John Andrew Creighton (October 15, 1831 – February 7, 1907) was a pioneer businessman and philanthropist in Omaha, Nebraska who founded Creighton University. The younger brother of Edward Creighton, John was responsible for a variety of institutions throughout the city of Omaha, and was ennobled by Pope Leo XIII in recognition of his contributions to Creighton University, the Catholic community in Omaha, and the city of Omaha in general.

Biography
Born in Licking County, Ohio, Creighton's first job was working for his brother Edward, installing a telegraph line from Cleveland to Toledo. In 1852 he enrolled in St. Joseph's Dominican School near Somerset, Ohio. In 1856 he came to Omaha as a clerk with a local merchant, and in 1860 he took two jobs moving cattle and freight from Omaha to Denver, Colorado. Around that same period Edward accepted a contract installing  of the Pacific Telegraph, the First Transcontinental Telegraph in the United States. John was hired as the superintendent of the construction. In the early 1860s Creighton traveled to Montana to mine gold, eventually installing a telegraph line from Salt Lake City, Utah to Helena, Montana.

During Creighton's life in Montana, he is credited with helping rid the state of the desperados who made it inhospitable towards settlement. In 1865 after he was assaulted and his leg was broken, a local newspaper wrote, "We believe that the only way to kill John Creighton would be to cut his head off and then carry away the body." During this same period of time, Creighton was named a "Colonel" by Montana's acting Governor-General Thomas Francis Meagher.

In 1868 John Creighton returned to Omaha permanently, where he established a grocery business in Jobber's Canyon. In 1868 John married Sarah Emily Wareham, the sister of Mary Lucretia Creighton, who was married to John's brother Edward. When Edward died suddenly in 1874, his wife Mary became committed to his notion of creating a free college in Nebraska. She died in 1876, leaving a considerable amount of money along with strict instructions for the foundation of the college in her husband's honor. John, his cousin James, and Herman Kountze, a banker and family friend, were the executors of Edwards will. Acting in that capacity they purchased the present site of the University and proceeded to erect what is now called Creighton Hall.

John's wife Sarah died September 3, 1888; before her death, she bequeathed a business block near Downtown Omaha to the yet-to-be-established Creighton College. By the early 1890s he was attributed to holding, "more of the valuable real estate of the city [of Omaha] than any other individual." He owned a railroad company, was a large stockholder in the Omaha Cable Tramway Company, heavily interested in the South Omaha syndicate responsible for building up much of that area, and was Vice-President of the First National Bank of Omaha.

In 1884 Creighton was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention at Chicago where Grover Cleveland was nominated for President of the United States.

Philanthropy
From its founding in 1878 to the time of his death in 1907 Creighton was said to have donated at least $2,000,000 to Creighton University. In 1888 Creighton financed the Creighton University Observatory, and in 1898 he gave money towards a medical school, which was named in his honor. In 1904 he created the Edward Creighton Institute. Creighton is also credited with establishing Omaha's St. Joseph's Hospital and bringing the first monastery of the Poor Clares in the country to the city. He paid for almost the entire cost of St. John's Parish at Creighton, where the cornerstone was laid in 1888.

Recognition
Today Creighton University in Omaha is viewed as being named in honor of the entire Creighton family, particularly John and his brother Edward, as well as their wives Sara and Emily. He was named a Knight of St. Gregory on January 15, 1895 by Pope Leo XIII, and in 1898 was titled a Count by the same. Though the Constitution of the United States, in order to maintain equality of citizens, prohibits Americans from accepting or using titles of nobility.  In 1900 Creighton received the Laetare Medal from the University of Notre Dame.<ref>Dowling, MP "Creighton University", Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 1/22/08.</ref> Omaha's John A. Creighton Boulevard was named after him immediately after his death in 1907, as is the existent "John A. Creighton University Professorship" at Creighton University.

The Creighton Orpheum Theater in Downtown Omaha was named in honor of John after he donated a significant portion of its construction costs.

See also
 History of Omaha
 Founding figures of Omaha, Nebraska

References

Further reading
 Byrne, James Patrick, et al. eds. Ireland and the Americas: culture, politics, and history: a multidisciplinary encyclopedia (2008) 1:215-17
 Mullens, Patrick Aloysius. Creighton: Biographical Sketches of Edward Creighton, John A. Creighton, Mary Lucretia Creighton, Sarah Emily Creighton'' (1901)

External links
 "A History of the John A. Creighton House" by Adam Fletcher Sasse for NorthOmahaHistory.com
 Photos  from Creighton's 1907 funeral
 National Park Service: Edward Creighton

Creighton family
1831 births
1907 deaths
People from Licking County, Ohio
Creighton University
Knights of St. Gregory the Great
Businesspeople from Omaha, Nebraska
American philanthropists
Meatpacking industry in Omaha, Nebraska
Papal counts
Laetare Medal recipients
Nebraska Democrats
American people of Irish descent
University and college founders


Eco-Cement is a brand-name for a type of cement which incorporates reactive magnesia (sometimes called caustic calcined magnesia or magnesium oxide, MgO), another hydraulic cement such as Portland cement, and optionally pozzolans and industrial by-products, to reduce the environmental impact relative to conventional cement. One problem with the commercialization of this cement, other than the conservatism of the building industry, is that the feedstock magnesite is rarely mined.

Energy requirements
Ordinary Portland cement requires a kiln temperature of around 1450 °C. The reactive magnesia in Eco-Cement requires a lower kiln temperature of 750 °C, which lowers the energy requirements, and hence the use of fossil fuels and emission of carbon dioxide (CO2).

CO2 sequestration
Eco-Cement sets and hardens by sequestering CO2 from the atmosphere and is recyclable. The rate of absorption of CO2 varies with the degree of porosity and the amount of MgO. Carbonation occurs quickly at first and more slowly towards completion. A typical Eco-Cement concrete block would be expected to fully carbonate within a year.

Waste utilization
Eco-Cement is able to incorporate a greater number of industrial waste products as aggregate than Portland cement as it is less alkaline. This reduces the incidence of alkali-aggregate reactions which cause damage to hardened concrete. Eco-Cement also has the ability to be almost fully recycled back into cement, should a concrete structure become obsolete.

Environment friendly cement and concrete

Zero carbon emission cement
To make truly zero CO2 and pollutants emission cement, MIT researchers have come up with a very innovative approach. The Figure shows the cement production process of this new approach. First of all, the new approach can replace the use of fossil fuels in the heating process with electricity from clean, renewable sources. At present, we have many ways to obtain clean electricity, such as solar cells, wind power, nuclear power and so on. Also, in many regions, renewable electricity is the cheapest energy source we have today, and its cost is still falling. In the new process, crushed limestone is dissolved in acid at one electrode and releases high-purity CO2, while Ca(OH)2 is precipitated as a solid at the other electrode. The sum of the electrochemical reaction occurring in this process is2CaCO3 + 4H2O -> 2Ca(OH)2 + 2H_2 + O_2 + 2CO_2

The Ca(OH)2 can then be processed in another step to produce cement. And then, we can easily capture the high purity CO2, O2 and H2 produced by this process. The high purity CO2 can be used to produce value-added product, and the O2 and H2 may be used to generate electric power via fuel cells or combustors. This approach can also significantly reduce the water consumption of cement production. In this approach, half of this water would be recovered upon the dehydration of Ca(OH)2. If H2 was used to fuel the kiln, the other half of the water could be condensed from the flue gas. In principle, all of the water used for electrolysis could be recycled.

Rechargeable Concrete Battery
Concrete is the most used material. Concrete buildings can be seen everywhere around us. The research team of Professor Luping Tang from Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden is studying how to use concrete to store electricity. Essentially, they want to turning buildings into huge batteries. They have now successfully developed the first Rechargeable concrete battery concept.

They imitated the design of a simple but durable Edison battery. The Edison battery also called Nickel–iron battery, it is a rechargeable battery having nickel(III) oxide-hydroxide positive plates and iron negative plates, with an electrolyte of potassium hydroxide. The researchers added conductive carbon fiber into concrete to replace electrolyte. Also, the researchers identified the following metals are suitable for rechargeable concrete batteries. Fe and Zn can be used as anode materials. Both materials will be reduced during charging and oxidized during discharging. The half-cell reaction of the Fe and Zn are following: For Iron:Fe(OH)2  + 2e- -> Fe + 2OH- ; E^0= -0.89V. For Zinc: Zn(OH)4^2-  + 2e- -> Zn + 4OH- ; E^0= -1.2V

Nickel-based (Ni) oxides can be used as anode materials, The half-cell reaction of the Nickel-based (Ni) oxides is following:NiOOH  + H2O + e- -> Ni(OH)2 + OH- ; E^0= +0.52V

This device has been proven capable of charging and discharging. However, the current energy density of concrete batteries is significantly lower than the commercial batteries. Obviously, there are still many serious problems that need to be solved before the technology is commercialized, such as extending battery life and increasing the energy density of the concrete batteries.

Thermoelectric energy harvesting using cement-based composites
The thermoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which the electrons (holes) in the heated object move from the high temperature area to the low temperature area by the temperature gradient. Equipment based on thermoelectric materials does not have any carbon dioxide emissions during operation. Thus, extensive use of thermoelectric-based cement structures is a reliable way to solve environmental problems. Thermoelectric-based cement structures can harvest energy from the temperature difference between the outdoor and indoor surfaces of the cement structure in the building.

Generally, cement exhibits slight electron movements because of the presence of n-type conductivity. Therefore, with the addition of p-type conductive admixtures, hole movements are present, which eventually develops electron–hole distribution in cement composites Thus, a voltage difference is attained and TEP is generated. The conductivity of the cement-based matrix can be enhanced even when admixtures are added below the percolation threshold. The admixtures currently reported that can be used to enhance the thermoelectric properties of cement composites include: (1) carbon fiber-reinforced concrete; (2) Steel fiber composites; (3) Metallic oxide composites.

References

Further reading

External links
ABC New Inventors Segment (RealPlayer)
Discovery Channel (Canada) on Eco-Cement (Windows Media Player)
Independent appraisals of the technology
Alternative to low-carbon Eco-cement:  Making cement while sequestering carbon from the atmosphere, Issue 127, July 2008; Retrieved 2008-07-20.

Cement
Building materials
Low-energy building


Richard "Raahu" Gavalis is a music producer who has produced several well-known albums. He currently works out of his studio, Dome Studios in Royersford, Pennsylvania, which he purchased from founder David Ivory in 1992, as Ivory was leaving to work in Sigma Sound Studios.

Partial discography

Bloodhound Gang
One Fierce Beer Coaster
Hooray for Boobies
Hefty Fine

Last Martyrs of a Lost Cause
Sunrays to Starlight (2008)
Don't shoot the messenger EP (2006)

Long Shot Hero
Regrets No More (2005)

Others
Corey Feldman – Former Child Actor (2002)
Artful Brothers-''Cinematic Themes for Enhanced Listening (2019)

References

External links
Dome Sound Studios
Rich Gavalis on Allmusic

Record producers from Pennsylvania
American audio engineers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
People from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Engineers from Pennsylvania


The Amazing Race Asia 3 (also known as The Amazing Race Asia: Toughest Race Ever) is the third season of The Amazing Race Asia, a reality television game show based on the American series The Amazing Race. It featured ten teams of two with a pre-existing relationship, in a race around Asia to win US$100,000. The season premiered on AXN Asia on September 11, 2008 and consisted of 11 episodes, two episodes fewer than the first and second seasons. The season finale aired on November 20, 2008.

Friends Vince Chung and Sam Wu, representing Hong Kong, were the winners of this season. Vince also became the first non-Asian by nationality to win The Amazing Race Asia.

Production

Development and filming

The third season of The Amazing Race Asia covered 21,600 kilometres in six countries. Route markers were coloured yellow and white in Vietnam to avoid confusion with the former flag of South Vietnam. This season introduced the U-Turn marker, while the Intersection was not included. This season, like the American version's Family Edition and the Brazilian version, was the first time The Amazing Race Asia traveled across one continent, Asia (previous seasons covered at least two continents). Unlike past seasons, this was the first season to not have the first leg as a non-elimination leg. This season also had the number of episodes decreased from 13 to 11.

According to AXN, this season was dubbed as "the toughest Race ever" compared to previous seasons as both contestants and crew personnel experienced high fatigue during this season due to the faster pace and shorter break times. During filming, one production crew member was even hospitalized.

This was the only season of The Amazing Race Asia did not visit the country of Singapore.

Paula Taylor, one of the racers in Season 2, appeared as the local greeter in the first leg.

Footage from the start of the season was shown on the ninth episode of The Amazing Race 16.

Casting
Applications for the third season were due on March 3, 2008 (extended from the original deadline on February 25, 2008). Interviews for semi-finalists and finalists were held sometime around March or April 2008. Filming was expected to have taken place around the middle of 2008.

Marketing
The third season of The Amazing Race Asia had six official sponsors: Caltex, MASkargo, Nokia, Singha, Sony and Standard Chartered Bank.

Broadcasting
A special episode known as "Racers Revealed" aired one week before the actual premiere, on September 4, 2008, and a special "Memories" episode aired after the season finale on November 27, 2008, similar to the second season.

Awards
In 2009, the series was nominated for an International Emmy Award for Best Non-Scripted Entertainment, losing to the Dutch reality series The Phone.

Cast

This season's cast include cousins, and a father & son team. Like Season 2, this season featured a large number of local media personalities or their relatives. Natalie Glebova is the winner of Miss Universe 2005 and also the wife of Thai tennis player Paradorn Srichaphan. Her teammate, Pailin, is the runner-up in 2006 Miss Thailand Universe and also contested in Miss Earth 2006. Tisha Silang is the ex-girlfriend of Survivor Philippines's host, Paolo Bediones and was once Miss Philippines but had to forgo her crown due to her Canadian citizenship, while Ida, Niroo and Mai are famous actors in their respective homelands and Bernie is the host of Project Runway Malaysia. Isaac & William are sports commentators and football agents for professional players in the Korean K-League. Vince Matthew Chung is a leading stand-up comedian in Hong Kong, often performing and hosting at The TakeOut Comedy Club Hong Kong, and was a finalist in Hong Kong's first nationwide stand-up comedy competition.

This season consists of three non-Asians. Natalie and Vince are Canadians (though Natalie was born in Russia; Vince has a Chinese ethnicity), and Geoff is from New Zealand. Additionally, Sam, who was originally from Singapore, is representing Hong Kong. Tisha is of Canadian nationality but of Filipino ethnicity; Henry and Bernie are of Australian nationality but of Chinese ethnicity, however they are representing Malaysia.

Kynt Cothron and Vyxsin Fiala's audition video was shown on the "Racers Revealed" episode. Michael McKay, the executive producer of the show, confirmed that Kynt & Vyxsin of season 12 of the original American version of The Amazing Race did really submit an audition tape but did not make it because according to McKay "we felt it would be unfair to have a team that had already raced (and raced very well I might add) and also we take teams from Asia. But if we do an All Star version down the track you never know."

Tania Khan died in late 2020 at the age of 48.

Results
The following teams participated in the season, with their relationships at the time of filming. Placements are listed in finishing order:
A  placement with a dagger () indicates that the team was eliminated.
A  placement with a double-dagger () indicates that the team was the last to arrive at a Pit Stop in a non-elimination leg.
An  placement indicates that the team was marked for elimination; if the team did not place 1st in the next leg, they would receive a 30-minute penalty.
An  placement indicates that the team had to relinquish all of their money and were not allotted money for the next leg.
A  indicates that the team won a Fast Forward.
A  indicates that the team chose to use the Yield, and a  indicates the team who received it.
A  means the team chose to use a U-Turn, and a  indicates the team who received it.

Notes

Episode title quotes
Episode titles are often taken from quotes made by the racers.

"The Toughest Race Ever" – Season Tagline
"I Wanna Be A Man" – Bernie
"You Are Running Away, Nobody's Helping Me" – Niroo
"Where's Our Car?" – Kapil
"You See How They're Not Fighting All The Time" – Oliver
"I Think I'm Cuter" – Sam
"What The Fish?" – Tania
"The Gloves Are Coming Off, The War Paint Is Coming On" – Vince
"Are People Here Funny?" – A.D.
"I'm Telling You Right Now There's No Giving Up" – Vince
"The Moment You've Been Racing For And The Moment We've Been Waiting For" – Allan Wu

Prizes
Individual prizes were awarded to the first team to complete a leg.
Leg 1 – US$2,500 for each team member, courtesy of Standard Chartered Bank.
Leg 2 – Free Caltex fuel with techron for a year.
Leg 3 – A Sony Handycam for each team member.
Leg 4 – A Nokia N96 handphone for each team member.
Leg 5 – A three-day, two-night holiday in Ko Samui, Thailand, courtesy of Singha Beer.
Leg 6 – A three-day, two-night holiday in Ko Samui, Thailand, courtesy of Singha Beer.
Leg 7 – A Sony BRAVIA and Sony PlayStation 3 for each team member.
Leg 8 – A holiday in Hong Kong, courtesy of Caltex.
Leg 9 – A Nokia N96 handphone for each team member.
Leg 10 – US$2,500 for each team member, courtesy of Standard Chartered Bank.
Leg 11 – US$100,000

Race summary

Leg 1 (Thailand)

Airdate: September 11, 2008
Bangkok, Thailand (King Rama I Monument) (Starting Line)
Bangkok (Khaosan Road)
 Pathum Thani (Amphoe Khlong Luang – Caltex Service Station) to Suphan Buri ()
 Suphan Buri (Wat Phai Rong Wua) to Chiang Mai (Chiang Mai Arcade Bus Station)
 Chiang Mai (Chiang Mai X-Centre or Rice Field)
Chiang Mai (Ratchaphruek Garden – Ho Kham Royal Pavilion)

This season's first Detour was a choice between Race or Rice. In Race, teams had to proceed to the Chiang Mai X-Centre and drive an off-road buggy over an  track to receive their next clue. In Rice, teams had to work together to pound rice into paste and make two rice balls before receiving their next clue.

Additional tasks
At Khaosan Road, each team had to consume one large bowl of Thai street food, consisting of assorted fried bugs, frogs and scorpions, to receive their next clue.
At the Caltex Service Station, each team had to completely clean a 22-seat passenger bus to the Caltex supervisor's satisfaction. Once they finished, teams had to signup for one of three newly washed buses to Suphan Buri, the first and second would carry three teams while the last bus would carry four teams.
At Wat Phai Rong Wua, teams had to search the temple grounds for their next clue hidden amongst hundreds of Buddha statues. The first two buses, however, would depart 20 minutes after they arrived at the temple. After finding a clue, teams had to board the next available bus to go to Chiang Mai Arcade Bus Station, where they would find their next clue.

Leg 2 (Thailand → Vietnam)

Airdate: September 18, 2008
Mae Kham Pong (Flight of the Gibbon) (Overnight Rest)
Chiang Mai (Sathit Buarawong Banana Plantation)
 Chiang Mai (Chiang Mai International Airport) to Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (Tan Son Nhat International Airport)
Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon Opera House)
Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon Phố Cafe)
Ho Chi Minh City (Bến Thành Market)
 Ho Chi Minh City (Ben Thanh Bus Station) to Cái Bè (Cái Bè Bus Station)
Cái Bè (Cái Bè Cao Dai Temple)
 Cái Bè (Chánh Trần Fruit Depot and Cái Bè Floating Market or Bằng Chicken Farm and Cái Bè Land Market)
 Cái Bè (Cái Bè Bus Station) to Ho Chi Minh City ()
Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon Central Post Office)
Ho Chi Minh City (Museum of Vietnamese History)

In this season's first Roadblock, one team member had to cross a plantation and retrieve their next clue from a hanging backpack without being hit by snipers brandishing paintball guns, who would fire paintballs at the team member. If the team member was shot, they had to return to the starting point and perform the task again.

This leg's Detour was a choice between Sampan and Some Walk. In Sampan, teams had to load a sampan with fruit and then row it across the river to a trader, who would give teams their next clue. In Some Walk, teams had to gather twenty live chickens and then deliver then using a đòn gánh to a vendor in the land market to receive their next clue.

Additional tasks
At the Flight of the Gibbon, teams had to go through a jungle heights course consisting of zip-lines and a parallel drop before getting their next clue.
At Saigon Phố Cafe, each team member had to play a Nokia N-Gage game, known as System Rush: Evolution, on a Nokia N82 handphone and complete three laps around a track within a time limit to receive their next clue.
At Thánh Nữ Jeanne D'Arc Church, teams had to choose a Red Cross aid expert, each representing one of the nine available charity organisations, and use US$500 from Singha to purchase supplies as needed by the organisation. Once complete, team would find their next clue outside the Saigon Central Post Office.

Leg 3 (Vietnam)

Airdate: September 25, 2008
Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon Zoo and Botanical Gardens) (Pit Start)
 Ho Chi Minh City (Mien Dong Coach Station) to Huế (Bến Xe Phía Bắc)
Huế (Trần Thanh Mại – Caltex Service Facility)
Hương Thủy (Khải Định Tomb)
 Hương Trà (Minh Mạng Tomb) and Hương Thủy (Khải Định Tomb)
 Hương Thủy (Dạ Lê Thượng Shrine or Rice Paddy Field)
 Huế (Quốc Học Park to Huế Citadel – Thế Miếu Temple)

In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to retrieve seven coins representing the seven emperors of the Nguyễn dynasty at Minh Mạng Tomb then bring them back to Khải Định Tomb, where they would find out that they had to place the coins in the correct order of the reign of the emperors to receive their next clue. Each table that had a coin at Minh Mạng Tomb also contained information about the reigns of the corresponding emperor, and racers could return to the tomb to obtain this information.

This leg's Detour was a choice between Sticks and Stalks. In Sticks, teams had watch a silent demonstration and then make ten incense sticks to receive their next clue. In Stalks, teams had to thresh rice stalks into a farming machine and fill two baskets to receive their next clue from a farmer.

Additional tasks
At the Caltex service facility, teams had to change the rear tires and engine oil of a marked jeep, their transportation for the rest of the leg, to receive their next clue.
At Quốc Học Park, teams had to search for a marked cyclo with their next clue and use it to travel to the Pit Stop.

Leg 4 (Vietnam → Taiwan)

Airdate: October 2, 2008
 Huế (Phu Bai International Airport) to Taipei, Taiwan (Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport)
Taipei (Ximending – Red Playhouse)
 Taipei (Miniatures Museum of Taiwan or Raohe Street Night Market)
Taipei County (Xinzhuang District – Institute for the Blind of Taiwan)
Taipei County (Shenkeng District – Old Street)
Taipei (City Hall Square)

This leg's Detour was a choice between Shoot It or Shape It. In Shoot It, teams had to drive themselves to the Miniatures Museum of Taiwan and pick a Sony Cyber-shot camera to photograph a miniature model of an Amazing Race envelope hidden inside one of the dioramas. After the photo was printed, teams' next clue could be found behind their new photo. In Shape It, teams had to drive themselves to Raohe Street Night Market, where they had to recreate four shapes using a large tangram set to receive their next clue.

In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to eat an entire bowl of stinky tofu, a delicacy common in Taiwanese cuisine, to receive their next clue from a waiter.

Additional tasks
After arriving in Taipei, teams had to choose a marked car and drive themselves to the Red Playhouse to find their next clue.
At the Institute for the Blind of Taiwan, one team member would be blindfolded and then, using their hands only to feel a braille message, describe each letter to their partner, who could not see their teammate's board, to decipher the correct phrase "Go to Shenkeng" and receive their next clue. One team would find a check worth NT$612,000 (US$20,000) courtesy of Standard Chartered inside their next clue and would donate it to the institute before proceeding.

Leg 5 (Taiwan)

Airdate: October 9, 2008
Taipei (New Sogo Department Store – Sony Style Store)
Taipei (Intersection of Xining South Road & Wuchang Street)
 Taipei (Kevin's Tattoo)
Taipei County (Pingshi District – Pingshi Coal Mine)
 Taipei () or Taipei County (Zhonghe District – Yuantong Temple)
Taipei (Taipei Astronomical Museum)

In this season's only Fast Forward, one team had to drive to an intersection, where there would find a clue box. The clue would then instruct each team member to get a permanent tattoo at Kevin's Tattoo to win the Fast Forward award.

In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to find a souvenir, a small silver token that had the AXN logo on one side and The Amazing Race Asia logo on the other side, hidden in a mine cart full of coal and exchange it for their next clue.

This leg's Detour was a choice between Pick or Pail. In Pick, teams had to drive themselves to Wan Nian Building and retrieve three stuffed toys from inside from a claw machine to receive their next clue. In Pail, teams had to go to the Yuantong Temple, fill a bucket full of water, and carry it to the top of the mountain, where a monk would check to see if they had enough water. If they had enough, teams would receive their next clue.

Additional task
At the Sony Style Store, teams had to find a Blu-ray disc out of a thousand in the racks that displayed "Correct! You may receive your next clue." when played on a Blu-ray player, while the others would display "Sorry. Try again."

Leg 6 (Taiwan → Hong Kong)

Airdate: October 16, 2008
 Taipei (Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport) to Chek Lap Kok, Hong Kong, China (Hong Kong International Airport)
Kowloon City District (Ho Man Tin – King's Park Sports Ground)
Central and Western District (Intersection of Hollywood Road & Peel Street)
 Central and Western District (Graham Street or Mee Lun Street)
 Central and Western District (Central Piers) to Yau Tsim Mong District (Star Ferry Pier, Tsim Sha Tsui)
Yau Tsim Mong District (Mong Kok – Ladies' Market)
Southern District (Stanley – Blake Pier)

This leg's Detour was a choice between Get Fishy or Get Lucky. In Get Fishy, teams had to find a seafood store on Graham Street and clean, gut and scale 15 fish to the satisfaction of a fishmonger to receive their next clue. In Get Lucky, teams had to find a marked table on Mee Lun Street and bite open 300 fortune cookies in a jar until they found the one cookie containing a fortune that stated they could get their next clue.

In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to choose one of the provided handbags and search through the crowded market for the woman carrying the same handbag, who would give them their next clue.

Additional task
At King's Park Sports Ground, teams had to get through the rugby field to the clue box at the opposite end of the field while the Standard Chartered national rugby union players attempted to block their path.

Leg 7 (Hong Kong → Macau)

Airdate: October 23, 2008
Yau Tsim Mong District (Mong Kok – Goldfish Market)
Central and Western District (Sheung Wan – Bonham Strand)
 Central and Western District (Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal) to Freguesia da Sé, Macau (Outer Harbour Ferry Terminal)
 Freguesia da Sé (Senado Square)
Freguesia da Sé (Macau Tower)
Freguesia da Sé (Sai Van Lake – Dragon Boat Pier)
 Freguesia de São Lourenço (A-Ma Temple Square or Hotel Royal Macau)
Freguesia de São Francisco Xavier (A-Ma Cultural Village)

In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to climb to the top of the mast of the Macau Tower to obtain their next clue and go down back to their partner before reading their next clue. However, due to lightning, not all of the racers who chose to perform the Roadblock were allowed to climb the exterior spire as a precaution and were given their clue.

This leg's Detour was a choice between Dance or Chance. In Dance, teams had to correctly perform a lion dance routine to the satisfaction of the dance troupe to receive their next clue. In Chance, teams had to don formal attire and play a game of blackjack in the casino of Hotel Royal Macau. Teams had to beat the dealer nine times (as denoted each letter given after a win that would form the word COMPLETED) to receive their next clue.

Additional tasks
In Mong Kok, teams had to pick up four goldfish and bring them to a designated pet shop at Bonham Strand to exchange for their next clue.
Once in Macau, teams had to travel by pedicab to the fountain at Senado Square to find their next clue.
At Sai Van Lake, teams had to paddle a dragon boat around a floating Caltex buoy and return to the pier to get their next clue.
At A-Ma Culture Village, teams had to arrange lanterns bearing the animals of the Chinese zodiac into the correct order before being let into the Pit Stop.

Leg 8 (Macau → Hong Kong → India)

Airdate: October 30, 2008
Freguesia de Santo António (Ruins of Saint Paul's)
Freguesia da Sé (Macau Tower)
 Freguesia da Sé (Outer Harbour Ferry Terminal) to Central and Western District, Hong Kong (Hong Kong–Macau Ferry Terminal) or  Freguesia da Sé (Macau Heliport) to Central and Western District (Shun Tak Heliport)
Chek Lap Kok, Islands District (Hong Kong International Airport – MASkargo Warehouse)
 Chek Lap Kok (Hong Kong International Airport) to Kochi, India (Cochin International Airport)
Kochi (Neelam Kulangara Devi Temple)
Kochi (Kumbalam – Elephant Wash Grounds near SPS Temple)
 Kochi (Fort Kochi – Chinese Fishing Nets and Marina The Sea Face Restaurant or Mattancherry Palace)
Kochi (Bolgatty Palace)

In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to perform the world's highest bungee jump from the top of the Macau Tower and fall  to the ground to receive their next clue. The first team to complete the task would receive a helicopter ride from Macau to Hong Kong instead of the TurboJET ferry ride.

This leg's Detour was a choice between Fish or Fill. In Fish, team members had to carry six  marlins to a nearby restaurant to receive their next clue. In Fill, teams had to recreate an intricate floor pattern using coloured rice, known as Rangoli, to receive their next clue.

Additional tasks
At the MASkargo warehouse, teams had to search for a box addressed to them containing letters from their loved ones before receiving their next clue.
At Neelam Kulangara Devi Temple, teams had to get a good luck blessing from the priest before receiving their next clue.
At the elephant wash grounds in Kumbalam, teams had to wash an elephant using coconut husks as abrasives to receive their next clue.

Leg 9 (India)

Airdate: November 6, 2008
 Kochi (Cochin International Airport) to Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport)
Pune (Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium)
Pune (Shaniwar Wada)
Pune (Equity Tower – Sony World)
 Pune (Datta Shinde Pottery Shop and Mahatma Phule Market – Rajkumar Provision Stores or Agarwal Sweets)
Pune (Desai Bahndhu Ambewale)
Pune (Gokhale Institute)

In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to find a pheta with the word "Correct" inside it amongst ones worn by 50 men walking around the fort to receive their next clue.

This leg's Detour was a choice between Push and Crush. In Push, teams had to go to Datta Shinde Pottery Shop, where they had to load a cart with 75 pots and push it one kilometre to Rajkumar Provision Stores in Mahatma Phule Market with at least 70 intact pots remaining to receive next clue. In Crush, teams had to go to Agarwal Sweets, where they had to crush sugarcane sticks to make 40 glasses of sugarcane juice and sell them to earn at least 200 to receive their next clue.

Additional tasks
At Nehru Stadium, one team member had to hit a cricket ball onto an Amazing Race-coloured boundary to receive their next clue. If teams did not manage to do so after 36 bowls, they would incur a ten-minute penalty before receiving their next clue.
After the cricket task, teams use a map application on the Nokia 6210 Navigator to direct their auto rickshaw driver to their next destination, the Shaniwar Wada.
At Sony World, teams had to persuade the locals to tell them a joke while one team member recorded them on a Sony Handycam, then teams have to come back and replay the video to the staff. If the staff thought the joke was funny enough, they would give teams their next clue.

Leg 10 (India → Oman)

Airdate: November 13, 2008
Bhaje (Bhaja Caves)
 Malavli (Malavli Railway Station) to Pune (Pune Central Railway Station)
Pune (Statue of Mahatma Gandhi)
Pune (Jangali Maharaj Road – Standard Chartered Bank)
 Pune (Pune Airport) to Muscat, Oman (Muscat International Airport)
Muscat (Al Alam Palace)
Nizwa (Nizwa Fort)
Muttrah (Muttrah Souq)
Tanuf (Wadi Tanuf)

This leg's Detour was a choice between Carpet and Count It. In Carpet, teams had to walk to a carpet shop and find two matching carpets, using the images in a Sony Cyber-shot as a reference, to receive their next clue from the shopkeeper. In Count It, teams had to walk to a shop and count the dried limes. Once each team gave their correct individual amount (1601, 1595, 1598, or 1577), the shop owner would hand them their next clue.

In this leg's Roadblock, one team member had to tyrolean traverse across Wadi Tanuf to retrieve their next clue on the other side before pulling themselves back across to reunite with their partner.

Additional tasks
At the Standard Chartered Bank, teams had to insert an ATM card and punch in Mahatma Gandhi's birth year: (1869 → 1-8-6-9) as the PIN to receive their next clue printed on the receipt. If a team made three unsuccessful attempts, they would incur a ten-minute time penalty before receiving their next clue.
Once in Muscat, teams had to find a marked vehicle to find their next clue.
At Nizwa Fort, teams had to search for the correct clue box containing their next clue from among the other clue boxes scattered around the fort.

Leg 11 (Oman → Thailand)

Airdate: November 20, 2008
Muscat (Office of Muscat Governorate)
Al Batinah (Al Abyadh – Said's Camel Farm)
 Al Batinah (Hubra Sands)
 Muscat (Muscat International Airport) to Phuket, Thailand (Phuket International Airport)
Mueang Phuket (Sam Kong Temple)
Mueang Phuket (Sirey Island – Thai Trade Food Ice Factory)
 Mueang Phuket (Laem Hin Pier) to Ao Phang Nga National Park (Boat between Cape Yamu and Rang Noi Island)
  Ao Phang Nga National Park (Rang Yai Island – Rang Yai Pearl Farm or Andaman Sea)
Ao Phang Nga National Park (Rang Yai Island – Rang Yai Beach)
Ao Phang Nga National Park (Rang Yai Island – Coconut Plantation)

In this season's final Roadblock, one team member had to find one of seven keys out of seventy buried in the sand, using a metal detector, that would unlock a clue box.

This season's final Detour was a choice between Pull or Plunge. In Pull, teams had to kayak to Rang Yai pearl farm and find a marked shell by pulling from among 900 oyster lines. Then teams had to bring the marked shell back to the beach to exchange it for their next clue. In Plunge, teams had to snorkel and search for a giant clam shell containing a pearl, which they could exchange their next clue.

Additional tasks
At Said's Camel Farm, teams had to move ten camels into the holding pens before receiving their next clue.
At the Thai Trade Food Ice Factory, teams had to find a small clear cube buried in a barrel of ice shavings to get their next clue.
At Lam Hin Pier, teams had to ride a traditional Thai fishing boat, known as the long-tail boat, and look for a fisherman in a marked boat located between Cape Yamu and Rang Noi Island to receive their next clue.
After finishing the Detour, teams had to dig up a treasure chest within a marked area and carry it to the Finish Line at the nearby coconut plantation.

References

External links
Official website

Asia 3
2008 Singaporean television seasons
Television shows filmed in Thailand
Television shows filmed in Vietnam
Television shows filmed in Taiwan
Television shows filmed in Hong Kong
Television shows filmed in Macau
Television shows filmed in India
Television shows filmed in Oman
Television shows filmed in the United Arab Emirates


Sail Melbourne is an annual sailing Regatta run by Yachting Victoria at various yacht clubs around Port Phillip Bay.  Sail Melbourne is a Grade 1 ISAF (International Sailing Federation) event.

Asia Pacific Regatta
The annual Asia Pacific Regatta as a part of Sail Melbourne consists of invited Olympic classes.

Laser Full Rig
The Laser Full Rig is a single handed mono hull with a single sail.  Due to the simple design of the Laser, the racing is more focused of the ability of the crew instead of the boat.

Laser Radial
The Laser Radial is the Laser sailed by women in the Olympics.  It has a smaller sail area and shorter mast than the full rig.

Tornado
The Tornado is a two-person, double trapeze Catamaran with an asymmetrical spinnaker.

49er
The 49er is a two-person, double trapeze mono hull  with an asymmetrical spinnaker.

Finn
The Finn is a single handed men's class.

470 Men's and Women's
The 470 is a class broken up into Men's and Women's.  It is a two-person, 4.7m mono hull with single trapeze and symmetrical spinnaker.

Winners

Europe

1995 –
1996 –
1997 –
1998 –
2001 –
2002 –
2003 –
2004 –

Finn

1996 –
1998 –
2000 –
2002 –
2003 –
2004 –
2005 –
2007 –
2008:1 –
2008:2 –
2009 –
2010 –
2011 –
2012 –
2013 –
2014 –
2016 –
2017 –
2018 –
2020 –

ILCA 4 (formerly known as Laser 4.7)

2004 –
2005 –
2016 –
2017 –
2018 –
2020 –
2022 –
2023 –

Women’s ILCA 6 (formerly known as Laser Radial)

2008:2 –
2009 –
2010 –
2011 –
2012 –
2013 –
2014 –
2016 –

Open ILCA 6 (formerly known as Laser Radial)

2002 –
2003 –
2004 –
2005 –
2006 –
2008:1 –
2016 –
2017 –
2018 –
2020 –
2022 –
2023 –

ILCA 7 (formerly known as Laser)

1995 –
1996 –
1997 –
1998 –
2000 –
2001 –
2002 –
2003 –
2004 –
2005 –
2006 –
2007 –
2008:1 –
2008:2 –
2009 –
2010 –
2011 –
2012 –
2013 –
2014 –
2016 –
2017 –
2018 –
2020 –
2022 –
2023 –

Minnow

2016 –

OK

2018 –

Open Bic

2016 –
2017 –

Optimist

2003 –
2016 –
2017 –
2018 –

RS 100

2022 –
2023 –

Sabre

2016 –

Waszp

2018 –
2022 –

420

2002 –
2003 –
2004 –
2016 –
2017 –
2018 –
2022 –

Men’s 470

1995 –
1996 –
1997 –
1998 –
2000 –
2002 –
2003 –
2004 –
2005 –
2006 –
2008:1 –
2008:2 –
2009 –
2010 –
2011 –
2012 –
2013 –
2014 –
2016 –
2017 –
2018 –

Women’s 470

1995 –
1996 –
1998 –
2000 –
2002 –
2003 –
2004 –
2005 –
2008:1 –
2008:2 –
2009 –
2010 –
2011 –
2012 –
2013 –
2014 –
2016 –
2017 –
2018 –

Open 470

2020 –
2022 –
2023 –

505

2020 –

29er

2002 –
2003 –
2004 –
2016 –
2018 –
2022 –

49er

1998 –
2000 –
2001 –
2002 –
2003 –
2004 –
2005 –
2006 –
2008:2 –
2009 –
2010 –
2011 –
2012 –
2013 –
2014 –
2016 –
2017 –
2018 –
2022 –
2023 –

49er FX

2012 –
2013 –
2014 –
2016 –
2017 –
2018 –
2022 –
2023 –

Tasar

2020 –
2022 –
2023 –

2.4 Metre

2003 –
2004 –
2005 –
2008:2 –
2009 –
2010 –
2011 –
2013 –
2014 –
2017 –
2018 –
2020 –
2022 –
2023 –

Hansa 303 (single)

2018 –
2022 –

Hansa 303 (double)

2018 –

Hansa Liberty

2020 –
2022 –
2023 –

Skud 18

2009 –
2010 –
2011 –
2013 –
2014 –
2018 –

Soling

1995 –
1998 –

Star

1995 –
2002 –
2003 –

Yngling

2002 –
2003 –
2005 –

Nacra 15

2018 –

Nacra 17

2013 –
2014 –
2016 –
2017 –
2018 –

Tornado

1995 –
1997 –
1998 –
2002 –
2003 –
2004 –
2005 –
2008:1 –

Viper

2016 –

Men’s Formula Kite

2013 –
2014 –

Women’s Formula Kite

2013 –
2014 –

Open Formula Kite

2016 –
2020 –
2022 –
2023 –

Men’s Iqfoil

2023 –

Women’s Iqfoil

2023 –

Men’s Mistral

1995 –
1996 –
1997 –
1998 –
2000 –
2001 –
2002 –
2003 –
2004 –
2005 –

Women’s Mistral

1995 –
1996 –
1997 –
1998 –
2000 –
2001 –
2002 –
2003 –
2004 –
2005 –

Men’s RS:X

2006 –
2007 –
2008:2 –
2009 –
2010 –
2011 –
2012 –
2013 –
2014 –
2016 –
2020 –

Women’s RS:X

2006 –
2007 –
2008:2 –
2009 –
2010 –
2011 –
2013 –
2014 –
2016 –
2020 –

Open RS:X

2017 –

Techno 293

2017 –
2018 –
2022 –

Techno 293+

2018 –
2022 –

Wind Foil

2022 –

Windfoiling Open

2023 –

Wing Foiling

2022 –

References

External links
Sail Melbourne Website
International Sailing Federation
Yachting Australia
Yachting Victoria
470 Website
Finn Class Website
Laser Website
Photography Website by Jeff Crow

Port Phillip
Sailing competitions in Australia
Sports competitions in Melbourne
Annual sporting events in Australia
Sailing competitions
Sailing World Cup


Lorton station is a railroad terminal in Lorton, Virginia. It is the northern terminal for Amtrak's Auto Train, which operates between this station and Sanford station in Florida. When Auto-Train was originally established in Lorton in 1971, the station house was still under construction. Until it was completed sometime between 1972 and 1975, it consisted of tents and pre-fabricated houses and trailers, and the parking lot was still paved only with gravel. When it was completed, it included a former caboose and boxcar previously owned by the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad that was converted into a gift shop. As with the rest of Auto Train, the station closed in 1981 and was reopened in 1983 when Amtrak acquired the service.

The current station, which opened in 2000 as a replacement for the original Lorton Auto-Train station, features a large, modern waiting area designed in a modern Art Deco style, with high glass walls, a small gift shop, a snack bar, and a children's playground. There is one long low-level platform (which is  long) designed for Auto Train boarding and 6 vehicle ramps for boarding vehicles onto the 20+ autoracks that are on the Auto Train. This station is one mile south of the Virginia Railway Express Lorton station. No other Amtrak trains stop at either station.

Image gallery

References

External links

 Detailed station and Auto Train info
 Lorton Amtrak-Auto Train Station (USA RailGuide -- TrainWeb)
 Original Lorton Terminal images (Theme Trains.com)

Amtrak stations in Virginia
Auto Train
Railway stations closed in 1981
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1971
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1983
Transportation in Fairfax County, Virginia
Railway stations in the United States closed in the 1980s


Eriogonum brachypodum is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name Parry's buckwheat. This annual herb is native to the southwestern United States from California to Utah and especially the Mojave Desert. It grows in sandy and gravelly substrates. It has a skeletonlike spindly stem which branches many times. It can grow 5 to 50 centimeters in height and up to a meter in width. There is an array of rounded, dark-colored leaves around the base. Leaves are a few centimeters long and fuzzy on the undersides. Most of the plant is actually the spreading inflorescence. At intervals on the otherwise naked branches hang tiny clusters of glandular flowers a few millimeters wide in involucres of bell-shaped bracts. Each flower is less than three millimeters wide.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

North American desert flora
brachypodum


Laura Risk is a California-born violinist. She specializes in performing and teaching the diverse fiddle repertoire of Scotland and Quebec.

Risk performs both solo and in collaboration with such artists as Sandy Silva, Ken Kolodner, and Paddy League. She has been part of the band Cordelia's Dad. In addition to performing, Risk was a music instructor at Wellesley College. She holds a Bachelor of Arts in Applied Math from the University of California at Berkeley.

In 2006 she joined with Kieran Jordan and Paddy League to form the band "Tritych". Their eponymous album was released in 2011.

Discography

Solo recordings
 Two Thousand Miles (RISK0401) with Eric Beaudry (guitar and voice), Rachel Aucoin (piano), Michel Donato (bass), Eric Breton (percussion)
 The Merry Making (Dorian 90282) with Susie Petrov (piano), Dennis Cahill (guitar), Christopher Layer (flutes, whistle and bagpipes), Brian Melick (percussion)
 Celtic Dialogue (Dorian 90264) with Jacqueline Schwab (piano) (Top 10 CDs of 1999—The Boston Globe)

In collaboration with Ken Kolodner
 A Roof for the Rain (Dorian 90295) with Keith Murphy (guitar) and Joseph Sobol (guitar and cittern)
 Greenfire (Dorian 90265) with Robin Bullock (guitar, piano, cittern)
 Walking Stones (Dorian 90248) with Robin Bullock (guitar, piano, cittern) (Top 15 Bestsellers—BMG Record Club) (Allegro Corporation's #1 World Music Title)

With other bands
 Journey Begun, Laura Risk and Athena Tergis (Culburnie 105) with Steve Baughman (guitar), Peter Maund (percussion), Pat Klobas (bass); produced by Alasdair Fraser
 Spine, Cordelia's Dad (Appleseed 1023) with Tim Eriksen (vocals, guitar), Cath Oss (vocals, lap dulcimer and accordion) Peter Irvine (vocals and percussion); produced by Steve Albini
 Host of the Air: Contemporary Music for Scottish Country Dancing with Susie Petrov (accordion), James Gray (piano)

Recordings produced by Laura Risk
 Some Melodious Sonnet, Hanneke Cassel (Cassel Records 2004)
 My Joy, Hanneke Cassel (Cassel Records 2001)

Guest appearances
 Petit Fou, Matapat (Borealis 113)
 The Honey on the Mountain, Rob Laurens (Attic Light 339-002)
 My Joy, Hanneke Cassel (Cassel Records 2001)
 Different Game, Lissa Schneckenberger (Footprint Records)

Compilations
 The Road from Erin: Ireland's Musical Legacy, (Dorian 90021) various artists
 Commuter Classics: Drive Time A.M. (Dorian 90018) various artists
 Visions of Bach: Transcriptions and arrangements inspired by Bach (Dorian 90016), various artists
 Christmas Gift (Dorian 90321), various artists

Books
 Fiddler Magazine's Favorites: Tunes from and Interviews with 36 of the World's Greatest Fiddlers (book and CD set), various artists

References

External links
 Laura Risk

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American fiddlers
21st-century violinists


The Cathedral Museum of Cebu is a museum in Downtown Cebu City in the Philippines, reopened in November 2006. It is the ecclesiastical museum  of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cebu.

The focus of the museum is regional Church architecture and artifacts. Many of the items on display are from the Spanish colonial times.

Museum site and building history
It is situated next to the Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral, and not far from the Basilica Minore del Santo Niño. The collection was in the priest houses. is housed in a building which is in itself a museum piece; it goes back to the 19th century. The building was one of the few extant structures in downtown Cebu City that was totally spared from the ravages of World War II. It also survived uninformed renovators and the natural elements.

It was built in the early nineteenth hundred century probably during the incumbency of Cebu Bishop Santos Gomez Marañon. Bishop Marañon, who was known as a church builder, was responsible for the construction of the churches of Oslob, Cebu and Naga, the Episcopal Palace across the cathedral, the bell tower of Argao and the convent of Sibonga.

It was first the parish convent of the Cathedral, then a school of the University of San Carlos, then a cooperative store, and even as a temporary chapel during the renovation of the Cathedral.

Exhibitions and galleries
In the museum there is a chapel, which has become an exhibition area for "the Carmen collection" (from the parish of Carmen, Cebu) which consists of a tabernacle, gradas and altar panels made of wood encased in etched silver. The memorial chapel is also  frequently used for special exhibitions,

Up a wide staircase to the upper floors are several galleries. The first is a gallery of photographs and illustrations depicting the growth of the Catholic faith in the island. The second gallery contains the memorabilia of Cardinal Ricardo Vidal, who, when first assigned in Cebu, was a resident of this convento as the parish priest of the cathedral. Among his memorabilia are prayer books, notebooks and a sample ballot used in the election of a pope, as well as a cardinal’s ring given to him by his predecessor, Cardinal Julio Rosales, and the vestments he used during his Episcopal ordination, his elevation to the cardinalate.

Gallery three shows how churches were constructed in the Spanish era and shows photographs as well as actual building materials used. The fourth gallery is a gathering of Saints, exhibiting a collection of statues of saints from various parishes, including one of St. Joseph at his deathbed. The fifth gallery is a display of chalices and ciboriums, of priestly vestments and other accoutrements of the liturgy of the Mass and the sacraments of the Roman Catholic Church. The sixth gallery is a sample bedroom of a priest.

Planned additions
Still to be developed (2008) is the patio fronting the lobby, which will house a coffee shop and museum shop. Beyond this there will be a garden.

Leadership
The museum is under the direction of the Archdiocesan Commission for the Cultural Heritage of the Church, chaired by Msgr. Carlito V. Pono. The head curator is Brian Brigoli, assisted by Louella Eslao and Mary Frances Villacastin-Despi.

A considerably smaller ecclesial museum was opened at the same site in 1995, and was only a one-room affair at the ground floor of the present museum. It stopped operating upon the death of the curator, Virgilio R. Yap. The preparation and refurbishing of the entire convent building was started in 2000.

External links
Official Website
Photos from a special Santo Niño exhibition in January, 2008

Museums in Cebu City
Visayan history
Visayan landmarks
History of the Philippines (1565–1898)
Landmarks in the Philippines
Christian museums
Religious museums in the Philippines


Demopolis Town Square, currently officially known as Confederate Park, is a historic park in the city of Demopolis, Alabama, United States. It is one of the oldest public squares in the state. Demopolis had its beginnings in 1817 with the Vine and Olive Colony, and the park was established in 1819.  The park covers one city block, bounded by Main, Capitol, Walnut, and Washington Streets.

The park was renamed "Confederate Park" in 1923, at request of United Daughters of the Confederacy.

The park contains several historic structures, including a Victorian-era gazebo near the corner of Walnut Avenue and Washington Street, the Demopolis City Hall, built in 1869–70 as a courthouse annex, and the old Presbyterian Church, built in 1843 and now known as Rooster Hall.  The former church served as the Marengo County Courthouse from 1868 until 1871, when the county seat was temporarily moved from Linden. The park's center features a large cast iron fountain that was installed in 1895. The park is often used for the city's festivals, most notably for many of the Christmas on the River events.  The park was added to the National Register of Historic Places on 29 November 1975.

References

National Register of Historic Places in Marengo County, Alabama
Demopolis, Alabama
Greek Revival architecture in Alabama
Parks in Alabama
Protected areas of Marengo County, Alabama
Parks on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama
United Daughters of the Confederacy monuments and memorials
1819 establishments in Alabama


The Royal New Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserve (RNZNVR) is the volunteer reserve force of the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN).

History

Early history

The first Naval Volunteer units were formed in Auckland and Nelson in 1858. Over the rest of the 19th century Naval Volunteer units were formed in various ports such as Bluff, Wanganui, and Wairoa. These were reorganised into Naval Artillery Volunteers in 1883.

The Volunteers, or "Navals", peaked after the Russian-scare in the 1880s with a total of 20 units. Volunteers were trained in boats, taught gunnery, and manned some of the coastal batteries at the four main ports. Later they were also trained in mining submarines and maintaining minefields that were laid in Auckland and Wellington harbours.

The Naval Volunteers supplemented a small number of regular soldiers known as the Permanent Militia. The Permanent Militia included the New Zealand Torpedo Corps who were responsible for manning the four Defender-class torpedo boats and the Submarine Mining Corps.

In 1902 the Volunteers were further reorganised into the Garrison Artillery Volunteers. In a special report in 1919, Admiral of the Fleet Lord Jellicoe recommended that New Zealand acquire 18 minesweepers.

Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve

The next major reorganisation occurred in 1926 when the New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy was formed. A unit of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve was established in Auckland and further units were opened in Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin two years later.

The Government finally responded to Jellicoe's report by purchasing one second-hand minesweeping trawler, HMS Wakakura. This was the sole training ship for the Naval Reserve until the beginning of World War II. Wakakura moved from port to port so each unit could have its share of sea training and live gunnery practice.

By 1939 the need to protect merchant ships from mines which might be laid round the coast was becoming increasingly apparent. There were, at that point, 78 officers and 610 ratings active in the New Zealand Division of the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve.

War years

The declaration of War in 1939 saw the normal activity of the Naval Reserve suspended. Its personnel were called up for war service. Early in the war some Reserve personnel were drafted to duties as gunners on merchant ships or to serve on Royal Navy ships, or they embarked for further training in the United Kingdom.

On 1 October 1941 New Zealand Naval forces ceased to exist. King George VI consented to the formation of the Royal New Zealand Navy and the New Zealand navy was no longer a mere division of the Royal Navy. All ships and training bases were recommissioned into the new navy, and the prefix "HMS" to their names were replaced with "HMNZS".

Of the 1700 Naval Reservists who trained prior to the outbreak of war, 139 lost their lives, 80 in the sinking of HMS Neptune.

Becomes the RNZNVR

At the end of war plans to reconstitute the Naval Reserve were put into operation. Officers were selected from those who had been demobilised and recruiting began in September 1948 with the intention of reaching a strength of 70 officers and 600 ratings. It would now be called the Royal New Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserve.

In 1947 the Government transferred a Harbour Defence Motor Launch to each unit. Naval Reservists also trained in Royal New Zealand Navy cruisers, frigates and minesweepers but the motor launches were now the mainstay of seamanship training. Training in general was focused, as in the regular force, on training Seamen, Gunners, Communicators, Radar Plotters, Electricians, Marine Engineers, Medical Assistants and Clerks.

From 1978, as the ships of the regular force became more and more complex, Naval Reserve training focused on patrol craft seamanship and engineering, and on the protection of merchant shipping. Around 1984 the motor launches were upgraded to Moa class inshore patrol boats (IPVs).

The shift in focus stemmed from the understanding that military control of vital seaborne trade was imperative for New Zealand's survival. The basic principle of effectively managing and protecting seaborne trade remains a basic Naval Reserve task today.

Current status
The current RNZNVR Mission is: "To contribute to the Navy mission by providing competent Reserve personnel fit for service". The Naval Volunteer Reserve are part-time people, the seagoing equivalent of Army Territorials. Reservists are typically people with regular jobs, although many are also tertiary students or full-time parents, who get paid for the spare time they spend as a member of the Naval Reserve. They formerly crewed the inshore patrol vessels and have opportunities to work with regular force either at sea, ashore or overseas on peacekeeping missions. As of 1 July 2007 there were 237 people in the Naval Reserve.

The RNZNVR is currently organised into four regional units. Each unit has its own training headquarters under the command of a senior Reserve officer, and number up to 60 Naval Reserve personnel. The units are also commissioned ships, in the tradition of Royal Navy stone frigates, and each bears the prefix "HMNZS" (Her Majesty's New Zealand Ship).

Volunteers can join one of three branches of the RNZNVR
 Administration
 Sea Service (for service on inshore patrol vessels)
 Maritime Trade Organisation (formerly Naval Control of Shipping).

Notable members
 Criteria for inclusion: Has their own Wikipedia article which notes their membership in the Reserve
 Charles Blackie
 Gordon Bridson
 Phil Connolly
 Derek Freeman
 Denis Glover
 Mark Hadlow
 Peter Phipps, Vice Admiral Sir
 Tom Schnackenberg OBE OAM Sub-Lt Ngapona 1965-67 Holds Honorary Rank RNZN
 Dr John McEwan Author Auckland Rockies-1858-1995
 Captain Richard Worth OBE VRD KStJ Former National MP
 Nelson Blake Author 'Understanding Treaty of Waitangi', 'The Story of Howick 1847-1864, mentioned in Glover's 'Hot Water Sailor' Russian Convoy PQ 18
 Arch Jelley Athletic coach of Olympian gold Medalist John Walker Russian Convoy
 Cmdr John Schischka MBE CO HMNZS Ngapona
 CPO John Barnes BEM ex-RN HMS Hood, caretaker Chief Ngapona 1957-75
 Dean John Rymer Padre Ngapona, Dean of Auckland 1970-91}]
 Cyril Pepper MC All Black 1935-36 Believed to have died from injuries received in Middle East 1943, in Wellington.
 CPO Denis Kean BEM Founder of Ngapona Association
 CPO Raymond Thompson BEM
 Prof. Ian Falloon DSc MD FRCP SBA HMNZS Toroa & Ngapona. 1964-68 Dean and Emeritus Prof AUC.
 Capt George Darvel Hill RD VRD JP

See also
 New Zealand Sea Cadet Corps
 Cmdr John Berridge CMHRINZ BSc Dip T Former Sea Cadet Officer(Sp)RNZNVR, Director Naval Training RNZN

Notes

References
 Official navy website Naval Reserve History
 Navy museum website The RNZNVR

External links
 Navy museum website Oral histories of the RNZNVR
 End of an era for Auckland Naval Reserve Branch

Royal New Zealand Navy
Military history of New Zealand
Organisations based in New Zealand with royal patronage


Common Sense is an American reggae band from Orange County, California. They are known for being one of the first artists to influence the California "surf reggae" movement and using sponsors instead of traditional music industry methods to make albums and gain promotion  as featured in the Mercury Mariner commercial. Since their formation in 1987, they have released five albums under their own label, Common Sense Records. They have also released an  album under the Virgin label, Psychedelic Surf Groove. Their song "Never Give Up" was used in the movie Speed 2: Cruise Control and "In Your Eyes" was in the movie Kingpin. They have toured the US and Mexico and perform periodically at the Belly Up Tavern in Solana Beach, California, and at various music halls around California including the Coach House Concert Hall in San Juan Capistrano. They have, in the past, been members of the summer music and sports festival, Warped Tour and  Willie Nelson's Farm Aid.

The band is also known for making the Chicago hip hop emcee Common Sense condense his name to simply Common because of legal issues.

Band members
 Nick Hernandez – vocals and ukulele
 Mikey Ortiz - bass guitar
 Billy Sherman – guitar/keyboard
 Phil Gough - guitar
 Tracy Sledge – drums, percussion

Former members
 Jai Vatuk – guitar/keyboard
 Steve Dillard – trumpet/flugelhorn/and Nick's Daddy
 Drew Hester - drums
 Larry Young - Bass Guitar

Discography
Full-length albums:
 Live! At the Belly Up Tavern (1994)
 Psychedelic Surf Groove (1996)
 State of the Nation (1999)
 Common Sense (2002)
 Don't Look Back (2005)

References

External links
 Common Sense Band – Official website
 Common Sense – MySpace page

Alternative rock groups from California
Musical groups established in 1987
American reggae musical groups


The 9th Parliament of the Republic of Kenya was opened by elected President Mwai Kibaki on February 18, 2003. It was the first time that the formerly-dominant Kenya African National Union of Daniel arap Moi was in the minority. The triumphant NARC (a coalition of the National Alliance Party of Kenya and Liberal Democratic Party), which dominated in the general elections of 2002 was in the majority, led by Kibaki.

However, after the 2005 constitutional referendum, Kibaki threw out the LDP members from his Cabinet, at which point the LDP left NARC and formed the Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya in coalition with Uhuru Kenyatta's KANU party. In 2007, KANU left the coalition and mostly joined with Kibaki's new Party of National Unity, although some of its members stayed with the ODM-Kenya. The original NARC, now headed by Charity Ngilu, allied itself with the ODM-Kenya, which also split into two parties, one ODM led by Raila Odinga and the other ODM-Kenya by Kalonzo Musyoka. The major contestants for the presidential elections were Mwai Kibaki of the PNU coalition, Raila Odinga of ODM and Kalonzo Musyoka of ODM-Kenya.

Composition

The 9th Parliament was composed of the following members from these political parties below:
NARC had 125, of whom 64 would later align themselves with PNU, whilst the 61 who did  not (many of whom were elected as LDP MPs), would later align themselves with either ODM or ODM-Kenya. Ford-People had  14 elected legislators, with Safina, FORD-Asili, Sisi Kwa Sisi getting 2 members each. Finally the Shirikisho Party of Kenya had one member bringing the total to 209 members of Parliament.

Performance

Many Kenyans had a lot of expectations of changes to be effected by this parliament. In the inaugural speech President Mwai Kibaki, said that the 9th parliament heralded Kenya's long-awaited second liberation and promised their total commitment to tackle and eliminate corruption and ensure good governance.

The 9th Parliament has come under scrutiny and have been criticized for many failings.
According to a report from Mars Group Kenya  which is a type of watch dog to create awareness and accountability from Kenya's leadership, this parliament started by increasing their own remuneration and other allowances to become the most expensive parliament in the history of Kenya with an annual budget of over USD$57 million.

This parliament also failed to show leadership in the follow-up of the November 2005 Referendum on the Draft Constitution. They will go in history as the only parliament that never made any constitutional input in their 5 years tenure. A Constitution of Kenya Amendment Bill introduced in August 2007 by the Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs Martha Karua didn't garner the necessary votes due to issues of women representation. This parliament also failed to look onto the issue of boundary review which had been recommended by the Electoral Commission of Kenya (ECK) to increase the representation with at least 40 new constituencies.

In 2007 they introduced a media bill which was looked upon as attempts to gag the media. They also attempted to reduce the powers of the Kenya Anti Corruption Commission (KACC). Their poor record of attendance was evident in the number of statutes that they were able to pass during their term. They passed 67 bills about 13 bills a year, a dismal record in comparison with what other parliaments achieve like the South African parliament which passes over 40 statutes a year. They were many issues pertaining to poor management of resources and funds under their control through the newly introduced CDF and failure in taking decisive action against illegal charges on the Consolidated Fund which involved fraudulent payments to phantom projects not undertaken like the Anglo Leasing and the Ken Ren Fertilizer project.

However the 9th parliament passed some relevant and good bills such as the establishment of Constituency Development Fund (CDF) and its increment in funding, Sexual offences bill moved by Njoki Ndungu, privatization authority, the insurance regulatory authority, and number of funding and regulating authorities just to mention a few.

The 9th Parliament was dissolved on October 22, 2007  in order to prepare for the parliamentary and presidential elections that year. It was succeeded by the 10th Kenyan Parliament in January 2008.

References

See also

 Politics of Kenya
 Elections in Kenya
 List of political parties in Kenya

Kenyan parliaments
2003 establishments in Kenya
2007 disestablishments in Kenya


The National Basketball Players Association (NBPA) is the labor union that represents National Basketball Association (NBA) players.  It was founded in 1954, making it the oldest trade union of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. However, the NBPA did not get recognition by NBA team owners until ten years later. Its offices are located in the historic Park and Tilford Building in New York City. It was briefly a trade association after dissolving as a union during the 2011 NBA lockout.

History

Founding and struggle for recognition (1954–1957)

In 1954, Celtics star point guard Bob Cousy and friend and unofficial agent Joe Sharry canvassed long-tenured players on each of the league's teams by mail, including the fledgling NBA's stars Paul Arizin and Dolph Schayes, and received support from the majority to approach the NBA President Maurice Podoloff. Cousy and the players sought basic improvements of conditions including being paid for promotional activities, a limit of twenty exhibition games per season, impartial dispute arbitration, and moving expenses for traded players. While back pay for players of folded franchises was granted by Podoloff, the NBA refused to acknowledge the players association or make other changes until Cousy approached the AFL-CIO in 1957 and the players threatened a strike.

Recognition, early successes, stalled negotiations (1957–1964)
After formal recognition by the NBA, the NBPA won its players per diem payments and travel expenses and an increase in the playoff pool payment, and the majority of the previously demanded conditions. In 1958, however, dismayed at the lack of dues payments by players, Cousy would resign his position from frustration. He was succeeded by Celtics second-year player Tom Heinsohn, who had studied labor relations at university and worked as a pension planner for an insurance company in his day job, and whose father was a union official in Union City, New Jersey. Heinsohn began negotiating a pension plan for players, asking $100 per month for five years of service and $200 per month for 10 years of service for players aged over 65. Negotiations stalled with new NBA President Walter Kennedy and the NBP and the league entered a stalemate for most of 1964.

1964 All-Star game strike
At the 1964 NBA All-Star Game in Boston, Heinsohn organised a wildcat strike to force the NBA owners to recognise the union's demands. The game was to be the struggling NBA's first live television broadcast, and the league had to this point ignored the NBPA's demands delivered to league offices during the NBA off-season, and repeatedly refusing to meet with or acknowledge executive director Larry Fleisher as the union's authorized bargaining agent. The NBPA presented the assembled team owners with a list of demands to be met before the All Star game would be played: the pension plan, athletic trainers for every team, and the removal of matinee Sunday games after Saturday night games from the schedule. After 22 minutes of the players holding out in a locker room, the door of which was guarded by a Boston police officer and with owners threatening the players with blacklisting and punishment, league commissioner Walter Kennedy agreed to the player's demands, and the live broadcast went to air after a slight delay.

Salary cap

In 1983, players and owners reached a historic agreement, that introduced the "salary cap" era into professional sports.  This was believed to be the first salary cap in any major professional sports league in the United States.

1995 NBA labor dispute
The NBA experienced its first work stoppage, when owners imposed a lockout, that lasted from July 1 through September 12, when players and owners reached an agreement.  Because the lockout took place during the off-season, no games were lost.

1998–99 lockout

The second NBA lockout, which ran into the 1998–99 season, lasted almost 200 days, and wiped out 464 regular-season games.  After players and owners reached an agreement, the season did not start until February 5, 1999, with each of the 29 NBA teams playing a 50-game schedule.

2011 lockout

The current collective bargaining agreement was reached in July 2005, and expired at 12:01 EST on July 1, 2011, following completion of the 2010–11 NBA season, resulting in a lockout, similar to the 2011 NFL lockout. ESPN has reported that the owners and players failed to reach an agreement and broke off negotiations, and that the owners began a lockout immediately after the collective bargaining agreement expired.

The primary sticking point within negations were the was the shares of Basketball Related income, player movement and the soft salary cap. Basketball Related Income  or BRI is profits from ticket sales, merchandising sales, and other profits related to basketball, this revenue is split between players and the team but in initial negations the teams proposed a reduction players' share being from 57% to 50%.  As well, with the forming of Big Three (Miami Heat) and increased player movement towards larger market teams.  This concerned smaller market teams and encouraged them to establish a hard salary cap.

On November 14, the NBPA was converted from a union into a trade association, enabling the players as individual employees to be represented by lawyers in a class action antitrust lawsuit against the league, calling the lockout an illegal group boycott. The NBPA re-formed as a union on December 1, receiving support from over 300 players, exceeding the requirement for at least 260. After the players and owners reached a new agreement, the lockout ended on December 8 and the 2011–12 season began on December 25 with a 66-game schedule.

2013–present
In February 2013, Billy Hunter was ousted unanimously as executive director of the National Basketball Players Association (NBPA) amid charges of nepotism and other concerns. 17 months later on July 29, 2014, Michele Roberts, a Washington, D.C. litigator, was elected as the new executive director of the National Basketball Players Association. She became the first female executive director of NBPA and the first woman to head a major professional sports union in North America. She would help avoid an opt-out labor dispute from occurring in 2017 with negotiations taking place early in 2016.

In February 2018 at All-Star Weekend, the NBPA unveiled its new marketing and licensing arm, THINK450, the innovation engine of the NBPA. The union controls the intellectual property rights of the 450 players as a group off the court, giving way for brand partnerships and sponsorship opportunities.

After the season had been suspended earlier in the year, on June 5, 2020, the NBPA approved negotiations with the NBA to resume the regular season for 22 teams in the NBA Bubble.

During the 2020 NBA Finals, NBPA President Chris Paul announced that over 90% of NBA players had registered to vote for the 2020 presidential election. He also stated that 15 teams in the league were 100% registered to vote. By contrast, the league only had 20% of players registered to vote in the 2016 presidential election. The players took multiple actions in the NBA Bubble: writing phrases or names on the back of their jerseys to support the Black Lives Matter movement, boycotting games in response to the shooting of Jacob Blake, and taking a knee during the national anthem to protest against racial inequality and police brutality.

Leadership

Executive directors

 Larry Fleisher (1970–1988)
 Charles Grantham (1988–1995)
 Simon Gourdine (1995–1996)
 Alex English (1996, interim)
 Billy Hunter (1996–2013)
 Michele Roberts (2014–2021)
 Tamika Tremaglio (2021–present)

Presidents

 Bob Cousy (1954–1958)
 Tom Heinsohn (1958–1965)
 Oscar Robertson (1965–1974)
 Paul Silas (1974–1980)
 Bob Lanier (1980–1985)
 Junior Bridgeman (1985 – February 1988)
 Alex English (February 1988 – October 5, 1988)
 Isiah Thomas (October 5, 1988 – February 13, 1994)
 Buck Williams (February 13, 1994 – September 15, 1997)
 Patrick Ewing (September 15, 1997 – July 10, 2001)
 Michael Curry (July 10, 2001 – June 28, 2005)
 Antonio Davis (June 28, 2005 – November 19, 2006)
 Derek Fisher (November 19, 2006 – August 21, 2013)
 Chris Paul (August 21, 2013 – August 7, 2021)
 CJ McCollum (August 7, 2021 – present)

Vice presidents

Past
 Roger Mason Jr. (August 21, 2013 – June 23, 2017)
 Steve Blake (August 21, 2013 – June 23, 2017)
 Kyle Korver (February 12, 2016 – June 23, 2017)
 Carmelo Anthony (June 23, 2017 – February 18, 2019)
 Stephen Curry (June 23, 2017 – February 18, 2019)
 Pau Gasol (June 23, 2017 – February 17, 2020)
 LeBron James (June 23, 2017 – February 2, 2020)
 CJ McCollum (February 18, 2018 – August 7, 2021)
 Andre Iguodala (June 23, 2017 – February 18, 2023)
 Kyrie Irving (February 17, 2020 – February 18, 2023)

Current
 Garrett Temple (June 23, 2017 – present)
 Bismack Biyombo (February 18, 2019 – present)
 Jaylen Brown (February 18, 2019 – present)
 Malcolm Brogdon (February 18, 2019 – present)
 Grant Williams (August 7, 2021 – present)
 Jaren Jackson Jr. (February 18, 2023 – present)
 Donovan Mitchell (February 18, 2023 – present)

 First vice president

Secretary-treasurers

 James Jones (c. 2014 – July 18, 2017)
 Anthony Tolliver (February 17, 2018 – March 5, 2021)
 Harrison Barnes (March 5, 2021 – present)

Initiatives
The NBPA organizes Sportscaster U., an annual broadcasting training camp at Syracuse University in association with the S. I. Newhouse School of Public Communications. In past ten years, hundreds of NBA players have attended this camp, and went on to successful careers in broadcasting.

Awards

See also
Major League Baseball Players Association
MLS Players Association
National Hockey League Players Association

References

External links

Players Association
Sports trade unions of the United States
Trade unions established in 1954


(Do not fear), , is a motet for a funeral by Johann Sebastian Bach, set for double chorus. The work in two movements draws its text from the Book of Isaiah and a hymn by Paul Gerhardt. Scholars disagree about the composition time and place which was traditionally believed to be 1726 in Leipzig, while more recent scholarship suggests for stylistic reasons that it was composed earlier during the years Bach lived in Weimar.

History
Bach composed the work for a funeral. His motets were written in the tradition of the Evangelienmotetten (motets on gospel text) of the 17th century by composers such as Melchior Franck, Melchior Vulpius and Heinrich Schütz. When he composed his motets, works without contemporary poetry and without an independent orchestra, the genre was already out of fashion. However, there was evidently a demand for such works at funerals, a ceremony for which at least some of Bach's other motets were written.

As the original score has not survived, the work can not be dated with certainty. Traditionally, scholars believed that Bach composed  for a funeral in Leipzig in 1726. Stylistic comparison with other works such as , suggests that Bach wrote it already in his Weimar period (1708–1717).

Text
The text includes no contemporary poetry, as many of his cantatas and passions do, but purely biblical quotations and chorale, as in other motets by Bach and his models.
The text is combined from two verses by Isaiah,  and , both beginning with "". The second verse is combined with two stanzas of Paul Gerhardt's hymn "Warum sollt ich mich denn grämen". Bach would have known a motet on the first verse by Isaiah composed by Johann Christoph Bach.

Scoring and structure
Bach structured the work in two movements and scored it for double chorus, SATB – SATB and unspecified instruments playing colla parte.

In the following table of the movements, the keys and time signatures are taken from the score, using the symbol for common time (4/4).

Music
The first verse by Isaiah is the text for the first movement. In the second movement, the second verse by Isaiah is set as a fugue of the three lower voices, and juxtaposed with the chorale by Gerhardt, sung by the soprano. The lower voices are set in a double fugue, with the subject derived from the beginning of the chorale melody, and the counter subject an inversion. The chromatic theme is reminiscent of the final aria of Bach’s cantata for solo alto Widerstehe doch der Sünde, BWV 54. At one point there is also a strong textual correspondence of biblical quotation and hymn. The conductor John Eliot Gardiner points out that "the biblical 'Ich habe dich bei deinem Namen gerufen' (I have called thee by thy name) leads climactically to the hymn-line 'Ich bin dein, weil du dein Leben ... [gegeben]' (I am thine, for thou hast given thy life).
The movement ends with a recapitulation of the music from movement 1 for double choir on the final line of the second psalm verse.

Discography
Fürchte dich nicht has often been recorded with other motets by Bach. These recorded sets of motets are partially listed at Motets by Johann Sebastian Bach, discography.

Notes

References

External links
 Fürchte dich nicht, BWV 228: performance by the Netherlands Bach Society (video and background information)
 Information on the work on www.bach-cantatas.com

 Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) – The Motets: Fürchte dich nicht BWV 228 saturdaychorale.com

Motets by Johann Sebastian Bach
Christian funeral music


The Charleston hospital strike was a two-month movement in Charleston, South Carolina that protested the unfair and unequal treatment of African American hospital workers. Protests began after twelve black employees were fired for voicing their concerns to the president of Medical College Hospital, which is now the Medical University of South Carolina. The strike was one of the last campaigns of the civil rights movement in South Carolina, and the first of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference since the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. the year before.

Background
Five years after the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans in Charleston's Medical College Hospital were still treated more poorly than white employees. Several African American hospital workers had been attempting to meet with Dr. William McCord, the president of the hospital, to discuss low wages, discrimination, and verbal abuse on the job. One nurse, Mary Grimes-Vanderhorst, claimed that she was unjustly demoted from a nurse to a nursing assistant because of her race, consequentially reducing her pay. Other African American nurses and hospital workers stated that they were being paid less than white employees who did the same work, receiving $1.30 per hour, 30¢ below the minimum wage. Black employees often complained that racial slurs and racist comments had been used against them and that the hospital had taken no action to discipline employees who made such comments. Some African American workers were prohibited from eating their lunch in break rooms because of segregation, and were forced to eat outside or in boiler rooms.

In September 1968, some hospital workers contacted Local 1199, a national health care workers' union. Local 1199 agreed to establish a chapter in Charleston, named Local 1199B, with Mary Moultrie as its president. Moultrie was also an employee of the hospital. The Local 1199B union, with assistance from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), requested formal recognition from the hospital's president, which was rejected. On March 18, 1969, President McCord agreed to meet with Moultrie and several other employees during their lunch break. But McCord brought an anti-union delegation outnumbering Moultrie’s group. Moultrie and her colleagues walked out of the meeting knowing that compromise would not be possible with the anti-union delegation's presence. Moultrie and eleven other workers briefly took over the president’s office in protest. The twelve workers were accused of leaving their patients unattended and were terminated that day. However, according to Louise Brown, one of the African American women who was fired, the twelve workers were on their lunch break; their patients, as usual, were already covered by other hospital staff.

Strike

In response to the firing of the twelve African American employees, on March 19, 1969, over sixty African American hospital employees walked off of their jobs and led a strike against the hospital. Both hospital employers, the State of South Carolina and Charleston County, committed to using any means at their disposal to avoid unionization. Within a few hours of the beginning of the strike, the Medical College prohibited all picketing, which was later amended to require picketers to stand no fewer than twenty yards apart. One nurse, Naomi White, created a group called Hell's Angels, which went to hospital workers' homes to encourage them to strike or protest, though Moultrie and the SCLC were unaware of the Angels. Governor Robert McNair prohibited the Medical College and Charleston County from compromising with the strikers and to urged them to avoid anything that would appear to be collective bargaining. McNair feared that the strike would lead to more strikes in other fields of work around the state.

On April 25, 1969, Governor McNair ordered over 1,000 state troopers and National Guardsmen, imposed a 9 p.m. to 5 a.m. curfew, and declared a state of emergency. Some protesters defied the curfew and led the strike into the night. By early summer, armored personnel carriers and soldiers with fixed-bayonets had arrived in the city. Violence increased against strikers: one union member's hotel room was firebombed and mysterious fires erupted around the city. Mary Moultrie moved out of her home for her family’s safety and slept on a cot at the union hall under the guard of armed youths. William Bill Saunders, a Korean War veteran who participated in the strike, observed that police arrested dozens of people daily. Over 1,000 people were arrested throughout the civil conflict.

By the end of April, the movement gathered the support of Coretta Scott King and SCLC members Andrew Young and Ralph Abernathy. In an April 30 address at Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church, King stated, "I feel that the black woman in our nation, the black working woman is perhaps the most discriminated against of all of the working women, the black woman." After the speech, King, alongside Mary Moultrie, led a 2,000-person march. The following week on Mother's Day, over ten thousand people, including five U.S. Congressmen, marched in downtown Charleston. The tourist industry of Charleston was strained as a result of these marches as protesters clogged public streets and markets. Local 1199B created advertisements that sought to encourage locals to purchase only food and medicine to further disrupt the city's economy.

Most politicians in South Carolina agreed with Governor McNair's response to the strike, though his constituents grew increasingly frustrated by the ongoing fallout. Many businesses in Charleston were negatively affected by the strikes, both by strikers blocking establishments and the imposed 9 p.m. curfew. Some businesses reported revenue reductions by as much as 50%, including the Holiday Inn and other hotels that were forced to cancel events and conferences. Additionally, the South Carolina Task Force for Community Uplift noted that the use of national guard forces required $10,000 daily (approximately $71,000 in 2020 dollars).

Settlement and aftermath
A federal investigation charged the Medical College Hospital with 37 instances of civil rights violation and threatened to cut off $12 million in federal funding. President McCord yielded, and on June 27, 1969, he announced that a settlement had been made between the hospital and the strikers.  The Medical College Hospital promised to rehire strikers the following week, including the original twelve employees who had been fired, and to abide by a newly established six-step grievance process, and to provide modest pay increases. Though the union was never formally recognized by the Hospital or by any level of government, the strike was considered a success. Consequently, African Americans at the Medical College received higher pay and a more transparent system of hiring. Within a few months of the strike's end, Local 1199 withdrew its support from Charleston after failing to secure legal recognition. The 1970 political documentary I Am Somebody, directed by Madeline Anderson, highlighted the Charleston strikes on a national level.

On August 15, 1969, two hundred black Charleston city sanitation workers led a similar strike to protest and demanded better wages and improved working conditions. After two months, the strike was resolved with a compromise.

See also
African Americans in South Carolina

References

1969 in South Carolina
1969 labor disputes and strikes
Civil rights movement
Labor disputes in South Carolina
History of Charleston, South Carolina
African-American history in Charleston, South Carolina
Health and medical strikes


(Come, Jesus, come), , is a motet by Johann Sebastian Bach, with a text by Paul Thymich. It was composed in Leipzig, and received its first performance by 1731–1732.

Bach scored the motet for double choir. It was probably composed for a funeral, as were others of his motets but exact dates of composition and performance are not known. It is his only motet without biblical text. He set a poem by Paul Thymich, which Johann Schelle set as a funeral aria in 1684. Also unusually, the motet is not closed by a chorale, but by an aria which is harmonized like a chorale.

The work has been described as having a confident, intimate and tender character, and making more use of polychorality (interplay of the two choirs) than polyphony (interplay of the voices). It also contains a small section of fugato set to the text 'Komm, ich will mich dir ergeben'. The theme of the text is death as the happy moment when man, tired of earthly life, can confide in Jesus, who is seen as Truth and Life and the only way to eternal life.

History
Very little is known about the circumstances surrounding the composition and performance of this work. It is commonly accepted that this is a funeral motet. The musicologist Gilles Cantagrel emphasizes that the work contains elements commonly present in funeral motets, such as the theme of farewell to the world, and the formula "" (Good night) which is often found in poetry about death, as in another motet by Bach, , which is known to be a funeral motet.

The text of the motet is the first and eleventh stanza of a poem by Paul Thymich, professor at the Thomasschule of Leipzig where Bach was Thomaskantor. Johann Schelle, a predecessor of Bach at this post, set this text for the funeral of a university professor, the philosopher and jurist Jakob Thomasius who died in 1684. His aria was published in 1697 in Leipzig in a collection of more than five thousand hymns, the Gesangbuch by Paul Wagner (1617–1697), of which Bach had a copy in his library. It is thought that Bach took the text for similar circumstances, and one hypothesis is that he composed the motet for the burial of , an eminent theologian who died in 1731.

Bach knew Schelle's music, which was a five-part homophonic strophic setting. Bach took a different path, setting the text in two different parts for two four-part choirs. The melody of the second part, an aria, for the last lines shows similarities to Schelle's work.

The autograph manuscript is lost, but a copy is kept at the Berlin State Library, from the hand of the scribe Christoph Nichelmann, a student of Bach who left the Thomasschule in 1731–1732, thus giving the latest possible date for this work.

Composition
Unlike all other Bach motets,  contains no excerpts directly from the Bible, but is based solely on Thymich's poem. His text is inspired by the Gospel of John and centred on Christ's phrase "I am the way, and the truth, and the life; no one comes to the Father except through me". The musical atmosphere of this motet has been described as intimate and touching, with a climate of trust and appeasement. The key of G minor evokes suffering, but the motet is never tragic. Bach makes relatively little use of polyphony, and in this motet there is a remarkable absence of a full-scale fugue. On the other hand, he uses Venetian polychoral style more than usually. According to John Eliot Gardiner, he explores the responsorial possibilities of the two four-part choirs much further than the Venetian pioneers of polychoral writing, and the formal dialogues between two choirs in works by Giovanni Gabrieli and Heinrich Schütz. The music is structured in two parts, a concerto and an aria, with the concerto subdivided in sections.

Concerto
The concerto sets the first verse of Thymich's poem. The text structures the music, both in terms of its different sections, and concerning the illustration of the text by the music. Each of the six lines of the stanza leads to a different section and musical treatment, making this part a succession of independent musical panels. The concerto is scored for eight voices in a  double chorus, and structured in three sections of different rhythmic and general character.

The first section evokes the suffering of a person near the end of life. When weariness and weakness no longer allow the body to travel the "bitter path of life", it aspires to the peace given by the encounter with Jesus. This movement is dominated by a very expressive minor scale in a triple metre.

The second section provides a contrast, by a metre in common time, imitational writing and its light and trustful character in accord with the text "Come, I will give myself to you". The word  (Come!) is highlighted, bouncing repeatedly  between voices and choirs, transforming this movement into a trusting call to Jesus.

The third section, moving in the dance rhythm of a menuet, in a "climate of trusting fullness and serenity", is a long statement of faith, particularly emphasizing the key phrase of the motet "You are the right way, the truth and the life." This phrase is repeated no less than four times, by one choir and then by the other, on the same musical theme varying with each assertion, making the motet's longest movement, as if this long moment of "lyricism and ecstasy" never wanted to end.

Aria
The second part, labeled "Arie" on the copy, looks at first glance like a chorale but differs markedly in a number of aspects. The text of this part is not a traditional hymn text, but the eleventh verse of the same poem by Thymich. The melody is probably by Bach himself. It is indeed closer to an aria because it is freer, more complex and in a higher register than a typical chorale melody, for example by Martin Luther and Johann Crüger. This melody is harmonized in the manner of a chorale, with four voices, with the two choirs merged into one.

An example of the aria's melodic freedom is the final melisma on the word  (way), which rises more than one octave, illustrating the ascent to Heaven.

Drum schließ ich mich in deine Hände
So I put myself in your hands

Und sage, Welt, zu guter Nacht!
And I say, world, good night!

Eilt gleich mein Lebenslauf zu Ende,
Even if the course of my life rushes towards the end,

Ist doch der Geist wohl angebracht.
My soul is nevertheless well-prepared.

Er soll bei seinem Schöpfer schweben,
It will rise up to its creator

Weil Jesus ist und bleibt
For Jesus is and remains

Der wahre Weg zum Leben.
The true path to life.

References

Bibliography

External links

 Cinq strophes du poème original Komm, Jesu, komm de Paul Tymish, sur la musique de Schelle (Hyperion)
 Bach Motet Translations / BWV 229 – Komm, Jesu, komm Emmanuel Music
 Motets BWV 225–231 Bach Cantatas Website
 Komm, Jesu, komm, BWV 229: performance by the Netherlands Bach Society (video and background information)
 Free MP3 recording of Komm, Jesu Komm – BWV 229, from Umeå Akademiska Kör
 Motet BWV 229 / Komm, Jesu, komm The Bach Choir of Bethlehem
 Bachs Motetten: "Jesu komm" Landeskirche Hannovers 2012

Motets by Johann Sebastian Bach
1734 compositions


Lobet den Herrn, alle Heiden (Praise the Lord, all ye nations), 230, is a motet by Johann Sebastian Bach.

Words
The motet draws its text from Psalm 117 Verses 1-2.
A couple of Bach's other motets are known to have been composed for funerals in Leipzig and set texts such as the Epistle to the Romans. The celebratory text of Lobet den Herrn does not suggest a farewell to the world, indicating that it was composed for a different type of occasion.

History
It is not known when the work was composed. Some scholars, for example Martin Geck, have questioned the attribution to Bach. In the twentieth century the authoritative Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis catalogue included it in a set of motets (listed as BWV 225–231). In retrospect, the BWV numbering seems somewhat arbitrary as a grouping of the Bach motets: recent scholarship includes more works among the motets. However, Lobet den Herrn has often been recorded with others from BWV 225–229.

It is the only one of the set to be scored for four voices (most of the others are for double SATB choir). It is also unusual in that (lightly scored) instrumental accompaniment is specified.

Publication

19th century editions
It was first published in 1821. The publisher claimed to have had access to an autograph score.

In 1892 it was published with other motets in volume 39 of the Bach-Gesellschaft-Ausgabe, the first edition of the composer's complete works. The editor was Franz Wüllner.

20th century editions
It was included in the New Bach Edition in 1965.

21st century editions
It was published by Carus-Verlag as one of seven motets edited by Uwe Wolf. The editor acknowledges some doubt about the authenticity of the work, explaining that "in contrast to the 'classical' number of six works we have published seven compositions in this volume of motets: five undoubtedly authentic works by Johann Sebastian Bach and two whose authenticity is less certain".

Discography
Lobet den Herrn has often been recorded with other motets by Bach. These recorded sets of motets are partially listed at Motets by Johann Sebastian Bach, discography.

References

Sources

External links
 Lobet den Herrn, alle Heiden, BWV 230: performance by the Netherlands Bach Society (video and background information)
Information on the work on www.bach-cantatas.com

J.S. Bach: Lobet den Herrn, alle Heiden, BWV 230 English and German texts at Emmanuel Music

Motets by Johann Sebastian Bach
Psalm-related compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach