The 1997 King of the Ring was the fifth annual King of the Ring professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) that featured the 11th King of the Ring tournament. It took place on June 8, 1997, at the Providence Civic Center in Providence, Rhode Island.

The main event was a standard wrestling match for the WWF Championship. The Undertaker defeated Faarooq to retain the title. The undercard included the 1997 King of the Ring tournament, which was won by Hunter Hearst Helmsley. Other matches on the undercard included Shawn Michaels versus Stone Cold Steve Austin, The Hart Foundation (Owen Hart, The British Bulldog, and Jim Neidhart) versus Sycho Sid and The Legion of Doom in a six-man tag team match and Goldust versus Crush.

Production

Background
King of the Ring was a pay-per-view (PPV) event held annually in June by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) since 1993. The PPV featured the King of the Ring tournament, a single-elimination tournament that was established in 1985 and held annually until 1991, with the exception of 1990; these early tournaments were held as special non-televised house shows. The winner of the tournament was crowned "King of the Ring." Unlike the non-televised events, the PPV did not feature all of the tournament's matches. Instead, several of the qualifying matches preceded the event with the final few matches then taking place at the pay-per-view. There were also other matches that took place at the event as it was a traditional three-hour pay-per-view. Considered one of the WWF's "Big Five" PPVs, along with the Royal Rumble, WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, the company's five biggest shows of the year, the 1997 event was the fifth King of the Ring PPV and 11th tournament overall. It was held on June 8, 1997 at the Providence Civic Center in Providence, Rhode Island.

Storylines
King of the Ring consisted of professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing feuds, plots, and storylines that were played out on Raw Is War—WWF's main television program. Wrestlers portrayed a villain or a hero as they followed a series of events that built tension, and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.

The pay-per-view event included the annual King of the Ring single elimination bracket tournament. The tournament started on the May 12, 1997 episode of Raw is War, with Ahmed Johnson defeating Hunter Hearst Helmsley in the first quarter-final match by disqualification. On the May 19 episode of Raw is War, Helmsley got another spot in the tournament because he was not properly instructed before his match with Johnson and thus threatened to sue WWF with legal action. He replaced Vader, who was originally scheduled to wrestle Crush but had been injured in a No Holds Barred match against Ken Shamrock at In Your House 15: A Cold Day in Hell. Helmsley defeated Crush and advanced to the semi-finals. On the May 26 episode of Raw is War, Jerry Lawler defeated Goldust in the third quarter-final match. The final quarter-final match was held on the June 2 episode of Raw is War, as Mankind defeated Savio Vega.

The predominant rivalry heading into the event was between The Undertaker and Faarooq over Undertaker's WWF Championship. On the May 12 episode of Raw is War, The Undertaker had nearly defeated Faarooq's Nation of Domination teammate Savio Vega in a non-title match until Faarooq interfered and attacked The Undertaker. On the May 31 episode of Shotgun, Faarooq, Crush, and Vega defeated The Undertaker, Mankind, and Vader in a six-man tag team match. It would eventually lead to a title match between Undertaker and Faarooq at King of the Ring.

Another predominant rivalry heading into the event was between Stone Cold Steve Austin and Shawn Michaels. On the May 26 episode of Raw is War, Austin and Michaels defeated Owen Hart and British Bulldog to win the WWF Tag Team Championship. However, after the title win, Austin went to fight Bret Hart and Michaels was attacked by the rest of The Hart Foundation, which created jealousy between the new champions. On the June 2 episode of Raw is War, Austin and Michaels began fighting each other during a title defense against the Legion of Doom (Hawk and Animal). This led to a match between Austin and Michaels at King of the Ring to determine the captain of the team.

Event

Before the event aired live on pay-per-view, The Headbangers (Mosh and Thrasher) wrestled Bart Gunn and Jesse James on Free For All. Headbangers hit Gunn with a Powerbomb Diving Leg Drop Combo, which they called Stage Dive and pinned Gunn to win the match.

Preliminary matches

As the show began, the semi-final round of the King of the Ring tournament started with Hunter Hearst Helmsley taking on Ahmed Johnson. Johnson dominated most of the match and had nearly won the match until Helmsley's female bodyguard Chyna climbed the apron and distracted Johnson. Helmsley took advantage and hit Johnson with a Pedigree for the victory.

In the next semi-final match, Mankind wrestled Jerry Lawler. The match occurred outside the ring on many occasions. Lawler tried to finish the match by attempting a Piledriver on Mankind. However, Mankind reversed it into a Mandible claw, forcing Lawler to submit to the hold.

The third match was between Goldust and Crush. During the match, Crush's teammate D'Lo Brown tried to interfere on his behalf by attacking Goldust but was thwarted off. Goldust hit Crush with a DDT and pinned him for the victory.

Next was a six-man tag team match pitting The Hart Foundation (Owen Hart, The British Bulldog, and Jim Neidhart) against Sid and The Legion of Doom (Hawk and Animal). Sid tried to finish the match with a Powerbomb on Bulldog. However, Owen Hart, who was the legal man, took advantage and pinned Sid with a Sunset Flip for the victory.

Main event matches
The fifth match was the tournament final of the 1997 King of the Ring between Mankind and Hunter Hearst Helmsley. Mankind dominated the match but Chyna's interference in the match prevented Mankind from winning. Helmsley hit Mankind with a Pedigree on the broadcast table outside the ring. As Mankind was trying to get back into the ring, Chyna hit him hard with the scepter. Helmsley threw Mankind into the ring and performed another Pedigree to pin Mankind for the victory. As a result, Helmsley won the 1997 King of the Ring tournament. However, Helmsley broke his King of the Ring crown by smashing it in Mankind's back. After the match, Bret Hart issued an open challenge to any five American wrestlers to wrestle him and his Hart Foundation at In Your House 16: Canadian Stampede.

Next was a Singles match between the WWF Tag Team Champions Shawn Michaels and Stone Cold Steve Austin to determine the team captain. The referee was knocked out during the match. Austin hit Michaels with a Stone Cold Stunner. He picked up the referee and hit him too with a Stone Cold Stunner. This gave Michaels time to recover and hit Austin with a Sweet Chin Music and tried to pin Austin. A second referee came out in the match but instead of counting the pinfall for Michaels, he checked on the first referee. This angered Michaels and he attacked the replacement referee. The third referee Earl Hebner came in and disqualified both Austin and Michaels for attacking the referees. As a result, the match resulted in a double disqualification but Michaels and Austin continued to fight with each other.

The main event was between The Undertaker and Faarooq for the WWF Championship. Due to numerous interferences by Nation of Domination, Faarooq was able to dominate the match. However, late into the match, Crush and Savio Vega began arguing with each other which distracted Faarooq. Faarooq left the ring to investigate. This gave Undertaker time to regain his momentum. Undertaker hit Faarooq with a Tombstone Piledriver, and pinned him to retain the title. After the match, Ahmed Johnson made a run-in and argued with Undertaker. The argument ended with Johnson hitting Undertaker with a Pearl River Plunge.

Aftermath
Following Ahmed Johnson's attack on The Undertaker at King of the Ring, Johnson and The Undertaker were teamed together for a tag team match against Faarooq and Kama Mustafa on the June 16 episode of Raw is War. Johnson turned on The Undertaker during the match, allowing Kama to pin The Undertaker for the victory. As a result, Johnson became a villain and ended his rivalry with Faarooq's Nation of Domination by joining the faction.

After losing the WWF Championship match at King of the Ring due to an argument between his teammates, Crush and Savio Vega, Faarooq fired them from the Nation of Domination and converted it into a faction of black wrestlers, leading to a racial gang war as the White American Crush formed Disciples of Apocalypse (DOA) and the Hispanic Vega formed Los Boricuas. The Nation, DOA, and Los Boricuas battled each other throughout 1997.

As a result of Hunter Hearst Helmsley defeating Mankind to win the King of the Ring tournament, Mankind and Helmsley feuded with each other for several months. After ending his rivalry with Mankind and his alter ego, Dude Love, Helmsley found immediate success by forming the comedic faction D-Generation X with Shawn Michaels, Chyna and Rick Rude.

Results

Tournament brackets
The tournament was held between May 12 and June 8, 1997. The tournament brackets were:

1.  Helmsley was allowed another spot in the tournament because he was not properly instructed prior to his match with Ahmed Johnson the previous week that he could be eliminated via disqualification and thus threatened the WWF with legal action; Vader was originally in this spot but sustained a broken nose after his No Holds Barred match with Ken Shamrock at In Your House: A Cold Day in Hell on May 11. This gave Helmsley the opportunity to fill in the vacant space and face Crush. Vader fought Ahmed on the May 26 episode of Raw Is War for his spot, but lost.

References

External links
 King of the Ring 1997 at Online World of Wrestling
 WWF King of the Ring 1997 at Complete WWE

1997
1997 in Rhode Island
Events in Providence, Rhode Island
Professional wrestling in Providence, Rhode Island
1997 WWF pay-per-view events
June 1997 events in the United States


Simón Brand (born July 28, 1970) is a Colombian film director. Brand has directed more than 200 TV commercials for companies such as Coca-Cola, Coors Light, AT&T, Apple Inc., BMW. He has also directed music videos for artists such as Paulina Rubio, Thalía, Juanes, Shakira, Alejandro Fernández, Enrique Iglesias and Ricky Martin.

In 2006, he made his debut as film director with the film Unknown. His next film Paraiso Travel had the highest attendance for a Colombian film in 2008 with 888,409 viewers. He currently resides in Los Angeles, California, with his wife Claudia Bahamón, a Colombian model and TV host, along with their two children.

Career

Brand started his career at the age of sixteen, when he directed his first music video for the Colombian band Pasaporte, the song "Igor y Penélope". Two years later, he directed the music video "El Velo" for Colombian group Estados Alterados. Soon after, he moved to Miami thanks to a scholarship from Music and Video Academic. His first job in the United States consisted of recording voice-overs for phone companies. After graduating with honors, Brand founded his own production company called Kree8, with which he has produced most of his commercials and music videos.

Before filmmaking, he began studying Communications, Advertising, and Epistemology at the Pontifical Xavierian University in Bogotá, Colombia, where he also worked at a local radio station as a broadcaster.

For his first film, Unknown he was able to bring together a cast made up well-known Hollywood actors, such as Jim Caviezel, and Greg Kinnear. The film raised more than US $17 million worldwide.

His second feature film Paraiso travel, released in 2008, was the highest-grossing movie in Colombia that year. Time magazine named it as one of the best Latin American movies of the first decade of the century. Margarita Rosa de Francisco, John Leguizamo, and Ana de la Reguera were some of the recognizable Latin American actors that took part of the film.

In 2006, Variety magazine named Simon Brand one of the top 40 most influential Latin Americans in Hollywood.

He has been nominated for several awards such as the Grammy Awards (nominated four times), MTV Video Music Award, Clio Awards, and Telly Awards.

Filmography

Music videos filmography

1991
Estados Alterados - "El velo"

1995
Shakira - "Estoy Aquí"
1999
Chayanne - "Salomé"
Noelia - "Tú"
MDO - "Groove With Me Tonight"
Jaci Velasquez - "Llegar A Tí"
Jaci Velasquez - "De Creer En Tí"
Westlife - "Seasons in the Sun"
Steps - "After the Love Has Gone"
2000
Steps - "When I Said Goodbye"
Thalía - "Entre El Mar Y Una Estrella
Thalía - "Regresa a Mí"
Thalía - "Arrasando"
2001
Jessica Simpson - "Irresistible"
Juanes - "Fíjate Bien"
Ruff Endz - "Cash, Money, Cars, Clothes"
Paulina Rubio - "I'll Be Right Here (Sexual Lover)"
2002
Enrique Iglesias - "Mentiroso"
Enrique Iglesias - "Quizás"
Paulina Rubio - "Baila Casanova (Casanova)"
2003
Enrique Iglesias feat. Lionel Richie - "To Love a Woman"
Ricardo Arjona - "Minutos"
Enrique Iglesias - "Para Qué la Vida"
Chayanne - "Un Siglo Sin Tí"
Chayanne - "Sentada Aquí en Mi Alma"
2004
Alejandro Fernández - "Me Dediqué A Perderte"
2006
Ricardo Arjona - "Mojado"
Juanes - "A Dios le Pido" (European version)
Ricky Martin - "It's Alright"
2007
Alejandro Fernández - "Te Voy A Perder"
Verónica Orozco - "Miénteme"
2008
Fonseca - "Paraíso"
Fanny Lú - "Tú No Eres Para Mi"
Fonseca - "Enrédame"
2009
Fanny Lú - "Celos"
Volumen Cero - "Hollywood"
La Quinta Estación feat. Marc Anthony - "Recuérdame"
2010
Juan Luis Guerra - "Bachata en Fukuoka"
Belanova - "Nada de Más"
2011
Fanny Lú - "Fanfarrón"
Wisin & Yandel - "Tu Olor"
2012
Calle 13 - "La Bala"
Stephanie Cayo - "El Alquimista"
2013
Alejandro Fernández feat. Christina Aguilera - "Hoy Tengo Ganas de Ti"
Letting Up Despite Great Faults - "Details Of My World"
2016
Ricky Martin feat. Yotuel Romero - "La Mordidita"

References

External links

Colombian music video directors
Colombian film directors
Living people
1970 births


In law, horizontal effect refers to the ability of legal requirements meant to apply only to public bodies to affect private rights. It arises where a court dealing with a legal dispute between purely private entities interprets a legal provision to be consistent with certain legal norms in such a way as to affect the legal rights and obligations of the parties before it.

Examples
In European Union law under the doctrine of direct effect, national courts are under a legal duty to interpret national laws to be consistent with EU laws which the member state concerned has either not implemented or not implemented correctly. The ability of such interpretations to affect the legal rights and duties of purely private entities is called horizontal direct effect. Normally, direct effect is only vertical, in that it is meant to apply to the state and its emanations (i.e., to public sector employers).

In the United Kingdom, in Campbell v Mirror Group Newspapers, the House of Lords found that while the Human Rights Act 1998 cannot create new causes of action between individuals, "if there is a relevant cause of action, the court as a public authority must act compatibly with both parties' Convention rights."

See also
Human Rights Act 1998
Direct effect
Vertical effect

Notes

Further reading and external links
 J. Morgan, ‘Privacy in the House of Lords, Again’ (2004) 120 Law Quarterly Review 563.
  An explanation of the term from yourrights.org

European Union law
Human rights legislation


Marcia Lynn Moretto, born July 18, 1946, in Illinois, USA and died May 21, 1983, in Paris, France, was a dancer, choreographer and director.

She worked with Armando Llamas and also taught dance in Sartrouville in the 1970s. Her students included Catherine Ringer and Fred Chichin, the duo of Les Rita Mitsouko. Their song "Marcia Baila" is a tribute to Marcia Moretto.

She died in 1983 at the age of 36 of a fast-moving breast cancer.

Deaths from cancer in France
1946 births
1983 deaths
People from Sartrouville


The Horoiata is a right tributary of the river Bârlad in Romania. It discharges into the Bârlad near the village Horoiata. It originates on the Tutova Plateau near Fundu Văii. It crosses the localities of Fundu Văii, Căpușneni, Orgoiești, Vișinari, Vlădești, Ulea, Unțești and Horoiata, before joining the Bârlad near Gara Banca. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Vaslui County


Oliver Glacier is a glacier located on the northeast coast of the Baffin Mountains on Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada. It is just outside Sirmilik National Park.

See also
List of glaciers
Whakawhiti Saddle

References

Glaciers of Baffin Island
Arctic Cordillera


Julius Salik also known as J. Salik, is a Pakistani Christian and activist for minority rights based in Islamabad. In 1996, he founded the World Minorities Alliance to advocate for the social status of minorities, initially religious minorities in Pakistan – including Buddhism, Christians, Hindus, and Sikhs. That same year, he was nominated by Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto for the Nobel Peace Prize.

References

Living people
Pakistani human rights activists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Pakistani Christian pacifists
Anglican pacifists
People from Islamabad


Horseracing in Scotland is a popular spectator sport, with a history dating back over 900 years. There are currently five operating racecourses in Scotland - one exclusively for flat racing, two exclusively for jump racing and two mixed. Between them they held one hundred and three race meetings in 2014. The main National Hunt meeting held is the Scottish Grand National meeting at Ayr each April, and the main Flat meeting is the Ayr Gold Cup Festival (historically known as the Western Meeting), at the same course each September.

Horseracing first flourished in the country during the reign of King James VI and I when members of the Royal Court developed a passion for the sport, before they began to establish a centre for horse racing in Newmarket. From that time onwards, in contrast to England, wealthy owners have been rare in Scotland, and the main development of the sport took place south of the border. The contributions of Scots owners such as the fourth Duke of Queensberry were made in England.

In the modern era, horse racing in Scotland comes under a British, as opposed to a specifically Scottish aegis. Scottish race meetings tend to have a strong local feeling, local runners and local patronage.

History

Racing horses for sport in Scotland dates back at least 900 years. The Lanark Silver Bell, reputedly first contested in the reign of William the Lion of Scotland in the 12th or early 13th century is among the first horse races recorded anywhere. In fact, until 1977, when Lanark Racecourse closed, it was the oldest continually run horse racing event in the world.  After a break of 30 years it was revived at Hamilton in 2008.

Among other early records of racing are those in the Lord Treasurer's Accounts, the records of King James IV's personal expenditure. There are only four references to horse racing, all in 1503-4, including a payment made in 1504 to a jockey, ‘the boy that ran the King’s horse’ at Leith. Relative to James' other sporting interests such as falconry and golf this is very few.

A well-known annual race, with a bell for a prize, was instituted at Haddington in 1552, but reference to this in royal records is restricted to a single entry. It is not until the reign of James VI that racing truly emerges. Races were held at Peebles and Dumfries (from 1575) but it was not until he saw the possibilities of racing on Newmarket Heath in 1605 he became an enthusiast for horse racing. Although the sport went into abeyance during the Civil War and the Interregnum, the sport bounced back after the Restoration. From then on, racing took place all over Scotland, more intensively in the Lowlands than in the Highlands and has continued down to the present day.

In 1800, annual race meetings were held at five places in Scotland, and by 1816, the year the main races in Edinburgh moved from Leith to Musselburgh, nine places. In 1839, there were still nine.

Racecourses

The five racecourses in Scotland are:

Ayr Racecourse in Ayrshire - (mixed)
Hamilton Park in South Lanarkshire - (flat)
Kelso Racecourse in the Scottish Borders - (national hunt)
Musselburgh Racecourse (formerly officially known as Edinburgh Racecourse) in East Lothian - (mixed; was flat only until 1987)
Perth Racecourse in Perth and Kinross - (national hunt)

In living memory, there were also Lanark Racecourse (closed 1977; flat only) and Bogside Racecourse (closed 1965; mixed, and the traditional home of the Scottish Grand National).

References

External links
 Scottish Racing

Bibliography

Scot


Robyn E. Kenealy (born 1983) is a comic book artist and organiser in the New Zealand art communities. She is based in Wellington, and had a role in establishing the 91 Aro St Gallery, organising the New Zealand Comics Weekend and the Eric Awards. Kenealy's early works, Influenza in Wellington and Love Ain't Easy, were predominantly autobiographical comics. Her later work Roddy's Film Companion (a biography of the film actor Roddy McDowall) marks a distinct shift from this style. Although Roddy's Film Companion is biographical, it is also fictional and frequently acknowledges the limitations of 'truth' and 'fact' in historical research. These themes are continued in Steve Rogers' American Captain, an autobiographical comic told from the perspective of Captain America's alter-ego.

Roddy's Film Companion
From 2005 to 2011 Kenealy produced Roddy's Film Companion, a semi-fictional/biographical comic about the life of the actor Roddy McDowall, whose most well-known role was playing Cornelius in Planet of the Apes. Richard Burton, Elizabeth Taylor, Joseph Mankiewicz and Darryl Zanuck also feature in the comics. However, Roddy's Film Companion is not so much concerned with presenting an accurate portrait of Roddy McDowall's life, but rather with interrogating the limits of 'truth' and 'reality' in biographies through fictionalisation. As Kenealy writes on her website, "Roddy's Film Companion is a one half semi-fictional biography comic of child star cum character actor Roddy McDowall (whom you might remember from such films as How Green Was My Valley and Planet of the Apes) and one half a musing on the phenomenon of celebrity itself, as applied to both author and subject." The first issue, released in 2006, is set while Roddy was filming the Darryl Zanuck production of Cleopatra. In late 2008 she started uploading Roddy's Film Companion to the internet.

Kenealy won the award for the best cartoon in the 2009 ASPA awards with The Darkroom weekly serial (a backstory to Roddy's Film Companion) which appeared in Salient Magazine. Dylan Horrocks, one of the judges, wrote that Kenealy's comics have "all kinds of smarts going on just below the surface." Tim Bollinger wrote that The Darkroom has "smart conversational language and pen-and-ink-wash visual narrative."

Steve Rogers' American Captain
Steve Rogers' American Captain is an autobiographical comic told from the perspective of Captain America's alter-ego, Steve Rogers. Its title is a reference to American Splendor and American Elf. It has been featured in New York magazine.

Arts organiser
Kenealy and her husband Richard (Dick) Whyte curate the ongoing art collection The Wayfarer Gallery based in Wellington's Wayfarer Library, archiving Wellington experimental art. It currently owns more than 200 works from artists such as Rick Jensen, GCR, Brent Willis, Tao Wells, Mark Whyte, Smiley, Sam Stephens, and many others. In 2004 they collaborated with others to open the 91 Aro Street Gallery, another Wellington outlet for independent arts. 91 Aro Street sold and exhibited comics, cassette tapes, CDs, books, films, paintings, photographs, pictures, glass work from New Zealand experimental artists. It was open for twelve months while they held the lease on the premises and held more than 20 exhibitions.

It was during 2005 that 91 Aro St was the venue for the first New Zealand Comics Weekend, a weekend devoted to the exhibition and celebration of New Zealand comics. Since then Kenealy has been the major organiser of this event in 2006 and contributed to the 2007 event, organised by cartoonists DRAW and Tim Bollinger. The 2006 event also included the Eric Awards, an independently judged New Zealand comic awards. Robyn and Dick hosted the event, which also featured stand-up comedian Darren Schroeder as the MC. In 2010 Kenealy organized the 5th New Zealand Comics Weekend at The Basement Gallery in Wellington, New Zealand (with the help of DRAW, Claire Harris and Tim Bollinger).

In 2009, Kenealy was the spokesperson for the Concerned Citizens exhibition and art event, which raised funds and awareness for those arrested in the 2007 New Zealand raids. It contained work by many artists including Tame Iti, Campbell Kneale, and Kenealy herself; which were auctioned by Nándor Tánczos and John Minto.

Influences
Robyn's influences include Peter Bagge, Roberta Gregory, Chester Brown, Harvey Pekar, Joe Matt, James Baldwin, Yasunari Kawabata, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Simone de Beauvoir, Charles Bukowski, Kurt Vonnegut, Michel Foucault, Roland Barthes, Vito Russo, Northern Exposure, Curb Your Enthusiasm, Twin Peaks, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Shortland Street, Trailer Park Boys, The Royle Family, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, and Blue Collar.

Films
Robyn featured in the 2004 Toby Donald and Dick Whyte documentary, Boys Suck: Throw Rocks at Them first screened at the New Zealand Comics Weekend at 91 Aro St Gallery, later to be released on DVD. The documentary followed Robyn and fellow comic artist G.C.R. to the Eric Awards in 2004. Kenealy also appeared in Elric Kane and Alexander Greenhough's 2004 independent feature film Murmurs, set in a bohemian Wellington subculture. These films are considered part of the Aro Valley film movement.

She was interviewed by Shirley Horrocks in her documentary The Comics Show, which screened at the 2007 New Zealand International Film Festival.

Other activities
Kenealy also plays guitar and banjo, makes conceptual art, dabbles in painting and haiku, has written short stories, and is currently writing a novel.

Bibliography
 Influenza In Wellington issues 1-4 (2003 - 2005)
 Love Ain't Easy parts one and two (2005)
 Roddy's Film Companion, about child and adult star Roddy McDowall (2005 - 2011)
 Steve Rogers' American Captain: A Diary Comic (2012–present)

Exhibitions
 Rubbernek 2, group exhibition at Enjoy Gallery 2001
 Wayfarer Presents, group exhibition at Enjoy Gallery, 2002
 Spring, installation piece at 91 Aro Street, 23 Aug - 6 Sept 2005
 Wellington Comics Exhibition at Mezzo Gallery, 15–29 April 2005
 Bottled (s)Words/W.Art, DAF 106 Gallery, 2008
 I like sex and I’m a girl, DAF 106 Gallery, 2008
 EGO, DAF 106 Gallery, 2009
 Concerned Citizens: A Fundraising Exhibition to Help the Victims of the October 15th “Anti Terrorism” Raids, Garrett Street, 2011

References

External links
 American Captain at the Internet Archive
 The Gravy TV segment

New Zealand comics writers
New Zealand comics artists
Living people
New Zealand communists
New Zealand musicians
1983 births


The Hundred of Bagot is the cadastral unit of hundred for the city of Darwin, Northern Territory and the city of Palmerston. It includes the Local Government Areas of the City of Darwin, the northern part of the City of Palmerston and part of the north-western edge of the Shire of Litchfield.

History

Bagot is one of the 14 hundreds that were proclaimed on 14 September 1871 by the Governor of South Australia in the County of Palmerston (although the map below shows 20 hundreds). It is believed to be  named after John Tuthill Bagot, who was the Chief Secretary in the Strangways ministry of the Government of South Australia from 1868 to 1870.

The Hundred was enlarged in 1963 when the Governor-General of Australia, William Sidney, 1st Viscount De L'Isle, revoked the Hundred of Sanderson, formerly located to the north of Bagot, and included this into Bagot. Old maps of Darwin (formerly Palmerston) mention the Hundred of Bagot.

Bagot Community
Bagot Community is an Aboriginal Community within the suburb of Ludmilla, a northern suburb of Darwin, which like the rest of the suburbs of Darwin, is part of the Hundred.

SA Bagot
There is also a Hundred of Bagot in South Australia; the South Australian hundred was named after Captain Charles Hervey Bagot, the father of John Tuthill Bagot.

References

B


is a Japanese film and television actress who became known as the first Japanese actress to appear in a nude scene in a mainstream film.

Life and career
Michiko Maeda was born in Osaka Prefecture on February 27, 1934. She was working in a department store in the Nihonbashi district of Tokyo when she began working as an actress at the Shintoho studio in 1955. Her film debut was in director Hiromasa Nomura's Santōshain to Onna Hisho (), released in August 1955. Maeda's minor role as a striptease dancer in director Seiichiro Uchikawa's Eikō to Bakusō Ō (, 1956) brought her to public attention through her voluptuous figure. In their The Japanese Film: Art and Industry, Anderson and Richie described Maeda as "a star who consisted almost entirely of mammary glands."

Shintoho took advantage of Maeda's popularity to cast her in more roles in which she could display her famous figure. Other film studios reportedly engaged in a nationwide search to discover their own buxom models to compete with Maeda. Later in 1956, she was given the starring role in , a melodramatic thriller set on an isolated island about a woman seeking revenge for her dead lover. Maeda became notorious for playing the first nude scene in a Japanese film.

For Shintoho, Maeda appeared in string of female pearl-diver films which exploited similar nude scenes, concluding with  (1957). While acting in the film Konpira Riseiken (, 1957) for director Goro Katano, Maeda refused to do a scene in which she was to lift her slip for the camera.
The resulting scandal became known as the , and made headlines in international news.

Maeda was invited to appear in two films in Taiwan in 1963. She returned to Japanese media with the 1972 Nippon Television soap opera, Dakuryū no Onna , and appeared on television and on the stage until her retirement in 1976.

After 42 years of exile from the Japanese film world pink film pioneer Satoru Kobayashi and cult film director Teruo Ishii persuaded her to appear in Ishii's 1999 movie Jigoku: Japanese Hell. Maeda played the role of Enma Daio, the Judge of Hell.

Films
 Kuronekokan ni kieta (1956)
 Revenge of the Pearl Queen (1956)
 Hatoba no Ôja   (1956)
 Onna keirin-ô (1957)

Notes

Bibliography

1934 births
Japanese actresses
Living people
Actors from Osaka Prefecture


MI13 or variant may refer to:

 Michigan's 13th congressional district
 Michigan's 13th House of Representatives district
 M-13 (Michigan highway)
 MI-13 (comics)
 An unused or classified section of the United Kingdom Directorate of Military Intelligence


Matthew Holden Jr. is an American political scientist.

Biography
He attended public school in Mississippi and Chicago, Illinois. He graduated from the University of Chicago in 1950 and received a B.A. degree in political science from Roosevelt University in 1954.  He received an M.A. from Northwestern University in 1956 and his Ph.D. in 1961. He served in the Korean War from 1955 to 1957.

Holden taught political science at the University of Illinois, Wayne State University,
and the University of Pittsburgh. He was a professor of Political Science/Public Policy Administration at the University of Wisconsin–Madison from 1969 to 1981. He joined the University of Virginia faculty in 1981 and became the Henry L. and Grace M. Doherty Professor Emeritus of Politics.

He served on the Public Service Commission of Wisconsin from 1975 to 1977 and on the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission from 1977 to 1981. Later in 177, Holden was elected as a fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration. He has published numerous articles. He became President of the American Political Science Association in 1989. He retired in 2002.

References

External links
Biography

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
African-American people in Wisconsin politics
Federal Power Commission
Roosevelt University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Northwestern University alumni
Wayne State University faculty
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
University of Pittsburgh faculty
University of Virginia faculty


Antonio "Toñito" Gonzales (born 16 May 1986) is a Peruvian footballer who currently is a free agent and last played for Pirata F.C. in the Peruvian second tier. He plays as a defensive midfielder.

He was referred as the successor of José Luis Carranza because of the passion and love with which he defends his team. He has a very aggressive style of play that makes his rivals doubtful to face him even though his height is shorter than the average. He has also been compared with Arturo Vidal due to his tough and ruthless style of play. In 2008, he had a son and named him Mayer Simão in honor of his teammate Mayer Candelo and Atlético Madrid midfielder Simão.

Club career
Toñito González was formed as a footballer in the youth levels of Universitario de Deportes, one of the most important and historically relevant clubs of the Peruvian top division. He played for the their second team in the 2002/03 season before playing for América de Cochahuayco, which operates as a twin club of Universitario de Deportes in the lower tiers of Peruvian football.

González was promoted to the first team under manager Jorge Amado Nunes during the 2006/07 season, amounting a total of 12 league appearances by the end of it. Until his departure in 2015, González played 214 games for Universitario de Deportes becoming a fan-favorite and a club legend due to his tangible passion and aggressive defending abilities which earned him 95 yellow cards and 10 red cards throughout his career. Toñito González's only goal for his hometown club came as out-of-the box angled rebound in a 1–1 game against FBC Melgar during the 2013/14 Torneo del Inca in Lima

After a brief and uneventful 3-month spell in Ayacucho FC, González signed for Universidad César Vallejo in August 2016 as the team edged relegation to the Peruvian second division. González's 6 league appearances did not prove to be sufficient to help the team avoid relegation and Universidad César Vallejo lost its slot in the top tier of Peruvian football. In the following season, the club accessed the promotion play-offs but lost the final 3–5 on penalties against Sport Boys in a game where González remained in the bench. Sourly, González left the club in 2017 with 21 games played for the Trujillo team.

Honours

Club
Universitario de Deportes
 Torneo Descentralizado (2): 2009, 2013
 Apertura: 2008

Country
Peru national team
 Copa America: Bronze medal 2011

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Lima
Peruvian men's footballers
Peru men's international footballers
Peruvian Primera División players
Club Universitario de Deportes footballers
Men's association football midfielders
2011 Copa América players


In finance, the weighted-average life (WAL) of an amortizing loan or amortizing bond, also called average life, is the weighted average of the times of the principal repayments: it's the average time until a dollar of principal is repaid.

In a formula,

where:
  is the (total) principal,
  is the principal repayment that is included in payment , hence
  is the fraction of the total principal that is included in payment , and
  is the time (in years) from the calculation date to payment .
If desired,  can be expanded as  for a monthly bond, where  is the fraction of a month between settlement date and first cash flow date.

WAL of classes of loans
In loans that allow prepayment, the WAL cannot be computed from the amortization schedule alone; one must also make assumptions about the prepayment and default behavior, and the quoted WAL will be an estimate. The WAL is usually computed from a single cash-flow sequence. Occasionally, a simulated average life may be computed from multiple cash-flow scenarios, such as those from an option-adjusted spread model.

Related concepts
WAL should not be confused with the following distinct concepts:
Bond duration Bond duration is the weighted-average time to receive the discounted present values of all the cash flows (including both principal and interest), while WAL is the weighted-average time to receive simply the principal payments (not including interest, and not discounting). For an amortizing loan with equal payments, the WAL will be higher than the duration, as the early payments are weighted towards interest, while the later payments are weighted towards principal, and further, taking present value (in duration) discounts the later payments.
Time until 50% of the principal has been repaid WAL is a mean, while "50% of the principal repaid" is a median; see difference between mean and median. Since principal outstanding is a concave function (of time) for a flat payment amortizing loan, less than half the principal will have been paid off at the WAL. Intuitively, this is because most of the principal repayment happens at the end. Formally, the distribution of repayments has negative skew: the small principal repayments at the beginning drag down the WAL (mean) more than they reduce the median.
Weighted-average maturity (WAM) WAM is an average of the maturity dates of multiple loans, not an average of principal repayments.

Applications
WAL is a measure that can be useful in credit risk analysis on fixed income securities, bearing in mind that the main credit risk of a loan is the risk of loss of principal. All else equal, a bond with principal outstanding longer (i.e., longer WAL) has greater credit risk than a bond with shorter WAL. In particular, WAL is often used as the basis for yield comparisons in I-spread calculations.

WAL should not be used to estimate a bond's price-sensitivity to interest-rate fluctuations, as WAL includes only the principal cash flows, omitting the interest payments. Instead, one should use bond duration, which incorporates all the cash flows.

Examples
The WAL of a bullet loan (non-amortizing) is exactly the tenor, as the principal is repaid precisely at maturity.

On a 30-year amortizing loan, paying equal amounts monthly, one has the following WALs, for the given annual interest rates (and corresponding monthly payments per $100,000 principal balance, calculated via an amortization calculator and the formulas below relating amortized payments, total interest, and WAL):

Note that as the interest rate increases, WAL increases, since the principal payments become increasingly back-loaded. WAL is independent of the principal balance, though payments and total interest are proportional to principal.

For a coupon of 0%, where the principal amortizes linearly, the WAL is exactly half the tenor plus half a payment period, because principal is repaid in arrears (at the end of the period). So for a 30-year 0% loan, paying monthly, the WAL is  years.

Total Interest
WAL allows one to easily compute the total interest payments, given by:

where r is the annual interest rate and P is the initial principal.

This can be understood intuitively as: "The average dollar of principal is outstanding for the WAL, hence the interest on the average dollar is , and now one multiplies by the principal to get total interest payments."

Proof
More rigorously, one can derive the result as follows. To ease exposition, assume that payments are monthly, so periodic interest rate is annual interest rate divided by 12, and time  (time in years is period number in months, over 12).

Then:

Total interest is

where  is the principal outstanding at the beginning of period i (it's the principal on which the i interest payment is based). The statement reduces to showing that . Both of these quantities are the time-weighted total principal of the bond (in periods), and they are simply different ways of slicing it: the  sum counts how long each dollar of principal is outstanding (it slices horizontally), while the  counts how much principal is outstanding at each point in time (it slices vertically).

Working backwards, , and so forth: the principal outstanding when k periods remain is exactly the sum of the next k principal payments. The principal paid off by the last (nth) principal payment is outstanding for all n periods, while the principal paid off by the second to last ((n − 1)th) principal payment is outstanding for n − 1 periods, and so forth. Using this, the sums can be re-arranged to be equal.

For instance, if the principal amortized as $100, $80, $50 (with paydowns of $20, $30, $50), then the sum would on the one hand be , and on the other hand would be . This is demonstrated in the following table, which shows the amortization schedule, broken up into principal repayments, where each column is a , and each row is :

Computing WAL from amortized payment
The above can be reversed: given the terms (principal, tenor, rate) and amortized payment A, one can compute the WAL without knowing the amortization schedule. The total payments are  and the total interest payments are , so the WAL is:

Similarly, the total interest as percentage of principal is given by :

Notes and references

See also
 Amortization calculator
 Amortization schedule
 Amortizing loan

Fixed income analysis
Bond valuation


Cause of death may refer to:

Cause of death, a term typically used on official reports
List of causes of death by rate, a list of causes of death by rate
List of preventable causes of death, a list of preventable causes of death by rate
Cause of Death (novel), a 1996 crime fiction novel by Patricia Cornwell
Cause of Death (album), a 1990 album by Obituary
Cause of Death, a 2000 film by Shimon Dotan
Cause of Death (video game), 2010 video game
"The Cause of Death", a song by Immortal Technique from Revolutionary Vol. 2

See also
 Death#Causes of human death


"Auteuil, Neuilly, Passy (rap BCBG)" is a song recorded by the satiric group Les Inconnus in 1991. Released as a single from their album Bouleversifiant, it achieved great success in France, reaching number one on the national singles chart.

Lyrics and music
After their success with many sketches, Les Inconnus decided to release this single, their biggest success, which is actually a humorous sketch. The group used music by Maceo Parker in the song without his permission; as a result, they had legal problems due to copyright issues. The song has rap and R&B sounds, and is punctuated by many "Salut ! Tu - vas - bien ?". Music & Media considered the song as a "parody on rap", in which "the three TV stars turn the tables on the usual raprecord dialogue-which often boasts of male chauvinism, ghetto talk and social engagement-by coming out with a rap about rich snobs. Miles from Brooklyn in many ways, Auteuil, Neuilly, and Passy are names of the most fashionable quarters of Paris". The song is about the life of fictitious youngsters from the upper class singing rap on their allegedly difficult lives.

The characters bear traditional French names, with lots of middle names and surnames with particles. Later we can see the same thing with the women, they bear very traditional names that are associated either with older generations or upper and more traditional classes. They use a mix of a very sophisticated language with slang words pronounced with a Parisian accent.

Critical reception
According to Music & Media, "the humor [of the song] is appreciated, especially with a little understanding of French".

Chart performances
In France, "Auteuil, Neuilly, Passy" was one of the biggest hits of 1991: it debuted at number two on the chart edition of 8 June and reached number one three weeks later, thus dethroning Mylène Farmer's hit "Désenchantée", stayed atop for non successive four weeks, in alternance with Lagaf's "La Zoubida", and remained in the top ten for a total of 18 weeks and in the top 50 for 21 weeks. It was certified Gold disc by the Syndicat National de l'Edition Phonographique, the French certifier, for a minimum of 250,000 units. In Belgium (Wallonia), it topped the chart for consecutive two weeks, on 10 and 17 August 1990, and remained in the top ten for nine weeks. On the European Hot 100, it entered at number 17 on 22 June 1991, reached number ten for non consecutive four weeks, and spent 19 weeks on the chart, 14 of them in the top 20. Much aired on radio, it charted for eight weeks on the European Airplay Top 50, with a peak at number 22 in its fifth week, on 20 July 1991.

Track listings
 CD single
 "Auteuil, Neuilly, Passy (rap BCBG)" — 4:10
 "C'est ton destin" — 3:45

 7-inch maxi
 "Auteuil, Neuilly, Passy (rap BCBG)" — 4:10
 "C'est ton destin" — 3:45

Charts

Peak positions

Year-end charts

Certifications

See also
 List of number-one singles of 1991 (France)

References

1991 singles
Les Inconnus songs
SNEP Top Singles number-one singles
Songs about Paris
1991 songs
Ultratop 50 Singles (Wallonia) number-one singles


Maassluis Centrum, formerly Maassluis, is a  metro station in Maassluis, The Netherlands.

History
Maassluis station was opened on 17 August 1891 by the Hollandsche IJzeren Spoorweg-Maatschappij as part of the opening of the Schiedam–Hoek van Holland railway, also known as the Hoekse Lijn.  The HSM was subsequently merged into Nederlandse Spoorwegen in 1938.

The station building was replaced by the current building in 1980.

NS stopped operating the line, including Maassluis railway station, on 1 April 2017 to enable conversion for metro train operations. The station was reopened by RET on 30 September 2019, with preview services operating on 28 September.

Services
As of 2019, Maassluis Centrum is served by 6 trains per hour on RET Metro Line B, of which 3 per hour travel the full length of the route, and 3 travel only as far as Steendijkpolder

References

External links
Dutch Public Transport journey planner

Rotterdam Metro stations
Railway stations opened in 1891
Railway stations on the Hoekse Lijn
Maassluis
Railway stations in the Netherlands opened in the 1890s


Vertical effect refers to, in English law, the way in which the Human Rights Act impacts on the relationship between individual citizens and the state. The Human Rights Act states that the Act applies to public bodies meaning that any citizens satisfying the test for standing can fight a case based upon a breach of a Convention right.

In recent times there has been some debate as to whether the Human Rights Act can also have horizontal effect as well.

External links
www.yourrights.org.uk

Human rights in the United Kingdom
Law of the United Kingdom


Kari Mette Johansen (born 11th January 1979) is a Norwegian team handball player, a two time Olympic champion, once a world champion and four times European champion. She was voted into the All star team at the 2006 European Women's Handball Championship, where she won gold medal with the Norwegian National Team.

Career
Born in Fredrikstad, Kari Mette Johansen played for the Norwegian club Larvik HK. She made her debut on the national team in 2004, where she played 203 matches and scored 493 goals. She is now retired.

She won Olympic gold medals in 2008 and 2012.

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Norwegian female handball players
Handball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic handball players for Norway
Olympic gold medalists for Norway
Olympic medalists in handball
Handball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Fredrikstad
21st-century Norwegian women
21st-century Norwegian people


Liu Shilan (; born January 24, 1962) is a Chinese  chess player who holds the title Woman Grandmaster, which she received in 1982 from FIDE. She has been the national women's champion of China seven times (1979–81, 1983-6).

Liu learned to play chess at 12 years old in a chess school in Chengdu, Sichuan.
In 1982, Liu came third at the Women's Interzonal tournament in Tbilisi with a final score of 9 points out of 14. Thanks to this result, she became the first player from Asia to qualify for the Women's World Championship Candidates' matches and to achieve the title Woman Grandmaster (WGM).

At the Candidates' stage, Liu lost her quarterfinal match, held in 1983 in Velden, to Nana Ioseliani by 6-3 (+1, =4, -4). Later, she competed in two further Women's Interzonal tournaments (1985 Zeleznovodsk, finishing 14th with 4½/15; and 1987 Tuzla, finishing 10th with 8½/17.)

Liu competed for the Chinese national team at the Women's Chess Olympiad five times (1980–1988), with an overall record of 68 total games played (+25, =27, -16). She had the second best performance rating and won a bronze medal for first board at the 27th Chess Olympiad in Dubai, 1986.

See also
Chess in China

Weblinks
Media from Commons

References

External links

1962 births
Living people
Chess woman grandmasters
Chinese female chess players
Chinese chess players
Chess players from Sichuan
Sportspeople from Chengdu
Chess Olympiad competitors
Place of birth missing (living people)


"No Se Me Hace Fácil" (English: It's Not Easy For Me) is a song written by Gian Marco and produced by Áureo Baqueiro, recorded by Mexican performer Alejandro Fernández, and released as the third single from Viento a Favor (2007), It was released on September 17, 2007 (see 2007 in music). The song was the theme song for the Televisa's Mexican telenovela Tormenta en el Paraíso (2007-2008), produced by Juan Osorio.

Music video

The music video for this single was directed by Pablo Croce. The actress Ana de la Reguera stars in the video.

Chart performance
In United States, on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs the single peaked at number 17. In Mexico the track peaked at number 1.

References

2007 singles
2007 songs
Alejandro Fernández songs
Songs written by Gian Marco
Song recordings produced by Áureo Baqueiro
Telenovela theme songs
Sony BMG Norte singles
2000s ballads
Pop ballads
Gian Marco songs


The National Marathon to Finish Breast Cancer, also known as the Breast Cancer Marathon , DONNA Marathon Weekend, and the 26.2 with Donna, is an annual marathon sporting event held in Jacksonville Beach, Florida. It was first held on February 17, 2008.

About

The Course
The Donna Marathon is part of a three day event. The marathon is 26.2 miles and starts at the Beaches Town Center at Neptune Beach, Fl. The course weaves throughout the historic coastline A1A, the intercoastal Waterway Bridge, and then finishes at the Mayo Clinic. Cut off time is 7 hours, which means that runners must finish within 7-hours.

The Breast Cancer Marathon is an official Boston Marathon qualifier race.

Winners

2015 Winners

 Elisha Barno won the race in 2015 with a time of 2:13:19, netting the $10,000 prize.

2022 Winners

 Ultra 110 Marathon Winner is Dawn Lisenby of Flagler Beach, Fla. (26:10:42)
 Men’s Marathon Winner is Christopher McCaffrey of Jacksonville, Fla. (2:35:39)*
 Women’s Marathon Winner is Meaghan Murray of Baltimore, Md. (2:54:32)*
 Men’s Half Marathon Winner is Derek Byrnes of Jacksonville, Fla. (1:14:18)
 Women’s Half Marathon Winner is Kristen Dixon of Jacksonville Beach, Fla. (1:21:48)
 Survivor Marathon Winner is Katie Rose of Lexington, S.C. (3:24:45)*
 Survivor Half Marathon Winner is Nicole Krewson of Knoxville, Tenn. (1:44:34)
 Adaptive Athlete Marathon Winner is Richard Solze of Lake Butler, Fla. (2:12:14)
 Adaptive Athlete Half Marathon Winner is Sarah Williford of Jacksonville, Fla. (2:28:45)*

2023 Winners

 Virtual Women's Marathon Winner is Ixiim Flores of Saint Augustine, Fla. (4:15:16)
 Virtual Men's Marathon Winner is Sam Greg of Tallahassee, Fla. (4:19:01)
 Virtual Men's Half Marathon Winner is John Tomaro of Albany, Ca (1:34:58)
 Virtual Women's Half Marathon Winner is Jody Dolan-Aldrich of Jacksonville, Fla. (1:53:36)
 Virtual Women's 5k Winner is Nowelle Altman Sigman of Bowling Green, KY. (22:57)
 Virtual Men's 5k  Winner is Jeremy Miller of Galena, IL (27:01)

References

External links
The National Marathon to Finish Breast Cancer

Cancer fundraisers
National Marathon to Finish Breast Cancer
Recurring sporting events established in 2008
Track and field in Florida
Breast cancer awareness


Ioannis Pesmazoglou (; 1857–1906) was an ethnic Greek banker, economist and politician who lived in the Ottoman Empire and Egypt before emigrating to Greece in about 1882.

Ioannis Pesmazoglou was from Constantinople (now Istanbul), although his family originate from Enderlik, in Cappadocia. Pesmazoglou studied economic sciences in Paris and in the beginning, he was employed at the Crédit Lyonnais bank in Alexandria, Egypt. In 1882, he became head of the Anglo-Egyptian Bank, before moving to Athens, where he founded his own bank. In 1897, Pesmazoglou's bank was merged with the Bank of Athens, of which he now became chairman. Pesmazoglou remained a member of the board of the Bank of Athens until his death.

Pesmazoglou also founded the Privileged Company for the Protection of Currants (Eniaia or Eniea) as well as the Wine and Alcohol Company as measures to combat the acute financial crisis resulting from the plummeting prices of Corinthian raisins, one of the country's chief exports. He also funded the establishment of night schools for the Athens Trade Employees Union. From 1900 he became involved in politics, being elected a member of the Greek Parliament in 1905 and 1906, representing Athens, Elis and Messenia.

His sons were Andreas, Stefanos and Georgios.  His son Andreas entered the Greek Navy and died in 1927 at age 27 and Stefanos became a journalist, founding the newspaper Proia.

The tomb of Ioannis Pesmazoglou and family is in the First Cemetery of Athens, Greece.

References

Sources
''The first version of the article is translated and is based from the article at the Greek Wikipedia (el:Main Page)

1857 births
1906 deaths
Greek bankers
19th-century Greek economists
Burials at the First Cemetery of Athens
Members of the Hellenic Parliament
Cappadocian Greeks
Constantinopolitan Greeks
Politicians from Istanbul
Businesspeople from Istanbul
Greek MPs 1905–1906
Greek MPs 1906–1910
Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire
People from the Khedivate of Egypt
Immigrants to Greece


A digital differential analyzer (DDA), also sometimes called a digital integrating computer, is a digital implementation of a differential analyzer. The integrators in a DDA are implemented as accumulators, with the numeric result converted back to a pulse rate by the overflow of the accumulator.

The primary advantages of a DDA over the conventional analog differential analyzer are greater precision of the results and the lack of drift/noise/slip/lash in the calculations. The precision is only limited by register size and the resulting accumulated rounding/truncation errors of repeated addition. Digital electronics inherently lacks the temperature sensitive drift and noise level issues of analog electronics and the slippage and "lash" issues of mechanical analog systems.

For problems that can be expressed as differential equations, a hardware DDA can solve them much faster than a general purpose computer (using similar technology). However reprogramming a hardware DDA to solve a different problem (or fix a bug) is much harder than reprogramming a general purpose computer. Many DDAs were hardwired for one problem only and could not be reprogrammed without redesigning them.

History

One of the inspirations for ENIAC was the mechanical analog Bush differential analyzer. It influenced both the architecture and programming method chosen. However, although ENIAC as originally configured, could have been programmed as a DDA (the "numerical integrator" in Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), there is no evidence that it ever actually was. The theory of DDAs was not developed until 1949, one year after ENIAC had been reconfigured as a stored program computer.

The first DDA built was the Magnetic Drum Digital Differential Analyzer of 1950.

Theory

The basic DDA integrator, shown in the figure, implements numerical rectangular integration via the following equations:

Where Δx causes y to be added to (or subtracted from) S, Δy causes y to be incremented (or decremented), and ΔS is caused by an overflow (or underflow) of the S accumulator. Both registers and the three Δ signals are signed values. Initial conditions for the problem can be loaded into both y and S prior to beginning integration.

This produces an integrator approximating the following equation:

where K is a scaling constant determined by the precision (size) of the registers as follows:

where radix is the numeric base used (typically 2) in the registers and n is the number of places in the registers.

If Δy is eliminated, making y a constant, then the DDA integrator reduces to a device called a rate multiplier, where the pulse rate ΔS is proportional to the product of y and Δx by the following equation:

Error sources

There are two sources of error that limit the accuracy of DDAs:

Rounding/truncation errors due to the limited precision of the registers.
Approximation errors due to the selection of numerical integration algorithm.

Both of these error sources are cumulative, due to the repeated addition nature of DDAs. Therefore longer problem time results in larger inaccuracy of the resulting solution.

The effect of rounding/truncation errors can be reduced by using larger registers. However, as this reduces the scaling constant K, it also increases problem time and therefore may not significantly improve accuracy and in real time DDA based systems may be unacceptable.

The effect of approximation errors can be reduced by using a more accurate numerical integration algorithm than rectangular integration (e.g., trapezoidal integration) in the DDA integrators.

Patents

References

External links
 MADDIDA (Magnetic Drum Digital Differential Analyzer)

Digital Differential Analyzer


Marcella Jones Free (September 17, 1920 – November 23, 2007) was respected as one of the advertising industry's leading copywriters. She was a pioneering woman in the business and was the first female Creative Director at N. W. Ayer in Philadelphia in the 1940s.

With her former husband, F. William Free, she created a number of famous and memorable campaigns for companies such as Nescafé, Coca-Cola, Purina, National Airlines, Pfizer and Gillette, among others. One of her more memorable campaigns was a commercial for Nair, featuring girls singing "Who wears short shorts? We wear short shorts! If you dare wear short shorts, Nair for short shorts." This song was based on the hit 1958 hit "Short Shorts" by The Royal Teens.

She was a founding partner of the agency Avrett Free Ginsberg.  She retired to her house in Water Mill, New York, and died in Rye in 2007.

References

1920 births
2007 deaths
American writers


The "Cambridge Mafia" is a pejorative term denoting a group of British Conservative Party politicians, front-rank members of their party during the 1980s and 1990s, who attended the University of Cambridge at roughly the same time in the early 1960s. Many of them served as Chairman of the Cambridge University Conservative Association, or President of the Cambridge Union Society, and several of them held both offices. Apart from Leon Brittan, none of them attained great academic distinction at university. The group's contemporaries at Cambridge included satirist and journalist David Frost and comedian Peter Cook (both of whom were active in Footlights at the time), Canadian Supreme Court justice Ian Binnie, historian Angus Calder, Liberal Democrat politician Vince Cable, and Jonathan Lynn, co-writer of Yes Minister, who was inspired to satirise politicians after encountering the group at the Cambridge Union Society.

The period of prominence of the "Mafia" was something of an aberration for the Conservative Party, which traditionally has closer links to Oxford than Cambridge. Between 1955 and 1990 the party had been led by five consecutive Oxford graduates (Anthony Eden, Harold Macmillan, Alec Douglas-Home, Edward Heath and Margaret Thatcher). In turn, the "Mafia" has been succeeded by a newer generation of Conservative politicians, again led by Oxford graduates (notably David Cameron, William Hague, George Osborne, Philip Hammond, Theresa May, Boris Johnson, Liz Truss, Jeremy Hunt and Rishi Sunak).

The "Mafia" were of relatively modest social background: Norman Fowler, Michael Howard and Kenneth Clarke had attended grammar school rather than fee-paying schools. In his memoirs, Fowler records that during his National Service, although he became a commissioned officer, it was in an ordinary county regiment (in his case, the Essex Regiment) rather than the fashionable Guards or cavalry regiments favoured by young men from upper-class backgrounds. (Most members of the "Cambridge Mafia" just missed having to serve, because National Service was abolished in 1960.)

They included:

A famous photograph, reproduced in a number of biographies of Clarke and Howard, shows Brittan and Gummer as ushers at Clarke's wedding shortly after his graduation, with Fowler, Howard and Lamont also present.

It should not be assumed that these men all operated as a cohesive unit throughout their careers. Brittan and Fowler—who were slightly older—were Cabinet Ministers in the 1980s, earlier than the others. Howard entered Parliament in 1983, much later than his contemporaries, having first had a successful career as a barrister. In the early part of 1993 Clarke and Howard (both of whom angled publicly for the job—it was given to Clarke) both pushed for the removal of Lamont as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Clarke and Howard were rivals for the party leadership in 1997, and almost again in 2003—although in the event Clarke did not stand, and Howard was elected unopposed. (Howard had not been a candidate in the 2001 contest, in which Iain Duncan Smith had defeated Clarke.)

Howard was the only member of the group to become party leader, and none became Prime Minister. By the time the Conservatives returned to government in 2010, Clarke and Lilley were the only members of the group who remained in the House of Commons; Clarke was appointed Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor.

References

External links
A BBC radio discussion

Conservative Party (UK) factions
Conservative Party (UK) terms
History of the Conservative Party (UK)
People associated with the University of Cambridge
History of Cambridge
Politics of Cambridge


Jamil Nasser (born George Joyner, June 21, 1932 – February 13, 2010) and also credited on some of Ahmad Jamal's recordings as Jamil Sulieman, was an American jazz musician. He played double bass, electric bass, and tuba.

Biography
Born in Memphis, Tennessee, Nasser learned piano from his mother as a child and started playing bass at age 16. As a student at Arkansas State University, he led the school band, and played bass and tuba in bands while stationed in Korea as a member of the U.S. Army. Following his discharge he played with B.B. King in 1955 and 1956.

He moved to New York City in 1956, and played with Phineas Newborn and Sonny Rollins before the end of the decade. He began his recording career in 1956 with Newborn. He was originally credited on the recordings he made from 1956 through 1963 using his given name, George Joyner. (On some reissues of albums he recorded early in his career, his credit is revised to reflect his later name). He toured Europe and North Africa with Idrees Sulieman in 1959, then visited Paris and recorded with Lester Young. He briefly moved to Italy in 1961. After returning to New York in 1962, he formed his own trio, which lasted until 1964. It changes its name in 1964. Following this, he joined Ahmad Jamal's trio, where he stayed through 1972. On the albums he recorded with Jamal, he was initially credited as Jamil Sulieman (as on 1964's Naked City Theme), and subsequently as Jamil Nasser (as on 1965's The Roar of the Greasepaint and later albums), the name he used professionally for the rest of his life. After leaving Jamal's trio, Nasser worked with Al Haig for the rest of the 1970s.

In the 1980s and 1990s, he participated in many sessions with musicians such as George Coleman, Harold Mabern, Randy Weston, Gene Ammons and Hideaki Yoshioka. Nasser never recorded as a leader.

His son Zaid Nasser is an alto saxophonist based in New York City. His son, Muneer Nasser, is a musician, historian, and author of Jamil Nasser's book called Upright Bass, The Musical Life and Legacy of Jamil Nasser, published 2018.

Discography

With Gene Ammons
The Big Sound (Prestige, 1958)
Groove Blues (Prestige, 1958)
With Evans Bradshaw
Look Out for Evans Bradshaw! (Riverside, 1958)
With George Coleman
Manhattan Panorama (Theresa, 1985)
I Could Write a Book: The Music of Richard Rodgers (Telarc, 1998)
With Eric Dolphy
The Berlin Concerts (Enja, 1961)
With Lou Donaldson
Lou Takes Off (Blue Note, 1958)
With Red Garland
All Mornin' Long (1957)
High Pressure (1957)Soul Junction (1957)
Dig It! (Prestige, 1958)
Rojo (Prestige, 1958)
With Al Haig
Strings Attached (Choice, 1975)
Chelsea Bridge (East Wind, 1975)
Interplay (Sea Breeze, 1976)
Serendipity (Interplay, 1977)
Manhattan Memories (Sea Breeze, 1977 [1983])
A Portrait of Bud Powell (Interplay, 1977)
Reminiscence (Progressive, 1977)
Ornithology (Progressive, 1977)
Expressly Ellington  (Spotlite, 1978)
With Ahmad Jamal
Naked City Theme (Argo, 1964)
The Roar of the Greasepaint (Argo, 1965)
Extensions (Cadet, 1965)
Rhapsody (Cadet, 1966)
Heat Wave (Cadet, 1966)
Cry Young (Cadet, 1967)
The Bright, the Blue and the Beautiful (Cadet, 1968)
Tranquility (ABC, 1968)
Ahmad Jamal at the Top: Poinciana Revisited (Impulse!, 1968)
The Awakening (Impulse!, 1970)
Freeflight (Impulse!, 1971)
Outertimeinnerspace (Impulse, 1971)
Jamalca (20th Century, 1974)
Jamal Plays Jamal (20th Century, 1974)
Genetic Walk (20th Century, 1975)
The Essence Part One (Birdology, 1995)
Big Byrd: The Essence Part 2 (Birdology, 1995)
With Melba Liston
Melba Liston and Her 'Bones (MetroJazz, 1958)
With Harold Mabern
Pisces Calling (Trident, 1978)
With Herbie Mann, Charlie Rouse, Kenny Burrell and Mal Waldron
Just Wailin' (New Jazz, 1958)
With Phineas Newborn, Jr.
Phineas' Rainbow (RCA Victor, 1956)
While My Lady Sleeps (RCA Victor, 1957)
Fabulous Phineas (RCA Victor, 1958)
With Randy Weston
New Faces at Newport (MetroJazz, 1958)
Little Niles (United Artists, 1958)
Portraits of Duke Ellington (1989)
Portraits of Monk (1989)
Self Portraits (1989)
Spirits of Our Ancestors (1991)
Volcano Blues (1993)
With Hideaki Yoshioka
Moment to Moment (Venus, 2000)

References

1932 births
2010 deaths
Arkansas State University alumni
American jazz double-bassists
Male double-bassists
American jazz bass guitarists
Guitarists from Tennessee
American male bass guitarists
20th-century American bass guitarists
Jazz musicians from Tennessee
Jazz musicians from Arkansas
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians


Julio Martínez Prádanos (Temuco, Chile, June 23, 1923 – Santiago, Chile, January 2, 2008) was a Chilean sports commentator specializing in football who had a long career in the written press, radio and television. He won the 1995 National Prize for Journalism, awarded by the Chilean Ministry of Education. He belongs to a generation of ever-lasting emblematic Chilean sports commentators, along with Sergio Livingstone, Pedro Carcuro, Alberto Fouillioux, Néstor Isella and Milton Millas.

Martínez died of terminal prostate cancer on January 2, 2008, after years of failing health.

Tributes

Living
1982: The football club Julio Martínez was established in Rancagua.
1987: In the remodeling of the Estadio Santa Laura in Santiago, the press gallery is named after the journalist.
2005: A gym in the commune of Cerro Navia in Santiago is named after the commentator.

Posthumous
January 4, 2008:
The calle Santa Laura in Santiago is renamed calle Julio Martínez Prádanos by decision of the Municipalidad of Independencia.
The Government of Chile proposed that the Estadio Nacional de Chile be renamed the Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos. The calle Santa Laura was also renamed after him.

References

External links

1923 births
2008 deaths
Chilean journalists
Chilean association football commentators
Canal 13 Chile play-by-play commentators
Male journalists
Chilean people of Spanish descent
People from Temuco
Deaths from prostate cancer
Deaths from cancer in Chile
20th-century journalists


Dahlström, Dahlstrom or Dalström is a Swedish surname, Norwegian version is Dahlstrøm. It derives from the Swedish/Norwegian words dal which means valley and ström/strøm which means stream.

People with the surname include:

Alexandra Dahlström (born 1984), Swedish actress
 André Dahlström (born 1991), Swedish e-sports player
Andreas Dahlström (born 1991), Swedish ice hockey player
Annica Dahlström (born 1941), Swedish neuroscientist
Anton Dahlström (born 1990), Swedish footballer
Axel Hampus Dalström (1829–1882), Finnish architect
Carl Dahlström (born 1995), Swedish ice hockey player
Carl Magnus Dahlström (1805–1875), Finnish merchant and industrialist
Cully Dahlstrom (1912–1998), American ice hockey player
Daniel O. Dahlstrom (born 1948), American philosopher
Donald A. Dahlstrom (1920–2004), American chemical engineer
Emma Dahlström (born 1992), Swedish skier
Erik Dahlström (1894–1953), Swedish footballer
Ernst Dahlström (1846–1924), Finnish businessman and philanthropist
Fredrik Dahlström (born 1971), Swedish footballer
Gus Dahlström (1906–1989), Swedish actor
Gustaf Dalstrom (1893–1971), American artist
Harald Dahlstrøm (born 1961), Norwegian musician
John Dahlström (born 1997), Swedish ice hockey player
Kata Dalström (1858–1923), Swedish writer and political activist
Magnus Dahlström (1859–1924), Finnish businessman and philanthropist
Malin Dahlström (born 1989), Swedish pole vaulter
Nancy Dahlstrom (born 1957), American politician
Ole Eskild Dahlstrøm (born 1970), Norwegian ice hockey player
Patti Dahlstrom, American singer
Robert Dahlstrom (born ca. 1958), American business theorist
Robin Dahlstrøm (born 1988), Norwegian ice hockey player
Sebastian Dahlström (born 1996), Finnish footballer
W. Grant Dahlstrom (1922–2006), American psychologist

Swedish-language surnames
Norwegian-language surnames


"Eres" (Eng.: You Are) is a song written by Juan Fernando Fonseca, recorded by Mexican singer Alejandro Fernández, and included on the album Viento a Favor.

Release
The track was released as the third single from the album Viento a Favor while the singer performed on his world tour.

Charts

References

2008 singles
2007 songs
Alejandro Fernández songs
Song recordings produced by Áureo Baqueiro
Sony BMG Norte singles
Songs written by Fonseca (singer)


Verulam House is located in Verulam Road, St Albans on the northwestern side between Church Crescent and Britton Avenue opposite College Street. It has previously been referred to as Diocesan House and also known as the Bishop's Palace. It is of early nineteenth-century origin and is a Grade II Listed Building.

History

Originally built as a coaching inn known as ‘The Verulam Arms’ which opened in 1826 at the same time as Verulam Road which was then a new section of a super highway (post road) built by Thomas Telford (the 'Colossus of Roads') from London to the port of Holyhead. The new road bypassed a section of the town and the narrow main road northwest out of St Albans at the time: George Street, Romeland and Fishpool Street.

In 1849, after the expansion of the railways and the subsequent decline in the stage/mail coach and carriage traffic for which St Albans depended upon for much of its prosperity, the inn was sold and its associated stables were demolished.

The former stable area provided land for the building of an adjacent Roman Catholic church under the patronage of the local MP of that time, Alexander Raphael. Raphael died intestate shortly after commencement of construction of the church and the site was purchased by Mrs Isabella Worley, who had the church completed according to its original design in 1856 and donated it to the Church of England. This church was known as Christ Church and, although it has been converted to offices since the early 1970s, its Lombardic style tower can still be seen on Verulam Road just to the north west of the house.

The house then became a private residence and was occupied in the mid nineteenth century by the Palin family who are believed to have been related to the Vyses (John Palin married Anne Vyse in 1796), operators of a straw hat factory in the Hatfield district of St Albans. John Palin married Anne Vyse in 1796.

The house became the official residence of the Anglican Bishop of St Albans and became known as the Bishop's Palace in 1908 and then became a Diocesan Retreat and Conference Centre used by the Church of England Diocese of St Albans in 1926.

Throughout the Second World War it was known as Diocesan House. It became a maternity hospital and a facility for training pupil midwives by the General Lying-In Hospital which had been evacuated from York Road, Lambeth, (Waterloo), in central London. During the period between September 1939 and June 1946 two thousand babies were born here. The General Lying-In Hospital was re-established at its former Lambeth premises in 1946 after the end of the war.

In 1994, Verulam House was sold by the Diocese of St Albans and a trust fund set up with the proceeds. Since 1996 the House has been the site of the 'Verulam House Nursing and Residential Home'. The home is owned by Peter Jackson and Damian Tominey and trade as Verulam Healthcare. Religious services are still held in the old chapel.

References

External links
  Verulam House Website

Buildings and structures in St Albans
Coaching inns
Grade II listed buildings in Hertfordshire
Houses in Hertfordshire


George Joseph Lucas (born June 12, 1949) is an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been serving as archbishop of the Archdiocese of Omaha in Nebraska since 2009, having previously served as bishop of the Diocese of Springfield in Illinois from 1999 to 2009.

Biography

Early life and education
George Lucas was born in on June 12, 1949, in St. Louis, Missouri, as the eldest of the four children of George and Mary (née Kelly) Lucas; he has one sister, Catherine, and two brothers, James and John. He attended St. Louis Preparatory Seminary South in Florissant, Missouri, from 1963 to 1967. He studied at Cardinal Glennon College in Shrewsbury, Missouri, obtaining his Bachelor of Philosophy degree in 1971. Lucas then studied theology at Kenrick Seminary in Shrewsbury from 1971 to 1975.

Ordination and ministry
Lucas was ordained to the priesthood by Cardinal John Carberry on May 24, 1975. He served as associate pastor of St. Justin Martyr Parish in Sunset Hills, Missouri, until 1980, and of St. Dismas Parish in Florissant, Missouri, until 1981.

While part-time associate pastor of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel Parish in St. Louis (1981–1984) and of Ascension Parish in Normandy, Missouri, (1984–1986), Lucas furthered his studies at St. Louis University from 1982 to 1986, earning his Master's degree in history. In 1981, he became a professor, then one year later vice-principle of St. Louis Preparatory Seminary North in Florissant, Missouri,  serving there in both roles until the seminary closed in 1987. (1981–1987).

Lucas was part-time associate pastor at St. Ann Parish in Normandy (1986–1989) and St. Peter Parish in Kirkwood, Missouri (1989–1990). In 1987, he began teaching at what was now St. Louis Preparatory Seminary in Shrewsbury, becoming its dean of students that same year.

From 1990 to 1994, Lucas served as chancellor and private secretary to Archbishop John May. Lucas was raised by the Vatican to the rank of honorary prelate on September 5, 1994, and appointed by the archbishop as vicar general of St. Louis for a year before becoming rector of Kenrick-Glennon Seminary in 1995. He was a member of the Priests' Personnel Board of St. Louis from 1987 to 1990, being named its secretary in 1988. He also sat on the editorial board of the archdiocesan newspaper The St. Louis Review (1988–1999), the board of directors (1990–1995), and board of trustees (1990–1999) of Kenrick-Glennon Seminary, and the Council of Priests of St. Louis (1994–1999).

Bishop of Springfield in Illinois
On October 19, 1999, Lucas was appointed the eighth bishop of the Diocese of Springfield in Illinois by Pope John Paul II. He received his episcopal consecration on December 14, 1999, at the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in Springfield, from Cardinal Francis George, with Archbishop Gabriel Higuera and Bishop Daniel L. Ryan serving as co-consecrators.

In 2001, Lucas established a diaconate formation program for the diocese. The five-year program prepared men to become deacons was run by the diocesan Office for the Diaconate, in cooperation with Quincy University in Quincy, Illinois. On June 24, 2007, Lucas ordained the first class of eighteen men. In January 2002, Lucas launched an endowment/capital campaign called Harvest of Thanks, Springtime of Hope, the first campaign of its kind in the history of the diocese. The program raised over $22.1 million, used to support Catholic education, Catholic Charities, the formation of seminarians and deacon candidates, and the care of retired priests.

In a video interview taped in 2004, Thomas Munoz accused Lucas, when he was a priest, of having sex with several priests and seminarians in a so-called orgy.  Lucas denied all the allegations. The Diocese of Springfield investigated the allegations and in 2006 declared them to be totally false.  The same allegations were raised again in 2021 in a lawsuit by Anthony J. Gorgia, a former seminarian, against the Pontifical North American College in Rome and the Archdiocese of New York.

In July 2004, Lucas approved a $1.2 million settlement to eight men who had been sexually abused as minors by Walter Weerts, a diocese priest at Sacred Heart Parish in Villa Grove, Illinois between 1973 and 1980.  Convicted of sexual abuse crimes in 1986, Weerts spent three years in prison and was removed from the priesthood in March 1989.

Lucas spearheaded the Built in Faith campaign to raise the $11 million needed to restore the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception. Lucas attended the cathedral dedication on December 2, 2009.Within the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Lucas sits on the Subcommittee on the Catechism and Sapientia Christiana Committee.

Archbishop of Omaha

On June 3, 2009, Pope Benedict XVI named Lucas as the fifth archbishop of the Archdiocese of Omaha. Succeeding Archbishop Elden Curtiss, Lucas was installed at St. Cecilia Cathedral in Omaha on July 22, 2009, by Archbishop Pietro Sambi, the apostolic nuncio to the United States. The installation was attended by Curtiss, Cardinal Francis George, and Cardinal Justin Rigali.  As archbishop, Lucas serves as the spiritual leader of 220,000 Catholics in Nebraska. He received the pallium, a vestment worn by metropolitan bishops, from Benedict XVI on June 29, 2009, in a ceremony at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.

In October 2010, Lucas suppressed Intercessors of the Lamb,  a hermit religious community, removing it from any association with the Catholic Church. Intercessors was founded in 1980 near Omaha, Nebraska, by Nadine Mae Brown, a member of the Sisters of the Cross.  In early 2010, Brown had requested that Lucas elevate Intercessors to the status of a religious institute.  As part of the approval process, Lucas sent James Conn, a canon lawyer, on a canonical visitation to the community.  In his report to Lucas, Conn noted many serious discrepancies and issues in the Intercessors' current operation.  Luca denied the application to become a religious institute was denied and sent the community a list of mandatory reforms to continue as a Catholic organization.  Brown resigned from the community and the Intercessors leadership refused to enact the reforms.  Lucas then stripped the Intercessors from the church.  The community dissolved soon after.

At the end of the 2010s, Lucas signed norms stronger than the 2002 Essential Norms (so called Zero Tolerance norms related to sexual abuse of parishioners).  In 2018, the archdiocese published a list of 38 priests and deacons with credible claims of sexual abuse against minors. In August 2020, Lucas and the archdiocese were sued for $2.1 million by Andrew Syring, a priest in the archdiocese.  He claimed defamation of character by being removed from public ministry and being placed on a list of accused priests.  Syring said he was accused of sexual abuse in 2013, but had been cleared by an archdiocesan investigation and returned to ministry.  In 2018, Lucas removed him again from ministry, saying that Syring's record was clean, but the standards had changed.

In October 2018, Lucas removed Francis Nigli, pastor of St. Wenceslas Parish in Omaha, from public ministry due to inappropriate sexual advances to an adult.  A 21-year-old man had accused Nigli of kissing and groping him on church grounds.  In 2013, Nigli had been sent away for mental health treatment after making advances to an 18-year-old man.

Apostolic Administrator of Lincoln
Pope Francis appointed Lucas to also serve as the apostolic administrator of the Diocese of Lincoln on December 13, 2019, when Bishop James D. Conley took a temporary leave of absence. Lucas' term as apostolic administrator ended when Conley returned to active ministry on November 13, 2020.

See also
 Catholic Church hierarchy
 Catholic Church in the United States
 Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States
 List of Catholic bishops of the United States
 Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops

References

External links

Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Omaha official site

1949 births
Living people
Kenrick–Glennon Seminary alumni
Clergy from St. Louis
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Louis
21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in the United States
Roman Catholic archbishops of Omaha
Roman Catholic bishops of Springfield in Illinois
Religious leaders from Missouri


Ramaria formosa, commonly known as the salmon coral, beautiful clavaria, handsome clavaria, yellow-tipped- or pink coral fungus, is a coral fungus found in Europe. It is widely held to be mildly poisonous if consumed, giving rise to acute gastrointestinal symptoms of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and colicky pain. It is a pinkish, much-branched coral-shape reaching some  high. Similar forms collected in North America are now considered to represent a different species than the European Ramaria formosa.

Taxonomy
The fungus was initially described by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1797 as Clavaria formosa. In 1821, Elias Magnus Fries sanctioned the genus name Clavaria, and treated Ramaria as a section of Clavaria. It was placed in its current genus by French mycologist Lucien Quélet in 1888. Synonyms have resulted from transfers of the fungus to the now obsolete genera Merisma by Harald Othmar Lenz in 1831, and to Corallium by Gotthold Hahn in 1883.

The generic name is derived from Latin rāmus 'branch', while the specific epithet comes from the Latin formōsus 'beautiful'. Common names include salmon coral, beautiful clavaria, handsome clavaria, yellow-tipped- or pink coral fungus.  There is some confusion over its classification as there is evidence the binomial name has been applied loosely to any coral fungus fitting the description, and thus the collections from North America are now considered to be a different species.

Description
The fruit body of Ramaria formosa grows to a height of  and width of ; it is a many-branched coral-like structure, the yellow-tipped pinkish branches arising from a thick base. Terminal branches are less than  in diameter. The flesh is white, with pink in the middle, or pale orange. It may turn wine-coloured or blackish when bruised. Old specimens fade so the original colour is hard to distinguish. The smell is unpleasant and taste bitter.

The spores have a cylindrical to elliptical shape, and measure 8–15 by 4–6 µm. The spore surface features small warts that are arranged in confluent lines. Basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, measuring 40–60 by 7–10 µm  Clamp connections are present in the hyphae.

Similar species
There are several other Ramaria species with yellow-tipped, salmon-coloured branches, including R. leptoformosa, R. neoformosa, R. raveneliana and  R. rubricarnata. These are distinguished from R. formosa most reliably using microscopic characteristics. A general rule is to avoid all old coral fungi for consumption.

Distribution and habitat
Fruiting in autumn, Ramaria formosa is associated with beech and is found in Europe. In Cyprus, the fungus is thought to form mycorrhizal associations with golden oak (Quercus alnifolia).

Toxicity
Consumption of the fungus results in acute gastrointestinal symptoms of nausea, vomiting, colicky abdominal pain and diarrhea. The toxins responsible are unknown to date. It has been reported as edible if the acrid tips are removed.

References

External links

Gomphaceae
Poisonous fungi
Fungi described in 1797
Fungi of Asia
Fungi of Europe
Fungi of North America


Edwin Calvin Newborn (April 27, 1933 – December 1, 2018) was an American jazz guitarist.

Career
He was the brother of pianist Phineas Newborn Jr. (1931–89), with whom he recorded between 1953 and 1958. They also formed an R&B band, with their father Phineas Newborn Sr. on drums and Tuff Green on bass. The group also included Willie Mitchell and Ben Branch.

The group was the house band at the Plantation Inn Club in West Memphis, Arkansas, from 1947 until 1951. The group recorded as B. B. King's band on his first recordings in 1949, and also the Sun Records sessions in 1950.

Newborn gave guitar lessons to Howlin' Wolf and was friends with Elvis Presley, who frequented his gig at the Plantation Inn Club two nights a week.  Presley also used to eat at the Newborns' house and browse their music store for gospel records.

The group left West Memphis in 1951 to tour with Jackie Brenston as the "Delta Cats" in support of the record "Rocket 88". It was considered by many to be the first rock and roll record ever recorded, and was the first Billboard number one record for Chess Records.

Following this he played with Earl Hines starting in 1959. In the early 1960s, he toured with Lionel Hampton, Jimmy Forrest, Wild Bill Davis, Al Grey, and Freddie Roach, along with fellow Memphis jazz players including Booker Little, George Coleman. Frank Strozier, and Louis Smith.  Newborn also worked with Ray Charles, Count Basie, Hank Crawford and David "Fathead" Newman. Since the 1970s Newborn had remained mostly in Memphis, Tennessee, where he played regularly in local clubs well into the 1990s. His 1980 album Centerpiece hit No. 35 on the U.S. Billboard jazz albums chart, but much of his earlier material was not reissued on CD until 2005.  He lived most recently in Jacksonville, Florida, and continued to perform throughout Northeast Florida until his death.

According to family members, Calvin Newborn died in Jacksonville on December 1, 2018, aged 85.

Discography

As leader
 Centerpiece with Hank Crawford (Buddah, 1980)
 From the Hip (Rooster [later known as 'Rooster Blues'], 1983)
 Up City! (Omnivarious Music, 1998; reissue: Yellow Dog, 2005)
 New Born (Yellow Dog, 2005)
 Clazz (Classical Jazz) with Kenny Levine (Omnifarious, 2011)

As sideman
With Phineas Newborn Jr.
 Here Is Phineas (Atlantic, 1956)
 Phineas' Rainbow (RCA Victor, 1957)
 While My Lady Sleeps (RCA Victor, 1957)
 Fabulous Phineas  (RCA Victor, 1958)
 A World of Piano! (Contemporary, 1962)

With others
 Hank Crawford, Midnight Ramble (Milestone, 1983)
 Lou Donaldson, Lou Donaldson at His Best (Cadet, 1967)
 Lou Donaldson, Ha' Mercy (Cadet, 1971)
 Jimmy Forrest, Sit Down and Relax with Jimmy Forrest (Prestige, 1961)
 Jimmy Forrest,  Soul Street (New Jazz, 1964)
 Al Grey, Having a Ball (Argo, 1963)
 Lionel Hampton, The Many Sides of Hamp (Glad-Hamp, 1961)
 Earl Hines, Earl's Pearls (MGM, 1960)
 Linda Hopkins, How Blue Can You Get (Palo Alto, 1986)
 Howlin' Wolf, Sings the Blues (Crown, 1962; reissue: Ace, 2004)
 Bobby Hutcherson, The Al Grey & Dave Burns Sessions (Lone Hill Jazz, 2004)
 B.B. King, King of the Blues (MCA, 1992)
 Booker Little, Booker Little 4 & Max Roach (United Artists, 1959)
 Freddie Roach, All That's Good (Blue Note, 1965)
 Sun Ra, Secrets of the Sun (El Saturn, 1965)
 Jimmy Witherspoon, Midnight Lady Called the Blues (Muse, 1986)

References

External links
Biography and reviews on All About Jazz
Calvin Newborn at Bandcamp

1933 births
2018 deaths
20th-century American guitarists
21st-century American guitarists
American jazz guitarists
Jazz-blues guitarists
Guitarists from Tennessee
American male guitarists
People from Whiteville, Tennessee
Yellow Dog Records artists
Jazz musicians from Tennessee
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians