Guadeloupe National Park () is a national park in Guadeloupe, an overseas department of France located in the Leeward Islands of the eastern Caribbean region.  The Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin Nature Reserve (French: Réserve Naturelle du Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin) is a marine protected area adjacent to the park and administered in conjunction with it. Together, these protected areas comprise the Guadeloupe Archipelago (French: l'Archipel de la Guadeloupe) biosphere reserve.

History
The General Council of Guadeloupe created the Guadeloupe Natural Park in 1970 to recognise the exceptional biodiversity of Basse-Terre's tropical forest and mountain massif. Although it was initially placed under the management of the National Forests Office, proposals emerged in 1977 to establish a national park, in order to improve management and control of the park lands.  These proposals came to fruition on 20 February 1989 with the official establishment of Guadeloupe National Park.

The Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin Nature Reserve was established in 1987, and subsequently placed under the management of the park.

In 1992, Guadeloupe National Park achieved international recognition when the core area of the park and the Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin Nature Reserve were designated as an international biosphere reserve by UNESCO.

For most of its history, it was the only French national park outside of metropolitan France. However, it lost that distinction with the 2007 creation of Réunion National Park (Réunion) and Guiana Amazonian Park (French Guiana).

Geography
The boundaries of the national park encompass a core area of , and a buffer zone of . The Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin Nature Reserve comprises  marine, and  terrestrial.

The core area encompasses 10% of the total territory of Guadeloupe, two-thirds of Basse-Terre's tropical forest, and covers a range of elevations from approximately  to the summit of the mountain massif at . The highest point in the park is the summit of La Soufrière, an active volcano. Other notable peaks include: Échelle (), Grand-Sans-Toucher (), and the twin side-by-side summits of the Mamelles ().

The park comprises parts of 11 communes:

Vieux-Habitants
Bouillante
Pointe-Noire
Lamentin
Petit-Bourg
Goyave
Capesterre-Belle-Eau
Trois-Rivières
Gourbeyre
Saint-Claude
Baillif

Vegetation
Guadeloupe National Park may broadly be divided into three ecosystem types:

Tropical rainforest
The park's tropical rainforest varies in its character and species among several sub-ecosystems, depending heavily on elevation.
 The lower elevations (up to ) of the park's buffer zone support a mesophilic forest, featuring trees such as white and red mahogany, rosewood, and jatobá. This ecologic area is also used for agriculture, including banana plantations and other food crops.
 A montane moist forest covers 80% of the core area of the park, at elevations between  and . This dense and luxuriant ecosystem harbors a great diversity of plant species:  very large trees that grow above  (tabonuco, acomat boucan, chestnut); mid-level trees between  and  (bois bandé, oleander); shrubs and herbaceous plants below 10 m (mountain palm, heliconia, ferns); and epiphytic species (giant philodendron, aile-à-mouche, orchids).
 The high-elevation forests above  are much less dense than the park's other forests, due to the extremely wet conditions and constant cloud cover. These forests resemble savannas.

Coastal forest
Vegetation in the coastal zone faces the challenges of salinity in the air and soil, intense heat from the sun and its drying effect, and the constant wind. Notable plant species in this environment include seagrape and pear.

Mangrove
The Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin Nature Reserve includes coastal wetland forests that are flooded either permanently or intermittently by fresh or salt water, comprising nearly half of Guadeloupe's mangrove swamps ( of ).

Wildlife
Due to intensive hunting during an earlier period in Guadeloupe's history, animal life in the park is limited in diversity and in populations. Some species, including parrots and parakeets, have been eradicated altogether.

Mammals
The park has 17 mammalian species. The most commonly seen mammals in the park are the Guadeloupe raccoon, bats (two species of which are endemic to Guadeloupe), mongooses (introduced from India), and the endangered agouti. Park authorities plan to reintroduce the manatee, which has been extinct in Guadeloupe for a while.

Birds
The park's birds are more numerous than mammals, numbering 33 bird species, and the visitor may encounter hummingbirds, frigatebirds, thrushes, partridges, pigeons, tyrant flycatchers, pelicans, endemic Guadeloupe woodpeckers, and others.

Reptiles
 Some sea turtles are found.

Fish
 Various types of koi fish are visible in the area.

Crustaceans
 Aquatic and marine life includes big-claw river shrimp and crabs.

Insects
 Insects are indubitably the most plentiful creatures in the park, their exceptional diversity resulting in a number of surprising forms. Some attain great size, such as Hercules beetles, the duppy bats (black witch moths), and walking sticks.

Tourist attractions

Among the interesting visitor sites in Guadeloupe National Park are:
 La Soufrière
 Carbet Falls
 the two Mamelles and the Traversée road
 Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin Nature Reserve
 numerous hiking trails throughout the park

See also
 National parks of France
 World Network of Biosphere Reserves
 World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Latin America and the Caribbean

External links
  Official site of Guadeloupe National Park
  Official site of Grand Cul-de-Sac Marin Nature Reserve
 UNEP-WCMC data sheet on the core area of the park
 UNEP-WCMC data sheet on the buffer zone of the park

References

Protected areas of Guadeloupe
Biosphere reserves of France
Natural history of Guadeloupe
Protected areas established in 1989
Tourist attractions in Guadeloupe
1989 establishments in France
1989 establishments in North America


Jasmati Rice is  a  conventionally bred, inbred line (variety) of long grain of rice whose name is derived from jasmine rice and basmati.  Jasmati is neither "genetically engineered" (as in transgenic) nor is it an F1 hybrid. It is said to possess the traits of both grains – namely the softness (when cooked) of basmati, and the nutty aroma of jasmine – the latter in muted tones so as to be more subtle.

It appears to have been first created in the United States. To what degree Jasmati is derived from its etymological parent grains is unknown and disputed.
  The patent for Jasmati, registered in 1993 by the Texas-based corporation, RiceTec, had legal implications for Thai and Indian farmers who rely heavily on the exports of the parent crops, and caused controversy. Presently the debate seems to have cooled down. As the degree to which Jasmati draws from Jasmine cannot be ascertained, the informed consumer should be aware that it is therefore a different grain and may or may not be a complete substitute for either Jasmine or basmati. This suggests that Jasmati may have its own unique merits as a cooking ingredient.

References

Rice varieties


This is a list of seasons completed in the National Football League (NFL) by the Jacksonville Jaguars, an American football franchise based in Jacksonville, Florida.  The list documents the season-by-season records of the Jaguars' franchise from  to present, including postseason records, and league awards for individual players or head coaches.  The Jaguars, along with the Carolina Panthers, joined the NFL as 1995 expansion teams.  Jacksonville is one of four teams to have never played in a Super Bowl, along with the Cleveland Browns, Detroit Lions and Houston Texans. The Jaguars have played in the AFC Championship Game in the 1996, 1999, and 2017 seasons.

Season records

All-time records

Footnotes

References

Seasons
Jacksonville Jaguars

Events in Jacksonville, Florida


Syd Saylor (born Leo Sailor; March 24, 1895 – December 21, 1962) was an American comedic actor and movie cowboy sidekick who appeared in 395 films and television series between 1926 and 1962.

Early years
Saylor was born Leo Sailor in 1895 in Chicago. He graduated from the Art Institute of Chicago and worked as an artist before venturing into acting.

Career
In the silent film days of the 1920s, he starred in a series of two-reel comedy shorts, Let George Do It, as the title character. He first appeared in feature-length films in 1926.

Saylor went on to have a prolific career as a character actor, set apart from other character actors by his  protruding Adam's apple and unique comedic speaking voice. He appeared in everything from comedies to westerns, usually as the hero's comical sidekick. He briefly appeared, sometimes unbilled, in numerous television episodes of Maverick (1957-1962), often with James Garner, always recognizable for his distinctive voice.

Saylor was also the second television "Bozo the Clown" on KTTV Ch. 11 in Hollywood, California during the early 1950s.

Personal life and death

Saylor was married in Chicago in 1920. On September 5, 1941, his wife, Marie, obtained a divorce in Los Angeles. They had a daughter, Jeanne. He died in Hollywood in 1962, aged 67.

Selected filmography

 The Winking Idol (1926) - The Tramp
 The Ridin' Rascal (1926)
 The Runaway Express (1926) - The Tramp
 Red Hot Leather (1926) - 'Noisy' Bates
 The Mystery Rider (1928)
 Just Off Broadway (1929) - Bennie Barnett
 Cat, Dog & Co. (1929, Short) - Pedestrian (uncredited)
 Shanghai Rose (1929) - Xavier Doolittle
 The Border Legion (1930)
 Playthings of Hollywood (1930)
 The Light of Western Stars (1930)
 Men Without Law (1930) - Hank
 No Limit (1931)
 I Take This Woman (1931)
 Law of the Sea (1932)
 Tangled Destinies (1932)
 Lady and Gent (1932) costarring John Wayne
 The Crusader (1932)
 The Nuisance (1933)
 Silent Men (1933)
 Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round (1934)
Marrying Widows  (1934)
 The Lost Jungle (1934)
 Mystery Mountain (1934)
 The Headline Woman (1935)
 Ladies Crave Excitement (1935)
 Streamline Express (1935)
 The Fighting Coward (1935)
 Wilderness Mail (1935)
 Kelly the Second (1936)
 Prison Shadows (1936)
 The Three Mesquiteers (1936)
 Exiled to Shanghai (1937)
 The Lady Escapes (1937)
 Guns in the Dark (1937) as Oscar
 The Wrong Road (1937)
 Abe Lincoln in Illinois (1940) - John Johnston
 A Gentleman at Heart (1942)
 The Lone Star Ranger (1942)
 That Other Woman (1942)
 Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942) - Star Boarder (uncredited)
 Doughboys in Ireland (1943)
 Tarzan's Desert Mystery (1943)
 Three of a Kind (1944) - Customer
 Ambush Trail (1946) - Sam Hawkins
 Gas House Kids Go West (1947) - Motorcycle Cop (uncredited)
 The Arkansas Swing (1948) - Sheriff Dibble
 High Noon (1952) - Old Timer on Hotel Porch (uncredited)
 The Hawk of Wild River (1952) - Yank'em Out Kennedy
 Toughest Man Alive (1955) - Proprieter
 The Crawling Hand (1963) - Soda Shop Keeper (posthumous release)

References

External links

1895 births
1962 deaths
American male film actors
Male actors from Chicago
20th-century American male actors
Male Western (genre) film actors


Mihai Dina (born 15 September 1985) is a Romanian footballer who played as a midfielder.

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Craiova
Romanian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
FC U Craiova 1948 players
CS Mioveni players
FC Petrolul Ploiești players
Győri ETO FC players
ACS Poli Timișoara players
Aris Limassol FC players
CS Concordia Chiajna players
AEL Limassol players
SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea players
CS Sportul Snagov players
Othellos Athienou FC players
Liga I players
Liga II players
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
Cypriot First Division players
Cypriot Second Division players
Romanian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Hungary
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Hungary
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus


Gabriel Cristian Velcovici (born 2 October 1984), is a Romanian former football player.

Honours
Universitatea Craiova
Divizia B: 2005–06

External links

1984 births
Living people
Footballers from Craiova
Romanian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Liga I players
Liga II players
FC U Craiova 1948 players
ACF Gloria Bistrița players
CS Turnu Severin players
FC Olt Slatina players
CS Universitatea Craiova players


Ovidiu Liviu Dănănae (born 26 August 1985) is a Romanian football coach and a former player who played as a right back for teams such as: CSM Reșița, FC U Craiova 1948, Tom Tomsk or Apollon Limassol, among others.

Career statistics

International

Honours

Player
FC U Craiova 1948
Liga II: 2005–06
Liga III: 2019–20
Liga IV Dolj: 2017–18
Cupa României – Dolj County: 2017–18

Manager
FC U Craiova 1948 II
Liga IV Dolj: 2022–23
Dolj County Supercup: 2023

External links

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Craiova
Romanian men's footballers
Romanian expatriate men's footballers
Romania men's international footballers
Men's association football defenders
CSM Reșița players
FC U Craiova 1948 players
FC Tom Tomsk players
FC Steaua București players
CS Turnu Severin players
Apollon Limassol FC players
CS Universitatea Craiova players
CS Sportul Snagov players
Liga I players
Liga II players
Russian Premier League players
Cypriot First Division players
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus


Valerian Zaharia Gârlă (born 6 July 1986 in Berbești, Vâlcea, Romania) is a Romanian footballer who plays as a midfielder for SpVgg Ingelheim.

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
People from Vâlcea County
Romanian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Liga I players
FC U Craiova 1948 players
SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea players
CSM Deva players
FC Milsami Orhei players
BFV Hassia Bingen players
Romanian expatriate men's footballers
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany


Morning Express (Simplified Chinese: 阳光列车) is a 20-episode Singaporean television drama series produced by Television Corporation of Singapore in 1995. It revolves around a dedicated secondary school teacher, who, after some bad brushes with the law in the past, seeks to inspire his students.

Cast

 Chen Hanwei as Fang Ansheng

Awards and nominations

References

Singapore Chinese dramas
1995 Singaporean television series debuts
1995 Singaporean television series endings
Channel 8 (Singapore) original programming


Lucky is an American dark comedy television series which ran for one season on FX in 2003. The show starred John Corbett as Michael "Lucky" Linkletter, a professional poker player and gambling addict. The series was created by Robb Cullen and Mark Cullen. It was nominated for the 2003 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series.

Cast

Main
 John Corbett as Michael "Lucky" Linkletter
 Craig Robinson as Buddy "Mutha" LeGendre
 Billy Gardell as Vincent "Vinny" Sticcarelli

Supporting
 Ever Carradine as Theresa "Terry" Phillips
 Andrea Roth as Amy
 Kevin Breznahan as Danny Martin
 Seymour Cassel as Victor "The Trake" Fleming
 Dan Hedaya as Joey Legs
 Steve Troisi as Benny The Bartender
 Robb Cullen as Stan McWatt
 Mitch Lord as Brother Love

Episodes

External links

2000s American black comedy television series
2003 American television series debuts
2003 American television series endings
FX Networks original programming
Television series created by the Cullen Brothers
Television shows about poker
Television shows set in the Las Vegas Valley
Poker in North America


Kathleen Stephens was the United States ambassador to South Korea from 2008 to 2011.  She also served as the United States' chargé d'affaires to India from March to December 2014. She currently leads the Korea Economic Institute of America as president and CEO.

Early life
Stephens was born in west Texas and grew up in New Mexico and Arizona. She holds a B.A. in East Asian studies from Prescott College and a master's degree from Harvard University, and also studied at the University of Hong Kong and Oxford University. After college, she was a Peace Corps volunteer in South Korea's Yesan, South Chungcheong from 1975 to 1977; it was then that she was given her Korean name Shim Eungyeong (심은경).

Career
Stephens joined the United States Foreign Service in 1978. Early in her career, Stephens served at U.S. missions in Trinidad and Tobago (1978–1980) and in the People's Republic of China (1980–1982). Her tour of duty in South Korea included roles as internal political unit chief at the U.S. Embassy in Seoul (1984–1987) and Principal Officer at the U.S. Consulate in Busan (1987–1989). Afterwards, she worked as a political officer at the U.S. missions in Belgrade and Zagreb (1991–1992), senior desk officer for the United Kingdom in the Bureau of European Affairs (1992–1994), Director for European Affairs at the United States National Security Council, 1994–1995, Principal Officer at the U.S. Consulate General in Belfast, Northern Ireland, 1995–1998, Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in Lisbon, Portugal, 1998–2001, and Director of the Office of Ecology and Terrestrial Conservation at the United States Department of State, 2001–2003.

Stephens assumed her duties as Deputy Assistant Secretary for European and Eurasian Affairs on December 5, 2003, during which her primary responsibility was policy oversight and management of relations with the countries of South-Central Europe. Following that, she assumed her duties as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs in June 2005. In that capacity she was responsible for a variety of Bureau-wide issues, including post management. She had particular responsibility for the management of U.S. relations with Japan and Korea.

In September 2015, she was named the William J. Perry Distinguished Fellow at Stanford University's Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center (APARC). She speaks several foreign languages including Korean, Serbo-Croatian, and Chinese. As of September 1, 2018 the board of directors at the Korea Economic Institute of America (KEI) announced  they approved Ambassador Stephens as the next President & CEO.

U.S. Ambassador to South Korea

Stephens was nominated to be U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of Korea in 2008.  On August 1, 2008, the US Senate confirmed Stephens' nomination as US ambassador to South Korea.

On October 8, 2008, Stephens presented her credentials to President Lee Myung-bak of South Korea. The Chosun Ilbo reported that Stephens spoke to Lee in fluent Korean during parts of their meeting and said she would strengthen ties between the two countries. On October 9, 2008, Stephens visited Yesan Middle School where she had taught as a Peace Corps volunteer 33 years before. "Yesan is where I learned the qualities I needed to be a diplomat," said Stephens. "I had warm-hearted colleagues who were out there for me, and students who studied hard despite many difficulties. I learned how to endure hardships and convince others, which is essential for a diplomat."

Awards and Recognitions

Stephens has been honored by the U.S. Government and numerous private organizations. Her awards include the Presidential Meritorious Service Award (2009), the Sejong Cultural Award, the Korea-America Friendship Association Award (2013), and the Kevin O'Donnell Distinguished Friends of Korea Award (2016). She is a trustee at The Asia Foundation, on the boards of the Korea Society and Pacific Century Institute, and a member of the American Academy of Diplomacy.

Personal life
Stephens resides in California. She is a fluent speaker of Korean and Serbo-Croatian, and speaks Cantonese and Mandarin with limited competence.

See also
 United States Ambassador to Korea

References

External links

 Chief of Mission, Official Infopage

Prescott College alumni
Harvard University alumni
People from Texas
Living people
Ambassadors of the United States to South Korea
United States Under Secretaries of State
The Asia Foundation
United States Foreign Service personnel
1953 births
American women ambassadors
21st-century American women


Elizabeth Shaw Ltd is a Bristol-based company owned by Colian Holding that markets chocolate-based confectionery, including the brands Famous Names Chocolate liqueurs and Elizabeth Shaw Mint chocolates. The modern company was formed from several mergers of well established confectionery companies, first by J A & P Holland and then by James Goldsmith in the 1960s as part of his creation of his food conglomerate Cavenham Foods.

History of Ewbanks
In 1810, the business was founded by Thomas Firth as Firth Confectioners and was Pontefract's second liquorice factory, making Pontefract cakes. The business changed hands first to David Longstaffe, before coming under the partnership of Robert Ewbank and W. F. Horsell. The company moved to the larger Eagle Liquorice Works in 1887, but the partnership broke up in 1892 leaving Ewbanks solely in charge. The company became incorporated in 1912. The factory was damaged by incendiary bombs during World War II, with a replacement being opened in 1948. The business was purchased by Hollands of Southport in January 1961 for £72,600. The Eagle Liquorice Works were closed in 1965 after becoming part of Cavenham Confectionery.

History of S. Parkinson & Sons
Doncaster's famous product was butterscotch, which is reputedly invented by Parkinsons in 1848. The company was founded by Samuel Parkinson, a grocer located on the High Street in Doncaster. The company first moved production to Station Road in 1905. The company advertised the butterscotch as Royal Doncaster Butterscotch or the Queen's Sweetmeat. The company was purchased from the Parkinson family by Samuel Balmforth in 1892, before the business was incorporated in 1912 and moved to new premises in Wheatley. At the time the company produced baking powder in addition to its liquorice products. By 1956 the company employed over 500 people and had expanded their range to Parkinsons Boiled Sweets. In 1961 the company was purchased by Hollands of Southport.

History of Yeatman & Co
Israel Edward Woolf established Yeatman & Co from 119 New Bond Street, Stepney in 1857 selling Yeast powder, later opening a factory in Denmark Street and by 1884 they had diversified into Baking Powders; different flours; Callsayme Bitters; Lime-juice Cordial; Custard Powder; Egg Powders; Curry Powder; Flavouring Essences; Disinfecting Powder and Insect Powder. In 1899, Nursing Record & Hospital World stated that Yeatman's ginger marmalade and coffee extract tasted more of coffee than rivals' products. In 1898 the company was incorporated and had added further products to its range including soups, jams, jellies and sweets. Yeatman's Delicious Jelly Tablets were exported to Australasia, and the company produced the first sweets for Marks & Spencer. Their factories in Stepney were destroyed by fire during the Blitz, and with government assistance, Yeatman's opened a new factory in Watford, where they made a more restricted line of canned and bottled fruit, fruit squashes, sweets (under the Goodies and Selesta brands), and their best-remembered product, Sunny Spread. The business was sold to James Goldsmith's newly acquired business Carsons Ltd in 1964, and subsequently integrated into his Cavenham Foods business, with production being transferred and the factory being sold to Goldsmith's former company, Mothercare.

History of H J Packer & Carsons

The business was founded in 1881 by Edward Packer, in Armoury Square, Bristol. Packer was a former J. S. Fry & Sons employee and was joined by his sister and brother. In 1884, the family took on another former Fry's employee, H. J. Burrows, thus becoming H. J. Packer & Co but a year later the partnership was dissolved, and Burrows became the sole owner of the business. However, within a year Burrows had sold the business for £950 to Caleb Bruce Cole.

The business sales increased greatly from 1894; so in 1901, the company moved to a new purposefully designed factory in Greenbank. The move coincided with continued growth and between 1903 and 1912, sales had grown by 250%, helped by Two ounces per penny quality chocolates aimed at children and popular lines like Packers Chocolate Mixers. In 1908 the company expanded by buying Glasgow-based high-end chocolate manufacturer Carsons, as well as the creation of the new brand Bonds of Bristol to sell luxury chocolate products made at Greenbank. Carsons Glasgow factory was closed, and production was moved to a new factory in Shortwood, near Mangotsfield, Gloucestershire. The company by the early 1920s was Britain's 4th largest chocolate manufacturer and employed over 2000 employees, introducing new lines like Milk Crispets. Carsons Chocolate was taken by Sir Ernest Shackleton and his team on their expeditions.

However the company's fortunes declined by the start of World War II, and by 1955 the company relaunched the Packers brand, bringing out new products including Summit chocolate bars and penny sweets like White Mice and Sweet cigarettes. By 1961, Carsons' production was moved to Greenbank. Carsons was the biggest British manufacturer of chocolate liqueurs sold under the Famous Brands name, and in 1962 H J Packer was renamed under Carsons Ltd. However the company was still not profitable and by 1963 it lost £39,000.

The company fell prey of James Goldsmith, and became one of the founding businesses of his conglomerate Cavenham Foods in 1964.

History of Walters Palm Toffee

Walters Palm Toffee was established by Nathan Baraf Walters, a naturalised Romanian immigrant, as a toffee factory in Poplar, London in 1887. The company's main product was so named as such as it used Palm butter in its manufacturing. The company moved to a larger factory in Acton, London during 1926, and was incorporated in 1928. By 1935 the company employed around 800 people, but the factory was destroyed by fire later that year but was rebuilt. In 1957, Nathan Walters died and left the business to four Jewish charities, a will that his four sons contested unsuccessfully. By 1960 the company was losing money, and a friendly takeover by J A & P Holland was secured.

History of Fillerys Toffees
Fillerys Toffees was founded at Warwick Road, Birmingham by a consortium in 1923. The site expanded to four acres by 1927 and had moved to 24-hour production by 1930. The company was incorporated in 1934 and employed around 300 people. During World War II the factory moved over to munitions, with the company's products manufactured by Rowntree's under license. The company's factory was very efficient and earned contracts for own brand products with Woolworths and Marks & Spencer. The company saw a boom after sugar rationing was dropped in 1954, but later in the decade sales declined in the toffee market, and in 1960 Fillerys were bought by J A & P Holland.

History of the original Elizabeth Shaw company
Elizabeth Joice and her husband Patrick, started a cottage confectionery business making honeycomb mint-flavoured crisps in 1937, named after Elizabeth and taking Shaw from her former employer Page & Shaw. They were soon marketed as Mint Crisps and by 1939 a new factory in Brentford was opened called Mint House. The business continued to grow offering new products including Mint Creams. However the business was damaged by fire in 1953, and the Joice's had to sell the company and production was moved to a factory in Camberley. However the new factory also fell to a devastating fire in 1968, and the business was purchased by Cavenham Foods and production moved to Greenbank.

History of Hollands of Southport
In the 1890s John Holland developed a new way to produce creamy toffee from premises at 23a Cross Street, Southport that had been given to him by his uncle James Ford. Holland had completed an apprenticeship with Ford, a confectioner in Ormskirk. Holland's best-selling product was Everton Toffee. The company opened a new factory at Virginia Street during World War I, and in 1927 John Arthur Holland became manager at the factory, with the business trading as John Holland & Son from 1932. John Arthur Holland took charge of the business from 1936, introducing the brand promise Best on Earth. A fire damaged the doctors in 1940, but after World War II the company expanded, exporting to the United States for the first time in 1953. A year before in 1952 John Arthur's sons, John Arthur Junior and Peter took charge of the business and the company changed its name J A & P Holland.

The company floated on the Liverpool Stock Exchange in 1953, and a year later an extension was added to the Virginia Street factory. The toffee market had started to decline, and the brothers believed they should expand by purchasing rivals. Their first major purchase was Coq D'or Chocolates in 1959. This was followed up by Fillerys Toffees in 1960, a high-end toffee manufacturer who had contracts with Marks & Spencer, which was closely followed by Casket Confectionery and London based Walters Palm Toffee for £385,000. Later that year the company was listed on the London Stock Exchange and the company had taken over 20 firms. The company continued to expand during 1961, purchasing S. Parkinson & Son, Harper Paper for £1.25 million, Mackay Brothers (Confectioners) of Edinburgh and George & Son (confectioners and wholesalers) of Southend-on-Sea amongst other. The Daily Mail called Holland the world's biggest toffee manufacturer, and by 1965 it controlled 33 wholesaling warehouses.

John Arthur Holland Junior invented a soft toffee in 1963, which was launched as Chewzits (later relaunched by Cavenham as Chewits). However the company did not pay out a dividend in 1963 or 1964, with many of its subsidiaries struggling. The company's independent shareholders were in disagreement with the Holland family, and in 1965 James Goldsmith's Cavenham Foods staged a takeover bid which the Holland family fought but lost.

Cavenham Confectionery Ltd
Carsons was joined by Yeatmans, makers of sweet brands Goodies and Selesta, J A & P Holland, Britain's biggest toffee manufacturer, and Paramount Laboratories, makers of Cadet Sweet sweet cigarettes, to form the Cavenham Confectionery arm of Cavenham Foods. As well as Famous Names, the new company's other products included Chewits, Hollands Toffee, Fillery's Toffee, Walters Palm Toffee, Ewbanks Liquorice, Dr Who & The Daleks Sweet Cigarettes, Royal Doncaster Butterscotch and Parkinsons Boiled Sweets. The new company closed many of the factories of its subsidiaries, concentrating production at Carsons' Greenbank site, Holland's Southport location and Parkinsons' Doncaster factory.

In 1967, with Cavenham Foods in financial difficulty, James Goldsmith merged Cavenham Confectionery into a 50/50 partnership with Perrier's confectionery business which included the brands Menier and Lindt. The business exported $750,000 of goods to America in 1968 and purchased the brand and recipes of Elizabeth Shaw. The partnership with Perrier was dissolved in 1969, and Cavenham Confectionery was sold to Conwood SA for £1.2 million, a company owned 50/50 by Cavenham Foods and Conwood Corporation, but was soon sold back to Cavenham Foods. In 1981, the management of Cavenham Confectionery purchased the business as part of James Goldsmith's breakup of Cavenham Foods for £8 million. The business name was changed to Famous Names Ltd.

Famous Names Ltd to Elizabeth Shaw Ltd
The business at the time of its purchase by the management team had 44% of the UK's chocolate liqueurs market and 50% of the chocolate mint trade. The business was purchased by conglomerate Imperial Group in 1985 but was again purchased by its management in 1988, after divestment of business by new owners Hanson Trust plc, and renamed the business Elizabeth Shaw Ltd with the Famous Brands name dropped. The business was again sold in 1990 to Finnish confectionery business Leaf.

In March 2006 Elizabeth Shaw's chocolate business was purchased by Nói Síríus, the largest confectionery manufacturer in Iceland. In 2006, faced with the high costs associated with the 330,000 sq feet building, the company relocated its manufacturing to factories in the UK and in mainland Europe, and closed the then 105-year-old factory. The business was subsequently purchased by a Norwegian company, Imagine Capital in 2009. In 2016, Colian Holding, Poland's largest confectionery manufacturer, acquired Elizabeth Shaw from Imagine Capital.

Greenbank factory site

In 2013 local residents successfully argued against redevelopment of the closed factory into flats and houses. The building, in the eyes of local residents, represented part of the industrial heritage of Bristol. The opposition to this redevelopment was supported by George Ferguson, whose vision had earlier turned a defunct tobacco factory in Bedminster into one of Bristol's leading artistic and creative venues, called the Tobacco Factory. However, as of 2012, the building was still standing empty, following the failure of all the parties involved to deliver an acceptable and workable solution for the future use of the building and site. By late 2013 the building had reverted to the Clydesdale Bank and developments were being planned by the Generator Group. More information is held on the current community group website for the chocolate factory (External Links below).
In August 2014, the site's new owners Generator South West look likely to proceed with a new project after holding a public meeting to understand local residents' opinions. The plan is to create open spaces around a development of flats and housing.

As of 2016 there have been many problems surrounding the development of this site, namely that developers Generator South West "have asked to be excused from the legal obligation that between 30 and 40 per cent of any development be social housing, on the basis that the extra costs of restoring old, historic buildings makes the plan economically unviable."

Community action group ACORN are one of the groups campaigning against this back-tracking on the provision of social housing due to the current housing crisis in Bristol and severe lack of social or affordable housing being built. Developers Generator Group worked with Bristol City Council to ensure that 36 shared ownership homes were created alongside the private housing. The first homes to be built for occupation in 2021 are shared ownership.

Archives
Records of Elizabeth Shaw Limited, primarily relating to the Greenbank factory, are held at Bristol Archives. The collection also includes some records of HJ Packers, Carsons Ltd, Cavenham Confectionary Ltd, United Biscuits, Hollands Toffees, and Huhtamäki amongst others which are linked with Elizabeth Shaw Limited (Ref. 43258) (online catalogue).

References

External links

Elizabeth Shaw's web page (History page (archived 2011))
A Short History of the Greenbank Chocolate Factory, John Penny (archived 2016)
Greenbank Factory, Chocolate Memories (archived 2011)
Packer's to LEAF (UK) 1881 – 1991, A Short History of Chocolate Making in Greenbank, Bristol, Living Easton
Elizabeth Shaw Chocolate Factory, Bristol, Whatever's Left, 6 December 2009
Website for the new community group, ChocBox2 with further news of developments on the site
Website for the proposed development by Generator South West
Records of HJ Packer & Co, Carsons Ltd and Elizabeth Shaw Limited

Buildings and structures in Bristol
Confectionery companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Bristol
Manufacturing companies based in Bristol
James Goldsmith


Riders of the Whistling Skull is a 1937 "Three Mesquiteers" Western B-movie of the weird western genre starring Bob Livingston, Ray "Crash" Corrigan, and ventriloquist Max Terhune with his dummy Elmer. It was directed by Mack V. Wright, produced by Nat Levine and released by Republic Pictures.  The film is based on the 1934 novel by William Colt MacDonald.

Plot
After Professor Marsh disappears while searching for the lost city of Lukachukai, a party of anthropologists including Marsh's daughter Betty arrive in a Western town to prepare an expedition to look for him.  Meanwhile, the Three Mesquiteers have discovered a delirious man wandering the desert and bring him to town where Betty recognizes him as a member of her missing father's expedition.  As the man slowly gets his memory back the party wishes to know the location of Professor Marsh and Lukachukai that contains an ancient legendary treasure.  The man is murdered with a knife bearing an Indian inscription.  The Mesquiteers recognize that the murderer is one of the party in the room.  Keen on his detective magazine that he constantly carries with him, Stony and the Mesquiteers lead an expedition to find Professor Marsh, the lost city and its treasure and the murderer. Well-armed devil worshiping Indians and animate mummies enliven the proceedings.

Cast
Bob Livingston as Stony Brooke, Mesquiteer
Ray "Crash" Corrigan as Tucson Smith, Mesquiteer
Max Terhune as Lullaby Joslin, Mesquiteer
Mary Russell as Betty Marsh, daughter of the missing archeologist, Prof. Marsh
Roger Williams as Rutledge, another member of the expedition to find Prof.  Marsh
Fern Emmett as Henrietta McCoy
C. Montague Shaw as Prof. Flaxon
Yakima Canutt as Otah, an Indian guide travelling with the Mesquiteers
John Ward as Prof. Brewster
George Godfrey as Prof. Fronc
Earle Ross as Prof. Cleary
Frank Ellis as Coggins, the cook
Chief Thundercloud as High Priest
John Van Pelt as Prof. Marsh, an archeologist searching for a lost city in the American west

References

External links

 The Livingston-Corrigan-Terhune period of Three Mesquiteers films at B-Westerns

1937 films
1937 Western (genre) films
American Western (genre) fantasy films
American black-and-white films
Films based on American novels
Films based on Western (genre) novels
Films directed by Mack V. Wright
Films produced by Nat Levine
Republic Pictures films
Three Mesquiteers films
Films about treasure hunting
1930s English-language films
1930s American films


USS Fieberling (DE-640) was a  in service with the United States Navy from 1944 to 1948. She sold for scrap in 1972.

History

Namesake
The ship was named in honor of Langdon Kellogg Fieberling, born on 3 January 1910 in Oakland, California. He enlisted in the United States Naval Reserve on 7 October 1935, and after training and service as an aviation cadet, was commissioned Ensign on 1 March 1937. From 26 July 1941, he aided in establishing Torpedo Squadron 8, and when this unit was activated, served with it on the . When the Hornet sailed to undertake the Doolittle Raid in May 1942 half of VT-8 remained at Naval Station Norfolk in order to replace their obsolescent Douglas TBD Devastators with Grumman TBF Avengers.

The 21 aircraft detachment reached Hawaii on 29 May the day after Hornet had departed the island to fight in the Battle of Midway. Because Midway Island's airfield had some space available, Fieberling took six Avengers there. On 4 June, the first day of the battle, he led his detachment in an attack on the Imperial Japanese Navy aircraft carriers. Of the 18 men, only Ensign Albert K. Earnest and Radioman 3rd Class Harrier H. Ferrier survived. He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross.

Pacific War
'Fieberling was launched on 2 April 1944 by Bethlehem Steel Co., San Francisco, California; sponsored by Mrs. C. A. Fieberling, mother of Lieutenant Fieberling; and commissioned on 11 April 1944.Fieberling arrived at Pearl Harbor on 27 June 1944 for escort duty to Eniwetok, making three such voyages to the staging ground for the operation until 3 September. Five days later she sailed for Manus Island, arriving 27 September. Until 15 December, she sailed out of Port Purvis on Florida Island in the Solomons on escort and air-sea rescue duty, then served as station ship at Funafuti until 17 February 1945.

After amphibious landing rehearsals at Guadalcanal, Fieberling arrived at Ulithi on 21 March 1945 to load stores and ammunition for the assault on Okinawa. She arrived off the island on 31 March, covered the landings the next day, and then served on anti-submarine patrol off the island, receiving damage from a near miss in the massive kamikaze raids of 6 April. After escorting a convoy of unloaded assault ships to Saipan between 9 and 29 April, Fieberling returned to Okinawa for patrol, escort, and radar picket duty until 28 June.Fieberling operated on escort duty between Okinawa and Guam and Saipan until 22 October 1945, when she sailed to escort a transport from Saipan to Japan. In a near collison she was struck by the anchor of one of her escorted ships damaging one of her depth charge racks causing the charges to fall onto the deck. The quick thinking crew began stuffing the fuse breaches with wet rags to prevent any accidental discharge while securing them. They discovered that one had mistakenly never had its fuse removed. She returned to Portland, Oregon, on 22 November, and after overhaul, sailed from San Diego, California on 15 March 1946 for occupation duty off the Chinese coast. Gunners Mate Roy Bronson and another sentry watch investigated a noise coming from the forecastle. Upon discovering a civilian junk boat was attempting to steal one of their anchors the sentry retrieved a Thompson. Not wanting to kill the man he shot holes in his boat; sinking it. After bringing him aboard they returned him to shore. While on liberty in port GM Bronson witnessed a policeman shoot a man in the back of the head and walk away. "Had the policeman touched the body he would have been required to dig the hole to bury it. They'd simply leave them laying around. It was not uncommon to see dead bodies this way. Seeing them floating past the ship was an almost daily occurrence." Back in San Diego on 13 August, she operated along the west coast and in the Hawaiian Islands, testing experimental equipment, until decommissioned on 13 March 1948 and placed in reserve at San Diego.

Stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 March 1972, Fieberling was sold for scrap on 20 November of that same year.

AwardsFieberling'' received one battle star for World War II service.

References

External links

Buckley-class destroyer escorts
Ships built in San Francisco
World War II frigates and destroyer escorts of the United States
1944 ships