Oliver Golding (born 29 September 1993) is a former British professional tennis player and former child actor. Showing promise in reaching a world junior ranking of number two and being the 2011 U.S. Open Boys' Champion., Golding failed to transition onto the men's professional circuit, Never entering the top 300 and failing to win a match on the ATP tour.

Golding is a Youth Olympic Games gold medallist, having won gold in the boys' doubles event in tennis at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics with Czech partner Jiří Veselý, with whom he also reached the final in the boys' doubles at the 2010 U.S. Open.

Tennis

Early career
In 2004, Golding began playing tennis for the Esporta Riverside Club, Chiswick, and later that year went to Wimbledon, under the Lawn Tennis Association's "Ariel Champions of the Future" scheme, to meet former professionals Martina Navratilova and Todd Woodbridge.

On 27 November 2005, in the first ever Aberdeen Cup tennis match, Golding was selected to represent England in one of the junior matches, beating Scotland's Scott Lister 11 games to 4 in their "tie-break" style rubber, to square the match however, Jamie Murray and Elena Baltacha won their subsequent doubles game, to secure a Scottish victory. It was claimed on the Guardian Unlimited website that Golding had "impressed Andy Murray when he played for England against Scotland".

In late 2006, as fourth seed, Golding lost 4–6, 2–6, in the semi-final of the Ariel Winter Grand Prix event (promoted by the LTA), to the eventual winner, number two seed Andrew Bettles.

Golding's first two tournament wins were in the Bournemouth Open (Boys 14) at the West Hants Club on 5 August 2007, when he defeated David Wright 6–3, 6–0 in the Final, and in the Frutina Westway Winter Tournament (16 & Under) on 31 December 2007, when he beat Alexander Wilton 6–0, 6–0 in that Final match. Golding was also the recipient of a £2,000 grant from "Tennis First", a charity set up to help young players fulfil their potential, and tennis kit from the manufacturers Fred Perry. Subsequently, on 5 April 2008, Golding beat Zack Evenden 6–3, 6–1 to win the Rickmansworth Junior Tournament (18 & Under Boys Singles).

Golding won his first ITF tournament in July 2008 at the Grade 5 Scottish International ITF doubles competition, partnering Nick Jones. He became the British junior No. 1 in late 2009. In 2010 he reached the semifinals in the junior boys singles at Wimbledon, beating the world Number No. 1 Jason Kubler en route.

At the Youth Olympics Golding beat world No. 1 and Junior Wimbledon champion Márton Fucsovics in round 1 of the singles, and won gold in the boys' doubles with Czech partner Jiří Veselý. This moved him into the top 20 of the ITF boys' world rankings. At the 2010 US Open Golding once again teamed up with Jiří Veselý in the boys' doubles. They reached the final where they lost 6–1, 7–5.

In September 2011, Golding won the US Open boys' singles, reaching as high as No. 2 in the junior combined rankings as a result.

Junior performance timelines

Junior singles

Junior doubles

2011

Golding was given a wildcard to play at the Aegon Championships in London but lost in the first round to 2007 finalist Nicolas Mahut in his first non-junior event.

At the French Open Golding was a Boys' Singles quarterfinalist. He was defeated by Bjorn Fratangelo 1–6, 1–6. Golding also reached the quarterfinals of the Boys' doubles at the French Open, partnered with Jiří Veselý, they lost to Mitchell Krueger and Shane Vinsant of the US in 4–6, 6–4, 8–10.

At the Wimbledon Championships Golding reached the Final of the boys' doubles, partnered with Jiří Veselý, where they lost to George Morgan & Mate Pavić in 3 sets 6–3, 4–6, 5–7. Golding reached the second round of the boys' singles.

Golding partnered Liam Broady at the boys' doubles at the 2011 U.S. Open, being beaten by R. Kern and J. Lenz, 6–7 (4–7), 4–6 of Germany in the quarterfinals. In the boys' Singles at the 2011 U.S. Open Golding won the final by defeating Jiří Veselý 5–7, 6–3, 6–4.

Golding finished the 2011 season with an ITF Junior Boys' Rankings world ranking of 3; his highest season ranking was 2.

2012

Through 2012, Golding mainly played on the Futures tour, winning two tournaments and losing one further final as of September 2012. Golding made his ATP Tour debut at the 2012 Aegon Championships and his grand slam debut at Wimbledon, losing both matches.

2014

In August 2014, Golding announced that he was "taking a break" from tour tennis, as he felt he had just been "going through the motions", partly due to his feelings about the reduction in the Lawn Tennis Association's bonus scheme and the closure of the high-performance programme at the National Tennis Centre in Richmond, very near his home. He stated that he felt he would have to relocate to France to continue in top-class tennis, because of a shortage of high quality training locations in the UK. However, he found that he was unwilling to do this, due to his dislike of travelling. As of 2015, Golding was a former tennis player helping out at his mother's tennis coaching school.

2017
Golding made a brief comeback in August when he came through qualifying to win an ITF Futures tournament in Italy defeating Davide Galoppini in the final 7–6 6–3. In the first round he knocked out the number one seed Yaraslav Shyla (298) 6–2 7–6. He followed this by reaching the final of his next futures event in Nottingham.

Golding admitted to being approached by Alexandros Jakupovic to throw a match.

Challengers and Futures finals

Singles: 12 (6 titles, 6 runner-ups)

Doubles: 15 (9 titles, 6 runner-ups)

Junior titles

Singles

Junior Grand Slams: 1 (1–0)

Doubles

Youth Olympics 1 (1–0)

Junior Doubles: 0 (0–2)

Performance timelines

Singles

Doubles
Current through 2012 Wimbledon Championships.

Education

Golding was educated at Newland House School, an independent school in Twickenham in south west London.

He attended Ganeass Educational Support Services from 2003 to 2010. During that time he achieved five GCSEs by the time he was 14, going on to complete three A levels before the age of 17.

Acting career
Golding's earliest appearance was on television in a commercial for Vauxhall Motors, as a two-year-old baby in 1996. After a small part in a stage version of Wind in the Willows in 1997, his next television role was in 1998 as Nat in the first two episodes of the wartime romantic drama Coming Home, which starred Keira Knightley.

Golding's first film project was as one of four small boys in Mike Leigh's award-winning 2002 comedy drama All or Nothing. His biggest film role to date then came in The Adventures of Greyfriars Bobby, a tale of the story of Greyfriars Bobby, a child who takes on the responsibility of a policeman's dog after his death, and who has to win the battle with authority to save the dog's life. Though casting began in 2002, the film was much delayed due to problems with the funding. Shooting largely took place during 2004–05, and the film was released in France on 11 May 2005, Italy in July 2005, the USA on 29 October 2005 and at the Children's Film Festival in the UK on 16 November 2005.

In 2003 Golding portrayed Jeremy Potts in another stage show, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, in London's West End. In the same year, he appeared as one of the children in Ibsen's play, Brand, which starred Ralph Fiennes and was directed by Adrian Noble.

In March 2004, Golding made an appearance as a young customer in "Elephants and Hens", episode 2 of the third season of Black Books, the television comedy series about a dysfunctional bookshop owner, played by Dylan Moran. Then, in April of the same year, he took the part of Tom Dawson in the fifth episode of the Carlton Television production, Murder in Suburbia, in which Gwyneth Strong played his mother Pat. Finally in 2004, he provided the voice of Xath in the English version of the animated puppet fantasy Strings, co-produced by Birdpic Limited in association with Scandinavian partnerships.

In June 2008, Golding appeared in the BBC Three TV documentary Child Stars, featuring three promising youngsters with outstanding talent and ambition. However, he has forgone further advancement as an actor to concentrate on a possible tennis career.

Filmography

 All or Nothing (2002)
 Strings (voice) (2004)
 The Adventures of Greyfriars Bobby (2005)

Personal life
Golding lives in London with his partner, former tennis professional and now tennis coach Marta Sirotkina.

References

External links

 Oliver Golding's personal website

 Oliver Golding Interview from ITV Online's Popcorn children's cinema site
 Latest tournaments involving Oliver Golding, from 2007 onwards, at CoreTennis.net

1993 births
Living people
People educated at Newland House School
Sportspeople from Richmond, London
English male child actors
English male film actors
English male television actors
English male tennis players
Tennis players at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics
US Open (tennis) junior champions
British male tennis players
Tennis people from Greater London
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles
Youth Olympic gold medalists for Great Britain
Male actors from London


Lục Nam is a rural district of Bắc Giang province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2019 the district had a population of 226,194. The district covers an area of 597 km². The district capital lies at Đồi Ngô. The Mỡ stream can be found here.

Divisions
The district subdivided to 25 commune-level subdivisions, including the township of Đồi Ngô (district capital) and the rural communes of:
Lục Sơn
Bình Sơn
Trường Sơn
Vô Tranh
Trường Giang
Nghĩa Phương
Cương Sơn
Huyền Sơn
Bắc Lũng
Cẩm Lý
Vũ Xá
Đan Hội
Yên Sơn
Lan Mẫu
Phương Sơn
Thanh Lâm
Chu Điện
Bảo Đài
Bảo Sơn
Tam Dị
Đông Phú
Đông Hưng
Tiên Nha
Khám Lạng

References

Districts of Bắc Giang province


Lục Ngạn is a rural district of Bắc Giang province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. This district is famous for its Kim Sơn Thiều lychee. As of 2019 the district had a population of 226,540. The district covers an area of 1,012 km². The district capital lies at Chũ.

Administrative divisions
The district is divided administratively into one township Chũ (the capital) and the communes of:

Cấm Sơn, Tân Sơn, Phong Vân, Sa Lý, Phong Minh, Sơn Hải, Hộ Đáp, Kim Sơn, Biên Sơn, Kiên Lao, Thanh Hải, Kiên Thành, Giáp Sơn, Biển Động, Tân Hoa, Tân Quang, Hồng Giang, Trù Hựu, Quý Sơn, Phượng Sơn, Mỹ An, Tân Mộc, Đèo Gia, Phỉ Điền, Đồng Cốc, Phú Nhuận, Nghĩa Hò, Tân Quang, Tân Lập and Nam Dương.

Climate

References

Districts of Bắc Giang province


Sơn Động is a rural district of Bắc Giang province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. It is the easternmost district in the province. As of 2018 it had a population of 72,350. The district covers an area of 844 km². The district capital lies at An Châu.   There are some cultural sites here such as: Chẽ pagoda, Female King temple, Lục Liễu temple, Đặng temple and Chẽ temple.

Administrative divisions
The district is divided administratively into two townships, An Châu (district capital) and Tây Yên Tử, and the communes of: Hữu Sản, An Lạc, Vân Sơn, Lệ Viễn, Vĩnh An, Dương Hưu, Long Sơn, An Bá, Yên Định, Tuấn Đạo, Thanh Luận, Cẩm Đàn, Giáo Liêm, Đại Sơn and Phúc Sơn.

121.72 km² in the southern portion of the district has been designated as the Tây Yên Tử Nature Reserve.

Climate

References

Districts of Bắc Giang province


Tân Yên is a rural district of Bắc Giang province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2018 the district had a population of 162,500. The district covers an area of 204 km². The district capital lies at Cao Thượng.

Administrative divisions
The district is divided administratively into two townships: Cao Thượng (the capital) and Nhã Nam, and into the following communes:

Quế Nham
Việt Lập
Liên Chung
Cao Xá
Ngọc Lý
Ngọc Thiện
Ngọc Châu
Ngọc Vân
Hợp Đức
Phúc Hòa
Tân Trung
An Dương
Lan Giới
Nhã Nam
Đại Hóa
Quang Tiến
Phúc Sơn
Lam Cốt
Việt Ngọc
Song Vân
Liên Sơn

References

Districts of Bắc Giang province


Việt Yên is a rural district of Bắc Giang province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. Việt Yên borders on the south with Bắc Ninh province; on the west with Hiệp Hòa district; on the east with Yên Dũng district; and on the north with Tân Yên district and Bắc Giang City.

Administrative divisions

The district is divided into two townships: Bích Động (capital) and Nếnh, and communes: Quang Châu, Ninh Sơn, Tiên Sơn, Trung Hà, Bích Sơn, Nghĩa Trung, Hồng Thái, Tăng Tiến, Quảng Minh, Vân Hà, Vân Trung, Việt Tiến, Thượng Lan, Minh Đức, Tự Lạn, Hương Mai, Hoàng Ninh.

References

Districts of Bắc Giang province


Yên Dũng is a rural district of Bắc Giang province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2018 the district had a population of 138,000. The district covers an area of 213 km². The district capital lies at Nham Biền.

The district includes the townships of Nham Biền, Tân An and the rural communes of:
Đồng Phúc
Đồng Việt
Tư Mại
Đức Giang
Tiến Dũng
Cảnh Thụy
Lãng Sơn
Trí Yên
Lão Hộ
Xuân Phú
Tân Liễu
Tiền Phong
Yên Lư
Hương Gián
Quỳnh Sơn
Nội Hoàng

References

Districts of Bắc Giang province


Yên Thế is a rural district of Bắc Giang province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2019 the district had a population of 110,920. The district covers an area of 301 km2. The district capital lies at Phồn Xương. The district is also the site of the Yên Thế Insurrection.

History
The area was the base of the Yên Thế Insurrection which lasted from 1887 to 1913.

Economy
The district's economy mainly focuses around agriculture and industry. The district grows fruit trees and is famous for growing Cam sành. Currently the government is building factories in Bố Hạ, however the area faces pollution problems.

Administrative divisions
The district is divided into two townships, Phồn Xương and Bố Hạ, and communes:

 Đồng Vương
 Canh Nậu
 Đồng Kỳ
 Hương Vĩ
 Đông Sơn
 Xuân Lương
 Tam Tiến
 Tiến Thắng
 Tân Hiệp
 Tam Hiệp
 An Thượng
 Đồng Lạc
 Hồng Kỳ
 Đồng Hưu
 Tân Sỏi
 Đồng Tiến
 Đồng Tâm

Agriculture
The famous product of this district is cam sành - a hardy variety of southern ginseng which grows on the mountain of Chung Sơn in Yên Thế district.

References

Districts of Bắc Giang province


The coaching staff is a group of non-athletes tied to a sports team. A coaching staff can be existent at all levels of athletics. It is led by a head coach (known as a manager or senior coach in some sports) and consists of one or more assistant coaches, physicians, massage therapists, Athletic trainers, equipment managers, nutritionists and others, all required to pass training courses for reliability.

It has been suggested that when there is an upbeat and positive coaching staff with healthy relationships with the athletes, the outcome and experience of the team as a whole will benefit overall. Although college athletes have the final say where they will be pursuing their academic and athletic careers, coaching staffs and facilities are more often than not are a deciding factor.

See also
Coach (sport)
Sport

References

Terminology used in multiple sports
American football occupations
Sports coaches
Sports occupations and roles


is a railway station in the town of Tatsuno, Kamiina District, Nagano Prefecture, Japan jointly operated by JR Central and JR East. It is managed by JR East. The station also has a freight terminal for the Japan Freight Railway Company (JR Freight).

Lines
Tatsuno Station is served by the old route of Chūō Main Line  (Okaya-Shiojiri branch)  and is 9.5 kilometers from the branching point of the line at Okaya Station and 219.9 from the terminus at Tokyo Station. It is also a station on the Iida Line, and is 195.7 kilometers from the terminus of that line at Toyohashi Station

Station layout
The station consists of two ground-level island platforms serving four tracks, connected to the station building by a footbridge. The station has a Midori no Madoguchi staffed ticket office.

Platforms

History
The station opened on 11 June 1906. The current station building was completed in 1983. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR East.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2017,  the  station was used by an average of 611 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

Surrounding area
Tatsuno Post Office
Tenryū River

See also
 List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links

 JR East station information

Railway stations in Nagano Prefecture
Chūō Main Line
Iida Line
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1906
Stations of East Japan Railway Company
Stations of Central Japan Railway Company
Stations of Japan Freight Railway Company
Tatsuno, Nagano


Silk Museum can refer to any of the following:

Bsous Silk Museum, Lebanon
The Silk Museum, Macclesfield, in Cheshire, England
Yokohama Silk Museum
Museum of Calabrian textile, silk, costume and fashion handicrafts


Robert J. Brown (August 23, 1904 – April 29, 1985) was an American football center and university regent.

Brown was born in Toledo, Ohio, in 1904.

He played college football for the University of Michigan from 1923 to 1925. As a senior, he was the captain of the 1925 Michigan Wolverines football team that head coach Fielding H. Yost called the greatest team he ever coached. The 1925 Wolverines team outscored opponents by a total of 227 to 3. Yost called Brown, "One of the greatest inspirational leaders I have seen." At the end of the 1925 season, he was selected as a first-team All-American by multiple selectors, including International News Service, the Newspaper Enterprise Association,  Liberty magazine, Athlete & Sportman magazine, Billy Evans, Norman E. Brown, and Sam Willaman. He was named to the second team by the Associated Press and Collier's magazine.

From 1930, Brown lived in Kalamazoo, Michigan. He was associated with Hapman-Dutton Mfg. Co. of Kalamazoo and U.S. Pressed Steel Products in Ypsilanti and Kalamazoo.  He was also chairman of the Kalamazoo County Board of Supervisors. In 1966, he ran as a Republican for the University of Michigan Board of Regents as a Republican and served as a Regent from 1967 to 1974.

His son, Robert M. Brown was captain of the 1962 Michigan Wolverines football team, giving them the distinction of being the only father and son football players for the University of Michigan who both served as team captains.

Brown died in 1985 in Kalamazoo, Michigan.

References

External links

1904 births
1985 deaths
American football centers
Michigan Wolverines football players
Michigan Wolverines football coaches
Regents of the University of Michigan
Players of American football from Toledo, Ohio
20th-century American academics


Lauriston is a locality in Victoria, Australia. It is situated on the Coliban River, in a gully  west of Kyneton. The Lauriston Reservoir, (which serves Kyneton), is  south east of the town.

At the , Lauriston had a population of 236.

Lauriston Post Office opened on 1 July 1864 after gold was discovered in the area and closed in 1969. In 2019 Australian folk musician, Alana Wilkinson, recorded a single, "Partner in Crime", at the community's church.

References

External links

Towns in Victoria (state)
Shire of Macedon Ranges
Mining towns in Victoria (state)


An equipment manager is the person in charge of equipment used by a business or organization. Their duties include purchasing, maintenance, repair, inventory, transportation, storage, cleaning, and liquidation. They are responsible for providing the proper equipment for the job, either on-site or off-site. In sports, an equipment manager is a person who is in charge of a sports team's equipment. In professional and collegiate sports, this is usually a full-time job and includes transportation, laundry, repairs, proper safety fittings, and regular service (such as sharpening of skates for ice hockey).

Sports equipment
See: Sports equipment#Various sports

Association football (soccer)
See: Kit (association football)#Equipment
In association football, the kit manager or kit man oversees the players' equipment.

Golf

In golf, the equipment manager oversees the fleet of equipment used on the golf course for turf management. This may include:
 Power take-off Tractors
 Hydraulics or Belt (mechanical) driven Rotary mowers
 Bobcats
 Reel and Bedknife mowers (Hydraulic or belt driven)
 Spray rigs
 Irrigation systems
 Fork lifts
 Front-end loaders
 Gator utility vehicles
 Chain saws
 Trimmers
 Sand Rakers
 Stump grinders
 Golf carts
 Blowers
 Greens rollers
 Pressure washers
And numerous other pieces of equipment a Golf Course or the Turf Care industry employs.

The term has also been used less frequently as a synonym with "Fleet Manager" (fleet management).

Ice hockey

In ice hockey, the equipment manager takes care of the players and coaches equipment needs by performing the following
Sharpening skates
Ordering equipment
Being prepared on the bench for in-game equipment malfunctions
Distributing practice gear such as jerseys and socks and pants

See also
:Category:Sports equipment

Athletic Equipment Managers Association
Outline of management

References

External links
 Athletic Equipment Managers Association

Sports occupations and roles


The Burrin Burrin Reserve is a privately owned nature reserve located in the upper reaches of the Shoalhaven River catchment in the Southern Tablelands region of southeastern New South Wales, Australia. The  reserve is situated  southwest of Sydney,  east of Canberra, and  north of Braidwood. The reserve is owned and managed by Bush Heritage Australia which purchased the property in 1999.

Features

Landscape and vegetation
Burrin Burrin is situated in rugged country on the escarpment of the Great Dividing Range.  The vegetation varies from tall, wet, eucalypt forest of ribbon gum and brown barrel on the higher ground down to more open forest of silver-top ash and woodlands of brittle gum.

Fauna
Mammal species present on Burrin Burrin include sugar and squirrel gliders as well as brushtail and ringtail possums.  Bird species include the powerful owl and superb lyrebird.

See also

 List of reduplicated Australian place names
 Protected areas of New South Wales

References

External links
 Bush Heritage Australia

Bush Heritage Australia reserves
Nature reserves in New South Wales
1999 establishments in Australia
Southern Tablelands


The Yoruba of West Africa (Benin, Nigeria and Togo, with migrant communities in parts of Ghana and Sierra Leone) are responsible for a distinct artistic tradition in Africa, a tradition that remains vital and influential today.

Much of the art of the Yoruba, including staffs, court dress, and beadwork for crowns, is associated with the royal courts. The courts also commissioned numerous architectural objects such as veranda posts, gates, and doors that are embellished with carvings. Other Yoruba art is related shrines and masking traditions. The Yoruba worship a large pantheon of deities, and shrines dedicated to these gods are adorned with carvings and house an array of altar figures and other ritual paraphernalia. Masking traditions vary regionally, and a wide range of mask types are employed in various festivals and celebrations.

History
In the period around 1300 CE the artists at Ife developed a refined and naturalistic sculptural tradition in terracotta, stone and copper alloy—copper, brass, and bronze— many of which appear to have been created under the patronage of King Obalufon II, the man who today is identified as the Yoruba patron deity of brass casting, weaving and regalia. Over the previous nine centuries, a number of Yoruba kingdoms have arisen. One of the first of them was Ife; Oyo was also among the first, and the Owa kingdom in the southwest kept close relations to Oyo. Benin began to have an aesthetic and cultural effect on Ife about the fourteenth century or before. Fine ivory carvings were provided by Owa artists to the Benin court, and Owa rulers modified and changed many Benin institutions and leadership insignia.

There have been a series of Yoruba kingdoms over the past nine centuries. Ife was one of the earliest of these; Oyo was also early and the Owa kingdom in the southwest maintained close ties to Oyo. Ife also experienced the artistic and cultural influence of Benin dating back to the 14th century or earlier. Owa artists supplied fine ivory work to the court at Benin and Owa royalty adapted and transformed many Benin institutions and the regalia of leadership.

Yoruba kingdoms prospered until the slave trade and warfare of the nineteenth century took their toll. One of the effects of this devastation was the dispersal of millions of Yoruba all over the world. This resulted in a strong Yoruba character in the artistic, religious and social lives of Africans in the New World.

Timeline
Henry Drewal, John Pemberton and Rowland Abiodun propose the following stages in the development of art in Ife:

 Archaic Era, before 800 CE
 Pre-Pavement Era, 800–1000
 Early Pavement Era, 1000–1200
 Late Pavement Era, 1200–1400
 Post-Pavement Era, 1400–
 Stylized Humanism Era, –the Present.

Art and life in Yoruba culture
The custom of art and artists among the Yoruba is deeply rooted in the Ifá literary corpus, indicating the orishas Ogun, Obatala, Oshun and Obalufon as central to creation mythology including artistry (i.e. the art of humanity).

In order to fully understand the centrality of art (onà) in Yoruba thought, one must be aware of their cosmology, which traces the origin of existence (ìwà) to a Supreme Divinity called Olódùmarè, the generator of ase, the enabling power that sustains and transforms the universe. To the Yoruba, art began when Olódùmarè commissioned the artist deity Obatala to mold the first human image from clay. Today, it is customary for the Yoruba to wish pregnant women good luck with the greeting: May Obatala fashion for us a good work of art.

The concept of ase influences how many of the Yoruba arts are composed. In the visual arts, a design may be segmented or seriate—a "discontinuous aggregate in which the units of the whole are discrete and share equal value with the other units." Such elements can be seen in Ifa trays and bowls, veranda posts, carved doors, and ancestral masks.

The importance of the Orí in Yoruba art and culture

The Orí-Inú, or the inner spiritual head, is very important to the Yoruba people. One's Orí-Inú is very important in terms of existing in the world. The priority goes to the Orí for any household. Thus, shrines are built in the houses. An Orí is visually represented through symbolic items within sacrifice or rituals, or more common in houses, would be terra cotta head figures. The Orí can usually determine the outcome of life for each person. Before being put into earth, each person must select their own Orí. Ajala may sometimes produce bad Orí, which this may affect the lives of those people. Sacrifices and rites happen as well in order to satisfy Orí-Isese, which is the supreme ruler over all Orí. The primary functions for sacrifices are to ward off evil and bring in good fortune and happiness.

Anonymity and authorship in African art
The issue of anonymity and authorship has long troubled the field of African art history, particularly as it relates to the political disparities between Africa and the West. Such information was, at least initially, rarely sought in the field and deemed unnecessary and even undesirable by many collectors. Susan Mullin Vogel has identified a further paradox. "[I]n their own societies," she writes, "African artists are known and even famous, but their names are rarely preserved in connection with specific works. ... More often than not, the African sculptor becomes virtually irrelevant to the life of the art object once his work is complete. ... Cultures preserve the information they value."

The problem of anonymity in Yoruba art in particular is troubling in the context of Yoruba culture where "it is absolutely imperative for individuals to acknowledge each other's identity and presence from moment to moment, [and where] there is a special greeting for every occasion and each time of day."

Several Yoruba artists' names are known, including:

Bangboshe of Osi Ilorin
Bandele Areogun of Osi
Master of Ikare
Lamidi Fakeye
Olowe of Ise

Metal arts
Yoruba blacksmiths create sculpture from iron, through hand-beating, welding, and casting. Ogun is honored as the god of iron.

Metalworkers also create brass sculptures by lost-wax casting. Brass is seen as being incorruptible by the Ogboni society.

Ivory and Wood

Terracotta

Yoruba Masquerade
The tendency in many African cosmologies to identify the body as a vehicle incarnating the soul on earth has encouraged the metaphoric use of the masquerade for a similar purpose. Egúngún, Gelede, and Epa are among the many types of Masquerade practiced by the Yoruba.

Yoruba Crowns

The bead-embroidered crown (ade) with beaded veil, foremost attribute of the Oba, symbolizes the aspirations of a civilization at the highest level of authority. In his seminal article on the topic, Robert F. Thompson writes, "The crown incarnates the intuition of royal ancestral force, the revelation of great moral insight in the person of the king, and the glitter of aesthetic experience."

Alarinjo

There is also a vibrant form of customary theatre known as Alarinjo that has its roots in the medieval period and that has given much to the contemporary Nigerian film industry

Esiẹ Museum

The museum in Esiẹ, Irepodun (Kwara state), was the first to be established in Nigeria when it opened in 1945. The museum once housed over one thousand tombstone figures or images representing human beings. It is reputed to have the largest collection of soapstone images in the world. Its works of art have also been said to bear resemblances to those of the Nok culture. In modern times, the Esie museum has been the center of religious activities and hosts a festival in the month of April every year.

References

External links
Emodying the Sacred in Yoruba Art, Newark Museum
Nigerian Traditional Arts, Crafts and Architecture
Yoruban and Akan Art in Wood and Metal, Lakeview Museum of Arts and Sciences
For spirits and kings: African art from the Paul and Ruth Tishman collection, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Yoruba art
 the web-site containing the largest existing collection of photos of Ibeji.

Art
Nigerian art


"macs" is a science fiction short story by  American writer Terry Bisson, published in 1999.

The story consists entirely of dialogue between several people and an investigator. The people are telling the investigator about clones that were used to satisfy the Victims’ Rights Closure Settlement – wherein people get a clone of the person who was responsible for the death of their loved ones.

"macs" won the 2000 Locus Award for Best Short Story and Nebula Award for Best Short Story, and was a finalist for the 2000 Hugo Award for Best Short Story.

References

1999 short stories
Short stories by Terry Bisson
Works originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction
Nebula Award for Best Short Story-winning works


Biryuch () is a town and the administrative center of Krasnogvardeysky District in Belgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the bank of the Tikhaya Sosna River. Its population was .

It was previously known as Biryuchenskoye Komissarstvo (until January 27, 1919), Budyonny (until 1958), Krasnogvardeyskoye (until January 30, 2007).

History
It was founded on March 7, 1705 by Ivan Medkov, a Cossack sotnik, as Biryuchenskoye Komissarstvo (), and was granted town status in 1779. On January 27, 1919, it was renamed Budyonny (), after Semyon Budyonny. In 1958, it was renamed Krasnogvardeyskoye () and demoted in status to that of a rural locality. It was granted urban-type settlement status in 1975, and in 2005 it was again granted town status. On January 30, 2007, the town's original name of Biryuch was restored.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Biryuch serves as the administrative center of Krasnogvardeysky District, to which it is directly subordinated. As a municipal division, the town of Biryuch, together with two rural localities in Krasnogvardeysky District, is incorporated within Krasnogvardeysky Municipal District as Biryuch Urban Settlement.

Transportation
There is a railway station in Biryuch.

References

Notes

Sources

External links
Official website of Biryuch
Biryuch Business Directory

Cities and towns in Belgorod Oblast
Populated places in Krasnogvardeysky District, Belgorod Oblast
Biryuchensky Uyezd
Populated places established in 1705
Former urban-type settlements of Belgorod Oblast


Keeping Scientology Working (also known as KSW1) is a document written by Scientology creator L. Ron Hubbard in 1965, and usually referred to within Scientology as a policy. It is frequently described within the Scientology movement as the most important policy in the Church of Scientology. It ostensibly serves as the keystone for every action, and is mandated to be presented as the first document at the beginning of every single course of study in Scientology. The document was reissued in 1970 and again in 1980. It lays out ten points concerning the exact application and preservation of "Standard Tech" in Dianetics and Scientology, and the eradication of "non-standard tech", more commonly referred to in Scientology as "squirreling."

Originally titled "Keeping Scientology Working", it became the name of a series of documents on the subject, with KSW1 being the first and primary document of that series. KSW1 is sometimes abbreviated to just "KSW", as Scientologist Tom Cruise did repeatedly in a Church of Scientology video that was leaked to the press in January 2008. The video, during which Cruise was awarded a medal by the head of the Church of Scientology, showed a prepared interview with Cruise as he talked on the subject of keeping Scientology working.

Content

The ten points of Keeping Scientology Working are:
 "Having the correct technology", which Hubbard asserts has already been achieved;
 "Knowing the technology", which he claims many within Scientology have also achieved;
 "Knowing it is correct"; Hubbard says this comes from application and observation;
 "Teaching correctly the correct technology"; Hubbard claims this is done worldwide throughout Scientology;
 "Applying the technology", which Hubbard also says is already happening;
 "Seeing that the technology is correctly applied"; Hubbard states that instructors and supervisors do this already;
 "Hammering out of existence incorrect technology" is the first problem area according to Hubbard, which he calls a "weak point" only handled by a few.
 "Knocking out incorrect applications", which Hubbard says is not worked on hard enough;
 "Closing the door on any possibility of incorrect technology"; Hubbard says this is "impeded by the 'reasonable' attitude of the not quite bright";
 "Closing the door on incorrect application"; Hubbard says this is "seldom done with enough ferocity."

The ten directives Hubbard listed in the 1965 policy letter, when considered as a whole, "seek to ensure the proper and continued application of Scientology "standard tech" along with the eradication of anything counter to it," according to Scientology in Popular Culture: Influences and Struggles for Legitimacy.

Hubbard claims that the main stumbling blocks he listed all pertain to "incorrect technologies" and "incorrect applications" listed in the last four items. He claims that the reasons for the problems with the last four items are due to poor certainty that the "technology" works, people with low IQs, people trying to "defend themselves against anything they confront", and "the bank" (Scientology jargon which basically refers to the "reactive mind" that supposedly contains negative memories), which defends itself by trying to "knock out the good and perpetuate the bad."

Hubbard states, "I know what a group of people will do and how insane they will go in accepting unworkable 'technology'. By actual record the percentages are about twenty to 100,000 that a group of human beings will dream up bad technology to destroy good technology." He also states, "See that Seven, Eight, Nine and Ten above are ruthlessly followed and we will never be stopped. Relax them, get reasonable about it and we will perish." The remainder of the document is further justifications for why "incorrect technologies and applications" have to be ruthlessly hammered out of existence to keep Scientology working, including one example where Hubbard claims that a failure to do this for one student of Scientology meant that "his wife died of cancer resulting from physical abuse."

In Janet Reitman's Inside Scientology, she quotes Hubbard: "Never let anyone be half-minded about being Scientologists," he wrote in Keeping Scientology Working. "When somebody enrolls, consider he or she has joined for the duration of the universe – never permit an 'open-minded approach'."

According to scholar Shannon Trosper Schorey, KSW "was a statement of the re-assertion of official church control over the proliferation of adaptations and interpretations of church practice." At the core of KSW is "the mandate that Scientology technology must at all times be practiced in consonance with official Church of Scientology guidelines."

The document ends with a caution that Scientology is a "deadly serious activity" and that everyone's futures for the next trillions of years depends on it.

Criticism

Germany
The German Office for the Protection of the Constitution has cited this passage as one of its reasons for designating Scientology an organization opposed to the democratic order.

In a section on KSW point 4 "teaching correctly the correct technology" Hubbard states:The most trouble in the past two years came from orgs (organisations) where an executive in each could not assimilate straight Scientology.  Under instruction in Scientology they were unable to define terms or demonstrate examples of principles... When we instruct half-mindedly and are afraid to offend, scared to enforce, we don't make students into good Scientologists... The proper instruction attitude is, "You're here so you're a Scientologist. Now we're going to make you into an expert auditor no matter what happens. We'd rather have you dead than incapable."This last sentence has been cited in a report by the state government of Baden-Württemberg as evidence that Scientology represents a totalitarian ideology.

Notes

References

External links

KSW
Scientology-related controversies
Criticism of Scientology
Works by L. Ron Hubbard
1965 documents


Nahum Barnea () (born October 23, 1944) is an Israeli journalist. Barnea writes for Yedioth Ahronoth. He won the Israel Prize in 2007.

Biography

Nahum Borstein (later Barnea) was born in Petah Tikva. He served in the IDF in Nahal Mutznah. He earned a B.A. in history and political science from Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

Barnea is married to Tami, writer Rina Ben-Menahem's sister and they have three children. His son Yonatan was killed in February 1996 by Hamas in a terrorist attack on Bus 18 in Jerusalem.

Journalism career
Barnea began his journalism career at university, writing for the student newspaper . In 1967–1982, he worked for the newspaper Davar, becoming the paper's correspondent in Washington, D.C. Later he founded and edited a weekly paper Koteret Rashit. Since 1989, Barnea has been a staff writer for Yedioth Ahronoth. He wrote for Ha'Ayin HaShevi'it from 1996 to 2008.

Awards and recognitions
Barnea was awarded the Sokolov Prize for journalism in 1981. In a survey in 1998, he was voted one of the most influential journalists in Israel. In 2007, he won the Israel Prize in the sphere of communications. The judges who awarded the prize said: "Nahum Barnea is a journalist who almost every young writer aspires to emulate." They added, "Barnea always insists on 'being there,' close to events, even in places of social tension, even in wars and on days of terror attacks, even when his presence places his life in danger." On 29 March 2007, he accepted an award from the president of Tel Aviv University for "his achievements and his unique contribution to the profession of journalism in Israel.

Controversy
Barnea invented the "lynch test" for Israeli journalists who refuse to criticize Arab terrorism. According to Kenneth Levin, this is a "rare instance of Israeli media self-scrutiny". This term was first used after the 2000 Ramallah lynching, in which an Arab mob beat to death two Israeli reservists who had mistakenly entered Ramallah. Barnea identified Haaretz journalists Gideon Levy, Amira Hass, and Akiva Eldar as not passing the lynch test.

In 2007, Barnea was criticized for defending former Prime Minister Ehud Olmert while he was being investigated on corruption charges. Independent journalist Yoav Yitzhak claimed that Barnea published statements he knew were untrue. Yaron Zalika, the Comptroller General in 2003–2007, said that Barnea insulted him in his column without giving him an opportunity to respond.

In January 2011, MK Shelly Yachimovich claimed that Barnea insinuated that women might be responsible for turning themselves into sex objects by wearing provocative clothing, inviting rape. When Barnea drew attention to a photograph of Yachimovich jogging on the beach in shorts, Yachimovich denied that her outfit was provocative and said that anything less than a hijab stimulated Barnea's fantasies. Yachimovich also criticized Barnea for his "gentle"  interview with former President Moshe Katzav, after his conviction for rape, and suggesting that the victims were to blame. Barnea subsequently apologized for his remarks.

Published works
Barnea has published two collections of his articles, יורים ובוכים ("They shoot and cry") and ימי נתניהו ("Days of Netanyahu"). In 2006, he published Backchannel: Bush, Sharon and the Uses of Unilateralism.

 Yorim u-bokhim,  a collection of articles he wrote for Davar, published in 1981.
 Yemay netanyahu,'''a collection of articles he wrote for Yedioth Ahronoth and Ha'Ayin HaShevi'it'', published in 1999.

See also
 List of Israel Prize recipients
Journalism in Israel

References

External links

Israeli journalists
Israel Prize in communication recipients
1944 births
Living people
People from Petah Tikva
Yedioth Ahronoth people


is a railway station in the city of Okaya, Nagano Prefecture, Japan  jointly operated by JR Central and JR East. It is managed by JR East.

Lines
Kawagishi Station is served by the old route of Chūō Main Line  (Okaya-Shiojiri branch) and is 3.5 kilometers from the branching point of the line at Okaya Station and 213.9 from the terminus at Tokyo Station. A small number of trains on the Iida Line also continue past the nominal terminus of the line at Tatsuno to stop at this station and the following Okaya Station.

Station layout
The station consists of one ground-level island platform serving two tracks, connected to the station building by a footbridge. The station is unattended.

Platforms

History
The station opened on 28 October 1923. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR East.

Surrounding area
Tenryū River

See also
 List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links

 JR East station information

Railway stations in Nagano Prefecture
Chūō Main Line
Iida Line
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1923
Stations of East Japan Railway Company
Okaya, Nagano


This list of wars by death toll includes all deaths that are either directly or indirectly caused by the war. These numbers usually include the deaths of military personnel which are the direct results of battle or other military wartime actions, as well as the wartime/war-related deaths of civilians which are the results of war-induced epidemics, famines, atrocities, genocide, etc.

Pre-modern (before 1500 AD)

Ancient wars (before 500 AD)

Note 1: The geometric mean is the middle of the quoted range, taken by multiplying together the endpoints and then taking the square root.

Medieval wars (500–1500 AD)

Note: the identity of a single "war" cannot be reliably given in some cases, and some "wars" can be taken to last over more than a human lifetime,  e.g.
"Reconquista" (711–1492, 781 years)
"Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent" (12th to 16th c., 500 years)
"Crusades" (ten or more campaigns during the period 1095–1291, 196 years),
"Mongol invasions and conquests" (1206–1368, 162 years),
"early Muslim conquests" (622–750, 128 years),
"Hundred Years' War" (1337–1453, 116 years).

Modern

Modern (1500 AD–present) wars with greater than 25,000 deaths

Modern wars with fewer than 25,000 deaths by death toll

 22,211 – Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)
 22,000+ – Dominican Restoration War (1863–1865)
 21,000+ – Six-Day War (1967)
 20,068 – Reform War (1857–1860)
 20,000+ – Yaqui Wars (1533–1929)
 20,000+ – War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720)
 20,000+ – Ragamuffin War (1835–1845)
 20,000+ – Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912)
 20,000 – Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729)
 19,619+ – Rhodesian Bush War (1964–1979)
 19,000+ – Mexican–American War (1846–1848)
 18,069–20,069 – First Opium War (1839–1842)
 17,200+ – First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–1842)
 16,765–17,065 – Balochistan conflict (1948–present)
 16,000+ – War of the Pacific (1879–1883)
 16,000+ – Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006)
 16,000+ – Spanish–American War (1898)
 15,200–15,300 – Peasants' War (1798) – Part of the French Revolutionary Wars
 15,000+ – Nigerian Sharia conflict (2009–present)
 15,000 – Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)
 14,460–14,922 – South African Border War (1966–1990)
 14,077–22,077 – Mau Mau rebellion (1952–1960)
 13,929+ – Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)
 13,812+ – Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present)
 13,100–34,000 – Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–present)
 13,073–26,373 – 1948 Arab–Israeli War (1948–1949)
 11,500–12,843 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 – Part of the Bangladesh Liberation War
 11,342–89,000 – Malagasy Uprising (1947–1948)
 10,700–14,300 – Yom Kippur War (1973)
 10,000+ – Assam separatist movements (1979–present)
 10,000+ – Malayan Emergency (1948–1960)
 10,000+ – War in Donbas – Part of the Russian military intervention in Ukraine (2014–present)
 10,000+ – First Italo-Ethiopian War (1894–1896)
 10,000+ – Second Melillan campaign (1909)
 10,000+ – Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)
 10,000+ – Spanish conquest of Tripoli (1510)
 9,400+ – Libyan Civil War (2011) (2011)
 8,136+ – Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
 7,500–21,741 – War of 1812 (1812–1815)
 7,400–16,200 – Yemeni Civil War (2014–present) (2014–present)
 7,050+ - Portuguese conquest of Goa (1510)
 7,104+ – Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 (1947–1949)
 7,000+ – Chadian Civil War (2005–2010) (2005–2010)
 6,800–13,459 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 (1965)
 6,859+ – 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (2020–present)
 5,641–6,991 - Opposition–Islamic State conflict during the Syrian civil war ( 2014–present )
 6,543+ – South Thailand insurgency (2004–present)
 6,295+ – Central African Republic conflict (2012–present)
 6,000+ – Permesta Rebellion (1958–1961)
 5,641+ – Sudanese nomadic conflicts (2009–present)
 5,600+ – 2023 Israel–Hamas war (2023–present)
 5,100+ – Gaza–Israel conflict (2006–present) – Part of the Arab–Israeli conflict
 5,000+ – Casamance conflict (1982–2014)
 5,000+ – Chilean Civil War of 1891 (1891)
 5,000+ – Cuban Revolution (1953–1959)
 5,000 – War of the Reunions (1683–1684)
 4,715+ – Libyan Civil War (2014–present) (2014–present)
 4,275 – Dominican Civil War (1965)
 4,200+ – Shifta War (1963–1967)
 4,000–10,000 – Conflict in the Niger Delta (2004–present)
 4,000 – War of Devolution (1667–1668)
 3,699+ – Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen (1992–present)
 3,552+ – First Schleswig War (1848–1852)
 3,529+ – The Northern Ireland Troubles (1966–1998)
 3,366+ – Insurgency in the North Caucasus (2009–2017)
 3,270+ – Second Schleswig War (1864)
 3,222–3,722 – Hungarian Revolution of 1956 (1956)
 3,144+ – Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present)
 3,114+ – 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine (1947–1948) –  Part of the 1948 Palestine war
 3,007+ – War of the Golden Stool (1900)
 3,000–6,000 – Negro Rebellion (1912)
 3,000–5,000 – Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt (1573)
 3,000 – 1958 Lebanon crisis (1958)
 3,000+ – Second Ivorian Civil War (2010–2011)
 3,000+ – Banana Wars (1914–1933)
 3,000+ – Dominican War of Independence (1844)
 2,800+ – Northern Mali conflict (2012–present)
 2,781+ – Iranian Revolution (1978–1979)
 2,751+ – Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)
 2,557+ – Sudan internal conflict (2011–present) (2011–present)
 2,394+ – Sinai insurgency (2011–present)
 2,300+ – Conflict in the Niger Delta (2003–present)
 2,270–2,971 – Second Opium War (1856–1860)
 2,221–2,406 – 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict (2014) – Part of the Gaza–Israel conflict
 2,150+ – Persian expedition of 1796 (1796)
 2,096+ – Aden Emergency (1963–1967)
 2,054+ – South Yemen insurgency (2009–2015)
 2,014 – Irish War of Independence (1919–1921)
 2,000–3,800 - Albanian Civil War (1997)
 2,000+ – Costa Rican civil war (1948)
 2,000+ – Six-Day War (2000) (2000)
 2,000+ – 2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes (2010)
 2,000 – Iran crisis of 1946 (1946)
 1,817+ – Mexican Border War (1910–1919)
 1,810+ – Anglo-Iraqi War (1941)  – Part of World War II
 1,774+ – Lapland War (1944–1945)  – Part of World War II
 1,648 – Sinaloa Cartel–Gulf Cartel conflict ( 2004–present )
 1,643–2,237 – Transnistria War (1992)
 1,600+ – Texas Revolution (1835–1836)
 1,561 – Islamic State-related terrorist attacks in Turkey (2013–present)
 1,500+ – Irish Civil War (1922–1923)
 1,480 – Ifni War (1957–1958)
 1,444 – Taliban-ISIL conflict in Afghanistan ( 2015–present )
 1,300+ – Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present)
 1,295+ – Siachen conflict (1984–2011)
 1,229+ – Basque conflict (1959–2011)
 1,227–5,600 – Kargil War (1999)
 1,000–1,500 – Cabinda conflict (1994–present)
 1,000+ – Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994)
 1,000+ – 1991–1992 South Ossetia War (1991–1992)
 1,000+ – Xinjiang conflict (1930–present)
 1,000+ – Chincha Islands War (1864–1866)
 1,000+ – Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict (2015–present) – Part of the Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)
 1,000 – Second Mafia War (1980-1983)
 968+ – Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)
 907 – Falklands War (1982)
 898 – Barbary Wars (1801–1815)
 864 – Jamaican political conflict (1943–present)
 850 – Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon (2011–2017) – Part of the Syrian Civil War
 846 – 2011 Egyptian revolution (2011)
 818 – Korean DMZ Conflict (1966–1969)
 808 – Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
 789–1,874 – 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff (2001–2002)
 771 – Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) (2013–present)
 740 – Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation (1963–1966)
 722 – Kamwina Nsapu rebellion (2016–2019)
 700–800 – Anglo-Aro War (1901–1902)
 638–838 – Operation Just Cause (1989–1990)
 670+ Infighting in the Gulf Cartel (2010–present)
 659–2,496 – Russo–Georgian War (2008)
 650+ – Infighting in Los Zetas (2010–present)
 643–1,500 – Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile (2011–present)
 621 – Second 'Ndrangheta war (1985-1991)
 316 – Chiapas conflict (1994–1996)
 302 – Operation Uphold Democracy (1994–1995)
 300+ – Islamic Army–Al-Qaeda conflict (2006-2007)
 547 – Cyprus Emergency (1955–1959)
 542 – East Prigorodny Conflict (1992)
 500 – Anglo-Zanzibar War (1896)
 483-494 2007 Lebanon conflict
 422 – Franco-Thai War (1940–1941)
 327 – RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)
 275–569 – Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Part of the Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
 247 – Cortina Troubles (1859–1861)
 246–353 – Korean Expedition (1871)
 236 – Batwa–Luba clashes (2013–2018)
 233 – First 'Ndrangheta war (1974–1976)
 233 – Anglophone Crisis (2017–present)
 217 – Cuban invasion of the Dominican Republic (1959)
 213–523+ – Jebel Akhdar War (1954–1959)
 206–345 – Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2022)
 200+ – 1967 Opium War (1967)
 200 – 1935 Yazidi revolt (1935)
 174–194 – United States occupation of Veracruz (1914)
 160+ – Quebec Biker War (1994-2002)
 159 – Islamic State insurgency in Tunisia (2015–present)
 141 – 2006 São Paulo violence outbreak (2006)
 126 – Kasese clashes (2016)
 115 – Pool War (2016–present)
 112 – Operation Urgent Fury (1983)
 108 – Islamist insurgency in Mozambique (2017–present)
 102–227 – 2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)
 99–500 – Sand War (1963–1964)
 95 – 2013 Guinea clashes (2013)
 84–134 – 2013 Lahad Datu standoff (2013)
 82 – Quasi-War (1798–1800)
 82 – North-West Rebellion (1885)
 80+ – Las Cuevas War (1875)
 71 – Paraguayan People's Army insurgency (2005–present)
 70+ – DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey (1990–present)
 63–77 – Operation El Dorado Canyon (1986)
 63 – Ten-Day War (1991)
 56+ – Dissident Irish Republican campaign (1998–present)
 50 – Second Samoan Civil War (1898–1899)
 46 – Annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli (1954)
 45+ – 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes (2020–2021)
 41 – 2010 Rio de Janeiro security crisis (2010)
 39–111 – 2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)
 37 – 2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2013)
 36 – 2016 Niger Delta conflict (2016–Present) – Part of the Conflict in the Niger Delta
 12–61 – 2017 Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmish (2017) – Part of the Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
 11–30 – 2008 Kufra conflict (2008)
 8 – 2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish (2011)

Charts and graphs

See also
Casualty recording
Timeline of wars
 List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll
 List of battles by casualties
 List of number of conflicts per year
 Lists of wars
 List of ongoing armed conflicts
 List of genocides by death toll
 List of countries by refugee population

Notes

References

Works cited

Further reading
 Steven Pinker (2011). The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. Penguin Books. . pp. 832. (see also: 2016 update)
 Levy, Jack S. (1983). War in the Modern Great Power System: 1495-1975. University Press of Kentucky, USA. .

External links
 An Interactive map of all the battles fought around the world in the last 4,000 years
 Information on 1,500 conflicts since 1800
 Max Roser: 'War and Peace'. (2016). Published online at OurWorldInData.org.

War and politics
Wars by death toll
Wars by death toll
Death toll
Death toll
Wars


Mitzpe Shalem () is an Israeli settlement and former kibbutz in the eastern West Bank. Located near Highway 90 about  north of Ein Gedi and  north of the Green Line about 1 km from the western shores of the Dead Sea, it is the southernmost community under the jurisdiction of Megilot Regional Council. In  it had a population of .

It was established in 1970 on land belonging to the Palestinian Bedouin village of ‘Ayn Trayba. The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.

History
The community was founded in 1970 as a Nahal settlement on land in the West Bank that Israel occupied in the 1967 Six-Day War. It was inhabited as a kibbutz in the Ihud HaKvutzot VeHaKibbutzim in 1976.

Today it has undergone privatization and is considered a cooperative community, thus no longer belonging to the Kibbutz Movement. It was named after Natan Shalem who investigated the Judean Desert, where the kibbutz is located.

Economy
The economy of the kibbutz depends on agriculture, tourism and industry. In agriculture, the kibbutz has an orchard of palm trees with an area of about 400 dunams and a coop for raising turkeys. Tourism used to include the Mineral Beach on the Dead Sea, with its sulfur-enhanced baths, and an organized swimming beach, now closed due to damage caused by sinkholes; and a motel named for the nearby Deragot Cliffs. The industry is derived from the manufacture of Ahava Skin Care products in the local company's laboratories. In September 2016 Ahava was sold to a Chinese conglomerate, but was not relocated and still offers working places to the community.

Ahava manufactures cosmetics based on minerals from the Dead Sea. A factory for refining these chemicals is located in the kibbutz. In 2009 a boycott campaign targeted the company for its activities in the West Bank. Protests were held in cosmetics stores in Israel and the United States. The Israeli human rights group B'tselem has said that exploitation of resources of occupied territory is prohibited by international law and has called on the Israeli government to end such practices.

References

External links

Kibbutzim
Kibbutz Movement
Populated places established in 1970
Israeli settlements in the West Bank
Nahal settlements
1970 establishments in the Israeli Military Governorate


Movile Cave () is a cave near Mangalia, Constanța County, Romania discovered in 1986 by Cristian Lascu a few kilometers from the Black Sea coast. It is notable for its unique groundwater ecosystem abundant in hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, but low in oxygen. Life in the cave has been separated from the outside for the past 5.5 million years and it is based completely on chemosynthesis rather than photosynthesis.

Similar caves where life partly or fully depends on chemosynthesis have been found in Ein-Nur Cave and Ayalon Cave (Israel), Frasassi Caves (Italy), Melissotrypa Cave (Greece), Tashan Cave (Iran), caves in the Sharo-Argun Valley in the Caucasus Mountains, Lower Kane Cave, Cesspool Cave (USA), and Villa Luz Cave (Mexico).

Description
Movile Cave is a network of paths in limestone that are approximately   long, with portions that are partially or fully submerged by hydrothermal waters. The temperature of the air and water is a constant 21°C (70°F) and the relative humidity is about 100%. The cave is closed to the general public, and only a few researchers are permitted inside each year, to minimize disturbance to the delicate ecosystem.

Chemical environment
The air in the cave is very different from the outer atmosphere. The level of oxygen is only a third to half of the concentration found in open air (7–10% O2 in the cave atmosphere, compared to 21% O2 in air), and about one hundred times more carbon dioxide (2–3.5% CO2 in the cave atmosphere, versus 0.04% CO2 in air). It also contains 1–2% methane (CH4) and both the air and waters of the cave contain high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3). The water in the lake only contains dissolved oxygen for the first centimeter, at most, and in some places only the first millimeter. Deeper down the lake water becomes completely anoxic.

Biology
The cave is known to contain 57 animal species, among them leeches, spiders, pseudoscorpions, woodlice,
a centipede,
a water scorpion (Nepa anophthalma), and also a snail.
Of these, 37 are endemic.
The food chain is based on chemosynthesis by methane- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, which in turn release nutrients for fungi and other bacteria. This forms microbial mats on the cave walls and the surface of lakes and ponds which are grazed on by some of the animals. The grazers are then preyed on by predatory species. Nepa anophthalma is the only known cave-adapted water scorpion in the world. While animals have lived in the cave for 5.5 million years, not all of them arrived simultaneously. One of the most recent animals recorded is the cave's only species of snail, Heleobia dobrogica, which has inhabited the cave for slightly more than 2 million years.

See also
Hydrothermal vent microbial communities
Troglofauna
Stygofauna

References

General references
 Jean Balthazar: Grenzen unseres Wissens. Orbis Verlag, München 2003, Seite 268, .

Inline citations

External links
 The Movile Cave Project at web.archive.org
 La Grotte de Movile (fr.)
 Papers published about Movile Cave
 Life in Hell – Survivors of Darkness. Mona Lisa Production, France

Caves of Romania
Geography of Constanța County
Ecosystems
Endemism


The Philip Kubicki Factor Bass is a brand of electric bass guitar made in America and sold factory-direct. Bass guitars designed by Kubicki are distinguished by a unique tuning module located in the body of the guitar rather than the headstock, as seen on most bass guitars today. The design criteria are based on human factors, or ergonomics, and the belief that a musical instrument should be inspirational to the player.

History

First classical guitars – 1959 to 1961
Phil Kubicki (correct pronunciation: [kuˈbit͡ski]) first became interested in guitars when he saw Andrés Segovia playing classical guitar on TV and then saw his first guitar on family visits to his grandparents' house. "For some reason my grandfather had a guitar in the closet," recalls Philip. "And that's where I'd head: to play with that guitar. It had one string that was a mile off the fingerboard. I think all of us instrument makers have had that kind of fascination - some little spark, back at the very beginning."

A few years later, while Kubicki was in high school in Whittier, California, a friend introduced him to Ernie Drumheller. "His hobby was making guitars. He invited my friend and me to come to his shop on Saturdays, and he taught us how to make guitars. I took off with it and built a half dozen classical guitars during my high school years."

Fender years – 1964 to 1973
In 1964, while attending Fullerton Junior College, close to Fender Musical Instruments, Kubicki took a factory tour, filled out an application, and was hired by Roger Rossmeisl to work with him in his Acoustic Guitar Division. Rossmeisl then became head of the Research & Development for acoustic and electric guitars and asked Phil to be his assistant. The R&D position led to many prototypical, experimental instruments like the Fender Telecaster Thinline, the electric violin, the LTD and Montego Jazz guitars, and the first rosewood Telecaster for George Harrison and the first rosewood Stratocaster for Jimi Hendrix – which was the last guitar Fender made for Jimi Hendrix. In late 1973, Kubicki left Fender to start his own business.

Early independent career – 1973 to 1982
The early products created after leaving Fender were acoustic guitars and various guitar-making supplies. During this time, an acoustic guitar and a dulcimer were made for Joni Mitchell. Until 1985, the primary products were guitar-making supplies that evolved into the manufacture of bodies and necks emulating the Fender design. Short-scale guitars called the "Arrow" and "Express" were a major effort during this period resulting in 275 numbered instruments.

The Factor Bass – 1983 to present
The ambition to make a line of original instruments began in 1983, culminating in the Factor bass. John Taylor of Duran Duran played his Ex Factor bass in the band's appearance on Saturday Night Live in the early 1980s, which boosted interest in the instrument.
The first production model was sold in January 1985. Stuart Hamm, winner of the Bass Players' Best Bassist in both jazz and rock, gave more credence to the instrument. Worldwide recognition began when Vail Johnson, playing in Kenny G's band, toured internationally playing his Ex Factor bass. By this point, production of the Factor bass could not meet demand. In 1988, a licensing agreement between Kubicki and Fender Musical Instruments was established for the manufacture and sale of the Factor bass by Fender that lasted until 1991. During this period, the main emphasis was on the development of the Key Factor 4 and 5 string basses as well as other prototypes. As soon as the Fender contract ended Kubicki was immediately back in production selling its Factor bass line.

Until recently, Phil Kubicki concentrated on filling special orders making custom Ex Factor basses with deluxe wood veneers. Factor basses are made in America and sold factory direct.

Philip Kubicki was a renowned guitar designer and builder who was active in the musical-instrument industry for more than 50 years. He died March 18, 2013, at his home in Laconia, New Hampshire. He was 69 years old and had been diagnosed with stage four pancreatic cancer in mid January.

Design criteria

Human factors were the inspiration for the Factor bass. The design criteria were to develop a bass that:
 Was balanced to naturally rest in playing position and was absolutely not head heavy
 Could be fine-tuned with a body-mounted tuner
 Offered a quick way to "D" tune the bass without changing string tension or having to transpose
 Had a neck that was more stable than solid wood without resorting to the heavy, cold, non-adjustable, and expensive graphite alternative
 Used only unique, in house-designed electronic components
 Eliminated fingerboard position markers
 Used no retrofit parts
 Had an original outward appearance that would be aesthetically pleasing

Patents and innovations

The design criteria resulted in these unique features:
 a patented bridge tuner device
 a patented string clasp "D" string tuning mechanism
 a design patent for the overall Factor bass design
 a 32 piece rotary-cut laminated veneer neck
 integrated multi-function, 18V powered circuit board that uses a rotary switch to select one of the six positions available from the humbucking pick-ups
 unique neck side dashes that eliminate and replace fingerboard position markers
 all in-house designed knobs, pick-ups, bridge tuner parts, etc.

References

External links
 Official Kubicki website

Electric bass guitars


The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) was a self-proclaimed Marxist-Leninist revolutionary guerrilla organization, listed internationally as a terrorist group by a number of countries. Estimates claim that the FARC at one point had hundreds of hostages who were held for ransom.

The following list of former hostages are what the FARC called "canjeables" (exchangeable), as they offered their freedom in return for the liberty of 500 FARC members held in Colombian prisons through a prisoner exchange. The humanitarian exchange never happened. The FARC released their last political hostages in April 2012.

Former hostages

References

Speech by President Uribe; January 10th, 2008
Colombia Clamors
Las Voces del Secuestro
BBC News: Betancourt 'rescued in Colombia'

FARC


Catherine Elizabeth Maples  Waynick (born November 13, 1948) is an American Anglican bishop. She was the 10th bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Indianapolis from 1997 to 2017. She was elected bishop coadjutor of the Episcopal Diocese of Indianapolis in January 1997, was consecrated on June 7 of that year, and became the diocesan bishop on September 10, 1997. She succeeded Edward W. Jones, who served from 1977 to 1997. At the 2015 diocesan convention, Waynick announced plans to retire, and called for the election of a new bishop to be consecrated in 2017. She was succeeded by Jennifer Baskerville-Burrows on April 29, 2017. Waynick was called to serve as provisional bishop for the Episcopal Diocese of Eastern Michigan on October 21, 2017, serving until 2019.

Education
Waynick attended Central Michigan University from 1966 to 1968. In 1981 she earned a BA in religious studies from Madonna College. She attended St. John Provincial Seminary in Plymouth, Michigan, earning her Master of Divinity degree in 1985. She began work on a Doctor of Ministry degree at the Ecumenical Theological Seminary in Detroit, concentrating on the field of spiritual direction, and was granted an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree in May 1998 from the General Theological Seminary in New York City.

Personal life
Waynick is married to Larry Waynick, a retired elementary school principal. They have two married children.

References

External links
 Official Diocese of Indianapolis website
 Biography on Christ Church Cathedral website
 History of All Saints in Pontiac, Michigan

Episcopal bishops of Indiana
Women Anglican bishops
21st-century Anglican bishops in the United States
Central Michigan University alumni
Madonna University alumni
Living people
People from Indianapolis
1948 births
Episcopal bishops of Eastern Michigan
Episcopal bishops of Indianapolis


São Pedro de Penaferrim () is a former civil parish in the municipality of Sintra, Lisbon District, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Sintra (Santa Maria e São Miguel, São Martinho e São Pedro de Penaferrim). The population in 2011 was 14,001, in an area of 26.97 km2. Many of the town of Sintra's historical monuments are located in São Pedro de Penaferrim, including the Pena Palace and
the Castle of the Moors.

References

Former parishes of Sintra


Jozo Rados (born 5 August 1993) is an Austrian basketball player for Vienna and Austria. Standing at , he plays as center.

Career
In 2010, Rados left his local team UKJ Mistelbach for the Swans Gmunden in the Austrian Basketball League.

In January 2013, Rados signed with Xion Dukes Klosterneuburg. He was named the Best Center of the Austrian League in the 2013–14 by Eurobasket.com.

In August 2017, Rados signed with Kapfenberg Bulls. In his first season with Kapfenberg, he won the double.

In the 2018 offseason, he signed with Traiskirchen Lions.

In the summer of 2019, Rados signed with his first foreign club when he signed with Union Neuchâtel in Switzerland.

In February 2020, Rados signed with Landstede Hammers in the Dutch Basketball League. On 25 July, Rados extended his contract with Hammers until 2021.

In June 2021, Rados returned to Austria when he signed with BC Vienna.

Honours
Swans Gmunden
2× Austrian Cup: 2010–11, 2011–12
Kapfenberg Bulls
Austrian Bundesliga: 2017–18
Austrian Cup: 2017–18

References

1993 births
Living people
Austrian men's basketball players
Dutch Basketball League players
Kapfenberg Bulls players
Klosterneuburg Dukes players
Landstede Hammers players
People from Mistelbach
Sportspeople from Lower Austria
Swans Gmunden players
Traiskirchen Lions players
Union Neuchâtel Basket players


is a train station in the village of Chikuhoku, Higashichikuma District, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

Lines
Kamuriki Station is served by the Shinonoi Line and is 48.3 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Shiojiri Station.

Station layout
The station consists of two ground-level opposed side platforms serving a two tracks, connected to the station building by a footbridge. The station is a  Kan'i itaku station.

Platforms

History
Kamuriki Station opened on 1 April 1945. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR East.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2015, the station was used by an average of 77 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

Surrounding area
The station is located in a rural area, with no residences or buildings nearby.

See also
 List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links

 JR East station information

Railway stations in Nagano Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1945
Stations of East Japan Railway Company
Shinonoi Line
Chikuhoku, Nagano


Street Legal may refer to:

Street-Legal (album), a 1978 album by Bob Dylan
Street Legal (Canadian TV series), a Canadian television series which aired from 1987 to 1994 and in 2019
Street Legal (New Zealand TV series), a New Zealand television series which aired from 2000 to 2005
Street Legal (video game), a racing game developed by Invictus and published by Activision

See also
Street-legal vehicle, a vehicle legal for use on public roads


Bulgaria participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 with the song "DJ, Take Me Away" written by Dian Savov. The song was performed by the group Deep Zone and Balthazar. The Bulgarian broadcaster Bulgarian National Television (BNT) organised the national final EuroBGvision in order to select the Bulgarian entry for the 2008 contest in Belgrade, Serbia. A total of 63 entries were selected to participate in the national final which consisted of five shows: three quarter-finals, a semi-final and a final, where "DJ, Take Me Away" performed by Deep Zone and Balthazar eventually emerged as the winning entry with 15.37% of the public televote.

Bulgaria was drawn to compete in the second semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 22 May 2008. Performing during the show in position 12, "DJ, Take Me Away" was not announced among the 10 qualifying entries of the second semi-final and therefore did not qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Bulgaria placed eleventh out of the 19 participating countries in the semi-final with 56 points.

Background

Prior to the 2008 contest, Bulgaria had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest three times since its first entry in . The nation achieved their best result in the contest in 2007 with the song "Water" performed by Elitsa Todorova and Stoyan Yankoulov, which qualified to the final and placed fifth. To this point, their 2007 entry is also the only Bulgarian entry to have qualified to the Eurovision final; the nation had failed to qualify to the final with their other two entries.

The Bulgarian national broadcaster, Bulgarian National Television (BNT), broadcasts the event within Bulgaria and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. BNT confirmed Bulgaria's participation in the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest on 29 June 2007. Since 2005, the broadcaster has organised a national final in order to select the Bulgarian entry for the competition, a selection procedure that continued for their 2008 entry.

Before Eurovision

EuroBGvision
EuroBGvision was the national final format developed by BNT which determined the artist and song that would represent Bulgaria at the Eurovision Song Contest 2008. The competition consisted of three quarter-finals on 26 October 2007, 23 November 2007 and 21 December 2007, a semi-final on 26 January 2008 and a final on 23 February 2008, held at the National Palace of Culture in Sofia. All shows were hosted by Dragomir Draganov, Aksiniya Chenkova, Dani Georgiev and Niki Iliev and broadcast on Channel 1 as well as online via the broadcaster's website bnt.bg.

Format
The three quarter-finals featured a total of 53 competing entries. Public televoting selected three entries from each quarter-final to advance to the semi-final, which were joined by an additional nine wildcards selected from the remaining non-qualifying acts of the quarter-finals and from newly submitted songs before the end of 2007. In the semi-final, the votes of a jury panel selected nine entries to advance to the final, which were joined by an additional three pre-qualified songs. In the final, the twelve competing entries were voted upon by the public in order to select the winner.

Competing entries
On 29 June 2007, BNT opened a submission period for artists and songwriters to submit their entries until 26 September 2007. Songs were required to contain partial Bulgarian involvement. By the end of the deadline, the broadcaster received 56 eligible entries out of the 79 submitted. On 27 September 2007, the fifty-six artists and songs for the quarter-finals of the competition were announced. The 56 entries were allocated to one of three quarter-finals and the entries competing in each quarter-final were presented over three weekly presentation shows: between 7 and 21 October 2007 for the first quarter-final, between 3 and 18 November 2007 for the second quarter-final, and between 2 and 16 December 2007 for the third quarter-final.

On 1 October 2007, BNT opened an additional submission period until 21 December 2007 with 47 entries being received by the end of the deadline. On 22 December 2007, the artists of the additional four songs selected for the semi-final of the competition by a committee were announced: Ivaylo Kolev, Mariya Buchvarova featuring Van, Stoyan Royanov, and TE and Preslava Peycheva. An additional three entries came from artists internally selected by BNT and automatically qualified for the final of the competition: Desi Dobreva, Georgi Hristov and Gianni Fiorellino, and Nevena Tsoneva.

Shows

Quarter-finals
The three quarter-finals took place on 26 October, 23 November and 21 December 2007. Prior to the first quarter-final, "Tseluni noshtta" performed by Katrin was disqualified from the competition, while "Ne vyarvay" performed by Begacha and "Libe" performed by Dobromir Peel were withdrawn. The three entries that qualified to the semi-final from each quarter-final were selected exclusively by public televoting, while an additional five entries were awarded the jury wildcards for the semi-final. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, the guest performer in the first quarter-final was Belarusian Eurovision Song Contest 2007 entrant Dmitry Koldun, while the StringS quartet, "Diva" Ballet Group and Bulgarian Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007 entrant Bon-Bon performed as guests in the second quarter-final, and Petya Buyuklieva and Macedonian Eurovision Song Contest 2002 and 2007 entrant Karolina performed as guests in the third quarter-final.

Semi-final
The semi-final took place on 26 January 2008. The fourteen quarter-final qualifiers alongside the four additional semi-finalists competed and nine entries qualified to the final based on the votes of a fifteen-person jury panel. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, guest performers were the three pre-qualified artists: Desi Dobreva, Georgi Hristov and Gianni Fiorellino, and Nevena Tsoneva. On 28 January 2008, "Sombero" performed by Stoyan Royanov which originally was selected to advance from the semi-final was disqualified from the competition after the song had been performed in June 2007 and replaced with "Tired Soul" performed by Vlado and Svetlio.

Final
The final took place on 23 February 2008. The nine semi-final qualifiers along alongside the three automatic qualifiers competed and "DJ, Take Me Away" performed by Deep Zone and Balthazar was selected as the winner exclusively by public televoting. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, guest performers were Lili Ivanova, Mike Johnson, Ukrainian Eurovision Song Contest 2004 winner Ruslana and Bulgarian Eurovision Song Contest 2007 entrant Elitsa Todorova and Stoyan Yankoulov.

Promotion
Deep Zone and Balthazar made several appearances across Europe to specifically promote "DJ, Take Me Away" as the Bulgarian Eurovision entry. Between 2 and 4 April, Deep Zone and Balthazar made radio and television appearances in Ukraine and performed at the Maidan Nezalezhnosti in Kyiv. On 14 April, the group appeared during the NET TV talk show programme Sellili in Malta. Between 18 and 20 April, the group took part in promotional activities in Turkey where they were interviewed by local media and appeared during shows on Mega Radio, ATV, MTV Turkey, Show TV and TRT. On 24 April, the artists appeared during the RTP1 talk show Portugal no Coração in Portugal. Deep Zone and Balthazar also took part in promotional activities in Greece and Romania, and completed promotional activities in Croatia on 12 May. In addition to their international appearances, Deep Zone and Balthazar performed during the annual BG Radio Music Awards which was held on 6 April at the National Palace of Culture in Sofia.

At Eurovision
The Eurovision Song Contest 2008 took place at the Belgrade Arena in Belgrade, Serbia.  It consisted of two semi-finals held on 20 and 22 May, respectively, and the grand final on 24 May 2008. It was announced in September 2007 that the competition's format would be expanded to two semi-finals in 2008. According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the "Big Four" (France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom) are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals in order to compete for the final; the top nine songs from each semi-final as determined by televoting progress to the final, and a tenth was determined by back-up juries. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) split up the competing countries into six different pots based on voting patterns from previous contests, with countries with favourable voting histories put into the same pot. On 28 January 2008, a special allocation draw was held which placed each country into one of the two semi-finals. Bulgaria was placed into the second semi-final, to be held on 22 May 2008. The running order for the semi-finals was decided through another draw on 17 March 2008 and Bulgaria was set to perform in position 12, following the entry from Croatia and before the entry from Denmark.

The two semi-finals and the final were broadcast in Bulgaria on Channel 1 with commentary by Elena Rosberg and Georgi Kushvaliev. The Bulgarian spokesperson, who announced the Bulgarian votes during the final, was Valentina Voykova.

Semi-final

Deep Zone and Balthazar took part in technical rehearsals on 14 and 17 May, followed by dress rehearsals on 21 and 22 May. The Bulgarian performance featured the members of Deep Zone and Balthazar performing with guitar-shaped turntables which its disks were set alight on stage equipment cases at the end of the song. Lead singer Joanna Dragneva wore a red gown and held ostrich feathers. The other group members also performed vocals using vocoders. The stage colours were red and the LED screens displayed colourful elements. The performance also featured effects including green lasers and pyrotechnics. A breakdancer in a shirt with the number 12 joined Deep Zone and Balthazar on stage: Peter Kostov.

At the end of the show, Bulgaria was not announced among the top 10 entries in the second semi-final and therefore failed to qualify to compete in the final. It was later revealed that Bulgaria placed eleventh in the semi-final, receiving a total of 56 points.

Voting
Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Bulgaria and awarded by Bulgaria in the second semi-final and grand final of the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Ukraine in the semi-final and to Germany in the final of the contest.

Points awarded to Bulgaria

Points awarded by Bulgaria

References

External links
 EuroBGvision Website

2008
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008
Eurovision


Douglas Wood is an American children's author, author, singer, songwriter, speaker, and musician. One of Wood's children's books, Old Turtle and the Broken Truth, won the International Reading Association Book of the Year Award.

Education
Wood received his Bachelors of Music Education Degree from Morningside College in Sioux City, Iowa. Thereafter he completed graduate course studies for a master's degree in psychology from St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN.

Biography
Douglas Wood is an American writer of many books for children and adults, with over two and one half million copies in print. Old Turtle and Grandad's Prayers of the Earth are among his best known works. Among Wood's honors and awards are the Christopher Medal, American Booksellers Book of the Year, International Reading Association Book of the Year, and Parent's Choice Award. His book, Miss Little's Gift, was recognized as a Notable Book by the Smithsonian Institution. Much of Douglas Wood's thematic material comes from a lifelong interest in the outdoors, particularly the relationship between the human spirit and the natural world. In 2011 Douglas Wood narrated the symphonic setting of Old Turtle at the Lincoln Center.

In addition to his work as an author, Douglas Wood is also a musician, who composes and performs music for 12 string guitar, banjo, mandolin, and keyboards. He often performs with his band, WildSpirit. As with his books, much of his music is inspired by the world of nature.

Public speaking
Wood speaks frequently at literary, environmental, and wellness conferences and conventions on the topics wilderness, personal growth, spiritual health, and the outdoors.

He has appeared at the National Wellness Conference, American Booksellers Convention, International Reading Association, Minnesota Naturalist's Association, Association of Interpretive Naturalists, World Wilderness Congress and Midwest Environmental Conference and others.

Selected books

Discography

Major awards and achievements
1992: Minnesota Book Award
1993: ABBY Award – American Booksellers Book of the Year
1993: International Reading Association Book of the Year
1994: Who's Who in America, 48th Edition
1999: The Christopher Medal
2000: Parents Choice Award
2009: Alumni Educator of the Year – Morningside College
2009: Smithsonian Notable Book
2011: Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Best Book Award
2013: Lifetime Achievement Award, MN Association for Environmental Ed

External links
  douglaswood.com official website
 Children's Literature Network biography and complete booklist
Douglas Wood talks about Old Turtle and EarthSongs with Julaine Heit, Northern Lights Minnesota Author Interview TV Series #230 (1992):  [https://reflections.mndigital.org/catalog/p16022coll38:38#/kaltura_video]

Video
 ''Happy Birthday We're Sending Love Your Way" written and performed by Douglas Wood, December 18, 2012
 Stories of Nature” written and presented by Douglas Wood, October 1999
 In Our Hands” written and performed by Douglas Wood, March 2013

References

American male singers
Living people
American children's writers
1951 births


The Academy of Management is a professional association for scholars of management and organizations that was established in 1936. It publishes several academic journals, organizes conferences, and provides others forums for management professors and managers to communicate research and ideas.

From 1994 to 2016, the academy was headquartered on the Briarcliff Manor, New York campus of Pace University. Since then it has been based off-campus in independent space in Briarcliff Manor.

Divisions and interest groups
As of August 2018, there were 25 divisions and interest groups that reflect members interests and disciplinary backgrounds.

Divisions offer a range of member services, including educational sessions, social events at the academys annual meeting, professional development opportunities like paper development workshops, newsletters, and professional service opportunities.

Publications
The academy publishes the following academic journals:

 Academy of Management Journal
 Academy of Management Review
 Academy of Management Perspectives (formerly Academy of Management Executive)
 Academy of Management Learning and Education
 Academy of Management Annals
 Academy of Management Discoveries
 Academy of Management Insights

The first three journals were ranked in the top 40 business journals in the world in 2006 by the Financial Times.

Southern Management Association
The Southern Management Association (SMA) is a regional affiliate of the Academy of Management and, along with SAGE, publishes the Journal of Management and Journal of Management Scientific Reports. It is an academic association with a stated primary purpose to advance the teaching, learning, research, and practice of management. As of 2017, membership was over 1000 professors of management, doctoral students, and business executives.

As an academic association, SMA has deemed the development and dissemination of new ideas and approaches in the science of management as a critical objective. The annual meeting hosts consortia for doctoral students, professional development workshops, paper presentations, symposia, and other sessions of attendee interest.

See also
Human resources development
Human resource management
Industrial and organizational psychology
Industrial sociology

References

External links

Management science
Human resource management publications
Professional associations based in the United States
Organizations established in 1936
Briarcliff Manor, New York
Professional associations


is a railway station on the Shinonoi Line in the city of Chikuma, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

Lines
Obasute Station, which is served by trains on the Shinonoi Line, is located 54.2 km (33.7 miles) from the terminus of the line at Shiojiri Station.

Station layout
The station, which is unattended, is situated on a switchback, and has two side platforms connected by a footbridge. The station building is on the south platform. Through passenger trains not booked to call at Obasute do not use the switchback; however, freight trains make use of it if booked to cross a passenger service at this point.

Platforms

History

The station opened on 1 November 1900. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR East.

The station is named after nearby Mt. Ubasute, which in turn is named after the possibly mythical practice of ubasute, abandoning elderly relatives in the mountains to die.

Tourism developments
Although the station itself is unstaffed, local volunteers serve tea at weekends to the many tourists who visit for the express purpose of enjoying the extensive views over the Zenkoji Plain which are to be had from the northern platform. Additionally, since 2017 Obasute station has been a calling-point on the route of the luxury Shiki-Shima cruise train, which stops here overnight at the end of the first day of the spring and autumn 2-day cruises. In connection with this traffic an evening bar has been built on the station's south platform for the use of the cruise passengers and a viewing area provided on the north platform.

Passenger statistics
In the fiscal year 2018, the average daily number of passengers starting their journeys at Obasute was 64.

See also
List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links

 JR East station information

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1900
Chikuma, Nagano
Railway stations in Nagano Prefecture
Shinonoi Line
Stations of East Japan Railway Company


is a train station on the Shinonoi Line in the city of Nagano, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

Lines
Inariyama Station is served by the Shinonoi Line and is 62.3 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Shiojiri Station.

Station layout
The station consists of two ground-level side platforms, connected to the station building by a footbridge. The station is a  Kan'i itaku station.

Platforms

History
Inariyama Station opened on 1 November 1900. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR East.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2015, the station was used by an average of 358 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

Surrounding area
Hase-dera
Inariyama-juku

See also
 List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links

 JR East station information

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1900
Stations of East Japan Railway Company
Shinonoi Line
Railway stations in Nagano (city)


In the field of nuclear engineering, a rabbit is a pneumatically controlled tool used to insert small samples of material inside the core of a nuclear reactor, usually for the purpose of studying the effect of irradiation on the material. Some rabbits have special linings to screen out certain types of neutrons. (For example, the Missouri University of Science and Technology research reactor uses a cadmium-lined rabbit to allow only high-energy neutrons through to samples in its core.)

References

Nuclear technology


Francesco Paolo Fulci (19 March 1931 – 21 January 2022) was an Italian diplomat who served as Ambassador to the United Nations.

Education
Fulci graduated with honours in law in 1953 from the University of Messina and obtained a master's degree in comparative law at Columbia University, New York, where he studied as a Fulbright scholar from 1954 to 1955. He later received the diploma from The Hague Academy of International Law, and attended the College of Europe in Bruges, Belgium, from 1955 to 1956.

Early diplomatic career

Fulci entered the Italian foreign service in 1956. He served as secretary-general of Italy's Executive Committee for Intelligence and Security from 1991 until 1993. From 1985 to 1991, he was Italy's Ambassador to the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) in Brussels. From 1980 to 1985, Ambassador Fulci served as Italy's ambassador to Canada. From 1976 to 1980, he was chief of staff to the Speaker of the Italian Senate, Amintore Fanfani.

During his long diplomatic career, Ambassador Fulci served his country in other important world capitals, including New York City, Moscow, Paris, and Tokyo.

United Nations
Ambassador Fulci was Permanent Representative of Italy to the United Nations (1993–1999). In 1999, he became president of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), after serving as its vice-president a year earlier. In 1997, he was elected to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child. During his tenure as Italian Ambassador to the United Nations (extended by the Italian Government for two more years after his retirement age), Ambassador Fulci served twice as President of the Security Council.

At the UN, he co-founded, with the Ambassadors of Egypt, Mexico and Pakistan, the so-called Coffee Club, a powerful lobby of countries formed in the early 1990s to oppose the expansion of the permanent membership of the Security Council, and push for the enlargement of non-permanent seats. In 1998 Ambassador Fulci masterminded the procedural resolution, introduced by the Coffee Club and approved by the General Assembly, which states that any resolution or decision on the reform of the Security Council, at all stages of the reform process, has to be adopted with a majority of two-thirds of the UN member states. The Coffee Club was recently revived by Italy and Pakistan under the name of  Uniting for Consensus to block a renewed bid by Germany, India, Japan, and Brazil to obtain a permanent seat in the Council.

In his capacity as president of the Economic and Social Council, Ambassador Fulci underlined in a "Manifesto on Poverty Eradication" ten priorities: they were later enshrined in the UN Millennium Declaration and in the UN Millennium Development Goals, adopted in September 2000, as well as in the "Monterrey Consensus" of 2002, at the end of the International Conference on Financing for Development.

Later career and death
Fulci joined the Ferrero Confectionery Group in 2000 as vice president and served as president of Ferrero SpA from 2011 to 2019. He was member of the Italy-USA Foundation.

He died on 21 January 2022, at the age of 90.

Honors
 1981, honorary doctorate of law, University of Windsor in Ontario
 1996, honorary doctorate of law, St. Thomas Aquinas College in New York
 1998, honorary doctorate of law, St. John's University in New York
 Knight of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
 Order of Merit of the Italian Republic 1st Class / Knight Grand Cross – 2 June 1992

See also
 Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Italy)
 Foreign relations of Italy

Notes

References
 Ranieri Tallarigo (editor), "L'Italia all'ONU 1993-1999. Gli anni con Paolo Fulci: quando la diplomazia fa gioco di squadra" , Rubbettino, 2007
 Elio Menzione "La sfida di New York. L'Italia e la riforma del Consiglio di Sicurezza" Rubbettino Ed. 2017

1931 births
2022 deaths
20th-century Italian diplomats
People from Messina
Permanent Representatives of Italy to the United Nations
Columbia Law School alumni
College of Europe alumni
The Hague Academy of International Law people
Knights of Malta
Permanent Representatives of Italy to NATO
Ambassadors of Italy to Canada
Businesspeople from Sicily
Italian diplomats
Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic


Ba Bể is a rural district of Bắc Kạn province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2019 the district had a population of 48,325. The district covers an area of 678 km². The district town lies at Chợ Rã.

Administrative divisions
The district is divided into one township Chợ Rã, the district town and communes:
Mỹ Phương
Đồng Phúc
Hoàng Trĩ
Quảng Khê
Yến Dương
Chu Hương
Địa Linh
Thượng Giáo
Khang Ninh
Nam Mẫu
Cao Thượng
Cao Trĩ
Phúc Lộc
Bành Trạch
Hà Hiệu

Climate

See also
Ba Bể Lake
Ba Bể National Park

References

Districts of Bắc Kạn province


Bạch Thông is a rural district of Bắc Kạn province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 31,585. The district covers an area of 546 km². The district capital lies at Phủ Thông.

Administrative divisions
The district is divided into one township (the capital Phủ Thông) and communes:

Phương Linh
Vi Hương
Tú Trĩ
Lục Bình
Đôn Phong
Dương Phong
Quang Thuận
Hà Vị
Quân Bình
Cẩm Giàng
Tân Tiến
Sĩ Bình
Vũ Muộn
Cao Sơn
Nguyên Phúc
Mỹ Thanh

References

Districts of Bắc Kạn province


Chợ Đồn is a rural district of Bắc Kạn province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 49,296. The district covers an area of 913 km2. The district capital lies at Bằng Lũng.

Administrative divisions
The district is divided into one township Bằng Lũng (the district capital) and communes:

Bình Trung
Yên Nhuận
Nghĩa Tá
Lương Bằng
Phong Huân
Yên Mỹ
Đại Sảo
Bằng Lãng
Đông Viên
Rã Bản
Phương Viên
Ngọc Phái
Yên Thượng
Yên Thịnh
Bản Thi
Quảng Bạch
Bằng Phúc
Tân Lập
Đồng Lạc
Xuân Lạc
Nam Cường

References

Districts of Bắc Kạn province


Chợ Mới is a rural district of Bắc Kạn province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 37,665. The district covers an area of 606 km2. The district capital lies at Chợ Mới.

Administrative divisions
The district is divided into one township, Chợ Mới (the district capital) and communes:

Quảng Chu
Yên Đĩnh
Như Cố
Bình Văn
Yên Hân
Yên Cư
Thanh Bình
Nông Hạ
Nông Thịnh
Cao Kỳ
Tân Sơn
Hòa Mục
Thanh Vận
Thanh Mai
Mai Lạp

References

Districts of Bắc Kạn province


Na Rì is a rural district of Bắc Kạn province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 38,833. The district covers an area of 834 km². The district capital lies at Yến Lạc.

Administrative divisions
The district is divided into one township, Yến Lạc (the district capital), and communes:

Đổng Xá
Liêm Thủy
Xuân Dương
Dương Sơn
Quang Phong
Hảo Nghĩa
Cư Lễ
Hữu Thác
Côn Minh
Văn Minh
Ân Tình
Lam Sơn
Kim Lư
Lương Thành
Lạng San
Kim Hỷ
Lương Thượng
Văn Học
Lương Hạ
Cường Lợi
Vũ Loan

References

Districts of Bắc Kạn province


Ngân Sơn is a rural district of Bắc Kạn province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2003, the district had a population of 29,509 people. The district covers an area of 644.4 km². The district capital lies at Vân Tùng commune.

Administrative divisions
The district is subdivided to 11 commune level subdivisions, including the township of Nà Phặc, and the rural communes of: Hương Nê, Lãng Ngâm, Thuần Mang, Thượng Quan, Đức Vân, Vân Tùng (district capital), Trung Hòa, Cốc Đán, Thượng Ân and Bằng Vân.

Climate

References

Districts of Bắc Kạn province


Pác Nặm is a rural district of Bắc Kạn province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 26,476. The district covers an area of 474 km². The district capital lies at Bộc Bố.

Administrative divisions
The district is subdivided to 10 rural communes:
 Bằng Thành
 Nhạn Môn
 Công Bằng
 Giáo Hiệu
 Bộc Bố
 Xuân La
 Cổ Linh
 An Thắng
 Cao Tân
 Nghiên Loan

References

External links

Districts of Bắc Kạn province