Charles Muir Campbell (September 1, 1795 – October 12, 1874) was a Scottish businessman in early Princeton, New Jersey, an early pioneer farmer in Illinois, and he spent the remainder of his life in Springfield, Illinois, where he was a justice of the peace.  While in New Jersey, he was one of the initial subscribers to the American Colonization Society.

Scottish roots
Little is known about his parents or birthplace in Scotland.  His family Bible is dated 1818, so it appears to have been started when he was in his early 20s, probably around the time of his marriage.  Inscriptions in the Bible indicate that he was born 1 September 1795 in Scotland.  Genealogical research leads to a possible connection to the Campbells of Kirnan.  Margaret (?) Campbell was the mother of Thomas Campbell (the well known Scottish poet), and her brother was Daniel Campbell.  They had brothers and nephews in the West Indies and Virginia, as well as connections to the Muir family and Dr John Witherspoon.  The Presbyterian roots of Dr Robert Finley are entwined with Dr. John Witherspoon, and the confluence of these families in Basking Ridge (at the time Baskingridge) and New Jersey is certainly more than coincidence.  There is record of a marriage between a Charles Campbell and an Isobel Muir in the 17th century in Ayr Scotland.  There are a handful of other Campbell's with Muir for a middle name - most notably William Muir Campbell, with several patents to his credit in Glasgow Scotland around 1840.  There are also some MUIR names found in Jamaica.  This reference to the Muir and Campbell descendants includes a reference to a James Campbell – although he predates the "uncle James Campbell" of CMC by 150+ years.

The father of the poet, Thomas Campbell, had two brothers was mostly from the Glasgow area.  There are marriages between Campbell and Muir families in Muirkirk parish, the county of Ayr, Scotland.  The identity of CMC's parents would greatly clarify the source of his initial wealth and family ties.  Thomas Campbell, the poet, would have been in line to inherit the entail estates of Ascog, etc. - had his uncle Frederick not returned from Virginia and become a naturalized British Subject by private Act of Parliament. {add ref to published Act on Google Books - }  The estate of Ascog in Bute, Scotland, eventually did transfer to the Frederick Stewart Campbell heirs, but was subjected to lengthy lawsuits.  More research is needed regarding Dr. Washington Tennant, or Anna Stewart – later Anna Tennant.

West Indies
Again, inscriptions in the family Bible indicate that Charles Muir Campbell was "taken as an infant by his parents to the West Indies".  In subsequent census data, he reported his birthplace as Jamaica or West Indies or W.I.  There were many Scottish folks present in the West Indies.  Some made their fortunes there, others met their death there due to disease or slave revolts.  The Scottish system of inheritance typically meant that the oldest son would inherit the family land and titles in Scotland, while the second and subsequent sons would have to find their own way in the world.  This often meant travelling to places like the West Indies to try their hand at sugar or coffee production.  The idea was that they would make their fortune or die of disease.  Some intended to "make their fortune" and return to Scotland.  These are well documented in the book Sojourners in the Sun, by Alex Karass.

While the bulk of the Scottish people were in Jamaica, West Indies, there were also many people present on other Caribbean islands.  The "Ceded Territories" and Demerera (British Guiana) may also hold clues as to the fate of Charles Muir Campbell's parents.  The years from his birth in 1795 until 1798 (the year he claimed on his application to become a United States citizen), were particularly dangerous in the West Indies.  These years included the raids during the "Second Maroon War", and the bloody execution of 50 prisoners following the "Fedon Revolution".   See transcript of report of Fedon Revolution If his parents weren't killed in one of these uprisings, they could have just as easily died of disease in their new environments.

Family history says that Charles Muir Campbell's life was in danger as an orphan and heir, so he was smuggled out in a boatload of orphans.  The family Bible simply says that he was taken to the United States by his uncle, James Campbell, and put to school in Basking Ridge, NJ.

Following the Fedon Revolution, which included the execution of Governor Homes, a James Campbell became the acting Governor.  If this was the same "uncle James Campbell", then he could have arranged transport for his nephew.  There are passenger ship records for James Campbell landing in the United States during the appropriate time period.  But hard evidence has yet to surface.  Years later, Charles Muir Campbell applied for U. S. citizenship and claimed to have entered the country permanently since June 1798.  (find exact date)

New Jersey: 1798 to 1840 or 1841

Connected with many notable names in early New Jersey history, he was friend and contemporary with prominent New Jersey citizens including the REV Robert Finley, Samuel Southard (governor of NJ), Emley Olden, and many others.  He was one of the original subscribers to the American Colonization Society.  Schooled at Rev Robert Finley Classical Academy in Basking Ridge, NJ with these contemporaries, he elected not to attend the College of New Jersey (now Princeton).  He married Agness Schenck from an old Dutch family and began his own family in Penns Neck, NJ.  Later they moved to Princeton, NJ and established a large coach and harness making business on at 32 and 34 Mercer Street in Princeton NJ.  Pictures of houses including 32 and 34 Mercer Street  This "factory" employed upwards of 40 young men and the coaches were sold far and wide, including the stagecoaches used in Mexico on the Vera Cruz stagecoach line.  [Samuel Southard]  had a weakness for fine horses and carriages and had ordered a Campbell Coach.

A business downturn around 1840 in New Jersey found Campbell overextended.  He had been acquiring property along the New Jersey Turnpike and was forced to sell most of his holdings.  He sold off his coach and harness making shop and home and moved his family to the wilds of Illinois.

Illinois: 1840 to his death in 1874 (A new beginning)

The trip to Illinois probably followed the newly completed National Road, which left from Cumberland, Maryland and travelled to Illinois.  The road ended in Illinois, uncertain as to which way to turn.  The Campbell family and friends, (a party of about 15 travellers), settled in Jerseyville, Illinois.  This area was aptly named due to the large number of emigrants from the state of New Jersey, and it sits in Jersey County.

The family began a new life as farmers in Jerseyville.  They apparently continued with their coach and harness making trades (as indicated by census data for occupation).  Land records indicate that they began buying and selling land grants that were issued to soldiers.  By trading and accumulating property, they managed to piece together three large and adjacent farms just south of Pawnee, IL.

Around 1851 or 1852 they moved much of the family to the Pawnee, IL farms.  Much of this was virgin prairie grassland.  The creek that runs South of Pawnee is now called "Horse Creek".  Family history said that they found a dead horse in that creek when they arrived and it was initially called "Dead Horse Creek".  This creek crosses two of the three family farms.  Each farm was about 1/2 mile wide (East-West) and 1 mile long (North-South).  Three brothers each received a farm and a sum of cash from Charles Muir Campbell.

Charles Muir Campbell's wife, Agness Schenck, died in August 1852, shortly after moving to Pawnee.  Charles Muir Campbell lived with his son James on the "middle farm".  James was known as "Big Jim" Campbell and had a son, called "Little Jim" Campbell.  They were friends and hosts to [Abraham Lincoln] and his son, Robert Todd Lincoln.  (Insert newspaper clipping - "He Knew Abe Lincoln".)  Charles Muir Campbell had always had a big family and many children, so after the death of his first wife, he eventually married a young widow named Rebecca (Ely?).

Having been well educated in one of the best college prep schools in New Jersey, Charles Muir Campbell was a bit of a scholar as well as businessman turned farmer.  He moved to the newly booming capital of Springfield, Illinois, with his second wife, Rebecca, and her children from her previous marriage.  At the age of 70 (?), they lived for a year in the American (?) Hotel in downtown Springfield with her school-age children.  Charles Muir Campbell was a justice of the peace in Springfield, Illinois, until his death in 1874.  His offices were on a corner about a block from the old train station and Capitol building.

Charles Muir Campbell died October 12, 1874, from kidney stones and is buried at Block 7, Lot 261, of the famous Oak Ridge Cemetery, not far from his friend, Abraham Lincoln.  Test link to music

Ongoing research
The Skye Boat Song
Campbell surname changes to/from:  Stewart Stuart Gordon Fraser McLeod
Act of Naturalization for Frederick Stewart Campbell mentioned in this court case.  Images of original records
are available online.
Flora Mure Campbell - variations of MUIR include MURE MOORE MOOR MOR MOIRA etc...
Variations of Ayr include Ayrshire Ayers Ayars etc...
Rev. Archibald Campbell, minister in Westmoreland County, Virginia
Alexander Campbell, merchant in Falmouth, Virginia.  Partnered with Daniel Campbell and returned to Scotland 20 years or so prior to the Revolutionary War.  He was father to the poet, Thomas Campbell.
John Campbell, Esq., a lawyer and probably a relative handling legal matters in Virginia regarding inheritance of Ascog estate in Scotland.
David Wardlaw, Esq. (W.S.?), their lawyer in Scotland who handled the inheritance and advised them on the course of action to take to surmount the restrictive covenants.  (See letters at Virginia Historical Society Library archives.)
Thomas Campbell, the Poet.
Charles Harrod Campbell, military officer in NY, descended from Campbell of Bredalbane Links: Biography
Archibald Campbell Fraser of Lovat

References

Book:  The Ascog Virginia Connection - Notes on its past and some of the people who have played a part in its story., by George Bell Barker of Ascog, pub.
Ancestry.com entry for Charles Muir Campbell with photos of sources provided by William Orlin Campbell and Melissa Campbell.
Flora MacDonald (Scottish Jacobite)
 has this legend James Stewart
and the sons of Flora MacDonald (Scottish Jacobite) are mentioned here.
Alexander Charles Ewald, Life and Times of Prince Charles Edward (1886).
F. F. Walde, Autobiography of Flora MacDonald (1870).
Inglis Fletcher, "The Scotswoman" (1954) - a novel on Flora MacDonald's later life in North Carolina, during the American war of Independence.
George Bell
Family history tab at ScottishGenealogy.com
Birth and Baptism Records from OPR at [ScotlandsPeople.gov.UK ScotlandsPeople.gov.UK], primarily in the counties of Ayr / Ayrshire, Argyll / Argylshire, Bute, Edinburgh City / Midlothian, and Fife.

External links

1795 births
1874 deaths
Scottish Jacobites
People from the Outer Hebrides
Charles Muir
Scottish emigrants to the United States


Luigi Poletti may refer to:

 Luigi Poletti (architect) (1792–1869), Italian neoclassical architect
 Luigi Poletti (mathematician) (1864–1967), Italian mathematician and poet


The Trinity Lakes AVA is an American Viticultural Area in Trinity County, California.  The boundaries of the AVA surround Trinity Lake and Lewiston Lake and includes a portion of the Trinity River basin below Lewiston Dam.

The AVA has one commercial winery, Alpen Cellars.

References

American Viticultural Areas
American Viticultural Areas of California
Geography of Trinity County, California
2005 establishments in California


Dato' Ustaz Haji Fadzil bin Muhammad Noor (; 13 March 1937 – 23 June 2002) was a Malaysian politician and religious teacher. He was the president of Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) from 1989 to 2002 and Leader of the Opposition in the Parliament of Malaysia from 1999 to 2002.

Fadzil became the Deputy President of PAS in 1982, when Yusof Rawa ascended to the party's presidency. The election of Yusof and Fadzil marked a victory for the party's conservative ulama faction. Both men wanted PAS to advocate for an Islamic state in Malaysia modelled on the one that had arisen in Iran following the 1979 revolution there.

When Yusof resigned due to health reasons in 1989, Fadzil became PAS's President. He set PAS on a more moderate path, diverting from the hardline Islamism of Yusof's presidency. This involved reorienting the party's platform away from the propagation of religious doctrine towards a greater focus on social and economic issues such as poverty alleviation. This approach brought greater electoral success for the party. PAS captured the state of Kelantan at the 1990 election and Terengganu in 1999. His presidency saw the formation of the Barisan Alternatif coalition between PAS, the Democratic Action Party and Keadilan, which made large gains in the 1999 election. In the face of criticism from the party's conservatives, he justified cooperation with non-Muslim opposition parties by arguing that PAS's 'struggle for justice' was 'not only for the Malays, not only for the Muslims, but for all Malaysians'.

Fadzil also set about infusing the party's youth ranks with urban professionals, such as Hatta Ramli, Dzulkefly Ahmad and Nasharudin Mat Isa, to diversify the party's future leadership beyond religious clerics.

Fadzil died on 23 June 2002 after undergoing heart bypass surgery. He was succeeded as PAS President and leader of the opposition in Parliament by Abdul Hadi Awang.

He was an alumnus of Al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt.

Early life and education
Fadzil was born in Kampung Seberang Pumpung, Alor Setar, Kedah. He is the eldest of four siblings. His father's name was Mohd Noor Abdul Hamid and his mother's name was Hindun Haji Abdul Rahman.

His great-grandfather, Tuan Guru Haji Idris Al-Jarumi was a respected scholar who hailed from Pattani, Thailand.

He received his early education at the Derga Malay School (1945-1950) in Derga, Alor Setar and Maktab Mahmud (1951-1959) before furthering his studies at Al Azhar University, Egypt (1962-1967) majoring in Islamic law from. His higher-education was sponsored by the Kedah state government. In 1967, during his time in Egypt, he held the position of Secretary and Deputy President of the Malay Association in the Arab Republic of Egypt (PMRAM). PMRAM is the oldest association in the Middle East, it was officially established since 1930. The only Malaysian association in Egypt at that time, even before the government Malaysian embassy established in Cairo in late 60s.

Educational career
Upon returning from Egypt he taught at Maktab Mahmud and later as a lecturer at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) (1973-1978). He was fired from UTM for contesting in the 1978 Malaysian general election as a candidate for the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS). He brought the case to court as the dismissal did not follow the correct channels. The court ordered UTM to pay damages and to reinstate Fadzil as a lecturer. Fadzil later resigned as a lecturer to pursue political activities full-time.

ABIM President
Ustaz Fadzil Noor had been the Information Secretary of the Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia (ABIM) (1973-1974) and ABIM Deputy President (1974-1978) and Secretary of the Malaysian Ulama Association (PUM) (1974-1976). ABIM actively spread books and writings of the Muslim Brotherhood such as Hassan al Banna, Syed Qutb and Jamiat Islami, Maududi. Some PUM leaders have also been prominent members of PAS including Ustaz Ahmad Awang and Ustaz Abdul Ghani Shamsuddin.

Fadzil Noor was appointed as President of ABIM when Anwar Ibrahim was arrested under the Internal Security Act 1960 in 1974 following the Baling Demonstrations caused by a famine in Baling.

Political career
Fadzil's political career began in 1978 when he stood as the PAS candidate against Datuk Senu Abdul Rahman for the Kuala Kedah parliamentary seat. However, he was unable to defeat the incumbent. In the same election, PAS was defeated in Kelantan, which it had ruled since 1959 by the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition who formed the federal government. He became the PAS President of the Kuala Kedah area and the Kedah PAS State Liaison Member. In 1981, he was elected as Vice President of PAS and served in the position until 1982. In 1983, Fadzil and Yusof Rawa were elected as Deputy President and President respectively. Their election signified a take-over by the party's conservative ulama faction who advocated for the establishment of an Islamic state. On March 30, 1989 he was elected as President of PAS after the retirement of Rawa. His presidency saw a moderation of the party's rhetoric whilst remaining committed to the establishment of an Islamic state. In the 1990 Malaysian general election Fadzil led the party into an informal alliance with the UMNO-breakaway group Semangat 46 and other Islamic parties called Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU). PAS was able to win an additional 6 seats in parliament and the APU won all of the 39 state legislate assembly seats in Kelantan.

In 1998, he was appointed as Chairman of Gerakan Keadilan Rakyat Malaysia. The organisation was set up by PAS, the Democratic Action Party (DAP), and the Malaysian People's Party (PRM). The organisation included 15 non-governmental organizations and various individuals and sought to uphold justice after the sacking of Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim as Deputy Prime Minister and his detention without trial under the ISA the same year by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad.

In the 1999 Malaysian general election Fadzil stood as a candidate for the Anak Bukit state assembly seat as well as a candidate for the Pendang parliamentary seat. He was able to win both seats. Fadzil's victory coincided with PAS' biggest electoral victory in history, where they were able to win an additional 20 seats and re-take the state of Terrenganu whilst contesting together with the DAP, PRM and the newly-formed Parti KeADILan Nasional (now Parti Keadilan Rakyat) as part of the Barisan Alternatif coalition. In 1999 he was appointed Leader of the Opposition (Malaysia) in the Dewan Rakyat succeeding Lim Kit Siang as PAS had become the largest opposition party in parliament.

Death
Fadzil died as a result of complications following a heart bypass surgery 23 June 2002. He was survived by a wife and eight children.

Election results

Honours
  :
  Knight Companion of the Order of Loyalty to the Royal House of Kedah (DSDK) – Dato' (1998)

References

1937 births
2002 deaths
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
Presidents of Malaysian Islamic Party
Members of the Dewan Rakyat
Leaders of the Opposition (Malaysia)
Members of the Kedah State Legislative Assembly
Malaysian Muslim Brotherhood members
Al-Azhar University alumni


Mowbray Herald of Arms Extraordinary was an English officer of arms. From the time of King Richard II to that of Henry VI, Mowbray was the Duke of Norfolk's private herald. Since its revival in 1623 the title has always been given to a herald extraordinary. Though an officer of the crown, Mowbray Herald Extraordinary was not a member of the corporation of the College of Arms in London. Sir William le Neve appears to have been appointed to the office from 29 June 1624 until his appointment as York Herald the following year. The office was recreated in January 1695 for Robert Plot, who was made Registrar of the College of Heralds just two days later and was subsequently held by Joseph Edmondson.

Holders of the office

See also
Heraldry
Herald
Robert Plot
Officer of Arms

References
Citations

Bibliography
 The College of Arms, Queen Victoria Street : being the sixteenth and final monograph of the London Survey Committee, Walter H. Godfrey, assisted by Sir Anthony Wagner, with a complete list of the officers of arms, prepared by H. Stanford London, (London, 1963)
 A History of the College of Arms &c, Mark Noble, (London, 1804)

External links
The College of Arms
CUHGS Officer of Arms Index

English offices of arms


The Mozambique National Institute of Meteorology () is the national meteorological organization of Mozambique.

It is responsible for monitoring weather in the country and for providing warning of imminent tropical storms or meteorological changes that could potentially threaten the country. For instance when Cyclone Elita struck the south-eastern African coast in 2004, the Mozambique National Institute of Meteorology advised people living in Nampula, Zambezia, Sofala, and Inhambane Provinces to make preparations for strong winds and rainfall.

The headquarters are in the capital of Maputo. As of 2020, the institute employed 64 people and had an annual budget of MZN 65,223,850.

References

External links
 Official site (Portuguese)

Organisations based in Mozambique
Education in Maputo
Governmental meteorological agencies in Africa


Cathryn Rose "Casey" Wilson (born October 24, 1980) is an American actress, comedian, screenwriter, director, and podcaster. Originally known for her performances with the Upright Citizens Brigade comedy troupe in New York, Wilson's first major television appearances came during her two-season stint as a cast member on the NBC sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live from 2008 to 2009. Following SNL, she starred as Penny Hartz in the ABC comedy series Happy Endings for which she was twice nominated for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series, and has since starred in comedies such as Showtime's Black Monday, Apple TV's The Shrink Next Door, Hulu's The Hotwives and Marry Me on NBC.

Other notable work includes supporting roles in films such as Gone Girl, Julie & Julia, and The Meddler, recurring in the HBO series Mrs. Fletcher, the Amazon comedy One Mississippi, and the Netflix series Atypical, and her 2013 Sundance film Ass Backwards, which she co-wrote and starred in with her creative partner June Diane Raphael. Wilson co-hosts (alongside Danielle Schneider) the Earwolf podcast Bitch Sesh.

Early life and background
Casey Wilson was born and raised in Alexandria, Virginia. She graduated from T. C. Williams High School in 1998 and studied theater at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts and at the Stella Adler Studio of Acting, where she was a recipient of NYU's "Excellence in Acting" award when graduating in 2002.

She is of Irish and Italian heritage, and was raised Baptist. Her parents worked in politics, and she credits her politically opposed parents (her mother was a Democrat, her father a Republican) in shaping her sense of humor, having grown up in a "blue-state/red-state, forever-clashing political household", as she called it in an interview with Washington Flyer. She also has a younger brother, Fletcher.

Her father, Paul O. Wilson, is a political strategist and consultant who runs campaigns for Republican party candidates. Her mother, Kathy Higdon, was a women's rights advocate and served as the chairwoman of the National Women's Political Caucus (NWPC) throughout the 1980s. Under Higdon's leadership, the NWPC endorsed Walter Mondale in the 1984 presidential election.

Kathy Higdon Wilson retired from politics in the late 1980s; switching to a career in early childhood education, she began serving as the director of childcare and development centers in Alexandria, Virginia, in 1991. She died of heart failure at age 54 in Rehoboth Beach, Delaware, on September 1, 2005. Casey Wilson and her family have since continued to run the Kathy Wilson Foundation, a charitable organization honoring her mother's work in helping children with disabilities.

Wilson's passion for performing began at an early age, and she has said that her first memorable exposure to theater came when her father took her to New York City to see a production of Cats, inspiring her to create her own plays.

When Wilson was nine years old, her father built her a homemade stage in the family's backyard, where she put on plays with other children from the neighborhood. From there, she started taking singing and acting lessons as a teenager. She became involved in her high school's theater program, starring in (and occasionally directing) many of the school's plays and musicals, including a production of The Sound of Music, in which she played the lead role of Maria.

While studying acting at the Stella Adler School of Dramatic Arts, Wilson originally set out to be a dramatic actress, but later started to focus on comedy at the suggestion of an acting teacher.

After graduating from NYU in 2002, Wilson and her best friend from college, June Diane Raphael, began studying improvisational comedy at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theater in New York City, where they eventually ran their two-woman sketch show for a number of years. Performing the long-running stage show opened doors for them as writers. After performing the show at the U.S. Comedy Arts Festival in 2005, they were hired by New Regency Pictures to write the film Bride Wars and landed a development deal with UPN to create a sitcom pilot.

Wilson has cited her biggest influences as Catherine O'Hara, Diane Keaton, Madeline Kahn, Lucille Ball, Bette Davis, Molly Shannon, Cheri Oteri, Debra Winger, and Shirley MacLaine.

Career
Wilson started her comedy career writing and performing with the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre (UCB) in New York and later in Los Angeles. At UCB, she was a member of the Harold improv teams "Mr. and Mrs. All-Star", "Sentimental Lady", and "Hey, Uncle Gary!".

Among her best-known work at UCB was the long-running two-woman sketch show Rode Hard and Put Away Wet, written and performed alongside her comedy partner and best friend June Diane Raphael; the show ran from 2003 to 2006 in New York and Los Angeles and was an official selection at 2005's US Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen, Colorado. The two women, who first met in a clowning class during their freshman year at NYU, went on to win the ECNY Award for "Best Comedy Duo" in 2005.

Wilson and Raphael's comedic partnership has since branched out into an active writing career in film and television. They co-wrote their first screenplay for the comedy Bride Wars, in which they also played supporting roles. They landed a development deal with UPN in 2005 to create a half-hour comedy pilot. In 2007 they worked as writers and story editors on the Americanized version of Creature Comforts on CBS.

Wilson made her film acting debut as an acting student in the final scene of the 2006 Christopher Guest film For Your Consideration. She has since appeared in Julie & Julia, C.O.G., The Breakup Girl, The Guilt Trip, Killers, The Brothers Solomon, Freak Dance, The Great Buck Howard, and the Bob Odenkirk-directed short film Derek & Simon: A Bee and a Cigarette. She also co-starred in the David Fincher thriller Gone Girl (2014), the 2016 dramedy The Meddler, with Susan Sarandon, and the 2019 comedy Always Be My Maybe.

Wilson is a frequent contributor to the popular humor website Funny or Die, writing and starring in many viral videos for the site, including a series of political parodies where she plays Callista Gingrich.

Wilson continues to collaborate with writing partner June Diane Raphael on scripts for film and television. They have worked on numerous script rewrites for films in development, such as projects with Anna Faris and America Ferrera attached to star. As writer-performers, Wilson and Raphael also continue to generate material for themselves. They wrote and starred together in the comedy Ass Backwards, which co-stars Alicia Silverstone, Jon Cryer, Vincent D'Onofrio, Paul Scheer, and Bob Odenkirk. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 21, 2013. Wilson and Raphael are working on a second film to star in together, produced by Will Ferrell and Adam McKay's company Gary Sanchez Productions.

Wilson's theater and stage work includes joining the 2010 rotating cast of the Off-Broadway play Love, Loss, and What I Wore (written by Nora Ephron and Delia Ephron) at Manhattan's Westside Theatre. She also contributed short stories to the 2010 book Worst Laid Plans, based on the long-running stage show, in which she co-starred. Wilson and June Diane Raphael created their newest comedic stage show The Realest Real Housewives, which they star in alongside Jessica St. Clair, Melissa Rauch, Danielle Schneider and Morgan Walsh. The show began running at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre in 2011.

From April 2011 to May 2013, Wilson starred as Penny Hartz in the ABC ensemble comedy series Happy Endings alongside Eliza Coupe, Elisha Cuthbert, Zachary Knighton, Adam Pally and Damon Wayans, Jr. A breakout role for Wilson, she was nominated twice for "Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series" at the Critics' Choice Television Awards for her work on seasons two and three of Happy Endings.  In July 2020, the cast reunited over Zoom for the pandemic-themed episode And the Pandemmy goes to... to raise money for the charities Color of Change and World Central Kitchen.

Wilson again collaborated with her husband David Caspe (they met working together on Happy Endings, which Caspe created) on the NBC sitcom Marry Me, which aired for one season from 2014 to 2015. The series starred Wilson and Ken Marino as an engaged couple, and the premise was loosely based on Wilson and Caspe's relationship. She also starred for two seasons on the Hulu original series The Hotwives. The series is a parody of the reality television franchise The Real Housewives on Bravo. With season one (The Hotwives of Orlando) focused on Orlando, and season two taking place in Las Vegas (The Hotwives of Las Vegas), both seasons featured the same cast playing different roles in each season.

Wilson's other television credits include guest appearances on Black-ish, How I Met Your Mother, The Mindy Project, Drunk History, Grey's Anatomy, Fresh Off the Boat, Kroll Show, Bored to Death, Comedy Bang! Bang!, The Middle, and The League; she has also had voiceover roles in the animated comedy programs American Dad!, Animals., Archibald's Next Big Thing, Family Guy, Glenn Martin, DDS, and The Life & Times of Tim, as well as in Littlest Pet Shop, where she starred in the series finale episode as Felina Meow. She plays a recurring role in the Amazon series One Mississippi starring Tig Notaro, as Tig's ex-girlfriend Brooke. In 2017, Wilson co-starred opposite Busy Philipps in Tina Fey's unaired comedy pilot The Sackett Sisters for NBC. In 2019, she began a recurring role as Tiffany Georgina on the Showtime comedy Black Monday and played Jane Rosen in the HBO mini-series Mrs. Fletcher.

In 2019, Wilson wrote and directed the short film Daddio starring Michael McKean, which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 6, 2019.

In 2021, Wilson starred alongside Will Ferrell, Paul Rudd, and Kathryn Hahn in the Apple TV+ mini-series The Shrink Next Door, based on the popular Wondery podcast of the same name. In addition, her book of humorous essays, The Wreckage of My Presence was published on May 4, 2021, by HarperCollins and made the New York Times  bestseller list for non-fiction works.

Saturday Night Live

After auditioning in late 2007, Wilson was hired in January 2008 to join the cast of Saturday Night Live, succeeding departing cast member Maya Rudolph. However, due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, she did not make her first appearance as a cast member until the show returned in February 2008; she was the first new addition to the cast in over two years, and was also the first SNL cast member to have been born in the 1980s. Wilson's most memorable work on SNL included celebrity impressions of, among others, Rachael Ray, Elizabeth Dole, Elizabeth Taylor, Ginnifer Goodwin, Katy Perry, and Jennifer Aniston, as well as original characters such as Dusty Velvet, "the paralyzed stripper"; and Toni Ward, co-host of "The Cougar Den". After spending two seasons on SNL, Wilson was let go from the show before the start of the 2009–2010 season. When asked how she felt about her SNL departure in an October 2009 interview, Wilson said: "My mindset is good. I did it for a year and a half. I don't think it will ultimately define my career. And it wasn't the best fit for me."

Notable characters on SNL
Wilson has performed as a number of notable characters on Saturday Night Live:

 Dusty Velvet, a strip club dancer who was left paralyzed from the neck down following a freak Tilt-A-Whirl accident, and refuses to let it stop her from performing her act. She is only able to perform her "erotic moves" with the assistance of Donnie (played by Ashton Kutcher) the strip club manager.
 Nora Maharelle, part of the singing sisterly quartet The Maharelle Sisters who are regularly featured on The Lawrence Welk Show. Their otherwise flawless performances are always ruined by the fourth sister, Dooneese (played by Kristen Wiig), because of her off-key singing and freakish appearance.
 Toni Ward, one of the cougars who co-hosts The Cougar Den. She is distinguished by her deep voice and offbeat methods for pursuing younger men. For example, she says that for Valentine's Day: "I'm going to suck down some Jello shooters and wander around USC's campus wearing a T-shirt that says: 'I'll pay you and this won't get messy.'

Podcasting
On December 2, 2015, Wilson and comedian Danielle Schneider began hosting the Earwolf podcast Bitch Sesh, where they and a guest have comedic discussions about the previous night's episode of The Real Housewives, as well as other topics related to the Bravo channel and reality television. Guests have included June Diane Raphael, Andy Cohen, Adam Pally, Jerry O'Connell, Matt Besser, Vanessa Bayer, Michael Rapaport, Elisha Cuthbert, Kristen Wiig, Michelle Collins, and Retta. Paul Scheer first announced the show on his podcast How Did This Get Made? and released a special preview episode, describing it as a "sister podcast" to his show, with a focus on discussing reality television instead of movies. Entertainment websites including Vulture, Entertainment Weekly and The A.V. Club ranked Bitch Sesh on numerous podcast "Best Of" lists. In 2022, she hosted the Wondery podcast Fed Up about the F-Factor diet.

Personal life
Wilson lives in Los Angeles and is married to comedy writer David Caspe. They originally met in early 2010 when she auditioned for his ABC series Happy Endings. After working together on the show for over a year, they started dating in July 2011. They got engaged over Labor Day weekend in September 2013 and were married on May 25, 2014, in Ojai, California. They have two sons, Max Red Caspe (born May 2015) and Henry Bear Caspe (born August 24, 2017). When her son Max was four years old, he was diagnosed with celiac disease, an immune disorder affecting the small intestine. Casey welcomed daughter Frances 'Frankie' Rose Caspe via surrogate in January 2023.

Wilson shares her family's interest in politics. She was a supporter of Hillary Clinton during the 2008 presidential election and volunteered on her campaign. She went on the road with the Clintons in the Midwest, speaking at and introducing Hillary and Bill Clinton at campaign rallies in Iowa and Indiana.

Wilson and her family maintain the charitable Kathy Wilson Foundation, established in 2005, which focuses on children with disabilities. The foundation screens three- and four-year-olds in the Alexandria community for disabilities. Her father Paul Wilson serves as president, with Wilson and her brother Fletcher serving as vice presidents. The foundation distributes donations and grants to local area preschools and childcare centers in Virginia every year.

Filmography

Film

Television

Discography

Podcast

References

External links

Casey Wilson on FunnyOrDie

1980 births
Living people
21st-century American actresses
21st-century American comedians
21st-century American screenwriters
21st-century American women writers
Actresses from Alexandria, Virginia
American film actresses
American impressionists (entertainers)
American people of Irish descent
American people of Italian descent
American podcasters
American sketch comedians
American stage actresses
American television actresses
American television writers
American voice actresses
American women comedians
American women podcasters
American women screenwriters
American women television writers
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
Upright Citizens Brigade Theater performers


Luigi Poletti (28 October 1792 – 2 August 1869) was an Italian architect, active in a neoclassical style.

Biography
He was born in Modena. He initially obtained a doctorate in Mathematics and Philosophy in Bologna. He returns to Modena and becomes engineer of the Garfagnana, and professor of Mechanics and Hydraulics at the University. He then received a stipend to study in Rome. There he studied under Raffaele Stern.

In 1823, the ancient Basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura, one of the seven pilgrimage churches of Rome, was destroyed by fire. When plans for a new church were announced, a great hue arose from the neoclassic adherents of the past, such as Carlo Fea, who advocated for the church to be rebuilt as an exact replica of the past. Initially Pasquale Belli was hired, but soon after was replaced by Poletti who promised a closer replica. But he proposed to build a church as if the original builders had returned and, in their spirit, availed themselves of all the erudition compiled in the interim, revisiting the design and correcting its errors.

Poletti also added a choir to the Pantheon in 1840 and built the theaters in Fano (1845–1863), Rimini (1843–1857) and Terni (1840–1848). He rebuilt the church of San Venanzio in Camerino, which had fallen in the earthquake of 1792. After the damage from an earthquake in 1832, he rebuilt (1836–40) the Basilica of Santa Maria degli Angeli in Assisi. He built the Cathedral of Montalto delle Marche on the foundations that had been started under Pope Sixtus V. He designed the church of San Filippo in the town of Nocera (disambiguate?). He completed the chapel and altar of Santissima Maria (called dell'acqua) in San Francesco in Rimini. He built a similar chapel in Fossombrone. He designed the lighthouse and arsenal in the port of Ripa Grande. He designed the Palazzo Ceccopieri in Via di Monte Catino. He designed a number of funereal monuments in and around Rome including one dedicated to Vincenzo Casciani (1832) in the Costa Chapel, Santa Maria del Popolo and to the papal architect Cavalierie Pietro Bosio in the Campo Santo.

He also reconstructed Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi in Rome (1869).  His pupils included Virginio Vespignani. He also helped design the Column of the Immaculate Conception, Rome. He died in Milan.

References

Sources
www.italycyberguide.com

External links

Ashton Rollins Willard, History of modern Italian art, Longmans, Green & Co., London, New York [etc.], 1902 (on line from Internet Archive)

1792 births
1869 deaths
19th-century Italian architects
Architects from Modena
Italian neoclassical architects


Hevel Eilot Regional Council (, Mo'atza Azorit Hevel Eilot) is a regional council in the Southern District of Israel, near the city of Eilat.  It is the southernmost regional council in Israel.

Only about 5,300 people live in the council in twelve communities.  Its area is about 2.2 million dunams.  The major city of the region, Eilat, governs itself as a city council and is not included in the regional council.

History
Hevel Eilot Regional Council was established in 1964.

In the ceremony participated the General Director of the Ministry of the Interior, the Chairman of the Tamar Regional Council, the Chairman of the Lachish Regional Council and other guests. The area of the regional council was then about two million dunams and was the largest jurisdiction in Israel and had only 250 residents. It then encompassed the localities of Eilot, Yotvata and Grofit.

Geography
The jurisdiction of Hevel Eilot Regional Council is covered by the following borders:

 North: Central Arava Regional Council
 East: Jordan
 South: Eilat
 West: Egypt and the central Negev

Hevel Eilot is a region of arid desert.  There is little precipitation in the winter, and summer temperatures rise above 40 degrees Celsius (104 Fahrenheit).  The flora and fauna are typical for the desert.

Timna Park is a nature reserve that covers a large area in the region.

The region is home to the first commercial solar field in Israel, built by Arava Power Company, located at Kibbutz Ketura.

The region, which is far away from central Israel, is not connected to the national water supply system.  Instead, the drinking and irrigation water is derived from desalination of water from the Red Sea.

Communities in the council

There are 13 communities in the council: 10 kibbutzim and three community settlements.

Kibbutzim
 Eilot (אילות)
 Elifaz (אליפז)
 Grofit (גרופית)
 Ketura (קטורה)
 Lotan (לוטן)
 Neot Smadar (נאות סמדר)
 Neve Harif (נווה חריף)
 Samar (סמר)
 Yotvata (יטבתה)
 Yahel (יהל)

Community settlements
 Be'er Ora (באר אורה)
 Shaharut (שחרות)
Shitim (שיטים)

References

External links
 Hevel Eilot Regional Council homepage

Regional councils in Israel
1964 establishments in Israel


Rugal may refer to:

 Rugal folds, ridges produced by folding of the wall of an organ
 Rugal Bernstein, a video game character created by SNK
 Rugal (TV series), a 2020 South Korean television series
 Rugal, a fictional character from the short film "The Bandits of Golak" in the second season of the 2021 animated anthology Star Wars Visions


Eduard Herbst (9 December 1820 – 25 June 1892) was an Austrian jurist and politician. He served as Minister of Justice in the "Citizens' Ministry" of Cisleithania from 1867 to 1870.

Life
Born in Vienna, Herbst studied law at the University of Vienna and obtained his doctorate in 1843. He commenced civil service and in 1847 became a professor of criminal law and the philosophy of law at the University of Lemberg (Lviv), promoted to rector in 1853. From 1858, he was professor at the Charles University in Prague.

Herbst was elected deputy to the Bohemian Diet in 1861, and, in accordance with the February Patent, was sent by the Diet to the lower House of Deputies of the Austrian Imperial Council (Reichsrat). A gifted speaker and firebrand, he became one of the most conspicuous members of the liberal Constitutional Party in parliament. Herbst had agitated against the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867; nevertheless, after the implementation of the December Constitution, he was appointed Minister of Justice in the liberal cabinet (Bürgerministerium) of Cisleithanian minister-president Prince Karl of Auersperg on December 30.

As such, he introduced a number of important reforms—among them the abolition of imprisonment for debt, the introduction of the jury in libel suits against the press, the organization of the district courts, important finance measures, and, above all, the confessional ordinances of 1868. Herbst retained his office under Auersperg's successor Eduard Taaffe, with whom he fell out in 1870, when he sided with Education Minister Leopold Hasner von Artha against Taaffe's federalist policies; he and Hasner resigned on April 4.

His party lost its control of the government, and he led the German liberal opposition in the Reichsrat in its attacks on the cabinets of Alfred Jozef Potocki and Karl Sigmund von Hohenwart. The fall of the latter, in October 1871, brought the Constitutional Party more into power, when Herbst became a leader of the government forces in the Austrian Lower House. He remained an advocate of centralist German-Liberal politics and stood out as an opponent of the Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878. In the latter years of his life, however, during the second cabinet of Minister-president Taaffe from 1879 onwards, Herbst lost much of his former influence because of a split in his former compact party.

Herbst also was a profound legal academic. Among his writings may be mentioned his Handbuch des österreichischen Strafrechts (7th edition, 1882–84).

External links

1820 births
1892 deaths
Writers from Vienna
Constitutional Party (Austria) politicians
Justice ministers of Austria
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1861–1867)
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1867–1870)
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1870–1871)
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1871–1873)
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1873–1879)
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1879–1885)
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1885–1891)
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1891–1897)
Austrian non-fiction writers
University of Lviv rectors


Israel participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 with the song "The Fire in Your Eyes" written by Dana International and Shay Kerem. The song was performed by Boaz Ma'uda, who was internally selected by the Israeli broadcaster Israel Broadcasting Authority (IBA) in collaboration with the commercial broadcaster Keshet in November 2007 to compete at the 2008 contest in Belgrade, Serbia, The song Ma'uda would perform at Eurovision was selected through the national final Kdam Eurovision 2008 which took place on 15 March 2010 that featured five songs. "Ke'ilu Kan" emerged as the winning song after achieving the highest score following the combination of votes from two regional juries, two thematical jury groups, a jury panel and a public vote. The song title was later translated from Hebrew to English for the Eurovision Song Contest and was titled "The Fire in Your Eyes".

Israel was drawn to compete in the first semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2008. Performing during the show in position 2, "The Fire in Your Eyes" was announced among the top 10 entries of the second semi-final and therefore qualified to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Israel placed fifth out of the 19 participating countries in the semi-final with 104 points. In the final, Israel performed in position 7 and placed ninth out of the 25 participating countries, scoring 124 points.

Background

Prior to the 2008 Contest, Israel had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest thirty times since its first entry in 1973. Israel has won the contest on three occasions: in 1978 with the song "A-Ba-Ni-Bi" performed by Izhar Cohen and the Alphabeta, in 1979 with the song "Hallelujah" performed by Milk and Honey and in 1998 with the song "Diva" performed by Dana International. Since the introduction of semi-finals to the format of the Eurovision Song Contest in 2004, Israel has, to this point, managed to qualify to the final two times, including a top ten result in 2005 with Shiri Maimon and "HaSheket SheNish'ar" placing fourth. Israel had qualified to the final for two consecutive years in 2005 and 2006 prior to their non-qualification in 2007 with the song "Push the Button" performed by the band Teapacks.

The Israeli national broadcaster, Israel Broadcasting Authority (IBA) had been in charge of the nation's participation in the contest since its debut in . IBA confirmed Israel's participation in the contest on 4 July 2007 and formalised a collaboration with commercial broadcaster Keshet for the first time in order to select the Israeli entry for 2008 through the reality singing competition Kokhav Nolad. In 2007, IBA conducted an internal selection to select the artist that would represent Israel and a national final to select the song for the artist, a selection procedure that continued for their 2008 entry.

Before Eurovision

Artist selection
On 14 November 2007, IBA announced that the winner of season five of the reality singing competition Kochav Nolad, Boaz Ma'uda, was selected as the Israeli representative for the Eurovision Song Contest 2008. IBA previously revealed in July 2007 that one of the participants of season five's Kokhav Nolad produced by Tedy Productions and Keshet Media Group would represent Israel at the contest. Together with the artist reveal, it was also announced that a national final titled Kdam Eurovision 2008 featuring five songs would take place to select his song.

Kdam Eurovision 2008
IBA opened the public song submission following the announcement of Ma'uda as the selected artist with the deadline on 6 January 2008. IBA also directly invited composers to submit songs for the competition. 450 submissions were received at the close of the deadline, of which 350 were submitted by the public. Five songs were chosen for the competition by a professional committee with members from IBA and Keshet and announced on 23 January 2008. Among the competing composers was the winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1998, Dana International. The members of the committee were Yoav Ginai (entertainment director of IBA), Haim Hador (radio presenter), Yaakov Naveh (IBA artists representative), Tamira Yardeni (Kochav Nolad producer), Yoav Tzafir (director of Kochav Nolad), Uri Selai (editor at Tedy Productions) and Tzedi Tzarfati (judging panel member of Kochav Nolad). Prior to the final, the songs were presented on 21 February 2008 during a special presentation programme broadcast online via IBA's official Eurovision Song Contest website Eurovil, hosted by Jason Danino-Holt.

Final
The final took place over two days at the Ulpaneii TV Studios in Herzeliya, hosted by Tzvika Hadar and broadcast on Channel 2 as well as online via Eurovil and keshet-tv.com. During the first show on 25 February 2008, all five competing songs were performed by Boaz Ma'uda with two performed in a duet with other Israeli singers, and the public was able to vote for their favourite song through SMS until the second show 26 February 2008, during which the winning song, "Ke'ilu Kan", was selected by a combination of the votes from six voting groups: two regional juries (14%), two thematical jury groups (14%), an expert jury of IBA and Keshet representatives (36%) and the public vote (36%). In addition to the performances of the competing songs during the first show, 1973 Israeli Eurovision entrant Ilanit performed her song "Ey Sham" as the opening act, while the participants of season five's Kochav Nolad together with the winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 Izhar Cohen performed as the interval act. A judging panel composed of Brotherhood of Man, Ralf Siegel, Carola Häggkvist, Moshe Datz (1991 Israeli Eurovision entrant), Nurit Hirsh, Kobi Oshrat, Michal Amdursky and Assaf Amdursky was also featured which provided feedback to the songs and selected "Ke'ilu Kan" as their favourite song.

Promotion
On 17 April, Boaz Ma'uda performed during a concert which was organised by the Keren Hayesod organisation in Amsterdam, Netherlands to specifically promote "The Fire in Your Eyes" as the Israeli Eurovision entry.

At Eurovision

It was announced in September 2007 that the competition's format would be expanded to two semi-finals in 2008. According to the rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the "Big Four" (France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom) are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals in order to compete for the final; the top nine songs from each semi-final as determined by televoting progress to the final, and a tenth was determined by back-up juries. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) split up the competing countries into six different pots based on voting patterns from previous contests, with countries with favourable voting histories put into the same pot. On 28 January 2008, a special allocation draw was held which placed each country into one of the two semi-finals. Israel was placed into the first semi-final, to be held on 20 May 2008. The running order for the semi-finals was decided through another draw on 17 March 2008 and Israel was set to perform in position 2, following the entry from Montenegro and before the entry from Estonia.

In Israel, the two semi-finals and the final were televised live on IBA. The Israeli spokesperson, who announced the Israeli votes during the final, was Noa Barak-Weshler.

Semi-final

Boaz Ma'uda took part in technical rehearsals on 11 and 15 May, followed by dress rehearsals on 19 and 20 May. The Israeli performance featured Boaz Ma'uda performing in a silver sleeveless shirt together with five male backing vocalists in black outfits. The performance began with the performers moving from behind the stage to the center part of the stage, with the backing vocalists later joining Ma'uda from the left side of the stage to the front stage. The stage was predominately blue and red with the LED screens displaying red elements. The five backing vocalists performing on stage with Boaz Ma'uda were Adam Yosef, Ariel Zohar, Eran Mazor Hecht, Lior Ashkenazi and Zach Eshel.

At the end of the show, Israel was announced as having finished in the top 10 and subsequently qualifying for the grand final. It was later revealed that Israel placed fifth in the semi-final, receiving a total of 104 points

Final
Shortly after the first semi-final, a winners' press conference was held for the ten qualifying countries. As part of this press conference, the qualifying artists took part in a draw to determine the running order of the final. This draw was done in the order the countries appeared in the semi-final running order. Israel was drawn to perform in position 7, following the entry from Bosnia and Herzegovina and before the entry from Finland. Boaz Ma'uda once again took part in dress rehearsals on 23 and 24 May before the final. Israel placed ninth in the final, scoring 124 points.

Voting
Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Israel and awarded by Israel in the first semi-final and grand final of the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Russia in the semi-final and the final of the contest.

Points awarded to Israel

Points awarded by Israel

References

2008
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008
Eurovision


Raffaele Stern (1774–1820) was an Italian architect.

Born in 1774 in Rome to Giovanni Stern, an architect. Raffaele was also the grandson of the Baroque painter, born and active in Rome, Ludovico Stern.

He was educated in Winckelmann's classical and neoclassical principles, and designed a plan for a New Wing of the Museo Chiaramonti in the Vatican Museums in 1805–1806, which he was commissioned to enact in 1817. He also worked on the papal restoration of the Colosseum and Arch of Titus which were later taken on by Giuseppe Valadier. He also built a new Fontana dei Dioscuri in 1818 for Pope Pius VII supporting an ancient Roman granite seashell (found in the 16th century) on top of a large basin. His pupils included Luigi Poletti.

Stern died in Rome in 1820.

1774 births
1820 deaths
19th-century Italian architects
Architects from Rome
Italian neoclassical architects


Francis Meynieu (born 9 January 1953 in Bordeaux) is a French retired professional football defender.

External links
Profile on French federation official site

1953 births
Footballers from Bordeaux
Living people
French men's footballers
France men's international footballers
Men's association football defenders
FC Girondins de Bordeaux players
Tours FC players
Ligue 1 players
Olympic footballers for France
Footballers at the 1976 Summer Olympics


Texas Raiders was an American Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, a B-17G-95-DL built by Douglas-Long Beach. In 1967, it was purchased by the Commemorative Air Force's Gulf Coast Wing "Texas Raiders" group, which maintained and flew the aircraft out of Conroe-North Houston Regional Airport in Conroe, Texas. The aircraft was destroyed on November 12, 2022, by a mid-air collision with a P-63 Kingcobra at an air show at Dallas Executive Airport, Texas, that killed all five occupants and the P-63 pilot.

History of the aircraft

Early history
The plane was built in 1945 by Douglas Aircraft Corporation at the Long Beach, California, plant under license from Boeing. One of the last 20 B-17s built by Douglas, it was delivered to the U.S. Army Air Forces as B-17G-95-DL 44-83872 on July 12, 1945. On July 21, 1945, all 20 were transferred to the U.S. Navy to serve as PB-1W patrol bombers. 44-83872 was assigned the U.S. Navy Bureau of Aeronautics Number (BuNo) 77235.

The Navy used PB-1Ws as the original Airborne Warning and Command System or AWACS aircraft, as well as for electronic countermeasures, anti-submarine warfare and hurricane hunters. The Navy sealed up the bomb bay doors and installed  wing-mounted drop tanks and the AN/APS-20 Seasearch radar equipment in a bulbous housing below the former bomb bay. Radio direction finder (RDF), instrument landing system (ILS), and long range navigation (LORAN) was also installed at this time. It was not painted, but waxed to prevent corrosion, and kept its original Browning M2 machine guns.

In January 1955, the PB-1W was phased out in favor of the new Lockheed PO-1W and WV-2 (naval versions of the EC-121 Warning Star) based on the Lockheed Constellation. BuNo 77235 was flown to Litchfield Park, Arizona, and placed in flyable storage status until officially retired from naval service on August 25, 1955, with 3,257 hours flying time accrued.

Aero Service Corporation bought BuNo 77235 for $17,510 on October 1, 1957. The plane was registered as N7227C and used as an aerial surveying platform in locations ranging from Alaska to Central America to the North Sea. On January 12, 1965, the plane was used as a backdrop at the retirement ceremony of General Curtis LeMay. It was operated by Aero Service Corporation until it was sold on September 22, 1967.

Commemorative Air Force ownership
The Commemorative Air Force (CAF), known as the Confederate Air Force before 2001, acquired the plane in 1967 for $50,000 or $80,000; sources differ. The plane was kept in Brownwood, Texas, as CAF's home airfield in Mercedes, Texas, was too short for a B-17. A CAF photo taken around 1969 shows the plane painted white with a large U.S. flag on the tail.

In July 1970, the plane was given its first historical paint job, that of the 366th Bombardment Squadron of the 305th Bombardment Group, with squadron code KY and call letter D on the fuselage and tail number 124592, suggested by retired general LeMay. In 1974, the CAF assigned the plane to its three-year-old Gulf Coast Wing. The plane received its Texas Raiders name around 1973 to honor Texas combat veterans; the name had not been used by any prior B-17.

Over about two decades, CAF worked to restore the plane to a B-17G configuration. Tradeoffs made in consideration of budget included disabling turbochargers and the crew oxygen system. In 1977, the plane was repainted in the color scheme of the 533d Bombardment Squadron of the 381st Bombardment Group. The livery was inspired by a real B-17G plane, Princess Pat (42-97503), including squadron code VP with call letter X, but using the actual tail number of Texas Raiders. At this time, a ball turret and top turret were added, although the interior was not yet restored.

The plane was restored and rebuilt from 1983 to 1986 at a cost of $300,000. This included restoring the interior of the plane to a B-17G configuration including the addition of period-correct equipment such as a Norden bombsight, M2 machine guns (non-functional), bomb bay racks, and a chin turret. During 1993 and 1994, the plane repainted and corrosion repaired at a cost of about $180,000. The plane later underwent a lengthy and costly "wing spar terminal ends" replacement project, started in 2001 due to an FAA Airworthiness Directive (2001-22-06) citing corrosion in B-17 wings. Originally estimated to be a six-month process, the project turned into an -year effort costing nearly $700,000.

Texas Raiders returned to flight on October 14, 2009, and was featured at Wings Over Houston that month as a static display. In March 2010, the plane was moved to the Tomball Jet Center in David Wayne Hooks Memorial Airport (KDWH) in Tomball, Texas. Texas Raiders rejoined the air show circuit in 2010, just in time to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the first flight of the B-17. It traveled to the EAA AirVenture Oshkosh airshow, where it was featured in AeroShell Square. That summer, the plane appeared at Thunder Over Michigan as one of eight restored B-17s, flying in formation with Yankee Lady, movie Memphis Belle, Nine-O-Nine, Aluminum Overcast, Liberty Belle, Thunderbird, and Sentimental Journey.

On May 8, 2015, Texas Raiders flew in the Arsenal of Democracy Flyover in Washington, D.C., an event that commemorated the 70th anniversary of Victory in Europe Day (VE Day). The Gulf Coast Wing commissioned a complete new paint job and brand new nose art for Texas Raiders in late 2016, costing $190,000.

The plane was moved in March 2017 to General Aviation Services at Conroe North Houston Regional Airport in Conroe, Texas. Beginning in 2018, organizers worked with an Air Force parachute team to conduct demonstration skydives from the bomb bay during air shows.

Destruction

The aircraft crashed on November 12, 2022, after a mid-air collision with a Bell P-63 Kingcobra at Dallas Executive Airport while performing during an air show. The P-63 collided with the B-17's port side on a descending trajectory, severing the fuselage just aft of the main wings. The bomber then fell to the ground, destroying the remaining airframe. All six people aboard the two aircraft were killed. The cause of the accident was immediately placed under investigation.

Notes

References

External links

Commemorative Air Force – Gulf Coast Wing

Individual aircraft of World War II
Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress


District 4 is a district in the Texas House of Representatives.  It was created in the 3rd legislature (1849-1851).

The district has been represented by Republican Keith Bell since January 8, 2019, upon his initial election to the Texas House.

As a result of redistricting after the 2020 Federal census, from the 2022 elections the district encompasses all of Kaufman County and the northwestern portion of Henderson County.  Major cities in the district include Forney, Kaufman, and Terrell, and the majority of Athens.  The district also includes the main campus of Trinity Valley Community College and all of Cedar Creek Reservoir.

List of representatives

References

004


The Micuș is a left tributary of the river Hășdate in Romania. It flows into the Hășdate in Petreștii de Jos. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Cluj County


The Cucamonga Valley AVA is an American Viticultural Area in San Bernardino County, California. It is in the Cucamonga Valley region of the Pomona Valley, about  west of San Bernardino.

Cucamonga Valley is a warm climate for viniculture, with summer temperatures often exceeding .  The valley floor is sandy, alluvial soils.  Pierce's disease has affected vines in the valley.

The Cucamonga Valley AVA was officially approved as an AVA in 1995 by the United States Department of Treasury as a result of a petition, written and filed in 1993 by Gino L. Filippi on behalf of area growers and vintners. The designation enables wineries to use the words Cucamonga Valley on their wine labels when utilizing at least 85% Cucamonga grapes.

History
Grape cultivation began in the Cucamonga Valley in 1838 by Tiburcio Tapia on the Rancho Cucamonga, a Mexican land grant in Alta California. In 1859 rancher John Rains began large vine plantings in Cucamonga, introducing agriculture on a large scale to replace traditional cattle and sheep raising in the region. By 1917 the Cucamonga-Guasti vineyards spanned over 20,000 acres, and Secondo Guasti was advertising his vineyard as "The Largest in the World."

When Prohibition began in 1920, the Cucamonga Valley produced more wine grapes than Napa County and Sonoma County combined.  The former Mission Vineyard winery, later known as the Virginia Dare Winery, was established in 1910 in Rancho Cucamonga (town). Others included the Thomas Brothers Winery, G. Filippi and Son Winery, and Ellena Bros./Regina Winery.

Following Prohibition (1919-1933) and its end, the wine industry and other agricultural businesses in the Cucamonga Valley faced increasing pressure from the urban expansion of Los Angeles and Orange County.  During the 1970s agricultural land in the AVA underwent massive conversion and loss to suburbanization, for families from those counties seeking affordable housing.

The Joseph Filippi Winery & Vineyards and other vintners and growers in the area worked to attain the AVA designation, and have been bringing back winemaking to the Cucamonga Valley.

Wineries

See also
Cucamonga Winery

References

External links

 Federal Ruling, Establishment of Cucamonga Valley AVA
 http://articles.latimes.com/1994-05-19/food/fo-59395_1_cucamonga-valley

American Viticultural Areas
American Viticultural Areas of Southern California
Geography of San Bernardino County, California
History of San Bernardino County, California
Inland Empire
Pomona Valley
American Viticultural Areas of California
1985 establishments in California


Bruno Baronchelli (born 13 January 1957 in Tours) is a former professional French football winger.

References

External links

1957 births
Footballers from Tours, France
Living people
French men's footballers
France men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
FC Nantes players
Le Havre AC players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Olympic footballers for France
Footballers at the 1976 Summer Olympics
French football managers
Le Havre AC managers
French sportspeople of Italian descent


The 1947 Rose Bowl was a college football bowl game. It was the 33rd Rose Bowl Game. The Illinois Fighting Illini defeated the UCLA Bruins, 45–14. Illinois halfbacks Buddy Young and Jules Rykovich shared the Rose Bowl Player Of The Game award. They were named the Rose Bowl Players Of The Game when the award was created in 1953 and selections were made retroactively. It was the first Rose Bowl game that featured teams from the Pacific Coast Conference and the Big Nine Conference by the terms of an exclusive five-year agreement. It is known as the first "modern" Rose Bowl, and the modern Rose Bowl records date back to this game. This exclusive agreement remained in place until the 1999 Rose Bowl when the Rose Bowl became part of the Bowl Championship Series, with the exception of the games from 1960 onward following the collapse of the PCC and prior to the renegotiation with the newly formed Athletic Association of Western Universities (AAWU), highlighted by the 1962 Rose Bowl where Big Ten champion Ohio State declined the invitation.

Big Nine-PCC agreement

At the beginning, the Rose Bowl game was intended to match a West Coast team against the best of the nation. The first team to appear was Michigan in the 1902 Rose Bowl when they defeated Stanford 49-0. The Rose Bowl began to be hosted by the Pacific Coast Conference when it was revived in the 1916 Rose Bowl, and permanently with the 1920 Rose Bowl. Ohio State was the next Big Ten team to participate what they lost to California 28-0 in the 1921 Rose Bowl. The Big Ten did not participate in bowl games following that game. The University of Chicago discontinued its football program in 1939 and withdrew from the conference in 1946, leaving the Big Nine Conference.

During World War II, many college football schools had dropped some conference opponents and instead played football against local military base teams. Many colleges could not even field teams due to the draft and manpower requirements. After the war was over, demobilization and the G.I. Bill enabled returning servicemen to attend college. The 1946 season was the first true post-war college football season with travel restrictions lifted and civilian college opponents returning to schedules.

The Big Nine agreed, after much negotiating over payments, rules, and ticket allocations to a five-year exclusive deal with the Rose Bowl to send the conference champion to meet the PCC conference champion. UCLA, USC, Minnesota and Illinois all voted against it. UCLA, the PCC conference champion, expressed interest in playing either Army or Notre Dame, who had played to a scoreless tie in the 1946 Army vs. Notre Dame football game.

The Big Nine and PCC were of the same accord when it came to treating players as amateurs, as compared to the semi-professional status that the Southern Universities proposed. Also, the Big Nine and PCC both had the same attitudes towards desegregation and allowing African-Americans to play football. Many other universities were still segregated. None of the Southeastern Conference schools had an African American athlete until 1966. The Cotton Bowl, Orange Bowl, and Sugar Bowl would not be integrated until 1948, 1955, and 1956 respectively.

Teams

UCLA Bruins
The UCLA Bruins had last appeared in the 1943 Rose Bowl where they were held scoreless against Georgia. The Bruins fielded the strongest team in their history to date. It was the second undefeated team since the 1939 6–0–4 team, and the first undefeated and untied team in school history. After convincing wins over Oregon State and at Washington, UCLA entered the AP Poll at number 5. The Bruins would go to number four after defeating number 17 Stanford, 26–6. Coming into the November 23, 1946 UCLA–USC rivalry football game, the Rose Bowl was on the line for both USC and UCLA. UCLA prevailed, 13–6, to win the PCC. In the Bruins' final game of the regular season, they blanked the Nebraska Cornhuskers, 18–0.

The 10-0 UCLA Bruins entered the Rose Bowl as the bookmakers' favorite, having outscored their opponents 313-72. All-conference quarterback Ernie Case called the plays for a prolific offense featuring pass-catching ends Burr Baldwin and future hall-of-famer Tom Fears, and bolstered by the breakout running of fullbacks Cal Rossi and Johnny Roesh and halfback Gene Rowland. Rossi weighed in as the Bruins' heaviest back at just 170 lb, but the team averaged a shade over 200 lb per man. Several linemen in the 230 lb range (as big as they came in the days of one-platoon football) made for an intimidating and forceful UCLA front which stampeded west coast rivals with apparent ease. Averaging just 190 lb the Illini were noticeably smaller.

Illinois Fighting Illini
This was the first appearance for the Fighting Illini in any post-season football game. The Illini opened the season winning at Pittsburgh, 33–7. They lost to Notre Dame in the first game for the 1946 Fighting Irish, a team that would eventually play in the 1946 Game of the Century against Army. The Illini beat Purdue, but then lost to Indiana. The Illini would go on to win the rest of their games including 13–9 at Michigan and a 16–7 win over Ohio State. In the final regular season game, they blanked in-state rival Northwestern 20–0. The win over Michigan proved to be the pivotal game as Michigan finished 5–1–1 in conference to Illinois 6–1 record.

Claude "Buddy" Young was the University of Illinois’ first black football star. The 5’4" speedster made an immediate impact as a freshman in 1944, scoring sixty-four and thirty yard touchdowns on his first two touches vs. Illinois State. A 93-yard run two games later against the Great Lakes Naval Training School remains the longest run from scrimmage in Illini history. Young finished the season with thirteen touchdowns, breaking Red Grange's 1924 Big Ten Conference record and landing the freshman on several all-America lists. More impressively, Young claimed NCAA track championships in the 100 and 220-yard dash, and tied world records in the 45 and 60-yard dash. After being drafted into the navy in January 1945 he starred the following fall for the Fleet City [California] Naval Base football team, almost single-handedly winning the west coast service team championship with three touchdowns, [including two kick returns of 93 and 88 yards] in front of 65,000 fans at the L.A. Coliseum. In 1946 Young returned to Champaign and led the Illini with 456 rushing yards [a little over four yards per carry] despite persistent injury problems.

Young shared the backfield with fellow halfback Art Dufelmeier, known fondly as the "Flying Dutchman". The Havana, Ill. native enrolled in Champaign in 1942 and lettered in both football and basketball as a freshman. He enlisted with the U.S. Air Force in 1943 and entered one of the most dangerous service jobs as a B-42 top-gunner. In early 1944 Dufelmeier's plane was shot down over France. He spent eleven months as a POW inside Germany, losing 35 lb before liberation. Simply glad to be alive, Dufelmeier relished his return to football in 1946.

Despite Young and Dufelmeier rushing for over 900 combined yards, Illinois’ only all-conference and all-America selection was right guard Alex Agase. Another tough veteran, Agase had served as a marine in the Pacific. He participated in the amphibious invasions of both Okinawa and Iwo Jima, earning a Purple Heart. Alex's brother Lou played at left tackle. Alex Agase had scored twice as a sophomore against Minnesota in 1942, making him only the second guard to notch a multiple touchdown performance in collegiate history. The following year, he made all-America lists playing for Purdue while training as a Marine in Indiana. Later Agase would coach Northwestern and Purdue. His obvious football intelligence contributed inestimably to the top-notch run-blocking of Illinois' line.

Game summary
The UCLA Bruins scored their first ever post-season points when Ernie Case scored on a quarterback sneak to give the Bruins a 7–6 first-quarter lead. However, it was the fourth-ranked Illini who took control after that, outscoring UCLA 39–7. Illinois dominated the Bruins on the ground, compiling 320 yards to the Bruins 62.

Regardless of any apparent size mis-match, history repeated itself as Illinois out-witted and out-played the bigger Bruins in the same convincing style in which Alabama had blow past the larger Trojans a year earlier. The Agase brothers and Illini captain center Mack Wenskunas opened gaping holes all day, often simply cutting the Bruins down at the knees for Young, Dufelmeier, and Co. to skip over and around. UCLA coach Bert Labrucherie used virtually every player on his three-deep trying to counter Illinois’ unstoppable blocking. But to no avail. The New York Times post-game report claimed that the affair "looked like a college line blocking against high school forwards."

The Illini marched sixty yards on their first possession for a score. The rout began with quarterback Perry Moss tossing a 44-yard completion to halfback Julius Rykovich. After a kickoff return set UCLA up at midfield Case responded in kind with a 40-yard strike to his diminutive but elusive halfback Al Hoisch. When the Bruins scored to take an early 7-6 lead the 90,000-strong crowd sensed an epic in the making. Instead they witnessed Illinois shifting gears and leaving UCLA behind.

Illinois put together scoring drives of sixty and fifty-five yards on its first two possessions of the second quarter. A lineup of mostly second-string players added a fourth Illini score shortly before the break. Hoisch responded with a scintillating 103-kickoff return [still a Rose Bowl record] to keep the score respectable at the interval. But solo efforts, no matter how impressive, could not make up the difference. Young finished another long drive, this time fifty-one yards, with a short scoring run on the first play of the fourth quarter. Russell Steger then ran back a Case interception for a 65-yard defensive touchdown to make the score 38-14. Stanley Green, a fourth-string Illinois back, added insult to injury with a second six-point interception return in the game's final minutes.

The Illini prevailed in an outright romp, 45-14. Eliot's squad held the Bruins to just twelve first downs and forced six demoralizing turnovers. Most incredibly, the Illini held a team that had run roughshod over the west coast to a paltry sixty-two rushing yards. Only 176 passing yards on 29 attempts from Case afforded any offensive success. Despite their lesser physical stature Illinois racked up 320 team rushing yards, including 100-yard performances from both Young and Dufelmeier.
The 1946 season marked the first visit to Pasadena from the Big Ten champion since Ohio State fell 28-0 to Cal in 1921. The Big Ten would provide the visitor at the New Year's Day classic for each of the next fifty-one seasons.

A number of records were set in the game. Illinois set two new Rose bowl records: Most first downs at 28 (the previous first down record was 22, set against UCLA by Georgia in the 1943 Rose Bowl), and Most yards gained by rushing at 320 (the previous record for yards rushing was Oregon's 298 against Harvard in the 1920 Rose Bowl. Six different Illinois players scored touchdowns. These were broken in later years.

UCLA's Al Hoisch returned Illinois kicker Don Maechtle's kickoff 103 yards, establishing a Rose Bowl and UCLA team record which still stands as of the 2008 Rose Bowl. Hoisch also still holds the modern Rose Bowl record for Highest average Gain Per Return at 44.5 yards. The eight kickoff returns made by the Bruins also are a Rose Bowl record.

Illinois' Russell Steger set modern Rose Bowl records for both most yards on interception returns and the longest interception return for a touchdown with a 68-yard return that scored in the fourth quarter. Elmer Layden holds the records, set in the 1925 Rose Bowl.

Scoring

First quarter
Illinois – Julius Rykovich, one-yard run. Kick failed.
UCLA – Ernie Case, one-yard quarterback sneak. Case kick.

Second quarter
Illinois – Buddy Young, two-yard run. Maechtle kick.
Illinois – Paul Patterson four-yard run. Kick failed.
Illinois – Perry Moss one-yard sneak. Kick blocked.
UCLA – Al Hoisch returns Maechtle's kickoff 103 yards. Case kick.

Third quarter
no scoring

Fourth quarter
Illinois – Young, one-yard run. Maechtle kick.
Illinois – Russ Steger, 68-yard interception return. Kick failed.
Illinois – Stan Green, 20-yard interception return. Maechtle kick.

Statistics

Aftermath
Six modern Rose Bowl records still stand as of the 2008 Rose Bowl. Buddy Young and Julius Rykovich were named co-Most valuable players when the Rose Bowl introduced the award in 1953 and then retroactively applied the award to previous games. They were inducted into the Rose Bowl Hall Of Fame in 1993. Al Hoisch was inducted in 1999.

The Big Ten dominated early in the Rose Bowl Series, winning 12 of the first 13. The tide would begin turn to the West coast teams with the 1960 Rose Bowl.

UCLA and Illinois would have a re-match in the 1984 Rose Bowl with UCLA winning 45–9 in a reverse of the 1947 game, where Illinois was favored and wanted a better opponent.

The exclusive agreement remained in place until the 1999 Rose Bowl when the Rose Bowl became part of the Bowl Championship Series. The Pacific-10 Conference inherited the PCC representative position for the game. Even after 1998, the Rose Bowl would still attempt to pair a Big Ten and Pac-10 team. The 2008 Rose Bowl would feature USC vs. Illinois.

References

Bibliography

UCLA Football media guide (PDF copy available at www.uclabruins.com)
University of Illinois Football media information (available at www.fightingillini.com)
Big Ten Conference Football Media guide (PDF copy available at bigten.cstv.com )
College Football Historical Society Volume XIII Issue IV August 2000, Article:Ray Eliot's First 10, pages 21–24.
Little Champ. Time Magazine December 2, 1946. quote:The New Year's Day Rose Bowl rivals were chosen last week-and nobody was very happy about the choice. The Big Nine, who for 25 years have kept their fingers out of all Bowls, signed a contract with the Pacific Coast Conference which promised that, for the next three years, the westerners must play the Big Nine champ, and nobody else. Unbeaten U.C.L.A. beat its deadliest rival and Los Angeles neighbor, U.S.C., last week (13-6), and will represent the West. Twice-beaten Illinois defeated Northwestern 20-0, and will presumably represent the East. That left Army's far superior team-which wanted to play in the Rose Bowl-out in the cold, cold air. Said U.C.L.A.'s All-America prospect, End Burr Baldwin: "We would have been glad to hitchhike to West Point to play the cadets."

Rose Bowl
Rose Bowl Game
Illinois Fighting Illini football bowl games
UCLA Bruins football bowl games
Rose Bowl
January 1947 sports events in the United States