The Trans-Hudson orogeny or Trans-Hudsonian orogeny was the major mountain building event (orogeny) that formed the Precambrian Canadian Shield and the North American Craton (also called Laurentia), forging the initial North American continent. It gave rise to the Trans-Hudson orogen (THO), or Trans-Hudson Orogen Transect (THOT), (also referred to as the Trans-Hudsonian Suture Zone (THSZ) or Trans-Hudson suture) which is the largest Paleoproterozoic orogenic belt in the world. It consists of a network of belts that were formed by Proterozoic crustal accretion and the collision of pre-existing Archean continents. The event occurred 2.0–1.8 billion years ago.

The Trans-Hudson orogen sutured together the Hearne-Rae, Superior, and Wyoming cratons to form the cratonic core of North America in a network of Paleoproterozoic orogenic belts. These orogenic belts include the margins of at least nine independent microcontinents that were themselves sections of at least three former major supercontinents, including Laurasia, Pangaea and Kenorland (ca. 2.7 Ga), and contain parts of some of the oldest cratonic continental crust on Earth.  These old cratonic blocks, along with accreted island arc terranes and intraoceanic deposits from earlier Proterozoic and Mesozoic oceans and seaways, were sutured together in the Trans-Hudson Orogen (THO) and resulted in extensive folding and thrust faulting along with metamorphism and hundreds of huge granitic intrusions.

The THO is a right-angled suture zone that extends eastward from Saskatchewan through collisional belts in the Churchill province, through  northern Quebec, parts of Labrador and Baffin Island, and all the way to Greenland as the Rinkian belt and Nagssugtodidian Orogen. Westward it goes across Hudson Bay through Saskatchewan and then extends 90 degrees south through eastern Montana and the western Dakotas, downward through eastern Wyoming and western Nebraska, and is then cut off by the Cheyenne belt - the northern edge of the Yavapai province (see Trans-Hudson Orogen map and the THOT Transect map. To the south, the orogen contributed to the subsurface Phanerozoic strata in Montana and the Dakotas that created the Great Plains.

Overview
The Trans-Hudson orogeny was the culminating event of the Paleoproterozoic Laurentian assembly, which occurred after the Wopmay orogeny (West of Hudson Bay, ca. 2.1-1.9 Ga.).  The Trans-Hudson orogeny resulted from the collision of the Superior Craton of eastern Canada with the Hearne Craton in northern Saskatchewan and the Wyoming Craton of the western United States, with the Archean microcontinent Sask Craton trapped in the THO western interior. Similar to the Himalayas, the Trans-Hudson orogeny was also the result of continent-continent collision along a suture zone.  Only the roots of this mountain chain remain, but these can be seen in northeastern Saskatchewan and in the Black Hills of South Dakota.  The Trans-Hudson orogeny and the consequent upheaval of the continental crust in the middle Proterozoic eon caused the area around the Great Lakes to become a flattened plain, which in turn led to the creation of the intracontinental basin and the interior and central plains of the United States (the Great Plains are the westernmost portion of North America's Interior Plains, which extend east to the Appalachian Plateau).

The Black Hills of South Dakota is one of the few remaining exposed portions of the Trans-Hudson orogenic belt. The peaks of the Black Hills are 3,000 to 4,000 feet above the surrounding plains, while Black Elk Peak - the highest point in South Dakota - has an altitude of 7,242 feet above sea level.  These central spires and peaks all are carved from granite and other igneous and metamorphic rocks that form the core of the uplift. The nature and timing of this portion of the THO event in southern Laurentia is poorly understood, when compared to the exposed northern segments in Canada. The Black Hills offer the only surface exposure of the deformed and metamorphosed belt of Paleoproterozoic continental margin rocks in the collisional zone between the Archean Wyoming and Superior provinces. Based on geophysical evidence, this zone has been broadly interpreted to be the southern extension of the THO that was later truncated by the ~1.680 Ga. Central Plains orogen.

Sequence of events
Marine evidence indicates that the area initially opened to form an ocean called the Manikewan Ocean. Faulting, sedimentary and igneous rocks all indicate that divergence formed a rift valley that continued to spread until it resulted in a passive margin in which there was no tectonic activity. Shallow marine deposits formed on the continental shelves, and oceanic crust formed on the margins of the continental cratons as the divergence continued. Eventually the divergence stopped, then reversed direction, and collision occurred between continental land masses. During the Wopmay orogeny, subduction occurred as oceanic crust of the Slave Craton was subducted beneath an eastward moving continental plate. Likewise, during the Trans-Hudson orogeny, rifting at first separated the Superior craton from the rest of the continent. Then the Superior Craton reversed its direction and the ocean basin began to close. A subduction zone formed as the oceanic crust of the Superior Craton was subducted beneath the Hearne and Wyoming Craton with the Sask Craton in the middle. Volcanic arcs developed as the cratons collided, eventually resulting in the THO mountain building (orogeny).

Northwestern hinterland zone
The Northwestern hinterland zone is a complex tectonically deformed region that includes the Peter Lake, Wollaston, and Seal River domains, and other parts of the Cree Lake Zone, now included in Hearne Province.

Reindeer zone
The Reindeer zone to the north is a 500 km wide collage of Paleoproterozoic (1.92-1.83 Ga) arc volcanic rocks, plutons, volcanogenic sediments, and younger molasse, divisible into several lithostructural domains. Most of these rocks evolved in an oceanic to transitional, subduction-related arc setting, with increasing influence of Archean crustal components to the northwest. The zone overlies Archean basement exposed in structural windows that are now recognized as the Sask craton.

Wathaman-Chipewyan batholith
The Wathaman-Chipewyan batholith is an Andean-type continental-margin, magmatic arc emplaced 1.86-1.85 Ga.

Flin Flon domain
The Flin Flon domain is in the center of the Trans-Hudson Suture Zone and extends over the border of the Manitoba-Saskatchewan segment east and west.  It is west of the Superior Craton, south of the Kisseynew Domain, and east of the Glennie Domain.

Superior Boundary zone
The Superior Boundary zone is a narrow, southeastern, ensialic foreland zone bordering Superior Craton, comprising the Thompson Belt, Split Lake Block, and Fox River Belt.

Economic geology
The Flin Flon greenstone belt is one of the largest Proterozoic volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VMS) districts in the world, containing 27 Cu-Zn- (Au) deposits from which more than 183 million tonnes of ore have been mined. Most of mined VMS deposits in the Flin Flon belt are associated with juvenile arc volcanic rocks providing a powerful focus for future explorations. Gold mineralization has been less studied, but at Reed Lake has been shown to be associated with late brittle-ductile shear zones that follow peak tectonic and metamorphic activity within the Trans-Hudson Orogen. At Snow Lake, preliminary investigations suggest a long history of gold mineralization with at least some gold introduced prior to metamorphism.

See also
 Labrador Trough

References

 Trans-Hudsonian Suture--Collision of Superior with Hearne/Wyoming Province
 John B. Brady, et al., eds. (2004) Precambrian Geology of the Tobacco Root Mountains, Montana (Special Papers (Geological Society of America), 377.)
 LITHOPROBE Seismic Processing Facility (LSPF). (1990). "Phase V Proposal - Executive Overview: Trans-Hudson Orogen Transect (THOT).
 LITHOPROBE Seismic Processing Facility (LSPF). (1998). "Trans-Hudson Orogen Transect."

Orogenies of North America
Paleoproterozoic orogenies
Precambrian Canada
Precambrian United States
Geology of North America
Geology of Manitoba
Geology of Montana
Geology of Nebraska
Geology of North Dakota
Geology of Saskatchewan
Geology of South Dakota
Geology of Wyoming
Black Hills
Historical geology
Precambrian North America


Nevsky Pyatachok () is the name of the Neva Bridgehead 50 km east south-east of Leningrad and 15 km south of Shlisselburg. It was the site of one of the most critical and costly campaigns during the Siege of Leningrad from September 1941 until May 1943 to reopen land communications with the city during the German siege.

The Russian word pyatachok means a five-kopeck coin, or (by way of a metaphor) a very small area.

Campaign for the land communications
The area between Shlisselburg and the bend of the Neva to the south represented the land link between the Soviet-controlled territory and the city defence perimeter. The Red Army objective was to retain this narrow stretch of the shore and prevent German forces from completing the blockade, thus allowing transports to reach the population in besieged Leningrad with food, medication and other supplies.

The area was first defended by the Red Army's Krasnogvardeisk Fortified Region, the 55th and the 48th Armies which included the 45th Guards, 115th, 86th, 168th, 10th Rifle Divisions, 1st NKVD Rifle Division and 4th Separate Naval Infantry Brigade. On 7 September 1941, the German 20th Motorised Division was able to force the elements of the 48th Army out of Shlisselburg, setting the stage for a more than two-year struggle by the Red Army to reopen land communications with Leningrad.

Initially, the Germans secured the area. On 20 September 1941 a small group of Soviet soldiers under Captain Vasily Dubik managed to cross the river using fishing boats and homemade rafts and establish the bridgehead, but they failed to enlarge it. The Germans managed to eliminate the bridgehead by 29 April 1942 but it was re-established on 26 September 1942.

In October 1942 the Soviet 67th Army began attempting to dislodge the German XXVIII Army Corps. Fighting was heavy.

Eventually, Leonid Govorov proposed two operations to the Stavka, called the Shlisselburg Operation and the Uritsk Operation, which became the basis of the planning for Operation Iskra. The 2nd Shock Army of the Volkhov Front and the 67th Army of the Leningrad Front were to destroy the German troops in the Shlisselburg – Siniavino sector, thereby restoring land communications and raising the siege. They were supported in this by the 13th Air Army and some units of the Long Range Aviation.

Although the south-eastern perimeter of the siege was temporarily penetrated, Soviet forces only managed to open a 10–12 km wide corridor, meaning all traffic passed under the fire of German guns. German casualties for the duration of the struggle for the bridgehead, estimated to be 1 km by 1.5 km in area, were some 160,000 (combat and combat-related).

These, and other operations conducted until 10 May 1943, resulted in Red Army casualties estimated at 260,000 in this sector of the front.

After World War II

After the war, a tradition began in which the children of Leningrad schools took summer trips to the area to search for the remains of the many who died there. Official burial ceremonies were then held commemorating the dead whose remains were recovered. The terrain still contains unidentifiable skeletal remains.

National memorial
Today, the battlefield of Nevsky Pyatachok is a well-known national and historic landmark in Russia. A memorial was built as part of the "Green Belt of Glory" commemorating the heroic resistance during the siege of Leningrad.

The words on the memorial belong to Robert Rozhdestvensky and can be literally translated as:

"You,

Those who are alive,

Should know

That this land

We didn't want to leave

And never left.

We were fighting to the bitter end

By the dark Neva.

We have perished

For you to live."

References

Sources
 The siege of Leningrad. By Alan Wykes. Ballantines Illustrated History of WWII, 3rd edition, 1972.
 Military-Topographic Directorate, maps No. 194, 196, Officer's Atlas. General Staff USSR. 1947. Атлас Офицера. Генеральный штаб вооруженных сил ССР. М., Военно-топографическоее управление,- 1947. Листы 194, 196

External links

 Map of German advance (bad link)
 Map of the advance on Leningrad and relief; Blue are the German and allied Finnish troops. The Soviets are red. (bad link)

Geography of Leningrad Oblast
Leningrad
Leningrad
History of Saint Petersburg
Conflicts in 1941
Leningrad
Tourist attractions in Leningrad Oblast
Monuments and memorials in Russia
Pyatachok
Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Leningrad Oblast


The Clun Forest is a breed of domestic sheep originating from the area surrounding the Clun Forest in Shropshire, England. Similar to many of the British breeds of upland sheep, Clun Forest are hardy, adaptable, good foragers, and are long–lived. With sleek heads and wide pelvic structures, Clun Forest ewes lamb easily. The breed has a short to medium–length wool and dark brown faces. They are a multi–purpose animal, kept for meat, wool, and milk. Like other dark faced sheep, Clun produce quality lamb and mutton. However, in contrast to more common meat breeds such as Suffolks, their wool is free of undesirable black fibres and kemp, and is suitable for handspinning. The breed's alert and stylish appearance, together with its reputation for hardiness and fecundity have made it popular with hobby farmers and large commercial flock owners alike.
The Official Clun Sheep Breeders Society Show & Sale for males and females is held annually in early September at Ludlow livestock market by McCartneys.

History
The breed takes its name from the old town of Clun and the surrounding forests in the southwest corner of Shropshire,  England.   One of the first mentions of the breed is in 1803 when the Rev. Joseph Plymley, writing on the agriculture of Shropshire for the Board of Agriculture , quoted from a previous report dealing with these forest sheep.  He stated that upon the hills nearer Wales the flocks were without horns and had white faces.

In 1837 Youatt confirms this, stating that the Clun Forest sheep were definitely white-faced and hornless.  However, he also mentions that the breed was fast changing their appearance.  This was caused by the crossing of other local breeds such as the Longmynd, Radnor & Shropshire (sheep), which was resulting in the darker colouring of the head.

In 1892, W.J.Malden, writing in the Royal Agricultural Journal, stated that, ‘A well bred Clun ram, as it now stands, is an imposing animal, one which demands admiration for all those who possess an eye to a sheep’.

In 1925 the Clun Forest Sheep Breeders Society was formed in Great Britain ‘to secure the purity of lineage and fixity of type’ and also to promote the virtues of the breed throughout the sheep industry.   Gradually, flocks began to establish pedigree status and after the hiatus of the Second World War, the Clun entered its Golden Age, a period which extended from the mid-forties to the seventies.  It is during this period that the Clun became the third most numerous purebred in Britain.  During the mid-1950s at the annual four-day sales at Craven Arms some 75,000 purebred ewes were sold, and there were other sales centres. Some flocks were very large, and it is claimed that several flocks were selling over a thousand purebred sheep a year. The breeders had a number of markets, for not only did they ship large numbers of ewes to the commercial farms of eastern England, but Clun flocks both pedigreed and commercial were being established on grassland in many parts of the country and also in Scotland and Ireland.

The Clun arrived in North America in 1970 when Tony Turner imported two rams and thirty-nine ewes, to be followed by one further ram to Nova Scotia.   In 1974 the North American Clun Forest Association was founded in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.   Following the original 1970 importation, Angus Rouse of Nova Scotia undertook two further importations in the late 1970s and mid-1980s.  Since then US and Canadian borders have been closed to live sheep imports, but semen from some of the top Clun rams in the UK and the Netherlands have been imported in the mid-2000s.

In recent years the Clun Forest sheep has declined in numbers in its native Britain, but interest in the breed has grown steadily in North American and in the Netherlands. Since a few years also interest in The Czech Republic has grown after imports from France, The Netherlands and England.

Breed characteristics

The Clun Forest sheep is a medium-sized dark faced sheep that is known for its hardiness, long life, fertility and good mothering abilities.    A Clun ewe will usually produce twins which will grow very quickly due to the high butterfat content of her milk.

The most striking feature of the Clun is the face, which is a rich dark color, rather narrow, and free from wool except for a woolen top knot.  The ears are held upright, giving the sheep a very alert and lively appearance.    The sheep's powerful build is emphasized by its strong muscular neck and a long broad back.    Legs below the hock should be as free from wool as possible, while the fleece itself should be uniform in staple length, colour and texture from head to tail.

Meat
Clun Forest sheep are very well adapted to grass-fed farming.  Lambs consistently reach a market weight of 100 lbs. (45 kg) at seven to eight months on grass alone.  The meat is lean and of mild flavour.

Wool
Clun Forest fleeces are of moderate weight (six to eight pounds) and staple (four inches) and are very consistent from neck to britch.  Clun fleeces are free of any black or kempy fibres and hold an average spinning count of 58.

Milk
Because Clun Forest ewes produce some of the highest butterfat in their milk of any sheep breed, Cluns are often crossed with dairy sheep such as the East Friesian to impart extra richness in sheep cheeses, and to provide dairy flocks with larger market lambs.

Gallery

See also
 Clun, a town in Shropshire
 sheep's milk cheeses

References

External links

 Clun Forest Sheep Breeders Society (U.K.)
 North American Clun Forest Association
 The Netherlands Clun Forest Sheep Association
 The Damburgh Flock of Clun Forest Sheep

Sheep breeds
Sheep breeds originating in England


Villa Saraceno is a Palladian Villa in Agugliaro, Province of Vicenza, northern Italy. It was commissioned by the patrician Saraceno family.

History

Villa Saraceno has been dated to the 1540s, which makes it one of Andrea Palladio's earlier works. In 1570, the building was illustrated in an imagined state in its architect's influential book I quattro libri dell'architettura.

However, the villa had been constructed in a more modest form, and existing farm buildings were retained rather than being replaced by the architect's "trade-mark" wings. The reasons for the divergence between the published plan and the actual building are not entirely clear, but it is not the only one of Palladio's villas to be different from the published plan. The incomplete Villa Trissino (Meledo di Sarego) is another example.

Architecture

Villa Saraceno is one of Palladio's simpler creations. Like most of Palladio's villas it combines living space for its upper-class owners with space for uses related to agriculture. Above the piano nobile is a floor which was designed as a granary.

As it stands today, the villa has a nineteenth-century wing which links it to a fifteenth-century building.

Restoration and current use of the villa
The villa fell into a poor state of repair in the twentieth century but retained some of its original frescoes. It was acquired in 1989 by the British charity the Landmark Trust. By 1994 the Trust had completed its restoration, converting the property, which includes adjacent farm-buildings not by Palladio, into a holiday home sleeping up to 16 people. The many people who have since stayed in the villa include Witold Rybczynski, who used it as a base when researching his book on Palladio.

The restoration has been praised for its sensitivity, and since 1996 the villa has enjoyed an additional level of protection, being conserved as one of the buildings which make up the World Heritage Site "City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto". The principal rooms of the villa are open to the public on a limited basis, but the Trust attracted some criticism in the past for not promoting the building as part of the World Heritage Site. In 2008, the Landmark Trust celebrated the 500th anniversary of Palladio's birth with a new guidebook for the Villa Saraceno in English and Italian and extended opportunities for visiting.

See also
 Palladian Villas of Veneto
 Palladian architecture

References

External links

 Villa Saraceno - Finale di Agugliaro - (1543)
The architecture of the Villa Saraceno is set in context by the Centro Internazionali di Studi di Architettura Andrea Palladio (www.cisapalladio.org).

Andrea Palladio buildings
Landmark Trust properties in Italy
Saraceno
Museums in Veneto
Palladian villas of Veneto


The Ruska Roma (), also known as Russian Gypsies () or Xaladitka Roma (, i.e., "Roma Soldiers"), are the largest subgroup of Romani people in Russia and Belarus. Initially known as Ruska Roma, they live mostly in Russia and Belarus, but also in Eastern and Central Ukraine, the United States, France, and Canada. They formed in the Northwestern part of the Russian Empire from Polska Roma who immigrated to the country in the 18th century.

Ruska Roma are divided into territorial subgroups, whose names come from the locality. For example, Pskovska Roma (from Pskov), Smolyaki (from Smolensk), Siberyaki (Siberian), Zabaykaltsi (Transbaikalian) and Bobri (beavers). Furthermore, Ruska Roma are related to Belaruska Roma: they have a common origin and were traditionally called Xaladitka Roma.

The Ruska Romani language contains Russian, Polish, and German words, as well as some Russian and Ukrainian grammar. Most Ruska Roma are Orthodox Christians.

Role in Russian history

Judging by the language of Russian Roma, their ancestors spent time in Germany and Poland before coming to the East Slavic territories. Sources start mentioning Roma on the territory of Russia from the beginning of the 18th century. For instance, Scottish traveler John Bell wrote about Roma arrivals from Poland, sent away from the Tobolsk region in 1721.

Arrivals became involved in entertainment, playing and singing at large celebrations. During the 19th century, Russian Roma living in Moscow and Saint Petersburg created Romani choirs, which became popular among the Russian urban population. Nomadic Russian Roma engaged in horse dealing and fortune telling.

A drastic change in the life of nomadic Russian Roma took place in 1956 when a Soviet government decree banned Roma from their nomadic lifestyle. They had to settle in houses,. Nowadays Russian Roma often live dispersed, but they tend to look for a house or flat where other Roma are present. Russian Roma prefer to live in private houses, but it is not uncommon for a Russian Romani family to live in a flat.

Notables
 Nikolai Shishkin, Russian theatre personality
 Valentina Ponomaryova, singer, theatre actor
 Timofey Prokofiev, marine infantryman, Hero of the Soviet Union

See also
 Kalderash
 Lovari
 Servitka Roma

References

External links
 Russian Roma. Factsheets on Romani culture
 The Kolpakov Trio Brings The Roma Renaissance

 Roma - Minority Rights Group

Roma (Romani subgroup)
Romani groups
Romani in Russia
Romani in Ukraine
Ethnic groups in Ukraine
Ethnic groups in Russia
Ethnic groups in Belarus


The Giardino Botanico Montano di Pratorondanino is a nature preserve and botanical garden located at 750 meters altitude in Pratorondanino, Campo Ligure, Province of Genoa, Liguria, Italy. It is open during the warmer months.

History
The garden was established in 1979 by GLAO (Group Ligure Amatori Orchids), and since 1983 has expanded to encompass additional species, primarily from the Alps and Apennine mountain.

Species
Its collections include:
 14 species of rhododendrons
 2 specimens commonly called sequoia: Sequoiadendron giganteum and Sequoia sempervirens
 Ginkgo biloba
 a rare Wollemia nobilis
 many orchids especially Cypripedium
 Ligurian mountain flora including Viola bertolonii and Cerastium utriense
 a collection of 50 Sempervivum
 numerous Sedum
 endangered species including: Eryngium alpinum, Lilium pomponium and Wulfenia carinthiaca.

It also contains numerous trees common to the region including:
Abies alba
 Fagus sylvatica
 Larix decidua
 Castanea sativa
 Picea abies
 Pinus mugo
 Prunus avium
 Quercus petraea
 Robinia pseudoacacia
 Sorbus aucuparia
 Taxus baccata

See also
 List of botanical gardens in Italy

Image gallery

Bibliography

References

 BGCI entry
 Newsletter (Italian)
 Photographs

Botanical gardens in Italy
Gardens in Liguria
Buildings and structures in the Province of Genoa
Metropolitan City of Genoa


The Craney Island Light was a screwpile lighthouse located just east of Craney Island at the mouth of the Elizabeth River in Virginia. This light replaced the first permanently stationed lightship in the United States.

History
Craney Island forms the west side of the entrance to Norfolk's harbor and has been used as a military facility since the War of 1812. In 1820 a lightship was stationed off its eastern side to protect the edge of the channel. This ship had previously been stationed off Willoughby's Shoal, but was quickly moved after it was determined that the first location was too exposed. This was the first permanent lightship station in the country; it was replaced in 1859 by the first of two screw-pile lights, a square house which survived until 1884. In that year the decrepit structure was replaced with a new hexagonal house, which in turn was removed in 1936, to be replaced by an automated light on the old foundation. In the early 1970s the light was completely removed and replaced by a buoy. Although not a historical name for the ship or station, a lightship named Portsmouth commemorates the first lightship at Craney Island at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard Museum in Portsmouth, Virginia.

References

Craney Island Light, from the Chesapeake Chapter of the United States Lighthouse Society

Lighthouses in Virginia
Lighthouses completed in 1859
1859 establishments in Virginia
1936 disestablishments in Virginia
Buildings and structures in Portsmouth, Virginia
Hexagonal buildings
Lighthouses in the Chesapeake Bay
Buildings and structures demolished in 1936
Lighthouses completed in 1884


These are the official results of the Men's marathon event at the 1982 European Championships in Athens, Greece, held on 12 September 1982.

Medalists

Abbreviations
All times shown are in hours:minutes:seconds

Final ranking

Participation
According to an unofficial count, 35 athletes from 20 countries participated in the event.

 (3)
 (2)
 (1)
 (3)
 (2)
 (3)
 (1)
 (1)
 (2)
 (2)
 (1)
 (2)
 (1)
 (3)
 (1)
 (2)
 (1)
 (1)
 (2)
 (1)

See also
 1980 Men's Olympic Marathon (Moscow)
 1982 Marathon Year Ranking
 1983 Men's World Championships Marathon (Helsinki)
 1984 Men's Olympic Marathon (Los Angeles)
 1987 Men's World Championships Marathon (Rome)
 1988 Men's Olympic Marathon (Seoul)

References

 Results
 marathonspiegel

Marathon
Marathons at the European Athletics Championships
Marathons in Greece
1982 marathons
Men's marathons


Kevin McLaughlin (born 20 September 1984) is a retired professional rugby union player from Ireland. He attended the primary school Kildare Place National School and was educated at secondary level at Gonzaga College.
He played provincial rugby for Leinster and used to play club rugby for University College Dublin RFC until they were relegated to AIL Division 2. His current club is St. Mary's College RFC.

McLaughlin made his debut for Leinster in a Celtic League clash against Glasgow at Hughenden in March 2007, and his Heineken Cup debut against Toulouse at Stade Ernest Wallon in November 2007.

On 17 October 2009, McLaughlin scored 2 tries in a Heineken Cup win against CA Brive.

In November 2009, he made his Ireland A debut in Ravenhill against Tonga XV and was called up to the extended Ireland squad for a test against South Africa.

On 20 January 2010, he was named in the provisional Ireland squad for the 2010 Six Nations Championship, and on 2 February 2010 he was named in the side to make his debut in the Six Nations' opener against Italy at Croke Park.

On 22 September 2015, Leinster Rugby announced McLaughlin's retirement from rugby due to a history of concussions.

References

External links
Leinster profile
UCD profile
IRFU profile

Living people
1984 births
Irish rugby union players
Ireland international rugby union players
University College Dublin R.F.C. players
Leinster Rugby players
People educated at Gonzaga College
Rugby union players from Dublin (city)
Rugby union forwards


Giovanni Battista Lugari (18 February 1846—31 July 1914) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who from the time he became a priest at nearly fifty years of age, worked in the Roman Curia.

Biography
Giovanni Lugari was born in Rome, and there studied at the Royal University and Pontifical Gregorian University. He was ordained to the priesthood on 15 January 1896, when nearly fifty years old.

He then entered the service of the Roman Curia, being named Assessor and Sub-Promoter of the Faith of the Sacred Congregation of Rites on the following 3 February. After being appointed Privy Chamberlain supernumerario three days later, on 6 February, Lugari was made full Promotor of the Faith on 4 June 1897. On 4 June 1897 he became a Domestic Prelate of His Holiness.

In 1900, he was made a canon of the Liberian Basilica on 28 March, and of the Lateran Basilica on 10 June. Lugari was named Papal Auditor on 22 April 1901 and served as the Promotor of the Faith in the canonization process of Joan of Arc during that same year. He became Assessor of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office on 11 January 1902, and a canon of St. Peter's Basilica on the following 1 February.

Lugari was made a protonotary apostolic supernumerarium on 2 February 1902, and later consultor of the Sacred Congregation of Rites on 18 April that same year. His long years of work in the Curia were recognized by Pope Pius X, who created him Cardinal Deacon of S. Maria in Portico in the consistory of 27 November 1911.

The Cardinal died in his native Rome, at age 68. He is buried in the Campo Verano cemetery.

References

External links
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
Catholic-Hierarchy

1846 births
1914 deaths
20th-century Italian cardinals
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
Cardinals created by Pope Pius X


Tót , (plural: Tótok) (sometimes archaic spelling: Tóth or Tóthok) was the former exonym of the collective name for Slovaks, Slavonians and Slovenes, as the Hungarians called them. For example: The old Hungarian name for Slavonia was Tótország (Land of the Tóts/Tóths) until the end of the 19th century.

The original meaning of the word was the umbrella term of Slavic-speaking peoples following Western Christian religions living throughout the territory of Hungary until the beginning of the 20th century (including the few Czech and Polish populations living in historical Hungary). In today’s Hungary, mainly Catholic Tóts speaking South Slavic languages live in the areas west from the Danube (Transdanubia), while Tóts of Slovak origin with Catholic or Lutheran religion live in the areas east of the Danube. Several Hungarian settlements preserve the name Tót. These include Tahitótfalu (originally Tahi and Tótfalu separately), Tótkomlós, Tótszentgyörgy, Tótszentmárton, Tótszerdahely, Tótújfalu and Tótvázsony, Lengyeltóti and Káptalantóti. The surname Tóth is third on the list of most common Hungarian surnames.

From the beginning of the 20th century, the term “Tót” was pushed into the background in official documents, and the word that previously included several different Western Christian Slavonic ethnic groups was limited to Slovaks in common parlance.

References

Hungarian exonyms


Kirkmaiden is a parish in the Rhins of Galloway, the most southerly in Scotland; the present Church of Scotland parish has the same name as and is approximately coterminous with the original pre-Reformation parish.

The parish takes its name from the clachan or hamlet of Kirkmaiden, itself named after the mediaeval St Medan, whose identity, name, sex and origin are all disputed.  The name "Kirkmaiden" itself is thought to be a corruption of a purer Gaelic "Kilmaiden" by either Scandinavians or Angles with a knowledge of Gaelic.

It is also the area and name of a community council, which meets generally in Drummore and occasionally in Port Logan.

Settlements
There are two main settlements in Kirkmaiden: Drummore and Port Logan. The small hamlet of Kirkmaiden itself, which contains the present-day church, is about a mile west of Drummore.

Ecclesiastical history
The parish church was originally some five miles south of Drummore, at a site on the Kirkburn, not far from the Mull of Galloway; the name of the nearest cove, Portankill, suggests that originally many worshippers attended Mass by boat.  The church was dedicated to the Virgin Mary; and in a cave on the eastern shore of the parish at some time a hermit lived.  On 15 July 1393 Pope Clement VII authorised Finlay, Abbot of Soulseat, to annex Kirkmaiden parish church in ‘le Rynnis’ to augment the income of the abbey.

In 1638 the parishioners, citing the inconvenience of the journey to church, secured the building of a new church known as Kirk Covenant on Core Hill, about a mile west of Drummore.  The patron was the Earl of Stair.

Following the Disruption of 1843, a new church was again built, for worshippers in the Free Church of Scotland, and this time in the village itself, in the street now known as Stair Street. Early in the 20th century the two congregations were reunited.  Now worship is habitually at the church within Drummore, with one service each month in the summer being held at Kirk Covenant.

Iron Age and early middle ages
A substantial earthwork, measuring 400 m long, cuts off an area of about 57 ha at the eastern end of the Mull of Galloway.   In most places it comprises three ditches with medial banks, the inner bank being the larger, measuring between 3.1 m and 4 m in thickness with an external height of up to 2.2 m. It is believed the ramparts make this the largest Iron Age stronghold in Britain.  It is situated 330 m south-southeast of the earthwork at the Tarbet.

About 330 m north-northwest of the above earthwork, and situated at the narrow isthmus between the bays of East and West Tarbet, an earthwork cuts across the neck of the Mull of Galloway south of the enclosed fields of the Mull farm. The bank is 2.3 m wide and 0.5 m high with possible facing stones exposed.

Late middle ages
The Gordons of Clanyard Castle were powerful men in the area, and their daughters married into Kirkmaiden families. Alexander Gordon of Castle Clanyard received a bell cast in AD1534 for Kirkmaiden Church. A very interesting Castle Clanyard Reconstruction in Sketchup is on YouTube.

Killumpha Tower is another tower house in the parish.

Early modern period
The population of the parish was 1,051 in 1755, 1,380 in the 1790s and 1,613 in 1801. In 1790 the Statistical Account reported abundance of fish including oysters and lobsters, corn and cattle; plentiful potatoes and other vegetables; quantities of thriving barley and oats; and flax.  Trees, however, did not thrive.  The farmers improved their land with lime, which was brought from Whitehaven or Ireland.  At that time a number of endowments for the poor of the parish are mentioned, including £100 from Andrew McMurray a merchant in London, £100 from Andrew McDowal (Lord Bankton, one of the judges of the Court of Session: the McDowal family were lairds of Logan), and £400 from William Adair of Flixton, all three of whom had been born in the parish.  The nearest market was in Stranraer, and there were three schools and three licensed ale-houses.

Archaeology
See Archaeological and Historical Collections relating to Ayrshire and Galloway. vol. V. pp. 62–63 by Rev. George Wilson wherein he describes forts : (a) 2 across the narrow isthmus from east to west Tarbert. (b) One north-west of West Tarbert, not on O.S. map. (c) Dunora or Dunorrich.  (d) Three forts with only traces of ditch. (e) Dunman, a large fort. (f) Crummag Head, a circular stone fort. (g) One between Clanyard and Logan Bay. (h) Dunichinie, large circular fort north of Mull of Logan. (i) Moat Hill at Drummore.

(e) Dunman Fort  an Early Iron Age Fort on the western shore of the Rhins.  The defences along the inner crests of the natural gullies on the north-east and south-east consisted of a wall originally 8'-12' thick. The internal measurement is about 110m north-west by 100m south-east, but no structures were visible in the interior.  There are entrances on the north to north-east and south, with a possible third on the north where a natural terrace provides access to the interior immediately beyond the end of the wall.

Walling is visible on the north, east and south sides and some on the east, consisting of an inner wall face and heather-covered rubble about 3.0m wide.  The wall which follows the crest of a scarp over 7m high around the north, east and south sides of the summit. The wall peters out on the north and south to south-west, and there are no visible defences on the west where the ground falls away steeply to the sea 150m below.

There are four approaches to the fort, but only one, in the north-east is faced as an entrance.  A shallow hollow descends the scarp at the north to north-east entrance, which is blocked with three large boulders. At the south entrance a natural terrace drops obliquely down the scarp into a hollow 2.5m broad with a bank up to 3m thick and 0.6m high on its outer lip.

(f) Crammag Head on the western shore of the Rhins was circular dun or broch with outworks about 19.5m in diameter over all, but its wall has been reduced to little more than the basal course of the outer face around the west.  The granite facing-stones measure up to 1m in length by 0.65m in breadth and 0.65m in height, and a maximum of three courses is visible on the north-west.

The interior on the west, which is now occupied by Crammag Head Light, has been raised up to 1.8m above the outer face with material from a ditch immediately east of the dun.

The ditch is broken by a causeway 2.5m wide which is faced with granite boulders along its south-side. To the north of the causeway the ditch measures 9m in breadth and varies from 1.3m in depth externally to 2m internally, but to the south it is only 6.5m in breadth and 1.1m in depth. The ditch is only visible at the southern end of the rampart and measures up to 5.5m in breadth by 0.3m in depth. The entrance through the outer defence was probably at its southern end where the rampart and ditch stop 3m and 5m short of the edge of the promontory respectively.

About 20m east of the ditch there is an outer rampart with external ditch.  At its north end the rampart has been reduced to little more than a scatter of stones but towards the south it is up to 4.4m thick and 0.5m high. "Vitrified" stone was recovered from the outer rampart.

It had an entrance passage on the east where the wall was at least 4.5m to 6m thick.

Core Hill Fort Iron-Dark age Fort is situated on the summit of Core Hill, immediately south of Kirkmaiden churchyard. It measures 28.3m by 21m within the inner rampart, which varies from a low bank 3.4m thick and 0.5m high, to a scarp up to 2.3m high externally. A stone axe was found in the interior.

High Drummore Motte and Bailey in the mid-eastern side of the Rhins.  The mound is 10 ft high, but is 23 ft high to the east and protected on the west by a rampart and ditch. The top is about 40 ft in diameter, and has a hollow about 18 ft across and 3 to 4 ft deep, with an entrance from the east. A rampart goes down the slope towards the east with an interspace of 60 ft. On the south there was an entrance about 8 ft wide at the base of the mound and on the south of the base the rampart is about 24 ft thick at base and 6 ft high externally. Between it and the edge of the glen lies a terrace 20 ft wide near the mound, decreasing to the east where it is 6 ft wide.  The bailey lies on the east and measures 28m by 20m within a bank up to 7.2m thick and 2.5m high on the south which enclosed the motte.

5th - 6th century grave covered by a stone slab bearing a badly weathered Latin inscription. The original description of the stone (which is now lost) records that the name Ventidius was legible together with another, which translated as "sub-deacon". It is thought that this could be the 5th stone from Kirkmadrine. The grave being of a much later date. A standing stone is situated 460m NNW of Low Curghie.

Cairngaan, on the southern tip of the Rhins, possibly Bronze-Age.

Kirkmaiden in the Machars
A ruined church south of Port William in the Machars, near Monreith in the parish of Glasserton, is called "Kirkmaiden-in-Fernis". In the churchyard here is the grave of Captain François Thurot, a French privateer in the Seven Years' War.

Natural History Group
A 'Kirkmaiden Natural History Group' is based in Drummore; it holds monthly indoor meetings and conducts field outings throughout the year. It has a website with photographs of its work.

Further reading
 History of the Lands and Their Owners In Galloway.  P.H. M'Kerlie. New Edition. Volume 1.  1906.
 Richard D Oram (2000), The Lordship of Galloway, John Donald.
 John MacQueen (2002), Place-Names in the Rhinns of Galloway and Luce Valley, Stranraer and District Local History Trust.
 W F H Nicolaisen (1976), Scottish Place-Names, Batsford, London.
 Listed buildings in Kirkmaiden

The Gallery

References

Wigtownshire
Villages in Dumfries and Galloway
Parishes in Dumfries and Galloway
Places in the Rhins


Salvage is a 2006 horror film by the Crook Brothers, Jeffrey Crook and Joshua Crook. It was an official selection of the 2006 Sundance Festival. According to the directors' commentary, the film was shot for around $200,000. It stars Lauren Currie Lewis as Claire Parker, Cody Darbe as her boyfriend Jimmy, and Chris Ferry as Duke Desmond.

Plot
Claire is ending her night shift at a convenience store. She expects her boyfriend will be arriving to drive her home, but instead someone else, who identifies himself as Duke, is driving her boyfriend's truck. After an unsettling ride home during which Duke makes increasingly overt sexual comments about her, Claire closes herself into the safety of her house.

Duke appears at her door, however, claiming she has dropped an earring. Claire refuses to let him in, and he drops the earring on her front porch and apparently leaves. Claire spends several moments crouched in the doorway retrieving the earring, but upon retrieving it and pulling the door closed, finds her back door has swung open. Duke has entered the house from the rear. He brutally murders her.

Claire awakens at the convenience store again, and all seems well. She decides that she has had a nightmare. As her shift ends, her boyfriend arrives, and she goes home and to school. However, unsettling hints begin to appear. The sequence of events once again leads to a moment where Claire is being murdered, and she again awakens in the convenience store.

As each sequence leads towards her death, she hears from time to time people who she trusts talking just out of earshot about how she is "catching on". Finally, she comprehends the clues: she realizes that not only has Duke been killed by the local police, but also that she herself is missing and presumed dead, as is her boyfriend Jimmy.

In the end, it is revealed that Duke Desmond's soul has been occupying Claire's physical body the entire time and he is in Hell reliving the brutal murder of Claire over and over again as eternal punishment. Just before the end credits, Claire again awakens in the convenience store.

Cast

Music
Composer Evan Wilson provided the original score for the movie. Additional music is provided by Devola, a group from the Ohio area (themselves named after a geographic location) where the film was shot.

Production
According to the directors' commentary the film was shot entirely with digital video, accounting for the greatly reduced budget of the film. Additionally the credits reveal that the cast served many "crew" roles, with Lauren Lewis responsible for hair and makeup. There has been no apparent theatrical release of the film, but it is available in DVD release.

Home media
Released on DVD as Gruesome in Australia and in the UK.

Reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 38% based on 8 reviews, with an average rating of 4.6/10.

See also
 Happy Death Day 2U
 Happy Death Day
 List of films featuring time loops

References

External links

2006 films
2006 horror films
American independent films
American slasher films
Films set in Ohio
Films shot in West Virginia
Supernatural slasher films
Time loop films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


Yabaku is a fairly enigmatic tribe out of ten prominent Türkic tribes enumerated by Mahmut Kashgari (11th century) in the list describing the location of the Türkic polities from the borders of the Eastern Roman Empire to the borders of China.

Ten Tribes
The ten tribes are mentioned in the following sequence:
 Bäčänäk;
 Qifčāk;
 Oğuz;
 Yemēk;
 Bašğirt;
 Basmil;
 Qāi;
 Yabāqu;
 Tatār;
 Qirqiz.

Etymology
Yabāqu can be related etymologically to Turkic yapağu, "originally denoting 'matted hair or wool' and then an animal characterized by this, e.g. a 'colt.' Zoonyms or hipponyms are known in Turkic ethnonymy, some of probable totemic origin."

Kashgari noted that "Among the nomadic peoples are the Čömül - they have a gibberish (raṭāna [رَطَانَة]) of their own, but also know Turkic; also Qāy, Yabāqu, Tatār and Basmil - each of these groups has its own language, but they also know Turkic well". According to Golden, Turkic Yabâqu/Yapağu was probably translated from, or a Turkic rendition of, an ethnonym of a bilingual people "with a complex ethno-linguistic heritage".

Additionally, Kashgari named Yapâqu suw as a river flowing over Kashgar from mountains in Ferghana; and the Hudud al-Alam also mentioned a *Yabağu river near Özkend. These facts pointed to Yabakus' presence in Ferghana since at least the 10th century, if not earlier. Kashagari mentioned another river in the Yabaqu steppes - namely, the Yamar river, which Vasily Bartold identified with the Emil.

History
According to Kashgari, Yabaku chief Böke Budrach led a pagan coalition from Western Siberia or further east across the Irtysh river to wars against Islamic Kara-khanid khanate (comprising modern Western and Eastern Turkestan); Karakhanid heroic epics also mentioned these invasions, which Karakhanids thwarted successfully.

According to Al-Utbi and Ali ibn al-Athir, the coalition's invasions began around the 1010s (or later in the 1030s) from the direction of Ṣîn, i.e. Northern China. However, Budrach's coalition, which outnumbered the Karakhanid army, was still defeated by Toghan Khan (r. 998 - 1017/1018), who died shortly after his victory. Kashgari cited a witness, who related that Ghazi Arslan Tegin defeated the Yabaku-led coalition and captured Budrach.

Golden proposes that the authority of the Yabaqu, as the coalition's leading tribe, extended also to their allies the Basmils and the Qays. Noting that Kashgari glossed Budrach's epithet Böke as  "large dragon (ṯu'bān 'aẓim)" - which might also mean "great snake", Golden further identifies Budrach's coalition, as "People of the Chieftain named Snake/Dragon", with the "Snake People" who had driven out the "Pale Ones" (xartêš), causing the "Pale Ones" to dislodge the Oghuz Turks, who in turn expelled the Pechenegs, in the account given by Matthew of Edessa.

Golden contends that: if "Snake People" in Matthew's account were to be identified with the Qays in a parallel account by al-Marwazi), then that's because the Qays participated in the coalition led by chief Budrach, nicknamed Böke - Snake/Dragon - "a kind of honorific associated with outstanding warriors"; not because Qay itself meant "snake" in Mongolic.

Notes

References

See also
History of Kyrgyzstan
History of Kazakhstan
History of China

Ethnic groups in Kyrgyzstan
Turkic peoples of Asia
Extinct Turkic peoples
Ethnic groups in Central Asia
Ethnic groups in Asia
Turkic peoples


Kristian Sprećaković  (born 12 June 1978) is a former German footballer of Serbian ancestry. He is a defensive midfielder.

Club career
Sprećaković played with 1. FC Schweinfurt 05 in the German 2. Bundesliga during the 2001-02 season. On 7 January 2008 Sprećaković arrived in Bulgaria to move to Cherno More Varna for a free transfer. He made his unofficial debut for Cherno More in a friendly match against Chernomorets Burgas on 23 January 2008. He played for 45 minutes. Cherno More won the match 2-0.

References

1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Saxony
German men's footballers
1. FC Schweinfurt 05 players
SV Darmstadt 98 players
SSV Reutlingen 05 players
SV Wehen Wiesbaden players
SV Elversberg players
People from Bautzen (district)
German people of Serbian descent
Expatriate men's footballers in Bulgaria
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
PFC Cherno More Varna players
German expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
German expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria
2. Bundesliga players


Entwistle is a village in the Blackburn with Darwen unitary authority in Lancashire in the north west of England.

Its name derives from the Old English ened and twisla which means a river fork frequented by ducks. The name was recorded as Hennetwisel in 1212, Ennetwysel in 1276 and Entwissell in 1311. Entwistle is situated in a fork between the Edgeworth Brook and a smaller tributary. Entwistle was originally a township in the chapelry of Turton which was part of the large ecclesiastical parish of Bolton le Moors in the hundred of Salford.

Entwistle Hall is a 16th-century farmhouse which dates from the time of the Entwistle family. It is a Grade II listed building.  The south facing front of the Hall still has many Tudor features including mullioned windows with dripstone headings.

Entwistle railway station, situated between Darwen and Bromley Cross railway stations on the line between Blackburn and Bolton, is a request stop. The station is situated close to the Strawbury Duck public house.

Nearby streams have been dammed to form the Wayoh and Turton and Entwistle Reservoirs. The area is popular with walkers, anglers and joggers.

Entwistle, which lies to the north-eastern corner of the old Turton Urban District (which also includes Edgworth, Quarlton, Bradshaw, Harwood, Turton, and Longworth), is about 1,000 feet above sea level and consists of some 1,668 acres.

Notable people

James Brandwood (1739–1826), Quaker minister

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

Villages in Lancashire
Geography of Blackburn with Darwen
West Pennine Moors


Devin Wayne Lemons (born March 20, 1979) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins.  He was born in Bryan, Texas, and played college football at Texas Tech University.

Lemons now coaches football at Prosper High School in Prosper, Texas.

References

1979 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Bryan, Texas
American football linebackers
Washington Redskins players
Texas Tech Red Raiders football players


These are the official results of the Men's 5,000 metres event at the 1982 European Championships in Athens, Greece, held at Olympic Stadium "Spiros Louis" on 8 and 11 September 1982.

Medalists

Final
11 September
The 5,000-metre final was characterized by a variable, but mostly slow, pace and by heavy rain.  The strongest pre-final favourite and the fresh world record holder at this distance, David Moorcroft, took the lead shortly after the start.  Before the 600-metre mark, his teammate
Mike McLeod went into the lead, perhaps to spare Moorcroft from leading too long.  McLeod passed 1,000 metres in a sluggish time of 2:46.91.  Before the 1,200-metre mark, Finland's tall Martti Vainio accelerated into the lead.  He was passed after 1,900 metres by Moorcroft, who led the 15-man field through 2,000 metres in 5:28.89.  For some reason, however, Moorcroft slowed the pace down, with 3,000 metres being passed in a slow time of 8:16.55.  As the tightly bunched group of runners was approaching 3,200 metres, East Germany's Hansjörg Kunze, one of the pre-race favourites, was pushed, lost his rhythm for a moment, and accidentally ran a few steps on the field.  McLeod went into the lead again, somewhat increasing the pace.  At 3,400 metres, Vainio accelerated into the lead, and sprinted the following 200 metres in under 31 seconds.  However, his legs were tired of the 10,000-metre final and his rather fast 5,000-metre heat, and he was forced to slow down.  Around 3,800 metres, there was another shoving match, involving Italy's Alberto Cova and Austria's Dietmar Millonig.  Cova pushed Millonig so strongly, after having been pushed or elbowed by a third runner, that he was disqualified after the final.  At 4,000 metres, Vainio still led the field in 10:57.19.  Around this time, Sweden's Mats Erixon began gradually to lose contact with the main group.  Before the 4,200-metre mark, Moorcroft went into the lead again, intending to gradually increase the pace before the final lap.  After 4,400 metres, West Germany's Christoph Herle dropped from the lead group.  Before 4,500 metres, the Soviet Union's Dmitriy Dmitriyev passed Moorcroft, who was soon surrounded by several other runners.  Also Switzerland's Markus Ryffel dropped from the lead group before 4,600 metres, while Cova, McLeod and Kunze began to struggle.  At 4,600 metres, Dmitriyev still led the main group in 12:34.25.  Soon after that, East Germany's Werner Schildhauer passed him.  Before 4,750 metres, West Germany's Thomas Wessinghage sprinted past Schildhauer, and already opened a five-metre gap by 4,800 metres.  Moorcroft accelerated into the second place, followed by his other teammate Tim Hutchings.  By the start of the home straight, Wessinghage's lead was at least eight or nine metres.  With over 20 metres left, Schildhauer passed Moorcroft, to claim the silver medal.  Hutchings faded into seventh place, while Bulgaria's Evgeni Ignatov rose to fourth place with a strong final kick.  (Two Finnish sports books:  Our Sports' Face/Urheilumme kasvot, Helsinki:  c.1982; Sports Information/Urheilutieto, Helsinki:  c.1982; YouTube:  user tommytempo1's two videos:  European Athletics Championships 3,000m Steeplechase & 5,000m Finals Athens 1982; Thomas Wessinghage – European Athletics Championships 5,000m Athens 1982.)

Heats
8 September

Heat 1

Heat 2

Participation
According to an unofficial count, 26 athletes from 16 countries participated in the event.

 (1)
 (1)
 (1)
 (1)
 (2)
 (1)
 (2)
 (1)
 (2)
 (1)
 (1)
 (3)
 (3)
 (1)
 (3)
 (2)

See also
 1978 Men's European Championships 5,000 metres (Prague)
 1980 Men's Olympic 5,000 metres (Moscow)
 1983 Men's World Championships 5,000 metres (Helsinki)
 1984 Men's Olympic 5,000 metres (Los Angeles)
 1986 Men's European Championships 5,000 metres (Stuttgart)
 1987 Men's World Championships 5,000 metres (Rome)

References

 Results

5000 metres
5000 metres at the European Athletics Championships


The IAR 37 was a 1930s Romanian reconnaissance or light bomber aircraft built by Industria Aeronautică Română.

Development
The IAR 37 prototype was flown for the first time in 1937 to meet a requirement for a tactical bombing and reconnaissance aircraft. The IAR 37 was an unequal-span single bay biplane with a fixed tailwheel landing gear and powered by a licensed copy of the Gnome-Rhône Mistral Major radial engine called the  IAR K14-II C32  with 870 HP. It had room for a crew of three under a continuous glazed cockpit, pilot at the front then observer and a gunner at the rear. It had dual controls and was fitted with a locally designed bombsight and a camera. The IAR 37 entered production in 1938, but production of the engine lagged, preventing the aircraft from being completed, and it was replaced on the production line by the IAR 38, powered by the reliable BMW 132 engine. As availability and reliability of the K.14 engine improved, the incomplete IAR 37s were fitted with IAR K.14-III C36 with 930 HP to allow their completion and production was switched to the improved IAR 39, which also used the IAR K.14-IV C32 with 960HP. Total production of all three types was 380, at both IAR and SET, continuing until October 1944 with the majority being IAR 39s.

Operational history
The aircraft entered service with the Royal Romanian Air Force in 1938 and, by the end of the 1940, they equipped a large number of squadrons. When Romania supported the German offensive against the Soviet Union in 1941, 15 of the 18 reconnaissance squadrons were equipped with IAR biplanes. The IAR 39 was used by most of the reconnaissance squadrons involved in the 1941 offensive against the Soviet Union.

When the new post-war government was formed in 1947, a smaller number of IAR 39s were used by the new Romanian Air Force for training and liaison.

Variants
IAR 37Initial production. Powered by  IAR K14-II C32 - 649 kW (870 hp) engine. 50 built (IAR).
IAR 38Powered by 522 kW (700 hp) BMW 132A engine owing to unavailability of K14. Taller tail. 75 built (IAR).
IAR 39Revised version of IAR 38 reverting to IAR K.14-III C36 - 690 kW (930 hp) engine. 255 built (95 at IAR and 160 at SET).

Operators
 Kingdom of Romania
Royal Romanian Air Force

Romanian Air Force

Specifications (IAR 39)

See also

References

Bibliography
 Axworthy, Max. "On Three Fronts: Romania's Aircraft Industry During World War Two". Air Enthusiast, No. 56, Winter 1994. pp. 8–27. .
 Axworthy, Mark. "Third Axis, Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945". London: Arms and Armour. 1995.

 Morosanu, Teodor Liviu. "Romanian Reconnaissance". Air International, April 1994, Vol 46 No 4.  pp. 207–211. .

1930s Romanian military reconnaissance aircraft
1930s Romanian bomber aircraft
World War II Romanian reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1937
37


The Greater London Authority (Referendum) Act 1998 (c. 3) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which made legal provision for the holding of a non-binding referendum in Greater London on whether there should be a democratically elected Assembly for London and a separately elected Mayor for London.

The Act
The Act legislated for the holding of a non-binding referendum to be held on 7 May 1998 in Greater London on whether there should be a democratically elected London Assembly and a separately elected Mayor for London and legislates for the appointment a Chief Counting Officer to oversee the referendum.

The referendum
The act legislated for a non binding referendum to be held in Greater London on 7 May 1998 on the issue of a Greater London Authority and enables the Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom to appoint a Chief Counting Officer to oversee the referendum.

Referendum question

The question that appeared on ballot papers in the referendum before the electorate under the act was:

permitting a simple YES / NO answer.

Counting areas
The 33 London Boroughs would be used as the counting areas for the referendum.

Result

Outcome
Following the successful outcome of the vote the Greater London Authority Act 1999 was passed by the UK Parliament and the  Authority came into being following elections in 2000.

See also
Referendums in the United Kingdom

References

United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1998
Referendums in England
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning London


While the City Sleeps is a 1928 American silent crime drama film about a tough New York City police detective, played by Lon Chaney, out to catch a murdering gangster. The film was directed by Jack Conway, written by Andrew Percival Younger, and co-starred Anita Page, Carroll Nye, Wheeler Oakman, and Mae Busch.

The sets were designed by Cedric Gibbons. Sam and Jack Feinberg (Chaney's set musicians) also played uncredited roles in the film; they can be seen playing in the band at Skeeter's nightclub, and also in the street scene where Mae Busch's body is found dead in her car. The movie was filmed on location in Los Angeles, and Lt. Roy Harlacher of the LAPD served as Chaney's technical advisor.

The film was originally to be called either Chinatown or Easy Money. The film was in production from April 12, 1928 to May 18, 1928, and cost $259,000 to produce. The worldwide box office gross was $1,035,000. A still exists showing Chaney in the role of Detective Dan Coghlan.

Plot
The film focuses on the 'Plain Clothes Men', a group of detectives dressed up as average citizens to catch criminals without being noticed. They are especially hated by the underworld due to their constant meeting, during which suspects are analyzed and interrogated extensively. Among the staff is Dan Coghlan (Lon Chaney), a police officer with flat feet and a tough disposition, who is unsatisfied with the lack of adventure. As he is about to quit his job, he is noticed about a croaked jeweler. When arriving there, he finds "Mile-Away" Skeeter Carlson (Wheeler Oakman), a crook who never gets busted for the crimes he commits due to a lack of evidence. (He always claims he was "a mile away" from the crime scene.)

Dan decides to follow him, and after talking to Skeeter's low-life girlfriend Bessie (Mae Busch) without gaining any information, he prevents Skeeter from seducing young Myrtle Sullivan (Anita Page), an innocent flapper who finds excitement in hanging out with crooks. Dan has assigned himself as Myrtle's care-taker, and he disapproves of her boyfriend Marty (Carroll Nye), a dapper gangster without a job. When Skeeter is out of town for two days, Dan grasps this opportunity to manipulate Bessie. After convincing her that Skeeter is planning to dump her for Myrtle, Bessie rats on Skeeter and admits that he murdered the jeweler.

Without wasting any time, Dan sets out to bust Skeeter and his gang, only to find out that one of them is Marty. Shortly after, Bessie's dead body is found in her car, and Dan is convinced that Skeeter is responsible for her death, considering that she was going to testify against him. The case against Skeeter is dismissed by the court, and he immediately reveals his plan to murder Marty. Dan overhears this conversation, and hurries to protect Marty only to catch him in the midst of a fur warehouse robbery. Even though he could turn him in, Dan orders the police to leave Marty alone and helps the young man to go straight, provided that Marty leave town.

Before leaving town, Marty wants to meet Myrtle one last time and sends her a letter, but Skeeter reads it before she can receive it. He tries to force himself on her, but he is interrupted by a police raid. Before they open the door, Skeeter fires a shot right through it - which kills a cop - and then gets away. Upon finding out that Myrtle will testify against him, Skeeter sets out to kill her. Meanwhile, Dan tells Myrtle against his better judgment that he loves her and then proposes marriage to her. Even though she is actually in love with Marty, Myrtle accepts, really just out of gratitude for all that Dan has done for her.

Afterwards, Dan leaves to find Skeeter, and catches him and his men preparing for a get-away. It results in a climactic shootout, during which several policemen and gangsters are killed. Skeeter's men give up after being attacked by tear gas bombs, but Skeeter finds a way to escape onto the rooftop. Dan follows him there, and after yet another shootout, Skeeter is killed. Meanwhile, Marty returns to town in a rage after finding out about Dan and Myrtle's engagement. Marty proposes to Myrtle, but she decides to stay loyal to Dan. Dan realizes that she really loves Marty, and arranges for them to get hitched. Dan tells Marty "You go marry that girl, but if you ever make her unhappy, I'll break your neck!"

Cast
 Lon Chaney as Daniel Aloysius 'Dan' Coghlan
 Anita Page as Myrtle Sullivan
 Carroll Nye as Marty
 Wheeler Oakman as 'Mile-Away' Skeeter Carlson
 Mae Busch as Bessie
 Polly Moran as Mrs. McGinnis
 Lydia Yeamans Titus as Mrs. Sullivan
 William Orlamond as Dwiggins
 Richard Carle as Wally
 Eddie Sturgis as Skeeter's Driver
 Clinton Lyle as Member of Criminal Gang
 Sydney Bracey as the cook
 Joseph W. Girard as Captain of Detectives
 Fred Kelsey as Detective in Shadow Box
 William H. O'Brien as Tenant
 L.J. O'Connor as Cop in Hall
 Angelo Rossito
 Eddie Kane
 Buddy Rae
 Scott Seaton as the D.A.

Production
Chaney personally chose Anita Page as the leading lady, after seeing the rushes for Our Dancing Daughters (1928), in which she co-starred. By that time, Page was preparing for Bellamy Trial (1929), but she was reassigned to appear in While the City Sleeps. About working with Chaney, Page stated in a 2007 interview:
"Before filming began, Lon talked to me about make-up and explained the action scenes to me. Finally, he gave me one last bit of advice: ‘Never act purely on impulse in important matters,’ he said. ‘Think things over carefully. Then, when you’re sure that you’re right, go ahead. And don’t let anything swerve you from that decision.’"

Los Angeles City Hall, which opened in April 1928, appears on film for perhaps the first time in the background of a few rooftop scenes, especially in the climactic rooftop gun battle.

Critical Comments
"Now and then Lon Chaney tosses his make-up kit over the fence and acts like a human being. He appears "as is" in this picture, which shows crook stuff at its highest tempo, dwarfing THE BIG CITY to the size of a newsreel, and proving that an occasional straight role is fine balance for big character actors. He gives a remarkable characterization of a tough dick. A well-knit story, exceptionally cast and directed." ---Photoplay

"I may have mentioned in this space that I have always considered TELL IT TO THE MARINES Lon Chaney's best picture. This for the reason that in it Chaney didn't make up. Whether I've mentioned it or not, the opinion is now revised. I consider WHILE THE CITY SLEEPS Chaney's best picture. After all, he did have a marine uniform in the other picture. In this he works straight as to attire as well as character. He's a detective, a big city detective, and I think it's well nigh time somebody did a detective without making him funny. Chaney does so." ---Exhibitors Herald

"To begin with, Lon Chaney doesn't do at all in a semi-heroic role. You can't disassociate him from something monstrous and all the bizarre characters he has ever played come up to confront the spectator. Good judgement ought to have barred Chaney from the role in the first place. Therefore, a misplaced star turns what might have been a stirring meller into second grade quality program output, wholly dependent on Chaney's name." ---Variety

"Though this is an underworld drama, the theme is exactly the same as that of Laugh, Clown, Laugh. And Lon Chaney is again the somewhat dilapidated looking would-be lover who laughs while his heart is breaking. Very exciting but I think Lon Chaney should pick on girls nearer his own age." ---Motion Picture Magazine

Tag Lines
"You've seen Chaney as a crook Now you see him as a master detective in one of his most exciting performances!" --- (Print Ad-Provo Sunday Herald, ((Provo, Utah)) 11/11/28)

"CHANEY, as a detective, single-handed, corners the city's most dangerous "mob" in their hide-away- and then finds he has bitten off more than he can chew!" --- (Print Ad- Dodge City Daily Globe, ((Dodge City, Ks.)) 21 January 1929)

"Detectives, the underworld, thrills and a glorious romance. The real inside story of how New York plain clothes men battle the forces of crime day and night." --- (Print Ad- Watkins Express, ((Watkins Glen, NY)) 13 December 1928)

Survival status
The film was released silent, but was also released in some areas equipped with sound effects and a musical score. All of the extant prints of While the City Sleeps are missing portions from reels 6 and 7, and nitrate decomposition has affected some portions of the surviving reels. but this does not significantly affect the storyline. The partial sound prints no longer exist.

See also
 List of early sound feature films (1926–1929)

References

External links

 Lobby card
 Still at silenthollywood.com

1928 films
American silent feature films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Jack Conway
American police detective films
Fictional portrayals of the New York City Police Department
Films about the New York City Police Department
Films set in New York City
American gangster films
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
American crime drama films
1928 crime drama films
Flappers
1920s American films
Silent American drama films
Silent mystery films
Silent thriller films


Lin Halliday (June 16, 1936 – January 25, 2000) was an American saxophonist.

He was born in De Queen, Arkansas and was raised in Little Rock, where he played the saxophone and clarinet in school. After he moved to Los Angeles in his teens to begin playing professionally, he began performing with saxophonist Joe Maini. Halliday moved to New York City in 1958, Nashville in 1966, and Chicago in 1980. His style was influenced by the musical cultures of these cities.

Halliday made his debut album, Delayed Exposure, with the Chicago jazz label Delmark Records in 1991. His following albums, East of the Sun (1991) and Where or When (1993) with saxophonist Ira Sullivan were well received by the Chicago jazz community.

Halliday became a "staple attraction"  at many Chicago jazz clubs including the Green Mill, the Bop Shop, Joe Segal's Jazz Showcase, and the Get Me High Lounge. His performance on trumpeter Brad Goode's album Shock of the New (1998) won him much admiration on the Chicago jazz scene. Halliday was also featured on the album Stablemates (1995) with Chicago saxophonist Eric Alexander.

Discography
Airegin (Delmark, 2000; recorded in 1988)
Delayed Exposure (Delmark, 1991)
East of the Sun (Delmark, 1992)
Where or When (Delmark, 1994)
Stablemates (Delmark, 1996) with Eric Alexander
With Cecil Payne
Scotch and Milk (Delmark, 1997)

References

External links

1936 births
2000 deaths
Delmark Records artists
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
People from De Queen, Arkansas
Musicians from Little Rock, Arkansas
20th-century American saxophonists
Jazz musicians from Arkansas
20th-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians


The A626 is a trunk road which runs through Stockport to the High Peak.

References

External links
A626 - Roader's Digest: The SABRE Wiki

Roads in England
Roads in Derbyshire
Roads in Greater Manchester


Snowbeast is a 1977 American made-for-television horror film starring Bo Svenson, Yvette Mimieux, Robert Logan and Clint Walker, and follows the story of a bloodthirsty Bigfoot-like monster terrorizing a ski resort in the Colorado Rockies. It was directed by Herb Wallerstein from a teleplay written by Joseph Stefano (The Outer Limits co-creator, who also wrote the screenplay for Alfred Hitchcock's 1960 thriller Psycho). The film originally premiered as the NBC Thursday Night Movie on NBC on April 28, 1977.

Plot
Gar Seberg (Svenson) and his wife Ellen (Mimieux), return to his home town, a ski resort in the Colorado Rockies. Gar is a former Olympic skiing champion, and is looking for work. As they arrive, the town's annual Snow Carnival is spoiled by the disappearance of some vacationers. Resort owner Carrie Rill (Sylvia Sidney), fears losing business and tries to keep the disappearances a secret, but there are witnesses, who say that the culprit is a Yeti or Bigfoot/Sasquatch. As it is revealed that the missing people were brutally killed, the local sheriff (Walker) spreads the story that there is a lone savage bear on the loose. Carrie's grandson Tony (Logan) gives Gar a job at the resort, but also tells him that he must stalk and kill the monster. Ellen was previously in television and had worked on a documentary about Sasquatch sightings, so Gar has an open mind and is reluctant to kill the beast—until he sees the remains of the first victim. Then the monster comes to town, killing the mother of the carnival queen and sending the town into a panic.

Gar, Ellen, Tony and the sheriff go to the woods and track the monster. The creature attacks Gar, who shoots it, but the beast is still alive, so Gar picks up a ski pole and impales it, causing it to fall off the cliff and die.

Cast
 Bo Svenson as Gar Seberg
 Yvette Mimieux as Ellen Seberg
 Robert Logan as Tony Rill
 Clint Walker as Sheriff Paraday
 Sylvia Sidney as Mrs. Carrie Rill
 Thomas Babson as Buster Smith
 Jacquie Botts as Betty Jo Blodgett
 Jamie Jamison as John Cochran
 Richard Jamison as Ben Cochran
 Liz Jury as Mrs. Blodgett
 Richard Jury as Charlie Braintree
 Annie McEnroe as Heidi
 Michael J. London as The Snowbeast

Release

Home media
Snowbeast was released on VHS by GoodTimes Video/Entertainment in August 1987.

Reception

Retrospective reviews
Later reception for Snowbeast has been more negative, with many critics calling it a poor quality Jaws rip-off.
Fred Beldin of Allmovie felt that the film was a significantly less effective take-off of Stephen Spielberg's Jaws, with the title monster not scary once it is fully revealed. Beldin concluded his review by calling the film "one of the weaker entries into an already tepid horror subgenre." Zack Handlen from The A.V. Club offered the film similar criticism, while also pointing out that director Wallerstein was not as gifted a filmmaker to enable the film to rise above being just another poor Jaws rip-off. HorrorNews.net stated that, while the film showed promise, it was undone by an over-reliance on cliches, POV shots, and ski footage. Leonard Maltin panned the film, calling it "dumb", and "below average". Blockbuster Inc.'s Guide to Movies and Videos awarded it one out of four stars, while refusing to comment about the film. In his Video Sourcebook, Thomson Gale rated the film one and a half out of four stars, stating that the film was 'neither scary or funny'.

Citations

Sources

Books

Websites

Further reading

External links

1977 films
1977 horror films
1977 television films
1970s monster movies
American monster movies
American natural horror films
Bigfoot films
Films based on urban legends
Films scored by Robert Prince
Films set in Colorado
Films shot in Colorado
Films with screenplays by Joseph Stefano
American horror television films
NBC network original films
American skiing films
1970s English-language films
1970s American films


Roosevelt Thomas "Grey Ghost" Williams (December 7, 1903 – July 17, 1996) was an American blues pianist, with a 70-year career spanning from the 1920s through the 1990s.

History
He says he got the name Grey Ghost back when he was hired to play in various small towns.  Someone would meet every arriving train or bus, but Williams was never aboard--yet mysteriously he would show up in time to perform.  "They said like a ghost I come up out of the ground, and then I was gone," he grinned.  "I had come and gone by freight train.  I would put overalls over my suit and tie, and that's the way I traveled."

Williams was born in Bastrop, Texas, United States, and received only basic musical training when he was a teenager. He traveled to the area dances and roadhouses by riding empty boxcars. He would seem to appear out of nowhere and then disappear immediately after performing, which earned him the nickname, "Grey Ghost."

In 1940, author William A. Owens made a live recording of Williams singing "Hitler Blues," a song written by Williams. The song received mention in Time and was broadcast by BBC Radio on a program hosted by Alistair Cooke in 1940 about the American musical response to World War II. This did not make Williams famous, but he became a regular in nightclubs like the Victory Grill and other venues that catered to the African-American community during racial segregation in the United States.

In 1965, archivist Tary Owens (1942–2003) recorded several Grey Ghost songs. After decades of relative obscurity, Owens tracked down Grey Ghost again in the mid-1980s. Williams had tired of traveling and settled in Austin and began driving a school bus for the Austin Independent School District. Williams was long retired, but Owens not only issued the 1965 recordings on his Catfish Records label in 1987, but also convinced Williams, now 84, to start playing again and introduced him to a new generation of blues fans. Owens arranged for Williams to make a CD of new recordings at the age of 89. The resulting eponymous solo album was released on October 10, 1992, on Owens' Spindletop label.

The City of Austin proclaimed December 7, 1987, as Grey Ghost Day, and he was inducted into the Austin Music Hall of Fame in 1988. Williams performed regularly until the time of his death in Austin at the age of 92.

References

External links
 Illustrated Grey Ghost discography

1903 births
1996 deaths
American blues pianists
American male pianists
African-American pianists
Musicians from Texas
People from Bastrop, Texas
20th-century American pianists
Bus drivers
20th-century American male musicians
20th-century African-American musicians


These are the official results of the Men's 3,000 metres Steeplechase event at the 1982 European Championships in Athens, Greece, held at Olympic Stadium "Spiros Louis" on 7 and 10 September 1982.

Medalists

Results

Final
10 September

Heats
7 September

Heat 1

Heat 2

Heat 3

Participation
According to an unofficial count, 26 athletes from 15 countries participated in the event.

 (1)
 (1)
 (1)
 (1)
 (3)
 (3)
 (1)
 (2)
 (2)
 (1)
 (1)
 (3)
 (1)
 (3)
 (2)

See also
 1978 Men's European Championships 3,000m Steeplechase (Prague)
 1980 Men's Olympic 3,000 m Steeplechase (Moscow)
 1983 Men's World Championships 3,000m Steeplechase (Helsinki)
 1984 Men's Olympic 3,000m Steeplechase (Los Angeles)
 1986 Men's European Championships 3,000m Steeplechase (Stuttgart)
 1987 Men's World Championships 3,000m Steeplechase (Rome)
 1988 Men's Olympic 3,000m Steeplechase (Seoul)

References

 Results

3000 metres steeplechase
Steeplechase at the European Athletics Championships


This article details various records of German football club Eintracht Frankfurt under the categories listed below.

Player records

Appearances

Record appearances: Charly Körbel, 728, 1972–1991
Record league appearances: Charly Körbel, 602, 1972–1991
Record DFB-Pokal appearances: Charly Körbel, 70
Record European football appearances: Charly Körbel, 53
Most capped player: Makoto Hasebe, 114,  Japan
Most capped German player: Andreas Möller, 85
Most caps gained while at Eintracht: Jürgen Grabowski, 44
First capped player: Fritz Becker (at Eintracht predecessor FC Frankfurter Kickers) (for  Germany v  Switzerland, 3–5, 5 April 1908)

All-time appearances

Goalscorers
All-time record goalscorer: Karl Ehmer, 225 goals, 1927–1938
Most Bundesliga goals: Bernd Hölzenbein, 160 goals, 1967–1981
Most Bundesliga goals in one season: André Silva, 28 goals, 2020–21
Most DFB-Pokal goals: Bernd Hölzenbein, 23 goals
Most European goals: Bernd Hölzenbein, 24 goals

All-time goalscorers

Club records

Scores
Record Bundesliga win: 9–1 vs. Rot-Weiss Essen, Waldstadion (H), 5 October 1974
Record DFB-Pokal win:
8–0 vs. Karlsruher SC, Wildparkstadion (A), 12 April 1959
8–0 vs. Rödelheimer FC 02, venue unknown (A), 19 December 1959
10–2 vs. Hertha Zehlendorf, Waldstadion (H), 15 October 1976
Record European win: 9–0 vs.  Widzew Łódź, Waldstadion (H), 30 September 1992
Record Bundesliga defeat: 0–7, vs. Karlsruher SC, Waldstadion (H), 19 October 1964

Firsts
First match: (as FFC Victoria) vs. 1. Bockenheimer FC 1899, Friendly, 4–1, venue unknown (H), 19 March 1899
First match: (as Eintracht Frankfurt) vs. SV Wiesbaden, Friendly, 2–2, venue unknown (H), 2 May 1920
First DFB-Pokal match: vs. SC Opel Rüsselsheim, 1–3, venue unknown (H), 11 May 1935
First Bundesliga match: vs. 1. FC Kaiserslautern, 0-0, Waldstadion (H), 24 August 1963
First match at Waldstadion: vs.  Boca Juniors, Friendly, lost 0–2, 27 May 1925
First European match: vs.  Young Boys, won 4–1, European Cup, Wankdorfstadion (A), 4 November 1959

Attendances

Record home attendance: 81,000 vs. FK Pirmasens, won 3–2, Waldstadion (H), 23 May 1959
Record European attendance: 127,621 vs.  Real Madrid, lost 3–7, Hampden Park, (N), 18 May 1960
Record season average attendance: 50,041 2022–23

Transfers

Bought

Sold

Bundesliga records

Club records

Wins and losses
 Lowest number of losses in a season closing half: 0 by Eintracht Frankfurt (1976–77) same as Bayern Munich (1986–87, 2012–13 and 2019–20) and Borussia Dortmund (2011–12)
 Lowest number of losses in a season at home (34 games): 0 by Eintracht Frankfurt (1971–72 and 1973–74) same as 1860 Munich (1965–66), Bayern Munich (1970–71 to 1973–74, 1980–81, 1983–84, 1996–97, 1998–99, 2001–02, 2007–08 and 2016–17), MSV Duisburg (1970–71), Schalke 04 (1970–71), 1. FC Köln (1972–73 and 1987–88), Hertha BSC (1974–75 and 1977–78), Eintracht Braunschweig (1975–76), Hamburger SV (1981–82, 1982–83 and 1995–96), 1. FC Kaiserslautern (1981–82 and 1994–95), Werder Bremen (1982–83, 1984–85, 1985–86 and 1992–93), Borussia Mönchengladbach (1983–84), Karlsruher SC (1992–93), Bayer Leverkusen (1999–2000), VfL Wolfsburg (2008–09 and 2014–15), Borussia Dortmund (2008–09, 2015–16 and 2016–17)  and Hannover 96 (2011–12)
 Highest number of losses: 678 by Eintracht Frankfurt
 Lowest number of wins in a season away: 0 by Eintracht Frankfurt (1986–87 and 1995–96) same as Tasmania Berlin (1965–66), Karlsruher SC (1965–66, 1967–68 and 1976–77), Borussia Neunkirchen (1967–68), Borussia Dortmund (1967–68 and 1978–79), Hannover 96 (1969–70, 1971–72 and 2018–19), Alemannia Aachen (1969–70), Arminia Bielefeld (1971–72), Rot-Weiß Oberhausen (1972–73), Hertha BSC (1972–73 and 1982–83) Wuppertaler SV (1974–75), VfB Stuttgart (1974–75 and 2000–01), VfL Bochum (1975–76), Tennis Borussia Berlin (1976–77), Rot-Weiß Essen (1976–77), Bayern Munich (1977–78), Eintracht Braunschweig (1979–80), Bayer 05 Uerdingen (1980–81), Fortuna Düsseldorf (1981–82), MSV Duisburg (1981–82), 1. FC Nürnberg (1983–84), Kickers Offenbach (1983–84), FC 08 Homburg (1986–87), SV Waldhof Mannheim (1986–87), FC St. Pauli (1988–89 and 2001–02), Dynamo Dresden (1992–93), SG Wattenscheid 09 (1993–94), Borussia Mönchengladbach (1998–99 and 2004–05), 1. FC Köln (2003–04), SC Freiburg (2003–04), Schalke 04 (2020–21) and Greuther Fürth (2021–22)

Goals
 Lowest number of goals scored in a season opening half: 8 by Eintracht Frankfurt (1988–89) same as Tasmania Berlin (1965–66)

Runs
 Highest number of consecutive games unbeaten from start of the season closing half: 17 by Eintracht Frankfurt (1976–77) same as Bayern Munich (1986–87, 2012–13 and 2019–20)) and Borussia Dortmund (2011–12)

Player and manager records

Appearances
 Highest number of appearances as a player for one club: 602 by Charly Körbel for Eintracht Frankfurt (1972–73 to 1990–91)
 Highest number of appearances as a player for one club having not played for another club: 602 by Charly Körbel for Eintracht Frankfurt (1972–73 to 1990–91)
 Oldest age for a player making his debut appearance: 38 years and 171 days by Richard Kress for Eintracht Frankfurt (matchday 1 of 1963–64)
 Highest number of seasons as a player for one club: 19 by Charly Körbel for Eintracht Frankfurt (1972–73 to 1990–91) same as Klaus Fichtel (1965–66 to 1979–80 and 1984–85 to 1987–88) for Schalke 04, Manfred Kaltz for Hamburger SV (1971–72 to 1988–89 and 1990–91)
 Highest number of seasons as a player for one club having not played for another club: 19 by Charly Körbel for Eintracht Frankfurt (1972–73 to 1990–91)

Runs
 Highest number of consecutive seasons as a player for one club: 19 by Charly Körbel for Eintracht Frankfurt (1972–73 to 1990–91)
 Highest number of consecutive seasons as a player for one club, having not played for another club: 19 by Charly Körbel for Eintracht Frankfurt (1972–73 to 1990–91)

Cards
 Shortest elapsed timespan before receiving a red card: 43 seconds (after being substituted onto the pitch) by Marcel Titsch-Rivero of Eintracht Frankfurt (matchday 34 of 2010–11)

Honours and achievements

National

 German Championship / Bundesliga
 Champions: 1958–59
 Runners-up: 1931–32
 Third place: 1963–64, 1974–75, 1989–90, 1991–92, 1992–93
 DFB-Pokal
 Winners: 1973–74, 1974–75, 1980–81, 1987–88, 2017–18
 Runners-up: 1963–64, 2005–06, 2016–17, 2022–23
 2. Bundesliga
 Winners: 1997–98
 Runners-up: 2011–12
 DFB / DFL-Supercup
 Runners-up: 1988, 2018
 DFB-Hallenpokal
 Runners-up: 1988

International
 European Cup / UEFA Champions League
 Runners-up: 1959–60
Round of 16: 2022–23
 UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League
 Winners: 1979–80, 2021–22
 Semi-finals: 2018–19
 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
 Semi-finals: 1975–76
 UEFA Intertoto Cup
 Winners: 1966–67
 UEFA Super Cup
 Runners-up: 2022

Regional
 Southern German Championship
 Champions: 1929–30, 1931–32
 Runners-up: 1912–13+, 1913–14+, 1927–28, 1930–31
 Oberliga Süd
 Champions: 1952–53, 1958–59
 Runners-up: 1953–54, 1960–61, 1961–62
 Nordkreis-Liga
 Champions: 1911–12+, 1912–13+, 1913–14+
 Kreisliga Nordmain
 Winners: 1919–20+, 1920–21
 Runners-up: 1921–22
 Bezirksliga Main-Hessen:
 Winners: 1927–28, 1928–29, 1929–30, 1930–31, 1931–32
 Runners-up: 1932–33
 Gauliga Südwest/Mainhessen:
 Winners: 1937–38
 Runners-up: 1936–37
 Hesse Cup (Tiers 3-7):
 Winners: 1946, 1969*
 Runners-up: 1949
 Hesse Championship (Tier 3, 4 & 5):
 Champions: 1970*, 2002*, 2023*
 Runners-up: 1978*, 1983*, 1995*
 + As Frankfurter FV
 * Achieved by Reserve Team

Other

Friendly
 Cup of the Alps
 Winners: 1967
 Trofeo Conde de Fenosa:
 Winners: 1972
 Tournoi de Paris:
 Runners-up: 1981
 Fuji-Cup:
 Winners: 1992
 Runners-up: 1994
 Antalya Cup:
 Winners: 2011
 Frankfurt Main Finance Cup:
 Winners: 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017
 Trofeo Bortolotti:
 Winners: 2016, 2022
 Saitama City Cup:
 Runners-up: 2022

Honours and awards
German Sportsteam of the Year
Winner: 2022

Youth
 German Under 19 championship
 Champions: 1982, 1983, 1985
 Runners-up: 1987
 Southern German Under 19 championship
 Champions: 1970
 Under 19 Hessenliga
 Champions: 1964, 1965, 1968, 1970, 1976, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996
 Under 19 Gauliga Hessen-Nassau
 Champions: 1943
 German Under 17 championship
 Champions: 1977, 1980, 1991, 2010
 Runners-up: 1981, 1982
 Southern German Under 17 championship
 Champions: 1977
 Under 17 Hessenliga
 Champions: 1977, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004
 Southern German Under 15 championship
 Champions: 1980, 1989, 1995, 2005, 2009, 2014
 Runners-up: 2011, 2013, 2015, 2018
 Under 15 Hessenliga
 Champions: 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010

Notes

References

External links
eintracht-archiv.de
eintracht-stats.de

Records
Frankfurt, Eintracht


George Allsopp ( – 14 April 1805) was a British-born Canadian businessman and government office holder. He became a merchant in Quebec in the 1760s and a seigneur in 1773. He went heavily into debt to open a gristmill, which in 1788 was the province's largest producer of flour. He also lobbied the Quebec and British government for reforms to the Quebec judicial system and the creation of a legislative assembly. He was also appointed to various government positions, including the province's executive council and as a justice of the peace.

Early life and government career

Allsopp was born in England . During the 1758 Siege of Louisbourg, Allsopp worked for the British Quartermaster General’s Department. In 1759 he was the secretary to the quartermaster general of Quebec, Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester.

Start of merchant career

In 1761 he settled in Montreal, and was a junior partner in a firm called Jenkins, Trye and Company and facilitated the trade of wheat, timber, fur, fish, potash, spirits, and iron. In the same year he became a vocal critic of James Murray, Quebec's military governor, after Murray enacted measures to curtail the activities of British merchants. Allsopp further criticized Murray when the latter decided to govern the province with an appointed council instead of an elected assembly, and established separate civil and criminal courts. In 1764 Allsopp helped to draft a statement that was presented by the first grand jury of Quebec. The statement condemned Murray's administration and demanded that the grand jury become recognised as Quebec's temporary representative body. A clause that opposed Roman Catholics from serving on juries was included in the statement and attributed to Allsopp.

In March 1764, and twice in October 1764, Allsopp was arrested for violating an order to carry lanterns during the night. There was violence every time he was arrested and Allsopp would denounce the military. In October he prosecuted the soldiers involved in his arrests.

Expanded business and government appointments

In 1766 Allsopp was appointed as deputy provincial secretary and assistant clerk for the Council of Quebec and provincial enrolments. Murray refused to recognise the appointments but was recalled to England in June. Guy Carleton was appointed as lieutenant governor of the province and Allsopp assumed his appointed roles. His job included issuing annual licences for taverns and fur-traders.

In 1766 he started a company with two other businessmen, John Welles and Samuel Jacobs, to manage a potash works in Lower Town. He began an association with Olive, Watson and Rashleigh sometime around 1767 and became their central agent in Quebec. In 1769 he was appointed deputy commissary general, which involved allocating provisions to outposts across Quebec. The potash works failed in 1772, and in 1773 he bought adjacent seigneuries with his brother-in-law John Bondfield, which included a gristmill. Two years later Allsopp bought Bondfield's land and continued operating the gristmill, which caused Allsopp to become indebted to his grain suppliers.

Allsopp was the commissary general during the 1775 American invasion of Quebec and that year was appointed to Quebec's Legislative Council. Nevertheless, government officials began to question Allsopp's loyalty to Britain, citing Allsopp's criticism of the Quebec Act. He was removed from his government positions in 1777 and publicly assaulted in 1778 while accused of being a rebel.

In 1778 Allsopp increased the amount of debt he owed by building a gristmill on the Jacques-Cartier River, which was coupled with debts from wartime trade restrictions, and conflicts with other merchants. In 1784 he travelled to London to negotiate a financial settlement for his firm and speak with politicians about his dismissal from the Quebec Legislative Council, reforms to the Quebec judicial system, and appealing the Quebec Act. In 1783, all interest on his debts was cancelled by the King in Council.

Allsopp returned to Quebec in 1785 and continued to advocate for reforms to the judicial system. In 1787, he participated in an investigation into the Quebec justice system and criticised its inconsistency. He continued expanding his business and in 1788 his milling complex was the province's largest producer of flour. He was also a leading figure in advocating for a representative assembly and the adoption of English commercial law, and in 1789 advocated for a trade agreement with the British West Indies. When the Constitutional Act of 1791 was adopted, which split Quebec into two provinces, Allsopp claimed that he was to be credited for its passage.

In 1792 he lost the election to represent Upper Town Quebec in the province's legislative assembly, and his appointment to the legislative and executive councils was rejected by Home secretary William Wyndham Grenville. He withdrew from provincial politics at this time and rarely commented on provincial affairs in the 1790s. In 1793 a fire destroyed his main gristmill, and a second mill was destroyed in 1796. The mills were rebuilt and operational shortly afterwards, and a third mill was added to the complex. In 1799 he was appointed as a Quebec justice of the peace.

Personal life and death

Allsopp married Anna Marie Bondfield in December 1768. The couple had ten children, although only seven survived past infancy.

Allsopp's financial obligations caused him to abandon plans to retire to England. He died in Cap-Santé, Quebec, on 14 April 1805, after suffering a series of strokes.

Allsop owned three slaves in Canada.

References

Citations

Works cited

1733 births
1805 deaths
Canadian fur traders
Canadian slave owners


The al-Badd Museum for Olive Oil Production (), also known as Badd Giackaman Museum () is located in the center of Bethlehem, in the State of Palestine, near the Church of the Nativity. The museum houses several ethnographic and archaeological artifacts depicting the process of olive oil production. The exhibits demonstrate the use of olive oil for lamps, medicine, food, soap, cosmetics, etc.

The building in which the museum was built dates from the late 18th century. From 1998 to 2000, the museum was restored by the Department of Antiquities of the State of Palestine, in coordination with the UNDP and the Greek Orthodox Society.

In April 2002, during the invasion and siege of the Church of the Nativity, Israeli forces stormed the museum. On May 25, 2006, Israeli forces destroyed the museum's main gate and broke into the museum; as a result, a number of antique pottery jars and flasks, and some office supplies, were destroyed.

See also
 List of museums in Palestine

References

Buildings and structures in Bethlehem
Museums in the West Bank
Environment of Palestine (region)
1999 establishments in the Palestinian territories
Museums in the State of Palestine


The 2008 Season is the 22nd edition of the United Soccer Leagues season.

The season kicked off on Friday, April 12 with two First Division games, as the Charleston Battery visited Miami FC and the Montreal Impact visited the Vancouver Whitecaps.

General
 Changes in the First Division: the California Victory take the 2008 season off, leaving 11 teams playing a 30-game schedule.
 Changes in the Second Division: the Pittsburgh Riverhounds return from hiatus, and Real Maryland FC join as an expansion team.  However, the Cincinnati Kings and New Hampshire Phantoms drop to the PDL.  10 teams play a 20-game schedule this season.
 In the PDL, 5 teams withdrew for the 2008 season, while 7 expansion teams and the two voluntary relegations increase the league to 67 teams in 10 divisions across 4 conferences.  Teams play a 16-game league schedule.

Honors

Standings

First Division

Playoffs
Teams were re-seeded for semifinal matchupsVancouver was selected by the league to host the final despite being the lower seeded team

First Round

Rochester Rhinos won 2–1 on Aggregate.

Montreal Impact won 4–3 on Aggregate.

Vancouver Whitecaps won 5–4 on Aggregate.

Semifinals

Puerto Rico Islanders won 3–2 on Aggregate in Extra Time.

Vancouver Whitecaps won 2–1 on Aggregate.

Final

Awards and All-League Teams
First Team
F: Alex Afonso (Miami FC) (Leading Goalscorer); Macoumba Kandji (Atlanta Silverbacks)
M: Osvaldo Alonso (Charleston Battery); Stephen deRoux (Minnesota Thunder); Martin Nash (Vancouver Whitecaps); Jonathan Steele (Puerto Rico Islanders) (MVP)
D: Cristian Arrieta (Puerto Rico Islanders) (Defender of the Year); Taylor Graham (Seattle Sounders); David Hayes (Atlanta Silverbacks); Nevio Pizzolitto (Montreal Impact)
G: Bill Gaudette (Puerto Rico Islanders) (Goalkeeper of the Year)
Coach: Colin Clarke (Puerto Rico Islanders) (Coach of the Year)

Second Team
F: Sebastien Le Toux (Seattle Sounders); Eduardo Sebrango (Vancouver Whitecaps)
M: Leonardo Di Lorenzo (Montreal Impact); Johnny Menyongar (Rochester Rhinos); Ricardo Sanchez (Minnesota Thunder); Matt Watson (Carolina RailHawks)
D: Wesley Charles and Takashi Hirano (Vancouver Whitecaps); Cameron Knowles (Portland Timbers); Scott Palguta (Rochester Rhinos)
G: Matt Jordan (Montreal Impact)

Second Division

Playoffs

First round

Semifinals

Final

Awards and All-League team
First Team
F: Jorge Herrera (Charlotte Eagles); Boyzzz Khumalo (Pittsburgh Riverhounds); Dustin Swinehart (Charlotte Eagles) (league MVP)
M: Mike Burke (Richmond Kickers); Floyd Franks (Cleveland City Stars); Shintaro Harada (Crystal Palace Baltimore)
D: Brady Bryant and Steve Shak (Charlotte Eagles); Sascha Gorres (Richmond Kickers); Mark Schulte (Cleveland City Stars) (Defender of the Year)
G: Terry Boss (Charlotte Eagles)
Coach: Mark Steffens (Charlotte Eagles) (Coach of the Year)
Rookie of the Year: Stanley Nyazamba (Richmond Kickers)

Second Team
F: Gary Brooks (Crystal Palace Baltimore); Sallieu Bundu (Cleveland City Stars); Jeff Deren (Western Mass Pioneers)
M: Trey Alexander (Wilmington Hammerheads); Justin Evans (Pittsburgh Riverhounds); Matthew Mbuta (Crystal Palace Baltimore)
D: Dustin Bixler (Harrisburg City Islanders); Trevor McEachron (Richmond Kickers); Federico Molinari (Western Mass Pioneers); Dame Walters (Wilmington Hammerheads)
G: Ronnie Pascale (Richmond Kickers)

Premier Development League
See 2008 PDL Season

References

External links
Official USL Site

2
2008 in Canadian soccer
2008
2008