Bihar has been a major centre of learning and home to one of the oldest universities of India dating back to the fifth century and the tradition of learning which had its origin from ancient times was lost during the medieval period when it is believed that marauding armies of the invaders destroyed these centres of learning.

Bihar saw a revival during the later part of the British rule when they established a university at Patna along with other centres of high learning, namely, Science College, Patna, Prince of Wales Medical College (Now Patna Medical College and Hospital), and Bihar Engineering College (Now National Institute of Technology, Patna). This early lead was lost in the post-independence period when the politicians from Bihar lost out in the race of getting centers of education established in Bihar.National institutes of learning such as IIT, IIM and AIIMS, IISER, NISER ,Bihar Engineering University , Bihar University of Health science University patna had a good representation from Bihar. A survey by Pratham rated the absorption of their teaching by the Bihar children better than those in other states. According to the government, out-of-school rate in the age group 6-14 was 6.3% in 2007, a big drop from 12.8 per cent in 2006.

After a series of reforms and steps taken by BSEB such as interviewing toppers before releasing results, the pass percentage has increased considerably. In 2020, 80.44% students who had appeared for class 12 BSEB examination were declared passed. Similarly, for class 10, the pass percentage for 2020 examination improved to 80.59%. To increase the pass percentage, the pattern of examination was also changed with MCQs playing a key role in this improvement.

History of Education
Historically, Bihar has been a major centre of learning, home to the ancient universities of Nalanda (est. 450 CE), Odantapurā (est. 550 CE) and Vikramashila (est. 783 CE). Nalanda and Vikramshila universities were destroyed by Islamic invader Bakhtiyar Khilji in 1200 CE.

Bihar saw a revival of its education system during the later part of the British rule, when Patna University, the seventh oldest university of the Indian subcontinent, was established in 1917. Some other centres of high learning established under British rule are Patna College (est. 1839), Bihar School of Engineering (est. 1900; now known as National Institute of Technology, Patna), Prince of Wales Medical College (est. 1925; now Patna Medical College and Hospital), Science College, Patna (est. 1928), Patna Women's College, Bihar Veterinary College (est. 1927), and Imperial Agriculture Research Institute (est. 1905; now Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University, Pusa). The  Patna University, one of the oldest universities in Bihar, was established in 1917, and is the 7th oldest university of the Indian subcontinent. Second oldest engineering college of India known as NIT Patna was established as survey training school in 1886 and later renamed as Bihar College of Engineering in 1932. Subsequently, Indian government upgraded Bihar College of Engineering to National Institute of Technology (NIT) status in 2004 and  granted Institute of National Importance status in 2007 in accordance with the National Institutes of Technology Act, 2007.

Bihar was one of the key educational hub of east India before independence. In the 1960s major educational reforms were implemented to streamline the education structure of state by the then education minister and educationist late Satender Narain Sinha; however the phenomenal changes were short-lived as the successive governments failed to implement it. In 1964 Bihar School of Yoga was established at Munger.  Bihar has an inadequate educational infrastructure creating a huge mismatch between demand and supply. This problem is further compounded by increases in population and governance issue specially during Lalu-Rabri era but revived after Nitish kumar became Chief minister. Improved governance has led to an economic revival in the state through increased investment in infrastructure, better health care facilities, greater emphasis on education, and a reduction in crime and corruption. The craving for higher education among the general population of Bihar has led to a migration of the student community from the state. This has led to a "flooding"  of students to seek educational opportunities in other states, such as New Delhi and Karnataka, even for graduation level college education. Researchers found out that 37.8% of Bihar's teachers could not be found during unannounced visits to schools, the worst teacher absence rate in India and one of the worst in the world. In spite of the inadequate investment on education in Bihar, compared to other poorer Indian states, the students have done well.

Literacy

Bihar has a total literacy rate of 69.83%. Overall Male and Female literacy rate is 70.32% and 53.57% respectively. Total Rural literacy rate is 43.9%. In rural areas of Bihar, Male and Female literacy rate is 57.1 and 29.6 respectively. Total Urban literacy rate is 71.9. In urban areas of Bihar, Male and Female literacy rate is 79.9 and 62.6 respectively. . Total number of literates in Bihar is 3,16,75,607 which consists 2,09,78,955 Male and 1,06,96,652 Female. Patna has highest Literacy Rate of 63.82% followed by Rohtas (62.36%) and Munger (60.11%). Kishanganj has lowest Literacy Rate of 31.02% followed by Araria (34.94%) and Katihar (35.29%). A recent survey by Pratham rated the receptivity of Bihari children to their teaching as being better than those in other states. Bihar is striving to increase female literacy, now at 53.3%. At the time of independence, women's literacy in Bihar was 4.22%.

Primary and Secondary Education

From the British times, Bihar has had a system of district schools (called Zila schools), located at of the older districts of Bihar. In addition, there were private and semi aided schools which were run and administered by local village communities. Several of them were known for their high quality education.

During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the state government took over management of most privately run schools. This adversely affected school education in the state since the state government was ill-equipped to manage the schools through its bureaucrats who were trained for law and order duties. Though the state accorded them government recognition, the standard started to fall. The state did not take over the schools run by the Christian missionaries and these schools provided a fillip (boost) to quality education in Bihar.

As in other states, the central government runs a number of Kendriya Vidyalayas (Central Schools) and Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya for rural students. Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya started by the late Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi have been successful in providing quality education to the weaker sections of the society.

With the efforts of politician Nitish Kumar Simultala Awasiya Vidyalaya was setup in 2010. The school has a distinction of producing toppers of the Bihar School Examination Board.

The number of private schools, including school-chains and Missionary Schools run by Christian Missionaries as well as Madrasas, or schools run by Muslim clerics, has increased in the post liberalisation era.

Most of the schools in Bihar are affiliated with the Bihar School Examination Board, while the Kendriya Vidyalaya and a few other elite schools including the Christian Missionary Schools are affiliated to the  CBSE board. A recent survey by National University of Educational Planning & Administration (NUEPA) has determined that only 21% of all primary school teachers in Bihar have completed the matriculation; or 10th standard. However, Bihar Government has recently implemented a series of reforms in its Primary Education Sector which includes mandatory digitization of all state-run schools.

Higher education

Bihar is home of 7 Institutes of National Importance which includes IIT Patna, IIM Bodh Gaya, AIIMS, Patna, NIT Patna, IIIT Bhagalpur, NIPER Hajipur and Nalanda University. In 2008, Indian Institutes of Technology Patna was inaugurated with students from all over India and same year National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna was established as the ninth such institute in India.  The Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya was established in 2015. In March 2019, the government of Bihar has sent a proposal to centre Government to upgrade Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital into an AIIMS-like institution.

Bihar is home of four Central universities which includes Central University of South Bihar, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University and Nalanda University. In 2015, the central government had proposed re-establishment of Vikramshila in Bhagalpur and had designated 500 crores (5 billion) for it.  Bihar also has institutes such as National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna, National Law University, Patna  Institute of Hotel Management (IHM), Footwear Design and Development Institute, Bihta and  Central Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology (CIPET) Center.  CIPET (and IHM was established in Hajipur in 1994 and 1998 respectively.In 2021 was established under act,2021 of Government of Bihar was established Bihar Engineering Universityspecialy for Engineering field & Bihar University of Health science University was established specially for medical field.

Aryabhatta Knowledge University was established under Aryabhatta Knowledge University Act, 2008 of  Bihar Government with purpose of the development and management of educational infrastructure, management and allied professional education in Bihar. Birla Institute of Technology, Patna was established in 2006. In 2008, Indian Institutes of Technology Patna was inaugurated with students from all over India In 2008, NSIT opened its new college in Bihta, which is now emerging as an education hub. Chanakya National Law University and Chandragupt Institute of Management were established in the later half of 2008 and  now attracts students from not just within Bihar but also students from far flung states. Nalanda International University is established in 2014 with active investment from countries such as Japan, Korea, and China.  The A.N. Sinha Institute of Social Studies is a premier research institute in the state.

Bihar has eight medical colleges which are funded by the government, namely Patna Medical College and Hospital, Nalanda Medical College and Hospital, Vardhman Institute of Medical Sciences, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital, Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College and Hospital Gaya, Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Bhagalpur, Government Medical College, Bettiah and five private medical colleges  In 2014 the government of Bihar established Development Management Institute in Bihta near the Patna. In February 2019, deputy chief minister Sushil Modi announced the Bihar government's planned to establish 11 new medical colleges at Chhapra, Purnia, Samastipur, Bengusarai, Sitamarhi, Vaishali, Jhanjharpur, Siwan, Buxar, Bhojpur, Jamui and a dental college at Rahui in Nalanda district is under construction. There are also plans on constructing a cancer institute within Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences premises and transformation of Patna Medical College and Hospital into a world-class health centre.

Bihar Government runs several state-level general-purpose universities such as Bhupendra Narayan Mandal University, B. R. Ambedkar Bihar University , Jai Prakash University, Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Magadh University, Patna University, Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University, Veer Kunwar Singh University, Patliputra University, Purnea University, and Munger University. Nalanda Open university was established in March 1987 by Government of Bihar to impart education exclusively through distance education and later in 1995, Nalanda Open University Act was passed by the legislature of Bihar and thereafter came under the authority and jurisdiction of the passed act. Bihar has specialized universities Bihar Agricultural University and Bihar Animal Sciences University to promote use  of technology in agriculture and animal husbandry.  Bihar Animal Sciences University  has three constituent colleges namely, Bihar Veterinary College, Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Dairy Technology (Patna) and College of Fisheries, Kishanganj. Bihar has two language-specific university Arabic and Persian University and Darbhanga Sanskrit University.

With institute like Super 30, Patna has emerged as a major center for engineering and civil services coaching. The major private IIT-JEE coaching institutes have opened up their branches in Bihar and this has reduced the number of students who go to, for example, Kota and Delhi for engineering/medical coaching.

Employability
Bihar e-Governance Services & Technologies (BeST) and the government of Bihar have initiated a unique program to establish a centre of excellence called Bihar Knowledge Center, a finishing school to equip students with the latest skills and customised short-term training programs at an affordable cost. The centre aims to attract the youth of the state to improve their technical, professional, and soft skills, to meet the current requirements of the industrial job market. The National Employability Report of Engineering Graduates, 2014, puts graduates from Bihar in the top 25 percent of the country, and rates Bihar as one of the three top states at producing engineering graduates in terms of quality and employability.

See also
Ministry of Education (Bihar)

References

See also
 List of educational institutions in Bihar
 List of educational institutions in Patna
 List of schools in Patna


Willie Mack is an American country music singer-songwriter born in Tulsa, Oklahoma and raised in Chico, Texas. He has had his songs recorded by Sara Evans, Collin Raye, The Oak Ridge Boys, and Mark Wills among others. His single "Don't Waste Your Pretty" charted on the Canadian Hot 100.

Biography
Mack attended Belmont University, and signed a publishing deal with Famous Music after graduating. In 2004, Mack released his first album, Average Guy. He had a hand in writing every song on the project. The first single, "We Can't All Be From Texas," reached the top 10 on the Texas Music Chart and was used by George W. Bush during his 2004 election campaign. It was also played in the stadium during the stadium of the 2004 college football game between Oklahoma Sooners and the University of Texas Longorns (the Red River Shootout.)

When Canadian artists such as George Canyon, Adam Gregory and Brad Johner began recording Mack's songs, he started making trips to Canada and writing with Canadian songwriters. One of those songwriters was Jason McCoy, who would become the co-producer of Mack's second album and the co-writer of its first single, "Gonna Get Me a Cadillac." The album, Headlights & Tailpipes, was recorded in Toronto, Nashville and Texas. It was released in July 2007 in Canada on Open Road Recordings. Once again, Mack wrote or co-wrote all twelve tracks. The album's second single, "Don't Waste Your Pretty," peaked at No. 94 on the all-genre Canadian Hot 100. Mack released his third album, The Journey, in 2009.

In 2012, Mack formed the group Friday Night Satellites.

Discography

Studio albums

Singles

Music videos

Awards and nominations

References

External links
Official Site

American country singer-songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
Belmont University alumni
Open Road Recordings artists
Musicians from Tulsa, Oklahoma
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Wise County, Texas
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Singer-songwriters from Oklahoma
Country musicians from Texas
Country musicians from Oklahoma


Leonard Francis "Mike" O'Brien (January 20, 1904 – March 30, 1939) was an American field hockey player who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics.

He was born in North Adams, Massachusetts and died in Boston, Massachusetts.

In 1932 he was a member of the American field hockey team, which won the bronze medal. He played one match as back.

Four years later he was a member of the American field hockey team, which lost all three matches in the preliminary round and did not advance. He played three matches as back.

External links

profile

1904 births
1939 deaths
American male field hockey players
Field hockey players at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in field hockey
People from North Adams, Massachusetts
Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Berkshire County, Massachusetts


The 2007–08 Kuwaiti Premier League season is the 46th since its establishment. The first matches of the season were played on 7 December 2007, and the final matchday was on the 4 April 2008.

Al Kuwait won the title for the 3rd successive time.

Current standings
As of 4 April 2008

Top scorers

References

External links
 goalzz.com - Kuwaiti Premier League

Kuwait Premier League seasons
1
Kuw


Quality of working life (QWL) describes a person's broader employment-related experience. Various authors and researchers have proposed models of quality of working lifealso referred to as quality of worklifewhich include a wide range of factors, sometimes classified as "motivator factors" which if present can make the job experience a positive one, and "hygiene factors" which if lacking are more associated with dissatisfaction. A number of rating scales have been developed aiming to measure overall quality of working life or certain aspects thereof. Some publications have drawn attention to the importance of QWL for both employees and employers, and also for national economic performance.

Models and components

Hackman and Oldham (1976)

Hackman and Oldham (1976) drew attention to what they described as psychological growth needs as relevant to the consideration of quality of working life. Several such needs were identified :
 skill variety
 task identity
 task significance
 autonomy
 feedback

They suggested that such needs have to be addressed if employees are to experience high quality of working life.

Taylor (1979)
In contrast to such theory based models, Cooper & Mumford (1979) more pragmatically identified the essential components of quality of working life as basic extrinsic job factors of wages, hours and working conditions, and the intrinsic job notions of the nature of the work itself. They suggested that a number of other aspects could be added, including:
 individual power
 employee participation in the management
 fairness and equity
 social support
 use of one's present skills
 self-development
 a meaningful future at work
 social relevance of the work or product
 effect on extra work activities

Cooper & Mumford suggested that relevant quality of working life concepts may vary according to organisation and employee group.

Warr et al. (1979)
Warr and colleagues (1979), in an investigation of quality of working life, considered a range of apparently relevant factors, including:
 work involvement
 intrinsic job motivation
 higher order need strength
 perceived intrinsic job characteristics
 job satisfaction
 life satisfaction
 happiness
 self-rated anxiety

They discussed a range of correlations derived from their work, such as those between work involvement and job satisfaction, intrinsic job motivation and job satisfaction, and perceived intrinsic job characteristics and job satisfaction. In particular, Warr et al. found evidence for a moderate association between total job satisfaction and total life satisfaction and happiness, with a less strong, but significant association with self-rated anxiety.

Thus, whilst some authors have emphasised the workplace aspects in quality of working life, others have identified the relevance of personality factors, psychological well-being, and broader concepts of happiness and life satisfaction.

Factors more obviously and directly affecting work have, however, served as the main focus of attention, as researchers have tried to tease out the important influences on quality of working life in the workplace.

Mirvis and Lawler (1984)
Mirvis and Lawler (1984) suggested that quality of working life was associated with satisfaction with wages, hours and working conditions, describing the "basic elements of a good quality of work life" as:
 safe work environment
 equitable wages
 equal employment opportunities
 opportunities for advancement
 opportunities to learn and grow
 protection of individual rights

Baba and Jamal (1991)
Baba and Jamal (1991) listed what they described as typical indicators of quality of working life, including:
 job satisfaction
 job involvement
 work role ambiguity
 work role conflict
 work role overload
 job stress
 organisational commitment
 turn-over intentions

Baba and Jamal also explored routinisation of job content, suggesting that this facet should be investigated as part of the concept of quality of working life.

Ellis and Pompli (2002)
Some have argued that quality of working life might vary between groups of workers. For example, Ellis and Pompli (2002) identified a number of factors contributing to job dissatisfaction and quality of working life in nurses, including:
 poor working environments
 resident aggression
 workload, inability to deliver quality of care preferred
 balance of work and family
 shiftwork
 lack of involvement in decision making
 professional isolation
 lack of recognition
 poor relationships with supervisor/peers
 role conflict
 lack of opportunity to learn new skills

Sirgy et al. (2001)
Sirgy et al. (2001) suggested the quality of working life as a second-order factor with seven first-order dimensions:
 health and safety needs
 economic and family needs
 social needs
 esteem needs
 actualization needs
 knowledge needs
 aesthetic needs

They defined quality of working life as satisfaction of these key needs through resources, activities, and outcomes stemming from participation in the workplace. Needs as defined by the psychologist, Abraham Maslow, were seen as relevant in underpinning this model, covering health & safety, economic and family, social, esteem, actualization, knowledge and aesthetics, although the relevance of non-work aspects is played down as attention is focussed on quality of work life rather than the broader concept of quality of life. The proposed measure by Sirgy et al. (2001) suggests that quality of working life involves lower-order (social needs; esteem needs; actualization needs; knowledge needs; and, aesthetic needs) and higher-order needs (health and safety needs; and, economic and family needs). This measure is adapted to more than ten different countries, namely Portugal and Brazil (presenting good validity evidence based on the internal structure and based on the relation to other variables).

These attempts at defining quality of working life have included theoretical approaches, lists of identified factors, correlational analyses, with opinions varying as to whether such definitions and explanations can be both global, or need to be specific to each work setting.

Bearfield (2003)
Bearfield (2003) used 16 questions to examine quality of working life, and distinguished between causes of dissatisfaction in professionals, intermediate clerical, sales and service workers, indicating that different concerns might have to be addressed for different groups.

Herzberg et al. (1959)
The distinction made between job satisfaction and dissatisfaction in quality of working life reflects the influence of job satisfaction theories. Herzberg et al., (1959) used "Hygiene factors" and "Motivator factors" to distinguish between the separate causes of job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction. It has been suggested that Motivator factors are intrinsic to the job, that is; job content, the work itself, responsibility and advancement. The Hygiene factors or dissatisfaction-avoidance factors include aspects of the job environment such as interpersonal relationships, salary, working conditions and security. Of these latter, the most common cause of job dissatisfaction can be company policy and administration, whilst achievement can be the greatest source of extreme satisfaction.

Nanjundeswaraswamy and Swamy (2013)
Nanjundeswaraswamy and Swamy (2013) used 9 components to measure quality of worklife of employees in private technical institutions:
work environment
organization culture and climate
relation and co-operation
training and development
compensation and rewards
facilities
job satisfaction and job security
autonomy of work
adequacy of resources

Male employees are more satisfied than female employees the chi square test confirms that all the demographic factors like gender, designation, salary, department, experience are independent of quality of worklife of employees in private technical institution. Study also reveals that there is a significant association between QWL of Teaching and Non teaching staffs. From the correlation analysis it is find that Adequacy of Resources are more correlated and Training & Development are less correlated with teaching staffs perception towards quality of worklife and in case of non teaching staffs Compensation & Rewards are more correlated and Work Environment are less correlated with QWL.

Lawler and Porter (1966)
An individual's experience of satisfaction or dissatisfaction can be substantially rooted in their perception, rather than simply reflecting their "real world". Further, an individual's perception can be affected by relative comparison – am I paid as much as that person – and comparisons of internalised ideals, aspirations, and expectations, for example, with the individual's current state (Lawler and Porter, 1966).

Discussion
In summary, where it has been considered, authors differ in their views on the core constituents of quality of working life.

It has generally been agreed however that quality of working life is conceptually similar to well-being of employees but differs from job satisfaction which solely represents the workplace domain.

Quality of working life is not a unitary concept, but has been seen as incorporating a hierarchy of perspectives that not only include work-based factors such as job satisfaction, satisfaction with pay and relationships with colleagues, but also factors that broadly reflect life satisfaction and general feelings of well-being. More recently, work-related stress and the relationship between work and non-work life domains have also been identified as factors that should conceptually be included in quality of working life.

Measurement
There are few recognised measures of quality of working life, and of those that exist, few have evidence of validity and reliability, although both the Brief Index of Affective Job Satisfaction and the Quality of Work Life Scale have been systematically developed to be reliable and is rigorously psychometrically validated.

The Brief Index of Affective Job Satisfaction (BIAFJS) is a 4-item, purely affective as opposed to cognitive, measure of overall affective job satisfaction that reflects quality of working life.  The BIAJS differs from other job satisfaction measures in being comprehensively validated not just for internal consistency reliability, temporal stability, convergent and criterion-related validities, but also for cross-population invariance by nationality, job level, and job type. Reported internal consistency reliabilities range between .81 and .87.

Statistical analysis of the Work-Related Quality of Life scale (WRQoL), provides support for the psychometric structure of this instrument. The WRQoWL measure uses six core factors to explain most of the variation in an individual's quality of working life: Job and Career Satisfaction; Working Conditions; General Well-Being; Home-Work Interface; Stress at Work and Control at Work.

The Job & Career Satisfaction (JCS) scale of the Work-Related Quality of Life scale (WRQoL) is said to reflect an employee's feelings about, or evaluation of, their satisfaction or contentment with their job and career and the training they receive to do it. Within the WRQoL measure, JCS is reflected by questions asking how satisfied people feel about their work.  It has been proposed that this Positive Job Satisfaction factor is influenced by various issues including clarity of goals and role ambiguity, appraisal, recognition and reward, personal development career benefits and enhancement and training needs.

The General well-being (GWB) scale of the Work-Related Quality of Life scale (WRQoL), aims to assess the extent to which an individual feels good or content in themselves, in a way which may be independent of their work situation. It is suggested that general well-being both influences, and is influenced by work. Mental health problems, predominantly depression and anxiety disorders, are common, and may have a major impact on the general well-being of the population. The WRQoL GWB factor assesses issues of mood, depression and anxiety, life satisfaction, general quality of life, optimism and happiness.

The WRQoL Stress at Work sub-scale (SAW) reflects the extent to which an individual perceives they have excessive pressures, and feel stressed at work. The WRQoL SAW factor is assessed through items dealing with demand and perception of stress and actual demand overload. Whilst it is possible to be pressured at work and not be stressed at work, in general, high stress is associated with high pressure.

The Control at Work (CAW) subscale of the WRQoL scale addresses how much employees feel they can control their work through the freedom to express their opinions and being involved in decisions at work. Perceived control at work as measured by the Work-Related Quality of Life scale (WRQoL) is recognized as a central concept in the understanding of relationships between stressful experiences, behaviour and health. Control at work, within the theoretical model underpinning the WRQoL, is influenced by issues of communication at work, decision making and decision control.

The WRQoL Home-Work Interface scale (HWI) measures the extent to which an employer is perceived to support the family and home life of employees. This factor explores the interrelationship between home and work life domains. Issues that appear to influence employee HWI include adequate facilities at work, flexible working hours and the understanding of managers.

The Working Conditions scale of the WRQoL assesses the extent to which the employee is satisfied with the fundamental resources, working conditions and security necessary to do their job effectively. Physical working conditions influence employee health and safety and thus employee Quality of working life. This scale also taps into satisfaction with the resources provided to help people do their jobs.

Applications
Regular assessment of quality of working life can potentially provide organisations with important information about the welfare of their employees, such as job satisfaction, general well-being, work-related stress and the home-work interface. Studies in the UK University sector have shown a valid measure of quality of working life exists and can be used as a basis for effective interventions.

Worrall and Cooper (2006) reported that a low level of well-being at work is estimated to cost about 5-10% of gross national product per annum, yet quality of working life as a theoretical construct remains relatively unexplored and unexplained within the organisational psychology research literature.

A publication of the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) emphasises the core role of assessment and understanding of the way working environments pose risks for psychological wellbeing through lack of control and excessive demand. The emphasis placed by NICE on assessment and monitoring wellbeing springs from the fact that these processes are the key first step in identifying areas for improving quality of working life and addressing risks at work.

References

Working conditions
Working life
Workplace


Our Love is the 26th CD by the Cantopop duo Twins and is their third greatest hits album.
The album was released in February 2007 to celebrate 6 years since the group formed. It consists of 3 discs; a total of 52 songs, most of which were chart-topping hits.

First SPECIAL EDITION was only limited produced 2000 sets, and comes with:

Oversize photo book (15 inch x 20 inch)
Twins collector's stamp set (can be used in Hong Kong)
Individual printed code for each album

Second version included:

Exclusive DVD featuring 小心愛 MV,紅噹噹飛吻 MV and behind-the-scenes material with The Grasshoppers
Twins x Grasshoppers - Chinese New Year goodies
Twins Photo Book
Limited Edition Handphone strip

Third version comes with an extra DVD that contained:
 相愛6年 MV
 飄零燕 MV
 小心愛 MV
 紅噹噹飛吻 MV - 草蜢合唱
 紅噹噹飛吻 MV 製作花絮 - 草蜢合唱

CD content

Disc one
 相愛6年 (NEW) (6 Years Love) (新歌)(Twins 6週年主題曲)
 你不是好情人 (You're Not a Good Lover) (solo) (蔡卓妍 獨唱)
 非君不嫁 (Don't Marry a Bad Guy) (solo) (鍾欣桐 獨唱)
 八十塊環遊世界 (Around the World with 80 Dollars)
 見習愛神 (Trainee Cupid)
 死性不改 (Hard to Change) (with Boy'z)
 下一站天后 (Next Station, Tian Hou)
 戀愛大過天 (Love Is Bigger Than Sky)
 女校男生 (Girls' School Male Student)
 多謝失戀 (Thank You for the Break-up)
 眼紅紅 (Red Eyes)
 我們的紀念冊 (Our Souvenir)
 梨渦淺笑 (Dimple Smiley)
 千金 (Thousand Gold)
 大浪漫主義 (Big Romantic Idea)
 亂世佳人 (Beauty in the Chaotic World)
 朋友的愛 (Friend's Love)
 星光遊樂園 (Starlight Amusement)

Disc two
 飄零燕 (Lonely Swallow) (新歌)
 天下有雙 (Dual World) ("雙子神偷" 電影主題曲)
 我決定走了 (I Decided to Leave)
 你不是好情人 (You're Not a Good Lover)
 雙失情人節 (Double Loss on Valentine Day)
 幼稚園 (Kindergarten)
 丟架 (Disgrace)
 救生圈 (Lifesaver)
 飲歌 (Drinking Song)
 狂想曲 (Rhapsody)
 黑色喜劇 (Black Comedy)
 海底深 (Deep Sea)
 精選 (Best Choice)
 冬令時間 (Winter Time)
 18變 (18 Changes)
 德州的故事 (Texas Story)
 夏雨 (Summer Rain)
 我很想愛他 (I Really Want to Love Him)

Disc three
 小心愛 (Be Careful of Love) (新歌)
 紅噹噹飛吻 (Red Flying Kiss) (新歌) - 草蜢合唱
 桃紅結他 (Pink Guitar)
 士多啤梨蘋果橙 (Strawberry, Apple, Orange)
 女人味 (Girl Power)
 熱浪假期 (Hot Vacation)
 一時無兩 (One Time No Two)
 明愛暗戀補習社 (Opening Love & Secret Love in Tutoring Class)
 魚蛋歌 (The Fishball Song)
 女仔歌 (The Girl Song)
 星星月亮太陽 (The Stars, The Moon & The Sun)
 愛情當入樽 (Slam Dunk Love)
 二人世界盃 (World Cup of 2 People)
 大紅大紫 (Big Red Big Purple)
 零4好玩 ('04 Is Very Fun)
 ICHIBAN興奮 (Ichiban Exciting)
 夏日狂嘩 (Exciting Summer)
 森巴皇后 (Samba Queen)

2007 compilation albums
Twins (group) compilation albums
2007 video albums
Music video compilation albums
Twins (group) video albums


Kawasaki Motors Racing was the European subsidiary of Kawasaki Heavy Industries Motorcycle & Engine, located in the Netherlands. It was responsible for managing the racing activities of the MotoGP team.

The subsidiary was established in 2007 as a result of the Japanese manufacturer's necessary split from Harald Eckl's organisation, who managed the Kawasaki MotoGP team since 2002. The reason for the split was Eckl's involvement with a competitor's MotoGP activities, which forced Kawasaki to terminate the relationship immediately. For the first time since Kawasaki returned to the premier class of motorcycle racing, the team became a complete ‘in house’ factory team.

On January 9, 2009, Kawasaki announced it had decided to "suspend its MotoGP racing activities from 2009 season onward and reallocate management resources more efficiently". The company stated that it will continue racing activities using mass-produced motorcycles as well as supporting general race oriented consumers. The emphasis was subsequently placed on World Superbike Championship racing using the Kawasaki ZX-10R road bike as a basis, with Paul Bird Motorsport (2009-2011) and Provec Racing, based in Granollers, Barcelona Province, Spain from 2012, together with World Supersport 300 from 2019 to 2021.

Racing background

2007 MotoGP season
The team used the new 800cc Ninja ZX-RR and Bridgestone tyres in 2007. Randy de Puniet and Olivier Jacque were chosen as team riders.

Olivier Jacque crashed in practice during the Chinese Grand Prix, gashing his arm severely enough to be unable to race for 2 Grands Prix. He returned to racing only to crash again during practice at the Catalan Grand Prix, missing this race too. Following the series of injuries, Jacque announced his retirement from competition, but planned to continue as a team test rider. He was replaced by Australian rider Anthony West.

The team's best result for the season was a 2nd-place finish by Randy de Puniet at a wet Japanese Grand Prix.

2008 MotoGP season

For 2008 John Hopkins joined the team alongside Anthony West. Results were poor though, being regular midfield runners throughout the season.

In August 2008, Kawasaki signed Marco Melandri to join John Hopkins for the 2009 season. However, the global financial crisis of 2008 caused Kawasaki to reconsider its MotoGP program, and the Italian sports daily Tuttosport reported on December 30 that Kawasaki would be pulling out of MotoGP for 2009.

2009 MotoGP season

After negotiations with DORNA, Kawasaki provided a scaled down team named Hayate Racing Team for the 2009 season. The team was renamed due to limited factory involvement, with Kawasaki providing only one bike with Marco Melandri as the sole rider.

The team achieved better than expected results with 6th and 5th placings early in the season. Melandri finished in 2nd place at the French Grand Prix. This result is equal to Kawasaki's best ever result in MotoGP and is their first podium finish since 2007.

MotoGP results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

World Superbike Championship

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)

* Season still in progress.

References

Motorcycle racing teams
Motorsport in Japan
Kawasaki Heavy Industries
Motorcycle racing teams established in 2007
2007 establishments in Japan
Motorcycle racing teams disestablished in 2009
2009 disestablishments in Japan


Sir James Wilson Robertson,  (27 October 189923 September 1983) was a British civil servant who served as the last colonial governor-general of Nigeria from 1955 to 1960.

Early life and education
He was educated at Merchiston Castle School in Edinburgh and Balliol College, Oxford. He served a Commission in the British Army with the Gordon Highlanders and the Black Watch. He received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree (LL.D.) from the University of Leeds in 1961.

Career
After Oxford he joined the Sudan Political Service from 1922 to 1953, serving appointments in Blue Nile, White Nile, Fung, and Kordofan provinces and was the Civil Secretary from 1945 to 1953. In this position in 1947 he was chairman of the Juba Conference. He was then sent to British Guiana in January 1954 by Oliver Lyttelton, the then-Secretary of State for the Colonies to write the Robertson Commission Report to investigate the current crisis in the country due to the election of the People's Progressive Party, who were seen as too friendly with the Communist organisations that had led to the suspension of the constitution.

He was then sent to Nigeria as a result of his work. He was Governor-General from 15 June 1955 to 16 November 1960 (representing the Queen as head of state from 1 October to 16 November 1960).

Family
He married Nancy Walker in 1926. They had 2 children, a son and a daughter. His son is political and economic thinker and activist James Robertson.
His brother was Ian Robertson, Lord Robertson, whose daughter Sally married Nick Kuenssberg . His great-niece Laura Kuenssberg is a journalist. His first wife was Anne Mueller.

Writings
Roberston wrote a memoir, Transition in Africa: From Direct Rule to Independence, published by Hurst, London, in 1974, that reflects on his nearly 40 years in Africa. It provides detail on both his administrative life and personal observations. In a final chapter, "Reflections", he accounts the swift collapse and disintegration of so much of what he and his fellow British servants of the Empire had constructed not only in the Sudan and Nigeria, but in all of Britain's former colonial African territories. Commenting on foreign concern about post-independence difficulties, he observed: "Americans have asked me: 'Why did you leave so soon, before the colonial territories were ready to rule themselves?' And when I have answered, 'Partly, I am sure, because of your pressure on us to go,' [they] have answered that they did not know then what they know now, and that we should have resisted their pressure." (p. 253)

Robertson made a notable contribution to a 1978 Oxford Symposium, Transfer of Power: the Colonial Administrator in the Age of De-colonisation, edited by A. H. M. Kirk-Greene (published, in 1979, by the Inter-Faculty Committee for African Studies, Oxford University), particularly his "The Governor as the Man in the Middle", (pp. 38–43); and "Summary of Discussion", (pp. 50–59). The Last of the Proconsuls: Letters of Sir James Robertson, edited by Graham F. Thomas, was published in 1994. It is a collection of letters Robertson sent to Thomas over 40 years mainly about the problems towards the end of the British Empire.

Styles

1899 – 3 June 1931: James Wilson Robertson
3 June 1931 – 1940: James Wilson Robertson MBE
1940–1941: His Excellency James Wilson Robertson MBE, Governor of Gezira Province
1941 – 1 January 1948: James Wilson Robertson MBE
1 January 1948 – 1 June 1953: Sir James Wilson Robertson KBE
1 June 1953 – 15 June 1955: Sir James Wilson Robertson KCMG, KBE
15 June 1955 – 1956: His Excellency Sir James Wilson Robertson KCMG, KBE, Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief, Federation of Nigeria
1956 – 13 June 1957: His Excellency Sir James Wilson Robertson GCVO, KCMG, KBE, Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief, Federation of Nigeria
13 June 1957 – 1 October 1960: His Excellency Sir James Wilson Robertson GCMG, GCVO, KBE, Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief, Federation of Nigeria
1 October – 16 November 1960: His Excellency Sir James Wilson Robertson GCMG, GCVO, KBE, Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief of the Independent Federation of Nigeria
16 November 1960 – 1965: Sir James Wilson Robertson GCMG, GCVO, KBE
1965–1983: Sir James Wilson Robertson KT, GCMG, GCVO, KBE

References

External links

Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights of the Thistle
Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
People educated at Merchiston Castle School
1899 births
1983 deaths
British Governors and Governors-General of Nigeria
Sudan Political Service officers


David Williams FRS is a Welsh mathematician who works in probability theory.

Early life and education
David Williams was born at Gorseinon, near Swansea, Wales. He was educated at Gowerton Grammar School, winning a mathematics scholarship to Jesus College, Oxford, and went on to obtain a DPhil under the supervision of David George Kendall and Gerd Edzard Harry Reuter, with a thesis titled Random time substitution in Markov chains.

Career
Williams held posts at the Stanford University (1962–63), University of Durham, University of Cambridge (1966–69), and at Swansea University (1969–85), where he was promoted to a personal chair in 1972.

In 1985, he was elected to the Professorship of Mathematical Statistics, University of Cambridge, where he remained until 1992, serving as Director of the Statistical Laboratory between 1987 and 1991. Following this, he held the Chair of Mathematical Sciences jointly with the Mathematics and Statistics Groups at the University of Bath.

In 1999, he returned to Swansea University, where he currently holds a Research Professorship.

Williams's research interests encompass Brownian motion, diffusions, Markov processes, martingales and Wiener–Hopf theory.  Recognition for his work includes being elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1984, where he was cited for his achievements on the construction problem for Markov chains and on path decompositions for Brownian motion, and being awarded the London Mathematical Society's Pólya Prize in 1994.

One of his main discoveries is the decomposition of Brownian paths with respect to their maximum.

He is the author of Probability With Martingales and Weighing the Odds, and co-author (with L. C. G. Rogers) of both volumes of Diffusions, Markov Processes and Martingales.

Books
Diffusions, Markov processes, and martingales, Wiley 1979; 2nd. edn. with L. C. G. Rogers: Diffusions, Markov processes, and martingales, Volume One: Foundations, Wiley 1995; reprinting of 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press 2000
with L. C. G. Rogers: Diffusions, Markov processes, and martingales, Volume Two: Itō calculus, Wiley 1988; 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press 2000
Probability with martingales, Cambridge Mathematical Textbooks, Cambridge University Press 1991
Weighing the Odds: a course in probability and statistics, Cambridge University Press 2001
ed. with J. C. R. Hunt, O. M. Phillips: Turbulence and stochastic processes. Kolmogorov´s ideas 50 years on, London, Royal Society 1991

Notes

References

External links

20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Alumni of Jesus College, Oxford
Fellows of the Royal Society
Living people
People from Swansea
Probability theorists
Welsh mathematicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
People educated at Gowerton Grammar School
Stanford University Department of Mathematics faculty
Academics of Durham University
Academics of Swansea University
Professors of the University of Cambridge
Academics of the University of Bath


Elsie Bernice Fisher (December 8, 1916 – May 2, 1966) was a civil rights activist and union organizer. She was among the co-founders of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in 1942 in Chicago, Illinois.

Civil rights leader and union organizer
As an activist Fisher headed a cell with the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) in Chicago to concentrate on race relations. This small cell provided the people for the beginnings of the Committee on Racial Equality which they soon renamed the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). James Farmer was among the co-founders. The founding members of CORE were James Farmer, Bernice Fisher, George Houser, Homer A. Jack, James Russell Robinson, and Joe Guinn.

Bayard Rustin, while not a founder of CORE, was a campus traveler for the Fellowship of Reconciliation; he worked with and advised the founders. Houser reported that James Farmer, in addition to his Chicago activities, traveled the country with FOR and spoke about his national vision for CORE. He said that Fisher was the nuts and bolts person for CORE in Chicago and later St. Louis. Houser mentioned pre-CORE and initial activities in Chicago of Jim Farmer, Jim Robinson, Bernice Fisher, Homer Jack and Joe Guinn that included the Fellowship house (an early effort at desegregating housing), Jack Spratt restaurant sit-in, and White City roller-rink among others. He spoke highly of Bernice Fisher and of her importance to the development of CORE.

Fisher has been called the "godmother of the restaurant 'sit-in' technique" by fellow activist and union organizer Ernest Calloway, who worked closely with Fisher in St. Louis and admired her.

Fisher worked tirelessly to establish the Committee On Racial Equality. Soon the founders, including Fisher, changed the name to Congress of Racial Equality CORE. This group introduced the sit-in as a tactic in challenging racial segregation in public accommodations. Fisher was instrumental in establishing the sit-in as a nonviolent technique in the Civil Rights Movement. In 1942 CORE's six founders followed the nonviolent organizing techniques outlined in Krishnalal Shridharani's War Without Violence. This was Shridharani's doctoral thesis at Columbia, and within the year had become a national bestseller.  Shridharani, an intimate of Gandhi, who had been jailed in the Salt March, had codified Gandhi's techniques.  Gandhi had not wanted his followers to codify his teachings, as he had wanted people to come to India, study intensively and experience the movement first-hand. However, the British Indian authorities were restricting Gandhi's non-Indian followers from coming into India, and travelling outside of the subcontinent was beyond the means of most of his followers. Fisher made a list of rules to follow at demonstrations, based on Gandhi's teachings, that was distributed as a handbill at some demonstrations.

Following Gandhi's first rule of involving the community and finding out its priorities, this first group of Fisher's concentrated on integrating housing, repealing laws against integrating neighborhoods in Chicago, and integrating restaurants and amusement venues in Chicago.

News of CORE's work spread and others followed their lead.  In 1943, shortly after the first CORE sit-ins, a group of seventeen young women at Howard University in Washington DC began an unpublicized sit-in at a luncheonette in the Howard neighborhood. They had become acquainted with CORE through Fellowship of Reconciliation Campus Travelers Bayard Rustin and James Farmer. The group at Howard included Ruth Powell, Marianne Musgrave, Patricia Roberts, & Juanita Morrow Nelson, and they were represented by Pauli Murray, who was then in Howard Law School.

Fisher became an organizer of department store workers in Chicago.  During World War II, wages were frozen by government order, but despite a freeze on prices, inflation was rampant.  Working conditions for department store employees were  onerous: women were not allowed to sit at work, they had no regular breaks, wages were low, and the stores were understaffed. Better pay for women was available in industry, for those who were free to take advantage of the opportunity.

Fisher was brought to St. Louis by Harold Gibbons of the Teamsters, one of the most progressive labor leaders in America at the time.  Gibbons had hired Ernest Calloway, an African-American organizer, who would work in the segregated mid-South for the Teamsters. He hired Fisher on the recommendation of Calloway, who had been impressed by her work in Chicago.

During her years in St. Louis, Fisher organized that city's chapter of CORE, which produced many of the organization's national leaders. St. Louis CORE kept the national organization going in the late 1940s and the 1950s.  They refined many of the techniques promoted by the Chicago group.  Others associated with the St. Louis chapter were Marian O'Fallon Oldham, Charles Oldham, Irving & Margaret Dagen, Joe & Billie Ames, Marvin Rich, Norman Seay and Wanda Penny. St. Louis CORE became a leading exponent of the nonviolent direct action as applied to race relations.

During the last ten years of her life, Fisher was active with the Concord Baptist Church of Christ in Brooklyn, New York. She was Co-Chairman with Cyprian Belle Concord of the Social Action Committee created by the Concord Baptist Church.

Fisher lived most of her adult life in New York, St. Louis, and Chicago. She participated in many civil-rights nonviolent direct-action activities and labor union anti-discrimination efforts in those cities. She was long associated with the labor movement and served as an official with several unions, including the United Federation of Teachers, Retail Wholesale and Department Stores Union, CIO; the Government and Civic Organizing Committee in Chicago; the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Workers in New York, and others. She had also been active with the Housing Conference of Chicago.  She was also serving on the executive board of Brooklyn NAACP and on the National Board of the Workers Defense League. She is buried at The Evergreens Cemetery, Brooklyn, N.Y.<ref>BROOKLYN EDITION, Amsterdam News; CORE Founder Dies Saturday, May 7, 1966-B.</ref>THE CONCORD BAPTIST CHURCH OF CHRIST; Services of Homegoing, Brooklyn, New York, May 4, 1966.

 Education
Fisher graduated from the University of Chicago on June 18, 1943, with a major area of Divinity. She previously studied at Colgate Rochester Divinity School, Rochester, N.Y., which she attended from 1939 to 1941, and studied at the Rochester Collegiate Center, 1935 to 1936.  She graduated from Monroe High School in Rochester in 1934.

 Family
Fisher's father was Jay Merritt Fisher, born August 21, 1877, Syracuse, New York to Charles Gold Fisher, M.D., and Annie (Schutt) Fisher.
 He moved with his family to Pennsylvania about 1880. Her mother was Annie Rosetta (Morrison) Fisher, born April 17, 1881, Ambrose, Indiana County, Pennsylvania, daughter of George Morrison and Emma (Goodwin) Morrison. Her brother was Donald Morrison Fisher, born March 10, 1911, Punxsutawney, Pa., and died March 21, 1983, Syracuse, New York. Donald with E. Ruth (Loke) had five children, Thomas G. Fisher, Dennis G. Fisher, Frank W. Fisher, Craig W. Fisher and Christine E. Fisher.

 See also
Civil Rights Movement
Timeline of the civil rights movement
Greensboro sit-ins

 Books Victory without Violence, The First Ten Years Of The St. Louis Committee Of Racial Equality (CORE), 1947-1957 by Mary Kimbrough and Margaret W. Dagen, Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 2000. The dedication page to Victory Without Violence reads: "To Bernice Fisher, whose voice sounded the call to action. And to the memory of the members of the St. Louis Committee of Racial Equality who pursued a quiet but determined crusade for human rights."Lay Bare The Heart: An Autobiography of The Civil Rights Movement by James Farmer, 1985, Plume Book, New American Library.
Frazier, Nishani (2017). Harambee City: Congress of Racial Equality in Cleveland and the Rise of Black Power Populism. University of Arkansas Press. .

 Miscellaneous sources PERSONAL HISTORY QUESTIONNAIRE, The City of New York, Department of Personnel, 4 pages, completed by Bernice Fisher; undated but contains these years and cities of residence: 1931 Jamestown, N.Y.; 1931-1941 Rochester, N.Y.; 1941-1945 Chicago, Ill; 1945-1946 Chicago and Detroit; 1946-1949 St. Louis, Mo.; 1953-1956 Chicago, Ill.; 1956–present Brooklyn, N.Y. (Note: Fisher was still living in Brooklyn, New York when she died in May 1966.Ledger No. 5281 Union Card expires December 31, 1942, Sister Bernice Fisher, Warehousemen, Loaders, Stackers and Graders, Local 688...of the I.B. of T.C.W. and H. of A. affiliated with the A. F. of L. and Honorable Withdrawal Card of Bernice Fisher, Local No. 688, is dated 9 May 1949 are in the possession of Frank W. Fisher.Unacknowledged Leaders: Sarah Lawrence Conference, Sisters in Struggle, Sheila Shiki y Michaels, New York, NY, 8 March 2003; Sheila Shiki y Michaels, New York, NY, 11 November 2002.Oral Histories, The Reminiscences of George Houser, James R. Robinson and Marvin Rich in the Sheila Michaels Oral History Collection of Columbia University in New York City.United Federation of Teachers newspaper, UFT Expands Union Organizing Staff page 5; my copy has only pages 5 through 8 and doesn't give the date of publication, but it contains the page 5 story, and board meeting minutes of Nov. 4 and 16, 1964 on page 8.

There is much discussion by Farmer and Houser on the founding of CORE in several issues of Fellowship
magazine of the Fellowship of Reconciliation in 1992 (Spring, Summer and Winter issues). Participants in a conference on Oct. 22 1992, "Erasing the Color Line in the North," attended by both Houser and Farmer, agreed that the founders of CORE were Jim Farmer, George Houser and Bernice Fisher.

James Farmer, in his book Lay Bare The Heart'', discusses "CORE IS BORN" (Chapter 10)He mentions Bob "Chino" (the Hispanic nickname for a Chinese man, by which he was widely known), and Hugo Victoreen as well as George Houser, Bernice Fisher, Jimmy Robinson, Joe Guinn, Homer Jack and himself as participants when the organization CORE was formed. Bernice became secretary and Jimmy became treasurer.

The Wisconsin Historical Society is home to a large collection of the papers of the Congress of Racial Equality, Wisconsin Historical Society, 816 State St., Madison, Wisconsin 53706

An extensive oral history collection related to the Congress of Racial Equality is kept at Howard University, Washington, DC 20059. Interviews can be found online here.

The University of Texas at Austin retains the papers of James and Lula Farmer. These contain material related to Bernice Fisher. The inventory of the archive is available online here.

References

1916 births
1966 deaths
People from Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania
American civil rights activists
Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School alumni


KNTE may refer to:

 KNTE (FM), a radio station (101.7 FM) licensed to serve Bay City, Texas, United States
 KXBJ, a radio station (96.9 FM) licensed to serve El Campo, Texas, which held the call sign KNTE-FM from 2007 to 2012
 KBRD, a radio station (680 AM) licensed to serve Lacey, Washington, which held the call sign KNTE from March 1994 to October 1994


KLDY (1280 AM) is a radio station licensed to Lacey, Washington, United States. The station is currently owned by Iglesia Pentecostal Víspera del Fin.

Previous logo

References

External links

LDY
Lacey, Washington
Radio stations established in 1983


List of Hong Kong journalists and media professionals, past and present:

C
 Lavender Cheung, i-Cable TV chief anchor
 Cheung Wai-tsz, former Cable TV reporter, now ATV Home journalist and news anchor
 Ching Cheong, The Straits Times Hong Kong correspondent, once jailed for political reasons in mainland China

D
 Jason Dasey, South China Morning Post columnist, former ESPN, CNN International and BBC World anchor

J
 Jeffrey James, anchor at HKTVB Pearl, Deutsche Welle DW-TV, and CNBC

K
 Kwok Tse Ting, ATV news reporter based in Guangzhou

L
 Jimmy Lai, founder and publisher of Apple Daily
 Willy Wo-Lap Lam, former China head of the South China Morning Post
 Kevin Lau, former editor-in-chief of Ming Pao who was stabbed in an attack widely considered to be an endangerment of press freedom

R
 Renato Reyes, ATV journalist

T
 William Tarrant, journalist in early colonial Hong Kong

Hong Kong
Journalists


Grace Zaring Stone (January 9, 1891 – September 29, 1991) was an American novelist and short-story writer. She is perhaps best known for having three of her novels made into films: The Bitter Tea of General Yen, Winter Meeting, and Escape. She also used the pseudonym Ethel Vance.

Biography
Born in New York City in 1891, Zaring Stone was the great-great-granddaughter of social reformer Robert Owen. Her mother died during her childhood. She started writing in St. Thomas in the Virgin Islands, where she lived with her husband, Ellis Spencer Stone (1889-1956), later a commodore in the U.S. Navy (where he commanded all of the aircraft carriers at the time of the 1941 Pearl Harbor attack, though none were lost as none was there that day). Later, she and her husband moved to Stonington, Connecticut. They had one child, the author and gardener Eleanor Perenyi.

Zaring Stone had used the pseudonym of Ethel Vance to write her 1939 anti-Nazi thriller Escape to avoid jeopardizing her daughter, who was living in occupied Europe during the Second World War. Editions of her books after World War II sometimes credited her as "Grace Zaring Stone (Ethel Vance)", as Escape was her best-known book at the time of the war. Three of her novels --The Bitter Tea of General Yen, Escape, and Winter Meeting—were adapted for film. In 1955, Escape was translated into German and published in Germany as Die Flucht.

Death
Zaring Stone died on September 29, 1991, at the Mary Elizabeth Nursing Center in Mystic, Connecticut, aged 100.

Bibliography
Letters to a Djinn, 1922
The Heaven and Earth of Dona Elena, 1929
The Bitter Tea of General Yen, 1930
The Almond Tree, 1931 (published in England as All the Daughters of Music)
The Cold Journey, 1934
Escape, 1939 (as "Ethel Vance")
Reprisal, 1942 (as "Ethel Vance")
Winter Meeting, 1946 (as "Ethel Vance")
The Secret Thread, 1949 (as "Ethel Vance")
The Grotto, 1951 (published in England as My Son is Mortal under the "Ethel Vance" pseudonym)
Althea, 1962
Dear Deadly Cara, 1968

The Bitter Tea of General Yen, The Cold Journey, Escape, Reprisal and Winter Meeting were published as Armed Services Editions during WWII.

References

External links

1891 births
1991 deaths
Novelists from Connecticut
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American women writers
American women novelists
American women short story writers
American centenarians
People from Stonington, Connecticut
20th-century American short story writers
Women centenarians


The railway infrastructure of the London Underground includes 11 lines, with 272 stations. There are two types of line on the London Underground: services that run on the sub-surface network just below the surface using larger trains, and the deep-level tube lines, that are mostly self-contained and use smaller trains. Most of the lines emerge on the surface outside the Central London area.

The oldest trains currently in service on the Underground are 1972 Stock trains on the Bakerloo line. The Underground is electrified using a four-rail system, the DC traction supply being independent of the running rails. Planned improvements include new stations, line extensions and more lines with automatic train operation (ATO).

Railway
The total length of railway on the London Underground is  and made up of the sub-surface network and the deep-tube lines.
In 1971/72 it was re-measured in kilometres using Ongar as the zero point.

Sub-surface network and deep-level tube lines

The Circle, District, Hammersmith & City, and Metropolitan lines are services that run on the sub-surface network, that has railway tunnels just below the surface and was built mostly using the cut-and-cover method. The tunnels and trains are of a similar size to those on British main lines. The Hammersmith & City and Circle lines share all their stations and most of the track with other lines. The Bakerloo, Central, Jubilee, Northern, Piccadilly, Victoria and Waterloo & City lines are deep-level tube lines, with smaller trains running through two circular tunnels with a diameter of about , lined with cast-iron or precast concrete rings, which were bored using a tunnelling shield. These were called the tube lines. Since the 1950s the term "tube" has come to be used to refer to the whole London Underground system.

Many of the central London deep-tube line stations, such as those on the Central and Piccadilly lines, are higher than the running lines to help with deceleration when arriving and acceleration when departing. The deep-tube lines generally have the exclusive use of a pair of tracks. An exception is the Piccadilly line, which shares track with the District line between Acton Town and North Ealing and with the Metropolitan line between Rayners Lane and Uxbridge. The Bakerloo line shares track with London Overground services between Queen's Park and Harrow & Wealdstone.

There are  of cut-and-cover tunnel and  of tube tunnel, the other 55% of the system running above ground. Trains generally run on the left-hand track, although in some places, for example the Central line east of St Paul's station, tunnels are dug one above each other. The Victoria line has right-hand running between Warren Street and King's Cross St Pancras, allowing cross-platform interchange with the Northern line (Bank branch) between northbound and southbound trains at Euston.

Six of the 32 London boroughs are not served by the Underground. All of these are south of the River Thames: Bexley, Bromley, Croydon, Kingston, Lewisham and Sutton. The borough of Lewisham used to be served by the Underground on the East London line – now part of London Overground – at New Cross and New Cross Gate. Of the boroughs through which the Underground lines pass, Hackney is served solely by Manor House station on the Piccadilly line on the very north-western boundary of the borough. For the most part however, some of the tube lines like the Central line skirt around the perimeter of Hackney rather than going straight through it. The Royal Borough of Greenwich had no Underground station until North Greenwich station opened in 1999 on the Jubilee line extension.

Electrification

The lines are electrified with a four-rail DC system. The configuration and potential of the conductor rails varies across the network. As of 2020, there are three different conductor rail configurations:

 The original configuration is nominally 630 V with a −210 V centre conductor rail and a +420 V outside conductor rail. This is the default configuration wherever deep-level tube trains operate.
 Beginning in 2016, sections of the sub-surface network were reconfigured to a 750 V configuration (−250 V and +500 V rails). As of 2019, the entire sub-surface network uses this configuration except for Uxbridge to Finchley Road (via Harrow) as 1973 Stock and 1996 Stock (of the Piccadilly and Jubilee lines respectively) share the railway.
 In areas where Underground and third rail rolling stock share tracks, the centre conductor rail is electrically connected to the running rails. This still results in a 750 V voltage, but in a 0 V/+750 V configuration. Lines configured in this manner include:
 Between Gunnersbury and Richmond on the District line, shared with London Overground
 Between East Putney and Wimbledon on a section of the District line that was transferred from British Rail
 Between Queen's Park and Harrow & Wealdstone on the Watford DC line, served by Bakerloo line and London Overground trains

The four rail system was first used in the early 20th century. The isolated traction current return allowed a train's position to be detected using DC track circuits, and reduced any earth leakage currents that could affect service pipes, telephone cables, or cast iron tunnel liners.

The traction current has no direct earth point, but there are two resistors connected in series across the traction supply. The positive resistor is twice as great as the negative resistor, since the positive rail carries twice the voltage of the negative rail. The junction point of the resistors is earthed, establishing the reference point between the positive and negative rails by voltage division. The resistors are great enough to prevent large currents flowing through the earthed infrastructure.

Ventilation and cooling

The Metropolitan Railway's first line was built in the belief that it would be operated by smokeless locomotives and with little thought given to ventilation. Initially the smoke-filled stations and carriages did not deter passengers, the ventilation being later improved by making an opening in the tunnel between King's Cross and Gower Street and removing glazing in the station roofs, and the later extensions and the District Railway were built with stations in the open. With the problem on the original line continuing after the 1880s, conflict arose between the Met, who wished to make more openings in the tunnels, and the local authorities, who argued that these would frighten horses and reduce property values. This led to an 1897 Board of Trade report that reported a pharmacist was treating people in distress after having travelled on the railway with his 'Metropolitan Mixture'. The report recommended more openings be authorised but the underground sections of the Metropolitan and District railways were electrified before these were built.

Forced ventilation was not considered when the deep-tube Central London Railway opened in 1900, engineers considering that the movement of the electric trains would give sufficient air circulation. However, soon after opening there were complaints about a smell that the company couldn't explain, and by 1911 they had installed a system of fans injecting filtered air and ozone. Exhaust fans had been fitted at most stations when the Underground Electric Railways Company (UERL) opened its three tube lines in 1906–7, a maximum temperature of  in hot weather being advertised on the Bakerloo line. However, over time heat from the trains has warmed up the tube tunnels, and in 1938 approval was given to a £500,000 programme to improve the ventilation and an experimental refrigeration plant was installed in a lift shaft at Tottenham Court Road. More recently, temperatures of  were reported in the 2006 European heat wave. It was reported in 2002 that, if animals were being transported, temperatures on the Tube would break European Commission animal welfare laws. A 2003 study stated that air quality was seventy-three times worse than at street level, with twenty minutes on the Northern line having "the same effect as smoking a cigarette".

The main purpose of the London Underground's ventilation fans is to extract hot air from the tunnels, a system on the Jubilee line extension being designed to allow cooling of the tubes at night. Fans over the network are being refurbished, although complaints of noise from local residents preclude their use at full power at night. Following a successful demonstration of a heat pump in 2001, funds were given to the School of Engineering at London's London South Bank University to develop a prototype; work began in April 2002. A prize of £100,000 was offered by the Mayor of London during the hot summer of 2003 for a solution to the problem, but the competition ended in 2005 without a winner. A year-long trial of a groundwater cooling system began in June 2006 at Victoria station. The University's system comprised three fan coil units that use water that has seeped into the tunnels and is pumped from the tunnels to absorb the heat after which it is discharged in the sewer system. The scheme was one of the winners in the Carbon Trust's 2007 Innovation Awards. In 2012 air cooling units were installed on platforms at Green Park station using cool deep ground water and at Oxford Circus using chiller units at the top of an adjacent building. New air-conditioned trains have been introduced on the sub-surface lines, but was initially ruled out for the tube trains due to space being considered limited on the tube trains for air-conditioning units and that these would heat the tunnels even more. The New Tube for London, which will replace the existing fleet of the Piccadilly, Bakerloo, Central and Waterloo & City lines, is planned to have air-conditioning for the tube trains along with better energy conservation and regenerative braking.

Stations

The Underground serves 272 stations. Fourteen Underground stations are outside Greater London, of which five (Amersham, Chalfont & Latimer, Chesham, and Chorleywood on the Metropolitan line and Epping on the Central line) are beyond the M25 London orbital motorway.

The longest distance between two stations is  between Chalfont & Latimer and Chesham on the Metropolitan line.  The shortest distance between adjacent stations is the  between Leicester Square and Covent Garden on the Piccadilly line. The station furthest south is Morden on the Northern line,  from Moorgate. The station furthest east is Upminster on the District line,  from Tower Hill. Chesham on the Metropolitan line is both the northernmost and westernmost station on the network,  from Aldgate. Hampstead is the deepest station below the surface, at , as its surface building is near the top of a hill, and the Jubilee line platforms at Westminster are the deepest platforms below sea level at . The highest station is Amersham on the Metropolitan line, at  above sea level and the highest point above ground is the Dollis Brook Viaduct over Dollis Road between Finchley Central and Mill Hill East on the Northern line,  above the ground.

Lifts and escalators

When the City & South London Railway opened in 1890 access to the platforms was by two hydraulic lifts, each capable of carrying 50 passengers. The later extensions had electric lifts and five were provided at Bank. Access to the Waterloo & City Railway in 1898 was by slopes and steps, and the Great Northern & City Railway (GN&CR) used both hydraulic and electric lifts. The Central London Railway provided electric lifts when it opened in 1900, and the opening of Bond Street station was delayed as the lifts were not ready. The UERL controversially imported 140 electric lifts from Otis Elevator Company in the U.S. for its three lines. Each carrying about 70 passengers, they were provided at every station except Gillespie Road (now Arsenal) and Embankment, where access was provided via the District's station. Hydraulic lifts were provided at Finsbury Park, powered from the GN&CR pumping station, and at Holloway Road there was an experimental spiral conveyor, but this was never used by the public. Each lift was manned, and at some quiet stations in the 1920s, the ticket office was moved into the lift, or it was arranged that the lift could be controlled from the ticket office.

The first escalator on the London Underground was at Earl's Court in 1911, between the District and Piccadilly platforms. It was advertised by signs and a porter shouting "This way to the moving staircasethe only one in Londonnow running." From 1912, all new deep-level stations were provided with escalators instead of lifts. The Otis Seeberger design of escalator, with a diagonal shunt at the top landing requiring a sideways step off, was used until 1924, when the first 'comb' type was installed at Clapham Common. In 1921, a recorded voice instructed passengers to stand on the right and signs followed in World War II. It is thought that people were standing on the right as the diagonal shunts at the top of the escalators made it easier to step off with the right foot. In the 1920s and 30s many lifts were replaced by escalators. Before World War II, an escalator installed at Sloane Square was the first connecting Circle line platforms to the street, but it was destroyed when the station was hit by a bomb in 1940. Due to wartime conditions, no escalators were provided when Highgate station on the Northern line extension opened in 1941; these were finally installed in 1957.

On 18 November 1987, the King's Cross fire at King's Cross St Pancras tube station killed 31 people. The subsequent public inquiry determined that the fire had started due to a lit match being dropped onto the escalator and suddenly increased in intensity due to a previously unknown trench effect. This was followed by the Fire Precautions (Sub-Surface Railway Stations) Regulations 1989 which required all wooden escalators on the Underground to be replaced with metal ones. From 1989, the wooden panelling on escalators was gradually replaced, and by January 1990, all wooden escalators in underground stations had been replaced. Treads were originally maple wood, then aluminium from 1963, and this had been replaced with plastic or rubber following an increase in serious injuries following falls. However, following the King's Cross fire, aluminium treads have been used on all escalators.

As of 2019, there were 451 escalators on the London Underground system and the longest, at , at Angel. The shortest, at Stratford, gives a vertical rise of . There are 202 lifts across the Underground, with 92 stations having step-free access from street to train. Major efforts have taken place to improve accessibility across the Underground, with the Jubilee line extension having lifts from opening in 1999, and key interchange stations such as King's Cross St Pancras, Victoria and Green Park becoming step-free. Over 28 stations will become step-free over the next 10 years, taking the total step-free stations to over 100. In October 2015, TfL installed the first incline lift on the UK transport network, at Greenford station.

Lines
The London Underground comprises eleven lines.

Rolling stock

London Underground trains come in two sizes, larger sub-surface trains and smaller deep-tube trains. Since the early 1960s, all passenger trains have been electric multiple units with sliding doors and a train last ran with a guard in 2000. All of the lines use fixed length trains with between six and eight cars, except for the Waterloo & City line, which uses four-car trains. New trains are designed for maximum number of standing passengers and for speed of access to the cars and have regenerative braking and public address systems. Since 1999, all new stock has had to comply with accessibility regulations that require such things as access and room for wheelchairs, and the size and location of door controls. All underground trains are required to comply with the Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Non Interoperable Rail System) Regulations 2010 (RVAR 2010) by 2020.

Stock on sub-surface lines is identified by a letter (such as S Stock, used on all sub-surface lines), while tube stock is identified by the year of intended introduction (for example, 1996 Stock, used on the Jubilee line).

Planned improvements

Line extensions
The Croxley Rail Link would involve rerouting the Metropolitan line's Watford branch from its current terminus at Watford station over the disused Croxley Green branch line to Watford Junction. Funding was agreed in December 2011. Construction work was due start in June 2014. However, in 2017 it was announced that further work was being postponed because of funding disputes.

There are suggestions that the Bakerloo line be extended to Lewisham, and then taking over services on the Hayes Line to relieve capacity on the suburban rail network. The London Borough of Hillingdon has proposed that the Central line be extended from West Ruislip to Uxbridge via Ickenham, claiming the extension would cut traffic on the A40 in the area.

Line upgrades
The signalling system on the Northern line was replaced allowing a capacity increase of 20 per cent by the end of 2014. Capacity can be increased further if the operation of the Charing Cross and Bank branches are separated.
New S Stock trains have been introduced on the sub-surface (District, Metropolitan, Hammersmith & City and Circle) lines, and the track, electrical supply and signalling systems are being upgraded as part of the Four Lines Modernisation to increase peak-hour capacity. A single control room for the sub-surface network is to be established in Hammersmith and an automatic train control (ATC) system will replace signalling equipment installed from the 1940s.

Options for new trains for the Bakerloo and Piccadilly lines are being considered. The New Tube for London trains will replace the 1972 Stock and the 1973 Stock of the Bakerloo line and the Piccadilly line respectively.

References

Footnotes

Bibliography


Ron Nachman (, 6 August 1942 – 18 January 2013) was an Israeli politician and former Knesset member for the Likud. The founder of Ariel, one of the largest Israeli settlements in the West Bank, he was its mayor from 1985 until his death in 2013.

Biography
Born in Tel Aviv during the Mandate era, Nachman studied at Tel Aviv University, where he gained an LLB and a BA in political science and law studies.

He joined the settlement enterprise in 1972. As a board member of Israel Military Industries he established the "Tel Aviv Group" to settle the territories captured by Israel in June 1967. It was only in 1978 that something actually took off on the ground. After helping found Ariel in 1978, he became its first mayor in 1985, and was re-elected four times.

Nachman had argued for making Ariel an integral part of Israel. Since 1997, he had worked to have the former College of Judea and Samaria upgraded to university status. Although the college had renamed itself the Ariel University Center of Samaria, both Minister of Education Yuli Tamir and the Council for Higher Education had vowed to block it. Nevertheless, in 2012 the College officially became a university, becoming the first university approved in Israel since the 1980s.

In 1992 he was elected to the Knesset on Likud's list and was a member of the finance and constitution, law and justice committees. He lost his seat in the 1996 elections.

Nachman was also alternate deputy chairman of the Zionist Council in Israel and a member of the Zionist Action Committee. He also served as deputy chairman of the Union of Local Authorities. He saw himself as the last of the secular settlers.

In February 2013, Nachman was posthumously awarded the Israel Prize.

Death
Nachman died on 18 January 2013 while being treated in Beilinson Hospital after a long battle with cancer. He was 70 years old. He was buried at the Etgarim Park of the Nationwide Center for Development of Leadership overlooking Ariel, instead of the local cemetery. He had requested this exceptional location and special approval was given. Eulogies were given by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Knesset speaker Reuven Rivlin among other personalities.

References

External links

1942 births
2013 deaths
Ariel University
Deaths from cancer in Israel
Israeli Jews
Israeli settlers
Likud politicians
Mayors of places in Israel
Members of the 13th Knesset (1992–1996)
Politicians from Tel Aviv
Tel Aviv University alumni
Zionists


The Henry Steel Olcott Memorial Cricket Tournament is conducted annually among the past cricketers of eight premier Buddhist schools in Sri Lanka in honour of Col. Olcott, the founder of Buddhist education in Sri Lanka. The organising function in each year is rotated among each the participating Old Boy Associations

Beginning
This cricket tournament was started in 1999 following the 75th Anniversary Celebrations of Nalanda College Colombo. About this time, groups of former students from Nalanda, Dharmaraja and Ananda met informally in the evenings at the Bloomfield Cricket Club. It was during one of these gatherings that the idea of a limited over tournament among the Old Boys of the cricket-playing Buddhist Schools was proposed by the 1st Test Captain of Sri Lanka, Bandula Warnapura of Nalanda. Accordingly, the first tournament of the series was held by the Old Nalandian Sports Club on 12 December 1999 at the Nalanda College Grounds.

Participants
Ananda College, Colombo
Dharmaraja College, Kandy
Dharmasoka College, Ambalangoda
Dharmapala Vidyalaya, Pannipitiya
Maliyadeva College, Kurunegala
Mahinda College, Galle
Nalanda College Colombo
Rahula College, Matara.

Past Venues and Winners

External links
Ananda Net
Battle of the Maroons

References

Sri Lankan domestic cricket competitions
Recurring sporting events established in 1999


Place de la République is a square in Paris.

Place de la République may also refer to:
 Place de la République, Lyon
 Place de la République, Strasbourg

See also
Náměstí Republiky (disambiguation)
Praça da República (disambiguation)
Platz der Republik (disambiguation)
Plaza de la República (disambiguation)
Piazza della Repubblica (disambiguation)
Republic Square (disambiguation)


Organisational semiotics examines the nature, characteristics and features of information, and studies how information can be best used in the context of organised activities and business domains. Organisational semiotics treats organisations as information systems in which information is created, processed, distributed, stored and used. It benefits from the research of semiotics in various schools, and further develops its theoretical frameworks, methods and techniques for understanding, analysing, modelling, designing and implementing of information systems.

History

Organizational semiotics started around 1973 with Ronald Stamper’s seminal book on Information (Stamper, 1973), a book that was intended to be the first chapter of a book on information systems design called ‘organizational semiotics’.

Featured as an interdisciplinary undertaking, researchers working in the community of organisational semiotics come from different backgrounds and work together on the theoretical and practical issues relating to organisational and technical problems. From the first international meeting on organisational semiotics in 1995, the community aims to develop the subject into a science of information systems, as claimed at the IFIP 8.1 Working Conference. The International Conference on Informatics and Semiotics in Organisations is the flagship conference of the community of which Kecheng Liu and the Informatics Research Centre  have been convening over the past years.

See also
Informatics (academic field)
Information Systems
Information management

References

External links
[Organisational Semiotics Community Home] need updated address
Organisational semiotics at the University of Reading

Organizational theory
Semiotics


The 517th Airlift Squadron is an active unit of the United States Air Force, Pacific Air Forces 3d Wing at Joint Base Elmendorf–Richardson, Alaska.  It operates Beechcraft C-12 Huron and Boeing C-17 Globemaster III aircraft providing airlift in the Pacific theater.

Mission
The 517th Airlift Squadron provides airlift operating Boeing C-17 Globemaster III and Beechcraft C-12F Huron aircraft.  Supporting worldwide airlift, airdrop, airland requirements while providing airlift for theater deployed forces and resupply of remote Alaskan long-range radar sites in support of United States Pacific Command, North American Aerospace Defense Command, and United States Transportation Command.  Provides aircrew qualification training for the U.S. Air Force.

History

World War II
Activated in December 1940 as the 17th Transport Squadron flying Douglas C-47 Skytrain transport aircraft.  It trained under I Troop Carrier Command for combat operations.   In July 1942, redesignated 17th Troop Carrier Squadron.  It was assigned to VIII Air Support Command of Eighth Air Force and deployed to England in August 1942, providing transport to the newly established U.S. Army Air Forces.

The squadron was transferred to Algiers, Algeria in November 1942, and attached, being later assigned to Twelfth Air Force as part of the North African Campaign. The squadron's aircraft flew supplies to front-line units in Algeria and Tunisia as soon as suitable landing strips were available and evacuated casualties back to rear area field hospitals.    A flight of the squadron deployed to Tenth Air Force in India during the fall of 1942, to assist in the resupply of Brigadier General Frank Merrill and his men, affectionately known as "Merrill's Marauders". It was during this Ceylon, Burma, India campaign that the squadron received its first Distinguished Unit Citation, returning to Tunisia by the end of the year. During WW II, members of a C-47 crew of the 17th Troop Carrier Squadron were credited with downing an enemy plane after they were attacked by Japanese fighter planes while on a mission near the Indo-Burmese border.

The squadron moved to Sicily, dropping airborne forces onto the island during Operation Husky, then moved to forward airfields in Italy during 1943 as part of the Italian Campaign.  Just prior to D Day, part of the 16th left India for Italy to tow gliders into France on D Day.

In July 1944, the detached unit was joined by the remainder of the 16th at Ciampino Airport, Italy and as the European Theater closed in on Germany, part of the 16th again went on detached service to Rosignano Airfield, Italy, operating resupply missions to Greek partisans during September and October 1944.

In the fall of 1944, it moved to France in support of Operation Anvil, the Allied invasion of Southern France, and supported ground forces moving north through the Rhone Valley to link up with Allied forces moving east from Normandy.   Returned to Northern Italy in early 1945, supporting the drive into the Po River Valley and the end of combat in Italy during May 1945.   The squadron also hauled food, clothing, medicine, gasoline, ordnance equipment, and other supplies to the front lines and evacuated patients to rear zone hospitals.

In late May 1945, after V-E Day, the squadron moved to Waller Field, Trinidad and was attached to Air Transport Command.   From Trinidad, the squadron ferried returning military personnel to Morrison Field, Florida, where they were sent on to other bases or prepared for separation after the war.   The squadron was inactivated at the end of July 1945.

Airlift operations

It was activated but unmanned from 1947–1948.  When reactivated again in the 1960 it resupplied Distant Early Warning Line sites in Northern Canada and radar sites in Greenland.  Parts of the squadron deployed to South Vietnam from 1967-1968 to provide tactical airlift.  It provided intratheater airlift within Alaska including support to forward operating bases, airland/airdrop of troops, equipment and supplies, and Search and rescue as required.  It provided Lockheed C-130 Hercules crews for Pacific airlift to the Middle East for Operation Desert Shield, from August to November 1990.

Redesignated the 517th Airlift Squadron on 1 Apr 1992, it has provided worldwide combat airdrop, tactical air/land, operational support airlift, airlift for theater deployed forces and resupply of remote Alaskan long-range radar sites in support of Pacific Air Forces.  It has provided continuous rotational airlift and airdrop support in Afghanistan and Iraq since 2004.  The 517th, flying C-130H1s, was among first United States units to participate in relief efforts following the 2004 Asian tsunami that occurred on 26 December 2004.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 17th Transport Squadron on 20 November 1940
 Activated on 11 December 1940
 Redesignated 17th Troop Carrier Squadron on 4 July 1942
 Inactivated on 31 July 1945
 Activated on 19 May 1947
 Inactivated on 10 September 1948
 Redesignated 17th Troop Carrier Squadron, Medium on 3 July 1952
 Activated on 14 July 1952
 Inactivated on 21 July 1954
 Activated on 24 October 1960 (not organized)
 Organized on 8 February 1961
 Redesignated 17th Troop Carrier Squadron on 8 December 1965
 Redesignated 17th Tactical Airlift Squadron on 1 September 1967
 Redesignated 517th Airlift Squadron on 1 April 1992

Assignments
 64th Transport Group (later 64th Troop Carrier Group), 11 December 1940 – 31 July 1945
 64th Troop Carrier Group, 19 May 1947 – 10 September 1948
 64th Troop Carrier Group, 14 July 1952 – 21 July 1954
 Tactical Air Command, 24 October 1960 (not organized)
 64th Troop Carrier Wing, 8 February 1961
 516th Troop Carrier Wing, 1 January 1963
 5040th Air Base Wing, 15 June 1964
 21st Composite Wing, 8 July 1966
 Twenty-Second Air Force, 31 March 1975
 616th Military Airlift Group, 1 November 1975
 3d Operations Group, 1 April 1992 – present

Stations

 McClellan Field, California, 11 December 1940
 Portland Army Air Base, Oregon, 9 July 1941
 Westover Field, Massachusetts, 12 June–31 July 1942
 RAF Ramsbury (AAF-469), England, 18 August–November 1942
 Operated from Maison Blanche Airport, Algiers, Algeria, 11 November–December 1942
 Blida Airfield, Algeria, c. 12 December 1942
 Kairouan Airfield, Tunisia, 28 June 1943
 El Djem Airfield, Tunisia, 26 July 1943
 Comiso Airfield, Sicily, 4 September 1943
 Operated from bases in India, 7 April–June 1944

 Ciampino Airport, Italy, 10 July 1944
 Operated from Istres/Le Tubé Airfield (Y-17), France, 7 September–11 October 1944
 Rosignano Airfield, Italy, 10 January–23 May 1945
 Operated from Brindisi Airfield, Italy, 29 March–13 May 1945
 Waller Field, Trinidad, 4 June–31 July 1945
 Langley Field (later Langley Air Fore Base), Virginia 19 May 1947 – 10 September 1948
 Donaldson Air Force Base, South Carolina, 14 July 1952 – 21 July 1954
 Dyess Air Force Base, Texas, 8 February 1961
 Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, 15 June 1964 – present

Aircraft

 Douglas C-47 Skytrain (1941–1945)
 Fairchild C-82 Packet (1952–1953)
 Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar (1953–1954)
 Lockheed C-130 Hercules (1961–2007)

 Douglas C-124 Globemaster II (1970–1971)
 Beechcraft C-12 Huron (1992–present)
 Boeing C-17 Globemaster III (2007–present)

Awards and campaigns
 Campaigns. World War II: Algeria-French Morocco; Tunisia; Sicily; Naples-Foggia; Rome-Arno; Southern France; North Apennines; Po Valley, India-Burma. Vietnam: Vietnam Air Offensive; Vietnam Air Offensive, Phase II.
 Decorations. Distinguished Unit Citation: CBI Theater, 7 Apr-15 June 1944. Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with Combat "V" Device: 2 May 1967 – 1 January 1968. Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards: 1 July 1962 – 15 June 1964; 16 June 1964 – 31 May 1966; 8 July 1966 – 1 May 1967; 2 Jan-31 December 1968; 1 Jan-31 December 1969; 1 Jan-31 December 1970; 1 Jan-31 December 1971; 1 Jan-31 December 1972; 1 Jan-31 December 1974; 1 Jan-30 March 1975; 1 Jan-31 December 1979; 1 June 1986 – 31 May 1987; 1 June 1987 – 31 May 1989; 1 January 1994 – 31 December 1995; 1 January 1996 – 30 September 1998; 1 January 2000 – 31 December 2001; 1 January 2002 – 30 September 2003; 1 October 2003 – 30 September 2005. Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm: 1 September 1966 – 1 January 1968.

References

Notes
 Explanatory notes

 Citations

Bibliography

External links
517th Airlift Squadron Fact Sheet

0517
Military units and formations in Alaska


Sir David Rowlands KCB (31 May 1947 – 11 May 2014) was a British civil servant who rose to the rank of
Permanent Secretary to the Department for Transport.

Rowlands left the private sector to join the Department of Trade and Industry in 1974. At the DTI he was appointed private secretary to the Minister of State for Industry.

He moved to the then Ministry of Transport in 1983 where he has held a number of posts with responsibilities for finance, aviation, shipping, ports and railways. Before being appointed Permanent Secretary in May 2003, he was the director general for railways, aviation, logistics, maritime and security.

In this role he was central to the creation of Network Rail after Railtrack was put into administration and the delivery of public-private partnerships for the London Underground and the National Air Traffic Services. Rowlands received a knighthood in the Birthday Honours List 2006. He retired at 60.

Since leaving the civil service his career moves were subject to a number of controversies, including government blocks on his attempts to join the Boards of British Airports Authority and Bechtel. At the time of his death his roles in the private sector included chairmanships of Gatwick Airport and Angel Trains. He was also the chairman of High Speed 2 Ltd,.

References

1947 births
2014 deaths
English civil servants
Permanent Under-Secretaries of State for Transport
Civil servants in the Department of Trade and Industry
Civil servants in the Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions
Civil servants in the Department for the Environment, Transport and the Regions
Private secretaries in the British Civil Service
Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford
People educated at St Mary's College, Crosby
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
High Speed 2


The Evangelische Michaelsbruderschaft (EMB) (Evangelical Brotherhood of St. Michael) is a German religious Brotherhood belonging to Berneuchen Movement as a part of Lutheran Liturgical Movement.

Founded in Michaelmas 1931 in the Upper Chapel (Holy Cross Chapel) of the University Church of Marburg, the Michaelsbruderschaft consists of men, lay and clergy, following a rule of life. The trias martyria (effective witness for Christ), leiturgia (renewal of personal and corporate piety and of sacramental worship), and diakonia (service in society) was first developed within the Michaelsbruderschaft. Members try to put these aims into practice in their individual communities.

The Brotherhood is led by the Ältester (Eldest) who is assisted by the Rat (council) and Kapitel (chapter). The Ältester of the Brotherhood today is Helmut Schwerdtfeger.

Today the Michaelsbruderschaft consists of about 250 Brothers from the whole of Central Europe. Brethren are mostly Lutheran, but also from Reformed and Union Churches, Methodist, Old Catholic, Christian Catholic and Roman Catholic Churches. Today there are Brethren in Germany, Austria, Hungary, France, Switzerland, Poland, Romania and Iceland.

The Michaelsbruderschaft has got its own breviary for its daily office, the Evangelisches Tagzeitenbuch (), and its own missal, Die Feier der Evangelischen Messe (2009).

References
Swidler, Leonard J.: The Ecumenical Vanguard: The History of the Una Sancta Movement
Universitätskirche Marburg - Die evangelische Michaelsbruderschaft
50 Jahre Michaelsbruderschaft by Jürgen Boeckh. Quatember 1981 (p. 239-240)
 Giewald, A. & Thomann, G. "The Lutheran High Church Movement in Germany and its liturgical work: an introduction", Lulu.com, 2011.

External links
Evangelische Michaelsbruderschaft

Lutheran orders and societies
Christian organizations established in 1931
Christian religious orders established in the 20th century
Lutheran organizations established in the 20th century
Protestantism in Germany


Institute of Developing Economies (IDE; アジア経済研究所) is a semi-governmental research institute under the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, and the largest institute on social science in Japan. Current status is a body of the Japan External Trade Organization. It is located in Kaihin-Makuhari area of Mihama Ward, Chiba City. The President of IDE is Takashi Shiraishi (白石隆), who is the vice president of the National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies.

IDE's major research field is development economics and area studies. IDE is also de facto mother body of ERIA. Before ERIA acquire status of  legal personality, IDE provides the management of budget, research projects, and human resources.

Presidents
Only after merged with JETRO
Ippei Yamazawa (山澤逸平): 1998–2003
Masahisa Fujita  (藤田昌久): 2003–2007
Takashi Shiraishi  (白石隆): 2007–present

See also
JETRO
Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia
Think Tank

External links

Think tanks based in Japan
Economic research institutes
Political organizations based in Japan