Ouvrage Coucou is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line, located in the Fortified Sector of Boulay.  The ouvrage consists of two infantry blocks, and is located between the gros ouvrages of Hackenberg and Mont des Welches, facing Germany, just north of Kemplich.

Design and construction
Coucou was approved for construction by CORF (Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency, in June 1930 and became operational by 1935, at a cost of 12 million francs. The contractor was Enterprise de Travaille de Fortification.

Description
Coucou is a petit ouvrage with two combat blocks, overlooking the village of Kemplich. The blocks are linked by an underground gallery with barracks and a utility area (usine). The galleries are excavated at an average depth of up to .

 Block 1: infantry/entry block with one automatic rifle cloche (GFM), three automatic rifle embrasures and one 37mm anti-tank gun (JM/AC37) embrasure.
 Block 2: infantry block with two GFM cloches, one retractable machine gun turret, two machine gun embrasures and one 47mm anti-tank gun (JM/AC47) embrasure.

In addition, the ouvrage was linked to the Abri du Coucou by an  underground gallery. The above-ground infantry shelter was armed with two GFM cloches and five automatic rifle embrasures. It possessed its own generating plant. Other nearby posts include:

 Abri des Chênes-Brûlés: Subterranean infantry shelter (abri-caverne) with two GFM cloches.
 Observatoire des Chênes-Brûlés: Observation post with one VP observation cloche and one GFM cloche, reporting to Mont-des-Welches.

An observation block was planned for a second phase, never executed, directly over the caserne.

Manning
In June 1940 the garrison comprised 113 men and 3 officers of the 164th Fortress Infantry Regiment (RIF). The commanding officer was Chef d'Escadron Ebrard until 13 June 1940, succeeded by Captain Roques.

The Casernement de Veckring provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Coucou and other positions in the area.

History
See Fortified Sector of Boulay for a broader discussion of the Boulay sector of the Maginot Line.
Coucou played no significant role in either the Battle of France in 1940 or the Lorraine Campaign of 1944. After the Second World War it became part of the Mòle de Boulay, a strongpoint in the northeastern defenses against Soviet attack.
Coucou remained under Army control until after 1971, when it was declassified and sold.

Current
The property is privately owned.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 L'ouvrage du Coucou at alsacemaginot.com
 Coucou (petit ouvrage A20 du) at fortiff.be
 Petit ouvrage du Coucou at lignemaginot.com

COUC
Maginot Line
Môle de Boulay


Goodenow Grove Nature Preserve is a unit of the Forest Preserve District of Will County located in Crete Township in Will County, Illinois. The closest town is Crete, Illinois. The preserve covers  and contains  of trails and a man-made  hill which is a sledding hill in the winter.

Goodenow Grove Nature Preserve contains mostly woods, but has some prairie. It is moderately hilly with one small pond. Plum Creek crosses the preserve.

Amenities include primitive campsites, picnic shelters available for reservation, and an ice-skating pond when conditions allow.

In 1996, Goodenow Grove was dedicated as a State Nature Preserve for its diverse ecosystems, including forests, floodplain, seeps, savanna, prairies, meadows, and marshes. The nature preserve provides protection for the habitat of state-threatened or endangered species, including the eastern massasauga rattlesnake, the spotted coral root orchid, and more.

Plum Creek Nature Center
The nature preserve features the Plum Creek Nature Center, one of several nature centers and visitor centers operated by the Forest Preserve District of Will County.  The Center features hands-on nature exhibits.  Outside there is a natural playscape for outdoor educational experiences including a pollinator garden, rain garden and interactive play elements. There is also a bird observation area, including birdhouses fitted with "Spy-On-A-Bird" cameras.

References

External links
 Goodenow Grove Nature Preserve
 Plum Creek Nature Center

Nature reserves in Illinois
Protected areas of Will County, Illinois
Nature centers in Illinois


The Lord Baltimore Hotel is located at 20 West Baltimore Street, on the northeast corner of the intersection with North Hanover Street, and one block west of the main downtown thoroughfare of North Charles Street, in the downtown area of Baltimore, Maryland.

Description
The hotel was designed by William Lee Stoddart and opened on December 30, 1928. The 22 story hotel, designed in the French Renaissance style, has a dark red brick veneer with limestone trim over a steel frame.  The building, which is 289 feet tall, is topped with a tower featuring a mansard roof of copper, now aged with a green patina. It replaced the smaller but substantial Hotel Carswell, built shortly after the Great Baltimore Fire of 1904.

In 1958, after the Baltimore City Council considered but failed to pass an ordinance prohibiting racial segregation in public accommodations, the Lord Baltimore Hotel voluntarily ended its restrictive guest policies.

Following the redevelopment of the downtown area in the 1990s, the hotel is within walking distance of many Baltimore attractions such as the Inner Harbor, Camden Yards, and the National Aquarium.

The Lord Baltimore Hotel closed in 1982, needing a major renovation. It was bought by a partnership headed by local developer Saul Perlmutter in 1983 and was renovated in 1985. The partnership filed for bankruptcy in 1987 and the hotel was then taken over from its defunct creditor by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) during the savings and loan crisis of the mid-1980s.

The hotel was managed by Radisson Hotels through much of the 1990s as the Radission Plaza Lord Baltimore. The FDIC sold the hotel to Universal Equities, a Washington, D.C. group, in 1992 for $8.5 million. Universal, in turn, sold the hotel in January 1997 for $30 million. The new owners, Davidson Hotels, ended the association with Radisson. The hotel became, for a time the Hilton Baltimore & Towers.

The hotel was sold again in 2001 to Carlson, the owners of the Radisson Hotels franchise, regaining its previous name as the Radisson Plaza Lord Baltimore. It was sold to Rubell Hotels of Miami, Florida for $10 million (US) in August 2013. It dropped the Radisson flag and reopened in 2014 as an independent hotel, after undergoing a total remodeling of guest rooms, and restoration of the building's public spaces.

In 1982, the hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Lord Baltimore Hotel is a member of Historic Hotels of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.

References

External links

Official website
Baltimore, Maryland, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
, including photo from 1985, at Maryland Historical Trust

Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Baltimore
Renaissance Revival architecture in Maryland
Hotel buildings completed in 1928
Downtown Baltimore
William Lee Stoddart buildings
Skyscraper hotels in Baltimore
Historic Hotels of America


Consolidated Media Holdings (CMH) was an Australia investment company focused on subscription television.

History
Consolidated Media Holdings (CMH) was a publicly listed Australian company. Its two largest shareholders were Consolidated Press Holdings and the Seven Group Holdings.

CMH was formed following a name change by Publishing & Broadcasting Limited (PBL), and the PBL and Crown Schemes of Arrangement, in November 2007.

CMH had a 25 per cent interest in Foxtel. CMH's stake in Foxtel was held jointly with News Corp through the joint. The remaining 50% share of Foxtel was owned by Telstra.

CMH had a 50 per cent shareholding in Fox Sports, Speed, Fox Footy, Fox Sports News and Fuel TV), with the other 50 per cent held by News Corp.

CMH previously held a 50% interest in PBL Media, with assets including the Nine Network, NBN Television, Sky News Australia, Australian Consolidated Press, NineMSN, Carsales, Ticketek and the Sydney Super Dome. In September 2007 CMH sold down a further 25% of its interest in PBL Media to CVC Capital Partners. This was followed in December 2008 with CVC injecting over $300 million into PBL Media, which resulted in CMH's shareholding being diluted to less than 1% of the company.

Investor history
The company was originally controlled by the Packer family. In July 2008 the Seven Network bought a $100 million stake in CMH, equal to 4.82% of the company.

On 16 December 2008, PBL Media issued a press release stating that the company's majority shareholder, CVC Asia Pacific, had refinanced debt facilities as well as injecting in excess of $300 million. CMH stated that they would not be investing any further funds, and as such, CMH's 25% interest became diluted to a stake less than 1%.

In July 2009, the Seven Network purchased a further 13% shareholding in CMH, bringing Seven's total shareholding to 18%. Within days CPH had increased its stake by 1.5% to 40%. On 15 July 2009 the Seven Network further increased its stake to 19.5%

In August 2009, CMH announced the sale of 54 Park Street, Sydney (the long time Packer family HQ) to AMP Capital Investors and the sale of all shareholdings in Seek to institutional investors.

News Corp submitted a bid for Consolidated Media Holdings in 2012. Seven Group Holdings also submitted a bid. The Australian Competition & Consumer Commission approved the takeover bid placed by News Corp, however, denied the bid placed by Seven Group Holdings.

The News Corporation takeover was approved by both the shareholders and the Federal Court, taking effect on 2 November 2012 and this ended the Packer family control of any large media company.

Major shareholders
As at June 2012, CMH's major shareholders were Consolidated Press Holdings (50%) and Seven Group Holdings (25%).

Assets
Consolidated Media Holdings had shares in the following companies:
Foxtel (25%)
Fox Sports (50%)

References

Companies based in Sydney
Companies formerly listed on the Australian Securities Exchange
Defunct broadcasting companies of Australia
Entertainment companies established in 2007
Entertainment companies disestablished in 2012
Holding companies established in 2007
Holding companies disestablished in 2012
Holding companies of Australia
2007 establishments in Australia
2012 establishments in Australia


Erigeron aliceae is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name Alice Eastwood's fleabane, or simply Alice's fleabane. It was named for American botanist Alice Eastwood, 1859 - 1953.

Erigeron aliceae is a perennial native to the meadows and woodlands of the Pacific Northwest. It is found in western Washington, western Oregon, and the northwestern corner of California (Del Norte, Humboldt, Trinity, and Siskiyou Counties). There is a report of an isolated population in the Sierra Nevada east of Yuba City, but this might be an escape from cultivation.

Erigeron aliceae has branching stems reaching 50–100 cm (20–40 cm) in height, with hairy, rounded basal leaves and a few lance-shaped leaves along the narrow, hairy stems. The inflorescence at the top of each erect stem holds 1-7 flower heads, each one to two centimeters (0.4-0.8 inches) wide. The center is made up of many yellow disc florets and surrounded by a ring of up to 80 narrow ray florets in white to shades of light purple and blue.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
calphotos Photo gallery, University of California

aliceae
Flora of California
Flora of Oregon
Flora of Washington (state)
Flora of the Klamath Mountains
Flora of the West Coast of the United States
Plants described in 1900
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


The 2015 Pan American Games (), officially the XVII Pan American Games and commonly known as the Toronto 2015 Pan-Am Games (), were a major international multi-sport event celebrated in the tradition of the Pan American Games, as governed by Pan American Sports Organization (PASO). The games were held from July 10 to 26, 2015 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada; preliminary rounds in certain events began on July 7, 2015. These were the third Pan American games hosted by Canada, and the first in the province of Ontario. The Games were held at venues in Toronto and seventeen other Golden Horseshoe communities. The Pan American Games and 2015 Parapan American Games were organized by the Toronto Organizing Committee for the 2015 Pan and Parapan American Games (TO2015).

The Games hosted 6,123 athletes and 3,396 team officials representing 41 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) in the Americas, marking the largest multi-sport event hosted in Canada, in terms of athletes competing. A record of 46 percent of competitors were women, the most ever for any multi-sport event. 364 events were contested in 36 sports, which included the 28 sports contested at the 2016 Summer Olympics; certain sports also served as qualification paths for these Olympics. Canoe slalom and golf made their Pan American Games debut, as well as women's competitions in baseball, canoeing and rugby sevens.

In 2019, the organizing committee reported that the games came in under budget by $38 million and left a strong legacy for the region with a legacy fund of over $60 million to maintain these structures for a twenty-year period after the Games were held (i.e., until 2035).

Toronto 2015 was largely seen as a precursor for a Toronto bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics, which never materialized (Paris will host the 2024 Summer Olympics instead). This would have been Toronto's sixth attempt at an Olympic bid.

Bidding process

The Canadian Olympic Committee chose Toronto and the surrounding region as the Canadian candidate. No other Canadian city was given a chance to bid in a domestic race, and thus Toronto was selected without a vote. Toronto's interest in bidding came after failing to land the 1996 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics, which were held in Atlanta and Beijing, respectively.

On February 23, 2009, Toronto City Council and Hamilton City Council approved the bid and confirmed their intentions to support the successful hosting of the event. The official bid book document was submitted to the Pan American Sports Organization (PASO) on May 27, 2009.

PASO made an evaluation visit to Toronto between August 30 and 31, 2009. The team analysed the candidate city features and provided its feedback back to voting members of PASO. The evaluation committee was headed by Julio Maglione, a member of the IOC representing Uruguay and the head of Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), the international swimming federation, later renamed World Aquatics in 2023. After the visit, Maglione said, "Toronto has all the conditions to play host to the Pan American Games."

Host city election
Toronto won the bidding process to host the Pan and Parapan American Games by a vote of the Pan American Sports Organization on November 6, 2009, at the PASO Session held in Guadalajara, Mexico. The result was announced by PASO President Mario Vázquez Raña. Toronto faced two other finalists shortlisted Lima, Peru (which later won the rights to host the 2019 Pan American Games), and Bogotá, Colombia. Toronto earned 33 votes, while contesting candidate cities Lima and Bogotá received 11 and 7 votes, respectively. Then-Mayor of Toronto Rob Ford and Canadian Minister of Sport Bal Gosal received the Pan American Sports Organization flag during the closing ceremony of the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara.

Development and preparation

Venues

The 2015 Pan American Games used a mixture of new venues and existing and temporary facilities, some of them in well-known locations such as Exhibition Place. After the Games, some of the new facilities will be reused in their games time form, while others will be resized. A total of 30 competition venues across 14 municipalities were used for competition. Ten of these venues were newly built, while fifteen were renovated to stage the games.

Toronto was one of the most populous cities in history to hold the Pan American Games. In July, Toronto has an average mean temperature of  and afternoon maximum average of  The average humidity is 74 percent, and the city (downtown area) averages five days with the temperature exceeding  and about  of precipitation, mostly brief periods of showers and sometimes thunderstorms. Toronto's elevation is  above sea level on average, though the city has many steep hills and deep ravines, the largest ravine system of any city in the world.

In January 2012, the Toronto Organizing Committee for the 2015 Pan and Parapan American Games (TO2015) announced that sixty percent of the venues that had been proposed would be dropped in favour of a clustering system seen at other multi-sport events such as the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.

The opening and closing ceremonies were held at Rogers Centre (renamed "Pan Am Dome" due to sponsorship rules). Some of the competition venues in the Toronto area included BMO Field (renamed "Exhibition Stadium" due to sponsorship rules), the Pan Am/Parapan Am Fields, the Enercare Centre and the Toronto Pan Am Sports Centre, while the road cycling and marathon events include High Park west of Exhibition Place. Competition venues outside Toronto city limits included Tim Hortons Field in Hamilton, Hershey Centre, Markham Pan Am Centre in Markham, the GM Centre in Oshawa, and the Royal Canadian Henley Rowing Course in St. Catharines.

Financing
The Toronto 2015 Organizing Committee and three jurisdictions of government were to spend about  million in upgrading and building new venues in the region. An additional  million was to be spent in operating expenses such as venue management and marketing. The Canadian federal government was expected to provide  million in funding for the games, while the City of Toronto's contribution was to be  million. Other municipalities which are hosting sporting events were to cover  million of the costs. All remaining costs were covered by the Government of Ontario. Revenue from the games were expected to cover ten percent of the cost to stage the games. The organizing committee expected to generate  million in revenue. In addition,  million was to be spent on building an athletes' village in the West Don Lands area of Toronto. A further  million was budgeted on security, while transportation costs were around  million. In 2014, the Ontario government provided an additional  million to expand the torch relay, provide additional live broadcasting of events and other features. Therefore, the total spent was expected to be  billion, the highest-ever cost of a single Pan Am Games.

In 2016, Ontario auditor-general Bonnie Lysyk issued a report suggesting that the games were over-budget by  million. However, in 2019, the organizing committee found that the games were actually $38 million under budget, and left a legacy of $60 million to continue to maintain the buildings and facilities built for the games.

Infrastructure

The Union Pearson Express, an airport rail link from Toronto Pearson International Airport to Union Station, started full-time service on June 6, 2015. The games created a deadline for a project that had been stalled for years. In addition, a new GO Transit train station in Hamilton at James Street North opened in time for the games.

In October 2013, an expansion of the Pan Am site was announced to help complete  in gaps in Ontario's Trans Canada Trail and connect communities from Ottawa to Windsor and Fort Erie to Huntsville in time for the games. Connections to the Waterfront Trail were expected to be expanded and complete gaps in the trail. Premier of Ontario Kathleen Wynne announced "The province is investing more than  million in Pan Am/Parapan Am Trails to help create a continuous trail of more than ."

Athletes' Village

The Athlete's village cost $735 million CAD and had the capacity to hold up to 7,200 athletes and officials. After the games, the village was converted to 746 market-priced condos, 41 market-priced town homes, 250 affordable-rent apartments, 257 student dormitory units for George Brown College, office and retail units, and a YMCA recreation centre. The Athlete's Village was located in the West Don Lands along Front Street between Bayview Avenue and Cherry Street in Toronto. The development was certified LEED Gold.  Five satellite villages (all hotels and university residences) were also used to house athletes that were competing in venues far from the main village.

Satellite villages

Volunteers
The organization committee expected 23,000 volunteers to be required for Pan Am and Parapan Am Games. Over 63,000 applicants applied to become a volunteer. A total of 16,146 volunteers participated as part of the Games.

Ticketing

Ticket sales began on September 15, 2014 for high-demand events such as the ceremonies, via a lottery. Purchasers would find out if they received tickets in November 2014. General sales of tickets began on December 8, 2014. The Games had 1.4 million tickets for sale, with over 75 percent of them priced under .  A special report from the Office of the Auditor General of Ontario concluded that "TO2015 eventually sold over 1.1 million of the 1.4 million available tickets—over 1 million for the Pan Am Games (85 percent of the total available) and 89,000 for the Parapan American Games (49 percent of the total available)."

Countdown
The one-year countdown took place in Nathan Phillips Square in Downtown Toronto on July 10, 2014, in which a countdown clock was unveiled. A Cirque du Soleil performance was also held there.

Medals
In October 2013, it was announced that the medals for the games would be produced and designed by the Royal Canadian Mint. In September 2014, it was announced that the supplier of the raw minerals used in the medals (over 4,000 in total) would be Toronto-based Barrick Gold. All the materials used in the medals will come from the company's operations in the Pan American region. The copper was mined at the company's Zaldivar mine in Chile, the silver at the Pueblo Viejo mine in the Dominican Republic and the gold was mined at the Hemlo mine in northwestern Ontario in the Unorganized Thunder Bay District near Thunder Bay.

The designs of the medals were revealed on March 3, 2015 at a ceremony at the Royal Ontario Museum.  The design of the medals for the first time in an international able-bodied multi-sport event included braille. The medals are roughly  in diameter and weigh about . The artist of the medals is Christi Belcourt, a Métis visual artist and author. There are three shapes on the front of the medal representing North America, Central America and the Caribbean, and South America, the three regions that competed at the games, while also giving a feel and texture of the medal podium. The back of the medal represents the logo and motto of the games and the design also includes elements and techniques of mokume-gane that gives the medals the appearance of having wood grain.

Torch relay

An application period for Canadians to carry the torch opened in October 2014 and continued until December. Anyone aged 13 years or older as of May 30, 2015 was eligible to become a torchbearer. Most of the torchbearers were selected by a random selection, while the others were selected by torch relay communities and games partners.

The torch took a 41-day journey after being lit in May 2015 at the pyramids of Teotihuacan, Mexico north of Mexico City. The torch was brought through a total of 130 communities, mostly in Ontario (with five outside the province: Richmond, Winnipeg, Calgary, Halifax and Montreal). The torch was carried by about 3,000 torchbearers and travelled approximately . The relay began on May 30, 2015 in Toronto and finished on July 10, the date of the opening ceremony.

The detailed torch relay route and celebration sites were announced on February 24, 2015. The torch arrived in Toronto and then headed to Thunder Bay before visiting all other communities on the route. The relay also visited five National Historic Sites of Canada, six Canadian Forces bases and one provincial park. There were 180 celebrations across the torch relay route.

The Games

Opening ceremony

The opening ceremony of the 2015 Pan American Games took place on Friday July 10, 2015, beginning at 8:00 p.m. EDT at the Pan Am Dome. The opening ceremony was produced and directed by Cirque du Soleil. The production became the largest event produced by the company.

Governor General David Johnston officially opened the games. Meanwhile, basketball player Steve Nash was the person who lit the cauldron. Nash ran outside the stadium at the end of the ceremony, where he ignited a bowl, which transferred the fire to the official cauldron. The ceremony concluded with a fireworks display shot off the CN Tower, and all the performers back on stage to celebrate.

Closing ceremony

The closing ceremony took place on Sunday July 26, 2015, beginning at 8:00 p.m. EDT at the Pan Am Dome in Toronto. The closing ceremony was produced and directed jointly by B5C Productions, BaAM Productions and FiveCurrents, in association with Live Nation.
American rapper and music producer Kanye West was chosen as the headliner for the closing ceremony, other performers included Pitbull and Serena Ryder, the former of whom is also American, though the latter is Canadian.

Participating nations
All 41 nations of PASO competed, one fewer than in the 2011 Pan American Games, as the Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee was dissolved in 2011.

Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee

Sports

A total of 36 sports, 51 disciplines and 364 medal events were contested in these Games. Basque pelota was the only sport dropped from the last games. Golf (after being added to the Olympic program for 2016) also made its Pan American Games debut. Canoe slalom, the only Olympic discipline never to have been held at the Games, also made its debut, meaning for the first time the entire Olympic sports program was contested. Furthermore, both canoe disciplines had C-1 events for women for the first time. Women's baseball and women's rugby sevens also made their debuts, with men's softball returning to the program, after last being contested in 2003. A total of 19 sports (the most ever) were direct or indirect (such as opportunities to gain qualification times) qualifiers for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.

Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events to be contested in each sport/discipline.

Calendar

In the following calendar of events, each blue box represents an event competition, such as a qualification round, on that day. The yellow boxes represent days during which medal-awarding finals for a sport were held. The number in each box represents the number of finals that were contested on that day. Events began three days before the opening ceremony on July 7 and ended with the closing ceremony on July 26.

Medal table

The United States won the most medals with a total of 265. Canada, the host country, won 219 medals. Other notable mentions include Saint Lucia winning its first Pan American gold medal.

Key

Anti-doping

Media

Accreditation
A total of 1,232 media personnel were accredited with covering the games, including broadcast, press and photographers.

Broadcasting

The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) served as the host and domestic broadcaster of the 2015 Pan American Games; locally, coverage was broadcast in the English and French languages by CBC Television and Ici Radio-Canada Télé, and CBC's website carried 650 hours of online coverage. Pay television rights were sub-licensed to Sportsnet, which aired the football (soccer) tournaments, and a semi-final of the Men's basketball tournament that involved Canada. Spanish language rights were sub-licensed to Telelatino and Univision Canada; the broadcaster collaborated with US Spanish-language rights-holder ESPN Deportes on its own coverage. CBC stated that it was "very happy" with the ratings performance of the Games; primetime coverage averaged around 900,000 to 1 million viewers per night, and the opening ceremonies were seen by 1.93 million viewers across CBC and CBC News Network, with the largest audience being in the Toronto region.

In the United States, ESPN held broadcast rights, with 66 hours of English-language coverage across ESPN and ESPN2, 44 hours on Longhorn Network, 200 hours of Spanish-language coverage on ESPN Deportes, and streaming on WatchESPN. ESPN broadcast from studios at Corus Quay, which was linked to the IBC (and in turn, ESPN's headquarters in Bristol, Connecticut). ESPN and ESPN Deportes used their own hosts, as well of those of CBC, as part of its multi-platform coverage.

Rede Record acquired rights in Brazil, paying a record US$30 million. Other broadcasting deals include Torneos y Competencias sports in Argentina, Claro Sports in Mexico and Latina Televisión in Peru.

Marketing

Logo

Toronto's bid logo was launched on October 2, 2008, with the then–Toronto mayor David Miller and then-head of the organizing committee David Peterson unveiling the logo to the public. The bid logo looks like an abstract maple leaf with three sections, each section made up of two strokes in the shape of a "v" with a spot in the centre. The colours are green, red and blue. This was the official logo of the games until 2010, when the new logo was launched.

On September 29, 2010, the official logo of the games was unveiled at a street party at Maple Leaf Square. According to Ian Troop, the former chief executive officer of Toronto 2015 organizing committee, the logo is designed on the basis of the different art styles seen throughout the 41 countries that compete at the games.

Mascot

In January 2013, it was announced that a contest would determine the mascot of the games. Children under the age of 16 had until March 8, 2013 to submit their ideas. 4,000 ideas and drawings were submitted to the organizing committee during this time frame. In April 2013, a shortlist of six mascot designs (which were produced by professional graphic designers with the sketches by the children as models) were released, including a raccoon, beaver, moose, two pixie creature twins, porcupine and an owl. The final six were selected based on originality, how well they represent Canadian culture and the branding of the Games, and the appeal they had amongst adults and children. On April 22, 2013, the general public was allowed to vote for the mascot they felt was the best. Voting was open until May 5, 2013.

On July 17, 2013, Pachi the Porcupine was revealed as the official mascot of the games at an unveiling at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre. The mascot received over 33,000 votes from the nationwide vote. The winning design was submitted by four Grade-Eight students at a school in Markham. The name Pachi means "clapping with joy" in Japanese, while the 41 quills the porcupine has represent the 41 participating countries at the games. The New York Times described the mascot as "a departure from the usual cute and cuddly" and "a marketing challenge".

Music
The event's official theme song was released in three versions: the English-language "Together We Are One", performed by Serena Ryder; the French "Ensemble on est immense", performed by Jasmine Denham; and the Spanish "Unidos Somos Más", performed by Eva Avila.

Toronto Sign

A large, illuminated "Toronto" sculpture sign installed in Nathan Phillips Square for the Games proved to be popular with locals and tourists as a spot for photos, and it came to become a symbol of the renewed enthusiasm surrounding the Pan Am Games. Considering it a symbol of their legacy, Mayor of Toronto John Tory solicited suggestions for a permanent location for the sign following the Games. It was later announced that the sign would remain in the Square in its current form through at least the end of 2016 and later extended to the end of 2017 with the temporary addition of a maple leaf for the 150th anniversary of Canadian confederation and 2018 with a medicine wheel. The sign was later replaced with a permanent version in September 2020, given the popularity of the sign, with the maple leaf and medicine wheel retained.

Sponsorship
Private sponsors included Chevrolet Canada. Another sponsorship deal with CAA South Central Ontario announced in January 2014 was terminated in May 2014.

Premier and lead partners
 Atos IT Systems
 Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC)
 Chevrolet (General Motors Canada)
 Cirque du Soleil
 Cisco Systems
 Live Nation Entertainment
 President's Choice (Loblaw Companies)
 Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation (OLG)

Official suppliers
 Aeroplan
 Aggreko
 Allstream Inc.
 ArcelorMittal
 McKesson Corporation
 Barrick Gold
 Cadillac Fairview
 Coca-Cola Canada
 DB Schenker
 Esso Canada
 Porter Airlines
 Siemens Canada

Concerns and controversies

Scheduling
The aquatics events at the 2015 Pan American Games were scheduled to be held roughly around the same time as the 2015 World Aquatics Championships scheduled in Kazan, Russia. In order to maintain the quality of its fields, the schedule of the five aquatics disciplines had to be changed to accommodate athletes. The synchronized swimming competition was moved to the day before the opening ceremony, diving events began on the day of the opening ceremony (when events are traditionally not held on the day of the ceremony), open water swimming was moved to the first weekend of the games, swimming was reduced to a five-day schedule (down from seven in 2011), and water polo competitions began three days before the opening ceremony. All events were scheduled to be completed by July 24, six days before the opening ceremonies of the World Championships, which in itself was moved back a week to accommodate the games. The change in schedule meant that for the first time, events were held before the opening ceremony.

The 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, which was held in various Canadian cities, concluded on the Sunday prior to the opening ceremony; due to the proximity of the events, teams who competed in both the Women's World Cup and the Pan Am women's football tournament were not expected to field their best players due to availability. Toronto decided not to bid to host matches during the Women's World Cup due to a potential conflict with the Games.

The 2015 World Archery Championships were scheduled later in July, to avoid conflict with the games, while the 2015 World Fencing Championships (which finished one day prior to the start of fencing competitions at the Pan-Am Games) were coordinated to allow athletes to compete at both events. Finally, the second round of the 2015 Davis Cup was moved ahead one week to avoid conflict with the tennis competitions. Tennis competitions were held before the opening ceremony, to allow athletes to compete in both events.

The volleyball tournaments and the FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix and the FIVB Volleyball World League were played at roughly the same time, leading to scheduling conflicts for teams playing both events.

The IndyCar Series' Honda Indy Toronto race (later renamed Grand Prix of Toronto), which is held on a street circuit at Exhibition Place, was moved to June from July to avoid conflicting with the Games.

Expenses claims
In September 2013, it was reported that many senior members of the organizing committee, including then-CEO Ian Troop, expensed Ontario taxpayers for things such as a cup of tea. This led to outrage among provincial politicians including Ontario Premier Kathleen Wynne, "I'm just going to say it's ridiculous. It is the kind of entitlement that is unacceptable". In response to the backlash the organization released an updated expenses and travel policy in November 2013. In December 2013, Troop was ousted by the organization's board of directors, just three months after the expense scandal came into light. He was replaced by Saad Rafi. In 2014, more expenses by the organization came under scrutiny including boxes of South American wine.

In 2015, Ian Troop, the former CEO, gave an interview in which he stated that organizers cleared him from any wrongdoing, and that all expenses fell under the organization's policy. Troop also mentioned under his leadership the organization saved  million from the capital infrastructure budget. Troop's firing had nothing to do with the expenses scandal that arose in 2013.

Executive compensation and bonuses
The games' organizing committee came under scrutiny for the high compensation and bonus packages its executive team has been awarded. Under Ontario's Salary Disclosure rules, any provincial employee receiving over  in compensation will have their salary publicly disclosed. In 2012, it was revealed that former CEO Ian Troop made , with several other senior staff making between  and . Additionally, in 2013 it was revealed that as part of his compensation package, Troop would be eligible for a  bonus at the end of his contract, if the games had finished successfully. Other executives are eligible for bonuses of up to 100 percent of their salaries upon completion of their contract. In 2015, it was revealed that Troop's replacement, Saad Rafi, would receive a bonus of 100 percent of his  salary upon completion of his contract. Rafi did not collect his bonus at the conclusion of the games.

Canadian television coverage
Although still billed as having been the most extensive television coverage of the Pan American Games ever broadcast in the country, the CBC faced criticism for the amount of coverage it produced and broadcast from the 2015 Pan American Games. Only condensed, tape-delayed highlights of events aired on CBC Television, drawing comparisons to the similar practices imposed by NBC's coverage of the Olympics. Most events were streamed online, and pay television channel Sportsnet aired the soccer tournaments on television, but events in some sports received only limited online coverage or were not broadcast at all. Partway through the Games, the CBC expanded its primetime coverage block, while broadcasts of a semi-final game in men's basketball on Sportsnet and the baseball finals online were added at the last minute. Critics perceived these last-minute changes as signs that the CBC had underestimated viewer interest in the Pan Am Games.

CBC Sports head of programming Trevor Pilling explained that the large number of events being held, along with the stature of the Pan American Games in comparison to the Olympics, were a factor in the structure of CBC's coverage, stating that "I do think we are the victim of our own success in that having Olympic coverage that is around the clock, but the Olympics are a different event than these Pan Am Games. But I feel like we've done the athletes justice by telling those stories or through live coverage, or with reporters on site. We've tried to make sure we're at all the significant events, and with Canada winning over 180 medals, that's a tall task."

While the National Post also felt that budget cuts faced by the CBC in recent years, including those imposed following the loss of its national broadcast rights to the National Hockey League to Rogers Media, may have also had an impact—with a CBC spokesperson arguing that "resources" were a factor, Pilling denied that this was the case, arguing that it was "about the planning, It is about making good, sound business decisions", and promised that there would be extensive coverage of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.

References

External links

 Toronto 2015 - XVII Pan American Games - Official Report at PanamSports.org
 Toronto 2015 Pan Am & Parapan American Games – Web archive collected by the University of Toronto Libraries

2015 Pan American Games
Multi-sport events in Canada
Pan American Games
Pan American Games
Pan American Games
Pan American Games
Pan American Games
Pan American Games
International sports competitions in Toronto
Sport in Ontario


Frantic is the eleventh studio album by English singer Bryan Ferry, released on 15 April 2002 by Virgin Records. The majority of tracks were produced by the team of Rhett Davies, Colin Good, and Ferry; David A. Stewart and Robin Trower also co-produced several tracks.

{{Album ratings
| rev1 = AllMusic
| rev1score =  [ link]
| rev2 = Entertainment Weekly
| rev2score = B+ link
| rev3 = PopMatters
| rev3score = Favourable link
| rev4 = Stylus Magazine| rev4score = A− link
}}

Critical reception
Tim DiGravina of AllMusic wrote of the album, "Some listeners might suggest that an album this varied has an identity crisis, but with [these] standout tracks as glorious as the Dylan covers and the Eno closer, Frantic is a fascinating addition to Bryan Ferry's accomplished discography." David Medsker of PopMatters stated that "Frantic may play like a greatest hits album, with bits here recalling Boys and Girls'' and songs there echoing late Roxy, and it may rank in the middle to upper of the pack of his overall body of work. But it's the most cohesive album he's done in ages. Given how down and out he appeared to be, the fact that Frantic is more than half good is cause for joy."

Track listing

Personnel

Musicians

 Bryan Ferry – vocals (1–6, 8–13), harmonica (1, 3, 5, 8, 13), keyboards (4, 10, 12, 13), arrangements (7)
 Colin Good – acoustic piano (1–6, 8, 11), string arrangements (1–3, 6, 11, 13), Mellotron (6), virginal (7), arrangements (7), keyboards (13)
 Terry Disley – keyboards (4, 10, 12)
 Brian Eno – keyboards (4, 10, 13), backing vocals (4, 12, 13), guitar (13)
 Paul Taylor – keyboards (4, 10, 12), programming (10)
 Ben Chapman – programming (4, 10, 13)
 Reece Gilmore – programming (4, 12, 13)
 James Sanger – programming (4, 13)
 Eddie LeJeune – accordion (9), backing vocals (9)
 Pete Glenister – guitar (1, 2, 6, 8, 13)
 Mick Green – guitar (1–3, 6, 8, 11)
 Chris Spedding – guitar (2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 13), sitar (11)
 David Williams – guitar (2–4, 6, 12, 13), bass (4)
 Adam Lamprell – guitar (4, 10, 13)
 David A. Stewart – guitar (4, 10, 12)
 Martin Wheatley – guitar (8)
 D. L. Menard – guitar (9), backing vocals (9)
 Jonny Greenwood – guitar (10)
 Robin Trower – guitar (10)
 Zev Katz – bass (1–3, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13)
 Marcus Miller – bass (10, 12)
 Bobby Irwin – drums (1–3, 6, 13)
 Andy Newmark – drums (4, 10, 12), percussion (8, 13)
 Paul Thompson – drums (4, 8), percussion (11)
 Frank Ricotti – percussion (1, 2, 6–9, 11)
 Otis Ferry – whip effects (2)
 Rosie Wetters – cello (1–3, 6, 11, 13)
 Natalia Bonner – viola (1–3, 6, 11, 13)
 Lucy Theo – violin (1–3, 6, 11, 13)
 Lucy Wilkins – violin (1–3, 6, 11, 13)
 Julia Thornton – harp (7, 8)
 Keith Thompson – recorder (7), crumhorn (7), curtal (7), woodwind (8), oboe (11)
 Ken Smith – fiddle (9), backing vocals (9)
 Robert Fowler – alto saxophone (11)
 Sarah Brown – backing vocals (2, 4, 6, 8, 11, 12)
 Kelli Dayton – backing vocals (2, 10, 11)
 Alice Retif – backing vocals (2, 10)
 Audrey Wheeler – backing vocals (2, 4, 12)
 Nicole Blumberg – backing vocals (4)
 Stephen Granville – backing vocals (4, 12)
 Mary Nelson – soprano vocals (7, 8, 11)
 Alison Goldfrapp – backing vocals (11)
 Lucy Kaplansky – backing vocals (11)
 Patti Russo – backing vocals (11)
 Jhelisa Anderson – backing vocals (12)

Technical
 Bryan Ferry – producer
 Rhett Davies – producer (1–3, 5–8, 11, 13), additional producer (4, 9, 10, 12)
 Colin Good – producer (1–3, 5–8, 11, 13), additional producer (4, 9, 10, 12)
 David A. Stewart – producer (4, 12)
 Robin Trower – producer (9, 10, 13)
 Nick Addison – engineer
 Michael Boddy – engineer
 Neil Brockbank – engineer, mixing (5)
 Ash Howes – engineer, mixing (10)
 Richard T. Norris – engineer
 Sven Taits – engineer
 Mark Tucker – engineer
 Dan Grech-Marguerat – assistant engineer
 Kevin Harp – assistant engineer
 Bob Clearmountain – mixing (1–4, 6–9, 11–13)
 Bob Ludwig – mastering at Gateway Mastering (Portland, Maine)

Artwork
 Bogdan Zarkowski – design, photography
 Nicholas De Ville – design
 Bryan Ferry – design
 Eric Boman – photography
 Albert Sanchez – photography

Charts

References

2002 albums
Albums produced by David A. Stewart
Albums produced by Rhett Davies
Albums recorded at RAK Studios
Bryan Ferry albums
Virgin Records albums


Navarro is a town in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is the county seat of Navarro Partido.

External links

 Municipal website

Populated places in Buenos Aires Province
Populated places established in 1864


Lakhish or Lachish () may refer to:

Lachish, a biblical city in Israel
Lakhish, Israel, a moshav in south-central Israel
Lakhish Regional Council, a regional council in south-central Israel
Lakhish River, a river in the area
Hevel Lakhish, a region of south-central Israel


Goodenow, is an unincorporated community in Will County, Illinois, United States.

Demographics

History

First surveyed in 1839,  were purchased in 1853 by George Goodenow. Divided into "blocks, lots, streets and alleys" in 1872. It is in a semi-rural area with the closest town being Crete to the north and Beecher to the south. It is very wooded and contains remnant Oak trees and prairie grass with many houses on large, wooded lots. The major industry was the now-closed Beecher Landfill which took in garbage from the Chicago metropolitan area. Will Township Unity.  To the east of the area is the  Goodenow Grove Nature Preserve. To the south, it is open farmlands for several miles until you get to the town of Beecher. The town lies on the Valparaiso Moraine and the small stream, Plum Creek, runs through the area.

References

Unincorporated communities in Will County, Illinois
Unincorporated communities in Illinois


Jameson Clark (8 July 1907, in Kilbirnie, North Ayrshire, Scotland – 4 January 1984, in Kilbirnie, Ayrshire, Scotland) was a Scottish character actor who appeared in 22 films and made many appearances on television.

Career
His first appearance in a major film was the British production Whisky Galore! (1949), playing Constable Macrae, a role he would reprise in the sequel, Rockets Galore! (1957) His early roles were all to a Scottish typecast, and he made 13 films, including The Maggie (1954) and X the Unknown (1956) in which he portrayed Scottish characters, before he was given the part of an English tugboat captain in The Key (1958).

He appeared as McDougal in Ralph Thomas's re-make of John Buchan's The 39 Steps (1959), which also starred Kenneth More as Richard Hannay. The last of his four films released in 1959 was Charles Crichton's The Battle of the Sexes, playing Andrew Darling, with Peter Sellers and Robert Morley heading the cast.

After playing Sir Alan in the film Tunes of Glory (1960), he portrayed the Constable in Greyfriars Bobby: The True Story of a Dog (1961), a film based on the novel by Eleanor Atkinson, which recounts the tale of the Skye Terrier who would not leave his master's grave.

Clark briefly appeared on television, playing Jamie Lang in an episode of the British police series No Hiding Place ("Whistle and I'll Come", 1961). After playing George Lockwood in the film A Pair of Briefs (1962), Clark returned to TV as a Foreman in an episode of the Suspense anthology series ("Diversion to Danger", 1963). He would remain on the small screen for the next six years, in such series as The Troubleshooters and Dr. Finlay's Casebook, also re-surfacing in No Hiding Place, this time as Harry Armstrong in the episode "All Dead and Buried" (1963).

Clark's final film was Ring of Bright Water (1969), playing the Storekeeper in the film about otters based on the book by the naturalist Gavin Maxwell. From then until his retirement in 1980, he concentrated once more on contributions to television projects, amongst which were Sutherland's Law, The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, Play for Today and Enemy of the People.

Clark died on 4 January 1984 aged 76.

Filmography

References

External links

1907 births
1984 deaths
Scottish male film actors
People from Kilbirnie
20th-century Scottish male actors


The Five Thirty Show is a Scottish topical magazine show, which began broadcasting in Northern and Central Scotland on STV on Monday 28 January 2008. The programme was aired live from STV's Pacific Quay studios in Glasgow, with live link-ups to other parts of Scotland often featuring.

In May 2009, it was revealed that the programme would be axed and replaced by a new hour-long format entitled The Hour. The last regular edition of the programme aired on Friday 15 May 2009 and concluded with co-host Rachel McTavish's departure from STV.
The final live programme was followed by a week of compilation specials.

Format
The show was originally intended to report on the top stories of the day from across STV's Northern and Central regions in a more relaxed style to its sister shows, Scotland Today and North Tonight (now known as STV News at Six). Within a short time of launch, the format was changed to include more lifestyle & feature items and a greater focus on entertainment stories.

Presenters
The programme team since launch;

Main Presenters
 Stephen Jardine (28 January 2008 – 14 May 2009)
 Debi Edward (28 January 2008 – 25 April 2008)
 Rachel McTavish (28 April 2008 – 15 May 2009)

Roving Reporters
 Vicky Lee (relief presenter)
 Gerry McCulloch (relief presenter)
 Chris Harvey (North Scotland Correspondent)
 Natasha Stillwell

Entertainment Correspondent
 Grant Lauchlan

Weatherman
 Seán Batty

Related shows
 STV News at Six
 The Hour
 Live at Five

References

External links

2000s Scottish television series
2008 Scottish television series debuts
2009 Scottish television series endings
English-language television shows
Scottish television shows
STV News


Stimulated Records was founded by Dante Ross, an A&R representative and record producer, who was mentioned by De La Soul on its first album, and was the original architect of Elektra Records' hip hop roster of the early to mid 1990s. The label released the likes of Sadat X, Camp Lo, and Cella Dwellas.

Discography
 Missin' Linx - Exhibit A (12")
 Missin' Linx - Exhibit A (CD)
 Mr. Voodoo - Crhyme Life / Lyrical Tactics, Pt. 2 (12")
 Sadat X - Ka-Ching / X-Man (12")
 Cella Dwellas - Leakage / Ill Collabo (12")
 Stimulated Dummies - Stimulated All Stars / Del Meets The Dummies (12")
 Cella Dwellas - The Last Shall Be First (2xLP)
 Cella Dwellas - The Last Shall Be First (CD, Album)
 Sadat X - The State Of New York vs. Derek Murphy (12")
 Missin' Linx - Family Ties (12")
 Camp Lo - Troubleman / Cookers (12")
 Casual - VIP / I Gotta (Get Down) / Turf Dirt (12")
 Various Artists - Stimulated Vol. 1 (2xLP)
 Sadat X - Cock It Back / You Can't Deny (12", Promo)
 Camp Lo - Troubleman / Cookers (12", Promo)
 Various Artists - Stimulated Vol. 1 - Clean Album (2xLP)
 Sadat X - The State Of New York vs. Derek Murphy (CD, EP)
 DJ Riz - Live From Brooklyn (12")
 Cella Dwellas - Launch A Rocket / Stand Up

External links
 http://www.stimulatedrecords.com/
 http://www.discogs.com/label/Stimulated+Records

American record labels
Hip hop record labels


Jubilation "Jubilee" Lee is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Chris Claremont and artist Marc Silvestri, the character first appeared in Uncanny X-Men #244 (May 1989). Jubilee is a member of the human subspecies known as mutants, born with superhuman abilities. She can generate pyrotechnic energy blasts from her hands. Introduced as an orphaned "mall rat" from Beverly Hills, Jubilee joined the X-Men in the early 1990s, becoming the team's youngest member and often playing a sidekick role to her father-figure, Wolverine.

Jubilee eventually joined the junior team Generation X, and was a prominent character in the 1990s X-Men animated series. In late 2004, Marvel launched a self-titled six-part limited series for Jubilee set in Los Angeles, written by Robert Kirkman. In early 2011, she appeared in the four-part limited series Wolverine and Jubilee, written by Kathryn Immonen.

Jubilee was one of many mutants who lost their powers in the 2005 storyline "Decimation"; she later reappeared using technology-based powers, using the alias Wondra, in the New Warriors comic book series. During the 2010 "Curse of the Mutants" storyline, she was turned into a vampire. She became a single mother after adopting a son, Shogo, in a 2013 storyline. She was eventually, in 2019, cured of her vampirism and had her mutant powers restored by a shard of the Phoenix Force.

Jubilee appeared in the 1996 television film Generation X, portrayed by Heather McComb. She also has cameo appearances in the first three X-Men films, portrayed by Katrina Florece in the first film, and by Kea Wong in its two sequels. In the 2016 film X-Men: Apocalypse, she was portrayed by Lana Condor.

Publication history
Jubilee was created by writer Chris Claremont and artist Marc Silvestri and first appeared in The Uncanny X-Men #244 (May 1989). Claremont had earlier introduced a "Jubilee" of sorts in The New Mutants Annual #2 (1986). In that story, Darla of the Fat Boys, after being mentally and biologically warped, uses identical powers to those of the later Jubilation Lee and introduces herself as "Jubilee! Whose every move is a celebration!" In her first appearance Jubilation Lee gives a similar self-introduction: "Actually, my name is Jubilee! 'Cause with me, every day's a celebration!" Darla is returned to normal by the end of The New Mutants Annual #2, and no in-story connection between the characters is ever established.

Jubilee appeared regularly as an X-Men team member in The Uncanny X-Men through issue #280 (Sept. 1991), and later was a staple of X-Men (1991) as a member of the X-Men's Blue Team. During the same timeframe, she also served as Wolverine's sidekick in Wolverine vol. 2 #40–75 (1991–1993).

After the Phalanx Covenant storyline in X-Men #16–17 and The Uncanny X-Men #316–317, Jubilee, who was then a teenager, was transferred to the X-Men trainee squad Generation X and starred in the entire run of Generation X #1–75 (1994–2001). After the dissolution of Generation X, Jubilee returned to the pages of The Uncanny X-Men, first as a member of the X-Corporation (#403–406, 2002), and later as a team member in her own right (#423–437, 2003–2004). Jubilee had a six-issue self-titled limited series in 2004 written by Robert Kirkman, but loses her mutant powers in House of M – The Day After #1 (Jan. 2006). She then adopts the alias Wondra and joins the reconstituted New Warriors in New Warriors vol. 4 #1–20 (2007–2009).

Jubilee is affected with vampirism during the "Curse of the Mutants" in X-Men vol. 3 #1 (July 2010) and remained a sporadic character on that title through issue #27 (April 2012), as well as a supporting character in X-23 vol. 3 (2010–2011). In 2011, she saw print in her second four issue limited series, Wolverine and Jubilee written by Kathryn Immonen and drawn by Phil Noto, as an aftermath follow-up to the Curse of the Mutants storyline. Jubilee later featured as a regular character in the all-female X-Men vol. 4 #1–25 (2013–2015), and as a supporting character in Patsy Walker, a.k.a. Hellcat! (2016). She returned as a main cast member in Generation X vol. 2 #1-9, #85-87 (2017-2018) as the adult mentor to the new teenage main characters, during which she was cured of vampirism and had her mutant powers restored.

Fictional character biography

Origins
The daughter of two prosperous Chinese immigrants, Jubilation "Jubilee" Lee was born in Beverly Hills, California, where she lived with her wealthy parents. An immensely talented gymnast, she was believed to have the potential to participate in the Olympic Games. This life was destroyed when her parents were murdered by the hitmen Reno and Molokai.

Jubilee was sent to an orphanage but ran away and hid in the Hollywood Mall, stealing food to survive. She discovered her mutant power to generate blinding and explosive energy blasts (herself referring to them as "fireworks") while running away from mall security. The stress of fleeing security guards caused Jubilee to emit a large light energy blast in a back alley. This disoriented the men and allowed her to escape. Learning about her mutant ability, she realized she could earn money by using it to entertain customers in the mall.

The mall security attempted to put an end to her unauthorized performances, but she continued to elude them. They hired the M-Squad, a company of professional mutant hunters, to capture her. Jubilee was rescued by X-Men members Dazzler, Psylocke, Rogue, and Storm. Curious about the women, she tracked them to the portal leading back to their base in the Outback and stepped through.

Jubilee stays hidden in the base, never having heard of the X-Men and has no idea how they might react to her presence. She steals food and borrows clothes from several of the X-Men to create a makeshift costume for herself. She is attacked by a cybernetic dog, and forced to use her powers in self-defense by blowing up the beast. This is the first time Jubilee learns her powers can do real damage, although a later retcon has her first manifestation causing destruction on a similar scale.

While sneaking around the caverns in the Outback base, Jubilee witnesses the X-Man Wolverine being captured and tortured by the Reavers. Jubilee is terrified of the Reavers, but unable to convince herself to abandon a fellow human being to such suffering. During a respite from the torture sessions, Jubilee helps Wolverine back to her hiding spot in the complex, where she nurses him back to health. Before entirely recovered, Wolverine and Jubilee are forced to abandon their sanctuary when the Reavers hunt them down. The pair make their way to Madripoor where they battle the Mandarin and Matsu'o Tsurayaba's Hand. Jubilee holds her own against the highly skilled Hand, and blows up part of the Mandarin's castle with her powers when she, along with Wolverine and Psylocke, is taken prisoner.

Afterward, Jubilee teams up with Wolverine on several of his missions throughout the world. She does not handle traveling well, as she desires American food and luxuries. She helps Wolverine in battle when he becomes involved with well-intentioned but violent mercenaries.

Alongside Wolverine and Psylocke, Jubilee battles Hardcase and the Harriers. She also meets the Black Widow and participates in a mission to rescue several kidnapped New Mutants from Genosha. Against her protests, Wolverine places her in charge of looking after Boom Boom and Rictor and meeting up with X-Factor. The three survive on the streets of the island nation before meeting up with the other X-Men. After meeting the X-Men, she travels with them to the Shi'ar Empire, but is captured by the Warskrulls. She briefly falls under the control of the Shadow King, along with the X-Men and numerous others.

Wolverine and the X-Men
Wolverine brings Jubilee to Professor Xavier at the X-Mansion, who welcomes the girl with open arms. She and Wolverine develop a close father-daughter relationship with one another. Due to this relationship, Jubilee is referred to as Wolverine's unofficial sidekick.

Jubilee finds a home with the X-Men and joins the X-Men Blue Team. She aids her fellow mutants in battles against Omega Red, the Shi'ar Empire, Skrulls, and the Brood, among others. With the last three, she holds her own against many powerful entities, often being the vital factor in saving fellow X-Men and/or innocent civilians. She forms close bonds with many of the team members, taking piggyback rides with Beast as she enjoys his leaping abilities. When Professor Xavier temporarily regains the use of his legs, she takes him rollerblading. She has the chance to talk about Wolverine with Shadowcat, who had been in her sidekick role before, and bonds with the younger Illyana Rasputin. Jubilee later mourns the loss of Illyana with the rest of the X-Men, especially Jean Grey.

Alongside the X-Men, Jubilee is captured by Omega Red, Matsu'o Tsuryaba, and Fenris. She also fights Sabretooth during this encounter. Alongside Wolverine, she then clashes with Mojo (see Abcissa), and is arrested in Tokyo for speeding and driving without a license. There she meets Yukio, and teams with her against Cylla Markham. She aids the X-Men and Ghost Rider against the Brood. Jubilee then journeys with the X-Men to Mojoworld.

During one adventure, Jubilee falls halfway through a time portal and witnesses the moment when hitmen arrived at her home to kill her parents. Knowing the names and faces of her parents' murderers for the first time, Jubilee sets out to kill them, but Wolverine talks her out of it. Shortly after, Wolverine leaves the X-Men. He does not give Jubilee the option to come with him, instead leaving her a note which repeatedly emphasizes that she should stick with Professor Xavier and not go out on her own again. Though she maintains her usual spunky demeanor in the ensuing weeks, the other X-Men notice that she feels somewhat abandoned by Wolverine's leaving.

Generation X
Jubilee leaves the X-Men to join a new group of teenage mutants known as Generation X. The team is led by Banshee and Emma Frost, and is initially composed of Jubilee, Husk, Synch, M, and Skin, with Chamber, Penance, Mondo, and Gaia joining as the series progresses. The team also becomes a safe haven for three young wards during their adventures: Artie Maddicks, Leech, and temporarily, Franklin Richards.

Both Banshee and Emma Frost educate the teenagers in school subjects as well as combat and field skills (with occasional assistance from visiting instructors such as Wolverine and Beast). Jubilee and the other mutant teens hone their unique abilities and occasionally battle foes such as the Juggernaut, Omega Red, and their archrival Emplate. Time after time, Jubilee uses her experience with the X-Men to help her teammates outsmart their enemies. On more than one occasion, Jubilee is solely responsible for the defeat of Emplate. She uses sarcasm when Emplate siphons her powers so that he will become enraged enough to not have control over them, causing him to blast himself with Jubilee's energy blasts. During the team's last encounter with Emplate, Jubilee uses her power to blow up Proudstar Hall to defeat him. Her teammates survive the massive explosion because Iceman covers them with an ice shield.

During her stay at the Massachusetts Academy, Jubilee is kidnapped and held hostage by Bastion during Operation: Zero Tolerance. She manages to resist his mental probes for a good amount of time, hiding valuable information about the X-Men. Jubilee stages an escape early on, knocking several armed soldiers unconscious with a large plasma volley. However, she is recaptured when she stops to give CPR to one of the guards she injured. She eventually escapes with the help of Bastion's assistant, Daria. While wandering the desert after her getaway, she is attacked by a Prime Sentinel and holds her own by blasting his vision receptors. She is saved at the last minute by Wolverine, who reunites her with the X-Men. After discovering Bastion has planted a nano-explosive inside Cyclops, the X-Men return home, dropping Jubilee off at Massachusetts Academy on the way.

One of the most important episodes of her stay with Generation X comes when she discovers the true killer of her parents, Hunter Brawn. She stages an operation, using her mutant powers, and innate skills and abilities to track down Brawn. With the help of her friends and teammates, she manages to defeat him. Enraged at how he destroyed her family, Jubilee's powers flare to a massive level, but instead of killing the man, she takes out her aggression by blowing up his warehouse, leaving him to be arrested by local authorities.

After Generation X
After Generation X disbands, Jubilee moves to Los Angeles with her former teammate Skin to pursue an acting career. She is cast in nothing but stereotypical Asian roles, and after her agent tries to seduce her, she hits him with a powerful energy blast.

Around the same time, Jubilee is offered a position on Banshee's militaristic X-Corps team, alongside former teammates Husk and M. The three young women hesitantly join Banshee to keep an eye on him. During her run with the X-Corps, Jubilee holds off an uprising in Paris by blinding hostile enemies. Jubilee and Husk, with the help of Stacy X, also manage to take down the Blob and rescue Banshee from Mystique.

After her time in the X-Corps, Jubilee returns to Los Angeles with Skin, but the two (along with Magma and other mutants) are kidnapped and crucified on the front lawn of the X-Mansion by the Church of Humanity. Jubilee, Magma, and the others recover from the attack thanks to Angel's healing blood, but Skin is not so fortunate. Jubilee becomes depressed due to the loss of her friend, and reunites with Husk. The two, along with Angel, attend Skin's funeral. Since the gravekeeper would not allow a mutant to be buried in his cemetery, he has Skin cremated and hands Jubilee the ashes. Afterward, Jubilee goes on a few missions with Nightcrawler and Havok's Uncanny X-Men team, but is taken off the active roster when Cyclops decides she needs a mental break.

While inactive, Jubilee is contacted by a long lost relative, her aunt Hope. Hope decides to adopt Jubilee and take her into her home in Los Angeles, which gives Jubilee a much-needed break from X-Mansion life. Jubilee attends Payton Noble High School and becomes a peer advisor. She gets into a few fights at school, and is reprimanded because of her power display. She also befriends a mutant named Shane Shooter, and helps him take down a gang leader. Unfortunately for Jubilee, her aunt is caught in a crime ring, as she was an assassin. While Wolverine is visiting Jubilee, the two of them – along with Hope (and her butler Brad) – get into a battle with Hope's former boss. Hope is caught in a violent explosion and seemingly dies (she is later revealed to have been thrown afar by the explosion, revealing her cybernetic nature), causing a distraught Jubilee to move back to the X-Mansion with Wolverine, where she is seen celebrating Christmas.

Decimation and aftermath
Jubilee is revealed to have lost her powers on M-Day, due to the reality-altering powers of the Scarlet Witch. She returns to New York shortly after running a half-way house for depowered mutants in Queens, New York, and is kidnapped by Omega Red and his henchmen while Wolverine is sidetracked during the battle. She is taken to Berlin as a hostage. Wolverine manages to use S.H.I.E.L.D. to find Jubilee, but she is beaten and badly injured. Logan trades his freedom from S.H.I.E.L.D. for Jubilee's safety and well-being. She is carried away in a medical unit by S.H.I.E.L.D. operatives.

Jubilee next resurfaces as Wondra, the second-in-command of one of the incarnations of the New Warriors. She uses technologically based super-strength (supplied by what appears to be a variation of The Wizard's "Wonder Gauntlets") capable of lifting a locomotive engine over her head. Recruited as the first member, Jubilee takes a more serious attitude to her role as Wondra and serves alongside fellow X-Men and former teammates Decibel and Stacy X. Jubilee distrusts Night Thrasher and uncovers evidence that he is using the team for less than noble reasons, and after a trip to the future, the former mutants leave the team in the hands of ex-members of the Initiative (Slapstick, Justice, Ultra Girl, et al.).

After leaving the New Warriors, she returns to San Francisco and meets with a group of young mutants her age, who tell her about Utopia, the island home for mutants. Jubilee reaffirms her identity as a mutant, despite being depowered, but still declines to join the X-Men on Utopia.

Curse of the Mutants
Cyclops sends Pixie to check on Jubilee, and while the girls are chatting, Jubilee is one of many individuals to be mass-infected with a bio-engineered virus by a vampire suicide bomber. Jubilee is taken to the X-Men's headquarters, where they run tests on her, confirming that the virus is slowly but surely transforming her into a vampire, making her less and less able to handle sunlight. Meanwhile, others infected by the virus quickly turn into full vampires and begin enacting the plans of the mysterious "Lord of Vampires".

Later, while talking to Doctor Nemesis (James Bradley), Jubilee reveals that something is calling for her, to which Doctor Nemesis tells her to fight it back. Jubilee eventually tells him that she does not want to fight. Much later, while the X-Men gather to discuss the death of Dracula and learn who the new Lord of Vampires is, Dr. Kavita Rao is seen checking on her, only to be attacked. Wolverine then feeds her some of his blood, since his healing factor keeps her from becoming savage. It is also revealed that Rockslide has a crush on Jubilee and follows her and Wolverine to Siberia to save her from a vampire cult.

Jubilee leaves Utopia to go see Xarus, who bites her. It is also revealed that Xarus only wants Jubilee so the X-Men can come to rescue her and fall into a trap, especially Wolverine. Jubilee is successfully transformed into a vampire and temporarily does the same to Wolverine after he comes to rescue her. She remains a vampire and is detained in a holding cell beneath Utopia for observation, with Cyclops and Wolverine both rejecting Blade's suggestion that killing her is the only solution.

Touching Darkness
At Gambit's behest, Wolverine travels to Paris, taking Jubilee with him. The tensions between Jubilee and X-23 (who is traveling with Gambit) flare up. Meanwhile, Gambit talks to Wolverine about the difference between how he treats Jubilee and X-23, both of whom see him as a father-figure. Jubilee soon starts to develop a friendship with X-23 due to their similar circumstances, with the latter helping her deal with her urges to kill, while Jubilee in turn helps Laura learn how to be a "normal" girl. She is later taken in by a group of vampires called the Forgiven, who have learned to move beyond their need for blood and can move about in the day, as a student.

Marvel NOW!
Jubilee returns to the X-Men with an orphaned baby, whom she names Shogo, who was infected with Arkea. During the Battle of the Atom event, Sentinel X (a member of the future X-Men) is revealed to be a fully grown Shogo. The two spend some quality time together after the death of the future Jubilee and the defeat of the Brotherhood of Mutants. Afterward, Storm informs her that the adoption papers have gone through, legally making Jubilee the mother of Shogo.

Reverting to a mutant
Jubilee becomes a teacher at the newly-renamed Xavier Institute, mentoring students deemed unsuited to become either X-Men or mutant ambassadors to humanity. Students under her supervision include Quentin Quire, Bling!, Nature Girl, Eye-Boy, Benjamin Deeds and Nathaniel Carver.

After Monet falls under the influence of her brother, Emplate, and attacks the school, she fights Jubilee and takes away the medallion she uses as protection from sunlight. Monet then threw her out of the school and as the sunlight began burning Jubilee, Quentin Quire sacrifices the shard of the Phoenix Force he carried within him to save her from certain death, curing Jubilee of her vampirism and restoring her mutant powers in the process.

Krakoan Era
Shortly after Professor X established the Krakoan Era, Jubilee joins with Betsy Braddock, Captain Britain, Rogue, Gambit, and Apocalypse to form a new iteration of Excalibur. Jubilee helps the team with the investigation of the Outworld, which gained connection to the island-nation through an opened magical gate.

Powers and abilities

Mutant powers
As a mutant, Jubilee has the power to generate pyrotechnic energy plasmoids from her hands. She has referred to these blasts as "fireworks." The plasmoids obeyed her mental control, traveling where she directed them, arranging themselves in various shapes, and exploding when she wished. The strength of the blasts varied in degrees of power and intensity, and can range from a multitude of colorful sparkles capable of temporarily blinding a person, to a powerful detonation capable of smashing objects and destroying property, or a precision burst inside a human brain, simulating the effects of a massive stroke. Jubilee can also absorb the energy back into her own body without harm.

While training in Generation X, Emma Frost described Jubilee as having the untapped ability to detonate matter at a subatomic level, which in theory is the equivalent of a nuclear fusion bomb. Her moral stance on taking a life was observed by Emma during the Phalanx Covenant, when Jubilee explained her fear of killing someone should her powers ever flare up again, as they did during the Acts of Vengeance storyline in The Uncanny X-Men (she destroyed the Mandarin's mansion in a massive explosion, out of grief after believing that Wolverine had been killed). Emma stated that Jubilee had unlimited potential and was one of the most powerful mutants she had ever encountered, being able to detonate matter at a sub-atomic level. Jubilee's Age of Apocalypse alternate had few qualms about using her powers, and made liberal use of her full ability. In X-Terminators, Jubilee makes good on all of Emma's speculations as she releases an Atom Bomb attack that completely destroys the Collector's spaceship (while also vaporizing her own clothes and all of the hair on her body).

Jubilee also displayed an immunity to telepathy, allowing her to remain "invisible" to telepaths. She had, on occasion, used this ability to hide herself from telepathic scans and to block mental probes from Sentinels.

In the aftermath of House of M, Jubilee was one of the many mutants to be depowered, but she has since regained her powers.

As Wondra
Jubilee was among the mutants depowered by M-Day. She fell into a deep depression following the loss of her powers, going through several jobs before joining the New Warriors. During this time, she was known by the alias "Wondra".

Upon joining the post-Civil War New Warriors team, Wondra gained highly advanced technology from Night Thrasher to replace her mutant abilities, giving her superhuman strength. While the upper limits of this power were not explored, the technology allowed Wondra to lift the engine of a freight train over her head. Wondra's power suit and gauntlets also enhanced her with limited invulnerability, as well as the ability to fly with hover discs.

Vampire abilities
Jubilee gained the powers of a vampire from her transformation by the bite of Xarus, the son of Dracula. They include superhuman strength and speed, and turning into vapor. It is possible that she can heal much faster than a human. As a vampire, Jubilee now possesses all of the weaknesses of a vampire. She uses a medallion created by Xarus which allows all vampires to endure the sunlight. Quentin Quire later apparently cured Jubilee from her vampiric status after using a shard of the Phoenix Force he carried to save her from certain death, restoring her mutant powers in the process.

Innate traits and abilities
Jubilee is a talented gymnast and in-line skater. While living on her own, she used her skills to evade capture while stealing to survive, first from the various shops in the mall and later at the X-Men's Australian base. She has also displayed above average hand-to-hand combat skills, having learned street-fighting techniques while in Los Angeles County Juvenile Hall, and being coached further by Wolverine. Her skills are sufficient to survive combat with the Hand. She also demonstrated strong leadership abilities, often being placed in a field commander role by Banshee during her closing time with Generation X, and acting as a drill-sergeant figure for the most recent New Warriors team.

In an issue of the Wolverine comic series, it was stated that Jubilee suffers from dyscalculia.

Reception

Critical reception
Andy Quach of MovieWeb included Jubilee in their "Asian Comic Book Characters that Need to Hit the MCU and DCU" list and called her one of the "most storied Asian heroes in all comic book history," writing, "Her character has been through plenty of thrilling storylines in the X-Men comics, any of which could make for an entertaining origin story centered around her."

George Marston of Newsarama included Jubilee in their "20 X-Men characters that should make the jump from Marvel comics to the MCU" list. John Grimaldi of Collider included Jubilee in their "10 Strongest Superhero Sidekicks in Marvel Comics" list. Darren Franich of Entertainment Weekly ranked Jubilee 25th in their "Let's rank every X-Man ever" list. Matthew Perpetua of BuzzFeed ranked Jubilee 28th in their "95 X-Men Members Ranked From Worst To Best" list. CBR.com ranked Jubilee 9th in their "10 Smartest Marvel Sidekicks" list, and ranked her 20th in their "20 Most Powerful Mutants From The '80s" list.

Literary reception

Volumes

Jubilee - 2004
According to Diamond Comic Distributors, Jubilee #1 was the 80th-best-selling comic book in September 2004.

Wolverine and Jubilee - 2011
According to Marvel Comics, Wolverine and Jubilee #1 sold out. According to Diamond Comic Distributors, Wolverine and Jubilee #1 was the 70th-best-selling comic book in January 2011.

Greg McElhatton of CBR.com called Wolverine and Jubilee #1 a "smart-looking book," writing, "I'm curious to see where Immonen and Noto are going to take it from here. There's a lot of set-up in this first issue, but it's such a pleasant set-up that you barely even notice until it's over. So far, my only real complaint is that we're getting this as a mini-series. Of all the 9000 other X-Men spin-offs out there, one with this creative team would sure be nice."

Other versions

Abcissa
In one alternate timeline, Mojo tried to stop the Big Crunch, the end of time and collapse of all matter which would start a new Big Bang. Jubilee told him to stop, and she would be his slave. Giving her the new name "Abcissa", her powers would be altered to animate and control the many chains that were attached to her body. Abcissa and Mojo kidnapped Jubilee, taking her to the Crunch, so she would become Mojo's slave. Jubilee refused, which nullified Abcissa's existence. Wolverine arrived and defeated Mojo.

Age of Apocalypse
In the Age of Apocalypse, Jubilee is part of Gambit's X-Ternals, a group of rebel thieves. She went with the X-Ternals to the Shi'ar Empire to steal a piece of the M'Kraan Crystal. Jubilee displayed a greater level of control over her power than her Marvel-616 version by detonating the clothing of several Madri enforcers on a molecular level. In addition, she uses the full extent of her powers by destroying a Shi'ar ship single-handedly. Her fate in the tenth anniversary issue of the Age of Apocalypse is not revealed.

Amazing Spider-Man: Renew Your Vows
In this continuity, Jubilee is an instructor at Xavier's School for Gifted Children, but is revealed to be a double agent working for Magneto.

Amalgam Comics
In this alternate universe, where part of the Marvel multiverse is fused with part of the DC multiverse, Jubilee is combined with Robin to become Sparrow, the sidekick of Dark Claw (Wolverine + Batman).

Days of Future Past
In Days of Future Past, Jubilee is one of the last X-Men alive and among the few mutants who are not prisoners in a concentration camp. She lives with her lover Synch in the ruins of Hollywood.

DC vs. Marvel
In the 1996 Marvel/DC crossover series DC vs. Marvel storyline, Jubilee first meets Robin when he suddenly appears in her room. She starts admiring his costume and eventually develops an attraction to him. The two are later transported to a warehouse and before they begin their fight, Jubilee kisses Robin. While Jubilee has the upper hand, Robin uses a sneak attack and wins without hitting her. Robin and Jubilee suddenly end up in Venice, and while they do not know how, neither cares, and soon they start a relationship. With the universe restored and the heroes and villains returned to their respective universe, Jubilee becomes upset that she will never see Robin again. However, she is later briefly reunited with him in the follow-up Age of Amalgam Marvel/DC crossover series.

MC2
In MC2, Jubilee is the leader of a team of mutant heroes called the X-People. She was also part of A-Next, a future generation of Avengers. However, Jubilee preferred to act on her own and only reluctantly cooperates with other heroes. She apparently still retains a reserve status with the Avengers, and has joined them on several occasions. She can sporadically be seen in the Spider-Girl series and related miniseries.

Mutant X
In Mutant X, Jubilee is the leader of the villain team the Marauders, consisting of Sunspot, Wolfsbane, Cannonball, and Husk, although she has trouble keeping her team under control. After the Marauders fought with Bloodstorm, Jubilee was severely hurt.

Team X
Team X was a brief one-shot featuring Bishop and Deathbird. It featured Jubilee in a green bodysuit (codenamed Vertigo) from roughly fifteen years into the future. Vertigo was a part of a resistance movement against Shi'ar Majestrix Alanna, the maniacal daughter of Lilandra Neramani and Professor Xavier. This version of Jubilee possesses several light-based powers including making light knives, firing photon beams, and turning invisible.

Ultimate Marvel
In the Ultimate Marvel reality, Jubilee is a member of Alpha Flight who first appears in Ultimate X-Men #94. The team overpowers the X-Men during their game of baseball against the Academy of Tomorrow and kidnaps Northstar, claiming that he belongs with them. Her powers and appearance seem not to differ greatly from her Earth-616 counterpart, as well as her laid back personality during and after the battle. She is a fan of Dazzler as that she planned to get Dazzler's autograph and wore one of her band's shirts when they attacked on the drug Banshee, much to the annoyance of her team, especially Snowbird.

Secret Wars
During the Secret Wars storyline, Jubilee appeared as a member of the Runaways, and is a high school student at the Victor von Doom Institute for Gifted Youths in the Battleworld domain of Doomstadt. She is the leader of a gang-type group called The Night Witches along with Delphyne Gorgon and Pixie. It is unknown whether she is a vampire or not in this reality.

In other media

Television

 Jubilee appears in X-Men: The Animated Series, voiced by Alyson Court. This version lived with a foster family before she was recruited into the X-Men by Cyclops and formed bonds with several of her teammates, such as Gambit and Wolverine. In the series' final episodes, she is redesigned to resemble her Generation X appearance.
 Jubilee will appear in X-Men '97, voiced by Holly Chou.
 Jubilee appears in the Spider-Man consecutive episodes "The Mutant Agenda" and "Mutants' Revenge", voiced again by Alyson Court.
 Jubilee appears in Generation X, portrayed by Heather McComb.
 Jubilee appears in X-Men: Evolution, voiced by Chiara Zanni. This version is a member of the X-Men's junior team, the New Mutants, who displays no connection to Wolverine and lives at the Xavier Institute. After being written out of the third season, a vision of the future reveals she eventually returns to the X-Men.

Film

 Jubilee makes a cameo appearance in X-Men, portrayed by Katrina Florece. This version is a contemporary student of the Xavier Institute under Charles Xavier and Storm. While she goes unnamed, Jubilee is identified as such in a deleted scene.
 Jubilee makes a cameo appearance in X2, portrayed by Kea Wong. She is among the kidnapped students that General William Stryker captures during his raid of the Xavier Institute before Storm and Nightcrawler rescue them.
 Jubilee makes a cameo appearance in X-Men: The Last Stand, portrayed again by Kea Wong.
 Concept art for X-Men: Days of Future Past reveal Jubilee, based on Jamie Chung's likeness, was considered to appear in the film.
 Jubilee appears in X-Men: Apocalypse, portrayed by Lana Condor. This version is a student of the Xavier Institute from 1983. She was meant to play a larger role in the film, but most of her scenes were cut from the theatrical version and later included as deleted scenes in subsequent home releases. Condor also appears as Jubilee in a fictional TV commercial for the Xavier school.

Video games
 Jubilee appears as an assist character in Marvel vs. Capcom: Clash of Super Heroes, voiced again by Alyson Court.
 Jubilee makes a cameo appearance in Wolverine.
 Jubilee appears as an unlockable playable character in X-Men Legends, voiced by Danica McKellar.
 Jubilee appears in Marvel Heroes, voiced by Aly Casas.
 Jubilee appears as a playable character in Marvel Future Fight.
 Jubilee appears as a playable character in Marvel Super War.
 Jubilee appears as a playable character in Marvel Puzzle Quest.
 Jubilee appears as a playable character in Marvel Strike Force.
 Jubilee appears in Marvel Snap.

Miscellaneous
Jubilee appears in the novelization for X2. Amidst General William Stryker's raid of the Xavier Institute, she absorbs a taser's electricity and blasts one of Stryker's men through a wall, but is ultimately captured. While in captivity, she rallies her fellow captured students before they are rescued.

Collected editions

References

External links
 Jubilee at Marvel.com

Characters created by Chris Claremont
Characters created by Marc Silvestri
Chinese-American superheroes
Comics characters introduced in 1989
Fictional characters from Beverly Hills, California
Fictional characters who can manipulate light
Fictional Chinese American people
Marvel Comics child superheroes
Marvel Comics female superheroes
Marvel Comics film characters
Marvel Comics mutants
Marvel Comics orphans
Marvel Comics sidekicks
Marvel Comics vampires
Vampire superheroes
Wolverine (comics) characters
X-Men members


Zia Soul is an album by Red Earth, released in 2003. It won "World Music Album of the Year" at the 2003 Native American Music Awards.  "Fly to the Sun" featured production by Wil-Dog Abers of Ozomatli, who worked with the group on preproduction.

Track listing
 Intro: US Highway 666
 Fly to the Sun
 Antenado
 Key of Pain
 Phat Albert, Jr.
 Red Delicious
 The Fourth World
 Life in Babylon
 Waiting for the Rain
 Pouring Down
 Rez Rocket
 The Atomic Batucada
 Santa Fake
 More American
 4:38
 Zia Soul
 Outro: The End of the Trail

Personnel
Red Earth:
Ira Wilson – Lead Vocals, Background Vocals, Lead & Rhythm Guitar
Jeff Duneman – drums, percussion, Background Vocals
Carlo Bluehouse Johnson – Lead & Rhythm Guitar, Bass guitar, Background Vocals
Hideki Imai – Trombone, Background Vocals, Percussion, Lead Vocals
John Simms – Trumpet, Trombone, Background Vocals, Synthesizer
Captain Raab – Bass guitar, Guitar, Synthesizer, Background Vocals, Drum Machine
Ernesto Encinas – Saxophone, Background Vocals
Christian Orellano – percussion, Background Vocals
Charley Baca – guitar

2003 albums
Red Earth (band) albums


Pamapuria is a locality in Northland, New Zealand. It lies on State Highway 1 about 10 km east of Kaitaia.

Demographics
Pamapuria is in an SA1 statistical area which covers . The SA1 area is part of the larger Rangitihi statistical area.

The SA1 statistical area had a population of 174 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 39 people (28.9%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 51 people (41.5%) since the 2006 census. There were 57 households, comprising 90 males and 87 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.03 males per female. The median age was 43.7 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 36 people (20.7%) aged under 15 years, 27 (15.5%) aged 15 to 29, 81 (46.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 27 (15.5%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 46.6% European/Pākehā, 69.0% Māori, 1.7% Pacific peoples, 1.7% Asian, and 1.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Of those people who chose to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 29.3% had no religion, 44.8% were Christian, 13.8% had Māori religious beliefs and 3.4% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 15 (10.9%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 36 (26.1%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $22,300, compared with $31,800 nationally. 15 people (10.9%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 66 (47.8%) people were employed full-time, 18 (13.0%) were part-time, and 9 (6.5%) were unemployed.

Rangitihi statistical area
The Rangitihi statistical area covers  and had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Rangitihi had a population of 936 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 117 people (14.3%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 126 people (15.6%) since the 2006 census. There were 330 households, comprising 474 males and 459 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.03 males per female. The median age was 43.2 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 195 people (20.8%) aged under 15 years, 168 (17.9%) aged 15 to 29, 417 (44.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 156 (16.7%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 67.9% European/Pākehā, 49.0% Māori, 3.8% Pacific peoples, 2.2% Asian, and 1.3% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 9.0, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Of those people who chose to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 37.5% had no religion, 45.5% were Christian, 6.7% had Māori religious beliefs and 2.2% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 84 (11.3%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 192 (25.9%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $24,300, compared with $31,800 nationally. 69 people (9.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 351 (47.4%) people were employed full-time, 117 (15.8%) were part-time, and 39 (5.3%) were unemployed.

Education

Pamapuria School is a coeducational full primary (years 1–8) school with a roll of  as of  The school was established as a native school in 1884. In 2012, the school's deputy principal, James Parker, was arrested under, and pleaded guilty to, 49 charges of child molestation. As a result of Parker's arrest, the incumbent principal, Stephen Hovell, was dismissed from his position.

Notes

Far North District
Populated places in the Northland Region


Robert Gordon (born July 9, 1968) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver for thirteen seasons in the Canadian Football League (CFL), six of those for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. He was a CFL Eastern All Star in 1999 and 2000.  In 1998, 2001–2002 and 2005, he played in the Arena Football League for several teams.

Coaching career
Gordan was an assistant coach for the Omaha Mammoths of the Fall Experimental Football League in 2014. On May 9, 2017, Gordon was introduced as the new head coach of the Shenyang Black Rhinos of the China Arena Football League.

Gordon was honoured in October 2018 at the annual Hall of Fame Legacy Dinner for the Winnipeg Football Club.

Gordan was named wide receivers coach for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League in June 2019. He coached for the Alouettes for two seasons, but was not retained following the 2021 season.

References

External links
 Just Sports Stats
 http://www.oursportscentral.com/services/releases/?id=3024954

1968 births
Living people
Players of American football from Detroit
American football wide receivers
Nebraska–Omaha Mavericks football players
Players of Canadian football from Detroit
Canadian football wide receivers
Ottawa Rough Riders players
Toronto Argonauts players
BC Lions players
Edmonton Elks players
Orlando Predators players
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players
Detroit Fury players
Los Angeles Avengers players
China Arena Football League coaches
Fall Experimental Football League coaches
Montreal Alouettes coaches