Gaius Hostilius Mancinus ( 140–135 BC) was a politician and general of the Roman Republic. He is mostly known for his defeat against the Numantines as consul in 137 BC and the humiliating treaty he signed afterwards in order to save his army.

Mancinus was born no later than 179 BC as a member of the plebeian . He was elected as praetor around 140 BC, in which capacity he presided over a senatorial vote on a dispute between Narthakion and Melitaia, two cities in Thessaly allied to Rome. In 137 BC, he was elected consul and sent to command Roman forces in the Numantine War against the settlement of Numantia in Hispania. Following a series of defeats, he concluded a peace treaty with the Numantines, which preserved Numantia's independence and surrendered the Roman army's weapons and baggage to the Numantines.

In Rome, many senators were outraged by the treaty, notably Scipio Aemilianus, one of the most influential politicians of the period. During the ensuing debate, both the supporters and the critics of the treaty produced coinage and promulgated contradictory historical precedents as propaganda. The affair marked the beginning of Tiberius Gracchus' political career; he led the negotiations with the Numantines as a member of Mancinus' staff and supported the treaty in the senate. However, the senate ultimately rejected the treaty and, to avoid breaking Mancinus' religious oaths, surrendered him in chains to the Numantines. Mancinus won approval in Rome by making a speech before the senate in which he accepted his fate and affirmed his commitment to the oaths he had sworn.

However, as the Numantines refused to take him, Mancinus again returned to Rome, but was declared to have forfeited his citizenship and so to be ineligible to resume his place in the senate. Thanks to his courageous behaviour during the affair, he recovered some popularity and was able to have legislation passed restoring his citizenship. He was later successful in securing a second praetorship, restoring him to the senate.

Family background

Mancinus belonged to the plebeian gens Hostilia, which emerged in the late 3rd century. Its first consul was Mancinus' father, Aulus Hostilius Mancinus in 170. In 145, Aulus' nephew and Mancinus' cousin, Lucius Hostilius Mancinus, was consul. Lucius claimed to have been the first Roman soldier to break through the walls of Carthage during the Third Punic War, and based his electoral campaign on his military achievements, earning him and his family the enmity of Scipio Aemilianus, a leading politician in the period who had received a triumph as the  in command of the victorious armies. Lucius Mancinus also had an elder brother named Aulus, who was possibly aedile in 151.

Career

Praetorship ( 140 BC)
By 140, Mancinus was elected praetor; the office required a minimum age of thirty-nine, placing his birth no later than 179. He was probably the urban praetor (), because he presided over the senate during the vote on the , which arbitrated a border dispute between Narthakion and Melitaia, two Thessalian cities allied with Rome. Indeed, the urban praetor often acted as the head of state when the consuls were absent (because they served in the province), notably by presiding over the senate. In the second century, when dealing with allies' territories, the senate usually returned to the situation at the date of the initial treaty with Rome, but in this affair, the border dispute had arisen after Melitaia's alliance with Rome, but before Narkathion's, so both had a valid claim. The senate therefore chose to revert to the situation at the time of Titus Quinctius Flamininus, who as proconsul had established the Thessalian League in 195, and sided with Narthakion.

Consulship and the Numantine affair (137–136 BC)

Mancinus was elected consul for 137 with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Porcina as his colleague. Political life of the period was largely impacted by the difficult Numantine War in Hispania. In order to reduce competition for military commands in Hispania, the senate adopted a system of pairing a consul with a proconsul (who was consul the previous year) in the two provinces of the region (which were normally awarded to praetors). Decimus Junius Brutus, consul in 138, was therefore given Hispania Ulterior, while Mancinus received Hispania Citerior.

During the campaign against Numantia, Mancinus suffered several defeats until he was trapped and surrounded by 4,000 Numantine soldiers, although his army was five times as numerous. The place was possibly the village of Renieblas, where the consul Quintus Fulvius Nobilior had been also trapped in 153. Mancinus felt that he had no other choice but to negotiate with the Numantines, and ordered his quaestor (a junior financial magistrate), Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus to deal with them. Tiberius' father had also fought the Numantines some decades earlier and left a favourable impression on them. Tiberius negotiated a peace by which the 20,000 Roman soldiers would be spared and the boundaries of Roman territory preserved, in exchange for the army's weapons and baggage. A few years earlier, in 140, the proconsul Quintus Pompeius had also negotiated a treaty with the Numantines, but it was repudiated by the senate. This time, the Numantines demanded that Mancinus and his staff swear religious oaths to uphold the treaty.

However, in Rome it was felt that the only acceptable outcome of the war would be a capitulation (). When news of the treaty reached the senate in Rome, it consequently caused a "massive political storm". Mancinus was immediately stripped of his command and recalled; the other consul Lepidus Porcina replaced him. A Numantine delegation was nevertheless allowed to come to Rome, because Mancinus' treaty was still formally in place. The senate then likely delayed any discussion of the matter until Mancinus' consulship elapsed. The new consuls for 136 were supporters of Scipio Aemilianus, Mancinus' enemy. Mancinus and his officers, especially Tiberius Gracchus, defended themselves and the treaty they had reached on two grounds: that the troops with which he had to fight were lazy and undertrained due to his predecessor's incompetence – itself evidenced by his predecessor too had lost battles against the same foe – and that the war had been renewed in violation of Pompeius' treaty and therefore was inauspicious. These defences were generally consistent with aristocratic thinking about the aetiology of military defeat, which tended to place blame on the soldiers and poor relations with the gods rather than the actions of senatorial commanders.

A rare contemporary source of the event is a denarius (a silver coin) minted by the  Tiberius Veturius Gracchus in 137. This coin set a milestone in Roman coinage as it broke from the traditional civic symbols of the Republic and featured instead personal and political imageries. The reverse shows a scene of oath, with a Roman pictured on the right, a non-Roman on the left; they are both depicting touching their sword on a pig about to be sacrificed by a third character kneeling. The scene likely depicts aftermath of the disaster of the Caudine Forks in 321, during which a Roman army was trapped by the Samnites and forced to negotiate an unfavourable peace. The army was led by Titus Veturius Calvinus, a distant ancestor of the moneyer, who was also a cousin of Tiberius Gracchus (Mancinus' quaestor). At this time, the scene can have only been a reference to Mancinus' treaty, by insisting on  (Rome's good faith or reliability) and respecting the oaths. It seems that two versions of the Caudine Forks story circulated at the time: one in which the Romans kept their oath, while the other told how the Romans broke the treaty and defeated the Samnites the following year. The latter story is fictitious and partially built on the development of Mancinus' case. The version supporting Mancinus was nevertheless abandoned and only the invented version survived in subsequent Roman historiography, such as in Livy's Ab Urbe Condita written a century later.

Another moneyer in 137, Sextus Pompeius, minted a denarius with a reverse showing she-wolf suckling the twins Romulus and Remus. This scene has been interpreted by numismatist Michael Crawford as reflecting the imperial claims of Rome, therefore opposing Mancinus' treaty with the Numantines. Crawford also suggests that this Sextus Pompeius might have been related to the consul of 141, who spoke against Mancinus' treaty.

The main difficulty for the senate in repudiating Mancinus' treaty was the religious oath he and his staff swore on behalf of the Roman people, as breaking it would have damaged the relationship between the Roman people and their gods, known as the . The senate commissioned the consul Lucius Furius Philus to find a solution. Philus was a good friend of Scipio Aemilianus and member of the Scipionic Circle around him. Scipio and another friend Laelius were moreover members of Philus' consilium (advisory council). Philus' solution was to consider that the person who made the illegal treaty had to be repudiated and returned to the other party, probably by misrepresenting the Caudine Forks story as precedent. Philus drafted three bills to put before one of the citizens' assemblies. The first proposed sending Mancinus to the Numantines as a prisoner, the second proposed the same for Mancinus' staff (including Tiberius Gracchus), and the third for Pompeius, the former consul of 141 and Scipio's bitter enemy. These proposals were approved by the senate for ratification by the assembly. After the senate voted to surrender him, Mancinus accepted his fate and even supported his own punishment, speaking to that effect before the assembly, as it was the only way for him to respect his oath. Voters nevertheless rejected the bills exiling Tiberius Gracchus and Pompeius, thanks to the two men's popularity. By separating Mancinus from his staff, it seems that Scipio wanted to spare his brother-in-law Tiberius Gracchus. The consul Philus then went to Spain accompanied by the fetial priests, who supervised the surrender of Mancinus to the Numantines, according to an archaic ritual. Mancinus was placed naked and bound in chains before the gates of Numantia, where he remained until nightfall, but the Numantines refused to take him, and he was brought back to Rome.

The classicist Alan Astin considers that Scipio Aemilianus was the main instigator and victor of the sequence against Mancinus.

From demotion to rehabilitation (after 135 BC)
After the whole incident, Mancinus returned to Rome and again took up his seat in the senate. It seems he was confirmed by the censors who wrote the list of senators () in 136. These censors were indeed sympathetic to Mancinus: Appius Claudius Pulcher was the father-in-law of Tiberius Gracchus; his censorial colleague, Quintus Fulvius Nobilior, had similarly been defeated by the Numantines in 153. However, Publius Rutilius, a tribune of the plebs, contested the , and argued that Mancinus had lost his citizenship after his ritual surrender. A trial took place, and the jury adopted Rutilius' opinion; the distinguished jurist and praetor that year Publius Mucius Scaevola spoke against Mancinus at this occasion. Rutilius' motivation was possibly to settle a score against Pulcher and Tiberius Gracchus, whose fathers as censors had removed his uncle from his equestrian status in the lectio of 169.

After his demotion, Mancinus started a campaign to recover his citizenship, as well as his social position and honour. Like his cousin Lucius, who had made a painting of the siege of Carthage to glorify his role during the war, Mancinus used visual arts for his bid, and commissioned a statue that represented him with the appearance he had when surrendered to the Numantines, naked and in chains. This statue is mentioned by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History (written in the 1st century AD). It is the earliest known statue depicting a Roman citizen in the nude; portraits of the time generally showed men in a toga or military uniform. Mancinus' story of his voluntary sacrifice to keep his oath and preserve the diplomatic reputation of Rome brought him admiration among citizens. Cicero and Plutarch later mentioned him favourably. Perhaps soon after 135, a bill was carried in the assembly granting him citizenship anew. Mancinus did not stop there and sought to regain his place in the senatorial order by resuming his political career. He was successful in being elected to a second praetorship, which guaranteed him a place in the senate at the next . Second praetorships were rare during the Republic and may have been a way of rehabilitating disgraced politicians.

References

Ancient sources

Modern sources

Bibliography

Ancient sources

 Appian, Roman History.
 Cicero, De re publica, De Oratore, Epistulae ad Atticum.
 The Digest.
 Pliny the Elder, Natural history.
 Plutarch, Parallel Lives (Life of Tiberius Gracchus on Wikisource).
 Velleius Paterculus, Historiae Romanae.

Modern sources

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
2nd-century BC Roman consuls
Mancinus, Gaius


Bình Giang is a rural district (huyện) of Hải Dương province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 106,689. The district covers an area of 105 km2. The district capital lies at Kẻ Sặt.

References

Districts of Hải Dương province


Cẩm Giàng is a rural district (huyện) of Hải Dương province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 121,298. The district covers an area of 109 km². The district capital lies at Lai Cách town.

References

Districts of Hải Dương province


Chí Linh is a city in Hải Dương Province, in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. In 2010, Chí Linh District was upgraded to a district-level town and in 2019, Chí Linh town became the second provincial city of Hải Dương Province. Chí Linh is a district in which six rivers converge, with features such as hills, mountains, and forests. The capital of the city is Sao Đỏ (Red Star).

There are many temples and pagodas in Chí Linh, with many of them concerning Vietnam's National Heroes, including Trần Hưng Đạo, Nguyễn Trãi and Chu Văn An. Côn Sơn and Kiếp Bạc pagodas are famous all over Vietnam.

One of the best golf courses in North Vietnam, Star Golf, was opened in Sao Đỏ in 2003.

Phả Lại, the biggest thermal power plant in North Vietnam is located in this city.

As of 2019, the city had a population of 220,421. The city covers an area of 282.91 km². The city capital lies at Sao Đỏ ward.

History

Chi Linh city was initially called Bang Chau or Bang Ha and Phuong Son. Since 15th century, this area has been called as Chi Linh.

Climate

Transportation

Transport and transportation in Chi Linh are diverse. Visitors can travel to Chi Linh by bus, taxi, train, or private car from Ha Noi capital.

References

Districts of Hải Dương province
Cities in Vietnam


Gia Lộc is a rural district of Hải Dương province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 151,177. The district covers an area of 122 km². The district capital lies at Gia Lộc.

References

Districts of Hải Dương province


Kim Thành is a rural district of Hải Dương province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 125,633. The district covers an area of . The district capital lies at Phú Thái.

References

Districts of Hải Dương province


Kinh Môn is a town of Hải Dương Province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 164,956. The district covers an area of 163 km². The district capital lies at An Lưu.

References

Districts of Hải Dương province
County-level towns in Vietnam


Nam Sách is a rural district of Hải Dương province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 139,184. The district covers an area of 133 km2. The district capital lies at Nam Sách.

History
The area Nam Sách (南策) is the source of many pottery artifacts. In 1592, when what is today Hải Dương province was under Mạc dynasty control, Nam Sách along with Kim Thành, Thanh Hà, and Kinh Môn districts were the target of attack by 300 fighting boats of the Lê dynasty.

Notable people
Pháp Loa, disciple of Trần Nhân Tông
:vi:Phạm Tuấn Tài (1905-1937) a teacher and revolutionary

References

Districts of Hải Dương province


Ninh Giang () is a district (huyện) of Hải Dương province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam.

As of 2003 the district had a population of 148,120. The district covers an area of . The district capital lies at Ninh Giang.

References

Districts of Hải Dương province


Thanh Hà is a rural district of Hải Dương province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam.

Demographics
As of 2003 the district had a population of 162,166, up from 161,517 in 2002. The district covers an area of 159 km². The district capital lies at Thanh Hà.

In 2002, the number of people who were economically active accounted to 88,082 people. Agriculture, industry and construction accounted for 84%, 9% and 7% of the workforce respectively.

Geography and climate
Thanh Hà district is located in the southeast of Hải Dương. It borders Nam Sách district to the north, Kim Thành district to the east, Haiphong city to the south, and Hải Dương city to the west.

The district consists of one town, Thanh Hà (also the district capital), and 19 communes: An Phượng, Cẩm Chế, Hồng Lạc, Liên Mạc, Tân An, Tân Việt, Thanh An, Thanh Cường, Thanh Hải, Thanh Hồng, Thanh Khê, Thanh Lang, Thanh Quang, Thanh Sơn, Thanh Thủy, Thanh Xá, Thanh Xuân, Việt Hồng and Vĩnh Lập.

The terrain of the district contains the characteristic topographical alluvium of the Thái Bình River. On average it is  above sea level.

The climate in Thanh Hà is typically tropical monsoon, with sufficient conditions to develop a thriving agriculture. Thanh Hà district has many large rivers and is surrounded by them, so there is plentiful water to serve both agricultural and residential activities. The land in Thanh Hà is shaped by its many rivers, and fruit trees are very common. The total natural area is 15,892 ha, of which agricultural land occupies 11,278 ha, some 71%. In agricultural land, 57% of the land area is fruit trees.

Infrastructure

Electricity
The district has 3 sources of power from 3 district stations at 110 kV. The district has 64 transformer stations with 6 machine transformers, with a total capacity of 20,740 kVA. 99% of households have electricity.

Water
More than 85% of farmers in the district use water for sanitation, although many households are not using water for sanitation. There are some in Thanh Hà town, and some in Hồng Lạc, Việt Hồng and Thanh An communes.

Transportation
The district has 23.6 km of provincial roads, of which district roads comprise 70%, 441 km of multi-level roads, 89 km of concrete roads and 42 km of brick roads. Thanh Hà and its many rivers produce favorable conditions for the development of waterway traffic.

Telecommunications
Presently the district has 3,482 telephones.

Tourism
The district has 83 historic temples, pagodas and temples, of which 12 are state ranked.

Historical figures
 During the feudal era, Thanh Hà had 29 doctoral confucianists.
 Hoàng Thị Hồng was a concubine of King Lý Anh Tông.
 Nguyễn Hữu Cầu, who was the leader of a peasant uprising in the mid-18th century.

Specialties

Some specialties include lychee, sapodilla and guava, which are famous in Vietnam.

References

Districts of Hải Dương province


Thanh Miện is a rural district of Hải Dương province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 131,552. The district covers an area of 122 km2. The district capital lies at Thanh Miện.

References

Districts of Hải Dương province


Tu Ky () is a district (huyện) of Hải Dương province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam.

As of 2003 the district had a population of 167,664. The district covers an area of . The district capital lies at Tứ Kỳ.

References

Districts of Hải Dương province


Olha is a Ukrainian feminine given name related to Olga. Bearers include:

 Olha Basanska (born 1992), Ukrainian footballer
 Olha Basarab (1889–1924), Ukrainian political activist and alleged spy
 Olha Bibik (born 1990), Ukrainian sprinter
 Olha Bohomolets (born 1966), Ukrainian physician, singer and songwriter
 Olha Bura (1986–2014), Ukrainian activist
 Olha Franko (1896–1987), Ukrainian cookbook author
 Olha Freimut (born 1982), Ukrainian TV presenter, journalist, writer and model
 Olha Kobylianska (1863–1942), Ukrainian writer and feminist
 Olha Kosach (1849–1930), pen name Olena Pchilka, Ukrainian publisher, writer, ethnographer, interpreter and civil activist
 Olha Lyakhova (born 1992), Ukrainian middle-distance runner
 Olha Ovdiychuk (born 1993), Ukrainian footballer
 Olha Rozshchupkina (born 1984), Ukrainian former artistic gymnast
 Olha Saladukha (born 1983), Ukrainian former triple jumper
 Olha Skrypak (born 1990), Ukrainian long-distance runner
 Olha Stefanishyna (born 1985), Ukrainian lawyer and civil servant
 Olha Sumska (born 1966), Ukrainian actress
 Olha Zubaryeva (born 1958), Ukrainian handball player

See also
 Olja, a given name and nickname

Ukrainian feminine given names
Feminine given names


The Swagman Restaurant was a restaurant in Ferntree Gully, Melbourne, Australia, which opened in 1972 and burnt down in 1991. The restaurant was famous in Melbourne for its long-running television commercials, cabaret shows, and smorgasbord.

The Swagman was located on Burwood Highway, Ferntree Gully. It was owned by Bastiaan (Basil) and Ina De Jong. An unusually large establishment, The Swagman eventually had a capacity of 1,200 seats and covered 20,000 square metres, and was noted for attracting buses of tourists from rural and international locations, especially Japan.

Entertainment
The floor shows, featuring dancers, singers, and other acts, were quite unique in Melbourne at that time. The shows changed every three months. Choreographers included Peggy Rush, Coral Deague, Jan Rogers, and Jodie Greenwood. Greenwood was a dancer and performer at the Swagman for 14 years, and was the choreographer from 1979 until 1991, when the restaurant burnt down. She featured in all the television commercials for the restaurant, which played on late-night commercial television for many years. Performers who played at the venue included Frank Amorosi (father of Vanessa Amorosi), David Gould, Dean Lotherington, Sean Martin Hingston, Debbie Reynolds, Robert Goulet, the Mills Brothers, Dr. Hook, Pilita Corrales, and the Village People. Paul Sheean  at age 16 was the youngest singer to perform full-time in the cabaret floorshow.

Fire
The Swagman burnt down at around 4:30am on 27 May 1991. The fire was front-page news in Melbourne. The insurance firm Royal Insurance alleged arson and refused to pay the $7 million claim made by the owners of the restaurant, who then sued for the amount. The case was confidentially settled in October 1992. After the settlement, however, the owners were sued by the ANZ Bank, who also alleged arson. The restaurant was not rebuilt after the fire. The owners sold the property, on which the Stylus nightclub was then built. The new owners hired Basil De Jong to manage the nightclub.

See also

List of restaurant in Australia

References

External links
Photo of the Swagman after the fire, September 1992, State Library of Victoria, accessed 23 March 2015
Photo of choreographer Coral Deague.

Restaurants in Melbourne
Defunct restaurants in Australia
Restaurants established in 1972
1991 disestablishments in Australia
1990s fires in Oceania
1991 disasters in Oceania
1991 fires
Buffet restaurants
1972 establishments in Australia
Restaurants disestablished in 1991


Châu Thành is a rural district (huyện) of Hậu Giang province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam.

Divisions
The district is divided into 2 towns, Ngã Sáu and Mái Dầm, and 6 communes: Đông Phú, Đông Phước, Đông Phước A, Đông Thạnh, Phú Hữu and Phú Tân.

Districts of Hậu Giang province


Châu Thành A is a rural district (huyện) of Hậu Giang province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. In the wake of Government Decree 64/2000/ND-CP on November 6, 2000, Châu Thành A district, formerly of Cần Thơ, was reestablished by removing 22.139 km2 of land and 163,357 people from Châu Thành. At the time, Châu Thành A had eight administrative units, being Tân Thuận, Thạnh Xuân, Tân Hoà, Trường Long, Nhơn Ái, Nhơn Nghĩa, Trường Long Tây and Tân Phú Thạnh.

By Government Decree No. 05/2004/ND-CP dated January 2, 2004, Châu Thành A district acquired 5.31 km2 and 6,339 people from neighbouring Tân Phú Thạnh district to form the newly created Cái Răng, Nhơn Ái, Nhơn Nghĩa and Trường Long communes.

Divisions
The district is divided into 8 communes:

Tân Thuận, Thạnh Xuân, Tân Hoà, Trường Long, Nhơn Ái, Nhơn Nghĩa, Trường Long Tây and Tân Phú Thạnh.

Districts of Hậu Giang province


Long Mỹ is a rural district of Hậu Giang province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2019 the district had a population of 84,089. The district covers an area of 259.92 km2. The district capital lies at Vĩnh Viễn town.

On May 14, 2015, the townships of Long Mỹ, Trà Lồng and the communes of Long Bình, Long Phú, Long Trị, Long Trị A and Tân Phú were separated from the district to form the new district-level town of Long Mỹ.

Divisions
The district is divided into 1 township and 7 rural communes, including:

Vĩnh Viễn township
Vĩnh Viễn A
Xà Phiên
Lương Tâm
Lương Nghĩa
Vĩnh Thuận Đông
Thuận Hòa
Thuận Hưng

References

Districts of Hậu Giang province


Phụng Hiệp is a rural district (huyện) of Hậu Giang province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. The district is split into 3 commune-level towns Cây Dương (capital), Búng Tàu and Kinh Cùng, and 12 rural communes: Bình Thành, Hiệp Hưng, Hòa An, Hòa Mỹ, Long Thạnh, Phụng Hiệp, Phương Bình, Phương Phú, Tân Bình, Tân Long, Tân Phước Hưng, Thạnh Hòa.

Districts of Hậu Giang province


Vị Thủy is a rural district of Hậu Giang province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam.

Districts of Hậu Giang province


Ngã Bảy is a city of Hậu Giang Province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. With a population of 101,192 (2017), it is the biggest city of Hau Giang, surpassing the capital Vi Thanh. It was originally part of Phụng Hiệp District. In 2005, it was split from Phụng Hiệp and was originally named Tân Hiệp, but was met with objections from locals. In late 2006, it was renamed Ngã Bảy, after a popular market in the district. It has a population of 61,024 and an area of 78.9493 km2 (2005). It is administratively subdivided into 4 phường (urban wards) (Hiệp Lợi, Hiệp Thành, Lái Hiếu and Ngã Bảy) and 2 xã (rural communes) (Đại Thành and Tân Thành).

"Ngã Bảy" means "The Seven-way Intersection" in Vietnamese. Ngã Bảy city is the meeting place of seven canals (Cái Côn, Quản Lộ - Phụng Hiệp, Lái Hiếu, Mang Cá, Mương Lộ, Xẻo Dong, Xẻo Môn) and is also an important waterway traffic hub in the Mekong Delta.

Ngã Bảy is 30 km from Cần Thơ, 30 km from the city of Sóc Trăng and 40 km from the provincial capital Vị Thanh.

Ngã Bảy borders Sóc Trăng Province to the east, Phụng Hiệp to the west and south and Châu Thành District to the north.

Ngã Bảy is more than 70 km from Vị Thanh by highway, but it is conveniently located for economic developments. It lies on National Road 1A and lies between the regional towns of Cần Thơ and Sóc Trăng.

From 1915, Phụng Hiệp floating market was formed at the intersection of seven different rivers.

The town of Tân Hiệp was established by Government Decree 98/2005/ND-CP, issued on July 26, 2005, which divided the district of Phụng Hiệp into the new town of Tân Hiệp and Phụng Hiệp district. The new name came as a shock to the locals, who protested against it.

Districts of Hậu Giang province
Cities in Vietnam


Cao Phong is a rural district of Hòa Bình province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. As of 2020 the district had a population of 45,470. The district covers an area of 254 km². The district capital lies at Cao Phong.

References

Districts of Hòa Bình province
Hòa Bình province


Đà Bắc is a rural district of Hòa Bình province in the Northwest region of Vietnam.

Districts of Hòa Bình province
Hòa Bình province


Kim Bôi is a rural district of Hòa Bình province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. As of 2019, the district had a population of 118,767. The district covers an area of 551.03 km2. The district capital lies at Bo. It is famous for such sites as Kim Boi Hot Springs and Serena Resorts.

Administrative divisions
Kim Bôi is divided into 17 commune-level sub-divisions, including the township of Bo and 16 rural communes (Bình Sơn, Cuối Hạ, Đông Bắc, Đú Sáng, Hợp Tiến, Hùng Sơn, Kim Bôi, Kim Lập, Mỵ Hòa, Nam Thượng, Nuông Dăm, Sào Báy, Tú Sơn, Vĩnh Đồng, Vĩnh Tiến, Xuân Thủy).

Climate

References

Districts of Hòa Bình province
Hòa Bình province


Kỳ Sơn is a former district of Hòa Bình province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 34,800. The district covers an area of 202 km². The district capital lies at Kỳ Sơn.

The district was annexed by the city of Hòa Bình on December 17, 2019.

References

Former districts of Vietnam


Lạc Sơn is a rural district of Hòa Bình province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. As of 2019, the district had a population of 136,652. The district covers an area of 580 km2. The district capital lies at Vụ Bản.

Administrative divisions
Lạc Sơn is divided into 24 commune-level sub-divisions, including the township of Vụ Bản and 23 rural communes (Ân Nghĩa, Bình Hẻm, Chí Đạo, Định Cư, Hương Nhượng, Miền Đồi, Mỹ Thành, Ngọc Lâu, Ngọc Sơn, Nhân Nghĩa, Quý Hòa, Quyết Thắng, Tân Lập, Tân Mỹ, Thượng Cốc, Tự Do, Tuân Đạo, Văn Nghĩa, Văn Sơn, Vũ Bình, Xuất Hóa, Yên Nghiệp, Yên Phú).

Climate

References

Districts of Hòa Bình province
Hòa Bình province


Lạc Thủy is a rural district of Hòa Bình province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. As of 2003, the district had a population of 49,460. The district covers an area of 293 km². The district capital lies at Chi Nê.

Climate

References

Districts of Hòa Bình province
Hòa Bình province


Lương Sơn is a rural district of Hòa Bình province in the Northwest region of Vietnam, around 40 km from Hanoi. As of 2019, the district had a population of 99,457, with Muong people accounting for about 70% of the population. The district covers an area of 369.85 km2. The district capital lies at Lương Sơn.

Administrative divisions
Lương Sơn is divided into 11 commune-level sub-divisions, including the township of Lương Sơn and 10 rural communes (Cao Dương, Cao Sơn, Cư Yên, Hòa Sơn, Lâm Sơn, Liên Sơn, Nhuận Trạch, Tân Vinh, Thanh Cao, Thanh Sơn).

References

Districts of Hòa Bình province
Hòa Bình province


Mai Châu is a rural district of Hòa Bình province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. The district is located at about 135 km from Hanoi. The scenery of Mai Châu attracts many tourists.

In 2003, the district had a population of 48,570. The district covers an area of 520 km². The district capital is the city of Mai Châu.

Geographical features
Mai Châu is a mountainous region located in Hòa Bình Province, approximately 135 km from Hanoi and 65 km from Hòa Bình.
The east of Mai Châu borders Đà Bắc and Tân Lạc districts, the west and the south border Quan Hóa district of Thanh Hóa province, and the north borders Vân Hồ district of Sơn La province. Mai Châu's terrain is quite complex, divided by slits, streams and high mountains.
According to the topographic characteristics, Mai Châu can be divided into two distinct areas: the low region (relatively flat terrain with fertile soil) and the high region (with many high and rugged mountain ranges).

Cultural overview

The Ban Lac people have Thai ancestors that settled in northwestern Vietnam.
The two tribes, White Thai and Black Thai, settled in the same area and make up the largest ethnic population of the region.

Architecture

The Mai Châu area is well known for its stilt houses. The type of stilt houses, or pile dwellings, they construct are called Thai stilt houses and are made of bamboo and timber.
These houses are elevated  off the ground to avoid water damage and shelter animals from the elements.

Environmental pressures
Mai Châu faces several environmental concerns:
 Deforestation - Land continues to be cleared to produce more crops.
 Trash - Mai Châu faces a garbage disposal problem and this is evident in the diminishing quality of their watercourses.
 Tourism - A gradual influx of tourists puts strain on the local environment.

Gallery

References

External links

Mai Châu mùa xuân

Hanoi to Mai Chau Private Car

Districts of Hòa Bình province
Hòa Bình province


Yên Thủy is a rural district of Hòa Bình province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. As of 2003, the district had a population of 62,050. The district covers an area of 282 km². The district capital is Hàng Trạm.

References

Districts of Hòa Bình province
Hòa Bình province


Tân Lạc is a rural district of Hòa Bình province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. As of 2019, the district had a population of 86,889. The district covers an area of . The district capital lies at Mãn Đức.

Administrative divisions
Tân Lạc is divided into 16 commune-level sub-divisions, including the township of Lương Sơn and 10 rural communes (Đông Lai, Gia Mô, Lỗ Sơn, Mỹ Hòa, Ngổ Luông, Ngọc Mỹ, Nhân Mỹ, Phong Phú, Phú Cường, Phú Vinh, Quyết Chiến, Suối Hoa, Thanh Hối, Tử Nê, Vân Sơn).

References

Districts of Hòa Bình province
Hòa Bình province


Ân Thi is a rural district of Hưng Yên province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 135,423. The district covers an area of 128 km². The district capital lies at Ân Thi.

References

Districts of Hưng Yên province


Joseph or Joe Lee may refer to:

People
 Joe Lee (actor) (1956–2003), Hong Kong actor
 John Joseph Lee (Joe Lee or J.J. Lee, born 1942), Irish historian and Senator
 Joseph Lee (actor) (born 1987), American actor
 Joseph Lee (poet) (1876–1949), Scottish poet, artist and journalist
 Joseph Lee (recreation advocate) (1862–1937), father of the playground movement
 Joseph Lee (Hong Kong politician) (Joseph Lee Kok-long, born 1959), nurse, and professor
 J. Bracken Lee (1899–1996), Governor of Utah
 Joe Lee (squash player) (born 1989), English squash player
 Joseph Lee (American politician) (1901–1991), politician in Boston, Massachusetts
 Joseph E. Lee, lawyer, judge and politician in Florida
 Joseph Lee (inventor), American baker and inventor

Places
 Joseph Lee, Baltimore, a neighborhood in Baltimore

See also

Joseph Lees (disambiguation)

Lee, Joseph


Khoái Châu is a rural district of Hưng Yên province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. In Sino-Vietnamese script, used until 1919, the name is given as 快州.

History

Feudal time
During the Hùng kings period, Khoái Châu belonged to Giao Chỉ borough.
During the Ngô dynasty, Khoái Châu was renamed Đằng Châu.
During the Đinh dynasty, Khoái Châu belonged to Đằng Đạo.
During the Lý and Trần dynasties, Khoái Châu was renamed Khoái Lộ.

Geography
 Khoái Châu district is on the left bank of the Red River. It borders Văn Giang and Yên Mỹ districts to the north, Ân Thi district to the east, Kim Động district to the south, Hanoi's Thường Tín and Phú Xuyên districts to the west.

Demography

Administration
Khoái Châu district is divided into 26 xã (communes). The capital is Khoái Châu.

As of 2003 the district had a population of 187,420. The district covers an area of 131 km². The district capital lies at Khoái Châu.

References

Districts of Hưng Yên province


Kim Động is a rural district of Hưng Yên province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 123,443. The district covers an area of 115 km². The district capital lies at Lương Bằng.

References

Districts of Hưng Yên province


Mỹ Hào is a district-level town (thị xã) of Hưng Yên province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2019 the town had a population of 158,673. The district covers an area of 79 km². The district capital lies at Bần Yên Nhân.

References

Districts of Hưng Yên province
County-level towns in Vietnam


Greece v United Kingdom [1952] ICJ 1 (also called the Ambatielos Case) is a public international law case, concerning state responsibility for economic damage. The International Court of Justice held that the UK had to enter into arbitration under the terms of a treaty it had made with Greece, although the ICJ itself held it had no jurisdiction to hear and decide upon the substantive dispute itself.

Facts
A Greek shipowner, Nicolas Eustache Ambatielos, had commissioned nine ships at an agreed price and delivery date from the British government. The British government missed every deadline. The resulting financial losses caused Ambatielos to fail to meet payments, eventually resulting in the reseizure of the already completed ships, ruining Ambatielos, who failed to resolve the matter in UK courts.

On 9 April 1952, Greece took the UK to the International Court of Justice, claiming that the British Board of Trade disregarded British legal protocol by failing to fully disclose to the court the delivery dates promised by the British Government, and the British Court of Appeal disregarded British legal protocol regarding 'fresh evidence' by denying appeal, thus denying Ambatielos adequate legal protection, contrary to international law and the Greco-British Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1886); and, by declining to enter into an arbitration process with Greece, the UK government was in breach of said treaty and its UN agreements to 'peacefully resolve' international disputes.

Judgment
On 1 July 1952 the ICJ ruled that it had no jurisdiction in the issue of Mr Ambatielos' trial, but had jurisdiction to decide whether or not the UK is obliged to enter into an arbitration process under the Greco-British Treaty of Commerce and Navigation.

On 19 May 1953 it ruled that the UK was obliged to enter into an arbitration process with Greece (which it did, and which was arbitrated in the UK's favour).

See also
 List of International Court of Justice cases

Further reading

External links
International Court of Justice records of this case
Arbitration Report (PDF)

International Court of Justice cases
1953 in international relations
1953 in case law
1953 in Greece
1953 in British law
Greece–United Kingdom relations


"Bitemarks and Bloodstains" is a song by the American rock band Finch. It is the twelfth track on the band's second studio album Say Hello to Sunshine, and was released as a single on May 17, 2005, through Geffen Records. "Bitemarks and Bloodstains" was released to radio on June 21, 2005. It was subsequently released through other labels internationally in a variety of formats with various bonus tracks. Vocalist Nate Barcalow said "Bitemarks and Bloodstains" was the first song Finch wrote for Say Hello to Sunshine and it "makes the transition between the old and the new sound."

Music video
Finch released a music video directed by Michael Palmieri for "Bitemarks and Bloodstains" in July 2005. The video opens with an Emergency Alert System message before showing various people in a single neighborhood frantically trying to pack up their cars and evade a cataclysmic event, which is portrayed as an ominous vortex in the sky. A traffic jam eventually stops the fleeing people, forcing them to retreat on foot. At the end of the video, the vortex explodes, causing everyone in the neighborhood to vanish without a trace. The plot of the video is inter-spliced with footage of Finch performing in a living room.

Reception
"Bitemarks and Bloodstains" was met with an average to negative reception by music critics. Writing for AbsolutePunk, Scott Weber said the song, "doesn't even sound like new Finch. It's completely boring and predictable. The build-up, while intended to be dramatic, is murdered by the chorus being repeated over and over again." Writing for Sputnikmusic, Ryan Flatley said, "Songs such as 'A Piece of Mind,' 'Brother Bleed Brother,' and 'Bitemarks and Bloodstains' are all good songs, just nothing blares out in me that makes it individually great."

Track listings

Digital single
 "Bitemarks and Bloodstains"

CD single
 "Bitemarks and Bloodstains"
 "Worms of the Earth" (remix)
 "Bitemarks and Bloodstains" (music video)

CD promo single
 "Bitemarks and Bloodstains" (radio edit)
 "Bitemarks and Bloodstains" (album version)

UK 7" vinyl single #1
 "Bitemarks and Bloodstains"
 "Worms of the Earth" (remix)

UK 7" vinyl single #2
 "Bitemarks and Bloodstains"
 "What It Is to Burn" (BBC Radio 1 session)

References

2005 singles
Finch (American band) songs
2005 songs
Geffen Records singles
Songs written by Nate Barcalow


Phù Cừ is a rural district of Hưng Yên province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003, the district had a population of 88,605. The district covers an area of 94 km2. The district capital lies at Trần Cao.

Administrative divisions
Phù Cừ district is divided into the following divisions: Đình Cao, Trần Cao, Đoàn Đào, Phan Sào Nam, Minh Hoàng, Quang Hưng, Minh Tân, La Tiến, Tống Trân, Tam Đa, Nhật Quang and Tiên Tiến.

References

Districts of Hưng Yên province


Tiên Lữ is a rural district of Hưng Yên province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 109,496. The district covers an area of 92 km². The district capital lies at Vương.

References

Districts of Hưng Yên province


Văn Giang is a rural district of Hưng Yên province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 96,493. The district covers an area of 72 km². The district capital lies at Văn Giang.

References

Districts of Hưng Yên province


Văn Lâm is a rural district (huyện) of Hưng Yên province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 97,238. The district covers an area of 74 km². The district capital lies at Như Quỳnh.

References

Districts of Hưng Yên province


Yên Mỹ is a rural district of Hưng Yên province in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 127,646. The district covers an area of 91 km2. The district capital lies at Yên Mỹ.

References

Districts of Hưng Yên province


Diên Khánh is a rural district (huyện) of Khánh Hòa province in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam. Diên Khánh is one of the oldest citadels in the south of Vietnam and it is one of the precious vestiges for studying ancient citadels. As of 2003 the district had a population of 134,118. The district covers an area of 513 km². The district capital lies at Diên Khánh.

Diên Khánh Citadel

The Diên Khánh Citadel is situated in Diên Khánh Townlet. The Citadel was built by French officer Olivier de Puymanel for Nguyễn Ánh in 1793 with an area of 36,000 square meters according to the Vauban military architecture which was popular in Western Europe in 17th - 18th centuries.

The citadel's wall was in an inequilateral hexagon with a height of 3.5m. The outer face was vertically constructed while the inner was a little bit sloping by two terraces forming a favorable pavement. Inside the corners, there were large fields which were convenient for military residents. On the top of the corners there stood fortresses 2m high with canons above. On the roof of the citadel, there were closet bamboo and other barricade trees. Surrounding the citadel were moats of 4 to 5 meters deep, 10 meters wide, flooded by water.

At first the citadel had 6 gates but now only 4 remain which are the East Gate, West Gate, Front Gate (to the south) and Back Gate (to the north). There was also a royal palace, private residents of feudal mandarins, warehouses and jails.

Gallery

References

Districts of Khánh Hòa province


Stars Gone Wild was a mockumentary series created by Adam Halpern on MuchMusic that critiques the lifestyle of modern celebrities. The title of the show is a parody of the Girls Gone Wild series. It is based on the special Overrated in 06. After one season and 28 episodes the show was cancelled due to poor ratings and negative audience reaction. Speculation that the show would be cancelled occurred after the show did not return in September 2008, and the cancellation was confirmed when a replacement show (We're Experiencing Technical Difficulties) began to air. The show premiered well as a Video on Trial spinoff, but the ratings continued falling with many viewers voicing their displeasure with the show on the MuchMusic website forums.

External links
Stars Gone Wild Homepage

Much (TV channel) original programming


Anne-Marie Cadieux (born September 23, 1963) is a Canadian actress, film director and screenwriter. She has won a Jutra Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in Streetheart (Le Cœur au poing) and in 2008 was nominated for a Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role for her role in You (Toi).

Early life
Cadieux received her Bachelor of Arts in theatre from the University of Ottawa. She first appeared on stage in 1983 in Les Belles-Sœurs directed by Andre Brassard. Brassard would direct Cadieux again in L'Année de la grosse tempête in 1984 and Genet's Les Bonnes in 1985.

Career
Anne-Marie Cadieux has stood out in Quebec and internationally for several years thanks to an active career in theatre, film and television. Onstage, she has worked with some of our most important directors, including Robert Lepage, Brigitte Haentjens, Denis Marleau, Serge Denoncourt, Dominic Champagne, Lorraine Pintal, and André Brassard, in addition to having held some of the greatest roles in the classical and contemporary repertoire. A popular actress with audiences and critics alike, Anne-Marie is known for her audacity, versatility and intensity, gracefully transitioning from drama to comedy. The prestigious honors she has received over the years illustrate her talent and commitment to the Quebec art scene.

In 2022, Cadieux played in Martin Villeneuve's The 12 Tasks of Imelda (Les 12 travaux d'Imelda), co-starring playwright Robert Lepage and actress-signer Ginette Reno, in which she plays Martin and Denis Villeneuve's aunt Diane.

Accomplishments
 Nominated for Best Supporting Actress Genie for "Le Confessionnal" (1995)
 Won Best Supporting Actress Jutra for her role as a carping sister in "Le coeur au poing" (1998)
 Nominated for Best Actress Genie as a thespian caught in terrorist activities in "Nô" (1998)

Selected filmography

References

External links

1963 births
Actresses from Montreal
Actresses from Ottawa
Canadian film actresses
Canadian women film directors
Canadian screenwriters in French
Canadian television actresses
Film directors from Montreal
Film directors from Ottawa
Franco-Ontarian people
French Quebecers
Living people
Canadian women screenwriters
Writers from Montreal
Writers from Ottawa
Best Supporting Actress Jutra and Iris Award winners


Cam Lâm  is a district (huyện) of Khánh Hòa province in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam. Its capital is Cam Đức, which is located on the national road 1A.

Divisions
In addition to the capital township, the district also encompasses the following rural communes ():

 Cam An Bắc
 Cam An Nam
 Cam Hải Đông
 Cam Hải Tây
 Cam Hiệp Bắc
 Cam Hiệp Nam
 Cam Hòa
 Cam Phước Tây
 Cam Tân
 Cam Thành Bắc
 Sơn Tân
 Suối Cát
 Suối Tân

References

Districts of Khánh Hòa province


Khánh Sơn is a rural district (huyện) of Khánh Hòa province in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 18,368. The district covers an area of 337 km². The district capital lies at Tô Hạp.

References

Districts of Khánh Hòa province


Khánh Vĩnh is a district (huyện) of Khánh Hòa province in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam.

As of 2003, the district had a population of 28,865. The district covers an area of 1,165 km². The district capital lies at Khánh Vĩnh.

References

Districts of Khánh Hòa province


Franklin Thompson Matthias (13 March 1908 – 3 December 1993) was an American civil engineer who directed the construction of the Hanford nuclear site, a key facility of the Manhattan Project during World War II.

A graduate of the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Matthias joined the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) as a Junior Hydraulic Engineer in 1935 and worked on hydroelectric projects. In April 1941, he was called to active duty by the United States Army and joined the Construction Division of the Army Corps of Engineers. He was area engineer at the Manhattan Project's Hanford site from 1942 to 1945. As such, he supervised the enormous construction effort, which included three chemical separation plants so large that they were known as "Queen Marys", and the world's first three production-scale nuclear reactors.

After the war, Matthais went to Brazil, where he helped build a hydroelectric facility. He joined the Aluminum Company of Canada (Alcan) in 1951, and was involved in the construction of its Kemano-Kitimat hydroelectric dam and aluminum smelter project in northern British Columbia and the Chute-des-Passes project in Quebec. He was a vice president at Kaiser Engineering from 1960 to 1973.

Early life
Franklin Thompson Matthias was born in Glidden, Wisconsin, on 13 March 1908, the son of Franklin Herman Matthias and Christina Thompson. He had two older brothers, Harold and Norman, and a younger brother, Carl. In 1928 he became an instructor in Topographical and Hydraulic Engineering at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, from which he received his Bachelor of Science (B.S.) degree in civil engineering in 1931, and his Master of Science (M.S.) degree in civil engineering in 1933. While there, he joined the  Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC). In 1930 and 1931, he was editor of the Wisconsin Engineer, and president of the university YMCA. He was a member of Tau Beta Pi, Phi Kappa Phi and Scabbard and Blade, and was a national officer of Chi Epsilon from 1931 to 1942.

On 1 August 1933, Matthias married Reva Baumgarten, a fellow graduate of the University of Wisconsin, who taught speech therapy in schools in Beloit, Wisconsin. In 1935, he was hired by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) as a Junior Hydraulic Engineer, and worked on hydroelectric and hydraulic problems and on construction, planning and plant design. He left the TVA in 1939, and spent a year working with a contractor on dredging the Tennessee River. In 1940 and 1941, he worked for the A. L. Johnson Construction Company, and  on tunnels and aqueducts for the Dravo Corporation.

World War II

In April 1941, Matthias was called to active duty by the United States Army as a first lieutenant, and joined the Construction Division of the Army Corps of Engineers, where he received rapid promotion. On 14 December 1942, as a 34-year-old lieutenant colonel, he accompanied Colonel Kenneth Nichols to Wilmington, Delaware, to discuss the location of a proposed plutonium production plant with representatives of DuPont. At this point, Matthias had not yet been assigned to the Manhattan Project, whose mission was to build an atomic bomb, but he had worked on some special studies for it, and had worked with its director, Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves, Jr., on the construction of The Pentagon. He was already Groves's choice for area engineer for the plutonium project.

Initially, the intention had been to locate the plutonium plant with the Manhattan Project's other production facilities at the Clinton Engineer Works in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, but concerns had arisen about the dangers of an atomic explosion, and Knoxville lay only  away. A larger site was required where facilities could be separated from each other. It had to be in a sparsely populated but accessible area with access to abundant water and electric power. When he returned from the meeting, Matthias was met by Groves, who instructed him to take a survey team and find a suitable site.  Matthias surveyed four sites in California and Washington, and chose the area around Richland, Washington.

Matthias later recalled that:

Because of the isolation of the site, known as the Hanford Engineer Works, Matthias exercised more administrative autonomy than the Manhattan Project's other area engineers. The number of personnel assigned to his office grew to over 500 in 1944. Construction work commenced on the  site in April 1943. The size of the construction work force eventually reached 44,900 in June 1944; over 150,000 workers were employed at the site between 1943 and 1946.

The scale of the task was enormous. Matthias supervised the construction of 554 buildings,  of roads,  of railroad track, three chemical separation plants and the world's first three production-scale nuclear reactors. The  chemical separation plants, where the plutonium was separated from uranium slugs that had been irradiated in the reactors, were so large that they were known as "Queen Marys", after the ocean liner. Because the slugs were dangerously radioactive, the Queen Marys had concrete walls  thick, and operations were by remote control.

The first production batch of uranium slugs were dissolved at the separation plant on 26 December 1944, and in January 1945 Matthias personally couriered the first batch of plutonium nitrate to Los Angeles, where he handed it over to another courier, who took it to the Los Alamos Laboratory. Plutonium from Hanford would be used in the Fat Man bomb used in the bombing of Nagasaki. For his wartime services, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal.

Later life
Matthias left the Army in 1946 and went to Brazil as a project manager for the construction for a hydroelectric facility, eventually becoming the Manager of Engineering at Brazilian Traction. Late in 1951 he joined the Aluminum Company of Canada (Alcan) as the Project Manager of Engineering and Construction of the Kemano-Kitimat hydroelectric dam and aluminum smelter project in northern British Columbia. In 1956 he moved to Montreal as its Director of Engineering, and worked on the Chute-des-Passes project. In 1960 he joined Kaiser Engineering in Oakland, California, as its Vice President for heavy construction and hydroelectric engineering, and  was its Vice President of transportation projects from 1970 to 1973. He retired in 1973 at the age of 65.

Matthias was a Registered Professional Engineer in Wisconsin, California, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, and British Columbia. For some years after his retirement he remained active as a consultant, working for firms including Kaiser Engineering, Pacific Gas and Electric, Louisiana Pacific and Bechtel. He was a member of the Advisory Board of the California Water Resources Association, the Committee on Large Dams, Committee on Construction of Nuclear Facilities, and the American Society of Civil Engineers. He also wrote the chapter on "Construction Services" in the Handbook of Heavy Construction (1971).

In 1993, he was informed that he had cancer of the lungs, liver and pancreas. He died six week later, on 3 December 1993, at a nursing home in Walnut Creek, California. He was survived by his son Michael and younger brother Carl. His second wife, Mary Teresa Benderska, whom he had married on 29 October 1948, had died in 1986, and his daughter Gelen Christine had died in 1965. His papers are in the Hagley Museum and Library in Wilmington, Delaware.

Notes

References

External links
1965 Audio Interview with Colonel Franklin Matthias by Stephane Groueff Voices of the Manhattan Project

1908 births
1993 deaths
People from Ashland County, Wisconsin
United States Army colonels
Military personnel from Wisconsin
American civil engineers
American military engineers
Manhattan Project people
United States Army personnel of World War II
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Engineering alumni
Engineers from Wisconsin
20th-century American engineers
Hanford Site people


Vạn Ninh is a rural district of Khánh Hòa province in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam.

Geography
Vạn Ninh is the northernmost district of Khánh Hòa. Vạn Ninh has the following communes, from north to south: Đại Lãnh, Vạn Thọ, Vạn Thạnh, Vạn Phước, Vạn Long, Vạn Bình, Vạn Khánh, Vạn Phú, Vạn Lương, Xuân Sơn, Vạn Hưng and Vạn Thắng. It is bordered to the north by Phú Yên province, and to the south by Ninh Hòa. It contains the easternmost point of mainland Vietnam. East of Vạn Ninh is Vân Phong bay, the East Vietnam Sea, and the Pacific Ocean.

As of 2003 the district had a population of 126,805. The district covers an area of 550 km². The district capital lies at Vạn Giã.

Notable people from Vạn Ninh
Thích Quảng Đức

References

External links
Khánh Hòa

Districts of Khánh Hòa province


Dual dating is the practice, in historical materials, of indicating a date with what appear to be duplicate or excessive digits: these may be separated by a hyphen or a slash, or placed one above the other. The need for dual dating arose from the transition from an older calendar to a newer one. Another method used is to give the date of an event according to one calendar, followed in parentheses by the date of the same event in the other calendar, appending an indicator to each to specify which reference calendar applies.

As an example, in the date "10/21February 1750/51" a style seen in the records of Great Britain and its possessions the notation arises from the prospective or previous adoption of the Gregorian calendar and a concurrent calendar reform. (The dual day number is due to the eleven days difference (at the time)  between the Julian calendar date and the Gregorian one; the dual year is due to  a change of start of year, from 25March to 1January.)

European countries and their colonies: Old Style and New Style dates

England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland and the American colonies

Long before the British Empire adopted the Gregorian calendar, the date of the start of the year caused difficulties. Until 1752, England, Wales, Ireland and the American colonies started the legal year on 25March, whereas Scotland (since 1600), as well as common usage, started the year on 1January. This meant that a date such as 29January, while being toward the end of a legal year, would also be near the beginning of the following "common" (and Scottish) year. It was to show this duality that the system of displaying two year numbers first came into use  examples may be seen on memorial tablets and in parish registers.

Dating based on the year beginning on 25March became known as "Annunciation Style" dates, while dates of the year commencing on 1January were described as "Circumcision Style" dates, because this was the date of the Feast of the Circumcision, commemorating the eighth day of Jesus Christ's life after his birth, counted from its observation on Christmas Day (25December).

In 1752, England and its possessions changed the start of the year to 1January, and also adopted the Gregorian calendar (on 2September). Thereafter, the terms "Old Style" (OS) and "New Style" (NS) were more commonly added to dates when it proved necessary or expedient to identify which calendar was being used for the given date. Often, both were given  for example: 20January 1708(OS) (1709(NS)). There may be some confusion as to which calendar alteration OS or NS refers to: the change of the start of the year, or the transition of one style of calendar to another. Historically, OS referred only to the start of the year change, to 1January from 25March, and some historians still believe this is the best practice. However, OS and NS may refer to both alterations of the calendar: constructions like  may be seen.

Rest of Europe
During the period between 1582, when the first countries adopted the Gregorian calendar, and 1923, when the last European country adopted it, it was often necessary to indicate the date of an event in both the Julian calendar and the Gregorian calendar.

Although the OS/NS notation was originally used only to clarify the date of events in the British Empire, the usage was reprised in more recent English-language histories of Russia, which retained the Julian calendar until 1918. For example, the beginning of the October Revolution may be recorded as 25October [N.S. 7November] 1917 (or ).

East Asia

Japan, Korea, and China started using the Gregorian calendar on 1January 1873, 1896, and 1912, respectively. They had used lunisolar calendars previously. None of them used the Julian calendar; the Old Style and New Style dates in these countries usually mean the older lunisolar dates and the newer Gregorian calendar dates respectively. In these countries, the old style calendars were similar, but not all the same. The Arabic numerals may be used for both calendar dates in modern Japanese and Korean languages, but not Chinese.

Japan
Japan started using the Gregorian calendar on 1January 1873, locally known as . The preceding day, 31December 1872, was .

Japan currently employs two calendar systems: Gregorian and the Japanese era name calendar. Specifically, the months and days now correspond to those of the Gregorian calendar, but the year is expressed as an offset of the era. For example, the Gregorian year 2007 corresponds to Heisei19. An era does not necessarily begin on 1January. For example, 7January Shōwa 64—the day of the death of Emperor Shōwa—was followed by 8January Heisei1, which lasted until 31December.

Korea
Korea started using the Gregorian calendar on 1January 1896, which was the 17th day of the 11th lunar month in not only Korea, but also in China that still used the lunisolar calendar. The lunisolar Korean calendar is now used in very limited unofficial purposes only.

China
The Republic of China started using the Gregorian calendar on 1January 1912, but the lunisolar Chinese calendar is still used along with the Gregorian calendar, especially when determining certain traditional holidays. The reference has been a longitude of 120°E since 1929, which is also used for Chinese Standard Time (UTC+8). Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Taiwan all have legal holidays based on the lunisolar Chinese calendar, with the most important one being the Chinese New Year.

To visually distinguish old and new style dates, writing new style dates with Arabic numerals but old style dates with Chinese characters, never Arabic numerals, is the standard in Chinese publications.

In Taiwan, even though new style dates are written in Chinese characters in very formal texts, it is now common to see Arabic numerals in new style dates in less formal texts. When writing old style dates, Chinese characters are usually used, but Arabic numerals may still be seen. The calendar year in Taiwan is usually expressed as the "Year of the Republic" — counting Year1 as the foundation of the Republic of China in 1912CE.

Use of dates from historical documents in modern documents

There was some confusion when calendars changed, and the confusion may continue today when evaluating historical sources. When 'translating' dates from secondary historical sources for current use, for dates in January, February and March it is advised that both year numbers be entered into modern documents until a copy of the original primary source can be checked, verifying which style was used in the 'official record'. Errors were often made in the early 19th century and have been perpetuated.

In either case, to avoid further confusion, modern researchers are advised to be vigilant about annotating all dates with a notation indicating the Style of date, and to use a slash rather than a hyphen to indicate alternate dates.

See also

International Fixed Calendar: another calendar reform proposal

References

Footnotes

Date and time representation


An Biên is a rural district of Kiên Giang province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003, the district had a population of 147,297. The district covers an area of 466 km². The district capital lies at Thứ Ba.

Divisions
The district is divided into one urban municipality and the following communes:

 An Biên
 Thứ Ba
 Nam Thái A
 Nam Thái
 Tây Yên A
 Tây Yên
 Hưng Yên
 Đông Yên
 Nam Yên
 Đông Thái

References

Districts of Kiên Giang province


San Francisco Plantation House is a historic plantation house in Reserve, St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana.  Built in 1853–1856, it is one of the most architecturally distinctive plantation houses in the American South.  It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974.  It is now a museum and event facility.

Description and history
The San Francisco Plantation House is located on the north bank of the Mississippi River, separated from the river by Louisiana Highway 44 and a levee.  The house stands on about  of land, now surrounded by a farm of oil tanks.  It is a -story structure, set on a full-height basement.  The basement has a brick floor, reportedly  deep, with brick piers rising to support the main structure.  Side-facing divided staircases lead to the main floor, which is sheltered on three sides by an ornate porch, supported by fluted columns with iron Corinthian capitals.  It has deeply overhanging decorative cornice, which in profile gives the house a styling called "Steamboat Gothic".  The house is topped by a dormered hip roof.  The interior is also richly decorated, with paintings attributed to New Orleans artist Dominique Canova on ceiling and door panels.

The house is traditionally ascribed a construction date of 1853–1856, and may include elements of an older building.  It was built for Edmond Marmillion.
The unusual name “San Francisco” is believed to be derived from Edmond's oldest surviving son, Valsin's comment about the extraordinary debt he was confronted with when taking over the estate. He declared he was sans fruscins or “without a penny in my pocket.” The name evolved into St. Frusquin and, in 1879, was changed into “San Francisco” by the next owner, Achille D. Bougère.
The house has been restored to an 1850s appearance and is open for tours.  The on-grounds pavilion is also rented for special occasions.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Louisiana
National Register of Historic Places listings in St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana
Frances Parkinson Keyes (1885–1970), author of a novel called Steamboat Gothic

References

External links

San Francisco Plantation – official site

National Historic Landmarks in Louisiana
Houses completed in 1849
Historic house museums in Louisiana
Plantation houses in Louisiana
Museums in St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana
Houses in St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana
1849 establishments in Louisiana
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana
National Register of Historic Places in St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana


The 1940 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1940 college football season. In its fourth season under head coach Peahead Walker, the team compiled a 7–3 record and finished in third place in the Southern Conference.

Wake Forest back Tony Gallovich was selected by the Associated Press as a first-team player on the 1940 All-Southern Conference football team.

Wake Forest was ranked at No. 57 (out of 697 college football teams) in the final rankings under the Litkenhous Difference by Score system for 1940.

Schedule

References

Wake Forest
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football seasons
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football


The 1941 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1941 college football season. In its fifth season under head coach Peahead Walker, the team compiled a 5–5–1 record (4–2–1 against conference opponents), finished seventh in the Southern Conference, and outscored opponents by a total of 218 to 168.

Guard Carl Givler was selected by both the Associated Press and United Press as a first-team player on the 1941 All-Southern Conference football team.

Wake Forest was ranked at No. 72 (out of 681 teams) in the final rankings under the Litkenhous Difference by Score System for 1941.

Schedule

References

Wake Forest
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football seasons
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football


The 1942 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1942 college football season. In its sixth season under head coach Peahead Walker, the team compiled a 6–2–1 record and finished in third place in the Southern Conference.

Back John Cochran and tackle Pat Preston were selected by the Associated Press as first-team players on the 1942 All-Southern Conference football team.

Wake Forest was ranked at No. 38 (out of 590 college and military teams) in the final rankings under the Litkenhous Difference by Score System for 1942.

Schedule

References

Wake Forest
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football seasons
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football


The 1943 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1943 college football season. In its seventh season under head coach Peahead Walker, the team compiled a 4–5 record and finished in fourth place in the Southern Conference.

In the final Litkenhous Ratings, Wake Forest ranked 80th among the nation's college and service teams with a rating of 73.4.

Schedule

References

Wake Forest
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football seasons
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football


Cyrtobagous salviniae is a species of weevil known as the salvinia weevil. It is used as an agent of biological pest control against the noxious aquatic plant giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta).

The adult weevil is about 2 millimeters long. It is brown in color during its first few days of adult life and soon turns shiny black. The female lays over 300 eggs one by one in the lower leaves and rhizomes of the salvinia plant. The larva is white in color and about 4 millimeters long. It burrows through rhizomes and feeds voraciously on new buds, warping and stunting the plant until it eventually sinks. The larva pupates underwater amongst the rhizomes of the plants in a cocoon it weaves from root hairs. Adults also feed on the buds and leaves of the plant, but do less damage than the larvae.

This weevil is native to South America. It has been introduced to areas where giant salvinia is a problem. Early experimental successes occurred in parts of Africa and southeast Asia, and the weevil is now established in the southeastern United States and parts of Australia, along with the moth S. multiplicalis, as biological control for invasive water weeds. In many cases the weevil has cleared salvina infestations by 90% or more in under one year. Entire waterways have been unclogged by the weevil's feeding. It also feeds upon Salvinia minima, a related aquatic weed.

It is similar to the closely related Cyrtobagous singularis, but the two weevil species have slightly different ecologies and C. singularis is generally an ineffective substitute for C. salviniae.

References

 Coombs, E. M., et al., Eds. (2004). Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the United States. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 175.

External links
 USGS Profile
 History of Salvinia Biocontrol
 US Biocontrol Timeline

Brachycerinae
Biological pest control beetles
Insects used for control of invasive plants


The 1944 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1944 college football season. In its eighth season under head coach Peahead Walker, the team compiled an 8–1 record and finished in second place in the Southern Conference.

Schedule

References

Wake Forest
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football seasons
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football


The 1945 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1945 college football season. In its ninth season under head coach Peahead Walker, the team compiled a 5–3–1 record, finished in second place in the Southern Conference, defeated South Carolina in the first Gator Bowl game, and was ranked No. 19 in the final AP Poll.

The team defeated No. 16 Clemson in the final game of the regular season, and its three losses were to teams that were ranked in the final AP Poll: No. 1 Army, No. 13 Duke, and No. 14 Tennessee.

Five Wake Forest players were recognized the Associated Press on the 1946 All-Southern Conference football team: backs Nick Sacrinty (first team), Richard Brinkley (second team), and Nick Ognivich (third team); end John O'Quinn (third team); and guard Robert Leonetti (third team).

The team played its home games at Groves Stadium in Wake Forest, North Carolina.

Schedule

References

Wake Forest
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football seasons
Gator Bowl champion seasons
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football


The 1946 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1946 college football season. In its tenth season under head coach Peahead Walker, the team compiled a 6–3 record and finished in a tie for tenth place in the Southern Conference.

Wake Forest quarterback Nick Sacrinty ranked seventh nationally with 822 passing yards and fourth with 12 interceptions. End Red O'Quinn ranked third nationally with 29 pass receptions.

Wake Forest was ranked at No. 34 in the final Litkenhous Difference by Score System rankings for 1946.

Schedule

After the season

The 1947 NFL Draft was held on December 16, 1946. The following Demon Deacons were selected.

References

Wake Forest
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football seasons
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football


The 1947 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1947 college football season. In its 11th season under head coach Peahead Walker, the team compiled a 6–4 record and finished in tenth place in the Southern Conference.

Guard Edward Royston was selected by the Associated Press as a first-team player on the 1947 All-Southern Conference football team.

Wake Forest was ranked at No. 57 (out of 500 college football teams) in the final Litkenhous Ratings for 1947.

Schedule

References

Wake Forest
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football seasons
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football


The 1948 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1948 college football season. In its 12th season under head coach Peahead Walker, the team compiled a 6–4 record, finished in fifth place in the Southern Conference, and lost to Baylor in the 1949 Dixie Bowl.

Back Bill Gregus and end John O'Quinn were selected by the Associated Press as first-team players on the 1948 All-Southern Conference football team.

Wake Forest was ranked at No. 39 in the final Litkenhous Difference by Score System ratings for 1948.

Schedule

References

Wake Forest
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football seasons
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football


The 1949 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1949 college football season. In its 13th season under head coach Peahead Walker, the team compiled a 4–6 record and finished in a three-way tie for ninth place in the Southern Conference.

Back Bill Gregus and guard Ray Cicia were selected by the Associated Press as first-team players on the 1949 All-Southern Conference football team.

Schedule

Team leaders

References

Wake Forest
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football seasons
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football


An Minh () is a rural district (huyện) of Kiên Giang province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam.

Divisions
The district is divided into the following communes:

An Minh, Đông Thạnh, Tân Thạnh, Thuận Hoà, Vân Khánh Đông, Vân Khánh Tây, Vân Khánh, Đông Hưng, Đông Hưng A, Đông Hưng B and Đông Hoà.

As of 2003 the district had a population of 112,215. The district covers an area of 711 km². The district capital lies at Thứ Mười Một.

References

Districts of Kiên Giang province


Châu Thành is a rural district (huyện) of Kiên Giang province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam.

Divisions
The district is divided into the following communes:

Minh Lương, Mong Thọ A, Mong Thọ B, Thanh Lộc, Giục Tượng, Vĩnh Hoà Hiệp, Bình An, Minh Hoà and Phía Tây

As of 2003 the district had a population of 139,211. The district covers an area of 284 km². The district capital lies at Minh Lương.

References

Districts of Kiên Giang province


Giồng Riềng is a rural district (huyện) of Kiên Giang province in the Mekong River Delta region of Vietnam.

Divisions
The district is divided into the following communes:

Giồng Riềng, Thạnh Lộc, Thạnh Hưng, Thạnh Hoà, Thạnh Phước, Ngọc Thuận, Ngọc Chúc, Ngọc Thành, Ngọc Hoà, Hoà Lợi, Hoà Hưng, Hoà An, Hoà Thuận, Vĩnh Thạnh, Vĩnh Phú, Bàn Thạch, Long Thạnh and Bàn Tân Định.

As of 2003 the district had a population of 195,024. The district covers an area of 634 km². The district capital lies at Giồng Riềng.

References

Districts of Kiên Giang province


Gò Quao is a rural district (huyện) of Kiên Giang province in the Mekong River Delta region of Vietnam.

Divisions
The district is divided into the following communes:

Gò Quao, Thủy Liểu, Vĩnh Hòa Hưng Bắc, Vĩnh Hòa Hưng Nam, Vĩnh Phước A, Vĩnh Phước B, Định An, Định Hòa, Vĩnh Tuy, Vĩnh Thắng and Thới Quản.

As of 2003 the district had a population of 145,425. The district covers an area of 424.4 km2. The district capital lies at Gò Quao.

References

Districts of Kiên Giang province


Hòn Đất is a rural district (huyện) of Kiên Giang province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam.

Divisions
The district is divided into the following communes:

 Hòn Đất
 Sóc Sơn
 Bình Giang
 Bình Sơn
 Lình Huỳnh
 Mỹ Hiệp Sơn
 Mỹ Lâm
 Mỹ Phước
 Mỹ Thái
 Mỹ Thuận
 Nam Thái Sơn
 Sơn Bình
 Sơn Kiên
 Thổ Sơn

As of 2003 the district had a population of 154,431. The district covers an area of 1028 km². The district capital lies at Hòn Đất.

References

Districts of Kiên Giang province


Kiên Hải is a rural district (huyện) of Kiên Giang province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. The district consists of 23 islands, of which 11 are inhabited, the main economy is fishing, aquaculture and tourism.

According to 2009 census, the district has a population of 20,807. The district covers an area of 28 km². The district capital lies at Hon Tre island. The district contains parts of the archipelago of the Bà Lụa Islands and Nam Du Islands.

The district includes four communes - Hòn Tre, Lại Sơn, An Sơn and Nam Du.

References

Districts of Kiên Giang province


Kiên Lương is a rural district (huyện) of Kiên Giang province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam.

Divisions
The district is subdivided to 8 commune-level subdivisions, including Kiên Lương township and the rural communes of: Bình An, Bình Trị, Dương Hoà, Hoà Điền, Kiên Bình, Hòn Nghệ and Sơn Hải.

As of 2003 the district had a population of 93,905. The district covers an area of 906 km2. The district capital lies at Kiên Lương.

See also
 Bà Lụa Islands

References

Districts of Kiên Giang province


Tân Hiệp is a rural district of Kiên Giang province in the Mekong River Delta region of Vietnam.

Divisions
The district is divided into the following communes:

Tân Hiệp, Tân Hiệp A, Tân Hiệp B, Tân An, Tân Thành, Tân Hội, Thạnh Đông, Thạnh Đông A, Thạnh Đông B and Thạnh Trị.

As of 2003, the district had a population of 147,821. The district covers an area of 416.5 km2. The district capital lies at Tân Hiệp.

References

Districts of Kiên Giang province


Vĩnh Thuận is a rural district of Kiên Giang province in the Mekong River Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 133,539. The district covers an area of 608 km². The district capital lies at Vĩnh Thuận.

It is one of the southernmost districts of Kiên Giang Province. Despite being in Kiên Giang, it is closer to Cà Mau (40 km away) than Rạch Giá (80 km away).

Vĩnh Thuận is bordered by An Minh and An Biên districts in the west, Gò Quao District in the north, Phước Long District (Bạc Liêu Province) in the southeast, and Thới Bình District (Cà Mau Province) in the south.

Vĩnh Thuận's main products are agricultural products such as rice, sugar-cane and pineapple. However, as with other districts in the region, the aquaculture movement (shrimp feeding) has been started on endless low-productivity salted water fields in recent years. Shrimp has become an important source of income for people in the district.

Located in the centre of U Minh Thượng, "Hồ Hoa Mai" (Apricot) Ecological Tourist Area is a destination for travellers. From high watch-towers, the apricot-shaped lake can be seen, and interminable green cajuput (in Vietnamese: cây tràm - the most popular tree in the region which forms extensive forests) forests surrounding below. There are also thousands of spotless white storks in the region.

The centre of district, Vĩnh Thuận town, lies on the Cái Lớn river which flows over from Hau Giang Province to Cà Mau Province (the part flowing through Thới Bình District, Cà Mau Province called Sông Trẹm (Trẹm river)). Thanks to the Cà Mau Natural Electrical Plant, this river plays an important role in river traffic of the region.

Divisions
The district is divided into the following communes:

Vĩnh Thuận (urban)
Vĩnh Bình Bắc
Vĩnh Bình Nam
Vĩnh Thuận
Tân Thuận
Vĩnh Phong
Phong Đông

References

Districts of Kiên Giang province


Đăk Glei is a rural district (huyện) of Kon Tum province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 31,166. The district covers an area of 1,485 km². The district capital lies at Đăk Glei.

References

Districts of Kon Tum province


Đăk Hà is a rural district of Kon Tum province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

Divisions
Dak Ha contains the following communes:

Đăk La
Hà Mòn
Ngọc Wang
Ngọc Réo
Đăk Uy
Đăk Mar
Đăk Hring
Đăk Pxi

As of 2003 the district had a population of 53,684. The district covers an area of 844 km². The district capital lies at Đăk Hà.

References

Districts of Kon Tum province


Kon Plông is a rural district (huyện) of Kon Tum province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam. It covers an area of 2,248.2 km² and in 1999 had a population of 31,700 people. The district capital lies at Măng Đen.

Divisions
Kon Plông district was formed on the basis of division separating the old district of Kon Plông into Kon Rẫy district and the new Kon Plông district. Kon Plông district was divided in 2019 into 1 township and 8 communes, including:

 Măng Đen township (former Đăk Long commune)
 Măng Bút
 Măng Cành
 Ngọc Tem
 Đăk Rinh
 Đăk Nên
 Đăk Tăng
 Xã Hiếu
 Pờ Ê

As of 2003 the district had a population of 18,554. The district covers an area of .

References

Districts of Kon Tum province


Ngọc Hồi is a rural district (huyện) of Kon Tum province, in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 30,392. The district covers an area of 824 km². The district capital lies at Plei Kần.

References

Districts of Kon Tum province


Sa Thầy is a rural district of Kon Tum province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam. It is a very mountainous district, with many hydroelectric dam projects located along the major rivers. The district has one of the lowest population densities in Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 29,605. The district covers an area of . The district capital lies at Sa Thầy.

See also
Lung Leng

References

Districts of Kon Tum province


Kon Rẫy is a rural district of Kon Tum province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam. National Road 24 passes through the district. As of 2003 the district had a population of 22,872. The district covers an area of 891 km². The district capital lies at Đăk Rve.

References

Districts of Kon Tum province


Tu Mo Rong () is a district (huyện) of Kon Tum province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

References

Districts of Kon Tum province


Mường Tè is a rural district of Lai Châu province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. As of 2012, the district had a population of 39,921. The district covers an area of 2,679.34 km². The district capital lies at Mường Tè.  Mường is equivalent to Mueang.

In 2012, the eastern portion of the district was carved out to form Nậm Nhùn district.

The district is subdivided to 14 commune-level subdivisions, including Mường Tè township and the rural communes of: Bum Nưa, Bum Tở, Kan Hồ, Ka Lăng, Mù Cả, Mường Tè, Nậm Khao, Pa Ủ, Pa Vệ Sử, Tá Bạ, Tà Tổng, Thu Lũm and Vàng San.

Geography
The district lies in the western part of Lai Châu Province, to the west of Nậm Nhùn district. There are various ethnic minorities of people such as the Tai, Hmong, Lahu, Hani, Si La and Phunoi.

Climate

References

Districts of Lai Châu province


Tina Lenert (born June 6, 1948) is an American magician, mime and harpist. She has performed worldwide and is known for combining elements of pantomime and magic. For many years she has been a regular performer at the world-famous Magic Castle in Hollywood, where she has been voted Stage Magician of the Year by the Academy of Magical Arts.

Early life
Lenert grew up in Caracas, Venezuela. Her father was a geologist working for a United States oil company and at a young age her family moved to Malibu, California. She learned how to play electric guitar in high school as part of the short lived female rock band, the Leftovers. Shortly after high school, she began her career as a classical guitarist, and upon completing college studies as a performance major, abandoned the instrument and achieved success as a mime (she was a founding member of the L. A. Mime Company ) and then as an award-winning magician. Lenert combined mime and magic to create the fantasy magic  act she is famous for today, Mopman.

Personal life
Lenert lives in Pasadena, California with her husband Mike Caveney, a magician and magic historian. The couple married on April 22, 1977.

References

External links

1948 births
Living people
American magicians
Female magicians
Academy of Magical Arts Stage Magician of the Year winners


Phong Thổ is a rural district of Lai Châu province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. As of 2019 the district had a population of 79,645. The district covers an area of 1034.60 km². The district's capital is Phong Thổ.

Administrative divisions
The district is officially divided into 17 commune-level sub-divisions including the township of Phong Thổ and 16 rural communes (Bản Lang, Dào San, Hoang Thèn, Huổi Luông, Khổng Lào, Lản Nhì Thàng, Ma Li Pho, Mồ Sì San, Mù Sang, Mường So, Nậm Xe, Pa Vây Sử, Sì Lở Lầu, Sin Suối Hồ, Tung Qua Lìn, Vàng Ma Chải).

References

External links
 Phong Thổ District
 Established Communes in Phong Tho Districts, Lai Chau province.

Districts of Lai Châu province


Sìn Hồ is a rural district of Lai Châu province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. There are various ethnic minorities of people such as the Mong and Dao.

As of 2019, the district had a population of 83,643. The district covers an area of 1,526.96 km². The district capital lies at Sìn Hồ.

The district is subdivided to 22 commune-level subdivisions, including Sìn Hồ township and the rural communes of Căn Co, Chăn Nưa, Hồng Thu, Làng Mô, Lùng Thàng, Ma Quai, Nậm Cha, Nậm Cuổi, Nậm Hăn, Nậm Mạ, Nậm Tăm, Noong Hẻo, Pa Khóa, Pa Tần, Phăng Sô Lin, Phìn Hồ, Pu Sam Cáp, Sà Dề Phìn, Tả Ngảo, Tả Phìn and Tủa Sín Chải.

Climate

References

Districts of Lai Châu province


Tam Đường is a rural district of Lai Châu province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. The city borders Phong Thổ district, Sìn Hồ district, Tân Uyên district, Lai Châu and Lào Cai province.

The district capital lies at Tam Đường.

Demographics
As of 2020 the city had a population of 52,470, covering an area of 662.92 km².

Administrative divisions
Lai Châu City is officially divided into 13 commune-level sub-divisions, including the township of Tam Đường and 12 rural communes (Bản Bo, Bản Giang, Bản Hon, Bình Lư, Giang Ma, Hồ Thầu, Khun Há, Nà Tăm, Nùng Nàng, Sơn Bình, Tả Lèng, Thèn Sin).

Climate

See also
Tam Duong bus crash

References

Districts of Lai Châu province


Mathmakers was a Canadian educational children's television series produced from 1978 to 1980 by the province of Ontario's public television network, TVOntario. The series starred Derek McGrath and Lyn Harvey.

Producer/Director Clive Vanderburgh, Production Assistant Jane Downey and Brian Elston, Editor.

The premise is set in a television studio where the production crew produces an educational series illustrating various concepts of grade school mathematics.

External links
A fan site dedicated to classic TVO children's shows of the 1970s

1970s Canadian children's television series
Canadian children's education television series
TVO original programming
Television shows filmed in Toronto
Mathematics education television series


Than Uyên is a rural district of Lai Châu province in the Northwest region of Vietnam. As of 2003, the district had a population of 85,908. The district covers an area of 1,630 km². The district capital lies at Than Uyên.

Climate

References

Districts of Lai Châu province


Bảo Lâm is a district (huyện) of Lâm Đồng province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

 the district had a population of 107,279. The district covers an area of 1,457 km². The district capital lies at Lộc Thắng.

It was formed after being split out of Bảo Lộc. Apart from the district seat there are 13 communes in the district: Lộc Quảng, Lộc Ngãi, Lộc Đức, Lộc T'Lâm, Lộc Phú, Lộc Bắc, Lộc Bảo, Lộc An, Lộc Tân, Lộc Thành, Lộc Nam, B'Lá and Tân Lạc.

The main economic activity in the district is the planting of cash crops, the most prominent being tea, coffee and peppercorn as well as some forestry products.

Currently a government mining company is developing a bauxite mine in the area to produce aluminium. 11,000 billion VND (around 600 million USD) has been invested.

The majority of the people in the district are from various Montagnard tribes.

References

Districts of Lâm Đồng province


Bảo Lộc (old name in Ma language: B’Lao) is a city of Lâm Đồng Province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam. Bảo Lộc is famous for its registered trademark: B'lao tea. As of 2018 the town district had a population of 170,920. The district covers an area of 229 km2. The district capital lies at Bảo Lộc.

Subdivisions
Bảo Lộc has six urban wards and five communes.

The wards are:

Ward I - 4.3144 km2
Ward II - 6.6215 km2
B’Lao Ward - 5.4029 km2
Lộc Phát Ward- 25.7302 km2
Lộc Tiến Ward - 13.0119 km2
Lộc Sơn Ward - 12.3669 km2

The communes are:

Lộc Thanh - 20.8098 km2
Đam B’ri - 32.201 km2
Lộc Nga - 16.0319 km2
Đại Lào - 59.2579 km2
Lộc Châu - 36.1955 km2

Climate

Local sights
Older buildings in Bảo Lộc include the Bát Nhã Temple. Hồ Đồng Nai lake is a small lake situated in the central part of the town.

References

Populated places in Lâm Đồng province
Districts of Lâm Đồng province
Cities in Vietnam


Calamus gibbsianus is a species of rattan palm in the genus Calamus endemic to the Malaysian States of Sarawak and Sabah on the island of Borneo.

References

gibbsianus
Endemic flora of Borneo
Trees of Borneo
Plants described in 1913
Taxa named by Odoardo Beccari


Merle John Isaac (October 12, 1898 – March 11, 1996) was an American composer and prolific arranger who focused on arranging famous pieces for performers of lower experience, especially school orchestras.

Music and recognition
After graduating from the VanderCook College of Music in 1932, he began to teach at John Marshall High School, in Chicago, Illinois. While he was there, Isaac realized that there was little good music available to lower-level orchestras, and began to arrange music for his orchestra, beginning with Bohm's Perpetual Motion. After 35 years working in Chicago area schools, he retired from education, though he continued to be a clinician and guest conductor around the United States, and also continued arranging. In 1993, the American String Teachers Association gave Isaac a lifetime achievement award, and annually through 1997 continued giving awards under his name. They also have an annual Merle J. Isaac composition contest to "encourage the composition, publication, and performance of music of quality for the benefit of school orchestra programs."

Personal life
Isaac's family included his wife, Margaret, and their daughter, Margrethe (May 6, 1927 – August 14, 2007).

Isaac died of natural causes on March 11, 1996, in Des Plaines, Illinois, at the age of 97.

References

External links
H.E. Nutt Archives
Composers/Arrangers

1898 births
1996 deaths
American music arrangers
20th-century American composers


Teleconnection in atmospheric science refers to climate anomalies being related to each other at large distances (typically thousands of kilometers). The most emblematic teleconnection is that linking sea-level pressure at Tahiti and Darwin, Australia, which defines the Southern Oscillation. Another well-known teleconnection links the sea-level pressure over Iceland with the one over the Azores, traditionally defining the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO).

History
Teleconnections were first noted by the British meteorologist Sir Gilbert Walker in the late 19th century, through computation of the correlation between time series of atmospheric pressure, temperature and rainfall. They served as a building block for the understanding of climate variability, by showing that the latter was not purely random.

Indeed, the term El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is an implicit acknowledgment that the phenomenon underlies variability in several locations at once. It was later noticed that associated teleconnections occurred all over North America, as embodied by the Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern.

In the 1980s, improved observations allowed detection of teleconnections at larger distances throughout the troposphere. Concomitantly, the theory emerged that such patterns could be understood through the dispersion of Rossby waves due to the spherical geometry of the Earth. This is sometimes called the "proto-model".

Theory
Teleconnections within the tropical Pacific began to be understood thanks to the idealized calculations of A.E. Gill and later through more complex models.

Building upon the "proto-model", much of the early theory of teleconnections dealt with barotropic, linearized model of atmospheric flow about a constant mean state. However, the model was soon invalidated when it was discovered that actual teleconnection patterns were nearly insensitive to the location of the forcing, in direct contradiction with the predictions offered by this simple picture.
Simmons and collaborators showed that if a more realistic background state was prescribed, it would become unstable, leading to a similar pattern regardless of the location of the forcing, in accordance to observations. This "modal" property turned out to be an artifact of the barotropicity of the model, though it has appeared for more subtle reasons in more realistic models.

More recent work has shown that most teleconnections from the tropics to the extratropics can be understood to surprising accuracy by the propagation of linear, planetary waves upon a 3-dimensional seasonally-varying basic state. Because the patterns are persistent over time and somewhat "locked" to geographical features such as mountain ranges, these waves are called stationary.

Another mechanism of teleconnection between tropical oceans and midlatitude regions is symmetric along latitude circles (i.e. "zonal") and between hemispheres, unlike the stationary wave mechanism. It relies on interactions between transient eddies and the mean atmospheric flow that are mutually reinforcing (i.e. non-linear). It has been shown to explain some aspects of ENSO teleconnections in temperature and rainfall. Other authors suggested, as well, a correlation between many teleconnection patterns and local climate change factors.

Applications
Since tropical sea surface temperatures are predictable up to two years ahead of time, knowledge of teleconnection patterns gives some amount of predictability in remote locations with an outlook sometimes as long as a few seasons.
For instance, predicting El Niño enables prediction of North American rainfall, snowfall, droughts or temperature patterns with a few weeks to months lead time. In Sir Gilbert Walker's time, a strong El Niño usually meant a weaker Indian monsoon, but this anticorrelation has weakened in the 1980s and 1990s, for controversial reasons. For Western Europe, knowledge of the NAO can aid the predictability of patterns of temperature and precipitation. For instance, wintertime NAO+ is associated with stronger westerlies and increased precipitation over Northern Europe, whereas NAO- often corresponds to dry and cold periods over Northern Europe and increased storminess over Southern Europe.

See also
 Sudden stratospheric warming

References

Further reading

External links

Atmospheric sciences
Weather prediction
Climate patterns