Cherrueix (; ; Gallo: Chaéruér) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

It lies between Mont Saint-Michel and Saint-Malo.

Population
Inhabitants of Cherrueix are called Chérullais in French.

Geography
Cherrueix is a coastal town north of the department of Ille-et-Vilaine. Bordered by the Channel, this village of 1150 inhabitants, lies at the heart of the Breton part of the Bay of Mont Saint-Michel, twenty kilometers from Saint-Malo and 8 km from Dol-de-Bretagne (TGV to Paris). From the sea we see a clear lr Cancale, islands Chausey, Granville and finally Mount Saint-Michel.

From the perspective of the richness of flora, Cherrueix among the municipalities in the department with their different habitats in a large number of taxa, or 429 for an average of 348 taxa municipal and county a total of 1373 taxa (118 families).

History
Several authors have claimed that the village had developed around a fortress built around 1030 by Robert Duke of Normandy in his war against the Britons. It is a mistake, Castle reported by the chroniclers of the time was that of Charuel Sacey in the Channel.

The development of Cherrueix was mainly carried by the sea where they have developed many small hamlets that form the town of Cherrueix. The land being used mainly engaged in farming.

Traditional buildings were made from mud walls and thatched roof. These buildings have been abandoned over time and have virtually disappeared, replaced by stone walls (including granite) and the slate roof.

With the 2005 arrival of the very speed train (TGV) Paris ↔ Dol-de-Bretagne Saint-Malo, the town is booming, the population is constantly growing. In 2014 the very speed railway Bretagne-Pays de la Loire will Dol-de-Bretagne in less than 2 hours to Paris.

Small subdivisions (a dozen houses) make their appearances in recent years or are under construction and recently in the year 2009 a major project 'Le Clos Gicquel' is under study.

Several environmental groups to ensure the protection and quality of life in this village.

Sport
World Championship yachting in 2012 :
Résultats

Sights

Historic windmills
There are three nineteenth century windmills in Cherrueix. The mill of the Saline, the mill of the Colinassière and the mill Mondrins.  These mills were listed by order on 7 September 1977.

They illustrate the significant activity of cereal Dol marshes. On the whole territory of the commune, there were up to eleven mills in operation. None are operating today.

Points of interest
The "Path deadlines". It is an old coastal road, including a branch, east of the town produced the name of a place called Lower Road, which passes 2.7 km west of the village to the hamlet of Street . At 4.3 km from Cherrueix the ancient chapel of St. Anne (St. Broladre) marks the eastern boundary of the former dune which was built early in the Middle Ages this road.
The "Banc of Hermelle". Reef sandy developed by small marine worms manufacturers who make their habitat. The Bench of Hermelle extends over 100 hectares and reached 1.50 m in height. It is a unique site in Europe.

The dam of the Duchess Anne of Brittany or dike. Dyke dating from the thirteenth century and extending over 20 km long St. Méloir des Ondes (peak Richeux castle) to the chapel of St. Anne. Throughout this dike, walkers and joggers can contemplate a variety of landscapes, marshes, polders, strikes.

Notre Dame de la Garde. Statue of the Virgin erected in 1888 on the embankment facing the beach and the Channel at low tide withdrew to 7 km. On May 7, 1888, Father Richard and Father Blanchard, visited the parishioners asking them if they wanted to make an offering to build a rock surmounted by a cast iron statue of the Virgin. Thanks to the generosity of everyone, the money was quickly assembled. Armed with permissions of the dikes and marshes, and the agreement of Cardinal Place Charles de Rennes to give the name of "Notre-Dame-de-la-Garde" at the future monument, the statue has been erected to protect the bay, fishermen, sailors and farmers. The inauguration took place August 19, 1888, with all the clergy and priests from many surrounding municipalities. The roads are converted into leafy avenue, triumphal arches high, anchors it all done in shells. In the procession we see that children are the attributes of trades of common wheat sheaf, fisherman's net. Six thousand people attended the blessing of the statue after hearing the cannon announcing the ceremony.

Church. Church of the fifteenth century and built from the shape of a boat. It consists of a nave and a Romanesque gothic heart

House seafront building formerly used as a public school for girls and restored in 2005. It now hosts the public library, exhibition space and meeting and associations cherrulaises.

The memorial of the Great War. Built in 1921 and became obsolete, it was rebuilt in 2006. Under pressure from activists of secularism, the cross which surmounted was sawed, although the monument with an initial, had been blessed, and that the vast majority of the Dead for France this was a Christian village in Brittany.

The Manor Alms. The castle, home of the "lords of the charity. The land known charities in the Middle Ages were still church property, offered to God through piety. The word charity means a house that belonged to a church or a monastery, to which were annexed income for the poor. It is probable that this manor had a religious origin and was later secularized. It is a Louis XIII building with gerbières with pediments and cornices rounded modillonnées, his door is surmounted by an arch (dated 1619). It was the Uguet Cherrueix lords in 1460, of the Cherrueix in 1513, the League for Franchet, Uguet to the eighteenth century. The Lord of the Alms was considered lord of the parish founding. After becoming a farm, it is now converted into a farmhouse and gîte d'étape (22 spaces for horses). A campground is also furnished and can accommodate tents and caravans.

Train Marin can explore in light of the tidal bench Hermel and fisheries wood dating from the twelfth century.

The beach offers views of the sea mussel in the low tide, Cancale and the Mont Saint-Michel.

The mussel. These stakes (stakes) of wood surrounded by mussels in the middle bay visible at low tide.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Chelun (; ; , Gallo: Chelun) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Chelun are called Chelunais in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Chavagne (; ; Gallo: Chavayn) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Geography
The river Meu forms all of the commune's southern border, then flows into the Vilaine, which forms all of its eastern border.

Population
Inhabitants of Chavagne are called Chavagnais and Chavagnaises in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Official website

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


"Just Between You and Me" is a single by American singer Lou Gramm from his second solo album Long Hard Look, released in 1989. It was a number-six hit in the United States and peaked at number two in Canada.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

1989 singles
1989 songs
Atlantic Records singles
Songs written by Holly Knight
Songs written by Lou Gramm


Linguistic aesthetics may refer to:
Phonaesthetics
Poetry
Artistic languages
Euphony


"True Blue Love" is a single by Lou Gramm, from his second solo album Long Hard Look, released in 1989 (See 1989 in music).

Chart positions

References

1989 songs
1989 singles
Songs written by Lou Gramm
Songs written by Peter Wolf (producer)
Atlantic Records singles
Song recordings produced by Peter Wolf (producer)


Châtillon-en-Vendelais (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Châtillon-en-Vendelais are called Châtillonais in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


A presidential inauguration is a ceremonial event centered on the formal transition of a new president into office, usually in democracies where this official has been elected. Frequently, this involves the swearing of an oath of office.

Examples of presidential inaugurations include:
Brazilian presidential inauguration
Colombian presidential inauguration
French presidential inauguration
Irish presidential inauguration
Philippine presidential inauguration
Russian presidential inauguration
United States presidential inauguration

Ceremonies


Intraperitoneal injection or IP injection is the injection of a substance into the peritoneum (body cavity). It is more often applied to non-human animals than to humans. In general, it is preferred when large amounts of blood replacement fluids are needed or when low blood pressure or other problems prevent the use of a suitable blood vessel for intravenous injection.

In humans, the method is widely used to administer chemotherapy drugs to treat some cancers, particularly ovarian cancer. Although controversial, intraperitoneal use in ovarian cancer has been recommended as a standard of care. Fluids are injected intraperitoneally in infants, also used for peritoneal dialysis.

Background
Intraperitoneal injections are a way to administer therapeutics and drugs through a peritoneal route (body cavity). They are one of the few ways drugs can be administered through injection, and have uses in research involving animals, drug administration to treat ovarian cancers, and much more. Understanding when intraperitoneal injections can be utilized and in what applications is beneficial to advance current drug delivery methods and provide avenues for further research. The benefit of administering drugs intraperitoneally is the ability for the peritoneal cavity to absorb large amounts of a drug quickly. A disadvantage of using intraperitoneal injections is that they can have a large variability in effectiveness and misinjection. Intraperitoneal injections can be similar to oral administration in that hepatic metabolism could occur in both.

Early Uses
There are few accounts of the use of intraperitoneal injections prior to 1970. One of the earliest recorded uses of IP injections involved the insemination of a guinea-pig in 1957. The study however did not find an increase in conception rate when compared to mating. In that same year, a study injected egg whites intraperitoneally into rats to study changes in "droplet" fractions in kidney cells. The study showed that the number of small droplets decreased after administration of the egg whites, indicating that they have been changed to large droplets. In 1964, a study delivered chemical agents such as acetic acid, bradykinin, and kaolin to mice intraperitoneally in order to study a "squirming" response. In 1967, the production of amnesia was studied through an injection of physostigmine. In 1968, melatonin was delivered to rats intraperitoneally in order to study how brain serotonin would be affected in the midbrain. In 1969, errors depending on a variety of techniques of administering IP injections were analyzed, and a 12% error in placement was found when using a one-man procedure versus a 1.2% error when using a two-man procedure.

A good example of how intraperitoneal injections work is depicted through "The distribution of salicylate in mouse tissues after intraperitoneal injection" because it includes information on how a drug can travel to the blood, liver, brain, kidney, heart, spleen, diaphragm, and skeletal muscle once it has been injected intraperitoneally.

These early uses of Intraperitoneal injections provide good examples of how the delivery method can be used, and provides a base for future studies on how to properly inject mice for research.

Use in Humans

There are few examples of the use of intraperitoneal injections in humans cited in literature because it is mainly used to study the effects of drugs in mice. The few examples that do exist pertain to the treatment of pancreatic/ovarian cancers and injections of other drugs in clinical trials. One study utilized IP injections to study pain in the abdomen after a hysterectomy when administering anesthetic continuously vs patient-controlled. The results depicted that ketobemidone consumption was significantly lower when patients controlled anesthetic through IP. This led to the patients being able to be discharged earlier than when anesthesia was administered continuously. These findings could be advanced by studying how the route of injection affects the organs in the peritoneal cavity.

In another Phase I clinical trial, patients with ovarian cancer were injected intraperitoneally with dl1520 in order to study the effects of a replication-competent/-selective virus. The effects of this study were the onset of flu-like symptoms, emesis, and abdominal pain. The study overall defines appropriate doses and toxicity levels of dl1520 when injected intraperitoneally.

One study attempted to diagnose hepatic hydrothorax with the use of injecting Sonazoid intraperitoneally. Sonazoid was utilized to aid with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography by enhancing the peritoneal and pleural cavities. This study demonstrates how intraperitoneal injections can be used to help diagnose diseases by providing direct access to the peritoneal cavity and affecting the organs in the cavity.

In a case of a ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma, it was reported that the patient was treated successfully through the use of an intraperitoneal injection of OK-432, which is an immunomodulatory agent. The patient was a 51-year-old male who was hospitalized. The delivery of OK-432 occurred a total of four times in a span of one week. The results of this IP injection were the disappearance of the ascites associated with the rupture. This case is a good example of how IP injections can be used to deliver a drug that can help to treat or cure a medical diagnosis over the use of other routes of delivery. The results set a precedent of how other drugs may be delivered in this way to treat other similar medical issues after further research.

In 2018, a patient with stage IV ovarian cancer and peritoneal metastases was injected intraperitoneally with 12g of mixed cannabinoid before later being hospitalized. The symptoms of this included impairment of cognitive and psychomotor abilities. Because of the injection of cannabis, the patient was predicted to have some level of THC in the blood from absorption. This case presents the question of how THC is absorbed in the peritoneal cavity. It also shows how easily substances are absorbed through the peritoneal cavity after an IP injection.

Overall, this section provides a few examples of the effects and uses of intraperitoneal injections in human patients. There are a variety of uses and possibilities for many more in the future with further research and approval.

Use in Non-Human Animals

Intraperitoneal injections are the preferred method of administration in many experimental studies due to the quick onset of effects post injection. This allows researchers to observe the effects of a drug in a shorter period of time, and allows them to study the effects of drugs on multiple organs that are in the peritoneal cavity at once. In order to effectively administer drugs through IP injections, the stomach of the animal is exposed, and the injection is given in the lower abdomen. The most efficient method to inject small animals is a two-person method where one holds the rodent and the other person injects the rodent at about 10 to 20 degrees in mice and 20 to 45 degrees in rats. The holder retains the arms of the animal and tilts the head lower than the abdomen to create optimal space in the peritoneal cavity.

There has been some debate on whether intraperitoneal injections are the best route of administration for experimental animal studies. It was concluded in a review article that utilizing IP injections to administer drugs to laboratory rodents in experimental studies is acceptable when being applied to proof-of-concept studies.

A study was conducted to determine the best route of administration to transplant mesenchymal stem cells for colitis. This study compared intraperitoneal injections, intravenous injections, and anal injections. It was concluded that the intraperitoneal injection had the highest survival rate of 87.5%. This study shows how intraperitoneal injections can be more effective and beneficial than other traditional routes of administration.

One article reviews the injection of sodium pentobarbital to euthanize rodents intraperitoneally. Killing the rodent through an intraperitoneal route was originally recommended over other routes such as inhalants because it was thought to be more efficient and ethical. The article overviews whether IP is the best option for euthanization based on evidence associated with welfare implications. It was concluded that there is evidence that IP may not be the best method of euthenasia due to possibilities of missinjection.

Another example of how intraperitoneal injections are used in studies involving rodents is the use of IP for micro-CT contrast enhanced detection of liver tumors. Contrast agents were administered intraperitoneally instead of intravenously to avoid errors and challenges. It was determined that IP injections are a good option for Fenestra to quantify liver tumors in mice.

An example of how intraperitoneal injections can be optimized is depicted in a study where IP injections are used to deliver anesthesia to mice. This study goes over the dosages, adverse effects, and more of using intraperitoneal injections of anesthesia.

An example of when intraperitoneal injections are not ideal is given in a study where the best route of administration was determined for cancer biotherapy. It was concluded that IP administration should not be used over intravenous therapy due to high radiation absorption in the intestines. This shows an important limitation to the use of IP therapy.

The provided examples show a variety of uses for intraperitoneal injections in animals for in vitro studies. Some of the examples depict situations where IP injections are not ideal, while others prove the advantageous uses if this delivery method. Overall, many studies utilize IP injections to deliver therapeutics to lab animals due to the efficiency of the administration route.

Current Drugs Delivered Intraperitoneally

Currently, there are a handful of drugs that are delivered through intraperitoneal injection for chemotherapy. They are mitomycin C, cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, doxorubicin, premetrexed, and melphalan. There needs to be more research done to determine appropriate dosing and combinations of these drugs to advance intraperitoneal drug delivery.

References

Medical treatments
Routes of administration
Dosage forms
Digestive system procedures


Sampson Hosking (4 January 1888 – 20 October 1974) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Port Adelaide Football Club in the South Australian Football League (SAFL). He was twice a recipient of the Magarey Medal, an individual award given in recognition of being the best and fairest player in the SAFL. After his playing career Hosking was also an accomplished football coach successfully leading Port Adelaide and the West Torrens Football Club to a combined six premierships. In 1929 he was described in the Register as "one of the most prominent figures in the game during the past 20 years. Combining exceptional pace with a football brain of rare fertility".

Early life

Hosking was born on 4 January 1888 in Glanville, South Australia. He was the son of Cornish immigrant James Hosking and Port Adelaide local Jane Hampton McKenzie. Hosking grew up in close proximity to the Port River, living in Exmouth Street, Glanville.

For his education Hosking went to the Le Fevre Peninsula School. Around the age of twelve Hosking started working at the Glanville Pipe Works, alongside other family members, where he remained employed for 52 years.

When Hosking was very young he dislocated his left elbow, leading his father James, out of an abundance of caution, to rule that his son should never play football. To circumvent his father's ruling and ire, when Hosking played junior football with the Marist Brothers, and later the Semaphore Centrals, he did so under a false name. The pseudonym that Hosking used during these early years was H. Sampson. During his time at Semaphore Centrals his teammates often joked "who is this H. Sampson anyway?" and that "he is picked but never turns up!". Hosking was part of the Semaphore Centrals team that lost the Adelaide and Suburban Football Association Grand Final to the Norwood Seconds in 1906. Whilst at Semaphore Centrals Hosking purchased a short-brimmed hat, similar to that worn by an Adelaide comedian at the time known as Harry Shine, and was subsequently given the nickname "Shine" by his friends.

Around this time Hosking was working alongside Tom Leahy who was already a league footballer and was trying to convince his younger co-worker to join him at his then club, West Adelaide. Hosking did not tell his father about his football exploits until he was formally invited to play with Port Adelaide in 1907. His father's caution was not unfounded as Hosking suffered shoulder injuries throughout his entire football career. Whenever he played football Hosking  preferred to wear a long-sleeved guernsey to hide his permanently taped left shoulder from opponents.

Playing career

Hosking made his senior debut for Port Adelaide in a win over Sturt on Unley Oval on 4 May 1907. A couple weeks later during a game Lewis Corston, Port Adelaide's captain, physically kicked Hosking telling him to work harder and threatened him with being dropped from the side if he did not "get into the game a bit more". This confrontation proved a lasting one in the memory of Hosking, who years later, recalled it as formative. In his first season of league football Hosking played in the 1907 SAFL Grand Final against Port Adelaide's traditional rival Norwood. That match was attended by a then-record crowd for football in South Australia with 25,000 spectators present at Adelaide Oval to witness Norwood win by 28 points. Hosking was given a gold medal by Port Adelaide in recognition of being the "most improved junior" for his club in 1907.

Hosking was named as one of Port Adelaide's best players in a 1908 post-season game against Essendon on Adelaide Oval of which the visitors won by one goal.

The third game of Port Adelaide's 1909 SAFL season against Norwood was severely effected by rain and wind with only one goal scored, by Hosking, for the whole match, a goal which Roy Hill described as a "fluke". On 19 July 1909 whilst at work Hosking was badly injured when a ladle of hot metal spilled on his legs and feet. He was severely burned. The injury prevented Hosking joining Port Adelaide's mid-season trip to Melbourne. Hosking had recovered enough by the time the club returned from Victoria to take his place back in the side when they faced Sturt on 21 August. Port Adelaide qualified for the 1909 SAFL Grand Final and by this stage Hosking had largely recovered from his work injury and was playing relatively well, kicking a goal during the match, but it was not enough, with West Adelaide winning the premiership decider by 18 points.

As a result of Lewis Corston retiring at the end of 1909, Hosking was given his role as Port Adelaide's centre for the 1910 SAFA season. It was be during this season that Hosking won his first Magarey Medal, and his first South Australian league premiership as a player when Port Adelaide defeated Sturt (who were playing in their first championship match) by 19 points in the 1910 SAFL Grand Final. Hosking took part in an eventful post season with Port Adelaide in 1910 during which his club  defeated Collingwood for the 1910 Championship of Australia title, and Western Australian Football League (WAFL) premiers East Fremantle in an exhibition match. Hosking and Port Adelaide also defeated a combination of some of the WAFL's best players in another match that year.

In 1911 Hosking was selected to represent South Australia for the first time. This coincided with the national championship carnival being held in Adelaide that year. The 1911 South Australian team proved to be the strongest the state had ever fielded to that point. In the carnival South Australia won all four of its matches against New South Wales, Tasmania, Western Australia and Victoria.

In June 1912 Hosking was elected captain of the club by his teammates at Port Adelaide after Clifford Cocks stepped down from the role. Port Adelaide went undefeated during the minor round that year, but stumbled at the final hurdle losing the 1912 SAFL Grand Final to West Adelaide by 14 points.

At the start of the 1913 SAFL season Hosking vacated the Port Adelaide captaincy. During July Port Adelaide played a combination of players from the WAFL with Hosking's side winning by 39 points. During the match Hosking went head-to-head with William "Nipper" Truscott with the Fremantle Herald observing that "Shine Hosking's work in the centre quite eclipsed our own Nipper". The season  proved to be more successful for Port Adelaide beginning with an undefeated run halfway through the minor round all the way to the end of the 1913 SAFL Grand Final where the club beat North Adelaide by 14 points to claim the club's 7th premiership. In the post season Port Adelaide successfully challenged 1913 VFL premiers Fitzroy for the title of Champions of Australia.

Port Adelaide repeated its successes of 1913 and improved on them. Hosking played his 100th SAFL game in the 1914 SAFL Grand Final where Port Adelaide held North Adelaide to a single goal. Again, Port Adelaide successfully challenged the VFL premiers, this time Carlton, for the title of 1914 Champions of Australia. Additionally, in conjunction with Eight Hours Day a match between Port Adelaide and South Australia was held on Jubilee Oval with Hosking's team toppling a start side featuring some of the state's best players such as Dave Lowe, Bill Mayman, Tom Leahy, Jack Tredrea, Frank Golding and Frank Barry.

At the end of the 1915 SAFL season, Hosking tied with Frank Barry and Charlie Perry for the Magarey Medal. At the time a count back was used to determine a single winner with the award being presented to Frank Barry at the time. However, in 1998 the SANFL issued retrospective Magarey Medals in the 10 instances where there was a tie. As a result, Hosking is one of only three players to win multiple Magarey Medals for Port Adelaide with the others being Bob Quinn and Russell Ebert.

During World War I the SAFL ceased scheduling football matches which led to some club officials, particularly those at Port Adelaide, to form the South Australian Patriotic Football League (SAPFL) which ran an independent competition in 1916, 1917 and 1918. Hosking played a majority of games in all three of the SAPFL seasons. After playing a dominant game in Port Adelaide's 1916 SAPFL Grand Final victory, the South Australian Register noted that Hosking was "entitled to be recognised as the best player of the season in the association". These games were never recognised by the SAFL.

Despite having retired from playing after 1921, he played two matches in 1927, and in 1936 he became the oldest SANFL player when, at the age of 48 years and 154 days whilst Port Adelaide coach, he named himself on the bench in his side against West Torrens.

Playing style

Hosking was a fast aggressive centreman. During his career he also played as a rover, wingman and forward. Hosking often elected to knock on the ball when he found himself in congestion. In regards to when he trained Hosking said that "I always put my whole heart and soul into my work. Running up to the ball I would run my hardest, and when I picked it up there would always be an imaginary opponent in front of me. They used to say at the Port:—'Look at that lunatic out there, dodging and twisting past nothing!".

He was noted for being the fastest player in Port Adelaide's team and one of the fastest in the SAFL. When he was unavailable to play the lack of pace in the Port Adelaide side was said to be noticeable. In 1908 at a Semaphore Athletics Carnival that was held to celebrate King Edward's birthday Hosking won three events, those being ,  and . In 1910 and 1912 Hosking won races at the Adelaide St Patrick's Day running events. Just a few days before he turned 37 he entered a 400m event at the Patawalonga winning his heats and coming second in the final.

Hosking was also considered to possess remarkable judgement as a footballer. When describing Hosking in writing for the Register, Steve McKee stated that "Shine Hosking stands out as one of the most prominent figures in the game during the past 20 years. Combining exceptional pace with a football brain of rare fertility...he was successively a star winger and centre". Bob McLean described  Hosking in his book 100 Years with the Magpies as possessing "brilliance as a ball handler, his lightening speed and all-round skill...A centreline player, he played mainly in the centre or on the wing. He held his own against all-comers, not only in South Australia, but in the many Interstate and Carnival matches in which he participated."

Hosking relished being booed by fans of opposition clubs interpreting the verbals "as a compliment. It reminded me of the villain in the play". Despite winning two Magarey Medals, of which a criterion of eligibility is fairness, Hosking described himself as having a "reputation of being one of the dirtiest players who ever stripped."

Coaching career

In 1921 Hosking became Port Adelaide's captain in charge of training during his final full season as a player. Hosking was originally elected as captain of Port Adelaide on 9 March 1921 at the club's annual general meeting. However, on 7 May 1921 the captaincy was given to Harold Oliver, with Hosking being given the vice captaincy. This was after Oliver committed to travel to and from his farm in Berri for matches for the whole 1921 SAFL season. On 13 May 1921 a Daily Herald article described Hosking as "a most useful coach to his team, always giving juniors and new players encouragement". That year Port Adelaide beat Norwood by 8 points in the 1921 SAFL Grand Final. In the 1921 Port Adelaide Football Club Annual Report, Hosking is listed as one of only three players to attend all 44 of the club's training sessions that season (the other two being Clem Maywald and Kenneth Slade).

On 18 May 1922 the Daily Herald broke the news that Hosking had been poached away from Port Adelaide to be the new coach of West Adelaide on the recommendations of the latter club's captain Vic Peters. At the time the news of Hosking's "defection" caused a stir amongst football followers in Port Adelaide. In Hosking's first season at the helm of West Adelaide he guided that club to the 1922 SAFL Grand Final where they faced a Norwood side coached by Tom Leahy in front of 31,000 spectators at Adelaide Oval. Despite West Adelaide proving competitive in the contest wayward kicking let them down losing to Norwood 9.7 (61) to 2.1 (28). In October Hosking took his West Adelaide side to Perth to play WAFL premiers East Perth on Leederville Oval. In that match East Perth beat West Adelaide by 24 points.

During the 1924 season there were reports that the West Adelaide players were not putting in full effort at training, cutting their training sessions short along with failing to follow the instructions of their coach. By the end of 1924 Hosking had become frustrated with the level of commitment displayed by his West Adelaide players, voicing his disappointment in The News. He did not continue as West Adelaide's coach in 1925.

In 1926 the South Adelaide Football Club appointed Hosking as coach. It proved to be a difficult year for Hosking who immediately had to deal with the retirement of South Adelaide legend Dan Moriarty along with the defection of Charles Daly who was poached by Norwood. Hosking was left with only Bill Oliver, Alf Ryan and Bill Jackson as the experienced league players in his squad, subsequently forcing Hosking to give league debuts a large number of juniors in order to field a full team for South Adelaide. The club's best result for the season under Hosking was a draw against West Torrens on Adelaide Oval.

Hosking returned to his junior club Semaphore Central as coach at the start of 1927. Halfway through the 1927 SAFL season Hosking was appointed to take over from Peter Bampton as Port Adelaide's coach. His first training session as coach for Port Adelaide that year occurred on 2 August. The following season Hosking guided the club to victory in the 1928 SANFL Grand Final, Port Adelaide's first premiership since his departure at the end of 1921. During that year he also coached Port Adelaide's reserves side and Semaphore Centrals on Alberton Oval. In 1929 Drozena Eden, a local of Mauritian descent, was invited after partaking in Port Adelaide's pre-season to remain with club's senior team. At the start of 1930 Fred Ward, a club official, stated that "the success of Port Adelaide during the last two years was due almost entirely to the coaching of Hosking".

During the 1932 pre-season Port Adelaide elected to appoint a playing coach rather than a stand-alone coach resulting in Hosking being replaced by Sydney Ween. This decision may have been made on financial grounds with a long running internal debate, led by R. Lowe, within the club's administration regarding whether the cost associated with a paid coach, as opposed to just using the captain, was justifiable. Fred Ward held the opposing view considering a non-playing coach preferable. Hosking's absence from coaching only lasted a few months as he seize an opportunity to take over the role as West Torrens coach from D.R. Manning on 5 July 1932. An improved style of play by the West Torrens under Hosking was noted within a month of him becoming coach.

In Hosking's first full year as coach of West Torrens he successfully guided that club to the 1933 SANFL Grand Final where they beat Norwood by 23 points. After the Grand Final Magarey Medallist Jim Handby was full of praise when it came to Hosking's coaching writing in the Adelaide Advertiser that "this blending of skill, vigor and football intelligence has placed Torrens in its present very satisfactory position. Torrens's football brains have probably been developed by the shrewd attention paid to the players' education in this regard by 'Shine' Hosking, the coach. There is not much that 'Shine' does not know in this phase of football, and a further tribute is due to him for the superbly-trained condition of the Torrens players."

In 1934 Hosking was simultaneously made the coach of both West Torrens junior and league teams meaning he was required at Thebarton Oval four nights a week. During that season Hosking and West Torrens travelled to Tasmania to play a match against a composite TANFL side.

In 1935 Edward Foote took over from Hosking as league coach of West Torrens. During that year Hosking took part in a charity match as a player between old time players and current SAJC jockeys in Glenelg.

On 1 January 1936 it was revealed by The News that West Torrens had secured Len Ashby as its coach for the upcoming season thereby creating a void at Alberton leading to speculation that Hosking might return to Port Adelaide for a third time. Vic Johnson was also considered for the Port Adelaide coaching job in 1936 but his contract with South Adelaide made this impossible. The speculation  proved correct with Hosking returning to Port Adelaide as coach in 1936 where he immediately had to deal with the retirement of club captain Bob Johnson. That year he succeeded in coaching Port Adelaide to a narrow three-point win over Sturt in the 1936 SANFL Grand Final.

For the 1937 SANFL season one of Hosking's first tasks was to find a player to play the role of full forward James Prideaux who retired at the end of the previous season having kicked 86 goals. Hosking claimed consecutive premierships as coach for the first time when Port Adelaide defeated South Adelaide by 24 points in the 1937 SANFL Grand Final. In that match Hosking directed his players to spread the goal-kicking amongst the team resulting in eight individual goal kickers.

Hosking stood down as Port Adelaide coach at the end of 1938 to allow Bob Quinn to become that club's captain-coach for the 1939 SANFL Season.

In 1939 Hosking returned to West Torrens as head coach. That year Hosking took West Torrens to the 1939 SANFL Grand Final where they lost to Port Adelaide by 47 points.

At the start of the 1940 SANFL season Hosking voiced his optimism praising the players he had at his disposal. Round seven of that season saw West Torrens dramatically topple Port Adelaide at Alberton Oval. Unfortunately for both Hosking and West Torrens he was forced to step down from the role mid-year due to his own health problems. This was announced just after West Torrens had played Sturt on 8 June. At the time Hosking stepped aside from his West Torrens duties they were just inside the SANFL top four. Mal Drury took over as West Torrens coach for the remainder of the season. West Torrens ended up finishing the 1940 SANFL season second last winning just one game under coach Mal Drury that year.

During World War II the SANFL administrators reduced the number of sides in its competition from eight to four with clubs temporarily merging with their nearest neighbour. In Port Adelaide's case it merged with West Torrens with Hosking being chosen to coach the side. Early in the year Hosking's freshly assembled Port–Torrens side beat a team representing the Air Force by 11 points on Alberton Oval featuring Frank Curcio (Fitzroy), Vin Doherty (Collingwood), Law (Western Australia), Jack Brittain (North Adelaide), Mervyn Waite (Glenelg) and Norm Hillard (Fitzroy). The Port–Torrens combination under Hosking won the 1942 SANFL Grand Final beating the West Adelaide–Glenelg team by 11 points. After the Grand Final Port–Torrens played a combined side made up of the remaining SANFL players, referred to as "The Rest", on Adelaide Oval on 26 September 1942. Under Hosking the Port–Torrens side defeated "The Rest" by two points.

The following year Hosking successfully returned Port–Torrens to the final match of the season, the 1943 SANFL Grand Final, where they faced a Norwood–North combination, ultimately falling short by 21 points. This was Hosking's last game as an SANFL league coach as he announced his retirement at the start of 1944, handing over his Port–Torrens responsibilities to Mal Drury.

Coaching style

As a coach Hosking was a strong proponent of players being able to kick the ball with both feet. Hosking had a preference for fast players.

Hosking advocated for training with the same intensity as when playing an actual game. Hosking believed that at training players should concentrate on overcoming their weaknesses.

Hosking invested time into players that other coaches typically considered lost causes, such as Bill Martin, with whom Sampson ran up and down the length of Adelaide Oval whilst practicing passing the ball between one another.

Hosking had a refrain that suggested players and coaches should "study the game and the moves of your opponents as a chess player would". Once a week when he was coaching Hosking gave his players blackboard lectures on their previous week's play. Hosking provided predetermined moves for his players during these blackboard lectures.

Hosking strongly advocated for his players to not smoke. At half-time of a pre-season match in 1928 Hosking reprimanded some of his player who used the break to start smoking.

Hosking was also an advocate for the SANFL to proactively engage with schools in South Australia to help develop young players. Hosking coached local school teams on Alberton Oval before senior training commenced at 6pm.

For Port Adelaide's 150th anniversary twelve full pages of Hosking's coaching notes were made available in the Port Adelaide Archives Collection produced in 2020. After reading these notes Malcolm Blight stated that "95 per cent of Shine's notes still apply to today's game. A few minor things do not. But Shine could teach today's coaches a few things." In 2020 John Cahill made a comment about Hosking, along with Reginald Schumann, on Twitter saying that "Shine Hosking & Reg Schumann talented, skillful, tough players. Had the pleasure of sharing many conversations with. They spoke with conviction & great insight. More importantly just good men."

Horse racing

Hosking enjoyed training horses, such as his 1939 Murray Bridge Steeplechase and 1940 Von Doussa Oakbank winner Prestonia. He shared this hobby with Kenneth Hosking, one of his sons. Kenneth was a jockey and wore black and white silks as a nod to his father's football career with Port Adelaide. On 18 October 1943 Hosking was granted an owner-trainer licence by the SAJC. In September 1944 one of Hosking's horses named Vitalise won a race at Morphettville Racecourse.

Personal life
Hosking married Lillie Ann Thompson on 31 August 1907. Hosking was a member of the Alberton Bowling Club. He died on 20 October 1974 at the age of 86. In the 1974 Port Adelaide Annual Report and Balance Sheet an obituary recognised Sampson Hosking noting that he had died "after a long illness".

Honours
In 1970 Hosking, along with other veteran players from before World War I, was honoured with a motorcade around Alberton Oval to celebrate the Port Adelaide Football Club's 100th anniversary.

Hosking was one of the 113 inaugural inductees into the South Australian Football Hall of Fame in 2002. In 2020 the Adelaide Advertiser compiled a list of "Port Adelaide's 150 Greatest Players" and placed Hosking at 5th. Hosking was awarded life membership of the Port Adelaide Football Club in 1919. Hosking was awarded life membership of the Semaphore Central Football Club in 1936.

See also

Grand Finals

1907 SAFL Grand Final (player, Port Adelaide)
1909 SAFL Grand Final (player, Port Adelaide)
1910 SAFL Grand Final (player, Port Adelaide)
1911 SAFL Grand Final (player, Port Adelaide)
1912 SAFL Grand Final (player, Port Adelaide)
1913 SAFL Grand Final (player, Port Adelaide)
1914 SAFL Grand Final (player, Port Adelaide)
1915 SAFL Grand Final (player, Port Adelaide)
1916 SAPFL Grand Final (player, Port Adelaide)
1917 SAPFL Grand Final (player, Port Adelaide)
1921 SAFL Grand Final (player + coach, Port Adelaide)
1922 SAFL Grand Final (coach, West Adelaide)
1928 SANFL Grand Final (coach, Port Adelaide)
1929 SANFL Grand Final (coach, Port Adelaide)
1930 SANFL Grand Final (coach, Port Adelaide)
1933 SANFL Grand Final (coach, West Torrens)
1936 SANFL Grand Final (coach, Port Adelaide)
1937 SANFL Grand Final (coach, Port Adelaide)
1938 SANFL Grand Final (coach, Port Adelaide)
1939 SANFL Grand Final (coach, West Torrens)
1942 SANFL Grand Final (coach, Port–Torrens)
1943 SANFL Grand Final (coach, Port–Torrens)

Interstate games

 1911 Adelaide Carnival (player, South Australia)
1921 Perth Carnival (player, South Australia)

Other games
1910 Championship of Australia (player, Port Adelaide)
1913 Championship of Australia (player, Port Adelaide)
1914 Championship of Australia (player, Port Adelaide)
1914 Port Adelaide v South Australia (player, Port Adelaide)

References

Sources
 Atkinson, G. (1982) Everything you ever wanted to know about Australian rules football but couldn't be bothered asking, The Five Mile Press: Melbourne. .
 Hosking, Sampson (as told to Lawrie Jervis Junior), "Three Years' Football Under False Name, The (Adelaide) News, (Saturday, 27 July 1946), p.5.
Port Adelaide Football Club (2020) The Archives Collection: PAFC 150 Year, Iconic Treasures, Melbourne. .

External links

1888 births
1974 deaths
Port Adelaide Football Club (SANFL) players
Port Adelaide Football Club players (all competitions)
West Torrens Football Club coaches
Port Adelaide Football Club (SANFL) coaches
Magarey Medal winners
Australian rules footballers from Adelaide
South Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Australian racehorse trainers
Australian people of Cornish descent


Le Châtellier (; ; Gallo: Le Chastelier) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine Department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Le Châtellier are called Castellérois or Castellégiens in French.

Horticulture

The Botanical garden of Upper Brittany is located in Le Châtellier.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Châteauneuf-d'Ille-et-Vilaine (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in north-western France.

Population
Inhabitants of Châteauneuf-d'Ille-et-Vilaine are called Castelnoviens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Long Hard Look is the second solo album from original Foreigner lead vocalist Lou Gramm, released in 1989 (See 1989 in music).

Track listing
"Angel with a Dirty Face" (Gramm, Ina Wolf, Peter Wolf) - 5:14
"Just Between You and Me" (Gramm, Holly Knight) - 4:56
"Broken Dreams" (Gramm, Ina Wolf, Peter Wolf) - 5:54
"True Blue Love" (Gramm, Peter Wolf) - 4:58
"I'll Come Running" (Gramm, Bruce Turgon) - 4:06
"Hangin' on My Hip" (Gramm, Bruce Turgon) - 3:38
"Warmest Rising Sun" (Gramm) - 5:11
"Day One" (Gramm, Bruce Turgon, Peter Wolf) - 3:17
"I'll Know When It's Over" (Gramm, Bruce Turgon) - 4:35
"Tin Soldier" (Ronnie Lane, Steve Marriott) - 3:24

Charts

Production
 Arranged by Peter Wolf, Lou Gramm and Bruce Turgon.
 Produced by Peter Wolf, except "Tin Soldier" (produced by Peter Wolf and Eric "E.T." Thorngren).
 Recorded by Gonzalo Espinoza and Paul Ericksen, except bass on "Warmest Rising Sun" recorded bu Jules Bowen and Eric Thorngren.
 Additional recording assistance by Carlos Gollisher, Chris Bubacz and Doug Oberkircher.
 Mixed by Gonzalo Espinoza and Peter Wolf, except "I'll Know When It's Over" mixed by Paul Ericksen.  Mixed at 418 Studios.
 Mastered by Stephen Marcussen at Precision Lacquer (Los Angeles, CA).
 Production Coordinator – Carlos Gollisher, assisted by Stephen Nider.
 Art Direction and Design – Bob Defrin
 Photography – Roy Volkmann
 Tracks 1 and 3 published by Stray Notes Music Inc./Colgems-EMI Music Inc./Petwolf Music/Kikiko Music.  Track 2 published by Stray Notes Music Inc./Knighty Knight Music/Colgems-EMI Music Inc.  Track 4 published by Stray Notes Music, Inc./Colgems-EMI Music Inc./Petwolf Music.  Tracks 5, 6 and 9 published by Stray Notes Music Inc./Colgems-EMI Music Inc./Acara Music/WB Music Corp.  Track 7 published by Stray Notes Music Inc./Colgems-EMI Music Inc.  Track 8 published by Stray Notes Music Inc./Colgems-EMI Music/Acara Music/WB Music Corp./Petwolf Music.  Track 10 published by United Artists Music Ltd./EMI Catalog Partnership (all rights for U.S. and Canada controlled by EMI Unart Catalog).

Personnel
 Lou Gramm – vocals, percussion, backing vocals (1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10)
 Peter Wolf – keyboards (1-5, 7, 8, 9), backing vocals (1, 8), additional keyboards (10)
 Gary Corbett – keyboards (10)
 Dann Huff – lead guitar (1, 5, 9), rhythm guitar (1, 9)
 Nils Lofgren – electric guitar (2, 8)
 Peter Maunu – electric guitar (2, 3, 4, 7)
 Vivian Campbell – electric guitar (3, 8), lead guitar (6), rhythm guitar (6)
 June Kuramoto – koto (7)
 Bruce Turgon – bass (2-6, 8, 9, 10), rhythm guitar (5, 6, 9, 10), backing vocals (6)
 Pino Palladino – bass (7)
 Ben Gramm – drums, percussion
 Maxi Anderson – backing vocals (3, 7)
 Merry Clayton – backing vocals (3, 7)
 Siedah Garrett – backing vocals (3, 7)
 Phillip Ingram – backing vocals (3, 7)
 Darryl Phinessee – backing vocals (3, 7)
 Ina Wolf – backing vocals (4)
 Reinhold Bilgeri – backing vocals (6)
 Robin Clark – backing vocals (10)
 Lani Groves – backing vocals (10)

Singles
"Just Between You and Me"
"True Blue Love"

Notes

1989 albums
Lou Gramm albums
Atlantic Records albums
Albums produced by Peter Wolf (producer)


Châteaugiron (; ; Gallo: Chaujon) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France. It extended on 1 January 2017 by merging with the former communes of Saint-Aubin-du-Pavail and Ossé.

Population
Inhabitants of Châteaugiron are called Castelgironnais and Castelgironnaises in French.

Sister cities
 Puszczykowo, Poland

Gallery

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Official website

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine
Communes nouvelles of Ille-et-Vilaine


Battle of N'Djamena may refer to:

Battle of N'Djamena (1979)
Battle of N'Djamena (1980)
Battle of N'Djamena (2006)
Battle of N'Djamena (2008)


SOSI is a geospatial vector data format predominantly used for exchange of geographical information in Norway.

SOSI is short for Samordnet Opplegg for Stedfestet Informasjon (literally "Coordinated Approach for Spatial Information", but more commonly expanded in English to Systematic Organization of Spatial Information).

The standard includes standardized definitions for geometry and topology, data quality, coordinate systems, attributes and metadata.

The open standard was developed by the Norwegian Mapping and Cadastre Authority. It was first published in 1987 (version 1.0). It is continuously being revised and further developed. The long term development points towards international standards (ISO 19100). This work is being done by ISO/TC211, currently chaired by Olaf Østensen with the Norwegian Mapping and Cadastre Authority.

References

Further reading

References
 GML 3.1 specification (requires EULA to read)
 Digital Earth: GeoWeb
 GeoRSS - Geographically Encoded Objects for RSS Feeds
 Recommended XMLGML encoding of common CRS definitions, Open Geospatial Consortium
 Demonstration of a Coordinate Reference System Registry, Open Geospatial Consortium
 Coordinate Reference System Registry of the OGP, - Supersedes above demonstration registry. OGP = Oil and Gas Producers Association.
 C++ Data Binding for GML
 sosi2kml utility

GIS file formats


Châteaubourg (; ; Gallo: Chastèu-Bórg) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Châteaubourg are called Castelbourgeois in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Pyotr Mikhailovich Nikiforov () (October 12, 1882, Irkutsk Governorate – January 6, 1974, Moscow) was a Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and the third Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Far Eastern Republic.

He was a sailor of the Russian Baltic Fleet and participant of the uprising at Kronshtadt of 1905. Nikiforov was an activist of the Russian revolution working countrywide. In 1910 he attempted to organize a military unit but was arrested and sentenced for 20 years. After the February Revolution Nikiforov was released and moved to Vladivostok where he became a deputy of the head of Vladivostok Council and the member of the DalBuro of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). After the fall of the Soviets in June, 1918 Nikiforov was arrested and spent a year and a half in prison. After his release in January, 1920 he joined the Far Eastern Republic Government and was the Chairman of the Council of Ministers from May 8, 1921 to December 1921. After the "reunion" of the RSFSR and the Far Eastern Republic in 1922 Nikiforov served in many Soviet posts until his retirement.

He was an author of memoirs on the revolutionary movement in his later life.

References

1882 births
1974 deaths
People from Irkutsk Oblast
People from Irkutsk Governorate
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
Old Bolsheviks
Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
Government ministers of the Far Eastern Republic
Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Mongolia
People of the Russian Civil War
Recipients of the Order of Lenin


Fiddington is a village and civil parish  north-east of Nether Stowey, and  north-west of Bridgwater in Somerset, England. The parish includes the hamlets of Bonson and Whitnell.

Governance
The parish council has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council’s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.

For local government purposes, since 1 April 2023, the village comes under the unitary authority of Somerset Council. Prior to this, it was part of the non-metropolitan district of Sedgemoor, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972, having previously been part of Bridgwater Rural District.

It is also part of the Bridgwater and West Somerset county constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election, and was part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament prior to Britain leaving the European Union in January 2020, which elected seven MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.

Religious sites
The Church of St Martin dates from the 11th century and has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II* listed building. On the south wall of the nave is a  Sheela na Gig. It is unusual in having one arm aloft and the other resting on a knee. The part of the figure showing genitalia is less well defined than the upper body, possibly as a result of weathering or an attempt to obscure that part of the image at some time in the past.

References

External links

 Map of Fiddington c 1900
 Fiddingon at British History Online

Villages in Sedgemoor
Civil parishes in Somerset


Chasné-sur-Illet (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Chasné-sur-Illet are called Chasnéens in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Goreng may refer to:

Indonesian and Malaysian word referring to fried food:
Indonesian cuisine
Malaysian cuisine
Singaporean cuisine
Goreng people
Goreng language, an extinct Australian Aboriginal language

See also
Goreng goreng


Chartres-de-Bretagne (; , Gallo: Chartr) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Inhabitants of Chartres-de-Bretagne are called Chartrains in French.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department
Emmanuel Guérin Sculptor Chartres-de-Bretagne war memorial

References

External links

 Official website

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


The Istanbul fireworks disaster occurred on 1 February 2008. An unlicensed fireworks factory exploded accidentally, leaving by some reports at least 22 people dead and at least 100 injured; others sources reported the death toll was 17 and 40 injured. The building that housed the unlicensed factory was in Davutpaşa, Esenler an industrial neighborhood. It was a multistory workshop complex it shared with other manufacturers of paint, socks and textiles. Two separate explosions were reported some five minutes apart from each other, the first possibly happening in the top floor fireworks factory, and the second larger explosion, reportedly emanating from the basement boilers where the paint manufacturing was located.

After the incident the building was partially collapsed and this had caused many of the victims to be crushed to death when floors collapsed.

The factory had reportedly been shut down by authorities twice prior to this incident, but continued to operate illegally.

References

Explosions in 2008
Istanbul Fireworks Explosion, 2008
Istanbul Fireworks Explosion, 2008
Explosions in Istanbul
Industrial fires and explosions
Fireworks accidents and incidents
Illegal fireworks operations
2000s in Istanbul
February 2008 events in Turkey
2008 crimes in Turkey
2008 disasters in Turkey


Aled Thomas (born 2 January 1985) is a Welsh rugby union player. A fly-half, who plays for the Scarlets in the Pro14.

Aled Thomas first joined the Scarlets in 2004, making his first appearance in the Celtic League match against Ulster in Ravenhill.  Following spells playing for Newport Gwent Dragons and London Welsh, He signed for the Scarlets as cover for the 2011 Rugby World Cup .

Thomas has represented Wales at all Junior age group levels and at Sevens level. On 7 March 2009, Thomas was part of the squad that won the 2009 Rugby World Cup Sevens, scoring the winning try in the final against Argentina.

On 24 March 2014, Thomas signed a two-year deal to play for Gloucester Rugby in the Aviva Premiership for the 2014–15 season.

On 13 February 2015, Thomas made a surprise return to the Wales Sevens squad to take part in the 2015 USA Sevens held in Las Vegas, as part of the 2014–15 Sevens World Series.

After one season with Gloucester, Thomas was granted his early release to rejoin his home region Scarlets in Wales for his third spell at the region, from the 2015–16 season.

On 22 April 2015, Thomas was selected for the Barbarians, as they defeated Scottish club Heriot RFC 97–13 in a friendly match, as part of their 125th Anniversary Special for both clubs.

On 17 June 2016, Carmarthen Quins announced that Thomas had been appointed as backs coach.

On 6 May 2017, Thomas took to Twitter to announce his retirement from rugby. It is believed he will continue his coaching career with Carmarthen Quins following the end of his playing career.

References

External links

 Scarlets Profile
 Gloucester Rugby Profile
 Wales Sevens Profile

1985 births
Living people
Dragons RFC players
London Welsh RFC players
People educated at Bro Myrddin Welsh Comprehensive School
Rugby union players from Carmarthenshire
Scarlets players
Welsh rugby union coaches
Welsh rugby union players


La Chapelle-Thouarault (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in north-western France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Andreas Birnbacher (born 11 September 1981) is a former German biathlete. His biggest successes were the silver medal in the mass start event at the 2007 World Championships and the gold medal in the mixed relay at the 2008 World Championships. He also won the bronze medal at the 2012 world championships in Ruhpolding when he was part of the German teams that finished third in the mixed relay and the men's relay.

Life and career

2011–2012 world cup season
Birnbacher's most successful biathlon world cup season was the 2011–2012 season. He had just come off the back of a strong end to the 2010/2011 season after taking his maiden win in the Oslo sprint. In the opening world cup race at Östersund, he finished 28th in the individual competition but placed 6th in the sprint and pursuit. Birnbacher's first win of the year came in the Hochfilzen (2) pursuit when he came through from 26th to win, hitting the perfect 20/20 score and denying Ole Einar Bjørndalen in a sprint finish. For Birnbacher, this win was the last race before the Christmas break.

Returning from the break, Birnbacher looked extremely strong in Oberhof. After a poor 24th in the sprint, he ran away with the mass start, hitting all 20 targets and finishing 24.3 seconds ahead of his nearest challenger. This victory completed a rout of the top step of the podium for Germany after Magdalena Neuner won both women's races and Arnd Peiffer won the men's sprint.

Birnbacher's strongest weekend of the season was Antholz-Anterselva. After finishing 4th in the sprint, he took win number 3 in the mass start with a penalty lap on shoot 3 proving to be a mere bump on the road to victory as he beat Anton Shipulin and Martin Fourcade by 0.1 and 0.3 seconds respectively. At that point in the season, Birnbacher sat 52 points off Fourcade and 27 pts behind Emil Hegle Svendsen of Norway.

World cup 7 took Birnbacher back to the site of his maiden win at the end of last year: Oslo Hollmenkollen. After reasonable sprint and pursuit performances Birnbacher, finished second in the mass start cleaning all 20 targets but not having the skiing speed of race winner Svendsen. Then any hopes of Birnbacher taking the overall crystal globe ended when the German coaches decided to rest him for Kontiolathi Finland so he could be prepared for the upcoming world championships.

The world championships were a mixed bag for Birnbacher. He won two bronze medals and finished 4th in the individual and mass start events. In the mixed relay, Birnbacher teamed up with Andrea Henkel, Magdalena Neuner and Arnd Peiffer; at the time the four of them combined had won 14 races. Birnbacher looked to have given Germany the win as he made no mistakes on the shooting range and the net result was a 1-minute advantage for Germany. Then Peiffer had a penalty loop on the standing shoot and Germany finished 3rd.  His other medal came in the men's relay once again he teamed up with Peiffer but also with Simon Schempp and the returning Michael Greis. Birnbacher needed 2 spare rounds for the standing shoot but his strong skiing kept Germany in the running for Medals. The two bronze medals meant that for the first time in his career Birnbacher had picked up more than one medal from the world championships.

In the last race of the season, a 4th-place finish in the mass start meant Birnbacher clinched the mass start crystal globe thus picking up the German men's first Crystal globe since Michael Greis won the overall and sprint crystal globes in 2007. Birnbacher finished the year third overall on 837 points.

Retirement
Birnbacher announced his retirement on 8 March 2016 during the World Championships in Oslo. His last race was the 20 km individual on 10 March.

Biathlon results
All results are sourced from the International Biathlon Union.

Olympic Games

*The mixed relay was added as an event in 2014.

World Championships
6 medals (1 gold, 1 silver, 4 bronze)

*During Olympic seasons competitions are only held for those events not included in the Olympic program.
**The mixed relay was added as an event in 2005.

World Cup

Individual victories
6 victories (2 Sp, 1 Pu, 3 MS)

*Results are from UIPMB and IBU races which include the Biathlon World Cup, Biathlon World Championships and the Winter Olympic Games.

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
German male biathletes
Biathletes at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Biathletes at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic biathletes for Germany
Biathlon World Championships medalists
Holmenkollen Ski Festival winners
21st-century German people
People from Rosenheim (district)
Sportspeople from Upper Bavaria


Lewis Evans (born 9 July 1987, Newport, Wales) is a former Welsh rugby union player. A back row forward, he previously played his club rugby for the Dragons for the duration of his fifteen-year career.
After being invited into the Newport Gwent Dragons academy in 2005, he then went on to play his rugby for [Ebbw Vale RFC] and Newport RFC. He has represented Wales at every age group level winning the Grand Slam with the U19's in 2006 and featured in the Wales national rugby sevens team in 2007.

Evans was called up to the senior Wales team for the tour of North America in 2009, and on two further occasions.
 Firstly, Evans was named in the senior Wales squad for the match versus Australia on 3 December 2011 and then later again for the 'Possibles vs Probables' tour of South Africa In 2014.

In the 2012–13 season, Newport Gwent Dragons named Evans as their captain, replacing the departing [Luke Charteris] and then later again for the 2015–16 season. He eventually captained the region on more than 50 occasions.

After many years coaching age grade rugby for the Dragons region and Newport RFC in the 2016–17 season, he is now retired as a player and the recently appointed Director of Rugby for Kroll USRC Tigers in Hong Kong for the 2021–22 season.
At the end of the season Lewis lead the Hong Kong Men's National Team to winning the Asia Rugby Championship which led to a World Cup qualifier against Tonga in Sunshine Coast, and then a Repechage in Dubai. Hong Kong now look to defend the ARC with Evans leading the team on a third campaign.

References

External links
Dragons profile

Welsh rugby union players
Ebbw Vale RFC players
Newport RFC players
Dragons RFC players
Living people
1987 births
Rugby union players from Newport, Wales
Rugby union flankers
Rugby union number eights
Welsh rugby sevens players
Welsh expatriate sportspeople in Hong Kong
Welsh rugby union coaches


Forty countries have participated in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest since the first edition in 2003. Of these, twelve have won the contest and thirteen have hosted it. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), the contest is held annually between the Union's members. Broadcasters from different countries submit songs to the event, and cast votes to determine the most popular in the competition.

Participation in the contest is primarily open to all active member broadcasters of the EBU. To be an active member, broadcasters must be a member of the European Broadcasting Union, or be in a Council of Europe member country. Eligibility to participate is not determined by geographic inclusion within the continent of Europe, despite the "Euro" in "Eurovision" — nor does it have a direct connection with the European Union. Several countries geographically outside the boundaries of Europe have competed: Cyprus, Armenia and Israel, in Western Asia, since 2003, 2007 and 2012 respectively; and Australia making a début in the 2015 contest. In addition, several transcontinental countries with only part of their territory in Europe have competed: Russia, since 2005; Georgia, since 2007; Azerbaijan, since 2012; and Kazakhstan, which made its first appearance in the 2018 edition. Australia, where the contest has been broadcast since 2003, débuted as a participant in the 2015 edition.

The Netherlands is the only country to have entered the contest each year since 2003, while Switzerland have only entered on one occasion, in 2004. Three countriesSlovakia, Monaco and Bosnia and Herzegovinahave announced their intention to enter the contest before withdrawing prior to their début.

Participants

The following table lists the countries that have participated in the contest at least once. Shading indicates countries that have withdrawn from the contest.

Switzerland participated in the contest once, in 2004. France, who also took part that year, returned to the contest in 2018. Denmark, the host country of the first contest in 2003, has not been at the contest since 2005, along with Norway, who also participated in 2003. Poland withdrew after the 2004 contest, due to placing last in both 2003 and 2004, but returned in 2016. United Kingdom withdrew from the contest in 2005, but returned in 2022. Spain, instead, withdrew one year later and returned in 2019. Croatia, the first winner of the contest, returned to the contest in 2014 after seven years out of the contest. However, the country placed last and withdrew again.

Serbia and Montenegro participated once in 2005, but dissolved in 2006. Serbia competed independently from the 2006 contest onwards. Montenegro made their debut as an independent nation in 2014.

The original Scandinavian broadcasters left the contest in 2006 because they found the treatment of the contestants unethical, and revived the MGP Nordic competition, which had not been produced since the Junior Eurovision Song Contest began. Sweden, however, returned to the contest the following year with a new broadcaster, TV4. TV4 did not participate in 2008, but returned in 2009. SVT returned to the contest in 2010, after TV4 withdrew earlier that year. Sweden's most recent participation was in 2014.

Belarus's broadcaster BTRC was expelled from the EBU in July 2021, preventing them from competing in future editions of the contest.

Other EBU members
The following countries have been eligible to participate in the contest, but have never done so.

Participating countries by decade

The tables list the participating countries in each decade since the first Junior Eurovision Song Contest was held in 2003.

Sixteen countries participated in the first contest. Since then, the number of entries has fluctuated, peaking at twenty in 2018 and dropping to a low of twelve in 2012, 2013 and 2020.

2000s

2010s

2020s

Other countries
There have been a few unsuccessful attempts to participate in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest. For broadcasters to participate, they must be a member of the EBU and register their intention to compete before the deadline specified in the rules of that year's event. Each participating broadcaster pays a fee towards the organisation of the contest. Should a country withdraw from the contest after the deadline, they will still need to pay these fees, and may also incur a fine or temporary ban.

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina was one of the nineteen countries which applied to enter the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2007. As there was a maximum number of eighteen countries permitted to perform, Georgia, the nineteenth country to apply, was unable to participate. However, on 21 June 2007, it was announced that Bosnia and Herzegovina had withdrawn from the contest, enabling Georgia to enter the contest. Once again in 2008, Bosnia and Herzegovina applied to make its debut at the contest along with Azerbaijan and Israel, but all three countries withdrew before the contest took place. While the latter two debuted in , as of 2023, Bosnia and Herzegovina is still yet to participate in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest, and has not taken part in the adult contest since 2016. It also remains only ex-Yugoslav country that has not participated in the contest yet.

Prior to 2007, Bosnia and Herzegovina had broadcast the Junior Eurovision Song Contest twice: it provided a delayed broadcast of 2004 contest, and broadcast the 2006 contest live. The contest was also broadcast live in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2007, 2008 and 2009. In 2010 and 2011, BHRT organised a delayed broadcast of the contest.

Monaco

Monaco and Monegasque broadcaster TMC expressed an interest in participating in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005, however, plans did not come to fruition due to scheduling problems and harsh citizenship laws and thus they did not participate. They had stated an interest again to take part in Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2006, however at the end they did not take part in the contest.

Slovakia
On 21 November 2002, Slovakia was drawn as one of the countries to participate in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2003, to be represented by Slovenská televízia (STV). However, Slovakia later announced that they would withdraw from the contest.

On 7 June 2019, according to Eurovision blog Eurofestivales, press spokesperson Erika Rusnáková for Slovak broadcaster Radio and Television of Slovakia (RTVS) stated that they were evaluating and supervising the possibility of debuting at the 2019 contest. However, on 10 June 2019, RTVS confirmed that they would not debut in the 2019 contest.

In April 2021, the Slovak broadcaster Radio and Television of Slovakia (RTVS) confirmed that they had "not closed the door to the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2021", signifying that they may possibly make their debut. However, Slovakia later announced that they would not debut in the 2021 contest in Paris.

Broadcast in non-participating countries
The contest has been broadcast in several countries that do not compete.

See also
 List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest
 List of countries in Eurovision Choir
 List of countries in the Eurovision Young Dancers
 List of countries in the Eurovision Young Musicians

Notes

References

Countries

Junior Eurovision Song Contest

pl:Konkurs Piosenki Eurowizji dla Dzieci#Uczestnicy


La Chapelle-Janson (; ; Gallo: La Chapèll-Janczon) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in north-western France. It is set to merge with Fleurigné to form La Chapelle-Fleurigné on 1 January 2024.

Population
Inhabitants of La Chapelle-Janson are called Jansonnais in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


The Battle of N'Djamena began on February 2, 2008, when Chadian rebel forces opposed to Chadian President Idriss Déby entered N'Djamena, the capital of Chad, after a three-day advance through the country. The rebels were initially successful, taking a large part of the city and attacking the heavily defended presidential palace. They did not capture the palace, and after two days of fighting they withdrew to outside the city. Around two days later they retreated east.

The assault on the capital was part of a longer military campaign to unseat the Chadian president. The array of rebels fighting against the government shifted during the war: this attack involved approximately 2,000 men from the Union of Forces for Democracy and Development, the Union of Forces for Democracy and Development-Fundamental and the Rally of Democratic Forces. Several non-rebel opposition leaders were arrested by the government.

Hundreds died in the battle, which displaced at least 30,000. French forces evacuated foreigners, but also provided intelligence and ammunition for the Chadian National Army and sporadically exchanged fire with rebels. Soldiers from the Justice and Equality Movement, a Darfur-based ally of the Chadian government, reportedly took part in the battle, but many more fought in the east of Chad, preventing rebel reinforcements from reaching the city.

Background

In April 2006, soon after the beginning of the civil war in Chad, government forces repelled a rebel attack on the capital in which hundreds of people were killed; the rebels responsible for the attack, the United Front for Democratic Change (FUC) led by Mohammed Nour Abdelkerim, rallied to the government in December. Many FUC soldiers resisted integration into the Chadian National Army, and instead joined other rebel groups such as the newly emerged Union of Forces for Democracy and Development (UFDD), founded in October 2006, and led by Mahamat Nouri

In the summer and autumn of 2007 extensive peace talks were held in Tripoli through Libyan mediation among the Chadian government and the four main rebel groups, that is the UFDD, the Gathering of Forces for Change (RFC), the Union of Forces for Democracy and Development-Fundamental (UFDD-F) and the Chadian National Concord (CNT). Eventually the negotiations resulted in a peace agreement signed on October 25, 2007, in Sirte, in the presence of the President Idriss Déby, the Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and the Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir. As part of the deal, the rebels and the government agreed to an immediate ceasefire, a general amnesty and the right for the rebels to join the military and form political parties.

In November 2007 the peace agreement collapsed and war resumed. While the CNT rallied to the government, the other signatories at Sirte decided to counter Déby by reaching a major level of military integration. Thus on December 13, 2007, the UFDD, the UFDD-F and the RFC announced the creation a Unified Military Command with a collegial leadership. The UFDD could count at this moment on 2,000-3,000 men, while the allied RFC had around 800 troops and the UFDD-F 500 troops.

Rebel advance toward N'Djamena

The rebels began their advance on N'Djamena from the eastern border with Sudan, more than  of desert terrain away from N'Djamena. They moved in a column of 250 to 300 vehicles, each capable of carrying between 10 and 15 men. On January 30, 2008, rebel forces captured Oum Hadjer, a town centrally located in the Batha region, about  from the capital.

Soldiers from the Justice and Equality Movement, a Darfur rebel group, arrived in N'Djamena to reinforce the government side in late January, and army patrols in the city were increased in preparation for a rebel attack.

Amid increasing tensions, France sent a combat unit of 126 extra troops into Chad, joining 1,100 already stationed there. 54 Irish soldiers were to land in N'Djamena as a forward troop of the European Union force meant to protect the refugee camps in eastern Chad, but this flight was postponed as the rebel advanced toward the capital.
14 Austrian soldiers arrived in N'Djamena on January 31, 2008, as part of the same force and got trapped in the city.

The rebels clashed with government forces, led by President Déby personally, at Massaguet,  northeast of N'Djamena on February 1. The fighting was described as very violent. During the battle the rebels were able to locate and focus fire on President Déby's armoured car. His army chief of staff, Daoud Soumain, was killed, lowering morale. The government forces retreated to the capital.

Battle

February 2: Battle in the city

Chadian rebels were reported to have entered N'Djamena around 07:00 am on Saturday February 2, 2008, coming from Massaguet. The rebels then split into two columns. One was halted 3 km from the presidential palace, where government tanks fired at it. The other took control of the eastern parts of the city, and then swung towards the presidential palace, where it too was halted by tank fire. Eyewitnesses reported seeing rebel activity in the south and east of N'Djamena, with fighting later spreading to the area around the presidential palace. Smoke rose from the city, which shook from artillery. One resident of a western embassy told Reuters: "Rebels are headed for the palace and are about two blocks from here. The rebels are winning". The residence of the Saudi ambassador was hit by a bomb during the fighting, which led to the death of the wife and daughter of one of the embassy staff. Rebels in 15 vehicles drove past the Libya Hotel, which overlooks the parliament building, a few hours after the start of the battle. Fighting was reported to have died down by 12:45 pm, with the state radio station going off air around the same time.

Later a military source confirmed that the rebels had taken control of the outlying neighborhoods of the capital and a good part of the city center after intense fighting with government forces. Rebel command reported they had the presidential palace surrounded, with the president inside, and they were planning to attack the palace later in the evening. Government troops were surrounding the presidential palace and using heavy weapons against the rebels.

Just before dusk government troops made an attempt to push the rebels back in the east of the city and take back some territory in the city center. However, the gains made by the military were reported to be small. The fighting during the day was intense, and at one point French soldiers got involved when they exchanged fire with unknown gunmen while protecting one of the hotels that house hundreds of foreign nationals. Two French soldiers were slightly injured. In some parts of the city the rebels were greeted by cheering civilians.

On the same day, JANA, Libya's official news agency, reported that Libya's leader Muammar Gaddafi had persuaded Nouri to end the fighting. This was denied by a rebel spokesman.

February 3: Continued fighting and rebel withdrawal
Witnesses reported hearing anti-tank and automatic weapons fire coming from the city centre, at around 05:00 am.
Reuters reported that the city was divided in two, with the rebels controlling the southwest. Running out of ammunition, government troops gave up the defense of the main radio station; after the rebels departed the scene, the building was looted and set on fire. Reports also say that a government helicopter that was chasing rebels hit the main market with a missile, setting off a round of looting that resulted in the market being torched.

Late on February 3, the rebels reported they had temporarily withdrawn from N'Djamena. The government said it pushed the rebels out of the city and the battle was over.

February 4: Rebels outside the city
Thousands of residents fled the city following the rebel withdrawal. The French assumed the rebels would attack again and continued to evacuate foreigners.
Later in the day there were reports of renewed fighting as rebels returned to the city, but that was soon ended by a rebel declaration of cease-fire.

Stalled reinforcements
During the battle, the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), a Darfur rebel group, moved rapidly with a large column (100-200 vehicles, JEM has said) toward N'Djamena to fight at the government side; the RFC said they had pulled back from the city to face this threat.
Sudan's official news agency stated that Chadian rebels had driven off government reinforcements moving toward the city from southern Chad. In the east of the country, the JEM fought to stop a force of 2,500 Chadian rebels that were on their way from Sudan to reinforce the troops outside N'Djamena. The Sudanese Air Force supported the Chadian rebels as they fought JEM forces near Adré on February 4. The Chadian rebels were narrowly defeated. Media favouring UFDD reported that an RFC column supposed to reinforce the rebel forces at N'Djamena was withdrawn by Timane Erdimi's orders following a leadership dispute with UFDD's leader Mahamat Nouri.

Aftermath
Rebel spokesman Abderaman Koulamallah said that "the suffering of the Chadian people" had led them to agree to a cease-fire and that they had done so "in line with the peace initiatives of fraternal countries Libya and Burkina Faso". He also called for "a non-exclusive national dialogue with a view to a peaceful resolution of the Chadian conflict". Prime Minister Delwa Kassire Koumakoye, claiming victory, was dismissive of the rebel declaration of cease-fire, saying that the government had no one to sign a cease-fire with because the rebels "don't exist anymore ... We've got them under control."

The rebels remained at the fringe of the city on February 5, claiming they could easily take the city if the French soldiers were not present. There was still sporadic shooting outside the city, but N'Djamena was calm.
Chadian attack helicopters were bombing rebel positions outside the city on February 6. The government said it would chase the rebels who withdrew on 200 technicals. There was still widespread looting in N'Djamena.

On February 6, Déby, who was in military uniform, spoke at a press conference for the first time since the battle began, after meeting with Hervé Morin, the French Minister of Defense. Déby said his forces had defeated the rebels, whom he described as "mercenaries directed by Sudan", and that his forces were in "total control" of the city as well as the whole country. Reacting to reports that he had been wounded, he gestured and declared: "Look at me, I'm fine". He said, however, that he did not know the whereabouts of more than three-fourths of the members of his government, and he warned that the issue of "traitors" would be dealt with "when the time comes". Morin suggested that the rebels were not completely routed but were waiting for reinforcements. The Sudanese authorities promptly denied President Déby's accusations of Sudanese involvement. Intelligence forces chief Salah Gosh declared on February 7 that Sudan had "called for the evacuation of the opposition from N'Djamena and the opposition agreed" and "joined efforts with the Libyans on reaching a ceasefire." When Sudanese media aired reports claiming government participation in the attack, the government responded by reimposing a daily censorship on the press from March 6.

Koumakoye announced the imposition of a dusk-to-dawn curfew on February 7 for parts of the country, including N'Djamena, while Déby called for the European Union to send a peacekeeping force to Chad. Meanwhile, the rebels said they were regrouping in Mongo, 400 kilometres to the east of N'Djamena. French and Chadian officials concluded that the rebels had been routed from N'Djamena and would not attack the city again. The European Union resumed the deployment of troops on February 12, 2008. A month after the battle the government started digging a 3-metre deep trench around the city, with a few fortified gateways, to hinder future assaults on N'Djamena. A court in N'Djamena tried a number of rebel leaders in absentia for their role in the attack on N'Djamena, and passed death sentence in absentia in August 2008 on 12 men, including the former Chadian President Hissène Habré and the warlords Timane Erdimi and Mahamat Nouri.

Casualties and refugees
No confirmed numbers of dead were reported, but people on the ground reported bodies lying in the city streets. Aid agency MSF said on February 3 there were "a lot of dead bodies" in the city, and that 300 people were being treated in hospitals. After the battle, MSF said that hospitals had counted 100 killed civilians and nearly 700 wounded. Red Cross officials spoke on February 5 of "hundreds" of civilians killed in the fighting, and over a thousand wounded. They later said over 160 civilians had been killed. Avenue Mobutu, a main thoroughfare, and other streets, were strewn with military and civilian victims and the charred remains of tanks and pick-up trucks using in the fighting. On March 6, President Déby gave an estimate of 700 killed in the city, most of them civilians. Most humanitarian staff were evacuated from Chad, and at least 30,000 refugees migrated to Cameroon according to the UN official Sophie de Caen.

Arrests of opposition leaders
Government soldiers reportedly arrested opposition leaders Lol Mahamat Choua, Ibni Oumar Mahamat Saleh and Ngarlejy Yorongar on February 3. They were also said to have attempted to arrest Saleh Kebzabo, but he was not present at his home.

The government denied the reported arrests of the opposition leaders, saying that they had gone missing in rebel-controlled parts of the city, but it later acknowledged that Choua was being held with prisoners of war, and the French ambassador was allowed to visit him in a military prison. He was freed from prison before March. Eventually, Yorongar also reemerged: he was found in Cameroon on March 2. He reached France on March 6, and claimed to have fled from Chadian security forces that had captured him. He added that he had seen Ibni Oumar Mahamat Saleh being punched and kicked by the same forces, perhaps to death.

The crackdown by the security forces, according to Human Rights Watch, involved other individuals, and was legalized with the proclamation of a state of emergency on February 14, conceding sweeping powers to security forces to arrest and detain people without charge. By March 15, 2008, when the state of emergency expired, 15 Chadians had been arrested. Human Rights Watch suspects the actual number is higher. Of those arrested, 11 are from the Gorane ethnic group, the same of Mahamat Nouri, the main insurgent commander, which has raised fears that the government is arresting people at least in part for their ethnicity. Human rights campaigners said that many Goranes were fleeing from the capital.

The European Union expressed "deep concern" over the arrests, and EU Development Commissioner Louis Michel called for the "immediate release" of the opposition leaders.

French involvement

At the beginning of the 2008 battle, French soldiers evacuated hundreds of French citizens and other foreigners to Libreville in Gabon, while hundreds more came under French military protection at five assembly points in N'Djamena. This included 103 UN aid workers, from 150 that have left in total. According to the French military, they had evacuated 580 foreign nationals by February 3, leaving 320 to be airlifted on February 4. In total, nearly 1,300 foreigners were evacuated by France during the battle. France also volunteered to evacuate President Déby on February 3, but that offer was rejected.

There was a brief exchange of fire on February 2 between rebels and French soldiers guarding the international airport, which was used by the French to evacuate people, but also housed four Chadian army helicopters. French Mirage F1 fighters conducted reconnaissance flights over rebel positions, but by February 3 all six aircraft operating from N'Djamena were moved to Libreville for safety. On February 4 two Mirage fighters returned and continued reconnaissance flights. Rebels accused these planes of opening fire, but those reports were unconfirmed. France denied taking part in combat during the battle.

In a declaration on February 4, the United Nations Security Council called on all member-states to back the Chadian government. This was interpreted as support for French intervention. The pronouncement was not as strong as France had wanted. The rebels saw the declaration as abuse by France of the UN's potential role in negotiations. On February 5 President Sarkozy said that the French would be ready to intervene militarily if need be. France had provided the Chadian government medical and logistic support and intelligence during the battle. The French newspaper La Croix cited French diplomats and servicemen on February 7, who reported that French officers had coordinated a Chadian attack on a rebel column in Massaguet on February 1, provided information on rebel movements, delivered munitions through Libya, and sent special forces to fight rebels in the capital. The use of special forces was strongly denied by French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner the following day.

References

External links

 In Pictures: Fighting in Chad (BBC News)
  (video report from Al Jazeera English, February 3, 2008)
  (video report from Al Jazeera English, February 7, 2008)

2008 in Chad
Battles involving France
Battles of the Chadian Civil War (2005–2010)
Conflicts in 2008
Battle
Battles involving Chad


Klaus Bischoff (born 9 June 1961 in Ulm) is a German chess player who was awarded the Grandmaster title by FIDE in 1990.

In international tournaments, he has taken a share of first place on a number of occasions, including Kecskemét 1988, Arosa 1996, Recklinghausen 1999, Essen 2000, Bad Zwesten 2003 and Bad Zwesten again in 2005. In 2006, he tied for 2nd-9th with Luke McShane, Stephen J. Gordon, Gawain Jones, Šarūnas Šulskis, Luís Galego, Daniel Gormally and Karel van der Weide in the 2nd EU Individual Open Chess Championship in Liverpool.

He is a noted expert at rapid chess and is an eleven-time champion of Germany's blitz chess championship. In 1999, he shared first place at the prestigious Essen Rapidplay event with Vladimir Epishin.

Bischoff won the standard German Chess Championship in 2013 and 2015.

Also a competitor in team chess events, he was part of the German team that took the silver medal at the 34th Chess Olympiad in Istanbul 2000 and twice the bronze medal at the European Team Chess Championship, in 1989 and 2001.

References

External links

1961 births
Living people
German chess players
Chess grandmasters
Chess Olympiad competitors
Sportspeople from Ulm


La Chapelle-Erbrée (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in north-western France.

Population
People from La Chapelle-Erbrée are called in French capellois, although the term is commonly applied to people from many other places with "Chapelle" in their names.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Mount Shideler () is a peak 1 mile (1.6 km) southeast of Mount Fitzsimmons in the north group of the Rockefeller Mountains on Edward VII Peninsula. Discovered on January 27, 1929, by members of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition on an exploratory flight over this area. The name appears to have been applied by the United States Antarctic Service (USAS) (1939–41).  Mount Shideler was named for Miami University geologist Dr. William H. Shideler.

Mountains of King Edward VII Land


Don Luis María Cardinal de Borbón y Vallabriga, Farnesio y Rozas (22 May 1777 – 19 March 1823) was the 14th Count of Chinchón (1785–1803), Grandee of Spain First Class (4 August 1799), with a coat of arms of Bourbon, and 1st Marqués de San Martín de la Vega. He was born in Cadalso de los Vidrios as the son of a morganatic marriage between Luis de Borbón y Farnesio, Infante of Spain, 13th Count of Chinchón, and María Teresa de Vallabriga y Rozas, Español y Drummond.

Life and career
Until Charles III, King of Spain died in 1788, this Borbón offspring was compelled not to use the family name and since 1785 when his father Luis, the king's brother, died, they had to move to the city of Toledo to be educated under the protection of the Archbishop of Toledo Francisco Antonio de Lorenzana y Butrón.

He was appointed to the following posts:
 Knight of the Illustrious Royal Order of Saint Januarius (1793)
 Knight of the Order of Charles III (1793)
 Archbishop of Seville (26 May 1799 – 19 May 1814)
 Archbishop of Toledo (22 December 1799 – 18 March 1823)
 Primate of Spain (1800)
 Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria della Scala ( to title, 20 October 1800)
He was not present in Rome at the time of his elevation to the rank of cardinal, and the galero, biretta, and ring were sent to him.

Between 1820 and 1823, he played an important role in Spanish liberal politics, abolishing the Inquisition, although the Inquisition was restored again after the French invasion of Spain in 1823 to restore absolutist policies.

He was made a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece on 9 July 1820. He died in Madrid aged 45, a few weeks before France invaded Spain and restored Ferdinand VII, and some fifteen years after Napoleon's invasion in May 1808.

The Cardinal-Archbishop officiating the ceremonies related to his promotion in the Church was .

He had two sisters:
 María Teresa de Borbón y Vallabriga, Farnesio y Rozas, 15th Countess of Chinchón, painted several times by Francisco Goya who was married in 1797 to Manuel Godoy y Álvarez de Faria, Prince of the Peace, and had a daughter, Carlota de Godoy, 2nd Duchess of Sueca;
 María Luisa de Borbón y Vallabriga y Rozas Español y Drummond, later Duchess Consort of San Fernando de Quiroga by marriage, a title dating back from 1815, without issue.

References

Gallery

External links

 Catholic-Hierarchy

1777 births
1823 deaths
Luis 14
Grandees of Spain
Luis Maria
Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
People from the Community of Madrid
19th-century Spanish cardinals
Cardinals created by Pope Pius VII


"Any Day Above Ground" is the second single from Australian rock musician James Reyne's third studio album Electric Digger Dandy released in July 1991. The album Electric Digger Dandy was released in America under the title Any Day Above Ground.

Track listings
CD single and 7" (VOZCD114SP)
 "Any Day Above Ground" (Album Mix)
 "Any Day Above Ground" (7" Mix)
 "Ferris Wheel"

CD Maxi
 "Any Day Above Ground" (Album Mix) – 3:41
 "Fall of Rome" recorded live at The Palais, Melbourne, Australia, July 12, 1991) – 5:58
 "One More River" (recorded live at The Palais, Melbourne, Australia, July 12, 1991) – 4:55
 "Ferris Wheel" – 4:09

Charts

References

External links

1991 songs
1991 singles
Virgin Records singles
James Reyne songs
Songs written by James Reyne


Shield Nunatak () is a prominent nunatak standing at the east side of the terminus of Campbell Glacier on the north shore of Terra Nova Bay, Victoria Land. This feature, a multiple volcanic cone, was so named by the New Zealand Geological Survey Antarctic Expedition (NZGSAE), 1965–66, because it looks like an old Viking shield.

Shield Nunatak is described as a basalt tuya in the Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science.

References

Nunataks of Victoria Land
Scott Coast
Tuyas of Antarctica
Quaternary volcanoes
Volcanoes of Victoria Land


Shimizu Ice Stream () is an ice stream in the Horlick Mountains, draining west-northwest from the area between Wisconsin Range and Long Hills to enter the south flank of Horlick Ice Stream. Mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1959–64. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Hiromu Shimizu, glaciologist, Byrd Station winter party, 1961,; later associate professor, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido, Japan.

Ice streams of Marie Byrd Land


Shimmering Icefield () is an icefield between the Shipton and Tilman Ridges in the Allan Hills, Oates Land in East Antarctica. It was reconnoitered in 1964 by the New Zealand Antarctic Research Programme's  Allan Hills Expedition, who gave the name because of its frequently nacreous luster when viewed against the sun.

References

Glaciers of Oates Land


Shingle Cove is a small, sheltered cove in the north-west corner of Iceberg Bay, several kilometres east of Cape Hansen, on the south coast of Coronation Island, in the South Orkney Islands of Antarctica. The nearest research station is the British Signy, about 1.5 km south-west of Cape Hansen.

Discovery and naming
The cove was first surveyed by DI personnel in 1933. The name, applied by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) following their survey of 1948–49, arose from the fine shingle on the landing beach on the south shore of the cove.

Important Bird Area
A 34 ha site comprising the ice-free area south-west and adjacent to the cove has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports a colony of about 13,000 Adélie penguins, with another 3,000 pairs within the cove. Other birds recorded as breeding at the site include Cape and snow petrels, skuas and snowy sheathbills.

References

Important Bird Areas of Antarctica
Penguin colonies
Coves of Antarctica
Seabird colonies