Lise Marie Jeanette de Baissac MBE CdeG (11 May 1905 – 29 March 2004), code names Odile and Marguerite, was a Mauritian agent in the United Kingdom's clandestine Special Operations Executive (SOE) organization in France during World War II. The purpose of SOE was to conduct espionage, sabotage, and reconnaissance in countries occupied by the Axis powers, especially Nazi Germany. SOE agents allied themselves with resistance groups and supplied them with weapons and equipment parachuted in from England.

De Baissac was one of the first SOE female agents to be parachuted into occupied France in September 1942.  During her two missions to France she often worked with her brother Claude who headed the Scientist network of SOE. The couple was most useful shortly before and after the D-Day invasion of France by the allies. The de Baissacs armed and organized French Resistance forces to hinder the German response to the invasion and to assist the allies. Lise de Baissac had frequent encounters with German soldiers in the heavily militarized region in which she worked, but she eluded capture. She was awarded several gallantry awards after the war.

Early life
The only daughter among three children, Lise de Baissac was born in British Mauritius. Her father was Marie Louis Marc de Boucherville Baissac (1878–1945) and her mother was Marie Louise Jeanette Dupont. Her family were large landowners in Mauritius, but British subjects as all Mauritians then were. The family moved to Paris in 1919. When she was 17 years old she met her future husband, Gustave Villameur, a penniless artist. Her mother disapproved of the romance and sent de Baissac to Italy. Returning to Paris, de Baissac worked in an office although employment was unusual for an upper-class young woman at the time.

In 1940 Paris was occupied by the Germans. Her older brother, Jean de Baissac, joined the British Army. Lise and her younger brother, Claude, travelled to the Dordogne region in southern France in an attempt to reach England. She obtained help with travel arrangements to England from the American Consulate and crossed into Spain and went to Lisbon, where she and her brother waited for five months for permission to travel to Gibraltar and on to the UK. The pair arrived in Scotland in 1941 and she made her way to London. Through her family's ties with the wife of Gomer Berry, 1st Viscount Kemsley, she got a job at the Daily Sketch. Her brother Claude was recruited by the Special Operations Executive (SOE). Because of their proficiency in both English and French, Mauritians were often recruited as agents in France by the SOE. Fourteen would serve with the SOE during World War II.

Special Operations Executive
As soon as the SOE began recruiting women, de Baissac applied to join. She was interviewed by Selwyn Jepson, and accepted for training in May 1942. She was described as "a mature woman of thirty-seven, small, slight, with black hair, light eyes, and a confident manner."  She had the family characteristic of being "difficult but dedicated." Female SOE agents were trained as couriers or wireless operators and worked for male "organisers," but de Baissac was identified as having the ability to head her own network.

Her training took place at Beaulieu, Hampshire, where she trained with the second group of women recruited by the SOE including Mary Herbert, Odette Sansom and Jacqueline Nearne. She was commissioned in the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry in July 1942. The commandant at Beaulieu wrote that De Baissac was "quite imperturbable and would remain cool and collected in any situation... [s]he was very much ahead of her fellow students."

First mission

On the night of 25 September 1942 (the night after their parachute drop was aborted due to the signals in the drop zone being incorrect), de Baissac ("Odile") and Andrée Borrel ("Denise") became the first female SOE agents to be parachuted into occupied France (Yvonne Rudellat had arrived by boat two months earlier). On the eve of her departure, she was taken for dinner by Colonel Maurice Buckmaster and seen off from RAF Tempsford in a Whitley bomber. Borrel was the first to drop, with de Baissac following in quick succession, landing in the village of Bois Renard near the town of Mer. They were met by Resistance leader Pierre Culioli. Borrel departed for Paris to work for the Prosper network of Francis Suttill. De Baissac went to Poitiers.

De Baissac's role was as a courier and liaison officer for her brother Claude's Scientist network in Bordeaux, communicating with the Prosper (or Physician) network in Paris and with the Bricklayer network of fellow Mauritian France Antelme in Tours. Her mission was "to form a new circuit and to provide a centre where agents could go with complete security for material help and information on local details" and to organise the pick-up of arms drops from the UK to assist the French resistance.  Her one-woman network was called "Artist."  De Baissac used a number of code names (including "Odile", "Irene", "Marguerite" and "Adele"). Her cover story was that she was a poor widow from Paris, Madame Irene Brisse, seeking refuge from the tension of life and avoiding the food shortages of the capital. She moved into an apartment on a busy street near the Gestapo headquarters in Poitiers and often exchanged greetings with the Gestapo chief, Herr Grabowski.

De Baissac preferred the lonely life of working alone in Poitiers, making local contacts and recruiting resisters but avoiding the company of other SOE agents except when she chose to visit them on business in Paris or Bordeaux. She rarely saw her brother and she turned down an offer by SOE to send her a wireless operator, Gilbert Norman.

De Baissac reproduced in Poitiers what Virginia Hall had created in Lyon. During the 11 months she lived in Poitiers, she received and briefed 13 newly arrived SOE agents and organized departures of agents, resistance leaders, and others traveling clandestinely to England.  She played the role of an amateur archaeologist which gave her the pretext of bicycling around the country to search for ancient monuments while, in fact, identifying possible parachute drop-zones and landing areas for RAF's 138 and 161 squadrons. She collected air-dropped CLE Canisters containing weapons and supplies and transported them to safe houses. She also built a resistance network of her own, recruiting a number of "helpers" including a teen-age girl who traveled with her as a cover for her activities. To communicate with London, as she had no wireless operator, she had to travel to Paris or Bordeaux where her brother Claude was organising sabotage missions and gathering information on ship and submarine movements.  In June 1943, many members of the Prosper network were arrested by the Germans and her Artist network was also penetrated by the Gestapo, thereby increasing her risk of capture. On the night of 16/17 August 1943 Claude and Lise de Baissac and SOE deputy head Nicholas Bodington, were flown back to England by Lysander.  Roger Landes, the Scientist network's wireless operator, was furious that de Baissac had taken his sister with him to England, but not de Baissac's pregnant lover and fellow SOE agent Mary Herbert who remained behind.

De Baissac was then sent to RAF Ringway where she was conducting officer (mentor) to two new agents, Yvonne Baseden and Violette Szabo. During their training, de Baissac broke her leg in a parachute jump.

Second mission
De Baissac's return to France was delayed until her broken leg healed. Not being able to parachute, she returned to France in a Lysander, landing in a farm field near Villers-les-Ormes on the night of 9/10 April 1944.  She went to work as a courier for the Pimiento network, headed by Anthony Brooks, in Toulouse under the new codename Marguerite.  However, de Baissac, ambitious for greater things, was given only trivial tasks. Her aristocratic demeanor was incompatible with the trade unionists and socialists who worked with Pimiento. She said darkly that the network was controlled by "someone in Switzerland", rather than SOE in London. By mutual consent, she left Pimiento to join her brother Claude, who had returned to France in February 1944, and the reborn Scientist network he headed which was now working in southern Normandy and adjacent areas. (Unknown to de Baissac and the French Resistance, Normandy would be the landing site of allied forces in the D-Day invasion of France on 6 June 1944.)

De Baissac was her brother's courier, bicycling  or more daily to deliver messages and attempting to restrain the now armed and impatient maquis (resistance fighters) from premature attacks on the Germans and the infrastructure which supported them. The job of Scientist was to reconnoiter possible large open areas where invading airborne troops could land and hold and to receive air-drops of weapons and supplies for the resistance.

De Baissac based herself in the village of Saint-Aubin-du-Désert, about  south of where British troops would land near Caen on D-Day. Still masquerading as a poor Paris widow, she rented the second floor of a house, consisting of two rooms with a mattress on the floor that served as a bed. On 5 June 1944 she was in Paris recruiting fighters for the resistance. That evening she heard the BBC broadcast the code phrase meaning that the allied invasion of France was imminent. Immediately she bicycled back to her network, traveling more than  in three days, passing through large formations of the German army and sleeping in ditches.

Arriving at her base near Normandy, de Baissac gathered information on German dispositions and passed it to the Allies. According to de Baissac, on one occasion, "the Germans arrived and threw me out of my room. I arrived to take my clothes and found they had opened up the parachute I had made into a sleeping bag and were sitting on it. Fortunately they had no idea what it was." On another occasion she shared a schoolhouse with German army officers, they working in the front room while she worked in a smaller room at the back. De Baissac's lofty aplomb served her well as she resisted successfully several attempts by German soldiers to confiscate her bicycle.  On one occasion, de Baissac, accompanying a group of maquis, engaged in a firefight with a German patrol, reporting that they killed several Germans.

The two months after the Normandy invasion were frantic for the Scientist network. At night they gathered canisters full of weapons for the resistance fighters and impeded the arrival of German reinforcements by setting land mines or tyre busters in the roads. During the daytime de Baissac bicycled from place to place with an inexperienced wireless operator, Phyllis Latour, helping her with the communications necessary for arranging weapon drops and providing intelligence to the allied forces, now only a few miles distant.

On 25 July, the American army launched Operation Cobra which forced the German army to retreat rapidly from the Scientist area of operation.  On 13 August, the de Baissacs linked up with a lead unit of U.S. soldiers. Dressed in long-unworn British military uniforms, they stood in front of the mayor's office in a provincial town and greeted the arriving American soldiers. A few days later the de Baissacs were flown to England, their mission concluded.

Hunting for Mary Herbert
In September 1944, the de Baissacs were back in France, now liberated from German occupation, as part of the Judex mission which aimed to locate lost and captured SOE agents and the French people who had worked with them. Claude was the father of a daughter, Claudine, born December 1943 to Mary Herbert, but he and SOE had lost contact with her. The de Baissac's traced Herbert from Bordeaux to Poitiers. They found her and her daughter in a house near Poitiers. The de Baissacs returned to England with them. Claude married Herbert, but it was apparently a marriage only of propriety as the couple did not live together.

Post-war
After World War II, de Baissac worked for BBC. In 1950, age 45, she married Gustave Villameur, her teenage sweetheart, who had become a successful artist and interior decorator living in Marseille; they had no children. Her husband died in 1978 and afterwards "she lived alone in a magnificent apartment overlooking the old port" of Marseille.
The Guardian obituary described her as a "grande dame of the old school: fiercely independent, courageous, elegant and modest." She died on 29 March 2004 in Marseille, aged 98.

In an interview, de Baissac said that "the loneliness of a secret life" was her strongest emotion and that "cold-blooded efficiency for long weary months" was needed more than heroism. In 2008, her life was recaptured in the highly fictionalised French film Female Agents (Les Femmes de l'ombre).

Recognition

Honours
France: Knight of the Légion d'honneur (LH), Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (CG) with palm ;
UK: Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), September 1945.
Citations
One British officer declared: "The role she played in aiding the maquis and the resistance in France will never be over-praised and she did much to enable to maquis and resistance's preparations before the American breakthrough in Mayenne."
Her SOE dossier states "[S]he was the inspiring-force for the groups in the Orne, and through her initiatives she inflicted heavy losses on the Germans thanks to anti-tyre devices scattered on the roads near Saint-Aubin-du-Désert, Saint-Mars-du-Désert, and even as far as Laval, Le Mans and Rennes. She also took part in armed attacks on enemy columns."

References

Citations

Bibliography

  Documents Atkins' post-war search for missing SOE agents including Borrel.
  Focus on the four female SOE agents (Borrel, Leigh, Olschanezky and Rowden) executed in the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp.

  Overview of the 39 female SOE agents.

Further reading

External links
 Article on Lise de Baissac at Spartacus Educational
Times of London obituary
Daily Telegraph obituary

1905 births
2004 deaths
Mauritian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Mauritian military personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Mauritian women
British Special Operations Executive personnel
British women in World War II
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Female recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
Mauritian people of French descent
People from Moka District


Clarkson is a common English surname.

Etymology
It is derived from a patronymic form of an occupational name. The surname means "son of the clerk", and refers to a scribe or secretary. The surname is derived from the Old English clerc, , which means priest; the Old English words were later reinforced by the Old French form of the word clerc. Both the Old English and Old French words are from the Late Latin clericus, which is derived from the Greek , which is in turn a derivative of kleros, which means "inheritance", "legacy".

An early instances of the surname in English records is "le Clerkissone", in 1308; "Clerksone", in 1332; and "Clarkson", in 1491.

Persons with the surname
Adrienne Clarkson (born 1939), former Governor General of Canada
Alastair Clarkson (born 1968), Australian rules football coach and former player
A. E. Clarkson (Albert Ernest Clarkson 1876–1936), South Australian businessman
Alison H. Clarkson (born 1955), American politician
Amelia Clarkson (born 1997), English actress
Bayard D. Clarkson (born 1926), American physician, hematologist, and oncologist
Bob Clarkson (born 1939), New Zealand politician
Courtney Clarkson (born 1991), Australian rules footballer
David Clarkson (disambiguation)
David Clarkson (born 1984), professional ice hockey player
Ellis Clarkson ( — October 1947) English rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s and 1910s
Jeremy Clarkson (born 1960), English motoring journalist and former co-presenter of BBC TV series Top Gear
John Clarkson (1861-1909), American baseball player
John Clarkson (abolitionist) (1764-1828) British Royal Navy officer and founder of Freetown, Sierra Leone
Jordan Clarkson (born 1992), Filipino-American basketball player
Julian Clarkson, English baritone
Kelly Clarkson (born 1982), American Idol winner; singer/songwriter
Kenneth L. Clarkson, American computer scientist
Kevin Clarkson, Attorney General of Alaska
Lana Clarkson (1962–2003), American actress and murder victim
Margaret Clarkson (born 1941), English artist who paints nostalgic scenes
Nathaniel James Clarkson (born 1978), British record producer, aka Nat Clarxon & NJC
Patricia Clarkson (born 1959), American actress
Phil Clarkson, English footballer
Robert Clarkson, American tax protester
Stephen Clarkson (1937–2016), Canadian political scientist
Stu Clarkson (1919–1957), American football player
Thomas Clarkson (1760–1846), British abolitionist
Tony Clarkson (born 1939), English cricketer
Walter Clarkson (1878–1946), American baseball player
William Clarkson (disambiguation)
William Clarkson (1859–1934) Australian vice admiral
Willy Clarkson (1861–1934), theatrical costume designer and wigmaker

Fictional characters
 Tom Clarkson, a fictional character in the BBC television drama Waterloo Road, played by Jason Done.
 Louise Clarkson, a fictional character in the American TV series, Everybody Hates Chris, played by Whoopi Goldberg.
 Myles Clarkson, played by Alan Alda in the 1971 American horror film, The Mephisto Waltz

References

English-language surnames
Surnames of English origin
Occupational surnames
Patronymic surnames
English-language occupational surnames


Can-Am Speedway is a -mile dirt oval raceway located in La Fargeville, Town of Orleans, New York.  Located just a few miles from the Thousand Islands on New York State Route 411, it draws competitors and fans from both sides of the Canada–United States border.

History
The Can-Am Speedway was built in 1974 by an Evans Mills, NY real estate broker, Leslie W. Brown.  The track lasted one year under this ownership and Brown filed for bankruptcy.

Early in 1975, a group of Watertown Speedway investors purchased the track, that consisted of Bob Thurston Sr., Douglas Atkinson, and Thomas Coughlin.  This partnership lasted for several seasons. In 1981, Bob Thurston Sr. bought out Mr. Atkinson and Mr. Coughlin, and became the sole owner.

The Thurston family continued to own the track during the glory years of the 80s and 90s.  Thurston was responsible for bringing Can-Am under the DIRTcar racing banner during the winter of 1982-83.  The Thurston family did a remarkable job with the speedway, even after the rebuilding of the VIP towers after a vicious storm hit the track in 1995.  The Thurston's faced some pretty tough decisions at the time, but decided to repair the damage.  With the help of many people around the racing community, the track was back up and running in just three weeks.  The Thurston family owned the speedway until the late in the 2000 season.

John Wight, of Baldwinsville, NY purchased the track in the summer of 2000.  Wight introduced the Big Block Modifieds as the top class at the speedway.  Wight continued ownership of the speedway, even though attendance and car counts were down from previous seasons.  Wight also owned and sponsored cars driven by Billy Decker, Pat Ward and Pat Obrien.  Wight would eventually sell the track to Charlie and Billy Caprara from the F.X. Caprara car companies late in the 2003 season.  Wight would continue to me a major player in racing with ownership of both the Brewerton and Fulton Speedways in upstate New York, as well as a Big Block Modified team still consisting of Ward, and Larry Wight, his son.

Caprara's ownership of the Can-Am Speedway saw several changes to the speedway.  The track became known as Caprara Bros. Can-Am Motorsports Park.  The Caprara's also operated the Thunder Alley Speed Park, which is just a few miles down the road from Can-Am.

The Caprara's continued to own Can-Am through the end of the 2009 season.  Just a couple of months into the off season, the track was sold to longtime racer, and Rochester businessman, Tiger Chapman.  Chapman was originally from nearby Cape Vincent, New York, and still has a home in the town.

In 2017, operations returned to the Caprara family, and the 358 Modifieds headlined the Saturday night events.

In December 2017 it was announced that the Can-Am Speedway had been sold to driver Tyler Bartlett.  The track will be sanctioned by DIRTcar.  Bartlett will continue to compete in weekly races, while Bobby Thurston Jr. will return as general manager.

References

External links
 CanAm Motorsports
 DIRT Motorsports

Dirt oval race tracks in the United States
Sports venues in Jefferson County, New York
Motorsport venues in New York (state)
1974 establishments in New York (state)
Sports venues completed in 1974


Chinese South Korean or South Korean Chinese may refer to:
China–South Korea relations
South Korea–Taiwan relations
Ethnic Chinese in South Korea
South Koreans in China
South Koreans in the Republic of China
Multiracial people of Chinese and South Korean descent


Sundarakanda may refer to:
 Sundara Kanda, the fifth book in the Hindu epic Ramayana
 Sundarakanda (1991 film), 1991 Kannada film starring Shankar Nag
 Sundarakanda (1992 film), 1992 Telugu film starring Daggubati Venkatesh and Meena
 Sundarakanda (2001 film), 2001 Kannada film starring Shivaraj Kumar
 Sundarakanda (2008 film), 2008 Telugu film starring Allari Naresh and Charmy Kaur


Russian government has been involved in many counter-terrorism operations abroad, in cooperation with other nations.

Delhi security summit

The Delhi summit on security took place on February 14, 2007 with the foreign ministers of China, India, and Russia meeting in Hyderabad House, Delhi, India to discuss terrorism, drug trafficking, reform of the United Nations, and the security situations in Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, and North Korea.

The Indian Foreign Ministry released a statement on behalf of all three governments saying, "We shared our thoughts on the political, economic and security aspects of the global situation, the present world order and recent developments in various areas of mutual concern. We agreed that co-operation rather than confrontation should govern approaches to regional and global affairs. There was coincidence of views against terrorism in all its forms and manifestations and on the need to address financing of terrorism and its linkages with narco-trafficking."

Afghanistan
Russian Deputy Prime Minister Valentina Matviyenko announced in October 2002 that the Russian government would provide aid to Afghan refugees leaving Afghanistan if counter-terrorism operations against the Taliban created a humanitarian disaster. On 10 September 2002, the day before the first anniversary of the September 11, 2001 attacks, Vladimir Zhirinovsky, vice speaker of the State Duma and the leader of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, said Russia should remain neutral in the United States's counter-terrorism operations, during a round-table discussion in Moscow. Zhirinovsky said Russian troops should not go into Afghanistan because doing so would "grant [the] Taliban the right to invade Central Asia."

Afghan Foreign Minister Abdullah Abdullah met with Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov on 7 May 2004. They discussed improving Afghanistan's economy and security.

Iran
The Russian government has worked with the United States and Iran in counter-terrorism operations. Alexander Gurov, the General-Lieutenant of Police and Chairman of the State Duma Security Committee, said the U.S. focus on fighting the Cold War partly contributed to its inability to predict the 9/11 attacks, and advocated greater cooperation between the two countries.

Tajikistan
Drug trafficking in Central Asia is a major source of funding for terrorist organizations, second only to direct donations of military equipment and financing from state sponsors of terrorism. The Tajik government asked Russia on 15 May 2004 to begin withdrawing some of its 20,000 troops from Tajikistan's border with Afghanistan. The withdrawal of troops concerned the U.S. government because the troop presence helped prevent cross-border drug trafficking.

References

Counterterrorism
Foreign relations of Russia


Chinese North Korean or North Korean Chinese may refer to:
China–North Korea relations, the foreign relations between the People's Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
North Koreans in China
Ethnic Chinese in North Korea
Mixed race people of Chinese and North Korean descent


Fish Creek Falls is a waterfall located about 5 miles to the east of Steamboat Springs, Colorado, in Routt National Forest. Fish Creek runs from several small lakes in the Rabbit Ears Range of Colorado.

In the summertime, the road to Fish Creek Falls often becomes clogged in mid-afternoon with tourists wanting to see the  waterfall. It is possible to hike all the way to the terminus of the waterfall through giant boulders and rushing water. There are two hiking trails from the parking lot at the end of Fish Creek Fall Road. One is 1/4 of a mile () and goes through several Aspen groves with the occasional Subalpine Fir. It ends at a viewing station where the entirety of the falls can be seen. The other trail goes straight down into the U-shaped valley formed by glaciers. As it nears the bottom of the valley, one can hear the rushing sound of water over the fall and see beautiful Fish Creek. The trail continues on to Upper Fish Creek Falls and then on to the Wyoming Trail, a long trail running the northwestern mountains of Colorado to Wyoming. The falls provide a great place for ice climbing in the winter when 300+ inches of snow () fall on the mountains east of Steamboat Springs.

Image gallery

See also
Waterfalls of Colorado

References

External links
Photo of the waterfall by pdsphil from Flickr

Waterfalls of Colorado
Protected areas of Routt County, Colorado
Plunge waterfalls
Landforms of Routt County, Colorado


The Latin Grammy Award for Best Ranchero/Mariachi Album was an honor presented annually at the Latin Grammy Awards, a ceremony that recognizes excellence and creates a wider awareness of cultural diversity and contributions of Latin recording artists in the United States and internationally. The award went to solo artists, duos, or groups for releasing vocal or instrumental albums containing at least 51% of new recordings in the ranchero music genre.

Vicente Fernández is the most awarded performer in this category having won eight times including once for three consecutive years from 2002 to 2004 and once for four consecutive years from 2008 to 2011. He is also the most nominated artist in the category with fifteen nominations Pepe Aguilar is the second most-awarded performer with four wins.

The award has been presented mostly by artists originating from Mexico on all but three occasions. In 2005 when it was awarded to Puerto Rican singer Luis Miguel, who happens to reside in Mexico, 2005 for the album México En La Piel and the following two years to an American singer of Mexican origin Pepe Aguilar.

In 2016, the award was not awarded due to a lack of entries. All-female band Flor de Toloache won the award in 2017, becoming the first female recipient of the award as well as the first band to win.

Winners and nominees

 Each year is linked to the article about the Latin Grammy Awards held that year.

See also
Latin Grammy Award for Best Regional Song

References

General
  Note: User must select the "Regional Field" category as the genre under the search feature.

Specific

External links
Official site of the Latin Grammy Awards

Mariachi albums
Ranchera albums
Ranchero Mariachi Album
Ranchero Mariachi Album


Sonya Esmée Florence Butt  (14 May 1924 – 21 December 2014), also known as Sonia d'Artois, code named Blanche, was an agent of the clandestine Special Operations Executive during the Second World War. SOE agents allied themselves with groups resisting the occupation of their countries by Axis powers. The purpose of SOE was to conduct espionage, sabotage, and reconnaissance in occupied countries. The SOE supplied resistance groups with weapons and equipment parachuted in from England.

Butt worked as a courier for the Headmaster network of SOE. She was the youngest agent of either sex sent by the SOE to work in France.

Early life

Sonya Butt was born in Kent on 14 May 1924. When war broke out in 1939, she was 15 years old, though by then the family had moved to Woking.

Service in the Women's Auxiliary Air Force

Butt was only a schoolgirl at the start of the war, and would not be due to join up for at least a couple of years. Her preference was for the Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF), as her father had served in the RAF himself, but the minimum age join the WAAF was 17½. Butt joined up the very day she became eligible: 14 November 1941, becoming 454240 Aircraftwoman (ACW) Butt. She served in the Administrative Branch.

In 1941, women were banned from front-line service. In April 1942, however, this provision was changed and one of the first organisations to take advantage of this was the Special Operations Executive (SOE). SOE trained teams to operate 'behind the lines' in countries under Nazi occupation. The role of courier was particularly important, as movements around a district were likely to encounter German check-points, and a male of military or working age attracted adverse attention; a woman on a bicycle, however, was less likely to be suspected, and if she attracted attention at all, it was usually the sort that makes a besotted sentry forget to check papers and luggage properly. SOE began to look for potential female couriers, but the work was highly dangerous and required toughness mind and body to perform under such pressure, so SOE had to be very demanding, very selective and very secretive. It did not advertise its vacancies and recruited by 'the usual methods': word of mouth, and other quiet and roundabout means; a skill in the appropriate language was a good starting point.

Whilst working at RAF Gosforth (alongside another future SOE agent, Patricia O'Sullivan), Butt had been advertising her fluency in French in an attempt to get attached to the Free French squadrons and escape her dreary routine. She failed in this bid, but this did bring her to the attention of SOE, and she was soon accepted for training.  She was given an honorary commission as an Assistant Section Officer.

Special Operations Executive

Butt joined SOE, aged 19, on 11 December 1943. Her training followed the usual programme of tough outdoor training to develop stamina and basic soldiering skills, followed by specialist training according to the operation requirements, plus familiarisation with the routine of life in occupied Europe. Recruits could not discuss their training with outsiders, and in any case, this sort of training was unheard of for women, so at the time few would understand or even believe the full details of the armed and unarmed combat training they received. Only fellow students could give meaningful support. Sonya's colleagues in the SOE included Nancy Wake and Violette Szabo, as well as the French-Canadian army officer Captain Guy D'Artois, whom she would later marry.

On 28 May 1944, Butt was parachuted into the department of the Sarthe in the area of Le Mans with Francisque Eugene Bec and Pierre-Raimond Glaesner to work as a courier, under the codename "Blanche", for Christopher Hudson (codename Albin), the organizer of the Reseau (Circuit) Headmaster. She was one of the last WAAFs landed in France before the Allied invasion, only nine days before D-Day. After one of the other agents (Francisque Eugene Bec) dropped with her was shot during a battle between the Maquis and the Germans on 16 June, Sonya took on the additional role of weapons instructor. She later said, "I filled in wherever the need arose."  As a courier, her primary responsibilities were to carry money, pass messages and maintain contact with the SOE agents, Maquis and local operatives working with the circuit.

In June 1944, whilst delivering messages around the countryside, she was stopped by two Germans and detained for questioning. This was a very dangerous moment, but her cover story and false papers withstood the examination, and she was eventually released.

In due course, the Allied ground forces broke out from Normandy and Sonya's district was liberated. In October 1944, she returned to England on the successful completion of her mission.

Honours and awards

Her work and bravery were recognised with the award of the MBE and a Mention in Dispatches. She was still only 20 years old.

Postwar life
Much to the annoyance of her superiors, Butt left without signing off.  After the war, Sonya and Guy went to live in Canada. Guy d'Artois had parachuted into another district of France about the same time as Butt. For the success of his mission, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order and the Croix de Guerre. In 1947, he received another very senior decoration, the George Medal (GM) for his work in rescuing an injured missionary in northern Canada. After a tour in Japan, Guy served in the Korean War, before the couple settled down again in Canada. Guy and Sonia (an alternative spelling of her name) had six children, three boys and three girls. In Canada, she also used the name Toni D'Artois.

Butt's husband died at the Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue Veterans hospital in March 1999. Sonya Butt died on 21 December 2014 at the age of 90. She was survived by the couple's six children. She was described, incorrectly, in her obituary of being the last surviving female British spy of the Second World War.

See also
 Lilian Rolfe

Notes

References
 Squadron Leader Beryl E. Escott, Mission Improbable: A salute to the RAF women of SOE in wartime France, London, Patrick Stevens Limited, 1991.
 Marcus Binney, The Women Who Lived for Danger: the Women Agents of SOE in the Second World War, London, Hodder and Stoughton, 2002.
 Liane Jones, A Quiet Courage: Women Agents in the French Resistance, London, Transworld Publishers Ltd, 1990.

External links
Sonya Butt's entry on the 64 Baker Street site
 Details of Guy D'Artois on the Canada Veterans Hall of Valour Official Site

British Special Operations Executive personnel
Women's Auxiliary Air Force officers
Members of the Order of the British Empire
English emigrants to Canada
1924 births
2014 deaths


Temascalcingo is one of 125 municipalities in the State of Mexico, Mexico.  The municipal seat is the town of Temascalcingo de José María Velasco.  It is located in the northeast of the state. The temazcal was very common in Temascalcingo. The name Temascalcingo has its roots in Nahuatl. It means place of the little temazcal. The town is one of the "Pueblo con Encanto" (Towns with Charm) of the State of Mexico.

The town

History
The earliest settlements in the area go back over 10,000 years and are situated near what is today the Lerma River. The earliest known inhabitands of the area were the Mazahua. It was originally called "Ñiñi Mbate" which probably means 'place of the small plain' but possibly 'place of the first man'. This area was conquered by the Aztecs before the 16th century, and its last Aztec governor was named Ocoyotzen.  When the Spanish invaded, the Mazahuas and the Otomis of this area united with the Aztecs to fight them. However, after the Spanish victory, Hernán Cortés distributed this area, along with Metepec to Francisco de Villegas in 1540. In 1535, the Franciscans began evangelization here, establishing churches and renaming the area, San Miguel Temascalcingo. Through the 18th century, haciendas here grew to supply grain to mining areas like Tlalpujahua and El Oro. Because of a history of mistreatment by colonial authorities, the residents here sided early with Hidalgo when the Mexican War of Independence broke out in 1810. Shortly after the end of the war, the State of Mexico was created in 1824 and the municipality of Temascalcingo in 1825, with San Miguel Temascalcingo as the seat. This area was the scene of a destructive earthquake in 1912. As the birthplace of the painter José María Velasco Gómez, the town changed its name to Temascalcingo de José María Velasco July 14, 1945 by decree.  However, it is still commonly referred to simply as "Temascalcingo". In 1988, a group of residents from Tepeolulco, a community under Temascalcingo's jurisdiction, took over the municipal hall to protest water supplies and civil rights violations.

The town today
The town today has an altitude of 2,380 meters and in 2005 had a population of 11,454 people. The town is centered on a square called the Plaza Centenario, with its Municipal Palace to the south of the square. To the north is another, smaller square dedicated to painter José María Velasco.

To the west of the main plaza is the Parish of San Miguel Arcángel. This church was rebuilt in 1939 in Neoclassic style, mostly imitating the design of the Church of El Carmen in Celaya, Guanajuato. It was built with pink stone that is found in this region. It has only one tower, which contains a clock. Its interior altarpieces are all done in mahogany by sculptor Fidel Enríquez Pérez. In front of the church is a large atrium park.

The Centro Cultural José María Velasco, on Hermanos Velascos Street, is dedicated to the art of this landscape painter. Most of Velasco's themes reside in botany and in nature, but he is best known for the landscapes he painted of areas in central Mexico. Also in his honor is the José María Velasco Nature Park, located at the main entrance to the town. This is a section of forest that offers some amenities such as kiosks, playgrounds, and a small pool.

Food and festivities

Local dishes include chicken in "chirrión" sauce, "charales con nopales, cactus in green salsa, and "mole de olla" with xoconostles (a type of fruit). Local drinks include "puscua," a drink made from corn, "sende choo," a Mazahua drink made from fermented corn and pulque, which is often served flavored with fruit such as cactus pears.

From December 31 to January 1, Mazahua and Otomi pilgrims come here to celebrate the "Lord of the Coronation," carrying their images of this saint adorned with flowers, fruit and bread, accompanied by flutes, mariachis or drums. Local dances such as "Las Pastoras," "Los Concheros," "Los Macheteros," "Los Romanos" and "Los Chimales" are performed. At midday on January 1, there is a procession to the church. On Jan 2, men on horseback arrive here in honor of the image here of Saint Francis of Assisi.

The passion play held every year since 1975, whose script was written by Amalio Quintana. During this Passion Play, young men re-enact the crucifixion of Christ. The Feast of Corpus Christi is celebrated in June with large processions as well. A more locally derived festival occurs on the 16th of August, in honor of "Lord Ndareje" or "Lord of the Water." Prehispanic rites occur at the Los Pastores waterfall and offerings are left in the Lerma River.

Notable residents
Some notable people from this town include: José Maria Velasco, (1840–1912) who was a painter of landscapes, Archbishop Leopoldo Ruiz y Flóres, (1865–1941) suffered the exile three times during the Cristero movement in Mexico, María del Carmen Garduño Cervantes (born 1955), a track-and-field athlete who has won medals in the PanAmerican Games and set Mexican records, and Pinito Reynoso Bejarano (1895–1981) and educator best known for his work against illiteracy.

The municipality

As municipal seat, the town of Temascalcingo de José Maria Velasco has governing jurisdiction over the following communities: Ahuacatitlan Centro, Boshesda, Calderas, Cerritos de Cárdenas, Barrio de Corona, Guadalupe Ixtapa, La Huerta, Juanacatlán, La Magdalena, Mesa de Bañi, Mesa de Santiago (La Mesa), Pastores Primer Barrio, Puruahua, Pueblo Nuevo Solís (La Estancia), San Antonio Solís, San Francisco Solís, San Francisco Tepeolulco, San José Ixtapa, San José Solís, San Juanico el Alto (San Juanico), San Mateo el Viejo, San Miguel Solís, San Nicolás Solís, San Pedro el Alto, San Pedro Potla Centro (San Pedro Potla), Santa Ana Yenshu Centro, Santa Lucía (Ejido de San Mateo el Viejo), Santa María Canchesda, Santa María Solís, Santa Rosa Solís, Santiago Coachochitlán, San Vicente Solís, Ex-hacienda de Solís, El Tejocote (La Loma), Santa Ana Yenshu Ejido, San Pedro Potla Segundo Barrio, San Pedro Potla Primer Barrio Ejido, San José los Reyes, El Rodeo, Cuadrilla, Ahuacatitlán (La Providencia), Barrio de Shelle, Estación Solís (Estación Alberto Garduño), El Garay, La Mesa del Venado, Pozo de las Palomas, San Juanico Centro, San Pedro Potla Tercer Barrio, Santa Ana Yenshu la Mesa, Los Pinos, La Estanzuela, Ixtapa, Mesa de Bombaro, Mesa de los Garnica, Mogote de la Campana, Barrio las Peñas, Barrio Santa María los Chamacueros, San Fco. Tepeolulco, Tercer Barrio la Mesa, La Magdalena Bosha, La Magdalena Cruz Blanca, Santiago Coachochitlán Barrio del Rincón, Los Pastores (Pastores Segundo Barrio), San Pedro de la Loma, and La Loma de San Mateo. Temascalcingo is bordered by the municipalities of Acambay, Atlacomulco,  Jocotitlán and El Oro, and to the west by the states of Michoacán and Querétaro. The population of the entire municipality in 2005 was 58,169 people.

Two notable sites in and near the municipal seat are the Tzindo, which is an archeological zone where there are some cave drawings. From Colonial period there is the Hacienda de Solis. Located about 18 km from the municipal seat, the largest attraction here is officially called the "Spring of Jesus," but is more commonly known as "El Borbollón," (the gusher). It is a natural spring of volcanically heated water which forms a pool of water with a high mineral content.

References

Municipalities of the State of Mexico
Populated places in the State of Mexico


Japanese North Korean or North Korean Japanese may refer to:
Japanese people in North Korea
North Koreans in Japan
Japan–North Korea relations
Japanese language education in North Korea

See also
Chongryon, the North Korean-funded ethnic representative organisation for Koreans in Japan
Zainichi Korean language, the dialect of Korean spoken in Japan


Andrej Klimovets (, ; born August 18, 1974, in Gomel, Belarusian SSR, Soviet Union) is a former Belarusian and from 2005 German team handball player. He is World champion from 2007 with the German national team. He participated on the German team that finished 4th at the 2008 European Men's Handball Championship.

He competed for Germany in handball at the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Belarusian career
Andrej Klimovets played 112 matches for the Belarusian national team.

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
Belarusian male handball players
German male handball players
Naturalized citizens of Germany
German people of Belarusian descent
Olympic handball players for Germany
Handball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
HSG Wetzlar players
Sportspeople from Gomel


Hinemoa is a genus of small sea snails, pyramidellid gastropod mollusks. This genus is currently placed in the subfamily Chrysallidinae, within the family Pyramidellidae.

Shell description
The original description of the genus is short and states that the shells are ovate with a one-whorled protoconch. The aperture is ovate and the columella has a feeble plait. The sculpture consists of  spiral ribs only.

The original description of the type species is also rather short and states that the shell is ovate with an obtuse apex and 4½ whorls. The aperture broadly ovate and the outer lip is thin. The inner lip is raised anteriorly with a slight umbilical chink between it and the body-whorl. The columella-plait small and oblique. The  protoconch of one whorl that is smooth and polished. The shell has two  high rounded equidistant spiral ribs on each whorl. The distance between the ribs are equal to their with, and equal to the distance between those on each side of the suture. The suture is not distinguishable. It has 3 additional low spiral ribs on the base. The surface is otherwise rather smooth. The color of the protoconch is ruby-red and shining and the shell is light pink. Within the aperture it is  whitish. The height 1.1 mm. and the diameter 0.6 mm.

Life habits
Little is known about the biology of the members of this genus. As is true of most members of the Pyramidellidae sensu lato, they are most likely ectoparasites.

The ultrastructure of the sperm has been investigated by Healy (1988).

Species
Species within the genus Hinemoa include:
 Hinemoa crassella van Aartsen & Corgan, 1996
 Hinemoa duplex Laseron, 1959
 Hinemoa forticingulata Bozzetti, 2008
 Hinemoa gumia (Hedley, 1909)
 Hinemoa indica (Melvill, 1896)
 Hinemoa isseli (Tryon, 1886)
 Hinemoa laquearia (Hedley, 1909)
 Hinemoa laxefuniculata Robba, Di Geronimo, Chaimanee, Negri & Sanfilippo, 2004
  Hinemoa leviplex Laseron, 1959
 Hinemoa ligata (Angas, 1877)
 Hinemoa punicea Oliver, 1915 - type species
 Hinemoa sternerea Laseron, 1959
Species brought into synonymy
 Hinemoa cylindrica (de Folin, 1879): synonym of Oscilla galilae Bogi, Karhan & Yokeş, 2012
 Hinemoa rubra Laseron, 1959: synonym of Hinemoa ligata (Angas, 1877)
 Hinemoa voorwindei Laseron, 1959: synonym of Oscilla voorwindei (Laseron, 1959)

References

External links
 Hinemoa cylindrica description

Pyramidellidae


Japanese South Korean or North South Japanese may refer to:

Japan-South Korea relations
Japanese people in South Korea
South Koreans in Japan

See also
Mindan, the pro-South Korean ethnic representative organisation for Koreans in Japan
Zainichi Korean language, the dialect of Korean spoken in Japan


Thomas Anthony "Tony" Salmons (born January 1, 1957) is an American alternative comic book artist, film storyboard artist and character designer.

Biography

Born in Rolla, Missouri, Salmons grew up in Casa Grande, Arizona, with stops in New York City and San Francisco. Salmons now lives and works in Los Angeles and has two daughters.

Salmons illustrated the comic book mini-series The Strange Adventures of H.P. Lovecraft, from Image Comics, later collected in trade paperback.

Works

Television
 Batman: The Animated Series, Season 1, 1992, Warner Bros.
 Æon Flux, 1995, MTV.

Books/Comics
 Amazing High Adventure #1, 1984, Marvel.
 Batman: Gotham Knights #4, 2000, DC.
 Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight #85, 1996, DC.
 Captain America: Red, White & Blue, hardcover, 2002, Marvel.
 Conan Saga #76, 1984, Marvel.
 2000 AD, Crisis #40, 1990, Fleetway.
 Dakota North #1-5, 1986–87, Marvel.
 Dark Horse Presents #6-7, 9-10, 1986, Dark Horse.
 Doctor Strange #64, 1984, Marvel.
 Doomed #2, 2006, IDW.
 Dragon's Teeth #1, 1983, Clegg.
 First Six-Pack #2, First.
 The Foot Soldiers #2, 1997, Image.
 411 #1, 2003, Marvel.
 Gangland #4, 1998, DC/Vertigo.
 G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #69, 87-88, 91, 1988–89, Marvel.
 G.I. Joe Yearbook #4, 1988, Marvel.
 Heartthrobs #2, 1998, DC/Vertigo.
 Heroes Against Hunger #1, 1986, DC.
 Jon Sable Freelance #54-55, 1987–88, First.
 Justice #5, 1987, Marvel.
 The Mark #1, 1987, Dark Horse.
 Marvel Comics Presents #9, 1988, Marvel.
 Marvel Fanfare #17, 19, 27, 1984–86, Marvel.
 Marvel Vision #16, 28, 1997–98, Marvel.
 Nightmask #1, 1986, Marvel.
 Penthouse Comix #22-23, 1997, Penthouse.
 Penthouse Men's Adventure Comix #3, 1995, Penthouse.
 Peter Porker #8, 1986, Marvel.
 Savage Sword of Conan #107, 109, 113, 118, 165, 1984–85, 1989, Marvel.
 Savage Tales #3, 1985, Marvel.
 Star Wars #91, 1985, Marvel.
 Strange Adventures of HP Lovecraft #1-4, 2008–2009, Image.
 Taboo #9, 1995, Kitchen Sink.
 Timeslip Collection #1, 1998, Marvel.
 Vigilante: City Lights, Prairie Justice #1-4, 1995, DC/Vertigo.
 ''Web of Spider-Man Annual #1, 1985, Marvel.

References

External links
Tony Salmons website
The Strange Adventures of HP Lovecraft comic book site

1957 births
Living people
People from Rolla, Missouri
American comics artists
American storyboard artists
People from Casa Grande, Arizona
DC Comics people
Marvel Comics people


{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix=
|name=Frederick Paul Irby
|honorific_suffix=
|birth_date=
|death_date=
|birth_place=
|death_place=Boyland Hall, near Norwich<ref name=AR>The Annual Register, or a View of the History and Politics of the Year 1844, F & J Rivington, London, 1845</ref>
|image=Frederick Paul Irby.jpg
|image_size=175
|caption=Captain The Hon. Frederick Paul Irby, by S J Rochard, 1822.
|nickname=
|allegiance=
|serviceyears=1791 - 1844
|rank=Rear-Admiral
|branch=
|commands=

|battles=

|awards=Companion of the Order of the Bath
|relations=Frederick Irby, 2nd Baron Boston (father)Paulina Irby (daughter)Howard Irby (son)
|laterwork=MagistrateDeputy Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk
}}

Rear Admiral Frederick Paul Irby  (18 April 1779 – 24 April 1844) was a British Royal Navy officer and Deputy Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk.

Birth

Frederick Irby was born on 18 April 1779, the second son of Frederick, 2nd Baron Boston and his wife Christian (née Methuen).

Early Royal Naval career

He entered the Royal Navy on 2 January 1791, serving on the Home and North America and West Indies Stations.  As a midshipman in HMS Montagu he was present at the Glorious First of June in 1794.  On 6 June 1797 he was promoted lieutenant and appointed to HMS Circe, in which he was present at the Battle of Camperdown. He was wrecked off the Texel in HMS Apollo on 7 January 1799.  Promoted to commander on 22 April 1800, he became the captain of HMS Volcano, a bomb vessel, moving in 1801 to HMS Jalouse operating in the North Sea.Jalouse, while under his command, was instrumental in saving  when she was driven ashore on the coast of Holland. Irby's youngest brother, Charles Leonard Irby, was a midshipman on board Narcissus, having joined her on 23 May.

Post captain

Promoted post-captain on 14 April 1802, he appears to have been placed on half pay.  He married Emily Ives Drake, sister of Lady Boston (and hence his sister-in-law), on 1 December 1803.  He was appointed in command of a unit of the Sea Fencibles in the Essex District in 1805, and on 7 August 1807 his wife died giving birth to a son.  He returned to sea to command HMS Amelia in December 1807, serving under Rear Admiral Stopford on the Home Station.  On 24 February 1809 he took part in the Battle of Les Sables-d'Olonne, which drove three large French frigates aground and destroyed them, gaining the special approval of the Admiralty. In 1811, in company with HMS Berwick and HMS Niobe, he destroyed the French frigate Amazone near Barfleur. He became the senior officer on the West Africa Squadron later in 1811. The Action of 7 February 1813 between Amelia'' and the French frigate Aréthuse ended his naval career. Captain Irby was seriously wounded and after 1813 he saw no further active service. The seventh report (1813) of the African Institution expressed the organization's gratitude for Irby's efforts in reducing the slave trade.

Later life

He settled in Norfolk, at Boyland Hall, near Norwich, and on 23 January 1816 he married his second wife, Frances Wright. They had three sons and four daughters, including Leonard Howard Lloyd Irby, a famous ornithologist, and Paulina Irby, a revered hero of Bosnia. In 1831 he was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) and in 1837 promoted to rear admiral. He served as a Magistrate and Deputy Lord Lieutenant of Norfolk, and died on 24 April 1844 aged 65.

Notes

References

Attribution:

1779 births
1844 deaths
Royal Navy rear admirals
People from Morningthorpe
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Deputy Lieutenants of Norfolk
Officers of the West Africa Squadron
Younger sons of barons


Forsythia suspensa, commonly known as weeping forsythia or golden-bell, is a species of flowering plant in the family Oleaceae, it is native to China.

Taxonomy
The Latin epithet of suspensa is derived from suspensus meaning suspended. It was first described and published in Enum. Pl. Obs. Vol.1 on page 39 in 1804.

Description
Forsythia suspensa is a deciduous shrub that grows up to  tall. Its flowers are golden-yellow and they bloom March to April. Leaves are green in color, broadly-ovate, and simple.

It can be grown as a weeping shrub on stream banks and can be identified by its pale flowers. Garden cultivars can be found. It is a spring flowering shrub, with yellow flowers. It is grown and prized for its toughness. Before Forsythia × intermedia was known as a true wild Chinese species, F. suspensa was considered one of its parents.

Distribution and habitat
Forsythia suspensa is native to China. It is introduced in Japan, Spain, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Korea, as well as some parts of the United States. It grows in thickets or grassy areas on slopes and valleys.

Uses
It is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine. It contains the lignans Pinoresinol and phillyrin.
The main active component isolated from Forsythia Fructus (the dried fruit of Forsythia suspensa), forsythiaside A, exhibits significant activities in treating various diseases, including inflammation, virus infection, neurodegeneration, oxidative stress, liver injury, and bacterial infection.

References

External links

Forsythia - Forsythia suspensa, species information page - at Brickfields Country Park.
Forsythia suspensa page

Forsythieae
Medicinal plants of Asia
Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine
Plants described in 1804
Garden plants
Flora of China


Russian South Korean or South Korean Russian may refer to:
Russia–South Korea relations
Russians in South Korea
South Koreans in Russia, see Koryo-saram
Multiracial people of Russian and South Korean descent


Yvonne Cormeau, born Beatrice Yvonne Biesterfeld (18 December 1909 – 25 December 1997), code name Annette,  was an agent of the United Kingdom's clandestine organization, the Special Operations Executive (SOE), in World War II. She was the wireless operator for the Wheelwright network led by George Starr in southwestern France from August 1943 until the liberation of France from Nazi German occupation in September 1944. The purpose of SOE was to conduct espionage, sabotage, and reconnaissance in occupied Europe against the Axis powers. SOE agents allied themselves with French Resistance groups and supplied them with weapons and equipment parachuted in from England.

Cormeau was acclaimed for the quality and quantity of her wireless transmissions. SOE cryptographer Leo Marks said that in more than 400 transmissions Cormeau never made a single mistake. Cormeau also survived an unusually long time for wireless operators who were vulnerable to detection and capture by the German occupiers.  She was a recipient of the Order of the British Empire from the United Kingdom and the Legion of Honor and Croix de Guerre from France.

Early life
Beatrice Yvonne Biesterfeld was born in 1909 to a Belgian consular official and Scottish mother. She was educated in both Belgium and Scotland. She was living in London when in 1937 she married Charles Emile Cormeau, a chartered accountant. Her husband enlisted in The Rifle Brigade and in 1940 he was wounded in France and was sent back to the UK. Shortly afterwards he was killed when their London home was bombed. Her life was saved by a bathtub which fell over her head and protected her, although killing her unborn baby.  She sent her two-year-old daughter Yvette to the countryside to escape the frequent bombing of London.

World War II

Recruitment and training
Newly widowed, Cormeau decided to "take her husband's place in the Armed Forces" and she joined the WAAF as an administrator in November 1941 (Service No 2027172). While serving at RAF Swinderby she answered an appeal on the noticeboard for linguists, and was recruited by SOE and began training as an F Section wireless operator on 15 February 1943. She was promoted to the rank of Flight Officer. Her daughter, Yvette, was only two years old at the time. Cormeau placed her in a convent of Ursuline nuns in Oxfordshire where she remained until she was five. She did her SOE training with Yolande Beekman and Noor Inayat Khan. She was the only one of the three to survive her mission to France.

On the night of 22 August 1943 Cormeau left RAF Tempsford and was parachuted into Saint-Antoine-du-Queyret,  east of Bordeaux. Her assignment was to work as the wireless operator on the SOE F Section Wheelwright circuit in Gascony. The leader of the circuit (or network) was George Starr, code name Hilaire, whom she had known before the war when living in Brussels. Her code name was Annette. She declined to take with her the cyanide pill offered by SOE to agents so they could commit suicide if captured. She arrived armed with a .22 revolver, but, on Starr's advice, she never carried it with her during her thirteen months in France. To be captured by the Germans while carrying a firearm or a cyanide pill was, he told her, a death sentence.

Wireless operations
Cormeau was a talented and accurate wireless (W/T) operator, being able to transmit 18 to 22 words per minute in Morse code, compared with the 12 words per minute of the average operator. This was important because the longer an operator (called a "pianist" in SOE slang) was on line the more likely the Germans were to find them using direction finding equipment.<ref>O'Connor, Bernard (2012), Churchill's Angels, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing, pp 119-120</ref>

The standard wireless transceiver issued to SOE wireless operators was the B Mark II, a cumbersome  machine concealed in a suitcase. It required the operator to extend a wire aerial  long. In the rural areas in which Cormeau worked she often stretched the aerial through a vineyard. The wireless could be powered by either AC (household) electricity or an automobile battery.  Cormeau preferred to use a battery as she believed it was harder for the Germans to locate the source of the transmission and also because the villages in which she worked often lacked electricity. She carried the crystals for the machine and the codes separately in a hidden pocket of her briefcase.  She preferred to use codes written on silk handkerchiefs rather than more cumbersome one-time pads made of paper. Early in her mission, SOE provided Cormeau with a much more portable Type A MK III wireless which weighed only  and was contained in an attache case.Escott, Beryl E. (2010), The Heroines of SOE, Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press, pp. 116-117

The most important way for a wireless operator to avoid detection and arrest was to use the wireless only briefly (not more than 20 minutes per transmission), infrequently, and from widely different locations. The life of a wireless operator was lonely.  The SOE's instructions were, "The ideal is for the W/T operator to do nothing but W/T work, to see his organiser [leader] as little as possible, if at all, and to have contact with the fewest possible number of the circuit."

 At work
In the first few months she was in France, Cormeau worked also as a courier for Starr.  She was scheduled to do three wireless transmissions a week, which also involved coding and decoding messages. The Wheelwright network was large in area and she changed her location often, never staying in one house more than three days. This was for her own security, as well as the security of the rural families who permitted her to stay with them and transmit from their homes and properties. As the Wheelwright network was large in area, she often had to bicycle up to  to change residences and to deliver or receive messages. While traveling around, she also identified fields that could be used to parachute supplies or as landing areas for airplanes and supplied the coordinates to SOE in London. She identified herself as a district nurse, thus giving her a reason for moving from place to place if stopped by Germans or the French police, the Milice, to check her papers. She was almost arrested by the Germans after being betrayed by an agent codenamed Rodolph. However, she continued to operate, despite being confronted by "wanted" posters in her neighbourhood which gave an accurate sketch of her appearance. She was stopped at a German roadblock with Starr; the pair was questioned while a gun was held to their backs. Eventually the Germans accepted her story and the false identification papers and she succeeded in passing her wireless equipment off as an X-ray machine.Escott, p. 110

In the early months of 1944, as the invasion of France by allies was anticipated, the tempo of activity by the resistance increased and Cormeau's work as a wireless operator became more demanding.  She now transmitted several times a day and she stayed for lengthy periods in one place, the hilltop village of Castelnau-sur-l'Auvignon, the headquarters of George Starr. The official historian of SOE, M.R.D. Foot described Cormeau's work:

[She was] a perfectly unobtrusive and secure craftswoman...She broke one of the strictest rules of wireless security--i.e. always keep on the move--with success: she transmitted for six consecutive months from the same house. She could see for three miles from the window where she worked, which was one safeguard; a more effective one was that there was no running water in the village, so the Germans who knew there was an English wireless operator somewhere close by never thought of looking for her there.

Cormeau sent over 400 messages to London, second only to Auguste Floiras of the Jockey network who operated for a longer period of time. She made arrangements for arms and supplies to be dropped for the local Maquis. She assisted in the cutting of the power and telephone lines, resulting in the isolation of the Wehrmacht Group G garrison near Toulouse.

In June 1944, Cormeau was shot in the leg while escaping from a German attack on Castelnau, but managed to escape with her wireless. The dress she wore on this occasion and the bloodstained briefcase she carried are on permanent display in the Imperial War Museum in London along with her WAAF officer's uniform. On 21 August, Toulouse fell to the French Forces of the Interior, the umbrella organisation of resistance fighters.  Starr and Yvonne Cormeau drove into the city, American and British flags on their car. The liberation of southwestern France was complete. On 25 September, Cormeau and George Starr departed France, nine days after Starr and Charles de Gaulle clashed and he ordered them out of the country.

 Honours and decorations
After the war she was appointed MBE, and decorated with the Légion d'honneur, Croix de Guerre and Médaille de la Résistance.

{{center|

 Postwar
A year after the end of the war, Cormeau was demobilised with the WAAF rank of Flight Officer. She then worked as a translator and in the SOE section at the Foreign Office. She became a linchpin of F Section veterans and arranged their annual Bastille Day dinner. Cormeau and her daughter, Yvette Pitt, were reunited and lived in London.  Cormeau was one of the earliest members of the Special Forces Club in London and she was a committee member. She promoted Anglo-French relations.

In her 70s, she married again to James Edgar Farrow, with whom she lived in Derbyshire. He predeceased her. She spent her later years at Tall Pines nursing home, formerly in Gally Hill Road, Fleet, Hampshire. After Yvonne Cormeau-Farrow died, she was survived by her daughter. Her memorial service was attended by representatives from both UK and French governments.

She was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1989 when she was surprised by Michael Aspel. She was interviewed for the movie Charlotte Gray and described as the "real Charlotte" of the novel and film. She was an advisor to the BBC television series Wish Me Luck.

 References
 Squadron Leader Beryl E. Escott, Mission Improbable: A salute to the RAF women of SOE in wartime France, London, Patrick Stevens Ltd, 1991; ISBN
 Liane Jones, A Quiet Courage: Women Agents in the French Resistance, London, Transworld Publishers Ltd, 1990;
 Marcus Binney, The Women Who Lived for Danger: The Women Agents of SOE in the Second World War'', London, Hodder and Stoughton, 2002;
 She was the subject of a 'This is Your Life' programme in November 1988

External links
Charlotte Gray film website with video interviews with Cormeau

 Imperial War Museum Interview

Notes

1909 births
1997 deaths
People from Shanghai
British Special Operations Executive personnel
Women's Auxiliary Air Force officers
Recipients of the Resistance Medal
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Female recipients of the Croix de Guerre (France)
Female wartime spies


French North Korean or North Korean French may refer to:
French people in North Korea
North Koreans in France
France–North Korea relations
Multiracial people of French and North Korean descent


German North Korean or North Korean German may refer to:
Germans in North Korea
North Koreans in Germany
Germany–North Korea relations
Multiracial people of German and North Korean descent


UnAmerican were an English rock band based out of London. The group was fronted by former World Party member Steve McEwan.

Biography
Steve McEwan played guitar in World Party, and while in the group began working with fellow member Guy Chambers on a side project. They wrote several songs together which would later be included on UnAmerican's debut album. After Chambers left to work with Robbie Williams, McEwan recruited Matthew Crozer from a London band called Ugli, and Peter Clarke and Tim Bye from a group called Bugs. The group were signed by Estupendo Records, a Universal subsidiary, after only a few live shows. Their debut self-titled record was released early in 2000. Following the release of the album, the group toured the United States with The Who.

The group worked on a second album, but it was never released.

Members
Steve McEwan - vocals
Peter Clarke - bass
Matthew Crozer - guitar
Tim Bye - drums

References

External links
Band biography, Hip Online

English rock music groups


The Kennecott Nature Center is a nature observation center and classroom located in an area of wetlands alongside the Jordan River in Murray, Utah. The center is operated by the Murray City School District.

Through an initial donation from Kennecott Utah Copper Corporation, the efforts of the Murray Education Foundation, and community donors, the Kennecott Nature Center provides opportunities for children from Murray City School District and selected Granite School District fourth-grade classes to observe and learn about nature up close and hands on. The building was designed in a null of earth making it not visible from street level. Atop the building's roof is a garden of native Utah plants. Below, near the water's edge is a nature trail with native trees, where students can get up close to wildlife and the river.

The  classroom of the Kennecott Nature Center is situated on the second largest wetland site of the Jordan River at 5044 S. Lucky Clover Lane (approx. 5100 South and 800 West) in Murray.

The Jordan River Parkway runs alongside the nature center.

References

External links
Kennecott Nature Center

Nature centers in Utah
Buildings and structures in Murray, Utah
Tourist attractions in Salt Lake County, Utah
Education in Salt Lake County, Utah
Protected areas of Salt Lake County, Utah
Jordan River


The 1891–92 Ottawa Hockey Club season was the club's seventh season of play. The Club would play in the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada, the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA) and inter-city play. Ottawa would win their second straight OHA championship. Ottawa would also win the AHAC championship on January 10, and hold it until March 7.

AHAC series

Play in the AHAC was by challenge. Ottawa won on January 10 to become champions. In all, Ottawa would win six challenges, but lose the final one to lose the AHAC championship.

OHA series

To reach the final, Ottawa had to defeat Queen's University.

Rosters

Referee: E. Littlejohn, Umpires: V. Chadwick and C. A. Bogert
Attendance: 2,500

Source:

Celebration dinner
The Ottawa Hockey Club was feted at a party by the Ottawa Amateur Athletic Association at Ottawa's Russell House hotel on March 18, 1892. The dinner is notable as Lord Stanley, the Governor-General would announce his new trophy, the "Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup", today known as the Stanley Cup. Lord Kilcoursie, Stanley's aide made the announcement:

"I have for some time been thinking that it would be a good thing if there were a challenge cup which would be held by the champion hockey team in the Dominion. There does not appear to be any such outward and visible sign of a championship at present, and considering the general interest which the matches now elicit, and in the importance of having the games played fairly and under rules generally recognized, I am willing to give a cup, which shall be held from year to year by the winning team.

I am not quite certain that the present regulations governing the arrangement of matches give entire satisfaction, and it would be worth considering whether they could not be arranged so that each team would play once at home and once at the play where their opponents hail from."

According to Shea and Wilson, the second paragraph is a reference to the disappointment in the AHAC series. Ottawa had held the championship for most of the season, only to lose in the end. The AHAC would change its method of play from challenge to round-robin in the 1893 season.

Lord Kilcoursie composed a song for the occasion:

THE HOCKEY MEN

There is a game called hockeyThere is no finer gameFor though some call it ''Yet we love it all the same.

This played in His DominionWell played both near and farThere's only one opinionHow 'tis played in Ottawa.

Then give three cheers for RussellThe captain of the boys.However tough the tussleHis position he enjoys.

And then for all the othersLet's shout as loud we mayAn O, a T, a T, an AA W and A!

Now list' to me one minuteI'll tell you where they playAnd why it is that eagerlyWe welcome them today

They vanquished in their revelQuebec and MontrealThe gallant club, the Rebelsand the Queen's and Osgoode Hall

Well, first there's Chauncy KirbyHe's worth his weight in goldFor though he is not very bigHe's very very bold.

Supported by his brotherThey make a wondrous pairFor either one or t'otherIs invariably there.

And on the left, there's BradleyAnd on the right, there's KerrAnd when the centres pass itThere, on either side, they are.

And that's what won the battlesTheir fine unselfish playCool heads that nothing rattlesIn the thickest of the fray.

At cover point – important placeThere's Young, a bulwark strong.No dodging tricks or flying paceWill baffle him for long.

At point, we have the captainAnd if he gets the puckWill very near the goal he'll shootAnd get it too, with luck.

There's yet another memberImpregnable Morel.He's had his share of work to doAnd done it very well.

And there is also JenkinsWho played in matches twainSo well that in TorontoThey don't wish for him again.

And now, my friends, forgive meThe moral of my songI'll soon explain in twenty wordsNor keep you very long.

We've here eight bright examplesOf fine unselfish playAnd that's the secret of successAnd why they're here today.

Just one word to the audienceAnd every player too(Forgive me, though a novice,In dictating this to you).

Don't question a decisionHowever wrong it be.And little boys, for manner's sake,Don't hoot the referee!

Stanley Cup monument
In October 2017, the "Lord Stanley's Gift Monument" to the donation of the Stanley Cup was erected in Ottawa at Sparks Street and Elgin Street, near the location of the Russell House hotel, which has since been demolished.

Roster
 Reginald Bradley, William Dey, Frank Jenkins, Jack Kerr, E.C. Grant, Chauncey Kirby, Halder Kirby, Albert Morel, Bert Russel, Weldy Young

See also
 1892 AHAC season
 Amateur Hockey Association of Canada
 Ice hockey in Ottawa
 Rideau Hall Rebels
 Stanley Cup

References

Bibliography

Notes

Ottawa Senators (original) seasons
Ottawa


The Latin Grammy Award for Best Rock Album by a Duo or Group with Vocal was an honor presented annually by the Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences. It was given at the Latin Grammy Awards, a ceremony that recognizes excellence and promotes a wider awareness of cultural diversity and contributions of Latin recording artists in the United States and overseas. According to the category description guide for the 2009 Latin Grammy Awards, the award was given to vocal rock, hard rock or metal albums containing at least 51 percent of newly recorded material. It was given to duos or groups. The award was last presented at the 2009 Latin Grammy Awards, being replaced in 2010 with the Best Rock Album award.

The accolade for Best Rock Album by a Duo or Group with Vocal was first presented to the Colombian group Aterciopelados at the 2nd Latin Grammy Awards in 2001 for their album Gozo Poderoso. Mexican ensembles have received the award more times than any other nationality, though award-winning albums have also been performed by musicians originating from Chile, Colombia and Panama. Molotov and La Ley has won the most awards in the category, with two wins each. Natalia y La Forquetina, the short-lived band of Mexican singer-songwriter Natalia Lafourcade, is the only band led by a woman to be awarded. Spanish band Jarabe de Palo is the most nominated ensemble without a win, with three unsuccessful attempts.

Recipients

Notes
 Each year is linked to the article about the Latin Grammy Awards held that year
 The nationality of the performing artist(s)
 The name of the performer and the nominated album

See also
 Grammy Award for Best Rock Album

References

General
  Note: User must select the "Rock Field" category as the genre under the search feature.

Specific

External links

Awards disestablished in 2009
Awards established in 2001
Rock Album by a Duo or Group with Vocal


Named after Eli Simpson, Simpson Pot is a limestone cave in West Kingsdale, North Yorkshire, England. It leads into Swinsto Cave and thence into Kingsdale Master Cave, and it is popular with cavers as it is possible to descend it by abseiling down the pitches, retrieving the rope each time, and exiting through Valley Entrance of Kingsdale Master Cave at the base of the hill. It is part of a  long cave system that drains both flanks of Kingsdale.

Description

The entrance is in a shakehole, and enters a small active stream passage. This soon enlarges to walking size before plunging down a series of short drops called Five Step Pot. Below here the water drops down a  deep hole called The Pit, but the voie normale traverses over the hole into a dry series. The passage drops down a couple of climbs and a further two short pitches before arriving at the  deep Storm Pot, where the stream reappears in the roof. It is possible to follow the water through passages below The Pit.

Below Storm Pot, it is necessary to negotiate a waist deep pool with limited airspace, known as The Blasted Hole. Beyond here the passage enlarges, and descends a further three pitches to arrive at Aven Pot. Two routes diverge at the top of this. The main route descends Aven Pot and soon reaches the  deep Slit Pot, the top of which is a tight fissure through which it is necessary to force oneself through. At the bottom of this, the passage joins Swinsto Cave, and the combined streams drop down a short climb into Swinsto Final Chamber.

The same point can be reached by traversing over Aven Pot into a dry series where a hole in the corner of a chamber drops  into Swinsto Great Aven, where a descent of some boulders leads back into Swinsto Final Chamber. The Strike Series, accessed by ascending a  pitch at one end of the Great Aven, is a complex of passages rising to a height of over .

Geology and hydrology

Simpson Pot is a karst cave formed within the Great Scar Limestone Group of the Visean Stage of the Carboniferous Period, laid down about 335 Ma. It is a tributary into the West Kingsdale Master Cave System, combining with water from Swinsto Cave, Rowten Cave, Bull Pot, and Yordas Cave which eventually resurges at Keld Head - a kilometre or so to the south. The upper passages follow bedding planes dipping gently towards the north-east until an area of joints are intercepted at Five Steps Pot, where the cave is able to descend rapidly down a series of shafts. Both Swinsto Great Aven and Swinsto Final Chamber are formed on minor faults. The passages above Aven Pot which lead into Swinsto Great Aven are thought to be the original route followed by the Swinsto Cave water, and now left high and dry.

History

The entrance to Simpson Pot was noted by Eli Simpson in about 1910, but it wasn't until 1940 that he showed it to a group from the British Speleological Association, including Bob Leakey. On the first trip Bob Leakey, having left his companion near the entrance, free-climbed Five Steps Pot and traversed across The Pit before being stopped by a   pitch. The following day the cave was explored as far as the Blasted Hole where the passage appeared to sump. Leakey visited the site on a solo trip, and found a crack above water emitting a strong draught. A party returned and removed the surrounding flake of rock with explosives allowing access to the passage beyond. The connection with Swinsto Cave was made the same day. The Aven Pot extensions which lead to the top of Swinsto Great Aven was found in 1962 by members of the University of Leeds Speleological Association. The Strike Series was entered in 1978 by the Northern Cave Club.

In 1993 Michael Jones was drowned on a through trip between Simpson Pot and Valley Entrance, when the waters rose and he was swept into the Kingsdale Master Cave sump. There have been at least three cases when cavers have had to be rescued after abseiling into The Pit by mistake, and stranding themselves by pulling their rope down. The first was a party of two in 2006, the second was a party of five in 2009, and the third was a solo caver in 2012.

References

External links
Online surveys of Simpson Pot
Rigging guide for Simpson Pot

Caves of North Yorkshire
Limestone caves


This is a list of pseudo-German words adapted from the German language in such a way that their meanings in English are not readily understood by native speakers of German (usually because of the new circumstances in which these words are used in English).

 blitz or "the Blitz" (chiefly British use) – The sustained attack by the German Luftwaffe during 1940–1941, which began after the Battle of Britain. It was adapted from "Blitzkrieg" (lightning war). The word "Blitz" (a bolt of lightning) was not used in German in its aerial-war aspect; it acquired an entirely new usage in English during World War II.In British English, 'blitz' is also used as a verb in a culinary context, to mean liquidise in a blender, a food processor or with a handheld blender stick.For the use of 'blitz' in American football, see Blitz (gridiron football); in rugby union, see Blitz defence; for other uses, see blitz.
 hock (British only) – A German white wine. The word is derived from Hochheim am Main, a town in Germany.
 nix – nothing; its use as a verb (reject, cancel) is not used in German; synonymous with eighty-six. From a colloquial German term for 'nichts' (nothing).
 Mox nix! – From the German phrase,  Often used by U.S. service personnel to mean "It doesn't matter" or "It's not important".
 strafe – In its sense of "to machine-gun troop assemblies and columns from the air", 'strafe' is an adaptation of the German word strafen (punish).

See also

 Linguistic purism in English
 List of German expressions in English
 Pseudo-anglicism

References

German
English Pseudo


KORN (1490 kHz, KORN News Radio 1490) is an AM radio station licensed to serve Mitchell, South Dakota.  The station is owned by Nancy and Steve Nedved, through licensee Nedved Media, LLC. It airs a full service format with a mix of news, talk and sports. The station offers a mix of local and syndicated programming including shows hosted by Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity, Ray Lucia, Jim Bohannon, and "Coast to Coast AM" with George Noory. It also features syndicated sports programing from ABC News Radio and Fox Sports Radio.

The station is the home of the Mitchell High School Kernels sports broadcasts, and is also the local affiliate for South Dakota State Jackrabbits sporting events (mainly football and men's & women's basketball) through Learfield Sports.

The station was assigned the call letters KORN by the Federal Communications Commission.

History

The station was originally given the call sign KMHK, and went on the air between August and October 1947. For a few months in late 1950, the station used the call sign KORM. In 1950, after the call letters KORN had been given up by a station in Fremont, Nebraska that had recently become KFGT (and has subsequently become KHUB), the call sign KORN became available and was taken by the former KORM to take advantage of the tie-in with the Corn Palace.

Famed radio announcer Gary Owens, of Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In fame, started his radio career at KORN in 1952, where he served as News Director.

Ownership
In February 2008, Riverfront Broadcasting LLC of Yankton, South Dakota reached an agreement with NRG Media to purchase this station as part of a six station deal.

In late 2016, Riverfront Broadcasting LLC sold the station, along with sister stations KQRN, and KORN-FM to Nancy & Steve Nedved. Effective Sunday, January 1, 2017, the three station group is now known as Nedved Media, LLC.

Honors and awards
In May 2006, KORN received two first place plaques in the commercial radio division of the South Dakota Associated Press Broadcasters Association news contest. The contest was for the 2005 calendar year.

References

External links
KORN official website

ORN (AM)
Mass media in the Mitchell, South Dakota micropolitan area
News and talk radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1947
1947 establishments in South Dakota


Korean Singaporean or Singaporean Korean may refer to:
Koreans in Singapore
Singaporeans in North Korea
Singaporeans in South Korea
North Korea–Singapore relations
South Korea–Singapore relations
Multiracial people of Korean and Singaporean descent


The Road is a 2009 American post-apocalyptic survival film directed by John Hillcoat and written by Joe Penhall, based on the 2006 novel of the same name by Cormac McCarthy. The film stars Viggo Mortensen and Kodi Smit-McPhee as a father and his son in a post-apocalyptic wasteland.

The film received a limited release in North American cinemas from November 25, 2009, and was released in United Kingdom cinemas on January 4, 2010. It received generally positive reviews from critics; the performances of Mortensen and Smit-McPhee garnered praise. It also received numerous nominations, including a BAFTA nomination for Best Cinematography.

Plot
A man and his young son struggle to survive after an unspecified catastrophe results in an extinction event which caused the death of all plant life and virtually all animal life. The man and boy travel on a road to the coast in hope that they can find safe haven, scavenging for supplies in their journey, and avoiding roaming cannibalistic rape gangs armed with guns.

Years earlier, the man's wife gives birth to their son shortly after the catastrophe and she gradually loses hope. When the man shoots an intruder using one of three bullets they have saved for their family as a last resort, she accuses him of wasting the bullet deliberately to prevent her suicide. Removing her coat and hat in the freezing cold, she walks into the woods, never to be seen again.

In the present, after shooting a member of a gang of cannibals who stumbles upon them, the man is left with only one bullet. Exploring a mansion, he and the boy discover people locked in the basement, imprisoned as food for their captors. When the cannibals return, the man and his son hide. With discovery imminent, the man prepares to shoot his son, but they flee when the cannibals are distracted by the escaping captives.

Further down the road, the man and boy discover an underground shelter full of canned food and supplies. They feast and bathe. When they hear noises above, including a dog, the man decides it is too dangerous to remain and they move on. They meet a near-blind old man, and the son persuades the father to share food with him.

At the coast, the man leaves the boy to guard their possessions while he swims out to scavenge a beached ship. The boy falls asleep and their supplies are stolen. The man chases down the thief and takes everything from him, even his clothes. This distresses the boy so much the man turns back and leaves the clothes and a can of food for the thief.

As they pass through a ruined town, the man is shot in the leg with an arrow. He kills his ambusher with a flare gun he found on the ship and finds the archer's female companion in the same room. The man thinks the archer and woman were following them, but she claims it was the other way around. He leaves her weeping over the body.

Weakened, the man and boy abandon their cart and most of their possessions. The man's condition deteriorates and eventually, he dies. The boy is approached by a man with his wife, two children, and dog. The wife explains they have been following the boy and his father for some time and were worried about him. The father convinces the boy he is one of the "good guys" and takes him under his protection.

Cast
In the film, only one of the characters (the old man) is given a name, Ely. The credits give their roles in place of names.

 Viggo Mortensen as Man
 Kodi Smit-McPhee as Boy
 Charlize Theron as Woman, the man's wife (appearing in a series of flashbacks). Theron was a fan of the book and had worked with producer Nick Wechsler on the 2000 film The Yards. The woman has a larger role in the film than in the book, with Hillcoat stating "I think it's fine to depart from the book as long as you maintain the spirit of it."
 Robert Duvall as Ely the Old Man
 Guy Pearce as Veteran, a father wandering with his family
 Molly Parker as Motherly Woman, the Veteran's wife
 Michael K. Williams as Thief
 Garret Dillahunt as Gang Member

Production

In November 2006, producer Nick Wechsler used independent financing to acquire the film rights to adapt the 2006 novel The Road by Cormac McCarthy. When Wechsler had watched John Hillcoat's 2005 film The Proposition after reading The Road, the producer decided to pursue Hillcoat to direct the film adaptation.  Wechsler described Hillcoat's style: "There was something beautiful in the way John captured the stark primitive humanity of the West in that movie." In April 2007, Joe Penhall was hired to script the adapted screenplay. Wechsler and his fellow producers Steve and Paula Mae Schwartz planned to have a script and an actor cast to portray the father before pursuing a distributor for the film. By the following November, actor Viggo Mortensen had entered negotiations with the filmmakers to portray the father, though he was occupied with filming Appaloosa in New Mexico.

The film had a budget of $20 million. Filming began in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area in late February 2008, continuing for eight weeks before moving on to northwestern Pennsylvania, Louisiana and Oregon. Hillcoat preferred to shoot in real locations, saying "We didn't want to go the CGI world." Pennsylvania, where most of the filming took place, was chosen for its tax breaks and its abundance of locations that looked abandoned or decayed: coalfields, dunes, and run-down parts of Pittsburgh and neighboring boroughs. Filming was also done at Conneaut Lake Park two months after the park's Dreamland Ballroom was destroyed in a fire. Hillcoat said of using Pittsburgh as a practical location, "It's a beautiful place in fall with the colors changing, but in winter, it can be very bleak. There are city blocks that are abandoned. The woods can be brutal." Filmmakers shot scenes in parts of New Orleans that had been ravaged by Hurricane Katrina and on Mount St. Helens in Washington. The Abandoned Pennsylvania Turnpike, a stretch of abandoned roadway between Hustontown and Breezewood, Pennsylvania, was used for much of the production.

Hillcoat sought to make the film faithful to the spirit of the book, creating "a world in severe trauma", although the circumstances of the apocalyptic event are never explained. Hillcoat said "That's what makes it more realistic, then it immediately becomes about survival and how you get through each day as opposed to what actually happened." Filmmakers took advantage of days with bad weather to portray the post-apocalyptic environment. Mark Forker, the director of special effects for the film, sought to make the landscape convincing, handling sky replacement and digitally removing greenery from scenes.

Release

The Road was originally scheduled to be released in November 2008. It was pushed back to be released in December, and pushed back a second time to sometime in 2009. According to The Hollywood Reporter, the studio decided that the film would benefit from a longer post-production process and a less crowded release calendar. A new release date was scheduled for October 16, 2009. However, according to reports from Screen Rant and /Film, the Weinsteins had decided at the last minute to delay the film to November 25, 2009 as a possible move to make the film more of an Oscar contender, bumping their previous film set for that date, Rob Marshall's adaptation of the musical Nine (which was also predicted to be an awards contender) into December 2009.

The film had its world premiere in September 2009 at the 66th Venice International Film Festival where it was in competition for the Golden Lion and Silver Lion prizes. It also screened at the 34th Toronto International Film Festival.

Reception

Critical response
The film  holds a 74% approval rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 217 reviews; the average rating is 6.94/10. The critical consensus states, "The Roads commitment to Cormac McCarthy's dark vision may prove too unyielding for some, but the film benefits from hauntingly powerful performances from Viggo Mortensen and Kodi McPhee." It has a score of 64/100 on Metacritic based on 33 reviews, indicating generally positive reviews.

A. O. Scott from At the Movies stated that while the film "hits a few tinny, sentimental notes", he "admire[s] the craft and conviction of this film, and [he] was impressed enough by the look and the performances to recommend that you see it." Peter Travers from Rolling Stone calls the film a "haunting portrait of America as no country for old men or young". He states that "Hillcoat – through the artistry of Mortensen and Smit-McPhee – carries the fire of our shared humanity and lets it burn bright and true." Joe Morgenstern from the Wall Street Journal states that viewers have to "hang on to yourself for dear life, resisting belief as best you can in the face of powerful acting, persuasive filmmaking and the perversely compelling certainty that nothing will turn out all right."

Esquire screened the film before it was released and called it "the most important movie of the year" and "a brilliantly directed adaptation of a beloved novel, a delicate and anachronistically loving look at the immodest and brutish end of us all. You want them to get there, you want them to get there, you want them to get there—and yet you do not want it, any of it, to end." IGN gave it four and a half out of five stars, calling it "one of the most important and moving films to come along in a long time."

In an early review, The Guardian gave the film four stars out of five, describing it as "a haunting, harrowing, powerful film", with Mortensen "perfectly cast" as the Man. Roger Ebert awarded the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, praising Mortensen and Smit-McPhee's work, but said the film was not as powerful as the book. Luke Davies of The Monthly described the film as "gorgeous, in a horrible way, but its greater coolness and distance shows just how difficult it can be to translate to screen the innate psychic warmth of great literature," and suggested the film's flaws "might have to do with the directorial point of view—it all feels too detached, in a way that the book in its searing intimacy does not," concluding that the film has "too much tableau and not enough acting."

A review in Adbusters disapproved of the product placement in the film, but, as noted by Hillcoat, the references to Coca-Cola appear in the novel, and the company was in fact reluctant about the product being portrayed in the film. The Washington Post said the film "is one long dirge, a keening lamentation marking the death of hope and the leeching of all that is bright and good from the world...It possesses undeniable sweep and a grim kind of grandeur, but it ultimately plays like a zombie movie with literary pretensions." Tom Huddleston from Time Out called the film "as direct and unflinching an adaptation as one could reasonably hope for" and "certainly the bleakest and potentially the least commercial product in recent Hollywood history." He said the movie is a "resounding triumph", noting its "stunning landscape photography [which] sets the melancholy mood, and Nick Cave’s wrenching score." Sam Adams from the Los Angeles Times noted that while "Hillcoat certainly provides the requisite seriousness, [...] the movie lacks... an underlying sense of innocence, a sense that, however far humanity has sunk, there is at least some chance of rising again." Kyle Smith from the New York Post stated that "Zombieland was the same movie with laughs, but if you take away the comedy, what is left? Nothing, on a vast scale." J. Hoberman from the Village Voice said that while "Cormac McCarthy's Pulitzer Prize-winning, Oprah-endorsed, post-apocalyptic survivalist prose poem...was a quick, lacerating read", "John Hillcoat's literal adaptation is, by contrast, a long, dull slog." Jake Coyle from the Associated Press stated that "[a]dapting a masterpiece such as The Road is a thankless task, but the film doesn't work on its own merits".

Accolades

Home media
The DVD and Blu-ray versions were released on May 17, 2010 in the United Kingdom, and on May 25, 2010 in the United States by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.

See also
Survival film, about the film genre, with a list of related films
Societal collapse

References

External links

2009 films
2009 drama films
2000s disaster films
2000s survival films
American disaster films
American drama films
American survival films
Films about cannibalism
Films based on American novels
Films based on science fiction novels
Films based on works by Cormac McCarthy
Films directed by John Hillcoat
Films scored by Nick Cave
Films scored by Warren Ellis (musician)
Films set in the United States
Films shot in the United States
Films shot in New Orleans
Films shot in Louisiana
Films shot in Portland, Oregon
Films shot in Erie, Pennsylvania
Films shot in Pittsburgh
Films set in Pennsylvania
Films shot in Oregon
Films set in Oregon
Films shot in Astoria, Oregon
Films set in Astoria, Oregon
Films shot in Washington (state)
American nonlinear narrative films
American post-apocalyptic films
Films about father–son relationships
2929 Productions films
FilmNation Entertainment films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
Films set in bunkers


Uzza is a monotypic genus of seed bugs in the tribe Drymini, erected by William Lucas Distant in 1909.  It contains the single species Uzza karenia from Thailand.

References

External links

Insects of Thailand
Drymini


Manah may refer to:

Manah, Oman, a town in Oman
Manāt, one of the three chief goddesses of Mecca.


Book folding is the stage of the book production process in which the pages of the book are folded after printing and before binding.

Until the middle of the 19th century, book folding was done by hand, and was a trade.  In the 1880s and 1890s, book folding machines by Brown and Dexter came onto the market, and by the 1910s hand-folding was rare, with one publisher declaring them to be "practically obsolete" in 1914.

The folding process is also necessary to produce print products other than books—for instance mailings, magazines, leaflets etc.

Hand folding

Folding machines

Two main types of mechanisms are commonly employed in folding machines: buckle folders and knife folders.

Buckle folder
In a buckle folder, the paper is first passed through 2 spinning rollers, which feed the paper into a pair of guide plates that redirect the paper at a slight angle, bending the paper. At the far end of the guide plates is a "paper stop". As the rollers continue to spin, the paper continues to slide in between the guides until it hits the paper stop, then, having nowhere else to go, buckles at the interface between the rollers and the angled guides. As the rollers continue to spin, the buckle increases, until it is eventually caught by a pair of "nip" rollers, which pull the buckle in and compresses and flattens it into a neat crease.

Adjusting the paper stop in a buckle folder determines where the fold will be placed. Also, a buckle folder may contain only 3 rollers, with one shared by both the input rollers and the nip rollers.

Although buckle folders are fast, simple, efficient, and have small folding tolerances, they are not suitable for substrate of very low (<40g/m2) or very heavy paper grammage (>120g/m2).

Knife folder
In a knife folder, a sheet of paper is fed horizontally over 2 unpowered rollers until it hits a paper stop, at which point a dull blade pushes down on the paper and in between the 2 rollers to create the fold.

Although the knife folder is slower than buckle folders, it is more precise and can handle extreme grammages very well. It also has small folding tolerances, but is a more complex machine.

Folding variants

Parallel folds
Folding a paper more than once in the same direction (i.e. with parallel creases) is called parallel folding. Common examples of this are the half fold, letter fold, gate fold, and Z-fold.

Cross folds
A cross fold is when a paper is folded once, then rotated 90 degrees and folded again. The creases therefore cross each other at right angles. The most basic cross fold is the French fold, or right-angle fold. Other examples include the 16-page broadside and the 12-page letter.

See also
 Book
 Book publishing
 Paper size (influenced by the number of folds)
 Book Folding (art)

References

Book arts
Print production