Dorsal digital nerves of foot are branches of the intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve, medial dorsal cutaneous nerve, sural nerve and deep fibular nerve.

Structures
There are 10 total dorsal digital branches:

 The medial terminal branch (internal branch) divides into two dorsal digital nerves (nn. digitales dorsales hallucis lateralis et digiti secundi medialis) which supply the adjacent sides of the great and second toes,
 The medial dorsal cutaneous nerve (internal dorsal cutaneous branch) passes in front of the ankle-joint, and divides into three dorsal digital branches, one of which supplies the medial side of the great toe, the other, the adjacent sides of the second and third toes.
 The intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve divides into four dorsal digital branches, which supply the medial and lateral sides of the third and fourth, and of the fourth and fifth toes.
 The lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve from the sural nerve turns into a dorsal digital nerve and supplies the lateral side of the fifth toe.

Clinical significance
The dorsal digital nerves of the foot may be compressed by the transverse metatarsal ligament. This causes Morton's neuroma, which causes foot pain.

Additional Image

See also

 Common plantar digital nerves of medial plantar nerve

References

Nerves of the lower limb and lower torso


Pompeii was an American indie rock band active from 2004 - 2016 comprising Dean Stafford (vocals, guitar), Erik Johnson (guitar, keyboards), Colin Butler (bass), and Rob Davidson (drums).  Formed in Austin, Texas in 2004, the band is best known for their melodic and ambient rock sound, which features the addition of classical strings.  Pompeii's style is noted as having a saturated ambient, elegant sound. Pompeii have received international attention and critical acclaim from outlets such as The New York Times, The Guardian, The Chicago Tribune, American Songwriter, Stereogum, NPR, Apple, Under the Radar, and MTV, as well as their song "Where We're Going, We Don't Need Roads" being played during the ending scene of The Giant Mechanical Man.

History
Dean Stafford and Rob Davidson grew up playing music together in Corpus Christi, Texas.  In 2002, they moved to Austin, Texas to attend St. Edward's University where they formed Pompeii with bassist Shane Stevens, before adding cellist Caitlin Bailey.  While looking for a keyboard player, the band met guitarist Erik Johnson, who came up with the name Pompeii.  In 2007, Stevens left the band to focus on starting a family.  After filling in on tour, bassist Colin Butler joined the band permanently in 2007.

Pompeii has toured extensively, alongside groups such as The Appleseed Cast, The Velvet Teen, Headlights, Caspian, Mates of State, This Will Destroy You, and Simian Ghost. The band has been compared to Death Cab For Cutie and Sigur Rós, more specifically the similarities between singer Dean Stafford’s vocals and Ben Gibbard’s.

Assembly
Pompeii released their debut album Assembly in 2006 to moderate success and critical acclaim.  It was produced, recorded, and mixed by D. James Goodwin at The Clubhouse studio in Rhinebeck, New York.  The first track "Ten Hundred Lights" was used in a Toyota commercial.  NPR featured "Miracle Mile" as their "Song of the Day".  The song was also used in the MTV reality television show Teen Mom.  "Interlude (for Smith)" was featured in an episode of MTV's 16 and Pregnant as well as on MTV's Beavis and Butthead.  The mellotron at the end of "Relative is Relative" is the same one used by David Bowie on the album Ziggy Stardust.

Nothing Happens for a Reason
The follow-up full-length Nothing Happens For A Reason was released on October 21, 2008. The album was produced, recorded and mixed by CJ Eiriksson at The Wire in Austin, Texas and Blue World Music in Dripping Springs, Texas. "Sit and Wait" was used in the "Switching Gears" episode of the reality television show Teen Mom. The song "Until You're Floating" was used in the episode "Curveball" of the show Teen Mom. "Where We're Going We Don't Need Roads" was used in an episode of Teen Mom called "Two Steps Forward" as well as in the movie The Giant Mechanical Man.

LOOM
The third album, LOOM, was released worldwide on October 14, 2014 via Red Eye Transit Records. The album was recorded and mixed by Erik Wofford at Cacophony Recorders in Austin, TX and mastered by Jeff Lipton at Peerless Mastering in Boston, MA.  LOOM was produced by Erik Wofford and Pompeii.  LOOM features guest appearances by both The Tosca String Quartet and Christopher King of This Will Destroy You.  The music video for the single "Blueprint" was released on February 17, 2015, directed by Thor Brenne.

Band members
Dean Stafford – vocals, guitar (2004–2016)
Erik Johnson – guitar, keyboard (2004–2016)
Rob Davidson – drums (2004–2016)
Colin Butler – bass (2007–2016)
Caitlin Bailey - cello (2004–2009)
Shane Stevens - bass (2004–2007)

Discography
Assembly (Eyeball Records, 2006)
Nothing Happens for a Reason (Eyeball Records, 2008)
LOOM (Red Eye Transit Records, 2014

References

Split
The band split in 2016 after releasing 3 albums over the span of 8 years, and being active for 12.

Dean Stafford is now a Seattle based indie dream pop artist with a solo project by the name of Early Internet.

Musical groups established in 2004
Indie rock musical groups from Texas
American post-rock groups
Musical groups from Austin, Texas
2004 establishments in Texas


Kirkland Lake District Composite School (commonly known as KLDCS), is a public elementary and secondary school located in Kirkland Lake, Ontario, Canada. It was established in 2006 to replace the building that housed both Kirkland Lake Collegiate and Vocational Institute and École secondaire catholique Jean Vanier.

See also
List of high schools in Ontario

References

External links
 Ontario Ministry of Education listing of schools
 District School Board Ontario North East accouncement of new school

Educational institutions established in 2006
High schools in Ontario
Kirkland Lake
Schools in Timiskaming District
2006 establishments in Canada


Jason Lee Childers (born January 13, 1975) is an American former professional baseball relief pitcher.

He is the brother of Matt Childers.

Career
He appeared in only 5 games for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in 2006. Childers played for the Sultanes de Monterrey of the Mexican League in 2010.

External links

1975 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Baseball players from Statesboro, Georgia
Beloit Snappers players
Charlotte Knights players
Durham Bulls players
Edmonton Trappers players
Helena Brewers players
Huntsville Stars players
Indianapolis Indians players
Kennesaw State Owls baseball players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Mexican League baseball pitchers
Mudville Nine players
Naranjeros de Hermosillo players
Ogden Raptors players
Richmond Braves players
Stockton Ports players
Sultanes de Monterrey players
Tampa Bay Devil Rays players


Lau Nim Yat (, born 4 December 1989) is a former Hong Kong professional footballer who played as a full back.

Honours
Hong Kong
2009 East Asian Games: Gold medal

Career statistics

Club
As of 11 September 2009

International

Hong Kong U-23
As of 19 June 2011

Hong Kong
As of 16 October 2012

References

External links
Lau Nim Yat at HKFA

1989 births
Living people
Men's association football defenders
Hong Kong First Division League players
Hong Kong Premier League players
Hong Kong men's footballers
Eastern Sports Club footballers
Hong Kong Pegasus FC players
South China AA players
Hong Kong Rangers FC players
Hong Kong men's international footballers


Quantum technology is an emerging field of physics and engineering, encompassing technologies that rely on the properties of quantum mechanics, especially quantum entanglement, quantum superposition, and quantum tunneling. Quantum computing, sensors, cryptography, simulation, measurement, and imaging are all examples of emerging quantum technologies. The development of quantum technology also heavily impacts established fields such as space exploration.

Secure communications

Quantum secure communication is a method that is expected to be 'quantum safe' in the advent of quantum computing systems that could break current cryptography systems using methods such as Shor's algorithm. These methods include quantum key distribution (QKD), a method of transmitting information using entangled light in a way that makes any interception of the transmission obvious to the user. Another method is the quantum random number generator, which is capable of producing truly random numbers unlike non-quantum algorithms that merely imitate randomness.

Computing

Quantum computers are expected to have a number of important uses in computing fields such as optimization and machine learning. They are perhaps best known for their expected ability to carry out Shor's algorithm, which can be used to factorize large numbers and is an important process in the securing of data transmissions.

Quantum simulators

Quantum simulators are types of quantum computers used to simulate a real world system and can be used to simulate chemical compounds or solve high energy physics problems. Quantum simulators are simpler to build as opposed to general purpose quantum computers because complete control over every component is not necessary. Current quantum simulators under development include ultracold atoms in optical lattices, trapped ions, arrays of superconducting qubits, and others.

Sensors

Quantum sensors are expected to have a number of applications in a wide variety of fields including positioning systems, communication technology, electric and magnetic field sensors, gravimetry as well as geophysical areas of research such as civil engineering and seismology.

History
The field of quantum technology was first outlined in a 1997 book by Gerard J. Milburn, which was then followed by a 2003 article by Jonathan P. Dowling and Gerard J. Milburn, as well as a 2003 article by David Deutsch.

Many devices already available are fundamentally reliant on the effects of quantum mechanics. These include laser systems, transistors and semiconductor devices, as well as other devices such as MRI imagers. The UK Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL) grouped these devices as 'quantum 1.0' to differentiate them from what it dubbed 'quantum 2.0', which it defined as a class of devices that actively create, manipulate, and read out quantum states of matter using the effects of superposition and entanglement.

Future Goals
In the realm of Quantum technology we are in the first couple years of its life. For each individual section of Quantum technology such as quantum computers, simulators, communications, sensors and metrology there is so much room for improvement according to Quantum in a nutshell. In the next couple years Quantum computers hope to process 50 qubits, as well as demonstrate quantum speed-up and outperforming classical computers. Quantum simulators have the capability to solve problems beyond supercomputer capacity. For more information visit Quantum technologies in a nut shell. According to quantum technology expert Paul Martin Quantum technology promises improvements in everyday gadgets such as navigation, timing systems, communication security, computers, and more accurate healthcare imaging.

Research programmes

From 2010 onwards, multiple governments have established programmes to explore quantum technologies, such as the UK National Quantum Technologies Programme, which created four quantum 'hubs', the Centre for Quantum Technologies in Singapore, and QuTech, a Dutch center to develop a topological quantum computer. In 2016, the European Union introduced the Quantum Technology Flagship, a €1 Billion, 10-year-long megaproject, similar in size to earlier European Future and Emerging Technologies Flagship projects.
 In December 2018, the United States passed the National Quantum Initiative Act, which provides a US$1 billion annual budget for quantum research. China is building the world's largest quantum research facility with a planned investment of 76 billion Yuan (approx. €10 Billion). Indian government has also invested 8000 crore Rupees (approx. US$1.02 Billion) over 5-years to boost quantum technologies under its National Quantum Mission.

In the private sector, large companies have made multiple investments in quantum technologies. Organizations such as Google, D-wave systems, and University of California Santa Barbara have formed partnerships and investments to develop quantum technology.

See also
 Quantum nanoscience
 Atomic engineering
 QFET (quantum field-effect transistor)

References

Quantum information science
Emerging technologies
Technology by type


Ballet Theatre of Queensland, founded in 1937 by Phyllis Danaher  FRAD, is the oldest continuous dance company in Australia. Ballet Theatre is based in Brisbane in the Australian state of Queensland.

History
Predating both the Australian Ballet and the Queensland Ballet, Ballet Theatre of Queensland was established by Phyllis Danaher to bring dance on a regular basis to people in Queensland. Prior to its inception, ballet had only been presented by touring companies such as that of the famous Russian ballerina, Anna Pavlova on an irregular basis. Danaher was determined to change this state of affairs and to provide opportunities for talented Queenslanders to shine in this area of the performing arts. Today the company founded by Danaher continues to present full-scale productions every year at the Playhouse, Queensland Performing Arts Centre, South Bank, Queensland.

Many wonderful artists have acted as Artistic Director over the years including from 2002 until 2011, Jodie-Anne White and Boris Bivona. Following White's death in 2012 they were succeeded by Timothy Brown and Libby McDonnell, with Tim Brown as sole Artistic Director from 2013-2019.

Funding, organisational and artistic structures
Ballet Theatre of Queensland is a non-profit incorporated organisation, governed by a board of non-executive directors under the Chairmanship of Craig Spencer. In 2013 the corporate structure of the company was changed to incorporate the governing board and an Executive Director (Denise Richardson) was appointed to manage the company in conjunction with the Artistic Director, Timothy Brown. The organisation receives no recurrent or operational funding from the Australian or Queensland Governments. Ballet Theatre of Queensland relies purely on box office from its annual production, corporate sponsors and costume and set hire fees.

Each annual production highlights the talents of dancers from dance schools across south-east Queensland. All dancers are required to take part in an audition process and are usually aged between ten and eighteen. Invited artists sometimes perform as guests with the company. Dancers of Ballet Theatre of Queensland all undertake individual studies and ballet examinations, such as Royal Academy of Dance, with their own dance schools.

Productions and equipment
In 2008, Ballet Theatre of Queensland presented performances of The Sleeping Princess in Brisbane and on tour in Toowoomba. Previous years have seen productions of Coppélia, The Nutcracker, Peter Pan, Pinocchio, Aladdin, Paquita and many others. As a result, a vast quantity of sets and costumes have been created which are available for hire by other performing arts groups.

References

Dance companies in Australia
Culture of Brisbane
Queensland Ballet
1937 establishments in Australia
Performing groups established in 1937
Companies based in Brisbane


The McKean site is an archaeological site in Crook County, Wyoming, United States.  A premier site of the Great Plains hunting cultures, it is the namesake of the "McKean Complex."  Two significant contemporary sites of the same culture are Signal Butte in Nebraska and the LoDaisKa site in Colorado.

In 1991, the McKean site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

References

Further reading
 Mulloy, W.T. 1953. A Preliminary Historical Outline for the Northwestern Plains. Chicago: Ill. University of Chicago.
 Smithsonian Institution, and R.P. Wheeler. 1951. Appraisal of the Archeological and Paleontological Resources of the Keyhole Reservoir, Crook County, Wyoming. Washington, D.C.: The Smithsonian Institution.
 Wheeler, R.P. 1995. Archeological Investigations in Three Reservoir Areas in South Dakota and Wyoming. Lincoln, Neb.: J & L Reprint Co.

External links
 McKean Archaeological Site
 University of Wyoming Outstanding Former Faculty
 Wyoming Anthropological Museum
 University of Wyoming

McKean Site
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Wyoming
Geography of Crook County, Wyoming
National Register of Historic Places in Crook County, Wyoming


The Essential Tony Bennett is a two-CD compilation album by Tony Bennett, released in 2002.  The collection is part of a series of Essential sets released by Columbia Records and was created in collaboration with RPM Records and Legacy Recordings.

The compilation includes material from throughout Bennett's career with Columbia, with no recordings after 1970 and before 1986 as Bennett was with other labels or unsigned altogether during that fallow period of his career.  The 12-page foldout CD insert contains songwriting, arranging, and producing credits for each track, as well as recording dates and chart positions attained if any.  It also contains large photographs of Bennett in the recording studio from early and late periods in his career, as well as thumbnail-sized images of all the albums covers from Bennett's Columbia catalog, in chronological order.

AllMusic describes The Essential Tony Bennett as "an excellent, exhaustive retrospective of a lengthy, hit-filled career at Columbia. ... Bennett surely recorded more great material than can fit on a two-disc, 40-track collection, but this contains the cream of the crop and it's hard to imagine a collection like this being executed better than this."

In 2008, a 3 disc version entitled The Essential Tony Bennett: Limited Edition 3.0 was released.

Track listing

Disc One
 "Because of You" (Arthur Hammerstein, Dudley Wilkinson)  - 2:56
 "Cold, Cold Heart" (Hank Williams) 2:37
 "Blue Velvet" with Percy Faith and His Orchestra (Bernie Wayne, Lee Morris)  - 2:59
 "Rags to Riches" (Richard Adler, Jerry Ross)  - 2:48
 "Stranger in Paradise" with the Ray Charles Singers (Robert Wright, George Forrest, Alexander Borodin)  - 3:04
 "Sing, You Sinners" (Sam Coslow, W. Franke Harling)  - 2:15
 "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" (Dubin, Warren)  - 2:30
 "Just in Time" (Betty Comden, Adolph Green, Jule Styne)  - 2:32
 "It Amazes Me" (Cy Coleman, Carolyn Leigh)  - 3:22
 "Love Look Away" (Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II)  - 2:45
 "Firefly" with Count Basie and His Orchestra (Coleman, Leigh)  - 1:37
 "Put on a Happy Face" (Lee Adams, Charles Strouse)  - 2:37
 "The Best is Yet to Come" (Coleman, Leigh)  - 2:33
 "Tender is the Night" (Sammy Fain, Paul Francis Webster)  - 2:40
 "Once Upon a Time" (Adams, Strouse)  - 2:57
 "I Left My Heart in San Francisco" (George Cory, Douglass Cross)  - 2:50
 "I Wanna Be Around" (Johnny Mercer, Sadie Vimmerstedt)  - 2:10
 "The Good Life" (Sacha Distel, Ray Reardon)  - 2:14
 "This is All I Ask" (Gordon Jenkins)  - 3:14
 "When Joanna Loved Me" (Robert Wells, Jack Segal)  - 3:05
 "The Rules of the Road" (Cy Coleman, Carolyn Leigh) 2:20 (previously unreleased, recorded 1964)

Disc Two
 "Who Can I Turn To? (When Nobody Needs Me)" (Leslie Bricusse, Anthony Newley)  - 2:54
 "If I Ruled the World" (Bricusse, Cyril Ornadel)  - 3:00
 "Fly Me to the Moon (In Other Words)" (Bart Howard)  - 4:11
 "The Shadow of Your Smile" (Johnny Mandel, Paul Francis Webster)  - 3:37
 "Smile" (John Turner, Geoffrey Parsons)  - 3:32
 "The Very Thought of You" (Ray Noble)  - 4:30
 "For Once in My Life" (Ronald Dean Miller, Orlando Murden)  - 3:22
 "Yesterday I Heard the Rain (Esta Tarde vi Llover)" (Armando Manzanero, Gene Lees)  - 3:40
 "My Favorite Things" (Rodgers, Hammerstein)  - 3:17
 "I Do Not Know a Day I Did Not Love You" (Rodgers, Martin Charnin) 3:27
 "How Do You Keep the Music Playing?" (Alan Bergman, Marilyn Bergman, Michel Legrand)  - 4:20
 "When Do the Bells Ring for Me?" (Charles DeForest)  - 2:57
 "Night and Day" (Cole Porter)  - 3:34
 "Last Night When We Were Young" (Harold Arlen, Yip Harburg)  - 2:26
 "Steppin' Out With My Baby" (Irving Berlin)  - 2:52
 "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)" (Duke Ellington, Irving Mills)  - 3:05 [live]
 "Mood Indigo" (Barney Bigard, Ellington, Mills)  - 4:33
 "Keep the Faith, Baby" (with k.d. lang) (Luchi de Jesus, Lila Lerner, Mayme Watts)  - 3:50

From track 19 of Disc One on, most selections are credited with the Ralph Sharon Trio.

Disc Three (Limited Edition 3.0)
 "Lazy Afternoon" (John Latouche, Jerome Moross) - 2:21
 "Penthouse Serenade (When We're Alone)" (Val Burton, Will Jason) - 6:17
 "Lost in the Stars" (Kurt Weill, Maxwell Anderson) - 4:30
 "My Funny Valentine" (Richard Rodgers & Lorenz Hart) - 2:35
 "Danny Boy" (F.E. Weatherly) - 4:57 (Previously Unreleased, Recorded 1964)
 "Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars (Corcovado)" (Antonio Carlos Jobim, Buddy Kaye & Gene Lees) - 3:17
 "Country Girl" (Robert Farnon) - 3:38

References

Tony Bennett albums
2002 greatest hits albums
Columbia Records compilation albums


Dorsal digital nerves of radial nerve are branches on the dorsum of the hand.

They run with the dorsal digital arteries.

External links

Nerves of the upper limb


Bradford Harris (July 16, 1933 – November 7, 2017) was an American actor, stuntman, and executive producer. He appeared in a variety of roles in over 50 films, mostly in European productions. He was an inductee in the Stuntman's Hall of Fame.

Life and career
Born in St. Anthony, Idaho, Harris' family moved to California, where he attended Burbank High School, then received an athletic scholarship to UCLA where he studied economics. When he injured his knee playing football he was advised to take up weightlifting to strengthen the injury that developed his interest in bodybuilding.

Harris entered films as a stand-in, stuntman, and later an actor. His first roles were in André de Toth's Monkey on My Back and Li'l Abner. With his athletic physique, Harris travelled to Rome to watch the 1960 Summer Olympics and perform stunts in Stanley Kubrick's Spartacus. He stayed in Europe for the boom in European sword and sandal, Eurospy, and Spaghetti Western genres.

Harris discovered, when working in Germany, that stunt coordinators were nonexistent in that country and he often did extra duties as a stuntman, stunt coordinator, and second unit director as well as an actor.

Harris made his debut as a leading man in 1961 in the title role of Gianfranco Parolini's Goliath Against the Giants and Samson. He would have a long, continuing relationship in several films written and directed by Parolini. Harris also began to be teamed with Tony Kendall, starting with the Western Pirates of the Mississippi. He later married his co-star in Black Eagle of Santa Fe, the sequel to that film.

He married Czech actress Olga Schoberová on November 16, 1967 and divorced in 1969. They had a daughter named Babrinka (Sabrina).

Harris teamed again with Kendall and Parolini in the Kommissar X series, and The Three Fantastic Supermen/I Fantastici Tre Supermen (1967) series.

He served as executive producer on several of his films including King of Kong Island (which he also starred in) and Jack Cardiff's The Mutations. He later made seven appearances on the American soap opera Falcon Crest as "Deputy Duffy". His most recent film was the Andrea Zaccariello's comedy Boom, released in 1999.

Harris invented and marketed exercise products called "AB-OrigOnals." He owned a company called Modern Body Design. In 2015 he was awarded the University of Arizona College of Humanities’ Distinguished Lifetime Achievement Award in the Humanities. He died on November 7, 2017, at the age of 84.

Selected filmography
 The McConnell Story (1955) - Pilot (uncredited)
 Monkey on My Back (1957) - Spike McAvoy
 Speed Crazy (1959) - Bit Part (uncredited)
 Li'l Abner (1959) - Muscleman Luke (uncredited)
 Tall Story (1960) - Student by Fire (uncredited)
 13 Fighting Men (1960) - Pvt. Fowler
 Ocean's 11 (1960) - Minor Role (uncredited)
 Spartacus (1960) - Gladiator / Soldier (uncredited)
 Goliath Against the Giants (1961) - Goliath
 Samson (1961) - Samson
 The Fury Of Hercules (1962) - Hercules
 The Hot Port of Hong Kong (1962) - Polizeiinspektor McLean
 It Happened in Athens (1962) - Garrett (uncredited)
 79 A.D. (1962) - Marcus Tiberius
 The Old Testament (1962) - Simone
 The Black Panther of Ratana (1963) - Larry Finch
 The Pirates of the Mississippi (1963) - Tom Cook
 Mission to Hell (1964) - Joe Warren
 Mystery of the Red Jungle (1964) - Larry McLean
 The Secret of the Chinese Carnation (1964) - Donald Ramsey
 Massacre at Marble City (1964) - Phil Stone
 Black Eagle of Santa Fe (1965) - Cliff McPherson
 Our Man in Jamaica (1965) - Captain Mike Jefferson
 Kiss Kiss, Kill Kill (1966) - Capt. Tom Rowland
 Kommissar X – Drei gelbe Katzen (aka Death is Nimble, Death is Quick) (1966) - Capt. Tom Rowland
 Kommissar X – In den Klauen des goldenen Drachen (aka So Darling So Deadly) (1966) - Capt. Tom Rowland
 The Three Fantastic Supermen (1967) - Brad McCallum
 The Ten Million Dollar Grab (1967) - Robert Colman
 Kommissar X – Drei grüne Hunde (aka Death Trip) (1967) - Capt. Tom Rowland
 Spy Today, Die Tomorrow (1967) - Cliff
 Un hombre vino a matar (1967) - Sheriff Bill Manners
 Kommissar X - Drei blaue Panther (1968) - Capt. Tom Rowland
 Cin cin... cianuro (1968) - George
 King of Kong Island (1968) - Burt Dawson
 Kommissar X – Drei goldene Schlangen (1969) - Capt. Tom Rowland
 Poppea's Hot Nights (1969) - Claudio Valerio
 Patton (1970) - Sergeant in Bar (uncredited)
 Che fanno i nostri supermen tra le vergini della jungla? (1970) - Captain Brad Scott
 Quando suona la campana (1970) - Don Vincenzo
  (1970) - Ken Stark
  (1970) - Sabata
 The Mad Butcher (1971) - Mike Lawrence
 Arriva Durango... paga o muori (1971) - Durango
 Il ritorno del gladiatore più forte del mondo (1971) - Marzio
 Kommissar X jagt die roten Tiger (aka Tiger Gang) (1971) - Capt. Tom Rowland
 Seminò morte... lo chiamavano il Castigo di Dio! (1972) - Django / Durango
 Zambo, il dominatore della foresta (1972) - George Ryon aka Zambo
 Questa volta ti faccio ricco! (1974) - Brad McCoy
 The Girl in Room 2A (1974) - Charlie
 The Mutations (1974) - Brian Redford
 Who Breaks... Pays (1975) - Placido
 Lady Dracula (1977) - Kommissar
 The Beast in Heat (1977) - Don Lorenzo (uncredited)
 Brass Target (1978) - Lt. Rowan
 Zwei tolle Käfer räumen auf (1979) - Don Fernando Hidalgo
 Mie jue qi qi (1980) - Leopard
 Good-bye, Cruel World (1983) - Policeman
 Hercules (1983) - King Augeias
 The Seven Magnificent Gladiators (1983) - Scipio
 Death Stone (1987) - Brain
 Boom (1999) - Gordon Steele (segment "Il figlio di Maciste")
 Shiver (2012) - The Captain (final film role)

References

External links

 Brad Harris bio on (re)Search my Trash

1933 births
2017 deaths
20th-century American male actors
American bodybuilders
American expatriates in Italy
American male film actors
American male soap opera actors
American stunt performers
Male actors from Idaho
Male Spaghetti Western actors
People associated with physical culture
People from St. Anthony, Idaho


Dorsal digital nerves of ulnar nerve are branches on the dorsum of the hand.  The dorsal branch of the ulnar nerve divides into two dorsal digital branches; one supplies the ulnar side of the little finger; the other, the adjacent sides of the little and ring fingers.  It also sends a twig to join that given by the superficial branch of the radial nerve for the adjoining sides of the middle and ring fingers, and assists in supplying them.

They run with the dorsal digital arteries.

External links

Nerves of the upper limb


Ilavalai () is a coastal area located in (Valigamam North Divisional Secretariat) Jaffna, Sri Lanka.  It is 16 km towards north from the Capital of the Northern Province, Jaffna, 8 km from the port town of Kankesanthurai and situated across the Sandilipay - Senthankulam main road.

There are numerous Catholic churches and Hindu temples within Ilavalai. One of the oldest churches is Ilavalai is the St. James' church, which is situated around the center of the village (St. James' lane).

Ilavalai Roman Catholic Tamil (R.C.T.) Boys' School, St. Henry's College , Ilavalai Convent Maha Vidyalayam, and Ilavalai Meihandan Maha Vidyalayam serve as educational institutions in Ilavalai. Ilavalai is known for its education and agricultural fertility, especially the cultivation of grapes, within the northern region of Sri Lanka.

References

Villages in Jaffna District
Valikamam North DS Division
Valikamam South West DS Division


Cooking Fighter Hao (sometimes The Blazing Chef: Cooking Fighter Hao or simply Cooking Fighter) is an action game and one of the first games from developer Nippon Ichi. The fighting is done by cooking with several materials around the battlefield.

Gameplay
Battles take place in an overhead screen, the characters being represented by super deformed characters. Each level has a type of animal (chicken, crab, etc.) which must be beaten with a weapon and then turned into a meal. Vegetables are strewn across the battle field that can be thrown into the meat to create a different meal and different methods of cooking can be used, thus creating a wide variety of combinations. The winner is determined by who gets the most points after the meals are cooked.

Story Mode lets the player use Hao as he battles different chefs. Free Mode allows the player choose between eleven different chefs and a second player can join.

References

1998 video games
Action games
Cooking video games
Japan-exclusive video games
Nippon Ichi Software games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation (console)-only games
Video games developed in Japan


Yannic Seidenberg (born 11 January 1984) is a German professional ice hockey left winger who is currently an unrestricted free agent. He most recently played for EHC München of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL).  He is the younger brother of defenseman Dennis Seidenberg.

Playing career
He started his professional career with Adler Mannheim and signed with the Medicine Hat Tigers of the Western Hockey League before the 2003–04 season. After one year he returned to Germany and signed with Kölner Haie; one year later he signed with ERC Ingolstadt, where he spent the next four seasons before returning to Mannheim. On 29 April 2013, Seidenberg signed a two-year deal with DEL rival EHC München. He also represented Germany at the 2018 IIHF World Championship.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

1984 births
Adler Mannheim players
ERC Ingolstadt players
German ice hockey left wingers
Kölner Haie players
Living people
Medicine Hat Tigers players
EHC München players
People from Villingen-Schwenningen
Sportspeople from Freiburg (region)
Ice hockey people from Baden-Württemberg
Ice hockey players at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic ice hockey players for Germany
Olympic medalists in ice hockey
Olympic silver medalists for Germany


Ferrari da Ferrara, fully Ferrarino (dei) Trogni da Ferrara, was a troubadour of Ferrara in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. He was a composer, anthologist, and possibly autobiographer. He was one of the last active troubadours in Italy.

Poetry

Florilegium
Ferrarino is best known as the compiler of a florilegium of Occitan lyric poetry appended to the end of manuscript D, an Italian chansonnier of 1254. He was also a poet himself. His vida was placed atop his florilegium. Both were written in Italy. From this biography we know that he composed no more than two cansos and one retroensa (or retroncha), yet he was also a composer of sirventes and couplets, but what this contradiction in the vida means is probably that he compiled the best sirventes and extracted couplets from them.

From his choice of excerpts for his florilegium can be derived another characteristic of Ferrarino the poet: a preference for moralising and didactic works. If he was, as his vida indicates, already old when he sojourned at the Da Camino court in Treviso, it may be that he composed his short anthology for Gherardo III da Camino (Giraldo or Girardo), in order to instruct his three children: the celebrated Gaia of Dante Alighieri's Divina Commedia, Rizzardo, and Guecellone. That there were didactic Occitan poets in Italy is known: Uc Faidit composed his Donat there and Terramagnino da Pisa his Doctrina. On the other hand, Ferrarino's florilegium may have been written without a specific purpose or with a general purpose in mind. Or it may have been intended for a private student, one Tuisio or Tuixio, later a master (fl. 1302). Some of these works may be "Italian" masked in Provençal orthography in order to teach the latter to a young pupil. Ferrarino, who is called doctor proençalium and said by his biographer to sab molt be letras (know many good letters), could have been a teacher of Occitan and Latin (letras means "Latin").

Tenso
Of Ferrarino's work we only possess one cobla of a tenso composed in Italy with Raimon Guillem. It was added to the florilegium, so Ferrarino's vida relates, only later by the book's owner, who wished his anthologist to be remembered. From the little of his work which survives, however, it can be gleaned that Ferrarino was an able lyricist in the academic Occitan he had acquired, and his original structures merit his works' inclusion in the corpus of trobar clus.  In his lost works, however, he may have abandoned this defining characteristic (clus), so unusual of the Italian troubadours.

Biography

Identification
A certain "Ferrarino, maestro di grammatica", of the Trogni family of Ferrara, mentioned in 1330, has been identified with the troubadour. This lengthens the poet's life considerably, but there is a reference in a juramentum fidelitatis praestitum anno 1310 a populo ferrariense Clementi pp. V (an oath of fealty of the people of Ferrara to Pope Clement V in 1310) to a Magister Ferrarinus doctor grammatice ("Master Ferrarino, doctor of grammar") and Guicardus (or Guiçardus) filius dicti magistri Ferrarini ("Guizzardo, son of the aforementioned master Ferrarino"). It is generally accepted that this is the same Maistre Ferari de Feirara of the florilegium and this pushes his dates back at least to 1310, making the 1330 reference probable. The father and son who took the oath to the pope were said to be contrata sexti Sancti Romani: proprietors of a sixth of San Romano.

Ferrarino is probably also the Ferrarino dei Trogni, son of Bartolomeo, found in Padua in 1317, 1325, and 1330. This Ferrarino had a son, Guizzardo, who appears in an Este document of 1313: Ego Guiçardus filius magistri Ferarini de Trongnis de Ferraria doctoris gramatice sacri palatij notarius ("I, Guizzardo, son of the master Ferari de Trogni de Ferraria, doctor of grammar and notary of the sacred palace [i.e. Holy See]"). Thus, the troubadour was Ferrarino Trogni da Ferrara and he lived in Padua as late as 1330. This thus forms an important date in Italian Occitan literature, being one of the last datable events concerning a troubadour.

Vida
In his vida is written qan ven ch'el fo veil … anava a Trevis a meser Guiraut da Chamin et a sos filz ("when he became old, he did not travel much except to go to Treviso to [see] Milord Giraut de Chamin and his sons"). If thus Ferrarino was old when he came to the Trevisan court, an even that must have occurred before Gherardo's death on 26 March 1307, he must have been very old (probably over eighty) at the time of his death in 1330 or later. Of his last years we know nothing and he was probably living when his biography was composed. He may have even narrated it himself.

The vida is highly laudatory of Ferrarino's contributions to Occitan poetry. "[H]e understood better how to invent (trobaire) poems in Provençal [i.e. Occitan] than any other man who was ever in Lombardy," or so his biographer says. He was also reputed for his understanding of the language, for his writing (probably including penmanship), and for his composition of "good and beautiful books". He partook of court culture at the Este court in Ferrara, his hometown, for many years, there becoming something of a champion to whom any other aspiring troubadours would consult him for literary/linguistic advice, calling him their "master".

The vida also contains the expected reference to a love interest. Ferrarino was said in his youth to have loved a lady Turcla, obviously of the house of Turchi (or Turcli). He performed many good deeds for her. In his later life he moved from the Este court to the Caminesi at Treviso, where he was accepted on account of the friendship between the two families.

Notes

Sources

Bertoni, Giulio. I Trovatori d'Italia: Biografie, testi, tradizioni, note. Rome: Società Multigrafica Editrice Somu, 1967 [1915].
The Vidas of the Troubadours. Margarita Egan, trans. New York: Garland, 1984. .

Musicians from Ferrara
Italian male poets
13th-century Italian troubadours
13th-century births
14th-century deaths
Writers from Ferrara


Regency is a neighborhood in Omaha, Nebraska. Bound by West Dodge Road, South 96th Street, Pacific Street and Interstate 680, the development was the first major real estate development funded by Mutual of Omaha.

Regency is home to a premier office park and the upscale One Pacific Place shopping area, and borders the Westroads Mall. The neighborhood features green space, walking paths along with the Regency Park and Regency Lake and Tennis Club. The neighborhood is also bounded by Omaha's Cancer Survivor's Park.

The neighborhood is home to many of Omaha's wealthy citizens, including Vinod Gupta, the founder of InfoUSA. Consequently, the neighborhood has been home to a variety of political campaigning in the past.

References

External links
Regency neighborhood website

Neighborhoods in Omaha, Nebraska
West Omaha, Nebraska


Mary Louise Hancock (July 5, 1920 – December 4, 2017) was a New Hampshire state senator, New Hampshire State Planning Director and was often referred to as the 'Grand Dame' and the 'Queen Bee' of New Hampshire politics. She is a long term resident of New Hampshire's capital city of Concord and was the first woman to be elected senator from the state's 15th district. She received both the Robert Frost Award and the Susan B. Anthony Award. She has received honorary degrees from Keene State College as well as Notre Dame College of New Hampshire. Hancock was a distant relative of famed revolutionary John Hancock. Hancock died on December 4, 2017 at the age of 97.

Mary Louise Hancock Day
In 2000, Governor Jeanne Shaheen proclaimed July 5, Hancock's birthday, to be Mary Louise Hancock Day throughout her home state of New Hampshire.

Lighting of the dome
On January 4, 1979 Hancock joined with then-New Hampshire governor Hugh Gallen to relight the golden dome atop the New Hampshire State House. The previous governor, Meldrim Thomson, Jr., had ordered the lights to remain off during his term. During Hancock's second term as a state senator she met with the newly elected Gallen, and together they flipped the switch in the first days of his governorship.

References

External links
 Official website

1920 births
2017 deaths
People from Franklin, New Hampshire
New Hampshire state senators
Women state legislators in New Hampshire
21st-century American women


Digital nerve may refer to:
 Dorsal digital nerves (disambiguation)
 Palmar digital nerves (disambiguation)
 Plantar digital nerves (disambiguation)


Customs Regulation 1383/2003, the full title of which is Regulation concerning customs action against goods suspected of infringing certain intellectual property rights and the measures to be taken against goods found to have infringed such rights, is a measure passed under Article 133 (formerly Article 113) of the EC Treaty. The provision is designed to protect the intellectual property rights of constituents of member nations.

The provision encourages EU Member States to facilitate cooperation between their respective customs agencies in preventing IP infringement. It supersedes Customs Regulation 3295/94, with the new provision having taken effect (and the former provision expiring) on 1 July 2004.

The provision permits owners of intellectual property rights "to prohibit entry into the EU and the export or re-export from the EU, of goods infringing: trade marks, copyright, patents, national or Community plant variety rights, designations of origin or geographical indications and geographical designations".

The EU Customs Regulation 608/2013 came into force on 19 July 2013 and replaced the former Regulation 1383/2003.

See also
Directive on criminal measures aimed at ensuring the enforcement of intellectual property rights (proposed)
Copyright infringement

References

Intellectual property law of the European Union
1383-2003
2003 in law
2003 in the European Union


Elaeocarpus grandis, commonly known as caloon, white quandong, blue quandong, silver quandong, blue fig or blueberry ash, is species of flowering plant in the family Elaeocarpaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a large tree with buttress roots at the base of the trunk, oblong to elliptic leaves with small teeth on the edges, racemes of greenish-white flowers and more or less spherical blue fruit.

Elaeocarpus grandis was known as the extremely similar and possibly synonymous E. angustifolius in Australia from 1980 until 2010, thus numerous sources used as references for this article refer to E. grandis by that name.
Before 1980 the trees were usually known as E. sphaericus, an illegitimate name used for E. angustifolius at the time.

Description
Elaeocarpus grandis is a tree that typically grows to a height of  and has buttress roots at the base of the trunk, even on smaller trees. The leaves are oblong to elliptic, mostly  long,  wide with between twenty-five and fifty-five regular teeth on the edges and tapering to a petiole  long. The leaves have many small domatia and turn bright red before falling. The flowers are arranged in racemes  long, often on one side of the peduncle, each flower on a pedicel  long. The five sepals are less than  long and the five petals are greenish-white, about  long with four of five lobes up to  long at the tip. There are between fifty and fifty-five stamens and the ovary is hairy. Flowering occurs in autumn and the fruit is a more or less spherical blue drupe  in diameter with a deeply sculptured stone. Note the second source for this description is a description of Elaeocarpus angustifolius.

Similar species
It cannot reliably be told apart from the widespread and variable species E. angustifolius, aside from where the plant is growing: plants in Queensland and New South Wales are considered E. grandis, those found growing elsewhere are E. angustifolius. Many regional forms of E. angustifolius were described in the past, but these are at present all considered the same species. Despite this, some local Australian databases do not recognise the synonymy, and due to this E. grandis remains recognised as a valid species.

E. grandis/angustifolius can, however, be told apart from other species of Elaeocarpus by having petals much divided at the apex; small, round fruit; 5-7 locules per stone; straight embryos; and glabrous leaves with even and fine serrations along their margins. In New South Wales, E. grandis/angustifolius is most similar to E. obovatus and E. holopetalus. E. obovatus has irregular teeth along the leaf margins and less secondary veins per leaf. E. holopetalus has similar veined and toothed leaves, but lacks domatia on them and has a much shorter petiole.

Taxonomy and naming
Elaeocarpus grandis was first formally described in 1860 by Ferdinand von Mueller in his book Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae from material collected on the banks of the Pine River. The name was largely forgotten, but in 1984 the botanist M.J.E. Coode, an Elaeocarpus expert, was the first to list it as a synonym of the species E. angustifolius in his work Elaeocarpus in Australia and New Zealand. In 2010 it was accepted as a valid species again by the Australian Plant Census. The Australian Plant Census database claims Coode's description of E. angustifolius as a description of E. grandis, however, the description was first prepared by Coode in 1981 for his work on the Elaeocarpus of the Papuasia region. In his 2010 work on the Ganitrus group of species, Coode reiterated that according to him E. grandis is indistinguishable from E. angustifolius sensu stricto, as found throughout the greater Oceania and Southeast Asia region.

A 2013 thesis using molecular phylogenetics to study the Elaeocarpus in Australasia found E. grandis was near identical to E. angustifolius in most sequences studied, but that in one sequence with more variety two E. grandis samples (one from Hawaii as E. sphaericus) were found to be within the diversity of E. angustifolius, with the two samples in fact more divergent from each other than from other samples within the E. angustifolius synonymy.

The word 'quandong' originally referred to the deeply sculptured stone within the fruit.

Distribution and habitat
Blue quandong grows in rainforest and along moist, scrubby watercourses from Cooktown in far north Queensland to the Nambucca River in northern New South Wales.

Ecology
It can fruit throughout the year. The fruit of E. grandis is eaten by birds, including the wompoo fruit-dove, southern cassowary and Australian brushturkey. Bower birds may collect the fruit for their colour, creating large piles of the stones.

It was one among a few dozen species of large-fruited (for Australian standards) rainforest plants eaten by southern cassowaries in Northern Australia. These flightless birds feed on the fruit and likely disperse the seeds -they have been found to eat all types of Elaeocarpus fruit. Although seeds which are dispersed in cassowary dung do germinate, the percentage is quite low in Elaeocarpus as compared to other rainforest species eaten by the giant birds.

The fruit are eaten by Lumholtz tree-kangaroos (Dendrolagus lumholtzi). Flying foxes (genus Pteropus) also eat the fruit.

The larvae of the moths Echiomima mythica and Eschatura lemurias bore into the stems of this plant (as E. angustifolius).

Uses

Horticulture
The wide-ranging buttress roots and size make the blue quandong unsuitable for suburban home gardens or planting near drains.

Timber
The species is well regarded for its timber and as a key part in regenerating rainforest. In the colonial period, the timber was used for furniture, construction and for racing sculls and oars.

Use as food
Indigenous Australians ate the fruit raw or buried the unripe fruit in sand for four days making it sweet and more palatable. Early settlers used the fruit for jams, pies and pickles.

Decoration
Aboriginal people used the stones to make necklaces.

Gallery

References

grandis
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Queensland
Plants described in 1860
Taxa named by Ferdinand von Mueller


This is a list of Canadian television related events from 2005.

Events

Debuts

Ending this year

Television shows

1950s
Country Canada (1954–2007)
Hockey Night in Canada (1952–present, sports telecast)
The National (1954–present, news program)

1960s
CTV National News (1961–present)
Land and Sea (1964–present)
The Nature of Things (1960–present, scientific documentary series)
Question Period (1967–present, news program)
W-FIVE (1966–present, newsmagazine program)

1970s
Canada AM (1972–present, news program)
the fifth estate (1975–present, newsmagazine program)
Marketplace (1972–present, newsmagazine program)
100 Huntley Street (1977–present, religious program)

1980s
CityLine (1987–present, news program)
Fashion File (1989–2009)
Just For Laughs (1988–present)
On the Road Again (1987–2007)
Venture (1985–2007)

1990s
CBC News Morning (1999–present)
Cold Squad (1998–2005)
Da Vinci's Inquest (1998–2005)
Daily Planet (1995–present)
eTalk (1995–present, entertainment newsmagazine program)
Life and Times (1996–2007)
The Passionate Eye (1993–present)
The Newsroom (1996–2005)
The Red Green Show (1991–2006)
Royal Canadian Air Farce (1993–2008, comedy sketch series)
Yvon of the Yukon (1999–2005, children's animated series)

2000s
Atomic Betty (2004–present, children's animated series)
Les Bougon (2004–2006)
Call for Help 2.0 (2004–2007, computer technical help series)
Canadian Idol (2003–2008)
CBC News: Sunday Night (2004–present)
Chilly Beach (2003–present, animated series)
Class of the Titans (2005–2008, animated series)
Corner Gas (2004–2009)
Canada's Worst Driver (2005–present, reality series)
Le Cœur a ses raisons (2005–present)
The Collector (2004–2006)
Da Vinci's City Hall (2005–2006)
Degrassi: The Next Generation (2001–present)
Edgemont (2001–2005)
ET Canada (2005–present)
Global Currents (2005–present, newsmagazine/documentary series)
The Hour (2005–present, talk show)
Instant Star (2004–2008)
Intelligence (2005–2007)
JR Digs (2001–present)
Kenny vs. Spenny (2002–2010, comedy reality series)
Metropia (2004–2006)
Naked Josh (2004–2006)
Naturally, Sadie (2005–2007)
Odd Job Jack (animated series, 2003–present)
Paradise Falls (2001–present)
ReGenesis (2004–2008)
Restaurant Makeover (2005–2008)
Rick Mercer Report (2004–present)
Robson Arms (2005–2008)
6Teen (2004–present, animated series)
Slings and Arrows (2003–2006)
This Is Wonderland (2004–2006)
Trailer Park Boys (2001–2008)
Train 48 (2003–2005)
What's with Andy (2001–2007, children's animated series)

TV movies
 Terry

 Plague City: SARS in Toronto

Television stations

Network affiliation changes

See also
 2005 in Canada
 List of Canadian films of 2005

References

External links
List of 2005 Canadian television series at IMDb


Aqraba () is a Palestinian town in the Nablus Governorate, located eighteen kilometers southeast of Nablus in the northern West Bank. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), Aqraba had a population of approximately 10,024 inhabitants in 2017.

According to Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem since 1967, Israel has confiscated 1,425 dunums of Aqraba and Yanun's land for use for settlements, Israeli Military bases and for the Wall Zone. According to Kerem Navot, 3,265 dunams of mostly cultivated land were seized per military order T12/72 and transferred to the settlement of Gittit.
Nearby hamlets surround the village and are considered to be natural extensions of Aqraba; they are the khirbets of al-Arama, al-Kroom, Abu ar-Reisa, ar-Rujman, Firas ad-Din and Tell al-Khashaba. The total population of these hamlets was estimated to be 500 in 2008. The prominent families of Aqraba are Al Dayriyeh, Bani Jaber, Al-Mayadima, Bani Jame', and Bani Fadel.

Aqrabah has been the site of price tag attacks by Israeli settlers.

Etymology
The origin of the name is Semitic - Canaanite or Aramaic. In Arabic 'aqraba' means "scorpion".

History and archaeology
Pottery sherds from Iron Age II, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Umayyad and Crusader/Ayyubid period, as well as rock-hewn cisterns have been found in Aqraba. In 1874 surveyors found near the village rock-cut kokhim tombs.

During the Second Temple period it was an important town (see Mishna, Ma'aser Sheni 5:2), named by Josephus (37–c. 100) as Akrabbatá, the capital of a district called Akrabbatène (Wars 3:3, 5). Eusebius calls the town 'Akrabbeim and the district Akrabbatinés. Safrai suggested that the Bar Kokhba revolt devastated Akrabbatène's Jewish population, and Samaritans thereafter assumed control of the area.

Byzantine period
Aqraba was inhabited by Christians during the Byzantine period. A Syriac document notes that the village contained two Byzantine-era monasteries, called after saints Titus and Stephan. Local tradition concurs with a number of British scholars who believe the mosque was originally a Byzantine-era church.

Early Muslim period
The inhabitants of Aqraba became Muslim during the early Muslim period (630s–1099). Shihab al-Din Ahmad al-Aqrabani, a follower of the noted Muslim jurist al-Shafi'i, lived and was buried there in 180 AH/796–797 CE.

Crusader/Ayyubid to Mamuk period
Several medieval buildings and other remains were described in the 1930s and 1940s and revisited in the 1990s, such as a fortified courtyard building northwest of the mosque, known as al-Hisn ("the castle") dominating the village from its highest point and now part of a private building; an open cistern or pool (Arabic:birka) in the centre of the village, well preserved but now used as an orchard; and a domed building said to be Mamluk, probably a mosque which is in use as the village school The mosque's mihrab was flanked by marble columns topped by capitals, both from the Crusader period.

The village mosque is built on the remains of a church, and in the Survey of Western Palestine the Greek inscriptions found there on a lintel decorated by a cross, are described as similar to Crusader-period ones.

Pottery sherds from the Mamluk era and a construction inscription in Arabic from 1414 have been found in the village.

Ottoman period
Aqraba, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the census of 1596 the village appeared under the name Aqraba as being in the Nahiya (Subdistrict) of Jabal Qubal, part of  Sanjak Nablus, with a population of 102 households, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33.3% on agricultural products, including wheat, barley, summer crops, olive trees, goats and bee-hives; vineyards and fruit trees, in addition to occasional revenues, and a press for olive oil or grape syrup; a total of 3,960 akçe.

During his travels in the region in 1838 Edward Robinson mentions it, believing it was ancient Acrabi.
Victor Guérin visited in 1870, and described as a large town with 2000 inhabitants. He further noted that it consisted of four quarters, each with their own sheikh.

In 1873-4 Clermont-Ganneau visited, and was told of the governor el Kadery, who resided in Aqraba at the time of Jezzar Pasha. He is said to have erected considerable buildings in the town.

In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described it as "A large village, surrounded with olives, of houses better built than most in the country. It stands on a saddle between two hills, one of which rises north of it 700 feet, the village standing at the mouth of a pass, through which the main road runs. The place crescent-shaped, whence perhaps its name, ' carved.' To the south is the fertile plain (Jehir 'Akrabeh). There is a mosque in the east part of the village, founded on the remains of a Christian church, and a second sacred place (er Rafai) on the south. The inhabitants used to number, according to their own account, 2,000 guns, but the present population appears to be about 600 to 800 souls."

British Mandate period
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Aqraba had a population of 1,160; 1,158 Muslims and 2 Orthodox Christians, increasing in the 1931 census, where Aqraba (together with the smaller location Kh. Fasayil) had a population of 1,478, all Muslims, in a total of 309 houses.

In the 1945 statistics Aqraba (including Kh. Fasayil) had a population of 2,060, all Muslims, with 142,530 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey. Of this, 3,383 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 19,732 used for cereals, while 55 dunams were built-up (urban) land.

Jordanian period
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, following the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Aqraba was ruled by Jordan.
In 1961, the population of Aqraba was 2,875.

Israeli occupation
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Aqraba has been under Israeli occupation.

According to Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem Israel has confiscated 1,085 dunums of land from  Aqraba/Yanun for Gitit and Itamar (where the land for Gitit was taken from Aqraba, while the land for Itamar was taken from Yanun.) A later estimate states that the total extent of Aqraba lands amounted to 36,000 acres (145,000 dunams ), of which 83% were confiscated, leaving the 4,000 residents with 6,000 acres (25,000 dunams ).  The acquisition of land from Aqraba for the establishment of Gitit involved aerial spraying with poison.

Some farmland near Yanun owned by 300 Aqraba villagers was classified as an IDF firing range in 1967, but exercises were customarily suspended for brief periods in the past to allow the villagers access to their lands, according to local Palestinians. Since then they claim, the area has not been used in as a firing range for two decades. Recently these villagers, who either farm or live there have been denied access. They claim that this restriction does not apply equally to an outpost, Givat 777, of the Israeli settlement of Itamar. They complain of settler harassment, the burning of vehicles, and of settler sheep flocks being led to graze on their wheat fields. The IDF has replied that both Palestinians and Israeli settlers are treated in the same way.

In August 2014, the IDF brought in bulldozers to demolish 4 Palestinian homes on the outskirts of the town, in the al-Taweel neighbourhood, claiming that they were built without a permit. However, the villagers claimed that the houses had been there for a century.

In October 2014, a village mosque was set alight in an suspected arson attack by Israeli settlers as part of the price tag attack. A similar arson attack took place in April 2018, with settlers also spraying graffiti on the mosque walls.

Economy
The village's total land area is 34,700 dunams, of which 1,783 is built-up area. Around 62% of the remaining land is covered with olive and almond groves, 8% with other fruits and vegetables and the remaining 30% for grazing purposes.

Aqraba's unemployment rate is above 50%. As the Palestinian labor force is unable to work in Israeli localities, the town's workers currently hold public and private jobs. Some also depend on agriculture and industrial workshops as main sources of income.

Government
31% of Aqraba and Yanun land are located in Area B, giving the Palestinian National Authority control over its administration and civil affairs. The rest, 69%, is in Area C.

The town is governed by a municipal council, consisting of eleven members including the mayor. In the 2005 Palestinian municipal elections, the Fatah-backed Future Palestine list won the majority of the seats (six) while the Hamas-backed al-Islamiya list won five seats. Jawdat 'Abd al-Hadi was elected mayor.

References

Bibliography

 (pp.  228, 266-7)

 (p. 159)

External links
Aqraba municipality
Welcome To 'Aqraba
 Aqraba, Welcome to Palestine
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 15:  IAA, Wikimedia commons
Aqraba Town Profile (including Yanun Locality), Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ)
 Aqraba, aerial photo, ARIJ
 March 2009 demolition orders for Aqraba homes and mosque

Towns in the West Bank
Municipalities of the State of Palestine
Ancient Samaritan settlements


Ikaroa-Rāwhiti is a New Zealand parliamentary Māori electorate that was formed for the . It covers the eastern North Island from East Cape south through Hawke's Bay and the Wairarapa to Wainuiomata and most of the Hutt Valley, but not southern Lower Hutt or Wellington City.

It was held by Parekura Horomia of the Labour Party from 1999 until his death in 2013. A by-election to replace him was held on 29 June 2013 and was won by Labour's Meka Whaitiri, who has held the seat since. Whaitiri left the Labour Party in early May 2023 and joined Te Pāti Māori. According to a ruling by the speaker of the House, Whaitiri continued to represent the electorate, not on behalf of a party, but as an independent. Whaitiri was defeated by Labour's Cushla Tangaere-Manuel in 2023.

Population centres

As the electorate's name suggests (ika "fish", roa "long", rāwhiti "east"), Ikaroa-Rāwhiti is a long electorate covering the eastern North Island (Te Ika-a-Māui).

The electorate includes the following population centres (from north to south):
 Gisborne
 Wairoa
 Napier
 Hastings
 Central Hawke's Bay
 Tararua District
 Masterton and the Wairarapa district
 Wellington – Upper Hutt and Lower Hutt—northern suburbs (north of Fairway Drive and Daysh Street), western hills (excluding Korokoro), and Wainuiomata

In the 2013/14 redistribution, a minor boundary adjustment was undertaken. A small area, including the village of Tuai, was transferred to the  electorate.

Tribal areas

The electorate includes the following tribal areas:
 Ngāti Porou – Potikirua ki Te Toka-a-Taiau (Gisborne)
 Te Aitanga-a-Māhaki – Gisborne and Poverty Bay
 Rongowhakaata – Poverty Bay
 Ngāi Tāmanuhiri – Poverty Bay
 Ngāti Kahungunu – Wairoa, Hawke's Bay, Hastings, Napier and Wairarapa
 Ngāti Toa – Hutt Valley, and northern Lower Hutt

History
The electorate was formed for the , which was won by Parekura Horomia of the Labour Party. Horomia's death on 29 April 2013 triggered a by-election, which was held on 29 June and won by Labour's Meka Whaitiri. The Māori Party had nominated tribal leader Na Rongowhakaata Raihania. and the Mana Party had selected television presenter Te Hamua Nikora as its candidate. The Green Party had selected environmentalist and human rights advocate Marama Davidson. Further candidates had been Michael Appleby for the Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party plus two independent candidates. Based on preliminary results, Whaitiri more than tripled her  night majority over Mana's Nikora. Also based on preliminary results, Marama Fox of the Māori Party was elected to Parliament as a list MP.

Members of Parliament
Key

List MPs
Members of Parliament elected from party lists in elections where that person also unsuccessfully contested Ikaroa-Rāwhiti. Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at general elections.

Election results

2020 election

2017 election

2014 election

2013 by-election

2011 election

Electorate (as at 26 November 2011): 32,951

2008 election

2005 election

1999 election

|}

Notes

References

External links
Electorate profile, New Zealand Parliament

Māori electorates
1999 establishments in New Zealand


"Don't You" is a song written by Otha Young and Johnny Pierce and recorded by American country music group The Forester Sisters.  It was released in June 1989 as the first single from their Greatest Hits compilation album.  The song reached number 9 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

Chart performance

Year-end charts

References

1989 singles
The Forester Sisters songs
Songs written by Otha Young
Warner Records singles
1989 songs


The Beaurivage River is a tributary of the Chaudière River which in turn flows into the St. Lawrence River.

The Beaurivage river crosses the Quebec municipalities (in Canada) of:
 MRC Robert-Cliche Regional County Municipality: municipality of Saint-Séverin;
 MRC La Nouvelle-Beauce Regional County Municipality: municipality of Saint-Elzéar;
 MRC of Lotbinière Regional County Municipality: municipalities of Saint-Sylvestre, Saint-Patrice-de-Beaurivage and Saint-Gilles;
 Lévis, a city.

The Beaurivage River is a river in Quebec that flows from Thetford Mines and empties in the Chaudière River, near Saint-Romuald, Quebec.  It is a body of water mostly known for its annual canoe race beginning at Saint-Patrice-de-Beaurivage, Quebec and finishing at Saint-Gilles, Quebec.

Geography
The main neighboring watersheds of the Beaurivage river are:
 north side: Chaudière River, St. Lawrence River;
 east side: Chaudière River, Cugnet River, Bras d'Henri;
 south side: Fourchette River, Saint-André River, Armagh River, Filkars River, Palmer River;
 west side: Noire River, Rouge River, Du Chêne River, Henri River.

The Beaurivage river is a river of Quebec, whose sources begin on the heights which crown the township of Broughton, (MRC Les Appalaches Regional County Municipality), in the part East of the municipality of Saint-Sylvestre, almost at the limit of Saint-Séverin. This head area is located east of Mont Handkerchief, south-east of Mont Sainte-Marguerite, south of Mont Saint-André and west of the village of Saint-Séverin.

Its course crosses several marshy sectors and draws many meanders. It receives the Bras d'Henri at the height of Saint-Gilles, then makes a bend in an easterly direction, which allows it to water Saint-Étienne-de-Lauzon and join the Chaudière River a few kilometers before the falls, near Saint-Rédempteur.

About  long, the Beaurivage drains a basin of some .

Toponymy
The name of the river and its use merge with that of the seigneury of Saint-Gilles or of Beaurivage granted in 1738 to Gilles Rageot, sieur de Beaurivage. Several parishes and municipalities have retained, officially or in custom, the name of the river in their designation: Saint-Séverin, Saint-Gilles-de-Beaurivage, Saint-Patrice-de-Beaurivage, Saint-Narcisse-de-Beaurivage, Saint-Sylvestre-de-Beaurivage.

The toponym Rivière Beaurivage was formalized on December 5, 1968, at the Commission de toponymie du Québec.

See also

 List of rivers of Quebec

Notes and references

Rivers of Chaudière-Appalaches
Lévis, Quebec
Lotbinière Regional County Municipality


Tāmaki Makaurau () is a New Zealand parliamentary Māori electorate returning one Member of Parliament to the New Zealand House of Representatives. It was first formed for the . The electorate covers central and southern Auckland, and southern parts of western Auckland. It derives its name from the Māori-language name for Auckland;  is a descriptive epithet referring to the value and desirability of the land.

It was first held by Labour's John Tamihere, for one term. It was held by Pita Sharples of the Māori Party for three terms from  until his retirement in 2014. Peeni Henare of the Labour Party has been the MP since the .

Population centres
In its current boundaries, Tāmaki Makaurau contains the west coast of the Auckland Region between Te Henga / Bethells Beach and the mouth of the Manukau Harbour, parts of West Auckland east of the Oratia Stream and Te Wai-o-Pareira / Henderson Creek (excluding Te Atatū Peninsula), the entire Auckland isthmus, Waiheke Island, East Auckland and South Auckland as far as Takanini (including Māngere, Ōtara, Pakuranga and Manurewa). It does not contain Great Barrier or Rangitoto islands, as they are in Te Tai Tokerau; Papakura is in Hauraki-Waikato.

In the review of boundaries in 2007, the southern part of Manurewa shifted from Tāmaki Makaurau to the Hauraki-Waikato electorate. The 2013/14 redistribution did not further alter the boundaries of the electorate, but the 2020 boundary review made small expansions for Tāmaki Makaurau to  the electorate's north and south, as well as incorporating the islands Waiheke and Ponui. To the north, Glendene and Te Atatū South are now included, while the southern portion now incorporates Flat Bush and Takanini.

Tribal areas
The main iwi of Tāmaki Makaurau are Ngāti Whātua, Kawerau a Maki, Tainui, Ngāti Pāoa, Wai-O-Hua and Ngāti Rehua, though a pan-Māori organisation called Ngāti Akarana exists for urbanised Māori with no knowledge of their actual iwi; and, through a population trend whereby many rural Māori moved to the cities, the largest iwi affiliation in the seat are Ngāpuhi, Ngāti Porou, Waikato and Ngāti Maniapoto, all iwi local to other areas of New Zealand.

History
 derives its name from the Māori-language name for Auckland, meaning "Tāmaki desired by many", in reference to the desirability of its natural resources and geography.

Tāmaki Makaurau was formed for the  from the northern part of the Hauraki electorate. John Tamihere of the Labour Party was the representative for Hauraki, and he also won the first election in the Tāmaki Makaurau electorate in 2002. Tamihere spent his six-year parliamentary career dogged by controversy that often overshadowed his work as a minister and, at the 2005 election came ten percent behind Māori Party co-leader Pita Sharples. Because Tamihere had chosen not to seek a list placing, his parliamentary career was terminated. Sharples remained the current representative for the electorate until his retirement, when the Labour's Peeni Henare won the seat.

Members of Parliament for Tāmaki Makaurau
Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at a general election.

Key

List MPs from Tāmaki Makaurau
Members of Parliament elected from party lists in elections where that person also unsuccessfully contested the Tāmaki Makaurau electorate. Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at general elections.

1Wall was elected from the party list in April 2011 following the resignation of Darren Hughes.
2Jones resigned from Parliament on 22 May 2014.
3Davidson was elected from the party list in November 2015 following the resignation of Russel Norman.

Election results

2020 election

2017 election

2014 election

2011 election

Electorate (as at 26 November 2011): 35,347

2008 election

2005 election

2002 election

References

External links
 Electorate profile, New Zealand Parliament

Māori electorates
Politics of the Auckland Region
2002 establishments in New Zealand


"Death Defying" is a song by Australian rock group Hoodoo Gurus. It was written by Dave Faulkner. and released in February 1986 as the third single from the group's second studio album, Mars Needs Guitars!. The song peaked at No. 43 on the Australian charts.

Faulkner has said the song was written to address the HIV/AIDS crisis that was robbing him of friends in the mid-1980s.

In June 2000, Dave Faulkner said "One of my favourite songs I've written... I have vivid memories of shooting the video in Kakadu National Park after having awoken to see the news footage of the Challenger Space Shuttle exploding during take-off."

Track listing
 7" single (BTS 1692)
 "Death Defying" — 3:19
 "Turkey Dinner" — 4:14

Personnel
 James Baker — drums
 Clyde Bramley — bass, backing vocals
 Dave Faulkner — lead vocals, guitar
 Mark Kingsmill — drums, cymbals
 Brad Shepherd — guitar, backing vocals, harmonica
 Producer — Charles Fisher
 Engineer — John Bee
 Mastering — Don Bartley

Charts

References

1986 singles
Hoodoo Gurus songs
1985 songs
Songs written by Dave Faulkner (musician)


Te Tai Hauāuru () is a New Zealand parliamentary Māori electorate, returning one Member of Parliament to the New Zealand House of Representatives, that was first formed for the . The electorate was represented by Tariana Turia from  to 2014, first for the Labour Party and then for the Māori Party. Turia retired and was succeeded in  by Labour's Adrian Rurawhe who retained the seat in  and again in  .

Population centres

Te Tai Hauāuru was created ahead of the first MMP election in . Te Tai Hauāuru covers the western North Island, starting in the South Waikato before heading south through the King Country towns of Te Kūiti and Taumarunui to include all of the Taranaki region and all towns in the Manawatū-Whanganui region west of the Manawatū Gorge. Its southern terminus is in Wellington at Tawa. The main population centres are Tokoroa, New Plymouth, Whanganui, Palmerston North and Porirua. It is also home of the politically influential Rātana movement.

In the 2007 boundary redistribution, the area covered by the Ngāti Maniapoto tribe was transferred from the  electorate to Te Tai Hauāuru. The boundaries were not further altered in the 2013/14 redistribution.

History
The seat includes the Ngāti Tama, Ngāti Mutunga, Ngāti Maru (Taranaki), Te Āti Awa, Taranaki, Ngā Ruahine, Ngāti Ruanui, Ngā Rauru, Te Āti Haunui-a-Pāpārangi, Ngāti Apa, Ngāti Hauiti, Ngāti Raukawa ki te Tonga, Ngāti Kauwhata, Rangitāne, Muaūpoko, Ngāti Toa, Ngāti Maniapoto and Ngāti Huia tribal areas (rohe).

Te Tai Hauāuru was first used at the 1996 election and contained all area from South Auckland to just south of Te Kuiti. It was the growth of the Māori population leading to the creation first of Tāmaki Makaurau in 1999 and Tainui in 2002 that has pulled Ta Tai Hauāuru so far south that the only remaining part of the 1996 seat is its name.

Te Tai Hauāuru was won by New Zealand First candidate Tuku Morgan in its first contest, in what would be a clean sweep by New Zealand First of the five Māori seats that year. Discontent with New Zealand First's behaviour in government led to a reconciliation between Māori voters and the Labour Party, albeit briefly; the introduction of the Seabed and Foreshore bill to Parliament by the ruling Labour Party lead to a schism between the party and a significant section of its Māori voter base, including the MP for Te Tai Hauāuru, Tariana Turia. Turia resigned her seat to re-contest the seat in a 2004 by-election as the leader of the new Māori Party. She won 92.7 percent of the vote in a contest that Labour refused to participate in. In 2005, Turia was re-elected with nearly double the votes of her Labour rival, Errol Mason. In common with most of the Māori seats, Labour took a majority of the party vote. The results in 2008 were similar. Turia confirmed in November 2013 that she would retire at the . She was succeeded by Adrian Rurawhe of the Labour Party, who defeated Chris McKenzie of the Māori Party.

The electorate became important for the Māori party again in 2020, as it was broadly considered the party's best chance at winning an electorate and returning to parliament. However, a poll released a few weeks before the election suggested that Labour's incumbent had a substantial lead over the Māori Party candidate, Debbie Ngarewa-Packer.

Members of Parliament
Key

List MPs
Members of Parliament elected from party lists in elections where that person also unsuccessfully contested the Te Tai Hauāuru electorate. Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at general elections.

Election results

2020 election

2017 election

2014 election

2011 election

Electorate (as at 26 November 2011): 32,617

2008 election

2005 election

2004 by-election

2002 election

1999 election

Notes

References

External links
Electorate profile Parliamentary Library

Māori electorates
1996 establishments in New Zealand


Bridezilla EP is the first official release by the Australian indie band Bridezilla. It was released on 24 November 2007

Track listing
"Brown Paper Bag" - (3:06)
"Chainwork" - (4:51)
"Saint Francine" - (4:31)
"Mr. Young" - (4:35)
"Forbidden Holiday" - (3:56)

Reception
The album received mixed reviews getting a score of 3.5/5 at Sputnik Music. Alex Silveri said it was "A beautiful sprawling mix of great alternative rock that drips with potential."

References

External links
 Bridezilla's Official Website
 Bridezilla On Myspace
 Ivy League Records
 Sputnik Music Review

Bridezilla (band) EPs
2007 EPs
Ivy League Records EPs


Phyllis May Danaher MBE FRAD (27 July 1908 – 31 May 1991) was a dancer, teacher of dance and choreographer.

Early life and education
Danaher was born on 27 July 1908 in Bulimba, a suburb of Brisbane, Queensland, to William Patrick Danaher and Ivy May (née Bagnall). She began dancing in the early 1920s with Margaret St Ledger and then, after 1927, with Marjorie Hollinshed who took over St Ledger's school. She also went to Sydney to study at the Frances Scully School of Dance.

Career
Danaher appeared as an extra in Anna Pavlova's company in Brisbane during its 1929 Australian Tour and in the 1930s, she performed in J. C. Williamson's musicals.

In 193, she became a co-owner of Hollinshed's school, where she had previously trained and became the school's principal after Hollinshed retired. She was the first Queensland teacher to gain the Advanced Teachers Certificate from the Royal Academy of Dance in 1937. That year, Danaher founded the Queensland branch of the Australasian Society for Operatic Dancing and the Brisbane Ballet Theatre, later renamed the Ballet Theatre of Queensland. She choreographed their first original work, The Wasps, which debuted at Brisbane City Hall in 1956. She served as the company's director until 1984.

From 1957 to 1982, Danaher was a Children's Examiner for the Royal Academy of Dance. Her contributions were recognised by her designation as Fellow of the Royal Academy of Dance  and the award of Member of the Order of the British Empire for service to dance in Queensland. Two of Danaher's more successful students were Principal Dancers with the Australian Ballet, Garth Welch and Lucette Aldous.

Death and legacy

Danaher died in Clayfield, Brisbane on 31 May 1991. She was buried in Brisbane's Lutwyche Cemetery.

Every year, the Phyllis Danaher Memorial Scholarship is awarded to a dancer who has been with the Ballet Theatre of Queensland for at least one year.

References

Australian ballerinas
People from Brisbane
1908 births
1991 deaths
Burials at Lutwyche Cemetery
Ballet teachers


Bernart de Venzac (fl. 1180–1210) was an obscure troubadour from Venzac near Rodez in the Rouergue. He wrote in the Marcabrunian style, leaving behind five moralising pieces (two cansos and three sirventes) and one religious alba. Two of his works were confused by copyists with those of Marcabru in some manuscripts.

Bernart's career can be dated because of references in his poetry to his patron, Hugh II of Rodez. In his poem Iverns vay e.l temps tenebros he even prays to his recently deceased patron requesting him change any "false" words in his poem to right ones: Prec que.l mot fals en sian ras / Pel compte N'Uc, en qui es dos. Whether this request was at all serious or merely a form of courtly flattery is not known, but the latter is suspected. Since Hugh died in 1208, this poem is usually dated to late that year or early 1209. Another reference, to the peace del bisb'e d'elh ("of the bishop and him [Hugh]"), probably refers to the concord reached between the count and the Bishop of Rodez in May 1195. For this reason the poem is usually dated to late 1195 or early 1196 and Bernart's fluorit can be established from these two dates.

Bernart is sometime clumped in a primitive Marcabrunian "school" of poetry alongside Bernart Marti, Gavaudan, and Peire d'Alvernhe. Like those of the "school", Bernart has much to say of "false love" (fals'amor) and he moralises on the right, courtly conduct of men:
Qui ab fals'amor dentelha
se mezeys me cuich que.s tuoilla
e camja per autrui pelhac
sa dreytureira despuoilla.
I believe that the man who consorts with false love stealsfrom himself and he changes his rightful attire for another's clothes.
Like Marcabru, Bernart also employs a complex ironic attack on cuckolders by portraying the object of their sexual liaisons as not the women they intend but rather their husbands. Bitter irony is a mainstay of Bernart's work. In general his moralising consists in attacking the perceived corruption of society and contemporary crisis of spiritual values. He makes a great deal of envy, greed, adultery, and pride. His language, however, is skilled and he employs a vocabular at once popular, colourful, rich with rare words, and deeply expressive. Among the many unique words he used (and possibly invented) are esparpalh, frevoluc, frescum, and amarum. His poem Lanquan cort la doussa bia ("When the sweet breeze blows") is written in the trobar clus style.

To Bernart has been attributed an anonymous "prayer" to "Saint Mary of the Orient" in which the poet requests protection for King Philip Augustus and the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa as they embarked on the Third Crusade (1189). Nevertheless, the acrimony he displays towards his own society has incited a charge of Cathar elements in his writings (Maria Picchio Simonelli, 1975). He was an influence on Peire Cardenal.

Notes

Sources

Gaunt, Simon, and Kay, Sarah. "Appendix I: Major Troubadours" (pp. 279–291). The Troubadours: An Introduction. Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay, edd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. .
Gaunt, Simon. Troubadours and Irony. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. .
Riquer, Martín de. Los trovadores: historia literaria y textos. 3 vol. Barcelona: Planeta, 1975.

12th-century French troubadours
12th-century births
13th-century deaths
13th-century French troubadours
People from Rodez


Cerverí de Girona (; fl. 1259 – 1285) was a Catalan troubadour born Guillem de Cervera in Girona. He was the most prolific troubadour, leaving behind some 114 lyric poems among other works, including an ensenhamen of proverbs for his son, totaling about 130. He was a court poet to James the Conqueror and Peter the Great. He wrote pastorelas and sirventes and his overriding concern was the complexities of court life. None of his music survives.

Cerverí spent some time under the patronage and at the court of Hugh IV and Henry II of Rodez. He was in Spain in 1269, for he is found that year in the entourage of the then-infante Peter the Great. With fellow troubadours Folquet de Lunel and Dalfinet he accompanied Peter to Toledo. On 26 April at Riello, near Cuenca, he received one solidus for his services. Cerverí's  ("Verse in six languages") copied the metre of either Folquet's  or Sordel's .

Cerverí wrote , a planh, on 26 August 1276 for the death of James the Conqueror. It is direct and almost personal. The troubadour asks the Virgin Mary to show as much mercy to James as he showed on earth, referring to his establishing the Mercedarian Order in Barcelona. The poet Matieu de Caersi wrote a very different planh, , for James, moralising and religious in tone.

Sources

Cabré, Miriam. . Barcelona-Palma: Universitat de Barcelona-Universitat de les Illes Balears, 2011. .
Cabré, Miriam. Cerverí de Girona and his Poetic Traditions. London: Tamesis, 1999. .
Gaunt, Simon, and Kay, Sarah. "Appendix I: Major Troubadours" (pp. 279–291). The Troubadours: An Introduction. Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay, edd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. .
Riquer, Martín de. . 3 vol. Barcelona: Planeta, 1975.

External links
Cerverí de Girona at NARPAN

13th-century Spanish troubadours
Poets from Catalonia
13th-century Catalan people


William II of Agen (also known as  Guillaume d'Agen) was the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem in 1261–70.  Among other things, he was tasked by Pope Urban IV in 1263 by the papal bull Exultavit cor nostrum to investigate the legitimacy of an alleged ambassador with the Mongol Empire, John the Hungarian.

References
 Peter Jackson, Mongols and the West, p. 166

Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem
Year of birth missing

Year of death missing
13th-century people of the Kingdom of Jerusalem


Gavaudan (  11951215, known in 1212–1213) was a troubadour and hired soldier () at the courts of both Raymond V and Raymond VI of Toulouse and later on in Castile. He was from Gévaudan, as his name (probably a nickname) implies. He wrote moralising lyrics, either religious or political, and ten of his works survive, including five sirventes, two pastorelas, one canso, one planh for an anonymous domna (lady), and one Crusade song. He is sometimes clumped in a primitive Marcabrunian "school" of poetry alongside Bernart Marti, Bernart de Venzac, and Peire d'Alvernhe. He developed a hermetic style, combining elements of the trobar ric and trobar clus.

Pastorelas
Gavaudan composed two  customarily dated to around 1200:  and . They are one of the earliest and best examples of a subgenre of  that, picking up on the themes of the earliest , in which quaint shepherdesses were easily seduced by noble men, and those of Marcabru and his school, wherein the witty shepherdesses rebuff the oafish knights,  intermingled the two earlier themes into one, in which the shepherdess and the knight fall in love. In Gavaudan, the knight and the shepherdess turn to each other in retreat from the dreariness of their normal lives and their love is true, but not courtly love.

Gavaudan perceived himself as an innovator, as his poem Ieu no sui pars als autres trobadors ("I am not like other troubadours") indicates. That poem is the "manifesto" of his poetry and in it he declares that his work is only meant to be clear als bos entendedors: "to good listeners (i.e. those who understand well)".

Crusade song
Gavaudan's Crusade song, , has been variously dated to either 1195 or 1210–1212. The nature of the song is an "invocation to the whole of Christendom" to take up the Reconquista in Spain. It was definitely written after the fall of Jerusalem to Saladin in 1187, since it refers to that event. If it was written in 1195, it was probably before the Battle of Alarcos on 19 July, where Alfonso VIII of Castile was defeated by the Almohad caliph, Abu Jusuf. Gavaudan mentions Alfonso VIII in another song, Lo vers dech far en tal rima.

The later date (1210–1212) places the songs on the eve of the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (16 July 1212). Considering that Abdullah Muhammad al-Nasir, Abu Jusuf's successor had crossed into Andalusia on 16 March 1211, it is probable that the song was written between that date and the battle. Support for the later date comes from an allusion in the poem to the taunts of the reys de Marroc ('king of Morocco'), which probably refers to al-Nasir's boast that he would march all the way to Rome and cleanse Saint Peter's Basilica with Mohammed's sword. Gavaudan probably felt personally threatened by this, since the march to Rome would undoubtedly pass through Occitania, thus the Moors of his poem say Franc, faiz nos loc; / nostr'es Proensa e Tolzas, / entro al Puey totz los mejas: "Frank, make us room; / ours are Provence and Toulouse, / as far as Le Puy the whole country in between."

Evidence that the Crusade song can be placed after Alarcos is the sentiment expressed in lines 51–54 that the Spanish states between Occitania and the Moors have been defeated and the men north of the Pyrenees must therefore take the Reconquista into their hands. Gavaudan mentions  ("Germans, Frenchmen, men of Cambrai / Englishmen, Bretons and Angevins, / Béarnais, Gascons with us mixed / the Provençals . . ."). This last reference also places Gavaudan in a Provençal contingent already with Alfonso in Spain; his sirventes was written to the audience back home, in hopes that they would come join the effort against the Moors. A date of January 1212 has been postulated in order to give Gavaudan enough time for his poem to have its effect. Some scholars (Saverio Guida, for instance) have defended a dating of 1196–1197. The tornada of the poem contains Gavaudan's prediction for the outcome of the engagement:

Albigensian Crusade
Only one of Gavaudan's songs besides  can be dated with any confidence: . In this song Gavaudan verbally defends the count of Toulouse, then Raymond VI, from the Albigensian Crusade being waged against him. Three references situate it in time (c. 1213) and place (Toulouse). One reference is to the count as  ("duke, count, margrave"), a triple title which referred to the fact that the counts of Toulouse were also Dukes of Narbonne and Margraves of Provence. A second reference is to a "foolish white people", almost certainly the White Brotherhood, a militia established in Toulouse by Folquet de Marselha, erstwhile troubadour and then bishop, in 1211 to quell heresy. The third reference is to he "from whom part of his legitimate overlordship is withdrawn", probably an allusion to Simon de Montfort the Elder, who in January 1213 had been reprimanded by Pope Innocent III for seizing the County of Comminges and Viscounty of Béarn "under the cloak of religion".

Works
A la pus longa nuech de l'an
Crezens, fis, verays et entiers
Dezamparatz, ses companho
Ieu no suy pars als autres trobadors
L'autre dia, per un mati
Lo mes e·l temps e l'an deparc
Lo vers dech far en tal rima
Patz passien ven del Senhor
Senhors, per los nostres peccatz
Un vers vuelh far, chantador

References
Bibliography

Gaunt, Simon, and Kay, Sarah. "Appendix I: Major Troubadours" (pp. 279–291). The Troubadours: An Introduction. Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay, edd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. .
Harvey, Ruth. "Marcabru and the Spanish lavador." The Forum for Modern Language Studies, 1986; XXII: 123–144.
Kastner, L. E. "Gavaudan's Crusade Song. (Bartsch, Grundriss, 174, 10)." The Modern Language Review, 26:2 (Apr., 1931), pp. 142–150.
Paterson, Linda M. The World of the Troubadours: Medieval Occitan Society, c. 1100–c. 1300. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. .
Paterson, Linda M.  "Troubadour Responses to the Reconquista". Romance Philology, 70.1 (2016), 181–201.
Guida, Saverio. Il trovatore Gavaudan.  Modena: Società Tipografica Editrice Modenese - Mucchi, 1979.
Riquer, Martín de. Los trovadores: historia literaria y textos. 3 vol. Barcelona: Planeta, 1975.

External links

Complete works, edited by Guida, from Rialto.
Complete works, edited by Guida, along with English translations, from Trobar.org.

Notes

12th-century French troubadours
13th-century French troubadours
People of the Reconquista
People of the Albigensian Crusade
People from Lozère