The March 1997 tornado outbreak was a major tornado outbreak that struck portions of the central and southern United States on March 1–2, 1997. Affecting areas mostly from Arkansas to Kentucky, the outbreak produced 58 tornadoes, including three violent (F4) tornadoes, and killed at least 27 people, including 25 in Arkansas alone and one death each in Mississippi and Tennessee. This was Arkansas' deadliest tornado outbreak since May 15, 1968, when 34 were killed in Jonesboro. Severe flooding also occurred across the Ohio and Tennessee Valleys, resulting in 16 Ohio counties and 44 Kentucky counties being declared disaster areas. The flash floods and damaging wind elsewhere caused 34 deaths across six states including 19 in Kentucky, five in Ohio, five in Tennessee, two in Texas and three in West Virginia. Damage estimates were about $1 billion (1997 USD) while 75,000 homes were damaged.

Meteorological synopsis
On March 1, 1997, very unstable air invaded much of the affected area while much warmer temperatures were recorded. Temperatures across most of Arkansas which normally at that time are below  reached the mid to upper 70s °F (24 °C). A cold front was approaching from the Midwestern Plains and was associated with a strong low further north. Strong temperature contrasts were observed on either side of the front. In addition, winds near the ground and aloft were very strong and significant shear was noted before given additional ingredients for extreme severe weather across the Mississippi and Tennessee Valleys on March 1, 1997. On February 28, 1997, the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) had issued a Day 2 moderate risk of severe weather for much of Arkansas and a tornado watch was issued for the western and central part of the state during the morning hours of March 1. Early on March 1, the SPC issued a tornado watch for portions of the Mississippi and Tennessee Valleys. Throughout the day, the National Weather Service office in Little Rock, Arkansas, issued 57 weather warnings, including 34 tornado warnings. Areas affected by the deadly tornadoes had tornado warnings with lead time estimated at between nine and 28 minutes.

Confirmed tornadoes

February 28 event

March 1 event

Notable tornadoes
The most significant and deadliest tornadoes recorded in the state were two F4s that were also the deadliest tornadoes of the outbreak. The tornadoes affected parts of Clark, Hot Spring, Saline and Pulaski counties, killing a total of 21 people. These tornadoes were accompanied by satellite tornadoes during portions of their lives, which caused additional damage in the Vimy Ridge and College Station areas, but they did not cause any additional fatalities. The two F4 tornadoes were produced by the same supercell thunderstorm that traveled through most of the state. The supercell alone killed 21 and injured several hundred others. Near the Tennessee border and across the Mississippi River, the same supercell produced three additional tornadoes, one of which killed a person near Dyersburg, Tennessee.

Another supercell north of the main storm produced several tornadoes north of Little Rock and Jonesboro. Among the towns affected was Marmaduke, which was also affected by an F3 tornado during the April 2, 2006 tornado outbreak.

Aftermath

11 counties across Arkansas were declared federal disaster areas by then-US President Bill Clinton for tornadoes, with two others for flooding. Seven other counties in Tennessee were also declared disaster areas due to tornadoes. It was considered the worst tornado outbreak since the Palm Sunday tornado outbreak of 1994, which killed 42 across Alabama and Georgia. In Kentucky, then-governor Paul E. Patton had initially declared 120 counties a state of emergency and deployed about 1100 National Guard troops to the flood-stricken regions. In Indiana, the Ohio River overflow its banks due to record rains. All 13 counties along the river between Evansville and Cincinnati were also declared disaster areas. In West Virginia, then-Governor Cecil Underwood declared state of emergencies for 14 counties, and 16 were later declared disaster areas as over 4,000 homes and other structures were damaged by the flooding.

Overall, across the state of Arkansas 1,200 homes were damaged or destroyed, including close to 400 in Arkadelphia alone. Several areas that were hit by the tornadoes did not have any tornado sirens. After the outbreak several million dollars were invested to improve the siren system throughout the state for future tornado outbreaks, including the 2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak, a similar but much deadlier and more widespread outbreak. 14 people in Arkansas were killed by that outbreak on February 5, 2008, and nearly 60 in total were killed across the Mid-South regions of the US.

See also
 List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
 List of tornadoes with confirmed satellite tornadoes

References

External links
 Event Summary from NWS Little Rock
 NWS Memphis Event Summary
 Arkansas Online News Article of Arkadelphia tornado
 NOAA Service Assessment of the outbreak
 USA Today Flood and Tornado page
 Map of the 1997 Arkansas tornado outbreak Tornado History Project

1997 in Arkansas
Tornadoes of 1997
F4 tornadoes by date
Tornadoes in Arkansas
Tornadoes in Kentucky
Tornadoes in Mississippi
Tornadoes in Tennessee
1997 natural disasters in the United States
Tornado outbreak


The 2008 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College during the 2008 NCAA Division I FBS football season. It was Boston College's fourth season as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). The Eagles were led by Jeff Jagodzinski in his second and final season as Boston College head coach. Boston College has been a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference's (ACC) Atlantic Division since joining the league in 2005, after leaving the Big East Conference. The Eagles played their home games in 2008 at Alumni Stadium in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, which has been their home stadium since 1957.

Season recap
Boston College had to replace Matt Ryan, who was drafted third overall in the 2008 NFL Draft by the Atlanta Falcons. Senior quarterback Chris Crane was the starter at the beginning of the year to take over the starting quarterback position. In the November 22 game against Wake Forest, Crane broke his collar bone, and was replaced with Dominique Davis. Other big losses that had to be dealt with from the 2007 season include tailback L.V. Witworth and running back Andre Callender. True freshman Josh Haden was assumed to be the starting running back, but true freshman Montel Harris later turned out to have the starting job. BC finished the year with one of the best defenses in College Football, with the most Interceptions in all of FBS Football, and allowing the fifth fewest yards.

The team had its first loss in a home game against Georgia Tech. It went on to lose two more games against the North Carolina and the Clemson before winning four games in a row to take the team to its second ACC Championship Game in a row, which again, put the Eagles against the Virginia Tech Hokies. The Eagles lost the game 12–30, and placed the team in the Gaylord Hotels Music City Bowl in Nashville, Tennessee. The Eagles lost the game to Vanderbilt, which not only ended the Eagles bowl winning streak, which was the longest in the nation, but gave Vanderbilt its first bowl win in over 50 years. On January 5, 2009, Coach Jagodzinski was fired by Boston College, for apparently interviewing for the head coaching vacancy for the NFL New York Jets despite being warned not to.  He was later hired as the offensive coordinator for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

Schedule

Rankings

Roster

Drafted Players (2009 NFL Draft)

References

Boston College
Boston College Eagles football seasons
Boston College Eagles football
Boston College Eagles football


The Kovilje Monastery () dedicated to the archangel Gabriel, is a monastery of the Serbian Orthodox Church, located in the village of Kovilje, in the municipality of Ivanjica, in south-west Serbia belonging to the Žiča Diocese. It is sited between Golija and Javor mountains, in the Nošnica river valley. The monastery has two churches, one built partly in a cave and dedicated to the archangel Gabriel, the other, added later, dedicated to St. Nicholas.

The monastery was founded in the 12th century. The first written reference to it is in 1606, in the "Kruševačkom Pomeniku". It was rebuilt in 1644 by Archbishop Gavrilo (Rašković). Records from 1733 mention it as an educational establishment.

The hegumen of the monastery is the young Serbian Orthodox Hieromonk Amvrosije. He lives there by himself with his tamed animals of two wolves, a fox, an eagle, a snake, raven, rabbit and an owl. The Serb-American community of Libertyville have donated a motorcycle and 4-wheel-drive to the monastery. The life of the monastery has been documented in the Serbian documentary "Monah i vuk".

Architecture
The monastery consists of two temples: the first is dedicated to the archangel Gabriel and another, that was later built, is dedicated to Saint Nicholas. The Church of the Holy Archangel partially rests on the rock, so it can be classified in a group of ascetic cave churches. It is a single building with altar niche. It is believed to have been built in the late 12th or the early 13th century, judging by the remains of frescoes and traditions.

Another temple has a rectangular base and a dome. From frescoes dating from the 13th century, which have survived only in fragments, characters of saints are still well preserved.

Restoration
During the year 1644, Metropolitan of Raska, Gavrilo(Rašković), visited the monastery and found it extremely neglected, in serious condition. Then he restored it and stayed in it for a while, and in 1651 he endowed the monastery with a shackled and decorated Holy Gospel for the liturgical needs of the restored Church of St. Nicholas, and freed the monastery land, which was returned to the monastery.

From the records of 1733, a spiritualist Filip lived in the monastery, who taught those who wanted to become priests. From all this, the monastery was highly ranked as an important place in both spiritual, as well as in national and political life of the people of this region. One of the oldest schools in Serbia was open here in 1867. There was also a school for future priests. Since 1813, the monastery performed an active function of a regular parochial school.

The monastery was restored in 2005, and the monastery refectory was built during 2007–2009.

Gallery

References

External links

Serbian Orthodox monasteries in Serbia
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
12th-century Serbian Orthodox church buildings
Tourist attractions in Serbia
Landmarks in Serbia
Ivanjica
Cave churches
Cultural Monuments of Great Importance (Serbia)


Lieutenant General Ted Francis Bowlds (born September 11, 1953) is a former Commander, Electronic Systems Center, Hanscom Air Force Base, Mass. The center's mission is to acquire command and control systems for the Air Force. The organization comprises more than 12,000 people located at six sites throughout the United States. The men and women of the ESC manage more than $3 billion in programs annually in support of the Air Force, and joint and coalition forces.

General Bowlds entered the Air Force in 1975 through the AFROTC program. In earlier assignments, he served as an engineer in an Air Force laboratory and as a flight test engineer on the F-117. He has worked as avionics program manager on the B-2, bomber branch chief at the Pentagon, chief of advance medium range air-to-air missile development in the AMRAAM System Program Office, and as commander of the Rome Laboratory in Rome, New York.

General Bowlds also served as the deputy director of global power programs with the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C. Prior to assuming his current position, he was assigned as commander, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. He was responsible for managing the Air Force's $2 billion science and technology program as well as additional customer-funded research and development of $1.7 billion.

Life
General Bowlds was a member of the Civil Air Patrol and earned the Spaatz award.  He is now the vice president of the Spaatz Association.

General Bowlds is a 1973 graduate of Mississippi State University, with a degree in electrical engineering.  He was a member of Triangle Fraternity at Mississippi State, and continues to serve his fraternity as a member of the board of directors of the Triangle Education Foundation.

The General currently is CEO of Innovative Perspectives, LLC, a consulting firm that advises companies on strategic planning and contract proposals.

Education
 1975 Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering, Mississippi State University
 1979 Master of Science degree in electrical engineering, Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
 1980 Flight Test Engineers Course, U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School, Edwards AFB, California
 1983 Squadron Officer School, Maxwell AFB, Alabama
 1985 Air Command and Staff College, by correspondence
 1985 Defense Systems Management College, Fort Belvoir, Virginia
 1992 Master of Science degree in engineering management, University of Dayton, Ohio
 1993 Air War College, by correspondence
 1994 Air War College, Maxwell AFB, Alabama
 2000 Advanced Management Program, the University of Michigan's Ross School of Business
 2002 National Security Management Course, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York

Assignments
 May 1975 – June 1978, computer systems analyst, Aeronautical Systems Division, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
 July 1978 – December 1979, project engineer and global positioning system evaluator, Air Force Avionics Laboratory, Aeronautical Systems Division, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
 January 1980 – December 1980, student, U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School, Edwards AFB, California
 January 1981 – December 1984, F-117 test program manager, Air Force Flight Test Center, Detachment 3, Air Force Systems Command, Edwards AFB, California
 January 1985 – June 1985, student, Defense Systems Management College, Fort Belvoir, Virginia
 July 1985 – June 1989, chief, B-2 Avionics Branch, B-2 System Program Office, Aeronautical Systems Division, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
 July 1989 – June 1993, chief of Bomber Branch, Directorate of Long-Range Power Projection, Special Operations Forces, Airlift and Training Programs, Office of the Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition, Washington, D.C.
 July 1993 – June 1994, student, Air War College, Maxwell AFB, Alabama
 July 1994 – August 1995, chief of Advance Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile Development Integrated Process Team, AMRAAM System Program Office, Aeronautical Systems Center, Eglin AFB, Florida
 September 1995 – July 1997, commander of Air Force Rome Laboratory, Air Force Materiel Command, Rome, New York
 July 1997 – February 1999, deputy director of Global Power Programs, Office of the Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition, Washington, D.C.
 March 1999 – September 2001, program director of C-17 System Program Office, Aeronautical Systems Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
 September 2001 – January 2004, program executive officer for airlift and trainers, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
 February 2004 – January 2006, deputy for acquisition, Aeronautical Systems Center, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
 January 2006 – November 2007, commander of Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
 November 2007 – 1 September 2011, commander of Electronic Systems Center, Hanscom AFB, Mass.

Major awards and decorations
  Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
  Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster
  Defense Meritorious Service Medal
  Meritorious Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters
  Air Force Commendation Medal with two oak leaf clusters
  Air Force Achievement Medal with oak leaf cluster

Effective dates of promotion
 Second Lieutenant June 4, 1975
 First Lieutenant July 31, 1977
 Captain July 31, 1979
 Major December 1, 1986
 Lieutenant Colonel April 1, 1990
 Colonel July 1, 1996
 Brigadier General July 1, 2002
 Major General November 1, 2005
 Lieutenant General  November 7, 2007

References

United States Air Force generals
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Air Force Institute of Technology alumni
Living people
Mississippi State University alumni
University of Dayton alumni
Triangle Fraternity
1953 births


William Edward Hall (October 31, 1913 – November 15, 1996) was a United States Naval Reserve officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions during the Battle of the Coral Sea in World War II.

Biography
Hall graduated from the University of Redlands and then joined the Navy from his birth state of Utah in May 1938. He completed flight training as a naval aviator in September 1939 and by May 7, 1942 was a Lieutenant, Junior Grade, serving as a scout plane pilot with Lexington's Scouting Squadron 2 (flying the SBD Dauntless). On that day, over the Coral Sea, Hall participated in the attack on the Japanese carrier Shoho, gaining a share in its destruction. The next day, while flying anti-torpedo plane patrol in defense of his carrier, he attacked a section of Japanese torpedo bombers, setting afire the lead plane (commanded by Lieutenant Norio Yano) and forcing the wingmen to switch targets.  Before he could find another target (Yano was finished by AA shortly afterwards), Hall found himself jumped by several Zeros. Although his craft was damaged and he was seriously wounded in the ensuing dogfight, he claimed two shot down (though none were lost) and managed to land safely. For these actions, he was awarded the Medal of Honor.

While in the hospital he met his wife, a navy nurse, and they married in September 1942. Hall reached the rank of lieutenant commander before leaving the Navy in 1946. He died at age 83 and was buried in Fort Leavenworth National Cemetery, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

Medal of Honor citation

Hall's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
For extreme courage and conspicuous heroism in combat above and beyond the call of duty as pilot of a scouting plane in action against enemy Japanese forces in the Coral Sea on 7 and 8 May 1942. In a resolute and determined attack on 7 May, Lt. (j.g.) Hall dived his plane at an enemy Japanese aircraft carrier, contributing materially to the destruction of that vessel. On 8 May, facing heavy and fierce fighter opposition, he again displayed extraordinary skill as an airman and the aggressive spirit of a fighter in repeated and effectively executed counterattacks against a superior number of enemy planes in which 3 enemy aircraft were destroyed. Though seriously wounded in this engagement, Lt. (j.g.) Hall, maintaining the fearless and indomitable tactics pursued throughout these actions, succeeded in landing his plane safe.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients

References

1913 births
1996 deaths
People from Carbon County, Utah
University of Redlands alumni
United States Naval Aviators
United States Navy officers
United States Navy pilots of World War II
United States Navy Medal of Honor recipients
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor


With the new low-cost BTC Touring rules encouraging private teams to build their own cars, Cheshire-based ABG Motorsport decided to construct a Lexus IS200 for 2001.

Converted from a roadcar into a racing machine, the car missed the first meeting at Brands Hatch, but appeared at Thruxton for the second event of the season  and made an instant impression with its all-black paintjob. Initially driven by Kurt Luby, he stepped down after round 12, and was replaced by Brazilian Thomas Erdos, originally contracted to drive a second IS200, but construction of a second chassis was never undertaken. The Lexus was a reasonably competitive machine, taking several top six finishes behind the works Vauxhalls, usually competing with the works Peugeot 406 Coupes. Autocar magazine journalist Steve Sutcliffe drove in the final two rounds at Brands Hatch, but struggled in the wet conditions, finishing 9th in the sprint race.

The sole chassis was withdrawn at the end of 2001 as ABG Motorsport withdrew from the BTCC, although Super 2000-specification IS200s did appear in 2005 and 2006.

Chassis History
Car 1
2001 - Kurt Luby (Rounds 3-12)/Thomas Erdos (Rounds 13-24)/Steve Sutcliffe (Rounds 25 and 26)

References

British Touring Car Championship
Touring cars
Cars introduced in 2001
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
IS200 BTC-T


The Premetro is a  light rail line that runs along the outskirts of Buenos Aires, connecting with the Buenos Aires Underground line E, at Plaza de los Virreyes station and then to General Savio, with a short branch to Centro Cívico. It opened in 1987 and is operated by Metrovías. Originally, the Premetro was to include many more lines, but shortly after the privatisation of the railways the projects were postponed and never materialised and only "Premetro E2" was built.

History

Line E2

The line opened in stages.  The first section was opened for service on 28 April 1987. This was the 2 km section between the Plaza de los Virreyes metro station and Ana Maria Janer, near the line's carhouse. The service was extended to Villa Soldati in June and to General Savio on 25 August. A formal inauguration ceremony was held two days later.

The cost of constructing the line was US$5.4 million, and an additional $4.6 million was allocated to the acquisition of a fleet of 25 trams.  A contract for the latter was awarded around the end of 1985 to a consortium led by the Argentine company Materfer (Fábrica de Material Ferroviario), of Córdoba, some of which were for a planned second line that was to be built later.

Delivery of the Materfer cars was originally due to begin in mid-1987, but it soon became apparent that they would not be ready until mid-1988 or later, which was well after construction of the line was completed.  In order to avoid a long delay in the opening of the line, officials decided to create a temporary fleet by converting some 1913 metro cars into trams. They were double-truck (four-axle), non-articulated, double-ended (bidirectional) trams.  A total of eight such cars were built, using new metal bodies manufactured in Buenos Aires by EMEPA S.A., mounted on the original 1913 Belgian-built La Brugeoise underframes.  They were painted in a livery of all-over green. The first three of these inaugurated service on the first section of line E2 in April 1987.

The Materfer trams began to arrive in mid-1988, with six delivered by the end of the year. Their electrical equipment was supplied by Siemens. Like the temporary cars rebuilt from metro cars, the Materfer/Siemens trams are double-truck, double-ended cars.  They have seating for 24 passengers and room for around 115 standees. They have three doors on each side.  The low-platform stops along the line are long enough to accommodate only one car at a time, and multiple-unit operation is not planned, so the tramcars are not equipped with couplers.

The first Materfer cars entered service on 14 October 1988.  In 1989, both types of car were still in service, but eventually the Materfer cars replaced all of the rebodied metro cars.  By April 1991, 20 of the 25 cars had been delivered (fleet numbers PM 1–20), and the last five were reported as being completed but still at the factory in Córdoba.  However, the scheduled service needed only six cars.  As of 2001, normal peak service still required only six to eight cars.Metrovías became the line's operator on 1 July 1993, under a franchise agreement.

Other planned lines

The original PreMetro plan developed in the late 1980s included the building of two or three more additional lines, however due to the timing of these projects having coincided with railway privatisation in Argentina, only PreMetro E2 materialised before the Buenos Aires Underground network was privatised and investment ground to a halt for the following two decades. Much like PreMetro E2, the naming of the PreMetro lines would have shared the letter of their corresponding Underground line along with a number depending on how many PreMetro lines corresponded to that Underground line.

With Line E of the Underground, PreMetro E2 was the first phase of the project with the construction of PreMetro E1 being the second phase. This line would have extended out from the end of Line E eastwards to the limits of the city proper with Greater Buenos Aires. However, this never materialised following privatisation and the building of the Metrobus Sur in 2013 rendered the building of the line obsolete since it covered the same area and route, with the added benefit of going directly to the city centre without needing to transfer to Line E.

While the Metrobus Sur was still in the planning stages, it had been proposed in 2012 to create a Premetro H1 line extending from the terminus of Underground Line H to the edge of the city proper, connecting with Premetro E2 at its General Savio terminus, giving the benefit over the originally planned E1 line in that it would create a loop between Underground lines E and H. In the end though, the Metrobus was established instead of Premetro H.

Plans for other lines included PreMetro D1 in the 1980s, which would have departed from the final station of Line D to the limits of the city proper. In 2015, this became a reality with the opening of Metrobus Cabildo rather than a tram service.

There would also have been a PreMetro C1 which would have connected with Line C and the Roca Line at Constitución railway station and headed northwards to Retiro railway station (parallel to Line C, but further east) and eastwards to Puerto Madero. The current extension of Line E northwards to Retiro replaced this, but not the Puerto Madero section, which was briefly covered by the experimental Tranvia del Este.

Recent developments

In 2015 SBASE, along with the City of Buenos Aires, began making plans to refurbish and rebuild many of the Line E2 stations, including a brand new terminal at Plaza de los Virreyes, as part of a plan to modernise the network which also intends to increase the amount of rolling stock in circulation. In October 2015 the refurbishment of the Intendente Saguier terminal was completed, followed by the refurbishment of Fátima station in April 2016.

Description and service

Line E2 passes through many poorer areas, but travel on the line is generally safe. As of 2001, service was being provided from 7:00 to 22:00, matching the hours of the line E underground service, on a headway varying between 5 and 10 minutes depending on the time of day.  Most of the line is double-track, but the short branch to Centro Cívico is single-track.  The line includes sections of private right-of-way, sections of reserved track (in the median of streets, but separated from other traffic) and street-running in mixed traffic.  The carhouse (maintenance facility) for the line is located along Avenida Mariano Acosta, adjacent to the Somellera stop.

Gallery

See also
Trams in Buenos Aires
Tren de la Costa - Another light rail line in Buenos Aires
Tranvía del Este - Former modern tram line in Puerto Madero area (closed in 2012)
Buenos Aires Metro
La Brugeoise cars (Buenos Aires Metro)

References

External links

Metrovías – official website

P
P
P
P
P
750 V DC railway electrification
Rail transport in Buenos Aires


Movistar Fútbol was a paid Spanish television channel owned by Telefónica, which broadcast matches from two of the five major European leagues: Serie A and Ligue 1. It was available exclusively on Movistar+, and had two other auxiliary signals (Movistar Fútbol 1-2), for matches played simultaneously.

History
The channel began broadcasting on February 1, 2007, replacing "Canal + Deportes 1". The channel was dedicated exclusively to football, and began broadcasting matches of some of the major, as well as qualifying, matches for the final stages of UEFA selections. On 1 August 2016 the channel was renamed "Movistar Fútbol". The substitution of the Canal+ brand was framed within the transition in the visual identity of the channels of the Movistar+ platform.

On 9 August 2018 the channel became exclusive for the non-residential clients of the platform, as a replica of the contents broadcast by the Movistar Liga de Campeones channel for individuals. Mid-season 2018/19, on 7 March 2019, the channel returned to individuals, to cover the Ligue 1 of France and the Italian Serie A, after having acquired the rights of the same to Mediapro. Finally in mid-April 2019, the channel stopped broadcasting disappearing weeks later on IPTV and on 10 May 2019 on satellite, moving its content to #Vamos and Movistar Liga de Campeones and its auxiliary signals. Movistar Fútbol was closed officially on 7 August 2019.

References

External links
Official site

Movistar+
Television stations in Spain
Television channels and stations established in 2003
Association football on television
Sports television in Spain
2003 establishments in Spain
Football in Spain


In Finland, a person must have a surname and at least one given name with up to three given names permitted. Surnames are inherited either patrilineally or matrilineally, while given names are usually chosen by a person's parents. Finnish names come from a variety of dissimilar traditions that were consolidated only in the early 20th century. The first national act on names came into force in 1921, and it made surnames mandatory. Between 1930 and 1985, the Western Finnish tradition whereby a married woman took her husband's surname was mandatory. Previously in Eastern Finland, this was not necessarily the case. On 1 January 2019, the reformed Act on Forenames and Surnames came into force.

Finnish given names are often of Christian origin (e.g., Jukka from Greek Johannes), but Finnish and Swedish origins are also common.

In Finnish, the letter "j" denotes the approximant , as in English you. For example, the two different names Maria and Marja are pronounced nearly identically. The letter "y" denotes the vowel , not found in English, but similar to German "ü" and French "u". "R" is rolled. The stress is always on the first syllable in Finnish. For example, Yrjö Kääriäinen is pronounced . Double letters always stand for a geminate or longer sound (e.g., Marjaana has a stressed short  followed by an unstressed long  and then another unstressed short ).

Pronunciation of Swedish names is similar, but long vowels are not doubled and the stress may be on any syllable. Finland has a long bilingual history and it is not unusual for Finnish speakers to have Swedish surnames or given names. Such names may be pronounced according to Finland–Swedish phonology or, depending on the person named, the person speaking and the language used, a Fennicized variant.

When writing Finnish names without the Finnish alphabet available (such as in e-mail addresses), the letters "ä" and "ö" are usually replaced with "a" and "o", respectively (e.g., Pääkkönen as Paakkonen). This is not the same, but visually recognizable.

Surnames

Finland has three predominant surname traditions: the West Finnish, the East Finnish and that of the Swedish nobility, clergy, bourgeoisie and military. Until the early 20th century, Finland was a predominantly agrarian society and the names of West Finns were based on their association with a particular area, farm, or homestead (e.g. Jaakko Jussila 'Jaakko from the place of Jussi'). Farm names typically had the suffix -la, -lä, i.e. "(place) of", and could refer to the husband (like Jussila) or describe the location (e.g. Isoaho 'large clearing'). This name could change every time the person moved to a different farm. Multiple names could be recorded in documents, such that for example Pentti Jussila l. Penttilä would be a person named Pentti who had moved from Jussila farm to Penttilä farm. Also, even if one had a surname, one would still be better known by the farm name. Farm names, patronyms and village names could be used to disambiguate between different people, but they were not true inherited surnames. For example, in Aleksis Kivi's novel Seven Brothers (1870) the character Juhani was officially summoned as Juhani Juhanin-poika Jukola, Toukolan kylästä, in English 'Juhani, son of Juhani, from Jukola farm, Toukola village'.

On the other hand, the East Finnish surname tradition dates back to the 13th century. There, the Savonians pursued slash-and-burn agriculture which necessitated moving several times during a person's lifetime. This in turn required the families to have surnames, which were in wide use among the common folk as early as the 13th century. By the mid-16th century, the East Finnish surnames had become hereditary. Typically, the oldest East Finnish surnames were formed from the first names of the patriarchs of the families (e.g. Ikävalko, Termonen, Pentikäinen). In the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, new names were most often formed by adding the place name of the former or current place of residence (e.g., Puumalainen < "of Puumala"). In the East Finnish tradition, women carried the family name of their fathers in feminine form indicated by the -tar suffix (e.g. Puumalatar < Puumalainen). By the 19th century, this practice fell into disuse due to the influence of Western European surname tradition. Also, women did not change their surnames with marriage.

In 1921, surnames became compulsory for all Finns. At this point, if there was no surname, the homestead names were usually adopted as surnames. Because the inhabitants often included farmhands and other non-family member, holders of the same surname are not necessarily genetically related. A typical feature of such names is the addition of prefixes Ala- or Ali- ('Lower') and Ylä- or Yli- ('Upper'), giving the location of the holding along a waterway in relation to the main holding (e.g. Yli-Ojanperä, Ala-Verronen). In Pohjanmaa, there are similar prefixes Rinta- and Latva- ('downstream' and 'upstream' respectively).

Common suffixes are -nen (in oblique form -se-; e.g., Miettinen : Miettisen "Miettinen's"), a diminutive suffix usually meaning "small", and -la/-lä, a locative suffix usually meaning "(place) of". The -nen suffix was freely interchanged with -son or -poika as late as the 16th century, but its meaning was ambiguous as it could refer not only to a "son", but any member of a patriarch's family, a farm or even a place. For example, the surname Tuomonen could mean "Son of Tuomo" or "Farm of Tuomo" or something else belonging to Tuomo.

A third tradition of surnames was introduced into Finland by the Swedish-speaking upper and middle classes which used typical German and Swedish surnames. By custom, all Finnish-speaking people who were able to get a position of some status in urban or learned society, discarded their Finnish name, adopting a Swedish, German or (in case of clergy) a Latin surname. In the case of enlisted soldiers, the new name was given regardless of the wishes of the individual. The oldest noble surnames of Swedish origin were not original, but were derived from the charges in the coat of arms, sigil and flag of the family, for example with Svärd (Swedish: "sword"), Kurki/Kurck (Finnish: "crane") and Kirves (Finnish: "axe").  Families of German origin would use the von suffix (e.g., von Wright).

In the late 19th and early 20th century, the overall modernization process and especially, the political movement of Fennicization brought forth a movement towards the adoption of Finnish surnames. At that time, many people with a Swedish or otherwise foreign surname changed their family name to a Finnish one. The features of nature with endings -o/ö, -nen (Meriö < meri "sea", Nieminen < niemi "peninsula") are typical of the names of this era, as well as more or less direct translations of Swedish names (Helleranta < Hällstrand). Fennicizing one's name also concealed non-Finnish origin. For example, Martti Ahtisaari's grandfather was Adolfsen from Norway. Nevertheless, Fennicization was not mandatory and thus it is common to find entirely Finnish-speaking families with Swedish surnames; having a Swedish name does not imply one is a Swedish speaker.

An effect of industrialization was that large numbers of people moved to the cities and towns and had to adopt a surname. Missing an inherited surname, they invented theirs. Initially, these were in Swedish, and they were not very stable; people called them "superfluous names" (liikanimi), and a person could change one's surname several times during their career. Later, Finnish became the preferred language, and themes were taken from nature. Some of the most common examples of this type are Laine "wave", Vainio "cultivated field", Nurmi "grassland", and Salo "grove". When applicable, -nen or -la/-lä could be suffixed, such as in Koskinen "rapids + nen".

Sharing a surname does not imply that the two people are related. Regulation of surnames to prevent two families from sharing the same name only began with the 1921 act. Before this, multiple families could have had Fennicized or otherwise changed their surnames to the same name. For example, the Finnish name Rautavaara was adopted by persons with the former Swedish names Sirius, Rosenqvist, Backman, Järnberg, Granlund and Mattson. Similarly, the adoption of farm names as surnames by unrelated persons living on the same farm contributed to the number of these shared names.

Current use

In 21st century Finland, the use of surnames follows the German model. Every person is legally obliged to have a first and last name. A maximum of four first names are allowed (three prior to January 1, 2019). When marrying, a Finnish couple may adopt a shared surname, either one partner's surname or a combination of their surnames. They may also retain their surnames, either can take one of their spouse's surnames and either can combine their surname with that of their spouse. If they take a shared surname, that will be the surname of their children, otherwise their children can get either parent's surname or a double surname combining those of their parents. Grandparents' names can be used, based on a family's foreign name tradition. When combining double surnames, only one part of each can be used; the double surname can consist of the two individual surnames as such, or combined with a hyphen. Between 1986 and 2018, a spouse could keep their surname, take their spouse's name as a shared surname, or take their spouse's surname as a shared surname but use it in combination with their own as a hyphenated double surname, while their spouse used their original surname. If they had a shared surname, their children got that name, otherwise the surname of either parent would be chosen. (From 1929 to 1985, a wife had to take the husband's surname or a double name.) Regardless, siblings normally get the same surname.

All persons have the right to change their surname once without any specific reason. A surname that is un-Finnish, contrary to the usages of the Swedish or Finnish languages, or in use by any person resident in Finland cannot be accepted as the new name, unless valid family reasons or religious or national customs give a reason for waiving this requirement. However, persons may change their surname to any surname that has been used by their ancestors, if they can prove such a claim.<ref>The information here is taken from the Finnish FINLEX ® - Ajantasainen lainsäädäntö: Kumottu säädös Nimilaki (kumottu) 694/1985 Nimilaki (694/1985)] (Name Act). Retrieved 11-6-2007</ref>

Surnames behave like regular words when forming grammatical cases. Thus, for example, the genitive of surname Mäki is Mäen, just like the regular word mäki ("hill") becomes mäen in the genitive. For given names, this is not always the case even if the name were a common word; for example, Suvi ("summer") becomes Suvin in the genitive, not Suven.

In 1985, 38% of Finns had a -nen name, 8.9% -la, 7.4% with some other derivative suffix (e.g., -io/-iö, as in Meriö, or -sto/-stö, as in Niinistö), 17.5% were other Finnish-language names, 14.8% non-Finnish (chiefly Swedish), 13.1% were compound names (e.g., Kivimäki "stone hill", Rautakoski "iron rapids"). Only 0.3% had a double-barreled name (e.g., marriage of a Forsius to Harkimo giving Forsius-Harkimo).

Patronymics
Patronymics were used in official documents until the late 19th century. Finns did not address each other by patronymics in colloquial speech. The natural Finnish way of referring to someone's parentage is the genitive: Matin Olli ("Matthew's Olaf") instead of the solemn Olli Matinpoika ("Olaf Matthew's son"). When patronymics were no longer required in documents, they quickly fell out of use. They are still perfectly legal, but very rare, often representing a deliberate archaism. Unlike in Swedish, Finnish patronymics were not transferred into hereditary family names. Thus, the Finnish situation differs considerably from, for instance, Sweden, which has hundreds of thousands of Johanssons and Anderssons. The Swedish patronymic-like surnames are treated like any other surnames. Real patronymics are handled like additional first names, i.e., one must still have a surname. An exception is made for the Icelandic citizens resident in Finland, who are allowed to follow the Icelandic name tradition.

First names
The native Finnish tradition of first names was lost during the early Christian period, and by the 16th century, only Christian first names were accepted. The popular names were usually the names of saints whose cult was widespread. This resulted in some differences between the Western and Eastern Finnish first names, as the names in Eastern Finland might have had forms derived from Russian or Church Slavonic, instead of Swedish and Latin. For example, there are two Finnish cognates of George, Yrjö < Swedish Örjan and Jyri < Russian Юрий (Yuri). The most important source for researching the name forms actually used by the Finns themselves in the 15th to 18th centuries are the surnames preserved in written sources, as these were often formed on the basis of a first name. The first names themselves are usually given in Swedish or Latin forms, as these are the languages used in the records. The name actually used was a Fennicized form of the name, which might have changed as the person became older. For example, a person given the Swedish name Gustaf in the parish register might be called Kustu as a child, Kusti as an adolescent, Kyösti or Köpi as an adult and Kustaa as an old man.

In the early 19th century, almost all Finnish first names were taken from the official almanac, published by the Royal Academy of Turku, later by the University of Helsinki. The names were mostly names of the saints whose cults had been popular before the Reformation, but the almanac also incorporated a number of names from the Old Testament and Swedish royalty, which were added to certain days during the 17th and 18th centuries. During the 19th century, the Finnish forms were gradually added to the Finnish almanac, while the Swedish and Latin forms were removed (the Swedish forms were retained in a separate Swedish almanac). At the same time, the vicars gradually started to use Finnish name forms in parish registers. This, in turn, cemented the Finnish name forms that were used.

Names with originally Finnish etymologies were revived in the 19th century. In the absence of reliable information about ancient names, parents chose names of mythical characters from folklore (Aino, Tapio), and many new names were created from Finnish words (Seppo "smith" or "skilled person", Ritva "birch twig"). Some clergymen initially refused to christen babies with such "pagan" names. The first given name of Finnish origin, Aino, was accepted in the almanac in 1890, followed by numerous others in 1908. About 30% of Finns born in 1910–1939 received a name with Finnish etymology.

By the 1930s, the use of Finnish names and name variants was stabilized, and most of the popular names were noted in the almanac. Since then, the almanac has been gradually changed to include new, popular names. At present, all names which have at least 1,000 bearers are incorporated into the almanac of the University of Helsinki and given a "name day" (). In 2010, 792 of the 35,000 first names used in Finland were listed in the Finnish almanac. The name day calendar follows the Medieval Catholic saints' calendar when applicable.

First names are subject to changing fashions, while second or third given names are more traditional and typically trisyllabic. In the table below, both first and given names are counted. Since the digitalization of the Finnish national population database in the 1970s, the most popular names in Finland (of all Finnish residents or citizens who have lived after that point) have been listed by The origins of the names are taken from Vilkuna (1976).

Of the names listed, Annikki and Marjatta are etymologically related to Anna and Maria, but they are characters in the Kalevala, not used as given names before the 19th century.

Legal aspects
The Act on Forenames and Surnames (; ) of 2017, in force since 1 January 2019, requires that all Finnish citizens and residents have at least one and at the most four given names. Persons who do not have a given name are obligated to adopt one when they are entered into the Finnish national population database. Parents of new-born children must name their child and inform the population registry within three months of the child's birth. The name may be chosen freely, but it must
 not be prone to cause offense
 not be prone to cause harm
 not be obviously unsuited as a given name
 have a form, content, and written form that conforms to the established given name practice
 be established for the same gender
 not be obviously of family name type
 when given to an underage person as their first given name, not be the same name as an alive sibling or half-sibling's first name, or of -son/-daughter form.

Exceptions may be made if 5 of more people of the same gender in the population register already have the name, on grounds of a connection to a foreign state where the name conforms to the established practice of that state, due to religious custom, or if another specific reason is deemed to apply.

Usage
As in general in European culture, the surname is seen as more formal and the first names as less formal. Strangers are expected to refer to each other by their surnames and using grammar in formal plural. The use of first names indicates familiarity, and children often refer to each other by first names only. However, in many workplaces familiarity between individuals working on the same site is assumed.

In contrast to European tradition, the use of titles such as tohtori ("Doctor") with surnames is not very common and is found only in highly formal contexts, or it is considered old-fashioned.  The titles equivalent to Mr., Mrs. and Miss are herra, rouva and neiti, respectively. Thus, for example, in formal contexts, Matti Johannes Virtanen can be referred to as herra Virtanen or herra Matti Virtanen, if several Virtanens are present. In most other contexts, simply one name, surname or first name, is used. As in Swedish culture, politeness is often expressed by indirect address, such that the use of names may even be deliberately avoided. In spite of this, formal Finnish features various titles, particularly honorifics such as vuorineuvos or ministeri.

References

Bibliography
 Sirkka Paikkala: Se tavallinen Virtanen, SKS 959 (2004),
 Kustaa Vilkuna, Etunimet, Otava (1976),
 Eero Kiviniemi, Suomalaisten etunimet'', SKS 1103 (2006),

Names by culture


Emanuel Sweerts (1552–1612) was a Dutch painter and nurseryman noted for his publication in 1612 at Frankfurt-am-Main of Florilegium Amplissimum et Selectissimum.

Sweerts was born at Zevenbergen and lived in a period when new plants from across the world were being introduced to Europe via Dutch, English and French ships. To meet the burgeoning interest in plants by the public, nurseries were being established by wealthy merchants in order to meet the demand. Botanical illustration suddenly found a new outlet in the production of nursery catalogues. Sweerts prepared his Florilegium as a guide of his available stock for the Frankfurt Fair of 1612. The plates, depicting some 560 bulbs and flowers, were from the Johann Theodore de Bry Florilegium which in turn was based on that by Pierre Vallet. His attractively depicted bulbs sparked their popularity, leading to 6 editions of the work between 1612 and 1647, and a demand which would later result in "Tulipomania". At the time of the fair Sweerts was in the employ of Emperor Rudolf II as head of his gardens in Vienna. He borrowed freely from plates that had been published before, so that many of those that appeared in the Florilegium had been cultivated in the gardens of King Henry IV of France at the Louvre. He died in Amsterdam.

See also
List of florilegia and botanical codices

References

1552 births
1612 deaths
16th-century Dutch botanists
17th-century Dutch botanists
Dutch horticulturists
Dutch botanical artists
16th-century Dutch painters
17th-century Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
People from Moerdijk
Flower artists


Dominique Tricaud (born, 1955 in Paris, France) is a lawyer whose fame in the United States derives from his being the defense attorney in Paris, France, of Ira Einhorn, the famous environmentalist, convicted in absentia of murder. Tricaud claimed he had never lost an extradition case and that "the French will not send a man back to a barbaric country where he was tried without being present to defend himself". Tricaud eventually lost the case and Einhorn was convicted of the murder of his girlfriend, Holly Maddux, in the United States. The Einhorn case was the basis for the TV film The Hunt for the Unicorn Killer in 1999. Einhorn was convicted in the United States in 2001. He was also the advocate for Jean Germain, mayor of Tours, who died before standing trial.

More recently, Tricaud was again the defense attorney in a high-profile legal case in France as the lawyer for rapper Hamé of French rap group La Rumeur, who was accused of libeling the police. He also represents French politician Julien Dray, who is accused of corruption.

References

20th-century French lawyers
1955 births
Living people
21st-century French lawyers


Barbara Stanisława Drapczyńska (November 1922 in a village of Wiecznia Kościelna near Ciechanów – 1 September 1944 in Warsaw) was the wife of Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński, and a student of Polish Philology at the secret Warsaw University, during the German occupation of Warsaw.

Drapczyńska's father ran a printing shop at Piękna Street in Warsaw. She met her future husband on 1 December 1941. 6 months later, they were engaged. The wedding took place on 3 June 1942 at 10am in the church of the Holy Trinity in the district of Solec. After the ceremony they lived together. Drapczyńska was Baczyński's muse; he wrote several erotic poems dedicated to her.

She died pregnant on 1 September 1944, during the Warsaw Uprising, struck in the head by fragmenting glass shards that penetrated her skull, damaging her brain. At the moment of death, she had in her hands the Kennkarte of her husband as well as his book. Baczyński had foreseen this in a poem written a few weeks earlier, on 13 July 1944. According to witnesses, Drapczyńska was mortally wounded on 26 August and suffered terribly for five days before her death. She died not knowing that her husband had been killed by a sniper in the early days of the Uprising.

Sources
 Tygodnik Ciechanowski online - śladami Barbary Drapczyńskiej z Wieczfni Kościelnej: żona Krzysztofa Kamila at www.tc.ciechanow.pl
 Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński at www.powstanie-warszawskie-1944.ac.pl

1922 births
1944 deaths
20th-century Polish women
Warsaw Uprising
People from Ciechanów County
Polish civilians killed in World War II


Albian Sands Energy Inc. is the operator of the Muskeg River Mine and Jack Pine Mine, an oil sands mining project located  north of Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada. It is a joint venture between Shell Canada (10%), CNRL (70%) and Chevron Canada (20%).  The company's legal headquarters are located in the Shell Centre in Calgary, Alberta. Albian Sands got its name from the Albian Boreal Sea which, during the Albian stage of the Cretaceous (over 100 million years ago), moved over the McMurray sands and deposited a blanket of marine shale on its floor which trapped the hydrocarbons of the McMurray Formation. The oil sands resources of the Muskeg River Mine are a legacy of the Albian Sea.

At full production, Albian Sands can produce  of crude bitumen, a naturally occurring semi-solid form of crude oil. The mine product, diluted bitumen or dilbit, is sent to be upgraded at the Scotford Upgrader in Fort Saskatchewan. The Muskeg River Mine stands on a Shell Canada lease containing more than  of mineable bitumen, of which it is expected to recover  of bitumen over the next 30 years. The Muskeg River Mine, Jack Pine Mine and the Scotford Upgrader together comprise the Athabasca Oil Sands Project (AOSP).

A proposed future mine expansion would increase production by 100,000 bbl/day. The  (incremental) expansion project received regulatory approval in late 2006.

At the mine site, the 175 megawatt MRM Cogeneration plant owned 70% by ATCO Power and 30% by SaskPower supplies process steam and electricity to the mine. 50% of the electricity produced is surplus to mine needs and is sold into the Alberta power grid. The Corridor Pipeline which transports diluted bitumen from the Muskeg River Mine to the Scotford Upgrader is owned by Inter Pipeline Ltd. To accommodate its workforce, the project has built a 2460-room "village" with service and recreation facilities.

The project is using satellite based imaging to ensure transparent reporting of its land use.

References

External links

Oil companies of Canada
Athabasca oil sands
Joint ventures
Marathon Oil
Shell plc subsidiaries
Chevron Corporation
Companies based in Calgary
Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo


Superb Internet Technologies is a web hosting and Internet domain registrar company in business since 1996. According to Netcraft's January 2008 statistics, Superb Internet hosts over 340,000 unique sites, making it one of the world's 60 largest web hosts. Services offered by Superb Internet include basic web hosting, dedicated hosting, VPS hosting, as well as reseller hosting.
Superb Internet is led by CEO Jeremy Gulban, and is currently a private company. Superb Internet's corporate offices are located in Honolulu, Hawaii, and with data centers located coast-to-coast in the United States in McLean, Virginia and South Seattle, Washington.  Purchase of HopOne Internet and Superb Internet was completed by CherryRoad Technologies in May 2019.

References

External links
Dedicated Web Hosting Company

Web hosting
Internet mirror services


William Lair Hill Gregory (May 18, 1886 – August 15, 1975) was a 20th-century American sportswriter and sports editor for The Oregonian newspaper of Portland, Oregon for more than 50 years. His popular column, "Greg's Gossip," was standard morning reading for several generations of Portland sports fans.

Early life and career
Born in Portland to local attorney William M. Gregory and Lenore Sparks Gregory in 1885, Gregory attended the University of Washington before returning to Portland. He began his sportswriting career for the Oregon Journal, and moved to The Oregonian in 1914 when they offered him a $5 a week raise over his $25 a week salary at the Journal.

Sports editor and columnist
Gregory (who used "L. H." as his byline and was called "Greg" by colleagues and friends) became sports editor at The Oregonian in 1921. He also wrote a daily column called "Greg's Gossip" in which he covered the Portland and national sports scene, paying particular attention to the Portland Beavers baseball team and the local boxing scene, which included fighters such as Joe Kahut, Leo Lomski, Denny Moyer, and Tommy Moyer.

In all, Gregory worked for The Oregonian for 59 years (interrupted briefly while he served in the United States Navy), retiring on August 31, 1973. He died in a Portland nursing home on August 15, 1975.

Legacy
Gregory's creative sportswriting still affects Oregon sports, as many of the nicknames for Oregon sports personalities and teams that he created and popularized in his columns are still in use, including:
 Johnny Pesky, the name he created for Portland Beaver star John Paveskovich (prior to his long career with the Boston Red Sox) since his name didn't fit in headlines
 "The Tall Firs" as the nickname of the 1938–39 Oregon Ducks men's basketball team, winners of the 1939 basketball national championship
 "The Black Tornado" for the Medford High School (later North Medford) football team, coined by Gregory after a convincing victory over a Portland school, and which the school officially adopted to replace the "Tigers"
 "Webfoots" as the first nickname for the University of Oregon sports teams

Gregory refused to refer to Oregon State teams as the "Beavers" since in his opinion, only the Portland baseball team could be called that name. Instead, he would call them "the Orange" or "the Orangemen."

In 1983, Gregory was inducted into both the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame and the Oregon Newspaper Hall of Fame.

References

1886 births
1975 deaths
Journalists from Portland, Oregon
American sportswriters
University of Washington alumni
The Oregonian people


The Borgward Hansa 1500 is a medium-sized automobile manufactured by the Bremen based auto-manufacturer Carl F. W. Borgward GmbH from 1949 until 1954. It was first presented at the Geneva Motor Show in March 1949  and production commenced on 13 October 1949. The similar Hansa 1800 was introduced in 1952. The Hansa was replaced by the Borgward Isabella in 1954.

It is often seen as the first all new model launched by the German auto industry after the war. Introduced nearly four years before the better remembered ’Ponton Mercedes’ the Hansa featured the then revolutionary ponton, three-box design that subsequently became mainstream in Germany and across much of Europe.

Hansa 1500
The car was launched as a two- or four-door saloon with an all-steel body built around a central steel frame, which bears a resemblance to a 1949 Ford. The wings were fully integrated into the bodywork, and the passenger cabin filled the full width of the car. At a time when competitor vehicles from Opel Olympia and Mercedes-Benz W136 were still based on conventional looking prewar designs, the interior width of the Hansa, emphasized by the inclusion of bench seats both at the back and in the front, attracted favourable press comment. The car was seen as a genuine six-seater. Also noteworthy in 1949 was the separate lid that permitted the boot / trunk to be accessed from outside the car. At the other end, the bonnet / hood was hinged at the side and could be opened from either the left or the right side as necessary. Instead of traditional semaphore style direction indicators, the Hansa featured flashing lights for use as direction indicators, the flashing being replicated within the tri-functional rear lights which included within a single unit rear lights and brake lights along with the US style flashing direction indicators.

The driver was faced by a steering wheel linked to its central boss by three sets of four thin spoke like rods. The design of the steering wheel, reminiscent of the early Porsches, ensured minimal disruption of the view of the instruments behind it. Also behind the steering wheel was the column-mounted gear lever.

A two-door estate version and a five-seater two-door cabriolet were available along with a two-seater sports cabriolet. The cabriolets were both assembled by the coach builders Hebmüller in Wülfrath until May 1952.

Engine, transmission and chassis

The Hansa was introduced with a 1498 cc four-cylinder OHV engine providing a claimed power output of . For 1952 the engine was modified to produce . A  output version of this engine was installed in the sports cabriolet. The Borgward engine had an unusual design where the intake manifold was on top the engine and came through the valve cover, along with the carburettor. Bill Blydenstein tuned several of these engines for racing with some success.

The column-mounted gear lever controlled a three-speed gear box or a 2-speed automatic gear box (with a gear-indicator on the column as visible on the photo).

The wheels were independently sprung, the rear wheels being attached to a swing axle and supported by springs with hydraulic shock absorbers. All four wheels were connected to the foot brake via a hydraulic system, while the hand brake was a mechanical one operating on the rear wheels.

Hansa 1800

1952 saw the introduction of the faster Borgward Hansa 1800, with a 1758 cc 4-cylinder engine producing . The Hansa 1800 benefited from a four-speed gear box, with synchromesh between the top two ratios. The front direction indicators which on the Hansa 1500 had been located beneath the headlights, now migrated to the top of the front wings on the Hansa 1800.

As before, the two- and four-door saloons were complemented by cabriolet and estate versions.

The next year the Hansa 1800 became available with a diesel engine of the same capacity as the petrol / gasoline fuelled unit, but with a power output of .

An 1800 diesel saloon version tested by the British The Motor magazine in 1954 had a top speed of  and could accelerate from 0- in 27.9 seconds. A fuel consumption of  was recorded. The test car cost £1493 including taxes in the United Kingdom.

References

Cars introduced in 1949
Hansa 1500 1800
Executive cars
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles


More Demi Moore or the August 1991 Vanity Fair cover was a controversial handbra nude photograph of then seven-months pregnant Demi Moore taken by Annie Leibovitz for the August 1991 cover of Vanity Fair to accompany a cover story about Moore.

The cover has had a lasting societal impact. Since the cover was released, several celebrities have posed for photographs in advanced stages of pregnancy, although not necessarily as naked as Moore. This trend has made pregnancy photos fashionable and created a booming business. The photograph is one of the most highly regarded magazine covers of all time, and it is one of Leibovitz's best known works.

The picture has been parodied several times, including for advertising Naked Gun : The Final Insult (1994). This led to the 1998 Second Circuit fair use case Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp. In addition to being satirically parodied and popularizing pregnancy photographs, there was also backlash. Some critics rated it grotesque and obscene, and it was also seriously considered when Internet decency standards were first being legislated and adjudicated. Others thought it was a powerful artistic statement.

In each of the subsequent two years, Moore made follow-up cover appearances on Vanity Fair, the first of which propelled Joanne Gair to prominence as a trompe-l'œil body painter.

Background
In 1991, Demi Moore was a budding A-list film star who had been married to Bruce Willis since 1987. The couple had had their first child Rumer Willis in 1988, and they had hired three photographers for an audience of six friends for the delivery. In 1990, she had starred in that year's highest-grossing film, Ghost, for which she was paid $750,000, and she had earned $2.5 million for 1991 roles in The Butcher's Wife and Mortal Thoughts. Following the photo, she would earn $3 million for her 1992 role in A Few Good Men and $5 million apiece for roles in Indecent Proposal (1993), Disclosure (1994) and The Scarlet Letter (1995).

Annie Leibovitz had been chief photographer at Rolling Stone from 1973 until 1983, when she moved to Vanity Fair. In 1991, she had the first mid-career show, Annie Leibovitz Photographs 1970-1990, ever given a photographer by the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C., with a similarly titled accompanying book. The show traveled to New York City at the International Center of Photography for a showing that would run until December 1, 1991.

Details

The photograph was one of several taken by Leibovitz of seven-months pregnant 28-year-old Moore, then pregnant with the couple's second daughter, Scout LaRue. The photographs ranged from Moore in lacy underwear and spiked high heels, to a revealing peignoir. The final selection had Moore wearing only a diamond ring. Joanne Gair worked on make-up for the shoot. Samuel Irving Newhouse, Jr., chairman of Conde Nast Publications, was very supportive of the chosen cover despite the potential for lost sales. Tina Brown, Vanity Fair editor, quickly realized that there would be harsh backlash for regular distribution of the magazine; the issue had to be wrapped in a white envelope with only Moore's eyes visible. Some editions had a brown wrapper that implied naughtiness. However, Brown viewed the image as a chance to make a statement about the decade of the 1990s after a decade dominated by power suits. Approximately 100 million people saw the cover.

The use of a pregnant sex symbol was in a sense an attempt to combat the pop culture representations of the anathema of the awkward, uncomfortable, and grotesquely excessive female form in a culture that values thinness. Leibovitz' candid portrayal drew a wide spectrum of responses from television, radio and newspaper personalities and the public at large ranging from complaints of sexual objectification to celebrations of the photograph as a symbol of empowerment. One of the judges in Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp. stated that the image evoked Botticelli's Birth of Venus. The contemporary retrospective view of some is that this photograph is "high art". The intent of the photograph was to portray pregnancy with a celebrity in a way that was bold, proud and understated in an "anti-Hollywood, anti-glitz" manner. It was successful in some regards as many perceived it as a statement of beauty and pride. However, many took offense and the cover drew unusually intense controversy for Vanity Fair in the form of ninety-five television spots, sixty-four radio shows, 1,500 newspaper articles and a dozen cartoons. Some stores and newsstands refused to carry the August issue, while others modestly concealed it in the wrapper evocative of porn magazines.

The photo is not only considered one of Leibovitz's most famous, but also an almost mythical representation. It is considered emblematic of Si Newhouse's reputation for "newsy features and provocative photos." It is the first photo mentioned in the New York Times review of Leibovitz's exhibition Annie Leibovitz: A Photographer's Life, 1990-2005 at the Brooklyn Museum and it is contrasted with another of her female pregnancy photographs (of Melania Trump).

A year later, Moore still did not understand the controversy that caused photos of a naked, pregnant woman to be viewed as morally objectionable. Moore stated that, "I did feel glamorous, beautiful and more free about my body. I don't know how much more family oriented I could possibly have gotten." She considered the cover to be a healthy "feminist statement." In 2007, Moore stated that the picture was not originally intended for publication. She had posed in a personal photo session, not a cover shoot. Leibovitz has had personal photo sessions of Moore and all of her daughters.

Cover story
One journalist's professional account of the cover story describes it as "relentlessly long", and a second journalist's description is that it is a "very long profile". The article discussed the then three-year-old Rumer Willis and husband Bruce Willis. Willis and Moore discuss each other in the article. The article also spends three pages recounting her life. The article spent little time on her next film, The Butcher's Wife, or the child she was pregnant with, Scout LaRue Willis.

Legal issues

Naked Gun

The photograph was parodied on several occasions, including the computer-generated Spy magazine version, which placed Willis' head on Moore's body. In Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp., Leibovitz sued over one parody featuring Leslie Nielsen, made to promote the 1994 film Naked Gun : The Final Insult. In the parody, the model's body was used and "the guilty and smirking face of Mr. Nielsen appeared above". The teaser said "Due this March". The case was dismissed in 1996 because the parody relied "for its comic effect on the contrast between the original".

In a parody ruling, the court must determine whether a work is transformative in a way that gives a new expression, meaning or message to the original work. In this case, the court ruled that the "ad may reasonably be perceived, as commenting on the seriousness and even pretentiousness of the original." It also ruled that the ad differed from the original "in a way that may, reasonably, be perceived as commenting, through ridicule on what a viewer might reasonably think is the undue self-importance conveyed by the subject of the Leibovitz photograph."

Other issues
When the Internet arose as a popular and important medium and the United States Supreme Court issued a ruling on the Communications Decency Act of 1996 (CDA), Moore's image was described as a sort of litmus test to determine if the law could be reasonably applied in the current environment by the trial court. When John Paul Stevens' rendered an opinion over a year later, the image was still on the minds of legal scholars.

Follow-ups

In the Demi's Birthday Suit August 1992 issue of Vanity Fair, Moore was shown on the cover in the body painting photo by Joanne Gair. It made Gair an immediate pop culture star as the most prominent body paint artist, which prompted consideration for an Absolut Vodka Absolut Gair ad campaign. The 1992 cover, which required a thirteen-hour sitting for Gair and her team of make-up artists, was a commemoration of the August 1991 photo. Leibovitz could not decide where to shoot, and reserved two mobile homes, four hotel rooms and five houses.

In December 1993, Moore was again on the cover of Vanity Fair, but this time she was dressed in two straps and a large red bow and was sitting on David Letterman's lap while he was dressed up as Santa Claus.

Other celebrities have since posed nude or semi-nude while in advanced pregnancy, including Christina Aguilera and Britney Spears whose billboard advertisements led to great controversy. Newsweek referred to the pose more than a decade later, and The New York Times coined "demiclad" for the nude pregnant handbra pose. Eventually, Vogue and Harper's Bazaar included pregnant cover models, and Star included a pregnant foursome of Katie Holmes, Gwen Stefani, Gwyneth Paltrow and Angelina Jolie. They also had a "Bump Brigade" of Jennie Garth, Maggie Gyllenhaal and Sofia Coppola. Vogue had a very pregnant 37-year-old Brooke Shields on the cover of its April 2003 issue. By the time Linda Evangelista appeared pregnant (and clothed) on the August 2006 cover of Vogue, pregnancy was not the emphasis of the story. However, even at the end of 2007 appearing bare-bellied and pregnant on the cover of a magazine, as Aguilera did for Marie Claire, was still considered a derivative of Moore's original. When Melania Trump appeared in American Vogue, she held in esteem as a model of maternity fashion by Anna Wintour. A commemoration of the photo was a self-portrait by Leibovitz in which she appeared in profile and pregnant for her A Photographer's Life exhibition. Myleene Klass posed for a similar nude pregnant photo for Glamour magazine in 2007.

Serena Williams appeared pregnant in very nearly the same pose on the cover of the August 2017 issue of Vanity Fair, 26 years after the August 1991 cover featuring pregnant Demi Moore.

Legacy
The photo has had long cultural and social impact in the U.S. Many women feel that the rush of celebrities taking pregnant photos has made taking such photos glamorous for pregnant mothers. As the photos have become more common on magazine covers the business of documenting pregnancies photographically has boomed. Furthermore, the photo is critically acclaimed. Almost fifteen years after its publication the American Society of Magazine Editors listed it as the second best magazine cover of the last forty years.

Parodies
Two months after the photo's publication, it was parodied on the cover of The Sensational She-Hulk #34 in October 1991. The cover features She-Hulk, a character known for breaking the fourth wall and parodying pop culture, in the same pose as Moore with a green beach ball in place of the baby bump, while telling the reader "It's not fair to accuse me of vanity! I just thrive on controversy!"

In 2006, graffiti artist Banksy used a Simpsons-like character to replace Moore's head for a promotion in Los Angeles, California. He illegally posted the parody around Los Angeles to promote his website and his exhibition.

See also
 Pregnancy fetishism

References

1991 works
1991 in art
1991 controversies in the United States
Color photographs
Photographs of the United States
Works about human pregnancy
Works originally published in Vanity Fair (magazine)
Nude photography
1990s photographs
Photographs by Annie Leibovitz


Jarle Andhøy (born October 23, 1977) is a Norwegian adventurer and sailing skipper.

He has undertaken a number of controversial voyages, primarily to the polar regions. He is most renowned for his voyages together with Alex Rosén (Norwegian comedian/presenter/musician) in the 27-foot Albin Vega sailing vessel Berserk to Svalbard and Russia, since these voyages became the subject of the Norwegian television series Berserk mot Nordpolen ("Berserk to the North Pole") and Berserk til Valhall ("Berserk to Valhalla") which aired on NRK in 2003 and 2005 and was published as a book in 2006.

In February 2011, during Andhøy's Antarctic expedition, Berserk sank in Antarctica with the loss of three crew.

Notable voyages

Andhøy's first major voyage, in 1996–1997, was as a 19-year-old in Berserk; his first 27-foot Albin Vega. He sailed primarily single-handed from his home town of Larvik to the Antarctic Peninsula, although during some legs of the voyage he was accompanied by crews that he picked up along the way. Andhøy wrote a book about his voyage entitled Alene Rundt Kapp Horn ("Alone Around Cape Horn"). Andhøy met David Meisselman (USA) and Juan Manuel Hernandez (Argentina)  in Ushuaia, on January first 1999 and together they sailed across the Drake Passage after a very rough crossing (force 12 storm off Cape Horn),  the 3 made it to the Antarctic peninsula. Their voyage is depicted in the film "Berserk in Antarctica" (Kaare Skard), that won the people's choice award at the Telluride film festival in 2001, making Andhøy a household name in Norway. Meisselman later changed his  family name to "Mercy", wrote a book about the voyage, and crewed on some of Andhøy's later voyages. He did not return to Antarctica. Juan Manuel Hernandez went on to partake in a total of 3 of the 4 Berserk Antarctic expeditions: in 2012 along with Samuel Massie (Norway), Busby Noble (New Zealand) and Sergey Smirnoff (Russia) from Auckland, New Zealand to the southernmost point in the Antarctic sea as depicted in the TV series called "searching for Berserk"; and, in 2015 along with Anne-Kat Haerland (Norway), Peter Baarli (Norway), Rune "Supern" Skalgard (Norway) and Jan Frederick Beckebold (Norway) as depicted in the TV series called In the wake of Shackleton.

In June 2002, Andhøy, Rosén, and Mercy, sailed to the Arctic in another Albin Vega, called Berserk II; their goal was to sail in the path of Ohthere, the Viking chief, and to sail as far as possible north towards the Arctic ice. According to their own account of the voyage, the expedition set a world record, as no other sailing vessel had ever sailed as far north in open water. Immediately after returning to Longyearbyen on Svalbard, Sysselmannen (the governor of Svalbard) charged Andhøy, as the skipper, with sailing without insurance and for failing to submit a route-plan. He was required to pay a fine of 20,000 Norwegian Kroner and was refused permission to continue in Svalbard's waters. Andhøy failed to pay the fine, and so the case was taken to Nord-Troms court on 30 April 2003. Additionally, Andhøy, Rosén, and Mercy released a television series which documented their voyage (first aired on NRK in the autumn of 2003). Using that documentary as evidence, the Sysselmannen charged the trio with a number of environmental crimes, including unauthorised landings in protected areas and provoking a polar bear. The case, carrying a sentence of 30 days imprisonment and a fine of 25,000 Kroner, was heard in Larvik court on 29 March 2004. They were found guilty, but the sentence was reduced to 5,000 Kroner and the imprisonment was suspended, pending a 2-year probationary period.

In July 2004, Andhøy and Rosén attempted to continue the voyage. However, the Norwegian Police and Coastguard attempted to stop them since they believed Mercy, who was still wanted in connection with the previous environmental charges, was also aboard. When Berserk II was searched near Vardø, Mercy was not found aboard, although it transpired that he was hiding in Vardø, disguised as a taxi driver.  In order to avoid further attention from the Norwegian authorities, the expedition continued towards Russia. They sailed on to Archangelsk, and further through the White Sea–Baltic Canal to the Baltic Sea.

In the summer of 2007, Andhøy undertook a new expedition to explore the Northwest Passage, sailing from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean along the Canadian coast. This voyage was undertaken in a 48-foot steel boat, also renamed Berserk, and with a larger crew, amongst them Mercy and Fredrik Juell. However, in early July, two of the crew, including Juell, were arrested by the Canadian authorities. In August, Andhøy was also arrested by the Canadian authorities for attempting to smuggle Juell back into Canada, after he had been denied permission following the previous arrest. Andhøy published his account of the voyage in another book Berserk gjennom Nordvestpassasjen ("Berserk through the Northwest Passage") and a NRK television series of the same name.

Berserks attempts to transit the Northwest Passage

In 2007 Andhoy tried to transit Canada's Northwest Passage to prepare another broadcast.  When Canadian border officials told him the Berserk II could not enter Canada because two of her five crew were inadmissible to Canada due to prior criminal convictions, he tried, and failed, to circumvent Canada's border control.

The voyage was discussed in the Canadian Senate.

Berserk sinking
In February 2011 during an expedition to the South Pole, Berserk activated its emergency transponder with three people on board. At the time Jarle Andhøy and one of his crewmates, Samuel Massie, were driving ATVs towards the pole.

An extensive search was coordinated by New Zealand's Rescue Co-ordination Centre, and involved the governments of New Zealand, Norway, and the United States. Involved in the search were the New Zealand naval vessel , and the private vessels Professor Khromov (Spirit of Enderby) and Sea Shepherd ship , in addition to the helicopter on the Steve Irwin.  On 25 February, the Steve Irwin found an empty, damaged lifeboat from the Berserk and several packages of drinking water, but no sign of the boat itself.  After an extensive search by these vessels, the search was concluded on 1 March 2011 with all three crew member presumed dead.

Jarle Andhøy was travelling without any permits and insurance, for which he was charged by the Norwegian Polar Institute and fined NOK 25,000.

Nilaya search
In January 2012, the New Zealand Customs Service mounted a search for the SV Nilaya, after the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs notified the Antarctic Treaty parties that it suspected that Andhøy and Massie would be on that yacht to again try to sail to Antarctica illegally. Andhøy had told the Norwegian Ministry of his plans but had not obtained the required permits from Norway. According to the authorities, Andhøy had also entered New Zealand illegally on his way southwards because he had not declared his previous deportation from Canada. It was also illegal to leave New Zealand waters as he did without customs clearance. Also on board were Samuel Massie, a Russian, an Argentine and an unknown New Zealand "stowaway". It left Auckland New Zealand on 23 January 2012; New Zealand Customs attempted a search.

The New Zealander turned out to be Busby Noble, an undocumented Maori man in his fifties who claimed to be on board by accident, and who later performed a "karakia" or prayer for the men lost on the 2011 Berserk voyage. The Nilaya successfully reached the area where Berserk was lost, but after a fruitless search, Andhøy set course for Argentina to avoid consequences in New Zealand.

After sustaining minor damage the vessel headed to Chile to seek help with repairs, and fuel. In Puerto Williams, Isla Navarino, Chile, the Nilaya was then detained by the Chilean Navy because she gave a false name when contacted by radio. Chilean authorities were also aware that a "stowaway" New Zealand citizen lacked a passport, and it was unclear if he was there of his own free will. The crew presented the vessel as being both Russian and Norwegian flagged, and she was flying a pirate flag when she was detained. Andhøy returned to Norway in May 2012.

Andhøy was initially fined NOK 25,000 ($4,500), but in July 2014 it was reported that he'd been fined NOK 45,000 ($7,250) by Norway for violating environmental and reporting provisions of the Antarctic Treaty during his 2012 exploits. He stated that he wouldn't pay—that could subject him to a 50-day suspended jail sentence.

Trials
In 2014 a trial against him started in the Norwegian court system for sailing to Antarctica without permission or insurance. After a series of trials and appeals, he was fined and sentenced to 30 days of imprisonment.

References

External links
 Andhøy's website
 Norwegian Authority for Environmental Crime

1977 births
Norwegian sailors
Norwegian explorers
Norwegian writers
People from Larvik
People deported from Canada
Living people


Dana Cameron (born 1965) is an American archaeologist, and author of award-winning crime fiction and urban fantasy.

Life and career

Born and raised in Massachusetts, Dana Cameron began her professional career as an historical archaeologist  specializing in British and New England cultural history from 1607 to 1760. She presently lives in Beverly, Massachusetts.

Her archaeological training and experiences in the field led her to write fiction; the first of six archaeology mysteries was published in 2002. The novels feature amateur sleuth Professor Emma Fielding and all are set in fictional towns in New England, with the exception of Grave Consequences, which takes place in a fictional town in the southeast of England. Each novel features some aspect of archaeological research and considers how the past and the present are enmeshed. One Emma Fielding short story, "Mischief in Mesopotamia", was published in Ellery Queen Mystery Magazine in 2012. Shortlisted for the prestigious Mystery Writers of America's Edgar Award, Dana Cameron has won multiple Agatha, Anthony, and Macavity awards.

Cameron's short stories are also informed by her research. The historical and fantastic elements are an integral part of her fantasy world-building. Her stories vary in range from traditional mystery to historical passing by noir, thriller and urban fantasy. She often follows a single character throughout several stories. "The Night Things Changed" eventually led to a series of urban novels set in the urban fantasy Fangborn universe, featuring vampires, werewolves, and oracles dedicated to secretly fighting evil. The protagonist, Zoe Miller, is an archaeologist who is forced to accept that she is also werewolf and Fangborn and must use those powers, along with her archaeology training, to keep artifacts with potentially world-ending power from falling into the hands of human and Fangborn foes.

Cameron's professional affiliations include the Mystery Writers of America, Sisters in Crime (she served on the board and as Vice President and President of the New England Chapter), and the American Crime Writers League. She is also a member of The Baker Street Irregulars (BSI), a "Sherlockian literary society", with the investiture of "The Giant Rat of Sumatra".

Published works

Emma Fielding Archaeology Mysteries
Site Unseen (2002).
Grave Consequences (2002).
Past Malice (2003)
A Fugitive Truth (2004).
More Bitter Than Death (2005).
Ashes and Bones (2006).

Fangborn Urban Fantasy
Seven kinds of Hell (2013).
Pack of Strays (2014).
Hellbender (2015).

Short stories
"The Lords of Misrule", in Sugarplums and Scandal (2006)
"Mischief in Mesopotamia", in Ellery Queen Mystery Magazine (2012)
"The Sun, the Moon, and the Stars", in Dead But Not Forgotten (2014)
"Whiskey and Light", in Seize the Night (2014)
"Where There Is Honey", in Echoes of Sherlock Holmes (2016)
"The White Rat", in The Grimm Future (2016)

Fangborn
"The Night Things Changed" in Wolfsbane and Mistletoe (2008)
"Swing Shift" in Crimes By Moonlight (2010)
"Love Knot" in The Wild Side (2011)
"Pattern Recognition" in Murder and Mayhem in Muskego (2012)
"Finals" in Alfred Hitchcock Mystery Magazine (2013)
"The Serpent's Tale" an Amazon Kindle Short (2013)
"The God's Games" in Games Creatures Play (2014)
"The Curious Case of Miss Amelia Vernet", an Amazon Kindle Short (2014)
"Burning the Rule Book", an Amazon Kindle Short (2015)

Anna Hoyt "Colonial Noir"
"Femme Sole", in Boston Noir (2009)
"Disarming" in Ellery Queen Mystery Magazine (2011)
"Ardent" in Cape Cod Noir (2011)
"Declaration", in Ellery Queen Mystery Magazine (2014)
"An Obliging Cousin", in Ellery Queen Mystery Magazine (2016)

"a/k/a Jayne" thrillers
"One Soul at a Time" in Ellery Queen Mystery Magazine (2012)
"Dialing In" in Ellery Queen Mystery Magazine (2013)
"Episode 4: Raven and the Cave Girl vs. Dan Malmon!" in Killing Malmon (2017)

TV adaptations
In 2016, the Emma Fielding novels were optioned by Muse Entertainment. Site Unseen: An Emma Fielding Mystery, a two-hour TV movie, premiered in June 2017 on the Hallmark Movies & Mysteries Channel, starring Courtney Thorne-Smith and James Tupper. The second movie, Past Malice: An Emma Fielding Mystery, premiered in January 2018, and a third, More Bitter Than Death, was telecast in 2019.

Awards and honors
2007
  Ashes and Bones, Anthony Award (winner), Best Paperback Original
	"The Lords of Misrule", Anthony Award nominee, Best Short Story

2009
  "The Night Things Changed", Agatha Award ((2008) winner), Anthony Award (nominee), Macavity Award (winner), Best Short Story

2010
  "Femme Sole", Edgar Award (nominee), Agatha Award ((2009) nominee), Anthony Award (nominee), Macavity Award (nominee), Best Short Story

2011
  "Swing Shift", Agatha Award ((2010), nominee), Anthony Award (winner), Macavity Award (winner), Best Short story

2012
  "Disarming", Agatha Award ((2011), winner), Anthony Award (winner), Macavity Award (winner), Best Short Story
	Toast Master, Malice Domestic 24
	"One Soul at Time" was named a "Black Mask" feature in Ellery Queen Mystery Magazine

2013
  "Mischief in Mesopotamia", Agatha Award ((2012), winner), Anthony Award (winner), Best Short Story

References

Further reading
 Gillette, Christine (September 23, 2005) “Woman of Mystery:  Beverly writer releases fifth book centered on archaeologist” in The Salem News.

External links

1965 births
Living people
21st-century American novelists
Agatha Award winners
American crime fiction writers
American women novelists
Anthony Award winners
Macavity Award winners
Novelists from Massachusetts
American women short story writers
Women mystery writers
21st-century American women writers
21st-century American short story writers


Noble College in Machilipatnam was founded by late Robert Turlington Noble, an English missionary, in 1843. Rev. Noble came to then Masulipatnam (now Machilipatnam also known as Bandar) as a Christian Missionary in 1841 and stayed until his death. He and his friend late Mr. Sharkey opened a native English school on 21 November 1843 as Noble High School. That school became Noble College later on. This school was termed by the head of the Madras Government "The Cambridge of South India." It is one of the first four educational institutions opened in India by the British Government.

The founder of Noble College, late Rev.Robert Turlington Noble was sent by the Church Missionary Society in England to serve in the areas of both Education and Evangelism in South India.

In the year 1864 Noble High School attained the College status, affiliated to Madras University. It flourished as the Leading College in South India until 1938. In the year 1938, the Lindsay Commission suggested that Noble College, Machilipatnam and Andhra Christian College, Guntur should be merged and a new college to be started at Vijayawada. Accordingly, Noble College was closed in 1938, however the proposed new college was permanently shelved.

During the first phase of 74 years of existence of Noble College, the following great personalities had their college education at Noble College: late Dr. B. Pattabhi Sitaramaiah (President of Indian National Congress, Governor of Madhya Pradesh and Founder of Andhra Bank), late Sri.Mutnuri Krishna Rao (Freedom fighter and Editor of “Krishna Pathrica”), late Sri. Kasu Brahmananda Reddy (former Honorable Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, Union Home Minister, Governor of Maharashtra), late Sri. Koka Subba Rao, (former Chief Justice of Supreme Court), late Smt. Manchala Krishnamma, (first woman graduate from Madras University) and late Sri.Viswanadha Satyanarayana (veteran poet and Gnanapeet Awardee).

Because of the relentless great efforts of late Rt. Rev. Dr. N.D. Anandarao Samuel, the then bishop in Krishna-Godavari Diocese of Church of South India (CSI), Noble College was revived in June 1966 after getting the approval the Government of Andhra Pradesh. Bishop Anandarao Samuel was in need of financial resources to kick start the revival of Noble College, and in order to achieve this monumental task he used his personal relationship with late Mr. Dukkipati Madhusudana Rao, the then famous Telugu movie producer (Annapurna Pictures Pvt. Ltd), who in turn had roped in his partner in the movie business, the legendary Telugu Movie Actor late Sri. Dr. Akkineni Nageswara Rao (ANR) to raise funds by performing stage programs. ANR and his team of Telugu movie actors acted in the charitable benefit show stage programs that were organised in the town of Machilipatnam and the much needed funds for the revival of Noble College were raised through these stage shows.

The college started functioning in July 1966 with late Sri.A.F. Thyagaraju, M.A. (London) as its first principal. The college was formally inaugurated on 27 August 1966 by late Sri. Kasu Brahmananda Reddy, the then Honorable Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh and a former student of Noble College. Late Sri.B.V.Subba Reddy the then speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh and also a former student presided over the function. Late Professor K.R.Srinivasa Iyengar, the then vice-chancellor of Andhra University delivered the inaugural address.

The revived Noble College was formerly affiliated to Andhra University, Waltair till 1985. Then, in the year 1985 the affiliation was shifted to Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur and presently it is affiliated to Krishna University, Machilipatnam since 2010. The college attained Autonomous Status in the year 2007-08.

Since then Noble College has been a leading educational institution serving all sections of community in and around Machilipatnam.

It is now administered by the Krishna Godavari Diocese of the Church of South India.

Noble College is having partnership with the Laubach-Kollege of the Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau (Germany).

Principals
 Late Rev. Robert Turlington Noble - B.A., (Cantab) 1843–1865
 Late Rev. J. Sharp - M.A., (Oxon) 1865–1878
 Late Rev. E. N. Hodges - M.A., (Oxon) 1878-1887
 Late Rev. C.W.A. Clarke - M.A., (Cantab) 1887 - 1906
 Late Rev. W. C. Penn - M.A., (Oxon) 1906–1922
 Late Rev. J. Roy Strock - M.A., D.D., 1922–1926
 Late Rev. A. B. John Stone - M.A., (Cantab) 1926–1934
 Late Rev. W. Shuttle Worth - M.A., (Oxon) 1934–1938
 Late A. F. Thyagaraju - M.A., (Penna) 1966–1973
 Late Dr. Thomas - M.A., Ph.D., (Penna) 1973–1975
 Late A David - M.A., 1975–1979
 Late G.A.F Jaya Paul - M.A., B.Ed., 1979–1980
 Late G.E.T Azariah - M.Sc., 1980–1994, died on 02.03.2016
 Late T. V. Prafulla Kumar - M.Sc., 1994–2001, died on 25.11.2015
 Late B. Prabhu Das - M.A., 2001–2003, died on August 13, 2016
 Dr. K. Samuel - M.A., Ph.D., 2003–2006
 Dr. D. Nalini - M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D., 2006–2011
 Dr. P. V. Anila - M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D., 2012-2022
 Dr. S. John Ernest - M.A., Ph.D., 2022-Present

Academics

Courses
 Intermediate (equivalent to Plus 1 and Plus 2) with subjects like MPC, BiPC, CEC, MEC, HEC etc, in Telugu and English medium
 Bachelor degrees in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Electronics, Computer Science, Statistics, Botany, Zoology, Commerce, Economics, History etc., in Telugu and English medium
 A few post graduation courses

Notable alumni
 Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya, president of the Indian National Congress
 Mutnuri Krishna Rao, founder A.J. Kalasala, Machilipatnam
 Viswanatha Satyanarayana, poet, winner of Jnanpith Award
 Banda Kanaka Lingeswara Rao, dramatist
 Kasu Brahmananda Reddy, former chief minister of Andhra Pradesh
 Kala Venkata Rao, former vice-president and general secretary of Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee
 Lanka Sundaram, member of parliament and expert in International Law
 Most. Rev. Dr. Govada Dyvasirvadam, bishop in Krishna-Godavari Diocese and moderator in the Church of South India
 Kamalakara Kameshwara Rao, Indian film director popularly known as Pouraanika Chitra Brahma
 B. V. Subba Reddy, speaker of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
 Dukkipati Madhusudhana Rao, Telugu cinema
 K. Jeeva Sagar, Indian ambassador to Kuwait

Notes

Colleges in Andhra Pradesh
Universities and colleges in Krishna district
Educational institutions established in 1843
1843 establishments in British India
Machilipatnam


The Ottawa Athletics (also known as the Ottawa A's) were a professional minor-league baseball team based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, that operated from 1952 to 1954. The team played at Lansdowne Park in Ottawa and was a member of the Triple-A International League.

History
Triple-A baseball and the International League first came to Ottawa in , when the former Jersey City Giants (1937–50) relocated to Canada's capital because of poor attendance. Ottawa had most recently hosted the Nationals and the Senators of the Class C Border League from 1947 to 1950, leading that league in attendance for three of its four seasons and making the playoffs each year.

In 1951, the New York Giants of the National League operated two Triple-A affiliates, the Ottawa Giants and the Minneapolis Millers of the American Association. But after the 1951 campaign, the parent Giants decided to field only one top-level minor-league team in —the Millers—and they abandoned Ottawa.  The Philadelphia Athletics of the American League, who had no Triple-A affiliate in 1951, replaced the Giants and the Ottawa team was renamed.

The  season saw Ottawa's attendance (over 153,000 fans) increase by 31 percent over the 1951 Giants', but the A's finished in seventh place in the eight-team IL.  Attendance held steady in  for a sixth-place team, but when the  Ottawa A's plunged into the league's basement, attendance also plummeted to a league-worst 94,000 fans.  The Athletics' record over their three years in Ottawa was a poor 194–264 (.424).

The Ottawa A's then relocated in 1955 to Columbus, Ohio, which had just lost its longtime American Association franchise to Omaha.  The Ottawa Athletics were renamed the Columbus Jets, and the Jets and the International League remained in Ohio's capital city until , when a deteriorating home stadium led the Jets to move to Charleston, West Virginia, as the Charleston Charlies.

Notable players

Charlie Bishop
Moe Burtschy
Bob Cain
Joe Coleman
Art Ditmar
Luke Easter
Hank Foiles
Marion Fricano
Lou Limmer
Jack Littrell
Héctor López
Jean-Pierre Roy
Bob Trice
Coaker Triplett
Taft Wright

See also
 Ottawa Giants
 Tommy Gorman
 Ottawa Lynx

References

Baseball teams established in 1952
Baseball teams disestablished in 1954
Defunct International League teams
Ath
Philadelphia Athletics minor league affiliates
Defunct baseball teams in Canada
1952 establishments in Ontario
1954 disestablishments in Ontario


WQCD may refer to:

 WQCD (AM), a radio station (1550 AM) licensed to Delaware, Ohio, United States
 WYNY (AM), a radio station (1450 AM) licensed to Millford, Pennsylvania, United States; formerly WQCD
 WPUT (FM), a radio station (90.1 FM) licensed to serve North Salem, New York, United States, which held the call sign WQCD from 2014 to 2015
 WJZZ (FM), a radio station (88.1 FM) licensed to serve Montgomery, New York, which held the call sign WQCD in 2014
 WFAN-FM, a radio station (101.9 FM) licensed to serve New York, New York, which held the call sign WQCD from 1988 to 2008

See also

 KQCD
 QCD (disambiguation)