The Villanova Wildcats football program represents Villanova University in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision (FCS, known as Division I-AA until 2006).

The Wildcats compete in the Colonial Athletic Association for football only. They play on campus at Villanova Stadium with capacity of 12,000, with some games at Subaru Park in Chester with capacity of 18,000. They are led by head coach Mark Ferrante. Former head coach Andy Talley was head coach of the program from its reinstatement in 1985 through 2016 and led the program to its first NCAA Division I FCS national championship in 2009.

History

The Wildcats football team played their first game  in November 1894 coached by Mike Murphy.  They continued to play as an independent team for 87 seasons,
 participating in several Bowl Games and sending numerous players into professional football, including Hall of Fame defensive end Howie Long, a second round selection in the 1981 NFL draft.

On April 14, 1981, the program was officially disbanded due to weak attendance and monetary reasons cited by the university board of trustees.  Athletic Director Ted Aceto had stated they had sold only 750 season tickets for the 1980 season with 95 scholarship players; the Wildcats' 1980 season record was 6–5.

Under heavy pressure from alumni and students, the program was reinstated by the board of trustees in April 1984 and sponsored a sold out Blue-White intrasquad game for Homecoming that November.  Led by head coach Andy Talley, they began playing a limited schedule of regulation NCAA games in September 1985. The reborn program had instant success, beginning with an undefeated five-game schedule against Division III competition, and beating the Navy junior varsity.  The program moved up to Division I-AA (now FCS) and joined the Yankee Conference in 1987, beginning official competition in 1988.

Led by quarterback Kirk Schulz and wide receiver Robert Brady, the Wildcats reached the I-AA playoffs in 1989, bowing to eventual champion Georgia Southern in a spirited, high scoring game.

With All-American linebacker Curtis Eller, the 'Cats returned to the I-AA playoffs in 1991 and 1992, bowing each time to eventual champion Youngstown State.

All-American wide receiver Brian Finneran led the Wildcats to the I-AA playoffs in 1996 before bowing to East Tennessee State.

The 1997 season marked Villanova's first undefeated, untied regular season, as well as their first time reaching No. 1 in the I-AA rankings. The 1997 'Cats featured two future Payton Award winners- Finneran and freshman running back Brian Westbrook. The Cat's defeated Colgate in the I-AA playoffs before falling a 3rd time to nemesis Youngstown State.

In 2002, led by All-American QB Brett Gordon, Villanova advanced to the NCAA I-AA semifinals, defeating Fordham and Furman before falling to McNeese State. Gordon broke his throwing hand early in the Fordham game, and played the final 2 1/2 playoff games with the injury, amassing nearly 1,000 yards of total offense, justifying his first runner-up finish in the Payton Award race.

In 2008, a sophomore-laden squad led by all-purpose back Matt Szczur and QB Chris Whitney had Villanova verged on becoming a national powerhouse.  Ben Ijalana was the starting tackle, and started every single game in his career at Villanova eventually getting drafted in the 2nd round of the NFL draft by the Indianapolis Colts.  Ijalana was drafted the 2nd highest in school history, behind Hall-of-famer Howie Long and in front of pro-bowler Brian Westbrook.  Linebacker Darrell Young was a very talented player, who ended up signing onto the Washington Redskins and becoming their starting fullback.  Young made the improbable switch from linebacker in college, to fullback in the NFL which is almost unheard of in this day and age.

Other players that contributed were WR Brandyn Harvey, WR Norman White, FL Phil Atkinson, RB Aaron Ball, RB Angelo Babbaro, Tony Canci, Ross DB Ventrone, Ramin Mobasseri, Fred Maldonado, and many others.  Harvey ended up signing with the Atlanta Falcons, and Ventrone was on the New England Patriots in 2012, appearing in the Super Bowl, the 4th Wildcat to do so (Siani, Long and Westbrook are the others).  Ventrone became wildly popular in the NFL locker rooms for his off the field comedic antics, and was featured in a segment on NFL countdown in 2012 by ESPN.  Tony Canci and Ramin Mobasseri were walk-ons who earned scholarships through their play.  Canci was a dominant blocker at fullback, and was a key factor in Villanova becoming the championship team that dominated the 2009 season.  Mobasseri was the first walk-on in school history to earn 'most improved' award.  Villanova went 10–3 losing only 2 FCS games all season.  Both losses were to James Madison on a "Hail Mary" game ending TD in the regular season and a last minute quarterfinal loss in the NCAA playoff quarterfinals.

In 2009, Villanova won the NCAA Division I FCS national championship, defeating Montana 23–21 in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and finished with a 14–1 overall record.  Junior Matt Szczur was voted championship game MVP and was selected as a 1st team All-American at two positions- offense and special teams.  Junior Chris Whitney was also voted 1st team All-American. On their way to the championship Villanova defeated FBS Temple, losing only to New Hampshire, and was CAA co-conference Champion with the Richmond Spiders, whom Villanova defeated at Richmond on a 4th down TD pass.  Villanova hosted three playoff games, defeating Holy Cross, avenging their regular season loss to New Hampshire with a lopsided victory played in a driving snowstorm, and edging CAA rival William & Mary 14–13 under the ESPN TV lights on a frigid night.

In 2010 season, Villanova returned to the NCAA semifinals, this time going on a 9,000-mile odyssey while defeating No. 3 Stephen F. Austin and No. 1 ranked Appalachian State before losing to eventual champion Eastern Washington.  Villanova ended the 2010 campaign ranked No. 3 in the nation in FCS and knocked off two No. 1 ranked teams on the road in 3 weeks late in the season including National Runner-up Delaware. Following the 2010 season, Szczur signed with the Chicago Cubs and made his major league debut in 2014.

The 2012 season was in the midst of a rebuilding campaign by Coach Talley that earned a surprising CAA Conference Championship and another NCAA playoff appearance by the Wildcats who finished 8–4 with a very young squad full of talented underclassmen, particularly freshman QB John Robertson and Soph running back Kevin Monangai. Both would be heard from again.

Villanova returned to prominence in 2014, dropping a thrilling opener at FBS Syracuse 27–26 in double overtime, serving notice that the Cats were back. QB Robertson continued to march his way into the record books, aided by seniors Poppy Livers (WR) and Monangai. The much improved Cat defense was led by a standout linebacking corps of juniors Don Cherry and Dillon Lucas, and Senior Joey Harmon. Senior Joe Sarnese anchored the defensive backfield while senior NT Pat Williams has steadied the defensive line. The offensive line was led by senior Ross Hall. The kicking game struggled to fill the void left by the graduation of four year P/PK Mark Hamilton. The Cats reached the NCAA FCS quarterfinals defeating Liberty and losing to Sam Houston State at home. Payton award winner Robertson was concussed late in the Liberty game and unable to play in the Same Houston game, where his backup played admirably in a losing effort.

Coach Talley returned the NCAA FCS playoffs for the 12th and final time in 2016, defeating St. Francis before bowing to South Dakota State on a last second snow blown field goal banked off the upright by the Jack's Adam Vinatierri, Jr.

Andy Talley era (1985–2016)
Villanova head coach Andy Talley completed 37 seasons as a collegiate head coach, including 32 seasons at Villanova.  The winningest coach in school history and the winningest coach in CAA history, Talley's Villanova record stands at an impressive 230–137–1.  Throughout his Main Line career, Talley guided the Wildcats to twelve NCAA playoff appearances, six conference championships, three Lambert Meadowlands Cup, three ECAC Team of the Year awards.  Included in the NCAA appearances are three NCAA semifinal appearances and the 2009 National Championship.

A graduate of Haverford (Pa.) High School just five minutes from the Villanova campus, Coach Talley is a native of Bryn Mawr.  When he was head coach, he could feel responsible for every facet of the Villanova program, having started it from scratch after he was hired on May 29, 1984 as the school's 29th head coach.  Talley led Villanova teams to NCAA FCS (Formerly Division I-AA) playoff appearances in 1989, 1991, 1992, 1996, 1997, 2002, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016.
Following his National Championship success in 2009, Talley received numerous coaching honors. Highlighting the list was the AFCA National Coach of the Year Award. Talley also earned this award in 1997 and becomes just the 17th coach to win the award twice. He also garnered the 2009 CAA Coach of the Year, the Sportsman's Award from the Marine Corps Scholarship Foundation and the Maxwell Club President's Award.
In 2008, Talley was named the AFCA Regional Coach of the Year, the Field Turf/Howie Long FCS National Coach of the Year and the Maxwell Club Coach of the Year.  Talley's all-time College Coaching record stands at 218–135–2 including his 5 years at the helm of St Lawrence College where he had advanced to the D-III National Semifinals in 1982.

Football upgrade controversy
Following the 2009 NCAA championship season, Villanova has considered moving into the Football Bowl Subdivision and joining the Big East Conference (now the American Athletic Conference) in football. Villanova Stadium located on-campus stadium seats only 12,500, less than the 15,000 requirement for an FBS-eligible team.
In September 2010, the Big East informally discussed the possibility that Villanova might become a football member. The school undertook a feasibility study involving the costs involved with such an upgrade. An upgrade of the football program would require building new football facilities and corresponding increases to its women's sports program due to Title IX issues, as well as a move to a larger game venue in the region with speculation focused on the new PPL Park soccer stadium.
Prior to the scheduled April 12, 2011, Board of Trustees vote on the football upgrade, several Big East football schools objected to the Villanova plans to use PPL Park. That venue seats 18,500 and Villanova proposed an expansion of the capacity, which was never fulfilled after the upgrade fell through.
With the ongoing uncertainty of the Big East Football Conference after losing founding football members Syracuse, Pittsburgh, and West Virginia, the Villanova Board of Trustees has never voted regarding the topic of moving to FBS.

In December 2012, Villanova's administration announced its intentions to split away from the now-former Big East (now The American Athletic Conference) configuration along with the other 6 "basketball centric" Big East Schools to form their own all-sports conference highlighted by their deep basketball traditions. For the present, Villanova will continue to compete for National Championships in the College Football Championship Subdivision as a member of the Colonial Athletic Conference ("CAA"). This decision had the effect of ending the question of whether Villanova should move up to the FBS for football.
The new basketball centric Big East has proven to be a great success for Villanova University catapulting the Men's Basketball program to the top of the NCAA winning National Championships in 2016 and 2018.

Championships

National championships
The Wildcats won their first national championship on December 18, 2009 under Andy Talley. The team defeated the Montana Grizzlies in the national championship game in Chattanooga by a score of 23–21.

Conference affiliations
 NCAA Division I-A Independent (1894–1980)
 Football program was dropped following the 1980 season and reinstated for 1985 season
 NCAA Division I-AA Independent (1985–1987)
 Yankee Conference (1988–1996)
 Atlantic 10 Conference (1997–2006)
 Colonial Athletic Association (2007–present)

After playing as an independent from 1985 to 1987, Villanova Football joined the Yankee Conference for the 1988 season before winning Conference titles in both 1989 and 1991.

In 1997, the Yankee Conference was absorbed into the Atlantic 10, following the NCAA's rule changes regarding single-sport conferences.  In 9 years with the A-10, Villanova won 2 conference championships (1997, 2001).

In 2005, all A-10 football schools agreed to switch conferences after the 2006 season and became charter members of the Colonial Athletic Association.  The Wildcats qualified for the playoffs in three consecutive seasons from 2008 through 2010.
Villanova won the CAA Championship during their 2009 national championship season.  Villanova won a share of another CAA Championship in the 2012 season with a 6–2 Conference record.

Playoffs
The Wildcats have appeared in the Division I-AA/FCS Playoffs 14 times. Their combined record is 13–13. They were FCS National Champions in 2009 and have reached the Semifinals 3 times (2002, 2009 and 2010).

Bowl games
Villanova Football played in 5 bowl games through its history, compiling a record of 2–2–1.

1937 Bacardi Bowl
Villanova's history in bowl games began on January 1, 1937, when the Wildcats participated in the Bacardi Bowl for their first bowl appearance.  Played in Havana, Cuba as the climactic event of Cuba's National Sports Festival, the game almost never came to be because of a bloodless revolution led by Fulgencio Batista.
The ‘Cats opponent, Auburn University, had rolled up an impressive 7–2–2 record and had closed out the 1936 regular season with six shutout wins on their schedule.  Villanova, under coaching great Maurice J. "Clipper" Smith, piled up a sterling 7–2 record, and had earned victories over the likes of Penn State, Boston University, Detroit and South Carolina.  Like Auburn, Villanova boasted of an outstanding defense, one that recorded four shutouts and had not allowed any opponent more than seven points.
At halftime, Auburn led 7–0. Late in the fourth quarter, with time running out for the Wildcats; Auburn had possession of the ball inside its own 15-yard line. Facing second down and eight yards to go for a first down, Auburn mentor Jack Meagher called for a quick kick, a play Auburn had used successfully on a couple of occasions in the first half. Shifting into the quick kick position at the Auburn goal line, Villanova’s John Wysocki and Valentine Rizzo blocked the kick and lineman Matthew Kuber grabbed the ball at the two-yard line and went in for the touchdown. William Christopher kicked the all-important point after and the Wildcats had gained a 7–7 tie."

1947 Great Lakes Bowl
In a match-up of Wildcats, Kentucky defeated Villanova 24–14 in the Great Lakes Bowl played at Cleveland Stadium with attendance of 14,908 on December 6, 1947.  Villanova, coached by Jordan Olivar, brought a 6–2–1 record into the game.  Kentucky of the Southeastern Conference was in its second season under coach Paul "Bear" Bryant and brought a 7–3 record into the game.

In the first quarter Kentucky's George Blanda kicked a 27-yard field goal. At halftime Kentucky led 3–0. In the third quarter Kentucky's Jim Howe had a 29-yard touchdown run; Blanda's point after kick gave Kentucky a 10–0 lead.

Yet Villanova, behind the accurate throws of highly touted quarterback Andy Gordon, marched back. Two plays into the fourth period, Villanova's Ralph Pasquariello, carrying several Kentucky defenders on his back, rambled 11-yards into the endzone. John Siano's conversion pulled Villanova within a field goal, 10–7.

Later in the fourth quarter, Kentucky's Jack Griffin broke through the Villanova line to partially block a punt, giving Kentucky excellent field position at the 25-yard line. Several plays later, Kentucky's Bill Boller raced 25 yards for a touchdown, and after the Blanda extra-point, Kentucky had cushioned its lead to 17–7. With time now against them, Villanova went to the air, but Kentucky's Boller intercepted a Gordon pass and returned it 49 yards for another touchdown. Now trailing 24–7, Gordon returned to the air first hitting Zip Zehler with a 38-yard strike, Gordon then connected with John Sheehan for a 13-yard touchdown pass. With the Siano conversion the score was 24–14.

1949 Harbor Bowl
Villanova Wildcats played in the Harbor Bowl on January 1, 1949 in Balboa Stadium in San Diego where they defeated the University of Nevada 27–7.
Nevada, the nation's leading passing team led by All-American QB Stan Heath (American football), could do no better than match Villanova's aerial yardage. The first two times the Wildcats got hold of the ball they marched for touchdowns.  The Wolf Pack got nowhere after taking the opening kickoff, and had to punt.  Where upon Villanova drove from midfield some 47 yards to a score. Ralph Pasquariello, the plowing 228 pound fullback, hammered off tackle, and Bill Doherty tossed long to Ed Berrang. It was climaxed with D'Alonzo plunging through from the three. Frank Sanches blocked the conversion.  Nova's Andy Gordon intercepted Heath's pass and Villanova drove again. This one 43 yards. Pasquariello, going wide on pitch-outs, powered the Main Liners downfield and Polidor went around right end for the touchdown behind massed interference. Clavin kicked conversion and it was 13–0 with 10 minutes gone.
The Wildcats picked up another pair of scores in the third period while Nevada's record setting QB, Stan Heath, watched glumly from the bench where he had been sidetracked with two broken ribs and Nevada's speedburning fullback Sherman Howard was being stitched up after a slashing blow to his forehead.  On the first play after Nevada punted a horde of blockers got out in front of a scampering John Geppi, 180-pounder from Baltimore, who was escorted down the sidelines, all the 80 yards to a touchdown. Clavin converted, 20–7.  A moment later a succession of breaks accounted for the fourth and final score. On a long pass from Nevada's reserve QB Alva Tabor, receiver Dan Orlich fell over the umpire and it went incomplete. Tabor then tossed to Harold Hayes but Nevada was penalized back to its own 18. Then another Tabor pass fell in the hands of Villanova's Steve Romanik who ran it back all the way to Nevada's 8yd line.  Pete D'Alonzo, 210-pounder from Orange, N. J., smashed through for the score and Clavin kicked conversion, 27–7.  The rest of the game, played in the heavy downpour of rain, was an exchange of fumbles and interceptions and the score remained in Villanova's favor.

1961 Sun Bowl

Villanova defeated Wichita State 17–9 in the Sun Bowl at Kidd Field in El Paso, Texas, on December 30.   Coach Alex Bell’s 7–1 Wildcats were selected to meet the Wichita University Shockers.  His top punter and key receiver, Ron Meyers was declared ineligible for the game because he had already entered into a professional agreement with the Cleveland Browns.  Wichita State was a 6-point favorite with Coach Hank Foldberg’s flashy passing offense featuring Alex Zyskowski and Bill Stangerone.
The tone of the game was set early. Villanova's defense bottled Wichita up and the offense drove 43 yards on two Billy Joe runs. Joe shook off three Shockers on a 19-yard touchdown run.  In 1961, Joe was a terrifying weapon. The 240-pound fullback was also a champion shot putter. While playing for less than half of the game, he would be named MVP on the strength of 63 yards on 8 carries. The Villanova defensive line, which outweighed Wichita by 17 lbs. a man up front, kept the pressure on all day. They keyed on back, Bill Stangerone and forced 4 Shocker interceptions. They knocked Alex Zyskowski out of the game with a head injury in the second half. He would not return until the last 5 minutes of the game.
Villanova led 7–0 throughout most of the first half. With less than three minutes to play, with Stangerone at quarterback, the Shockers drove 47 yards to the Wildcat 18-yard line.  Bill Seigle kicked a Sun Bowl record, 36-yard field goal to bring the Shockers to within four at the half. The key play in the game occurred at the opening of the second half. Wichita fumbled the second half kickoff, which was recovered by VU at the 21. Lou Rettino's 1-yard run gave the Wildcats a 14–3 lead. Later in the 3rd quarter, Villanova's Sam Gruneisen kicked a 26-yard field goal which made the score 17–3.
In the final minutes of the game, Zyskowski returned to lead Wichita on a scoring drive. He hit Adolph Wilson with a 35-yard pass. Zyskowski then swept the end for the score on a 5-yard run with less than a minute remaining to make the final score was 17–9.  The story of the game could be seen in the statistics. Villanova outgained Wichita on the ground, 225 yards to 111. Their defense was simply overpowering.

1962 Liberty Bowl

Oregon State, led by Heisman Trophy winner Terry Baker, defeated Villanova in the Liberty Bowl by the score of 6–0 in Municipal Stadium aka JFK Stadium in Philadelphia on December 15.  While not as heralded as the Oregon State squad, Coach Alex Bell's Villanova had also enjoyed an outstanding season, compiling a 7–2 record.
The game immediately became a defensive struggle, and to the surprise of many, Villanova dominated. The Wildcats seemingly got a big break midway through the first quarter when William Sherlock's 52-yard punt was downed by Larry Glueck on the one-foot line. One play later, disaster struck as Oregon State's Terry Baker got loose around end, and raced to a 99-yard touchdown with 9:24 left in the opening period. Baker tried a two-point conversion, but the Wildcats regrouped to break up his pass, leaving the score 6–0 in Oregon State's favor.
Another tough break occurred immediately for Villanova. Taking the ensuing kickoff down to the Beavers’ 12-yard line, they seemingly deadlocked the contest when Billy Joe made his way around the left end and romped 12-yards into the endzone. But a holding call nullified the play, and two plays later a Villanova pass was intercepted. The score stood at 6–0 at the half.
The third quarter was scoreless, as both teams’ defenses remained unbending. In the closing minutes of the fourth quarter, Villanova made one last effort. Starting on their own 30-yard line, the Wildcats drove to Oregon State's 11-yard line before fumbling away a chance to win the game.  For the day, Villanova dominated OSU's undersized line and outgained the Beavers on the ground 246–176, and had nine more first downs, 20–11. However, Oregon State's one big play, coupled with the ‘Cats four fumbles and two interceptions, sealed the win for OSU.

Rivalries

Delaware

Villanova plays Delaware in the "Battle of the Blue."  The all-time series between Villanova and Delaware dates back over 100 years to the first meeting between the teams on November 23, 1895. The Wildcats lead the series by a current margin of 24–21–1 and have won six out of seven against the Blue Hens since the inception of the Battle of the Blue Trophy.
As CAA conference rivals in FCS, the teams have met each season since 1988 and Villanova head coach Andy Talley is 13–12 in his career versus Delaware.  The 2011 game played at PPL Park in Chester, PA was the first American football game to be played in that venue.

Temple

The Wildcats finished a four-year series in which they play the Division I-A FBS Temple for the Philadelphia "Mayor's Cup" on Temple's home turf at Lincoln Financial Field.  Villanova won the inaugural game in September 2009 in front of a crowd of 27,759 on a last second field goal by Nick Yako.  The Wildcats lost the 2010 game on late field goal by the Owls in front of a larger crowd of 32,193.  Temple won the 2011 game in convincing fashion for the FBS program in front of an announced crowd of 32,638 and followed that up with another solid win in 2012.  Prior to the "Mayors Cup", the two teams last met in 2003 when Villanova tallied a 23–20 upset win in double overtime over the FBS program.
The Philadelphia programs first met on November 8, 1928 in a game that ended in a 0–0 tie.  They met for 16 consecutive years but suspended the series after the 1943 game won by Villanova.  The series was reignited in 1970 with a Wildcat win and continued for 11 years through the 1980 game also won by Villanova, in Howie Long's final game as a collegian and, as it turned out, Villanova's final game in Division I-A.  The Wildcats continue to lead the all-time series vs Temple 16–15–2, including two recent wins over the FBS Owls by the FCS Wildcats. The series resumed in 2017 at Lincoln Financial Field in its now-traditional Labor Day Weekend slot.

Penn

Villanova also plays intra-city rival University of Pennsylvania in a match-up with "college football's most historic program."  The majority of the games with the Ivy League powerhouse are played at historic Franklin Field on the campus of Penn. The teams first met on November 18, 1905 in a game won by Penn. The Quakers won the first five meetings through 1911 and then the two teams did not play again until 1980 when Villanova won their first game of the series.  The teams renewed the series as FCS (I-AA) teams in 1999 and Villanova has won all 13 games since then in some very close battles. Villanova holds a 14–5 lead in the series versus Penn after their 2014 victory.

Facilities

Villanova Stadium
Historic Villanova Stadium was built as part of a school expansion program in 1927 and dedicated on October 8, 1927.
On May 7, 1930, the playing field at Villanova Stadium was dedicated to the memory of Leo Francis Goodreau, a Villanova football player who died due to injuries incurred in practice in 1928 season.
On September 27, 1980, the running track was dedicated to Villanova's track and field coach James "Jumbo" Elliott.

In Fall 1999, the Stadium underwent a facelift with the Stadium Renovation Project. Included in this project was a state of the art press box, in addition to housing an 80-person meeting room for all Villanova Athletic Department personnel to use. The former AstroTurf playing field was replaced during the spring of 2002 with a synthetic grass surface known as AstroPlay. The stadium received a new scoreboard along with a new playing surface for the Fall 2009 sport seasons. The stadium seats 12,500.

Talen Energy Stadium
Villanova football debuted at Talen Energy Stadium, originally known as PPL Park, as an alternate home stadium on November 19, 2011, in the annual Battle of the Blue rivalry game vs Delaware. Villanova is planning to play a select group of future football games at the venue.

Talen Energy Stadium is home to the MLS Philadelphia Union and has served as one of the key catalysts of the revitalization of the Chester Waterfront located 15 miles south of Center City, Philadelphia. The stadium has a natural grass playing surface and current seating capacity of 18,500, with further expansion plans in discussion. The first expansion phase would add 1,500 additional seats, the 2nd phase would add 7000 additional seats, and a 3rd phase could bring the stadium to an eventual 30,000 total seats. However, only the first phase has a determined timeline by the Philadelphia Union. The stadium has 29 luxury suites, an 11,000 square foot full-service club restaurant, state of the art LED signage, and innovative experiential zones. Expansive grass areas and large promenades surround the stadium for tailgating.

All-Conference and All-American Selections

FCS All-American Selections
2021 - Forrest Rhyne (1st Team Defense - Linebacker)
2021 - Christian Benford (1st Team Defense - Cornerback)
2016 - Tanoh Kpassagnon (1st Team Defense - Defensive End)
2015 - Don Cherry (american football) (2nd Team Defense - Linebacker)
2014 - John Robertson (2nd Team Offense - Quarterback)
2014 - Don Cherry (american football) (2nd Team Defense - Linebacker)
2014 - Vince Kowalski (3rd Team Offense - Offensive Line)

2022 CAA All-Conference Selections

Offense
Jaaron Hayek (1st Team - Wide Receiver)
Michael Corbi (2nd Team - Offensive Line)
Dez Boykin (2nd Team - Kick Returner)
Matthew Mercurio (3rd Team - Kicker)

2021 CAA All-Conference Selections

Offense
Michael Corbi (1st Team - Offensive Line)
Justin Covington (2nd Team - Running Back)
Rayjoun Pringle (2nd Team - Wide Receiver)
Todd Summers (2nd Team - Tight End)
Colin Gamroth (2nd Team - Offensive Line)
Cole Bunce (2nd Team - Kicker)
Daniel Smith (3rd Team - Quarterback)
Jaaron Hayek (3rd Team - Wide Receiver)

Defense
Forrest Rhyne (1st Team - Linebacker)
Christian Benford (1st Team - Cornerback)
Malik Fisher (2nd Team - Defensive End)
Amin Black (3rd Team - Linebacker)
TD Ayo-Durojaiye (3rd Team - Special Teams)

2020 CAA All-Conference Selections

Offense
Michael Corbi (1st Team - Offensive Line)
Justin Covington (2nd Team - Running Back)
Rayjoun Pringle (2nd Team - Wide Receiver)
Colin Gamroth (2nd Team - Offensive Line)
Dez Boykin (2nd Team - Returner)

Defense
Forrest Rhyne (1st Team - Linebacker)
Malik Fisher (1st Team - Defensive End)
Christian Benford (1st Team - Cornerback)

2019 CAA All-Conference Selections

Offense
Paul Grattan (1st Team - Offensive Line)
Daniel Smith (3rd Team - Quarterback)
Justin Covington (3rd Team - Running Back)
Changa Hodge (3rd Team - Wide Receiver)
Colin Gamroth (3rd Team - Offensive Line)

Defense
Forrest Rhyne (1st Team - Linebacker)
Nathan Fondacaro (1st Team - Punter)
Malik Fisher (3rd Team - Defensive End)
Drew Wiley (3rd Team - Linebacker)
Jaquan Amos (3rd Team - Cornerback)

2018 CAA All-Conference Selections

Offense
Aaron Forbes (2nd Team - Running Back)
Ethan Greenidge (2nd Team - Offensive Line)

Defense
Christian Benford (3rd Team - Cornerback)

2017 CAA All-Conference Selections

Offense
Ethan Greenidge (2nd Team - Offensive Line)

Defense
Ed Shockley (1st Team - Linebacker)
John Hinchen (1st Team - Punter)
Malik Reaves (2nd Team - Cornerback)

2016 CAA All-Conference Selections

Offense
Brad Seaton (2nd Team - Offensive Line)
Aaron Forbes (3rd Team - Running Back)
Ryan Bell (3rd Team - Tight End)

Defense
Tanoh Kpassagnon (1st Team - Defensive End)
Austin Calitro (1st Team - Linebacker)
Rob Rolle (1st Team - Safety)
Bryan Osei (3rd Team - Defensive End)
Ed Shockley (3rd Team - Linebacker)
John Hinchen (3rd Team - Punter)

2015 CAA All-Conference Selections

Offense
Gary Underwood (1st Team - Fullback)
Kevin Gulyas (2nd Team - Wide Receiver)

Defense
Tanoh Kpassagnon (1st Team - Defensive End)
Don Cherry (American football) (1st Team - Linebacker)
Malik Reaves (2nd Team - Cornerback)
Austin Calitro (3rd Team - Linebacker)
Jason Ceneus (3rd Team - Cornerback)
Cameron McCurry (3rd Team - Safety)

2014 CAA All-Conference Selections

Offense
John Robertson (1st Team - Quarterback)
Vince Kowalski (1st Team - Offensive Line)
Poppy Livers (2nd Team - Wide Receiver)
Ross Hall (2nd Team - Offensive Line)
Kevin Monangai (3rd Team - Running Back)
Gary Underwood (3rd Team - Fullback)

Defense
Don Cherry (American football) (1st Team - Linebacker)
Pat Williams (2nd Team - Nose Guard)
Joe Sarnese (2nd Team - Safety)
Jason Ceneus (3rd Team - Cornerback)

Individual awards

Walter Payton Award winners

The Walter Payton Award is awarded annually to the most outstanding college offensive player in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision (formerly Division I-AA) as chosen by a nationwide panel of media and college sports information directors. Villanova and Eastern Washington are the only two programs in the country to have 3 award recipients.
1997 – Wide receiver Brian Finneran; went on to play several seasons in the NFL mostly with the Atlanta Falcons.
2001 – Running back Brian Westbrook; went on to a highly successful NFL career with the Philadelphia Eagles.
 2014 – Quarterback John Robertson

Jerry Rice Award winners
The Jerry Rice Award is awarded annually to the most outstanding freshman player in the Division I Football Championship Subdivision (formerly Division I-AA) of college football as chosen by a nationwide panel of media and college sports information directors.  Initiated following the 2011 season, the first two awards went to CAA players.
Quarterback John Robertson won the 2012 Jerry Rice Award as a redshirt freshman leading his team to a CAA championship and FCS playoff berth in an 8–4 turn-around season for the Wildcats who were 2–9 the year before.  Robertson helped fuel Villanova's turnaround as a dual-threat signal-caller. He started 10 games in the regular season plus an FCS playoff game and he finished the season rushing for 1,021 yards and 14 touchdowns and passing for 1,965 yards and 14 more touchdowns.

CAA Conference Award winners
2021 - Forrest Rhyne (Linebacker) was the CAA Defensive Player of the Year.
2020 - Justin Covington (Running Back) won the Chuck Boone Leadership and Excellence Award.
2019 - Chucky Smith (Defensive Back) won the Chuck Boone Leadership and Excellence Award.
2018 - Christian Benford (Cornerback) was the CAA Defensive Rookie of the Year.
2016 - Tanoh Kpassagnon (Defensive End) was the CAA Defensive Player of the Year.
2015 - Zach Bednarczyk (Quarterback) was a co-winner of the CAA Offensive Rooke of the Year Award.

Wildcats in professional football
NFL players from Villanova.
Benjamin Ijalana
Austin Calitro
Darrel Young
Tanoh Kpassagnon
Ethan Greenidge
Christian Benford
Forrest Rhyne (Practice Squad)

85 former Wildcat players in all have played professional football dating back to 1920 including Howard "Fungy" Lebengood who was a halfback on the uncrowned World Champion 1925 Pottsville Maroons.

41 Villanova players have been drafted into the National Football League.
The only Villanova alumnus in the Pro Football Hall of Fame is former Raiders defensive end Howie Long.

12 players in the Talley era have played in the NFL.
Terry Butler, Clarence Curry, Brian Finneran, Christian Gaddis, Ben Ijalana, Willie Oshodin, Raymond Ventrone, Ross Ventrone, Brian Westbrook, George Winslow, Darrel Young and Tanoh Kpassagnon.

Although he never played professional football, Matt Szczur, a star on the 2009 national championship team, went on to a professional baseball career, winning a World Series in 2016 as a member of the Chicago Cubs, and last played in the major leagues in 2018 for the San Diego Padres.

References

External links

American football teams established in 1894
1894 establishments in Pennsylvania


Vanessa Bell Armstrong is the major-label debut album of gospel singer Vanessa Bell Armstrong. Though the artist had garnered Grammy- and Stellar-award nominations previously for her work as an independent artist, this album was the gospel artist's first foray into the mainstream market. The album was produced by Loris Holland as well as Marvin Winans of The Winans.

The album yielded a pair of singles, "Pressing On" and "You Bring Out The Best In Me." The former was also remixed and released in both 7" and 12" formats conducive to crossover into the dance-music market. This was notable as the crossover potential of gospel music was still not widely accepted.

Track listing
 Pressing On (4:50)
 You Bring Out The Best In Me (4:24)
 Learn To Love (4:19)
 The Denied Stone (5:38)
 I Wanna Be Ready (4:35)
 Always (4:15)
 Living For You (4:25)
 Don't Turn Your Back (4:39)

References

External links

 Vanessa Bell Armstrong on Discogs.com

1987 albums
Vanessa Bell Armstrong albums


15 Éxitos is a compilation album by Mexican singer Alejandra Guzmán. It was released by her former record label Fonovisa and includes fifteen tracks recorded by her from 1988 to 1991.

Track listing

Personnel

Alejandra Guzmán – vocals
Corky James – acoustic guitar, bass, electric guitar

References

Alejandra Guzmán compilation albums
2002 greatest hits albums
Spanish-language compilation albums
Fonovisa Records compilation albums


Arnaut de Tintinhac or Tintignac was a 12th-century Gascon nobleman and troubadour from Naves, near Tulle. He was the lord of Tintinhac, probably a feudatory of the viscount of Turrenne, and very proud of his heritage, as indicated when he refers to himself anonymously as sel de Tintinhac: "he of Tintinhac".

Four of his poems have survived, with one—Bel m'es quan l'erba reverdis—being ascribed in one manuscript to Raimon Vidal. In his expressions he is reminiscent of Marcabru and Bernart Marti and in his aggressive attitude towards encouraging courtly love he also resembles the early troubadours. Like other early Gascon troubadours, such as Peire de Valeira, he employed nature metaphors, as at the beginning of this song:

The vida of Peire de Valeira seems to confuse its intended subject with Arnaut (at least at some points). It goes like this:
Peire de Valeira was from Gascony, from the land of Lord Arnaut Guillem de Marsan. He was a minstrel at the very same time in which Marcabru lived, and he composed poems such as were made at the time, of slight worth, about leaves and flowers and songs and birds. His songs had no great value, nor did he.

Sources

Egan, Margarita, ed. and trans. The Vidas of the Troubadours. New York: Garland, 1984. .
Riquer, Martín de. Los trovadores: historia literaria y textos. 3 vol. Barcelona: Planeta, 1975.

Gascons
12th-century French troubadours
People from Tulle


Kerria may refer to:
 Kerria, a genus of flowering plants including only one species: Kerria japonica
 Kerria (insect), a genus of scale insects


Hudson Valley Credit Union (Formerly Hudson Valley Federal Credit Union) is a credit union serving the New York counties of Dutchess, Orange, Ulster, Putnam, Rockland, Westchester, Greene, Columbia, Albany, Rensselaer, Schenectady, and Saratoga. Initiated in 1963 in Poughkeepsie, New York, the institution has 287,000+ members and more than 800 employees as of March 2017. HVCU is one of the largest credit unions in the United States with assets totaling more than $5.95 billion as of June 2020.

Mary Madden was CEO from May of 2002 until September of 2022, being succeeded by Jonathan Roberts.

History
The credit union was initiated in October, 1963, by some IBM employees in Poughkeepsie and Fishkill, New York.  Membership requirements were changed to allow those who live, work, worship, volunteer, or attend school in Dutchess, Orange, or Ulster counties to join the credit union as of 2003.

The credit union was originally chartered federally. A state charter was granted September 4, 2019. As a result, HVCU now services 12 counties, as opposed to four before the charter conversion.  The credit union's name was changed from Hudson Valley Federal Credit Union to Hudson Valley Credit Union on October 4, 2019.

Recognition
The credit union was named in 2015 as a workplace with good employee benefits.

References

External links
 official site

Credit unions based in New York (state)
Companies based in Dutchess County, New York
Poughkeepsie, New York
Organizations based in New York (state)
Banks established in 1963
1963 establishments in New York (state)


State Route 141 (SR 141) is a state highway in Klickitat County, Washington, United States. It runs north–south for , connecting SR 14 in Bingen to White Salmon and Trout Lake. The highway follows the White Salmon River towards the base of Mount Adams, terminating at the Skamania County border at the entrance to the Gifford Pinchot National Forest, where it becomes Forest Road 24 (Carson Guler Road). SR 141 is a state scenic highway that provides access to recreation areas on the south side of Mount Adams.

The original road along the White Salmon River was built in the 1920s by local residents and designated by the state government in 1937 as Secondary State Highway 8D (SSH 8D). The highway was renumbered to SR 121 in 1964 and then SR 141 in 1967. The highway has a signed alternate route that connects it to SR 14 at Underwood, bypassing Bingen and White Salmon.

Route description

SR 141 begins in downtown Bingen at an intersection with SR 14 near the city's Amtrak train station. It travels north through Bingen as Oak Street and turns northwest to ascend a ridge and enter the adjacent settlement of White Salmon. The highway travels west through White Salmon on Jewett Boulevard and continues along the ridge overlooking SR 141 and the Hood River Bridge crossing the Columbia River. SR 141 enters a rural area on the outskirts of White Salmon and descends towards a plateau, making a sharp turn west over a stream and north to follow Winebarger Road. The highway continues its descent towards the White Salmon River, intersecting an alternate route with access to SR 14.

The highway follows the White Salmon River upstream to Husum, where it crosses over below Husum Falls on a historic steel and concrete truss bridge. SR 141 continues north along the west bank of the river, passing through farmland and forestland that is dominated by Ponderosa pine. At BZ Corner, it intersects a local highway that travels northeast to Glenwood and the Conboy Lake National Wildlife Refuge. The highway travels north through the expanded White Salmon River Valley and reaches the town of Trout Lake near Mount Adams, where it turns west towards the Cascade Mountains, following Cave Creek. SR 141 terminates at the Klickitat–Skamania county line, which also marks the boundary of the Gifford Pinchot National Forest. The road continues west as Forest Road 24 on Carson Guler Road towards the Guler Ice Caves and the Indian Heaven Wilderness Area; the forest road is closed annually from December 1 to March 31 with limited access for winter recreation use.

SR 141 is designated as part of the Washington State Scenic and Recreational Highways system and provides access to the south side of Mount Adams, which includes the Mount Adams Wilderness and Mount Adams Recreation Area. SR 141 is maintained by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), which conducts an annual survey on state highways to measure traffic volume in terms of average annual daily traffic. Average traffic volumes on the two-lane highway in 2016 ranged from a minimum of 180 vehicles near Gifford Pinchot National Forest to a maximum of 6,400 vehicles in downtown Bingen.

History

The Klickitat County government began planning a road along the upper White Salmon River in the 1910s after a request from residents of Glenwood to build a road. Local residents volunteered to build the road in the 1920s under supervision from the county government, using private donations to fund their cause. The early road was added to the state highway system in 1937 as Secondary State Highway 8D (SSH 8D), a branch of Primary State Highway 8 (PSH 8) along the Columbia River. The state government funded several improvements to the road, including a steel truss bridge across the White Salmon River at Husum Falls that opened in 1940. The state legislature created a western branch of SSH 8D in 1951 that would bypass Bingen and White Salmon.

The state highway system was renumbered and restructured as "sign routes" (later "state routes") in 1964. Under the new system, SSH 8D was initially designated as State Route 121 (SR 121), an auxiliary route of SR 12, the successor to PSH 8. The extension of U.S. Route 12 (US 12) across Washington in 1967 caused SR 12 to be renumbered to SR 14, and SR 121 became SR 141 as a result. The former SR 141 was absorbed into US 12 during a relocation caused by the Mossyrock Dam's construction, while SR 121 was re-used for another highway in Thurston County.

Traffic congestion on SR 141 during peak months has risen due to an increase in the number of visitors to recreational facilities on the corridor, requiring lowered speed limits to prevent vehicle–pedestrian collisions. A shoulder rumble strip on the highway was removed and replaced with a fog stripe during a chip sealing project in 2014, causing local residents and recreational users to protest. In response, WSDOT installed a  rumble strip along the shoulder line to improve safety for pedestrians and bicyclists using SR 141. Despite the improvements, a majority of respondents to a local survey in 2015 stated that they felt it was not safe to walk or bike on SR 141.

Major intersections

Alternate route

A designated alternate route connects SR 141 to SR 14 in Underwood, bypassing Bingen and White Salmon. The highway follows the White Salmon River to its mouth at the Columbia River, traveling for  . It was established in 1970 as part of SR 141, becoming the successor to the west branch of SSH 8D. The alternate route carried average daily traffic volumes of 3,200 vehicles in 2016.

Major intersections

References

External links

Highways of Washington State

141
Transportation in Klickitat County, Washington


Julian Wheeler (born April 22, 1971) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1993 to 2002. He is the former WBC Continental Americas super featherweight and USBA lightweight champion.

Amateur highlights
1992 United States Amateur Featherweight Champion
1992 Qualified for the United States Olympic Team as a Featherweight, at the Olympic Trials in Worcester, Massachusetts. Results were:
Wayne Chandler won on points
Willie Jorrin won on points
Ivan Robinson won on points
Ivan Robinson won on points, this match was at the Box-Offs in Phoenix, Arizona.
Competed at the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games as a Featherweight. Result was:
Ramazan Palyani (Russia/Unified Team) lost on points (4-8)
1993 United States Amateur Featherweight Champion
1993 competed as a Featherweight at the World Championships in Tampere, Finland. Results were:
Paul Griffin (Ireland) won on points
Ramazan Palyani (Georgia) lost on points

Professional career
Wheeler turned pro in 1993 and had some good success.

NABF Super Featherweight title
After winning his first 11 bouts, he lost to Mexican American Robert Garcia for the NABF Super Featherweight title in 1995.

His career went downhill shortly thereafter and he suffered defeats to Juan Manuel Márquez, Jorge Páez (twice), and Juan Lazcano.

IBC Light Welterweight title
In December 1998, Wheeler beat an undefeated Victor McKinnis to win the IBC Light Welterweight title.

He retired in 2002 after losing a close decision to Leavander Johnson in an IBF Lightweight Title Eliminator.

References

External links

1965 births
Living people
Boxers from Virginia
Featherweight boxers
Boxers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers for the United States
Sportspeople from Virginia Beach, Virginia
Welterweight boxers
Light-welterweight boxers
Lightweight boxers
Super-featherweight boxers
American male boxers
African-American boxers
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople


Ilulu or Elulu, according to the Sumerian King List, was one of four rivals (the others being Igigi, Imi, and Nanum) vying to be king of the Akkadian Empire during a three-year period following the death of Shar-kali-sharri. This chaotic period came to an end when Dudu consolidated his power over the realm.

While there is virtually no surviving evidence dating from this short timespan, thought to correspond with the first Gutian inroads into Akkadian territory, it has been suggested that this Ilulu is to be identified as the same as the Gutian king Elulmesh, also known from the kinglist.

Notes

See also
History of Mesopotamia
List of Mesopotamian dynasties

22nd-century BC kings of Akkad
Akkadian people


The following is a list of French wines that were entitled to use the designation Vin Délimité de Qualité Supérieure (VDQS) on their label, which was the second highest category out of four.

The VDQS category was abolished by December 31, 2011, when the number of categories for French wine were reduced four to three as part of a general overhaul of the European Union-wide classification of wine. Then-existing VDQS wines were either promoted to AOC/AOP status or demoted to Vin de pays/IGP status.

Classification sorted in VDQS / region

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
|----- bgcolor="#CCDDEE"
! VDQS
! Wine region
! Comments
|----- bgcolor="#DDEEFF"
| Châteaumeillant || Loire || VDQS in 1965, aims for AOC status
|----- bgcolor="#DDEEFF"
| Coteaux d'Ancenis || Loire || VDQS in 1973, aims for AOC status
|----- bgcolor="#DDEEFF"
| Coteaux du Quercy || South West France || VDQS in 1999, aims for AOC status
|----- bgcolor="#DDEEFF"
| Côtes d'Auvergne || Loire  || VDQS in 1977, aims for AOC status
|----- bgcolor="#DDEEFF"
| Côtes de Millau || South West France || VDQS in 1994, aims for AOC status under the name Millau
|----- bgcolor="#DDEEFF"
| Côtes du Brulhois || South West France || VDQS in 1984, aims for AOC status under the name Brulhois
|----- bgcolor="#DDEEFF"
| Fiefs vendéens || Loire || VDQS in 1984
|----- bgcolor="#DDEEFF"
| Gros Plant du Pays nantais || Loire || VDQS in 1954, previously also written only as Gros Plant. Aims either for IGP or AOC status.
|----- bgcolor="#DDEEFF"
| Haut Poitou || Loire || VDQS in 1970, aims for AOC status
|----- bgcolor="#DDEEFF"
| Moselle || Lorraine || VDQS in 1951, aims for AOC status
|----- bgcolor="#DDEEFF"
| Saint-Mont || South West France || VDQS in 1981, could previously also be called Côtes de Saint-Mont, but Saint-Mont is the only name since 2007. Aims for AOC status.
|----- bgcolor="#DDEEFF"
| Saint-Sardos || South West France || VDQS in 2005, aims for AOC status
|----- bgcolor="#DDEEFF"
| Tursan || South West France || VDQS in 1958, aims for AOC status AOC status in 2011
|----- bgcolor="#DDEEFF"
| Vins du Thouarsais || Loire || VDQS in 1966, will not aim for AOC status and will presumably become part of a larger VDP/IGP designation.
|----- bgcolor="#DDEEFF"
| Vins d'Entraygues et du Fel || South West France || VDQS in 1965, aims for AOC status under the name Entraygues et Le Fel
|----- bgcolor="#DDEEFF"
| Vins d'Estaing || South West France || VDQS in 1965, aims for AOC status under the name Estaing
|----- bgcolor="#DDEEFF"
| Vins de Lavilledieu || South West France || VDQS in 1954, aims for AOC status under the name Lavilledieu
|----- bgcolor="#DDEEFF"
|}

Former VDQS wines elevated to full AOC status
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
|----- bgcolor="#CCDDEE"
! VDQS
! Wine region
! Comments
|-
| Béarn || South West France || VDQS in 1951, AOC in 1975
|-
| Bugey || Bugey || VDQS in 1958, AOC in 2009
|-
| Cabardès or Côtes du Cabardès et de l'Orbiel || Languedoc || AOC in 1999 under the sole name Cabardès
|-
| Cheverny || Loire || VDQS in 1973, AOC in 1993
|-
| Costières du Gard || Languedoc || AOC in 1986, renamed to Costières de Nîmes in 1989, and in 2004 reassigned to the Rhône region
|-
| Coteaux d'Ajaccio || Corsica || VDQS in 1971, AOC in 1976 as part of Corse or Vin du Corse, separate AOC in 1984
|-
| Coteaux du Giennois || Loire || VDQS 1954, AOC in 1998
|-
| Coteaux du Lyonnais || Lyonnais || VDQS in 1952 (could also be called Vins du Lyonnais), AOC in 1984
|-
| Coteaux du Vendômois || Loire || VDQS in 1968, AOC in 2001
|-
| Côtes de Buzet || South West France || VDQS in 1953, AOC in 1973, renamed to Buzet in 1986
|-
| Côtes du Forez || Burgundy || AOC in 2000
|-
| Côtes du Marmandais || South West France || VDQS in 1975, AOC in 1990
|-
| Côtes de la Malepère || Languedoc || VDQS in 1983, AOC in 2007
|-
| Côtes de Toul || Lorraine || AOC in 1998
|-
| Côtes du Vivarais || Rhône || VDQS in 1962, AOC in 1999
|-
| Orléans || Loire || Renamed from Vins de l'Orléanais to Orléans in 2002, AOC in 2006
|-
| Orléans-Cléry || Loire || Created in 2002, AOC in 2006
|-
| Patrimonio || Corsica || VDQS in 1968, AOC in 1976 as part of Corse or Vin du Corse, separate AOC in 1984
|-
| Roussette du Bugey || Bugey || VDQS in 1958, AOC in 2009
|-
| Saint-Pourçain || Loire || VDQS in 1951 under the name Vins de Saint-Pourçain sur Sioule, renamed to Saint-Pourçain in 1982, AOC in 2009
|-
| Sartène || Corsica || VDQS in 1968, could also be called Vin du Sartenais, AOC in 1976 as part of Corse or Vin du Corse
|-
| Sauvignon de Saint-Bris || Burgundy || AOC in 2003 under the name Saint-Bris
|-
| Valençay || Loire || VDQS in 1970, AOC in 2004
|-
| Vin de Marcillac || South West France || VDQS in 1965, AOC in 1990 under the name Marcillac
|}

See also
 French wine
 Vin Délimité de Qualité Supérieure
 List of Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée wines

References
 Arrêté du 19 juillet 2004 relatif à la composition des comités régionaux vins et eaux-de-vie de l'Institut national des appellations d'origine
 Europa.eu: Wine sector: List of quality wines produced in specified regions

French wine AOCs
Appellations


Gestalt et Jive were a multinational avant-rock group founded in West Germany in 1984 by multi-instrumentalist Alfred Harth, comprising Steve Beresford (UK), Anton Fier (US), Alfred Harth (FRG), Peter Hollinger (FRG), Ferdinand Richard (F) and Uwe Schmitt (FRG).

In 1980 Harth produced the LP Es herrscht Uhu im Land on JAPO/ECM with the idea of integrating punk rock, free jazz and classical music and followed this design throughout the 1980s in the groups Cassiber, Duck and Cover, Gestalt et Jive and Vladimir Estragon. During the years 1984 – 1988 Gestalt et Jive performed on many festivals including the Moers Festival, Jazz nad Odrą, Musique Action festival in Vendouvre-les Nancy and Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville in Canada.  After Beresford, Fier and Schmitt had left the group in 1985 Gestalt et Jive continued to work in trio with Harth, Hollinger and Richard.

Name
Gestalt et Jive 's name refers to the group concept of intensively improvise song forms and using postmodern strategies.  It also refers to the group's multinational origin.

Members
Steve Beresford – piano, farfisa organ, synth, guitar, vocals, trumpet, trombone
Anton Fier – drums, Simmons Drums
Alfred Harth - tenor saxophone, alto saxophone, clarinet, bass clarinet, trumpet, trombone, mouthpieces, vocals
Peter Hollinger – drums, objects
Ferdinand Richard - bass guitar, six string alto guitar
Uwe Schmitt – drums

Discography
 Nouvelle Cuisine  with Steve Beresford, Anton Fier, Alfred Harth, Ferdinand Richard,Uwe Schmitt (LP, Moers Music, 1985)
 Gestalt et Jive  with Alfred Harth, Ferdinand Richard, Peter Hollinger (LP, Creative Works Records, 1986)
Neowise with Alfred Harth, Ferdinand Richard, Peter Hollinger, Steve Beresford, Al Maslakh, Lebanon 2020

References
Christoph Wagner: Brüche und Kontinuität, Alfred 23 Harth, in “Neue Zeitschrift für Musik”, Schott Music, Mainz, Germany, 6/2007
Christoph Wagner: Steve Beresford in “Neue Zeitschrift für Musik”, Schott Music, Mainz, Germany, 2007
Jürgen Schwab: Der Frankfurt-Sound. Eine Stadt und ihre Jazzgeschichte(n). Frankfurt/Main: Societäts-Verlag, 2005, with 2 CDs,
Repecaud, Dominique.  Musique Action.  Vandoeuvre, France: CCAM, 1993.
Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville in Canada

External links
Massimo Ricci's review on Nouvelle Cuisine
Massimo Ricci's review on Gestalt et Jive trio

German progressive rock groups
Musical groups established in 1984
Moers Music artists


Kerria lacca is a species of insect in the family Kerriidae, the lac insects. These are in the superfamily Coccoidea, the scale insects. This species is perhaps the most commercially important lac insect, being a main source of lac, a resin which can be refined into shellac and other products. This insect is native to Asia.

Biology
Kerria lacca produces a dye and a wax as natural secretions. The life cycle of this scale insect proceeds with the first instar of the larval stages, which are known as "crawlers". Larvae in this stage crawl along the branches of their host plants and feed on the phloem. As they pierce the branches to reach the phloem, they cover the holes with their wax secretions.

More than 400 host plants have been noted. Three are used for the majority of commercial cultivation of the insect: palas (Butea monosperma), kusum (Schleichera oleosa), and ber (Ziziphus mauritiana).

There are at least two strains of the insect that are characterized by aspects of their life cycle and their host plant preferences.

Ecology
Natural predators of this species include several parasitoids, such as the parasitoid wasps Tachardiaephagus tachardiae and Coccophagus tschirchii. Predators include the moths Eublemma roseonivia and Holcocera pulverea. These moths can interfere with lac cultivation in India.

These insects, as well as many types of fungal pathogens, form an ecological web that is important to local biodiversity.

Kerria lacca has been reported as a pest insect. It is reared on ber trees (Ziziphus mauritiana), but these trees are also cultivated for fruit, the Indian jujube. K. lacca sometimes invades Indian jujube orchards and degrades the fruit crop.

Economy
Millions of people are engaged in the farming of lac insects. At least half of lac production occurs in India, where about 20,000 metric tons of raw lac are produced annually. It is a versatile product used in a wide array of applications, and demand for it in many industries provides economic resources that filter down to rural tribes. In Vietnam, the introduction of K. lacca cultivation has brought economic recovery to impoverished mountain villages and has helped to revegetate deforested hillsides. Demand, while still strong, is shrinking over time, reducing the economic viability of lac growing.

This species is also one of several similar insects used to produce a strong red dye historically used to color wool and silk. The dye originates in the hemolymph of the insect; the fluid analogous to blood.

While K. lacca is the most commonly cultivated species in many areas, the related K. yunnanensis is the most widely used species in China.

Lac dye
Lac insects showing diverse body colours have been reported, they may show crimson or yellow body colours. Colour difference in lac insect is inherited as a unit character and crimson is dominant to yellow. Wild type insect possesses crimson body colour due to the presence of a complex closely resembling water-soluble polyhydroxy-anthraquinones, collectively called lac dye. Apart from their usage in food and cosmetics, these anthraquinones also exhibit many pharmaceutical properties, including antibiotic, antiviral, antifeedant effect. A recent study has shown that the anthraquinone component of lac dye also possess antineoplastic or anticancer effects.

It is proposed that lac insects employ polyketide pathway catalysed by polyketide synthase to produce laccaic acid D, a common precursor molecule for the biosynthesis of other lac dye constituents.

Lac resin

Lac is the only commercial resin of animal origin and is a natural polymer. It is made up of hydroxy fatty acids, principally aleuritic acid (9,10,16-trihydroxyhexadecanoic acid), and hydroxy sesquiterpenic acids. A recent study  proposes the possible biosynthetic pathway for the constituents of lac resin which identifies acetyl-CoA as a common precursor molecule and the role of prenyltransferases in the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes along with cytochrome P450 enzyme.

References

External links

Kerriidae
Insects described in 1782
Hemiptera of Asia


The OMS (, otdel mezhdunarodnoy svyazi or ), also known in English as the International Liaison Department (1921–1939), was "the most secret department" of the Executive Committee of the Communist International. It has also been translated as the Illegal Liaison Section and Foreign Liaison Department.

Operations
In 1939, Soviet intelligence defector Walter Krivitsky described the OMS as "a worldwide network of permanently stationed agents." Moreover, "These OMS representatives hold the whip over the leaders of the Communist Party in the country where they are stationed... The most delicate job entrusted to OMS resident agents is the distribution of money to finance the Communist Parties."

In 1999, the historian Raymond W. Leonard stated, "Through the auspices of the Comintern and the OMS, foreign communist parties provided a ready-made source of ideologically dedicated agents." He also speculated that the Intelligence Section "was probably the organization required by the OMS to be present in every Communist party of liaison work with the Red Army."

In 2002, historian David McKnight stated: The most intense practical application of the conspiratorial work of the Comintern was carried out by its international liaison service, the OMS. This body undertook clandestine courier activities and work which supported underground political activities. These included the transport of money and letters, the manufacture of passports and other false documents and technical support to underground parties, such as managing "safe houses" and establishing businesses overseas as cover activities. In 2007, historian Nigel West provided perhaps the longest single description of the OMS in English in his book Mask.

In 2011, historian Thomas L. Sakmyster stated: The OMS was the Comintern's department for the coordination of subversive and conspiratorial activities. Some of its functions overlapped with those of the main Soviet intelligence agencies, the OGPU and the GRU, whose agents sometimes were assigned to the Comintern. But the OMS maintained its own set of operations and had its own representative on the central committees of each Communist party abroad. In 2014, Soviet expert Boris Volodarsky called the OMS a "little known intelligence service" and referred to it as the "intelligence branch of the Comintern," preceded by the Sluzhba Svyazi or "Communication Service."

Most sources agree that the OMS "acted as an adjunct between the two main Soviet intelligence services."

Milder descriptions exist:  "The OMS... arranged for financial support of parties abroad, transmitted instructions, prepared papers, took care of visiting Communist leaders quartered in Moscow's Hotel Lux..."

Radio communications formed part of OMS services, headed by David Glazer.

The falsification (not manufacture) of passports was a major function of the OMS. American passports were a particular favorite.

The OMS had its own cryptography and served as the Comintern's logistical organization.

Major locations
The OMS's international headquarters resided in Berlin. Its address was 131-132 Wilhelmstrasse in the offices of Führer Verlag.

The OMS's training school lay in Kuntsevo near Moscow, with additional training available in Berlin. Other sources call it the Lenin School.

History
It was founded at the Third Congress of the Comintern in July 1921. It mission was to provide support, guidance, and funding to communist parties outside Russia.

In 1923, the OMS received direction from the "Illegal Commission," headed by Mikhail Trilisser and two others.

In 1924, direction of the OMS transferred to the GRU and the OGPU.

The historian Raymond W. Leonard noted, "Between 1919 and 1922, people frequently moved back and forth between the Razvedupr and Comintern... For the rest of the interwar period, the Red Army used the Comintern, especially the OMS, primarily for agent support and as a source of recruits for its own purposes... After 1927, agents of the OMS usually acted as liaisons between the Comintern and Red Army Intelligence."

Two international raids led the OMS to distance itself from Soviet diplomatic missions. In April 1927, the Chinese police raided the Soviet military attache's office in Beijing. In May 1927, Scotland Yard raided ARCOS in London.

In the 1930s, the OMS moved increasingly toward intelligence operations. It began to fold into the OGPU in 1935 or 1937 with Trilisser's appointment. During 1937–1939, the OMS received blame as a center of counter-revolutionary activity, by which time it was "totally liquidated." Leon Trotsky noted these developments in his writings.

Personnel
The first head of the OMS was the Latvian functionary Dāvids Beika. Beika was replaced by Osip Piatnitsky. In Krivitsky's assessment, this role made Piatnitsky effectively "Finance Minister and Director of Personnel" of the Comintern.  Piatnitsky was purged in 1938.  Mikhail Trilisser was Piatnitsky's deputy.  Trilisser (as "Moskvin") succeeded Piatnitsky to head the OMS in 1937.

The OMS's representative on the Executive Committee of the Communist International (ECCI) was Jacob Mirov-Abramov, also called "chief of OMS for Europe." In 1935, Berthe Zimmermann (1902–1937), wife of Fritz Platten of Switzerland, worked for the OMS in Moscow in 1935 as head of the courier section at OMS headquarters.

In Germany, the head was Mirov-Abramov. (Krivitsky stated that Mirov-Abramove, "whom I knew for many years," was stationed there 1921–1930). Next was Hans Kippenberger (also known as "Leo" and "Alfred Langer") in the mid-1920s, a protegee of Walter Krivitsky and of Fyodor Raskolnikov's wife Larisa Reisner. Succeeding him was Fritz Burde, under whom served future author Arthur Koestler.  In 1925, Richard Sorge became an OMS officer in Germany, "charged with establishing Comintern intelligence networks." Leo Flieg was the last OMS head in Germany before the Nazi electoral victory in 1933. Propagandist Willi Muenzenberg was "set up with OMS funds."

In France, the head was Henry Robinson, director of French Communist Party intelligence department and the OMS in Western Europe.

In Austria, an early head was Jakob Rudnik; by 1929, Arnold Deutsch was a member there.  Deutsch traveled to Romania, Greece, British Palestine, and French Syria for the OMS. While in Austria, Kim Philby may have served as an OMS courier.

In Denmark, an OMS agent was Richard Jensen, supported by George Mink (also known to Whittaker Chambers in New York City).

In the Netherlands, the head was Henk Sneevliet.

In the UK, an OMS agent trained in radio and photography was Kitty Harris, some time mistress of Earl Browder; she handled Donald Maclean.

In China, the head was "a Russian comrade who passed himself off as an emigre" and was a friend of Arthur Ewert. In 1931, when Sorge arrived in Shanghai, OMS agents Agnes Smedley and Ruth Werner supported him. The arrest of Joseph Ducroux in 1931 in Shanghai hurt the position of the OMS globally. The "Noulens Affairs" over OMS spy Jakob Rudnik in the same year further undermined the OMS's stance. (In his memoir, Whittaker Chambers refers to the "Noulens Affair" as the "Robinson-Rubens Case".)

In Turkey, the head in the early 1920s was Mikhail Trilisser.

In the United States, the head of the OMS was Alexander Borisovich Epstein, who arrived there in 1921 and stayed through most of the decade. (Epstein was implicated later in the death of Juliet Stuart Poyntz.) The head was Solomon Vladimirovich Mikhelson-Manuilov, also known as "Black", from 1933 to 1938. Over the same period, CPUSA general secretary Earl Browder made J. Peters its OMS counterpart. Peters sought to develop a homegrown "illegal apparatus," which grew to include the Ware Group, whose best known members were Whittaker Chambers and Alger Hiss. In 1935, Peters penned The Communist Party:  A Manual on Organization, which includes the following: The Communist Party puts the interest of the working class and the Party above everything. The Party subordinates all forms of Party organization to these interests. From this it follows that one form of organization is suitable for legal existence of the Party, and another for the conditions of underground, illegal existence...

Directors
 David Samuilovich Beika (1920–1921)
 Osip Aronovich Pyatnitsky (1921–1922)
 Petr Aleksandrovich Wompe (1922–1925)
 Alexander Emelyanovich Abramovich (1925–1926)
 Alexander Lazarevich Abramov-Mirov (1926–1935)
 Boris Nikolaevich Melnikov (1935–1937)
 Konstantin Petrovich Sukharev (1937–1943)

Mentions
In her book, KPD co-founder Ruth Fischer says that the OMS group sent to Germany in 1923 "can well be compared with the International Brigade in Spain thirteen years later."

In his memoir (published posthumously in 1951 in French), Victor Serge (1890–1947) mentions that the OMS had failed to mention his child when entering details onto (false) Belgian passports.

In her book Before and After Stalin, Aino Kuusinen, wife of Otto Wille Kuusinen, calls the OMS "the brain and the inner sanctum of the Comintern."

Research
Historian McKnight has noted, "Unlike other Comintern files, those about the OMS are still generally withheld from scholarly research."

See also
 Osip Piatnitsky
 Communist International
 Cheka
 INO, ИНО, Иностранный отдел, First Chief Directorate of the KGB
 GRU
 Fifth column

References

1937 disestablishments
Comintern
Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
History of socialism
Military intelligence agencies
National security institutions
Organizations established in 1921
Signals intelligence agencies
Soviet intelligence agencies
Politics of the Soviet Union


This is a global list of largest technology companies by revenue, according to the Fortune Global 500. It shows companies identified by Fortune as being in the technology sector, ranked by total annual revenue. Other metrics not shown here, in particular market capitalization, are often used alternatively to define the size of a company.

The list includes companies whose primary business activities are associated with the technology industry, which includes computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors,  telecom equipment, e-commerce and computer services. Note: This list shows only companies with annual revenues exceeding US$50 billion.

Legend

2023 list
Companies are ranked by total revenues for their respective fiscal years ended on or before March 31, 2021. All data in the table is taken from the Fortune Global 500 list of technology sector companies for 2021 unless otherwise specified.

As of 2021, Fortune lists Amazon (revenue of $386.064 billion) in the retailing sector rather than the technology sector. Similarly, Jingdong ($108.087 billion) and Alibaba ($105.865 billion) are also listed in the retailing sector.

2020 list
Companies are ranked by total revenues for their respective fiscal years ended on or before March 31, 2020. All data in the table is taken from the Fortune Global 500 list of technology sector companies for 2020 unless otherwise specified.

As of 2020, Fortune lists Amazon (revenue of $280.522 billion) in the retailing sector rather than the technology sector.

2019 list
Companies are ranked by total revenues for their respective fiscal years ended on or before March 31, 2019. All data in the table is taken from the Fortune Global 500 list of technology sector companies for 2019 unless otherwise specified.

As of 2019, Fortune lists Amazon (revenue of $232.887 billion) in the retailing sector rather than the technology sector.

2018 list
Ranked by total revenues for respective fiscal years ended on or before March 31, 2018.

See also
 List of largest Internet companies
 List of the largest software companies
 List of largest manufacturing companies by revenue
 List of largest companies by revenue
 List of largest United States–based employers globally
 List of largest employers

References

External links
 Fortune Global 500

Technology Companies
Economy-related lists of superlatives
Revenue


Dame Gertrude More (born as Helen More; 25 March 1606 - 17 August 1633) was a nun of the English Benedictine Congregation, a writer and chief founder of the abbey at Cambrai which became Stanbrook Abbey.

Life
More was born in Low Leyton in Essex.  Her father, Cresacre More, was great-grandson of Thomas More; her mother, Elizabeth Gage, was sister of Sir John Gage, 1st Baronet of Firle, Sussex, Lord Chamberlain to Queen Mary. Her mother died in 1611 and Helen's father, who had trained to be a monk, became responsible for her care and education. Dom Benet Jones, a Benedictine monk, encouraged her to join his projected religious foundation, , in Cambrai. She was the first of nine postulants admitted to the order on 31 December 1623. Helen More came under the prescriptive influence of the Benedictine Augustine Baker and took the religious name of Gertrude. She brought to the new organisation her lineage as the great-great-granddaughter of the Catholic martyr Thomas More, her education and a large dowry from her father that would fund the convent's creation.

Catherine Gascoigne, one of her peers, was chosen ahead of her by the authorities in Rome as abbess in 1629 because she was older. Gascoigne was more welcoming of Baker's advice. Sister More opposed Baker's approach but eventually gave into his ways - which included writing good books.

Her writing was heavily influenced by the christian mystics such as Julian of Norwich and Teresa of Avila and other spiritual writers and she contributed to the effort to publish their work.

The row at Cumbrai continued and Baker was recalled to Douai. Before the row was settled Gertrude died at Cambrai, from smallpox, aged 27.

Posthumous
Some papers found after her death and arranged by Father Baker, were afterwards published in two separate works: one entitled The Holy Practices of a Divine Lover, or the Sainctly Ideot's Devotions (Paris, 1657); the other, Confessiones Amantis, or Spiritual Exercises, or Ideot's Devotions, to which was prefixed her Apology, for herself and for her spiritual guide (Paris, 1658).

References

External links
 Archive of Gertrude More's writings
 Catholic Encyclopaedia
 Biodata

1606 births
1633 deaths
17th-century Christian mystics
Deaths from smallpox
People from Leyton
Benedictine nuns
17th-century English Roman Catholic nuns
Roman Catholic mystics


The David Rittenhouse Laboratory (DRL) is an academic and research building at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.  The building is named for David Rittenhouse, a notable American astronomer and Penn professor of the 18th century and the president of the American Philosophical Society.

DRL is the home of two departments of the University of Pennsylvania: the Physics and Astronomy Department and the Mathematics Department. Many other disciplines also hold classes in the building due to its ample lecture space. Because of this, the building is one of the most heavily used at the university. There is also an observatory on the roof that is accessible to astronomy students.

The three-story portion of the building was constructed in 1954. The four-story addition was built in 1967. Partial funding for the building came from the General Authority of Pennsylvania, which has a seal displayed on the first floor of the building. The architect for the original structure was James R. Edmonds, Jr. though the addition was designed by Van Alan. There are stylistic differences between the two parts of the structure – for example, the windows of the 1967 section on the Walnut Street facade are fashioned in the shape of the rounded-edge television monitors of the time.

In February 2019, a group of faculty, graduate students, post-doctoral fellows, and staff petitioned the administration to fix the recurring maintenance problems (e.g., ceiling leakages and poor temperature) that occur in the building.

References

External links
 Department of Mathematics, University of Pennsylvania
 Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania

University of Pennsylvania campus
School buildings completed in 1954
1954 establishments in Pennsylvania


Ellas Cantan Así is a compilation album by Mexican singer Alejandra Guzmán. It is the first album to include the song "Vive el Mundial" written by Mexican producer Aureo Baqueiro.

Track listing
Angeles Caídos — 5:10
Corazones Rotos (Edit) — 3:16
Cuenta Conmigo (Edit) — 3:26
Dime Adiós (Edit) — 2:56
Despertar — 4:52
Eternamente Bella (Edit) — 2:51
Guante de Seda — 3:33
Guera — 4:32
Hacer el Amor con Otro — 4:40
Te Esperaba — 3:56
Mala Hierba — 4:15
Mírala, Míralo — 4:03
No Hay Vacuna Contra el Amor — 3:11
Pasa la Vida — 3:38
Reina de Corazones (Edit) — 3:09
Toda la Mitad — 3:47
Vive el Mundial (Liguilla Mix) — 3:07
Set Acústico: Llama Por Favor/Rosas Rojas/Cuidado Con el Corazón — 6:25
Diablo — 3:25

2003 greatest hits albums
Alejandra Guzmán compilation albums


Jillian Susan Dobson (born 8 November 1977) is an American journalist and former beauty pageant titleholder.  She has been covering entertainment for the Associated Press since early 2016, and is a contributor for CBS's The Early Show and HLN. She also is a former television entertainment correspondent for the Fox News Channel.

Biography
Dobson received a B.A. in journalism summa cum laude from Troy University in 1998 and an M.A. in journalism from Michigan State University in 2001.  After graduation, she interned at Fox News in the Fall of 2001, starting on September 7, 2001 and interviewed rescue workers at Ground Zero in the September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001.

She won the Miss Michigan USA 2000 title in 1999 and competed in the Miss USA 2000 pageant, where she placed in the top ten.

Dobson began her career at WLNS (CBS) in Lansing, Michigan, where she was a General Assignment Reporter.  From June 2002 to 2004 Dobson worked for WWMT Channel 3 in Kalamazoo.  In 2004 she moved to New York where she found work as a correspondent, including News 12 Long Island.  She was also a freelance reporter for E! News in July 2004.  In June 2006, Dobson became News & Style Editor at Large, the television spokesperson, for Star magazine.

Dobson was hired for Fox News in July 2007 as an entertainment correspondent.  She was a regular correspondent on Fox's morning show Fox & Friends, as well as Fox News prime time talk programs, including Hannity and Colmes, Hannity, and the O'Reilly Factor, as well as other Fox shows including The Live Desk. She has also covered several red carpet events like the famed Oscars in Los Angeles. After the introduction of the Strategy Room web programing, she hosted the Monday through Friday "Entertainment Hour."   On July 16, 2010, Dobson's contract with Fox expired. Dobson cited Fox News's move away from entertainment reporting and the resulting declining amount of screen time as the reason she wanted to leave the network.  She continues to be a regular guest-panelist on Fox's late-night satire show Red Eye and guest-hosted the June 18, 2010 episode.
Dobson plays entertainment correspondent Madison Daly on the Onion News Network which premiered on January 21, 2011, at 9:00 p.m. CST on IFC.

Personal
Dobson has been married to William Morris agent Jim Ornstein since June 3, 2006.  On the June 3, 2011 episode of Red Eye, Dobson announced she was pregnant. In the summer on 2012, she gave birth to a healthy baby girl named Elle and has an -year-old boy named Shane.

References

External links
 The Jill Dobson Show
 Twitter feed
 Bio on FOXNews.com
  Bio on FOXNews.com

1977 births
American beauty pageant winners
American women television journalists
American television reporters and correspondents
Associated Press reporters
Entertainment journalists
Michigan State University alumni
Living people
Troy University alumni
Miss USA 2000 delegates
Journalists from Michigan
People from Quincy, Michigan
20th-century American people


The Dayton Hamvention is one of the two largest amateur radio convention (or hamfest) in the world. It is held each May in the Dayton, Ohio area and draws attendees from various parts of the world. Since 2017, it has been held at the Greene County Fairgrounds in Xenia, Ohio near Dayton. Prior to this it was held each May at the Hara Arena in Trotwood, Ohio.

The first Hamvention occurred on March 22, 1952 at the Biltmore Hotel in Dayton (QST March 1952).

Hara Arena had been the home of Dayton Hamvention since 1964.  The Hara Arena announced its closure in 2016 with the 2017 Hamvention being forced to move as a result.

The 2019 Hamvention drew 32,462 paid attendees over its three days, and offered a wide variety of activities for amateur radio enthusiasts, including:

 5 parallel tracks of forums, classes, and demonstrations covering all aspects of the hobby.
 6 buildings full of commercial exhibit space, where major amateur equipment manufacturers put their newly announced products on display and smaller companies and amateurs themselves opened booths to display their products including homebrew equipment.
 A large flea market area drawing buyers and sellers of radio parts, old equipment, accessories, and a wide range of other merchandise.
 Amateur radio license exams for newcomers as well as for hams who want to upgrade their current license levels.
 Over two dozen food and drink vendors, serving a wide range of breakfast and lunch specialties.
 Numerous affiliated events held by local hams after the gates have closed or at close by locations.

The 2020 Dayton Hamvention was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the first cancellation in the 68-year history of the event.

On January 11, 2021, Hamvention Organizers Dayton Amateur Radio Club (DARA) announced that the 2021 event had also been cancelled, citing delays in widespread availability of vaccines for the COVID-19 virus and the emergence of more communicable forms of the virus.

References

Amateur radio in the United States
Conventions in Ohio
Culture of Dayton, Ohio
Recurring events established in 1952
1952 establishments in Ohio


Nikolay Vasilyevich Komarov (; 1831 - after 1875) was a Russian junior commissioned officer (praporshchik) who is commonly considered to be the founder of the city of Vladivostok.

Little is known about Komarov's youth.  He was born in the village of Komarovo, Tobolsk Governorate (now part of Tyumen) into a family of government peasants and graduated from Omsk Army Commissioned Officers College, after which he was assigned to a company sent to the Far East to build new outposts.  In 1858, his company was quartered in Khabarovsk, in 1859—in Sofiysk, and in 1860—in Nikolayevsk-on-Amur.

On June 20 (July 2 Gregorian style), 1860, the military supply ship Manchzhur under the command of Captain-Lieutenant Alexey Shefner called at the Golden Horn Bay to establish an outpost called Vladivostok. Komarov with twenty-eight soldiers and two non-commissioned officers under his command started construction of military barracks, an officers' house, a kitchen, a warehouse, and a bathhouse.  This date is now considered the official date of Vladivostok's founding.  On the following day, Komarov was appointed a commanding officer of Vladivostok's garrison, but a year later was relieved from duty for theft and alcoholism (according to Major Khitrovo, who visited Vladivostok with inspections, Komarov often fraternized and drank with soldiers).  He was replaced by Yevgeny Burachok, an officer who had to disembark in Vladivostok from the clipper Razboynik for medical reasons.  Komarov was soon transferred to the Ussuri River.  He retired in 1875 in the rank of poruchik (First Lieutenant) (according to other sources—in the rank of Captain-Engineer).

A street in central Vladivostok (Komarovskaya St.) was named after Nikolay Komarov in 1860.  The street was renamed Borodinskaya and later—Geologov, but in 1985 it was again renamed after Komarov (Praporshchik Komarov St.).

References
Primorsky Public State Library. Primoriana, CD-ROM encyclopedia. 2001.  Entry on Nikolay Komarov.
 (Valery Markov.  Hello, Vladivostok!.  Far Eastern Book House, 1988.
От Иртыша до Золотого Рога. Штрихи к портрету прапорщика Комарова Николая Васильевича, ставшего первостроителем Владивостока

1831 births
Year of death unknown
People from Tyumen
People from Tyumensky Uyezd
Military personnel of the Russian Empire
19th-century military personnel from the Russian Empire
Military personnel from Vladivostok


Alex Gard (born Alexei Mikhailovich Kremkov, ; also tr. Kremkoff; June 17, 1898 – June 1, 1948) was a Russian American cartoonist. He was a regular cartoonist for newspapers, magazines and books, but is most well known for his celebrity caricatures at Sardi's restaurant in New York City.

Biography

He was born Alexei Mikhailovich Kremkov in Kazan, Russian Empire. He graduated from the naval academy in Saint Petersburg.

During World War I, he served in the Russian Navy on a destroyer.

Kremkov left Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution. He traveled east through China and Japan before reaching Egypt and finally France, where his name was romanised as Alexis Michel Kremkoff. In Nice, he drew cartoons for the magazine "Sur La Riviera" and then moved to Paris, where he drew cartoons for Le Matin, Fantasio, Sourire and others.

In 1924, he immigrated to New York City, where he began contributing to The New Yorker. He was a long-time contributor to the Sunday drama section of The New York Herald Tribune. He painted theater sets as well, including Nikita Baliyev's Die Fledermaus.

In 1926, he was hired to create caricatures of Broadway and other celebrities for the celebrity wall at Sardi's Restaurant in New York City. Owner Vincent Sardi and Gard drew up a contract which stated Gard would produce caricatures in exchange for one meal per day at the restaurant.

He was naturalized as a U.S. citizen in 1940 (under the name Alexis Gard Kremkoff). During World War II, Gard served in the United States Navy as a specialist first class.

Gard continued to draw caricatures in exchange for meals until his death, ultimately creating more than 700 pictures. Today, the caricatures are housed in the Billy Rose Theatre Division of the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.

Death

On June 1, 1948, Gard collapsed on Seventh Avenue and 41st Street. He died as he was being transported to Roosevelt Hospital.

A memorial service was held for Gard at the Russian Orthodox Christ the Saviour Church, followed by a funeral mass the next day. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

Collection
His collection includes about 700 drawings, which includes his caricatures of famous cultural figures, including actors and musicians Paul Ash, Edith Atwater,  Pearl Bailey, Eddie Cantor, Katharine Cornell, Ted Healy, Katharine Hepburn, Leslie Howard, Josephine Hull, Bert Lahr, and Ethel Merman; ballet dancers Irina Baronova, Richard Boleslavsky, Leon Danielian, David Lichine and Tatiana Riabouchinska; producer Winthrop Ames, and Met director Edward Robinson.

His collection is housed at the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts.

Published works
 Broadway Portraits by Samuel Marx (New York: Donald Flamm, 1929)
 Ballet Laughs (New York: The Greystone Press, 1941)
 Sailors in Boots (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1943)
 Getting Salty (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1944)
 Sick Bay (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1945)
 More Ballet Laughs (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1946)
 Stars Off Gard (New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1947)

Collection
His collection includes about 700 drawings, which includes his caricatures of famous cultural figures, including actors and musicians Paul Ash, Edith Atwater,  Pearl Bailey,
 List of caricatures at Sardi's restaurant

References

Further reading
 Vincent Sardi, Jr. with Thomas Edward West. Off the Wall at Sardi's (Applause Books, 1991)
 Vincent Sardi, Sr. with Richard Gehman. Sardi's: The Story of a Famous Restaurant (Henry Holt and Co., 1953)

External links

1898 births
1948 deaths
Russian caricaturists
Russian editorial cartoonists
Russian cartoonists
New-York Tribune people
Artists from Kazan
White Russian emigrants to France
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to France
Imperial Russian Navy personnel
United States Navy personnel of World War II
White Russian emigrants to the United States
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
United States Navy sailors


There are currently four business routes of Interstate 69 (I-69) in the US state of Michigan. Designated Business Loop Interstate 69 (BL I-69), they are all former routings of I-69's predecessor highways, US Highway 27 (US 27), M-78 or M-21, in whole or in part. The BL I-69 in Coldwater and the one in Charlotte were both parts of US 27 before the freeway bypassed those two cities in 1967 and the early 1970s, respectively. The BL I-69 through Lansing and East Lansing was previously part of M-78 and Temporary I-69 until it was redesignated in 1987. Before 1984, the loop in Port Huron was originally part of M-21 and was initially a business spur numbered Business Spur Interstate 69 (BS I-69). It was later redesignated when it was extended to run concurrently with that city's BL I-94 which was originally part of I-94's predecessor, US 25. Each business loop follows streets through each city's downtown areas and connects to I-69 on both ends, giving traffic a route through the downtown and back to the freeway.

Coldwater

Business Loop I-69 (BL I-69) is a business loop formed from part of the old US 27 and part of US 12 near and through Coldwater. At the southern end, it begins at exit 10 on I-69 where Fenn Road crosses the freeway. The business loop follows the two-lane Fenn Road west for about three-quarters of a mile (1.2 km), then curves north to merge with old US 27 (Angola Road). The highway runs northward through farmland south of Coldwater, and after approximately , it enters the city limit at Garfield Road. Once in Coldwater, the business loop follows Clay Street through residential neighborhoods. After another half mile (0.8 km), the highway reaches a fork where Clay Street continues due north and Division Street branches to the northeast; BL I-69 follows the four-lane Division Street for about another mile (1.6 km) to the main intersection in the city known locally as "the Four Corners." This intersection is where old US 27 intersects US 12 (Chicago Street). BL I-69 turns eastward along the four-lane US 12 and continues from the Four Corners back to I-69 at exit 13.

In 1919, the Michigan State Highway Department (MSHD) signposted the highway system for the first time, and the future US 27 corridor through Coldwater was part of the original M-29. On November 11, 1926, the United States Numbered Highway System was approved by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO), and the new US 27 replaced M-29 in the area. In September 1967, the freeway bypassing Coldwater opened. At the same time, the old route through the city was redesignated as BL I-69.

Major intersections

Charlotte

Business Loop I-69 (BL I-69) is a business loop that took over the Business US 27 (Bus. US 27) route inside Charlotte. It is a surface street for the nearly  of the loop. The trunkline starts just outside the city of Charlotte at exit 57 and follows Cochran Road The loop travels due north through rural areas south of town along a two-lane road. North of a crossing of the Battle Creek River, Cochrane Road widens to include a center turn lane. About  north of the starting point, BL I-69 begins a   concurrency with M-50 at Shepherd Street. North of Warren Avenue, BL I-69/M-50 widens to four lanes, two in each direction. The concurrency ends at Lawrence Avenue; M-50 continues north, and the business loop heads east on Lawrence Avenue for a few blocks. That intersection also marks the eastern terminus of M-79. From that point, BL I-69 follows Lawrence Avenue and then veers northeast onto Lansing Street to complete its loop at exit 61.

In 1919, the MSHD signposted the highway system for the first time, and the future US 27 corridor through Charlotte was part of the original M-29. On November 11, 1926, the United States Numbered Highway System was approved by the AASHO and the new US 27 replaced M-29 through Coldwater. By the end of the next year, M-78 was extended from downtown Charlotte along US 27 to run northeasterly toward Lansing. The highway through downtown Charlotte was first designated Bus. US 27 after the 1961 completion of a non-freeway bypass, a two-lane, limited-access highway east of the city. At that point I-69 only existed in the southern parts of Michigan. That freeway was not extended up to the city when the southernmost segment of I-69 was completed in 1967.  By 1971, I-69 was completed to Charlotte and at the time US 27 was cosigned with I-69, the bypass being incorporated into I-69. For three years the business loop in Charlotte was not signed as BL I-69, but it was so designated in 1974 and Bus. US 27 was decommissioned in and near Charlotte.

Major intersections

Lansing

Business Loop I-69, or BL I-69, is a business loop in the Lansing area. It is the longest business route in the state of Michigan at a length of over . Beginning at exit 93 on I-96/I-69 in Eaton County west of the city, the business loop runs concurrently with M-43 east along Saginaw Highway. The roadway has five total lanes, two in each direction separated by a center turn lane, as it travels through commercial areas in Delta Township and past the Lansing Mall. BL I-69/M-43 continues east on Saginaw Highway and crosses into Ingham County at Waverly Road. From the county line eastward, the highway is known as Saginaw Street, and it passes through residential neighborhoods. Within the city of Lansing, BL I-69 utilizes a one-way pair of three-to-four-lane streets: Saginaw Street eastbound and Oakland Street westbound. One block separates the two directions of BL I-69/M-43 until the intersection with Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard near the St. Lawrence Campus of the Sparrow Hospital; east of this intersection two blocks separate the two directions of the highway. The business loop crosses the Grand River in downtown Lansing near the campus of Lansing Community College north of the Michigan State Capitol.

On the eastern side of the river just north of Cooley Law School Stadium, BL I-69/M-43 intersects the one-way pair of Cedar and Larch streets that carries the two directions of BL I-96. BL I-69/M-43 continues through residential areas east of the other business loop. Near Marshall Park between Maryland Avenue and Marshall Street, Oakland Avenue ends and Grand River Avenue takes over for the westbound direction of BL I-69/M-43. Further east near the interchange with US 127, Grand River Avenue and Saginaw Street cross each other. M-43 departs to the southeast via Grand River Avenue while BL I-69 turns northeasterly via the four-lane Saginaw Street. East of this intersection, BL I-69 crosses into East Lansing and runs through residential areas on the north side of the city. The roadway turns due east at Abbot Road. At an intersection with Haslett Road, Saginaw Street widens into a four-lane  divided highway with a grassy median. Along this section, it resumes the Saginaw Highway name and turns northeasterly again, crossing into Meridian Township. The major intersections along Saginaw Highway have Michigan left turns as well. Before the business loop ends, it crosses into Clinton County. The eastern end of BL I-69 is located at exit 94 on I-69 in Bath Township.

In 1919, the MSHD signposted the highway system for the first time, and the east–west highways through Lansing were part of the original M-29 through downtown and the original M-39 north of downtown. The north–south highway in Lansing was the original M-14. On November 11, 1926, the United States Numbered Highway System was approved by the AASHO, and the new US 27 replaced M-29 and M-14 in the area. By the end of the next year, M-78 was extended from Charlotte along US 27 to through downtown Lansing. M-78 separated from US 27 in downtown Lansing and continued northeasterly through the northern part of East Lansing. M-39 was replaced with an extended M-43 in 1938.

As the freeways in the Lansing area were completed in the 1960s through the 1980s, the highways through downtown changed designations. The section of I-96 west of Lansing opened in December 1962. In 1973, M-78 was converted to a freeway near the Flint area, and from Olivet southwest of Lansing to the new freeway, the old highway was redesignated Temporary I-69 (Temp. I-69). Additional segments of I-69 north of Lansing were finished in 1984 and 1987. I-69 was routed over I-96 and the new freeway north of Lansing, and the business loop was designated along M-43 and the former Temp. I-69 in 1987 after that second segment opened.

Major intersections

Port Huron

Business Loop I-69 (BL I-69) is a business loop running through downtown Port Huron. The first mile or so (1.7 km) of BL I-69 runs southeasterly from I-69 at the interchange where it meets I-94. The business loop follows a four-lane freeway until the intersection with 32nd Street. A bit further east, it turns due east–west into a one-way pair of three-lane surface streets, eastbound along Oak Street and westbound along Griswold Street, that run through residential areas on the west and south sides of Port Huron. East of 23rd Street. the two halves of BL I-69 narrow to two lanes each. In downtown Port Huron, BL I-69 turns northerly running concurrently with BL I-94 on four-lane Military Avenue parallel to the St. Clair River. North of the crossing of the Black River, BL I-69/BL I-94 continues northward on Huron Avenue through downtown. At the intersection with Glenwood Avenue, the business loop turns northwesterly onto Pine Grove Avenue through residential areas on the north side of the city. The street is five lanes, two in each direction with a center turn lane, and passes under the I-94/I-69 freeway at the toll and customs plazas for the Blue Water Bridge; north of the freeway, there is a ramp to connect to the eastbound direction of the freeway and the bridge. The business loop continues along Pine Grove Avenue, intersecting the southern end of M-25 at Hancock Street. At that intersection, the business loop turns westward for a block. It then turns south along the connector to terminate at westbound I-94/I-69 west of the Blue Water Bridge toll plaza.

In 1919, the MSHD signposted the highway system for the first time, and the east–west highway through Port Huron was part of the original M-19, and the north–south highway was part of the original M-27. M-21 was extended over M-19 into Port Huron by 1924. On November 11, 1926, the United States Numbered Highway System was approved by the AASHO, and the new US 25 replaced M-27 in the area. In 1964, a section of I-94 in the Port Huron area was completed. The former route of US 25 through downtown was redesignated Bus. US 25 when the main highway was shifted out to the freeway. The first freeway segment of M-21 was built into the Port Huron area in 1966; the freeway directly tied into the western end of the old route into downtown. In 1973, US 25 was decommissioned in the state, and the former Bus. US 25 was renumbered BL I-94. The remaining segment of freeway along the M-21 corridor opened in 1984 as I-69; after this freeway opened, M-21 was shortened to Flint, and the former M-21 in Port Huron became Business Spur I-69. To connect back to I-69, the business route was extended northward along BL I-94 when that highway was designated through downtown in 1986.

Major intersections

See also

Notes

References

External links

BL I-69 in Coldwater at Michigan Highways

BL I-69 in Charlotte at Michigan Highways

BL I-69 in Lansing at Michigan Highways

BL I-69 in Port Huron at Michigan Highways

Interstate 69
69 Business
69 Business