TerraVia Holdings, Inc. (formerly Solazyme) was a publicly held biotechnology company in the United States. TerraVia used proprietary technology to transform a range of low-cost plant-based sugars into high-value oils and whole algae ingredients. TerraVia supplied a variety of sustainable algae-based food ingredients to a number of brands, which included Hormel Food Corporation, Utz Quality Foods Inc and enjoy Life Foods. TerraVia also sold its own culinary algae oil under the Thrive Algae Oil brand.

Company history

Founding

Solazyme, Inc., was founded on 31 March 2003, with the mission of utilizing microalgae to create a renewable source of energy and transportation fuels. Founders Jonathan S. Wolfson and Harrison Dillon, who met while attending Emory University, started the company in Wolfson's garage. Regarding their partnership, Dillon said: "Neither of us wanted to go work for some giant organization where we were a tiny cog in a huge wheel. We wanted to make a difference and create something that had never existed before.”

In 2013 Dillon announced his decision to step down from his full-time position as CEO and member of the Board of Directors of Solazyme and shift to a long-term consulting role focused on further developing the breadth of the technology platform and advising on intellectual property strategy.

Wolfson continued on as Chairman and CEO of Solazyme until August 2016 when he stepped down and assumed the role of Executive Chairman of the Board.

TerraVia appointed Apu Mody, former President of Mars Food America, as new CEO and a member of the Board of Directors, in August 2016.

Initial focus
In 2004 and 2005, Solazyme began development of an algal molecular biology platform, identified and initiated a platform for microalgae-based oil production. The company then expanded focus on skin and personal care products.
In September 2007, Solazyme received a $2 million grant from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, signed a joint development agreement with Chevron through its division Chevron Technology Ventures, began operating in commercially sized standard industrial fermentation equipment (75,000-liter scale), worked with a third party refiner to demonstrate the compatibility of the oil with standard refining equipment, and produced over 400 liters of microalgae-based oils.

In January 2008, Solazyme was featured in Fields of Fuel, which was played at the Sundance Film Festival in Park City, Utah. At the event, it presented a Mercedes Benz C320 fueled with its Soladiesel brand of algal fuel.

Also in January 2008, the company announced a partnership with Chevron Technology Ventures to explore the commercialization of algal fuel. Later that year, the company stated that it had produced the world's first jet fuel derived from an algal source.

In 2009, Solazyme was awarded approximately $22 million from the United States Department of Energy for the construction of an integrated biorefinery project. It also formed a contract with the United States Department of Defense to deliver microalgae-based marine (renewable F-76) diesel fuel to the United States Navy.

In 2011, the company announced it had produced over 283,000 liters of military-spec diesel (HRF-76) for the United States Navy. The initial fuel production for phase 1 of a 550,000 liter contract was completed ahead of schedule.

Initial public offering
In May 2011, Solazyme set terms for its initial public offering. The company planned to raise $160 million by offering 10 million shares at a price range of $15 to $17 and ended up selling 7,901,800 shares for $20 each in its first day of trading.

Investment banking and securities firm Goldman Sachs reported in July 2011 that with the commercialization of new oil products, Solazyme stock had become less risky. The bank initiated coverage with a top rating and $31 target. In a note to clients, it said Solazyme () stood to boost sales and become more stable now that it had partnered with major agribusinesses like Bunge Limited.

Joint venture with Bunge Limited
On 8 August 2011, Solazyme announced a joint venture with agribusiness company Bunge Limited to develop renewable oils in Brazil using Solazyme's algae-based sugar-to-oil technology.

In April 2012, Solazyme and Bunge announced a plan to construct a shared commercial-scale production facility in Brazil. As one of the world's largest vegetable oil distributors, Bunge would supply the facility with sugarcane feedstock from its sugarcane processor in Brazil for use in Solazyme algae oil production process.

Construction of the new facility began in June 2012 and in May 2014, the joint venture plant began oil production.

In late 2015, Solazyme and Bunge announced an expansion of their joint venture, which included an agreement to have Bunge market the food oils produced through the joint venture.

The production of AlgaPrime DHA was announced in May 2016 and is the first product under the joint venture of TerraVia and Bunge. AlgaPrime DHA is a new algae-based specialty feed ingredient designed to reduce the aquaculture industry's dependence on wild fish populations.

TerraVia
Solazyme officially changed its name to TerraVia Holdings Inc. in March 2016 with a redefined focus on food, nutrition, and personal care. As part of the change, the company stated that its previous fuel and industrial oil products and workings would operate under Solazyme Industrials.

Bankruptcy filing
On 2 August 2017, TerraVia filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11. The company announced a "stalking horse" offer from Corbion, N.V., a Netherlands food and biochemical company. The offer values TerraVia's assets at $20 million. By comparison, Solazyme's IPO raised over $197 million.

Technology
TerraVia uses a technique to grow microalgae, which allows the production process to be extremely efficient in terms of cost, scale, time, and sustainability. In contrast to common open pond and photo bioreactor approaches, TerraVia grows microalgae in the dark, inside huge stainless-steel containers.

Products and brands

Food
In 2010, Solazyme launched its first products, the Golden Chlorella line of dietary supplements, as part of a market development initiative. Products incorporating Golden Chlorella can be found at retailers including Whole Foods Market and General Nutrition Centers.

AlgaVia and AlgaWise supply algae-based ingredients to food manufacturers, such as South Coast Baking Company, Follow Your Heart, and So Delicious Dairy Free.

TerraVia is also responsible for the Thrive Algae Oil brand. Thrive is marketed as "The Best Oil For Your Heart" due to its high levels of monounsaturated fats, which are known to decrease bad cholesterol and reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke. Thrive has been praised by food industry professionals for its neutral taste, versatility, and high smoke point.

The Gelson's grocery chain began supplying Thrive to the Los Angeles area in 2015. Due to its success in this market, TerraVia announced it would expand the distribution of Thrive throughout the West Coast in May 2016.

Aquaculture
As part of its joint venture with Bunge Limited, TerraVia supplies aquaculture feed producer BioMar with an algae-based feed ingredient known as AlgaPrime DHA. AlgaPrime DHA is a source of DHA omega-3 fatty acid. which is intended to reduce the aquaculture industry's dependence on wild fish as a source of DHA. AlgaPrime DHA therefore has the potential to boost the sustainability of aquaculture and allow the aquaculture industry to grow in spite of the world's fixed supply of ocean-based DHA.

Personal care
TerraVia currently manufactures the Algenist brand for the luxury skin care market through marketing and distribution arrangements with Sephora and QVC. It is sold in Canada, France, and the United Kingdom. The idea of using algae for a skincare line came from Arthur Grossman, the Chief of Genetics at Solazyme and Staff Scientist at the Carnegie Institution. Grossman is an expert in algal photosynthesis and has studied how algae protect themselves from harsh environments and reasoned they could be used to protect human skin.

TerraVia also markets its AlgaPūr Algae Oil brand to personal care producers. Unilever, a leading consumer goods company, is one of TerraVia's biggest partners. In 2010, Solazyme and Unilever started its partnership to develop renewable algae oils for use in soaps and other personal care products. In 2011, Unilever funded TerraVia's research and development efforts, which ended in Unilever agreeing to the terms of a multi-year supply agreement. In September 2013 Unilever agreed to purchase 3 million gallons of algae oil. In March 2016 the companies signed a multi-year supply agreement, where Unilever has agreed to purchase over $200 million worth of a broad portfolio of renewable algae oils.

Solazyme Industrials
The company has formerly engaged in development activities with Chevron, Dow Chemical, Ecopetrol, Qantas, and Unilever. Additionally, Solazyme started a brand of industrial drilling lubricant known as Encapso. Scientists were able to harness the prolific oil-producing capabilities of microalgae to create a first-of-its kind product, microencapsulated oil cells that burst only under sufficient pressure, friction, and shear.

As part of the change in focus, TerraVia stated that its fuels, industrial oils, and Encapso business would be grouped together under Solazyme Industrials starting in March 2016. Furthermore, "The company will be pursuing strategic alternatives over the next 12–18 months to unlock the value created [in Solazyme Industrials]. Solazyme's objective is to identify partners who have the operational capabilities needed to realize the potential of those businesses."

Sustainability principles and commitments

Principles and sustainability
TerraVia sets a goal of providing replacements for unsustainable products like palm and soybean oil. The brand's food ingredients seek to provide a healthy alternative to animal-based lipids and proteins.

According to its sustainability report, TerraVia states that "transparency is central to all of our sustainability principles." TerraVia supports this goal with a number of commitments, which include engaging with and asking for stakeholders' inputs, publishing product data in peer-reviewed journals, and openly communicating about the production of its products.

As part of this transparency, TerraVia has made information regarding the environmental impacts of its products publicly available.

Life cycle analysis
TerraVia had the third party organization Thinkstep conduct life cycle analysis on its products in order to assess their environmental impacts in comparison to other oils. The results show that algae oil production often has significantly lower environmental impacts in comparison to traditional oil sources.

A life cycle analysis conducted in 2016 compared the sugarcane-fed algae oil produced at the Solazyme Bunge joint venture facility in Brazil against soybean, tallow, palm kernel, olive, palm, canola, and sunflower oil in terms of its carbon emissions and water consumption. Thinkstep found that the algae oil was on par with sunflower oil in terms of global warming potential per kilogram of oil produced. All other oils compared had higher carbon emissions. Algae oil also had the second lowest impact in water consumption, second to canola oil.

The company also analyzed the land impact of its algae oil compared to traditional oils. It found that the algae oil is comparable to palm oil in land use efficiency, with both algae and palm yielding more than six times the amount of oil per hectare than any other oil producing crop.

The Thinkstep life cycle analysis highlights the advantages of producing algae oil over traditional oil sources in regard to the environmental impacts of oil production.

Awards
In 2016, Thrive Culinary Algae Oil won the Gama Innovation Award.
Solazyme won the 2014 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award.
Solazyme's Algenist skincare brand won the 2014 Marie Claire Prix d'Excellence de la Beaute in France.
World Economic Forum named Solazyme as one of their 2012 Technology Pioneers.
Inc. Magazine named Solazyme "America's Fastest-Growing Manufacturing Company" in its September 2011 issue.
In June 2011 Solazyme won San Francisco Business Times Cleantech and Sustainability Award in the Fuels, Chemicals, and Specialty Products category.
BREATHE California awarded Solazyme the 2010 Clean Air Award for their renewable oil production technology which significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions.
Solazyme won the No. 1 Sustainable Biofuels Technology award at the World Biofuels Markets Conference in 2010.
Solazyme was ranked No. 1 among the 2009–2010 "50 Hottest Companies in Bioenergy" in Biofuels Digest.
Solazyme was selected by AlwaysOn as a GoingGreen 100 Top Private Company Award Winner for 2007.

See also

 List of meat substitutes

References

External links
TerraVia website

Algal fuel producers
Companies based in South San Francisco, California
Biotechnology companies established in 2003
American companies established in 2003
Algae biomass producers
2011 initial public offerings
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2017


Ferenc Tóth (February 8, 1909 – February 26, 1981) was a Hungarian featherweight wrestler. He won a bronze medal at the 1948 Olympics in Greco-Roman wrestling, and placed 4th–5th in freestyle wrestling in 1936 and 1948. Between 1934 and 1947 Tóth won seven medals at European championships.

References

1909 births
1981 deaths
Olympic wrestlers for Hungary
Wrestlers at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Wrestlers at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Hungarian male sport wrestlers
Olympic medalists in wrestling
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Hungary
Sportspeople from Szeged
20th-century Hungarian people


KCWV (channel 27) is a religious television station in Duluth, Minnesota, United States, owned and operated by Tri-State Christian Television (TCT). The station's transmitter is located on the former KDLH tower on Duluth's Observation Hill.

History
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) granted George S. Flinn, III a construction permit for the digital-only station on channel 27 on December 6, 2006. The station signed on November 30, 2009.

Flinn is a Memphis businessman who, until 2007, owned Ion Television affiliates WPXX-TV in Memphis and WPXL-TV in New Orleans.

At its start, KCWV was affiliated with My Family TV. Within a year after the station debuted, it re-affiliated with Legacy TV, a small Christian broadcasting network. Towards the end of 2012, the religious network changed its name from Legacy TV to The Walk TV. During late October 2013, KCWV re-affiliated again with AMGTV, a family-oriented television network.

On September 17, 2014, it was announced that KCWV would be off the air for a couple of months, as its tower was undergoing replacement. It returned to the air on September 21, 2015 from a new, shorter tower. Since that point it has continued to broadcast intermittently, having been off the air from a period of the spring of 2018 until coming back in May 2019, continuing to carry AMGTV. The station has never sold local commercial advertising.

On May 28, 2020, Flinn Broadcasting Corporation announced that it would sell KCWV, along with sister stations WWJX in Jackson, Mississippi, WBIH in Selma, Alabama, and WFBD in Destin, Florida, to Marion, Illinois-based Tri-State Christian Television for an undisclosed price. The sale was completed on September 15; the stations became owned-and-operated stations of the TCT network two days later.

Subchannels
The station's digital signal is multiplexed:

References

External links

Technical exhibit submitted as part of Flinn's application for a new station

Tri-State Christian Television affiliates
Bounce TV affiliates
Get (TV network) affiliates
Television stations in Duluth, Minnesota
Television channels and stations established in 2009
2009 establishments in Minnesota


MTV Leffa was a Finnish television channel broadcasting movies. It was operated by MTV3 and TV4 AB and was the Finnish equivalent of TV4's movie channel TV4 Film. Dvrc and My Fresh Pony was created 14 July 2010 – 26 February 2012.

The most of the programming was shared with TV4 Film. However, most movies in Swedish language was removed and replaced by other movies and the schedule is different.

History
The channel was launched in November 2006 as a part of a new pay television package from MTV3. The channel, which did then known as MTV3 Leffa, was launched simultaneously with MTV3 MAX, MTV3 Fakta and Sub Juniori. The channel was initially only available to cable networks, and later from the Viasat satellite platform.

On 5 April 2007, the channel was launched in the digital terrestrial network. With the terrestrial launch, the channel's name was changed to Subtv Leffa. In the terrestrial network, the channel operates between 8 p.m. and 6 a.m., sharing its broadcast space with MTV Juniori for the rest of the day. When Subtv changed its name to simply Sub, the movie channel followed suit and was renamed Sub Leffa.

References

Defunct television channels in Finland
Bonnier Group
Television channels and stations established in 2006
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2016


Fritz Georg Arndt (6 July 1885 – 8 December 1969) was a German chemist recognised for his contributions to synthetic methodology, who together with Bernd Eistert discovered the Arndt-Eistert synthesis.

Life

Fritz Arndt was born on 6 July 1885, in Hamburg but started his chemistry studies at the University of Geneva followed by the University of Bern and receiving his PhD from the University of Freiburg for his work with Ludwig Gattermann in 1908.

His academic career started with short term work at the University of Greifswald, University of Kiel and University of Breslau In March 1914 he married Julia Heimann, with whom he had two sons, Heinz and Walter and a daughter, Bettina. When World War I began in August 1914 he enlisted to fight for the Kaiser however was rejected because of his varicose veins. In October 1915 he was appointed to the newly created chair in chemistry at the University of Istanbul. During his time in Istanbul from 1915 till 1918 he established a close contact to the Turkish chemists in Istanbul. He returned to the University of Breslau where he stayed until he was forced to abandon his office in 1933 by the newly elected Nazi government.

After his emigration in 1933 and a short stay at the Oxford University he went back to Istanbul where he stayed from 1934 till 1955. He had great influence on the development of chemistry in Turkey.

In 1955 he came back to Germany, where he professor at the University of Hamburg. Fritz Arndt died on 8 December 1969 in Hamburg.

Arndt's elder son Heinz Wolfgang Arndt (1915–2002) was a noted Australian economist based in Canberra while his granddaughter Bettina (born 1949) is a noted Australian journalist and sex therapist. Arndt's second son Walter Werner Arndt (1916–2011) was an outstanding translator of German and Russian poetry into English and ended up as the chair of the Russian department at Dartmouth College.

Arndt's daughter Bettina Arndt Jessell (1917–2003) was a famous paintings conservator who practiced in both the United Kingdom and the United States. Jessell was a prized pupil of the renowned paintings conservator Helmut Ruhemann (1891–1973) from 1937 to 1939. Ruhemann was conservator at the Kaiser Frederich Museum in Berlin and later worked on paintings from the collections of the National Gallery, Tate Gallery, Glasgow Art Gallery, and the Courtauld Institute. Jessell's career included successful private studios in the United Kingdom and Washington, DC, USA (1981–2002), positions at the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC and the Getty Museum. She was a mentor to countless individuals. Currently her students are placed in noted cultural institutions in the United States and abroad. In 1996, Jessell received the Sheldon and Caroline Keck Award from the American Institute for the Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works for excellence in education and training of conservation professionals.

References

1885 births
1969 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Greifswald
German expatriates in Turkey
Expatriate academics in Turkey
Academic staff of Istanbul University
20th-century German chemists
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany


Route 130 is a state highway in southwestern Connecticut, running from Fairfield to Stratford, generally parallel to I-95.

Route description

Route 130 begins at an intersection with US 1 in Fairfield and heads east into Bridgeport.  In Bridgeport, it intersects I-95, then passes under Route 8 and I-95 twice without junctions before crossing into Stratford.  In Stratford, it passes under I-95 again without a junction before intersecting I-95 a second and ending at another intersection with US 1.

Route 130 is designated the A.W. Penn Memorial Highway from the Fairfield-Bridgeport town line to State Street.

History

In 1922, state roads were given number designations in New England for the first time. Modern Route 130 was originally part of New England Route 1. In 1927, the U.S. Highway system was created and New England Route 1 became part of U.S. Route 1 (US 1). In 1932, an alternate route of US 1 (US 1 Alt. was designated along North Avenue, Boston Avenue, and Barnum Avenue further inland (now modern US 1). In 1963, US 1A in the Bridgeport area was deleted and re-designated as US 1. The original US 1 alignment along Fairfield Avenue, State Street, and Stratford Avenue became unsigned state roads, with designations of SR 771 (Fairfield-Bridgeport) and SR 769 (Bridgeport-Stratford). In 1992, these were re-designated as modern Route 130.

Major intersections

References

Transportation in Fairfield County, Connecticut
130
U.S. Route 1
Fairfield, Connecticut
Transportation in Bridgeport, Connecticut
Stratford, Connecticut
1992 establishments in Connecticut


The Perestroika Movement is a loose-knit intellectual tendency in academic political science which seeks to expand methodological pluralism in order to make the discipline more accessible and relevant to laypeople and non-specialist academics. Established in 2000, the movement was organized in response to the perceived hegemony of quantitative and mathematical methodology in the field. Such dominance breeds academic isolation and poor scholarship, the movement's leaders contend.

Origins

The Perestroika Movement began in 2000 with an anonymous e-mail message sent by one “Mr. Perestroika” to the editors of the American Political Science Review calling for "a dismantling of the Orwellian system that we have in APSA." The message went to seventeen recipients who quickly forwarded it to others, and within weeks the Perestroika Movement became a force calling for change in the American political science community (Monroe 2005).

See also
Perestroika
Post-autistic economics

Footnotes

Sources and further reading
Dryzek, John S. "Revolutions without Enemies: Key Transformations in Political Science," American Political Science Review 100 (2006), 487-92.
Flyvbjerg, Bent, "A Perestroikan Straw Man Answers Back: David Laitin and Phronetic Political Science," Politics & Society 32 (2004), 389-416.
Laitin, David D., "The Perestroikan Challenge to Social Science" (Politics & Society 31 (2003), 163).
Monroe, Kristen Renwick, ed., Perestroika!: The Raucous Rebellion in Political Science (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005).
Rigger, Shelley. "The Perestroika Movement in American Political Science and Its Lessons for Chinese Political Studies," Journal of Chinese Political Science 14 (2009), 369-82.
Schram, Sanford F., and Brian Caterino, eds., Making Political Science Matter: Debating Knowledge, Research, and Method (New York: New York University Press, 2006).

Political science
Political science terminology


Rui de Sá served as the representative of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) to Egypt in the 1970s.

References

Angolan diplomats
Possibly living people
Year of birth missing
MPLA politicians
Place of birth missing


António Alberto Neto (born 16 June 1943) is the President of the Angolan Democratic Party (PDA). He served as the representative of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) to the Nordic countries from September 1970 to May 1973. Saydi Mingas succeeded him.

Neto was the PDA's presidential candidate in the 1992 general elections. He finished third out of eleven candidates, receiving 2% of the vote.

References

1943 births
Living people
MPLA politicians
Angolan diplomats
Candidates for President of Angola


Kuthiyottam, sometimes spelled Kutiyottam, is a ritual youth dance, and in some cases of mock blood sacrifice, found at annual Pongala festival celebrations at some Hindu temples in Kerala dedicated to Bhadrakali or Durga – a warrior goddess. This ritual features volunteer teenage or younger boys who live under austere conditions over the festival period in the Malayalam calendar month of Kumbham. They wear ascetic clothes, abstain from meat and eat simple food, participate in daily prayers in the temple. They also dress up in ceremonial clothes and perform as singers and dancers under the guidance of an asan (conductor). These dances are synchronized with the legends of the goddess. These dances are highly energetic, paced to the beat of drums, with singers and feature traditional costumes.

In some Kuthiyottam dances and processions, such as at the Bhadrakali temples of Alappuzha, Kollam, and Thiruvananthapuram districts of Kerala, the dance make up for the boys includes either symbolic blood or real blood from the piercing of their skin. The link with blood is believed by the kuthiyotta troups are symbolizing the wounded soldiers of the goddess. The boys are typically from high castes(Nair)
of Kerala, and some scholars have speculated such Kuthiyottam practices as having roots in "mock human sacrifice" practice of ancient Kerala. The piercing and blood-related rituals are controversial within Kerala, with officials demanding that they be banned under India's prevention of child abuse laws.

See also
Flagellant – a Christian tradition of self-mortification
Muharram – a Shia Muslim tradition of mourning processions with flagellation, body-cutting
Thaipusam – Tamil festival tradition dedicated to Murugan with processions, body-piercing

References

Dances of Kerala


The 1985 Arab Cup was the fourth edition of the Arab Cup hosted by Ta'if, Saudi Arabia. The competition come back after nineteen years of absence. The defending champion Iraq won the title for the 3rd time.

Qualified teams

The 6 qualified teams are:

Venues

Squads

Group stage

Group A

Group B

Knock-out stage
{{Round4-with third

|10 July 1985 – Taif||3||2
|10 July 1985 – Taif| |1 (3)||1 (1)

|12 July 1985 – Taif||1||0

|12 July 1985 – Taif|

Semi-finals

Third place play-off

Final

Goalscorers
5 goals
  Anad Abid

References

External links
Details in RSSSF

1985
1985 in African football
1985 in Asian football
1984–85 in Saudi Arabian football
1984–85 in Iraqi football
1984–85 in Qatari football
1984–85 in Bahraini football
1985 in Jordanian sport
July 1985 sports events in Asia


A free lunch is a meal offered as a sales enticement.

Free Lunch may also refer to:

Literature
 Free Lunch: How the Wealthiest Americans Enrich Themselves at Government Expense and Stick You With The Bill, a 2007 nonfiction book by David Cay Johnston
 The Free Lunch, a 2001 novel by Spider Robinson
 Free Lunch (book), a 2019 nonfiction book by Rex Ogle

Other uses
 National School Lunch Program, a United States government program
 No such thing as a free lunch, an economic concept


Elvio Raúl Martínez (born May 1, 1982 in Rosario) is an Argentine former football midfielder. In 2008 he had his only experience outside Argentina playing in Romania for Liga I club Politehnica Timișoara.

References

External links
 Argentine Primera statistics
 Statistics at BDFA

1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Rosario, Santa Fe
Argentine men's footballers
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
FC Politehnica Timișoara players
Newell's Old Boys footballers
Club Atlético Nueva Chicago footballers
Talleres de Córdoba footballers
Club Atlético Aldosivi footballers
San Martín de Tucumán footballers
Tiro Federal footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Argentine Primera División players
Liga I players
Men's association football midfielders


Karl Wilhelm Philipp, 8th Prince of Auersperg, Duke of Gottschee (; 1 May 1814 in Prague – 4 January 1890 in Prague) was a Bohemian and an Austrian nobleman and statesman. He served as the first Minister-President of Cisleithania and the first President of the Austrian House of Lords (Herrenhaus).

Biography
The 8th Prince of Auersperg, Karl Wilhem, was heir to one of the most prominent princely families of the Holy Roman Empire, whose sovereign principality was mediatized in the Austrian Empire following the German Mediatisation of the post-revolutionary era. He became head of the princely House at the age of thirteen on the death of his Father, Wilhelm II of Auersperg (1782–1827). In 1851 he married Countess Ernestine Festetics de Tolna, daughter of Count Ernő János Vilmos. As he died without issue, he was succeeded by his nephew Karl Maria Alexander von Auersperg, the son of his brother Prince Adolf of Auersperg.

Political career
On the advent of the new constitutional era, in 1861, he became a member of the Upper Chamber of the Reichsrat and eventually its President.

As a representative of the Liberal landed proprietors of the Diet of Bohemia, and afterward as President of the Austrian House of Peers (Herrenhaus), he took a conspicuous part in defending the constitutional system against clerical and feudal reaction and the union of the Empire.

He presided over the Austrian ministry as the 1st Minister-President of Cisleithania as a result of the reorganisation of the Empire following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867.   After the term of his ministry he kept being a zealous supporter of Liberal cabinets. From 28 November 1871 to 15 February 1879, his brother Prince Adolf Wilhelm Daniel von Auersperg was also to be Minister-President of Cisleithania (the 8th).

Honours
  Knight of the Golden Fleece, 1852 (Austrian Empire)
  Grand Cross of St. Stephen, 1863 (Austrian Empire)

See also
 List of ministers-president of Austria

References

External links
 Otto

1814 births
1890 deaths
19th-century Ministers-President of Austria
Politicians from Prague
Ministers-President of Austria
Austrian princes
House of Auersperg
Austrian people of German Bohemian descent
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary


Harold Boas OBE (27 September 1883 – 17 September 1980) was a town planner and architect in Western Australia. Boas designed many public buildings in and around Perth and was an influential Jewish community leader. He served as an elected member of the Perth City Council on three separate occasions, presided over the Metropolitan Town Planning Commission and was the foundation president of the Town Planning Institute of Western Australia.

Biography

Early life
Boas was born on 27 September 1883 in Adelaide, South Australia, the third son of noted Minister and Rabbi, Abraham Tobias Boas (1842–1923) and his wife Elizabeth, née Solomon. After being educated at Whinham College and Prince Alfred College he was apprenticed to architect Edward Davies between 1899 and 1904 and later studied at the South Australian School of Mines and Industries.

Move to Perth
In June 1905 he moved to Perth where he initially joined architects M. F. Cavanagh & Austin Bastow and later Oldham, Boas, Ednie-Brown & Partners with whom he stayed for many years.

On 29 March 1911 Boas married Sadie ("Sarah") Cohen at the Brisbane Street Synagogue in Perth.

Architecture
With his partners, Boas designed many public and private buildings around Perth including the open-aired King's Picture Theatre (1905), the Nedlands Park Hotel (1907), Radio station 6WF (1924), Edith Dircksey Cowan Memorial (1934), the Emu Brewery (1938), the Adelphi Hotel, London Court (1937) and the Gledden Building (1938).

Public life
Boas served on the Perth City Council during 1914–16, 1926–42 and 1944, representing the South Ward. He was chairman of the State government's Metropolitan Town Planning Commission from 1928 to 1930 and was a member of the Town Planning Association of Western Australia from 1914. Boas chaired the City of Perth's town planning committee in 1930–33 and 1938–42, and was foundation president of the Town Planning Institute of Western Australia in 1931. He was an inaugural member of the State division of the Town Planning Institute of Australia.

In 1932 Boas stood unsuccessfully for the Western Australian Legislative Council as an anti-secessionist candidate during the debate prior to the 1933 secession referendum.

He founded and edited the Australian Jewish Outlook, a short lived anti-Zionist monthly, in May 1947. However, the periodical went out of circulation after little more than a year as Boas had overestimated the level of support for it.

He was president of the local branch of the United Nations Association, representing Australia and the Executive Council of Australian Jewry at the United Nations conference in Bangkok in 1950.

Later life
In 1969 he was awarded an OBE in 1969 for service to town planning and to the Jewish community in Perth.

Boas died at Subiaco on 17 September 1980.

Honours
The Harold Boas Gardens in West Perth (formerly known as "Delhi Square" up to 1975–76) are named in his honour.

References

Further reading

1883 births
1980 deaths
Australian Jews
Australian people of Dutch-Jewish descent
Architects from Western Australia
People from Perth, Western Australia
People educated at Prince Alfred College
Jewish anti-Zionism in Oceania
Anti-Zionism in Australia


Highway 38 is an arterial road in the low plains of Judea in Israel. It serves as the main access route to Beit Shemesh and as a main north–south route in the region. Along the route are many nature preserves and archeological sites.

Route
Highway 38 travels in a north-northeast direction as it winds through the western foothills of the Judaean Mountains from Highway 35 at Nehusha Junction near Beit Guvrin to Highway 1 at Sha'ar HaGai Interchange.

Along many stretches, it follows small valleys formed by northward turns of westward streams emanating from the mountains to the east, notably, the Yoresh, Hakhlil, Yarmut and Kisalon Streams. Between the stream valleys and north of Eshtaol the road rises and falls as it crosses the many east–west ridges.

History
From biblical times the road is mentioned in  as the route taken by the Philistines returning the Ark of the Covenant to the Israelites in Beth-Shemesh.

During the Roman Era, the road was an important route as evidenced by milestones found near Givat Yeshayahu as part of the road from Ashkelon via Highway 35 to Beit Guvrin, northward along Highway 38, then westward via the Elah Valley to Jerusalem.

In 1948, the Latrun section of Highway 1 was taken over by Jordan. Traffic between Tel Aviv and Jerusalem was diverted to a new route called "Kvish HaGvura" (Road of Bravery) of which Highway 38 served as the connection between Highway 44 at Shimshon Junction and Highway 1 at Sha'ar HaGai. This section of the road was straightened and widened in 1960.

At the end of 2012, the National Roads Company of Israel published tenders to upgrade the northern section of the road creating a divided highway with two lanes in each direction between Beit Shemesh and Sha'ar HaGai. The government granted approval on 6 June 2013. The approval was made through the special "Housing Cabinet" since the road's expansion is a condition for plans to build an additional apartments and homes in Beit Shemesh.

The newly rebuilt highway costing 800M shekels was inaugurated in September, 2017. Bridge interchanges at Naham/Hartuv, Shimshon Junction/Eshtaol and Mesilat Zion with tunnel interchanges at the Sha'ar HaGai Caravanserai and the Burma Road were completed. A wildlife bridge was built near Mesilat Zion and the road was raised to overpass the railway tracks at Beit Shemesh. The road includes highway lighting and bicycle paths along its entire length. The upgrade of the once relatively unsafe road into a modern highway will significantly cut travel time between Beit Shemesh and Tel Aviv or Jerusalem and allow the area's population to grow significantly.

Junctions & Interchanges (south to north)

References

See also

List of highways in Israel

38


King Tide may refer to :

 King tide, an especially high tide
 King Tide (album), a 1993 album by Weddings Parties Anything
 King Tide (band), an Australian reggae band
 King Tide, a 2007 play by Australian playwright Katherine Thomson

See also
 King Canute and the tide


Kitsos Botsaris (; ); 1741 in Missolonghi – 1813, in Arta), was a leader of the Souliotes, an autonomous community in Ottoman-ruled Epirus. He played a leading role in the aftermath of the last war between the Souliotes and the Ottoman ruler of Ioannina, Ali Pasha. He was the father of Kostas Botsaris and Markos Botsaris, who fought in the Greek War of Independence.

At the war against Ali Pasha
K. Botsaris was a prominent figure of the Botsaris (or Botzaraioi) Souliotic clan, who originated from Dragani, or else Ampelia village, south of Paramythia. He was the head of the Souliotes during the wars against Ali Pasha at the end of 18th century.
In 1792 Ali Pasha planned a second expedition against Souli. He tried to deceive and arrest the Souli warriors, pretending that he is going to attack Argyrokastro and he needs their assistance. Ali sent a letter to K. Botsari written in Greek, which was published in its entirety by W. Eton in 1799:
“My  friends Captain Bozia (Botsaris) and Captain Tzavella, I , Ali Pasha, salute you … As soon as you receive my letter assemble all your warriors and come to meet me against my enemies. This is the time that I need you … Your pay shall be double that which  I give to my Albanians  because I know that you are braver than them. I will not go to the war before you come….” (Eton, p. 384).
Botsaris understood the stratagem and professed to Ali that he could not help him because could not persuade his people (the Souliotes). Captain Tzavellas who did accept Ali’s offer was soon arrested with his 70 warriors by Ali Pasha’s army. After this incident Ali marched against Souli, which was under K. Botsaris’ general command. Soon Tzavellas managed to escape from Ali by offering his 12-year-old son as hostage, and joined the Souliotes.
Botsaris ordered the Souliotes to withdraw to inaccessible mountainous fortresses with provisions for 6 months. At the same time he poisoned the local wells so that the Ottomans had no easy access to water. After some battles, the main body of the  Pasha’s army was lured into an ambush and was slaughtered. The rest  retreated in panic to Ioannina and Ali himself escaped  with difficulty, exhausting to death two of his horses while fleeing.

See also
 Greek War of Independence
 Markos Botsaris
 Kostas Botsaris
 Souliotes

References
Sakellariou M. V. Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization. Ekdotikē Athēnōn, 1997. , p. 251

1741 births
1813 deaths
Souliotes
Macedonia under the Ottoman Empire
People from Missolonghi


The Lion Foundation Cup is the women's equivalent to the Air New Zealand Cup. It is a provincial championship contested between women's rugby union teams.

History
In 1990 the JJ Stewart Trophy (women's rugby's equivalent of the Ranfurly Shield) was started up for women's provincial teams. The NZRFU then formed a sub-committee to look after New Zealand's future at international level, a year after an unofficial New Zealand XV had played and beaten the California Grizzlies. The first women's national team attended the inaugural Women's Rugby World Cup in 1991 in Wales. The squad had to paid their own way to get to the tournament and attended without the blessing of the NZRFU but they went on to beat Canada and Wales to reach the semi-finals where they lost the United States 7-0 who were the eventual champions. It was another 10 years before the New Zealand women tasted defeat for a second time. That squad was selected off the back of an ever-strengthening Women's National Provincial Championship, which has grown to a 20-team competition after starting with 14 sides in 1999. The NPC and second-tier regional competitions have lifted the standard of women's rugby throughout the country. Not only is the women's NPC helping to battle harden the country's best players, it has also played a critical role in the development of the game among girls. The competition's growth is being mirrored by a rise in the number of girls taking up the game at school level.

References
All Blacks Website

New Zealand rugby union competitions


Wan Abu Yazid Bustami bin Wan Mokhter (born 27 June 1989) is a Malaysian professional footballer. He last played for Perak FA in the Malaysian Super League. He is left-sided midfielder.

Wan Abu Yazid is a product of the Perak FA youth system. He is a regular for the FAM President's Cup team and was part of their championship-winning batch of 2007. He made his first ever appearance for Perak in a 5-0 demolition of Sarawak FA on 1 January 2008. He played the full 90 minutes of that match.

Wan Abu Yazid made his second appearance as a substitute against Pahang FA on 19 January 2008. He scored his first senior goal on 26 January in a match against PDRM FC which ended 6-0.

Wan Abu Yazid were not retained in Perak squad for the 2009 season.

References

1989 births
Living people
Malaysian men's footballers
Perak F.C. players
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Men's association football midfielders


The Great Moderation is a period in the United States of America starting from the mid-1980s until at least 2007 characterized by the reduction in the volatility of business cycle fluctuations in developed nations compared with the decades before. It is believed to be caused by institutional and structural changes, particularly in central bank policies, in the second half of the twentieth century.

Sometime during the mid-1980s major economic variables such as real gross domestic product growth, industrial production, monthly payroll employment and the unemployment rate began to decline in volatility. During this period, growth in price levels dropped substantially whilst hourly compensation continued to increase, and interest rates started to fall. The period also saw a large increase in household net wealth and income, whilst wealth inequality increased along various measures.

Ben Bernanke and others in the US Federal Reserve (the Fed) claim that the Great Moderation is primarily due to greater independence of the central banks from political and financial influences which has allowed them to follow macroeconomic stabilisation, by measures such as following the Taylor rule. Additionally, economists believe that information technology and greater flexibility in working practices contributed to increasing macroeconomic stability.

The term was coined in 2002 by James Stock and Mark Watson to describe the observed reduction in business cycle volatility. There is a debate pertaining to whether the Great Moderation ended with the late-2000s economic and financial crisis, or if it continued beyond this date with the crisis being an anomaly.

Origins of the term
The term "great moderation" was coined by James Stock and Mark Watson in their 2002 paper, "Has the Business Cycle Changed and Why?" It was brought to the attention of the wider public by Ben Bernanke (then member and later chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve) in a speech at the 2004 meetings of the Eastern Economic Association.

Causes

Central bank independence

Since the Treasury–Fed Accord of 1951, the US Federal Reserve (fed) was freed from the constraints of fiscal influence and gave way to the development of modern monetary policy. According to John B. Taylor, this allowed the Federal Reserve to abandon discretionary macroeconomic policy by the US Federal government to set new goals that would better benefit the economy. The span of the Great Moderation coincides with the tenure of Alan Greenspan as Fed chairman: 1987-2006.

Taylor Rule

According to the Federal reserves, following the Taylor rule results in less policy instability, which should reduce macroeconomic volatility. The rule prescribed setting the bank rate based on three main indicators: the federal funds rate, the price level and the changes in real income. The Taylor rule also prescribes economic activity regulation by choosing the federal funds rate based on the inflation gap between desired (targeted) inflation rate and actual inflation rate; and the output gap between the actual and natural level.

In an American Economic Review paper, Troy Davig and Eric Leeper stated that the Taylor principle is countercyclical in nature and a "very simple rule [that] does a good job of describing Federal Reserve interest-rate decisions". They argued that it is designed for "keeping the economy on an even keel", and that following the Taylor principle can produce business cycle stabilization and crisis stabilization.

However, since the 2000s the actual interest rate in advanced economies, especially in the US, was below that suggested by the Taylor rule.

Structural economic changes
A change in economic structure shifted away from manufacturing, an industry considered less predictable and more volatile. The Sources of the Great Moderation by Bruno Coric supports the claim of drastic labor market changes, noting a high "increase in temporary workers, part time workers and overtime hours". In addition to a change in the labor market, there were behavioral changes in how corporations managed their inventories. With improved sales forecasting and inventory management, inventory costs became much less volatile, increasing corporation stability.

Technology
Advances in information technology and communications increased corporation efficiency. The improvement in technology changed the entire way corporations managed their resources as information became much more readily available to them with inventions such as the barcode.

Information technology introduced the adoption of the "just-in-time" inventory practices. Demand and inventory became easier to track with advancements in technology, corporations were able to reduce stocks of inventory and their carrying costs more immediately, both of which resulted in much less output volatility.

Good luck
There is a debate pertaining to whether the macroeconomic stabilization of the Great Moderation occurred due to good luck or due to monetary policies.

Researchers at the US Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank have rejected the "good luck" explanation, and attribute it mainly to monetary policies.  There were many large economy crises — such as the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s, the failure of Continental Illinois Bank in 1984, the stock market crash of 1987, the Asian financial crisis in 1997, the collapse of Long-Term Capital Management in 1998, and the dot-com crash in 2000 — that did not greatly destabilize the US economy during the Great Moderation.

Stock and Watson used a four variable vector autoregression model to analyze output volatility and concluded that stability increased due to economic good luck. Stock and Watson believed that it was pure luck that the economy didn't react violently to the economic shocks during the Great Moderation. While there were numerous economic shocks, there is very little evidence that these shocks are as large as prior economic shocks.

Effects
Research has indicated that the US monetary policy that contributed to the drop in the volatility of US output fluctuations also contributed to the decoupling of the business cycle from household investments characterized the Great Moderation. The latter became the toxic assets that caused the Great Recession.

According to Hyman Minsky the great moderation enabled a classic period of financial instability, with stable growth encouraging greater financial risk taking.

End
It is now commonly assumed that the late-2000s economic and financial crisis brought the Great Moderation period to an end, as was initially argued by some economists such as John Quiggin. Richard Clarida at PIMCO considered the Great Moderation period to have been roughly between 1987 and 2007, and characterised it as having "predictable policy, low inflation, and modest business cycles".

However, before the Covid-19 pandemic, the US real GDP growth rate, the real retail sales growth rate, and the inflation rate had all returned to roughly what they were before the Great Recession. Todd Clark has presented an empirical analysis which claims that volatility, in general, has returned to the same level as before the Great Recession. He concluded that while severe, the 2007 recession will in future be viewed as a temporary period with a high level of volatility in a longer period where low volatility is the norm, and not as a definitive end to the Great Moderation.

However, the decade following Great Recession had some key differences with the economy of the Great Moderation. The economy had a much larger debt overhead. This led to a much slower economic recovery, the slowest since the Great Depression. Despite the low volatility of the economy, few would argue that the 2009-2020 economic expansion, which was the longest on record, was carried out under Goldilocks economic conditions. Andrea Riquier dubs the post-Great Recession period as the "Great Stability".

See also
 1990s United States boom
 New economy
 Structural break
 Great Depression of the 1930s
 Great Regression

References

Further reading
 Bean, Charles. (2010) "The great moderation, the great panic, and the great contraction." Journal of the European Economic Association 8.2-3 (2010): 289-325 online.
 Bernanke, Ben. (2004) "The great moderation" in Taylor Rule and the Transformation of Monetary Policy ed by Evan F. Koenig  (Hoover Institute Press). online
 Davis, Steven J., and James A. Kahn. "Interpreting the great moderation: Changes in the volatility of economic activity at the macro and micro levels." Journal of Economic perspectives 22.4 (2008): 155-80 online.
 Galí, Jordi, and Luca Gambetti. (2009) "On the sources of the great moderation." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 1.1 (2009): 26-57. online
 Summers, Peter M. "What caused the Great Moderation? Some cross-country evidence." Economic Review-Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City 90.3 (2005): 5+ online

External links
 scholarly articles

Business cycle
1990s economic history
2000s economic history
1980s economic history


Nowotaski may refer to:

Places
 Nowy Targ (disambiguation), from its adjectival form
 Nowy Targ County, aka Nowotarski County, in Podhale, Lesser Poland, Poland

People
 Antal Nowotarski (1825–1901), Hungarian botanist; see List of Hungarian botanists
 Bernie Nowotarski, an American football coach and GM for the indoor gridiron football team Harrisburg Stampede
 Casimir Nowotarski, a soccer player for FC Gueugnon
 Jakub Nowotarski, the developer of quantile regression averaging
 Natalie Nowotarski, Australian photographer who was a finalist for National Photographic Portrait Prize

See also


WXJC (850 kHz, "The Truth") is an AM radio station licensed to serve Birmingham, Alabama.  The station is licensed to Kimtron, Inc., and is owned by Crawford Broadcasting Company.  It airs a Southern Gospel music and Talk radio format.

The station has been assigned the WXJC call letters by the Federal Communications Commission since July 15, 2004.

History
The station currently known as WXJC signed on in 1946 as WTNB, broadcasting with 250 watts daytime power and 250 watts at night at 1490 kHz.  It was originally an affiliate of the Mutual Broadcasting System.  The initial call letters reflected the initials of the station's original owner, Thomas N. Beech.  In the 1950s the station was sold to Madison Broadcasting and changed its frequency to 850 and its call sign to WILD, retaining those call letters until the station was sold in September 1957, when Bartell Broadcasters bought the station and changed the call letters to WYDE.  By the late 1950s WYDE was one of three stations in Birmingham playing Top 40 music, along with WSGN and WVOK.

In 1965 WYDE changed formats, dropping Top 40 and becoming a country music station.  Unlike some country music stations, WYDE's presentation was more polished and urbane.  The station's tagline was WYDE (pronounced like "wide") Countrypolitan.  For the remainder of the 1960s and throughout most of the 1970s, the station had no direct competition in the format.  This changed in 1976 when WVOK dropped its longstanding Top 40 programming and switched to country as well.

By 1977 WYDE had a second and perhaps more serious competitor as a country music station, when WZZK became the first FM station in Birmingham to switch to country music.  WYDE retained its format until 1982, when it dropped country to become Birmingham's first station to exclusively play oldies from the 1950s through the early 1970s.  In 1984 the station was sold and became a Christian music and teaching station. Throughout the remainder of the 1980s and 1990s, the station tried several different formats, including beautiful music and news-talk in an attempt to gain listeners.

On November 18, 1996, the station became one of Radio Disney's charter affiliates, as par of the network's test launch before going national the following year. The station later changing it's callsigns to WMKI in 1998.

Crawford Broadcasting bought WMKI in 1999.  Upon assuming control of the station, they changed the station's format to talk radio, and returned the heritage call sign of WYDE to the station.  In 2002, the call signs changed to WDJC, and the station became a Christian teaching and Southern gospel music station.  The current call signs were assumed on July 15, 2004.

As of October 26, 2016, this station is now being heard on Birmingham area Translator W245CS 96.9 FM.  (Info extracted from fccdata.org)

WXJC broadcasts in the HD Radio format.

On November 5, 2018 WXJC switched its FM repeater (and WXJC-FM calls) from 92.5 FM Cordova to 101.1 FM Cullman.

References

External links
FCC History Cards for WXJC
WXJC official website

XJC
XJC
Southern Gospel radio stations in the United States
Talk radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1946
1946 establishments in Alabama


WXAL (1400 AM) is an American radio station licensed to serve Demopolis, Alabama.  Since August 2011, the station has been owned by Westburg Broadcasting Alabama, LLC.  It airs an urban contemporary and urban oldies music format, simulcasting sister station WZNJ. Much of the station's programming was previously derived from ESPN Radio.

The station was assigned the "WXAL" call sign by the Federal Communications Commission.

WXAL has served Demopolis for more than 60 years.

During most of the 1980s, WXAL played music and had a Top 40 format. It was owned by World War II veteran Mac Jordan. Its sister station, in the same building on Highway 80 East, was automated and played country music. The FM station's call letters were WNAN, for Jordan's wife Nan.

WXAL had live wire service from the Associated Press from 1981 to 1983.

DJs who were live on WXAL were responsible for maintaining/keeping an eye on the automation system at WNAN. The old WXAL building stood until the week of May 3, 2010, and was affectionately known by DJs as the "radio igloo" for its white color and shape.

History

WXAL began broadcasting in January 1948. It was owned by T.H. Gailliard, W.M. Jordan and W.P. Thielens.

References

External links

XAL
Urban contemporary radio stations in the United States
Urban oldies radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1948
1948 establishments in Alabama


Rossbourne School is an independent, non denominational, co-educational special school located in Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia, that was founded in 1967. Rossbourne serves students who have had difficulties in mainstream schools due to the demands, both educational and social, of mainstream education.  Many of the students have an identifiable learning disability, such as dyslexia, a condition such as ADHD, or an autism-spectrum disorder.

Rossbourne started as a small school, founded by Mabel Ross in the early 1960s, for students struggling with studies. Rossbourne's motto is Courage and Honour, and it caters to approximately 130 students between the ages of 12 and 18 years.

Curriculum
In addition to the usual academic subjects such as English and mathematics, Rossbourne School offers many subjects to prepare students for adult life. These include sport, information technology, and cooking. One subject, known as living skills, teaches students to run a home. Unlike most schools, Rossbourne does not offer the VCE.

Co-curricular
Rossbourne offers several co-curricular activities such as sport and music. The school is a member of the Southern Special Schools Sports Association. Inter-school sport is played on Friday afternoons with a different sport being offered each term. There are also the selective swimming, athletics and snowsports teams. Older students can participate in the Human-Powered Vehicle programme.  Several musical ensembles are available, and a musical is performed each year.

External programmes
In the Senior School, students may go to TAFE and take a course in preparation for life after school.

A camp programme is run in each year level. This consists of surf camps for Middle and Transition students, and a bi-annual interstate camp for Senior school students. An adventure camp is run in the years that interstate camps do not run. Camps are compulsory and all students have one camp a year, although some may have two or three due to Human-Powered Vehicle and/or snowsports commitments.

House system
The school, unlike most other Australian schools, does not have a house system.

Associated schools
Rossbourne does not have a sister school arrangement, however, it is similar to nearby Andale School for primary students. The school also has a work experience agreement with Xavier College and Hawkesdale P-12 college in regional Victoria.

References

Secondary schools in Melbourne
Buildings and structures in the City of Boroondara
1967 establishments in Australia
Buildings and structures completed in 1967


Pakuan Pajajaran (Sundanese: ᮕᮊᮥᮝᮔ᮪ᮕᮏᮏᮛᮔ᮪; known as Dayeuh Pakuan/Pakwan or Pajajaran) was the fortified capital city of Sunda Kingdom. The location is roughly corresponds to modern Bogor city in West Java, Indonesia, approximately around the site of Batu Tulis. The site is revered as the spiritual home of Sundanese people as it contains much of shared identity and history of Sundanese people.

The city was settled since at least the 10th century, but not gaining major political importance until Sri Baduga Maharaja established it as the royal capital of Sunda kingdom in the 15th century. In 1513, the city was visited by its first European visitor, Tomé Pires, the Portuguese envoy. According to his report, the city of Daio (Dayeuh is a Sundanese term for "capital city") was great city, with population around 50,000 inhabitants.

After the reign of King Jayadewata (Sri Baduga Maharaja), Pakuan Pajajaran served as the royal capital for several generations. Dayeuh Pakuan Pajajaran served as the capital of Sunda Kingdom for almost a hundred years (1482 – 1579), until it was razed and destroyed by the Sultanate of Banten in 1579.

Etymology and toponymy
In Sundanese language the word Pakuan derived from the term paku which means "nail", and it also could means "fern" plant. According to Carita Waruga Guru manuscript (c. 1750), the name was derived from pakujajar or rows of pakis haji or cycas plant. In Sundanese pakis haji means "king's fern" to refer to cycas plant. This theory was further supported by K.F. Holle in his book De Batoe Toelis te Buitenzorg (1869), mentioned that in Buitenzorg area there is a village called "Cipaku", and Pakuan Pajajaran refer to op rijen staande pakoe bomen (place where rows of paku trees stood).

On the other hand, G.P. Rouffaer in his book Encyclopedie van Niederlandsch Indie editie Stibbe (1919) argued that the term "Pakuan" should be derived from the word paku which means "nail". The nail represent the king as spijker der wereld (the nail of world). This is in line with ancient Sundanese tradition that regarded their king as the nail or center of their realm. The tradition to analogically refer the king as "nail" is also found in Javanese Surakarta Sunanate tradition that refer their king as Pakubuwono ("nail of the world"). Rouffaer further suggested that the term "Pajajaran" derived from the term sejajar (equal), thus Pakuan Pajajaran means "the king ('nail') of Sunda that was equal to any kings of Java."

R. Ng. Poerbatjaraka in his writings De Batoe-Toelis bij Buitenzorg (1921) explained that the term Pakuan derived from Old Javanese word pakwwan, which refer to "camp" or "palace". Thus he suggested that the name Pakuan Pajajaran means aanrijen staande hoven (parallel courts/palaces), suggesting that the buildings and pavilions within palace compound was arranged in parallel rows.

H. Ten Dam in his work Verkenningen Rondom Padjadjaran (1957), argued that the term Pakuan has something to do with stone phallic symbol of lingam. This erected stone monument, which in Indic beliefs symbolized Shiva, is believed once stood near Batutulis inscription as the symbol of king's power and authority. This is also in line with menhir stone monument – supposedly megalithic culture was still prevailed in ancient Sundanese society. Ten Dam also refer to Carita Parahyangan which mentions names of Sundanese kings; Sang Haluwesi and Sang Susuktunggal which are another names for paku (nail, pole, club or lingam). Ten Dam further argued that Pakuan was not a name, but it refer to hoffstad (capital city). Referring to the report of Kapiten Wikler (1690), Ten Dam suggested that the term Pajajaran describes the geographic position of the capital. Pajajaran derived from stem word jajar, which means "parallel". This might refer to its location between two parallel rivers; Cisadane and Ciliwung. For a few kilometres in Bogor vicinity, both rivers runs parallel, and this is believed as the location of Pakuan Pajajaran.

Historiography

Pakuan Pajajaran was mentioned in several historical sources and archeological findings, mainly in the form of inscriptions and old manuscripts; among others are Batutulis inscription (16th century), Kabantenan copperplate inscription, Bujangga Manik (15th century), Carita Parahyangan (1580), and Carita Waruga Guru (18th century) manuscripts.

Other than native sources, the account of Pakuan Pajajaran was also mentioned in European sources. The capital of Daio of Sunda kingdom, was visited by a Portuguese envoy Tomé Pires in the early 16th century, and was reported in his book "Summa Oriental" (1513–1515).

The Javanese Babad (historic chronicles) dated from Mataram Sultanate period circa 17th century, still referred the area and the kingdom of West Java as "Pajajaran". The memory of the Pakuan Pajajaran has been kept alive among native Sundanese people through Sundanese Pantun oral tradition, the chant of poetic verses about the Golden Age of Sunda Pajajaran, and the legend of its illustrious King Siliwangi (Prabu Siliwangi), the most popular king in Sundanese tradition.

History

Early history
The area near modern Bogor, in the river valleys of Cisadane and Ciliwung has been hosted settlements as early as the 5th century CE. The Ciaruteun area near the confluence of Cianten and Ciaruteun rivers with Cisadane, around 19 kilometres to the northwest of Bogor, is an important ancient settlement. Within this area at least three stone inscriptions were discovered, one of them is Ciaruteun inscription, linked to the illustrious king Purnawarman of Tarumanagara.

Pakuan Pajajaran is believed was established by king Tarusbawa in 669 CE. The Sanghyang Tapak inscription (Jayabupati or Cicatih inscription) dated from 952 saka (1030 CE), was discovered in Cicatih River bank in Cibadak, Sukabumi, South of Bogor. The inscription mentioned about king of Sunda Maharaja Sri Jayabupati Jayamanahen Wisnumurti which established a sacred forest in Cibadak. This suggested that the area in and around modern Bogor has been settled and hosted a royal court of Sunda. In this city, king Susuktunggal (1382–1482) established a palace called "Sri Bimapunta Narayana Madura Suradipati" circa early 14th century.

The age of Sri Baduga Maharaja
By the late 15th century, King Sri Baduga Maharaja (reigned 1482 to 1521) — popularly known in Sundanese oral tradition as King Siliwangi, become the monarch of the unified kingdom of Sunda and Galuh. He transferred the capital city from Kawali in Galuh to Pakuan Pajajaran. One of the Sundanese Pantun legends tells vividly about a beautiful royal procession of queen Ambetkasih and her courtiers moving to the new capital of Pakuan Pajajaran, where her husband awaits.

The Batutulis inscriptions mentioned that the King has embarked in several public projects. Among others are erecting the wall and dug the defensive moat around his capital in Pakuan, built Gugunungan religious sacred mounds, built Balay or pavilions, also created Samida forest as a conservation forest. He also built a dam and create a lake called Sanghyang Talaga Rena Mahawijaya. The lake is probably functioned as hydraulic project for rice agricultural purpose, and also a recreational lake to beautify his capital city.

The tradition as mentioned in Carita Parahyangan hailed that King Sri Baduga ruled justly from his Kadatwan (palace) called Sri Bima Punta Narayana Madura Suradipati at Pakuan Pajajaran, and his reign is celebrated as the golden age for Sundanese people.

The Bujangga Manik manuscript, composed circa early 16th century, describes the travelogue of Prince Jaya Pakuan, or also known as Bujangga Manik, a Sundanese Hindu hermit, who was also a prince at the court of Pakuan Pajajaran. He travelled extensively across Java and Bali. The Pakuan Pajajaran city was his home, where his mother resides. He describes his journey; from Kalapa Bujangga Manik comes first to the place of customs (Pabeyaan) and then proceeds to the royal court of Pakuan, in the present-day town of Bogor (Noorduyn 1982:419). He enters through the direction of Pakancilan river (145), goes to the beautifully adorned pavilion and seats himself there. Here the prince is called tohaan or "lord". He finds his mother engaged in weaving (160–164). She is surprised and excited to see her son back home. She immediately leaves her work and enters the house, passing through several layers of curtains, and ascends to her bedroom. The mother prepares the usual welcome for her son, which consists of a tray of all the ingredients for preparing betel quids, combs her hair, makes herself up and puts on expensive clothes. She then descends from her bedroom, leaves the house, seats herself under the palanquin and welcome her son.

The manuscript also describes the courting customs of ancient Sundanese society, where it is acceptable for a woman to court a man she desired. Bujangga Manik found himself being courted by Lady Ajung Larang, a princess living across the Pakancilan river within the city wall, that being enamoured to him. The Lady sent her servant Jompong Larang to the Bujangga Manik's house bringing expensive gifts, and explained her intention to Manik's mother.

Bujangga Manik also describes the Great Mountain (Bukit Ageung, still known as the Gunung gede) which he calls "the highest point (hulu wano) of the realm of Pakuan" (59–64). During his travel, Bujangga Manik took a ride on a Malay Malaccan merchant ship. This suggests that the events in Bujangga Manik took place circa 1500, prior to Portuguese conquest of Malacca in 1511.

The reign of Sri Baduga Maharaja also marked the earliest contact with European. By 1511, the Portuguese had conquered Malacca and established the earliest European colony in Southeast Asia. According to Suma Oriental, written in 1512–1515, Tomé Pires, a Portuguese explorer reported about the Great city of Daio or Dayo, which corresponds to Sundanese term Dayeuh (capital city).

Tomé Pires described that the city of Pakuan Pajajaran was beautiful, filled with houses made of wood with thatched roof made of palm leaves. The residence of Sunda king is large and well-kept, a well-built wooden structure with hundreds of wooden columns, adorned with beautiful timberwork and wood carvings.

Destruction
In the 1550s, Sultan Hasanuddin of Banten, decided to launch the final blow to what remained of the kingdom of Sunda. He sent his son, Prince Maulana Yusuf to lead the attack on Dayeuh Pakuan. After losing its most important port Sunda Kelapa, the Sunda kingdom, already deprived of its trading revenues, was of symbolic importance only. However, the fortified city walls and moats of Pakuan Pajajaran remained a formidable defense for the weakened Hindu kingdom. King Nilakendra (reign 1551 to 1567), also known as Tohaan di Majaya, most of the time could not stay in the Dayeuh because of ongoing battles with Banten.

During the reign of Raja Mulya (reign 1567 to 1579), also known as Prabu Surya Kencana, the kingdom declined essentially, particularly after 1576. In Carita Parahyangan, he is known as Nusiya Mulya. Probably due to Banten's siege of Dayeuh Pakuan, he moved his court further westward to Pulasari, in today Pandeglang Regency, in Kaduhejo, Menes Subdistrict, on the slope of Mount Pulasari. The location of Pulasari despite inland, was curiously much closer to the Banten capital.

In 1579, the gates of Pakuan Pajajaran was finally breached, due to the betrayal of an official guard. Thus the city was razed and destroyed by the Sultanate of Banten. The sacred stone called watu gigilang that was serving as the sovereign's throne of Sunda kingdom was taken away from Pakuan and put at the street intersection in the royal square of Banten, thus marking the end of the Sundanese dynasty. Henceforth, this stone was to serve as the Banten sovereign's throne.

The kingdom put up little resistance and henceforth Banten ruled over the entire territory of the former kingdom of Sunda, which corresponds to most of current province of West Java.

Rediscovery
By the 17th century, the city of Pakuan Pajajaran had been reclaimed by tropical rainforest and infested by tigers. The first Dutch expedition into inland West Java was led in 1687 by Pieter Scipio van Oostende. He led his team to explore deep south from Batavia into the remnant of Pakuan and ended in Wijnkoopsbaai (present-day Palabuhanratu). One of the members of his expedition team was mauled by a tiger in the area two days earlier. Scipio learned from Lieutenant Tanuwijaya's men from Sumedang that the ruins were the remnants of Pakuan or Pajajaran kingdom. On 23 December 1687, Governor-General Joanes Camphuijs wrote a report to his superior in Amsterdam. The report reads: dat hetseve paleijs en specialijck de verheven zilplaets van den javaense Coning Padzia Dziarum nu nog geduizig door een groot getal tijgers bewaakt en bewaart wort which translates to "that the hilted palace and the special exalted silver tablets of the Javanese King of Pajajaran, guarded by a large number of tigers." The report on the tiger sightings also comes from the residents of Kedung Halang and Parung Angsana who accompanied Scipio on this expedition. Perhaps this was the source of the popular beliefs that the Pajajaran king, nobles and guards were transformed into mythical tigers.

Three years later, Captain Adolf Winkler was ordered to lead an expedition to map the location of the former Pakuan Pajajaran capital. On Thursday, 25 June 1690, Winkler and his entourage arrived at the site of the former palace. He found what he reported as "een accrate steen vloering off weg" (a very neat floor or stone paved road). The road leads to the old paseban (pavilion) and there he saw a row of seven banyan trees. The Parung Angsana residents who accompanied Winkler, explained that what they saw was the remnant of King Siliwangi's palace.

It seems by late 17th century, or approximately 130 years after its fall, the city of Dayeuh Pakuan Pajajaran was depopulated, abandoned, thus subsequently reclaimed by rainforest and infested by tigers. By this time, no tangible structures of former Pajajar palace or any habitation area remains. Most probably, the ancient capital was originally made from organic, wooden and thatched materials, which would be completely decayed and destroyed just for a few generations due to torrential tropical rains and termite infestation. The tangible remains was the former stone floor and stone paved road, also several banyan trees in regular distance, that seems most likely has been planted by human rather than by natural seeding. The Batutulis inscription is one of the few in situ inscription, still left intact in the location, which still revered by locals as a site for pilgrimage of spiritual purpose.

See also
Sunda Kingdom
Sundanese people
Bogor
West Java
Banten Sultanate
Sunda Kelapa (now Jakarta)

References

Further reading
Aca. 1968. Carita Parahiyangan: naskah titilar karuhun urang Sunda abad ka-16 Maséhi. Yayasan Kabudayaan Nusalarang, Bandung.
Ayatrohaedi, 2005, Sundakala: cuplikan sejarah Sunda berdasarkan naskah-naskah "Panitia Wangsakerta" Cirebon. Jakarta: Pustaka Jaya.
Saleh Danasasmita, 2003, Nyukcruk sajarah Pakuan Pajajaran jeung Prabu Siliwangi. Bandung: Kiblat Buku Utama.

Former populated places in Indonesia
Sunda Kingdom
Geography of West Java


The Chinese sleeper (Perccottus glenii), also known as the Amur sleeper, is a species of freshwater sleeper native to the Amur River basin in eastern Asia with introduced populations in other regions of Eurasia.  It is currently the only known member of its genus.

Description

The Chinese sleeper, known as rotan in Russia, resembles a perch, ruffe, or sculpin. The eyes are placed high on the head, which has a rounded snout and projecting lower jaw. There is little or no gap between the two dorsal fins, the front one of which has six to eight spines and the back one, nine to eleven soft rays. The anal fin has one to three spines and seven to ten soft rays. The pelvic fins are not fused together, which helps to distinguish this fish from the gobies. The second dorsal and the anal fins are both more rounded and shorter than the gobies and the caudal fin is also more rounded. The general colour is brownish with a checker-board pattern of darker marks or dark barring. There are dark lines on the head radiating from the eye.  This species can reach a length of  TL and the greatest recorded weight for a specimen is .

Distribution and habitat
The Chinese sleeper is native to the inland waters of north-eastern China, northern North Korea, and the Russian Far East. Specimens were first transported to Saint Petersburg from the River Zeya  in 1912 by a scientific expedition as ornamental fish. During the 1920s, the Chinese sleeper invaded many water bodies around Saint Petersburg and in the 1950s, it was recorded in the shallow waters of the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea and was considered an invasive species. Its typical habitat is ponds, closed water-bodies, and slow-moving streams. The westernmost locality of the Chinese sleeper range is the ponds in the Bavarian Danube basin in Germany. A finding in the mesohaline environment is registered in the North-Western Black Sea in Ukraine.

Invasiveness
In Europe, the Chinese sleeper has been included in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list) since 2016. This implies that this species cannot be imported, bred, transported, commercialized, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union. At least one case of monospecific fish community composed of Chinese sleeper is registered in Latvia. In the late summer of 2022, a small community of Chinese sleepers was found in a single pond in southwest Finland, the first record of the species in the country. This fish has been reported from Czechia recently

Behaviour
The Chinese sleeper is an adaptable species and is tolerant of widely different conditions. It feeds on insects and their larvae, small crustaceans, and fish fry. It spawns in warm shallows among vegetation and the male guards the eggs.

Economic importance
This species is of minor importance to local commercial fisheries and has potential as an aquarium fish.  However, introduced populations are of concern as they could become detrimental to the local fauna due to its predatory nature and voracious appetite.

References

Odontobutidae
Fish of East Asia
Fish of Russia
Freshwater fish of China
Fish of Korea
Monotypic fish genera
Taxa named by Benedykt Dybowski
Fish described in 1877
Invasive animal species in Europe
Invasive species in Ukraine


() is a moshav in central Israel, and a biblical location mentioned in the Books of Joshua and Judges and in the first Book of Chronicles. Located  north of , it falls under the jurisdiction of Mateh Yehuda Regional Council. In , it had a population of .

History

Antiquity
In 2013, archaeological excavations conducted by the Israel Antiquities Authority near  discovered the oldest structure ever found in the Shfela region of the Judean Hills, dating back to the first permanent human settlement in the area some 10,000 years ago. Excavations at the site continued into 2014, led by A. Yaroshevich on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority.

Biblical era
 was in the territory allotted to the Tribe of Dan (), and located on the border of the tribe of Judah. Although listed in  as being a city in the plain, it is actually partly in the hill country, partly in the plain. According to the biblical narrative, Samson began to be agitated by the Spirit of God in the locality of Mahaneh Dan (the camp of Dan), the district "between Zorah and " (). After his death in Gaza, Samson's body was brought back for burial in the tomb of his father Manoah between  and Zorah (). Five scouts from  and Zorah were sent out to find a land suitable for the tribe of Dan. ().

Modern
Modern  was founded on the lands of the depopulated Arab villages of  and  after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. It was part of a plan to establish settlements in the Jerusalem corridor in order to create a contiguous bloc between the coastal plain and Jerusalem. The first residents were Jewish immigrants from Yemen, who settled there in December 1949. They worked in land reclamation and forestry. The Jewish National Fund (JNF) established a 45-dunam nursery in  to supply saplings for JNF forests. Later, the moshav branched out into poultry and other agricultural enterprises. At the end of the 1990s, the moshav absorbed 100 new families.

Gallery

See also
Eshtaol Forest
Cities in the Book of Joshua

References

Bibliography
Golani, Amir  (27/11/2008):  Eshta’ol, Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel, No. 120.
Solimany, Gideon  (11/03/2009): Eshta’ol Junction, Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel, No. 121.
Golani, Amir  and Dan Storchan (01/01/2009): Eshta’ol, Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel, No. 121.
Freikman, Michael  (23/07/2010): Eshta’ol, Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel, No. 122.
Storchan, Dan (20/12/2010): Eshta’ol, Survey of Sha‘ar Ha-Gāy–Hartuv Junctions, Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel, No. 122.
Storchan, Dan  (22/11/2012): Eshta’ol, Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel, No. 124.

External links

Moshav website

Moshavim
Populated places established in 1949
Populated places in Jerusalem District
Yemeni-Jewish culture in Israel
Ancient Jewish settlements of Judaea
1949 establishments in Israel


This is a list of American artist printmaking societies and print clubs in chronological order of their founding. Note: The purpose of this timeline is to focus on the organization of artist printmakers into societies, and not to focus on clubs of collectors. The distinction between "society" and "club" is not necessarily reflected in the name of the organization nor in the inclusion of an organization in this list.

References

 Engelbrecht, Theresa Moir. "Inter-Collected: The Shared History of the Print Club and Museum Collection," Art in Print Vol. 7 No. 2 (July–August 2017).
 Fredericks, Stephen A., personal email correspondence with Maryly A. Snow, 2009
 Goddard class syllabus Goddard, Stephen. History of Art 706, University of Kansas
 Kushner, Marilyn S. Genesis of the Twentieth-Century Print Club, pages 82–95, in American Identities: Twentieth-Century Prints from the Nancy Gray Sherrill, Class of 1954, Collection. Wellesley, MA : Davis Museum and Cultural Center, Wellesley College, c2004. 309 pp.

Printmaking groups and organizations


Bellancourt () is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Bellancourt is situated on the N1 road, some  southeast of Abbeville.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Bethany College is an independent  Roman Catholic comprehensive single-sex secondary day school for girls, located in Hurstville, a southern suburb in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. In 2009 Bethany Junior and Senior campuses amalgamated into one campus in Hurstville.

Facilities
 Marian Building – classrooms, together with Food Technology Kitchens, Information Technology, Textiles, Music Rooms, and Homerooms.
 Yallunga Hall – multi-purposed hall (performances, assembly, indoor basketball court, rain shelter)
 MacKillop Building- Classrooms, Homerooms, Science Labs, 4 levels
 Sophia Building – Classrooms, homerooms
 Penola Building – classrooms, homerooms
 Caritas Block – Office, Chapel Staff Rooms and Staff Common Rooms, Reception room, Principals office
 Chisholm Building & Demountables – Classrooms, homerooms
 Year 7  Playground – Penola Court
 Year 8 Playground – Chisholm  Court
 Year 9 Playground – Chisholm Court
 Year 10 Playground – Yallunga Court
 Year 11 Playground – Yallunga Court
 Year 12 Playground – Yallunga Court
 Basketball Courts – Penola and Yallunga Court

See also

 List of Catholic schools in New South Wales
 Catholic education in Australia

References

External links

 Bethany College website

Catholic secondary schools in Sydney
Girls' schools in New South Wales
Educational institutions established in 1993
1993 establishments in Australia
Hurstville, New South Wales


Clube Atlético Muçulmano, usually known simply as Atlético Muçulmano, is a traditional football (soccer) club based in the neighbourhood of Machava in Matola, Mozambique. The club's players and members are nicknamed os muçulmanos

Stadium
The club plays their home matches at Campo Do Atlético Muçulmano, which has a maximum capacity of 5,000 people

Achievements
Taça de Moçambique: 1
2007/08

Performance in CAF competitions
CAF Confederation Cup: 1 appearance
2009: Preliminary Round

Current squad

Clube Atletico Muculmano
Sport in Maputo
2004 establishments in Mozambique


Bernd Eistert (9 November 1902 – 22 May 1978) was a German chemist. Together with Fritz Arndt he discovered the Arndt-Eistert synthesis.

Life

Eistert was born in Ohlau (Oława), Prussian Silesia. After he received his PhD in Breslau in 1927 for his work with Fritz Arndt he worked for the BASF company from 1929 till 1943. He worked at the Technical University of Darmstadt from 1943 till 1957 when he changed to the University of Saarbrücken, where he retired in 1971.

References

1902 births
1978 deaths
20th-century German chemists
Scientists from the Province of Silesia
University of Breslau alumni
People from Oława
BASF people
Academic staff of Technische Universität Darmstadt


WYLS (670 AM, "Rejoice 670") is a radio station licensed to serve York, Alabama, United States.  The station, founded in 1970, is owned by Sarah and William Grant, through licensee Grantell Broadcasting, LLC. WYLS is a Class D station broadcasting on the clear-channel frequency of 670 kHz.

WYLS broadcasts a black gospel music format.

History
This station began licensed operation on 1350 kHz with 5,000 watts of power in November 1970.  Owned by William P. Grant d/b/a Grantell Broadcasting Company, the new station was assigned the WYLS call letters by the Federal Communications Commission.

WYLS made national headlines when the Associated Press reported that the station's soft drink machine still dispensed bottles of soda for just a nickel. The article made humorous reference to the commodity price ceilings and wage controls in the United States imposed by President Richard Nixon from 1971 to late 1973.

In July 1987, the station applied for a construction permit that would allow a change in broadcast frequency to 670 kHz. The permit was granted on October 20, 1987, and the station began licensed operation on the new frequency on January 28, 1988.

In 2003, William P. Grant died and, per the terms of his will, control of the station and the broadcast license passed to his wife, current owner Sarah P. Grant.

References

External links

Gospel radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1970
Sumter County, Alabama
1970 establishments in Alabama
YLS
YLS


This article lists the episodes from the anime series Sayonara, Zetsubou-Sensei animated by Shaft and directed by Akiyuki Shinbo. It premiered in Japan on July 7, 2007 on TV Kanagawa and contained twelve episodes. There was also a preface and a "girls collection" bonus OVA.

A Zetsubou Girls Collection DVD was released on January 1, 2008. The DVD consists of seven parts, each featuring one of main heroines with several additions to the original TV broadcast version. A 20-minute summary (preface) was aired on BS11 Digital on January 4, 2008. The second season, Zoku, began airing on January 5, 2008. A set of three Goku OVAs were released, starting with the first volume on October 17, 2008 and the third in early 2009. The Zan season began in mid-2009 and concluded after 13 episodes and two bonus OVAs, the last of which came out in 2010. A special was released in January 2012. Though not part of any season, it still uses the same opening and ending themes as Zan. Each episode title is a reference to a piece of literature. Each episode ends with a still image drawn by one of manga artists associated with Kōji Kumeta.

Sayonara, Zetsubou-Sensei
The series was directed by Akiyuki Shinbo at studio Shaft, with Kenichi Kanemaki as the series composition writer and Naoyuki Tatsuwa as the assistant director, and Tomoki Hasegawa composing the series' music. Hideyuki Morioka designed the characters for animation; and Morioka, Hiroki Yamamura (Studio Pastoral), and Yoshiaki Itou (Shaft) served as the chief animation directors. Half of the season was outsourced to Studio Pastoral: episodes 2, 4–5, 7, 9, and 11.

Opening Themes
 - Kenji Ohtsuki feat. Ai Nonaka, Marina Inoue, Yū Kobayashi, Miyuki Sawashiro & Ryoko Shintani (eps 1-9, 12)
 - Ai Nonaka, Marina Inoue, Yū Kobayashi & Ryoko Shintani (eps 10-11)

Ending Theme
 - Ai Nonaka, Marina Inoue, Yū Kobayashi & Ryoko Shintani

(Zoku) Sayonara Zetsubō Sensei
The series features a majority of the returning staff as the first season with a few changes. Akiyuki Shinbo, Naoyuki Tatsuwa, and Hideyuki Morioka returned as director, assistant director, and character designer (respectively); and Morioka and Hiroki Yamamura (Studio Pastoral) acted as chief animation directors (but without Yoshiaki Itou from the first season). Yukihiro Miyamoto joined the production as chief unit director, Kenichi Kanemaki was replaced as series composition writer by Yuuichirou Oguro, and Shaft (under the collective penname of Fuyashi Tou) took credit for the composition itself. Episodes 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 were outsourced to Studio Pastoral; and segments, or the whole of, episodes 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13 were outsourced to Gainax.

Opening Themes
 - Kenji Ohtsuki and Zetsubō Shōjo-tachi
 - Ai Nonaka, Marina Inoue and Ryōko Shintani (ep 7)

Ending Themes
 - Zetsubō Shōjo-tachi (eps 1-4)
 - Rolly and Zetsubō Shōjo-tachi (eps 5-12)
 - Ai Nonaka, Marina Inoue, Yū Kobayashi and Ryoko Shintani (ep 13)

Goku Sayonara Zetsubō Sensei
The OVA retains much of the same staff from Zoku with few changes. Akiyuki Shinbo, Naoyuki Tatsuwa, Yukihiro Miyamoto, Hideyuki Morioka, and Hiroki Yamamura all retain their previous roles as director, assistant director, chief unit director, character designer/chief animation director, and chief animation director, respectively. However, Oguro is replaced as series composition writer by Shinbo and Shaft (the latter under the collective penname of Fuyashi Tou) themselves.

Opening Themes
 - Kenji Ohtsuki and Zetsubō Shōjo-tachi (vol 1-2)
 - Kenji Ohtsuki and Zetsubō Shōjo-tachi feat. Rapbit (vol 3)

Ending Themes
 - Rolly and Zetsubō Shōjo-tachi (vol 1)
 - Ai Nonaka, Marina Inoue, Yū Kobayashi and Ryoko Shintani (vol 2-3)

Zan Sayonara Zetsubō Sensei

Opening Theme
 - Kenji Ohtsuki and Zetsubō Shōjo-tachi

Ending Themes
 - Zetsubō Shōjo-tachi (episodes 1–9, 13)
 - Hiroshi Kamiya (episodes 10–12)

Zan Sayonara Zetsubō Sensei Bangaichi
All of the main staff from Goku remain the same for Zan, including director/series composition writer Akiyuki Shinbo, studio/series composition writer Shaft, assistant director Naoyuki Tatsuwa, chief unit director Yukihiro Miyamoto, character designer/chief animation director Hideyuki Morioka, and chief animation director Hiroki Yamamura (Studio Pastoral). Several parts or the wholes of different episodes were outsourced to other studios: episodes 2-3 and 11 to Studio Pastoral; episodes 4, 9, and 12 to Mushi Production; episode 5 to Mito Animation; and episodes 6, 10, and 13 to Studio Izena.

Opening Theme
 - Kenji Ohtsuki and Zetsubō Shōjo-tachi

Ending Themes
 - Zetsubō Shōjo-tachi (episode 1)
 - Hiroshi Kamiya (episode 2)

Notes and references

External links

Sayonara Zetsubou-Sensei
Kōji Kumeta


Estádio da Matola is a multi-purpose stadium in Maputo, Mozambique.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Atlético Muçulmano da Matola.  The stadium holds 3,000 people.

References

Matola
Multi-purpose stadiums in Mozambique
Buildings and structures in Maputo
Sport in Maputo


Highway 41 is an arterial road in south-central Israel. It connects Highway 4 and Highway 7 to the Port of Ashdod. The designation "41" also applied to the continuation of the road eastward to Gedera until that section of the road was upgraded and renamed "7".

Upgrade
Within Ashdod, the road has been widened and reoriented. West of the former Hashmal Junction, instead of travelling west-southwest following Nir Galim Rd. and Tel Mor Rd. to Laskov Rd., the road has been rebuilt to continue due west ending at the new entrance to the Ashdod Port. A traffic light-controlled intersection now provides access to Nir Galim Rd to the southwest and a new road northward to Eshkol Power Station and new industrial and commercial zones associated with the port.

East of Ashdod, the highway has undergone reconstruction upgrading it to a controlled-access highway. Traffic-controlled junctions at Highway 4 and Highway 42 have been replaced by multi-level interchanges. Eastward between Highway 4 and Highway 40 the road has been widened, new interchanges built at Beit Rabban and Gedera, and the junction at Kannot Youth Village was eliminated. Upon completion in August 2014, this section of Highway 41 was renumbered "7" directly connecting to the existing Highway 7.

Junctions and Interchanges (West to East)

References

See also

 List of highways in Israel

41
Ashdod


Doryanthes palmeri, also known as the giant spear lily, is one of only two species of plant in the genus Doryanthes and the family Doryanthaceae, both being endemic to eastern Australia. It grows in a rosette and the leaves can reach the length of about . The flowers arise in springtime on a stalk which may reach  in height. A succulent perennial, its leaves are hairless and grow in the shape of a sword. The giant spear lily is listed as Vulnerable under the New South Wales Threatened Species Act (1995).

Doryanthes palmeri is grown as an ornamental plant. It does not tolerate frosts, so in temperate zones it requires protection during the winter months. It requires a sheltered position in full sun.

See also

 List of plants known as lily

References

Doryanthaceae
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Queensland
Endemic flora of Australia
Garden plants of Australia
Drought-tolerant plants


was a samurai of Etchū who served the Jinbo family and may have been a cousin or nephew of Jinbo Yoshimune.  Despite this, he attempted on at least one occasion to assert his independence but was convinced to submit to the Jinbo.  He was killed in 1520 in battle against Nagao Tamekage. His relation (if any) to the later Kojima Motoshige, a somewhat better-known Jinbo vassal, is unknown.

References
 Abe, Yoshichiro "Sengoku no Kassen Zenroku" (戦国の合戦全録)Japan, 1973

1520 deaths
Samurai
Year of birth unknown


Lee Stensness (born 24 December 1970) is a former New Zealand rugby union footballer who played for Manawatu, Auckland, the Blues and the All Blacks. He made his debut for the All Blacks in 1993.

Early career
Stensness was born in Auckland, but began his first-class rugby career at Manawatu in 1989 and went on to play 33 matches for them until 1992. Highlights during this time included a 58-24 win over Ireland, and selection for New Zealand Universities team to the World Student Games. Stensness also made several national selections during his time with Manawatu: the Colts, the Divisional XV, New Zealand Universities and in 1991 had the first his many All Black trials. He was in the New Zealand XV side which played England B in 1992.

In 1993 he moved to Auckland and in one of his first games for his new union, an away Ranfurly Shield defence against Horowhenua, he ended up scoring four tries. With Grant Fox still playing, it was hard to get the first five role so Stensness moved to second five eighths.

All Blacks
The All Blacks played poorly against the Lions in the second test of 1993, so Stensness was called in for his All Black debut in the final which was the deciding test. He performed well and set up Frank Bunce with a deft kick-through of the ball, and his subsequent test appearances against Samoa and Ireland were impressive. He had a disappointing end of season tour to England and Scotland after suffering an early injury on the tour and he played in only six matches but played well in the end of tour match against the Barbarians. He never seemed to have the full confidence of then All Black coach Laurie Mains. By now Carlos Spencer was well established in Auckland, and Stensness had become a specialist second five, though he occasionally returned to first five. He was at number 10 in the Super 12 semifinal of 1996 when Spencer was injured and for the first part of the 1996 representative programme when Spencer was with the All Blacks in South Africa. John Hart, who had taken over as All Black coach, showed a renewed interest by taking him on the NZ Barbarians' short tour of England at the end of the 1996 season, where they played the English. In 1997 Stensness was recalled to the All Blacks for the first five tests of the season but after the tri-nations against the Springboks in South Africa he was dropped for Alama Ieremia. Stensness never played for the All Blacks again, missing out even on the 36-man side to tour Britain and France.

After the All Blacks
Stensness continued to play for the Blues in the Super 12 until the end of 1998. But midway through the year, before he could play for Auckland in the NPC, he moved to play overseas in France, where he played for the next three years. He played an important role in Toulouse's French Championship win in 2001.

Stensness returned to New Zealand in 2001 after a serious knee injury and after surgery made the 2002 Blues team for the Super 12 and bringing his matches in that competition to 48. He also was part of a championship winning Auckland NPC team, bringing his appearances for the union to 80. But he was only a reserve in the final and now in the veteran stage seemed to lack the dash of some of the younger players. He was given a Blues Super 12 contract for 2003 but only had a minor role in their title win. He has two children, a daughter named Ella who was born on 03rd October 1997 and a son named Louis birth date unknown.

External links
 Stensness interview
All Blacks Profile

1970 births
New Zealand international rugby union players
Blues (Super Rugby) players
Manawatu rugby union players
Auckland rugby union players
Stade Toulousain players
Living people
Expatriate rugby union players in France
New Zealand expatriate rugby union players
New Zealand expatriate sportspeople in France
Rugby union players from Auckland
People educated at Taupo-nui-a-Tia College
Massey University alumni
Rugby union centres