The Brave Bulls (aka Toros Bravos and The Brave Bulls, A Novel) is a 1949 Western novel written by Tom Lea (his first) about the raising of bulls, on the ranch Las Astas, for bullfighting in Mexico.

Las Astas is based on the real "La Punta", a 15,000 hectare (about 37,000 acre) ranch in eastern Jalisco, near Lagos de Moreno, at one time the largest fighting-bull ranch in the world.

Lea, also an artist and muralist, did illustrations throughout the book and on the end papers and dust jacket. Prior to, during World War II, and after, Lea was an artist, and not an author. He went to Mexico to get a better idea about bullfighting, but forgot to take a sketchbook or paintbox, so he found himself using words to describe what he would have as a visual artist.

Plot
The Brave Bulls is the story of Luis Bello, "The Swordsman of Guerreras", the greatest matador in Mexico, who is at the top of his profession, with everything that comes with it, money, a mistress, family and friends, bravado, the crowds are infatuated with him. But one day fear changes everything, he suddenly feels a fear that previously he had not felt in the invincibility that comes with healthy-macho-youth. His best friend and manager, Raul Fuentes, is killed in a car crash along with Luis's mistress, Linda de Calderon, after Linda and Raul had spent a romantic weekend together. This betrayal shakes Luis's beliefs about what has been real and what is real now. Now Luis must deal with these new found feelings while at the same time facing the most feared bulls in all of Mexico, "the brave bulls". In his first fight after the auto accident he is gored by a bull because of the doubt and guilt that has come into the ring with him. In addition, while under the influence of Tequila, and some pressure from ring promoter Eladio Gomez, he agreed to let his younger brother Pepe fight these top bulls with him. Luis must now examine his life to find out where the courage comes from and if he can get it back.

Reception
In TIME's review, the magazine said about it: "The writing is clumsy in places, but it is also direct, penetrating and sustained; it makes the slicker sorts of professionalism look pointless. And the book is, finally, both religious in its treatment of ultimates and morally eloquent in its strong rebuke for those who scorn any culture but their own". And that it "qualifies as a work of art". Additionally TIME called it "The best first novel of the year..."

The book won the Carr P. Collins Award of the Texas Institute of Letters for best book by a Texan.

It is widely considered a classic of Southwestern American literature.

Adaptations
It became a 1951 film with Mel Ferrer and Anthony Quinn. Directed and produced by Robert Rossen for Columbia Pictures, and adapted to the screen by John Bright.

References

External links
 Preface with Excerpt: The Brave Bulls - University of Texas Press

1949 American novels
Bullfighting books
Novels set in Mexico
Novels about animals
Western (genre) novels
Little, Brown and Company books
American novels adapted into films
Films set in Mexico
Thomas C. Lea III
1949 debut novels


Opera Jawa (Requiem from Java) is a 2006 Indonesian-Austrian musical film directed by Garin Nugroho that features traditional Javanese classical music and dance in a setting of opera that is inspired by the "Abduction of Sita" episode from the Ramayana.

The film was commissioned for Peter Sellars' New Crowned Hope festival in celebration of the 250th anniversary of the birth of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

In addition to music by Rahayu Supanggah, the film features installation art production design by Nanang Rhamat.

Plot
Siti (Artika Sari Devi) and Setio (Martinus Miroto) are a married couple living in a small village. They were once dancers in plays depicting the Ramayana, but have since retired from the stage to sell earthenware pottery.

Siti used to play the part of Sita, the wife of Prince Rama, whom Setio portrayed. In an episode from the Ramayana, Siti becomes the object of desire of evil King Ravana and is abducted by him.

The events of the Ramayana are paralleled in the characters' real lives when Ludiro (Eko Supriyanto), a butcher who rules over all the village's business affairs, tries to seduce Siti.

Release and reception

Film festivals
Opera Jawa was one of several films commissioned by Peter Sellars for the New Crowned Hope Festival in 2006 in Vienna to celebrate the 250th anniversary of the birth of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Other films commissioned for the project included I Don't Want to Sleep Alone by Tsai Ming-liang and Syndromes and a Century by Apichatpong Weerasethakul.

The film had its world premiere on August 7, 2006, at the Jogja-NETPAC Asian Film Festival. It was then screened at several film festivals, including the Venice Film Festival, the Toronto International Film Festival, the Vancouver International Film Festival and Nantes Festival of Three Continents. In 2007, its festival screenings include the International Film Festival Rotterdam, Belgrade's FEST, the Cleveland International Film Festival, the Singapore International Film Festival, the Cambridge Film Festival and the Era New Horizons Film Festival.

There were theatrical releases in 2007 in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. It received a limited theatrical release in January 2008 at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.

Critical response
The film has generated praise from critics, with a rating of 100% (fresh) on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 13 reviews.

Awards and nominations
Opera Jawa won the Best Composer award for Rahayu Supanggah at the inaugural Asian Film Awards. It was also one of six nominees for Best Film at the 1st Asian Film Awards.

It was nominated for Best Feature Film at the 2007 Asia Pacific Screen Awards.

It won the Silver Screen Award for Best Film at the 2007 Singapore International Film Festival.

References

External links

2006 films
2000s Indonesian-language films
2000s musical films
Films directed by Garin Nugroho
Films shot in Indonesia
Indonesian musical films
Austrian musical films


Emilie Beneš Brzezinski (born Emilie Anna Beneš; January 21, 1932 – July 22, 2022) was a Swiss-American sculptor and the wife of Zbigniew Brzezinski.

Education and career
Emilie Beneš was born in Geneva, Switzerland. She earned a fine arts degree at Wellesley College in Massachusetts, United States.  After marrying, she sculpted for 25 years while raising a family, then had her first solo show in 1981 in Washington, D.C.

From the 1980s on, most of her works have been in wood. Her monumental 1993 work Lintel, constructed from cut cherry trees and then cast in bronze, is in the collection of Grounds for Sculpture, a  sculpture park and museum in New Jersey. She exhibited in the 2003 Florence Biennale and participated by invitation in the 2005 Vancouver International Sculpture Biennale. The Kreeger Museum had an exhibition of her work in 2014.

Personal life
Václav Edvard Beneš, a mathematician, was her brother. Shortly after graduating from Wellesley, Emilie Beneš, herself a relative of Czechoslovakia's former president Edvard Beneš, married Polish-born emigrant turned naturalized citizen Zbigniew Brzezinski, a political scientist who served as an adviser to President Carter. The Brzezinskis have three children.  Their oldest son, Ian Brzezinski, served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Europe and NATO Policy in 2001–2005. Their second son, Mark Brzezinski, is the current U.S. Ambassador to Poland. Their youngest child, Mika Brzezinski, is a co-host for MSNBC.

Emilie Benes Brzezinski died on July 22, 2022, at the age of 90.

References

External links
Museum Kampa in Prague
Vancouver Sculpture Biennale
Grounds for Sculpture: Collection
Official website

1932 births
2022 deaths
Wellesley College alumni
Artists from Geneva
Swiss emigrants to the United States
American people of Czech descent
Emilie Benes
United States Assistant Secretaries of Defense
20th-century American sculptors
21st-century American sculptors
21st-century American women sculptors
20th-century American women artists
21st-century American women artists
20th-century American women sculptors


CNR Radio or CN Radio (officially the Canadian National Railways Radio Department/Société radiodiffusion des chemins de fer nationaux du Canada) was the first national radio network in North America. It was developed, owned and operated by the Canadian National Railway between 1923 and 1932 to provide en route entertainment and information for its train passengers. As broadcasts could be received by anyone living in the coverage area of station transmitters, the network provided radio programming to Canadians from the Pacific coast (at Vancouver) to the Atlantic coast (at Halifax).

During its nine-year existence, CNR Radio provided music, sports, information and drama programming to Canadians. Programming was produced in English, French and occasionally in some First Nations languages, and distributed nationwide through the railway's own telegraph lines and through rented airtime on other private radio stations. However, political and competitive pressure forced CNR Radio to close, with many of its assets and personnel migrating to a new government-operated agency, the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CRBC), which ultimately led to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

Origins
The network's origins were in the establishment by CNR president and chairman Sir Henry Thornton on June 1, 1923 of the CNR Radio Department after the CNR began installing radio sets with headphones in their passenger cars and needed stations to provide programming that passengers could listen to along the CNR's various routes, particularly its coast-to-coast transcontinental line. The general public could also receive the broadcasts if they lived in the vicinity of a CNR radio station and CN hotels were also equipped with radio sets for guests. Radio was also intended as an innovation that made travel on CNR trains more attractive and provided it with a competitive advantage over its rival, the Canadian Pacific Railway.

On October 9, 1923, the network made international news when it carried a broadcast of former British Prime Minister David Lloyd George being interviewed by reporters travelling with him on a Montreal to Toronto train. The first regularly scheduled coast-to-coast network program produced by CN Radio was broadcast December 27, 1928. By the end of 1929 there were three hours of national programming a week.

The CNR used its already-established network of telegraph wires along the rail line to connect the stations.

Aims
In comments to the House of Commons of Canada, the radio service's aims were:

In 1929, the CNR's brief to the Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting stated that the radio service had five aims.
to advertise the railway
to publicize Canada's attractions to tourists
to entertain passengers
to "create a proper spirit of harmony among [CNR employees] and a broader appreciation of Management"
to assist colonization of Canada by providing radio service to remote settlers.

CNR president Thornton saw CNR Radio as a device to diffuse "ideas and ideals nationally by radio".

Programming

While most programming was produced locally, increasingly there was a trend towards centralization and producing content with a national scope. Programming consisted largely of live music, drama, educational broadcasts, children's programming and simulcasts of American programming. Canada's first regular radio drama was CNRV Players produced at CNR Vancouver station CNRV by the CNR Drama Department from 1927 to 1932.

One of the network's most notable broadcasts was its transmission of the celebrations of the Diamond Jubilee of Canadian confederation from Parliament Hill in Ottawa on July 1, 1927. The three-part broadcast, consisting of speeches, songs, poems and the peals of the carillion bells of the Canadian Parliament Buildings' Victory Tower, was CNR Radio's, and Canada's, first live coast-to-coast broadcast and was heard by an estimated audience of 5 million people listening to 23 stations in Canada, which received the broadcast via telephone and telegraph wires. The broadcast was also carried on NBC Radio in the United States and a shortwave relay was used to transmit the programme to the British Broadcasting Corporation which rebroadcast it throughout the United Kingdom and Europe.

Public service broadcasts such as news bulletins, weather reports, and local announcements were included. CNR Radio also produced, as a public service, educational programmes such as An Introduction to the Gilbert and Sullivan Operas, which was a series of lectures and performances for adults, and for children Radio Train in which an imaginary train travelled to a different location in each episode, with information about the sights and history of each locale. "In addition, the travelers would also encounter some mysterious problem that could only be solved at the end of the episode by the recall of facts and events that had been
described." In 1927, CNRV in Vancouver aired a series of music lessons prepared by the Vancouver School Board.

Romance of Canada was a series of radio plays written by Merrill Denison and produced at CNR's Montreal studios. Renowned BBC radio playwright Tyrone Guthrie was director of the first 14 episodes. Broadcast over two seasons in 1931 and 1932, Romance of Canada recalled epic moments in Canadian history. Thornton hoped Romance of Canada would "kindle in Canadians generally a deeper interest in the romantic early history of their country".

What is now Hockey Night In Canada originated on the network in November 1931 as the General Motors Hockey Broadcast and was also known as Saturday Night Hockey featuring games of the Toronto Maple Leafs in Ontario and the Montreal Maroons and Montreal Canadiens in Quebec.

Music programing included Old-Time Fiddlers contests which were broadcast to the full network from Moncton. In 1925, CNRT in Toronto broadcast a complete performance of Yeoman of the Guard as well as performances of classical music. In the same year, CNRM in Montreal broadcast a complete in-studio production of The Mikado and other Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas with a full orchestra and CNR Radio signed a contract with the Hart House String Quartet and in 1927, put them on national tour with broadcasts from each station in celebration of Beethoven's centenary. By the 1930s, the network was airing condensed studio productions of great operas. In 1929, CNR Radio launched North America's first transcontinental concert series, the All-Canada Symphony Concerts featuring the Toronto Symphony Orchestra conducted by Luigi von Kunits  for a series of 25 broadcasts. The music performed was composed entirely by Canadian composers. CNRV Vancouver produced several shows celebrating Beethoven's centenary. The network also had its own radio orchestra conducted by Henri Miro in 1930 and 1931.

Other programming included broadcasts in French beginning in 1924 with the opening of CNRM in Montreal; by the 1930s CNR Radio had a French network in operation. Some programs were also produced and broadcast in some Native Canadian languages from 1927 over CNRO Ottawa and CNRW Winnipeg. Regular network distribution of CNR programming to all its stations and affiliates began in 1928.

Operations
Thornton's goal was for the CNR to create a network of radio stations along the CNR's transcontinental line from coast-to-coast with CNR sponsoring and controlling the content allowing programming across the country to be consistent, if desired, so that passengers could listen to programmes consistently as they travelled across the country rather than have conflicting programs fade in and fade out along the way. The CNR was able to use its existing network of telegraph wires, which were strung on poles alongside CN's track network, to transmit programs from one station to another, which allowed CN Radio to broadcast programs over stations across the country, simultaneously.

By 1925, a 10-station network was established. By 1930, the network consisted of 27 stations, 87 amplifiers, eight studios as well as 27 radio engineers and many telegraph engineers and line repair staff. Three of the stations, CNRA in Moncton, CNRV in Vancouver and CNRO in Ottawa, were owned by the CNR and transmitted at a strength of 500 watts. CNRO was located in the towers of the Chateau Laurier hotel. The rest of the network consisted of "phantom stations", or existing privately owned radio stations on which CNR leased airtime. A CNR call sign would be heard on the phantoms during times of the day when it was leased by the railway, after which the CNR station would "sign off" and the regular station would resume broadcast. The radio network broadcasts could be received by train passengers through headsets or loud speakers aboard specially equipped train cars as well as by anyone living within signal range of a station. CNR issued printed
program guides for free distribution to any member of the general public who requested them.  CNR stations and affiliates were linked by the CNR's telegraph lines that ran alongside the rail track. The network owned studios in several cities where it used "phantom stations" for transmission including Toronto where it had studios located in the King Edward Hotel, Halifax with studios in the CNR owned Hotel Nova Scotian and Montreal where it had studios in the King's Hall Building.

Demise
In 1928, the Liberal government of William Lyon Mackenzie King commissioned a Royal Commission on Broadcasting (the Aird Commission) to study the future of radio in Canada. The Aird Commission issued its report in late 1929 calling for the creation of a public broadcasting system in Canada along the lines of the British Broadcasting Corporation and other national broadcasters around the world in order to prevent U.S. domination of Canadian airwaves and to promote national objectives. To this end, the report called for the creation of  a Canadian Radio Broadcasting Company which would build high-powered radio stations across the country as part of a public radio network.

Meanwhile, CNR's radio network was a target of its commercial rival, the privately owned Canadian Pacific Railway. CNR Radio was a commercial venture with the primary purpose of attracting riders to the CNR by offering them entertainment as well as, beginning in 1929, providing direct revenue to its parent by selling advertising. The CPR complained intently that by allowing government-owned Canadian National to operate a radio network, particularly one that sold advertising, the government was allowing CNR to engage in unfair competition. In 1930, the CPR began construction of its own radio network — CPR Radio — but due to financial difficulties during the Great Depression it was closed in 1935.

The 1930 federal election resulted in the defeat of the Mackenzie King government and the assumption of power by a Conservative government led by R.B. Bennett who, as a corporate lawyer who had had the Canadian Pacific Railway as one of his clients, proved sympathetic to its arguments and opposed any government competition with the CPR and was determined to strip the CNR of its radio network.A group of Conservative Members of Parliament successfully pressured Thornton, the radio network's principal champion, to resign as president of CNR in 1932 - he was also stripped of his pension.

In November 1931, as a result of intense pressure from the Railway Committee of the House of Commons of Canada, the CNR ended its on-train radio reception service, and ceased broadcasting entirely in 1932. The Canadian Radio League lobbied heavily for the implementation of the Aird Commission report creating a public broadcasting system under the aegis of a new government agency, and in 1932 the Bennett government agreed to set up the CRBC.  In early 1933, the CNR sold its radio stations and studios to the CRBC for $50,000; many of the CNR's radio staff went to the CRBC as well. In turn, the CRBC's facilities and much of its staff were taken over by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation when it was created in 1936.

CNR owned and operated stations

CNRO Ottawa - (originally CKCH) - later CRCO, now  CBO-FM
CNRA Moncton - went dark in 1933 as CRCA, replaced in 1939 by CBA Sackville
CNRV Vancouver - later CRCV and CBR, now CBU

CNR leased "phantom stations"
CNRC Calgary leasing CFAC and CFCN
CNRE Edmonton leasing CJCA; CKUA was the network's affiliate beginning in 1930-1931
CNRW Winnipeg leasing CKY
CNRT Toronto leasing CFCA
CNRX Toronto leasing CFRB and CKGW
CNRM Montreal leasing CKAC
CNRQ Quebec leasing CKCV
CNRR Regina leasing CKCK
CNRS Saskatoon leasing CFQC
CNRD Red Deer leasing CKLC
CNRL London leasing CJGC
CNRH Halifax leasing CHNS

Phantom stations also existed at various times in Saint John, Fredericton, London/Kitchener-Waterloo, Chatham, Brandon, Yorkton, Red Deer, two in Hamilton, a third in Toronto and one in Michigan.

See also
 History of broadcasting in Canada
 Canadian Pacific Railway Radio - operated by the CNR's rival from 1930 to 1935

References

External links

Canada's first network: CNR Radio

Radio stations established in 1923
1933 disestablishments in Canada
Defunct Canadian radio networks
Canadian National Railway subsidiaries
1923 establishments in Canada
Radio stations disestablished in 1933


Apolônio de Carvalho (9 February 1912 – 23 September 2005) was a Brazilian socialist and military officer important in the history of the Workers' Party (Brazil). Due to his communist ideals, Carvalho was expelled from the Brazilian Army and left for Spain to fight alongside the republicans in the Spanish Civil War and afterwards against the Nazis in occupied France, reaching the rank of colonel in the French Army. Considered a hero in France, he was awarded the Legion of Honour among other decorations for bravery.

Biography
Carvalho was born in Mato Grosso into a military family of working-class origin. His father was from northeastern Brazil and his mother was a gaucha from the south of the country. At the age of 18 he joined a military school and became an officer, but his sympathy for the common people led him to take part in an unsuccessful insurrection with the , which he had joined in 1935. He was arrested and imprisoned, and upon his release in 1937 he became a member of the Brazilian Communist Party.

Soon after his release Carvalho joined the International Brigades in Spain, thus using his military training to fight fascism. In 1939, after General Francisco Franco's victory, he fled to France and soon became involved with the French Resistance. Though he was at one time captured and tortured by the Gestapo, he later escaped and became a colonel leading 2000 men, and at the end of the War was awarded the Legion of Honour.

Carvalho returned to Brazil and partook in an attempt to depose dictator Getuilo Vargas, and was subsequently stripped of his position as lieutenant in the Brazilian Army. After the 1964 military coup he criticised the Brazilian Communist Party for refusing to engage in guerilla warfare, as well as for their authoritarian and instrumental methods. In 1967 he was finally expelled and founded the Brazilian Revolutionary Communist Party a year later to continue armed struggle against the dictatorship. He was arrested and tortured, but released and sent into exile in Algeria in 1970 in exchange for , the German ambassador who had been taken hostage by leftist guerillas. In 1979 Carvalho returned to Brazil as the military dictatorship had become weaker, and took part in forming the Workers' Party (PT) the following year. He was also for a time its vice president.

He died in 2005, at a time when his party was in power but had accommodated neo-liberal economics and was accused of corruption. The week he died, many members of the Workers' Party were tearing up their membership cards – of which his was the first (0001). He himself, however, believed that the party could be reclaimed.

See also
 Suresh Biswas
Charlie Hutchison
Joseph Beyrle
Yang Kyoungjong

Footnotes

External links

1912 births
2005 deaths
People from Corumbá
Workers' Party (Brazil) politicians
Brazilian expatriates in France
Brazilian expatriates in the Soviet Union
Communist members of the French Resistance

Brazilian expatriates in Algeria
French Resistance members
20th-century Brazilian military personnel
International Brigades personnel
Brazilian communists


Ernest Harwood Greenhalgh (6 March 1849 – 11 July 1922) was an English footballer who played for England as a full back in the first international match against Scotland.

Playing career
Greenhalgh was born in Mansfield and played for Notts County, before the foundation of The Football League, from 1869 to 1883 making over 147 appearances as a defender and was made captain in 1872. His arrival at Notts County in 1869 helped to "greatly improve (their) results, due mainly to his great influence and leadership".

He was one of only two players not from a London-based or university team to be chosen by the England selectors for the match against Scotland on 30 November 1872. In this match he played as the only full back in a 1-1-8 or 1-2-7 formation and was Notts County's first international representative. From the eleven who played in the first international, the England selectors only recalled Greenhalgh and Charles Chenery for the return match on 8 March 1873, which resulted in a 4–2 victory for England.

In 1882–83 his leadership helped County to reach the FA Cup semi-finals where they lost to Old Etonians by 2–1 at the Kennington Oval.

Later career
After retiring from playing in 1883, Greenhalgh continued to play an important part in the development of football, helping to found Greenhalgh's F.C. in Mansfield. He was also the owner of Field Mill in Mansfield which was the home of Mansfield Mechanics F.C., until becoming the home of Mansfield Town in 1916.

Personal life
Greenhalgh was married to Kate his occupation was as a cotton doubler employing 320 women, 50 men and 8 boys (1881) and later as a yarn agent and salesman.

References

External links

England profile

1849 births
1922 deaths
Footballers from Mansfield
English men's footballers
England men's international footballers
Notts County F.C. players
Men's association football fullbacks


is a railway station on the Gotemba Line in the western part of the town of Oyama, Shizuoka, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central).

Lines
Suruga-Oyama Station is served by the Gotemba Line, and is located 24.6 kilometers from the official starting point of the line at . In addition to regular train service, a number of the Odakyu limited express Mt. Fuji services stop at this station.

Station layout
The station consists of a single island platform serving two tracks. The station building is to the south of the tracks and connected to the platform with a footbridge. This station is unstaffed.

Platforms

History

The station initially opened on February 1, 1889, as . It was renamed  on July 1, 1912. When the opening of the Tanna Tunnel diverted the route of the Tōkaidō Main Line south on December 1, 1934, Suruga Station became a station on the Gotemba Line. It was renamed Suruga-Oyama Station (the present name) on January 1, 1952. Operational control of the station was transferred to JR Central following privatization of JNR on April 1, 1987.

Suruga-Oyama Station has been unstaffed since 2012.

Station numbering was introduced to the Gotemba Line in March 2018; Suruga-Oyama Station was assigned station number CB08.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2017, the station was used by an average of 393 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

Surrounding area
Oyama town hall
Oyama Junior High School

See also
 List of Railway Stations in Japan

References

External links

 Official website

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1889
Railway stations in Shizuoka Prefecture
Gotemba Line
Stations of Central Japan Railway Company
Oyama, Shizuoka


A J-1 visa is a non-immigrant visa issued by the United States to research scholars, professors and exchange visitors participating in programs that promote cultural exchange, especially to obtain medical or business training within the U.S. All applicants must meet eligibility criteria, English language requirements, and be sponsored either by a university, private sector or government program. J-1 visa holders must return home for two years following visa expiration so they impart cultural knowledge learned in the United States. In 2022, the State Department issued 284,486 J-1 visas, with a visa approval rate of 88.8%. Between 2001 and 2021, there were 6,178,355 J-1 visas issued by the State Department. In 2023, there were 4,209 J-1 visa sponsors. Certain J-1 categories saw increased percentage increase in visas between 2021 and 2022. For example, The J-1 Visa for Summer Work/Travel increased 134% from 39,647 to 92,619. J-1 Teachers increased 467% from 719 to 4,076. Interns increased 212% from 5,402 to 16,833.

J-1 Categories
Different categories exist within the J-1 program, each defining the purpose or type of exchange.  While most J-1 categories are explicitly named in the federal regulations governing the J-1 program, others have been inferred from the regulatory language.

Visa Requirements

Category Requirement

 An International Visitor must be picked by the State Department and be a recognized leader in a special field.
 Camp Counselors must be at least 18 years old, speak English, and be "either a foreign post-secondary student, youth worker, teacher or individual with specialized skills."
 Au Pairs provide childcare to American families. They must be between the age of 18 and 26, speak proficient English, pass a background check, and have secondary school education level or above.
 A Research Scholar is a foreign citizen in the U.S. to conduct research. These scholars are allowed to teach and lecture.
A Professor is for a foreign citizen here to teach, lecture, or consult at a college or university. These professors cannot be a tenure-track candidate or have completed a professor program within two years of the new job start.
Summer Work Travel visitors must be a post-secondary college student who completed one semester of academic study, speak proficient English, and have a summer job.
An Intern must have graduated from a post-secondary college or university a year before the J-1 visa start date. Additionally, these interns cannot work in childcare, elder care, or health care. They cannot be in unskilled labor jobs or work in jobs requiring more than 20% of the work to be clerical or office support.

Visa Process
For potential J-1 visa applicants, the first step is to locate and contact a designated sponsor. The State Department provides the list of designated sponsors.

Visa Interview
Most visa applicants are required to interview with the U.S Embassy or Consulate. If the applicant is younger than 13 or is older than 80, an interview is "generally not required".

These are the documents required for someone's J-1 visa interview.

The Certificate of Eligibility (Form DS-2019) issued by the sponsor of the program
 Supporting documents which are country specific and the consulate website will have details
 A valid passport, that does not expire within the next six months
 The I-901 SEVIS Fee ($220)
 Form DS-160 completed online – this is the non-immigrant visa application
 Fee receipt confirming payment of the visa application fee of $160
 A recent color 2"×2" photograph, in the specified format.

Reporting
J-1 visa sponsors are required to monitor the progress and welfare of their participants. The J-1 visa sponsors should ensure that the participants' activities are consistent with the program category identified on the participants' Form DS-2019. Sponsors are also to require their participants to provide current contact (address and telephone number) information and to maintain this information in their files.

All exchange visitor applicants must have a SEVIS-generated DS-2019 issued by a DOS designated sponsor, which they submit when they are applying for their exchange visitor visa. The consular officer verifies the DS-2019 record electronically through the SEVIS system in order to process your exchange visitor visa application to conclusion. Unless otherwise exempt, exchange visitor applicants must pay a SEVIS I-901 Fee to DHS for each individual program.

Electronic records on J-1 visitors and their dependents are maintained in Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS) of  the Student and Exchange Visitor Program by their program sponsor.  J-1 visitors must report certain information, such as a change in legal name or a change of address, within 10 days.  Failure is considered a violation of the J-1 visitor's immigration status and may result in the termination of the visitor's exchange program.

Taxation
Taxation of income earned by J-1 visitors varies according to the specific category the visitor was admitted under; the visitor's country of origin; and the duration of the visitor's stay in the United States.  J-1 visa holders are exempt from paying Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA) taxes (for Social Security and Medicare) when they are nonresident aliens for tax purposes, which is usually the first five calendar years if they are categorized as students, or the first two calendar years if they are categorized as teachers or trainees. However, they are subjected to other applicable federal, state, and local taxes. People on J-1 filing their federal income taxes who have been in the United States for five years or fewer (for students) or two years or fewer (for teachers and trainees) need to use the non-resident 1040-NR tax forms.  Some J-1 visa holders may be eligible for certain tax treaty provisions based on their country of origin.

Employers who hire J-1 visitors may also save on payroll taxes. J-1 visitors do not pay Social Security, Medicare or Federal Unemployment taxes, employers do not have to match these taxes. A typical employer who hires 5 Work/Travel J-1 visitors and pays $8/hour each may save over $2317 in a typical 4-months season.

Mandatory Home Residence
Many persons in the United States on J-1 visa are subject to the two-year home residency requirement found in Section 212(e) of the Immigration and Nationality Act. Under the Section 212(e), before a person on a J-1 visa with the two-year home residency requirement can obtain H, K, or L visas, obtain U.S. permanent resident status, or change nonimmigrant status inside the US, the J-1 person must either return to the country of last residence for two years or obtain a waiver of the two-year home residency requirement.

Upon their departure from the United States, many J-1 visa holders are required to complete a mandatory two-year home-country physical presence prior to re-entry into the United States under dual intent visas, such as H-1B. This applies for those whose exchange program was funded by either their government or the U.S. government, involves specialized knowledge or skills deemed necessary by their home country or if they  received graduate medical training. The two-year stay can be served in several intervals. This mandatory two-year home-country stay can be waived under the following conditions:
 No objection statement (NOS) issued by the government of the home country of the J visa holders.
 Exceptional hardship: If a J-1 holder can demonstrate that his or her departure would cause exceptional hardship to his U.S. citizen or legal permanent resident dependents.
 Persecution: If a J-1 holder can demonstrate that he or she can be persecuted in his home country.
 Interested government agency: A waiver issued for a J-1 holder by a U.S. Federal Government agency that has determined that such person is working on a project for or of its interest and the person's departure will be detrimental to its interest.
 Conrad program: A waiver issued for a foreign medical graduate who has an offer of full-time employment at a health care facility in a designated health care professional shortage area or at a health care facility which serves patients from such a designated area.

For the No Objection Statement J-1 waiver, the exchange visitor's home country government should issue a No Objection Statement (NOS) through its embassy in Washington, DC directly to the Waiver Review Division that it has no objection to the exchange visitor not returning to the home country to satisfy the INA 212(e) two-year foreign residence requirement, and does not object to the possibility of the exchange visitor becoming a resident of the United States.

Conclusion of J-1 Visa Exchange
J-1 visitors may remain in the United States until the end of their exchange program, as specified on form DS-2019.  Once a J-1 visitor's program ends, he or she may remain in the United States for an additional 30 days, often referred to as a "grace period", in order to prepare for departure from the country.
 The actual J-1 visa certificate does not specifically document this 30-day post-study/exam "grace period", and consequently some airline counter staff have refused to issue a boarding pass to an embarking student.  In particular, when the student's return ticket is departing after the J-1 visa has expired.  For example: the return date is the next day after the student's last exam.
 If the visitor leaves the United States during these 30 days, the visitor may not re-enter with the J-1 visa.

The minimal and the maximal duration of stay are determined by the specific J-1 category under which an exchange visitor is admitted into the United States.

As with other non-immigrant visas, a J-1 visa holder and his or her dependents are required to leave the United States at the end of the duration of stay. After departure, J-1 visa holders must complete a mandatory two-year home-country stay (unless the U.S. government grants an exemption).

J-1 Visa Physicians
An important category within the J-1 visa program is alien physicians.  Between 2018 and 2022, 15,003 new foreign physicians were brought on a J-1 visa. In 2021, there were 13,189 physicians on sponsored J-1 visas, a 57% increase from a decade prior. The states with the highest number of J-1 visa physicians are New York, Pennsylvania, and Michigan.

In 2022, there were 3,302 new exchange visitor alien physicians. The top U.S. destination was New York with 663, Pennsylvania with 263, and Michigan with 245. The top three sending countries were Canada (736), India (577), and Pakistan (314). Fields with high numbers of J-1 visa physicians include general surgery, anesthesiology, and psychiatry. 52% of J-1 visa physicians practice general medicine, while 10% are in pediatrics and 7% are in family medicine.

History
Between 1952 and 1978, 226 organizations sponsored alien physicians to the United States.

The enactment of the Health Professionals Educational Assistance Act (HPEA) of 1976 made the J-1 visa the dominant way to enter the United States.

In 1979, the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) became the sole sponsor for J-1 visa physicians.  Between 1979 and 1996, alien physicians arriving in the United States came solely on J-1 visas. After this period, hospitals willing to sponsor foreign physicians on an H-1B visa became an option.

Requirements
J-1 visa physicians must have an ECFMG certificate to participate in U.S. clinical training. These physicians must reapply every year for their J-1 visa. A prospective physician must have completed the National Board of Medical Examiners Examination Parts I and II, the Foreign Medical Graduate Examination Step I and Step II, or the Visa Qualifying Examination (VQE).

The maximum amount of time that a J-1 visa physician can stay in the United States is seven years.

History

Visa Creation
The U.S.  introduced the J-1 Exchange Visitor Visa Program under the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act (Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961). The J-1 visa allowed a "student, scholar, trainee, teacher, professor, research assistant, specialist, or leader in a field of specialized knowledge or skill, or other person of similar description" to come to the United States. Additionally, the law prohibited a person from abandoning their foreign country of residence for the United States. The U.S. Information Agency (USIA) administers the J-1 visa in order to strengthen relations between the US and other countries. It fell under the purview of the USIA and not the Immigration and Naturalization Service because its main purpose is to disseminate information; its goal is to give people training and experience in the U.S. that they can use to benefit their home countries. These exchanges have assisted the Department of State in furthering the foreign policy objectives of the United States.

The J-1 Program started by bringing scholars into the United States temporarily for a specific educational objective, such as teaching and conducting research. It then extended to several other Exchange Visitor Programs that shared the same objective, like the au pair, Government Visitor, Professor and Research or Short-Term Scholar, Work and Travel USA and the Trainee Programs.

2010 Flight Training Termination
On June 1, 2020, the Flight Training J-1 category was terminated.

2011 J-1 Visa Website & Regulations
In 2011, the State Department created a new J-1 visa and exchange visitor website.

A job offer is required prior to a visa interview as of 2011.
Students from six particular countries (Bulgaria, Russia, Romania, Ukraine, Moldova, and Belarus) must have a job offer that has been confirmed by a sponsoring organization before the student can apply for a visa. Because of these requirements, employers and J-1 students must get a head start on the hiring and visa application process.  These regulations were initiated due to allegations of sexual exploitation, illegal business practices, improper housing, and the general vulnerability of J-1 visa recipients.

In 2011, according to a report in the New York Daily News, the United States Department of State announced that the same-sex partners of diplomats of foreign governments who move to a posting in the United States would now be allowed to apply for J-1 visas. Same-sex partners of people entering the United States for non-diplomatic reasons were not eligible under the new policy.

Previously, the same-sex partner of a foreign person working or studying in the United States on a nonimmigrant visa was generally eligible to apply for a B-2 visa. In 2013, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the United States could not define marriage as a union between one man and one woman as husband and wife. Since then, legally married same-sex partners have been treated the same as legally married opposite-sex partners for visa and other purposes.

2020 Covid-19 Visa Suspension
Only U.S. government-sponsored J-1 visa programs were temporarily suspended in March 2020 for 60 days as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs said the decision would be reviewed after the initial period with a further 30-day suspension possible.

On June 22, 2020, President Trump issued an executive order suspending new J-1 visas through the end of 2020. On December 31, 2020, this proclamation was extended to 31 March 2021.

2022 State Department 3-Year Work Authorization Pilot
In 2022, the State Department announced a two-year pilot where the agency gave J-1 visa foreign students studying in a STEM field the ability to work in the United States for three years after graduation. Previously, the work authorization was a year and a half. This initiative follows the STEM Optional Practical Training for F-1 visa students.

Criticism

Guest Worker Exploitation
Although the purpose of the J-1 visas is for cultural exchange, critics take issue with how companies use the program for cheap and compliant guest workers.

Journalists have uncovered that students on J-1 visas were placed in poor working conditions. They report that companies exploit these visa workers because they are cheap and are a contingent workforce.

One-way employers exploit foreign visa workers is because the visa ties workers to the employer, and these foreign workers may have to wait decades for a green card while working for that same employer.

Lack of Oversight
Critics say that the State Department does not provide sufficient oversight of exchange visitors.

The public for example lacks information on Summer Work Travel employers and industry information, which is the largest J-1 visa category.

Employer Discount
Critics have pointed out that employers receive a discount for J-1 visa holders because they do not have to pay FICA taxes, such as FICA and Medicare Taxes. The Walt Disney Company for example hired 2,355 Summer Work Travel visitors in 2015, saving the company $15 million.

Visa Statistics

See also
 J-2 visa
 H-1B visa

References

External links

United States visas by type


Saint Porphyrios (Bairaktaris) the Kafsokalyvite (; secular name: Evangelos Bairaktaris (; February7,1906December2,1991) was a Greek Athonite hieromonk who became widely known for his gifts of spiritual discernment.  He was canonised as an  Eastern Orthodox Saint by the Ecumenical Patriarchate in the 27th of November, 2013.

Biography

St. Porphyrios was born on February 7, 1906, in the village of Agios Ioannis, which translates to St. John Karystia, in the province of Evia in Greece. His parents, Leonidas and Eleni Bairaktaris, baptized him as Evangelos, and he was the fourth out of five siblings. He attended only 2 years of school in his childhood, and instead began work at 8 years old, first tending animals on his family's farm, then in a coal mine, and finally for a grocer in Halkhida and Piraeus. It was during his childhood where it is claimed he wanted to pursue a monastic lifestyle, which he was inspired to do after reading the life of Saint John the Hut-Dweller.

He was tonsured a monk at the age of fourteen with the monastic name Nikitas. He served in the Athonite skete of Kafsokalyvia, in the Cell of St. George, under two spiritual fathers: Fr. Panteleimon and his brother Fr. Ioannikios. Forced by pleurisy to depart the Holy Mountain, he returned to Agios Ioannis, staying at the monastery of Saint Haralambos while back in his birthplace. During this time he was often visited by Bishop Fostimis of Kymi, and through the help of Porphyrios III, Archbishop of Mount Sinai and Raithu, Nikitas was ordained a deacon and then a priest, under the name Porphyrios, at 21 years old. Two years after his ordination, Metropolitan Panteleimon of Karystia appointed him as a father confessor, and later appointed him the office of Archimandrite in 1938.

With the outbreak of World War II, St. Porphyrios became a hospital chaplain in Athens, namely the Polyclinic Hospital, which he served for around 33 years, from 1940 to 1973. During his time there, he was allowed to also serve the Church of Saint Gerasimos by the Professor of Canon Law, Amilkas Alivizatos, and also aided in the renewal of the Church of Saint Nicholas in Kallisia. While working as a chaplain, he had also suffered various afflictions, including a fractured leg, kidney troubles, and a coma.

Following his service as a chaplain, he worked to accomplish his goal of establishing a convent, initially in 1955 with the Holy Monastery of Pendeli, to no success. By 1981, St. Porphyrios had his convent, the Holy Convent of the Transfiguration of the Savior, recognized by Presidential decree, and although construction work began in 1980, the foundations were not laid until February 1990. Between this time, in 1984, he returned to Mt. Athos, and resumed living in the same cell he occupied prior to his leave. His physical health continued to deteriorate, suffering from a hernia which persisted until his death, a heart attack, and blindness in 1987 caused by a botched operation on his left eye. It was on Mt. Athos where he spent the rest of his life, and wished to have a quiet death, preparing a farewell letter for his spiritual children to avoid a crowd. He died on December 2, 1991, at 4:31 AM, surrounded by a few monks of the holy skete of Kavsokalyvia, and had his death announced at the dawn of December 3.

Canonization
Through his role as a spiritual father, Elder Porphyrios became known to an ever-wider circle of Orthodox followers, and his sainthood was declared by the synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate on November 27, 2013. In 2014, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church decreed that St. Porphyrios' name be added to their church calendar and commemorated on December 2. In 2017, the holy synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church also added him to their calendar on December 2. St. Porphyrios, similar to other canonized saints, has his own Akathist that is sung on December 2, his commemoration and feast day. Several compilations of stories and sayings attributed to him have been published since his commemoration as a saint.

On April 17, 2019, the Chapel of Saint Porphyrios was inaugurated by Metropolitan Panteleimon of Maroneia and Komotini, for the social houses of Agios Stylianos Parish of Komotini. Then, in December 2019, Metropolitan Andrei of Cluj dedicated the chapel of the Rebra-Parva monastery, found in Romania's Bistrița-Năsăud county, to Saint Porphyrios.  In January 2021, an Orthodox, English language, multicultural mission parish dedicated to Saint Porphyrios was formed in Lanark County, Ontario, under Fr. Peter (Craig) Bowers, of the Patriarchate of Constantinople.

Quotes
 This is the way we should see Christ. He is our friend, our brother; He is whatever is good and beautiful. He is everything. Yet, He is still a friend and He shouts it out, "You're my friends, don't you understand that? We're brothers. I'm not...I don't hold hell in my hands. I am not threatening you. I love you. I want you to enjoy life together with me."
 Love Christ and put nothing before His Love. He is joy, He is life, He is light. Christ is Everything. He is the ultimate desire, He is everything. Everything beautiful is in Christ.
 Somebody who is Christ's must love Christ, and when he loves Christ he is delivered from the Devil, from hell and from death.
 The life of the parents is the only thing that makes good children. Parents should be very patient and ‘saintlike’ to their children. They should truly love their children. And the children will share this love! For the bad attitude of the children, says father Porphyrios, the ones who are usually responsible for it are their parents themselves. The parents don't help their children by lecturing them and repeating to them ‘advices’, or by making them obeying strict rules in order to impose discipline. If the parents do not become ‘saints’ and truly love their children and if they don't struggle for it, then they make a huge mistake. With their wrong and/or negative attitude the parents convey to their children their negative feelings. Then their children become reactive and insecure not only to their home, but to the society as well.

Books
Elder Porphyrios from Kausokalibia; Life and Speeches, edition of monastery of Chrysopegi, Chania, Crete, Greece, copyright 2008 email imx@otenet.gr
Joannidis, Klitos. Elder Porphyrios: Testimonies and Experiences. The Holy Convent of the Transfiguration of the Savior: Athens, 1995. 978-9608538258
Papathanasiou, Athanasios N. A Hesychast from the Holy Mountain in the Heart of a City, (Denise Harvey: Limni 2014), .
Wounded by Love: The Life and the Wisdom of Saint Porphyrios (Denise Harvey: Limni 2005), , 9th reprinting. (An anthology of letters and other writings by Saint Porphyrios)
The Holy Stavropegic Monastery of Chrysopigi. Christ is fullness of life. Translated by Fr John Raffan. Chania, Crete, Greece: The Holy Patriarchal Stavropegic Monastery of Chrysopigi, 2016. . (Selections from Wounded by Love)
Yiannitsiotis, Constantine. With Elder Porphyrios: A Spiritual Child Remembers. The Holy Convent of the Transfiguration of the Savior: Athens, 2001.
Ἁγίου Πορφυρίου. «Θὰ σᾶς πῶ». Ἱερὸν Ἡσυχαστήριον «Ἡ Μεταμόρφωσις τοῦ Σωτῆρος». 2015 („I will tell you“. Written narratives from recordings of the Saint about his life)
Ησυχαστήριον Οσίου Πορφυρίου Καυσοκαλυβίτου. «Ανθολόγιο Θαυμάτων», 2017.
Ἁγίου Πορφυρίου. Θεία Λειτουργία με τον Άγιο Πορφύριο τον Καυσοκαλυβίτη. Βιβλίο με δίσκο. 2018
Ησυχαστήριον Οσίου Πορφυρίου Καυσοκαλυβίτου. «΄Ενας να με ακούσει και θα του στείλει ο Θεός πλούσια τη χάρη του», 2018.
Ησυχαστήριον Οσίου Πορφυρίου Καυσοκαλυβίτου. «Συμβουλές για την πνευματική ζωή στην οικογένεια», 2018. (Advices for the spiritual life within the family)

References

External links

Saint Venerable Porphyrios of Kafsokalyvia: Official Website of His Nunnery in Oropos, Attica
Elder Porphyrios Kafsokalyvitis: Official Website of the Transfiguration of the Saviour, the Holy Convent that he established
ELDER PORPHYRIOS: Testimonies and Experiences,By Klitos Ioannides, Athens 1997
Biographical information
Dr Dimitrios - James Manos: Elder Porphyrios - about the young people

1906 births
1991 deaths
Athonite Fathers
Clairvoyants
Eastern Orthodox monks
Greek Christian monks
Saints of modern Greece
20th-century Christian saints
20th-century Christian monks
Greek saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
People from Euboea (regional unit)


Mrs. Dane's Confession () is a 1921 Austrian drama film directed by Michael Curtiz and starring Lucy Doraine and Alfons Fryland.

Plot
As described in a film magazine review, Dorothy Robey, engaged to William Farleigh, jilts him in favor of a Count, who marries her, spends her fortune, and murders her father, without being called to account for the crime. She obtains a divorce and weds Farleigh and a baby is born. The Count reappears, attempts to blackmail her, and threatens to take away her child. In desperation she kills him. Arrested, she tells her story in full and is acquitted by the jury. The action develops in Paris.

Cast
 Lucy Doraine as Dorothy Robey
 Alfons Fryland as William Farleigh
 Otto Treßler as John Robey
 Harry De Loon as Harry Dane
 Kurt von Lessen as Jimmy Fox
 Count Ludi Salm as Harry Harwood

See also
 Michael Curtiz filmography

References

External links

1921 films
1921 drama films
Austrian black-and-white films
Austrian silent feature films
Films directed by Michael Curtiz
Silent Austrian drama films


Alexander Tzonis (Greek: Αλέξανδρος Τζώνης; born November 8, 1937) is a Greek-born architect, author, and researcher.
He has made contributions to architectural theory, history and design cognition, bringing together scientific and humanistic approaches in a synthesis. Since 1975, he has been collaborating in most projects with Liane Lefaivre. In 1985, he founded and directed Design Knowledge Systems (DKS), a multidisciplinary research institute for the study of architectural theory and the development of design thinking tools at TU Delft. Tzonis is known for his work on the classical canon, history of the emergence and development of modern architectural thinking, creative design by analogy, and introducing the idea of critical regionalism.

Biography
Alexander Tzonis was born in Athens where he attended The Athens College. His grandfather, Alexandros Tzonis, (1877-1951) architect, graduated from the Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University in Istanbul in 1901 and practiced in Thessaloniki during the Interwar period.  His parents studied in Athens, Graz, and Vienna and were research associates at the Vivarium, Vienna (Prater) under Hans Leo Przibram and at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften, Berlin under Max Hartmann. Between 1941 and 1945 his father, Konstantinos Tzonis, was professor of biology at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and his mother, Hariklia Xanthopoulos, the first female chemical engineer in Greece, were both active in politics and in the Greek Resistance.

Education
Tzonis studied architecture at the National Technical University of Athens (1956 -1961). Between 1955 and 1956, he was instructed privately in painting by Spyros Papaloukas. His architecture archive is deposited in the Metropolitan Organization of Museums of Visual Arts of Thessaloniki and by Dimitris Pikionis, by then retired from active teaching at the Athens Polytechnic. During his studies in the Polytechnic (1956- 1961), Tzonis worked in parallel as a stage designer in the theatre and cinema, (as art director of Jules Dassin-directed film, ‘’Never on Sunday’’, 1960) and assisted the painter and stage designer Yannis Tsarouchis.

In 1961, he moved to the United States as a Fulbright and Ford Fellow, where he pursued his studies at Yale University, briefly at the Drama School, and soon after in the School of Art and Architecture under Paul Rudolph, Shadrach Woods, Robert Venturi, and Serge Chermayeff.

Career
In 1965, with sponsorship from the Twentieth Century Fund, he was appointed a fellow at Yale, where he carried out research on Planning and Design Methodology in collaboration with Chermayeff with whom he went on to co-author The Shape of Community (1972).

In 1968 he was appointed at the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University by Jerzy Soltan and Josep Lluis Sert as assistant professor and in 1975 he became associate professor. He taught and did advanced research in analytical design methods in association with Walter Isard and Ovadia Salama, receiving outside advice from Anatol Rapaport and Seymour Papert. In collaboration with Ovadia Salama, he introduced the newly developed method ELECTRE for multi-criteria evaluation of design projects (1975).

In 1972, he was invited by the French Ministry of Culture to spend a year in France (Strasbourg) where he taught, researched, and wrote, joined by Liane Lefaivre (married in 1973), and working closely with the young generation of French architecture critics and historians (Bruno Fortier, Philip Boudon).

Returning to Harvard, he set up a multi-disciplinary collaborative research project to develop a discourse method for analyzing French architectural theory texts, funded by the French Government (1974-1975). The research participants included Michael Freeman, Etienne de Cointet, Ovadia Salama, Liane Lefaivre and his undergraduate student Robert Berwick, (later professor of computational linguistics at MIT).

Reacting to the socio-environmental urban crisis of the 1960s and the inability of mainstream architecture to cope with it, he wrote Towards a Non-oppressive Environment, Cambridge (1974)that dealt with the historical roots and the underlying conflicts of the crisis. It was soon translated in six languages.[5] Following its publication, Tzonis introduced at Harvard the critical-historical study of modern design thinking and initiated the teaching of History of Design Methodology, for the first time internationally.

In 1981, while the Graduate School of Design was undergoing major changes with Gerald McCue succeeding Maurice D. Kilbridge as Dean of the School, Tzonis moved to the Netherlands as Crown Professor of design methodology at the Delft University of Technology TUD)  where he founded and directed Design Knowledge Systems, (1985-2005) a multi-disciplinary research institute on Architectural Cognition. Among the collaborators were Joop Doorman, (TUD), along with Donald Schön and William Porter both from MIT, Daniel Shefer from the Technion, and Liane Lefaivre, co-professor at [the Universität für angewandte Kunst], Vienna.

Contributions

Creative design by analogy

Key to his approach was that Analytical computation, far from obstructing design creativity, enhances it; and that design innovation “leaps” are mostly achieved through spatial-functional analogies, recruiting and recombining design components and design rules from a thesaurus of precedents, including concrete objects or abstract theories from very distant domains. The way to observe how this recruiting works is to look at design thinking through the framework of morphology, operation, and performance. Design analysis and analogy, which are usually seen as rivals, are, actually, complementary allies in creative design. Design by Analogy was one of the major research themes of Design Knowledge Systems. The theory of design creativity by analogy was further explored and discussed by Tzonis and Lefaivre in cases of designers, in history and contemporary, on: Leonardo da Vinci (1989), Le Corbusier (2001), and co-authored with Lefaivre, Aldo van Eyck (1999) and on Santiago Calatrava (1999, 2001, 2004).

The canon of classical architecture and emergence of modern architecture

Tzonis and Lefaivre investigated and discussed the canon of classical architecture as a cultural-historical and cognitive phenomenon. The idea was presented in Classical Architecture, (1986 translated in seven languages including Japanese, Chinese, and Korean). James S. Ackerman wrote about the book that it ‘reveals the principles that link the great masters of the tradition from Vitruvius to Mies’. While differing in many fundamental ideas of Tzonis and Lefaivre, John Summerson called it ‘a … must … for anybody who proposes to take classical architecture seriously’, and David Watkin that it ‘should be read by all students … as well as by those who still believe that the classical orders are outdated and irrelevant’. Pursuing the same lines of investigation into the 1990s, Tzonis focused on the cognitive underpinnings of the classical design rule system as well as its historical origins, publishing in 2004 Classical Greek Architecture, the Construction of the Modern, co-authored with P Giannisi. (English, French, and German editions).

Critical regionalism
Tzonis and Lefaivre coined the term ‘Critical Regionalism’ employing the concept of regionalism whose origins go as far back as Vitruvius, to deal with a current problem: the need to define a role for buildings and cities in a planet that seems to be united only by technological media and ‘globalization’, and divided by confrontation and competition. In this role, designers whether solving problems or exploring possibilities, should think critically – in the Kantian sense. They should overcome biases favoring imported or local choices through questioning and reflection, considering the specifics of the actual situation, the region. While welcoming what the open world can offer give a hand to interaction and exchange, they should value the uniqueness of the ‘region’, the quality of social ties, the physical and cultural resources.

This idea of regionalism that goes back to Mumford’s pre-WWII criticism of the Beaux Arts, the International Style, and the post-WWII ‘modernist’ planning, differs fundamentally from the uses of regionalism of the past that employed the region as a defensive or offensive concept, a political or marketing construct promoting chauvinist movements, but also folklore commercialism.

This new approach to regionalism was first presented in 1981, in ‘The Grid and the Pathway,’ an essay published in Architecture in Greece, and the same year in another essay - written in collaboration with Anthony Alofsin, a student assistant of Tzonis at that time - included in Fur eine andere Architektur. The Swiss sociologist, writer and artist Lucius Burckhardt, the leading editor of the book, invited Tzonis and Lefaivre to contribute an essay which prompted a chain of studies and numerous debates and symposia – among them the International Working Seminar on Critical Regionalism organized by Marvin Malecha and Spyros Amourgis (1989) hosted by the California State Polytechnic University, Pomona - and inspired projects around the world.

Academic general editor

Parallel to his teaching, research and writing, Tzonis worked as academic general editor with Penguin Books during the first part of the 1970s initiating the multidisciplinary series Man Made Environment.  During the second part of 1970s, after a failed attempt to edit a multi-volume Harvard Encyclopedia of Architecture, with Gavin Borden (the president of Garland Publishing) as publisher, he undertook as general editor the multi-volume Garland Architectural Archives, one of the largest architectural publishing projects with over seventy volumes.

Visiting Professorships and Affiliations

Tzonis has been visiting professor at the National University Singapore, (2006–2007), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1996), the Technion, Israël Institute of Technology, (1985), Columbia University, (1974–1975), Institut d'Architecture et d'Urbanisme, Strasbourg, (1972–1973), the Université de Montréal (1970–1971). In 2002 he was invited to teach a course at College de France on ‘Architecture and Spatial Intelligence’.

 Registered architect, Member of the Technical Chamber of Greece (1961)
 Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts appointed on 9 March (1970)
 Fellow at the Shenkar College of Engineering and Design in Israel (2012)
 Ηοnorary Doctor of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (2017)
 Honorary Member of the Hong Kong Institute of Architects (2019)
 Societe Française d’Etude du 18 siècle, 1975
 Member of AAAI and AAAS, 1996
 Société des auteurs dans les arts graphiques et plastiques (ADAGP) 2019
 Société Francaçaise des Interets des auteures de l’Ecrit (SOFIA) 2019

Selected books

Shape of Community, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1970, co-author Serge Chermayeff (also in Italian)
Towards a Non-Oppressive Environment, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1972
Classical Architecture, The Poetics of Order, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1986, co-author L. Lefaivre
Hermes and the Golden Thinking Machine, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990
Architecture in Europe since 1968, Memory and Invention, London: Thames and Hudson and New York: Rizzoli, 1992, co-author L. Lefaivre
Automation Based Creative Design, Research and Perspectives, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1994, co-editor Ian White
Movement, Structure and the Work of Santiago Calatrava, Basel: Birkhäuser, 1995, co-author L. Lefaivre
Architecture in North America since 1960, London: Thames and Hudson and Boston: Little Brown, 1995, co-author L. Lefaivre and Richard Diamond
Santiago Calatrava, The Poetics of Movement, New York: Universe Publishing, Rizzoli, 1999
Aldo van Eyck, Humanist Rebel, Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 1999, co-author L. Lefaivre,
Tropical Architecture, Critical Regionalism in an Age of Globalization, London: Wiley-Academy 2001 co-authors L. Lefaivre and Bruno Stagno
Santiago Calatrava's Creative Process, Basel: Birkhäuser, 2001,  co-author L. Lefaivre
Le Corbusier, The Poetics of Machine and Metaphor, New York: Universe and London: Thames and Hudson, 2001 (also in French)
Critical regionalism, Architecture and Identity in a Globalized World, Munich, Berlin, London, New York: Prestel, 2003, co-author L. Lefaivre, (also in Chinese)
The Emergence of Modern Architecture, London: Routledge, 2004, co-author L. Lefaivre,
Santiago Calatrava’s Bridges, Rizzoli, New York, Co-author Rebeca Caso Donadei
Architecture Grecque Classique, la Construction de la Modernité, Paris, London, Munich, New York: Flammarion, 2004, co-author Phoebe Giannisi,
Santiago Calatrava, The Complete Works, New York: Rizzoli, 2004, expanded edition, 2006
Architecture of Regionalism in the Age of Globalization, Peaks and Valleys in the Flat World, New York, 2012, co-author Liane Lefaivre (also in Chinese)
Times of Creative Destruction: Shaping Buildings and Cities in the late C20TH, London, 2017, co-author Liane Lefaivre

Selected articles and essays
"Transformations of the Initial Structure", Perspecta 12, 1969
"The last identity crisis in architecture", Connection (Spring) 1969
"Problems of Judgement in Programmatic Analysis in Architecture", DMG DRS Journal (Jul.-Sept.) 1974, co-author O. Salama,
"The populist movement in architecture", Bauwelt 10 (Jan.) 1975 co-author L. Lefaivre,
"The Mechanical vs. Divine Body. The rise of modern design theory in Europe", Journal of Architectural Education (Sept.) 1975
“History of design as a social science”, Harvard Publication Series, 1977 co-author L. Lefaivre,
"The Narcissist Phase in Architecture", Harvard Architectural Review 1, 1978 co-author L. Lefaivre,
"The Question of Autonomy in Architecture", Harvard Architectural Review 3, 1984, co-author L. Lefaivre,
"Il bastione comme mentalità", La Città el mura, edited by C. de Seta and J. Le Goff, Rome, 1989 co-author L. Lefaivre,
"Lewis Mumford's Regionalism", Design Book Review 19 (Fall), 1991, co-author L. Lefaivre,
"Critical Regionalism", Critical Regionalism, edited by S. Amourgis, Pomona: California state Polytechnic University, pp. 3–23, 1991, co-author L. Lefaivre
"Huts, ships and bottle racks: Design by analogy for architects and/or machines", Research in Design Thinking, edited by N. Cross, K. Dorst and N. Roozenburg, Delft: Delft Univ. Press, pp. 139–164, 1992. In German Archithese (May-Jun.) 1990.
"Beyond Monuments, Beyond Zip-a-tone, Into Space/Time: Contextualizing Shadrach Woods's Berlin Free University, A Humanist Architecture”, Free University Berlin, Candilis, Josic, Woods, Schiedhelm, Architectural Association, Exemplary Projects 3, London, pp. 118–141, 1999, co-author L. Lefaivre.
"Architektur seit 1968", ARCH+ 139/140, 1889, co-author L. Lefaivre,
"Pikionis and Transvisibility", Thresholds, special issue: The Invisible, 1999.
"L'Architecture au Collège de France, L'Intelligence Spatiale", AMC116,	 (May) 2001.
“Evolving Spatial Intelligence Tools, From Architectural Poetics to Management Methods”, Managing as Designing, edited by Richard J. Boland Jr. and Fred Collopy, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2004.
“Redefining environmental quality”, Building Research & Information 33(3), 2005.
“Thoughts on South African Architecture today”, DIGEST of South African Architecture 2006/2007, 2006.
“The lost years?”, 25 Years of Critical Reflection on Architecture Oase 75, 2008.
“Globalist moment in a universe of regions Regionalist place in a globalized world”, My 32m² apartment, a 30-year transformation, Gary Chang. Introduction, Tzonis Alexander, 2008.
“The City is not a building”, China City Planning Review Vol.20, No.2, 2011.
“Michelangelo visto da Battisti come nostro contemporaneo”, Michelangelo fortuna di un mito, Leo S.Olschki editore, 2012.
“Michelangelo visto da Battisti como nostro contemporaneo”, Michelangelo fortuna di un mito. Cinquecento anni di critica litteraria e artistica. Firenze, 2012.
“Region Making”, Journal of the National Academy of Art, Vol.34, No.8, 2013. co-author L. Lefaivre,
“Architectural education at the crossroads”, Frontiers in Architectural Research, vol.3, number 1, March 2014, Higher Education Press, 2014.
“Architectural education at the crossroads”, Frontiers of Architectural research (volume 3, number 1, march), 2014.
“Putting on a Pretty Face”, “Fundamental”? Venice Architecture Biennale. Beijing (293, nov.), 2014.
“A framework for architectural education”, Frontiers of Architectural research (volume 3, number 4, december), 2014.
“Architectural education at the crossroads”, Frontiers of Architectural Research, Delft, 2014.
“Architectural education: the core and the local”, Frontiers of Architectural Research, Delft, 2014.
“Creativity real and imagined education”, Frontiers of Architectural Research, Delft, 2014.
“A framework for architectural education”, Frontiers of Architectural Research, Delft, 2014.
“On stars and the Environmental Gap”, Urban Design (n°2), Tsinghua, 2015.
“Cheng Taining’s oeuvre: Buildings, thoughts, and visions”, The Master architect series Cheng Taining architecture, Victoria, 2017.
“Buildings we call palaces”, Ancient Egyptian and ancient near eastern palaces (Volume 1), Vienna, 2018.
“Rainbow Bouquet”: For the 100th Anniversary of Aldo van Eyck, The Architect August No.194, Nanjing, 2018. co-author L. Lefaivre,

Tzonis has also published "Ten Lithographs Designed By Manfred Ibel and Alexander Tzonis On Ten Poems By Constantine Cavafy" The poems were translated for this publication by Stephen Spender and Nicos Stangos. The portfolio was printed by the Carl Purington Rollins / Printing-Office of the Yale University Press New Haven, Connecticut, 1966.

Symposia
Tzonis conceived and organized several major international symposia. Among them:
The German Werkbund, The Pleasures of Form and the Realities of Life, hosted by the Graduate School of Design, Harvard University among the participants: S. Anderson, L. Burckhardt, H.L.C. Jaffé, R. Pommer, J. Posener,  E. Sekler, (1980).
Automation Based Creative Design Education, at the TUDelft: An international conference in the framework of the 150th Anniversary of the university and the American Collegiate Schools of Architecture Meeting in Europe, (1992).
Architecture in Israel, 1948–1998, a DKS symposium, T.U. Delft, (1998).
The Spiritual in Architecture, a Symposium dedicated to the Holocaust Memorial in Berlin by Daniel Libeskind hosted by Her Majesty Queen Beatrix at the Royal Palace in Amsterdam, under the auspices of the Royal Palace Foundation, (2000).
The Mediterranean Landscape, Representation Designs and Identity, (1997), and The Mediterranean City, among the participants: J. Ackerman, S. Calatrava, H. Herzberger, D. Karavan, L. Lefaivre, E. Miralles both in collaboration with Michael Levin, hosted by Mishkenot Sha’ananim in Jerusalem. (2002)
"The (Untold ?) Incomplete Story of the Alexander Tzonis Collection of Posters of the Harvard Strike, Spring 1969" – “An Interview of Harvey Hacker to Liane Lefaivre”; Spring Torrents – Harvard Strike Posters, Spring 1969, Thessaloniki, (24 October 2018).

Exhibitions
Il Lugo del Lavoro, The 17th Triennale di Milano, 1986
1. The Architect and the Workplace: Key project which shaped the quality of the workplace in the XXth century.
2. Architecture of the Workplace: Student competition.
Urit Luden, The Golem, The Wealth of Architecture, N.A.I., Rotterdam, 1 April – 7 May 1995
Santiago Calatrava, Structures in Movement, Dallas, Texas, Meadows Museum, Southern Methodist University. Exhibition conceived and curated

See also
Santiago Calatrava

References

External links
 profile at TUDelft
 Tsinghua University
 Liane Lefaivre

1937 births
Living people
Greek academics
National Technical University of Athens alumni
Yale School of Architecture alumni
Academic staff of the Delft University of Technology
Architects from Athens
Harvard University faculty


John Mahaffy (July 18, 1918 – May 2, 2015) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He played 37 games in the National Hockey League with the New York Rangers and Montreal Canadiens from 1942 to 1945. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1935 to 1952, was spent in the minor leagues. Mahaffy was born in Montreal, Quebec. He married Angie Péloquin around 1961. He died in May 2015 at the age of 96.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

References

External links

1918 births
2015 deaths
Buffalo Bisons (AHL) players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey centres
Hershey Bears players
Ice hockey people from Montreal
Montreal Canadiens players
Montreal Royals (QSHL) players
New York Rangers players
Philadelphia Rockets players
Pittsburgh Hornets players
Streatham Royals players


is one of the main composers of the Japanese music production I've Sound.

The meaning of his name is "Communication Groove mix". C.G mix has already composed many songs for visual novel games and recently, anime theme songs for the I've Sound singers. Also a singer, he also performs songs for visual games but mostly for BL (Boy's Love) games. In 2001, he joined I've Sound and immediately became a composer and arranger of the group. He also features the use of rock music when creating his music but most of his songs are rather categorized as electronica.

Chronology
At the age of 3, he already learned to play the piano and eventually after 4 years of stay in the primary school, he began composing songs.
1994—his debut in the music industry with his song "Lunar Dance".
1996—"Crazy for You" was released under Fuctory Records.
2001—he joined I've Sound.
October 15, 2005—participated at the first I've Sound concert, "I've in Budokan 2005: Open the Birth Gate"
July 14, 2006—released his debut album In Your Life'' under Geneon Entertainment.

Discography

Indies

"Lunar Dance"
– Original Mix (Lyrics: Ayumi Kida; Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix)
– Special S.P.R. Mix (Lyrics: Ayumi Kida; Composition: C.G mix; Arrangement: S.P.R.)
"Crazy for You"
– Club Mix (Lyrics: Ayumi Kida; Composition: C.G mix; Arrangement: Kazuya Takase)
– 80's Burst Mix (Lyrics: Ayumi Kida; Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix)
– Floor Style Instrumental (Lyrics: Ayumi Kida; Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix)
"Miokurukara: Metamorphose" (Lyrics: Ayumi Kida; Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix) (Published on web only)

In Your Life
Released July 14, 2006

CD track listing
Sky was g-ray
Lyrics: Ayumi Kida
Composition: C.G mix
Arrangement: Kazuya Takase
E.I.E.N
Lyrics: Ayumi Kida
Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix
version up
Lyrics: Ayumi Kida
Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix
Point
Lyrics: Ayumi Kida
Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix
Detect
Lyrics: Ayumi Kida
Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix
distress
Lyrics: Ayumi Kida
Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix
Aozora wo Machi Nagara
Lyrics: Masahiro Sato
Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix
preserve
Lyrics: Ayumi Kida
Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix
Please turn over
Lyrics: Ayumi Kida
Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix
Miokuru Kara
Lyrics: Ayumi Kida
Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix
in your life
Lyrics: Ayumi Kida
Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix
Welcome to Heaven! -in your life version-
Lyrics: AIS
Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix

Pray
Released April 29, 2009

CD track listing
under the darkness
Lyrics: A.I.
Composition: C.G mix
Arrangement: C.G mix, Takeshi Ozaki
Everything is assumed to be connected
Lyrics: Masashi Sato
Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix
judge
Lyrics: Ayumi Kida
Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix

Lyrics: Ayumi Kida
Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix
DAY IN
Lyrics: Ayumi Kida
Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix
flat
Lyrics/Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix
Face of Fact
Lyrics: KOTOKO
Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix
Swept Away
Lyrics: Masashi Sato
Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix

Lyrics: Ayumi Kida
Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix
pray
Lyrics: Masashi Sato
Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix
BLUE
Lyrics: Ayumi Kida
Composition/Arrangement: C.G mix
under the darkness -four piece band mix-
Lyrics: A.I.
Composition: C.G mix
Arrangement: C.G mix, Takeshi Ozaki

DVD track listing
under the darkness (Promotional Video)

Other songs
Welcome to Heaven! (学園ヘヴン！ PS2版)
Welcome to Heaven! -Remix- (学園ヘヴン おかわりっ!)
Under the Darkness (鬼畜眼鏡)
Under the Darkness -Remix- (鬼畜眼鏡R)
True Eyes (STEAL!)

References

External links
LOW TRANCE ASSEMBLY
North Web-music-
C.G MIX GENEON UNIVERSAL OFFICIAL WEB SITE

Japanese male pop singers
I've Sound members
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Lleifior is the name of a fictional farm in two Welsh language novels by Islwyn Ffowc Elis.

The novels are both set in the 1950s: Cysgod y Cryman ("Shadow of the Sickle") and Yn ôl i Leifior ("Back to Lleifior").

Cysgod y Cryman, first published in 1953, follows the Vaughan family dynasty in post war rural Powys. It has also been issued in a Welsh learners' edition, published in 1987 by Gwasg Gomer and three times reprinted. In 1999, it was chosen as the most significant Welsh language book of the 20th century. It has had at least 17 impressions.

It was also one of the first Welsh-language books to be recorded as an audio book for the blind. This was done by the North Wales Society of the Blind in the early 1960s.

Both books have been best-sellers in Wales and have been translated into English.

Cysgod y Cryman was brought to the stage and television screen. A stage production by Theatr Genedlaethol Cymru in 2007 was considered a critical and public success. It played to full theatres in Wales and on 5 April 2007 in the Bloomsbury Theatre in London, produced by Sion Eirian and starring Owen Garmon.

References

Fictional farms
Wales in fiction


The Assignment and Sub-letting of Land (Ireland) Act 1826, also known as the Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act 1826, was an Act of Parliament enacted during that year of the reign of George IV.

It was substantially amended by the Landlord and Tenant Law Amendment (Ireland) Act 1860.

References

United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1826
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Ireland


Derek Wilkinson (born July 29, 1974) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender.

Career
Wilkinson played his entire National Hockey League career with the Tampa Bay Lightning. His NHL career started in 1995 and he lasted until the 1999 season. He appeared in 22 games in his NHL career.

He was the final head coach of the Charlotte Checkers of the ECHL, from 2004 until the team moved up to the American Hockey League in 2010.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

External links

1974 births
Living people
Atlanta Knights players
Belfast Giants players
Belleville Bulls players
Charlotte Checkers (1993–2010) players
Chicago Wolves (IHL) players
Cleveland Lumberjacks players
Detroit Compuware Ambassadors players
Detroit Junior Red Wings players
ECHL coaches
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Sportspeople from Essex County, Ontario
Tampa Bay Lightning draft picks
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Northern Ireland
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Canadian ice hockey coaches
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States


Otto Treßler, also Otto Tressler, (13 April 1871 – 27 April 1965) was a German-Austrian stage and film actor. He appeared in more than 40 films between 1915 and 1962. He was born in Stuttgart, Germany and died in Vienna, Austria. He was a close friend to Archduchess Maria Josepha of Austria.

Partial filmography

 The Story of a Maid (1921) - Leopold
 Frau Dorothys Bekenntnis (1921)
 Das Weib des Irren (1921) - Graf
 Children of Darkness (1921, part 1, 2) - Schiffskapitän Pool
 Die Narrenkappe der Liebe (1921) - Spieler
 Pflicht und Ehre (1924)
 Le fauteuil 47 (1926) - Le baron Lebret
 The Crimson Circle (1929) - Ministerpräsident
 Storm in a Water Glass (1931) - Gerichtsvorsitzender
 Gently My Songs Entreat (1933) - Graf Esterhaazy
 The Racokzi March (1933) - Der Regimentsarzt
 When You're Young, the World Belongs to You (1934) - Rossani
 The Island (1934) - Der Botschafter
 Abenteuer eines jungen Herrn in Polen (1934) - Graf Lubenski
 Episode (1935) - Otto Torresani
 Die Pompadour (1935) - Cicerone
 The Court Concert (1936) - Lord Melbourne
 Victoria in Dover (1936) - Landesfürst Serenissimus
 Dangerous Game (1937) - Rosys Großvater Gustav Adolf Martini
 Maria Papoila (1937) - Dr. Kristof
 Prinzessin Sissy (1939) - King Ludwig I. of Bavaria
 Castles in the Air (1939) - Forster
 I Am Sebastian Ott (1939) - Oberst Holzapfel
 Linen from Ireland (1939) - Präsident Kettner
 Kameraden (1941) - Gesandter von Krusemarck
 Two Happy People (1943)
 Vienna 1910 (1943) - Graf Paar
 Romantische Brautfahrt (1944) - Josef Graf Mannsberg
 Die Zaubergeige (1944) - Landgraf von Homburg
 The Black Robe (1944) - Baron Friedberg
 Opfergang (1944) - Senator Froben
 Arlberg Express (1948) - Tschurtschrntaler
 On Resonant Shores (1948) - Abt
 Stadtpark (1951)
 Maria Theresa (1951) - Graf Aliano
 1. April 2000 (1952) - Engl. Hochkommissar
 Franz Schubert (1953)
 Victoria in Dover (1954) - Archbishop of Canterbury
 Sissi (1955) - Feldmaerschall Radetzky
 Sissi – The Young Empress (1956) - Feldmaerschall Radetzky
 Vienna, City of My Dreams (1957) - Fürst Vitus
 Forever My Love (1962) - (uncredited)

Decorations and awards
 1902: court actor
 1931: Honorary citizen of the City of Vienna
 1935: Councillor
 1937: Austrian Cross of Merit for Art and Science, First Class
 1937: Honorary Ring of the Vienna
 1938: State actor (in German: Staatsschauspieler)
 1941: Goethe Medal for Art and Science
 1942: Gold Civil Service Faithful Service Medal
 1951: Honorary Ring of the City of Vienna (Renewed presentation for war loss)
 1956: Grand Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
 1961: Great Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
 1961: Freeman of the University of Vienna
 1963: Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class

References

External links

1871 births
1965 deaths
20th-century German male actors
20th-century Austrian male actors
German male stage actors
German male film actors
German male silent film actors
Austrian male film actors
Austrian male silent film actors
German expatriates in Austria
Male actors from Stuttgart
People from the Kingdom of Württemberg
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Grand Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
Recipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class
Burials at Döbling Cemetery
German emigrants to Austria


Titanoeca quadriguttata is a species of spider in the family Titanoecidae. It is  widespread in Europe, though absent from Great Britain, and is found in Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Corsica, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Ukraine.

The females of the species are approximately 6 mm long and have a dark brownish plain abdomen and dark cephalothorax. Males are about 4.5 mm and have a broad light reddish brown cephalothorax and a slimmer black abdomen with two pairs of shining white dots.

Though similar in general appearance to Titanoeca psammophila, it is larger and the epigyne and male palpal organs are distinctive, as is the palpal tibia, viewed from above and the male lacks the spots. Like the rest of the genus, the spider has a calamistrum on the metatarsus of the fourth pair of legs, which comprises a single row of bristles and extends along most of its length.

The spiders are mature in spring; adults can be found from May to July in limestone areas of Germany.

It is often found amongst leaf litter or under logs and stones where the spiders have retreats and an open-meshed cribellate web extends around the opening. Males tug at the threads of females' webs prior to mating. The female remains with the egg sac in the retreat.

The male resembles superficially the male of Callilepis schuszteri (Gnaphosidae), but the latter has protruding spinnerets and a silvery carapax.

Taxonomy
T. quadriguttata was originally described as Aranea obscura by Walckenaer in 1802. However, this proved to be preoccupied by Olivier, 1789 and Fabricius, 1793. Hahn described the species as Theridion 4-guttatum in 1833, from which the recent name is derived. There is another species, Goeldia obscura, that has been known by this name.

References

 Bellmann, Heiko (1997). Kosmos-Atlas Spinnentiere Europas. Kosmos.
 Michael J. Roberts (1996). Collins Field Guide to the Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins.

External links
 Frithjof Kohl: Picture of a female T. quadriguttata
 NaturePhoto-CZ: Picture of a male

Titanoecidae
Spiders of Europe
Fauna of Moldova
Spiders of Russia
Spiders described in 1833
Taxa named by Carl Wilhelm Hahn


There are a number of museums around the world dedicated to potatoes, predominantly in North America and Europe.

Austria
 Waldviertler Erdäpfelwelt (Waldviertler potato world) is a museum with interactive displays located in the town hall of Schweiggers displaying the history and uses of potatoes to the present day.

Belgium
 Musée vivant de la pomme de terre ("Living Museum of the Potato") in Genappe is part of the Wallonia Botanical Gardens and also houses a collection of onions from northern Europe.
 Frietmuseum in Bruges is dedicated to chips (or fries in American-English) and is located in one of Bruges' oldest buildings, dated 1399.

Canada
 The Canadian Potato Museum in O'Leary, Prince Edward Island, claims to contain the world's largest collection of potato artifacts. It is also home to a Potato Hall of Fame. A  high giant potato made of fibreglass stands at the entrance and visitors can learn about the origins of the wild potato up to modern day agricultural practices.
 Potato World is a museum dedicated to the potato. It is located in Florenceville-Bristol, New Brunswick, known as the french fry capital of the world.

Denmark
 Danmarks Kartoffelmuseum ("Danish Potato Museum") in Otterup is part of the Hofmansgave estate. The Hofmansgaves were responsible for popularising the potato in Denmark where potatoes were known as "German lumps".

France
 Moulin Gentrey in Harsault (fr) is a former starch mill dating from 1870 which contains a small potato museum as part of a historical tour of starch making for the textile industry.

Germany
 Deutsches Kartoffelmuseum ("German Potato Museum") in Fußgönheim (de) is housed in a former synagogue next to the Fußgönheim Agricultural Museum. The museum dates from 1987.
 Das Kartoffelmuseum ("The Potato Museum") in Munich dates from 1996 and is run by the Otto Eckart Foundation on behalf of Pfanni GmbH, a division of Unilever.
 Vorpommersches Kartoffelmuseum ("Potato Museum of Vorpommern") in Tribsees (de)

Italy
 Museo della patata ("Potato Museum") in Budrio

Lithuania
 There is a Bulvės muziejus ("Potato Museum") in Kudirkos Naumiestis, near the border with Kaliningrad.

United States
 Potato Museum in Albuquerque, New Mexico, was originally housed in the basement of E. Thomas and Meredith Hughes' basement in Washington, D.C., before moving to Albuquerque in 1993. It began in 1975 and is a nonprofit organization.
 Idaho Potato Museum is in Blackfoot, Idaho, and among the exhibits has the world's largest potato chip (crisp in British-English), a Pringle measuring

See also

 List of food and beverage museums
 Spring Onion Culture Museum
 World Carrot Museum

References

Potato


Josef "Pepi" Strobl (born 3 March 1974 in Holzgau) is a former alpine skier from Austria.

Career

During his career, he won three World Cup downhills (he gained much attention after winning his first ever World Cup downhill with start number 61), one giant slalom, two Super Gs and one parallel slalom. In the 1996/7 season he was the best placed Austrian in the overall World Cup.

From the 2004/5 season, until the end of his career in 2006, he competed for Slovenia, as he faced problems with qualifying within the extremely strong Austrian skiing team.

World Cup victories

External links

 YouTube video - Josef Strobl at Lauberhorn - - 3rd place - 12-Jan-2002

1974 births
Living people
Austrian male alpine skiers


WMIE-FM (91.5 MHz) is a non-profit FM radio station licensed to Cocoa, Florida, and serving the Melbourne-Titusville-Cocoa, Florida radio market.  The station is currently owned by National Christian Network, Inc.

WMIE-FM airs a mix of Christian talk and teaching and Contemporary Christian music.  National religious leaders heard on WMIE-FM include David Jeremiah, Charles Stanley and Adrian Rogers, as well as local ministers.

WMIE-FM has its studios, offices and transmitter are on West King Street in Cocoa.  WMIE-FM also has an FM translator in Cocoa Beach, W272BA at 102.3 MHz.

In December 1984, the station first signed on the air.

References

External links

MIE-FM


Papyrus is an open-source UML 2 tool based on Eclipse and licensed under the EPL. It has been developed by the Laboratory of Model Driven Engineering for Embedded Systems (LISE) which is a part of the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA-List).

Papyrus can either be used as a standalone tool or as an Eclipse plugin. It provides support for Domain Specific Languages and SysML. Papyrus is designed to be easily extensible as it is based on the principle of UML Profiles.

UML2
Papyrus is a graphical editing tool for UML2 as defined by OMG. Papyrus provides support for UML profiles. Every part of Papyrus may be customized: model explorer, diagram editors, property editors, etc.

SysML
Papyrus also provides a complete support to SysML in order to enable model-based system engineering. It includes an implementation of the SysML static profile and the specific graphical editors required for SysML.

UML-RT
A variant of Papyrus, Papyrus for Real Time (Papyrus-RT), implements UML-RT, a Domain Specific Language (DSL) designed for realtime embedded systems development. UML-RT is a UML-based variant of Real-Time Object-Oriented Modeling (ROOM).

References

External links

 About CEA
Carnot Institute ARTS
Eclipse (software)
Free software
Free UML tools
French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission
Paris-Saclay University