time expired in the half.

The Chargers had the ball to start the second half, but McMahon was intercepted at his own 48. Ottis Anderson had two big four-yard runs on the ensuing drive - one to convert a 4th and 1, the other for a touchdown. A field goal pulled San Diego back within seven, and a sack by Williams on Phil Simms forced the Giants to punt from near their own goal line. The Chargers took over on the New York 44, but could muster only a single yard before being forced to punt. Simms then led an 87-yard touchdown drive, and Anderson scored again with 6:28 to play. After three McMahon incompletions, a fake punt failed to fool New York, and the Giants took over in Charger territory. The San Diego defense pulled the team back into the game, Smith punching the ball free for Glenn to recover and return 81 yards for an easy touchdown with 2:19 on the clock. The Giants then went three-and-out, and San Diego had a last chance to tie, taking over at their own 46 with 1:46 still to work with. Their last drive soon stalled, however, comprising two penalties, a sack and three incompletions before New York took over on downs and ran the clock out.

San Diego were outgained 327–179. Taken together with his 103-yard interception return two seasons earlier, Glenn owned the club records for longest touchdowns on both fumble returns and interception returns up to this point.

Week 8: at Seattle Seahawks

A change at quarterback did little to spark the Chargers, as they lost a game that saw only three points scored through the first 58 minutes. Rookie Billy Joe Tolliver was given the nod over McMahon, but he led the team to only three first downs in eight possessions, as the Chargers were outgained 273–53 through three-quarters. They were kept in the game by a resilient defensive performance, with Patterson and Smith producing interceptions in their own territory, and an off day from Seattle kicker Norm Johnson, who made only one attempt out of four.

McMahon entered the game in the 4th quarter, and the offense improved. They reached Seattle territory for the first time, before a penalty on James Fitzpatrick wiped out a third down conversion, and they were forced to punt. Burt Grossman sacked Dave Krieg on the next drive, and the Chargers got the ball back in good field position at their own 45. McMahon's 22-yard pass to Miller opened the drive, and San Diego drove inside the Seattle 10 before penalties brought them to a 3rd and goal at the 14. McMahon found Arthur Cox in the end zone, the tight end diving to make the catch at full stretch. Up 7–3 with 1:53 to play, San Diego were unable to prevent a Seattle response. Krieg converted a 4th and 3 before finding Brian Blades for a 21-yard touchdown, 40 seconds from time. San Diego reached their own 46 in response, before an unusual finish - McMahon's pass was batted back to him, he caught it and was tackled at midfield as time expired.

Tolliver completed 6 of 17 passes for 41 yards and an interception. The Chargers sacked Krieg five times, with O'Neal and Grossman claiming two each.

Week 9: vs. Philadelphia Eagles

A major stroke of luck in the final seconds helped San Diego upset the 6–2 Eagles. McMahon, restored to the starting line-up, led a 14-play, 73-yard drive on the game's opening possession, converting four third downs with pass completions. Three of these went to Miller, including a six-yard touchdown pass. Miller brought the ball in one-handed at the five, ducked out of a tackle and darted into the end zone to open the scoring. The Charger defense foiled two good Eagle chances in the 2nd quarter: Randall Cunningham fumbled a red zone snap, with Cedric Figaro recovering, and Sam Seale intercepted a third down pass at his own 23. Cunningham did manage a touchdown on the next Eagles possession, and a missed 33-yard field goal by Bahr left the scores level at halftime.

Philadelphia drove into Charger territory at the start of the second half, but Grossman sacked Cunningham on third down to force a punt. McMahon's 37-yard completion to a wide-open Joe Caravello set up a Bahr field goal and a 10–7 lead. Leslie O'Neal then forced a punt with another third down sack of Cunningham. San Diego struck on the very next play with a 69-yard touchdown by Miller. McMahon faked a handoff before finding the receiver in stride behind two defenders at the Eagle 25. After a Philadelphia field goal, McMahon's third down pass bounced off the hands of Jamie Holland and was intercepted by Eric Allen in Charger territory. Keith Byars tied the scores three plays later, with ten minutes to play.

On the next drive, McMahon converted a 3rd and 13 with a 16-yard pass to Walker; the Chargers reached the edge of field goal range before Brinson lost a fumble at the Eagle 35. Philadelphia reached a 3rd and 1 at the San Diego 44 in response, but Grossman made a tackle for no gain, and the Eagles opted to punt with two minutes left. San Diego took over at their own 9-yard line, and faced a 2nd and 14 after an incompletion and a penalty. Butts then broke off consecutive gains of 13 and 6 yards to keep the drive alive. On the next play, McMahon and Walker teamed on a 49-yard completion up the right sideline. Two plays later, Bahr came in to attempt a 44-yard game-winner. He missed wide left, but Fitzpatrick had committed a false start penalty, negating the play. Given a second chance from 49 yards, Bahr was successful with four seconds to play.

Miller had 5 catches for 129 yards and two touchdowns. O'Neal was credited with  out of 5 Charger sacks on the day.

Week 10: vs. Los Angeles Raiders

Two big special teams plays sparked San Diego to another win. Los Angeles kicker Jeff Jaeger kicked the first of four Raider field goals in the 1st quarter. The Chargers were poised to tie the scores after driving inside the Los Angeles 10-yard line, but a botched snap prevented Bahr from attempting his kick; the Raiders drove 40 yards the other way for another Jaeger kick and a 6–0 lead. A McMahon bomb was then intercepted, but Raider quarterback Jay Schroeder also struggled, with Elvis Patterson and Roy Bennett picking off passes in Charger territory. After Bennett's interception, San Diego reached a 4th and 1 at the Los Angeles 43 - they went for the conversion, but McMahon was sacked, and Jaeger field goals either side of halftime pushed the Raider lead to 12–0.

Anthony Miller then produced a game-changing play, fielding a kickoff at his own 9, cutting to the right sideline and racing untouched for a 91-yard touchdown. Shortly afterwards, a Sam Seale interception set the Chargers up in Raider territory - they reached a first down at the eleven before Tim Spencer swept around right end and lost a fumble a yard from the goal line. The defense forced a punt which Ken Woodard partially blocked, and Figaro returned 14 yards to the 23. Given a second chance, Spencer caught an 8-yard pass, and followed up with carries of 4, 6 and 5 yards to give his side the lead, 8:38 from time. Schroeder appeared to have moved the Raiders into field goal range on the next drive, but his 19-yard scramble to the 22 was wiped out by penalty. O'Neal then sacked Schroeder, and the Raiders were forced to punt. San Diego ran out the last 4:21 of the clock, with Anthony Allen's 11-yard catch and Spencer's 9-yard run converting a pair of 3rd and 6 situations.

McMahon completed 9 of 20 passes for just 88 yards and an interception.

Week 11: at Pittsburgh Steelers

In a reversal from the previous week, San Diego fell victim to a kickoff return touchdown and lost despite an excellent defensive performance. Both Lester Lyles and Dana Brinson fumbled punts in the opening quarter, but the Chargers trailed only 3–0 after Tim Worley fumbled through the end zone on one drive, and on another was stopped by Gary Plummer for no gain on 4th and 1 from the San Diego 22. After that, the Chargers took the lead with a 79-yard touchdown drive that spanned the 1st and 2nd quarters. McMahon found Holland for 25 yards to move into Steeler territory, and Spencer converted a 4th and 1 with a 6-yard carry. On the next play, Miller caught a 20-yard touchdown pass over the middle. Pittsburgh later pulled three points back on a drive that saw Figaro flagged for running into the punter. San Diego reached the Steeler 25 with six seconds left in the half, but risked running another play and the clock ran out as McMahon threw incomplete.

San Diego drove 61 yards in 13 plays to open the 3rd quarter, running over seven minutes off the clock and going up 10–6 through a Bahr field goal. On the ensuing kickoff, Rod Woodson cut to the left sideline and outran the Charger coverage team for an 84-yard touchdown. The Chargers came straight back with a 68-yard touchdown drive. During the drive, a penalty left them facing a 2nd and 20 from the Steeler 39. On the next three plays, Miller had catches of 18 yards, 2 yards to pick up a first down, and 19 yards for the touchdown after McMahon bought time by rolling to his right. Following an exchange of punts, Pittsburgh drove all the way from their own 9-yard line to a 1st and goal at the Charger 1. After three runs netted zero yards, Merril Hoge took the ball up the middle on fourth down, easily scoring with 6:17 to play. The Chargers reached 2nd and 5 at the Steeler 42 in response, but McMahon threw an interception straight to David Little with 2:22 on the clock. San Diego's final possession consisted of a false start, a sack, and three incompletions.

San Diego outgained Pittsburgh 359–191. Miller caught 7 passes for 104 yards and two touchdowns.

Week 12: at Indianapolis Colts

As they had done in Seattle earlier in the season, San Diego lost to a late touchdown despite conceding only ten points in the game. After an early exchange of punts, O'Neal forced Eric Dickerson to fumble, with Les Miller recovering at the Indianapolis 25. However, Darrin Nelson fumbled the ball back to the Colts only two plays later. Later, Glenn intercepted Justin Trudeau at the Charger 43, and San Diego managed to get close enough for Bahr to open the scoring with a 33-yard kick. Indianapolis kicked a field goal of their own before halftime, and the scores stayed level through the 3rd quarter, with Bahr missing from 44 yards out.

San Diego began a 14-play drive on the final play of the 3rd quarter, moving from their own 22 to the Colt 6, with Holland's 33-yard catch the biggest play. They set up to attempt a field goal on fourth and goal, but a bad snap forced holder David Archer to try a pass, which fell incomplete. The Charger defense then forced a three-and-out; Phil McConkey returned the punt 20 yards to the 24, and a facemask penalty moved the ball to the 12-yard line. McMahon found Nelson for a touchdown on third down, but Anthony Miller was flagged for offensive pass interference, and San Diego had to settle for Bahr's 38-yard kick with 3:41 to play. The Colt offense then awoke, gaining 87 of their game total of 264 yards on a six-play touchdown drive, Trudeau hitting Bill Brooks for a 25-yard score with 1:54 left. Needing a touchdown, San Diego began their reply on their own 31, and gained nine yards on three plays before McMahon threw incomplete.

McMahon finished 18 of 33 for 173 yards, while being sacked five times. He was benched for the final four games of the season, and did not play for the Chargers again.

Week 13: vs. New York Jets

Billy Joe Tolliver replaced McMahon as starting quarterback, but the result was another narrow defeat. After Johnny Hector had scored the opening touchdown for the Jets, Jamie Holland ran the ensuing kickoff back 34 yards, then drew a 31-yard pass interference penalty that moved the ball to the New York 20-yard line. Tolliver was intercepted two plays later, and San Diego came up empty handed. Butts was later stuffed on a 4th and 1 try, but tied the scores in five minutes before halftime with a 40-yard run. He burst up the middle and shrugged off four tacklers en route to his first touchdown since week 6.

In the 3rd quarter, Lester Lyles stopped a dangerous drive with a one-handed interception, and Anthony Miller's 30-yard reception helped set up a 39-yard Bahr field goal. Roger Vick scored a pair of touchdowns in the final quarter, either side of another Tolliver interception. Down 20–10, the Chargers were forced to punt with barely six minutes to play, but got a break when Vick fumbled, with O'Neal recovering at the New York 49. Tolliver led his team on a quick touchdown drive, finding Miller for a 5-yard score with 3:25 to play. After a Jets three-and-out, Tolliver completed five consecutive passes, positioning Bahr for a 37-yard field goal with 13 seconds left. The kick skewed far to the right of the posts, costing San Diego a chance to win in overtime.

Seale, Byrd and Lyles all had interceptions for San Diego. Williams had two of the defense's five sacks.

Week 14: at Washington Redskins

An excellent start came to nothing as San Diego lost for the eighth time in ten games. The Chargers took the opening kickoff and drove 78 yards in 6 plays, with Tolliver and Miller combining for a 49-yard gain and a 25-yard touchdown. After forcing a punt, they drove 80 yards in 9 plays - this time, Walker made the big plays, with a 43-yard catch and a 4-yard touchdown. A Byrd interception helped keep Washington at bay until shortly before halftime, when Byrd was beaten by Ricky Sanders for a 45-yard touchdown catch.

Washington had three consecutive field goal drives in the 3rd quarter, while the Chargers twice went three-and-out. Down 16–14, San Diego improved in the final quarter. Tolliver found Nelson for 32 yards on 3rd and 7, and Butts scored from the 10 with 8:04 to play. The lead lasted only 37 seconds, as Washington followed a 51-yard kickoff return with a 33-yard touchdown pass from Mark Rypien to Gary Clark on 4th and 4. Soon afterwards, a bad exchange on the snap between Center Courtney Hall and Tolliver led to a fumble that Washington recovered, and turned into another field goal. San Diego's final drive began on their own 30 with 3:22 to play, and took them to a 4th and 3 from the Washington 6 with 83 seconds left. Tolliver's final pass was knocked away from Walker, and Washington ran out the clock.

The Chargers gained a season-high 427 yards. Tolliver was 24 of 39 for 350 yards and two touchdowns. Miller had 8 catches for 152 yards and a touchdown, while Walker caught 7 for 105 yards and a touchdown.

Week 15: at Kansas City Chiefs

A standout performance by Marion Butts led the Chargers to a sweep of the playoff-chasing Chiefs. San Diego produced an error-riddled first half, with Tolliver throwing an interception, and both Tolliver and Walker losing fumbles. The Chiefs turned two of these turnovers into field goals, and added a touchdown after Bahr missed a 42-yard field goal. Down 13–0 with 1:45 left in the half, Tolliver got the offense moving, with completions on three consecutive plays covering 66 yards. Three plays later, he found tight end Andy Parker for a 1-yard touchdown with 17 seconds on the clock.

San Diego maintained their momentum after the break. Nelson's 27-yard carry was the longest play of a 61-yard drive, ending in a field goal. After a Chiefs punt, the Chargers drove 80 yards in 9 plays to take the lead. Butts carried 5 times for 45 yards on the drive, while Miller had a 25-yard reception and a 5-yard touchdown catch. When Bahr hit his second field goal of the game on the following drive, San Diego had scored on four consecutive possessions, and led by seven points with 8:43 to play. After a Chief punt, Butts lost a fumble at his own 36-yard line, but Lyles sacked Steve DeBerg for a 10-yard loss and Kansas City were forced to punt again. The Chiefs had one more possession, converting a fourth down as they drove from their own 36 to the Charger 19, but Bennett intercepted DeBerg in the end zone with 12 seconds to play.

Butts ran 39 times for 176 yards, both of which proved to be career highs.

Week 16: vs. Denver Broncos

San Diego overcame six turnovers to beat the playoff-bound Broncos. Butts converted a 4th and 1 in the 2nd quarter, and Bahr put the Chargers up 3–0. Denver, who had clinched the #1 seed in the AFC, pulled John Elway after he had thrown a touchdown to Bobby Humphrey in response. Shortly before halftime, Miller had catches of 18 and 15 yards, while also gaining 24 yards on an end-around, enabling Bahr to pull it back to 7–6. Tolliver was intercepted three times in the first half, but none of those turnovers led to Denver points.

Glenn intercepted Denver backup Gary Kubiak at the Bronco 40 two plays into the 3rd quarter. San Diego only drove five yards from there, but Bahr tied the club record for longest field goal with a 53-yarder. McConkey fumbled a punt shortly afterwards, and Denver went back ahead with a field goal of their own. Denver were back in Charger territory on their next drive, but O'Neal forced and recovered a fumble from Humphrey. Tolliver was intercepted again shortly afterwards, but made amends on the next Charger drive. Starting from his own 19, Tolliver converted a 3rd and 7 with a 14-yard pass to Nelson, then went deep and found the same player for 49 yards. The pair combined again to convert a 3rd and 9 with a 10-yard gain, bringing up 1st and goal from the 4. Three plays later, Spencer scored on 4th and goal from the 1 for a 16–10 lead midway through the final quarter.

Following an exchange of punts, Denver drove to the Charger 29 before O'Neal's fourth down sack stopped them with under two minutes to play. Three plays later, Miller fumbled on a reverse, then Glenn was twice flagged for pass interference and Denver tied the score with 35 seconds left (a failed conversion kept them from taking the lead). Tolliver then completed passes to four different receivers, moving the ball from the Charger 28 to the Bronco 27. From there, Bahr made a 45-yard field goal as time expired.

San Diego had seven sacks in total. Tolliver was 22 of 48 for 305 yards, while becoming the first Charger quarterback to win while throwing no touchdowns and four interceptions.

Standings

References

San Diego Chargers
San Diego Chargers seasons
San Diego Chargers f


Manlio Fabio Beltrones Rivera (born August 30, 1952) is a Mexican economist and elected official, member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), and a federal deputy since September 1, 2012. He was the president of the Senate during its 2006-2007 session and was reelected to that position for the 2010-2011 term. He served as Governor of Sonora from October 22, 1991 to September 12, 1997. He served two terms as federal deputy. He was the President of the Chamber of Deputies in 2004-2005. From 2015 to June 2016, he was the president of the Institutional Revolutionary Party.

Career
From an early age, Beltrones entered public life. He joined the PRI at 18, while studying economics at the UNAM. In addition to his electoral posts, he was president of the PRI's state committee in Sonora (Presidente del Comité Directivo Estatal del PRI); Secretary of Government (Secretario de Gobierno); undersecretary of the federal Interior Ministry (Subsecretario de Gobernación) and Secretary General of the PRI's most influential membership branch, Confederación Nacional de Organizaciones Populares, or CNOP.

In 1981, Beltrones married Sylvia Sánchez. The two have one daughter, Sylvana Beltrones Sánchez, a proportional representation federal deputy for the PRI. She is married to Pablo Escudero Morales, a Green Party senator.

At the age of 39, he became governor of his native state. His term was distinguished by construction of public projects in the state, even though the nation was going through a period of austerity. Finances in the state were the first to be audited and certified by professional auditing firms. In Sonora, he is particularly remembered for presiding over the creation of a new charter at the Universidad de Sonora. He has been an advocate of what is called the "new architecture of the Mexican state", a system under which all parties—as well as the Mexican public—have a voice in day-to-day policy-making. Beltrones has stated repeatedly that there can be no "untouchable" topics in Mexico's political arena and that the country deserves and requires a political class that encourages competitive policies that permit the country to prosper.

2012 presidential elections
Since 2010, it was speculated nationwide that he was going to seek his party's nomination for the 2012 presidential election. In 2011 various polls showed Beltrones leading the field of presidential candidates for 2012 Mexican presidential elections. However, on November 20, 2011, he announced that he was not doing so and this paved way for his fellow Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)'s president-elected Enrique Peña Nieto. Beltrones was widely expected to become the leader of PRI after its former president controversially stepped down in early December 2011.

Controversy
In 1994, incoming Mexican president Ernesto Zedillo requested that the United States provide his administration with the names of Mexican officials suspected of corruption who should not be considered for positions in the new administration. The United States indicated that Beltrones was suspected of using his power as governor of Sonora to protect drug lord Amado Carrillo Fuentes. Beltrones denied the allegations.

In March 2021 it was revealed that Sylvana Beltrones Sánchez, daughter of Manlio Fabio Beltrones, had deposited USD $10.4 million in the Banca Privada d’Andorra (BPA) in Andorra when she was 26 years old. Now at 38 and a senator, Beltrones Sánchez explained that she and her mother had opened the account to deposit the USD $2.8 million from the sale of apartments in Miami, although she did not explain where the other nearly $8 million came from. In 2015 Andorran judge Canòlich Mingorance secretly investigated the senator, her mother and her father for alleged money laundering. The investigation ended on October 18, 2018 at the request of the PGR.

References

External links
 Manlio Fabio Beltrones official site

1952 births
Governors of Sonora
Members of the Senate of the Republic (Mexico)
Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Presidents of the Senate of the Republic (Mexico)
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
Living people
21st-century Mexican politicians
People from Benito Juárez Municipality, Sonora
20th-century Mexican politicians
Politicians from Sonora


The 1988 San Diego Chargers season was the franchise's 19th season in the National Football League, its 29th overall and the second and final full season under head coach Al Saunders.

This was the first season after the retirement of Dan Fouts, who had been the Chargers' starting quarterback for the majority of games over the past 15 seasons. The new-look passing attack struggled in his absence, ranking 26th out of 28 teams. San Diego team failed to improve on their 8–7 record in 1987 and finished 6-10: following a 2-2 start, they lost six straight games to drop out of the playoff race.

Saunders was fired the day after the season finale, amid rumours of friction between the head coach and Director of Football Operations Steve Ortmayer.

Offseason

Departures

The San Diego offense saw three major departures: Dan Fouts had retired shortly after the 1987 season, Wes Chandler was traded to San Francisco in the off-season, while Kellen Winslow had a dispute with management over his fitness to play, and officially retired early in the 1988 season. Each of the trio are in the Chargers Hall of Fame; Fouts and Winslow are both in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Fouts had his number retired on November 27, at halftime of a game against the San Francisco 49ers.

Other departures also affected the passing game: Fouts' backup of the past three seasons, Mark Herrmann, also departed, traded to the Colts, while tight end Pete Holohan moved on to the Los Angeles Rams after seven seasons in San Diego. Pro Bowl left tackle Jim Lachey expressed discontentment in San Diego, and was traded to the Raiders for second-year lineman John Clay and a pair of draft picks. On defense, cornerback Danny Walters was released after being charged with DUI and the possession of cocaine, and linebacker Thomas Benson was traded to New England.

Arrivals

San Diego looked to the free agent market for their replacement at quarterback, acquiring eight-year veteran Mark Malone from Pittsburgh on April 12, in exchange for an eight-round draft pick. They later added journeyman Babe Laufenberg, who had previously been with four different teams (including San Diego in 1985) without throwing a pass. Another offensive acquisition was blocking tight end Arthur Cox, who would start every game in 1988.

On defense, linebacker Keith Browner and defensive back Roy Bennett were both added via free agency; Bennett had led the CFL in interceptions the previous year. Also in the defensive backfield, Leonard Coleman was acquired from the Colts in exchange for a 12th round draft pick, and two weeks into the season, Sam Seale was brought in from the LA Raiders after to replace an injured Pat Miller. Later in the season, kicker Vince Abbott was injured, and free agent Steve DeLine replaced him for the final five games.

NFL Draft

San Diego made 10 selections in the 1988 draft. They addressed their need at wide receiver by choosing Anthony Miller and Quinn Early with their first two selections. Both were seen as speedsters - Miller was timed at 4.33 seconds in the 40-yard dash, with Early at 4.36. Al Saunders had considered trading up to ensure the team could draft Miller, but the Chargers were able to secure their target with the 15th overall selection. Both receivers signed contracts in July.

In total, San Diego signed six of their ten selections. Miller (15 starts) and Early (11 starts) both saw extensive action as rookies, as did fourth-round pick David Richards, who started every game at right tackle.

Personnel

Staff

Roster

Preseason

Going into preseason, the Chargers' starting quarterback job was up for grabs, with Babe Laufenberg, Mark Malone and Mark Vlasic each given substantial playing time. In the first game, Laufenberg enhanced his case by leading a 4th quarter comeback against Dallas. The Cowboys took a 21–0 lead in the 3rd quarter, and were still up 21–3 when Laufenberg entered the game with 12:40 to play. He led three consecutive touchdown drives to put San Diego ahead, passing to Darren Flutie and Lionel James for scores, either side of a Tim Spencer touchdown run. The victory was confirmed when rookie wide receiver Michael Irvin lost a fumble in the Charger red zone with a minute to play.

Laufenberg struggled the following week, being on the receiving end of four of the seven sacks San Diego gave up in a one-sided loss to the Rams. Both he and Vlasic threw interceptions, while Malone completed 5 of 12 for 45 yards, and was credited by head coach Al Saunders with having shown the most poise. The passing attack improved the following week against San Francisco, as the Chargers built a 27–10 lead before conceding 24 unanswered points to lose. Laufenberg threw a pair of touchdown passes to Quinn Early, and Malone added a third, to Jamie Holland; Holland had 3 catches for 118 yards while rookie Anthony Miller added 5 for 96.

On August 23, Saunders named Laufenberg the probable starter for the opening weekend of the regular season. San Diego then finished their preseason schedule with a second defeat to the Rams, falling behind 31–0 at halftime before recovering to lose by just seven points. Laufenberg played the bulk of the game, finding Flutie for two touchdown passes in the 3rd quarter, and completing 15 of 25 passes for 214 yards.

Regular season

Overview

In the absence of Fouts, Winslow and Chandler, the once-mighty Charger passing attack collapsed completely, ranking 26th in the league with 2,388 yards. Only three seasons earlier, San Diego had topped the league with over double the yardage.

Saunders tried three different quarterbacks during the season: Babe Laufenberg, Mark Malone, and second-year pro Mark Vlasic. Each of the trio finished with a passer rating in the 50s - the league average for 1988 was 72.9, and Fouts had posted a rating of at least 70.0 in each of his last 12 seasons in San Diego. The receiving corps lacked experience - Jamie Holland, in his second year, led the team with 536 yards, while rookies Quinn Early and Anthony Miller caught the most touchdowns, with four and three respectively. Darren Flutie, another rookie, caught a pair of touchdowns - thirteen years later, his elder brother Doug would join the Chargers as their starting quarterback.

The running game fared considerably better, thanks in large part to the form of Gary Anderson. After gaining most of his yardage as a receiver out of the backfield during his first three years in San Diego, Anderson was used as a more conventional running back to good effect. Despite missing two games due to injury, his total of 1,119 yards ranked sixth in the league, and his average of 5.0 yards-per-carry was better than any of the five backs above him. Anderson had five 100-yard games, each of which the Chargers won, and rushed for 387 yards in the final two games alone.

On defense, San Diego had a mediocre campaign, ranking 18th for points allowed and 21st for yardage. Linebacker Chip Banks, who had started every non-strike game in 1987, was a holdout. Lee Williams led the team in sacks for the fourth consecutive year, with eleven; Leslie O'Neal saw limited action after missing the previous season through injury, and picked up four sacks in nine games. Linebacker Gary Plummer was credited with a team-leading 118 tackles. Gill Byrd, who had gone without an interception the previous season, rebounded to snag seven - nearly half the team's total of sixteen. Ralf Mojsiejenko's average of 44.1 yards per kick ranked second in the league. Holland and Miller ranked second and third respectively for kickoff return average; they each scored a touchdown return, making San Diego the only team with two such touchdowns.

Before the season, the Chargers made modifications to their uniforms, changing the color of the helmet and jersey from royal blue to a darker navy blue. They also switched the colors on the lightning bolt: it went from a yellow bolt with a white outline to a white bolt with a yellow outline. The team's facemasks also changed from yellow to navy blue. They would keep this helmet and uniform through the 2006 season.

Schedule

Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

Game summaries
All game reports use the Pro Football Researchers' gamebook archive as a source.

Week 1: at Los Angeles Raiders

The post-Fouts era began with Babe Laufenberg at quarterback. The journeyman failed to lead his offense past midfield on their first five drives, which resulted in four punts and an interception. In the early stages, San Diego's defense held the Raiders at bay, with Lee Williams forcing a fumble in Charger territory; following Laufenberg's error, Los Angeles drove 52 yards and Marcus Allen opened the scoring. Laufenberg then completed passes of 31 and 34 yards to rookies Quinn Early and Anthony Miller, setting up a Vince Abbott field goal. NFL debutant and future Hall of Famer Tim Brown sliced through the Charger coverage on the ensuing kickoff, for a 97-yard touchdown and 14–3 Raider lead at the intermission.

San Diego trimmed the deficit with another Abbott kick after halftime, then drove to a 1st and 10 on the Raider 17, courtesy of Early's 37-yard reverse and Laufenberg's fourth down sneak. From there, the Chargers committed a penalty before losing yardage on three consecutive plays and punting on 4th and 44. After a Raider field goal, San Diego started out on their own 22-yard line with seven minutes to play. Lionel James had receptions of 13 and 31 yards on the next two plays, and Jamie Holland finished the drive with catches of 15 and 24 yards, the latter in the back of the end zone on 4th and 10. Los Angeles picked up one first down in response, before punting to pin the Chargers at their own 11 with 1:31 to play and only one timeout. The offense went backwards from there, with Laufenberg eventually throwing incomplete on 4th and 20 from his own 1-yard line. Allen added an insurance touchdown two plays later.

Week 2: at Denver Broncos

Babe Laufenberg was chased from the game as Denver thrashed the Chargers. After punting on their first possession, Denver scored 17 points on their next three, which proved to be more than enough to win. Laufenberg completed 2 of 8 passes for just 5 yards, and was replaced by Mark Malone after a 2nd quarter interception. Malone led the Chargers to an Abbott field goal on his first possession, but Denver came straight back with a Tony Dorsett touchdown run to lead 24–3. Lionel James had three receptions for 44 yards on the next drive, but was stopped a yard short when San Diego attempted to convert a 4th and 4 at the Denver 5-yard line. The best Charger chances after halftime were foiled by another failed fourth down try and a Malone interception.

James rushed 4 times for 29 yards, caught 5 passes for 51 yards, and returned 2 punts a total of 31 yards.

Week 3: vs. Seattle Seahawks

Two interceptions each by Keith Browner and Gill Byrd sparked the Chargers to their first win of the year. Dave Krieg led his team into Charger territory on the game's first possession, before an onrushing Tyrone Keys batted a pass in the air for Browner to intercept behind the line of scrimmage - the linebacker returned the ball 55 yards for a touchdown. Seattle drove right back into Charger territory, but Krieg was picked off by Byrd in the end zone. After forcing a Charger punt, Seattle again threatened, but Vencie Glenn's third down sack forced a 43-yard field goal try by Norm Johnson, which fell short. Abbott made a kick from 48 yards, before Johnson pulled it back to 10–3 at the break.

Laufenberg was intercepted early in the third quarter, but Browning's second interception cancelled out the error two plays later. Abbott missed a field goal on the ensuing drive, and Johnson's second successful kick trimmed the lead to four points with 9:27 to play in the final quarter. San Diego then put together a crucial 9-play, 76-yard touchdown drive, with Laufenberg producing two third downs completions and Gary Anderson rushing four times for 49 yards; Anderson faked a reverse and scored on a 25-yard sweep with 4:05 to play. Byrd's goal line interception ensured there would be no late scare.

Anderson finished with 19 carries for 120 yards and a touchdown, and the Chargers won despite producing only 78 net passing yards.

Week 4: at Kansas City Chiefs

A fast start and thrilling finish saw the Chargers level their record at 2–2. San Diego forced the Chiefs to punt on their first two possessions, while the offense came to life with touchdown drives of 80 and 60 yards. Laufenberg went deep over the middle to Quinn Early for the first score, before Anderson, who rushed six times for 70 yards across the two drives, veered outside right end and raced past the Kansas City defense for a 30-yard touchdown.

The Chiefs dominated the second and third quarters. Three plays after Anderson scored, Steve DeBerg found Paul Palmer behind the secondary for a 72-yard touchdown on 3rd and 1. A Laufenberg interception was turned into another DeBerg touchdown pass and a halftime tie. In the 3rd quarter, Palmer caught a deflected pass for another score, capping a 13-play, 80-yard drive. The Kansas City run reached 23 unanswered points with a safety after Laufenberg was ruled "in the grasp" in the end zone, and they were threatening more when they reached a 2nd and 4 at the Charger 10. Chuck Faucette's interception kept San Diego in the game heading into the final quarter.

Martin Bayless sacked DeBerg with 11 minutes to play, forcing a Chiefs punt, and Abbott made a 47-yard field goal shortly afterwards. After Kansas City went three-and-out, the Chargers began the game-winning drive at their own 39 with 6:42 on the clock. Following a sack, Laufenberg faced a 3rd and 18 but converted it with a 19-yard completion to Lionel James over the middle. He scrambled for 13 more yards on the next play, then converted a 4th and 6 with a throw on the run to Anthony Miller, good for 14 yards. Three runs netted ten more yards, and a 1st and goal at the 9. Laufenberg then threw an interception under pressure from Tim Cofield, but Cofield drove the quarterback to the ground and was penalised for roughing the passer, negating the turnover. Two plays later, the Chargers took advantage of the second chance. James caught a short pass near the left sideline and dove over the goal line just inside the pylon with 52 seconds to play. This stood as the winning score after Kansas City went backwards on their final drive.

Anderson rushed 23 times, for 131 yards and a touchdown. He was the first Charger to post consecutive 100-yard rushing games since Chuck Muncie in the final two games of 1982.

Week 5: vs. Denver Broncos

Denver shut down Anderson (10 carries for 16 yards), and with him the Charger offense. San Diego failed to pass midfield on their first five drives of the game, though Denver also struggled, managing only two Rich Karlis field goals from three attempts. Gill Byrd intercepted John Elway late in the half, and San Diego reached the Denver 17 before Abbott had a field goal blocked (Denver also blocked a punt in the second half).

The Broncos attempted field goals on each of their first three-second half drives, with Karlis again converting two of them. Mark Malone then entered the game, completing four of his first five passes to reach a 2nd and 4 at the Denver 40, before being intercepted by Mike Harden. After Karlis missed his seventh field goal try of the game, the Chargers had one final chance - this time, they got as far as the Denver 14 before Malone threw four straight incompletions, the last with 39 seconds to play.

San Diego mustered 190 yards on offense, with just 20 on the ground - both would stand as season lows. The defense had four sacks, including three by Lee Williams. Fourteen-year veteran center Don Macek sustained a season-ending shoulder injury during the game, and was replaced by Dan Rosado. It was the 150th start of Macek's career, and would prove to be the last.

Week 6: vs. New Orleans Saints

A fast start came to nothing as New Orleans reeled in the Chargers. San Diego's opening drive seemed to have stalled, but the Saints were offsides on a punt, giving the Chargers a new set of downs. Two plays later, Laufenberg connected with Miller for a 47-yard touchdown - the receiver caught the ball in stride on a slanting pattern from left to right, easily outrunning the defense for his first career score. In reply, New Orleans went three-and-out; when they attempted to punt, Vencie Glenn burst untouched through the middle of the line to block the kick, with Roy Bennett recovering in the end zone.

In reply, New Orleans drove all the way from their own 8 to the Charger 3, but on the 17th play of the drive Lee Williams hit Bobby Hebert from behind, causing the ball to pop right into the hands of Tyrone Keys. The Saints kept pressing, and scored with field goals on their next two drives, either side of a Laufenberg interception. Curtis Adams, who saw increased playing time in this game due to an injury to Anderson, fumbled on the next play from scrimmage, and Hebert's touchdowns pass made it a one-point game at halftime.

Hebert threw for another score on the first drive of the 3rd quarter. In response, Laufenberg converted a 3rd and 19 with a 20-yard completion to Miller, leading to an Abbott field goal. Laufenberg again converted a 3rd and 19 on the next Charger drive, this time with a 23-yard scramble into Saints territory, but the quarterback was sacked two plays later and the Chargers had to punt. They went three-and-out on their next possession, and New Orleans added a field goal. With time running out, Mark Malone was given a chance, but the Chargers could muster only eight yards before punting again. New Orleans then converted a pair of 3rd and 1 situations, and ran out the final 4:19 of the game.

Laufenberg was 7 of 20 for 120 yards, with a touchdown and an interception - this would be the last game he started in San Diego. Miller finished with 3 receptions for 81 yards and a touchdown, which would prove to be the most yards a Charger receiver managed in any game in the 1988 season.

Week 7: at Miami Dolphins

San Diego's best offensive output of the season came to nothing as Miami overcame an 11-point deficit in the final quarter. Mark Malone went 5 for 5 in his first drive as the new starting quarterback, finishing with a 32-yard completion to Jamie Holland and a 15-yard touchdown to Early. Dan Marino led drives of 80 and 82 yards, resulting in a touchdown and a field goal. Down 7–10, Malone responded by converting third downs with both his legs and his arm before capping a 13-play, 81-yard drive by jumping and reaching the ball over the goal line on 3rd and goal from inside the one. That score came with 76 seconds to play in the half, but there was time for more Charger points, Leonard Coleman recovering a fumble and Malone finding Darren Flutie over the middle for a 21-yard touchdown.

James fumbled early in the second half, setting up a Miami touchdown, before Malone's 33-yard completion to Early led to Curtis Adams' short-range score in response. The Chargers threatened more points on their next possession, but had to punt after Malone was sacked. Nine Marino completions accounted for all but the final yard of an 85-yard touchdown drive and, following another James fumble, Marino's 51-yard completion to Mark Duper came two plays before Troy Stradford gave Miami the lead; two Dolphins' touchdowns had come only 3:26 apart. There were still over 11 minutes to play, but no more points followed. San Diego's best chance ended with Malone being intercepted on 1st and 10 from the Miami 44, and the quarterback's final desperation pass was picked off inside the Dolphin five as time expired.

Malone was 25 of 38 for 294 yards, two touchdowns and two interceptions, the highest yardage total by a Charger quarterback all season. Marino, 26 of 45 for 329 yards and a touchdown, was the only opposing quarterback to pass for over 300 yards on the Charger defense in 1988.

Week 8: vs. Indianapolis Colts

An inability to finish drives saw the Chargers shut out for the second time in four games. San Diego picked up at least one first down on eight of their nine drives, and had possession in Colt territory on seven of them, but repeatedly wound up punting from close to midfield. Indianapolis had their own offensive  troubles - after an early 97-yard field goal drive, quarterback Chris Chandler was intercepted on three consecutive possessions. These included two by Leonard Coleman in the end zone (Vencie Glenn had the other).

With San Diego unable to reach scoring range, the Colts padded their lead with two field further field goals and, after Malone threw incomplete on 4th and 3 from the Indianapolis 49, drove the other way for the clinching touchdown with 3:43 to play. San Diego had their best penetration of the game on their final possession, but Malone threw four consecutive incompletions from the Colt 25, and the shutout was completed.

Anderson returned from a two-game absence, and gained 70 yards on 14 carries; he was overshadowed by Eric Dickerson, whose 169 yards on 30 carries represented the highest total a Charger opponent had gained for four years. The Colts enjoyed a 453–239 advantage in total yardage.

Week 9: at Seattle Seahawks

San Diego's offensive struggles continued as they lost a key divisional game to the Seahawks. Despite coming into the game with a 2–6 record, the Chargers could have drawn to within a game of the AFC West summit with a win. Their best chance of the opening three-quarters was a 49-yard field goal, missed by Abbott. Seattle capitalised on a fumbled exchange between Malone and Anderson to score a field goal, and added a touchdown shortly before halftime. Trailing 0–10 with 15 minutes to play, San Diego had gone eight complete quarters without scoring a point.

They broke their drought with 13 minutes to play. Tim Spencer carried four times for 52 yards on an 80-yard drive, which finished when Malone beat the blitz to find Miller on a quick slant in the front of the end zone. A Williams sack saw the Seahawks go three-and-out, and the Chargers reached a 2nd and 7 at the Seattle 42. Malone then fumbled the snap and Seattle recovered; they drove 58 yards the other way, scoring a crucial touchdown when John L. Williams narrowly broke the plane of the end zone on 3rd and goal. Taking over with 3:32 to play, Malone passed on every play of an 84-yard touchdown drive, completing 9 of 12 and finding Miller for another touchdown. Steve Largent recovered the ensuing onside kick, and Seattle ran out the remaining 53 seconds.

San Diego outgained the Seahawks 299–235, but committed all three of the game's turnovers.

Week 10: vs. Los Angeles Raiders

Another weak offensive performance saw the Chargers drop their sixth straight game. Malone started well, his 42-yard completion to Holland setting up Abbott's field goal 11 minutes into the game. Billy Ray Smith's end zone interception on the next drive temporarily preserved the lead, but the offense didn't cross the Raider 40 again all game. Los Angeles also found points hard to come by, but levelled the score in the 2nd quarter, and eventually went ahead through a Steve Beuerlein touchdown pass 12:24 from the end of the game. San Diego gained a first down at the Raider 47 in response, but Malone threw his second interception, and the Raiders added a field goal.

San Diego tried Laufenberg at quarterback for their final drive; he made a pair of first down passes, but was sacked twice and eventually threw incomplete on 4th and 33. Malone finished up 12 of 25 for 147 yards and two interceptions - he temporarily lost the starting job after this performance.

Week 11: at Atlanta Falcons

Newly-promoted Mark Vlasic won his first start, though the defense earned most of the credit. Both kickers missed field goals in the first half, before James' 14-yard punt return set the Chargers up at the Atlanta 26, and they drove close enough for Abbott to hit a chip shot 23-yarder. A fumble recovery by Glenn soon gave them a chance to extend the lead, taking over at the Atlanta 24. On the next three plays, Vlasic threw incomplete, was sacked and then finally intercepted, and the score remained 3-0 at halftime. The 3rd quarter produced no further points, with Keys blocking an Atlanta field goal try.

The lone Charger touchdown drive began at their own 27 with 7:03 remaining in the game. After a 2-yard run by Anderson, Rod Bernstine took a short pass over the middle, shrugged off two tacklers close to midfield, and broke up the right sideline before being corralled at the Falcon 14, a gain of 57 yards. Three plays later, Barry Redden scored on a 5-yard run up the middle with 4:32 to play. Atlanta broke the shutout shortly after the two-minute warning, but Holland recovered the ensuing onside kick, and Anderson broke off a 26-yard run as San Diego ran the clock out.

Vlasic was 16 of 32 for 190 yards, with two interceptions, while Anderson carried 24 times for 145 yards.

Week 12: at Los Angeles Rams

Several big plays sparked San Diego to a creditable road win over the 7-4 Rams. On the first Charger drive, Anderson broke off a 19-yard run to the three-yard line, leading to Quinn Early's touchdown catch on 3rd and goal. Rams returner Ron Brown then broke off a 72-yard return, and the Rams were level shortly afterwards. Miller did even better, returning the ensuing kickoff 93 yards for a touchdown - he started out towards the left side of the field, weaved inside several tacklers, and broke to the right sideline, where he beat the last defender for pace. Anderson had three double-digit gains on the next Charger drive, which went 60 yards and culminated in a Steve DeLine field goal (DeLine was in for Abbott, who had sustained a career-ending knee injury against Atlanta). Williams appeared to have recovered a fumble in Rams territory soon afterwards, but the takeaway was overruled on replay review, and Los Angeles went on to score a touchdown from that drive. At halftime, it was 17–14 to San Diego.

Leslie O'Neal tipped a Jim Everett pass early in the third quarter, and Elvis Patterson intercepted at the Ram 44. The Chargers did nothing with that opportunity, but took full advantage of their next takeaway. On a 1st and 10 from the San Diego 30, Charles White fumbled, and Keith Browner plucked the ball out of the air. As he was being tackled on the return, he flipped the ball to Sam Seale, who took it the final 50 yards to the end zone. The Browner-to-Seale pass appeared to have gone forwards, but the score stood. On the next Charger possession, Vlasic injured a knee while being knocked down after a pass attempt; Malone entered the game, but was immediately intercepted, leading to a Rams field goal.

Malone redeemed himself with a 49-yard bomb to Miller, leading to a one-yard Redden touchdown. Everett came back with three straight completions, the last a touchdown that pulled the deficit back down to seven points, with over eight minutes still to play. Facing a 3rd and 6 soon afterwards, Malone connected with Bernstine on a 59-yard completion to the Rams one yard line, from where Redden scored again on the next play. The Chargers saw out the final 5:26 without difficulty.

Anderson finished with 53 rushing yards and 42 receiving yards. It was the only Charger win all year in which he did not post a 100-yard rushing game, but his 95 yards from scrimmage did lead the team. Aside from his brace of 1-yard touchdowns, Redden lost two yards on his only carry, leaving him with zero yards but two touchdowns on the day. Lee Williams had three of the Chargers' five sacks.

Week 13: vs. San Francisco 49ers

San Diego were brought back down to earth by the eventual Super Bowl champions. The Chargers missed an early scoring chance when Anderson fumbled in the 49er red zone. Later in the opening quarter, Jerry Rice caught a 96-yard touchdown from Joe Montana, and San Francisco were ahead to stay. Malone, reinstated in the starting line-up, was intercepted by Ronnie Lott to set up the second 49er touchdown. San Diego mustered some resistance then: Anderson broke off a 26-yard run, and Malone swept 36 yards for a touchdown on a QB keeper. This remains the longest run by a quarterback in franchise history.

The 49ers quashed any thoughts of a comeback with a 75-yard touchdown drive; though San Diego had sporadic threats after that, they could muster only three more points, while San Francisco steadily pulled away. Rice added a 41-yard touchdown in the 3rd quarter, and finished with 6 receptions for 171 yards.

At one point Malone was intercepted by Tim McKyer on two consecutive snaps (the first was wiped out by a roughing the passer penalty). Bernstine had nine catches for 80 yards - no other Charger caught more than six passes in a game all year. The 38-point defeat was the worst for San Diego since the 1973 season.

Week 14: at Cincinnati Bengals

For the second consecutive week, the Chargers were easily handled by an eventual Super Bowl participant. San Diego had a dream start when Patterson recovered a Stanford Jennings fumble on the opening kickoff, though they could only manage a DeLine field goal from the opening. Cincinnati responded by driving 80 yards in only four plays, with Seale committing a 37-yard pass interference penalty before Ickey Woods scored from the four. A 48-yard kickoff return by Miller was wasted when Malone threw an interception; the Bengals converted the takeaway into a Boomer Esiason touchdown pass, and took control from there. Woods scored again in the 2nd quarter, and another Malone interception led to Esiason's second touchdown pass shortly after halftime.

With the score at 27–3, Leslie O'Neal sacked Esiason, forcing a fumble that Williams recovered near midfield. The Chargers converted that opening into Early's 9-yard touchdown reception, but Deline missed a field goal on their next drive, and they came no closer.

Malone struggled throughout, completing only 14 of 37 passes, for 138 yards, one touchdown and three interceptions.

Week 15: vs. Pittsburgh Steelers

Gill Byrd and Gary Anderson carried San Diego to victory over the Steelers. Redden was stuffed for no gain on fourth down late in the opening quarter, but the Chargers scored touchdowns on their next two possessions. The first scoring drive covered 85 yards in just seven plays. Anderson broke off a 36-yard run up the middle, Malone found Holland for 45 yards on 3rd and 13, and Darren Flutie caught a six-yard touchdown pass. Malone was 4 of 4 for 32 yards on the next drive, and scored himself on 3rd and goal from the one. Pittsburgh drove inside the Charger 10 shortly before halftime, but a trick play backfired when wide receiver Louis Lipps attempted a pass that Byrd intercepted in the end zone.

The Steelers also breeched Charger territory on their first two drives of the 3rd quarter, but were stopped by Byrd's second interception and Glenn's fumble recovery. Anderson's 24-yard carry helped set up a DeLine field goal on the opening play of the final quarter, before Pittsburgh responded with back to back touchdown drives, Bubby Brister passing for one score and rushing for the other. Another DeLine kick made it 20–14 with 62 seconds to play. Brister led his team as far as the Charger 49, from where his final pass was knocked away by Byrd as time expired.

Anderson had 26 carries for 170 yards, and San Diego committed no turnovers for the only time in 1988.

Week 16: vs. Kansas City Chiefs

Gary Anderson set a club record for rushing yards in a single game, and San Diego closed out their season with a fourth win in six games. The Chiefs began the game on the front foot, taking the opening kickoff and going 80 yards for a touchdown in four plays, aided when Seale was flagged for a 40-yard pass interference penalty. Anderson carried on seven out of eight plays in the Chargers' reply, gaining 48 yards total and running through a massive hole off right guard for a 9-yard touchdown. Kansas City came right back with a 75-yard touchdown drive, but they would be shut out the rest of the way. San Diego scored on their next two possession through DeLine's 45-yard field goal and Malone's five-yard run, and led 17–13 at the break.

Jamie Holland produced the game's final score by returning the second half kickoff 94 yards for a touchdown, sweeping right and coming very close to stepping out of bounds near midfield (the score stood up under replay review). After that, both kickers missed field goals, Steve DeBerg was intercepted by Roy Bennett, and Malone lost a fumble. After stopping the Chiefs on downs with 1:44 to play, the Chargers took over with Anderson standing on 198 rushing yards for the day. He had carries of 17 and 2 yards before Malone kneeled twice to end the season.

Malone only attempted 10 passes all day, completing 6 for 91 yards. Anderson finished with 34 carries for 217 yards and a touchdown, setting a new club record. The attendance of 26,339 was the smallest for a Chargers home game since 1975.

Standings

References

San Diego Chargers
San Diego Chargers seasons
San Diego Chargers f


Herbert Somerton Foxwell, FBA (17 June 1849 – 3 August 1936) was an English economist.

Biography
Foxwell was born in Somerset, the son of an ironmonger and slate and timber merchant. He received his early education at the Wesleyian Collegiate Institute, Taunton. After passing the London Matriculation examination at the minimum age, he obtained a London External BA Degree at the age of 18.

He went to St. John's College, Cambridge in 1868. He was placed senior in the Moral Sciences Tripos in 1870 and was associated with the college for the rest of his life. He was made a Fellow in 1874 and held his college lectureship for sixty years. In the University he was largely responsible for the honours teaching of economics from 1877 to 1908.

Foxwell was assistant lecturer to his friend Stanley Jevons who had held the Chair of Economics at University College London from 1868 and then succeeded Jevons as chair in May 1881, holding the post until 1927. At the same time, Foxwell was Newmarch Lecturer in statistics at University College London and a lecturer on currency and banking from 1896 at the London School of Economics. In 1907 he became joint Professor of Political Economy at the University of London. In addition to these appointments, Foxwell gave extramural lectures for Cambridge University from 1874 and for London from 1876 to 1881 in London, Leeds, Halifax and elsewhere. He also held the following appointments: external examiner for London, Cambridge and other universities; first Dean of the Faculty of Economics at the University of London; vice-president and president of the Council of the Royal Economic Society; member of the Councils of the Statistical Society and the British Association for the Advancement of Science; and secretary and later president of the University (Cambridge) Musical Society and the Cambridge Antiquarian Society. He also provided a course of lectures at the Institute of Actuaries.

Foxwell was a dedicated book collector and bibliophile. He concentrated on the purchase of economic books printed before 1848. He described his library as a collection of books and tracts intended to serve as the basis for the study of the industrial, commercial, monetary and financial history of the United Kingdom as well as of the gradual development of economic science generally. Foxwell's library provides the nucleus of the Goldsmiths' Library of Economic Literature. When The Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths purchased the library of economic literature from Foxwell in 1901 for £10,000 it contained about 30,000 books. The Company also generously provided Foxwell with a series of subventions following the purchase of the Library to enable him to make further acquisitions prior to the gift of the Goldsmiths' Library of Economic Literature to the University of London in 1903. From the sale in 1901, Foxwell kept back duplicates that formed a second collection which he sold to Harvard University for £4,000 in 1929. From the termination of dealings with the Goldsmiths' Company in 1903, he began creating a second major collection.

By the time of his death, Foxwell had amassed a further 20,000 volumes that were sold to Harvard University creating the focus for the Kress Library.

Criticism of Ricardo
Foxwell is known for his attack on the legacy of Ricardo, who he says introduced a “wrong twist” into mainstream economics, giving "modern socialism its fancied scientific basis" through his "crude generalisation".

Publications
 (1884). "Introduction" to Stanley Jevons's Investigations in Currency and Finance. London: Macmillan & Co.
 (1886). The Social Aspect of Banking.
 (1886). Irregularity of Employment and Fluctuations of Prices. Edinburgh: Co-operative Printing Company Limited.
 (1887). "The Economic Movement of England," Quarterly Journal of Economics 2 (1), pp. 84–103.
 (1895). A Criticism of Lord Farrer on the Monetary Standard. London: Effingham Wilson & Co.
 (1899). "Introduction" to Anton Menger's The Right to the Whole Produce of Labour. London: Macmillan & Co. [New York: A.M. Kelley, 1970].
 (1909). "Preface" to Andreas Michaēl Andreadēs' History of the Bank of England. London: P.S. King & Son.
 (1910). "Preface" to Willem Roosegaarde Bisschop's The Rise of the London Money Market 1640–1826. London: P.S. King and Son.
 (1914). "Preface" to  George H. Pownall's English Banking. London: Blades, East & Blades.
 (1919). Papers on Current Finance. London: Macmillan & Co.

References

Further reading
 Blaug, Mark, ed. (1999). Who's Who in Economics (3d edition), Edward Elgar Pub.
 Coase, R. H. (2012). "The Appointment of Pigou as Marshall's Successor," in Essays on Economics and Economists, University of Chicago Press, pp. 151–166.
 Clara Collet, John Maynard Keynes: Herbert Somerton Foxwell. June 17, 1849 - August 3, 1936. In: The economic journal. The journal of the Royal Economic Society. Oxford 1936, pp.  589–619.
 Keynes, John Maynard (1933). "Herbert Somerton Foxwell" in Essays in Biography, Macmillan & Co. [New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1933; W.W. Norton & Co., 1963].
 Koot, Gerard M. (1987). English Historical Economics, 1870–1926: The Rise of Economic History and Neomercantilism, Cambridge University Press.

External links

 Works by H. S. Foxwell, at JSTOR
 Papers of Foxwell held by the University of London
 More of Foxwell's papers
 Further Foxwell papers
 Foxwell's library, basis of the Goldsmith's Library of Economic Literature, Senate House Library, University of London
 Herbert Somerton Foxwell Papers at Baker Library Historical Collections, Harvard Business School
 Kress Collection of Business and Economics at Baker Library Historical Collections, Harvard Business School
  H.S. Foxwell papers online, Kwansei Gakuin University

British economists
1849 births
1936 deaths
Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Fellows of the British Academy


During most of the Middle Ages (c. 410–1485 AD), the island of Great Britain was divided into several kingdoms. While the Roman and Norman Conquests influenced the island of Great Britain, the Irish history differs - the Romans never sat foot on Ireland. The following articles address this period of history in each of the major kingdoms and Ireland:
England in the Middle Ages
Anglo-Saxon England (600–1066)
England in the High Middle Ages (1066–c. 1216)
England in the Late Middle Ages (c. 1216–1485)
Scotland in the Middle Ages
Scotland in the Early Middle Ages (400–900)
Scotland in the High Middle Ages (900–1286)
Scotland in the Late Middle Ages (1286–1513)
Wales in the Middle Ages
Wales in the Early Middle Ages (c. 383–c. 825)
Wales in the High Middle Ages (c. 825–1282)
Wales in the Late Middle Ages (1282–1542)
Ireland in the Middle Ages

Middle Ages
Middle Ages by country