Sarah Lucie Cunningham (September 8, 1918 – March 24, 1986) was an American film, stage and television actress.

Personal life
Sarah Lucie Cunningham was born in Greenville, South Carolina. She was married to actor John Randolph from January 3, 1942, until her death on March 24, 1986. The couple had two children.

Career
Cunningham met her future husband, John Randolph, at Stella Adler's acting classes when she moved to New York from South Carolina after graduating summa cum laude from Furman University. At the time, Randolph, an experienced actor and favorite student of Adler's, was entrusted with teaching the newer students and Randolph and Cunningham fell in love during that time. They were married in 1942 in Chicago, where he was working in the national touring production of Native Son, directed and produced by Orson Welles.

Blacklist
Cunningham and her husband were believed to have first been named as having possible Communist ties in 1951, possibly again in 1953, and were called before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1955 in New York. They, as well as Madeline Lee Gilford, Jack Gilford and others, were victims of the anti-Communist blacklist. Neither was able to work in film, TV or radio until well into the 1960s.
Cunningham was hired in 1964 to play Elizabeth 'Aunt Liz' Matthews on the newly created soap opera Another World. She, along with actor John Beal, was fired after just one episode by creator Irna Phillips for no apparent reason. It was assumed to be caused by an advertiser or network pressure to fire anyone who had been or was on the "blacklist". The couple supported themselves and their family by working in the theater until they both were finally able to find work on TV and in films.

Ensemble Studio Theatre
Randolph and Cunningham were original founding members of the Ensemble Studio Theatre in New York City, together with Artistic Director Curt Dempster and actor Jon Voight, between 1968 and 1972. They subsequently founded the Ensemble Studio Theater West in Los Angeles in 1980. Both branches have become well known for the quality of their productions and their programs for developing playwrights.

Later work
Although both worked extensively in television and film, their primary love was for the living theater. In 1983 they introduced playwright James G. Richardson's one-act play Eulogy, directed by Heidie Helen Davis. It was a two-character play written especially for them as part of a trilogy of two-character one-acts. They performed it in both New York and Los Angeles and it was the last work they performed together on stage before she died. However, their very last work together was in the Trapper John, M.D. episode "The Curmudgeon", shown on March 18, 1986, a week before she died. In it, she and Randolph play reunited lovers who finally marry.

Death
On March 24, 1986 while attending the Oscar telecast ceremony in Los Angeles, Miss Cunningham suffered a heart attack and died. Cunningham had suffered from emphysema for many years and had asthma as well since childhood. She had been in the hospital for her yearly emphysema treatment but had interrupted the treatment to attend the Academy Awards for the first time.

List of works

Filmography
 Jagged Edge (1985)
 Frances (1982)
 I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (1977)
 The Cowboys (1972)
 Black Like Me (1964)
 The Naked City (1948)

Television
 Trapper John, M.D. (1981-1986)
 Dallas as Aunt Maggie Monahan, Digger Barnes' sister (1978, 1980, 1984)
 The Oklahoma City Dolls (1981)
 Belle Starr (1980)
 Vega$ (1979)
 How the West Was Won (1979)
 Lucan (1978)
 The Gathering (1977)
 Nero Wolfe (1977)
 Police Woman (1976)
 Executive Suite  (1976)
 Visions (1976)
 F. Scott Fitzgerald in Hollywood (1976)
 Starsky and Hutch (1975)
 The Rookies (1975)
 The Turning Point of Jim Malloy (1975)
 Baretta (1975)
 The Family Kovack (1974)
 House of Evil (1974)
 The Rimers of Eldritch (1974)
 Screaming Skull (1973)
 The Edge of Night (1956)
 Another World (1964)
 Look Up and Live (1954)
 Nash Airflyte Theatre (1951)

Theater
 My Sweet Charlie (Original, Play) (1966)
 The Zulu and the Zayda (Original, Musical, Comedy) (1965)
 Toys in the Attic (Original, Play, Drama) (understudy) (1960)
 The Visit (Original, Play, Drama) (1958)
 Fair Game (Original, Play, Comedy) (1957)
 The House of Bernarda Alba (Original, Play) (1951)

References

External links

Sarah Cunningham at Internet Off-Broadway Database

1918 births
1986 deaths
American film actresses
American stage actresses
American television actresses
Actors from Greenville, South Carolina
Actresses from South Carolina
20th-century American actresses


Saints-en-Puisaye (, literally Saints in Puisaye), formerly Saints, is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Durango High School is a public high school in Spring Valley, Nevada, USA, with an enrollment of approximately 2600 students. It is a part of the Area 4 region of the Clark County School District, which is the fifth largest school district in the United States. Durango High School's main sports rivals are Bishop Gorman High School and Spring Valley High School.

Overview
Between 1993 and 2005, students were required to follow a daily schedule of 6 periods. Beginning in the 2006-07 school year, Durango switched to a block schedule, which consisted of 8 classes with 1, 3, 5 and 7 meeting on an "A" day and 2, 4, 6 and 8 meeting on a "B" day. From the 2009-10 school year, all schools in Clark County have switched back to the former 6 period schedule. This did not include seniors, who only have 4 classes.

In the 2000-2001 school year, Durango had the largest number of students in its history with some 3,647 students. The number of openings of other schools and rezonings to alternative schools removed the strain and high student enrollment. By the 2005-2006 school year, Durango enrolled 2,243 students.

Annually, the school broadcast an episode of Z-Man & Z-Boy on Durango High's television station, ZTV.

Athletics
Durango High School's sports teams are known as the Trailblazers and compete in the Southwest Division of the Sunset 4A Region. The main rival is Spring Valley High School.

Nevada Interscholastic Activities Association State Championships
 Baseball - 1999
 Basketball (boys) - 1995, 1996, 2023
 Cross Country (boys) - 1994
 Track and field (boys) - 1999
 Volleyball (boys) - 1999, 2000
 Volleyball (girls) - 1997, 2002, 2003
 Golf (boys) - 2000
 Golf (women's) - 2000, 2001

Performing Arts

Theatre

In April 2017, the Durango High School Theatre Department became the first theatre company to perform,"Not Yet,Pista", by Stephen Nasser. The autobiographical play featured author, Stephen Nasser, a Holocaust survivor, along with the cast of Durango Theatre students. The World Premiere of "Not Yet, Pista" was performed from April 22–24, 2017, under the direction of former department head, Tobias Torres.

Notable alumni
 Kurt Busch, retired  stock car driver, 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series champion, and 2017 Daytona 500 winner.
 Kyle Busch, stock car driver, 2009 NASCAR Nationwide Series, 2015 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, and 2019 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series champion, currently competing in the NASCAR Cup Series in the No. 8 Chevrolet Camaro for Richard Childress Racing, owner of Kyle Busch Motorsports and Rowdy Energy, and all-time win leader in the NASCAR Xfinity Series and NASCAR Camping World Truck Series.
 David M. Gardner, Nevada State Assemblyman
 Rebekah Kochan, actress
 T.J. Lavin, BMX rider and television personality
 Ryan Ludwick, former professional baseball player
 Jesse Magdaleno, professional boxer
 Jack Murphy, Head Men's Basketball Coach at Northern Arizona University
 Tommy Pham, baseball player, currently with the New York Mets
 Cerina Vincent, Actress

References

Clark County School District
Educational institutions established in 1993
High schools in Clark County, Nevada
Buildings and structures in Spring Valley, Nevada
Public high schools in Nevada
1993 establishments in Nevada


Sainpuits () is a commune in the north-central department of Yonne, in the natural region of Forterre.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Levis is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France. It lies on the boundary between the natural regions of Puisaye and Forterre.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Charentenay () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France, in the natural region of Forterre.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


La Chapelle-Vaupelteigne () is a commune in the Yonne department, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Chemilly-sur-Serein (, literally Chemilly on Serein) is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Chemilly-sur-Yonne (, literally Chemilly on Yonne) is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Chêne-Arnoult is a former commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Charny-Orée-de-Puisaye.

Geography
The Ouanne forms the commune's north-eastern border.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Former communes of Yonne


Saint-Denis-sur-Ouanne is a former commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Charny-Orée-de-Puisaye.

Geography
The river Ouanne formed most of the commune's southwestern border.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Former communes of Yonne


Vault-de-Lugny () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Gy-l'Évêque () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Laroche-Saint-Cydroine () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

Name

The village of Saint-Cydroine in the commune of Laroche-Saint-Cydroine is named after Saint Sidronius.
It is said that Sidronius was martyred here by the Romans, and a spring here with miraculous powers was a place of pilgrimage in the Middle Ages.

Church
The  is an 11th- or 12th-century Romanesque church with an octagonal tower in the village dedicated to the saint.
It was founded by the abbey of La Charité-sur-Loire.

Transportation
The commune is served by trains at Laroche-Migennes station.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Sources

Communes of Yonne


Almirante Padilla Airport ()  is an airport serving the Caribbean coastal city of Riohacha in the Guajira Department of Colombia. It is served by Avianca, and formerly by Tiara Air and Viva Air Colombia. The airport is on the southwestern edge of the city.

Airlines and destinations

The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at the airport:

See also
Transport in Colombia
List of airports in Colombia

References

External links
OurAirports - Riohacha
FallingRain - Riohacha Airport

Airports in Colombia
Buildings and structures in La Guajira Department


Dannemoine () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Sceaux () is a former commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Guillon-Terre-Plaine.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Former communes of Yonne
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Dyé () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France. It had a population of 214 in 2019.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Courlon-sur-Yonne (, literally Courlon on Yonne) is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Tharoiseau () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department
Parc naturel régional du Morvan

References

Communes of Yonne


La Ferté-Loupière () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France. The village is famous for its danse macabre, dating back from the beginning of the 16th century, in the church of Saint-Germain.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Dollot () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Highland Ralph Dobson OD (5 July 1942 – 21 July 2020) was a Jamaican reggae singer and record producer, nicknamed "The Loving Pauper" after one of his best known songs.

Biography
Dobson began singing while a student at Central Branch School in Kingston and at Kingston College, where he sang in the chapel choir, and successfully took part in Vere Johns Opportunity Hour talent contest as a member of The Twilights. While at Kingston College he wrote the doo-wop song "Cry a Little Cry" as a tribute to his biology teacher. He recruited a group of schoolmates from the Delta stream at the college to back him on a recording of the song, under the name the Dobby Dobson and the Deltas; The group included Howard Barrett (who later formed The Paragons). Released by Lyndon and Sonia Pottinger's Tip-Top label in 1959, it topped the RJR charts that year.

Leaving school in 1959, Dobson went on record with Charles Josephs as part of the duo Chuck and Dobby, before becoming a solo artist in the early 1960s, again recording for Pottinger. He later moved on to work with both Coxsone Dodd and Duke Reid, recording as a member of both The Virtues and The Sheiks, and recorded "Loving Pauper" with Reid, which became his signature tune. Despite his musical success, Dobson kept his job as a salesman and proof-reader for The Jamaica Gleaner. In 1971, he recorded "That Wonderful Sound" for Rupie Edwards, which sold over 40,000 copies in the Caribbean, and was followed up by the equally successful "Endlessly", which was also a minor hit on the UK Singles Chart.

Disappointing album sales led Dobson to move into production, including The Meditations' late 1970s albums Message From The Meditations and Wake Up, as well as early work by Barrington Levy. In 1979, Dobson emigrated to New York City, where he worked in real estate, although he would still occasionally visit the recording studio, and performed at both the Reggae Sunsplash and the Reggae Sumfest festivals. He continued to be popular with international fans, and was still releasing albums.

Dobson was featured in a 2009 3-D documentary called Dobby Dobson: An Interview with Jamaica's Music Ambassador, which had the tagline: "See The Double-D in 3D".

On 6 August 2011, being the 49th anniversary of the country's independence, the Governor-General of Jamaica conferred the Order of Distinction in the rank of Officer (OD) upon Dobson, for his contribution to reggae music and representation of Jamaican culture.

He became a born-again Christian and recorded several gospel albums.

Death
Dobson, who had Alzheimer's disease, died from COVID-19 at a hospital in Coral Springs, Florida, on 21 July 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Florida.

Albums
Wonderful Sound (1970), Success
Strange (1970), Pama
God Bless Our Love, Straker's
Baby I'm Yours (1977), WIRL/Double-D
Something Old Something New (1977), Double-D
Sweet Dreams (1978), Federal
Dobby Dobson (1978), Gorgon
Oh God, Are You Satisfied (1978), United Artists
Sweet Christmas (1978), Top Ranking (featuring Ringo)
Lovers Roots (198?), Success – split with Rupie Edwards
Nothing But Love Songs Vol.3 (1980), Pioneer International
For Lovers Everywhere (1983), K&K
Sweet Dream Again! Volume 2, Pioneer International
Love You Thru It All, Studio One
History For Lovers (1990), Shelly's
At Last (1994), Angella
If I Only Had Time (1997), Angella
Hide Under The Bed (2001), Innerbeat
Lovers Prayer (2005)
Those Days are Gone (2006)
He Knows My Heart (2008), Dobby Dobson
Tomorrow (2007), Dobby Dobson
Love Songs for Jesus (2008), Dobby Dobson
You Raised Me Up
A Songs For Everyone (2011), MVD
I'm Just a Nobody (2012)
Desperation (2012), Dobby Dobson
 i can't breathe (2020), Dobby Dobson
 T.N.T (1942), AC/DC

Compilations
Through The Years (1991), Studio One
Best of Dobby Dobson (1997), Super Power
Greatest Hits (1997), Sonic Sounds
The Vintage Series (2000), VP
The Best of Dobby Dobson (2001), TP

References

External links

Dobby Dobson at Roots Archives

1942 births
2020 deaths
Musicians from Kingston, Jamaica
Jamaican reggae musicians
Jamaican record producers
Officers of the Order of Distinction
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in Florida


Étais-la-Sauvin () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France, in the natural region of Forterre.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne
Orléanais


Étaule () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Étigny () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Festigny () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Villeneuve-l'Archevêque () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Lucy-sur-Cure (, literally Lucy on Cure) is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Lucy-sur-Yonne () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Villeneuve-la-Dondagre () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Villeneuve-les-Genêts () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Villeneuve-Saint-Salves () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Villenavotte () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Lucy-le-Bois () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Villefargeau () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Villeneuve-la-Guyard () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Mailly-la-Ville () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Mailly-le-Château () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.
The lower village is on the left bank of the river Yonne, adjacent to the Canal du Nivernais. The upper village is noted for its 14th-century fortified castle and the 13th-century church of St Adrian.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Gallery

Communes of Yonne


Malay-le-Grand () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Malay-le-Petit () is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.

See also
Communes of the Yonne department

References

Communes of Yonne


Marchais-Beton is a former commune in the Yonne department, in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Charny-Orée-de-Puisaye.

See also

Communes of the Yonne department

References

Former communes of Yonne


Shining Darkness is a BBC Books original novel written by Mark Michalowski and based on the long-running science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Tenth Doctor and Donna Noble. It was published on 4 September 2008, alongside Ghosts of India and The Doctor Trap.

Summary
For Donna Noble, the Andromeda galaxy is a long, long way from home. But, even two and a half million light years from Earth, some things never change . . . A visit to an art gallery turns into a race across space to uncover the secret behind a shadowy organisation. From the desert world of Karris to the interplanetary scrapyard of Junk, the Doctor and Donna discover that appearances can be deceptive, that enemies are lurking around every corner - and that the centuries-long peace between humans and machines may be about to come to an end. Because waiting in the wings to bring chaos to the galaxy is the Cult of Shining Darkness.

Audiobook
An abridged audiobook was released on 12 March 2009, read by Debbie Chazen who played Foon Van Hoff in the episode "Voyage of the Damned".

See also

Whoniverse

References

External links

The Cloister Library - Shining Darkness

2008 British novels
2008 science fiction novels
New Series Adventures
Tenth Doctor novels
Novels by Mark Michalowski
Novels set on fictional planets


The BSI Challenger Lugano was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It has been part of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour. It was held annually in June at the Tennis Club Lido Lugano in Lugano, Switzerland, from 1999 until 2010.

In 2004 it was voted by ATP and players as the best tournament of its category, receiving the World Best Challenger Award.

Past finals

Singles

Doubles

References

External links
ITF search
Website on the ATP Challenger Tour

ATP Challenger Tour
Tretorn SERIE+ tournaments
Clay court tennis tournaments
Tennis tournaments in Switzerland
Defunct tennis tournaments in Europe
Defunct sports competitions in Switzerland


Stephen Decatur Engle (December 18, 1837 – January 24, 1921) of Sybertsville, Pennsylvania was an American inventor best known as the creator of the Engle Monumental Clock, a clockwork described at the time as The 8th Wonder of The World.

References

1837 births
1921 deaths
American clockmakers
19th-century American inventors
People from Hazleton, Pennsylvania
American people of Dutch descent


Montricher-Albanne is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France, near the border of Italy.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Savoie


Montsapey (; ) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Savoie


Montvalezan (; ) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. In 2018, it had a population of 701.
Montvalezan is best known for containing La Rosière ski resort. It is located in the Tarentaise Valley, on the road of Little St Bernard Pass.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

Communes of Savoie


Montvernier (; ) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

External links

Official site
Les Lacets de Montvernier:  cycling the great hairpins

Communes of Savoie


La Motte-en-Bauges is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Savoie


La Motte-Servolex (; ) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. It is part of the urban area of Chambéry.

Geography

Climate

La Motte-Servolex has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) closely bordering on a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). The average annual temperature in La Motte-Servolex is . The average annual rainfall is  with October as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in La Motte-Servolex was  on 12 August 2003; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 7 January 1985.

Population

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Savoie


Motz (; ) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

Geography
The Fier forms most of the commune's northern border. The Rhône forms the commune's western border.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References
Commune de Motz - official site

Communes of Savoie


Queige () is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Savoie


Notre-Dame-de-Bellecombe (; ) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

Communes of Savoie
Ski resorts in France


Notre-Dame-des-Millières is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

Communes of Savoie


Notre-Dame-du-Cruet is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

Communes of Savoie


Notre-Dame-du-Pré (; ) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

Communes of Savoie


Montgellafrey () is a former commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the commune Saint-François-Longchamp.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

External links

Official site

Former communes of Savoie


Robert (Robin) Pemberton (born August 15, 1956)  is an American motor racing official and former vice president for competition of NASCAR.

Previously, Pemberton was a crew chief for several NASCAR teams over the course of 17 years, heading teams for Rusty Wallace, Mark Martin and Kyle Petty. Pemberton was field manager for Ford Racing immediately prior to being named VP of Competition.

NASCAR team member
Pemberton began his NASCAR career as a mechanic and fabricator with Petty Enterprises in 1979, becoming a crew chief in 1983. He moved to Roush Racing at its inception in 1987, then moved to SABCO Racing from 1992 to 1994, then moved to Penske Racing South in 1995. Pemberton was Wallace's crew chief for 230 races, which had been the longest driver/crew chief combination in NASCAR. He returned to Petty to serve as general manager in 2002.
He now resides in Charlotte, North Carolina, the capital of NASCAR.  He has two sons, Bray and Briggs.

NASCAR official
In his former position, Pemberton was in charge of rules enforcement. That sometimes made him the object of criticism from drivers, crews and the sport's particularly rabid fans. Pemberton was also called on to enforce discipline among drivers, often in consultation with Sprint Cup Series Director John Darby and NASCAR President Mike Helton. Pemberton gained notoriety before and during the 2007 Daytona 500, in particular the 2007 NASCAR Gatorade Duel scandal, when he suspended six crew chiefs for various infractions, and also threw out the director of competition for Michael Waltrip Racing's new team for using an illegal fuel additive during qualifying. Pemberton also penalized the team 100 NEXTEL Series driver and owner points, one of the most severe point penalties in the modern history of NASCAR's top level of racing.

His brother Ryan Pemberton was Mark Martin's crew chief in 2007. Martin and Kevin Harvick were battling for the win on the final lap of the 2007 Daytona 500. The race ended under caution flag when a big wreck happened on that final lap. Robin Pemberton determined the exact moment that the caution flag was displayed, which resulted in Harvick being declared the winner. "We [Robin and Ryan Pemberton] keep the business part separate," Ryan Pemberton said. "We don't put ourselves in position to do that. I don't call him to talk to him about it. I don't ask him any questions."

One of his most famous quotes is Have at it, boys; which was the new philosophy of the Sprint Cup Series in the 2010s.

On December 1, 2015, Pemberton announced that he will be leaving his Senior Vice President of Competition position with NASCAR at the end of 2015.

Currently, he serves on an INDYCAR appeals board panel whose job is to hear all appeals.  Former NASCAR official John Darby also serves as an INDYCAR board member.

On September 8, 2021; Pemberton's son, Robin Brayden Pemberton, died at the age of 35.

References

NASCAR crew chiefs
NASCAR people
Living people
1956 births


The Doctor Trap is a BBC Books original novel written by Simon Messingham and based on the long-running science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Tenth Doctor and Donna Noble. It was published on 4 September 2008 alongside Ghosts of India and Shining Darkness.

Summary
Sebastiene was perhaps once human. He might look like a 19th-century nobleman but in truth he is a ruthless hunter. He likes nothing more than luring difficult opposition to a planet then hunting them down for sport. And now he's caught them all - from Zargregs to Moogs, and even the odd Eternal…

In fact, Sebastiene is after only one more prize. For this trophy, he knows he is going to need help. He's brought together the finest hunters in the universe to play the most dangerous game for the deadliest quarry of them all. They are hunting for the last of the Time Lords - the Tenth Doctor.

Audiobook
An abridged audiobook was released as a double CD by BBC Audio on the same day as the novel. It was read by actor Russell Tovey, who played Midshipman Alonso Frame in the television stories "Voyage of the Damned", and "The End of Time".  The audio was poorly received, critically.

References

External links

The Cloister Library - The Doctor Trap

2008 British novels
2008 science fiction novels
New Series Adventures
Tenth Doctor novels
Novels by Simon Messingham


La Chapelle-du-Mont-du-Chat (; ) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

Communes of Savoie


Lonely Man may refer to:

 "Lonely Man" (Elvis Presley song), a 1960 song by Elvis Presley
 "Lonely Man", a song by Status Quo from the 1974 album Quo
 "Lonely Man" (Splinter song), a song by Splinter
 "Lonely Man", a song by Audio Adrenaline from the 2001 album Lift
 The Lonely Man, a 1957 American film
 A Lonely Man, a 1972 album by The Chi-Lites
 "The Lonely Man Theme", an instrumental song from the 1978 TV series The Incredible Hulk


La Chapelle-Blanche (, literally The White Chapel) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. The village is located in the Combe de Savoie, on the southwestern slope of the hill Montraillant.

History
The town of La Chapelle-Blanche historically belongs to the French Dauphiné province. It was ceded to the Duchy of Savoy on 24 March 1760 by the Convention of Turin.

The parish was joined to the parish of Villaroux from 1803 to 1825.

The Savoy region, which included La Chapelle-Blanche, was annexed by France in 1860 following a plebiscite.

Notable people
 Amélie Gex, (1835-1883), writer, noted for her works of poetry and prose in the Franco-Provençal (Arpitan) language.  Note: A monument honoring Amélie Gex stands in the town.
 Louis Edmond Seraphin Charvet (1901-1987); industrialist; CEO of Air France; mayor of La Chapelle-Blanche in 1959; poet known by the pseudonym "Evrard of Millières"; and creator of the La Chapelle-Blanche Theatre Festival.

See also
 Communes of the Savoie department

References

External links

 La Chapelle-Blanche at IGN (Institut géographique national)

Communes of Savoie


John Edward Brown (13 July 1931 – 23 October 2011) was the Bishop of Cyprus and the Gulf from 1986 to 1996.

Brown was educated at Wintringham Grammar School in Grimsby, Lincolnshire and Kelham Theological College. In 1956 he was ordained and became a curate at St. George's Cathedral, Jerusalem and master at the attached school.

Returning to England, he became a curate in Reading, Berkshire before spending 4 years on missionary work in Sudan. Back in England, he was Vicar of Stewkley, Buckinghamshire then Rural Dean of Sonning, Berkshire. From 1978 until 1986, he was Archdeacon of Berkshire before elevation to the Episcopacy. He served the Church in the Mediterranean for 8 years before retirement to his hometown of Grimsby.

References

1931 births
2011 deaths
People from Grimsby
Archdeacons of Berkshire
Anglican bishops in Cyprus and the Gulf
20th-century Anglican bishops in the Middle East


The Hansa was a Swedish passenger ship, in use on the route between the Swedish mainland and Visby. She was torpedoed and sunk by a Soviet submarine in 1944, during World War II.

Career and sinking
The Hansa was a passenger steamship built in Stockholm in 1899 for Ångfartygs AB Gotland, of Visby. She was built along luxury yacht lines and had dining room for 40 guests. In addition to sailing between the mainland and Visby, she also called at a number of other ports such as Danzig, Tallinn and Riga, during the 1930s.

On 24 November 1944, the Hansa was torpedoed and sunk between Nynäshamn and Visby by a Soviet submarine. At 05:57 a torpedo caused a large explosion, and the ship sank within a few minutes; 84 people died and two survived, including the then Swedish Army captain Arne Mohlin. The two survivors were rescued by the Swedish minesweepers Landsort and Arholma.  Investigations after the war pointed to the Soviet submarine L21 as being responsible for the sinking.

External links

Ships built in Stockholm
1899 ships
Passenger ships of Sweden
Maritime incidents in November 1944
World War II shipwrecks in the Baltic Sea
Ships sunk by Soviet submarines
Gotland
Soviet Union–Sweden relations
1944 in Sweden
Sweden in World War II
Shipwrecks of Sweden


The government of Vermont is a republican form of government modeled after the Government of the United States. The Constitution of Vermont is the supreme law of the state, followed by the Vermont Statutes. This is roughly analogous to the Federal United States Constitution, United States Code and Code of Federal Regulations respectively. Provision is made for the following frame of government under the Constitution of the State of Vermont: the executive branch, the legislative branch, and the judicial branch. All members of the executive and legislative branch serve two-year terms including the governor and senators. There are no term limits for any office.

The Vermont state capital is Montpelier. In 1791, Vermont joined the United States as the fourteenth state.

An in-depth evaluation of government in 2008 ranked Vermont high compared to other states. It ranked highest in "small discrete issues and huge global ones." It performed poorly in the issues in-between and planning for the future.

Civil rights and liberties

The Vermont Constitution guarantees broad rights for its citizens. Adopted in 1793, it contains in its first article ("Declaration of the Rights of the Inhabitants of the State of Vermont") a far-reaching bill of rights, one of the most extensive in the world at the time of its adoption. Predating the ratification of the United States Bill of Rights by 14 years, the 1777 Constitution prohibited slavery and indentured servitude and provided for universal male suffrage, with no property ownership requirement for voting rights. It also set forth broad protections of religious freedom and conscience while erecting a strong separation between church and state by prohibiting establishment or promotion of any faith by the government or compulsion to worship. The "Declaration of the Rights of the Inhabitants of The State of Vermont" is believed to have been a model for France's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen later.

Legislative branch
Vermont's state legislature is the Vermont General Assembly, a bicameral body composed of the Vermont House of Representatives (the lower house) and the Vermont Senate (the upper house) meet at the Vermont State House. The Senate is composed of 30 state senators, while the House of Representatives has 150 members.

State legislators are paid $536 per week while the legislature is in session plus $87 per diem.

With the current estimated population of Vermont from the last U.S. Census, there is approximately one Representative for every 4,059 residents.

Executive branch

The Executive Branch consists of the Governor of Vermont, and state agencies. The executive branch enacts and enforces the laws of the state. The Governor is the supreme executive. The current Governor is Phil Scott, a Republican.

The offices of the Governor are located at The Pavilion in Montpelier, the state capital. The governor is paid a salary of $181,646.40 annually.

Vermonters elect a state governor and lieutenant governor on separate tickets.  For example, when Republican Governor Richard Snelling died in office in 1991, the Democratic Lieutenant Governor Howard Dean succeeded him for the remainder of that term. In addition to the Governor and Lieutenant Governor, Vermonters elect four other officials on a statewide ballot: Secretary of State, State Treasurer, Vermont Auditor of Accounts, and Attorney General.

The executive branch had about 8,000 employees in 2005, making it the largest employer in the state. This high number is due, in part, to Vermont (and New England's) practice of assuming the functions, and therefore the budgets of the county government which is nearly non-existent. In 2008, there were 8262 people working for the government. The average salary of a state employee was $50,014 in 2008. In 2010, state employees agreed to take a 3% cut in salary and wages so that the government could balance the budget.

There are three levels of bureaucracy: at the highest are secretaries and agencies; the next level are commissions; the third are departments and offices. Some commissions still retain their old name of "Department", as well as agencies, e.g. "Department of Transportation" is an agency.

There are seven agencies run by appointed secretaries: Administration, Vermont Agency of Agriculture Food and Markets (Agriculture), Commerce and Community Development, Digital Services, Human Services, Natural Resources, and Transportation. The salaries of the secretaries range from $109,000 to $128,169 annually.

There are 21 commissions run by individual appointed commissioners: Aging and Independent Living, Buildings and General Services, Children and Families, Corrections, Disabilities, Economic Development, Education, Finance, Financial Regulation, Fish and Wildlife, Forests, Health, Human Resources, Information and Innovation, Labor, Liquor Control, Mental Health, Motor Vehicles, Parks and Recreation, Public Safety, Public Service, Taxes, and Tourism. The salaries of the commissioners range from $83,387 to $121,596 annually.

The bureaucracy is structured as follows:

The governor, with approval of the legislature, appoints people to boards. Six boards govern the following commissions: a) Banking, Insurance, Securities, and Health Care Administration; b) Education - Run by Vermont State Board of Education; c) Labor; d) Liquor Control; e) Public Safety; and f) Public Service (advocacy).

The remaining commissions are under the following agencies along with various departments as indicated:

Administration Agency:
Buildings and General Services Commission
Finance and Management Commission
Human Resources Commission
Libraries Department
Tax Commission
Agriculture Agency
Commerce and Community Development Agency:
Economic Development Commission
Tourism and Marketing Commission
Housing and Community Affairs Commission
 Digital Services
Human Services Agency:
Department of Children and Families
Department of Corrections
Department of Disabilities, Aging and Independent Living
Department of Health. The commissioner of health is Harry Chen, M.D.
Department of Mental Health.
Department of Vermont Health Access
Natural Resources Agency:
Department of Environmental Conservation
Fish and Wildlife Commission
Forest Parks and Recreation Commission
Transportation Agency:
Highways
Motor Vehicles Commission
Aeronautics and Public Transit
There are more than 100 transportation-related fees in the state including the usual drivers licenses and vehicle registration.

Department of Financial Regulation
Among other functions, the Department of Financial Regulation (DFR) regulates individual budgets for Vermont's fourteen hospitals. They approved an average increase for 2007 of 6.3%. The average increase for 2008 was  9.5%. Individual hospitals received approval for increases from 3.8% to 11.8%.

Judicial branch

The state's highest and the sole appellate court is the Vermont Supreme Court made up of five justices who serve six-year terms. The Chief Justice is the head of the judiciary and, with the other justices of the supreme court, oversees the judicial branch. Vermont has three additional courts and one division.  Vermont is one of only nine states without an intermediate appellate court.

Appointments to the state supreme court, superior court, and district courts are made by the governor, from a list of names submitted by the state's Judicial nominating committee  and then are confirmed by the Senate. At the end of each six-year term, the General Assembly votes by joint ballot (each member, senator or representative, getting one vote) on whether to retain the judge or justice (known as a judicial retention vote). Judges on lower courts are elected on a partisan ballot. The Vermont Constitution spells out the process of judicial appointment and retention in Chapter 2, Sections 32 through 35, 50 and 51.

The Superior Court is the court of general jurisdiction and the only which provides for jury trials in civil and criminal cases. Superior courts in the state are made up of eight judges serving a term of six years.
The state's Probate Court has jurisdiction over trusts, wills and estates, adoptions, termination of parental rights, name changes, guardianship of incapacitated persons, guardianship of minors, partition of property and involuntary admissions.
The District Court hears cases involving families, juveniles, minor crimes and violations, and civil matters under $25,000.
The Family Division has jurisdiction over divorce, custody/support and domestic violence cases.

Vermont is one of twelve states that have no death penalty statute. After 1930, there were four executions, the last two being in 1954. Capital punishment was effectively abolished in practice in 1964, with the statutes being completely removed in 1987. State law allows children as young as ten years to be tried as adults, the lowest age limit currently specified by any of the 50 states.

The Vermont prison system is administered by Vermont Department of Corrections. There are about 2,200 inmates as of May 2007. There are nine prisons in Vermont:

An unusual feature of Vermont Courts is the use of side judges, elected laymen who sit with the judge in certain cases and also serve as county administrators.

Finances
Vermont is the only state in the union not to have a balanced budget requirement and yet Vermont has had a balanced budget every year since 1991. In 2007, Moody's Investors Service gave its top rating of AAA to the state.

The state uses enterprise funds for operations that are similar to private business enterprises.  The Vermont Lottery Commission, the Liquor Control Fund, and the Unemployment Compensation Trust Fund, are the largest of the State’s enterprise funds.

Taxes

In 2007 Vermont stood 14th highest out of 50 states and the District of Columbia for state and local taxation, with a per capita load of $3,681. The national average was $3,447. However, CNNMoney ranked Vermont highest in the nation based on the percentage of per capita income. The rankings showed Vermont had a per capita tax load of $5,387, 14.1% of the per capita income of $38,306.

Vermont collects personal income tax in a progressive structure of five different income brackets, with marginal tax rates ranging from 3.6% to 9.5%. In 2008, the top one percent of the residents provided 30% of the income tax revenue. 2,000 people had sufficient income to be taxed at the highest marginal rate of 9.5%.

Vermont's general sales tax rate is 6%, which is imposed on sales of tangible personal property, amusement charges, fabrication charges, some public utility charges and some service contracts (some towns and cities impose an additional 1% Local Option Tax). There are 46 exemptions from the tax which include medical items, food, manufacturing machinery, equipment and fuel, residential fuel and electricity, clothing, and shoes. A use tax is imposed on the buyer at the same rate as the sales tax. The buyer pays the use tax when the seller fails to collect the sales tax or the items are purchased from a source where no tax is collected. The use tax applies to items taxable under the sales tax.

Vermont does not collect inheritance taxes; however, its estate tax is decoupled from the federal estate tax laws and therefore the state still imposes its own estate tax.

Property taxes
Property taxes are imposed for the support of education and municipal services. Vermont does not assess tax on personal property, though individual towns or cities can opt to do so.

Property taxes are levied by municipalities based on fair market appraisal of real property. Rates vary from .97% on homesteaded property in Ferdinand, Essex County, to 2.72% on nonresidents' property in Barre City. Statewide, towns average 1.77% to 1.82% tax rate.

In 2007, Vermont counties were among the highest in the country for property taxes. Chittenden ($3,809 median), Windham ($3,412), Addison ($3,352), and Windsor ($3,327) ranked in the top 100, out of 1,817 counties in the nation with populations greater than 20,000. Twelve of the state's 14 counties stood in the top 20%.

To equitably support education, some towns are required by Act 60 to send some of their collected taxes to be redistributed to school districts lacking adequate support.

The state collects 86 cents per $100 of real estate valuation for residential properties and $1.35 per $100 for commercial and vacation properties.

Cigarette taxes

In an attempt to raise money and discourage smoking, the state raised taxes on cigarettes over the past decade. The tax in 2002 was 93 cents per pack; in 2010 it was $2.24 per pack. This resulted in cigarette revenue in 2002 of $24.5 million; $64.5 million in 2010.

State lottery
Money from the Vermont Lottery supplied about 2% of the annual expenditures for education in 2007, contributing $23 million, of the $1.3 billion of school spending. Prior to 1998, profits from the lottery went to the state government's general fund, but since then all profits are required to be spent on education.

Local government

County government

As in most of New England, Vermont counties have very few autonomous functions. Counties serve mainly as dividing lines for county and state courts, with several countywide elected officers such as a State's Attorney, two Assistant Judges, Probate Judge, Sheriff, and High Bailiff, and five to fifteen Justices of the Peace elected from each municipality within the county.  Unlike other states, Vermont counties are not responsible for a road network, old-age homes, or other infrastructure or services. All county services are directly funded by the state via property taxes levied within the constituent towns.

Municipal government

Internally, Vermont's 254 municipalities comprise nine cities, 237 towns and five unincorporated gores, governed by guidelines set by the state statutes and constitution.  Towns govern themselves by direct citizen participation via town meeting. Between town meetings, town affairs are managed by a selectboard or a town manager. Additionally, an elected town clerk keeps track of the town's records, manages licenses, convenes civil boards, and runs elections.

As in most of New England, any town that grows too large to be governed by a town meeting can opt for a city form with a mayor and city council. Towns and cities may also have town managers and mayors responsible for the management of municipal affairs. Cities also have a board of aldermen in place of a selectboard.

There are three types of incorporated municipalities in Vermont, towns, cities and villages. As in the other New England states, towns are the basic unit of municipal government. Cities are independent of and equivalent to towns. Villages are included in towns but assume responsibility for some municipal services within their boundaries, usually water, sewage and sometimes local roads. Vermont is the only New England state with incorporated villages.

Nearly every square foot of the state is within the borders of an incorporated municipality; only a few hundred people live in the unincorporated gores.

In 2010, as a result of a Homeland security grant for Operation Stonegarden, various local city police throughout the state were used to help patrol the Canada–US border area for illegal immigrants. The money was managed by the Vermont State Police.

In most New England states, municipal governments derive all of their power from the state, though in practice the laws regarding their authority are very broadly construed. This is not the case in Vermont. Towns and cities in Vermont are subject to Dillon's Rule, which holds that municipal governments only have the powers that are expressly granted to them by Vermont or federal law, plus any powers that are necessarily implied by the express powers and any powers essential to the municipality's existence. Vermont is one of ten states that does not grant any measure of home rule to municipalities, and one of three "strict" Dillon's Rule states which impose particularly close limits on municipal power.

Federal
As in the rest of the United States, the state government does not take direction from the federal government. However, the people of Vermont elect representatives to the federal government which pass federal laws and also recommend federal judicial appointments each of which may ultimately affect Vermont citizens.

Congressional Delegates

Based on U.S. census data, Vermont has one member in the House of Representatives:

Like all states, Vermont has two senators in the US Senate.

Judicial
Federal court cases are handled in the United States District Court for the District of Vermont, which are subject to review by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals headquartered in New York City. By law judges and attorneys are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate.

Joint authority
There is at least one agency which is jointly run by the Legislative and Executive branches. This is the Vermont Telecommunications Authority, which is supposed to make high-speed internet access available to all Vermonters by the end of 2010.

See also
Politics of Vermont
Elections in Vermont
Judiciary of Vermont
Impeachment in Vermont

References

External links
 Official Website
 2009 Appropriations
 Salaries of State Officers
 Vermont political divisions

Vermont
1791 establishments in Vermont


Addie Prater Graham (February 5, 1890 - April 1, 1978) was born in 1890 at Gilmore in Wolfe County in the mountains of eastern Kentucky. She was a masterful traditional singer whose life and repertoire reflect both deep tradition and an era of social change in the Appalachian Mountains. She sang ballads which trace back to the British Isles, others composed in America, frolic songs and ditties, and religious songs in the Primitive Baptist tradition. While the Old Baptist belief of her parents forbade the use of musical instruments, she became an accomplished unaccompanied singer in the complex, highly ornamented style of Kentucky's oral tradition.

Addie's repertoire included several extremely uncommon songs, including "We're Stole and Sold From Africa," an anti-slavery song which seems to have originated in the antebellum Abolitionist movement. She also sang a number of songs of African-American origin, many of which she learned from black railroad builders.

Addie married Amos Graham, a native of Wolfe County, and lived for many years in Breathitt County. Eventually the family moved to Cynthiana, where she died on April 1, 1978.

Recordings
Addie's grandson Rich Kirby and folklorist Barbara (Edwards) Kunkle produced an LP of her singing, released in 1978 on Appalshop's June Appal record label. Since then her music has been recorded by Mike Seeger, Alice Gerrard, Ginny Hawker, and John McCutcheon, and others. In 2008 Been A Long Time Traveling was remastered as a CD with eight additional songs.

Online recordings of the following folk songs appear at Digital Library of Appalachia:

"Went Up The Hillside"
"Been a Long Time Traveling Here""--Folk song sung by Addie Graham and recorded by Barbara Kunkle 1975.
"Can't Get A Letter from Home"--Folk song sung by Addie Graham and accompanied by Jean Ritchie and recorded at the Mountain Heritage Festival in Carter County, Kentucky, 1973.
"Little Omie Wise"--Folk song sung by Addie Graham Breathitt County, Kentucky, and recorded by Barbara Kunkle 3-29-75.
"Miller's Will"--Folk song sung by Addie Graham and recorded at the Mountain Heritage Festival in Carter County, Kentucky, 1973.
"Stole and Sold from Africa"--Folk song sung by Addie Graham and accompanied by Jean Ritchie and recorded at the Mountain Heritage Festival in Carter County, Kentucky, 1973.

Sample lyrics
"Stole and Sold from Africa"traditional

We're stole and sold from Africa
Transported to America
Like hogs and sheep we march in drove
To bear the heat, endure the cold.

See how they take us from our wives
Small children from their mother's side
They take us to some foreign land
Make slaves to wait on gentlemen.

We're almost naked, as you see
Almost bare-footed as we be
Suffer the lash, endure the pain
Exposed to snow, both wind and rain.

Oh Lord, have mercy and look down
Upon the race of the African kind
Upon our knees pour out our griefs
And pray to God for some relief.

Style
In addition to the traditional folk and mountain music styles, she was also known for her "Old Regular-style religious songs".  She sang "in a simple, straightforward style, unaccompanied and without excessive embellishment."

Family
Her grandson, Rich Kirby is often on staff at the Cowan Creek Mountain Music School held just outside Whitesburg, Kentucky each summer.  He is retired from the staff at Appalshop.

He first learned traditional music from his grandmother. During the old-time music revival of the 1970s, he performed with John McCutcheon and Tom Bledsoe as "Wry Straw." He can be heard on three June Appal LPs: From Earth to Heaven, They Can't Put It Back, and Hits From Home. He has produced two June Appal Recordings, Lee Sexton's Whoa Mule and his grandmother's Been a Long Time Traveling. Mr Kirby served as presenter at the 2003 Smithsonian Folk Life Festival and has also taught at the Appalachian Family Folk Week, Augusta and the Swannanoa Gathering held at Warren Wilson College just outside Asheville, North Carolina each summer.

References

Further reading
"Anglo-American Ballads and Traditional Song". Journal of American Folklore 96 (1983), pp. 114–116. JSTOR link (subscription required)

1890 births
1978 deaths
Folk musicians from Kentucky
American folk singers
People from Breathitt County, Kentucky
People from Cynthiana, Kentucky
20th-century American singers
Singers from Kentucky
Kentucky women musicians
20th-century American women singers


The Treaty of Valiesar (, ) was a treaty between Russia and Sweden, which concluded the Russo-Swedish theater of the Second Northern War. It was signed in the estate of Valiesar (Vallisaare) near Narva on 20 December 1658 (hence, the name). Russia was allowed to keep the conquered Livonian territories for three years — Kokenhusen, Dorpat, Marienborg, Syrensk, Yama, Dinaburg, Rēzekne and a few others. Russia also promised not to carry out mass deportations of Lutherans in the territories they occupied, and Lutheran churces would be allowed to function as normal

When the term expired, Russia's military position in the war with Poland had deteriorated to such a point that tsar Alexei Mikhailovich could not allow himself to be involved into a new conflict against powerful Sweden. His boyars had no other choice but to sign the Treaty of Cardis in 1661, which obliged Russia to yield its Livonian and Ingrian conquests to Sweden, confirming the provisions of the Treaty of Stolbovo. This settlement was observed until the Great Northern War broke out in 1700.

References

Second Northern War
Valiesar
Valiesar
1658 in Sweden
1658 in Russia
1658 treaties
Valiesar
Treaties of the Swedish Empire
17th century in Estonia
History of Narva
Russia–Sweden treaties


"Find Another Way" is a song by German musician Captain Hollywood Project, released in March 1995 as the second single from the project's second album, Animals or Human (1995). It was a hit in several countries, peaking at number four in Finland.

Critical reception
Juha Soininen wrote in his 2020 book, Move Your Body (2 The 90s): Unlimited Eurodance, that "Find Another Way" "was weirdy perky and a little bit annoying, so it didn't fit to his more somber style". James Hamilton from British magazine Music Weeks RM Dance Update described it as a "catchy 'oh oh oh oh' girl warbled and 'pompin' pompin' guy rapped ridiculously frantic 158.8bpm fierce cheesy Euro flier".

Chart performance
"Find Another Way" peaked within the top 10 in Finland, reaching number four. Additionally, it was a top-20 hit in Austria, Denmark and Sweden, and a top-30 hit in Germany and Switzerland. In the UK, "Find Another Way" charted on the UK Singles Chart, reaching number 93 during its first week on the chart, on 2 July 1995. It was the last song by the project to chart there.

Music video
A music video was produced to promote the single, directed by Silver Haze.

Track listings
 CD maxi
 "Find Another Way" (single mix) (3:57)
 "Find Another Way" (extended mix) (6:09)
 "Odyssey of Emotions" (6:06)

Charts

Release history

References

1995 songs
1995 singles
Captain Hollywood Project songs
Songs written by Tony Dawson-Harrison


Brison-Saint-Innocent is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. It is part of the urban area of Chambéry.

World Heritage Site
It is home to one or more prehistoric pile-dwelling (or stilt house) settlements that are part of the Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps UNESCO World Heritage Site.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Savoie


Saint-Alban-de-Montbel () is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

World Heritage Site
It is home to one or more prehistoric pile-dwelling (or stilt house) settlements that are part of the Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps UNESCO World Heritage Site.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

External links
Official site

Communes of Savoie


Saint-Alban-d'Hurtières (before 2013: Saint-Alban-des-Hurtières) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

Geography

Climate

Saint-Alban-d'Hurtières has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Saint-Alban-d'Hurtières is . The average annual rainfall is  with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Saint-Alban-d'Hurtières was  on 2 July 1952; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 6 January 1985.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

Communes of Savoie


Neritan Ceka (born 11 February 1941) is an Albanian archaeologist, professor, and politician.  He served as Albania's Minister of Internal Affairs from 27 July 1997 to 18 April 1998.

Early life
Ceka was born in  Tirana. Ceka studied at the Qemal Stafa High School, in Tirana, Albania.

He is the son of Hasan Ceka, a prominent Albanian archeologist, who inspired Neritan to pursue a career in archaeology.

Political career
Ceka was a founding member of the Democratic Party of Albania and has been active in politics since 1990.

In 1992, Ceka left the Democratic Party following a conflict with the party's leader, Sali Berisha. Ceka founded the Democratic Alliance Party, which would go on to ally with the main opponent of the Democratic Party, the Socialist Party of Albania, in 1997. Ceka served as Minister of Internal Affairs from 27 July 1997 to 18 April 1998, in the government of Prime Minister Fatos Nano.

Work
He has written several books:
 Apollonia: History and Monuments ()
 Arkeologjia: Greqia, Roma, Iliria with Muzafer Korkuti
 Buthrotum: Its History and Monuments ()
 Butrint ()
 Byllis: Its History and Monuments with Skender Mucaj ()
 Iliret ()

References

1941 births
Living people
Albanian archaeologists
Albanian politicians
Qemal Stafa High School alumni
People from Tirana
Ambassadors of Albania to Italy
Illyrologists


Saint-Alban-des-Villards (; ) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

Communes of Savoie


Saint-Alban-Leysse () is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. It is part of the urban area of Chambéry.

Population

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Savoie


Saint-Avre () is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

Communes of Savoie


Saint-Baldoph (; ) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. It is part of the urban area of Chambéry.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Savoie


Saint-Bon-Tarentaise (; ) is a former commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Courchevel.

As well as Saint-Bon-Tarentaise itself, the commune also included the four villages (Le Praz-Courchevel 1300, Courchevel 1550, Moriond-Courchevel 1650 and Courchevel 1850) that together make up the ski resort of Courchevel.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

Former communes of Savoie


Saint-Cassin (; ) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France. It is part of the urban area of Chambéry.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Savoie


Saint-Colomban-des-Villards (; ) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

It is a small ski resort, part of the larger Les Sybelles ski area.

Geography

Climate

Saint-Colomban-des-Villards has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) closely bordering on a oceanic climate (Cfb). The average annual temperature in Saint-Colomban-des-Villards is . The average annual rainfall is  with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Saint-Colomban-des-Villards was  on 7 July 2015; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 9 January 1985.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

Communes of Savoie


Patrick James Bates (born November 27, 1970) is a former safety in the National Football League. He was drafted in the first round of the 1993 NFL Draft by the Los Angeles Raiders and later played for the Atlanta Falcons after being traded by the Raiders in exchange for the Falcons' second-round selection in the 1996 NFL Draft.

Out of high school, Patrick Bates signed with UCLA, but transferred to Texas A&M in 1991. Soon, Bates would become one of the best players of the A&M's famed "Wrecking Crew" of the early 1990s. In 1993, Bates was a first-round draft pick by the Los Angeles Raiders.

After several off-field mishaps, he never realized his full potential, which is why ESPN named him the 37th of the top 50 busts in NFL draft history.

Personal life
As a child, Bates' mother Jean was an alcoholic, and Bates' older brother Jarvis was shot dead when he was 22 and Patrick was still a junior in high school. Bates, Jarvis, and their younger sister Sonia Nicole had spent time under foster care.

During his freshman year at UCLA, Bates' mother and grandmother Isabel Singleton died within a month of each other. Recently in 2019 he “remarried “ and had another child by Whitney S. in Galveston Texas where he now resides.

References

Patrick Bates on Pro Football Reference
No Longer a Raider, and No Longer Miserable, New York Times, Thomas George, May 21, 1996.

1970 births
Living people
Players of American football from Galveston, Texas
American football safeties
UCLA Bruins football players
Texas A&M Aggies football players
Los Angeles Raiders players
Oakland Raiders players
Atlanta Falcons players


Pontamafrey-Montpascal is a former commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune La Tour-en-Maurienne.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

External links

Official site

Former communes of Savoie


The 2008 Categoría Primera A season was the 61st season of Colombia's top-flight football league.

The season started on 1 February and ended with the finals on 21 December.

Boyacá Chicó won their first ever title in the Apertura tournament, beating America de Cali 4–2 on penalties. América de Cali won their thirteenth title in the Finalizacion tournament, beating Independiente Medellín 4–1 on aggregate.

Teams
18 teams competed this season. Real Cartagena was relegated in the previous season, and were replaced by the 2007 Categoría Primera B champions, Envigado.

Stadia & Locations

Torneo Apertura
Torneo Apertura began on 1 February and ended on 6 July.

Standings

Schedule

Cuadrangular playoffs

The second phase of the 2008 Apertura Tournament is disputed between the best eight teams in the first phase, which are distributed in two groups of four being divided by odd and even numbers. The winners of each group will advance to the Finals to define a champion.

Group A

 Source:
Tiebreak rules: 1)points; 2)goal difference; 3)goals scored

Group B

 Source:
Tiebreak rules: 1)points; 2)goal difference; 3)goals scored

Finals

Top goalscorers

Source:

Torneo Finalización
Torneo Finalizacion began on 19 July and ended on 21 December

Standings

Positions by round

Cuadrangular Playoffs
The second phase of the 2008 Finalizacion takes two groups of four teams, divided by even and odd numbers. It is disputed between the best eight teams in the first phase. The winners of each group will advance to the Finals to define a champion. The first tie-breaking criterion is the team's position in the general standings.

Group A

Group B

Finals

Top goalscorers

Source:

Overall standings
Besides the Apertura and Finalizacion champions, the team with the best overall points earned will advance to the 2009 Copa Libertadores Group Stage. Also, the team with the second best overall points will advance to 2009 Copa Sudamericana, along with the 2008 Copa Colombia champions.

Relegation
The team with the worst points average from the last five seasons, (2006-I, 2006-II, 2007-I, 2007-II, 2008-I, and 2008-II) is relegated to the Second Division. The team with the second worst points average played a two-leg promotion playoff with the runner-up team from the Second Division.

Promotion/relegation playoff
Categoria Primera B runner ups Deportivo Rionegro qualified to the promotion playoff against Envigado, who finished 17th in the relegation table.

Envigado wins the playoff, and stays in the Primera Division. Atlético Bucaramanga were relegated and replaced with the 2008 Primera B champion, Real Cartagena.

References

External links
 Copa Mustang Official Page
 Dimayor Official Page

Categoría Primera A seasons
Col
1


Monthion is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. It is part of the urban area of Albertville.

See also
 Communes of the Savoie department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Savoie


Mouxy (; ) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

Geography
Dominated by Mount Revard, the Town of Mouxy is located on the heights above Aix-les-Bains, to which it is adjacent. It is part of the urban area of Chambéry. It is also part of the agglomeration community of Grand Lac.

The important nearby towns of Annecy to the north, and Chambéry to the south, are located at distances as the crow flies of  and 12.5 km [7¾ miles], respectively.

Neighboring towns
Mouxy is bordered by four municipalities: Pugny-Chatenod on the north, Drumettaz-Clarafond on the south, Aix-les-Bains  on the east, and Les Déserts on the west.

Many localities make up the collective community such as Chenoz, Montecovie, La Croix Balmont, Le Crêt, Le Faubourg, Le Biollay, and Le Mentens.

The town is 628 hectares [6.28 km2, 2.425 sq. mi.] in area; the elevations range over almost 1200 meters [3940 feet]: from . The lowest point lies at the edge of Aix-les-Bains to the south of the town, the high point is the top of Mount Revard. Downtown is located at an elevation of about . the municipality overlooks Lake Bourget, the largest natural lake in France, and offers a view of the surrounding peaks including the croix du Nivolet, the Chartreuse Massif, Mount Granier and the Cat's Tooth. It extends from the Aix-les-Bains plain to the Massif of Bauges. The population density decreases as you approach Mount Revard. Indeed, some places are absolutely vertical, without access, and unbuildable.

Geology
The particular geology of the area surrounding Aix-Les-Bains, including Mouxy, was the subject of a study published in December 2009. This study focuses on the geological evolution of the scene surrounding Aix-Les-Bains  to explain the peculiarity of the local thermal system and is entitled: the Influence of paleoclimatic events on the functioning of an alpine thermal system (France): contribution of modeling thermal-hydrodynamique.

Terrain of the municipality consists of glacial alluvium with the Urgonian Limestone Formation in the locality. Climbing up the slopes of the Bauges Massif, there are several types of rocks and limestone-marl but above all, the Urgonian Limestone Formation is largely found near the Revard and in almost all of the massif.

History
The evolution of the commune is marked by the history of Aix-les-Bains, and in particular the importance of Lake Bourget and the hot springs of the city of Aix that always made Aix-les-Bains a showplace of therapeutic mineral bathing. One can also say, more generally, that the history of Mouxy is closely linked to that of the Department of Savoie.

Neolithic and antiquity
The site was inhabited since the Neolithic Era. Indeed, some sedentary farming communities settled in the Plains and the great valleys of average altitude. The first real phase of occupation by people was observed from deposits at organic geological levels preserved at Saint-Pierre-de-Curtille (Lake Bourget).

The area was then occupied by the people of the Allobroges. The [area of the Allobroges was occupied by the Roman legions following their victory in 121 B.C.E.

By 443, the Roman General Aëtius had ceded Sapaudia the Latin name of present-day Savoy to a Germanic people, the Burgundians.

Middle Ages
Mouxy was a parish - Mauseu ecclesia - which depended on the Priory of Clarafont according to an act of 1344. During this period, a new church dedicated to Saint-John-the-Greater was built. Previously, the Mouxy area depended on either the Priory of Saint-Pol or Saint-Hippolyte in Aix. The parish was subsequently attached to the Priory of Aix in the 16th century. We learn that the priest of the Church, in 1340, offered to the Bishop during his pastoral visit a stipend of 9 florins. In 1494, the income of the parish priest was estimated to be 50 guilders. The Church did not originally have an image of its patron saint, or other object of worship. By 1678 it had relics of Saint James, Saint Alexis and the true cross.

The village of Mouxy had about 30 households in 1494 and 1497. In the following century, proceeds to 42 households and 440 communicants. They were 420 communicants in 1667. The number subsequently continued to reach approximately 300 inhabitants of whom there were 220 communicants in 1729.

Contemporary
In 1860, the period of the unification of Italy led to the question of the future of the Duchy of Savoy. The latter was part of a transaction between the King of Piedmont-Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia, and the Emperor of the French, Napoleon III. Following the Treaty of Turin which saw the annexation of Savoy by France, Mouxy became as throughout the territory of the Duchy henceforth now French.

World War II
On June 10, 1940, Mussolini declared war on France; Savoie was caught in a vise. The fighting with Italy began in the Alps. The Italian army of 22 divisions and 321,000 men commanded by Crown Prince Umberto of Savoy and General Alfredo Guzzoni occupied the Petit-Saint-Bernard and the Mont-Cenis sectors. Against this force, 185,000 men of French General René Olry managed to resist. In the Valley, the Germans crossed the Rhône in Culoz and entered Aix and its surrounding towns and villages, Chambéry had not yet fallen. The signing of the 22 June 1940 armistice ended fighting.

A second armistice, with Italy, was signed June 24 which provided for Italy's occupation of Haute-Tarentaise and the demilitarization of the border. This situation was to become explosive for the entire department.

Important dates

January 1, 1943: the Italians occupied all of Savoy. They controlled the Franco-Swiss border.

April 16, 1943: complete closure of the Franco-Swiss border from April 16 to May 3, 1943;
September 1943: a roundup of Jews by the Gestapo occurred in Chambéry; German troops invaded Savoy.

The end of the war
August 21, 1944, Aix and its surroundings were liberated. The occupiers surrendered to the encircling forces beginning at 23:30. A departmental Committee of Liberation and Resistance movements, was established, and Lucien Rose became prefect. In the aftermath of the Second World War, the territory was disrupted.

Many territorial changes occurred in the 1950s and mainly during the [30 years of postwar prosperity known in France as the] Trente Glorieuses [(Glorious Thirty, the 30-years immediately following World War II)]. These changes resulted in the construction of new housing, and as a result, development of urban life in still-rural areas.

Later, in the context of sustainable development, in 1995 the Rhône-Alpes region developed regional natural parks enhanced by the Massif des Bauges (regional natural park of the Bauges).

Mont Revard and its influence in the 20th century
Mouxy connects the Valley of Aix-les-Bains to the mountain. The Revard ski station in 1908, was the first ski resort in France, which participated actively in the construction of infrastructure of transport through Mouxy (rack and cable car) to carry skiers to the Summit, and this until [the system was improved] in 1969. Mouxy thus had two stations.

Demographic growth
Like its peripheral communes, Mouxy has had (and is still having) a strong increase in population since the 1930s, particularly in the 1980s. At the departmental level, the rural exodus has been pronounced.

The main points at the departmental level are the increase in the size of the cities, a location in the heart of important communication routes and the creations of universities such as Technolac (important high-tech research and development facility about ten kilometers from Mouxy).

See also
 Communes of the Savoie department

References

External links

 Official site

Communes of Savoie


Montendry () is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

Communes of Savoie


Montgilbert (; ) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

Communes of Savoie


Montgirod (; ) is a former commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Aime-la-Plagne.  In August 1994, its town hall square was renamed the "Place du Colonel Peter Ortiz", after U.S. Marine Corps officer Peter J. Ortiz.

Population

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

External links

Official site

Former communes of Savoie


The Little Chapel-in-the-Woods is the campus chapel at Texas Woman's University in Denton, Texas.

History
Built during the Great Depression,  Little Chapel has been named one of Texas’ most outstanding architectural achievements. Designed by leading American architect and Denton resident O'Neill Ford with Arch B. Swank Jr. and Preston Geren Sr., recruits from the National Youth Administration (NYA) constructed the building, while more than 300 students in the college's fine arts programs designed and created the building's artwork, including the stained glass windows, lighting, woodwork, doors, ceiling beams, and flooring.

The chapel received fame on November 1, 1939 when First Lady and NYA advocate Eleanor Roosevelt dedicated the Little Chapel.  Mary Kathryn Jones, Student Body President, Class of 1940, introduced her to the crowd that had gathered for the dedication.

Since its completion in 1939, the chapel has been used by many as a place of worship, meditation, and celebration.

Weddings
The first wedding in the Little Chapel took place on September 25, 1939 between Esther Webb (a 1933 Girls Industrial College graduate) and John Hauseman. The couple is listed in the TWU Bride’s Book which now holds the names of every couple to be wed in the chapel since.

Over 100 weddings take place each year within the little chapel.

Awards and recognition

2014, 2015, 2016 & 2017 Little Chapel voted the "Best Wedding Venue" by Denton County

2009 - Little Chapel named as one of the 10 best buildings in the entire state of Texas by Texas Monthly

1983 - Little Chapel named one of the 20 buildings representing "Texas Proudest Architectural Achievements of All Time" by the Texas Society of Architects"

Stained glass windows

The stained glass windows found inside the Little Chapel were designed to the theme "Women Ministering to the Human Needs." Each window pays respect to women in that particular profession. Graduate student Beatrice Paschall supervised the careful design and construction of each window.

The Motherhood Window sits directly over the altar and symbolizes woman as Mother. It is the largest of all the windows in the chapel and the most prominent in position. The illustrations found within the stained glass represent ideals derived from the Biblical conception of motherhood found in Proverbs. These include spiritual strength, desire, leadership, kindness, loyalty and love.

The Nursing Window is dedicated to woman as nurse. This window pays homage to all of the women who paved the road toward modern day nursing. The large figure in the center of the window represents the ideal nurse.

The Teaching Window is dedicated to woman as teacher. The window pays homage to all of the women who used their knowledge as a tool to educate the minds of others. The central figure represents Helen Keller and her teacher Anne Sullivan.

The Music Window is dedicated to woman and her achievement through music. The inscription at the base of the window reads "Gloria in Excelsis Deo"

The Dance Window presents woman as she has followed her desire to find an expression of beauty through movement.

The Science Window represents woman in the fields of chemistry, physics and the biological sciences.

The Social Service Window pays homage to woman and her tireless effort to relieve distress and suffering wherever she has found it.

The Literature Window represents woman as writer.

The Speech Window represents woman in the arts.

The Rose Window is located above the entrance to the chapel and serves as an abstraction reflecting woman’s joy in the physical world around her.

The Signature Window is a small window located in the vestibule that shows the builders, donors, and decorators of the chapel in characteristic pose. Graduate student Beatrice Paschall, under the supervision of local artist and Dentonite, Dorothy LaSelle, supervised the careful design and construction of each window. The windows were crafted by art students at TWU. These windows were created and installed between 1938 and 1941.

References

Buildings and structures in Denton, Texas
University and college chapels in the United States
Religious buildings and structures in Texas
Tourist attractions in Denton, Texas
National Youth Administration
Texas Woman's University
Buildings and structures completed in 1939


The killings at Coolacrease was an incident that took place in County Offaly during the Irish War of Independence. In late June 1921, Irish Republican Army (IRA) volunteers came under fire at a roadblock in the rural area of Coolacrease (near Cadamstown). The roadblock was located at the boundary of land owned by loyalist farmer William Pearson. On 30 June, his sons Richard (aged 24) and Abraham (aged 19) Pearson were shot by an IRA firing squad and their house was burnt.

The Pearsons of Coolacrease
In 1911, the Pearsons moved to Coolacrease from neighbouring County Laois. They bought a  farm and worked it successfully. They are said to have belonged to a Protestant religious movement commonly referred to as Cooneyites or Two by Twos. However, in the 1911 census they listed their religion as Church of Ireland.

Initially, the Pearsons integrated well into the local community, and their children attended the local Catholic school in Cadamstown, where one of them was a member of the hurling team.
Following the Sinn Féin electoral successes in the elections of December 1918 a majority of the Irish elected representatives implemented their election manifesto by establishing the First Dáil on 21 January 1919. In the Irish War of Independence military hostilities between the IRA and British forces developed into a bitter guerrilla conflict in 1920 and 1921.

In County Offaly, where the Pearsons had their farm at Coolacrease, the military conflict was slow to develop, but it intensified in the course of 1921. A number of Catholics, classified by the IRA as spies and informers, were executed. In Kinnitty, about five miles (8 km) from Coolacrease, two members of the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC, the militarized police force which was the principal agency of the British state in Ireland) were killed in an ambush by the IRA on 17 May 1921. Following a June 1921 dispute between the Pearsons and local Catholics over a mass path running through the Pearsons’ land, two IRA men, John Dillon and JJ Horan, were arrested.

The shootings
In June 1921, the Kinnitty Company of the South Offaly No 2 Brigade IRA was ordered to construct a roadblock as part of county-wide military manoeuvres. At around midnight some of the Pearsons are said to have come to the roadblock and fired a shot or shots.

An eight-man IRA roadblock party selected a tree for a roadblock on the Birr to Tullamore road, about halfway between the Pearsons’ house and the village of Cadamstown. The roadside tree was at the point of boundary between the Pearsons’ and a neighbouring farm about half a mile from their house. Two men were posted as sentries on the road to either side of the planned road-block. According to Paddy Heaney, at about midnight steps were heard approaching along the road from the direction of Pearsons’ house. Sentry Mick Heaney issued the verbal challenge "Halt! Who goes there?" In response shots were fired at him, wounding him in the abdomen, arm and neck. The other sentry ran to his assistance and both returned fire. The other sentry, Tom Donnelly, was shot in the head. A retired RIC man who had been detained by them was also shot by the attackers. The abdominal injuries of Mick Heaney were serious, and he died a few years later. The retired RIC man was seriously injured in the back and legs, and lost a lung. In this version, the Pearsons had, as loyalists, become hostile to the local community as the war intensified, leading to their participation as combatants in the war.

According to one alternative account, the Pearsons fired a single shotgun cartridge in the air as a warning to rebels who were damaging their property while Alan Stanley wrote,"A cousin of my father's, Oliver Stanley, told me that after the tree had been felled, a number of men came to man the barricade thus created, and were shortly afterwards surprised by security people (police and auxiliaries presumably). He said that a brief gun battle had ensued and a man was injured on each side."

Following official investigation,Philip McConway articles in Officers’ Battalion Council, into the identity of the men who attacked the road-block, Thomas Burke, the IRA Officer Commanding South Offaly No. 2 Brigade, ordered that the three brothers Richard, Abraham, and Sidney Pearson were to be executed and their houses destroyed. The orders to shoot the Pearsons would have come directly from IRA headquarters, and not made locally. However McConway indicates the decision to execute was made by Burke himself.

On 30 June 1921, about a week after the roadblock shootings, a party of about thirty IRA men arrested Richard and Abraham Pearson. They were taken to their house and held under guard there with other members of the family (their mother, three sisters, younger brother, and two female cousins), while the house was prepared to be burned. Their father William Pearson, and brother Sidney were away from home at the time. The brothers Richard and Abraham Pearson were shot by a firing squad of about ten men, and the house was burned. Richard and Abraham Pearson died after six hours and fourteen hours, respectively.

The medical reports  declare that the death of Richard Pearson was due to haemorrhage and shock caused by gunshot wounds to the left shoulder, right groin, right buttock, left lower leg and to the back; the most serious being the wound to the right groin. In the case of Abraham Pearson, death was declared to be the result of shock from gunshot wounds to the left cheek, left shoulder, left thigh, lower third of left leg and through the abdomen.

An appendix to the report of the British Military Court of Enquiry into the events states: "It is said by the C.I." [County Inspector of the Royal Irish Constabulary] "Queens County that the two Pearson boys a few days previously had seen two men felling a tree on their land adjoining the road. Had told the men concerned to go away, and when they refused had fetched two guns and fired and wounded two Sinn Feiners, one of whom it is believed died. It is further rumoured that when the farm house was burning, two guns fell out of the roof." The import of this information and non-inclusion in a controversial RTE television documentary was debated in the press in 2007.

Atrocity claims
On 9 July 1921, the British Government in Dublin Castle issued a statement claiming that an atrocity had been committed against the Pearsons. Claims of murder and atrocity were made by William Stanley, "a loyalist fugitive and distant cousin of the Pearsons. He had been ordered out of Luggacurran in County Laois by the IRA" after allegedly becoming embroiled in a plot with the auxiliaries to arrest an IRA volunteer. He was living under an assumed name, "Jimmy Bradley", at the time of the roadblock incident and escaped by running away when the Pearson brothers were arrested.

Stanley's son, Alan Stanley, argued that the Pearsons were innocent farmers, that they did not shoot anybody at the roadblock, and that they were murdered by people who wanted to take their land. These claims have been challenged.

A controversial programme about the incident was broadcast by the Irish broadcaster RTÉ on 23 October 2007, giving rise to considerable discussion and debate. Complaints against the programme were rejected by the Broadcasting Complaints Commission. In addition to media discussion, the Aubane Historical Society complained to Taoiseach (Prime Minister) Bertie Ahern, RTÉ Director General Cathal Goan and RTÉ Director of Programmes Claire Duignan.

Coolacrease: The True Story of the Pearson Executions was published in 2008 by the Aubane Historical Society and historians from Offaly. It was, amongst other things, critical of the RTÉ documentary. The book was reviewed by Steven King in the Sunday Business Post, November 2008, by Joost Augusteijn in History Ireland Magazine, (March/April 2009) and in Autumn 2009 by Tom Wall in the Dublin Review of Books, giving rise to further discussion.

References

Military actions and engagements during the Irish War of Independence
1921 in Ireland
History of County Offaly
June 1921 events
1921 murders in Europe


Saint-Paul-sur-Isère (, literally Saint-Paul on Isère; ) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

Communes of Savoie


Fontcouverte-la-Toussuire is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Savoie


Saint-Pierre-d'Albigny () is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Savoie


Saint-Pierre-d'Alvey (; ) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Savoie


Saint-Pierre-de-Belleville () is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

Communes of Savoie


Saint-Pierre-de-Curtille is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. It is situated near the northwestern shore of Lac du Bourget.

Heritage sites
It is home to a prehistoric pile-dwelling (or stilt house) settlement that is part of the Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps UNESCO World Heritage Site. These dwellings, now submerged in the Lac du Bourget, date from the 4th millennium BCE.

The Hautecombe Abbey, situated on the lake shore, has been a classified monument since 1875.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

Communes of Savoie


Saint-Pierre-de-Genebroz is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

Communes of Savoie


Saint-Pierre-d'Entremont () is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

Geography
Located on the banks of  the Guiers Vif, Saint-Pierre d'Entremont in Savoie is a mountain township. His peaks are over 1,800 meters above sea level.  His village grows in bottom of the valley (650 meters) and at the top is neighboring with the other located in Isère.

Neighboring townships
Neighboring communes of Saint-Pierre d'Entremont in Savoie are Saint-Pierre-d'Entremont in Isère, Corbel, Entremont-le-Vieux, Sainte-Marie-du-Mont, Chapareillan.

Toponymy
"Savoyard" part of Saint-Pierre d'Entremont, the town takes its name from the high count of Savoie's castle.

History
In the 19th century, we present the village as poor and isolated, but in the late 19th century, there was a considerable growth of the industry (including gloves industry).  In the 20th century, the tourism of the town is at its peak.

A new castle was built by the Entremonts valley district at the south of the Guiers.

Population and society

Personalities
 Florentine Baffert (1886- 1944), native teacher (1903-1926) to Montevideo (Uruguay) and Santa Rosa (Argentina) and Villa Brea (Italy, 1921), Superior of the Brothers of the Holy Family (1933) .
 Philippe Bron : Winner of the bumps Grading at the World Cup freestyle skiing in 1984 and 1985, and then Edgar Grospironc's coach especially during his gold medal at the Olympic Winter Games in 1992 in Albertville. That was the Olympic Games where this kind of sport was officially regarded as an Olympic discipline (excluding demos) Olympics.  The "Bronco" is a figure of bump skiing invented by Philippe Bron. It is rotation of 360 ° with a standard when the skier is back to the slope.  The name "Bronco" is composed of the name of its creator "Bron" and "co", contraction of helico (or helicopter), another name given to 360 ° in bump skiing.

Media
 The local radio station "Radio Couleur Chartreuse" is broadcast on 98.4 MHz or 106 MHz.

Sports
 The Tour de France passed through Saint-Pierre d'Entremont by the D912.

Sights
 Chateau de Montbel (Montbel Castle) : Former castle of the tenth century, ancestral castle of the Montbel d'Entremont lords and headquarters of the lordship d'Entremont, now in ruins.
 Notre Dame room, dedicated to cinema and performing arts was built by the parishioners of the village in 1938;  fully equipped since 2008 (150 seats), it hosts a share of film screenings (Saturday evening) through the partnership established in 1991 with Cinébus, traveling cinema of Savoie countries rated "Art & test" and other theatrical seasons (a professional show every 2 months) organized by the AADEC, the animation association of the Entremonts valley from 2002–2003.
 The church of Saint-Alexis dates from the nineteenth century.
 The former chapel of the Ten Thousand Martyrs: facade dates from the Middle Ages and is a listed historical monument since April 1928.
 Tour d'Inferney (Inferney Tower): this building, dating from the late fifteenth century, is the corner tower of an ancient fortified house that has today disappeared and probably occupied a strategic position on the edge of the Guiers locking the passage between Savoie and Dauphiné.
 The township also includes The Cross of the Thousand Martyrs and Neolithic remains.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

Communes of Savoie


Saint-Pierre-de-Soucy () is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

Geography

Climate

Saint-Pierre-de-Soucy has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) closely bordering on a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). The average annual temperature in Saint-Pierre-de-Soucy is . The average annual rainfall is  with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Saint-Pierre-de-Soucy was  on 11 August 2003; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 7 January 1985.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

Saintpierredesoucy


Saint-Rémy-de-Maurienne is a commune in the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

See also
Communes of the Savoie department

References

Communes of Savoie