Hoek van Holland Strand metro station is a metro station in Hook of Holland (Hoek van Holland), Netherlands. It consists of two tracks with side platforms. Its former site was the terminus of the Schiedam–Hoek van Holland railway to Rotterdam when it opened on 1 June 1893. Its name is derived from the nearby North Sea beach, strand being Dutch for “beach”.

The Nederlandse Spoorwegen stopped operating the line, including Hoek van Holland Strand railway station, on 1 April 2017, and the line was transferred to the Rotterdam Metro. Metro line B service opened as far as the preceding station, Hoek van Holland Haven metro station, on 30 September 2019.

After reconstruction of the rail infrastructure and the facilities, the opening of the replacement metro station took place on 31 March 2023, at which time it again became the western terminus of the line.

The new station is about 1 km further west than the original station, which had become almost 1 km inland after construction of the Maasvlakte moved the shoreline west. The new terminus is once again at the beach.

Train services
The station reopened on 31 March 2023 and has a roughly 20 min service frequency towards Rotterdam City

References

External links
 Dutch Public Transport journey planner

Rotterdam Metro stations


The Roman Catholic Diocese of Takamatsu (, ) is a former diocese that comprised the island of Shikoku, with its cathedral, Sakuramachi Cathedral Church, located in the city of Takamatsu. It included the Japanese prefectures of Kagawa, Ehime, Tokushima and Kōchi. On 15 August 2023, the diocese was incorporated into the Archdiocese of Osaka 大阪 to form the new Archdiocese of Osaka-Takamatsu.

History
 27 January 1904: Established as the Apostolic Prefecture of Shikoku from the Diocese of Osaka
 13 September 1963: Promoted as the Diocese of Takamatsu
 15 August 2023: Incorporated into the Archdiocese of Osaka-Takamatsu

Leadership
Bishops of Takamatsu
 John the Apostle Eijiro Suwa (使徒ヨハネ諏訪榮治郎) (June 19, 2011 – September 26, 2022)
 Francis Xavier Osamu Mizobe (フランシスコ・ザビエル溝部脩), S.D.B. (May 14, 2004 – June 18, 2011)
 Joseph Satoshi Fukahori (ヨセフ深堀 敏) (July 7, 1977 – May 14, 2004)
 Franciscus Xaverius Eikichi Tanaka (フランシスコ・ザビエル田中英吉) (September 13, 1963 – 1977)
 Prefects Apostolic of Shikoku
 Paul Yashigoro Taguchi (パウロ田口芳五郎) (November 25, 1941 – 1962)
 Fr. Thomas de la Hoz (トマス・デ・ラ・ホス), O.P. (Apostolic Administrator 1932 – 1935)

See also

Roman Catholicism in Japan

References

External links
 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy
  Diocese website
 Diocese of Takamatsu at Catholic Bishops Conference of Japan website
 Diocese of Takamatsu at Catholic Bishops Conference of Japan website (in Japanese)

Roman Catholic dioceses in Japan
Christian organizations established in 1904
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century


Valentin Vital'yevich Rumyantsev (ru: Валенти́н Вита́льевич Румя́нцев; 19 July 1921, in Novaya Skatovka, Saratov region – 10 June 2007, in Moscow) was a Russian engineer who played a crucial role in Soviet space program, mainly working on robotics and controls . He was a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1992), Department of Engineering, Mechanics and Control.

Career
Rumyantsev was professor in the Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics in the Department of Theoretical Mechanics and Mecatronics at Moscow State University. He was editor of the Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics (). Rumyantsev was also a corresponding member (1995) and member (2000) of the International Academy of Astronautics (France, Paris).

References

1921 births
2007 deaths
Early spaceflight scientists
Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian aerospace engineers
Soviet engineers
Soviet space program personnel
Academic staff of Moscow State University
Control theorists
Foreign members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts


The Legend of Rockabye Point is a 1955 Chilly Willy cartoon directed by Tex Avery and produced by Walter Lantz. The short was repurposed in episode 3 of The New Woody Woodpecker Show as "A Classic Chilly Cartoon".

Plot

An old fisherman tells the legend of a starving polar bear (Charlie) and a penguin (Chilly Willy) who attempted to steal bluefin tuna from his ship 20 years before.

As both Charlie and Chilly Willy rush over to the boat - each with a sack in hand to steal themselves a haul of fish, Charlie manages to tie up Chilly Willy in his own sack and tosses him away, hoping to get all the fish for himself. Charlie however runs afoul of a vicious guard dog aboard the ship, who bites him in his rear end.

As the dog heads back inside of the ship to sleep, Charlie makes his move and begins to grab as much fish as he can. From above, a mischievous Chilly sprinkles black pepper over Charlie's nose in attempt to stimulate him into sneezing, and in conjunction, waking up the dog. Charlie manages to hold in his sneeze, runs outside of the ship, then sneezes, before running back inside to resume bagging fish. Chilly then places a roller skate underneath Charlie's foot just as he steps backward, causing him to slip and land on the dog. To placate the snarling beast, Charlie rocks him in his arms, singing "Rock-A-Bye Baby" to him to make him nod off, which serves as a running gag throughout the short, as Chilly repeatedly attempts to wake the dog up to foil Charlie's plots to steal all of the fish.

Chilly's next attempt to wake the dog up involves placing several lit firecrackers around him. Charlie manages to plug the dog's ears just before the firecrackers burst, then sings him to sleep again. Chilly then ties the sleeping dog to Charlie's ankle with rope, then sticks a lit firecracker into the dog's mouth. As Charlie suddenly realizes this, he drops the fish, unties the rope around his ankle, holds the firecracker in his own mouth, and picks up the fish before running off again. As Charlie puts down the fish and opens the door to exit, Chilly swaps out the fish for the sleeping dog. Upon rushing outside into the snow Charlie suddenly realizes he is holding the dog, and the firecracker explodes, waking up the dog, who bites Charlie in the rear again. Charlie then sings the dog to sleep again.

As Charlie runs back into the ship to grab more fish, Chilly pushes the dog right behind Charlie, who, upon attempting to run back outside, trips over the dog, who once again bites him in the posterior, forcing Charlie to sing him to sleep yet again.

While Charlie gathers more fish, Chilly drops an anvil over the dog to wake him up. Charlie takes the anvil to the head instead, holding in his scream, then runs over to a nearby desk and writes down on a piece of paper, "Ouch!". As he angrily squints, he flips the paper over, revealing a series of symbols indicating profanity. As Charlie puts down the anvil, he accidentally drops it on the dog, forcing him to sing to him again.

Chilly puts a clarinet in the dog's mouth as he sleeps. The dog becomes cranky from the off-key notes coming from the clarinet, but the bear lulls him to sleep by using a nearby music sheet to play "Rock-A-Bye Baby" on the clarinet. Chilly sneakily puts new sheet notes in front of Charlie, who ends up playing "Circus March" instead, thus causing the dog to reawaken. The dog bites Charlie in the rear end yet again, but Charlie knocks him out by clubbing him over the head with the clarinet.

At this point, Chilly lifts the dog's eyelids himself. The dog snarls and runs towards Charlie, who narrowly dodges him and then locks him in the fish storage room. However, the dog manages to break through the iron door and bite Charlie's backside yet again. Charlie attempts to protect himself by covering his posterior with a wooden barrel, but upon feeling a bite, Charlie removes the barrel to find the dog underneath, teeth locked onto his rear. Charlie slams the lid onto the barrel and begins rocking it in his arms, singing the dog to sleep again.

Charlie then decides to take the dog outside into the snow where he cannot cause him any more harm. He runs back inside the ship where he finds Chilly with a bulging full sack. Charlie steals the sack and flicks Chilly away with his toe, then boards a motorboat and speeds off to a nearby tall iceberg. Charlie runs to the top of the peak, ready to eat what he thinks is a large pile of fresh fish, but as he empties the sack, the guard dog falls out. Charlie quickly grabs the dog and sings him to sleep yet again.

At the end of the film, the fisherman finishes the story and says to the audience that if they listen carefully, they can to this day still hear the lullaby at night. Indeed, at the peak, the pair still stand - now both very old and grey - with Charlie holding the dog tenderly and continuing to sing "Rock-A-Bye Baby" at the dog's request.

Production
This is also the second (and last) Chilly Willy cartoon directed by Avery.

Cast
 Dallas McKennon - Captain / Polar Bear / Charlie
 Tex Avery - Vocal Effects

Accolades
It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, but lost to Warner Bros'. Speedy Gonzales.

References

External links

 Video

1955 animated films
Walter Lantz Productions shorts
Films directed by Tex Avery
1950s American animated films
Animated films about polar bears
1950s English-language films
1955 short films
Animated films about penguins
Animated films about dogs
Universal Pictures animated short films
Films with screenplays by Michael Maltese
Animated films set on ships
American animated short films
Universal Pictures short films


The 2008 Virginia Tech Hokies football team represented Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University during the 2008 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team's head coach was Frank Beamer. Prior to the season, the Hokies were expected to be in a rebuilding mode, recovering after the graduation of several key players. Despite that fact, Tech was picked to win the Atlantic Coast Conference's Coastal Division in the annual preseason poll of media covering the ACC. The Hokies were ranked the No. 15 team in the country at the start of the season, but suffered an upset loss to East Carolina in their first game. Tech recovered, however, and won five consecutive games following the loss, the ACC Championship, and the Orange Bowl. Permanent team captains were Macho Harris, Orion Martin, Brett Warren, and Ryan Shuman.

Schedule

Source: ACC

Roster

Coaching staff

Preseason
During the 2007 college football season, Virginia Tech accumulated an 11–3 record that ended with a 21–24 loss to the Kansas Jayhawks in the 2008 Orange Bowl. The Hokies also won the 2007 ACC football championship, but were not predicted to repeat that success in 2008. In the annual preseason football poll of media covering ACC football, Tech was picked second in the conference, behind the Clemson Tigers. The Hokies were picked to finish first in the ACC's Coastal Division, but lose to Clemson in the ACC Championship Game.

The reason for that second-place prediction was the loss of several key players from Tech's ACC-champion 2007 team. Virginia Tech lost its top four receivers, its leading rusher, and seven starters from a defense that ranked fourth nationally in total defense. Eight players from the 2007 team were taken in the 2008 NFL Draft, and Tech's 2008 team featured just 10 players who started during the previous season. Making matters more difficult for Virginia Tech, the Hokies suffered several preseason injuries and multiple players were kicked off the team for disciplinary reasons.

On August 26, Tech head coach Frank Beamer announced his intention to redshirt backup quarterback Tyrod Taylor, keeping him in reserve for the 2008 season. Following Virginia Tech's loss to East Carolina in the first game of the season, however, Beamer removed the redshirt and Taylor played in Tech's second game in the season. After he proved successful in that game, Taylor was named the team's starting quarterback for the remainder of the season, supplanting first-game starter Sean Glennon.

Game summaries

East Carolina

The Virginia Tech Hokies' first game of the season also was its first loss of the season. In a neutral-site game at Bank of America Stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina, Tech was upset 27–22 by the East Carolina Pirates. East Carolina, members of Conference USA, became the first team from that conference to win a game against a Bowl Championship Series member school since 2002.

The game got off to a slow start, as neither team scored in the first quarter. With 12:19 remaining before halftime, however, Virginia Tech scored the first points of the game with a 30-yard fumble return by defender Ryan Barnett #40 FR. out of Sulphur, Louisiana. Four minutes later, Virginia Tech's offense also scored, extending the Hokies' lead to 14–0. East Carolina answered with a touchdown before halftime, but Virginia Tech led 14–7 at the beginning of the second half.

The Pirates' offense scored another touchdown with 10:05 remaining in the third quarter, but the extra point kick was blocked and returned for a defensive score by Tech's Stephan Virgil. If the extra point had been successful, the teams would have been tied at 14 points apiece. Instead, Virginia Tech kept a 16–13 lead, which it retained through the third quarter. Early in the fourth quarter, Tech's offense extended the Hokies' lead to 22–13 with a touchdown. The extra point kick was missed. Both teams were held scoreless for the next ten minutes before East Carolina's Patrick Pinkney ran three yards for a touchdown. The score and extra point cut the Hokies' lead to 22–20 with less than four minutes remaining in the game. Tech attempted to run out the clock, but East Carolina's defense forced the Hokies to punt. The kick was blocked, however, and East Carolina's T.J. Lee returned the loose ball for a game-winning touchdown. With the limited time remaining in the game, Tech was unable to answer the touchdown, and East Carolina clinched a 27–22 victory.

Furman

Virginia Tech's second game of the season came against the Football Championship Subdivision (formerly Division I-AA) Furman Paladins at Virginia Tech's home stadium, Lane Stadium, in Blacksburg, Virginia. Despite the loss to East Carolina, Tech came into its home opener heavily favored and lived up to that expectation by beating the Paladins, 24–7. For the game, Virginia Tech wore a throwback uniform honoring former Tech coaches Jerry Claiborne, Charlie Coffey, Jimmy Sharpe and Bill Dooley.

The Hokies used backup quarterback Tyrod Taylor alongside starter Sean Glennon beginning with the fifth play of the game. Despite that change in offensive strategy, the Hokies were held scoreless in the first quarter. Tech's defense also held firm, and kept Furman from scoring in the first quarter as well. In the second quarter, both teams were again held scoreless until just 29 seconds before halftime, when Virginia Tech placekicker Dustin Keys kicked a field goal for the Hokies, giving them a 3–0 lead at halftime.

In the third quarter, Virginia Tech's offense finally hit its stride. With 8:41 remaining in the quarter, Sean Glennon completed a 10-yard touchdown pass to running back Kenny Lewis, Jr., giving the Hokies a 10–0 lead after the extra point. Tech added two more touchdowns before the end of the quarter, making the game 24–0 with one quarter remaining. The Paladins scored a touchdown in the fourth quarter, closing the gap to 24–7 and avoiding a shutout, but were unable to further catch up to the Hokies. Tech earned its first win of the season, bringing its overall season record to 1–1.

Georgia Tech

The Hokies' third game of the season also was their first Atlantic Coast Conference game of the season as Virginia Tech faced Georgia Tech at Lane Stadium. Tyrod Taylor, who had been the Hokies' backup quarterback at the beginning of the season, started the game and did not relinquish his position. Tech fell behind 3–0 in the first quarter, but took a lead in the second quarter that they did not relinquish through the rest of the game, winning 20–17.

In the game's first quarter, Virginia Tech was held scoreless while Georgia Tech took a 3–0 lead with a 32-yard field goal by kicker Scott Blair. Early in the second quarter, Tech answered the score by taking the lead with an eight-yard touchdown run by freshman tailback Darren Evans, who finished the game with 19 carries for 94 yards and the lone touchdown. Georgia Tech answered with a touchdown that came from a 41-yard pass to Roddy Jones. The extra point was blocked, but the Yellow Jackets still held a 9–7 lead with 3:44 remaining in the first half. Virginia Tech's offense answered quickly, however, mounting a drive that resulted in a Tyrod Taylor rushing touchdown with just 10 seconds before halftime.

The Hokies entered the second half with a 14–9 lead and maintained that margin through the third quarter. Early in the fourth quarter, Tech extended its lead to 17–9 with a field goal by Dustin Keys. Four minutes of game time later, Georgia Tech's Josh Nesbitt ran 18 yards for a touchdown. Instead of kicking an extra point, the Yellow Jackets attempted a two-point conversion and were successful, tying the game at 17–17 with 9:28 remaining. From that point, both teams' defenses dominated the course of play, and only Virginia Tech, with a 21-yard field goal from Keys, was able to score. That field goal was the margin of victory, and the Hokies edged the Yellow Jackets, 20–17.

North Carolina

Nebraska

Western Kentucky

Boston College

Florida State

Maryland

Miami

Duke

Virginia

ACC Championship Game vs. Boston College

Orange Bowl vs. Cincinnati

Rankings

Statistics

Team

Offense

Rushing

Passing

Receiving

Defense

Special teams

References

https://hokiesports.com/news/2009/3/20/20090320aaa_6511

External links

Virginia Tech
Virginia Tech Hokies football seasons
Atlantic Coast Conference football champion seasons
Orange Bowl champion seasons
Virginia Tech Hokies football


"I'm Not Gonna Teach Your Boyfriend How to Dance with You" is a song by American indie rock band Black Kids from their debut album, Partie Traumatic (2008). It was released as the band's debut single by Almost Gold Recordings on April 7, 2008, in the United Kingdom, and on May 27, 2008, in North America. The song peaked at number 11 on the UK Singles Chart but did not chart in the United States. The demo version from the band's 2007 EP Wizard of Ahhhs placed at number 68 on Pitchfork Medias "Top 100 Tracks of 2007".

Background
According to lead singer Reggie Youngblood, the track was inspired by Jacksonville's dance party scene: he realized that usually, he would end up with girls who couldn't dance. The line "You are the girl, that I've been dreaming of, ever since I was a little girl" is based on an inside joke between Reggie and his sister Ali Youngblood where they would refer to wanting something as "Ever since I was a little girl".

Reception
In a review of Partie Traumatic on AllMusic, Tim Sendra called "I'm Not Gonna Teach Your Boyfriend How to Dance with You" one of the best songs on the album, writing that it "kick[s] you in the gut with [its] energy and verve." Commercially, the single performed well in the United Kingdom, debuting at number 84 on April 6, 2008, and rising to its peak of number 11 the following week. It became a minor hit in the Flanders region of Belgium, reaching number 10 on the Ultratip listing.

Track listings
All songs were written by Black Kids except where noted.

7-inch single (pink vinyl)
A. "I'm Not Gonna Teach Your Boyfriend How to Dance with You" – 3:39
B. "Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover"  – 2:26

UK 12-inch single (white vinyl)
A1. "I'm Not Gonna Teach Your Boyfriend How to Dance with You" – 3:39
B1. "I'm Not Gonna Teach Your Boyfriend How to Dance with You" (The Twelves Remix) – 3:46
B2. "I'm Not Gonna Teach Your Boyfriend How to Dance with You" (The Twelves Remix – Dub Version) – 3:46

CD single and EP
 "I'm Not Gonna Teach Your Boyfriend How to Dance with You" – 3:39
 "You Turn Me On"  – 2:50
 "Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover"  – 2:26

US and Canadian digital download
 "I'm Not Gonna Teach Your Boyfriend How to Dance with You" – 3:40
 "I'm Not Gonna Teach Your Boyfriend How to Dance with You" (The Twelves Remix) – 3:44

UK digital download EP
 "I'm Not Gonna Teach Your Boyfriend How to Dance with You" – 3:39
 "You Turn Me On"  – 2:50
 "Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover"  – 2:26
 "I'm Not Gonna Teach Your Boyfriend How to Dance with You" (The Twelves Remix) – 3:46

Personnel
 Owen Holmes – bass guitar
 Kevin Snow – drums
 Dawn Watley – keyboards and vocals
 Ali Youngblood – keyboards and vocals
 Reggie Youngblood – guitar and vocals

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Release history

References

External links
 Official Black Kids website

2008 debut singles
2008 songs
Black Kids songs
Songs about dancing


The Archdiocese of Nagasaki (, ) is a Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church located in the city of Nagasaki in Japan.

History

 May 22, 1876: Established as Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Japan from the Apostolic Vicariate of Japan
 June 15, 1891: Promoted as Diocese of Nagasaki
 May 4, 1959: Promoted as Metropolitan Archdiocese of Nagasaki
 August 9, 1945: The Immaculate Conception Cathedral was destroyed by the second atomic bomb that was dropped over Japan. Many Catholics of Nagasaki died that day inside the church.

Leadership
Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán (17 May 1627 Appointed - 22 December 1670 Retired)
Bernard-Thadée Petitjean, M.E.P. (22 May 1876 Appointed - 7 October 1884 Died)
Jules-Alphonse Cousin, M.E.P. (16 June 1885 Appointed - 18 September 1911 Died)
Jean-Claude Combaz, M.E.P. (3 June 1912 Appointed - 18 August 1926 Died)
Januarius Kyunosuke Hayasaka (16 July 1927 Appointed - 5 February 1937 Resigned)
Paul Aijirō Yamaguchi (15 September 1937 Appointed - 19 December 1968 Retired)
(Cardinal) Joseph Asajiro Satowaki (19 December 1968 Appointed - 8 February 1990 Retired)
Francis Xavier Kaname Shimamoto, Ist. del Prado (8 February 1990 Appointed - 31 August 2002 Died)
Joseph Mitsuaki Takami, P.S.S. (17 Oct 2003 Appointed - 28 December 2021 Retired)
Peter Michiaki Nakamura (28 December 2021 Appointed – present)

Suffragan dioceses
 Fukuoka 福岡
 Kagoshima 鹿児島
 Naha 那覇
 Oita 大分

See also
 Catholic Church in Japan

References

External links
 GCatholic.org/GCatholic.org: The Metropolitan Archdiocese of Nagasaki, Japan
 Catholic Hierarchy
  Diocese website

Roman Catholic dioceses in Japan
Religious organizations established in 1876
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 19th century
Religion in Nagasaki
1876 establishments in Japan


HMS St Christopher was a Coastal Forces training base of the Royal Navy operational during the Second World War and located in and around Fort William, Scotland.

History
Commissioned in October 1940, HMS St Christopher was in service for a total of four years, until being decommissioned in December 1944.  The base was first commanded by Commander A.E.P. Welman DSO DSC RN, and existed to train the crews of a variety of different inshore patrol craft. To enable this, an Admiralty Floating Dock was moored at Corpach in Loch Linnhe for some of the time.  Most of the courses lasted a number of weeks and involved such activities as firing torpedoes from Motor Torpedo Boats.  A Westland Lysander or a Blackburn Skua would occasionally fly over the base to allow practices on anti-aircraft guns.  Over its time in service, the base is estimated to have trained around 55,000 personnel from a number of different allied countries.

The base had a staff of several hundred, billeted in hotels around the town, with extra space being provided by Nissen huts.  Most of the engineering and mechanical works were based at Corpach, and consisted of a number of sheds and slipways.  The base was defended by a number of anti-aircraft guns and searchlights, which were also used to defend the town of Fort William herself.

By April 1942 there were around 80 to 90 boats at the training base, comprising a number of different flotillas. They consisted of nine Motor Torpedo Boats, thirty seven Motor Gun Boats, fourteen high speed motor anti-submarine boats, and a number of motor launches, many of them of the B Class Thorneycroft -Fairmile design. Several harbour defence motor launches were also attached to defend the base.  A number of different boats were attached at different times to serve as depot ships, training vessels and accommodation ships.  The Admiralty Floating Drydock AFD 22 was used as the base's main repair facility.  After the base closed in 1944 she was towed to Trincomalee in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), where she replaced AFD 23 which had been damaged beyond repair in an accident.

Legacy
A number of the outbuildings and storage sheds can still be seen today, as can some of the old searchlight and gun emplacements. There are a number of commemorative and memorial plaques in the town, often located at the hotels where the recruits were billeted.  The base is also commemorated in the name of the Lochaber Sea Cadet unit's current training ship, the TS St Christopher.

See also
List of Royal Navy shore establishments

References

History of HMS St Christopher

Royal Navy bases in Scotland
Former training establishments of the Royal Navy
Fort William, Highland


Robert Edward Homans (November 8, 1877 – July 28, 1947) was an American actor who entered films in 1923 after a lengthy stage career.

Life and career

Robert Homans was born November 8, 1877, in Malden, Massachusetts. Although he studied medicine for three years after his college graduation, a 1906 newspaper article noted that "the 'stage bee' got into his bonnet and nothing would do but that he become an actor." His Broadway credits include The Blue Bird (1910), The Blue Envelope (1915), Johnny, Get Your Gun (1916) and Like a King (1921).

His screen debut came in Madame Sherry. He appeared in some 400 films between 1917 and 1946.

On April 18, 1909, Homans married Agnes J. Mellon in San Francisco. Another source gives his wife's name as Agnes Maynard.

Homans died in Los Angeles, California on July 28, 1947, from a heart attack.

Filmography

 Madame Sherry (1917) as Minor Role
 Legally Dead (1923) as Detective Powell
 Dark Stairways (1924) as Detective Quinn
 The Breathless Moment (1924) as 'Dippy' Blake
 The Bandit Buster (1926) as Romeo
 College Days (1926) as Mr. Gordon
 The Silent Power (1926) as David Webster
 Ride 'em High (1927) as Rufus Allen
 Range Courage (1927) as Pop Gallagher
 The Prairie King (1927) as Jim Gardner
 Pals in Peril (1927) as Sheriff Kipp
 Mountains of Manhattan (1927) as Big Bill Wright
 Fast and Furious (1927) as Doctor
 Coquette (1929) as Court Bailiff (uncredited)
 The Valiant (1929) as Newspaper Printer (uncredited)
 The Isle of Lost Ships (1929) as Mr. Burke
 The Thoroughbred (1930) as Riley
 Born Reckless (1930) as Policeman (uncredited)
 For the Defense (1930) as Lineup Lieutenant (uncredited)
 Abraham Lincoln (1930) as Senator (uncredited)
 The Public Enemy (1931) as Officer Pat Burke (uncredited)
 The Lightning Flyer (1931) as John Nelson
 The Drums of Jeopardy (1931) as Detective
 The Black Camel (1931) as Chief of Police (uncredited)
 Pack Up Your Troubles (1932) as Detective (uncredited)
 If I Had a Million (1932) as Detective (uncredited)
 She Done Him Wrong (1933) as Doheney
 Hallelujah, I'm a Bum (1933) as Cop (uncredited)
 Mystery of the Wax Museum (1933) as Desk Sergeant (uncredited)
 Tugboat Annie (1933) as Old Salt on Schooner (uncredited)
 One Sunday Afternoon (1933) as Officer Charlie Brown (uncredited)
 Blood Money (1933) as Detective Posing as Drunk (uncredited)
 Lady Killer (1933) as Jailer (uncredited)
 Jimmy the Gent (1934) as Paddy - Irish Cop (uncredited)
 The Thin Man (1934) as Billy the Detective (uncredited)
 The Key (1934) as Patrick the Bartender (uncredited)
 The Lemon Drop Kid (1934) as Sheriff (uncredited)
 The Whole Town's Talking (1935) as Detective (uncredited)
 The Informer (1935) as Detractor (uncredited)
 Steamboat Round the Bend (1935) as Race Official (uncredited)
 She Married Her Boss (1935) as Detective (uncredited)
 Suicide Squad (1935) as Captain Tim O'Connor
 Barbary Coast (1935) as Fogged-in Ship's Captain (uncredited)
 The Prisoner of Shark Island (1936) as Sergeant (uncredited)
Her Master's Voice  (1936) as Stationmaster (uncredited)
 Fury (1936) as Incoming Watchman (uncredited)
 Mary of Scotland (1936) as Jailer (uncredited)
 Charlie Chan at the Race Track (1936) as Judge (uncredited)
 Come and Get It (1936) as Cookie (uncredited)
 The Plough and the Stars (1936) as Barman
 Black Legion (1937) as Motorcycle Cop (uncredited)
 A Star Is Born (1937) as Bailiff (uncredited)
 Parnell (1937) as Irish Cop in New York (uncredited)
 Dead End (1937) as Policeman on Morning Beat (uncredited)
 Stella Dallas (1937) as Policeman Outside Wedding (uncredited)
 Gold Is Where You Find It (1938) as Miner Grogan (uncredited)
 Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) as Policeman (uncredited)
 Stagecoach (1939) as Ed - Editor (uncredited)
 Dodge City (1939) as Mail Clerk (uncredited)
 Union Pacific (1939) as Man (uncredited)
 Young Mr. Lincoln (1939) as Mr. Clay (uncredited)
 Scandal Sheet (1939)
 The Oklahoma Kid (1939) as Bartender (uncredited)
 The Saint Strikes Back (1939) as Policer Officer Moriarity (uncredited)
 Swanee River (1939) as Sheriff (uncredited)
 The Grapes of Wrath (1940) as Spencer
 Johnny Apollo (1940) as Receptionist Guard (uncredited)
 Virginia City (1940) as Southerner (uncredited)
 Beyond Tomorrow (1940) as Sergeant
 Lillian Russell (1940) as Stage Doorman
 A Dispatch from Reuter's (1940) as Reporter (uncredited)
 A Man Betrayed (1941) as Traffic Policeman (uncredited)
 Life Begins for Andy Hardy (1941) as Mr. Hood (uncredited)
 Unexpected Uncle (1941) as Police Sergeant (uncredited)
 It Started with Eve (1941) as Railway Conductor (uncredited)
 The Maltese Falcon (1941) as Policeman (uncredited)
 Unholy Partners (1941) as Insp. Pat Brody (uncredited)
 Nazi Agent (1942) as 1st Captain (uncredited)
 Reap the Wild Wind (1942) as Captain in Cafe (uncredited)
 The Spoilers (1942) as Sea Captain (uncredited)
  In Old California (1942) as Marshal Alvin Thompson (uncredited)
 Holiday Inn (1942) as Pop (uncredited)
 Night Monster (1942) as Constable Cap Beggs
 For Me and My Gal (1942) as Palace Doorman (uncredited)
 I Married a Witch (1942) as Fire Chief (uncredited)
 No Time for Love (1943) as Pop Murphy (uncredited)
 Sweet Rosie O'Grady (1943) as Barney
 Jack London (1943) as Captain Allen
 Cover Girl (1944) as Pop - Doorman (uncredited)
 It Happened Tomorrow (1944) as Mulcahey - Policeman (uncredited)
 Buffalo Bill (1944) as Policeman Muldoon (uncredited)
 Pin Up Girl (1944) as Stage Doorman (uncredited)
 The Adventures of Mark Twain (1944) as Policeman (uncredited)
 Make Your Own Bed (1944) as Policeman (uncredited)
 Christmas Holiday (1944) as Policeman (uncredited)
 Nothing But Trouble (1944) as Jailer (uncredited)
 Can't Help Singing (1944) as Albert (uncredited)
 Louisiana Hayride (1944) as Police Officer Conlon
 The Thin Man Goes Home (1945) as Railroad Clerk (uncredited)
 The Clock (1945) as Blood Test Official (uncredited)
 A Medal for Benny (1945) as Police Chief (uncredited)
 The Scarlet Clue (1945) as Capt. Flynn
 They Were Expendable (1945) as Bartender (uncredited)
 Anchors Aweigh (1945) as Old Cop (uncredited)
 Because of Him (1946) as Police Sergeant (uncredited)
 Cluny Brown (1946) as New York Policeman (uncredited)
 The Strange Love of Martha Ivers (1946) as Gallagher (uncredited)
 No Leave, No Love (1946) as Railroad Ticket-Taker (uncredited)

References

External links

1877 births
1947 deaths
American male stage actors
American male film actors
American male silent film actors
People from Malden, Massachusetts
20th-century American male actors


Julius Oscar Stieglitz (May 26, 1867 – January 10, 1937) was an American chemist of German Jewish origin. He was a teacher and organic chemist with a major interest in pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry. He is known for the Stieglitz rearrangement, a rearrangement reaction in organic chemistry which commonly involves the formation of imines from hydroxylamines through a carbon to nitrogen shift, comparable to the key step of a Beckmann rearrangement.

During the early stages of his career, he worked for Parke, Davis & Co. in Detroit as a toxicologist. After attending private and public schools in New York during his early years, both he and his twin brother Leopold were sent to Germany for their higher education. He went to the Gymnasium in Germany and studied at the University of Berlin, where he received his PhD in chemistry in 1889 with Ferdinand Tiemann. Following a short period of study with Victor Meyer at Göttingen, he returned to the U.S. in 1890. In 1892 Stieglitz started working at the University of Chicago, where his whole career until his retirement took place.

Julius and his twin brother Leopold were born in Hoboken, New Jersey on May 26, 1867, to Edward Stieglitz (1833–1909) and Hedwig Ann Werner (1845–1922). His elder brother was the photographer Alfred Stieglitz. He married Anna Stieffel on August 28, 1891.

He began his career at the University of Chicago in 1892 as an unpaid docent, lecturing without salary and sustaining himself from student donations. In 1893 he was appointed assistant professor, and moved up through the ranks to become professor of chemistry in 1905. He served as department chair from 1915 to 1933.

In 1933, he was named professor emeritus but continued to teach and serve as board chair of the American Chemical Society. Dr. Stieglitz was very active in ACS, serving as the Chicago Section Chair in 1904, and ACS President in 1917. In 1911, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1914 and the American Philosophical Society in 1919. Stieglitz helped to establish the Willard Gibbs Medal, and received the Gibbs Medal himself in 1923. He received honorary doctorates from Clark University (D.Sc.) and the University of Pittsburgh (Ph.D.).

He died in Chicago on January 10, 1937.

Stieglitz Lecture
The Stieglitz Lecture was established using funds dedicated in his memorial legacy in 1940. The lecture was presented alternatively by the University of Chicago Chemistry department and the Chicago Section of the ACS in consecutive years until 1994. There was a pause in presentation from 1994 until 1999 until the funds built up to a level where they were sufficient to support a stipend of $1,000 plus expenses for each year.

References

Further reading

External links

1867 births
1937 deaths
University of Chicago faculty
American chemists
American people of German-Jewish descent
Jewish American scientists
Jewish chemists
American twins
Members of the American Philosophical Society


Throughout its history, chiropractic has been the subject of internal and external controversy and criticism. According to magnetic healer Daniel D. Palmer, the founder of chiropractic, "vertebral subluxation" was the sole cause of all diseases and manipulation was the cure for all disease. A 2003 profession-wide survey found "most chiropractors (whether 'straights' or 'mixers') still hold views of Innate Intelligence and of the cause and cure of disease (not just back pain) consistent with those of the Palmers". A critical evaluation stated "Chiropractic is rooted in mystical concepts. This led to an internal conflict within the chiropractic profession, which continues today." Chiropractors, including D.D. Palmer, were jailed for practicing medicine without a license. D.D. Palmer considered establishing chiropractic as a religion to resolve this problem. For most of its existence, chiropractic has battled with mainstream medicine, sustained by antiscientific and pseudoscientific ideas such as vertebral subluxation.

Chiropractic researchers have documented that fraud, abuse and quackery are more prevalent in chiropractic than in other health care professions. Unsubstantiated claims about the efficacy of chiropractic have continued to be made by individual chiropractors and chiropractic associations. The core concept of traditional chiropractic, vertebral subluxation, is not based on sound science. Collectively, systematic reviews have not demonstrated that spinal manipulation, the main treatment method employed by chiropractors, was effective for any medical condition, with the possible exception of treatment for back pain. Spinal manipulation, particularly of the upper spine, can, rarely, cause complications in adults and children that can cause permanent disability or death.

In 2008, Simon Singh was sued for libel by the British Chiropractic Association (BCA) for criticizing their activities in a column in The Guardian. A preliminary hearing took place at the Royal Courts of Justice in front of judge David Eady. The judge held that merely using the phrase "happily promotes bogus treatments" meant that he was stating, as a matter of fact, that the British Chiropractic Association was being consciously dishonest in promoting chiropractic for treating the children's ailments in question. An editorial in Nature has suggested that the BCA may be trying to suppress debate and that this use of British libel law is a burden on the right to freedom of expression, which is protected by the European Convention on Human Rights. The libel case ended with the BCA withdrawing its suit in 2010.

Chiropractors historically were strongly opposed to vaccination based on their belief that all diseases were traceable to causes in the spine, and therefore could not be affected by vaccines. Some chiropractors continue to be opposed to vaccination.  Early opposition to water fluoridation included chiropractors in the U.S. Some chiropractors opposed water fluoridation as being incompatible with chiropractic philosophy and an infringement of personal freedom. More recently, other chiropractors have actively promoted fluoridation, and several chiropractic organizations have endorsed scientific principles of public health.

Historical controversy and critical elements

The birth of chiropractic was on September 18, 1895. There is controversy over what happened with several different accounts. Daniel D. Palmer later claimed that on that day he manipulated the spine of Harvey Lillard, a man who was nearly deaf, allegedly curing him of deafness. Palmer said "there was nothing accidental about this, as it was accomplished with an object in view, and the expected result was obtained. There was nothing 'crude' about this adjustment; it was specific so much so that no chiropractor has equaled it."

However, this version was disputed by Lillard's daughter, Valdeenia Lillard Simons. She said that her father told her that he was telling jokes to a friend in the hall outside Palmer's office and Palmer, who had been reading, joined them. When Lillard reached the punch line, Palmer, laughing heartily, slapped Lillard on the back with the hand holding the heavy book he had been reading. A few days later, Lillard told Palmer that his hearing seemed better. Palmer then decided to explore manipulation as an expansion of his magnetic healing practice. Simons said "the compact was that if they can make [something of] it, then they both would share. But, it didn't happen."

In spite of the fact that Lillard could hear well enough to tell jokes, B.J. Palmer claimed under sworn testimony that Lillard had been "thoroughly deaf". Since 1895, the story of Palmer's curing a man of deafness has been a part of chiropractic tradition. Palmer's account differs significantly from what actually happened, in that, according to Lillard's daughter, his improved hearing was likely caused by an accidentally fortuitous jarring of Lillard's body and not, as claimed by D.D. Palmer, caused by a "specific" adjustment. It was after this event that Palmer began to experiment with manipulation. He also claimed that his second patient, a man with heart disease, was also cured by spinal manipulation.

Chiropractic included vitalistic ideas of Innate Intelligence with religious attributes of Universal Intelligence as substitutes for science. Evidence suggests that D.D. Palmer had acquired knowledge of manipulative techniques from Andrew Taylor Still, the founder of osteopathy. Although D.D. Palmer combined bonesetting to give chiropractic its method, and "magnetic healing" for the theory, he acknowledged a special relation to magnetic healing when he wrote, "chiropractic was not evolved from medicine or any other method, except that of magnetic." He also "claimed that his profession had nothing to do with medicine, that he healed by the laying on of hands;... He also said that he had a diploma from no earthly school but from High Heaven."

According to D.D. Palmer, subluxation was the sole cause of all diseases and manipulation was the cure for all diseases of the human race.  A 2003 profession-wide survey found "most chiropractors (whether "straights" or "mixers") still hold views of Innate and of the cause and cure of disease (not just back pain) consistent with those of the Palmers. On one hand, modern promotional brochures make a bid for medical legitimacy by describing Innate and adjustments using more scientific-sounding terms such as "inherent" and "nerve force.""

Chiropractic has had a strong salesmanship element since it was started by D.D. Palmer. His son, B.J. Palmer, asserted that their chiropractic school was founded on "...a business, not a professional basis. We manufacture chiropractors. We teach them the idea and then we show them how to sell it". D.D. Palmer established a magnetic healing facility in Davenport, Iowa, styling himself 'doctor'. Not everyone was convinced, as a local paper in 1894 wrote about him:

A crank on magnetism has a crazy notion that he can cure the sick and crippled with his magnetic hands. His victims are the weak-minded, ignorant and superstitious, those foolish people who have been sick for years and have become tired of the regular physician and want health by the short-cut method... he has certainly profited by the ignorance of his victims... His increase in business shows what can be done in Davenport, even by a quack.

Before adopting the term "chiropractic" in about 1896, his advertising used the term "magnetic". In 1891–92, a city business directory stated: "Dr. Palmer can cure with his Magnetic Hands Diseases of the Head, Throat, Heart, Lungs, Stomach, Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, Nerves, and Muscles, ten times quicker than any one can with medicines."

 Give me a simple mind that thinks along single tracts, give me 30 days to instruct him, and that individual can go forth on the highways and byways and get more sick people well than the best, most complete, all around, unlimited medical education of any medical man who ever lived.

Chiropractic was rooted in mystical concepts, leading to internal conflicts between straights and mixers which still persist. It has two main groups: "straights", now the minority, emphasize vitalism, innate intelligence and spinal adjustments, and consider subluxations to be the leading cause of all disease; "mixers" are more open to mainstream and alternative medical techniques such as exercise, massage, nutritional supplements, and acupuncture. The straights adhere religiously to the gospel of its founders while mixers are more open. There is a lack of uniformity and consensus among chiropractors in regard to their role. Depending upon whose point of view, chiropractors are, for example, subluxation-correctors, primary care physicians, neuromusculoskeletal specialists, or holistic health specialists. Straights have claimed mixers are not real chiropractors because they do not acknowledge Palmer's foundation of chiropractic therapy.

In 1906, D.D. Palmer was the first of hundreds of chiropractors who went to jail. Chiropractors were jailed for practicing medicine without a license. In the 1920s hundreds of unlicensed chiropractors chose jail rather than fines. Herbert Reaver was the most jailed chiropractor in the U.S. Chiropractors were charged with not complying with the medical practice act. California chiropractors adopted the motto, "Go to jail for chiropractic." 450 chiropractors were jailed in a single year at the peak of the controversy. Many chiropractors treated fellow prisoners and visiting patients while in jail.

D.D. Palmer defined chiropractic as "a science of healing without drugs" and considered establishing chiropractic as a religion as a means to use religious "exemption clauses" to resolve legal difficulties presented by restrictive "chiro laws". In 1911, he stated (emphasis in original):

 You ask, what I think will be the final outcome of our law getting. It will be that we will have to build a boat similar to Christian Science and hoist a religious flag. I have received chiropractic from the other world, similar as did Mrs. Eddy. No other one has laid claim to that, NOT EVEN B.J.
 Exemption clauses instead of chiro laws by all means, and LET THAT EXEMPTION BE THE RIGHT TO PRACTICE OUR RELIGION. But we must have a religious head, one who is the founder, as did Christ, Mohamed, Jo. Smith, Mrs. Eddy, Martin Luther and others who have founded religions. I am the fountain head. I am the founder of chiropractic in its science, in its art, in its philosophy and in its religious phase. Now, if chiropractors desire to claim me as their head, their leader, the way is clear. My writings have been gradually steering in that direction until now it is time to assume that we have the same right to as has Christian Scientists.

Chiropractors have struggled with survival and identity during its formative years, including internal struggles between its leaders and colleges. For much of the history of the chiropractic profession chiropractors showed little interest in scientific research and regarded their principles and practices as valid. Despite heavy opposition by mainstream medicine, by the 1930s chiropractic was the largest alternative healing profession in the U.S. Long-standing American Medical Association (AMA) policies against chiropractic contributed to a lack of acceptance within mainstream public health. The AMA created the Committee on Quackery "to contain and eliminate chiropractic." Using the Committee on Quackery, efforts were made to prevent the participation of chiropractic in organized health care. In 1966 a policy passed by the AMA House of Delegates stating:The longstanding feud between chiropractors and medical doctors continued for decades. The AMA labeled chiropractic an "unscientific cult" in 1966, and until 1980 held that it was unethical for medical doctors to associate with "unscientific practitioners". This culminated in a landmark 1987 decision, Wilk v. AMA, in which the court found that the AMA had engaged in unreasonable restraint of trade and conspiracy, and which ended the AMA's de facto boycott of chiropractic. The rivalry was not solely with conventional medicine; many osteopaths proclaimed that chiropractic was a bastardized form of osteopathy.

Serious research to test chiropractic theories did not begin until the 1970s, and is continuing to be hampered by antiscientific and pseudoscientific ideas that sustained the profession in its long battle with organized medicine. By the mid-1990s there was a growing scholarly interest in chiropractic, which helped efforts to improve service quality and establish clinical guidelines that recommended manual therapies for acute low back pain. Some people believe chiropractic has little more than a placebo effect, while some randomized trials of spinal manipulation have supported its effectiveness for the treatment of (specifically) low back pain. There are several barriers between primary care physicians and chiropractors for having positive referral relationships which includes a lack of good communication. The medical establishment has not entirely accepted chiropractic care as mainstream. After 100 years, the chiropractic profession has failed to define a message that is understandable, credible, and scientifically valid. The future of chiropractic is uncertain due to the economic struggles and restrictions of the science and methods in chiropractic.

Chiropractic has seen considerable controversy within the profession over its philosophy. In connection with a controversial and divisive 2015 organizational split in the Australian chiropractic community, an article described the profession's long standing and current problems:

 The chiropractic profession is notorious for its infighting, with quarrels over the value of vaccination, the evidence or lack thereof to support the theory of subluxation and whether spinal adjustments should be performed on children.

Allegations of patricide connected with the death of D.D. Palmer

The 2008 book Trick or Treatment states that in 1913 B.J. Palmer ran over his father, D.D. Palmer, during a homecoming parade at the Palmer School of Chiropractic. Weeks later D.D. Palmer died. The official cause of death was recorded as typhoid. The book Trick or Treatment indicated "it seems more likely that his death was a direct result of injuries caused by his son. Indeed there is speculation that this was not an accident, but rather a case of patricide." A 1999 documentary study suggests D.D. Palmer's widow may have also played a role in the patricide controversy. D.D. Palmer's attending physicians were persuaded to change their opinions about the main cause of death. Chiropractic historian Joseph C. Keating Jr. has described the attempted patricide of D.D. Palmer as a "myth" and "absurd on its face" and cites an eyewitness who recalled that D.D. was not struck by B.J.'s car, but rather, had stumbled. He also says that "Joy Loban, DC, executor of D. D.'s estate, voluntarily withdrew a civil suit claiming damages against B.J. Palmer, and that several grand juries repeatedly refused to bring criminal charges against the son." A 1969 article stated that in July 1913 at the Palmer School of Chiropractic B.J. Palmer:

Ethics and claims

A study of California disciplinary statistics during 1997–2000 reported 4.5 disciplinary actions per 1000 chiropractors per year, compared to 2.27 for medical doctors, and the incident rate for fraud was 9 times greater among chiropractors (1.99 per 1000 chiropractors per year) than among medical doctors (0.20). According to a 2006 Gallup Poll of U.S. adults, when asked how they would "rate the honesty and ethical standards of people in these different fields", chiropractic compared unfavorably with mainstream medicine. When chiropractic was rated, it "rated dead last amongst healthcare professions". While 84% of respondents considered nurses' ethics "very high" or "high", only 36% felt that way about chiropractors. Other healthcare professions ranged from 38% for psychiatrists, to 62% for dentists, 69% for other medical doctors, 71% for veterinarians, and 73% for druggists or pharmacists. Similar results were found in the 2003 Gallup Poll. Chiropractic authors have placed these results in perspective in articles, with one writing that "we were the least trusted and least believed health care discipline", and another writing that chiropractors who use unethical marketing methods "poison the well" for others in the profession, and that they "might be responsible for the negative opinion people have about the ethics of the chiropractic profession." Many chiropractors have sought to address their minor status within the U.S. medical community by attending practice-building seminars to assist chiropractors to persuade their patients of the efficacy of their treatments, increase their revenue, and boost their morale as unorthodox medical practitioners.

Historically the profession has often been accused of quackery, with the profession often responding negatively to such accusations. In its early days, the accusation of quackery was voiced in a 1913 editorial in the Journal of the American Medical Association: (p. 29)

Chiropractic is a freak offshoot from osteopathy. Disease, say the chiropractors, is due to pressure on the spinal nerves; ergo it can be cured by 'adjusting' the spinal column. It is the sheerest quackery, and those who profess to teach it make their appeal to the cupidity of the ignorant. Its practice is in no sense a profession but a trade – and a trade that is potent for great harm. It is carried on almost exclusively by those of no education, ignorant of anatomy, ignorant even of the fundamental sciences on which the treatment of disease depends.

The view that chiropractic was a trade, rather than a profession, was stated clearly by B.J. Palmer, who asserted that chiropractic was founded on "a business, not a professional basis. We manufacture chiropractors. We teach them the idea and then we show them how to sell it".

In more modern times (1991), when the president of the ACA called accusations of quackery a "myth", chiropractic historian, Joseph C. Keating Jr. responded by calling his comments "absurd" and stated:

The so-called 'quackery myth about chiropractic' is no myth ... the kernels of quackery (i.e., unsubstantiated and untested health remedies offered as "proven") are ubiquitous in this profession. I dare say that health misinformation (if not quackery) can be found in just about any issue of any chiropractic trade publication (and some of our research journals) and much of the promotional materials chiropractors disseminate to patients. The recent unsubstantiated claims of the ACA are exemplary [examples provided] ... It escapes me entirely how Dr. Downing, the ACA, MPI, and Dynamic Chiropractic can suggest that there is no quackery in chiropractic. Either these groups and individuals do not read the chiropractic literature or have no crap-detectors. I urge a reconsideration of advertising and promotion policies in chiropractic.

In an article on quackery, W. T. Jarvis has stated that "Non-scientific health care (e.g., acupuncture, ayurvedic medicine, chiropractic, homeopathy, naturopathy) is licensed by individual states. Practitioners use unscientific practices and deception on a public who, lacking complex health-care knowledge, must rely upon the trustworthiness of providers. Quackery not only harms people, it undermines the scientific enterprise and should be actively opposed by every scientist."

In a 2008 commentary, the chiropractic authors proposed that "the chiropractic profession has an obligation to actively divorce itself from metaphysical explanations of health and disease as well as to actively regulate itself in refusing to tolerate fraud, abuse and quackery, which are more rampant in our profession than in other healthcare professions", a situation which violates the social contract between patients and physicians. Such self-regulation "will dramatically increase the level of trust in and respect for the profession from society at large." Another chiropractic study documented that the largest chiropractic associations in the U.S. and Canada distributed patient brochures which contained unsubstantiated claims. Chiropractors, especially in America, have a reputation for unnecessarily treating patients. Sustained chiropractic care is promoted as a preventative tool but unnecessary manipulation could possibly present a risk to patients. Some chiropractors are concerned by the routine unjustified claims chiropractors have made. In English-speaking countries the majority of chiropractors and their associations appear to make efficacy claims that are unsupported by scientific evidence. Claims not supported by solid evidence were made about asthma, ear infection, earache, otitis media, and neck pain.

Despite the claim from some chiropractors that spinal manipulation could treat infant colic, a 2009 review of chiropractic spinal manipulation for infant colic stated "the current evidence... does not show that chiropractic spinal manipulation is an effective treatment for infant colic."

Some New Zealand chiropractors appeared to have used the title "Doctor" in a New Zealand Yellow Pages telephone directory in a way that implied they are registered medical practitioners, when no evidence was presented it was true. In New Zealand, chiropractors are allowed to use the title 'doctor' when it is qualified to show that the title refers to their chiropractic role. A representative from the NZ Chiropractic Board states that entries in the Yellow Pages under the heading of "Chiropractors" fulfills this obligation when suitably qualified. If a chiropractor is not a registered medical practitioner, then the misuse of the title "Doctor" while working in healthcare will not comply with the Health Practitioners Competence Assurance Act 2003.

UK chiropractic organizations and their members make numerous claims which are not supported by scientific evidence. Many chiropractors adhere to ideas which are against science and most seemingly violate important principles of ethical behavior on a regular basis. The advice chiropractors gave to their patients is often misleading and dangerous. This situation, coupled with a backlash to the libel suit filed against Simon Singh, has inspired the filing of formal complaints of false advertising against more than 500 individual chiropractors within one 24-hour period, prompting the McTimoney Chiropractic Association to write to its members advising them to remove leaflets that make claims about whiplash and colic from their practice, to be wary of new patients and telephone inquiries, and telling their members: "If you have a website, take it down now" and "Finally, we strongly suggest you do not discuss this with others, especially patients."

On 19 April 2008, Simon Singh wrote a cautionary article about chiropractic therapies in The Guardian, which resulted in him being sued for libel by the British Chiropractic Association. Singh wrote in The Guardian criticizing the claims made by chiropractors about the efficacy of spinal manipulation in treating childhood ailments, among other things. He suggested there was "not a jot" of evidence to support such interventions for these ailments, and argued that the British Chiropractic Association "happily promotes bogus treatments". Singh stated that he would "contest the action vigorously… There is an important issue of freedom of speech at stake." The article developed the theme of Singh's published book Trick or Treatment? Alternative Medicine on Trial, making various claims about the usefulness of chiropractic. Commentators suggested this ruling could set a precedent to restrict freedom of speech to criticize alternative medicine. The charity Sense about Science launched a campaign to draw attention to this particular case. They issued a statement entitled "The law has no place in scientific disputes", which was signed by myriad signers representing science, journalism, publishing, arts, humanities, entertainment, skeptics, campaign groups and law. , over 50,000 had signed. On April 1, 2010, in British Chiropractic Association v Singh Singh won his court appeal for the right to rely on the defense of fair comment. On April 15, 2010, the BCA officially withdrew its lawsuit, thus ending the case.

Evidence for safety and efficacy

Evidence-based research into the efficacy of chiropractic techniques is motivated by concerns that are antithetical to its vitalistic origins. Not all the criticism, however, has origins in the medical profession. Some chiropractors are cautiously calling for reform. Evidence-based guidelines are supported by one end of an ideological continuum among chiropractors; the other end employs antiscientific reasoning and unsubstantiated claims that are ethically suspect when they let practitioners maintain their beliefs to patients' detriment.

It is widely held that chiropractic extends into areas of medicine beyond the limits of its efficacy. In the opinion of Samuel Homola, "A good chiropractor can do a lot to help you when you have mechanical-type back pain and other musculoskeletal problems. But until the chiropractic profession cleans up its act, and its colleges uniformly graduate properly limited chiropractors who specialize in neuromusculoskeletal problems, you'll have to exercise caution and informed judgment when seeking chiropractic care." Quackwatch is critical of chiropractic. Its founder, Stephen Barrett, has written that it is "absurd" to think that chiropractors are qualified to be primary care providers and considers applied kinesiology to be pseudoscience.

William T. Jarvis emphasizes the commercial, rather than professional, nature of chiropractic:

Spinal manipulation
The efficacy and safety of spinal manipulation are uncertain.  A 2008 review found that with the possible exception of chronic back pain, chiropractic manipulation has not been shown to be effective for any medical condition. The efficacy and safety of chiropractic for children are particularly doubtful. A 2009 review found that "the best evidence available to date fails to demonstrate clinically relevant benefits of chiropractic for paediatric patients, and some evidence even suggests that chiropractors can cause serious harm to children". According to David Colquhoun, chiropractic is no more effective than conventional treatment at its best, has a disadvantage of being "surrounded by gobbledygook about 'subluxations'", and, more seriously, it does kill patients occasionally.

A 2009 defense of chiropractic, written by chiropractor Alan Breen, stated there is consistent evidence that manual therapies such as chiropractic manipulations are "helpful and generally produce moderate but significant and sustained improvement for back pain" and dismissed the suggestion that chiropractic does more harm than good as "specious". The author admitted, however, the possibility that chiropractic manipulation can cause strokes and even death.

Although rare, spinal manipulation, particularly of the neck, can result in complications that lead to permanent disability or death. These events can occur in both adults and children. A 2010 systematic review found that numerous deaths since 1934 have been recorded after chiropractic neck manipulation typically associated with vertebral artery dissection.

X-ray procedures
Singh's 2008 book Trick or Treatment states that:Practice guidelines aim to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure, which increases cancer risk in proportion to the amount of radiation received. Research suggests that radiology instruction given at chiropractic schools worldwide is evidence-based, but that radiography is overused for low back pain.

Vertebral subluxation
Vertebral subluxation, the core concept of chiropractic, is not based on solid science. The concept of subluxation remains unsubstantiated and largely untested, and has been the subject of a debate about whether to keep it in the chiropractic paradigm that has lasted for decades. It has been argued that dogmatic commitment to subluxation is a significant barrier to chiropractic as a profession: it brings ridicule from the scientific community and perpetuates a marketing tradition in chiropractic that leads to charges of quackery.

Innate intelligence
Lon Morgan, DC, a reform chiropractor, expressed his view of Innate Intelligence this way: "Innate Intelligence clearly has its origins in borrowed mystical and occult practices of a bygone era. It remains untestable and unverifiable and has an unacceptably high penalty/benefit ratio for the chiropractic profession. The chiropractic concept of Innate Intelligence is an anachronistic holdover from a time when insufficient scientific understanding existed to explain human physiological processes. It is clearly religious in nature and must be considered harmful to normal scientific activity."

Chiropractic historian Joseph C. Keating Jr. articulated that "So long as we propound the "One cause, one cure" rhetoric of Innate, we should expect to be met by ridicule from the wider health science community. Chiropractors can't have it both ways. Our theories cannot be both dogmatically held vitalistic constructs and be scientific at the same time. The purposiveness, consciousness and rigidity of the Palmers' Innate should be rejected."

Vaccination and water fluoridation

Many forms of alternative medicine are based on philosophies that oppose vaccination and have practitioners who voice their opposition. These include some elements of the chiropractic community. The reasons for this negative vaccination view are complicated and rest, at least in part, on the early philosophies which shape the foundation of these professions. Chiropractors historically were strongly opposed to vaccination based on their belief that all diseases were traceable to causes in the spine, and therefore could not be affected by vaccines; D.D. Palmer wrote, "It is the very height of absurdity to strive to 'protect' any person from smallpox or any other malady by inoculating them with a filthy animal poison." Some chiropractors continue to be opposed to vaccination, one of the most effective public health measures in history. Many deny the eradication of smallpox and believed it was renamed monkeypox.

Some chiropractic groups still oppose attempts to limit or eliminate nonmedical exemptions to vaccination. In March 2015, the Oregon Chiropractic Association invited Andrew Wakefield, a discredited former doctor and chief author of a fraudulent research paper, to testify against Senate Bill 442, "a bill that would eliminate nonmedical exemptions from Oregon's school immunization law." The California Chiropractic Association lobbied against a 2015 bill ending belief exemptions for vaccines. They had also opposed a 2012 bill related to vaccination exemptions. On April 24, 2015, Wakefield received two standing ovations from the students at Life Chiropractic College West when he told them to oppose Senate Bill SB277, a bill which proposes limits on non-medical vaccine exemptions. Responding to his critics, he stated that "[i]t doesn't matter if I go to the grave discredited. I don't care what they say about me. In fact, I have nothing to lose now. This is such an important issue." Wakefield had previously been a featured speaker at a 2014 "California Jam" gathering of chiropractors, as well as a 2015 "California Jam" seminar, with continuing education credits, sponsored by Life Chiropractic College West.

In response to threatening activities by anti-vaccination activists, the California Medical Association (CMA) sent a warning letter to California Chiropractic Association President Brian Stenzler, whom they could document had encouraged the stalking of lobbyists who supported Senate Bill SB277. The CMA also filed a police report.

Early opposition to water fluoridation included chiropractors in the U.S. Some chiropractors oppose water fluoridation as being incompatible with chiropractic philosophy and an infringement of personal freedom. More recently, other chiropractors have actively promoted fluoridation, and several chiropractic organizations have endorsed scientific principles of public health.

Ownership of spinal manipulation

While no single profession "owns" spinal manipulation (SM), and there is little consensus as to which profession should administer SM, chiropractors have expressed concern that orthodox medical physicians and physical therapists could "steal" SM procedures from chiropractors. Chiropractors regularly introduce bills into state legislatures to further prohibit non-chiropractors from performing SM, and they are opposed by physical therapist organizations. Two U.S. states (Washington and Arkansas) prohibit physical therapists from performing SM, while some states allow them to do it only if they have completed advanced training in SM.  In the most restrictive states, SM is limited to chiropractors and medical physicians.

Notable incidents and lawsuits

 Robbie Basho, 45, an American musician, died during a chiropractic visit on February 28, 1986, when an "intentional whiplash" experiment caused blood vessels in his neck to rupture, leading to a fatal stroke.
 Lana Dale Lewis, of Ontario, Canada died on September 12, 1996, following a neck manipulation.  The coroner's jury found that "receiving an upper cervical neck manipulation from a chiropractor could injure the arteries in your neck."
 Laurie Jean Mathiason, of Saskatchewan, Canada, had a massive stroke while undergoing chiropractic treatment, and died three days later, on February 4, 1998.  A coroner's jury concluded that neck manipulation caused the stroke.
 Kimberly Lee Strohecker, 30, of Pennsylvania, United States, died after a series of seizures left her unable to drink or walk and caused the contents of her stomach to aspirate into her lungs, causing pneumonia. Strohecker, an epileptic, had been advised by her chiropractor, Joanne M. Gallagher of Life Expression Chiropractic Center of Sugarloaf, Pennsylvania, to stop taking her anticonvulsant medication if she wished to cure herself. When Strohecker began experiencing seizures every 10 to 15 minutes, Gallagher reassured her that she was fine and told her to not visit a hospital as they would treat her with anticonvulsants, which could kill her. Strohecker died on April 29, 1999, and her family filed suit against Gallagher. Gallagher plead guilty to one count mail fraud, stemming from an attempt to bill Medicaid for treatment that supposedly took place after Strohecker's death, agreed to pay the family $500,000 in restitution. She was fined $9,100 and sentenced to 18 months in prison. Gallagher attempted to appeal the revocation of her license 2005 but was unsuccessful. In 2012, she was twice denied a license to practice massage in the state of Pennsylvania. She was later able to resume work with Life Expression Chiropractic Center as a Registered Craniosacral Therapist, with the website stating that Gallagher "transitioned" from chiropractic care to craniosacral therapy, with no mention of her criminal history or her involvement in Strohecker's death. She is still working in the field as of September 2022.
 James Turner, 11, of Ontario, Canada, was left with lower body paralysis, muscle weakness, and fecal incontinence after having his neck adjusted by chiropractor V. Gary Dyck. Dyck performed two adjustments on Turner, the first on July 24, 2000, and the second on July 25, 2000, and caused the infarction of a ganglioglioma, a benign spinal tumor. Turner underwent emergency surgery at the Royal Victoria Hospital in Barrie, Ontario. The lawsuit, brought by Turner's parents, Alan and Jill Turner, claimed that Dyck had shown negligence in that he did not perform X-rays to determine if the adjustments would resolve Turner's initial complaints of neck pain and that had he done so, Dyck would have noticed the tumor. Dyck died in 2017.
 Samantha Cools, 22, an Olympic athlete from Alberta, Canada, suffered ruptured tendons after her chiropractor, based in Switzerland, over-rotated her neck during an adjustment. The injury had a devastating effect on her performance at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China, as the injury left her unable to eat or train for five weeks.
 Jeremy Lynn Youngblood, 30, an employee of Oklahoma, United States, died on June 11, 2011, from complications of an acute cerebellar stroke. The injuries were determined by the coroner to have been caused by a neck adjustment performed by an unnamed chiropractor employed by Power Chiropractic Clinic. Authorities did not comment on whether charges of negligence would be filed against Power Chiropractic Clinic or not. According to Assistant Police Chief Carl Allen, Youngblood complained of disorientation and began vomiting in the minutes following the adjustment and clinic staff did not call 911. Youngblood was driven to Valley View Regional Hospital, now Mercy Hospital Ada, by his father and died two days later.
 In 2019, a video appeared online of Andrew Arnold, a chiropractor from Victoria, Australia, holding a 2-week-old baby upside down surfaced online, sparking outrage. Arnold gave an undertaking not to provide chiropractic treatment to children under the age of 12 after a video of him pending a review of his practice.  He is the owner of Cranbourne Family Chiropractic.
 Caitlin Jensen, 28, a student at Georgia Southern University, visited chiropractor T. J. Harpham, of Richmond Hill Family Chiropractic in Georgia, United States, on June 16, 2022, to have her neck adjusted following complaints of stiffness. During the adjustment, four arteries in Jensen's neck were dissected, resulting in cardiac arrest, a stroke, and a traumatic brain injury. She was reportedly without a pulse for 10 minutes until she could be revived. She was left with almost full-body paralysis, capable of only blinking her eyes and moving her left thumb. Her injuries also subsequently removed her ability to eat and breathe on her own, resulting in doctors forming gastrostomy and tracheotomy tubes in her stomach and neck areas respectively.

See also
 List of ineffective cancer treatments

References

External links

Internal criticism
 Faulty Logic and Non-skeptical Arguments in Chiropractic – Joseph C. Keating Jr.
 Open Letter to the Profession – George P. McAndrews (commented in Chiroweb)
 Chiropractic, Bonesetting, and Cultism – Samuel Homola, (book review at Chiroweb)
 Critical thinking – Christopher Kent, DC president of the Council on Chiropractic Practice

External criticism
 Chiropractic – Skeptic's Dictionary
 Chiropractic – H. L. Mencken, Baltimore Evening Sun
 Spin Doctors: The Chiropractic Industry Under Examination – Paul Benedetti, Wayne MacPhail

 Chirobase: Skeptical guide to chiropractic history, theories, and current practices – Stephen Barrett, MD, and Samuel Homola, DC

Chiropractic


USS Loeser (DE-680) was a Buckley-class destroyer escort of the United States Navy, named in honor of Lieutenant Commander Arthur E. Loeser (1903–1942).

Namesake
Arthur Edward Loeser was born on 17 April 1903 in Rahway, New Jersey. He was appointed to the United States Naval Academy on 15 August 1923; and commissioned ensign on 2 June 1927. After serving from 1927 to 1929 on the aircraft carrier , from 1929 to 1932 on the destroyer , on the cruiser  in 1932, on the gunboat  in 1933 and on  in 1934, Loeser completed two years of postgraduate work at the Naval Academy. Two years on the battleship  were followed by two on the   as engineering officer. From June 1940 to August 1941 he served with Supervisor of Shipbuilding, Bath, Maine.

On 2 September 1941 Lieutenant Commander Loeser reported aboard the light cruiser  as engineering officer. He was killed in action on 13 November 1942 when enemy torpedoes crippled Atlanta in the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal.

Construction and commissioning
Loeser was laid down on 27 July 1943 by Bethlehem Steel's Fore River Shipyard, Quincy, Massachusetts; launched on 11 September 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Marion Loeser, widow of Lt. Cmdr. Loeser and commissioned on 10 October 1943.

World War II

Following shakedown off Bermuda the new destroyer escort departed Norfolk, Virginia, on 11 December 1943 for Pearl Harbor en route to escort duty in the South Pacific war zone. Arriving Funafuti, Ellice Islands, on 16 January 1944, Loeser departed the 18th, escorting a transport to Guadalcanal. Returning to Funafuti on 27 January, she sailed the next day for Efate, New Hebrides, and arrived 31 January. She steamed north 6 February for gunnery exercises off Espírito Santo, then departed later that month for Guadalcanal and four months of transport-escort duty in the Solomon Islands.

Loeser departed Guadalcanal for Espiritu Santo on 28 June en route to Australia, arrived Sydney on 18 July for repairs, and sailed nine days later for Purvis Bay, Florida Islands. After three weeks in drydock, Loeser departed for Guam on 21 August escorting Celeno (AK-76). LST-120 joined the convoy off Eniwetok Atoll, Marshall Islands, and they arrived Guam on 5 September. Following five days of antisubmarine patrol off Guam, Loeser escorted three submarines back to Eniwetok, then departed 21 September for a roundabout passage via Guadalcanal to Hawaii.

Reaching Pearl Harbor 8 October, the ship underwent extensive engineering alteration during October and early November. Getting underway 6 November, Loeser made Guadalcanal the 18th, and arrived Manus Island, Admiralty Islands, 25 November for duty with Amphibious Group 3. She spent December in gunnery exercises off New Guinea, before departing Hollandia on the 30th for the invasion of Lingayen Gulf.

Loeser arrived off the Lingayen beachhead 11 January 1945, two days after D-Day, and during the following week escorted inbound transports through the treacherous swept channels leading into Lingayen Gulf. From 18 January to 7 February, the versatile destroyer escort went on the offensive to hunt the ubiquitous Japanese submarines lurking off Lingayen and endangering vital American supply lines. With the liberation of northern Luzon virtually completed, Loeser sailed for Subic Bay en route to Leyte and points east, reaching Ulithi, Caroline Islands, on 19 February.

Loeser left Ulithi 5 March for the invasion of Iwo Jima. She arrived the 19th, and began nine long days of antisubmarine patrol. She then steamed eastward, touching Eniwetok on 2 April and arriving Pearl Harbor the 13th. During the final months of the Pacific war, the battle-tested destroyer escort remained in Hawaiian waters and contributed her invaluable experience to the already rigorous submarine training program.

Loeser departed Hawaii for the west coast on 26 August and arrived San Francisco on 3 September. After overhaul and a five-month tour with the San Diego Underway Training Unit, the ship joined the Atlantic Fleet at New London, Connecticut, 3 April 1946 for continued submarine training duty. She was decommissioned on 28 March 1947 and entered the Atlantic Reserve Fleet at Charleston, South Carolina

1951–1968

When communist aggression in Korea required the Navy to strengthen its active fleet, Loeser was recommissioned at Charleston 9 March 1951. After refresher training in the Caribbean, she rejoined the Atlantic Fleet at Norfolk. During the next  years of active service, the destroyer escort served each spring with the Naval Operational Development Station-at Key West, underwent a major overhaul, and made two cruises to Europe. In 1952, the ship departed Norfolk on 25 August, called at Edinburgh, Scotland, and Kristiansand, Norway, then returned home 12 October. During the 1954 European cruise, Loeser operated with the battleship Wisconsin (BB-64) and visited Dublin, Ireland, and Portsmouth, England.

Designated a Naval Reserve ship for the Little Creek, Virginia, area June 1958, Loeser was decommissioned on 1 December 1958 and was placed in an in-service status under Commandant 5th Naval District. With this new concept of Reserve training, Loeser maintained a Regular Navy nucleus crew that was augmented by reservists during the monthly weekend cruises or during time of national emergency. This system provided the closest possible coordination and communication between regulars and reservists, preparing the reservists, as no shore-based activity could, to augment the Regular Navy in any situation.

The Selected Reserve Ship Program paid off handsomely when President John F. Kennedy called up the reserves during the 1961 Berlin crisis. Taking up the challenge, Loeser recommissioned 2 October 1961, embarked her Reserve crew, and arrived Guantanamo Bay 19 October for refresher training. She departed for Newport, Rhode Island on 24 November but returned to the Caribbean on 12 January 1962 for patrol duty along the eastern coast of Cuba. She remained on station until 24 March 1962; each vessel sighted was checked and identified to guard against any subversive elements in the Caribbean area.

After returning to Newport 28 March, the ship decommissioned 1 August 1962 and became the Naval Reserve ship for the Williamsburg, Virginia, area. Loeser shifted home port to the Washington Navy Yard on 20 October 1964, where she served as Naval Reserve ship for the Washington, D.C., area until struck from the Navy List on 23 August 1968.

Loeser was sunk as a target, date unknown.

Loeser received two battle stars for World War II service.

References

External links
   history.navy.mil: USS Loeser
      navsource.org: USS Loeser
   hazegray.org: USS Loeser

Buckley-class destroyer escorts
Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts
1943 ships


Ciao is an informal Italian verbal salutation or greeting.

Ciao may also refer to:
 Ciao (programming language)
 Ciao (film), a 2008 film by Yen Tan
 Ciao! (Mauro Scocco album) (1992)
 Ciao! (Tiga album) (2009)
 Ciao (magazine), a girls' anime and manga magazine published by Shogakukan
 Ciao (website), an e-commerce site
 Piaggio Ciao, a motorbike produced by Piaggio
 "Ciao!" (song), by Lush (1996)
 Ciao, the 1990 FIFA World Cup mascot

See also
 CIAO (disambiguation)
 Chiao (disambiguation)


The Diocese of Fukuoka (, ) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church located in Fukuoka in the Ecclesiastical province of Nagasaki 長崎 in Japan.

History
 July 16, 1927: Established as Diocese of Fukuoka from the Diocese of Nagasaki

Ordinaries
Fernand-Jean-Joseph Thiry, M.E.P. † (14 Jul 1927 Appointed - 10 May 1930 Died)
Albert Henri Charles Breton, M.E.P. † (9 Jun 1931 Appointed - 16 Jan 1941 Resigned)
Dominic Senyemon Fukahori † (9 Mar 1944 Appointed - 15 Nov 1969 Retired)
Peter Saburo Hirata, P.S.S. † (15 Nov 1969 Appointed - 6 Oct 1990 Retired)
Joseph Hisajiro Matsunaga † (6 Oct 1990 Appointed - 2 Jun 2006 Died)
Dominic Ryoji Miyahara (19 Mar 2008 Appointed - 27 Apr 2019 Resigned)
Josep Maria Abella Batlle (14 Apr 2020 Appointed- Present)

See also
Roman Catholicism in Japan

Sources
 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy

External links
 http://www.cbcj.catholic.jp/jpn/diocese/fukuoka.htm

Roman Catholic dioceses in Japan
Christian organizations established in 1927
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century


Asher Wade (born Wallace S. Wade) is an American-born international lecturer, college instructor and psychotherapist. Wade was a Methodist minister before converting to Orthodox Judaism and later becoming a rabbi.

Biography
As an ordained Methodist minister, Wade and his wife were moved by the articles in a Sunday morning newspaper commemorating the 40th anniversary of Kristallnacht. At that time, he was attending the University of Hamburg in Germany working towards his doctorate in metaphysics and relativity.

He had already earned a B.A. in philosophy in the United States and a master's degree in Philosophical Theology at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. In addition, he had previously interned as an adolescent and marriage counselor at the U.S. Army Chaplaincy Center in Berlin while he was attending the Goethe Institute for German studies.

Conversion
Wade and his wife then began to study Jewish history and the Jewish religion, especially vis-a-vis Christianity. After about a year and a half of study, they both decided to pursue conversion to Judaism. This caused a stir, not only within the Church, but also among his professors at university, primarily with his doctoral supervisor, who, it turned out, had been a chaplain in one of Hitler's tank divisions in Poland during World War II. This professor thwarted the completion of his doctoral program.

Several months later, Wade obtained the support of a younger professor, who apparently had no qualms with their conversion to Judaism. Although he was forced to drop his prior research studies as a condition for this support, Wade happily began research in a fully Jewish topic, Samson Raphael Hirsch and the Orthodox-Reform Debate. About two years later, having undertaken expensive research trips to New York, as well as having written up his first rough-draft, his second supervisor mysteriously withdrew his support of his doctoral program, which left Wade with two dissertations written but disallowed from taking the oral exams for completion. The Wades eventually converted to orthodox Judaism in Frankfurt-am-Main in May, 1983 and, shortly thereafter, moved to the United States.

Ordination
While living in America, they were contacted by Ner Israel Rabbinical College in Baltimore. This meeting, chaired by Herman N. Neuberger, led to him and his family being sent in 1988 to Jerusalem where he learned for a number of years at Yeshiva Ohr Somayach. Wade was ordained as a rabbi in December 1992 and worked at The Heritage House in the Old City of Jerusalem, Ohr Somayach as well as Aish HaTorah for many years.

In 2004, Wade completed a professional doctoral degree in clinical psychology through Southern California University for Professional Studies. Today Wade lives in Jerusalem with their six children where he lectures at yeshivas and seminaries, teaches at Touro College and has a private practice in clinical psychology.

References

External links
 Wade's webpage
 Vayigash

1949 births
Living people
American Orthodox rabbis
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
American emigrants to Israel
Former Methodists
Converts to Judaism from Methodism
Converts to Orthodox Judaism
Israeli Orthodox rabbis
Rabbis of Ohr Somayach
University of Hamburg alumni
People from Danville, Virginia
American psychotherapists
Touro College faculty


Seán McCarthy (1 January 1937 – 12 July 2021) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician.

A medical doctor before entering politics, he was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fianna Fáil Teachta Dála (TD) for the Tipperary South constituency at the 1981 general election. He was re-elected at each subsequent election until he lost his seat at the 1989 general election.

He was elected to Seanad Éireann for the Agricultural Panel in the following Seanad election. He unsuccessfully contested both the 1992 general election and the subsequent Seanad election. He served as Minister of State at the Department of Industry and Commerce from 1987 to 1989 with responsibility for Science and Technology.

McCarthy was a member of South Tipperary County Council for the Cashel electoral area, and also a member of Cashel Town Council from 1999 to 2014.

He died on 12 July 2021.

References

1937 births
2021 deaths
Fianna Fáil senators
Fianna Fáil TDs
Irish sportsperson-politicians
Members of the 22nd Dáil
Members of the 23rd Dáil
Members of the 24th Dáil
Members of the 25th Dáil
Members of the 19th Seanad
Ministers of State of the 25th Dáil
Members of South Tipperary County Council
People educated at Rockwell College
Politicians from County Tipperary
20th-century Irish medical doctors
Medical doctors from County Tipperary
Agricultural Panel senators


European Union wine growing zones are used in the common European Union wine regulations to regulate certain aspects of winemaking. The zones differ in terms of climate and examples of what is regulated by wine growing zone are required grape maturity at harvest and allowed levels of chaptalisation. There are 21 wine producing countries in the European Union, with 14 of them having significant levels of production. In the 2004-2005 vintage, total European Union wine production was around 184 million hectoliters (4.8 billion gallons) which accounted for nearly 70% of total worldwide production. Of that total, nearly 55% was classified as table wine with 4% used in the production of grape-based distilled spirits such as Armagnac and Cognac.

The remaining 41% were produced as "quality wine"-wine that produced under one of the quality wine designation in a country's appellation systems such as Germany's QmP & QbA classifications, France's Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC), Spain's Denominación de Origen (DO) and Italy's Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) systems. In 1997, the European Union had over 3.4 million hectare (8.4 million acres) planted under vine which accounted for nearly 44% of the world's wine, table and raisin grape production.

Wine zones
The wine growing zones and the wine regions that belong to them are as follows:

 Zone A (the coldest), comprising Germany except Baden, Luxembourg, Belgium, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, the Čechy region of the Czech Republic and those countries in northern Europe where commercial winemaking is a very marginal business.
 Zone B, comprising Baden in Germany, Austria, the French regions of Alsace, Champagne, Jura, Loire, Lorraine and Savoie and parts of South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia and Romania.
 Zone C (the warmest), which is subdivided into:
 Zone C I, comprising the French regions of Bordeaux, Burgundy, Provence, Rhône and Sud-Ouest, some areas in the far north of Italy, some areas in northern Spain, most of Portugal, and parts of Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, and Romania.
 Zone C II, comprising much of Languedoc-Roussillon in France, most of northern and central Italy, most of northern Spain and parts of Slovenia, Bulgaria and Romania.
 Zone C III a, comprising parts of Greece, Cyprus and Bulgaria.
 Zone C III b, comprising small parts close to the Mediterranean coast of France and Corsica, southern Italy and Spain, some parts of Portugal, most of Greece, parts of Cyprus and all of Malta.

In 2008, the division into zones was slightly changed. Previously, the current zone C I had been divided into two zones, C I a and C I b.

References

External links
 Map of the wine-growing zones (before 2008 changes)

Wine terminology


Almost Gold Recordings is an independent record label. It was founded in 2007 in New York City by Scott Rodger of Quest Management with distribution in North America through Columbia Records. The first release on Almost Gold was the Peter Bjorn and John album Writer's Block, on February 6, 2007. Almost Gold is now fully independent in North America having severed ties with Columbia Records.

Almost Gold Recordings is a partnership between Scott Rodger and Clare Britt (formerly of Rough Trade and Island Records), with distribution Worldwide through Mercury Records. The first release on Almost Gold in the UK and internationally was Black Kids' debut album Partie Traumatic in July 2008. Other notable acts include Calvin Harris and Does It Offend You, Yeah?

Artists

North America
 Calvin Harris
 Does It Offend You, Yeah?
 Peter Bjorn and John
 Shugo Tokumaru
 Walter Meego
 Wild Light

UK
 Black Kids
 Harlem Shakes

See also
 List of record labels

References

External links
 Official site

Record labels established in 2007
Indie rock record labels
Alternative rock record labels
American independent record labels
British independent record labels