The Royal Opera of Versailles () is the main theatre and opera house of the Palace of Versailles.  Designed by Ange-Jacques Gabriel, it is also known as the Théâtre Gabriel. The interior decoration by Augustin Pajou is constructed almost entirely of wood, painted to resemble marble in a technique known as faux marble. The excellent acoustics of the opera house are at least partly due to its wooden interior.

The house is located at the northern extremity of the north wing of the palace.  General public access to the theater is gained through the two-story vestibule.  Some parts of the Opéra, such as the King's Loge and the King's Boudoir represent some of the earliest expressions of what would become known as Louis XVI style.

Lully’s Persée — written in 1682, the year Louis XIV moved into the palace — inaugurated the Opéra on 16 May 1770 in celebration of the marriage of the dauphin — the future Louis XVI — to Marie Antoinette.

The Opéra Royal can serve either as a theater for opera, stage plays, or orchestral events, when it can accommodate an audience of 712, or as a ballroom, when the floor of the orchestra level of the auditorium can be raised to the level of the stage.  On these occasions, the Opéra can accommodate 1,200.

The French Enlightenment
During the French Enlightenment, the theatre became a place where political and social ideas were considered myths and superstitions were tested.  As more Enlightenment thinkers began to question the tenets of religion, many eighteenth-century citizens began to replace the pulpit with the stage, and looked to the theatre for their moral instruction as well as entertainment.  The nobility had a lot to do with the uprising of theatre during this time. Louis XIV, who is known as the "Sun King" for playing the allegorical character of the sun in Ballet Royal de la Nuit in 1653, moved his royal court from the capital, Paris, to Versailles, aspiring to get more control of the government.  The Opera, which was built for Louis XV, however, was not built until later.  His mistress, Madame de Pompadour, patronized artists, actors, and musicians while bankrupting France.  Meanwhile, the aristocracy and church paid no taxes, and the bourgeoisie paid for the monarchy's tastes.  Yet, it was not until after the death of Louis' mistress that the construction of the Opera began.

The importance of early theatre in French society

Long before the Opera Royal was dreamed of, theatre was becoming an important part of French society. Beginning with the reign of Louis XIII, the frequency and regularity of theatrical performances had increased: the show was considered as much an entertainment as it was an expression of power The idea of it being an expression of power can be traced to one of Louis XIII's regents, Cardinal Richelieu. Richelieu wanted to create an image of the king (and France) that displayed well roundedness in all thing, a society who dabbled not only in politics or court, but music and art and theatre. He envisioned a force to lead the way, culturally. Attending a theatrical performance was quickly becoming a sign of stature, and though few permanent theatre spaces were created at this time, theatre found itself performed anyway. It is pertinent to note that until the final installation of the Versailles court, performances of operas and ballets, comedies and tragedies, were performed mainly in the gardens

Soon, however, spaces that were frequently used for performances would become specific performance spaces. In time the royal residences equipped themselves little by little with fixed theatres, although they often continued to use temporary structures and installations one could disassemble in various places: galleries, staircases, lounges, gardens These staged productions were important for many reasons. Little divertissements for the court, they also were at times used by royalty for their own reasons. Louis XIV's performance during the Ballet de la nuit, for example, was a statement of his power, his coming of age, and the fact that he was ready to take the throne with no regents. Indeed, his performance as Apollo is what earned him the name Sun King. Stage productions such as operas and ballets were important during the reigns of the Bourbon monarchs in France. Louis XIV in particular employed these and similar art forms extensively not only to entertain the noblemen in his court but also to promote his own self-image and the gloire of his country. Although he desired an Opera for his beloved Versailles, during the second half of Louis' reign, most operas, ballets and other staged divertissements for court and the public appeared indoors, in theatres or in other sites arranged as required for individual productions.

Temporary theatres 1664 to 1674
During the early years of his reign of Louis XIV, theatres were often temporary structures, built for a particular event and destroyed after their use.  The first such theater was constructed for the fête of the Plaisirs de l’Île enchantée, which was held in 1664.  In the area west of what is now the Bassin d’Apollon, a temporary theater was constructed in which Molière's Princesse d’Élide débuted on 8 May.  During this fête an additional theatre was erected inside the chateau for the presentation of three other plays by Molière: Les Fâcheux, Le Mariage Forcé, and Tartuffe, which premiered in an incomplete, albeit contentious, form.  None of these theatres survived this fête.

The Grand Divertissement royal of 1668, which celebrated the end of the War of Devolution, witnessed the construction of a luxurious temporary theater built in the gardens on the site of the future Bassin de Bacchus.  Constructed of papier-mâché, which was either gilded or painted to resemble marble and lapis lazuli, the theater seated 1,200 spectators who attended the debut of Molière's George Dandin on 18 July 1668.  As with the Plaisirs de l’Île enchantée, this theater was destroyed shortly after the end of the fête.

The third fête or, more accurately, a series of six fêtes - Les Divertissments de Versailles - were held in July and August 1674 to celebrate the second conquest of Franche-Comté.  The fête featured a number of theatrical productions that were staged throughout the grounds in temporary theaters.  On 4 July, Lully's Alceste was performed for the court in the Cour de Marbre; on 11 July, Quinault's L'Églogue de Versailles was staged near the Trianon de Porcelaine; eight days later, the Grotte de Thétys served as the setting for Molière's le Malade Imaginaire; and Racine's Iphigénie debuted on 18 August in a theater constructed in the Orangerie.

Creation of permanent theatres

La salle de la Comédie, 1681 to 1769
In spite of the need for a permanent theater at Versailles, it would not be until 1681 that a permanent structure would be built.  In that year, the Comptes des Bâtiments du Roi record payments for a theater that was constructed on the ground floor of the chateau between the corps de logis and the Aile de Midi.  The interior of the theater – known as the salle de la Comédie – contained a semicircle of row seating with loges set into the bays of the lateral walls.  On the south wall of the theater, abutting the wall of the Escalier des Princes, was the royal tribune, which contained a central room octagonal loge and two smaller loges on either side.  The salle de la Comédie would function as a de facto permanent theater at Versailles until 1769, when it was destroyed in order to provide direct access to the gardens from the Cour Royale.

Small theatre, 1688 to 1703
In 1688, Louis XIV ordered a small theater to be constructed in the north wing of the Grand Trianon.  This structure was destroyed in 1703 to accommodate a new apartment for the king.

Because the salle de la Comédie was designed for stage plays, Versailles lacked a theatre in which more elaborate productions could be staged.  For larger productions, the Grand Manège (the covered riding arena) in the Grand Écurie was converted for more elaborate entertainments, but the space had limitations.  In 1685, Louis XIV approved plans for the construction of a larger permanent theater that could the more elaborate productions, such as pièces à machines.

The pièces à machines were theatrical presentations using ballet, opera, and special staging effects that required a theatre that could accommodate the complicated machinery used in the production of these plays.  The Salle des Machines at the Tuileries Palace in Paris, designed by Carlo Vigarani, was the closest to Versailles. However, with Louis XIV's dislike for Paris – due in large part to his flight from the Tuileries in 1651 – and his increasing wish to keep his court at Versailles, the king approved the construction of a larger theater in 1685.  With a plan more grandiose than the theatre of the Tuileries, the construction of this new theatre was much lauded by contemporary descriptions of Versailles.

Construction was planned for the northern end of the Aile des Nobles, and was well underway when the War of the League of Augsburg, which began in 1688, permanently halted construction.  It would not be until the reign of Louis XV that construction on this site would resume.

Return to temporary theatres and conversions, 1729 to 1770

With the return of the court to Versailles in 1722, spaces used by Louis XIV were once again pressed into service for the needs of the court.  In 1729, as part of the festivities in celebration of the birth of the dauphin, a temporary theatre was constructed in the Cour de Marbre.  The salle de la Comédie and the Manège of the Grand Écurie continued to be used as they had during the reign of Louis XIV.

However, owing to Louis XV proclivity for more a more intimate theater, a number of temporary theaters known as the théâtres des cabinets were created.  These theaters were most often constructed in one of the rooms of the petit appartement du roi, with the petite galerie being the most frequently used starting from 1746.  In 1748, the Escalier des ambassadeurs was converted into a theatre, in which the Marquise de Pompadour staged and acted in a number of plays.  Two years later, the theatre was dismantled when the Escalier des ambassadeurs was destroyed for the construction of the appartement de Madame Adélaïde.

Acutely aware of the need for a larger and more permanent theater, as early as the 1740s Louis XV, seriously considered reviving Louis XIV's plans for a permanent salle de spectacle to be constructed at the northern end of the Aile de Nobles.  However, owing to the Seven Years’ War, construction would not be able to commence for nearly 20 years.  When fire destroyed the Grand Écurie and the theatre of the Manège in 1751, and since the salle de la Comédie had become an unfeasible venue due to its size for theatrical productions, Louis XV finally authorized Ange-Jacques Gabriel to design the Opéra in 1763.

Construction of the Opéra, 1765 to 1770

Construction work on the Opéra began in earnest in 1765 and was completed in 1770. Gabriel reverted to an old design by J.H. Mansart and Gaspare Vigarani: the Salle des Ballets, at the far north end of the château, which had been abandoned at the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession.  The terminal pavilion of the north wing, intended for this, had been carried up to its full height only on the garden side; on the street side it had advanced no further than the foundations.  At the time, it represented the finest example in theatre design, having 712 seats, and it was the largest theatre in Europe. Today, it remains one of the few 18th century theaters to have survived to the present day.

Gabriel's design for the Opéra was exceptional for its time since it featured an oval plan.  As an economy measure, the floor of the orchestra level can be raised to the level the stage, thus doubling the floor space.  The transition from the auditorium to the stage is managed by the introduction of a giant order of engaged Corinthian columns, with a cornice ranging with the whole Ionic entablature.  The proscenium is formed by two pairs of columns, coupled in depth, with their entablature.  On either side two more pairs, more widely spaced, enclosed with three tiers of boxes.  Breaking with traditional Italian-style theatres which stacked tiered boxes like chicken coops, two balconies ring the house, topped by an ample colonnade that seems to extend into infinity thanks to a play of mirrors. It was planned that the Opéra should serve not only as a theatre, but as ballroom or banqueting hall as well.  The theatre burned ten thousand candles in a single setting, therefore making it very expensive to rent the space out.

It opened May 16, 1770, with Lully's Persée.

On 1 October 1789, the gardes du corps du roi held a banquet to welcome the Flanders Regiment, which had just arrived to strengthen protection for the royal family against the revolutionary rumblings that were being heard in Paris.  At this banquet, Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette, and the dauphin received the pledge of loyalty from these guards. Revolutionary journalist Jean-Paul Marat described the banquet as a counter-revolutionary orgy, with the soldiers ripping off the blue-white-red cockades they had been wearing and replacing them with white ones, the color that symbolized the Bourbon monarchy.  In truth, there is no evidence of this act, and actual eyewitnesses and attendees, such as the queen's lady of the bedchamber Madame Campan, record no such destruction of cockades.  This was the last event held in the Opéra during the Ancien Régime.

Built entirely of wood, which is painted in faux marble to represent stone, the Opéra has excellent acoustics and represents one of the finest examples of neo-classical decoration.  The theme of the decoration is related to Apollo and the Olympian deities.  The decoration of the Opéra was directed by Augustin Pajou, who executed the bas-reliefs panels that decorate the front of the loges.  The ceiling features a canvas by Louis Jean-Jacques Durameau in which Apollo and the Muses are depicted.

In spite of the excellent acoustics and the opulent setting, the Opéra was not often used during the reign of Louis XVI, largely on grounds of cost. However, for those occasions when the Opéra was used, they became events of the day. Some of the more memorable uses of the Opéra during the reign of Louis XVI included:

5 May 1777: Revival of Jean-Philippe Rameau’s, Castor et Pollux for the visit of the Emperor Joseph II, Marie-Antoinette’s brother.
23 May 1782: Revival of la Reine de Golconde by Michel-Jean Sedaine;
29 May 1782: Revival of Christoph Willibald Glück’s opera, Iphigénie en Aulide and the revival of Maximilien Gardel’s ballet Ninette à la Cour;
8 June 1782: Dress ball held in honor of the visit of the comte and comtess du Nord, the Grand Duke Paul and Grand Duchess of Marie Feodorovna of Russia who were traveling incognito.
14 June 1784: Revival of Glück’s Armide for the visit of Gustav III of Sweden.

The Opéra after the Revolution
Originally used only for royal ceremonies and extraordinary performances, this pinnacle of the Gabriel family's work began to be used less and less because of the immense cost to stage productions there. During the period of its usage, however, it was a beautiful example of royal lavishness and love for theatrical performances, and the fact that attending opera was once again the fashionable thing to do for the upper class, thanks in part to Queen Marie Antoinette's patronage, should not be underestimated.

When the royal family left Versailles in October 1789, the château and the Opéra were closed.  While the château did see some activity under Napoléon I (redecoration of the parts of the queen's apartment for the empress Marie-Louise) and Louis XVIII, the Opéra did not reopen again until 1837, when Louis-Philippe redecorated the theater and presented Molière’s Le Misanthrope.  During the state visit of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert the Opéra Royal was converted into a banquet room for a gala dinner on 25 August 1855.  This was to be one of the most elaborate events staged at Versailles during the Second Empire.

In 1872, during the Commune de Paris, the Opéra was converted by Edmond de Joly for use by the Assemblée nationale, who used the Opéra until 1876; between 1876 and 1879, the Sénat convened here.

The Opéra Royal since 1950

1952–1957 witnessed major restoration of the Opéra – generally considered one of the finest restoration projects undertaken at Versailles – when it was restored under the direction of André Japy to its 1770 state (Verlet, p. 384).  The Opéra officially reopened on 9 April 1957 in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, with a presentation of Act II of Rameau’s Les Indes Galantes.  Since its restoration, the Opéra has been used for state functions as well as a variety of operatic and musical events (Langlois, 1958).

The Opéra was most recently closed in June of 2007 for an extensive two year renovation to bring the backstage and production areas up to safety standards.  During this latest renovation, led by chief architect of Historical Monuments Frédéric Didiera, a new firewall was installed, the downstage timberframe stairs were restored to their original purpose, stage and lighting equipment were modernized, the technical grid was redone, dressing rooms were moved and brought up to modern standards, and adjacent spaces formerly given over to the Sénat, including the Actor's Building, were reclaimed to once again accommodate the needs of performers, workshops, and offices. The Opéra reopened its doors in September of 2009, and has since carried out an expanded and ambitious regular series of operatic, balletic, and concert performances, especially celebrating the works of the Baroque and Classical periods most closely associated with the Opéra and the Palace of Versailles.

Today, with its superb acoustics and magnificent décor, the Opéra represents one of the finest 18th century opera houses in Europe.  The importance of the Opéra Royal is directly linked to the history of the many theatres at Versailles and the history of theatrical stagings in 17th and 18th century France.

Gallery of images

References
Notes

Sources
 Ayers, Andrew (2004). The Architecture of Paris. Stuttgart; London: Edition Axel Menges. .
 Benoist, Luc, Histoire De Versailles, Paris: Presses Universitaires De France, 1973
 Boyd, Malcolm, Music and the French Revolution, Cambridge England: Cambridge UP, 1992
 Coeyman, Barbara, "Sites of Indoor Musical-Theatrical Productions at Versailles", Eighteenth Century Life, vol. 17, n.s., 2, May 1993
 Coeyman, Barbara, "Theaters for Opera and Ballet during the reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV", Early Music, Vol. 18, #1, February 1990
 Félibien, Jean-François, Description sommaire de Versailles ancienne et nouvelle, Paris: A. Chrétien, 1703
 Givhan, Robin (2015). The Battle of Versailles: The Night American Fashion Stumbled Into the Spotlight and Made History. New York: Flatiron Books. .
 Gousset, Jean-Paul, and Raphaël Masson, Versailles: L'opéra Royal, Paris: Artlys, 2010
 Langlois, Rose-Marie, L’Opéra de Versailles, Paris: ??, 1958
 Marie, Alfred and Jeanne, Versailles au temps de Louis XV, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1984
 Nolhac, Pierre de, Histoire de Versailles, Vol. 3, Paris: André Marty, 1911-1918
 Pérouse de Montclos, Jean-Marie (1991). Versailles, translated from the French by John Goodman. New York: Abbeville Press Publishers. .
 Piganiol de la Force and Jean-Aymar, Nouvelle description des châteaux et parcs de Versailles et Marly, Paris: Chez Florentin de la lune, 1701
 Verlet, Pierre, Le château de Versailles, Paris: Librairie Arthème Fayard, 1985
 Ward, William Henry ([1926]). The Architecture of the Renaissance in France (2 volumes). New York: C. Scribner & Sons. . New York: Hacker Books  (1976 reprint).

External links
Royal Opera official web site

Palace of Versailles
Music venues completed in 1770
1770 establishments in France
18th-century architecture in France


The Ottawa Capitals were the competing clubs of the Capital Amateur Athletic Association (CAAA) of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The Association competed in ice hockey, lacrosse and other athletics.

Perhaps best known are the early amateur senior men's ice hockey clubs which played from the 1890s until 1920. The club would challenge for the Stanley Cup in 1897, but abandon its challenge after one game, after it lost 15–2. The Capitals would later precipitate the breakup of the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada (AHAC). The nickname 'Capitals' is sometimes applied to the Ottawa Hockey Club (aka HC/Silver Seven/Generals/Senators), however the two teams were not affiliated.

The Capital Lacrosse Club was also successful, and won the first Minto Cup in 1901. The Capitals lacrosse club was one of the first amateur organizations that gave some of its players small amounts of money, causing a scandal that led to several of their athletes, including Bouse Hutton and Rat Westwick, being banned from amateur play against other organizations that frowned on any dilution of the amateur standard.

Capital Hockey Club
The Capital Hockey senior club was created in 1896 by the Capital Hockey Association (CHA) hockey portion of the CAAA.

The Capitals formed the Central Canada Hockey Association (CCHA) senior league, with  Brockville, Ontario and Cornwall, Ontario, in direct competition with the senior level of the Ottawa City Hockey League (OCHL) which had been organized in 1890 by the Ottawa Hockey Association (owners of the Ottawa Hockey Club). The OCHL also operated a junior and an intermediate league—the CAAA's junior Capitals played in the OCHL, winning the City championship in 1897.

After winning the CCHA championship in 1897, the senior Capitals challenged the Montreal Victorias HC for the Stanley Cup, but abandoned its challenge after only one game of a projected best-of-three, after losing 15-2. The club then joined the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada (AHAC) intermediate division and won the 1898 intermediate championship.

In 1898, the Capitals attempted to join the senior league of the AHAC, being accepted in a majority vote of the AHAC executive.  Several clubs of the AHAC (including the Capitals' home town business competitor, Ottawa HC) resisted this. The Globe noted that the Capitals were "questionably amateur", referring to the paying of players. Rather than admit the Capitals, all five clubs dissolved the AHAC and formed the Canadian Amateur Hockey League (CAHL).

The Capitals applied to the CAHL in 1899 but were turned down again. Unlike the AHAC, the CAHL required unanimous consent to join the senior ranks and the Ottawas vote was enough to block the club. Instead, the club joined the Senior league of the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA).

In 1903, the club helped found the Federal Amateur Hockey League, playing one season in 1904, finishing last. President Bill Foran of the Capitals was president of the FAHL. Foran later became a Stanley Cup trustee. The club took over the ice rink lease of Dey's Skating Rink, forcing the Ottawa Hockey Club to move to the Aberdeen Pavilion. The club withdrew from the league before the 1905 season.

In 1919, by order of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association, the Capital HA's CCHA teams, including the Capitals Hockey club, were forced to join the competing OCHL to be eligible for Allan Cup play.

Capital Lacrosse Club

The Capitals were the pre-eminent lacrosse team in Ottawa from the 1890s. When the Minto Cup was donated by the then Governor General Lord Minto to signify the Canadian champions, the Capitals were the first team to win the trophy in 1901. The game was watched by the future King and Queen King George V and Queen Mary in Canada for the royal tour that year.

The Capitals lacrosse and ice hockey teams had a large overlap among its players, and ice hockey executive and Stanley Cup trustee William Foran also had a hand with the lacrosse team. Brothers Eddie and Pat Murphy played both lacrosse and hockey for the Capitals, as did Ovide Lafleur.

Other players on the Capital Lacrosse Club, such as Bouse Hutton and Horace Gaul, played hockey for the Ottawa Hockey Club.

See also
 1898 AHAC season
 Ice hockey in Ottawa
 List of Stanley Cup champions
 List of Stanley Cup Challenge Games

References

Bibliography

Notes

Defunct ice hockey teams in Canada
Ice hockey teams in Ontario
Cap
Capitals


St. Ninian's High School is a Roman Catholic co-educational comprehensive secondary school, located in Kirkintilloch, East Dunbartonshire, on the banks of the Forth and Clyde Canal.

Admissions
There are currently over 900 students in attendance with an average of 5/6 classes in each year. Each class has no more than 30 pupils. St Ninians is a Roman Catholic School.

School roll

Academic performance
The school has consistently proved to be successful in a number of different areas – SQA results, the Charter Mark award, Investors in People recognition and the Scottish Education Award for “Raising Basic Standards”. In 2008, David Miller, an English Teacher, won the  UK Secondary Teacher of the Year at the National Teaching Awards, and, in 2009, Headteacher Paul McLaughlin won the Scottish Secondary Head Teacher of the Year.

History
St Ninian's opened in 1874 in the town centre on Union Street. The school then moved to a new site in 1931 on the sight of the former Westermains House on Bellfield Road. It then moved from Bellfield Road to the former Thomas Muir campus in Bishopbriggs during the demolition and complete rebuild of the Bellfield Road Campus. As of August 2009, is back in Bellfield Road.

Celtic Youth Academy
St Ninian's High, in partnership with Celtic F.C., allows the Celtic Academy players, who are pupils in S1 to S5, to combine intensive coaching sessions with a programme of studies based on continental methods, where everything is monitored including behaviour and homework.

Feeder schools
 Holy Family Primary School, Lenzie.
 Holy Trinity Primary School, Kirkintilloch.
 St Nicholas' Primary School, Milngavie.
 St Machan's Primary School, Lennoxtown.

Notable former pupils

 Theresa Breslin, (born 1947), author
 Paul Buchanan, musician (The Blue Nile)
 Kieran Tierney(born 1997),footballer
 Peter Capaldi (born 1958), actor
 Stephen Crainey (born 1981), footballer
 John Hendrie, footballer
 Bishop Joseph Devine, (born 1937), Bishop of Motherwell
 Des McKeown, (born 1970), footballer
 Charlie Mulgrew, (born 1986), footballer
 Bishop Ian Murray (born 1932), Bishop Emeritus of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Argyll and the Isles
 Katie Sutherland, musician (Pearl and the Puppets)
 David McErlane, musician (Makethisrelate)
 Paul Wilson, (born 1950), footballer

References

External links

St Ninian's High School's page on Scottish Schools Online
 French trip

Catholic secondary schools in East Dunbartonshire
Educational institutions established in 1874
Kirkintilloch

Lenzie
1874 establishments in Scotland
Youth football in Scotland
Celtic F.C.


The 2008 Kentucky Republican presidential primary took place on May 20, 2008. The only Republican candidates that were still in the race were Senator John McCain and Congressman Ron Paul. McCain was the presumptive Republican nominee, having already won enough delegates to secure his eventual nomination.  McCain won the primary.

Results

* Candidate dropped out of the race before the primary

See also
 Kentucky Democratic primary, 2008
 Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008

References

Kentucky
Kentucky Republican presidential primaries
2008


The 2008 Oregon Republican presidential primary was a mail only primary in the U.S. state of Oregon. Ballots were mailed to registered Republican voters between May 2 and May 6, 2008. To be counted, all ballots must have been received by county elections offices by 8:00 p.m. PDT on May 20, 2008. It was a closed primary; in order to vote in Republican races, residents must have registered as Republicans on or before April 29, 2008.

Presidential race

In the race for the Republican nominee for President of the United States, there were two candidates on the Oregon ballot: John McCain and Ron Paul.

Results

Other races

U.S. Senate

Incumbent Senator Gordon Smith defeated Gordon Leitch for the Republican nomination as he sought re-election to the United States Senate.

U.S. House of Representatives

Oregon Republicans selected their candidate in four of Oregon's five congressional districts for the United States House of Representatives. Greg Walden, Oregon's only incumbent Republican congressman, was unopposed in his race in .

In the , real estate investor Delia Lopez was unopposed, and businessman Mike Erickson won a close race in the . Republicans did not field a candidate in the .

In the , retired teacher Joel Haugen won the nomination, but later withdrew it after clashes with party leaders over Haugen's endorsement of Democrat Barack Obama for President. Haugen is now the Independent Party of Oregon candidate, Another Republican Stephan Andrew Brodhead an Iraq War veteran and Real Estate investor Of Hillsboro, Oregon is running an active campaign as a write-in candidate.

Statewide offices

This election determined the Republican candidate for two statewide offices. For Secretary of State, Rick Dancer was unopposed.; for Treasurer Allen Alley was also unopposed. No Republican filed to run for Attorney General, but there were 13,043 write-in votes. John Kroger, who also won the Democratic primary, got 2,885 votes and will be the Republican nominee as well. Kroger's Democratic rival Greg Macpherson came in second with 1,391 votes.

Oregon Senate

Half (15) the positions in the Oregon State Senate were up for election. Republicans nominated candidates in 11 Senate districts for the general election, including one successful write-in candidate.

Oregon House of Representatives

As is the case every two years, all the 60 positions in the Oregon House of Representatives were up for election. Republicans nominated candidates in 44 House districts for the general election, including two successful write-in candidates.

See also
 2008 Oregon Democratic presidential primary
 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries

References

Oregon
Republican
Oregon Republican primaries


Adrienn Bende (born 25 June 1985) is a Hungarian racing driver and model.

Life

Model career
Bende was born in Budapest, and was the winner of the Miss Universe Hungary contest in 2006, and one of the 20 semi-finalists of the Miss Universe 2006 contest from Los Angeles.

Racing career
She is since 2011 race driver at the Lotus Ladies Cup in Lotus Elise. Bende's first racing team was ProexSport Kft, since 2014 she is a driver for Czollner Motorsport.

References

Living people
1985 births
Hungarian female models
Miss Universe 2006 contestants
Hungarian beauty pageant winners
Hungarian racing drivers
Kodolányi János University of Applied Sciences alumni
Models from Budapest

Hungarian female racing drivers
Sportspeople from Budapest


The 2008 Idaho Republican presidential primary took place on May 27, 2008.  John McCain won the primary, although before the election he had already won enough pledged delegates in earlier primaries to secure his nomination at the 2008 Republican National Convention.

Texas Congressman Ron Paul finished second with 24 percent of the vote, which was his best showing in a primary state even though McCain had been declared the presumptive Republican nominee several weeks before the Idaho primary.

Results

See also
 2008 Idaho Democratic presidential caucuses
 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries

References

Idaho
2008 Idaho elections
2008
Idaho presidential primaries


Tealby is a village and civil parish in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England, situated on the edge of the Lincolnshire Wolds and  north-east of Market Rasen. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 593.

Community
Tealby is noted for the Tennyson d'Eyncourt family, which provided the village hall and school. In the 1980s the school was used for filming the programme Nanny.

In the early 2000s the village was granted permission for a shop to be built, now run by volunteers. The village post office was threatened with closure but it is open at certain times of the week.
Tealby church, built using local orange-iron stone, is dedicated to All Saints and dates back to the 12th century; it holds memorials to the Tennyson d'Eyncourt family. Tealby residents included Bernie Taupin, who lived on Beck Hill (Elton John recorded a song about "Tealby Abbey" on Regimental Sgt Zippo).

The King's Head, one of two public houses in the village, is one of the oldest in the country and retains a thatched roof.

Tealby has a Bowls Club and a Lawn Tennis Club, the courts of which are a facility for the wider district, the club promoting a Young Leaders Tennis Course and competitions. The village hall, run by a committee, is used for parties, social events, playgroups, school events and meetings.

Bayons Manor
Tealby's Bayons Manor was once owned by Charles Tennyson, later Tennyson d'Eyncourt, the uncle of Alfred, Lord Tennyson. The estate was purchased in 1944 by a local farmer, primarily for the farmland since the house was already derelict and becoming dangerous. Because of its dangerous condition a subsequent owner had it demolished in 1964. Bayons Manor was a rare example of a Victorian stately home in the style of a moated castle.

Tealby Hoard
In 1807 a ploughman working for George Tennyson uncovered an earthenware pot containing a hoard of some 6000 silver coins. These were examined by Sir Joseph Banks, 604 retained for collectors and reference and 5127 melted down at the Tower Mint. The Tealby pennies have been historically important in numismatics, showing development of Medieval coinage in England.

Etymology
For a long time the placename Tealby has been attributed to Anglo-Saxon tæfl/tefl "gaming-board", here for a square piece of land, plus Old Norse -bȳ "dwelling". But there are old spellings Tavelesbi, Tauelesbi and Teflesbi, and the Anglo-Saxon word tæfl is feminine and so its genitive would be tæfle, and it is suspected that the name refers to some Taifali (a horse-riding Germanic or Sarmatian people) who invaded Gaul or were brought into Gaul by Romans as mercenaries and later crossed to Britain with the Anglo-Saxons.

References

External links

Tealby Watermill
www.thisistealby.com

Villages in Lincolnshire
Civil parishes in Lincolnshire
West Lindsey District


The use of slave and forced labour in Nazi Germany () and throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II took place on an unprecedented scale. It was a vital part of the German economic exploitation of conquered territories. It also contributed to the mass extermination of populations in occupied Europe. The Germans abducted approximately 12 million people from almost twenty European countries; about two thirds came from Central Europe and Eastern Europe. Many workers died as a result of their living conditionsextreme mistreatment, severe malnutrition and abuse were the main causes of death. Many more became civilian casualties from enemy (Allied) bombing and shelling of their workplaces throughout the war. At its peak the forced labourers constituted 20% of the German work force.  Counting deaths and turnover, about 15 million men and women were forced labourers at one point during the war.

Besides Jews, the harshest deportation and forced labor policies were applied to the populations of Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia. By the end of the war, half of Belarus' population had been killed or deported.

The defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 freed approximately 11 million foreigners (categorized as "displaced persons"), most of whom were forced labourers and POWs. In wartime, the German forces had brought into the Reich 6.5 million civilians in addition to Soviet POWs for unfree labour in factories. Returning them home was a high priority for the Allies. However, in the case of citizens of the USSR, returning often meant suspicion of collaboration or the Gulag. The United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), Red Cross, and military operations provided food, clothing, shelter, and assistance in returning home. In all, 5.2 million foreign workers and POWs were repatriated to the Soviet Union, 1.6 million to Poland, 1.5 million to France, and 900,000 to Italy, along with 300,000 to 400,000 each to Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, Hungary, and Belgium.

Forced workers

Hitler's policy of Lebensraum (room for living) strongly emphasized the conquest of new lands in the East, known as Generalplan Ost, and the exploitation of these lands to provide cheap goods and labour for Germany. Even before the war, Nazi Germany maintained a supply of slave labour. This practice started from the early days of labour camps of "unreliable elements" (), such as the homeless, homosexuals, criminals, political dissidents, communists, Jews, and anyone whom the regime wanted out of the way. During World War II the Nazis operated several categories of Arbeitslager (labour camps) for different categories of inmates. Prisoners in Nazi labour camps were worked to death on short rations and in bad conditions, or killed if they became unable to work. Many died as a direct result of forced labour under the Nazis.

After the invasion of Poland, Polish Jews over the age of 12 and Poles over the age of 12 living in the General Government were subject to forced labor. Historian Jan Gross estimates that “no more than 15 percent” of Polish workers volunteered to go to work in Germany. In 1942, all non-Germans living in the General Government were subject to forced labor.

The largest number of labour camps held civilians forcibly abducted in the occupied countries (see Łapanka) to provide labour in the German war industry, repair bombed railroads and bridges, or work on farms. Manual labour was a resource in high demand, as much of the work that today would be done with machines was still a manual affair in the 1930s and 1940sshoveling, material handling, machining, and many others. As the war progressed, the use of slave labour increased massively. Prisoners of war and civilian "undesirables" were brought in from occupied territories. Millions of Jews, Slavs and other conquered peoples were used as slave labourers by German corporations, such as Thyssen, Krupp, IG Farben, Bosch, Daimler-Benz, Demag, Henschel, Junkers, Messerschmitt, Siemens, and even Volkswagen, not to mention the German subsidiaries of foreign firms, such as Fordwerke (a subsidiary of the Ford Motor Company) and Adam Opel AG (a subsidiary of General Motors) among others. Once the war had begun, the foreign subsidiaries were seized and nationalized by the Nazi-controlled German state, and work conditions there deteriorated as they did throughout German industry. About 12 million forced labourers, most of whom were Eastern Europeans, were employed in the German war economy inside Nazi Germany throughout the war. The German need for slave labour grew to the point that even children were kidnapped to work in an operation called the Heu-Aktion.
More than 2,000 German companies profited from slave labour during the Nazi era, including Deutsche Bank and Siemens.

Classifications

A class system was created amongst Fremdarbeiter ("foreign workers") brought to Germany to work for the Reich. The system was based on layers of increasingly less privileged workers, starting with well paid workers from Germany's allies or neutral countries to forced labourers from conquered Untermenschen ("sub-humans") populations.

 Gastarbeitnehmer ("guest workers")Workers from Germanic and Scandinavian countries, France, Italy, other German allies (Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary), and friendly neutrals (e.g. Spain and Switzerland). This was a very small group; only about 1% of foreign workers in Germany came from countries that were neutral or allied to Germany.
 Zwangsarbeiter (forced workers)Forced labourers from countries not allied with Germany. This class of workers was broken down into the following designations:
 Militärinternierte ("military internees")Prisoners of war. Geneva  Conventions allowed captor nations to force non-officer prisoners of war to work within certain restrictions.  For example, almost all Polish non-officer prisoners of war (c. 300,000) were forced to work in Nazi Germany. In 1944, there were almost 2 million prisoners of war employed as forced labourers in Germany. Compared to other foreign workers, the prisoners of war were relatively well-off, especially if they came from western countries that were still at war like the United States or Britain, as the minimum standards of their treatment were mandated by the Geneva Conventions.  Their working conditions and well-being were subject to supervision by the International Red Cross and, in cases of mistreatment, retaliation against German prisoners held in the US, Britain and Canada (who were performing similar forced labor) was almost certain.  However, the treatment of these workers varied greatly depending on their country of origin, the period, and the specific workplace. In particular, Soviet prisoners of war were treated with utter brutality as Nazis did not consider them subject to protection under the Geneva Conventions, which had not been ratified nor implemented by the Soviet Union.
 Zivilarbeiter ("civilian workers")ethnic Poles from the General Government. They were regulated by strict Polish decrees: they received much lower wages and could not use conveniences such as public transport, or visit many public spaces and businesses (for example they could not visit German church services, swimming pools, or restaurants); they had to work longer hours and were assigned smaller food rations; they were subject to a curfew. Poles were routinely denied holidays and had to work seven days a week; they could not enter marriage between themselves without a permit; they could not possess money or objects of value: bicycles, cameras, or even lighters. They were required to wear a sign: the "Polish P", on their clothing. In 1939, there were about 300,000 Polish Zivilarbeiter in Germany. By 1944, their number skyrocketted to about 1.7 million, or 2.8 million by different accounts (approximately 10% of occupied Poland's prisoner workforce). In 1944, there were about 7.6 million foreign so-called civilian workers employed in Germany in total, including POWs from Generalgouvernement and the expanded USSR, with a similar number of workers in this category from other countries.
 Ostarbeiter ("Eastern workers")Soviet and Polish civil workers rounded up primarily in Distrikt Galizien and in Reichskommissariat Ukraine. They were marked with a sign OST ("East"), had to live in camps that were fenced with barbed wire and under guard, and were particularly exposed to the arbitrariness of the Gestapo and the industrial plant guards. Estimates put the number of OST workers between 3 million and 5.5 million.

In general, foreign labourers from Western Europe had similar gross earnings and were subject to similar taxation as German workers. In contrast, the central and eastern European forced labourers received at most about one-half the gross earnings paid to German workers and much fewer social benefits. Forced labourers who were prisoners of labour or concentration camps received little if any wage and benefits. The deficiency in net earnings of central and eastern European forced labourers (versus forced labourers from western countries) is illustrated by the wage savings forced labourers were able to transfer to their families at home or abroad (see table).

Sexual slavery
The Nazis issued a ban on sexual relations between Germans and foreign workers. Repeated efforts were made to propagate Volkstum ("racial consciousness"), to prevent such relations. Pamphlets, for instance, instructed all German women to avoid physical contact with all foreign workers brought to Germany as a danger to their blood. Women who disobeyed were imprisoned although executions were also performed. Even fraternization with the workers was regarded as dangerous, and targeted with pamphlet campaigns in 1940–1942. The soldiers in the Wehrmacht and SS officers were exempt from any such restrictions. It is estimated that at least 34,140 Eastern European women apprehended in Łapankas (military kidnapping raids), were forced to serve them as "sex slaves" in German military brothels and camp brothels during the Third Reich. In Warsaw alone, there were five such establishments set up under military guard in September 1942, with over 20 rooms each. Alcohol was not allowed in there, unlike on the western front, and the victims underwent genital checkups once a week.

French shipyards
French workers at naval bases provided the Kriegsmarine with an essential workforce, thereby supporting Nazi Germany in the Battle of the Atlantic. By 1939, the Kriegsmarine's planning had presumed that they had time to build up resources before the war started. When France fell and the ports of Brest, Lorient and Saint-Nazaire became available, there were insufficient Germans to man these repair and maintenance facilities, so huge reliance was made on the French workforce. At the end of 1940, the Kriegsmarine requested 2,700 skilled workers from Wilhelmshaven to work in bases on the Atlantic coast, but this was out of a total available workforce of only 3,300. This same request included 870 men skilled in machinery and engine building, but there were only 725 people with these skills in Wilhelmshaven. This massive deficit was made up of French naval dockyard workers. In February 1941, the naval dockyard at Brest had only 470 German workers, compared with 6,349 French workers. In April 1941, French workers replaced defective superheater tubes on the Scharnhorst, carrying out the work slowly but, in the opinion of Scharnhorst's captain, to a better standard than could be obtained in the yards in Germany. An assessment commissioned by Vizeadmiral Walter Matthiae in October 1942 of the potential effect of withdrawal of French dockyard workers (considered possible after 32 French fatalities in an air raid at Lorient Submarine Base) stated that all repairs on the surface fleet would cease and U-boat repairs would be cut by 30 per cent. Admiral Darlan stated, on 30 September 1940, that it was useless to decline German requests for collaboration. In September 1942, Rear Admiral Germain Paul Jardel, commander of the French navy in the occupied zone stated "We have a special interest in that the workers at our arsenals work, and that they work in the arsenals and not in Germany." From a practical point of view, French workers needed employment and could be conscripted to work in Germany (as happened to one million of them). A small number objected to carrying out war work but the majority were found by the Germans to be willing and efficient workers.

Numbers
In the late summer of 1944, German records listed 7.6 million foreign civilian workers and prisoners of war in the German territory, most of whom had been brought there by coercion. By 1944, slave labour made up one quarter of Germany's entire work force, and the majority of German factories had a contingent of prisoners. The Nazis also had plans for the internment and transportation to Europe of "the able-bodied male population between the ages of seventeen and forty-five" in the event of a successful  invasion of the United Kingdom.

{| class="wikitable" width="70%" style="font-size:95%; text-align:right;"
|+ Foreign civilian forced labourers in Nazi Germany by country of origin, January 1944 with transfer payment to the Reich per labourer Source: Beyer & Schneider
|-
! Countries !! Number !! % of total !! RM
|-
! style="background:#CCCCCC;" | Total
| 6,450,000 || 100.0% ||
|-
! style=“background:#E1E1E1;” | Occupied Central and Eastern Europe
| 4,208,000 || 65.2% || median 15 RM
|-
| align="center" | Czechoslovakia
| 348,000 || 5.4% ||
|-
| align="center" | Poland
| 1,400,000 || 21.7% || 33.5 RM
|-
| align="center" | Yugoslavia
| 270,000 || 4.2% ||
|-
| align="center" | USSR including annexed lands
| 2,165,000 || 33.6% || 4 RM
|-
| align="center" | Hungary
| 25,000 || 0.4% ||
|-
| align="center" | Greece
| 20,000 || 0.3% ||
|-
! style=“background:#E1E1E1;” | Occupied Western Europe
| 2,155,000 || 33.4 || median 700 RM
|-
| align="center" | France (except Alsace-Lorraine)
| 1,100,000 || 17.1% || 487 RM
|-
| align="center" | Norway
| 2,000 || – ||
|-
| align="center" | Denmark
| 23,000 || 0.4% ||
|-
| align="center" | Netherlands
| 350,000 || 5.4% ||
|-
| align="center" | Belgium
| 500,000 || 7.8% || 913 RM
|-
| align="center" | Italy
| 180,000 || 2.8% || 1,471 RM
|-
! style="background:#CCCCCC;" | German allies and neutral countries
| 87,000 || 1.3% ||
|-
| align="center" | Bulgaria
| 35,000 || 0.5% ||
|-
| align="center" | Romania
| 6,000 || 0.1% ||
|-
| align="center" | Spain
| 8,000 || 0.1% ||
|-
| align="center" | Switzerland
| 18,000 || 0.3% ||
|}

Organisation Todt

The Organisation Todt was a Nazi era civil and military engineering group in Nazi Germany, eponymously named for its founder Fritz Todt, an engineer and senior Nazi figure. The organization was responsible for a huge range of engineering projects both in pre-World War II Germany, and in all of occupied Europe from France to Russia. Todt became notorious for using forced labour. Most of the so-called "volunteer" Soviet POW workers were assigned to the Organisation Todt. The history of the organization falls into three main phases.
 A pre-war period between 1933 and 1938, during which the predecessor of Organisation Todt, the office of General Inspector of German Roadways (Generalinspektor für das deutsche Straßenwesen), was primarily responsible for the construction of the German Autobahn network. The organisation was able to draw on "conscripted" (i.e. compulsory) labour from within Germany through the Reich Labour Service (Reichsarbeitsdienst, RAD).
 The period from 1938 until 1942 after Operation Barbarossa, when the Organisation Todt proper was founded and utilized on the Eastern front. The huge increase in the demand for labour created by the various military and paramilitary projects was met by a series of expansions of the laws on compulsory service, which ultimately obligated all Germans to arbitrarily determined (i.e. effectively unlimited) compulsory labour for the state: Zwangsarbeit. From 1938–40, over 1.75 million Germans were conscripted into labour service. From 1940–42, Organization Todt began its reliance on Gastarbeitnehmer (guest workers), Militärinternierte (military internees), Zivilarbeiter (civilian workers), Ostarbeiter (Eastern workers) and Hilfswillige ("volunteer") POW workers.
 The period from 1942 until the end of the war, with approximately 1.4 million labourers in the service of the Organisation Todt. Overall, 1% were Germans rejected from military service and 1.5% were concentration camp prisoners; the rest were prisoners of war and compulsory labourers from occupied countries. All were effectively treated as slaves and existed in the complete and arbitrary service of a ruthless totalitarian state. Many did not survive the work or the war.

Extermination through labour

Millions of Jews were forced labourers in ghettos, before they were shipped off to extermination camps. The Nazis also operated concentration camps, some of which provided free forced labour for industrial and other jobs while others existed purely for the extermination of their inmates. To mislead the victims, at the entrances to a number of camps the lie "work brings freedom" ("arbeit macht frei") was placed, to encourage the false impression that cooperation would earn release. A notable example of labour-concentration camp is the Mittelbau-Dora labour camp complex that serviced the production of the V-2 rocket. Extermination through labour was a Nazi German World War II principle that regulated the aims and purposes of most of their labour and concentration camps. The rule demanded that the inmates of German World War II camps be forced to work for the German war industry with only basic tools and minimal food rations until totally exhausted.

Controversy over compensation

To facilitate the economy after the war, certain categories of the victims of Nazism were excluded from compensation from the German Government; those were the groups with the least amount of political pressure they could have brought to bear, and many forced labourers from the Eastern Europe fall into that category. There has been little initiative on the part of the German government or business to compensate the forced labourers from the war period.

As stated in the London Debt Agreement of 1953:

To this date, there are arguments that such settlement has never been fully carried out and that Germany post-war development has been greatly aided, while the development of victim countries stalled.

A prominent example of a group which received almost no compensation for their time as forced labourer in Nazi Germany are the Polish forced labourers. According to the Potsdam Agreements of 1945, the Poles were to receive reparations not from Germany itself, but from the Soviet Union share of those reparations; due to the Soviet pressure on the Polish communist government, the Poles agreed to a system of repayment that de facto meant that few Polish victims received any sort of adequate compensation (comparable to the victims in Western Europe or Soviet Union itself). Most of the Polish share of reparations was "given" to Poland by Soviet Union under the Comecon framework, which was not only highly inefficient, but benefited Soviet Union much more than Poland. Under further Soviet pressure (related to the London Agreement on German External Debts), in 1953 the People's Republic of Poland renounced its right to further claims of reparations from the successor states of Nazi Germany. Only after the fall of communism in Poland in 1989/1990 did the Polish government try to renegotiate the issue of reparations, but found little support in this from the German side and none from the Soviet (later, Russian) side.

The total number of forced labourers under Nazi rule who were still alive as of August 1999 was 2.3 million. The German Forced Labour Compensation Programme was established in 2000; a forced labour fund paid out more than 4.37 billion euros to close to 1.7 million of then-living victims around the world (one-off payments of between 2,500 and 7,500 euros). Germany Chancellor Angela Merkel stated in 2007 that "Many former forced labourers have finally received the promised humanitarian aid"; she also conceded that before the fund was established nothing had gone directly to the forced labourers. German president Horst Koehler stated
It was an initiative that was urgently needed along the journey to peace and reconciliation... At least, with these symbolic payments, the suffering of the victims has been publicly acknowledged after decades of being forgotten.

See also
Private sector participation in Nazi crimes
 Arbeitseinsatz, (forced labour deployment)
 Totaleinsatz, a colloquial term used for a subset of the Arbeitseinsatz program concerning 400,000 Czechs
 Polnischer Baudienst im Generalgouvernement, (Polish Construction Service in the General Government)
 Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe (DWB), (German Economic Enterprises)
 Fritz Sauckel
 Forced labor in the Soviet Union
 Italian military internees
 Ispettorato Militare del Lavoro
 Service du travail obligatoire (STO), (Compulsory Work Service in Vichy France)
 Forced labor of Germans after World War II

References
Informational notes

Citations

Further reading
 Homze, Edward L. Foreign Labor in Nazi Germany (Princeton UP 1967)

External links
 Compensation for Forced Labour in World War II: The German Compensation Law of 2 August 2000
German compensation law
Report on victim compensation,  International Organization for Migration
 Forced Labour document from Yad Vashem
 "Forced and Slave Labour in Nazi-Dominated Europe, 1933 to 1945", United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Symposium (2002)
 International Red Cross
 Nazi Forced Labour Documentation Centre in Berlin-Schoeneweide
 Forced Labour at Salamander AG
 Claims against Germany
 International Tracing Service – Glossary

Unfree labor during World War II
Economy of Nazi Germany
Germany in World War II
Slavery by type
Nazi war crimes


The 2008 South Dakota Republican presidential primary took place on June 3, 2008.

Results

See also
 2008 South Dakota Democratic presidential primary
 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries

References

South Dakota
2008 South Dakota elections
South Dakota Republican primaries


Society for Science, formerly known as Science Service and later Society for Science and the Public, is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization dedicated to the promotion of science, through its science education programs and publications, including the bi-weekly Science News magazine and Science News Explores.

The organization is headquartered in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Founded as Science Service in 1921, the Society for Science has been dedicated to expanding scientific literacy, access to STEM education and scientific research for more than 100 years. In pursuit of this goal, it publishes two magazines: Science News and Science News Explores (formerly Science News for Students), and manages student science fair events including the International Science and Engineering Fair, the Regeneron Science Talent Search (previously known as the Westinghouse Science Talent Search, the oldest and longest running science fair competition in the US), and the Thermo Fisher Scientific Junior Innovators Challenge (JIC) competition.

History

Society for Science was founded in 1921 by journalist Edward W. Scripps and zoologist William Emerson Ritter, under the name "Science Service", with the goal of informing the public of the latest scientific discoveries and achievements.  The Science Service emerged from a reorganization of a group that Scripps and Ritter had originally founded in 1919 as the American Society for the Dissemination of Science.

Scripps and Ritter accomplished their goal by distributing the latest science research to the public through a news service for reporters. In 1922, due to interest from non-journalists, Science Service started distributing Science News-Letter, which became a magazine in 1926. It quickly became a prime source of science news for libraries, schools, and individuals. In 1942, Science Service launched the first of its prestigious education competitions, the Westinghouse Science Talent Search.

Between the World Wars, Science Service sponsored Science Clubs of America, founded by Watson Davis. It was a national organization to popularize science among amateur scientists. High school science clubs were encouraged to join.

From 1940 through 1989, Science Service sponsored the Things of Science Club. Subscribers received a monthly box containing some kind or material or artifact, along with an pamphlet describing experiments that could be done with it. Sometimes the kits contained parts that could be assembled into a scientific instrument.

Beginning in 2003, it published Science News for Kids, an online magazine aimed at students, teachers and parents. This became Science News for Students. In 2022, with the publication of a new magazine of the same name, SNS was rebranded as Science News Explores.

In 2008, Science Service was renamed as the Society for Science & the Public, in order to better reflect the mission of the organization to advocate for science in the public interest.

In 2021, the organization announced it had shortened its name from Society for Science & the Public to Society for Science.

See also
The Society for Science administers three science competitions:
The Regeneron International Science and Engineering Fair for international high school students, previously sponsored by Intel.
The Regeneron Science Talent Search for US high school seniors, previously sponsored by Westinghouse and Intel.
The Thermo Fisher Scientific Junior Innovators Challenge for US middle school students, previously known as the Broadcom MASTERS

References

External links
 Society for Science: 100 Years of Impact
 Science News
 Science News Explores
 Science Service, now Society for Science.
 Society for Science: Financials
 Selected images from Science Service files at the Smithsonian Institution Archives
 Science News: Century of Science

1921 establishments in the United States
501(c)(3) organizations
Educational organizations based in the United States
Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Publishing companies of the United States
Publishing companies established in 1921
Science education in the United States
Scientific organizations established in 1921
Science advocacy organizations


Picturegoer was a fan magazine published in the United Kingdom between 1911 and 23 April 1960.

Background
The magazine was started in 1911 under the name The Pictures and in 1914 it merged with Picturegoer. Following the merge it was renamed Pictures and The Picturegoer, which continued until 1920. The same year it was renamed as Pictures for the Picturegoer.

It began publication with the name Picturegoer in January 1921. Odhams Press was the publisher of the magazine during the early years. It was initially published monthly through May 1931, switching to weekly publication 30 May 1931 as Picturegoer Weekly. In September 1939, Picturegoer incorporated Film Weekly, and in September 1941 it became a bi-weekly. It went back to weekly publication every Thursday in July 1949 .

Picturegoer featured the screen's biggest stars and was sold at all cinemas. Clark Gable, Laurence Olivier, Bette Davis, Paulette Goddard, Petula Clark, Fred Astaire, and Richard Burton were among the hundreds of stars who graced its front cover. Its circulation reached a peak of 325,000 during the mid-1940s.

After World War II, it found itself competing with periodicals published by the Rank Organisation, Odeon Cinemas, and Associated British Cinemas, which replaced Picturegoer with their own magazines at their theatre kiosks. As a result, Picturegoer became more sensational in the 1950s, with covers featuring cheesecake and beefcake-style artwork.

It eventually merged with the pop music magazine Disc Date. Shortly after the Picturegoer name was dropped and the publication concentrated solely on music. The last issue of Picturegoer was published on 23 April 1960 with a cover showcasing Jackie Rae and Janette Scott.

See also
 Picture Show

The last issue was published on April 30, 1960 with Elsa Martinelli on the cover.

The magazine missed publication on March 1, 1947 and from July 4, 1959 to August 15, 1959.

References

External links

1911 establishments in the United Kingdom
1960 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Film magazines published in the United Kingdom
Weekly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Defunct magazines published in the United Kingdom
Entertainment magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1911
Magazines disestablished in 1960
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Biweekly magazines published in the United Kingdom


Walter Darling Fleming "Wattie" Jackson (9 January 1898 – 1951) was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a center forward. He spent five seasons in the Scottish Football League, at least one in the English Football League and two in the American Soccer League.

Born in Glasgow but raised in Renton, West Dunbartonshire from a very early age, Jackson and his younger brother Alex both played professionally. In 1920, Jackson began his career with Kilmarnock of the Scottish Football League. In 1923, while visiting relatives in Detroit, Michigan, he came to the attention Bethlehem Steel who had recently lost center forward Daniel McNiven to the New York Field Club. The team tracked down Jackson in Michigan and offered him $25.00 per week to play for Bethlehem. This was nearly triple his salary in Scotland and on 25 August 1923, signed with the Steelmen, along with his brother.

After one season in the United States, the Jacksons returned to Scotland to join Aberdeen – Alex moved on after one season, but Wattie stayed for a second, although in October 1925 he joined Preston North End in the Football League. In 1927, he returned to the United States where he re-signed with Bethlehem Steel. He played only thirteen games that season before moving to the Philadelphia Centennials of the Eastern Professional Soccer League.

References

External links

Scottish men's footballers
Kilmarnock F.C. players
American Soccer League (1921–1933) players
Bethlehem Steel F.C. (1907–1930) players
Aberdeen F.C. players
Yoker Athletic F.C. players
Preston North End F.C. players
Eastern Professional Soccer League (1928–29) players
Centennial F.C. players
1898 births
1951 deaths
Date of death missing
Men's association football forwards
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Scottish expatriate men's footballers
Scottish Football League players
Footballers from West Dunbartonshire
Scottish Junior Football Association players
Scottish emigrants to the United States
People from Renton, West Dunbartonshire


Marcantonio Mario Dimitri dei Principi Ruspoli (November 28, 1926 – August 1, 2003) was the 3rd Principe di Poggio Suasa and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, son of Costantino Ruspoli (Costantino is an eldest son of Mario Ruspoli, 2nd Prince of Poggio Suasa), and wife Elisabeth Catherine Adrienne Marie Anne Comtesse van der Noot d'Assche.

Marriages and children
He married firstly at Recife, Pernambuco, November 17, 1951 and divorced in 1958 Lúcia Helena Pessoa de Mello (April 22, 1922 –), a Portuguese Brazilian, without issue.

He married secondly at Maceió, Alagoas, September 8, 1981 Gleide Chagas Portela (Catende, Pernambuco, November 18, 1935 – Recife, Pernambuco, July 3, 1992), a Portuguese Brazilian, daughter of Pedro Chagas and wife Natália Portela, by whom he had six children:

 Donna Adriana dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (Recife, Pernambuco, February 27, 1963 –), unmarried and without issue.
 Donna Elizabeth dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (Recife, Pernambuco, January 17, 1965 –), married at Recife, Pernambuco, December 2, 1990 Natanael Gonçalves, by whom she had an only daughter:
 Nataly  Gonçalves (São Paulo, São Paulo, September 2, 1994 –).
 Donna Christiane dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (Recife, Pernambuco, January 25, 1968 –), married on March 31, 1990 José Portella de Macedo, Jr., by whom she had an only son:
 José Eduardo Ruspoli Portella de Macedo (Manaus, Amazonas, March 17, 1991 –) He married on January 09, 2021 Allany Carvalho de Melo.
 Costantino Mario Ruspoli, 4th Prince of Poggio Suasa.
Donna Diana dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (Recife, Pernambuco, March 5, 1973 –), married in Recife, Pernambuco, June 2, 2002 Fábio Miguel Santos, by whom she had an only son:
 Fábio Henrique Miguel Santos (Recife, Pernambuco, 2005 –).
 Don Pietro Marco dei Principi Ruspoli-Poggio Suasa (Maceió, Alagoas, March 25, 1981 – Maceió, Alagoas, March 28, 1981).

See also
 Ruspoli

External links
 Marcantonio Mario Dimitri Ruspoli on a genealogical site

1926 births
2003 deaths
Mercantonio
Italian nobility


Variegated yarn is yarn dyed with more than one colour.

Objective
It can produce effects that vary depending on the technique of the crafter, the pattern used, and the frequency of colour change. These effects include "flashing" (lightning-bolt effects) and "pooling" (patchy or marbleized effects). Some yarns (known as "self-striping yarns") are designed to produce stripes when used to knit small items such as socks or mittens.

Methods
In solid dyeing, yarns dyed in one single color, Variegated yarns have more than one color. There are various methods of applying two or more colors, and the most common practice is spray or space dyeing.

Space dyeing
Space dyeing is a technique of localized color application that produces a unique multicolored effect.

Use
Variegated yarns may be used also in knitting, crocheting, and other textile arts. These variegated colored yarns help in making small fancy items such as braids, etc.

Gallery

See also

 Yarn

 Dyeing

 Novelty yarns include a wide variety of yarns made with unusual features, structure or fiber composition such as slubs, inclusions, metallic or synthetic fibers, laddering and varying thickness introduced during production.

References

Knitting
Knitting tools and materials
Yarn


Edward Clive Stewart White (17 April 1913 – 10 October 1999) was an Australian cricketer who played for New South Wales and toured England with the Australian team in 1938 without playing a Test match.

Born and raised in Sydney, Ted White played grade cricket with the North Sydney club and scored 52 on his first-class debut against Victoria in 1934–35. White bowled with a fluent, upright action that maximised his height and he relied on accuracy and changes of pace rather than movement to secure wickets. Against South Australia in 1935–36, he captured 8/31 on a receptive pitch at the Sydney Cricket Ground, which included a spell of four wickets for no runs. The next season, he hit his only first-class century, batting at number ten. Chosen to tour England in 1938 with the Australian team led by Don Bradman, he was not suited to the batting-friendly pitches that resulted from a summer of dry weather and he claimed only 30 wickets (at 23.60 average). His performances were hampered by chronic back problems, which forced his retirement during the 1938–39 Australian season.

White's father Alfred (1879–1962) played four matches for New South Wales, including one as captain, between 1905–06 and 1908–09; the Whites were the first father-son combination to each score a first-class century for the state. Ted White worked in the family's sharebroking business before enlisting in the Australian army during World War II. He served in the Middle East and New Guinea, rising from the rank of private to major by the war's end. After the war, he played suburban cricket for two decades, capturing 823 wickets for the I Zingari team.

References

1913 births
1999 deaths
Australian cricketers
New South Wales cricketers
Australian Army personnel of World War II
Australian Army officers
D. G. Bradman's XI cricketers
Cricketers from Sydney


Art Madrid is a contemporary art fair organized by the company Arte y Asociados in Madrid since the year 2006 and that agrees in the time with ARCO (the International Fair of Contemporary Art).  In terms of number of galleries, it is the second largest contemporary art fair in Spain.

In its third annual event, Art Madrid 80 galleries of modern art and contemporary art were present - 59 of them from Spain and 21 international.

In 2007 23,000 visitors and 20 million Euros in sales were surpassed.

Arte y Asociados, Art Madrid's organizing company, is launching the first edition of FIART Valencia, the "International Fair of Modern and Contemporary Art of Valencia".  The fairgrounds will include 4,000 square meters of exhibition space and a projection of 50 participating galleries.

FIART Valencia will be held from September 25 to October 1, 2008, at the Feria de Valencia pavilions, coinciding with Habitat Valencia Forward, an event that includes the International Furniture Fair of Valencia and the International Decoration Fair which, in the last edition, received more than 80.000 professional visitors.

Galleries in Art Madrid 2008
 A. Cortina - Barcelona
 Ab - Antoni Botey - Barcelona
 Alba Cabrera - Valencia
 Aleph - Ciudad Real
 Alexandra Irigoyen - Madrid
 Angel Guido Art Project - Argentina
 Anquins - Reus
 Antonio Prátes - Portugal
 Art Lounge - Portugal
 Arte & Arte Gallery - Madrid
 Arte Privado - Argentina
 Artetrece - Madrid
 Atelier - Barcelona
 La Aurora - Murcia
 Barcelona - Barcelona
 Bat Alberto Cornejo- Madrid
 Beaux Arts Gallery – Miami (EE.UU.)
 Benlliure - Valencia
 Bennassar - Baleares
 Carlos Teixidó - Barcelona
 Carme Espinet - Barcelona
 Carmen Del Campo - Córdoba
 Clave - Murcia
 Comosmoarte - Alicante
 Cordeiros Galería - Portugal
 Cornión - Asturias
 Del Cisne - Madrid
 Del Palau - Valencia
 El Museo - Colombia
 Felisa Navarro - Álava
 Flecha - Madrid
 Francesc Llopis - Barcelona
 Friends Art - Barcelona
 Gabriel Vanrell - Baleares
 Galiano - Cuba
 Gallery Bandi - Corea
 Gallery Lazar Vujic - Eslovenia
 Giart - Girona
 Gómez Turu Gallery - Barcelona
 Hispánica - Madrid
 Jordi Pascual - Barcelona
 Katuin - Holanda
 Levy - Alemania
 Lina Davidov - Francia
 Lorenart - Madrid
 Luis Burgos - Madrid
 Manel Mayoral - Barcelona
 Maneu - Baleares
 Marges U - Girona
 Marimón - Baleares
 Marita Segovia - Madrid
 Michael Schmalfuss - Alemania
 Mikel Armendia - Navarra
 Mito - Barcelona
 Múltiple - Madrid
 Muro - Valencia
 Nave Del Arte - Madrid
 Paloma Larroy - Madrid
 Perve - Portugal
 Pilares - Cuenca
 Praxis - Nueva York (EE.UU.)
 Preciado Fine Art – Miami (EE.UU.)
 Principal Art - Barcelona
 Punto - Valencia
 El Quatre - Barcelona
 Rafael Lozano - Madrid
 Raiña Lupa - Barcelona
 Rayuela - Madrid
 Rita Castellote - Madrid
 Rosalía Sender - Valencia
 Sao Mamede - Portugal
 Sen - Madrid
 Servando - Cuba
 Set Espai Dart - Alicante
 Tizas - Madrid
 Toulouse – Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)
 Trazos Gallery - Canadá
 Tres Punts - Barcelona
 Vali30 - Valencia
 Xanon - Bilbao

References

External links
 Art Madrid's official web page
 ArtVista - International Art Fairs Calendar
 Madrid Contemporary Art Galleries Interactive Map

Culture of Spain
Art fairs
2006 establishments in Spain
Recurring events established in 2006
Events in Madrid


Rodolfo Valentino Padilla Fernandez (March 3, 1952 – June 7, 2008), better known as Rudy Fernandez or Daboy, was a Filipino actor and producer. He came to prominence as an action star in Philippine cinema during the 1980s up to the early 1990s.

Early life and career
Fernandez was born at 8:36 PM on March 3, 1952, at Mary Johnston Hospital in Tondo, Manila. He is the eldest son of the late film director Gregorio Fernandez and actress Pilar Padilla (daughter of José Padilla Sr.). Both his parents were from Lubao, Pampanga, which he considered his hometown. He made his film debut at the age of three, appearing in Luksang Tagumpay (1956), which was directed by his father. He also appeared in another film of his father's, Emily (1960).

Fernandez started his active film career while a student at the University of Santo Tomas, when he was signed to a contract by Sampaguita Pictures in 1970. He was first featured by Sampaguita Pictures in For Your Mama (1970), then paired with Connie Angeles in Sweet Matutina (1970). Fernandez spent the next few years in teenage parts until he made his breakthrough as an action star with Bitayin si... Baby Ama? (1976). His viability as an action star was further enhanced with the box-office success of Ang Leon, ang Tigre at ang Alamid (1979).

Beginning with Baby Ama, a biopic of a well-known Filipino criminal, Fernandez specialized in portraying true-to-life characters. One of his notable action films is Markang Bungo (Skull Mark), a film based on a true story, where he portrayed the well-known Baguio police officer Bobby Ortega, was released in 1992. From this film came a signature line of Fernandez's, "Walang personalan, trabaho lang" ("Strictly business, nothing personal"), which has since been cited as among the most memorable quotes in Philippine cinema by QTV's Ang Pinaka television program. Iligpit si Bobby Ortega: Markang Bungo 2 (Execute Bobby Ortega, Skull Mark 2) is a sequel that was released in 1995.

Aside for portraying a real police officer, he was cast in the lead roles for the biopics of Filipino politicians Alfredo Lim, Vincent Crisologo, and Ping Lacson. In the film Lagalag: The Eddie Fernandez Story, he starred as Eddie Fernandez, a Filipino actor during the 1970s and the father of Pops Fernandez.

With the decline of production of Filipino action films during the 2000s, Fernandez turned to television roles. In the short-lived GMA Network sitcom Da Boy, en Da Girl, he starred opposite Rosanna Roces. He also played as a supporting role in other TV series in GMA like Twin Hearts and Atlantika. He was also the host of the docu-drama Kasangga.

Awards
Fernandez has won two FAMAS Best Actor awards for the action films Batuigas... Pasukuin si Waway (Batuigas... Make Waway Surrender) (1984) and Operation: Get Victor Corpus, The Rebel Soldier (1988). In addition to these wins, FAMAS has also nominated Rudy Fernandez an additional 13 times from 1976 to 1998. He also won two FAP Best Actor awards for Batuigas... and for Birador (1998).

In 2007, FAMAS awarded him the Fernando Poe, Jr. Memorial Award. The next year, the Philippine Movie Press Club (PMPC) bestowed the 2008 Ulirang Artista Lifetime Achievement Award to Rudy Fernandez, at the 24th PMPC Star Awards for Movies. He was also the recipient of the Film Academy of the Philippines FPJ Lifetime Achievement Award.

Personal life
Fernandez hometown is Lubao, Pampanga. He came from famous Padilla showbiz clan in his maternal side. Robin, BB Gandanghari, and Rommel Padilla are his cousins and Zsa Zsa Padilla is a niece. He has one son, Mark Anthony Fernandez, with former partner Alma Moreno and two sons, Raphael Fernandez and Renz Fernandez with Lorna Tolentino, his wife. His grandson Grae (son of Mark Anthony Fernandez) also joined the showbiz industry.

He was survived by his wife, sons, and cousins; consequently, as he is the Padilla brothers' cousin, his grandson, Grae Fernandez, is the nephew of teen king Daniel Padilla.

Politics
During the 2001 elections, Fernandez ran for mayor of Quezon City under the banner of the Puwersa ng Masa. Although he garnered most of the votes in District 2 where the voters were composed mostly of indigent citizens, he lost in the remaining three districts and was defeated by then-House Speaker Sonny Belmonte of the People Power Coalition.

Illness and death
In 2007, it was revealed by Lorna Tolentino on Startalk that her husband had been diagnosed with periampullary cancer. Fernandez underwent treatment in Tokyo, Japan. After a healing Mass on May 10, 2008, by several friends at the Christ the King Church, Quezon City, he was rushed to a San Juan hospital for back pains. The Sun Star reported that Fernandez was actually suffering from pancreatic cancer, instead.

Fernandez celebrated his 25th wedding anniversary with Lorna Tolentino on June 1, 2008. He suffered a seizure three days later on June 4, but refused to be taken back to the Cardinal Santos Memorial Center in San Juan.

Fernandez died from periampullary cancer at his home in Quezon City on the morning of June 7, 2008.
 His remains were brought to The Heritage Park in Taguig City, and his interment took place on June 12, 2008, at 3 p.m. for his burial.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

1952 births
2008 deaths
20th-century comedians
20th-century Filipino male actors
21st-century Filipino male actors
Burials at The Heritage Park
Deaths from cancer in the Philippines
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Rudy
Filipino actor-politicians
Filipino male child actors
Filipino male comedians
Filipino male film actors
Filipino male television actors
Filipino people of Chinese descent
Filipino people of Spanish descent
Filipino Roman Catholics
Filipino television personalities
Kapampangan people
Male actors from Manila
Padilla family
People from Tondo, Manila
People from Pampanga
University of Santo Tomas alumni
GMA Network personalities
Comedians from Manila


Grinkle railway station was on the Whitby Redcar and Middlesbrough Union Railway. It was opened on 3 December 1883, and served the village of Easington in North Yorkshire, England. It was originally named Easington, but was renamed Grinkle on 1 April 1904 after the nearby baronial mansion of Grinkle Park, to avoid confusion with Easington station on the North Eastern Railway's Durham Coast Line.

The station originally had only one platform, a second being added around 1906 to increase the passenger capacity of the line. A small goods yard with one siding was situated west of the station, serving a coal depot. There was a brick-built station building along with a signal box.

The station closed on 11 September 1939, but was used as a passing loop afterwards. Though the line is closed to passengers, the track remains to service the nearby Boulby Potash Mine. However the track layout has been changed and the station has been completely dismantled.

References

Further reading

External links
 Grinkle station on navigable 1955 O. S. map

Disused railway stations in Redcar and Cleveland
Former North Eastern Railway (UK) stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1883
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1939
Loftus, North Yorkshire


Presanctified may refer to:
 Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts, Byzantine Rite liturgical service on the weekdays of Great Lent
 Mass of the Presanctified, Catholic and Anglican liturgy traditionally celebrated on Good Friday

See also
 Sanctification


Francis Xavier Martin, OSA (Irish: Proinsias Xavier Ó Máirtín; 2 October 1922 – 13 February 2000) was an Irish cleric, historian and activist.

Life
Francis Xavier Martin was born 2 October 1922 in Ballylongford, County Kerry, Ireland. Francis was the youngest son in a family of five boys and five girls born to Conor and Katherine Fitzmaurice Martin. His father was a physician. All but one of his brothers also became priests: Conor became professor of ethics and politics at University College Dublin, and his brother Malachi was for a while a Jesuit and became a controversial writer.

Martin was raised in Dublin, and attended the local national school before attending Holy Faith Secondary School, Clontarf and then went to Belvedere College, in Dublin. In 1941, he became an Augustinian friar. He received a B.A. from University College Dublin in 1949. He was ordained a priest in 1952. Martin then pursued a doctorate at Cambridge University, where he was the first Catholic priest admitted since the Reformation. In 1959, after completing his doctoral thesis at Cambridge, he became assistant in history at University College Dublin and in 1961 Professor of Medieval History. In 1963 he was appointed head of the Department of Medieval History.

He was chairman of the Friends of Medieval Dublin, 1976–83, and of the Dublin Historic Settlement Group, and was noted as a leading member of a well-publicized struggle, during the late 1970s and early 1980s, to save the historic Wood Quay archaeological site in Dublin. While Martin could not prevent the construction of a civic office building, in 1978, part of the site was declared a national monument. Martin, a keen horseman, earned from his colleagues the nickname "The Beggar on Horseback", from his evading a fine by citing that he was a mendicant.

He was also chairman of the Council of Trustees of the National Library of Ireland from 1977 to 1981.

Martin was the author of landmark books on the history of Ireland and of his own Augustinian order.

He died at the house of the Augustinians near Rathfarnham, County Dublin, on 13 February 2000, and was buried in Glasnevin Cemetery. According to UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Mrs Mary Robinson, "The passion with which F.X. strove to save Wood Quay, whether as a litigant, as leader of huge public demonstrations, or as occupier of the site itself, was a passion for a Dublin which understood and treasured its past. He combined this passion with a great sense of fun and love of life."

Martin's papers are preserved in the archives of the National Library of Ireland and the National Museum of Ireland.

Select bibliography
1948: "The writings of Eoin Mac Neill", Irish Historical Studies, No. 21, pp. 44–62.
1950: Sanguinea Eremus Martyrum Hiberniae Ord. Eremit S.P. Augustini (1655), edition, Archivium Hibernicum, 15, pp. 74–91.
1950: "John Baptist Rosseter, osa: Family background and pre-American years", The Past, # 6, 26–44.
1955: "Archives of the Irish Augustinians in Rome: A summary report", Archivium Hibernicum, #18, 157–63.
1956: Irish material in the Augustinian Archives, Rome, 1354–1624, eds. A. de Meijer and F.X. Martin, Archivium Hibernicum, xix (19), pp. 61–134.
1960: "An Irish Capuchin missionary in politics: Francis Nugent negotiates with James I, 1623–4", Bulletin of the Irish Committee of Historical Studies, No. 90, pp. 1–3.
1963: The Irish Volunteers 1913–1915: Recollections and Documents, F.X. Martin (ed.); foreword by Eamon de Valera. Dublin 1963.
1967: The Course of Irish History, T. W. Moody and F.X. Martin (eds.), Cork and New York.
1967: Giles of Viterbo, New Catholic Encyclopedia, No. 6, Washington D.C.
1967: Gerald of Wales, Norman Reporter in Ireland, Studies, lviii, pp. 279–92.
1971: "Jean Waldeby [c.1312-c.1372; Ecrivain, theologien, predicateur]" in Dictionnaire de Spiritualite, 8.
1973: The Scholar Revolutionary: Eoin MacNeill, 1867–1945 and the making of the New Ireland, F. X. Martin, and Francis John Byrne, (eds), Irish University Press.
1975: "Obstinate Skerrett, Missionary in Virginia, the West Indies and England, (c.1674–c.1688)", Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society, volume 35, 1975 (see John Skerrett (Augustinian).
1976: A New History of Ireland: Early Modern Ireland 1534–1691: volume III, (eds.)
1978: No Hero in the House: Diarmaid Mac Murchada and the Coming of the Normans to Ireland, O Donnell Lecture, xix, National University of Ireland.
1978: Expugnatio Hibernica: The Conquest of Ireland, by Giraldus Cambrensis, A. B. Scott and F. X. Martin, eds, Royal Irish Academy, Dublin.
1979: "The Wood Quay Saga. Part 1: November 1977 – January 1979: Bulldozers and a National Monument", in The Belevederian, Dublin, pp. 215–33.
1981: "Dublin Universität 1312–1981", Theologische Realenzyklopädie, No. 9, Berlin and New York, pp. 202–04.
1982: A New History of Ireland, volume eight, Oxford (editor).
1984: A New History of Ireland, volume nine, Oxford (editor).
1985: The Rosseters of Rathmacknee Castle, Co. Wexford, 1169–1881, Dublin, Good Counsel Press.
1986: A New History of Ireland, volume four (editor).
1987: A New History of Ireland, volume two (editor).
1988: A New History of Ireland, volume five (editor).
1988: "Murder in a Medieval Monastery" in Keimelia: Studies in Medieval Archaeology and History in memory of Tom Delaney. Galway University Press.

Notes

References
1988: Settlement and Society in Medieval Ireland: Studies presented to F.X. Martin, OSA, John Bradley, editor. Boethius Press, Kilkenny, 1988.
2006: Ireland, England, and the Continent in the Middle Ages and Beyond: Essays in Memory of a Turbulent Friar, F.X. Martin, OSA, J.R.S. Phillips and Howard Clarke, editors; University College Dublin Press, 2006.

Augustinian friars
1922 births
2000 deaths
20th-century Irish historians
Academics of University College Dublin
Scholars and academics from County Kerry
Members of the Royal Irish Academy
Place of death missing
Revisionism (Ireland)
People educated at Belvedere College
People from Ballylongford