Chocolate Kings is the sixth album by Italian progressive rock band Premiata Forneria Marconi (also known as PFM). It was released in 1975 by Numero Uno, a division of RCA Records in Italy. It was also released with different cover art by Manticore Records in the UK and Asylum Records in the USA.

It was the first album to include Bernardo Lanzetti (formerly singer of Acqua Fragile) on lead vocals. This was also their first album where the lyrics were originally written in English, as the band felt they were better suited to the music they were making at this time. The lyrics for "From Under" and "Chocolate Kings" were written by Marva Jan Marrow, an American friend of the group, then living in Italy.

Track listing
 "From Under" (Flavio Premoli, Franco Mussida, Mauro Pagani, Ivan Graziani, Marva Jan Marrow) – 7:29
 "Harlequin" (Premoli, Pagani) – 7:48
 "Chocolate Kings" (Mussida, Pagani, Marrow) – 4:39
 "Out of the Roundabout" (Mussida, Pagani) – 7:53
 "Paper Charms" (Mussida, Pagani) – 8:30

Personnel
 Bernardo Lanzetti – vocals
 Franco Mussida – guitar, voice
 Flavio Premoli – keyboards, vocals
 Mauro Pagani – flute, violin, vocals
 Patrick Djivas – bass, vocals
 Franz Di Cioccio – drums, vocals

References

Premiata Forneria Marconi albums
1975 albums


A tear of a meniscus is a rupturing of one or more of the fibrocartilage strips in the knee called menisci. When doctors and patients refer to "torn cartilage" in the knee, they actually may be referring to an injury to a meniscus at the top of one of the tibiae. Menisci can be torn during innocuous activities such as walking or squatting. They can also be torn by traumatic force encountered in sports or other forms of physical exertion. The traumatic action is most often a twisting movement at the knee while the leg is bent. In older adults, the meniscus can be damaged following prolonged 'wear and tear'. Especially acute injuries (typically in younger, more active patients) can lead to displaced tears which can cause mechanical symptoms such as clicking, catching, or locking during motion of the joint. The joint will be in pain when in use, but when there is no load, the pain goes away.

A tear of the medial meniscus can occur as part of the unhappy triad, together with a tear of the anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament.

Signs and symptoms
The common signs and symptoms of a torn meniscus are knee pain, particularly along the joint line, and swelling. These are worse when the knee bears more weight (for example, when running). Another typical complaint is joint locking, when the affected person is unable to straighten the leg fully. This can be accompanied by a clicking feeling. Sometimes, a meniscal tear also causes a sensation that the knee gives way.

A person with a torn meniscus can sometimes remember a specific activity during which the injury was sustained. A tear of the meniscus commonly follows a trauma that involves rotation of the knee while it was slightly bent. These maneuvers also exacerbate the pain after the injury; for example, getting out of a car is often reported as painful.

Causes

There are two menisci in the knee. They sit between the thigh bone and the shin bone. While the ends of the thigh bone and the shin bone have a thin covering of soft hyaline cartilage, the menisci are made of tough fibrocartilage and conform to the surfaces of the bones they rest on. One meniscus rests on the medial tibial plateau; this is the medial meniscus. The other meniscus rests on the lateral tibial plateau; this is the lateral meniscus.

The menisci are nourished by small blood vessels but have a large area in the center with no direct blood supply (avascular). This presents a problem when there is an injury to the meniscus, as the avascular areas tend not to heal. Without the essential nutrients supplied by blood vessels, healing cannot take place.

The two most common causes of a meniscal tear are traumatic injury (often seen in athletes) and degenerative processes, which are the most common tear seen in all ages of patients. Meniscal tears can occur in all age groups. Traumatic tears are most common in active people aged 10–45. Traumatic tears are usually radial or vertical in the meniscus and more likely to produce a moveable fragment that can catch in the knee and therefore require surgical treatment.

A meniscus can tear due to an internally or externally rotated knee in a flexed position, with the foot in a flexed position. It is not uncommon for a meniscal tear to occur along with injuries to the anterior cruciate ligament ACL and the medial collateral ligament MCL — these three problems occurring together are known as the "unhappy triad," which is seen in sports such as football when the player is hit on the outside of the knee. Individuals who experience a meniscal tear usually experience pain and swelling as their primary symptoms. Another common complaint is joint locking, or the inability to completely straighten the joint. This is due to a piece of the torn cartilage preventing the normal functioning of the knee joint.

Degenerative tears are most common in people from age 40 upward but can be found at any age, especially with obesity. Degenerative meniscal tears are thought to occur as part of the aging process when the collagen fibers within the meniscus start to break down and lend less support to the structure of the meniscus. Degenerative tears are usually horizontal, producing both an upper and a lower segment of the meniscus. These segments do not usually move out of place and are therefore less likely to produce mechanical symptoms of catching or locking.

Risk factors
The meniscus is made of cartilage, a viscoelastic material, which makes it more susceptible to rate of loading injuries. Repetitive loading can also lead to injury. Recent studies have shown people who experience rapid rate of loading and/or repetitive loading to be the most susceptible to meniscus tears. People over the age of 60 who have working conditions in which squatting and kneeling are common are more susceptible to degenerative meniscal tears. Athletes who constantly experience a high rate of loading (e.g. soccer, rugby) are also susceptible to meniscus tears. Studies have also shown with increasing time between ACL injury and ACL reconstruction, there is an increasing chance of meniscus tears. This study showed meniscus tears occurring at a rate of 50–70% depending on how long after the ACL injury the surgery occurred. Meniscal ramp lesions (tears of the medial meniscus posterior horn at the menisco-capsular junction) occur in approximately 25% of ACL-injured knees. Lateral meniscal root tears occur in approximately 7% of ACL injured knees

Pathophysiology
The force distribution is across the knee joint, increasing force concentration on the cartilage and other joint structures.

Damage to the meniscus due to rotational forces directed to a flexed knee (as may occur with twisting sports) is the usual underlying mechanism of injury. A valgus force applied to a flexed knee with the foot planted and the femur rotated externally can result in a lateral meniscus tear. A varus force applied to the flexed knee when the foot is planted and the femur rotated internally result in a tear of the medial meniscus.

Tears produce rough surfaces inside the knee, which cause catching, locking, buckling, pain, or a combination of these symptoms. Abnormal loading patterns and rough surfaces inside the knee, especially when coupled with return to sports, significantly increase the risk of developing arthritis if not already present.

Anatomy
The menisci are C-shaped wedges of fibrocartilage located between the tibial plateau and femoral condyles. The menisci contain 70% type I collagen. The larger semilunar medial meniscus is attached more firmly than the loosely fixed, more circular lateral meniscus. The anterior and posterior horns of both menisci are secured to the tibial plateaus. Anteriorly, the transverse ligament connects the 2 menisci; posteriorly, the meniscofemoral ligament helps stabilize the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus to the femoral condyle. The coronary ligaments connect the peripheral meniscal rim loosely to the tibia. Although the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) passes in close proximity, the lateral meniscus has no attachment to this structure.

The joint capsule attaches to the entire periphery of each meniscus but adheres more firmly to the medial meniscus. An interruption in the attachment of the joint capsule to the lateral meniscus, forming the popliteal hiatus, allows the popliteus tendon to pass through to its femoral attachment site. Contraction by the popliteus during knee flexion pulls the lateral meniscus posteriorly, avoiding entrapment within the joint space. The medial meniscus does not have a direct muscular connection. The medial meniscus may shift a few millimeters, while the less stable lateral meniscus may move at least 1 cm.

In 1978, Shrive et al. reported that the collagen fibers of the menisci are oriented in a circumferential pattern. When a compressive force is applied in the knee joint, a tensile force is transmitted to the menisci. The femur attempts to spread the menisci anteroposteriorly in extension and mediolaterally in flexion. Shrive et al. further studied the effects of a radial cut in the peripheral rim of the menisci during loading. In joints with intact menisci, the force was applied through the menisci and articular cartilage; however, a lesion in the peripheral rim disrupted the normal mechanics of the menisci and allowed it to spread when a load was applied. The load now was distributed directly to the articular cartilage. In light of these findings, it is essential to preserve the peripheral rim during partial meniscectomy to avoid irreversible disruption of the structure's hoop tension capability.

Diagnosis

Physical examination
After noting symptoms, a physician can perform clinical tests to determine if the pain is caused by compression and impingement of a torn meniscus. The knee is examined for swelling. In meniscal tears, pressing on the joint line on the affected side typically produces tenderness. The McMurray test involves pressing on the joint line while stressing the meniscus (using flexion–extension movements and varus or valgus stress). Similar tests are the Steinmann test (with the patient sitting) and the Apley grind test (a grinding maneuver while the person lies prone and the knee is bent 90°) and the Thessaly test (flexing the affected knee to 20 degrees, pivoting on the knee to see if the pain is reproduced). Bending the knee (into hyperflexion if tolerable), and especially squatting, is typically a painful maneuver if the meniscus is torn. The range of motion of the joint is often restricted.

Cooper's sign is present in over 92% of tears. It is a subjective symptom of pain in the affected knee when turning over in bed at night. Osteoarthritic pain is present with weightbearing, but the meniscal tear causes pain with a twisting motion of the knee as the meniscal fragment gets pinched, and the capsular attachment gets stretched causing the complaint of pain.

Radiology

X-ray images (normally during weightbearing) can be obtained to rule out other conditions or to see if the patient also has osteoarthritis. The menisci themselves cannot be visualised with plain radiographs. If the diagnosis is not clear from the history and examination, the menisci can be imaged with magnetic resonance imaging (an MRI scan). This technique has replaced previous arthrography, which involved injecting contrast medium into the joint space. In straightforward cases, knee arthroscopy allows quick diagnosis and simultaneous treatment. Recent clinical data shows that MRI and clinical testing are comparable in sensitivity and specificity when looking for a meniscal tear.

Classification

A meniscal tear can be classified in various ways, such as by anatomic location or by proximity to blood supply. Various tear patterns and configurations have been described. These include:
 Radial tears
 Flap or parrot-beak tears
 Peripheral, longitudinal tears
 Bucket-handle tears
 Horizontal cleavage tears
 Complex, degenerative tears

These tears can then be further classified by their proximity to the meniscus blood supply, namely whether they are located in the “red-red,” “red-white,” or “white-white” zones.

The functional importance of these classifications, however, is to ultimately determine whether a meniscus is repairable. The repairability of a meniscus depends on a number of factors. These include:
 Age/strength
 Activity level
 Tear pattern
 Chronicity of the tear
 Associated injuries (anterior cruciate ligament injury)
 Healing potential

Prevention
Tear of a meniscus is a common injury in many sports. The menisci hold 30–50% of the body load in standing position. Some sports where a meniscus tear is common are American football, association football, ice hockey and tennis.  Regardless of what the activity is, it is important to take the correct precautions to prevent a meniscus tear from happening.

Footwear
There are three major ways of preventing a meniscus tear. The first of these is wearing the correct footwear for the sport and surface that the activity is taking place on. This means that if the sport being played is association football, cleats are an important item in reducing the risk of a meniscus tear. The proper footwear is imperative when engaging in physical activity because one off-balanced step could mean a meniscus tear.
It is highly advised that cleats contain a sole that molds around the foot, no fewer than fourteen cleats per shoe, no lower than a half inch diameter of the cleat tip, and at most, a three-eighths inch of cleat length.

Stretches
The second way to prevent a meniscus tear is to strengthen and stretch the major leg muscles.  Those muscles include the hamstrings, quadriceps, and calf muscles. One popular exercise used to strengthen the hamstrings is the leg curl.  It is also important to properly stretch the hamstrings; doing standing toe touches can do this.  Seated leg extensions strengthen the quadriceps and doing the quadriceps stretch will help loosen the muscles. Toe raises are used to strengthen and stretch the calves.
Adequate muscle mass and strength may also aid in maintaining healthy knees.  The use of the parallel squat increases much needed stability in the knee if executed properly.  Execution of the parallel squat will develop the lower body muscles that will strengthen the hips, knees, and ankles.

Technique
The last major way to prevent a tear in the meniscus is learning proper technique for the movement that is taking place. For the sports involving quick powerful movements it is important to learn how to cut, turn, land from a jump, and stop correctly. It is important to take the time out to perfect these techniques when used. These three major techniques will significantly prevent and reduce the risk of a meniscus tear.

Treatment

Presently, treatments make it possible for quicker recovery. If the tear is not serious, physical therapy, compression, elevation and icing the knee can heal the meniscus. Meniscus tears are more likely to heal on their own if they are in what physicians call the "red zone," or the outer edge of the meniscus where blood supply is present. More serious tears may require surgical procedures. Surgery, however, does not appear to be better than non-surgical care. In the long term, degenerative meniscal tears are often associated with osteoarthritis. This leads to poor outcomes regardless of treatment type. In the short term, studies have shown arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM) is a more effective treatment with regards to function and pain management.

Conservative treatments
Initial treatment may include physical therapy, bracing, anti-inflammatory drugs, or corticosteroid injections to increase flexibility, endurance, and strength.

Common anti-inflammatory drugs and painkillers prescribed for meniscus tears include acetaminophen, non-steroidal inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids.

Exercises can strengthen the muscles around the knee, especially the quadriceps. Stronger and bigger muscles will protect the meniscus cartilage by absorbing a part of the weight. The patient may be given paracetamol or anti-inflammatory medications.

For patients selecting non-surgical treatment, physical therapy may reduce symptoms of pain and swelling. This type of rehabilitation focuses on maintenance of full range of motion and functional progression without aggravating symptoms. Physical therapists can employ electric stimulation, cold therapy, and ultrasonography.

Accelerated rehabilitation programs can be as successful as the conservative program. The program reduces the time the patient spends using crutches and allows weight bearing activities. The less conservative approach allows the patient to apply a small amount of stress while protecting range of motion. It is likely that a patient with a peripheral tear can pursue the accelerated program, while a patient with a larger tear adopts the conservative program.

The use of platelet rich plasma (PRP) to aid in the healing process has become widely accepted among US athletes. Although the procedure has grown in popularity, studies assessing the efficacy of PRP treatment have yielded contradictory results.

Surgery
Arthroscopy is a surgical technique in which a joint is operated on using an endoscopic camera as opposed to open surgery on the joint. The meniscus can either be repaired or completely removed. Surgery is not appropriate for a degenerative meniscus tear, absent locking or catching of the knee, recurrent effusion or persistent pain. Evidence suggests that it is no better than conservative management in those with and without osteoarthritis. Surgery appears to offer no benefit to adults who have mild arthritis.

An independent international guideline panel recommended against arthroscopy for degenerative meniscus tears; this conclusion derived from evidence of no lasting benefit and that less than 15% of patients experience even a short-term benefit. Disadvantages include a two to six week recovery time and rare but serious adverse effects that can occur, including blood clots in the legs, surgical site infections, and nerve damage. The BMJ Rapid Recommendation includes infographics and shared decision-making tools to facilitate a conversation between doctors and patients about the risks and benefits of arthroscopic surgery.

If the injury is isolated, then the knee would be relatively stable. However, if an injury such as an anterior cruciate ligament injury (torn ACL) is coupled with a torn meniscus, then an arthroscopy is recommended. A meniscal repair has a higher success rate given an adequate blood supply to the peripheral rim. The interior of the meniscus is avascular, but the blood supply can penetrate up to about . Therefore, meniscus tears that occur near the peripheral rim are able to heal after a meniscal repair. One study found that repair is better than removal (meniscectomy). The amount of rehabilitation time required for a repair is longer, but removing the meniscus can induce osteoarthritis. Meniscectomy rehab requires four to six weeks. Repair requires four to six months. If conservative treatment is ineffective, surgical intervention may be required. Younger patients are typically more resilient and respond well to this treatment, while older, more sedentary patients do not have a favorable outcome after a repair.

Transplants
Meniscus transplants are regularly successful, although the procedure is not common and many questions surrounding its use remain. Side effects of meniscectomy include:
 The knee loses its ability to transmit and distribute load and absorb mechanical shock.
 Persistent and significant swelling and stiffness in the knee.
 The knee may be not be fully mobile; there may be the sensation of knee locking or buckling in the knee.
 The full knee may be in full motion after tear of meniscus.
 Increases progression of arthritis and time to knee replacement.

Implants
Another treatment approach in development is a meniscus implant or "artificial meniscus." While many artificial joints and bionic body parts are available, including arms, legs, joints and other body parts, a prosthetic meniscus replacement.

The first to be implanted in humans is called the NUsurface Meniscus Implant. The implant is made from medical grade plastic and is designed not to require fixation to bone or soft tissue. The implant could be a good option for younger, active patients who are considered too young for knee replacement because that surgery lasts only about 10 years. The implant has been used in clinical trials in Europe since 2008. The first surgery as part of US clinical trials took place in January 2015 at Ohio State University's Wexner Medical Center. Two FDA-approved clinical trials evaluating the implant completed enrollment in June 2018. In September 2019, the manufacturer received breakthrough designation from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and the company expected to file for regulatory approval  within the following year. In November 2019, the implant became commercially available in Israel.

Other implants include TRAMMPOLIN and Orthonika.

Scientists are working to grow an artificial meniscus in the lab. Scientists from Cornell and Columbia universities grew a meniscus inside the knee joint of a sheep using a 3-D printer and the sheep's stem cells. Similarly, researchers at Scripps Research Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education reported growing a meniscus.

Post-surgical rehabilitation

After a successful surgery for treating the destroyed part of the meniscus, patients must follow a rehabilitation program to have the best result. The rehabilitation following a meniscus surgery depends on whether the entire meniscus was removed or repaired.

If the damaged part of the meniscus was removed, patients can usually start walking using a crutch a day or two after surgery. Although each case is different, patients return to their normal activities on average after a few weeks (2 or 3). Still, a completely normal walk will resume gradually, and it's not unusual to take 2–3 months for the recovery to reach a level where a patient will walk totally smoothly. Many meniscectomy patients don't ever feel a 100% functional recovery, but even years after the procedure they sometimes feel tugging or tension in a part of their knee. There is little medical follow-up after meniscectomy and official medical documentation tends to ignore the imperfections and side-effects of this procedure.

If the meniscus was repaired, the rehabilitation program that follows is a lot more intensive. After the surgery, a hinged knee brace is sometimes placed on the patient. This brace allows controlled movement of the knee. The patient is encouraged to walk using crutches from the first day, and most of the times can put partial weight on the knee.

Improving symptoms, restoring function, and preventing further injuries are the main goals when rehabilitating.  By the end of rehabilitation, normal range of motion, function of muscles and coordination of the body are restored. Personalized rehabilitation programs are designed considering the patient's surgery type, location repaired (medial or lateral), simultaneous knee injuries, type of meniscal tear, age of patient, condition of the knee, loss of strength and ROM, and the expectations and motivations of the patient.

Phase I
There are three phases that follow meniscal surgery. Each phase consists of rehabilitation goals, exercises, and criteria to move on to the next phase. Phase I starts immediately following surgery to 4–6 weeks or until the patient is able meet progression criteria. The goals are to restore normal knee extension, reduce and eliminate swelling, regain leg control, and protect the knee (Fowler, PJ and D. Pompan, 1993). During the first 5 days following the surgery, a passive continuous motion machine is used to prevent a prolonged period of immobilization which leads to muscular atrophy and delays functional recovery. During the 4–6 weeks post-surgical, active and passive non-weight bearing motions which flex the knee up to 90° are recommended. For patients with meniscal transplantation, further knee flexion can damage the allograft because of the increased shear forces and stresses. If any weight-bearing exercises are applied, a controlled brace should be worn on the knee to keep the knee at near (<10°) or full extension.
The suggested exercises target increasing the patient's ROM, muscular and neuromuscular strength, and cardiovascular endurance. Aquatic therapy, or swimming, can be used to rehab patients because it encompasses ROM, strength, and cardiovascular exercises while relieving stress on the body. It has also been shown to significantly improve dependent edema and pain symptoms.  No pain gait without crutches, swelling and 4–6 weeks after surgery are the criteria to begin the next phase (Ulrich G.S., and S Aroncyzk, 1993).

Phase II
This phase of the rehabilitation program is 6 to 14 weeks after the surgery. The goals for Phase II include being able to restore full ROM, normalized gait, and performing functional movements with control and no pain (Fowler, PJ and D. Pompan, 1993). Also, muscular strengthening and neuromuscular training are emphasized using progressive weight bearing and balance exercises. Exercises in this phase can increase knee flexion for more than 90°.  Advised exercises include stationary bicycle, standing on foam surface with two and one leg, abdominal and back strengthening, and quadriceps strengthening. The proposed criteria include normal gait on all surfaces and single leg balance longer than 15 seconds (Ulrich G.S., and S Aroncyzk, 1993).

Phase III
Patients begin exercises in phase III 14 to 22 weeks after surgery. Phase III's goal and final criterion is to perform sport/work specific movements with no pain or swelling (Fowler, PJ and D. Pompan, 1993).  Drills for maximal muscle control, strength, flexibility, movements specific to patient's work/sport, low to high rate exercises, and abdominal and back strengthening exercises are all recommended exercises (Ulrich G.S., and S Aroncyzk, 1993). Exercises to increase cardiovascular fitness are also applied to fully prepare the patients to return to their desired activities.

If the progression criteria are met, the patient can gradually return to "high-impact" activities (like running). However, "heavier activities", like running, skiing, basketball etc., generally any activities where knees bear sudden changes of the direction of movement can lead to repeated injuries. When planning sport activities it makes sense to consult a physical therapist and check how much impact the sport will have on the knee.

Epidemiology
The meniscal tear is the most common knee injury. It tends to be more frequent in sports that have rough contact or pivoting sports such as soccer. It is more common in males than females, with a ratio of about two and a half males to one female. Males between the ages of 31 and 40 tend to tear their meniscus more frequently than younger men. Females seem to be more likely to tear their meniscus between the ages of 11 and 20.

People who work in physically demanding jobs such as construction or professional sports are more at risk of a meniscal tear because of the different stresses to which their knees are subjected.

According to the United States National Library of Medicine, the isolated medial meniscal tear occurs more frequently than any other tear associated with the meniscus. The prevalence of meniscus tears is the same for both knees.  In a few studies the having a higher BMI puts more weight on the joints, which can cause the knee to be non-aligned, resulting in an easier tear.

In 2008 the U.S Department of Health and Human Services reported a combined total of 2,295 discharges for the principal diagnosis of tear of lateral cartilage/meniscus (836.0), tear of medial cartilage/meniscus (836.1), and tear of cartilage/meniscus (836.2).  Females had a total of 53.49% discharges, while males had 45.72%. Individuals between the ages of 45 and 68 had an average of 31.73% discharges followed by age group 65–84, with 28.82%. The average length of stay for a patient diagnosed with torn menisci was 2.7 days for males and 3.7 days for females. There was a report of 6,941 hospital discharges for knee repair. Individuals between age 18 and 44 were among the highest with 37.37% total of discharges, followed by the age group 45–64, with a percentage of 36.34%. Males had a slightly higher number of discharges (50.78%) than females (48.66%). The average length of stay for both male and female patients in a hospital setting was 3.1.

References

External links

Dislocations, sprains and strains
Knee injuries


Sallèles-Cabardès (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Sallèles-d'Aude (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.  The Canal de Jonction, part of the La Nouvelle branch of the Canal du Midi, runs through the middle of the town.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department
Le Somail

References

External links

Official website

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Francesco Monico (born Venice, February 27, 1968) is a teacher, researcher, pedagogist in Italy.

Previous activities
Monico worked for ten years as a director, screenwriter and program chief in Italian broadcast, sperimentale and interactive TV, is both a Technoetic researcher and artist. He was director and author for Rai3, Mediaset, Rai2, France 2, and channel manager for Tele+3, SeiMilano. Monico did research at Studium S3, at Fabrica, at the McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology at the University of Toronto. Former member of the Scientific Committee of Milano in Digitale with Antonio Caronia, Paolo Rosa, Pier Luigi Capucci, and  Franco Torrani. Former member of the Scientific Committee of the Leonardo da Vinci Science and Technology Museum in Milan, with Giulio Giorello, Emanuele Severino, and Enrico Bellone.In the past in the style of the new left media theorist Raymond Williams he was a regular media commentator for the International Herald Tribunes Italian news section.

Current activities
Today Monico is Dean at Accademia di Belle Arti Unidee  at the Fondazione Pistoletto in Biella  and Director of the School of Media Design & Multimedia Arts at the Accademia Costume e Moda in Rome and both working on research and development in education, technology and arts. Former director of the Media Design and Multimedia Arts Department he founded at the Nuova Accademia di Belle Arti Milano in Milan. Former professor of Theory and Method of Mass Media at the same institution, as well as founder director of the PhD program M-Node, Planetary Collegium, today known as T-node and a Senior Fellow of the McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology in Toronto, Canada. He is an alumnus of Derrick de Kerckhove. As a Scholar of Marshall McLuhan Monico became more focused on how technology shapes human communication, behaviour, and thought and is currently researching with Roy Ascott as member of the board of the international PhD program Planetary Collegium.Member of the Programme Committee of the Isea 2011. Monico writes in online and print publications, and did New Media art commentary for Wired Italian edition. As Director of the Planetary Collegium's M-Node he was part, with Roy Ascott, of the 2011 World Universities Forum Award for Best Practice in Higher Education. As Director of Research & Development project he settled up in 2013, with IOCOSE, the Transmodal Research between Art & Technology of STMICROELECTRONICS STINNOVATIONCUP 2013.  In 2013, he is invited by European Commission President José Barroso to join New Narrative for Europe, a working network of European artists, creators, scientists and intellectuals to strengthen the contours of European unity. He was selected for the 2015 Italian edition of TED, as keen thinker about Higher Education, Cultural Management & Entrepreneurships at TEDxRoncade. Monico was Professor of Social Digital Innovation at the Faculty of Scienze Matematiche, Informatiche, Multimediali of the Università of Udine, and Professor of Archetype of Imagery at Accademia Belle Arti di Milano Brera.Today is Professor of Sociology of Media at the Consorzio Universitario Pordenone ISIA Roma and Professor of Artchetype of Imaginery at the Accademia Costume e Moda in Rome.

Methodology
After a research stint at the McLuhan Program he changed his expression channel from video to art, with a penchant for interactive installations, telematic art, BioArt, and various art-science combinations. Deeply influenced by Roy Ascott, Monico believes science and art can contribute to expanding global consciousness, but only with the help of alternative systems of knowledge. His modus operandi is based on a combination of science, art, philosophy, and esoteric knowledge in which the artist recognizes the paradoxical nature of knowledge and the contradictions inherent in formal epistemologies, and in his deep speculation his dealing with an hermeneutical approach. His methodology is a syncretic, mixing critical theory and a pragmatic art approach that he applied as founder of the School of Media design & New Media Art at NABA.

Art career
Monico has changed his expression channel from video to art, with a penchant for interactive installations, telematic art, BioArt, and various art-science combinations.

Among his artworks is The Artist Formerly Known as Vanda (Tafkav - 2007/10) and Is there Love in the Technoetic Narcissus? In 2009 he was curator for the first Italian solo show of bioartist Brandon Ballengée, Monstre Sacré . In fall 2011 Monico presented the tryptic The Hybrid Constitution at the Istanbul International Art Festival Amber.

Exhibitions
AMBER07: Body process arts festival. Istanbul, 9–17 November 2007.  TAFKAV.
DARS: Milan, 14–21 October 2008. TAFKAV.
Premio Libero Ferretti: Ancona, 17–24 January 2009. TAFKAV.
Festival Feedback Inter-acto Ergo Sum: San Casciano Val di Pesa, Florence, 26–28 June 2009.
Palazzo della Permanente: Premio Libero Ferretti, Milan, 6–12 July 2009.
StreamFest 2009, Mostra Wet & Dry Relazioni tra arte e natura nel contemporaneo tecnologico. Galatina, Italy, 2–12 August 2009. TAFKAV.
Mya Lurgo Gallery - Germinazioni curated by Martina Cavallarin: Lugano, Switzerland, 11 November 2009. TAFKAV.
PAV Parco d'Arte Vivente - Diverse Forme Bellisme with Piero Gilardi, curated by Claudio Cravero: Turin, Italy, 5 February 2010 to 11 April 2010. Is There Love in The Technoetic Narcissus? and TAFKAV.
Nowhere Gallery - Il Ciclo Dell'Alterità: The Artist Formerly Known As Vanda, and C'è amore nel Narciso technoetico? ("Is There Love In The Technoetic Narcissus?"), Milan, 11 June to 17 July 2010.
The Merchant of Venice, - Biennale Vegetale. Doppia con Caroline Bougoreau. Venezia, Italy, 1–12 June 2011. TAFKAV, Studio Monitor.
AMBER11: NEXT ECOLOGY. Istanbul, 4–13 November 2011.  The HYBRID CONSTITUTION.

Art Curacy
 Monico, F. (2009). Monstre Sacré - Brandon Ballengée, Nowhere Gallery, Via del Caravaggio 12, Milano, 18 September 2009, Special Start Milano.

Conferences & Symposium Curacy
PUBLIC!, 30 june 2022, Accademia Unidee - , curated by Francesco Monico, Paolo Naldini, Michele Cerruti But;
+ETICA +MODA, 22 june 2021, Fondazione Pistoletto - Accademia Unidee Fondazione Pistoletto, curated by Francesco Monico;
Future Firm, Past Innovation, Present Labour. A Trinamic View On Contemporary Enterprise, 14 may 2021, Accademia Unidee - Fondazione Pistoletto - Polidesign Milano, curated by Francesco Monico, Marina Parente, Michele Cerruti But;
Most Post Human IV  April 9, 2014, MUSE,  Corso del Lavoro e della Scienza 3. Trento. Curated by Francesco Monico, Massimiliano Viel, Gianna Angelini;
Most Post Human II  July 22, 2013, NABA, Via Carlo darwin 20, Milano. Curated by Francesco Monico, Giovanni Leghissa;
Most Post Human I  April 30, 2013, DOMUS ACADEMY, Via Carlo darwin 20, Milano. Curated by Francesco Monico, Giovanni Leghissa;
New Media Art Education & Research 4: Always Already New - Deep Involvement of Education - Democratic Higher Education  November 18 – 19, 2011, NABA, Via Carlo darwin 20, Milano. Curated by Francesco Monico, Pier Luigi Capucci;
Art as Media as Display, Biennals as Platform for Social Change: ISEA 2011 & Biennal of Art Istanbul  September 17, 2011, Nederlands Consulaat General , Istiklal Caddesi 197, 34433 Beyoglu, Istanbul. Curated by Francesco Monico, Maurizio Bortolotti, Marieke Van Hal. Speakers: Hedwig Fijen, Katarina Gregos, Nazim Dikbaş, Martha Rosler, Yongwoo Lee, Lanfranco Aceti;
New Media Art Education & Research 3: Always Already New - Thinking Media, Subversing Feeling, Scaffolding Knowledge: Art and Education in the Praxis of Transformation  December 16 – 18, 2010, MEDIATECA SANTA TERESA, Via della Moscova 28, Milano. Curated by Francesco Monico, Pier Luigi Capucci;
New Media Art Education & Research  2009- 2 Topics  14 April 2008 –  FONDAZIONE FORMA PER LA FOTOGRAFIA , - Sala delle Capriate, Piazza Tito Lucrezio Caro, Milan – ITALY Mercoledì, 4 marzo 2009. Curated by Francesco Monico;
New Media art Education & Research 2008  14 APRIL 2008 – FONDAZIONE FORMA PER LA FOTOGRAFIA  – ITALY, Piazza Tito Lucrezio Caro 1, 20136 Milano, curated by Francesco Monico & Luca Galli.
Researching the Future: aspects of Art and Technoetics 2007  , CENTRO PER L'ARTE CONTEMPORANEA LUIGI PECCI , PRATO December 7-8-9, 2007, curated by Francesco Monico & Roy Ascott.
Researching the Future: art and design in transmodal transition 2006  Milano,  February 8–9, 2006, curated by Francesco Monico.

Bibliography
 Monico, F. (2006). Il Dramma Televisivo: l'Autore e l'Estetica del Mezzo. Meltemi.edu, 58. Roma: Meltemi. .
 Monico, F. (2006). Il Dramma televisivo: lexicon. m-node, Lulù, .
 Monico, F. (2006). White Rabbit On The Moon in Technoetic Arts, July-06,Vol.4,Issue:2:Intellect. Print
 Monico, F. (2007). TV 2.0. Il pubblico come autore. Meltemi, Le melusine, 192, .
 Monico, F. (2008). La Variazione Technoetica in "Le variazioni Grandi" Quaderno di Comunicazione 8. Roma: Meltemi.
 Monico, F. (2008). Is There Love in The Technoetic Narcissus? in "New Realities: Being Syncretic" Edition Angewandte, Springer-Verlag. Edited by Ascott, R.; Bast, G.; Fiel, W.,.
 Monico, F. (2008). Introduzione a: Derrick De Kerckhove Dall'alfabeto a Internet. L'Homme "Litteré": Alfabetizzazione, Tecnologia, Cultura Traduzione di Antonio Caronia. Mimesis Edizioni. .
 Monico, F. (2009). TAFKAV a Technoetic Installation in Technoetic Arts, December-09,Vol.7,Issue:3:Intellect. Print
 Monico, F. (2010).Introduzione and Uno di Uno - esiste una New Italian (media) Epic? Da una narrazione letteraria a una narrazione mediatica in LIMINA n.1/2010, Vol.1, January 2010, edited by Amos Bianchi, M-Node per NABA LIBRI, Print
 Monico, F. (2010).Learning Machine - Il Manuale, 2010, edited by Elisabetta Galasso & Marco Scotini, in collaborazione con Alessandro Guerriero, NABA LIBRI.
 Monico, F. (2012).Dei Precrimini e del Pensarsi, pag 249-260, in Anja Puntari, FEAR, Percorsi di Ricerca e Pratica Artistica,
 Monico, F. (2012).An Experience on Higher Education in LIMINA 2 n.2/2012, Vol.2, July 2012, edited by Gabriela Galati, M-Node per NABA LIBRI, Print
 Monico, F. (2013)."Lexicon in Expanded Cinema, by Gene Youngblood (First italian edition), November 2013, italian edition by Pier Luigi Capucci and Simonetta Fadda, CLUEB, pp. 389,
 Monico, F. (2014). Premesse per una costituzione ibrida: la macchina, la bambina automatica e il bosco in "La condizione postumana" AUT AUT 361. Milano: Saggiatore.
 Monico, F. (2015).Lo que se podrìa y deberìa decir: de los "objectors narrativos no identificados" a la New Italian Epic (de los media)/"What one Could and Should Say: from Unidentified narrative Objects to New Italian (Media) Epic" in Beyond Darwin. La senda coevolutiva del arte, la tecnologìa y la consciencia./ "The Co-Evolutionary Path of Art, Technology and Consciousness", Edited by Roy Ascott y Angela Molina F. (Eds), Col-leccìo Formes Plastiques, Istituto Alfons el Magnànim, Print
 Monico, F. (2016).L’eterodossia accademica come pratica controambientale della libertà dell'essere al condizionamento tecnico. Una postfazione su Antonio Caronia in Mondi altri. Processi di soggettivazione nell'era postumana a partire dal pensiero di Antonio Caronia, Edited by Giovanni Leghissa e Amos Bianchi, Mimesis Edizioni, Collana Postumani, Print
 Monico, F. (2017). Cyber-sorveglianza, guerra e religione, il mondo a una dimensione" Conversazione tra Francesco Monico e Derrick De Kerckhove in Azimuth 7/2016 Human and Digital Traces, Edited by Simone Guidi and Alberto Romele,
 Monico, F.  (2020). Fragile - Un nuovo immaginario del progresso, foreword by Simone Guidi, Meltemi Editore,
 Monico, F.  (2023). in S. Bellucci, D. Castagno, A. di Russo Il tempo di Kairos - Intorno a un tavolo tra memoria e futuro, Heraion Editore,

Narrative
 Monico, F. (2019). Le somiglianze del vero. L'erudita - Giulio Perrone Editore, Roma, Gennaio 2019. .

Articles
 Monico, F. (2009). La soglia tra arte ed essere. D'ARS, N.198. June 2009, page 29-31 Special 53° Biennale di Venezia, Milano, .

References

Further reading
 de Feo, Teresa. TAFKAV e un fiore di nome Vanda,article published in DIGIMAG N. 30 (2007 Dicembre - 2008 Gennaio).
 Martini, Alberto Mattia. 2008 Marzo.TAFKAV The Artist Formerly Known as Vanda, Un metodo eversivo article published in D'ARS N. 193 (March, 2008, 48° Years from 1960).
 Trivellin, Cristina. 2008 December.TAFKAV The Artist Formerly Known as Vanda article published in NOEMA Tecnologie e Società (14/12/2008).

Living people
BioArtists
1968 births


Salles-d'Aude (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Salles-sur-l'Hers (, literally Salles on the Hers; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Salsigne (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Salvezines (; ) is a commune in the Aude département in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Salza (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Seignalens (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in the Occitanie region of southern France.

Demographics

In 2011, the town had 35 residents.

Historic Sites and Monuments

Church of the Invention de Saint-Etienne Romanesque, rebuilt (partly built with materials reused from the castle): choir vault Romanesque Gothic portal.
A memorial to the dead was built thanks to a donation from the late Mr. Robert Vidal

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


La Serpent is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Serres (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Geography
The commune is situated on the Route Departmental D613 between Arques and Couiza. Mount Pech Cardou at an altitude of 795 m overlooks Serres village.

Population

Sights
The village has a 16th-century chateau, church dedicated to St Pierre and Tinel wine museum with a 15th-century vaulted wine cellar.

A 17th-century restored bridge over the river Rialsesse has a Méridienne verte ("Green Meridian") marker. Another marker is situated outside the church at the old olive tree.

The patron saint of the village is St. Miguel.

Economy
The area produces Chardonnay, Chenin, Pinot Noir, Carignan and Mauzac grapes used in Blanquette wine. The village has a caveau where Nicolas Therez and Amandine Caruso produce some of Limoux's finest wines.

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

External links

Official website
Accommodation and Activities in Aude Languedoc Roussillon

Communes of Aude


Gamma-glutamyltransferase 1 (GGT1), also known as CD224 (Cluster of Differentiation 224), is a human gene.

Function

Human gamma-glutamyltransferase catalyzes the transfer of the glutamyl moiety of glutathione to a variety of amino acids and dipeptide acceptors. This heteroduplex enzyme is composed of a heavy chain and a light chain, which are derived from a single precursor protein, and is present in tissues involved in absorption and secretion. This enzyme is a member of the gamma-glutamyltransferase protein family, of which many members have not yet been fully characterized. This gene encodes several transcript variants; studies suggest that many transcripts of this gene family may be non-functional or represent pseudogenes. The functional transcripts which have been fully characterized have been grouped and classified as type I gamma-glutamyltransferase. Complex splicing events may take place in a tissue-specific manner, resulting in marked dissimilarity in the 5' UTRs. Several 5' UTR transcript variants of the type I gene have been identified in different tissues and cancer cells.

See also
 Cluster of differentiation

References

Further reading

External links

Clusters of differentiation


Sigean (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France. It formerly laid on Route nationale 9 between Narbonne and Perpignan, but RN 9 (downgraded to route départementale 6009) now bypasses the town of Sigean and is itself bypassed by the A9 autoroute.

Population

Culture
 The Musée des Corbières in Sigean is a museum dedicated to history and archaeology.
 The L.A.C Lieu d'Art Contemporain, located in Hameau du lac, hosts arts exhibition and performances in a former winery.
 The Zoo Réserve Africaine de Sigean

See also
 Corbières AOC
 Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Sonnac-sur-l'Hers (, literally Sonnac on the Hers; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Sougraigne (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Souilhanels (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Souilhe (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Soulatgé (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Soupex (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Gajan () is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Talairan () is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
 Corbières AOC
 Communes of the Aude department

References

External links

Communes of Aude


Termes (; Languedocien: Tèrme) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
 Corbières AOC
 Communes of the Aude department

References

External links

 Official site of the castle and the village, in English

Communes of Aude


Terroles (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Thézan-des-Corbières is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
 Corbières AOC
 Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


La Tourette-Cabardès (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Tournissan (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
 Corbières AOC
 Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Tourouzelle (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Tourreilles (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Trassanel (; ) is a commune in the Aude département in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Trausse is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Trèbes (; ) is a commune in the Aude department, southern France. It is around 7 km east of the centre of Carcassonne.

History
Located on an important river crossing, Trèbes was originally known as Tresmals (Three Fords) but in 1110 residents petitioned for the name to be changed to Trèbes (Three Goods) since Tresmals could also be parsed as "Three Evils".

In mid-October 2018, Villegailhenc, Conques-sur-Orbiel, and Villardonnel, and Trèbes, along with nearby areas along the river Aude, were devastated when the river flooded after intense rain. 12 people were killed, including a nun.

Incidents
In March 2018, a hostage crisis took place in a supermarket in the town as part of a series of terrorist attacks in the area. Following the resolution of the standoff, five people were dead, including the attacker and a gendarme.

The death toll from flash floods rises to 13 in October 2018.

Population

Gallery

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

External links
Official website

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Treilles (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
 Fitou AOC
 Corbières AOC
 Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Tréville (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Tréziers (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Tuchan (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
 Fitou AOC
 Corbières AOC
 Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Valmigère (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Ventenac-Cabardès (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Ventenac-en-Minervois is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

External links

Peasant uprising
Aude portal

Communes of Aude


Véraza (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Verdun-en-Lauragais is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Verzeille (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France. Verzeille station has rail connections to Carcassonne and Limoux.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Vignevieille (; Languedocien: Vinhavièlha) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France. Its inhabitants are called Vignevieillais.

Geography
The commune is located in the Corbières Massif.

The village lies on the right bank of the Orbieu, which flows northeast through the commune.

Population

Sights
 Ruins of the Château de Durfort
 Fountain built in 1897. The round basin is of pink marble from the Pic de Berles quarry situated in the communes of Vignevieille and Salza. At the centre is a column with the inscription: République Française, 1897, Jouve. The fountain runs permanently, even in drought.

See also
 Corbières AOC
 Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Villalier (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Villanière (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Villardonnel (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France that is located 13.97 km/8.68 miles from Carcassonne, the prefecture of the department.

Population

2018 flood
In mid-October 2018, Villegailhenc, Conques-sur-Orbiel, and Villardonnel, and Trèbes, along with nearby areas along the river Aude, were devastated when the river flooded after intense rain. 12 people were killed, including a nun.

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Villar-Saint-Anselme (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Villarzel-Cabardès is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Villarzel-du-Razès (; Languedocien: Vilarzèl de Rasés) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


White Bluff, also known as Ecor Blanc, is a historic site located along the Tombigbee River in Demopolis, Alabama.  It is a chalk cliff, roughly one mile long, that is composed of a geological layer known as the Demopolis Chalk Formation, part of the Selma Group.  The upper portions of the cliff stood almost  above the river before the construction of the Demopolis Lock and Dam downriver.  It now averages about  above the river.

White Bluff was first named Ecor Blanc by 18th century French explorers and map makers. It also became known as the Chickasaw Gallery because early Native American inhabitants harnessed their boats at the foot of the cliff.  It was the site where French Bonapartist refugees landed in 1817 and established their Vine and Olive Colony.  White Bluff is the site for the main event of the annual Christmas on the River festival.

References

National Register of Historic Places in Marengo County, Alabama
Demopolis, Alabama
Tombigbee River
Landforms of Marengo County, Alabama
Natural features on the National Register of Historic Places
Cliffs of the United States


Villasavary (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Geography
It is situated in the Lauragais region, between Toulouse and Carcassonne.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department
List of medieval bridges in France

References

Communes of Aude


Villautou (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Villebazy (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

In Villebazy is located the Cantauque Monastery, a Romanian Orthodox monastery founded in 2002.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Villedaigne (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France, about 15 kilometres from Narbonne.

Population

Geography
The village lies on the left bank of the Orbieu, which forms all of the commune's eastern border.

History
William of Gellone was defeated not far from Villedaigne in a battle with the Cordoban Muslim army led by Abd al-Malik ibn Abd al-Wahid ibn Mughith on his approach to Carcassonne. The expedition did not advance deeper into Carolingian territory.

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Villedubert (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Villefloure (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Villefort (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Villegailhenc (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

In mid-October 2018, Villegailhenc, Conques-sur-Orbiel, and Villardonnel, and Trèbes, along with nearby areas along the river Aude, were devastated when the river flooded after intense rain. 12 people were killed, including a nun.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Villegly (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Geography
Villegly is a village at the edge of the Minervois area at the confluence of two streams, the Clamoux and the Seize (also spelt Ceize). It is about 14 km north-east of Carcassonne on the D620. The commune sits on the lowest foothills of the Montagne Noire at about 200 metres above sea level and has an area of 983 hectares.

History
Evidence of many periods of its history can be seen in the buildings of Villegly. The mediaeval Château de Villegly has been restored many times and demonstrates the architecture of the Renaissance and the Fin de siècle periods. The church has a thirteenth-century bell tower. The Place de la Fontaine and Place de l’Arounel, shaded by plane trees, may indicate the former location of the moat of the château. There is an eighteenth-century fountain in the Place de la Fontaine. The picturesque, narrow village streets, especially in this central part of the village, contain houses dating back to at least the 17th century, as evidenced by dated stone lintels from 1663 (2, Place de l'Eglise) and 1747 (7, Rue de la Fontaine Fraiche).

Administration

Population

Its inhabitants are called Villeglygeois.

Services
The village has a post office (open three days per week), one newsagent, one butcher, one baker and one grocery shop. There is also a campsite. The grounds of the old Château de Villegly are a pleasant public park.

Wines
The main economic activity of the commune is wine production. Vines cover most of the land outside the village itself. When the old
Château de Villegly came under the ownership of the Conseil Général of the Département de l'Aude, its vineyards and cellars were bought by Marcel Moureau. He and his sons run the business which also includes the vineyards of Chateau Villerambert-Moreau at Caunes-Minervois. The Château de Villegly label is an excellent Minervois AOC wine.

At the northeast end of the village, the young husband and wife team of Annabelle et Christophe Hernandez have set up the Domaine les Maillols vineyard which produces an excellent range of Vin de Pays and Minervois AOC wines.

Both the above wine businesses have tasting cellars in Villegly.

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Villelongue-d'Aude (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Villemoustaussou (; Languedocien: Vilamostausson) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population
The inhabitants of the commune are known as Villemachois in French.

See also
Communes of the Aude department
 List of works by James Pradier

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Villeneuve-la-Comptal (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


St David's School was a Roman Catholic Technology College in Acklam, Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire, England, specialising in Mathematics, Science, Technology (cooking, textiles, electronics & wood work) and ICT. The school was awarded Technology College status in July  2002 and this was renewed for a further four years in 2007. It was also one of very few schools to offer a construction course.

The school opened in 1970 as St. George's then it was renamed in 1984 after the amalgamation with St Paul's School, which in turn had been an earlier amalgamation of St Thomas's and St Michael's schools. The last headmaster of St. Davids was Mr Peter Coady who replaced Mr Phillip Tucker. School subjects included Applied business, Art, Design, Technology, rama, EAL (English as an Additional Language), English, Geography, History, ICT, Key Skills, Maths, Media Studies, Modern Languages, Music, PE, RE, Science, SEN (Special Education needs).

The school combined with Newlands School FCJ, also in Middlesbrough, in 2009 to form the biggest Roman Catholic School in North East England. The combined school is called Trinity Catholic College. In September 2011 the St David's site was closed down and all pupils transferred to the Newlands site, which is the site of the combined school.

External links
St. David's School website

Defunct Catholic schools in the Diocese of Middlesbrough
Defunct schools in Middlesbrough
Educational institutions disestablished in 2009
2009 disestablishments in England


Villeneuve-lès-Montréal (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Villeneuve-Minervois is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Villepinte (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


The Ligue 2 season 2002–03, organised by the LFP was won by Toulouse FC and saw the promotions of Toulouse FC, Le Mans UC72 and FC Metz, whereas AS Beauvais, ES Wasquehal and Stade de Reims were relegated to National.

20 participating teams

 Amiens
 Beauvais
 Caen
 Châteauroux
 Clermont
 Créteil
 Grenoble
 Gueugnon
 Istres
 Laval
 Le Mans
 Lorient
 Metz
 Nancy
 Niort
 Reims
 Saint-Étienne
 Toulouse
 Valence
 Wasquehal

League table

Results

Top goalscorers

External links
RSSSF archives of results
Official attendance on LFP site

Ligue 2 seasons
French
2002–03 in French football


Villesèque-des-Corbières is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
 Corbières AOC
 Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Villesèquelande (; ) is a commune near Carcassonne in the Aude department in southern France. It is noted for the ancient field elm, the Ormeau Sully, allegedly planted by Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of Sully in the early 17th century in front of the church in the village centre.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Villesiscle (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Villespy is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude


Vinassan (; ) is a commune in the Aude department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aude department

References

Communes of Aude
Aude communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Andi Langenhan (born 1 October 1984) is a German luger who has been competing since 1995 and has been on the German national team since 2001. He won two bronze medals in the men's singles event at the FIL World Luge Championships (2008, 2011).

Langenhan qualified for the 2010 Winter Olympics where he finished fifth.

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
People from Suhl
German male lugers
Sportspeople from Thuringia
Olympic lugers for Germany
Lugers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 2018 Winter Olympics
People from Bezirk Suhl


The oyster crab (Zaops ostreus)  is a small, whitish or translucent crab in the family Pinnotheridae.

Ecology
It is less than half an inch across, and lives inside the gills of an oyster or a clam. It uses the oyster for protection and lives on the food that the oyster gets for itself. It is found in oysters in the North Atlantic Ocean.

Distribution
Zaops ostreus is found along the eastern seaboards of North America and South America, from Massachusetts to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea.

References

Further reading

Pinnotheroidea
Crabs of the Atlantic Ocean
Crustaceans described in 1817
Taxa named by Thomas Say


The JVC GZ-MG555 camcorder (in North America), also known as the JVC GZ-MG575 (in Asia and Europe), was produced by JVC in 2007. It records standard definition MPEG-2 video onto either a built-in hard disk drive or on a secure digital memory card in MOD format.

Video can be recorded in four quality settings: Ultra Fine (720 x 480, 8.5Mbit/s), Fine (720 x 480, 5.5Mbit/s), Normal (720 x 480, 4.2Mbit/s), and Economy (352 x 240, 1.5Mbit/s). The built-in hard drive has a capacity of 30GB (40GB for GZ-MG575) and can hold up to 7 hours of video when recorded at the highest quality setting.

When recording to a memory card, the recording time depends only on the capacity of the card. The GZ-MG555 uses full-size SDHC memory cards. One 4GB card can fit roughly 1 hour of video at the highest quality setting. There are no limitations for using any of the recording formats when recording to a memory card.

In 2007 this camcorder had the largest imaging sensor for a consumer camcorder, 1/2.5". Other distinguishing features of this camcorder include:

 External microphone jack
 Accessory shoe
 Built-in neutral-density filter
 FireWire port
 Threaded lens barrel for attachments
 Black body color

Lacking from the camcorder is an optical viewfinder, headphone output, focus ring, and full manual mode.

Specification
 Sensor: 1/2.5-inch 5.37 Megapixel CCD
 Lens speed: f/3.5
 Filter Diameter: 46 mm
 Optical Zoom: 10x
 Image Stabiliser: digital
 Viewfinder: No
 LCD Screen: 2.8"
 Headphone Out: No
 Microphone In: Yes
 Recording media: built-in 30GB (GZ-MG555) or 40GB (GZ-MG575) HDD, SDHC memory card (card is not included)
 Weight: 750 g

References

External links

Product Information and Reviews
 First impressions by CamcorderInfo
 Full review by CamcorderInfo
 Review by CNet
 Hands-on review by AVCHDUser
 Review by PCWorld
 Review by Videomaker

Practical Solutions
 Working with JVC Everio MOD files
 JVC tapeless workflow

Sample videos
 Outdoors, daytime, handheld

GZ-MG555


Montaut () is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Boulder Airport  is a public airport located two miles (3 km) south of the central business district of Boulder, a town in Jefferson County, Montana, United States. It is owned by the Town of Boulder and Jefferson County.

Facilities and aircraft
Boulder Airport covers an area of  and has one runway designated 11/29 with a turf surface measuring 3,675 by 72 feet (1,120 by 22 m). For the 12-month period ending August 13, 2007, the airport had 600 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 50 per month.

References

External links

Airports in Montana
Buildings and structures in Jefferson County, Montana
Transportation in Jefferson County, Montana


Fergushill is a small community in North Ayrshire, Parish of Kilwinning, Scotland. The Barony of Fergushill was held by the Fergushill family of that Ilk and the area has a complex history.

History

The Fergushills of that Ilk

'Fergushill' as a surname is a sept of the Clan Fergusson; the area is either named after the family, i.e. Fergushill of that Ilk, or more likely, took the name of the area as their patronym, as with the Cunninghame clan. Robert de Fergushill de Eodem had an extensive estate here in 1417; 'de Eodem' refers to the patronym being the same name as the barony. In 1577, A. Fergushill, burgess of Ayr, sold the lands of Gallisholmes to John Wallace of Craigie.

Patrick Lowrie was convicted in 1605 of being a warlock and sentenced to be first strangled, then burned at the stake in Edinburgh. One of his crimes was stated as being

John Fergushill (1592–1644) was a Covenanter minister, who in 1618 refused to conform with the decision of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland to accept the Five Articles of Perth; these included religious practices retained in England but largely abolished in Scotland and were widely resented. He was imprisoned in 1620 but later released and closely associated with the 1638 National Covenant, objecting to liturgical 'innovations.' He was a leader in the kirk's rejection of bishops that led to the 1638-1639 Bishop's Wars and an associate of Presbyterian fundamentalists, including James Guthrie, executed in 1661 and Archibald Johnson.

In 1671 David Fergushill went to the Corsehill Barony Court to obtain payment for a boill bear from one Thomas Wylie of Little Corsehill. In the 17th-century it was the custom in respectable families for the names of the principal friends present to be entered into the baptismal register. Mr. Baillie of Monkton's register had the names Fergushill, Ashinyards and Muncardine entered.

Robert Fergushill, who died in the late 17th-century, was the last of the family to be local lairds; he is listed in a charter from Robert Hunter of Hunterston as owning a share in the 46s 8d land of Annanhill-Hunter, but William Henry Dunlop remained the proprietor. Alexander Crauford of Fergushill is named as a Commissioner of Supply for Ayrshire in the 1685 records of the Parliament of Scotland. In 1691 the 'House of Fergushill' itself had seven hearths listed in the Hearth Tax records and eighteen other properties within the barony.

The Laird of Fergushill in the early 18th century was one of the local landowners who ordered the bailies of Kilmarnock to 'causeway' the streets, an early example of road improvements in Ayrshire.

Fergushill House and other properties of that name

A number of properties in the surrounding area bear the name 'Fergushill,' including Knockentiber, North & South Fergushills near Eglinton and Fergushill in Auchentiber.

In 1596, Fergushill and Middle Auchentiber were inherited by Robert Fergushill, whose wife Elizabeth was the daughter of John Craufurd of Craufurdland; when he died in 1625, it passed to his son, also named Robert. Sometime after 1660, it passed first to Robert's relative Alexander Craufurd, then to his eldest son John Crawfurd in the 1690s.

This was a time of hardship and famine in Scotland, known as the Seven ill years; in December 1696, the city of Edinburgh set up a refugee camp in Greyfriars kirkyard to house starving rural migrants. John was already under financial pressure in 1696 when he purchased Kersland, near Kilbirnie from his wife's elder sister, Jean Ker. He assumed the name and title of John Ker of Kersland and spent the next 30 years avoiding bankruptcy, including a period as a government spy. He sold Fergushill in 1718 to John Asgill and Robert Hackett for £3600, who mortgaged it back to him for £2,600; John died in 1726 in the King's Bench Debtors Prison, London.

At this point, legal ownership becomes complex but court records from February 1749 show it had been sold by 'Thomas Craufurd of Fergushill, to Neil Macvicar, writer in Edinburgh.' This seems to have taken place in 1728 and it stayed in the Macvicar family until 1802, when it passed to Robert Glasgow of Montgreenan.

Andrew Armstrong's 1775 publication 'A new map of Ayrshire,' shows Fergushill House located on the north side of Lugton Water, around  east of the old horse tramway and road bridges, or 'Elbo and Chael' as they were known locally. Fergushill was at its most prosperous around 1560; In 1799, the 12th Earl of Eglinton acquired the house, estate and coal pits, which were joined to Eglinton as a 'pendicle,' a Scots legal term for a subsidiary part of a larger estate. Robin Cummell or Campbell, who worked at Eglinton Castle, states that the Fergushill miners were sold with the land, normal practice for the time.

The house was described as '' After 1803, it was used by George Reid of Barquharry, Factor to the Earl of Eglinton and a friend of Robert Burns.

Cummell records Reid was fond of entertaining at Fergushill. One of his most interesting guests was Byla Greenshields, who habitually wore yellow buckskin trousers and white shoes to his dinners at Fergushill; the usual invitation was - Dear Byla, The leather breeks and taps buits on Thursday.

Fergushill is described in 1823 as 'a commodious farm house, covered with thatch: but its ancient gardens, pretty well stored with plum and other fruit trees, indicate its former rank.'
By 1991, all that remained of the old house were a few low walls near South Fergushill Farm and present day Fergushill cottage, a disused driveway and demolished gate-lodge.

Aerial photographs and observations on the ground show the Chapelholms woodlands still contain the ditch, dyke and coppiced trees that may have formed the boundary between the two baronies of Fergushill and Eglinton.

Townhead of Fulwood belonged to James Fergushill, disposed to him by Alexander Dunlop of that Ilk in 1687; this remained within the family until about 1750, when it was acquired by William Mackie of Mosside.

The Darien Affair
The Darien Company was an attempt by the Scots to set up a trading colony in America in the late 1690s, however the opposition from England and elsewhere was so great that the attempt failed with huge losses and great financial implications for the country and for individuals. Half of the whole circulating capital of Scotland was subscribed and mostly lost. In Cunninghame some examples of losses are John Craufurd of Fergushill (£1000), Hugh Stevenson of Mongtreenan (£1000), and Sir William Cunninghame of Cunninghamhead (£1000). In modern terms a thousand pounds loss in the 17th century must have been a devastating blow even to the finances of great landowning families.

Fergushill church
Fergushill church in Benslie was built to serve the local rural and mining communities of Doura, Fergushill, and Montgreenan. It was consecrated on Sunday, 3 November 1879 and the first minister was then Rev. William McAlpine. It got its name from the Fergushill Mission which was based at Fergushill school, which was closed in 1950. The church had its spire blown down in a gale in 1968, also damaging the roof; the building was repaired in 1969. By the mid-1970s, the church was linked to the Erskine Church of Scotland in Kilwinning, and services were led by Erskine's minister, the Rev. Rudolf Dehn, who had been a nuclear scientist at Dounreay before going into the ministry; several young people from the Fergushill area joined Erskine Church's youth group at this time. The Church of Scotland Presbytery of Ardrossan decided to close the church in June 2009; over a hundred people attended the final Sunday service.

Views of Fergushill church and manse

The rural community

Fergushill Cottage faced the Lugton Water just below the point at which the Fergushill Burn joins the river. Nothing much remains, however a Mrs. Miller once lived here and she recollected collecting water from the well which still exists as a circular low brick wall near to the site. In 1881 the Census records that a Minister, Mr. William McAnespin lived here, together with his sister Jannette McAnespin and a servant Marion Mackay. A weir still exists on the Lugton Water near here and this was the site of a drowning in the 1990s. Saughtrees on the Eglinton estate side of the road was a gamekeepers cottage in 1837.

In 1814 a flour mill was located on the Eglinton Castle side of the Lugton Water upstream of the bridge and a miller's house was situated on the other side of the river. The building of the waggonway and bridge seems to have resulted in the demolition of this house. A path ran from it to a plantation next to the river.

Sevenacres Mill is fairly close by. It is known by the locals as 'Snakers Mill.' A small estate existed near here in the 1560s, held by William Montgomery, said to be descended from the Montgomerys of Smithstone.

Saugh Trees cottage sits close to the old waggonway bridge and a cottage by the unusual name of 'Redboiler' used to sit road junction up to Seven Acres. Red Boiler had a number of large metal boiler vessels, used for steam generation at the coal mines, that were brought down from the mines for cleaning and scouring at this site.

John Thomson's Atlas of Scotland, 1832, marks a 'Baker's Mill' on the Lugton Water, possibly explaining the presence of the surviving weir. Both may also relate to the old barony mill.

Fergushill had a Mission Hall from circa 1890 to 1936; it also served Benslie. The hall was dismantled and rebuilt at the Dirrans. Glass slides bearing choruses and verses used at the Mission Hall are now held by the Kilwinning Abbey Heritage Centre.

The patches of ash / elm woodland running up to Seven Acres Mill are amongst the very few remaining ancient woodlands in the Irvine area with mainly indigenous species and a continuous history of woodland cover.

The school
Fergushill school house still exists, however the school, which sat on the road up to Broomhill and North Fergushill farms has been demolished. This school was a replacement for the older school which had existed at the 'High Row' close to the railway.

The Industrial past
John Smith in 1895 records the remains of an old lade , which supplied water to drive a wheel wherewith the old coal-pits used to be drained. A relatively early example of the use of such technology.

In 1874 Dobie records that a miner's village called Fergushill existed with a population of 531. Groome refers to the colliers village as having been established in around 1835.

Fergushill miners' village, was owned by Messrs. Finnie & Son. It was composed of 7 rows of cottages. There were ten thatched cottages. In 1913 63 persons lived here. One room, measuring , held thirteen persons. The rows had names like Wellington and Burn. At one time there were 78 houses in the village, with a population of 363. It was demolished and nothing now remains at the site, other than North Fergushill farm.

A horse drawn tramway, opened in 1834, which ran up to Fergushill and Doura, ending at the coal pit. The old waggonway bridge across the Lugton Water still stands.

Fergushill Tile Works existed in 1858, but is not shown on the 1897 OS map. A number of freight lines have run through the village, connecting the main line near Montgreenan with the Doura branch.

One of the Fergushill collieries stood near the Chapel gate cottage (no longer present) of the Eglinton castle estate; the mine bing still survives amongst a screen of secondary woodland. In 1929 Fergushill Pit No. 23 & 28 were known as the 'Happy Home' and No. 7 was called 'The Rover.' The Statistical Account records that the coals at Doura were main and stone-coals. Laigh Fergus-hill (sic) mine was owned by Mr McDowal and was leased by him for £100 per annum in the 18th century. A great quantity of coal had at one time been exported through Irvine to Ireland. Eglinton Colliery was flooded for some years after miners broke into an old waste at Fergushill in November 1747. The early mines were laid up in the 1790s.

A William Forgisal (Fergushill) of Torranyard was miner at the Doura Pit in the 18th-century. He lost his leg in a mining accident, as had his father. William's wife was a tough sort, her comment being on seeing him so encumbered, was that the Forgisal's would need a small plantation of their own to keep them in crutches.

The Ardrossan and Johnstone Railway - Fergushill branch

This line began life as a waggonway which opened in 1831 between Ardrossan and Kilwinning and was known as the Ardrossan and Johnstone Railway. It was initially built to the Scotch gauge of  and was worked by horses. It had a passenger services worked by a carriages, which held 24 passengers; 16 inside and 8 outside. The railway was built by the Glasgow, Paisley and Johnstone Canal company. It commenced on the west side of Ardrossan harbour. The  Doura branch left the main line near Stevenston and crossed under the Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway to reach the Doura coal pit. The  North Fergus Hill branch left the Doura branch at South Fergushill, just after the Lugton Water crossing to reach the Fergus Hill coal pit. Crossing gates were located at Dirrans, Corsehill, Saughtrees and Fergushill. Clonbeith siding was located near the Fergushill gates. The Fergushill drive entrance into the Eglinton Estate passed Chapelholm Woods was carried over the railway by a bridge; this has since been demolished.

The line would have been involved in the transportation of visitors to the famous Eglinton Tournament of 1839. The section beyond the terminus station at Dirrens was for coal, however the Earl seems to have had a private station at Millburn. The ruins of Millburn station are still extant. Between 28 July 1834 and September 1835 over 21,000 people had been carried on the railway using the regular passenger service. By the late 1830s the annual figure was around 30,000.

Fergushill tileworks

These tileworks was built in 1831 at North Fergushill farm and consisted of a moulding room, kiln and drying stores. The tileworks were in a field just to the east of an unclassified road between North Fergushill farm and the old Dalry to Kilmarnock railway line. The first manager of the Tilework appears to be a Hugh Bunton or Buntine. Bunton probably lived at the adjacent Tilework Cottage. From September 1836 to the end of 1837 the Eglinton Estate purchased between 5,000 and 10,000 tiles per month for use on its farms.

The fate of the tileworks is revealed in the memoranda from George Johnston, the Earl of Eglinton’s factor, to the Earl’s Commissioner, Mr Gairdner. By the end of 1852 demand for tiles had fallen considerably, production however was not reduced. George Johnston noted there were 480,000 unsold tiles stored at Fergushill and there was no room for the next year’s stock. The 1855 OS map notes the tilework is disused. The old clay pit site is now a large pond, and Tilework Cottage is a privately owned house.

See also

Benslie
Eglinton Country Park
Industry and the Eglinton Castle estate
Lands of Doura

References
Notes

Sources
 Urquhart, Robert H. et al. (1998). The Hearth Tax for Ayrshire 1691. Ayrshire Records Series V.1. Ayr : Ayr Fed Hist Soc .

External links

General Roy's Military Survey of Scotland 1747 - 52.
Gazetteer for Scotland.

Buildings and structures in North Ayrshire
Villages in North Ayrshire
Former country houses in Scotland
History of North Ayrshire
Kilwinning


Marsha Harris was the female winner of the 1998 Walter Byers Award, the National Collegiate Athletic Association's highest academic honor, in recognition of being the nation's top female scholar-athlete.  She was a two-time Kodak Division III All-American who scored the winning basket for the New York University Violets women's basketball team in the 1997 NCAA Division III National Championship game resulting in a 72–70 victory over University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire.  As of 2005 she was the University Athletic Association's all-time leading scorer and she was in her third year as a surgical resident at the New York University School of Medicine.

Notes

American women's basketball players
Living people
NYU Violets women's basketball players
Year of birth missing (living people)


Dragan Škrbić (; born 29 September 1968) is a former Serbian handball player. He was named the 2000 IHF World Player of the Year.

Club career
Over the course of his career that spanned over two decades, Škrbić played for Jugović, Crvena zvezda (1988–1993), Atlético Madrid (1993–1994), Alzira (1994–1995), Ademar León (1995–1997), VfL Hameln (1997–1998), Celje (1998–2000), HSG Nordhorn (2000–2002) and Barcelona (2002–2007). He won the EHF Champions League with Barcelona in the 2004–05 season.

International career
At international level, Škrbić represented FR Yugoslavia in eight major tournaments, winning two bronze medals at the World Championships (1999 and 2001) and one bronze at the European Championships (1996). He also participated in the 2000 Summer Olympics.

Honours
Celje
 Slovenian First League: 1998–99, 1999–2000
 Slovenian Cup: 1998–99, 1999–2000
Barcelona
 Liga ASOBAL: 2002–03, 2005–06
 Copa del Rey: 2003–04, 2006–07
 Supercopa ASOBAL: 2003–04, 2006–07
 EHF Champions League: 2004–05
 EHF Cup: 2002–03

References

External links

1968 births
Living people
People from Kula, Serbia
Sportspeople from West Bačka District
Serbian male handball players
Yugoslav male handball players
Competitors at the 1991 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games medalists in handball
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Yugoslavia
Olympic handball players for Serbia and Montenegro
Handball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
RK Jugović players
RK Crvena zvezda players
CB Ademar León players
FC Barcelona Handbol players
Liga ASOBAL players
Handball-Bundesliga players
Expatriate handball players
Serbia and Montenegro expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Serbia and Montenegro expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Serbia and Montenegro expatriate sportspeople in Slovenia
Competitors at the 1990 Goodwill Games
Goodwill Games medalists in handball
Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Serbia and Montenegro male handball players


Danny Spencer is the former guitarist for Australian band Rogue Traders, taking over from previous guitarist Tim Henwood, who left in order to concentrate on his band the Androids in 2007, with Rogue Traders frontman James Ash stating that "Tim Henwood will be leaving the Rogue Traders in the immediate future to concentrate on his own amazing band, the Androids" on the band's Myspace page.
Spencer was first made public through the Rogue Traders forum; Ash said "His name is Danny Spencer, and he's the lucky guy that just beat out a bunch of other super talented players to land the spot of guitarist in the Rogue Traders.
Ash also said that Spencer has performed with "some of the biggest names in Australian music including being a regular member of the bands of both Jimmy Barnes and Richard Clapton."

References

External links
Rogue Traders official site
Rogue Traders at Myspace

Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Australian guitarists
Rogue Traders members


One Hundred and Two H-Bombs is a collection of science fiction stories by American writer Thomas M. Disch.  It was first published by Compact Books in 1967.  The stories originally appeared in the magazines Fantastic, Worlds of Tomorrow, Amazing Stories, If, New Worlds, Alfred Hitchcock's Mystery Magazine and Bizarre! Mystery Magazine.

Contents

 Introduction"
 "102 H-Bombs"
 "The Sightseers"
 "Final Audit"
 "The Vamp"
 "Utopia? Never!"
 "The Return of the Medusae"
 "The Princess’ Carillon"
 "Genetic Coda"
 "White Fang Goes Dingo"
 "The Demi-Urge"
 "Dangerous Flags"
 "Invaded by Love"
 "Bone of Contention"
 "Leader of the Revolution"

Sources

1967 short story collections
Short story collections by Thomas M. Disch


Montbel (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Cañada () or La Canyada () is a Spanish municipality in the comarca of Alt Vinalopó, province of Alicante, Valencian Community.

References

External links
Official website

Municipalities in the Province of Alicante


Montgailhard (; ; before 2022: Montgaillard) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ariège department
Aulos, Ariège
Saint-Amans, Ariège
Sem, Ariège

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Durango Airport can refer to:

Durango–La Plata County Airport, an airport serving Durango, Colorado, United States
General Guadalupe Victoria International Airport, an airport near the city of Durango, Mexico


Musca is a genus of flies.  It includes Musca domestica (the housefly), as well as Musca autumnalis (the face fly or autumn housefly).  It is part of the family Muscidae.

Selected species

M. aethiops  Stein, 1913, Tanzania
M. afra Paterson, 1956,  Tanzania
M. albina Wiedemann, 1830
M. alpesa Walker, 1849
M. amita Hennig, 1964
M. asiatica Shinonaga & Kano, 1977
M. autumnalis De Geer, 1776
M. bakeri Patton, 1923
M. bezzii Patton & Cragg, 1913
M. biseta Hough, 1898
M. capensis Zielke, 1971
M. cassara Pont, 1973
M conducens Walker, 1859
M. confiscata Speiser, 1924
M convexifrons Thomson, 1869
M. craggi Patton, 1922
M. crassirostris Stein, 1903
M. curviforceps Saccà & Rivosechi, 1956
M. dasyops Stein, 1913
M. domestica Linnaeus, 1758
M. elatior Villeneuve, 1937
M. emdeni Nandi & Sinha, 2004
M. ethiopica Zielke, 1973
M. fergusoni Johnston & Bancroft, 1920
M. fletcheri Patton & Senior-White, 1924
M. formosana Malloch, 1925
M. freedmani Paterson, 1957
M. gabonensis Macquart, 1855
M. heidiae Zielke, 1974
M. hervei Villeneuve, 1922
M. hugonis Pont, 1980
M. illingworthi  Patton, 1923
M. inferior Stein, 1909
M. larvipara Porchinskiy, 1910
M. lasiopa Villeneuve, 1936
M. lasiophthalma Thomson, 1869
M. liberia Snyder, 1951
M. lindneri Paterson, 1956
M. lothari Zielke, 1974
M. lucidula (Loew, 1856)
M. lusoria Wiedemann, 1824
M. malaisei Emden, 1965
M. mallochi Thompson & Pont, 1994
M. meruensis Zielke, 1973
M. munroi Patton, 1936
M. nevilli Kleynhans, 1987
M. osiris Wiedemann, 1830
M. patersoni Zielke, 1971
M. pattoni Austen, 1910
M. pilifacies Emden, 1965
M. planiceps Wiedemann, 1824
M. pseudocorvina Emden, 1939
M. santoshi Joseph & Parui, 1972
M. seniorwhitei Patton, 1922
M. setulosa Zielke, 1971
M. sorbens Wiedemann, 1830
M. spangleri Zielke, 1971
M. splendens Pont, 1980
M. striatacta Awati, 1916
M. tempestatum (Bezzi, 1908)
M. tempestiva Fallén, 1817
M. terraereginae Johnston & Bancroft, 1920
M. tibetana Fan, 1978
M. transvaalensis Zielke, 1971
M. ugandae Emden, 1939
M. ventrosa Wiedemann, 1830
M. vetustissima Walker, 1849
M villeneuvii Patton, 1922
M. vitripennis Meigen, 1826
M. wittweri Zielke, 1974
M. xanthomelas (Wiedemann, 1824)

Phylogeny

References

Muscidae genera
Muscidae
Household pest insects
Muscomorph flies of Europe
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus


Jens Haaning (born 1965) is a Danish conceptual, contemporary artist living and working in Copenhagen.

Haaning has produced a body of artworks since the 1990s, which attempt to offer an acute reflection of a complex and changing society in the West. The works address the existing structures of power and communication in the global society and necessitate a debate around subjects such as migration, displacement, nationalism, and other aspects related to human coexistence.

Often the works consist of interventions in institutional structures or public spaces. Examples of these are: Middelburg Summer 1996 (1996), which was a temporary relocation of a factory employing immigrant workers to the exhibition space in De Vleeshal, Middelburg, The Netherlands, and Turkish Jokes (1994), a sound piece with a tape-recording of jokes, told by Turks in their native language, which was originally played in a public square in Oslo, Norway. Haaning is known for provocative artwork, with one art historian calling him "the ultimate trickster". In 2021, Haaning was lent $84,000 to create pieces for KUNSTEN Museum of Modern Art Aalborg in Denmark. Haaning sent the museum two blank canvases entitled Take the Money and Run.

Exhibitions
Haaning has exhibited extensively, the main exhibitions include: Documenta XI, Kassel, Germany (2002), the 9th Istanbul Biennial, Istanbul, Turkey (2005), Traffic at CAPC Museé d'art contemporain, Bordeaux, France (1996), Vienna Secession, Vienna, Austria (1997, 1998, 2007), Publicness at ICA, London, England (2003), the 6th Gwangju Biennale, Gwangju, South Korea (2002, 2006) and latest a large survey of Haaning’s works from the 1990s until 2017 at Göteborg International Biennial for Contemporary Art, Gothenburg, Sweden (2017).

References

External links
Artist website
Creative Time
Göteborg International Biennial for Contemporary Art

1965 births
Modern artists
Danish contemporary artists
Danish conceptual artists
Living people


Dorsal digital nerves may refer to:

 Dorsal digital nerves of foot
 Dorsal digital nerves of radial nerve
 Dorsal digital nerves of ulnar nerve