The following article presents a summary of the 1942 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 41st season of competitive football in the country.

Campeonato Paulista

Final Standings

Palmeiras declared as the Campeonato Paulista champions.

State championship champions

Other competition champions

Brazil national team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1942.

References

 Brazilian competitions at RSSSF
 1942 Brazil national team matches at RSSSF

Seasons in Brazilian football
Brazil


Ottar Nicolai Grønvik (21 October 1916 – 15 May 2008) was a Norwegian philologist and runologist.

He was a lecturer from 1959 and associate professor from 1965 to 1986 at the University of Oslo. His doctoral thesis, which earned him the dr.philos. degree in 1981, was Runene på Tunesteinen. He was best known for his work on the runic alphabet and various runestones, especially the Tune Runestone, the Rök runestone and the Eggjum stone.

Bibliography
 Luthertexte für sprachgeschichtliche und grammatische Übungen [Texts by Luther for exercises in historical linguistics and grammar] (1960)
 Runene på Tunesteinen: alfabet, språkform, budskap (1981)
 The Words for "Heir", "Inheritance", and "Funeral Feast" in Early Germanic (1982)
 Die dialektgeographische Stellung des Krimgotischen und die krimgotische cantilena [The position of Crimean Gothic in dialect geography and the Crimean Gothic cantilena] (1983)
 Runene på Eggjasteinen: en hedensk gravinnskrift fra slutten av 600-tallet (1985)
 Über den Ursprung und die Entwicklung der aktiven Perfekt- und Plusquamperfektkonstruktionen des Hochdeutschen und ihre Eigenart innerhalb des germanischen Sprachraumes [On the origin and development of the active perfect and pluperfect constructions of High German and their peculiarities within the Germanic linguistic area] (1986)
 Fra Ågedal til Setre: sentrale runeinnskrifter fra det 6. århundre (1987)
 Fra Vimose til Ødemotland : nye studier over runeinnskrifter fra førkristen tid i Norden (1996)
 Untersuchungen zur älteren nordischen und germanischen Sprachgeschichte [Studies in older Norse and Germanic linguistic history] (1998)
 Der Rökstein: Über die religiöse Bestimmung und das weltliche Schicksal eines Helden aus der frühen Wikingerzeit [The Rök Stone: Of the religious destiny and worldly fate of a hero in the early Viking era] (2003)

References

1916 births
2008 deaths
Germanic studies scholars
Linguists from Norway
Linguists of Germanic languages
Writers on Germanic paganism
Runologists
Academic staff of the University of Oslo
20th-century linguists


I.A.Recordings was founded in 1982 by a small group of volunteers, to record past and present industries on film and video, as a resource for industrial archaeology (I.A.).

When possible, they capture the processes and activities of an industry while it is still working; but moving pictures also add an extra dimension to the recording of industrial remains.

All the footage they shoot is kept in a storage archive for posterity}. From time to time, they produce edited programmes from some of the material, to make it available to the public on DVD.

History
Their first project in 1982 was to work with the historian W.K.V.Gale to record the famous John Bradley Rolling Mill in the English Midlands, as it was due to close within a week and was the last of its kind in the area.

Since then they have recorded many industries, several of which have since closed. They have also produced several documentary history programmes, particularly about inland waterways (canals) and mining.

I.A.Recordings started in Britain but have since recorded sites in Ireland, Belgium, France, Germany, Poland, Spain and the United States.

They have developed their own specialist video technology such as helmet-mounted cameras for use underground and MineCam, a remote-controlled camera for mine shaft exploration.

I.A.Recordings use broadcast equipment and techniques and since 2005, High Definition Video.

By 2008, they had over 38,000 minutes of original footage in the archive, but as they are voluntary they have only had time to edit a relatively small amount for release on DVD.

Major subjects
Subjects already available for public viewing include a brickworks employing hand-moulders, making brass hames for horse harnesses, many locksmith workshops in Willenhall recorded for the Lock Museum, making files by hand, a history of the Shropshire Union Canal made for the Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust, a history of the Birmingham Canal Navigations, building new canal tunnels in 1984 and 1989, the last run of 'Tom Pudding' compartment boats, a history of the Manchester Ship Canal, an underground tour of the ancient Clive Copper Mine, a history of Snailbeach Lead Mine, many mines in Ireland including Glengowla, Avoca, Glendalough, Glendasan, Glenmalur, Tara, Silvermines, Shalee, Allihies; Bunmahon and Tankardstown on the Copper Coast; and Ballycorus; Drakelow Tunnels factory, Carrs and other lead and zinc mines in the Nenthead area, working and disused Cornish mines including South Crofty, Geevor, Cligga Head, Rosevale, Taylor's & Michell's shafts near Redruth, Tolgus Tin Company, Wheal Jane and Kennall Vale Gunpowder Works; mines around Llangollen, Pontneddfechan Gunpowder Works, carrying pottery on the Caldon Canal, Donisthorpe Colliery, Alan Paine Knitwear, Bagworth Colliery, Helsington Snuff Mill, a steam-powered dredger, dry barrel coopering, Morse's Level coal mine, Charlecote water-powered flour mill, stone quarrying and cutting in the Forest of Dean, carrying newsprint and sewage effluent by canal, rescuing an ancient Severn trow sailing barge and then sailing it after restoration, the abandoned Wren's Nest limestone mines, a tanker carrying diesel on the River Humber and Aire and Calder navigation, compartment boats taking coal to Ferrybridge power station, an oak bark tanning works, large dragline excavators mining open pit coal, Annesley-Bentinck colliery, mines around Linares, Spain, and ancient mines in the Harz mountains of Germany.

I.A.Recordings also maintain a widely used collection of over 600 links  to other Industrial Archaeology-related websites and host the Industrial Archaeology and History Web Ring .

See also
Association for Industrial Archaeology
National Association of Mining History Organisations
Council for British Archaeology
British Film Institute

References and notes

Further reading
Ballantyne, James (ed.): "Researchers Guide to British film & television collections", page 142. British Universities Film & Video Council 1993.

External links
I.A.Recordings
Association for Industrial Archaeology
National Association of Mining History Organisations
Council for British Archaeology
Channel 4 Archaeology
British Film Institute
BBC Shropshire - a web page describing I.A.Recordings activities

Non-profit organisations based in the United Kingdom
Archaeological organizations
Industrial archaeology
Industrial history


Richford is a newer neighbourhood in south west Edmonton, Alberta, Canada overlooking the Blackmud Creek Ravine.  According to the 2005 municipal census, there were 161 residences in the neighbourhood.

The neighbourhood is bounded on the south by Ellerslie Road and on the west by the James Mowat Trail (111 Street).  To the north and east the neighbourhood is bounded by the Blackmud Creek Ravine.

The most common type of residence in the neighbourhood, according to the 2005 municipal census, is single-family dwelling.  These account for two out of every three (69%) of all the residences in the neighbourhood.  The remaining one in three (31%) residences are duplexes.  Substantially all (96%) of all residences are owner-occupied with only a few (4%) being rented.

The Ellerslie Rugby Park is located in Richford.

Demographics
In the City of Edmonton's 2012 municipal census, Richford had a population of  living in  dwellings, a 0.2% change from its 2009 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  people/km2 in 2012.

Surrounding neighbourhoods

References

External links
 Richford Neighbourhood Profile

Neighbourhoods in Edmonton


Mahonia nevinii (syn. Berberis nevinii, Odostemon nevinii), known by the common name Nevin's barberry, is a species of flowering shrub in the barberry family.

This plant is endemic to southern California, where it is known from very few occurrences in the riparian areas of chaparral in inland canyons and foothills. It is a California state and United States federally listed endangered species, since 1987 and 1998, respectively. There are thought to be about 500 individuals remaining, with half of those being naturally occurring plants. It is also cultivated in gardens and parks as an ornamental and barrier plant.

Description
Mahonia nevinii is an erect, evergreen, rhizomatous shrub approaching a maximum height of . It has a dense foliage of dark green to bluish-green spiny-toothed, spear-shaped leaflets. It flowers in racemes of 3 to 5 bright yellow cup-shaped, layered blossoms, that appear in spring between March and April. The fruit is a spherical reddish berry appearing in bunches, in the summer, eventually darkening to a dark blue.

Taxonomy

Taxonomic history
The plant was first described by American botanist Asa Gray, in 1895, named in of honor fellow botanist, Reverend Joseph Cook Nevin (1835-1912), who was active in China and Southern California, particularly in the Channel Islands. It was later described in 1901 by Fedde and Engel as Mahonia nevinii. Gray's original description for the plant was the following:Berbericidae, Berberis.

B. Nevinii, Gray, n. sp. Leaflets 3 to 7, oblong-lanceolate, rather evenly and numerously spinulose-serrulate, half to full inch long, obscurely reticulated; lowest pair toward base of petiole: raceme loosely 5-7-flowered, equalling [sic] or surpassing the leaves • pedicels slender. — S. California, near Los Angeles, Nevin. Shrub 7 or 8 feet high, on a sandy plain. Berries juicy, ovoid, black or blue with a copious white bloom, called by Californian Mexicans Leña Amarilla, and northward Oregon Grape: leaflets ovate to oblong, usually 2 or 3 inches long: racemes commonly fascicled at summit of stem or in axils, subsessile, dense and numerously flowered; pedicels rather short.Following a reclassification in 1961, some botanists re-classified Berberis nevinii (see Berberis) as Mahonia nevinii (see Mahonia), many commercial growers continue to use both names interchangeably. As early as 1880, Gray stated that "[a]ll our species belong to the section Mahonia, Nutt., which has evergreen unequally pinnate leaves, sessile spinulosely dentate leaflets, and dark blue globose berries." In a 1908 publication on fruits of California, Edward J. Wickson, refers to other Californian barberries as belonging to the Mahonia genus and briefly describes M. aquifolium, M. nervosa, and M. pinnata. The latter is described as also being called leña amarilla (yellow firewood), by Spanish Californians and noted for its "small, pleasant-flavored fruit". It also shares a name with Leña amarilla, a name given to Adesmia pinifolia, a thorny shrub, native to the Andes of Mendoza. The conflation of the common name in Spanish, may be due to the plant's rarity and ambiguity in classification during the early classification process. In his initial description of Mahonia species in California, Gray stated:B. Pinnata, Mahonia fascicularis, DC.  Hills about San Francisco Bay and southward to San Diego, thence East to New Mexico. Fruit pleasant to the taste and known to the Mexicans as Leña amarilla. There has always been much confusion and is still some uncertainty respecting this species and its allies. Lagasca's original description (published in 1803) professedly included specimens both from Monterey and from Vancouver Island, while the plant cultivated in the gardens from his seed, and figured under this name, appears to have been wholly the Oregon form, which Pursh afterwards included with the low B. repens in his description and figure of B. Aquifolium. Humboldt and Bonpland afterward applied the name B. pinnata to a Mexican plant, figured by them, and DeCandolle at length included all, the Mexican, Californian, and Oregon together, under the name Mahonia fascicularis. The question of synymy is most conveniently solved by retaining what has become the ordinary application of the names, B. fascicularis being limited to the Mexican species, which seems distinguishable from the Californian B. pinnata by its more numerous, more acuminate, and less shining leaflets.

Distribution and habitat
Populations were historically found in washes of the San Fernando Valley, near the Tujunga wash (near the neighborhood of Garnsey).  It was described in the 1910 Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden as:"A rare species apparently confined to the San Fernando Valley, where it occurs sparingly on the sandy slopes along the eastern edge of the valley. Upper Sonoran. Specimens examined: 'Los Angeles Valley,' probably San Fernando Valley, Nevin, April, 1882; San Fernando, Franceschi, 1893; wash near Garnsey, San Fernando Valley, Grinnell, Oct. 31, 1903"The plant grows between 900 and 2,000 feet of altitude (300 – 610 m) in typical Southern California plant communities like coastal sage scrub, chaparral, cismontane woodland, riparian scrub, sandy and gravelly places, and washes below 2150 feet. The plant is naturally occurring with chamise, manzanitas, California sages, ceanothus species, bush poppy, and bladderpod.

There are currently about 21 known populations of the plant remaining, and almost all of them have fewer than 20 individuals, with some with as few as 5 individual plants. As of 1989, the USDA estimated that fewer than 500 plants exist in total. The populations are scattered throughout the San Gabriel Mountains and the Peninsular Ranges in Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and Riverside Counties, its distribution possibly extending just into San Diego County. The USDA lists the plant as naturally occurring in Angeles National Forest and Cleveland National Forest.  Naturally-occurring, extant populations can be found in Dripping Springs (near Aguanga), Scott Canyon, Agua Tibia Wilderness, and a large population in Vail Lake/Oak Mountain Area. The populations in Devil's Gate Dam, Arroyo Seco, the Rose Bowl, Rimforest, and San Timoteo appear to be introduced, according to a 2009 Southern California Edison Environmental Report for a renewable transmission line project in the Tehachapi Mountains.  The same report states that plants in the San Francisquito canyon appear to be the only naturally regenerating population, despite having been introduced by seed.

Threats to the species include habitat loss due to destruction, fragmentation of existing populations due to road-widening, degradation from urban development, off-road vehicle use, horseback riding, modified fire regimes, gold extraction activities, biocides, and displacement by exotic plant species, such as Spanish broom. Additionally, it appears that the plant does not seed easily or frequently, which means that the community does not regenerate as quickly as competing species; the single individual at Dripping Springs successfully reproduced 56 years after it was initially documented.

Cultivation
Mahonia nevinii is cultivated as a drought-tolerant ornamental plant by specialty plant nurseries.  It is planted as a shrub in native plant and wildlife gardens, natural landscaping of parks in its range, drought tolerant landscaping, and for habitat restoration projects.

It can serve as an impenetrable barrier hedge, due to the spiny-toothed dense foliage. With berries appearing in the summer, earlier/later than other chaparral plants, it is an attractive bird food plant.  The plant was introduced into cultivation in California by Theodore Payne in the 1920s.

See also
California chaparral and woodlands
List of California native plants
Theodore Payne Foundation

References

External links

Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Mahonia nevinii — formerly Mahonia nevinii.
Berberis nevinii — U.C. Photo gallery
Nevin's Barberry on Calscape.org

nevinii
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of Los Angeles County, California
Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
San Fernando Valley
Environment of Greater Los Angeles
NatureServe imperiled species
Garden plants of North America
Bird food plants
Drought-tolerant plants
Shrubs
Endangered plants


The 2008 California Republican presidential primary was held on February 5, 2008, with a total of 173 national delegates at stake.

Process
The delegates represented California at the Republican National Convention. There were three delegates to every congressional district and fourteen bonus delegates. The winner in each of the 53 congressional districts was awarded all of that district's delegates. The statewide winner was awarded 11 of the 14 statewide delegates, with the 3 remaining delegates assigned to party leaders. Voting in the primary was restricted to registered Republican voters.

Polls

Early polls showed Rudy Giuliani in the lead. Polls taken closer to the primary either showed Mitt Romney or John McCain as the favored candidate.

Results

See also
California Democratic primary, 2008
California state elections, February 2008
Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008
United States presidential election in California, 2008

References

Republican primary
California
2008
2008 Super Tuesday


Patrick Nyarko (born January 15, 1986) is a Ghanaian former professional footballer.

Career

College
After coming to the United States in 2005, Nyarko was a star forward and three-time All-ACC selection for the Virginia Tech Hokies soccer team, which played in the 2007 Division I Men's College Cup, falling to Wake Forest in the National Semifinals.

Nyarko, who finished his Virginia Tech career with 31 goals, was called by coach Oliver Weiss, "the most incredible player I've ever coached" and he is considered to be the best soccer player in Virginia Tech history. Nyarko first met Weiss when the coach was on a recruiting trip to Ghana.

In Nyarko's freshman year, he scored the lone goal of his team's marquee win over then-#4 North Carolina. Tech rose as high as #10 in the polls and earned its second trip in school history to the NCAA tournament. Nyarko was named the Atlantic Coast Conference freshman of the year and was named to the all-ACC team.

Following the 2007 season, in which the Hokies finished #8 in the final AP poll and played in the National Semifinals of the 2007 Division I Men's College Cup, Nyarko was named as a finalist for the Hermann Trophy. His accomplishments for the Hokies led to his enshrinement into the Virginia Tech Sports Hall of Fame in 2018.

Professional
Nyarko decided to forgo his senior season and enter the 2008 MLS SuperDraft. Widely predicted to be the first pick in the draft, Nyarko was selected 7th overall by the Chicago Fire.

He made his MLS debut on June 15, 2008, against FC Dallas, and scored his first MLS goal on August 2, 2008, against Chivas USA.

After eight seasons with Chicago, Nyarko was traded to D.C. United on January 6, 2016, in exchange for a second round 2016 MLS SuperDraft pick. Nyarko scored his first goal for United on April 2, 2016, scoring against the San Jose Earthquakes. He missed the last 3 months of the season with concussion. He was out of contract with United following the 2017 season  and was considering retirement due to brain trauma due to 8 separate concussions he has suffered from.

International career
Nyarko was called up to the Ghana squad to face Chile. Nyarko made his Ghana debut against Chile on February 29, 2012, at the PPL Park in Chester, Pennsylvania.

Personal
Nyarko was granted a U.S. green card in 2011. This status qualifies him as a domestic player for MLS roster purposes.

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Ghanaian men's footballers
Ghanaian expatriate men's footballers
Ghana men's international footballers
Virginia Tech Hokies men's soccer players
Chicago Fire FC players
D.C. United players
Major League Soccer players
Virginia Tech alumni
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Chicago Fire FC draft picks
Footballers from Kumasi
All-American college men's soccer players
Men's association football wingers


The Men's 20 km Race Walk at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California had an entry list of 42 competitors. Four athletes did not start in the final, held on August 3, 1984.

Medalists

Abbreviations

Records

Final ranking

See also
 1982 Men's European Championships 20 km Walk (Athens)
 1983 Men's World Championships 20 km Walk (Helsinki)
 1984 Men's Friendship Games 20 km Walk (Moscow)
 1984 Race Walking Year Ranking
 1986 Men's European Championships 20 km Walk (Stuttgart)
 1987 Men's World Championships 20 km Walk (Rome)

References

External links
  Results

 1
Racewalking at the Olympics
Men's events at the 1984 Summer Olympics


Bonson may refer to:

People
 Bonson (surname)

Places
 Bonson, Alpes-Maritimes, a commune in the department of Alpes-Maritimes, France
 Bonson, Loire, a commune in the department of Loire, France
 Bonson, Somerset, a village in Somerset, United Kingdom

See also
 FJEP Bonson, korfball club


"To Have You Back Again" is a song written by Annie Roboff and Arnie Roman, and recorded by American country music artist Patty Loveless.  It was released in January 1998 as the second single from her album Long Stretch of Lonesome.

The song charted for 20 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart, reaching number 12 during the week of May 9, 1998.

Chart positions

Year-end charts

References

1998 singles
Patty Loveless songs
Songs written by Annie Roboff
Song recordings produced by Emory Gordy Jr.
Epic Records singles
1997 songs
Songs written by Arnie Roman


Off the Sand Road (2002), subtitled Ghost Stories, Volume One, is a posthumously published collection of short stories by Russell Kirk (1918–1994). It is the first of two such hardcover collections from Ash-Tree Press, a small but respected contemporary publisher of ghost stories, classic and new alike. Together with its companion volume, What Shadows We Pursue (2003), it presents the entire corpus of Kirk's short fiction—the only such undertaking by any publisher—including some pieces more accurately categorized as horror, fantasy, or science fiction.

This limited edition book was edited and has an introduction by John Pelan. Its dust jacket front features a woodcut illustration by Kirk himself, with the same illustration reprinted at the end of the text, instead of receiving the more traditional placement as frontispiece. The whole volume is xviii + 206 pages long and, according to the volume's colophon, "was published on 18 October 2002 and is limited to Five Hundred copies with additional copies produced for legal deposit and contractual purposes." The texts are reprinted with Canadian/UK-style spelling and punctuation in accordance with the Canadian publisher's policy, though Kirk was an American.

The story "Fate's Purse" is misprinted in this volume without the text's last four paragraphs. In the companion volume, What Shadows We Pursue, the full story appears as an appendix, with the ending restored.

This collection is named after one of its stories, which first appeared in the March 1952 issue of the then-extant journal World Review. Another story, "Balgrummo's Hell", which first appeared in the July 1967 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, came to be used as a prologue to the revised edition of Kirk's novel Lord of the Hollow Dark (original, 1979; revised, 1989). The afterword, "A Cautionary Note on the Ghostly Tale", first appeared in the April–May 1962 issue of the then-extant journal The Critic and has been reprinted in several Kirk story collections and elsewhere since.

Contents
The contents, listed sequentially from the text, with years of original publication noted in parentheses:
Half title
Title page
Edition notice
Table of contents
Introduction by John Pelan:
"The Ghosts of Piety Hill" (2002)
Short stories by Russell Kirk:
"The Surly Sullen Bell" (1950)
"Behind the Stumps" (1950)
"Sorworth Place" (1952)
"Balgrummo's Hell" (1967)
"There's a Long, Long Trail A-Winding" (1976)
"Saviourgate" (1976)
"Off the Sand Road" (1952)
"Fate's Purse" (1979; a passage omitted here due to production error)
"The Princess of All Lands" (1979)
"An Encounter by Mortstone Pond" (1984)
"Lex Talionis" (1979)
Essay by Kirk (serving as afterword):
"A Cautionary Note on the Ghostly Tale" (1962)
Illustration by Kirk (in lieu of frontispiece)
Colophon
Chronological list of books published by Ash-Tree Press

References

American short story collections
Books by Russell Kirk
2002 short story collections


Bonson (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department

References

Communes of Alpes-Maritimes
Alpes-Maritimes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Gaetano Koch (9 January 1849 – 14 May 1910) was an Italian architect.

Koch was born in Rome, where he made his name with several major works – Palazzo Koch, seat of the Banca d'Italia, and the two porticoed palazzi which form Piazza della Repubblica, and the central Piazza Vittorio.

His mark can also be seen in Rome's Palazzo Mengarini and Palazzo Margherita (the latter is now the American Embassy to Italy on Via Veneto).  He collaborated with others in the design of the Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II.

He also designed the decoration of the main hall of the Palazzo Comunale at Recanati.

References

Sources
This page is a translation of its Italian equivalent.

1849 births
1910 deaths
19th-century Italian architects
20th-century Italian architects


York was a European Parliament constituency covering much of North Yorkshire in England.

Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency was created in 1984, incorporating most of the former Yorkshire North constituency and part of Cleveland. It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Boothferry, Glanford and Scunthorpe, Harrogate, Ryedale, Scarborough, Selby and York.

Much of the seat became part of the North Yorkshire constituency in 1994, with the remainder going to Humberside. These seats became part of the much larger Yorkshire and the Humber constituency in 1999.

Members of the European Parliament

Results

|- style="background:#f6f6f6;"
! style="background-color: " |
| colspan="2" | New creation:  gain.
| style="text-align:right;"| Swing
| style="text-align:right;"| N/A
||

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of North Yorkshire
Politics of York
1984 establishments in England
1994 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1984
Constituencies disestablished in 1994


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Worcestershire and South Warwickshire was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Bromsgrove, Mid Worcestershire, Rugby and Kenilworth, South Worcestershire, Stratford-on-Avon, Warwick and Leamington, and Worcester.

Members of the European Parliament

Results

References

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Worcestershire
Politics of Warwickshire
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Wiltshire North and Bath was a United Kingdom European Parliament constituency, electing one member. As a result of a boundary reorganization, it came into being for the European Parliament election of 1994 and ceased to exist in 1999, when the United Kingdom abandoned the first-past-the-post system in single-member constituencies for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales.

Wiltshire North and Bath consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Bath, Devizes, North Wiltshire, Swindon, Wansdyke, and Westbury. Its only Member of the European Parliament was Caroline Jackson.

The constituency came to an end in 1999, when the UK adopted a form of proportional representation within much larger regional constituencies, and Wiltshire North and Bath was merged into the new South West England European Parliament constituency.

Members of the European Parliament

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Bath, Somerset
Politics of Wiltshire
Politics of Bath and North East Somerset
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each. The constituency of Wiltshire was one of them.

The constituency consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Devizes, Newbury, North Wiltshire, Salisbury, Swindon, Wantage, Westbury.

The constituency was represented for the whole of its existence by Caroline Jackson. At the 1994 European election, there were boundary changes. Most of Wiltshire then became part of the new Wiltshire North and Bath constituency, which again elected Caroline Jackson.

Members of the European Parliament

Election results

See also
Wiltshire North and Bath (European Parliament constituency)

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Wiltshire
1984 establishments in England
1994 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1984
Constituencies disestablished in 1994


Neoscona adianta is a species of spider belonging to the family Araneidae. It occurs in North Africa and Europe to Central Asia.

The coloration includes a brown to red abdomen marked with a series of black-bordered white or cream triangles. The female has a body length (excluding legs) of around , the male being rather smaller. The web is usually constructed among flower heads, the spider sitting in full view beside the web on a pad of silk.

References

adianta
Spiders described in 1802
Palearctic spiders


Le Broc may refer to the following places in France:

 Le Broc, Alpes-Maritimes, a commune in the department of Alpes-Maritimes
 Le Broc, Puy-de-Dôme, a commune in the department of Puy-de-Dôme


Oruaiti is a locality in Northland, New Zealand. It lies on state highway 10. Mangonui lies to the west, and Whangaroa Harbour to the east.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "place of [a] small pit" for Ōruaiti.

Demographics
The Taemaro-Oruaiti statistical area, which also includes Hihi and Taemaro, covers  and had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Taemaro-Oruaiti had a population of 867 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 201 people (30.2%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 138 people (18.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 276 households, comprising 459 males and 411 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.12 males per female. The median age was 49.1 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 156 people (18.0%) aged under 15 years, 117 (13.5%) aged 15 to 29, 426 (49.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 168 (19.4%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 75.8% European/Pākehā, 39.4% Māori, 2.1% Pacific peoples, 3.1% Asian, and 1.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 12.1, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Of those people who chose to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 53.6% had no religion, 34.6% were Christian, 1.7% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.3% were Hindu, 0.7% were Buddhist and 1.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 93 (13.1%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 147 (20.7%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $19,900, compared with $31,800 nationally. 54 people (7.6%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 237 (33.3%) people were employed full-time, 126 (17.7%) were part-time, and 48 (6.8%) were unemployed.

Education
Oruaiti School is a coeducational full primary (years 1-8) school with a roll of  students as of  The school started in 1896. In the 1950s and early 1960s, it became an experimental school under principal Elwyn Richardson.

Notes

External links
 Oruaiti School website

Far North District
Populated places in the Northland Region


Hosack's Folly is a 2005 historical novel written by Australian author Gillen D'Arcy Wood.  Based on the life of renowned New York physician Dr. David Hosack, the story takes place in 1820s Manhattan during an impending yellow fever epidemic.

Synopsis
The story begins with a recounting of the legendary duel between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr at Weehawken, New Jersey in 1804.  The prologue tells of how Hamilton brought among his crew a young doctor, David Hosack, who tended to Hamilton following his fatal wounding at the hands of Burr.

Jumping forward 20 years into the future, Dr. Hosack and apprentice Albert Dash realize a yellow fever outbreak is upon them after treating a man who is killed by the disease.  Hosack sends his apprentice to discover all he can about where their patient may have contracted the disease, and eventually comes upon the conclusion that it was brought in the hull of a ship, the Belladonia, from Kingston, Jamaica.  Hosack and Dash at once begin a campaign for a quarantine of the Manhattan docks, as this is the only way to prevent an epidemic.

Concurrently, a powerful coalition including Manhattan Mayor Van Ness, newspaper editor Eamonn Casey, and socialite John Laidlaw concoct a plan that includes Casey's candidacy for governor of New York, in order to put in place a plan for the construction of an aqueduct that would provide water to all of Manhattan.  Upon hearing Hosack's call for a quarantine on the docks, Casey begins a smear campaign in his paper to discredit Hosack, because a quarantine on the docks would make an aqueduct impossible.

During this time, Albert Dash is instructing Casey's daughter, Virginia, in the study of botany.  Virginia is learning much from Dash, and has developed a strong passion for her tutor.  Telling him is impossible however, as Albert is engaged to her best friend Vera, the daughter of John Laidlaw and aspiring stage actress.  The clashes among Dash and Vera's socialite lifestyle create tensions among him and the upper class of Manhattan, who do not believe he is a good fit for Vera.

The smear campaign on Dr. Hosack proves successful, and his call for quarantine is overruled at a hearing.  Sensing victory in their grasp, the group behind the aqueduct plan begins pitching their idea, which seems very promising because of the lack of clean, drinkable water in the city.

When yellow fever breaks out in Philadelphia, a panic rises up among Manhattan citizens, but it is slowly pushed to the back of their minds through reassurances by Laidlaw, the Mayor, and Casey, along with the arrival of prominent English stage actor Edmund Leadbetter, who is set to perform at the rival theater from Vera Laidlaw, set to make her stage debut as Ophelia in Hamlet.  When Leadbetter offends all of Manhattan by bashing American lifestyle, the yellow fever in Philadelphia becomes a non-issue.

Leadbetter issues an apology and plans to still perform, but his appearance in theater creates a riot.  Vera, Virginia, Albert, and others who are in attendance are lost in the giant, fighting crowd.  When Albert comes into danger from the crowd, Virginia rushes forward and protects him, causing both to be injured.

Casey's candidacy has so far taken some damage because of the scare in Philadelphia and his rant against Hosack, but he and Laidlaw continue to believe he can still gain the vote.  This comes to an end when Hosack directs a stagecoach to city hall containing the body of a man already dead from yellow fever.  Laidlaw and Casey flee to Ambleside and the home of Samuel Geyer while Manhattan becomes a scene of panic, as yellow fever infection becomes widespread.  Dash and Hosack begin taking in a steady flow of patients in their hospital and treat those they believe they can save.  At night Hosack calls Dash into his office, where Dash is overcome with the sickness.

Vera and Virginia escape from Ambleside and arrive at the hospital, as it is well known Hosack is short of help in fighting the fever.  On their way they discuss their deepest wishes, and it comes to light that Vera is now in love with Edmund Leadbetter and he has invited her to join him in England as his stage partner.  Virginia confesses her love for Albert as well, and is relieved to hear Vera is not upset with her.

Upon arriving at the hospital, Virginia is taken to care for Albert, while Vera is taken by a nurse to attend to the mass of patients needing care.  Virginia confesses her love to Albert as he lies on his sickbed, even though in his delusional state he cannot hear her.  Virginia eventually leaves Albert and falls asleep, and when she is awoken Dr. Hosack informs her that Albert has gotten up and is recovering, and wishes to see her.

The Epilogue informs us that Vera indeed has left for England, along with her entire family, as her father wished to avoid disgrace for his actions.  Eamonn Casey has decided to quit publishing his newspaper, and to withdraw from the race for governor. Virginia and Albert are living together at Dr. Hosack's villa while Albert continues to recover.  Albert is offered a professorship at Columbia in botany, but declines when Dr. Hosack issues the invitation, saying he and Virginia plan to travel west, where he may open his own hospital and she may run it.

Characters
Albert Dash – a student of Dr. Hosack's at Columbia who assists in his research and in fighting yellow fever
Eamonn Casey – a powerful newspaper editor in Manhattan, and candidate for Governor of New York
John Laidlaw – rich Manhattanite who first conceives aqueduct idea
Virginia Casey – a daughter of Eamonn Casey and friend of Vera Laidlaw, she is taking botany lessons from Albert Dash
Vera Laidlaw – a daughter of John Laidlaw and friend of Virginia Casey, she is an aspiring actress and fiancée of Albert Dash
Dr. David Hosack – Professor of Botany at Columbia, instrumental in fighting a previous yellow fever epidemic in 1814 and the major voice behind a quarantine.
George Bickart – a friend of Albert Dash's from Columbia, on the payroll of John Laidlaw
Mayor Van Ness – a mayor of Manhattan, member of group behind aqueduct plan
Sam Geyer – a member of group planning aqueduct, friend of Eamonn Casey and John Laidlaw

Historical novels


Le Broc (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France.

Shops and Restaurants:
L'estragon, Chez l'italien, Au Bon Coin, L'Epi Du Broc, Salle De Spectacle Les Arts, Sodial, Bulle d'Haire and Megane Borg Secretariat.

Population

Fishing
Le Broc consists of the river Var and the lake of Broc (Lac du Broc). Fishing is a popular activity in this man made lake however a license is required. A fishing license can be obtained in most tourist offices and local fishing clubs or shops. The main species of fish in the lake consist of: bleak, roach, perch, and mirror carp.

See also
Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department

References

Communes of Alpes-Maritimes
Alpes-Maritimes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European Parliament elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Wight and Hampshire South was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Fareham, Gosport, Isle of Wight, Portsmouth North, Portsmouth South, and Winchester.

Members of the European Parliament

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of the Isle of Wight
Politics of Hampshire
1984 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1984
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Tyne and Wear was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Gateshead East, Houghton and Washington, Jarrow, Newcastle-upon-Tyne East, South Shields, Sunderland North, Sunderland South, and Tyne Bridge.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in North East England (1979–1999)
Politics of Tyne and Wear
1984 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1984
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Sussex South and Crawley was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Brighton Kemptown, Brighton Pavilion, Crawley, Hove, Mid Sussex, Shoreham, and Worthing.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of East Sussex
Politics of West Sussex
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Surrey West was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Chertsey and Walton, Esher, Guildford, Mole Valley, North West Surrey, South West Surrey, and Woking.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Surrey
1984 establishments in England
1994 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1984
Constituencies disestablished in 1994


Suffolk and South West Norfolk was a constituency of the European Parliament located in the United Kingdom, electing one Member of the European Parliament by the first-past-the-post electoral system. Created in 1994 from parts of Suffolk and Norfolk, it was abolished in 1999 on the adoption of proportional representation for European elections in the United Kingdom. It was succeeded by the East of England region.

Boundaries

It consisted of the parliamentary constituencies of Bury St Edmunds, Central Suffolk, Ipswich, South West Norfolk, Suffolk Coastal and Waveney. South West Norfolk had previously been part of the Norfolk constituency.

The entire area became part of the East of England constituency in 1999.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Suffolk
Politics of Norfolk
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Staffordshire West and Congleton was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Congleton, Newcastle-under-Lyme, South Staffordshire, Stafford, Stoke-on-Trent Central, Stoke-on-Trent North, and Stoke-on-Trent South.

Michael Tappin of the Labour Party was this constituency's only MEP.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Staffordshire
Politics of Cheshire
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Staffordshire East and Derby was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Burton, Cannock and Burntwood, Derby North, Derby South, Mid Staffordshire, South Derbyshire, and South East Staffordshire.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Staffordshire
Politics of Derbyshire
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Stella Polonia is a Polish folk song and dance ensemble associated with Our Lady Queen of Poland Parish in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The group was founded in 2004 by Fr. Miroslaw Frankowski with Ewa and Tadeusz Wierzbicki.

Stella Polonia's repertoire includes all Polish national dances as well as a selection of Polish regional dances and songs. All arrangements are based on authentic folk elements which have been adapted for stage performance. Dance performances are interweaved with folk songs and instrumentals, which allow for a variety of programs, ensuring that each performance is unique. Polish folklore represents a cultural heritage, and each dance and song is performed in costumes that belong to that specific region. Costumes used by Stella Polonia have been custom-made and incorporate original designs and concepts by Ewa Wierzbicka and Fr. Miroslaw Frankowski.

The group has performed on more than 100 occasions throughout Canada, the USA and Mexico. Their performances have been featured on Canadian, US and Polish television channels, and have been presented on CD or DVD. The group has approximately 119 active members, which includes dancers in five age groups, musicians and support persons.

Stella Polonia is involved in charitable activities, giving free performances for seniors and organizing humanitarian aid for orphanages in Poland.

External links
 Stella Polonia official website

Musical groups established in 2004
Polish folk groups
Musical groups from Toronto
2004 establishments in Ontario


South Wales West was a European Parliament constituency covering part of south Wales, including the city of Swansea.

Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Aberavon, Bridgend, Gower, Neath, Ogmore, Swansea East and Swansea West.

The constituency replaced parts of South Wales and Mid and West Wales in 1994 and became part of the much larger Wales constituency in 1999.

Members of the European Parliament

Results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in Wales (1979–1999)
1994 establishments in Wales
1999 disestablishments in Wales
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


South Wales East was a European Parliament constituency covering southeastern Wales, including Gwent and parts of Mid Glamorgan.

Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used the first-past-the-post system for the European Parliament elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies, and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

South Wales East replaced the similarly named South East Wales in 1984, and became part of the much larger Wales constituency in 1999.

Boundaries
1984-1994: Blaenau Gwent, Caerphilly, Cynon Valley, Islwyn, Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney, Monmouth, Newport East, Newport West, Rhondda, Torfaen.

1994-1999: Blaenau Gwent, Caerphilly, Islwyn, Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney, Monmouth, Newport East, Newport West, Torfaen.

Members of the European Parliament

Results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in Wales (1979–1999)
1984 establishments in Wales
1999 disestablishments in Wales
Constituencies established in 1984
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


"High on Love" is a song written by Jeff Hanna and Kostas, and recorded by American country music artist Patty Loveless.  It was released in June 1998 as the third single from the album Long Stretch of Lonesome.  The song reached #20 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

Chart performance

References

1998 singles
Patty Loveless songs
Songs written by Kostas (songwriter)
Song recordings produced by Emory Gordy Jr.
Epic Records singles
Songs written by Jeff Hanna
1997 songs


South Wales Central was a European Parliament constituency covering south central Wales, including the city of Cardiff.

Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Cardiff Central, Cardiff North, Cardiff South and Penarth, Cardiff West, Cynon Valley, Pontypridd, Rhondda, and Vale of Glamorgan.

The constituency replaced most of South Wales and the Cynon Valley area of South Wales East in 1994 and became part of the much larger Wales constituency in 1999.

Members of the European Parliament

Results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in Wales (1979–1999)
1994 establishments in Wales
1999 disestablishments in Wales
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of South Downs West was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Arundel, Chichester, East Hampshire, Havant, Horsham, and South West Surrey.

James Provan of the Conservative Party was the sole MEP for the constituency's entire existence.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Hampshire
Politics of Surrey
Politics of West Sussex
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Earnshaw Cook (March 28, 1900 in Reisterstown, Maryland – November 11, 1987 in Baltimore, Maryland) was an early researcher and proponent of sabermetrics, the analysis of baseball through statistical means.

Engineering

A member of the Princeton University class of 1921, Cook was an engineer specializing in metallurgy. He spent most of his working life at the American Brake Shoe Co. in Mahwah, New Jersey, later consulting on the Manhattan Project before retiring from the industry in 1945. In the 1950s and 1960s, Cook worked as a mechanical engineering professor at Johns Hopkins University, where he published several academic papers.

Statistical baseball studies

Cook first set about his statistical baseball studies with the goal of proving that Ty Cobb, holder of the highest career batting average at .366, was better than Babe Ruth, the premier power hitter of the first half of the 20th century. Additionally Cook sought to understand strategical issues such as batting order and relief pitching, rather than accept the traditional strategies of baseball. Sports Illustrated writer Frank Deford learned of Cook's work and interviewed him for the lead story of a 1964 issue with the title "Baseball is Played All Wrong".  Using tools of the time, such as a slide rule and a Friden STW mechanical calculator, Earnshaw Cook published the culmination of his work, Percentage Baseball (MIT Press), in 1964. Percentage Baseball was the first book of baseball statistics studies to gain national media attention. Though Cook received some support from Los Angeles Dodgers manager Walter Alston and Chicago White Sox owner Bill Veeck, most baseball executives and managers rejected Cook's mathematical approach and academic language. He was also criticized for lax mathematical models and inadequate numerical evidence by statisticians, such as George Lindsey (himself a baseball statistician), who advised that it be "kept out of the sight of students of the theory of probability." Modern author Michael Lewis describes Cook's prose as "crafted to alienate [baseball statistics] converts."

Among Cook's most bold assertions was that, utilizing his strategies, a team could gain up to 250 runs a season, a number which modern methods indicate is an extreme overestimate. Years later, sabermetrician Pete Palmer and sports historian John Thorn asserted that their computer simulations using Cook's lineup modifications actually slightly reduce the number of runs a team scored. Bill James would later write in his 1981 Baseball Abstract that "Cook knew everything about statistics and nothing at all about baseball—and for that reasons, all of his answers are wrong, all of his methods useless." Earnshaw Cook also dismissed the effects of player handedness (thus, condemning the use of the platoon system), which even contemporary studies pointed out to be erroneous. Cook did, however, uncover several important pieces of information which are now accepted as common knowledge in modern sabermetrics, such as the inefficiency of the sacrifice bunt. More importantly, the material generated discussion on statistical analysis in baseball and introduced many baseball fans to objective research.  In 1971, Waverly Press published Cook's follow-up to Percentage Baseball titled Percentage Baseball and the Computer, in which Cook describes many pieces of strategy his computer simulations suggest.

Influence and legacy

Cook never worked for a Major League baseball team; he described the relationship between himself and baseball franchises in the forward to Percentage Baseball: "I would be willing to go as far as pretending to understand why none of four competent and successful executives of second-division ball clubs were most reluctant to employ probabilistic methods of any description... but they did not even want to hear about them!"  Though Cook himself was never hired by a Major League team, his work influenced Major League Baseball personnel such as Tal Smith, Ewing Kauffman and Davey Johnson, as well as future sabermetricians like Palmer.  Percentage Baseball also influenced Eric Walker, who worked for the San Francisco Giants and Sandy Alderson's Oakland Athletics.  Cook's slide rule, which he used during his research for Percentage Baseball, was donated upon request to the Baseball Hall of Fame. Prior to his death he had diminished eyesight and he and wife Elizabeth Cook collaborated with Johns Hopkins on  engineering  illuminated magnification glasses for reading and research.  His signature tie was a bow tie.  He engineered a unique golf putter for himself and applied his statistical and rare metal analysis to golf as well.  He had experience in the navy during WW1 and his roommate from College Larry Keyes and he  played baseball. Elizabeth Cook experienced college in England. Cook had no direct descendants. Earnshaw Cook died of a heart attack in 1987. Elizabeth Cook passed in 1996.

Philip Roth based the character of the kid genius baseball coach Isaac Ellis in The Great American Novel on Cook.

References

1987 deaths
Baseball statisticians
Johns Hopkins University faculty
1900 births
People from Reistertown, Maryland
20th-century American mathematicians


Somerset and North Devon was a European Parliament constituency covering all of Somerset in England, plus northern Devon and south-western Avon.  With Cornwall and West Plymouth, it was one of the first two seats to elect a Liberal Democrat Member of the European Parliament.

Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Bridgwater, North Devon, Somerton and Frome, Taunton, Wells, Weston-super-Mare, and Yeovil.

The constituency replaced most of Somerset and West Dorset and parts of Devon.  It became part of the much larger South West England constituency in 1999.

Members of the European Parliament

Results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Somerset
Politics of Devon
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Ronald Jacques Piché (May 22, 1935 – February 3, 2011) was a Canadian professional baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Milwaukee Braves, Los Angeles Angels and St. Louis Cardinals. A native of Verdun, Quebec, he threw and batted right-handed and was listed as  tall and .

Biography
Piché's professional pitching career lasted for 17 seasons between 1955 and 1972 (sitting out the 1971 campaign), and included 134 games played in the majors. Only in 1963, when he worked in 37 games for Braves, all but one of them out of the bullpen, did he spend a full campaign at the major league level. All told, Piché had a 10–16 win–loss record with 12 saves. Although he started only 11 of his 134 career MLB games pitched, he threw three complete games. In  innings pitched, he allowed 216 hits and 123 bases on balls, with 157 strikeouts, while posting a career 4.19 earned run average (ERA).

Piché appeared in 500 minor league baseball games, compiling a 130–65 career record (.667 winning percentage) with an ERA of 2.96. After retiring from the mound, he served in the Montreal Expos organization as a minor league coach, an administrator in their ticket office, and as the Expos' bullpen coach in 1976 under managers Karl Kuehl and Charlie Fox.

One of Piché's best days in the major leagues occurred on May 30, 1962. He was the starting pitcher for the Braves in the first game of a doubleheader against the Cincinnati Reds. He pitched a complete game, allowing six hits, and also got his first and only major league hit. In the last of the fourth inning, with two outs and runners on first and second, he hit a single to shortstop Leo Cárdenas, driving in two runs and reaching second on an error by Cárdenas. The Braves won the game, 4–3.

During his time in the major leagues, Piché was a teammate of at least eight National Baseball Hall of Fame players: Hank Aaron, Eddie Mathews, Red Schoendienst, Warren Spahn, Lou Brock, Steve Carlton, Orlando Cepeda and Bob Gibson.

Piché was also a volunteer firefighter with the Montreal Auxiliary Firemen. He was inducted to the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in 1988. He died of cancer on February 3, 2011, at age 75.

References

External links

1935 births
2011 deaths
Auxiliary firefighters
Baseball people from Quebec
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Canadian expatriate baseball players in the United States
Deaths from cancer in Quebec
Denver Bears players
Eau Claire Braves players
Evansville Braves players
French Quebecers
Jacksonville Braves players
Los Angeles Angels players
Louisville Colonels (minor league) players
Major League Baseball bullpen coaches
Major League Baseball pitchers
Major League Baseball players from Canada
Milwaukee Braves players
Montreal Expos coaches
Montreal Expos scouts
People from Verdun, Quebec
Québec Carnavals players
St. Louis Cardinals players
Seattle Angels players
Baseball players from Montreal
Syracuse Chiefs players
Tacoma Cubs players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Tulsa Oilers (baseball) players
Vancouver Mounties players
Winnipeg Whips players
Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame inductees


A kettle is a group of birds wheeling and circling in the air. The kettle may be composed of several different species at the same time. Nature photographer M. Timothy O'Keefe theorizes that the word derives from the appearance of birds circling tightly in a thermal updraft "like something boiling in a cauldron."  Ornithologist Donald Heintzelman has done more than anyone to popularize the term kettle, using the term at least as early as 1970 in his book Hawks of New Jersey to describe raptor flight, followed by uses in print over four decades. The related terms "cauldron" and "boil" are also heard to describe the same sorts of raptor behavior. Osprey-watcher David Gessner, however, claims a Pennsylvania lowland called the Kettle ("der Kessel" in Pennsylvania Dutch), near Hawk Mountain, is the source of the term.

In some species—e.g., the terns of Nantucket—kettling behavior is evidently a way of "staging" a flock in readiness for migration. Pre-migrational turkey vultures kettle by the hundreds in the thermals that rise over Vancouver Island before they venture across the Strait of Juan de Fuca toward Washington State.  At Hawk Mountain, broad-winged hawks form kettles in September before flying south. Kettling apparently serves as a form of avian communication—an announcement of imminent departure—as well as a way of gaining altitude and conserving strength.

References

Bird behavior
Ethology


Gars is a commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department in southeastern France.

Population
The inhabitants are called Garcinois.

See also
Communes of the Alpes-Maritimes department

References

Communes of Alpes-Maritimes
Alpes-Maritimes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Library of Catalonia (, ) is the Catalan national library, located in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The primary mission of the Library of Catalonia is to collect, preserve, and spread Catalan bibliographic production and that related to the Catalan linguistic area, to look after its conservation, and to spread its bibliographic heritage while maintaining the status of a center for research and consultation.

The Library occupies 8,820 m² and has nearly about four million items. It is a special member of the Consortium of European Research Libraries (CERL).

History
The library was founded in 1907, as the library of the Institute for Catalan Studies (Institut d'Estudis Catalans, IEC). It was opened to the public on 28 May 1914, in the time of the recently founded Commonwealth of Catalonia, and was housed in the Palau de la Generalitat de Catalunya.

In 1914, the Commonwealth of Catalonia converted the library of the IEC into a public cultural service. In its early days, the Library was situated in an area of the Palau de la Generalitat in Barcelona. In 1929, the Library was acquired by the city government of Barcelona. In 1931, the 15th century buildings formerly occupied by the (Old) Hospital de la Santa Creu were declared a part of Spain's historical patrimony; and the municipality of Barcelona approved the cession of large portion of the site to the Biblioteca de Catalunya.

During the Republic era (1931-1939), the process of relocation began. In 1934, the Generalitat confirmed its status of general institution with full legal personality by the Law of the Service of Libraries. In 1936, the first reading room of the new seat, the Sala Cervantina, was opened, but the project was halted because of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) and not all of the necessary adaptations were completed. After the fall of Barcelona in January 1939, the library was closed until 1940. After the Spanish Civil War, in 1940, the Library was reopened under the new name of Biblioteca Central ("Central Library") by Francoist dictatorship and moved to its new site, where it remains to this day. In Francoist Spain, the institution was turned into a general use library, which was intended to supplement the deficiencies of the public and university libraries.

In 1981, two years after the restoration of Catalan self-government, it was made the national library of Catalonia by the Llei de biblioteques ("Libraries law"), approved by the Parliament of Catalonia, conferring upon it the duties of the reception, conservation, and distribution of the Catalan legal deposit. In 1993, the Law of the Library System of Catalonia extended the institution's depository functions and helped in its modernization, which included the remodelling of the building, its reorganization and the digitization of its procedures.

During the 1990s, a major renovation project further transformed the Library, including the construction of four underground levels of storage (creating more than 40 kilometres of shelf-space) and the annex building. In 1998, the Library renovated the Gothic elements of its buildings and extended its space, thanks to the construction of a new services building.

Partnership with Google
In 2007, the Biblioteca de Catalunya and four more Catalan libraries agreed to join the digitization project. These libraries have begun digitizing books of theirs that are in the public domain. The digitization partnership project is intended to make these books available on the Internet. The Biblioteca de Catalunya acts as coordinator and intermediary on behalf of the other four Catalan libraries participating in the project:
the library of the Monastery of Montserrat,
the Public Episcopal Library of the Seminary of Barcelona,
the Library of the Barcelona Excursionist Centre and
the Library of the Barcelona Athenaeum.
The Catalan libraries group became the second non-Anglo-Saxon collaborator to join the Google Books Library Project, within the Google Book Search program. In 1977, the Library of Catalonia joined another Spanish participant in the project, the Complutense University of Madrid.

Statistics
 Linear metres of shelving:
 Free access: 1,500 m (20,000 volumes)
 Closed stacks: 49,000 m
 Total surface area of the Biblioteca: 15,000 m2
 Total surface area of the General reading room: 2,700 m2
 Surface area of the Reserve room: 360 m2
 Seats (reading points): 229
 Total documents: 3 million (estimated)

See also
 List of libraries in Spain
 Google Book Search
 Google Books Library Project
 PADICAT
 Joan Maragall Archive
 Name and Title Authority File of Catalonia
 Llista d'encapçalaments de matèria en català

References

 Riding, Alan. "France Detects a Cultural Threat in Google," New York Times. 11 April 2005.

Further reading

Fontbona, Francesc: Présentation dés tresors de la Unitat Gràfica de la Biblioteca de Catalunya, Barcelona, 2005.
Jorba, Manuel: La Biblioteca de Catalunya com a biblioteca nacional, Barcelona, 1996; The Biblioteca de Catalunya library of Catalonia, Barcelona, 1993 ; Els 80 anys de la Biblioteca de Catalunya, Barcelona, 1994.
Panyella, V.: The Biblioteca de Catalunya, Library of Catalonia, Barcelona: Biblioteca de Catalunya, 1993.
[Pere Bohigas (ed.)]: Cincuenta años de la antigua Biblioteca de Catalunya, Biblioteca Central de la Diputación de Barcelona, Barcelona 1968.
Reis Fontanals, Marga Losantos: Biblioteca de Catalunya, 100 anys : 1907–2007, Biblioteca de Catalunya, Barcelona 2007
Rodón, Joan: Sales de lectura de la Biblioteca de Catalunya, 1995.
Rodríguez Parada, Concepción: Los fondos patrimoniales de la Biblioteca de Catalunya, Firenze, 2010.

External links

 Official website
 The European Library

1907 establishments in Catalonia
Organizations established in 1907
Catalonia
Libraries in Barcelona
Libraries established in 1907
Buildings and structures in Barcelona
Tourist attractions in Barcelona
Education in Barcelona
Deposit libraries
Catalonia
Barcelona


Richard de Beaufou (sometimes Richard of Belfou) was a medieval Bishop of Avranches. He was probably related to William de Beaufeu who was Bishop of Norwich from 1085 to 1091. Richard served as bishop from 1134 to 1142.

Notes

References

Bishops of Avranches


Keheewin is a residential neighbourhood located in southwest Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.  The name means "eagle" in the Cree language.

The neighbourhood is bounded on the west by 111 Street, on the east by Calgary Trail/Gateway Boulevard, and on the north by 23 Avenue.  The south boundary is located approximately half a block south of 18 Avenue.  Calgary Trail provides access to destinations south of the city including the Edmonton International Airport.  Gateway Boulevard provides access to Old Strathcona, the University of Alberta, and the downtown core.

Demographics
In the City of Edmonton's 2012 municipal census, Keheewin had a population of  living in  dwellings, a 0.9% change from its 2009 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  people/km2 in 2012.

Residential development
According to the 2001 federal census, most residential development in the neighbourhood occurred after 1970.  Approximately one in seven (14.2%) residences were built during the 1970s.  Three out of every five (62.4%) residences were built during the 1980s.  One in five (19.9%) of all residences were built during the 1990s.  The neighbourhood description in the City of Edmonton <http://maps.edmonton.ca map utility> indicates residential development is not yet complete.

The most common type of residence, according to the 2005 municipal census, is the single-family dwelling.  These account for half (49%) of all residences in Keheewin.  Rented apartments and apartment style condominiums in low-rise buildings with fewer than five stories account for approximately one residence in three (36%).  One in ten residences (10%) are row houses.  Most of the remainder (4%) are duplexes.  Five out of every six (83%) of all residences are owner-occupied with only one in six (17%) being rented.

Schools and sports facilities
There is one school in the neighbourhood, Keheewin Elementary School, operated by the Edmonton Public School System.

The Kinsmen Twin Arena is also located in the Keheewin.

Shopping and services
Residents have access to shopping and services located in South Edmonton Common located just to the east of the neighbourhood.

The neighbourhood is served by the Century Park LRT station. The station is located immediately to the north of the neighbourhood along 111 Street.

Surrounding neighbourhoods

References

External links
 Keheewin Neighbourhood Profile

Neighbourhoods in Edmonton


Somerset and Dorset West was a European Parliament constituency covering all of Somerset in England, plus parts of Avon and western Dorset.

Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Bridgwater, Somerton and Frome, Taunton, Wells, West Dorset, Weston-super-Mare, Woodspring, and Yeovil.

The constituency replaced Somerset and parts of Wessex.  It was itself replaced by much of Somerset and North Devon and parts of Bristol and Dorset and East Devon in 1994.  These seats became part of the much larger South West England constituency in 1999.

Members of the European Parliament

Results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Dorset
Politics of Somerset
1984 establishments in England
1994 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1984
Constituencies disestablished in 1994


New York State Route 323 (NY 323) was a state highway in Erie County, New York, in the United States. The route was  long and stretched from the town of Brant to the hamlet of Evans Center within the town of Evans. NY 323 began at an intersection with NY 249 and County Route 9 (CR 9) in Brant and headed north to a junction with NY 5 in Evans Center. In between, it passed over the New York State Thruway (Interstate 90 or I-90) and intersected U.S. Route 20 (US 20).

The route was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York. It went unchanged until 1980 when ownership and maintenance of the route was transferred from the state of New York to Erie County as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government. The designation was officially removed on August 14, 1980. The former routing of NY 323 is now the northern half of CR 9.

Route description

NY 323 began at an intersection with NY 249 and CR 9 north of the Cattaraugus Indian Reservation in Brant. The route headed northward as Brant–Angola Road through a rural area dominated by open fields and forests. It proceeded to the Brant–Evans town line, where it met Cain Road (CR 491) a short distance south of the New York State Thruway (I-90). The highway progressed onward, passing over the Thruway on its way to a junction with Dunfee Road, a connector leading to US 20. NY 323 met US 20 itself a short distance to the northwest.

The route headed northwest from US 20, intersecting with Pontiac Road (CR 490) as it curved back to the north and entered the village of Angola. Within Angola, NY 323 followed Main Street northward past several blocks of homes and business. At Orchard Avenue, the street turned to the northwest, roughly paralleling Big Sister Creek as both exited the village limits. Past this point, the amount of development along the route dropped slightly as it continued northward toward the hamlet of Evans Center. NY 323 crossed over Big Sister Creek south of the community before ending at a junction with NY 5 in the center of the hamlet.

History

NY 323 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York and served as a connector between NY 249 in Brant and US 20 (now NY 5) in Evans. On April 1, 1980, ownership and maintenance of NY 323 was transferred from the state of New York to Erie County as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government. The NY 323 designation was officially removed on August 14, 1980. The former routing of NY 323 became an extension of CR 9, which had ended at the junction of NY 249 and NY 323 prior to the swap.

Major intersections

See also

List of county routes in Erie County, New York (1–32)

References

External links

323
Transportation in Erie County, New York


Josetxu Obregón is a Spanish cellist, specializing in early music performance.

Biography
After developing a career as a modern cellist, having been appointed teacher of Madrid Royal Conservatory and cellist of the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra in Amsterdam, Josetxu Obregón oriented his life towards the early performance field. Born in Bilbao, he has been awarded with eleven prizes at international competitions, and coursed Bachelor and Master Studies in Spain, Germany and Netherlands. He specialised in Baroque cello interpretation with Lucia Swarts in the Royal Conservatory of The Hague, having also a constant contact with Anner Bijlsma, who taught him weekly. He received also lessons from Jaap ter Linden, Balazs Mate, Marc Vanscheewijck, Eric Hoeprich, Judy Tarling, Bart van Oort, Frank de Bruine, etc.

Orchestras
Selected this season as principal cellist of the European Union Baroque Orchestra, he has played under Lars Ulrich Mortensen (Concerto Copenhagen), Cristina Pluhar (L'Arpeggiata) and Maggie Faultless with great success, also appearing as soloist of Vivaldi concerto for 2 cellos in concerts in 13 countries. He performs with ensembles as Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment (UK), Arte dei Suonatori (PL), Rotterdams Baroque Ensemble, Esterhazy Trio, Aldiviva and Bach Ensemble. He is the Artistic Leader of the ensemble La Ritirata. As a soloist he performed both Haydn Cello Concertos and several Boccherini Cello Concertos with orchestras in Spain, Portugal and Netherlands. He was also invited to play Boccherini cello sonatas as soloist with Forma Antiqva.

Recordings

 “Boccherini. Sonatas”. La Ritirata. Josetxu Obregón. Verso VRS 2065 (2008)
 “Prokofiev. Cassadó. Webern”. Josetxu Obregón, cello. Ignacio Prego, piano. Verso VRS 2073 (2009)
 “Chiaroscuro”. La Ritirata. Tamar Lalo, Enrike Solinís, Josetxu Obregón. Arsis 4229 (2009)
 “Luigi Boccherini. Trios Op. 34, Vol. 1”. La Ritirata. Hiro Kurosaki, Lina Tur Bonet, Josetxu Obregón. Columna Música 1CM0258 (2010)
 “Luigi Boccherini. Trios Op. 34, Vol. 2”. La Ritirata. Hiro Kurosaki, Lina Tur Bonet, Josetxu Obregón. Columna Música 1CM0275 (2011)
 “Concierto barroco”. La Ritirata. Josetxu Obregón. DVD Cantus CV 1210 (2012)
 “Andrea Falconieri. Il Spiritillo Brando. Dance music in the courts of Italy and Spain, c.1650”. La Ritirata - Josetxu Obregón. Glossa GCD 923101 (2013)
 “Juan Crisóstomo de Arriaga (1806-1826). The complete string quartets on period instruments”. La Ritirata. Hiro Kurosaki, Miren Zeberio, Daniel Lorenzo, Josetxu Obregón. Glossa GCD 923102 (2014)
 “The Cello in Spain. Boccherini and other 18th century virtuosi”. Josetxu Obregón. La Ritirata. Glossa GCD 923103 (2015)

He made a CD recording of Beethoven’s triple concerto with Mariana Todorova and Ignacio Prego (Piccolo PC210), having also recorded "Francesco Cavalli. L’Amore Innamorato" and "Via Crucis" L'Arpeggiata – Christina Pluhar (Virgin Classics 50999 694577 0 8), "Jean-Philippe Rameau. L'Orchestre de Louis XV. Suites d'Orchestre" Le Concert des Nations – Jordi Savall (Alia Vox AVSA9882A+B), "Baroque Suites" as principal cellist of the EUBO European Union Baroque Orchestra – Lars Ulrik Mortensen (The Gift of Music (record label) CCL CDG1211), "Salve Regina" Harmonia del Parnàs (Tempus TMP1001), "Oreste Camarca. Monográfico de la obra de cámara" (Banco de Sonido BS061), etc.

He was personally invited by Anner Bijlsma to perform in a Dutch documentary film on Luigi Boccherini and Anner Bijlsma, filmed in Arenas de San Pedro, Spain, where the composer lived the last years of his life.

He made recordings for BBC Three (United Kingdom), NPO 3FM (Netherlands), Norddeutscher Rundfunk, Deutschlandradio Kultur, Südwestrundfunk (Germany), ORF (broadcaster) (Austria), NRK (Norway), Mezzo TV, Arte (France), RTVE, La 2 (Spain), RNE, RNE Radio Clásica, RNE Radio 5, Antena 3 (Spain), Cuatro (TV channel), Canal Sur, EITB, Canal 4 Castilla y León, Catalunya Música, Radio Euskadi, Radio Vitoria (Spain), Macedonian Radio Television (Republic of Macedonia), Radio HJUT Jorge Tadeo Lozano University (Colombia), Radio USACH (Chile), CRI Online (China), etc.

Tours
He has played in important Early Music Festivals as Fringe Festival Oudemuziek Utrecht (Netherlands),  (Slovenia),  and  (Germany),  (Croatia), Ohrid Summer Festival (North Macedonia),  (France),  (Italy), Kipria International Festival (Cyprus), York Early Music Festival and Music at Oxford (UK), Festival International Echternach (Luxembourg), etc. He made his debut in America with a United States tour playing in New York City, Hartford, etc. Next appointments include Mexico and Japan.

Instruments
Josetxu Obregon plays an original Sebastian Klotz cello from 1740 recently restored by Johannes Loescher (Cologne) and historical bows of different periods from Kees van Hemert (The Hague) and Andreas Grutter (Amsterdam).

External links
Josetxu Obregón - Official website
Josetxu Obregón's YouTube Channel
La Ritirata YouTube Channel
Videos

Spanish performers of early music
Musicians from Bilbao
Spanish classical cellists
Academic staff of the Madrid Royal Conservatory
Living people
Royal Conservatory of The Hague alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)


A garbhagriha is the innermost sanctuary of Hindu and Jain temples, what may be called the "holy of holies" or "sanctum sanctorum".

The term garbhagriha (literally, "womb chamber") comes from the Sanskrit words garbha for womb and griha for house. Although the term is often associated with Hindu temples, it is also found in Jain and Buddhist temples.

The garbhagriha is the location of the murti (statue or icon) of the temple's primary deity. This might be a  statue or icon of Shiva, as the lingam, his consort the Goddess in her consecrated image or yoni symbol, Vishnu or his spouse, or some other god in symbol or image. In the Rajrani temple in Bhuvaneshvara, near Puri, there is no symbol whatsoever in that lightless garbhagriha.

Architecture

A garbhagriha is normally square (though there are exceptions), sits on a plinth, and is also at least approximately a cube. Compared to the size of the temple that may surround it, and especially the large tower commonly found above it, a garbhagriha is a rather small room.

The typical Hindu and Jain garbhagriha is preceded by one or more adjoining pillared mandapas (porches or halls), which are connected to the sanctum by an open or closed vestibule (antarala). and through which the priests or devotees may approach the holy shrine in order to worship the presence of the deity in profound, indrawn meditation.

In addition to being square, the garbhagriha is most often windowless, has only one entrance that faces the eastern direction of the rising sun (though there are exceptions), and is sparsely lit to allow  the devotee's mind to focus on the tangible form of the divine within it. The garbhagriha is also commonly capped by a great  tower superstructure. The two main styles of towers are the shikhara (in India's northern region) or the vimana (in India's southern region).

An early prototype for this style of garbhagriha is the sixth century CE Deogarh temple in Uttar Pradesh State’s Jhansi district (which also has a small stunted shikhara over it). The style fully emerged in the eighth century CE and developed distinct regional variations in Orissa, central India, Rajasthan, and Gujarat. However, it should be remembered that throughout South Asia stone structures were always vastly outnumbered by buildings made of perishable materials, such as wood, bamboo, thatch and brick. Thus, while some early stone examples have survived, the earliest use of a square garbhagriha cannot be categorically dated simply because its original structural materials have long since decomposed.

Some exceptions to the square-rule exist. In some temples, particularly at an early date, the garbhagriha is not quite square, and in some later ones it may be rectangular to ensure enough symmetrical space for the housing of more than one deity, such as at the Savadi Trimurti Temple. Other rectangular garbhagriha include those at Sasta Temple (Karikkad Ksetram), Manjeri, and at Varahi Deula.

There are a very few examples of larger variance: the chamber at  Gudimallam is both semi-circular at the rear, and set below the main floor level of the temple (see bottom inset image). The famous 7th-century Durga temple, Aihole also has a rounded apse at the garbagriha end, which is echoed in the shape of the chamber. So, too, does the garbhagriha at Triprangode Siva Temple have a rounded apse. Fully round garbhagriha exist at the Siva Temple, Masaon, as well as at Siva Temple, Chandrehe.

Orientation

The tower that caps the garbhagriha forms the main vertical axis of the temple, and is usually understood to represent the axis of the world through Mount Meru. By contrast, the garbhagriha usually forms part of the main horizontal axis of the temple, which generally runs east-west. In those temples where there is also a cross-axis, the  is generally at their intersection.

The location for the garbhagriha is ritually oriented at the point of total equilibrium and harmony as a representative of a microcosm of the Universe. This is achieved through a cosmic diagram (the vastu purusha mandala in Hindu temple architecture), which is used to ritually trace a hierarchy of deities on the ground where a new temple is to be built. Indeed, the ground plans of many Indian temples are themselves in the form of a rectilinear abstract mandala pattern. The murti of the deity is ritually and symmetrically positioned at the center of the garbhagriha shrine, and represents the "axis mundi", the axis about which the world is oriented, and which connects heaven and earth.

This symmetry highlights the principal axes underlying the temple. Two cardinal axes, crossing at right angles, orient the ground plan: a longitudinal axis (running through the doorway, normally east-west) and a transverse one (normally north-south). Diagonal axes run through the garbhagriha corners and, since a square is the usual basis of the whole vimana plan, through the exterior corners.

There are some exceptions to the east-facing rule. For example, the garbhagriha at the Sasta Temple (Karikkad Ksetram) in Manjeri, the Siva Temple in Masaon, and the Siva Temple in Chandrehe, all face west. Ernest Short suggests that these western-facing Shiva temples are the result of rules in the Shulba Sutras which set out the appropriate forms and symbolism of a Hindu temple. Whereas a shrine of Brahman was open on all four sides, Short says, a temple of Vishnu faced east, while that of Shiva, west.

Hinduism

The purpose of every Hindu temple is to be a house for a deity whose image or symbol is installed and whose presence is concentrated at the heart and focus of the building.

Entrance to the Hindu garbhagriha has been traditionally restricted to priests who perform the services there, though in temples that are used in active worship (as opposed to historic monuments), access is at least restricted to Hindus. In Jain temples, all suitably bathed and purified Jains are allowed to enter inside.

As a house for the deity, the function of the shrine is not just to offer shelter but also to manifest the presence within, to be a concrete realisation, and a coming into the world of the deity. Symbolically the shrine is the body of the god, as well as the house, and many Sanskrit terms for architectural elements reflect this.  The embodied divinity, its power radiating from within, is revealed in the exterior, where architectural expression chiefly resides. This is consistent with other early Hindu images that often represented cosmic parturition—-the coming into present existence of a divine reality that otherwise remains without form-—as well as “meditational constructs".

Other Languages

In Tamil, the garbhagriha is called karuvarai meaning the interior of the sanctumn sanctorum. The word karuarai means "womb chamber". The word "karu" means foetus and "arai" means a room.

Satcitananda is an epithet and description for the subjective experience of the ultimate unchanging reality, such as that typified by the garbhagriha. Devotees of the Sabarimala Temple may refer to the garbhagriha as sannidhanam.

Sreekovil is another term for garbhagriha.

Notes

References
Hardy, Adam, Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries, 1995, Abhinav Publications, , 9788170173120, google books.
 George Michell, Monuments of India (Penguin Guides, Vol. 1, 1989).

External links

 Temple architecture
 Parts of a North Indian Temple

Hindu temple architecture
Architecture in India


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Shropshire and Stafford was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Cannock and Burntwood, Ludlow, Newcastle-under-Lyme, North Shropshire, Shrewsbury and Atcham, South Staffordshire, Stafford, and The Wrekin.

Lord Kingsland, then Christoper Prout, was the sole representative during this constituency's existence.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Shropshire
Politics of Staffordshire
1984 establishments in England
1994 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1984
Constituencies disestablished in 1994


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Peak District was one of them.

It was named after the Peak District in the East Midlands and consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies (on their 1983 boundaries) of Amber Valley, Ashfield, Broxtowe, Erewash, High Peak, Staffordshire Moorlands, and West Derbyshire.

Arlene McCarthy of the Labour Party was this seat's only MEP.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Derbyshire
Politics of Staffordshire
Politics of Nottinghamshire
1994 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1994
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Richard Coombs is a British puppeteer who has worked extensively on television shows, feature films, commercials, and music videos. From 1987 to 1988, he worked on the ITV Saturday morning children's show, Get Fresh, where he operated the puppet Gilbert the Alien, alongside fellow puppeteer John Eccleston, with the character's voice performed by Phil Cornwell.

Coombs was one of the three puppeteers (again alongside Eccleston as well as Michael J. Bassett), who each alternately controlled and voiced the puppet character, Scally the Dog, who co-presented Children's ITV, from 1989–1991.

From 1990-1992 he performed the character of Ringo the Rabbit on A Kind of Magic, an ITV programme starring British magician Wayne Dobson.

In January 2003, he returned as Scally on the CITV's 20th Birthday Bash programme, alongside fellow presenter, Jeanne Downs. He is a Punch and Judy performer and has worked on several Jim Henson Muppet projects. He was one of the puppeteers on the ITV satirical show, Spitting Image, and worked on the 2005 film version of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.

Filmography
Labyrinth: goblins (uncredited)
The Tale of the Bunny Picnic (uncredited)
The Ghost of Faffner Hall: The Zookeeper, Madame Mumu, Mr. Director, Piganini, other guest characters
The Storyteller: devils in "The Soldier and Death"
The NeverEnding Story III
Flat Eric
The Honey Monster (facial controls)
Alice in Wonderland: White Rabbit (face/voice)
Snow Queen: polar bear (puppeteer)
"Playtime (puppeteer)
"The Roly Mo Show (Puppeteer and Voice of Rocket)
Play With Me Sesame UK: Domby
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy: Kwaltz (face)
ABBA's The Last Video
Spitting Image
Little Shop of Horrors
Babe: Pig in the City
 Mongrels (puppeteer)
Sooty (2001 TV series) (puppeteer)

References

External links
Official site

Muppet performers
British puppeteers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Aylesbury, Beaconsfield, Buckingham, Chesham and Amersham, Henley, Oxford East, Oxford West and Abingdon, and Wycombe.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Buckinghamshire
Politics of Oxfordshire
1984 establishments in England
1994 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1984
Constituencies disestablished in 1994


The Nocturnal Silence is the first studio album recorded by Swedish death metal band Necrophobic. It was recorded and mixed at Sunlight Studios, Stockholm, Sweden in March 1993. It was produced by Necrophobic and Tomas Skogsberg and engineered by Tomas Skogsberg and Lars Liden.

Track listing

Line-up
 Anders Strokirk: Vocals
 Tobias Sidegard: Bass
 David Parland: Guitars, Keyboard
 Joakim Sterner: Drums

References

External links
 Necrophobic official website

1993 debut albums
Necrophobic albums