The Diocese of Ivrea () is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Piedmont. For a time the diocese included the territory which had once been the diocese of Aosta, suppressed in 1803 but restored in 1817. Up until 1517 Ivrea was a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Milan; it is now a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Turin.

History
Ivrea is on the Via Francigena, a pilgrim route that started as far away as Canterbury in England, and brought pilgrims through the St. Bernard passes in the Alps to Rome. During the Middle Ages, pilgrims could travel on to Bari and take ship for Jerusalem. The episcopal see of Ivrea is said to have been established by Eusebius of Vercelli about the middle of the fourth century. The first historically certain bishop is Eulogius (c. 451).

According to a tradition unsupported by evidence, Ivrea is the place where Saint Patrick was consecrated bishop, c. 431, before evangelizing Ireland. Blessed Thaddeus MacCarthy died here in 1492 as a pilgrim returning from Rome to Munster, Ireland and miracles hae been attributed to him.

Saint Malachy of Armagh passed through Ivrea in 1139 on his way to Rome. In 1847 the Bishop of Ivrea sent the Archbishop of Dublin forty pounds for the famine-stricken people of Ireland in memory of Thaddeus MacCarthy the Irish pilgrim who had died in Ivrea in 1492.

In the reign of Pope Gregory V (996–999), the bishops of Piedmont wrote an urgent letter to the Pope, complaining about the violent and vicious behavior of King Ardouin, which included the slaying of priests and burning their bodies, and hoping that Gregory could use his imperial connection as the grandson of the Emperor Otto I, to help them. Pope Gregory offered his sympathy for the troubles that the Church of Ivrea was suffering.

On 9 July 1000, the Emperor Otto III, on the advice of Archbishop Henribertus of Cologne, confirmed the Bishop of Ivrea in possession of the entire city of Ivrea to a distance of three miles from the city, and granted him in addition a number of country districts. This was confirmed by the Emperor Conrad on 1 April 1027, with the statement that the jurisdiction of the bishop extended four miles from the city.

Bishop Enrico (1029–1059) was the founder of the monastery of Saint Stephen in the diocese of Ivrea in 1044, for which he obtained papal confirmation after the Roman Synod in 1059.

Papal intervention
On 29 January 1206, Pope Innocent III was so dissatisfied with the administration of the diocese of Ivrea, that he appointed the Bishop of Vercelli, the Abbot of Tileto, and the priest Albert of Mantua to demand the resignation of Bishop Giovanni because he was insufficient to the task (cum sit insufficiens et inutilis). The Pope ordered that, if he did not resign voluntarily, seeing that charges of simony and neglect (dilapidatione ac symonia) had been proven, they were to depose him. When the new bishop, Pietro, who had been elected in accord with a mandate sent by the Pope to the Archbishop of Milan and the Chapter of Ivrea, arrived in Ivrea, his safety was so threatened that he fled and went into hiding, sending off a letter to Pope Innocent about his situation. On 26 October 1206 the Pope replied, urging him to return to Ivrea, pointing out that a bishop is married to his church and ought not to desert his obligations to his spouse.

Imperial control
The Emperor Frederick II convened an imperial diet, to meet at Speyer on 30 November 1218. Bishop Obertus de Cocconato (1209–1239) was present, along with Marchese Guglielmo of Monferrat and the bishops of Turin and Novara. They all subscribed the grant by Frederick to Guglielmo of four castles in a charter of 21 February 1219. Then, on 25 February 1219, Frederick confirmed for Obertus the possession of the bishops of Ivrea of the County of Ivrea, as well as all the privileges granted the bishops by his predecessors. The vassals of the Bishopric of Ivrea were: the Marchese of Monferrato, the Counts of S. Martino, Agliè, Novano and Bairo, and the Barons of Parella, Torassa, Ronodizzone, Azeglio, Burollo, Valle di Chy, Villa di Strambino, Barbania, and Loranzè The bishops, however, were by no means free of imperial supervision and control. The Emperor Otto IV (1209–1215) had appointed a Rector of Ivrea, Guido di Biandrate, which was renewed by Frederick II on 20 May 1238. But then, when the contest with Pope Gregory IX was at a fever pitch, and Frederick found that he could not control Guido di Biandrate, he appointed Arnaldo Vasco, Lord of Altesano, as Captain Imperial and Rector of Ivrea and Canavese; in 1240 Arnaldo was succeeded by Guglielmo Sivoletto. Finally, in 1248, Frederick gave Ivrea and Canavese to Thomas II, Count of Savoy, though the transfer did not take effect due to the death of the Emperor.

This was the beginning of a decline in the power of both the bishop of Ivrea and the commune. The appointment of procurators who never were consecrated bishops, Conradus (1243–1249) and Fredericus de Fronte (1264–1289), and a bishop, Joannes de Barono (1250–1264), who was not consecrated until six years after his appointment, meant long years without strong leadership, until finally, in 1313, Emperor Henry VII made Ivrea a subject of the Counts of Savoy.

From 1497 to 1612 the bishopric of Ivrea was the exclusive property of the family of Ferrero, the relatives and descendants of Sebastiano Ferrero, Treasurer General of the Dukes of Savoy.

French and the plague
In June 1630, a major outbreak of plague struck the area of Ivrea, in the wake of the French invasion of Louis XIII. The city was placed under strict quarantine by the Magistrate of Sanitation, which was not lifted until 23 April 1631. The shortages, especially of food, which were already severe due to the war, were increased, as were the sufferings of the people. In one parish alone, S. Lorenzo fuori le mure, thirty-one people were registered as dead between 1 September 1630 and 23 April 1631.

Synods
A diocesan synod was an irregularly held, but important, meeting of the bishop of a diocese and his clergy. Its purpose was (1) to proclaim generally the various decrees already issued by the bishop; (2) to discuss and ratify measures on which the bishop chose to consult with his clergy; (3) to publish statutes and decrees of the diocesan synod, of the provincial synod, and of the Holy See.

In 1588, 1589, 1590, 1592, 1598, 1600 and 1602 Bishop Cesare Ferrero (1581–1612) held diocesan synods and published the Synodal Constitutions.

Bishop Giuseppe di Ceva (1614–1633) held a synod in 1618 and another in 1622. Bishop Octavio Asinari (1634–1656?) held a diocesan synod on 18 April 1646; and Bishop Giacinto Trucchi, O.P. (1669–1698) held one on 27 April 1672.

A diocesan synod was held by Bishop Michele Vittorio Villa (1741–1763) from 3 to 5 June 1753.

Bishop Davide Riccardi (1878–1886) held his first diocesan synod on 6 September 1883, and published the proceedings.

French conquest
When the French revolution guillotined King Louis XVI, King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia declared war on the French Republic, but in three successive engagements, the Battle of Montenotte (12 April 1796), the Battle of Millesimo (13–14 April 1796) and the Battle of Mondovi (21 April 1796), General Napoleon Bonaparte defeated the Piedmontese. In suing for peace, Victor Amadeus was forced to cede Savoy and Nice to France. The territory, including the diocese of Ivrea, became part of the Department of Mont-Blanc. King Victor Amadeus died on 18 October 1796, and his son and successor, Carlo Emanuele was forced to abdicate on 6 December 1798.

The French government, in the guise of ending the practices of feudalism, confiscated the incomes and benefices of the bishops and priests and made them employees of the state, with a fixed income and the obligation to swear an oath of loyalty to the French constitution. As in metropolitan France, the government program also included reducing the number of bishoprics, making them conform as far as possible with the civil administration's "departments". Ivrea became the capital of a department called Dora. Following the Concordat of 1801 between Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII, the Pope issued a bull, Gravissimis causis (1 June 1803), in which the number of diocese in Piedmont was reduced to eight: Turin, Vercelli, Ivrea, Acqui, Asti, Mondovi, Alessandria and Saluzzo. Ivrea was united with the former diocese of Aosta. One of the bishops who suffered the loss of his See (in 1797)  was Bishop Giuseppe Grimaldi of Pinerolo, who was appointed by Pius VII to be Bishop of Ivrea in February 1805, to replace the deceased Bishop Ponchietti.

When Bonaparte crossed the Alps again in the Spring of 1800, intent on driving the Austrians out of the Po Valley, he sent General Jean Lannes to secure Ivrea and destroy its fortifications.

The confused situation of the dioceses in Piedmont was addressed by Pope Pius VII in his bull Beati Petri (17 July 1817) as far as the redrawing of diocesan boundaries was concerned. Bishop Grimaldi of Ivrea, who had also been administrator of the diocese of Vercelli since 1814, was named the first Archbishop of Vercelli on 1 October 1817.

Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta
The Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta is located on the Via San Savino in Ivrea.

The Cathedral was served by a Chapter of Canons, which was headed by three dignities, the Provost, the Archdeacon, and the Archpriest. The Chapter had a set of statutes as early as 1247, which were emended and extended in 1255, 1260, 1263 and 1265. Pope Julius II confirmed another set of Statutes in 1508. Another set was enacted in 1694. In 1698 there were five dignities and nineteen Canons.

In an Imperial Decree of 6 May 1806, the Emperor Bonaparte ordered that the Chapter of Ivrea consolidate all of the property of its prebends into a single fund, and apportion the dividends to each of the Canons on an equal basis. In a decree of 8 May 1806, he consolidated (i.e. suppressed) the Collegiate Churches of Castelnuovo di Scrivia, Csteggio, Cavaglià, Livorno, Masserano, and S. Benigno, uniting them with the Cathedral.

After the Congress of Vienna restored Piedmont to the Dukes of Savoy (Kings of Sardinia), an effort was made to restore some of the property that had belonged to the Cathedral, but what was recovered was insufficient to support the Chapter of the Cathedral. Pope Pius VII therefore issued a bull on 17 July 1817 which reduced the number to five dignities and sixteen Canons. In addition there was a Penitentiary and six Chaplains.

Architecture
The cathedral is built on the site of a first century Roman temple. Between the fourth and fifth century, a Christian church was constructed in the design of a Roman basilica. In the eleventh century, Bishop Warmondo, who was named bishop by Emperor Otto III, enlarged the structure in the Romanesque style. Warmondo also established a scriptorium. As the apse and other portions of Warmondo's work remains, the cathedral constitutes an important example of Romanesque architecture in the Canavese.

The campanili are attributed to the early 11th century, though the upper parts which house the bells were not completed until two hundred years later. The upper portions of the bell towers, that may have collapsed during the 1117 Verona earthquake, began to be rebuilt in the 12th century.

In 1516 Bishop Bonafacio Ferrero replaced the Romanesque façade with a Bramante-style portico. Bishop Ottavio Pocchettini (1824–1837) later commissioned architect Giuseppe Martinez to remodel the building in Late Baroque style. The Bramante-style portico was reworked into a Palladian style in 1854.

Art
The carved walnut reredos depicting motifs of plants and human and animal figures, attributed to Baldino of Surso, are now in the Civic Museum of Ancient Art in Turin. The crypt contains frescoes from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century, some damaged by time. On the foundation pillar of the southern bell tower, a holy warrior is depicted, possibly representing a member of the Theban Legion. There is also some early work by Giacomino of Ivrea and a painting attributed to the Maestro di Oropa.

In the sacristy is a 1521 depiction of the Adoration of the Child with the Blessed Warmondo and donor by Piedmont master Defendente Ferrari. A second Ferrari, the Adoration of the Child with St. Clare and the Poor Clares, was re-located to the chapter room from the former convent of Santa Chiara in Ivrea which closed in 1802.

Religious congregations
With the conquest of Savoy by the French army (1797–1802) and its cession to France by Victor Amadeus III in the treaty of Paris (15 May 1796), the decrees of the National Constituent Assembly and the French National Assembly were carried out in Savoy, including the suppression of all monasteries, convents, and Chapters. Establishments of various religious orders in Ivrea included:
 Cistercians (at SS. Maria e Michele)
 Canons Regular of the Lateran (Mortariensi) (at S. Lorenzo fuori le mura)
 Franciscans (up to the beginning of the 19th century)
 Dominicans (in the district called Pasquero outside the walls; and at S. Maurizio, up to the beginning of the 19th century)
 Friars Minor Observant (from 1455)
 Augustinians (in the Borgo called Bando)
 Capuchins (from 1606)
 Fathers of Christian Doctrine (Dottrinari) (from 1683 to 1869)
 Daughters of Charity of the Most Holy Annunciation (Founded in 1744 at Montanaro Canavese) (the only Religious Order not suppressed by the French)
 Sisters of Charity of the Immaculate Conception (Founded in 1828 at Rivarolo Canavese by Antonia Maria Verna)
 The Knights Templar had a convent in Ivrea near S. Nazario from before 1130. In 1312 their property was handed over to the Knights of Malta.

Bishops

 Eulogius (c. 451)
Innocentius (c. 486)
...
 Desiderius (c. 680)
...
 Bessus (c. 770?)
...
 Josephus (844–855)
 Adalgerus (c. 967)
 Warmundus (Veremondo) (c. 969–1002)
Ottobianus (attested 1003)
...
 Hugo (c. 1026–1029)
 Enrico (1029–1059)
...
 [Albertus (c. 1073)]
 Ogerius (c. 1075–c. 1094)
...
 Guido (1122–c. 1162)
 Gaimario (1166–1189)
 Gaido (1192–c. 1199))

from 1200 to 1500

 Giovanni (1200–1206)
 Pietro (c. 1206–1209)
 Obertus Cocconato (1209–1239)
 Conradus (1243–1249) Bishop-elect
 Joannes de Barono (1250–1264)
 Fredericus de Fronte (1264–1289) Bishop-elect
 Alberto Gonzaga, O.Min. (1289–1322)
 Hubertus Solaro (1322–1326)
 Palaynus Avogrado (1326–1346)
 Jacobus de Francisco (1346–1358)
 Joannes Mistrali (1358–1360)
 Petrus de Camera (1361–1373)
 Petrus Condono (1373–1399) (Avignon Obedience)
 Nicolao (1394) (Roman Obedience)
Bonifacio di S. Martino Torre (1399–1426 Died)
 Jacobus de Pomariis (1427–1437)
 Giovanni Parella di San Martino (1437–1479 Died)
Domenico Manfredi, O.S.B. (1479–1483)
Nicolò Garigliati (1485–1497 Died)
Bonifacio Ferrero (1497–1509)

from 1500 to 1700

Giovanni Stefano Ferrero (1509–1510 Died)
Bonifacio Ferrero (1511–1518 Resigned)
Filiberto Ferrero (1518–1549)
Sebastiano Ferrero (1549–1563 Resigned)
Ferdinando Ferrero Fieschi (1563–1580 Died)
Cesare Ferrero (1581–1612 Died)
 Enrico Silvio, O.Carm. (1612) Bishop-elect
Giuseppe di Ceva (1614–1633)
 Octavio Asinari, B. (1634–1656?)
Filiberto Milliet de Faverges, C.R.L. (1658–1663)
Pompeo Valperga (1664–1669)
 Giacinto Trucchi, O.P. (1669–1698 Died)

since 1700

Alessandro Lambert (1698–1706 Died)
Giovanni Silvio Nicola (1727–1733 Died)
 Sede vacante (1733–1741)
Michele Vittorio Villa (1741–1763 Died)
Francesco Lucerna Rorengo di Rorà (1764–1768)
Giuseppe Pochettini di Serravalle (1769–1803 Died)
Giuseppe Maria Pietro Grimaldi (1805–1817)
Columbano Giovanni Battista Chiaverotti, O.S.B. (1817–1818)
 Sede vacante (1818–1824)
Luigi Pochettini di Serravalle (1824–1837)
Luigi Moreno (1838–1878)
Davide Riccardi (1878–1886)
Agostino Richelmy (1886–1897 Appointed, Archbishop of Turin; Cardinal in 1899)
Matteo Angelo Filipello (1898–1939 Died)
Paolo Rostagno (1939–1959 Died)
Albino Mensa (1960–1966 Appointed, Archbishop of Vercelli)
Luigi Bettazzi (1966–1999 Retired)
Arrigo Miglio (1999–2012 Appointed, Archbishop of Cagliari)
Edoardo Aldo Cerrato, C.O. (2012–)

Parishes
There are 141 parishes, 140 within the Piedmontese Province of Turin and the other within the Province of Vercelli, also in Piedmont.

References

Bibliography

Reference works

 pp. 816–817. (in Latin)
 (in Latin) [Eubel was unacquainted with local Piedmontese documents, and is frequently unreliable]
 (in Latin)

Studies

  Kehr, Paul Fridolin (1914). Italia pontificia : sive, Repertorium privilegiorum et litterarum a romanis pontificibus ante annum 1598 Italiae ecclesiis, monasteriis, civitatibus singulisque personis concessorum. Vol. VI. pars ii. Berolini: Weidmann. pp. 143–156.
 Lanzoni, Francesco (1927). Le diocesi d'Italia dalle origini al principio del secolo VII (an. 604). Faenza: F. Lega, pp.  1051-1052.

 Saroglia, Giovanni (1881). Memorie storiche sulla chiesa d' Ivrea : cenni biografici. Ivrea: A. Tomatis.

Schwartz, Gerhard (1907). Die Besetzung der Bistümer Reichsitaliens unter den sächsischen und salischen Kaisern: mit den Listen der Bischöfe, 951-1122. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner. (in German)

Ivrea
Ivrea
Province of Turin
Province of Vercelli
Ivrea


Arebica (آرەبـٖٮڄآ) is a variant of the Arabic script used to write the Serbo-Croatian language. It was used mainly between the 15th and 19th centuries and is frequently categorized as part of Aljamiado literature. During Austro-Hungarian rule, there were unsuccessful efforts by Bosnian Muslims to grant Arebica equal status alongside Latin and Cyrillic alphabets. Apart from literature, Arebica was used in religious schools and administration, though in much less use than other scripts.

Origin
Arebica was based on the Perso-Arabic script of the Ottoman Empire, with added letters for ,  and , which are not found in Arabic, Persian or Turkish. Full letters were eventually introduced for all vowels (as with Kurdish Arabic script), making Arebica a true alphabet, unlike its Perso-Arabic base.

Arebica was used by the Slavic Muslims in Central Bosnia during the Ottoman rule and continued usage during the Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina. During that period, they requested that Arebica be given equal status with the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, but the request wasn't granted. The usage of the script, however, continued sporadically even after.

The final version of Arebica was devised by Mehmed Džemaludin Čaušević at the end of the 19th century. His version is called Matufovica, Matufovača or Mektebica.

Contemporary use
The first literary work to be published in Arebica since 1941 was the comic book "Hadži Šefko i hadži Mefko" in 2005, by authors Amir Al-Zubi and Meliha Čičak-Al-Zubi. The authors made slight modifications to Arebica.

The first book in Arebica with an ISBN was "Epohe fonetske misli kod Arapa i arebica" ("The Age of Phonetic Thought of Arabs and Arebica") in April 2013 in Belgrade by Aldin Mustafić, MSc. This book represents the completion of the standardization of Mehmed Džemaludin Čaušević's version, and is also a textbook for higher education.

Alphabet
The final version of Arebica alphabet was devised at the end of the 19th century by Mehmed Džemaludin Čaušević. The alphabet listed here is a new version made by Aldin Mustafić.

Notes

  The diacritic beneath the  appears on the letter preceding the .
  Mustafić uses  and  instead of  and  for Ć ć/Ћ ћ and Nj nj/Њ њ .
  Mustafić uses  and Al-Zubi and Čičak-Al-Zubi use  for Đ đ/Ђ ђ.

Ligatures
Like the standard Arabic alphabet, when  connects to either  or  a special ligature is used instead.

Prior to standardization, the most widespread Arebica conventions were based on Ottoman Turkish conventions, and similar to contemporary aljamiado conventions adopted for Albanian and Greek. Vowels are often written using matres lectionis, with the exception of /e/, which is only represented word-finally, as <ە>. /o/ and /u/ are not distinguished. /ɲ/, /ʎ/ and /ts/ were not distinguished from /n/, /l/ and /tʃ/, respectively spelt as <ن>, <ل> and <چ>. Palatal affricates /tɕ/ and /dʑ/ are both typically spelt as <ك>, due to the Persian letter <گ> not having been widely adopted yet, while velar stops /k/ and /g/ are represented with <ق> and <غ>.

Text examples

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1

Tehran

See also
Aljamiado
Sevdah
Belarusian Arabic alphabet, another script used by Slavic-speaking Muslims
Chirvat-türkisi
Gaj's Latin alphabet
Muhamed Hevaji Uskufi Bosnevi
:Category:Arabic alphabets

External links
 Ottoman Turkish / Arabic keyboard (including Bosnian characters)
 UDHR in Arebica (Bosnian)
 Adnan Tufekčić, Arebica in Bosnia – Short Notes and One Review: From the Treasury of Bosnian Authentic Syncretism, Spirit of Bosnia No 15 (04), 2020

Footnotes

Bibliography

 Enciklopedija leksikografskog zavoda, entry: Arabica. Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod, Zagreb, 1966
 Online Text Converter from Latin or Cyrillic to Arebica Script, Language institute of the University of Sarajevo https://www.e-bosanski.ba/konverter-pisama/bosanska-arebica/

Bosnian language
Croatian language
Serbian language
Arabic alphabets


Oktyabrsk () is a town in Samara Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Volga River (Saratov Reservoir),  from Samara. Population:

History
It was founded in 1956 by consolidating of three settlements: Batraki, Pravaya Volga and Permomaysky.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the town of oblast significance of Oktyabrsk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the town of oblast significance of Oktyabrsk is incorporated as Oktyabrsk Urban Okrug.

Transportation
There is a railway station in the town.

References

Notes

Sources

Cities and towns in Samara Oblast
Populated places established in 1956
Syzransky Uyezd


Lyla Pinch Brock is a Canadian Egyptologist, specializing in epigraphy. She lives in Saissac, France.

She has taken part in a number of archaeological projects, including the Tell el-Borg Project and the Theban Mapping Project. On behalf of the Royal Ontario Museum, she was responsible for epigraphy in the tomb of Amenmose (TT89) and wholly responsible for excavating and conserving the tomb of Anen (TT120). She also cleared and conserved KV55 from 1992-1996. During excavation of the tomb in 1993, she discovered an ostracon painted with part of the original plan of the tomb among other objects. The pottery from this job has recently been published.

She was married to Edwin C. Brock, who was also an Egyptologist until his death in 2015.

Publications
 (contributor)
No. 33, Autumn 2008, pp. 16 – 17.
Brock, Lyla Pinch. "Art, Industry and the Aegeans in the Tomb of Amenmose." Ägypten und Levante/Egypt and the Levant 10 (2000): 129-137.
Brock, Lyla Pinch, and Roberta Lawrie Shaw. "The Royal Ontario Museum epigraphic project: Theban tomb 89 preliminary report." Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 34 (1997): 167-177.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Canadian Egyptologists
21st-century Canadian women scientists
Canadian women archaeologists
Place of birth missing (living people)


North–South Expressway may refer to:

North–South Expressway (Malaysia)
North–South Expressway Central Link
North–South Expressway (Singapore)
North–South Expressway East, running along the coast of Vietnam
North–South Expressway West, running along western border of Vietnam

See also
North–South Corridor, Adelaide, South Australia
North–South Motorway, in Australia


D. Moor () was the professional name of Dmitry Stakhievich Orlov (; 3 November 1883 in Novocherkassk – 24 October 1946 in Moscow), a Russian artist noted for his propaganda posters. The pseudonym "Moor" was taken from the name of the protagonists in Friedrich Schiller's play The Robbers.

He was also the chief artist for the Bezbozhnik ("Godless") magazine.

See also
 List of Soviet poster artists

References

External links
  Lambiek Comiclopedia article.

1883 births
1946 deaths
People from Novocherkassk
People from Don Host Oblast
Russian poster artists
Russian illustrators
Russian comics artists
20th-century Russian painters
Russian male painters
Postcard artists
20th-century Russian male artists


Breilly () is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Breilly is situated on the D1235 road, by the banks of the river Somme, some  northwest of Amiens.

Places of interest
 St Sulpice church
 St Louis chapel
 war memorial
 The "château de Breilly" (private location - ruins).

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

External links

 Breilly(Unofficial town website)

Communes of Somme (department)


Balzac () is a commune in the Charente department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Balzatois or Balzatoises.

Geography
Balzac is located some 7 km north-west of Angoulême. Access to the commune is by the D737 from Angoulême which passes through the east of the commune and the town continuing north to Montignac-Charente. The D105 branches off the D737 north of the town and goes east to Champniers. The D406 also branches off the D737 and goes west to Vindelle. Apart from the town there are the hamlets of Coursac, La Chapelle, Les Chabots, and Les Courlis in the commune. The commune is mostly farmland with a small forest in the south-west and a significant urban area for the town.

Geology and terrain
Balzac occupies the interior of a wide bend of the Charente. The bedrock of the large eastern half of the commune, which is the highest in altitude, consists of limestone dating from the Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) period.

The centre of the town, between  Labbés, Genin, and Texier, is located on old alluvium from the Quaternary period.

The western part of the commune, between La Chapelle and Chabots, contains other alluvial deposits which form a low terrace. The river bed (floodplain) is itself made up of more recent alluvium (silt, sandy clay, and peat).

The terrain that separates the valley of the Charente from that of the Argence forms a kind of long cliff, very high and steep in its northern part, which is the concave side of the bend in the river near the villages of Coursac and Font-Saint-Martin, which gradually decreases in height to end at the foot of the Chateau of Balzac.

The highest point in the commune is at an altitude of 102 m east at Puylebin to the east of Coursac. The lowest point is 30 m on the Charente river at the confluence of the Argence. The village is about 60 m above sea level.

Hydrography
The river Charente forms the entire south, west, and north-west border of the commune as it flows around the commune and continues south-east to eventually join the Atlantic Ocean at Rochefort. The Argence flows from the north-east and forms much of the eastern border where it joins the Charente in the south-eastern corner of the commune.

Climate
The climate is oceanic Aquitaine and similar to the town of Cognac where the departmental weather station is located.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Toponymy
Old forms of the name Balzac are Balazacum and Balazaco in 1298.

According to Dauzat, the origin of the name Balzac dates back to a Gallo-Roman person Ballitius, which itself is derived from Ballius, to which is added the suffix -acum which would give Ballitiacum or "Domain of Ballitius". According to other sources, Balatius was the name of a Gallic man, derived from Balatos.

History
Aerial archaeology has revealed evidence of a Neolithic Bronze Age Promontory fort on the slopes of Coursac in a position dominating the Charente.

A Chateau existed in the 12th century and Balzac was a former fief under the Bishopric of Angoulême and the barony of Tourriers which was acquired in 1398 by Guy de La Rochefoucauld. From the 12th to the 17th century the chateau passed through many hands. The present chateau was rebuilt on the same site in 1600 by Guillaume Guez and his wife who left from time to time for their house in Angoulême. It was the residence of the family Guez de Balzac and Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac, the "Restorer of the French Language", lived there.

From 4 March to 29 August 1619 Marie de' Medici was hosted there by the Guez family, "not wishing to stay elsewhere until the peace that made her son Louis XIII". The castle became the crossroads for personalities of the time during her stay - such as Cardinal Richelieu, the Duke of Épernon, the Cardinal de La Rochefoucauld, and the Count of Bethune.

The road to Vars was a transport route by donkey for Salt to the port of Basseau. The name la Montée des Sauniers (Ascent of Salt workers) above Coursac came from this.

Formerly the Terrier de Bourguignol, then called the Plantier de Bourguignone, located near the Pont Suraud (Suraud Bridge) on the Argence was a dolmen called the Tomb of Bourguignon which was still visible in 1760.

At the beginning of the 20th century cherries and peas from Balzac were particularly appreciated from Angoulême to Paris. The fields provided milk feeding two major dairy factories in the commune, run by Messrs. Hortolan and Rochier.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 1,337 inhabitants. Balzac lost 30% of its population in the second half of the 19th century which then stabilised and experienced consistent growth in the last quarter of the 20th century.

Distribution of Age Groups

Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Balzac and Charente Department in 2017

Source: INSEE

Facilities

Education
The school is an Inter-communal Educational Grouping (RPI) with Vindelle. Balzac has a primary school (Nursery and from CP to CE2) and Vindelle has an elementary school (from CE2 to CM2). The Jean Caillard High School for Balzac is located in Genins.

Sites and monuments

The Chateau of Balzac (17th century) is registered as an historical monument. was built by the father of Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac. This chateau has lodgings which overlook the Charente and is surrounded by a park enclosed by walls with pierced portals. There are also a canal, a fishpond, a lavoir, and a feudal church.
The Parish church of Saint Martin is located in the town next to the castle. It is of Romanesque architecture and dates from the 12th century.

Balzac is also the location of the headquarters of the Community of communes of Braconne and Charente.

Chateau of Balzac Picture Gallery

Notable people linked to the commune
Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac (1597-1654), French writer, lived in the Château of Balzac.

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

External links
Balzac official website
Balzac on Villages of France website, 2000
Balzac on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Balzac on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Charente


The UWF Super Welterweight Championship was a title in the Japanese professional wrestling, created by Universal Pro/FULL, then later on defended in Michinoku Pro and Osaka Pro before becoming inactive.

Inaugural tournament
The inaugural tournament to crown the first champion was held on June 14 and June 15, 1992. It was a four-man tournament.

Title history

See also
Osaka Pro Wrestling Championship

References

External links
History at Wrestling-Titles.com

Super welterweight wrestling championships
Osaka Pro Wrestling championships


Bassac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. It has Bassac Abbey, founded more than 1000 years ago (in the year 1002), partially restored in the late 20th century, and sold in 2015 to a trust ("société civile immobilièree") for renovation.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Bayers () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Aunac-sur-Charente.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente


Bazac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Beaulieu-sur-Sonnette is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente
Charente communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bécheresse () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


The North–South Corridor (NSC), originally conceptualised as the North-South Expressway, is an under-construction expressway that will be the 11th of Singapore's network of expressways when completed. The North South Corridor will serve increasing traffic along the north-south corridor that is currently served by the Central Expressway (CTE). The  expressway will cost about S$7–8 billion when fully completed in 2029 as North-South Corridor and will connect the East Coast Parkway (ECP) with the northern parts of Singapore.

The NSC will have a total of 16 entrances and 17 exits to connect towns along the north-south corridor—Woodlands, Sembawang, Yishun, Ang Mo Kio, Bishan and Toa Payoh—with the city centre. The NSC will also provide links to existing expressways, including the Seletar Expressway (SLE), Pan-Island Expressway (PIE) and East Coast Parkway (ECP).

According to the Land Transport Authority, the continuous bus lanes along the NSC will be able to reduce bus travelling times from Woodlands, Sembawang, Yishun and Ang Mo Kio to the city by up to 30 minutes through morning and evening peak express bus services, and also make bus connections between residential towns along the NSC faster by allowing intra-town buses to leverage the ramps and bus lanes on the surface. A cycling path along the entire stretch of the highway will link up the Park Connector Networks and dedicated cycling path networks within HDB towns along the entire corridor to the city centre.

The North-South Corridor was initially targeted to be ready by 2023. However, due to significant delays in construction, the deadline has been pushed back multiple times. It is now expected for the viaduct from Admiralty Road West to Lentor Avenue to be opened in 2027, and the tunnels from Lentor Avenue to East Coast Parkway to be opened in 2029.

History
The expressway was first announced as the North South Expressway on 30 January 2008 as part of a major review of Singapore's transport network by the Land Transport Authority (LTA).

On 19 January 2011, the government gave the green light to build the expressway between Admiralty Road West and Toa Payoh Rise. On 15 November 2011, LTA unveiled the full alignment of the North-South Corridor. The land was acquired earlier so that the owners will be given sufficient time to move house, with construction initially planned to begin in 2017 with an expected completion date of 2023. The corridor became an integrated transport corridor in 2016, with the land being cleared for the construction of North-South Corridor, works are ready to start in 2018 and complete by 2026.

On 2 October 2020, it was announced that the major traffic junction at Novena linking Newton Road, Moulmein Road and Thomson Road, will be adjusted to make way for the construction of expressway tunnels.

Route
In the final plan, the NSC will commence at Admiralty Road West in northern Singapore and proceed southwards along Woodlands Avenue 8, Gambas Avenue, Sembawang Road. It will join Lentor Ave and intersect the Seletar Expressway.  On Marymount Road, the expressway tunnel is being built together with the station box for Teck Ghee station on the upcoming Cross Island MRT line.  Major bus stops will be equipped with lift lobbies at Lentor Avenue, Ang Mo Kio Avenue 6 and Marymount Road. It will also pass through the two military training areas - Lentor and Seletar East, both of which will be cleared by 2017. It will pass Toa Payoh Rise, join Thomson Road and Bukit Timah Road running parallel to the Central Expressway. The NSC will continue along Ophir Road, joining the East Coast Parkway at its southern terminus. In addition, there will be new bus lanes and cycling lanes.

Some land had to be acquired by the government for the project. The Land Transport Authority tried to utilize state land as far as possible, reducing the number of private properties which had to be acquired. Despite much of the expressway running underground at its southern end, some land had to be taken because of existing Mass Rapid Transit tunnels, and also because the expressway had to be straight to maintain traffic speeds. One of the prominent landmarks that had to make way for the project is the Rochor Centre. Novena Square underpasses will also be demolished, and the former Ellison Building may be considered for demolition.

From 8 October 2023 to 2029, Marymount Flyover will be temporarily closed for construction works for the North-South Corridor.

References

External links

Expressways in Singapore
Road tunnels in Singapore
Woodlands, Singapore
Yishun
Mandai
Ang Mo Kio
Bishan, Singapore
Toa Payoh
Novena, Singapore
Kallang
Downtown Core (Singapore)
Proposed roads in Singapore
Buildings and structures under construction in Singapore
Transport in Central Region, Singapore


Benest () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Three Bees was launched at Bridgwater in 1813. Her first voyage was transporting convicts to New South Wales. After she arrived at Sydney Cove in 1814 she caught fire and was destroyed.

Voyage and loss
Captain John Wallis and Three Bees gathered her convicts from Ireland. She then sailed to Falmouth.

Three Bees sailed from Falmouth on 8 December 1813. The 46th Regiment of Foot provided the guard, which consisted of five officers and 43 non-commissioned officers and privates. Three Bees left in convoy under the escort of  and . They parted after about a month and Three Bees continued on in company with Catherine. Three Bees arrived in Sydney Cove on 6 May 1814.

Three Bees had embarked 210 male convicts, of whom nine died en route. Governor Macquarie wrote:

The Three Bees, commanded by Captn. John Wallis, arrived on the 6th inst. with two hundred and ten male Convicts, out of 219 originally embarked, the other nine having died on the passage; and out of those landed, it has been necessary to Send fifty five to the Hospital many of them being much affected with Scurvy and others labouring under various complaints. On enquiring into the cause of this mortality and sickness, it appeared that many of them had been embarked in a bad state of health, and not a few infirm from lameness and old age. I am happy in being enabled to state that the Convicts by the Catherine and the Three Bees have, without a Single Exception, borne grateful Testimony to their having been treated with the most unremitting care, Attention, and kindness, by the Masters and Surgeons of those Vessels, from the day of their Embarkation until they were finally landed here. The circumstance of several of those unfortunate men being embarked in a diseased or feeble State will, I trust, shew the necessity for greater attention being paid to the state of the Health of the Convicts, who are to be embarked in future, which I have much reason to believe has not been so fully attended to by the Examining Surgeons as Humanity demands.

After the 210 convicts were all disembarked a fire was discovered on the ship at 4.30 pm on 20 May 1814. It was later thought that the fire was caused by candle snuff being dropped on oakum when an officer and boy had entered the hold. It soon became apparent that the fire could not be fought and so Three Bees was cut loose from her moorings and the other ships in the cove maneuvered to avoid the ship. At 5.30 pm the first gun exploded on board and a swivel ball smashed into the parlour of the house of Captain Piper, hitting only a writing table. The ship drifted onto Bennelong Point and shortly after her magazine exploded. Three Bees was a total loss.

Lloyd's List reported on 14 October 1814 that Three Bees, Wallace, master, of London and bound for China, caught fire and was burnt at Port Jackson on 20 May.

Citations

References

1813 ships
Ships built in England
Shipwrecks of the Sydney Eastern Suburbs Region
Sail ships of Australia
Individual sailing vessels
Maritime incidents in 1814
1814 in Australia
1788–1850 ships of Australia
Convict ships to New South Wales
Naval magazine explosions
Age of Sail merchant ships
Merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Ship fires


Bernac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Berneuil () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente
Charente communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bessac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Bessé is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population
The inhabitants of Bessé-sur-Braye are called Besséens.

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Bignac () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Genac-Bignac.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente


Bioussac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Birac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Blanzac-Porcheresse () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Coteaux du Blanzacais.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente


Blanzaguet-Saint-Cybard (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Geography
The Lizonne forms part of the commune's southeastern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Boisbreteau () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

History
The first church was built prior to Boisbreteau 9th century, destroyed in the 14th century, repaired in the 15th century and banned in 1784 on the eve of the Revolution.

A priory was built in the 13th century. The foundation of the priory of Cluniac Notre Dame Boisbreteau date is unknown but a licensee Wilelmus mentioned in 1270.

While the Hundred Years' War ravaged the kingdom of France since 1337 and especially since the English naval victory at Sluys in 1340, from the late 14th century, the priory of Cluniac finds himself ruined by the English and was purely and simply deleted. It was at this time that the parish became part of Boisbreteau priory of Saint-Vivien Saintes.

The research has assumed that the Priory was probably the site of the present church of St. Macrina.

In the 15th century the land belonged to the family Boibreteau Frondebœuf until marriage to Isabella of Frondebœuf Curzay with John, Lord of Parsay July 18, 1491 and is still by marriage they spent in 1609 to Bring the family The Wolf and the Rocquart, then to the Stone-Saulnier Closure lords Rouillac, Gondeville Sonneville Boisbreteau,  and other places.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


The Diocese of Fossano () is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Piedmont, in the Province of Cuneo. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Turin.

Fossano became an episcopal see in 1592, through the reassignment of eleven localities from the diocese of Turin and four from the diocese of Asti. The diocese was suppressed in 1802 during the control of the French Consulate and the First Empire, and reestablished in 1817.

History

The diocese of Fossano was established by Pope Clement VIII in a bull which he signed on 15 April 1592. On the same day he addressed a bull of appointment to Bishop Camillo Daddeo, transferring him to Fossano from the diocese of Brugnano. He also addressed a letter to the Archbishop of Turin, notifying him of the transfer of a number of parishes from his jurisdiction to that of the new diocese. He addressed another to the people of Fossano, notifying them of the promotion of their town (oppidum) to the status of a city (civitas). Finally, the Pope wrote to Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, officially notifying him of the creation of the diocese and the appointment of Bishop Daddeo. In the letter to Bishop Daddeo, Pope Clement notes that he has assigned the right of presentation to the vacant See of Fossano to the Dukes of Savoy, and that the Dukes are to continue to enjoy the rights of patronage which they possessed in the territory before the diocese was erected. In fact, the initiative for the creation of the new diocese had come from Charles Emanuel himself, who had recently (1588) seized the Marqisate of Saluzzo in an effort to free himself from the political grasp of his French cousins.

French occupation

During the occupation by the French Republic, between 1802 and 1805, Piedmont was annexed to metropolitan France, and divided into six departments: Ivrea or Doire (Dora), Marengo, Po or Eridan, Sofia, Stura, and Tanaro. Fossano found itself part of the Department of the Stura. The French government, in the guise of ending the practices of feudalism, confiscated the incomes and benefices of the bishops and priests, and made them employees of the state, with a fixed income and the obligation to swear an oath of loyalty to the French constitution. As in metropolitan France, the government program also included reducing the number of bishoprics, making them conform as far as possible with the civil administration's "departments". In accordance with the Concordat of 1801, and at the demand of the First Consul N. Bonaparte, Pope Pius VII was compelled to issue a bull, Gravissimis causis (1 June 1803), in which the number of diocese in Piedmont was reduced from seventeen to eight: Turin, Vercelli, Ivrea, Acqui, Asti, Mondovi, Alessandria and Saluzzo. The diocese of Fossano was suppressed. The details of the new geographical divisions were left in the hands of Cardinal Giovanni Battista Caprara, the Papal Legate in Paris. The territory of the diocese of Fossano was assigned to the diocese of Turin.

After Waterloo, the Congress of Vienna agreed in the restoration of the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Papal States, both of which were in a state of disarray because of French political and administrative actions. The confused situation of the dioceses in Piedmont was addressed by Pope Pius VII in his bull, Beati Petri (17 July 1817) The diocese of Fossano was reestablished, but the vacant See was not immediately filled.

Cathedral, Chapter, churches, monasteries

The ancient Collegiate Church of the Virgin Mary and Saint Juvenalis, the largest in the town of Fossano, was presided over by a Provost a Penitentiarius and ten canons. It was chosen as the new cathedral on the same day as the town was promoted to the rank of city (civitas) by Pope Clement VIII, 15 April 1592. In 1678, the Cathedral Chapter had only one dignity and twelve Canons; in 1755 there were thirteen Canons.

Under Napoleon, the Chapter continued to exist, even though the diocese had been suppressed and there was no incumbent bishop. In 1809 there were fourteen Canons. In 1858, the Chapter was composed of a Provost, a Dean, and fourteen Canons.

A new Cathedral building was erected in the 18th century, and consecrated on 25 September 1791.

Synods
A diocesan synod was an irregularly held, but important, meeting of the bishop of a diocese and his clergy. Its purpose was (1) to proclaim generally the various decrees already issued by the bishop; (2) to discuss and ratify measures on which the bishop chose to consult with his clergy; (3) to publish statutes and decrees of the diocesan synod, of the provincial synod, and of the Holy See.

Upon entry into his diocese, Bishop Daddeo conducted, from 1593 to 1595, an official visitation of each of the parishes in his new diocese. Then, in 1595, he conducted the first diocesan synod in the new diocese. The decrees of the synod, along with a selection of papal bulls and decrees of the Council of Trent were immediately published. The decrees contained theological, liturgical, and disciplinary clauses, both for the clergy and for the laity. The regular and correct conduct of religious services and the proper administration of the sacraments was a major concern. Bishop Federico Sandri-Trotti (1627–1646) presided over another synod. A synod was held in 1642 by Bishop Clemente Sandri-Trotti (1658–1675), and its decrees too were immediately published; the bishop held another synod in April 1663, and published the decrees, along with a republication of those of Bishop Daddeo and Bishop Frederico Sandri-Trotti. He held another synod in 1669. In September 1748, Bishop Giambattista Pensa (1741–1754) held his first diocesan synod, and in August 1778 Bishop Carlo Giuseppe Morozzo (1762–1800) presided over another. In 1882 Bishop Emiliano Manacorda (1871–1909) held a synod.

Bishops

Camillo Daddeo (Doddeo) (15 Apr 1592 – 24 Sep 1600)
Pedro de León (4 Mar 1602 – 1606)
Tommaso Piolatto (Biolato), C.R.L. (1606 – 15 Sep 1620)
Agaffino Solaro di Moretta (29 Mar 1621 – 18 Jun 1625)
Sede vacante (1625–1627)
Federico Sandri-Trotti (20 Dec 1627 – 5 Nov 1646)
Sede vacante (1646–1648)
Nicola Dalmazzo (Dalmatico), O.S.A. (23 Nov 1648 – 20 Apr 1653 Died)
Clemente Ascanio Sandri-Trotti (8 Jul 1658 – 20 Apr 1675)
Ottaviano della Rovere, B. (17 Jun 1675 – 10 Oct 1677)
Maurizio Bertone, C.R.S. (28 Mar 1678 – 27 Nov 1701 Died)
Sede vacante (1701–1727)
Cristoforo Lorenzo Baratta (26 Nov 1727 – 20 Jul 1740 Died)
Giambattista Pensa (17 Apr 1741 – 1 Jun 1754 Died)
Filippo Mazzetti (17 Feb 1755 – 1761)
Carlo Giuseppe Morozzo (19 Apr 1762 – 18 Nov 1800)
Sede vacante (1800–1803)
Diocese suppressed (1802–1817)
Sede vacante (1817–1821)
Luigi Fransoni (13 Aug 1821 – 24 Feb 1832)
Sede vacante (1832–1836)
Ferdinando Bruno di Tournafort (1 Feb 1836 – 27 Sep 1848)
Luigi Carlo Fantini (28 Sep 1849 – 28 Aug 1852 Died)
Sede vacante (1852–1871)
Emiliano Manacorda (24 Nov 1871 – 29 Jul 1909 Died)
Giosuè Signori (15 Apr 1910 – 23 Dec 1918)
Quirico Travaini (16 Jan 1919 – 19 Mar 1934)
Angelo Soracco (12 Dec 1934 – 11 Mar 1943)
Dionisio Borra (30 Apr 1943 – 2 Sep 1963 Retired)
Giovanni Francesco Dadone (17 Sep 1963  – 29 Oct 1980 Died)
Severino Poletto (29 Oct 1980 – 16 Mar 1989 Appointed, Bishop of Asti)
Natalino Pescarolo (4 May 1992 – 24 Aug 2005 Retired)
Giuseppe Cavallotto (24 Aug 2005 – 9 Oct 2015 Retired)
Piero Delbosco (9 Oct 2015 – )

Parishes
The diocesan web site maintains a list of parishes, locations, and assigned clergy. There are 33 parishes, all within the Piedmontese Province of Cuneo.

See also
In persona episcopi

References

Bibliography

Episcopal lists

 (in Latin)

 (in Latin)

Studies

External links
Catholic Hierarchy page
 Official page

Fossano
Fossano
Fossano
Province of Cuneo
Fossano
1592 establishments in Italy


Bonneville () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Val-d'Auge.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente


The University of Dundee Botanic Garden is a botanical garden in the West End of the city of Dundee, Scotland. The gardens are kept and funded entirely by the University of Dundee.

History
Plans for a Botanic Garden in Dundee were first advanced by Professor Patrick Geddes in 1906, but were not acted upon at that point. This scheme would have seen the gardens developed between the Perth Road and Magdalen Green. Geddes was then Professor of Botany at University College, Dundee, and was responsible for laying out the grounds of its quadrangle (now known as the Geddes Quadrangle) in order that they could be used for teaching purposes. Another Geddes proposal in 1909 failed to be supported by University College.  A further scheme suggested by Geddes in 1909 failed to gain support from the University College authorities.

Plans for a garden at the university were again mooted in the 1960s, but were rejected on grounds of cost. It was in 1970 that James Drever, Vice-Chancellor of the university, seriously considered the proposal and moved towards its foundation. The first appointed curator, Edward Kemp, brought a wealth of knowledge to the post, having formerly been curator at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.

Curators
There have been, to date, four curators of the gardens:

 Edward Kemp (1971–1980)
 Les Bissett (1980–1998)
 Alasdair Hood (1998–2018)
 Kevin Frediani (2019–present)

Entry

The garden is open daily from 10am until 4.30pm (March–October) or 3.30pm (November–February). A modest admission fee is charged, although entry is free for staff and matriculated students of the university. On Christmas Day, Boxing Day and the first two days of January, the gardens are closed.

Friends
The Friends of Dundee University Botanic Garden is a charitable and voluntary society set up in 1982 to support the garden's development, raise funds and promote the garden's activities. In 2007 and 2008 the Friends led the campaign against plans to close the garden.

References

External links

Botanical gardens in Scotland
University of Dundee
Gardens in Dundee
Science and technology in Dundee


Bors (also referred to as Bors-de-Baignes, to distinguish it from Bors near Montmoreau-Saint-Cybard) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Bors (also referred to as Bors-de-Montmoreau, to distinguish it from Bors near Baignes-Sainte-Radegonde) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Afsaneh Rasaei () is a premier Persian vocalist who began training with Mahmoud Karimi in 1974. After the Islamic Revolution, women were not allowed to perform in public, so all the activities for women vocalists were limited to teaching. Now, Iranian women are permitted to perform at a concert with men, in the choir. However, she was the pioneer woman in Iran to sing thoroughly and singularly in concerts, even though men were present.

Born in a family of great musicians and singers, she started learning the Persian vocal Radif with Mahmoud Karimi when she was 20. In spite of restrictions for female singers in Iran, she collaborated with musicians such as Mohammadreza Shajarian and Hossein Alizadeh and was leading the Hamavayan Ensemble.

She performed several concerts in reputable concert halls such as Vahdat hall and Niavaran palace in Iran, Queen Elizbeth hall in the UK, Carnegie hall in New York City, the black diamond in Denmark and many other places in other countries.

She released multiple albums including “Endless Vision” which became a Grammy Award nominee in 2007. She has been teaching Persian vocals since 1984.

References

20th-century Iranian women singers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century Iranian women singers
Date of birth missing (living people)


A microlens  is a small lens, generally with a diameter less than a millimetre (mm) and often as small as 10 micrometres (µm). The small sizes of the lenses means that a simple design can give good optical quality but sometimes unwanted effects arise due to optical diffraction at the small features. A typical microlens may be a single element with one plane surface and one spherical convex surface to refract the light. Because micro-lenses are so small, the substrate that supports them is usually thicker than the lens and this has to be taken into account in the design. More sophisticated lenses may use aspherical surfaces and others may use several layers of optical material to achieve their design performance.

A different type of microlens has two flat and parallel surfaces and the focusing action is obtained by a variation of refractive index across the lens. These are known as gradient-index (GRIN) lenses. Some micro-lenses achieve their focusing action by both a variation in refractive index and by the surface shape.

Another class of microlens, sometimes known as micro-Fresnel lenses, focus light by refraction in a set of concentric curved surfaces. Such lenses can be made very thin and lightweight. Binary-optic micro-lenses focus light by diffraction. They have grooves with stepped edges or multilevels that approximate the ideal shape. They have advantages in fabrication and replication by using standard semiconductor processes such as photolithography and reactive-ion etching (RIE).

Micro-lens arrays contain multiple lenses formed in a one-dimensional or two-dimensional array on a supporting substrate. If the individual lenses have circular apertures and are not allowed to overlap, they may be placed in a hexagonal array to obtain maximum coverage of the substrate. However, there will still be gaps between the lenses which can only be reduced by making the micro-lenses with non-circular apertures. With optical sensor arrays, tiny lens systems serve to focus and concentrate the light onto the photo-diode surface, instead of allowing it to fall on non-photosensitive areas of the pixel device. Fill-factor is the ratio of the active refracting area, i.e. that area which directs light to the photo-sensor, to the total contiguous area occupied by the microlens array.

Fabrication
In the 17th century, Robert Hooke and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek both developed techniques to make small glass lenses for use with their microscopes. Hooke melted small filaments of Venetian glass and allowed the surface tension in the molten glass to form the smooth spherical surfaces required for lenses, then mounting and grinding the lenses using conventional methods. The principle has been repeated by performing photolithography into materials such as photoresist or UV curable epoxy  and melting the polymer to form arrays of multiple lenses. More recently microlens arrays have been fabricated using convective assembly of colloidal particles from suspension.

Advances in technology have enabled micro-lenses to be designed and fabricated to close tolerances by a variety of methods. In most cases multiple copies are required and these can be formed by moulding or embossing from a master lens array. The master lens array may also be replicated through the generation of an electroform using the master lens array as a mandrel. The ability to fabricate arrays containing thousands or millions of precisely spaced lenses has led to an increased number of applications.

The optical efficiency of diffracting lenses depends on the shape of the groove structure and, if the ideal shape can be approximated by a series of steps or multilevels, the structures may be fabricated using technology developed for the integrated circuit industry, such as wafer-level optics. The study of such diffracting lenses is known as binary optics.

Micro-lenses in recent imaging chips have attained smaller and smaller sizes. The Samsung NX1 mirrorless system camera packs 28.2 million micro-lenses onto its CMOS imaging chip, one per photo-site, each with a side length of just 3.63 micrometer. For smartphones this process is miniaturized even further: The Samsung Galaxy S6 has a CMOS sensor with pixels only 1.12 micrometer each. These pixels are covered with micro-lenses of an equally small pitch.

Micro-lenses can be also made from liquids. Recently, a glass-like resilient free-form micro-lenses were realized via ultra-fast laser 3D nanolithography technique. The sustained ~2 GW/cm2 intensity for femtosecond pulsed irradiation shows its potential in high power and/or harsh environment applications.

Bio-microlenses have been developed to image biological specimens without causing damage. These can be made from a single cell attached to a fiber probe.

Wafer-level optics
Wafer-level optics (WLO) enables the design and manufacture of miniaturized optics at the wafer level using advanced semiconductor-like techniques. The end product is cost effective, miniaturized optics that enable the reduced form factor of camera modules for mobile devices.

The technology is scalable from a single-element CIF/VGA lens to a multi-element mega pixel lens structure, where the lens wafers are precision aligned, bonded together and diced to form multi-element lens stacks. As of 2009 the technology was used in about 10 percent of the mobile phone camera lens market.

Semiconductor stacking methodology can now be used to fabricate wafer-level optical elements in a chip scale package. The result is a wafer-level camera module that measures .575 mm x 0.575 mm. The module can be integrated into a catheter or endoscope with a diameter as small as 1.0 mm.

Applications
Single micro-lenses are used to couple light to optical fibres; microlens arrays are often used to increase the light collection efficiency of CCD arrays and CMOS sensors, to collect and focus light that would have otherwise fallen onto the non-sensitive areas of the sensor.  Micro-lens arrays are also used in some digital projectors, to focus light to the active areas of the LCD used to generate the image to be projected. Current research also relies on micro-lenses of various types to act as concentrators for high efficiency photovoltaics for electricity production.

Combinations of microlens arrays have been designed that have novel imaging properties, such as the ability to form an image at unit magnification and not inverted as is the case with conventional lenses. Micro-lens arrays have been developed to form compact imaging devices for applications such as photocopiers and mobile-phone cameras.

Another application is in 3D imaging and displays. In 1902, Frederic E. Ives proposed the use of an array of alternately transmitting and opaque strips to define the viewing directions for a pair of interlaced images and hence enable the observer to see a 3D stereoscopic image. The strips were later replaced by Hess with an array of cylindrical lenses known as a lenticular screen, to make more efficient use of the illumination.

Hitachi have 3D displays free of 3D glasses using arrays of microlens to create the stereoscopic effect.

More recently, the availability of arrays of spherical micro-lenses has enabled Gabriel Lippmann's idea for integral photography to be explored and demonstrated.  Colloidal micro-lenses have also enabled single molecule detection when used in conjunction with a long working distance, low light collection efficiency objective lens.

Micro-lens arrays are also used by Lytro to achieve light field photography (plenoptic camera) that eliminates the need for initial focusing prior to capturing images. Instead, focus is achieved in software during post-processing.

Characterization
In order to characterize micro-lenses it is necessary to measure parameters such as the focal length and quality of transmitted wavefront. Special techniques and new definitions have been developed for this.

For example, because it is not practical to locate the principal planes of such small lenses, measurements are often made with respect to the lens or substrate surface. Where a lens is used to couple light into an optical fibre the focused wavefront may exhibit spherical aberration and light from different regions of the microlens aperture may be focused to different points on the optical axis. It is useful to know the distance at which the maximum amount of light is concentrated in the fibre aperture and these factors have led to new definitions for focal length. To enable measurements on micro-lenses to be compared and parts to be interchanged, a series of international standards has been developed to assist users and manufacturers by defining microlens properties and describing appropriate measurement methods.

Micro-optics in nature
Examples of micro-optics are to be found in nature ranging from simple structures to gather light for photosynthesis in leaves to compound eyes in insects. As methods of forming micro-lenses and detector arrays are further developed, the ability to mimic optical designs found in nature will lead to new compact optical systems.

See also
 Lenticular lens
 Integral imaging
 Plenoptic camera

References

Lenses
Microtechnology


Bouëx is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

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Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Bourg-Charente () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

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Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente
Charente communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bouteville () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. It contains the ruins of a medieval castle.

Population

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Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Boutiers-Saint-Trojan () is a commune in the Charente department, southwestern France.

Population

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Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente
Charente communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Brettes () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

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Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Bréville () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

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Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Brie () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

History
The registers of civil status go back to 1665. The family of Nesmond, an illustrious family of the Angoumois, has long resided in the commune and possessed two houses, in the town and the Jauvigère.

In the 19th century, the military administration established the firing range (called the shooting range) in the forest of La Braconne, for nearly two leagues. It was provided with drinking water thanks to a pipeline, water from the sources of the Touvre. It was occupied at the beginning of the 20th century by the various regiments of the 12th Army Corps.

During the first half of the 20th century, the commune was served by the Angoulême line at Saint-Angeau of the Charentes economic railway called the little Mairat, with metric gauge, and a stop was located at the foot of the village.

Climate
 The climate is oceanic Aquitaine and similar to that of the town of Cognac where the nearest meteorological station is located.
The Braconne forest occupies the eastern part of the commune, with the military camp of the 515th regiment of the train.

Population

Heraldry
The coat of arms is the gold to three hovels contoured of sinople bound gules, to the gules with the flower of sunflower in the natural, gules to the natural tree, At the golden anchor loaded with a number of "515" of sand and the leaping gazelle of silver broaching.

In ancient times, the name of the town appears to have been Bria, in about  1110. According to Dauzat, the origin of the name Brie, like those of other communes of the same name in the region, would go back to the Gaulish briga meaning "height." But it is not obvious because the borough of Brie is not on a height.  During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Brie was called informally Brie-la-Rochefoucauld, named after its canton, to distinguish it from other communes of the same name in Charente.

Churches
 The parish church of Saint-Médard dates from the 12th and 13th centuries. According to some it was attributed to the cathedral chapter of Angouleme, according to others it was a priory-cure of the abbey of Saint-Ausone. Two infants are located near the entrance to the south, one of which is decorated with scallops. The ceiling of the nave was redone in the second half of the nineteenth century. The church was restored in the years 2000.

The church of Saint-Médard is located in the village of Frauds; this neo-Gothic chapel was built in 1905 by a subscription and blessed in 1907. Two stained glass windows represent Saint Barbe, patron saint of the artillerymen, and Saint Hubert, patron saint of the hunters. It was sold in 2005 to an individual, who sometimes organizes exhibitions.

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Pokhvistnevo () is a town in Samara Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Bolshoy Kinel River (Samara's tributary),  northeast of Samara, Russia and only  from the border with Orenburg Oblast. Population:

History
It was founded in 1888 as a settlement serving the construction of the Samara–Ufa railroad. The present Pokhvistnevo railway station was built here in 1902–1904. Town status was granted to it in 1947.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Pokhvistnevo serves as the administrative center of Pokhvistnevsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is, together with one rural locality, incorporated separately as the town of oblast significance of Pokhvistnevo—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the town of oblast significance of Pokhvistnevo is incorporated as Pokhvistnevo Urban Okrug.

References

Notes

Sources

Cities and towns in Samara Oblast
Populated places established in 1888
Former urban-type settlements of Samara Oblast


Brie-sous-Barbezieux (, literally Brie under Barbezieux) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

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Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Brie-sous-Chalais (, literally Brie under Chalais) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

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Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Brigueuil (; Limousin: Briguelh) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

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Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Brillac (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente
Charente communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Brossac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

Castle of Brossac
The written sources describing defensive functions of that premises dates back to the early Middle Ages.  The castle was to control the surrounding fiefs and a former Romanian road Saintes – Périgueux – Cahors.
Dating from the old Middle Ages the premises and the castle as a part of a Durfort's fief were in a possession of Vigier de La Cour Family. Nextly, in 1725 the premises and the castle fell under the rule of de Lafaye Family. The family started to use an epithet Bourgoin after the location name. During the French Revolution in 1789, Pierre de Lafaye du Bourgoin hold a position of a lawyer in Bordeoux Parliament, a seneschal judge in Brossac. In 1874 Pierre-François de Lafaye du Bourgoin re – constructed the small castle into a manor house in the style of Napoleon the 3rd.
Lately, there was an artist painter, Mrs. Alexandra Blonde, who lived there.

References

External links
 Further information visit Brossac *BROSSAC VILLAGE

Communes of Charente


Bunzac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

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Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Cellefrouin () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. It is the site of the remains of the canonry of Cellefrouin, founded in 1025 by Arnald of Vitabre, bishop of Périgueux.

Population

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Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Cellettes () is a commune in the Charente department, Southwestern France.

Population

Gallery

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Chabrac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Chadurie () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Chalais () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. It is the southernmost town in the Charente with over 1,000 people. It lies along the river Tude.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente
County of Saintonge


Challignac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente
Charente communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Champagne-Mouton () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

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Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente
Poitou


Champagne-Vigny () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

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Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Champmillon () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Champniers ( or ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Pokvarena mašta i prljave strasti (trans. Perverted Imagination and Sordid Passions) is the second studio album from Serbian and former Yugoslav rock band Riblja Čorba, released in 1981.

In 1998, the album was polled as the 23rd on the list of 100 greatest Yugoslav rock and pop albums in the book YU 100: najbolji albumi jugoslovenske rok i pop muzike (YU 100: The Best albums of Yugoslav pop and rock music). In 2015, the album was pronounced the 13th on the list of 100 greatest Yugoslav albums published by Croatian edition of Rolling Stone.

Album cover
The album cover was designed by Jugoslav Vlahović.

The original album cover was supposed to display a photograph of naked Mrs. Adela, an eighty-year-old model at the Belgrade's University of Arts' Facility of Fine Arts. However, shortly before the album was released, Bijelo Dugme's Doživjeti stotu came out with a naked old woman on the three-piece cover, so the Pokvarena mašta i prljave strasti cover ended up featuring writer Miloš Jovančević reading a porn magazine.

Track listing

Personnel
Bora Đorđević - vocals, harmonica, acoustic guitar, percussion
Rajko Kojić - guitar
Momčilo Bajagić - guitar, backing vocals
Miša Aleksić - bass guitar, backing vocals
Vicko Milatović - drums

Additional personnel
Enco Lesić - piano, keyboard, producer
Dušan Vasiljević - recorded by
Miroslav Cvetković - recorded by

Reception

By the end of 1981, more than 200,000 copies were sold.

Legacy
In 1998, the album was polled as the 23rd on the list of 100 greatest Yugoslav rock and pop albums in the book YU 100: najbolji albumi jugoslovenske rok i pop muzike (YU 100: The Best albums of Yugoslav pop and rock music).

In 2015, the album was pronounced the 13th on the list of 100 greatest Yugoslav albums published by Croatian edition of Rolling Stone. The magazine wrote:

{{cquote|Passionate rock, with tense vocal chords, tons of sweat and emotions had its amount of "perverted imagination and sordid passions". Actually, there was nothing perverted and sordid in the songwriting of talented Bora Đorđević, who, in the songs of outstanding emotional realism, mentioned and accurately revealed the "dark sides" of life, the twosome, man-woman, and society in general. Brilliant, perspicacious lyrics about the life in a "big dirty city" [...] on Pokvarena mašta i prljave strasti resulted in one of the best albums of yu rock, expanding the thematic circle of Đorđević and Čorba from their superb debut, Kost u grlu. Huge commercial success - fueled primarily by exquisite songs which became the new standard - led to recording of following albums, Mrtva priroda and Buvlja pijaca, with foreign producer, but raw sound of Pokvarena mašta was the perfect outlet for Đorđević's songs, which, alongside the growing repertoire of Branimir Štulić, during those years swept away everything in their path and marked the establishing of a great new talent [...] Pokvarna mašta is the peak of neorealism of domestic rock, not new wave, but "black wave", some sort of equivalent to Žika Pavlović and the 1960s films of Serbian Black Wave.}}

In 2015 Pokvarena mašta i prljave strasti album cover was ranked 18th by web magazine Balkanrock on their list of 100 Greatest Album Covers of Yugoslav Rock.

Covers
Serbian pop punk band Lude Krawe released a cover of "Dva dinara druže" (alongside a cover of the song "Vetar duva, duva, duva" from Riblja Čorba's album Mrtva priroda) on their 2007 cover album Sve tuđe.

 References

Pokvarena mašta i prljave strasti at Discogs
 EX YU ROCK enciklopedija 1960-2006,  Janjatović Petar;
 Riblja čorba'',  Jakovljević Mirko;

External links
Pokvarena mašta i prljave strasti at Discogs

Riblja Čorba albums
1981 albums
PGP-RTB albums
Heavy metal albums by Serbian artists


Cooper Canada Ltd. was a sporting goods and fine leather goods manufacturer based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.  In its heyday, the 1960s through to the 1980s, the company was Canada's leading producer of fine leathergoods, hockey, baseball and lacrosse equipment. The company pioneered team-coloured hockey equipment and the use of nylon, foam, and modern plastics in equipment manufacturing.

Inception
Cecil John Weeks, a nephew by marriage of General Leather Goods owner R.H. Cameron, worked with Cameron, who had founded the company in 1905. Jack Cooper, who also worked with GLG, joined Weeks in purchasing the company in 1949. (Cooper had joined the company of 15 employees in 1932 as their first salesman) The company was re-styled as Cooper Weeks. In 1954 Jack Cooper bought out his partner, Cecil Weeks, but the company continued to be named 'Cooper-Weeks' until 1971, when it was changed to Cooper Canada to coincide with the company going 'public' with 40% of its shares being traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange.  Cooper Canada was sold to Charon Industries in 1987.

Innovation
Prior to Cooper and Weeks's purchase, the company made leather coin purses, key cases and business portfolios along with ski and snowshoe harness sets. With the Great Depression impacting sales, they switched focus to economy-priced protective ice hockey shin guards (in 1933) and gloves (in 1935). Frank Selke, manager of the Montreal Canadiens in the 1950s and early 1960s, worked with Cooper to decrease the weight and improve the durability and safety of hockey equipment. In 1969, the company introduced the plastic hockey stick replacement blade widely used in road hockey.  In 1955 the company became the Canadian Licencee to produce and market Buxton leathergoods in the Canadian market.  Buxton was a US-based company and a leader in the fine leathergoods industry.

Cooper employees and customers worked closely together to develop innovations like goaltenders' throat protection and professional grade lacrosse equipment. In the 1970s, when few professional athletes were paid to endorse equipment, Dave Dryden, brother of Ken Dryden, assisted the company in their Custom Pro Shop, sharing his latest thoughts on how to improve goaltenders' protective gear.

Expansion
Following the July 5, 1972 acquisition of hockey stick and baseball bat maker Hespeler-St. Mary's Wood Specialties Ltd. from the Seagram family, the company expanded into the bat market, with Major League Baseball finally approving their bats on March 27, 1986. The bats gained popularity with such players as Tony Fernández, Buck Martínez, Tim Raines, Paul Molitor, Kelly Gruber, Jesse Barfield, Cecil Fielder, Joe Carter, and Hubie Brooks, and were the first Canadian-made bats used in major league play. The factory maxed out production capacity to gain 30% market share in baseball bat sales by 1988, remaining number two behind Louisville Slugger.  A move of the production facilities in 1996 coincided with the decline of professional use of Cooper bats.

Product criticism
Some Cooper products met with limited consumer acceptance. A hockey pant and girdle called Cooperalls, Cooper hinged DG32 shin pads, and the Cooper XL7 helmet have been named by critics among the worst hockey products of all time, though its widely unknown that Cooperalls became a surprisingly popular design in junior hockey and the Canadian sports of ringette and broomball. Cooperalls have not only had newer designs based on Cooper Canada's initial concept, but started an official trend in the sport of ringette; today, long sport pants for wear on the ice,  "ringette pants" are now the accepted official part of an equipment kit in the sports ringette and broomball. They were designed by Steve Copeland and Len Clement of Cooper Design Group.
Though used in the National Hockey League, the Cooper XL7 helmet met with particular criticism as being unsafe because of a plastic clip that could break upon face checking or puck impacts, detaching the faceguard. (This same faceguard is now prized among collectors for its use in the construction of replicas of Crow T. Robot, the puppet robot from the 1990s television series Mystery Science Theater 3000.)

Dissolution
Canstar Sports Inc., the parent company of hockey product manufacturer Bauer Hockey, acquired the hockey division of Cooper in 1990, and was itself acquired by Nike five years later. Former Cooper lead staff purchased the baseball bat manufacturing division in spring 1999 to form KR3.

Jack Cooper was elected to the U.S. National Sporting Goods Association's Sporting Goods Industry Hall of Fame in 1979 and the Canadian Business Hall of Fame in 1989.

In Ireland, the Cooper brand is used for GAA equipment since Cooper ice hockey helmets made their way into hurling during the 1960s. By now, Cooper is "seen as the market leader" of hurling equipment in Ireland.

References

Sporting goods manufacturers of Canada
Defunct manufacturing companies of Canada
Ice hockey brands


Apollyon (born as Ole Jørgen Moe) is a black metal/thrash metal multi-instrumentalist, formerly associated with Dødheimsgard and Cadaver, now playing in Aura Noir and also Immortal after its reforming in 2006. He has done guest vocals on the Darkthrone albums Plaguewielder and Sardonic Wrath, and also on Audiopain's EP 1986 (2000). He was a live guitarist for Gorgoroth from 2003 to 2004, and performed at Gorgoroth's infamous Kraków show in February 2004 and later released on the video album Black Mass Krakow 2004.

In 2004, Apollyon participated in a live tribute to Quorthon of Bathory at the Hole in the Sky festival in Bergen, Norway. Apollyon played bass on all songs, and also did the vocals on the song Equimanthorn. In addition to Apollyon, the line-up of this tribute band consisted of Bård Faust (ex-Emperor) on drums and Ivar Bjørnson (Enslaved) and Samoth (Emperor) on guitars, as well as guest vocalists Gaahl (Gorgoroth), Abbath (Immortal), Grutle Kjellson (Enslaved), Nocturno Culto (Darkthrone) and Satyr (Satyricon).

Bands

Current
Aura Noir (vocals, guitar, bass, drums)
Two Trains (guitar)

Former
Cadaver (band) (vocals, bass guitar)
Cadaver Inc (vocals, bass guitar)
Dødheimsgard (guitar, vocals, bass, drums)
Immortal (bass guitar)
Lamented Souls (vocals, guitar, drums)
Waklevören (drums, vocals)

Former live/guest/session appearances
Darkthrone
2001 - Plaguewielder (additional vocals on "Command")
2004 - Sardonic Wrath (additional vocals on "Hate is the Law")
2010 - Circle the Wagons (choirs)

Gorgoroth
2008 - Black Mass Kraków 2004 DVD (guitars)

Naer Mataron
2005 - Discipline Manifesto (lead guitars on "Land of Dreams")

Obliteration
2005 - Total Fucking Obliteration EP (backing vocals on tracks 3, 4)

Secht
2006 - Secht (vocals)

Whiskey Ritual
2010 - In Goat We Trust (vocals on "One Million")

Discography

Aura Noir
Two Voices One King (unreleased demo) (1994)
Dreams Like Deserts... (EP) (1995)
Black Thrash Attack (1996)
Deep Tracts of Hell (1998)
Increased Damnation (2000)
The Merciless (2004)
Hades Rise (2010)
Out To Die (2012)
Aura Noire  (2018)

Dødheimsgard
Monumental Possession (1996)
Satanic Art (EP) (1998)
666 International (1999)

Cadaver
Primal (demo) (as Cadaver Inc.) (2000)
Discipline (as Cadaver Inc.) (2001)
Live Inferno (live album) (as Cadaver Inc.) (2002)
Necrosis (2004)

Lamented Souls
Soulstorm (demo) (1993)
Demo (demo) (1995)
Essence of Wounds (7") (2003)
The Origins of Misery (2004)

Gorgoroth
Black Mass Krakow 2004 (DVD) (2008)

Waklevören
Brutal Agenda (2005)
Tiden lager alle sår (2007)

Two Trains
Two Trains (2004)

Darkthrone (guest appearance)
Plaguewielder (2001)
Sardonic Wrath (2004)

Audiopain (guest appearance)
1986 (EP) (2000)

Immortal
All Shall Fall (2009)
The Seventh Date of Blashyrkh (2010)

References

External links

Official Aura Noir website
Official Immortal website
Official Aura Noir MySpace profile
Official Immortal MySpace profile
Official Lamented Souls MySpace profile
Official Waklevören MySpace profile
 Interview at nocturnalcult.com
 Interview at heavymetaltribune.blogspot.com

1974 births
Living people
Norwegian heavy metal bass guitarists
Norwegian male bass guitarists
Black metal singers
Norwegian black metal musicians
Norwegian heavy metal drummers
Male drummers
Norwegian heavy metal guitarists
Norwegian multi-instrumentalists
Norwegian rock bass guitarists
Norwegian rock guitarists
Norwegian rock singers
Norwegian songwriters
Death metal musicians
Cadaver (band) members
Aura Noir members
Immortal (band) members
21st-century Norwegian singers
21st-century Norwegian drummers
21st-century Norwegian bass guitarists
21st-century Norwegian male singers


Chantillac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


La Chapelle () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Charmant () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Boisné-la-Tude.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente


Charmé () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Charras () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

www.charente.website

Communes of Charente


Chasseneuil-sur-Bonnieure (, literally Chasseneuil on Bonnieure) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

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Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Chassiecq (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

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Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Chassors () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Châteauneuf-sur-Charente (; literally 'Châteauneuf on Charente') is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. It is the seat of the canton of Charente-Champagne, and part of the Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Cognac.

With Cognac and Jarnac, it is one of the three towns situated in the heart of the Charente vineyards, and the smallest.

The town is established on the banks of the Charente, on the left bank of a large meander.

History

Prehistoric habitat is documented. The Fontaury site corresponds to Homo sapiens. The cave at Melon is a Mousterian site.

Thanks to aerial archaeology, vestiges of enclosures or protohistorical ditches have also been found in the commune.

The Roman road between Saintes and Périgueux passes on the hillsides at the southern limit of the commune, its right-of-way being always used and named the Boisné road.

Some Roman remains have been found mainly on the right bank, near Saint-Surin.

A late antiquity warrior cemetery (probably frank or Merovingian) has been found.

Later a castle was probably built during the time of Clovis and it was burned down around 1081.

Church

The parish church of St. Peter is remarkable for its statuary and in particular the rider of the frontispiece, which represents the 1st Christian Roman emperor, Constantine the Great, crushing paganism. This statue symbolizes the victory of Christianity over paganism, materialized by the construction of the church, since it was built on an ancient pagan place of worship.

It is also remarkable for its 24-metre high facade divided into three vertical and three horizontal parts. It is thus considered to be one of the most beautiful church facades in Charente. From 1846 to 1860, architect Paul Abadie undertook the restoration of the church. The remarkable hinges, fittings, door knockers and the ironwork of the two glass doors giving access to the church were made in 1851 by the ironworker Pierre Boulanger. The church is partly Romanesque (12th century), partly Gothic with a Gothic bell tower (15th century).

The church hides a funny detail, a snail carved in high relief at the end of the nave, on the altar side. The garden snail is a symbol of Charentais people, supposed to represent both their mindset, discreet, peaceful, unlikely to get excited, a little homestead, and their attachment to this animal, from a culinary point of view. Inhabitants like to show this "cagouille" - as they say - to their guests. Its research occupies the children during the visit of the monument.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Emmanuel Louis Masqueray (1861–1917) was a Franco-American preeminent figure in the history of American architecture, both as a gifted designer of landmark buildings and as an influential teacher of the profession of architecture dedicated to the principles of Beaux-Arts architecture.

Biography
He was born in Dieppe, France, on September 10, 1861 to Charles-Emmanuel and Henriette-Marie-Louise Masqueray, née de Lamare. He was educated in Rouen and Paris. Having decided to become an architect, he studied at the École des Beaux Arts, Paris, as a pupil of Charles Laisné and Léon Ginain, and was awarded the Deschaumes Prize by the Institute of France. He also received the Chandesaigues Prize.  While in Paris, he also served on the Commission des Monuments Historiques.

Masqueray was a charter member of the Society of Beaux-Arts Architects (now the Van Alen Institute) and the Architectural League of New York, the New York Chapter of the American Institute of Architects, as well as the national organization. Masqueray died in St. Paul, Minnesota on May 26, 1917.  His body was buried in Calvary Cemetery in St. Paul.

New York
He came to the United States in 1887 to work for the firm of Carrère and Hastings in New York City; both John Mervin Carrère (November 9, 1858 – March 1, 1911) and Thomas Hastings (1860–1929) had been fellow students with Masqueray at the École des Beaux Arts.  While in their employ, Masqueray created the watercolor elevation of the Ponce de Leon Hotel in St. Augustine, Florida.  Other important work on the boards during his time with the firm included the Hotel Alcazar, St. Augustine, Florida, 1887, now the Lightner Museum, The Commonwealth Club, Richmond, Virginia, 1891, and the Edison Building, New York City, 1891 (razed).  Five years later, he joined the office of Richard Morris Hunt (1827–1895), the first American architect to attend the École des Beaux Arts; in Hunt's firm he helped design many notable buildings including the Elbridge Gerry residence in Marblehead, MA, the William Astor house on Fifth Avenue in New York City, and Ochre Court in Newport, Rhode Island.  It is likely that he made major contributions to the design of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.  He also contributed to the design of The Breakers for Cornelius Vanderbilt II in Newport, Rhode Island.

In 1893, Masqueray opened the Atelier Masqueray, for the study of architecture according to French methods; architect Walter B. Chambers shared in this enterprise. Located at 123 E. 23rd Street, this was the first wholly independent atelier opened in the United States. A colorful, dynamic teacher, Masqueray pleaded with his students to make things simple. Beginning in 1899, Masqueray made special provision for women to number among his architectural students by establishing a second atelier especially for women at 37–40 West 22nd Street in New York. As was said at the time, "...he has unbounded faith in women's ability to succeed in architecture...provided they go about it seriously."

Increasingly, architectural historians are making the connection between the work of Masqueray and those who studied with him.  It is important to have a list of those who were his students over the next decade in New York, in order to foster further awareness and research.  According to contemporary published accounts of the exhibitions of the Atelier Masqueray, those who were his students include:

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

In 1897, Masqueray left the Hunt office to work for Warren & Wetmore, also in New York City, Whitney Warren having been his fellow student at the École des Beaux Arts, Paris.  Work underway while Masqueray was with the firm includes: New York Yacht Club (1898), Westmorly, Harvard, MA (1898), High Tide (William Starr Miller house), 79 Ocean Avenue, Newport, Rhode Island, (1900), The Racquet House at Tuxedo Club, Tuxedo Park, NY, (1890-1900), and the Mrs. Orme Wilson residence (now the India Consulate), 3 East 64th St., New York (1900–03). He was responsible for the design of the Long Island College Hospital in Brooklyn.

St. Louis
His reputation became international in 1901 when the commissioner of architects of the St. Louis Exposition selected him to be Chief of Design. Masqueray in turn employed Louis C. Spiering (a fellow alumnus of the École des Beaux-Arts) and some of his former students including Frank Swales and George Nagle.  As Chief of Design of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, a position he held for three years, Masqueray had architectural oversight of the entire Fair and personally designed the following Fair buildings:

Palace of Agriculture
The Cascades and Colonnades
Palace of Forestry, Fish, and Game
Palace of Horticulture
Palace of Transportation

Design ideas from all of these were widely emulated in civic projects across the United States as part of the City Beautiful Movement.  Masqueray resigned shortly after the fair opened in 1904, having been invited by Archbishop John Ireland of St. Paul to come to Minnesota and design the new Cathedral of Saint Paul in Saint Paul for the city.

Minnesota

Masqueray arrived in St. Paul in 1905 and remained there until his death. He designed about two dozen parish churches for Catholic and Protestant congregations in the upper Midwest, including:
 Cathedral of Saint Paul, St. Paul (1904)
 Basilica of Saint Mary, Minneapolis (1908)
 Incarnation Catholic Church, Minneapolis (1909)
 St. Paul's Episcopal Church on the Hill, St. Paul (1912)
 Bethlehem Lutheran Church, 655 Forest Street, St. Paul
 Chapel of St. Thomas Aquinas, 121 Cleveland Ave., St. Paul (1918)
Masqueray designed several small churches in what is now the Diocese of New Ulm.
 The Church of the Holy Redeemer (1915), Marshall
 Church of St. Peter (1911), St. Peter.  This church was destroyed by the 1998 Comfrey–St. Peter tornado outbreak; a new church-school complex was built at a new location west of the city at 1801 West Broadway. The St. Peter Community Center and Public Library occupy the site of the former church.
 Church of St. Edward, Minneota
 Church of St. Francis Xavier (1917), Benson
 Sacred Heart Church, Murdock

Masqueray also designed important residences in and around St. Paul (one of which, a 1915 home at 427 Portland Avenue, has been owned by radio personality Garrison Keillor) and "Wind's Eye" in Dellwood MN; several parochial schools for the Catholic Archdiocese of St. Paul;  Grace Hall (1912) at the Saint Paul Seminary and Ireland Hall (1912) at the College of Thomas (now University of St. Thomas).

In St. Paul in 1906, Masqueray founded an atelier which continued his Beaux Arts method of architectural training, among his students who trained there, perhaps the best known is Edwin Lundie (1886–1972).  Other architects associated with Masqueray in St. Paul were Fred Slifer and Frank Abrahamson.

Iowa
In the Archdiocese of Dubuque in Iowa:
 Keane Hall at Loras College, Dubuque (1913)
 St. Patrick's Church, Cedar Falls (1914)
 Immaculate Conception Church, Cedar Rapids (1914)

Wisconsin
St. Anne, Somerset

Other works

Masqueray designed three more cathedrals, of which two were built:
 Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Wichita, Kansas (1912)
 St. Joseph Cathedral, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (1919)

He also designed the planned new city of Twin Falls, Idaho.

See also
 French language in Minnesota

References

External links

 Basilica of St. Mary
 St Paul's on the Hill
 University of St. Thomas, MN
 Church of the Incarnation, 38th Street and Pleasant Avenue, Minneapolis
 Church of the Holy Redeemer, Marshall, MN
 Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Wichita, KS
 Church of St. Louis, King of France, St. Paul, MN

1861 births
1917 deaths
19th-century American architects
French emigrants to the United States
Architects of Roman Catholic churches
École des Beaux-Arts alumni
People from Dieppe, Seine-Maritime


Châtignac () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. It has a population of 173 (2018).

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Chavenat () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Boisné-la-Tude.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente