In algebra, the hyperdeterminant is a generalization of the determinant. Whereas a determinant is a scalar valued function defined on an n × n square matrix, a hyperdeterminant is defined on a multidimensional array of numbers or tensor. Like a determinant, the hyperdeterminant is a homogeneous polynomial with integer coefficients in the components of the tensor. Many other properties of determinants generalize in some way to hyperdeterminants, but unlike a determinant, the hyperdeterminant does not have a simple geometric interpretation in terms of volumes.

There are at least three definitions of hyperdeterminant. The first was discovered by Arthur Cayley in 1843  presented to the Cambridge Philosophical Society. It is in two parts and Cayley's first hyperdeterminant is covered in the second part. It is usually denoted by det0. The second Cayley hyperdeterminant originated in 1845 and is often denoted "Det". This definition is a discriminant for a singular point on a scalar valued multilinear map.

Cayley's first hyperdeterminant is defined only for hypercubes having an even number of dimensions (although variations exist in odd dimensions). Cayley's second hyperdeterminant is defined for a restricted range of hypermatrix formats (including the hypercubes of any dimensions). The third hyperdeterminant, most recently defined by Glynn, occurs only for fields of prime characteristic p. It is denoted by detp and acts on all hypercubes over such a field.

Only the first and third hyperdeterminants are "multiplicative," except for the second hyperdeterminant in the case of "boundary" formats. The first and third hyperdeterminants also have closed formulae as polynomials and therefore their degrees are known, whereas the second one does not appear to have a closed formula or degree in all cases that are known.

The notation for determinants can be extended to hyperdeterminants without change or ambiguity. Hence the hyperdeterminant of a hypermatrix A may be written using the vertical bar notation as |A| or as det(A).

A standard modern textbook on Cayley's second hyperdeterminant Det (as well as many other results) is "Discriminants, Resultants and Multidimensional Determinants" by Gel'fand, Kapranov and Zelevinsky. Their notation and terminology is followed in the next section.

Cayley's second hyperdeterminant Det
In the special case of a 2 × 2 × 2 hypermatrix the hyperdeterminant is known as Cayley's hyperdeterminant after the British mathematician Arthur Cayley who discovered it. The quartic expression for the Cayley's hyperdeterminant of hypermatrix A with components aijk,  ∊ } is given by

Det(A) = a0002a1112 + a0012a1102 + a0102a1012 + a1002a0112
 − 2a000a001a110a111 − 2a000a010a101a111 − 2a000a011a100a111 − 2a001a010a101a110 − 2a001a011a110a100 − 2a010a011a101a100 + 4a000a011a101a110 + 4a001a010a100a111.

This expression acts as a discriminant in the sense that it is zero if and only if there is a non-zero solution in six unknowns xi, yi, zi, (with superscript i = 0 or 1) of the following system of equations

a000x0y0 + a010x0y1 + a100x1y0 + a110x1y1 = 0

a001x0y0 + a011x0y1 + a101x1y0 + a111x1y1 = 0

a000x0z0 + a001x0z1 + a100x1z0 + a101x1z1 = 0

a010x0z0 + a011x0z1 + a110x1z0 + a111x1z1 = 0

a000y0z0 + a001y0z1 + a010y1z0 + a011y1z1 = 0

a100y0z0 + a101y0z1 + a110y1z0 + a111y1z1 = 0.

The hyperdeterminant can be written in a more compact form using the Einstein convention for summing over indices and the Levi-Civita symbol which is an alternating tensor density with components εij specified by ε00 = ε11 = 0, ε01 = −ε10 = 1:

bkn = (1/2)εilεjmaijkalmn

Det(A) = (1/2)εilεjmbijblm.

Using the same conventions we can define a multilinear form

f(x,y,z) = aijk xiyjzk

Then the hyperdeterminant is zero if and only if there is a non-trivial point where all partial derivatives of f vanish.

As a tensor expression
The above determinant can be written in terms of a generalisation of the Levi-Civita symbol:

where f is a generalisation of the Levi-Civita symbol which allows two indices to be the same:

where the f satisfy:

As a discriminant
For symmetric 2 × 2 × 2 × ⋯ hypermatrices, the hyperdeterminant is the discriminant of a polynomial. For example,

Then Det(A) is the discriminant of

Other general hyperdeterminants related to Cayley's Det

Definitions
In the general case a hyperdeterminant is defined as a discriminant for a multilinear map f from finite-dimensional vector spaces Vi to their underlying field K which may be  or .

f can be identified with a tensor in the tensor product of each dual space V*i

By definition a hyperdeterminant Det(f) is a polynomial in components of the tensor f which is zero if and only if the map f has a non-trivial point where all partial derivatives with respect to the components of its vector arguments vanish (a non-trivial point means that none of the vector arguments are zero.)

The vector spaces Vi need not have the same dimensions and the hyperdeterminant is said to be of format  if the dimension of each space Vi is  It can be shown that the hyperdeterminant exists for a given format and is unique up to a scalar factor, if and only if the largest number in the format is less than or equal to the sum of the other numbers in the format.

This definition does not provide a means to construct the hyperdeteriminant and in general this is a difficult task. For hyperdeterminants with formats where  the number of terms is usually too large to write out the hyperdeterminant in full. For larger r even the degree of the polynomial increases rapidly and does not have a convenient general formula.

Examples
The case of formats with r = 1 deals with vectors of length  In this case the sum of the other format numbers is zero and k1 is always greater than zero so no hyperdeterminants exist.

The case of r = 2 deals with  matrices. Each format number must be greater than or equal to the other, therefore only square matrices S have hyperdeterminants and they can be identified with the determinant det(S). Applying the definition of the hyperdeterminant as a discriminant to this case requires that det(S) is zero when there are vectors X and Y such that the matrix equations  and  have solutions for non-zero X and Y.

For  there are hyperdeterminants with different formats satisfying the format inequality. For example, Cayley's  hyperdeterminant has format (1, 1, 1) and a  hyperdeterminant of format  also exists. However a  hyperdeterminant would have format  but  so it does not exist.

Degree
Since the hyperdeterminant is homogeneous in its variables it has a well-defined degree that is a function of the format and is written N(k1, ..., kr). In special cases we can write down an expression for the degree. For example, a hyperdeterminant is said to be of boundary format when the largest format number is the sum of the others and in this case we have

For hyperdeterminants of dimensions 2r, a convenient generating formula for the degrees Nr is

In particular for r = 2,3,4,5,6 the degree is respectively  and then grows very rapidly.

Three other special formulae for computing the degree of hyperdeterminants are given in

for 2 × m × m use N(1, m − 1, m − 1) = 2m(m − 1)

for 3 × m × m use N(2, m − 1, m − 1) = 3m(m − 1)2

for 4 × m × m use N(3, m − 1, m − 1) = (2/3)m(m − 1)(m − 2)(5m − 3)

A general result that follows from the hyperdeterminants product rule and invariance properties listed below is that the least common multiple of the dimensions of the vector spaces on which the linear map acts divides the degree of the hyperdeterminant, that is,

lcm(k1 + 1, ..., kr + 1) | N(k1, ..., kr).

Properties of hyperdeterminants
Hyperdeterminants generalise many of the properties of determinants. The property of being a discriminant is one of them and it is used in the definition above.

Multiplicative properties
One of the most familiar properties of determinants is the multiplication rule which is sometimes known as the Binet-Cauchy formula. For square n × n matrices A and B the rule says that

 det(AB) = det(A)det(B)

This is one of the harder rules to generalize from determinants to hyperdeterminants because generalizations of products of hypermatrices can give hypermatrices of different sizes. The full domain of cases in which the product rule can be generalized is still a subject of research. However, there are some basic instances that can be stated.

Given a multilinear form f(x1, ..., xr) we can apply a linear transformation on the last argument using an n × n matrix B, yr = B xr. This generates a new multilinear form of the same format,

g(x1, ..., xr) = f(x1, ..., yr)

In terms of hypermatrices this defines a product which can be written g = f.B

It is then possible to use the definition of the hyperdeterminant to show that

 det(f.B) = det(f)det(B)N/n

where n is the degree of the hyperdeterminant. This generalises the product rule for matrices.

Further generalizations of the product rule have been demonstrated for appropriate products of hypermatrices of boundary format.

Cayley's first hyperdeterminant det0 is multiplicative in the following sense. Let A be a r-dimensional n × ... × n hypermatrix with elements ai, ..., k, B be a s-dimensional n × ... × n hypermatrix with elements b..., and C be a (r + s − 2)-dimensional n × ... × n hypermatrix with elements c... such that (using Einstein notation)
 ci, ..., j, l, ..., m = ai, ..., jkbk, l, ..., m,
then
 det0(C) = det0(A) det0(B).

Invariance properties
A determinant is not usually considered in terms of its properties as an algebraic invariant but when determinants are generalized to hyperdeterminants the invariance is more notable. Using the multiplication rule above on the hyperdeterminant of a hypermatrix H times a matrix S with determinant equal to one gives

det(H.S) = det(H)

In other words, the hyperdeterminant is an algebraic invariant under the action of the special linear group SL(n) on the hypermatrix. The transformation can be equally well applied to any of the vector spaces on which the multilinear map acts to give another distinct invariance. This leads to the general result,

 The hyperdeterminant of format  is an invariant under an action of the group

For example, the determinant of an n × n matrix is an SL(n)2 invariant and Cayley's hyperdeterminant for a 2 × 2 × 2 hypermatrix is an SL(2)3 invariant.

A more familiar property of a determinant is that if you add a multiple of a row (or column) to a different row (or column) of a square matrix then its determinant is unchanged. This is a special case of its invariance in the case where the special linear transformation matrix is an identity matrix plus a matrix with only one non-zero off-diagonal element. This property generalizes immediately to hyperdeterminants implying invariance when you add a multiple of one slice of a hypermatrix to another parallel slice.

A hyperdeterminant is not the only polynomial algebraic invariant for the group acting on the hypermatrix. For example, other algebraic invariants can be formed by adding and multiplying hyperdeterminants. In general the invariants form a ring algebra and it follows from Hilbert's basis theorem that the ring is finitely generated. In other words, for a given hypermatrix format, all the polynomial algebraic invariants with integer coefficients can be formed using addition, subtraction and multiplication starting from a finite number of them. In the case of a 2 × 2 × 2 hypermatrix, all such invariants can be generated in this way from Cayley's second hyperdeterminant alone, but this is not a typical result for other formats. For example, the second hyperdeterminant for a hypermatrix of format 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 is an algebraic invariant of degree 24 yet all the invariants can be generated from a set of four simpler invariants of degree 6 and less.

History and applications
The second hyperdeterminant was invented and named by Arthur Cayley in 1845, who was able to write down the expression for the 2 × 2 × 2 format, but Cayley went on to use the term for any algebraic invariant and later abandoned the concept in favour of a general theory of polynomial forms which he called "quantics". For the next 140 years there were few developments in the subject and hyperdeterminants were largely forgotten until they were rediscovered by Gel'fand, Kapranov and Zelevinsky in the 1980s as an offshoot of their work on generalized hypergeometric functions. This led to them writing their textbook in which the hyperdeterminant is reintroduced as a discriminant. Indeed, Cayley's first hyperdeterminant is more fundamental than his second, since it is a straightforward generalization the ordinary determinant, and has found recent applications in the Alon-Tarsi conjecture.

Since then the hyperdeterminant has found applications over a wide range of disciplines including algebraic geometry, number theory, quantum computing and string theory.

In algebraic geometry the second hyperdeterminant is studied as a special case of an X-discriminant. A principal result is that there is a correspondence between the vertices of the Newton polytope for hyperdeterminants and the "triangulation" of a cube into simplices.

In quantum computing the invariants on hypermatrices of format 2N are used to study the entanglement of N qubits.

In string theory the hyperdeterminant first surfaced in connection with string dualities and black hole entropy.

References

Sources

Further reading
For other historical developments not contained in the book from Gel'fand, Kapranov and Zelevinsky, see:

 (also translated in into German: "Die Determinanten", H. Leitzmann, Halle, 1900.) There is a short section about hyperdeterminants and their history up to 1900.

Multilinear algebra


Matsieng is a Setswana traditional music trio formed in 2005 in Gaborone, Botswana. They burst into the scene with their 2005 festive season album, Semakaleng. Known for their explicit lyrics, the trio has toured Botswana, Malaysia and South Africa.

Their latest album, Setswana Sa Borre, has topped charts locally and enjoys airplay in the neighbouring South Africa, driven by their most explicit song, Tinto song. Two of the boys are natives of Gabane and one is from Kanye.

Discography

Albums

 Setswana Sa Bo Rre (released 2007)
 Semakaleng (released 2009)
 #Matsieng2020 (released 2020)

References

Botswana musical groups
Musical groups established in 2005


Back Stage is a 1923 silent Our Gang silent short subject comedy film that is the 13th entry to be released.

Plot
The gang meets up with the head of a vaudeville troupe, who enlist them to help him out when his co-stars have abandoned him. They manage to make a complete wreck of the act, and Jack and Joe's bugs get loose in the auditorium, putting the audience into an itching frenzy.

Notes
This was the 13th and final film to be released in the original contract. Another contract was written and accepted bringing in more films, starting with Dogs of War.

Cast

The Gang
 Joe Cobb as Joe
 Jackie Condon as Jackie
 Mickey Daniels as Mickey
 Jack Davis as Jack
 Allen "Farina" Hoskins as Farina
 Ernie "Sunshine Sammy" Morrison as Ernie
 Andy Samuel as Andy
 Dinah the Mule as Herself

Additional cast
 Ivadell Carter as Pansy
 James W. Cobb as Audience member disrupted by Farina
 Richard Daniels as Audience member slapping spider
 William Gillespie as Head of the theater troupe
 Wallace Howe as Theater manager
 Dick Gilbert as Outside worker
 Charley Young as Outside worker
 Robert F. McGowan as Man in front of the bus

Sequence
012. Giants vs. Yanks (1923) – proceeds
014. Dogs of War (1923) – succeeds

External links

1923 films
Hal Roach Studios short films
American silent short films
American black-and-white films
1923 comedy films
Films directed by Robert F. McGowan
Our Gang films
1923 short films
Pathé films
1920s American films
Silent American comedy films
1920s English-language films


Nine Dragons Paper (Holdings) Limited, operating as ND Paper in the United States () is a publicly listed paper manufacturing company in Mainland China, engaging in the manufacturing of containerboard products which include linerboard, duplex board as well as pulp. Its CEO and largest shareholder is Mrs. Zhang Yin.

The company was established in 1995 and is the largest paperboard producer in Asia and one of the largest in the world in terms of production capacity. It has 9 factories in China and Vietnam. It also owns four paper and pulp mills along with a corrugated box plant in the United States, which are part of the US subsidiary, ND Paper.

Nine Dragons Paper was listed on the Main Board of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange on 3 March 2006.

History
Since commencing production in 1998 with a 200,000 tonnes kraftliner machine, Nine Dragons has expanded to producing over 13 million tonnes of paper products globally.

While many mills globally use forest products for paper production, Nine Dragons primarily uses recycled paper as the raw material source. The company recycles over 10 million tonnes of fiber annually.

Today, the company employs over 15,000 employees globally with 9 manufacturing hubs. Notably, the company's Dongguan facility is the world's largest concentrated paper mill with 15 paper machines producing 5.25 million tonnes of products. Many of Nine Dragons' facilities are also supported with in-house power plants, ports, and trucking. The company has power capacity of over 1,400 MW at various production facilities combined.

The corporate office for U.S. operations is in Oak Brook, Illinois.

The company operates Biron Mill, the Rumford Mill, and operated the Old Town paper mill from 2018 until 2023.

References

External links
 Nine Dragons Paper (Holdings) Limited

Companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange
Pulp and paper companies of China
Privately held companies of China
Companies based in Guangdong
Manufacturing companies established in 1995


The Shoshit Seva Sangh (SSS Foundation) is a not-for-profit non-governmental organization based in Patna created to fund charitable projects which deal with:
 relief from poverty and distress;
 education;
 medical relief; and
 the advancement of any other object of general public utility in the interest of social welfare and for the benefit of the public in general.
Its charter states that the Shoshit Seva Sangh aims to assist the underprivileged irrespective of their religion, race, caste, creed or gender, and seeks to establish, support and maintain institutions towards this end.

History

The Shoshit Seva Sangh was founded by J. K. Sinha, a retired Indian Police Service officer and chartered on 16 July 2004 as a not-for-profit organization created to fund the economic, educational, social and cultural uplift of underprivileged sections of society, is based out of Patna, the capital of the state of Bihar. Bihar itself is one of the poorest and most backward states of India, where an estimated 50% of the population lives below the poverty line (as against the national Indian average of 20% to 25%).

Focus on the Musahar community

Among the vast poverty-ridden population of Bihar, one of the most exploited and deprived sections is the Musahar community. The Musahar are landless laborers, living in grinding poverty and sub-human condition for centuries in ghettoes called 'Musaharis' or 'Musahar Tolis' which are found on the outskirts of villages in Bihar.

Culturally, the population features large extended families requiring greater financial resources to sustain themselves. The unemployment rate is overwhelming, and much of this can be traced to the lack of employable skills or a mismatch between the skills of the residents and those required by regional industries. Government initiatives in relation to poverty alleviation programs, housing, nutrition, education, and skill development are mostly on paper and there is little or no positive impact of state intervention on the Musahar. Deprived of both capital and skill, Musahar have remained trapped in a cycle of poverty for centuries.
Since the Musahar are one of the most underprivileged sections of Indian society, the Shoshit Seva Sangh's efforts are targeted at this community.

SSS Foundation runs a CBSE affiliated school for the children of the Musahar community, and provides quality education until class 12 as well as board and lodging, uniforms, toiletries, books and access to computers absolutely free of charge.

References

 Organizations established in 2004
Non-profit organisations based in India


Stretton Hall is an early 18th-century mansion house at Stretton, South Staffordshire. It is the home of a branch of the Monckton family descended from John Monckton 1st Viscount Galway. It is a privately owned Grade II* listed building, not open to the public.

The house built by John Congreve in about 1700  was originally two-storeyed with dormers above, a three-bay pedimented central block and two-bayed wings with a central pedimented entrance door.

General Henry Monckton (1780–1854), a son of Edward Monckton and Sophia Pigot of Somerford Hall, purchased the estate in about 1845. He died in 1854, passing the estate on to his son, Francis Monckton. Four years later, Francis inherited Somerford, which had passed through the hands of two childless uncles, Edward and George.
 The Somerford inheritance included Coven and Engleton, two large neighbouring estates.  Francis already resided at Stretton and moved the family seat there permanently, renting out Somerford Hall. In the 1860s he carried out extensive alterations at Stretton including a third storey and a new entrance front.

Several members of the family have served as High Sheriff of Staffordshire, the latest being Mrs Joanna Bird Monckton in 1995.

References

   English Heritage: Heritage Gateway, listed building description
  Staffordshire Past-Track:Stretton Hall
 Carehome.co.uk data on Stretton Hall

Country houses in Staffordshire
Grade II* listed buildings in Staffordshire


Jumbles are simple butter cookies made with a basic recipe of flour, sugar, eggs, and butter. They can be flavored with vanilla, anise, or caraway seed used for flavoring, or other flavoring can be used like almond. They were formerly often made in the form of rings or rolls.

Jumbles were widespread, specifically because they travelled well, thanks to their very dense, hard nature. They could be stored for up to a year without becoming too stale. Because of their density, they were sometimes twisted into knots before baking, in order to make them easier to eat, generating knots as another common name.

Jumbles were traditionally shaped in intricate loop or knot patterns, usually of rolled out dough. Early flavouring agents were aniseed, coriander, caraway seeds and rosewater. Later, especially in the United States, jumbles referred to a thin crisp cake or cookie using lemon-peel as a flavoring agent.

Terminology
Jumbles and cookies are very similar, and sometimes a jumble may be called a cookie, but cookie is a broader term for any small flat cake, used for small cakes as well as crisp ones, while jumbles are usually of the crisp variety.

A 1907 recipe for jumbles describes their texture as "crisp like snaps". The dough should be "so thin after rolling and cutting out, that one can almost see through them". The only moisture in the recipe is the creamed butter and "a scant cupful of milk or enough to make a stiff dough about like pie crust".

History

A recipe for "Almond Jumballs" is known from 1694, made by combining ground almond with orange flower water or rose water, then adding sugar syrup, dry sugar and egg whites. The ingredients were pounded to make a paste and could be colored with chocolate or cochineal. They were brushed with lemon juice or rose water for enhanced flavor and very gently baked, with the caution that "it is best to sett them on something that they may not touch the bottome of the Oven."

Jumbles were widespread in Europe by the 17th century, but possibly originated in Italy as the cimabetta. A very common cookie for travelers, they were probably brought to America on the Mayflower, if not Jamestown previously. There is even a famous recipe for this type of cookie that is credited to Martha Washington.

An 18th-century recipe from The Compleat Housewife is made by beating three egg whites with milk, flour, sugar and caraway seeds into a stiff paste. They could be made in any shape and baked on baking parchment.

Originally, jumbles were twisted into various pretzel-like shapes and boiled. By the late 18th century, jumbles became rolled cookies that were baked, producing a cookie very similar to a modern sugar cookie, although without the baking powder or other leavening agents used in modern recipes.

Victorian cookbooks contain recipes for many variations on the basic recipe with candied fruits, coconut, lemon, and other flavorings added.

Preparation

To make jumbles butter and sugar are creamed together, then eggs or egg yolks are added, sometimes with milk, depending on the type of jumbles being made. Then the dry ingredients are added: flour, and any other ingredients like grated coconut, flavor extracts, and spices like cloves, cinnamon or allspice. Baking soda or baking powder can be added, and raisins. Sometimes the egg whites are whipped to a froth and added separately after the dried ingredients. The cookie dough can be rolled in sugar or cinnamon before baking. Techniques vary from recipe to recipe. There are many different types of jumbles: sugar jumbles, coconut jumbles, cinnamon jumbles, fruit jumbles (hermits).
A 1907 recipe for "cocoanut jumbles" is made with a 1:3 ratio of butter to sugar.

Etymology
The word "jumble" is derived from the French jumelle, meaning "twin", because of their shape.

Notes

External links
 Sugar Cookies @ The Food Timeline

Cookies
British desserts
British snack foods
American desserts
Anise
Foods containing coconut
Tea culture


Rafael Eduardo Acosta Cammarota (born 13 February 1989 in Caracas) is a Venezuelan footballer who plays for Alki Oroklini. His main position is central midfielder, but he can play on the right wing.

Club career
Acosta started his professional career at Cagliari where he made his first team debut in a Coppa Italia match on 12 December 2007 against Sampdoria, which Cagliari won 1–0 to. He replaced Enrico Cotza at half-time. In January 2010, he was loaned to Greek second division side Diagoras until the end of the 2009–10 season.

International stats

Honours

ACCD Mineros de Guayana
Copa Venezuela: 2011

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Caracas
Venezuelan men's footballers
Venezuela men's international footballers
Venezuela men's under-20 international footballers
2015 Copa América players
Cagliari Calcio players
P.A.E. G.S. Diagoras players
Real Murcia Imperial players
A.C.C.D. Mineros de Guayana players
Club Olimpia footballers
Independiente F.B.C. footballers
Alki Oroklini players
Olympiakos Nicosia players
FC Politehnica Iași (2010) players
Venezuelan expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Paraguay
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Paraguay
Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Romania


The Diocese of Płock () is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church located in the city of Płock in the Ecclesiastical province of Warszawa in Poland.

Sunday mass attendance in 2013 was 30.7% of the population (39.1% Polish average) placing it to the group of less religious dioceses in the country.

History
 1075: Established as Diocese of Płock
 During the German occupation of Poland (World War II), the Archbishop of Płock Antoni Julian Nowowiejski and the auxiliary Bishop  were imprisoned in the village of Słupno, and then in 1941 murdered in the Soldau concentration camp, where also many other priests from Płock were killed. Nowowiejski and Wetmański are now considered two of the 108 Blessed Polish Martyrs of World War II by the Catholic Church. The Cathedral's ancient treasury, church archives and the diocesan library in Płock were robbed by the Germans, and taken to museums in Königsberg, Wrocław and Berlin.
 2018: Płock Cathedral along with the entire Wzgórze Tumskie ("Tumskie Hill") listed by the President of Poland as a Historic Monument of Poland.

Special churches
Minor Basilicas:
 Bazylika pw. Zwiastowania NMP, Czerwińsk(Assumption)
 Bazylika pw. Zwiastowania NMP (Parafię św. Mateusza), Pułtusk (Annunciation)

Leadership

 Bishops of Płock (Roman rite)
 Archbishop Wojciech Baranowski (1591–1607)
 Archbishop Henryk Firlej (1617–1624)
 Bishop Jan Gembicki (1655.05.11 – 1674.03.13)
 Bishop Andrzej Chryzostom Załuski (1692.10.15 – 1699.05.25)
 Bishop Andrzej Stanisław Załuski (1723.11.22 – 1736.11.19)
 Bishop Antoni Sebastian Dembowski (1737–?)
 Bishop Józef Eustachy Szembek (1753–1758)
 Archbishop Michał Jerzy Poniatowski (1773–1784)
 Bishop Iraklij Listovskyj (1783 – 1809.08.30)
 Bishop Krzysztof Hilary Szembek (1784.10.02 – 1797.09.05)
 Bishop Ivan Krasovskyj (1809.09.22 – 1826)
 Bishop Tomasz Ostaszewski, S.J. (1815.09.04 – 1817.01.17)
 Bishop Adam Michał Prażmowski (1818–?)
 Archbishop Wincenty Teofil Popiel (1863.03.16 – 1875.07.05)
 Archbishop Franciszek Albin Symon (1897.07.21 – 1901.04.15)
 Archbishop Jerzy Józef Elizeusz Szembek (1901–1903)
 Archbishop Apollinary Wnukowski (1904.04.01 – 1908)
 Archbishop Antoni Julian Nowowiejski (1908.06.12 – 1941.05.28)
 Bishop Tadeusz Paweł Zakrzewski (1946.04.12 – 1961.11.26)
 Bishop Bogdan Sikorski (1964.01.21 – 1988.02.04)
 Archbishop  Zygmunt Kamiński (1988.02.04 – 1999.05.01)
 Archbishop Stanisław Wielgus (1999.05.24 – 2006.12.06)
 Bishop Piotr Libera (2007.05.02 – 2022.06.04)
 Bishop Szymon Stułkowski (since 2022.10.31)

See also
Roman Catholicism in Poland

References

Sources
 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy
  Diocese website

11th-century establishments in Poland
1075 establishments in Europe
Plock
Plock


KFSG (1690 kHz) is an AM radio station broadcasting a Brokered programming format featuring Spanish Religious and Multilingual shows.  KFSG is licensed to Roseville, California and serves the Sacramento metropolitan area.  The station is owned by Way Broadcasting Licensee, LLC., part of New York City-based Multicultural Broadcasting.

KFSG's signal can be picked up in parts of the western United States at night, beyond the Sacramento area. 1690 is a relatively clear frequency, with the closest station competing being KDMT in Arvada, Colorado, a suburb of Denver.  Until the 1990s, the Federal Communications Commission did not assign AM stations dial positions above 1600 kHz, so there is only one other station in the West to interfere with KFSG's signal.

Programming

KFSG's religious programming is supplied by block-programmers, who purchase airtime on the station and its sister, co-located KLIB (1110 AM).  Programs in Spanish, Russian and Hmong are augmented with periods of instrumental music (during unsold time periods). Vietnamese-language programming from the San Jose–based  Radio Network airs weekdays from noon to 2 PM.

History
KFSG originated as the expanded band "twin" of an existing station on the standard AM band. On March 17, 1997, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) announced that eighty-eight stations had been given permission to move to newly available "Expanded Band" transmitting frequencies, ranging from 1610 to 1700 kHz, with KRCX (now KLIB) in Roseville authorized to move from 1110 to 1690 kHz.

A construction permit for the expanded band station was assigned the call letters KSXX on November 17, 1997. The FCC's initial policy was that both the original station and its expanded band counterpart could operate simultaneously for up to five years, after which owners would have to turn in one of the two licenses, depending on whether they preferred the new assignment or elected to remain on the original frequency. Conforming with this requirement, KLIB went silent in April 2006. However, on February 20, 2007, the FCC granted a temporary authority for KLIB to resume operations. This deadline has been extended multiple times, and both stations have remained authorized. One restriction is that the FCC has generally required paired original and expanded band stations to remain under common ownership.

On March 13, 2003, 1690 AM changed its call sign to KFSG.

References

External links

FSG
FSG
Roseville, California
Radio stations established in 2001
Multicultural Broadcasting stations


David E. McMullin III (June 30, 1908 – September 15, 1995) was an American field hockey player who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics.

In 1932 he was a member of the American field hockey team, which won the bronze medal. He played two matches as forward.

Four years later he was a member of the American field hockey team, which lost all three matches in the preliminary round and did not advance. He played three matches as forward.

He was born in Ambler, Pennsylvania and died in Newtown Square, Pennsylvania.

See also
List of Princeton University Olympians

External links

 David McMullin at databaseOlympics.com

1908 births
1995 deaths
People from Ambler, Pennsylvania
Sportspeople from Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
American male field hockey players
Field hockey players at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in field hockey
Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics


Jim Borell (born April 25, 1983) is a professional American lacrosse player who has played with the Philadelphia Wings in the National Lacrosse League and the Los Angeles Riptide in Major League Lacrosse. Borell was signed by the San Jose Stealth of the NLL on March 18, 2009 and is a graduate of University of Maryland.

While playing at Maryland, Borell was awarded the team's "Hammer Award" in 2005 for being the team's biggest hitter, , Unsung Hero Award in 2006 and "Big Man" Award as well as team captain for the 2007 season.  Borell transferred from the United States Air Force Academy to the University of Maryland after playing the 2003 season for the Falcons.

Borell was selected by the Los Angeles Riptide as a fourth round selection (46th overall) in the 2007 MLL  Draft Major League Lacrosse Collegiate Draft, but did not play in the 2007 MLL season.

Borell is the current head coach of the Loyola High School Varsity Lacrosse Team, part of the Southern Section CIF.

References

1983 births
American lacrosse players
Living people
Maryland Terrapins men's lacrosse players
Philadelphia Wings players


Anisatin is an extremely toxic, insecticidally active component of the shikimi plant. The lethal dose is 1 mg/kg (i.p.) in mice. Symptoms begin to appear about 1–6 hours after ingestion, beginning with gastrointestinal ailments, such as diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain, followed by nervous system excitation, seizures, loss of consciousness, and respiratory paralysis, which is the ultimate cause of death.

Role in the GABA system
The GABA system is an important site of action by a variety of chemicals, including alcohols, heavy metals, and insecticides. A study conducted on frog spinal cords and rat brains indicated that anisatin was a strong non-competitive GABA antagonist. Anisatin was shown to suppress GABA-induced signals, but when anisatin was added without GABA, there was no change in the signal. Anisatin was also found to share the same binding site as picrotoxinin, and did not cause additional suppression of GABA-induced signals in the presence of high concentrations of picrotoxinin.

Anisatin poisoning has been shown to cause epilepsy, hallucinations, nausea, and convulsions. Diazepam has been studied as an anti-convulsive on the GABA system, and has been shown to be an effective treatment for anisatin-induced convulsions.

Synthesis
A total synthesis of (-)-anisatin was reported in 1990.

References

External links

Plant toxins
Neurotoxins
GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulators
Tetrols
Sesquiterpene lactones
Oxetanes
Spiro compounds


Deepak Chougule is a cricketer who plays for the state of Karnataka in the Ranji Trophy cricket tournament of India. He has also represented India in the Under-19 international tournaments. He made his debut for his state at a junior level in the Under-13 tournament held at Chennai in 1997. On his debut against Goa, he ended up scoring 400 runs in a single day which is a junior world record for the maximum runs scored in a single day of a cricket match.

Early years
Deepak was born on 1 April 1984, in the city of Belgaum, Karnataka. During his early years, he was interested in playing table tennis, football and cricket. He even won several table tennis tournaments and played at the Karnataka State Level TT Championship. He initially started playing cricket as a bowler. He decided to shift to batting because of a chance knock that he played for his team at Belgaum. He was in a hurry to catch a bus to participate in a table tennis tournament in Bangalore but his side was about to start batting. Seeing his urgency, the coach Mr. Feroz Shaikh asked him to open the innings. Deepak went on to score a big knock and helped his side to win the game. This convinced Deepak that he had more potential to play as a batsman than as a bowler and he also decided to shun table tennis in favour of cricket.
He will play for Kochi in the 2011 season of the IPL.

Career

Deepak initially started playing for Dharwad zone in inter-zonal tournaments. In 1997, he bagged his junior cap for Karnataka when he was selected to play for the state in "The Sportstar" Under-13 tournament in Chennai. In his first match against Goa, he scored an unbeaten 400 runs in a day. This was a junior world record. He represented Karnataka in the Under-16 V. Pattabhiraman Trophy and Under-19 Ghulam Ahmed Trophy tournaments. He won his junior cap for India and played a crucial role to enable India to win the Asia cup Under-17 tournament in Dhaka in 2000. He bagged the Border-Gavaskar scholarship from the National Cricket Academy and was sent to Australia for training. He was selected to play for India in the Under-19 cricket world cup held in New Zealand in the year 2002. He batted in the crucial one-down position in the World cup but India failed to progress to the finals having lost to South Africa in the semis.

Notes

1984 births
Living people
Karnataka cricketers
Jharkhand cricketers
Indian cricketers
People from Belgaum
Cricketers from Karnataka


The National Linseed Oil Trust of St. Louis, Missouri, was a major company trust formed in 1887 to protect linseed oil interests in the United States. Once used extensively in painting, the oil today is also commonly known as flax seed oil. The Trust was dissolved in 1920 after the U.S. Department of Justice charged they broke the Sherman Antitrust Act. Omaha millionaire Clark Woodman was an influential director on the board.

History
Viewed today as one of many imitators of the Standard Oil Company, the Linseed Oil Trust's peers included the Cotton Oil Trust, the Lead Smeltering Trust and the Whiskey Trust. The trust was chartered in Illinois as The National Linseed Oil Trust in January 1887.  In 1890, due to negative public pressure, the name was changed to the National Linseed Oil Company.  At a peak in 1898, the Trust held $6,000,000 in assets over liabilities. An early report by one of the founders stated that the Trust was initially founded for the social benefit of the members.

After a period of failed speculation in flaxseed (the raw material used in the creation of linseed oil), and between August and September 1898, the capital of the company dropped from a high of $18,000,000 to $720,000.  The company was rolled into a new trust, the American Linseed Oil Company. The new company was incorporated in New Jersey with a capitalization of $33,500,000 and the acquisition of 60 linseed oil factories in the country.
American Linseed Oil was initially backed by a large purchase of stock from Standard Oil which increased its share of the company until Rockefeller interests controlled the trust.

Lawsuit
The US Department of Justice brought suit against the Trust for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act. Several co-defendants were named, including the National Lead Company, Archer-Daniels Manufacturing Company, William O. Goodrich Company and the Sherwin-Williams Company. The suit alleged all of these companies were acting in collusion to raise prices, citing a spike in linseed oil costs between 1916 and 1918, when the price rose from $.50 per gallon to $1.80.

References

Former monopolies
American companies established in 1885
Companies based in St. Louis
Flax
American companies disestablished in 1920


The Almirante Clemente class of destroyer escorts is a class of warships built for several countries. The class was designed by Ansaldo for the Venezuelan Naval Forces, currently Venezuelan Navy, in the 1950s to complement its .

The Venezuelan Navy has 6 ships originally ordered, with Indonesia had two ships and Portugal had one ship of this design. In the Portuguese Navy, these ships are referred as patrol boats. In the 1950s Venezuelan Navy, the ships were classified as DLV (Destroyer Light Vessel) or light destroyers, in the 1980s were reclassified as ASW frigate, and are currently classified as coast guard vessels.

Technical specifications
These ships include among their specs these characteristics:
 Alumite superstructure.
 Air conditioned in all areas.
 Retractable Denny-Brown fin stabilisers

The usage of the fin stabilizer is a weapons systems support device to stabilize the ship making it a more steady gun platform in rough seas. This can be tracked to , the most of the s after refit have it, but the very first s  and  have it, even ships as  have it, but do not use form higher consumption of power, according to several conversations lines in the Maritime History forum MARHST in the US navy ships as  have it.

Venezuelan Navy

Ships

The construction contracts for these destroyers were awarded on 25 January 1954, and their names were an homage to Venezuelan war of independence heroes who lie at Panteón Nacional:
D-12 Almirante Clemente, named after Lino de Clemente, an officer of the Spanish and Venezuelan navies and prominent politician in early Venezuela. Sunk in 2009.
D-13 General Flores, named after Juan José Flores, Venezuelan soldier, as well as the first president of Ecuador. Sunk in 1978.
D-22 General Moran, named after José Trinidad Moran, a soldier who fought with Simón Bolívar's independence movement. transferred to Coast Guard. Ship has been removed from service and partially been dismantled as of 2011.
D-23 Almirante Brión, named after Luis Brión, an admiral in Bolivar's navy. Sunk in 1978.
D-32 General Austria, named after José de Austria, a general under Francisco de Miranda's command. Sunk in 1976.
D-33 Almirante Garcia, named after José María García, a naval officer under Juan Bautista Arismendi. Sunk in 1977.

Fleet Arrangement
First Division
D11 Nueva Esparta ()
D12 Almirante Clemente (Almirante Clemente class)
D13 General Flores (Almirante Clemente class)
Second Division
D21 Zulia (Nueva Esparta class)
D22 General Moran (Almirante Clemente class)
D23 Almirante Brión (Almirante Clemente class)
Third Division
D31 Aragua (Nueva Esparta class)
D32 General Austria (Almirante Clemente class)
D33 Almirante Garcia (Almirante Clemente class)

Indonesian Navy

Two destroyer escorts of similar design was built for Indonesian Navy by Ansaldo. Both were completed in May 1958. They were never modernized and was stricken in 1978. In comparison with its Venezuelan sisters, the Indonesian ships had lighter anti-aircraft armaments which consisted of three 20 mm in twin mounts. They were named after National Hero of Indonesia:
Imam Bondjol (250), named after Tuanku Imam Bonjol, an Islamic figure from West Sumatra who fought against Dutch colonial forces in the Padri War. Its pennant number was later changed to 355.
Surapati (251), named after Untung Surapati, a Balinese war fighter who led several rebellions against the Dutch East India Company. Its pennant number was later changed to 356.

Ships in class

Venezuelan Navy

Indonesian Navy

Citations

References

External links

 web site from a Checolovaquian naval modeller
 Ships built at Livorno
 Miramar Ship Index: Ships made in Italy by Ansaldo
 Basic Spec of Clemente Class Ships
 A complete list of Venezuelan Navy ships
 A complete list of Indonesian Navy Ships
 exAlmirante Clemente half-sunken in 2011 Puerto Cabello, Venezuela
 Partially dismantled exGeneral Jose Trinidad Moran in 2011 in Puerto Cabello, Venezuela

Destroyer classes
Ships built by Gio. Ansaldo & C.


Nine Dragons may refer to:
 Nine sons of the dragon, from Chinese mythology, with magical functions in human world
 Nine Dragons (painting), a handscroll by Chinese artist Chen Rong
 Nine-Dragon Wall, screen walls featuring nine dragons, a Chinese imperial motif
 Kowloon, a region in Hong Kong
 Nine Dragon River, the Mekong River in Vietnamese especially the Mekong Delta
 Nine Dragons (novel), a 2009 novel by Michael Connelly
 Nine Dragons Paper Holdings Limited, a paper manufacturing company in Mainland China

See also
 Jiulong (disambiguation)
 Kowloon (disambiguation)
 九龍 (disambiguation)


The Diocese of Warszawa-Praga () is a Latin  Church diocese of the Catholic Church located in the east part of Warsaw (Praga) in the Ecclesiastical province of Warszawa in Poland.

According to the church statistics about 31.4% attended a church at least once a week and about 14.6% took communion regularly (once a week or more often) in 2013.

History
 March 25, 1992: Established as Diocese of Warszawa – Praga from the Diocese of Płock and Metropolitan Archdiocese of Warszawa
 May 24, 2008: Archbishop Henryk Hoser S.A.C., adjunct secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples and president of the Pontifical Mission Societies, was appointed as bishop of Warszawa-Praga (area 3,300, population 1,113,000, Catholics 1,088,000, priests 650, religious 1,623), Poland. He conserves his personal title of archbishop.

Notable churches
Cathedral Basilica of St. Michael the Archangel and St. Florian
Minor Basilicas:
 Bazylika Najświętszego Serca Jezusowego in Praga (Sacred Heart)
 Bazylika Trójcy Przenajświętszej in Kobyłka (Holy Trinity)

Leadership
 Bishops of Warszawa-Praga (Roman rite)
 Bishop Kazimierz Romaniuk (1992–2004)
 Archbishop Sławoj Leszek Głódź (2004–2008)
 Archbishop Henryk Hoser (2008-2017)
 Bishop Romuald Kamiński (since 2017)

Sex abuse reports
On September 27, 2018, Bishop Romuald Kamiński apologized for the history of sex abuse of minors in the Diocese. He also stated that work on a document addressing the Polish Catholic Church on the abuse of minors and suggesting ways to prevent it was completed. Archbishop Wojciech Polak, who serves as the Primate of Poland, also stated this document would also contain data on the sexual abuse committed by Catholic clergy in Poland. Statistics were released on 14 April 2019, commissioned by the Episcopal Conference of Poland and with data from over 10,000 local parishes. It was found that from 1990 to mid-2018, abuse reports about 382 priests were made to the Church, with 625 children, mostly under 16, sexually abused by members of the Catholic clergy. There were opinions that the figures underestimated the extent of the problem, and failed to answer questions church officials had avoided for years. Marek Lisinski, the co-founder of Don’t Be Afraid, which represents victims of clerical abuse, said "Tell us how [the priests] hurt those children and how many times they were transferred to different parishes before you paid notice". The data were released a few weeks after Pope Francis had called for "an all-out battle against the abuse of minors". After pressure from the Pope, in the preceding years Poland's church had publicly apologized to abuse victims, and accepted the need to report those accused of such crimes. In earlier times clergy to whom sexual abuse of minors was reported were not required by their superiors to notify the police, but to investigate themselves, and if necessary, inform the Vatican.

See also
Roman Catholicism in Poland

Sources
 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy
   Diocese website

References

Roman Catholic dioceses in Poland
Christian organizations established in 1992
Religion in Warsaw
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century


Founded in 1990, Meritas is a services network consisting of a global alliance of business law firms formerly known as Commercial Law Affiliates.  In 2019, the association's membership included over 190 law firms in 97 countries, with more than 7500 lawyers worldwide. Meritas is a non-profit corporation headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Membership is extended by invitation only, and regular recertification by all firms every three years is a requirement of membership.

Membership

Jennifer McPhee, writing for Canadian Lawyer, described Meritas as one of the "more established by-invitation only legal networks that do extensive research before carefully selecting one firm per jurisdiction." Corporate Counsel Weekly also wrote, "Meritas determines significant business or economic centers where member firms' clients may need local counsel in order to determine where it will have its members," and that "...all member firms provide Meritas with quarterly referral reports, listing all Meritas-originated referrals made to and from the firm for the stated period and cooperate in evaluating specific matters." If a firm does not receive good marks, its membership with the organization may be terminated.

Officers

 May 1998: Jerome Reso (Baldwin Haspel Burke & Mayer, LLC - New Orleans, LA, USA) named as Meritas Chair
 May 2001: George Cadman (Boughton Law Corporation - Vancouver, BC, Canada) named as Chair
 May 2005: A. Lee Lundy (Tydings & Rosenberg LLP - Baltimore, Maryland, USA) named as Chair
 February 2006: Tanna Moore named President and CEO
 May 2007 Kenneth Kallish (Minden Gross LLP - Toronto, ON, Canada) named as Meritas Chair
 July 2008: Jean-Paul Bignon named as Chair-elect
 April 2009: Jean-Paul Bignon (Bignon Lebray - Paris, France) named as Chair
 May 2011: Judith Lockhart (Carter Ledyard & Milburn LLP, New York, NY) named as Chair
 May 2013: Andre Ryan (BCF LLP - Montreal, QC, Canada) named as Chair
 May 2015: Dennis Unkovic (Meyer, Unkovic & Scott - Pittsburgh, PA, United States) named as Chair
 May 2018: Jill Wiley (Waterfall Economidis - Tucson, Arizona, United States) named as Chair
February 2020: Sona Pancholy named President

References

External links

Law firms based in Minnesota
International law organizations
1990 establishments in Minnesota


Alan Haydn Wilkins (born 22 August 1953) is a Welsh cricket commentator and former English county cricketer, who played for Glamorgan and Gloucestershire County Cricket Clubs. He was a left-arm medium-pace bowler, who took almost 400 wickets between 1976 and 1983, before retiring due to a severe shoulder injury.  He also made one appearance for Bristol Rugby against Abertillery in 1980.

Post-cricket career
Wilkins moved into radio and television broadcasting, initially with the South African Broadcasting Corporation based in Johannesburg, where he became Editor Sport of the English Radio Service of the SABC (1984 to 1987). In 1986–87 he was the recipient of three broadcasting awards: the SAB Radio Sports Journalist of the Year, the B & H Radio Commentator of the Year and the Nissan Media Man of the Year, with specific reference to his cricket and rugby commentaries for the SABC.

Wilkins moved back to Wales in September 1987 to take up a presenting position with BBC Wales in radio and television, anchoring the Rugby Special Wales series (later to become known as "Scrum V") BBC Grandstand Wales, all of the BBC Wales rugby output and cricket programming, which included Glamorgan's home matches. He went on to commentate on BBC Network rugby and cricket.

In 1994, Alan Wilkins was asked by the SABC to host the coverage of the 1994 South Africa cricket tour to England, the country's first tour to England since 1965. He returned to South Africa in 1995 to commentate on the 1995 Rugby World Cup for the SABC, which included the controversial semi-final in Durban between South Africa and France. He then flew straight back to London to host the 1995 Wimbledon Championships for the SABC.

Still based with BBC Wales, but now not on a formal contract, Wilkins was asked to be a commentator on the 1996 Indian cricket tour of England, which was the start of his association with the television company ESPN Star Sports (ESS) based in Singapore.

In 1997, Wilkins was one of the lead commentators for M-Net SuperSport in South Africa for the 1997 British and Irish Lions Rugby Tour. Later that year, Wilkins joined the ESPN commentary team in India for the One Day International series between India and Sri Lanka. He was part of the ESPN Star Sports commentary team, known as A Few Good Men which included Ravi Shastri, Sunil Gavaskar, Navjot Singh Sidhu, Harsha Bhogle and Geoffrey Boycott. He has been based in Singapore since February 2000. His television portfolio includes India's cricket tours, all ICC World events and the Champions League Twenty20.

By 1999, his work with BBC Wales had ended, though he continued to appear on British TV for a while longer, and worked as a cricket reporter and sports bulletin reader for BBC Radio 5 Live. He featured prominently in ITV's coverage of the 1999 Rugby World Cup, and the following season, he hosted HTV Wales's weekly rugby union programme, The Front Row.

He has hosted and commentated on Wimbledon since 1996 and with former Indian tennis star Vijay Amritraj since 1998. Wilkins and Amritraj's tennis duties also extend to the Australian Open. In golf, he hosts ESPN Star Sports' coverage of the Masters from Augusta, Georgia and covered all Asian Tour events and co-sanctioned events with Europe between 2004 and 2009.

Wilkins hosted the 2013 ISPS Honda World Cup of Golf for the US PGA Tour World Feed Commentary from Royal Melbourne Golf Club, alongside Ian Baker-Finch, Brett Ogle, Ossie Moore and Ewan Porter.

In 2013 and 2014 Wilkins was one of the commentary teams for the Indian Premier League. He was on the commentary team for IPL 2016, and in 2018, he hosted the 'Kent Cricket Live' IPL show on Star Sports. Since 2016, Wilkins has been part of the commentary team for Pakistan Super League.

In 2018 he published his memoirs, Easier Said Than Done: A Life in Sport.

References

External links
Official Website

Living people
1953 births
Welsh cricketers
Welsh cricket commentators
Glamorgan cricketers
Gloucestershire cricketers
English cricket commentators
English rugby union commentators
Golf writers and broadcasters
English tennis commentators
People from Rhiwbina


Appaloosa is a 2008 American Western film based on the 2005 novel Appaloosa by crime writer Robert B. Parker. Directed by Ed Harris and co-written by Harris and Robert Knott, Appaloosa stars Harris alongside Viggo Mortensen, Renée Zellweger and Jeremy Irons. The film premiered at 2008 Toronto International Film Festival and was released in selected cities on September 19, 2008, then expanded into wide-release on October 3, 2008. This movie has won four different awards, including the Western Heritage Award in 2009.

Plot
In 1882, the small town of Appaloosa, New Mexico, is being terrorized by local rancher Randall Bragg, who killed the town's marshal, Jack Bell, and two deputies when they came to Bragg's ranch to arrest two men. The town hires lawman and peacekeeper Virgil Cole and his deputy Everett Hitch to protect and regain control of the town. The pair agrees on one condition: that the town follow Cole's law and essentially cede control to him. The lawmen begin by confronting four of Bragg's men who are causing a disturbance in the saloon. Three men refuse to allow themselves to be arrested, forcing Cole and Hitch to kill them. The fourth man surrenders and leaves the saloon. Bragg has a meeting with Cole and Hitch, initiating a standoff.

Hitch sees a woman, Allison "Allie" French, a young widow, who just came to the town and immediately takes an interest in her. He follows her to the diner where Cole is having a breakfast. They make acquaintance with her and observing Cole and Allie are getting together well, Hitch keeps his silence. Soon, Cole and Allie begin a romantic relationship and buy a house together. However, Allie attempts to seduce Hitch when they are alone but Hitch refuses her advances out of his loyalty to Cole.

When one of Bragg's men tells Cole and Hitch that he will testify against Bragg on the triple murder case, they arrest Bragg and keep him locked up until the trial in spite of the attempts of Bragg's gang to free him. The trial finds him guilty and sentences him to death. Cole and Hitch are joined by Sheriff Clyde Stringer and a deputy before transporting Bragg via train to the prison where he is to be hanged. When the engine makes a water stop over a bridge, hired guns Ring and Mackie Shelton, old acquaintances of Cole, appear with Allie as a hostage. At gunpoint, they force Cole to release Bragg to them.

Cole and Hitch catch up with the outlaws and see Allie and Ring Shelton frolicking naked together in a stream. When the outlaws are attacked by Chiricahua Apache, Cole and Hitch force the Native Americans away. Hitch tells Cole that Allie's promiscuity is the result of her insecurity and she really likes Cole. They then turn Bragg over to the sheriff of Beauville; unbeknownst to Cole, the sheriff is a cousin of the Shelton brothers. Knowing that Cole is determined to bring Bragg to the gallows, the Sheltons and the sheriff free Bragg and engage Cole and Hitch in a gunfight. Cole and Hitch are wounded but manage to kill Ring, Mackie and the sheriff. Bragg escapes on horseback and Cole and Hitch return to Appaloosa with Allie.

After some time, Bragg is granted a full pardon by President Chester Arthur (whom he previously claimed to have known) and returns to Appaloosa in an attempt to publicly reform himself. He buys the hotel and ingratiates himself with the locals. Privately he brags before Cole and Hitch to infuriate them over their failure to hang him. Cole tells Hitch that he still wants to be with Allie, despite her fickleness. Hitch decides to leave the town to make some money and resigns as deputy. Later he discovers that Allie is having a relationship with Bragg and challenges Bragg to a duel. Cole attempts to stop him, but Hitch remains steadfast and asks Cole to permit the gunfight to occur. Hitch manages to fire first, hitting Bragg in the chest, killing him. Hitch leaves town, seeing that Allie and Cole are together; his parting thoughts express his hope that Cole can find happiness with Allie and for him, he gladly walks into uncertainty in hope of finding adventure and fortune.

Cast

Bob Harris, Ed Harris's father, has a small role as Judge Elias Callison.

Production
Appaloosa marks Ed Harris's second outing as director, following the 2000 biopic Pollock, which he also starred in; Harris co-wrote and co-produced Appaloosa with Robert Knott. The budget for Appaloosa was $20 million and filming took place from October 1, 2007, to November 24, 2007, around Albuquerque and Santa Fe, New Mexico, and Austin, Texas. Harris was drawn to Robert B. Parker's bestselling novel because it was constructed like a classic Western, but included crime themes still relevant to contemporary society. He purchased the rights to the novel and hired Parker to adapt his book into a screenplay. Harris, who also stars as Virgil Cole, wanted to make the film in the old-fashioned style of such films as 3:10 to Yuma, My Darling Clementine and The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, rather than a revisionist approach. Harris also acknowledged the challenge of making a successful Western movie, saying, "You can count on one hand, or maybe half a hand, the number of Westerns that were box office successes in the recent past." Production of Appaloosa slowed when New Line Cinema and producers became concerned with the box office prospects of a Western during a season with such anticipated blockbusters as The Dark Knight. Diane Lane originally signed on to play Allie French, but left the project when the film stalled. The movie got back on track due to the success of the Deadwood series on HBO and the film remake of 3:10 to Yuma. Renée Zellweger was signed to replace Lane.

Harris enjoyed working with Viggo Mortensen in A History of Violence and had him in mind for the part of Everett Hitch. While publicizing A History of Violence at the Toronto International Film Festival, Harris handed Mortensen a copy of the novel and asked him to read it and consider playing the part. Harris said it was "a totally awkward proposition, handing another actor a book like that," but Mortensen agreed to take the part after responding well to the character and the relationship dynamic between the two characters. Harris said he wanted to make the film because he was drawn to the "unspoken comradeship" of Virgil Cole and Everett Hitch. "Though they've been hanging out for years, they're not too intimate, but they know each other. Aside from in sports, or being a cop, I can't think of any other situation where a friendship like that is called for." Mortensen felt similarly, saying, "I like to ride horses, and I like Westerns, but there are a lot of bad ones. What set this one apart is just how the characters are a little more guarded." Mortensen studied Frederic Remington drawings and other images of the American Old West to get into character and master the proper way to stand during a gunfight.

The DVD includes a number of bonus extra featurettes, including "Dean Semler's Return to the Western." Although cinematographer Semler has been a pioneer in shooting digital movies, he was glad for this special opportunity to shoot a traditional old-fashioned Western using classic film stock technology.

Soundtrack

The soundtrack to Appaloosa was released on  September 30, 2008.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, Appaloosa has an approval rating of 76% based on 164 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The consensus reads, "A traditional genre western, Appaloosa sets itself apart with smart psychology, an intriguing love triangle, and good chemistry between the leads."

Early reviews of Appaloosa from the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival were lukewarm. Brad Frenette of the National Post said "the film feels double its 114-minute running time, but Appaloosa redeems itself through unexpected moments of levity, Harris's steady direction and the God amongst men, Lance Henriksen." Frenette also said Renee Zellweger is "mostly a bust" and Viggo Mortensen "oozes cool." Popjournalism reviewer Sarah Gopaul said Harris and Mortensen spend too much time talking and discussing their feelings, which she said made the film too light for the gritty Western genre. Gopaul said Ed Harris and Viggo Mortensen delivered decent performances and that Renee Zellweger's character has more depth than the traditional romantic interest in a Western.  The New Yorker’s David Denby called it “a well-made, satisfying, traditionalist Western with some odd quirks and turns.”

The film appeared on some critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2008. Ray Bennett of The Hollywood Reporter named it the 8th best film of 2008, and Mike Russell of The Oregonian named it the 10th best film of 2008.

References

External links

2008 films
2008 Western (genre) films
American Western (genre) films
2000s English-language films
Films based on American novels
Films shot in New Mexico
Films shot in Texas
Films directed by Ed Harris
Films scored by Jeff Beal
Films set in New Mexico
Films set in 1882
2000s American films


Jumble may be used as:

 Jumble, the word game.
 Jumble (British game show), a game show adaption based on the word game
 Jumble algorithm, solving and creating clues seen in the word game
 Jumble (cookie), the widespread travel cookie also known as knots
 Jumble sale, a variation on the term "rummage sale"


Arthur O'Sullivan (1912 – 17 February 1981), also known as Archie O'Sullivan, was an Irish actor who appeared on stage, screen and radio.

Radio career
The Radio Éireann Players were a repertory company for radio formed in 1947 which performed in the station's regular drama productions. O'Sullivan joined in 1948, along with Laurence O'Dea and Frank O'Dwyer. After the depredations of the war-time years and the devastating fire in the Abbey Theatre in 1951, the Radio Éireann Players' powerful weekly performances inspired interest in drama throughout the country. Their effect has been compared to an effort at national re-invention, in the same way that the national theatre fifty years earlier had been an attempt to redefine Irish identity. The formation of a full-time theatre company for a radio station was something new - no English-speaking country (not even the BBC) possessed one, and all its members hailed from Ireland, many being native Irish speakers. Micheál Ó hAodha became the company's first producer and Roibeárd Ó Faracháin with Ria Mooney of the Abbey recruited.

O'Sullivan appeared with Tom Studley, George Greene, Éamonn Kelly, Joe Lynch and Aidan Grennell in pieces by writers such as Frank O'Connor and Seán Ó Faoláin.  Another contributor was Brendan Behan, who made his debut with two plays for the radio. Between plays the players acted in radio variety programmes and read pieces on the radio as necessary.

In 1961 O'Sullivan acted in The Weaver's Grave. Adapted and produced by Mícheál Ó hAodha, it was written by Galway author Seamus O'Kelly, and won the coveted Prix Italia for Radio Drama. The players also won this award in 1964.

He later appeared in Radio Éireann's "Rambling House"; a programme in which Ceoltóirí Chualann, Seán Ó Sé, Éamon Kelly and others re-enacted, through singing, music, and story telling, the Irish Rambling Houses of old.

Stage and screen
In April 1966 O'Sullivan appeared on RTÉ television in The Singer, by P. H. Pearse, part of a series broadcast to mark the 50th Anniversary of the 1916 Insurrection. Another RTÉ series that he appeared in was Teems of Times in 1978, playing the part of Sailor Clancy.

O'Sullivan was a prolific stage actor, appearing in the world premières of plays by John B. Keane and Brian Friel. He also took small roles in a number of significant feature films shot in Ireland, such as Girl with Green Eyes (1964), Ryan's Daughter (1970) and Barry Lyndon (1975). In the latter film, he played the part of the courteous highwayman, Captain Feeny.

Arthur O'Sullivan died at Our Lady's Hospice, Harolds Cross in Dublin, at the age of 69.

Filmography

References

External links
Arthur O'Sullivan at Irish Playography

1912 births
1981 deaths
Irish male stage actors
Irish male film actors
Irish male radio actors
Irish male television actors
20th-century Irish male actors


Mar Lodge Estate is the largest remnant of the ancient Earldom of Mar in Aberdeenshire, Scotland and is now owned by the National Trust for Scotland.

Allanaquoich

A locality on the east bank of the Quoich Water close to its confluence with the River Dee.

Altanour Lodge

A ruined hunting lodge (pronounced like Altan Ower), at the head of Glen Ey (southern-end), in a small plantation of spruce and larch.

Named from the nearby stream Alltan Odhar - dun streamlet (Watson 1975).

A landrover road runs between Altanour Lodge and the public road at Inverey.

Am Beitheachan
A locality (pronounced like be-a-chan) in Glen Quoich upstream of where the Dubh Ghleann joins it near the foot of Beinn a' Bhùird - the little birch place - (Watson 1975).
{{blockquote|Although local people always call this E [Glen Quoich as it turns eastward] part the Beitheachan and not the Quoich, all the maps have omitted it.|Watson (1975)}}

In Watson (1975) the author is evidently relying on his deep understanding of the local Gaelic for spelling and pronunciation, because in Dixon and Green (1995) (relying of documents) refer to the locality as Beachan - discussing a proposal to put the rental of specific shielings up for public roup (auction):

Black Bridge
The bridge in Glen Lui over the Lui Water roughly halfway between Linn of Lui and Derry Wood - see main reference in Glen Lui article.

Bynack Lodge

Along with Derry Lodge, and Geldie Lodge - one of the 'three main' hunting lodges on the estate built in the late nineteenth-century during the rise of hunting on the estate - Dixon and Green (1995).

Chest of Dee
A series of waterfalls and deep pools on the River Dee slightly up-river from White Bridge.

From Ciste Dhe - Watson (1975).

Clach nan Taillear
Clach nan Taillear stone of the tailors - Watson (1975) is a large stone by the Lairig Ghru where:

Corriemulzie

A locality on the Linn of Dee road.

Corrour Bothy

A simple stone building in the Lairig Ghru, at the point below Cairn Toul, used as a Mountain Refuge.

Derry Dam
Derry Dam is a structure - partially surviving in Glen Derry about  upstream from Derry Lodge and shown on Ordnance Survey maps - according to Watson (1975) it was used to dam the water of the Derry Burn for use floating trees down the glen. He continues:Michie (pronounced like Mickey) is John Grant Michie (1830–1904) a Minister of Dinnet author of Deeside Tales (1872), Loch Kinnord (1877), Logie-Coldstone (1896), and Records of Invercauld (1901) - Wyness (1968).

Derry Lodge
Along with Bynack Lodge, and Geldie Lodge - one of the 'three main' hunting lodges on the estate built in the late nineteenth-century during the rise of hunting on the estate - Dixon and Green (1995).

Located within Derry Wood on the slopes of Derry Cairngorm, it was likely used as temporary accommodation for shooting parties to reduce the need to return to Mar Lodge at night.

Derry Wood
A wooded locality on the slopes of Derry Cairngorm, where Glen Derry, and Glen Luibeg join at the head of Glen Lui - see main reference in
Glen Lui article.

Dubh Ghleann
A glen that joins Glen Quoich near the foot of Beinn a Bhuird (pronounced like do glen) - from dark valley - Watson (1975).

Gallows Tree
A tree on the south-bank of the River Dee a short distance west of Victoria Bridge that was used as a gallows.

The date of its last use is not known, but in Wyness (1968) the author recounts the story of a curse against the Farquharsons being fulfilled in 1806 when the "direct male line of Farquharson came to an end". The curse - as he relates - was against a "Farquharson laird" who had sentenced a Lamont of Inverey to death for "cattle-rustling and sheep-steeling".

The tree is dead, supported by wires, and has been since at least 1925.

Geldie Lodge

Along with Bynack Lodge, and Derry Lodge - one of the 'three main' hunting lodges on the estate built in the late nineteenth-century during the rise of hunting on the estate - Dixon and Green (1995).

While describing the course of the River Dee in Anderson (1911) - the author mentions that Geldie Lodge had been tenanted for many years by Lord Farquhar a friend of the estate's owner, the Duke of Fife.

Glen Lui

One of the main glens of the estate.

Glen Quoich
One of the main glens of the estate.

Inverey

The only remaining hamlet on Mar Lodge Estate.

Lairig Ghru

A route and mountain pass that partially lies on Mar Lodge Estate. To its west is The Devil's Point.

Luibeg
A cottage and locality around the Luibeg Burn where it joins with the Derry Burn to create the Lui Water - see main reference in Glen Lui article.Luibeg Cottage has been home to many of the estate's deer-stalkers or keepers.

March Burn
Is a burn in the Lairig Ghru slightly to the east of the pass summit - the Mar Lodge Estate side.

In the first paragraph of Gordon (1925) the author uses the term 'march' in the old-sense of a boundary:

He again uses the term in the old-sense when describing a September crossing of the Lairig Ghru where he gives the burn its old as well as its contemporary Anglicised name:

Mar Lodge

The 'main house' on Mar Lodge Estate, built in 1895 for Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife.

Mar Lodge Brae
Is the name of the incline between Corriemulzie and the Victoria Bridge.

Pools of Dee
Three small pools near the summit of the Lairig Ghru on the Corrour side.

The old name was Lochan Dubh na Lairige - black tarn of the Lairig - Watson (1975) who adds:

Erroneous because the pools are not the source of the River Dee - see Wells of Dee

Preas nam Meirleach

Literally copse of the robbers - Watson (1975), but colloquially known as Robbers Copse - the wooded locality were the route between Glen Luibeg and the Lairig Ghru crosses the Luibeg Burn.

On the Luibeg side of Preas nam Meirleach - Watson (1975) names the Sands of Lui describing it as a stretch of gravel washed down by the floods in 1829 and 1956.

The flood of 1829 is 'remembered' in Deeside as the Muckle Spate. On the evening of the 2nd of August 1829 it began raining, and continued into the next day when a thunder storm broke in the afternoon over the Cairngorms. The Dee being the main river of the district rose rapidly above its normal level -  in places (27 ft at Banchory) carrying away the bridges over the Linn of Dee, and Linn of Quoich - Wyness (1968).

Ruighe Ealasaid

Ruighe Ealasaid – meaning 'Elizabeth's shiel' – Watson and Allen 1984 is a partially ruined house in Glen Geldie close to the confluence of the Bynack Burn with the Geldie Burn.

Like other place names on the estate incorporating 'shiel' - the name probably pre-dates the existing building bearing the name.

Ruigh nan clach

Ruigh nan clach – meaning 'sheil of the stones' – Watson and Allen 1984 is a ruined keeper's house near the bank of the Geldie Burn a short distance upstream from White Bridge.

The name is derived from 'Ruighe nan clach' – and commemorates an earlier sheiling nearby.

St Ninian's Chapel

St Ninian's Chapel stands immediately adjacent to Mar Lodge and was originally the private chapel of the owners of Mar Lodge. Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife, and his family are buried in the chapel.

Sapper's Bothy
A ruined stone 'bothy' just east of the summit of Ben Macdui built around 1847 by (or for the use of) the survey team from the Ordnance Survey who surveyed the Cairn Gorm / Ben Macdui plateau. This survey settled the argument over whether Ben Macdui or Ben Nevis was the highest mountain in Britain.

In Watson (1975) the author gives its map reference as 991988.

Sneck
The Sneck is the name of the bealach between Beinn a' Bhùird and Ben Avon - Watson (1975), and the 1:25000 series Ordnance Survey maps.

Victoria Bridge

The white iron bridge over the Dee at Mar Lodge.

Wells of Dee

The source of the River Dee, the water rising from a spring on the Braeriach / Einich Cairn plateau at about 1,220 m (4,000 ft) - Watson (1975) - who continues:

The Ordnance Survey maps name the waterfall the Falls of Dee, the corrie as An Garbh Choire, and the burn as Allt a Gharbh choire. Covering the same ground earlier in the twentieth century - Anderson (1911) records:

That 'defile' being the Lairig Ghru.

White Bridge

The bridge over the River Dee near its confluence with the Geldie Burn - carrying the estate road to the south-bank of the River Dee giving access to:
 Glen Geldie and Geldie Lodge (ruin)
 Glen Bynack and Bynack Lodge (ruin)
 Glen Tilt

Sources

Places and place names on Mar Lodge Estate


Grays International is an English sports equipment manufacturing company based in Robertsbridge, East Sussex. The company was founded in 1855 by rackets champion H. J. Gray, producing equipment for cricket, field hockey, netball, rugby union and tennis, through its brands and subsidiaries.

It has a sister company, "Gray-Nicolls Sports Pty Ltd.", based in Cheltenham, Australia.

History
In 1855 The company of "H. J. Gray and Sons" was founded in Cambridge by Henry John Gray, who started manufacturing wooden racquets for Cambridge students, among them Ranjitsinjhi, King Edward VII and King George VI. in 1941 Alison Gray merged the company with hockey stick manufacturer J. Hazells, to form Grays Hockey and also acquired the world-renowned cricket bat business of L. J. Nicolls, resulting in Gray-Nicolls.

The 1980s and 90s expansion meant Grays International had to move the headquarters to larger premises in Robertsbridge, a village in East Sussex, where it remains to this day. The company grew by expanding into clothing and footwear, and by acquisitions including the Gilbert Rugby brand, which doubled the size of the company in 2002. It is still run by members of the Gray family.

Brands and products
Each brand of Grays International is focused on one sport:

References

External links

Sportswear brands
English brands
British companies established in 1855
Manufacturing companies established in 1855
Sporting goods manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Cambridge
Tennis equipment manufacturers
1855 establishments in England


The Eudaminae are a subfamily of skipper butterflies (family Hesperiidae). Their original type genus Eudamus is today a junior synonym of Urbanus. They are largely found in the Neotropics, with some extending into temperate North America, and one genus, Lobocla, endemic to East Asia.

Taxonomy
The Eudaminae have been recent subject to significant taxonomic revisions based on genome analysis, including by Brower & Warren 2009, and Li et al. 2019.

Historically, the subfamily has been included as tribe Eudamini in subfamily Pyrginae, based on perceived similarities with two of the tribes in that subfamily, the Celaenorrhinini and Pyrgini. As of Li et al. 2019, the Eudaminae are divided into four tribes: Entheini, Phocidini, Eudamini and Oileidini.

Current status and subdivisions
Except where otherwise noted, the classification below follows Li et al., 2019:

Tribe Entheini
Drephalys Watson, 1893
Udranomia A. Butler, 1870
Phanus Hübner, [1819]
Hyalothyrus Mabille, 1878
Entheus Hübner, [1819]
Augiades Hübner, [1819]
Tarsoctenus E. Watson, 1893

Tribe Phocidini
Phocides Hübner, [1819]
Pseudonascus Austin, 2008
Nascus E. Watson, 1893
Aurina Evans, 1937
Emmelus O. Mielke & Casagrande , 2016
Porphyrogenes E. Watson, 1893
Nicephellus Austin, 2008
Salatis Evans, 1952
Salantoia Grishin, 2019
Sarmientoia Berg, 1897
Bungalotis E. Watson, 1893
Euriphellus Austin, 2008
Dyscophellus Godman & Salvin, 1893
Phareas Westwood, 1852
Ornilius Grishin, 2022
Fulvatis Grishin, 2022
Adina Grishin, 2022

Tribe Eudamini

Subtribe Eudamina
Cecropterus Herrich-Schäffer, 1869
Spicauda Grishin, 2019
Urbanus Hübner, [1807]
Telegonus Hübner, [1819]
Autochton Hübner, 1823
Spathilepia A. Butler, 1870
Astraptes Hübner, [1819]
Narcosius Steinhauser, 1986
Proteides Hübner, [1819]
Epargyreus Hübner, [1819]
Chioides Lindsey, 1921

Subtribe Loboclina
Aguna R. Williams, 1927
Zeutus Grishin, 2019
Lobocla Moore, 1884
Lobotractus Grishin, 2019
Codatractus Lindsey, 1921
Zestusa Lindsey, 1925
Ridens Evans, 1952
Venada Evans, 1952

Subtribe Cephisina
Cephise Evans, 1952

Subtribe Telemiadina
Ectomis Mabille, 1878
Telemiades Hübner, [1819]
Polygonus Hübner, [1825]

Tribe Oileidini

Subtribe Oileidina
Flattoides Grishin, 2019
Oileides Hübner, [1825]

Subtribe Typhedanina
Typhedanus A. Butler, 1870
Oechydrus E. Watson, 1893
Cogia A. Butler, 1870
Nerula Mabille, 1888
Marela Mabille, 1903

Footnotes and references

Butterfly subfamilies
Taxa named by Paul Mabille


The Tønsberg–Eidsfoss Line () or TEB is an abandoned railway between Eidsfoss and Tønsberg in Vestfold og Telemark county, Norway. In use from 21 October 1901 to 31 May 1938, the private railway connected the area of Hof to Tønsberg, the coast and the Vestfold Line of the Norwegian State Railways. The main purpose of the  narrow gauge railway was to connect Eidsfos Verk to the mainline, although the railway also operated passenger trains. The line shares  with the Holmestrand–Vittingfoss Line (HVB), the two which from 1934 were operated by the same company, Vestfold Privatbaner.

Route
The Tønsberg–Eidsfoss Line was  long and ran from Tønsberg to Eidsfoss, entirely in the county of Vestfold. The line was narrow gauge  and not electrified. The line ran through flat and easy terrain, with no tunnels or cuttings, and only three bridges. The steepest gradient was 16⅔ per mil, the smallest curve radius was . At Tønsberg the line interchanged with the Vestfold Line, and along the  section from Hillestad to Hof the line shared track with the Holmestrand–Vittingfoss Line. TEB had eighteen stations. At Eidsfoss it corresponded with steamship services on the lake Eikeren.

In the original track configuration in Tønsberg, the line started at the post at Stensarmen, which was located  from Tønsberg Station. The continued to Jarlsberg Points (), where there was an intersection with the Vestfold Line. From 1915 the track arrangements in Tønsberg were altered and the Vestfold Line was placed in a loop through the town. The last part of the section to Stemsarmen became a spur of this loop, with TEB sharing track with the Vestfold Line for the return part of the loop. The new Tønsberg Station, shared with the Norwegian State Railways (NSB), was located  from Stensarmen, but at a different location than the old station.

The first station after Jarlsberg Points was Auli ( from Stensarmen), which had the line's lowest elevation north of Tønsberg of  above mean sea level (AMSL). The line continued past Fresti Station () and immediately afterwards crossed the  Fresti Bridge. The line continued past Klopp Station () Ramnes Station () before running across the wooden  Valle Bridge. It then reached Revetal Station () and Fossan Station () before passed a platform at Bakke (). Next the line went past Svinevoll Station () Baktsvål Station (), Barkost Station () and then Hildestad Station (), where it was joined by HVB.

On the concurrent section the line crossed a creek on the  Sundbyfoss Bridge and immediately afterwards reached Sundbyfoss Station(). The concurrency ended at Hof Station (), which was the highest station at  AMSL. TEB continued down to Kopstad Station (), past a spur to Hoff Sag & Høvleri, past Stubben Station () to Eidsfoss Station ().

North of Hillestad, most of the right-of-way has been retained, some of it as forestry roads, while other parts have grown wild. From Hof to Eidsfoss, the route can be driven by car. The station building in Eidsfoss was demolished in the 1960s, but the stone depot remains. South of Hillestad, large parts of the line went over agricultural land, and these portions have been reclaimed as such. The engine shed at Eidsfoss Station is preserved and has been listed by the Directorate for Cultural Heritage. The section of the Tønsberg–Eidsfoss Line between Tønsberg Station and Stensarmen remained used as a spur to the port until 1980.

History

Planning
Proposals for a Vestfold Line arose in the late 1860s and accelerated through the 1870s. The county was split in where the line should run, with three major proposals: along the shore of the Oslofjord, along Eikeren to Eidsfoss and through an inland route to Tønsberg, and via Lågendalen to Larvik. The Eidsfoss alternative allowed the line to run through an area with good access to lumber, which the railway would aid export. The main disadvantage was that the route was  longer than via the coast. The issue was not resolved until Parliament on 8 June 1875 voted in favor of a coastal route. The narrow gauge Vestfold Line, at the time named the Jarlsberg Line, opened in 1881.

Among the strongest interests in building an interior railway through Vestfold was Schwartz, owner of Eidsfos Verk. The iron works needed supplies of coal and ore and a means of shipping the iron. The roads in the area were in poor condition and in the winter horse-drawn sleds were used. Official proposals for a private railway to connect Eidsfoss to the coast were launched in 1893. The idea caught on in Tønsberg, where the business community saw the possibility of getting an edge on the competing towns of Holmestrand and Horten through a railway to the interior. Among the stoutest proponents with Lars Christensen and took initiative to establish a committee. It hired Ole Lund to conduct surveys of a potential line. He concluded that a railway would cost 1.3 million Norwegian krone (NOK), and provide an operating profit of NOK 26,210 per year.

In a common meeting between the municipal council and the chamber of commerce in Trønsberg on 16 April 1894, there was large support for a railway to Eidsfoss. They decided to build the railway as cheaply and simply as possible. The municipal council obliged itself to purchase shares worth NOK 400,000 and the sales of the remaining shares started immediately. For municipalities through which the line would run, there was varying degree of support, with for instance Ramnes and Fon demanding that the line serve additional hamlets. This caused delays, as the committee had to negotiate with various local interests which were trying to purchase diversions and spurs through promises of purchasing additional shares. Våle was not willing to buy shares in the railway company, and thus the line was moved in favor of the residents of Ramnes.

The railway committee sent an application on 29 February 1896 to the government, which was debated by Parliament's Standing Committee on Railways on 14 July. It simultaneously considered the application for the construction of the Holmestrand–Vittingfoss Line and approved a grant of NOK 596,000 to TEB. The issue was debated in the plenary on 24 July and there the grant was approved, with forty parliamentarians voting against it. The Cabinet of State officially granted an operating permit on 4 June 1898, which initially had a duration of thirty years.

Construction and early years
Construction was subcontracted to S. Sørensen, who bid NOK 1,039,400 for the job. The lower cost would normally have resulted in lower state subsidies, but the money was instead permitted to be used to increase the rail weight from 15 to 17.5 kilograms per meter and a wider curve radius. Construction was eased by the flat landscape. Two steam locomotives, named Tønsberg and Eidsfoss, were bought from Baldwin Locomotive Works along with six passenger carriages from Skabo Jernbanevognfabrikk. Eidsfoss Verk built their own forty-eight cargo cars. Tønsberg was delivered in April 1899 and Eidsfoss in May and both participated in the construction work.

The line was officially opened by Jørgen Løvland on 18 October 1901, with regular services commencing on 21 October. At Eidsfoss the line corresponded with a steamship on Eikern. At first it was served by Ekern and from 1903 Stadthauptmand Schwartz. TEB proved popular with tourists as part of a leg of a round trip from Oslo to Tønsberg. A third locomotive, Bjørn, was bought from HVB in 1904. TEB also took delivery of fifteen additional freight cars.

For the first couple of years the line's finances were good, but by 1908 the company was in financial distress and applied to the Ministry of Labor to cover NOK 200,000 in accumulated debts which were in part caused by smaller reallocation of tracks. Parliament approved NOK 108,500 in debt reduction on 16 July 1912, half through the issue of a prioritized loan and half through the purchase of new shares. It also approved a guarantee for an operating deficit of up to NOK 7,000 per year, while demanding that any further deficits be covered by the municipalities.

During the planning of TEB there was discussion about changing the state railway's line through town and building a new station. This would have allowed NSB trains to avoid having to back from Jarlsberg Points. TEB therefore chose to build their station at Knapløkken. Thus Tønsberg was served by four stations. NSB therefore decided that it would build the Vestfold Line through Tønsberg in a loop, build a new, common station for TEB and NSB, and align the Vestfold Line out of Tønsberg next to TEB. The new line was taken into use on 1 October 1915 and the new station was completed in 1916.

Financial difficulties
Passenger traffic was fairly stable for the first years, at between 55,000 and 65,000 annual passengers. An exception occurred in 1907, when only 43,000 people were transported. Cargo transport rose gradually passing 20,000 tonnes per year in 1903 and 30,000 in 1908. The line experienced a rapid growth during the later part of the First World War, with passenger traffic peaking at 71,000 in 1918 and 35,000 tonnes of cargo.

After the end of the First World War in 1918 the company experienced a rapid rise in labor and fuel costs, without a corresponding rise in revenue. The original plans for the line had overestimated the amount of cargo that would be shipped, largely because any cargo departing for north of Bagstvold was sent via HVB to Holmestrand instead of the longer route via TEB. As NSB had lower freight rates, shippers would often send cargo via HVB even if it was going to Tønsberg or further south in Vestfold. The only significant source of revenue along the segment were the wide cars from Eidsfoss Verk, which were hindered by the loading gauge of the tunnel on HVB.

By the 1920s the railway company was struggling financially, starting off with a deficit of NOK 144,287 in 1920, which was largely paid for by Tønsberg Municipality. The municipality stated that it did not want to act as guarantor anymore, and implied that the state should cover the bill. This caused Tønsberg Sparebank to cut the railway company's access to credit. On the other hand, the municipalities of Hof and Ramnes both stated that they were willing to continue covering the deficits. At a board meeting held on 26 January 1921, all forty-five employees in TEB were laid off from 1 May. The county governor demanded that the state should take over the line.

The issue was discussed by NSB's board, and on 10 March the Ministry of Labor supported the boards motion to not nationalize the line. The issue was resolved on 28 April, when the ministry agreed to subsidize the first NOK 50,000 in deficits and a third of the remainder. The line's debt was refinanced, with NOK 73,928.60 being covered by a loan from the state and the remainder being taken over by the municipalities. In the following years the deficits were gradually reduced, hitting a low NOK 54,175 in 1924.

Patronage continued to fall, from 45,000 per year in 1921 to 35,000 in 1926. The steamship service on Eikeren was terminated in 1925, causing a significant decrease in the traffic, a year the line had a record-low passenger and cargo transport. A contributing factor was that alternative modes of transport, such as cars and bicycles became more popular. Tønsberg Municipality had by 1926 covered an accumulated NOK 407,254 in deficits. Further decreases in the freight traffic caused the municipality to establish a committee in 1924 to consider the line's future, and two years later it recommended that the line be closed from 29 June 1927. This was followed up by the ministry, who also stated that they intended to cut subsidies from the same date.

The railway company's management opposed a closing, stating that the road did not have capacity to take over the line's annual 50,000 passengers and 50,000 tonnes of cargo. They instead proposed a cost cut of NOK 20 to 30,000 per year, in part through a reduced frequency, and in part through the closing of Klopp Station and the un-staffing of Barkost, Sundbyfoss and Stubben. This was not sufficient for the Tønsberg Municipal Council, who on 7 April 1927 unanimously voted against an additional year of operation and instead encouraged planning of a road. The issue was discussed again on 20 May and this time a narrow majority supported the closing.

Merger and closing
On 23 June the management of TEB and HVB agreed to merge the administration of the two companies, under the leadership of HVB's director Heggenhougen. The agreement would allow further cost cutting, as the administration and workshop in Tønsberg could be closed. However, the two lines would continue to be owned and operate by separate companies. Minister of Labor Darre Jensen visited the area in October, and concluded that the roads did not have sufficient standard that the railway could be closed. The railway company bought a gasoline multiple unit, allowing for cheaper passenger train operations.

An all-time low patronage of 22,000 struck in 1928, before the numbers started increasing, hitting 33,000 in 1930. However, the line continued to lose money and its concessions and operating guarantees were renewed on an annual basis. Closing was discussed by NSB in 1931 and again in 1932. The company proposed a reduction in wages, and on 6 October 1933 all employees were laid off. The result was that TEB and HVB merged to form Vestfold Privatbaner, effective 1 July 1934.

Heritage
Norsk Privatebane Historisk Selskap was established in 1967 with the intention of establishing a heritage railway. It first attempted to establish itself at Kopstad Station, but instead settled for Kleppen Station. It was at the time intact with a full inventory, including such items as a complete storage of unused tickets. Several of the railway carriages were identified, most of them used as cabins. One person offered to donate two carriages, with original interior and coloring, but after a building permit was rejected he instead chose to burn them down. A representative traveled to Sweden, where he was able to purchase narrow-gauge rolling stock. Clearing of the line at Hillestad started in May 1968 and station building at Kleppen was attempted transported up to Hillestad. However, the truck carrying the building had an accident and the building was smashed. The heritage enthusiasm died out.

See also
 Narrow gauge railways in Norway

References

Bibliography

Railway lines in Vestfold og Telemark
Railway lines opened in 1901
Railway lines closed in 1938
1901 establishments in Norway
1938 disestablishments in Norway
Private railway lines in Norway
3 ft 6 in gauge railways in Norway


Khandas is a small village in the Raigad district, of Maharashtra, India, approximately 100 km from Mumbai and roughly 34 km from Karjat station.

The village is situated in the foothills of Bhimashanker Hills a popular spot for treks closest to Mumbai.

Khandas is a small village in Maharashtra India approximately 34 km from Karjat station.

It is the starting point for the trek to Bhimashanker. It takes approximately 4 hours to reach Bhimashanker from Khandas village via Ganesh Ghat which is an easier route.  The other route to Bhimashanker from Khandas is via Sidi Ghat which is a shorter route compared to Ganesh Ghat but quite tough, especially during Monsoon.  Khandas village is in itself a very beautiful place. Regular Taxis, Buses, Three Wheelers etc. are available from Karjat for Khandas. Local guides are also regularly available for Bhimashankar journey.

Villages in Raigad district


KPSU may refer to:

KPSU (FM), a defunct radio station (91.7 FM), formerly licensed to serve Goodwell, Oklahoma
KPSU (Portland), student-operated station at Portland State University, Oregon


The  Diocese of Kalisz ()  is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church located in the city of Kalisz in the ecclesiastical province of Poznań in Poland.

History
 25 March 1992: Established as the Diocese of Kalisz from the Diocese of Częstochowa, Metropolitan Archdiocese of Wrocław and Metropolitan Archdiocese of Gniezno
 25 June 2020: Pope Francis relieves Bishop Edward Janiak, age 67, of his responsibilities while he is investigating on charges of protecting "predator priests" who committed acts of sex abuse. On October 17, 2020, Pope Francis permanently removed Janiak as Bishop of Kalisz.

Special churches

Minor Basilicas:
 Bazylika Matki Bożej Wspomożenia Wiernych, Twardogóra
 Bazylika św. Józefa, Kalisz (Basilica of St Joseph)

Bishops

Ordinaries

 Bishop Stanisław Napierała (25 March 1992 – 21 July 2012)
 Bishop Edward Janiak (21 July 2012 – 17 October 2020)
Apostolic Administrator Grzegorz Ryś (25 June 2020 – 11 February 2021)
 Bishop Damian Bryl (11 February 2021 – present)

Auxiliary Bishops
Teofil Józef Wilski (1995–2011)
Łukasz Mirosław Buzun, O.S.P.P.E. (2014–present)

See also
Roman Catholicism in Poland

References

External links
 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy

Roman Catholic dioceses in Poland
Christian organizations established in 1992
Kalisz
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century