The Perils of Pauline is a 1947 American Technicolor comedy film directed by George Marshall and starring Betty Hutton, John Lund and William Demarest. It was produced and released by Paramount Pictures. The film is a fictionalized Hollywood account of silent film star Pearl White's rise to fame, starring Hutton as White.

A broad satire of silent-film production, the film is a musical-comedy vehicle for Hutton. The original songs by Frank Loesser include the standard "I Wish I Didn't Love You So", which received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song. Paul Panzer, who played the villain in the 1914 film The Perils of Pauline, has a very small part in this film, as do silent-comedy veterans Chester Conklin, Hank Mann, Snub Pollard, and James Finlayson.

The film is in the public domain today; all public-domain video releases are sourced from 16 mm television prints that have faded over the years. Universal Studios (through NBC Universal Television, successor-in-interest to EMKA, Ltd.) owns the original film elements.

Plot
Pearl White (Betty Hutton) is a frustrated garment worker who aspires to become a dramatic actress, although she really shines at singing and bantering with audiences. (Shoved on stage to do or die, she throws the tomatoes back at the hecklers.) She joins a touring theatrical troupe owned and managed by handsome but pompous Mike Farrington (John Lund). Veteran actress Miss Julia Gibbs (Constance Collier) takes Pearl under her wing, as does Timmy Timmons (Billy De Wolfe), another member of the troupe. Farrington starts her off by putting her in charge of costumes and giving her walk-ons. Unable to suppress her natural rambunctiousness on stage, Pearl resorts to tying her hands together under an apron. Mike and Pearl fall in love, but neither confesses it. In a South Sea melodrama, Pearl is drenched with cold water, and shivers and sneezes so badly that she can't speak. Farrington berates and insults her; Pearl reads him the riot act and walks out. Julia follows her.

Pearl auditions for Julia's agents, singing “I Wish I Didn't Love You So.” They like her, but there is no business in summer. The agent offers Julia a “grande dame” role in a “flicker.” Julia scorns film actors, but her agent points out, “They always eat!”

At the studio, several pictures are being filmed at once. With no advance warning, Julia is barraged with pies. Furious, Pearl storms onto the set and retaliates, then helps her friend walk through several works in progress, shooing a lion out of the way. (She thought it was a dog.) The director, George “Mac” McGuire (William Demarest), offers her a  $100 a week contract. “She's gonna be the biggest thing in pictures!” he declares. Pearl soon becomes world-famous as the star of the cliffhanging, tied-to-the-railroad-tracks serials known as The Perils of Pauline. Meanwhile, Farrington can't get work; the theaters are showing pictures.

Pearl is filming a pursuit alongside a train. She jumps onto a boxcar and meets a hobo: It's Timmy, who promptly joins Pearl's team as a villain. Later, Timmy finds Mike working as a barker in a sideshow. He tells Mike his new boss has a job for him. It is, of course, Pearl, who persuades him to become her leading man. His first lesson is that the kind of melodramatic gestures that he abhorred in Pearl are exactly what is needed in silent film. They are a success.

McGuire arranges a publicity stunt that sends Pearl and Mike off in a runaway balloon—without the balloonist who was supposed to sneak into the basket. The balloon is caught in a thunderstorm and they cling to each other. He tells her he loves her and promises to marry her.

The press announcement sidelines Mike, who feels he has lost his identity. His pride can't take it and he calls off the wedding. Then War is declared. Mike and Timmy join the Army; Pearl does benefits and makes war films. After the war ends, Mike comes home to find great success in the theater. Serials are on their way out, and Pearl and Timmy go to Paris to perform in a nightclub there. Farrington can't follow her until his play is over.

After 251 performance at the Casino de Paris, Pearl learns that Mike is coming. Elated, she falls during a stunt. The doctors tell her that she must have surgery immediately; even so, it might be one or two years before she can walk again. Instead, she goes to meet Mike. He begs her to marry him and come back to America. When she says she won't leave Paris, he replies that he will come to her. She tells him she doesn't love him anymore. Julia has followed them, and when Mike gets out of the car she beckons to him. A sorrowful Pearl gets Timmy to take her into a theater showing one of their films. Eyes on the screen, she hears Mike's voice saying, “You always were a rotten actress.” They embrace, and he carries her out of the theater.

Cast
 Betty Hutton as Pearl White
 John Lund as Michael Farrington
 Billy De Wolfe as Mr. Timmy Timmons
 William Demarest as George "Mac" McGuire
 Constance Collier as Julia Gibbs
 Frank Faylen as Mr. Joe Gurt
 William Farnum as Western Saloon Set Hero
 Chester Conklin as Comic Chef
 Paul Panzer as Drawing Room Gent (Panzer was the villain in the original serial)
 "Snub" Pollard as Western Saloon Set Propman
 James Finlayson as Comic Chef
 Creighton Hale as Marcelled Leading Man (Hale was the male lead in the original serial)
 Hank Mann as Comic Chef
 Francis McDonald as Western Saloon Set Heavy
 Bert Roach as Western Saloon Set Bartender
 Heinie Conklin as Studio Cop
 Ray Walker as Armistice Day Set Technician
 Ethan Laidlaw as Stagehand (uncredited)
 Lester Dorr as Reporter (uncredited)

Soundtrack

 "Poor Pauline" (Written by Charles McCarron and Raymond Walker)
 Betty Hutton - "I Wish I Didn't Love You So" (Written by Frank Loesser)
 Betty Hutton - "The Sewing Machine" (Written by Frank Loesser)
 Betty Hutton - "Rumble, Rumble, Rumble" (Written by Frank Loesser)
 Betty Hutton - "Poppa, Don't Preach To Me" (Written by Frank Loesser)

Reception
Bosley Crowther of New York Times wrote, "Paramount's The Perils of Pauline, which came sprawling and spluttering and crashing into the Paramount Theatre yesterday, is neither a reasonable facsimile of the silent ancient silent serial for which it is named, nor is it a rightful biography of the famous serial queen, Pearl White. Neither, for that matter, is it a valid reflection of the days of early movie-making which it loosely pretends to be".

A Variety review praised the comedy, cast, and silent film era nostalgia, calling the film "top entertainment for any situation" that "will register astoundingly at the [box office]".

Awards
Frank Loesser was nominated for an Oscar in the category "Best Music, Original Song" for "I Wish I Didn't Love You So".

See also
 The Perils of Pauline (1914), starring Pearl White
 The Perils of Pauline (1933), starring Evalyn Knapp and Craig Reynolds
 The Perils of Pauline (1967), starring Pamela Austin and Pat Boone

References

External links

1947 films
1947 comedy films
1940s historical comedy films
American historical comedy films
Articles containing video clips
Biographical films about actors
Films directed by George Marshall
Films scored by Robert Emmett Dolan
Films set in the 1910s
Films about filmmaking
Films produced by Sol C. Siegel
Paramount Pictures films
1940s English-language films
1940s American films


Mū tōrere is a two-player board game played mainly by Māori people from New Zealand's North Island. Each player has four counters. The game has a simple premise but expert players are able to see up to 40 moves ahead. Like many other Māori board games, it is played on a papa tākoro (game board) and is tightly interwoven with stories and histories.

The Ngāti Hauā chief Wiremu Tamihana Te Waharoa reputedly offered a game to Governor George Grey with the whole country going to the winner, but Grey declined, possibly because Māori players of mū tōrere had been known to win large sums from pākehā visitors to New Zealand who were new to the game.

Gameboard
Mū tōrere is played on papa tākaro, or , or can be inscribed into clay or sand. The board is in the form of an eight-pointed star with endpoints, called kewai, connected to the center point, or pūtahi. The lines connecting the kewai to the pūtahi are oriented at 45 degrees.

Rules
Each player controls four counters, or perepere, which are initially placed on the board at the kewai. At the beginning of the game the  pūtahi is empty. (See illustration.)

Players move one of their counters per turn to an empty point. Players can move only to an adjacent kewai, and can move to the pūtahi only when the moved counter is adjacent to an opponent's counter. The player who blocks all the opponent's counters from moving is the winner.

Analysis
Mū tōrere has 1180 reachable positions. Out of those, 208 are winning, 128 are losing, and 844 are draws. The initial position is a draw.

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
 The board game of Mu Torere New Zealand in History
 Mu Torere  Big Computer Games

Traditional board games
Māori sport


A proxy firm (also a proxy advisor, proxy adviser, proxy voting agency, vote service provider or shareholder voting research provider or proxy voting advisory businesses (PVABs)) provides services to shareholders (in most cases an institutional investor of some type) to vote their shares at shareholder meetings of, usually, listed companies.

The typical services provided include agenda translation, provision of vote management software, voting policy development, company research, and vote administration including vote execution. According to their websites, not all firms provide voting recommendations and those that do may simply execute client voting instructions.

The votes executed are called "Proxy Votes" because the shareholder usually does not attend the meeting and instead sends instructions - a proxy appointment - for a third party, usually the chairman of the meeting to vote shares in accordance with the instructions given on the voting card.

Industry regulation
In the United States, on July 22, 2020, following years of complaints and lobbying by issuers and their associations about the role and influence of some proxy research firms, the SEC voted to regulate of proxy research firms. Issuers had alleged that proxy research firms were exercising undue control over substantial parts of the annual meeting vote thereby effectively forcing issuers to purchase expensive consulting services should those same publicly traded companies wish proposals on executive compensation and similar issues to receive a positive vote. However, in 2022 the SEC adopted certain amendments that rescinded those rules, including:

 Rule 14a-2(b)(9)(ii), and related safe harbors and exclusions, which provided proxy voting advisory businesses with two conditions for exemption from the proxy rules’ information and filing requirements:
 PVABs must make their advice available to the companies that are the subject of their advice at or before the time that they make the advice available to their clients; and
 PVABs must provide their clients with a mechanism by which they could reasonably be expected to become aware of any written statements by registrants who are the subject of the advice regarding the PVAB’s proxy voting advice.
 Note (e) of Rule 14a-9 (Liability Rule), which provides examples of material misstatements or omissions related to proxy voting advice.
 Supplemental Proxy Voting Guidance to investment advisers about their proxy voting obligations as set forth in Rule 14a-2(b)(9)(ii).

In the United Kingdom, to achieve compliance with the Shareholders Rights Directive, proxy advisors are required to be listed on the Financial Conduct Authority's website.

Global industry
Firms in the industry include:
Egan-Jones Proxy Services, part of Egan-Jones Ratings Company (United States)
Glass, Lewis & Co  (United States)
Institutional Shareholder Services (United States)
Institutional Investor Advisory Services India Limited (IiAS) (India)
IVIS (United Kingdom)
Minerva Analytics Ltd (United Kingdom)
PIRC Ltd (United Kingdom)
Sustainalytics (part of MorningStar) (United States)

Controversial role
The role of proxy firms has come under considerable scrutiny in recent years, most notably from the corporate lobby in the United States.

In 2013, the US Securities and Exchange Commission fined ISS $300,000 for revealing non-public information in respect of clients proxy votes.

In May 2018, the Rock Center for Corporate Governance at Stanford University published an overview of the Proxy Advisor industry authored by J. Copland, D. Larcker and B. Tayan. Some of the most concerning key findings of this report include:

1- Number one player, ISS, and number two, Glass, Lewis & Co, together would have 97% market share of the industry.

2- Limited transparency on the process these firms use to amend their proxy voting guidelines, although ISS at least gives some insight into its process.

3- Neither of these two largest players discloses any of its past or current recommendations publicly, making it impossible to verify the historical validity of their voting recommendations.

4- While evidence suggests that ISS recommendations are more influential on ultimate investor voting decisions than those from Glass, Lewis & Co, both have an impact, which can range from shifting 5%-30% of shareholder votes.

5- Most of the academic research suggests that the proxy advisor recommendations do not add shareholder value, and that they in fact result in negative outcomes for shareholders.

6- These firms have no fiduciary duty to anyone and therefore it is very difficult to hold them accountable for their work.

7- These firms can succumb to conflicts of interest, which are often not disclosed.

8- These firms may have resource constraints, which could negatively impact the quality of their recommendations.

The researchers conclude that the industry exhibits signs of market failure, in that despite their demonstrated poor track record and questionable practices, the market has not been able to gradually eliminate them and they have in fact thrived.

These findings stand in contrast to the 2015 report of the European Securities Markets Authority ("ESMA"), which concluded that, after a comprehensive public investigation process, there was "no clear evidence of market failure in relation to proxy advisors’ interaction with investors and issuers".

Conflicts of interest
A potential conflict of interest identified by the Government Accountability Office is that some owners of proxy firms do business with both issuers and investors. Analysis of executive remuneration, or executive pay, is a notable feature of the work of shareholder voting research.
Some policymakers believe that increasing competition in the industry may improve service quality. For example, in 2010 a Securities & Exchange Commission consultation document asked whether certain issues in the proxy advisory industry, including conflicts of interest, are affected by limited competition.

In April 2019, Glass, Lewis & Co controversially did not recuse itself from issuing voting recommendations in a proxy contest at Knight Therapeutics, a Canadian company. In advance of the May 7th, 2019 vote, Glass, Lewis & Co sided with the slate of nominees which included Kevin Cameron, a co-founder and past senior executive at Glass, Lewis & Co itself. This precedent could encourage future activist shareholders to include past proxy advisor senior executives in their nominee slates to unfairly obtain favorable recommendations.

Code of conduct
Following a number of regulatory reviews by securities regulators, including the Canadian Securities Administrators and the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) a number of firms have published a Code of Conduct: the Best Practice Principles for Shareholder Voting Research. The Code was developed with an independent chairman, Dr Dirk Zetsche, Propter Homines Chair for Banking and Securities law at the Institute for Financial Services of the University of Liechtenstein and Director of the Center for Business & Corporate Law at Heinrich Heine University in Duesseldorf/Germany.

See also

 Proxy statement

References

Corporate law
Proxy firms


Étival (; sometimes referred to as Étival-les-Ronchaux) is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Étrepigney () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Atlanta Soccer Club was an American soccer team based in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 2007 as Atlanta FC, it became the reserve team of the Atlanta Silverbacks in 2011, and licensed the name of the first team when it folded in 2016.  On January 4, 2019, the club announced that it had parted ways with Atlanta Silverbacks Park, the owner of the trademarks, and had to rebrand as a result.

The logo and colors referred to the peach, a state symbol of Georgia.  The final name lasted for two seasons before the club folded.

History

Atlanta FC

The original Atlanta FC was born out of a U23 team, Lawrenceville FC, that came together to make a successful run to the National Cup finals in 2007. The NPSL began seeking interested ownership groups for its new Southeast Conference at around the same time, and Atlanta FC joined for the division's inaugural season. That team went on to win the NPSL Southeast Conference in its first season, losing out in the playoffs to Midwest Champions St. Paul Twin Stars.

Ramiro Canovas was one of the league's leading scorers in 2008, with five goals in NPSL play and nine overall (including US Open Cup qualifying). Luis Sandoval and Robert Munilla were also named to the 2008 NPSL All-Star team.

In 2009, the club reached the 1st round of the Lamar Hunt US Open Cup by finishing as the runner-up at USASA Region III Open Cup qualifying.  The team lost 2–0 to the Charleston Battery.

Atlanta Silverbacks Reserves
On February 3, 2011, the ownership groups of Atlanta FC and the Atlanta Silverbacks NASL team announced that they would partner and the team would be rebranded as the Atlanta Silverbacks Reserves.  During the first season playing as the Reserves, goalkeeper Eric Ati was signed to the first team after the Reserves season in the NPSL concluded.  Kingsley Morgan was named to the NPSL All-Star team.  The team finished fourth in a highly competitive NPSL South Region.

On 22 February 2013, they announced that they would be taking a hiatus for the 2013 NPSL season. The team returned to the field for the 2014 season and finished the regular season in second place in the Southeast Conference of the NPSL South Region.

Atlanta Silverbacks FC
When the Silverbacks were disbanded at the end of the 2015 season due to the lack of suitable local ownership, the reserve team licensed the name.  They played three seasons as Atlanta Silverbacks FC before losing the license and rebranding to Atlanta SC.

Atlanta SC
In 2019, Atlanta SC joined the National Independent Soccer Association, a Division III professional league.  They began play in 2020 fall season, not advancing to the playoffs, and withdrew before the start of the 2020 spring season. They originally planned to return to play in the fall of 2021, the following season, but were defunct by January 2020.

Year-by-year

Honors

Domestic
National Premier Soccer League
Southeast Division (NPSL):
 Winners: 2008

Minor trophies
Region III U-23 National Cup
 Winners: 2007
 Runners-up: 2011
Region III National Open Cup
 Runners-up: 2009

Head coaches
  Ricardo Montoya (2008–2012)
  Alejandro Pombo (2014–2015)
  Jacenir Silva (2016)
  Phoday Dolleh (2017)
  Roberto Neves (2018–2019)

Stadiums
 Hoskyn Stadium at Riverwood High School; Sandy Springs, Georgia (2008–2010)
 Atlanta Silverbacks Park; Atlanta, Georgia (2011–2018)
 St. Francis High School; Alpharetta, Georgia (2019)

References

External links
Official website

Reserves
National Premier Soccer League teams
S
2007 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Reserve soccer teams in the United States
Association football clubs established in 2007
National Independent Soccer Association teams


The Perils of Pauline is a 1967 American comedy film based on the movie serial of the same name.

Inspired by the Batman TV series, with the same kind of florid villainy and dauntless heroics, this TV pilot starred Pamela Austin, best known for her appearances in Dodge commercials at the time (urging viewers to "Join the Dodge Rebellion!"), as Pauline, with Pat Boone as her staunch protector.

The pilot did not find a sponsor or a network, and the three sample shows were compiled into a theatrical feature film and released by Universal Pictures. Extra footage for this was shot in December 1966.

Universal's home-movie company, Castle Films, turned it back into a serial, excerpting four episodes from the feature. The movie enjoyed neither the commercial nor critical success of the earlier versions of The Perils of Pauline.

Plot
An orphaned boy named George finds baby Pauline in a basket on the ground. George takes her back to the orphanage and promises to protect her no matter what. When George's over-protectiveness puts Pauline in danger, Mrs. Carruthers, the owner of the orphanage, kicks him out. George tells Pauline that when he makes his fortune, he will come back for her. Pauline promises to wait.

The bulk of the film consists of Pauline getting into and escaping from increasingly ridiculous slapstick situations, with George always arriving slightly too late.

Pauline finds work as a teacher for a young African prince, Benji, who thinks Pauline is his fiance. Pauline escapes him and hides, but is sold to a tribe of pygmies in the Congo, who attempt to make her drink a potion to shrink her down to pygmy size. Benji sends his servant Sten to bring back Pauline. Sten falls in love with Pauline and the two have adventures on the river in Africa.

Pauline is in the New York Mercy hospital with Sten, intending to marry him. Pauline finds out George contracted a disease while in Africa, attempting to save her. She decides to nurse George back to health, and goes to the store to buy hospital clothes. As she is walking down the street, she falls into a manhole.

Pauline ends up on the estate of Casper Coleman, who decides to have her married to his grandson. As his grandson is only a baby, he plans to freeze Pauline, until he gets older. Sten and George both make bumbling attempts to rescue her.

Sten colludes with the Russians to have himself launched into orbit with Pauline. Two FBI agents give Pauline a micro-camera to take pictures while on the spacecraft. At an arms parade following the success of the space launch, Pauline meets a U.S. double agent and gives him the photographs. Thinking he has lost Pauline forever, George has himself brainwashed in an attempt to forget her. Pauline suggests that George go to a sanitarium in Switzerland to jog his memory, while she goes to Venice to be in Frandisi's movie and makes George's fortune back.

At the sanitarium, George's memory comes back and he goes to Venice to see Pauline. On set, he rescues her from an escaped gorilla. The film ends as George and Pauline finally get married, and share a kiss on their gondola as it sinks.

Cast
 Pat Boone as George Stedman
 Pamela Austin as Pauline
 Terry-Thomas as Sten Martin
 Edward Everett Horton as Casper Coleman
 Hamilton Camp as Thorpe
 Doris Packer as Mrs. Carruthers
 Kurt Kasznar as the consul general
 Vito Scotti as Frandisi
 Leon Askin as the commissar
 Rick Natoli as Prince Benji

Production
At the time of filming, Pamela Austin was best known for her work on TV commercials. Filming began late November 1966. The original director ws Ken Annakin who was fired during filming.

Reception
Diabolique magazine later wrote that "there's a surprisingly strong emotional undercurrent to the story. Austin and Boone are soulmates, and just want to get married, but others stop them... It's a repetitive storyline, though. Boone and Austin are about to get together, but something stops them. And it has the cheerful racism of films of this era (horny Arabs, midgets in Africa). It is full of energy and never lets up. The movies it most reminded me of were the ’60s AIP beach party comedies... Little kids will like it especially girls who might identify with Pauline."

References

External links

1967 films
1967 comedy films
1960s parody films
American comedy films
American parody films
Films scored by Vic Mizzy
Universal Pictures films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films


"Realize" is a song by American singer-songwriter Colbie Caillat, taken from her debut album, Coco (2007). In the song, Caillat sings of having romantic feelings for a best friend. It was the follow-up to her worldwide debut hit, "Bubbly", and was officially released in January 2008 as the second single from the album, peaking at number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, becoming her second top-twenty hit in the US. The song also charted in Canada and the Netherlands, reaching the top 40 in both countries.

Caillat and her backup band performed "Realize" as the featured musical performance that closed the May 23, 2008, broadcast of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.

Music video
The music video debuted near the end of January 2008. The video starts with Caillat in her forest cabin, as she proceeds to write a note. She leaves her house with her note, and begins driving through the forest, as her best friend is shown in his city apartment, also writing a note. He also leaves his apartment with the note, and begins to drive through the city, and into the forest.

Meanwhile, Caillat has reached the city, and arrives at her friend's apartment in her Fiat Spyder 174 and her friend is also shown arriving at Caillat's cabin in his Ford Explorer. The two discover that neither is home, and slip their notes under each other's doors. Instead of leaving, the friend decides to sit and wait at Caillat's door, and Caillat is shown arriving as the two exchange smiles. Scenes also show Colbie singing the song in the forest, and with her guitar in the sunlight during sunset.

The video for "Realize" was filmed in both Toronto, Ontario and Haliburton, Ontario, Canada. Most of Colbie's driving scenes are on Highway 121 and Highway 118, two main arteries of the Haliburton region. It was directed by Philip Andelman.

As explained on her 2008 summer tour with John Mayer, there is a story behind this song. Caillat, Jason Reeves, and his roommate were a close group of three friends.  Colbie was unaware that Jason's roommate had a huge crush on her, and when she found out about this later, she decided to base her song on this.  Jason co-wrote the song from the perspective of his friend.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

2007 songs
2008 singles
Colbie Caillat songs
Music videos directed by Philip Andelman
Songs written by Colbie Caillat
Songs written by Jason Reeves (songwriter)
Songs written by Mikal Blue


Évans () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


James Emerson Delaney (August 12, 1924 – June 25, 1947), known professionally as Jimmy Doyle, was a welterweight boxer who died later in the hospital after a boxing match with Sugar Ray Robinson.

Background
A mixed-race Creole, Doyle was born James Emerson Delaney in Los Angeles on August 12, 1924, "Jimmy Doyle," was the son of Edward (originally Edouard) Delaney and Marie Elodie Barret, both from New Orleans, who moved to Los Angeles shortly after their marriage in 1921. Jimmy's father was born in 1886 to Joseph Georges Delaney and Elodie Landry, part of a French-speaking family of colored Creoles who hailed from the upper Bayou Lafourche country.

Professional career
Doyle made his debut as a professional boxer in 1941 and in 1947 lost to Sugar Ray Robinson by 8th round TKO. After the bout, Doyle went to the hospital, suffering from a severe head injury, where he died seventeen hours later.

Last fight and death

In 1947, Doyle challenged Sugar Ray Robinson for the World Welterweight Title. Robinson had the advantage in every round except the sixth, when he was staggered twice and received a cut over his right eye. A single left hook from Robinson, thrown as Doyle was attempting a right hook, ended the fight in the eighth round. Doyle fell backwards onto his back, hard. As the referee started counting, Doyle raised himself onto his elbows, and tried to use the ropes to gain his feet, but he couldn't. The bell ending the round struck as the referee counted off 'nine,' so Doyle was saved from a complete knock out by the bell. His handlers asked the ref to end the match, as Doyle was in no condition to go on.

Doyle was taken to St. Vincent's Charity Hospital immediately after the bout, where he failed to regain consciousness and died a few hours later. He was given last rites by a Catholic priest as Robinson rushed to the hospital.

Jimmy Doyle was fighting in Cleveland, since after suffering some heavy knockouts in California that state's boxing commission would not sanction him to fight again.  After his death, criminal charges were threatened against Robinson in Cleveland, up to and including manslaughter, though none actually materialized. Robinson's biographer Will Haygood stated during a September 25, 2010 book festival appearance that Doyle was pushing himself to fight to "buy his mother a house" and after Doyle's death in 1947, Robinson gave the earnings of his next four fights to Doyle's mother, so she could buy that house.

References

External links

 The story of the fatal fight is retold in the radio drama "Premonition of the Panther", a presentation from Destination Freedom

1924 births
1947 deaths
Boxers from Los Angeles
Welterweight boxers
Deaths due to injuries sustained in boxing
Sports deaths in Ohio
American male boxers
African-American Catholics
African-American boxers
Creole peoples
20th-century African-American sportspeople


Falletans () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Fay-en-Montagne () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


The Stenborg theatre, also called Svenska Komiska Teatern, Komiska Teatern and Munkbroteatern, was a historical Swedish 18th century theatre, active between 1784 and 1799 in Gamla stan in Stockholm. It was the second theatre of Stockholm during the Gustavian age. In 1784-87, before the inauguration of the theatre of Ristell in Bollhuset, it was the only dramatic theatre of the native language in Stockholm.

History

Background
The Stenborg theatre was a continuation of the famous Stenborg Troupe; when the first Swedish national theatre at Bollhuset was closed in 1753–54, half of the troupe performed in various localities in the city under the leadership of Petter Stenborg. When the national stage was re-established by king Gustav III of Sweden in 1773, it did not include the old Stenborg troupe. In 1780, the troupe had finally acquired a proper house to perform in; Eriksbergsteatern, (The Eriksberg Theatre), and in 1781, the leadership was taken over by Petter Stenborg son, Carl Stenborg. In 1780–84, the Eriksberg Theatre was the only permanent theatre on the native language in Stockholm.

The Erikberg Theatre was uncomfortably outside of town, and the Stenborg troupe under Carl Stenborg searched for a new building. They made a partnership with the rich brewer Christina Nyman, who wanted to establish a theatre in Gamla stan and had obtained a permission to do so. The theatre was housed in a large building erected in Gamla Stan in 1782; the first floor housed four taverns and several apartments, while the second floor was reserved for the Stenborg troupe. From 1784, it was formally named Svenska komiska Teatern (Swedish Comical Theatre) or Svenska Teatern (Swedish Theatre) and from 1788 Komiska Teatern (Comedy Theatre). It was also known as Munkbroteatern (The Munkbro Theatre), after its location. The common name for it was always the Stenborg Theatre.

Activity
The theatre was luxuriously decorated and was in 1784 called the biggest theatre in the country. The theatrically interested king was present at its premier and gave away gifts to its performers. However, it did not have the same status as the Royal Swedish Opera and Royal Dramatic Theatre and was considered much less formal: it was a place for less formal and solemn performances, a place for satirical comedy and such, and foreigners sometimes compared it to a boulevard-theatre of the kind that was popular in Paris which also performed less formal opera and musicals. The Barber of Seville had its Swedish premiere here in 1785, as well as The Marriage of Figaro in 1792.    Also foreign guest-artists and circus-performances were given here; in the autumn of 1793, the English circus-company of Peter and James Price performed acrobatics and tight-rope-dancing here, were the four-year-old Louise Price danced on a rope. The theater's status as a less serious theatre did not stop actors from the Royal Swedish Opera and the Royal Dramatic Theatre to appear there; even Elisabeth Olin had performed here, and it was in fact used by actors and singers to work in during their conflicts with the managements with their regular stages.

The director Carl Stenborg, who was a celebrated opera singer at the Royal Swedish Opera, resided in one of the apartments, where he and his wife, the singer Betty Olin, hosted gatherings and parties for the cultural elite of the city. The theatre often took their staff from the choir at the Royal Opera, but it also took in its own students. An advertisement in 1786 read as follows:
"If some common parents, who own children of a beautiful appearance and a good voice, would like to have them educated, for their own benefit, in a talent which may be beneficial to their future, they may have an education and a reward answering to their ability, when they enlist at the royal secretary Stenborg at the New Swedish theatre house at Munkbron".

Closure
In 1798, the new monopoly of the royal theaters was proclaimed in the city of Stockholm, and the Stenborg theatre was closed the year after (the monopoly was in effect until 1842). The building itself was torn down in 1899.

Staff at the Stenborg theatre of 1791

Stage manager
 D. G. Björn

Director
 C. Stenborg

Actors

 M. Bonn
 A. Lundberg
 C. Ljunggren
 J. P. Lindskog
 C. Bonn
 J. Sundman

Actresses

 E. Säfström
 L. Stenberg
 C. Rahm
 M. S. Lagerqvist
 C. Löfblad
 B. M. Modeer

Guest actors

 Carl Schylander from the Royal Dramatic Theatre
 Dahlqvist, Hans Björkman and Nils Magnus Annerstedt from the Royal Swedish Opera.

See also
 Comediehuset
 Bjornegardteatern
 Djurgårdsteatern

References

 Andersson, Ingvar (red.), Gustavianskt: [1771-1810] : en bokfilm, [Ny utg.], Wahlström & Widstrand, Stockholm, 1979
 P. A. Wåhlberg, Cirkus i Sverige [Cirkus in Sweden]
 Nordensvan, Georg, Svensk teater och svenska skådespelare från Gustav III till våra dagar. Förra delen, 1772-1842, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1917 ['Swedish theatre and Swedish actors from Gustav III to our days. First book 1772–1842'] (Swedish)
 Johan Flodmark: Stenborgska skådebanorna: bidrag till Stockholms teaterhistoria, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1893

Former theatres in Stockholm
1784 establishments in Sweden
1799 disestablishments in Sweden
Theatres completed in 1784
18th century in Stockholm


St Philip Howard Catholic School is an Ofsted rated "outstanding' secondary school for 11-18 year olds located between Chichester and Arundel, in the town of Barnham, West Sussex, England. It supports a strong Catholic ethos, although is open to pupils of all faiths. It holds 'Specialist Humanities College' status and 'Teaching School' status since 2017. In 2016 the school became an academy member of the BOSCO Catholic education trust.

Description
The Headteacher is Mr Tim Hulse and the Chair of Governors is Mr Christopher Kilbane.  There are 1050 pupils on roll

The school serves a wide area that includes but is not limited to Chichester, Arundel, Worthing, Midhurst, Bognor Regis and parts of Littlehampton. It has a sixth form of roughly 250 students, which is open to all faiths. It offers a wide range of subjects to study at A-level.

The sixth form is open for application to both internal students (students that studied at SPH), and external candidates (students that received their secondary education elsewhere). The sixth form does not have a uniform policy, however students must wear their ID card visibly at all times; which they use to enter the front gate.

All pupils are educated in the context of the Catholic tradition. School Church services are held in the sports hall, along with Days of Reflection, (where children go to a church to pray). They offer many subjects for secondary students; English, German, French, Spanish, Science, Maths, Religious Education, Physical Education, Citizenship, History, Geography, Drama, Dance, Music, Art, Computer Science, Media, Creative i/Media, Business Studies, Food Tech, Wood Tech, Graphics, Computer Graphics and Textiles.

The school has 7 houses;
Saint Bernadette's - Pink,
Saint Cuthman's - Red,
Saint Dunstan's - Green,
Saint Edmund's - Orange,
Saint Richard's - Blue,
Saint Teresa's - Purple,
Saint Wilfred's - Yellow

Pastoral
This is run on a heads of year system. Older pupils  work with the teachers to look after younger students and head off emotional issues before they become problems. Sixth formers are trained to act as learning assistants, and work with the staff in Key Stage 3 classes.

School council
The school runs a school junior leadership team made up of 25 students with five students coming from each year group. Senior prefects are chosen in Year 11 and Head Girl and Head Boy are chosen in Year 13. This system is displayed as good practice to visiting head teachers from partnership schools in  Rwanda, Uganda and Ethiopia. Students and teachers share experiences with ES Kagogo

Academics

Key Stage 4
Students are required to study a core of :
English Language & Literature (worth two GCSEs),
Mathematics (1 GCSE),
Physical Education (not assessed),
Religious Studies (1 GCSE),
Combined (Double) Science (two GCSEs).
In addition, students are required to study three other subjects.

Ten academic GCSEs is not a suitable programme for every student but it is achieved by many often scoring an 7 or 8 in each.
Statutory requirements for Citizenship are covered.

Academic Performance
In 2018 the school was rated the highest in West Sussex against the new 'Attainment 8' Key GCSE subject scores per pupil, including English, Maths, Sciences and Humanities at the end of key stage 4. 1st out of 92 secondary schools.
The last (2016) Ofsted report rated the school as uniformly "outstanding" across all metrics and the school was also graded 'outstanding' in a Section 48 inspectorate for its Catholic ethos and Christian character.

Extra Curricular
The school offers a variety of clubs and sports including Rugby, Hockey, Basketball, Netball and Football; as well as foreign language clubs, dance and musical theatre and a debating society. The school also offers 3 levels of the Duke of Edinburgh programme and has an orchestra and school band.

Local youth politics
The school participates in the elections for the UK Youth Parliament and the West Sussex Youth Cabinet every year in March, often fielding several candidates.

References

 Philip Howard, 20th Earl of Arundel St Philip Howard.Who the school is named after.

External links
  Ofsted Report
 School website
 EduBase

News items
  A level Success at Philip Howard 2019
  Top A levels results for Philip Howard 2018

Secondary schools in West Sussex
Catholic secondary schools in the Diocese of Arundel and Brighton
School buildings in the United Kingdom destroyed by arson
Academies in West Sussex


Deodat Lawson was a British American minister in Salem Village from 1684 to 1688 and is famous for a 10-page pamphlet describing the witchcraft accusations in the early spring of 1692. The pamphlet was billed as "collected by Deodat Lawson" and printed within the year in Boston, Massachusetts.

Early life and education
Deodat Lawson was born in Norfolk, England. His mother died within a few weeks of his birth. He likely received an education near his birthplace. One historian compliments Lawson's fine handwriting. The work attributed to Lawson displays great erudition but there is no record of his having attended Cambridge, Oxford, or Trinity College. It is possible he attended one of the semi-clandestine dissenting academies. By 1671, Lawson had travelled to Martha's Vineyard in New England. The diarist Samuel Sewall first records him coming to Boston in 1681. He was a minister in Salem Village beginning in 1684 when several church members (including Peter Cloyce husband of Sarah Cloyce a woman who would be among the earliest accused in 1692) were sent by the church to get a boat and help him move his belongings up to Salem. Lawson seems to have never reached mutually agreeable terms in order to be ordained and hold a covenant with the church of Salem Village. While at the Village, Lawson's wife and daughter died. (This subject would be revisited in 1692, see below.)

By the spring of 1688, Lawson returned to Boston and he seems to have been something of an itinerant preacher over the next four years. In 1690, Lawson re-married to a woman named Deborah Allen.

Preaching for Andros
On July 19, 1688, Lawson preached a proclamation day sermon for the Dominion of New England governor Andros, as was reported in a letter to Increase Mather by Samuel Sewall. It is not clear if this may have been perceived as something of a betrayal to the Mathers, as Increase Mather had only recently fled to England to avoid prosecution under Andros government. In most cases, religious services for Andros were in keeping with the Church of England not that of the Puritans. A strange reference to Lawson's preaching sermons for Andros arose later during the witchcraft trials in the deposition of a twelve-year-old accuser in August of 1692. This deposition was presented in the trial of Lawson's predecessor George Burroughs with Increase Mather in attendance.

Sinful failings
There seems to be no surviving record of anything untoward in Lawson's behavior while at Salem Village, but in a sermon ("Satan's Malignities") attributed to him, and printed under his name in 1693, he begins a dedication to the inhabitants of the Village by acknowledging that his previous ministry "attended with manifold sinful failings and infirmities, for which I do implore, the pardoning mercy of God in Jesus Christ, and entreat from you the covering of love." The next section of the sermon ("To the Reader") seems to gather and grasp for sources to support Lawson's qualifications, including quoting of a letter from Lawson's own father, which was solicited by "Ministers of Boston." But soon this section also dips toward a debasing confessional: "And wherein I have at any time, given just offense, to the meanest of those that fear the Lord, I do heartily beg their pity and prayers..." This section was removed when the sermon was reprinted a decade later in London.

Salem Witch-phobia

The pamphlet: A Brief Narrative of Some Remarkable Passages at Salem Village

Promoted by the Mathers
Unlike the zealous Cotton Mather and his powerful father Increase Mather, Deodat Lawson does not appear to have published works on witchcraft (if anything else) prior to this pamphlet published under his name ("collected by") in 1692. One historian of the "Bibliography of Witchcraft" considered the introduction to have most likely been written by Cotton Mather, and it is noticeable that the printer, Benjamin Harris, also produced the two lengthy books on witchcraft by the Mathers that summer and fall—a very large commission for a colonial printer.

The Ghostly Lawson
Lawson's brief narrative covers March 19-April 5, 1692. Oddly, none of the numerous court records and depositions covering the same period list the presence of Lawson in Salem Village. A deposition by Ann Putnam Sr lists a number of the same dates including the sabbath day, March 20, without mentioning Lawson or whoever it was that preached the sermon that day. On March 23, Lawson (or Lawson's narrator) says he paid a visit Ann Putnam Sr. to witness her afflictions, but Ann Putnam Sr. doesn't mention the presence of this out-of-town guest in describing her afflictions on that day, and the very next day, during an examination, the court asked not for Lawson but instead for the Rev. Samuel Parris to read his notes of a visit to Ann Putnam Sr. Thus, it seems that some portions of what was "collected by" Lawson would best be understood as the accounts of others, including Parris.

The Omission of Testimony from the Contra Side
Rev. Samuel Parris was tasked by the court with recording by hand the examination of Rebecca Nurse on March 24 and he omitted any testimony from those speaking in her defense. On the reverse side of this record Parris did sheepishly admit "great noises" by the afflicted and "many speakers" prevented him from capturing everything. Perhaps for the same reason Deodat Lawson's published account of this exam also contains no mention of any testimony in defense of Nurse, and Lawson's narrator likewise proffers an excuse: "I had not leisure to attend the whole time of examination." The only record of the existence of a "contra side" speaking in defense of Nurse comes from a brief note on the back of the official order to arrest Nurse.

Deodat Lawson's account of the exam of Martha Cory quotes a line from Rev. Nicholas Noyes declaring her a witch while omitting his next clause as recorded in the court record, "...there is no need of images." Thus Lawson's account withholds information that suggests the sheriff had searched her home for physical evidence relative to the practice of witchcraft and found nothing.

An Incorrect Date
Deodat Lawson's "Brief Narrative" matches the official court records in a variety of ways while also containing curious differences and mistakes such as the incorrect listing of "Sacrament Day" on April 3 (it was March 27). This may have been a simple error but "Sacrament Day"—when the Lord's Supper was administered—was highly significant to Puritans, and never more so than during this time period with certain accusations regarding the capital crime of witchcraft tied directly to it. "None ought, nor is it possible that any should, maintain communion with Christ, & yet keep up fellowship with Devils," Parris wrote in the March 27 entry of his sermon book. Young Abigail Williams had even helpfully announced it advance on March 21: "The next sabbath is Sacrament day, but she [Martha Cory] shall not come there." Deodat Lawson's account also includes a version of the examination of Martha Cory on this date which suggests the account was constructed hastily and at some distance from Salem Village where such discrepancies would have been easily checked and corrected.

The sermon: Christ's Fidelity Against Satan's Malignity... Delivered at Salem-village, the 24th of March, 1692
In his pamphlet describing the happenings at Salem, Lawson briefly mentions that March 24 is "Lecture Day at the Village" but nothing more is said about the sermon delivered on that Thursday, or how it was received by the same audience that had been described as unruly and disruptive during the sermons on March 20. What makes this surprising is that the sermon said to have been delivered on that day, and published within a year under Lawson's name, was a persuasive, lengthy, and elaborate tour de force. GL Burr describes the sermon as "no extempore production, but a studied disquisition on the power and malice of the Devil, who 'Contracts and Indents with Witches and Wizzards, that they shall be the Instruments by whom he may more secretly Affect and Afflict the Bodies and Minds of others.'"  CW Upham calls it "a thoroughly elaborated and carefully constructed performance, requiring long and patient application to compose it, and exhausting all the resources of theological research and reference, and of artistic skill and finish."

Cotton Mather records that he took multiple "journeys" to Salem in his memoirs, and in a September 2, 1692 letter to Chief Justice Stoughton he writes that "one half of my endeavors to serve you have not been told or seen." In fact there is no record of Mather having delivered a sermon in Salem Village in 1692. Yet there is a noticeable affinity between the March 24, 1692 sermon and Cotton Mather's sermons on the subject published in Wonders of the Invisible World. If the "Satan's Malignity" sermon can be fully attributed to Deodat Lawson, and him alone, Lawson may need to be re-considered as a strong influence on the younger Cotton Mather. However, subterfuge from Cotton Mather should not be ruled out: in the September 2, 1692 letter from Mather to Stoughton he speaks of employing "designed contrivances."

The "Satan's Malignity" sermon has a publishing date of 1693 and is dedicated to several of the judges who had been on the deadly Court of Oyer and Terminer in the summer of 1692 but who were excluded from the new Superior Court that took its place (with orders to disregard "spectral evidence") when it was dissolved later that year. The printed sermon also claims an endorsement by a circle of ministers who were all part of the Cambridge Association. It is unknown how widely the sermon was distributed in the decade or so after its first printing. At least one copy made it from Boston to Salem Village ("William Griggs his Book 1692") but there doesn't seem to be any contemporary mention of it during this period. John Hale's timeline makes no direct mention of the sermon. Robert Calef also seems to take no notice of it despite Calef having published a manuscript that Cotton Mather was passing around to his friends in 1693, the title of which --"Another Brand Pluckt Out of the Burning"—shares a refrain with the March 24, 1692 sermon. The "another" in the title denotes it having been a sequel to the first "Brand Pluckt" Mather wrote in the winter of 1692-3 (March 16 is the last internal date) in which Mather referred to himself anonymously in the third person. It is not fully understood why Mather wrote anonymously at this time or why he was unable or unwilling to get his two "Brand Pluckt" manuscripts into print. A handful of years later, Mather attempted to remain anonymous by printing in London a posthumous biography of William Phips (see photo) until he was identified as the author by Robert Calef.

Move to Scituate and More Publications
Samuel Sewall's diary mentions Lawson in the Boston area for the last time on December 27, 1692, in Watertown, alongside William Stoughton and others. In 1693, Lawson became a pastor at the Second Church in Scituate, which had been tied to Plymouth and governed by the Plymouth General Court until the previous year. Lawson continued to have success publishing, with some help from the Mathers, including a sermon printed in Boston in the summer of 1693 under the "imprimatur" of Increase Mather dated July 27, 1693. In 1694, Lawson published a poem called "Threnodia," a memorial of a Scituate captain who was lost at sea.

Forsaking Scituate
"When the Rev. Mr. Lawson forsook this church he left no catalog of them that were baptized by him."

In 1696, Lawson seems to have departed for England and left things in disarray, with little or no notice to the church in Scituate. This lack of record-keeping was unusual for a pastor and according to the doctrine expressed in the March 24, 1692 sermon, Lawson thereby left these church members vulnerable to "satan's malignity."

A Return to England and A Descent into Abject Poverty

Reprinting the Witch-phobic Sermon
Back in England in 1696, Lawson seems to have been known for his contemporaneous account of Salem perhaps because the "Brief Narrative" been included in London editions of Cotton Mather's Wonders of the Invisible World (WIW) in 1693. Lawson claims that he was solicited to reprint the witch-phobic sermon from March 24, 1692, "...but for some particular reasons I did then decline it." By 1704, a second edition of the March 24, 1692 sermon was printed and sold with an appendix that included some of the information from the "Brief Narrative" in a different form, incorporating information provided by Cotton Mather (in WIW) and presented as two lists, one regarding the afflicted and a separate one on the accused. In this version, all dates and identifying information (including initials) were removed with the exception of a reference to "the ghosts of my wife and daughter."

The Uneven, Unwary, and Unhappy Deodat Lawson
By 1714, Lawson had fallen into a poverty so extreme that he worried about feeding his "three young children." He begged help from New England merchants to front money to print another sermon, one that he'd recently delivered on the occasion of the Royal Coronation of King George.

Lawson's poverty likely stemmed from his having been excluded from the ministry and defrocked. In 1713 and again in 1715, Lawson made attempts to restore "the exercise of his ministry" by confessing to "uneven and unwary conversation."

Lawson's attempts to restore himself to a better position do not appear to have succeeded. In 1727, he was described as "the unhappy Mr. Deodat Lawson" and this seems to be the last heard of him.

An end to witch-phobic accusations in the English realm
Around the time of Lawson's increasing unhappiness, Francis Hutchinson published a broad attack on witch-phobia that included a lengthy treatment of Salem. Hutchinson cites the work of Robert Calef and blames the influence of the Mathers in the decade leading up to events at Salem, as well as the English clergyman Richard Baxter. Deodat Lawson was not considered important or influential enough to earn a mention in Hutchinson's work. Whereas Calef had focussed on Christian doctrine and called out witch-phobia as an unorthodox "notion" and addressed numerous letter to the influential ministers of New England, Hutchinson dedicates his work to powerful judges and focusses on the spurious, unreliable, and ridiculous nature of the accusations especially when brought before a court of judicature. The arguments of Hutchinson and Calef helped pave the way to the repeal of the Witchcraft Act in 1736.

References

Massachusetts colonial-era clergy
People of the Salem witch trials


Hartley Outdoor Education Center is a member of the Saginaw Intermediate School District located  northwest of St. Charles, Michigan in Saginaw County. Since its opening in 1975, Hartley's  have entertained and educated approximately 250,000 students and houses about 4,000 students each year. It is designed to educate elementary and middle school students, but is not limited to this and can teach high school students as well. As both a camp and a school, many students learn topics they normally wouldn't learn inside a classroom, by going through cabins, coal mines, forests, wetlands, meadows and ponds to learn about topics such as survival, pioneer living, or confidence, enjoying themselves in the process.

History
The Hartley Nature Camp Corporation was created in 1948 by Peter Hartley. The camp continued until acquired by the SISD in 1969. In 1975, Hartley Outdoor Education Center opened its door. It was founded on the site of Coal Mine No. 8 and is also home to the Schroeder Log Cabin.

Classes
Students are the given opportunities to participate in their classes by making things such as apple cider, candles, funnel cake, and necklaces or learn by seeing wigwams, longhouses, coal mines, reptiles, other animals, or other entities.

The classes include:
 Archeology Dig
 Beaver Creek Watershed Study
 Bird Study
 Mine No. 8
 Confidence Course
 Discovering Fossils
 Ecology in Action
 Forest Investigation
 Fossils and Coal Mine
 Lumberjack Lore
 Michigan Mammals
 Native American Heritage
 Outdoor Photography
 Outdoor Survival
 Pioneer Living
 Wetland Lab

Staff from the center can also bring special classes to schools upon request.

Recreation
For the students, Hartley is most notable for its recreational output. It has five tobogganing hills, an outdoor athletic facility consisting of a hockey rink, tetherball and basketball court, baseball, football, and soccer fields, and much more, various indoor games for rainy weather or during free time (with many created just for Hartley), and most notably "Almost Anything Goes" Night. "Almost Anything Goes" Night, is a competition where students participate in many different and unique obstacles, and the score has no purpose. Just like the rest of Hartley, all students, regardless of disabilities, can participate.

Housing
At each end of the building is a dorm, one for girls and one for boys. Each dorm consists of approximately twenty bunks for the students, two adjacent sleeping quarters for advisers and counselors, and a bathroom (complete with toilets, sinks, and showers). The students are responsible for keeping each of their areas neat and clean in an effort to instill positive values. Any pieces of trash on the floor are given the Hartley nickname of “trash”.

The Center provides breakfast, lunch, and dinner, as well as snacks before bed. They are provided in such a way that if a student finishes their food, they are then allowed seconds and thirds until all prepared food is eaten. The students are also responsible for keeping the cafeteria clean.

References

External links
 Hartley Outdoor Education Center

Saginaw Intermediate School District
Buildings and structures in Saginaw County, Michigan
Nature centers in Michigan
Education in Saginaw County, Michigan


"All I Want" is a song recorded by the German musician known under the pseudonym of Captain Hollywood Project, released in May 1993 as the third single from his debut album, Love Is Not Sex (1993). It was co-written by Nosie Katzmann and was a hit in several countries, but achieved a minor success in comparison with the project's two previous singles, "More and More" and "Only with You". The single peaked at number two in Portugal and on the Canadian RPM Dance/Urban chart. On the Eurochart Hot 100, it reached number 22.

Critical reception
Larry Flick from Billboard wrote that the act "that scored big with "More & More" offers an equally sparkling gem from its noteworthy "Love Is Not Sex" set. Track travels down a slower, more R&B-flavored path, matching deep-voiced male rapping with sultry female belting at the chorus." Wendi Cermak from The Network Forty said that "here's yet another pop-influenced trance/ambient (...) number from Captain Hollywood. The vocals are very catchy and fit nicely over the hypnotic synth lines." Charles Aaron from Spin complimented the Eddie "Flashin'" Fowlke's "Club Dub" as "state-of-the-art progressive house—almost subliminal organ, stringent percussion whacks, melody via synth hunt-and-peck, lyrics stripped to a simple mantra. Room to breathe or sweat it out. The female vocals are either determined or resigned---I can't decide—which gives the groove its cryptic allure."

Chart performance
"All I Want" went on to become a hit in several European countries, although it didn't reach the same level of success as the project's two first singles. It peaked at number two in Portugal in July 1993, as one of its best chart position. Additionally, the single made it to the top 30 in Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden, and the top 40 in Belgium and France. It didn't chart on the UK Singles Chart, but peaked at number 51 on the Music Week dance singles chart. On the Eurochart Hot 100, "All I Want" peaked at number 22, while reaching number 11 on the European Dance Radio Chart. Outside Europe, it reached number two on the RPM Dance/Urban chart in Canada.

Music video
A music video was produced to promote the single. It was later published on YouTube in March 2017. The video has amassed more than 194,000 views as of September 2021.

Track listings
 CD maxi 1 (May 1993)
 "All I Want" (Single Video Mix) (3:43)
 "All I Want" (Positive Vibe Mix) (6:13)
 "All I Want" (Sunday Mornin' Mix) (7:41)
 "All I Want" (Naked Eye Mix) (4:42)

 CD maxi 2 (June 1993)
 "All I Want" (What The Underground Wants Mix) (7:45)
 "All I Want" (Norway Remix) (7:37)
 "All I Want" (JJ Dance Mix) (7:14)

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

1993 singles
1993 songs
Captain Hollywood Project songs
English-language German songs
Songs written by Nosie Katzmann
Songs written by Tony Dawson-Harrison


Arthur Kalinovich Stepanyan (, , born on 14 April 1987) is a former Armenian football defender and a referee. He was born in Russia, holds Russian citizenship and played most of his career there.

Club career
He played 3 seasons in the Russian Football National League for FC Sokol Saratov and FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk.

Referee career
Upon retirement as a player, he worked as a referee in the third-tier Russian Professional Football League from 2015 to 2017.

External links

1987 births
Footballers from Vladikavkaz
Russian sportspeople of Armenian descent
Living people
Russian men's footballers
Armenian men's footballers
Armenia men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football defenders
FC Sokol Saratov players
FC Pyunik players
FC Leon Saturn Ramenskoye players
FC Spartak-UGP Anapa players
FC Amkar Perm players
FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk players
FC Gornyak Uchaly players
FC Tyumen players
FC Orenburg players
FC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk players
Armenian Premier League players
Russian football referees


Fétigny () is a former commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Valzin en Petite Montagne.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Former communes of Jura (department)


Dror Shaul (born June 28, 1975) is an Israeli film-maker, commercial director and film writer-director, residing in Tel Aviv, Israel.

Biography
Shaul was born and raised in the Kibbutz Kissufim where he lived until the age of 22.
Shaul was born to Tzipora Yefet Shaul and Ami Shaul (Saull) in Kibbutz Kissufim in the northwestern Negev. Dror is the younger brother of Ran and Tal Shaul. His grandfather, Sydney Saul, born in Poland (Yanova Belarus today), is a descendant of the Vilna Gaon family, whose parents were massacred in a pogrom in 1904, and he fled to the United States to his aunt Lena Gordon in Philadelphia. His father, Ami Shaul (Saull), was born and raised in Manhattan. He was a gifted musician who was accepted to the Academy of Music but immigrated to Israel at the age of 17. After immigrating, he came to his uncle Galili in Kibbutz Nanan, where he met a group of Americans who were preparing to establish Kibbutz Kissufim in 1951. In Kissufim, Ami met Tzipora Yefet, who was of Yemenite descent and grew up in the Hatikva neighborhood. Dror's two parents were interested in archeology and music, played various instruments and served in key social, financial and security roles in the Kibbutz. David Ben-Gurion, Moshe Sharet, Moshe Dayan and others visited Ami in the Kibbutz often.

In 1999, Dror wrote and directed his first short film Operation Grandma (Original title: "Mivtsa Savta"), which won the Israeli Academy Award, was a final nominee for the Banff Rockie Award in 2000 in Canada and is considered as one of Israel's best cult films.

His first feature film Sima Vaknin (A Witch), was released in July 2003. In the same year, Shaul participated in the Sundance Directors and Screenwriters Labs with Sweet Mud which was released in September 2006 and won 4 Israeli Academy Awards including Best Film. Sweet Mud premiered in the Toronto IFF and participated in Pusan IFF. The film won:
 The Sundance IFF Grand Jury Award in the World Cinema Competition 2007
 The Crystal Bear in Berlin IFF 2007
 The Audience Award in Miami IFF  2007
 The Bermuda IFF 2007
 The Serbia IFF 2007
 The Croatia IFF 2007
 The Prix Jeune Public and Prix Nova in Montpellier IFF 2007.

His last film , is an Israeli, German and New Zealand co-production with Iranian participants.
It was released at the Montreal World Film Festival on September 1, 2015, and more widely in Israel on September 10, 2015.

Shaul has directed hundreds of commercials and won many local and international awards such as the European Effie for Huawei Christmas 2016, which was also selected as one of the best 10 Christmas commercials on Ads Of Brands 2016.

References

External links
 Dror Shaul's website
 Dror's Instagram
 Operation Grandma's Facebook
 Huawei Christmas 2016 on Vimeo
 Operation Grandma on Vimeo
 Dror's commercial REEL on Vimeo
 Sweet Mud on Vimeo
 Atomic Falafel on Vimeo

1967 births
Israeli film directors
Kibbutzniks
Living people


Florentia () is a former commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the commune of Val-d'Épy.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Former communes of Jura (department)


Foncine-le-Bas () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


The 1st Session of the 11th National People's Congress held its annual meeting from March 5 to March 18, 2008 in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, China, in conjunction with the 2008 CPPCC.

The 10-day plenum elected China's new government leaders. Up for confirmation for a second term were President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao. The State Council went through important personnel and structural changes following the 17th Party Congress. Zeng Qinghong's Vice-Presidency came to an end and the position was taken by Xi Jinping. Three new Vice-Premiers were confirmed and took office, with rising star Li Keqiang ranking first in this group.

Government Report
Premier Wen Jiabao delivered the government report on March 5, 2008, reviewing the work from the past five years. The main points that come out of the report were

 Rebuilding of snowstorm hit areas in Southern China. Rebuild power, communications and water infrastructure in Hunan, Anhui, Guangdong, Sichuan and Hebei.
 Control of inflation and maintain price stability for basic necessities, food and essential commodities.
 Regulation of excessive investments in fixed assets.
 Education reforms which include free nine years of education and education initiatives to assist with the rural regions.
 Increase resources towards energy conservation, more efficient technologies and reduction of emissions.

State Council Reform
A massive reform took place in China's cabinet, the State Council of the People's Republic of China. Several ministries were consolidated to form super ministries. The several "superministries"

The state council will also create the National Energy Commission which will oversee national energy strategy, security and development. While the National Development and Reform Commission will continue to control the administration and regulation of the energy sector.

The State Food and Drug Administration will be incorporated and come under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health. Therefore, the Health ministry will take over the responsibility for food and drug safety.

The People's Bank of China will increase its coordination role between all the financial executive agencies, namely the National Development and Reform Commission and the Finance ministry.

Election results

 No other candidates formally stood for these positions, although votes were cast for other write-in candidates.

Premier's Press Conference
Premier Wen Jiabao held a press conference on March 18, 2008. He introduced the new Vice-Premiers, Li Keqiang, Hui Liangyu, Zhang Dejiang and Wang Qishan. Wen addressed the direction of the government in the next five years. He also addressed the ongoing Tibetan protests. Wen asserted that the Dalai Lama was "masterminding" the protests in Tibet. Wen said that 2008 could be a very difficult year for the Chinese economy because of both international and domestic reasons.

See also
 National People's Congress

Notes

External links
NPC Official Website
News Centre of the 2008 National People's Congress

Congress
National People's Congresses


The Hunter River, informally nicknamed the "River Clyde", is a Canadian river in northwestern Queens County, Prince Edward Island.

From its source near Hartsville, the river flows northerly, becoming a tidal estuary at New Glasgow, an arm of Rustico Bay which gradually widens to approximately  wide. It discharges into the Gulf of St Lawrence. The river's total meander length is about , with an additional  of estuary.

The river runs through the communities of Hunter River, New Glasgow and North Rustico. There was at one time a ferry at Hunter River and the river was dammed in at least two locations to power mills. The headponds are still in existence.

The watershed covers approximately .

The local Hunter-Clyde Watershed Group was established in 2000 to improve and maintain the health of the watershed's ecosystem.

See also
List of rivers of Prince Edward Island

References

External links
 Hunter-Clyde Watershed Group

Rivers of Prince Edward Island


Sabri Çakır (born 1955 in Denizli, Turkey) is a poet. He moved to West Germany in 1978, joining family members who had moved to the area earlier. He has also been a teacher of Turkish children in Gelsenkirchen. Çakır has published poems in both German and Turkish magazines. In 1984 an entire collection of his poetry was published in Turkey.

References

1955 births
German people of Turkish descent
20th-century German poets
Living people
German male poets
20th-century German male writers


Foncine-le-Haut () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Falls Airport may refer to:
Falls International Airport (IATA: INL) near International Falls, Minnesota
Fergus Falls Municipal Airport (IATA: FFM) near Fergus Falls, Minnesota


Fontainebrux () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Fontenu () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

World Heritage Site
It is home to one or more prehistoric pile-dwelling (or stilt house) settlements that are part of the Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps UNESCO World Heritage Site.

See also
 Lac de Chalain
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Daroga Prasad Rai (2 September 1922 – 15 April 1981) was an Indian politician from the state of Bihar. He was the Chief Minister of Bihar in 1970 for ten months, but Congress was reduced to a minority in December 1970 and Karpoori Thakur became the first socialist Chief Minister for a few months, with Jana Sangh support. From 2 July 1973 to 11 April 1975 he was the Deputy Chief Minister and incharge of Finance in Abdul Gafoor's ministry.In the 1990s when the Janata Dal family began to be dominant in politics than the son Chandrika Rai also accompanied Lalu Prasad Yadav. Chandrika Roy is the second son of the five sons of Dara Raja Rai. Daroga Prasad's Rai grand daughter Aishwarya Rai married to Tej Pratap Yadav, the eldest son of Lalu Prasad Yadav on 12 May 2018.

In Bihar Legislative assembly
In First General Elections held in 1951-52 he contested from Parsa constituency of Bihar Vidhan Sabha and won.

In Memory
 Daroga Prasad Rai College,Siwan,Bihar.

See also
Daroga Prasad Rai Path

References

Chief Ministers of Bihar
Year of death missing
1922 births
Leaders of the Opposition in the Bihar Legislative Assembly
People from Saran district
Bihar MLAs 1969–1972
Chief ministers from Indian National Congress
Indian National Congress politicians
Deputy Chief Ministers of Bihar
State cabinet ministers of Bihar
Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar


Fort-du-Plasne () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Foucherans may refer to:
Foucherans, Doubs, a commune in the French region of Franche-Comté
Foucherans, Jura, a commune in the French region of Franche-Comté


Danilo Wyss (born 26 August 1985) is a Swiss former road racing cyclist, who rode professionally between 2008 and 2020 for the  and . He is no relation to fellow Swiss cyclist Daniel Wyss who won the Race Across America in 2006 and 2009.

Career
He competed in twelve Grand Tours during his career, finishing each one, including the Giro d'Italia for five successive years between 2010 and 2014. He won the Swiss National Road Race Championships in 2015. He was named in the start list for the 2015 Tour de France.

Major results

2003
 2nd Road race, National Junior Road Championships
2006
 10th Road race, UCI Under-23 Road World Championships
2007
 1st Stage 3 Les 3 Jours de Vaucluse
 2nd Grand Prix de Waregem
 3rd Paris–Roubaix Espoirs
 5th Road race, UCI Under-23 Road World Championships
 9th GP Herning
2008
 6th Grand Prix Pino Cerami
2009
 1st Stage 1 Tour de Beauce
2010
 9th Nokere Koerse
2012
 1st Stage 1 (TTT) Giro del Trentino
2013
 7th Grand Prix Impanis-Van Petegem
 10th Overall Ster ZLM Toer
 10th Trofeo Laigueglia
2015
 1st  Road race, National Road Championships
 1st Stage 9 (TTT) Tour de France
 8th Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race
 10th Grand Prix of Aargau Canton
2017
 9th Japan Cup
2018
 4th Overall Arctic Race of Norway
2020
 2nd Road race, National Road Championships

Grand Tour general classification results timeline

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Swiss male cyclists
Sportspeople from the canton of Vaud


Grand Marais Airport  is a public use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) southeast of the central business district of Grand Marais, a community in Burt Township, Alger County, Michigan, United States. The airport is owned by Burt Township.

Facilities and aircraft
Grand Marais Airport covers an area of  at an elevation of 838 feet (255 m) above mean sea level. It has two runways with turf surfaces: 5/23 is 2,600 by 150 feet (792 x 46 m) and 14/32 is 2,800 by 100 feet (853 x 30 m).

For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2017, the airport had 100 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 9 per month. In July 2020, there was 1 aircraft based at this airport, a single-engine airplane.

The airport does not have a fixed-base operator, and there is no fuel available.

Events
In mid June, the neighboring harbor at Grand Marais is the site for an annual sea plane fly-in hosted by the Grand Marais Pilots Association on behalf of the National Seaplane Pilots Association.

References

External links
 Aerial photo as of 6 May 1993 from USGS The National Map

Airports in Michigan
Buildings and structures in Alger County, Michigan
Transportation in Alger County, Michigan
Airports in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan
Aviation in Michigan


Cook County Airport  is a county-owned, public-use airport in Cook County, Georgia, United States. It is located one nautical mile (2 km) west of the central business district of Adel, Georgia. This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation airport.

Facilities and aircraft
Cook County Airport covers an area of 368 acres (149 ha) at an elevation of 236 feet (72 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt paved runways: 5/23 is 5,001 by 100 feet (1,524 x 30 m) and 15/33 is 4,000 by 100 feet (1,219 x 30 m).

For the 12-month period ending June 17, 2011, the airport had 10,200 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 27 per day. At that time there were 13 aircraft based at this airport: 92% single-engine and 8% ultralight.

References

External links
 15J - Cook County (Adel) at Georgia DOT airport directory
 Elite Aircraft Services, the fixed-base operator (FBO)
 Aerial image as of March 1999 from USGS The National Map

Airports in Georgia (U.S. state)
Buildings and structures in Cook County, Georgia
Transportation in Cook County, Georgia


Foucherans () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Foulenay () is a commune in the Jura department and Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Fraisans () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Francheville () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


WSHL may refer to:

 Western States Hockey League, a junior ice hockey league in the United States.
 WSHL-FM, a student run radio station (91.3 FM) at Stonehill College in Easton, Massachusetts.


Fraroz () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Trademark distinctiveness is an important concept in the law governing trademarks and service marks. A trademark may be eligible for registration, or registrable, if it performs the essential trademark function, and has distinctive character. Registrability can be understood as a continuum, with "inherently distinctive" marks at one end, "generic" and "descriptive" marks with no distinctive character at the other end, and "suggestive" and "arbitrary" marks lying between these two points. "Descriptive" marks must acquire distinctiveness through secondary meaning—consumers have come to recognize the mark as a source indicator—to be protectable. "Generic" terms are used to refer to the product or service itself and cannot be used as trademarks.

The spectrum of distinctiveness

In United States trademark law, Abercrombie & Fitch Co. v. Hunting World 537 F.2d 4 (2nd Cir. 1976) established the spectrum of trademark distinctiveness in the US, breaking trademarks into classes which are accorded differing degrees of protection. Courts often speak of marks falling along the following "spectrum of distinctiveness," also known within the US as the "Abercrombie classification" or "Abercrombie factors":

Fanciful marks

A fanciful / inherently distinctive trademark is prima facie registrable, and comprises an entirely invented or "fanciful" sign. For example, "Kodak" had no meaning before it was adopted and used as a trademark in relation to goods, whether photographic goods or otherwise. Invented marks are neologisms which will not previously have been found in any dictionary.

Arbitrary marks
An arbitrary trademark is usually a common word which is used in a meaningless context (e.g. "Apple" for computers). Such marks consist of words or images which have some dictionary meaning before being adopted as trademarks, but which are used in connection with products or services unrelated to that dictionary meaning. Arbitrary marks are also immediately eligible for registration. Salty would be an arbitrary mark if used in connection with e.g. telephones such as in Salty Telephones, as the term "salt" has no particular connection with such products.

Suggestive marks
A suggestive mark tends to indicate the nature, quality, or a characteristic of the products or services in relation to which it is used, but does not describe this characteristic, and requires imagination on the part of the consumer to identify the characteristic. Suggestive marks invoke the consumer’s perceptive imagination. Examples of a suggestive mark are Blu-ray, a new technology of high-capacity data storage that utilizes a "blue" (actually violet) laser and Airbus, an aerospace corporation manufacturing commercial aircraft.

Descriptive marks
A descriptive mark is a term with a dictionary meaning which is used in connection with products or services directly related to that meaning. An example might be Salty used in connection with saltine crackers or anchovies. Such terms are not registrable unless it attains a 'secondary meaning', such that the mark is so distinctive that people associated it with specific brand name in the marketplace.

Generic terms

A generic term is the common name for the products or services in connection with which it is used, such as "salt" when used in connection with sodium chloride. A generic term is not capable of serving the essential trademark function of distinguishing the products or services of a business from the products or services of other businesses, and therefore cannot be afforded any legal protection. This is because there has to be some term which may generally be used by anyone—including other manufacturers—to refer to a product without using some organization's proprietary trademark. Marks which become generic after losing distinctive character are known as generic trademarks. Marks which are a misspelling of a generic term (e.g., the elimination of a space) do not change the generic significance of the term. Aspirin tablet is a registered trademark by Bayer AG. Aspirin is a generic word in the United States for the pain reliever acetylsalicylic acid (also known as ASA). Another example is the term "cyberpunk", which in the United States is a registered trademark by R. Talsorian Games Inc. for its tabletop role-playing game and within the European Union by CD Projekt SA for "games and online gaming services" (particularly for the video game adaptation of the former) and by Sony Music for use outside games. Trademark right is generally country specific. Thus, a mark that become generic in one country, such as the example of Aspirin, can still be used and recognized as a trademark in another country.

Assessing distinctiveness
In trademark litigation, courts are most frequently asked to distinguish between suggestive and descriptive marks on the one hand, and between descriptive and generic marks on the other. This is because suggestive marks, like fanciful and arbitrary marks, are presumed to be entitled to trademark protection, while descriptive marks are entitled to protection if they have become known as representing the producer of the goods, and generic marks can never receive protection. It can be seen from the examples above that the distinctive character of a term is closely related to the products or services in relation to which the term is used.

A general method for assessing the distinctive character of a mark is to consider a consumer's reaction to a mark. The mark may only be inherently registrable if the consumer has never encountered the mark before. On the other hand, the mark is unlikely to be inherently registrable if it informs him about any characteristic of the relevant products or services (e.g. whether they are delicious, large, spicy, black, or sweet, in the case of fruit). In any other case the mark may not be registrable.

Another example of a descriptive mark would be a geographical word or phrase that merely indicates the origin of the product or service. For example, Houston based ice cream might find that the name "Houston ice cream" is denied trademark protection on the grounds that the word Houston is merely descriptive. However, they might have better luck with the name "North Pole ice cream". In the latter case, although North Pole is a geographical location, the ice cream is not actually made at the North Pole, and no reasonable person would assume that the phrase North Pole is literally descriptive.

Therefore marks that identify or describe a product or service, or that are in common use, or that are used as geographical indications, generally cannot be registered as trademarks, and remain in the public domain for use by anyone. For example, a generic term such as "apple", or descriptive terms such as "red" or "juicy" could not be registered in relation to apples.

Primary consideration in the selection and use of trademarks should be given to marks which are inherently distinctive, as they possess the strongest distinctive character and do not require evidence of use to establish acquired distinctiveness. A fanciful, arbitrary, or suggestive term can be inherently distinctive and registrable without proof of acquired distinctiveness.
Although these categories are most easily applied in relation to trademarks comprising words, the same general principles are applied in relation to all kinds of trademarks. For example, a pine tree shape is descriptive when used on pine-scented products.

Acquired distinctiveness
A trademark with no distinctive character (i.e. a mark which is not inherently distinctive) is prima facie unregistrable. However, most jurisdictions may still allow such marks to be registered if the trademark owner can demonstrate, typically by reference to evidence of use, that consumers in the marketplace exclusively associate the mark, as used on the identified goods or in connection with the identified services, with a particular commercial origin or source (i.e. the trademark owner). "Use" may include authorized use by a licensee or other party. If the trade mark office is satisfied that the evidence demonstrates that a mark has "acquired" distinctive character as a matter of fact, then the mark may be accepted for registration on the basis of acquired distinctiveness.

The nature and extent of acceptable evidence of use varies between jurisdictions, although the most useful evidence usually includes sales figures, details of advertising and promotional expenditure, and examples of promotional material. Consumer surveys may also help establish that consumers chiefly associate an otherwise non-distinctive mark with the trademark owner and its products or services. Generally, evidence of use may only be acceptable or relevant if it covers a certain period of time (e.g. three years prior to the filing date of the trademark application) and originates from within the jurisdiction where registration is sought.

The terminology of acquired distinctiveness is accepted in the European Union and Commonwealth jurisdictions such as Australia, Hong Kong and the United Kingdom, and the common law jurisdiction of the United States (which also uses the term secondary meaning). In the U.S., if a trademark has been used for a continuous period of at least five years after the date of registration, the right to use the mark and the registration may become "incontestable" (e.g. invulnerable to cancellation for non-use, but not for becoming generic). In such cases the USPTO checks and confirms whether the request for incontestability meets formality requirements, but whether a registration is incontestable at law can only be determined during legal proceedings involving the registration.

The essential function of a trademark is to exclusively identify the commercial source or origin of products or services, such that a trademark, properly called, indicates source or serves as a badge of origin. The use of a trademark in this way is known as trademark use. Certain exclusive rights attach to a registered mark, which can be enforced by way of an action for trademark infringement, while unregistered trademark rights may be enforced pursuant to the common law tort of passing off.

Trademark rights generally arise out of the use and/or registration (see below) of a mark in connection only with a specific type or range of products or services. Although it may sometimes be possible to take legal action to prevent the use of a mark in relation to products or services outside this range (e.g. for passing off), this does not mean that trademark law prevents the use of that mark by the general public. A common word, phrase, or other sign can only be removed from the public domain to the extent that a trademark owner is able to maintain exclusive rights over that sign in relation to certain products or services, assuming there are no other trademark objections. For a case study in both concepts, see Apple Corps v Apple Computer.

Maintaining distinctiveness
If a court rules that a trademark has become "generic" through common use (such that the mark no longer performs the essential trademark function and the average consumer no longer considers that exclusive rights attach to it), the corresponding registration may also be ruled invalid.

For example, the Bayer company's trademark "Aspirin" has been ruled generic in the United States, so other companies may use that name for acetylsalicylic acid as well (although it is still a trademark in Canada). Xerox for photocopiers and Band-Aid for adhesive bandages are both trademarks which are at risk of losing their trademark status by becoming declared generic in certain countries, something that the respective trademark owners actively seek to prevent. In order to prevent marks becoming generic, trademark owners often contact those who appear to be using the trademark incorrectly, from web page authors to dictionary editors, and request that they cease the improper usage.

The proper use of a trademark means using the mark as an adjective, not as a noun or a verb, though for certain trademarks, use as nouns and, less commonly, verbs is common. For example, Adobe sent e-mails to many web authors using the term "photoshopped" telling them that they should only use the term "modified by Adobe® Photoshop® software."  Xerox has also purchased print advertisements declaring that "you cannot 'xerox' a document, but you can copy it on a Xerox Brand copying on machine." Another popular example is the use of the word "frappuccino" by Starbucks customers to mean any blended coffee beverage, though employees are instructed to only say "frappuccino blended coffee" or "frappuccino blended cream" when referring to such drinks. This rule is not hard-and-fast, however; for example, Lexis-Nexis has a U.S. trademark registration for "Shepardize," Reg. No. 1743711, and defines "Shepardizing on a web page as "the process of looking up citations" in "a series of books called Shepard's Citations." Such efforts may or may not be successful in preventing genericism in the long run, which depends less on the mark owner's efforts and more on how the public actually perceives and uses the mark. In fact, legally it is more important that the trademark holder visibly and actively seems to attempt to prevent its trademark from becoming generic, regardless of real success.

See also
 Ghost marks
 Glossary of legal terms in technology
 International Trademark Association
 Madrid system
 Proper adjective
 Service marks
 Trade dress
 Trademark attorney
 Trademark dilution
 Unregistered trademark

References

External links

 Canadian Trademark Law FAQ

Brand management
Intellectual property law
Product management
Distinctiveness


Grand Rapids Airport may refer to:

Gerald R. Ford International Airport (IATA: GRR) near Grand Rapids, Michigan, US
Grand Rapids–Itasca County Airport (IATA: GPZ) near Grand Rapids, Minnesota, US
Grand Rapids Aerodrome (TC LID: CJV8) near Grand Rapids, Manitoba, Canada

See also

 Grand Rapids Air Force Station, Grand Rapids, Minnesota, US
 Grand Rapids (disambiguation)


Frasne-les-Meulières () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Frébuans () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Froideville () is a former commune in the Jura department in Franche-Comté in eastern France. On 1 April 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vincent-Froideville.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Former communes of Jura (department)


The 1962 South Carolina United States Senate election was held on November 6, 1962 to select the U.S. Senator from the state of South Carolina. Incumbent Democratic Senator Olin D. Johnston defeated Governor Fritz Hollings in the Democratic primary and Republican W. D. Workman, Jr. in the general election.

Democratic primary
The South Carolina Democratic Party held their primary on June 12, 1962.  Olin D. Johnston, the incumbent Senator, faced stiff competition from Governor Fritz Hollings who argued that Johnston was too liberal and not representative of South Carolina interests.  Johnston merely told the voters that he was doing what he thought was best for the agriculture and textile workers of the state.  Hollings was decisively defeated by Johnston because Johnston used his position as Post Office and Civil Service Committee to build 40 new post offices in the state and thus demonstrate the pull he had in Washington to bring home the bacon.

Republican primary
W. D. Workman, Jr., a correspondent for the News and Courier, faced no opposition from South Carolina Republicans and avoided a primary election.

General election campaign
Both Johnston and Workman supported segregation, so the campaign centered on the economic issues of the state.  Workman tried to persuade the voters that Johnston's policies were socialist and that he was too closely aligned with the Kennedy administration.  Johnston was a consistent supporter of socialized health care proposals and Workman was able to win considerable support from the medical establishment.  However, the state's citizens were much poorer than that of the rest of the nation and Johnston's class based appeals made him a very popular figure for the downtrodden of both the white and black races.  The competitive nature of this race foresaw the eventual rise of the Republican Party and that South Carolinians were growing increasingly suspicious of policies generated at the federal level.

Election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold

See also
 List of United States senators from South Carolina
 United States Senate elections, 1962
 United States Senate special election in South Carolina, 1956

References
"Supplemental Report of the Secretary of State to the General Assembly of South Carolina." Reports and Resolutions of South Carolina to the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina. Volume II. Columbia, SC: 1963, p. 6.

South C
1962
1962 South Carolina elections


"Impossible" is a song by German musician Captain Hollywood Project. It was released in October 1993 as the fourth single from his debut album, Love Is Not Sex (1993), and features vocals by singer Kim Sanders. It was a sizeable hit in several countries, but like "All I Want", it achieved moderate success in comparison with the two previous Captain Hollywood Project's singles, "More and More" and "Only with You". A music video was also produced, but it did not feature Sanders.

Critical reception
In his review of the Love Is Not Sex album, Larry Flick from Billboard wrote that "Impossible" "is another study in contrasts, as [Captain] Hollywood ponders the darkness of greed and power, amid a flurry of active, rave-flavored synth-beats. It is during this particular track that he best exhibits the poise and command of rhyme needed to resurrect the dormant hip-house movement." In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton described it as "Euro-disco in the Culture Beat mould". James Hamilton from Music Weeks RM Dance Update viewed it as a "girl wailed gruffy rapped cheesy typical German techno-pop bounder". Tony Cross from Smash Hits praised the track, giving it four out of five. He wrote, "Front man Tony Dawson-Harrison [...] has come up with a monster dance hit that's impossible not to shake down to. It has the Euro flavour of hits like Culture Beat's "Mr Vain" (which Tony had a hand in) with a powered-up rap beginning. Then it grows to its hypnotic vocal chant — "I find you're a little impossible" - which is packed full of attitude. Expect it to chart very high."

Chart performance
"Impossible" was a notable hit on the charts in Europe, becoming one of the project's more successful hits. It made it to the top 10 in Denmark (9), Finland (6), Portugal (3), Spain (9) and Sweden (4), as well as on MTV's European Top 20. Additionally, the single peaked within the top 20 in Austria (15), Germany (12), Lithuania, the Netherlands (14) and Switzerland (18). On the Eurochart Hot 100, "Impossible" also was a top 20 hit, peaking at number 20 in December 1993, but on the European Dance Radio Chart, it hit number three. In the United Kingdom, it peaked at number 29 in its first week at the UK Singles Chart, on 6 February, but fared better on the UK Dance Singles Chart, reaching number 14. Outside Europe, the single was a top 10 hit in Israel, peaking at number nine.

Music video
A music video was produced to promote the song, directed by Apollon. The video did for unknown reasons not feature Kim Sanders and was later published on YouTube in 2017. It had generated more than six million views as of December 2022.

Track listings
 12-inch single (1993) "Impossible" (New Extended Version) – 6:10
 "Impossible" (Bumpy Version) – 7:56

 CD single (1993) "Impossible" (Radio Edit) – 4:14
 "Impossible" (New Extended Version) – 6:10

 CD maxi 1 (September 1993) "Impossible" (Radio Edit) – 4:14
 "Impossible" (New Extended Version) – 6:10
 "Impossible" (Bumpy Version) – 7:56

 CD maxi 2 (January 1994)'
 "Impossible" (Red Jerry Mix) – 6:49
 "Impossible" (Red Jerry Dub) – 6:09
 "Impossible" (Kamo Flage Mix) – 6:22
 "All I Want" ('94 Club Mix) – 5:56

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Release history

References

1993 singles
1993 songs
Blow Up singles
Captain Hollywood Project songs
English-language German songs
Kim Sanders songs
Songs written by Nosie Katzmann
Songs written by Tony Dawson-Harrison