Polar Bear Pass National Wildlife Area is a National Wildlife Area on Bathurst Island within Qikiqtaaluk, Nunavut, Canada.  It is on federal Crown land, and is administered by the Canadian Wildlife Service, a division of Environment Canada, with respect to the Canada Wildlife Act's National Wildlife Area Regulations. Land use is also subject to the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement. To the north and west is Qausuittuq National Park.

The NWA received the federally designated conservation status on 1 January 1985.  Of its  in overall size,  is a marine area with marine, intertidal, and subtidal components.

Geography and geology
Polar Bear Pass is one of the largest National Wildlife Areas in Canada and is located between Graham Moore Bay and Queens Channel in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The area consists of a wide valley bordered on the north and south by low hills. These hills, which can be described as long ridges and folds, are the result of an east-west thrust fault composing the geologic body of Polar Bear Pass. The northern hills comprise the upthrust part of the fault and are generally taller than the southern hills. The tallest hills in the pass, the Scoresby Hills, are located in the north-east and reach an elevation of 240 meters. The rest of the hilltops do not typically exceed more than 180 meters. These ridges are covered mostly by lichens, with the exception of a few arctic flowers. At their highest points, there is effectually no life or vegetation. There are also tor-like rock formations on the northern border of the wildlife area that provide dens and nesting spots for local wildlife. These structures were formed from the erosion of ancient coral reefs. They are essentially tall stacks of Devonian-era sedimentary rock, reaching up to 10 meters high.

There are many rivers, streams, marshes and lakes within Polar Bear Pass. To the north, there is the Goodsir River, along with many other small streams, that flow south and east into the Goodsir Inlet. In the south, the Caledonian River flows north into the National Wildlife Area and then west into the Arctic Ocean. The two largest lakes in the pass are "Obloomi" and "Hunting Camp," but there are many other smaller lakes and ponds, none of which exceed 2 meters in depth. The water in the pass does not drain effectively due to the permafrost beneath it. This permafrost, along with a thin layer of soil which freezes and thaws each year, creates rare ground patterns. The valley floor itself contains comprehensive wetlands. These include seasonal rivers, streams, ponds and marshes, but also permanent freshwater lakes, ponds, marshes and swamps. The inland wetlands also include tundra wetlands and peatlands. On the coast, intertidal mud, sand, and salt flats as well as rocky marine shores are considered wetlands.

Climate
Cold temperatures, calm winds, and little precipitation define Polar Bear Pass's climate. The three coldest months (December through February) have an average temperature of -35 °C, while the three warmest months (June through August) have a range of -1 to 4 °C. The amount of snowfall is often low (up to seven cm), and the majority of the yearly precipitation comes as rain.

Due to the sparse precipitation, Bathurst Island has a "polar desert" environment; yet, a combination of factors have led to a more productive ecology. The local wind patterns and the nearby hills reduce the amount of cloud cover over the pass. The increase in solar energy results in a longer growing season. Additional key factors in the growth of this biological oasis include the poor drainage in the lowlands, the persistence of moisture well after snowfall, the absorption of nutrients with runoff from the nearby hills, and the underlying marine sediments. Beginning in early February, the sun begins to rise over the horizon, and by the end of April, the area has continuous daylight. May sees the first above-freezing temperatures, and summertime averages are around 4° C. Early in July, river ice begins to break up, then larger ponds and lakes. Early in September, ponds start to ice, then larger lakes and rivers. After the first week of November, the sun continues to be below the horizon.

People and culture
There is a rich history within the peoples of Nunavut. The ancestors of the Inuit can be traced to over 8,500 years ago, spanning everywhere from the Northern coast of Alaska to the west coasts of Nunavut. Methods of oral tradition, where stories of the past, present, and future are told to each generation, preserve the history and culture of the Inuit. Bathurst Island, home of Polar Bear Pass National Wildlife Area, is part of the Arctic Archipelago and the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut. About thirteen communities reside in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, with around 10 communities historically depending on the harvest of caribou. As the community of Inuit peoples expanded their land use, development of new knowledge, skills, and technology on hunting marine animals took place during the winter, when the water in the north would become frozen over. While using other methods for food, such as fishing and catching birds, the caribou found in Nunavut provide most food, clothing, and shelter for the more inland communities.

Wildlife

Polar Bear Pass National Wildlife Area has at least 54 species of birds and 11 Mammals that occupy the area. Some of the mammals include lemmings, muskoxen, Peary caribou, walrus, polar bear, and ringed seal. 30 of the 54 species of birds that occupy the area use it for breeding, including the red phalarope. The red phalarope migrates from various parts of the world to breed and nest in Canada. Due a high proportion of the global population being in Canada, Canada's responsibility for conservation of the species has been evaluated as very high. Other prominent birds include waterfowl, brant goose, and shorebirds.

Endangered species
Polar Bear Pass National Wildlife Area is home to two endangered species: polar bears (Ursus Maritimus) and Peary caribou (Rangifer Tarandus Pearyi).

Polar bears have been assessed as a species of special concern since 1991 by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). Polar bears are listed on the Federal Species at Risk Act (SARA) added in 2011. Polar bears are also protected under The Convention on International trade in Endangered Species (CITES). The assessment of the polar bears is in large part due to the increasing loss of sea ice that is a vital part of their habitat and hunting patterns.

Peary Caribou, a subspecies of caribou endemic to the Canadian Artic Archipelago, have been assessed as threatened since 2015 by COSEWIC. Peary Caribou was assessed as threatened because of loss of sea ice, in respect to climate change and a large die-off in the 1990’s related to severe weather. Peary Caribou are also protected under The Species at Risk Act (SARA) as of 2011.

History of the NWA
The first area singled out for environmental protections was the Bracerbridge-Goodsir Inlet in the 1970’s under the International Biological Program (IBP). This was due to research that was conducted from 1968-1993 by the High Arctic research station that had studied the life histories and ecology of organisms living within the Polar Bear Pass. Further environmental significance was given to the Polar Bear Pass in 1982, when the Ramsar Convention indicated that the area was distinguished as a Wetland of International Importance. Because of these distinctions, environmental importance and both cultural and industrial importance, in 1986, the pass was given the title of NWA, meaning National Wildlife Area. In 1993, the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement was created and signed, which set in stone the cultural importance of the area, solidifying even more the environmental protections of the park. This meant that Nunavut was federally considered a territory and could be led in tandem with Inuit governance with cultural and ancestral tradition recognized and respected within the territory of Nunavut.

Land claim agreements
Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) and Sulukvaut Area Co-management Committee (ACMC) of Resolute Bay, Nunavut, are currently in partnership in managing the Polar Bear Pass National Wildlife Area. On May 25, 1993, the official Nunavut Land Claims Agreement was signed, decided in partnership with the Government of Canada, the Tungavik Federation of Nunavut, and the Government of the Northwest Territories. This act helped to place Nunavut as a federally recognized territory, granting the government of Nunavut responsibilities in relation to health, education, environmental protection, and economic development. Although the Inuit had to give up their Aboriginal title to Nunavut through this land agreement, the title is still legally recognized on ancestral lands, and the Agreement protects the rights of the aboriginal Inuit to continue in practicing their traditional activities. Held in the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement, it is stated that, in efforts to protect and conserve the wildlife there, the National Wildlife Area is restricted to the public. Only Nunavut beneficiaries and those with updated permits can have access to the Polar Bear Pass National Wildlife Area, where they are allowed to harvest the wildlife for their economic, social and cultural needs.

Management
In order to keep NWA’s (National Wildlife Area's) protected, the parks keep strict rules that only specified people with permits are allowed to be in the park such as researchers as well as Nunavut beneficiaries, like Inuit peoples that have cultural ties to the land. This is to prevent any activities that can harm and cause changes to the environment of the park as well as protecting cultural significance in the park. Conservation efforts in the park are primarily the management efforts by ECCC and ACMC, and regulations put in place by researchers and Inuit peoples who engage in cultural activities in the area who are able to monitor the region. The last management plan was written in 1990, and since then there has not been any publication updates to the management plans of the park.

See also
 List of National Wildlife Areas in Canada

References

National Wildlife Areas of Canada
Geography of Qikiqtaaluk Region
Ramsar sites in Qikiqtaaluk Region


Breitenau may refer to:

Breitenau, Germany, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
Breitenau, a part of Bad Gottleuba-Berggießhübel in Saxony, Germany
Breitenau, Bas-Rhin, in Alsace, France
Breitenau, Austria, in Lower Austria, Austria
Breitenau am Hochlantsch, in Styria, Austria
Breitenau, a part of Guxhagen in Hesse, Germany
Breitenau monastery, in Guxhagen
Breitenau concentration camp, during Nazi Germany at the Breitenau monastery

See also
Breitnau


Argonaut Junior was the first successful submarine built by the American engineer Simon Lake. Her main attribute, like that of the sub built by Lake in 1897, , was an air lock. Her dimensions were length , beam , and a depth of . Different sources incorrectly identify Argonaut No 1, and Argonaut No 2 as the name of this vessel.  Argonaut No 1 was built in 1897 and is  in length, Argonaut No 2 was a reconstruction of Argonaut No 1 finishing in 1900 with a length of  and significantly different profile.

Argonaut Junior was built in 1894 as a prototype by Lake after he was denied a contract by the U.S. Navy. It was triangular, made of wood (yellow pine), and had three wheels to keep it from getting stuck to the sea bottom. She moved along the bottom of Sandy Hook Bay by one or two men cranking the axle of the two driving wheels. With sufficient air pressure in the cabin, a bottom door (air lock) could be opened and no water would come into the boat. Then by putting on a pair of rubber boots the operator could walk around on the sea bottom and push the boat along with him and pick up objects from the sea bottom.

References

External links
The Simon Lake Submarine Web Site
Recreating Simon Lake's Argonaut Jr.

19th-century submarines of the United States


Milton Park is a  mixed use business and technology park in Oxfordshire, England, operated by MEPC plc.

It is just south of the village of Milton, about  west of Didcot. It is on the site of a former Ministry of Defence depot between the A34 and Didcot power station. Although closer to Didcot, it lies within the Abingdon postcode area.

Occupiers
Milton Park is home to 7,500 people and 250 organisations. It includes the offices of Alamy, RM Education,  Halliburton and Taylor & Francis, offices of eBay Classifieds Group, ITV, Planet IT, and distribution depots for DHL and UPS. Manufacturing includes a battery manufacturing centre for Johnson Matthey. The Vale of White Horse District Council offices are also in Milton Park.

Pharmaceutical companies are represented by Evotec, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Hypha Discovery, Immunocore among others.

Milton Park has  of business accommodation, and houses the Milton Park Innovation Centre, a flagship innovation centre for fast-growing science and technology businesses. The centre plans to expand to a working population of 20,000 people by 2040.

Transport
Milton Park is served by Thames Travel bus services X2 (Oxford-Abingdon-Milton Park-Didcot), X32 (JR Hospital-Oxford-Milton Park-Didcot-Harwell-Wantage), X36 (Didcot-Milton Park-Grove-Wantage), 33 (Abingdon-Milton Park-Didcot-Wallingford) and 99A/99C (Great Western Park-Milton Park). There is a disused siding for rail freight, connected to the Great Western Main Line. The nearest train service is to Didcot Parkway station and Thames Travel runs regular bus services from the station to the business park.

References

External links

Business parks of England
Economy of Oxfordshire
High-technology business districts in the United Kingdom
Vale of White Horse
2000 establishments in England


The 2006 All-Pro Team comprised the National Football League players that were named to the Associated Press (AP), Pro Football Writers Association (PFWA), or The Sporting News All-Pro teams in 2006.  Both first and second teams are listed for the AP team. The three teams are included in Total Football II: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League.  In 2006, the PFWA and the publication Pro Football Weekly combined their All-Pro teams.

Teams

Key
 AP = Associated Press first-team All-Pro
 AP-2 = Associated Press second-team All-Pro
 AP-2t = Tied for second-team All-Pro in the AP vote
 PFWA = Pro Football Writers Association All-NFL
 SN = Sporting News All-Pro

References
Pro-Football-Reference.com
ESPN.com

All-Pro Teams
Allpro


Breitenau is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


James John Walker (16 May 1851, Sheerness – 12 January 1939) was an English entomologist.

Walker was a marine engineer who trained at the Royal Navy dockyard in Sheerness and voyaged around most of the world, collecting insects when on land. His sister Adelaide married George Charles Champion (another entomologist) cementing their friendship. After his retirement, Walker lived in Oxford and became one of the editors of the Entomologist's Monthly Magazine. His house, in Summertown, a suburb of Oxford. was named Aorangi, a Māori name for Aoraki/Mount Cook, a favourite place visited on his travels.

Walker's collections from the Pacific, Australia, New Zealand and the Mediterranean are shared by the Natural History Museum, London and the Oxford University Museum which also conserves his British Coleoptera.

He was a Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society (President 1919–20) and a Fellow of the Linnean Society.

Walker is commemorated in the scientific names of two species of lizards, Draco walkeri and Lerista walkeri, both described in 1891 by George Albert Boulenger of the British Museum (Natural History). The epithet of a tiny australian bat, delivered by Walker and described as species Nyctophilus walkeri, was given by the author Oldfield Thomas to honour Walker's many collections of specimens.

References

Sources
Blair KG (1939). [Walker, J. J.] L'Entomologiste 72: 48.
Carpenter GDH (1941). [Walker, J. J.] Proc. Linn. Soc. London 151 (4): 260–262.
Grensted LW (1939). [Walker, J. J.] Rep. Ashmolean Nat. Hist. Soc. Oxfordshire 1938: 22–23.
Hesselbart G, Oorschot H van, Wagener S (1995). Die Tagfalter der Türkei unter Berücksichtigung der angrenzenden Länder. Bocholt.
Hobby BM (1939). [Walker, J. J.] J. Soc. British Ent 2 (1): 43–44.
Poulton EB (1939). [Walker, J. J.] Entomologist's Monthly Magazine (3) 75 64–70. (Walker's publications on Coleoptera with some notes on other insect Orders, mainly Lepidoptera and Hemiptera are listed through to p. 79) as "A selected and classified bibliography of J.J. Walker's publications 1872–1939".

External links
Internet Archive directs to internet texts of
Saunders, Edward (1890). "Aculeate Hymenoptera collected by J. J. Walker, Esq., R.N., F.L.S., at Gibraltar and in North Africa". Entomologists Monthly Magazine 26: 201-205. (ants only).
Forel, Auguste (1900). "Ponerinae et Dorylinae d'Australie. Récoltés par MM. Turner, Froggatt, Nugent, Chase, Rothney, J.-J. Walker, etc.". Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique 44: 54-77.

1851 births
1939 deaths
English entomologists
English coleopterists
Hymenopterists
Fellows of the Royal Entomological Society


Sangil-dong station is the subway station of Line 5 in Gangdong-gu, Seoul. Seoul Metro have extended the subway line from this station to Hanam Geomdansan in the nearby city of Hanam.

The South Korean government plans to build a new apartment complex roughly 2 million pyeong in size.

Station layout

Vicinity
Exit 1 : Godeok Lifelong Learning Center, Godeok 2-dong Community Service Center, Jugong Apts. Complex 2, 8
Exit 2 : Saemaeul Market, Jugong Apts. Complex 2
Exit 3 : Goil Elementary School, Kodeok Sports Center, Korea Welfare Center for the visually handicapped, Jugong Apts. Complex 3, 5, 6
Exit 4 : Godeok Post Office, Godeok Police Box, Jugong Apts. Complex 3, 4, 7

Ridership

References

Railway stations opened in 1995
Metro stations in Gangdong District
Seoul Metropolitan Subway stations
Railway stations in South Korea opened in the 1990s


The Curtiss XP-31 Swift (Wright Field Project Number XP-934) was a 1930s American experimental monoplane fighter built by Curtiss for the United States Army Air Corps.

The XP-31 featured the first enclosed cockpit on a U.S. pursuit aircraft and was also the last pursuit aircraft to have fixed landing gear and externally braced wings. Despite its innovations, the XP-31 did not offer any advantages compared to its rival the Boeing P-26 Peashooter and was not ordered into series production.

Design and development
Curtiss offered the XP-31 (given the Wright Field Project Number XP-934) in a 1932 competition with the P-26. It was a low-wing monoplane with fixed landing gear, first flown in July. It was the AAC's first single-seat closed-cockpit fighter, and the last with fixed gear and wing struts. Despite its small size, it was badly overweight, and carried 125 gallons (104 imp gal, 474 L) of fuel. Although Curtiss considered the design significant in that it introduced various new technologies, compared to its contemporaries the XP-31 was already outmoded, and, more importantly, testing showed that it fell below performance expectations.

Testing and evaluation

Powered by a 700 hp (520 kW) R-1750 Cyclone radial, its performance was dismal, despite retractable leading edge slots and large trailing-edge flaps, so a 600 hp (450 kW) Curtiss V-1570 Conqueror was substituted. In this form, the Curtiss XP-31 Swift (s/n 33-178) was delivered on 1 March 1933, having already lost to the P-26. The sole example was scrapped in 1935.

Operators

United States Army Air Corps

Specifications

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Bowers, Peter M. Curtiss Aircraft 1907-1947. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1979. .
 Donald, David, ed. Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada: Prospero Books, 1997. .
 Dorr, Robert F. and David Donald. Fighters of the United States Air Force. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1990. .
 Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. The Complete Book of Fighters. New York: Smithmark, 1994. .
 Jones, Lloyd S. U.S. Fighters: Army-Air Force 1925 to 1980s. Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, 1975. .
 Pedigree of Champions: Boeing Since 1916, Third Edition. Seattle, Washington: The Boeing Company, 1969.

External links

Curtiss P-31
P-31 Swift
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932


Domingo Jesús Ramón Menargues (born March 10, 1958 in Crevillente, Alicante) is a retired long-distance runner from Spain, known for winning the bronze medal in the men's 3000 m steeplechase event at the 1982 European Championships in Athens, Greece. He represented his native country in two Summer Olympics (1980 and 1984). Ramón set his personal best (8:15.74) in the event on July 21, 1980 at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.

He was twice a competitor at the World Championships in Athletics, in 1983 and 1987, and was also a four-time champion of Spain in 3000 m steeplechase, in 1980 (8:29.40), 1981 (8:21.09), 1982 (8:27.07), and 1984 (8:29.91).

Competition record

References

1982 Year Ranking

1958 births
Living people
People from Crevillent
Sportspeople from the Province of Alicante
Spanish male long-distance runners
Spanish male steeplechase runners
Olympic athletes for Spain
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Championships athletes for Spain
European Athletics Championships medalists
Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Spain
Athletes (track and field) at the 1979 Mediterranean Games
Athletes (track and field) at the 1983 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games medalists in athletics


Maharlika Charity Foundation, Inc. (MCFI) is a Davao, Philippines based charitable organization.
The charity is located at the Maharlika Center, at J.P. Cabaguio Avenue, Davao City.

The Maharlika Charity Foundation was founded in May 1973 to provide free surgical services to the poor and the needy.
MCFI is a non-stock, non-profit charity foundation.

References

Charities based in the Philippines
1973 establishments in the Philippines
Organizations established in 1973


Grand Duke Vyacheslav Konstantinovich of Russia, (13 July 1862 – 27 February 1879), was a Romanov grand duke and the youngest son of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia and his wife Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg. The English form of his first name is Wenceslas.

Biography
Vyacheslav, who was nicknamed "Slava," was the baby of the family and a family favorite. He was tall and used to joke that, when he is dead, his coffin would be stuck in a doorway of the Marble Palace. It really happened so when he died. At age sixteen, he complained suddenly of a splitting headache and violent illness. He lay with a Russian Orthodox icon on his pillow as his family surrounded him, urging him to breathe. He died within a week of brain inflammation. His mother later reported that she had seen the ghost of a white lady in the art gallery at Pavlovsk on the day before Vyacheslav became ill. She took the apparition as a portent of death. His brother Grand Duke Constantine Constantinovich of Russia later recalled, as he walked in Vyacheslav's funeral procession, how much Vyacheslav enjoyed drawing funeral processions in great detail.

Orders and decorations
 : Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1874

Ancestry

Notes

References
Pchelov, E.V. (2003). The Romanovs: history of the dynasty. Archive. Moscow, OLMA-PRESS.
Zeepvat, Charlotte (2004). The Camera and the Tsars. Sutton Publishing.

1862 births
1879 deaths
Nobility from Warsaw
People from Warsaw Governorate
Grand dukes from the Russian Empire
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
19th-century people from the Russian Empire
Burials at Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg


A National Wildlife Area is a conservation designation for a geographical region in Canada that restricts most human activities on that region. However, land use permits may be issued "for activities that are compatible with conservation". Such areas are established and managed by the Canadian Wildlife Service, a division of Environment and Climate Change Canada. They may consist of land and water features, as well as coastal areas extending up to  from shore.

The largest national wildlife area is the Scott Islands Marine National Wildlife Area in British Columbia, which covers an area of .

Protections
Each National Wildlife Area involves a management plan which specifies activities which are generally allowed within the protected area, as well as activities requiring permits. Under the Wildlife Area Regulations, traditional, personal and recreational activities such as hunting, fishing, or canoeing are allowed, whereas resource extraction or livestock grazing would be permitted only under the authority of a yearly permit with strict limits. Some National Wildlife Area in the territories, such as Polar Bear Pass, require co-management between federal government agencies and the Inuit, per the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement.

List of National Wildlife Areas in Canada
This is a list of National Wildlife Areas in Canada by province. It uses data from Environment and Climate Change Canada.

Alberta

 Blue Quills National Wildlife Area,
 Meanook National Wildlife Area,
 Spiers Lake National Wildlife Area,
 Suffield National Wildlife Area,

British Columbia

 Alaksen National Wildlife Area,
 Columbia National Wildlife Area,
 Qualicum National Wildlife Area,
 Scott Islands Marine National Wildlife Area,
 Vaseux-Bighorn National Wildlife Area,
 Widgeon Valley National Wildlife Area,

Manitoba

 Pope National Wildlife Area,
 Rockwood National Wildlife Area,

New Brunswick

 ,  — Cape Jourimain
 ,
 ,
 ,  — Riverside-Albert
 Tintamarre National Wildlife Area,

Nova Scotia

 Boot Island National Wildlife Area,
 Chignecto National Wildlife Area,
 John Lusby National Wildlife Area,
 ,
 ,
 Wallace Bay National Wildlife Area,

Nunavut

 ,
 ,
 Nirjutiqavvik National Wildlife Area,
 Polar Bear Pass National Wildlife Area,
 ,

Ontario

 Big Creek National Wildlife Area,
 Eleanor Island National Wildlife Area,
 Long Point National Wildlife Area,
 Mississippi Lake National Wildlife Area,
 Mohawk Island National Wildlife Area,
 Prince Edward Point National Wildlife Area,
 Scotch Bonnet Island National Wildlife Area,
 St. Clair National Wildlife Area,
 Wellers Bay National Wildlife Area,
 Wye Marsh National Wildlife Area,

Quebec

 ,
 Cap Tourmente National Wildlife Area,
 ,
 ,
 ,
 ,
 Pointe-au-Père National Wildlife Area,
 ,

Saskatchewan

 Bradwell National Wildlife Area,
 Last Mountain Lake National Wildlife Area,
 Prairie National Wildlife Area,
 Raven Island National Wildlife Area,
 St. Denis National Wildlife Area,
 Stalwart National Wildlife Area,
 Tway National Wildlife Area,
 Webb National Wildlife Area,

Yukon

 Nisutlin River Delta National Wildlife Area,

See also
 List of Migratory Bird Sanctuaries of Canada

References

Nature conservation in Canada
National Wildlife Areas
National Wildlife Areas


Mark Tribe (born 1966) is an American artist. He is the founder of Rhizome, a not-for-profit arts organization based in New York City.

In 2013, he was appointed chair of the MFA program of the School of Visual Arts in New York City. Formerly, he was Assistant Professor of Modern Culture and Media Studies at Brown University, Director of the Digital Media Center at the Columbia University School of the Arts, and Visiting Assistant Professor and Artist in Residence at Williams College. He is the author of The Port Huron Project: Reenactments of Historic Protest Speeches (Charta, 2010) and the co-author of New Media Art (Taschen, 2006). He received an MFA in Visual Art from the University of California, San Diego in La Jolla, California in 1994 and an BA in Visual Art from Brown University in 1990.

Work

Tribe's drawings, performances, installations and photographs often deal with social and political issues. His work has been featured in solo exhibitions at the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.; Momenta Art in Brooklyn, New York; Los Angeles Contemporary Exhibitions (LACE) in Los Angeles, California; and DiverseWorks in Houston, Texas. His work has been included in group exhibitions at the New Museum in New York City;, the Queens Museum in New York City; the Palais de Tokyo in Paris; the Menil Collection in Houston; Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris; SITE Santa Fe in Santa Fe, New Mexico; the San Diego Museum of Art in San Diego, California; Museo de Antioquia in Medellin, Colombia; Montclair Art Museum in Montclair, New Jersey; and the DeCordova Museum and Sculpture Park in Lincoln, Massachusetts.

In 1996, Tribe founded Rhizome, a not-for-profit arts organization that supports and provides a platform for new media art. Tribe has curated exhibitions at the New Museum of Contemporary Art in New York City, the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art and inSite_05 in San Diego, California and Tijuana, Mexico.

External links
Mark Tribe's Website
Rhizome (organization) website

References

1966 births
Living people
American art curators
Brown University alumni
Brown University faculty
University of California, San Diego alumni
Cultural historians
American digital artists
Postmodern artists
Artists from New York (state)
New media artists
American art historians
Jewish American artists
21st-century American Jews


François A. Pouliot (June 6, 1896 – March 11, 1990) was a Canadian politician and a two-term Member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.

Background

He was born in Holyoke, Massachusetts on June 6, 1896.

Political career

Pouliot ran as a Conservative candidate in the provincial district of Missisquoi in the 1931 and 1935 elections. He succeeded on his second attempt.

He joined Maurice Duplessis's Union Nationale and was re-elected in the 1936 election. He served as his party's House Whip until his defeat in the 1939 election.

Death

He died on March 11, 1990.

References

1896 births
1990 deaths
American emigrants to Canada
Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs
People from Holyoke, Massachusetts
Union Nationale (Quebec) MNAs


The Midnight Girl is a 1925 American drama film directed by Wilfred Noy and starring Lila Lee and featuring Béla Lugosi.

Plot
Lugosi plays, according to an intertitle, "Nicholas Harmon, the immensely wealthy patron of music" who "loved his weaknesses — and his favorite weakness was Nina," his mistress, an opera singer whose voice is faltering. His stepson Don, an orchestra conductor, rejects the attentions of a society girl. Don becomes estranged from his stepfather in an argument, and leaves to succeed on his own. He helps the career of Anna, a newly arrived singer from Russia who becomes a nightclub star, the "Midnight Girl". Harmon sees her perform, and is entranced. He invites her to his apartment, where his attempts to seduce her become forceful. Anna fires at gun at him, but hits instead Nina, who has been hiding behind a curtain. Harmon realizes how much he loves Nina, and cradles her in his arms. At the end of the story, Don has married Anna, who is now a leading opera singer, and Harmon has married Nina.

Cast

Production
The film was adapted from a story by Garrett Fort, who would later co-write the screenplay for Lugosi's Dracula. It was filmed in early 1925 at the Astoria Studios, on Long Island, New York.

In 1926, opera singer Nina Morgana sued Chadwick Pictures over The Midnight Girl, claiming that the opera singer character in named "Nina" is portrayed as "debauched" and "passe", and thus was damaging to Morgana's reputation.

Preservation
A print of the film survives.

See also
 Béla Lugosi filmography

References

External links

1925 films
1925 drama films
Silent American drama films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
1920s English-language films
Films directed by Wilfred Noy
Films shot at Astoria Studios
1920s American films


The piastre (Egyptian: ersh, قرش) was the currency of Egypt until 1834. It was subdivided into 40 para, each of 3 akçe.

History
The piastre was based on the Turkish kuruş, introduced while Egypt was part of the Ottoman Empire. As in Turkey, debasement lead to the piastre falling significantly in value.

In 1834, the pound, or gineih (Arabic), was introduced as the chief unit of currency, worth 100 piastre. The piastre continues in use to the present day as a subdivision of the pound. The piastre continued to circulate, with the piastre subdivided into 40 para. In 1885, the para ceased to be issued, and the piastre was divided into tenths (  'oshr el-ersh). These tenths were renamed milliemes (malleem) in 1916.

Coins
In the early 19th century, billon coins in denominations of 1 akçe, 1, 5, 10 and 20 para, and 1 qirsh were in circulation, along with gold coins denominated as ¼, ½, 1, 2 and 3 mahbub.

References

Ottoman Egypt
Economic history of Egypt
Modern obsolete currencies
Currencies of Egypt
1834 disestablishments


Reima Untamo Salonen (born November 19, 1955 in Taivassalo, Southwest Finland) is a retired race walker from Finland, known for winning the gold medal in the men's 50 km Walk event at the 1982 European Championships in Athens, Greece. A former world record holder, he represented his native country in three Summer Olympics (1980, 1984 and 1988).

He was the bronze medallist at the 1976 World Championships in Athletics – a one-off 50 km walk competition to compensate for the dropping of the event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.

International competitions

References

External links

1955 births
Living people
People from Taivassalo
Sportspeople from Southwest Finland
Finnish male racewalkers
Olympic male racewalkers
Olympic athletes for Finland
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Competitors at the 1984 Friendship Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for Finland
World Athletics Championships medalists
European Athletics Championships medalists
World record setters in athletics (track and field)


Ralph W. Aigler (February 12, 1885 – May 24, 1964) was an American law professor at the University of Michigan from 1910–1954, the University's faculty representative to the Big Ten Conference from 1917 to 1955, and chairman of Michigan's Faculty Board in Control of Athletics from 1917 to 1942. Aigler was a renowned expert on real property law and one of the advisors to the American Law Institute in the drafting of the Restatement of the Law of Property. He is best known, however, for his contributions to the athletics programs at the University of Michigan. Aigler's contributions included leading Michigan back into the Big Ten Conference, leading the effort to construct Michigan Stadium, Yost Fieldhouse and other facilities, negotiating the Big Ten's exclusive contract with the Rose Bowl starting in 1946, hiring Fritz Crisler as football coach and athletic director, and acting as a spokesman for the University and Big Ten for many years on NCAA rules and eligibility issues. He was inducted into the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor in 1982.

Early years
Aigler was born in Bellevue, Ohio, in 1885. He received an LL.B. degree from the University of Michigan Law School in 1907.  After graduating, he took a job with the Rosenthal & Hammill law firm in Chicago.

Law professor
Aigler joined the faculty of Michigan's Law School and served as professor of law until 1954.  He was a renowned expert in the area of property law and was one of the advisors to the American Law Institute in the preparation of the first Restatement of the Law on Property in 1936. Aigler published at least 123 articles on legal topics including real property, negotiable instruments, trusts, banks and banking, and Constitutional law. He also served as the President of the Association of American Law Schools.

Return to the Big Ten Conference
In addition to his work as a law professor, Aigler also served as the University's faculty representative to the Big Ten Conference from 1917 to 1955, and chairman of Michigan's Faculty Board in Control of Athletics from 1917 to 1942.  Michigan had left the Big Ten Conference in 1907, and Aigler led the school back into Conference membership. In June 1917, The New York Times reported that the Conference's faculty representatives had voted unanimously to invite Michigan to resume athletic relations with the "Big Nine". The article noted that "Professor R.W. Aigler, Chairman of Michigan's Athletic Board of Control", attended the meeting as Michigan's representative.

Construction of Michigan Stadium and other facilities
Aigler was also a leader in the construction of Michigan Stadium. In July 1926, Aigler was appointed to the Stadium Building Committee, which was empowered "to appoint the General Engineer for the building of the stadium and to let contracts for the excavation, placing of abutments, drainage, etc., so that work may proceed immediately." The stadium was built on time and within its budget, and Aigler presented a detailed report on construction costs to the Board in Control of Athletics; the total cost was $1,131,733.36.

He was also the chairman of the Board in Control of Athletics during the construction of Yost Fieldhouse and the Intramural Building.

Spokesman for Michigan and Big Ten athletics
Aigler also became the voice of the University, and at times of the Big Ten, on athletics eligibility and rules issues. In 1925, Aigler defended intercollegiate athletics against charges that they had a negative effect on institutions of higher learning. Aigler said that the harm done by athletics was almost nothing when compared to the evils caused by "common loafing". "The greatest vice in American college life today is loafing", said Aigler. "There is no doubt that this far overshadows the harm created by intercollegiate athletics. No one would be more pleased than I to see a Phi Beta Kappa (honorary scholarship society) man receive as much recognition by the public as do our leading athletes. But such a condition would be contrary to human nature. Intellectual attainments do not make such an appeal, and that is why athletics are so prominent in colleges and universities today."

In 1929 and 1930, with the expulsion of the University of Iowa from the Big Ten for rules violations, Aigler was the spokesman of the Conference. He was also chairman of the Big Ten when Iowa sought reinstatement in 1933.

When Howard J. Savage of the Carnegie Foundation issued "Bulletin 33" in January 1930 criticizing recruitment and subsidization of athletes, Aigler challenged the fairness of the report. Aigler charged that Savage had "no intention of being fair and accurate" and accused Savage of questionable tactics in sending Michigan's president a report of conditions different from the report in the bulletin. Aigler also accused Savage of removing letters from the files of the athletic department to which he was allowed full access. He also argued that the report reflected eastern bias: "In a number of places in the Bulletin the so-called Western Conference (now the Big Nine) is referred to and, curiously, almost always with a sort of half veiled sneer. The truth apparently is that the Bulletin was written from the point of view of the Eastern athletic man who has it pretty firmly fixed in mind that, athletically, things are pretty raw in the territory generally West of the Alleghenies." Aigler later issued a 31-page report on athletic conditions at Michigan, charging the Carnegie Foundation with "muck-raking".

When the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools sought to usurp rule-making powers with regard to athletics, Aigler defended the authority and jurisdiction of the Big Ten. He said: "By agreement of the universities constituting the Big Ten for many years the making of rules and administration of athletic affairs, except that of purely local concern, have been delegated to the conference. This conference was a pioneer in athletic reform movements. Its organization has been the model for many years all over the country and its legislation generally has been widely copied. The aim of the conference not only has been to provide uniform eligibility rules, but also to *** and keep athletic activities in a proper relationship to the main business of the universities. Recently there has been developed in the North Central association a movement to take hold of matters heretofore handled by the conference."

Aigler came under fire in 1936 for his public statement about moves at the University of Wisconsin to shift oversight of athletics away from the faculty. Aigler issued a statement on behalf of the Big Ten criticizing Wisconsin for establishing a non-faculty governing body. Aigler said, "The evidence before the Conference indicated strongly that the Wisconsin regents for several years have shown a disposition to subordinate faculty desires to the wishes of such outsiders." In response to Aigler's charge, one Wisconsin newspaper asked: "Was he Ignorant, or Did he Want Some Publicity?"

As the long-time chairman of the Board in Control of Athletics, Aigler issued annual reports to the University Senate on the state of the athletics programs. In 1921, Aigler's report stated that football was the only sport that paid for itself. In that fiscal year, football generated $73,766.76 "while its expenses were $41,176.10, leaving a profit of $32,590.66."  Baseball exceeded its revenues by $5,000, and track cost $8,203 above receipts. According to Aigler's reports total athletic receipts were $148,000 against disbursements of $155,000. In 1937, Aigler reported football receipts of $153,836.34, exceeding disbursements by $102,683.42. Football was again the only sport to pay for itself, and the profit from football was enough to create an overall profit of $50,000 from the athletic programs. Aigler referred to the football's team's three-year losing streak as a "lesson in humility".

Hiring of Crisler and retirement of Yost

Fielding H. Yost became the football coach and then athletic director at the University of Michigan since 1901.  Aigler was also one of the first persons within the University to challenge Yost's authority.  In 1937, Aigler's hiring of former Notre Dame head coach Hunk Anderson as assistant football coach was seen as a sign that "the iron hand of Fielding Yost carries less power than it did."  At the time, it was reported: "Prof. Ralph Aigler is said to be rapidly becoming the dominant figure in Michigan's athletics."

Charges surfaced in November 1937 that Michigan's freshman athletes had been subsidized with employment through an Ann Arbor manufacturing concern at a higher rate than other employees, and with funds controlled by alumni. When Aigler was reported to have said that "all freshman athletes at Michigan would be presumed to have been subsidized", it was perceived to be part of political infighting among those in control of Michigan's athletic programs.

Harry Kipke was fired as Michigan's head coach in December 1937, and Yost and Aigler were authorized to begin interviewing candidates for Kipke's job. On February 10, 1938, Aigler made a public announcement that Fritz Crisler had been hired as Michigan's new head football coach. Aigler was reported to have hired Crisler without Yost's knowledge. In fact, the report of Crisler's hiring was combined with indications that "the impending retirement of Fielding H. Yost as Michigan's athletic director will be hastened to put Crisler in complete control." At that point, "it became clear that Yost no longer ran the athletic department. Uncharacteristically, Yost did not raise a ruckus; instead, he stepped aside graciously."

The U-M Regents reorganized athletic oversight in 1942 and replaced the Faculty Board of Athletic Control with a new intercollegiate athletics board, and Crisler succeeded Aigler as chairman of the body with ultimate authority to hire and fire coaches. Aigler remained the faculty representative to the Big Ten until 1955.

Opposition to athletic scholarships
For many years, Aigler was an outspoken opponent of athletic scholarships. In 1939, the Michigan Student Senate adopted a resolution favoring tuition scholarships for varsity athletes with at least a "B" average. The resolution was intended to rid college sports of unseemly under-the-table subsidies and to provide a "fair return for services" to the athletes who made possible the "big business" of college sports. Aigler opposed the move, saying: "You can't give athletic scholarships without aspiring to the sigma of professionalism. . . . Other schools have tried it, and if the practice enjoys widespread continuance, it will prove the doom of collegiate sport." Aigler argued that scholarships were a form of payment that undermined the concept of the unpaid student athlete. He said: "Those college teams made up of scholarship holders and the like should be grouped with the Giants, Redskins, Bears, etc., instead of with those teams made up of bona fide college students to whom athletic participation must be secondary." On another occasion, he urged schools granting athletic scholarships, though "ostensibly amateur", to "turn square and associate themselves with the Washington Redskins and Green Bay Packers."

Aigler even proposed that under the monitorship of the NCAA, the non-scholarship colleges and universities should sever athletic relations with institutions refusing to meet the standard. In 1948, Aigler was one of the drafters and advocates of the NCAA's "purity" code prohibiting any form of subsidization of student athletes. Aigler later served as the Secretary-Treasurer of the NCAA from 1955–1956. In that role, Aigler eventually relented and worked on the rule changes permitting universities to grant full-ride scholarships to student athletes.

Big Ten contract with Rose Bowl

Aigler also played an important role in securing the Big Ten's long-term contract with the Rose Bowl. Prior to the 1947 season, the visiting spot in the Rose Bowl was open to all conferences, and the Big Ten champion only appeared in the Rose Bowl on rare occasions. In November 1946, Aigler was appointed to a five-person steering committee assigned to negotiate an exclusive contract with the Rose Bowl. The Big Ten approved the exclusive arrangement by a vote of 7 to 2, with Illinois and Minnesota the only opponents. The relationship was negotiated at meetings between Aigler and the Big Ten steering committee and the Pacific Coast Conference held in Berkeley, California in November 1946. Aigler traveled to California again in May 1947 with William Reed to negotiate administrative details of the Rose Bowl arrangement with Pacific Coast Conference representative William C. Ackerman. The University of Michigan was the first Big Ten participant in the new Rose Bowl arrangement, defeating the USC Trojans 49–0 in the game held on January 1, 1948.

Aigler was again part of a five-person committee in 1953 that negotiated the extension of the Big Ten contract with the Rose Bowl. The renewal passed by a vote of 6–4, with Wisconsin, Purdue, and Illinois voting against the deal.

Later years and honors
Aigler was presented with an Honorary "M" (normally reserved for varsity athletes) by the University of Michigan "M" Club for his contributions to the school's athletic programs.

In 1955, Aigler moved to Tucson, Arizona, joined the faculty of the University of Arizona College of Law, and taught a course in bills and notes.

Aigler died in 1964 in at St. Joseph's Hospital Tucson. He was posthumously inducted into the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor in 1982, as part of the fifth induction class.

Notes

Further reading
Ralph W. Aigler, "Control of Intercollegiate Athletics at Michigan, Michigan Alumnus Quarterly Review vol. LXII no. 21 (Summer 1957), pp. 317–327.
Papers of the "Board in Control of Athletics" at the Bentley Historical Library, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

1885 births
1964 deaths
20th-century American lawyers
American legal writers
University of Michigan Law School alumni
University of Michigan Law School faculty


Peter Alexandru Herbolzheimer (31 December 1935 – 27 March 2010) was a Romanian-German jazz trombonist and bandleader.

Biography
Herbolzheimer was born to a Romanian mother and a German father in Bucharest, Romania. His family emigrated in 1951 from Communist Romania to West Germany. In 1953, he moved to the United States, where he enrolled in Highland Park high school in Michigan, graduating in 1954. He was a member of choral groups and orchestra and played guitar in bands in Detroit. In 1957, he returned to Germany and began playing valve trombone in "open mike" groups. He returned to Michigan, but his visa was denied.

For one year he studied at the Nuremberg Conservatory. In the 1960s, he played with the Nuremberg radio dance orchestra and with Bert Kämpfert's orchestra. In 1968, he became a member of the pit orchestra of Hamburg theater (Deutsches Schauspielhaus) directed by Hans Koller. In 1969, he formed the Rhythm Combination and Brass big band for which he wrote most of the arrangements. In the late 1970s, the band toured successfully with a "jazz gala" program with guest stars such as Esther Phillips, Stan Getz, Nat Adderley, Gerry Mulligan, Toots Thielemans, Clark Terry, and Albert Mangelsdorff. In later years, the band played concert tours, television shows, and jazz festivals.

In 1972, Herbolzheimer wrote music for the Edelhagen Band's opening of the Olympic Games in Munich. In 1974, Herbolzheimer's band entered an annual television competition  in the Belgian seaside resort Knokke, winning the Golden Swan Award. He also won the International Jazz Composers Competition 1974 in Monaco. Herbolzheimer's arrangements combine swing, Latin music, and rock music.

In the 1970s and 1980s, Herbolzheimer  led his orchestra for German television networks with guest musicians such as Ella Fitzgerald, Benny Goodman, Sammy Davis Jr., Dizzy Gillespie, and Al Jarreau. Between 1987 and 2006, Herbolzheimer was the musical director of Germany's national youth jazz orchestra, the Bundes Jazz Orchester. He conducted regular workshops and clinics for big band jazz. In 2007, he was chosen music director, arranger, and conductor of the European Jazz Band, which toured throughout Europe until 2009.

Herbolzheimer died at the age of 74 in his hometown of Cologne, Germany on 27 March 2010.

Personnel
Brass players included Allan Botschinsky (Denmark), Art Farmer (U.S.), Dusko Goykovich (Serbia), Palle Mikkelborg (Denmark), Ack van Rooyen (Netherlands) and Jiggs Whigham (U.S.) The rhythm section consisted of two keyboards, guitar, bass, drums and percussion and included Dieter Reith (Germany), Philip Catherine (Belgium), Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen (Denmark), Bo Stief (Denmark), Alex Riel (Denmark), Grady Tate (U.S.), and Nippy Noya (Indonesia).

Discography

 Soul Condor, 1970 (MPS)
 My Kind Of Sunshine, 1970 (MPS)
 Wide Open, 1973 (MPS)
 Waitaminute, 1973 (MPS)
 Scenes, 1974 (MPS)
 Live im Onkel Pö, 1975 (Polydor)
 The Catfish, 1975
 Hip Walk, 1976 (Polydor)
 Jazz Gala Concert 1976 – Koala Reco (Bellaphon)
 Touch Down, 1977
 Jazz Gala 77 – Telefunken/Decca
 I hear Voices, 1978 (Polydor)
 Quality, 1978 (Acanto/Bellaphon)
 Jazz Gala Concert 79 – Rare Bid/Bellaphon
 Toots Suite  – Alanna
 Dreißig Jahre – Live in Concert – Mons (SunnyMoon)
 Colours of a Band – Mons (SunnyMoon)
 Masterpieces – MPS-Record (Universal)
 Music for Swinging Dancers, 1984 (Koal Reco)
 Latin Groove, 1987 – Koala Reco (Bellaphon)
 Fat Man Boogie, 1981 – Koala Reco (Bellaphon)
 Fatman 2, 1983 – Koala Reco (Bellaphon)
 Bandfire, 1981 – Koala Reco (Bellaphon)
 Smile – Koala Reco (Bellaphon)
 Friends and Silhouettes – Koala Reco (Bellaphon)
 Big Band Bebop, 1984 – Koala/Bellaphon
 More Bebop, 1984 – Koala
 Harlem Story, 1984; Koala
 Colors of a Band, 1995 (with Dianne Reeves)

References

External links
 – official website

Peter Herbolzheimer – extended biography
Peter Herbolzheimer – biography and bibliography

Musicians from Bucharest
Big band bandleaders
Romanian people of German descent
Romanian emigrants to Germany
Jazz fusion arrangers
German jazz trombonists
Male trombonists
Post-bop arrangers
MPS Records artists
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
German composers
German jazz composers
Male jazz composers
1935 births
2010 deaths
20th-century trombonists
20th-century German male musicians
20th-century German musicians


Laubach is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. It lies 10 kilometres (6 miles) northwest of Haguenau.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Finabel is a European organisation for the promotion of cooperation and interoperability between the national armies of the member states of the European Union (EU). Founded in 1953, Finabel is controlled by the chiefs of staff of its member states' armies, and the organisation's work agenda consists of studies and working groups. Finabel also has a relatively small permanent secretariat.

The studies carried out by Finabel take the form of reports resulting from studies and research, entrusted to the working groups, agreements relating to the military characteristics of equipment, as well as conventions on standardising procedures, testing methods and glossaries to facilitate exchanges between member states.

The Finabel coordination committee is a land forces organisation comprising 24 Member states of the European Union with a view to promote interoperability between the land forces of its Member states. Membership is open to all of the Member states of the European Union.

History
The organisation was founded in October 1953 under the acronym FINBEL by the Army Chiefs of Staff of France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, and then became FINABEL with the arrival of Germany (Allemagne) in 1956, shortly after West Germany was rearmed in 1955. Later, the name has been kept as a proper noun, written in lower-case, when membership further expanded. Finabel was founded by armies which belonged to both NATO and Western European Union.

Initially, French was the official language of Finabel. In the 2000s the use of English has increased progressively, and since 2011 is the language used across all levels. The Finabel Committee’s initial task focused on cooperation between armament programs. This task quickly developed into the harmonization of army doctrines.

Founding principles
The tasks of the Finabel Committee have a European perspective; their purpose is to ‘promote and facilitate interoperability between land forces across the full spectrum of military operations through the harmonisation of concepts, doctrines and procedures, whilst taking into account the joint military environment’, and to ‘develop a common European understanding of defence problems by seeking to complement and co-operate with NATO and EU military structures.’
The Finabel Committee takes its decisions based on consensus and equality between its Member states.

The organisation expresses itself through reports entrusted to working groups, which produce ‘studies’ and ‘agreements’ on the military characteristics of equipment or ‘conventions’ that normalise certain procedures and glossaries in order to facilitate discussion between countries.

The proposal and recommendations that result from Finabel’s work can be freely applied by the land components and its member states.

Since the creation of Finabel was not the result of an intergovernmental agreement, Finabel has the status of an informal international de facto association.

Structure

Army Chiefs of Staff/Land Force Commanders Committee

Executive, the highest level. It meets once a year to summarise work of the past year and to establish the objectives for the coming year. The chairmanship of the committee changes annually.

Principal Military Experts Committee
The Principal Military Experts (PME) Committee, made up primarily of officers responsible for doctrine, planning and studies within the staff of land components of Finabel member states. It meets twice a year to analyse the directives of the Chiefs of Staff and reformulates them.

Permanent Secretariat
Located in Brussels, the only permanent structure. It deals with administrative and organisational matters.

Working Groups
1 Standing Working Group carries out studies (missions) distributed by the Principal Military Experts Committee in various areas of interest to the Armies and preparing the yearly COS meeting.

Actually, all Standing Working Groups are suspended.

Expert Task Groups
Ad Hoc working group of Subject Matter Experts, mounted on demand of a Finabel Member State.

Member states

As of 2021, membership consists of 24 countries:

Finabel has as its stated ambition to bring all member states of the European Union within the organisation.

Symbols
The two crossed swords represent Finabel’s land identity. The twelve stars represent the strong link with Europe, maintained by Finabel since its creation.
The shield represents the defence of peace, a key foundation of European military forces. On the left we can see Ares, Greek God of War, expressing its violence and, on the right we can see the Goddess Athena, who personifies wisdom and the ordered side of war, abiding by the rules which characterise our democracies.

This symbol is summarised by the Latin phrase, which means ‘reflexion serving military action’, Finabel’s essential purpose.

Observers
Finabel welcomes observer organisations from the EU and NATO: the EDA (European Defence Agency), the EUMS (European Union Military Staff), the NSO (NATO Standardization Office), the NAAG (NATO Army Armament Group), as well as the following bodies: CHENS (CHiefs of European NavieS), EAG European Air Group) and ELDIG (European Land Defence Industry Group; sectorial land component of ASD, the Aerospace and Defence Industries Association of Europe).

The objective is to consult on the different points of views and to prevent any duplication or contradiction of NATO’s doctrine or the concepts outlined by the military organisations of the EU.

Partners
The European Union Military Staff (EUMS): early warning, strategic planning, and situation assessment
NAAG: The NATO Army Armaments Group is responsible for promoting co-operation and standardisation in the area of land armaments via information exchange and collective activities.
The European Defence Agency (EDA)
The European Air Group (EAG)

References

External links

Bodies of the Common Security and Defence Policy
Organizations established in 1953


Johan Willem "Wim" Beyen (2 May 1897 – 29 April 1976) was a Dutch politician and diplomat of Liberal signature and businessman. Beyen played an important role in the creation of the European Economic Community and is regarded as one of the Founding fathers of the European Union.

Personalia
The official surname of Johan Willem (Wim) Beyen was Beijen, but he preferred to write his name as Beyen because he thought that this name was more appropriate for his international connections (the "ij" digraph only occurs in Dutch).

His father, Karel Hendrik Beijen, was a lawyer. He was the company secretary of the Maatschappij tot Exploitatie van Staatsspoorwegen, one of the Dutch railroad companies. His mother, Louisa Maria Coenen, stemmed from a family of musicians. He had two brothers. One of them was the archeologist Hendrik Gerard Beyen.

In 1922, Wim Beyen married Petronella J.G. (Nelly) Hijmans van Anrooij. They had two sons and a daughter. At the end of the 1930s Beyen had a relationship with the Austrian Margaretha Antonia (Gretel) Lubinka. After World War II his first marriage was dissolved and he married Gretel. This marriage was a very happy one.

Wim Beyen died in 1976.

Education

Wim Beyen grew up in Utrecht and the neighbouring town of Bilthoven. He studied law at Utrecht University. In 1918, he was awarded a doctorate in law.

Successful careers in the public and the private sector

After his study Beyen was engaged as a temporary assistant clerk at the Dutch Ministry of Finance. At that time, he was only 21 years old. Within a few years he rose to the rank of Deputy Treasurer-General.

After 1924, Beyen had several positions in the business sector: secretary of the board of Philips, head of the Dutch branch of the central bank of the Dutch East Indies, director of one of the predecessors of the AMRO Bank, vice president and from 1937 president of the Bank for International Settlements in Basel, and director of Unilever.

During World War II, he was, in addition to his position at Unilever, financial advisor to the Dutch government in exile in London. In 1944, he played an important role during the Bretton Woods conference where the foundations were laid for the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. From 1946, he was the Dutch representative in the board of the World Bank and from 1948 also in that of the IMF.

Minister of Foreign Affairs
In 1952 Wim Beyen, who did not belong to a political party, was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Second Drees cabinet. He was asked in order to ensure a better balance of powers within the cabinet. It was an odd situation that Joseph Luns, who was a member of the Catholic People's Party, was Minister without portfolio in the same Ministry. One of the jokes about this construction was "The Netherlands is so small, and therefore their foreign countries altogether are so large, that one Minister of Foreign Affairs is not enough."

The relationship between both ministers was not too good, because they had a completely different style of operating and disagreed about several issues. Beyen, for instance, had serious objections to Luns's attitude in the disputes with Indonesia about Netherlands New Guinea.

After the 1956 elections Beyen's political career came to an end. There was no longer a need for a nonpartisan minister in the cabinet.

Founder of European integration

Wim Beyen played a very important role in the creation of the European Economic Community.

In August 1954 the plans had collapsed to create a European Political Community and a common defence force, the European Defence Community, as a substitute for the national armies of France, Germany, Italy and the three Benelux countries, when France refused to ratify the Treaty.

Beyen realized that European integration in the political field would be impossible in the near future. He was convinced that had to be begun with economic cooperation, and developed a plan that called for a European common market, combined with the idea of a political community. He was in favour of horizontal integration instead of continuing with a sector by sector integration along the lines of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).

On 4 April 1955 he sent a memorandum to his Benelux colleagues Paul-Henri Spaak (Belgium) and Joseph Bech (Luxembourg) in which he proposed his idea of a customs union. In a meeting of the three Foreign Ministers of the Benelux in The Hague on 23 April 1955 they drafted a joint memorandum to present to their colleagues of the ECSC. They finalized the memorandum (the Benelux memorandum) on 18 May 1955 and presented it to the governments of France, Germany and Italy on 20 May 1955. They proposed to discuss in a conference of the six participating countries of the ECSC the way towards a general integration of the European economy.

This conference, the Messina Conference, was held from 1 to 3 June 1955. Beyen headed the Dutch delegation. The final resolution of the conference largely reflected Beyen's point of view. It formed the basis for further work to relaunch European integration and would lead to the Treaties of Rome in 1957 and the formation of the European Economic Community and Euratom in 1958.

Decorations

References

External links

Official
  Mr. J.W. (Johan) Beyen Parlement & Politiek

1897 births
1976 deaths
Ambassadors of the Netherlands to France
Ambassadors of the Netherlands to Germany
Directors of Philips
Dutch bankers
Dutch corporate directors
Dutch expatriates in England
Dutch expatriates in Indonesia
Dutch expatriates in Switzerland
Dutch expatriates in the United States
Dutch financial advisors
Dutch financial analysts
Dutch nonprofit executives
Dutch nonprofit directors
Dutch officials of the European Union
Dutch lobbyists
Dutch people of World War II
European civil servants
European Union diplomats
European Union lobbyists
European integration pioneers
Financial economists
Grand Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Independent politicians in the Netherlands
International economists
International Monetary Fund people
Knights of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
Monetarists
Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands
People from De Bilt
Politicians from Utrecht (city)
Unilever people
Utrecht University alumni
World Bank people
20th-century Dutch businesspeople
20th-century Dutch civil servants
20th-century Dutch diplomats
20th-century Dutch economists
20th-century Dutch politicians
Member of the Mont Pelerin Society


Ahmad Abdulal () (January 22, 1932 – November 11, 2013) was the first broadcast journalist in Kuwait. He first studied law, but later decided on a television career.

References

External links

Al Watan TV

2013 deaths
1932 births
Television journalists


Wilfred Noy (born Wilfred Noy Blumberg, 24 December 1883 – 29 March 1948) was an English film director, actor, screenwriter and producer of the silent era. Noy was the maternal uncle of Leslie Howard. He directed more than 80 films between 1910 and 1936. He also appeared in 18 films between 1924 and 1939.

In 1925 he went to the United States to make The Lost Chord, a remake of one of his earlier British hits. He stayed to make several more films in America during the late 1920s before returning to Britain. He was born in South Kensington, London and died in Worthing, Sussex.

Selected filmography

Director

 Lorna Doone (1912)
 King Charles (1913)
 The Heroine of Mons (1914)
 Old St. Paul's (1914)
 The Verdict of the Heart (1915)
 The Master of Merripit  (1915)
 Under the Red Robe (1915)
 It's Always the Woman (1916)
 A Princess of the Blood (1916)
 The Little Damozel (1916)
 On the Banks of Allan Water (1916)
 The Queen Mother (1916)
 Asthore (1917)
 Home Sweet Home (1917)
 Ave Maria (1918)
 A Master of Men (1918)
 Castle of Dreams (1919)
 Inheritance (1920)
 The Face at the Window (1920)
 The Marriage Lines (1921)
 The Temptation of Carlton Earle (1923)
 Rogues of the Turf (1923)
 Little Miss Nobody (1923)
 Paddy the Next Best Thing (1923)
 The Substitute Wife (1925)
 The Midnight Girl (1925)
 The Lost Chord (1925)
 The Devil's Cage (1928)
 Lilies of the Field (1930)
 Possessed (1931)
 The Barton Mystery (1932)
 Menace (1934)
 The Broken Rosary (1934)
 Father O'Flynn (1935)
 Well Done, Henry (1936)
 Annie Laurie (1936)
 Song of the Forge (1937)
 Melody of My Heart (1937)
 The Body Vanished (1939)

Actor
 Janice Meredith (1924) - Dr. Joseph Warren
 Interference (1928) - Dr. Gray
 The Doctor's Secret (1929) - Mr. Redding
 The Careless Age (1929) - Lord Durhugh
 Lilies of the Field (1930) - Butler
 The Flirting Widow (1930) - Martin
 Let Us Be Gay (1930) - Whitman - 1st Butler
 Transgression (1931) - Taylor, the Maury Butler (uncredited)
 Possessed (1931) - Bertram - Mark's Butler (uncredited)
 Emma (1932) - Drake
 Forbidden (1932) - (uncredited)
 The Barton Mystery (1932) - Griffiths
 Going Gay (1933) - Director of Opera Falkenheim
 Menace (1934) - Dean
 Talking Feet (1937) - (uncredited)
 The Body Vanished (1939) - Snelling

References

External links

1883 births
1948 deaths
English film directors
English male film actors
English male silent film actors
English male screenwriters
English film producers
20th-century English male actors
20th-century English screenwriters
20th-century English male writers
20th-century English businesspeople


The 2008 Florida Democratic presidential primary took place on January 29, 2008. Originally, the state had 185 delegates up for grabs that were to be awarded in the following way: 121 delegates were to be awarded based on the winner in each of Florida's 25 congressional districts while an additional 64 delegates were to be awarded to the statewide winner. Twenty-five unpledged delegates, known as superdelegates, were initially able to cast their votes at the Democratic National Convention.

However, the Democratic National Committee determined that the date of the Florida Democratic Primary violated the party rules and ultimately decided to sanction the state, stripping all 210 delegates and refusing to seat them at the convention. The DNC Rules and Bylaws Committee later met on May 31, 2008, and agreed to seat all of Florida's delegates with each delegate having only receive half a vote. As a result of this compromise, Florida's delegation had 105 votes at the convention.

Background
In August 2006, the Democratic National Committee adopted a proposal by its Rules and Bylaws Committee that only four states - Iowa, New Hampshire, Nevada, and South Carolina - would be permitted to hold primaries or caucuses before Super Tuesday, February 5, 2008. In the spring of 2007, the Florida Legislature (controlled by Republicans in both chambers) passed the House Bill 537 which moved the date of the state's Republican and Democratic primaries to January 29, a week before the earliest permitted date of both parties. The Florida Democratic Party tried to amend the legislation and make the date February 5; however, the Republican-controlled legislature refused.

In response, the DNC Rules and Bylaws Committee voted on August 25, 2007 that Florida was in violation of its rules and gave the state 30 days' notice to change the date of its primary. As Florida did not respond, the Committee stripped Florida of its delegates to the Democratic National Convention in Denver. On August 31, officials from the four approved early-voting states asked all the candidates to pledge not to campaign or participate in Florida, and all the major candidates signed the pledge. Despite the pledge, the major candidates remained on the ballot, as Florida rules do not allow candidates to remove their names without withdrawing completely from the general election.

In October 2007, Democrats from Florida's congressional delegation filed a federal lawsuit against the DNC to force the recognition of its delegates; however, the suit was unsuccessful.

Delegate controversy
On January 25, 2008, Hillary Clinton advocated permitting Florida's delegates (along with similarly situated Michigan's) to be seated and vote at the Democratic National Convention despite the DNC ban, stating:
I believe our nominee will need the enthusiastic support of Democrats in these states to win the general election, and so I will ask my Democratic convention delegates to support seating the delegations from Florida and Michigan.

Clinton's supporters argued that Michigan and Florida's citizens should participate in the nomination processes, and that it would be a mistake for the Democratic Party to overlook the two huge battleground states that might be crucial in the November general election. They also argued that the Clinton campaign had not had a voice in the decision to strip Florida of its delegates.

Critics charged that changing the rules in this way was unfair and that Clinton's position was motivated purely by political expediency. Among their arguments was that neither Clinton nor her campaign had made any public protest when Florida's punishment had first been announced in August 2007; that Clinton was adopting this position only after results from the first primaries had made it apparent that the campaign was not running the way she had expected; that Clinton, along with other candidates, had signed the pledge not to campaign or participate in Florida; and that at the time the pledge was signed, Clinton's then-campaign manager Patti Solis Doyle had proclaimed that

Candidates
Hillary Clinton
John Edwards
Mike Gravel
Barack Obama

Candidates Joe Biden, Chris Dodd, Dennis Kucinich, and Bill Richardson dropped out of the presidential race before the Florida primary. However, they remained on the ballot.

Polling

Campaign
Although Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, and John Edwards had pledged not to campaign in the state, supporters of Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton conducted unofficial campaign efforts, and over 350,000 Democratic voters cast early ballots as of January 25, 2008. Mike Gravel was the only candidate to openly campaign in the state.

Clinton fundraising visits
Two days before the January 29 election, Hillary Clinton visited Florida and held three fundraisers. On Election Day, Clinton returned to Florida and held a rally after polls closed to celebrate her victory. While these visits were permitted fundraisers, the timing raised controversy among Obama supporters.

Obama campaign advertisement
In the run-up to Super Tuesday on February 5, the Obama campaign ran a nationwide television advertising campaign that was shown in all states, including Florida. Obama's campaign asked for the ads not to be shown in Florida, but were told by the cable networks this was not possible. The campaign then sought and received permission to run the ad from South Carolina Democratic Chairwoman Carol Fowler as at that point South Carolina had not already voted.
Clinton Adviser Harold M. Ickes has claimed that this violated Obama's pledge not to campaign in the state.

Results

*As awarded by the May 31, 2008, meeting of the Rules and Bylaws Committee (RBC).
**Subsequently, some Edwards delegates switched to Obama.

Proposed revote
Shortly after February 5's Super Tuesday contests, the media and some politicians like U.S. Senator Tom Harkin (D-Iowa) began to endorse the idea of a possible revote in Florida and Michigan. However, the cost of an all mail-in Florida Primary had been estimated at more than $4 million, a price tag that neither the DNC nor the state party was willing to pay.

Republican Governor Charlie Crist announced his support for another Democratic Primary, though he opposed using government funds to cover the expenses. Florida Democratic Party Chairwoman Karen Thurman stated that a new contest would have had to have met three requirements: both Obama and Clinton would have to fully participate, there would have to be sufficient funding provided, and all registered Florida Democrats, including those out of state, would have to be able to participate.

Democratic National Committee Chairman Howard Dean stated that he was encouraged by Governor Crist's support and that Florida Democrats could have "resubmitted a plan and run a party process to select delegates to the convention." On Friday, March 7, 2008, Newsweek
reported: "A plan to raise soft money to pay for a second Florida Democratic primary -- this one by mail -- seems close to approval, according to Sen. Bill Nelson." On March 17, 2008, a letter from the Florida Democratic Party was released indicating that a revote would not occur.

Democratic National Committee Rules and Bylaws Committee
On May 31, 2008, the Democratic National Committee's Rules and Bylaws Committee decided to seat all of Florida's delegates according to the primary results, but to give each delegate only half a vote at the Convention.

Before the Democratic Convention, Florida, as well as Michigan, were approved with full votes. All 210 delegates were given full voting abilities. They voted during the roll call. The majority voted for Obama, the presumptive nominee.

Analysis

Demographics
Florida has the most elderly voters in the nation with a heavy percentage of Hispanic/Latino voters. According to exit polls, 66 percent of voters in the Florida Democratic Primary were white and they opted for Clinton 53-23-20 (Clinton-Obama-Edwards) along with the 12 percent of Hispanic/Latino voters who backed Clinton 59-30-8. This contrasts with the 19 percent of African American voters who supported Obama 73-25-1.

Clinton won all age groups and income groups in Florida, but split the vote with Obama among highly affluent voters making over $200,000. She also won all educational attainment groups from high school graduates to those with postgraduate studies. Self-identified Democrats, which composed 79 percent of the electorate, backed Clinton 52-35-11 along with Independents who favored her 40-30-25; Edwards won self-identified Republicans 31-27-23 (Edwards-Obama-Clinton), which composed 4 percent of the electorate.

Clinton won all ideological groups except voters who identified themselves as conservative, as they opted for Obama. Regarding religion, Clinton won Protestants 49-33-15, Roman Catholics 63-22-14, Jews 58-26-13, and atheists/agnostics 40-38-18; Obama won other Christians 43-39-16 and voters who affiliated with other religions 48-39-7.

Electoral geography
Clinton's strongest performance was in the Miami area where she won 56-32-8 and South Florida where she won 53-29-14. She also won Central Florida by a margin of 52-30-13 and the Tampa Bay Area by a margin of 50-32-15. Obama did best in North Florida, winning 41-37-20 (Obama-Clinton-Edwards).

While Edwards won a number of rural, predominantly white and conservative counties in the Florida Panhandle, Obama took in more of the vote in Pensacola and Tallahassee which enabled him to win more in the congressional districts. He also won inner-city Jacksonville and the areas outside Orlando and Tampa as well as North Miami and Fort Lauderdale. Clinton carried Orlando, Tampa, Palm Beach, Miami, Hialeah and other large urban areas in South Florida as well as the Florida Keys.

Endorsements
Clinton received endorsements in Florida from U.S. Senator Bill Nelson as well as U.S. Representative Debbie Wasserman Schultz of Fort Lauderdale.

See also
 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries
 2008 Florida Republican presidential primary
 2008 United States presidential election in Florida

References

External links
US Election Atlas
Democratic National Convention Florida Delegate Seating
Select2008's virtual primaries let voters influence superdelegates

2008 United States Democratic presidential primaries by state
2008 Florida elections
2008
January 2008 events in the United States


WRRN (92.3 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a classic hits format. Licensed to Warren, Pennsylvania, United States, the station is currently owned by Lilly Broadcasting and features programming from CBS News Radio and is an affiliate of Local Radio Networks' "Classic Hits 2" format.

History
WRRN signed on the air April 22, 1948, as WNAE-FM on 92.1 MHz. The station was started by the Northern Allegheny Broadcasting Company, under the ownership of president and general manager David Potter. It was the sister station of WNAE, an AM station that had signed on after World War II had ended, and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) began to issue licenses to radio stations.  The licensing process had been halted once the U.S. had entered the war. W. LeRoy Schneck was program director and would one day assume control of both stations.

WNAE-FM first signed on the air with an effective radiated power of 3,000 watts. In 1951, it changed its call letters to WRRN and moved to 92.3. By the 1970s, the station would increase its power to 26,000 watts and then to 50,000 by the 1980s.  The station would periodically simulcast with WNAE at varying times, as WNAE was a daytime-only station until the late 1980s.

In 1974, WNAE and WRRN were sold by Northern Allegheny Broadcasting to Kinzua Broadcasting Company, a company formed by longtime program director W. LeRoy Schneck, who now served as company president and station General Manager.  Dave Whipple assumed Schneck's programming duties.

For many years, WRRN was a beautiful music radio station branded as "Easy 92.3".  Like many other such formatted radio stations, WRRN played 10-inch reel-to-reel music tapes from a dedicated automation playback system, with the occasional news brief from AP Network News and local news from WNAE's newsroom.

While operating as an easy listening station, WRRN simulcast WNAE's morning show from 6 to 9 am Monday through Friday.  Though music formats at times varied for WNAE over the years, music played during the simulcast was more soft rock-oriented to better buffer the easy listening format once the simulcast had ended for the day.

In 1999, WRRN changed its format to soft adult contemporary, known as "Today's 92." Then, in 2002, the station changed its format to oldies, then transitioned to classic hits in August 2014.

On September 30, 2005, Kibco Radio sold WRRN and its two sister stations to Radio Partners, LLC, which owned WBVP and WMBA in Beaver Falls and Ambridge, Pennsylvania, respectively.  Radio Partners LLC President Frank Iorio retained W. LeRoy Schneck as general manager for a period to assist with the transfer of ownership.

In 2019, after a failed attempt to sell the stations to Laurel Media two years prior, Radio Partners, LLC sold WRRN, along with its sister stations WKNB and WNAE, to Lilly Broadcasting, which operates WICU-TV and WSEE-TV in Erie, Pennsylvania, for $900,000.

References

External links
92 Gold Facebook

RRN
Warren County, Pennsylvania
1948 establishments in Pennsylvania
Radio stations established in 1948


The 4th constituency of the Ain is a French legislative constituency in the Ain département.

Members elected

Election results

2022

|-
| colspan="8" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
|-

 * Incumbent Stéphane Trompille ran as a dissident member of La République En Marche! without the support of the Ensemble Citoyens coalition.

2017

2012

|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Candidate
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Party
! colspan="2" | 1st round
! colspan="2" | 2nd round
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"
! width="75" | Votes
! width="30" | %
! width="75" | Votes
! width="30" | %
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Michel Voisin
| style="text-align:left;" | Union for a Popular Movement
| UMP
|
| 40.73%
|
| 56.96%
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Guillaume Lacroix
| style="text-align:left;" | Radical Party of the Left
| PRG
|
| 31.32%
|
| 43.04%
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Corinne Mossire
| style="text-align:left;" | National Front
| FN
|
| 19.07%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Daniel Blatrix
| style="text-align:left;" | Left Front
| FG
|
| 3.17%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Nicolas Zielinski
| style="text-align:left;" | The Greens
| VEC
|
| 3.09%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Michèle Vianes
| style="text-align:left;" | Miscellaneous Right
| DVD
|
| 1.29%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Laurence Mayer
| style="text-align:left;" | Ecologist
| ECO
|
| 0.61%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Jean-François Mortel
| style="text-align:left;" | Far Left
| ExG
|
| 0.39%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Electre Dracos
| style="text-align:left;" | Far Left
| ExG
|
| 0.33%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Total
|
| 100%
|
| 100%
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Registered voters
|
| style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|
| style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Blank/Void ballots
|
| 1.31%
|
| 2.65%
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Turnout
|
| 58.97%
|
| 55.81%
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Abstentions
|
| 41.03%
|
| 44.19%
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:left;" | Result
| colspan="2" style="background-color:" | UMP HOLD
|}

2007

References

Sources
 Official results of French elections from 1998:

4


Laura Sofie Coucheron Gundersen (née Svendsen) (27 May 1832 – 25 December 1898) was a Norwegian actress, counted as the first native-born tragedienne, and also, in some aspect, as her country's first professional native actress and prima donna. She was associated with Christiania Theater from her debut in 1850 until her death, except for the seasons 1870-72, when she played at Møllergatens Theater.

Biography
Laura Sofie Coucheron Svendsen was born in Bergen, Norway. Her parents were Jacob Buchmann Svendsen (1792-1840) and Beate Marie Coucheron (1799-1837).
Both of her parents died while she was quite young. She had firm ambition to be an actor from her early years. In 1849, at the age of seventeen, she borrowed money from a relative and traveled to Christiania  (now Oslo).

In 1849, Norwegian actors were not employed at the official theatres in Oslo; the greatest theater in the 1840s, the Christiania Theatre, was founded by Danes and the language of the stage was Danish. Norwegian actors were treated to smaller roles. The reason given was that the Norwegian actors lacked education, as there were no acting schools in Norway. That year, however, Laura Gundersen was employed as the first and only Norwegian actor to play at the Christiania Theatre in Oslo, and became as such historical. Dating from 1856, the Christiania Theatre committed to employ more native actors.

In 1864, she married  actor Sigvard Gundersen (1842-1904). She starred as Svanhild, alongside her husband Sigvard as Falk, in the premiere of Henrik Ibsen's Love's Comedy at the Christiania Theatre in 1873.  She played a long row of tragedies; one of the most famous was the premier of Bergljot,  a melodrama with orchestra  by Edvard  Grieg in 1885. She also starred in Ibsen's and Bjørnson's contemporary dramas.

She played according to the Danish romantic tradition.
Her employment was the start of a new age in the cultural history of Norway, and towards the end of the 19th century, Danish and foreign dominance were broken; from 1872, Norwegian was the language of the stage, and the Norwegian stage was taken over by Norwegian actors, who often favoured a more realistic way to play, a development that led to fewer parts for Gundersen in the end of the century.

She died in Oslo and was is buried with her husband at Vår Frelsers gravlund.

See also
 Louise Brun
 Emilie da Fonseca
 Augusta Smith

References

Other Sources
 Meyer, Michael  (1974) Ibsen: A Biography. Abridged edition. Pelican Biographies ser. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Schmiesing, Ann (2006)  Norway's Christiania Theatre, 1827-1867: from Danish showhouse to national stage (Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press)

External links
 Laura Gundersen    Oslo Museum

1832 births
1898 deaths
Actresses from Bergen
19th-century Norwegian actresses
Burials at the Cemetery of Our Saviour
Actresses from Oslo


Lohr () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


is a Japanese activist, and owner of a second-hand goods shop in Koenji, Tokyo.

Activism
Matsumoto founded the Association to Protect the Poor Students of Hosei University while a student at Hosei University.
He spent about four months in jail for throwing paint on the president of his university and is now mainly active in Koenji, Tokyo. He was one of the main originators of the artistic and social activist collective Amateur Revolt, which started in 2005 but became especially well known in 2011 for its anti-nuclear activism following quickly upon the heels of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. He states his goal as creating a space where people can have fun without money.

He was denied entry to South Korea on September 30, 2010, on security grounds.

References

External links
Amateur Revolt an artistic and social activist collective in Mabashi, Koenji

Anti-poverty advocates
Japanese anti–nuclear power activists
1974 births
Living people


XYZ is a British game show that aired on BBC1 from 15 November 1993 to 26 January 1994. It is hosted by George Marshall.

Format
On each edition, three contestants played against each other for the chance to play for a major prize.

The game is played on a board of 24 squares called the "Alphabank", of which the 23 squares were the first 23 letters of the alphabet and the 24th square was the 'XYZ' square. The idea of the game was to try to have the longest chain of letters in a row without any breaks in the chain.

External links

1990s British game shows
1993 British television series debuts
1994 British television series endings
BBC television game shows
English-language television shows


Irma Leticia Silva de Oyuela (20 August 1935 – January 23, 2008) was a Honduran historian.

Personal life
Irma Leticia Silva de Oyuela was born 20 August 1935, in Tegucigalpa.
She was the daughter of Leónidas Silva Valladares and Bertha Rodríguez Durón. She married Felix Oyuela in 1956. They had six children. While accompanying her husband in his diplomatic mission, she took the opportunity to study in Madrid and Rome.

Career
She studied at the Institute of Tegucigalpa where she completed her thesis of Bachelor of Science and Letters on the history of Colonial Art in Honduras. She later obtained a degree in Legal and Social Sciences at the National Autonomous University of Honduras.

She met writer Oscar Acosta, with whom she founded the Nuevo Continente Publishing House and was in charge of the Leo Gallery.

She was also a member of the Foundation for the Museo del Hombre Hondureño.

Her work is mainly oriented to the promotion of culture, the Honduran plastic arts and the sociological study of women in her country.
Among her many scholarly works, she wrote the book El Naif en Honduras.

Work

 Notas sobre Ramón Rosa (1968), en colaboración con Ramón Oquelí
 Notas sobre la evolución histórica de la mujer en Honduras (1989)
 Cuatro hacendadas del siglo XIX (1989)
 Historia mínima de Tegucigalpa vista a través de las fiestas del patrono San Miguel a partir de 1680 hasta finales del siglo XIX (1989)
 Fe/ riqueza y poder. Antología crítica de documentos para la historia de Honduras (1992)
 José Manuel Gómes [sic], pintor criollo (1992)
 Mujer, familia y sociedad: una aproximación histórica (1993)
 Ramón Rosa: plenitudes y desengaños (1994);
 Religiosidad popular. Raíz de la identidad hondureña (1996)
 Dos siglos de amor (1998)
 De santos y pecadores. Un aporte para la historia de las mentalidades (1999)
 De la corona a la libertad (2000)
 La Virgen María en la plástica hondureña (2000)

References

1935 births
2008 deaths
Honduran historians
People from Tegucigalpa
20th-century historians
21st-century Honduran women writers
21st-century Honduran writers
20th-century Honduran women writers
20th-century Honduran writers
Women historians


The Marshall Sklare Award is an annual honor of the Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry (ASSJ). The ASSJ seeks to recognize "a senior scholar who has made a significant scholarly contribution to the social scientific study of Jewry." In most cases, the recipient has given a scholarly address. In recent years, the honored scholar has presented the address at the annual meeting of the Association for Jewish Studies.

In 2020, in honor of the 50th anniversary of the organization, the ASSJ board chose to break the precedent of honoring one person per year and named two honorees, both of whom were founders of the ASSJ.

The award is named in memory of the "founding father of American Jewish sociology" Marshall Sklare (1921-1992), who had been Klutznick Family Professor of Contemporary Jewish Studies and Sociology at Brandeis University.

Recipients
Past recipients, fields of study, and the titles of their scholarly papers have been:
 1992, Sidney Goldstein, Demography, "Beyond the 1990 National Jewish Population Survey: A Research Agenda"
 1993, Seymour Martin Lipset, Sociology, "Some Thoughts on the Past, Present and Future of American Jewry"
 1994, Celia Heller, History
 1995, Daniel Elazar, Political Science, "The Future of American Jewry"
 1996, Samuel Klausner, Sociology
 1997, Walter Zenner, Anthropology, "The Ethnography of Diaspora: Studying Syrian Jewry"
 1998, Bernard Reisman, Communal Service, "Redefining Jewish Identity in North America"
 1999, Sergio DellaPergola, Demography, "Thoughts of a Jewish Demographer in the Year 2000"
 2000, Charles Liebman, Political Science, "Some Research Proposals for the Study of American Jews"
 2001, Calvin Goldscheider, Sociology and Demography, "Social Science and the Jews: A Research Agenda for the Next Generation"
 2002, Jonathan Sarna, History, "From Past to Present: Contemporary Lessons from the Study of American Judaism"
 2003, Samuel Heilman, Sociology, "How did Fundamentalism Manage to Infiltrate Contemporary Orthodoxy?"
 2004, Egon Mayer, Sociology
 2005, Elihu Katz, Communications, "Two Dilemmas of Religious Identity and Practice among Israeli Jews"
 2006, Deborah Dash Moore, History,  "On City Streets"
 2007, Barry R. Chiswick, Economics, "The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Ph.D."
 2008, Paul Ritterband, Sociology, "Smart Jews"
 2009, Charles Kadushin, Social Network Analysis, "Social Networks and Jews"
 2010, Steven M. Cohen, Sociology, "The Demise of the 'Good Jew'"
 2011, Riv-Ellen Prell, Anthropology, "Boundaries, Margins and Norms: The Intellectual Stakes in the Study of American Jewish Culture(s)"
 2012, Leonard Saxe, Social Psychology, "Reflections on the Science of the Social Scientific Study of Jewry"
 2013, Morton Weinfeld, Sociology, "If Canada and Israel are at War, Who Gets My Support? Challenges of Competing Diaspora Loyalties"
 2014, Sylvia Barack Fishman, Sociology, "American Jewishness Today: Identity and Transmissibility in an Open World"
 2015, Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Performance Studies, "The Ethnographer in the Museum: Creating the Polin Museum of the History of Polish Jews"
 2016, Bruce Phillips, Sociology, "Beyond Policy: Reviving Jewish Demography through Local Population Studies"
 2017, Judit Bokser Liwerant, Political Science, "Latin American Jews in a Transnational World: Conceptual Paths and Shifting Paradigms"
 2018, Arnold Eisen, Religious Studies, "Boomers, Millennials, and the Shape of American Judaism"
 2019, Harriet Hartman, Sociology, "How Gender and Family Still Matter for Contemporary Jewry"
 2020, Arnold Dashefsky, Sociology, and Chaim Waxman, Sociology
 2021, Ariela Keysar, Demography, and Barry Kosmin, Demography
 2022, Debra Kaufman, Sociology and Women's Studies
 2023, Bethamie Horowitz, Social Psychology, and Ira Sheskin, Geography

See also

 List of social sciences awards

References

External links
Sklare Award
Association for the Social Scientific Study of Jewry

American awards
Social sciences awards
Judaic studies


WERI (102.7 MHz) is an FM radio station broadcasting a Classic Hits radio format. Licensed to serve Wattsburg, Pennsylvania, plays Classic Hits. It is owned by Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Inc.

History
WERI previously held the call sign WNAE-FM, aired a country music format, and was temporarily a simulcast of sister station WKNB. At this time, the station was licensed to Clarendon, Pennsylvania, United States, and was owned by Frank Iorio under his holding company Iorio Broadcasting, Inc. In 2010, WNAE-FM was sold to Family Life Ministries, with the intention of moving the station from Clarendon to Wattsburg. The call sign was changed to WCGM on June 15, 2011, swapping with a Family Life-owned construction permit in Belfast, New York. The relocated WCGM relaunched as a Family Life Network station in October 2011.

Effective July 20, 2023, Family Life Ministries sold WCGM to Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Inc. Coincident with the closing of the sale, the station changed its call sign to WERI, with the WCGM call sign moving to a construction permit Family Life Ministries is in the process of acquiring in Somerset, Pennsylvania.

References

External links

ERI
Radio stations established in 2007
2007 establishments in Pennsylvania


This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Alachua County, Florida.

This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Alachua County, Florida, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.

There are 66 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including two National Historic Landmarks.

Current listings

|}

See also

 List of National Historic Landmarks in Florida
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Florida

References

Alachua


WICU (1310 AM; "Happi Radio") is a radio station broadcasting a contemporary hit radio format. Licensed to Warren, Pennsylvania, United States, the station is a simulcast of Erie-based WICU-FM (92.7); its programming is also heard on translator station W244DY (96.7 FM). WICU is owned by Lilly Broadcasting.

History
The station signed on December 31, 1946, as WNAE. Northern Allegheny Broadcasting sold the station to Kinzua Broadcasting Company in 1974.

The station was a long time local fixture, airing a contemporary music format, with a strong focus on local news and community information, as well as broadcasting local and national sports. It switched to a mostly talk format in the late 2000s, and eventually began simulcasting on 96.7 (W244DY), known as "News/Talk 96.7".

Kinzua Broadcasting sold WNAE, along with sister stations WRRN and WKNB, to Frank Iorio, who already owned the construction permit for a station on 102.7 FM in Clarendon, in 2005 for $1.25 million. In 2019, after a failed attempt to sell the stations to Laurel Media two years prior, Iorio (who owned the stations under the name Radio Partners LLC) sold WNAE, WKNB, and WRRN, to Lilly Broadcasting, which operates WICU-TV and WSEE-TV in Erie, Pennsylvania, for $900,000. The call sign was changed to WICU on March 4, 2020, matching WICU-TV and WICU-FM in Erie; the change was a prelude to the replacement of WNAE's former talk radio format with a simulcast of WICU-FM's contemporary hit radio programming on April 1. The WNAE call sign was concurrently transferred to the former WKNB.

References

External links

ICU (AM)
Contemporary hit radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1946
1946 establishments in Pennsylvania