A large-format slide projector (also often called large-format projector or large-image projector) is a kind of slide projector for large image projection which has a very powerful light source (up to 12 thousand watts using arc lamps). Therefore, it is necessary to use a large slide format to protect the slide material from overheating during the projection process (even when the light is filtered to only visible light and the slide is cooled with strong slide cooling fans). Slide formats include 18 × 18 cm (7.1 × 7.1") or 24 × 24 cm (9.4 ×  9.4").

Projection art
These formats are so large that it is possible to project slides painted with heat resistant translucent colours as a special kind of art (projection art). The light output of the projector is so enormous that it is possible to cover whole buildings with an artistic cover of light.

History

The first large-format slide projectors were built in the middle of the 20th century as background projectors for theaters and opera houses. The artists Günther Schneider-Siemssen, and Professor Svoboda used the large format slide projectors as stage projectors in their artwork. In good cooperation with the technician  Ing. Ludwig Pani, they realized the first large format projections as an integrated part of their artwork.

Manufacturers
Large scale image projectors have been pioneered by manufacturers Pani, Hardware Xenon and PIGI. These projectors are usually described as scenic projectors, and project light through photographic or inkjet media, unlike video projectors that reflect light off of LCD or DMD (digital micro mirror, sometimes referred to as DLP) devices. Despite advancements in video technology, still image projectors are still capable of many times the luminous output of video projection devices. Scenic projectors sometimes utilize roll based projection media, which allows quick access to hundreds of images and the creation of scrolling imagery, as well as rotating imagery.

The most powerful image projectors in the world are built by the company XL Productions. These one of a kind image projectors utilize large format lenses  to achieve image sizes and brightness levels beyond that which is capable with commercially available projectors. XL Productions has presented imagery for events like the Olympics, the Super Bowl and other special productions. In 2000, XL Productions achieved projected image sizes as much as one mile across on Sugarloaf Mountain in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

See also
Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamp

References

Slide projectors


The Parachute Men were a British indie pop/indie rock band from Leeds, England, formed in 1985. They released two albums and several singles before splitting up in the early 1990s.

History
The Parachute Men formed in 1985, with a line-up of Fiona Gregg (vocals), Stephen H. Gregg (guitar), Andrew Howes (bass and keyboards), and Mark Boyce (drums and keyboards). After two years of gigging, the band were signed by large London indie label Fire Records in 1987. Their first release was a four-track EP with "Sometimes in Vain" as the lead track, in May 1988. This was followed in August of the same year by debut album The Innocents, which made the NME top 50 albums of that year. The album was followed with two singles, "If I Could Wear Your Jacket" (which author Mike Gayle has stated is one of his all-time favourite records) and "Bed and Breakfast". A further single, "Leeds Station" was released and also featured on the NME'''s Carry On Disarming video.

Howes and Boyce departed soon after, with Fiona and Stephen continuing as an acoustic duo until they recruited Matthew Parkin (bass) and Paul Walker (drums). 1990 saw the release of the second album, Earth, Dogs, and Eggshells, preceded by the single "Every Other Thursday" (a reference to signing on to the dole). The album was released over a year after it was recorded, losing much of the momentum the band had built up. The band line-up changed again, with Canadian Colleen Browne replacing Matthew Parkin. They eventually recruited a further bass player, Tony Hodges, but after playing just one gig, at Liverpool University, split in the early 1990s with no further releases.

Mark Boyce later turned up in the band The Durbervilles. Andrew Howes has recorded music for the netlabels Surrism-Phonoethics (Germany) and CJC/LEEP (France) and is a contributor to the quarterly surveys published by Classwar Karaoke (UK) under the name Kalistongue. Matthew Parkin went on to play with The Starlings, The Jesus and Mary Chain, The Mission, Miranda Sex Garden, and Silver Sun. Colleen Browne later joined Pale Saints, The Warm Jets, The Heart Throbs, and White Hotel. Stephen Gregg gained a PhD in English literature at the University of Leeds and is now a senior lecturer at Bath Spa University, specialising in eighteenth century literature.

Discography
AlbumsThe Innocents (1988) FireEarth, Dogs, and Eggshells'' (1990) Fire

Singles
"Sometimes in Vain" (1988) Fire (12" EP)
"If I Could Wear Your Jacket" (1988) Fire
"Leeds Station" (1989) Fire
"Bed and Breakfast" (1989) Fire
"Every Other Thursday" (1990) Fire

References

External links
The Parachute Men at TweeNet
"Leeds Station" on YouTube

Musical groups established in 1985
Indie rock groups from Leeds
1985 establishments in England
English indie pop groups


Queen's Pier, Ramsey is  long and was built for the Isle of Man Harbour Board for the sum of £40,752 (about £4.3 million in today's terms) by Head Wrightson of Stockton-on-Tees, England. The designer was Sir John Coode, who later became president of the Institution of Civil Engineers. Construction work began in 1882 and the pier was officially opened on 22 July 1886 by Rowley Hill, Bishop of Sodor and Man, though it had already been in use for about one year whilst being finished. The pier was originally intended as a landing stage to allow Steam Packet ships to pick up or discharge passengers when the tide was low. At low water spring tides one could expect about  at the pier head, enough for ships of about  in length to pick up their passengers.

Tramway

The builders installed a  tramway on the pier to help transport building materials to the end of the pier. The tramway was intended to be dismantled once the pier was completed. However, Sir John added some passing loops and some sidings, so that passenger baggage could be moved easily up and down the pier without passengers carrying it. The only problem was that the luggage wagons had to be pushed by hand. It was not until the 1900s that a passenger car was added so that passengers did not have to walk the , which was especially unpopular when it was windy and raining. As that also had to be pushed by hand, it was quicker to walk.

In the 1930s a locomotive powered by a Ford  engine was added: it travelled at just under . In the 1950s they added a Wickham railcar powered by a Ford  engine, which could reach speeds of , but they were never allowed to open the throttle up as the brakes were inadequate. A turning loop in the promenade road was added, making the tramway  long. Originally operated by two hand-propelled carts for carrying luggage, it was later operated by a Planet diesel locomotive and carriage, and later still by a railcar.

Closure
In 1970, the last steamer called at the Pier Head. Upon closing in June 1990 due to concerns about its safety, the rolling stock was removed to a small museum, apart from the long-disused luggage cart that remained on site. The "Planet" locomotive is preserved at Jurby Transport Museum.

Restoration
In 2015 the Ramsey Queen's Pier Restoration Trust (QPRT) started work with the Isle of Man Government to lease the pier. The harbour director had confirmed that a three-year lease was being drawn up to offer the pier at a peppercorn rent to the trust, who were beginning to raise funds to restore the first 50 m section. In March 2016, campaigners, who had been negotiating with the Manx government for a licence to access to the pier to carry out a survey of the structure, announced that they hoped to have the keys to the long-closed pier within two weeks. An initial three-year licence would enable a formally constituted trust to complete repairs to the first three bays, which would provide a better understanding of what the whole project would entail. On completion of this phase, it was intended that a 99-year lease would be granted to allow the remainder of the pier to be finished and brought back into public use. Local people were being urged to join the project group to help bring about the restoration. Ways of raising the cash needed for the restoration work were being explored, and a number of fund-raising events were being targeted. In May 2016, the gates of the 130-year-old Victorian pier were officially unlocked for the first time in 25 years when the government handed over the keys to the QPRT. It was estimated that full restoration could cost around £1.5 million. The pier would, however, remain closed to the general public. A QPRT spokesman said the next stage of their campaign would see a survey undertaken before a £60,000 project got underway to restore the first of 55 bays. In July 2017, the QPRT announced that work on the pier could begin after they signed a five-year lease with the Manx government. They plan to get the tramway up and running as soon as the pier refurbishment is completed.

The first three restored sections of the Queens Pier were reopened in July 2021. It was the result of four years' work by 20 QPRT volunteers, who hope to go on an restore bays four to eight—of 60 in total—in Phase two of the restoration. As part of the celebration, the tramway's original Hibberd locomotive and bogie carriage were loaned back to the pier by the Jurby Transport Museum. In October 2021, the Trust received a £50,000 lottery grant from the Dormant Assets Fund, which will enable the restoration to begin.

References

Piers in the Isle of Man


is a Japanese anime television series based on the Virtua Fighter series of video games made by Sega-AM2. Produced by TV Tokyo, Yomiko Advertising and TMS Entertainment, it was directed by Hideki Tonokatsu, with Tsutomu Kamishiro handling series scripts, Ryō Tanaka designing the characters, Satoshi Katō serving as sound director and Kaoru Ōhori composing the music. Targeted towards children aged 6 to 15 years old, the series originally aired on TV Tokyo from October 2, 1995 to June 27, 1996. The episodes take place before the first game in the series, and accordingly portray the characters as slightly younger than they are in the games.

A video game based on the series, Virtua Fighter Animation, was released in 1996.

Plot
The series follows Akira Yuki and his quest to see the eight stars of heaven after he had gotten overconfident in his Bajiquan skills from his days training with his grandfather. Initially traveling to figure out how to see those stars again, he learns that Sarah Bryant was kidnapped by robotics scientist Eva Durix as part of Eva's quest to create the "Perfect Soldier."

Akira joins up with other characters in his journey such as Pai Chan, Jacky Bryant, Lion Rafale, Kage-Maru and Shun Di to save Sarah.

Characters

Some of the following characters who appear in the show are based on those in Virtua Fighter and Virtua Fighter 2, while some were created solely for the show.

Unlike his video game counterpart, Akira enjoys overeating and slacking off. Akira fights only when he sees people getting into trouble, but often gets into minor problems, such as when he accidentally touches Sarah Bryant's breast or when he gives Pai Chan a kiss (which results in a beating).

Initially meeting with Akira after an encounter in the Los Angeles Chinatown district, she joins up with him so as to avoid being hunted down by renegade Koenkan fighters, her estranged father, Lau Chan and her supposed fiancée, Liu Kowloon. In the series, Pai gets along with Akira despite his everlasting appetite, then eventually develop feelings for him. According to her (unlike her video game counterpart), she learned Ensei-ken forcibly by her father when she was a little girl, rather than by his kind persuasion. Her mother, never shown in the games themselves, was instead shown in the anime, having died of an illness when she was little as opposed to Pai's mother dying when she was 16.

Pai's estranged father, Lau wanted her to marry Liu Kowloon so that there would be a successor to the Koenkan. He later helps Pai, Akira and the others to defeat Eva's Dural robot.

Like his game counterpart, Jacky still has the role of a known Formula One (in the game he is referred to be an IndyCar race driver). He travels along with his sister, Sarah Bryant and her pet flying squirrel in a RV whenever he is not doing any Formula One racing. Jacky tends to be protective of Sarah. There are suggestions throughout the series that he and Sarah belong to an American upper class family. (This was later ported into the games when Virtua Fighter 5 was released.)
First appears in Episode 3, "The Gorgeous Sibling Fighters"

Sarah is kind and gentle in the anime. She has a flying squirrel named Alexander for a pet and travels with Jacky Bryant in their RV. Whenever Jacky participates in any Formula One contest, Sarah helps out by doing racing queen duties. She is later kidnapped by Eva Durix to be used as a basis for creating a "Perfect Soldier", Dural. In the series, she has a crush on Akira but later has feelings for Kage.
First appears in Episode 3, "The Gorgeous Sibling Fighters"

Kage is first portrayed as a mercenary who kidnaps Sarah under the orders of Eva Durix and initially clashes with Akira. While Kage is with Sarah they begin to have feelings for each other. In the middle of the series, Kage decides to assist Akira, Pai and their allies after he had a case of guilty conscience over what he had done that resulted in the creation of Dural. He had also left his Hagakure clan village to hunt down Oni-Maru after most of his people had been massacred by him, who had wanted to kill Kage in order to gain the position as the head of the Hagakure clan.
First appears in Episode 5, "In Search of the Stars"

A wrestler that originally worked for Clive Maroni in a Casino.
First appears in Episode 13, "Arena of Darkness"

First appears in Episode 16, "The Sea Warrior"

A young teenage boy, the only son of a rather upper class French family. Like his counterpart in the games, he is a practitioner of Tourou-ken.
First appears in Episode 17, "Here Comes the Prince"

First appears in Episode 21, "A Wizard and a Master"

A rising martial arts practitioner in the Koenkan, he had plotted to use his upcoming marriage to Pai in order to become the next successor to Lau Chan as the next head of the Koenkan. Akira, Jacky and Sarah rescued Pai in Hong Kong, foiling his plot.

A former member of the Hagakure clan, he had been expelled by the village elders due to his plot to kill off Kage-Maru in order to become the clan's head. Enraged, Oni leaves to train himself and perfect his skills. He later orchestrates a massacre of his village kin, leading Kage to hunt him down in order to exact revenge for the deaths of the Hagakure clan.

 Voiced by: Kaneto Shiozawa
A monk that is a loyal follower and disciple of Oni-Maru. Although fighting at the side of the villains, Gaô has a mature, polite and respectful nature, and seems to follow a moral code of the fighter.

Nio Voiced by: Unknown
One of the Oni-Maru lackeys.

A robotics scientist who had wanted to create the "Perfect Soldier". She had assisted Liu in brainwashing Pai so as to "marry" her without any pressure. The brainwashing fails, and after Akira, Sarah and Jacky rescued Pai from Liu and the rest of the Koenkan, Eva seeks the backing of the Rafale Corporation. She employed the mercenary ninja Kage-Maru to kidnap Sarah to use her for the basis of Dural.
First appears in Episode 5, "In Search of the Stars"

Dural's origins are very different here from in the game versions; it had been created by robotics scientist Eva Durix through the backing of the Koenkan and later, the Rafale Corporation after Eva had a fallout with the Koenkan.

Episode list

Licensing
Virtua Fighter had been aired in various television stations in Argentina, Chile, Italy, Mexico, the Philippines and the Arabic part of the Middle East, dubbed in their national languages. The series had been licensed for distribution in North America by Anime Works. Due to falling sales, Anime Works had ended its distribution of the Virtua Fighter anime after dubbing 24 of the 35 episodes, and no other licensor would pick up the series until 2022 when Discotek Media announced they picked up the rights for the anime and will release it on Blu-Ray. This will include the first 24 episode that have the English dub while the rest will have Japanese translations.

RetroCrush announced that the first season would be streamed with English subtitles provided.

Reception
Hanami Gumi had praised the Virtua Fighter anime series, calling it "one of the best among those anime series that had fighting-game origins". The review said that the show had a clear, non-confusing plot, along with good characterization and background music. Asian Stuff has praised the series for its plot, saying "the fights don't drag on and that it doesn't resort to repetitive tournament crap".

An EX review had commented highly on Ryo Tanaka's character designs in the series, as they are "simple yet very effective in revealing the nature of the characters."

References

External links

 Virtua Fighter at CrystalAcids.com

1995 anime television series debuts
1996 Japanese television series endings
Adventure anime and manga
Anime television series based on video games
Anime Works
Martial arts anime and manga
Television shows set in Los Angeles
Television shows set in Las Vegas
Television shows set in Utah
Television shows set in New York City
Television shows set in Australia
Television shows set in France
Television shows set in Germany
Television shows set in Hong Kong
Television shows set in Japan
Television shows set in Vancouver
Television shows set in China
TMS Entertainment
TV Tokyo original programming
Virtua Fighter
Works based on Sega video games


Alan Parkinson is a mechanical and nuclear engineer who lives in Canberra, Australia. He is also a whistleblower who wrote the 2007 book, Maralinga: Australia’s Nuclear Waste Cover-up which exposed deficiencies in the clean-up of the British atomic bomb test site at Maralinga in South Australia.

Maralinga clean-up
In 1993, Parkinson became the key person on the Maralinga clean-up project, representing the then federal Labor government (through the Department of Primary Industry and Energy). By 1997, however, there was much cost-cutting involved in the project, and differences of opinion about how the project should proceed, which led to the sacking of Parkinson by the new Howard government.

The clean-up, which involved simply burying untreated long-lived radioactive debris in holes in the ground, was totally unsatisfactory according to Parkinson. He exposed the situation through the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, provoking a strong rebuttal from the government, composed of scientific distortion and personal abuse.

The plan was to collect some of the contaminated soil and bury that soil in a specially prepared trench 15 metres deep.  Several thousand tonnes of debris contaminated with plutonium was to be treated by a process of in situ vitrification.  After collection and burial of the soil, the project moved to the second phase - the treatment of 21 pits by vitrification.  Against the advice of Parkinson, the government department extended the contract of the project manager, even though that company had no knowledge of the complex process of vitrification.  At that stage Parkinson was removed from the project.  The government and the project manager then embarked on a hybrid scheme in which some pits would be exhumed and others treated by vitrification.  After successfully treating 12 pits, there was an unlucky thirteenth during which something in the pit exploded and severely damaged the equipment.  The government then cancelled the vitrification and simply exhumed the remaining pits, placed the debris in a shallow pit and covered it with clean soil.

See also
Anti-nuclear movement in Australia
List of nuclear whistleblowers
Avon Hudson

References

External links
Nuclear Power - Rational or Irrational?, 30 October 200 (Audio)

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Australian engineers
Nuclear engineers
Australian whistleblowers
Nuclear technology in Australia


Marcelo Peralta (5 March 1961 – 10 March 2020) was an Argentine performer, teacher, composer, and arranger who played saxophone, piano, accordion, and the Latin American aerophones.

Early life and education

Peralta was born in Buenos Aires. He studied piano and music theory at the Antiguo Conservatorio Beethoven, where he obtained a teaching certificate in 1979. At the age of 18, he began to play the baritone sax, showing a particular interest in the music of Serge Chaloff; inspired by John Coltrane, Albert Ayler and Ornette Coleman, he learned tenor sax, then alto and finally soprano. While studying harmony and composition under tango composer Sebastian Piana, he taught himself to play trumpet, trombone, tuba, violin, clarinet, and Latin American folk instruments.

Since that time he taught at several schools. In 1980 he taught music in both elementary and high schools, as welI as at special education institutions. At the same time, he was hired as a saxophone and improvisation instructor at the Conservatorio Municipal Manuel de Falla (Buenos Aires).

Career
At 18, he began his career as a freelance musician and went on to play and record with a wide range of artists and in many styles: The Bucky Arcella Trio, Manolo Yanes, Litto Nebbia, Fabiana Cantilo, Cuatro Vientos (sax quartet), LRA National Radio Orchestra (as a soloist), to name a few.

In 1985 he met the guitar player Jorge Mancini, with whom he began to experiment in free improvisation and contemporary music; they were joined by the sax player Mariana Potenza and the percussionist Victor Da Cunha, together creating the Grupo de Improvisación Tercer Mundo (Third World improvisation Group). It was with this group that he recorded his first record as a soloist - Un Hilo de Luz (1987).

Although he had been playing the quena, the accordion and other ethnic and percussion instruments alongside the standard ones for several years, his interest in folk music was developed in 1988 when he performed and recorded with the pianist and composer Eduardo Lagos (an innovator in Argentine folklore).

He developed a personal view of improvised music when he formed his own quintet, with which he explored the roots of Latin American music. Together with musicians such as Cesar Franov, Enrique Norris, Carlos Triolo, Diego Pojomovsky, and Guillermo Bazzola, he made his second recording Escaleras de la Comprensión (Melopea Records- 1990/1991).

Over the next five years, he headed the big band Los Saxópatas (1990-1995) with which he recorded and performed throughout Argentina. In Buenos Aires, he recorded Milonga (Melopea Records- 1997) and made the debut of his solo set show in which he improvises freely on American folk tunes, interpreting bagualas, vidalas, bailecitos, and chacareras in his own unique style.

He lived in Spain, where he taught saxophone and improvisation at several music schools and performed both in:
 Festival de Jazz de Madrid, 2005-2007
 Tanjazz, 2007 (Tánger)
 Festival Internacional de Vigo Imagina-Sons, 2007
 Mostoles a todo Jazz, 2005-2006
 Munijazz (La Rioja)
 Festival de Jazz de Boadilla del Monte, 2005
 Festival Internaconal de Jazz de Ciudad Lineal, 2005
 Galapajazz 2005 – Expo 02 (Suiza)
 Festival de Jazz Soto del Real, 2003
 Festival de Jazz de Tarragona, 2003
 Festival de Jazz de Paris, 2001
 Festival de Jazz Quilmes, 199
 Alrededor del Jazz Festival, 1989
 MardelJazz, 1988
 Rock&piano- Obras Sanitarias, 1987

Death
Peralta died from coronavirus disease 2019 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Madrid, Spain on 10 March 2020, at the age of 59.

Discography
Serie Melopea Jazz Argentino Vol. 1
Litto Nebbia Cuarteto - MELOPEA / INTERDISC (DSL 66094-1)
Serie Melopea Jazz Argentino Vol. 2
Grupo de Improvisación Tercer Mundo - MELOPEA (CM 008)
Tangueando
Gustavo Fedel - MELOPEA / INTERDISC (DSL 66071)
Buscando en el Bolsillo del Alma
Litto Nebbia - MELOPEA / INTERDISC (SLI 67549-2)
Un Hilo de Luz
Marcelo Peralta y Grupo Tercer Mundo - MELOPEA (DM 014)
Serie Melopea Los Saxofonistas
Marcelo Peralta - MELOPEA (CM 017)
Escaleras de la Comprensión
Marcelo Peralta - MELOPEA (CM 064)
Homenaje a Tom Jobim
Marcelo Peralta - Litto Nebbia   MELOPEA
Milonga
Marcelo Peralta - MELOPEA (CDM 014) - NUEVOS MEDIOS IMPORT
Lo que nos gusta es esto
Santiago de la Muela – SATCHMO
Fall
Peter Dieterle - David Lenker -  Marcelo Peralta
DixFunxional Brass Band
Tony Heimer – Bob Sands – Chris Kase – Ove Larson – Greg Moore –
Steve Jordan – Marcelo Peralta – MOCO DE PAVO PRODUCCIONS
Música – Yumiko Murakami
(Jerry González – Diego Urcola – Gustavo Gregorio – Christian Howes, etc.)
PAI – 3068
Dr. Macaroni – Cum Laude
TCB- The Montreaux Jazz Label
Jazz Sinfónico – Orquesta Sinfonica de RTVE
(Solistas: Chris Kase, Bobby Martínez, Roberto Cimadevilla, Marcelo Peralta etc)

References

External links

1961 births
2020 deaths
Argentine composers
Argentine jazz pianists
Argentine jazz tenor saxophonists
Male saxophonists
21st-century saxophonists
Male pianists
21st-century pianists
21st-century male musicians
Male jazz musicians
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain
20th-century saxophonists


The Stanford International Pro-Am was a golf tournament for professional female golfers that was part of the LPGA Tour for one year only, in 2008. It was played at the Fairmont Turnberry Isle Resort & Club in Aventura, Florida.

The tournament was in the format of a pro-am, with 112 LPGA professionals and 112 amateurs. It was the first pro-am on the LPGA Tour since the 2001 Office Depot Pro-Am at the Doral Golf Resort & Spa. After 36 holes the field was cut to the top 70 professionals and top 20 teams, and after 54 holes only the professionals competed for the $2,000,000 purse. Play was on both the Soffer and Miller courses at the Fairmont Turnberry Isle Resort & Club.

In November 2008, the LPGA and Stanford Financial announced that this event would not be held in 2009 and that Stanford would take over sponsorship of the year-end Tour Championship, moving the event from West Palm Beach, Florida to Houston, Texas.

Winners

*Tournament won in sudden-death playoff.

Tournament record

References

External links
Tournament microsite

Former LPGA Tour events
Golf in Florida
Women's sports in Florida
Miami-Dade County, Florida


Giardini Ravino is an Italian botanical garden specialized in succulent plants and cacti, located on the island of Ischia, Campania, southern  Italy, in the Tyrrhenian Sea.

Giardini Ravino, along with the mature areas around Villa Ravino, is the result of 45 years of great passion and loving work of Signor Peppino, the villa's owner. Exotic trees include palms, olives, and lemon and orange trees. Grape vines and flowering climbers cascade over the walls, pergolas, and terraces.

See also
official web page of this Garden on Ischia Island

 List of botanical gardens in Italy

Botanical gardens in Italy
Ischia
Gardens in Campania


Natural hygiene can refer to:

 a school of medical thought also named orthopathy, founded by Sylvester Graham or Herbert M. Shelton
 a reference to the hygiene hypothesis

See also
 Natural Cures movement of Europe


Domesmont (Picard: Domémont ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Domesmont is situated on the D188 road, some  east of Abbeville.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Peel Park is a  urban public park in the Bolton and Undercliffe area of Bradford, England, located about  north-east of the city centre, and named after Sir Robert Peel (1788–1850).
Peel Park was Bradford's first public park and is on the English Heritage and National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens online databases.
The park is a Green Flag Award winner and has been for a number of years.

History

A public meeting took place in St George's Hall, Bradford on 13 August 1850 to discuss the creation of a park as a memorial to Sir Robert Peel who had died that year.
Together with a government donation of £1,500, funding was raised from Sir Robert Milligan, Sir Titus Salt, Forbes and Company and by numerous other private subscriptions to purchase  of land that was subsequently named Peel Park Estate, and some  of this land was developed as Peel Park.
The park was opened in 1853 and a series of galas were held in the park to raise funds to pay off the remaining debt for the purchase of the land and its layout as a park—this took some 12 years.
In 1870 the park was conveyed to the Municipal Borough of Bradford, and is now owned by the City of Bradford.
Money was then raised for local hospitals by the galas until 1936 when the last gala was held.

In the 1900s the park lake had a large ornamental fountain and a footbridge crossing the lake.
Slightly higher and to the east of the lake, separated by low cascade was a second smaller lake remodelled from a fish pond.
To the north east of the lake was a fossilised tree and to the north west of the lake a conservatory—but all these have gone. Also missing are two statues of children, a sweep and shoeblack, executed by Mawer and Ingle and presented in 1867.

In 1902 an ornamental bandstand was erected midway along The Terrace but today this location is occupied by the statue of Sir Robert Peel.
Another lost feature is the two cannons captured by the British in the Crimean War.
The park had a total of four drinking fountains but two have been lost.
The park had its own plant nursery south of the north western entrance at Bolton Road with computer controlled greenhouses but this property was sold off for commercial use reducing the park's 22.6 ha.
In 1997 Bradford City's centenary year, 100 trees were planted in the park and this is commemorated by a stone plaque on a boulder near the southern entrance.

Landmarks

Entrances and lodges

The southern Cliffe Road entrance has ornate gates and a lodge (1861)
but larger and more impressive are the main gates and lodge (1862) at the northern Bolton Road entrance.
There are two grade II listed two-storey Italianate lodges, one at the park gates on Bolton Road and a smaller lodge to a similar design at the Cliffe Road entrance.

The Terrace

The main linear path through the park is The Terrace extending east west on which can be found a number of statues.
One such is a statue of Sir Robert Peel made in 1855
and dressed in a mid 19th century frock coat and mounted on a cylindrical ashlar sandstone plinth.

The Peel statue was the first public statue erected in Bradford and was originally located in what was Peel Place on Leeds Road, but re-erected post 1926 in Peel Park after Kassapian's Warehouse on Leeds Road was demolished.
The sculptor was W. Behnes and the statue was cast in lead by the Robinson Scott Company of Pimlico.
To the west of the Peel statue is a life-size statue of a Roman matron representing Autumn (1869) and to the east a statue of Roman matron representing Spring (1877) both given by the Bradford Band of Hope Union.
All three statues are grade II listed.
At the western end of The Terrace is the Viewing Platform (1853–93) giving views over the Bradford valley and Manningham.
The platform was largely rebuilt in 1990 due to its poor condition.
A cast iron bridge (1857) takes the eastern end of The Terrace over the carriage drive.
The cast iron bridge beams are embossed with the words "RAILWAY-FOUNDRY. BRADFORD. 1857."

Drinking fountains

At the eastern end of the park on East Drive is a drinking fountain erected in the town in 1861 by the Bradford Band of Hope Union and later moved to Peel Park as a result of road improvements.
Uphill from the drinking fountain in the far north-eastern corner of the park is the 'Events Area' where the Bradford Mela took place.

North of the southern entrance is an ornate stone drinking fountain (1861) in memory of Alderman Thomas Beaumont.
The piers of this monument are recorded as having red granite corner shafts however, these are no longer evident.

By the side of the bridge taking The Terrace over a carriageway is a wall drinking fountain (1859) with red granite surround put there by Charles P Melly a Liverpool cotton merchant and philanthropist.

Close to the site of the abutments of the bridge that crossed the lake embedded in a wall by the southern edge of the lake is an ornate grade II listed stone doorway* (1703–05).
This was originally from the demolished Bradford Hall on Kirkgate, relocated here pre 1926.

Lake

Close to the Bolton Road entrance, adjacent to formal gardens is a 'distorted figure-of-eight' shaped lake with two islands and a variety of water fowl.
The island in the east of the lake is so large relatively that the lake takes on a serpentine appearance.

Facilities

For young children there are two fenced-in and equipped play areas—one to the east of the lake and the other close to the southern entrance.
In the western end of the park is a sports field and BMX track.
The recently redeveloped BMX racing track is floodlit, and open to the public outside club times.
South of the Viewing Platform is the skateboard/BMX/rollerblade area, a five a side football court, tennis court, car park,  toilets and changing rooms, cafe, pavilion and three bowling greens.

Access

Peel Park is open at any time all year round
and can be accessed from the main Cliffe Road and Bolton Road entrances and also from Park Cliffe Road, Harrogate Street, and Lister Lane.
Although there are some steep paths and steps in the park, the pathways and carriageways will give wheelchair access to most of the park.
Authorised vehicles can use the free-to-use car park accessible from the southern entrance gate.

Events

The park and the Events Area in particular has been host to events such as the Bradford Mela and visiting circuses.

The Bradford Mela

Bradford Mela is a large scale celebration principally of South Asian culture
and was the first such event in Europe.
The Mela took place in the 'Events Area' in the far north east of the park from 1998 until 2012 except for 2007 and 2012 when it was cancelled due to bad weather and ground conditions.
In 2013 the Mela was reduced to a single day, and moved to Bradford City Park where it is part of the Bradford Festival.

Cyclo-Cross championships

The park has hosted events in the Cyclo-Cross National Trophy competition. Along with the British National Championships in 2009, 2013, 2016.

See also

 Bolton and Undercliffe.
 Listed buildings in Bradford (Bolton and Undercliffe Ward)

References

External links

Peel Park
 Webpages: Bradford Leisure Services – Parks Services, Gardenvisit.com, Parks and Gardens UK
 Documents: Walks in Parks and Woodlands, Walks in Parks, Register of Parks and Gardens of Historic Interest
 Listed buildings: Bradford Hall doorway; Drinking fountains: Band of Hope Union, Beaumont Memorial; Lodges and entrances: Bolton Road, Cliffe Road; Statues: Autumn and Spring, Sir Robert Peel
 Maps: Wikimapia.

BMX and the Cyclo-Cross Championship
 Bradford Bandits BMX Racing.

English Heritage sites in West Yorkshire
Parks and commons in Bradford
1853 establishments in England


System Modification Program/Extended (SMP/E), the proprietary version of System Modification Program (SMP), "is a tool designed to manage the installation of software products on [a] z/OS system and to track the modifications" to those products.

SMP/E manages multiple software versions, helps apply patches and updates (PTFs), facilitates orderly testing and, if necessary, reversion to a previous state, allows a "trial run" pseudo-installation to verify that actual installation will work, keeps audit and security records to assure only approved software updates occur, and otherwise provides highly evolved, centralized control over all software installation on z/OS.

Although it is possible to design and ship software products that install on z/OS without SMP/E, most mainframe administrators prefer SMP/E-enabled products, at least for non-trivial packages. Using SMP/E typically requires some working knowledge of Job Control Language (JCL), although most products supply sample JCL. The rigorous software management discipline associated with SMP/E typically extends to product documentation as well, with IBM and other vendors supplying a standardized "Program Directory" manual for each software product that precisely aligns with the SMP/E work processes. The Program Directory provides detailed information on pre-requisites and co-requisites, for example.

Use of SMP/E to manage system updates helps ensure system integrity, by making sure that the system is in a consistent state and that changes to that state are properly audited.

History

IBM introduced SMP in OS/360 and OS/VS to replace semi-manual processes involving tools such as IEBEDIT and IMAPTFLE. IBM introduced 3 subsequent free releases of SMP, with significant changes between releases, especially from SMP3 to SMP4. All four releases store tracking data in partitioned data sets (PDSs).

IBM introduced SMP/E for OS/VS; however, SMP/E Release 2 is the last release to support OS/VS1. SMP/E stores tracking data in VSAM datasets rather than the PDSs that SMP release 1 through 4 use. While originally a separate product, SMP/E is bundled with z/OS.

IBM ultimately introduced similar tools for other operating systems, e.g., Maintain System History Program (MSHP) for DOS/VS, Virtual Machine Serviceability Enhancements Staged (VM/SP SES), (now VMSES/E), for VM/SP through z/VM.

Concepts

All IBM and most non-IBM software is assigned at least one seven character FMID (Function Modification ID) that identifies the piece of software and its release number. This first FMID is called the Base FMID.  For Example DB2 Version 9's Base FMID is HDB9910.  Separately installable features also have FMIDs (called Dependent FMIDs) that relate in some way to the base product DB2 English language panels for Version 9's Dependent FMID is JDB9910.

A software package is composed of elements, individual components such as object files (MOD), macros (MAC), sample programs (SAMP), etc.

The CSI (Consolidated Software Inventory) is a dataset containing the information that SMP/E needs to track the contents of the distribution and target libraries.  The CSI contains "metadata" identifying the installed FMIDs and elements, the ID of the most recent update, and pointers to the associated libraries.

A SYSMOD (System Modification) is any modification to the system.  This includes:
 Function SYSMODS install a new product, version or release.
 PTF SYSMODS are official IBM fixes for reported problems.
 APAR FIXES are less formal fixes from IBM.
 USERMODS are user modifications to a product, such as installation-specific "exits."

Each SYSMOD is assigned a seven character SYSMOD ID to uniquely identify it.  When the SYSMOD is installed this ID is recorded in the CSI entry for the element being added or replaced, and is called the RMID (replacement module id).

A simple declarative language called MCS (Modification Control Statements) provides the information to SMP/E identifying the SYSMOD and providing information on how to install it.  Each SYSMOD is prefixed with a number of MCS statements that, for example, identify it as an APAR fix or PTF, supply the SYSMOD ID, identify the applicable FMID, etc.

Prerequisites or prereqs are SYSMODS that are required to be installed before a second can be installed.  Corequisites or coreqs are two or more SYSMODS that must be installed together, none can be installed without the others.  A SYSMOD supersedes, or sups another if its functionally replaces the first.  This prereq, coreq, and sup information is provided in the MCS.  A requisite chain is the "sequence of SYSMODs that are directly or indirectly identified as requisites for a given SYSMOD," for example, if A is a prereq for B, and B is a prereq for C, then A and B are the requisite chain for C and both need to be installed before C, although not necessarily in a separate run of SMP/E.  Requisite chains can frequently become extremely involved and comprise hundreds of SYSMODS.

HOLDDATA is a set of MCS statements that indicate that specific SYSMODS contain errors or require manual processing outside the scope of SMP/E before they can be installed.  The user is required to take action to fix the problem, if possible, before installing held SYSMODS.

SMP/E manages two types of libraries.  Target libraries (TLIBS) contain the executable code and other information used to run the system. Originally there were a limited number of target libraries: SYS1.LINKLIB for executable programs, SYS1.MACLIB for standard macros, etc., but as of 2012 each software product usually has its own set of target libraries.  Distribution Libraries (DLIBS) contain the master copy of each element for a system. Each product (FMID) has its own set of distribution libraries which are normally used only by SMP/E.  Libraries in OS/360 and successors, unlike directories in unix, usually contain only one type and format of data.  A software package may have object libraries (MOD), ISPF panels (PNL), macro libraries (MAC) and many more.

Use
SMP/E is a single large program which runs as a batch job.  A series of ISPF panels can be used to interactively build the SMP/E job stream based on user input.

One common sequence of steps is called RECEIVE-APPLY-ACCEPT from the commands used for each step.

The SMP/E RECEIVE command processes SYSMODs from a source outside of SMP.  Previously this might have been a PUT tape distributed by IBM roughly monthly.  More recently it might be a collection of SYSMODS downloaded over the internet.  The RECEIVE process uses the MCS to create an entry in the CSI for each SYSMOD, marking its status as "RECEIVED", and stores the MCS information and the actual SYSMOD data.

The REJECT command can be used to delete SYSMODS in "RECEIVED" status.

The APPLY command installs one or more received SYSMODS into the appropriate target libraries.  The SYSMODS to be applied can be selected by various criteria, for example a single SYSMOD can be selected by SYSMOD ID, all SYSMODS received in a group can be selected by SOURCEID, or all un-applied SYSMODS that have been received can be applied.  The requisite chains for the specified SYSMODS are checked and SYSMODS without the proper requisites, in hold status, or that have been superseded are flagged as errors and are not installed.  Commonly SMP/E is instructed to also automatically apply any requisites in "RECEIVE" status to minimize these errors.  SYSMODS installed have their status changed to "APPLIED" in the CSI.  APPLY CHECK can be used to check the SYSMODS to be installed without actually performing the installation.

The RESTORE command can be used to remove an applied SYSMOD that has not been accepted.

The ACCEPT command installs SYSMODS permanently into the distribution libraries and marks their status as "ACCEPTED" in the CSI.  Normally ACCEPT is done once the SYSMODS are known to be performing correctly before the next APPLY of service.  There is no way in SMP/E to undo an ACCEPT operation except to delete all installation libraries including the CSIs (and to start installation again).

SMP/E datasets
SMP/E is a large, complex program; features and datasets are added with every release. The major SMP/E datasets are:
 CSI Consolidated Software Inventory. The CSI contains all the information SMP/E needs to track the distribution and target libraries.
 PTS PTF Temporary Storage. The PTS data set is used to hold PTFs as received.
 MTS Macro Temporary Storage. The MTS data set is a target library for macros that exist only in a distribution library, allowing the current version of these macros to be used for assemblies during APPLY processing.
 STS Source Temporary Storage. The STS data set is a target library for source that exists only in a distribution library, allowing the current version of these modules to be used for assemblies during APPLY processing.

See also
 IBM Program temporary fix

References

Sources
SMP

SMP4

SMPE

External links
 System installation and maintenance using SMP/E

IBM software
IBM mainframe operating systems
Software maintenance
Package management systems


The Baghdad Belts are the residential, agricultural and industrial areas, as well as communications and transportation infrastructure that encircle the Iraqi capital and connect it to other areas in Iraq. In the Iraq War, they were used by insurgents as staging points for operations in the capital.

Location
The belts can be described as the provinces adjacent to the Iraqi capital and can be divided into four quadrants: northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest. Beginning in the north, the belts include the Saladin Governorate, clockwise to Baghdad Governorate, Diyala in the northeast, Babil and Wasit in the southeast, and around to Al Anbar Governorate in the west.

Iraq War, 2003–2011

Strategic value
Between 2004 and June 2007, Al-Qaeda in Iraq and Shi'ite militias used locations in the Baghdad Belts to supply their combat operations in the capital. According to General Odierno, a top US commander in Iraq, "Attacks occurring in Baghdad often originate in these outlying regions." In 2006, US forces captured a map hand-drawn by then-al Qaida in Iraq leader Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, which showed Al Qaida placed a high priority on controlling the belts as a means of transporting weapons and fighters as well as providing bases in which to construct bomb-making factories.

Operation Phantom Thunder
Beginning in early 2007, the top US commander in Iraq, General David Petraeus, committed three of the five Surge brigades to the belts. In June 2007, as part of a country-wide offensive to secure the country, a number of operations were launched throughout the belts:
 West of Baghdad – US and Iraqi forces conducted operations around Lake Tharthar
 Northeast of Baghdad – Operation Arrowhead Ripper
 Southeast of Baghdad – Operation Marne Torch
 South of Baghdad – Operation Commando Eagle

Iraq 2014
During the offensive that the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant launched against the Iraqi Government in June 2014, some US analysts speculated that the group's strategy was to follow Zarqawi's plan of capturing the Baghdad Belts area before laying siege to Baghdad.

Shiite militias and the Iraqi security forces have been accused of seeking to permanently purge Sunnis from the Baghdad Belt in order to create a majority Shiite territory that is separated from war-torn Sunni regions.

References

Al-Qaeda activities in Iraq
Baghdad


KQMC (90.1 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve Hawthorne, Nevada. The station is owned by Lucky Boy Educational Media, Inc. It airs a classic hits format.

The station was assigned the KQMC call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on February 5, 2003.

References

External links

QMC
Classic hits radio stations in the United States
Hawthorne, Nevada
Radio stations established in 2005
2005 establishments in Nevada


The Ramsey Quayside Railway was an extension off the ex-Manx Northern Railway from the station at Ramsey and ran along the quayside to the market square.

References

Railway lines in the Isle of Man


Japanization or Japanisation is the process by which Japanese culture dominates, assimilates, or influences other cultures. According to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, "To japanize" means "To make or become Japanese in form, idiom, style, or character".

"Japanization" is also an economic term used to describe a situation when a country's economy falls into a sustained period of stagnant growth and price deflation, in reference to the problems that have plagued Japan's economy since the early 1990s.

Imperial period

During the pre-imperial (pre-1868) period, a peaceful diplomacy was practiced, during which Japan did not expand much in territories beyond its own islands.

In the context of World War II, Japanization has a negative meaning because of military conquests and forced introduction of Japanese culture in conquered areas.

Okinawa
After the Meiji Restoration in 1868, Japan began to follow the way of western imperialism and expansionism. In 1879, Japan officially annexed the Ryūkyū Kingdom, which was a tributary kingdom of both the Qing dynasty and the Empire of Japan.

Though the Ryukyuan languages belong to the Japonic language family, the Japanese language is not intelligible to monolingual speakers of the Ryukyuan languages. The Japanese government regarded the Ryukyuan languages as dialects, and began to promote a language "standardization" program. In schools, "standard" Japanese was promoted, and portraits of the Japanese Emperor and Empress were introduced in classrooms. Many high-ranking Japanese military officers went to inspect Okinawan schools to ensure that the Japanization was functioning well in the education system. This measure did not meet expectations in the beginning, partly because many local children's shares of their heavy family labor impeded their presence in schools, and partly because people of the old Okinawan leading class received a more Chinese-style education and were not interested in learning "standard" Japanese. To promote assimilation, the Japanese government also discouraged some local customs.

Initially the local people resisted these assimilation measures. But after China was defeated in the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895, people lost confidence in China, and the resistance to Japanization became weaker, though it did not disappear. Men and women began to adopt more Japanese-styled names.

Taiwan

Taiwan was ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 as a result of the First Sino-Japanese War. At the start, Taiwan was governed rather like a colony. In 1936, after the arrival of the 17th governor-general, Seizō Kobayashi, there was a change in the Japanese governance in Taiwan.

Kobayashi was the first non-civilian governor-general since 1919. He proposed three principles of the new governance: the , industrialization, and making Taiwan a base for southward expansion.

"Kōminka" literally means "to make people subjects of the emperor". The program had three components. First, the  promoted the Japanese language by teaching Japanese instead of Taiwanese Hokkien in the schools and by banning the use of Taiwanese Hokkien in the press. Second, the  replaced Taiwanese's Chinese names with Japanese names. Finally, the  drafted Taiwanese subjects into the Imperial Japanese Army and encouraged them to die in the service of the emperor.

Korea

In Korea, during the Second World War, the use of written Korean in education and publications was banned by the Empire of Japan. The use of the Korean language was banned in schools after 1937 as part of the naisen-ittai program, along with the teaching of Japanese language and culture in schools instead of Korean culture and history. During this period, Koreans were forced to change their family name to a Japanese one.

As part of a cultural genocide of Korean culture, the Japanese authorities in Korea forced the Koreans to adopt Japanese names and identify as such.

References

See also
Japanification
Cultural genocide
Otaku

Cultural assimilation
Japanese culture


The Arvari River, which originates in Aravalli range, is a small river flowing through the Alwar District of Rajasthan, India. It has a total length of  and a total basin area of . Downstream of the Sainthal Sagar dam on Arvari, the Arvari river meets Sarsa River to become the Sanwan River. The Sanwan meets the Tildah and Banganga rivers to converge with the Gambhir (also known as the Utang river). Gambhir then converges with the Yamuna in Mainpuri district of Uttar Pradesh, Yamuna converges with Ganges at Triveni Sangam in Prayagraj.

It is notable for having its flow restored after being dry for 60 years. This process began in 1986, and required the efforts of the people of the Bhanota-Kolyala village, with the help of Dr. Rajendra Singh. The villages that lay in the river's catchment area built earthen dams, with largest being a 244 m long and 7 m wide. Following the construction of 375 dams, the river started to flow again, becoming a perennial river in 1995. The Arvari River Parliament was formed in 1998 to help maintain the health of the river.

Basin

Key features are as follows:
 Total basin area: 492 km2
 Total Length of flowing river: 45 km
 Length of river: 35 km
 Total water structures: 402

Origin

The river Arvari originates in the Sakra Dam near Thanagazi in the Alwar District. The northern catchment area of the river is around Kankad ki dhani. Of the two sources of the river, one source originates from  Bhairudev Public Wildlife Sanctuary near the village Bhavta Kaliyal (Bhuriyawas), the other near Amka and Jodhula. There is a third stream close to second source, which is lost into the ground. The two streams meet near Ajabgarh- Pratapgarh, at Palasana ka Pahad. From this point, the river is called Arvari and runs down to the village Hamirpur to meet Nahar Nala, a stream from the west.

Drainage

Another tributary, the Bidila river, originates in Jamwa Ramgargh, Jaipur, and augments the Arvari. The augmented river joins an equally large tributary originating around Lothabas in the west near Romewala, then passing through the Jaitpur Gujrun,  Rasayawala and Rayanwala regions. Here, the Aravari becomes large enough to feed its own reservoir, Sainthal Sagar, which was formed by a large dam on the same river. Following the dam, the Arvari river meets Sarsa to become the Sanwan River. The Sanwan meets the Tildah and Banganga to join the Gambhir, also known as the Utang river. Gambhir then meets the Yamuna near Prayaraj in Allahabad.

Conservation

Arvari Sansad (Arvari Parliament)

Following the rebirth of the Arvari river in 1996, led by community efforts, the issue of Arvari's ownership remained. The Government of Rajasthan's claim over the river, was heavily opposed by locals who had worked for years to restore the waterway. The state government awarded contracts for fishing in the Arvari river without the knowledge of the people of different villages residing on the bank of the river, which affected the lives and livelihoods of residents, giving rise to protests and non-cooperation.

The state government then filed a case against the local community of the Arvari basin upon the issue of ownership. The high court passed judgement stating that the state government would maintain ownership of the river until a designated system was established by the people, resulting in people from 72 villages coming forward to form the Arvari Parliament. The main purpose of the Arvari Parliament is to monitor and care for the water bodies of the Arvari River, and plan the usage of water and related issues to ensure the sustainability of the river. Owing to successful water harvesting methods, the Arvari river has become a perennial river from a seasonal water body.

Through the community centre's water management approach, on 26 January 1999, 162 members from the Arvari basin formed the Arvari Parliament. The parliament meets biannually, the meetings six months apart. The first session of the Arvari Parliament was held in Hamirpur village from 27 to 28 January 1999, under the chairmanship of Shri. Siddharaj Dadhadha. The 36th session took place on 23 December 2018 at Tarun Bharat Sangh, Bheekampura, Alwar district, Rajasthan, under the chairmanship of Shri. Ram Pratap Meena.

The members of the Arvari Parliament were awarded for the community work of River Rejuvenation by the contemporary President of India, Shri. K. R. Narayanan, on 28 March 2000. This was the first time in the history of India where the President officially recognized a community for such work, rather than the Rastrapati Bhavan. On 3 November 2003, Prince Charles visited the Arvari River basin to recognize the work of the community and was escorted by Dr. Rajendra Singh and members of the local community.

A sub-branch to the Parliament, the Arvari River Child Parliament was formed on 20 August 2013 with the aim of providing education on responsible water management to the next generation residents in the Arvari river basin.

Rejuvenation of Arvari River

In 1985, a drought in the region dried the river bed, and the river was lost. The TBS, along with the local community, started work for water on the river basin of Arvari in 1987 to restore the river. As a result of this, in 1996, the Arvari river started flowing throughout the year.

The river was awarded the International River Prize in 2004. In March 2000, then President, K. R. Narayanan, visited the area to present the "Down to Earth —  Joseph. C. John Award" to the villagers. Dr. Rajendra Singh was awarded the Magsaysay Award in 2001.

See also

 Sahibi River
 List of rivers of Rajasthan
 List of rivers of India

References

Bibliography

Syed Hasnat, "Arvari Sansad: The Farmers’ Parliament". LEISA Magazine, December 2005.

Rivers of Rajasthan


INDRA NAVY is a joint, biennial military exercise conducted by India and Russia starting in 2003. The exercise is tasked with boosting cooperation and interoperability between the Russian and Indian navies. The word INDRA is a portmanteau of the participants' respective countries. The exercise involves live firing drills, as well as air defence and anti submarine operations. Additionally, counterpiracy, terrorism and drug smuggling operations are carried out.

Background
The end of the Cold War which brought greatly reduced defense budgets saw a collapse in ship building and naval activity in Russia throughout the 1990s. During this time, the Russian navy had no presence in the Indian Ocean. This changed in 2001, when a contingent of naval ships, including anti-submarine warfare vessels and a tanker docked at Mumbai. In April 2003, nine warships of the Russian navy departed from their bases at Sevastopol in the Black Sea and Vladivostok for the Indian Ocean. These units engaged in a number of exercises with the Indian navy. Russian Defence Minister Sergei Ivanov proposed joint naval exercises to be held later that year.

The 12th edition took place in the Volgograd, Russia in August 2021.

Image gallery

See also
 Indradhanush

References

External links

Official web site
Bharat Rakshak - Informative web site
Defence - Informative web site
 Domain B online business magazine

Military exercises involving Russia
Indian naval exercises
India–Russia relations


Dominois (; Picard: Domino ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Dominois is situated on the D192 road, on the banks of the river Authie, the border with Pas-de-Calais, some  north of Abbeville.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Nepal Rastriya Janakalayan Party ('Nepal National People's Welfare Party') is a political party in Nepal. The party contested three First Past the Post constituencies in 2008 Constituent Assembly election. Ram Sharan Paswan, 62 years old, contested the Saptari-2 seat and got 30 votes. Khusilal Yadav, 62 years old, contested the Saptari-3 (28 votes) and Saptari-4 (38 votes) constituencies. The party did not contest the Proportional Representation vote.

References

Political parties in Nepal


The Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra (Sanskrit: बृहत् पराशर होरा शास्त्र; IAST: ; abbreviated to BPHS) is the most comprehensive extant Śāstra on Vedic natal astrology, in particular the Horā branch (predictive astrology, e.g. horoscopes). Though ascribed to Maharṣi Parāśara, the origin and date of the original composition is unknown. The most popular version of the BPHS consists of 97 chapters, a 1984 translation by R. Santhanam.

Nomenclature
'bṛhat parāśara horā śāstra' (बृहत् पराशर होरा शास्त्र) can be loosely translated to examples such as 'the great book on horoscopy by Parashara' or 'Great Parashara's manual on Horoscopic astrology':

 'bṛhat' (बृहत्) means 'great, large, wide, vast, abundant, compact, solid, massy, strong, mighty' or 'full-grown, old' or 'extended or bright (as a luminous body)' or 'clear, loud (said of sounds)'.
 'parāśara' (पराशर) is the name of a Vedic Maharishi ('great Rishi')
 'horā' (होरा) means 'horoscope or horoscopy'; also means "hour" or "time", from Greek(ώρα).
 'śāstra' (शास्त्र) means 'compendium', 'book', 'manual', 'rule', 'instruction', 'science', and 'advice'.

Summary

The Jyotiṣa - Vedic Astrology - is one of the Vedāṅga or six disciplines linked with the Vedas to support Vedic rituals. The three branches of Jyotiṣa are:

 Horā: Predictive astrology (e.g. Natal (genethliac) astrology, horoscopic astrology, personal horoscopes, etc.)
 Siddhānta: Mathematical astronomy (e.g. planetary distances, movements, sizes, strengths, etc.)
 Saṃhita: Mundane astrology (e.g. collective culture, community, and society)

The Bṛhat Parāśara Horā Śāstra is concerned with the predictive branch of Horā, used, for example, to determine the appropriate and most auspicious times for various events and ceremonies (i.e. depending on the anticipated planetary and star movements and positions).

Origin and authenticity
J. Gonda states that at 'some time after 600 [C.E.] was written the purva-khanda of what was to become known as the Brhatparasarahora [Brihat Parashara Hora Shastra], ascribed to Parashara... [it] is deeply indebted to the [Brhajjataka of Varahamihira]; it has also borrowed two verses from Sphujidhvaja... and its existence is presupposed by the author of the uttara-khanda, which was commented on by Govindasvamin in ca. 850 [C.E.]. Therefore, the purva-khanda must have been written between ca. 600 and 750... but before 800'.

Additionally Bhaṭṭotpala (circa 900 C.E.) was a Vedic astrologer that 'in his commentaries he wrote that though he had heard of [the] Bṛhat Parāśara Horā Śāstra, he had never seen it. Thus we know it was lost for at least nine hundred years, until new manuscripts emerged from the early 20th century (see below).

As such, there are doubts in regards to the authenticity of various manuscripts of the Bṛhat Parāśara Horā Śāstra (BPHS) that emerged centuries later. One concern raised is the apparent admission by Sitram Jha in his 1944 publication of the BPHS that he changed and removed elements of the manuscript. Another concern raised by Vedic Astrologers such as Shyamasundara Dasa 'that casts doubt on the veracity of the modern BPHS is the complete lack of any ancient commentary on the text. The oldest commentary known to me is that of Devacandra Jha's Hindi commentary from the first half of the 20th century, that is, less than 100 years old'.

Editions and translations
According to R. Santhanam and J. Gonda, the following are the modern translations (and manuscripts) of the Bṛhat Parāśara Horā Śāstra (BPHS):

Notes and references

References
David Pingree,  in J. Gonda (Ed.) A History of Indian Literature, Vol VI Fasc 4 (1981)

External links
Original text    बृहत्पाराशरहोराशास्त्र
 Translations online  [http://www.reliableastrology.com/mphs.htm Brihat Parasara Hora Sastra by Maharishi Parasara
 Translation and elaboration Online Brihat Parashara Hora Sastra By Maharishi Parashara
 Translation and commentary Brihat Parashara Hora Sastra

Hindu astrological texts
Sanskrit texts
8th-century Indian books


Nepal Janasangh Party is a royalist political party in Nepal. The party is registered with the Election Commission of Nepal ahead of the 2008 Constituent Assembly election.

References

Political parties in Nepal


Andrew Thorpe (born 15 September 1960) is an English former footballer who played as a defender in the Football League for Stockport County, Tranmere Rovers and Doncaster Rovers. He holds the title of record appearance maker for Stockport County, with 489 league appearances, and 555 in all competitions.

Thorpe made his Stockport debut as a 17-year-old in 1978 and went on to make 380 appearances before leaving for Tranmere Rovers before the 1986–87 season. After 18 months he returned to County where he made a further 175 appearances. His last game for the club was against Peterborough United in the 1992 Football League Trophy final at Wembley, before being released at the end of the season.

In 1992, Thorp moved to Australia to play with the Morwell Falcons in their first ever season in the National Soccer League. He returned to England in 1994 and resumed his career with Macclesfield Town and then with for non-league club Chorley, before returning to the Football League at the age of 37 to play twice for Doncaster Rovers on a non-contract basis, after which he went back to Chorley.

He is currently the physio at Rochdale A.F.C.

References

Living people
1961 births
Footballers from Stockport
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Stockport County F.C. players
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Chorley F.C. players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
English Football League players
Rochdale A.F.C. non-playing staff


The Urdhva Pundra () is a tilaka worn by Vaishnavas as an indication of their affiliation with Vishnu. It is generally worn on the forehead, but may also be worn on other parts of the body such as the shoulders. The markings are made either as a daily ritual, or on special occasions, and denote the particular sampradaya, or the lineage to which the devotee belongs. The different Vaishnava sampradayas each have their own distinctive style of tilaka based on the siddhanta of their particular lineage. The general tilaka design is of two or three vertical lines resembling the letter U or Y, which represent the feet of Vishnu.

Literature

The Urdhava Pundra has historically been associated with the Vaishnava tradition, just as the Tripundra has been associated with the Shaiva tradition.

The Padma Purana explains the theological significance of this symbol:

The Vasudeva Upanishad, a Vaishnava text, explains the significance of the three vertical lines in the Urdhva Pundra Tilaka, offering a number of interpretations:

The Skanda Purana also offers some details regarding the mark:

Association with Vishnu's names
In Vaishnava tradition, the Urdhva Pundra is applied on different regions of an individual's body, and its application requires one to ritually invoke the various names of Vishnu. The Devi Bhagavata Purana sheds some light on this concept in the form of an order in which the mark is applied, correlating each with an epithet of the preserver deity:

 Keshava - Forehead
 Narayana - Stomach
 Madhava - Heart
 Govinda - Neck
 Vishnu - Right-section of stomach
 Madhusudana - Middle of right hand
 Trivikrama - Left ear
 Vamana - Left-section of stomach
 Sridhara - Left hand
 Hrishikesha - Right ear
 Padmanabha - Hind
 Damodara - Nape
 Vasudeva - Head

Traditional variations

Sri Vaishnavism
The mark here is called the namam or the sricharanam. Members of the Sri Vaishnava tradition wear the tilaka with the two outer lines representing the feet of Narayana, and the red line in the middle that represents his consort, Lakshmi. A curvature upon the top bridge of the nose indicates that the wearer belongs to the Tenkalai denomination. Because the Sri Vaishnava tradition accords a high place to Lakshmi, and because they approach Narayana through Lakshmi, their tilaka reflects this process of surrender, known as saranagati (or sometimes also prapatti). A variant to this is found within the Ramanandi sect, begun by Ramananda, whose members wear a similar tilaka design, but with reference to Sita and Rama (to whom their devotion is offered) rather than Lakshmi and Narayana.

The women of the Sri Vaishnava tradition, especially the ones who hail from the Iyengar community, wear a different tilaka from the men. The red line that represents Lakshmi is worn prominently upon the length of their forehead to highlight their femininity, adorned with a miniature white curvature at the base of the design.

Iyengar tradition
In South India's Iyengar community, there are two forms of tilakas present, referred to as the namam. There exist two components of this mark present in both denominations:

 Tiruman (sacred sand) - The white, lateral symbolism that represents the feet of Vishnu
 Sricharanam (sacred feet) - The yellow/red central symbolism that represents the presence of Lakshmi

Tenkalai

The Tenkalai namam is a Y-shaped design that incorporates two vertical white lines upon the forehead that intersect upon the bridge of the nose, where they are aligned by the wearer. This is representative of the feet of Vishnu. A red line that is usually applied with kumkumam is worn in its midst as a representation of Lakshmi.

Vadakalai

The Vadakalai are among the two denominations of the Iyengar community of Tamil Brahmins. The Vadakalai namam is a U-shaped design that incorporates two curved lines upon the forehead. As in the Tenkalai namam, this is representative of the feet of Vishnu. A yellow line that is usually applied with a turmeric paste is worn in its midst as a representation of Lakshmi.

Vallabha sampradaya

In the Vallabha tradition, or the Rudra sampradaya, the tilaka worn is  a double vertical red line which is rounded at the base. This "U" shape represents Krishna's lotus feet.

Madhva sampradaya
The Madhva Sampradaya mark two vertical lines with Gopichandana representing Vishnu's 'lotus feet'. In between a vertical black line is made from the daily coal of the dhupa (incense). In this sampradaya, worship is done to Narayana or Krishna daily. The coal left after offering incense is used to mark the black line. This is called as angara. Those who are wearing this line have finished the Devara Puja (worship). Underneath the black line,  red dot is added to indicate that one has finished eating their lunch. This dot is called as akshate. It is the ash of the banana tree flower petal mixed with turmeric paste. The shape of angara-akshate is like that of a gada. It is supposed to be Pranadeva Sannidhi (have the presence of Vayu Devaru).  Those who did not perform daily worship to Narayana wear the simple two line tilaka only.

Gaudiya Vaishnavism

In the Gaudiya Vaishnava sampradaya, the tilaka is usually made out of mud from Vrindavan. The main tilaka is basically identical to the Madhva tilaka. Below the two lines, on the bridge of the nose is the shape of a tulsi leaf, while other Vaishnava groups may instead feature the shape of the neem or asoka leaf. The slight difference arose due to the emphasis on direct devotional service such as hearing from the shastras and glorifying the Lord in accordance with Srimad-Bhagavatam. As such, the black line made from the ash of the fire sacrifice is not included. As per Sri Hari Bhakti Vilasa (4.211), the tilaka is a U that begins from the beginning of the nose which is technically 1/3rd the distance from the base to the tip. In due course of time, this original tilaka was modified to suit various divisions and sects.

Nimbarka sampradaya

In Nimbarka Sampradaya, the tilaka is made of Gopi-Chandana (the clay from Gopi Kunda lake in Dwarka, Gujarat), as described in the Vasudeva Upanishad. It starts at the bridge of the nose and continues as two vertical lines to the top of the forehead. This is said to represent the temple of God. Within these lines, between the eyebrows is a black dot, made from the slate found in Barsana, Uttar Pradesh, the sacred birthplace of Radha. This is said to represent God as Radha and Krishna together. This tilaka personifies the tenets of the Sampradaya, that God is Radha and Krishna together, none else. It is supposed to have been first given to Nimbarka at the time of his initiation by the sage, Narada. The tilaka is first given to an initiate by their guru at the time of initiation, and after this, daily the devotee will remember his guru before he adorns the tilaka on his head.

Swaminarayan Sampradaya

In the Swaminarayan Sampradaya, the urdhva pundra tilaka, also known as the tilaka chandlo, is composed of two elements: a "U"-shaped tilaka made of sandalwood paste and a chandlo (circle) made of kumkuma (vermillion) in the center. It is applied before the morning puja.

According to the Swaminarayan Gadis, the symbol represents Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth and fortune, living in the heart of Swaminarayan wherein the tilaka represents the lotus feet of Krishna, the supreme being, and the chandlo stands for Lakshmi. The BAPS interpret the tilaka chandlo to indicate the bhakta-bhagavan mode of worshipping Paramatma along with his ideal devotee, the Gunatit Sadhu. Swaminarayan proclaimed that all devotees should wear the mark on 13 February 1821 during the Holi festival in Panchala, near Junagadh, Gujarat, after demonstrating the tilaka chandlo on Gunatitanand Swami.

See also

Hindu philosophy
Vibhuti
Tilaka

References

Vaishnavism
Hindu traditions
Hindu symbols


Nepal Janabhavana Party is a political party in Nepal. The party is registered with the Election Commission of Nepal ahead of the 2008 Constituent Assembly election.

The main goals of the party are equal opportunities, pensions for farmers and making Nepal into a democratic republic.

References

Political parties in Nepal


Longhoughton is a small rural village in Northumberland, England. It lies near the coast, about  northeast of Alnwick, in the similarly named parish of Longhoughton.

The village lies under the spectacular whinstone outcrop, Ratcheugh Crag, near which local point-to-point racing is often conducted.

Longhoughton church does double-duty as the church of the nearby RAF Boulmer.

History
The village has a turbulent history and was often sacked in Medieval times. From the 12th century until recently, the village was noted for its water and corn mills.

There was local industry based on limestone, coal and lead; although agriculture was always the main occupation.

On top of Ratcheugh Crag is the Robert Adam-designed Ratcheugh Observatory, built by Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland.

Governance
Longhoughton is in the parliamentary constituency of Berwick-upon-Tweed. The MP for this constituency is currently Anne-Marie Trevelyan, the Conservative candidate who was elected in 2015. An electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward stretches north along the coast and east to Powburn. The ward has a total population taken at the 2011 census of 4,424.

Transport
Longhoughton once had a railway station on the main line of the North East Railway.

Buildings
The parish church of St. Peter and St. Paul dates from the Saxon era, although it was rebuilt in 1080 and now the only remaining Saxon stonework is seen in parts of the chancel and tower arches. During the 1080 rebuilding, a  tower was added. This was for purposes of military defence, rather than religious use, and was used as such until the 17th century. Parish records go back as far as 1646.

Smugglers used to use the church as a distribution centre in the 19th century. Nikolaus Pevsner mentioned the building favourably in his review of Northumbrian architecture.

A little over a mile to the north-west is Littlehoughton Hall, a house of 1686 with later additions, which incorporates the remains of a late medieval tower house.

Freedom of the Parish
The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Parish of Longhoughton.

Individuals
 Eleanor Phillips: 3 November 2022.

References

External links

GENUKI (accessed: 26 November 2008)
Northumberland Communities (accessed: 26 November 2008)

Villages in Northumberland
Civil parishes in Northumberland


Nepal Shanti Kshetra Parishad is a political party in Nepal. The party is registered with the Election Commission of Nepal ahead of the 2008 Constituent Assembly election.

References

Political parties in Nepal


Kalyanavarman is also the name of a member of the Varman dynasty (5th century).

The Sārāvalī of Kalyāṇavarman is a foundational compilation of Indian astrology, dating to ca. 800 CE, somewhat post-dating the  .

An English translation was published by N.N. Krishna Rau and V.B. Choudhari in 1961 (in two volumes. 1983 reprint by Renjan Publications).

Date

Kalyana-varman definitely lived after Varahamihira (6th-century), who he mentions in his work. He also respectfully mentions an astronomer whose name starts with "Brahma-": this appears to be a reference to Brahmagupta, who is the only famous astronomer bearing such a name. Brahmagupta's Brahmasphuta Siddhanta dates to 628 CE (Shaka 550), so Kalyana-varman must be dated around 628 CE or later.

Utpala alias Bhattotpala quotes Kalyana-varman in his commentaries on Varahamihira's Brhat-samhita and Brhaj-jataka. Utpala's date is a matter of debate (see Utpala (astronomer)#Date), with two different theories dating his commentaries to c. 830-831 CE and c. 965-966 CE, either of which can be Kalyana-varmna's latest date.

Some manuscripts of Sārāvalī credit Utpala with completing Kalyana-varman's work. For example, a manuscript dated to c. 1632 CE (Vikrama Samvat 1575) states that Sārāvalī had been incomplete for "hundreds of years" before Utpala completed it. According to S.L. Katre, the use of the plural term "hundreds" indicates that Utpala lived at least 300 years after Kalyana-varman. Ajay Mitra Shastri, who dates Utpala to c. 830, argues that this would place Kalyana-varman around c. 530 CE, which is not possible since 628 CE must be his earliest date. Therefore, Shastri theorizes that "hundreds" in this context refers to a long period of time in generic sense. Theorizing that Kalyana-varman and Utpala must have lived at least 100 years apart to justify the use of this term, Shastri fixes c. 730 CE as the latest date for Kalyana-varman.

Various estimates of Kalyana-varman's date include:

 Ajay Mitra Shastri: 628-730 CE
 Sudhakara Dvivedi: c. 628 CE
 Sadashiva L. Katre: c. 650 CE
 D.C. Bhattacharya: c. 750 CE
 Shankar Balkrishna Dikshit: c. 899 CE

References

Bibliography

External links
http://www.astrojyoti.com/saravalipage1.htm

Hindu astrological texts


Kalyanavarman may refer to one of the following people:

 Kalyanavarman (Varman dynasty), a 5th-century ruler of the kingdom of Kamarupa in India
 The author of the Sārāvalī, a foundational compilation of Indian astrology


Prajatantrik Shakti Party is a political party in Nepal. The party is registered with the Election Commission of Nepal ahead of the 2008 Constituent Assembly election. The party supports a constitutional monarchy.

References

Monarchist parties in Nepal


The polyhedral symbol is sometimes used in coordination chemistry to indicate the approximate geometry of the coordinating atoms around the central atom. One or more italicised letters indicate the geometry, e.g. TP-3 which is followed by a number that gives the coordination number of the central atom. The polyhedral symbol can be used in naming of compounds, in which case it is followed by the configuration index.

Polyhedral symbols

Configuration index
The first step in determining the configuration index is to assign a priority number to each coordinating ligand according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog priority rules, (CIP rules). The preferred ligand takes the lowest priority number. For example, of the ligands acetonitrile, chloride ion and pyridine thepriority number assigned are chloride, 1; acetonitrile,2; pyridene,3.  Each coordination type has a different procedure for specifying the configuration index and these are outlined in below.

T shaped (TS-3)
The configuration index is a single digit which is defined as the priority number of the ligand on the stem of the "T".

Seesaw (SS- 4)
The configuration index  has two digits which are the  priority numbers of the ligands separated by the largest  angle. The lowest priority number of the pair is quoted first.

Square planar (SP-4)
The configuration index is a single digit which is the priority number of the ligand trans to the highest priority ligand. (If there are two possibilities the principle of trans difference is applied). As an example, (acetonitrile)dichlorido(pyridine)platinum(II) complex where the Cl ligands may be trans or cis to one another.
The ligand priority numbers are, applying the CIP rules:
two chlorides of priority number 1
acetonitrile priority 2
pyridine priority 3
In the trans case the configuration index is 1 giving the name(SP-4-1)-(acetonitrile)dichlorido(pyridine)platinum(II).
In the cis case  both of the organic ligands are trans to a chloride so to choose the trans difference is considered and the greater is between 1 and three therefore the name is (SP-4-3)-(acetonitrile)dichlorido(pyridine)platinum(II).

Octahedral (OC-6)
The configuration index has two digits. The first digit is the priority number of the ligand trans to the highest priority ligand. This pair is then used to define the reference axis of the octahedron. The second digit is the priority number of the ligand trans to the highest priority ligand in the plane perpendicular to the reference axis.

Square pyramidal (SPY-4)
The configuration index  is a single digit which is the priority number of the ligand trans to the ligand of lowest priority in the plane perpendicular to the 4 fold axis. (If there is more than one choice then the highest numerical value second digit is taken.) NB this procedure gives the same result as SP-4, however in this case the polyhedral symbol specifies that the complex is non-planar.

Square pyramidal (SPY-5)
There are two digits. The first digit is the priority number of the ligand on the fourfold (C4) axis of the idealised pyramid the second digit is the priority number of the ligand trans to  ligand of lowest priority in the plane perpendicular to the 4 fold axis. (If there is more than one choice then the highest numerical value second digit  is taken.)

Trigonal bipyramidal (TBPY-5)
The configuration index consists of two digits which are the priority numbers of the ligands on the threefold rotation axis. The lowest numerical value is cited first.

Other bipyramidal structures (PBPY-7, HBPY-8 and HBPY-9)

The configuration index consists of two segments separated by a hyphen. The first segment consists of two digits which are the priority numbers of the ligands on the five, six or sevenfold rotation axis. The lowest numerical value is cited first.

The second segment consists of 5, 6 or 7 digits respectively. The lowest priority number is the first digit followed by the digits of the other atoms in the plane. The clockwise and anticlockwise sequences are compared and the one that yields the lowest numerical sequence is chosen.

References

Coordination chemistry
Molecular geometry


FC Flora U21 is an Estonian football team based in Tallinn, Estonia.

It is the reserve team of Flora, and currently plays in Esiliiga. Reserve teams in Estonia play in the same league system as the senior team, rather than in a reserve team league. They must play at least one level below their main side.

Players

First-team squad

Reserves and academy

Personnel

Current technical staff

Managerial history

Honours

League
 Esiliiga
 Winners (2): 2014, 2015

References

External links
Official website

FC Flora
Flora U21
Association football clubs established in 2006
2006 establishments in Estonia


Prajatantrik Janamukti Party is a political party in Nepal, led by Gore Bahadur Khapangi (the founding general secretary of the Rastriya Janamukti Party). The party is registered with the Election Commission of Nepal ahead of the 2008 Constituent Assembly election.

The party seeks to establish a system of proportional representation based on ethnicity.

References

Political parties in Nepal


Domléger-Longvillers (Picard: Donnegé-Neuvilé) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is situated on the D267 and D46 crossroads, some  northeast of Abbeville. It is surrounded by the communes Agenville, Cramont and Conteville.

Population
Its inhabitants are called Domlégeois and Domlégeoises in French.

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)