Just Me is the tenth studio album by American singer Keith Sweat. It was released by Atco Records on May 13, 2008, in the United States. The album marked Sweat's debut with the label following his departure from Elektra Records. Just Me became his first regular album to top the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums in a decade.

Background
Along with a duet with Keyshia Cole, the album reunites Sweat with producer Teddy Riley, as well as former Kut Klose member Athena Cage, with whom he previously worked on "Nobody." The album, which also features Chris Conner and Paisley Bettis, is the first album collaboration with Riley since Sweat's studio album Keep It Comin' (1991). Sweat, who executive produced the project, said he named the project Just Me "because I'm giving the people what they expect from me. You hear other artists out here who make the mistake of trying to be trendy. They really try to keep up. I know people want to hear Keith Sweat. I'm conscious of the people who have followed me the whole time, since day one. I remember that I have a fan base and I'm very careful to give the people what they expect from me."

Critical reception

Allmusic editor Anthony Tognazzini found that "longtime fans needn’t fear that Sweat has undergone any major changes [...] Just Me is classic Sweat. Uptempo dance tracks would be a distraction, so Sweat sticks to what he does best: contemporary quiet storm that acts as the perfect soundtrack to candlelight and silk sheets. Guest appearances by Keyshia Cole and Athena Cage sweeten the pot, but it’s Sweat’s passionate vocals (not to mention the disc’s slick production) that steal the show."

Track listing
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.

Notes
 signifies a co-producer
 signifies an additional producer
Sample credits
"Somebody" samples "What's Come Over Me", performed by Blue Magic.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

Keith Sweat albums
2008 albums
Albums produced by Teddy Riley


Stéphane Bonsergent (born September 3, 1977) is a French former professional racing cyclist, who competed as a professional with the  team, between 2006 and 2011.

Major results

2002
 4th Boucle de l'Artois
 5th Grand Prix de la Ville de Nogent-sur-Oise
2004
 1st Univest Grand Prix
 7th Grand Prix de Beuvry-la-Forêt
2005
 1st Stage 4 Boucles de la Mayenne
 3rd Grand Prix de Beuvry-la-Forêt
 5th Overall Tour de Normandie
1st Stage 1
 6th Overall Ruban Granitier Breton
1st Stage 4
2006
 1st Circuit de la Nive
 1st Stages 4 & 9 Tour du Faso
 5th GP de Dourges-Hénin-Beaumont
 6th Tro-Bro Léon
 8th Paris–Troyes
 10th Tour de Vendée
2007
 1st Ronde du Pays Basque
 4th Tro-Bro Léon
 6th Paris–Bourges
 6th Châteauroux Classic
 6th GP de la Ville de Rennes
2008
 9th Overall La Tropicale Amissa Bongo
1st Mountains classification
1st Stage 2
 9th Cholet-Pays de Loire
 10th Paris–Troyes
2009
 2nd Tro-Bro Léon
 5th GP de Denain
 6th Châteauroux Classic
 7th GP de Fourmies
 9th Grand Prix de la Ville de Lillers
2011
 4th Grand Prix de la Ville de Lillers

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
French male cyclists
Sportspeople from Maine-et-Loire
Cyclists from Pays de la Loire


Arie Andries "Andre" van der Louw (9 August 1933 – 20 October 2005) was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA) and journalist.

Van der Louw worked as a civil servant for municipality of The Hague from November 1953 until October 1957. Van der Louw worked as a journalist for the VARA from October 1957 until January 1971 as a political editor from October 1957 until September 1965 and as a managing editor from September 1965 until January 1971 and also as editor-in-chief of teen magazine Hitweek from September 1965 until April 1969. Van der Louw also was active as a political activist and was one of the leaders of the New Left movement in the Netherlands which aimed to steer the Labour Party more to the Left. Van der Louw became a Member of the House of Representatives after the resignation of Ed Berg, serving from 12 January 1971 until his resignation on 1 May 1971. Van der Louw served as Chairman of the Labour Party from 1 May 1971 until 16 November 1974. In October 1974 Van der Louw was nominated as Mayor of Rotterdam, taking office on 16 November 1974. Van der Louw was appointed as Minister of Culture, Recreation and Social Work in the Cabinet Van Agt II, taking office on 11 September 1981. The Cabinet Van Agt II fell just seven months into its term on 12 May 1982 and continued to serve in a demissionary capacity until it was replaced by the caretaker Cabinet Van Agt III on 29 May 1982.

Van der Louw remained in active politics, in March 1983 he was nominated as Chairman of the Rijnmond Council, a direct electable sub national administrative layer between the municipalities and the provinces in the Rijnmond Area, serving from 16 April 1983 until 1 February 1986. Van der Louw also became active in the public sector and occupied numerous seats as a nonprofit director on several boards of directors and supervisory boards (Royal Dutch Football Association, Dutch Broadcast Foundation, International Architecture Biennal Rotterdam, Stichting Pensioenfonds Zorg en Welzijn, Royal Library of the Netherlands and the International Institute of Social History) and served on several state commissions and councils on behalf of the government (Advisory Council for Spatial Planning, Probation Agency, Stichting Pensioenfonds ABP, Cadastre Agency and the Council for Public Administration).

References

External links

Official
  A.A. (André) van der Louw Parlement.com

1933 births
2005 deaths
Chairmen of the Labour Party (Netherlands)
Deaths from cancer in the Netherlands
Deaths from lung cancer
Dutch atheists
Dutch autobiographers
Dutch humanists
Dutch magazine editors
Dutch male short story writers
Dutch short story writers
Dutch memoirists
Dutch newspaper editors
Dutch nonprofit directors
Dutch nonprofit executives
Dutch public broadcasting administrators
Dutch republicans
Dutch sports executives and administrators
Journalists from The Hague
Labour Party (Netherlands) politicians
Mayors of Rotterdam
Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)
Ministers of Social Work of the Netherlands
Ministers of Sport of the Netherlands
Politicians from The Hague
Writers about activism and social change
20th-century Dutch civil servants
20th-century Dutch journalists
20th-century Dutch male writers
20th-century Dutch politicians
20th-century memoirists


Maxime Vantomme (born 8 March 1986) is a Belgian professional racing cyclist, who currently rides for Belgian amateur team CT Borgonjon–Dewasport. Vantomme has previously competed for the , , , ,  and  teams.

Major results

2002
 1st Gouden Fiets
2004
 1st Overall Keizer der Juniores Koksijde
2005
 2nd Zuidkempense Pijl
 2nd Paris–Tours Espoirs
 3rd Road race, National Under-23 Road Championships
 3rd Memorial Van Coningsloo
2006
 1st Memorial Danny Jonckheere Oudenburg
 1st Stage 2 Ronde de l'Oise
 3rd Brussel–Zepperen
 10th Kampioenschap van Vlaanderen
2007
 1st Memorial Danny Jonckheere Oudenburg
 1st Stage 1a Tour des Pays de Savoie
 3rd GP Stad Geel
2008
 1st Stage 3 La Tropicale Amissa Bongo
 8th Halle–Ingooigem
 10th Ronde van Noord-Holland
2009
 6th Nokere Koerse
 7th Grote Prijs Jef Scherens
 7th GP Gemeente Kortemark
2010
 2nd Grote Prijs Jef Scherens
 5th Overall Tour de Wallonie
 6th Tour de Vendée
 10th Classica Sarda
2011
 5th Textielprijs
 9th Handzame Classic
 10th Overall Tour of Belgium
 10th Grand Prix de Wallonie
2012
 1st Heistse Pijl
 6th Le Samyn
 8th Overall Ster ZLM Toer
 8th Nokere Koerse
2013
 2nd Puivelde Koerse
 4th Circuit de Wallonie
 5th Dutch Food Valley Classic
 7th Overall Tour du Poitou-Charentes
 7th Grand Prix d'Ouverture La Marseillaise
 7th Grand Prix de la Somme
 8th Overall Arctic Race of Norway
 10th Grand Prix Criquielion
2014
 1st  Overall Paris–Arras Tour
1st Stage 1 (TTT)
 1st Le Samyn
 4th Grand Prix de Plumelec-Morbihan
2015
 1st Paris-Chauny
2016
 4th Boucles de l'Aulne - Chateaulin
 5th Grand Prix de la Ville de Lillers Souvenir Bruno Comini
 5t Overall Circuit des Ardennes
 7th Tour du Finistère
 8th La Poly Normande
 10th Grand Prix de Plumelec-Morbihan
2017
 2nd Overall Circuit des Ardennes
1st Stage 3
 3rd Dwars door de Vlaamse Ardennen
 3rd Famenne Ardenne Classic
 6th Overall Three Days of De Panne
 6th Overall Tour de Wallonie
 7th Tour de l'Eurométropole
 8th Overall Étoile de Bessèges
 8th Overall Ster ZLM Toer
2018
 9th Nokere Koerse

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
People from Menen
Belgian male cyclists
Cyclo-cross cyclists
Cyclists from West Flanders


Ian "Joey" Browne  (22 June 1931 – 24 June 2023) was an Australian track cyclist who along with Tony Marchant won the 2000 m tandem event at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne.

Unusually tall and strongly built for a cyclist, Browne had little formal training and won his first Australian title in 1953 in the 10 mile event. Browne did not team up with Marchant until early in 1956 and they promptly won the tandem event at the national championships to earn national selection. The pair were eliminated after losing their first two races but were given a reprieve when the Soviet Union pair were hospitalised in a crash and forced to withdraw. Thereafter Marchant and Browne were unbeaten and progressed to an unlikely Olympic gold. Browne's combination with Marchant was broken after the Olympics when the latter retired. In 1958, Browne won the 10 mile event at the national titles and went on to win the event at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games. Browne went on to compete in the 1960 and 1964 Olympics in the tandem event, both times with new partners, but both times he was eliminated in the repechage round. In 1964, he became the oldest ever track cyclist to represent Australia at the Olympics at the age of 33. He won the last of his national titles at the age of 37 in 1968 in the tandem event but was overlooked for Olympic selection by Australian officials. He retired and later was involved in cycling administration.

Early years
Browne was born in Melbourne to Linda and Alex Browne, the second of three brothers. His father was a printer and Browne took his elementary education at Chatham Public School, before moving on to Box Hill High School and later took his university education at Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT). While he was at university, he also worked in Sunshine as a laboratory assistant at Spaldings. At the age of 20, he graduated from RMIT and took a job at the State Electricity Commission, where he worked for over 35 years continuously since then, always riding his bicycle to work, a daily journey of around 15 km.

Browne learned to ride a bicycle at the age of four, but did not enter his first formal cycling competition until the age of 16, when he joined the Hawthorne Amateur Cycling Club. Browne made a habit of riding to training with his ordinary bike with heavy wheels to the club, carrying the lighter racing tyres on his back and changing his tyres upon his arrival. He earned extra money to fund a bicycle upgrade by working as a newspaper boy. There was little formal coaching at the club, and the cyclists learned by individual application and by watching and copying others. Browne and his club-mates raced on Saturdays and trained on Sundays.

Browne had his first success at a major competition when he won the 10 mile at his first Australian Championships in 1953. He did not team up with Tony Marchant until the start of 1956, just ten months before the start of the Melbourne Olympics. Marchant had risen to prominence by winning the 500 m time trial at the 1955 Australian Championships for juniors, prompting Browne to select him as his partner based on his raw speed. For a final test run before formally committing to racing together, the pair simply had a few tandem sprints around the track, with Browne sitting in the front seat. They were a contrasting pair; Marchant was a short man of  and , while Browne stood at  and , unusually tall for a cyclist. The pair went on to win the 2000 metre (m) tandem event at the Australian Championships in 1956, but going into the Melbourne Olympics, nobody, themselves included, regarded them as realistic medal chances. However, their mentor, former champion Billy Guyatt convinced them that they had the potential to make progress at international level.

Their training schedule consisted of individual training two or three times a week and two days a week of coordinated tandem training during the Olympic year. Marchant's main tactical responsibility was to look to the outside for impending attacks while Browne patrolled the inside. Marchant devised a signal system, such as a head bump on Browne's hip, or even a verbal shout when the opposition made a move.

Olympic gold
Ten nations were entered in the tandem competition, and in the first round, they were drawn with Germany and South Africa, who fielded their silver medallist pairing of Tom Shardelow and Ray Robinson from the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. The Australians made their move too early and led at the ringing of the bell at the start of the last lap, but they were overhauled well before the line as they faded in the final straight. Browne and Marchant were given another chance in the repechage round later in the same day. The Australians led for three quarters of the distance, but were overhauled by their Czechoslovakian opponent in the final metres and were defeated in a photo finish. This would normally have meant that the Australians would have been eliminated, however the final repechage between the Soviet Union and the Germans resulted in a tangle, resulting in a heavy pile-up. Neither team finished the race, but the Soviets were hospitalised. The cycling officials decided that the bruised Germans would be forced to compete in a repechage sequel against the losers in the previous repechages to qualify. This allowed the United States and the Australians a reprieve.

The Australians seized their good fortune and set their fastest time to date with 11.0 seconds (s). Having been beaten twice after leading out, the Australians sat back before sweeping past the injured Germans and the Americans in the final lap. Australia were again drawn against South Africa in their quarter-final, who had defeated them easily in the heats. This time they equalled the fastest team in the competition over the final 200 m, clocking 10.8 s to progress to the final, where they faced Italy. Giuseppe Ogna and Cesare Pinarello appeared to be in control at the start of the final lap. They had moved alongside the Australians with one and a half laps to go, but the Australians surprised them at the start of the final lap. The Italians came back to pull level at the start of the back straight, but the Australians held them off and pulled away to win by a length and a half. The Italians lodged a protest for interference but it was dismissed. The Australians finished in a time of 10.8 s and Browne later claimed that he was convinced by the performance that they would win the gold medal.

The final took place on the third day of racing. The Australians came to the conclusion that their wheels and tyres were too heavy, so they sought to buy better cycling equipment from the defeated Germans. The Germans agreed, saying "Have ours and you will win the gold medal." Australia were again pitted against the Czechoslovak Vaclav Machek and Ladislav Foucek. One of the reasons behind Australia's return to form had been the return of Guyatt to a mentoring role. Guyatt had assisted them at the national championships, but they were assigned to another coach at the Olympics. Guyatt was regarded as a marketing-style motivator and he attempted to give Browne and Marchant a psychological boost. Equipped with their new machines, Browne and Marchant employed a tactical trick devised by Guyatt. The Australian staff had noticed that the Czechoslovaks had always made their final burst from a certain point from the finish. During the final, Australian team manager Bill Young stood at the said point as the Australian led out. When Browne came to the point, he pulled upwards and pre-emptively blocked the expected Czechoslovakian attack. This helped to stifle the attack and Australia went on to win the gold medal.

Later career
Following the Olympics, Marchant retired, and Browne went on to win the individual 10 mile race at the 1958 Australian Championships. Browne went to the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games at Cardiff in Wales. He was unplaced in the sprint, but won the 10 mile race to collect a gold medal. Browne had intended to retire after returning from Cardiff, but the lure of a second Olympics proved too much. In 1960, he won the 2000 m tandem with Geoff Smith at the Australian Championships and was selected for the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. There was to be no repeat of the triumph in Melbourne, as the pair were eliminated in the second repechage. Since no other Australian older than 28 had ever represented the nation in cycling, Browne was the oldest ever male cyclist to represent Australia at the Olympics. Browne continued to the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Perth, Western Australia, but was unable to win a gold in front of his home crowd, finishing with a bronze in the sprint. In 1964, Browne again won the tandem event at the Australian Championships, combining with his new partner Daryl Perkins. The pair then went to the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, where Browne beat his own mark of being the oldest cyclist to represent Australia at the Olympics, at the age of 33. This time, the Australians were eliminated in the quarter-final. Browne continued to compete at national level, successfully defending the tandem title in 1965, this time with a new partner Gordon Johnson. He won his fifth and final tandem and his last Australian Championship in 1968 with Johnson, but the Australian selectors overlooked Browne, instead selecting Hilton Clarke to partner Johnson in the tandem at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, ending Browne's career.

Browne was regarded as an intelligent and meticulous athlete, who was known for a logical and somewhat introspective style in his approach to the sport. He felt that he did not have the raw speed to match the likes of Lionel Cox and Dick Ploog in vying for selection in Australia's sprint team, and that he was not suited to long road races, instead focusing on medium length track racing. Browne typically was the front rider in tandem races, liking to be in control. He was regarded to be a cyclist who behaved in a careful and scholarly manner, and was known for coaxing higher levels of performance out of his younger partners. Browne was respected for his technical knowledge of the tandem and his success was often attributed to his vast experience.

After cycling
In his retirement, Browne continued his involvement in the sport, using his vast experience to serve the sport as an administrator. Browne served as the Vice President of the Victorian Amateur Cycling Association and he strongly advocated the use of a handicap system in racing, believing that it would improve the standard of racing and improve Australia's success rate. In 1994 Browne was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) for service to cycling.

At the age of 39, he married Rhonda, a primary school teacher. They had three children, a girl and two boys.

Browne died on 24 June 2023, at the age of 92.

Notes

References

1931 births
2023 deaths
Olympic cyclists for Australia
Cyclists from Melbourne
RMIT University alumni
Olympic gold medalists for Australia
Cyclists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in cycling
Australian male cyclists
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Commonwealth Games medallists in cycling
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Australia
Australian track cyclists
Cyclists at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Cyclists at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
Sportsmen from Victoria (state)
Medallists at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games


Samba is one of the six urban districts that make up the municipality of Luanda in Luanda Province, Angola.

Orientation
Samba is spatially one of the largest urban districts of Luanda with an area of 34.3 square kilometers and a population of 54,000. Samba is a district to the south of Ingombota along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. The district is bordered to the north by Maianga, Quilamba Quiaxi to the east and the municipality of Viana, Angola also to the east.

Neighborhoods
Samba is composed of seven neighborhoods: Rocha Pinto, Prenda, Gameque, Morro Bento, Mabunda, Samba, and Corimba.

Luanda
Municipalities in Luanda
Populated places in Luanda Province


Helmut Dähne (also rendered as Daehne or Dahne, born 29 November 1944 in Altenmark, Germany) is a German former motorcycle racer, active not in Grand Prix races, for which the rather tall Dähne (190 cm) is not well suited, but in endurance racing with production machines, comparable to touring cars and rallying with automobiles. From the 1970s to the 1990s, he was active on the longest circuits of motorcycle racing, the over 20 km long Nürburgring Nordschleife, and the over 60 km long Snaefell Mountain Course of the Isle of Man TT.

Career
He started his career in 1961 as a teenager began working for BMW motorcycle department as a mechanic, then since 1976 developed motorcycle tyres for German brand Metzeler and provided service at race tracks to customers, is now a PR manager, a Works BMW motorcycling legend
and known for his trademark red and white leathers.

Off-road contests
He entered off-road contests from 1965 to 1971, starting road racing in 1968 with a hillclimbing win at Sudelfeld in the Bavarian Alps. From 1972 to 1986 he started 23 events at the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy. In 1976, he and partner Hans-Otto Butenuth were the fastest finisher in the Production TT with a 900cc BMW R 90 S. Being one of the few non-British riders who could keep up with the locals, Dähne came second twice, in 1986, and in 1984 by only 2 seconds.

German Seriensport
He entered in the German "Seriensport" championship, a series of contests for road legal machinery, where he could test and showcase the products of his employers. In 1973 he won the first of these Rally German Championships in the 1000cc class, 15 in total, the last in 1993. The 1000 km Hockenheimring, an Easter Saturday event for a team of two riders doing a long-distance reliability run concluded with a timed raced, was won by Dähne and his partners 18 times in 26 entries, the last success coming in 2001. Dähne also entered more competitive series, like the Endurance world championship series, in which he finished 3rd in 1980, riding a Honda privately tuned by Eckert. In the 8 Hour race at the Nürburgring, then still 22.8 km long, he and partner Alois Tost finished second behind a factory-entered Honda RCB.

The last Grand Prix races on the long and dangerous circuits took place in 1976 at the Isle of Man, and in 1980 at the Nürburgring. The German track was shortened from 22.8 to 20.8 km in 1983, and the modern 4.5 km GP track was opened in 1984, in order to host competitive racing in a safe environment.

For enthusiasts still willing to ride the Green Hell of the Nordschleife, timed contests were offered as the Seriensport Zuverlässigkeitsfahrten (Zuvi, reliability runs), which contained a single lap time trial run from standing start, thus eliminating at least the danger of riders colliding when racing for position. Also, street legal bikes and tyres were required to keep costs and speed down.

Records
He set the first of his record there in August 1988 with a Suzuki GSX-R at 7:55.07. Then, with a 750cc Honda RC30 VFR750R, he subsequently lowered it to 7:53.08 in July 1990, to 7:50.71 in June 1992, and on 23 May 1993, using Metzeler ME Z1 tyres, set yet another record, with 7:49.71. After the 1993 event, an onboard-video was produced in which Dähne did another lap, about 10 secs slower, carrying camera equipment on his back. On 2 July 1994, Dähne did not take part in the Zuvi (which was won by Herbert Mandelartz with 7:55.78 min) as he instead returned to the Isle of Man TT for his 24th, 25th and 26th TT races. He scored a personal best of 19:45, but then fell and shattered his lower leg, causing a one-year break.

In 1994, not only Ayrton Senna was killed, but also riders were fatally wounded on the Nordschleife. No motorcycle contests on the Nordschleife were held after 1994, and with the track homologation for motorcycles not being renewed, no organizer can offer officially sanctioned contests there anymore. Thus, Dähne, holding the track record since 1988, will "forever" be the holder of the official record of 7:49.71 he had set in 1993.

Dähne, while riding for a magazine report, crashed in 1996 at the fast Fuchsröhre section of the Nordschleife. He continued to be a front runner in circuit racing, but finished only 3rd in the championship standings in 1997 and 1998, dropping further down the order later. While he won two more victories in the 1000 km Hockenheim in 2001 and 2002, another crash in 2004 ended the competitive career of the 60-year-old. Helmut Dähne has appeared in several other videos or magazine articles, comparing bikes to other bikes or cars, and still is active in public relation events.

See also
Nordschleife
Nordschleife fastest lap times

References

External links
classic-motorrad.de bio with photos
autobild.de Dähne vs. Walter Röhrl
Dähne jumping with a RC30 on the IoM
Dähne in his red-white leathers, doing a wheelie
- Website of the German Stock Sport series

German motorcycle racers
1944 births
Living people
Isle of Man TT riders


Jean-Luc Delpech (born October 27, 1979) is a French former racing cyclist, who competed professionally between 2005 and 2013, all with the  team. He also competed for amateur squads US Montauban 82, GS Jean Floc'h Moreac 56, Entente Sud Gascogne, and EC Trélissac Coulounieix–Chamiers.

Career highlights

2003
 1st, Stage 1, Tour des Pyrénées
 2nd, Overall, Cinturo de l'Emporada
2004
 3rd, Overall, Boucles de la Mayenne
2005
 3rd, Circuit de la Nive
2006
 1st, Stage 3, Tour du Faso, Ouagadougou
 2nd, Circuit de la Nive
 3rd, Prix d'Automne, Rôchefoucault
2007
 1st, Tour du Tarn-et-Garonne
2008
 1st, Stage 5, La Tropicale Amissa Bongo, Libreville
2010
 1st, Boucles de l'Aulne
 1st, Mi-Août Bretonne
2012
1st Overall, Ronde de l'Oise
1st, Stage 4
2013
 2nd, Grand Prix de la Somme
 10th, Grand Prix Pino Cerami

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
French male cyclists
People from Sarlat-la-Canéda
Sportspeople from Dordogne
Cyclists from Nouvelle-Aquitaine


Horace William Baden Donegan  (May 17, 1900 – November 11, 1991) was a bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America and served as the Bishop of New York from 1950 to 1972.

Early life

Donegan was born at Cordella, the family home of his parents Horace George Donegani and Emma (Pembroke) Hand in Matlock Bath, Derbyshire. His father Horace George Donegani was a butcher who ran Donegani and Sons Butchers on the South Parade in Matlock Bath. When Donegan was ten, he and his family emigrated to the United States, settling in Baltimore, Maryland.  His last name was changed from "Donegani" to "Donegan". He initially pursued a career as a stage actor. After falling in love with the daughter of his landlady (who was infuriated at the thought of an actor as her son-in-law), he decided on an ecclesiastical path. He never married, although clergy in the Episcopal Church may marry.

Education
Donegan completed his undergraduate work at St. Stephen's College in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York. He later studied at Harvard Divinity School, and theology at Oxford University. He obtained his divinity degree in 1927 from the Episcopal Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Ordained ministry
Donegan was ordained to the priesthood on May 28, 1928, and then served as curate of All Saints' Church in Worcester, Massachusetts for two years. He was rector of Christ Church in Baltimore until 1933, when he was made rector of St. James' Episcopal Church in Manhattan.

Bishop
In 1947, Donegan was elected Suffragan Bishop of New York, the second-highest official of the diocese. He received his consecration that same year from Presiding Bishop Henry Knox Sherrill, with Bishops Charles K. Gilbert and Norman B. Nash assisting as co-consecrators. Donegan was the four hundred and seventy-second bishop of the Episcopal Church.

In 1949, he was chosen as coadjutor bishop of the same diocese by acclamation, the only instance of such an appointment in its history. He became the founder and president of the Board of Trustees of the House of the Reedemer, and chaired numerous national boards and committees within the Episcopal Church.

Following Gilbert's retirement, Donegan succeeded him as the twelfth Bishop of New York in 1950. Considered very liberal and socially active, Donegan was also an advocate of civil rights, defending the rights of African Americans, women, and the poor. He once declared in 1954 that the church might have to "sacrifice much that is time-honored" to address the unchanging racial and economic patterns in New York.

He once proposed a reduction of the period of Lent from forty to seven days, for "what was acceptable in the seventeenth century has become unrealistic for men and women catching commuter trains." He condemned McCarthyism in the United States, which discriminated against numerous artists and entertainers for former political alliances. He also opposed the South African policy of apartheid, which had been put into effect after World War II.

In December 1955, Donegan sponsored an apartment near the Cathedral of St. John the Divine for a family of German refugees, helping the husband find work as well. A year later, in 1956, he gave his approval to the election of women as wardens, vestry members, and delegates to the National Conventions in his diocese; he later participated in the ordination of two women, Carol Anderson and Julia Sibley, as deacons in 1971, and of one as priest in 1977.

Donegan was active in the creation of what would later become the American Priory of the Order of St John; he was appointed Sub-Prelate of the Order in 1956. In 1957, Queen Elizabeth II named him an honorary Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). Also during that year, Donegan initiated a $5 million program for the construction of new churches in poverty-stricken sections of Manhattan and the Bronx, which he described as "the most strategic missionary opportunity that faces the Church."

He encouraged Episcopalians to support of John F. Kennedy in the 1960 presidential election, despite his Roman Catholic faith. Following Kennedy's assassination in November 1963, the Bishop said, "I speak for all the clergy and laity of the Diocese when I say that we are numbed with shock at the assassination of the president. He is now joined with Lincoln and McKinley in the ranks of the martyred leaders of our people."

In 1965, several parishioners in the Diocese of New York, upset by their Bishop's activism in the civil rights movement, withdrew pledges of $2 million for the completion of St. John the Divine. In response, Donegan said, "I can only hope that the Cathedral's very unfinished quality will stand as a memorial to a diocese which in the twentieth century tried to do what it believed to be right."

In an address to the Patriotic Societies of New York in 1965, Donegan expressed his incomprehension of young men's refusal to serve in the Vietnam War, even if they did not support the war. He stated, "Were it in my power, I would fine every person who did not vote, and reward doubly everyone who enlisted in the service of our country, whether as an Episcopalian in the armed forces or as Quaker in the courageous group who will carry the wounded off the field of battle."

In regards to the controversial beliefs of Bishop James Pike, Donegan once commented in 1966, when the possibility of a heresy trial was raised, "Of all the methods of dealing with Bishop Pike's views, the very worst is surely a heresy trial! Whatever the result, the good name of the Church will be greatly injured. Should there be a presentment and trial of Bishop Pike (which I hope and pray will not happen) the harm, the divisiveness and the lasting bitterness that will be inflicted on the Church we love and serve will be inevitable."

In 1967 he made the stunning announcement that he would be taking the donations for finishing St. John the Divine and put them toward housing and development projects in nearby Harlem. He once said of St. John, "This unfinished cathedral, towering as it does over this great and suffering metropolis, shall be the prophetic symbol that our society is still as rough-hewn, ragged, broken and incomplete as the building itself."

Retirement
Donegan retired in 1972, after a period of twenty-two years as the spiritual leader of the Diocese of New York. He returned to St. James' Church, where he assumed the post of parish pastor. He preached occasionally and assisted at Communion. He spent his summers in his native England. His hobbies included reading biographies, listening to Gilbert and Sullivan operettas, swimming, painting landscapes, and golf.

Donegan died from throat cancer in Sanibel, Florida, at the age of 91.

References

1900 births
1991 deaths
People from Matlock, Derbyshire
English emigrants to the United States
Harvard Divinity School alumni
Episcopal bishops of New York
American civil rights activists
Honorary Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century American Episcopalians
Deaths from cancer in Florida
Deaths from throat cancer
20th-century American clergy


Anthony John Marchant , also known as "Tippy" Marchant (born 28 August 1937) is a former Australian track cyclist who along with Ian Browne won the 2000 m tandem event at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. Marchant had little formal training and only took up the sport at the age of 16 because his friends liked the sport. In 1955, Marchant shot to prominence after only two years in the sport, winning the 500 m time trial and the 5 mile event at the Junior Australian Championships. This resulted him being approached by Browne to team up in early 1956 and they promptly won the tandem event at the national championships to earn national selection. The pair were eliminated after losing their first two races but were given a reprieve when the Soviet Union pair were hospitalised in a crash and forced to withdraw. Thereafter Marchant and Browne were unbeaten and progressed to an unlikely Olympic gold. In 1957, Marchant retired to play Australian rules football, again basing his decision on his friends' interests. In 1958 he made a brief comeback as a professional, but with only sporadic success, he retired in 1961.

Early years

Marchant was born in Chelsea, Victoria, where he grew up. His father was a member of the Royal Australian Navy, who later became a bank manager. His father died when Marchant was young. This left his mother, a nurse, to raise Marchant and his four sisters and three brothers. Unlike his siblings, Marchant was interested in sport from a young age. He particularly took a liking to boxing, and won the school boxing championship at St Bede's College. In his teenage years, he fought about 25 bouts with the Chelsea Youth Club.

Influenced by three of his friends, Marchant took up cycling in 1953 at the age of 16. He earned some money from selling flowers and delivering newspapers and bought a semi-racing bike. Later, he was a given a proper racing bike from his first trainer Merv Norton.

Marchant began at the Chelsea Amateur Cycling Club, which did not even have a banked cycling track and was trained by Norton and Maurie Cramer. Marchant rose to prominence by winning the 500 metres (m) time trial at the 1955 Victorian Championships for juniors in only his second year of competition. He then won the 5 mile title and the 500 m time trial at the Australian Junior Championships. He added a silver medal in the sprint.

Marchant first teamed up with Ian Browne at the start of 1956, just ten months before the start of the Melbourne Olympics. The older Browne selected Marchant because of the pure speed that Marchant had exhibited in the past year. They were a contrasting pair. Marchant was a short man of  and , while Browne stood at  and , unusually tall for a cyclist. For a final test run before the pair formally committed to racing together, the pair simply had a few tandem sprints around the track. Browne sat in the front seat, while Marchant sat in the rear seat. The pair went on to win the 2000 m tandem event at the Australian Championships in 1956, but going into the Melbourne Olympics, nobody, themselves included, regarded them as realistic medal chances. However, their mentor, former champion Billy Guyatt convinced them that they had the potential to make progress at international level.

Their training schedule consisted of individual training two or three times a week and two days a week of coordinated tandem training during the Olympic year. Marchant's main tactical responsibility was to look to the outside for impending attacks while Browne patrolled the inside. Marchant devised a signal system, such as a head bump on Browne's hip, or even a verbal shout when the opposition made a move.

Olympics

Ten nations were entered in the tandem competition, and in the first round, they were drawn with Germany and South Africa, who fielded their silver medallist pairing of Tom Shardelow and Ray Robinson from the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki. The Australians made their move too early and led at the ringing of the bell at the start of the last lap, but they were overhauled well before the line as they faded in the final straight. Browne and Marchant were given another chance in the repechage round later in the same day. The Australians lead for three quarters of the distance, but were overhauled by their Czechoslovakian opponent in the final metres and were defeated in a photo finish. This would normally have meant that the Australians would have been eliminated, however the final repechage between the Soviet Union and the Germans resulted in a tangle, resulting in a heavy pile-up. Neither team finished the race, but the Soviets were hospitalised. The cycling officials decided that the bruised Germans would be forced to compete in a repechage sequel against the losers in the previous repechages to qualify. This allowed the United States and the Australians a reprieve.

The Australians seized their good fortune and set their fastest time to date with 11.0 seconds (s). Having been beaten twice after leading out, the Australians sat back before sweeping past the Germans and Americans in the final lap. Australia were again drawn against South Africa in their quarter-final, who had defeated them easily in the heats. This time they equalled the fastest team in the competition over the final 200 m, clocking 10.8 s to progress to the final, where they faced the Italy. Giuseppe Ogna and Cesare Pinarello appeared to be in control at the start of the final lap. They had moved alongside the Australians with one and a half laps to go, but the Australians surprised them at the start of the final lap. The Italians came back to pull level at the start of the back straight, but the Australians held them off and pulled away to win by a length and a half. The Italians lodged a protest for interference but it was dismissed. The Australians finished in a time of 10.8 s and Browne later claimed that he was convinced by the performance that they would win the gold medal.

The final took place on the third day of racing. The Australians came to the conclusion that their wheels and tyres were too heavy, so they sought to buy better cycling equipment from the defeated Germans. The Germans agreed, saying "Have ours and you will win the gold medal." Australia were again pitted against the Czechoslovak Vaclav Machek and Ladislav Foucek. One of the reasons behind Australia's return to form had been the return of Guyatt to a mentoring role. Guyatt had assisted them at the national championships, but they were assigned to another coach at the Olympics. Guyatt was regarded as a marketing-style motivator and he attempted to give Browne and Marchant a psychological boost. Equipped with their new machines, Browne and Marchant employed a tactical trick devised by Guyatt. The Australian staff had noticed that the Czechoslovaks had always made their final burst from a certain point from the finish. During the final, Australian team manager Bill Young stood at the said point as the Australian led out. When Browne came to the point, he pulled upwards and pre-emptively blocked the expected Czechoslovakian attack. As the Australians veered out to cut off the opposition attack, the two pairs made hip contact. This helped to stifle the attack and Australia went on to win the gold medal. Upon returning to his home town, he was mobbed by thousands of schoolchildren who had come to welcome him, and he was given a civic reception.

Later years

The following year in 1957, Marchant unexpectedly left the sport, much to the dismay of the cycling community, which believed that he would continue to more success. He switched to playing Australian rules football because that was what his friends did. He felt that fitting in with his friends was more important, saying "I was a funny bloke. I did a lot on brilliance rather than hard work. I preferred to do what my mates were doing."

After a year away from the bike, Marchant returned to cycling and turned professional in 1958. Within a year he left for Europe with Ron Murray and Alan McLellan on the professional racing circuit. The trip was unsuccessful. The group did not take their track bikes with them, with Marchant ordering one from Italy. The equipment never arrived and he competed in Belgium and Copenhagen on borrowed bikes. Marchant only displayed glimpses of his ability, defeating the Italian champion in one outing and also winning the La Trobe race in Tasmania. Marchant then retired in 1961.

During his cycling career, Marchant had worked as an apprentice shoe cutter. After his retirement, he continued along the same line of work, spending his entire working career in the shoe industry, designing and marketing women's fashion shoes under the brand Imps and Cadets. He married in 1962 and has two children.

Notes

References

1937 births
Living people
Olympic cyclists for Australia
Cyclists from Melbourne
Olympic gold medalists for Australia
Cyclists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in cycling
Australian male cyclists
Medalists at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia
Australian track cyclists
People from Chelsea, Victoria
Sportsmen from Victoria (state)


O’Connell is a village in New South Wales, Australia.  The village, classified by the National Trust of Australia, is 23 kilometres from Oberon on the O'Connell Road.  At the 2006 census, O'Connell and the surrounding area had a population of 355.

History
The village has a long history, being situated on the original road between Bathurst and Sydney, which was in use until 1836. By the end of 1836 the road, now the Great Western Highway, was diverted and traffic proceeded via Rydal and Yetholme.

In 1813 George Evans crossed the Blue Mountains to confirm the findings of the exploration party of Blaxland, Lawson, and Wentworth. Evans and his party reached the end of the explorers' route at a point which Evans named Mount Blaxland, near the present locality of South Bowenfels. The party then moved further west and, near the junction of the Fish and Campbells Rivers, Evans described two plains in his view, the O'Connell Plains, which he named after the Lieutenant-Governor, Maurice Charles O'Connell, and the Macquarie Plains, named after Governor Lachlan Macquarie.

Evans wrote of O'Connell Plains: "...this Morning had a better appearance; the river now forms large ponds; at the Space of about a Mile I came on a fine Plain of rich Land, the handsomest Country I ever saw; it surpasseth Port Dalrymple; this place is worth speaking of as good and beautiful; the Track of clear land occupies about a Mile on each side of the River; I have named it after the Lieut. Governor, O'Connell Plains.'"

The Fish River is crossed at O'Connell on the Bathurst to Oberon Road. From that point, the Fish flows generally to the north-west to its confluence with Campbells River, to form the Macquarie River, which flows through Bathurst.

The existing hotel at O'Connell was built in 1865 and today is a popular meeting place in pleasant surroundings.

The historic former Catholic Church of St Francis of Assisi, built in the 1860s, has been restored as a dwelling. The attached cemetery has been closed for a considerable time. The Anglican Church of St Thomas is still in use. The cemetery attached to the church contains memorials as early as 1835.

O'Connell Post Office opened on 14 August 1834 and closed in 1980.

In 1890 a telephone line was constructed between O'Connell and Bathurst and O'Connell and Brewongle. Prior to this all communications to other centres were by the Morse Telegraph.

Heritage listings

O'Connell has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

 2509 O'Connell Road: Lindlegreen Barn

References

External links

Towns in New South Wales
Oberon Council


William John Maynard (18 March 1853 – 2 September 1921)  was an English footballer who played for England, firstly as a forward and later in goal, in the first international match against Scotland.

Career
Maynard was born in London and joined the 1st Surrey Rifles F.C. based in Flodden Road, Camberwell.

He was selected to play as a forward for England's first ever international match against Scotland on 30 November 1872 but at some point in the game he switched places with Robert Barker in goal and, like Barker, kept a clean sheet in a goalless draw. At 19 years, 157 days Maynard was the youngest player in the England line-up.

His second and last international appearance came on 4 March 1876 when he played on the left wing in a 3–0 defeat by Scotland.

In 1877 he represented Surrey and later spent a year with the Wanderers.

After retiring from his football career, he served as a District Registrar in Durham from 1903 until his death on 2 September 1921 aged 68.

His son Alfred Maynard represented England at rugby and died in the First World War.

References

External links

England profile

1853 births
1921 deaths
Footballers from Greater London
English men's footballers
England men's international footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Wanderers F.C. players


"Hologram World" is a song by the Tiny Masters of Today. The single features the song "Hologram World", the XFM version of "Hologram World" and the music video for "Radio Riot" directed by Nick Chatfield-Taylor. It was released in the United Kingdom on February 25, 2008. Alternate versions of the single feature the XFM version of "Hey, Mr. DJ".

Music video
Under the moniker Kids with Canes, Karen O and her boyfriend Barney Clay directed the music video for the song "Hologram World" which was released on February 8, 2008. Karen also served as choreographer and appears in the video along with Yeah Yeah Yeahs bandmates Nick Zinner and Brian Chase as well as Mike D from the Beastie Boys, Gibby Haynes from the Butthole Surfers, Russell Simins from the Blues Explosion and Sam  James from The Mooney Suzuki.

Track listing
 "Hologram World"
 "Hologram World" (XFM Version)
 "Radio Riot" (video)

Personnel
 Ivan: vocals, guitar
 Ada: vocals, bass guitar, keyboards and percussion
 Russell Simins: drums
 Karen O: vocals
 Nick Zinner: guitar

References

2008 singles
2008 songs
Tiny Masters of Today songs
Mute Records singles


Sergio Citti (30 May 1933 – 11 October 2005) was an Italian film director and screenwriter, born in Rome. He often worked with Pier Paolo Pasolini but also worked for others such as Ettore Scola. His own films include We Free Kings, for which he won a Silver Ribbon for Best Original Story.

His 1981 film Il minestrone was entered into the 31st Berlin International Film Festival. His 1977 film Beach House was shown as part of a retrospective on Italian comedy at the 67th Venice International Film Festival.

He died in 2005 of a heart attack. He was the brother of actor Franco Citti.

Filmography

Director
 Ostia (1970)
 Bawdy Tales (1973)
 Beach House (1977)
 Happy Hobos (1979)
 Il minestrone (1981)
 Sogni e bisogni (TV miniseries, 1985)
 Mortacci (1989)
 We Free Kings (1996)
 Esercizi di stile, segment Anche i cani ci guardano (1996)
 Cartoni animati (co-directed with Franco Citti, 1997)
 Vipera (2001)
 Fratella e sorello (2005)

Actor
Accattone (1961) - Waiter
Kill Them All and Come Back Alone (1968) - Soldier (uncredited)
Festival (1996) - (final film role)

References

External links

1933 births
2005 deaths
Italian film directors
20th-century Italian screenwriters
Writers from Rome
Italian male screenwriters
20th-century Italian male writers


North Dakota Highway 15 (ND 15) is a  east–west state highway in central North Dakota. The western terminus is at U.S. Route 52 (US 52) in Fessenden and the eastern terminus is at Interstate 29 (I-29) and US 81 near Thompson. ND 15 was designated in 1939.

Route description
North Dakota Highway 15 begins in Fessenden at an intersection with US 52 and travels east for about  before beginning a concurrency with ND 30 for . After the concurrency ends, ND 15 heads east for  before leaving Wells County and entering Eddy County. Seven miles east of the county line, ND 15 begins a concurrency with US 281 and heads north for  to enter the city of New Rockford. Just north of New Rockford, ND 15 turns east and travels about  across nearly all of Eddy County to begin a concurrency with ND 20. The concurrency heads north for  before ND 20 forks north and ND 15 forks east.  farther east, the route enters Nelson County.  east of the county line, ND 15 reaches the community of Pekin. East of Pekin, the highway intersects ND 1. About  to the southeast of this intersection, ND 15 passes through McVille and about  east of McVille, the highway has a junction with ND 32. The Nelson-Grand Forks county line is  east of this intersection.  into Grand Forks County, ND 15 begins a concurrency with ND 18. The route heads  east during this concurrency, passing through Northwood. After the concurrency ends, the highway heads  east,  north, and  east before entering Thompson, a southern suburb of Grand Forks. The highway ends  east of Thompson at an interchange with Interstate 29 about  west of the Red River of the North.

The only section of North Dakota Highway 15 that is included in the National Highway System is its concurrency with US 281, which is  long. ND 15 is one of the less traveled highways in North Dakota, with average traffic in 2011 at about 200-600 vehicles per day with about 1000-2500 vehicles per day during its concurrency with US 281 and in Grand Forks County.

History
ND 15 was designated in 1939.  Since then, its routing has largely remained the same, but it has undergone some changes.  Southeast of New Rockford, the route originally turned north and then west to enter New Rockford from the west.  It has since been straightened to intersect US 281 south of town.  Between just east of Pekin and the south side of Northwood, the highway stair-stepped along through Nelson and Grand Forks counties.  To reduce the number of turns, the stair-stepping portion of the highway was straightened into a diagonal and a new alignment was built that passed to the north of Northwood.  At Thompson, ND 15 originally turned north briefly before turning back to the east to meet US 81.  Now the highway keeps going straight to its interchange with I-29 / US 81.

Major intersections

References

External links

The North Dakota Highways Page by Chris Geelhart
North Dakota Signs by Mark O'Neil

015


Joëlle Sabourin (born May 28, 1972) is a Canadian curler from Gatineau.

Born in Hull, Quebec, Canada, Sabourin is a five-time provincial champion for her native Quebec, earning her the right to play at five national championships (the Scotties Tournament of Hearts). In  she won as Chantal Osborne's second, in  and  as Janique Berthelot's third, and in  and  playing lead for Marie-France Larouche. Three times she played in the Scotties as an alternate: in  for Agnes Charette, in  for Ontario's Jenn Hanna and in  for Marie-France Larouche.

In 2001 Sabourin won the Canadian Mixed Curling Championship playing lead for Jean-Michel Ménard.

From 2004 to 2007, Sabourin played in Ontario for Jenn Hanna. In 2004 and 2006 she was the team's third. In 2005, when she was pregnant, Sabourin was the team's alternate. It was that season that the team lost in the 2005 Scott Tournament of Hearts finals to Jennifer Jones. In 2007, Sabourin played lead and second for the team before leaving it to play for Larouche. In 2010 season Sabourin joined Chantal Osborne and now plays third stones.  Sabourin will play five major events on the curling tour, at the beginning of 2011,  with Jennifer Jones, as a replacement for Jill Officer who will be on maternity leave from September to December. Although Sabourin was initially planning to take the year off, she will also play several tour events with her Quebec team.

Teams

Women's

Mixed

References

External links

 Joelle Sabourin – Curling Canada Stats Archive

1972 births
Canadian women curlers
Curlers from Quebec
Canadian mixed curling champions
French Quebecers
Living people
Sportspeople from Gatineau
Canada Cup (curling) participants


Erigeron algidus is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name stalked fleabane.

Erigeron algidus is native to the High Sierra and nearby peaks in eastern California and western Nevada.Biota of north America Program 2014 county distribution map It is a resident of alpine plant communities such as talus slopes.

Erigeron algidus a daisy-like perennial with a basal clump of narrow fuzzy leaves and erect, naked stems to 30 centimeters (1 foot) in height. Atop each stem is a flower head one to one and a half centimeters (0.4-0.6 inches) wide with a yellow center of disc florets and an outer fringe of up to 125 ray florets in shades of bright purple, pink, or white. The rays spread straight out or reflex back from the center.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California

algidus
Flora of California
Flora of Nevada
Plants described in 1925


Erigeron petiolaris is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to northern and central Asia (Siberia, Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan).

Erigeron petiolaris a perennial herb up to 28 cm tall, with a short rhizome. It produces flower heads one at a time or in groups of 2 or 3, each head containing pink or white ray florets and yellow disc florets. The species grows in arctic or alpine regions on rocky slopes.

References

petiolaris
Flora of Asia
Plants described in 1906


Jean-Baptiste Stuck (also known by the single moniker "Baptistin," "Batistin" or "Battistin") (6 May 16808 December 1755) was an Italian-French composer and cellist of the Baroque era.

Little is known of Stuck's early years. He was born at Livorno on the coast of Tuscany, came from a merchant family, and was the son of Giovanni-Giacomo Stuck and Barbera Hellerbeck. From 1702 he was in the service of Countess Lemos in Naples. Stuck wrote arias for the performance of the opera L'innocente inganno of Tomaso Albinoni, which was performed under the new title Rodrigo in Algieri on 10 December 1702 in Naples at the Teatro San Bartolimeo.

Shortly thereafter Stuck moved to Paris. In 1705, he published the collection Für das Jahr 1701 through the Ballard publishing house. In Paris, he was a member of the Chapelle royale and a cellist in the service of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans. In 1722, he led the cello in the opera orchestra, displacing the bass viol. In 1733 he received French citizenship.  He died in Paris.

Works

Operas
He composed numerous operas, including:
 Méléagre (1709) (Libretto by François-Antoine Jolly)
 Manto la fée (1710) (Libretto by Mennesson)
 Il Gran Cid (Livorno 1715, Naples 1717)
 Polydore (Paris 1730)
and about 15 opera-ballets for Versailles.

Secular Cantatas
Stuck published four books of cantatas, the first three in 1706, 1708, 1711, (titled "Cantates Françoises") and a fourth in 1714 (titled "Cantates Françoises et Italienne"). In 1729, the Concert Spirituel performed another cantata Union de la musique française et italienne.

 Book 1 (1706): "Cantates Françoises à Voix Seule, avec Symphonies = French cantatas for solo voice, with symphonies" Containing: Philomèle.  L'amant impatient. L'amant réconcilié. Contre l'ambition. Le Calme de la nuit.  Céphale et Aurore.
 Book 2 (1708): "Cantates Françoises à Voix Seule et basse-Continue avec et sans Symphonies = French cantatas for solo voice and basso continuo with and without symphonies" Containing: Proserpine. Neptune et Amymone. La Naissance d'Achile. Ariane. Sur la prise de Lérida. Mars jaloux.
 Book 3 (1711): "Cantates Françoises à I. II. Voix et basse-Continue avec Symphonies = French cantatas for one and two voices and basso continuo with symphonies" Containing: Les Bains de Toméry. Héraclite et Démocrite. (Published by Ballard in Paris)
 Book 4 (1714): "Cantates Françoises et Italienne à I. II. Voix et basse-Continue avec Symphonies = French and Italian cantatas for one and two voices and basso continuo with symphonies" Containing: Flore. L'Amour vengé. Diane. Psiché. Les Festes bolonnoises. Cantata (In Italian).

Books 1 and 2 were included in the score library of the contemporary French operatic baritone Gabriel-Vincent Thévenard.

Recordings
Héraclite et Démocrite on "Baroque Cantatas at Versailles." With D'Anna Fortunato, mezzo-soprano; John Ostendorf, bass-baritone; Brewer Ensemble, on original instruments; Rudolph Palmer, conductor. SR-182 Spectrum. LP record. Re-issued as WVH 071 Erasmus. Compact Disc.

Héraclite et Démocrite on "French Cantatas." With Jennifer Smith, soprano; Thierry Félix, baritone; Les Musiciens du Louvre; Marc Minkowski, conductor. 471 730-2 Archiv. Compact Disc.

Héraclite et Démocrite on "Une Soirée chez le Chevalier Chavoye." With Cécile Larroche, soprano; Guillaume Figiel Delpech, counter-tenor; Les Chantres de Saint-Hilaire Sauternes; François-Xavier Lacroux, conductor. Hortus202, Éditions Hortus. Compact Disc, 2021.

Modern Editions

Stuck, Jean-Batiste (Battistin). "Cantatas." Edited by David Tunley. In The Eighteenth Century French Cantata, Volume 4. New York: Garland Publishing, 1990.

This facsimile edition is part of a larger multi-volume monument set and contains all four books of Stuck's French and Italian cantatas. The additional commentary is extensive and contains instrumentation and movement description, librettist, plot synopses and performance history for each of the cantatas.

Stuck, Jean-Batiste (dit Battistin). "Héraclite et Démocrite: Cantate pour soprano et basse avec deux violons." In La Cantate Francaise au XVIIIe siècle, Volume 8. Geneva: Minkoff Reprint, 1984.

This facsimile edition of this single cantata is from a large multi-volume monument set, and is reproduced from Stuck's third Book of Cantatas, published by Ballard in Paris in 1711. The final page consists of a reproduction of a long legal paragraph, "Extrait du Privilege Du Roy," which discusses giving sole printing rights to the publisher Christopher Ballard, based on laws signed by Louis XIV.

Stuck, Jean-Baptiste. Héraclite et Démocrite: Cantata for soprano, bass, two violins and bass continuo. Edited by Conrad Lee. Richmond, England: Green Man Press, 2005.

Conrad Lee has edited this fully modern edition of the cantata, adding a foreword, the libretto in original French and English translation, and resetting the notation in modern type. The edition includes a full score as well as two violin parts, a continuo part and two vocal parts (with figured bass below). In the full score, the figured bass of the original is still included below the keyboard line, but has been realized in notation.

Notes

References

External links

1680 births
1755 deaths
Italian classical cellists
French classical cellists
Italian Baroque composers
Italian opera composers
Male opera composers
French classical composers
French male classical composers
18th-century classical composers
18th-century French composers
18th-century Italian male musicians


Yann Pivois (born 20 January 1976) is a French professional racing cyclist.

Career highlights

 2003: 3rd in Prix des Moissons (FRA)
 2003: 2nd in Boucles Catalanes (FRA)
 2004: 3rd in Les Boucles de l'Artois (FRA)
 2004: 3rd in General Classification Tour du Tarn-et Garonne (FRA)
 2004: 1st in Prix des Moissons (FRA)
 2005: 2nd in Tour du Doubs (FRA)
 2008: 2nd in General Classification La Tropicale Amissa Bongo (GAB)

External links

1976 births
Living people
French male cyclists
Place of birth missing (living people)


The 2007 Triple J Hottest 100 was announced on Australia Day, 26 January 2008.  It was the fifteenth countdown of the most popular songs of the year, as chosen by the listeners of Australian radio station Triple J.

Voting began on 1 January 2008, and closed on 20 January 2008.  More than 700,000 votes were counted in the poll. The broadcast began at 10 a.m. AEST, and for the first time was broadcast live to all time zones (as opposed to being on a delayed broadcast).  Triple J hosted two live sites, one at The Domain, Sydney and one at Melbourne Docklands.

The 2007 poll was the closest in Hottest 100 history with only 13 votes separating the number 1 and 2 songs. The 2007 Hottest 100 contained 52 works by Australian artists. This equals the results in the 1999 poll.

Full list
Note: Australian artists

The #101 spot belonged to "Foundations" by Kate Nash

Artists with multiple entries

Three tracks:

 Silverchair (2, 30, 80)
 Kings of Leon (3, 33, 60)
 John Butler Trio (4, 22, 55)
 Bloc Party (24, 40, 48)
 Josh Pyke (79, 91, 97)
 Harry Angus (Twice with The Cat Empire and once with Jackson Jackson) (50, 62, 87)

Two tracks:

 Muse (1, 58)
 Foo Fighters (6, 82)
 Cold War Kids (8, 37)
 Muscles (14, 76)
 Powderfinger (15, 66)
 Architecture in Helsinki (19, 36)
 The Chemical Brothers (21, 84)
 Operator Please (27, 77)
 Regina Spektor (29, 95)
 Angus and Julia Stone (31, 45)
 Kisschasy (32, 52)
 Tegan and Sara (42, 70)
 British India (46, 74)
 Arctic Monkeys (49, 78)
 The Cat Empire (50, 62)
 Missy Higgins (51, 53)
 Midnight Juggernauts (57, 86)
 Ian Kenny (Once with Birds of Tokyo and once with Karnivool) (61, 63)

Countries represented
 Australia - 52 songs
 United States - 20 songs
 United Kingdom - 18 songs
 Canada - 4 songs
 France - 3 songs
 Sweden - 2 songs
 Germany - 1 song

Top 10 Albums of 2007

Trivia
 This is the first time in over ten years that The Living End did not feature in The Hottest 100.
 Muse's Knights of Cydonia was actually released July 2006, making the song over 18 months old when it was awarded the number 1 spot.
 Daft Punk's Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger made an appearance twice in the top twenty, in a live version, number 7, and remixed in Kanye West's Stronger, at number 20.

CD release
Triple J's Hottest 100 Volume 15 is the compilation featuring the best of the Top 100 voted tracks on two CDs.  It went on sale 8 March 2008.

References

External links
Triple J Hottest 100

2007 in Australian music
Australia Triple J
2007


Alejandro José Acton (born June 3, 1972) is an Argentine professional racing cyclist.

Career highlights

1998
 1st, Stage 9, Vuelta Ciclista del Uruguay
2000
 2nd, Overall, Rutas de America
2001
 2nd, Overall, Vuelta Ciclista del Uruguay
2002
 1st, Stage 2, Rutas de America, Treinta y Tres
 3rd, Overall, Vuelta Ciclista del Uruguay
 1st, Stages 7 & 10 (Salto & Montevideo)
2003
 1st, Stage 6, Vuelta Ciclista de Chile, San Antonio
2004
 1st, Prologue, Stages 5 & 6 Tour de Korea (Seoul & Yang Yang (2x))
 2nd, Murraysville
 3rd, Somerset
2005
 1st, Stage 3, Green Mountain Stage race, Voler Burlington Criterium
 2nd, GP Mengoni
 3rd, Overall, Vuelta Ciclista del Uruguay
 1st, Stages 1 & 8 (Piriapolis & Trinidad)
 3rd, Athens
2006
 1st, Garrett Lemire Memorial GP
 1st, Bethel
 1st, Visalia
 2nd, Amgen Classic
 3rd, Kelly Cup
2008
 1st, Overall, Vuelta al Chana
 1st, Stage 3 (Cheveste)

External links

1972 births
Living people
Argentine male cyclists
Vuelta Ciclista de Chile stage winners
Cyclists from Buenos Aires


The 185 series () was an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) primarily on mid-distance limited express services centering on Tokyo.

The class is broadly divided into two variants: 185-0 series for use south-west of Tokyo, and 185-200 series originally for use north of Tokyo.

185-0 series
The 185 series was primarily intended to replace ageing 153 series EMUs used on Izu express trains from Tokyo to the Izu Peninsula. The requirement was also for a "general-purpose" train that could also be used occasionally on local services. This resulted in a design featuring  wide doors at either end of each car, compared with the standard limited express (e.g. 183 series) layout with  wide doors at one end of each car.

A total of eight 10-car sets (sets A1 to A8, including two Green cars) and seven 5-car sets (sets C1 to C7) were built between 1979 and 1980 (115 vehicles in total), and delivered to Tamachi depot. Initially, they were phased in on Izu express trains from March 1981, working alongside (and sometimes coupled with) the older 153 series trains. In October 1981, the Izu express was upgraded to become the Odoriko limited express, with all trains formed of 185 series sets.

The Tamachi Depot fleet was transferred to Ōmiya Depot from the start of the 16 March 2013 timetable revision.

Formations

10-car sets A1 to A8
The 10-car sets A1 to A8 are formed as follows, with car 1 at the Izu end.

Cars 3, 7, and 9 each have one lozenge-type pantograph.

5-car sets C1 to C7
The 5-car sets C1 to C7 are formed as follows, with car 11 at the Izu end.

Car 14 is equipped with a lozenge-type pantograph.

Refurbishment
Between 1993 and 1998, the original Japanese-style toilets in cars 1, 5, and 10 of the A sets, and cars 11 and 15 of the C sets were replaced with western-style toilets. In 1998, the Green car seats were upgraded. Then, from 1999 to 2002, all sets underwent refurbishment, which primarily involved replacing the original flip-over seating in standard-class cars with rotating/reclining seats to bring the level of accommodation in line with other limited express rolling stock. Externally, the sets were repainted from the original white livery with diagonal green stripes to white with "Shōnan" green and orange blocks.

Interior

185-200 series

Sixteen 7-car sets (112 vehicles) including one Green car were delivered between 1980 and 1981 to Shin-Maebashi depot to replace ageing 165 series EMUs. Compared with the earlier 185-0 series sets, these had cold-region specifications, including snow-resistant brakes, front-end horn covers, and were able to operate over the Usui Pass between Yokokawa and Karuizawa in conjunction with JNR Class EF63 electric locomotives. Livery was white with a single green band running the length of each car below the windows. The first trains were introduced on express services such as the Kusatsu and Karuizawa from December 1981.

The Ōmiya-based sets are used on Kusatsu (Ueno - Manza-Kazawaguchi), Minakami (Ueno - Minakami), and Akagi (Ueno - Maebashi) limited express services, as well as Weekend Akagi services. The Tamachi-based B sets are used on Ohayō Tochigi (Shinjuku - Kuroiso/Utsunomiya) and Hometown Tochigi (Shinjuku - Kuroiso) services as well as Odoriko and Hamakaiji limited express services.

From March 2013, the "OM" sets were reversed and reformed with the Green car moved from Car 6 to Car 4 to match the "B" sets transferred from Tamachi Depot. As of 1 April 2013, sets OM03, OM06, OM08, and OM09 remain unchanged.

Formations

7-car sets OM01 to OM09
The 7-car sets OM01 to OM09 are formed as follows, with car 1 at the south (Ueno/Izu) end.

Cars 3 and 6 each have one lozenge-type pantograph.

7-car sets B1 to B7
The 7-car sets B1 to B7 (former Tamachi sets) are formed as follows, with car 1 at the south (Ueno/Izu) end.

Cars 3 and 6 each have one lozenge-type pantograph.

Original "OM" 7-car sets
The 7-car "OM" sets based at Ōmiya were formed as follows prior to March 2013, with car 1 at the south (Ueno) end. , sets OM03, OM06, OM08, and OM09 remain unchanged.

Cars 2 and 4 each have one lozenge-type pantograph.

Shinkansen Relay
Between 23 June 1982 and March 1985, the 185-200 series trains were also used on special Shinkansen Relay shuttle services operating between  in Tokyo and , the then southern terminus of the newly opened Tōhoku Shinkansen. These services ended in March 1985 when the shinkansen line was extended to Ueno. Four sets were then transferred to Tamachi depot for use on Odoriko services. These sets were reformed with the Green car moved from car 6 to car 4, and were repainted with diagonal green stripes to match the 185-0 series sets based at Tamachi depot. A further three sets were transferred to Tamachi between 1988 and 1991, becoming sets B1 to B7.

Refurbishment

Between 1993 and 1998, the original Japanese-style toilets in cars 1, 4, and 7 of the Tamachi-based B sets were replaced with western-style toilets.

The nine sets remaining at Shin-Maebashi depot were all refurbished between September 1995 and November 1996. Refurbishment involved replacing the original flip-over seating in standard-class cars with rotating/reclining seats. Externally, the sets were repainted in white with yellow/grey/red blocks intended to represent the Jōmō mountain range together with "EXPRESS 185" markings below the windows.

In March 2006, the Shin-Maebashi-based sets were transferred to Ōmiya depot, becoming sets OM01 to OM09.

Between March and June 1996, three of the 7-car sets based at Tamachi (B3 to B5) were fitted with ATC equipment for use on the Keihin-Tōhoku Line and Negishi Line when operating on Hamakaiji services. These sets were upgraded with D-ATC equipment between January 2006 and March 2007.

Interior

Reliveried sets

Shōnan-livery OM03

In September 2010, 7-car set OM03 was repainted into the Shōnan colour scheme of orange and green (never previously carried by this type) to recreate the appearance of the early 80 series EMUs, as part of the 50th anniversary celebrations of the Kusatsu limited express service scheduled for October of that year.

Original Odoriko-livery A8

In July 2011, 10-car Tamachi-based set A8 was repainted into the original Odoriko colour scheme of white with green diagonal stripes at Ōmiya Works.

Original Odoriko-livery C1
In June 2012, 5-car Tamachi-based set C1 was repainted into the original Odoriko colour scheme of white with green diagonal stripes at Ōmiya Works.

Amagi-livery OM08

In February 2012, 7-car set OM08 was repainted into the JNR colour scheme of beige and maroon (never previously carried by this type) at Ōmiya Works to recreate the appearance of the early 157 series EMUs used on Amagi services.

Withdrawal
East Japan Railway Company has recently announced that all 185 series sets will be scrapped by 2022. Currently, they are serving as temporary trains.

References

External links

 JR East 185 series Odoriko
 JR East 185 series Akagi/Kusatsu/Minakami

Electric multiple units of Japan
East Japan Railway Company
Train-related introductions in 1981
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan


In computer science, time formatting and storage bugs are a class of software bugs that cause errors in time and date calculation or display. These are most commonly manifestations of arithmetic overflow, but can also be the result of other issues. The most well-known consequence of bugs of this type is the Y2K problem, but many other milestone dates or times exist that have caused or will cause problems depending on various programming deficiencies.

Year 1975
On 4 January 1975, the 12-bit field that had been used for dates in the DECsystem-10 operating systems overflowed. There were numerous problems and crashes related to this bug while an alternative format was developed.

Year 1978
The Digital Equipment Corporation OS/8 operating system for the PDP-8 computer used only three bits for the year, representing the years 1970 to 1977.

This was recognized when the COS-310 operating system was developed, and dates were recorded differently.

Year 1993
Multiple Sierra Entertainment games released for the Classic Mac OS started to freeze when running on 18 September 1993. An issue in the Mac version of Sierra's Creative Interpreter (Mac SCI) would cause the game to "lock-up" when attempting to handle a delay due to a problem involving an overflow. Mac SCI would attempt to use the date to determine how long a delay should last by getting the current time in seconds since 1 January 1904, the Macintosh epoch, and dividing by 12 hours. The division was processed by the Motorola 68000 and would not occur if an overflow was detected because of the division, but the Mac SCI would continue on regardless as if the division had occurred, eventually resulting in a delay of one second being treated as a delay for 18 hours and so on. Sierra released a patch called MCDATE that resolved the problem for almost 14 years.

Year 1997
The Domain/OS clock, which is based on the number of 4-microsecond units that has occurred since 1 January 1980, rolled past 47 bits on 2 November 1997, rendering unpatched systems unusable.

Year 1999
In the last few months before the year 2000, two other date-related milestones occurred that received less publicity than the then-impending Y2K problem.

First GPS rollover

GPS dates are expressed as a week number and a day-of-week number, with the week number transmitted as a ten-bit value. This means that every 1,024 weeks (about 19.6 years) after Sunday 6 January 1980, (the GPS epoch), the date resets again to that date; this happened for the first time at 23:59:47 on 21 August 1999, the second time at 23:59:42 UTC on 6 April 2019, and will happen again on 20 November 2038. To address this concern, modernised GPS navigation messages use a 13-bit field, which only repeats every 8,192 weeks (157 years), and will not return to zero until the year 2137.

9/9/99

In many programs or data sets, "9/9/99" was used as a rogue value to indicate either an unresolved date or as a terminator to indicate no further data was in the set. This raised issues upon the arrival of the actual date this represents, 9 September 1999.

Year 2000

Two-digit year representations

Follow-on problems caused by certain temporary fixes to the Y2K problem will crop up at various points in the 21st century. Some programs were made Y2K-compliant by continuing to use two digit years, but picking an arbitrary year prior to which those years are interpreted as 20xx, and after which are interpreted as 19xx.

For example, a program may have been changed so that it treats two-digit year values 00–68 as referring to 2000 through 2068, and values 69–99 as referring to 1969 through 1999. Such a program will not be able to correctly deal with years beyond 2068.

For applications required to calculate the birth year (or another past year), such an algorithm has long been used to overcome the Year 1900 problem, but it has failed to recognise people over 100 years old.

Year 2001
Systems that used a string of nine digits to record the time as seconds since the Unix epoch had issues reporting times beyond the one-billionth second after the epoch on 9 September 2001 at 01:46:40 (the "billenium"). Problems were not widespread.

Year 2007
Sierra Entertainment games for the Classic Mac OS that were patched with the MCDATE program or released afterwards with the patch built in would begin to freeze on 28 May 2007. As with the #Year 1993 program, this was due to an issue in the Mac SCI when attempting to use the date to determine how long a delay should last. Programs with the MCDATE patch freeze because the Mac SCI takes the current number of seconds since the Macintosh epoch of 1 January 1904, subtracts 432,000,000 seconds from that, and then divides by 12 hours through the Motorola 68000, to then determine how long delays should last. On 28 May 2007, the Motorola 68000 again does not divide due to overflow protection, which the Mac SCI ignores.

Year 2010
Some systems had problems once the year rolled over to 2010. This was dubbed by some in the media as the "Y2K+10" or "Y2.01k" problem.

The main source of problems was confusion between hexadecimal number encoding and BCD encodings of numbers. The numbers 0 through 9 are encoded in both hexadecimal and BCD as 00 through 09. But the decimal number 10 is encoded in hexadecimal as 0A and in BCD as 10. Thus a BCD 10 interpreted as a hexadecimal encoding erroneously represents the decimal number 16.

For example, the SMS protocol uses BCD encoding for dates, so some mobile phone software incorrectly reported dates of messages as 2016 instead of 2010. Windows Mobile was the first software reported to have been affected by this glitch; in some cases WM6 changed the date of any incoming SMS message sent after 1 January 2010, from the year 2010 to 2016.

Other systems affected include EFTPOS terminals, and the PlayStation 3 (except the Slim model).

Sony's PlayStation 3 incorrectly treated 2010 as a leap year, so the non-existent 29 February 2010, was shown on 1 March 2010, causing a program error.

The most important such glitch occurred in Germany, where upwards of 20 million bank cards became unusable, and with Citibank Belgium, whose digipass customer identification chips stopped working.

Year 2011

Taiwan officially uses the Minguo calendar, which considers the Gregorian year 1912 to be its year 1. Thus, the Gregorian year 2011 is the ROC year 100, its first 3-digit year.

Year 2013
The Deep Impact space probe lost communication with Earth on 11 August 2013, because of a time-tagging problem; the date was stored as an unsigned 32-bit integer counting the number of tenth-seconds since 1 January 2000.

Year 2019

Second GPS rollover
In 2019, the second GPS week number rollover occurred.

Japanese calendar transition

On 30 April 2019, Emperor Akihito of Japan abdicated in favor of his son Naruhito. As years in Japan are traditionally referred to by era names that correspond to the reign of each emperor, this resulted in a new era name, , following Naruhito's accession to the throne the following day. Because the previous emperor, Hirohito, died 7 January 1989, and Akihito's reign mostly corresponded with the rise in the use of computers, most software had not been tested to ensure correct behavior on an era change, while testing was further complicated by the fact that the new era name was not revealed until 1 April 2019. Therefore, errors were expected from software that did not anticipate a new era.

Year 2020
The video games WWE 2K20 and Star Wars Jedi: Fallen Order both crashed on 1 January 2020, when the year rolled over. The glitches could only be circumvented by resetting the year back to 2019 until a patch was released. Additionally, Crystal Reports 8.5 would fail to generate specific reports starting in 2020.

Parkeon parking meters in New York City and other locations were unable to accept credit cards as a form of payment starting in 2020. A workaround was implemented, but required each meter to be individually updated. In New York, the meters were not expected to be fixed until 9 January.

In Poland, 5,000 cash registers stopped printing the date out properly.

Suunto sport smart watches displayed an error in computing weekdays that were presented with a +2 step (e.g. FRI rather than WED, SAT rather than THU). For Suunto Spartan model watches, the bug was fixed with firmware release 2.8.32.

Classic Mac OS
The control panel in Classic Mac OS versions 6, 7, and 8 only allows the date to be set as high as 31 December 2019, although the system is able to continue to advance time beyond that date.

Year 2021
Samsung users reported that phones running on the latest One UI 3.0 update or Android 11 lost access to the battery and charging statistics starting in 2021. Affected devices would not report usage statistics, thus leaving those sections blank.

Year 2022
Dates that are stored in the format yymmddHHMM converted to a signed 32-bit integer overflowed on 1 January 2022, as 2=2147483648. Notably affected was the malware-scanning component update numbers of Microsoft Exchange, which appear to be used for a mathematical check to determine the latest update.

Honda and Acura cars manufactured between 2004 and 2012 containing GPS navigation systems incorrectly displayed the year as 2002. This problem was due to an overflow on the GPS epoch. The issue was resolved on August 17, 2022.

Year 2025
In Japan, some older computer systems using the Japanese calendar that have not been updated still count years according to the Shōwa era. The year 2025 corresponds in those systems to Shōwa 100, which can cause problems if the software assumes two digits for the year.

Year 2028
Some systems store their year as a single-byte offset from 1900, which gives a range of 255 (8 bits) and allows dates up to 2155 to be safely represented. However, not all systems use an unsigned byte: some have been mistakenly coded with a signed byte which only allows a range of 127 years, meaning that the date field in the software will be incorrect after 2027 and can cause unpredictable behaviour. Several pieces of optical-disc software that operate using the ISO 9660 format are affected by this.

During the late 1970s, on Data General Nova and Eclipse systems, the World Computer Corporation (doing credit union applications) created a date format with a 16-bit date field for 128 years (7 bits – note 1900+128=2028), 12 months (4 bits) and 31 days (5 bits). This allowed dates to be directly comparable using unsigned functions. Some systems, including HP 3000, still use this format, although a patch has been developed by outside consultants.

Year 2032
Palm OS uses both signed integers with the 1970 epoch, as well as unsigned integers with the 1904 epoch, for different system functions, such as for system clock, and file dates (see PDB format). While this should result in Palm OS being susceptible to the 2038 problem, Palm OS also uses a 7-bit field for storing the year value, with a different epoch counting from 1904, resulting in a maximum year of 2031 (1904+127).

Year 2036

The Network Time Protocol has an overflow issue related to the Year 2038 problem, which manifests itself at 06:28:16 UTC on 7 February 2036, rather than 2038. The 64-bit timestamps used by NTP consist of a 32-bit part for seconds and a 32-bit part for fractional second, giving NTP a time scale that rolls over every 2 seconds (136 years) and a theoretical resolution of 2 second (233 picoseconds). NTP uses an epoch of 1 January 1900. The first rollover occurs in 2036, prior to the UNIX year 2038 problem.

Year 2038

Unix time rollover

The original implementation of the Unix operating system stored system time as a 32-bit signed integer representing the number of seconds past the Unix epoch: midnight UTC 00:00:00 on Thursday, 1 January 1970. This value will roll over after 03:14:07 UTC on Tuesday, 19 January 2038. This problem has been addressed in most modern Unix and Unix-like operating systems by storing system time as a 64-bit signed integer, although individual applications, protocols, and file formats must be changed as well.

Windows C runtime library
Like the Unix time rollover issue, the 32-bit version of gmtime in the C runtime libraries on Windows has a similar problem.

This problem has already manifested in Oracle's Access Manager version 10.1.4.3 for Windows. The Identity Console component sets a cookie containing UI preferences with an expiry of 500,000,000 seconds in the future (15 years, 308 days, 53 minutes and 20 seconds). This is beyond 19 January 2038 and so it throws an exception for certain search activities after 17 March 2022, at 02:20:48 because the gmtime_r() call cannot convert the number provided to a date to write to the cookie. Despite the age of the software (18 June 2009), Oracle issued a patch number 33983548 on 6 April 2022.

Third GPS rollover
The third GPS week number rollover will occur at 20 November 2038, at 23:59:37 UTC.

Year 2040
Early Apple Macintosh computers store time in their real-time clocks (RTCs) and HFS filesystems as an unsigned 32-bit number of seconds since 00:00:00 on 1 January 1904. After 06:28:15 on 6 February 2040, (i.e. 232−1 seconds from the epoch), this will wrap around to 1904: further to this, HFS+, the default format for all of Apple's recent Macintosh computers, is also affected. The replacement Apple File System resolves this issue.

ProDOS for the Apple II computers only supports two-digit year numbers. To avoid Y2K issues, Apple issued a technical note stating that the year number was to represent 1940–2039. Software for the platform may incorrectly display dates beginning in 2040, though a third-party effort is underway to update ProDOS and application software to support years up to 4095.

Year 2042
On 18 September 2042, the Time of Day Clock (TODC) on the S/370 IBM mainframe and its successors, including the current zSeries, will roll over.

Older TODCs were implemented as a 64-bit count of 2 microsecond (0.244 ns) units, and the standard base was 1 January 1900, UT. In July 1999 the extended TODC clock was announced, which extended the clock to the right (that is, the extended bits are less significant than the original bits). The actual resolution depends on the model, but the format is consistent, and will, therefore, roll over after 2 microseconds.

The TODC value is accessible to user mode programs and is often used for timing and for generating unique IDs for events.

While IBM has defined and implemented a longer (128-bit) hardware format on recent machines, which extends the timer on both ends by at least 8 additional bits, many programs continue to rely on the 64-bit format which remains as an accessible subset of the longer timer.

Year 2048
The ATSC system will have an issue similar to the DVB issue described above after 2048 due to its use of signed 32-bit GPS seconds that begin from 6 January 1980.

The capacity planning logic in the ERP system SAP S/4HANA supports only finish dates up to 19 January 2048, (24,855 days from 1 January 1980). This concerns e.g. the production, maintenance and inspection planning.

Year 2069
According to the Single UNIX Specification for parsing two-digit years using , "values in the range [69,99] shall refer to years 1969 to 1999 inclusive and values in the range [00,68] shall refer to years 2000 to 2068 inclusive", meaning that, when parsed by , the two-digit year "69" would be interpreted as 1969 rather than 2069.

Year 2079

Days 32,768 and 65,536
Programs that store dates as the number of days since an arbitrary date (or epoch) are vulnerable to roll-over or wrap-around effects if the values are not wide enough to allow the date values to span a large enough time range expected for the application. Signed 16-bit binary values roll over after 32,768 (2) days from the epoch date, producing negative values. Some mainframe systems experienced software failures because they had encoded dates as the number of days since 1 January 1900, which produced unexpected negative day numbers on the roll-over date of 18 September 1989. Similarly, unsigned 16-bit binary days counts overflow after 65,536 (2) days, which are truncated to zero values. For software using an epoch of 1 January 1900, this will occur on 6 June 2079.

Year 2080
Some (if not all) Nokia phones that run Series 40 (such as the Nokia X2-00) only support dates up to 31 December 2079, and thus will be unable to display dates after this. One workaround is to use the year 1996, 2024 or 2052 in lieu of 2080 (as compatible leap years) to display the correct day of the week, date and month on the main screen.

Systems storing the year as a two-digit value 00..99 internally only, like many RTCs, may roll over from 31 December 2079, to the IBM PC and DOS epoch of 1980-01-01.

Year 2100

DOS and Windows file date API and conversion functions (such as INT 21h/AH=2Ah) officially support dates up to 31 December 2099, only (even though the underlying FAT filesystem would theoretically support dates up to 2107). Hence, DOS-based operating systems, as well as applications that convert other formats to the FAT/DOS format, may show unexpected behavior starting 1 January 2100.

Another problem will emerge at the end of 28 February 2100, since 2100 is not a leap year. As many common implementations of the leap year algorithm are incomplete or are simplified, they may erroneously assume 2100 to be a leap year, causing the date to roll over from 28 February 2100 to 29 February 2100, instead of 1 March 2100.

The Nintendo DS and GameCube, as well as the Sony PlayStation 4, only allow users to set dates up to the year 2099. In the case of the Nintendo DS, the system will not advance time beyond 31 December 2099, whereas the GameCube and PS4 will still roll over into 2100 and beyond, even though users of those game consoles cannot manually input the date and time that far out.

Year 2106
Many existing file formats, communications protocols, and application interfaces employ a variant of the Unix  date format, storing the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch (midnight UTC, 1 January 1970) as an unsigned 32-bit binary integer. This value will roll over on 7 February 2106 at 06:28:15. That is, at this time the number of seconds since 1 January 1970 is FFFF FFFF in hex.

This storage representation problem is independent of programs that internally store and operate on system times as 64-bit signed integer values.

Year 2108
The date timestamps stored in FAT filesystems, originally introduced with 86-DOS 0.42 in 25 February 1981 and carried over into MS-DOS, PC DOS, DR-DOS etc., will overflow at the end of 31 December 2107. The last modification date stamp (and with DELWATCH 2.0+ also the file deletion date stamp, and since DOS 7.0+ optionally also the last access date stamp and creation date stamp), are stored in the directory entry with the year represented as an unsigned seven bit number (0–127), relative to 1980, and thereby unable to indicate any dates in the year 2108 and beyond. The API functions defined to retrieve these dates officially only support dates up to 31 December 2099.

This will also affect the ZIP archive file format, as it uses FAT file modification timestamps internally.

Year 2137

GPS dates are expressed as a week number and a day-of-week number, with the week number initially using a ten-bit value and modernised GPS navigation messages using a 13-bit field. Ten-bit systems would roll over every 1024 weeks (about 19.6 years) after Sunday 6 January 1980 (the GPS epoch), and 13-bit systems roll over every 8192 weeks. Thirteen-bit systems will roll over to zero in 2137.

Year 2262
Some timekeeping systems count nanoseconds since 1970 using a 64-bit signed integer, which will overflow at 11 April 2262, 23:47:16. The Go programming language's  API is one example. Other examples include the Timestamp object in Python pandas, C++ chrono::system_clock, and the QEMU timers.

Year 2286
Systems that use a string of length 10 characters to record the Unix time may have problems reporting times beyond the ten-billionth second after 20 November 2286, at 17:46:40.

Years 4000, 8000, etc.
On time scales of thousands of years, the Gregorian calendar falls behind the astronomical seasons. This is because the Earth's speed of rotation is gradually slowing down, which makes each day slightly longer over time (see tidal acceleration and leap second) while the year maintains a more uniform duration.

In the 19th century, Sir John Herschel proposed a modification to the Gregorian calendar with 969 leap days every 4000 years, instead of 970 leap days that the Gregorian calendar would insert over the same period. This would reduce the average year to 365.24225 days. Herschel's proposal would make the year 4000, and multiples thereof, common instead of leap. While this modification has often been proposed since, it has never been officially adopted.

While most software (including Excel, JavaScript and R) currently recognizes 4000 and 8000 as leap years (as they are divisible by 400), SAS has adopted the "4000 year rule".  Thus, with the current software, date conversions between SAS and other software will go out of sync after 28 February 4000.

Year 4501
Microsoft Outlook uses the date 1 January 4501 as a placeholder for "none" or "empty".

Year 10,000
The year 10,000 will be the first Gregorian year with five digits. Although many people at first consider this year to be so far distant that a problem of this type will never actually occur, there is a tendency for programs and computer code to be recycled well past the lifetime of their original software or hardware. All future years that are powers of 10, as well as dates before the 10th millennium BC, face similar encoding problems.

Examples
This problem can be seen in the spreadsheet program Microsoft Excel as of 2023, which stores dates as the number of days since 31 December 1899 (day 1 is 1 January 1900) with a fictional leap day in 1900 if using the default 1900 date system. Alternatively, if using the 1904 date system, the date is stored as the number of days since 1 January 1904 (day 1 is 2 January 1904), and there is no leap year problem. The maximum supported date for calculation is 31 December 9999.

Year 30,828
Beginning 14 September 30,828, Windows will not accept dates beyond this day and on startup, it will display an error regarding "invalid system time" in NTFS. This is because the FILETIME value in Windows, which is a 64-bit value corresponding to the number of 100-nanosecond intervals since 1 January 1601, 00:00:00.0000000 UTC, will overflow its maximum possible value on that day at 02:48:05.4775808 UTC.

Years 32,768 and 65,536
Programs that process years as 16-bit values may encounter problems dealing with either the year 32,768 or 65,536, depending on whether the value is treated as a signed or unsigned integer.

For the year 32,768 problem, years after 32,767 may be interpreted as negative numbers, beginning with −32,768. The year 65,536 problem is more likely to manifest itself by representing the year 65,536 as the year 0.

Year 100,000
The year 100,000 will be the first Gregorian year with six digits.

Year 275,760
JavaScript's Date API stores dates as the number of milliseconds since 1 January 1970. Dates have a range of ±100,000,000 days from the epoch, meaning that programs written in JavaScript using the Date API cannot store dates past 13 September, AD 275,760.

Year 292,277,026,596
Certain problematic years occur so far in the future (well beyond the likely lifespan of the Earth, the Sun, humanity, and even past some predictions of the lifetime of the universe) that they are mainly referenced as matters of theoretical interest, jokes, or indications that a related problem is not truly solved for any reasonable definition of "solved".

The year 292,277,026,596 problem (about  years in the future) will occur when the 64-bit Unix time overflows after UTC 15:30:08 on Sunday, 4 December, AD 292,277,026,596.

Relative time overflow

Microsoft
In Microsoft Windows 7, Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista, TCP connection start information was stored in hundredths of a second, using a 32-bit unsigned integer, causing an overflow and TCP connections to fail after 497 days.

Microsoft Windows 95 and Windows 98 had a problem with 2^32 millisecond rollover in a virtual device driver (VTDAPI.VXD), which caused systems to hang after 49.7 days.

Boeing
The Boeing 787 aircraft has had at least two software issues related to time storage. In 2015, an error was reported where time was stored in hundredths of a second, using a signed 32-bit integer, and the systems would crash after 248 days.

In 2020, the FAA issued an airworthiness directive for a problem where, if the aircraft is not powered down completely before reaching 51 days of uptime, systems will begin to display misleading data.

Arduino
The Arduino platform provides a relative time via the millis() function. This function returns an unsigned 32 bit value for "milliseconds since startup", which is designed to roll over every 49.71 days. By default, this is the only timing source available in the platform and programs need to take special care to handle rollovers. Internally, millis() is based on counting timer interrupts. Certain powersave modes disable interrupts and therefore stop the counter from advancing during sleep.

Historic year problems
Also for historic years there might be problems when handling historic events, for example:
 Year zero problem
 Year 1000 problem
 Year 1582 problem
 Year 1900 problem

See also
 Software bug
 Heisenbug
 Long Now Foundation

References