The Russian Orthodox Church of Saint Elizabeth in Wiesbaden (; common local name Griechische Kapelle, "Greek chapel"; ) is the only Russian Orthodox church in Wiesbaden, Germany, and is located on Neroberg. Besides the Russian church there is a parsonage and a Russian cemetery, which is the largest in Europe (outside Russia itself). St. Elizabeth's Church and its parishioners belong to the Diocese of Germany in the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia.

History

The Russian Orthodox Church in Wiesbaden was built from 1847 to 1855 by Duke Adolf of Nassau on the occasion of the death of his wife, the 19-year-old Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna of Russia, niece of Emperor Nicholas I. Adolf and Elizabeth married in 1844, but the following year, she died in childbirth, as did their newborn daughter. He grieved so profoundly that he decided to build a church around her grave. He obtained the money for this church, with the blessing of Tsar Alexander lll, from her dowry.

Construction of the church was assigned to senior building officer (Oberbaurat) Philipp Hoffmann, who studied Russian church architecture, particularly at first in Russia. As a template for this church, he took the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow. On 25 May 1855 the church was finally dedicated in honour of St. Elizabeth, the mother of John the Baptist and patron saint of the deceased princess. Shortly afterwards, the coffin containing the Grand Duchess and her baby was taken in a procession from the St. Boniface's Church its previous temporary shelter, into the crypt of the Russian church and buried there.

Simultaneously with the construction of the church were built a small rectory and a Russian cemetery, located about 100 meters northeast of the church.

The church was used by the already-existing Russian Orthodox community, mainly Russian guests, for whom Wiesbaden was a popular resort in the 19th century. Even Emperor Nicholas II worshipped in the church during his stay in Germany, together with his newly wedded-wife, Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna. This event is noted on a gold panel attached to the church.

A lasting community formed around the church only in the 1920s, when many White Emigres fled in the wake of the Russian Revolution, the Russian Civil War and the Bolshevik takeover of their country and came to Germany.

During the 1990s, the interior of the church, particularly its marble and frescoes, was renovated and restored. The crypt was renovated in 2002–2005.

Architecture

Exterior
The church is a beige building of hard sandstone, still visible everywhere on the outside. The outer layout of the church is a square with an extended arc in the north. The building is "crowned" with five fiery-gilt domes, with the four smaller ones surrounding the large central dome to the northeast, northwest, southeast and southwest. The domes, typically for Russian churches, are onion-shaped and have grooves running lengthwise from top to bottom. Each dome is topped by a similarly gilt Orthodox cross. All crosses point to the south; the cross in the center is above and slightly larger than the other four, which are of the same size.

The domes rest on smaller cylindrical towers, with the main one in the centre higher and wider than the others. This is also at the top under the dome completely covered with window panes cover, so that here, light can fall directly into the interior of the church. The smaller towers have rather narrow, oblong windows, through which the light falls only inside the tower, since these are not connected with the interior. The northeast tower is an exception: this contains a spiral staircase, the entrance of which is directly under the dome; from here it is possible to reach the roof of the church by a small gate in the tower.

The church has two entrances: the south and the west entrance. The south entrance was originally only for Fürsten and other members of the nobility. It offered visitors leaving the building a panorama of Wiesbaden, which stood at the feet of the church. After the fall of the last Tsar, Nicholas II, in 1917, this entrance was sealed forever. The entrance for the "ordinary people" and the current main entrance was the west entrance. Visitors entering the church through this door see, as in most Russian Orthodox churches, the iconostasis opposite. Medallions of particular saints, crafted from sandstone, are located above the outside entrances. A medallion of Saint Helena rests above the west entrance; at the southern entrance, one of Saint Elizabeth (in whose honour the church was also consecrated); and on the east side, above the window of the sanctuary, one of the Holy Archangel Michael. These were the patron saints of the father (Mikhail) and mother (Elena) of the Grand Duchess, as well as her own (Elizabeth). Approximately ten steps of red sandstone lead up to the entrance, which is spanned by an arch that in turn sits on each side upon two columns.

Other information

The church building was featured twice on stamps of the Deutsche Bundespost in the Sights definitive series (4 June 1991, face value 170 pfennig, intended to pay the double weight domestic letter rate; and 12 August 1993, with a revised face value of 41 pfennig for mass mailings of printed matters).

In addition, there is an illustration of the church on tourist signs on the Autobahnen around Wiesbaden.

Notable burials

Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mikhailovna of Russia (died 1845, reburied here 1855)
Prince George Alexandrovich Yuryevsky, son of Tsar Alexander II (died 1913)
Princess Olga Yurievskaya, Countess Merenberg, daughter of Tsar Alexander II (died 1925)
Alexej von Jawlensky, Russian painter (died 1941)

References

Bibliography
 Russische Kirche auf dem Neroberge in Wiesbaden – Geschichtlicher Ueberblick und Beschreibung der Kirche (Eigenverlag des Kirchenvorstandes, 1925)
 Erik Thomson, Karl Timoleon von Neff und die russische Kirche auf dem Neroberg in Wiesbaden. In: Hessische Heimat. Vol. 14/3, 1964)
 Alexander Hildebrand, Romantisches Symbol der Unsterblichkeit, Ebenmaß in allen Teilen. Die russisch-orthodoxe Kathedrale in Wiesbaden in Wiesbadener Leben 8/1994
 Wiesbaden – Russische Kirche, Kloster des Hl. Hiob von Počaev in München (Berlin and Munich, 3rd edition, 2000,
 Karl Baedeker, Baedeker Wiesbaden Rheingau (Ostfildern-Kemnat 2001,
 Gottfried Kiesow, Das verkannte Jahrhundert: Der Historismus am Beispiel Wiesbaden (Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz, 2005,
 Dirk Becker: Vivat Wiesbaden. Spaziergänge zwischen Tradition und Moderne. Ein Stadtführer für Wiesbaden und Umgebung (Universum, Wiesbaden, 2006,
 Marc Peschke, Wiesbaden in Marc Peschke et al. Rheingau & Wiesbaden. Reise- und Weinführer (Bernd Ditter, Wiesbaden, 2006,
 Maja Speranskij, Marina Werschewskaja, Gräber erzählen Geschichte. Die russisch-orthodoxe Kirche der hl. Elisabeth und ihr Friedhof in Wiesbaden (Kur- und Verkehrsverein, Wiesbaden, 2006,

External links

 Official site
 Russian Orthodox Church Foundation
 Panoramic view of the church's interior

Churches in Wiesbaden
Churches completed in 1855
19th-century Russian Orthodox church buildings
Russian Orthodox church buildings in Germany
Germany–Russia relations
Burial sites of the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov


Meyronne is a special service area in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.

History
Known history of the Wood Mountain area goes back to the trek by the NWMP in 1874 and the founding of the Wood Mountain Post  that same year. Land in the area was opened for homesteading in 1908. When the railway went through in 1913, the settlement moved to its present site.

It was reorganised from a village into a special service area on September 5, 2006.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Meyronne had a population of 20 living in 9 of its 13 total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of 35. With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Infrastructure
Saskatchewan Transportation Company provides intercity bus service to Meyronne.

See also
 List of communities in Saskatchewan
 List of hamlets in Saskatchewan

References

Designated places in Saskatchewan
Former villages in Saskatchewan
Pinto Creek No. 75, Saskatchewan
Special service areas in Saskatchewan
Populated places disestablished in 2006
Division No. 3, Saskatchewan


Champagne Delamotte is a small producer of Champagne.  Along with its "sister" winery Champagne Salon, Delamotte is the historical House of the Laurent-Perrier group.

History
Delamotte is a Champagne house more than 260 years old (it is the sixth oldest Champagne house) founded in Reims in 1760 by François Delamotte, a vineyard owner.

Alexandre Delamotte brought the cellars, caves and offices of the House of Delamotte to a mansion at the end of the 18th century. In 1828, his brother, Nicolas Louis Delamotte, assumed management of the House of Delamotte. Nicolas was well known for taking part in the organization of the coronation of Charles X.

The House was sold to the Lanson family in the 1830s, which later started producing a Lanson label. It was eventually acquired by Marie-Louise de Nonancourt, née Lanson, in the period between the two World Wars. In 1927, Marie-Louise made the decision to transfer the activities of the house of Delamottte to Mesnil-sur-Oger. The management of the company was entrusted to the hands of Marie-Louise’s youngest son, Charles de Nonancourt.

In 1988, the House of Delamotte joined forces with the still enigmatic Champagne Salon under the umbrella of the parent company, Laurent-Perrier, led by Charles' brother, Bernard. Today, the House of Delamotte and its sister company Champagne Salon are under the direction of Didier Depond in Le Mesnil-sur-Oger.

Vineyards and production
As the second label of Salon, Delamotte produces wines from grapes sourced from the same vineyards in the Côte des Blancs region of Champagne. While Salon exclusively produces vintage Champagne in vintages deemed exceptional, Delamotte reserves wine from year to year to create blended wine in Non-Vintage styles.

Reputation
In his publication The Wine Advocate, critic Robert M. Parker, Jr. has called Delamotte "one of the best buys in exquisitely crafted Champagne."
Wine writer Karen MacNeil refers to Delamotte's blanc de blancs as her "desert island" choice and includes the wine among her list of "Champagnes to Know."

See also
 List of Champagne houses

References

External links
 Official website

Champagne producers


Delamotte may refer to:

 Champagne Delamotte, a small producer of champagne
 Philip Henry Delamotte (1821–1889), British photographer and illustrator
 William Alfred Delamotte (1775–1863), British painter and engraver


Beckov Castle (; ) is a castle in ruins located above the former town of Beckov in Nové Mesto nad Váhom District, Trenčín Region, western Slovakia.

It is a national cultural monument and its present appearance is the result of renovations in the last quarter of the twentieth century and since 2002.

Name
The original name of the castle was Blundix (Latin version). The name was derived from Slavic "Bludište" reflecting the difficult terrain in the area (blúdiť - to wander, in the modern Slovak language bludište/bludisko - a maze). Later, the name of the neighbouring village Beckov was adopted also as the name of the castle.

History

Great Moravia–1388
The Beckov Cliff is a klippe of the Hronic nappe well exposed by the Váh River. The castle is situated on the cliff near the river, and was used as a strategic outpost in Great Moravia. A stone castle was built there to protect the borders of the Kingdom of Hungary, probably in the middle of the 13th century. The castle became property of Matthew III Csák at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries and was fortified under his rule. After his death in 1321, the castle was administered by castellans. Louis I of Hungary gave the castle to Miklós Bánffy in 1379 as a reward for his service in battles in the Balkans and Italy.

1388–1437

In 1388, the castle was given by Sigismund, King of Hungary to Stibor of Stiboricz of the Clan of Ostoja, a Lord of Polish origin. Stibor was one of king's most influential advisors and in control of significant part of Northern Hungary (today, Slovakia). Of 31 Castles that was in possession of Stibor, he chose Beckov as his home, giving the Castle special care. He rebuilt the castle into his family seat in the Gothic style. Artists from Venetia, Poland, Germany and Bohemia were working on to make Beckov an outstanding place. Stibor also built a chapel with splendid sculpture decorations and paintings including sculpture of Black Madona which was considered as one of the most beautiful in Europe at that time. In entrance to the chapel, there was a family coat of arms made of stone.
Stibor also fortified the town below the castle and linked their walls together.
After Stibor's death in 1414, the castle was inherited by his son, Stibor Stiboric of Beckov. Because Stibor Stiboric of Beckov did not have a son, he bequeathed the property to his daughter Katarína (Katherine). However, the royal council decided that she would receive only the customary one fourth of her father's property paid out in cash. The castle was given to Pál Bánffy by Sigismund in 1437, one day before Sigismund's death, probably under the condition that he would marry Katarína, which was fulfilled.

1437–1729
After the Battle of Mohács in 1526, where the Kingdom of Hungary was defeated by the Ottoman Empire, the Bánffy family rebuilt the castle into a Renaissance fortress and noble seat. One of the Bánffys, János Bánffy, was killed fighting against the Turks in 1595. The castle was successfully defended against a Tatar siege in 1599. The Bánffy family owned the castle until 1646, when its last member, Kristóf Bánffy, died.

Following the death of Kristóf Bánffy, Beckov castle was gradually turned into a prison and barracks. In 1729, a fire destroyed the interior and roofs of the castle and turned it into ruins.

20th century
The castle was proclaimed a national cultural monument in 1970. Its present appearance is the result of renovation in the last quarter of the 20th century.

Description

The castle's 16th century entrance consisted of a drawbridge and moat protected by a barbican complex but have been replaced by a wooden bridge. Behind this main entrance a guard tower, built in the 14th century, protected the gateway to the ward. This building now houses the ticket shop of the castle. Attached to the walls of the guard tower are 14th century walls, built during the period in which the castle was in the hands of Stibor of Stiboricz. Thanks to the high stone walls and the steep cliffs on which the castle is built, Beckov castle is one of the few castles to withstand the attacks of the Tartar and Turkish troops.

Behind the first ward lies the lower courtyard of the castle, which is connected to the first ward with via a Gothic entrance gate with a pointed arch. During the Middle Ages craftsmen and servants had their houses on the lower courtyard, protected from possible attackers by a 14th-century fortification wall that runs all along the east side of the castle. Other buildings that were located on the lower courtyard are: a kitchen, an oven for bread, a smithy, stables and a storage for fodder and straw. Nowadays the lower courtyard houses an amphitheatre with stage and facilities for performers, museum exhibition, toilets for visitors and a souvenir shop. On the far-north side of the castle, the fortification wall also protected the well that was of vital importance to the inhabitants of the castle.

An important defensive function was also fulfilled by the Big Cannon Bastion, located above the lower courtyard. The huge semi-circular wall of the tower is attached to the castle rock and reaches up to the upper castle. The upper castle is the former seat of the castle lord on the top of the rock. It held the accommodation and reception rooms of the castle lord, while the servants' dwellings and farm buildings were located on the lower courtyard. The interior walls of the representational spaces were painted green (the noble color) and completed with rich painted decorations. Service spaces and farm buildings were white-lime and the defensive parts had a brick pink color. The upper castle formed a separate defensive unit and was protected from the lower courtyard by a gate with drawbridge. Several terraced spaces and fortifications at the southern side of the upper castle formed a defensive maze.

Inside the upper castle, behind the entrance, stands the renaissance Western Palace. During the Bánffy-reconstruction of the castle, this location served as a winter garden. Nowadays the building serves as the castle café. To the north, the Western defense bastion adjoins the Western Palace. The self-sufficiency of the upper castle was ensured by a service building and a water tank, located on the edge of the central courtyard, in a pit dug near the very top of the castle rock. The most luxurious building of the upper castle was the Cross Entry Palace, built during the Stibor period. From the service building and the Cross Entry Palace only ruins remain. Also located on the central courtyard was the Northern Palace. This building was built as part of the construction of the Gothic castle. This building does not only dominate the central courtyard but the castle as a whole. The three-storey palace is located on the most inaccessible part of the castle rock and contained the main reception hall called the Knights' Hall. It was lighted by Gothic windows protected by oiled parchments or cloth, wood shutters and during Sigismund and Stibor eras also by glass, which had long been the prerogative only for churches.

The real architectural jewel of the castle was the chapel which was built during the Stibor era and was connected with the living quarters of the Northern Palace. The chapel's portal that was topped with a stone tympanum with the coat of arms of the Stibor's family is now located in the Beckov museum which is located on the lower courtyard of the castle. From the original painted decorations only a few remnants remain. the Gothic sculpture of Madonna, known as the Beckov Madonna, is located in Koryčany in Moravia.

Jewish Cemetery
Adjacent to the castle approach road is an old Jewish cemetery with more than 100 tombstones. The oldest graves are marked 1739-1749. The first Jewish people came to Beckov at the end of the 17th century from Uherský Brod. In 1734 they acquired the land for the cemetery from Count Jan Esterhazi. The road divides the cemetery into an "older" and "newer" section:  the later being to the west of the road, directly next to the castle entrance. Most of the tombstones date to the first half of the 19th century. Inscription in Hebrew are more common than those in German. Since 1991, this cemetery is on the list of Slovak Cultural Monuments.

Legend of Becko, the jester
Citation from Radio Slovakia International:

Beckov Castle is featured in an historically counterfactual legend suggests that the castle was built in the time of Stibor of Stiboricz of the Clan of Ostoja. Stibor was accompanied by his jester, Becko, on a hunting trip.  As he entertained the men very well, Stibor offered him a deal. He could ask for anything he wanted. Becko asked his master to build a castle on the hill by the end of the year. Everybody who passed the hill had to help build the fortress for 8 days, and so Stibor managed to keep his promise. Becko became the master of this place for a year. As the castle was in a strategic position, Stibor asked Becko to leave it. Again, the jester was told to ask for anything he wanted. "Give me as much gold as I weigh." said Becko. He asked for yet one more thing, that the castle be named after him. At the farewell party, Becko took a bag full of gold coins and left to seek his happiness elsewhere.

Later, when the castle was completed, the noblemen had taken their dogs hunting. After returning to the castle and satisfying their appetite, the hunters threw the leftovers to the animals. A boy, a servant's son, had come to see his father, and because he was hungry, tried to steal a piece of meat from a dog, which became aggressive. The boy's father killed the dog while defending his child, whereupon Stibor became angry with the man and threw him from the top of the castle hill. As the servant was falling, he shouted out, "In a year and a day!" Stibor forgot about the curse. However, a year later, Stibor's son got married. Stibor got drunk and took a nap on a castle terrace. A snake suddenly appeared and bit Stibor in the eye. The wounded master jumped up in shock and ran to the end of the terrace. He fell to his death from the same spot as the servant had done.

The whole story was invented. For example, Stibor of Stiboricz  entered into his service to Hungarian kings in the second half of the 14th century, when Beckov Castle had already been built. Similarly, linguistic analysis suggests that the name of the castle didn't originate in the name of the jester, which is an old Hungarian word meaning fool. Quoting the opinion of Slovak historians, the name Beckov is closely related with the word "bludinec", which once described a labyrinthine place.  The labyrinth could have been formed when the river Vah flooded the area.

According to the legend, Stibor was very cruel and showed no mercy towards his servants. The stories about his cruelty have also been made up.  On the contrary, according to historical sources, Duke Stibor seems to have been a very kind hearted and open minded person who founded hospitals and monasteries. He often pleaded on behalf of criminals and begged for their mercy.

How is it then possible that such a cruel legend was created? It seems people mixed up the characters of the nobleman and his son, who was, according to medieval documents, a really vicious person. The stories about Stibor's character and the foundation of the castle might not correspond to real events, however there are some elements in the legend that make one wonder how things looked in the courts of the Hungarian nobility.

The first element - feasts. It was important to impress the guests with the number and variety of dishes served, since this indicated the status of the host. The noblemen took great care in organizing feasts. A popular decoration on the festive table was a swan and many different kinds of meat. It is well known that many kings and noblemen suffered from gout, a typical royal disease. It was caused by the over consumption of meat. At that time, a lot of meat was eaten. Whether it was pork, venison, pheasant or beef, it was all eaten up. The etiquette of the time permitted eating with hands. Most of the time a piece of bread was dipped into gravy or it was used as a table mat under a piece of meat. When they finished eating, the greasy bread was thrown to the dogs. Do you remember the little boy who stole a piece of meat from a dog?

The second element - dogs. Dogs were mainly used for hunting since this was the main sport and entertainment of the noble men. It trained people to fight in battles. Boys and girls alike were trained in this way. Dogs were bred at the courts just for hunting. They were very valuable and were imported to medieval Hungary from abroad. These animals were an integrated part of castle social life.

The third element - alcohol.  The brutal violent acts of the legend were caused by alcohol. The nobility mostly drank wine. However, wine drunk during feasts was not as strong as what we drink today as it was watered down. But it is a common fact that much alcohol was consumed. Even a century later when Beatrix of Aragon came to Upper Hungary she was shocked by the amount of alcohol consumption and by the horrible way in which the festivities were held. She had arrived from civilized Italy so she experienced a culture shock when she took part in the feasts at a Hungarian court for the first time.

Duke Stibor definitely had jesters at his court. However, we do not know whether one of them was named Becko. Nonetheless, despite being historically untrue, the legend depicts the founding of Beckov castle so vividly that almost everyone in Slovakia is familiar with it. "The Slovak Yorick is eternal, despite deviating from reality".

Gallery

Photos of the castle

Arts

See also
List of castles in Slovakia

References

External links

Beckov at Castles.sk

Castles in Slovakia
Ruined castles in Slovakia
Buildings and structures in Trenčín Region


Chung Tao Yang, or Chung-Tao Yang, Yang Zhongdao () (May 4, 1923 – 2005), was a notable Chinese American topologist. He was an academician of the Academia Sinica and served as the chair of the Department of Mathematics, University of Pennsylvania.

Life

Born in Pingyang County, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, he graduated from Wenzhou Middle School in 1942. He graduated from Zhejiang University in 1946 and his main academic advisor was Su Buqing. From 1946 to 1948 he was an assistant in the Department of Mathematics, Zhejiang University. From 1949 to 1950 he was a lecturer at National Taiwan University. During this time he was an assistant and later a researcher in the Institute of Mathematics, Academia Sinica.

Yang went to the United States and obtained his Ph.D. from Tulane University in 1952. From 1952 to 1954, he taught at the University of Illinois, and from 1954 to 1956, he was a visiting member at the Institute for Advanced Study, where he began a lifelong collaboration with Deane Montgomery. In 1956 he became an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania. He was promoted to associate professor two years later and professor in 1961. He served as chair of the department from 1978 through 1983. He retired and became professor emeritus in 1991.

Yang was elected in 1968 to the Academia Sinica. From 1992 to 2004 he was an advisor for the Institute of Mathematics, Academia Sinica.

Research

Yang's earliest research focused on finite projective geometry.

Yang worked mainly in differential topology (especially group actions on manifolds) and published numerous papers in this field, many in collaboration with Deane Montgomery.

His best known work was on the Blaschke conjecture. His theorem, combined with the results of others, established the conjecture for spheres.

References

External links
 The Mathematics Genealogy Project - Chung-Tao Yang (English)
 Our Mathematical Ancestors (October 1999) (English)
 Institute of Mathematics, Academia Sinica, Yang's contributions to topology (Chinese & English)
 Obituary from Department of Mathematics University of Pennsylvania

1923 births
2005 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Taiwanese emigrants to the United States
Zhejiang University alumni
Members of Academia Sinica
Topologists
Chinese emigrants to Taiwan


Bertram Arthur "Jimmy" James, MC, RAF (17 April 1915 – 18 January 2008) was a British survivor of The Great Escape. He was an officer of the Royal Air Force, ultimately reaching (some years after the Great Escape) the rank of Squadron Leader.

Early life
James was born in India, the son of a tea-planter, Herbert Mark James (son of Canon Mark James) and his wife Elizabeth Isabella Loosemore. James was educated at The King's School, Canterbury. Returning to London following his mother's death, James and his father started a tea importing business that suffered from the 1930s economic downturn and ultimately failed. Soon after, his father died of pneumonia which left Jimmy alone. Recalling that he had relatives in the United States, he worked his passage on a coal ship across the Atlantic, often acting as pilot due to the drunken nature of the crew. Upon arrival, he soon realised that his relatives were also suffering due to the Great Depression that was sweeping across the US. He thus decided to head north. With little more than the clothes he wore, Jimmy rode the cattle cars across the plains of middle America. This journey left a deep and enduring impact upon the young Jimmy and, after hooking up with a small band of hobos, he learnt to live as an itinerant. Eventually, Jimmy arrived in Canada, again to meet up with cousins. Work was scarce, but he managed to find a job acting as a security guard in a local bank. "They gave me a gun and told me to watch the door. If anyone came through it, I was to shoot them", Jimmy recalled to his great friend, Howard Tuck. He worked in British Columbia from 1934 until volunteering for pilot training with the RAF in 1939 after seeing a recruiting poster in Vancouver. Taking another ship back to the UK, Jimmy soon found himself at the Air Force selection board in London before heading off for IOT (initial officer training).

Military career
James was initially commissioned as an acting pilot officer, and was promoted to pilot officer (on probation) on 9 December 1939. That rank was confirmed on 28 February 1941 (back-dated to 1 May 1940) when he was also promoted to war substantive flying officer with effect from 9 December 1940.

James was posted to No. 9 Squadron RAF at RAF Honington in April 1940 after completing his flying training. He was a second pilot of a Wellington bomber when he was shot down over the Netherlands on 5 June 1940 and he was then taken prisoner.

Prisoner of war

Following initial interrogation, James and a small band of others were taken to Berlin and paraded through the capital. "It was a rather ghastly affair really. They weren't hostile, as the bombing hadn't really started, but we were rather curious to them, I suppose". From Berlin, James was moved to the notoriously bleak Stalag Luft I at Barth on the northern coast of Germany. The camp was still under construction at this stage of the war and the reality was that the Germans were only slowly coming to terms with POWs. Within a matter of days, Jimmy and W/Cdr John 'Death' Shore were planning an escape - the route was to be via the camp incinerator. Digging a highly audacious tunnel, John Shore managed to clear the wire and escape, whilst Jimmy was caught in the act and sent directly to the cooler.

Over the next five years, he made thirteen efforts to escape from various prisons and camps, including Stalag Luft III, the site in March 1944 of the so-called Great Escape. A central figure in the story of the Great Escape, Jimmy James, together with Peter Fanshawe, was largely responsible for depositing the soil from Tunnel Harry under seat 13 in the camp theatre (built by prisoners). On the night of the escape, 24 March 1944, James and his partner, Pilot Officer Sotirios (Nick) Skantzikas, were disguised as Yugoslav workers trying to get home. Known as the 'hardarsers' group, they and others made their way south from the camp to the tiny rail stop at Tschiebsdorf (now Trzebów) about 8 km south of Sagan. After a treacherous night of walking through deep snow to reach Hirschberg, James and Skantzikas eventually found their way to Hirschberg West station and, attempting to purchase a ticket south, the two were arrested by the Criminal Police (Kripo) and taken to the Gestapo HQ in the town. Following a transfer to the local prison, Skanzikas was taken out to be shot, whilst James remained in his cell totally unaware of why he was saved from execution.

In Berlin, SS-Gruppenführer Nebe was ordered by Heinrich Müller, Chief of the Gestapo, to select and kill fifty of the seventy-three recaptured prisoners in what became known as the "Stalag Luft III murders". Fifty were then executed, James being one of a handful sent instead to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. On 23 September 1944, James escaped from Sachsenhausen, accompanied by Jack Churchill, Harry Day, Johnnie Dodge and Sydney Dowse using small cutlery knives to dig an escape tunnel over 110 metres long. On the run for several weeks, he was finally arrested in Pomerania before being transferred back to solitary confinement in Sachsenhausen. James's cell was tiny, just enough to stand up and stretch. For over 4 months Jimmy James suffered daily harassment from the guards, mock executions and, of course, virtually no food. As the Red Army was approaching, the SS decided to move the Prominenten prisoners further south, possibly to act as a bargaining chip with the Allies - though this has never been confirmed. Following a torturous journey via Dachau and Flossenbürg concentration camps, James and other Prominenten were moved to the South Tyrol where they were eventually liberated by partisans and US Army troops in May 1945.

Awards

At the end of the war he was awarded the Military Cross (MC) and Mentioned in Despatches for his repeated escape attempts.  The citation for his MC was published in a supplement to the London Gazette of 14 May 1946 (dated 17 May 1946) and read:

Post-war RAF career
After the war, James was initially transferred to the reserve, but retained on active service, but was later granted a regular commission in the RAF (though in a non-flying role). On 9 December 1952, he transferred to the RAF Regiment, and retired as a squadron leader on 11 June 1958.

Later life
James married shortly after the war to a nurse, Madge, he met in an Officers Club at Vlotho in Germany. Their honeymoon was in itself a remarkable journey as they drove to the far tip of Norway in a former German Army VW Beetle.

After a period working for the Intelligence Services in Berlin, Jimmy returned to the UK and was subsequently made General Secretary of the Great Britain-USSR Association, sponsored by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, until joining the Diplomatic Service in 1964. He subsequently held posts in Africa, Western and Eastern Europe and London. After retiring in 1975, he visited Sachsenhausen with Jack Churchill and other survivors of the camp. In 2008, James and historian Howard Tuck pioneered a project to build a replica barrack at the former site of Stalag Luft 3 in Poland (formerly part of Germany). James was also a well known public speaker, touring the country and overseas to recount his wartime experiences. As a stalwart of the RAF Ex-Prisoners of War Association, James was a regular visitor to RAF Stations where he would host presentations and talk to all ranks about the lessons of captivity. He served as the British representative on the International Sachsenhausen Committee until shortly before his death at the age of 92 at the Royal Shrewsbury Hospital on 18 January 2008.

His funeral was held at St Peter's Catholic Church, Ludlow on 31 January 2008.  A party of RAF Regiment gunners from RAF Honington served as pallbearers. Other personnel from the Defence College of Aeronautical Engineering at Cosford were also present, as was Air Commodore Bob McAlpine, a former CO of No. 9 Squadron.  Hundreds of local people from Ludlow lined the procession route to pay their respects to the great war hero as four Tornado GR4s of 9 Squadron (Jimmy's former squadron) performed a flypast in the missing man formation. Jimmy James wrote an excellent account of his time as a prisoner of war in his book, "Moonless Night".

Bibliography

References

External links
BBC - 'Great Escape' war veteran dies
BBC - Escape veteran was 'true legend'
BBC - RAF veteran visits Nazi war camp
BBC - Hitler ordered 'Great Escape' massacre
Obituary in The Times, 19 January 2008
'Moonless Night' by Squadron Leader Jimmy James

1915 births
2008 deaths
Royal Air Force officers
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
British World War II pilots
British World War II bomber pilots
British World War II prisoners of war
World War II prisoners of war held by Germany
British escapees
Participants in the Great Escape from Stalag Luft III
People educated at The King's School, Canterbury
Recipients of the Military Cross
British diplomats
Sachsenhausen concentration camp survivors
Dachau concentration camp survivors
Flossenbürg concentration camp survivors
British people in colonial India


The Rainbow Warrior Case was a dispute between New Zealand and France that arose in the aftermath of the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior. It was arbitrated by UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar in 1986, and became significant in the subject of public international law for its implications on state responsibility.

Background
On 10 July 1985, an undercover operation conducted by the French military
security service (DGSE) sank the Dutch-registered Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior berthed in Auckland Harbour, killing a Portuguese photographer, Fernando Pereira. The Greenpeace ship was planning to disrupt French nuclear tests on the islands of French Polynesia. New Zealand subsequently caught and convicted two members of the French secret forces.

Legal consequences
After a series of diplomatic confrontations between France and New Zealand pertaining primarily to issues of compensation and the treatment of the apprehended agents, both governments decided to have their differences arbitrated by a tribunal chaired by then Secretary-General of the UN, Javier Pérez de Cuéllar. His binding ruling was pronounced on 6 July 1986.

The case

Even though the actions of the French state were not a threat to "international peace and security" as held by the UN Charter due to their limited objectives and impact, they were widely held to be acts of international delinquency comprising breach of sovereignty and espionage (though peacetime espionage is not covered by international law). The French memorandum to the secretary general argued that Greenpeace was engaging in "hostile actions" and "illegal penetration" of French territory around the test site and New Zealand acted as a platform for those actions. These arguments were rejected as not fulfilling any of the criteria of international law pertaining to the use of force.

State responsibility
In such cases where a state sends its agents abroad to commit acts which are illegal under international or municipal law of the target country, it is customary for the state to take responsibility for the act and issue compensation. However its agents are usually granted immunity from local courts. In this case however, New Zealand managed to call out the French state under international law and try its agents under its own municipal law.

France sought to rely on the doctrine of force majeure in that the medical grounds used to repatriate the agents was unforeseen and beyond its control, thus the treaty's obligation for detention would be impossible. The Arbitration Panel rejected the use of force majeure; while repatriation was justified, the performance of France's obligations under the treaty was not yet rendered impossible.

The ruling
France, having admitted responsibility, focused its efforts on the repatriation of its servicemen. This was agreed to by New Zealand on the condition that they would serve out the rest of their sentences. A compromise was reached by the mediation of the UN secretary general to three-year sentences on the French atoll of Hao (at a French naval base). France ultimately returned both agents to mainland France and freed them by May 1988, after less than two years on the atoll.

In terms of reparations, France initially offered an official apology and acknowledgement of breach of international law. Additionally, the UN secretary-general awarded New Zealand US$6.5 million and a further NZ$3.5 million to establish the New Zealand / France Friendship Fund. This is in addition to compensation which France paid to Pereira's family and to Greenpeace (settled privately).

Consequences
The Rainbow Warrior case bolsters the notion that there is a doctrine of non-intervention in international law and that states will be punished for contravening it. It is also an interesting study of state responsibility, individual responsibility, use of force and reparations. Its consideration for international law is slightly hampered by the fact that it was decided by a single individual (the UN secretary general) as a special Tribunal not internationally established. This is because there existed jurisdictional obstacles for an application to the International Court of Justice by New Zealand, most importantly of which was that France did not (and still does not) recognise the jurisdiction of the Court as compulsory.

References

Sources
 Michael Pugh: "Legal Aspects of the Rainbow Warrior Affair", The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 36, No. 3. (Jul., 1987), pp. 655–669,
Rainbow Warrior (NEW ZEALAND v. FRANCE) France-New Zealand Arbitration Tribunal. 30 April 1990

1986 in case law
Arbitration cases
Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior
1986 in international relations
1986 in France
1986 in New Zealand
International law


The 1 kroon (1 EEK) is the smallest valued banknote of the Estonian kroon, the former currency of Estonia. Kristjan Raud (1865–1943), an Estonian painter, teacher, and cultural historian, is featured with a portrait on the obverse. A view of Toompea Castle in Tallinn appears on the reverse.

The 1 kroon was only issued once and had been steadily going out of circulation since a coin of the same value was also issued. At the time of replacement by the euro, it was very rarely found in use on an everyday basis.  It can be exchanged indefinitely at the currency museum of Eesti Pank for €0.06.

History of the banknote
 1992: first and only series issued by the Bank of Estonia
 2011: withdrawn from circulation and replaced by the euro

Security features
Source:
 1992
On the right-hand side of the banknote is a watermark depicting the Tall Hermann Tower of Toompea Castle.
The paper of the banknotes contains security fibres of different colour.
Each note contains a security strip.
Each banknote has a seven-digit serial number printed in black.

See also
 Estonian kroon
 Bank of Estonia
 Economy of Estonia

References

External links

Currencies of Estonia
One-base-unit banknotes


Marley is a scattered hamlet in the civil parish of Kingston, in the county of Kent, England. The hamlet is on a minor road about  southwest from the parish village of Kingston, and 1 mile west from the village of Barham in the adjacent parish.

Before and after the Norman Conquest, it was also home to the family seat of the Wootton family.

Hamlets in Kent
City of Canterbury


Gemelli DiVersi is an Italian hip hop group, best known for their hit single Mary.

Biography
Gemelli DiVersi formed in 1997 in Milan when two Italian rap crews, La Cricca and Rima Nel Cuore, merged. Their first single was 1998's "Un attimo ancora", rapped over a sample of Pooh's "Dammi solo un minuto". The song and the accompanying album were hits in Italy, and the group subsequently made an appearance in a Coca-Cola commercial. 4x4, their sophomore release, followed in 2000, and the group toured with Eros Ramazzotti.

In 2002, they returned with the album Fuego and the single "Mary", which became a massive hit in Italy, charting for eight months. In 2003, the group was named Best Italian Act at the MTV Europe Music Awards. They appeared at Live 8 in Italy in 2005 and starred in their own MTV Italy show called Pimp My Wheels, based on Pimp My Ride. In 2007 they released the album Boom! and in 2009 they released Senza fine 98–09 – The Greatest Hits, featuring all their singles along with four new songs.

Members

Current members
Francesco Stranges (Strano) - vocals
Emanuele Busnaghi (Thema) - rapping

Past members
Luca Paolo Aleotti (Grido)
Alessandro Merli (THG)

Discography
Gemelli DiVersi (1998)
4x4 (2000)
Come piace a me (2001)
Fuego (2002)
Fuego Special Edition (2xCD) (2003)
Reality Show (2004)
Boom! (2007)
Senza fine '98–'09 (2009; ITA: Gold)
Tutto da capo (2012)
Uppercut (2016)

References
[ Gemelli DiVersi] at AllMusic

Italian hip hop groups
Hip hop groups from Milan
Musical groups from Milan
Italian rappers
MTV Europe Music Award winners


Arnel Pineda is the first studio album by vocalist Arnel Pineda, several years before he became the lead singer of Journey (former lead singer of The Zoo).  Released in 1999 on the Warner Bros. record label, the album was a success in the Philippines where two singles achieved radio play: "Iiyak Ka Rin" and "Sayang". The album was re-released on iTunes for download (catalog no. 398429923-4).

Track listing
"Sayang" ("What A Waste") (Cajipe, Monet) - 4:48
"Bitin" ("Not Enough") (Cajipe, Monet) - 4:36
"Iiyak Ka Rin" ("You Too Will Cry") (Pineda, Arnel) - 4:29
"You're The One" (Cajipe, Monet) - 5:07
"Free Bird" (Pineda, Arnel) - 4:16
"Mi Vida, Mi Amor" ("My Life, My Love") (Pineda, Arnel) - 4:10
"For My Own Good" (Pineda, Arnel) - 3:45
"Isa Pang Pagkakataon" ("One More Chance") (Sanchez, Kedy) - 3:59
"It's Over" (Cajipe, Monet) - 4:48
"Problema" ("Problem") (Cajipe, Monet) - 3:11

Personnel
 Arnel Pineda: Lead vocals, vocal arrangement
 Johnny Castaneda: Guitar
 Kedy Sanchez: Guitar, producer, vocal arrangement
 Michael Alba: Drums
 Dean Arriola: Artist direction
 Don Manalang: Engineer
 Nikki Cunanan: Engineer
 Jerry Joanino: Engineer
 Isaias Nalasa: Arranger
 Reuben Laurente: Vocal arrangement
 Ricky Ilacad: Executive Producer

References

1999 debut albums
Arnel Pineda albums


The  Detroit Lions season was the franchise's 75th season in the National Football League (NFL).

The team began attempting to improve on their 5–11 record from 2003, they improved to 6–10 that season but, the Lions couldn't make the playoffs for a sixth consecutive season. In week 1, the Lions defeated the Chicago Bears in Chicago, 20–16, to snap a 24-game road losing streak, which was the longest road losing streak in franchise history. It was the first road win for the Lions under Matt Millen. The Lions would defeat the Houston Texans the next week, 28–16, to start the season 2–0. In week 7, the Lions defeated the New York Giants 28–13 on the road to begin the season 4–2, while going 3–0 on the road during that span.

However, in the following weeks, the Lions played poorly, as they would lose 5 straight games to sit at 4–7. The Lions would then defeat the Arizona Cardinals 26–12 the following week. However, the week after that, the Lions were eliminated from the playoffs after they lost to the Packers 16–13 in Green Bay. The Lions would only win 1 more game the rest of the season, as they defeated the Bears in week 16, 19–13 at home. The Lions sweep over the Bears during the season would be one of 2 times during the Matt Millen era that saw the Lions sweep a divisional opponent. They also did this against the Bears in 2007. The Lions had a non-last place finish in the NFC North for the first time since the division was founded.

Offseason
During the offseason, the Lions signed former New England Patriots guard Damien Woody and former Jacksonville Jaguars cornerback Fernando Bryant.

Draft

Staff

Final roster

Regular season

Schedule
In addition to their regular games with NFC North divisional rivals, the Lions played teams from the NFC East and AFC South according to the NFL's schedule rotation, and also played games against the Atlanta Falcons and the Arizona Cardinals, who had finished fourth in their respective divisions in 2003.

Game summaries

Week 1

Standings

References

External links
 2004 Detroit Lions at Pro-Football-Reference.com

Detroit
Detroit Lions seasons
Detroit Lions


Luigi (Alvise) Giusti (Venice, 1709 – Vienna, 1766) was an Italian lawyer, poet, and librettist.

He is often confused with his uncle, Girolamo Giusti (1703 – ?), who also wrote libretti. Between them, they produced at least four, although it has been unclear which Giusti wrote which libretto, and sometimes they have wrongly been assumed to be the same person. In the past, the libretto for Vivaldi's 1733 opera Motezuma had been attributed to Girolamo on the basis of a later archivist handwriting the name on a printed copy.  However, according to Michael Talbot writing in The Vivaldi Compendium, "the scholarly consensus is that Alvise is at least the author of the libretto for Vivaldi's Motezuma."

References

1709 births
1766 deaths
18th-century Venetian writers
Italian opera librettists
18th-century Italian male writers
Italian male dramatists and playwrights


St. Clair McKelway (February 13, 1905 – January 10, 1980) was a writer and editor for The New Yorker magazine beginning in 1933.

Childhood
McKelway was born in Charlotte, North Carolina, to Alexander McKelway, a Presbyterian minister, journalist, and child labor reformer, and Lavinia Rutherford Smith.  In 1909 the senior McKelway took a job with the National Child Labor Committee (NCLC) and moved the family to Washington D.C.  McKelway grew up in the Georgetown neighborhood and attended Western High School (now Duke Ellington School of the Arts).

Career
He began his journalistic career at the Washington Herald before moving to New York City. He worked at the New York World and the New York Herald Tribune. While working at the New York Herald Tribune, he was described by Stanley Walker as, "One of the twelve best reporters in New York."

The New Yorker
McKelway came to The New Yorker at the behest of Harold Ross who "was looking to infuse the magazine with a jolt of gritty reportage." He served as a managing editor for journalistic contributions at The New Yorker from 1936 to 1939. While editor he hired E. J. Kahn Jr., Joseph Mitchell, Brendan Gill, Philip Hamburger and Margaret Case Harriman.  During World War II, he held public relations posts for the Army Air Force, leaving the service with the rank of lieutenant colonel.  After the war McKelway returned to The New Yorker and remained at the magazine for 47 years.  According to William Shawn, McKelway "was one of the handful of people who, together with Harold Ross, The New Yorkers founding editor, set the magazine on its course."

In 1950, he collected several of his pieces for The New Yorker in the book True Tales from the Annals of Crime & Rascality. One article from that collection was the basis for the 1950 movie Mister 880, starring Edmund Gwenn as a small-time counterfeiter of one dollar bills, who eluded the United States Secret Service for ten years, from 1938 to 1948. St. Clair McKelway also wrote screenplays for two other movies in 1948: Sleep, My Love, directed by Douglas Sirk, and The Mating of Millie, starring Glenn Ford and Evelyn Keyes. He published the book The Edinburgh Caper: A One-Man International Plot, based on a New Yorker article, in 1962.

In 2010, Bloomsbury USA published a paperback-original collection of 18 of McKelway's works, Reporting at Wit's End: Tales from the New Yorker (), with an appreciative introduction by Adam Gopnik of The New Yorker.

Personal life
McKelway was married five times, including to the writer Maeve Brennan.  His brother Benjamin Mosby McKelway was a reporter for The Washington Star.  He was also involved with Eileen McKenney.

St. Clair McKelway died at the DeWitt Nursing Home in Manhattan on January 10, 1980.

He should not be confused with his great-uncle, also named St. Clair McKelway, the editor of the Brooklyn Eagle.

Bibliography

Books
Gossip: The Life And Times Of Walter Winchell (1940)
True Tales from the Annals of Crime and Rascality (1951)
The Edinburgh Caper: A One-Man International Plot (1962)
The Big Little Man from Brooklyn (1969)
Reporting at Wit's End: Tales from The New Yorker (2010)

Articles
 Part 1 of a report on Ralph Marshall Wilby.
 Part 2 of a report on Ralph Marshall Wilby.

Essays
"An Affix for Birds," in A Subtreasury of American Humor, edited by E. B. White and Katharine S. White

References

American male journalists
The New Yorker editors
The New Yorker people
The New Yorker staff writers
New York Herald Tribune people
1905 births
1980 deaths
Writers from Charlotte, North Carolina
Journalists from Washington, D.C.
United States Army Air Forces personnel of World War II
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers
People from Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)
United States Army Air Forces officers
United States Army colonels


West Side Community Health Services (WSCHS) is a community health care organization based in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States, that serves the Twin Cities metropolitan area. It is Minnesota's largest community clinic organization, providing health care at 18 locations to some 35,000 patients.

WSCHS was founded in 1969 as People's Health Center, a group of volunteers who worked in a church basement to provide free health care services for Spanish-speaking residents of St. Paul's West Side. At first, they could work with only six or seven patients each day.

Today it focuses on providing care to low-income and immigrant groups. The United States Department of Health and Human Services provides significant financial support to the organization. The clinics also receive substantial funding from the state of Minnesota through the Medicaid program, although they have sometimes had trouble collecting the money from the state. Many of the patients served by the organization have no insurance at all, which poses a serious financial challenge.

In 2004, WSCHS began an affiliation with the Pfizer Sharing the Care program, which gives low-income patients access to prescription medications that they could not otherwise afford to buy.

See also
Community health centers in the United States
Federally Qualified Health Center
 Free clinic

References

External links
West Side Community Health Services

Non-profit organizations based in Minnesota
Organizations based in Saint Paul, Minnesota


"The Desperate Hours" is the second Christmas special of the BBC sitcom Porridge. It first aired on 24 December 1976. In this episode, Fletcher and Godber are in trouble for brewing liquor in the lead-up to Christmas, but are caught up in a hostage situation in the Governor's office. It was the only episode of Porridge to air in 1976.

Synopsis
It is nearly time for Christmas, and Fletcher has been making wine for the prisoners of Slade Prison. The Governor, who is strictly teetotal, has a zero tolerance on illicit drinking in Slade Prison. After Mr Barrowclough fails to discover alcohol in Fletcher and Godber's cell, Fletcher reveals to Godber that he hid the booze in their metal bedpost. Unfortunately, Mr Mackay catches them in the act, and takes them to see the Governor.

It turns out that the Governor is feeling ill with an upset stomach, and has to keep running to the toilet. Urwin, the new trusty, comes in with the Governor's cup of tea. As the Governor is making another visit to the toilet, Urwin reveals his plan. He produces a gun and takes Barrowclough and the Governor's secretary, Mrs Jamieson, hostage.

Urwin makes Mackay leave and forces Barrowclough to phone the nearest RAF base to demand a helicopter and £10,000 in used notes. Word soon gets out about the kidnapping; however, Fletcher and Godber are also implicated in it. Mackay arrives with several cups of coffee, which Urwin accepts. One of these cups is drugged, and intended to knock out Urwin, but Barrowclough messes up the procedure and Fletcher drinks it instead and falls asleep.

While Fletcher is fast asleep, it is revealed that Barrowclough has been having an affair with Mrs Jamieson. Upon waking up, Fletcher requests to look at Urwin's file. It turns out that he has been recommended for psychiatric treatment several times before, but has been turned down. Fletcher persuades Urwin to give him the gun and to give himself up. Godber is amazed at Fletcher's bravery, but Fletcher knew the gun was a fake as he saw Urwin make it in the hobby shop. Fletcher fires the gun in the air to prove his point, and the shot hits the ceiling, showering them with plaster, meaning that the gun was in fact loaded. Luckily, no one is hurt.

Later, Barrowclough visits Fletcher and informs him that Urwin is now receiving psychiatric treatment like he requested. Also, the charges against Fletcher and Godber of brewing the illegal alcohol have been dropped. Barrowclough asks Fletcher to forget about the affair between him and Mrs Jamieson. Fletcher points out that he was asleep during this revelation, but then calls Barrowclough "Henry", revealing that he was not entirely unconscious and had heard the conversation.

Episode cast

References

Porridge (1974 TV series) episodes
British Christmas television episodes
1976 British television episodes


Xavier Joseph Haegy (December 2, 1870, Hirsingue – May 11, 1932) was an Alsatian priest, journalist and politician. A staunch proponent of Alsatian regionalism, Haegy was major media proprietor in Alsace and was elected deputy of the Zentrumspartei in 1913–18.

Life
Born in Hirsingue, he was the sworn enemy of the abbé Wetterlé and was an ardent Francophobe of peasant origin who was more at ease speaking with peasants than in the salons of Strasbourg.  As a result, he had a great deal of popular success while at the same time remaining limited in his appeal to the bourgeoisie of Alsace.  Stubborn on the point of dogma, he was nevertheless fairly liberal on social matters and attempted to promote  Catholic syndicalism.  He died in Colmar.

References

1870 births
1932 deaths
People from Haut-Rhin
19th-century French Roman Catholic priests
Centre Party (Germany) politicians
Members of the Reichstag of the German Empire
Politicians of the French Third Republic
French journalists
French male non-fiction writers


Eddie "Dynamite" James (September 30, 1907 – December 26, 1958) was a running back for the Regina Roughriders and the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League.  James was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1963 and into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum in 2004. The Eddie James Memorial Trophy is named after him. His son Gerry James also played for the Blue Bombers and also is inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame.

References

Canadian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Players of Canadian football from Manitoba
Canadian football people from Winnipeg
Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame inductees
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players
1907 births
1958 deaths


Sandro Paternostro (9 August 1922 – 23 July 2000) was an Italian journalist and television presenter.

Biography
Born in Palermo, Paternostro began writing for Palermo’s newspaper L'Ora after the war, and then went on to write for other mainstream newspapers before moving to radio in the early 1950s.

He then went on to become the foreign correspondent, from numerous capitals of the world, for the Telegiornale Rai–Italian Television's national news. In the 60’s he reported from Bonn, the former capital of West Germany, where he also met and married his first wife Karin. He then went on to Peking during the years of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in China, and he recounted his experiences with great irony in his celebrated book called Qui Pechino in 1971.

He continued his work as foreign correspondent for RAI in London, where he reported the news with great professionalism and accuracy, but always with an ironic remark which made him one of the most popular and well loved journalists of his era together with Ruggero Orlando. With this irony he was also famed for his quirky trademarks, such as wearing distinctive British garments, and very fashionable ties and his slicked back jet black dyed hair, which brought about many televised impersonations.

After 37 years he retired as a journalist for RAI. He continued to write regularly for Il Corriere Della Sera and Il Giorno, national Italian broadsheet newspapers. In 1988 from Visnews in London, he launched his own daily international news bulletin called Teledomani, broadcast on the TV Italia circuit. Teledomani is one of the first daily international news bulletin programmes to be broadcast via satellite. The programme was not only an editorial experiment, but also a technical one coordinated by Sal Sparace (one of the current technical directors of Sky TV London). Paternostro had a comeback as a television personality with Piero Chiambretti on Raitre in programmes such as Prove Techniche di Trasmissione (1989) and Servizi Segreti (1993). The most popular programme of this period was Diritto di Replica (1991) with Fabio Fazio, Oreste De Fornari, Stefano Magagnoli and Enrico Magrelli in which reports and interviews were shown on controversial current affair issues and the programme always concluded with an interview with a section of quick fired direct questions.

At 76 he married Carmen Di Pietro, 40 years his junior creating a stir amongst the tabloid press.

In his remaining years, due to ill health he returned to London and lived with his two children Roberto and Sandra. He died in London in the summer of 2000.

Published works

Books
 Ridi Milena c’e’ L’Arcobalena 1942
 Il Vento in Faccia
 Qui Pecchino vi Parla Sandro Paternostro 1971
 La Cina di Mao 1972

Films
 Paparazzi 1998
 Io so che tu sai che io so 1982
 Quando finiranno le zanzare 1994
 Linda e il brigadiere –la bellezza dell’asino 1997

Sources
 http://www.raiuno.rai.it/vgn-ext-templating/raiuno/index.jsp?

1922 births
2000 deaths
Journalists from Palermo
Italian male journalists
Mass media people from Palermo
Italian television presenters
Italian radio presenters
20th-century Italian journalists
20th-century Italian male writers


Li Huaiyuan () (died 706), courtesy name Guangde (), formally Duke Cheng of Zhao Commandery (), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou dynasty, serving twice as chancellor during the reigns of Wu Zetian and her son Emperor Zhongzong.

Background
It is not known when Li Huaiyuan was born, but it is known that he was from Xing Prefecture (邢州, roughly modern Xingtai, Hebei).  He lost his parents early in his life and was poor but was diligent in his studies and capable in literary matters. There was a clansman of his who had high status who wished to adopt him so that he could receive the benefit of that high status when seeking to advance in civil service, but Li Huaiyuan declined, believing doing so would be dishonorable.  He eventually passed the imperial examination and entered civil service and was eventually promoted to be the deputy minister of ceremonies (司禮少卿, Sili Shaoqing).

During Wu Zetian's reign
Li Huaiyuan was later commissioned to be the prefect of Xing Prefecture but declined it on account that it was inappropriate for him to govern his home prefecture and was instead made the prefect of Ji Prefecture (冀州, roughly modern Hengshui, Hebei).  He later successively served as secretary general at Yang Prefecture (揚州, roughly modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu) and Yi Prefecture (益州, roughly modern Chengdu, Sichuan), eventually serving as the prefect of Tong Prefecture (同州, roughly modern Weinan, Shaanxi).  He was said to be a simple and efficient prefect.  At some point, he was recalled to the central government to serve as an advisor to the Crown Prince, then as a senior advisor at the examination bureau of government (鸞臺, Luantai), then the deputy minister of rites (春官侍郎, Chunguan Shilang), and then as Luantai Shilang (), the deputy head of the examination bureau.  In 701, during the reign of Wu Zetian, Li Huaiyuan was still serving as Luantai Shilang, when he was given the designation Tong Fengge Luantai Pingzhangshi (), making him a chancellor de facto.  Five months later, he was made the minister of justice (秋官尚書, Qiuguan Shangshu), no longer a chancellor.  He was also created the Baron of Pingxiang, made an advisor to the Crown Prince Li Xian, and given the honorific title Yinqing Guanglu Daifu ().  In 704, he requested retirement, and Wu Zetian removed him from his offices except as an advisor to Li Xian.

During Emperor Zhongzong's reign
In 705, Wu Zetian was overthrown in a coup, and Li Xian, formerly emperor, was restored to the throne (as Emperor Zhongzong).  He recalled Li Huaiyuan to serve as a senior advisor at the examination bureau and gave him the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin (), again making him chancellor.  He also created Li Huaiyuan the Duke of Zhao Commandery and gave him the honorific title Jinzi Guanglu Daifu ().  In 706, Li Huaiyuan retired again, although when Emperor Zhongzong soon departed the eastern capital Luoyang to return to the capital Chang'an, he put Li Huaiyuan in charge of Luoyang.  It was said that while Li Huaiyuan was greatly honored, he lived a simple and frugal life.  He did not build mansions and did not enlarge his garden.  He often rode a small horse, and when his fellow chancellor Doulu Qinwang asked him, "You, Duke, are greatly honored.  Why not buy a handsome horse?"  Li Huaiyuan responded, "I value a horse by its tameness, not by its handsomeness."  Li Huaiyuan died in fall 706 and was buried with honor, with Emperor Zhongzong personally writing his eulogy.

Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 90.
 New Book of Tang, vol. 116.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 207, 208.

Chancellors under Wu Zetian
Chancellors under Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
706 deaths
Politicians from Xingtai
Year of birth unknown


Henry Handley Vully de Candole (HHVdeC) (1895–1971) was Bishop of Knaresborough from 1949 to 1965.

Background
HHVdeC was born on 25 May 1895 into a clerical family – his father was the Ven. Henry Lawe Corry Vully de Candole, who had two brothers:-
 The Rev. Armar Corry Vully de Candole (13 June 1869 – Q4, 1941), who was married on 19 December 1897 in Paris to Edith Hodgson.
 The Rev. James Alexander Corry Vully de Candole (25 May 1871 in Kensington – 3 May 1917 at Ipswich) who was married on 8 August 1900 at Motherwell, Scotland to Mary Paterson (born 8 August 1876).

HHVdeC's mother was Helen (Edith) Thompson (1860–1930), the daughter of Sir Henry Thompson, 1st Baronet

HHVdeC's was a grandson of Henry Sundius Vully de Candole (25 June 1841 at Bierlow, Yorks – May 1877 at Barton Regis, Glocs) and his wife Emily Roe Lawe (born in India in 1843; died in London in March 1899).

His only sibling was Alexander Corry de Candole, the "War Poet" (born 26 January 1897 at Cheltenham, k.i.a. Bonningues, 3 September 1918) see "A Deep Cry"

Education
HHVdeC was educated at Marlborough College and King's College, Cambridge. In 1920 he studied for ordination at Westcott House, Cambridge before returning to his old school as Assistant Chaplain.

Career
From 1920 until 1926 he was Resident Chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury, followed by a curacy in Newcastle upon Tyne.

After two years as Chaplain at Peterhouse, Cambridge de Candole served in a variety of posts within the Diocese of Chichester between 1937 and 1949. He took charge of Wiston Church, Sussex in 1939–40, while the rector was absent on Army service and was Vicar of Henfield from 1940 to 1949. In 1949 he was appointed Suffragan Bishop of Knaresborough where he combined pastoral duties with service to the “Parish and People” movement.

A prolific author (see Bibliography below) and a passionate Liturgist he died on 16 June 1971. He bequeathed his considerable diaries to the nation.  They are currently held at Lambeth Palace Library, and a distillation of these has been published.

Family
In Q2, 1937 in Scarborough, he married Frances Sophia Cornwall (born Monmouth, Q4, 1896). They had known each other and corresponded for more than 20 years, but she had been a missionary in Africa.  They had no children.

Bibliography
 "The Church's Offering: A Brief Study of Eucharistic Worship", 1935
 "The Sacraments and the Church: A study in the corporate nature of Christianity", 1935
 "The Church's Prayers", 1939
 "The Story of Henfield", 1947
 "Prayers of The World-Wide Church", 1947
 "Lent with the Church", 1952
 "The Christian Use of the Psalms", 1955
 "Headings for the Lessons: For Sundays and Principal Holy Days in The Table of Lessons", 1959
 "Helps to preaching at the Parish Communion", 1961
 "Re-Shaping the Liturgy" with Arthur Couratin 1964
 "Headings for the Lessons" with David John Cooke, 1966
 "Being the Church Today: A Collection of Sermons and Addresses", 1974 (posthumously)

Notes

1895 births
1971 deaths
People educated at Marlborough College
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Bishops of Knaresborough
Alumni of Westcott House, Cambridge
People from Henfield


A chandlery ( or ) was originally the office in a wealthy medieval household responsible for wax and candles, as well as the room in which the candles were kept. It could be headed by a chandler. The office was subordinated to the kitchen, and only existed as a separate office in larger households.

Whether a separate office or not, the function was naturally an important one, in a time before electric light, and when production of candles was often done privately. It was closely connected with other offices of the household, such as the ewery and the scullery. While this usage is obsolete today, the term can refer to a candle business. The current meaning of "chandler" is a person who sells candles.

By the 18th century, most commercial chandlers dealt in candles, oils, soap, and even paint. As these provided ships' stores, chandlery came to refer to a shop selling nautical items for ships and boats, although for a time they were called ship-chandleries to distinguish them. Americans used the term chandlery for these ship-chandleries, but tended to prefer the term chandler's shop.  Both terms are still in use.

The job function and title, chandler, still exists as someone who works in the chandlery business or manages a chandler's shop. The term chandelier, at one time a ceiling fixture that held a number of candles, is still used. However, today chandeliers are usually based on electrical lighting.

See also
 History of candle making

Notes

External links

Medieval occupations
Candles


Margot Eskens (12 August 1936 – 29 July 2022) was a German Schlager singer, most popular in the 1950s and 1960s. In 1956 and 1957 she had two #1 hits, "Tiritomba" (which sold over 800,000 copies) and "Cindy, oh Cindy", which was her biggest hit, which stayed for 25 weeks in the German Singles Top 10. Several duets with , the brother of Caterina Valente, also ensued.

Eskens collaborated with producer/songwriter Kurt Feltz until 1961. She participated in the Deutscher Schlager-Festspiele in 1962, winning third place behind Conny Froboess and Siw Malmkvist. In 1966, she represented Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest and won tenth place.

At the end of the 1980s she began to record more traditional "Schlagermusik" like her album Mein Traumland am Wörthersee (1990). She continued to be a frequent guest on television programs into the 2000s.

Early career
Eskens was born in Düren on 12 August 1936. Margot Esken's father Karl Eskens was already a solo entertainer, who introduced her to the music business and the entertainment industry at an early age. In 1954, while working as a dental assistant, Eskens won a Polydor Records talent competition with the song "Moulin Rouge". A contract with Polydor followed, and as early as October 1955 she
had her first hit in Germany with "Ich möcht' heut' ausgehn" ("I Would Like To Go Out Today). In the years 1956 and 1957 she had number one hits with "Tiritomba", which sold over 800,000 copies, and "Cindy, oh Cindy". Several duets with Silvio Francesco were also well received by the audience. The record of the two with the title Mondschein-Partie sold most frequently in 1959. But she also recorded popular titles with René Carol, Willy Hagara, Udo Jürgens , Will Brandes and Peter Alexander.

The Krefeld producer and lyricist Kurt Feltz, with whom Eskens worked until 1961, was responsible for this success. The new team of producers under Hans Bertram was not able to build on that, but in 1962 the song Ein Herz, das kann man nicht essen achieved considerable success again. With this title, Polydor sent Margot Eskens to the German Schlager Festival in 1962. There she finished third behind Conny Froboess and Siw Malmkvist.

In 1963, Heidi Brühl was nominated directly for the Eurovision Song Contest with the title Marcel . But since she had health problems which curtailed her participation, Margot Eskens also recorded the song in order to understudy in for Brühl if necessary. In 1964, Eskens took part again at the German Schlager Festival in Baden-Baden with the hit Eine Reise in the past, reaching sixth place and finishing 10th out of the 18 participants.

In the meantime she reached number eight in the charts with Mama in 1964. In the following years she was no longer one of the current hit stars. The change to the record companies CBS and Columbia was unsuccessful, and she withdrew from the popular recording business.

Comeback and other work
After losing DM100,000 when the Herstatt Bank collapsed in 1974, she attempted a comeback.

This resulted in the release of the singles Life is Beautiful (1975) and Don't Think About Tomorrow (1977). Eskens didn't hit the charts with later singles and albums, but she still made appearances on stage and on television until the early 2010s.

Margot Eskens has appeared in numerous television shows and several films. She was married to her manager Karl-Heinz Münchow (1922-2011), with whom she lived for a long time on Lake Wörthersee. After the death of her husband, she withdrew from public life. She was diagnosed with dementia in 2013 and lived in a nursing home until her death.

Eskens died in 2022 just days before her 86th birthday. She was buried in Cologne's Melaten Cemetery, corridor Y (26).

Discography

Albums
 1960: Margot Eskens (25-cm-LP)
 1963: Bonjour la France (Kompilation, u. a. mit Margot Eskens)
 1964: Serenade der Liebe
 1987: Dieses Gefühl
 1990: Such’ mit mir die Zärtlichkeit
 1993: Auch Matrosen haben Heimweh
 2009: Ich für Dich
 2011: Achterbahn der Liebe

Singles
Hits that reached the German Top 20

 Ich möcht’ heut’ ausgehn, 1955, #3
 Tiritomba, 1956, #1
 Mamatschi, 1956, #9
 Cindy, oh Cindy, 1957, #1
 Calypso Italiano, 1957, #9 (with Silvio Francesco)
 Wenn du wieder mal auf Cuba bist, 1957, #12 (with Silvio Francesco)
 Wenn du wiederkommst, 1958, #11 (with Silvio Francesco)
 Himmelblaue Serenade, 1958, #8 (with Silvio Francesco)
 Du bist mir lieber als die andern, 1959, #12 (with Silvio Francesco)
 Mondschein-Partie, 1959, #5 (with Silvio Francesco)
 Wenn du heimkommst, 1961, #18
 Ein Herz, das kann man nicht kaufen, 1962, #19
 Mama, 1964, #8

Other singles
 1956: "Mamatschi"
 1956: "In dem kleinen Café"
 1956: "Peterle"
 1957: "Calypso Italiano" (with Silvio Francesco)
 1958: "Vergiß mich nicht so schnell" (with Peter Alexander)
 1958: "Andalusische Märchen"
 1959: "Drei Takte Musik im Herzen"
 1961: "Vergiß nicht, daß ich bei dir bin" (with René Carol)
 1961: "Ich möcht’ mit dir verheiratet sein" (with Will Brandes)
 1963: "Weiße Weihnacht (White Christmas)"
 1964: "Eine Reise in die Vergangenheit"
 1966: "Die Zeiger der Uhr"
 1975: "Das Leben ist schön"
 2005: "Vom Baum gefallen"

Filmography
 Auf Wiedersehen (1961)

References

External links
 Margot Eskens

1936 births
2022 deaths
People from Düren
German women singers
Schlager musicians
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Germany
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1966


The Gettysburg Championship was an annual golf tournament for professional women golfers on the Futures Tour, the LPGA Tour's developmental tour. The event was played from 2006 to 2008 in the Gettysburg, Pennsylvania area.

The tournament was a 54-hole event, as are most Futures Tour tournaments, and included pre-tournament pro-am opportunities, in which local amateur golfers can play with the professional golfers from the Tour as a benefit for local charities.

Winners

* Tournament won in a sudden-death playoff.

Tournament records

External links
Futures Tour official website
The Links at Gettysburg official website

Former Symetra Tour events
Golf in Pennsylvania
2006 establishments in Pennsylvania
2008 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
Recurring sporting events established in 2006
Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2008


The Northern Ireland Intermediate League is an amateur intermediate league based in the north-west region of Northern Ireland. As one of the leagues in the 4th tier of Northern Irish football, the league champions can be promoted to the NIFL Premier Intermediate League, providing they meet the admittance requirements.

Clubs in membership
 Ardstraw
 Dungiven Celtic
 Maiden City
 Newbuildings United
 Newtowne
 Strabane Athletic
 Trojans

Cup competitions
Intermediate Challenge Cup
Intermediate League Cup

List of champions

Summary of winners

Sources
Malcolm Brodie (ed.), Northern Ireland Soccer Yearbooks 1979/80 to 2008/09.

External links
 Northern Ireland Intermediate League Archive at the Irish Football Club Project
 nifootball.co.uk - (For fixtures, results and tables of all Northern Ireland amateur football leagues)

4
Fourth level football leagues in Europe


Bryant Alan Rogowski (born November 6, 1970) is an American retired professional wrestler, better known by his ring name, Bryant Anderson. He is the son of professional wrestler Ole Anderson. Anderson wrestled for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in 1993, as well as wrestling for various independent promotions in the southeastern United States during the mid-1990s.

Early life
Born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, he was on the Etowah High School wrestling team and had a successful amateur career, winning a Georgia state championship in his senior year at 171 pounds. His father often took time from his wrestling schedule to attend his matches; this was the storyline reason for Ole Anderson's dismissal from The Four Horsemen in 1987. Ole Anderson had missed some shows to watch his son wrestle, and Tully Blanchard called Bryant a "snot nosed kid". Ole attacked Blanchard, and was kicked out and eventually replaced by Lex Luger. Before graduating, he accepted a wrestling scholarship from the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga and finished third in the Southern Conference in the heavyweight division as a junior.

Professional wrestling career

World Championship Wrestling (1993)
During the early 1990s, Bryant was trained at the WCW Power Plant by his father and Jody Hamilton before making his debut on WCW television as a heel in 1993 having a similar build, general look and submission-based wrestling style resembling Ole and Gene Anderson.

However, WCW did not have plans for him: other than teaming occasionally with Diamond Dallas Page, he mostly wrestled as a preliminary wrestler during his last months with the promotion eventually being fired by new WCW head Eric Bischoff before the end of the year.

Smoky Mountain Wrestling (1994–1995)
Briefly competing in Jim Crockett, Jr.'s World Wrestling Network (WWN), he teamed with Tully Blanchard before turning up in Smoky Mountain Wrestling in late 1994, where promoter Jim Cornette used him as a mid-card heel; his father briefly managed him but left after a few appearances.

After fighting to a draw with Tracy Smothers on October 1, he became a main rival of Smothers  following his winning the SMW "Beat the Champ" Television title from Scott Studd in Morganton, North Carolina two days later. Fighting to a series of draws with Smothers in early October, he finally lost to Smothers in an 8-man tag team match with Boo Bradley, Chris Candido and Bruiser Bedlam against Smothers, "Dirty White Boy" Tony Anthony, Brian Lee and Lance Storm in Evarts, Kentucky on November 4, 1994.

Losing to Smothers in Morristown, Tennessee the following night, the two would again fight to a time limit draw and later that night participated in another 8-Man tag team match with Boo Bradley, Chris Candido and Bruiser Bedlam again losing to Smothers, Tony Anthony, Brian Lee and Lance Storm in Hyden, Kentucky on November 6, 1994.

Successfully defending his title against James Adkins, George South and The Nightmare, he was forced to vacate the championship belt on November 7 after a five-week reign. Anderson continued to face Smothers in indecisive draws before losing to him on November 10 and, in a "no time limit" match on November 12. However, Anderson soon avenged his loss defeating Smothers four times at the 4-day Thanksgiving Thunder supercard on November 24–27, 1994.

He eventually lost to Smothers three times in "I Quit" matches during the 3-day Christmas Chaos supercard from December 25–27 and continued to lose to him in rematches later that month.

Continuing his feud with Smothers into early 1995, he also participated in a 16-man battle royal on January 2 and scored victories over Mike Furnus, Ted Allen, Tommy Pitner and The Nightmare. He later faced Smothers in late January, losing to him in a singles match on January 20 and in two "I Quit" matches on January 21 and January 27, before leaving the promotion shortly before its close in November 1995 and retired shortly thereafter.

After retiring, Rogowski attended Georgia State University law school and graduated with a Juris Doctor degree.

Championships and accomplishments
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him #295 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 1994
Smoky Mountain Wrestling
SMW Beat the Champ Television Championship (1 time)

References

External links

1970 births
American male professional wrestlers
Anderson family
Living people
Professional wrestlers from Minneapolis
Sportspeople from Minneapolis
20th-century professional wrestlers
SMW Beat the Champ Television Champions


β-Santalol is an organic compound that is classified as a sesquiterpene. It comprises about 20% of the oil of sandalwood, the major component being α-santalol. In 2002, about 60 tons of sandalwood oil were produced by steam distillation of the heartwood of Santalum album.

Because of concerns about the sustainability of sandalwood tree cultivation, scientists have developed routes to α-santalol and β-santalol via fermentation, including using Rhodobacter sphaeroides. BASF launched its version, Isiobionic Santalol, in July 2020.

References

Perfume ingredients
Primary alcohols
Sesquiterpenes
Bicyclic compounds


Son of Albert is the only studio album by Andrew Ridgeley. Originally released in May 1990, Ridgeley's effort was a sharp turn away from his former pop image with Wham! years earlier. Focusing more on guitars and drums, the critical reaction to Ridgeley's solo record was mixed. After the album's disappointing sales, Ridgeley gradually quit playing music professionally.

Two singles from the album, "Red Dress" and "Shake", were released in 1990 with little success (with the exception of a top twenty hit in Australia for the latter). Another song, "Mexico", was scheduled to be released as the album's third single, but was dropped.

Ridgeley's album is named after himself, as the son of Albert Ridgeley.

In January 2018, a remastered and expanded edition of the album was released in the UK on Cherry Red Records.

Reception

Entertainment Weekly praised the instrumental "verve" of the songs, but criticized them for lacking conviction: "Ridgeley seems to have redefined himself as a kick-in-the-pants rock & roller, but his songs still come out sounding like manufactured pop."

Track listing
All songs arranged and produced by Andrew Ridgeley and Gary Bromham, unless noted otherwise. The 2018 Expanded Edition includes the original album tracks from the vinyl, CD, and Cassette release, plus extra bonus tracks.

Personnel

Musicians
 Andrew Ridgeley – lead vocals, additional vocals, Spanish vocals on "Mexico", voice box
 Mary Cassidy, Lauren Fownes, Brie Howard, Miss Johnny, George Michael (on "Red Dress"), Tessa Niles – additional vocals
 Gary Bromham, Dan McCafferty, Mark "Bobby" Robinson – Spanish vocals on "Mexico"
 Robert Ahwai, Gary Bromham, Phil Palmer – guitars
 Tony Barnard, Michael Cozzi – acoustic and electric guitars
 Hugh Burns – Spanish guitar on "Mexico", acoustic and electric guitars
 Gary Masters – keyboards
 Mark Feltham – harmonica
 Graham Edwards, Deon Estus, Davey Faragher, Jerry Ferguson, Paul Gray – bass
 Danny Thompson – Spanish vocals on "Mexico", electric bass, double bass
 Gary Bromham, Pat Torpey, Paul Ridgeley – drums
 Laurence Cottell, Dave O'Higgins, Paul Spong – horns
 Danny Cummings – percussion
 Richard Gibbs – voice box

Production
 Engineered by Harvey Birrell, Jacques Erhardt, Gordon Fordyce, Paul Gomersall, Martyn "Max" Heyes, Russell Leahy, Gary Wilkinson, and Perry Cleveland-Peck
 Mixed at Amazon Studios, Liverpool; Comforts Place, Lingfield; Mayfair Studios, London, and Olympic Studios, London
 Mixed by Paul Gomersall, Martyn "Max" Heyes, and Tim Weidener
 Photography by Julian Broad
 Album design by Andrew Ridgeley and Simon Halfon
 Management: Lippman Kahane Entertainment
 Recorded at Comforts Place, Lingfield; Compass Point, Nassau; Eden Studios, London, England; EMI/Pathé Studios, Paris, France; Galaxy Sound Studio, Los Angeles; Ground Control, Los Angeles; Great Linford Studios, Great Linford; Maison Rouge, London; Mayfair Studios, London; Olympic Studios, London; Terminal 24, London, and Skylight Studios, London

Chart performance

Album

"Shake" single

References

1990 debut albums
Andrew Ridgeley albums
Columbia Records albums


Battleships Forever is an IGF award-nominated freeware real-time tactics video game set in a futuristic space environment inspired by Warning Forever. While still in beta phase, there is no further development by the author. Players control a variety of spaceships and must position them to maximize damage on opposing ships and minimize damage to their own ships utilizing a wide variety of tactics and vessel sub-systems.

Gameplay

Players can embark on a single-player campaign, play four different scenarios, or use a free-form "sandbox" gameplay mode. The game is played in 2D, with ships designed using raster graphics that resemble vector graphics. Battleships Forever has no resource management, and play centers on the positioning of ships to attain the best tactical solutions. The campaign begins with the player being issued a single ship, with more ships being added both during and between missions. Several grouped warships can be commanded at once, or individual turrets can be selected and issued attack commands. All, even the smallest ships, are separated into sections, each of which can be individually targeted and destroyed. The ships are separated into 3 categories: patrol craft (or frigates), destroyers, and battleships. Patrol craft tend to be small, with only 2 sections, and fast with 2-3 weapons and little to no defense. Destroyers are larger, 4-8 section craft with some active and passive defenses, but tend to focus on firepower.

Battleships are highly specialized, with some acting as massive mobile shields for other vessels and others as heavy assault ships, able to focus comparatively huge amounts of firepower on a single target or multiple targets. One of the larger battleships, the Cronus, also carries a flux projector, which allow players to draw their own defense layout within set parameters using their mouse. Among other modules with special functions are several kinds of 'deflectors', which can render sections of ships invulnerable. Some defensive ships can also intercept and destroy enemy fire with their own weapons. Since ships are constructed from individual sections, if one section is destroyed the ship can continue to function. A ship editor is included with the game, which allows the player to design custom ships, which can be uploaded to the developer's website to share with other players. These ships can be used with the game's various 'skirmish' scenarios in place of the normally available selection of vessels (though any scores attained through the use of this feature are not valid and cannot be uploaded to the high score database), or spawned within the 'sandbox', which includes a number of special options not available in the other game modes, such as the ability to spawn asteroids, meteors, and powerups, or to destroy ships at ease.

Development
Battleships Forever was created by Singaporean Sean "th15" Chan, using the free Game Maker software. The later releases have also been developed by community members of the Battleships Forever forums, mainly the largely expanded ShipMaker 4.0. Latest release happened in 2009 with version 0.9d, since then development is dormant and no support is provided anymore. Successor plans of the author did not materialize. Despite the years long dormancy, the author refrained from taking help offers and refused to open up the development and source code to the community.

Ship Maker and Sandbox
The Ship Maker component began as a separate project by Jack Coady, but has since been developed by Sean Chan. The recent 4.0 release largely featured content developed by community members at the Wyrdysm Games forums. This includes many features that almost infinitely multiply the possibilities, including sprite importing for use in ship sections, turrets, doodads and bullets, as well as the ability for ships to spawn other custom built ships by the players. Moving and rotating sections were added, as well as the ability to make sections turn in key with a hidden weapon - allowing them to act as turrets.

Finally, a series of triggered events can be set up, such as a charging animation and firing sequence for a main weapon. Even working boolean logic gates can be set up using ShipMaker's trigger system, albeit via a convoluted process. Ships made in the Ship Maker can be played in various scenarios such as protecting a never ending evacuation from aliens, destroying a large alien battlestation, and acting as a pirate force looting civilians. The Sandbox lets the player spawn any custom ships into an area that can be resized by the player. These ships can be made to interact with one another at the player's leisure, or set to be controlled by one of two AI teams.

Since the release of the game, the Ship Maker has increasingly become the focus of the game for many players. In essence, the Ship Maker allows players to act as game designers on their own, molding a gameplay and visual experience to their own liking. While the gameplay largely remains an expansion on the original formula, with custom sprite import, graphics can greatly deviate from the standard vector-like graphic style created by Chan.

The most community-focused and multiplayer aspect of Battleships Forever is pitting custom ships made by one or more players against one another, controlled by the AI, in a form of gladiatorial combat to see which ship emerges victorious.

Reception
Battleships Forever is a finalist in the 10th annual Independent Games Festival's Design Innovation Award and has received positive feedback from the indie gaming community. Independent gaming site Play This Thing's Greg Costikyan found the game "very nice indeed", but found that the game crashed sometimes and hoped this would be rectified when version 1.0 is released. He suggested that the game would appeal more to strategy gamers than action game fans. Shacknews' Chris Remo was impressed that the game had been designed single-handedly and described gameplay as "accessible, but not overly simplistic". GameAxis Online associate editor Ismet Bachtiar stated that Battleships Forever is the first Singaporean developed game to become a finalist in the Independent Games Festival's main category, "if there’s one defining moment that marks the coming of age for Singapore game development, I’ll have to point you to this amazing achievement by one lone individual".

See also
Warning Forever
Captain Forever

References

External links

2007 video games
Indie games
Real-time tactics video games
GameMaker Studio games
Windows games
Windows-only games
Windows-only freeware games
Science fiction video games
Video games developed in Singapore


Petrikov or Petříkov may refer to:

Places

Czech Republic
Petříkov (České Budějovice District), a municipality and village in the South Bohemian Region
Petříkov (Prague-East District), a municipality and village in the Central Bohemian Region
Petříkov (Ostružná), a village and part of Ostružná in the Olomouc Region

Belarus
Pietrykaw, also known as Petrikov, a town

People
Pavel Petřikov (Czech judoka born 1959)
Pavel Petřikov (Czech judoka born 1986)

Fictional characters
Alexi Petrikov, from Woman of the Year (musical)
Simon Petrikov, the Ice King, from Adventure Time


Christopher Charles Lowe Jr. (born July 17, 1987) is an American professional basketball player who last played for Xion Dukes Klosterneuburg in Austria. He played college basketball at the University of Massachusetts.

High school
Chris Lowe attended Mount Vernon High School in New York, the same school that produced Ben Gordon and Gus "The Wizard" Williams. As a senior, averaged 12.9 points and 6.5 assists and 4.5 steals per game. During the Class AA New York State Public Title in 2004 with a 27-3 record, in a championship game, then junior Lowe held future NBA guard Sebastian Telfair to a season-low 14 points in a 66-52 victory.

College
Chris Lowe was the starting point guard for the UMass Minutemen. He led the Atlantic 10 in assists as a freshman in 2005-06, and earned a spot on the league's Rookie Team.  As a junior, Lowe averaged 11.8 points and 6.3 assists a game.  The 6.3 assists per game also led the A-10.  As a senior, he was named a Preseason Atlantic 10 First Team Guard and Preseason All-Defensive Team.  He started all of the team's 30 games during his senior season, and finished the year with an average of 12.4 points and 6.4 assists per game.  Also named A-10's best passer-by The Sporting News.

Lowe left UMass as the school's all-time leader in assists, with 678 over his career, breaking Carl Smith's prior mark of 633.  He also scored 1,152 points for the school in his four seasons.

On March 5, 2008, Lowe had the sixth triple-double in UMass history (his first) with 14 points, 13 assists and 10 rebounds, in a 100-63 win over La Salle University.

Lowe graduated from UMass in May 2009.

Professional
Lowe joined the Springfield Armor in the NBA's Developmental League, on December 11, 2009.  Ironically, he replaced Craig Austrie on the roster.  Lowe was recruited to UMass to replace Austrie, who had committed to play for UMass but then changed to UConn.  The Armor released Lowe after 10 games with the club, during which he averaged 5.0 points and 2.4 assists per game.  Lowe was then signed by the D-League's Maine Red Claws, and played in 9 games for the club, averaging 2.7 points and 2.3 assists. He was waived by Maine on January 31, 2010.

In November 2010, Lowe began playing in Lithuania for the Baltic Basketball League club Naglis-Adakris Palangos (Challenge Cup Group A).

In July 2014, he signed with BSC Raiffeisen Panthers Fürstenfeld of Austria. In July 2015, he signed with Xion Dukes Klosterneuburg, also from Austria.

References

External links
UMass Player Bio Chris Lowe
Player page on UMassHoops.com
ESPN Player Card Chris Lowe
Eurobasket.com profile
FIBA.com profile

1987 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Austria
American expatriate basketball people in Lithuania
American expatriate basketball people in Slovakia
BSC Fürstenfeld Panthers players
BC Neptūnas players
Maine Red Claws players
Sportspeople from Mount Vernon, New York
Basketball players from Westchester County, New York
Point guards
Springfield Armor players
UMass Minutemen basketball players
Klosterneuburg Dukes players
American men's basketball players
Mount Vernon High School (New York) alumni


The Norwich Company of Comedians was an acting company based in Norwich, East Anglia, during the 18th and 19th centuries. They used to perform on what was known as the Norwich Theatre Circuit, which consisted of an annual tour of six theatres.

They were a professional, respected and comfortably-off band with better than average wages and popular headquarters at the White Swan inn.  The company was treated with deference in every town it visited. Unusually, a good relationship had matured between the Norwich Theatre manager and the local magistrates, who under normal circumstances had little time for players.  At some towns, when the season was drawing to a close, the town clerk would even send a note of congratulation to the troupe; and by 1804, relations had progressed along such a friendly path that Lord Chedworth was recorded as having left legacies of between £13,000 and £14,000 to members of the company.  Norwich owed its place among the top five provincial circuits in England to its dramatic tradition.

White Swan Inn

The White Swan Inn, near St. Peter Mancroft Church, Norwich, was the company's permanent home from 1731 to 1757 and soon became known as the White Swan Playhouse.  The first reference to the group of actors who were to form the main part of the Norwich circuit appears in 1726.  For a decade, they went by the name of "The Duke of Grafton's Servants", a patron of the company in the early eighteenth century.  In 1736 they assumed the cumbersome title of "The Norwich Company of Comedians, Servants to His Grace, the Duke of Grafton, Lord Chamberlain to His Majesty's Household".

Plays

The Company were careful to perform plays soon after their London première, reinforcing their professionalism by presenting the most recent plays possible.  For instance, King Charles I by William Harvard appeared in the same month in London and Norwich in 1737. John Gay's The Beggar's Opera, new to London in January 1728, was performed to Norwich audiences three months later, and taken soon after to Bury St Edmunds, Colchester and Ipswich.

Thomas Ivory
The era of prosperity began in 1758 when local architect Thomas Ivory became proprietor of the circuit.  In 1758, Ivory built Norwich its first proper theatre, a miniature Drury Lane Theatre.

Actors
Benjamin Plim Bellamy
George Bennett, father of George John Bennett
Harriet Bennett (née Morland)
Robert Drury (1713–1741), uncle of Joseph Drury, headmaster of Harrow School
John Saville Faucit, father of Helena Faucit
Harriet Faucit (1789–1857), mother of Helena Faucit

References

Elizabeth Grice, Rogues and Vagabonds, or the Actors' Road to Respectability; Terence Dalton Limited, Lavenham, Suffolk, 1997,

Theatre companies in England