Thomas Papa Jr. (born November 10, 1968) is an American comedian, actor, and radio host. He hosts the Sirius XM Satellite Radio show Come to Papa and, in July 2019, he and Fortune Feimster started hosting the Sirius XM show What a Joke with Papa and Fortune. Papa hosted the show Baked on the Food Network and was the head writer and a performer on the radio variety show Live from Here, hosted by Chris Thile, where he delivered the "Out In America" segment.

Early life
Papa was born in Passaic, New Jersey, and grew up in Park Ridge, New Jersey, and later Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey, where he graduated from Pascack Hills High School in 1986. He is a graduate of Rider College. He has two daughters, and a sister who works at the non-profit organization, City Green. Papa is noted to have played football and track while younger.

Career

Stand-up comedy
He began in New York City in 1993 playing open mics and hosting at the Stand Up New York comedy club. He toured with Jerry Seinfeld after meeting him at the Comedy Cellar in New York. In 2005 he released his debut comedy album Calm, Cool, & Collected. His successful one-man show Only Human opened at the Montreal Just for Laughs Comedy Festival.

He has recorded five stand-up specials. Live in New York City and Freaked Out were directed by Rob Zombie. His fourth special, Human Mule, aired December 2016. All of his specials stream on Hulu, Amazon and Netflix.  Papa has appeared multiple times on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Late Show with David Letterman, and The Joe Rogan Experience.

Papa's catchphrase is "Have you ever...?  I have!"

Radio
Papa hosts the Sirius XM Satellite Radio show Come to Papa, with other comedians occasionally serving as guest hosts. In July 2019, Papa and Fortune Feimster started hosting What a Joke with Papa and Fortune, interviewing comedians and other celebrities, the first live programming on the Sirius XM station Netflix is a Joke.

Papa writes and performs the monthly Come to Papa Live, a version of a classic radio play combined with standup, music, and sketches. Come to Papa Live is alternately hosted between The Village Underground in New York and Largo in Los Angeles. Guests on Come to Papa Live have included Matt Damon, Sarah Silverman, Joel McHale, Andy Richter, and Jim Gaffigan. Tom first appeared as a panelist on NPR's Wait, Wait...Don't tell Me on June 30, 2018. He appeared as the guest for The Official Podcast on YouTube on August 30, 2018. After Chris Thile took over A Prairie Home Companion from Garrison Keillor, Papa was a key contributor to the show, now re-named Live From Here, that included the regular segment "Out in America with Tom Papa". He worked behind the scenes as head writer.

TV and film
Papa had a recurring role as Luff in the HBO and Cinemax series The Knick, starring Clive Owen. He appeared in Chris Rock's movie Top Five, and starred as Ray Arnett alongside Michael Douglas and Matt Damon in Behind the Candelabra, which aired on HBO on May 26, 2013. That was his second film with director Steven Soderbergh.

Papa played opposite Matt Damon in Steven Soderbergh's 2009 film The Informant!. He also played the title character of El Superbeasto and starred opposite Paul Giamatti in the Rob Zombie animated feature The Haunted World of El Superbeasto. He played himself in Comedian, and lent his voice to the animated feature Bee Movie.

In 2010, Papa hosted NBC's The Marriage Ref, which ran for two seasons.

Papa's other TV appearances include Inside Amy Schumer, The Jim Gaffigan Show, a recurring role on The New Adventures of Old Christine,  hosting the FOX show Boom! which aired in summer 2015, VH1's I Love the '70s, I Love the '80s, and I Love the '90s series, National Geographic Channel's US version of the British game show Duck Quacks Don't Echo.

In 2020, Papa appeared in an hour long comedy special for Netflix entitled You're Doing Great! and published a book of the same name.

Filmography

Film
Analyze That (2002)
Comedian (2002)
The Life Coach (2005)
Bee Movie (2007)
The Haunted World of El Superbeasto (2009) (also writer)
The Informant! (2009)
Behind the Candelabra (2013)
Top Five (2014)
3 from Hell (2019)
Paper Spiders (2021)
Air (2023)

TV
Comedy Central Presents (2001 and 2007)
Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn (Unknown episodes, 2002)
Come to Papa (4 episodes, 2004)
The New Adventures of Old Christine (2 episodes, 2008)
The Marriage Ref (2010)
The Tonight Show with Jay Leno
The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore
Late Night with David Letterman
Late Night with Conan O'Brien
Jimmy Kimmel Live!
Behind the Candelabra (2013)
Duck Quacks Don't Echo (2014)
Human Mule (EPIX special) (2016)
Tosh 2.0 (2016)
Inside Amy Schumer (2015)
The Jim Gaffigan Show (2015)
The Knick (US TV series) (2014–)
Boom! (2015)
The Late Show with Stephen Colbert (2016)
Baked with Tom Papa (2018–)
You're Doing Great! (Netflix special) (2020)
What A Day! (Netflix special) (2022)

Podcasts
Breaking Bread with Tom Papa (2020-)
Come To Papa (2013–2020)
The Official Podcast (2018)

Specials
Calm, Cool, & Collected (BSeenMedia, 2005)
Tom Papa: Live in New York City (Comedy Central Records, 2012)
Freaked Out (2013)
Human Mule (2016)
You're Doing Great! (2020)What A Day! (2022)''

References

External links
Official site

1968 births
Living people
20th-century American comedians
21st-century American comedians
21st-century American male actors
American game show hosts
American male comedians
American male film actors
American male television actors
American stand-up comedians
Pascack Hills High School alumni
People from Park Ridge, New Jersey
Writers from Passaic, New Jersey
People from Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey
Male actors from New Jersey
American television writers
American male television writers
Rider University alumni
American radio personalities
American writers of Italian descent
Comedians from New Jersey
Screenwriters from New Jersey
American radio writers
Television producers from New Jersey


Nazju Falzon (1 July 1813 – 1 July 1865) was a Maltese cleric and a professed member from the Secular Franciscan Order. He did not become an ordained priest because he did not feel he was adequate enough for such an honor. He became an apt catechist and noted for his commitment to religious instruction.

Falzon's beatification took place in mid-2001 in Malta when Pope John Paul II visited the island nation.

Life

Nazju Falzon was born in Malta in a big house on Strait Street on 1 July 1813 to Francis Joseph Falzon (a judge) and Maria Teresa Debono (the daughter of the judge Calcedonio Debono). Falzon was baptized on 2 July in the church of Porto Salvo in the names of "Rocco Angelo Sebastiano Vincenzo Naju Rosario Falzon". He had three brothers; all four became lawyers and two of the brothers entered the priesthood. His brother Anthony became a lawyer and married while his two brothers Kalcidon and Francis became priests themselves.

He obtained a doctorate in law on 7 September 1883. He received the tonsure and his clerical habit on 20 December 1828 and on 21 December 1828 was instituted as a cleric in a Mass that Mgr. Publius M. Sant presided over.

Falzon received the minor orders on both 21 August 1831 and on 18 December 1831 but did not wish to be ordained as a priest on the basis of unworthiness despite the local bishop's encouragement. He taught also catechism to local children first at the Institute of the Good Shepherd and became quite fluent in English due to the fact that the British were present across the island nation. Falzon also worked with the British soldiers and sailors who were stationed on Malta which at the time was a British protectorate; he would seek out the men at their assigned positions. Those who were interested were brought to his own home for services. More grew interested in this and it forced him to move and he soon found a new home for his work at a Jesuit church in the capital of Valletta. The soldiers would leave their valuables with him if the soldiers had to go to the battlefield in the knowledge that he would pass them on to their loved ones if killed or missing.

He imported simple texts in various vernacular languages and distributed them to his flock to read; he was also a writer and was responsible for "The Comfort of the Christian Soul". He became a mentor to those who remained on the island and served them as a pastor and performing marriages as well as [baptisms and funerals. He had a strong devotion to the Eucharist and to the Archangel Raphael as well as devotions to Saint Joseph and to Benedict Joseph Labre.

Falzon died in 1865 due to a heart attack (he experienced heart spasms for a long duration) and was interred in the Falzon Vault though later moved to the Chapel of the Immaculate Conception in the local Franciscan church. The Franciscan priest Marjan Vella wrote a biographical account of the late cleric titled "Glorja tal-Kleru Malti".

Beatification
The beatification cause opened in an informative process that spanned from 1882 until its closure in 1889. Falzon's writings spiritual writings were approved by theologians on 16 December 1902, and Falzon's cause was formally opened on 13 April 1904 under Pope Pius X, granting him the title of Servant of God. Theologians granted their approval to the cause after meeting on 10 February 1987 while the Congregation for the Causes of Saints did so as well on 6 October 1987. Falzon was named as Venerable on 23 October 1987 after Pope John Paul II confirmed that the late Maltese cleric led a life of heroic virtue.

The process for a miracle took place in the diocese of its origin and concluded on 28 June 1999 before the C.C.S. validated the process on 5 February 2000; a medical board approved this on 19 February 2001 which theologians and the C.C.S. also backed up. John Paul II approved this miracle and beatified Falzon on his visit to Malta on 9 May 2001. The beatification miracle involved the 1981 cure of a man stricken with cancer.

The current postulator for this cause is Fra Giovangiuseppe Califano.

References

External links

Hagiography Circle
Saints SQPN
Homily of John Paul II during Mass with Beatifications in Malta
Catholic Forum

1813 births
1865 deaths
19th-century venerated Christians
19th-century Maltese writers
Beatifications by Pope John Paul II
Maltese beatified people
Maltese male writers
Maltese Roman Catholics
People from Valletta
Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II


The two-barred warbler (Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus) is a bird of the leaf warbler family (Phylloscopidae). The species was first described by Robert Swinhoe in 1861. It was formerly included in the "Old World warbler" assemblage. It is closely related to the greenish warbler, to which it was formerly considered conspecific.

It is found in northern Mongolia, Manchuria and southern Siberia.

References

two-barred warbler
Birds of North Asia
Birds of Mongolia
Birds of Manchuria
two-barred warbler


Frank Margerin (born 9 January 1952, in Paris) is a French author and illustrator of comics.

Biography
After secondary school, Margerin went to a school of applied art, where he met Denis Sire. He joined Sire's band, Los Crados, as a drummer. The band later became Dennis' Twist.

In 1975, while looking for work in publishing or illustrating, Margerin met Jean-Pierre Dionnet, who ordered his first comic strip, a four-page parodical science fiction story named "Simone et Léon", for the Métal Hurlant magazine. He later drew and wrote several other stories for the magazine. His first album, Frank Margerin présente..., which gathered his first works for Métal Hurlant, was published in 1978. These first stories often have elements of science fiction, to fit with the other strips of Métal Hurlant. After "Simone et Léon", he also wrote and drew several works for Rigolo, a short-lived magazine. He won his first prize in 1980 at the Lucca Comics & Games festival in Lucca.

His most famous character, Lucien, was created in 1979. Lucien is a rocker from Malakoff with a huge pompadour hairstyle that forms a cone in front of his face. Lucien first appeared as a friend of Ricky, another rocker, but he eventually became the center of the stories. With Ricky's and later Lucien's stories, Margerin comically described the life of suburban French rockers of the late 1970s and early 1980s. Bananes métalliques, one of Lucien's albums, was a commercial success in 1982 with over 100,000 books sold. His other characters included Albert and Mauricette, created in 1982, and Skoup and Max Flash, two journalists created in collaboration with Phil Casoar in 1984.

In 1989, Les Humanoïdes Associés gave him the direction of a series of collective albums with the common title Frank Margerin présente... He also created Y'a plus de jeunesse for Albin Michel and worked on an animated television series, Manu, which was first broadcast on Antenne 2 in 1990. Manu was afterwards adapted into three comic books albums, with the collaboration of Altheau.

In 1992, Margerin received the Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême at the Angoulême International Comics Festival. He therefore became president of the jury of the festival the next year, which was the twentieth edition of the festival.

Bibliography
 Lucien (Les Humanoïdes Associés) :
 1981 - Tome 1. Votez Rocky,
 1982 - Tome 2. Bananes Métalliques,
 1982 - Tome 3. Radio Lucien,
 1985 - Tome 4. Chez Lucien,
 1989 - Tome 5. Lucien se met au vert,
 1987 - Tome 6. Lulu s’maque,
 1998 - Tome 7. Ricky chez les Ricains,
2000 - Tome 8. Week-end motard,
Lucien, Le retour
Lucien, 25 piges
1983 - Kosmik Komiks (Kosmik) : collective album
Ricky
1984 Ricky VII,
1987 Ricky Banlieue,
1985 - Un Enfoiré et quelques connards, followed with Un gnon et quelques bosses (Crapule and Le Seuil)
1986 - La Bande à Renaud (Delcourt) : collective
1986 - Félix et le bus (UTP) : illustrator
1989 - Y’a plus de jeunesse (Éditions Albin Michel)
Manu (Les Humanoïdes Associés) :
1990 - Tome 1. L’Insupportable Manu,
1991 - Tome 2. L’Abominable Manu,
1994 - Tome 3. Le Danger public,
1992 - Le Guide du surf (La Sirène) : illustrator
Frank Margerin Présente (Les Humanoïdes Associés) :
1998 - Tome 1. Alerte aux Envahisseurs,
1998 - Tome 2. Tranches de Brie,
1998 - Tome 3. Tutti Frutti,
1998 - Tome 4. Tirage de tête
Tome 1 - La fête,
Tome 2 - La télé,
Tome 3 - Toutous et matous,
Tome 4 - Frank Margerin,
2006 - Shirley et Dino,
2001 - Paroles de taule (Delcourt) : collective,
Momo le coursier (Éditions Albin Michel)
2002 Tome 1 :
2003 Tome 2 : Momo roule toujours,
2005 Tome 3 : Le grand saut,

References

External links

  bibliography and biography on bedetheque.com
  bibliography and biography on bdparadisio.com

1952 births
French comics artists
French comics writers
French drummers
Male drummers
Living people
Writers from Paris
Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême winners
French male writers


Hypotelorism is an abnormally decreased distance between two organs or bodily parts, usually pertaining to the eye sockets (orbits), also known as orbital hypotelorism.

Causes
It is often a result of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), caused by large alcohol intake in the first month of pregnancy.

It can be associated with trisomy 13, which is also known as Patau syndrome, as well as hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy.

It can also be associated with fragile X syndrome and Prader–Willi syndrome.

Metopic synostosis, the early closure of metopic suture during skull development in children, can also cause hypotelorism.

See also
 Hypertelorism

References

External links

Eye diseases
Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system


Sewen (; ) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin department

References

Communes of Haut-Rhin


Manspach (Alsatian: Mànschbàch) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin département

References

Communes of Haut-Rhin


Moray Low (born 28 November 1984 in Torphins, Aberdeenshire, Scotland) is a retired rugby union player.
Low's position of choice is as a Prop. He is capable of playing on both sides of the scrum.

He was called up to the Scotland squad for the 2008 Six Nations Championship, where he made his debut coming on as a second substitute for Alasdair Dickinson against France in the Stade de France.

Low was named in the Scotland squad for the 2011 Rugby World Cup but played no part in any of Scotland's four games.

It was announced on 16 February 2014 that Low will be joining English Aviva Premiership side Exeter Chiefs on a two-year deal.  He would go on to spend five years with the Chiefs reaching three Premiership Finals in that time.

In May 2019, Low announced his retirement from Rugby.  It was revealed he planned to focus on a property development business he had set up with former team-mate and Exeter Chiefs defense coach Julian Salvi..

References

External links
Glasgow profile
 Scotland profile
itsrugby stats

1984 births
Living people
Aberdeen GSFP RFC players
Exeter Chiefs players
Glasgow Warriors players
People from Torphins
Rugby union players from Aberdeenshire
Rugby union props
Scotland Club XV international rugby union players
Scotland international rugby union players
Scottish rugby union players
2011 Rugby World Cup players


Malmerspach is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin département

References

Communes of Haut-Rhin


Sarah Bellum or Sara Bellum may refer to:

 Animated fictional characters:
 Sara Bellum (The Powerpuff Girls),  mayor's secretary in Cartoon Network series
 Sara Bellum (Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego?), in animated television series
 Sara Bellum (Darkwing Duck), scientist in Disney series
 SaraBellum Records, sublabel of 5 Minute Walk
 In the credits to A Prairie Home Companion, Garrison Keillor states the show is "written by Sarah Bellum" in a joking reference to his own brain (cerebellum)

See also
 Cerebellum, a structure at the rear of the vertebrate brain, beneath the cerebrum


Route 115 is a Connecticut state highway in the Lower Naugatuck River Valley area, running from Route 34 in Derby to Route 67 in Seymour. The road runs along the east bank of the lower Naugatuck River.

Route description
Route 115 begins as Derby Avenue in Derby, continuing north from Route 34, which turns west to cross the Naugatuck River. It enters the city of Ansonia after , becoming Main Street. At the Derby-Ansonia line, Route 115 meets the western end of Route 243 (for Woodbridge and New Haven) and its continuation across the Naugatuck River (Division Street), which provides access to shopping areas as well as the Route 8 expressway. Route 115 continues north into Ansonia center, passing by the Ansonia station of the Waterbury Branch of the Metro-North Railroad. It then meets the east end of Route 334 (Maple Avenue) and proceeds north as North Main Street, entering the town of Seymour about  later. In Seymour, it becomes South Main Street, meeting and briefly overlapping Route 313 (for New Haven) then ending  later at an intersection with Route 67 near the Seymour railroad station.

The entire length of Route 115 is also designated as Veterans Memorial Highway.

History
In the 1920s, the route through Derby, Ansonia, and Seymour on the east bank of the Naugatuck River was designated as State Highway 200. The corresponding road on the west side was New England Route 8. In the 1932 state highway renumbering, Highway 200 was renumbered to Route 115, originally running from its current southern end at Route 34 to the intersection of Main Street and Broad Street (both part of the original Route 8). In 1936, Route 8 was relocated to River Street (modern Route 313). The former Route 8 alignment became Route 8A. In 1962, Route 8A was deleted and the Main Street portion was assigned as a northern extension of Route 115.

Junction list

References

External links

115
Transportation in New Haven County, Connecticut
Derby, Connecticut
Ansonia, Connecticut
Seymour, Connecticut


Reggie Rhodes (born August 29, 1980) is a former American football defensive lineman. He was a member of the Miami Dolphins, Berlin Thunder, Los Angeles Avengers, and Columbus Destroyers.

Career
Rhodes attended Baldwin High School in Milledgeville, Georgia and was a student and a three-year letterman in both football and basketball. In football, he was a Class 4A All-State selection. Rhodes graduated from Baldwin County High School in 1998. He played at Georgia Military College in 1999 and 2000, where he was an All American defensive-lineman. He also won the Golden Owl's Bowl in 1999. He signed with Valdosta State in 2000, playing two years. He was a two-time All Conference player and played in the Division II National Championship in 2002.

Rhodese signed with the B.C. Lion in April 2003. He played in the pre-season before being cut in week ten of the season. He went on to play two years in the National Football League Europe (NFLE). He was allocated by the Kansas City Chiefs with the Cologne Centuries in 2003  and the Berlin Thunder in 2004. He played in the World Bowl with the Thunder. He signed with the Miami Dolphins in 2005 and with the L.A. Avengers (AFL) in December 2005. He played two years with the Avengers, leading the team in sacks and forced fumbles in his rookie year. He played with the Columbus Destroyers in 2009. He went back to school in 2012 and graduated in December 2015 with a degree in criminal justice.

External links
NFLE stats
Stats from arenafan.com

1980 births
Living people
People from Milledgeville, Georgia
Players of American football from Georgia (U.S. state)
American football defensive linemen
Valdosta State Blazers football players
Berlin Thunder players
Los Angeles Avengers players
Columbus Destroyers players


Mohammed Mansour Jabarah  (محمد منصور جبارة) (born December 21, 1981) is a Kuwaiti convicted of terrorism-related offences. Jabarah was active in al-Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah circles, and was arrested in 2002.

He agreed to cooperate with authorities, but is currently serving a life sentence in ADX Florence after he allegedly violated his release conditions.

Life
Jabarah was born in Al Sabah Hospital in Kuwait City, and traveled to Egypt and Saudi Arabia with his parents as a child.

Jabarah moved to Canada with his family on August 16, 1994 at the age of 12 and attended Holy Cross Catholic Secondary School in St. Catharines, Ontario. He intended to become an ophthalmologist. Their father opened a gas station in St. Catharines.

In 1999, he graduated from high school and was accepted into Saint Mary's University in Halifax, but decided not to pursue post-secondary education.

Both Jabarah and his brother returned to Kuwait every summer to visit relatives, where they met with Islamic teacher Sulaiman Abu Ghaith, who would later become a spokesman for al-Qaeda. A childhood friend, Anas al-Kandari, introduced him to al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden during summers in Kuwait. He returned to Canada and began fundraising, raising C$3,500 which he gave to Ghaith for the First Chechen War.

Militant activity
In July 2000, Abdul Rahman left for an Afghan training camp, and the following month Mohammed flew to Kuwait where he met with Ghaith who paid his fare to Karachi, from whence he traveled to Peshawar and hiked on foot into Torkham where the two brothers met up, waiting for their promised camp to finish construction and hanging around the Sheik Shaheed Abu Yahya Training Camp near Kabul instead.

In early 2001, he was diagnosed by doctor Ayman al-Zawahiri with hepatitis, and given a month's bedrest. While his brother went home to Canada, Mohammed attended a 10-week program at Al Farouq training camp, where he declined an offer to become a trainer, before moving into a guesthouse in Kandahar where his brother later visited him.

He vowed allegiance to bin Laden in May or July 2001 in Kandahar. Bin Laden sent him to Khalid Sheik Mohammed, who paired Jabarah with Ahmed Sahagi as a partner in Karachi.

After meeting with Hambali, Jabarah was given three email addresses; only Mohammed would send mail to "silver_crack2002@yahoo.com", while only Hambali would send emails to honda_civic12@yahoo.com - and Jabarah was to use the address bob_marley123@yahoo.com to respond to them.

On September 10, 2001 - at the urging of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Jabarah left Pakistan and flew to Hong Kong where he stayed in a hotel. Two days later, he flew to Kuala Lumpur, where he stayed in a hotel in the Indian district, while meeting with militant contacts at a McDonald's in the food court of a local shopping mall.

In late September, he took a bus to Singapore, where he met members of Jemaah Islamiyah anxious for him to give them al-Qaeda funds for their intended bombings. However the group was under surveillance, and arrested members confessed to meeting "Sammy", although Jabarah had fled the country. Authorities tracked down his identity through the landing card he had filled out upon arriving in Singapore, where he gave his true name and Canadian address.

In October, Jabarah returned to Singapore to meet with Fathur Rahman al-Ghozi who had arrived in-country on October 7 himself, and together "Sammy" and "Mike" met with militants plotting to attack embassies in Singapore. Shortly after, Jabarah and al-Ghozi travelled to Manila and were taken to see the American and Israeli embassies, which were dismissed as too difficult to attack, since the American establishment was set too far back from the road, and the Israeli was too well-guarded. After ten days in the Philippines, Jabarah flew back to Singapore.

In November, Jabarah returned to Kuala Lampur and met with an al-Qaeda agent at the City One Plaza, where he was given $10,000 on each visit to take back to the militants planning the bombings. The following month, he received an email titled "Problem", which informed him that Singaporean colleagues had been arrested, which led him to flee to Bangkok where he met with Hambali, who urged him to escape back to the Middle East as quickly as possible. Hambali also informed him that the $70,000 he has passed on to JI militants would be used to hit "soft" targets like nightclubs in the region.

Jabarah flew to Dubai in January 2002. There, Jabarah met with his brother Abdul Rahman Jabarah, when both were already wanted al-Qaeda suspects; largely because Mohammed's Canadian passport had been found on December 8–9 in a raid by Singaporean authorities.

In March, he moved to Oman, where Mohammed ordered him to set up an Omani al Qaeda safe house.

Arrest
Jabarah was arrested by Oman authorities (mistakenly, but incidentally referred to as Amman authorities by the American government) in February or March 2002. Not wishing to turn him over to American authorities ostensibly fearing they would mistreat him, Oman advised Canada to dispatch two Canadian Security Intelligence Service agents to come pick up their wayward citizen However, it has been suggested that Omani authorities "perhaps" made Jabarah the "subject of some interrogation which was improper".

His brother phoned their father Mansour, and was warned that Canadian authorities were looking for him as well.

Jabarah was returned to Canada on April 18, after a stopover in London, England and was interrogated by CSIS for four days. He claims to have seen an internal document left in the interrogation room which said "There is no evidence or not enough evidence to find Jabarah guilty. We did our best to convince the Omanis to convict him, but they said there is no evidence against Jabarah".

Meanwhile, CSIS agent Mike Pavlovic had managed to gain Jabarah's trust during a number of meetings at The Brass Rail strip club in Toronto and began trying to convince him to turn himself over to the Americans. However, he was reticent until presented with a slip of paper which he signed, after CSIS promised him he just had to visit the United States for a few hours and would be back in Canada before the end of the day. It was a lie, and Jabarah later referred to it as "betrayal", as he was handed over to American authorities who otherwise had no legal basis to prosecute him. The Canadian Civil Liberties Association subsequently demanded an investigation into the handling of the situation.

Release, cooperation and later arrest
In May Jabarah agreed to cooperate with U.S. authorities and was turned over to them. He lived in a series of safe houses, working as a double agent for the Americans, and helped them track both Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and Osama bin Laden as part of what he was told was a plea bargain.

Less than three months after the crash of American Airlines Flight 587 in Queens, New York, rumors were already suggesting that it had been destroyed by an unknown terrorist with a shoe bomb similar to the one found on Richard Reid. Four months later,  Jabarah stated that Mohamed's lieutenant Abu Abdelrahman had told him that Reid and Jdey had both been enlisted by the al-Qaeda chief to carry out identical plots as part of a second wave of attacks against the United States, and that Jdey had blown up the flight.

He was re-arrested in the autumn, after a Federal Bureau of Investigation search of his house found a list of American agents and prosecutors, a knife and rope in his luggage and bomb-making instructions. He was held in the Manhattan Detention Center until he was subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment by judge Barbara S. Jones.

His oldest brother, Abdullah, later stated that he believed Mohammed was "a crazy bastard, fucking mad".

References

Canadian people imprisoned abroad
People imprisoned on charges of terrorism
Canadian al-Qaeda members
People from St. Catharines
Inmates of ADX Florence
Canadian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the United States federal government
1981 births
People from Kuwait City
Living people
Jemaah Islamiyah
Kuwaiti emigrants to Canada
Detainees of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp


In relativity, proper velocity (also known as celerity) w of an object relative to an observer is the ratio between observer-measured displacement vector  and proper time  elapsed on the clocks of the traveling object:

It is an alternative to ordinary velocity, the distance per unit time where both distance and time are measured by the observer.

The two types of velocity, ordinary and proper, are very nearly equal at low speeds. However, at high speeds proper velocity retains many of the properties that velocity loses in relativity compared with Newtonian theory.
For example, proper velocity equals momentum per unit mass at any speed, and therefore has no upper limit. At high speeds, as shown in the figure at right, it is proportional to an object's energy as well.

Proper velocity w can be related to the ordinary velocity v via the Lorentz factor γ:

where t is coordinate time or "map time".
For unidirectional motion, each of these is also simply related to a traveling object's hyperbolic velocity angle or rapidity η by
.

Introduction

In flat spacetime, proper velocity is the ratio between distance traveled relative to a reference map frame (used to define simultaneity) and proper time τ elapsed on the clocks of the traveling object.  It equals the object's momentum p divided by its rest mass m, and is made up of the space-like components of the object's four-vector velocity. William Shurcliff's monograph mentioned its early use in the Sears and Brehme text.  Fraundorf has explored its pedagogical value while Ungar, Baylis and Hestenes have examined its relevance from group theory and geometric algebra perspectives.  Proper velocity is sometimes referred to as celerity.

Unlike the more familiar coordinate velocity v, proper velocity is synchrony-free (does not require synchronized clocks) and is useful for describing both super-relativistic and sub-relativistic motion.  Like coordinate velocity and unlike four-vector velocity, it resides in the three-dimensional slice of spacetime defined by the map frame.  As shown below and in the example figure at right, proper-velocities even add as three vectors with rescaling of the out-of-frame component. This makes them more useful for map-based (e.g. engineering) applications, and less useful for gaining coordinate-free insight.  Proper speed divided by lightspeed c is the hyperbolic sine of rapidity η, just as the Lorentz factor γ is rapidity's hyperbolic cosine, and coordinate speed v over lightspeed is rapidity's hyperbolic tangent.

Imagine an object traveling through a region of spacetime locally described by Hermann Minkowski's flat-space metric equation .  Here a reference map frame of yardsticks and synchronized clocks define map position x and map time t respectively, and the d preceding a coordinate means infinitesimal change.  A bit of manipulation allows one to show that proper velocity  where as usual coordinate velocity .  Thus finite w ensures that v is less than lightspeed c.  By grouping γ with v in the expression for relativistic momentum p, proper velocity also extends the Newtonian form of momentum as mass times velocity to high speeds without a need for relativistic mass.

Proper velocity addition formula

The proper velocity addition formula:

where  is the beta factor given by .

This formula provides a proper velocity gyrovector space model of hyperbolic geometry that uses a whole space compared to other models of hyperbolic geometry which use discs or half-planes.

In the unidirectional case this becomes commutative and simplifies to a Lorentz factor product times a coordinate velocity sum, e.g. to , as discussed in the application section below.

Relation to other velocity parameters

Speed table

The table below illustrates how the proper velocity of  or "one map-lightyear per traveler-year" is a natural benchmark for the transition from sub-relativistic to super-relativistic motion.

Note from above that velocity angle η and proper-velocity w run from 0 to infinity and track coordinate-velocity when .  On the other hand, when , proper velocity tracks Lorentz factor while velocity angle is logarithmic and hence increases much more slowly.

Interconversion equations

The following equations convert between four alternate measures of speed (or unidirectional velocity) that flow from Minkowski's flat-space metric equation:

.

Lorentz factor γ: energy over mc2 ≥ 1

Proper velocity w: momentum per unit mass

Coordinate velocity: v ≤ c

Hyperbolic velocity angle or rapidity

or in terms of logarithms:

.

Applications

Comparing velocities at high speed

Proper velocity is useful for comparing the speed of objects with momentum per unit rest mass (w) greater than lightspeed c.  The coordinate speed of such objects is generally near lightspeed, whereas proper velocity tells us how rapidly they are covering ground on traveling-object clocks.  This is important for example if, like some cosmic ray particles, the traveling objects have a finite lifetime.  Proper velocity also clues us in to the object's momentum, which has no upper bound.

For example, a 45 GeV electron accelerated by the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) at Cern in 1989 would have had a Lorentz factor γ of about 88,000 (45 GeV divided by the electron rest mass of 511 keV).  Its coordinate speed v would have been about sixty four trillionths shy of lightspeed c at 1 lightsecond per map second.  On the other hand, its proper speed would have been w = γv ~ 88,000 lightseconds per traveler second.  By comparison the coordinate speed of a 250 GeV electron in the proposed International Linear Collider (ILC) will remain near c, while its proper speed will significantly increase to ~489,000 lightseconds per traveler second.

Proper velocity is also useful for comparing relative velocities along a line at high speed. In this case

where A, B and C refer to different objects or frames of reference.  For example, wAC refers to the proper speed of object A with respect to object C.  Thus in calculating the relative proper speed, Lorentz factors multiply when coordinate speeds add.

Hence each of two electrons (A and C) in a head-on collision at 45 GeV in the lab frame (B) would see the other coming toward them at vAC ~ c and wAC = 88,0002(1 + 1) ~ 1.55×1010 lightseconds per traveler second.  Thus from the target's point of view, colliders can explore collisions with much higher projectile energy and momentum per unit mass.

Proper velocity-based dispersion relations

  Plotting "(γ − 1) versus proper velocity" after multiplying the former by mc2 and the latter by mass m, for various values of m yields a family of kinetic energy versus momentum curves that includes most of the moving objects encountered in everyday life.  Such plots can for example be used to show where lightspeed, Planck's constant, and Boltzmann energy kT figure in.

To illustrate, the figure at right with log-log axes shows objects with the same kinetic energy (horizontally related) that carry different amounts of momentum, as well as how the speed of a low-mass object compares (by vertical extrapolation) to the speed after perfectly inelastic collision with a large object at rest. Highly sloped lines (rise/run = 2) mark contours of constant mass, while lines of unit slope mark contours of constant speed.

Objects that fit nicely on this plot are humans driving cars, dust particles in Brownian motion, a spaceship in orbit around the sun, molecules at room temperature, a fighter jet at Mach 3, one radio wave photon, a person moving at one lightyear per traveler year, the pulse of a 1.8 MegaJoule laser, a 250 GeV electron, and our observable universe with the blackbody kinetic energy expected of a single particle at 3 kelvin.

Unidirectional acceleration via proper velocity

Proper acceleration at any speed is the physical acceleration experienced locally by an object.  In spacetime it is a three-vector acceleration with respect to the object's instantaneously varying free-float frame.  Its magnitude α is the frame-invariant magnitude of that object's four-acceleration.  Proper acceleration is also useful from the vantage point (or spacetime slice) of external observers.  Not only may observers in all frames agree on its magnitude, but it also measures the extent to which an accelerating rocket "has its pedal to the metal".

In the unidirectional case i.e. when the object's acceleration is parallel or anti-parallel to its velocity in the spacetime slice of the observer, the change in proper velocity is the integral of proper acceleration over map time i.e.  for constant α.  At low speeds this reduces to the well-known relation between coordinate velocity and coordinate acceleration times map time, i.e. .  For constant unidirectional proper acceleration, similar relationships exist between rapidity η and elapsed proper time Δτ, as well as between Lorentz factor γ and distance traveled Δx.  To be specific:

,
where as noted above the various velocity parameters are related by
.

These equations describe some consequences of accelerated travel at high speed.  For example, imagine a spaceship that can accelerate its passengers at 1 g (or 1.03 lightyears/year2) halfway to their destination, and then decelerate them at 1 g for the remaining half so as to provide earth-like artificial gravity from point A to point B over the shortest possible time.  For a map distance of ΔxAB, the first equation above predicts a midpoint Lorentz factor (up from its unit rest value) of γmid=1+α(ΔxAB/2)/c2.  Hence the round-trip time on traveler clocks will be Δτ = 4(c/α)cosh−1[γmid], during which the time elapsed on map clocks will be Δt = 4(c/α)sinh[cosh−1[γmid]].

This imagined spaceship could offer round trips to Proxima Centauri lasting about 7.1 traveler years (~12 years on earth clocks), round trips to the Milky Way's central black hole of about 40 years (~54,000 years elapsed on earth clocks), and round trips to Andromeda Galaxy lasting around 57 years (over 5 million years on earth clocks). Unfortunately, while rocket accelerations of 1 g can easily be achieved, they cannot be sustained over long periods of time.

See also
Kinematics: for studying ways that position changes with time
Lorentz factor: γ = dt/dτ or kinetic energy over mc2
Rapidity: hyperbolic velocity angle in imaginary radians
Four-velocity: combining travel through time and space
Uniform acceleration: holding coordinate acceleration fixed
Gullstrand–Painlevé coordinates: free-float frames in curved spacetime.

Notes and references

External links
 Spacetime Physics by Edwin F. Taylor and John Archibald Wheeler

Minkowski spacetime


Marcus Maskell Marsh (1904–1983) was an English racehorse trainer. He was the son of the trainer Richard Marsh. His British Classic wins included The Derby and St. Leger with Tulyar (1952) and  Windsor Lad (1934) as well as the 2,000 Guineas with Palestine (1950). He was British flat racing Champion Trainer in 1952.

Marsh's career spanned over forty years until his retirement in 1964 with a break during World War II when he served in the RAF.

On 28 September 1936 he married tennis player Eileen Bennett.
In 1968 Marsh published his autobiography, Racing with the Gods.

References

Further reading
 Racing with the Gods Marcus Marsh 1968
 A maharaja's turf : platinum jubilee of the triumph of Maharaja Sir Vijayasinhji Chhatrasinhji of Rajpipla in the Epsom Derby, 1934

British racehorse trainers
1904 births
1983 deaths
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II


The Crieff and Comrie Railway was a Scottish railway, opened in 1893, connecting Comrie to the railway network at Crieff. The tourism potential of Loch Earn was an important factor, and the route was later extended westward to Lochearnhead. However the line was never successful, and declined in the twentieth century, particularly due to cheap and frequent bus competition. Four-wheel railbuses were introduced in 1958 to reduce operating costs, but the decline continued and the line closed on 6 July 1964.

History

Background
Crieff was the second largest town in Perthshire, and when railways northwards from central Scotland were being planned, routes through Crieff were considered. However the topography was more challenging on that axis, and when the Scottish Central Railway was authorised, its route ran east of Crieff through Auchterarder.

The Scottish Central opened in 1848, connecting Perth to the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway and the Caledonian Railway near Castlecary, giving connecting routes to Glasgow and Edinburgh.

Crieff could not remain without a railway connection, and in 1853 the Crieff Junction Railway was authorised. Engineered by Thomas Bouch it opened on 14 March 1856. It crossed the River Earn and ran southwards, joining the Scottish Central main line at Crieff Junction; that station was renamed Gleneagles in 1912. The Crieff Junction line was worked by the Scottish Central Railway.

In 1858 a line was opened connecting Perth with the town of Methven. The short line was called the Perth, Almond Valley and Methven Railway; it ran west from a junction with the Scottish Midland Junction Railway a short distance north of Perth station. A stagecoach formed a link between Methven and Crieff, until a railway link was made; this was the Crieff and Methven Junction Railway, opened on 21 May 1866. The two lines joined south-east of Crieff and shared a station on the south side of the town. However they each had their own engine shed.

By this time there had long been proposals to extend westwards, to Comrie and possibly much further west to Lochearnhead, and surveys had been carried out, but the schemes had come to nothing.

A viable scheme delayed
In 1863 Colonel Williamson, proprietor of the Lawers estate, became involved in promoting a railway from Comrie. He published a pamphlet proposing a railway connecting Comrie and Crieff, and within a month £22,000 had been subscribed locally for the line. As well as the ordinary commercial traffic that Comrie might generate, tourism was becoming an important source of income at this period.

The estimated cost of construction was £32,000 and it was considered that it would be easy to raise the entire sum. A Bill was submitted to Parliament for the 1865 session, and the Crieff and Comrie Railway was authorised.

The existing station faced King Street and the Comrie line was to approach from the west. The Crieff and Methven company was still building its line, and it was announced that it would build a through station suitable for all three companies, the earlier Crieff Junction Railway station being reduced to goods station status.

The Scottish Central Railway had undertaken to make a substantial investment in the line, but on 1 August 1865 the Scottish Central amalgamated with the Caledonian Railway. The Caledonian was experiencing financial difficulties at a time when money generally was in short supply, and the Caledonian took a less optimistic view of the prospects of the Comrie line. It now transpired that many of the enthusiastic local subscriptions in the line were doubtful, and when the Caledonian declared its own reluctance, it was suddenly plain that the line would not be built.

Williamson did not give up the proposal, and in particular in 1880 he tried to get the scheme going again, but on this occasion he experienced opposition from landowners, and no progress was made.

Another attempt
In the latter decades of the nineteenth century, tourism and leisure travel became increasingly important. The terrain of Strathearn was considered to have considerable natural beauty, but the difficulty of transport to Comrie meant that there was a disadvantage compared to locations that were rail-connected, or on the coast and accessible by steamer.

In early 1888 a further group of interested people met and decided to try once again to get the line built. This time they intended to persuade the Caledonian Railway, as successor to the Scottish Central Railway, to build the line. The North British Railway (NBR), a deadly rival to the Caledonian, had by now made a line to Perth and it was possible that the NBR might be induced to support a line through Crieff and Comrie towards the West Highland coast. The threat of this penetration by the NBR might induce the Caledonian to comply with the committee's wish to get their railway; and if not, maybe the NBR would indeed build their own line.

The committee called on the Caledonian chairman, but they had not brought any prepared costs with them, nor any indication of likely local financial support, and they were received coldly. A letter was later sent to the Caledonian formalising the proposal, but this was rebuffed, with the Caledonian merely saying (in a letter of 7 March 1888) that they were prepared to work the line if it was built.

The Crieff and Comrie Railway was authorised by Act of Parliament of 25 July 1890; the share capital was to be £45,000.

Construction
The line was to be six miles (9 km) long, with no intermediate stations; there was to be a 90-yard (82 m) tunnel, and a significant overbridge under Burrell Street (later made a short tunnel). The majority of the line followed the valley of the River Earn and terminated east of Comrie, in fact east of the Bridge of Lednock; the Caledonian Railway, as owners of the former Crieff Junction line, were to reconstruct Crieff station on a through line. Contracts for construction of the main line were let in the sum of £30,188 and completion was anticipated for July 1892.

Although arrears on calls on the shares were said to be minimal, the take up of the authorised share issue was incomplete, and the company soon found itself short of cash and appealed to the Caledonian Railway for financial help, which was swiftly refused. The request was repeated in June 1892 with the same result. Subsequent appeals to the public to subscribe were not much taken up, and a large loan was incurred, much of it personally guaranteed by the directors of the company.

A trial run over the line was carried out just before 17 May 1893, and the line was formally inspected by Major-General Hutchinson of the Board of Trade on 29 May 1893. The inspection was successful and the opening of the line took place with much ceremony on 1 June 1893. There were six passenger trains each way daily, with some running through to Perth.

Financial difficulties
It emerged in early 1894 that the company's finances were in a far worse state than the shareholders had understood. At a difficult shareholders' meeting the directors declined to publish some financial information, and it was urged that external directors, from outside the area and not part of any local group, should be appointed. This was refused and voted down. The company was making a small operating profit: revenue for the half year to July 1894 had been £1,197, about half of which came from passenger traffic. £591 was due to the Caledonian for working the line, and the surplus after other charges was £413. Meanwhile, the contractor Mackay had an outstanding claim for £11,150, so far not declared in the accounts.

Shareholders' meetings heard that a small surplus existed and that a dividend of 1.5% could be paid. The capital position of the company was desperate, but often there were calls to extend the line westward, to Lochearnhead. Yet the capital cost of providing even a simple goods siding that was requested would have wiped out the surplus.

Caledonian rescue
At this time the Caledonian Railway wished to extend to Lochearnhead to join the former Callander and Oban Railway line. Moreover, it was concerned that the rival North British Railway would build such a line, abstracting much of its traffic in the area. When the Comrie company opened discussions with the Caledonian about selling their line, they found that the Caledonian was willing. In fact its offer was remarkably generous: they would repay the share capital in full, pay off the mortgage loan, and settle MacKay's claim. This was put to a Special Shareholders' Meeting on 9 February 1898. The shareholders agreed and the company was vested in the Caledonian Railway by Act of 1 August 1898.

Extending westward
The Comrie line was simply an extension from Crieff to Comrie, but the attraction of closing the gap to Lochearnhead, there joining the former Callander and Oban Railway line, was irresistible, and the Lochearnhead, St Fillans and Comrie Railway opened in 1901. Optimistic assertions that transatlantic trade would arrive at Oban and be transported to the east of Scotland over the line proved unsubstantiated. Although the hoped for tourist trade developed somewhat, changing social patterns limited the extent to which either of the Comrie lines benefitted. Moreover, the connectional arrangements at Lochearnhead were never made convenient.

Decline
After World War I road bus services took an increasing share of passenger traffic, and after World War II the process accelerated considerably; the bus companies were running more frequently and at considerably lower fares. This resulted in the St Fillans line closing in 1951, together with the Methven line. The passenger service at Comrie reduced to one train each way daily.

In an attempt to sustain the passenger service, British Railways introduced four-wheel railbuses made by AC Cars which started on the line in September 1958, with three trains daily running between Crieff and Comrie. Various other types were tried later but proved unreliably mechanically with a number of services provided by a standby steam locomotive and a couple of coaches.

The change did little to revive the line, and following the so-called Beeching Report of 1963 (The Reshaping of British Railways) the line was listed for closure. The last train ran on 4 July 1964.

Connections to other lines
 Lochearnhead, St Fillans and Comrie Railway at Comrie
 Crieff and Methven Junction Railway at Crieff
 Crieff Junction Railway at Crieff

References

Sources

External links
Railscot on the Crieff and Comrie Railway

Pre-grouping British railway companies
Caledonian Railway
Closed railway lines in Scotland
Early Scottish railway companies
Beeching closures in Scotland
Railway companies established in 1890
Railway lines opened in 1893
Railway companies disestablished in 1898
British companies established in 1890


Gustav Adolf Skytte af Duderhof (1637 – 21 April 1663) was a Swedish nobleman.  He became a pirate  and plundered ships in the Baltic Sea in the years 1657 to 1662.

Biography
Skytte was born at Strömsrum  Manor in the parish of Ålems at Mönsterås  in Kalmar County, Sweden. His parents were Anna Bielkenstjerna  (c. 1617-1663)  and Jacob Skytte af Duderhof (1616-1654) who served as  governor of Östergötland  during 1645-1650. He was the grandson of  Swedish governor, Johan Skytte (1577–1645) and nephew of the  salonist and poet Vendela Skytte (1608–1629).

In 1657, Skytte hired a Dutch ship together with some of his friends. Out on the sea, the noblemen murdered the captain and took over the ship, which they used as a pirate ship, attacking ships in the Baltic Sea.  One of his colleagues was his brother-in-law Gustaf Drake (1634-1684) the husband of his sister Christina Anna Skytte (1643–1677).  They pursued this secret business from a base in Blekinge, Sweden.
In 1659, Gustav Skytte married Brita Margareta Hamilton, daughter of Colonel Hugo Hamilton (c.1607-1678). In 1662, his pirate activity was exposed.  Christina Anna and Gustaf Drake fled the country, but Gustav Skytte was arrested and put on trial. He was convicted of piracy and was executed at Jönköping in 1663.

Gustav Skytte was featured  by Viktor Rydberg (1828-1895) in the  1857 novel The Freebooter of the Baltic (Fribytaren på Östersjön  Stockholm:
Albert Bonniers förlag).

See also
 Lars Gathenhielm

References

Other sources

1637 births
1663 deaths
People from Kalmar
17th-century Swedish people
Executed Swedish people
People executed by the Swedish Empire
People executed for piracy
Swedish pirates
17th-century executions by Sweden
People from the Swedish Empire


Howards Grove High School is a public secondary school located in Howards Grove, Wisconsin. The school serves about 320 students in grades 9 to 12 in the Howards Grove School District.

About the school
Howards Grove High School is located on 401 Audubon Road on the northwest side of the Village of Howards Grove, Wisconsin.  The current building was completed in 1994 and also houses the offices of the Howards Grove School District.  The school serves students in grades 9–12 in all of the Village of Howards Grove, the Town of Herman, half of the Town of Mosel, and parts of the Towns of Ada, Franklin, Cleveland, Sheboygan Falls, and Meeme. Additionally, through the school choice program, open enrollment is available to students outside the district.

Student performance
Students at Howards Grove High School scored higher ACT scores than the Wisconsin State Average in the Science field, but lower in Mathematics, Reading, English, and Composite Scores. Students scored higher than the Wisconsin ACT average in Science, Mathematics, Composite Scores, but lower in English and Reading.

Students at Howards Grove High School taking AP (Advanced Placement) tests pass 87.5% of the time, significantly higher than the Wisconsin state average, and higher than all comparatively sized area schools.

28 academic credits are required to graduate from Howards Grove High School. Howards Grove High School has a 99.9% graduation rate, exceeding the Wisconsin state average. Roughly half of graduating students proceed to college studies after graduation.

Howards Grove High School has a 95.3% attendance rate, with 1.2% of students being considered habitually truant. 4.52% of students at Howards Grove High School has out of school suspensions issued.

Academic courses
Howards Grove has a variety of courses, in several departments. Students may take classes in math, social science, agriscience, communicative arts, computer science, science, music, foreign language, tech, art, and business. AP classes offered include AP Biology and AP Chemistry. AP English Language and Composition was started in the curriculum in 2009–2010, but did not have a class in the 2010–2011 school year due to a lack of interest. Students may also take such classes as Aviation, Medical Terminology, Phych, AP Psych, AP US History, and AP Calc online or at other schools in the area. Higher Level and College courses, along with other languages are also available to Seniors willing to drive to area Technical Colleges or Centers. Students may also participate in Apprenticeships, or have a work-study, where they spend time out of school working and receive credit.

Pause for a Cause
Starting in the Spring of 2012, Howards Grove High School has hosted "Pause for a Cause." This is a community fundraising event run and organized by students to raise money for a cause. Previous causes have been donations to the Children's Hospital in Milwaukee and the Make-A-Wish foundation. Events at "Pause for a Cause" have included a Brat Fry, Dodge-Ball tournament, T-shirt sales, Silent Auction, Children's Games and Activities, and even a Poker Tournament.

Music
The Howards Grove Music Department is very high-class. They have two to three choirs each year, as well as two bands. Choirs include the Mixed Choir, (Co-Ed Freshmen and Sophomores) Treble Choir, (Freshman & Sophomore Girls when there are enough) and Concert Choir (Juniors and Seniors). The Bands include the Concert Band, (Freshmen and Sophomores) and the Symphonic Band (Juniors and Seniors). The Music department has two concerts a year, one in the Winter and one in the Spring. There is also a Jazz Cabaret in the early part of the new year featuring the Jazz band and Show Choir. These are not-for-credit extra curriculars. Show choir requires an audition, whereas Jazz band does not. Band also plays Pepband for Varsity football, Varsity Basketball, and sometimes Varsity Volleyball. The Marching band Performs at halftime of the Varsity football games, featuring the poms Squad and Color-Guard, as well as marching in the Silver Dollar and Memorial Day parades. Both Band and Choir students have to opportunity to perform in Solo and Ensemble every year. While there are large ensembles that are required for band students, many in both band and choir opt to do solos, duets, trios, quartets, and various other pieces. Some students, if in both band and choir, may even perform as many as ten pieces in a single year.

Sports
Howards Grove has a Varsity and Junior-Varsity Football program, as well as Varsity and JV programs in Boys' and Girls' Basketball, Co-ed Tennis, Track, Cross-Country, Girls' Volleyball, Boys' Baseball, and Girls' Softball. They also have a Poms-Squad during Football and Basketball seasons, Boys' Varsity Soccer, and Girls' Varsity Soccer. The Cheerleading squad was not formed in the previous year due to a lack of interest among students.

Other extra-curriculars
Howards Grove is a diverse school with a wide arrangement of clubs and organizations for the students to participate in. They have a SkillsUSA, Forensics, FFA, International Club, NHS, and Spanish Honor Society. Every other year, the Howards Grove student body has the chance to perform in a musical with the Kohler students. On the opposite years, a small one-act play is available for auditions and performances.

Gallery

References

External links
Official website

Public high schools in Wisconsin
Schools in Sheboygan County, Wisconsin
School buildings completed in 1994
1994 establishments in Wisconsin


Sheva's War is a five-issue fully painted limited series graphic novel published in 1998. It was the final title to be released under the short-lived DC Comics imprint Helix.

Created, written and painted by Christopher Moeller, the story is the second to be located in Moeller's futuristic Iron Empires universe following publication of the Faith Conquers limited series by Dark Horse in 1994.

Plot synopsis
The Iron Empires comprise eight nations of peoples scattered across the Milky Way galaxy, being representative of the remains of a decaying human civilization which was once immeasurably vast. For millennia, the alien Vaylen, a parasitic worm-like race, have rolled back the frontiers of inhabited human space, invading the minds of their conquered hosts and gradually eroding human control throughout the galaxy.

Ahmi Sheva is the once-young, beautiful and restless baroness of Taramai, a planet located within the boundaries of the Karsan League. She is also a soldier by training and holds the rank of captain in the planetary Landwehr. Frustrated with life in the company of her much older husband and bored by dalliances with a string of younger lovers, Sheva assumes command of local forces when the Ganasch, the deformed ape-like minions of the Vaylen, first infiltrate and then invade her planet.

As the narrative unfolds, Sheva is courted by the visiting Philippe of Artois, Count of Karishun, her former mentor and commander and also initiates a new romance with Hardi Degas, a farm-boy turned soldier. She must lead the resistance of her vastly outnumbered Taramai forces against the incursions of the Vaylen in a series of conflicts ranging up and down the deep forested valleys of her planet.

Both the Vaylen and the human nobility employ mind-control techniques to optimise the performance of their forces. Indeed, the Vaylen share an acknowledged parasitic relationship with their hosts and as the series progresses treachery rises to the surface of the human defence initiative:

{{quote|Karishun: Look at them down there, Rhiannon. Toiling away like insects. And they have the effrontery to call your people worms. As if they were any better.

Rhiannon: You undervalue your kinsmen, my Lord. Six thousand Vaylen clans have crossed into human space by now. The greatest invasion in three centuries. Our leaders are realistic. They know what war will bring. Hundreds of our clans, their fortunes invested in fleets, will be ruined. Great lineages will be extinguished on the battlefield. Our nation will be harrowed by this war. And yet we take up arms eagerly, despite the risks, because without your people, those you call insects, my people are nothing.| Sheva's War #3, p.3, Dec. 1998}}

Themes
Moeller's novel has been variously described as addressing the theme of loyalty from a variety of angles, the issues that confront as one grows older as well as identifying the best role in the society when being chosen.

Other media
In 2006, Burning Wheel released the award-winning Burning Empires role-playing game designed by Luke Crane based on the fictional works of Christopher Moeller. Background material contained in the manual drew heavily upon Moeller's plot and literary devices featured in Sheva's War.

Collected editions
In 2004, Dark Horse re-released Sheva's War in a collected edition trade paperback:
 Iron Empires vol. 2: Sheva's War'', by Christopher Moeller, Dark Horse Comics (2004), 160 pp,

References

External links
 Burning Empires website
 Christopher Moeller's website

1998 comics debuts
Helix (comics) titles
Science fiction comics
Comics set on fictional planets


ADP/ATP translocase 1, or adenine nucleotide translocator 1 (ANT1), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SLC25A4 gene.

Interactions

SLC25A4 has been shown to interact with Bcl-2-associated X protein.

References

Further reading

 Wang, X., Middleton, F. A., Tawil, R., & Chen, X. J. (2020). "Cytosolic Adaptation to Mitochondrial Precursor Overaccumulation Stress Induces Progressive Muscle Wasting". bioRxiv, 733097. https://doi.org/10.1101/733097

External links

Solute carrier family


Walter Howard Bowart (May 14, 1939 – December 18, 2007)  was an American leader in the counterculture movement of the 1960s, founder and editor of the first underground newspaper in New York City, the East Village Other, and author of the book Operation Mind Control.

Life and career
Born Walter Howard Kirby in Omaha, Nebraska, Bowart was adopted as a newborn by Walter and Fenna Bowart. He was raised in Enid, Oklahoma, and won a McMahon Scholarship in journalism to the University of Oklahoma. In the early 1960s Bowart moved to New York City to pursue his interest in painting, and there he met his first wife Linda Dugmore, daughter of abstract expressionist Edward Dugmore, and had his first son Wolfe.

In 1965, Bowart, along with Ishmael Reed, who named the paper, Sherry Needham, Allen Katzman, and Dan Rattiner founded the East Village Other (EVO).  EVO offered a newsprint medium for the rants, artwork, poetry and comics of such 1960s icons as Timothy Leary, Allen Ginsberg, Abbie Hoffman, Robert Crumb, Marshall McLuhan, Spain Rodriguez, and The Fugs.  In 1966, Bowart testified before the Senate Subcommittee on Juvenile Delinquency about banning LSD.  He drew national attention with his recommendations.

Through his connection with ex-Harvard professor Timothy Leary, Walter met his second wife, Peggy Hitchcock. They moved to Tucson, Arizona in 1968 where Bowart founded Omen Press, a publishing house for metaphysical books. Among other books, Omen Press published This Is The New Age In Person by "Sufi Sam", for which Bowart wrote the foreword.  Bowart and Peggy Hitchcock had two daughters, Sophia and Nuria.

In 1973 Bowart located and reconnected with his biological parents, Thomas J. Kirby and Patricia J. Dooley, and discovered he had three younger sisters, Janet, Nancy and Kathy.  His adoption had a profound impact on Bowart and he later published various articles under the names of his biological parents.

During this period Bowart wrote the book that was to become his seminal work, Operation Mind Control. Published by Dell in 1978 with a foreword by The Manchurian Candidate author Richard Condon, Operation Mind Control was a 317-page investigative report into government mind control through the use of drugs such as LSD, behavior modification, hypnosis, and other "psycho-weapons".

Following a European promotional tour, Bowart moved to Aspen, Colorado, where he continued his research, became a contributor to the Aspen Daily News, and met Margo Jordan, his third wife.

In the early 1980s, Bowart created and published the Port Townsend Daily News in Port Townsend, Washington, where he met and married Rebecca Fullerton and had his fourth child, Wythe. In the late 1980s, Walter moved to Palm Springs, California to become the editor of Palm Springs Life Magazine where he published articles under the name Thomas Kirby, Tom Kirby, and Tom J. Kirby as well as W.H. Bowart.

In Bowart's later years, he researched and wrote prolifically. He created The Freedom of Thought Foundation, a non-profit organization dedicated to the education of the public about mind control. He was a frequently invited guest speaker at forums and conferences around the country.

Bowart died of colon cancer at his sister's home in Inchelium, Washington on December 18, 2007.  At the time of his death, Bowart was working on several screenplays and novels, including The Other Crusades, which was about New York City in the early 1960s.

Further reading
 Staff writer (Jan. 23, 2008). "Walter Bowart: Journalist whose New York counter-culture paper The East Village Other spread the 1960s gospel of alternative lifestyles." (obituary). The Times.

References

External links
 Full text: Operation Mind Control: Researcher's Edition at Scribd
 Full audiobook: Operation Mind Control, narrated by James Martinez
 The Invisible Third World War, synoptic chapter outline of Bowart's unfinished manuscript, from 1990, co-written with Richard Sutton
 Interview of Bowart by Ned Potter
 Interview of Bowart by Dave Emory

1939 births
2007 deaths
Writers from Omaha, Nebraska
University of Oklahoma alumni
American newspaper editors
American magazine editors
American book publishers (people)
American social sciences writers
American adoptees
American psychedelic drug advocates
Deaths from colorectal cancer
Mind control theorists
Deaths from cancer in Washington (state)
Writers from Enid, Oklahoma


Forbes was a Swedish dansband (literal translation: "dance band") of the 1970s.

The band represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 1977 with the entry "Beatles". The song is about the British band of the same name. Forbes ended in 18th and last place and got only two points. It was one of the worst placements ever for a Swedish entry in the Eurovision Song Contest.

The band consisted of Peter Forbes, Roger Capello, Claes Bure, Peter Björk, Anders Hector and Chino Mariano.

Their song was later covered by Finnish Singer Danny

References

External links
 Information about Forbes in 1977
 Forbes (in Swedish)

Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Sweden
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1977
Dansbands


The president of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics is the highest officer of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS), and, together with the president-elect and past president, sets the directions for IMS during his or her term of office.

Duties
According to the IMS Handbook for Officers, Editors, Council Members and Committee Chairs (2003), the president makes appointments to IMS committee vacancies, represents the Society to other organizations such as the Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies (COPSS) and the Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences (CBMS). In addition, the president is an ex officio member of the corporation of the National Institute for Statistical Sciences (NISS), and is responsible for appointing another member of the corporation and a member of the NISS Board of Trustees.

List of presidents

20th century

1936	Henry L. Rietz
1937	Walter A. Shewhart
1938	Burton H. Camp
1939	Paul R. Rider
1940	Samuel S. Wilks
1941	Harold Hotelling
1942-43	Cecil C. Craig
1944	Walter A. Shewhart
1945	W. Edwards Deming
1946	William Gemmell Cochran
1947	William Feller
1948	Abraham Wald
1949	Jerzy Neyman
1950	Joseph Leo Doob
1951	Paul S. Dwyer
1952	Meyer Abraham Girshick
1953	Morris H. Hansen
1954	Edwin G. Olds
1955	Henry Scheffé
1956	David Blackwell
1957	Alexander Mood
1958	Leonard Jimmie Savage
1959	Jacob Wolfowitz
1960	John Tukey
1961	Erich L. Lehmann
1962	Albert H. Bowker
1963	Theodore W. Anderson
1964	Z. W. Birnbaum
1965	Herbert Solomon
1966	Herbert Robbins
1967	Ted Harris
1968	Herman Chernoff
1969	Wassily Hoeffding
1970	Jack Kiefer
1971	William Kruskal
1972	Raj Chandra Bose
1973	Lucien Le Cam
1974	R. R. Bahadur
1975	Frederick Mosteller
1976	Donald L. Burkholder
1977	C. R. Rao
1978	Elizabeth Scott
1979	Samuel Karlin
1980	George E. P. Box
1981	Peter J. Bickel
1982	Mark Kac
1983	Patrick Billingsley
1984	Ingram Olkin
1985	Oscar Kempthorne
1986	Paul Meier
1987	Ronald Pyke
1988	Bradley Efron
1989	Ramanathan Gnanadesikan
1990	Shanti S. Gupta
1991	David O. Siegmund
1992	Willem van Zwet
1993	Larry Brown
1994	Stephen Stigler
1995	David R. Brillinger
1996	James O. Berger
1997	Nancy Reid
1998	Persi Diaconis
1999	Stephen Fienberg

21st century

2000	Morris Eaton
2001	Bernard Silverman
2002	Iain M. Johnstone
2003	S. R. S. Varadhan
2004	Terry Speed
2005	Louis Chen Hsiao Yun
2006	Thomas G. Kurtz
2007	Jim Pitman
2008	Jianqing Fan
2009   Nanny Wermuth
2010	J. Michael Steele
2011   Peter Gavin Hall
2012   Ruth J. Williams
2013   Hans-Rudolf Künsch
2014   Bin Yu
2015 	Erwin Bolthausen
2016 	Richard Davis
2017   Jon A. Wellner
2018   Alison Etheridge
2019   Xiao-Li Meng
2020   Susan Murphy
2021   Regina Liu
2022   Krzysztof Burdzy
2023   Michael Kosorok

External links
Past Executive Committee Members

References
 IMS Handbook for Officers, Editors, Council Members and Committee Chairs

Institute of Mathematical Statistics
Statistics-related lists
Lists of members of learned societies


The 5 krooni banknote (5 EEK) is a denomination of the Estonian kroon, the former currency of Estonia. Paul Keres (1916–1975), who was a world-famous Estonian chess player, international Grandmaster and prominent chess theorist, is featured with an engraved portrait on the obverse.

The reverse features Hermann Castle founded in 1256 by the Danes and Ivangorod Fortress established by Ivan III in 1492. The 5 krooni banknote was only issued shortly after the reestablishment of the Estonian state in 1991, but remained in common use until the EEK was replaced by the euro. A 5 krooni coin was also minted but the banknote was more commonly found in circulation. The note can be exchanged indefinitely at the currency museum of Eesti Pank for €0.32.

History of the banknote
 1991: first series issued by the Bank of Estonia;
 1992: second series issued;
 1994: third series issued;
 2011: withdrawn from circulation and replaced by the euro

Security features

Source:
 1991;1992
The watermark of the three lions is visible when the note is horizontal, but springs to life when the note is held against the light. The watermark is in two parts on the edges of the note.
Each note contains a security thread.
The portraits are printed in the main colour of the note and their raised surface can be felt with the fingertips.
Each note has an individual serial number. The horizontal number on the left is printed in black and the vertical number on the right is printed in a different colour on each denomination.
When the note is held at an angle to the light, the denomination of the note can be seen.
 1994
New colour tints have been used in these areas.
Silver ink has been incorporated into the note.
A new style serial number appears on the right-hand side, in a different colour for each denomination.
When the note is held up to the light, printed areas on the back of the note fill the unprinted areas on the front of the note.

See also
 Currencies related to the euro
 Estonian euro coins
 Currency board
 Estonian mark
 Economy of Estonia

References

External links
 Global Financial Data data series - Estonia Kroon
 The Global History of Currencies - Estonia

Currencies of Estonia
Five-base-unit banknotes


The Brandenberger Ache is a river of Bavaria, Germany, and of the Kufstein District, Tyrol, Austria.

It is a  long left tributary of the Inn. It starts as the outflow of the Spitzingsee in southern Bavaria, and flows from North to South to the town of Rattenberg where it merges with the Inn.

References

Rivers of Bavaria
Rivers of Tyrol (state)
Brandenberg Alps
Rivers of Austria
Rivers of Germany
International rivers of Europe


Natural History Museum Basel () is a natural history museum in Basel, Switzerland that houses wide-ranging collections focused on the fields of zoology, entomology, mineralogy, anthropology, osteology and paleontology. It has over 11 million objects.

It was established as a natural history collection in 1821.

The museum is a heritage site of national significance.

Here, the mummy of Anna Catharina Bischoff is kept and examined. It was found in 1975 during excavations in the Barfüsserkirche Basel. The skeleton of Theo the Pipe Smoker was found 1984 near the Theodorskirche in Kleinbasel.

See also
Museums in Basel

References

External links
 Natural History Museum of Basel website
 Basel museums website

Museums in Basel
Natural history museums in Switzerland
Cultural property of national significance in Basel-Stadt


Literary Criticism is one of several academic events sanctioned by the University Interscholastic League in the U.S. state of Texas. The contest began in the 1986–87 school year.

Literary Criticism is designed to test students' knowledge of literary history and of critical terms, and ability in literary criticism. The text A Handbook to Literature by William Harmon and C. Hugh Holman (currently, either the 8th, 9th, or 10th edition may be used), state adopted texts, and the announced reading list for the current year will be used as sources for the tests.

Eligibility
Students in Grade 9 to Grade 12 are eligible to enter. All grades compete in one division.

Each school may send up to four students. However, in districts with more than eight schools the district executive committee can limit participation to three students per school. In order for a school to participate in team competition, the school must send at least three students.

Rules and scoring
The test consists of four parts, which must be completed in 90 minutes. A time signal is given when 15 minutes remain.

The questions may be answered in any order.

Part One consists of thirty questions involving the use of A Handbook to Literature. Part Two consists of twenty questions involving the texts from the announced reading list. Part Three requires a contestant to answer fifteen critical questions about various poems or literary excerpts. Finally, the contestant must write a short essay dealing with a specified topic about a short literary passage.

One point is given for each correct answer in Part One and two points for each correct answer in Parts Two and Three. The essay is not scored but is used as a tiebreaker for individual competition. The contestant who does not write an essay is disqualified from the competition.

Determining the winner
The top three individuals and the top team (based on the scores of the top three individuals) will advance to the next round. In addition, within each region, the highest-scoring second place team from all district competitions advances as the "wild card" to the regional competition (provided the team has four members) and, within the state, the highest-scoring second place team from all regional competitions advances as the wild card to the state competition. Members of advancing teams who were not placed individually remain eligible to compete for individual awards at higher levels.

For individual competition, the tiebreaker is the essay. Three judges (none of whom shall be the student's coach) evaluate the essay based on the following criteria:

how well the contestant followed the instructions accompanying the questions;
the excellence of the literary insights expressed;
the effectiveness of the written expression; and
the grammatical correctness of the writing.

For team competition, the score of the fourth-place individual is used as the tiebreaker (not including the essay). If a team has only three members it is not eligible to participate in the tiebreaker. If the fourth-place score still results in a tie, the individual tiebreaker rules will not apply, and all remaining tied teams will advance. At the state level ties for first place are not broken.

For district meet academic championship and district meet sweepstakes awards, points are awarded to the school as follows:
Individual places: 1st–15, 2nd–12, 3rd–10, 4th–8, 5th–6, and 6th–4.
Team places: 1st–10 and 2nd–5.
The maximum number of points a school can earn in Literary Criticism is 37.

List of prior winners

Individual
NOTE: For privacy reasons, only the winning school is shown.

Team
NOTE: UIL did not recognize a team championship in this event until the 1992–93 scholastic year.

References

External links
 Official UIL Rules for Literary Criticism

1980s establishments in Texas
Events in Texas
University Interscholastic League


Kincaid (2016 population: ) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Pinto Creek No. 75 and Census Division No. 3.

History
Kincaid incorporated as a village on July 19, 1913.

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Kincaid had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population, the Village of Kincaid recorded a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a  change from its 2011 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2016.

Climate

Infrastructure

Saskatchewan Transportation Company provided regular intercity bus service to Kincaid, until STC was dissolved in 2017.

Notable people

Ross Belsher, politician and businessman
Pat Donnelly, retired ice hockey winger
Billy Taylor, ice hockey player who played two games for the New York Rangers in the 1964–65 season

See also

 List of communities in Saskatchewan
 Villages of Saskatchewan

References

Villages in Saskatchewan
Pinto Creek No. 75, Saskatchewan
Division No. 3, Saskatchewan
Populated places established in 1913
1913 establishments in Saskatchewan


Clara Aurora Liljenroth (7 June 1772 – 28 February 1836), also incorrectly referred to as Charlotta Liljeroth, was a Swedish scholar. She was one of few contemporary women to have attended and graduated from the gymnasium (1788) before they were officially opened to women, and attracted attention because of her unique position.

Biography
Aurora Liljenroth was born at Visingsö, Sweden. She was the daughter of professor Sven Peter Liljenroth (1743–1801), lecturer at the Visingsö Gymnasium, and Hedvig Mariana Rudebeck (d. 1779). Liljenroth was accepted as a pupil after having excelled in a test where she gave proof of high academic knowledge in the sciences and Latin. Her father also pointed out that there had been female students at the institution previously. She was formally accepted as a student at the gymnasium at Visingsö 8 December 1780. The same term, she gave a public speech to the school and several other important guests about the return of King Gustav III of Sweden from his travels abroad and about the birth of the Crown Prince. Her position as a student at a gymnasium was unique for her gender, and therefore attracted attention in the press. Her speech about the birthday celebrations of the crown prince in 1781, her speech in verse about the birth of the king's younger son in 1782, and her speech in verse about the birth day celebration of the crown prince in 1786 were all reported in the press.

On 2 November 1788 Aurora Liljenroth gave her graduation talk in French and graduated in "all sciences" with the highest honors and the recommendation that she had the ability to "explain both Cornelium and Ovidium with greater ease and further understanding of the Latin language than other students"

As a person, Aurora Liljenroth were described as shy and introvert, and she reportedly disliked the attention she attracted Her relation to her father was described as tense as he, reportedly, neglected her in private and had her displayed as a "parade doll" in public. The attention directed toward her, in parallel to the contemporary prejudices against education for women, was to have affected her and her opinions against educated women. In her own papers, she wrote: "A sensible woman is anxious about her reputation but fear fame". When she was included in an encyclopedia about women, she was deeply bothered, and when asked whether she was "the learned mademoiselle Liljenroth", she usually answered that the latter was her now deceased sister.

After her graduation, she tended to her father's household. During a stay in Växjö, she met Anders Eneström of Lässebo manor (d. 1824), with whom she married on 14 May 1798. She had five children and her further life was anonymous. She died at Ramsberg, Sweden.

Aurora Liljenroth was included in the encyclopedia of Carl Westrin: "Försök till en historia öfver namnkunniga men i synnerhet lärda fruntimmer" (Attempts to a history over known but especially learned females) in 1793.

Liljenroth was not the only one of these exceptions. Ursula Agricola from Strasbourg and Maria Jonae Palmgren from Grenna were both accepted at Visingsö Gymnasium in 1644 and 1645 respectively. Hedvig Eleonora Klingenstierna was allowed to give lecture in Latin at the Gymnasium of Linköping, and Erika Leibman (1738–1803), the daughter of a professor at the University of Lund, was allowed to attend the classes and became widely known both in Sweden and other countries as a "learned lady". The first official Swedish female university student after the institutions in Sweden were formally open to women, however, was Betty Pettersson in 1871.

See also
 Sophia Elisabet Brenner
 Anna Åkerhjelm
 Elena Cornaro Piscopia
 Laura Bassi
 Cristina Roccati
 Juliana Morell
 Maria Jonae Palmgren
 Francisca de Lebrija
 Isabella Losa
 Luisa de Medrano
 Beatriz Galindo
 Timeline of women's education

Notes

References
 Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor
 Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor
 Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor
 Den notis hennes berömmelse vilar på
 http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/digtid/02/1880/index.xml
 http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/digtid/02/1880/02/tfh1880_2_84_91.pdf#02084
 Wilhelmina Stålberg: Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor (Notes on Swedish women)

Further reading

1772 births
1836 deaths
People from Jönköping Municipality
Gustavian era people
18th-century Swedish women