Palmilla is a Chilean city and commune in Colchagua Province, O'Higgins Region.

Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, the commune of Palmilla spans an area of  and has 11,200 inhabitants (5,825 men and 5,375 women). Of these, 2,088 (18.6%) lived in urban areas and 9,112 (81.4%) in rural areas. The population grew by 3.1% (336 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

The urban area of Palmilla forms a conurbation with the city of Santa Cruz, to the south, totaling 20,691 inhabitants.

Administration
As a commune, Palmilla is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2021-2024 alcaldesa is Gloria Paredes.

References

External links
 Municipality of Palmilla

Communes of Chile
Populated places in Colchagua Province


Oliver De Lancey may refer to:
 Oliver De Lancey (American loyalist) (1718–1785), merchant, New York Loyalist politician and Major-general during the American War of Independence
 Oliver De Lancey (British Army officer, died 1822) (c. 1749–1822), British Army officer who took part in the American War of Independence and the French Revolutionary Wars
 Oliver De Lancey (British Army and Spanish Legion officer) (1803–1837), British Army officer, volunteered for Spanish Legion and died fighting in Spain during the First Carlist War


The Santa Massacre was a massacre of nine campesinos carried out by Grupo Colina in the Santa Province of the Ancash Region of Peru. The massacre occurred on May 2, 1992.

Carlos Alberto Barrientos Velásquez, Roberto Barrientos Velásquez, Denis Atilio Castillo Chávez, Federico Coquis Velásquez, Gilmer Ramiro León Velásquez, Pedro Pablo López Gonzáles, Jesús Manfredo Noriega Ríos, Carlos Martín Tarazona More, and Jorge Luis Tarazona More all died in the massacre.

After carrying out the massacre, members of Grupo Colina, a death squad operating out of the Army of Peru, painted pro-Shining Path graffiti as a false flag operation. All of the members of Grupo Colina have since been jailed.

The victims of the massacre were finally exhumed and identified in August 2011 and reburied in late November of the same year with the Peruvian government formally apologizing to the relatives of the victims in name of the state.

See also
List of massacres in Peru

References

External links
 APRODEH. The Santa Case.
  Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación Nacional.  .

Massacres in 1992
Internal conflict in Peru
Massacres in Peru
Anti-communist terrorism
Political repression in Peru
Deaths by firearm in Peru
1992 in Peru
1992 murders in Peru
History of Ancash Region


Vandré () is a former commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the new commune of La Devise.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

Former communes of Charente-Maritime
Populated places disestablished in 2018


The internet in Cuba covers  telecommunications in Cuba including the Cuban grassroots wireless community network and Internet censorship in Cuba.

Since its introduction in the late 1990s, Cuban Internet has stalled because of lack of funding, tight government restrictions, and the U.S. embargo, especially the Torricelli Act. Starting in 2007 this situation began to slowly improve, with 3G data services rolling out island-wide in 2018, and 4G since 2019, albeit through a government-monitored network. On July 29, 2019, Cuba legalized private WiFi in homes and businesses, although one must obtain a permit to have access. According to website DataReportal, in 2022, 68% of the Cuban population had access to the Internet.

History
In September 1996, Cuba's first connection to the Internet, a 64 Kbit/s link to Sprint in the United States, was established. After this initial introduction, the expansion of Internet access in Cuba stagnated. Despite a lack of consensus on the specific reasons, the following appear to be major factors:

 Lack of funding, owing to the poor state of the Cuban economy after the fall of the Soviet Union and the Cuban government's fear that foreign investment would undermine national sovereignty (in other words, foreign investors putting Cuba up for sale).
 The U.S. embargo, which delayed construction of an undersea cable, and made computers, routers, and other equipment prohibitively expensive and therefore difficult to obtain.
 According to Boris Moreno Cordoves, Deputy Minister of Informatics and Communications, the Torricelli Act (part of the United States embargo against Cuba) identified the telecommunications sector as a tool for subversion of the 1959 Cuban Revolution, and the necessary technology has been conditioned by counter-revolutionaries. The internet is also seen as essential for Cuba’s economic development.

In 2009, President Obama announced that the United States would allow American companies to provide Internet service to Cuba, and U.S. regulations were modified to encourage communication links with Cuba. The Cuban government rejected the offer, however, preferring to work instead with the Venezuelan government. In 2009 a U.S. company, TeleCuba Communications, Inc., was granted a license to install an undersea cable between Key West, Florida and Havana, although political considerations on both sides prevented the venture from moving forward.

About 30 percent of the population (3 million users, 79th in the world) had access to the internet in 2012. Internet connections are through satellite leading the cost of accessing the internet to be high. Private ownership of a computer or cell phone required a difficult-to-obtain government permit until 2008. When buying computers was legalized in 2008, the private ownership of computers in Cuba soared—there were 630,000 computers available on the island in 2008, a 23% increase over 2007). Owing to limited bandwidth, authorities gave preference to use from locations where Internet access is used on a collective basis, such as in work places, schools, and research centers, where many people have access to the same computers or network.

The ALBA-1 undersea fiber-optic link to Venezuela was laid in 2011 and became operational for public users in January 2013.  This replaced a system which relied on the Intersputnik satellite system and aging telephone lines connecting with the United States. Total bandwidth between Cuba and the global internet before the cable was just 209 Mbit/s upstream and 379 downstream.

In 2015, the Cuban government opened the first public wi-fi hotspots in 35 public locations. It also reduced prices and increased speeds for internet access at state-run cybercafés. As of July 2016, 4,334,022 Cubans (38.8% of the total population) were Internet users.

By January 2018, there were public hotspots in approximately 500 public locations nationwide providing access in most major cities, and the country relies heavily on public infrastructure whereas home access to the Internet remains largely inaccessible for the general population. In 2018, the state announced a plan to start offering mobile Internet by the end of the year. That began in December 2018, and during 2019, limited 4G coverage began.

The 2,500-kilometre Arimao undersea cable reached land on January 10, 2023 in Martinique, after starting its installation in Cienfuegos, Cuba. The Cuban Telecommunications Company S.A. (ETECSA) and the French company Orange S.A. cooperated in laying the cable.

Status

On July 29, 2019, Cuba legalized private Wi-Fi in homes and businesses, although one must obtain a permit to have access.

As of December 6, 2018, Cubans can have full mobile Internet access provided by Cuba's telecommunications company, ETECSA, at 3G speeds. The roll out of the internet service took place from Thursday, December 6, to Sunday, December 9 to avoid congestion. ETECSA also announced different internet packages and their prices, ranging from 600 MB for 7 Cuban convertible pesos ($7) to 4 GB for 30 Cuban convertible pesos ($30).

One network link connects to the global Internet and is used by government officials and tourists, while another connection for use by the general public has restricted content. Most access is to a government-controlled national intranet and an in-country e-mail system. The intranet contains the EcuRed encyclopedia and websites that are supportive of the government. Such a network is similar to the Kwangmyong used by North Korea, a network Myanmar uses and a network Iran has plans to implement.

Starting on 4 June 2013 Cubans can sign up with ETECSA, the state telecom company, for public Internet access under the brand "" at 118 centers across the country. The Juventud Rebelde, an official newspaper, said new areas of the Internet would gradually become available.

In early 2016, ETEC S.A. began a pilot program for broadband Internet service in Cuban homes, with a view to rolling out broadband Internet services in private residences. And there are approximately 250 WiFi hotspots around the country.

In mid December 2016 Google and the Cuban government signed a deal allowing the internet giant to provide faster access to its data by installing servers on the island that will store much of the company's most popular content. Storing Google data in Cuba eliminates the long distances that signals must travel from the island through Venezuela to the nearest Google server.

Since 2018, access to the Internet by mobile data is available. In 2019, 7.1 millions of Cubans could access the Internet. The prices of connections, since WiFi zones, or mobile data, or from houses through the "Nauta Hogar" service have been decreasing, specially since the economic reform of January 2021, when all the salaries increased by at least 5 times, and the prices of the Internet remain in the same point. In 2021, 7.7 millions of Cuban people accessing the Internet were reported.

SNET
SNET (from Street Network) is a Cuban grassroots wireless community network which allows people to play games or pirate movies by using an interconnected network of households.

In May 2019, Cuba's Ministry of Communication (MINCOM) announced resolutions that made community networks like SNET illegal. Since SNET was the world's largest community network that did not have Internet access, implementation of the resolutions was postponed for 60 days for negotiations between SNET administrators and MINCOM. The negotiations have ended with a decision to transfer SNET's services and content to ETECSA, Cuba's government-monopoly ISP, and to provide access through Cuba's nationwide chain of 611 Youth Computer Clubs (YCCs).

Censorship

Cuba has been listed as an "Internet Enemy" by Reporters Without Borders since the list was created in 2006. The level of Internet filtering in Cuba is not categorized by the OpenNet Initiative due to lack of data.

The mobile internet in Cuba being provided by ETECSA, Cuba's telecommunications company, is mostly uncensored. However, a few sites funded by the U.S. government are blocked.

References

Further reading
Tamayo, Juan O. "Cuba’s new Internet locales remain conditioned." Miami Herald. June 6, 2013.
Baron, G. and Hall, G. (2014), Access Online: Internet Governance and Image in Cuba. Bulletin of Latin American Research. doi: 10.1111/blar.12263

External links

 "Internet politics in Cuba", Carlos Uxo, La Trobe University, Telecommunications Journal of Australia, Vol. 60, No. 1 (February 2010)
 Article on the state of the Internet in Cuba, "An Internet Diffusion Framework", by Larry Press, Grey Burkhart, Will Foster, Seymour Goodman, Peter Wolcott, and Jon Woodard, in Communications of the ACM, Vol. 41, No. 10, pp 21–26, October, 1998
 "Cuban bibliography", lists fourteen reports and articles on the Internet in Cuba from 1992 to 1998, by Larry Press, Professor of Information Systems at California State University
"Internet in Cuba"  Thousands of articles about and referring to the Internet in Cuba.
Public places with Wi-Fi access  provided by ETECSA (Empresa de Telecomunicaciones de Cuba S.A.) in Spanish.
Wifi Nauta hotspots in Cuba a comprehensive lists of Nauta hotspots in Cuba (in Spanish).
La Red Cubana—a blog on Cuban Internet technology, policy and applications (in English).
OFFLINE a documentary about the lack of internet in Cuba. From Cuba by Yaima Pardo. (Video) (English CC)
"Public access to the Internet"  (Spanish), Telecommunications Company of Cuba SA (ETECSA).


Santo Tomás de los Plátanos also known as Nuevo Santo Tomás de los Plátanos is a town and municipal seat of the municipality of Santo Tomás, located in the center-west of Mexico State, in Mexico. It is approximately 185 km from Mexico City, and 107 km from Toluca.

The town

The Náhuatl name for the area was Caltepec, but as early as 1631, records referred to the village here as Santo Tomás, which the municipality is still called.  Don Vasco de Quiroga added "de los Plátanos" to the name of the village because of all the banana plantations nearby, but the name was not official until 1975. Few records exist from the colonial period, but the area was under the jurisdiction of San Martín Otzoloapan in the 19th century.

The current town of Santo Tomás de los Platanos (Saint Thomas of the bananas) was not the original seat of the municipality of Santo Tomás. The original Santo Tomás was flooded due to a hydroelectric dam that was built in 1945.  This dam and its hydroelectric plant are of great economic importance to the region. Curiously, the church tower of the old town can still be seen rising above the water of the reservoir. The current Santo Tomas has a central garden surrounded by trees and a church.

The population of the town as of 2005 was 2,823 people.

The municipality

As municipal seat, Santo Tomás de los Plátanos has governing jurisdiction over the following communities: San José Barbechos (Los Barbechos), Cieneguillas, La Laguna, El Ocotal, Potrero de Abajo (Colonia Guadalupe), Potrero de Arriba (La Ceiba), Ojo de Agua, Rincón Grande, Salitre de Cal (El Zapote), Salitre Terreros, San Miguel San de Mialma, San Pedro el Chico, San Pedro el Grande, San Pedro Ixtapantongo (Ixtapantongo), Santa Bárbara, Poblado de Santo Tomás (El Puerto San Isidro), Tacuitapan, Pueblo Viejo, Rincón Vivero (El Maracaná), El Llano, Las Canoas, El Jocoyol (San José el Jocoyol), El Salitre Bramador, El Aguacate, El Anono, Potrero de Abajo (Granadillo), El Sifón, Las Fincas, El Pedregal, Rincón Chico, Los Nogales, El Aguacate, El Plan, and Frontón Vivero.

It has a territorial extension of 110.91 square kilometers, and the population total for the municipality in 2005 was 8,888. It borders with the municipalities of Ixtapan del Oro, Valle de Bravo and Otzoloapan, as well as the state of Michoacán to the west.

The climate of Santo Tomás de los Platanos is sub tropical, with a rainy season in summer. The principal ecosystems consist of varied vegetation, from lowland jungle, temperate forest and agricultural land, although many forests here have suffered damage. The fruits that are grown in Santo Tomas de los Platanos are lemons, oranges, papayas, bananas, mango, coffee, sapodilla, guava, tamarind, and chayotes.

From 18 to 22 of December, the inhabitants of Santo Tomás celebrate the feast day of Saint Thomas the Apostle. On October 14, they celebrate the municipality's anniversary in 1870.

People of Santo Tomas produce stuffed animals, washcloths, tablecloths, and napkins. There are also bread bakeries. However, the primary economic activity is cattle-raising.

The typical food of Santo Tomas is turkey mole and tamales, which are served in family gatherings, weddings and quinceañeras.

Santo Tomás de los Plátanos offers great views to its visitors, and a great option to practice rappeling, take long walks, and provides special places to camp and swimming.

The seat has 46 schools, which are attended by 128 teachers. For the rest of the municipality, it depends on state and federal support for the other 24 communities to teach kindergarten, elementary school, and high school, with  2,081 students in 155 groups with 97 classrooms. There is a technical school in the Casa de Cultura (House of Culture) called “Santiago Santana Avalos”. In Santa Barbara, there is televised high school for the students of that area. The illiteracy rate is about 18.53%, which is considered high.

Notable people
The welterweight boxing champion of the world, "Pipino" Cuevas was born in Santo Tomás de los Plátanos on December 27, 1957.

References

Municipalities of the State of Mexico
Populated places in the State of Mexico
Municipality seats in the State of Mexico


Comertown is an unincorporated community in northeastern Sheridan County, Montana, United States. It was founded in 1913. Comertown is centered at  (48.8969706, -104.2499432) and located at an altitude of 2,270 feet (692 m).

Although the land around Comertown attracted numerous homesteaders during the first years following the railroad's completion, the region proved to be unsuited for intensive agricultural use, and by the 1920s Comertown was in decline.

The post office at Comertown operated from November 14, 1914 to June 30, 1957.  A school and a cemetery were also established at Comertown.

In 1993, the entire community was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district.

Notes

Unincorporated communities in Sheridan County, Montana
Unincorporated communities in Montana
Ghost towns in Montana
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana
National Register of Historic Places in Sheridan County, Montana
Populated places on the National Register of Historic Places in Montana


Vervant may refer to the following places in France:

Vervant, Charente, a commune in the department of Charente
Vervant, Charente-Maritime, a commune in the department of Charente-Maritime


Peralillo is a Chilean town and commune in Colchagua Province, O'Higgins Region.

Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Peralillo spans an area of  and has 9,729 inhabitants (5,007 men and 4,722 women). Of these, 5,882 (60.5%) lived in urban areas and 3,847 (39.5%) in rural areas. The population grew by 6.4% (585 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

Administration
As a commune, Peralillo is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2021-2024 mayor is Claudio Cumsille.

References

External links
  Municipality of Peralillo

Communes of Chile
Populated places in Colchagua Province


is a Japanese competitor in synchronised swimming from Ōtsu, Shiga.

She received five Olympic medals at the 1996, the 2000 and the 2004 Summer Olympics. The silver medal from the 2000 Olympics was in the duet with Miho Takeda, and they also received a silver medal at the 2004 Olympics.

Tachibana began practicing the sport during her fourth year in elementary school. During the summer of 2008, she was a synchronized swimming coach for the Santa Clara Aquamaids in Santa Clara, California.

References

1974 births
Living people
Olympic silver medalists for Japan
Olympic bronze medalists for Japan
Japanese synchronized swimmers
Olympic synchronized swimmers for Japan
Synchronized swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Synchronized swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Synchronized swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
People from Ōtsu, Shiga
Olympic medalists in synchronized swimming
Asian Games medalists in artistic swimming
Artistic swimmers at the 1994 Asian Games
Artistic swimmers at the 1998 Asian Games
Artistic swimmers at the 2002 Asian Games
World Aquatics Championships medalists in synchronised swimming
Synchronized swimmers at the 1998 World Aquatics Championships
Synchronized swimmers at the 1994 World Aquatics Championships
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Asian Games gold medalists for Japan
Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games
Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games
Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games


Vervant () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Geography
The village lies on the left bank of the Boutonne, which forms all of the commune's western border.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Placilla is a Chilean town and commune in Colchagua Province, O'Higgins Region.

Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Placilla spans an area of  and has 8,078 inhabitants (4,134 men and 3,944 women). Of these, 2,114 (26.2%) lived in urban areas and 5,964 (73.8%) in rural areas. The population grew by 3.6% (279 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

Administration
As a commune, Placilla is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2012–2016 mayor was José Joaquín Latorre Muñoz (PDC); Latorre, however, died as a consequence of a car crash on 22 July 2013. Latorre had previously held the mayoral office between 1992 and 2008. He was succeeded by Tulio Contreras Álvarez, a member of the local council, who has been reelected until 2024. He died in 2022, during his third term as mayor of Placilla, and was succeeded by Marcelo González, also a Christian Democrat.

References

External links
  Municipality of Placilla

Communes of Chile
Populated places in Colchagua Province


Brian MacMahon (23 August 1923 – 5 December 2007) was a British-born American epidemiologist who chaired the Department of Epidemiology of the Harvard School of Public Health from 1958 until 1988. Best known for his work on the epidemiology of breast cancer, he also pioneered research on associations between passive smoking and lung cancer, and between diet and risk of cancer.

Personal life
MacMahon was born in Sheffield, where his father, Desmond MacMahon, was a professional violinist. In 1948, he married Heidi Marie Graber from Switzerland (died 2001); the couple had two sons and two daughters. MacMahon also had a brother, Paddy, who was a doctor in the British Army.

MacMahon emigrated to the United States in the late 1950s, and became a U.S. citizen in 1962. He died at Boston, Massachusetts in 2007, aged 84, following a stroke.

Education and early career
MacMahon studied medicine at the University of Birmingham, gaining the diplomas of the Royal College of Physicians and Royal College of Surgeons in 1946, and the MB BChir in 1948. After working as a locum doctor in impoverished areas of Birmingham, MacMahon served as a ship's doctor in the British Merchant Navy from 1946 to 1948. He later said that these experiences left him "somewhat dispirited about a future in clinical medicine".

Enrolment in a course in public health at the University of Birmingham brought him into contact with epidemiologists Thomas McKeown, Ronald Lowe and Reginald Record, who became his supervisors in a PhD in "social medicine" (as epidemiology was then known) studying infantile pyloric stenosis. After gaining his PhD in 1952, he travelled to the US to obtain a Master's in epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health (1953). In 1955, he gained the MD degree at the University of Birmingham.

Career in epidemiology
MacMahon's early academic positions were at the University of Birmingham, UK, and at the Department of Environmental Medicine and Community Health at the State University of New York in Brooklyn, USA, where he worked with Duncan W. Clark, focusing on the epidemiology of leukemia and breast cancer.

In 1958, he was appointed head of the Harvard School of Public Health, USA, a position he held until his retirement in 1988. In 1967, he co-founded the Society for Epidemiologic Research, a learned society for epidemiologists. In 1976, he was appointed the Henry Pickering Walcott Professor of Epidemiology at the school, and he also served as the Associate Dean (1977–78). From 1974, he held a professorship in public health at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. MacMahon built the Harvard School of Public Health into a world-class research institution; he particularly prided himself, however, on nurturing students, many of whom went on to become leaders in the field of epidemiology. Well-known former students include Dimitrios Trichopoulos and Walter Willett.

MacMahon co-authored the textbook Epidemiologic Methods (1960), later reissued as Epidemiology: Principles and Methods, with Thomas Pugh. Described by Willett as "the first modern epidemiology textbook", it became a standard text in the subject. He co-edited Preventive Medicine (1967), later republished as Preventive and Community Medicine, with Duncan W. Clark.

Research

Breast cancer
MacMahon was unusual in focusing on the epidemiology of chronic diseases, in particular cancer, at a time when most epidemiologists concentrated on infectious diseases. His best-known research relates to breast cancer. An international study, published in 1970, on which MacMahon was the lead author showed for the first time that the age at which a woman first gives birth significantly affects her risk of later developing breast cancer; giving birth at a young age was found to be protective. Subsequent work by MacMahon's group showed that every year a woman delays giving birth after the age of eighteen increases her risk of developing breast cancer by 3.5%. The 1970 study stimulated later research into hormonal causes of breast cancer.

MacMahon's group also studied other factors associated with breast cancer risk, including age at menarche and menopause, lactation, alcohol consumption and diet.

Other cancers
With Dimitrios Trichopoulos, MacMahon pioneered research into the association of passive smoking with lung cancer. Their study showed that non-smoking women whose husbands smoked heavily (more than a pack per day) had a greater than threefold increased risk of developing lung cancer.

He was also one of the first to study the effect of diet on cancer; this work was continued by his student Walter Willett. This research was not without controversy: a case-control study which unexpectedly linked coffee drinking with increased risk of pancreatic cancer provoked a storm of protest from coffee drinkers and industry groups, with coverage in the New York Times, Time magazine and Newsweek. Academic criticism focused on the study's choice of controls. Subsequent studies, including one by MacMahon's group, failed to confirm the association. He studied Hodgkin's lymphoma, providing evidence that the disease might be caused by more than one agent.

Other diseases
MacMahon worked extensively on pyloric stenosis of infants. His work focused attention on the effect of environmental factors on this disease. Despite developing Dupuytren's contracture in his hands, which hindered computer use, MacMahon remained active in research long after his official retirement, for example, contributing a final review on pyloric stenosis in 2006.

Awards
MacMahon was awarded the National Divisional Distinguished Service Award of the American Cancer Society (1971), the John Snow Award of the American Public Health Association (1980), the Donald Reid Medal of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (1987) , and the Charles S. Mott Prize of the General Motors Cancer Research Foundation for his work on the epidemiology of cancer (1992). He became a member of the Institute of Medicine in 1973, and later received honorary doctorates from the University of Birmingham, University of Athens and the State University of New York.

Key publications

Books
 MacMahon B, Pugh TF. Epidemiologic Methods (Little, Brown; 1960); reissued as Epidemiology: Principles and Methods (Little, Brown; 1970) ()

Research papers
 McKeown T, MacMahon B. (1955) Infantile pyloric stenosis in parent and child. Arch Dis Child 30: 497–500 ()
 MacMahon B, Cole P, Lin TM et al.. (1970) Age at first birth and breast cancer risk. Bull World Health Organ 43: 209–221 ()
 Trichopoulos D, Kalandidi A, Sparros L, MacMahon B. (1981) Lung cancer and passive smoking. Int J Cancer 27: 1–4 ()
 MacMahon B, Yen S, Trichopoulos D et al.. (1981) Coffee and cancer of the pancreas. N Engl J Med 304: 630–633 ()
 Trichopoulos D, Hsieh CC, MacMahon B et al.. (1983) Age at any birth and breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer 31: 701–704 ()
 Newcomb PA, Storer BE, Longnecker MP et al.. (1994) Lactation and a reduced risk of premenopausal breast cancer. N Engl J Med 330: 81–87 () (full text)

References

1923 births
2007 deaths
American epidemiologists
Cancer researchers
State University of New York faculty
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health alumni
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Harvard University faculty
Donald Reid Medalists
British emigrants to the United States


La Villedieu () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Pumanque is a Chilean commune in Colchagua Province, O'Higgins Region.

Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Pumanque spans an area of  and has 3,442 inhabitants (1,793 men and 1,649 women), making the commune an entirely rural area. The population fell by 8.8% (331 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

Administration
As a commune, Pumanque is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2021-2024 mayor is Gonzalo Baraona Bezanilla.

References

External links
  Municipality of Pumanque

Communes of Chile
Populated places in Colchagua Province


Roland Green may refer to:

Roland Green (Australian politician) (1885–1947)
Roland Green (cyclist) (born 1974), Canadian mountain bike and road bicycle racer
Roland Green (painter) (1896-1972), English bird painter and illustrator
Roland J. Green (1944–2021), American science fiction and fantasy writer


The Hill is a documentary series on the Sundance Channel.  In the show Florida Congressman Robert Wexler opens his office doors to the cameras to expose the heated matters facing his constituents today. Directed by filmmaker and former Capitol Hill speechwriter and legislative aide Ivy Meeropol (granddaughter of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg), and produced by Roland Park Pictures, The Hill showcases Wexler’s conflicts both with the opposition and with his own political party on such charged issues as social security, prescription drugs, Medicare, Hurricane Katrina, and the war in Iraq.

Season one premiered on August 23, 2006.

References

External links

2006 American television series debuts
2007 American television series endings
2000s American reality television series
2000s American documentary television series
Sundance TV original programming


Yoav Regional Council (, Mo'atza Azorit Yoav) is a regional council in the Southern District of Israel. It is located near the cities of Kiryat Gat, Kiryat Malakhi and Ashkelon. It was founded in 1952, covering an area of 230,000 dunams (230 km2), with a population of about 5,300.

The council is named after Yitzhak Dubnov, who was nicknamed "Yoav", and who fell while defending Negba in the 1947–1949 Palestine war. Operation Yoav and Metzudat Yoav, which is located in the council's area, are also named after him.

The council contains two parts which are not contiguous geographically. The main part is bordered on the north by Nahal Sorek Regional Council, on the west by Be'er Tuvia Regional Council and Shafir Regional Council, on the south by Lakhish Regional Council and Kiryat Gat, and on the east by Matte Yehuda Regional Council. The western portion of the council, which includes the kibbutzim Negba and Sde Yoav, is bordered on the north and east by Shafir Regional Council, on the west by Hof Ashkelon Regional Council, and on the west by Lakhish Regional Council.

Communities in the council
Today the council has 8 kibbutzim, 3 moshavim, a youth village, a community settlement, and an Arab village.

The immediate past mayor of the Yoav Regional Council is Rani Traynin from Beit Nir. Traynin resigned his position as mayor to become the Vice Chairman of the Executive of the Jewish Agency for Israel. He was succeeded by Matti Sarfati Harkavi, the first woman ever elected Mayor of the Yoav Regional Council.  She is from moshav Sgula and is a noted plant geneticist.  For several years she served as the Yoav Chairperson of the Partnership 2000 Committee, linking the Yoav Regional Council with the Jewish community of the Lehigh Valley based in Allentown, Pennsylvania.

The government offices are located at Re'em Junction.

Kibbutzim
Beit Nir
Beit Guvrin
Gal On
Gat
Kfar Menachem
Negba
Revadim
Sde Yoav

Moshavim
Kfar HaRif
Nahla
Sgula

Youth village
Kedma

Community settlement
Vardon

Arab village
al-'Azi

External links
Official website

Regional councils in Israel
1953 establishments in Israel


Admiral Widodo Adi Sutjipto (born 1 August 1944) is a former Commander of the National Armed Forces (TNI) of Indonesia.

He was the first commander coming from service branch other than army.

References

1944 births
Living people
People from Boyolali Regency
Indonesian admirals
Javanese people
Chiefs of Staff of the Indonesian Navy


The Holman Field Administration Building is a Kasota limestone building designed by Clarence Wigington and built in 1939 by WPA employees. It serves as the control building for the St. Paul Downtown Airport in Saint Paul in the U.S. state of Minnesota. The airport was named for Charles W. Holman, who won the U.S. air speed trials in 1930.  The airfield was built on the former site of Lamprey Lake, which was filled with dredged material from the adjacent Mississippi River, which regularly floods the airport. Across the river in Indian Mounds Park is one of the last remaining airway beacons in the country.

During World War II, Northwest Airlines employed up to 5000 people at the site, modifying new B-24 Liberator bombers, some of which received the highly classified H2X radar, which proved to be an invaluable tool in the European theater.

A restaurant in the building is open to the general public, and allows viewing of the airfield.

References

External links

Air transportation buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places
Buildings and structures completed in 1939
Clarence W. Wigington buildings
Moderne architecture in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Saint Paul, Minnesota
Works Progress Administration in Minnesota


Southport Eastbank Street was a railway station in Southport, Merseyside.

History
The station opened on 21 July 1848 as the temporary northern terminus of the Liverpool, Crosby and Southport Railway, and was the first railway station in Southport. Situated between Eastbank Street and Portland Street, it consisted of a single platform together with a run-round loop and one siding. In 1850 the platform was extended, and an extra line was constructed along with two additional sidings on the east side. The station closed on 22 August 1851, following the completion of a permanent terminal station at Chapel Street, though the line remains open and is today used by trains on the Merseyrail Northern Line. The only remaining traces of the station are the station master's house and a ticket office, adjacent to the level crossing on Portland Street.

The house is now let to Southport Model Railway Society.

References

, and Avon Anglia Publications, .

Disused railway stations in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1848
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1851
Buildings and structures in Southport


Anna Green may refer to:

Anna Green (Hollyoaks), fictional character from the British soap opera Hollyoaks
Anna Katharine Green (1846–1935), American poet and novelist
Anna Green (footballer) (born 1990), New Zealand women's international football player

See also
Ann Green (disambiguation)


Andritz ( – "fast-flowing water"; ) is the 12th district of Graz. It is located in the extreme north of the city.
It had a population of 18,339 in 2011 and covers an area of 18.47 square kilometres. The postal codes of Andritz are 8010, 8042-8046 and 8054.

History
The name Andritz was first mentioned in 1265.

Andritz's most important industry, the technology company Andritz AG, was established by Josef Körösi in 1852. The largest of its endeavors, a pulp mill, was bought by them in 1913 but which had been in existence since 1790. The company as of 2009 has 13,176 employees.

Andritz was a separate municipality until 1938, when it merged with the southern part of Weinitzen and joined Graz. The current district boundaries were set in 1946.

Points of interest

 Church St. Veit
 Chateau St. Gotthard
 Chapel of St. Ulrich

Economy
 Andritz AG (former "Maschinenfabrik Andritz")

References

External links
 Homepage of Graz-Andritz

Districts of Graz
Graz Highlands


Internet in Afghanistan is available in all of its 34 provinces, and is used by over 9 million people as of 2022. The internet officially became available in 2002 during the presidency of Hamid Karzai. Prior to that year, it was prohibited because the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan believed that it may be used to broadcast obscene, immoral and anti-Islamic material, and because the few internet users at the time could not be easily monitored as they obtained their telephone lines from neighboring Pakistan.

Afghanistan was given legal control of the ".af" domain in 2003, and the Afghanistan Network Information Center (AFGNIC) was established to administer domain names. The Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (MCIT), charged a newly created independent company called Afghan Telecom with spinning off all telecommunications operations and services. Up from five functional internet service providers (ISPs) in 2003, Afghanistan supported twenty-two internet hosts and seven main ISPs, and a growing number of internet cafés and telekiosks (public access points located in post offices and at Kabul International Airport). The country currently has around 6,000 .af domains.

Afghans have long recognized the internet as an important source of growth and development for the country, believing that information and communication technologies can create opportunities for disadvantaged groups and improve the access of the rural poor to markets. In November 2006, the MCIT contracted a Chinese firm (ZTE) for the establishment optical fiber cable network in the country. The price of internet gradually began reducing in the late 2010s. 3G services began in the country in 2012 and are provided by all major telecommunication companies, including Afghan Telecom, Afghan Wireless, Etisalat, MTN Group, Roshan, and Salaam Network. 4G services became available as of 2017.

Legal and regulatory frameworks

Legal rights to freedom of expression and its limits
Freedom of expression is inviolable under the Constitution of Afghanistan, and every Afghan has the right to print or publish topics without prior submission to state authorities in accordance with the law. However, the normative limits of the law are clear: under the Constitution no law can be contrary to the beliefs and provisions of the sacred religion of Islam. Mass media law has become increasingly attentive to more vigorous adherence to this principle. The Media Law decreed by President Hamid Karzai in December 2005, just before the national legislature was formed, included a ban on four broad content categories: the publication of news contrary to Islam and other religions; slanderous or insulting materials concerning individuals; matters contrary to the Afghan Constitution or criminal law; and the exposure of the identities of victims of violence. A draft amendment of the law circulating in 2006 added four additional proscribed categories: content jeopardizing the stability, national security, and territorial integrity of Afghanistan; false information that might disrupt public opinion; promotion of any religion other than Islam; and "material which might damage physical well-being, psychological and moral security of people, especially children and the youth".

Independence of the media
The independence of the media was also brought into question by the March 2004 Media Law enacted by the transitional government, which handed the Minister of Culture and Information important veto powers (e.g., foreign agencies and international organizations may print news bulletins only after obtaining permission from the Minister) and leadership of a Media Evaluation Commission that reviews appeals of rejections of licenses by the Ministry of Information and Culture. The proposed amendment to the Media Law in late 2006 dissolved the Media Evaluation Commission and two other regulatory bodies, the National Commission of Radio and Television Broadcast, and an investigation commission that reviewed complaints against journalists and decided which cases should be forwarded to courts for prosecution.

Telecommunications services and their regulation
With the approval of the Telecommunications Services Regulation Act in 2005 (Telecom Law), an independent regulatory agency called the Afghanistan Telecom Regulatory Authority (TRA) was created out of the merger of the Telecommunications Regulatory Board and the State Radio Inspection Department (SRID) under the Ministry of Communications. The TRA assumed responsibility for telecommunications licensing as well as promoting sustainable competition for all telecommunications services.

Licensing requirements are straightforward: companies must abide by the law to be licensed by the TRA, and only those with licenses can sell telecommunications services. Of the two types of ISP licenses, transit and national licenses, only transit licenses allow ISPs to establish international connectivity. Part of the TRA mandate is to protect users from the abuse of monopoly market share: companies determined to have “significant market power” must apply to have an amended license and are subject to additional penalties for anti-competitive behavior. A license may be revoked if the licensee has broken the law or has failed to fix repeated breaches in the agreement, has misleading/false information in their application, or does not pay the fee even after a warning.

Under the Telecom Law, ISPs are duty-bound to protect user information and confidentiality. However, the TRA is also authorized to demand the operator or service provider to monitor communications between users as well as Internet traffic to trace “harassing, offensive, or illegal” telecommunications, although what constitutes these prohibited communications is not specified. Where an issue of national security or a criminal case is involved, operators and service providers must hand over the required information and give the authorities immediate access to their network. In cases where no such immediate need exists, the TRA still has the right to “relevant information” as long as the TRA has given two weeks’ notice. In its Acceptable Use Policy, the AFGNIC prohibits the use of the “.af” domain to make any communications to commit a criminal offense; racially vilify others; violate intellectual property rights; and distribute, publish, or link to pornographic materials that a “reasonable person as a member of the community of Afghanistan would consider to be obscene or indecent”. The ban on spam or junk mail also includes unsolicited political or religious tracts along with commercial advertising and other information.

Security and intelligence
On June 12, 2006, the National Directorate of Security (NDS), Afghanistan's national intelligence agency, issued a list of broadcasting and publishing activities that “must be banned” in light of heightened security problems that could deteriorate public morale. The list of proscribed press activities was quite extensive and attributed negative intention, causality, and morality to reporting on specific issues (primarily terrorism and the Taliban insurgency). President Karzai denied these were instructions, saying they were merely guidelines and a request for media cooperation. Restricted activities included the publication or broadcasting of exaggerated reports against national unity or peace; decrees, statements and interviews of armed organizations and terrorist groups; and even the proscription against news on terrorism serving as the lead story.

OpenNet Initiative testing found no evidence of filtering in Afghanistan, although testing was not as extensive there as it was in some other countries.

Statistics and services
The Internet is available in all 34 provinces of Afghanistan. The country currently has 9,237,489 regular internet users. According to a 2020 estimate, over 7 million residents, which is roughly 18% of the population, had access to the internet. It was reported in 2010 that Kabul, Jalalabad and Khost had the most internet users. The country has 327,000 IP addresses and around 6,000 .af domains.

Nearly all popular online services are available in Afghanistan, including Facebook, Google, Instagram, MSN, Netflix, PayPal, PlayStation Network, Skype, TikTok, Twitter, Viber, WhatsApp, Yahoo!, YouTube, and Zoom. Around 4,423,600 Facebook users were reported in the country.

In early 2011, Paywast (in Dari پیوست ), a local mobile social network was launched. It is based on mobile, and its users connect with their friends and create groups and communities through SMS. With more than half of the Afghan population owning a mobile phone, Paywast is believed to have more than a million users across Afghanistan. The social network is available on the AWCC, Etisalat, and MTN GSM networks.

Internet service providers
The following are some of the internet service providers in Afghanistan:
Afghan Cyber
AfghaNet
Afghan ICT Solution
Afghanistan Faiz Satellite Communication (AFSAT)
Afghan Telecom
Afghan Wireless
Ariana Network Services
Aryan Technologies
Asan Network Services
CeReTechs
Eitisalat
Giganet
Giganor
Hewad ICT Solutions
Insta Telecom
IO Global Services Limited (IOG)
Liwal Telecommunications LLC
Movj Technology
Neda Telecom
Noor Telecom
North Telecom
PACTEC International
Rahanet
RANA Technologies
Stan Telecom
TriStar Internet
Unique Atlantic Telecommunication LTD
Vizocom

See also

Communications in Afghanistan
Education in Afghanistan
Mass media in Afghanistan

References

External links


Access to the Internet in Azerbaijan is growing, supported by a national strategy to develop the country into an information and communication technology (ICT) hub for the Caucasus region. The Azerbaijani government actively seeks to attract foreign aid to help boost the telecommunications and ICT sectors. While the government claims 85 percent of the population was online in 2013, service provider Baktelekom has provided free Wi-Fi zones in several points of Baku like the National Flag Square, the Boulevard, Old City, the park around the Heyder Aliyev Centre, parks of Sahil, Sabir, Samad Vurghun, Winter Park, as well as Port Baku Residence and Port Baku Mall.

Azerbaijan ranks first among the countries of Post-Soviet region for the level of broadband internet penetration. Thus, Azerbaijan left behind Russia, Georgia, Kazakhstan and other CIS countries.

Moreover, Azerbaijan is the 58th country in the world over number of its Internet users. Statistical project Internet Live Stats noted that the number of Azerbaijani Internet users has exceeded 6 million, accounting for 61.1 percent of the country's population.

The signal of the digital broadcasting covers approximately 99 percent of Azerbaijan, while over 75 percent of the country's population has access to the Internet.

Internet penetration and Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
During the Soviet era, Azerbaijan was a major center for IT development, especially regarding process control systems. This legacy left the country with a reasonably large and well-developed technical infrastructure, including several research institutes and a political leadership savvy about the importance of the ICT sector. Internet development is following the pattern typical of many developing countries, with access centered on major cities, particularly the capital city, Baku. Overall Internet penetration is rising as a result of the support of the government's ICT strategy as well as the large Azerbaijani diaspora, for whom the Internet is increasingly an important channel for maintaining contact with their homeland. The number of Internet users has grown over the last several years to 3.7 million users, or 44 percent of the population, as of June 2010, estimated by the International Telecommunication Union.

Many Azerbaijanis access the Internet from shared connections, such as their place of work or study, or from Internet cafés (with the latter providing access for 19 percent of users in 2007). The rate of ownership of computers is low (2.4 units per 100 inhabitants), and Internet usage in homes is moderate, accounting for 41.6 percent of the total usage for 2007, up from 36.4 percent in 2006. For connectivity, some individual subscribers rely on mobile telephony, though access remains expensive, with most using dial-up services as their primary means. Official survey results for 2007 indicate that economic and educational barriers are the main contributing factors for these low figures, with 31.4 percent blaming the high cost of computer equipment and 21.8 percent indicating a lack of necessary skills.

The Ministry of Communications and Information Technologies (MCIT), together with the Ministry of Education, Microsoft, and Hewlett Packard, has started the pilot stage of the National PC Initiative. This program aims to provide conditions for a rapid increase of PC penetration rates and e-society development. The state-backed Program on Information of the Education System (2008–2012) plans to provide Internet connectivity to all schools of Azerbaijan. Currently, more than 200 secondary schools have been connected to the Internet via ADSL.

The cost of Internet service is steadily decreasing: as of 2010, monthly unlimited ADSL connection of 1 Mbit/s cost around US$20–25 per month. While the cost of international traffic has gone down over the last several years, the cost for usage of the local infrastructure remains unchanged. Approximately 50 percent of the expenses of small ISPs are local connection costs paid to the state-owned company controlling the market. Because these expenses are the same for all providers, they agreed among themselves to charge end users the same price for unlimited monthly dial-up service. Larger providers temporarily blocked the ISPs that tried to contravene the concerted practice. In December 2007, for example, two small providers—SuperOnline and AvirTel —were blocked by local ISPs (Adanet and IntraNS) while trying to provide service at a lower price for customers. Shortly after the providers agreed to bring the price of their services into line, the block was lifted. For similar reasons, the larger ISPs blocked another smaller local ISP, Azeronline.

In Azerbaijan, fixed-line telephony is largely centralized in the hands of the state-owned telecom provider AzTelecom, which also acts as a commercial ISP. Delta Telecom (previously operating as AzerSat) is the main ISP in the country, supplying international connectivity to at least 90–95 percent of all users. Delta Telecom also owns the Internet international gateway and sells international traffic to almost all ISPs. The nonprofit AZNET/AZRENA project provides connectivity to the educational and research community and benefits from a satellite channel built under NATO's "Silk Road" project. AzEuroTel started commercial activity as a telecommunications company and thus managed to establish a relatively wide network infrastructure. AzEuroTel and Adanet also have satellite channels to Russia. AzerOnline, which is funded predominantly by the largest mobile operator, Azercell, has an additional satellite connection to Turkey. The cost of satellite connection is very high because of the monopoly regime set by the MCIT.

Since the second half of 2007, Azerbaijan has not had a free Internet Exchange Point (IXP). Delta Telecom controls the only IXP, and charges the same amount for local and international traffic. Providers have not been able to agree on setting up another IXP. The external traffic of Azerbaijan is now 6 Gbit/s, which is a notable increase from the 155 Mbit/s capacity of 2006. Delta Telecom has external fiber optic connections with Russia via TransTelekom and with Turkey via Rostelecom (Indirectly, Delta Telecom serves Georgian users because a local ISP, TransEuroCom, buys international traffic from Delta and carries it by fiber to Georgia. Through the TRACECA Fiber Optic Cable line, TransEuroCom is connected also to the TurkTelecom in Turkey. State control over domain name registration is limited. The assignment of the country code domain name ".az" is controlled by AzNic, Ltd., a joint venture among three Azerbaijani firms. The cost for a one-year registration is US$34. Network Technologies (a subsidiary of IntraNS) is the company that carries out registration and administration of the top-level domain (TLD) in the country. Domain name registrations cannot be done online. Instead, a client is required in most cases to go in person to the offices of the domain name holder. Since 2002, the number of registered domain names has rapidly increased, with approximately 3,000 first-level and more than 6,000 second-level domains registered under the .az TLD.

Mobile telephony is increasingly popular among the younger population. This is especially true in rural areas, where the fixed-line infrastructure is poor and people are increasingly subscribing to mobile services. The major mobile operator in the country is Azercell, with more than 35 percent MCIT participation. Bakcell, the second operator, is relatively small. Azercell recently started offering mobile e-mail services. Both operators provide coverage across all Azerbaijani territory (except the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh). In March 2006, the MCIT agreed to grant a license to a third GSM operator, Azerphone. Catel started operation earlier. The state telecom, AzTelecom, has participation in the two new mobile operators. Azercell, Bakcell, and Azerphone provide WAP and GRPS services. Mobile providers also use Delta Telecom's external channel for Internet.

Legal and regulatory frameworks
Even though Azerbaijan made telecommunications and Internet national development priorities, the telecom regulatory framework remains insufficiently developed. The MCIT acts as both regulator and operator. In 2008, the MCIT moved to separate the two functions but has not yet completed this process. Some telecommunications services must be licensed, including VoIP.

The major public telecom operators are the government-owned AzTelecom, Azeronline, IntraNS, Adanet, and AzEuroTel (50 percent owned by the MCIT and 50 percent by a British company). Around half of the telephone lines in Azerbaijan are analog, and more than 85 percent of the main lines are in urban areas. The MCIT has adopted a program for development of telecommunications aimed at modernizing the telecommunications infrastructure.

Under foreign pressure, the government has taken steps to liberalize the ISP market. Compulsory state licensing for ISPs was eliminated in 2002, although the MCIT has continued to ignore this provision on isolated occasions. The MCIT continues to hold about a 50 percent share in a few of the leading ISPs in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan applied for World Trade Organization (WTO) membership in 1997, and even though some progress in liberalization of services was made, the country still remains on the accession agenda. It has been suggested that there is not enough political will to join the WTO, mainly because local businesses fear the loss of their advantageous position in the internal market.

From a regulatory perspective, the Internet is treated as mass media, and is included on the list of telecommunications services regulated by the 2005 Law on Telecommunications. Azerbaijani law does not provide for mandatory filtering or monitoring of Internet content. However, as Web sites that criticize governmental policies have emerged, the government has considered introducing a law that will impose restrictions on Web sites with obscene or unpatriotic content, thereby strengthening already existing defamation laws. Content filtering is practiced by AZNET, the education and research ISP, but is regulated by an accepted usage policy and is restricted to filtering out pornographic content. Anecdotal accounts claim that filtering of specific Web sites occurs, which is seemingly the result of informal requests to ISP managers by state officials from the Ministry of National Security (MCIT), or the presidency. These instances have been infrequent, and the resulting public outcry has led to the swift unblocking of affected sites.

YouTube is also becoming increasingly popular among Azerbaijani Internet users. Several youth groups post videos online, and are using YouTube as a platform to communicate with other members or members of the public. The popularity of the multimedia site prompted the head of the National Council on TV and Radio Broadcasting of Azerbaijan, Nushirevan Magerramli, to announce the government's intention to regulate Internet TV and Internet radio.

The Telecommunications Act is expected to prohibit the same legal entity from merging more than three publications under one TV and radio company. In 2007, the government announced that in some regions of the country, TV signals from neighboring Armenia and Iran are stronger than the national TV broadcast. As a result, the National Television and Radio Council ordered a discontinuation of the broadcast of Russian and Turkish TV stations on Azerbaijani territory. In October 2008, the council announced its decision to suspend the licenses of some international radio channels, such as the BBC, Radio Liberty, and others.

Azerbaijani defamation legislation has been a frequent subject of criticism by the international human rights community. The government has been under pressure to decriminalize libel, especially after prosecution against journalists and bloggers has intensified. For example, Eynulla Fatullayev, the editor of Azerbaijan's largest independent newspaper and an outspoken critic of the government, was sentenced to eight years and six months in prison on charges of terrorism and inciting ethnic hatred. Fatullayev was sentenced earlier during the same year under the criminal libel provision to 30 months in prison for a posting attributed to him that blamed the Azerbaijani government for one of the massacres in the first Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1992. Fatullayev denied writing the posting and argued that the charges were politically motivated. This case stirred massive protests in the country against the editor's conviction. The authorities shut down the publications in which Fatullayev participated. The hard disk drives of the computers of these publications were also seized. Another recent case shows that the government has exercised pressure on ISPs to take down specific Internet content. Sensitive videos considered offensive to Azerbaijani national feelings were uploaded online to cause a massive uproar in society. In response, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent an official letter to the ISP to express its disapproval and have the videos removed.

Filtering, surveillance, and harassment
As of 2014, Freedom House reports the Azerbaijani government does not engage in systematic filtering or blocking of the Internet. There are numerous reports of temporary issues with accessing some websites during protests in parts of the country. Freedom House ranked Azerbaijan as partially free, noting that the social media sites are blocked, political websites are blocked, and bloggers and journalists are arrested.

Filtering
In 2007 and 2008, the OpenNet Initiative tested for content filtering on AzNet, DeltaTelecom, AzerOnline, and AzEuroTel, as well as several end user locations (such as Internet cafés). Most of the ISPs in the country purchase international traffic from Delta Telecom and utilize the infrastructure of AzTelecom for local traffic. It appears that most of the filtering occurs on Delta Telecom lines. The ONI found reverse filtering on a number of U.S. military sites.

Another case followed the rapid increase of the price of petrol, gas, and electricity in the country in January 2007. The author of http://www.susmayaq.biz published a protest letter to the president online. As a result, the author was arrested, and that Web site was inaccessible on ten Azerbaijani ISPs from January to March 2007. After a protest by youth organizations, the author was released without charges.

Evidence of second-generation controls was also evident in the run-up to the 2008 parliamentary elections. The political section of the most popular online forum (http://www.day.az/forum) in Azerbaijan was removed around 20 days before the elections and was still inactive as of May 2009.

The popular opposition blog Tinsohbeti.com was blocked in March 2008 after it published an article detailing political and economic problems in Azerbaijan. In 2006, the same Web site was blocked because it posted satirical cartoons of the president. Before presidential elections in October 2008, the Web site was unblocked, but by then the original domain registration had expired and no longer hosted the opposition blog.

At Internet cafés, many owners impose restrictions that prevent users from downloading large attachments and visiting certain pornographic sites. These policies are not universal, and they are implemented at the discretion of café owners.

At businesses, most employers limit access to the Internet through the use of intelligent firewalls that restrict the downloading of files with certain extensions (.mp3, .avi, .mpg, .mov, etc.), as well as access to storage file servers and to the servers of instant messaging clients such as ICQ, MSN, Skype, and others.

On May 12, 2017, after independent opposition news sites were blocked in Azerbaijan, all calls via the Internet, including messengers such as Skype and WhatsApp, were blocked entirely (or as limited as possible in terms of speed of access to services). At the same time, no official statements were made by the government of the Republic.

On September 27, 2020, due to the armed conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh, the "Ministry of transport, communications and high technologies of Azerbaijan" imposed restrictions on the use of the Internet in the country. Telegram, Facebook, WhatsApp, YouTube, Instagram, TikTok, LinkedIn, Twitter, Zoom, Skype were completely blocked. Many other unrelated services were also blocked due to lack of coordination.

Surveillance
Azerbaijani law does not include a formal legal foundation requiring Internet surveillance. Nevertheless, surveillance does occur, mainly by means of sporadic visits of State Security Services to ISPs. In 2000–2001, there was an unsuccessful attempt to adopt the Russian SORM-II model for Internet surveillance, but the project was interrupted because of financial difficulties and opposition from ISPs and the Internet community.

In order to deal with cyber attacks, the MCIT is planning to establish a council dealing with Internet-related problems. The Azerbaijani Internet community is hoping that the proposed council will be able to decrease cyber security risks without undermining the privacy of users. Another recent MCIT initiative is the launch of an Internet antihackers agency.

Harassment
Activists and journalists who post critical content about the government have been arrested. In 2014, eight activists from the N!DA and Free Youth movements were arrested for organizing online protests in 2013, eventually receiving jail sentences ranging from six to eight years.

Cases of blogger and journalists arrests in Azerbaijan abound. The editor in chief of the online news outlet Azadxeber.net was sentenced to 10 years in prison in 2013. The charges included the distribution of religious literature, making public calls to overthrow the constitutional regime, and incitement of ethnic hatred.

Hilal Mammadov, a human rights defender and editor of the newspaper Tolishi Sado, was arrested on June 21, 2012, and sentenced to 5 years in prison after he shared a popular video on YouTube entitled “Ti kto takoy, davay dosvidaniya!” (Who are you? See you, goodbye!). Mammadov posted a comment under the video stating that it had made Azerbaijan more popular than the government had been able to in their efforts regarding the Eurovision Song Contest. He was arrested soon after, and charged with illegal drug possession, treason, and incitement to national, racial, social and religious hatred and hostility.

There are several reported cases of people arrested because of content posted online. The author of the Web site http://www.pur.gen.az, infamous for its biting humorous content, posted a caricature of the president of Azerbaijan in 2006. In 2007, the Ministry of National Security searched one of the Internet cafés in Baku and discovered this caricature on the cache page. The author and the webmaster of the site, as well as several café guests, were arrested and indicted for organized criminal activities. The individuals were released several days later, but the Web site was shut down by its owners in order to avoid further prosecution.

The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, an exclave of Azerbaijan, closed down Internet cafés for several days in March 2008, according to the Azerbaijani press. The reasons behind the ban remain unclear, but restrictive policies on seeking and distributing information in the republic are not isolated cases. At the end of 2008, a number of Web sites were locally blocked in Nakhchivan.   In 2013, the government again shut down the majority of Internet cafés in the Nakhchivan region, and café owners reported that orders to shut down came from the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology of Nakhchivan.

The ongoing cyberwar between Azerbaijani and Armenian hackers has also caused disruptions to some websites and ISPs. In early 2007, five Armenian websites were inaccessible, and users were shown a block page commenting on the political affiliation of the Nagorno-Karabakh region. At the same time, the Web site of the Azerbaijani Public Television ITV was taken down. Since most of the allegedly inaccessible sites contained oppositional political content, there are allegations that the Azerbaijani government was involved in the attacks. However, ONI testing could not confirm these suspicions. The ONI did not test for political issues related to the proclaimed independence of the Nagorno-Karabakh region.

External links
 Sidorenko, Alexey: "The Internet in Azerbaijan" in the Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 15

References
This article was originally adapted from the OpenNet Initiative report on Azerbaijan, which is licensed under a Creative Commons attribution license.

Communications in Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan


Leonard Wilhelm Skierski (26 April 1866 – 1940) was a Polish military officer. He was a general of the Imperial Russian Army and then served in the Polish Army. He fought in World War I and in the Polish–Soviet War. He was one of fourteen Polish generals and one of the oldest military commanders to be murdered by the NKVD in the Katyn massacre of 1940.

Imperial Russian Army and World War I
Leonard Wilhelm Skierski was born in Stopnica near Kielce in Russian-ruled Congress Poland, into an old Polish aristocratic Calvinist family of Puchała coat of arms. His parents were Henryk Skierski and Helena née Hassman. His younger brother Stefan Skierski became the superintendent (bishop) of the Polish Reformed Church.

Early in his youth Skierski graduated from a philological school in Kielce and joined the Cadet Corps in Voronezh. As a Protestant, Skierski was not a subject to severe laws concerning Polish Catholics serving in the Russian Army and was able to advance there. On 1 September 1884, he joined the Mikhailov's College of Artillery in Saint Petersburg. In 1887, he graduated with the rank of second lieutenant (leytenant) and started his service in the 3rd Guards Artillery Brigade. He quickly rose through the ranks and ended up as a colonel (from 1906), leading an artillery command.

With his unit he took part in the opening stages of World War I. Already in February 1915, he was promoted to the rank of major general and at that time he became the highest-ranking Pole in Russian armed forces. He continued his service in various posts. From May 1917, he served as inspector of artillery of the Russian 5th Corps. Following the outbreak of the Russian Revolution, Skierski created the Society of Polish Soldiers of the 5th Corps.

He was arrested by the Bolsheviks, but managed to escape to Ukraine, where he joined the Polish II Corps in Russia. After Austria-Hungary surrounded most of the Polish Corps and disarmed it, Skierski evaded imprisonment again and fled to the countryside, where he took part in partisan operations against the Red Army. In 1919, he crossed to the Polish-held territory.

Independent Poland
On 15 May 1919, Skierski joined the Polish Army. As the Polish armed forces lacked high-ranking officers, he was instantly promoted to the rank of lieutenant general (). On 30 May, Skierski was assigned to the 7th Infantry Division stationed in Silesia during the Silesian Uprisings; the unit saw no combat. After the cessation of hostilities on that front, on 10 August Skierski became commander of the 1st Rifle Division of General Józef Haller's Blue Army. His formation took part in heavy fighting in Volhynia during the final stages of the Polish–Ukrainian War. On 15 September 1919, the division was fully integrated with the Polish command system and renamed to 13th Infantry Division.

Early in his Polish Army service, Skierski became known as a skilled and flexible commander of infantry units; he was also highly popular among his troops. Because of that, Polish Commander-in-chief Józef Piłsudski used Skierski in important front sectors of the Polish–Soviet War. In December 1919, Skierski was withdrawn from the front and assigned to the 4th Infantry Division. In the spring of 1920, his unit took part in the Kiev offensive, in which the Polish forces reached the city of Kiev. From 21 May, Skierski was assigned the command over a separate Operational Group (Corps), within General Stanisław Szeptycki's Northeastern Front.

On 7 July, in the wake of a Soviet offensive, Skierski became commander of the 4th Army. He managed to withdraw the army under heavy pressure from numerically superior enemy and regroup it. They took part in the Battle of Warsaw in mid-August. The 4th Army, even though its units had been in frontline service for months, became the spearhead of the Polish counter-offensive from the area of the lower Wieprz River. In a matter of weeks, Skierski's troops managed to push the enemy back and reach the line of the Sluch River.

In October 1920, a ceasefire agreement was signed between Poland and Soviet Russia. Following the army demobilisation, Skierski had remained in active service and became inspector of the 3rd Army Inspectorate in Toruń. He was seen by Piłsudski as one of the most skilled Polish officers. In May 1926, Skierski supported Piłsudski's military coup and was arrested by the government forces. In 1927, he was attached to the Warsaw-based General Inspectorate of the Armed Forces. He functioned in the circle of Piłsudski's close collaborators. On 31 December 1931, he was promoted to the rank of divisional general and retired from active service.

The Katyn massacre
After the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, despite having been retired, Skierski was arrested together with thousands of other Polish military personnel. He was held in Starobilsk.  In April 1940, the month of his seventy-fourth birthday, he became one of the victims of the Katyn massacre of Polish prisoners of war. Among the Katyn victims were 14 Polish generals, including Leon Billewicz, Bronisław Bohatyrewicz, Xawery Czernicki (admiral), Stanisław Haller, Aleksander Kowalewski, Henryk Minkiewicz, Kazimierz Orlik-Łukoski, Konstanty Plisowski, Rudolf Prich (murdered in Lviv), Franciszek Sikorski, Alojzy Wir-Konas, Piotr Skuratowicz, and Mieczysław Smorawiński.

See also
Battle of the Berezina (1920)

Notes and references

1866 births
1940 deaths
People from Busko County
Polish Calvinist and Reformed Christians
Polish generals in the Imperial Russian Army of World War I
Katyn massacre victims
Polish people of the Polish–Soviet War
Polish prisoners of war
World War II prisoners of war held by the Soviet Union
Executed people from Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
Executed military leaders


Like many developed and developing countries, the Internet in Bangladesh has witnessed significant growth. Although facing many constraints in expanding Internet access and use, development of the Internet and Information Technology are high government priorities. In March, 2021 Internet users in Bangladesh increased to  116 million. (population of Bangladesh at the time 167 million - 70% of population had access to internet)
On 19 February 2018, Bangladesh started the 4G network service.

Evolution

Starting in the early 1990s, Bangladesh had dialup access to e-mail using the Bulletin Board Systems (BBSs) of a few local providers, but the number of users did not total more than 500. Users were charged by the kilobyte and email was transferred from the BBS service providers to the rest of the world by international dialup using UUCP.

In June 1996 the first VSAT base data circuit in the country was commissioned and the Bangladesh Telegraph and Telephone Board (BTTB) granted licenses to two Internet Service Providers (ISPs). In subsequent years more liberal government policies led to a rapid expansion of the industry, resulting in over 180 registered ISP's by 2005. ISPs are currently regulated by the Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) through the Bangladesh Telecommunications Act.

In May 2006 Bangladesh inaugurated new submarine cable optic fiber connectivity as part of the 16 country consortium SEA-ME-WE 4 project. The landing station is in Cox's Bazar, the southern city near the Bay of Bengal. In July 2008 the Submarine Cable Project was transformed into the company Bangladesh Submarine Cable Company Limited (BSCCL), which is now responsible for all services related to the submarine cable.

Usage
The number of Internet subscriptions in Bangladesh grew from 186,000 in 2000 to 617,300 in 2009. However, only 0.4% of the population used the Internet in 2009 giving Bangladesh one of the lowest usage percentages in the world, ahead of only North Korea, Myanmar, and Sierra Leone. This limited Internet penetration is due to many factors, including: unavailability in rural areas, high costs, little local content, limited or poor service quality, lack of infrastructure with the last mile often limited to dial-up, too many providers competing in a relatively small market, and low literacy rates. By 2011 however, the number of Internet users in Bangladesh had seen high growth of over 900% bringing the total number of users to 5,501,609 (3.5% of the total population) mainly due to wide availability of mobile Internet access.

In April 2010, Akhtaruzzaman Manju, president of Internet Service Providers' Association of Bangladesh, said "we've estimated that nearly 10 million people in the country are using 800,000 Internet connections on sharing basis", adding the number of Internet users in the country is increasing roughly 15-16 percent a year. "This increased Internet penetration will result in a 2.6 per cent contribution to the country’s GDP by 2020, while creating 129 thousand more jobs by the same year" the research added.

The main obstacle to using the Internet in Bangladesh is its distribution. The Internet is still an urban privilege because telephone connections are more concentrated in urban areas, particularly in and around Dhaka. Mobile operators are providing substantial services in and outside urban areas using 3G/EDGE, there are also WiMax providers.

However, recently Bangladesh has seen growth in internet usage. Due to government various initiatives known as a2i project (open Hotspot zone, government offices with internet facility, Reduce bandwidth price etc.) have impacted the growth of users. As of April 2019, internet subscribers have reached 93.702 million users.

Service quality

While the Internet speed in Bangladesh may not be among the fastest in the world, it has significantly improved in the recent past. As of July 2015, Bangladesh ranked 90th out of 198 countries on the Household Download Index by Net Index.
Especially, the completion of the Kuakata submarine cable (Regional Submarine Telecommunications Project, Bangladesh) of BSCCL has added significant amount of transmission capacity (through SEA-ME-WE 5 Cable) and provided redundancy and low-latency with PoP to PoP connectivity.

Since starting of the Cox's Bazar submarine cable (through the SEA-ME-WE 4 cable) in 2006, the country has seen the Internet bandwidth price to drop significantly. In 2008, the Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) slashed wholesale Internet bandwidth prices drastically, from BDT 80,000 (approximately US$1,125) per Mbit/s to BDT 18,000 (approximately US$250) per Mbit/s. In 2009, after complaints that retail prices were still too high for slow, unreliable connections, the BTRC indicated that they were going to begin monitoring ISPs to ensure that retail prices reflected the reduced wholesale prices. Inside the capital city, the retail price has been reduced and quality of Internet has become standardized significantly through the optical fiber internet providers. However, Internet connectivity with acceptable quality and reliability is still relatively costly for outside of Dhaka.

The government sees information and communication technologies (ICTs) as a key driver of socioeconomic development. This is reflected in the government's "Digital Bangladesh" plan as well as the National Information and Communication Technology Policy. Bangladesh is slowly moving up in the worldwide ICT rankings, rising from 130th in 2009 to 113th in 2012 in the "networked readiness index". But, while its ITC ranking has improved, Bangladesh still lags behind other low-income countries of its stature. Progress is limited due to deficiencies in the regulatory framework and infrastructure development. And ICT leaders are concerned that the annual budget does not support the government's ICT goals.

Internet services

National Internet Exchanges (NIXs) and International Internet Gateways (IIGs)
All ISPs and equivalent service providers in Bangladesh exchange traffic via two systems, the National Internet Exchange (NIX) and International Internet Gateways (IIGs). The IIGs provide global Internet connectivity, while all domestic Internet traffic is routed via the NIX to minimize usage of international bandwidth. The NIX consists of two exchange points known as the Bangladesh Internet Exchange (BDIX) established in August 2004 and operated by the Sustainable Development Networking Programme and the Peering Society of Bangladesh and the Bangladesh Society of Internet Exchange (BSIX) established in May 2004. In June 2012 the BTRC announced plans to issue an unrestricted number of additional NIX licenses. There are two IIGs in service operated by, Mango Teleservices Limited and the government owned Bangladesh Telecommunications Company Limited (BTCL).

There are concerns that, with a limited number of NIX operators, only two IIG operators, and with BSCCL holding a monopoly as the only operator of the SEA-ME-WE fiber optic cables, limited competition will keep the cost of raw bandwidth high.

In 2012, Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Authority has awarded additional 35 International Internet Gateways (IIGs). In 2014, one additional NIX license has been awarded to a NovoCom limited, a private limited company.

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
In 2005 there were more than 180 ISPs operating in the country. ISP's are regulated by the BTRC. In 2016, there were 119 licensed ISPs providing services nationwide and 65 ISPs providing services in the central zone.

Mobile operators

Because fixed line penetration rates are and are expected to remain low, most Bangladeshis' first experience with the Internet is likely to be via mobile services. An estimated 90% of Bangladesh's Internet users got their access using mobile services in 2010. Out of the Four mobile operators, Teletalk, Grameenphone, Robi, & Banglalink offer 3G, 4G services in 64 districts of Bangladesh, others offer 3G, 4G Internet service on some specific areas and EDGE or GPRS GSM Internet service on rest of the areas. Operators are working on expanding their 3G, 4G services on all areas. The sole CDMA operator, Citycell, used to offer EVDO before it was shut down by the government in 2016. Airtel Bangladesh merged with Robi.

Broadband
Broadband Internet and e-commerce in Bangladesh is slowly progressing. In 2009 there were 50,000 fixed broadband Internet subscribers. However, In March 2016 there are currently 3.112 million ISP/PSTN users. According to BTRC data, there were 5.735 million broadband connections in November 2018. Though broadband Internet access is available, the charges for high speed connections are higher than in other south Asian countries, though this is changing. In Bangladesh Broadband is legally defined as 128/128 kbit/s, which is not in line with the ITU's definition and many broadband Internet services may not be considered true broadband internationally.

WiMAX
Three companies, BanglaLion Communications Ltd., Brac Bdmail Network Ltd., and Augere Wireless Broadband Bangladesh Ltd., won licenses to operate WiMAX in Bangladesh in September 2008. The three firms purchased the licenses at auction for 2.15 billion BDT (US$31 million) from the BTRC under an agreement that pays 27.50% of revenue to the government. Brac Bdmail declined to start the service. BanglaLion and Augere (branded as Qubee) launched commercial WiMax services by the end of 2009. WiMax usage tailed off after 3G mobile internet was introduced in 2013. Late in the decade, The Daily Star described WiMax as on the "brink of extinction" and "on its last legs".

Cyber cafés and Local Service Providers (LSPs)
Expensive and slow connections available from individual homes has created a demand for cyber cafés with higher than average bandwidth. The number of cyber cafés was estimated to be roughly 800 in 2009, unchanged from 2005. Cyber cafés were first regulated by the BTRC in 2009, but fewer than 150 had obtained the required license by the end of 2011.

Internet censorship and surveillance

The OpenNet Initiative found little or no evidence of filtering in 2011.

By 2020 a very large list of websites ranging from gaming websites to pornographic websites to gambling websites to social websites like Reddit, Medium, Mediafire and Change.org became blocked in Bangladesh. But eventually, some sites like Reddit got unblocked.

Although Internet access in Bangladesh is not restricted by a national level filtering regime, the state has intervened to block Web sites for hosting anti-Islamic content and content deemed subversive. Internet content is regulated by existing legal frameworks that restrict material deemed defamatory or offensive, as well as content that might challenge law and order.

The Bangla blogging platform Sachalayatan was reported to be inaccessible on 15 July 2008, and was forced to migrate to a new IP address. Although the blocking was not officially confirmed, Sachalayatan was likely Bangladesh's inaugural filtering event. YouTube was blocked for a few days in March 2009 in order to protect the "national interest". The disputed video covered a partial audio recording of a meeting between the prime minister and military officials, who were angry at the government's handling of a mutiny by border guards in Dhaka that left more than seventy people dead.

Facebook was blocked by the BTRC for 7 days starting on 29 May 2010 because of "obnoxious images", including depictions of Mohammed and several of the country's political officials as well as links to pornographic sites. The block was lifted after Facebook agreed to remove the offensive content. During the same period a 30-year-old man was arrested in the Bangladeshi capital on charges of uploading satiric images of some political leaders on Facebook.

The BTRC again blocked YouTube access in September 2012 after Google, Inc. ignored requests to remove the controversial film, Innocence of Muslims, from the site.

On 16 May 2013 BTRC asked the international internet gateway operators to reduce the upload bandwidth of ISPs by 75% in an effort to prevent illegal VoIP. There is speculation that the bandwidth reduction is actually an effort to make it difficult for people to upload ‘problematic’ videos, images, TV talk show clips, etc. in the social media.

In November and December 2015, the government blocked Facebook and other social media, for a period of twenty-two days. The purpose was to quell militant violence and opposition unrest as reactions to a death penalty to two opposition leaders, Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury and Ali Ahsan Mujahid, for war crimes committed in the 1971 independence war.

In 2019, and continuing into 2020, the government—citing "violence" and "security" issues, and the need to preserve "order"—has limited or blocked internet access to-and-from the Rohingya refugee camps around Cox's Bazar, particularly following organized protests and boycotts by Rohingya there, opposing the government's handling of their crisis. The communications blockade continued into 2020, despite objections from the Rohingya community and its global diaspora, and from human rights and aid organizations, and the United Nations, who have complained that the blackout—by limiting essential and urgent communications—increases the refugees' vulnerability to crime, and to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Internet top-level domain
The top-level domain for Bangladesh is '.bd' and '.bangla' .

See also

Media in Bangladesh
Telecommunications in Bangladesh
List of newspapers in Bangladesh, particularly:
Online_newspapers_and_portals in Bangladesh
satellite internet
rural internet

References

External links
 Cyber laws in Bangladesh
 BDIX Web Hosting
 VPS Hosting

 BDIX Hosting

Telecommunications in Bangladesh
History of communications in Bangladesh


"SeinfeldVision" is the first episode of the second season of 30 Rock and the twenty-second episode of the series. It was written by the series' creator, executive producer and lead actress, Tina Fey and directed by producer Don Scardino. The episode first aired on October 4, 2007 on the NBC network in the United States.

This episode takes place in the fall of 2007, as TGS with Tracy Jordan, a fictitious sketch comedy series, is about to air its season premiere. Liz Lemon (played by Fey) is seeking closure after breaking up with her boyfriend, Floyd (Jason Sudeikis), while Jack Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) is planning to launch a month of programming called SeinfeldVision. Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) has to deal with her obesity, which she developed over the summer. Kenneth Parcell (Jack McBrayer) becomes Tracy Jordan's (Tracy Morgan) "office wife" and Cerie (Katrina Bowden) continues to prepare for her wedding to Aris. The episode received generally positive reviews from critics and fans.

Plot
As Liz is returning to studio 6H, the TGS with Tracy Jordan studio, she meets Jack. In his office, he tells her about a promotion he is planning to launch called SeinfeldVision, a month of programming starring Jerry Seinfeld made possible with footage from his sitcom, Seinfeld, being edited into programs. After hearing of Jack's plan, Jerry  arrives at 30 Rock to confront Jack. Jack and Jerry agree to shorten the promotion to just one night.

Liz is seeking closure after breaking up with her boyfriend Floyd during the summer and a chance encounter with Jerry gives her the advice she needs, so she calls Floyd only for another woman to pick up the phone. While dealing with her problems, Liz and Jenna are invited to be Cerie's maids of honour. They accept the invitation. Cerie takes them shopping for her wedding dress, and when asked to try one on, Liz decides to buy one.

After performing in Mystic Pizza: The Musical, Jenna has become fat and is trying to distract people from noticing it, to no avail. Tracy has separated from his wife, Angie Jordan (Sherri Shepherd) and is living in his dressing room having Kenneth as his "office wife", to take care of the non-sexual acts that Tracy's wife would normally perform.

Production
It was announced, by Fey and executive producer Lorne Michaels, at the annual Television Critics Association tour in July 2007 that Jerry Seinfeld would be appearing in the season premiere of 30 Rock. Seinfeld had only appeared in two television acting roles since his own sitcom ended in 1998. Those roles were in Mad About You and Newsradio.

The scenes featuring Jerry Seinfeld were filmed on August 20, 2007.<ref name="filmingphotos">{{cite web|url=http://images.nbcmv.com/photos/thumb/30rock/NUP_109595_0827.jpg |title=30 Rock: 'SeinfeldVision Episode 201 – Pictured: (l-r) Jerry Seinfeld as himself, Jack McBrayer as Kenneth |access-date=2008-03-29 |last=Haston |first=Chris |date=2007-09-26 |work=Set Photos |publisher=NBC Universal Media Village }} Save Picture as → Right click file → Properties → Summary → Advanced → Date Picture Taken</ref> Seinfeld wore a wig in the episode to make him look more like the character version of Jerry Seinfeld. Upon first wearing the wig, Seinfeld said "This looks weird," but his wife assured him that "That's what [he] looked like [in Seinfeld]." This episode effectively ended the story arc of Liz's relationship with Floyd, which began midway through season one. There was a joke in this episode in which Cerie's surname was revealed as Xerox, but the joke was cut. This is the first episode in which Katrina Bowden (as Cerie), Keith Powell (James "Toofer" Spurlock) and Lonny Ross (Josh Girard) receive star billing.

Reception
"SeinfeldVision" brought in an average of 7.33 million American viewers, making 30 Rock the sixtieth most watched series of the week. When it first aired, this episode was the second highest-rated episode of the series, after "Pilot", which garnered 8.13 million viewers. This episode achieved a 3.4/9 in the key 18–49 demographic, a series high in that category. The 3.4 refers to 3.4% of all 18- to 49-year-olds in the U.S. and the 9 refers to 9% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast, in the U.S.

Jeff Labrecque of Entertainment Weekly wrote that "SeinfeldVision was a clever and ironic way to incorporate Seinfeld." Matt Webb Mitovich of TV Guide said that "['SeinfeldVision'] was a solid start to the new, fought-for season" and that it did have "some great, great moments." Despite this praise, Webb Mitovich criticised Kenneth and Tracy's "office wife" storyline saying that "we've seen this shtick before on countless other sitcoms, so it was a bit empty and filled with 'easy' jokes." Criticism was also received regarding the "striped outfit... it didn't work. No," referring to a joke involving Jenna trying to distract the TGS writers from her newly gained weight. Lisa Schmeiser of Television Without Pity graded this episode as a "B+." Rick Porter of Zap2it thought that this episode "started off [30 Rock's] second season on a pretty strong note." Porter said that this episode wasn't the best episode of 30 Rock but it was still "one of the sharpest and wittiest comedies on television." Bob Sassone of AOL's TV Squad wrote that "SeinfeldVision" "was a really funny beginning to the second season." Sassone also notes that the appearance of Seinfeld did not feel like stunt casting. He also said that the joke about Jerry being able to buy NBC for $4 million was "one of the many reasons [he, Sassone, loves] this show." Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette wrote that this episode "proves the low-rated show's best comedy Emmy win was no undeserved fluke." Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger described this episode as "really funny" and thought that "everyone is played in a style that's believable within [the series]." Linda Stasi of The New York Post said that "the on-going story of the regulars that had me laughing so hard I almost fell out of bed." Jake Brooks of The New York Observer thought that this episode was "a rather poor 22 minutes of television (well, only [Jerry Seinfeld's] portion of it, the rest was pretty great)." Robert Canning of IGN said that "30 Rock delivers a fantastic episode to open the season. Let's hope they can also deliver an audience to keep this great show on the air." Canning also awarded this episode a rating of 9.4 out of 10. Brian Lowry of Variety said that it "neatly highlights this series' strengths and weaknesses, elevated by moments of inspiration and Alec Baldwin's brilliance and leavened by considerably-less-flattering silliness." Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times thought that "SeinfeldVision" "is mostly a reminder that even the most talented actors and writers sometimes slip under pressure." Seinfeld was criticized as using his appearance in this episode as a plug for his upcoming feature film Bee Movie''. Seinfeld, NBC and General Electric stated that this was done as metahumor.

References

External links

2007 American television episodes
30 Rock (season 2) episodes


The 1880 season was the first for the Worcester Worcesters franchise in the National League, having played 1879 in the National Association. The team finished its initial season with a 40–43 record, good for fifth place. Lee Richmond threw a perfect game on June 12, 1880, the first ever perfect game in Major League Baseball history in a 1–0 victory over the Cleveland Blues. On August 20, they became the first major-league team to be no-hit at home when Pud Galvin of the Buffalo Bisons defeated them, 1–0.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References
1880 Worcester Worcesters season at Baseball Reference

Worcester Ruby Legs seasons
Worcester Ruby Legs season
Worcester


Chris Keane (born 25 October 1978 in Drogheda) is a former Irish rugby union player. Keane began his provincial career with Connacht where he received 90 caps (65 Celtic/Magners League, 24 ERC Challenge Cup), the first coming against Cardiff Blues in a 6–3 victory. Keane made his Leinster debut on 5 October 2007 against Llanelli Scarlets in a 23–52 Celtic League defeat. On 15 December he made his first Heineken Cup appearance against Edinburgh at Murrayfield. Again it was a match that Leinster lost (29–10). He was released at the end of the 2010 season and subsequently retired from Rugby. Keane has been recognised by his country at sevens, colleges, and 'A' levels.

He is currently co-manager of Skerries Rugby Club with John Murphy.

References

External links
Leinster profile
Connacht Profile

1978 births
Living people
Irish rugby union players
Connacht Rugby players
Leinster Rugby players
Rugby union scrum-halves
Rugby union players from County Louth
People educated at Belvedere College


Azziz may refer to:

Azziz, a commune in Algeria
Ricardo Azziz, chief executive officer of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM)
Azziz Irmal, Algerian footballer

See also
Aziz
Azize


St. Leonhard (, in Germany [z-]) is the 2nd district of the Austrian city of Graz. It is located in the east of the city along the Leonhardbach and stretches south to the St. Peter City Cemetery. It borders the district of Geidorf to the north, Ries and Waltendorf to the east, Jakomini to the south and Innere Stadt to the west.

It had a population of 15,136 in 2011 and covers an area of 1.83 square kilometres. The postal codes of Ries are 8010 and 8016.
Within the district are situated the catholic churches of St. Leonhard (first mentioned in 1361) and Herz Jesu (Jesus heart - finished 1887), as well as the Protestant church Heilandskirche.

References

Districts of Graz