The Sony Ericsson T650i is a mobile phone that was announced in May 2007. The T650i, along with the T250i, were a revival of the T series Sony Ericsson phones. The T series marked the debut of Sony and Ericsson's partnership with the Sony Ericsson T68i.

The T650i was available in four different colour schemes; "Growing Green", "Midnight Blue", "Eclipse Black" and "Precious Gold".  There was also a version of the phone for China Mainland; the Sony Ericsson T650c.

Features
The T650 features a 3.2 megapixel camera (with autofocus & flash) and a secondary VGA camera located on the front which can be used for 3G video conferencing.   The phone also features a MP3/AAC music player, a MP4/3GP/3GPP video player, and an FM radio.  The phone comes with 16 MB of internal memory and a 256 MB Memory Stick Micro, but can be expanded to 2 GB via the Memory Stick Micro slot. The phone features flash themes which change depending on the time of day. Other features include multitasking, photo/video editing, picture blogging and web gallery uploading, QCIF video recording, stereo Bluetooth, and 3G data transferring capabilities of up to 384 kbit/s.

Included in Box
The retail box of the T650i includes various accessories: a desk stand, a stereo headset, a pouch, a USB cable, a 256MB Memory Stick Micro, and PC software, along with a charge cable and the battery.

External links
 Official Sony Ericsson T650i Page
 GSMArena - Sony Ericsson T650i Review
 GSMArena - Sony Ericsson T650i Specs

T650i
Mobile phones introduced in 2007


Unity was a ship that went missing in 1813 off the coast of Tasmania, Australia.

Unity was a schooner and was moored in Hobart when on the night of 24 April 1813, between 11pm and midnight, a gang of seven armed convicts boarded the ship. They seized the crew and the ship's owner, William Hobart Mansel, a merchant from Sydney, and held them captive as they sailed the ship down the River Derwent. Off Cape Frederick they released their captives – Mansel, the captain and three seamen – and set them adrift in the ship's boat. Mansel and the crew navigated their way back to Hobart. Unity was never heard from again. A special inquiry hearing on 3 May 1820 in front of Special Commissioner J.T. Bigg, found that the ship had not been seen at any port. The ship was presumed lost.

Of the seven convicts, five had arrived on Indefatigable and two on Guilford in 1812.

References

Shipwrecks of Tasmania
History of New South Wales
Sailing ships
Individual sailing vessels
Missing ships
Maritime incidents in 1813
Ships lost with all hands


Vietnamese is an analytic language, meaning it conveys grammatical information primarily through combinations of words as opposed to suffixes. The basic word order is subject-verb-object (SVO), but utterances may be restructured so as to be topic-prominent. Vietnamese also has verb serialization. In Vietnamese the head of the phrase usually precedes its complements (i.e. head-initial), nouns are classified according to series of lexical parameters (noun classifier system), and pronouns may be absent from utterances (pro-drop, sometimes without copula verbs). Question words in the language occur in the end of the utterance (wh-in-situ),

Word classes

Vietnamese lexical categories (or "parts of speech") consist of:

nouns
demonstrative noun modifiers
articles
classifiers
numerals
quantifiers
the focus marker particle
verbs
adjectives
adverbial particles
prepositions

The syntax of each lexical category and its associated phrase (i.e., the syntactic constituents below the sentence level) is detailed below. Attention is paid to both form and function.

Morphosyntax

Nouns and noun phrases

Nouns can be distinguished from verbs syntactically in that the copula là "to be" may precede nouns in predications, whereas the copula fails to occur before verbs or adjectives.

 Mai là sinh viên.
 "Mai is (a) student."

For the meaning of the sentence to be understandable, in the sentence above the copula là precedes sinh viên "student". Omitting the copula, as in *Mai sinh viên results in an ungrammatical sentence. In contrast, verbs/adjectives do not co-occur with the copula.

 Mai cao.
 "Mai is tall."

The adjective cao (as in the sentence above) does not require a preceding copula, and thus the sentence *Mai là cao is ill-formed.

The noun category can be further subdivided into different noun classes according to semantic and syntactic criteria. Some of the subclasses identified in Nguyễn (1997) include:

 proper noun
 common noun
 item noun
 collective noun
 unit (or measure) noun
 mass noun
 time noun
 abstract noun
 classifier
 locative

Nouns can be modified with other words resulting in complex noun phrases. These modifiers include demonstratives, quantifiers, classifiers, prepositional phrases, and other attributive lexical words, such as other nouns and verbs. These modifiers co-occur with the modified noun (known as the head noun or noun phrase head), but there are restrictions on what kind of modifiers are allowed depending upon the subclass of noun. The noun phrase has the following structure:

Example:

Article position

Following Nguyễn Hùng Tưởng (2004) and Nguyễn T. C. (1975), Vietnamese has an article lexical category slot that occurs before a quantifier.

Quantifiers

Quantifiers (also known as numerators) modify the adjacent noun by expressing their quantity. In Vietnamese they occur within a noun phrase before a head noun (with or without a classifier). Quantifiers include cardinal numerals, and other words which indicate some quantity. (Cardinal numerals are described in the numeral section.) Examples of quantifiers:

{| class="wikitable"
! Quantifier !! English gloss
|-
| một, hai, ba, bốn, etc. || cardinal numerals
|-
| vài, vài ba || few
|-
| dăm, dăm bảy || several, few
|-
| mọi || every
|-
| mỗi || each
|-
| từng || each in turn
|-
| mấy || few, how much/how many
|-
| bao nhiêu || how much/how many
|-
| bây nhiêu/bấy nhiêu || "this much/this many
|-
|}

Quantifiers directly precede the head noun that they modify when the head occurs without a classifier:

how many = bao nhiêu

When a classifier co-occurs with a following head noun, the quantifier precedes the classifier:

As in English, mass nouns such as thịt "meat", đất "soil", and collective nouns such as trâu bò "cattle", ruộng nương "(rice) fields" usually occur without quantifiers in Vietnamese. However, these nouns can be specified by words denoting measurement units such as cân "kilogram", lạng "tael", nắm "handful", chén "cupful":

Focus marker position

The optional particle cái is identified as a focus marker by Nguyễn Hùng Tưởng (2004). It has been called by several other names, including general classifier, general categorical, 'extra" cái, "extra" general classifier, definite article, superarticle, definite word, demonstrative word, and chỉ xuất "indexical". Focus cái occurs directly before classifiers or unit nouns and may be preceded by other pre-noun modifiers such as quantifiers, numerals, and articles. It always co-occurs with a classifier.

As can be seen by descriptions of focus cái as "general classifier", etc., this particle has often been analyzed as a classifier. However, it can be distinguished by its different behavior. Focus cái always precedes a following classifier and may not directly precede the head noun. The noun phrase

is grammatical, but the phrase

is not grammatical. More than one classifier is not allowed within the same noun phrase, whereas focus cái does occur along with a following classifier (as can be seen above). Examples of other modifiers preceding the focus marker are below:

Again, cái must follow the other pre-noun modifiers, so phrases where cái precedes a numeral or article (such as *cái hai chó đen này or *cái các con mèo này) are ungrammatical.

The focus marker cái is distinct from the classifier cái that classifies inanimate nouns (although it is historically related to the classifier cái). Thus, classifier cái cannot modify the noun chó "dog" (in cái chó) since chó is animate (the non-human animate classifier con must be used: con chó), whereas focus cái can modify nouns of any animacy (with their appropriate classifier):

Functionally, cái indicates grammatically that an element within a noun phrase is in contrastive focus. It has been noted by Nguyễn Đ. H. (1997) (and others) that cái adds a pejorative connotation, as in:

{| cellspacing="7" style="line-height: 1em;"
|- style="font-style: italic;"
|
|
|
|- style="font-variant: small-caps;"
| style="background: PaleGreen;" | topicalized noun phrase
| style="background: #bbbbff;" | subj noun phrase
| style="background: #ffebad;" | predicate
|-
| colspan="3" | "that husband of mine, he is good for nothing"
|}

However, Nguyễn Hùng Tưởng (2004) claims that the connotation is not always negative and gives the following positive example:

{| cellspacing="7" style="line-height: 1em;"
|- style="font-style: italic;"
|
|
|
|- style="font-variant: small-caps;"
| style="background: #bbbbff;" | subj noun phrase
| style="background: #ffebad;" | verb
| style="background: #ffbbbb;" | obj noun phrase
|-
| colspan="3" | "it is the kind-hearted girl that I met"
|}

Phonologically, the focus cái receives an intonational stress, and, in addition, the element receiving the focus also receives an intonational stress. In the following examples, the stressed words are indicated with capital letters (also underlined):

{| cellspacing="7" style="line-height: 1em;"
|- style="font-style: italic;"
|
|
|
|- style="font-variant: small-caps;"
| style="background: #bbbbff;" | subj noun phrase
| style="background: #ffebad;" | verb
| style="background: #ffbbbb;" | obj noun phrase
|-
| colspan="3" | "I like the BLACK horse"   (but not the horse that's a different color)
|}

In the above sentence, the item in focus is đen "black", which receives the stress (as does cái). Here, it is the feature of the horse's blackness that is being focused on (or singled out) in contrast to other horses that do not have the feature of blackness. In the sentence below, ngựa "horse" receives the focus and stress.

{| cellspacing="7" style="line-height: 1em;"
|- style="font-style: italic;"
|
|
|
|- style="font-variant: small-caps;"
| style="background: #bbbbff;" | subj noun phrase
| style="background: #ffebad;" | verb
| style="background: #ffbbbb;" | obj noun phrase
|-
| colspan="3" | "I like the black HORSE"   (but not the other black animal)
|}

The focus marker is always stressed and must co-occur with another stressed item; thus, cái cannot occur without another stressed element within the noun phrase. Focus cái may focus a variety of noun phrase elements including prepositional phrases, relative clauses, constituents inside of relative clause modifiers, the head noun (by itself), the head noun plus preceding classifier, and adjectival verbs.

Classifier position

Vietnamese uses a rich set of classifiers and measure words (often considered a subset of the classifiers) to introduce or stand in for count and mass nouns, respectively. This feature of Vietnamese is similar to the system of classifiers in Chinese.

The most common classifiers typically do not translate to English:  introduces most inanimate objects, while  generally introduces animate objects, especially animals. In the following dialogue, the classifier  initially introduces "chicken":

Nouns may require the animate classifier even if they do not refer to living organisms. For instance,  (knife),  (road),  (eye),  (river), and  (screw) all take the  classifier to convey motion.

More specific classifiers typically indicate the shape of objects, such as  for round objects like balls or pieces of fruit, or  for flat, rectangular objects like signage or panes of glass. These classifiers may be superficially likened to English partitive constructions like one head of cattle ("head", always singular regardless of number, indicates large livestock), two sticks of dynamite ("stick" indicates something relatively rigid, long and comparatively thin), three strands of hair ("strand" indicates something flexible, long and quite thin), or four bars' of gold (a "bar" being similar to a "stick", but comparatively less "thin"). Some nominalizing classifiers introduce verbs or adjectives instead of nouns.

Some linguists count as many as 200 classifiers in Vietnamese, though only a few are used in conversation or informal writing. Thompson (1987) notes that usage of  for inanimate objects has increased at the expense of some of the rarer classifiers.

Among the most common classifiers are:
 : used for most inanimate objects
: almost similar to cái, usually more connotative (e.g. when referring to a cute object, chiếc might be more suitable than cái)
: usually for animals and children, but can be used to describe some non-living objects that are associated with motion
: used for people except infants: used for compositions like songs, drawings, poems, essays, etc.: sentential constructs (verses, lyrics, statements, quotes, etc.): used for stick-like objects (plants, guns, canes, etc.): a general topic, matter, or business: smaller sheets of paper (letters, playing cards): buildings of authority: courts, halls, "ivory towers".: used for globular objects (the Earth, fruits): used for book-like objects (books, journals, etc.): sheets and other thin objects made of paper (newspapers, papers, calendars, etc.): an event or an ongoing process

Classifiers are required in the presence of a quantifier, except for "non-classified nouns": "time units" such as  (minute), geographical and administrative units such as  (province), and polysyllabic Sino-Vietnamese compound nouns.

The classifier  has a special role in that it can introduce any other classifier, e.g. , , but Nguyễn Hùng Tường (2013) considers this to be a non-classifier use of .

Attributive modifier position

includes noun phrase modifiers, verb phrase modifiers

Demonstrative position

Nouns may be modified by certain demonstratives that follow the noun (see also demonstrative section below). These demonstratives include: này "this", nầy "this", nay "this", ni "this", đó "that", nấy "that", ấy "that", nãy "that", kia "that yonder", nọ "that yonder", kìa "that yonder (far)", nào "which". Examples:

Prepositional phrase position

Possession is shown in Vietnamese via a prepositional phrase that modifies the next word,  a  noun.    Any words after that are subsequent to that are, essentially,  articles or demonstratives that bring up qualifying clauses.

Reference, specificity, definiteness

Vietnamese nouns that stand alone are unmarked for number and definiteness. Thus, a noun, such as sách, may be glossed in English as "a book" (singular, indefinite), "the book" (singular, definite), "some books" (plural, indefinite), or "the books" (plural, definite). It is with the addition of classifiers, demonstratives, and other modifiers that the number and definiteness can be specified.

 reference
 specific vs. generic reference generic mood & generic antecedents
 definiteness (identifiability of referent)
 count noun vs. mass noun
 interaction with classifiers (presence and absence thereof)
 see Behrens (2003)

Pronouns

Vietnamese pronouns act as substitutions for noun phrases.

{| cellspacing="5" style="line-height: 1em;"
| style="font-weight: bold;" |
|
|- style="font-variant: small-caps;"
| style="background: #bbbbff;" | subj noun phrase
| style="background: #ffebad;" | predicate
|-
| colspan="2" | "Hoan only eats Vietnamese food"
|}

{| cellspacing="5" style="line-height: 1em;"
|- style="font-style: italic;"
| style="font-weight: bold;" |
|
|- style="font-variant: small-caps;"
| style="background: #bbbbff;" | subj noun phrase
| style="background: #ffebad;" | predicate
|-
| colspan="2" | "he only eats Vietnamese food"
|}

{| cellspacing="5" style="line-height: 1em;"
|- style="font-style: italic;"
| style="font-weight: bold;" |
|
|- style="font-variant: small-caps;"
| style="background: #bbbbff;" | subj noun phrase
| style="background: #ffebad;" | predicate
|-
| colspan="2" | "this dog never barks at all"
|}

{| cellspacing="5" style="line-height: 1em;"
|- style="font-style: italic;"
| style="font-weight: bold;" |
|
|- style="font-variant: small-caps;"
| style="background: #bbbbff;" | subj noun phrase
| style="background: #ffebad;" | predicate
|-
| colspan="2" | "it never barks at all"
|}

Thus, the third person singular (arrogant) pronoun nó can substitute for a simple noun phrase Hoan (a personal name) consisting of a single noun or a complex noun phrase con chó này consisting of a noun plus modifiers (which, here, are a classifier and a demonstrative).

Note that the pronominal system as a whole also includes kinship terms (see kinship term section below) and certain demonstratives (see demonstrative section below), which can also have a pronominal function.

The pronouns are categorized into two classes depending on whether they can be preceded by the plural marker chúng. Like other Asian pronominal systems, Vietnamese pronouns indicate the social status between speakers and other persons in the discourse in addition to grammatical person and number. The table below shows the first class of pronouns that can be preceded by pluralizer.

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align: left;" | 1st person
| tôi (inferior to superior)
| style="text-align: center;" | –
|-
| ta (emphatic, superior to inferior)
| ta (emphatic, superior to inferior)
|-
| tao  (superior to inferior, familiar)
| style="text-align: center;" | –
|-
| mình (intimate)
| mình (intimate)
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | 2nd Person
| mày or mi or bay (superior to inferior, familiar)
| bay  (superior to inferior, familiar)
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | 3rd Person
| nó (superior to inferior, familiar)y (southern dialect only, see below)
| style="text-align: center;" | –
|}

The first person tôi is the only pronoun that can be used in polite speech. The second person ta is often used when talking to oneself as in a soliloquy, but also indicates a higher status of the speaker (such as that of a high official, etc.). The other superior-to-inferior forms in the first and second persons (tao, mày, mi, bay) are commonly used in familiar social contexts, such as among family members (e.g. older sister to younger sister, etc.); these forms are otherwise considered impolite. The third person form nó (used to refer to inanimates, animals, children, and scorned adults, such as criminals) is considerably less arrogant than the second person forms tao, mày, mi, bay. The pronoun mình is used only in intimate relationships, such as between husband and wife.

The pronominal forms in the table above can be modified with plural chúng as in chúng mày "you (guys)", chúng nó "them". There is an exclusive/inclusive plural distinction in the first person: chúng tôi and chúng tao are exclusive (i.e., me and them but not you), chúng ta and chúng mình are inclusive (i.e., you and me). Some of the forms (ta, mình, bay) can be used to refer to a plural referent, resulting in pairs with overlapping reference (e.g., both ta and chúng ta can mean "inclusive we", both bay and chúng bay can mean "you guys").

The other class of pronouns are known as "absolute" pronouns (Thompson 1965). These cannot be modified with the pluralizer chúng. Many of these forms are literary and archaic, particularly in the first and second person.

{| class="wikitable"
!
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! rowspan="5" style="text-align: left;" | 1st person
| min (familiar, literary)
| rowspan="5" | choa (literary)
|-
| qua (male to female, literary)
|-
| thiếp (female to male, literary)
|-
| Trẫm (king to subject, archaic)
|-
| thần (subject to king, archaic)
|-
! rowspan="3" style="text-align: left;" | 2nd Person
| bậu (female to male, literary)
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | –
|-
| chàng (female to male, literary)
|-
| ngài (subject to king, archaic)
|-
! rowspan="4" style="text-align: left;" | 3rd Person
| y (familiar)
| rowspan="4" | người ta (generic)
|-
| hắn (familiar)
|-
| va  (familiar)
|-
| người ta (generic)
|}

Unlike third person pronouns of the first type, these absolute third person forms (y, hắn, va) refer only to animate referents (typically people). The form y can be preceded by the pluralizer in southern dialects in which case it is more respectful than nó. The absolute pronoun người ta has a wider range of reference as "they, people in general, (generic) one, we, someone".

As a result of language contact, some linguists have noted that some Vietnamese speech communities (especially among young college students and bilingual speakers) have borrowed French and English pronouns moi, toi, I, and you in order to avoid the deference and status implications present in the Vietnamese pronominal system (which lacks any truly neutral terms).

 Verbs and verb phrases

As mentioned in the noun section above, verbs can be distinguished from nouns by their ability to function as predicators by themselves without a preceding copula là.  Additionally, verbs may be categorized into two main subtypes, stative and functive, according to their syntactic behavior.

Stative verbs

Stative verbs (also known as verbs of quality, extended state verbs, adjectival verbs or adjectives) can be distinguished from functive verbs in two:

 stative verbs occur with a degree modifier such as rất ‘very’
 stative verbs preclude the use of exhortatives such as hãy Giáp rất cao “Giap is very tall”

 *Hãy trắng! (ungrammatical)
 “Be white!”

Functive verbs

Functive verbs (also known as "real" verbs, verbs of action, "doing" words, or momentary action verbs) differ from stative verbs by the same syntactic tests:

 functive verbs cannot be preceded by a degree modifier such as rất "very"
 functive verbs can be preceded by the exhortative hãy "let's (do)" (indicates commands, requests, etc.)

 *Giáp rất ăn. (ungrammatical)
 "Giap very eat."

 Anh hãy ăn đi! "Go ahead and eat!"

A verb can interleave with a direct object for emphasis:

In the last example, the verb nói splits the bound morphemes of the reduplicated word bậy bạ.

Tense markers

Although it is not required, Vietnamese has many particles that are used to mark tenses. However, they are not always used as context may suffice. All these markers, except "rồi" which goes after the verb, go before the verb.
(Below each point, there is an example of the marker being used with the verb "to have dinner" or "ăn tối".)
 To make the past tense, use "đã"
Tôi đã ăn tối – I had dinner
 To make the future tense, use "sẽ"
Tôi sẽ ăn tối – I will have dinner
 To say that you just did something (eg. I just ate), use "vừa mới". However it is possible to remove either "vừa" or "mới" and keep the same meaning, however removing "vừa" is more common.
Tôi vừa mới ăn tối – I just had dinner
 To say that you are about to do something (eg. I am about to eat), use "sắp".
Tôi sắp ăn tối – I am about to have dinner
 To say that you already did something (eg. I already ate), use "rồi". It is often used with "đã"
Tôi (đã) ăn tối rồi – I already had dinner
 To make a verb continuous (eg. I am eating), use "đang". It can be combined with most of the tense markers, however this isn't common usage.
Tôi đang ăn tối – I am having dinner
Tôi đã đang ăn tối – I was having dinner
 "Có" is also used as a past tense of the verb very similar to "đã". It has other uses outside of this.

Passivization
The active voice can be changed to passive voice by adding the following words: "được" if the verb describing the action implies beneficial effects for the agent and "bị" if the verb describing the action implies negative effects. The words "được" and "bị" must stand in front of the main verb.Trà được trồng ở Nhật BảnTea is grown in Japan.

An agent, if there is one, is often placed in between the passive particle and the main verb:

When used with intransitive verbs (and adjectives), these two particles imply the subject is a passive participant to the action described by the verb, as in following example:Anh ta bị chóng mặtHe is feeling dizzy

 Topic–comment structure

The topic–comment structure is an important sentence type in Vietnamese. Therefore, Vietnamese has often been claimed to be a topic-prominent language (Thompson 1991). As an example the sentence "Tôi đọc sách này rồi." ("I've already read this book.") can be transformed into the following topic prominent equivalent.Sách này thì tôi đọc rồiThis book (TOPICMARKER) I read already

 Lexicon

Kinship terms

Kinship terms in Vietnamese have become grammaticalized to a large extent and thus have developed grammatical functions similar to pronouns and other classifiers. In these cases, they are used as honorifics or pejoratives. Kinship terms may also, of course, be used with a lexical meaning like other nouns.

Pronominal function

When used with a pronominal function, kinship terms primarily indicate the social status between referents in a discourse, such as between the speaker and the hearer, between speaker and another referent, etc. Included within the notion of social status are classifications of age, sex, relative social position, and the speaker's attitude.

For example, one can express the meaning of I love you in Vietnamese using many different pronouns.Anh yêu em (male to female [or younger male] lover)Em yêu anh (female [or younger male] to male lover)Mẹ yêu con (mother to child)Con yêu mẹ (child to mother)

The most common terms of reference are kinship terms, which might differ slightly in different regions.

When addressing an audience, the speaker must carefully assess the social relationship between him/her and the audience, difference in age, and sex of the audience to choose an appropriate form of address. The following are some kinship terms of address that can be used in the second-person sense (you). They all can also be used in the first-person sense (I), but if they're not marked by (S) the usage is limited to the literal meaning:Ông: grandfather, used as a term of respect for a man senior to the speaker and who is late middle age or olderBà: grandmother, used as a term of respect for a (usually married) woman senior to the speaker and who is late middle age or olderBá: parent's older sister, used to address a woman slightly older than one's parents or wife of father's older brother or wife of mother's older brother.Bác: parent's older brother or sister, used to address a man/woman slightly older than one's parents or husband of father's older sister or husband of mother's older sister.Cô: father's sister, used to address a younger woman or a woman as old as one's father; also used to address a female teacher regardless of relative ageCậu: mother's brother, used to address a younger man or a man as old as one's motherDì: mother's sister, used to address a younger woman or a woman as old as one's mother; also used to address one's stepmotherChú: father's younger brother, used to address a man slightly younger than one's father or husband of father's younger sister.Thím: wife of father's younger brother.Mợ: wife of mother's younger brother.Dượng: husband of father's older sister; also used to address one's stepfatherAnh: older brother, for a slightly older man, or for the man in a romantic relationship. (S)Chị: older sister, for a slightly older woman. (S)Em: younger sibling, for a slightly younger person, or for the woman [or younger man] in a romantic relationship. (S)Bố/Ba/Cha: fatherMẹ/Má/Mợ: motherCon: child; also used in some regions to address a person as old as one's childCháu: nephew/niece, grandson/granddaughter; used to address a young person of around such relative age

Using a person's name to refer to oneself or to address another is considered more personal and informal than using pronouns. It can be found among close friends or children.

Demonstratives

Vietnamese demonstratives (markers of deixis) all have the function of identifying a referent with respect to another contextual point or position.This analysis of demonstratives is based primarily on Nguyễn Phú Phong (1992). An earlier description is in Thompson (1965).  For example, the demonstrative này "this" as in the noun phrase người này "this person" indicates that the person referred to is relatively close to the speaker (in a context where this noun phrase is uttered by a speaker to an addressee) while the demonstrative đó "that" as in the noun phrase người đó "that person" indicates that the person referred to is further from the speaker.

The demonstratives have a basic three-term deictic system — proximal (close – "this, here"), medial (far – "that, there"), distal (very far – "yonder, over there") — plus an indefinite (or interrogative) term ("which, where"). In addition to their deictic function, different Vietnamese demonstratives can function variously as noun modifiers, as noun phrases (i.e., a (pro-) nominal function), or as adverbials.

{| class="wikitable"
! Function
! Proximal
! Medial
! Distal
! Indefinite
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | Nominal
| đây "here"
| đấy "there"
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| đâu "where, wherever"
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | Nominal/Noun modifier
| style="text-align: center;" | –
| đó "there, that"
| kia/kìa "over there, yonder" (bidirectional)
| style="text-align: center;" | –
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | Noun modifier
| này/nầy/nay/ni "this"
| nấy/ấy "that"
| nọ "yonder" (unidirectional – past)
| nào "which(ever)"
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | Proportion
| bây "to this extent"
| colspan="2" | bấy "to that extent, to such an extent"
| bao "to what(ever) extent"
|-
! style="text-align: left;" | Manner
| vầy "this way, thus"
| colspan="2" | vậy "that way, so"
| sao "how(ever)"
|}

The form này tends to be used in Northern Vietnamese while nầy is the Southern form and ni is the North-central and Central form. In North-central and Central Vietnamese, the form nớ is used instead of nọ, mô instead of nào and đâu, rứa instead of vậy, and răng instead of sao.

In Hanoi, the form thế or như thế "(like) so, (like) this way" is used instead of vầy. Other forms mentioned in Thompson (1965) are nay "this", nây "this (temporal)", nãy or nẫy "that (just past)", and nao "which".

The basic formal pattern of the demonstratives is that the initial consonant and ending vowel nucleus indicate their function and position in the deictic system. Some linguists have analyzed demonstratives as consisting of two (sub-syllabic) morphemes. Following this, the initial đ- indicates a nominal, n- a noun modifier, b- proportion, v-~s- manner, and the vowels -ây~-ay proximal/medial, -âu~-ao indefinite, and -o medial/distal. However, the form kia is analyzed as consisting of only one morpheme. Overlaid on these elements are tones, which indicate contrastive distances increasingly further from the contextual position: ngang tone (closest), huyền tone (further), sắc or nặng tone (even further). Thus, đấy is more remote than đây, kìa more remote than kia, vậy more remote than vầy. There is an idiomatic expression where demonstratives with an even increasing distance modify the noun ngày "day(time)":

 ngày kia, ngày kìa, ngày kía, ngày kịa, ngày kĩa "on and on into the future"

Syntactically, the demonstratives  đó and kia may function as either nouns or as noun modifiers:

{| style="line-height: 1.2em;"
|- style="font-style: italic;"
|
|
|
|- style="font-variant: small-caps;"
| style="background: #bbbbff;" | subj noun phrase
| style="background: #ffebad;" | verb
| style="background: #ffbbbb;" | obj noun phrase
|-
| colspan="3" | "That person is his brother."
|}

{| style="line-height: 1.2em;"
|- style="font-style: italic;"
|
|
|
|- style="font-variant: small-caps;"
| style="background: #bbbbff;" | subj noun phrase
| style="background: #ffebad;" | verb
| style="background: #ffbbbb;" | obj noun phrase
|-
| colspan="3" | "That is his brother."
|}

The nominals đây, đấy, and đâu are only used as nouns typically denoting a space or time and cannot function as noun modifiers. Although they usually refer to position situated in time/space, the nominal deictics can be used to metaphorically refer to people, as in:

In the sentence above (which would translate more literally as "This is going to the market, is that going or not?"), proximal đây is used to refer (metaphorically) to the speaker (as "I") while medial đấy is used to refer to the addressee (as "you"). The demonstrative noun modifiers này, (n)ấy, nọ, and nào can only modify nouns and cannot stand alone as nouns.

When referring to time, the distal demonstratives kia and nọ differ in directionality. Kia specifies a point remote either in the past or the future while nọ specifies only a remote point in the past:

 ngày kia "some day to come, the other day"
 ngày nọ "the other day"

The proportion demonstratives (bây, bấy, bao) refer to the extent of measurement of time or space. They precede the words they modify, such as giờ "time", nhiêu "(to have) much/many", lâu "(to be) long, (take a) long time":

 bây giờ "now, this time"
 bấy giờ "then, that time"
 bao giờ "when, what time"
 bây nhiêu "this much/many"
 bấy nhiêu "that much/many"
 bao nhiêu "how much/many"
 bấy lâu "all that long period, for that length of time"
 bao lâu "how long"
 bao ngày "how many days"
 bao lớn "how big"
 bấy xa "that far"

Numerals

Numerals (or numbers) consist of two types: cardinal numerals and ordinal numerals. When occurring in noun phrases, cardinal and ordinal numerals occur in different syntactic positions with respect to the head noun. The article below only shows the native Vietnamese numerals, remember that Sino-Vietnamese numerals will be used in certain cases.

Cardinal

Vietnamese numerals are a decimal system. "Zero" lacks a dedicated numeral with số không  "empty number" (< số "number", không "empty") being used.

Numbers 1-99

Numerals are generally analytic, with multiples of ten following a regular pattern.

{| class="IPA wikitable" frame=void style="white-space: nowrap;"
!  !! base numeral !! + 10 !! × 10
|-
! 1
| một ~ mốt || mười một (11)
| style="text-align: center;" | –
|-
! 2
| hai || mười hai (12) || hai mươi (20)
|-
! 3
| ba || mười ba (13) || ba mươi (30)
|-
! 4
| bốn, tư || mười bốn (14) || bốn mươi (40)
|-
! 5
| năm || mười lăm (15) || năm mươi (50)
|-
! 6
| sáu || mười sáu (16) || sáu mươi (60)
|-
! 7
| bảy or bẩy  || mười bảy (17) || bảy mươi (70)
|-
! 8
| tám || mười tám (18) || tám mươi (80)
|-
! 9
| chín || mười chín (19) || chín mươi (90)
|-
!  10
| mười| style="text-align: center;" | – || (mười mươi)  (100)
|}

Additive compounds are formed by with mười- "10" initially and another numeral following: mười tám ("10" + "8" = "18"). Multiplicative compounds are formed with an order that is the reverse of the additive compounds, i.e. -mươi is preceded by another numeral: tám mươi ("8" x "10" = "80").

Consonantal and tonal alternations occur in some compound numerals. The numeral mười "10" in multiplicative compounds has a tonal change (huyền tone > ngang tone) to -mươi "times 10", as in:

 bốn mươi  "40"   (instead of *bốn mười)

The numeral một "1" undergoes a tonal alternation (nặng tone > sắc tone) to mốt when it occurs after mươi (with ngang tone) in multiples of 10, as in:

 bốn mươi mốt  "41"   (instead of *bốn mươi một)

The numeral năm "5" undergoes an initial consonant alternation (n > l) to lăm as the final element in additive compounds, as in:

 mười lăm  "15"   (instead of *mười năm)
 bốn mươi lăm  "45"   (instead of *bốn mươi năm)

Numbers 100-999

The Vietnamese word for 100 is trăm. Number formation generally follows the same logic as before, with the same consonantal and tonal shifts. However, with the numbers 101–109, 201–209 and so on, a placeholder lẻ ("odd") or linh is inserted to represent "zero tens."

{| class="IPA wikitable" frame=void style="white-space: nowrap;"
! 100
| một trăm! 200
| hai trăm! 900
| chín trăm|-
! 101
| một trăm lẻ/linh một! 201
| hai trăm lẻ/linh một! 901
| chín trăm lẻ/linh một|-
! 102
| một trăm lẻ/linh hai! 202
| hai trăm lẻ/linh hai! 902
| chín trăm lẻ/linh hai|-
! 105
| một trăm lẻ/linh năm! 205
| hai trăm lẻ/linh năm! 905
| chín trăm lẻ/linh năm|-
! 110
| một trăm mười! 210
| hai trăm mười! 910
| chín trăm mười|-
! 111
| một trăm mười một! 211
| hai trăm mười một! 911
| chín trăm mười một|-
! 112
| một trăm mười hai! 212
| hai trăm mười hai! 912
| chín trăm mười hai|-
! 115
| một trăm mười lăm! 215
| hai trăm mười lăm! 915
| chín trăm mười lăm|-
! 120
| một trăm hai mươi! 220
| hai trăm hai mươi! 920
| chín trăm hai mươi|-
! 121
| một trăm hai mươi mốt! 221
| hai trăm hai mươi mốt! 921
| chín trăm hai mươi mốt|-
! 122
| một trăm hai mươi hai! 222
| hai trăm hai mươi hai! 922
| chín trăm hai mươi hai|-
! 125
| một trăm hai mươi lăm! 225
| hai trăm hai mươi lăm! 925
| chín trăm hai mươi lăm|-
! 155
| một trăm năm mươi lăm! 255
| hai trăm năm mươi lăm! 955
| chín trăm năm mươi lăm|}

 "Lẻ" is more in the south of Vietnam, while "linh" is more common in the north of Vietnam.

Numbers 1,000–999,999

The Vietnamese word for 1,000 is ngàn or nghìn. With the numbers 1,001–1,099, 2,001–2,099 and so on, the empty hundreds place must be specified with không trăm ("zero hundreds").

{| class="IPA wikitable" frame=void style="white-space: nowrap;"
! 1,000
| một ngàn/nghìn! 10,000
| mười ngàn/nghìn! 21,000
| hai mươi mốt ngàn/nghìn! 155,000
| một trăm năm mươi lăm ngàn/nghìn|-
! 1,001
| một ngàn/nghìn không trăm lẻ/linh một! 10,001
| mười ngàn/nghìn không trăm lẻ/linh một! 21,001
| hai mươi mốt ngàn/nghìn không trăm lẻ/linh một! 155,001
| một trăm năm mươi lăm ngàn/nghìn không trăm lẻ/linh một|-
! 1,021
| một ngàn/nghìn không trăm hai mươi mốt! 10,021
| mười ngàn/nghìn không trăm hai mươi mốt! 21,021
| hai mươi mốt ngàn/nghìn không trăm hai mươi mốt! 155,021
| một trăm năm mươi lăm ngàn/nghìn không trăm hai mươi mốt|-
! 1,055
| một ngàn/nghìn không trăm năm mươi lăm! 10,055
| mười ngàn/nghìn không trăm năm mươi lăm! 21,055
| hai mươi mốt ngàn/nghìn không trăm năm mươi lăm! 155,055
| một trăm năm mươi lăm ngàn/nghìn không trăm năm mươi lăm|-
! 1,100
| một ngàn/nghìn một trăm! 10,100
| mười ngàn/nghìn một trăm! 21,100
| hai mươi mốt ngàn/nghìn một trăm! 155,100
| một trăm năm mươi lăm ngàn/nghìn một trăm|-
! 1,101
| một ngàn/nghìn một trăm lẻ/linh một! 10,101
| mười ngàn/nghìn một trăm lẻ/linh một! 21,101
| hai mươi mốt ngàn/nghìn một trăm lẻ/linh một! 155,101
| một trăm năm mươi lăm ngàn/nghìn một trăm lẻ/linh một|-
! 1,121
| một ngàn/nghìn một trăm hai mươi mốt! 10,121
| mười ngàn/nghìn một trăm hai mươi mốt! 21,121
| hai mươi mốt ngàn/nghìn một trăm hai mươi mốt! 155,121
| một trăm năm mươi lăm ngàn/nghìn một trăm hai mươi mốt|}

 "Ngàn" is more in the south of Vietnam, while "nghìn" is more common in the north of Vietnam.

Numbers 1,000,000 and Above

The word for 106 ("million") is triệu. The word for 109 (short-scale "billion" or long-scale "milliard") is tỉ. Above this, combinations of ngàn/nghìn, triệu and tỉ must be used.

Ordinal

Ordinal numerals are formed by adding the thứ- ordinal prefix to cardinal numerals: thứ- + mười "ten" = thứ mười "tenth". Other examples include: thứ nhất "first", thứ hai (or thứ nhì) "second", thứ ba "third", and thứ bốn (or thứ tư) "fourth".

See also

 Vietnamese morphology
 Vietnamese phonology
 Vietnamese language

Notes

PROX:proximal
MEDIAL:medial

Bibliography

 Beatty, Mark Stanton. (1990). Vietnamese phrase structure: An x-bar approach. (Master's thesis, University of Texas at Arlington).
 Behrens, Leila. (2003). Classifiers, metonymies, and genericity: A study of Vietnamese. In C. Zelinsky-Wibbelt (Ed.), Text, context, concepts (pp. 65–125). Text, translation, computational processing (No. 4). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
 Cao Xuân Hạo. (1988). The count/mass distinction in Vietnamese and the concept of ‘classifier’. Zeischrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung, 1 (41), 38–47.
 Daley, Karen Ann. (1998). Vietnamese classifiers in narrative texts. Arlington, TX: The Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington.
 Emeneau, M. B. (1951). Studies in Vietnamese (Annamese) grammar. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 8). Berkeley: University of California Press.
 Löbel, Elisabeth. (1999). Classifiers vs. genders and noun classes: A case study in Vietnamese. In B. Unterbeck & M. Rissanen (Eds.), Gender in grammar and cognition, I (approaches to gender) (pp. 259–319). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
 Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1957). Classifiers in Vietnamese. Word, 13 (1), 124–152.
 Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1997). Vietnamese: Tiếng Việt không son phấn. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
 Nguyễn, Phú Phong. (1992). Vietnamese demonstratives revisited. The Mon–Khmer Studies Journal, 20, 127–136.
 Nguyễn Tài Cẩn. (1975). Từ loại danh từ trong tiếng Việt hiện đại [The word class of nouns in modern Vietnamese]. Hanoi: Khoa học Xã hội.
 Nguyễn, Hùng Tưởng. (2004). The structure of the Vietnamese noun phrase. (Doctoral dissertation, Boston University, Boston, MA).
 Pham, Hoa. (2002). Gender in addressing and self-reference in Vietnamese: Variation and change. In M. Hellinger & H. Bußmann (Eds.), Gender across languages: The linguistic representation of women and men (Vol. 2, pp. 281–312). IMPACT: Studies in language society (No. 10). John Benjamins.
 Shum, Shu-ying. (1965). A transformational study of Vietnamese syntax. (Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University).
 Thompson, Laurence C. (1963). The problem of the word in Vietnamese. Word, 19 (1), 39–52.
 Thompson, Laurence C. (1965). Nuclear models in Vietnamese immediate-constituent analysis. Language, 41 (4), 610–618.
 Thompson, Laurence C. (1991). A Vietnamese reference grammar. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. (Original work published 1965).
 Uỷ ban Khoa học Xã hội Việt Nam. (1983). Ngữ-pháp tiếng Việt'' [Vietnamese grammar]. Hanoi: Khoa học Xã hội.

External links
 Vietnamese/Cambodian references (Linguist List)
 Additional Vietnamese references (Linguist List)


"Our Love Is Different" is a song written by Billie Holiday, R. Conway,  Basil G. Alba, and Sonny White

Recording session
Session #37: New York City, July 5, 1939, Billie Holiday & Her Orchestra, with Charlie Shavers (trumpet), Tab Smith (alto saxophone), Kenneth Hollon, Stanley Payne (tenor saxophone), Sonny White (piano), Bernard Addison (guitar), John Williams (bass), Eddie Dougherty (drums), Billie Holiday (vocals)

References

Billie Holiday songs
1939 songs
Songs written by Billie Holiday


The IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE Photonics Society. It covers research on quantum electronics. The editor-in-chief is José Capmany (Universitat Politècnica de València). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 4.544.

See also
 IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics

References

External links

Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics
Quantum mechanics journals
Optics journals
Electronics journals
Bimonthly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1995


Xonotla is a town located northeast of Puebla in Mexico. It shares a border with Tuzamapan de Galeana to the north, Cuetzálan del Progreso to the east, Zoquiapan and Nauzontla to the south and Caxhuacan and Huehuetla to the west. Its population is 755.

Name
The town gets its name from the Nahuatl word "xonotl," which means jonote (Heliocarpus appendiculatus), and "-tla," which means abundant, which together means "where the jonote is abundant." The town was called "Xonotla" by the people because there are many trees whose oil was used to cure ailments. The place was named by Ixocélotl whose name means "jaguar face."

History
The place was founded by Ixocélotl in 1180 A.D. Xonotla was a densely populated area when the conquistadors arrived. Two languages were spoken at that time, Náhuatl and Totonaca. In 1591, San Martín Tuzamapan, Santiago Ecatlán and San Francisco Ayotoxco belonged to Xonotla. Moctezuma conquered this area and received tribute of corn, beans and chile when it was available.

On 13 August 1552, Diego Ramirez charted the town. In 1608, an epidemic swept through the town.

Geography
The town measures 73.99 square kilometers. Its altitude is 800 meters above sea level and goes down to 500 meters toward the Zempoala and Tozán rivers.

Climate
The climate is humid and warm, with rains throughout the year.

Main ecosystems
Flora are chalahuite, jonote, blood of degree, encino, charcoal, cedar, mahogany and a great variety of perennial leaf shrubs. It has ferns, including arborescentes, orchids, camellias, lilies and tulips. Agriculture consists of coffee plantations and small corn farms.

Fauna range from armadillo, wild boar, coyote, tejón, rabbit, squirrel, doves and  to chachalacas. Reptiles include coralillo, flying, aquatic nauyaca, mazacuate, trout, catfish, prawn, acamaya, and others.

Natural resources
Wood from the forests is used for construction.

The ground can be classified into 4 characteristic groups:
 Lithosol: It is the predominant ground. It occupies more than 50% of the surface mainly in the central and southwest portion.
 Regosol: It is located in the northeastern portion. It presents onerous phase.
 Phaeozem: It is located in the creek of Apulco.
 Andosol: It is located in a reduced area of the southwest

Population
There are two ethnic groups. The largest is the Náhuatl followed by the Totonaco. According to the 1995 census, the population is 4,559.

Economic activity
Xonotla produces corn, beans and coffee. Farm animals include cattle, pigs, goats, donkeys and rabbits. The fishing industry relies on catfish, prawns, mojarra, robalo, acamayas and rive in the area.

The primary industries are nixtamal mills and furniture manufacturing.

Tourism
Legend has it that a miracle took place in the church. Many years ago, a native walking across the mountain saw a rock fall away from the mountain. He investigated to see if everything was all right, and found a virgin maiden in a cave. People pray at the site.

References

 https://web.archive.org/web/20080203095644/http://emexico.gob.mx:80/work/EMM_1/Puebla/Mpios/21088a.htm

Populated places in Puebla
1180 establishments
12th-century establishments in Mexico


Adolf Kamphausen (10 September 1829 – 13 September 1909, in Bonn) was a German Protestant theologian. He was known for his liberal views in regard to Biblical exegesis.

He was born in Solingen and educated at the University of Bonn. In 1855, as private secretary to Bunsen, he assisted him in his great Völlstandiges Bibelwerk für die Gemeinde. At the same time he was privatdocent at Heidelberg, and in 1863 he became an associate professor of theology at Bonn. In 1868 he attained a full professorship, serving as university rector in 1893/94.

He was especially prominent in the revision of Luther's version of the Bible. Also, he edited Friedrich Bleek's Einleitung in das Alte Testament, a book that was translated into English as "An introduction to the Old Testament" (1869; translated from the second edition by G.H. Venables). Principal writings by Kamphausen include:
 Das Lied Moses (1862).
 Die Hagiographen des alten Bundes übersetzt (1868).
 Das Buch Daniel und die neuere Geschichtsforschung (1893).
 Die berichtigte Lutherbibel (1894).
 Das Verhältnis des Menschenopfers zur israelitischen Religion (1898).
 "The Book of Daniel, a critical edition of the Hebrew and Aramaic text", (English translation of Kamphausen's text by B.W. Bacon and D.B. Macdonald. Leipzig : J.C. Hinrichs ; Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press; 1896).
 Encyclopaedia Biblica (contributor).

References
NIE

1829 births
1909 deaths
People from Solingen
German biblical scholars
Academic staff of the University of Bonn


Marika Anthony-Shaw is a Canadian violist/violinist who was a touring member of the band Arcade Fire and played viola on their albums Neon Bible and The Suburbs.

Prior to her current role, she was an Orchestra (Strings) teacher at Lindsay Place High School located on the West Island of Montreal. She has also played viola on the albums Set Yourself on Fire by Stars and Recording a Tape the Colour of the Light by Bell Orchestre.

Silver Starling

She was also a member of the Montreal group Silver Starling, who released their self-titled debut in 2009 on Last Gang Records. She played keyboard and sings backing vocals for the band.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Arcade Fire members
Canadian rock violinists
Canadian violists
Canadian women violists
21st-century Canadian violinists and fiddlers
Canadian women violinists and fiddlers


Segunda División de Panamá also known as Liga Prom, is a professional league for association football clubs in Panamá. It is the country's second-tier football competition, contested by 24 clubs with no promotion or relegation. The competition was formed in 2021.

History

ANAPROF ERA
The Anaprof era is remembered for establishing the Primera A branding with a format of two short tournaments per season (Apertura and Clausura), similar to many Latin American championships. Champions teams required promotional playoff games with ANAPROF's (top-tier league) last placed team.

LNA ERA

The Liga Nacional de Ascenso was formed in 2009 to replace the governing body of the league and forced ANAPROF top tier league to accept a direct promotion team. Other important goals were league expansion to 16 teams, later reduced to 14 teams after the 2011-12 season. The league was successful with attendance records since it had several popular teams like Río Abajo FC, C.A. Independiente, SUNTRACS FC and Atlético Nacional. This severely affected ANAPROF and LPF (top-tier league) attendance numbers and reputation.

LPF ERA

The Ascenso LPF (2016-2020) era organised by Panamanian Football Federation was mostly remembered for reducing participating teams to eight and disaffiliating several teams for missing documentation and requirements.

Liga PROM
After Manuel Arias won the Panamanian Football Federation election, the General Board accepted his proposal for a new structure for Panamanian football at all levels starting in 2021; for the second division tier, will have a 24-team league named Liga PROM, with promotion and relegation suspended. It added 12 LPF Under-20 teams, kept 7 remaining Ascenso LPF teams and invited 5 teams.

Teams
The following teams are expected to play in the Liga Prom Apertura 2021 season.

Notes

Media coverage
The LPF has been partnered with local cable sports network Cableonda Sports (subsidiary of Tigo Panamá) to broadcast live games on the Cableonda tv cable system. In addition all teams are authorize to produce live streaming broadcasts using YouTube platform with no home or away matches restrictions, however is required to add Liga Prom logo and grant copyright to the LPF organization.

Champions

See also
 Liga Panameña de Fútbol
 Panamanian Football Federation

References

Liga Nacional de Ascenso
2

Panamá


Saint-Jean-Vianney was a village in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec, which was abandoned after it was partially destroyed in a landslide on May 4, 1971.

History
Saint-Jean-Vianney was originally created as a parish municipality in 1935, and became a village on December 29, 1951. By 1971, the village had a population of 1,266.

Landslide

Located near the shore of the Saguenay River, Saint-Jean-Vianney was — unbeknownst to residents at the time — built atop a bed of unstable Leda clay, a type of subsoil which can liquefy under stress.

Following unusually heavy rains in April 1971, the clay soil bed at Saint-Jean-Vianney became saturated with water that had failed to run off, causing pockets of clay to gradually dissolve. Over the few weeks leading up to the landslide, cracks were reported in some of the town's streets and driveways, some house foundations dropped roughly six to eight inches (15 to 20 cm) into the soil, and some unusual noises — including underground thumps and an untraceable sound of running water — were reported.

At 10:45 p.m. on May 4, the earth at Saint-Jean-Vianney suddenly dropped approximately , forming a canyon through which a river of liquefied clay flowed toward the Shipshaw River below, swallowing houses in its path. Just before midnight, the clay finally stopped flowing and began to resolidify. By the time the landslide had ended, 41 homes had been destroyed and 31 people had been killed.

The landslide created a crater of approximately  in area, varying from  to  in depth.

Aftermath
The Saint-Jean-Vianney site was subsequently declared unsafe for habitation, and over the next six months the survivors were resettled at Arvida. Through various municipal amalgamations, both the landslide site and Arvida are now within the municipal boundaries of Saguenay.

Subsequent research into the slide revealed that Saint-Jean-Vianney was in fact built directly atop the site of another landslide approximately 500 years earlier, long before any settlement had ever taken place in the area.

The site of Saint-Jean-Vianney remains uninhabited today, although a small park near Shipshaw and a museum exhibit at Saguenay's Place du Presbytère commemorate the event. Place du Presbytère also includes an exhibit dedicated to the Saguenay Flood of 1996.

See also
 Lemieux, Ontario, where a disaster was averted by resettling the town two years prior to a similar landslide

External links
 Satellite image of Saint-Jean-Vianney townsite on Google Maps
 Saint-Jean-Vianney
  History of Saint-Jean-Vianney landslide
 Saint-Jean-Vianney Landslide | CBC archives

1935 establishments in Quebec
1971 disestablishments in Quebec
Ghost towns in Quebec
Natural disaster ghost towns
1971 in Canada
Natural disasters in Quebec
Landslides in Canada
History of Saguenay, Quebec
Neighbourhoods in Saguenay, Quebec
Former municipalities in Quebec
Former villages in Canada
Landslides in 1971
Populated places disestablished in 1971
Forcibly depopulated communities in Canada
Destroyed populated places


Gyeongin National University of Education Station is located at Gyeyang district of Incheon metropolitan city in South Korea. The station was opened in 1999 of which the name was Incheon National university of education station. In 2003, the term was changed following the alteration of university. The university changed its name into Gyeongin National University of Education.

Station layout

Exits

Ridership

References

Seoul Metropolitan Subway stations
Metro stations in Incheon
Gyeyang District
Railway stations in South Korea opened in 1999


Biology Today: An Issues Approach is a college-oriented Biology textbook by Eli C. Minkoff and Pamela J. Baker designed to integrate the teaching of biological concepts within the context of current societal issues relating to these topics. It is the original issues-oriented introductory-level general biology textbook. The latest edition is currently published by the textbooks division of Garland Science. It is 768 pages long.

About the Book

Unlike other introductory-level general biology textbooks, Biology Today: An Issues Approach is unique in the sense that it has an issues-oriented approach towards the teaching of biology concepts which emphasizes coherent understanding of the given material. The goal of the book isn't to give any straightforward answers to any of the questions that the text brings up - instead it gives the reader the information necessary to formulate his or her own opinion. Critical thinking is stressed throughout the reading.

Format

The book's format includes opening each chapter with an Issues section that states the underlying questions within the chapter's frameset. Many critical issues are raised throughout each chapter. Some examples of different chapters in the book are HIV and AIDS (16), Drugs and Addiction (14), and The Population Explosion (9). Thought questions at the end of each chapter bring up some of the chapter's initial issues raised on critical questions and allow for class discussion and student participation.

Reception
Reception for the book has been positive. The Quarterly Review of Biology gave a positive review for the text in 1997 and 2005, with the reviewer in 2005 calling it "an excellent textbook" and praising the website associated with the book. BioScience also gave praise for the book, commenting upon its layout and approach.

References

2003 non-fiction books
Biology textbooks


Rossetter Park is a public park located on the East side of Highland Avenue between Oak Street and Shady Lane in Eau Gallie, Florida.  The park contains the Houston Pioneer Cemetery.  The park also contains several grand old live oaks festooned with hanging moss.

Gallery

Eau Gallie, Florida
Parks in Brevard County, Florida


In My Solitude: The Billie Holiday Songbook is a 1994 jazz album by American trumpeter Terence Blanchard and vocalist Jeanie Bryson, released on the Columbia label.

Critical reception
Scott Yanow of AllMusic stated: "Trumpeter Terence Blanchard's tribute to Billie Holiday is a rather melancholy and often downbeat affair. Sounding less original than usual (he displays a strong Wynton Marsalis influence and also hints at times at both Miles Davis and Thad Jones), there is little joy to these renditions of Lady Day material other than the second half of "I Cried for You." The trumpeter's arrangements for the unswinging string section is occasionally oppressive, sometimes border on muzak and tends to weigh down the music." Zan Stewart of the Los Angeles Times added "...Blanchard will explore an earlier era on "In My Solitude: The Billie Holiday Songbook" (Columbia), his fat, sassy trumpet tone accompanied by a string section".

Track listing

Personnel
 Terence Blanchard – trumpet, main performer
 Jeanie Bryson – vocals
 Bruce Barth – piano
 Chris Thomas – bass
 Troy Davis – drums

Chart performance

Footnotes

Terence Blanchard albums
1994 albums
Columbia Records albums
Billie Holiday tribute albums


The capsule of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint is the articular capsule of the shoulder. It completely surrounds the joint. It is attached above to the circumference of the glenoid cavity beyond the glenoidal labrum, and below to the anatomical neck of the humerus, approaching nearer to the articular cartilage above than in the rest of its extent.

It is thicker above and below than elsewhere, and is so remarkably loose and lax, that it has no action in keeping the bones in contact, but allows them to be separated from each other more than 2.5 cm, an evident provision for that extreme freedom of movement which is peculiar to this articulation.

It is strengthened, above, by the Supraspinatus; below, by the long head of the Triceps brachii; behind, by the tendons of the Infraspinatus and Teres minor; and in front, by the tendon of the Subscapularis.

Structure

There are usually three openings in the capsule.

 One anteriorly, below the coracoid process, establishes a communication between the joint and a bursa beneath the tendon of the Subscapularis.
 The second, which is not constant, is at the posterior part, where an opening sometimes exists between the joint and a bursal sac under the tendon of the Infraspinatus.
 The third is between the tubercles of the humerus, for the passage of the long tendon of the Biceps brachii.

Clinical significance
Adhesive capsulitis or frozen shoulder syndrome is a common shoulder capsule pathology that results when injury, surgery, or other chronic health conditions such as diabetes and arthritis damage or loosen the shoulder joint. As a result of the damage, the shoulder capsule becomes inflamed and taut, leading to stiffness, pain, and limited range of motion in the shoulder area. Range of motion can usually be restored by treating the affected area with heat and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in addition to light stretching and or a disciplined physical therapy program. In extreme cases where medication and physical therapy prove to be ineffective in treating the condition, arthroscopic surgery (known as Arthroscopic Capsular Release) can be performed to loosen the capsule by removing regions of thickened scar tissue within and around the shoulder joint.

References

Upper limb anatomy


A pork ball is a Chinese meatball made from finely minced pork, starch, and sometimes cuttlefish to impart a "chewy" texture and added flavour.

Pork balls are a common part of the cuisines of Taiwan, China, and other parts of Asia, including Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia in
Bali and Thailand. They are particularly popular in the Taiwanese city of Hsinchu, where an annual festival is dedicated to them. The name originally derives from Taiwanese: 摃 (to pound with a mallet) + 丸 (ball).  However, the first character is usually rendered as 貢 (tribute, gifts) because its Mandarin pronunciation more closely matches the Taiwanese pronunciation of 摃.

In Taiwan, pork balls are most commonly served in a soup called gongwan tang (貢丸湯; pinyin: gòngwán tāng; POJ: kòng-ôan-thng), which is essentially a clear broth topped with chopped coriander leaf and  green onions. They are also served in various kinds of noodle soup, such as cart noodles and soup in Hong Kong.

In Vietnam, pork ball (thịt heo viên) may be roasted or eaten with tomato sauce.

See also
Beef ball
Fish ball
Lion's head
List of meatball dishes
Steamed meatball
Taiwanese cuisine

References

Taiwanese pork dishes
Meatballs


Jack Reilly (born May 22, 1946) is a former American football coach. He served as an offensive coordinator in the National Football League (NFL) with the St. Louis Rams and the Dallas Cowboys. Reilly's background is in the Don Coryell–Ernie Zampese-style West Coast offense.

References

1946 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Dallas Cowboys coaches
El Camino Warriors football coaches
Long Beach State 49ers football players
Los Angeles Raiders coaches
National Football League offensive coordinators
New England Patriots coaches
San Diego Chargers coaches
Santa Monica Corsairs football players
St. Louis Rams coaches
Utah Utes football coaches
Washington State Cougars football players
Coaches of American football from California
Players of American football from Boston
Players of American football from Culver City, California


Edgar Hanfstaengl (15 July 1842, in Munich – 28 May 1910, in Munich) was a chief clerk, commercial purchaser and art publisher. He was significantly the son of a famous Bavarian court photographer who was connected with the circle of Ludwig II and became a close confidant of Duchess Sophie in Bavaria. He was also the father of the political figure Ernst Hanfstaengl.

Origins and young life

Edgar Hanfstaengl was born in Munich, the son of the photographer Franz Hanfstaengl (1804–1877) and his first wife Franziska Wegmeier (1809–1860). Edgar completed a training as commercial purchaser in Stettin and with a London wholesaler. At the beginning of the 1860s Edgar set out for Asia, to work as financial clerk to the Clark Tea Wholesaler's Company. In 1867 he returned to Munich to his father's Art business, where he was put to work as head clerk. In the same year he embarked upon a love-affair with the fiancée of Ludwig II of Bavaria, Duchess Sophie in Bavaria. On 12 November 1868 Edgar took over the photographic workshop and expanded the business to the Franz Hanfstaengl Art Publishing House.

Bavarian intrigue

The engagement between Duchess Sophie and King Ludwig II was arranged at the behest of her father Duke Max Josef, even though the King, considering his own distinctly homosexual character, was concerned that she would not be happy in the union. The engagement was agreed upon on 22 January 1867. Three days later Sophie met Edgar in his father's photographic studio, where he had recently arrived as senior clerk after his travels abroad. Possibly they had known each other since childhood, when Franz Hanfstaengl was a readily welcomed guest in the artistic circle of Duke Max.

The many photographs of the royal bride which then had to be prepared, and additional work which brought Edgar regularly to Possenhofen Castle, brought them more closely together and they fell in love. Their meetings, attended by the utmost secrecy, occurred in the Pähl Castle, the Palace in Munich, and even at Possenhofen. Five love-letters, which Sophie Charlotte wrote to Edgar Hanfstaengl between July and September 1867, have been preserved. After repeating postponements, the wedding was called off by Ludwig II in October.

Later life
Edgar was not able to make up his mind to marry, until 1882. Edgar's wife, the Berlin-born Katharina Wilhelmina Heine (1859–1945), was the daughter of American lieutenant colonel Wilhelm Heine and his spouse Katherine Whetton Sedgwick (Albany/N.Y.1824-Berlin 1859) and related to Civil War (1861-1865) general John Sedgwick (1813-1864).

The couple had 5 children: Edgar (1883–1958), Egon (1884–1915), Erna (1885–1981), Ernst ("Putzi") (1887–1975) and Erwin (1888–1914). The eldest son Edgar from 1907 took control of his father's Art business. Edgar's only daughter Erna found, after her father's death, an envelope with the hand-written endorsement by her father: "Letters of Princess Sophie Charlotte - burn these unread. Edgar." Erna did not carry out her father's wishes, but instead handed over the letters in February 1980 to the author Heinz Gebhardt, in order 'once (for all) to set the record straight' and he published details of the affair with excerpts from the correspondence in his history of the Hanfstaengel family business.

Edgar Hanfstaengl, Sophie's "dear, beloved friend", died on 28 May 1910. He was buried in the old Munich south cemetery in the Hanfstaengl family plot.

Sources

1842 births
1910 deaths
German publishers (people)
Businesspeople from Munich
People from the Kingdom of Bavaria


The Breadwinner was a solid body electric guitar made by the Ovation Guitar Company. It is one of the few solid body electrics they ever made and it was the first mass-produced American guitar to have active electronics. It has an unusual ergonomic body made of mahogany and shaped something like an axe guitar. Although that is not the only reason for the body shape, the designer also considered balance and ergonomics.
The guitar has either two toroidal single-pole pickups (early models) or two mini-humbucker pickups, volume and tone knobs, a three way pickup selector and a phase switch.

There were three distinct models based upon the Breadwinner's exotic shape - the Breadwinner, the Deacon, and the Breadwinner Limited.  The main difference between the Breadwinner and the Breadwinner Limited was an odd additional cutaway in the upper body and a "Tuxedo" gray to black finish.  The difference between the Breadwinner and the Deacon was in the finish and hardware used.  The Breadwinners were coated in Kaman Industries' "LyraChord" material and were available in a number of colors including Blue, White, Black, Tan, Gray, and Red while the Deacon was available in either Natural Sunburst, Clear Mahogany, or a clear Red finish - all three were glossy.  The Deacon also had Mother of Pearl diamond-shaped inlays and an ivory binding around the fretboard.

Early models were equipped with Ovation's toroidal single pole pickups while later models were equipped with humbuckers.  Most collectors and players prefer the sound of the original toroidal pickups.

Regardless of the model, the guitar was one of the first to come equipped with an active FET preamp on board.  The active electronics allowed guitarists to get a very wide range of sounds out of the guitar.  In fact, Ovation published a guide to sounds where they listed various band and song "signature" sounds and the settings to use to achieve those sounds with the guitar's electronics.

Peter Tosh of The Wailers used a Breadwinner during the band's 1973 "Burnin'" Tour, and can be seen/heard with it in the 1973 "Capitol Sessions" video, as well as on the album "Talkin Blues". Björn Ulvaeus of ABBA used a white version of the Breadwinner on their 1977 tour through Europe and Australia. Colin Newman of the band Wire also uses a white Breadwinner, particularly in the early days of Wire. Marc Bolan of glam rock group T.Rex can be seen playing a tuxedo black Breadwinner on the group's appearance on Top Of The Pops for their "The Groover" single in 1973. On the original back cover of the 1980 album Panorama by The Cars, keyboardist Greg Hawkes can be seen holding a black version of the Breadwinner. In the early 80's, Robert Smith of The Cure used a black version whilst filling in as guitarist for Siouxsie and the Banshees, he can be seen playing it in the Nocturne live footage. Tom Morello of Rage Against the Machine uses a Breadwinner in the song "Ashes in the Fall". Dave Gregory of XTC also occasionally played a Breadwinner.

References

External links
Breadwinner Owner List - By Serial Number

Electric guitars


Trevor Obst (21 June 1940 – 1 December 2015) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Port Adelaide in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) during the 1960s and 1970s.

Nicknamed "Bubbles", Obst was a back pocket specialist but occasionally ventured into the forward line and was used at times as a rover. In 1967 he was a surprise winner of the Magarey Medal, becoming the tenth Port Adelaide player to have won the award. He was a member of Port Adelaide premiership teams in 1959, 1962, 1963 and 1965. When he retired in 1972 he had played 205 games for the club as well as six interstate matches for South Australia.

Personal life
Obst came from a famous Port Adelaide family; his father Ken, brother Peter and nephew Andrew all played with distinction for Port Adelaide.

Obst's grandson Brad Ebert also played for Port Adelaide in the AFL.

References

External links

Port Adelaide Football Club (SANFL) players
Port Adelaide Football Club players (all competitions)
Magarey Medal winners
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
2015 deaths
1940 births


Joseph Strub, C.S.Sp. (November 1, 1833 – January 27, 1890), an Alsatian missionary priest with the Congregation of the Holy Ghost, was the founder of what is today Duquesne University, which was called the Pittsburgh Catholic College of the Holy Ghost until 1911.

Missionary work and distinction in Europe
Joseph Strub was born in Strasbourg, Alsace-Lorraine on November 1, 1833. While studying to become a Holy Ghost Father, he was given permission to do missionary work in West Africa. He worked there from 1857 to 1863, being ordained a priest in 1858 in Dakar, Senegal. He became the Vicar General to Mgr. Kobes, the Vice Superior of Dakar, and subsequently the provincial superior at  and Marienstatt Abbeys in Westerwald, Germany. He was Chaplain General of the French prisoners at Mainz during the Franco-Prussian War, and became an intimate friend of Marshal Patrice de Mac-Mahon. He was rewarded for his services by the French government with the Cross of the Legion of Honor.

Expulsion from Germany
Strub and his order were expelled from Germany during Otto von Bismarck's Kulturkampf in 1872. Strub and five priests moved to Ohio, but relocated a few years later after hearing of a demand for German priests in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

In April 1874, the Bishop of Pittsburgh, Michael Domenec, assigned Strub to St. Mary's Church in Sharpsburg, hoping that the parish could serve as a place to open a school for Catholic men. Three attempts to open a college in Pittsburgh had already failed, so Strub was reluctant. He accepted the order, however, hoping that the establishment could serve as a scholasticate for the Holy Ghost Fathers (despite the Congregation's desire that all Holy Ghost fathers be educated in France). The establishment of the college was delayed for two years by complications surrounding the Holy See's creation of a Diocese of Allegheny, as Bishop John Tuigg became the new bishop of Pittsburgh.

Opening a college
Finally, in 1878, Bishop Tuigg gave Strub permission to open a college in Pittsburgh, though he allocated no resources towards its foundation: no building, land, nor money was available. All Tuigg promised was a recommendation to the parishes of the diocese. Strub also wrote the Superior General in Paris for personnel, writing, "Be careful to send no one without English. You have no idea how useful the English language is here. I might even say necessary!" Despite a dispute concerning the choice of Irish Spiritan William Power as the new college's rector (Strub believed an Irishman would not be viewed as hard-working as a German in Pittsburgh), the second and third floors of a bakery were leased on the corner of Wylie Avenue and Federal Street in downtown Pittsburgh as a temporary location for the college.

Strub and his fellow Spiritans established the Pittsburgh Catholic College of the Holy Ghost on October 1, 1878, a month behind schedule. Bishop Tuigg did not provide the support he had promised, having learned that the interim rector while Power arrived was a German priest, and only forty students constituted the first class. In order to avoid provoking the bishop further, Strub left for Arkansas, only two weeks after establishing the Pittsburgh Catholic College, hoping to bring the Spiritan influence to that state.

Mission in Arkansas
Having heard Little Rock Bishop Edward Fitzgerald's call for more Roman Catholic clergy in Arkansas, Strub visited the state and wrote Bishop Fitzgerald obtaining permission to found St. Joseph Colony in Conway. The Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad granted the mission several hundred thousand acres of land from Marche and Atkins. In January 1879, Strub moved the mission to Morrilton, since the location was more central. In 1880, Strub wrote Der Leitstern (), a German-language pamphlet that encouraged immigrants to settle in the colony. By 1889, ninety-five Catholic families had settled near Morrilton. A drought in the mid-1880s stymied immigration, but the mission persisted. However, the Holy Ghost Fathers's novitiate moved to Pittsburgh in 1884, and the school and church in Morrilton were destroyed by a tornado in 1892. Strub died on January 27, 1890, while on a visit to Pittsburgh.

Notes and references
References

Works cited

1833 births
1890 deaths
Clergy from Strasbourg
Duquesne University
19th-century German Roman Catholic priests
University and college founders
Holy Ghost Fathers


Operation Darkness is a tactical role-playing game for the Xbox 360 developed and published by Japanese studio Success on October 11, 2007 in Japan. A North American version was released on June 24, 2008 by Atlus. The game is a fantasy conception of World War II, featuring weaponry and events from that time period, but with fantasy elements such as dragons and vampires mixed in.

Synopsis
Operation Darkness follows a squad of British SAS soldiers fighting the Nazis across the European Theater. The story covers much of the real history of the European war, including the battles for North Africa and the liberation of mainland Europe. French resistance fighters, American soldiers, and others appear as non-player characters.

The game diverges significantly from real history in that zombies of deceased Nazi soldiers appear as adversaries, and two of the player characters can transform into werewolves. Other fantasy elements include the appearance of supernatural foes such as vampires, as well as allowing the use of magic spells.

Gameplay
Gameplay consists of a series of tactical battles; between battles, the player may resupply the characters, purchase new items, and select which characters will participate in the following mission. Battles play out in standard tactical role-playing game (RPG) fashion, with turn order based on characters' speed statistics. During a turn, characters can move, attack, use items, pick up items from dead soldiers, and cast spells. The battle system also includes factors like cover and decreased accuracy from movement. Differing from the great majority of games of this genre, long-range attacks tend to be far more frequent than close-range attacks, and many characters can hit targets with high accuracy from a distance of more than half of the battlefield. Characters killed in battle remain dead permanently unless revived by playable character Herbert East before the end of the stage. Generic soldiers can be recruited to replace fallen ones.

Characters possess the following attributes: HP, MS (martial spirit), Attack, Defense, Speed, Hit, Luck, Weight, and Move. Each character also has specific weapon-related abilities and other skills, predisposing them to particular weapon types. In addition, characters can carry up to five weapons and five items. Each weapon and item has a weight value as well, and characters who are overburdened receive penalties to movement.

Two player characters can transform into werewolves, which massively increases their speed and attack. However, maintaining the werewolf form costs MS every turn, limiting its use to short durations.

The game has cooperative online multiplayer with up to four players, and completing missions in multiplayer unlocks new items in the in-game item shop in single-player.

Characters
Operation Darkness contains several story-essential playable characters, who participate in battles as well as in event scenes between battles. The official website for the title lists the following:

Wolf Pack members
 Edward Kyle: A young man seeking revenge after his family and fiancée Alicia were killed in a German air-raid. He enlisted in the army to avenge his family, but was assigned to the Wolf Pack after being saved on the battlefields of North Africa by James Gallant.
 Cordelia Blake (Cordelia Break in the Japanese version): A mysterious young woman who has served in the British Army since the age of 13. While other troops in the Wolf Pack use guns, she fights with her fire-starting abilities.
 James Gallant: The leader of the Wolf Pack, James Gallant is a seasoned veteran, especially when fighting the supernatural. He acts as the de facto leader of the Fang Clan, a tribe of werewolves in Scotland who has been in a bloody conflict with the vampires of the Blood Clan for centuries.
 Jude Lancelot (Jude Lancerot in the Japanese version): Edward Kyle's best friend and brother to his fiancée, Jude fought alongside Edward for the same reasons, but later gets captured by the Blood Clan and turned into a vampire.
 Keith Miller (Keith Mirror in the Japanese version): The squad's fearlessly loyal point man, he is Gallant's Nephew. Like his uncle, he is a lycanthrope.
 Frank Gaunt (Frank Andrea in the Japanese version): Gallant's second-in-command, Gaunt cuts an imposing figure, specializing in close combat. Despite his gruff appearance and brute strength, he is actually very intelligent and chooses his words carefully. It turns out that he is also Dr. Victor Frankenstein’s creation.
 Cynthia Rivele: A top-heavy Irish sniper with supernatural marksmanship.
 Herbert East (Herbert West in the Japanese version): The team's American-born 'medic', Herbert is versed in necromancy. Inspired by the Lovecraft character Herbert West.
 Lewis Canton: A reserve, Lewis puts his talents as a spy to use for the unit, gathering intelligence on the Germans and occasionally joining in the fracas.
 Jack the Ripper: Though he once misused his powers to terrorize the East End of London, he was rehabilitated by the Wolf Pack, who yet regard him with an uneasy acceptance. Jack can use firearms, but is most proficient with knives.
 Elisa Van Helsing (Eliza Van Helsing in the Japanese version): A professor at King's College, Elisa dusts off her Killer Sword and takes up her grandfather's work as a member of the Wolf Pack when times are dire.

Villains
 Adolf Hitler: The leader of Nazi Germany.
 Heinrich Himmler: The distrustful head of the SS.
 Alexander Vlado: An SS Sturmbannfuhrer (equivalent to major) from a race of ancient vampires called the Blood Clan. Appears pale and ghoulish.
 Carmilla: One of Vlado's officers, and of his same vampire race. Has little regard for human life.

Others
 Max Neuman: The Wolf Pack accommodates their former enemy, a Panzer Daemon, when a malfunction leads him to defect to the Allies.
 Leona: A 17-year-old girl belonging to the French Resistance who is serving as a liaison.

Reception

Operation Darkness received "generally unfavorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. IGN said, "Everything that could have gone wrong did go wrong." In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of three sixes and one five for a total of 23 out of 40.

References

External links
 Official Website

2007 video games
Alternate history video games
Atlus games
Dark fantasy video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Success (company) games
Tactical role-playing video games
Video games about the Special Air Service
Video games about vampires
Video games developed in Japan
Werewolf video games
World War II video games
Xbox 360 games
Xbox 360-only games
Video games about zombies


The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1914 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 3, 1914. Republicans lost two seats, one to the Progressive Party and one to the Prohibition Party.

Overview

Delegation composition

Results

District 1

District 2

District 3

District 4

District 5

District 6

District 7

District 8

District 9

District 10

District 11

See also
64th United States Congress
Political party strength in California
Political party strength in U.S. states
United States House of Representatives elections, 1914

References
California Elections Page
Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives

External links
California Legislative District Maps (1911-Present)
RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions

1914
California
United States House of Representatives


Catullus 58b is a poem written by the Roman poet Catullus (ca. 84 BC – ca. 54 BC). In this poem he tells that even if he had the power of mythological figures, such as Perseus and Pegagus, still he would he grow weary of searching for his friend, the Camerius of Catullus 55. The meter is hendecasyllabic, the same as Catullus 55. There is debate as to the provenance of the poem. Some scholars have tried to tie it to Catullus 55, though the only connection may be that the writer chose to cut it out of 55. Others believe that it was an earlier draft of the poem. Still others feel it was a separate poem entirely and that it stands well as such. A discarded view is that Catullus did not write 58B.

Latin version
Non custos si fingar ille Cretum
non si Pegaseo ferar volatu
non Ladas ego pinnipesue Perseus
non Rhesi nivease citaeque bigae
adde huc plumpipedas volatilesque
ventorumque simul require cursum
quos iunctos Cameri mihi dicares
defessus tamen omnibus medullis
et multis languoribus peresus
essem te mihi amice quaeritando

References

Sources
Catullus 58 B. Online translation. accessed March 11, 2010.
C. Valerius Catullus, Carmina (ed. E. T. Merrill)

C058B


The XR class are a class of diesel locomotives built by Freight Australia and Pacific National at South Dynon Locomotive Depot.

History
Between 2002 and 2004, Freight Australia rebuilt six X class locomotives with engines cascaded from G class locomotives, larger radiators, and a new cab to provide better driver visibility. The first six (XR550 - XR555) were converted from X38, X35, X40, X33, X34 and X32 respectively. A seventh (XR556) was planned to be converted from X36 but never eventuated.

A further three (XR557 - XR559) were built in 2004/05 by Freight Australia's successor, Pacific National, as new-builds.

In 2020, several were placed in store due to a poor grain harvest. As at October 2022, all nine were active, seven on the broad gauge and two (XR558 and XR559) on standard gauge.

The class are mechanically similar to the later XRB class B units.

References

External links

Broad gauge locomotives in Australia
Co-Co locomotives
Diesel-electric locomotives of Australia
Pacific National diesel locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 2004
Standard gauge locomotives of Australia
XR class


Hectopsyllidae is a small family of fleas, containing only the chigoe flea Tunga penetrans and the genus Hectopsylla. They were formerly known as Tungidae, and by authorities that demote the Pulicoidea to family rank they are treated as subfamily Hectopsyllinae (formerly Tunginae). Only 2 genera with some handfuls of species are placed here nowadays, making further subdivision of the family unnecessary.

These fleas usually parasitize terrestrial mammals, and in a few cases birds and bats. The females are by and large immobile and will remain attached to the same place for prolonged periods of time, possibly until they die. Hectopsylla narium was found to live inside the nostrils of the burrowing parrot (Cyanoliseus patagonus patagonus).

The closest living relatives of the Hectopsyllidae are the common fleas, Pulicidae. The Hectopsyllidae differ from these by the following characteristics:
 Antennal club with punctiform sensilla
 dorsal and medial setae on the abdominal terga of the female reduced
 Left and right sensilia separated midways and with 8 sensory pits
 Proximal arm of ninth sternite lobe-shaped
 Well-sclerotized and crisply outlined lateral lamina of the aedeagal apodeme

In addition, they have reduced setae on the antennal flagellum, but this may be an adaptation bearing little phylogenetic information.

References

Fleas
Insects of South America
Insect families


Peter Woite is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Port Adelaide and Glenelg in the SANFL. He is on the interchange bench in Port Adelaide's official 'Greatest Team' from 1870 to 2000.

Woite was a key position player, used at both centre half forward and centre half back. After an injury riddled debut season in 1969, Woite had a good year in 1970 which saw him earn interstate selection for South Australia, the first of 12 occasions where he would represent his state. He won the Magarey Medal in 1975 as well as Port Adelaide's best and fairest award and was a member of the club's 1977 premiership team. In 1979 he crossed to Glenelg where he played his last two seasons, bringing up his 200th SANFL game milestone after managing 182 games with Port Adelaide.

See also
 1977 SANFL Grand Final

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Port Adelaide Football Club (SANFL) players
Port Adelaide Football Club players (all competitions)
Glenelg Football Club players
Magarey Medal winners
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
South Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees


Gyeyang station is the northern terminus of Line 1 of the Incheon Subway. It is also a railway station on AREX, a railway linking Seoul Station and Incheon International Airport.

In 2007, station for Incheon subway line opened and then AREX opened on March 23.

Station layout

Vicinity

Exit 1 : Gyeyang Elementary & Middle Schools

References

Metro stations in Incheon
Railway stations opened in 2007
Seoul Metropolitan Subway stations
Gyeyang District
Railway stations in South Korea opened in the 2000s


A tendon sheath is a layer of synovial membrane around a tendon. It permits the tendon to stretch and not adhere to the surrounding fascia. It contains a lubricating fluid that allows for smooth motions of the tendon during muscle contraction and joint movements.

It has two layers:
 synovial sheath
 fibrous tendon sheath

Fibroma of the tendon sheath has been described.

References

Musculoskeletal system