Water scarcity (closely related to water stress or water crisis) is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two types of water scarcity namely physical and economic water scarcity. Physical water scarcity is where there is not enough water to meet all demands, including that needed for ecosystems to function. Arid areas for example Central Asia, West Asia, and North Africa often experience physical water scarcity. Economic water scarcity on the other hand, is the result of lack of investment in infrastructure or technology to draw water from rivers, aquifers, or other water sources. It also results from weak human capacity to meet water demand. Much of Sub-Saharan Africa experiences economic water scarcity.

There is enough freshwater available globally and averaged over the year to meet demand. As such, water scarcity is caused by a mismatch between when and where people need water, and when and where it is available. The main drivers of the increase in global water demand are the increasing world population, rise in living conditions, changing diets (to more animal products), and expansion of irrigated agriculture. Climate change (including droughts or floods), deforestation, water pollution and wasteful use of water can also cause insufficient water supply. Scarcity varies over time as a result of natural variability in hydrology. These variations in scarcity may also be a function of prevailing economic policy and planning approaches.

Water scarcity assessments need to incorporate information on green water (soil moisture), water quality, environmental flow requirements, globalization, and virtual water trade. There is a need for collaboration between hydrological, water quality, aquatic ecosystem science and social science communities in water scarcity assessment. "Water stress" has been used as parameter to measure water scarcity, for example in the context of Sustainable Development Goal 6. Half a billion people live in areas with severe water scarcity throughout the year, and around four billion people face severe water scarcity at least one month per year. Half of the world's largest cities experience water scarcity. There are 2.3 billion people who reside in nations with water scarcities, which means that each individual receives less than 1 700 m3 of water annually. However, 380 billion m3 of municipal wastewater are produced globally each year.

Reducing water scarcity requires supply and demand side management, cooperation between countries and water conservation (including prevention of water pollution). It also requires expanding sources of usable water (through wastewater reuse or desalination) and virtual water trade.

Definitions
Water scarcity has been defined as the "volumetric abundance, or lack thereof, of freshwater resources" and it is thought to be "human-driven". This can also be called "physical water scarcity". There are two types of water scarcity: physical water scarcity and economic water scarcity.

Environmental water requirements are sometimes included in water scarcity determinations but the approach to this varies from one organization to another.

Related concepts
There are several definitions of "water scarcity", "water stress", and "water risk" provided in the literature, and therefore a harmonization has been proposed by the CEO Water Mandate in 2014. In their discussion paper they state that these three terms should not be used interchangeably.

Water stress
Some organizations define "water stress" as a broader concept. Under that definition, it would include aspects of water availability, water quality and the accessibility of water. The latter is related to existing infrastructure and whether customers can afford to pay for the water. This is termed by others as "economic water scarcity".

FAO defines water stress as the "symptoms of water scarcity or shortage". Such symptoms could be "growing conflict between users, and competition for water, declining standards of reliability and service, harvest failures and food insecurity". This is measured with a range of Water Stress Indices.

Another definition for water stress is as follows: "Water stress refers to the impact of high water use (either withdrawals or consumption) relative to water availability." Water stress is therefore viewed as a "demand-driven scarcity".

Types
Two types of water scarcity have been defined: physical and economic water scarcity. These terms were first defined in a 2007 study led by the International Water Management Institute on the use of water in agriculture over the previous 50 years of practitioners, researchers and policymakers. The study aimed to find out if the world had sufficient water resources to produce food for the growing population in the future.

Physical water scarcity
Physical water scarcity occurs when natural water resources are not enough to meet all demands, including that needed for ecosystems to function well. Dry regions often suffer from physical water scarcity. Human influence on climate has led to increased water scarcity in areas where water was previously hard to come by. It also occurs where water seems abundant but where resources are over-committed. For example, when there is overdevelopment of hydraulic infrastructure, often for irrigation or energy generation. Symptoms of physical water scarcity include "severe environmental degradation, declining groundwater and water allocations that favor some groups over others".

Another indicator, called ecological water scarcity has been proposed that considers water quantity, water quality, and environmental flow requirements.

Water is physically scarce in densely populated arid areas (for example Central and West Asia, and North Africa), with projected availabilities of less than 1000 cubic meters per capita per year. A study in 2007 found that more than 1.2 billion people live in areas of physical water scarcity. This water scarcity relates to water available for food production, rather than for drinking water which is a much smaller amount.

Some academics favour expanding the two types of water scarcity (i.e. the physical and economic) to a third type which would be called ecological water scarcity. This third type would focus on the water demand of ecosystems. It would refer to the minimum quantity and quality of water discharge that are required to maintain sustainable and functional ecosystems. However, other publications state that this aspect is simply part of the definition of physical water scarcity.

Economic water scarcity

Economic water scarcity is caused by a lack of investment in infrastructure or technology to draw water from rivers, aquifers, or other water sources, or insufficient human capacity to meet the demand for water. It causes people without reliable water access to travel long distances to fetch water, which is often unclean, for domestic and agricultural uses (irrigation).

According to the United Nations Development Programme, economic water scarcity is the most common cause of water scarcity. This is because most countries or regions have enough water to meet household, industrial, agricultural, and environmental needs, but lack the means to provide it in an accessible manner. Around a fifth of the world's population currently live in regions affected by physical water scarcity.

A quarter of the world's population is affected by economic water scarcity. Much of Sub-Saharan Africa is characterized by economic water scarcity. Developing water infrastructure there could therefore help to reduce poverty. Investing in water retention and irrigation infrastructure would also help to increase food production, especially in developing countries that largely rely on low-yield agriculture. Being able to provide a community with water that is adequate for consumption would also greatly benefit the people's health. Overcoming this type of scarcity, however, can require more than just new infrastructure. It requires socio-economic and socio-political interventions that address poverty and social inequality. Still, because there is a lack of funding hence much planning must come into play.

Although much emphasis is put on improving water sources for drinking and domestic purposes, we know that much more water is used for other uses such as bathing, laundry, livestock and cleaning than for drinking and cooking alone. This observation suggests that putting too much emphasis on drinking water needs, addresses a minor part of the problem and therefore limits the range of solutions available.

Related concepts

Water security

Water risk

Assessments and indicators

Simple indicators
Indicators include: the water use to availability ratio (or criticality ratio), physical and economic water scarcity—The IWMI Indicator, water poverty index.

"Water stress" has been used as a criterion to measure water scarcity, for example in the context of Sustainable Development Goal 6. In this context, a report by FAO in 2018 has defined water stress as: "the ratio between total freshwater withdrawn (TFWW) by all major sectors and total renewable freshwater resources (TRWR), after taking into account environmental flow requirements (EFR)". This means that the value for TFWW is divided by the difference between TRWR minus EFR. Environmental flows are water flows required to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems. Previously, a definition used for Millennium Development Goal 7, target 7.A was simply the proportion of total water resources used, without taking into consideration EFR. With this definition, water stress is defined by the following categories: <10% is low stress; 10-20% is low-to-medium; 20-40% medium-to-high; 40-80% high; >80% very high.

Indicators are used to measure the extent of the water scarcity. One way to measure water scarcity is to calculate the amount of annual water resources available per person. For example, according to the "Falkenmark Water Stress Indicator" (developed by Malin Falkenmark), a country or region is said to experience "water stress" when annual water supplies drop below 1,700 cubic meters per person per year. At levels between 1,700 and 1,000 cubic meters per person per year, periodic or limited water shortages can be expected. When water supplies drop below 1,000 cubic meters per person per year, the country faces "water scarcity". However, the Falkenmark Water Stress Indicator does not help to explain the true nature of water scarcity.

Renewable freshwater resources

Renewable freshwater supply is a metric often used in conjunction when evaluating water scarcity. This metric is informative because it can describe the total available water resource each country contains. By knowing the total available water source, an idea can be gained about whether a country is prone to experiencing physical water scarcity. This metric has its faults in that it is an average; precipitation delivers water unevenly across the planet each year and annual renewable water resources vary from year to year. This metric also does not describe the ease of water access to individuals, households, industries, or the government. Lastly, as this metric is a description of a whole country, it does not accurately portray whether a country is experiencing water scarcity. For example, Canada and Brazil both have very high levels of available water supply but still face various water-related problems. Also, some tropical countries in Asia and Africa have low levels of freshwater resources.

More sophisticated indicators

Water scarcity assessments need to incorporate information on green water (soil moisture), water quality, environmental flow requirements, globalization, and virtual water trade. Since the beginning of the 2000s, water scarcity assessments have applied more complex models which are supported with spatial analysis tools. They include: Green-blue water scarcity, water footprint-based water scarcity assessment, cumulative abstraction to demand ratio—considering temporal variations, LCA-based water stress indicators (life cycle assessments), integrated water quantity–quality environment flow in the water scarcity assessment. Since the early 2010s assessments have combined both quantity- and quality-induced water scarcity.

Another indicator, called ecological water scarcity has been proposed that considers water quantity, water quality, and environmental flow requirements. For example, results from a modelling study in 2022 show that northern China suffered more severe ecological water scarcity than southern China. The main driving factor of ecological water scarcity in most provinces was water pollution rather than human water use.

Overall, there is a need for collaboration between hydrological, water quality, aquatic ecosystem science and social science communities in water scarcity assessment.

Available water

The United Nations (UN) estimates that, of 1.4 billion cubic kilometers (1 quadrillion acre-feet) of water on Earth, just 200,000 cubic kilometers (162.1 billion acre-feet) represent freshwater available for human consumption. A mere 0.014% of all water on Earth is both fresh and easily accessible. Of the remaining water, 97% is saline, and a little less than 3% is difficult to access. The fresh water available to us on the planet is around 1% of the total water on earth.  The total amount of easily accessible freshwater on Earth, in the form of surface water (rivers and lakes) or groundwater (in aquifers, for example), is 14,000 cubic kilometers (nearly 3359 cubic miles). Of this total amount, 'just' 5,000 cubic kilometers are being used and reused by humanity. Technically, there is a sufficient amount of freshwater on a global scale. Hence, in theory, there is more than enough freshwater available to meet the demands of the current world population of more than 7 billion people, and even support population growth to 9 billion or more. Due to the unequal geographical distribution and especially the unequal consumption of water, however, it is a scarce resource in some parts of the world and for some parts of the population.

Apart from the common surface water sources of freshwater such as rivers and lakes, other resources of freshwater such as groundwater and glaciers have become more developed sources of freshwater, becoming the main source of clean water. Groundwater is water that has pooled below the surface of the Earth and can provide a usable quantity of water through springs or wells. These areas where groundwater is collected are also known as aquifers. More and more of these sources are being drawn upon as conventional sources' usability decreases due to factors such as pollution or disappearance due to climate changes. Human population growth is a significant contributing factor in the increasing use of these types of water resources.

Scale

Current estimates
Water scarcity was listed in 2019 by the World Economic Forum as one of the largest global risks in terms of potential impact over the next decade. It is manifested by partial or no satisfaction of expressed demand, economic competition for water quantity or quality, disputes between users, irreversible depletion of groundwater, and negative impacts on the environment.

About half of the world's population currently experience severe water scarcity for at least some part of the year. Half a billion people in the world face severe water scarcity all year round. Half of the world's largest cities experience water scarcity. Almost two billion people do not currently have access to clean drinking water.

 A study in 2016 calculated that globally, the population under water scarcity increased from 0.24 billion (14% of global population) in the 1900s to 3.8 billion (58%) in the 2000s. This study analyzed water scarcity using the fundamental concepts of shortage (impacts due to low availability per capita) and stress (impacts due to high consumption relative to availability).

Future predictions
In the 20th century, water use has been growing at more than twice the rate of the population increase. Specifically, water withdrawals are predicted to rise by 50 percent by 2025 in developing countries, and 18 per cent in developed countries. One continent, for example, Africa, has been predicted to have 75 to 250 million inhabitants lacking access to fresh water. By 2025, 1.8 billion people will be living in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world population could be under stress conditions. By 2050, more than half of the world's population will live in water-stressed areas, and another billion may lack sufficient water, MIT researchers find.

With the increase in global temperatures and in an increase in water demand, six out of ten people are at risk of being water-stressed. The drying out of wetlands globally, at around 67%, was a direct cause of a large number of people at risk of water stress. As the global demand for water increases and as climate temperatures rise, it is estimated that two-thirds of the population, in 2025, will live under water stress.

According to a projection by the United Nations, by 2040, there can be about 4.5 billion people affected by a water crisis (or water scarcity). Additionally, with the increase in population, there will be a demand for food, for the food output to match the population growth, there would be an increased demand for water to irrigate crops. The World Economic Forum estimate that global water demand will surpass global supply 40% by 2030. Increasing the demand for water as well as increasing the population results in a water crisis where there is not enough water to share in healthy levels. The crises are not only due to quantity but quality also matters.

A study found that of ~39 million groundwater wells 6-20% are at high risk of running dry if local groundwater levels decline by a few meters, or – as with many areas and possibly more than half of major aquifers – continue to decline.

Impacts
There are several impacts and symptoms of water scarcity. These include serious restrictions on water use, "growing conflict between users and competition for water, declining standards of reliability and service, harvest failures and food insecurity".

Specific examples include:
 Food insecurity in the Middle East and North Africa Region
 Inadequate access to safe drinking water for about 885 million people
 Groundwater overdrafting (excessive use) leading to diminished agricultural yields
 Overuse and pollution of water resources harming ecosystems and biodiversity
 Regional conflicts over scarce water resources sometimes resulting in warfare.

Water supply shortages

Water is the underlying tenuous balance of safe water supply, but controllable factors such as the management and distribution of the water supply itself contribute to further scarcity. A 2006 United Nations report focuses on issues of governance as the core of the water crisis. The report noted that  "There is enough water for everyone" and "Water insufficiency is often due to mismanagement, corruption, lack of appropriate institutions, bureaucratic inertia and a shortage of investment in both human capacity and physical infrastructure".

It has also been claimed, primarily by economists, that the water situation has occurred because of a lack of property rights, government regulations and subsidies in the water sector. These factors cause prices to be too low and consumption too high, making a point for water privatization.

The clean water crisis is an emerging global crisis that affects approximately 785 million people around the world. 1.1 billion people lack access to water and 2.7 billion experience water scarcity at least one month in a year. 2.4 billion people suffer from the contamination of water and poor sanitation. Contamination of water can lead to deadly diarrheal diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever, and other waterborne diseases causing 80% of illnesses around the world.

Environment

Abstraction of water for domestic, food and industrial uses has major impacts on ecosystems in many parts of the world. This can apply even to regions not considered "water scarce". Water scarcity has many negative impacts on the environment, such as adverse effects on lakes, rivers, ponds, wetlands and other fresh water resources. The resulting water overuse that is related to water scarcity, often located in areas of irrigation agriculture, harms the environment in several ways. This includes increased salinity, nutrient pollution, and the loss of floodplains and wetlands. Furthermore, water scarcity makes flow management in the rehabilitation of urban streams problematic.
Through the last hundred years, more than half of the Earth's wetlands have been destroyed and have disappeared. These wetlands are important not only because they are the habitats of numerous inhabitants such as mammals, birds, fish, amphibians, and invertebrates, but they support the growing of rice and other food crops as well as provide water filtration and protection from storms and flooding. Freshwater lakes such as the Aral Sea in central Asia have also suffered. Once the fourth largest freshwater lake, it has lost more than 58,000 square km of area and vastly increased in salt concentration over the span of three decades.

Subsidence, or the gradual sinking of landforms, is another result of water scarcity. The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that subsidence has affected more than 17,000 square miles in 45 U.S. states, 80 percent of it due to groundwater usage.

Vegetation and wildlife are fundamentally dependent upon adequate freshwater resources. Marshes, bogs and riparian zones are more clearly dependent upon sustainable water supply. Forests and other upland ecosystems are equally at risk of significant productivity changes as water availability is diminished. In the case of wetlands, considerable area has been simply taken from wildlife use to feed and house the expanding human population. But other areas have suffered reduced productivity from gradual diminishing of freshwater inflow, as upstream sources are diverted for human use.

Causes and contributing factors

Population growth

Around fifty years ago, the common view was that water was an infinite resource. At that time, there were fewer than half the current number of people on the planet. People were not as wealthy as today, consumed fewer calories and ate less meat, so less water was needed to produce their food. They required a third of the volume of water we presently take from rivers. Today, the competition for water resources is much more intense. This is because there are now seven billion people on the planet and their consumption of water-thirsty meat is rising. Also, there is increasing competition for water from industry, urbanization, biofuel crops, and water reliant food items. In the future, even more water will be needed to produce food because the Earth's population is forecast to rise to 9 billion by 2050.

In 2000, the world population was 6.2 billion. The UN estimates that, by 2050, there will be an additional 3.5 billion people with most of the growth in developing countries that already suffer water stress. Thus, water demand will increase unless there are corresponding increases in water conservation and recycling of this vital resource. In building on the data presented here by the UN, the World Bank goes on to explain that access to water for producing food will be one of the main challenges in the decades to come. Access to water will need to be balanced with the importance of managing water itself in a sustainable way while taking into account the impact of climate change, and other environmental and social variables.

In 60% of European cities with more than 100,000 people, groundwater is being used at a faster rate than it can be replenished.

Over-exploitation of groundwater

Owing to expanding human population, competition for water is growing such that many of the world's major aquifers are becoming depleted. This is due both to direct human consumption as well as agricultural irrigation by groundwater. Millions of pumps of all sizes are currently extracting groundwater throughout the world. Irrigation in dry areas such as northern China, Nepal and India is supplied by groundwater and is being extracted at an unsustainable rate. Cities that have experienced aquifer drops between 10 and 50 meters include Mexico City, Bangkok, Beijing, Madras and Shanghai.

Until recently, groundwater was not a highly used resource. In the 1960s, more and more groundwater aquifers developed. Changes in knowledge, technology and funding have allowed for focused development into abstracting water from groundwater resources away from surface water resources. These changes allowed for progress in society such as the "agricultural groundwater revolution", expanding the irrigation sector allowing for increased food production and development in rural areas. Groundwater supplies nearly half of all drinking water in the world. The large volumes of water stored underground in most aquifers have a considerable buffer capacity allowing for water to be withdrawn during periods of drought or little rainfall. This is crucial for people that live in regions that cannot depend on precipitation or surface water as a supply alone, instead providing reliable access to water all year round. As of 2010, the world's aggregated groundwater abstraction is estimated at 1,000 km3 per year, with 67% used for irrigation, 22% used for domestic purposes and 11% used for industrial purposes. The top ten major consumers of abstracted water (India, China, United States of America, Pakistan, Iran, Bangladesh, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, and Italy) make up 72% of all abstracted water use worldwide.

Although groundwater sources are quite prevalent, one major area of concern is the renewal rate or recharge rate of some groundwater sources. Extracting from groundwater sources that are non-renewable could lead to exhaustion if not properly monitored and managed. Another concern of increased groundwater usage is the diminished water quality of the source over time. Reduction of natural outflows, decreasing stored volumes, declining water levels and water degradation are commonly observed in groundwater systems. Groundwater depletion may result in many negative effects such as increased cost of groundwater pumping, induced salinity and other water quality changes, land subsidence, degraded springs and reduced baseflows.

Expansion of agricultural and industrial users

Scarcity as a result of consumption is caused primarily by the extensive use of water in agriculture/livestock breeding and industry. People in developed countries generally use about 10 times more water daily than those in developing countries. A large part of this is indirect use in water-intensive agricultural and industrial production processes of consumer goods, such as fruit, oilseed crops and cotton. Because many of these production chains have been globalized, a lot of water in developing countries is being used and polluted in order to produce goods destined for consumption in developed countries.

Many aquifers have been over-pumped and are not recharging quickly. Although the total fresh water supply is not used up, much has become polluted, salted, unsuitable or otherwise unavailable for drinking, industry and agriculture. To avoid a global water crisis, farmers will have to strive to increase productivity to meet growing demands for food, while industry and cities find ways to use water more efficiently.

Business activities such as tourism continue to expand quickly. This expansion requires increased water services including both supply and sanitation, which can lead to more pressure on water resources and natural ecosystem.  The approximate 50% growth in world energy use by 2040 will also increase the need for efficient water use. It may shift some irrigation water sources towards industrial use, as thermal power generation uses water for steam generation and cooling.

Water pollution

Climate change

Climate change could have significant impacts on water resources around the world because of the close connections between the climate and hydrological cycle. Rising temperatures will increase evaporation and lead to increases in precipitation, though there will be regional variations in rainfall. Both droughts and floods may become more frequent and more severe in different regions at different times, generally less snowfall and more rainfall under a warmer climate, and dramatic changes in snowfall and snow melt are expected in mountainous areas. Higher temperatures will also affect water quality in ways that are not well understood. Possible impacts include increased eutrophication. Climate change could also mean an increase in demand for farm irrigation, garden sprinklers, and perhaps even swimming pools. There is now ample evidence that increased hydrologic variability and change in climate has and will continue to have a profound impact on the water sector. These effects will be seen through the hydrologic cycle, water availability, water demand, and water allocation at the global, regional, basin, and local levels.

The United Nations' FAO states that by 2025, 1.9 billion people will live in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world population could be under stress conditions. The World Bank adds that climate change could profoundly alter future patterns of both water availability and use, thereby increasing levels of water stress and insecurity, both at the global scale and in sectors that depend on water.

Overall, the effects of changes in population on water scarcity were found to be about four times more important than changes in water availability as a result of long-term climate change.

Glaciers
About 2% of Earth's water is frozen freshwater found in glaciers. Glaciers provide freshwater in the form meltwater, or freshwater melted from snow or ice, that supply streams or springs as temperatures rise. This water is used by locals for a number of reasons like agriculture, livestock, and hydropower. This is beneficial in helping reduce water scarcity as more water is available to a select number of people. It has been projected that total glaciers worldwide will be 60% of what they are now, in the year 2100. The main reason for the melting of these glaciers is climate change. Glaciers reflect sunlight from the sun back into space providing a decrease in temperatures worldwide. This process is called albedo and without the glaciers reflecting sunlight, temperatures would slowly begin to rise. As temperatures rise, glaciers will melt quicker overall reducing the total amount of sunlight being reflected worldwide. Melting glaciers, over a long period of time, begin receding and will be difficult to recover once seasonal changes occur. Glacier's losing mass may decrease their annual run-off, coupled with receding glaciers, which will change the availability of water in many cold regions of the world. About a third of glaciers may experience a 10% run-off reduction in some seasons.

In the Himalayas, retreating glaciers could reduce summer water flows by up to two-thirds. In the Ganges area, this would cause a water shortage for 500 million people. Climate change impacts potable water in the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) area, where around 1.4 billion people are dependent on the five main rivers of Himalaya mountains. Although the impact will vary from place to place, it is predicted that the amount of meltwater will initially increase due to retreating glaciers and then gradually decrease because of reducing in glacier mass. In those areas where the amount of available water decreases, climate change makes it difficult to improve access to safe drinkable water. HKH area faces rapid urbanization causing a severe shortage of water and pressure on water resources. Rural areas will also suffer because of a lack of effective water management infrastructure and limited access to drinking water. More people will migrate because of the scarcity of drinking water. This situation will increase inequality by leaving the poor behind leading to higher mortality and suicide rate, and increased urbanization.

Options for improvements

Supply and demand side management

A review in 2006 stated that "It is surprisingly difficult to determine whether water is truly scarce in the physical sense at a global scale (a supply problem) or whether it is available but should be used better (a demand problem)".

The International Resource Panel of the UN states that governments have tended to invest heavily in largely inefficient solutions: mega-projects like dams, canals, aqueducts, pipelines and water reservoirs, which are generally neither environmentally sustainable nor economically viable. The most cost-effective way of decoupling water use from economic growth, according to the scientific panel, is for governments to create holistic water management plans that take into account the entire water cycle: from source to distribution, economic use, treatment, recycling, reuse and return to the environment.

In general, there is enough water on an annual and global scale, but the issue is more of a temporal and spatial variation. Therefore, reservoirs and pipelines are needed to address the temporal and spatial variations. It is necessary to have a well-planned infrastructure with demand side management. Both supply-side and demand-side management have advantages and disadvantages.

Co-operation between countries

Lack of cooperation may give rise to regional water conflicts in many parts of the world, specially in developing countries, largely because of the disputes regarding the availability, use and management of water. For example, the dispute between Egypt and Ethiopia over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam has escalated in 2020. Egypt sees the dam as an existential threat, fearing that the dam will reduce the amount of water it receives from the Nile.

Water conservation

Expanding sources of usable water

Wastewater treatment and reclaimed water

Desalination

Virtual water trade

Regional examples

Overview of regions

Based on the map published by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), the countries and regions suffering most water stress are North Africa, the Middle East, India, Central Asia, China, Chile, Colombia, South Africa, Canada and Australia. Water scarcity is also increasing in South Asia. As of 2016, about four billion people, or two-thirds of the world's population, were facing severe water scarcity.

Generally speaking the more developed countries of North America, Europe and Russia will not see a serious threat to water supply by 2025. This is not only because of their relative wealth, but more importantly their populations will be better aligned with available water resources.  North Africa, the Middle East, South Africa and northern China will face very severe water shortages due to physical scarcity and a condition of overpopulation relative to their carrying capacity with respect to water supply.  Most of South America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Southern China and India will face water supply shortages by 2025. For these regions, the causes of scarcity will be economic constraints to developing safe drinking water, as well as excessive population growth.

Africa

West Africa and North Africa
Water scarcity in Yemen (see: Water supply and sanitation in Yemen) is a growing problem that has resulted from population growth, poor water management, climate change, shifts in rainfall, water infrastructure deterioration, poor governance, and other anthropogenic effects. As of 2011, it has been estimated that Yemen is experiencing water scarcity to a degree that affects its political, economic and social dimensions. As of 2015, Yemen is among the most water scarce countries in the world. The majority of Yemen's population experiences water scarcity for at least one month during the year.

In Nigeria, some reports have suggested that increase in extreme heat, drought and the shrinking of Lake Chad is causing water shortage and environmental migration that is forcing thousands to migrate to neighboring Chad and towns.

Asia
According to a major report compiled in 2019 by more than 200 researchers, the Himalayan glaciers that are the sources of Asia's biggest rivers – Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Mekong, Salween and Yellow – could lose 66 percent of their ice by 2100. Approximately 2.4 billion people live in the drainage basin of the Himalayan rivers. India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar could experience floods followed by droughts in coming decades. In India alone, the Ganges provides water for drinking and farming for more than 500 million people.

Even with the overpumping of its aquifers, China is developing a grain deficit. When this happens, it will almost certainly drive grain prices upward. Most of the 3 billion people projected to be added worldwide by mid-century will be born in countries already experiencing water shortages. Unless population growth can be slowed quickly, it is feared that there may not be a practical non-violent or humane solution to the emerging world water shortage.

It is highly likely that climate change in Turkey will cause its southern river basins to be water scarce before 2070, and increasing drought in Turkey.

Americas

In the Rio Grande Valley, intensive agribusiness has exacerbated water scarcity issues and sparked jurisdictional disputes regarding water rights on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border. Scholars, including Mexican political scientist Armand Peschard-Sverdrup, have argued that this tension has created the need for a re-developed strategic transnational water management. Some have likened the disputes to a "war" over diminishing natural resources.

The west coast of North America, which gets much of its water from glaciers in mountain ranges such as the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada, also would be affected.

Australia
By far the largest part of Australia is desert or semi-arid lands commonly known as the outback. Water restrictions are in place in many regions and cities of Australia in response to chronic shortages resulting from drought. The Australian of the year 2007, environmentalist Tim Flannery, predicted that unless it made drastic changes, Perth in Western Australia could become the world's first ghost metropolis, an abandoned city with no more water to sustain its population. In 2010, Perth suffered its second-driest winter on record and the water corporation tightened water restrictions for spring.

Some countries have already proven that decoupling water use from economic growth is possible. For example, in Australia, water consumption declined by 40% between 2001 and 2009 while the economy grew by more than 30%.

By country
Water scarcity (or water crisis) in particular countries:

Society and culture

Global goals

Sustainable Development Goal 6 is about "clean water and sanitation for all". It is one of 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015. The fourth target of SDG 6 refers to water scarcity and states: "By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering from water scarcity". It has two indicators. The second one is: "Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources".  The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has been monitoring these parameters through its global water information system, AQUASTAT, since 1994.

See also
 Consumptive water use
 Desert greening
 Human right to water and sanitation
 Hydrogen fuel cell power plant
 Peak water
 Water conservation
 Water issues in developing countries
 Water footprint
 Water security

References

External links

 The World Bank's work and publications on water resources

Climate change adaptation
Environmental economics
Environmental issues with water
Global natural environment
Risk management
Water

Water supply
Water treatment
Human impact on the environment


is a passenger railway station located in the city of   Kudamatsu, Yamaguchi Prefecture,  Japan. It is operated by the West Japan Railway Company (JR West).

Lines
Kudamatsu Station is served by the JR West Sanyō Main Line, and is located 406.9 kilometers from the terminus of the line at .

Station layout
The station consists of one side platform and one island platform connected by an elevated station building. The station is staffed.

Platforms

History
Kudamatsu Station was opened on 25 September 1897 as a station on the San'yo Railway with the opening of the extension from Hiroshima to Tokuyama. The San'yo Railway was railway nationalized in 1906 and the line renamed the San'yo Main Line in 1909. The current station building completed in 1965. With the privatization of the Japan National Railway (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the aegis of the West Japan railway Company (JR West).

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2020, the station was used by an average of 1905 passengers daily.

Surrounding area
Kudamatsu Municipal Kudamatsu Elementary School
Kudamatsu Junior High School
Yamaguchi Prefectural Kudamatsu High School
Yamaguchi Prefectural Kudamatsu Technical High School
Kudamatsu City Hall

See also
List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links

 JR West Station Official Site

Railway stations in Yamaguchi Prefecture
Sanyō Main Line
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1897
Kudamatsu, Yamaguchi


Reginald Thomas Pollard (31 October 1894 – 24 August 1981) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and served in the Victorian Legislative Assembly (1924–1932) and House of Representatives (1937–1966). He was Minister for Commerce and Agriculture (1946–1949) in the Chifley government.

Early life
Pollard was born in Castlemaine, Victoria and educated at Woodend State School, West Melbourne Technical School and Workingmen's College. He worked as an agricultural labourer near Werribee and from 1912 to 1915 as a fitter in Melbourne. During World War I he served in the first Australian Imperial Force the 6th Battalion from October 1915 in Egypt and France and was promoted to Second Lieutenant. He was wounded in 1918 and invalidated home. He became a soldier settler in Woodend as a dairy farmer. He married Elsie Bowman Hodges in 1922 and they had two sons.

State politics
Pollard founded the Woodend branch of the Australian Labor Party. He was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Dalhousie in a 1924 by-election, and represented the seat of Bulla and Dalhousie from 1927 until his defeat in the 1932 election. He was assistant Minister of Agriculture from December 1929 to May 1932. He ran unsuccessfully for the federal seat of Gippsland at the 1934 election and the state seat of Castlemaine and Kyneton in 1935.

Federal politics
Pollard was elected to the Australian House of Representatives seat of Ballaarat at the 1937 election and held it until the 1949 election, when he was elected as the member for Lalor. He was appointed Minister for Commerce and Agriculture in the second Chifley Ministry in November 1946, but lost office with the defeat of the Chifley government at the 1949 election. As Minister, he introduced a scheme to stabilise the price of wheat paid to farmers. He was defeated in Lalor at the 1966 election. He died in Gisborne.

Notes

Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Ballarat
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Lalor
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Cabinet of Australia
Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
1894 births
1981 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians
People from Castlemaine, Victoria
Australian military personnel of World War I


Reg Pollard may refer to:

 Reg Pollard (politician) (1894–1981), Australian politician
 Sir Reg Pollard (general) (1903–1978), Australian general


The Manila Zoo, formally known as the Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden, is a  zoo located in Malate, Manila, Philippines. First opened on July 25, 1959, it was recently renovated and reopened on November 21, 2022.

History

The Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden first opened to the public on July 25, 1959, during the tenure of Manila Mayor Arsenio Lacson. The zoo, also known colloquially as Manila Zoo, underwent construction for one year and cost more than  to create. Its inauguration was attended by First Lady Leonila Garcia. It is erroneously referred to as the oldest zoo in Asia by the Manila city government, partly for which it is marked as a city landmark, despite the establishment of Tokyo’s Ueno Zoo in Japan in 1882.

In the mid-2000s, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) launched a campaign against Manila Zoo calling for its closure as part of its global campaign against zoos. The animal rights organization supported plans to convert the zoo into a sports complex. The Manila city government led by Mayor Alfredo Lim, as well as local vendors operating in the zoo, opposed PETA's campaign against Manila Zoo.

Manila Zoo was indefinitely closed on January 23, 2019 by Manila Mayor Joseph Estrada after the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) identified it as a major pollutant of Manila Bay. The zoo was found to be dumping untreated sewage into an estuary that empties into the bay. Estrada's government planned to renovate the zoo, but the project was placed on hold. Animals which remained in captivity continued to be taken care of by zoo employees and volunteers despite the closure.

Plans to renovate the zoo once again surfaced following the election of Isko Moreno as Manila mayor, and in July 2020, a groundbreaking ceremony was held for the rehabilitation and redevelopment of the zoo. The project's budget was a reported  and was initially expected to be finished in 19 months. The zoo was planned to introduce a 30-foot lagoon waterfall, a big cat enclosure, a marsupial exhibit, a monkey enclosure, and a restaurant. The Zoo reopened on December 30, 2021.

As of January 19, 2022, the Zoo is temporarily used as a COVID-19 vaccination site for minors and senior citizens.

Manila Zoo fully reopened on November 21, 2022.

Animals

The Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden is home to more than 550 specimens of exotic wildlife, representing at least 13 species of mammals, 38 species of birds, and 21 species of reptiles.

Principal animals include an Asian elephant named Ma'ali (Vishwama'ali), and a White Siberian Tiger named Kois. The zoo formerly housed a hippopotamus named Queen Bertha, but it has since died in 2017 as the oldest captive hippopotamus in the world at age 65.

The zoo's animal collection is divided into four categories: mammals, birds, reptiles, and aquatic life.

Many of the animals of the zoo were born in captivity, with three month-old juveniles recently born in April 2015.

Plants
The Manila Zoo's Botanical Garden nurtures more than 10,000 plants in its botanical garden.

Facilities

Manila Zoo covers an area of , and is under the direct management of the Manila City Government through its Public Recreation Bureau.

 Animal Museum
 Zoo Lagoon
 Sewage Treatment Plant
 Botanical Garden
 Butterfly Garden
 Children's Park
 Reptile House
 Outdoor Reptiles

Former facilities

Habitat Environment Adjustment Area

Wildlife Rescue Center
The Wildlife Rescue Center served as a temporary shelter and repository for confiscated, donated, retrieved, sick, injured and abandoned wildlife species. The Wildlife Rescue Center has been the subject of public scrutiny in regard to their animal welfare standards. The area was permanently closed on January 23, 2019.

Kinder Zoo

The Kinder Zoo within Manila Zoo was a result of a private-public partnership between Kinder Zoo, Inc. and the city government. Kinder Zoo, Inc. redeveloped  of the zoo into an area named Kinder Zoo. The area was designed as a child-friendly area where children can interact with some animals of the zoo. The area featured a butterfly sanctuary, a hanging bridge, a flamingo pond, a barn for events, and a petting zoo upon its opening on June 23, 2000. The area was permanently closed on January 23, 2019.

References

Zoos in Metro Manila
Botanical gardens in the Philippines
Parks in Manila
Buildings and structures in Malate, Manila
Tourist attractions in Manila
Zoos established in 1959
1959 establishments in the Philippines


Robert John Pethick (born 8 September 1970) is an English retired football defender.

Pethick was born in Tavistock, and played for Weymouth, Portsmouth and Bristol Rovers before his 2001 move to Brighton. Whilst at Brighton, Pethick scored once in the FA Cup against Norwich City. He returned to Weymouth to play under Steve Claridge, whilst the BBC show Football Diaries was shown. He subsequently played for Havant & Waterlooville before announcing his retirement in 2006.

Notes

External links

1970 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Tavistock
English men's footballers
Weymouth F.C. players
Portsmouth F.C. players
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Havant & Waterlooville F.C. players
Horndean F.C. players
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from Devon


Tom Freiling (born May 6, 1966 in Minneapolis, Minnesota) is an American author and publisher of books on faith, culture, and health. Freiling is the CEO of Freiling Publishing and the founder of Xulon Press, acquired by Salem Communications in 2006.

Authorial career
In 2000 Freiling released the book Reagan's God and Country (Gospel Light), that was endorsed by the former U.S. Attorney General, John Ashcroft. It was described as “must reading for everyone interested in our nation’s past.” by Dr. Jerry Falwell The book has been placed in the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum. 2002 saw the publication of Abraham Lincoln's Daily Treasure (Revell), a daily commentary of the president's life and faith alongside the actual devotional he is purported to have used during his presidency. Freiling released a best-selling book George W. Bush on God and Country (Allegiance Press) in 2004 and the collection of spiritual principles from the life of Lincoln, Walking with Lincoln (Revell), in 2009.

In 2004 Charles Sellier's Grizzly Adams Productions used George W. Bush on God and Country, along with David Aikman's book A Man of Faith, as the bases for his award-winning television documentary George W. Bush: Faith in the White House. The film was awarded three ICVMA awards and selected for Crown Awards. It also became a part of the President Bush permanent collection at the Smithsonian Institution.

Publishing career
From 1993 to 1998, Freiling was the publisher of Creation House, part of Charisma Media (formerly Strang Communications).

From 1998 to 2002 Freiling was the Managing Director of Eagle Publishing, Inc., and in 2000 founded the Christian e-publishing firm Xulon Press in Vienna, VA.

In 2001, Freiling appeared on C-SPAN to discuss the book Mission Impeachable: The House Managers and the Historic Impeachment of President Clinton, published by his company, Allegiance Press, which he started in 2003. The same year, Allegiance Press published Thunder on the Left by Gary Aldrich and The Bush Boom written by Jerry Bowyer with a foreword by Larry Kudlow. In 2004, Freiling published Pay to the Order of Puerto Rico with Allegiance Press. The book was written by Alexander Odishelidze and Arthur B. Laffer, who was a member of Reagan's Economic Policy Advisory Board.

In 2004, Xulon Press published When Prisoners Return by Pat Nolan, which was released by The Prison Fellowship and included a foreword by Chuck Colson. The book was discussed during official Hearings at the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary of 2009.

Freiling has represented, and published NY Times best-selling authors, including Hugh Hewitt, Michael Brown, Mark Batterson, Dan Peek, David Barton and Henry Blackaby.

Political career
Freiling served on the campaign and U.S. House of Representatives staff of James M. Inhofe (R-OK) from 1989 to 1992. He was on the 2004 founding Board of Directors of the conservative action network Grassfire.org. In February 2012 Freiling was named Executive Director of Patriot Super PAC, an independent-expenditure only committee registered with the FEC, till it closed in 2013.

Bibliography

See also
Political Action Committee
Regnery Publishing
Samaritan Fundraising
Human Events

References

Living people
1966 births
American political writers
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers
American political activists
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American male non-fiction writers
American Christian writers
People from Minnesota
Christians from Minnesota
Writers from Minnesota
Writers from Minneapolis
Book publishers (people)
American book publishers (people)


Lobosculum is a genus (or a subgenus under Polygyra) of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Polygyridae.

Shell description
These are among the smallest snails in the Polygyridae, with shell diameters of about 4 to 6 mm (approximately 1/5 inch). The shells of this species usually have a velvety surface, as a consequence of numerous hair-like extensions of the surface covering of the shell, the periostracum.

Distribution
The known distribution of this species is limited to the  United States: along the Gulf of Mexico from Texas to Florida, as well as Georgia, and the Mississippi valley from Arkansas to Indiana.

Species
This genus includes the following species and subspecies:

Lobosculum pustula (Férussac, 1822)
Lobosculum pustuloides (Bland, 1858)
Lobosculum leporinum (Gould, 1848)

References

Polygyridae


George Corson (1829–1910) was a Scottish architect active in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England.

Background
He was born in Dumfries, where he was articled to Walter Newall before moving to Leeds in 1849 to work with his brother William Reid Corson who was working there with Edward La Trobe Bateman.  His brother left Leeds in 1860, leaving Corson in charge of the practice.

In Leeds he was president of the Leeds and Yorkshire Architectural Association by 1898.

Works
Corson was responsible for many buildings in Leeds including:
 the Grand Theatre (1877–78), with his assistant James Robinson Watson - Grade II* listed
 the municipal buildings (1878–84) - Grade II* listed, now housing the Leeds Central Library.
 an extension (1891–92) to George Gilbert Scott's Grade I listed Leeds General Infirmary
 Apsley House (formerly Concourse House) (1903) - originally a drapers and haberdashery warehouse for Crowe & Co and now occupied by Sky Sports
 many large houses in Headingley including the Grade II* listed Spenfield
 St Edmund's Church, Roundhay, Leeds, designed 1873.
 Bewerley Street School, Bewerley Street, Dewsbury Road, Leeds, designed 1872.
 St Silas National School, Goodman Street, Hunslet, designed 1872.
 Additions and alterations to Ripon Grammar School, designed 1875.
 Leeds School of Medicine, Park Street, inaugurated 1865.
 the  warehouse (1859) at the textile manufacturing premises   of Francis  Lupton in Wellington  Street  Leeds,  the  plans  (June 1870) for the  Lupton family's    Newton  Hall/Newton  Park  Estate in Potternewton,   and the  1860 Victorian wing of the  Lupton family's  Beechwood  Estate,  Roundhay; known  as  Corson  House.

Roundhay Park and Lawnswood Cemetery
Corson won a competition for the landscaping of Roundhay Park in 1873, and in 1874 designed the layout and many of the buildings of Lawnswood cemetery, where he himself was buried in 1910. His gravestone, a celtic cross with five bosses, is grade II listed, one of only four listed memorials at Lawnswood.

References

External links

 Scottish Architects: George Corson Biography and career

19th-century Scottish architects
People from Dumfries
1829 births
1910 deaths
Leeds Blue Plaques


Pier Miranda Ferraro (30 October 1924 – 18 January 2008) was an Italian operatic tenor who had an active international opera career from 1951 through 1981. He particularly excelled in the dramatic Italian repertoire with his signature role being the title role in Giuseppe Verdi's opera Otello. Other important roles in his performance repertoire included Radames in Verdi's Aida, Alvaro in La Forza del Destino, and des Grieux in Giacomo Puccini's Manon Lescaut. He also found success in the German repertoire portraying Wagnerian heroes. Although he was a gifted singer and had a highly impressive list of performance credits, he never achieved the international recognition enjoyed by his most important contemporaries, such as Franco Corelli or Mario Del Monaco. After retiring from the opera stage in 1981 he took up a second highly successful career as a voice teacher.

Biography
Born Pietro Ferraro in Altivole, Ferraro took his stage name from his wife's first name. He was trained by Mirko Bonomi at the Conservatorio Benedetto Marcello in Venice and by  Aureliano Pertile at the Conservatorio Giuseppe Verdi in Milan.  He made his professional opera debut as Rodolfo in Giacomo Puccini's La Bohème at the Teatro Nuovo in Milan in 1951. That same year he began performing at La Scala where he sang often through 1972. His first major triumph at that house was as Achille in Christoph Willibald Gluck's Iphigénie en Aulide in 1959.

Ferraro became a regular presence at Italy's most important houses during the 1950s through the 1970s, appearing at the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma, Teatro Comunale di Bologna, Teatro Carlo Felice, Teatro di San Carlo, Teatro Regio di Parma, Teatro Massimo, Teatro Comunale Giuseppe Verdi, Teatro Regio di Torino, and La Fenice. He also appeared at the opera festival at the Baths of Caracalla in Rome and at the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino opera festival. In addition to regularly appearing in Italy's principal opera houses, Ferraro also performed in important houses throughout Europe, including the Royal Opera at Covent Garden, the Liceu, the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos, La Monnaie, the Opéra National de Lyon, the Opéra de Marseille, the Opéra National de Paris, the Grand Théâtre de Genève, the Zurich Opera, the Hamburg State Opera, the Staatstheater Stuttgart, and the Vienna State Opera among others. He also made appearances at the Aix-en-Provence and Aldeburgh Festivals.

Although most of his performances were in Europe, Ferraro did make a handful of appearances in North and South America. He notably portrayed Cavaradossi and Manrico at the New York City Opera in 1956 and starred in productions of Don Carlo, La forza del destino and Il trovatore at the San Francisco Opera in 1958. In 1959, Ferraro sang the role of Gualtiero of Vincenzo Bellini’s Il pirata with Maria Callas as Imogene in a concert version presented by the American Opera Society at Carnegie Hall. That performance, long prized by collectors, was "officially”" released on CD by EMI in 1997. That same year, Ferraro recorded the role of Enzo in La Gioconda opposite Callas in the title role. His other appearances in the Americas included performances at the Philadelphia Lyric Opera Company, Cincinnati Opera, and the Teatro Colón.  Ferraro was particularly admired for his interpretation of the title role in Giuseppe Verdi's opera Otello, which he first sang at San Remo in 1964 and sang for his final opera performance at Lecco in 1981. All told he portrayed Otello over 300 times during his long career.

Ferraro retired from the opera stage in 1981 after a biking accident caused injuries which inhibited his ability to move freely. He began a second career as a voice teacher and he eventually became the head of the vocal department at the Milan Conservatory, a position he held for fifteen years. He later taught at the Accademia Viotti in Vercelli and the Accademia Internazionale Katia Ricciarelli in Mantua. He also taught masterclasses for five years at the Grand Festival in Lanciano, where in 1999 he directed a production of Madama Butterfly. Ferraro also gave masterclasses in cities throughout the world, including teaching in Beijing and Tokyo. He also worked as a judge at several international singing competitions, and shortly before his death, founded the Accademia Lirica Italiana. He was also honored with the Commendatore and Grand’Ufficiale by the Italian government.

In 1985, Ferraro started a managing agency for individuals in the opera business; the company was later co-run by his daughter. Ferraro had four children in total. He died in Milan.

Recordings
Ferraro made very few commercial recordings, the two he made with Callas being the most important in his career. However, Ferraro did appear on the Italian radio a number of times with a particularly important performance of Otello being broadcast from the Doge's Palace in Venice in August 1970. His artistry has also been preserved in a number of privately released performances of several operas, including performance of the title role in Pietro Mascagni’s Guglielmo Ratcliff and Folco in Mascagni's Isabeau.

References

Italian operatic tenors
1924 births
2008 deaths
People from the Province of Treviso
20th-century Italian male opera singers
Academic staff of Milan Conservatory


Philip Carl Salzman (born c.1940) is professor emeritus of anthropology at McGill University, Quebec, Canada.

Background
Salzman graduated from Antioch College in Ohio, United States in 1962, and received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1972 with a thesis on "Adaptation and change among the Yarahmadzai Baluch". He conducted field research among pastoral peoples, first the Shah Nawazi nomadic tribe in Baluchistan (Iran), then with the Bharawadin Reika pastoralists in Gujarat and Rajasthani in India, and finally the Sardinians in Italy. He is retired from McGill University, and is a senior fellow of the Frontier Centre for Public Policy, a Canadian thinktank associated with free-market and conservative political thought.

Focus
Salzman has a particular interest in the study of social change, and in "the ways in which particular groups have transformed over time."  He perceives change as "part of social organization rather than extraneous to it." His book Culture and Conflict in the Middle East elucidates this approach, arguing that Western colonial influences are less important in explanations of change than the culture and social dynamics of the region's societies.
According to the Assyrian International News Agency, he demonstrates "how the dual pattern of tribal self-rule and tyrannical centralism continues to define life in the Middle East, and [uses] it to explain the region's most characteristic features, such as autocracy, political mercilessness, and economic stagnancy.  It accounts ... for ... Islam's 'bloody borders'the widespread hostility toward non-Muslims."

Selected positions
Salzman has adopted a conservative stance in policy debates in North America, saying he holds "classical liberal values". He is strongly opposed to affirmative action on grounds of gender and race in higher education. He argues in a 2020 commentary that "The Woke Revolution is really about a power grab, through destroying liberal American institutions and culture and replacing them with a Marxist-inspired identity class struggle, socialism, and a totalitarian culture that cancels any opposition. This is now the agenda of our universities, of 'progressive' politicians and office holders, and of the rioting mobs in the streets." He is opposed to socialist government: "Socialism's sham absolute equality destroys prosperity, freedom and democracy." His 2019 book, Feminism and Injustice, challenges the social construction of gender, women's right to abortion, single motherhood, and commonly held visions of "social justice".

Selected publications

Books
 2020  Understanding Universities. Self-published with Bookbaby.
 2019 Feminism and Injustice. Self-published with Bookbaby.
 2012 Classic Comparative Anthropology: Studies from the Tradition. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.
 2008 Postcolonial Theory and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Edited with Donna Robinson Divine. Routledge.
 2007 Culture and Conflict in the Middle East. Humanity (Prometheus) Press.
 2007 Thinking Anthropologically: a practical guide for students. Second Edition, edited with Pat Rice. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall. (first edition, 2003)
 2004 Pastoralism: Equality, Hierarchy, And The State. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
 2001 Understanding Culture: An Introduction To Anthropological Theory. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland. (Reviewed: JRAI 8 [4]:809, 2002)
 2000 Black Tents Of Baluchistan. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. Winner of the Premio Pitrè–Salomone Marino.
 1999 The Anthropology Of Real Life: Events In Human Experience. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland.
 1992 Kin And Contract In Baluchi Herding Camps. Baluchistan Monograph Series II. Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale & Istituto Italiano per Il Medeo ed Estremo Oriente.
 1990 Nomadic Peoples In A Changing World. P.C. Salzman and J.G. Galaty (eds.). Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale.
 1982 Contemporary Nomadic And Pastoral Peoples: North Africa, Asia, And The North. P.C. Salzman (ed.).
 1982 Contemporary Nomadic And Pastoral Peoples: Africa And Latin America. P.C. Salzman (ed.).
 1981 Change And Development In Nomadic And Pastoral Societies. J.G. Galaty and P.C. Salzman (eds.). Leiden: Brill.
 1981 The Future Of Pastoral Peoples J.G. Galaty, D.R. Aronson, and P.C. Salzman (eds.). Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.
 1980 When Nomads Settle: Processes Of Sedentarization As Adaptation And Response.  P.C. Salzman (ed.).  Bergin/ Praeger.

Articles
 2005 "The Iron Law of Politics," Politics And The Life Sciences 23(2):20-49, August
 2002 "On Reflexivity," American Anthropologist 104(3):805-813.
 2002 "Pastoral Nomads: Some General Observations Based on Research in Iran", Journal of Anthropological Research 58(2):245-264.
 2001 "Toward a Balanced Approach to the Study of Equality", CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 42(2): 281–284.
 2000 "Hierarchical Image and Reality: The Construction of a Tribal Chiefship", Comparative Studies In Society And History 42 (1):49-66.
 1999 "Is Inequality Universal?", Current Anthropology 40 (1): 31–61.

References

Living people
University of Chicago alumni
Academic staff of McGill University
Canadian anthropologists
Canadian orientalists
Year of birth missing (living people)


Halásztelek () is a town in Pest County, Hungary. Halásztelek lies on the northern part of Csepel Island, on the Danube.

History
The Romans, during their occupation, found Halásztelek dangerous because of the regular flooding of the Danube. It is likely that Attila the Hun started his attacks here against the Roman fortress which may have been at Százhalombatta. The occupying Hungarians from East Asia used Csepel Island as a summer retreat, and Szőlős, Háros and Tököl grew into settlements over time.

At the end of the 19th century the population of Halásztelek numbered no more than fifty.

The settlement was named after Ernő Warmann's sister and was called Herminamajor ("Hermina's field") or Herminatelep ("Hermina's land"). The next owner was Pál Sándor who grew melons. As agriculture became more developed, the population started to increase and in 1920 it reached 254 people. Not much later, the settlement had new owners in the Malonyay family, whose castle was famed for its balls. During the world economic crisis of the 1930s the family went bankrupt and workers and Bulgarian families started to buy parts of their estate (which is why signs at the town limits are in both Cyrillic and Latin alphabets). After these sales of the estate, the castle's value was greatly reduced, and István Füzessy became its owner. It is said that he lost the castle in a card game to Emil Stein. Stein planted peach orchards, and the land around the castle is still known as such, even though the land is now used for housing.

After World War II the population rapidly increased, especially with migration from , ,  and . In 1949, the population was 1,401.

From 1 May 1950 the settlement became an independent village () called Herminatelep.  In 1951 it changed to its current name of Halásztelek. Around that time the population was around 1,500, but its proximity to Budapest had the population double by 1955.

From the 1970s, with the population increase, the settlement became more modernized and 70% of all properties had mains water and electricity. During this time the telephone network was also introduced to the area.

On 1 July 2008 Halásztelek got status of a town.

Transport
The M0 leads to Halásztelek from Lakihegy.

The transport infrastructure started to develop from the 1950s, and the BKV , "Mass Transport Company of Budapest" started to run one bus route, increasing to three in the 1960s. After Communist rule ended, the BKV ended operations, which were taken over by the Volánbusz company. The increased population led to increasing demands on the roads, and new ones were built.

Education
In 1944 the Tököl council decided the street names and opened a state school, and in this year education started as a single classroom in Mária Szabadosás apartment, which is now called  ("Small School"). A few years later there were two classes, and when the settlement became independent a new school was built. In the 1970s there was a large change in education practice, and in 1971 a vocational school for horticulture opened, called nowadays István Bocskai Reformed Secondary School.

Landmarks

Malonyay Castle

Notable people
László Cseh, swimmer
Balázs Hárai, water polo player

Twin towns – sister cities

Halásztelek is twinned with:
 Ilieni, Romania
 Leisnig, Germany
 Nikopol, Bulgaria
 Oggiono, Italy
 Polikraishte (Gorna Oryahovitsa), Bulgaria
 Rousínov, Czech Republic

Sport
 Halásztelek FC, the town's football club

References

External links

 in Hungarian
Aerial photographs of Halásztelek
Map of Halásztelek
Pictures of Malonyay Castle

Populated places in Pest County


Industria was a multinational company with a focus on fibre to the home solutions and systems integration.

Background
Established in Reykjavík, Iceland in 2003, Industria offered consultancy and systems integration services for fibre to the home and triple-play operators, installed broadband hardware and software, and offered consultancy services in the field of broadband and telephony.

Industria handled the implementation of Ireland's first massive fibre and ADSL2+ networks for Magnet Networks.

Acting as a professional services provider for the Irish Department of Communications' Regional Broadband Programme, Industria was appointed to provide professional services to in excess of 60% of the programme to date. Industria was involved in completing the design, procurement and project management of the construction of approximately 450,000 metres of fibre optic networks in 50 cities and towns together with the design of wireless networks in 20 towns around Ireland at a cost of approximately €70m.

Industria developed and designed a Digital Living products and services, used by property builders.  The company did have big investment linked with new property developments in Ireland in 2007. During the crash in 2009 of the Irish property market, Industria was not able to fund further the fibre-to-the-home deployments as most of the company’s property development customers and partners went bankrupt. This led to Industria shutting down its operation in December 2012.

Awards
Industria was in 2007 named by CNBC European Business as one of the 50 key innovators among European companies.
In 2007, Industria won a Red Herring 100 Europe Award for its broadband software solution.

References

Companies established in 2003


Gymnasium Paulinum is a Gymnasium (secondary) school in Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It was founded in around 797 and is claimed to be the oldest school in Germany.

Early history
Gymnasium Paulinum was established by Ludger the missionary in 797. He had been instructed by Charlemagne in 793 to preach Christianity in north-western Saxony, and subsequently established a monastery in the centre of the former Frankish stronghold of Mimigernaford (also Mimigardeford or Miningarvard), which was later to be known as Münster. He also established a monastic school for future members of the clergy. In 805, when Ludger was appointed Bishop of Münster, the school became a cathedral school. The new "Schola Paulina" was dedicated to St. Paul.

Latest developments
On October 9, 2007, the Gymnasium Paulinum was awarded the title "School of Europe" (Europaschule) as one of the first of 15 schools in the province of North Rhine-Westphalia.

Notable alumni
Heinrich Brüning, Chancellor of Germany from 1930 to 1932
Bernhard von Galen, prince-bishop of Münster
Johann Glandorp, 16th century humanist, theologian, and scholar
Leonard Landois, physiologist
Hermann Löns, journalist and writer
Josef Pieper, philosopher
Hans Tietmeyer, economist

See also
 List of Jesuit sites

External links
Gymnasium Paulinum

Schools in North Rhine-Westphalia
Educational institutions established in the 8th century
790s establishments
Culture in Münster


A Human Being Died That Night is a 2003 book by Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela.

The book is Gobodo-Madikizela's account of her interviews with state-sanctioned mass murderer Eugene De Kock from the time of apartheid in South Africa. These interviews are mixed in with stories of victims and criminals on both sides of the racial barrier with whom she met during her time as a member of the Human Rights Violations Committee, a part of South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission. The book focuses on her growing empathy for those pushed by a cruel system into losing their morality and becoming killers (killers from all races) and her attempt to understand what causes someone to be able to commit crimes against humanity, and is considered an examination of the broader impact of the Truth Commission process.
The book is 197 pages, separated into chapters.

The book won the Alan Paton Award in 2004.

Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela
Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela is the author of the book A Human Being Died That Night. She was also a psychologist on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa). She has received an honorary degree of theology from the Friedrich-Schiller University Jena in Germany due to her work in post-apartheid South Africa. She has gone on to give speeches discussing her book, time on the TRC, and interviewing de Kock. She speaks about the idea of forgiveness, and why people such as de Kock, should be forgiven in her eyes. She also discusses her time on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission as a psychologist, where she first met de Kock when he was on trial. During a speech for C-SPAN, she discusses the stories of different victims of apartheid crimes such as de Kock's along with her personal experience with him.
Gobodo-Madikizela interviewed de Kock multiple times at Pretoria Central Prison where he was being held. In the book, she wrote about the anxiety and fear she felt going into the interviews, due to the crimes he had committed and the evil reputation he had. By the end of the book, she said she was surprised at how human and less evil de Kock was, and ultimately forgives him and urges others to forgive as well.

Eugene De Kock
Eugene De Kock was born in the Western Cape Province of South Africa in 1949. He became involved in the South African police force, and in 1983 he earned the title of Commander in the Vlakplaas Unit. He took part in the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa) where he confessed to the murders of hundreds of people. He was then sentenced to 212 years plus two life sentences in 1996; he stayed in prison until 2016 when he was released on parole.
De Kock was given the nickname Prime Evil. This nickname was given to him by South African citizens, most of whom were victims and/or families of victims of his crimes. In the book, Gobodo-Madikizela mentions this nickname making her nervous going into the interviews, as she was afraid he would be truly evil as people depicted him to be.

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (South Africa)
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in South Africa began in 1995 after the fall of apartheid. The premise was to have the full truth about politically charged crimes committed during apartheid be told, but to then grant most of the criminal amnesty if they did tell the truth. Those leading the TRC were, Desmond Tutu, chairman, and Alex Boraine, deputy chairman. The TRC had 22,000 statements from victims, 7,000 amnesty applications, 2,500 amnesty hearings, and 1,500 amnesties were granted.

Pretoria Central Prison
Pretoria Central Prison is located in Pretoria, South Africa. It contains an all-male prison, in which de Kock was held. It is a large complex including multiple different buildings and areas. De Kock was held in the main part, where all of the sentenced prisoners were held, C-Max. There is also a female ward on site, but they are kept separate from the males. The prison can hold up to 8,000 prisoners and has a staff of 2,100 currently under the control of Area Commissioner, Tlabo Thokolo. The name has now changed to Kgosi Mampuru II Correctional Centre, although it is still often referred to as Pretoria Central Prison.

Stage adaptation
A play, with the same title, was written in 2013 by Nicholas Wright, and produced at the Fugard Theater in Cape Town, the Market Theatre in Johannesburg, and the Hampstead Theatre in London.
The play was shown in both Cape Town and Johannesburg South Africa. The Johannesburg audience was majority (60%) black and majority young. The Cape Town audience was majority (85%) white. It was also presented to audiences school children in order to educate them on the history of apartheid and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

Reviews and reception
The book, for the most part, was highly acclaimed, with reviews praising Gobodo-Madikizela's writing along with her courage to interview de Kock.

References

External links

2003 non-fiction books
Books about apartheid
South African non-fiction books


Makád is a village in the county of Pest, Hungary, near Hungary's capital Budapest.

Twin towns - twin cities
  Umbria – Italy
  Sighișoara – Romania

Halasztelek


Cui Xuanwei (崔玄暐; 638–706), né Cui Ye (崔曄), formally Prince Wenxian of Boling (博陵文獻王), was an official of the Chinese Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reigns of Wu Zetian and her son Emperor Zhongzong. He was a key figure in the coup that overthrew Wu Zetian and restored Emperor Zhongzong in 705. He was later exiled due to false accusations instigated by Wu Zetian's nephew Wu Sansi and died in exile.

Background
Cui Chu was born late in the reign of Emperor Taizong. He was from "the elder house of Boling" of the prominent Cui clan of Boling. His father Cui Xingjin (崔行謹) served as the magistrate of Husu County (胡蘇, in modern Dezhou, Shandong), and his uncle Cui Xinggong (崔行功) was the head of the Palace Library.  During the Longshuo era of Emperor Taizong's son Emperor Gaozong, he passed the imperial examinations and became a low-level official at the ministry of treasury (庫部, Kubu).  His mother Lady Lu often encouraged him to be an honest and clean official.  He heeded his mother's teachings and became known for his honesty and carefulness.  At some point, because the character of his name Ye (曄) apparently had a similar appearance to the name of one of the ancestors of Emperor Gaozong's wife Empress Wu (later known as Wu Zetian), he changed his name to Xuanwei.  He eventually served as a Fengge Sheren (鳳閣舍人), a mid-level official at the legislative bureau of government (鳳閣, Fengge).

During Wu Zetian's reign
In 701, by which time Empress Wu had taken the throne herself as "emperor" of a new Zhou Dynasty, interrupting Tang Dynasty, Cui Xuanwei was made the deputy minister of civil service affairs (天官侍郎, Tianguan Shilang), and he was said to be upright and not susceptible to improper influence by powerful people.  Later that year, he was made Wenchang Zuo Cheng (文昌左丞), one of the secretaries general of the executive bureau (文昌臺, Wenchang Tai).  A month later, Wu Zetian summoned him and told him, "Since your office was changed, I heard that the officials often feasted because they could now again be corrupt.  I will put you back in your old position."  She thus made him deputy minister of civil service again and gave him an award of silk.

In 704, when Cui was still serving as deputy minister of civil service affairs, he was given the designation Tong Fengge Luantai Pingzhangshi (同鳳閣鸞臺平章事), making him a chancellor de facto.  By late that year, when Wu Zetian was ill and was often attended only by her lovers Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong, Cui made the suggestion to her that she should have her sons Li Xian the Crown Prince and Li Dan the Prince of Xiang attend to her—not members of other clans (i.e., not the Zhang brothers).  Wu Zetian, while thanking him for his input, paid no heed.  Cui later supported the imperial censor Song Jing in Song's attempt to investigate Zhang Changzong for corruption and plotting treason, but Wu Zetian did not permit the investigation.  She did, however, approve a petition jointly submitted by him and Li Jiao and supported by Huan Yanfan that the people who were found guilty and executed due to accusations by her secret police officials (such as Zhou Xing and Lai Junchen) early in her reign be posthumously restored to honor.

In spring 705, with Wu Zetian continuing to be ill, Cui entered into a plot with a number of officials and generals, including Zhang Jianzhi, Huan, Jing Hui, and Yuan Shuji, to kill the Zhang brothers.  With agreement from Li Xian, they acted on February 20, killing Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong, and then surrounding Wu Zetian.  While they allowed her to retain the title of "emperor," they had her put under house arrest at the secondary palace Shangyang Palace (上陽宮) and forced her to yield the throne to Li Xian, who was formerly emperor, and he was restored to the throne (as Emperor Zhongzong).  As she confronted the plotters, she said to Cui, "All of the others became key officials because of others' recommendations.  Only you were personally selected by myself, and yet you stand here with them."  Cui responded, "What I do today is to repay your Imperial Majesty's great grace to me."

During Emperor Zhongzong's second reign
Cui Xuanwei, along with Zhang Jianzhi, Huan Yanfan, Jing Hui, and Yuan Shuji, were recognized as leaders in Emperor Zhongzong's restoration, and they were put into key positions and created dukes, with Cui becoming Neishi (內史), the head of the legislative bureau and one of the posts considered one for a chancellor, and carrying the title of Duke of Boling.  Soon, however, Emperor Zhongzong became heavily and deeply influenced by his powerful wife Empress Wei and her lover Wu Sansi the Prince of Liang (Wu Zetian's nephew and Emperor Zhongzong's cousin).  Zhang fervently argued against the rise of Wu Sansi's power but was unable to do anything about it.  Further, when Emperor Zhongzong also became trusting of sorcerers Zheng Pusi (鄭普思) and Ye Jingneng (葉靜能) and wanted to give Zheng and Ye honored positions, Cui and Huan spoke against it but was not listened to.  In summer 705, by which time Emperor Zhongzong's trust in Cui and his colleagues had completely been lost, Emperor Zhongzong, following Wu Sansi's recommendation, created the five coup leaders princes—in Cui's case, Prince of Boling—but stripped them of chancellor positions.  Cui was soon made the secretary general of Yi Prefecture (益州, roughly modern Chengdu, Sichuan) and acting commandant at Yi Prefecture.

In spring 706, with all five of the coup leaders already out of the capital, Wu Sansi and Empress Wei made accusations against them, and they were demoted to more remote prefectures—in Cui's case, to be the prefect of Jun Prefecture (均州, roughly modern Shiyan, Hubei).  Wu Sansi then had his strategist Zheng Yin further accuse the five of them of having participated in the plot of Emperor Zhongzong's son-in-law Wang Tongjiao (王同皎) -- who was executed early in 706 after having been accused of plotting to kill Wu Sansi and deposing Empress Wei.  The five were further demoted with the provisions that they would never be allowed to return to the capital Chang'an, with Cui becoming the military advisor to the prefect of Bai Prefecture (白州, roughly modern Yulin, Guangxi).  Wu Sansi then had accusations that Empress Wei was having affairs posted publicly in the eastern capital Luoyang, with the intent of incensing Emperor Zhongzong—and then accused the five coup leaders of being behind this public humiliation.  He then had his associates propose that the five be killed.  Emperor Zhongzong, citing that the five had been previously awarded iron certificates that guaranteed that they would not be executed in recognition of their contribution, ordered that they be reduced to commoner rank and permanently exiled to the Lingnan region with their families—in Cui's case, to Gu Prefecture (古州, roughly modern Lạng Sơn Province, Vietnam).  At the suggestion of Cui Shi, Wu Sansi then sent the censor Zhou Lizhen (周利貞) to the Lingnan region under guise of reviewing the affairs of the region but with instructions to kill the five.  By the time that Zhou reached the region, though, Cui Xuanwei had already died.  After Emperor Zhongzong's death in 710 and Li Dan, himself a former emperor, was restored (as Emperor Ruizong), Cui and his colleagues were posthumously honored, and his son Cui Qu (崔璩) received the title of Duke of Boling.

Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 91.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 207, 208.

Chancellors under Wu Zetian
Chancellors under Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
Tang dynasty nonimperial princes
638 births
706 deaths
Cui clan of Boling


War/Dance is a 2007 American documentary film written and directed by Sean Fine and Andrea Nix Fine and produced by Shine Global's Susan MacLaury, a professor at Kean University, and Albie Hecht. It was nominated for the 2008 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature and received the Emmy Awards for Best Documentary and Best Cinematography in 2010.

Synopsis
The film centers on three children – Nancy, a 13-year-old choir singer; Rose, a 14-year-old dancer; and Dominic, a 14-year-old xylophone player. They are members of the Acholi ethnic group, living in the remote northern Uganda refugee camp of Patongo, which is under military protection from the Lord's Resistance Army, a terrorist group that has been rebelling against the government for the past two decades. In 2005, the camp's primary school won its regional music competition and headed to Kampala to participate in the annual National Music Competition. War/Dance focuses on three of the eight categories: Western choral performance, instrumental music, and traditional dance, where the students perform the Bwola, the dance of the Acholi. Over the course of three months, the film's creative team observes the three youngsters as they prepare for the event and gain their confidence enough to have them discuss the horrors they have experienced and express their individual fears, hopes, and dreams.

Release
The film debuted at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival, where it won the Documentary Directing Award and was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize for Best Documentary. It was shown at the Cleveland International Film Festival, the Wisconsin Film Festival, the Cannes Film Festival, the Austin Film Festival, and the Tokyo International Film Festival, among others, before going into limited release in the United States in November 2007.

Critical reception
War/Dance received generally positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 85% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 47 reviews, and an average rating of 7.13/10 — with the consensus that the film "is beautifully filmed, and effectively captures the heartbreaking and uplifting experiences of its subjects." Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 68 out of 100, based on 20 reviews.

In his review in The New York Times, Stephen Holden called the film "visually ravishing" and added, "[it] is so gorgeous that its beauty distracts from the anguish it reveals ... Every shot ... has the polish of a richly hued, impeccably composed illustration ... When individual children, some in tears, tell their stories while gazing directly into the camera, the shots seem posed and their remarks possibly rehearsed. The production notes explain that the children felt more comfortable telling their stories directly to the camera than to an interviewer, but you still have an uneasy sense of being manipulated ... Having voiced these qualms, let me say that War/Dance, in spite of its slickness, is an honorable, sometimes inspiring exploration of the primal healing power of music and dance in an African tribal culture ... The film draws out the suspense as best it can until the inevitable African-style American Idol moment. If that finale is genuinely exhilarating, you are still uncomfortably aware that this ecstatic conclusion doesn't mean the end of the strife or the refugees' troubles. It is a blip of light on a dark canvas."

Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "To make a memorable documentary ... that can't be forgotten once seen, you have to be more than gifted, you need an instinct for an unusual story and, frankly, you must have luck on your side. War/Dance ... has all that and more ... [it] is as irresistible as the rhythms of African music on its soundtrack."

In Variety, John Anderson called the film "well-intentioned but a victim of its own high cinematic values" and added, "The young black faces are too beautiful, the landscapes too pretty, and the personal stories of slaughter too scripted ... The formal devices of the film, and the lack of spontaneity in the children's words, do little to sell the message of the movie ... While the pic may be targeting Westerners who want to feel less awful about genocide and global negligence, it's hard to imagine War/Dance appealing to that crowd – or any other."

Rachel Howard of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote, "Visually, the film is anything but gritty, and some might say the cinematic beauty – and the children's controlled, likely coached interviews – glosses reality. But the tension of a brutality that can hardly be imagined let alone depicted, and the dignity of these precociously adult children as they must press on with their lives with little room for mourning or self-pity, is the point. The climactic trip to the competition offers an uplift that feels more like relief than triumph after the film's most disturbing tales."

In The Village Voice, Jim Ridley wrote, "The movie comes across as desperately, even irritatingly contrived, but I'd be lying if I didn't say it overcame my naturally complacent instincts — which would be to watch something (anything) else, to not get haunted by that closing litany of websites for global action."

Additional awards
 Emmy Award for Best Documentary and Best Cinematography (winner)
Aspen Filmfest Audience Award for Best Documentary (winner)
 Jackson Hole Film Festival Cowboy Award for Best Cinematography (winner)
 Wisconsin Film Festival Audience Award for Best Documentary (winner)
 Woodstock Film Festival Audience Award for Best Documentary Feature (winner)
 Woodstock Film Festival Haskell Wexler Award for Best Cinematography (winner)
 ZagrebDox Film Festival Veliki pečat international competition award (winner)

Outreach and non-profit work
War Dance was produced by the 501(c)(3) non-profit film production company Shine Global. Founded in 2005 by Susan MacLaury and Albie Hecht, it is dedicated to ending the exploitation and abuse of children through films and other media that raise awareness and inspire change. Profits from their productions go back to local advocacy organizations that help the children that Shine documents. Shine Global partnered with AMREF during the production of War/Dance to aid the people of Uganda on the ground. When they returned to Uganda in 2008 to film WAR DANCE RETURNS, the filmmakers donated video equipment to the new Health Education Center that Shine Global helped to fund, and also established the Patongo Scholarship Fund.

References

External links

War/Dance at ChangeContent

2007 films
2007 documentary films
American documentary films
Lord's Resistance Army
Fine Nix
Documentary films about Uganda
2000s English-language films
2000s American films
English-language documentary films


"Lovin' All Night" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Rodney Crowell.  It was released in March 1992 as the first single from his album Life Is Messy.  The song peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart.

Critical reception
Alanna Nash of Entertainment Weekly described the song as "randy" and "celebrat[ing] his new sexual freedom" following his divorce from Rosanne Cash.

Chart performance
"Lovin' All Night" spent 20 weeks on Hot Country Songs, peaking at number 10. It was Crowell's final Top 10 hit on that chart.

Year-end charts

Patty Loveless version

Patty Loveless included a version of the song on her eighth album with Epic Records, On Your Way Home, her thirteenth album of original music overall. The single was released in 2003. It was the first single released from the album.

According to Loveless "...On the Down From The Mountain tour last year (2002), a friend of mine, Rodney Crowell was out there with me.  Rodney was hosting the show, and he would perform it.  We were having the best time of our lives out there, and we were in Roanoke, Virginia and he asked me to come out and perform with him, and I couldn't refuse him.   Later, when I was in the process of reviewing material for the new album, I remembered the night in Roanoke and I asked my producer if we could contract Rodney and include the song on the album. So, that's how it came about how I recorded "Lovin All Night".

Chart performance
The song charted for 20 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart, reaching number 18 during the week of September 27, 2003.

References

1992 singles
2003 singles
Rodney Crowell songs
Patty Loveless songs
Songs written by Rodney Crowell
Song recordings produced by Emory Gordy Jr.
Columbia Records singles
Epic Records singles
1992 songs
Song recordings produced by Rodney Crowell


Taryn Fiebig (1 February 1972 – 20 March 2021) was an Australian soprano, a principal soprano of Opera Australia who also performed internationally. She appeared in many Mozart roles such as Susanna and Zerlina. The versatile singer also performed in Baroque opera, Italian repertoire, contemporary opera, operetta and musical theatre.

Early life
Born in Perth, Fiebig initially graduated as a cellist from the School of Music at the University of Western Australia, before commencing vocal training, occasionally marrying the two on stage, with her cello accompanying her own singing.

Career
She joined Opera Australia in 2005 as a principal soprano. Her roles for that company include Mozart's Servilia in La clemenza di Tito, Susanna in The Marriage of Figaro (televised and recorded), Zerlina in Don Giovanni, both Papagena and Pamina in The Magic Flute. She appeared in Baroque opera such as Belinda in Purcell's Dido and Aeneas and Galatea in Handel's Acis and Galatea, and in Italian opera including Lisa in Bellini's La sonnambula, Clorinda in Rossini's La Cenerentola, and Musetta in Puccini's La bohème. She performed the roles of The Plaintiff in Trial by Jury, Rose in Lakmé by Delibes, Karolka in Janáček's Jenůfa, and Aphrodite in Richard Mills' The Love of the Nightingale. In musical theatre and operetta, she appeared as Gianetta in The Gondoliers, as The Plaintiff in Trial by Jury, and Adele in Die Fledermaus by Johann Strauss.

In 2006/07, she was Mabel in The Pirates of Penzance, alongside Anthony Warlow as the Pirate King and David Hobson as Frederic. In 2008 and 2009, she performed as Eliza Doolittle in a national tour of My Fair Lady opposite UK actor Richard E. Grant. Fiebig sang the role of Sicle in Pinchgut Opera's 2009 production of Francesco Cavalli's 1644 opera Ormindo. In 2010, Fiebig was nominated for the Helpmann Awards' Best Female Performer in a Supporting Role in an Opera for Brett Dean's Bliss and La sonnambula; she won the award for her creation of the role of Lucy in Bliss.

In 2011, she sang Yum-Yum in Opera Australia's production of The Mikado which was televised on ABC Television. In 2012, Fiebig added the role of Pamina in Julie Taymor's English-language production of The Magic Flute to her repertoire. In 2013, she sang Oscar in Verdi's Un ballo in maschera directed by La Fura dels Baus.

More roles include Nannetta in Verdi's Falstaff (2014), Despina in Mozart's Così fan tutte (2016), Gutrune in Wagner's Götterdämmerung (2016) and Mother in Metamorphosis by the Australian composer Brian Howard (2018). For latter role she won her second Helpmann Award in 2019 for Best Female Performer in a Supporting Role in an Opera. In 2019, for Pinchgut Opera, she performed as Selinda in Vivaldi's Farnace.

Personal life
Fiebig was married to Australian composer Iain Grandage; she married New Zealand-born baritone Jud Arthur in 2015. Actress Melissa George is her cousin.

Fiebig died from ovarian cancer in Sydney on 20 March 2021, aged 49.

The Taryn Fiebig Prize was established in 2022; the prize of $10,000 is awarded to a deserving student of the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts (WAAPA) to further their professional development.

Discography
 2002: Thyme & Roses (16 folk songs), with Jayne Hockley (harp), MBT Publishing
 2007: Old American Songs (Foster, Copland, Weill, Rorem, Grainger), with Juan Jackson (tenor), Andrew Greene (piano), ABC Classics 4766169
 2007: French Baroque Cantatas (Montéclair, Stuck), with Fiona Campbell (mezzo-soprano), Ensemble Battistin, ABC Classics 4765941
 2020: On Eternal Love (Hahn, Schubert, Schumann, Brahms, Poulenc, R. Strauss), with Scott Dave (piano), ABC Classics 0028948556151
 2022: SHE – Survival, Hope, Empowerment ("She" (Aznavour), arias, Lieder), Fiebig also accompanying herself on cello; with Guy Noble (piano, conductor), SSB Orchestra; string quintet; choir, including Cheryl Barker, Peter Coleman-Wright, John Longmuir, Jud Arthur

References

External links
 Official Taryn Fiebig website (archived)
 Performance schedule, Operabase

 , Alan Kohler, The Australian, March 2016

1972 births
2021 deaths
Australian operatic sopranos
Australian musical theatre actresses
Helpmann Award winners
University of Western Australia alumni
Musicians from Perth, Western Australia
20th-century Australian women opera singers
21st-century Australian women opera singers
Deaths from ovarian cancer
Deaths from cancer in New South Wales