The 1983–84 Montreal Canadiens season was the team's 75th season of play in the National Hockey League. The team struggled on the ice and, for the first time ever in the expansion era, finished the regular season with a losing record. Coach Bob Berry was fired 63 games into the season and replaced with former Canadiens great Jacques Lemaire.

The club placed fourth in its division, which was still good enough to qualify for the playoffs ahead of the last place Hartford Whalers. The Habs then stunned their heavily favoured rivals, the Boston Bruins with a 3–0 sweep in the opening round. With the upset, Montreal recorded their first playoff series victory since 1980. Then they defeated their provincial rivals, the Quebec Nordiques in the Adams final, in a series notorious for the two bench clearing brawls before the third period of game 6. The Canadiens were finally eliminated in the Prince of Wales Conference finals by the defending Stanley Cup champion New York Islanders in six games.

Regular season

Final standings

Record vs. opponents

Schedule and results

Playoffs
As fourth-place finishers, the Canadiens drew the division winner Boston Bruins as their first round opponent. The Canadiens upset the Bruins, sweeping the series in three straight games. The Canadiens then faced off against the Quebec Nordiques in a "Battle of Quebec" which culminated in the Good Friday Massacre. The Canadiens defeated the Nordiques four games to two to advance against the New York Islanders, the defending  Stanley Cup champion. The Islanders would eliminate the Canadiens in six games.

Player statistics

Regular season
Scoring

Goaltending

Playoffs
Scoring

Goaltending

Awards and records

Transactions

Draft picks
Montreal's draft picks at the 1983 NHL Entry Draft held at the Montreal Forum in Montreal.

Farm teams

See also
 1983–84 NHL season

References
 Canadiens on Hockey Database

Montreal Canadiens seasons
Montreal Canadiens
Montreal


Richard Zeckwer (April 30, 1850 – December 31, 1922) was a composer and music teacher.

Biography
He was born in Stendal and studied at the Felix Mendelssohn College of Music and Theatre, where he studied piano under Ignaz Moscheles  before moving to Philadelphia, where he died. His compositions include The Bride of Messina overture and The Festival Overture. From 1876 to 1917 he was the director of the Philadelphia Musical Academy in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Zeckwer's son, Camille, was also a composer and music educator in Philadelphia.

References

External links

1850 births
1922 deaths
American male composers
American composers
Musicians from Philadelphia
Emigrants from the German Empire to the United States
People from Stendal


This article contains synopses for the recurring characters that have appeared on the American soap opera As the World Turns.

Al James
(Late 1950s)
He is one of Penny Hughes' classmates who taunted her and her ex, Jeff Baker. Jeff got into a fight with Al and killed him. Jeff was put on trial, and was cleared of the murder.

Tom Pope
(Late 1950s-Early 1960s)
An attorney, and Penny Hughes' boyfriend, Tom was beloved by her family. He was engaged to her, but when he heard Jeff Baker declare his love for her he released her from the engagement and later left town.

Mitchell Dru
(Late 1950s-Early 1960s)
Mitchell was an attorney with his own law firm.

Greg Williams
(Late 1950s-Early 1960s)
Greg was an ambitious reporter who was always looking for stories.

Julie Spencer
(Late 1950s-Early 1960s)
Julie was a young attorney, and Mitchell Dru's ward.

Burt Stanton
(Late 1950s)
Burt was Ellen Lowell's boyfriend.  He was set up by Jeff Baker and broke up with Ellen when she said she had a child.

Laura March
(Early 1960s)
Laura was a secretary at Memorial Hospital after Edith Hughes left town.

Phil Banner
(Early 1960s)
Phil was a valued employee during the time that Jeff Baker was a piano player.

Ed Richardson
(Early 1960s)
Grace Baker's right-hand man, Ed helped Jeff Baker in the music business.

Dr. Joe and Anne Meadows
(Late 1950s-Early/Mid 1960s)
These two friends of Doug Cassen helped out Ellen Lowell when she was pregnant.

Louise Cole
(1958)
Tim Cole's first wife, Louise divorced him at his request.  She was portrayed by Mary K. Wells.

Dick and Grace Baker
(Late 1950s-Early 1960s)
Dick and Grace were Jeff Baker's parents.

Thelma Turner
(Mid 1950s-Early 1960s)
Thelma was Janice Turner's mother.

Carl Whipple
(Late 1950s-Early 1960s)
Carl was Janice Turner's husband, and the father of Debbie and Alice Whipple.

Dr. George Frey
(Late 1950s-Early 1960s)
Dr. Frey was Edith Hughes' husband.

Notes

Lists of soap opera characters by series


South Mountain Community College is a public community college in Phoenix, Arizona.  It is one of the ten colleges in the Maricopa County Community College District.

History
South Mountain Community College was established by the governing board of the Maricopa County Community College District on April 18, 1978. The campus was designed by local architect Bennie Gonzales, opening its doors in 1980. Serving Phoenix, Ahwatukee, Guadalupe and Laveen, South Mountain Community College offers associate degrees, certificates of completion, courses that transfer to universities and technology training to 7,500 students each year.  The college takes its name from South Mountain, which is a few kilometers to the south of campus. The main campus is in Phoenix, Arizona, with additional locations in Guadalupe and Laveen. South Mountain Community College is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and is a Hispanic Serving Institution.

Northern Arizona University at South Mountain Community College
Northern Arizona University (NAU) and South Mountain Community College (SMCC) collaborate to allow students to complete their bachelor's degree on the SMCC campus after finishing their associate degree.
NAU maintains a building on the SMCC campus and offers bachelor's degree programs.

Notable alumni

Chris Duffy
Cody Ransom

See also
 List of colleges and universities in Arizona

References

External links
 Official website

Universities and colleges established in 1978
Maricopa County Community College District
Community colleges in Arizona
Universities and colleges in Phoenix, Arizona
NJCAA athletics


Rhys Priestland (born 9 January 1987) is a Welsh international rugby union player who plays as a fly-half for Cardiff Rugby and the Wales national team. Although he primarily plays as a fly-half, he is also capable of playing at full-back. Born in Llangathen, Carmarthenshire, he began his career with Llanelli RFC before progressing to the Scarlets regional side. After eight years with the Scarlets, he moved to England to play for Bath in the English Premiership, where he spent six seasons before returning to Wales with Cardiff Rugby. He made his Wales debut in 2011, and earned 50 caps – including being named in the squad for the 2011 and 2015 Rugby World Cups – before his move to England made him ineligible for selection.

Club career
A product of the Scarlets academy, Priestland began his senior rugby career with Scarlets feeder club Carmarthen Quins, making six appearances in the 2005–06 season. In March 2006, he signed a professional development contract with the Scarlets. That summer, former Scarlets fly-half Stephen Jones returned to the region after two seasons in France with Clermont Auvergne, and for the 2006–07 season, Priestland served as the Scarlets' third-choice fly-half behind Jones and Ceiron Thomas.

Priestland played 150 games for them and scored over 1,000 points. In the 2010–11 season against USA Perpignan, he scored a try at the end of the first half which the Scarlets won.

In January 2015, it was announced that Priestland would join English club Bath on a two-year contract at the end of the 2014–15 season. He ended up playing for Bath for six seasons before returning to Wales for the 2021–22 season, signing a long-term contract with the Cardiff Blues (later renamed Cardiff Rugby). He made his debut in Cardiff's 2021–22 United Rugby Championship season opener against Connacht on 24 September 2021, but had to be substituted in the first two minutes after being hit in the head by the knee of Connacht prop Finlay Bealham. He recovered from the injury in time to start the match against the Ospreys on 2 October; he played the full match and scored two conversions, but Cardiff lost the match 18–14. He scored 14 of Cardiff's 19 points the following week against the Bulls, but it was not enough to prevent a 29–19 defeat, and followed it up with another 13 points in a 23–17 win over the Sharks on 16 October.

International career
A member of the Wales under-19 squad that won the Grand Slam in the 2006 Six Nations, Priestland received his first senior call-up in January 2011 as part of a 28-man squad for the 2011 Six Nations Championship, as one of three fly-half options along with Stephen Jones and James Hook. After being an unused replacement for the 26–19 loss to England in the opening match, Priestland made his international debut on 12 February 2011, making a four-minute cameo at full-back in a 24–6 win over Scotland at Murrayfield. He was again named on the bench for Wales' third match against Italy, but did not come on, before being left out of the squad entirely for the final two matches against Ireland and France.

Priestland's good form for the Scarlets in the remainder of the 2010–11 season meant he returned to the Wales set-up for a match against the Barbarians in June 2011, coming on as a late substitute for Stephen Jones as Wales lost 31–28, before being included in a 39-man training squad ahead of the 2011 Rugby World Cup. In his first start for Wales, against England at Twickenham on 6 August 2011, Priestland was initially selected at full-back, but made a last-minute switch to fly-half after Stephen Jones was injured in the warm-up; Priestland kicked two conversions in a 23–19 loss. He again started at fly-half in the return match at the Millennium Stadium on 13 August, scoring two penalties before being replaced by Aled Brew at half-time; Wales won the match 19–9. Having seemingly done enough to earn a place in Warren Gatland's World Cup squad, Priestland was left out of the final warm-up match against Argentina.

As with the 2011 Six Nations, Priestland was one of three fly-halves selected by Gatland for the World Cup, along with Jones and Hook. With Jones still struggling with a calf injury, Priestland was named as Wales' starting fly-half for their opening match against reigning champions South Africa. With South Africa leading by a point with 10 minutes to go, Priestland had the opportunity to win the match with a drop goal in front of the posts, but he hooked it wide. Nevertheless, he retained the number 10 jersey for the second match against Samoa, scoring two penalties in a 17–10 win. Jones returned to the starting XV for the match against bottom side Namibia, playing 63 minutes before Priestland took over and scored three of his five conversion attempts, but Priestland was again the starting fly-half for Wales' final pool match against Fiji; they won the match 66–0, with Priestland scoring five conversions and a penalty before being replaced by Jones for the final 20 minutes.

Having seemingly won the fly-half battle, Priestland again started against Ireland in the quarter-finals, converting two of Wales' three tries in a 22–10 win, only to suffer a shoulder injury in the last two minutes that meant he missed the semi-final against France. Wales lost the match 9–8 and ultimately finished the tournament in fourth place, after losing to 21–18 to Australia in the third-place play-off.

Priestland returned to fitness in time to play in Wales' friendly match against Australia on 3 December 2011, starting ahead of Ospreys fly-half Dan Biggar. In addition to scoring two penalties, Priestland also crossed for his first international try as Wales lost 24–18. For the 2012 Six Nations Championship, Gatland selected Priestland and Hook as his two fly-half options, with Priestland starting all five matches, despite entering the tournament with lingering knee injuries. In the third match against England, he received the first yellow card of his international career. Full-back Leigh Halfpenny was given the goal-kicking duties during the tournament, so Priestland scored just three points: a penalty against Italy in the fourth match. Wales won all five of their matches in the 2012 Six Nations, claiming their third Grand Slam title in eight seasons.

However, following the Six Nations success, Wales suffered a 3–0 test series defeat to Australia on their summer tour and then failed to win any of their Autumn internationals; Priestland played in all seven of those matches, starting six of them and suffered a loss of confidence that saw him leave social media and start seeing a sports psychologist. In addition, he suffered a torn Achilles tendon in a match for the Scarlets in early December 2012, ruling him out of Wales' Six Nations title defence in 2013. After returning to the bench for the Scarlets at the end of the season, Priestland was named in the squad for Wales' summer tour of Japan; however, a recurrence of the injury meant he had to withdraw from the tour. He finally made his return to international rugby in November 2013, starting at fly-half in Wales' opening match of the 2013 Autumn internationals against South Africa; he played the entire match, but Wales lost 24–15. Priestland then missed the next game against Argentina, before making substitute appearances against both Tonga and Australia.

Priestland regained the starting job for the 2014 Six Nations, but Wales won just two of the four matches in which he started, and he was dropped to the bench for the final game against Scotland. A knee injury suffered in the Scarlets' final game of the 2013–14 season meant Priestland again missed Wales' summer tour to South Africa in 2014. A groin strain for Biggar saw Priestland return to Wales action as a substitute in their 33–28 loss to Australia on 8 November, before starting the match against Fiji on 15 November; he kicked a conversion in each game, but both were in front of the posts after penalty tries. With Biggar now established as Wales' first-choice fly-half, Priestland was named among the substitutes for every match in the 2015 Six Nations, coming on just twice, against France and Italy, and playing a total of just 16 minutes of rugby. As a result of his move to Bath at the end of the 2014–15 season, ahead of the 2015 Rugby World Cup, Priestland only appeared in one warm-up match, coming off the bench in a 16–10 away win over Ireland; he was also an unused substitute for a match against Italy a week later. Despite this lack of game time, Gatland named Priestland in his squad for the tournament, even giving him the starting role in the opening match against Uruguay. Priestland kicked seven of his eight conversion attempts, leading Wales to a 54–9 win. Biggar returned to start the remaining three pool matches, as well as the quarter-final loss to South Africa, but Priestland appeared off the bench each time.

After the World Cup, Priestland announced his intention to take an 18-month break from international duty, a decision that former Wales fly-half Phil Bennett suggested would put a permanent end to Priestland's international career; however, two months later, Priestland reversed his decision in the hope of being picked in the Wales squad for the 2016 Six Nations. He was ultimately selected for the tournament, and made an appearance off the bench in the opening match against Ireland after Biggar suffered an early injury; he scored 11 points in the match, landing a conversion and three penalties, but missed a late drop goal attempt as the match finished 16–16. Biggar recovered in time to keep the starting job for the next game against Scotland, and in each of the next three games, Priestland was restricted to no more than cameo appearances in the final 10 minutes, although he did land two conversions as Wales mounted a late, but unsuccessful comeback against England. With Wales leading 46–7 in the final match against Italy, Priestland came on to play the final 22 minutes, and was successful with all three of his conversion attempts as Wales went on to win 67–14. That summer, Priestland was again picked for Wales' tour of New Zealand; ahead of the tour, he appeared in the final 25 minutes of their 27–13 loss to England at Twickenham. He was then left out of the first test against New Zealand, but after he scored a conversion in Wales' 40–7 loss to the Chiefs, he replaced the injured Gareth Anscombe as Biggar's back-up and came off the bench in each of the last two tests, setting up a try for Liam Williams in the second test.

In September 2016, the Welsh Rugby Union (WRU) changed its selection policy, referred to as "Gatland's Law", so that only three players based outside Wales could be selected for international matches. With Priestland having to compete with the likes of George North, Jamie Roberts and his Bath teammate Taulupe Faletau for those places, he was left out of the Wales squad for the 2016 Autumn internationals. In September 2017, more than a year after his last cap, Priestland said he would be surprised if he played for Wales again. The WRU again changed its selection policy in October 2017, so that any player who signed a contract with a club outside Wales before then could be selected again, although their continued selection would depend on them returning to Wales at the end of their contracts; that meant Priestland was again eligible to play for Wales, and his club form led to him being picked for the 2017 Autumn internationals. He missed the first match against Australia, but then started the match against Georgia; he played the entire 80 minutes and was successful with all three of his kicks at goal, contributing eight of Wales' points in a 13–6 win. He was on the bench for Wales' third match against New Zealand, but replaced Biggar for the final 17 minutes of the game, earning his 50th test cap. Wales' next match against South Africa was on 2 December, outside the World Rugby international window, which meant Priestland was unavailable as he had to return to his club side. Priestland picked up a hamstring injury in January 2018, but nevertheless he was selected for the 2018 Six Nations; however, the injury proved severe enough that he did not take part in the tournament.

Following his return to Wales with Cardiff Rugby, Priestland became eligible for Wales selection again and was called up to the squad for the 2021 Autumn internationals. In the opening match against New Zealand on 30 October 2021, he came on for Gareth Anscombe in the 47th minute, and scored a penalty and a conversion in a 54–16 defeat. Priestland came off the bench against Australia and kicked a late penalty to secure a 29–28 victory for Wales. In January 2022, he was named in the Wales squad for the 2022 Six Nations Championship; however, he suffered a calf injury early in training for the tournament, and on 1 March 2022, he was released back to his club for treatment. The injury also kept him out of Wales' tour of South Africa, but he returned to the side for the 2022 Autumn internationals. He started the opening game against New Zealand, his first international start since November 2017. He also started the game against Georgia, and came on as a replacement against Argentina and Australia.

International tries

Statistics

Apps = Appearances; T = Tries; C = Conversions; P = Penalties; D = Drop goals; Pts = Total points

References

External links
Wales profile

1987 births
Living people
Rugby union players from Carmarthen
Welsh rugby union players
Wales international rugby union players
Rugby union fly-halves
Scarlets players
Bath Rugby players
People educated at Bro Myrddin Welsh Comprehensive School
Cardiff Rugby players
2011 Rugby World Cup players
2015 Rugby World Cup players


Saint Mary's Glacier (or St. Marys) is a semi-permanent snowfield located in Arapaho National Forest in the U.S. state of Colorado. Saint Mary's Glacier is  southeast of James Peak. The nearest community is the unincorporated Alice, Colorado and is accessible via a 1.5 mile hike from a parking lot in Alice.

See also
List of glaciers in the United States

References

Glaciers of Colorado
Landforms of Clear Creek County, Colorado


, abbreviated as RS, was a video game production company that was founded on February 27, 1990, in Nishi-Ōi, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.

Games

 Alshark
 PC-98 version ( May 24, 1991 / Publisher: Right Stuff )
 X68000 edition ( November 15, 1991 / Publisher: Right Stuff )
 FM TOWNS edition ( May 28, 1993 / Publisher: Right Stuff )
 Mega-CD/Sega-CD edition ( November 26, 1993 / Publishers: Polydor, Sand Storm )
 PC Engine CD-ROM ² version ( August 26, 1994 / Publisher: Victor Entertainment )
 Terraforming (fully titled Syd Mead's Terraforming) ( CD-ROM ² / May 1, 1992 )
 Chilam Balam (fully titled Libros de Chilam Balam) ( PC-98 / November 7, 1992 / Publisher: Right Stuff )
 Fiend Hunter ( CD-ROM ² / Jan 29, 1993 / Publisher: Right Stuff )
 Sword Master ( CD-ROM ² / November 19, 1993 / Publisher: Right Stuff )
 Flash Hiders ( CD-ROM ² / December 19, 1993 / Publisher: Right Stuff )
 Emerald Dragon ( CD-ROM ² / January 28, 1994 / Publisher: NEC Home Electronics ) - Co-production
 Revery: Izanai no Masuishō ( PC-98 / March 10, 1994 / Publisher: Right Stuff )
 Foresight Dolly ( PC-98 / 1994-1999 / Publisher: Right Stuff )
 Alnam no Kiba: Shouzoku Juunishin-to Densetsu
 PC Engine version ( December 22, 1994 / Publisher: Right Stuff )
 PlayStation edition ( February 2, 1996 / Publisher: Right Stuff )
 Dungeon Hack
 Japanese version of PC-9821 version ( March 31, 1995 )
 Japanese version of PC-98 version ( July 7, 1995 )
 THE TV SHOW!! ( CD-ROM ² / September 29, 1995 )
 Battle Tycoon: Flash Hiders SFX ( Super Famicom / May 19, 1995 / Publisher: Right Stuff )
 Jockey Zero ( PlayStation / November 1, 1996 / Publisher: Right Stuff )
 Blue Forest Story: Kaze no Fuuin
 3DO version ( April 26, 1996 )
 PlayStation edition ( December 6, 1996 )
 Alnam no Tsubasa: Shouchiri no Sora no Achira e (PlayStation / 1997, December 15 / Release: Right Stuff )
 Himitsu Kessha Q (PlayStation / 1998 July 30 / Release: Right Stuff )

Other
A newsletter titled "RSのどいつもこいつも!!" was issued.

References

External links
Official Right Stuff websites at Internet Archive  (In 2000 and later, another independent company domain name is acquired.)
 Right Stuff at Game Set Watch

Defunct video game companies of Japan
Video game companies established in 1990
Japanese companies established in 1990


Silvano Bertini (27 March 1940 – 27 June 2021) was an Italian boxer. As an amateur he won a silver medal at the 1963 European Championships and a bronze at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. In 1965 he turned professional and was undefeated in his first 28 fights before losing to Jean Josselin in 1969.  He retired in 1973 after failing to come out for the bell in the 12th round against Koichi Wajima for the WBA and WBC super-welterweight titles.

Bertini died on 27 June 2021, aged 81.

References

1940 births
2021 deaths
Welterweight boxers
Light-middleweight boxers
Boxers at the 1964 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers for Italy
Olympic bronze medalists for Italy
Olympic medalists in boxing
People from Signa
Italian male boxers
Medalists at the 1964 Summer Olympics
European Boxing Union champions
Sportspeople from the Metropolitan City of Florence
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Italy
Mediterranean Games medalists in boxing
20th-century Italian people
21st-century Italian people


Freshwater Beach is a beach located in Freshwater, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia. Freshwater Beach is the first beach north of Manly, New South Wales, on the Peninsula. The beach is flanked by a headland at each end and can produce excellent surf. There is a large rock pool at the northern end. The beach is patrolled by lifeguards and has its own surf lifesaving club. Freshwater Beach is one of the most popular of Sydney's 21 Northern Beaches and is visited by around 3,000 people on weekends and public holidays during the summer months.

History

In 1818,  were given to Thomas Bruin by Governor Macquarie. The estate became known as Freshwater, possibly because of a freshwater stream running between what are now Wyuna and Wyndora Avenues.

The place remained virtually uninhabited until land sales in the 1880s. A subdivision of the land became known as Harbord after Margaret Cecilia Harbord, wife of governor Lord Carrington.

From the 1900s, Freshwater was a popular working-men-only camp. Tents soon gave way to huts with names like "The Ritz" and "Shark Bait". Female visitors were only allowed on Sundays. After the First World War, working-class families came to the camps and built new dwellings and lodges.

The original camps were owned and operated by people such as a Mr Lewers who built, in 1908, what is Harbord's oldest building (now a restaurant). In 1909 it was the location of the local post office.

What is now called the Wormhole (the tunnel linking Manly and Freshwater beaches) was built and blasted out by the owners of some of the Freshwater camps. Wishing to link Manly and Freshwater, they created a cave and a walkway which is still used today, although the pathway requires some climbing, due to rock falls. Remnants of the old pathway still remain.

The Freshwater Beach campsite became a place of disrepute. With the growth of Sydney, the Shire Clerk of Warringah, Mr. Jamieson, wrote to the Post Master General's Department in 1923 about changing the name of the community. It is recorded that this was because of the doubtful and riotous characters who frequented the place at weekends in the summer. The buses going there at the time had a sign on the destination board saying "Camp City".  Local police supported the change, so Harbord became the official name of the suburb.  It was not until 1980 that the beach regained the name Freshwater Beach.

The community grew when the district was developed for housing. In the 1930s, the Warringah Council declared that only brick houses could be built there and many of these still exist today.

At the back of the beach is the "Pilu at Freshwater" restaurant, and 100 metres from there is the Harbord Beach Hotel and pub, known to the locals as the "Harbord Hilton".

World Surfing Reserve
On 10 March 2012, the four-kilometre (6 mi) stretch between Freshwater Beach and Shelly Beach was declared the "Manly - Freshwater World Surfing Reserve".  The Reserve was dedicated in a ceremony at Manly Beach by world surfing champion Kelly Slater accompanied by the Governor of New South Wales, Australia, Professor Marie Bashir.

See also
Freshwater, New South Wales
Duke Kahanamoku

References

Beaches of New South Wales


The Barcol hardness test characterizes the indentation hardness of materials through the depth of penetration of an indentor, loaded on a material sample and compared to the penetration in a reference material. The method is most often used for composite materials such as reinforced thermosetting resins or to determine how much a resin or plastic has cured. The test complements the measurement of glass transition temperature, as an indirect measure of the degree of cure of a composite. It is inexpensive and quick, and provides information on the cure throughout a part.

Barcol impressor
Originally called the Barber-Colman Impressor, the Barcol impressor was developed by Walter Colman as a hand-held, portable means of assessing the hardness of a material during World War II. The United States Army Air Corps required a hand-held method of checking the hardness of rivets due to concerns that aircraft could be sabotaged by replacing normal rivets with soft lead or wooden ones which would fail during flight. The impressor operates when the tip is pressed against the material in question. The hardness of the material determines how far the tip indents and this is transferred by a tension spring and lever to be read on a dial.

Operation
The Barcol hardness test is generally used on soft materials such as rigid plastics. It measures hardness based on indentation of a sharp point with a flat tip. The test is performed using a similar method and indentation device as that used to measure Shore D hardness, however the Shore D indentor has a round tip. Barcol hardness is not a valid hardness measure for curved surfaces.

Scales and values
The governing standard for the Barcol hardness test is ASTM D 2583. Barcol hardness is measured on a scale from 0 to 100 with the typical range being between 50B and 90B. A measurement of 60B is roughly equivalent to a Shore hardness of 80D or a Rockwell hardness M100. As defined in ASTM D 2583 the scale divisions from 0-100 should each indicate a depth of 0.0076 mm or the equivalent 0.0003 inches.

See also
 Brinell hardness test
 Knoop hardness test
 Rockwell scale
 Shore durometer
 Vickers hardness test
 Hardness comparison

References

Hardness tests


The Route Verte (in English, the "Green Route," or the "Greenway") is a network of bicycling and multiuse trails and designated roads, lanes, and surfaces, spanning  as of October 31, 2013, in the Canadian province of Quebec, inaugurated on August 10, 2007.  The trail network includes both urban trails (for example, in and around the city of Montreal) and cycling routes into quite isolated areas in the north, as well as along both sides of the Saint Lawrence River, out to the Gaspésie region, and on the Îles de la Madeleine, linking more than 320 municipalities along the way. The Route Verte is not entirely composed of trails, as nearly 61% of the network actually consists of on-road surfaces, whether regular roads with little traffic, wide shoulders, special lanes on highways, or otherwise.  The segregated trails are mostly rail trails shared-use with hikers and other users.

Routes

Gallery

See also
 Bicycle trail
 Rail trail
 EuroVelo
 United States Numbered Bicycle Routes

References

External links
 Route Verte
 Maps on Openstreetmap

Bike paths in Quebec
Hiking trails in Quebec
Long-distance cycling routes
2007 establishments in Quebec


Alessandro D'Ottavio  (26 August 1927 – 31 December 1987) was an Italian boxer. He won the bronze medal at the Olympic Games in 1948 for Italy in the 67 kg category. He was born in Rome, Italy.

1948 Olympic results
 Round of 32: defeated George Issaberg (Iran) on points
 Round of 16: defeated Pierre Hernandez (France) on points
 Quarterfinal: defeated Zygmunt Chychla (Poland) on points
 Semifinal:  lost to Julius Torma (Czechoslovakia) on points
 Bronze Medal Bout: defeated Duggie Du Perez (South Africa) on points (won bronze medal)

Professional career
D'Ottavio turned pro in 1950 and captured the vacant Italian light heavyweight title in 1957 with a win over Rocco Mazzola.  He retired the following year after a loss to Mazzola.

References

External links

1927 births
1987 deaths
Boxers from Rome
Welterweight boxers
Light-heavyweight boxers
Boxers at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers for Italy
Olympic bronze medalists for Italy
Olympic medalists in boxing
Italian male boxers
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
20th-century Italian people


Carl Friedrich Zöllner (17 May 1800 – 25 September 1860)  was a German composer and choir director. After studying at the Thomasschule zu Leipzig, he started teaching voice.  He wrote organ variations on God Save the Queen and wrote several songs. His son was composer Heinrich Zöllner.

References

External links

1800 births
1860 deaths
German Romantic composers
German choral conductors
German male conductors (music)
19th-century classical composers
19th-century conductors (music)
German male classical composers
19th-century German composers


Bilateral relations between China and Italy date back to Imperial China and Ancient Rome but the ties between Italy and modern China only formally began on 27 November 1928 (began in 1913) and recognized the People's Republic on 6 November 1970. News of Italy's recognition of the People's Republic of China and consequent breaking of formal relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan) spurred other European countries such as Austria and Belgium to consider similar moves.

Italian Foreign Minister Pietro Nenni presented the proposal for the recognition of China in January 1969. The Italian Communist Party had invited Chinese representatives to attend their 1969 party congress; however, the Chinese side declined the invitation. The two countries exchanged ambassadors in February of the following year.

Currently, China and Italy participate in high-level political exchanges. In September 2005, Chinese Defense Minister Cao Gangchuan and Italian Deputy Defense Minister Salvatore Cicu expressed their hope for closer military cooperation between the two countries.

Hongdu Aviation, one of China's major aircraft manufacturers, was first established as Sino-Italian National Aircraft Works (SINAW) in 1934, as a joint venture between the Republic of China and the Kingdom of Italy. However, after the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1937, Italy became an ally of Japan and assisted Japan in its bombing of SINAW factories. The Chinese government confiscated Italian properties in December 1937 and all Italian employees of the company left by the end of the year. On March 24, 2019, Italy signed up to the Belt and Road Initiative, becoming the first G7 nation to do so.

Chinese people in Italy, comprising both recent immigrants as well as persons of Chinese descent born in Italy, form a significant minority especially in Lombardy, Tuscany, and Lazio.

History
The Roman historian Florus describes the visit of numerous envoys, including Seres (Chinese or central Asians), to the first Roman Emperor Augustus, who reigned between 27 BC and 14. However, Henry Yule speculated that these were more likely to have been private merchants than diplomats, since Chinese records insist that Gan Ying was the first Chinese to reach as far west as Tiaozhi (條支; Mesopotamia) in 97 AD. In 97 the Chinese general Ban Chao dispatched an envoy to Rome in the person of Gan Ying. Gan Ying never made it to Rome. He might have reached the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, although he most likely went no further than the Persian Gulf. Monk turned diplomat Rabban Bar Sauma traveled from Beijing to Rome in the 1280s. Andalò da Savignone, an Italian resident in the small Genoese colony in Zaytun, was sent by the Khans from Beijing to Italy as a diplomat to the pope in 1336. Chinese diplomats have been active in Italy since the time of the Qing dynasty and just a few decades after the Unification of Italy. The Qing dynasty diplomat Li Fengbao was ambassador to Italy in the late 19th century, as were his contemporaries Kung Chao-Yuan, Xue Fucheng and Xu Jingcheng. The Republic of China would later send its own ambassadors after Italy's recognition of the Republic. Modern China's first ambassador was  (沈平), while the current ambassador is Li Junhua (李军华).

In Roman Times, the first group of people claiming to be an ambassadorial mission of Romans to China was recorded in 16 AD in the Book of the Later Han. The embassy came to Emperor Huan of Han China from "Andun" (; Emperor Antoninus Pius or Marcus Aurelius Antoninus), "king of Daqin" (Rome). In 226 AD China was visited by the Roman Qin Lun (), who wasn't a diplomat but a merchant. He visited the court of Sun Quan in Nanjing. Other Roman envoys followed in the 3rd century. One embassy from Daqin (Rome) is recorded as bringing tributary gifts to the Chinese Jin Empire (266–420 AD).

The most notable contact between China and Italy dates back to over 700 years ago, with Italian explorer Marco Polo famously sojourning in the country for seventeen years between 1271 and 1295, a few decades after Giovanni da Pian del Carpine's visit to Karakorum. Polo's visit was followed by the arrival in Beijing of Giovanni da Montecorvino, the first archbishop of Beijing, in 1294. Michele Ruggieri, an Italian Jesuit priest from Apulia and one of the founding figures of the Jesuit China missions, was the first European to enter the Forbidden City.

The Kingdom of Italy established diplomatic relations with China in 1866. Italy received its concession in Tientsin on 7 September 1901. The concession was occupied by the Japanese in 1937, and liberated in October 1945 by the Chinese Army. Italy officially renounced to the concession in 1947. On October 16, 1866, a trade treaty between China an Italy was signed, and eight months later the ambassador Count Vittorio Sallier de la Tour, appointed Italian representative to the courts of Jeddo and Beijing, arrived in East Asia. He and his successors Alessandro Fè d'Ostiani and Raffaele Ulisse Barbolani, however, kept their seat in Japan. Ferdinando de Luca was the first Italian ambassador to be headquartered in China, establishing the embassy in Shanghai, which was moved to Beijing at the end of the 1880s. In 1913, Italy recognized Sun Yat-sen's Republic, and thereafter maintained a position of neutrality in the various conflicts with different parties vying for power in China. Italy formally recognized Kuomintang's Republic of China, and on November 27, 1928, signed a new trade treaty, which supplanted the 1866 treaty. The negotiations were led by Daniele Varè and the treaty signed in Nanjing, China's new capital. Chang Kai-shek insisted that all the Occidental powers move their embassies in Nanjing, considering this action as the further, final acknowledgment of his power. Italy, as some other great powers, decided to split its embassy between Nanjing and Shanghai, in two physically detached offices.

At the end of 1937 Fascist Italy recognized Manchukuo, and in 1941 it recognized Wang Jingwei's Republic of China, with its capital in Nanjing, although the Italian ambassadors continued to reside in Shanghai for some more time. The Italian delegate Pier Pasquale Spinelli then decided to move the embassy's principal seat to Nanjing, while also reopening the detached offices of Beijing and Shanghai. In 1945, Mussolini's followers kept in touch with Wang Jingwei's government in Beijing, Shanghai and Nanjing, while the post-fascist Ministry of Foreign Affairs worked to resume contact with Chiang Kai-shek, to whom the new Italian representative Sergio Fenoaltea officially presented his credentials in October 1946 in Naijing. In 1945, the Italians were about to loan the offices of the closed embassy in Beijing to the Americans, which however didn't materialize because before the Americans arrived, a group of Chinese, on the nationalist side but following the orders of an independent general looking for riches, looted the embassy and damaged the building and the archives. After the start of the offensive in 1947, the Chinese communists took Beijing in 1949 and shortly after Naijing. In November 1950, Fenoaltea, who had been pressuring Rome to let him come back to Italy, departed from China. Diplomatic relations were then led by Ezio Mizzan who, in February 1951, reported that the communist police was restricting ever more his activities and movements and that the permanence of the Italian embassy in Naijing, Chang Kai-shek's and Wang Jingwei's former capital, may cause political inconveniences. He advised Rome to take a firm decision either recognizing China, moving him and the embassy to Beijing, or moving all diplomats out. After initially leaning towards following such countries as Denmark, Norway and the United Kingdom in recognizing China, Italy chose the opposite, dismantling Naijing's embassy and breaking diplomatic relations, influenced by  the counsel of the United States, which had initially pondered allowing Italy's recognition of China to pave the way for the inevitable recognition by them.

Italy and China wouldn't recognize each other until 1970. During the twenty-year break of diplomatic relations, Italy didn't have an embassy in China, and maintained relations with nationalist China, although it never sent an ambassador to Taipei either. In the twenty-year break, Italy "limited itself to giving some unspecified duties of observation of the Chinese question" to its general consulate in Hong Kong. In 1970, the news of Italy's recognition of the People's Republic of China and consequent breaking of formal relations with the Republic of China spurred other European countries such as Austria and Belgium to consider similar moves.

In March 2019, during Chinese President Xi Jinping's visit to Italy, China signed a memorandum of understanding on China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) with Italy. And with this memorandum, Italy became the only G7 country to join the BRI.

In March 2020, Chinese state owned TV channel CGTN and Chinese newspaper Global Times were reported to have attempted to spread a disinformation campaign that the COVID-19 pandemic may have originated in Italy after the United States.

On 13 March 2020, China sent medical supplies, including masks and respirators to Italy, together with a team of Chinese medical staff to help Italy and fight the virus across the country. After China donated millions of masks, China sold masks to Italy. These were not donations but rather paid products and services. On March 24, 2020, Italian Foreign Minister Luigi Di Maio stated in an interview that after the outbreak in Italy, China was the first to provide Italy with medical supplies and dispatch medical experts. When the virus broke out, Italy was accused of dumping materials used to protect Italians at a low price because it presented 40,000 masks to China. Today, China is giving back millions of masks. Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte thanked China for its support and assistance. However, in April 2020 after the tragedy, it was reported that the PPE kits sold by China to Italy were the same that Italy had earlier donated to China during the initial spread of the COVID-19 in China.
 The Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs responded: This is false news. The Italian government did not respond yet.

In May 2020, Chinese official spokespeople tweeted videos of Italians chanting "Grazie, Cina" with China's national anthem playing in the background. Analysis of the video revealed the video to be doctored and raised concerns about Chinese propaganda activities in the European Union including urging European officials to heap praise on China and attempts to undermine Europe's response to the health crisis and project China and Russia as the only ones with a robust strategy to combat COVID-19.

Security concerns
In March 2019, Italy's parliamentary Comitato parliamentare per la sicurezza della Repubblica (COPASIR), the body of the Italian Parliament to oversee the Italian intelligence agencies raised concerns that Italy joining the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) project could present security risks for Italy given that infrastructure, telecoms, finance were all in the BRI agreement package to be signed with China. The chief of COPASIR also raised the concerns of  "evaluation of possible risks" in the area of cyber security.

Concerns have been raised by the EU and the US over technology transfer and protection of intellectual property of European partners as well as Chinese involvement in Italian telecommunications networks raising fears regarding network security in Europe and the US.

In October 2020, in signs of Italy toughening its stance with respect to communications and network security, the Italian government vetoed a 5G deal between Italian telecom firm Fastweb and China's Huawei. Earlier in July, Italy's largest telecom company Telecom Italia (TIM) had left Huawei out of an invitation to tender for a contract to supply 5G equipment for its core network, where sensitive data was processed.

Resident diplomatic missions
 China has an embassy in Rome and consulates-general in Florence and Milan.
 Italy has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Chongqing, Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Shanghai.

Cuisine
In 2021, CNN rated Italy and China as the top two countries with the best food, respectively.

See also
 Foreign relations of Italy
 Prospero Intorcetta
 Ludovico Buglio
 Nicolò Longobardo
 Europeans in Medieval China, primarily the 13th–14th centuries
 Giovanni de' Marignolli, 14th century Archbishop of Khanbaliq (Beijing)
 Giuseppe Castiglione (Jesuit painter), a court painter for the Qianlong Emperor during the 18th century
 John of Montecorvino, 13th–14th century Archbishop of Khanbaliq (Beijing)
 Katarina Vilioni, 14th-century Italian woman who lived in Yangzhou
 Marco Polo, 13th-century merchant who served as an envoy for the Yuan dynasty
 Matteo Ricci, Jesuit missionary who arrived in Ming-dynasty China in 1582, created a world map in Chinese and translated texts
 Odoric of Pordenone, Christian missionary to Yuan-dynasty China
 Rabban Bar Sauma, 13th century native of Zhongdu (Beijing) who travelled to Europe and met the pope and various European monarchs
 Sino-Roman relations, Han dynasty and Roman Empire relations beginning at least by 166 AD with Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius (see also Daqin)

References

Sources
 Yule, Henry (1915). Henri Cordier (ed.), Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Vol I: Preliminary Essay on the Intercourse Between China and the Western Nations Previous to the Discovery of the Cape Route. London: Hakluyt Society. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
 Ball, Warwick (2016). Rome in the East: Transformation of an Empire, 2nd edition. London: Routledge, .
 Young, Gary K. (2001). Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC – AD 305. London: Routledge, .

Further reading
 Fardella, Enrico. "A significant periphery of the Cold War: Italy-China bilateral relations, 1949–1989." Cold War History 17.2 (2017): 181–197.
 Maurizio Marinelli, Giovanni Andornino, Italy's Encounter with Modern China
 Maurizio Marinelli, "The Triumph of the Uncanny: Italians and Italian Architecture in Tianjin", In Cultural Studies Review, Vol. 19, 2, 2013, 70–98.
 Maurizio Marinelli, "The Genesis of the Italian Concession in Tianjin: A Combination of Wishful Thinking and Realpolitik". Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 15 (4), 2010: 536–556.

Italy
Bilateral relations of Italy


Cactus is the debut studio album by American hard rock band Cactus, released on July 1, 1970, by Atco Records. The eight tracks consist of six original songs written by the band, plus covers of Mose Allison's version of blues standard "Parchman Farm", and Willie Dixon's "You Can't Judge a Book by the Cover". The track "Let Me Swim" loosely inspired the 1978 guitar solo "Eruption" composed by Eddie Van Halen.

Track listing
All titles written and arranged by Appice, Bogert, Day and McCarty, except where noted.
 "Parchman Farm" (Mose Allison) – 3:06
 "My Lady from South of Detroit" – 4:26
 "Bro. Bill" – 5:10
 "You Can't Judge a Book by the Cover" (Willie Dixon) – 6:30
 "Let Me Swim" – 3:50
 "No Need to Worry" – 6:14
 "Oleo" – 4:51
 "Feel So Good" – 6:03

Personnel

Cactus
 Rusty Day – lead vocals, harmonica
 Jim McCarty – guitar
 Carmine Appice – drums
 Tim Bogert – bass

Production
 Bill Stahl – recording engineer
 Gene Paul – remix engineer
 Mark L. Rollins, Jr. – art direction, photography

Charts

Notes

1970 debut albums
Cactus (American band) albums
Atco Records albums
Albums produced by Tim Bogert
Albums produced by Carmine Appice
Albums produced by Jim McCarty
Albums produced by Rusty Day


Chinese Italian or Italian Chinese may refer to:
Chinese people in Italy
Italians in China, such as:
People's Republic of China-Italy relations
Republic of China-Italy relations
Mixed race people of Chinese and Italian descent


Lou Reed (born 10 September 1987) is a Welsh international rugby union footballer. He previously played as a lock for Sale Sharks in the Premiership league. Reed is currently working as a representative for Heraeus Medical in South Wales, although occasionally still plays rugby in his free time.

Reed signed for the Scarlets on a professional development contract in March 2006, but only made five appearances in the 2006–07 season. In order to gain some experience of first-team rugby, Reed was loaned to Rotherham for a month in December 2007.

In May 2012 the press announced that Reed would join Cardiff Blues, and the move was confirmed on 8 June.

International

In June 2011 he was named in the Wales national rugby union team 45 man training squad for the 2011 Rugby World Cup. Reed made his full international debut for Wales versus Scotland on 12 February 2012 as a second-half replacement.

References

External links
Scarlets profile
Wales profile

1987 births
Living people
People educated at Treorchy Comprehensive School
Rotherham Titans players
Rugby union locks
Rugby union players from Treorchy
Scarlets players
Wales international rugby union players
Welsh rugby union players


The Washington Daily News is an American, English language daily newspaper headquartered in and serving Washington, North Carolina and Beaufort County, North Carolina.

History
The newspaper was established in 1909.  The paper also uses Facebook for sharing news and interacting with readers.

The paper won the 1990 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for a series of articles that showed the city's water was contaminated and had been for eight years. The newspaper was then family-owned. It had a circulation of 8,644 Monday through Saturday and 8,829 on Sunday as of Sept. 30, 2019. The newspaper was owned and published by the Futrell family from 1949 until 2010.

On June 16, 2010, the Futrell family announced the sale of the Washington Daily News to Washington Newsmedia LLC, a new company affiliated Boone Newspapers, Inc. of Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Boone Newspapers also owns the Tryon Daily Bulletin, The Stanley News and Press, the Salisbury Post, The Coastland Times, The Roanoke-Chowan News-Herald, The Davie County Enterprise-Record and the Clemmons Courier.

See also
 List of newspapers in North Carolina

References

Beaufort County, North Carolina
Pulitzer Prize for Public Service winners
Daily newspapers published in North Carolina
1909 establishments in North Carolina


The Victorian Commission for Gambling Regulation (VCGR) was the gambling regulator in the Australian state of Victoria from 2004 until February 2012. The VCGR was part of the Victorian Department of Justice.

The VCGR regulated the four gambling operators who held a gambling licence in Victoria:

 Tabcorp Holdings Limited
 Tatts Group Limited
 Crown Casino
 Intralot

On 6 February 2012, the VCGR merged with Responsible Alcohol Victoria and formed the Victorian Commission for Gambling and Liquor Regulation (VCGLR). The VCGLR took on the roles and functions of the Victorian Commission for Gambling Regulation, the Director of Liquor Licensing and the Liquor Licensing Panel. The Commission had the power to undertake disciplinary actions and assumed the administrative and educative functions of Responsible Alcohol Victoria.

Gambling regulators
Former government agencies of Victoria (state)
Gambling in Australia
Government agencies established in 2004
Government agencies disestablished in 2012
2004 establishments in Australia
2012 disestablishments in Australia


The Maxwell Land Grant, also known as the Beaubien-Miranda Land Grant, was a  Mexican land grant in Colfax County, New Mexico, and part of adjoining Las Animas County, Colorado. This 1841 land grant was one of the largest contiguous private landholdings in the history of the United States. The New Mexico communities of Cimarron, Dawson, Elizabethtown, Baldy Town, Maxwell, Miami, Raton, Rayado, Springer, Ute Park and Vermejo Park came to be located within the grant, as well as numerous places that are now ghost towns.

The governor of New Mexico (then part of Mexico) awarded the grant to Mexican citizens Carlos Beaubien and Guadalupe Miranda in 1841. Boundaries at first were vague. The owners encouraged settlement on the grant lands. Beaubien's son-in-law Lucien B. Maxwell attained ownership of the grant and sold it to European investors in 1870. Gold and coal mining, ranching, and agriculture were the principal economic activities on grant lands. The grant had been established and first settled on the basis of Mexican land law and practices. Anglo land law clashed with Mexican law resulting in many legal disputes about the ownership of grant lands and rights of the owners, settlers, and miners. In the Colfax County War and Stonewall incident in the 1870s and 1880s several people were killed and the U.S. military had to be called in to maintain order.  By 1900, the ownership disputes had been resolved by the Supreme Court of the United States in favor of the European investors, settlers had been expelled from the grant, and the European owners began selling off portions of the land.

Owners of the land within the grant in the 20th and 21st century include the Vermejo Park Ranch, Philmont Scout Ranch, the National Rifle Association of America, the Maxwell National Wildlife Refuge, Fishers Peak State Park, and the U.S. Forest Service.

Geography
The Maxwell Land grant has an area of  in New Mexico and southern Colorado. The grant lands measure almost  from north to south and  from east to west, reaching from the Great Plains to the crest of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. The highest elevation in the grant is Culebra Peak near its northwestern border in Colorado with an elevation of  and the lowest elevation is  near the town of Springer, New Mexico at its southeastern border.

The northern boundaries of the Maxwell grant are the south bank and southern tributaries of the Purgatoire River in Colorado from its headwaters near Culebra Peak downstream almost to the city of Trinidad, Colorado. The summit of Fishers Peak is the northeastern corner of the grant. In New Mexico the grant area contains the headwaters of the Canadian River and its tributaries the Cimmaron, Vermejo, and Rayado rivers. The southeastern boundary is near the town of Springer and extends westward almost to the 21st century Angel Fire Resort. Raton, New Mexico (2020 population: 6,041) is the largest town within the boundaries of the grant.

Vegetation types are typical of New Mexico and correspond to elevation. Steppe grassland is found at the lowest elevations. At progressively higher elevations are piñon-juniper woodlands, ponderosa pine forests, spruce-fir and aspen forests, and Krummholz. Alpine tundra is found at elevations above . Snowfall is heavy at the highest elevations.

History

Early days
The land in the Maxwell Land Grant were originally occupied by the Jicarilla Apache Indians. In 1885, Helen Hunt Jackson's report for the Bureau of Indian Affairs reported the Jicarilla Apaches numbered 850 at Cimarron Agency, living upon what was called "Maxwell's Grant" in northeastern New Mexico. In 1821, Mexico achieved independence from Spain and the new government of New Mexico continued the Spanish policy of encouraging settlement by making land grants. In the 1840s, during the last years of Mexican rule, in what have been called "grants of desperation," the New Mexican governor made several large individual grants to reward supporters and cronies, secure the borders of New Mexico against Indians, and counter growing U.S. influence, including fear of invasion of New Mexico by either the U.S. or Texas which was an independent county from 1836-1845.

Beaubien and Miranda
Carlos Beaubien (often called Charles) was a French-Canadian trapper who became a Mexican citizen and a prosperous merchant in Taos, New Mexico  His partner, Guadalupe Miranda, was the secretary to Governor Manuel Armijo in Santa Fe. On January 8, 1841, Beaubien and Miranda petitioned Armijo for a land grant. They had to swear that they would colonize and cultivate the land. Three days later, Armijo granted them the land on the condition that they put it to good use. However, Beaubien and Miranda failed to prove up the grant for the next two years. Taking possession of the delay was occasioned by an invasion by Texas, but on February 13, 1843, they asked the justice of the peace in Taos to sign an order promising them possession of the land. The justice affirmed that he had marked the boundaries of the grant and that Beaubien and Miranda were in full possession of the land grant. Beaubien and Miranda gave Governor Armijo a one-fourth interest in the grant on March 2, 1843. Later, they gave trader Charles Bent a one-fourth interest in the grant to promote settlement on the lands of the grant.

The encroachments and the prominence of non-Hispanics in New Mexico caused a backlash. Padre Martinez (Antonio José Martínez) claimed the grant was illegal but a lawsuit was decided in favor of Beaubien and Miranda on April 18, 1844. Beaubien and Bent began settlement of the grant land along Ponil Creek and near the present site of Cimarron. In 1845, the first two Anglos, Kit Carson and Dick Owens, settled on grant land. In 1846, after the United States invasion of New Mexico in the Mexican-American War, Bent and Beaubien became officials in the new U.S. government of New Mexico territory. Armijo and Miranda fled to Mexico. On January 18, 1847, Hispanic rioters in the Taos Revolt killed Charles Bent, Narciso Beaubien (the son of Charles), and Cornelio Virgil, who had established the Cimarron settlement. Beaubien survived as he was not in Taos at the time.

The Jicarilla Apache, the original inhabitants of the grant lands, resisted white settlements until about 1855 when they were forced to sign a peace treaty with the U.S.

Lucien B. Maxwell

Lucien Bonaparte Maxwell, born in Illinois, was a mountain man, farmer, rancher, and merchant who married Luz Beaubien, the daughter of Carlos Beaubien. Beaubien hired Maxwell to manage his interests, and Maxwell and his wife settled first near the site of Rayado, New Mexico, in 1849. In 1860, Maxwell built a large home in Cimarron, a stop on the Mountain Branch of the Santa Fe Trail. In Maxwell's household was Deluvina, a young Navajo girl Maxwell purchased from Apaches when they traveled through his ranch in the Cimarron Valley. Deluvina cared for several of Maxwell's children and grandchildren and later was a friend of Billy the Kid.

Maxwell made money by supplying beef and other commodities to the soldiers at Fort Union and to the Jicarillas living in the area. He acquired owernshp of all the land within the grant from the other heirs and lived in "frontier splendor"...lavishly hospitable to all visitors." He became one of the wealthiest men in New Mexico with the discovery of gold on the grant lands near Baldy Mountain in 1867.

Maxwell sold the grant in 1870 for $650,000 to a group of Anglo and Hispanic land speculators called the Santa Fe Ring who quickly marketed it to English investors for $1,350,000 who then found Dutch investors to issue $5,000,000 in stock in the Maxwell Land Grant and Railroad Company.  Meanwhile, Maxwell retired to Fort Sumner, New Mexico where he died in 1875. In 1881, Billy the Kid was killed in Maxwell's Fort Sumner home, then belonging to his son Pete Maxwell.

However, legal challenges to the grant erupted. A Mexican law of 1824 limited the size of grants to individuals to . According to that law the maximum acreage of the Maxwell grant should have been  as the grant was made to two persons, Beaubien and Miranda.  In 1869, a government survey determined that the Maxwell grant should legally only comprise 96,000 acres. A ten-year court battle ensued in which the new grant owners obtained title to all  of the original grant.

Foreign ownership and violent resistance

The new foreign owners faced a different property rights situation than was their experience. The right to reside upon and use the land in New Mexico was based on traditional practices and customs, common lands, and relationships and reciprocal obligations similar to the medieval practice of lords and vassals. Documents regarding land ownership were few and far between. By contrast, the Anglo system demanded the identification of owners, precise definition of what was owned, and legal documents substantiating ownership. Anglo judges generally did not understand the New Mexican system and favored the Anglo to the detriment of Hispanics occupying land in the Maxwell grant.

In 1870, when the British and later Dutch owners took ownership of the Maxwell grant a substantial population of Anglo, Hispanic, and Jicarilla miners and farmers were living on the land. The gold-mining town of Elizabethtown had a population of almost 7,000.  By the mid 1870s it was a ghost town as the mines ceased to be profitable, but farmers and ranchers occupied lands and some of the miners settled down within the grant area. The Maxwell Land Grant Company intended to develop the resources of the grant which included coal, timber, ranch and farm lands and tried to collect rent from the inhabitants and expel those who refused to pay rent. The inhabitants claimed that they lived in the public domain or had been given the rights to the land by Lucien Maxwell. Protests erupted and on October 27, 1870 miners burned down the company's office in Elizabethtown. Soldiers were sent into Elizabethtown to keep the peace and more than a decade of legal battles began concerning ownership of the land.

Attempts to evict the settlers on the grant, who the company called "squatters," were aided by members of the unsavory Santa Fe Ring of land speculators, several of whom occupied prominent positions in the New Mexican government. In 1875, in the Colfax County War, an anti-Maxwell company preacher named F.J. Tolby was murdered which initiated a series of murders related to the dispute between company and settlers. Many of the settlers either departed or were evicted, but in 1885 there were still 380 homesites, divided about equally between Anglos and Hispanics, in the grant area. The Jicarilla had been relocated by this time to a reservation west of the Maxwell grant land.  The Maxwell Company's attempts to evict the settlers living on grant lands got help from the Supreme Court of the United States which ruled in 1887 that the company was the legal owner of the 1.7 million acres in the grant.  Armed with the Supreme Court decision, the Maxwell company redoubled its efforts to evict settlers.

The Stonewall incident in 1888 was the most violent of many incidents in the dispute between the Maxwell Company and the settlers on grant lands. The company had sold  of grant land in Colorado to a group of investors including Colorado governor, Alva Adams. The investors intended to develop the land for tourism and sought the immediate eviction of the settlers. A large group of settlers, mostly Hispanics, gathered to protest and surrounded a hotel in Stonewall where the company's employees barricaded themselves. A gunfight ensued in which three of the protesters were shot and killed. In the aftermath several of the protesters were arrested and later convicted of inciting a riot.

Most Anglos were either evicted or made peace with the company by 1890, but resistance by Hispanics consisting of raids on company property to cut fences and burn barns peaked in 1891. The company managed to quell the resistance by signing leases with Hispanic settlers which gave the company 25 percent of their crops. The company's top priority was to obtain clear ownership of the land and the leases were in accord with the Hispanic custom in New Mexico of "partido." By signing leases, the settlers acknowledged the ownership of the company. The Maxwell company was also mindful of the "wars" in other parts of New Mexico in which Hispanics had successfully organized to win partial victories over land speculators and developers.

In 1894 the Supreme Court reaffirmed its 1887 decision erasing the last hopes of settlers for legal remedies to prevent their expulsion from the grant lands. By 1899 the Maxwell company had gained uncontested ownership of nearly all the land in the Maxwell grant.

Land sales

Dawson

In the late 1860s, Lucien Maxwell sold more than  of land to John Barkley Dawson for $3,700. The Maxwell Company later attempted to evict Dawson but his ownership of the land was confirmed by a court in 1901. Coal was discovered on the land in 1895 and in 1901 Dawson sold the land to C.B Eddy for $400,000. Eddy and associates created the Dawson Fuel Company and constructed a railroad to the site of the mines. In 1905 Eddy sold the mines and railroad to the Phelps Dodge Company.  The mining town of Dawson, New Mexico grew to have a population of 6,000 in 1913. In that same year an explosion killed 263 workers, most of whom were Hispanics and foreign-born Italians, Greeks, and others.  In 1923 another mine explosion killed 122 miners.
In 1950, the mines were closed and Dawson became a ghost town.

Chase Ranch
In 1867, Manly and Theresa Chase settled along Ponil Creek. They purchased  for $2.50 per acre from Lucien Maxwell. Manly became the manager and owner of several sheep ranches later established in the region.  The Chase family expanded the ranch to comprise 11,000 acres. The last descendant of the Chase family to own the ranch died in 2012. In 2013, the ranch signed a 50-year lease with the Philmont Scout Ranch giving Philmont the management of the ranch.

Vermejo Park and Valle Vidal

In 1902, William Bartlett, a wealthy grain operator from Chicago, bought  of the grant along the drainage of the Vermejo River. Under the agreement, he withheld part of the last payment until the Maxwell Land Grant Company evicted the last of the Hispanic "squatters" who had lived for many years along the Vermejo River. Bartlett's Vermejo Park portion of the grant passed through several owners during the twentieth century. In 1926, Vermejo Park became an exclusive fishing and hunting club whose guests included many wealthy businessmen and Hollywood celebrities. Pennzoil bought the Vermejo Park Ranch in 1973. In 1982, Pennzoil donated  of the ranch known as Valle Vidal to the US government. This area is managed by the US Forest Service. In 1992 media owner Ted Turner purchased the property from Pennzoil. He used much of the former cattle pasturage for bison, traditionally called buffalo in North America. He opened the Vermejo Park lodge to paying guests, mostly fishermen and hunters. Atlas Energy Group produces gas on the ranch. The Vermejo Park Ranch consists of , most of which was part of the Maxwell Land Grant.

Philmont

Beginning in 1922, Waite Phillips, an oilman from Tulsa, Oklahoma, assembled a block of land on the Maxwell Land Grant. Phillips bought over , and named his ranch Philmont. In two separate gifts in 1938 and 1941, Phillips donated  as a wilderness camping area for the Boy Scouts of America. In 1963, Norton Clapp, an officer of the National Council of the Boy Scouts of America, donated another piece of the Maxwell Land Grant to Philmont. This was the Baldy Mountain mining area consisting of .

Other parcels

Cimarron Canyon State Park extends along Cimarron Canyon from Eagle Nest Lake to Ute Park and along U.S. Route 64. The park is part of the Colin Neblett State Wildlife Area, which consists of  acres of former grant land. This area was purchased by the state of New Mexico in the early 1950s.

The Whittington Center, founded in 1973, is the largest shooting and hunting complex in the world. It is owned by the National Rifle Association and covers  of the Maxwell Land Grant.

Fishers Peak State Park in Colorado is  in area. The State Park was established in 2020 by the purchase of a privately-owned ranch by the state of Colorado. The Maxwell National Wildlife Refuge, , in New Mexico preserves habitat for waterfowl and other animals.

Supreme Court cases
Six cases involving the land grant went to the United States Supreme Court:

Maxwell Land-Grant Case, 121 U.S. 325 (1887)
Maxwell Land-Grant Case, 122 U.S. 365 (1887)
Interstate Land Co. v. Maxwell Land Grant Co., 139 U.S. 569 (1891)
Maxwell Land Grant Co. v. Dawson, 151 U.S. 586 (1894)
Russell v. Maxwell Land Grant Co., 158 U.S. 253 (1895)
Thompson v. Maxwell Land Grant & R. Co., 168 U.S. 451 (1897)

References

Further reading

History of Colfax County, New Mexico
History of Colorado
Colonial New Mexico
Las Animas County, Colorado
Philmont Scout Ranch
Land grants
Squatting in the United States
Geography of Las Animas County, Colorado
Geography of Colfax County, New Mexico


Door breaching is a process used by military, police, or emergency services to force open closed or locked doors. A wide range of methods are available depending on the door's opening direction (inward or outward), construction materials, etc., and one or more of these methods may be used in any given situation. In the United States, residential doors typically open inward while commercial building doors usually open outward. Some breaching methods require specialized equipment and can be categorized as one of the following: mechanical breaching, ballistic breaching, hydraulic breaching, explosive breaching, or thermal breaching.

Manual methods

The simplest solution is to check the door knob first. Utilizing a breaching tool is unnecessary if the door is unlocked and easy to open. If the door is locked, breachers can attempt to force inward-opening doors with a strong kick. The breacher will aim to hit the door near the locking mechanism, but not kick the doorknob itself as one can easily twist an ankle doing so. Other methods like shotgun breaching can be supplemented afterward with a kick to force the door in.

Methods of entry

Mechanical

Mechanical breaching can be used to defeat the latch, lock, hinges, or door itself and methods can vary from minimally destructive to very destructive. Lockpicking with traditional lock picks is a minimally destructive method but is relatively slow and requires a trained operator. Alternatively, a snap gun can be used to defeat the lock, which requires less skill and training. Tools can also be used to bypass the lock itself; for example, shims can be used to unlock padlocks by directly interacting with the bolts holding the padlock's shackle in place. For doors, a shove knife can be wedged into the door jamb and open the latch bolt without having to deal with the lock itself. Another option is to remove the cylinder lock from the door using instruments like an A-tool or K-tool; these methods also allow the door to be closed and re-locked afterward.

More dynamic methods use significantly more force to break the lock or door. Tools like the Halligan bar, pry bar, Denver tool, Kelly tool, claw tool, or "the pig", can be used to lever a door open. Other tools, like sledgehammers or battering rams (like the enforcer), concentrate a large amount of kinetic force on the door to defeat the locking mechanism. Padlocks and similar barriers can also be removed with bolt cutters. Doors can also be breached by cutting through the material of the door itself with a circular saw, though this is much slower. Although not strictly pertaining to door breaching, windows can also be breached to gain entry using a "break and rake" tool. This tool first "breaks" the window, then "rakes" aside pieces of broken glass as well as any window frame.

Hydraulic
Hydraulic breaching utilizes a hydraulic system to force the door open. These systems include hydraulic rescue tools (of the type used to extract people entrapped in vehicle wreckages) as well as specialized tools made specifically for door breaching. Hydraulic device may be powered manually, pneumatically, or electrically.

Ballistic

Ballistic breaching uses a projectile weapon to breach an opening. Weapons used can range from various small arms to a 120mm tank gun, which will easily breach most obstacles, though the force involved may violate the rules of engagement.

In practice, shotguns are usually used to destroy the latch and lock, or the hinges of the door. While in theory other firearms can be used, handguns are usually underpowered and rifles are less effective than the shotgun and pose a far higher risk of ricochet and collateral injury. Short pump-action shotguns are commonly used as they are less bulky and easier to maneuver. The shotgun can be used as a primary weapon by the breacher or be dedicated solely for breaching. If the latter, the shotgun can be holstered or slung in a harness when not in use. There are also breaching shotgun systems which can be mounted to a rifle to avoid the issue of managing two weapons. Examples include the KAC Masterkey, Ciener Ultimate Over/Under, M26 MASS, Metal Storm MAUL, and Crye Six12.

Most shotgun ammunition can be used for breaching, though the risk of injury varies with type.  Of the available shotgun ammunition, shotgun slugs pose the highest risk, as they will retain significant energy to cause lethal wounds well after they have penetrated the door. Buckshot is far safer and birdshot even more so, as the multiple small projectiles disperse quickly after penetration, reducing the chances of causing a lethal wound (though more shots may be required if using birdshot). The safest option is a frangible round such as the TESAR or Hatton round, which turns to dust upon penetrating the door and disperses completely upon exit, though, these rounds are also more expensive.

Breaching a door with the fewest shots possible is faster and reduces the chance of collateral damage. Attacking the latch and lock is easiest, as it requires fewer shots and is easiest to target, whereas attacking the hinges requires more shots, and the hinges may not be visible from the outside. According to US urban warfare doctrine, the breaching operation is performed with the muzzle in contact with the door, or as close as possible, and angled downwards at a 45 degree angle. This process provides the best chance of hitting the desired point, while minimizing risk to occupants of the room being breached. Muzzle attachments are available on some specialized breaching shotguns to facilitate this operation, by holding the barrel securely in place while providing a slight standoff to allow powder gases to escape. For a breach on the latch side, US doctrine calls for two shots to be fired at a point halfway between the lock or handle and the door frame to hit the lock's bolt, and then an attempt made to open the door. If the door cannot be opened, the process would need to be quickly repeated. A hinge-side breach calls for a total of three shots per hinge followed by an attempt to open the door.

Explosive

Explosive breaching can be the fastest method, though it is also the most dangerous, to both the breachers and the room occupants. Depending on the situation, explosive breaching is potentially slower than a ballistic breach due to the large standoff required (if there is no cover available). Breaching can be performed with a specially formed breaching charge placed in contact with the door, or with various standoff breaching devices, such as specialized rifle grenades like the SIMON breach grenade.

Explosive breaching usually breaches doors via one of several mechanisms: pushing the door inward (e.g. water charge), cutting through the door's material (e.g. linear shaped charge), defeating the lock or hinge, or general blast effects (i.e. explosives in contact with door). The explosive breaching charges used can range from highly focused methods, such as detcord, plastic explosives, or strip shaped charges that explosively cut through doors or latches, to large satchel charges, containing  of C-4, that can breach even reinforced concrete bunkers.

The explosive method of entry can be a safe and effective tool in the hands of qualified breachers. Whereas in the past, the rule of thumb was to use "P for plenty" if unsure whether adequate explosives were being applied, breachers today strive to use the least amount of explosive necessary to secure penetration into a target. Using the minimum amount of explosives necessary produces the least shockwave which reduces standoff distance for the team, potential injury to occupants, and damage to the general vicinity. This can be accomplished by calculating the net explosive weight (NEW) which is the equivalent weight of TNT that would be required to effect entry through various obstacles like reinforced concrete, plywood of various thicknesses, steel doors of various thicknesses, etc. The net explosive weights of commonly used explosives is recorded so breachers can refer to these values when calculating how much of a certain explosive would be needed to meet the necessary NEW.

The minimum standoff distance or minimum safe distance is the minimum distance from the explosive charge the breachers must be to avoid serious injury from overpressure. The minimum standoff distance is calculated based on the amount and type of explosive placed and is used to ensure that breachers do not experience greater than  of overpressure. Hearing damage can occur at  or greater, but this is negated by using hearing protection. Blast overpressure dissipates quickly in open air so it is ideal for creating standoff distance but it is not always available depending on tactical circumstances. Conversely, overpressure within structures is especially troublesome as sound reflects off walls and ceilings. Reduced minimum safe distance can be achieved by staying off axis from the explosive (including around a corner) or having a physical obstacle between the team and the explosive (like a wall or a blast blanket).

Minimum safe distance and effectiveness of explosives can be augmented by tamping. This entails laying materials over the explosive to help direct the blast toward the door or material that needs to be breached. Tamping can be done with sandbags, rubble, or even filled water containers. A water charge refers to an explosive breach charge that is tamped with water. Soldiers hit upon the idea to use saline-filled IV bags, which are commonly carried by medics, for such tamping and the practice spread to police organizations as well. While effective, these water charges are not without their downsides. Water is heavy and difficult to transport; it also makes the explosive charge heavier and more difficult to place. Special adhesives or a prop stick may be necessary to hold the charge in place. This adds complexity to the breach and the prop stick (if one is used) can become shrapnel. After detonation, the water will splash over the breach point and can present a slip hazard. Additionally, lower-than-freezing temperatures will render water unusable as a tamping agent. As a result, synthetic gel tamping agents have been developed as alternatives.

In addition to their tactical use, explosives have been used for search and rescue and other critical access situations.

Thermal

Thermal breaching is one of the least common techniques and also one of the slowest. It involves the use of a cutting torch to cut through metal doors. While man-portable cutting torch systems exist, they still weigh a significant amount. A lightweight single-use cutting torch has been developed which does not require the bulky, heavy oxygen cylinders typically employed by such systems, though, the torch has a limited use time and multiple torches may be required to complete a cut.

Examples of tools and operations

See also
 Ancillary weapon
 Hydraulic rescue tools
 Mouse-holing
 No-knock warrant
 Petard

References

External links

Firefighting
Law enforcement techniques
Military tactics


is a supernatural romance manga series by Ohmi Tomu that was serialized in the manga magazine Petit Comic since 2006, with the 34th and final chapter published in the May 2009 issue. The serial chapters were collected in seven shinshobon volumes by Shogakukan. Viz Media licensed the series and released the first volume on September 3, 2013.

Midnight Secretary follows the relationship between Kaya Satozuka, a private secretary, and her boss, Director Kyouhei Touma of the Touma Company, who is a vampire.

Plot
Considered to be the "perfect secretary" yet constantly criticized for her ultra-conservative dress style by her boss, Director Kyouhei Touma of the Touma Company, Kaya lives a normal life until she finds out that her employer is actually a vampire. Despite uncovering his identity, she dedicates herself to serving the Director to the best of her abilities. The early part of the story focuses on the trials and tribulations of Kaya's increasingly hectic workload, then shifts to the developing personal relationship between her and the Director.

Characters

Major
Kaya Satozuka
The main character of the story, Kaya starts her position as private secretary to the Director at the beginning of the manga. She dresses in a very sophisticated style when at work, citing her professionalism, yet does so mainly because of her insecurity about her child-like looks. Due to her plainness, she is initially rejected by the Director for the job, yet she proves to be an invaluable worker and succeeds in gaining his acknowledgment. Despite discovering that the Director is a vampire, Kaya remains loyal to him and does everything in her power to protect his health and secret. Over the course of the story, she starts developing feelings for the Director, and becomes torn between her responsibilities and personal life. Her blood is considered to be a special rarity, which is able to quench the Director's thirst with just a single drop. She eventually develops a sexual relationship with the director and leaves her official position as his secretary to work for a subsidiary company. Later on, she becomes the director's "midnight secretary", doing his office work at night in his mansion after she leaves her other job. She falls in love with the director, but is stubborn to the point where she insists it's only because she's his secretary that she risks so much for him. Kaya continues to be the perfect secretary, always trying to put business before her feelings, because she thinks that if she lets her "cowardice as a woman" get in the way of their relationship, she'll only trouble Kyouhei. Later she confesses to the director that if she were not a perfect secretary, then he would want nothing to do with her, and that scares her. After that, everything goes normally, and Kaya, thinking the director wants to break it off with her, decides to "...break the wall between vampires and humans..." and goes to Kyouhei not as a secretary or food, but as a woman. At a time where the climax of whether she was with a baby or not was being distributed among the vampire clan, Kaya was flooded with numerous engagement proposals and wedding interviews - due to Hiraoka claiming she, as a human was a hindrance to the pride-taking clan. Kyouhei eventually proposes to her casually so they can live together, offering her mother to live with them also. The two confront her mother with their engagement, and after some reluctance she accepts it and agrees to come live with them. Shortly after Kaya finds that she is unable to have Kyouhei touch her without breaking out in shivers and after attempting to feed from her, Kyouhei finds that her blood has turned to poison. After speaking with an ally in the vampire clan, they find the reason for this problem is that Kaya is pregnant, with a powerful vampire baby. (To 'protect' the mother the baby somehow makes her blood poisonous to vampires to discourage being fed upon and uncomfortable feelings at touching vampires.) After Kaya reaches an 'understanding' with the baby, Kyouhei is able to touch her, but has to restrain himself as he's under 'probation'. The vampire clan wants to kidnap Kaya as powerful vampires are rare, only another vampire could resist being controlled by the baby, and to have the child become part of the clan 'properly'. Thanks to some plans and hard work, (most of which he deliberately didn't tell Kaya what it was for to tease her) Kyouhei is able to get the clan to stop trying to kidnap her for the time being. At the end of the series, Kaya and Kyouhei are married in a small, private ceremony and await the birth of their child.

Kyouhei Touma
The Director of the Touma Company, Kyouhei is known for his capability and strictness in the business world, which is preceded by his reputation with women and his ability to charm them for his own pleasures. Soon after being appointed a new secretary, he is discovered to be a vampire after one of his "meals". Despite being a vampire, he states that they avoid killing humans and their bite doesn't turn a human into a vampire. He's very cold towards his family, seemingly not caring for their welfare or concern. However, he works behind the scenes to protect his family such as during negotiations for a merger with another company he used his resources to uncover evidence of wrongdoing by several individuals which would've badly harmed his family's company. The women whom he sleeps with are his "meals" whenever he needs blood to quench his thirst. Because of seeing them as a mere necessity, he shows no particular interest or love for any woman. However, this attitude becomes shaken with the introduction of Kaya in his life. He eventually becomes attached to her, despite his stated insistence that she is nothing more than food to him. At one point, he refuses to drink any other blood than Kaya's, and jumps into the midday sun to save her life. He is frustrated with his growing love for Kaya, and is even more frustrated at Kaya's constant distance, as she is often telling him that she does the things she does because of her position as a secretary and nothing more. He confesses to Kaya through a fit of anger and after she confesses her fear of him leaving her, that even if she were not food nor his secretary that he'd, "continue to torment you. Because I want you!" After he admits to himself he may love her, Kaya comes one night and he openly admits to her that he loves her. After Kyouhei is banished from the clan, (he refused to give up Kaya despite the vampire clan reminding him that she wasn't worthy enough by their standards) he proposes to Kaya so that they can live together without her mother worrying. Although she finds out he's a vampire thanks to a dirty trick from the vampire clan, she reluctantly agrees to them seeing each other. Despite the fact that Kaya is now pregnant with a powerful vampire baby, which is preventing him from feeding on her blood, Kyouhei marries her and now waits for his child to be born.

Masaki Touma
Manager and previous boss of Kaya, Masaki is Kyouhei's older brother. Despite being related by blood, he isn't a vampire. Characterized by his sincere and caring nature for the company's employees, and the welfare of his brother, he is looked up to and admired by Kaya, whom he feels obligated to protect.

Minor
 Shuuichirou Touma
 President of the Touma Company and human father of Kyouhei and Masaki.

Matsushita
Personal driver for Director Kyouhei Touma, he is responsible for taking home the various women the Director has for "meals". Though knowing his employer is a vampire he remains dedicated to his job.

Yoshifumi Takasu
President of Erde and everything Kyouhei isn't. He is a kind man who at first rejected Kaya to work for Erde because he believed they had no use for secretaries. However he came to acknowledge her and became attracted to her as well and even proposed to her before she left Erde to work for Kyohei at LVC Company. When considering the proposal, Kaya concluded that while Takasu would be a "kind, reliable husband" and their home would be "warm and full of sunlight", her eyes would "always wander towards the shadows this brightness would cast, and in those shadows she'd always see that man [Kyouhei]." He lives with his cat and has a large collection of eye-glasses.

Marika
 The second female vampire character, she is very much like Kyohei only more playful. She is his childhood friend and continues to support him as best as she knows throughout the story. She dislikes Kaya to a certain extent and she also doesn't approve of her father because he isn't a wealthy or powerful human. She eventually falls in love with a human (who knows she's a vampire) like Kyohei, except he serves as her butler rather than secretary and like Kaya has hidden strengths.

Yasuko Touma
 She is Kyohei Touma's mother, a vampire. Her ties with the vampire clan were severed when she fell in love with Kyohei and Masaki's father, and she blames herself that Kyohei is a vampire and Kaya explains it, doesn't realize that when she says that it is offensive to Kyohei.

Hiraoka
 A human follower of the vampire clan. He saves Kaya several times throughout the manga. His loyalty to the clan is great. He follows the rules of the leader of the clan precisely. Hiraoka has tried to separate Kaya from Kyouhei by bombarding Kaya with numerous engagement proposals and wedding interviews within few days, explaining plainly that she was of no value to the vampire clan, and that the least she could do as a human was to hide their scandal. When Kaya's blood is undrinkable he informs Kyouhei and her that it might be because she is pregnant with a vampire child with great powers.

Development
Midnight Secretary is the third series by author and artist Ohmi Tomu that has a theme centered around vampires. The basic romantic storyline along with the vampiric theme was borrowed from her original debut manga Kindan no Koi wo Shiyou. Several backstory concepts - such as vampires only being able to bear children with humans and the resulting offspring being completely one or the other - was also taken from her earlier works. Tomu stayed away from traditional folklore about vampires and instead portrayed them as upper-class with widespread societal influence. Although common associations with vampires were avoided or altered, bats were still used as a motif but not employed in the actual storyline. Though not intended by the author, the series resulted into becoming a sort of cinderella complex caused by the building mental and emotional conflict between the main characters.

When drawing the main character Kaya Satozuka, author Ohmi Tomu used actress Hiromi Nagasaku and her own sister-in-law as references for Kaya's appearance. She also used her sister-in-law as a basic model for Kaya's personality because of her firm and resolute nature. Kaya's undergarments were given a certain degree of attention because of Tomu's penchant for lace underwear. The amount of exposure was increased in later chapters as the story progressed.

For Kyouhei Touma, she was careful to note various details of his appearance depending on the setting of the scene. In particular, his hair was the most difficult to draw.

Manga
Midnight Secretary is written and illustrated by Ohmi Tomu. It was serialized by Shogakukan in the josei (aimed at younger adult women) manga magazine Petit Comic from 2006 to May 2009. Serial chapters were collected in seven shinsōban volumes under the Flower Comics imprint.

Volume one was Tomu's sixteenth published volume.

Reception
Volume 5 reached #8 on the Oricon/Tohan manga sales chart for 11–17 November 2008, and volume 6 reached #18.

The Romance novel review site Smart Bitches, Trashy Books called the series addictive, describing it as "like Harlequin: Presents crossed with manga and vampire romance." Rebecca Silverman, of Anime News Network, gave volume 1 an overall grade of B+.

References

External links

Midnight Secretary at Viz Media

Josei manga
2006 manga
Romance anime and manga
Shogakukan manga
Supernatural anime and manga
Vampires in anime and manga
Viz Media manga


The Henry Wilson Shoe Shop is an historic "ten footer" building located at 181 West Central Street, Route 135 in Natick, Massachusetts, USA. Built in the 1850s, it was the shoe shop of Henry Wilson, a Senator from Massachusetts and the eighteenth Vice President of the United States. On July 24, 2000, it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

A ten footer is a small backyard shop structure that was built in the 18th and 19th centuries in New England to serve as a shoemaker's shop. The name came from the fact that the floor dimensions were usually about . The ten footers were forerunners of the large shoe factories that developed in New England later in the 19th century.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, Massachusetts

Notes

Sources
 Hunter, Ethel A., The Ten-Footers of New England in Parks, Roger, editor, The New England Galaxy: The best of 20 years from Old Sturbridge Village, Chester Connecticut: Globe Pequot Press, 1980, pp. 134–139,

External links

 Boston Marathon mile 8.5
 Natick Walking Tour listing
 Natick Historical Society page
 Library of Congress Historic American Buildings resources

Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Natick, Massachusetts
Shoemakers
Retail buildings in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Commercial buildings completed in the 19th century
1850s establishments in Massachusetts


Highway 46 is a short highway in central Israel. The road, just 4 km long, was created in order to bypass the portion of Highway 40 that crosses the aviation industrial zone near Ben Gurion International Airport, a section of road that suffers from heavy traffic.

Junctions & Interchanges (South to North)

References

See also
List of highways in Israel

Roads in Israel


Emilie Zumsteeg (9 December 1796 – 1 August 1857) was a German choral conductor, singer, composer, and pianist.

Biography
Zumsteeg was born Stuttgart where she lived for her whole life. She was one of seven children of the composer Johann Rudolf Zumsteeg and his wife Luise Andreä (1760–1837). Her father died when Emilie was just six years old. Her mother then ran a music store, which furthered her daughter's musical interest.

As a child, Zumsteeg took piano lessons with Gottlob Schick (1776–1812) and studied music theory with . She showed a facility at sight-reading. Gifted with a fine alto voice, she soon began singing and performing on the piano at the Stuttgart Museumskonzerte. As an adult she cultivated a circle of talented musicians and leading poets. The literary ties reflected her interest in the lied, which formed the basis of her composition.

In 1830, Zumsteeg founded the first women's choir in Württemberg. As a teacher of voice and piano, she made a living through music lessons and also as a leading member of the Verein für Klassische Kirchenmusik.

She died in Stuttgart at age 60.

Compositions
Her compositions include about sixty songs, an overture, piano compositions, and three polonaises. She wrote several piano works, such as the early Trois Polonaises published in 1821 and favorably reviewed in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung; and  sacred choral music. She was perhaps best known for her songs, which became popular in her homeland and beyond. One song in particular was later used by the Russian Baptist leader Ivan Prokhanov, and became widely known as the "Prisoners' Song". In 1842, she gained national press coverage for her composition Lieder, Op. 6, which received a brief but laudatory notice in the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung

Zumsteeg's work was considered very innovative and creative for her time. The quality of her voice was reflected in the adventurousness of her compositions, sometimes requiring a larger vocal range than usual. An earlier collection of her work, Sechs Lieder, Op. 4, includes mainly simple, strophic songs, but occasionally reveals an Italianate flair, as in the second song, Morgenständchen. Zumsteeg's originality further surfaces in Neun Lieder for example, the hint of fantasy in Ich denke Dein and the chamber-like setting of Des Freundes Wunsch. Two of her lieder appear in the series Frauen komponieren

Her work has since been closely examined, praised for its creative liberties, and has been considered as possible influence for other leading composers such as Franz Schubert. "Her "Sehnsucht der Liebe", Op. 6 No. 4 for mezzo-soprano or contralto is considered a lovely song within modest boundaries well worthy of revival. The song is split into adagio first half and allegro vivace second half, demonstrating the coexistence of nocturnal peace and wakeful human passion. "The music she devised for this strophic song was clearly conceived with the first two verses in mind, as the details of word-painting and melodic design correspond exactly to those words and less aptly to the succeeding stanza." In the refrain she used "heartbeat" chordal figuration, and the simplicity is known to be particularly effective in the two-against-three rhythmic patterns of the preceding phrase."

A full evaluation of compositions must await further research into her life and the republication of more of her music.

References

1796 births
1857 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century classical pianists
19th-century German composers
19th-century women composers
German choral conductors
German classical pianists
German women classical composers
German Romantic composers
German women pianists
Musicians from Stuttgart
Women classical pianists
19th-century women pianists


The HSBC Women's World Championship is a women's professional golf tournament on the LPGA Tour first held in 2008. It was played on the Garden Course of the Tanah Merah Country Club in eastern Singapore, adjacent to Singapore Changi Airport from 2008 to 2012. It is now played at the Sentosa Golf Club in Sentosa (Serapong Course from 2013 to 2016, Tanjong Course since 2017).

In 2008 and 2009, entrance in the tournament was open to 78 of the world's top golfers, based on world rankings, recent tour wins, and other criteria. The total purse in the first two years was US$2 million, with the winner's share at $300,000.  In 2010, the field was reduced to 63 players and the purse reduced to $1.3 million. The purse increased to $1.4 million in 2011.

The purse will increase from the $1.6 million in 2021, to $1.7 million in 2022.

As a limited field tournament, there is no cut and all players in the field play all four rounds.

Hong Kong-based financial services company HSBC is the title sponsor of the tournament. HSBC also sponsors several events like the WGC-HSBC Champions, Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship and the former HSBC Women's World Match Play Championship and HSBC Brazil Cup.

2014 course layout
Sentosa Golf Club: Serapong Course

Winners

Tournament record

References

External links

Coverage on the LPGA Tour's official site
Sentosa Golf Club - official site

LPGA Tour events
Golf tournaments in Singapore
Women's Champions
Recurring sporting events established in 2008
2008 establishments in Singapore