Christopher Herman Gilkes (1898 – 2 September 1953) was a noted educationalist and was Master of Dulwich College, United Kingdom, from 1941 to his death in 1953.

Early life
He was born the son of the Reverend Arthur Herman Gilkes who had also been the Master of Dulwich College. Christopher Gilkes was educated at Dulwich College whilst his father was its Master and whilst at the school was Captain of the school, captain of boxing, a member of the 1st XV Rugby Union side and editor of the school's magazine. He then went to Trinity College, Oxford on a classical scholarship. His brother Humphrey Arthur Gilkes became a doctor, and was one of four soldiers to be awarded the Military Cross on four occasions in the First World War.

Career
Having completed his education he went on to become Assistant Master from 1922 to 1928 at Uppingham School under another Old Alleynian, R H Owen. From there moved to Stockport Grammar School where he was Headmaster from 1929 to 1941.

Dulwich College
He joined Dulwich College in 1941 during the Second World War and led the school through this traumatic period. His bravery and leadership has been cited as unfailing and unshakeable during this time, as the school suffered much damage during bombing raids. As well as suffering ancillary damage from nearby detonations, the school was hit directly, destroying a number of buildings including the Fives and Squash courts, most of the science block and severely damaging the main school buildings as well.

When Gilkes took over, the school's finances were in need of improvement and part of the reason for Gilkes' appointment was to provide a 'boldness and imagination' necessary to achieve this. The greatest step towards this was Gilkes' agreement to house boys who were participating in a War Office sponsored scheme under which the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) would provide a crash course in Turkish, Persian, Chinese and Japanese in order to ensure the three armed services had men who could speak eastern languages. The boys on the scheme, termed The Oriental Scholars would study at SOAS in the morning and then return to Dulwich College where they would do more general work. Gilkes' part in this was later lauded by Sir Ralph Lilley Turner, who was the Director of SOAS at the time, as a great contribution to the war effort.

The Dulwich Experiment
Prior to his appointment, the school had had a decline in academic reputation and an urgent need was emphasised to Gilkes to raise the academic standard. Contemporaneously, the school's finances were not in good shape, as discussed, and there were discussions as to whether to hand the school to the London County Council to become a state school. The Governors were intent on the school remaining independent. Gilkes addressed the academic side by taking immediate advantage of the provisions of the Education Act 1944. One of the terms of this landmark Act was that a common entrance exam should be implemented, and any child who passed the exam qualified for a free place at a secondary school, fees being paid by the local authority. Gilkes made it clear to the London County Council, that he wanted the college to take advantage of the scheme. Thus was born the Dulwich Experiment. Both the financial and academic fortunes of the school would benefit from this and Gilkes also made clear to the school's Alleyn Club the following: "It is now possible to choose as our entrants the best boys, quite regardless of their father's income". Dulwich College had already had a good reputation for having a steady intake of LCC scholars but under Gilkes' Dulwich Experiment the scale became massive. Gilkes also managed to ensure that not only was the common entrance exam to be passed but also the college's own papers. This gave Gilkes' free choice from among the candidates. It also lowered the main age of entry at Dulwich College from thirteen to eleven, because this was the age at which the 1944 Act stipulated the change from primary to secondary education took place. Another effect of the Experiment was a huge increase in numbers at the school, going from less than seven hundred to more than one thousand.

Rebuilding
Partially, Gilkes' insistence on maintaining as normal a school life as possible during the war meant that Dulwich College became attractive to parents who returned to London during the early 1940s when there had been a lull in bombing. After the war, restrictions that had been placed on the Dulwich Estates Governors as to the size of the school's endowment were partially lifted to allow rebuilding to take place.

Other areas
The school's musical and drama contributions also flourished under Gilkes, and indeed the House Drama Competition, which still runs today, was inaugurated in 1948 under Gilkes. The school's various societies also began to proliferate.

Death
In the autumn of 1953, Gilkes died of a heart attack whilst on holiday with his family. He had known that he was suffering from what was diagnosed as congenital malignant hypertension for at least three years and that it would limit his lifespan. However, he had not told any of his staff. This unfortunately meant that he did not see the full fruits of his work at the school. It was later said by a former classics master of the school that "it was the vigour, often maybe ruthless vigour, of Gilkes that saved Dulwich."

Personal life
Christopher Gilkes married Kathleen Josephine Trinidad in 1939 with whom he had two sons and a daughter.

References

1898 births
1953 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford
People educated at Dulwich College
Masters of Dulwich College
English educational theorists


José de Bustamante y Guerra (1 April 1759 in Corvera de Toranzo, Cantabria´, Spain – 10 March 1825 in Madrid, Spain), sometimes referred to simply as Bustamante, was a Spanish naval officer, explorer, and politician.

Early life
He descended from the Bustamante de Toranzo and the Guerra de Ibio; his father was Joaquín Antonio de Bustamante y Rueda, a native of Alceda, and his mother Clara Guerra de la Vega, a native of Santander. In 1770 Bustamante became a midshipman at the Academy of the Guardiamarinas in Cádiz, at the age of 11; He was already second lieutenant of frigate in June 1771. He served in several sea campaigns in the squadron under Pedro de Castejón. He fought in the Mediterranean Sea against Berber pirates, at the end of his studies there he embarked on the Santa Inés, bound for the Philippines. But the ship was attacked and captured by a British man-of-war. Bustamante was eventually released and returned to Spain.  On October 20, 1782, he took part in the naval battle of Gibraltar, against the squadron of Lord Richard Howe, first Earl of Howe, although he was wounded. His ship was badly damaged in a battle fought near Cádiz. Bustamante then prepared a projected conquest of Jamaica, which was not carried out by the Peace of Paris in 1783. In 1784, with a brilliant service record, he became employed as a frigate captain, and he entered as a knight of the Order of Santiago on October 21, 1784. At that time he planned with his comrade Alessandro Malaspina, one of the singular characters of his time, a scientific journey through the colonial world of Hispanic influence.

Malaspina-Bustamante expedition

Expedition from July 30, 1789, to September 21, 1794.

In 1788 Bustamante partnered with Alessandro Malaspina. Together they proposed to the Spanish government a grand scientific expedition modeled after the voyages of James Cook. The project was approved and two corvettes were built specifically for the expedition. Bustamante was in command of the Atrevida (Audacious) while Malaspina commanded the Descubierta (Discovery). The names were chosen by Malaspina to honor James Cook's Discovery and Resolution.
The expedition was under the "dual command" of both Malaspina and Bustamante.

Bustamante and Malaspina called it "Scientific and Political Travel around the World" although it was popularly known as "Expedition to the World", later it was officially renamed "Ultramarine Expedition started on July 30, 1789" because it could not be Complete the round the world by having to return to Spain at the beginning of the War of Roussillon against the First Republic of France. Today, however, it is known as Malaspina Expedition or also Malaspina-Bustamante Expedition. The Expedition had a select team composed of the best officers of the moment, who were joined by botanists, painters, doctors and other enlightened humanists.

From 1789 to 1794 Bustamante and Malaspina sailed Atlantic Ocean and throughout the Pacific Ocean, stopping at nearly all the Spanish colonies and exploring little known areas such as the Spanish America (Buenos Aires, Montevideo, Patagonia, Islas Malvinas/Falkland Islands, Chiloé island, Talcahuano, Valparaiso, Santiago de Chile, El Callao, Guayaquil, Nueva Granada, Acapulco, California) to  Pacific Northwest northwest step or connection between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans (Alaska), and Spanish Asia (Filipinas, Marshall and Marianas Islands), Macao on the coast of china, New Guinea, Celebes, Molucas and Tonga Islands, New Zealand, and Australia. The two ships sometimes separated to pursue different tasks. For example, when sailing from Talcahuano to Valparaíso (in present-day Chile), Bustamante kept to the coast, surveying and mapping, while Malaspina sailed to the Juan Fernández Islands. Between Valparaíso and Callao, Peru, Malaspina again investigated offshore islands while Bustamante continued charting the coast. The same happened in the Atlantic, when Bustamante reached 57º south latitude (near the South Pole), one of the reason why Uruguay, Argentina and Spain have rights over Antarctica.

Bustamante was rewarded with the rank of captain (1791) and was promoted to navy brigadier shortly after his 1794 return to Spain.

Bustamante kept a diary during the Malaspina expedition, which was published in 1868 in the official journal of the Directorate of Hydrography.

Later life

After returning to Spain in 1794 Bustamante continued to work with Malaspina until the latter was imprisoned on charges of plotting against the state. Bustamante remained free of the political troubles of Malaspina.

In 1796 he was appointed political and military governor of Paraguay and Commander-General of Río de la Plata (Governor of Montevideo).

On October 5, 1804, in peace time, while sailing to Spain in command of four frigates Bustamante was attacked and captured by a British squadron after Guerra refused to accede to the British commander's demand to sail his squadron to a British-controlled port for inspection. He was eventually released and faced a Spanish court-martial, but emerged untainted. That incident supposed that the 14 of December 1804 Spain formally declared the war to Great Britain and allied itself with France in its plan of invasion of Great Britain (Napoleonic Wars).

In 1810 he was appointed Captain General of Guatemala. He remained at that post until 1817. At a time of great independence activity; he develops a reformist policy of enlightened style, but before the revolution of Hidalgo and Morelos in Mexico he prepared troops in Guatemala and created the "Fernando VII volunteer corps" and from his position he confronted the insurgents by repressing them.

José de Bustamante y Guerra died in 1825 at the age of 66.

In his will he donates a large amount of money to support the children's schools in Ontaneda, founded by Francisco, his brother.

References

1759 births
1825 deaths
People from the Pas and Miera Valleys
Military personnel from Cantabria
Sailors from Cantabria
Spanish captain generals
Governors of Montevideo
Spanish history in the Pacific Northwest
Spanish colonial governors and administrators
Spanish explorers of North America
Spanish explorers of the Pacific
Spanish commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Spanish explorers of South America
Spanish naval officers


Mary Margaret Stein  is an American actress.

Early life
Stein was born in Marquette, Michigan, and grew up in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. She began her acting career performing in plays. She graduated from Franklin High School and she received a B.A. degree from Marquette University in 1980. She then attended the Juilliard School's Drama Division as a member of Group 13 (1980–1984). Other students at Juilliard during that time include Val Kilmer (Group 10), Kevin Spacey (Group 12), and Thomas Gibson (Group 14).

Career
Following graduation from Juilliard, Mary got her first screen acting job in the "Time's Arrow" episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, playing an alien nurse. As her career developed, she played roles such as Miss Floom, the landlady and owner of the Flealands Hotel in Babe: Pig in the City and Miss Rue Who in How the Grinch Stole Christmas. Some of her well-known television roles include Ms. Sneed on General Hospital and Gerda in Providence. She also appeared in Clint Eastwood's film Changeling, alongside Angelina Jolie.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links
 www.marystein.org

1958 births
Living people
American stage actresses
Marquette University alumni
Juilliard School alumni
People from Marquette, Michigan
20th-century American actresses
American television actresses
American film actresses
Actresses from Michigan
Actresses from Milwaukee
21st-century American actresses


Urlătoarea Mare River may refer to:
 Urlătoarea Mare, a tributary of the Buzău in Brașov County, Romania
 Urlătoarea Mare, a tributary of the Urlătoarea in Prahova County, Romania

See also
 Urlătoarea River (disambiguation)


Urlătoarea Mică River may refer to:
 Urlătoarea Mică, a tributary of the Buzău in Brașov County, Romania
 Urlătoarea Mică, a tributary of the Urlătoarea in Prahova County, Romania

See also
 Urlătoarea River (disambiguation)


The Linganore AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in north central Maryland and includes parts of Frederick and Carroll counties. The area is a part of the Piedmont Plateau northwest of Baltimore, a transition area between the mountains to the west and the coastal plain to the east.  Linganore has a warm and wet climate, with gravel and loam soils. The hardiness zones are 7a and 6b.

The area was designated by Jack Aellen of Linganore Winecellars in 1983, after recognizing the growing interest in regionally produced wines. Jack Aellen worked to establish the first federally designated grape growing area in Maryland, the Linganore Viticultural Area, which encompasses 90 square miles of land around the winery in the heart of Maryland.

References

External links

American Viticultural Areas
Geography of Carroll County, Maryland
Geography of Frederick County, Maryland
Maryland wine
1983 establishments in Maryland


This is a list of lists of airlines of Asia's countries and regions.

Asia

Afghanistan

Bahrain

Bangladesh

Bhutan

Brunei

Cambodia

China

Hong Kong

Macau

India

Indonesia

Iran

Iraq

Israel

Japan

Jordan

Kazakhstan

Kuwait

Kyrgyzstan

Laos

Lebanon

Malaysia

Maldives

Mongolia

Myanmar

Nepal

North Korea
Air Koryo

Oman

Pakistan

Philippines

Qatar

Saudi Arabia

Singapore

South Korea

Sri Lanka

Syria

Tajikistan

Thailand

Timor-Leste

Turkmenistan

United Arab Emirates

Uzbekistan

Vietnam

Yemen

Notes
States with limited recognition
 - List of airlines of Palestine
 - List of airlines of Taiwan

See also
 List of airlines
 List of defunct airlines of Asia

Due to the size of the list it has been broken down into:


This list of airlines of Africa covers airlines of Africa that are currently in operation. It is divided into sub-lists by country.

Africa

Algeria

Angola

Benin

Botswana

Burkina Faso

Burundi
Burundi Airlines

Cameroon

Cape Verde

Central African Republic

Chad

Comoros

Democratic Republic of Congo

Congo, Republic of

Djibouti

Egypt

Equatorial Guinea

Eritrea
Eritrean Airlines

Eswatini

Ethiopia

Gabon

Gambia, The

Ghana

Guinea
Guinea has no active airlines.

Guinea-Bissau
Guinea-Bissau has no active airlines.

Ivory Coast

Kenya

Lesotho
Lesotho has no active airlines.

Liberia
Liberia has no active airlines.

Libya

Madagascar

Malawi

Mali

Mauritania

Mauritius

Morocco

Mozambique

Namibia

Niger

Nigeria

Rwanda

São Tomé and Príncipe

Senegal

Seychelles

Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone has no active airlines.

Somalia

South Africa

South Sudan

Sudan

Tanzania

Togo

Tunisia

Uganda

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Notes
Dependencies and other territories
 has no airlines operating from within the territory
 - List of airlines of Spain
 has no airlines operating from within the territory
 - List of airlines of Portugal
 - List of airlines of Mayotte
 - List of airlines of Spain
 - List of airlines of Réunion
 has no airlines operating from within the territory
 has no airlines operating from within the territory

States with limited recognition
 has no active airlines
 has no active airlines

See also

 List of largest airlines in Africa
 List of defunct airlines of Africa

References


Bailleul-la-Vallée () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


In mathematics, especially the field of group theory, the Parker vector is an integer vector that describes a permutation group in terms of the cycle structure of its elements.

Definition
The Parker vector P of a permutation group G acting on a set of size n, is the vector whose kth component for k = 1, ..., n is given by:
 where ck(g) is the number of k-cycles in the cycle decomposition of g.

Applications
The Parker vector can assist in the recognition of Galois groups.

References

Permutation groups


Bâlines () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

In February 2021 the village was the site of a fire in which a house with a thatched roof burned down. The village was home to an animal park called Le Bois des Aigles. The park was the subject of the seizure of 69 birds due to alleged animal-trafficking in January 2018, as of early 2020 no charges had been brought against the operators of the park. The park was forced to close during the 2019 heatwave due to excessive heat. The park was subsequently re-opened in 2020 as Domaine de la forêt enchantée, a halloween-themed amusement attraction.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Barc () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Les Barils () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Barneville-sur-Seine (, literally Barneville on Seine) is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Barquet () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


La Barre-en-Ouche (, literally La Barre in Ouche) is a former commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Mesnil-en-Ouche.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Former communes of Eure


Barville is a commune in the Eure department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

External links

Monuments to the family of de Livet de Barville
Marquis de Livet de Barville
Marquis de Livet
Genealogy of Livet de Barville, Auguste de le Prevost, 1862
Guillaume de Livet, Canon, Rouen Cathedral, judge at the trial of Joan of Arc
de Livet de Barville, Dictionnaire de la Noblesse, Francois Alexandre Aubert de La Chesnaye-Desbois, 1775

Communes of Eure


Les Baux-de-Breteuil () is a commune in the Eure department and Normandy region of northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Bazincourt-sur-Epte (, literally Bazincourt on Epte) is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Bazoques () is a commune in the Eure department in northern France.

Population

Personalities
Louis-François de Livet, Marquis de Barville, was buried in Bazoques in 1789.

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

External links

Monument to Marquis de Barville (French)

Communes of Eure


Beaubray () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


The 2006 Women's Pan-American Volleyball Cup was the fifth edition of the annual women's volleyball tournament, played by twelve countries from June 27 to July 8, 2006 in the Coliseo Roberto Clemente in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The event served as a qualifier for the 2007 World Grand Prix in Ningbo, PR China. The winner of each pool automatically advanced to the semi-finals and the teams placed in second and third met in crossed matches in the quarterfinals round.

Competing nations

Squads

Preliminary round

Group A

Thursday June 29

Friday June 30

Saturday July 1

Sunday July 2

Monday July 3

Group B

Thursday June 29

Friday June 30

Saturday July 1

Sunday July 2

Monday July 3

Final round

Quarterfinals
Wednesday July 5, 2006

Semi-finals
Thursday July 6, 2006

Finals
Wednesday July 5, 2006 — Eleventh Place Match

Wednesday July 5, 2006 — Ninth Place Match

Thursday July 6, 2006 — Seventh Place Match

Thursday July 6, 2006 — Fifth Place Match

Friday July 7, 2006 — Bronze Medal Match

Friday July 7, 2006 — Gold Medal Match

Final ranking

Brazil, Cuba, Dominican Republic and the United States qualified for the 2007 World Grand Prix

Awards

Most valuable player
  Mari Steinbrecher

Best attacker
  Mari Steinbrecher

Best scorer
  Aury Cruz

Best defender
  Yarleen Santiago

Best setter
  Robyn Ah Mow-Santos
Best server
  Aury Cruz

Best receiver
  Stacey Gordon

Best libero
  Arlene Xavier

Best blocker
  Fabiana Claudino

Best coach
  José Roberto Guimarães

References
 Results

Women's Pan-American Volleyball Cup
Pan-American Volleyball Cup
P
Volleyball


Beauficel-en-Lyons is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Usability inspection is the name for a set of methods where an evaluator inspects a user interface. This is in contrast to usability testing where the usability of the interface is evaluated by testing it on real users. Usability inspections can generally be used early in the development process by evaluating prototypes or specifications for the system that can't be tested on users. Usability inspection methods are generally considered to be less costly to implement than testing on users.

Usability inspection methods include:

 Cognitive walkthrough (task-specific)
 Pluralistic walkthrough
 Heuristic evaluation (general) or (domain or culture-specific  )
Action Analysis
 Guideline scoring or testing

References

See also
 Heuristic evaluation
 Comparison of usability evaluation methods


Beaumesnil () is a former commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Mesnil-en-Ouche. The Château de Beaumesnil, a 17th-century Louis XIII baroque style château, is located to the north-east of the village.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

External links

Official site

Former communes of Eure


Le Bec-Thomas () is a village in the department of Eure of the Normandy region in France. Le Bec-Thomas is part of the canton of Grand Bourgtheroulde and the arrondissement of Bernay. The INSEE code for Le Bec-Thomas is 27053, and the Le Bec-Thomas zip code is 27370.

Geography
Le Bec-Thomas has an approximate altitude of 145 meters and an area of 1.40 km ². Its latitude and longitude are 49.234 degrees North and 0.983 degrees East.

Population and housing
The population of Le Bec-Thomas was 221 in 1999, 229 in 2006 and 224 in 2007. The population density of Le Bec-Thomas is 160.00 inhabitants per km².

The number of houses was 88 in 2007. These  consist of 80 main residences, six second or occasional homes and two vacant homes.

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Bémécourt () is a commune in the Eure department and Normandy region of France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Bérengeville-la-Campagne () is a commune in the Eure department and Normandy region in north-western France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Bernières-sur-Seine (, literally Bernières on Seine) is a former commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Les Trois Lacs.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Former communes of Eure


Bernouville () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure
Eure communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Berthenonville () is a former commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vexin-sur-Epte.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Former communes of Eure


Hokksund Station () is located in the village of Hokksund in Øvre Eiker, Norway on the Sørlandet Line. The station is served by local trains between Kongsberg via Oslo to Eidsvoll operated by the Vy as well as express trains from Oslo to Bergen and Kristiansand.

History
The station was opened in 1866 as part of Randsfjorden Line. In 1971 it became terminus of the branch line between Hokksund and Kongsberg.

Railway stations in Øvre Eiker
Railway stations on the Randsfjorden Line
Railway stations on the Sørlandet Line
Railway stations opened in 1866
1866 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1860s


Berthouville () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

Sights
The Manoir de Berthouville is a hunting lodge that was built 1652. It is privately owned.

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Berville-en-Roumois (, literally Berville in Roumois) is a former commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Les Monts du Roumois.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Former communes of Eure


Berville-la-Campagne is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Bézu-la-Forêt () is a commune in the Eure department and Normandy region of France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Bézu-Saint-Éloi () is a commune in the Eure department and Normandy region of France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Bois-Anzeray is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Bois-Arnault () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Boisemont () is a former commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Frenelles-en-Vexin.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Former communes of Eure


Eddie Barth (September 29, 1931 – May 28, 2010; born Edward Michael Bartholetti) was an American actor. Barth earned the nickname Mr. Gravel for his raspy vocals in his voiceover work.

Biography

Early life
Barth was born Edward Michael Bartholetti in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Career
Barth portrayed Myron Fowler, the owner of Peerless Detectives, a rival detective agency in 38 episodes of the television series Simon & Simon between 1981 and 1989. Barth also portrayed a police lieutenant on the series Shaft and appeared in regular roles on Night Court; Murder, She Wrote; Civil Wars and Stone.

Barth's most well-known voiceover commercial work was for an advertising campaign for Miller Lite during the 1980s. Barth closed the Miller Lite television commercials by reading the slogan "Lite Beer from Miller. Everything you always wanted in a beer. And less.". His other voiceover credits included Superman: The Animated Series, Osmosis Jones in 2001, and the 1998 film Babe: Pig in the City.

Eddie Barth died of heart failure at his home in Los Angeles on May 28, 2010, at the age of 78.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1931 births
2010 deaths
American male film actors
American male television actors
American male voice actors
Male actors from Philadelphia
Male actors from Los Angeles
20th-century American male actors


Le Bois-Hellain () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Bois-Jérôme-Saint-Ouen () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in north-western France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Boisney () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Carsten Lichtlein (born 4 November 1980) is a former German handball player and goalkeeper. He is a World champion from 2007 with the German national team, a European champion from 2004 and participated on the German team that finished 4th at the 2008 European Men's Handball Championship.

Club player
Lichtlein won the EHF Cup in 2006 with TBV Lemgo.

Achievements
European Championship:
: 2016

References

1980 births
Living people
German male handball players
Sportspeople from Würzburg
VfL Gummersbach players
Handball-Bundesliga players


Nicolae Frolov (1876–1948) was a Romanian geologist and agronomist from Bessarabia. He was noted for his work in explicating the hydrology of Bessarabia and as director of the Chișinău National Museum.

Born in Cornești, Ungheni, Bessarabia, he graduated from Chișinău Theological Seminary and then went to Estonia where in 1904 he graduated from the University of Dorpat (now Tartu). After which he taught at the universities of St, Petersburg, Kyiv and Odesa.  In 1921, he moved to Chişinău and was appointed as director of the Chișinău Museum. He taught agronomy and agricultural economics at the university there until 1940, when he retired and moved to Romania.  He died in Iaşi.

References
Brezianu, Andrei and Spânu, Vlad (eds.) (2007) "Frolov, Nicolae (1876-1948)" Historical Dictionary of Moldova (2nd ed.) Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Maryland, USA, p. 157,

Romanian geologists
1876 births
1948 deaths


Bois-Normand-près-Lyre is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Boisset-les-Prévanches () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Boissey-le-Châtel () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


La Boissière () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Boissy-Lamberville () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Bosc-Bénard-Commin () is a former commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

History
On 1 January 2016, Bosc-Bénard-Commin, Bourgtheroulde-Infreville and Thuit-Hébert merged becoming one commune called Grand-Bourgtheroulde.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Former communes of Eure


Bosc-Bénard-Crescy () is a former commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Flancourt-Crescy-en-Roumois.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Former communes of Eure


Bosc-Renoult-en-Ouche (, literally Bosc-Renoult in Ouche) is a former commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Mesnil-en-Ouche.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Former communes of Eure


Cheng Kaijia (; 3 August 1918 – 17 November 2018), also known as Kai Chia Cheng, was a Chinese nuclear engineer and nuclear physicist. He was a pioneer and key figure in Chinese nuclear weapon development. He is known as one of the founding fathers of Two Bombs, One Satellite.

Life
Cheng was born in Wujiang, Jiangsu in 1918. He graduated from the Department of Physics of Zhejiang University in 1941. In 1946, he went to the United Kingdom to study at the University of Edinburgh, obtaining a PhD in 1948 under advisor Max Born. He then became a researcher in the UK.

Cheng returned to the People's Republic of China in 1950. He was an associate professor at Zhejiang University, he then went to Nanjing in 1952, where he became an associate professor in Nanjing University, and was later promoted to full professorship.

Cheng was a pioneer of Chinese nuclear technology and played an important role in the development of the first Chinese atomic bomb. He first calculated out the inner temperature and pressure for an atomic bomb blast in China. His calculation was an extremely heavy task and nearly manual, because during that time China did not have any computer or even calculator. He also solved the mechanism of the inner explosion, which could support the design of the bomb. He was the chief director for many nuclear weapon test fields/bases and their explosion processes.

Cheng was elected to the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980. He was also a standing member of the Science and Technology Committee, Chinese National Nuclear Industry Corporation. He was former vice-president of the Nuclear Weapons Research Institute, and the deputy chief director of the Nuclear Weapons Research Institute, People's Republic of China.

In 1999, he was awarded "Two Bombs and One Satellite Meritorious Award" for his contribution on atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb. In July 2017, Chairman Xi Jinping awarded Cheng the Order of August First, the highest military award of People's Republic of China.

He died on 17 November 2018, three months after his 100th birthday.

See also
 Project 596 – China's first nuclear weapons test

References

External links
 ChinaVitae - the biography highlight of Cheng Kaijia
 Holeung Ho Lee Foundation (HHLF) AWARDEE OF TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES PRIZE - CHENG KAIJIA (Abstract)
 两弹一星功勋：核武器专家程开甲院士 Nuclear weapon pioneer - Academician Cheng Kaijia

1918 births
2018 deaths
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Chinese centenarians
Chinese nuclear engineers
Chinese nuclear physicists
Educators from Suzhou
Engineers from Jiangsu
Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Men centenarians
Academic staff of Nanjing University
Physicists from Jiangsu
Scientists from Suzhou
Zhejiang University alumni


Bosc-Renoult-en-Roumois (, literally Bosc-Renoult in Roumois) is a former commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Thénouville.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Former communes of Eure
Populated places disestablished in 2017


Le Bosc-Roger-en-Roumois () is a former commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Bosroumois.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Former communes of Eure


Burim may refer to:

Burim, an Albanian name for Istok, a town and municipality in north-western Kosovo
Burim, a village in the Korçë District of south-eastern Albania
Burim, a village and an Early Neolithic settlement in the municipality Maqellarë, in north-eastern Albania
Burim (name), a common Albanian masculine given name

See also

 Burimas


Bosgouet is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Bosguérard-de-Marcouville () is a former commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Les Monts du Roumois.

History
The commune is located in the countryside of the Roumois. It was created in 1844 from the union of Marcouville-en-Roumois and Saint-Denis-du-Bosguérard.

Demography

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Former communes of Eure


English singer Leona Lewis has released five studio albums, twenty-five singles, one live video album, one extended play and twenty-five music videos. After winning the third series of British television talent show, The X Factor in 2006, Lewis released "A Moment Like This" in the United Kingdom and Ireland, which became the fastest selling single ever by a female artist in the UK. Her follow-up single, "Bleeding Love" reached number one in 35 countries, and was the biggest-selling single of 2008 worldwide. The song has had over two billion streams. Lewis's first studio album, Spirit was released to follow the single; it became the fastest-selling debut album of all time in the UK and Ireland, and the first debut album by a British solo artist to debut at number one on the Billboard 200. As of April 2012, Spirit is the 20th biggest-selling album of all time in the UK. The next single, "Better in Time", was also successful worldwide, reaching the top ten in many countries. Subsequent singles "Forgive Me" and "Run" were released across Europe and Australia; "Forgive Me" went on to moderate success, while "Run" became Lewis's third number one in the UK, and also reached the top spot in Austria and Ireland. "I Will Be" was released as the final single in North America.

Her second studio album, Echo was released in November 2009, spawning two singles. Lead single "Happy" reached the top five in various countries in Europe, and "I Got You" was a released as the second single. She recorded the theme song, "I See You", for the 2009 film Avatar, then in 2010 featured on the soundtracks of Sex and the City 2 and For Colored Girls. In November 2010 Lewis released a video album of her tour The Labyrinth, entitled The Labyrinth Tour Live from The O2. Lewis's third album, Glassheart, was released in October 2012. "Collide" was planned as the lead single for the album, but did not make the final track listing; "Trouble" was released as the lead single instead, and "Lovebird" was released subsequently.

On 4 July 2013 Leona confirmed her fourth album would be a Christmas one, citing Motown as the album's musical direction and confirmed there would be a bit of "original material". Lewis announced that Christmas, with Love would be released on 2 December 2013 in the UK and the next day in the North America, preceded by the lead single, "One More Sleep". The song reached number three on the UK Singles Chart, giving Lewis the most Top 5 hits of any British female solo artist. In 2015, Lewis released the studio album "I Am", which charted on the top 40 in several countries, including in the UK and US. In 2018, Lewis sang alongside Calum Scott on the duet version of "You Are The Reason", to international success. In 2019, Lewis released "Solo Quiero (Somebody to Love)", from Songland. In 2021, Lewis released the single "Kiss Me It's Christmas" featuring Ne-Yo, taken from the digital and vinyl re-issue of Lewis' 2013 album Christmas, with Love, entitled "Christmas, with Love Always".

As of 2021, Lewis has sold in excess of 35 million records worldwide.

Albums

Studio albums

Re-issues

Video album

Demo albums

Extended plays

Singles

As lead artist

As featured artist

Promotional singles

Other charted songs

Other appearances

Music videos

References

Notes

Sources

External links

Leona Lewis at iTunes
Leona Lewis at Spotify

Discographies of British artists
Discography
Pop music discographies


Bosnormand () is a former commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Bosroumois.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Former communes of Eure


Bosquentin () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Bosrobert () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Lars-Erik Nelson (October 15, 1941 – November 20, 2000) was an American journalist, political columnist and author best known for his syndicated column in The New York Daily News.

Background
Lars-Erik Nelson was born in Brooklyn, New York the eldest child of immigrants who met while studying art at Cooper Union. He grew up in Riverdale, attended Bronx High School of Science, and was a New York State Regents Scholar. In 1963, Nelson graduated from Columbia University with a degree in Russian. He also was fluent in Czech, French and Swedish.

Career
Nelson subsequently worked at the Digest of Soviet Press, The Bergen County Record, and The New York Herald Tribune.  Nelson went to work for the Riverdale Press before joining Reuters in 1967 as a correspondent. He was posted in Moscow, London, and Prague, where in 1968 he covered the Prague Spring. Nelson covered the State Department for Newsweek, from 1977 until 1979,  when he left to join The New York Daily News Washington staff. Shortly after beginning his career at The Daily News, Nelson won an Albert Merriman Smith Memorial Award, named after the longtime reporter for United Press International, for writing under deadline pressure. Nelson was bureau chief at The Daily News for about a decade before becoming a columnist for Newsday in 1993. In 1995, he returned to The New York Daily News as a columnist.

Lars-Erik Nelson became well known for his syndicated column in The New York Daily News, but his career in the news industry spanned over 40 years and took him all over the world. His work appeared in The New York Review of Books, The Nation Magazine, Mother Jones, Foreign Affairs, among others, and his column ran in newspapers across the country.

In December 1983, while speaking to an audience of Congressional Medal of Honor recipients, Ronald Reagan recounted an inspirational act of bravery by a former Medal of Honor recipient:  “A B‑17 coming back across the channel from a raid over Europe, badly shot up by anti‑aircraft ... The young ball‑turret gunner was wounded, and they couldn’t get him out of the turret there while flying. But over the channel, the plane began to lose altitude, and the commander had to order bail out. And as the men started to leave the plane, the last one to leave – the boy, understandably, knowing he was being left behind to go down with the plane, cried out in terror – the last man to leave the plane saw the commander sit down on the floor. He took the boy’s hand and said, ‘Never mind, son, we’ll ride it down together.’ Congressional Medal of honor posthumously awarded.” Nelson subsequently checked all 434 Medal of Honor awards and could find no citation matching Reagan's story. Days later Nelson wrote, “It’s not true ... It didn’t happen. It’s a Reagan story ... The President of the United States went before an audience of 300 real Congressional Medal of Honor winners and told them about a make‑believe Medal of Honor winner.”  Disabled veteran Dominic Antonucci, after reading Nelson's column, suggested that the story bore similarities to a scene in the 1944 film Wing and a Prayer.  “Adding to the confusion,” wrote Nelson, “Dana Andrews at one point reprimands a glory‑seeking young pilot with the words: ‘This isn’t Hollywood.’  ... You could understand that some in the audience might confuse reality with fiction.”  Nelson later wrote that Reagan's story was also found to have similarities to a fictional account in the April 1944 issue of Reader's Digest.

While Nelson was questioning Newt Gingrich in November 1995, Gingrich admitted that he had shut down the federal government because President Bill Clinton had made him sit at the back of Air Force One. The infamous Daily News "Cry Baby" cover story ran the following day.

In 1998, during a guest appearance on Meet the Press, Nelson told Tim Russert, "You know Tim, you really ought to call this show 'ME the Press.'"

In November 2000, Nelson broke the story that Katherine Harris, then-State Attorney General in Florida, was not a neutral participant in the Florida ballot controversy, but that she had been significantly involved in George W. Bush’s presidential campaign.

Just a few months before his death, Nelson was a guest on The News Hour with Jim Lehrer  and said this about coverage by The New York Times of Wen Ho Lee:
 Nelson's reporting on the Wen Ho Lee case resulted in an unprecedented full-page retraction on page A2 of The New York Times. When Nelson was accused of having an anti-Times agenda, he responded with this: "I have no anti-Times agenda... I have read it since I was 9 years old. I challenged its coverage of the Wen Ho Lee case precisely because that coverage was such a betrayal of The Times’ own history of accuracy, impartiality and fair play. Behind the defensiveness of yesterday's correction, I suspect that at least some at The Times agree."

Nelson died at his home in Bethesda, Maryland in 2000. Mortimer Zuckerman, publisher of The New York Daily News, subsequently announced that the newspaper had established the Lars-Erik Nelson Prize for excellence in reporting and writing, an annual $5,000 award at Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism.

Selected works
Call the Briefing: Reagan and Bush, Sam and Helen, A Decade with Presidents and the Press  (Columbia Journalism Review. 1996)
After Clinton (New York Review of Books. 2000)

References

External links

American male journalists
1941 births
2000 deaths
American people of Swedish descent
The Bronx High School of Science alumni
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Writers from Brooklyn
Journalists from New York City
New York Herald Tribune people
New York Daily News people
20th-century American non-fiction writers
20th-century American male writers


Frank Lee may refer to:

Frank Lee (British politician) (1867–1941), British Labour Party politician
Frank Lee (cricketer) (1905–1982), English cricketer
Frank H. Lee (1873–1952), U.S. Representative from Missouri
Frank Lee (rugby league), rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s and 1910s for England, Lancashire, St Helens RLFC, and York
Frank Godbould Lee (1903–1971), British public servant and Master of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge
Frank Lee, the stage name for Lee Tung Foo

See also
Francis Lee (disambiguation)
Frank Lees (1931–1999), English chemical engineer


Les Bottereaux () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France. The Anglo-Norman family of the Barons Botreaux probably originated here.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Ptocheia or Ptokheia (pronounced pa-toh-KEE-uh; Ancient Greek: Πτωχεία) was the ancient Greek female spirit of beggary. She was regarded as a companion (and a sister) of Penia and Amechania. Her opposites were Euthenia and Ploutos.

Note

Greek goddesses
Personifications in Greek mythology


Bouafles () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

It located is 6 km south-west of Les Andelys on the river Seine.

Notable buildings include the Chateau De Bouafles in Rue De Mousseaux;  Église Saint-Pierre in Rue Du Préleran; and the Mairie de Bouafles in Rue Haute.

In the grounds of the Chateau de Bouafles is a static caravan site, Caravaning residentiel du Chateau de Bouafles.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Mairie de Bouafles

Communes of Eure


Christianity and abortion have a long and complex history. There is a general consensus that the texts of the Bible are "ambiguous" on the subject of abortion, neither containing explicit support or opposition, although there has been several passages interpreted that have been interpreted indicating both. Today, Christian denominations hold widely variant stances.

Range of positions taken by Christian denominations

Some Christian denominations can be considered abortion rights supporters while others are not. Additionally, there are sizable minorities in all denominations that disagree with their denomination's stance on abortion.  While some writers say that early Christians held different beliefs at different times about abortion, others say that they condemned abortion at any point of pregnancy as a grave sin, a condemnation that they maintained even when some early Christians did not view as homicide the elimination of a fetus not yet "formed" and animated by a human soul. Some authors, such as ethicist Benjamin Wiker, have contrasted the prohibition of abortion in later Christian societies with the availability of abortion that was present in earlier Roman society, arguing that this reflects a wider condemnation of pagan practices.

Daniel C. Maguire asserts that European-generated "mainline" Protestant denominations have clearly moved in the direction of accepting family planning and contraception as well as "support for legal access to abortion, although with qualifications regarding the moral justification for specific acts of abortion." This general trend among "mainline" Protestant denominations has been resisted by Christian Fundamentalists who are generally opposed to abortion. Thus, religious leaders in more liberal Christian denominations became supporters of abortion rights while Evangelical and other conservative Protestants found themselves allied with the Catholic Church which remained staunchly anti-abortion.

Biblical passages

A number of biblical passages are often cited by Christians on either side of the abortion question. Some frequently cited ones and common arguments surrounding them are as follows:

Catholic Church

The Catholic Church states that its opposition to abortion follows from a belief that human life begins at conception and that "human life must be respected and protected absolutely from the moment of conception." Accordingly, it opposes procedures whose purpose is to destroy an embryo or fetus for whatever motive (even before implantation), but admits acts, such as chemotherapy or hysterectomy of a pregnant woman who has cervical cancer, which indirectly result in the death of the fetus. The Church holds that "the first right of the human person is his life" and that life is assumed to begin at fertilization. As such, Canon 1398 provides that "a person who procures a successful abortion incurs an automatic (latae sententiae) excommunication" from the Church, which can only be removed when that individual seeks penance and obtains absolution. The Church has affirmed that every procured abortion is a moral evil, a teaching that the Catechism of the Catholic Church declares "has not changed and remains unchangeable" since the first century. However, this claim of consistency of the Church on the question of abortion is disputed by a number of historians, such as John Connery, Ann Hibner Koblitz,
Angus McLaren, John Noonan, and John Riddle. With the exception of the three-year period 1588–1591, abortion before quickening was not prohibited by Catholic canon law until 1869. Early Catholics disagreed whether ensoulment happened at conception or (as in Roman tradition) at some later point, and thus whether early abortion was murder, a minor sin, or morally neutral.

With the papal bull Apostolicae Sedis moderationi of 1869, Pope Pius IX, without making any distinction about the stage of pregnancy, listed as subject to an excommunication from which only a bishop could grant absolution those who effectively procured an abortion. The authors of one book have interpreted this as "Pius IX declared all direct abortions homicide", but the document merely declared that those who procured an effective abortion incurred excommunication reserved to bishops or ordinaries. In 1895, the Church specifically condemned therapeutic abortions.

Apart from indicating in its canon law that automatic excommunication such as that laid down for procurement of a completed abortion does not apply to women who abort because of a direct threat to the life of a mother if her pregnancy continues or indeed of any grave fear or grave inconvenience, the Catholic Church assures the possibility of forgiveness for women who have had an abortion without any such attenuation. Pope John Paul II wrote:

Many, and in some Western countries most, Catholics hold different positions on abortion than those promulgated by the Church; the views of these people range from generally anti-abortion positions allowing some exceptions, to more general acceptance of abortion.

Politics

Anti-legal abortion organizing
Connie Paige has been quoted as having said that, "the Roman Catholic Church created the right-to-life movement. Without the church, the movement would not exist as such today."

National Conference of Catholic Bishops, 1968–1973
The National Conference of Catholic Bishops selected James Thomas McHugh, administrator of the United States Catholic Conference's Family Life Bureau, and during 1967 to organize its National Right to Life Committee (NRLC). The National Right to Life Committee was formed in 1968 under the auspices of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops to coordinate information and strategy between emerging state anti-abortion groups. These groups were forming in response to efforts to change abortion laws based on model legislation proposed by the American Law Institute (ALI). New Jersey attorney Juan Ryan served as the organization's first president. NRLC held a nationwide meeting of anti-abortion leaders in Chicago in 1970 at Barat College. The following year, NRLC held its first convention at Macalestar College in St. Paul, Minnesota. From 1968 to 1971, the organization published a newsletter that informed member organizations about abortion-related legislation in the states.

NRLC Incorporation, Human Life Amendment
When the NRLC was formally incorporated in May 1973 in response to the US Supreme Court Roe v. Wade decision (which struck down most state laws in the United States restricting abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy), the National Conference of Catholic Bishops launched into a campaign to amend the United States Constitution with the enactment of a Human Life Amendment seeking not only to overturn the Roe v. Wade decision, but to also forbid both Congress and the states from legalizing abortion within the United States. Its first convention as an incorporated organization was held the following month in Detroit, Michigan. At the concurrent meeting of NRLC's board, Ed Golden of New York was elected president. Among the organization's founding members was Dr. Mildred Jefferson, the first African-American woman to graduate from Harvard Medical School. Jefferson subsequently served as president of the organization. Conventions have been held in various cities around the country every summer since the Detroit convention.

Following incorporation in 1973, the committee began publishing National Right to Life News. The newsletter has been in continuous publication since November 1973 and is now published daily online as the news and commentary feed, National Right To Life News Today.

Withholding communion

Many controversies have arisen over its treatment of Catholic politicians who support abortion rights. In some cases, bishops have threatened to withhold communion to such politicians; in others, bishops have urged politicians in this situation to refrain from receiving communion. In a few cases, such as the case of Mario Cuomo, the possibility of excommunication has been considered.

Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church believes that life begins at conception, and that abortion (including the use of abortifacient drugs) is the taking of a human life. The Basis of the Social Concept of the Russian Orthodox Church states that, if it is because of a direct threat to her life that a woman interrupts her pregnancy, especially if she already has other children, she is not to be excommunicated from the church because of this sin, which however she must confess to a priest and fulfill the penance that he assigns:

The document also acknowledges that abortions often are a result of poverty and helplessness and that the Church and society should "work out effective measures to protect motherhood."

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints opposes elective abortion based on a belief in the "sanctity of human life." However, the church has no clear position on when life begins. Ordinances – such as naming and blessing children and sealing children to their parents – are not performed for stillborn or miscarried children. The church's General Handbook states, "It is a fact that a child has life before birth. However, there is no direct revelation on when the spirit enters the body." The church allows members to abort pregnancies in some rare circumstances. According to an official statement, "The Church allows for possible exceptions for its members when: Pregnancy results from rape or incest, or a competent physician determines that the life or health of the mother is in serious jeopardy, or a competent physician determines that the fetus has severe defects that will not allow the baby to survive beyond birth." The statement goes on to say, "Abortion is a most serious matter and should be considered only after the persons involved have consulted with their local church leaders and feel through personal prayer that their decision is correct." The statement also clarifies that the LDS church does not favor or oppose specific legislation or public demonstrations concerning abortion.

Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses adopt a very strong anti-abortion stance, based on their interpretation of the Bible. Jehovah's Witnesses have a long list of "serious sins" - one of which is abortion. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that life begins at conception, and that all life is sacred - thus believing that abortion is tantamount to murder.

They believe that deliberately inducing an abortion for the "sole purpose of which is to avoid the birth of an unwanted child" is an "act of high crime" in the eyes of God. In the case of the mother's life being at risk, Jehovah's Witnesses suggest the mother needs to make a "personal decision about which life to save".

For baptized Jehovah's Witnesses that have had an abortion, it is demanded that the individual turns to God in prayer, and demonstrate repentance. It is common for the mother to be the subject of a judicial committee hearing. It is possible that a judicial committee - made up of Church elders - will rule that the individual should be disfellowshipped. However, if the mother is deemed to be repentant, she will be formally reproofed. This results in the individual having restrictions placed on their actions within the congregation (such as being prohibited from commenting during meetings or conducting group prayers), normally for a year.

Protestant denominations

In the twentieth century, the debate over the morality of abortion became one of several issues which divided and continue to divide Protestantism. Thus, Protestant views on abortion vary considerably with Protestants to be found in both the "anti-abortion" and "abortion-rights" camps. Conservative Protestants tend to be anti-abortion whereas "mainline" Protestants lean towards an abortion-rights stance. The Black Protestant community is strongly pro-choice, with 56 percent supporting legal access to abortion in all or most cases vs. 35 percent holding abortion should be illegal in all or most cases. However, among Black evangelicals support for legal access to abortion drops to 51 percent and rises to 67 percent among non-evangelical Black Protestants.

Former Southern Baptist Convention President W.A. Criswell (1969-1970) welcomed Roe v. Wade, saying that ""I have always felt that it was only after a child was born and had a life separate from its mother that it became an individual person," the redoubtable fundamentalist declared, "and it has always, therefore, seemed to me that what is best for the mother and for the future should be allowed." This was a common attitude among evangelicals at the time. Criswell would later reverse himself on his earlier position.

Even among Protestants who believe that abortion should be a legal option, there are those who believe that it should nonetheless be morally unacceptable in most instances. This stance was expressed by former President Bill Clinton when he asserted that abortion should be "safe, legal and rare." Other Protestants, most notably the Evangelicals, have sought to sharply restrict the conditions under which abortion is legally available. At the other extreme, some Protestants support freedom of choice and assert that abortion should not only be legal but even morally acceptable in certain circumstances.

Protestant supporters of abortion rights include the United Church of Christ, the Episcopal Church, the Presbyterian Church (USA), and the Lutheran Women's Caucus. At its 2016 General Conference, the United Methodist Church voted by a margin of 425 to 268 to withdraw from the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice. The vote reflects a growing conservative tide on social issues among United Methodists, including abortion.

In the United States, Southern Baptist Convention and Assemblies of God USA are opposed to abortion, except when necessary to protect the life of the mother.

Fundamentalist and evangelical movements

Despite their general opposition to abortion, fundamentalist churches that include the conservative evangelical, Non-denominational, Independent Baptist and Pentecostal movements, do not have a consensus doctrine regarding abortion. While these movements hold in common that abortion (when there is no threat to the life of the mother) is a form of infanticide, there is no consensus as to whether exceptions should be allowed when the mother's life is in mortal danger, or when the pregnancy resulted from rape or incest. Some argue that the lives of both the mother and fetus should be given equal consideration, in effect condemning all abortion including those performed to save the life of the mother. Others argue for exceptions which favor the life of the mother, perhaps including pregnancies resulting from cases of rape or incest.

National (United States) Association of Evangelicals
The National Association of Evangelicals includes the Salvation Army, the Assemblies of God, and the Church of God, among others, and takes an anti-abortion stance. While there is no set doctrine among member churches on if or when abortion is appropriate in cases of rape or incest, or to save the life of the mother, the NAE's position on abortion states, "...abortion on demand for reasons of personal convenience, social adjustment or economic advantage is morally wrong, and [the NEA] expresses its firm opposition to any legislation designed to make abortion possible for these reasons."

Baptist churches

American Baptist Churches

The General Board of the American Baptist Churches in the U.S.A. opposes abortion "as a means of avoiding responsibility for conception, as a primary means of birth control, and without regard for the far-reaching consequences of the act." There is no agreement on when personhood begins, whether there are situations that allow for abortion, whether there should be laws to protect the life of embryos and whether laws should allow women the right to choose an abortion.

Southern Baptist Convention

Southern Baptists played an integral part in the pro-choice movement prior to 1980. During the 1971 Southern Baptist Convention, the delegates passed a resolution recognizing that "Christians in the American society today are faced with difficult decisions about abortion", stating that laws should recognize the "sanctity of human life, including fetal life", and calling upon Southern Baptists to work for laws allowing abortion in extreme cases such as rape, severe fetal deformity, and the health of the mother. The stance was described in the media as "hedging" on abortion and a resolution opposing all abortions was defeated. W. Barry Garrett wrote in the Baptist Press, "Religious liberty, human equality and justice are advanced by the [Roe v. Wade] Supreme Court Decision." In 1980, the SBC revised their 1971 position by only making exceptions for the life of the mother.

Today, the Southern Baptist Convention, the largest Protestant denomination in the United States, opposes elective abortion except to save the life of the mother. The Southern Baptist Convention calls on Southern Baptists to work to change the laws in order to make abortion illegal in most cases. Richard Land, president of the Southern Baptist Convention's Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission from 1988 to 2013, said that he believes abortion is more damaging than anything else, even poverty.

Anglican Communion
Positions taken by Anglicans across the world are divergent and often nuanced.

The Church of England
The Church of England generally opposes abortion. In 1980 it stated that: "In the light of our conviction that the foetus has the right to live and develop as a member of the human family, we see abortion, the termination of that life by the act of man, as a great moral evil. We do not believe that the right to life, as a right pertaining to persons, admits of no exceptions whatever; but the right of the innocent to life admits surely of few exceptions indeed." The Church also recognizes that in some instances abortion is "morally preferable to any available alternative."

The Episcopal Church
The Episcopal Church in the United States of America has taken a nuanced position and has passed resolutions at its triannual General Convention. "General Convention resolutions have expressed unequivocal opposition to any legislation abridging a woman's right to make an informed decision about the termination of pregnancy, as well as the pain and possible support that may be needed for those making difficult life decisions." The ECUSA also condemns violence against abortion clinics.

Anglicans for Life, previously known as National Organization of Episcopalians for Life (N.O.E.L.), was founded in 1966 by Bishop Joseph Meakin Harte in Arizona and is a para-church organization working for anti-abortion issues.

The Anglican Church of Australia
The Anglican Church of Australia does not take an official position on abortion. However, in December 2007, an all-woman committee representing the Melbourne diocese recommended that abortion be "decriminalised", on the basis of the ethical view that "the moral significance [of the embryo] increases with the age and development of the foetus". This is seen to be the first approval of abortion by an official Australian Anglican group.

Lutheran Churches
Lutheranism in the United States consists largely of three denominations: the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (4.5 million members), the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (2.3 million members), and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod (0.4 million members).

ELCA
"Because of our conviction that both the life of the woman and the life in her womb must be respected by law, this church opposes:
 the total lack of regulation of abortion;
 legislation that would outlaw abortion in all circumstances;
 laws that prevent access to information about all options available to women faced with unintended pregnancies;
 laws that deny access to safe and affordable services for morally justifiable abortions;
 mandatory or coerced abortion or sterilization;
 laws that prevent couples from practicing contraception;
 laws that are primarily intended to harass those contemplating or deciding for an abortion"

The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod
The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS) views abortion as contrary to God's Word. The church has stated that abortion "is not a moral option, except as a tragically unavoidable byproduct of medical procedures necessary to prevent the death of another human being, viz., the mother." The LCMS believes that whether abortion is legal or not, it does not change the fact that abortion is a sin. On the topic of whether abortion is allowed in the case of rape or incest, the LCMS has stated that though there are many "emotional arguments for abortion... the fact of the matter is that it is wrong to take the life of one innocent victim (the unborn child)...It is indeed a strange logic that would have us kill an innocent unborn baby for the crime of his father."

Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod
The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod adopted a resolution in July 2011 on social issues, where it includes the twofold approach:
 "Encouraging the WELS ministerium to continue the faithful proclamation of God's Word also when it addresses social issues."
 "Encouraging the membership to be a positive influence in the battle against sin by their public testimony and vote."
In this resolution of social issues, a resolution of the topic of abortion has been included. Within it, on the topic of abortion, the WELS continues to express its commitment to the Holy Scriptures and believes that the Holy Scriptures "clearly testify to a reverence for the life of the mother and the life of her unborn child as both being equal in value." Furthermore, the intentional termination of a life should be considered a sin because the WELS would consider the unborn a life and the Bible commands against murder. On the issue of the endangering the mother's life during the pregnancy, the WELS states that effort to save both the mother's and baby's life, but if that is not possible, then there should be effort to save at least one life.

Methodist Churches

Methodist Church of Great Britain
The Methodist Church of Great Britain takes a moderate anti-abortion position. The Methodist Church of Great Britain believes its members should work toward the elimination of the need for abortion by advocating for social support for mothers. The MCGB states that "Abortion must not be regarded as an alternative to contraception, nor is it to be justified merely as a method of birth control. The termination of any form of human life cannot be regarded superficially and abortion should not be available on demand, but should remain subject to a legal framework, to responsible counselling and to medical judgement."

United Methodist Church
The United Methodist Church was a founding member of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice in 1973. Within the Coalition's website is this statement, "Subsequently, if sex serves purposes beyond reproduction, then a woman has the legal right to both prevent and interrupt a pregnancy". In 2008 the United Methodist General Conference went on record in support of the work of the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice (RCRC).

In 1987 the Taskforce of United Methodists on Abortion and Sexuality (TUMAS) was formed as an unofficial anti-abortion group within the United Methodist Church. As a result of the efforts of TUMAS, on May 19, 2016, the General Conference of the United Methodist Church voted to withdraw the General Board of Church and Society and the United Methodist Women from the RCRC. However, the letter informing the RCRC of the withdrawal also stated that the United Methodist Church continues to support "the reproductive health of women and girls", and encourages the RCRC to continue its educational work, advocacy, and supportive ministries.

American Presbyterian and Reformed Churches
The Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) generally takes a pro-choice stance. The Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) believes that the choice to receive an elective abortion can be "morally acceptable;" however, the denomination does not condone late abortions where the fetus is viable and the mother's life is not in danger.
Other Presbyterian denominations such as the Orthodox Presbyterian Church and the Presbyterian Church in America are anti-abortion. Most Reformed churches, including both the Reformed Church in America and the Christian Reformed Church in North America are anti-abortion.

Quakers (The Religious Society of Friends)
The Religious Society of Friends generally avoids taking a stance on controversial issues such as abortion; however, in the 1970s the American Friends Service Committee advocated for abortion rights.

Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)
The Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) General Assembly has "repeatedly affirmed its support for the principles of a woman's right to reproductive freedom, of the freedom and responsibility of individual conscience, and of the sacredness of life of all persons. While advocating respect for differences of religious beliefs concerning abortion, Disciples have consistently opposed any attempts to legislate a specific religious opinion regarding abortion for all Americans."

United Church of Christ (UCC)
The United Church of Christ has strongly supported abortion rights since 1971 as a part of their Justice and Witness Ministry. The church is an organizational member of the National Abortion and Reproductive Rights Action League (NARAL).

Community of Christ
Community of Christ states they recognize that there is inadequacy in any simplistic answer that defines all abortion as murder or as a simple medical procedure, and recognize a woman's right in deciding the continuation or termination of pregnancy.

Church of God in Christ (COGIC)
As the Church of God in Christ (COGIC) is a traditionally anti-abortion Pentecostal Christian denomination, both male and female leaders and clergy of COGIC have always ardently voiced and actively taken opposition to all types of abortions, "except only in the absolutely necessary case of saving the life of the mother."

Seventh-day Adventist Church
The Seventh-day Adventist Church adopt an anti-abortion stance, albeit with some exceptions. The Church released an official statement in October 2019 on the topic of the "Biblical View of Unborn Life". The statement references various scriptures from the Bible.

Anglican Church in North America
The Anglican Church in North America formed when congregations split from the Episcopal Church in the United States and Anglican Church of Canada and aims to represent conservative Anglicanism in North America. It is not a member of the Anglican Communion and is anti-abortion, proclaiming that "all members and clergy are called to promote and respect the sanctity of every human life from conception to natural death".

Organizations
Evangelical organizations like Focus on the Family are involved in the anti-abortion movements.

Attitudes of Christians towards abortion

Catholics
In a 1995 survey, 64 percent of U.S. Catholics said they disapproved of the statement that "abortion is morally wrong in every case". On the other hand, a 2013 survey by the Pew Research Center found that, whatever views they held on whether abortion should be legal, 53 percent of white Catholics in the United States considered abortion morally wrong, as did 64 percent of Hispanic Catholics. Among Hispanic Catholics, this percentage did not vary significantly between those who went to Mass at least once a week and those who did not, but there was a considerable difference in the case of white Catholics, with 74 percent of those who went to Mass at least once a week declaring having an abortion to be immoral, as compared with 40 percent of those whose religious practice was less frequent. A 2008 survey found that 65 percent of American Catholics identified themselves as "pro-choice", but also found that 76 percent of these "pro-choice" Catholics believed that abortion should be significantly restricted. In the same year some 58 percent of American Catholic women felt that they did not have to follow the abortion teaching of their bishop. Only 22 percent of U.S. Catholics held that abortion should be illegal in all cases.

A 1996 survey found that 72 percent of Australian Catholics say that the decision to have an abortion "should be left to individual women and their doctors."

In Poland, where 85 percent of the population is Catholic, a Pew Research poll from 2017 found that 8 percent of Polish respondents believed abortion should be legal in all cases and 33 percent that it should be legal in most cases. On the other hand, 38 percent believed that it should be illegal in most cases and 13 percent that it should be illegal in all cases.

Catholics for Choice reports that Italy—97 percent Catholic—is 74 percent in favor of using Mifepristone, an abortifacient. A majority of Catholics in Bolivia, Colombia and Mexico say that abortion should be allowed in at least some circumstances.

Protestants
According to a 2002 survey conducted by the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, fundamentalist Christians are more likely to be anti-abortion than all other respondents, including mainline Protestants. Twenty-eight percent of fundamentalists thought abortion should be illegal even if there was a strong chance of birth defects whereas only nine percent of mainline Protestants held the same opinion. Seventy percent of fundamentalists felt that the desire not to have more children was not a sufficient justification for having an abortion while mainline Protestants were almost evenly divided on this question. However, an overwhelming majority of both fundamentalists and mainline Protestants indicated that they would support abortion in cases where the pregnancy endangered the mother's life. A 2013 Pew Research survey found that, regardless of their views on the legality of abortion, 75 percent of white evangelical Protestants, 58 percent of black Protestants and 38 percent of mainline Protestants said it was morally wrong to have an abortion. Even the 38 percent figure for mainline Protestants was higher than the 25 percent figure for religiously unaffiliated adults. Among the religiously unaffiliated, 28 percent said that having an abortion was morally acceptable, a view held by only 15 percent of the population as a whole, while 23 percent said it was not a moral issue.

Modern Christian views on abortion may be related to the safety of modern legal abortions. Due to the morbidity and mortality associated with unsafe illegal abortions prior to Roe v. Wade, a group of 21 Protestant ministers and Jewish rabbis in New York City formed the Clergy Consultation Service on Abortion (CCS), which later incorporated chapters in thirty-eight states with some 3,000 clergy members. The CCS counseled women with unwanted pregnancies and even provided referral to licensed physicians willing to perform the procedure for a national total of at least 450,000 people for safe abortions prior to 1973. In addition, after abortion was legal in New York state, in 1970, the Clergy Consultation Service started Women's Services, an abortion clinic in New York City. CCS members also publicly testified for their state legislators to repeal abortion laws. Florida Reverend Charles Landreth explains, "Whenever we try to make conditions for each other more human, we are engaged in a religious pursuit. Christians and the Christian church simply cannot turn their backs on the problem of abortion and the dilemmas which it creates."

Prevalence of abortion among Christians
In 2011, the Guttmacher Institute reported that 70 percent of the women having abortions in the U.S. identified as Protestant or Catholic. The same report said that of all U.S. abortions, 37 percent were undertaken by women who identified as Protestant, and 28 percent were Catholic. The number of abortions performed on U.S. Catholic women is about the same per capita as the average in the general U.S. population; in the 2000s, Catholic women were 29 percent more likely to have an abortion than Protestant women. A 1996 study found that one out of five U.S. abortions was performed on a woman who was born-again or evangelical Christian. The same figure is reported in a 2008 survey, though in 2000, some 13 percent of abortion patients aged 18 and older identified as born-again or evangelical, but the item was reworded slightly with a broader definition for the 2008 survey. 15 percent of women having abortions reported attending religious services once a week or more, while 41 percent never attended religious services. The likelihood of a woman having an abortion is called the abortion index, with the value of 1.0 assigned to a probability equal to a population's average. Using this metric in America, U.S. Catholics were assessed by Guttmacher Institute in the 2000s, showing an index of 1.00–1.04. Similarly, Protestants were given an abortion index of 0.75–0.84, other religions 1.23–1.41, and non-religious women 1.38–1.59. An earlier study by the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research determined U.S. Protestants to have an abortion index of 0.69, Catholics 1.01, Jews 1.08, and non-Judeo-Christian religions 0.78. Women following no organized religion were indexed at 4.02.

According to the Alan Guttmacher Institute, Catholic countries tend to have high abortion rates. The estimated number of abortions per year in Brazil is roughly 1 million to 2 million. Peru, another Catholic country, each year sees abortions initiated by 5 percent of women in their childbearing years, whereas 3 percent of such women have abortions in the U.S.

In Nigeria, a 1999 study of 1,516 women having abortions determined that 69 percent were Protestant, 25 percent were Muslim, and the remainder were Catholic and other religions. The estimated number of abortions per year in Nigeria is roughly 2 million.

History

Early Christian thought on abortion

Scholars generally agree that abortion was performed in the classical world, but there is disagreement about the frequency with which abortion was performed and which cultures influenced early Christian thought on abortion. Some writers point to the Hippocratic Oath (which specifically prohibits abortion) as evidence that condemnation of abortion was not a novelty introduced by the early Christians. Some writers state that there is evidence that some early Christians believed, as the Greeks did, in delayed ensoulment, or that a fetus does not have a soul until quickening, and therefore early abortion was not murder; Luker says there was disagreement on whether early abortion was wrong. Other writers say that early Christians considered abortion a sin even before ensoulment. According to some, the magnitude of the sin was, for the early Christians, on a level with general sexual immorality or other lapses; according to others, they saw it as "an evil no less severe and social than oppression of the poor and needy".

The society in which Christianity expanded was one in which abortion, infanticide and exposition were commonly used to limit the number of children (especially girls) that a family had to support. These methods were often used also when a pregnancy or birth resulted from sexual licentiousness, including marital infidelity, prostitution and incest, and Bakke holds that these contexts cannot be separated from abortion in early Christianity.

Between the first and fourth centuries AD, the Didache, Barnabas and the Apocalypse of Peter strongly condemned and outlawed abortion. The first-century Didache equates "the killing of an unborn child and the murder of a living child". To defend that Christians are not "cannibals", in his Plea for Christians () to Emperor Marcus Aurelius, Church Father Athenagoras of Athens writes: "What reason would we have to commit murder when we say that women who induce abortions are murderers, and will have to give account of it to God?" Tertullian, another Church Father, provides an identical defense in his Apology to Emperor Septimus Severus (197): "In our case, murder being once for all forbidden, we may not destroy even the fetus in the womb, while as yet the human being derives blood from other parts of the body for its sustenance. To hinder a birth is merely a speedier man-killing."

Early synods did not term abortion "murder" or punish it as such, and imposed specified penalties only on abortions that were combined with some form of sexual crime and on the making of abortion drugs: the early 4th-century Synod of Elvira imposed denial of communion even at the point of death on those who committed the "double crime" of adultery and subsequent abortion, and the Synod of Ancyra imposed ten years of exclusion from communion on manufacturers of abortion drugs and on women aborting what they conceived by fornication (previously, such women and the makers of drugs for abortion were excluded until on the point of death).

Basil the Great (330-379) imposed the same ten-year exclusion on any woman who purposely destroyed her unborn child, even if unformed. Canon II of Basil's "Ninety-two Canons" states that one is:
a murderer who kills an imperfect and unformed embryo, because this though not yet then a complete human being was nevertheless destined to be perfected in the future, according to the indispensable sequence of the laws of nature.
Other early canons which treat abortion as equal to murder are for example: Canon XXI of "The Twenty-five Canons of the Holy regional Council held in Ancyra" (315), Canon XXI of "The Thirty-five Canons of John the Faster" and Canon XCI of "The One Hundred and Two Canons of the Holy and Ecumenical Sixth Council" (691).

While the Church has always condemned abortion, changing beliefs about the moment the embryo gains a human soul have led to changes in canon law in the classification of the sin of abortion. In particular, several historians have written that prior to the 19th century most Catholic authors did not regard as an abortion what we call "early abortion"—abortion before "quickening" or "ensoulment."

Later Christian thought on abortion

From the 4th to 16th century AD, Christian philosophers, while maintaining the condemnation of abortion as wrong, had varying stances on whether abortion was murder. Under the first Christian Roman emperor Constantine, there was a relaxation of attitudes toward abortion and exposure of children. Bakke writes, "Since an increasing number of Christian parents were poor and found it difficult to look after their children, the theologians were forced to take into account this situation and reflect anew on the question. This made it possible to take a more tolerant attitude toward poor people who exposed their children."

Saint Augustine believed that an early abortion is not murder because, according to the Aristotelian concept of delayed ensoulment, the soul of a fetus at an early stage is not present, a belief that passed into canon law. Nonetheless, he harshly condemned the procedure: "Sometimes, indeed, this lustful cruelty, or if you please, cruel lust, resorts to such extravagant methods as to use poisonous drugs to secure barrenness; or else, if unsuccessful in this, to destroy the conceived seed by some means previous to birth, preferring that its offspring should rather perish than receive vitality; or if it was advancing to life within the womb, should be slain before it was born."(De Nube et Concupiscentia 1.17 (15)) St. Thomas Aquinas, Pope Innocent III, and Pope Gregory XIV also believed that a fetus does not have a soul until "quickening," or when the fetus begins to kick and move, and therefore early abortion was not murder, though later abortion was. Aquinas held that abortion was still wrong, even when not murder, regardless of when the soul entered the body. Pope Stephen V and Pope Sixtus V opposed abortion at any stage of pregnancy.

See also
Abortion debate
Abortion-rights movements
National Abortion Rights Action League
Anti-abortion movements
Religion and abortion
Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice
United States abortion rights movement
United States anti-abortion movement

Notes

References

External links

Michael Gorman, Abortion & the Early Church. Intervarsity Press, 1982
Dennis R. Di Mauro, A Love for Life: Christianity's Consistent Protection of the Unborn. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2008
Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance a scholarly work by John M. Riddle. Published by Harvard University Press.
 Eve's Herbs, a scholarly work by John M. Riddle. Published by Harvard University Press.
Christianity and Sexuality in the Early Modern World a scholarly work by Merry E. Wiesner. Published by Routledge.
Abortion--my choice, God's grace: Christian women tell their stories by Anne Marie Eggebroten


Bouchevilliers () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in north-western France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


The Central Delaware Valley AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in southeastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey.  The wine appellation includes  surrounding the Delaware River north of Philadelphia.  Its southern boundary is near Titusville, New Jersey, just north of Trenton, and its northern border is near Musconetcong Mountain.  A variety of Vitis vinifera and Vitis labrusca grape varieties can be grown in the area. It has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa) and is in hardiness zones 6b and 7a.

Boundary
The Central Delaware Valley viticultural area is located along the Delaware River in Hunterdon County and Mercer County in New Jersey, and Bucks County in Pennsylvania. The Federal Register describes the boundaries of the Central Delaware Valley AVA as having the following boundaries:

(1) The starting point of the following boundary description is the summit of Strawberry Hill, which is located in New Jersey near the Delaware River about one mile northwest of Titusville. (2) From the summit of Strawberry Hill in a straight line to the summit of Mt. Canoe. (3) From there due east to Mercer County Route 579 (Bear Tavern Road) about .2 mile south of Ackors Corner. (4) Then northward along Mercer 579 to Harbourton. (5) From there northwestward along Route 3 (Mount Airy-Harbourton Road) to the 2nd English Presbyterian Church in Mount Airy. (6) From there along Old York Road northward to U.S. Route 202. (7) From there westward along Queen Road and northwestward along Mount Airy Road to Dilts Corner. (8) From there northwestward along Dilts Corner Road to Sandy Ridge Church. (9) From there northwestward via Cemetery Road to Covered Bridge Road. (9) From there northward along Covered Bridge Road to Green Sergeant Covered Bridge. (10) From there generally westward along Sanford Road to its intersection with Route 519 about one mile north of Rosemont. (11) From there northward along Route 519 to Palmyra. (12) From the intersection in Palmyra, in a straight line northward to the 487 ft. elevation point near Nishisakawick Creek. (13) From there in a straight line northwestward to Benchmark 787 on Rt. 579 (a secondary hard surface highway, unnamed on the map). (14) From there northward along Route 579. (15) From there in a straight line westward to the 952 ft. summit of Musconetcong Mountain. (16) From there in a straight line southwestward to the 836 ft. summit of Musconetcong Mountain. (17) From there in straight lines connecting the 838 ft., 839 ft., 707 ft., and 386 ft. summits of Musconetcong Mountain. (18) From the 386 ft. summit of Musconetcong Mountain in a straight line across the Delaware River to the intersection of Routes 611 and 212. (19) From there along Route 212 to the intersection with the lane going up Mine Hill. (20) From there in a straight line to the summit of Mine Hill. (20) From there in a straight line southwestward to the 522 ft. summit elevation point. (21) From there southeastward to the summit of Chestnut Hill. (22) From there in a straight line southeastward to the 347 ft. summit elevation point (located south of Kintnersville, about .1 mile west of Route 611). (23) From there in a straight line eastward to the summit of Coffman Hill. (24) From there in a straight line southeastward to the 628 ft. summit elevation point (about .3 mile north of Camp Davis). (25) From there in a straight line southeastward to the point where Bridgeton, Nockamixon, and Tinicum Townships meet. From there in a straight line southward to the intersection of Slant Hill Road (Covered Bridge Road) and Stump Road in Smiths Corner. (26) From there in a straight line southeastward to the 472 ft. elevation point near Rocky Ridge School. (27) From there southeastward in a straight line to the 522 ft. elevation point on Plumstead Hill. (28) From there in a straight line to the 482 ft. elevation point about .7 mile northwest of Lahaska. (29) From there in a straight line southeastward to the 352 ft. elevation point approximately .6 mile northeast of Lahaska. (30) From there in a straight line to the point where a power transmission line crosses the 400 ft. contour line on the south side of Solebury Mountain. (31) From there in a straight line to the tower on Bowman Hill in Washington Crossing State Park. (32) From there in a straight line across the Delaware River to the starting point, the summit of Strawberry Hill.

Wineries
, there are three wineries in the Central Delaware Valley AVA which all reside in Pennsylvania.

 Crossing Vineyards & Winery in Washington Crossing
 New Hope Winery in New Hope
 Sand Castle Winery in Erwinna

There are currently no New Jersey wineries established in the Central Delaware Valley AVA.

See also
Alcohol laws of New Jersey
Cape May Peninsula AVA
Garden State Wine Growers Association
Judgment of Princeton
List of wineries, breweries, and distilleries in New Jersey
New Jersey Farm Winery Act
New Jersey wine
New Jersey Wine Industry Advisory Council
Outer Coastal Plain AVA
Warren Hills AVA

References

American Viticultural Areas
Delaware River
New Jersey wine
Pennsylvania wine
1984 establishments in New Jersey
1984 establishments in Pennsylvania


Bouquetot () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Bourg-Beaudouin () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

External links

Bourg-Beaudouin map

Communes of Eure


Bournainville-Faverolles () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Bray () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Brestot is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Bretagnolles is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Breteuil (), also known as Breteuil-sur-Iton ("Breteuil-on-Iton"), is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France. On 1 January 2016, the former communes Cintray and La Guéroulde were merged into Breteuil.

History
During the Middle Ages, Breteuil was the seat of a lordship in the duchy of Normandy. Its lord William FitzOsbern was a companion of William during his conquest of England in 1066. His son William of Breteuil served as a Benedictine abbot before inheriting Breteuil and was later canonized as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church. His illegitimate son Eustace of Breteuil married Juliane de Fontevrault, the illegitimate daughter of King Henry I of England, who feuded with her father and eventually lost control of the lordship.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Brétigny () is a commune in the Eure department and Normandy region of France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Breux-sur-Avre (, literally Breux on Avre) is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Broglie () is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.

Population

Notable person
 Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788–1827), physicist, was born in Broglie

See also
Communes of the Eure department

References

Communes of Eure


Sonia Sui () is a Taiwanese actress, television host and model. She is best known for her role as Hsieh An-chen in the 2010 television series The Fierce Wife.

Life and career
At the age of 13, Sui was sent to Poland, where she completed her junior high school education in Poznań. She then moved to Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada where she finished her high school and went to study psychology at University of Winnipeg. Upon completion of the program, Sonia moved back to Taipei and started to pursue a modeling career.

In recent years, Sui has successfully turned to acting and hosting television shows. She starred in a number of television series and films, including the well-received Magicians of Love and The Year of Happiness and Love, as well as earning many endorsement deals. Sui was also the co-host of the Golden Horse Awards ceremony in 2008.

In 2018 she founded her own clothing brand SuiTangTang. In September, 2018 she announced her third baby Olie.

Personal life
Sui was in a relationship with How Yao from 2004 to 2012; she then married Tony Hsieh in 2015. She gave birth to a son, Max, on August 30, 2015. Their second child, a daughter named Lucy, was born on February 1, 2017. Their third child was born on December 18, 2018, named Olie.

Filmography

Film

Television series

Variety show

Music video

Published works

Awards and nominations

References

External links

People from Nantou County
Taiwanese female models
University of Winnipeg alumni
21st-century Taiwanese actresses
Taiwanese film actresses
Taiwanese television actresses
Taiwanese television presenters
Living people
1980 births
Taiwanese women television presenters