An independence referendum was held in East Timor on 30 August 1999, organised by United Nations Mission in East Timor. The referendum's origins lay with the request made by the President of Indonesia, B. J. Habibie, to the United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan on 27 January 1999, for the United Nations to hold a referendum, whereby East Timor would be given choice of either greater autonomy within Indonesia or independence.

Voters rejected the proposed special autonomy, leading to their separation from Indonesia. This led to mass violence and the destruction of infrastructure in East Timor, before the UN Security Council ratified the resolution on 15 September for the formation of a multinational force (INTERFET) to be immediately sent to East Timor to restore order and security and end the humanitarian crisis. East Timor would officially achieve recognised independence on 20 May 2002.

By many Indonesians (including the government), the referendum is also called the East Timorese people's consultation (), since the referendum was legally non-binding and required the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) resolution to revoke its previous 1978 resolution if the majority of voters rejected the proposal.

Background
Indonesia had initially invaded East Timor in December 1975, soon after the Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin), had declared the territory's independence. Indonesia annexed East Timor the following year, and under President Suharto, its occupation of the territory was often characterised by violence and brutality. Indonesian occupation and annexation of East Timor was not recognised by United Nations. Up until 1999, Indonesia was faced with constant pressure and criticism from the United Nations and the international community regarding its occupation of East Timor. The Dili massacre on 12 November 1991 increased international attention on the situation and further pressured Indonesia. More pressure on Indonesia followed when two East Timorese leaders - Bishop Carlos Ximenes Belo and José Ramos-Horta - received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1996.

B.J. Habibie succeeded Suharto in March 1998, and sought reform on the East Timor issue with international pressure mounting. Visiting diplomats from various countries such as Austria and the United Kingdom arrived in East Timor and in June 1998 affirmed that the East Timorese people should have the final decision regarding the region's commitment to Indonesia. In July, in the United States Senate, a resolution backed a United Nations led and supervised referendum for the East Timor to decide their attachment to Indonesia. On July 24, President Habibie decreed a series of withdrawals of Indonesian forces from the region. East Timor youths from July to September 1998 conducted a free speech campaign that demonstrated to the "UN and the Indonesian government their rejection of autonomy and endorsement of an UN-supervised referendum."

The Indonesian government was going through a period of reform during this period. It had invested largely in East Timor and Habibie faced pressure to protect Indonesia's interests in the territory, particularly from Indonesia's security branches: Dephankam (Department of Defence and Security), TNI (Armed Forces) and Deplu (Department of Foreign Affairs). Hoping to have East Timor accepted by the international community as a legitimate part of Indonesia, on January 27, 1999, Habibie announced that East Timor would be permitted to vote on accepting "autonomy" within Indonesia. If special autonomy in Indonesia was not accepted, then East Timor would be allowed independence. Many international and East Timorese leaders, including the jailed resistance leader Xanana Gusmão, asked for a five-to-ten year transition period, recognising that a quick all or nothing ballot could prove disastrous.

In the preceding months, President Habibie had made various public statements whereby he mentioned that the costs of maintaining monetary subsidies to support the province were not balanced by any measurable benefit to Indonesia. Due to this unfavourable cost-benefit analysis, the most rational decision would be for the province, which was not part of the original 1945 boundaries of Indonesia, to be given democratic choice on whether they wanted to remain within Indonesia or not. This choice was also in line with Habibie's general democratisation program in the immediate post-Suharto period.

As the follow-up step to Habibie's request, the United Nations organised a meeting between the Indonesian government and the Portuguese government (as the previous colonial authority over East Timor). On 5 May 1999, these talks resulted in the "Agreement between the Republic of Indonesia and the Portuguese Republic on the Question of East Timor" which spelled out the details of the requested referendum. The referendum was to be held to determine whether East Timor would remain part of Indonesia, as a Special Autonomous Region, or separate from Indonesia. The referendum was organised and monitored by the United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET) and 450,000 people were registered to vote including 13,000 outside East Timor.

The UN Consultation, originally scheduled for 8 August 1999, was initially delayed until 30 August due to the deteriorating security circumstances created by Jakarta-backed militia violence.

Proposed special autonomy
The agreement between the Indonesian and Portuguese governments included a "Constitutional Framework for a special autonomy for East Timor" as an annexe. The framework would establish a "Special Autonomous Region of East Timor" (SARET), (), within the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia.

The institutions of the SARET would include an executive branch consisting of a regional governor (elected by the SARET legislature) and an advisory board; a legislative branch including the Regional Council of People's Representatives; an independent judiciary including Courts of First Instance, a Court of Appeal, a Court of Final Appeal and a Public Prosecutor's Office; and a regional police force.

The Indonesian government would retain control of defence, employment law, economic and fiscal policies and foreign relations, whilst Indonesian laws already in force would have continuity in the territory. The autonomous government would have had competence over all matters not reserved for the Government of Indonesia, including the right to adopt a coat of arms as a symbol of identity. It would be able to designate persons as having "East Timorese identity" and could limit rights of land ownership for persons without this identity. A traditional civil code could also have been adopted. The SARET could enter into agreements with city and regional governments for economic, cultural and educational purposes. The SARET would have been entitled to participate in cultural and sporting organisations where other non-state entities participate.

Campaign
The Indonesian government did not invest much time or resources in demonstrating to the people of East Timor the benefits of retaining its autonomy with the state. The months leading up to the referendum were characterised by intimidation and acts of violence committed by pro-integrationist militia groups. In March 1999, U.S. military intelligence noted "close ties" between the military and local militias, "many created by Indonesian Special Forces and Intelligence officers". It specifically mentioned "Wiranto's decision in early 1999 to provide hundreds of weapons to militia groups". The new Indonesian leader President Habibie prior to the vote, stressed the advantages of East Timor accepting special autonomy within Indonesia, referring to the importance of "national unity" and wanting the developmental effort in East Timor to continue onwards.

Organisation
The United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET) included the involvement of "240 international staff, 270 civilian police, 50 military liaison officers, 425 U.N. volunteers, and 668 local East Timorese staff for translation and driving," along with the additions of East Timorese people who were hired to help run the referendum. Special four wheel drive vehicles were flown into East Timor by the United Nations in order to cope with local conditions. All vehicles were fitted with radios which, together with 500 hand-held radios. The 5 May Agreement contained strict criteria on who could vote in the referendum. Those eligible to vote were defined as "persons born in East Timor", "persons born outside East Timor but with at least one parent having been born in East Timor", and "persons whose spouses fall under either of the two categories above". East Timorese living in exile overseas could also vote if they could get to polling centres in Portugal and Australia. In total, 200 registration centres were established in order to allow the East Timorese people to decide between the two options, which were either "Do you accept the proposed special autonomy for East Timor within the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia?" or "Do you reject the proposed special autonomy for East Timor, leading to East Timor's separation from Indonesia?".

Ballot paper and logos

Results
Voters were presented with the two following options:

Reactions

The aftermath of the referendum results saw mass violence, killings and destruction targeted at the East Timorese. Mass violence was reported in the region and the enclave of Oecussi-Ambeno saw 1,000 men, women, and children reportedly murdered immediately after the referendum. The International Commission of Inquiry on East Timor, released by the U.N. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in January 2000, established that the TNI and the militias of East Timor were complicit in the violence and destruction that took place, which was based on the testimonies of East Timor peoples as well as United Nations staff. It concluded that the post referendum violence "took the form of vengeance" and included "executions, gender violence ("women were targeted for sexual assault in a cruel and systematic way"), destruction of 60 to 80 percent of both public and private property, disruption of up to 70 percent of the health services, and the displacement and forcible relocation of thousands of people to West Timor". The report thus confirms how the militia initiated violence was conducted to create the illusion of a civil conflict between East Timorese, and how the Indonesian army was "responsible for the intimidation, terror, killings and other acts of violence" committed in East Timor throughout 1999.

A multinational force was authorized by the UN Security Council on September 15 named InterFET, which was largely constituted by Australian Defence Force personnel under the command of Major-General Peter Cosgrove, to be deployed to East Timor to restore order and to establish and retain peace.  When the UN returned to East Timor from 22 October after being forced to leave for genuine fear for its members, they found the territory destroyed with a population largely missing or terrified. "An estimated 80 percent of schools and clinics were destroyed, less than a third of the population remained in or near their homes, markets had been destroyed and transportation either stolen and taken across the border or burned, while telephone communications were nonexistent." Most of the trained professionals in East Timor happened to be Indonesian or Indonesia sympathisers, who largely left the territory after the results of the referendum.

The newly-elected People's Consultative Assembly accepted the result on 19 October 1999 by issuing a resolution, TAP MPR No. V/MPR/1999, on the East Timorese referendum, repealing the previous TAP MPR No. VI/MPR/1978 that formally annexed East Timor to Indonesia. The United Nations passed a resolution establishing the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) that would lead to independence in May 2002.

References

Bibliography

External links

 Full text of Agreement and Constitutional Framework
 UNAMET public information site

Indonesian occupation of East Timor
Post-Suharto era
Referendum
Referendums in East Timor
Referendums in Indonesia
East Timor
Separatism in Indonesia
East Timor
East Timor


Ormiston Six Villages Academy (formerly Westergate Community School) is a coeducational secondary school for 11 to 16-year-old students (Y7-11) with academy status, located in Westergate, West Sussex, England.

The school converted to academy status on 1 November 2013 and is part of the Ormiston Academies Trust.

The academy was recently rated as ‘Good’ by Ofsted in their most recent inspection occurring in 2023.

External links
Ormiston Six Villages Academy official website

Secondary schools in West Sussex
Academies in West Sussex
Ormiston Academies
Educational institutions established in 2013
2013 establishments in England


Dournon () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Saint-Sulpice-la-Pointe (, before 2013: Saint-Sulpice; Languedocien: Sant Somplesi) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France. During World War 2 a concentration camp was built in this town.

Population

Transport

Saint-Sulpice station has rail connections to Toulouse, Rodez, Aurillac and Castres.

Remarkable places and monuments

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

Communes of Tarn (department)


Ashot Garegini Hovhannisian (; , Ashot Gareginovich Ioannisyan; June 17, 1887June 30, 1972) was an Armenian Marxist historian, theorist and Communist official.

Life and career

Early life
Hovhannisian was born on 17 June 1887 in the city Shusha in the Shusha uezd of the Elizavetpol Governorate of the Russian Empire. He was educated at the local realschule and came under the influence of the social democrats. In 1905, he led an anti-Tsar school strike and handed out flyers demanding that Armenian language be a mandatory subject at the school. In September 1906, he moved to Germany, where he began studying philosophy at the University of Jena under philosophers Otto Liebmann and Ernst Haeckel, among others. He partook in union activities and in late 1906 joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). He then continued his education at the University of Halle, where he studied economics, and the University of Munich, where he studied philosophy. He graduated from the University of Munich in 1913 with a doctorate in philosophy.

In 1913, he returned to Shusha, his birthplace, where he taught German and history at the local Armenian seminary. In 1914, he moved to Vagharshapat at the suggestion of Catholicos Gevorg V and began teaching political economy, Latin, German and history at the Gevorgian Seminary, the primary educational institution of the Armenian Apostolic Church. At the seminary, he propagated social-democratic ideas among the students, including Anastas Mikoyan and Aghasi Khanjian, who later became prominent communists.

After the February Revolution of 1917, the seminary closed down and Hovannisian returned to Shusha, where he edited the Armenian-language socialist newspaper Netsuk ("Support"). In late 1917, he moved to Baku at the request of Stepan Shaumian. He participated in the Baku Commune and became the head of its education department. He also edited the newspaper Banvori khosk ("The Worker's Word"), the Armenian-language organ of the Communist Party's Baku branch. After the fall of the Baku Commune in August 1918, Hovhannisian moved to Astrakhan, then to Moscow by late 1918, where he worked at the Armenian branch of the People's Commissariat for Nationalities of Soviet Russia, then at the Armenian branch of the People's Commissariat for Education. In August 1920, he visited Yerevan as a member of Boris Legran's delegation to negotiate with the Dashnak government of the First Republic of Armenia. Hovhannisian was a signatory of a secret decision made in September 1920 by the leadership of the Communist Party of Armenia which called on members to work to "speed up Armenia's defeat" in the Turkish–Armenian War and "dissolve the Armenian army by all means" in order to facilitate the Sovietization of Armenia.

Soviet period
After the Sovietization of Armenia, Hovhannisian was appointed Minister of Education. In that position, he declared Armenian the official language of Soviet Armenia, fought illiteracy, established a government-run publishing house and Cultural-Educational Institute, organized Yerevan State University, Cultural-Historical Institute, Revolutionary Museum of Yerevan. With Alexander Miasnikian, he persuaded prominent Armenian men of sciences and arts from abroad to move to Soviet Armenia. Under Hovhannisian, the ministry of education confiscated the properties of the Armenian Church in December 1920, including the museums, library and publishing house of the Echmiadzin. He taught Leninism at Yerevan State University between 1921 and 1927.

In January 1922 he was elected first secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia and remained in that position until July 1927. He oversaw the reconstruction of the Armenian economy, promoted education and science, agriculture and industry. He was dismissed for "his underestimation of the dangers of Trotskyism and specifism (independent Marxism)."

In July 1927 he moved to Leningrad, where he worked at the State Public Library (now National Library of Russia) for a year, then was invited to work in Moscow, at the Marxism–Leninism Institute in 1928–31. Between 1931 and 1934 he was vice-director of the Institute of Nationalities of the USSR and in 1934–35 at the State Academy of Material Culture History as head of the Moscow branch and in 1935–37 worked as vice-director of the USSR Institute of History.

During the Great Purge under Stalin, Hovhannisian was fired from his job in July 1937, then aged 50, and arrested on trumped-up charges. He was jailed first in Moscow and Yerevan, then was exiled to the Komi Republic, then to Yangiyoʻl in Uzbekistan. He was permitted to return to Armenia in 1943 with the condition not to live in Yerevan. Consequently, he resided in Kirovakan (now Vanadzor) and was allowed to work at the institutes of history and literature of the Armenian Academy of Sciences remotely, between 1943 and 1954.

Beginning in 1954, he worked at the Institute of History of the Armenian Academy as a senior researcher and headed the new history department from 1961. In 1955 he defended his doctoral thesis and in 1960 was elected a full member (academician) of the Armenian Academy.

Hovhannisian died in Yerevan on June 30, 1972.

Research
Hovhannisian's doctoral thesis at the University of Munich was devoted to Israel Ori and titled Israel Ory und die armenische Befreiungsidee, which was published in German in 1913. While teaching at the Gevorgian Seminary in Echmiadzin in 1914–17, Hovhannisian began researching at the library and manuscript repository of the Armenian Church. His papers on medieval Armenian history and Armenian-Russian relations were published in Ararat, the journal of the church. His other notable works include The Question of the Armenian-Russian Orientation («Հայ-ռուս օրիենտացիայի ծագման խնդիրը», 1921), Nalbandian and His Time («Նալբանդյանը և նրա ժամանակը», 1955, 1956), Episodes from the History of the Armenian Liberation (1957, 1959), and Armenian-Russian Relations in the First Three Decades of the 18th Century («Հայ-ռուսական հարաբերությունները 18-րդ դարի առաջին երեսնամյակում», 1967).

Hovhannisian glorified Israel Ori for his "dedication and the 'wisdom' of adopting a 'Russian' orientation that was to withstand the passage of time and regimes."

Recognition

Hovhannisian was one of the most significant Armenian historians of the 20th century. His interest in the history of Armenia's modernization was not a matter of purely academic interest, but a practical one. Gerard Libaridian noted that Hovhannisian "dominated Soviet Armenian historiography until his death, and in some respects, even after." A Soviet dissident publication noted that "[r]ather than as a political figure, he is better known as an intellectual possessing a high degree of originality, which is a rare phenomenon within the ranks of the Communist Party."

Hovhannisian became a full member (academician) of the Armenian Academy of Sciences in 1960. His obituary was signed by Soviet Armenian leader Anton Kochinyan, long-time top Soviet official Anastas Mikoyan, World War II hero Ivan Bagramyan, and numerous scientists and scholars, including Viktor Ambartsumian, Sergey Mergelyan, Andronik Iosifyan, Boris Piotrovsky. His bronze bust stands at the central campus of Yerevan State University.

The Ashot Johannissyan Research Institute in the Humanities was established in Yerevan in 2014. It conducts theoretical and philosophical research.

Awards
Hovhannisian was named an Honored Scientist of the Armenian SSR in 1961, awarded the Order of Lenin in 1967, and the State Prize of the Armenian SSR posthumously in 1985.

References

1887 births
1977 deaths
People from Elizavetpol Governorate
Politicians from Shusha
Academic staff of Yerevan State University
Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union members
Communist Party of Armenia (Soviet Union) politicians
Government ministers of Armenia
Shusha Realni School alumni
Party leaders of the Soviet Union
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Armenian atheists
Armenian educators
Armenian revolutionaries
Soviet atheists
Soviet educators
Soviet historians
Soviet rehabilitations
Soviet revolutionaries
Burials in Armenia
20th-century Armenian historians


Doye () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Sophie de Bezancourt Loyré d'Arbouville, the Countess d'Arbouville (29 October 1810 – 22 March 1850) was a French writer.

Biography
Born on October 28, 1810, Sophie de Bezancourt was the daughter of Jean Baptiste Maximilien Joseph Antoine Lecat, baron de Bazancourt, and his wife Élisabeth Marie Constance Henriette d'Houdetot. She was Sophie d'Houdetot's granddaughter, and frequented her salon with select society. Léon Séché described her as follows: "She had a rather ugly figure, with strong features and protruding eyes which, at first glance, were not in her favor, but as soon as she opened her mouth, her relative ugliness was forgotten". And Sainte-Beuve said of her: "Charming young woman, a little Diane, childless. Remained a child and younger than her age. Not pretty, but better."

Works
(translated by Lady Mary Fox) Mary Madeleine (1851)
Three Tales: Christine van Amberg, Resignation, and the Village Doctor (1853)
Poésies et Nouvelles (1855)

References

External links

Review of Sophie d'Arbouville's Poésies et Nouvelles, The Dublin Review, December 1856, pp. 411–41

1810 births
1850 deaths
French women poets
19th-century French women writers
French women short story writers
19th-century French short story writers
French women novelists
19th-century French novelists
19th-century French poets
French salon-holders


Lisle-sur-Tarn (; ) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

Geography
Lisle-sur-Tarn sits along the A68 motorway, halfway between Toulouse and Albi, within the Gaillac wine region and next to the Tarn river. Historically speaking, it is also located on one of the ancient Ways of St. James.

History
Lisle-sur-Tarn was founded as a bastide (fortified town) by Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse, in the 13th century, following the destruction of the nearby castle of Montagut by the crusaders during the Albigensian Crusade. Thanks to local products like pastel (a local cake) and Gaillac wine, the city was developed into a vibrant market town with a busy river port along the Tarn. This extensive heritage, in a region that is still producing wine nowadays, plays an important role in the local tourism-oriented economy.

Demography

Transport

Lisle-sur-Tarn station has rail connections to Toulouse, Aurillac, Albi and Rodez.

Notable facts

The town's grid-like layout includes straight, uniform streets lined with half-timbered, red-brick houses. The town is made up of four districts, each of which is enclosed by a fortified gate. The market square is the largest of all the south-western bastides, with about 5,000 m2. It was renovated in 2000. The town has a museum on the main square to the artist Raymond Lafage.

Trivia
Lisle-sur-Tarn is featured in the novel The Virgin Blue by Tracy Chevalier.

See also
 Communes of the Tarn department
 Sivens Dam
 Tourism in Tarn

References

Communes of Tarn (department)


Claudio Angelini (29 March 1943 – 2 June 2015) was president of the Dante Alighieri Society in New York, U.S. political correspondent for RAI, the Italian national television network and was President Emeritus of RAI Corporation. He wrote several books and poems including Obama, un anno di sfide (Obama, a Year of Challenges).

Biography

Angelini served a 4-year term as director of the Italian Cultural Institute of New York from 2003 to 2007, the Italian governmental agency for the worldwide promotion of Italian cultural affairs.  His tenure was praised by some of the most prominent cultural and political figures, including U.S. Ambassador Richard Gardner and Professor David Friedberg, the director of the Italian Academy at Columbia University.

Became a Guarantor and ex-officio member of the Board of Italian Academy at Columbia University from 2002-2003 to 2005-2006

He was well known among Italian-Americans for hosting the weekly TV show "Zoom", on RAI International, a 30-minute lifestyle program focused on many aspects relevant to the large Italian community of North America.

In 1997 Angelini moved from Rome to New York, where he served as the U.S. Bureau Chief for RAI. He was the first Italian journalist to broadcast the tragic September 11 terrorist attack. Before moving to the U.S., Angelini was the director of RAI News Radio and the deputy director of TG1 (RAI 1 news office). He also served for 20 years as the RAI chief correspondent for the president of the Italian Republic. This role made him a familiar face in Italian households and earned him the affectionate nickname of the “Voice of the Presidents.” Prior to these roles, Angelini anchored TG1 (RAI 1 TV news) and hosted the popular cultural program “Almanacco del Giorno dopo” for several years.

He has been editor-in-chief of important cultural publications including Fiera and has published many books of fiction and poetry with notable Italian publishers Rusconi Libri and Bompiani.

He also wrote a political column for the Italian daily newspaper Il Messaggero.

He was at times the President, Chairman and promoter of the Capri Awards for literary and cultural events in Capri  which he founded with his wife Olga Cortese in the 1980s.

Angelini  died in New York from a serious illness.

Private life
He was survived by his wife journalist Olga Cortese and son Gianclaudio.

Selected publications
1968 Prima della fine, Marotta  won an Italian award for the best first book

1976 Viaggio di nozze,  All’Insegna del Pesce d’Oro

1982 Malato speciale. Romanzo, Risconi  won the Bancarello Opera Prima Award

1985 L'occhio del diavolo, Bompiani

1985 In viaggio con Pertini, Bompiani

1986 , Bompiani

1987 Gomorra, Bompiani

1987 Chiese di Toscana, Dalla Pieve romanica alla chiesa dell'Autosterada (co author), Silvana Editoriale

1988 Villa Adriana, (co author), Autostrada (Gruppo I.R.I. - Italstat)

1992 Il cerchio magico, Bompiani

1992 , Ellemme

1998 Il mistero di Simonetta, (Nuova narrativa Book 11), Newton and Compton

2004 La Luce di Trani, Schena Editore

2007 The mystery of Simonetta, (Volume 50 Picas Series; Vol 50 Prose Series) Utp Distribution

2008 La foresta di New York (The jungle of New York), Rizzolli

2009 Fioro della lirica tedesca, Ediz, Italiana e tedesca, Sovera Ediioni

2010 Obama: Un Anno di Sfide (Obama: A Year of Challenges), Rizzolli

2012 Obama in Naples (Musical play)

2012 La donna d'altri, Bompiani

2012 Poesie a Manhattan, Passigli

2014 Manhattan Poems, Ekstasis Editions

2015 My wife in a chador : a play in two acts, Ekstasis Editions

2015 La moglie in chador, Aracne

References

2015 deaths
1943 births
Italian expatriates in the United States


Rabastens () is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France. The historian Gustave de Clausade (1815–1888) was born in Rabastens of which he became mayor in 1848.

On 23 July 1570, during the French Wars of Religion, the troops of Blaise de Montluc took the town and massacred most of the Protestant garrison.

Population

Transport
Rabastens-Couffouleux station has rail connections to Toulouse, Albi and Rodez.

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

Communes of Tarn (department)
World Heritage Sites in France


1st Baron Redesdale may refer to:
 John Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale, of the creation of 1802
 Algernon Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale, of the creation of 1902


Saint-Lieux-lès-Lavaur (, literally Saint-Lieux near Lavaur; Languedocien: Sant Lionç de La Vaur) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

Communes of Tarn (department)


Éclans-Nenon () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Cadalen (; ) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

Communes of Tarn (department)


The Perils of Pauline is a 1914 American melodrama film serial produced by William Randolph Hearst and released by the Eclectic film company, shown in bi-weekly installments, featuring Pearl White as the title character, an ambitious young heiress with an independent nature (in the time before women could vote in the United States) and a desire for adventure.

Despite popular associations, Pauline was never tied to a railroad track in the series, an image that was added to popular mythology by scenes in stage melodramas of the 1800s, in serials featuring the resourceful "railroad girl" Helen Holmes in her long-running series The Hazards of Helen, and in other railroad-themed Holmes cliffhangers such as The Girl and the Game. The images of Holmes' railroad adventures were blended in the public mind with Pearl White's cliffhanging adventures, probably because White became the bigger celebrity.

The serial had 20 episodes, the first being three reels (30 minutes), and the rest two reels (20 minutes) each. After the original run, it was reshown in theaters a number of times, sometimes in re-edited versions, through the 1920s. Today, The Perils of Pauline is known to exist only in a condensed, reformatted 9-chapter version (approximately 214 minutes), released in Europe in 1916 by Pathé Freres.

In 2008, The Perils of Pauline was selected by the Library of Congress for the United States National Film Registry, as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot
Before Pauline (Pearl White) will agree to marry Harry (Crane Wilbur), who proposes marriage to her on the tennis court, she says that she wishes to be allowed to embark upon activities of her choice for a year and then write about them afterward. She proceeds then to plan to ride in a balloon, fly an airplane, drive a racing car, ride in a horse race, go on a treasure hunt, act in a motion picture, and tour a submarine, among other things, and frequently ends up in trouble after being assaulted by henchmen of Raymond Owen (Paul Panzer), her adoptive father's scheming secretary, who wants to dispose of Pauline and gain her inheritance for himself. Owen hires the disreputable Hicks (Francis Carlyle) who owes Owen money, and later Gypsy king called Balthazar to sabotage Pauline's plans, or kidnap or murder her and often Harry ends up coming to her rescue when she is trapped on a cliff or tied up in a house set afire, but as the series goes on she is also shown to be able to extricate herself from various predicaments as well. Finally, after she ends up trapped on an abandoned ship being used for target practice by the Navy and is genuinely terrified by the experience, Pauline decides she has had enough of adventuring and agrees to marry Harry. Owen is drowned by a sailor he has refused to allow to blackmail him, and all is well.

Cast
 Pearl White as Pauline Marvin
 Crane Wilbur as Harry Marvin
 Paul Panzer as Raymond Owen (Called Koerner in the European release)
 Edward José as Sanford Marvin
 Francis Carlyle as Owen's Henchman, Montgomery Hicks
 Clifford Bruce as Gypsy Leader Balthazar
 Donald MacKenzie as Blinky Bill
 Jack Standing as Lieutenant Summers
 Eleanor Woodruff as Lucille

Chapter titles
The original serial episodes had no titles, only episode numbers. Titles for episodes have been applied to them from the condensed Pathé release of the serial or sometimes as derived from novelizations of the serial.

The original 20 episodes contained the following story elements:

 MUMMY CASE/WILL Pauline's ambition to have adventures and write about them before marrying, Egyptian mummy speaks to Mr. Marvin, Death of Marvin and Owen's plot to kill Pauline and gain her inheritance
 AIRFIELD Owen tampers with an airplane he thinks Pauline will fly and causes it to crash
 OLD SAILOR'S STORY Blinky Bill the sailor tells a story of mutiny and treasure
 TREASURE ISLAND Expedition to an island to recover lost treasure; bomb on board ship
 RECEPTION/ABDUCTION BY CHINESE Pearl charms Signor Baskinelli, seized by Chinamen, imprisoned in a Joss House
 BALLOON/CLIFF Owen and Hicks conspire to set Pauline aloft in a balloon, rescue from cliff's edge
 HOUSE FIRE/WESTERN ACTION Pauline trapped in abandoned house set afire, Harry rescues her, she travels West and is kidnapped
 INDIANS Pauline is believed to be a goddess and tested by an Indian tribe
 DEVIL'S ISLAND Pauline acts in a movie for director Louis Gasnier
 SMUGGLERS Lighthouse, rocket gun
 SOPHIE MACALLEN'S WEDDING Escaped lions, auto crash
 CAPTURED BY GYPSIES Pauline abducted, Harry fights Balthazar
 SERPENT IN THE GARDEN Snake in basket, Steeplechase, house party in Adirondacks, cliff's edge
 TRAPPED IN RUINED MILL Trapped by rising water, escape on high telegraph wire
 DUEL/AUTO RACE Ferrari challenges Harry to duel, Auto race, car sabotaged by Owen
 THE GERM "Drowning disease" caused by germ
 DOG AND COUNTERFEITERS Pauline's dog abducted by counterfeiters
 SUBMARINE Spy sabotages submarine, Pauline is on board
 FAKE PUBLISHER Hotel trap, circus car, escaped ape
 FLOATING COFFIN: Pauline takes motorboat to abandoned ship used for target practice by Navy men

Titles of the Pathé 9-episode condensed and re-edited re-release stories which have been used subsequently were:

1 - "Par le Vertige et Par le Feu" (Trial by Fire (US),Vertigo and Fire, or From Cloud to Cliff)
2 - "La Deesse du Far-West" (Goddess of the Far West)
3 - "La Tresor du Pirate" (The Pirate Treasure)
4 - "Le Virage Mortel" (The Deadly Turning (US),The Deadly Curve)
5 - "La Fil Aerien" (A Watery Doom (US), The Aerial Wire)
6 - "L'Aile Brisee" (The Shattered Plane (US), The Broken Wing)
7 - "La Plongee Tragique" (The Tragic Plunge)
8 - "Le Reptile Sous les Fleurs" (The Snake in the Flowers (US), The Serpent in the Flowers)
9 - "Le Cercueil Flottant" (The Floating Coffin)

Behind the scenes

Pearl White was hesitant to accept the title role, but signed up for $250/week and a large amount of  publicity.

William Randolph Hearst was involved in plot development.  He was also present at the premiere at Loew's Broadway Theatre, on March 23, 1914.  According to "The Truth About Pearl White" by Wallace E. Davis, the general release was approximately April 1, 1914.

E. A. McManus, head of the Hearst-Vitagraph service organization, was the person who proved how successful a serial could be.  He co-operated with the largest film equipment and production company in the world at that time, a France-based company named Pathé, to produce this serial, which was Pathé's first entry into the medium. George B. Seitz tried to follow the cliffhanging pattern of The Adventures of Kathlyn but each chapter was mostly self-contained.

After retiring from law enforcement, William J. Flynn, former director of the Bureau of Investigation (forerunner of the FBI), became a scenario writer for the motion picture industry through his acquaintance with the actor King Baggot, who was considered the greatest film star in the country at that time in 1912. Producers Theodore and Leopold Wharton commissioned him to write story lines for their films, including Pauline. The Whartons also eventually adapted Flynn's experiences into a 20-part spy thriller titled The Eagle's Eye (1918), starring Baggot.

Surviving chapters of the French condensation of Pauline are noteworthy for their unintentionally funny re-translations of their title cards and dialogue captions in the English version, filled with misspellings, poor punctuation, terrible grammar, and odd expressions. The film was recut and adapted for home-movie use, and all of the printed captions were translated into French. Later, when the American home-movie industry beckoned, the original English titles had been scrapped, so the French technicians tried to translate the titles back into English.  These errors have also been blamed on Louis J. Gasnier, director and supervisor of the production. Gasnier, as explained by Crane Wilbur, made linguistic mistakes that confused the French-speaking crew.  The new title cards also renamed the villain's character: Raymond Owen as "Koerner," in reference to German "villainy" during World War I.

Much of the film was shot in Fort Lee, New Jersey, where many early film studios in America's first motion picture industry were based at the beginning of the 20th century. Scenes were also filmed in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Staten Island, New York. The term "cliffhanger" may have originated with the series, owing to a number of episodes filmed on or around the New Jersey Palisades—though it is also likely to refer to situations in stories of this type where the hero or heroine is hanging from a cliff, seemingly with no way out, until the next episode or last-minute resolution.

Pearl White performed most of her own stunts for the serial, but also was stunt doubled by a man. Filmed in the Adirondacks in New York, the stunt double rode a horse off a cliff into the lake below. Considerable risk was involved. In one incident, a balloon carrying White escaped and carried her across the Hudson River into a storm, before landing miles away. In another incident her back was permanently injured in a fall.

One of the more famous scenes in the serial which depicted a curved railroad bridge was supposedly the Ingham Creek trestle in New Hope, Pennsylvania on the Reading Company's New Hope Branch (now the New Hope and Ivyland Railroad line). The railroad is a tourist attraction today. Other supposed locations for the railroad scenes include the Belvidere-Delaware Railroad in Lambertville and Raven Rock, New Jersey and the Long Island Rail Road in the Hamptons on Long Island. These stories are likely legends since there were no major scenes involving action with trains in the serial.

Milton Berle claimed The Perils of Pauline as his first film appearance, playing the character of a young boy, though this has never been independently verified and is unlikely as no child characters appear in the serial. The serial did mark one of the early credits for the cinematographer Arthur C. Miller, who was transferred to the project from the Pathé News department.

Pathé established an American factory and studio facility in Jersey City, New Jersey in 1910, and also established the Eclectic Film Company as a subsidiary distribution company for both its American and European products. Although the Jersey City plant produced moderately popular comedies, dramas, and newsreels largely directed at the US market, Pauline was the first American-made Pathé effort to achieve worldwide success under the Eclectic banner.

The final peril has Pauline sitting in a target boat as the Navy opens fire. The idea was also used in To the Shores of Tripoli (1942).

Sequels and remakes

This successful serial was quickly followed by The Exploits of Elaine, also starring White. Many imitations and parodies followed, heralding the first golden age of the American film serial.

The title The Perils of Pauline was reused by Universal Studios for a 1933 sound serial with a different plot, by Paramount Pictures as the Betty Hutton vehicle The Perils of Pauline (1947), and by Universal again in 1967 as an updated comedy.

An abortive mixed-media musical was planned to be based on the film, called Who's That Girl?, meant to be premiered by The Boys from Syracuse producer Richard York on Broadway in 1970, with a book written by Lewis Banchi and Milburn Smith, and with the planned participation of the songwriting duo Ray Evans and Jay Livingston.

Legacy
The Perils of Pauline is the prime example of what scholar Ben Singer has called the "serial-queen melodrama". There has been a recent reassessment of Singer's model in light of broader film forms.

The film's style was later subject to nostalgic caricature in many forms (e.g. Dudley Do-Right), but the original heroine was neither as helpless as the caricatures, nor did the original series include the much-parodied "tied to railroad tracks" or "tied to buzzsaw" scenarios which appeared in later films in this vein. Even the title phrase "Perils of" was often adopted by later serials, for example, in Universal's Perils of the Secret Service, Perils of the Wild, and Perils of the Yukon. and Republic Pictures' Perils of Nyoka.

The 1969–70 cartoon series The Perils of Penelope Pitstop was patterned after this serial, and included the plot point of the villain trying to eliminate the heroine so he can keep her inheritance.

The Thunderbirds episode "The Perils of Penelope" was inspired by The Perils of Pauline.

See also
 List of film serials
 List of film serials by studio
 List of incomplete or partially lost films

References

External links

1914 films
1914 drama films
1910s action drama films
American silent serial films
American action drama films
American black-and-white films
Articles containing video clips
1910s English-language films
Films directed by Louis J. Gasnier
Films shot in New Jersey
Films shot in Fort Lee, New Jersey
Films shot in Pennsylvania
Pathé Exchange film serials
United States National Film Registry films
Melodrama films
1910s American films
Silent American drama films


Marssac-sur-Tarn (, literally Marssac on Tarn; ) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

Transport
Marssac-sur-Tarn station has rail connections to Toulouse, Albi and Rodez.

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

Communes of Tarn (department)


Écleux () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


The West Indies Sugar & Trading Company Ltd (Wistco) is a partnership between the government of Barbados and the private sector in order to help support the Barbados sugar industry, primarily through the production, marketing and export of a premium sugar brand, Plantation Reserve.

The company is also involved in trading and retailing of premium sugar and sugar-related products both in the English speaking Caribbean and Europe. Wistco is Barbados-based and controlled, and shareholders include the Barbados Agricultural Management Company Ltd — the sole sugar producer on the island — and Goddard Enterprises Ltd — a long established Barbados company with operations across the Caribbean and Latin America.

The company operates primarily from Barbados and across the Eastern Caribbean with subsidiary offices in the United Kingdom. Wistco pays almost twice the EU subsidised price for Plantation Reserve, allowing the industry to make a reasonable margin and providing funds for ongoing development programmes. It also supports the sugar heritage of Barbados in partnership with the Barbados National Trust.

References

External links
Official Plantation Reserve site
BBC Food Programme
BBC Caribbean
The Economist
The Nation News
The Foodie List

Agriculture companies of Barbados
Economy of Barbados
Sugar companies


Écrille () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Entre-deux-Monts () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Brassac is the name or part of the name of several communes in France:

 Brassac, Ariège, in the Ariège department
 Brassac, Tarn, in the Tarn department
 Brassac, Tarn-et-Garonne, in the Tarn-et-Garonne department
 Brassac-les-Mines, in the Puy-de-Dôme department
 Castelnau-de-Brassac, in the Tarn department
 Grand-Brassac, in the Dordogne department


Équevillon () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


C'était ici is the second live album of French Avant-Garde musician and composer Yann Tiersen.  It was recorded during three concerts performed on 15, 16, and 17 February 2002, at the Cité de la Musique in Paris, France.  The album is noteworthy because of the many collaborators appearing in the performances such as the 35-member orchestral group Synaxis, conducted by Guillaume Bourgogne, Claire Pichet, Christine Ott, Christian Quermalet, Marc Sens, Nicolas Stevens, Jean-François Assy, Renaud Lhoest, Olivier Tilkin,  Ronan le bars, Les Têtes Raides, Dominique A and Lisa Germano.

On this album, the track entitled "La Noyée" is actually a piece by Serge Gainsbourg featured on the original soundtrack of the 1970 film Le Roman d'un voleur de chevaux, a 1970 film directed by Abraham Polonsky and Fedor Hanzekovic starring Yul Brynner, Eli Wallach, Jane Birkin, Serge Gainsbourg among many others.  Yann Tiersen's piece with the same title, "La Noyée II", is the track number five of the second disc.

Reception

Track listing
CD 1
 "Intro" - 0:25
 "La valse d'Amélie" - 2:05
 "C'était ici" - 1:53
 "Rue des cascades" - 5:41 (Sung by Claire Pichet)
 "La rupture" - 2:43 (Sung by Claire Pichet)
 "La terrasse" - 3:57 (Sung by Yann Tiersen)
 "Déjà loin" - 3:02
 "Sur le fil" - 3:38
 "Le jour d'avant" - 4:19
 "Le banquet" - 2:55
 "Les jours tristes" - 3:41 (Sung by Christian Quermalet)
 "La noyée" - 3:24 (Sung by Yann Tiersen)
 "Le moulin" - 4:03
 "Le fromveur" - 2:11
 "L'homme aux bras ballants" - 6:04
 "L'autre valse d'Amélie" - 2:50

CD 2
 "Bagatelle" - 4:17 (Sung by Dominique A)
 "Le méridien" - 3:58 (Sung by Lisa Germano)
 "L'absente" - 3:25
 "La parade" - 3:34 (Sung by Lisa Germano and Claire Pichet)
 "La noyée II" - 2:39
 "Monochrome" - 3:46 (Sung by Dominique A)
 "Plus au sud" - 2:53
 "Les bras de mer" - 4:03 (Sung by Dominique A)
 "Comptine d'un autre été : L'après-midi" - 2:24
 "Le quartier" - 1:45
 "La crise" - 3:05
 "Février" - 12:57
 "La valse des monstres" - 7:15

Credits
Yann Tiersen - accordion on "La Valse d'Amélie", "C'était ici", "Rue des cascades", "Le Jour d'avant", "Le Banquet", and "La Noyée II"; piano on "Rue des cascades", "La Rupture", "La Terrasse", "Déjà loin", "Les Jours tristes", "La Noyée", "Le Moulin", "L'Absente", "La Parade", "Monochrome", "Les Bras de mer", and "Comptine d'un autre été: l'après midi"; violin on "Sur le fil", "Le Fromveur", "L'Homme aux bras ballants", "Bagatelle", "Le Quartier", "La Crise", and "Février"; melodica on "Le Moulin"; vibraphone on "L'Autre Valse d'Amélie"; bass on "Le Méridien"; guitar on "Plus au Sud"; toy piano on "La Valse des monstres"
Ensemble Orchestral Synaxis on "La Valse d'Amélie", "C'était ici", "La Rupture", "La Terrasse", "Déjà loin", "Les Jours tristes", "Le Fromveur", "L'Homme aux bras ballants", "Bagatelle", "Le Méridien", "Monochrome", "Plus au Sud", and "Les Bras de mer"
Christian Quermalet - bass on "La Valse d'Amélie" and "C'était ici"; drum on "Le Banquet", "Bagatelle", "Le Méridien", "Monochrome", "Plus au Sud", "Le Quartier", "La Crise", and "Février"; guitar on "La Rupture", "La Terrasse", "La Noyée", and "Les Bras de mer"
Marc Sens - guitar on "La Rupture", "La Terrasse", "La Noyée", "Bagatelle", "Le Méridien", "Plus au Sud", "Les Bras de mer", "La Crise", and "Février"
Christine Ott - ondes Martenot on "La Rupture", "La Terrasse", "Les Jours tristes", "La Noyée", "L'Autre Valse d'Amélie", "Bagatelle", "La Parade", "Les Bras de mer", "La Crise", and "Février".
Claire Pichet - toy piano on "La Noyée"; tambourine on "Bagatelle"; melodica and percussions on "Plus au Sud"
Ronan Le Bars - uilleann pipes on "Le Fromveur" and "L'Homme aux bras ballants"
Dominique A - guitar on "Plus au Sud"
Jean-François Assy - bass on "Plus au Sud" and "Février"
Têtes Raides on "Le Jour d'avant" et "La Noyée II"
Iso (Têtes Raides) - saxophone on "Février"
Quatuor à cordes on "C'était ici", "La Rupture", "La Terrasse", "Déjà Loin", "Les Jours tristes", "Le Fromveur", "Bagatelle", "Monochrome", "Plus au Sud", and "Les Bras de mer".

Charts

Certifications and sales

References

External links
 Yann Tiersen's official homepage

2002 live albums
Yann Tiersen albums


Ivan Fyodorovich (Hovhannes Tevadrosovich) Tevosian (,  1902, Shushi – 1958, Moscow) was a Soviet politician of Armenian descent. Hero of Socialist Labor (1943).

Since 1919 Tevosian was the secretary of Russian Communist Party Baku underground committee. Tevosian participated to the 10th Conference of the party.

After finishing the Academy of Mountains in 1927, he worked as the chief engineer of "Elektrostal" factory (Moscow oblast). In 1939-40 he was the Shipbuilding Minister of USSR, in 1940-48 - the Minister of Black Metallurgy, in 1948-49 and again, in the 1950s - the Minister of Metallurgy of USSR, vice-chairman of the Soviet government. Since 1956 Tevosian was the Ambassador of the USSR in Japan.

References

1902 births
1958 deaths
Politicians from Shusha
Russian people of Armenian descent
Soviet Armenians
People's commissars and ministers of the Soviet Union
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Japan
Heroes of Socialist Labour
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis
Candidates of the Presidium of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Members of the Central Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Members of the Central Committee of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union


Lissotesta oblata is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.

Distribution
This marine species occurs off New Zealand.

References

 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979

oblata
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1937


Einar Hákonarson (born 14 January 1945, in Reykjavík, Iceland) is one of Iceland's best known artists. He is an expressionistic and figurative painter who brought the figure back into Icelandic painting in 1968. He is a pioneer in the Icelandic art scene and art education. He has been called “The crusader of the painting”, due to his involvement in those conflicts many Icelandic painters have had with the public fine art centers over the last 20 years.

Early life

Einar Hákonarson was raised in Kleppsholt, Reykjavík. He started to paint and draw at a very young age. His father was a part-time artist and his 2 uncles were avid art lovers which was uncommon at that time in Iceland.
Einar was only 15 years old when he was accepted to The National Art School of Iceland. There he received his education for the next 4 years following which he went abroad to Gothenburg Sweden and to study at Valand School of Fine Arts where he received influence from new modes of art and was influenced by figurative painting.
Whilst Einar was still studying in Sweden he won the Nordic countries art prize after an exhibition in the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art in Copenhagen, Denmark. He won a prize in Buenos Aires, Argentina, for his printmaking, and an international printmaking prize in Ljubljana, former Yugoslavia, for a series of pictures after a trip to the German concentration camp of Auschwitz in Poland.

Art

Einar returned to Iceland after his education and held his first solo exhibition in Bogasalur Reykjavík 1968. His show distinguished itself from its Icelandic art scene then current as Einar's paintings were pop, figurative and expressionistic. This exhibition brought the figure back into the Icelandic painting, which had been dominated by the abstract art for years.

Einar has always been consistent in his art and his values. He paints in oil on canvas but also works with other mediums like printmaking, sculpture, stained glass, enamels and mosaic. The human in its environment has been a visible thread through his 40-year career. Einar claims that he gets more influenced by feeling for nature, rather than by trying to paint a specific part of it.
In his work can be seen different kinds of focus, for example on city life and the modern family unit. He has done a series about The Icelandic sagas, the Holocaust and communism, to name but a few. Religious themes are common in Einar's art and he frequently makes pictures from the Bible.

In later years Einar's painting style has become loosed from the strict style at the beginning of his career, but without having abandoned a disciplined composition. Apart from Iceland, Einar has lived in Sweden (7 years on and off) and for shorter periods in USA, Germany, and the Czech Republic. Einar is one of the principal portrait painters in Iceland. He has painted some of the most influential people of the nation, from politicians to national poets and artists. His work can be found in large numbers in official buildings, for example schools, banks, churches and the Icelandic parliament. Einar has held over 30 solo exhibitions and numerous group exhibitions.

Printmaking

Einar has won international awards for his printmaking. He was the first Icelandic artist to exhibit only printmaking in an art show (1968) and to publish printmaking folders (Icelandic sagas). He was a driving force in founding The Icelandic Printmaking Association in 1969 and its first president. Later Einar founded the printmaking department in The National Art School (MHÍ) when he became its director. Einar has also decorated numerous books with his printmaking.

Teaching
Einar was only 21 years old when he started teaching in the National Art School of Iceland. He grew a beard, since he was younger than most of his students, and has kept it ever since. Einar founded an art school in 1970 (Myndsýn) with his colleague Ingiberg Magnússon. Einar was appointed director of The National Art school of Iceland in 1978, then 33 years of age. He founded the department of printmaking and the department of sculpture, which did not exist in Iceland before and reconstructed the department of ceramics. Einar has held many art workshops and seminars through his career. He held teaching positions in Sweden, Valand School of Fine Arts (1964–1967), Hovedskou art School (1989–1991) and Domens Art School (2000–2002).

The painters' conflict
In the 1990s, painters in Iceland became discontent with the public exhibition rooms. They felt that the painting was totally left out in the Icelandic art world, and the directors of the National galleries only focused on conceptual art. The painting was even declared dead by some of the country's art historians. Einar said Icelandic painters had not had a public place to show their work in 20 years. Einar, who previously was the artistic counselor of the City Museum (Kjarvalstadir), became the most energetic spokesman of the Icelandic painting and its right of existence in the Public museums, to this date.

The Art Center
In 1997 Einar Hákonarson built, the first private owned cultural center in Iceland. The Art Center (Listaskalinn in Hveragerdi) was a 1000 square meters multi-cultural center, with the main focus on fine art and the art Einar felt was left out in the public art centers.
The Art Center produced over 20 exhibitions of paintings and sculptures, together with numerous concerts, theater performances, poetry and book readings. Some of the exhibitions were the most attended in Iceland's fine art history to date. Einar said ”Finally there is a place for painters and other artists who do not fit into the governmental art, run by its long lasting directors”.
But the pioneering drive could not cope with the loan system of its time, or politics. The Art Center went under after 2 active years.

Loss of the Art Center

The loss of the Art Center was bigger than most people know. Iceland's biggest art collector Sonja Sorillo wanted to get The Art Center to house 100 of her collected art works, including works of Picasso, Matisse, Bacon, De Kooning and Pollock. That fell through when The Art Center was sold in an auction to The West Nordic Fund. No international art collection exists in Iceland like Mrs. Sorillo's. Her collection was broken up and sold abroad after her death. The Art Center was then sold to The Arnesinga Art Museum (Museum of the region) who had previously declined any collaboration with Hákonarson's Art Center.

The Painters House

Einar lost his home and all of his possessions with the downfall of The Art Center. But he stood up after being knocked down and started The Painters House in 2002, a non profitable exhibition place with co painter Haukur Dór. Later, another painter, Óli G took Dor's place and 19 exhibitions were made in two years.

Einar opened an unusual exhibition in the so-called “Cultural night” in Reykjavík 2005. He put up 600 square meters tents and showed 90 paintings in the city centers park, to demonstrate the exclusion of the painting in the public art centers for the last 20 years. He called the show “In the Grass Root”. What followed is unheard of in the Icelandic art history. 3000 people (1% of the country's population) attended the exhibition in one day and showed their support in Einar and the Icelandic painting. After this show, Icelandic painters formed a group to push for more democracy in the Public art world. This struggle continues to date.

Cultural scene
Einar has held various prominent positions in the Icelandic art world, where he has been active in promoting Icelandic art nationally and internationally. He was the artistic counselor of Kjarvalstadir, The City Gallery of Reykjavík 1987–1988 and a chairman of many exhibition committees. He designed and directed the exhibition of The History of Iceland, on Iceland's 1100 birthday in 1974. He was a deputy to the mayor in the governing body of the Hässelby Slott, cultural site of the Nordic capital cities 1982–1992.

Einar Hákonarson lives in Hólmavík with his wife Sólveig Hjalmarsdottir. He works in Reykjavík. (2007)

Notes

Resources
 Morgunblaðið 19.8 2005 http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media/articles-2000-part2.pdf
 Morgunblaðið 7.6 1966 http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media/articles-60s-part4.pdf
 Handels Tindningen 15.12 1966 http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media/articles-60s-part3.pdf
 Morgunblaðið http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media/articles-60s-part2.pdf
 Visir 23.3 1968 http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media/articles-60s-part1.pdf.
 RÚV (Icelandic state TV) interviews 1976 http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media.html.
 Morgunblaðið http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media/articles-80s-part1.pdf
 Morgunblaðið 4.10 2003 http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media/articles-2000-part1.pdf
 Morgunblaðið 17.11 1968 http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media/articles-70s-part4.pdf
 The Icelandic Printmakers Association https://web.archive.org/web/20080518033555/http://www.islenskgrafik.is/page1/page15/page15.html
 Morgunblaðið 17.9 197 http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media/articles-70s-part1.pdf
 Morgunblaðið 7.9 2002 http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media/articles-90s-part1.pdf
 Morgunblaðið 19.8 1997 http://www.einarhakonarson.com/media/articles-90s-part3.pdf

External links

1945 births
Living people
Einar Hákonarson
Einar Hákonarson
Einar Hákonarson
Male painters
Einar Hákonarson
Einar Hákonarson


The Perils of Pauline is a 1933 American Pre-Code film serial, and sound film remake, of the Pathé original. The 12-chapter "cliffhanger" was produced by Universal Studios. Evalyn Knapp, herself a graduate of Pathé silent short subjects, starred as the heroine, Pauline Hargraves. Historic newsreel footage of the 1930 flight of the Dornier Do X seaplane is featured in chapter eight.

Each episode in the serial is approximately 20 minutes long. The first one to two minutes of each episode are taken up with a title sequence and an intertitle describing the action from the previous serial. This is followed by about three minutes of the previous serial's closing moments.

Plot
Pauline Hargraves (Evalyn Knapp) is the intrepid daughter of Professor Hargraves (James Durkin), a noted doctor of chemistry and archeology. She and Willie Dodge (Sonny Ray), her father's cowardly secretary, have accompanied Prof. Hargraves to Asia in search of a legendary ivory disk that may contain the chemical recipe for a deadly gas created by an ancient Egyptian named Confu. Unfortunately, the villainous Asian warlord, Dr. Bashan (John Davidson), is also after the disk, along with his right-hand man and assassin, Fang (Frank Lackteen).

In "The Guns of Doom," the Hargraves party arrives in China, where the disk is in the Tsai Tsin temple. Civil war has broken out, and the city is under attack. Dr. Hargraves and Dodge go to the temple, followed by Fang and his gang of thugs. Pauline goes to warn her father he's being followed, but is attacked by Fang. She's rescued by Robert Warde (Robert "Tex" Allen), an American railroad engineer. As shells fall all around, Pauline and Warde go to the temple, where Pauline finds the disk. But only half the disk exists; a map shows where the other half may be found. Dr. Bashan kidnaps Pauline while Warde takes her wounded father to a hotel. Bashan takes the disk, but Pauline escapes. Bashan takes a ship to Sarawak, where the map shows the rest of the disk is located. The Hargraves party follows Bashan in "The Typhoon of Terror," narrowly escaping a government gunboat that fires on them.  Bashan's ship is caught in a hurricane, allowing the Hargraves' ship to catch up. The disk is retrieved, although Pauline is nearly washed overboard. Dr. Bashan is locked in a cabin. In "The Leopard Leaps," the Hargraves team arrives in Sarawak and travel upriver toward an ancient Egyptian temple. The ship's captain frees Dr. Bashan (having no reason to imprison him), and Bashan pursues the Hargaves in a faster ship. Bashan catches up to the Hargraves party at night, and Fang attempts to kill Pauline. But a prowling leopard attacks him and he is captured. Fang escapes into alligator-infested waters and is presumed dead—but again escapes to safety. Pauline andtravels discover the Egyptian temple and retrieve the other half of the disk in "Trapped By the Enemy." On their way back to the professor in "The Flaming Tomb," they run into Tim Sullivan (Pat O'Malley), an old friend of Warde's who was building a railroad nearby some years ago but stayed behind to live with the natives. Dr. Bashan, accompanied by a band of evil natives, captures everyone but Warde (who is in the jungle with Sullivan, helping a wounded native) and seizes both halves of the disk. Pauline escapes, finds Warde, and rouses a tribe of good natives to help attack the village. Dr. Bashan flees. Pauline saves her father and Dodge from a burning native hut. The Hargraves group tries to fly out of the jungle in Sullivan's plane in "Pursued by Savages". The plane has engine trouble and lands. Pauline goes exploring and discovers Dr. Bashan (who has been traveling on foot) in the nearby jungle. Pauline steals the disk and tries to take it back to her father. But Prof. Hargraves and Dodge are seized by natives, who also pursue Pauline through the jungle.

Warde and Sullivan save Pauline from a tiger, and Pauline, Dr. Hargraves, and Goode from savages in "Tracked by the Enemy." They fly out in the repaired plane but learn that the second half of the disk doesn't reveal the formula. Instead, it shows the way to the temple of Imu-Anh, where the remaining half of the disk can be found. The Hargraves party takes a steamship to Singapore, but Bashan takes a plane and catches up to them. One of Bashan's female accomplices searches Pauline's room for the disk but is discovered. A fight breaks out between Bashan's men and Warde, during which Warde and Pauline tumble into a shark-filled lagoon. Pauline and Warde are rescued by courageous hotel staff in "Dangerous Depths," but Bashan has the second half of the disk. The Hargraves party (followed closely by Bashan) heads for Benares, and travels to the temple by horseback. Another plaque is found directing them to the sarcophagus of Menka-Ra in Egypt. But since that tomb was excavated years ago, the team must head to New York City where the sarcophagus is on display in a museum. Pauline hears a moaning sound, and investigates. She and Warde are seized by Bashan, but escape into a side room and lock the door. Bashan decides to take a plane to New York City to avoid being imprisoned by the local people. Unable to open the door again, Pauline and Warde try another way out—only to have the floor collapse beneath them. They fall into an underground river. In "The Mummy Walks," they are rescued by the temple guards. The two groups unwittingly take the same seaplane to New York City. Professor Thompson (William Desmond) meets the Hargrave group, and that night Hargraves, Thompson, Pauline and Warde go to the museum. Bashan has gotten there first, and one of his accomplices masquerades as a guard. Pauline is almost kidnapped. But when Willie Dodge appears (having fallen into a vat of wet plaster), everyone believes he's a mummy. Bashan flees. Prof. Hargraves discovers a vase with the next inscription on it (although he wonders why it was a vase and not the sarcophagus). He gives the vase to Pauline for safekeeping. While Warde struggles with the guard, she attempts to flee the museum with Fang close behind her. But she trips on the stairs, and a powerful ancient explosive in the vase goes off when she drops it.

The audience learns in "The Night Attacks" that Pauline was not injured in the blast, and that another half-disk was in the vase. Everyone flees the museum before the police arrive. Prof. Hargraves writes down the entire formula the next day, and Thompson and Hargraves discuss the formula as Fang listens from outside the house. That night, as Hargraves and Thompson work on recreating the formula in a laboratory, Bashan and Fang sneak into the Thompson home and kidnap Pauline (who has the formula on her person). Hargraves, Warde, and Thompson arrive just in time to save her in "Into the Flames." The next day, Hargraves compounds a large amount of the formula. While Hargraves, Thompson, and Goode are out, Bashan and Fang break into the lab and try to seize the formula. A fire breaks out in the lab, and the secret formula goes off—exploding and spreading more fire. Bashan and Fang flee, leaving Pauline and Warde trapped in the labor (which is on the top floor of a skyscraper).

The serial ends with "Confu's Sacred Secret." Pauline and Warde leap into the river adjacent to the building to escape the flames. Hargraves tries to recreate the formula at the laboratory in Prof. Thompson's home. Bashan, learning Pauline is alive and the disks safe, breaks into the home with a band of thugs in broad daylight. While Warde, Hargraves, Thompson, and Thompson's guards hold off the men, Bashan and Fang enter the lab. When they are discovered, Bashan tells Fang to shoot anyone who comes through the door. He tosses his pistol to Fang, who drops it. It falls on the floor and goes off—breaking the container holding the secret gas. The gas disintegrates both Bashan and Fang.

Later, Warde tells Pauline he wants to stay with her. But Pauline announces she wants to return with him to China to finish the railroad and have more adventures. They embrace as the film fades out.

Chapter titles
The Perils of Pauline contained 12 chapters. Their titles are:

 The Guns of Doom
 The Typhoon of Terror
 The Leopard Leaps
 Trapped by the Enemy
 The Flaming Tomb
 Pursued by Savages
 Tracked by the Enemy
 Dangerous Depths
 The Mummy Walks
 The Night Attacks
 Into the Flames
 Confu's Sacred Secret

Cast
 Evalyn Knapp as Pauline Hargraves
 Robert Allen as Robert Warde
 William Desmond as Professor Thompson (chapters 9 through 12)
 James Durkin as Professor Hargraves
 John Davidson as Doctor Bashan
 Sonny Ray as Willie Dodge
 Frank Lackteen as Fang
 Patrick H. O'Malley, Jr. as Tim Sullivan (chapters 5 through 7)
 Adolph Muller as Captain Drake (chapters 2 through 3)

Production
The storyline of the 1914 The Perils of Pauline involved a young woman who inherited a million dollars from a distant relative. Her relative's personal secretary was named guardian of the funds, and would inherit if she died before she remarried. Determined to enjoy some adventures before marrying, Pauline sets off around the world—only to have her guardian, Mr. Koerner, attempt to murder her several times.  The 1914 serial was so successful that Pathé followed it up with a very similar serial, The Exploits of Elaine.

In September 1930, Pathé said it would remake The Perils of Pauline. But no action was taken. Universal announced it would remake the serial in July 1932. It purchased the talking picture rights from Pathé, and the media speculated that Lucile Browne would take the title role. In March 1933, the studio said production would begin in July. The studio was actively searching for a female lead in May to develop into a star who could appear in a large number of serials.

Filming began on the serial in the middle of August 1933. Universal announced that Ray Taylor was directing, and Evalyn Knapp was starring.  The original screenplay had each episode set in a different country, although this clearly changed by the time the film was finished. The young actor Hugh Enfield was originally cast in the role of Robert Warde.

Production costs for the film are not known.  However, The New York Times said in 1936 that Universal usually paid $3,000 to $17,000 for a good character, gave its stars $1,000 to $5,000 per week, spent six to eight weeks shooting each serial, and spent $165,000 to $250,000 per serial.

The first episode of the serial was released on November 6, 1933.

See also
 List of film serials by year
 List of film serials by studio

References

External links

1933 films
1933 adventure films
1930s English-language films
Remakes of American films
American aviation films
American black-and-white films
Sound film remakes of silent films
Films directed by Ray Taylor
American adventure films
Films set in China
Films set in jungles
Films set in Malaysia
Films set in museums
Films set in New York City
Films set in Uttar Pradesh
Universal Pictures film serials
Films with screenplays by George H. Plympton
1930s American films


"Only With You" is a song recorded by German musician known under the pseudonym of Captain Hollywood Project. It was released in December 1992 as the second single from his debut album, Love Is Not Sex (1993). The single features vocals by German singer Nina Gerhard and was successful on the charts, peaking within the top 10 in at least 12 countries, and reaching number two in both Finland and Portugal. It was released at the end of 1992 and several remixes were also added on a new CD maxi two months after.

Critical reception
Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, "Dance act that scored a recent breakthrough radio and club hit with "More & More" should have little trouble building momentum with this well-structured, totally contagious spinner. Uplifting lyrics are voiced with the Captain's solid rapping and Nina Gerhard singing at the chorus." Dave Sholin from the Gavin Report stated, "Everytime "More & More" hit the air, I couldn't help thinking, "What a great radio record." CHP's follow-up has the same exciting feel."

Alan Jones from Music Week described it as a "maddeningly commercial, pulsating song [that] alternates between male rap attack and female chorus in all versions". He concluded, "Comparisons with Snap! are obvious, and the end result may be the same - a smash." In 1994, he added that it "also has a haunting quality". James Hamilton from the RM Dance Update deemed it a "girl cooed chesy Euro flutterer". James Hunter from Vibe felt that the song "crosscuts his stairmastered Barry White raps with female choruses, sliding that combo against angular techno riffing and housey programs."

Chart performance
Like "More and More", "Only with You" was successful on the charts in Europe, although it sold under half the amount of its predecessor, reaching the top 5 in Austria (5), Belgium (3), Denmark (3), Finland (2), Germany (4), Portugal (2), Spain (3), Sweden (5) and Switzerland (5). Additionally, the single peaked within the top 10 also in France (7) and the Netherlands (9), as well as on the Eurochart Hot 100, where it reached number six and on MTV's European Top 20. In the UK, it reached its highest position as number 67 in its first week at the UK Singles Chart, on March 21, 1993. On the UK Dance Singles Chart, it fared better, peaking at number 27. Outside Europe, it hit number two on the RPM Dance/Urban chart in Canada and was also successful in Israel, peaking at number six there.

The single earned a gold record in Germany, with a sale of 250,000 units.

Music video
The accompanying music video for "Only with You" was directed by Walter Knofel. It was later published on YouTube in 2017, and by December 2022, the video had generated more than 13 million views.

Track listings

 7" single (1992)
 "Only with You" (radio mix) – 3:52
 "Only with You" (dance mix) – 5:34

 CD single (1992)
 "Only with You" (radio mix) – 3:52
 "Only with You" (dance mix) – 5:34

 CD maxi 1 (January 1993)
 "Only with You" (radio mix) – 3:52
 "Only with You" (dance mix) – 5:34
 "Only with You" (house mix) – 6:18
 "Only with You" (trance mix) – 7:17

 CD maxi 2 (March 1993)
 "Only with You" (fantasy remix) – 5:43
 "Only with You" (magic remix) – 6:04
 "Only with You" (faze-2 remix) – 7:20
 "Only with You" (relentless remix) – 7:22

 12" maxi (March 1993)
 "Only with You" – 5:43
 "Only with You" – 6:04
 "Only with You" – 7:20

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

1993 singles
1993 songs
Blow Up singles
Captain Hollywood Project songs
English-language German songs
Songs written by Nosie Katzmann
Songs written by Tony Dawson-Harrison


Esserval-Combe () is a former commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the commune of Mièges.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Former communes of Jura (department)


Bobby Joe Young (born March 4, 1959) is a former boxer from Steubenville, Ohio.  Young is best known as the only man to have a professional win over Aaron Pryor.

Amateur career
Young had a solid amateur career, and allegedly lost two close fights in the amateurs to Thomas Hearns.

Professional career
Young turned professional in 1980 amidst high expectations, and lost his first bout to Pedro Vilella in the Felt Forum.

In 1987 he dealt Pryor his lone loss, by a knockout in seven.

In 1989, Young got his first and only title shot, against Simon Brown for the IBF welterweight title.  Young was knocked out in the 2nd round.

He retired after the loss with 31 wins, 7 losses and 23 wins by knockout.

At one point, Young was considered one of the welterweights of the future, along with Milton McCrory, Donald Curry, and Marlon Starling.

Bobby Joe Young now works at Curtis High School in New York City.

External links

1959 births
Living people
Boxers from Ohio
Sportspeople from Steubenville, Ohio
American male boxers
Welterweight boxers


Esserval-Tartre () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Brassac (; ) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

Geography

Gallery

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

External links
www.brassac.fr Official Web site
Panoramic virtual tour from Brassac bridge

Communes of Tarn (department)


The 2008 WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship was a golf tournament that was played from February 20–24, 2008 over the South Course at The Gallery Golf Club at Dove Mountain in Marana, Arizona. It was the tenth WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship and the first of three World Golf Championships held in 2008.

The purse remained at $8,000,000, one of the largest in golf. Tiger Woods won his third WGC Match Play title, and his 15th World Golf Championships event, by beating fellow American Stewart Cink 8 and 7 in the final.

Brackets
The Championship was a single elimination match play event. The field consisted of the top 64 players available from the Official World Golf Rankings, seeded according to the rankings. Brett Wetterich (ranked 45) pulled out of the event with a shoulder injury and was replaced by J. B. Holmes (ranked 65).

Bobby Jones bracket

Ben Hogan bracket

Gary Player bracket

Sam Snead bracket

Final Four

Championship match

Yellow background for eagles.
Red background for birdies.
Blue background for bogeys.

Prize money breakdown

 Sources:

References

External links
Official site
European Tour Weekly - February 19, 2008

2008
2008 WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship
2008 in golf
2008 in American sports
February 2008 events in the United States


This is a list of Democratic party unpledged delegates, also known as superdelegates or automatic delegates, who voted in the 2008 Democratic National Convention, the culmination of the party's presidential nominating process that began with the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries and caucuses.

At the time of Hillary Clinton's campaign suspension on June 7, 2008, the count was 246½ for her and 478 for Barack Obama, with 99 still 'Uncommitted' of the 823½ total then existing, although this number represents the realignment of around 50 superdelegates who switched their support from Clinton to Obama when he had gained the majority of delegates. Clinton released her delegates during the convention.

The breakdown by position for Clinton was 144 DNC, 52½ Representatives, 14 Senators, 17 Add-ons, 10½ Governors, and 7½ DPLs;
the breakdown by position for Obama was 229 DNC, 157 Representatives, 34 Senators, 29 Add-ons, 20 Governors, and 9 DPLs;
and the breakdown for "Uncommitted" was: 39 DNC, 22 Representatives, 1.5 Senators, 32.5 Add-ons, 1 Governor, and 3 DPLs.

Composition
The Democratic Party's official rules do not use the term "superdelegate." This is an informal name for about 20% of all delegates, whose status as delegates is independent of primary and caucus results and who are officially unpledged to any candidate.  About half of the superdelegates are current Democratic elected officials – Governors, U.S. Senators and Representatives. The other half consists of other party leaders.

The following totals reflect the fact that superdelegates from Florida and Michigan will be seated at the convention, but with only one-half vote each, because of their states' violations of scheduling rules.

Unpledged party leaders and elected officials
The formal description (in Rule 9.A) is "unpledged party leader and elected official delegates" (Unpledged PLEOs).
 19.5 votes from 20 Distinguished Party Leaders (DPL). Officially there are 23 delegates in this category, but this includes sitting elected officials (2 Senators and 1 Governor), who are here counted in those categories. Former party Chairman Kenneth M. Curtis (FL) has 0.5 vote.
 31.5 votes from 32 Democratic Governors. This category includes 28 state Governors, the Mayor of DC, and 3 Governors of Territories. Michigan Gov. Jennifer Granholm has 0.5 vote.
 49.5 votes from 51 members of the Senate. This category includes 49 U.S. Senators and the 2 Shadow Senators from DC. The 3 Senators from Michigan and Florida have only 0.5 vote each.
 231.5 votes from 238 members of the House of Representatives. This category includes 234 Representatives from the states, and 4 Congressional Delegates from DC and from the Territories. The 15 Michigan and Florida Representatives have only 0.5 vote each.
 413 votes from 432 Democratic National Committee Members. A total of 38 DNC delegates (12 from Florida, 18 from Michigan, and 8 representing Democrats Abroad) have only 0.5 vote each.

The PLEOs listed above currently represent a total of 745 votes. However, that tally is subject to change as events affect individual delegates. For example, the count has decreased due to the death of Rep. Tom Lantos; the loss of one half of Ken Curtis' vote because of his current residency in Florida; the resignation of Eliot Spitzer as Governor of New York (his replacement, David Paterson, was already a superdelegate as a DNC member); and the resignation of Representative Albert Wynn. The count has increased because of the special-election victories of Reps. Bill Foster (IL-14), André Carson (IN-7), Jackie Speier (CA-12), Don Cazayoux (LA-6), Travis Childers (MS-1), and Donna Edwards (MD-4). A more complete history of superdelegate composition changes is provided in a later section.

Finally, note that the tallies here reflect eligibility only; the final, official vote tally will be determined solely by the number of eligible delegates who actually participate in the national convention.

Unpledged PLEO delegates should not be confused with pledged PLEOs.  Under Rule 9.C, the pledged PLEO slots are allocated to candidates based on the results of the primaries and caucuses.

Unpledged add-ons
Under Rule 9.B, each state party selects one or more "unpledged add-on delegates," intended for other elected officials and party leaders not included in the above groups. There are 76 such slots, which are filled according to Democratic Party rules; in practice, it is usually the chairperson of the state Democratic Party who appoints the add-ons, effectively allowing the state chairs to multiply their vote. The formal selection of add-ons is performed at the state party's convention or at a state executive committee meeting. All 76 add-ons are scheduled to be identified by June 21, 2008.

Totals
The following are the totals according to this list. Other organizations have reported different numbers based on pledged or expected support.

Notes:
 Democrats Abroad superdelegates count for ½ vote. Barack Obama is endorsed by five Democrats Abroad superdelegates giving 2.5 votes, Hillary Clinton is endorsed by three giving 1.5 votes.
 "Unassigned" includes vacant PLEO delegates as well as Add-on delegates that have not yet been assigned.

Totals by group

¹ For purposes of this list members of Congress and governors are counted in that category even if they are also members of the DNC or are a Distinguished Party Leader (DPL).  The DNC, however, considers such delegates to be DNC members or DPL's first.  The following members of Congress and governors are either DNC members or are DPL's:  Reps. Joe Baca, Mike Honda, Eddie Bernice Johnson, Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick, Gregory Meeks, Nancy Pelosi, and Maxine Waters. Sens. Robert Byrd (DPL), Chris Dodd (DPL), Harry Reid, and Debbie Stabenow.  Govs. Tim Kaine, Joe Manchin, Ruth Ann Minner, David Paterson, and Ed Rendell (DPL). Florida and Michigan delegations not yet updated to reflect full votes.

² Includes former presidents, former vice presidents, former house and senate leaders, and former party chairs.

Totals by state

* Democrats Abroad have ½ vote. [Florida, and Michigan superdelegates not yet updated for full votes.]

Details
The following table includes all superdelegate positions.  Vacant positions are last, the others are sorted alphabetically by name. To re-sort these tables, click on the double-arrow symbol at the top of a column.

List of seated superdelegates

The table below consists of 856 entries comprising 852 votes, as follows.
 Unpledged PLEOs: 775 delegates, accounting for 771 votes:
 767 delegates from states and territories, each with 1 vote (note: includes 4 vacancies, listed at the end).
 8 Democrats Abroad delegates, each with ½ vote. Total: 4 votes.
 Unpledged Add-ons: 81 delegates, with 1 vote each. Total: 81 votes.

Notes
* Democrats Abroad superdelegates have ½ vote. [Florida and Michigan delegations not yet un-marked.]

↔ Gov. Ed Rendell (PA), Sen. Robert Byrd (WV), and Sen. Chris Dodd (CT) are credentialed by the DNC as Distinguished Party Leaders

↓ Rep. Brad Ellsworth (IN) has committed to vote for Clinton in deference to their constituents' votes in the state primaries.  They explicitly distinguish this from an "endorsement" and have not personally endorsed either candidate.

Ж Commit Date is the actual date of commitment or earliest instance of public support.  For reasons of file size management, candidate-by-candidate citations may not be provided.  The best source of this information is from the press releases and blog entries of the candidate websites: hillaryclinton.com and barackobama.com. January 20, 2007, is the date Senator Hillary Clinton opened her exploratory committee for the Presidential Democratic nomination and is thus considered the first date that a superdelegate can endorse her. February 10, 2007 is the date Senator Barack Obama announced his candidacy for the Presidential Democratic nomination and is thus considered the first date that a superdelegate can endorse him.

† The "Pelosi Club" is an informal name for a group of superdelegates who announced their intention to vote for the candidate who won the absolute majority of pledged delegates(Barack Obama). The group is named for its first two members, House Speaker Rep. Nancy Pelosi (CA) and her daughter Christine Pelosi (CA DNC), who announced their intention on March 30. The group prominently includes Former President Jimmy Carter (GA DPL, announced May 1); other members are Sen. Maria Cantwell (WA), Denise Johnson (TX; April 6), and Rep. Chris Van Hollen (MD, May 24). Somewhat confusingly, Sen. Cantwell is on record endorsing Clinton, but she has vowed to vote for the pledged delegate leader. [Note: Please do *not* move these delegates to Obama's column without a specific endorsement first since it is only a conditional pledge, per DCW May 20 update.]

There are also 'former members' of the Pelosi Club. All of the following have since gone on to become outright Obama delegates, and are listed here together with the date they were recognized as such: Former DNC Chair Roy Romer (CO DPL, May 13). Rep. Zoe Lofgren (CA, May 22), former Sen. Tom Daschle (SD DPL, May 22), Rep. Robert Wexler (FL, May 22), and charter Pelosi Club member Betty Richie (TX DNC, May 29).

History of superdelegate composition changes

References

External links
 Official Unpledged Party Leaders and Elected Officials List – Official list from Democratic Party website.
 Superdelegates from 2008 Democratic Convention Watch, separate lists by name of committed and uncommitted, grouped by state within candidate
 Superdelegates from The Politico, committed and uncommitted totals by state and position
 Superdelegates Map from Superdelegates.org, Google Map of Superdelegates

Superdelegates
2008-related lists
Lists of American politicians
Lists of political people

Democratic Party (United States)-related lists


Levi Strauss Plaza, also known as Levi Plaza or Levi's Plaza, is an office complex located in North Beach/Telegraph Hill along The Embarcadero in San Francisco, California. It houses the headquarters of Levi Strauss & Co. As of 1998 the company Blue Jeans Equity West is the landlord of the complex. In 1998 the ownership of the company consisted of Equitable Real Estate, Gerson Bakar, Jim Joseph, and Al Wilsey. Steve Ginsberg of the San Francisco Business Times said in 1998 that the complex is "the only true corporate campus" in San Francisco.

History
The site was originally known as Frederick Griffing's wharf. Eventually, the land was built up and the wharf was buried along with Frederick Griffing's ship. When Levi's Plaza was under construction, the buried ship was rediscovered.

Levi Strauss Plaza was developed by Interland Development Corp., owned by Jim Joseph, the franchise owner of the Los Angeles football franchise of the United States Football League. Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum Inc. (HOK) designed the structure. Levi Strauss & Co. did the interior design, and Gensler and Associates supervised Levi Strauss's efforts. The construction of the , seven story facility began in 1979 and was completed in 1981. $110 million was spent on the exterior building, and Levi Strauss spent $120 million on interior improvements.

Levi Strauss & Co. first moved to the facility in 1981.

Around 1995 arbitration proceedings between Levi Strauss and the owners occurred, due to negotiations over an increase in rent. Steve Ginsberg of the San Francisco Business Times said that some real estate insiders predicted that Levi Strauss may leave the complex due to the arbitration. The Levi Strauss company, in the 1990s, hired Staubach Co. so it could consider its headquarters options. Ginsberg said that despite the arbitration proceedings that previously took place, Levi Strauss "never seriously considered leaving" the City of San Francisco nor the Levi's Plaza complex.

In a two-year period until 1998 the company workforce had declined slightly to 1,700 employees. Ginsberg said that this was a reflection of a 1997 revenue slump.

In 1998 Levi Straus signed a letter of intent stating that it would renew its lease for . In terms of the square footage, as of March 8, 1998 it was the largest lease deal in San Francisco of the 1990s. Because a decline in the company's workforce, the company reduced the amount of square footage that it held. Levi Strauss announced that it would invest several million additional dollars to renovate the complex, which at the time was 17 years old. The renovation work, scheduled to begin in 1999, was to affect all three major Levi's Plaza buildings, including the one housing the executive offices. Ginsberg said that the new "new, open look" design to be implemented in the renovations was to be "more conducive to team interaction."

In 2008 the San Francisco Business Times reported that Levi Strauss & Co. would consider moving the headquarters out of San Francisco once the lease in Levi's Plaza expired at the end of 2012. In 2009 the company renewed its lease through the end of 2022; the company had 1,200 employees at the facility at the time. In 2021 it renewed the lease yet again, for  square feet (of which one third was subleased by Levi's to other companies), and announced a $50 million project to make the offices carbon neutral.

Design
Levi Strauss & Co. provided significant input into the development of the facility. Bill Valentine, a designer at HOK, said "Someone at Levi's said they wanted it to feel like a well-worn pair of blue jeans. And that's what we tried to do -- it's off the cuff, never symmetrical, it's easy-going and relaxed." Levi Strauss wanted the new complex to promote mixing of all classes of employees. At its previous Embarcadero facility, the building forced upper level and lower level employees to be located on different floors, so the groups could not meet each other in common areas. A large atrium in one of the buildings is placed so that employees of all ranks receive the same view, and not just the higher up employees. Decks providing views of the surrounding city were used to integrate the inside and outside areas.

Keiko Yamagami of Gensler and Associates said that the designs, which she said were buildings within larger buildings, gives the corridor the atmosphere of "small street in a little town." Each campus building houses a "mini plaza." Yamagami said that each one is "sort of like the den in a home." Contrasting materials, such as rubber tile flooring, set off major circulation areas within the campus. Yamagami says that the flooring, which has a pattern, uses colors that "were almost like an impressionist painting." She emphasized that it had "West Coast sunset colors" The campus also houses an exercise room and various kitchenettes with different themes. Yamagami said in 1989 that the "garden den," with furniture styled like those used in outdoor settings, was among the most popular. The Levi Strauss cafeteria has   by  pavilion spaces, each of which have distinct colors and identities. Yamagami said that the company "didn't want to have an institutionalized cafeteria, they wanted to have a cafeteria that felt like a restaurant."

Levi's Plaza incorporated the Italian Swiss Colony Building into its design, and the complex was designed to fit into the surrounding neighborhood. In 1991 David Armstrong of The Toronto Star said that at Levi's Plaza, the then-new red brick buildings "blend in with historic warehouses." The building was designed to respect the residents of Telegraph Hill, which provided a backdrop to Levi's Plaza.

Buildings and facilities

Buildings at the Levi Plaza site include:
Saddleman Building (1355 Sansome Street), four floors,  of space
In 1998 Levi Strauss & Co. moved its employees out of Saddleman after seven women working there had developed breast cancer. The breast cancer cases appeared in 1996 and 1997, and a fear of cancer among the employees after an employee had a meeting with CEO Robert Haas. A study determined that the building did not pose a health hazard, but employees feared working in the building. In the summer of that year, employees began to be moved out. By October 1998, no employees were left.
The company originally stated that a downsizing had prompted to pull employees out of Saddleman. Several internal memorandums revealed that the fears of employees prompted the company to remove its employees from the building. At one time the consumer affairs, engineering groups, and pattern makers were located in the building.
Stern Building (1265 Battery Street) - Located on the campus's northeast corner
Koshland Building

The complex includes retail center that serves residents of the area and employees. Glenn Brank of the Sacramento Bee said that the retail center was "modest." As of 1987 Levi Strauss has a 450-person company cafeteria within the complex.

As of 1998, 66% of the space at Levi Plaza is dedicated to open plazas and park land. Levi Plaza Park is a facility at the complex. Liz Allen of the Public Library of Science said that the park is "a Zen oasis of willow trees, water, rocks and a meandering path in the busy city." Lawrence Halprin, a landscape architect, helped design the Levi Strauss Plaza. To coincide with the completion of the Levi Strauss Plaza, several of his design sketches were placed on exhibit. It is divided by Battery Street into two distinct parts. As of 1991 various community events were held at the park.

Levi's Plaza formerly had the Ice House, a  facility. In 1991 Levi Strauss & Co. acquired it. In 1998 the company planned to redesign the facility.

References

External links

Office buildings in San Francisco
Parks in San Francisco
North Beach, San Francisco
HOK (firm) buildings
Levi Strauss & Co.


Essia () is a former commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of La Chailleuse.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Former communes of Jura (department)


Alabama Spirit is an American soccer team founded in 2007. The team is a member of the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, and will make their debut in the new Southeast Conference in 2008, playing a short season of "exhibition games" prior to a planned full inclusion into the league some time in the future.

The team will play their home games in a stadium in the city of Birmingham, Alabama. The venue is the Homewood Soccer Park.

Following the inaugural competition for the club (a 2–3 loss in a friendly against reserves from Mexico's CF Monterrey Rayados), the club owner said he hopes to have the Spirit in the higher-caliber United Soccer Leagues where he already owns the Nashville Metros.

References

National Premier Soccer League teams
Soccer clubs in Birmingham, Alabama
2007 establishments in Alabama
Association football clubs established in 2007