Phil O'Donnell (3 June 1932 – 24 December 1982), was a volunteer in the 2nd Battalion, Derry Brigade of the Provisional Irish Republican Army and a founding member of Saor Uladh from the Bogside area of Derry, Northern Ireland.

Background
O'Donnell, originally from Derry, had been a member of the British Army and joined the republican movement in 1969 after the Battle of the Bogside.

Donegal training camps
He utilised his training in the British Army by organising and running training camps in County Donegal, Republic of Ireland. During one training camp O'Donnell, and a number of other volunteers were captured by the Irish Army outside of Fahan. The group were remanded in Mountjoy Prison before their trial. During the trial O'Donnell stated that they were the "Defenders of the Bogside" and following their acquittal he quipped "if we are innocent can we please have our guns back".

O'Donnell then returned to Derry and the republican movement.

Saor Uladh
After a number of operations had been cancelled by the IRA Army Council, O'Donnell became disillusioned with the IRA and joined Liam Kelly in forming the republican splinter group, Saor Uladh. Kelly had been court martialled from the Irish Republican Army in 1951 for insubordination and then went on to form the new paramilitary group. Saor Uladh was most active in Kelly's home ground of East Tyrone. The group targeted Customs posts and security force installations, their principal objective being the removal of the border and the reunification of Ireland.

Internment
O'Donnell was interned on 9 August 1971 at the beginning of Operation Demetrius. O'Donnell was at first taken to Magilligan prison before being moved to Maidstone prison ship which was harboured in Belfast Lough. He was finally transferred to Long Kesh and was released after eight months.

Following his release he returned to active service and was arrested in the Republic of Ireland and charged with IRA membership and possession of weapons. O'Donnell spent several years in Portlaoise Prison and upon his release was again active in the republican movement.

Memorial
In October 2003, a memorial was unveiled in the Bogside near Free Derry Corner which had the names of the 18 IRA volunteers from the Derry Brigade from the area who died during The Troubles and included Phil O'Donnell as well as Kieran Fleming, Danny Doherty and William Fleming.

Death
O'Donnell contracted cancer and died at the age of 50 on Christmas Eve 1982.

References

1932 births
1982 deaths
British Army soldiers
Deaths from cancer in the Republic of Ireland
Irish Republican Army (1922–1969) members
People of The Troubles (Northern Ireland) from Derry (city)
Irish republicans interned without trial
Military personnel from Derry (city)
Provisional Irish Republican Army members
Republicans imprisoned during the Northern Ireland conflict


Wheelock Academy was the model academy for the Five Civilized Tribes' academies.  It was started as a missionary school for Choctaw girls,  and is still owned by the Choctaw nation. The school closed in 1955 and the only remaining Choctaw school, Jones Academy, became coeducational. The site is located  east of Millerton in McCurtain County, Oklahoma. It is owned by the Choctaw Nation and is administered by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

History
In 1832 the Academy was initiated by Alfred Wright, a physician and Presbyterian missionary who co-founded the nearby Wheelock Church. He and his wife, Harriet Wright, had travelled with the Choctaw tribe when they were expelled from their previous homeland in the southeastern United States and forced to emigrate to Indian Territory. He named the school for Eleazar Wheelock, founder of Moor's Indian School, later known as Dartmouth College. Within a year, the Superintendent of the Choctaw Agency reported that Wheelock Academy had become a model for Indian education. In 1839, Wright expanded the school by  building a large dormitory to accommodate boarding students. The institution he founded became the first Choctaw national academy in 1842. Alfred died March 31, 1853. Reverend John Edwards was named to replace him as the head of the school. Harriet left the mission within a year because of ill health. She died in Florida in 1863.

Impact of the Civil War
Wheelock Academy was closed during the Civil War (1861 - 1865). The American Board of Missions had ordered Rev. Edwards to close the school and the church and return to the North.

Rebuilding
Libby's wife had been a student at Wheelock before the war. The couple maintained the buildings and continued to operate the facility as a day school, until a fire in 1869 destroyed many of the buildings. Classes resumed in some of the less damaged buildings. The Choctaw Nation rebuilt the facility in 1880 - 1884, with assistance from the Southern Presbyterian Church. Although the Presbyterian Home Missions Board and the Federal Government became involved in administering the school, it remained owned and financially supported by the Choctaw Nation.

The Choctaw Council created a National School Board in 1882. The board decided to rebuild the damaged and destroyed buildings and operate Wheelock as a boarding school for girls. John Edwards returned to teach at an academy near Boggy Depot, since his wife had died in 1881 in California. Edwards married a Wheelock teacher, Constance Hunter. The National School Board asked him to return to Wheelock as superintendent in 1884. Instead, he asked them to find another superintendent because he was in poor health. He remained as a mentor until the end of the 1886-87 school year.

Rev. William C. Robe was selected as the next superintendent. He elected to retire in 1890, and was succeeded by his son, J. C. Robe. Beginning in 1890, Wheelock Seminary operated as a "contract school", meaning that the school operated using tribal funds, but staff and superintendents were provided by the American Board of Missionaries.

Curriculum
Children attending the Choctaw academies were ten to sixteen years old. When the boarding schools for females first opened, the girls were taught given English names and told that all instruction would be in English. They were forbidden to use their native language while they were at the school. The curriculum included sewing, making clothing and doing household chores. They also learned business skills, reading, writing and spelling in the English language. Additional courses included Arithmetic, music, and geography were also taught, and in some schools pupils learned algebra, geometry, U.S. history, chemistry, philosophy, botany, astronomy, painting, drawing, and Latin grammar.

Closure of tribal schools
The 1898 Curtis Act had required the gradual closure of all tribal schools, as well as the disestablishments of tribal governments before statehood would be granted. By 1930, Wheelock and the Jones Academy in Hartshorne, Oklahoma were the only remaining Choctaw schools. In 1932, Wheelock became a United States Indian School. In 1955, its functions were merged with Jones Academy, and the Wheelock site was closed permanently.

NRHP listing
The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.

Present condition
Only seven buildings remain standing, most in deteriorated condition. Although the local people maintain the grounds, and one building, the former LeFlore Hall, has been turned into a museum.

In 1999, a news program noted that Delton Cox, treasurer of the Choctaw Nation was leading a project to restore the old academy. By then, all of the remaining buildings had been painted and reroofed, at a cost of $70,000. Complete restoration has been estimated to cost $3 million. Cox said that the Choctaw Nation would like to turn the restored facility into a college (which would be the first tribal-owned college in Oklahoma).

A 2001 report to Congress, National Historic Landmarks at the Millennium, listed Wheelock Academy as one of the "Threatened Landmarks in America". The report specifically cited deterioration, looting and vandalism as specific threats.

See also
Wheelock Church, listed on the National Register
List of National Historic Landmarks in Oklahoma
National Register of Historic Places listings in McCurtain County, Oklahoma

References

Notes

External links
Wheelock Academy, Choctaw Nation, at OK Gen Web

Educational institutions established in 1832
Educational institutions disestablished in 1955
1832 establishments in Indian Territory
Choctaw
National Historic Landmarks in Oklahoma
Buildings and structures in McCurtain County, Oklahoma
Defunct schools in Oklahoma
Native American boarding schools
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Oklahoma
National Register of Historic Places in McCurtain County, Oklahoma
Native American history of Oklahoma


Ruslan Mikhailovich Mashchenko (; born November 11, 1971 in Voronezh) is a retired hurdler and sprinter from Russia. He is best known for winning two silver medals at the European Athletics Championships during his career (1998 and 2002). Along with Aleksandr Ladeyshchikov, Boris Gorban, and Andrey Semyonov, he won a silver medal in the 4x400 m relay at the 2001 World Indoor Championships . He represented his native country in three consecutive Summer Olympics (1996, 2000 and 2004), and set his personal best (48.06 s) in the men's 400 metres hurdles on 13 June 1998 in Helsinki, Finland.

References

1971 births
Living people
Russian male hurdlers
Russian male sprinters
Olympic male hurdlers
Olympic male sprinters
Olympic athletes for Russia
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade silver medalists for Russia
Medalists at the 1997 Summer Universiade
World Athletics Championships athletes for Russia
World Athletics Indoor Championships medalists
European Athletics Indoor Championships winners
European Athletics Championships medalists
Russian Athletics Championships winners
Sportspeople from Voronezh
20th-century Russian people
21st-century Russian people


Phil O'Donnell may refer to:

Phil O'Donnell (cyclist), American cyclist, see United States at the 2013 UCI Road World Championships
Phil O'Donnell (Irish republican) (1932–1982), volunteer in the Derry Brigade of the Provisional Irish Republican Army and member of Saor Uladh
Phil O'Donnell (footballer) (1972–2007), Motherwell, Celtic and Scotland football player
Philip C. O'Donnell (1915–1986), American politician


This is a list of songs released for sale from the show American Idol, consisting of recordings of coronation songs by winners and runners-up of the show, live and studio recordings by contestants, songs from the American Idol CDs, as well as special singles released by the show such as those for Idol Gives Back and specially-recorded boot songs.  Songs released by Idol alumni in post-Idol career are not included here. See American Idol alumni single sales for a list of some of those releases.

In the first few seasons, songs were released as physical CD single which may contain one cover song and one original song. However, after Season 5 physical singles were no longer released, and songs were available only as digital downloads starting Season 6. The digital downloads were only available initially via American Idol official website during the season towards the end of Season 5 and all the final rounds of Season 6, but were then made available from iTunes after the Season 6 ended.  In all subsequent seasons all performances were made available in iTunes during the season and after the season has ended.

The digital songs sold during the season were not eligible to chart, and their sales figures were not released. Any number listed for those songs would be solely based on units sold after the finale.

All Hot 100 singles
The following Idol songs have charted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.

Bubbling Under Hot 100 singles
The following songs failed to reach the Hot 100, but managed to make the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles charts.

Year-End Hot 100 singles
The following songs ranked in the Year-End charts for the Billboard Hot 100.

Send-off songs
Starting Season 5, when contestants in the final rounds are eliminated, a video of their journey through the contest was shown, accompanied by a song as a send-off. The song is also commonly called the "boot song".

References

Hot 100
American Idol


Hammonton Municipal Airport  is a public-use airport located  northeast of the central business district of the town of Hammonton in Atlantic County, New Jersey, United States. The airport is publicly owned.

Facilities and aircraft
Hammonton Municipal Airport covers an area of  at an elevation of 65 feet (20 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 03/21 with an asphalt surface measuring 3,601 by 75 feet (1,098 x 23 m).

For the 12-month period ending July 31, 2022, the airport had 20,400 aircraft operations, an average of 56 per day: 100% general aviation. At that time there were 33 aircraft based at this airport: 13 single-engine, 12 multi-engine and 8 helicopters.

See also
 List of airports in New Jersey

References

External links

Airports in New Jersey
Transportation buildings and structures in Atlantic County, New Jersey
Hammonton, New Jersey


is located on Hateruma island in Taketomi, Yaeyama District, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. The prefecture operates the airport, which is classified as a third class airport.

Gallery

References

External links
 Hateruma Airport

Airports in Okinawa


99th Street–Beverly Hills is one of five Metra stations within the Beverly Hills neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, along the Beverly Branch of the Rock Island District Line. The station is located at 9901 South Walden Parkway near 99th Street,  from LaSalle Street Station, the northern terminus of the line. In Metra's zone-based fare system, 99th Street is in zone C. As of 2018, 99th Street–Beverly Hills is the 81st busiest of Metra's 236 non-downtown stations, with an average of 645 weekday boardings.

As of 2022, 99th Street–Beverly Hills is served by 40 trains (20 in each direction) on weekdays, by 21 trains (10 inbound, 11 outbound) on Saturdays, and by 16 trains (eight in each direction) on Sundays and holidays.

Despite the name of the station, parking is not available along 99th Street. There are two long parking lots along the line between 100th Street and 101st Street, and two smaller parking lots north of 100th Street along both South Walden Parkway and Wood Street. No bus connections are available.

References

External links

Station from 99th Street from Google Maps Street View

Metra stations in Chicago
Former Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad stations


The WWP World Cruiserweight Championship is a professional wrestling championship in the South African Professional wrestling promotion World Wrestling Professionals, contested exclusively among Cruiserweight (<) wrestlers. It was created on November 1, 2007, during WWP Thunderstrike's third televised season.

Title history

See also
World Wrestling Professionals

References

External links
Official World Wrestling Professionals Website

World Wrestling Professionals championships
World professional wrestling championships
Cruiserweight wrestling championships


José M. González-Páramo is a Spanish economist who served as a member of the Executive Board of the European Central Bank from 2004 to 2012.

Early life and education
González-Páramo holds a Ph.D., M.Phil. and M.A. in Economics from Columbia University, for which he was a Fulbright scholar,. He also has a Ph.D. from Universidad Complutense.

Career

Career in the public sector
González-Páramo's professional record comprises central bank decision-making and private sector responsibilities, academic experience and advisory positions. In 1988 he was appointed Professor of Economics at UCM. In addition, he has taught advanced courses in economic analysis of public policies at the Centro de Estudios Monetarios y Financieros in Madrid and at other research centres.

From 1985 to 1994 González-Páramo was an economic adviser to various public and private institutions including the Banco de España (1989–1994), the European Commission, the IMF and the World Bank Group. He has been involved in working groups on economic and financial matters at the Bank for International Settlements and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Before his appointment to the ECB, González-Páramo was a member of the governing council of the Bank of Spain (1994–2004) and of its executive committee (1998–2004).

Executive Board of the European Central Bank, 2004–2012
González-Páramo served as a member of the executive board of the European Central Bank (ECB) for an eight-year mandate, under the leadership of successive presidents Jean-Claude Trichet (2004-2010) and Mario Draghi (2011-2012). At the time of his appointment, Spain succeeded with his nomination despite pressure from Belgium and other smaller states to nominate Peter Praet. from 2004 to 2012. He was also a member of the Governing Council of the ECB, the Eurosystem’s principal policymaking body. At the ECB, González-Páramo was responsible for market operations and monetary policy implementation. He was in charge of designing and implementing innovative “non-conventional monetary policy measures”. During his tenure at the ECB he held a variety of other responsibilities, including economic research, risk management, statistics, information systems and banknotes. He was a member of the Committee on the Global Financial System of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS). González-Páramo has written and spoken extensively on financial matters, monetary policy and the economy. Throughout his term, he was as seen by observers as one of the more dovish, economic growth-focused board members.

In 2012, González-Páramo was widely mentioned in news media as a potential candidate to succeed Miguel Ángel Fernández Ordóñez as Governor of the Bank of Spain; the position eventually went to Luis María Linde.

Since December 2016, he has been Chairman for Europe of the TransAtlantic Business Council (TABC). He previously chaired in Europe the TransAtlantic Business Dialoge (TABD), a body under the TABC and with which it merged in December 2016.

He was a member of the BBVA Board of Directors from June 2013 to February 2020 and Chief Officer, Global Economics, Regulation & Public Affairs, and Chairman of the International Advisory Board from 2018 to 2020.

Career in the private sector
Since September 2012 González-Páramo has been serving as Professor at IESE Business School.

In June 2013 González-Páramo was appointed Executive Board member of BBVA. Among other responsibilities in the group, he is the Chief Officer, Global Economics, Regulation & Public Affairs, and the Chairman of its International Advisory Board. He is also Chairman of European DataWarehouse GmbH, the first central data warehouse in Europe for asset-backed securities (ABS) transactions.

In 2021, González-Páramo chaired the search committee that selected economist Jeromin Zettelmeyer as new director of Bruegel.

Other activities
 Bretton Woods Committee, Member of the Advisory Council (since 2020)
 European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), Member (since 2020)
 Scope Foundation, Member of the Honorary Board (since 2020)
 Transatlantic Business Council (TABC), chair of the board (since 2016)
 Bruegel, Member of the Board

Recognition
González-Páramo is a member of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts, and has received a number of distinctions, including the Charles the Fifth Medal of the German-Spanish Chamber of Commerce ("contribution to a more united Europe"), Premio Institut D’Estudis Financers a la Excelencia Financiera ("professional career"), Premio Círculo de Empresarios and Doctor Honoris Causa (Universidad de Málaga), among others.

References

Spanish economists
1958 births
Living people
Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts
Executive Board of the European Central Bank members


Laprida is a town in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is the administrative centre for Laprida Partido.

Attractions
Museo Archivo Histórico Hugo H. Diez (Hugo Diez Museum & Historical archive)
Laguna El Paraíso, lake, located 4 km from the city, a popular summer resorts on the region.

External links

 Municipal website

Populated places in Buenos Aires Province
Populated places established in 1889


Cartoonmuseum Basel is the only museum and centre of excellence in Switzerland devoted exclusively to the art of narrative drawing, be it in comics, graphic novels, comics reportage, cartoons, satirical drawings or animated films. It collects individual works, curates exhibitions and shares knowledge about the genre. The museum contributes to the debate about the art of narrative drawing, and about the social and political issues it addresses.

The museum possesses a substantial collection of over 10,000 original drawings by renowned national and international artists. The museum’s focus lies on curated exhibitions displaying the works of a single artist or illustrating a specific theme. The exhibitions are supplemented by a wide range of art-education activities, such as guided tours, workshops and talks.

A museum library contains primary and secondary literature on the caricature, cartoon and comic, and presents a broad spectrum of popular and alternative culture and subculture. The museum shop offers a wide range of postcards, selected monographs, cartoon books and comic books, adapted to suit the respective exhibition.

Collection history and building

Cartoonmuseum Basel’s founder and benefactor was Dieter Burckhardt (1914–1991), an important patron from a well-to-do Basel family, who wanted to make his private collection of caricatures and cartoons accessible to a wider audience. In 1979, he founded the foundation Stiftung Sammlung Karikaturen & Cartoons, which has been managed by the larger Christoph Merian Stiftung ever since. In 1980, the first exhibition opened at St. Alban-Vorstadt 9 under the name of Karikatur & Cartoon Museum Basel. The museum’s collection is enlarged on a regular basis, be it through the acquisition of selected works or the absorption of entire collections.

The museum is located on the historic street St. Alban-Vorstadt in Basel. In 1991, the foundation bought the building at St. Alban-Vorstadt 28, which was subsequently restored and extended by Herzog & de Meuron Architects. In May 1996, the new Karikatur & Cartoon Museum Basel was opened to the public. In 2009, it was renamed Cartoonmuseum Basel.

Exhibitions (selection)
 2008/2009 Sempé
 2011 Ralf König. Gottes Werk und Königs Beitrag
 2012 Winsor Mc Cay. Comics, Filme, Träume
 2012/2013 Comics Deluxe! Das Comicmagazin Strapazin
 2013/2014 Die Abenteuer der Ligne claire. Der Fall Herr G. & Co.
 2014/2015 Joost Swarte. Zeichner und Gestalter
 2015/2016 Joe Sacco. Comics Journalist
 2016 Aline Kominsky-Crumb & Robert Crumb. Drawn Together
 2016/2017 dr. Zep & mr. Titeuf
 2017 Christoph Niemann. That’s How!
 2017/2018 Lorenzo Mattotti. Imago
 2018/2019 Le Monde de Tardi
 2019 Joann Sfar. Sans début ni fin
 2020/2021 Brecht Evens. Night Animals

Publications (selection)
 How to Love. Graphic Novellas by Actus Comics. Cartoonmuseum Basel (Hg.). Christoph Merian Verlag, 2011,
 Comics Deluxe! Das Comicmagazin Strapazin. Cartoonmuseum Basel (Hg.). Christoph Merian Verlag, 2012,
 Joost Swarte. Zeichner und Gestalter. Anette Gehrig (Hg.). Cartoonmuseum Basel.  2014,
 Zeichner als Reporter. Joe Sacco. Comics Journalismus. Pierre Thomé, Anette Gehrig, Yves Noyau (Hg.). Christoph Merian Verlag, 2015,
 Aline Kominsky-Crumb & Robert Crumb. Drawn Together. Anette Gehrig (Hg.). Christoph Merian Verlag, 2016,
 Lorenzo Mattotti. Ligne Fragile. Anette Gehrig (Hg.). Christoph Merian Verlag, 2017,
 Joann Sfar. Ohne Anfang und Ende – Comic in Arbeit. Anette Gehrig (Hg.). Cartoonmuseum Basel, 2019
 Victoria Lomasko. Other Russias. Anette Gehrig (Hg.). Cartoonmuseum Basel, 2019
 Tom Tirabosco. Trente oiseaux morts. Anette Gehrig (Hg.). Cartoonmuseum Basel, 2019
 Christoph Fischer. Während ich schlief. Anette Gehrig (Hg.). Christoph Merian Verlag, 2020,
 Brecht Evens. Idulfania. Cartoonmuseum Basel, Anette Gehrig (Hg.). Christoph Merian Verlag, 2020,

Directors and curators
 1979–1994 Jürg Spahr
 1995–2004 Daniel Bolsiger
 2004–2007 Simone Thalmann, Michael Mauch
 2008 Anna Bonacci (Januar bis August 2008, ad interim)
 Seit 2008 Anette Gehrig

See also
Museums in Basel
Museums-PASS-Musées
Cartoon Art Museum
Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art
The Cartoon Museum

Footnotes

External links

Cartoonmuseum Basel website
Basel museums website

Art museums established in 1979
Art museums and galleries in Switzerland
Museums in Basel
Cultural property of national significance in Basel-Stadt
Cartooning museums
Herzog & de Meuron buildings
1979 establishments in Switzerland


The Cotocollao culture were an indigenous Pre-Columbian culture that inhabited the valley that is now the Quito area, in Ecuador.

Introduction
The Cotocollao natives were the first inhabitants of the mountains of what is now Ecuador. They lived approximately 1,500 to 500 years BCE, in an era known as the Formative Period.

Lifestyle
The Cotocollao lived on farming, cultivating corn, beans, quinoa, potatoes and Lupin beans. They also hunted deer, rabbit, guanta, puma, wolf, guinea pig and doves. They lived in small villages of rectangular huts of lath and mud with straw thatching. They wore clothing woven from cotton.

Artwork
Probably the most distinguishing feature of the Cotocollao natives was their ability to create ceramic artwork. They made ceramics that were more for decoration than for their usefulness. It is not known whether or not they had a special place inside their houses to make ceramic artwork or not.

To make the ceramic, the Cotocollaos used a paste made of pumice powder. The surface of the ceramic is known for its distinctive red tint. So mastered were they at this artwork that some pieces of ceramic are even known to produce certain animal or bird sounds. The quality of the ceramics was superior to all others in that time period. From the thousands of fragments of ceramic found in the area today, about 20% of them are decorated in some form by incisions, red paint, and in some rare cases, an iridescent coating.

Decline
The area was gradually abandoned following eruptions of the Pululahua volcano.

References

Dr. Cruz, George B. "Last Incan Emperor's Trail." Hosteria San Jorge. 10 Dec. 2006.
Reyes, Oscar Efren. Breve Historia General del Ecuador. Quito: Editora Andina.

Indigenous peoples in Ecuador
Prehistory of Ecuador
Pre-Columbian cultures
Indigenous peoples of the Andes


Tomás de Torrejón y Velasco Sánchez (23 December 1644 – 23 April 1728) was a Spanish composer, musician and organist based in Peru, associated with the American Baroque.

Life
Torrejón y Velasco was born in Villarrobledo and spent his childhood in the town Fuencarral (now a district of Madrid), the birthplace of his father, Miguel de Torrejón, a huntsman in Philip IV of Spain's employ. In 1658, while still in Spain, he entered into the service of Pedro Fernández de Castro y Andrade, Count of Lemos, who later became the viceroy of Peru. In 1667, he traveled to Lima along with the new viceroy, as one of the viceroy's 113 personal attendants. From 21 November 1667 until 1672 he was superintendent of the armoury at Lima. In 1673 he was appointed magistrate and chief justice of Chachapoyas province, a position he held for four years. In 1676 he was appointed maestro de capilla at the Cathedral of Lima, replacing Juan de Araujo. He remained in that position until his death more than fifty years later in 1728. Torrejón was deeply religious, and adhered unconditionally to the ethical and legal framework of his time, as well as the precepts of the Catholic Church. Married twice (his first wife died) he had a total of six children, five of whom entered religious orders. He died in Lima.

Torrejón's works are some of the most important to the Spanish Baroque movement in the American colonies. Throughout his career as a composer he received wide acclaim; his villancicos were known as far away as Guatemala, and at both Trujillo and Cuzco his opinions were solicited before crucial musical decisions were taken.

Fifteen of his original manuscripts are preserved in the historical archives of the Cathedral of Guatemala. He is the author of the first known opera written in America, La púrpura de la rosa (1701). His rorro (lullaby) was still sung in Cuzco many years after his death. Of particular interest are his polychoral compositions for two organs. A second organ was installed in the Lima Cathedral in 1680 and Torrejón y Velasco composed a polychoral villancico especially for the two organs.

List of works

Opera
 La púrpura de la rosa (1701)

Other works
(with basso continuo unless stated otherwise)
 A este sol peregrino, 4vv
 Aladas gerarquias a quien toca, 7vv
 Angelicas milicias, 12vv
 A Señor que se acerca, 4vv
 Atencion que para hacer en todo cabal la fiesta, 4vv
 Aves flores, 11vv (1683)
 Ave verum corpus, 4vv
 Cantarico que bas a la fuente, 4vv (1678?)
 Desta rosa tan bella, 2vv
 Desvelado dueño mio, 8vv
 Dixit Dominus, 10vv
 Enigma soy viviente, 2vv
 Es mi Rosa bella, vv (1679?)
 Gilguerillo que contas gimiendo, 2vv
 Ha de el ver, 3vv
 Incognito barquero que surcas, 1v
 Lamentation for Wednesday of Holy Week, 8vv
 Luzeros volad, 1–2vv, instruments
 Magnificat sexti toni, 12vv
 Nisi Dominus, 3vv
 Quando el bien que adoro, 2vv
 Quatro plumages ayrosos, 4vv
 Regem cui omnia vivunt, 8vv
 Si el alba sonora se cifra en mi voz, 2vv (1719?)
 Tenganmele señores, 4vv
 Triste caudal de lagrimas, 2vv
 Varquero que surcas, 1v

References
Stein, Louise K (1992), "Torrejón y Velasco, Tomás de" in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London)

External links
 A Video of Torrejón's "A este sol peregrino" on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMUqvi5MwX0

1644 births
1728 deaths
17th-century classical composers
18th-century classical composers
18th-century male musicians
18th-century keyboardists
Male opera composers
Spanish Baroque composers
Spanish classical organists
Male classical organists
Spanish male classical composers
Spanish opera composers
17th-century male musicians


David Henry Bohm (born November 4, 1968) is an American bicycle framebuilder and owner of Bohemian Bicycles.

Early life and education

Bohm was born in Chicago, Illinois.  At age 6 his family moved to Tucson, Arizona, where he spent his childhood.

He attended Colorado Rocky Mountain School where he learned welding and silver smithing.

After high school he attended college at Lake Forest College and the University of Arizona

Bicycle racing career

Bohm had a brief career in Category 2 racing.

Framebuilding career

Bohm began making bicycle frames in 1994.  He is a graduate of United Bicycle Institute in Ashland, Oregon.  The same year he founded Bohemian Bicycles.

Since that time he has won numerous awards.  Most recently People's Choice and Best Tandem at the North American Handmade Bicycle Show in 2007.  Bohm has been written up in such magazines as Triathlete, Dirt Rag, various German and English publications, auto magazine, Tandem-Recumbent magazine and the Tucson Citizen newspaper.

References

 Bohemian Bicycles
 Sheldon Brown
 United bicycle institute
  Sands Machine
  Velo Retro
 Classic Rendezvous, USA Framebuilders

1968 births
Cycle designers
Lake Forest College alumni
Living people


Myrmeconema neotropicum is a tetradonematid nematode parasite. It appears to induce fruit mimicry in the tropical ant. Presently the only known host species is Cephalotes atratus, a South American ant with a black abdomen. Upon infection, the gaster, or bulbous hindmost region of the abdomen, resembles one of the many red berries found in tropical forest canopies.

Life cycle

Myrmeconema neotropicum's life cycle begins when a bird eats the infected ant. Upon passing through the bird's digestive system the eggs are defecated out. The eggs are then picked up by the ants and fed to their larvae. Once inside the immature ant gut the eggs migrate to the gaster where they will fully mature.

Once the ant larvae pupate the mature nematodes begin to reproduce inside of the gaster. The males expire soon after mating but the females hold the eggs within themselves. Once the ant develops into a young adult the gaster begins to become translucent, thus allowing the red embryos to be seen. The longer the ant is parasitized the redder the gaster becomes.

The infected ant then travels outside now mimicking small red berries which are a favorite food of birds. The ant is confused for a berry and is eaten by the bird starting the whole cycle over again.

Although bird predation on an infected Cephalotes atratus has not yet been observed, the combination of field experiments and the known natural history of the ant indicate that this is the most parsimonious explanation for transmission of the parasite to new ant colonies.

Signs and symptoms

Infected ants develop bright red gasters, tend to be more sluggish, and walk with their gasters in a conspicuous elevated position. According to Jonathan (2011), infected gasters had 57% more mass, but 37% lower metabolic rates, compared to uninfected gasters. These changes likely cause frugivorous birds to mistake the infected ants for berries and eat them. Increased reddening coincides with a shift in ant behavior that includes foraging outside the nest, thus increasing the probability of consumption by a duped bird.

Morphology

Female Myrmeconema neotropicum mature within the gaster of the host ants. They are about 1 mm in length and about 112 μm at their greatest width. Males are smaller than females (680 μm in length and 97 μm in diameter) (Poinar & Yanoviak 2008). The infected young adult ant is completely black and spends most of its time tending brood within the nest. As the parasite embryos develop within the eggs, the ant gaster becomes translucent, ultimately appearing bright red.

References

Yanoviak, S. P., M. Kaspari, R. Dudley, G. Poinar Jr. 2008. Parasite-induced fruit mimicry in a tropical canopy ant. The American Naturalist 171:4, 536–544.
Jonathan Z. Shik, Michael Kaspari, and Stephen P. Yanoviak (2011). Preliminary Assessment of Metabolic Costs of the Nematode Myrmeconema neotropicum on its Host, the Tropical Ant Cephalotes atratus. Journal of Parasitology: October 2011, Vol. 97, No. 5, pp. 958–959.
Evans, C. (2015, February 5). Parasitic Mind Control. Retrieved from http://www.sciencenutshell.com/parasitic-mind-controlmyrmeconema-neotropicum/

Enoplea
Parasitic nematodes of animals
Parasites of Hymenoptera


Thomas Morton Harper (26 September 1821 – 29 August 1893) was an English Jesuit priest, philosopher, theologian and preacher.

Born in London of Anglican parents, his father being a merchant of good means in the city, he was educated first at St Paul's School (London); then at Queen's College, Oxford. Having taken his B.A. degree, he subsequently received orders in the Anglican Church, in which he worked for five years as a curate. His first mission was in Barnstaple in Devon. Here he manifested High Church proclivities and took a vigorous part in ecclesiastical controversies in the local press. Getting into collision with his bishop on some points of doctrine, he left Devon and purchased a small proprietary chapel in a poor district in Pimlico, London.  But his ritualistic views and practices here again brought him into conflict with his diocesan Charles James Blomfield, Bishop of London.

He was obviously drifting steadily towards the Catholic Church. The final impulse came from the perusal of an attack on the Jesuit Order in a volume entitled One Year in the Noviceship of the Society of Jesus by Andrew Steinmetz.  He found the book unconvincing, and within half a year he converted to Catholicism, and some months later, in October, 1852, he entered the Society of Jesus. He passed through his noviceship and philosophical studies in Belgium. His four years' theological course was divided between the English Jesuit Theological College, St. Beuno's in Wales, Rome, and Leuven. Ordained priest in 1859, he was appointed professor of theology the following year at St. Beuno's College. Two years later he was transferred to the chair of logic and general metaphysics at St. Mary's Hall, Stonyhurst. A man of highly-strung nervous disposition and intense mental application, his health made frequent changes necessary. He returned after a short time to teach theology at St. Beuno's and subsequently worked on the mission for some years, achieving a high reputation as a preacher. During the last half-dozen years of his life he suffered from prolonged attacks of mental prostration, the malady at times assuming an acute form.

Publications
Peace through the Truth, or Essays on Subjects connected with Dr. Pusey's Eirenicon, I (London, 1869), II (1874);
The Metaphysics of the School, 3 vols. (London, 1879–1884).

In addition to these he published several smaller works in booklet form. Amongst them were the following: "On Modern Principles"; "God the True the Good and the Beautiful"; "Manchester Dialogues"; "Lectures on Papal Infallibility". He also wrote a series of articles on John Henry Newman's Grammar of Assent, shortly after its appearance, though he did not esteem that book highly. His general approach was to anglicise scholastic terminology rather than to translate the concepts of the Schoolmen into the language of modern philosophical literature.

References

1821 births
1893 deaths
Anglican priest converts to Roman Catholicism
Anglican clergy from London
Jesuits from London
19th-century English Jesuits
People educated at St Paul's School, London
Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford
19th-century English Anglican priests
19th-century British Roman Catholic theologians


Paweł Januszewski (born 2 January 1972) is a retired hurdler from Poland, who is best known for winning the gold medal at the 1998 European Championships. A gold medalist at the 1999 Summer Universiade, he represented his native country in two consecutive Summer Olympics (1996 and 2000), reaching the final on the second occasion. In addition, he competed at four World Championships, qualifying for the final in 1999 and 2001.

Januszewski was born in Pyrzyce. He set his personal best (48.17s) in the men's 400 metres hurdles on 20 August 1998, in his winning race in Budapest, Hungary. It was the national record until 2007, when the mark was bettered by Marek Plawgo, and remains the second best result by a Polish athlete.

Competition record

References

1972 births
Living people
Polish male hurdlers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Poland
People from Pyrzyce
Skra Warszawa athletes
European Athletics Championships medalists
Sportspeople from West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Poland
Medalists at the 1999 Summer Universiade
Competitors at the 2001 Goodwill Games
20th-century Polish sportsmen
21st-century Polish people


Daniel L. Smith-Christopher (born 1955) is an American Hebrew Bible scholar and author. He is Professor of Theological Studies and Director of New Zealand Study Abroad Programs at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, and is frequently quoted on the History Channel's religious programs.

Early life and education
Smith-Christopher was born on 12 April 1955 in Portland, Oregon. He attended George Fox College (B.A.); Associated Mennonite Biblical Seminary (Elkhart, Indiana; M.Div.) and received his doctorate in Old Testament Studies at Oxford University in England, in 1987.

Career
Since 1989 he has taught at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles. Smith-Christopher lectures frequently for various adult education venues of the Roman Catholic, United Methodist, Uniting Church in Australia, and other Christian churches. He is frequently quoted in the History Channel's Mysteries of the Bible and other documentaries on religious themes for A&E, the History Channel, National Geographic, and PBS.

Although not Roman Catholic, and therefore not able to be a permanent member, Smith-Christopher was appointed by Cardinal Roger Mahony as a Permanent Consultant to the "Theological Commission" of the Archdiocese of Los Angeles. Smith-Christopher was awarded a Lilly Endowment grant, and with Prof. Mustansir Mir, a noted Quran scholar, Smith-Christopher coordinated the seminar and lectured with Mir on the topic "Peace and Justice in the Bible and the Quran" in summer 2003. Also in summer 2003, Smith-Christopher was invited to deliver a paper for a World Council of Churches consultation in Bangor, Wales (UK), and in the summer of 2004, he delivered a paper at the Parliament of World Religions held in Barcelona, Spain.  The theological publisher Fortress Press (Minneapolis), named Smith-Christopher Undergraduate Theology Teacher of the Year in 2006. He also received a Fulbright Lecturer Award to lecture in Religion and Peace Studies at Jaime 1 University in Castellon, Spain. Smith-Christopher has been Director of Study Abroad Programs in New Zealand since the late 1990s, and takes groups of undergraduates and graduate students from Loyola Marymount University, and maintains an interest in New Zealand history, and especially the history of the encounter of the indigenous people of New Zealand, the Maori, and Christianity.

Smith-Christopher has particular interests in cross-cultural interpretation of the Bible, and was invited to write the entry on "Cross-Cultural Interpretation" for the Oxford Encyclopedia of Biblical Interpretation. He has also worked with Blues musician Bernie Pearl on a live presentation and program comparing Blues music with the Book of Lamentations, during which Pearl performs blues selections, as well as working with Zydeco and Flamenco musicians on thematic comparisons between these musical forms and Biblical themes.  Smith-Christopher was invited to write the entry on "Blues" for the Oxford Encyclopedia of the Bible and the Arts.

Works
The Religion of the Landless (1989)
The Citizen-Temple Community, Joel Weinberg (Translated from German by Daniel Smith-Christopher, 1994)
Commentary on Daniel (for The New Interpreter's Bible, Vol. 7: Abingdon Press, Nashville, 1996)
Commentary on Ezra and Nehemiah (Oxford Bible Commentary, 2001)
Practiced in the Presence: Essays in Honor of T. Canby Jones (with D. N. Snarr, 1994)
Subverting Hatred: The Challenge of Nonviolence in Religious Traditions (1998)
A Biblical Theology of Exile (Overtures to Biblical Theology) (2002)
The Old Testament: Our Call to Faith and Justice - High School Textbook (2005)
The Old Testament: Our Call to Faith and Justice-Teachers Edition (with Janie Gustafson, Ph.D., 2005)
Jonah, Jesus, and Other Good Coyotes: Speaking Peace to Power in the Bible (2007)
Lost Books of the Bible for Dummies (with Stephen Spignesi, 2008)
Micah: A Commentary (The Old Testament Library), 2015

References

1955 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Oxford
American Christian theologians
George Fox University alumni
Loyola Marymount University faculty
Writers from Portland, Oregon


is located on the island of Kitadaitōjima in the village of Kitadaitō, Shimajiri District, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.

The prefecture operates the airport, which is classified as a third class airport.

Only a round flight from Naha, to Kitadaitō and Minami Daito Airport, back to Naha is operated every day. The route differs on the day of the week. Flight from Kitadaitō to Minamidaitō is the shortest flight in Japan, costs JPY¥7,600, and is only  long, takes 3 minutes in the air.

History
Kitadaito Airport was opened in 1971 as an emergency 760 meter airstrip, constructed of crushed coral by the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands. The runway was paved and extended to 800 meters in 1978, when scheduled passenger services commenced. The runway was extended to 1500 meters in 1997. At present, there is only one scheduled flight per day.

Airlines and destinations

References

External links

 Kitadaito Airport
 Kitadaito Airport Guide from Japan Airlines

Airports in Okinawa
Daitō Islands


Kamyzyak (; , Qumózek) is a town and the administrative center of Kamyzyaksky District in Astrakhan Oblast, Russia, located on the Kamyzyak River (a branch in the delta of the Volga),  south of Astrakhan, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:

History
Kamyzyak was founded around 1560 as a fishing village along the Volga. It was granted town status on February 2, 1973.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Kamyzyak serves as the administrative center of Kamyzyaksky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Kamyzyaksky District as the town of district significance of Kamyzyak. As a municipal division, the town of district significance of Kamyzyak is incorporated within Kamyzyaksky Municipal District as Kamyzyak Urban Settlement.

References

Notes

Sources

External links

Official website of Kamyzyak
Kamyzyak Business Directory
Mojgorod.ru. Entry on Kamyzyak

Cities and towns in Astrakhan Oblast
Populated places established in 1560


KTD or ktd may refer to:

Kai Tak Development, the redevelopment of the site of the former Kai Tak Airport in Kai Tak, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Kwun Tong District, a district of Kowloon, Hong Kong
KTD, the IATA airport code for Kitadaito Airport, Okinawa, Japan
KTD, the Indian Railways station code for Kantadih railway station, West Bengal, India
ktd, the ISO 639-3 code for the Kukarta language in Australia


Paulsgrove Halt was a railway station opened in 1928 to serve the adjacent Portsmouth Racecourse, a pony racing stronghold. The racecourse, and station, lay in the Paulsgrove district of Portsmouth, southern England, rather than the modern area now known as Wymering. The station was located on the West Coastway Line between Cosham and Portchester, and generated substantial income within the area.

The funding for the station, along with that for the racecourse, was provided by local businessman George Cooper, who lived at nearby Paulsgrove House and was a keen sports fan. The station was built in the style of a halt rather than a full station.

The station closed along with the racecourse when the land was acquired by the military in 1939, at the outbreak of World War II; it was to be used as an ammunition dump. Since the end of World War II the area has been developed for housing and there have been a number of attempts made to open a station on the same site. Provision for a station has been included in the Local Development Plan of the City of Portsmouth for many years.

On 26 October 2007, Portsmouth F.C. announced plans to relocate to a new 36,000-seat stadium on Horsea Island, which is situated to the south of the former station site. As part of the stadium plans, they are drawing up an integrated transport policy which includes examining the feasibility of opening a station. South West Trains indicated on 29 October 2007, via an interview in the Portsmouth News, that the club's plan may generate sufficient business, even if the station was only opened on match days, for them to consider a further study should the club wish to proceed.

Gallery

External links

References

Disused railway stations in Portsmouth
Former Southern Railway (UK) stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1928
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1939


The Mitsubishi MR platform is an automobile platform first developed by Mitsubishi Motors in 2003 for their Mitsubishi i kei car. The name is derived from the Mid-engined, Rear-wheel drive ("MR") configuration, which locates the powertrain behind the rear seat and just ahead of the rear axle. This allows for a longer wheelbase and a consequently more spacious interior without compromising crashworthiness or fuel economy.
However, in the case of the Evo, MR stands for Mitsubishi Racing.

The company has also used the platform in several of its concept cars, particularly those using alternative propulsion. The i-Concept and Se-Ro were the first publicly exhibited vehicles to use the MR platform, as they previewed the production version of the i at motor shows in advance of the car's release. Since then, the Concept-CT, i-MiEV, and i MiEV Sport battery electric concept cars all exploited the MR platform.

References

MR


Flint Boroughs (sometimes known as Flint or the Flint District of Boroughs) was a parliamentary constituency in north-east Wales which returned one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and its predecessors, from 1542 until it was abolished for the 1918 general election.

Boundaries
From its first known general election in 1542 until 1918, the constituency consisted of a number of boroughs within the historic county of Flintshire in north-east Wales. The seat should not be confused with the county constituency of Flintshire, which existed from the 16th century until 1950.

After 1918 Flintshire was represented in Parliament by the single member county constituency, which included all the boroughs formerly in the Flint District of Boroughs.

Flint 1535–1832
On the basis of information from several volumes of the History of Parliament, it is apparent that the history of the borough representation of Wales and Monmouthshire is more complicated than that of the English boroughs.

The Laws in Wales Act 1535 (26 Hen. VIII, c. 26) provided for a single borough seat for each of 11 of the 12 Welsh counties and Monmouthshire. The legislation was ambiguous as to which communities were enfranchised. The county towns were awarded a seat, but these seats in some way represented all the ancient boroughs of the county, as the boroughs other than county towns were also required to contribute to the members' wages. It is not clear whether the burgesses of the contributing boroughs could vote in the election. The only election under the original scheme was that for the 1542 Parliament. It seems that only burgesses from the county towns actually took part. An Act of 1544 (35 Hen. VIII, c. 11) confirmed that the contributing boroughs could send representatives to take part in the election at the county town. As far as can be told from surviving indentures of returns, the degree to which the out boroughs participated varied, but by the end of the 16th century all the seats had some participation from them at some elections at least.

The original scheme was modified by later legislation and decisions of the House of Commons (which were sometimes made with no regard to precedent or evidence: for example in 1728 it was decided that only the freemen of the borough of Montgomery could participate in the election for that seat, thus disenfranchising the freemen of Llanidloes, Welshpool and Llanfyllin).

In the case of Flintshire, the county town was Flint. The out boroughs were Caergwrle, Caerwys, Overton and Rhuddlan.

In 1690–1715 the freemen of the five boroughs were entitled to vote. The exact number is unknown, but in the only poll of the period (a by-election in 1697) there were 760 voters.

Between 1715 and 1754 the House of Commons changed the franchise of the constituency. In 1727 there were about 1000 freemen entitled to vote. Thereafter the inhabitants of the five boroughs, paying scot and lot (a local tax), formed the electorate. They numbered about 600.

From 1754 to 1790, there were still about 600 voters. Namier and Brooke point out that the constituency was controlled by local squires. No election went to a poll in that period.

Flint Boroughs 1832–1918
The Flint Boroughs was a district of boroughs constituency, which grouped a number of parliamentary boroughs in Flintshire into one single member constituency. The voters from each participating borough cast ballots, which were added together over the whole district to decide the result of the poll. The enfranchised communities in this district, from 1832, were the eight boroughs of Flint, Caergwrle, Caerwys, Holywell, Mold, Overton, Rhuddlan and St Asaph.

The boundaries of the parliamentary boroughs in the district were altered by the Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1868, but the general nature of the constituency was unchanged. There were no further boundary changes in the 1885 redistribution of parliamentary seats.

Members of Parliament

Members of Parliament 1542–1640
As there were sometimes significant gaps between Parliaments held in this period, the dates of first assembly and dissolution are given. Where the name of the member has not yet been ascertained or is not recorded in a surviving document, the entry unknown is entered in the table.

Members of Parliament 1640–1660
This sub-section includes the Long Parliament and the Rump Parliament, together with the Parliaments of the Commonwealth and the Protectorate (before the Convention Parliament of 1660).

Members of Parliament 1660–1918

Supplemental Notes:-
 1 F. W. S. Craig, in his compilations of election results for Great Britain, classifies Whig, Radical and similar candidates as Liberals from 1832. The name Liberal was gradually adopted as a description for the Whigs and politicians allied with them, before the formal creation of the Liberal Party shortly after the 1859 general election.

Election results 1690-1713

Sources 1690–1715: Cruickshanks et al.; 1715–1754: Stooks Smith; 1754–1784: Namier and Brooke; 1784–1832 Stooks Smith. Positive swing is from Whig to Tory.
Source 1832–1918: Craig. Positive swing is from Liberal to Conservative.

 Death of Puleston

 Seat vacant at dissolution, on the death of Ravenscroft

 Hanmer was also returned by and elected to sit for Thetford

 Mostyn was also returned by and elected to sit for Cheshire

Election results 1800-1832

Elections in the 1830s

Lloyd was elevated to the peerage, becoming 1st Baron Mostyn and causing a by-election.

Glynne resigned, causing a by-election.

Election results 1832-1868

Elections in the 1830s

Elections in the 1840s

Elections in the 1850s

Elections in the 1860s

Election results 1868-1880

Elections in the 1860s

Elections in the 1870s

Hanmer was raised to the peerage, becoming Lord Hanmer.

Eyton's death caused a by-election.

Elections in the 1880s

Election results 1885-1918

Elections in the 1880s

Elections in the 1890s

Elections in the 1900s

Elections in the 1910s

General Election 1914–15:

Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1915. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place and by the July 1914, the following candidates had been selected;
Liberal: Tom Parry
Unionist: J. Hamlet Roberts

References

 Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885–1972, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (Parliamentary Reference Publications 1972)
 British Parliamentary Election Results 1832–1885, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (Macmillan Press 1977)
 British Parliamentary Election Results 1885–1918, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (Macmillan Press 1974)
 The House of Commons 1509–1558, by S.T. Bindoff (Secker & Warburg 1982)
 The House of Commons 1558–1603, by P.W. Hasler (HMSO 1981)
 The House of Commons 1690–1715, by Eveline Cruickshanks, Stuart Handley and D.W. Hayton (Cambridge University Press 2002)
 The House of Commons 1715–1754, by Romney Sedgwick (HMSO 1970)
 The House of Commons 1754–1790, by Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke (HMSO 1964)
 The Parliaments of England by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844–50), second edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973)

History of Flintshire
Historic parliamentary constituencies in North Wales
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1542
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1918


Rolf's Cartoon Club is an English television show presented by Rolf Harris, first broadcast on CITV between 1989 and 1993.

The show had some similarities to Harris' earlier BBC programme, Rolf's Cartoon Time, in that it saw him introducing cartoons and drawing pictures of characters from them. The cartoons shown were mostly those of Warner Bros., but included animations from Raymond Briggs and John Lasseter. Harris also explored animation techniques and gave viewers tips for making their own cartoons at home.

Rolf's Cartoon Club was, as well as being a television programme, also an actual club that viewers could join. Members received a club badge featuring the "Rolfaroo" character, as well as regular newsletters featuring information on the television programme. Lasseter was club member number one.

For much of Cartoon Club, Harris was seated in the "Cartoon Cockpit", a studio with an easel and various art and animation equipment. Part of each programme, however, was given over to the workshop, where Harris would assist a group of club members in making their own animation.

In later series, celebrity guests appeared on the programme to discuss their favourite cartoons with Harris.

Harris had been brought to ITV by Victor Glynn, then at Portman Entertainment and the programme was created by Peter Murphy, the then Head of Children's Programmes at HTV in Bristol.

Series
Series 1: 21 x 25' – 6 April 1989 – 31 August 1989
Christmas Special – 22 December 1989
Series 2: 22 x 25' – 3 January 1990 – 30 May 1990
Series 3: 24 x 25' – 5 September 1990 – 27 February 1991
Series 4: 15 x 25' – 5 September 1991 – 18 December 1991
Series 5: 14 x 25' – 10 September 1992 – 17 December 1992
Series 6: 11 x 25' – 9 September 1993 – 28 October 1993

(Source : ITV Network)

References

External links

Homage to the children's television show

1989 British television series debuts
1993 British television series endings
1980s British children's television series
1990s British children's television series
British television series with live action and animation
English-language television shows
ITV children's television shows
Rolf Harris
Television series by ITV Studios
Television shows produced by Harlech Television


The Zlast is a left tributary of the river Amaradia in Romania. It flows into the Amaradia close to its confluence with the Jiu, near Iași-Gorj. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Gorj County


Frog Pocket is the recording name of John Charles Wilson, a Scottish musician. He is currently signed to Mike Paradinas' record label Planet Mu. He also runs his own record label, Mouthmoth. Wilson mixes elements of folk with electronica and often uses fast, noisy and complicated beats in his songs. His songs usually incorporate violin and guitar (often using harmonics).

Notable releases

Full length albums

EPs

Compilations

Guest appearances

References

External links
 Frog Pocket - "Frog and the Volcano!" on Bandcamp
 Frog Pocket official website
 Discography at Discogs
 Artist page at Planet Mu

Scottish electronic musicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Planet Mu artists


KYYS (1250 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a Regional Mexican format. The station is licensed to Kansas City, Kansas, United States.  It is currently owned by Audacy, Inc. and operations are under an LMA with Reyes Media Group.

History

In Lawrence and Topeka
KYYS came on air in 1927 as WREN, operated by the Jenny Wren flour company in Lawrence, Kansas. It operated at 1090 kHz for its first months and then used 1180 kHz, shared with KFKU, the radio station of the University of Kansas. On November 11, 1928, as part of the implementation of the Federal Radio Commission's General Order 40, WREN and KFRU were moved to 1220 kHz. In March 1941, under the provisions of the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement, the stations on 1220 kHz, including WREN and KFRU, moved to 1250 kHz. KFKU, which shared time with WREN between 1927 and 1987, used its transmission facilities as well. WREN's transmitter was located in the storage room of the Bowersock Mills and Power Company, with the microphone sitting atop empty flour sacks.

In 1947, WREN moved to Topeka and placed its transmitter a mile east of Grantville, Kansas, on US Highway 24. The station also created the world's largest wren, today installed in the median of a Topeka street, that topped the station's studios. In 1952, former Governor Alf Landon and his family bought WREN, owning it until a 1982 sale to the Kassebaum Radio Group.

December 21, 1987, saw WREN go silent as the station fell on hard financial times, thanks to unpaid salaries, wire service bills, income and Social Security taxes, and other lawsuits. Additionally, KFKU, which had no transmitter of its own, fell silent for good. It would not be until December 9, 1991, after nearly four years without broadcasting, that WREN would return to the air with a satellite-fed gospel music format.

In Kansas City
In 1995, WREN applied with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to move into Kansas City, exchanging its 5,000-watt Topeka facility for 15,000 watts day and 3,700 watts night from a new transmitter in Kansas City, Missouri. This move was approved in January 1997 and was followed by a sale to the Mortenson Broadcasting Company of Canton, a Christian broadcaster in 1997.

Expanded Band assignment

On March 17, 1997, the FCC announced that eighty-eight stations had been given permission to move to newly available "Expanded Band" transmitting frequencies, ranging from 1610 to 1700 kHz, with WREN authorized to move from 1250 to 1660 kHz.

On August 10, 1998, the new expanded band station on 1660 AM was assigned the call letters KBJC. The FCC's initial policy was that both the original station and its expanded band counterpart could operate simultaneously for up to five years, after which owners would have to turn in one of the two licenses, depending on whether they preferred the new assignment or elected to remain on the original frequency. However, this deadline has been extended multiple times, and both stations have remained authorized. One restriction is that the FCC has generally required paired original and expanded band stations to remain under common ownership.

Later history

Entercom acquired WREN in 1998, and the next year dropped the heritage WREN call sign used for 72 years in favor of KKGM, to complement a sports format, "1250 the Game". This began a run of four callsign changes in four consecutive years, as the station became KXTR in 2000 with classical music moved from 96.5 FM (having been affected by the move of its sports competitor to a better frequency), KWSJ in 2001, and KKHK in 2002. It was under the latter two callsigns that 1250 began broadcasting in Spanish for the first time, initially under the moniker "La Súper X".

KYYS was the longtime call-sign for a rock format station, first located at 102.1 MHz (now KCKC-FM) and, until January 2008, at 99.7 MHz (now KZPT). The calls were transferred to retain presence within the media market, yet has no ties to either of its predecessors.

References

External links

Reyes Media Group
FCC History Cards for KYYS (covering 1927-1981 as WREN)

YYS
Radio stations established in 1927
YYS
Mass media in Kansas City, Kansas
Audacy, Inc. radio stations
1927 establishments in Kansas


The Waycross Braves were a minor league baseball team located in Waycross, Georgia, United States. An affiliate of the Milwaukee Braves, they played in the Georgia–Florida League from 1956 to 1958 and in 1963. However the team began in 1939 with the name Waycross Bears.

Year-by-year record

Defunct minor league baseball teams
Milwaukee Braves minor league affiliates
1939 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
1963 disestablishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Baseball teams established in 1939
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1963
Waycross, Georgia micropolitan area
Defunct baseball teams in Georgia (U.S. state)
Baseball teams disestablished in 1963


David Laing (20 February 1925 – 15 July 2017) was a Scottish professional footballer.

Laing played for Hearts for eight years and represented the Scottish League XI while there in 1952. His last game for the club was on 4 September 1954 in a 3–2 home victory against Celtic; He left Hearts a day later. His position in the team was given to Dave Mackay, who became a regular first team pick. Laing missed out as Hearts won their breakthrough trophy of the Tommy Walker era, the Scottish League Cup in 1954.

Laing though was to enjoy success of his own elsewhere, as he joined Clyde. He  helped them win the 1955 Scottish Cup Final in his first season. Laing is generally accepted to have been man of the match in both the first game of the final and its replay.

He later played for Hibernian and Gillingham. He was inducted into the inaugural Clyde FC Hall of Fame in 2011. Laing died in July 2017, aged 92.

References

External links

Clyde FC Hall of Fame profile

1925 births
2017 deaths
Footballers from Fife
Men's association football wing halves
Scottish men's footballers
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Heart of Midlothian F.C. players
Clyde F.C. players
Hibernian F.C. players
Gillingham F.C. players
Margate F.C. players
Ramsgate F.C. players
Canterbury City F.C. players
Scottish Football League representative players
Place of death missing


Liberty (2016 population: ) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Big Arm No. 251 and Census Division No. 11. The village is located along Highway 2,  north of the City of Regina.

History
Liberty incorporated as a village on January 23, 1912.

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Liberty had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population, the Village of Liberty recorded a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a  change from its 2011 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2016.

See also

 List of communities in Saskatchewan
 List of villages in Saskatchewan

References

Villages in Saskatchewan
Big Arm No. 251, Saskatchewan
Division No. 11, Saskatchewan


The Club was a British reality television show, broadcast weekly on ITV. It ran for six weeks, beginning on Thursday 6 March 2003. Presented by Donna Air and Matt Brown, three celebrities were given control of their own individual bar in a London club, named Nylon. Each celebrity was given their own changeable team of staff and viewers were given the chance to vote the celebrities' staff off the show. At the end of the series, viewers were asked to vote for their favourite celebrity bar manager. Actor Dean Gaffney was the eventual winner, beating presenter/singer Richard Blackwood and former Page 3 model, Samantha Fox. 49 percent of the audience voted him the best manager and he won the £15,000 prize. An ITV2 spin-off show also aired for the duration, and a highlights show aired on Saturday nights on ITV. Dooley's Vodka Toffee sponsored the show.

Format
The show was based around three celebrities and their various bar staff. Each celebrity was given a separate bar to manage in a two floored club named Nylon, a retro-themed nightspot in London's square mile. The celebrities included:

Samantha Fox, former Page 3 model and singer
Dean Gaffney, actor most famous for playing Robbie Jackson in EastEnders
Richard Blackwood, comedian, MTV presenter and singer

Each celebrity had to recruit their own bar staff, known on the show as "bar mates". Three bar mates were chosen by each celebrity, from auditioning members of the public. They helped each celebrity to run their bar and lived in a communal residence, the events of which were sometimes filmed and broadcast on the show; however, the celebrities did not live with their bar mates.

The Club was open to the public, who could visit every night of the week including the televised nights. The celebrities and their bar mates battled with each other to have the most popular and successful bar. The bar managers used various tactics to do this, such as inviting their celebrity friends to appear at their bar, or putting on themed nights and entertainment for the public.

Each week, one bar mate was fired and then replaced by a new auditionee. The three celebrities were required to nominate which one of their three bar mates would go up for eviction. Viewers were witness to the nomination and the celebrity's appraisal of their staff and were then given the chance to vote off their least favourite out of the three. After the sacking, a new bar mate would join the team, and the same process continued the following week. The sackings took place live on ITV.

The show ran for six weeks. On the live final, viewers were asked to vote for the most successful celebrity bar manager. Dean Gaffney won with 49% of the vote. The prize he won was £15,000.

Scheduling
A live show was broadcast each week for 6 weeks on ITV, and was presented by Donna Air and Matt Brown. During the show, highlights were shown and the celebrities were interviewed along with the sacked bar mate. In addition to the live show, The Club was also broadcast five nights a week on ITV2, and a highlights show aired on Saturday nights.

Promotion and sponsorship
The club was aimed at young adult viewers. Galaxy Network radio teamed up with Carlton Television to promote the show. The Club's presenters, celebrity bar managers, and bar staff, all featured on the network's dance music stations when the show started, and Galaxy radio DJs managed the music decks at Nylon. Dooley's Vodka Toffee was signed up to sponsor the programme, which included a 15-second opening credit, six five-second break bumpers and a 10-second closing credit across ITV and ITV2. Off-air sponsorship activity, such as online and SMS promotion, also took place. The sponsorship deal was negotiated on behalf of ITV by Joe Blake-Turner at Carlton Sponsorship, with Mediacom. A Mediacom official said, "Alcohol; bars; nightclubs -- the environmental fit between Dooley's and The Club is ideal. The reality TV aspect plus the celebrities will be core to delivering significant numbers of young adult viewers -- our key consumers. The timing of the campaign is important as it will drive sales during the post-Christmas sales dip".

References

External links

2000s British reality television series
2003 British television series debuts
2003 British television series endings
ITV reality television shows
Television series by ITV Studios


Resident Evil: Afterlife is a 2010 action horror film written and directed by Paul W. S. Anderson. It is the second film in the series that he directed, after the first film. A direct sequel to Resident Evil: Extinction (2007), it is the fourth installment in the Resident Evil film series, which is loosely based on the video game series of the same name, and the first to be shot in 3D. It stars Milla Jovovich, Ali Larter, Kim Coates, Shawn Roberts, Spencer Locke, Boris Kodjoe, and Wentworth Miller.

The film follows Alice searching for and rescuing the remaining survivors in Los Angeles after the T-virus outbreak, and teaming up against Albert Wesker, the head of the Umbrella Corporation. Chris Redfield, a primary character from the video games, was featured for the first time in the film franchise. Other characters from the games and films who returned are: Claire Redfield, Chris's sister who has lost her memory prior to the film's events; Albert Wesker, the film's main antagonist; and Jill Valentine, who made a cameo appearance.

In May 2005, producers mentioned the possibility of following Extinction with a sequel titled Afterlife. Extinction was released in 2007 and was a box office success, prompting Afterlife to begin development in June 2008, with the script being written by Anderson that December. Elements from the video game Resident Evil 5 (2009) were incorporated into the film including the mind control devices and Chris' confrontation with Wesker. Filming took place in Toronto from September to December 2009 using the 3D Fusion Camera System.

The film was released on September 10, 2010, to generally negative reviews. The film grossed $60 million in the United States and Canada on an estimated $60 million budget, and made $240 million in other markets surpassing the previous film's overseas total in the second week of release. Grossing a worldwide total of $300 million, Resident Evil: Afterlife became the second highest-grossing entry of the series. Resident Evil: Afterlife was released to DVD, Blu-ray, and Blu-ray 3D on December 28, 2010, in the United States. A fifth film, Resident Evil: Retribution, was released in 2012.

Plot
Alice and her clones lead the assault on Umbrella HQ, in Tokyo, slaying the entire branch except for Albert Wesker, who escapes in a tiltrotor plane and detonates a bomb that leaves a massive sinkhole. The real Alice boarded beforehand and attempted to execute Wesker, only for him to inject her with an anti-virus to remove her superhuman abilities. Wesker is revealed to have used the T-virus to gain his own superhuman abilities and prepares to kill Alice before the plane crashes into the mountains.

Six months later, Alice travels to Alaska in an airplane, tracking broadcasts from a safe haven called Arcadia; she only finds abandoned planes and is attacked by a feral Claire Redfield. Alice destroys a spider-like device on Claire's chest, giving her amnesia and pacifying her. They travel to the ruins of Los Angeles, where they find survivors living in a prison surrounded by thousands of undead. They meet Luther West, who leads the surviving band from the prison, Wendell, Crystal Waters, Bennett, Kim Yong, and Angel Ortiz. With their help, Alice lands on the prison's roof and learns Arcadia is not a fixed place, but a cargo tanker traveling along the coast. However, the ship has not moved recently and no one from it has responded to the group's rescue flares. Luther takes Alice to the last inmate, Chris, who insists he is falsely imprisoned and will reveal an escape route in exchange for freedom. Alice goes to the showers to wash up but catches Wendell attempting to peep. Holding him at gunpoint, they are attacked by a group of infected that dug into the prison. They take Wendell, but Alice wards off the rest.

Desperate, they free Chris, who reveals that Claire is his sister, and the prison has an armored car they can use to escape. However, a giant axe-wielding monster begins breaking down the gate. Alice, Chris, and Crystal go to the basement armory to get more guns, but zombies kill Crystal en route. Luther and Claire reinforce the gate. Angel informs Bennett and Yong the car is missing its engine, and it would take a week to fix. Bennett shoots Angel and heads for Arcadia in Alice's airplane. The Axeman breaks down the gate, allowing the zombies into the prison. The group decides to use the zombie-dug tunnels to escape into the sewers. Yong is slashed in half by the Axeman, while Alice is knocked out. Claire successfully defends Alice and disorients the Axeman, after which Alice kills it by firing at its head. Unfortunately, Luther is dragged into the tunnels by a zombie.

Alice and the Redfields board the Arcadia, discovering it functional but abandoned. Claire then remembers Arcadia is an Umbrella trap to get test subjects after her convoy escaped to Alaska. They release the survivors, including K-Mart from Claire's group. Alice follows a trail of blood deeper into the ship, where she finds Wesker. The T-virus revived him, but it battles Wesker for control, something he believes fresh human DNA can pacify; the Umbrella staff fled when he began eating test subjects. Alice's DNA is superior to his since she retained control despite bonding with the virus at a cellular level. Wesker believes eating her will help him regain control of his body.

The Redfields fight Wesker while Alice battles Bennett, now working for Wesker. Wesker easily overpowers Chris and Claire, but Alice is able to defeat both Bennett and Wesker with help from K-Mart. They lock Bennett in the room to be devoured by Wesker when he revives. Wesker then escapes in an aircraft, activating a bomb on the Arcadia; the plane explodes instead as Alice places the bomb there beforehand. Unbeknownst to them, Wesker parachutes away from the explosion, while Luther emerges from the sewers, battered but alive. Alice resolves to turn Arcadia into a real haven and broadcasts a new message for any other survivors. As Alice, Claire, and Chris watch over from Arcadia, it is approached by a squadron of Umbrella aircraft.

During a mid-credits scene in one of the aircraft, Jill Valentine, who went missing after the destruction of Raccoon City, is dictating the attack wearing the same mind control device used on Claire.

Cast

 Milla Jovovich as Alice and her clones; former Umbrella Corporation security officer turned rogue fighter, who has been captured by Umbrella scientist after escaping The Hive and being experimented upon. Since the T-virus outbreak at Raccoon City which has spread across the entire world, Alice has bonded with the virus on a cellular level, leaving her with powerful superhuman abilities, making her virtually indestructible.
 Ali Larter as Claire Redfield; One of Alice's former allies, who leads the surviving convoy of survivors in Nevada desert which is heading with the remaining survivors to a safe haven known as "Arcadia" in Alaska, but later used as a trap, luring the survivors as Umbrella test subjects. She is also the younger sister of Chris.
 Wentworth Miller as Chris Redfield; United States military elite soldier and the older brother of Claire, who also joins Alice and Claire in Arcadia, to battle against the infected.
 Shawn Roberts as Albert Wesker; the Chairman of the Umbrella Corporation who possesses superhuman strength, speed, and regenerative capabilities, similarly to Alice. He is one of her deadliest enemies.
 Boris Kodjoe as Luther West; a former professional basketball player who leads the band of the survivors of Los Angeles.
 Kim Coates as Bennett Sinclair; a former film producer and one of the survivors of Los Angeles.
 Sergio Peris-Mencheta as Angel Ortiz, a survivor in Los Angeles.
 Kacey Barnfield as Crystal Waters; a junior champion in swimming in her high school days, she came to Los Angeles to work as an actress and is one of the survivors.
 Norman Yeung as Kim Yong; Bennett's former intern before the virus outbreak and also one of the survivors.
 Spencer Locke as K-Mart; a young girl named after the department store where she was discovered hiding, and a member of Claire's convoy of survivors in the previous film.
 Mika Nakashima as J-Pop Girl; Japan's patient zero, first infected person there.
 Ray Olubowale as the Axeman; a monster taken from the game Resident Evil 5 (known as The Executioner).
 Sienna Guillory as Jill Valentine; former S.T.A.R.S. member & police officer of Raccoon City who helped Alice escape after the city's destruction incident, and also has gone missing ever since. She was captured by Umbrella and brainwashed through a scarab device attached to her chest, and led the assault on Arcadia.

Production

Development

In May 2005, producers mentioned the possibility of following Extinction with a sequel entitled Afterlife, to be shot and set in Tokyo, Japan and Alaska. Despite Resident Evil: Extinction being billed on the official website and elsewhere as the final installment of the Resident Evil film series; on September 23, 2007, Rory Bruer, Sony's head of distribution explained, "It absolutely would not surprise me considering the success of the franchise that they find a way to come up with another. It's a real possibility." Producer Jeremy Bolt also stated that while there was no intention of making a fourth film, that the third had been particularly well done and that Paul Anderson was talking with Sony about the possibility.  In June 2008, Anderson noted that negotiations were underway with Sony for creating the film. In December 2008, Anderson stated that he was working on the script. The following year, it was announced that Sony was aiming to release Resident Evil: Afterlife by August 27, 2010.

Casting

In September 2006, reports indicated that casting for the fourth film had begun, with Jensen Ackles being considered for the role of Leon S. Kennedy.  Ali Larter missed seven episodes of filming the television show Heroes in order to appear in the film. Before Wentworth Miller was cast as Chris Redfield, actor Johnny Messner auditioned for the role. Having never played the Resident Evil video games, Miller began preparing for the role by searching the internet for images of Chris Redfield. Much to his surprise, he noticed how muscular the character was; with only three weeks to prep before shooting, he knew it was impossible to increase his muscle mass to that extent. He was shown video footage of the games and saw how he was visually different, especially in the first game. He did cardio to build up endurance.  Miller described his interpretation on the character from the video game as: "He's definitely capable and heroic, but there's also something quite innocent. He was still freshly scrubbed, in a way, at the beginning of this horrifying journey." He described his take as the character in the film: "My Chris has been walking down this particular road for quite some time. The edges are sharper, and they're way more jagged."

Shawn Roberts was originally going to audition for Chris Redfield before Miller accepted the role. He went to audition for the role of Albert Wesker, a role previously played by Jason O'Mara. Describing the character Roberts said: "[He's the] Chairman of the Umbrella Corporation. He is in a position of power. He pretty much runs the world, and Alice is an annoyance. It's a whole process: I get to set and wardrobe gives me this big, long black jacket, and props comes over and gives me the dark glasses and the gloves. By the time you are all dressed you stand a little straighter, you walk a little differently. He's got everything going for him—he's super fast, super strong, has the ability to regenerate—it's all the elements from the game. That was one thing we all agreed on from the start: this character has to be for the fans." Sienna Guillory reprises her role as Jill Valentine, who was last seen in Resident Evil: Apocalypse. She is featured briefly in a scene shown during the credits, setting up the sequel.

Cinematography and set design
Anderson was shown footage of James Cameron's Avatar, which sold him on the idea to shoot Resident Evil: Afterlife in digital 3D. He shot in high-definition with an aspect ratio of 2.35:1, using Cameron's Fusion Camera System, or more specifically a Sony F35 camera. The crew spent two weeks in pre-production learning the 3D camera system. With a budget of about $60 million, principal photography took place for 55 days, from September 29 to December 2009. Filming in 3D added 20% to the budget. Roberts began filming his scenes on October 10, 2009. The final showdown scene was filmed for about six days. During production, Jovovich accidentally shot out a $100,000 camera.

For slow motion scenes with bullets and drops of water, twin Phantom high-speed cameras were used which filmed 200 frames per second. A fight scene with Wesker and Chris in the Resident Evil 5 game was recreated shot-by-shot for the film, and the Phantom cameras were used to create Wesker's superhuman speed which took about two days to film. The added size and weight of the 3D cameras meant the filmmakers were not able to use existing equipment such as Steadicam rigs. Instead, the camera operator worked on a Segway to achieve the look of a Steadicam shot. Much of the action scenes were shot in front of a green screen. A 1983 Yak-52 was used throughout the film by Jovovich and Larter. Stunt pilot Martin Mattes was dressed like Jovovich and flew the plane for the camera.

The 3D cameras were unable to pick up anything shiny, such as stainless steel, due to a flare. Set decorator Cal Loucks said that most items that looked metal were actually painted silver with special paint to remove its reflective quality. The saturation of colors also had to be changed to accustom the 3D cameras, which are "slow to pick up information". Loucks said: "It's a very restrictive color palette. For example, in this warehouse scene, we saturated the floors in a dark, dark charcoal, and we thought that was enough, but then the cameras showed them as still being too light. So we had to add more and more black. The reason I say it's too light is because we are putting more light onto these sets than we ever have before."

Filming locations
Principal photography was done mostly at Cinespace Film Studios in Toronto, Ontario. Toronto police received hundreds of calls from concerned neighbors after a scene involving a burning plane crashed.  For the underwater scenes, cargo shipping containers were cut and welded to make a giant tank on stage. The opening scene was filmed at Cinespace Film Studios. Interior scenes of Umbrella Corporation's subterranean lair were filmed at the Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy. Robarts Library was used to portray exterior shots of a Los Angeles prison, due to its resemblance to a prison, and other scenes were shot at University of Toronto Scarborough. Scenes portraying an Alaskan aircraft boneyard were filmed at Oshawa Airport. A location depicting an Alaskan beach was filmed at Sandbanks Provincial Park. Second unit was sent to Alaska to capture establishing shots of the scenery.

Visual and special effects
Visual effects were done by Rocket Science VFX and Mr. X Inc. Paul Jones served as the special effects creator, who previously designed the Nemesis character in Resident Evil: Apocalypse. The production team planned to use extras to portray 300 zombies at once, but time restraints prevented that. Around 150 zombies were eventually used, and Mr. X Inc's visual effects supervisor, Dennis Berardi, added more in post-production. For Alice's clones, they shot motion control photography for multiple passes of Jovovich. For the wide shots, they took digital photo doubles. Visual effects production manager Eric Robertson described the look of the film: "interesting contrasts, pure whites, which is a staggering look. It's so clean and tight along with some real darkness too that may evoke a bit of a feel of Silent Hill. So we've got the extremes, but it's definitely a unique look for this incarnation and it's been fun to see those looks." A burned cityscape with ash and smoke in the sky was created to depict a postapocalyptic Los Angeles, in which most of the film is set. Bolt described this approach as: "In a world that has gone to hell in a handbasket, there's no control and no fire service, so clearly, what's going to happen to LA is it's going to get burned."

The infected Dobermans from the games and previous films return, but are more advanced. The dogs wore a costume with prosthetics.  Anderson wanted to make the dogs in this film look "absolutely terrible". Computer effects were used to make the dog's jaw flare open, with tentacles coming out of their mouths, similar to the dogs from the fourth and fifth video games. Other creatures borrowed from the fifth video game are the "Majini", who are more intelligent and have mandibles and tentacles coming out of their mouths, and "The Executioner" (named the Axeman in the film).

Release

In August 2009, it was announced that the film would be released on August 27, 2010, but that December it was set back to January 14, 2011. In January 2010, it was announced that the release date was moved to September 10, 2010. Screen Gems paid Constantin Film, Davis Films and Impact Pictures $52 million for the rights to distribute the film in North American and "most key foreign markets".

On April 3, 2010, Anderson, Jovovich and Larter attended WonderCon for a Resident Evil: Afterlife, panel answering fan questions.  On July 24, 2010, they attended the San Diego Comic-Con International to promote the film.

Soundtrack

The Resident Evil: Afterlife: Music from the Motion Picture was composed by Tomandandy and released on , by Milan Records.

In addition to the original soundtrack, "The Outsider" (Apocalypse Remix) by alternative rock group A Perfect Circle was used for the marketing of the film, along with a short segment of it being played during the confrontation between Alice and Wesker, as well as playing over the end credits.

Home media
Resident Evil: Afterlife was released to DVD, Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D on  in the United States. Special features on the DVD includes a filmmaker commentary and two featurettes. The Blu-ray releases includes the same and also with deleted and extended scenes, additional featurettes and outtakes. An Ultra HD Blu-ray edition was released on January 17, 2017.

In 2013, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released a two-disc set containing the first four films in the series. It was called The 4 Movie Resident Evil Collection.

Box office

United States and Canada
Resident Evil: Afterlife opened on approximately 4,700 screens in 3,203 locations, with 2,062 of the locations showing on 3D-equipped screens and 141 in IMAX 3D, ranking as one of the largest 3D releases at the time. In Canada, the film opened in an additional 250 theaters through Alliance Films. The film opened at number one and took in $10.7 million on its opening day and $26.6 million on its opening weekend. By its second weekend, the film had dropped to fourth place, with the newly-released The Town taking its first place spot. It grossed $10 million, a 63% decrease in ticket sales from its opening weekend. It fell to seventh place by its third weekend, grossing $4.9 million and was removed from 567 theaters. On its fourth weekend, Resident Evil: Afterlife moved to eleventh place, with the newly-released Case 39 at number one, while grossing $2.7 million and being dropped from 735 theaters. For the film's fifth weekend, it made $1.2 million, a 54% decrease from the previous weekend, and was removed from an additional 895 theaters. For its sixth, seventh and eight weekends, it had dropped to $347,264, $137,502 and $70,474 respectively, and was playing in 140 theaters by its eight and final weekend. The film left theaters on , after 56 days of release.

Other countries
On September 15, Resident Evil: Afterlife opened in 30 countries, bumping Inception from first place and grossing $42.3 million from 3,559 screens with 3D screenings accounting for 81% of total earnings, thereby becoming the most successful overseas debut of the entire series. More than one-third of the total came from a $15.5 million three-day launch in Japan. Additionally, the film grossed $6.4 million in Russia, $3.3 million in Spain, $2.95 million in Taiwan and $2.6 million in the UK. By September 19, it had passed Resident Evil: Extinction $97.1 million overseas total. The following day, it had surpassed Extinction total of $103.2 million overseas, 148.8 million worldwide, to become the highest-grossing entry of the series.

During its second week, the film grossed $40 million, with $5.3 million of it in Germany, $3.2 million in Mexico, $3.1 million in South Korea and $2.9 million in Brazil. Japanese ticket sales grossed $5.1 million, with Russia adding another $4.2 million. By its third weekend, it was still at number one, grossing $24.3 million, with an opening in France adding $3.5 million. Hong Kong added another $768,324. The film remained at #1 for its fourth weekend, grossing $15.6 million. On its fifth weekend, it grossed $8 million, dropping to fifth place, being replaced by Eat Pray Love at number one. By its eleventh weekend, ticket sales had dropped to $9.1 million gross, with a full $9 million of that coming from its opening in China. Overall, Resident Evil: Afterlife only missed by about $1.5 million the total the three previous films in the series had made combined.

Worldwide overview
The film grossed $60 million in the US and Canada with $240 million in other markets, for a worldwide total of $300 million. In the United States, the high box office gross was attributed to the ticket price inflation of the 3D presentation, but the film had the lowest opening weekend attendance of the film series. On November 23, 2010, Resident Evil: Afterlife became the most successful production in Canadian feature film history, as well as the highest grossing zombie film. It is also the highest-grossing film to be released by Screen Gems. Worldwide, it is the fourth highest-grossing video game film of all-time, behind Warcraft ($433.5 million), The Angry Birds Movie ($347.1 million) and Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time ($336.4 million).

Reception

Critical response

Resident Evil: Afterlife was not screened in advance for critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of  based on reviews from  critics, with an average rating of . The site's consensus states: "As dim-witted and lifeless as its undead antagonists, Resident Evil: Afterlife is a wholly unnecessary addition to the franchise." On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 37 based on 14 reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a "B−" on an A+ to F scale.

Michael Ordoña of the Los Angeles Times gave it a positive review, noting the slower cut of the film and saying: "the action is easier to read than in most films of the genre, and therefore more enjoyable. Anderson makes particular use of sets and locations to wring out more bang for the stereoscopic buck". Phelim O'Neill of The Guardian gave the film two stars out of five praising the use of 3D, while stating that the Resident Evil films "always look good and have well-staged action, but they don't have one iota of originality or imagination". Chicago Readers Andrea Gronvall described the plot as "nearly indiscernible", but did call the film the "sleekest so far, thanks to 3D and star Milla Jovovich's body-hugging catsuit".

Jeannette Catsoulis of The New York Times gave the film a negative review, saying: "Cannibalizing John Carpenter's Thing and much of the sci-fi-horror canon, Afterlife is more moribund than its thronging undead". David Edwards of the Daily Mirror compared it to Resident Evil: Extinction, stating that the "results are even less impressive, which is saying quite something" and "only fans of the series will care with the film looking suspiciously like a series of barely connected action scenes and unimpressive 3D welded to a who-the-hell-cares? plot". Spill.com critics Korey Coleman and Co-Host 3000 gave the film a "Some Ol' Bullshit", the second lowest rating on the site. They criticized the overuse of slow motion, lack of explanation of certain plot elements and long lapses in between action, but gave the film points for its cinematography, small bits of action, 3D and the special effects of the Axeman. Andrew Barker of Variety compared the film to the previous installment as "equally moribund, and perhaps even more shamelessly derivative". He compared Roberts' Wesker to Hugo Weaving's Agent Smith from The Matrix, calling it a "slipshod impression". A particularly scathing review came from Brian Orndorf of Dark Horizons, who commented: "Perhaps the first 3D motion picture to simulate the experience of watching paint dry, Resident Evil: Afterlife is a dreadful bore that only occasionally comes to life."

Accolades

See also
 List of films based on video games

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

2010 films
2010 3D films
IMAX films
2010 action thriller films
2010 horror films
2010s action horror films
2010s science fiction horror films
Apocalyptic films
Films about cloning
French action thriller films
French action horror films
German action thriller films
German post-apocalyptic films
French post-apocalyptic films
German action horror films
2010s English-language films
English-language Canadian films
English-language French films
English-language German films
Films directed by Paul W. S. Anderson
Films set in Alaska
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in Tokyo
Films set in Japan
Films set on ships
Films shot in Tokyo
Films shot in Toronto
Films scored by Tomandandy
Girls with guns films
Canadian science fiction action films
Canadian post-apocalyptic films
German science fiction action films
Afterlife
Screen Gems films
Films with screenplays by Paul W. S. Anderson
Constantin Film films
German sequel films
Films about viral outbreaks
Films produced by Don Carmody
2010s Canadian films
2010s French films
2010s German films


These are the official results of the Men's 400 metres Hurdles event at the 1999 IAAF World Championships in Seville, Spain. There were a total number of 50 participating athletes, with seven qualifying heats, two semi-finals and the final held on Friday, 27 August 1999 at 21:00.

Final

Semi-finals
Held on Wednesday 1999-08-25

Qualifying heats
Held on Tuesday 1999-08-24

See also
 1996 Men's Olympic 400m Hurdles (Atlanta)
 1998 Men's European Championships 400m Hurdles (Budapest)
 2000 Men's Olympic 400m Hurdles (Sydney)
 2002 Men's European Championships 400m Hurdles (Munich)

References
 Results

H
400 metres hurdles at the World Athletics Championships


Napery (from Old French ) is linen used for household purposes, such as table linen. Historically it was the office in a medieval household responsible for the washing and storage of these items. It was headed by a naperer. This office worked closely together with the offices of the laundry (washing and storage of clothing) and the ewery (water and the vessels for drinking or washing of the person), and the three could be concurrent in smaller households.

See also
Ailesham cloth
Napier (surname)

Notes

Medieval occupations