Arc-et-Senans () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of eastern France.

The Royal Saltworks, a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1982, is located here.

Geography
Arc-et-Senans is a large commune located some 32 km south-west of Besançon and 30 km east by south-east of Dole. It lies between the Loue river in the south and the Chaux forest in the north at 250 metres altitude. The northern western, and southern borders of the commune are the departmental border between Doubs and Jura. Only the short north-eastern border connects the commune to Doubs. Access to the commune is by the D17 from Liesle in the north-east which passes through the town and continues west, changing to the D7 at the border, to Chissey-sur-Loue. The D31 comes from Rans in the north, changing to the D17E at the border, and continues south, changing again to the D32, to Cramans. The commune has several hamlets: Arc to the west of the main town and Senans to the north-east almost link into one town. Then there are also the hamlets of Le Defois and Le Vernois. There is an SNCF railway station at Arc-et-Senans town which is a junction for two lines and is served by the TER Franche-Comté. There are forests to the north but most of the commune is farmland.

The Loue river forms the southern and eastern border of the commune as it continues south to join the Doubs near Molay. The Ruisseau de la Reverotte flows from the north-east of the commune down the western side and forms part of the western border before continuing west to join the Loue east of Belmont.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Toponymy
Arc-et-Senans was known as Petregium (Roche-sur-Loue) cited in the Chronicle by Saint-Benignus. It was Arcum in 1049, Sonans in 1275, Cenans et Arc en Valoye in 1490, and Arc en Vallois in 1681.

History
Traces of occupation dating back to the Roman era have been found, especially at a place called Le Cretot. Bones with broken tiles and bricks were visible in the soil during excavation. Father Letondal in his book Arc-et-Senans through the ages  published in 1927 tells a quite complete communal history.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 1,624 inhabitants.

Economy
The economic life of Arc-et-Senans is largely oriented towards tourism. The Royal Saltworks attracts 150,000 visitors per year (2000). In addition some small industry has developed, mainly in wood and to a lesser extent plastics. Finally there is still about a dozen farms which traditionally are oriented towards dairy cattle and grain farming.

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage
The commune has a number of buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:
 The Chateau d'Arc (18th century) The Chateau d'Arc castle is more recent than the Chateau de Roche. It was built by Mr. Chaudois in 1751. The building is surrounded by a large park of three hectares protected by a surrounding wall. It has been an historical monument since 1984. There was a third fortified chateau in Arc – the Châtel-Rouillaud – but it burned down in 1638. Today there remains only the mound on which it was built.

 The Graduation de la Saline (Graduation of the Saltworks) (1775)
 The Royal Saltworks (1775)
 The Chateau de Roche (18th century). Originally it was a castle guarding a road and a ford on the Loue. In 1756 it was completely rebuilt by the Marquis de Grammont who intended to make it a home. It is this work that can be seen today. The body of the building is flanked by two square towers with Imperial roofs. In 1864, Amédée Caron transformed it again and implemented industrial activity around the chateau. The castle is now privately owned and can not be visited. It has been an historical monument since 1974.

Gallery of Pictures of the Royal Saltworks

Religious heritage
The religious heritage of the town is complemented by several wayside crosses erected in the village and by the presence of two chapels.

The Chapel of Arc was built with donations from parishioners and consecrated in 1913. It is dedicated to the Sacred Heart. The bell tower has been rebuilt over nearly 25 years: farmers funded the work by donating the proceeds of the sale of the dairy factory. A complete renovation of the building was completed in 1997 by a team of volunteers.

The Chapel de la Grotte des Essarts (Chapel of the Essarts Cave) was built after the cholera epidemic of 1854. Father Coutteret vowed to build this monument if the Virgin Mary protected the parish. It is a stone building located on a natural promontory overlooking the village and the Royal Saltworks. A procession is held every 15 August. In 2006 the procession was carried out at night with torches and the chapel was illuminated for the occasion with a generator. The commune has renovated the chapel through a subscription.

The Church of Saint-Bénigne was built in the 19th century in the classical style. The bell tower was rebuilt exactly in 1921 following a fire caused by a storm. The church has two organs. It also has many items that are registered as historical objects:
 A Painting: Christ and the chananéenne
 A Painting: Virgin and Child with donors (17th century)
 A Painting: The Saintly Family (17th century)
 A Painting: Placing in the Tomb (17th century)
 A Painting: Saint Joseph and the infant Jesus (17th century)
 A Painting: The Redemption (17th century)
 4 Paintings: Scenes of the life of the Virgin (17th century)
 A Wayside Cross (19th century)
 A Pulpit (19th century)
 A Painting: Placing in the Tomb (16th century)
 A Painting: Virgin and child (17th century)

Transportation

The commune has a railway station, , on the  and Dijon–Vallorbe lines.

Notable people linked to the commune
Claude-Nicolas Ledoux, 1736–1806, architect of the Royal Saltworks
 René Caron, 1861–1930, administrator of the Banque de France, MP for Doubs from 1919 to 1924, member of the commission of agriculture as well as those of the economy and finance, president of the administrative council of Eclair Comtois, president of the Union of Catholics of Besançon, president of the Union of Agricultural associations of Doubs, president of the Union Rural workers Credit Unions of France, vice-president of the regional credit union of Burgundy and Franche-Comté, vice-president of the Agricultural Union of Centre-East, vice-president of the Forestry Society of the East, administrator of the branch for the Caisse épargne de Besançon at Arc-et-Senans, member of the Central Trade Union Chamber of the agricultural associations of France, member of the Chamber of agriculture of Besançon, member of the Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters of Besançon, knight of the pontifical Order of Saint Gregory the great. He married Anne Marie Jacquard and was the son of Amédée Caron, engineer of Art and Manufactured products, sub-director of the Central Industrial and property finance School and of the Anne Alexandrine Nicolas de Meissas.
 Father Jean-François Rigaud, born in 1834 to a farming family in the village. He joined the Paris Foreign Missions Society and became a priest in 1861. He took part in a mission to eastern Sichuan in China. He was killed on 2 January 1869.
 Monseigneur Joseph-Auguste Chevalier, born on 16 March 1814. He was ordained priest in 1837 and joined the Paris Foreign Missions Society. He made his mission in India. On 11 November 1873 he was named Bishop of Hierapolis and apostolic vicar of Mysore. He died on 25 March 1880 of pleurisy and was buried in the Choir of the Cathedral of Bangalore in India.
 Father Pierre Poncet, born at Arc-et-Senans on 28 April 1932. He did his secondary studies at the Masters School of the Cathedral of Besançon then entered the large seminary in the same city. In 1953 he did his military service then requested admission to the Paris Foreign Missions Society in 1954. In 1956 he was newly summoned by the army to go to Algeria and served as 2nd lieutenant during those months. On returning to the Rue du Bac in Paris (headquarters of the Paris Foreign Missions Society) he was ordained priest on 2 February 1958 and was nominated as apostolic vicar of Huế (Central Vietnam). He died at Huế from a burst of sub-machine gun fire on 13 February 1968, as was another missionary – Father Cressonnier.
 Bernard Jobin, artist.

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department
 Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans

External links
 Arc-et-Senans official website
 Arc-et-Senans on the old IGN website
 Arc-et-Senans on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
 Arc and Senans on the 1750 Cassini Map

References

Communes of Doubs


Villars-sous-Dampjoux (, literally Villars under Dampjoux) is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Dampjoux
Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Arçon () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Arc-sous-Cicon () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Arc-sous-Montenot () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


La Tour-de-Sçay () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune lies  northeast of Marchaux.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 La Tour-de-Sçay on the regional Web site

Communes of Doubs


Raja Nabakrishna Street (): An old street of Kolkata (then Calcutta), situated in the north of the city. This street of North Kolkata connects Aurobindo Sarani at Hatibagan end and Rabindra Sarani at Shobhabazar end. The street was named after Raja Nabakrishna Deb (): (1733–1797). Sovabazar Rajbari, Kalikrishna Deb's Rajbari, Seth Anandaram Jaipuria College and Nat Mandir are some important establishments situated in this street. Besides The Rajbari (palaces) of Raja Nabakrishna Deb and Raja Kalikrishna Deb, Sutanuti Utsav, the foundation day of Kolkata, is held from 24 August in the Nat Mandir of Sovabazar Rajbari, organised by the Sutanuti Parishad at then Sutanuti.

History

Landmarks
 Sovabazar Rajbari
 Seth Anandaram Jaipuria College
 Kalikrishna Dev's Rajbari
 Nat Mandir

Festivals
 Durga Puja of Sovabazar Rajbari
 Sutanuti Utsav

References

See also

Streets in Kolkata


Villers-sous-Montrond (, literally Villers on Montrond) is a former commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. On 1 January 2022, it was merged into the new commune of Les Monts-Ronds.

Population

See also
 Montrond-le-Château
Communes of the Doubs department

References

Former communes of Doubs


Arguel () is a former commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Fontain.

On a nearby cliff, the Arguel inscription was found here.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Former communes of Doubs


Athose () is a former commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

History
On 1 January 2016, Athose, Chasnans, Hautepierre-le-Châtelet, Nods, Rantechaux and Vanclans merged becoming one commune called Les Premiers-Sapins.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Former communes of Doubs


Villers-sous-Chalamont () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Commune website

Communes of Doubs


Aubonne () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Voillans () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Labergement-du-Navois () is a former commune in the Doubs département in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the commune Levier.

Geography
The commune is located  south of Amancey. From the Fly at 866 m, there are views of the Alps.

History
As its name implies (abergement means lodging), the town grew up as a stop on the road to Italy during the reign of Louis XV and after Franche-Comté became part of France.

Population

Inhabitants of the commune are called Loups (wolves).

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Labergement-du-Navois on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Former communes of Doubs


Audeux () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France. It is located about 14 km west of Besançon.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Labergement-Sainte-Marie () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in Eastern France. In 2018, it had a population of 1,220.

Geography
The commune is situated  south of Pontarlier between the Lac de Remoray and Lac de Saint-Point. It is dominated by the Bois de Ban and the forests of Fuvelle and Grande Côte.

History
The commune was formed from two former communes Labergement-Sainte-Marie and Granges-Sainte-Marie in 1972. Both took their names from the Cistercian abbey of Mont-Sainte-Marie.

Inhabitants are called Abergeurs (masculine) et Abergeuses (feminine).

Demographics

Tourism
The rich natural resources of the commune attract many visitors to the lakes and forests. There are numerous hotels, hostels, and furnished apartments available for the visitor, as well as a campground.

Transportation
The commune has a railway station, , on the Dijon–Vallorbe line.

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Labergement-Sainte-Marie on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Audincourt () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

History

Audincourt belonged to the County of Montbéliard which became part of France in 1793, during the French Revolutionary Wars.

Population

Economy
An iron foundry was established early in the nineteenth century to refine the ore from the rich mines near Bethoncourt.

Personalities
 Alassane N'Diaye, footballer
 Camel Meriem, footballer
 Irène Tharin, politician

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Official website

Communes of Doubs
County of Montbéliard


Lantenne-Vertière () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

History
The 17th-century castle was built in 1687 for the Lord of Vertière and then belonged to the Saint Claude family.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Lantenne-Vertière on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Autechaux () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Official website

Communes of Doubs


Longevilles-Mont-d'Or (; unofficial also Les Longevilles) is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune is located  northeast of Mouthe. The village lies in a valley at the foot of the Mont d'Or, a massif that covers 90% of the territory of the commune.

The commune has views of the Alps and the Swiss plain.

Population

Economy
Winter sports and tourism dominate the economy of the commune. It is one of the six communes that have operated the Métabief Mont-d'Or ski resort since 1970.

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Les Longesville-Mont-d'Or on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Autechaux-Roide () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Mancenans-Lizerne is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune lies  from Maîche.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Mancenans-Lizerne on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Auxon-Dessous () is a former commune in the Doubs department in the Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

On 1 January 2015, Auxon-Dessous and Auxon-Dessus merged becoming one commune called Les Auxons.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Former communes of Doubs


Auxon-Dessus () is a former commune in the Doubs department in the Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

On 1 January 2015, Auxon-Dessus and Auxon-Dessous merged becoming one commune called Les Auxons.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Former communes of Doubs


Dompierre-les-Tilleuls () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Avanne-Aveney () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of eastern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Avannais or Avannaises.

Geography
Avanne-Aveney is located to the immediate south-west of Besançon with the town of Avanne joined to the Besançon urban area. The smaller town of Aveney is on the opposite bank of the river linked by a bridge. Access to the commune is by the D106 from Besançon which continues west to Grandfontaine. Route nationale N83 passes through the south-east of the commune from Beure in the north-east to Samson in the south. The D367 links Avanne to Aveney via a bridge across the river. The west and the east of the commune have extensive forests and the two villages have a substantial urban area leaving a small amount of land as farmland.

The Doubs river flows through the south-east of the commune as it flows south-west to join the Saône at Verdun-sur-le-Doubs.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Toponymy
Two propositions exist for the origin of the name of the commune. According to some linguists Avanne takes its name from the Latin avena  meaning "oats" and, by extension, poor ground. For others, the name is from the Gallic abona meaning "river".

History

Antiquity
The occupation of the site in Gallo-Roman times is attested by the discovery of remains of a building in the north of the commune on Rue des Combots when the construction of the Grands Prés housing estate in the 1970s was finished. Unfortunately this was not reported at the time so these remains have not been studied except from the descriptions. A hypocaust, suggesting the existence of a Roman villa, was located on Rue des Blotets.

Ancient Times
The Lordship of Avanne was attested in 1092 and was dependent from the beginning on the lords of Montfaucon and the Counts of Burgundy. In the 12th century the lords of Faucogney had rights which they yielded in 1280 to the Count of Burgundy. The lordship then returned to the lords of Faucogney in the 14th century, then to the Dukes of Aumont in the 15th century which they kept until 1723. It was then owned by the Pourcheresse de Fraisans family.

Genealogy of the house of Avanne
The Chateau of Avanne, which was located on the border of the territory of Besançon, was owned by the lords of that name. It appears that this house was then passed to the lords of Faucogney: Gislebert de Faucogney, lord of Avanne, in 1180, gave land planted in vines and the use of his forests to the Abbey of Notre-Dame de Billon. This gift was confirmed by Aymé de Faucogney. Guy d'Avanne had already affixed his name to the donation made by Archbishop Hugh III to the Church of Sainte-Madeleine of Besançon in 1092. Hugues d'Avanne was cited in a title of Billon in 1163. Renaud d'Avanne, canon of Sainte-Madeleine, in 1189, gave a one third part of the Avanne Mill to the church. Thibaud d'Avanne, canon and cantor of the same church, in 1246 ceded to his chapter the share that he had in his kiln, called Kiln of Seet typochal, located at Charmont.

Hugues d'Avanne, knight, gave a meix located at the village of Estu to the abbey of Saint-Paul de Besançon. He was the father of Jean and Etienne who were mentioned in the will of their uncle Thibaud. Jean d'Avanne, knight, in 1246 approved the donation of the Charmont kiln made to the Chapter of Sainte-Madeleine by his brother. His son, Peter, was a Gentleman and he married Oudette, daughter of Raoul de Saint-Sevigne, knight. In 1287 Aymé d'Avanne, son of Thibaud d'Avanne, Gentleman, agreed to sell a vineyard at Étiennette created by Lambert d'Avanne, a citizen of Besançon.

The current commune of Avanne-Aveney is the result of the merger of the communes of Avanne and Aveney, at first as an Association in 1973 then a full merger in 2004.

Vineyards have long been a major resource in Avanne, especially until the 18th century. There are still many traces of the past with old houses equipped with wine cellars. Originally a ferry connected the two villages but it was replaced by a metal bridge in 1893.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Mayors from 1973

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 2,255 inhabitants. Prior to 1973 the population figures shown include both the former communes of Avanne and Aveney.

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage

The commune has one site that is registered as an historical monument:
 An Ornamental Garden (1851) in the Chateau of Avanne park.

Other points of interest
 Several viewing points from the Valmy rock and the Martelin cave with magnificent views of the Doubs loop and the banks of the Doubs over 6 km.
 At the Valmy Rock stands a monument to the memory of the martyrs of the Guy Mocquet and the Marius Vallet resistance fighter groups who were shot at the Citadel of Besançon on 26 September 1943 or died in deportation.
 The Bridge, built in 1893, is a bridge originally intended to carry a railway line at another site that was bought by the communes Avanne and Aveney to replace the ferry that used to link the two villages. This is one of the few bridges that was not destroyed during World War II. It allowed the passage of the Allied armies in September 1944 and was for this reason called The Liberator. It was completely renovated in 2000 and doubled with a walkway.
 The Chateau of Avanne whose history is closely linked to that of the lords and nobles of Montferrand from the 13th to the 15th century and affiliated to the County of Burgundy. It became part of a series of fortifications which included those of Montferrand-le-Château, Thoraise, Torpes, Corcondray, and Fourg. It was built in 1280 on top of the cliff which overlooks the Grande Rue. It was probably destroyed by the armies of Louis XI when they conquered the County after the death of Charles the Bold in 1477. The last tower collapsed in 1816. Only a few stairs, a wall, and some foundations remain of this chateau.

Religious heritage
The commune has one religious building that is registered as an historical monument:
 The Church of Avanne (1826) is the work of architect Pierre Marnotte. This building was a joint production of the two unmerged communes at the time. The Church contains one item that is registered as an historical object:
 A Statue: Saint Vernier (19th century)

Photo gallery

Notable people linked to the commune
 Alexandre Verdel, local bard, author of a song  La Cancoillotte.
 Monseigneur Léon Aimé Taverdet,  Bishop of Langres from 1981 to 2000.
 René Paillard, resistance fighter, member of the Guy Mocquet group, shot at the Citadel of Besançon on 26 September 1943.

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

Notes and references

Notes

References

Bibliography
 Jean-Baptiste Guillaume, Genealogical History of the Squires of Salins in the County of Burgundy, Jean-Antoine Vieille, Besançon, 1757, pp. 91 to 94

External links
 Avanne-Aveney official website
 Avanne-Aveney on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
 Avanne on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Doubs


Les Plains-et-Grands-Essarts () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Avilley is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


William (Sonny) E. Walters (5 September 1924 – 25 November 1970) was an English professional footballer who played on the wing for Tottenham Hotspur and subsequently for Aldershot Town during the 1940s and 1950s.

Career

Sonny Walters was assigned to Tottenham Juniors in 1939, representing the Walthamstow Avenue team and netting 24 goals during the 1943–44 season. He signed professional forms in September 1944, clocking up 50 wartime appearances, netting 14 goals, until serving in the army from 1945 to 1947. Whilst based in Northern Ireland he guested for Derry City as well as facing the French Army, Belgian Army, RAF and Royal Navy in representative matches.

He played for Tottenham Hotspur between 1947 and 1957 and in 1949 he gained a regular spot in the Tottenham Hotspur league team. He got his break when he was selected to replace Freddie Cox who transferred to Arsenal and was quick to make an impression. Scoring on his debut in January 1947 in a 2-0 victory over West Bromwich Albion at White Hart Lane.  He was part of manager Arthur Rowe's exciting 'Push and Run' side which won the Football League Second Division in 1950 and, in the year following promotion, the Football League First Division in 1951. He played alongside Bill Nicholson, Alf Ramsey, captain Ronnie Burgess, Ted Ditchburn in goal and Len Duquemin. During his time at Spurs he made 234 appearances scoring 71 goals. On 24 January 1953 Sonny scored the club's 1,500th League goal at White Hart Lane in a 2–1 win against Sheffield Wednesday.

His name was immortalised in the 1950s Spurs chant "We are the Spurs Supporters and we love to watch them play" (sung to the tune of McNamara's Band) with the lines...... The ref his whistle proudly blows the linesmen wave their flags, The Duke is ready to kick off as he hitches up his bags, We cheer Sonny Walters as he toddles down the line, And the ball like magic is in the net and makes us all feel fine.

In July 1957 he transferred to Aldershot Town where he played for them 66 times scoring 11 goals.

He gained only one international honour when selected to play for England "B" against The Netherlands at Newcastle on 22 February 1950.

He retired from the game in 1959.

Honours
Tottenham Hotspur
 Football League First Division: 1950–51

Notes

English men's footballers
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Aldershot F.C. players
Men's association football wingers
English Football League players
1924 births
1970 deaths
British Army personnel of World War II
Footballers from Edmonton, London


Montferrand-le-Château () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune lies  from Besançon.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Montferrand-le-Château on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Avoudrey () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Montjoie-le-Château (; German previously: Frohberg) is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Montjoie-le-Château on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Badevel () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Pays de Montbéliard Web site

Communes of Doubs
County of Montbéliard


La Rivière-Drugeon () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

Transportation
The commune has a railway station, , on the Frasne–Les Verrières line.

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Bart () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Pays de Montbéliard website

Communes of Doubs
County of Montbéliard


Magny-Châtelard () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune lies  west of Vercel on the first plateau of the Jura mountains in a little valley.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Magny-Châtelard on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Bavans () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Official website

Communes of Doubs
County of Montbéliard


Noël-Cerneux () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
The commune lies  southwest of Le Russey near Morteau.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Noël-Cerneux on the intercommunal Web site of the department

Communes of Doubs


Ahmad Ajab (; born 13 May 1984) is a Kuwaiti footballer. After starting playing for Al-Sahel he moved to Al-Qadisia in July 2007.

Career
After moving to his new club, he was quickly crowned as the top scorer in 2007 Kuwaiti Premier League and was called up for the national team where he scored a hat-trick on his debut against Lebanon, he came from the bench after 50 minutes gone and the scoreline was 2–0 to Lebanon it finished with his hat-trick 2-3. He is currently in some fierce competition to be the World top scorer and Asia's Best Player of the Year. He helped his team to reach the second round of the AFC champions league.

International goals
Scores and results list Kuwait's goal tally first.

Personal life
Ahmad brothers, Khalid and Faisal, was also footballers.

External links

1984 births
Living people
Kuwaiti men's footballers
Kuwaiti expatriate men's footballers
Kuwait men's international footballers
Qadsia SC players
2011 AFC Asian Cup players
Al Shabab FC (Riyadh) players
Footballers from Kuwait City
Saudi Pro League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia
Kuwaiti expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia

Men's association football forwards
Al-Sahel SC (Kuwait) players
Al-Shabab SC (Kuwait) players
Kuwait Premier League players
Al-Nasr SC (Kuwait) players
Al-Salmiya SC players


Bannans () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Oye-et-Pallet () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Le Barboux () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Lac de Moron
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Pierrefontaine-lès-Blamont (, literally Pierrefontaine near Blamont) is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Blamont
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Bartherans () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
Bartherans is situated at 455 m of altitude approximately 23 km southwest of Besançon in a wooded valley.

Neighbouring communities are Montfort in the north, Échay and Myon in the east, Ivrey in the south, and Ronchaux in the west.

History
Gaspard Grandjean from the village founded a chapel devoted to Saint-Antoine and Hubert in 1586. The ruins of the crypt can still be seen in the cemetery.

Population

Sights
There is a seventeenth-century manor house Mouret de Châtillon which is called le château, although it is not as grand as that name implies.

The 19th-century church boasts a bronze bell.

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Battenans-les-Mines () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Pierrefontaine-les-Varans () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Battenans-Varin () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Baume-les-Dames () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.  The French mineralogist and chemist Jacques-Joseph Ébelmen (1814–1852), the writer and poet Charles-Émilien Thuriet (1832–1920) and the archaeologist Gustave Fougères (1863–1927) were all born in Baume-les-Dames.

Population
In 1972 the former commune of Champvans-les-Baume was absorbed by Baume-les-Dames.

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links

 Official website

Communes of Doubs


Belfays () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


"Off the Ground" is a rock/pop song by Paul McCartney and is from the album from the same name. This was one of McCartney's first songs made using a computer. The video can be seen on the DVD collection, The McCartney Years.  The video was shot by Industrial Light & Magic. Some behind the scenes footage can be seen on the out of print VHS, Movin' On.  The video features "Soggy Noodle", a short acoustic piece played as an intro which can be found as a B-side on the single release.  In the US, it reached number 27 on the Adult Contemporary chart.

The song was played live during The New World Tour that followed the release of the album; however, the song was not included on the live album, Paul Is Live.

Track listings
7" single
 "Off the Ground"
 "Cosmically Conscious"

CD single
 "Off the Ground" – 3:38
 "Cosmically Conscious" – 4:39
 "Style Style" – 5:59
 "Sweet Sweet Memories" – 4:02
 "Soggy Noodle"

Charts

References

Paul McCartney songs
1993 singles
1993 songs
Songs written by Paul McCartney
Song recordings produced by Paul McCartney
Music published by MPL Music Publishing
Song recordings produced by Julian Mendelsohn


Le Bélieu () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Belvoir () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
Belvoir lies  southeast of Clerval on a prominent hill.

History
Belvoir is noted for the Belvoir Castle,  in French, built by Jean de Chalon. It has been rebuilt, now dating to the 12th-17th centuries, and the date of 1224 inscribed above the arch of the north tower is the oldest inscription in Arabic numerals in the region.

Of the first , a branch of the , Hue (Huon) I (c. 1188-1239) was a Crusader.

The domain later became the property of the Cusance family, of which Béatrix de Cusance is arguably the most famous member, and the Rohan family were the last noble owners of the castle.

Population

See also
 Belvoir disambiguation page
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


WGNK (88.3 FM) is a non-commercial, listener supported radio station broadcasting a Spanish Contemporary Christian music format. Licensed to Pennsuco, Florida, United States, the station serves the Miami area. The station is currently owned by Grupo Génesis. It was also broadcast on WPAT-FM (HD2).

External links

GNK
Radio stations established in 1992
1992 establishments in Florida


Belleherbe () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Berche () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Berthelange () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Bethoncourt () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Geography
Bethoncourt lies north of Montbéliard, close to the border with the Haute-Saône department and the Territoire de Belfort and very near the Swiss border. The Lizaine, formerly called the Luzine, flows through it.

History
In the Franco-Prussian War, many citizens of Bethoncourt fled from the Prussians across the border to Switzerland, where many had relatives in the Swiss Jura region.

Population
In the early twentieth century, Bethoncourt grew from a small town into a thriving city of nearly 11,000 inhabitants.  Since 1975, however, it has shrunk to just over half that size.

Economy
Bethoncourt possessed rich iron mines that provided ore for all the foundries in the region in such towns as Chagey and Audincourt.

Shafts from  1 to 3 meters in diameter were dug to a depth of 40 meters. These led to horizontal galleries that allowed extraction of the mineral.

The ore was brought to a washing station (still extant), a sort of lock on the Lizaine between Bethoncourt and Bussurel. There the nodules of iron were washed out of the soil matrix.

The workers, mostly peasants, were well paid for this difficult and dangerous work. The galoshes (Gollutch) they wore became the nickname for the residents of Bethoncourt.

In the mid-nineteenth century, an important segment of the population consisted of highly skilled watchmakers. However, the entire Jura watchmaking industry was hit hard by the importation of cheap factory-made American watches, which were of equal or higher quality.

In the 1930s, up to 600 workers were employed in the textile mill.

Transportation
Bethoncourt lies on the Strasbourg-Lyon line of the SNCF and on departmental highway D438.

Twin towns
Bethoncourt is twinned with:

  Silmiouglou, Burkina Faso

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs
County of Montbéliard


Beure () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Beutal () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Liberty Hall, also known as the Governor William Livingston House, located on Morris Avenue in Union, Union County, New Jersey, United States, is a historic home where many leading influential people lived. It was documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) in 1938. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark on November 28, 1972, for its significance in politics and government. It is now the Liberty Hall Museum.

Originally a fourteen-room Georgian-style house, it was built in 1772. Liberty Hall stands today as a fifty-room Victorian Italianate mansion. Liberty Hall has been home to many historical figures and was the home of William Livingston, the first Governor of New Jersey, who served from 1776 to 1790; United States Supreme Court Justice Henry Brockholst Livingston; the Kean political dynasty, including Susan Livingston Kean, widow of Continental Congress delegate John Kean, United States Senator and Congressman John Kean, and Captain John Kean, son of United States Senator Hamilton Fish Kean; and, in its first year of occupancy, future Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. Liberty Hall has had visitors of such stature as George Washington, Martha Washington, Lewis Morris, Marquis de Lafayette, Elias Boudinot, and John Jay, the latter of whom was married there.

The Liberty Hall Museum is located on the Liberty Hall Campus of Kean University in Union, New Jersey between the campus' Main Campus in Union and East Campus in Hillside, New Jersey.

History

The Livingstons
The Liberty Hall Museum was built as a Georgian-style house in 1772 by William Livingston, a lawyer who would go on to become a member of the First and Second Continental Congress, founding father, a signatory of the Constitution, and the first Governor of the State of New Jersey. During the first year of occupancy Alexander Hamilton, later the first Secretary of the Treasury, resided with Livingston. The house was built on a 120-acre property purchased by Livingston in 1760 in then-Elizabethtown, close to New York, New York where Livingston worked. The Livingston family moved into Liberty Hall full-time in 1773. The gardens and orchards first planted by Governor Livingston are still evident on the museum grounds today.
Guests at Liberty Hall included George Washington, Martha Washington, Lewis Morris, Marquis de Lafayette and Elias Boudinot and the house was the site of the marriage of one of Livingston's daughters to John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
During the American Revolutionary War, in which Livingston fought, the house was damaged by both the American and British armies. After the war Livingston returned to the house and lived there until his 1790 death. Following the deaths of Governor Livingston and his wife, Susannah French Livingston, their son Henry Brockholst Livingston, a future United States Supreme Court Justice, inherited the home. In 1798 the home was purchased by George Belasise, Lord Bolingbroke and wife Isabella, who continued the Livingstons' tradition of enhancing the agriculture and grounds of Liberty Hall.

The Keans
In 1811 Liberty Hall was purchased by Peter Kean in trust for his mother Susan Livingston Kean Niemcewicz, a niece of William and Susannah Livingston (women could not own property in their own name in the United States until the second half of the nineteenth century). Susan's first husband, John Kean of South Carolina, had been a delegate to the Continental Congress who supported ratification of the United States Constitution in South Carolina, was the first cashier of the Bank of the United States and had been held prisoner during the American Revolution (a consequential respiratory disease lead to his death at age thirty-nine). Susan Livingston changed the name of Liberty Hall to Ursino, the name of her Polish second husband Count Julian Niemcewicz's Polish estate (Niemcewicz had returned to Poland after Napoleon's successful campaigns, having initially been exiled due to his role in unsuccessfully fighting for independence from the Russians.)

Colonel Peter Kean, the only son of Susan and John Kean, and his wife Sarah Sabina Morris, granddaughter of Lewis Morris, the first royal governor of New Jersey inherited Liberty Hall, followed by their son Colonel John Kean II. John Kean II lived at Liberty Hall for 60 years and made the most significant changes to the house and property, expanding the house to its current structure as a 50-room Victorian Italianate structure for the main reason of accommodating his large family, and introduced modern amenities such as running water, gravity hot-air heating, and gas lighting. The house passed to the oldest son of John and Lucinetta Halsted Kean, John, a two-term Congressman and Senator from New Jersey who continued to live and host affairs at Liberty Hall when home.

Captain John Kean, son of United States Senator Hamilton Fish Kean and Katharine Winthrop Kean and nephew of Senator John Kean inherited the house upon his uncle's death and resided there with his wife, Mary Alice Barney after 1932. Mary Alice Kean motivated the restoration of Liberty Hall and other historic homes and was a researcher of Kean family history. Mary Alice Kean was the final resident of Liberty Hall before it became Liberty Hall Museum.

The structure
The building, in three sections, was built of frame over an elevated stone basement. The original two-story central portion had a modified gambrel roof and two interior chimneys and was flanked by one-story wings, built on the main axis, with polyangular ends, hipped roofs, and end chimneys. Exterior walls were flushboarded. Quoins marked the corners of the central section, and flat, key-blocked cornices topped the first-story windows.
In 1789 a second story was added to the west wing. In 1870 a third story was superimposed on the west wing and central section, and the second and third stories on the east wing. The rooms and tower at the northwest corner and the rooms at the northeast corner were also constructed at that time, as well as a gabled roof with bracketed eaves over the entire building.
Except for the additional levels, the south, or front, elevation retains its original appearance. Open-string steps, whose balusters are plain, lead to the pedimented front porch. A fanlight surmounts the paneled door. Shutters are paneled on the first floor and louvered on the second. Third-story windows lack any such adornment. The cornice of the porch, as well as its triangular pediment, are dentiled.
The floor plan and interior trim of the 18th-century portion of the mansion remain essentially intact within the larger present structure. The elaborate mantels date from the 19th century. While a number of rooms and their furnishings have been restored to their original condition, others have been added to meet the changing needs of different generations of the Kean family, and modifications have been made to add modern heating and plumbing systems.

National Landmark

In 1949 Mary Alice Kean began to transform the house into a museum and in 1974 Mrs. Kean restored the name "Liberty Hall" to the house. The museum is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a National Historic Landmark. The building is part of Kean University and is located on the Liberty Hall Campus at Kean. Liberty Hall houses collections of furniture, clothing, manuscripts, books, portraits, pictures, and other historical artifacts, including a signed letter from George Washington, a pre-census, population count, and an invitation to Abraham Lincoln's inaugural. The Liberty Hall was one of the important points of interest of the "Young Immigrant Hamilton Tour" as part of the CelebrateHAMILTON 2014 hosted by the Alexander Hamilton Awareness Society.

See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Union County, New Jersey

References

External links

NPS Site

Kean University
National Historic Landmarks in New Jersey
Historic house museums in New Jersey
Residential buildings completed in 1772
Biographical museums in New Jersey
Museums in Union County, New Jersey
Houses in Union County, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Union County, New Jersey
Union Township, Union County, New Jersey
Livingston family residences
Homes of United States Founding Fathers
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
Historic American Buildings Survey in New Jersey


WRMA (95.7 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a Cubatón format. Licensed to North Miami Beach, Florida, United States, the station serves the Miami metropolitan area. The station is owned by Spanish Broadcasting System subsidiary WXDJ Licensing, Inc.

History
The station was assigned the call letters WRFM on July 8, 1986. On May 12, 1987, the station changed its call sign to WXDJ, and on January 7, 2014, to the current WRMA. The station's original format was new age jazz and it was called both The Wave and The Breeze. On August 15, 2016, WRMA changed formats to Cuban reggaetón or Cubatón, rebranded as "Ritmo 95.7".

Previous logo

References

External links

RMA
Radio stations established in 1986
Spanish Broadcasting System radio stations
RMA
1986 establishments in Florida


Gouda Goverwelle is a railway station located on the Utrecht–Rotterdam railway in the Goverwelle area of Gouda in the Netherlands. The railway station, which opened in 1993, consists of two island platforms.

Train services
The following services call at Gouda Goverwelle:
2x per hour local service (sprinter) Uitgeest - Amsterdam - Woerden - Rotterdam
2x per hour local service (sprinter) Rotterdam - Gouda Goverwelle
2x per hour local service (sprinter) The Hague - Gouda - Utrecht
2x per hour local service (stoptrein) The Hague - Gouda Goverwelle

External links
NS website
Dutch Public Transport journey planner

Railway stations in South Holland
Railway stations opened in 1993
Gouda, South Holland
Railway stations in the Netherlands opened in the 1990s


A hansoku or hansoku-make is a disqualifying penalty in a number of martial arts.

See also
 Kinjite (disqualifying fouls) in Sumo
 Penalties in Judo
 Hansoku-mate is one of the penalties in various styles of Karate

References

Martial arts


WAQI (710 AM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Miami, Florida, United States, featuring a Spanish-language talk format known as . Owned by Latino Media Network and operated by Uforia Audio Network, the radio division of TelevisaUnivision, under a transitional agreement, the station broadcasts with 50,000 watts and serves as South Florida's designated primary entry point for the Emergency Alert System, one of three in the state. The studios are located at Univision's Miami headquarters, and the transmitter is located at the intersection of U.S. 41 and Florida State Road 997, near the edge of the Everglades.

The history of today's WAQI begins with the establishment of WFTL in Fort Lauderdale in 1939. The tiny local station raised its profile by switching to its present frequency in 1943 and becoming the highest-power station in Florida at the time. It was acquired by George B. Storer in 1944 after a controversial acquisition that resulted in government scrutiny, moving to Miami the next year. WGBS grew into a 50,000-watt station, and Storer became headquartered in Miami, starting first an FM station and an ill-fated TV station. It generally aired an adult music format after the 1950s. When Storer opted to exit radio at the end of 1978, Jefferson-Pilot Communications purchased its Miami radio properties, converting the low-rated WGBS to a talk format in February 1983.

In 1985, Jefferson-Pilot sold WGBS to buy WNWS (790 AM), then its direct competitor, merging the two stations' programming on the 790 frequency that had a better signal into Broward County. The 710 facility, with its strong signal into Cuba, was then spun off to Cuban-American businessman Amancio Suárez, resulting in the foundation of WAQI Radio Mambí. Known for its hardline anticommunist stance from the start, Mambí has ranked among the most popular Spanish-language stations in South Florida and is also jammed by the Cuban government; however, it has also been criticized for disseminating disinformation, particularly by groups on the left. Sales of Radio Mambí in 1995 and 2022 have attracted attention in political circles.

WFTL in Fort Lauderdale
On January 10, 1939, Tom M. Bryan filed for a construction permit to build a new local radio station to serve Fort Lauderdale on the frequency of 1370 kHz, with 250 watts during the day and 100 at night. The Federal Communications Commission granted Bryan the permit on July 12, 1939, and on December 3, 1939, WFTL made its first broadcasts from studios and a transmitter site on Andrews Avenue. Bryan had brought other pioneering local businesses to Lauderdale prior to building WFTL; these included the city's first ice plant and telephone company. The station upgraded nighttime power to 250 watts in 1940 and moved to 1400 kHz in 1941 with the frequency changes of NARBA.

In February 1941, Bryan filed to sell WFTL to Ralph A. Horton. While there was concern that the association of Horton with a local newspaper, the morning Fort Lauderdale Times, could block the sale, the FCC approved on July 1. Within months of Horton acquiring WFTL, the station joined the Mutual Broadcasting System, becoming the closest Mutual station to Miami, and in October, Horton filed to move to 710 kHz and increase power to 10,000 watts from a new transmitter site west of the city, which the FCC approved on January 6, 1942. At the time, one Miami station (WIOD) broadcast with 5,000 watts, and a second, WQAM, was slated to join it. Materials restrictions associated with the outbreak of World War II slowed work, but by late 1942, the building expansion had been completed, as had the necessary three-tower array. Not only was the station increasing its power to become the largest in Florida, it announced it would set up Miami studios in the Mayfair Theater, quarters originally used by the Miami Conservatory of Music.

The upgrade and new frequency took effect on February 24, 1943, bringing a full-power Mutual signal to Miami.

WGBS

Storer purchase and move to Miami

Two months after activating the 10,000-watt facility and new Miami studios, Horton—later citing his lack of knowledge of the radio business—announced he would sell WFTL to the Fort Industry Company, led by George B. Storer, for $275,000; Storer would move the station on a full-time basis to Miami, where he owned a home in Surfside. The FCC slated the transaction for hearing, during which time it was revealed that Fort Industry was keeping the station afloat while the transaction was pending.

The FCC approved of the sale on February 29, 1944, and work began to move the station's operations to Miami on a full-time basis. However, several legal concerns and even questions before a House committee investigating the FCC were raised over two issues: the fact that the same attorney, Andrew Bennett, worked for both Horton and Storer, and allegations that FCC chairman James Lawrence Fly had accepted a $17.30 gratuity from Storer to pay for a stay at an Atlanta hotel. Fly denied having any influence with regard to the sale of WFTL. John Sirica, serving as counsel to the House committee, declared that there had been a conspiracy by Fly, Storer, Bennett and others to obtain WFTL. An editorial in the Fort Lauderdale Daily News pointed out Horton's admitted lack of expertise, quipping that "he didn't know a kilocycle from a station-break and he admitted it" and noting that Horton had entered into a refinancing contract that was an unauthorized transfer of control. A final statement from the committee, released at the start of 1945, chided Fly for "putting the heat on" to pressure Horton to sell, declared Bennett's actions to be a "double-crossing" of Horton, and found the sale price "entirely too low" in view of WFTL's business prospects.

In December 1944, WFTL announced it would leave Mutual on June 15, 1945, to join the Blue Network, replacing WKAT (1360 AM). Prior to the change in network affiliation, the station dropped the WFTL call sign and took Storer's initials as its own, becoming WGBS on April 16. WGBS and WQAM exchanged network affiliations in 1947, with WGBS picking up the CBS affiliation, as part of a group deal that also gave affiliation to Fort Industry's WWVA in Wheeling, West Virginia, and WAGA in Atlanta. The FCC approved a daytime power increase to 50,000 watts in 1947, and work was completed in January 1949, making WGBS the first 50,000-watt station in Florida. In 1952, the Fort Industry Company, named prior to owning radio and television properties, changed its name to Storer Broadcasting Company.

Expansion into FM and TV

In 1948, an FM radio station was launched primarily to simulcast WGBS's AM transmission, as WGBS-FM. However, by 1957, it was operating just six hours a day, six days a week.

Storer had been attempting to enter Miami television, but ownership limit complications complicated its path until Storer was able to buy a UHF television station, WFTL-TV (channel 23), in 1954, the same year it moved its corporate offices to Miami Beach. Like with WFTL radio a decade before, Storer moved the station to Miami as WGBS-TV. After losing the NBC affiliation to new VHF station WCKT (channel 7) in 1956, WGBS-TV continued for a year as an independent before shutting down on April 13, 1957, and selling its physical plant to Public Service Television, which was preparing to put WPST-TV (channel 10) on the air; Storer declared it to have never been profitable.

WGBS in the 60s and 70s

CBS Radio's elimination of the bulk of its entertainment programming on November 28, 1960, spurred WGBS to disaffiliate from the network and become an independent. Likewise, WGBS adopted a beautiful music/middle of the road format similar to one successfully implemented by co-owned WJW in Cleveland, Ohio, earlier in the year. To assist the 10-person news department, WGBS established or arranged for international news bureaus throughout Europe and Asia, along with bureaus in the U.S. In October 1962, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, WGBS's high power became of utility to the federal government. It requisitioned airtime on WGBS, WCKR (the former WIOD), and WMIE for three weeks to broadcast Spanish-language Voice of America output to Cuba at night; during this time, normal WGBS programs were heard only on FM. In November, this was relaxed after VOA built its own station at Marathon, though WGBS still continued to air three hours a day of VOA output at night.

In 1964, Storer made a $1 million investment in WGBS. It built a new transmitter site in South Broward, allowing it to raise its nighttime power to 50,000 watts, and a new, colonial-style office building was constructed at 710 Brickell Avenue, leaving the Mayfair after 20 years. The  building opened in December 1965; Storer commissioned a custom song, "Make Ours Miami", to mark the occasion, and local governments declared "WGBS Week" in Miami. Arnie Warren, formerly of WKAT, joined WGBS in 1966 and would serve as its morning show host for 13 years. By this time, the station was cemented as an adult contemporary outlet. WGBS-FM also saw an upgrade: Storer repurchased the former WGBS-TV transmission tower from Public Service Television (whose license for WPST-TV had been revoked by the FCC) to help enable a power upgrade to 100,000 watts. The station broadcast the Miami Floridians of the American Basketball Association for three of their four seasons of existence, taking over from WOCN (1450 AM) in 1969.

Storer renamed WGBS-FM as WJHR, in honor of Storer Broadcasting co-founder J. Harold Ryan, in 1969, then sold off both it and their Detroit FM outlet in 1970 to Bartell Broadcasters. Storer would return to FM by buying WLYF (101.5 FM) from Sudbrink Communications for $5.56 million in early 1978.

Jefferson-Pilot ownership
Storer opted to exit radio entirely in late 1978 and began to find buyers for its radio properties, using the profits to invest further in cable TV systems. Storer asked $14 million for its Miami radio operation, but WGBS and WLYF-FM were ultimately sold for $12.5 million to Jefferson-Pilot Communications in February 1979; the FCC approved of the transaction that December. The stations moved in 1982 to studios in North Dade, allowing Jefferson-Pilot to sell the Brickell studios to Northern Trust Bank of Florida in what marked a record for a property sale on that major thoroughfare. (The building, last used by the Miami Today newspaper, was demolished in 2013.)

Ratings for the adult contemporary format declined during Jefferson-Pilot ownership as music listening continued to shift to FM, and WGBS was the last station to broadcast such a format on the AM dial. In February 1983, WGBS switched to a news/talk format, with hosts including David Gold and Mike Siegel. However, ratings were low throughout the run as three other stations battled it out with WGBS in that format, and by mid-1984, it was attracting ratings comparable to its prior adult contemporary sound with higher programming costs, though it was making a profit.

WAQI

Sale to Suárez

In July 1985, Jefferson-Pilot announced it would purchase one of the direct competitors to WGBS, WNWS (790 AM), with its superior signal in Broward County and stronger ratings. The stations worked toward a merger in November, in which four WNWS hosts and two from WGBS headed the new WNWS talk lineup.

Because at the time no company could own multiple AM stations in the same area, the WGBS facility and license—though not the studios—was sold to the Mambisa Broadcasting Corporation for $3.5 million. Mambisa was headed by Amancio Víctor Suárez, a 49-year-old self-made millionaire with no broadcast experience, and named for the , Cuban independence fighters of the 19th century. Suárez had arrived in Florida penniless as a 19-year-old, with interests in home construction and the manufacture of watches and telephone answering machines.

Even before full FCC approval of the underlying transfers, the merger of WGBS into WNWS became effective at noon on October 23, 1985, when the call letters WGBS disappeared from Miami radio after 40 years to make way for WAQI. Temporary studios on SW 67th Avenue were used to start Radio Mambí while permanent facilities on Coral Way were built. Much like its direct format competitors—WQBA (1180 AM), WOCN (1450 AM) "", and WRHC (1550 AM)—Radio Mambí provided primarily news and talk programming alongside soap operas and music. Unión Radio was raided heavily by the new WAQI and lost several popular personalities to the startup.

One of the most attractive characteristics of the 710 facility to Mambisa was the physical plant. Whereas Jefferson-Pilot, competing for English-language listeners, wanted a signal with better Broward coverage, Mambisa got a bonus of import to its work: one of the best Miami signals into Cuba. This fact was not lost on the Cuban government. Four days after the changeover to Radio Mambí, transmissions started for Radio Rebelde, one of Cuba's national radio stations, on transmitters on 710 kHz, as Radio Mambí entered what general manager Armando Pérez Roura called "a radio war with Castro" designed to block its anti-government programs from being heard in Cuba. One transmitter at Santa Clara aired Rebelde, and another at Havana was noted as emitting a "high-frequency jamming buzz". The irony was that the main interference generated was not within Cuba, where station officials claimed to have a large audience, but in Florida, where high-power Radio Rebelde and WQBA signals clashed. When WAQI was audible in Cuba, it offered an opposition viewpoint that reestablished contact between Cuban exiles and Cuba itself.

Radio Mambí rapidly became a popular station with the heavily Cuban Spanish-speaking audience in Miami by becoming the station of Cuba's exile community, close to the families of political prisoners and organized opposition movements while offering community service and cultural programming. Suárez expanded into television with HBC, which produced the fledgling Telemundo network's first nightly newscast in January 1987 from Miami, and, through another company, he bought FM station WTHM (98.3) in 1987 to relaunch it as WRTO-FM , the second full-time Spanish-language FM station in the city.

In 1992, Radio Martí began to purchase an hour of airtime each night on WAQI and WQBA to broadcast programming to Cuba, utilizing a clause in the 1983 law that created Radio Martí permitting broadcasts over commercial stations if jamming had increased by 25 percent or more since that time. By 2007, Radio Mambí was being paid $182,500 every six months to broadcast the Radio Martí program.

Heftel and Univision ownership
In 1989, Suárez announced an alliance with Heftel Broadcasting, a Las Vegas-based broadcaster specializing in Spanish-language stations and former owner of Miami's WHYI-FM, that included the national expansion of  (My House), a magazine acquired the year before. Six years later, after a decade of successful ownership, Suárez announced he would sell the remaining 51 percent of Mambisa to Heftel, which by that time also owned WQBA. That sale attracted the attention of groups that promoted a more conciliatory stance to Cuba, as they feared that common ownership of WQBA and WAQI would leave them with no station that aired their views; they had also protested to no avail when Heftel purchased WQBA the year before. The deal was amended during consideration by the FCC to remove clauses that gave Suárez a stake in Heftel and a management contract before being approved and consummated in September. Heftel eventually reduced the overlap between the two stations by adding programming to WQBA that targeted Central and South American migrants.
In 2000, Republican politicians Renier Díaz de la Portilla and Carlos Lacasa engaged in an early-morning fistfight in the station's parking lot after Lacasa's father insulted Díaz de la Portilla's father on the air. Lacasa received a bloody nose, and when host Martha Flores asked on the air for someone to call the police, the city's 911 system was swamped with calls.

In 2002, Heftel, renamed Hispanic Broadcasting Corporation, announced it would merge with Univision, a deal approved by the FCC the next year.

Many of the hosts on Mambí became institutions in local radio and in the Cuban exile community. Flores died at the age of 92 in 2020, having spent six decades on South Florida airwaves since arriving in Miami in 1959. That same year, Pérez Roura, who later moved to WWFE (670 AM), died at the same age; Ninoska Pérez Castellón, who worked with him at Mambí, recalled how he introduced his show by reading a list of people executed in Cuba on that date in past years.

On October 30, 2014, WAQI was granted a construction permit to move to the WQBA transmitter site and decrease night power to 6,300 watts. This move enabled Univision to sell the  former WAQI transmitter site in Miramar in early 2020 for $39 million for redevelopment as 385 single-family homes.

Latino Media Network sale
On June 3, 2022, Univision announced it would sell a package of 18 radio stations across 10 of its markets, primarily AM outlets in large cities (including WAQI and WQBA) and entire clusters in smaller markets such as McAllen, Texas, and Fresno, California, for $60 million to a new company known as Latino Media Network (LMN); Univision proposes to handle operations for a year under agreement before turning over operational control to LMN in the fourth quarter of 2023.

The deal was immediately interpreted in a political context. Latino Media Network is headed by Stephanie Valencia, who headed Latino outreach for Barack Obama, and Jess Morales Rocketto, a Democratic activist, with investors and advisors including Eva Longoria, former Florida Republican Party chair Al Cárdenas, longtime television anchor María Elena Salinas, and former Miami-Dade College president Eduardo J. Padrón. Much of its funding comes from Lakestar Capital, associated with businessman and philanthropist George Soros. Other Democratic groups had noted the prevalence of disinformation and antisemitism and the promotion of conspiracy theories, including the Great Replacement, on its air. This was particularly well received by older listeners, loyal to stations like WAQI. A 2021 report by media watchdogs, which focused on programs on Radio Mambí and WURN "Actualidad Radio" during one week in March 2021, cited practices such as hosts not correcting callers' incorrect statements, as well as recitations of false claims as news using sources such as Newsmax and The Daily Caller. A former Univision executive told Graciela Mochkofsky of The New Yorker that Mambí's content was often "indefensible".

Conservative political actors immediately feared that the change in ownership would lead to programming changes, particularly at Radio Mambí, that would marginalize their point of view. The head of Mothers Against Repression, Sylvia Iriondo, announced at a press conference held by the Assembly of the Cuban Resistance, "We have grounds to be extremely concerned [...] We will resist any attempt to censor the voices of this community represented by these radio stations with all legal and legitimate means". Other speakers included Florida lieutenant governor Jeanette Núñez, who recalled growing up listening to Radio Mambí in the car. Six Republican lawmakers, five of them from the Florida delegation—senators Marco Rubio and Rick Scott, representatives Carlos A. Giménez, María Elvira Salazar, and Mario Díaz-Balart, as well as senator Tom Cotton of Arkansas—wrote a letter to FCC chairwoman Jessica Rosenworcel urging her agency to "thoroughly scrutinize" the transaction when filed and casting it as a "desperate" move by Democratic operatives, noting their concern over a proposed sale of WSUA (1260 AM) to ATV Holdings, which had fallen apart earlier that year. The re-election campaign of Republican governor Ron DeSantis bought advertising time on WAQI and WQBA ($6,525 of it on WAQI), airing 60-second commercials warning voters, "The left is taking control of our local media" and "they are coming with their ideological agenda", mentioning Soros "and his minions". In an op-ed in the Miami Herald, Valencia and Morales Rocketto wrote of their commitment to free speech and free markets, noting that they "do not intend to change the spirit or character of what has made it popular and profitable". However, several hosts departed the station, including Dania Alexandrino, Lourdes Ubieta, and Nelson Rubio, to found a new company known as Americano Media, which promised to start the "first Spanish-language conservative talk radio network"; Ubieta claimed that Univision offered them and other presenters a bonus worth thousands of dollars in exchange for staying and signing a confidentiality agreement, which Pérez Castellón, who stayed, denied.

The FCC approved the Latino Media Network sale in November 2022, and the purchase with respect to all stations except WADO in New York City was consummated on December 30, 2022. Univision will continue to provide programming for up to a year in each market.

Notes

References

External links

Cuban-American culture in Miami
Hispanic and Latino American culture in Miami
AQI
AQI
American Basketball Association flagship radio stations
1939 establishments in Florida
Radio stations established in 1939
News and talk radio stations in the United States


The 1931 college football season saw the USC Trojans win the Knute Rockne Memorial Trophy as national champion under the Dickinson System, as well as the No. 1 position from each of the other three contemporary major selectors (Boand, Dunkel, and Houlgate Systems). Rockne, who had coached Notre Dame to a championship in 1930, had been killed in a plane crash on March 31, 1931. For the first time, the champion under the Dickinson System also played in a postseason game. The 1932 Rose Bowl, promoted as a national championship game between the best teams of East and West, matched USC and Tulane, No. 1 and No. 2 in the Dickinson ratings. USC won, 21–12, and was awarded the Albert Russel Erskine Trophy.

Two years later, historian Parke H. Davis selected Pittsburgh and Purdue (No. 9 and No. 10 in the Dickinson ratings) as "National Champion Foot Ball Teams" for 1931; he was the only NCAA-designated "major selector" to choose either team. Davis’ work has been criticized for having a heavy Eastern bias, with little regard for the South and the West Coast. Pittsburgh claims a 1931 national championship on this basis, while Purdue does not.

Conference and program changes

New conferences
Four conferences began play in 1931:
 Border Conference – conference active through the 1962 season
 Dixie Conference – conference active through the 1941 season; (the first of three conferences to share this name)
Lone Star Conference – an active NCAA Division II conference
 North Dakota College Athletic Conference – an NAIA conference active through the 1999 season
One conference played its final season in 1931:
Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association – active since the 1909 season

Membership changes

Program changes
 Oregon State Agricultural College (Oregon State) Aggies officially changed their nickname to the now-eponymous Beavers.

September
September 26 The season started with an upset.  St. Mary's College, a relatively small school in San Francisco, defeated USC 13–7.  Tulane beat Ole Miss, 31–0 and Tennessee beat Maryville 33–0, while Pittsburgh beat Miami University, 61–0.

October

October 3 St. Mary's won again, at California, 14–0, and USC won its first game of the season, beating Oregon State 30–0.  Tennessee beat Clemson 44–0 and Tulane defeated Texas A&M 7–0.  Northwestern beat Nebraska 19–7.  Purdue opened its season for the home crowd with a doubleheader, beating Ohio's Western Reserve 28–0, followed by a 19–0 win over Iowa's Coe College

Pittsburgh won at Iowa, 20–0  Georgia beat Virginia Tech 40–0
Harvard defeated Bates College, 28–0 and Yale beat Maine, 19–0
Notre Dame won at Indiana 25–0

October 10 In Chicago, a crowd of 75,000 turned out at Soldier Field to watch Northwestern and Notre Dame played to a 0–0 tie in a driving rain. Tennessee defeated Ole Miss 38–0.  USC beat Washington State 38–6.  Harvard beat New Hampshire, 39–0.  In New Haven, the Georgia Bulldogs handed the Yale Bulldogs their first defeat, 26–7.  Purdue beat Illinois 7–0
Pittsburgh beat West Virginia 34–0.  Tulane defeated Spring Hill College 40–0 and St. Mary's beat the West Coast Army team, 21–7

October 17 Tulane and Vanderbilt, both 3–0–0, met at Nashville, with Tulane winning 19–0
Tennessee and Alabama, both 3–0–0, met at Knoxville, with UT winning 25–0.  USC defeated visiting Oregon 53–0.  Northwestern beat visiting UCLA 19–0
Georgia won at North Carolina, 32–7.  Yale beat Chicago 27–0 and Harvard got past Army 14–13.  Purdue lost at Wisconsin 21–14.  Pittsburgh defeated Western Reserve, 32–0.  Notre Dame defeated Drake 63–0.  St. Mary's beat the University of San Francisco, 14–6.  Neither SMC or USF play college football anymore.

October 24  Notre Dame (3–0–0) and Pittsburgh (4–0–0) met at South Bend, with Notre Dame winning 25–12.  Tulane beat Georgia Tech 33–0; Tulane had outscored its five opponents 130–0.  Tennessee won at North Carolina, 7–0; it had outscored its five foes 147–0.  Georgia beat Vanderbilt 9–0.  Harvard beat visiting Texas, 35–7 and Yale and Army played to a 6–6 tie, while in Pittsburgh, Purdue defeated Carnegie Tech 13–6.  Northwestern defeated Ohio State in Columbus, 10–0.  St. Mary's beat visiting Gonzaga University, 13–7.  USC won at California 6–0

October 31 Tulane beat Mississippi State, but not without surrendering its first points, in a 59–7 win; likewise, Tennessee beat Duke, but was scored upon for the first time, in its 25–2 win
Georgia won at Florida, 33–6.  Northwestern beat visiting Illinois 32–6 and Purdue won at Chicago 14–6.  Harvard beat Virginia 19–0 and Yale and Dartmouth played to a 33–33 tie.  Pittsburgh won at Penn State, 41–6
Notre Dame defeated Carnegie Tech 19–0.  Surprising St. Mary's extended its record to 6–0–0 with a 21–14 win over Santa Clara.

November
November 7 USC (4–1–0) and Stanford (5–0–1) met at Los Angeles, and USC won 19–0.
In Montgomery, Alabama, Tulane shut out Auburn 27–0.  Tennessee beat visiting Carson-Newman, 31–0.  Northwestern beat Minnesota, 32–14.  Purdue beat Centenary College 49–6.  Before a crowd of 65,000 at Yankee Stadium, Georgia stayed unbeaten as it defeated New York University 7–6, with the aid of a 97–yard kickoff return by Buster Mott in the third quarter.  Harvard beat Dartmouth 7–6 and Yale beat St. John's College of Maryland, 52–0.  Pittsburgh beat Carnegie Tech 14–6.  Notre Dame beat Pennsylvania 49–0.  St. Mary's suffered its first defeat, to the visiting Olympic Club, 10–0

November 11  In an Armistice Day game at Los Angeles, UCLA handed St. Mary's its second straight loss, 12–0

November 14 Tulane (7–0–0) and Georgia (6–0–0) faced off in Athens before a crowd of 36,000 for the rights to best in the South.  The Green Wave rolled over Georgia's Bulldogs 20–7.  Tennessee defeated Vanderbilt 21–7.  USC beat visiting Montana 69–0.  Harvard defeated Holy Cross 7–0.  Purdue defeated Iowa 22–0 and Northwestern edged Indiana 7–6.  Pittsburgh beat visiting Army 26–0.  In Baltimore, Notre Dame beat Navy 20–0

November 21 Notre Dame (6–0–1) had not lost a football game in almost three years, its last defeat having been to the USC Trojans on 27–14 on  December 1, 1928.  A crowd of 52,000 turned out as (5–1–0) USC came to the Notre Dame campus in South Bend for the first time ever.  The Trojans trailed 14–0 going into the fourth quarter, and was trailing 14–13 in the final minutes after Johnny Baker's extra point attempt had been blocked.  In the final minute, Baker kicked a 34–yard field goal for a 16–14 win, Notre Dame's first loss in 27 starts.   Tulane beat Sewanee 40–0.  Northwestern won at Iowa 9–0, and Purdue won at Indiana, 19–0.  In Columbus, Ga., Georgia beat Auburn 12–6.  Yale (3–1–2) hosted Harvard (7–0–0) and won 3–0

November 26  On Thanksgiving Day, Pitt and Nebraska, both 7–1–0, met in Pittsburgh, with the home team winning 40–0.  Tennessee and Kentucky played to a 6–6 tie in Lexington.  St. Mary's defeated Oregon 16–0.

November 28 In Yankee Stadium, a crowd of 80,000 turned out in spite of a snowstorm, and watched as Notre Dame was beaten by Army, 12–0, for its second consecutive defeat after 26 games without a loss.  Meanwhile, 40,000 watched in Chicago as Northwestern (7–0–1) and Purdue (8–1–0) met in a "post-season charity game" on a frozen field in Chicago, with the Boilermakers handing the Wildcats their first defeat, 7–0.

Yale beat Princeton 51–14.  Tulane defeated LSU 34–7 and Georgia defeated Georgia Tech 35–6

December
December 5 Tulane beat Washington State 28–14 to close at 11–0–0, unbeaten and untied, while Tennessee played NYU at Yankee Stadium, winning 13–0 to finish at 8–0–1.  USC defeated Washington 44–7.  St. Mary's closed its season with a 7–2 win over Southern Methodist (SMU).

December 12
USC and Georgia, both 8–1–0, met in Los Angeles, and the visiting Bulldogs were crushed 60–0

1932 Rose Bowl

For the first time, the Rose Bowl matchup included the No. 1 ranked team under the Dickinson ratings. That team, USC, was matched against No. 2 ranked Tulane. A crowd of 83,000 turned out in Pasadena, a Rose Bowl record. Though Tulane had outgained USC in total yards (378 vs. 233) and first downs (18 vs. 11), the USC Trojans made the most of their three scoring opportunities.  In the third quarter, Erny Pinckert ran 28 yards for a touchdown, then, after the Trojans recovered a Tulane fumble, scored again.  USC went up 21–0 before Tulane fought back with two touchdowns, and only a tough Trojan defense held the Green Wave from scoring more.  The final result was USC 21, Tulane 12.

Conference standings
For this article, major conferences defined as those including multiple state flagship public universities.

Major conference standings

Independents

Minor conferences

Minor conference standings

Rankings

Dickinson System
Frank G. Dickinson, an economics professor at the University of Illinois, had invented the Dickinson System to rank colleges based upon their records and the strength of their opposition.

The system was originally designed to rank teams in the Big Nine (later the Big Ten) conference.  Chicago clothing manufacturer Jack Rissman then persuaded Dickinson to rank the nation's teams under the system, and awarded the Rissman Trophy to the winning university.

The system awarded 30 points for a win over a "strong team", and 20 for a win over a "weak team".  Losses were awarded points (15 for loss to a strong team, 10 for loss to a weak team).  Ties were treated as half a win and half a loss (22.5 for a tie with a strong team, 15 for a tie with a weak team).  An average was then derived by dividing the points by games played.

Final Dickinson rankings
Although Tulane was unbeaten and untied (11–0), it was second to the USC with a 9–1 record.

Statistical leaders
Player scoring most points: Bob Campiglio, West Liberty, 145

See also
 1931 College Football All-America Team

References


{{Infobox person
|name = John Nardi
|image = John Nardi (mug shot).jpg
|caption = Police mugshot of John Nardi
|birth_date =
|birth_name = Giovanni Narcchione
|birth_place = Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
|death_date =
|death_place = Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
|death_cause = car bomb
|occupation  = street vendor, teamster, mobster, enforcer, racketeer, mafia family associate
|known_for =  former associate of Irish-American Cleveland mobster Danny GreeneWar with the Cleveland Mafia
}}
John Nardi (January 21, 1916 − May 17, 1977) was an influential associate of the Cleveland crime family who was involved in labor racketeering in Cleveland, Ohio. At the end of his criminal career, Nardi turned against his crime family in a bloody gang war.

Early years
Born Giovanni Narcchione in Cleveland, Nardi began his mob work as an enforcer for the local vending machine workers union. He is the cousin of Anthony Delsanter, brother of Nicholas Nardi and father of John Nardi Jr. and Carol Nardi. Nardi would become a representative of his uncle Anthony Milano, a retired consigliere from the Cleveland crime family. He earned his first police record entry in 1939 at the age of twenty three, while employed by a vending workers union to sell the services of their repair technicians, at which he could be overly enthusiastic. When Nardi threatened a bar owner with bodily harm, Safety Director Eliot Ness ordered him to be arrested. Eventually, the charges were dropped.

Nardi soon became business partners with Ohio Teamsters official William Presser, a mob associate and father of future Teamsters president Jackie Presser in several Jukebox companies.

By the 1940s, Nardi had become a member of the Vending Machine Service Employees Local 410, part of the Teamsters Union. He soon became secretary-treasurer of the Local. Nardi also formed ties with "Jimmy the Weasel" Fratianno, a future boss with the Los Angeles crime family, with whom he also ran a bookmaking operation in Cleveland's Little Italy.

Nardi soon built numerous street rackets such as drug trafficking, extortion, labor racketeering, arms trafficking, illegal gambling, and loan sharking.

Fight with the family

Nardi could have enjoyed a bright future with the Cleveland family, but he was too independent and ambitious to accept its structure. Not content to wait years to become a made man, or full member, of the organization, Nardi eventually stopped paying tribute to the family. By the late 1960s, the Cleveland family was losing patience with Nardi due to his independence and his ties with Danny Greene, the boss of Cleveland's Irish mob. In 1976, Nardi returned from Florida where he successfully defended himself against federal narcotics and gun-running charges. His uncle, Anthony Milano, was hoping to have his son, Peter, return from the West Coast to work with Nardi. Upon his return, he approached Danny Greene for an alliance. The Cleveland crime family had already made several attempts on Nardi's life and Nardi needed to find allies. Greene saw that Nardi's street rackets would be a valuable addition to his organization.

Gang war

In 1976, the dispute between the Cleveland family and the Greene-Nardi alliance erupted into all out war. Both sides started planting car bombs in rival mobsters' cars. The warfare escalated with the murder of Cleveland consigliere Leo Moceri. Each year, the Cleveland family ran the Feast of the Assumption festival in the Little Italy section of Cleveland. At the end of the 1976 festival, Nardi claimed that the Cleveland family owed him a share of the illegal gambling profits from that event. Moceri publicly denied Nardi's claim and the two sides exchanged threats. In the summer of 1976, Moceri disappeared; in August, his Mercedes-Benz sports car was found soaked in blood. Greene and Nardi then went after Eugene "the Animal" Ciasullo, the family's most feared enforcer. Ciasullo was seriously injured by a bomb placed on his front porch.

In 1976, after the Moceri murder, Licavoli and new underboss Angelo Lonardo went to New York to talk to Anthony Salerno, the titular head of the New York Genovese crime family. The two Cleveland mobsters wanted Salerno's help in murdering Greene and Nardi. Nardi and Greene had previously taken a trip to New York to discuss a partnership with Gambino crime family boss Paul Castellano about a meat business venture in Texas. Salerno agreed to speak to Castellano and to have Nardi and Greene murdered on their next trip to New York. However, neither Greene or Nardi travelled to New York again.

Death
There were two murder attempts on Nardi's life by Cleveland family mafiosi Butchie Cisternino and Allie Calabrese prior to his eventual murder. They tried to assassinate Nardi in Little Italy with a high-powered rifle. Another attempt was made a few days later when a shotgun blast was fired at Nardi from a moving car. In response to these murder attempts, Nardi threatened that everyone responsible for taking shots at him would be killed.

Just weeks before his death, Nardi granted an interview to a reporter inquiring about a rumor that Licavoli and he were feuding. During the interview, Nardi stated that he and Licavoli were lifelong friends and vehemently denied the allegations that there was a feud between them. He also denied that Danny Greene worked for him stating that they were just friends.

On May 17, 1977, in Cleveland, a bomb was placed in a car next to Nardi's vehicle in the rear of the parking lot of the Teamsters Joint Council 41, across from the musicians union. When Nardi left his office and entered into his vehicle, the bomb was detonated by remote control. The impact from the explosion blew away both of Nardi's legs. According to the book To Kill the Irishman by Rick Porrello, as Nardi was being pulled away from the wreckage, Nardi whispered "It didn't hurt" in a final act of defiance. He was pronounced dead within minutes.

In popular culture
In the 2011 film Kill the Irishman, John Nardi (Vincent D'Onofrio) is depicted as a made man and a caporegime rather than as an associate of the family. The Five Families' decision to appoint James Licavoli as acting boss of the Cleveland crime family instead of Nardi and Licavoli's attempts to confiscate Nardi's rackets leads the Nardi crew to fully align themselves with Danny Greene. Soon after Genovese boss Anthony Salerno (Paul Sorvino) sends Ray Ferritto (Robert Davi) from Los Angeles to Cleveland, Nardi is fatally injured by a car bomb moments after telling Greene that they will soon "take this town over." A heartbroken Greene is then shown cradling his dying friend. In reality, Danny Greene was not present when Nardi was murdered.

References

Porrello, Rick. To Kill the Irishman: The War that Crippled the Mafia. Novelty, Ohio: Next Hat Press, 2004.

External links
AmericanMafia.com - Danny Greene - Plus 25 By Rick Porrello
AmericanMafia.com - Anthony Lonardo's Testimony to the Permanent Subcommittee Investigations of the Senate Committee on Government Affairs April 4, 1988
Nevada Observer.com   CHRONOLOGY OF VIOLENCE: CLEVELAND ORGANIZED CRIME

1916 births
1977 deaths
Cleveland crime family
Murdered American gangsters of Italian descent
People murdered by the Cleveland crime family
Deaths by car bomb in the United States
People murdered in Ohio
Gangsters from Cleveland


Unforgettable is a four-piece set celebrating the life of the late Tejano singer Selena, released in promotion for the tribute concert Selena ¡VIVE! The set consisted of two albums, which were released on the same day as separate discs: Unforgettable: The Live Album and Unforgettable: The Studio Album.

A week later, on April 5, 2005, Unforgettable: Limited Edition was released, which combined the studio and live album with two DVDs.

Track listings and information

Unforgettable: The Live Album
Unforgettable - The Live Album is a collection of Selena's greatest hits performed in concert and compiled for previously released live albums. It was released on March 29, 2005, peaking at number 26 on the Latin Album Chart. Many fans were disappointed when "No Debes Jugar" and "La Llamada" were not released live.

 Como La Flor (from Selena Live!)
 Amor Prohibido (from Live! The Last Concert)
 Baila Esta Cumbia (from Live! The Last Concert)
 Ya Ves (from Selena Live!)
 Las Cadenas (from Selena Live!)
 Yo Te Amo (from Selena Live!)
 Tus Desprecios (from Live! The Last Concert)
 Cobarde (from Live! The Last Concert)
 Si La Quieres (from Selena Live!)
 El Chico Del Apartamento 512 (from Live! The Last Concert)
 Bidi Bidi Bom Bom (from Live! The Last Concert)
 Si Una Vez (from Live! The Last Concert)
 Que Creias (from Selena Live!)
 No Me Queda Mas (from Live! The Last Concert)
 Como La Flor (from Live! The Last Concert)
 No Debes Jugar
 La Llamada

Unforgettable: The Studio Album

Unforgettable - The Studio Album is a collection of Selena's greatest hits. It was released on March 29, 2005, peaking at number 17 on the Latin Album Chart, and was later certified Gold.

 Como La Flor
 La Carcacha
 No Debes Jugar
 La Llamada
 Amor Prohibido
 No Me Queda Mas
 Fotos Y Recuerdos
 El Chico Del Apartamento 512
 Bidi Bidi Bom Bom
 Techno Cumbia
 Si Una Vez
 Tu, Solo Tu
 I Could Fall In Love
 Dreaming Of You
 Puede Ser
 No Quiero Saber
 Baila Esta Cumbia

Unforgettable: Limited Edition

 Disc 3 - Selena Videos
 No Quiero Saber
 La Carcacha
 Buenos Amigos
 La Llamada
 Amor Prohibido
 No Me Queda Más
 Bidi Bidi Bom Bom
 Techno Cumbia
 Donde Quiera Que Estés
 Tú, Sólo Tú
 Siempre Hece Frío
 I Could Fall in Love
 Dreaming of You

 Disc 4 - Selena Remembered
 Music Legend
 Beginning
 Tejano Superstar
 Label Deal
 Evolution
 Entre a Mi Mundo
 Breakthrough
 Amor Prohibido
 Selena's World
 Dreaming of You

Charts
Unforgettable: The Studio Album

Unforgettable: The Live Album

Unforgettable: The Special Edition

Certifications

References

2005 greatest hits albums
2005 live albums
Selena compilation albums
Selena live albums
Compilation albums published posthumously
Live albums published posthumously
Albums recorded at Q-Productions


Switzerland is an unincorporated community in Jasper County, South Carolina, United States. The community is part of the Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area. The community's name comes from Swiss natives who originally came to South Carolina and had settled in the nearby Purrysburg settlement on the banks of the Savannah River, near present-day Hardeeville. Due to competition from Savannah and health issues, many of the settlers moved further inland and created the hamlet.  In the past century, the population of the hamlet has dwindled in comparison to growth in Ridgeland and Hardeeville.

Switzerland is located just south of Ridgeland along U.S. Highways 17 and 278. It is accessible from Interstate 95 via exit 18.

References

Unincorporated communities in Jasper County, South Carolina
Unincorporated communities in South Carolina
Hilton Head Island–Beaufort micropolitan area
Swiss-American culture in South Carolina


WTPA (980 AM) is a radio station that is currently broadcasting a Haitian Creole format. Licensed to Pompano Beach, Florida, United States, the station is owned by Sam Rogatinsky, through licensee HMDF, LLC. Its studios are in Boca Raton; the last transmitter site used was in Parkland.

History

WLOD and WPIP
The Pompano Beach Broadcasting Corporation received a construction permit for a daytime-only radio station on 980 kHz in Pompano Beach on October 15, 1958. WLOD, standing for "Wonderful Land of Dreams", went on the air on May 1, 1959. The station went through several changes of ownership in its first few years. Before going on air, Wellington Shilling and Charles Johnson had sold their stakes to Arthur Harre and Leonard Versluis; within a year, the station had been acquired by the Franklin Broadcasting Company, which owned it until selling to Sunrise Broadcasting Company in 1965. The station sponsored a women's tennis tournament, which was dubbed the WLOD International.

After a series of attempts to improve WLOD's power and to broadcast at night, WLOD finally got both in 1978 with an improvement to 2,500 watts day and the addition of nighttime service with 500 watts. The station did not change its easy listening format, but it did use the move to relaunch as WPIP.

WBSS and WWHR
In 1981, WPIP's easy listening sound gave way to oldies, branded as "98 Gold, Blue Suede Radio". However, the choice of August 16 turned out to be a poor one to debut a new format: the station planned to be off the air, but instead it had to run hourly updates with Tropical Storm Dennis heading for the state. WPIP rebranded the next year as WBSS, for "boss", to complement the new format. A popular program in the WBSS era that also aired on other stations was the "Shoppers' Bazaar", hosted by Dick Vance, but the show was canceled in August 1983 after Vance, whose real name was Albin Richard Bloomburg, Jr., was investigated for misrepresentation in travel packages promoted on the program.

On December 5, 1986, WBSS changed its call letters to WWHR, coinciding with a new "urban gold" format. The move to a syndicated satellite format led to layoffs of most of 980 AM's air staff, with the station's operations director as the only local DJ in morning drive; the station also began broadcasting in AM stereo.

WWNN
In 1987, Sunrise sold WWHR to 777 Communications, Limited Partnership, for $1.4 million. The new ownership, headlined by West Palm Beach advertising agency owner Dudley Baker and with Joe Nuckols as general manager, changed the call letters to WWNN and relaunched the station on August 2 as the "Winner's News Network", featuring motivational programming. The WNN format, the first of its kind in the nation, included four- to five-minute segments of motivational tapes, obtained through an agreement with the Nightingale-Conant company and primarily focusing on sales and personal relationships, interspersed with news, weather and traffic reports and came with plans for national syndication. Because the station played ideas, not records, it played music between each motivational excerpt to help listeners digest each snippet.

At least one person found fault with WWNN's motivational programming, saying the station did not practice what it preached: a man charged in 1989 that the station refused to interview him for a position because he was blind, leading the Florida Federation for the Blind to protest outside a station self-help event.

In 1992, Howard Goldsmith's HMS Broadcasting, owner of Boca Raton's WSBR (740 AM), acquired WWNN and relocated its operations to Boca Raton. Goldsmith retained the motivational format in morning and afternoon drive, but much of WWNN's other programming became health talk. The WWNN call letters were moved in 1997 when Goldsmith acquired a much stronger, 50,000-watt signal at 1470 AM, the former WRBD.

WHSR
With WNN moved to 1470 kHz, 980 kHz entered into a new phase of its history and changed its call letters to WHSR, broadcasting programming in Haitian Creole. Most of WHSR's airtime was brokered to Lesly Jacques, a former Radio Métropole sports commentator who paid $600,000 a year in 1999 for 22 hours a day of airtime, operating as Radio Haiti Amérique Internationale and selling most of it to other programmers and using the rest for his own shows. He had started with a four-hour slot on the station after WWNN moved to 1470, and he had a devoted fan club and a retail store. Operations remained the same after Beasley Broadcast Group of Naples acquired Goldsmith's three broadcasting outlets in 2000 for $18 million.

Jacques's popularity came under some fire after Haiti's 2000 presidential election, as some in the community protested that Jacques did not give airtime to supporters of the country's new president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide. Edouard Laventure, an Aristide supporter who was fired by Jacques for alleged breaches of their agreements, claimed that Jacques had become too self-important. In 2002, Jacques was on air for 60 hours a week on WHSR. In addition to its music and talk programming for the Haitian community in South Florida, the station aired a variety of other brokered talk shows, including one hosted by a Jewish rabbi, Muslim programming, and Indian and Hindu programming.

Closure
In September 2019, the city of Parkland approved the acquisition of the Nob Hill Road transmitter site used by WHSR and WSBR from Beasley for $7.1 million; the city is to use the land, and an adjacent 12-acre parcel owned by the city, for a future park. As a result of the sale, both stations signed off at midnight on December 1, 2019. Haitian programming that had been on WHSR moved to another Haitian station in South Florida, WSRF (1580 AM). Indian programming that had been on WHSR moved to WHSR's sister station WWNN.

Effective February 3, 2021, Beasley sold WHSR and translator W280DU to Sam Rogatinsky's HMDF, LLC for $362,500. On November 1, 2021, Rogatinsky moved the WTPA call letters from 1590 AM near Tampa that November to allow that station to become WHOT.

References

External links

TPA
Radio stations established in 1959
Pompano Beach, Florida
1959 establishments in Florida
TPA