The Sergeants affair () was an incident that took place in Mandate Palestine in July 1947 during Jewish insurgency in Palestine, in which the Jewish underground group Irgun kidnapped two British Army Intelligence Corps NCOs, Sergeant Clifford Martin and Sergeant Mervyn Paice, and threatened to hang them if the death sentences passed on three Irgun militants—Avshalom Haviv, Meir Nakar, and Yaakov Weiss—were carried out. The three had been captured by the British during the Acre Prison break, tried, and convicted on charges of illegal possession of arms, and with 'intent to kill or cause other harm to a large number of people'. When the three men were executed by hanging, the Irgun killed the two sergeants and hung their booby-trapped bodies in a eucalyptus grove near Netanya.

When the bodies were found, the booby trap injured a British officer as they were cut down. This act was widely condemned in both Palestine and the UK. After news of the deaths became widely known, some British troops and policemen went on rampages in Tel Aviv; five were killed and others wounded by the police, while anti-Jewish rioting broke out in some British cities.

Background
In the late 1940s, as the third decade of British Mandate over Palestine was drawing to a close, many within and outside of Britain were calling to end the Mandate. They were led by opposition leader Winston Churchill, who denounced Britain's costly occupation of Palestine for no economic benefit.

Trying to maintain control and civil order (a Mandate requirement if nothing else), the British enacted the Defence Emergency Regulations in September 1945. These regulations suspended Habeas Corpus and established military courts. They prescribed the death penalty for various offences, including carrying weapons or ammunition illegally and membership in an organization whose members commit these offenses. As World War II ended, a Jewish insurgency began, with the Zionist groups Irgun and Lehi attacking British targets in order to compel the British to leave Palestine. The insurgency was a response to Britain's implementation of the White Paper of 1939, which greatly restricted Jewish immigration and land purchases.

The British authorities began applying the death penalty against captured Jewish militants. While the first member of a Jewish underground group, Shlomo Ben-Yosef, was executed in 1938 for his part in an unsuccessful shooting attack on Arab civilians who were traveling on a bus, no further executions of Jews for politically motivated violence were held in Palestine until the late 1940s.

During an Irgun attack on a British military base, Irgun fighters Michael Ashbel and Yosef Simchon were arrested. They were sentenced to death on 13 June 1946. There were many pleas and petitions for clemency by various institutes and Jewish leaders, which were not effective. Irgun decided to threaten to carry out its own "gallows regime", declaring a policy of reprisal killings. Five days later, Irgun kidnapped five British officers in Tel Aviv, and another one the following day in Jerusalem. The Irgun then threatened to hang its hostages if Ashbel and Simchoni were executed. Two weeks later, following intense and secret negotiations, Ashbel and Simchon's sentences were commuted to life imprisonment. The officers were released the next day.

In January 1947 another Irgun militant, Dov Gruner, was sentenced to death for shooting and placing explosives with intent to kill during an Irgun raid on a Palestine Police Force station in Ramat Gan in April 1946. On 26 January, two days before Gruner's scheduled execution, Irgun kidnapped a British intelligence officer in Jerusalem. The next day, on 27 January, Irgun men also kidnapped a British judge, Ralph Windham, who was president of the Tel Aviv District Court. Sixteen hours before the scheduled execution, the British forces commander announced an "indefinite delay" of the sentence, and Irgun released its hostages.

Meanwhile in Britain, Churchill, now the leader of the Opposition, demanded a special meeting on the subject, and on 31 January, a four-hour discussion in the British Parliament took place, with Churchill demanding the suppression of the "terrorists in Palestine".

On 16 April 1947, Gruner and three other Irgun militants, Yehiel Dresner, Mordechai Alkahi and Eliezer Kashani, who were caught during the Night of the Beatings, were executed. Five days later two other prisoners, Meir Feinstein of Irgun and Moshe Barazani of Lehi, were scheduled to be hanged for, respectively, the bombing of a Jerusalem railway station in which a policeman was killed and the attempted assassination of a senior British officer. However, a few hours before they were due to be executed they committed suicide using an improvised grenade smuggled to them by their colleagues. Irgun commander Menachem Begin was enraged by the executions, and ordered his men to abduct and hang British soldiers in retaliation. However, the British Army, well aware of possible retaliation, took precautions. As Begin would later recall, "our units went out on the roads, on to the streets in the towns. But the military were literally not to be found."

4 May 1947 saw the Acre Prison break: the Irgun engineered a mass escape from Acre Prison, with the aim of freeing 41 Irgun and Lehi prisoners. Some 28 Jews and almost 200 Arabs managed to escape. However, nine Jewish fighters (both escapees and perpetrators of the prison break) were killed. Among the attacking party, three were killed and five were captured. While two of those arrested, Amnon Michaelov and Nachman Zitterbaum, were minors, and thus too young to be executed under British law, the other three, Avshalom Haviv, Yaakov Weiss and Meir Nakar, were not. The Irgun High Command had no doubt that they would be tried and convicted of capital offences, and the Irgun immediately set out to find British hostages. All of the arrested Irgun militants refused to accept British judicial authority. However they were tried by a military court and Haviv, Weiss, and Nakar were sentenced to death.

In an attempt to forestall the likely death sentences, the Irgun kidnapped two British military policemen, a sergeant and a private, at a swimming pool in Ramat Gan on 9 June. However, the attempt to use them as hostages failed, as 19 hours later British troops found the hiding place and rescued them. Two days later the three Irgun militants were sentenced to death. All that was needed for the sentences to be carried out was approval from the Commander in Chief. Irgun resumed, with increased urgency, its kidnapping attempts, which proved difficult due to British precautions against abductions: British soldiers were largely confined to heavily-guarded security zones that had been established throughout Palestine, and standing orders required troops to move around in groups of at least four. Matters were further complicated by Lehi's actions in retaliation to the killing of one of their members, Alexander Rubowitz, who was allegedly murdered in captivity by Major Roy Farran. Lehi decided to carry out revenge attacks and the Irgun was concerned over the fact that it would be even more difficult to find hostages if Lehi began gun battles in the streets. Lehi agreed to hold off its attacks for a week, and Irgun carried out two unsuccessful abduction attempts. The first, on 22 June, saw Assistant Superintendent of Police C.J.C. Pound escape from his would-be captors in Jerusalem. On 25 June, an abduction squad in Jerusalem attempted to seize administrative officer Alan Major and hit him on the head with a hammer, but Major managed to struggle free. After the week passed, Lehi carried out two attacks in Tel Aviv and Haifa which killed two British soldiers and wounded five. These attacks resulted in even tighter security precautions.

UNSCOP (the United Nations committee which was asked to recommend the future government of Palestine) visited the region and an appeal was made to the committee to intervene on the convicted men's behalf. On 2 July, an appeal by UNSCOP on behalf of the condemned men was rejected, and on 8 July, three weeks after the sentences were passed, they were confirmed by the commander. Due to the concurrent visit of UNSCOP the executions were postponed. This delay, intended not to anger the committee, gave the Irgun extra time to accomplish the kidnapping of hostages.

Kidnapping

Several weeks earlier, Irgun had learned about a Jewish refugee from Vienna named Aaron Weinberg, who had fled to Palestine and was working as a clerk at a British military resort camp in north Netanya. This information was already known to the local SHAI (the intelligence arm of the Haganah) commander, Yehoshua Bar-Ziv. Weinberg, who was a SHAI agent, was entrusted by Bar-Ziv with striking up a relationship with two sergeants from the British Army Intelligence Corps, Clifford Martin and Mervyn Paice, who used to spend a lot of time in the camp.

The sergeants were of interest to SHAI since they belonged to the field security unit and worked with the Tulkarm police, which was in charge of the Sharon district. Their mission was to circulate within the local population and pick up information on the Irgun and Lehi and their supporters. They often operated in civilian clothes and were not subject to standing orders intended to prevent abduction attempts. Notably, they did not have to leave camp in groups of four, and sometimes went unarmed.<ref name=Hoffman>Hoffman, Bruce: Anonymous Soldiers (2015)</ref> Weinberg was very successful in his task, and occasionally got the sergeants to go out to the Netanya beach.

On one of those visits, on the night of Saturday, 4 July, they were noted by an Irgun member sitting in the Gan Vered café who heard them speaking English and who followed them back to the camp. Based on his information, a week later Irgun made arrangements to kidnap them in the hope that they would return to the café.

On 11 July 1947, a group of Irgun men retrieved weapons, chloroform, cloths and ropes from a hidden cache. After the recent failures, the Irgun militants in Netanya were sceptical regarding the chances of this kidnapping attempt. Because of this they did not go to any great lengths to cover their tracks, considering the complicated operation they were planning: they did not steal or borrow a vehicle or bring in non-local members who were less likely to be recognized. Furthermore, Yosef Meller, a longtime Netanya resident and newly recruited Irgun member, volunteered to use his black taxi cab, which was well known around town, for the kidnapping. The abduction operation was led by Benjamin Kaplan, who had been freed in the Acre Prison break. At nightfall one basic precaution was taken; the taxi's license plates were changed in an attempt to prevent it being recognized in the course of the abduction.

That evening Weinberg and the intended victims showed up once more at the café. Martin and Paice were in civilian clothes, were unarmed, were outside their camp at hours typically forbidden for British soldiers to be outside camp, and were not part of a group of four. After being informed that his intended victims were there, Kaplan posted his men around the coffee shop and along the road leading north to the camp and waited for an opportunity to perform the abduction. Weinberg and the two sergeants did not leave the coffee shop until after midnight. The two sergeants had decided to walk Weinberg home before returning to camp. Meller's cab, with Kaplan and three others inside, started after them. It pulled over and the four men emerged, masked and holding guns, and assaulted their targets. After resistance by one of the sergeants, they were forced into the car and Meller drove off. Weinberg was left, under guard, in an orchard in north Netanya, from where he was later taken to another orchard and released.

The hostages were taken to the inactive "Feldman" diamond polishing plant in the industrial area on the south side of Netanya, and were held in a specially-built underground chamber that had been built in the plant's cellar. It was sealed with an aluminum-ringed airtight hatch that was hidden by a thick layer of sand, and there were sandbags under the hatch to prevent any hollow sound if it were tapped. Inside was a canvas bucket, a week's supply of food and two cylinders of oxygen which the sergeants were instructed to use to refresh the air in their cell. Every few days while they were there, the bucket was emptied and the food re-stocked.

 The search for Paice and Martin
Weinberg remained in the orchard until daybreak, and was found by a watchman at 5:30 AM. He reported the kidnapping to the British Army. Shortly afterwards he was interviewed by the Palestine Police Force, and gave them the details of what had happened. Reports of the kidnapping also reached the Haganah in Netanya. Oved Ben-Ami, the mayor of Netanya, called an emergency council meeting. He did not invite the Revisionist party members, who were identified with the Irgun. The decision was made in accordance with the Yishuv's position, which was published the next day, calling the kidnapping a provocation that might jeopardize what hope was left for clemency for the Irgun members condemned to death. It pleaded for every decent civilian to assist in the search for the hostages.

Meanwhile, Haganah set out to find and release the kidnapped men, by force if necessary. Until that time period, the Haganah had avoided collaboration with the British authorities since the end of the Saison, and on occasion, it had mounted anti-British operations and collaborated with the Irgun and Lehi. However, in the summer of 1947, it began trying to sabotage Irgun and Lehi operations as part of the "Little Saison" due to the fact that UNSCOP was present in Palestine at the time. As a result, it assisted in the search. The SHAI commander in the region arrived in order to personally oversee the search. Unlike the British, the Haganah was familiar with the area, and knew every potential hideout within a ten-mile radius. Despite this, it found no trace of the hostages. Searches by the Jewish Settlement Police and the Palestine Police's Criminal Investigations Department were also fruitless.

Yehoshua Bar-Ziv, who had resigned as SHAI commander in Netanya in the meantime, provided his successor with information about a recently built underground bunker under the house of Irgun member Haim Banai in Ramat Tiomkin. They were convinced that this was where the hostages were kept, and passed that information to Haganah.

All the while, Ben-Ami was desperately trying to pacify the British authorities and promise them that Yishuv would do anything to find the hostages. However, after his conversation with Netanya council members of the Revisionist party, he published an announcement in a newspaper saying that he had been told by Irgun that the hostages would not be returned until the condemned Irgun members' fate was made clear. Subsequently, the British Army placed a cordon around Netanya and the surrounding area of Emek Hefer, which had 20 outlying settlements, a total area of 15,000 people, and on 13 July, began an extensive search effort, codenamed Operation Tiger, to find the sergeants. The area was placed under martial law as 5,000 British troops conducted searches and questioned residents. A total of 1,427 people were interrogated during the operation. Local residents were kept under curfew, and Netanya became a virtual ghost town; its streets were empty save for patrolling British soldiers and armored vehicles.

At this point Haganah believed that they had accurate information on the location of the hostages. The information made it all the way up to the Haganah chief of staff, Yisrael Galili who passed it on to the Haganah high commander and chairman of the Jewish Agency, David Ben-Gurion. Although the Haganah, acting under the Jewish Agency's direction, had at times cooperated with the Irgun and Lehi and carried out anti-British operations, it was at the time conducting the "Little Saison" against the two groups, attempting to suppress their activities by foiling some of their operations. Galili, who opposed any collaboration with the British, had ordered preparations for a forced release by the Haganah. Ben-Gurion thought that a forced release, no matter by whom, would lead to the hanging of the condemned in Acre, and Irgun's finger would be pointed at the Agency, Haganah and SHAI. He therefore made two decisions: First, the hostages were to be released by force; but not by Haganah, as Galili suggested, but by the British. Second, the information regarding the location of the hostages was to be passed anonymously not only to the British, but to Ben-Ami as well. By doing this he hoped to give the impression that Ben Ami had passed the information to the British. Ben-Gurion was relying on this, plus Ben Ami's call to the Netanya residents "to leave no stone unturned" to attract reprisals from Irgun if the hostages were rescued.

On 17 July, British MPs Richard Crossman and Maurice Edelman appealed for the release of the sergeants, as did other public figures and private citizens in Britain. The father of Mervyn Paice wrote a letter to Menachem Begin asking him to spare his son's life. The letter was sent to Palestine addressed to the commander of the Irgun. In Palestine, a postal worker who was a member of the Irgun ensured it found its way to Begin, who in an open radio broadcast on Kol Tsion HaLokhemet (the Irgun's radio station) responded "You must appeal to your government that thirsts for oil and blood."

 Leak of information to Irgun
Ben-Gurion's plan did not work. In the course of a meeting with Revisionist party member Yaakov Chinsky, Ben Ami told him that Haganah knew the kidnapped soldiers were being imprisoned under Banai's house. Chinsky, who knew the information was wrong, passed it to Avraham Assaf, the Irgun's district commander in the Netanya area. Assaf knew the hostages were not in Banai's cellar, but it did contain the equipment used in the kidnapping, and he thought its discovery might assist the British in finding the kidnappers or their hostages. He therefore arranged to have the evidence removed.

The next day, during the extension given by the British to the Yishuv for the Haganah to conduct its own search, the residents of Netanya were placed under curfew. The British, acting on the information from Haganah, decided to search Banai's house. In the late afternoon the neighbourhood was surrounded by military vehicles, including tanks and armoured cars. Banai and his neighbours were arrested as searches began. However, as the equipment had already been removed, nothing was found.

All the while the hostages were kept in the polishing plant. They had been drugged with chloroform during their abduction and when they came to, Kaplan told them they had been taken hostage. On the advice of Amichai Paglin, the Irgun's Chief of Operations, who arrived from Tel Aviv on the day of the kidnapping, a decoy was arranged: a pickup truck was loaded with kidnapping equipment and sent to Herzliya, where it was left at the beach, leaving clear traces. Paglin also arranged for oxygen tanks to be brought to the bunker, before returning to Tel Aviv.

 Near discovery of hostages by police
The diamond polishing plant where the hostages were being held was searched twice by the British, but both searches failed to turn up the hostages.

A few hours after Paglin's departure, an incident took place that could have led to the discovery of the hostages: the two lookouts at the plant noticed a police car patrolling the area. Fearing it was heading towards the plant, they hid themselves. The police car was on routine patrol and went on its way, but the guard in the nearby plant noticed them slipping through the window, assumed they were burglars, and called the police.

On an ordinary day the police might not have taken his report seriously, but this time a strong force was sent to investigate, accompanied by a plain-clothes officer. They conducted a search of the plant. However, one of the plant's owners, who did not know about Irgun's unauthorized use of his property, naively convinced them there was nothing in there to concern them. Having found nothing, the policemen left the scene.

The plant was later searched a second time by a British patrol. As the soldiers pushed open the doors, an Irgun guard inside heard them and escaped through a back window. The soldiers heard him and conducted a painstaking search of the plant, but failed to find the hatch.

 Hangings

 Execution of Haviv, Weiss and Nakar
On 16 July, after three days, the curfew around Netanya was lifted, although the town itself remained isolated. The search continued unsuccessfully, but the cordon was lifted after two weeks, on 26 July. Ben Ami assessed that the British had resolved to hang the condemned men despite the risk to the hostages.

Ben Ami's assessment was correct. On 27 July an official radio announcement said the High Commissioner, Alan Cunningham had given the order to carry out the executions, which were scheduled for 29 July. The superintendent of Acre Prison, Major G.E.G. Charlton, refused to preside over the executions due to the fact that they were to be carried out in secret, rather than in the traditional way, with the execution date announced well in advance and the families of the condemned allowed to visit them prior to the event. He was subsequently relieved of his position. The Inspector of Prisons, Mr. Hackett, was appointed superintendent in his place, and he along with Andrew Clow, the superintendent of Nablus jail, would serve as the chief hangman. On 28 July, it was announced that the three would die the following day. The announcement cast a pall over the Yishuv. The Jewish Agency and Palestine's Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi Yitzhak Herzog made last-ditch appeals for the lives of the men to be spared, but to no avail. The Irgun immediately reiterated its warning that the hostages would also die in response. British forces carried out unsuccessful, last-ditch searches in Jerusalem, Kfar Saba, and Ness Ziona for the two sergeants.

On 29 July, at the break of dawn, Haviv, Weiss and Nakar were executed. At 2:00 AM, they were visited by Rabbi Nissim Ohana, the Chief Rabbi of Haifa, who administered final prayers to them and carried out a message to their family and friends: "Do not grieve too much, what we have done we did out of conviction." Shortly before 4:00 AM, the prison superintendent, accompanied by high military and police officials, arrived at the death cell. Between 4:00 and 5:00, each man was escorted the gallows and hanged. As they approached the gallows, they sang Hatikvah and were joined by other Jewish prisoners. The bodies were left hanging from the gallows for twenty minutes before being cut down and carried away. Haviv, Weiss, and Nakar thereby became the last of the group known as the Olei Hagardom. In a letter to Menachem Begin, an Irgun prisoner named Chaim Wasserman described the executions:

"Toward evening a party of hangmen arrived. The officers went in and informed the condemned men they were to be executed between four and five in the morning. Their reply was to sing "Hatikvah" and other songs in powerful voices. They then shouted to us that the hangings would begin at four o'clock, in this order: Avshalom Haviv, Meir Nakar, Yaakov Weiss. They added: 'Avenge our blood! Avenge our blood!' We shouted back, 'Be strong! We are with you, and thousands of Jewish youth are with you in spirit.' They replied, 'Thanks,' and went on singing. At two a Sephardi rabbi whom we could not recognize from afar [Rabbi Nissim Ohana] was brought and stayed in the cell 15 minutes. At four in the morning Avshalom began singing "Hatikva," and we joined in loudly, pressing against the bars. At once armed police came up to the visitors' fence near our cell. At 4:03 Avshalom was hanged. At 4:25 we were shaken by the powerful singing of Meir. Hardly able to breathe, we nevertheless joined in. He was hanged at 4:28. At five o'clock the voice of Yaakov, this time alone, penetrated our cell, singing "Hatikva." Again we joined in. Two minutes later he was hanged.... At dawn we informed the prison officers through an Arab warder that we would not be responsible for the life of any Englishman who dared enter the jail yard. We declared a fast and prayed. Later in the morning we found the following inscription on the wall of the cell of the condemned: 'They will not frighten the Hebrew youth in the Homeland with their hangings. Thousands will follow in our footsteps.' Next to it was the Irgun insignia and their three names in the order they were executed."

On 30 July, the three men were buried in Safed. Their funeral cortege was led by a military vehicle. The entire Jewish population of Safed attended the funeral.

 Killing of Paice and Martin
When news began leaking that the three men were to be executed and a country-wide curfew would be imposed at 11:00 PM, Paglin was at a movie. After being called out and told the news, he hurried to Begin's safe house, where he was meeting with members of his high command, where doubts were being raised over the feasibility of hanging the sergeants with the British and Haganah on high alert. Paglin, who had not been allowed to venture into British-controlled areas by the high command for the previous six months, asked to take personal charge of the operation. He was convinced that the sergeants could be hanged inside the plant, and the bodies could be moved to an orange grove and hung there, since attempting to move the two alive would be too great a risk. Since the hangings were meant as a 'lesson for all to see', Irgun wanted the bodies hung up in public. That was so clear that the mayor of Tel Aviv, Yisrael Rokah, feared Irgun would hang them in the city's main square, while in Netanya it was feared that they would be hanged on local lamp posts. Begin approved Paglin's plan. Paglin then slipped out of the house and drove to Netanya in his car, where he collected four Irgun men; Benjamin Kaplan, Yoel Kimchi, Avraham Rubin, and Yosef Meller. They arrived at the diamond plant in the afternoon.

In Netanya, they had observed that the streets were filled with British military vehicles patrolling the town, and as a result, they were in a rush to carry out the hangings quickly, lest they get caught in the act. Starting at around 6:00 PM, Paice and Martin were individually taken out of the hatch, hustled into the next room, hooded, tied by the wrists and ankles, stood on a chair, had a noose placed around their necks and then, by the kicking away of the chair, hanged. The first man to be pulled out asked if he could write a message, but was told that there was no time. After twenty minutes, the bodies were taken down.

 Movement of the bodies

The next day, early in the morning of 30 July, a taxi brought from Tel Aviv, so as not to be recognized, arrived at the plant. Meanwhile Meller was looking for a route to move the bodies without risking arrest. After several hours such a route was found, and at 9:00 the order was given to move the bodies into the cab. The Irgun group concealed the bodies in bags and moved them out of the plant in broad daylight. They were seen doing this by workers at the neighboring plants.

Many of those were Haganah members, and several of them asked what was in the bags. The Irgun members lied, saying that the bags contained guns, at which point some of the workers suggested that they should be confiscated. One of the Irgun men, David Dahari, took out his pistol and threatened to fire if any of them touched the bags, so they backed off.

From that point time was critical for the Irgun group; it was clearly a matter of time before SHAI—and the British—were informed that Irgun were moving possible bodies. They drove east to a eucalyptus grove near the village of Even Yehuda, about four km from Netanya. They hung the bodies from two adjacent trees and pinned notes to them which read:

Two British spies held in underground captivity since July 12 have been tried after the completion of the investigations of their "criminal anti-Hebrew activities" on the following charges:
 Illegal entry into the Hebrew homeland.
 Membership of a British criminal terrorist organisation known as the Army of Occupation which was responsible for the torture, murder, deportation, and denying the Hebrew people the right to live.
 Illegal possession of arms.
 Anti-Jewish spying in civilian clothes.
 Premeditated hostile designs against the underground.
Found guilty of these charges they have been sentenced to hang and their appeal for clemency dismissed. This is not a reprisal for the execution of three Jews but a "routine judicial fact."

An anti-personnel mine was then set. Most accounts say that this was buried below the bodies, where it would have targeted anyone cutting them down.

 Reactions in Palestine
At 11:00 on 30 July the Irgun publicly announced the hangings with an announcement on its clandestine radio station and on posters pasted on walls throughout Palestine. The British security forces and Haganah searched intensively for the bodies, but had not found them by the end of the day. Fearing that the mine they had planted might injure a Haganah patrol, the Irgun telephoned the Netanya town council, giving the location of the bodies and a warning about the mine. At 07:00 on the morning of 31 July, the bodies were located by a Jewish Settlement Police patrol, who, because of the warning, stayed clear. Soon British soldiers, Yishuv representatives and reporters arrived at the scene. They observed that the bodies had been partly stripped, their shirts wrapped around their heads and that the bodies appeared "blackened, bloodied."

Having thoroughly checked the surrounding area, the officer in command, Captain D.H. Galatti, began cutting down the body of Clifford Martin using a knife fastened to a pole. When it fell, the mine went off, blowing Martin's body to pieces and knocking sideways the tree from which Paice's body was hung. Despite jumping back, the captain received wounds to his face and a shoulder.

According to a Palestine Police report:

They were hanging from two eucalyptus trees five yards apart. Their faces were heavily bandaged so it was impossible to distinguish their features... Their bodies were a dull black colour and blood had run down their chests which made it appear at first that they had been shot.... The press were allowed to take photographs of the spectacle. When this had been done, it was decided to cut down the bodies. The RE [Royal Engineers] captain and CSM [company sergeant major] lopped branches off the tree which held the right hand body, and started to cut the hang rope with a saw. As the body fell there was a large explosion... The two trees had been completely blown up and their [sic] were large craters where the roots had been. One body was found horribly mangled about twenty yards away... The other body had disintegrated, and small pieces were picked up as much as 200 yards away.

As news regarding the bodies became known throughout Netanya, the residents, fearing reprisals, began stocking food and some even left the city. The council called upon the residents not to believe false rumors and Haganah men stood in the central bus station to prevent people from leaving the city.
Irgun boasted about the hangings and a response written by Shmuel Katz was delivered in the Irgun press:

We recognize no one-sided laws of war. If the British are determined that their way out of the country should be lined by an avenue of gallows and of weeping fathers, mothers, wives, and sweethearts, we shall see to it that in this there is no racial discrimination. The gallows will not be all of one color.... Their price will be paid in full.

The first response came from Ben-Ami, who said that "of all the crimes committed to this day in this country this is the most despicable one, defiling our war of liberation.... I testify that most of our population made desperate efforts to free the kidnapped and prevent this disgrace." The memorial grove was established and still exists.

The Yishuv's official institutions gave similar responses, condemning the perpetrators as murderers of two innocent persons, who took upon themselves the authority to decide in life and death issues. Jamal al-Husayni, head of the Arab Higher Committee compared it with the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, saying that the Arabs had not performed such actions.

 Reprisals by British troops and policemen
On the evening of 31 July, groups of British policemen and soldiers went on the rampage in Tel Aviv, breaking the windows of shops and buses, overturning cars, stealing a taxi and assaulting members of the Jewish community. Groups of young Jews then took to the streets and started stoning police foot patrols, which were then withdrawn from the city. On learning of the stonings, without waiting for orders, members of mobile police units temporarily based at the Citrus House security compound drove into Tel Aviv in six armoured vehicles. These policemen opened fire on two buses, killing one Jew and injuring three others on the first bus and killing three more Jews on the second. Policemen also beat passersby, smashed shop windows, and raided two cafés, detonating a grenade in one of them. In one café, they attempted to abduct a Jew, and were beaten back by the patrons. Five Jews were killed and 15 injured. The dead were identified as Tova Harson, Victor Yedidia Mizrahi, Ze'ev Noviakovsky, Kalman Reich, and Yosef Azpai.The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle, 8 August 1947

Investigators trying to find out who was responsible for the killings examined each armoured car's guns and ammunition, but the guns had been cleaned and ammunition replenished. Members of the regular mobile patrols who must have known the truth were interrogated, but refused to divulge any information. In the end, a few policemen were disciplined and the Lydda mobile police units reformed, but no criminal charges were brought.

On 1 August, Paice and Martin were buried in the Ramleh Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery, while at the funeral for some of the Jews killed in the police reprisals, mourners and police clashed again; 33 Jews were injured.

 Government reactions
On 5 August, the British arrested 35 Jewish political leaders in Palestine, all of whom were members of the Revisionist party or the right-wing branch of the General Zionists' party. The mayors of Netanya, Tel Aviv, and Ramat Gan were among those arrested due to them being "known to be able to contact the terrorists." They were held without trial in the Latrun detention camp. The British authorities also announced that henceforth, all Palestinian Jews were forbidden to leave the country until further notice. A long-standing plan to outlaw the Revisionist youth movement Betar as a fertile recruiting ground for the Irgun and Lehi was implemented. Betar's headquarters were occupied, and Revisionist newspapers were shut down.

Cunningham authorized the British Army to begin demolishing Jewish homes, a tactic it had previously failed to use during the Jewish insurgency. A Jewish home where an arms cache had been discovered in a routine search was demolished in Jerusalem on 5 August.

 Reactions in Britain

 Public and media reaction
Condemnations of the Irgun's 'bestialities' came from all sections of British society and media. Under the headline 'Murder in Palestine' The Times commented that: 'it is difficult to estimate the damage that will be done to the Jewish cause not only in this country but throughout the world by the cold-blooded murder of the two British soldiers.... The Manchester Guardian, while urging the government that it was 'time to go' from Palestine, similarly noted that the hangings were 'a greater blow to the Jewish nation than to the British government.'

 Condemnation of the Irgun by British Jews The Jewish Chronicle reported on the issue. In one passage, the JC expressed Anglo-Jewry's shame at the act: 'Although the general public in Britain recognise that Jewry in this country are powerless to prevent the outrages, British Jewry cannot but feel a deep sense of shame that these murders have been committed.' Harold Soref, the editor of the Jewish Monthly, complained that "the victims of Hitler are being replaced in the popular imagination and sentiment by the victims of the Irgun Zvai Leumi."

JC editor John Shaftesley's words, while articulating Anglo-Jewry's abhorrence, can also be interpreted as a plea to British society not to blame Anglo-Jewry for the 'cold-blooded murder of the two British sergeants,' or to seek revenge against the community. Shaftesley's plea was ignored by some, and during the bank holiday weekend, which began on 1 August 1947, and throughout the following week, British Jews across the country felt the powerful impact of the incident, facing a sharp rise in hatred, abuse and ultimately rioting.

 Riots

On a summer bank holiday weekend, Friday, 1 August 1947, anti-Jewish violence and rioting began. News of the "cold blooded Irgun murders" spread across Britain through extensive coverage in the British media. The tabloid press reported the "Irgun murders" in graphic detail. The Daily Express carried a large picture on the front page, showing the victims as they were found with hands tied behind their backs, shirts wrapped round their heads and hung from eucalyptus trees under the headline: "Hanged Britons: picture that will shock the world". The violence began in Liverpool and subsequently spread across Britain's urban centres from London to Glasgow.

Incidents were reported in West Derby (Liverpool, England), where a wooden synagogue was burnt down; in Glasgow, Scotland where "bricks were thrown through the windows of Jewish shops"; and in Liverpool City Centre, where "over a hundred windows belonging to Jewish owners were shattered". The rioting was most intensive and longest lasting in Liverpool: For over five days the city saw violence and looting, and the Lord Mayor issued an appeal to the city "to assist the police in the prevention of attacks on property and shops supposedly owned by Jews". In total over 300 Jewish properties were affected by the rioting in Liverpool, and the police made 88 arrests. As he sentenced one rioter, Jack Piggott, to six months in prison for leading a mob and smashing the window of a Jewish-owned shop, the judge warned that there was "no excuse for these anti-Jewish demonstrations—they are both un-British and unpatriotic."

Synagogues and easily recognizable Jewish properties and symbols throughout Britain were targeted by attackers. In Hendon, London, windows of the Raleigh Close synagogue were smashed and a piece of paper was found with the words "Jews are sin". Blackpool and St John's Wood synagogues received telephone calls threatening that they would be blown up, and the walls of Plymouth Synagogue were attacked and marked with anti-semitic signs and slogans: "Hang all Jews" and "Destroy Judah". In other attacks on Jewish targets, gravestones in a Jewish cemetery were uprooted in Birmingham, "Hitler was right" was daubed on properties in North Wales, and Jewish property in Halifax, Pendleton, Lancashire, Bolton, Holyhead and Southend were also attacked. In a further incident, the back door of the JC representative's home in Cardiff was marked "Jews—good old Hitler". On 5 August 1947, The Times and Jewish Chronicle reported that in Eccles near Manchester, a crowd of 700 people "cheered each hit" as missiles pelted Jewish properties smashing their windows.

 Denunciations of anti-Semitic violence
Denunciation of the rioting was expressed from within and without Anglo-Jewry. In a clear indicator of the severity of the disturbances, Home Secretary James Chuter Ede gave a written statement to Parliament regarding the matter.

The Manchester Guardian (the former name of The Guardian before it moved its head office to London) called the violence 'a disgrace'.The Jewish Chronicle, which since Shaftesley's appointment as editor had assiduously followed a restrained and sensitive editorial line regarding Anglo-Jewry's position in society, was provoked by the rioting to explicitly express its anger and disillusionment with Anglo-Jewry's treatment by its compatriots.

The Association of Jewish ex-Servicemen placed a wreath at the plinth of the Cenotaph with the inscription: 'In memory of Sergeant Martin and Sergeant Paice, who died doing their duty in Palestine. From the Jewish ex-Service comrades of the British forces.'

 Aftermath
The UNSCOP committee, which operated in Palestine at that time, could not have ignored the act. However, it was soon overshadowed by a new crisis over the Exodus, a Haganah-operated ship laden with 4,500 Jewish displaced persons, which set sail from France and was refused entry to Palestine, instead being sent back to Port-de-Bouc.

The hanging of the British sergeants has been described as a major factor in the British decision to evacuate Palestine. J. Bowyer Bell referred to the affair as the "straw that broke the Mandate's back", and wrote that it was a major factor that resulted in a consensus to evacuate Palestine. In 1961, Arthur Creech Jones, who had been British Colonial Secretary in 1947, wrote that the "deadly blow against British patience and pride" caused by the hangings was one of four major factors that pushed the British cabinet to the decision to evacuate Palestine in September 1947, the other three being the inflexible and irreconcilable political demands of the Arabs and Jews, the unrelenting pressure that stationing a large garrison in Palestine to deal with the Jewish insurgency as well as threats of greater Zionist resistance and an Arab uprising put on an already strained British economy, and the mounting criticism over the government's failure to replace the White Paper of 1939 with a new policy. Colonel Archer Cust, who had been Chief Assistant to the Chief Secretary of Palestine, said that "The hanging of the two British sergeants did more than anything to get us out" in a 1949 lecture to the Royal Empire Society.

Menachem Begin claimed in his book The Revolt that the "cruel act" was one of the events which tipped the balance in the British withdrawal from Palestine. During the last interview of his life in 1991, Begin said that the decision to hang the sergeants was the most difficult decision he made as Irgun commander, but said that "after the brutal act there were no more hangings of Jews in Palestine." Former Irgun high command member Shmuel Katz later said that "The British understood that after the Olei Hagardom went to the noose with their heads held high and after the sergeants were hanged, there was no more scope for escalation. The game was over."

In a November 1948 letter regarding an entrance visa to the United States for Menachem Begin, Robert A. Lovett wrote that it might spark a conflict with Britain, due to Begin's association with Irgun acts including the hangings of Paice and Martin.

In 1981 it was claimed that Clifford Martin met the Halachah definition of a Jew, since his mother came from a Jewish family from Cairo.

The hanging of the Sergeants is one of the many historical incidents referenced in Michael Moorcock's book Breakfast in the Ruins - though Moorcock's fictionalized depiction considerably departs from the actual historical circumstances. Bernice Rubens also depicted a fictionalized version of the event in her novel The Sergeants' Tale.''

See also
List of kidnappings
Corporals killings

References

Further reading

1947 in Mandatory Palestine
1947 in military history
20th-century history of the British Army
Deaths by hanging
Hostage taking
Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)
Irgun
Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine
Kidnappings
Antisemitism in the United Kingdom


St Michael's Church is in St Michael's Road, Ditton, Widnes, Halton, Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building. It is an active Roman Catholic church.

History
The church was founded when German Jesuits expelled from their own country (1872) settled in Ditton. They were victims of Bismark Kulturkampf which tried to reduce the influence of Catholicism in Germany. The Jesuit students of Theology formed a community at Ditton Hall and between 1876 and 1879 built the church. It was designed by Henry Clutton. The cost of the church, £16,000 (equivalent to £ in ), was met by Lady Mary Stapleton-Bretherton of Ditton Hall. In 1979 the interior of the church was reordered by Bartlett and Purnell.

Architecture

Exterior
The church is built in red ashlar sandstone with a slate roof. Its plan is cruciform, with short transepts and a west tower. It has an eight-bay arcade which takes in the nave and the chancel. The tower is in three stages with a steep saddleback roof. The entrance to the church is through the west door of the tower, above which are three lancet windows. Above these are three-light louvred bell openings and a balustrade. The windows in the gables of the chancel and transepts are rose windows containing stained-glass. Elsewhere, the windows are lancets. At the east end are two lancets separated by a large shaft.

Interior
The ceiling is barrel vaulted, boarded with hardwood, running through the nave and chancel. In the north transept is an organ and confessionals are in the south transept. The chancel has a yellow sandstone wall and a marble floor; the walls of the nave are plastered. The altar and lectern are made from Clipsham stone, and the stained-glass comes from Cologne. The organ was built in 1879 by Gray & Davison.

See also

 Grade I and II* listed buildings in Halton (borough)
 List of Jesuit sites
 Listed buildings in Widnes
 Mary Stapleton-Bretherton

References

Roman Catholic churches in Cheshire
Grade II* listed churches in Cheshire
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1879
Gothic Revival church buildings in England
Gothic Revival architecture in Cheshire
Buildings and structures in Widnes
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United Kingdom
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Liverpool
Henry Clutton buildings


Margaret P. Arrowsmith (2 March 1930 – 27 September 2023) was a British author and peace campaigner. She was a co-founder of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) in 1957.

Early life
Margaret P. Arrowsmith was born on 2 March 1930, into a family in Leamington Spa as the youngest of three children. Her mother was Margaret Vera Arrowsmith (née Kingham) and her father Reverend G. E. Arrowsmith.

In 1939, the family moved to Torquay, where Arrowsmith studied at Stover School, before transferring to Cheltenham Ladies College in September 1944. She read history at Newnham College, Cambridge, and then read social science at the University of Liverpool and at Ohio University as a US–UK Fulbright Scholar.

Campaigning activities
Arrowsmith was a peace campaigner and worked to campaign for nuclear disarmament, an end to the Vietnam War, the removal of British troops from Northern Ireland, an end to the Gulf War, and feminist and lesbian issues.

Peace campaigning
Arrowsmith was a co-founder of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and was one of its vice-presidents. She was one of the organisers of the first Aldermaston march. She was also one of the original signatories of the Committee of 100. From 1958 onward, she served eleven prison sentences for her political activities. In 1961, she was the subject of parliamentary questions after she was force-fed while on hunger strike in Gateside prison. She also worked for the human-rights organisation Amnesty International for 24 years up to 1994, and was the organisation's first prisoner of conscience in Britain.

1974 conviction for incitement
In 1974, Arrowsmith was convicted of offences against sections 1 and 2 of the Incitement to Disaffection Act 1934, and sentenced to 18 months in prison for having handed out leaflets at a British army base, urging soldiers to refuse to serve in Northern Ireland.

Escape from prison
On 7 September 1974, Arrowsmith absconded from Askham Grange open prison. After walking out from prison, Arrowsmith spoke at an anti-fascist demonstration in Hyde Park and befriended lesbian and gay attendees. In an interview with the 5 Cally Road research project, Nettie Pollard (a member of the Gay Liberation Front), recalled Arrowsmith saying to LGBT protestors, "Well, why don't we go to Housmans?" The group took sanctuary at the 5 Caledonian Road premises shared by the radical bookshop Housmans and the pacifist newspaper Peace News. Upon arrival, the group contacted The Press Association to say: "There's a fugitive at Housmans, 5 Caledonian Road." Their photographs appeared on the front page of The Sunday Telegraph. When arresting officers appeared at the scene, Arrowsmith refused to walk downstairs and was carried down three flights of stairs.

Appeal
In 1975, the Court of Appeal dismissed her appeal, describing her conduct as "mischievous" and "wicked". However, it upheld her appeal against the sentence, reducing it so that she would be immediately released.

Arrowsmith filed a case against the United Kingdom (Arrowsmith v. United Kingdom) in the European Commission of Human Rights, claiming her conviction violated the European Convention on Human Rights' protections of her rights to liberty and freedom of belief and expression. In 1978, the Commission found her conviction "a necessary restriction on the exercise of free speech in the interests of national security and for the prevention of disorder", and so did not violate the Convention.

Running for Parliament
Arrowsmith was an unsuccessful candidate of the Radical Alliance, a CND splinter group, for Fulham in the 1966 and 1970 general elections.

Arrowsmith stood as an Independent Socialist candidate, campaigning for Troops Out of Northern Ireland and supported by the Trotskyist Socialist Unity party against the then Prime Minister, James Callaghan, in his constituency of Cardiff South-East in the parliamentary general election of 1979. During Callaghan's customary acceptance speech on re-election, Arrowsmith carried on sustained heckling. Callaghan, in response to the heckling, remarked that it was the first time he had "conducted a duet in returning a vote of thanks, and that it was not a particularly tuneful duet." He then suggested that Arrowsmith might be invited to take the platform, which she did, while he, his supporters, all the other candidates and the returning officer left the hall. However, her short speech was broadcast on the BBC. It demanded a withdrawal of British troops from Northern Ireland and self-determination for its people.

Personal life
Arrowsmith was involved in a personal relationship with a fellow peace campaigner, Wendy Butlin, who was also one of the original signatories for the Committee of 100. Ineligible to qualify for her father's inheritance unless she were married to a man, Arrowsmith married poet Donald Gardner for one day, before having the marriage annulled. She then donated some of the money to various political causes, including Gay Pride Week 1979.

Arrowsmith died on 27 September 2023, aged 93.

Publications
Arrowsmith published several novels and works of poetry. Her archive and personal papers are held at the LSE Library in London.

Novels
(1949) Camp Christopher
(1965) Jericho
(1970) Somewhere like this
(1982) The Prisoner
(1998) Many are called

Memoirs
(1995) I should have been a Hornby Train

Poetry
(1975) Breakout: poems and drawings from prison
(1981) On the Brink
(1984) Thin Ice: peace poems
(2000) Drawing to Extinction: poems and pictures
(2005) Going On
(2009) Dark Light

Non-fiction
(1972) To Asia in Peace
(1972) The Colour of Six Schools
(1990) Nine Lives

See also
List of peace activists

References

External links
An oral history of Pat Arrowsmith, Imperial War Museum
Archives and personal papers of Pat Arrowsmith, London School of Economics
Pat Arrowsmith Interview – After Hiroshima Project London Bubble Theatre Company, 28 April 2015 – Transcript of an interview with Pat Arrowsmith

1930 births
2023 deaths
Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Liverpool
British anti-war activists
British anti–nuclear weapons activists
British lesbian writers
British non-fiction writers
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament activists
English female criminals
English LGBT writers
People educated at Cheltenham Ladies' College
People from Leamington Spa


HMS Swiftsure was a 70-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched in 1755 and in active service during the Seven Years' War. After a distinguished career at sea she  was decommissioned in 1763 and sold into private hands ten years later.

Construction
Swiftsure was built at Deptford Dockyard to the specifications of  the 1745 Establishment, and launched on 25 May 1750.

Naval service
Swiftsure was commissioned into the Royal Navy in August 1755, under Captain Augustus Keppel. In 1756 her command was transferred to Captain Matthew Buckle, and she was assigned first to the fleet under Admiral Henry Osborn, and then to that of Edward Boscawen. In company with  she engaged and captured the French ship of the line  in 1758, and towed her to join the fleet of Admiral Osborn at Cartagena.

In 1759 she was again with Admiral Boscawen at Lagos, and at Quiberon Bay later that year, and at the capture of Belle Île in 1761.

She was sold on 2 June 1773.

References

Bibliography

 Lavery, Brian (2003) The Ship of the Line – Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650–1850. Conway Maritime Press. .

Ships of the line of the Royal Navy
1750 ships
Ships built in Deptford


The Secret Four is a 1921 American action film serial directed by Albert Russell and Perry N. Vekroff. The film is now considered lost.

Plot
International spies compete to seize world power by cornering the market in oil supplies in the United States.

Cast
 Eddie Polo
 Kathleen Myers
 Doris Deane
 Hal Wilson
 William Welsh
 Thelma Daniels

Chapter titles
 Behind the Mask
 The House of Intrigue
 Across the Chasm
 The Dive of Despair
 Black Waters
 The Highway of Fate
 The Creeping Doom
 The Flaming Forest
 The Fight in the Dark
 The Burning Pit
 The Stampede of Death
 Floods of Fury
 The Man Trap
 The Hour of Twelve
 Black Gold

See also
 List of film serials
 List of film serials by studio
 List of lost films

References

External links

1921 films
1920s action films
1921 lost films
American silent serial films
American black-and-white films
Universal Pictures film serials
Films directed by Albert Russell
Films directed by Perry N. Vekroff
Lost American action films
1920s American films
Silent American action films


Garry Lambert is an Australian politician. He was the Lord Mayor of Darwin from 2007 to 2008. He was the unsuccessful Country Liberal Party candidate for the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly seat of Fannie Bay in the 2008 election.

Lambert was an alderman on the Darwin City Council prior to his election as Lord Mayor, and begun his working life in the Territory as a teacher. He has lived in various locations throughout the Territory, and had first entered politics when he was made secretary of the Mataranka Progress Association.

Lambert was elected to the role of Lord Mayor on 31 July 2007, after the resignation of disgraced former mayor Peter Adamson, convicted of stealing from the Darwin City Council. Following the conviction on 16 July 2007, the deputy mayor of the time, Allan Mitchell, acted as Lord Mayor for the remainder of the month. During this time the city council elected Lambert as their leader from their own ranks — an unprecedented event in Darwin's history, which usually votes for the mayor via public by-elections. Lambert publicly described himself as the "caretaker" of the role during his reign, much of which was spent dealing with the troubled legacy of his predecessor, and did not contest the April 2008 mayoral election, when he was succeeded by Graeme Sawyer.

Lambert began expressing an interest in contesting the 2008 territory election for the conservative Country Liberal Party not long after his retirement as Lord Mayor. He subsequently won preselection for the seat of Fannie Bay, a marginal seat being vacated by former Chief Minister Clare Martin. He was immediately touted as a potential CLP leader, and as a potential challenger to current Opposition Leader Terry Mills. He declined to state at the time who he had voted for at the 2005 election, refusing to deny reports that he had had a sign for Labor minister Kon Vatskalis in his yard during that campaign. He was tipped as an early favourite in election betting, with SportingBet odds marking him as narrow favourite. He was narrowly defeated by Labor candidate Michael Gunner, in a result that was not known for several days. Gunner's victory over Lambert gave Labor the final seat it needed to retain government.

Lambert's daughter, Stephanie, was the official ambassador for the 2008 Darwin Cup Carnival.

References

External links
Darwin City Council profile

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Mayors and Lord Mayors of Darwin


Brash Entertainment LLC. was an American video game publisher focused on licensed games.
The company was co-founded in 2007 by Thomas Tull, Bert Ellis, President and COO Nicholas Longano, and CEO and Chairman Mitch Davis.

Of the first three games produced (Alvin and the Chipmunks, Jumper: Griffin's Story and Space Chimps) Alvin was the only one to sell moderately well at 360,000 copies. Despite this all three lost money and the stigma of low quality products made some developers wary of doing business with them.

The company also announced a series of games built around the Saw film franchise.
On November 6, 2008, Variety reported that Brash was short on money and was in talks of returning the movie rights back to its holders. During this time Brash was forced to stop paying some of its developers as well as modify the release schedule of the next year to only two titles (Saw and Six Flags: Fun Park) On November 14, 2008 the company went out of business.

Several sources such as Kotaku and Joystiq hinted that Brash had the rights to develop titles based on franchises by DC Comics. Developers Factor 5 and Bottlerocket Entertainment were developing a title based on Superman and The Flash, respectively.

Games released
Alvin and the Chipmunks (PlayStation 2, Wii, Nintendo DS, PC)
Jumper: Griffin's Story (PlayStation 2, Wii, Xbox 360)
Space Chimps (PlayStation 2, Wii, Nintendo DS, Xbox 360, PC)
The Tale of Despereaux (PlayStation 2, Wii, Nintendo DS, PC)
Six Flags: Fun Park (Nintendo DS)

Released under new publishers
After Brash officially ceased all operation due to financial troubles, some of the licenses for games were bought out by other companies. Some games were already far enough into development to be released under a new publisher.

Saw (2009, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Microsoft Windows, published by Konami)

Prison Break: The Conspiracy (2010, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Windows, published by Deep Silver, developed by ZootFly)
Clash of the Titans (2010, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, published by Bandai Namco Games, developed by Game Republic)

References

American companies established in 2007
Video game companies established in 2007
Video game companies disestablished in 2008
Defunct companies based in Greater Los Angeles
Defunct video game companies of the United States
Video game publishers


Major General Edmund Bower Sebree (January 7, 1898 – June 25, 1966) was a senior United States Army officer who commanded U.S. Army forces during World War II and Korean War.

Early life

Sebree was born on January 7, 1898, in the city of Olney, Illinois, as a son of Milton Eddy and Catella (Bower) Sebree. He attended a Cornell University in New York and after one year, Sebree was transferred to the United States Military Academy at West Point. He was commissioned as infantry second lieutenant on November 1, 1918.

His first assignment was with American Expeditionary Forces during occupation duties in Weimar Germany in 1919. After return from the Europe, Sebree attended a training course at United States Army Infantry School at Fort Benning and then, in 1920, Sebree was assigned to the 3rd Infantry Regiment at Chilkoot Barracks, Alaska, where he spent next three years.

Following a service between the years 1923–1928 with 21st Infantry Regiment at Vancouver Barracks, Washington and with 31st Infantry Regiment at Manila, Philippine Islands, Sebree was appointed a professor of military science and tactics at Western Military Academy in Alton, Illinois.

After four years at Western Military Academy, Sebree was transferred back to the Philippine Islands, where he was assigned to the 45th Infantry Regiment. In 1936, newly promoted Captain Sebree was ordered back to States, where he attended a special officers course at Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. After completion of course, Captain Sebree was appointed an Aide to Major general Herbert J. Brees, commander of VIII Corps at Fort Sam Houston, Texas.

Sebree spent over three years in that capacity and in 1940, he was transferred to the staff of the 9th Infantry Division under command of Major General Jacob L. Devers. But Sebree spent there only few months and was subsequently transferred to the personnel division of the War Department General Staff.

World War II
During the strategically significant Guadalcanal Campaign in 1942, Sebree was assigned to the Americal Division under command of Major General Alexander Patch, as its assistant division commander. Sebree assumed command of entire Americal Division at the beginning of the January, 1943, when Major General Patch was appointed a commander of the XIV Corps.

Briefly commanded the Americal Division units engaged with Japanese forces for control of the island. Following the Guadalcanal Campaign, General Sebree was returned to the U.S. to train and deploy with Major General Paul W. Baade's 35th Infantry Division, serving as its Assistant Division Commander (ADC). During the Lorraine Campaign, Sebree led an independent task force of infantry and armored units with artillery and supporting arms in the liberation of Nancy.  After the war, he served as the first Defense Attache to Australia. He was also the commander of TRUST (TRieste United States Troops) in the Free Territory of Trieste.

Later life and death
Edmund Sebree died in Fort Ord, California on June 25, 1966, and was buried at San Francisco National Cemetery.

Decorations
Ribbon bar with the list of Sebree's decorations:

References

Sources

Books

Web

External links
Generals of World War II
United States Army Officers 1939−1945

|-

|-

1898 births
1966 deaths
United States Army Infantry Branch personnel
People from Olney, Illinois
United States Army generals
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Silver Star
Recipients of the Legion of Honour
Recipients of the Croix de guerre (Belgium)
United States Army personnel of World War I
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
United States Army generals of World War II
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
United States Military Academy alumni
Military personnel from Illinois
Burials at San Francisco National Cemetery


The 2012 IIHF U20 World Championship (commonly known as the 2012 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships) was the 36th edition of the Ice Hockey World Junior Championship. It was hosted in Calgary and Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It began on December 26, 2011, and ended with the gold medal game played in Calgary on January 5, 2012. Sweden defeated defending-champion Russia 1–0 in overtime to win their first title in 31 years. Russian forward Evgeny Kuznetsov was named MVP of the tournament. Denmark was relegated to Division I and Germany was promoted to the 2013 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.

Canada missed the final for the first time in 11 years when they lost 6–5 against Russia in a semifinal in which Canada were down 6–1 halfway through the third period. However, the Canadians extended their consecutive medal streak at the tournament to 14 (5 gold, 6 silver, 3 bronze) with a 4–0 victory over Finland in the bronze medal game. The fourth-place finish for Finland was their best result in the tournament since 2006. The United States ended up in the relegation round for the first time since 1999.

Host city selection
On February 1, 2008, Hockey Canada and the Canadian Hockey League announced that six groups had submitted letters of intent to bid to host the 2012 tournament:  Calgary/Edmonton; Halifax, Nova Scotia; London/Windsor, Ontario; Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; Toronto; and Winnipeg.  The London/Windsor, Halifax and Winnipeg bids withdrew before the application deadline, leaving three groups. Saskatoon was selected to host the 2010 tournament with Regina, Saskatchewan, leaving only the Calgary/Edmonton and Toronto bids for this tournament.

The Alberta bid, supported by the National Hockey League's Calgary Flames and Edmonton Oilers as well as the Western Hockey League's Calgary Hitmen and Edmonton Oil Kings, was selected to host the tournament on August 28, 2008.  It will be the second time the tournament has been hosted in the province; Red Deer served as the primary host of the 1995 World Junior Championship, while some tournament games were played in both Calgary and Edmonton.

Venues

Attendance
As part of their bid, the two cities projected that they would generate a tournament record attendance in excess of 475,000 fans and provide an economic benefit of $42 million to the province of Alberta.  Following a reserved offering of 10- and 21-game ticket packs for Edmonton and Calgary games respectively to season ticket holders of the Oilers, Oil Kings, Flames and Hitmen, the tournament committee held a lottery to award the right to purchase the remaining seats.  While the entry deadline was supposed to coincide with the conclusion of the 2011 tournament, organizers were flooded with so many entries that their website servers crashed.  Organizers were overwhelmed by the response; over 187,000 entries were received for the draw.

Calling the demand unprecedented, Hockey Canada announced that the 17,000 ticket packages made available to lottery winners had sold out in a matter of days, a year in advance of the tournament. While organizers were pleased with the result, the way the lottery was handled has angered fans who won the right to purchase tickets but were unable to do so as no tickets were left when their turn to buy arrived.

Ultimately, a new attendance record was set, but not by the margin initially anticipated. The total of 455,342 fans was 2,060 fans more than the previous record of 453,282 from 2009. Though many more tickets were sold as part of tournament packages, the IIHF only counts actual paid spectators in attendance in its figures.

Top division
Each round was a round-robin tournament, where the teams played each other once within their group. The Preliminary Round was divided into two groups: Group A and Group B, which included five teams each. From each group, the top three teams qualified for the playoffs; the 1st-ranked teams earned a direct trip to the Semifinals, while the 2nd and 3rd-ranked teams qualified for the Quarterfinals. The 4th and 5th-ranked teams had to play in the Relegation Round, where the three best teams qualified for the Top Division tournament in 2013, with the last-placed team being relegated to the 2013 Division I tournament. In the Semifinals, the directly-qualified Semifinalists faced the winners from the Quarterfinals.

Rosters

Preliminary round

Group A
All round robin games held in Calgary, Alberta, at the Scotiabank Saddledome.

All times local (MST/UTC−7)

Group B
All round robin games held in Edmonton, Alberta, at Rexall Place.

All times local (MST/UTC−7)

Relegation round
The results from matches between teams from the same group in the preliminary round were carried forward to this round.

All times local (MST/UTC−7)

Final round
Bracket

Quarterfinals

Semifinals

Fifth place game

Bronze medal game

Final

Statistics

Scoring leaders

Goaltending leaders
(minimum 40% team's total ice time)

Tournament awards

Most Valuable Player
 Forward:  Evgeny Kuznetsov

All-star team

 Goaltender:  Petr Mrázek
 Defencemen:  Brandon Gormley,  Oscar Klefbom
 Forwards:  Evgeny Kuznetsov,  Max Friberg,  Mikael Granlund

IIHF best player awards

 Goaltender:  Petr Mrázek
 Defenceman:  Brandon Gormley
 Forward:  Evgeny Kuznetsov

Final standings

Medalists

Source:

Gold medal celebration
Sweden's gold medal win was their first since 1981, as well as their second gold medal in total. The gold medal was celebrated on January 7, 2012, in front of over 6,000 fans at Kungsträdgården in Stockholm.

Division I

Division I A
The Division I A tournament was played in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, from 11 to 17 December 2011.

Division I B
The Division I B tournament was played in Tychy, Poland, from 12 to 18 December 2011.

Division II

Division II A
The Division II A tournament was played in Donetsk, Ukraine, from 12 to 18 December 2011.

Division II B
The Division II B tournament was played in Tallinn, Estonia, from 10 to 16 December 2011.

Division III

The Division III tournament was played in Dunedin, New Zealand, from 16 to 22 January 2012. Although originally scheduled to participate, North Korea withdrew from the tournament for unspecified reasons.

References

External links

Junior, World 2012
World Junior Ice Hockey Championships 2012
International ice hockey competitions hosted by Canada
World Junior
World Junior Ice Hockey Championships
World Junior Ice Hockey Championships
World Junior Ice Hockey Championships
Ice hockey competitions in Edmonton
Ice hockey competitions in Calgary
World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, 2012
World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, 2012
World Junior Ice Hockey Championships
World Junior Ice Hockey Championships


Villa Zeno is a patrician villa at Cessalto, Veneto, northern Italy, and is the most easterly villa designed by Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio. The building is near the highway between Venice and Trieste, but was built to face a canal which served as the primary means of arrival.

History

Palladio's building for the Zeno family has been dated to the 1550s.  It is illustrated in I quattro libri dell'architettura, the architect's influential publication of 1570, and has similarities to some of the other villas described there such as the Villa Saraceno.  It is also reminiscent of Villa Caldogno Nordera, which is attributed to Palladio, but is not included in I quattro libri.

Palladio appears to have incorporated an existing building, and his villa has had several modifications.  Its Palladian features include a facade characterised by a triple-arched loggia. The roof is capped with period clay tiles, and the structure is of brick covered with stucco, typical of Palladio who was able to achieve great buildings with what are commonly regarded as inferior materials.

Conservation
In 1996, it was designated by UNESCO as part of the World Heritage Site "City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto".
The villa is in need of restoration.

See also
 Palladian Villas of the Veneto
 Palladian architecture

External links
 Description of the villa from www.cisapalladio.org
 Architectural Reference drawings of The Villas of Palladio

Andrea Palladio buildings
Zeno
House of Zeno
Palladian villas of Veneto


The Fresno State Library is the name of an academic library in Fresno, California. It serves as the main resource for recorded knowledge and information supporting the teaching, research, and service functions of the California State University, Fresno.

History
The library was established in 1911 and it was named after Henry Madden in 1981. As of 2022, the university is still in the progress of providing the library with a new name.

In 2009, the library underwent a major $105 million renovation that was largely financed by a multimillion-dollar endowment from the Table Mountain Rancheria, a Casino operated by the Chukchansi tribes of California.

Michael Gorman, the former dean of the library, was the president of the American Library Association in 2005–2006.

Controversy

In November 2021, Fresno State University's president, Saúl Jiménez-Sandoval, announced that a task force had been created to investigate renaming the library due to recent information that had come to light concerning Henry Madden's "deeply held anti-Semitic views and Nazi sympathies." The task force reviewed documents which had been donated to the library after Madden's death. The documents were over 100,000 letters and documents curated by the former librarian and contained anti-Semitic and pro-Nazi views. “While Dr. Madden had the opportunity later in life to reflect on those views, there is no evidence that he renounced those views." On July 14, 2022, the Fresno State Board of Trustees voted to change the name of The Henry Madden Library to a new name.

Design
The newest, main building was designed by AC Martin and Partners and is based on elements derived from Native American basket weaving, as is evidenced in the façade and interior of the building.

Collections
The library contains 1.13 million volumes in 370,000 sq feet, placing it among the largest libraries in the California State University system. The library is home to the largest installation of compact shelving on any single floor in the United States. The shelves amount to over 20 miles in length. It is currently the third largest library in the CSU system (in terms of square footage), and among the top ten largest in the CSU system based on the number of volumes. It also is the largest academic building on the Fresno State campus.

The library features a number of special collections such as:
 The Arne Nixon Center for the Study of Children's Literature, a research center with over 55,000 books and manuscripts, the oldest dating back to 1865, one of the largest collections west of the Mississippi.
 Woodward Special Collections Research Center, containing the Central Valley Political Archive.
 15 Photographs by Ansel Adams
 Federal and California Government depository collection

The oldest book in the collection is a 1474 copy of Vita Christi (The life of Christ) by Ludolph of Saxony in two volumes, acquired in 1963.

References

External links

Main website

1911 establishments in California
Buildings and structures in Fresno, California
California State University, Fresno
Libraries in California
Library buildings completed in 1980


Gawler and District College is a public early learning centre and primary and secondary school located in the suburb of Evanston on the southern side of Gawler,  north of the city centre of Adelaide, the capital of South Australia. The college offers education from birth to year 12.

History
Gawler and District College was created in 2013 through combining the Gawler High School, Evanston Primary School and Evanston Preschool into one site, the site formerly occupied by the high school.

Gawler High School was a secondary public school located in Evanston, South Australia. The school was founded in 1907 as the Gawler School of Mines. It moved to a site on Lyndoch Road in Gawler East in 1915, and moved to theEvanston site in the 1960s. (with the motto, Vade ad Formicam), making it the oldest school in the area. The last principal of Gawler High School was Mr. Greg Harvey who succeeded Sandra Lowery, who left the school at the end of the 2007 school year, ending her 15 years as headmistress.  Gawler High School had some 800 pupils as of 2009, ranging from educational year groups eight to twelve.

Evanston Primary School was founded in the 1950s as the suburb of Evanston was growing. It was located facing Para Road behind the Gawler High School.

Notable alumni
 Simon Birmingham, Senator for South Australia
 Clyde Cameron
 Max Fatchen, journalist
 Alan Hickinbotham
 Brenton Langbein, violinist, composer, and conductor
 Darren Lehmann, cricketer
 Lisa Martin (Lisa Ondieki), long-distance runner
 Glenn Shorrock, singer/songwriter

References

External links
Gawler High School homepage

Educational institutions established in 1907
High schools in South Australia
1907 establishments in Australia
Gawler, South Australia
Primary schools in South Australia


Edward Sydney Woods (1 November 187711 January 1953) was an Anglican bishop, the second Bishop of Croydon (a suffragan bishop in the Diocese of Southwark) from 1930 until 1937 and, from then until his death, the 94th Bishop of Lichfield.

Family
Woods was the son of the Rev. Frank Woods and a grandson of the civil engineer Edward Woods. His mother, Alice Fry, was a granddaughter of the prison reformer Elizabeth Fry. His brother, Theodore Woods, became Bishop of Winchester.

He married Clemence Barclay, a great great-granddaughter of Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, and their children included the photographer Janet Stone, Samuel Woods, an archdeacon in New Zealand, Frank Woods, Archbishop of Melbourne, and Robin Woods, Bishop of Worcester.

Education
Woods was educated at Marlborough College and Trinity College, Cambridge.

Church career
He was ordained priest at Michaelmas 1902 (21 September), by Alwyne Compton, Bishop of Ely, at Ely Cathedral; and married Clemence Barclay the following year. He was Chaplain, Lecturer then Vice Principal of Ridley Hall, Cambridge followed by wartime service at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. When peace returned he became Vicar of Holy Trinity, Cambridge. From there he moved to Croydon where he was successively vicar, rural dean, Archdeacon and suffragan bishop. He was consecrated a bishop on 1 May 1930, by Cosmo Lang, Archbishop of Canterbury, at Westminster Abbey. In 1937, he became the diocesan Bishop of Lichfield: he was formally translated by the confirmation of his election, after his predecessor's retirement in June but before his own enthronement on 22 September. He had the distinction of being one of two survivors of a German air raid by hiding under a dining table with Ann Charteris, the future wife of Ian Fleming.

Woods was Lord High Almoner from 1946 to 1953.

Private life
Woods was an active Freemason under the United Grand Lodge of England. He was initiated on 26 April 1928 in Waddon Lodge No 4162, and whilst Bishop of Croydon he also joined Croydon Chantry Lodge No 5063.

Death and memorials
Woods died in office on 11 January 1953, his wife having died a year earlier; he had recently returned from visiting the Far East (his son, Robin, was then Archdeacon of Singapore.) He was commemorated posthumously in a collection of appreciations.

He is commemorated in Lichfield Cathedral by a bust, the work of Jacob Epstein (1958).

Works
He was a prolific author, his published works including:
Forgiveness of Sins, London, SPCK, 1916
(with Very Rev. F. B. Macnutt) Theodore, Bishop of Winchester, London, SPCK, 1933
How stands religion?, Cambridge, Lutterworth, 1949

References

1877 births
People educated at Marlborough College
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Staff of Ridley Hall, Cambridge
Archdeacons of Croydon
Bishops of Croydon
Bishops of Lichfield
20th-century Church of England bishops
1953 deaths
Presidents of the Girls' Day School Trust
Academics of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst
Royal Army Chaplains' Department officers
20th-century Anglican theologians
19th-century Anglican theologians


Bay Area Bosses is a hip hop compilation album presented by JT the Bigga Figga. It was released on July 10, 2002 by Get Low Recordz.

Track listing
"Hustle Relentless"- 3:27  (JT the Bigga Figga)
"Get You Lit"- 4:35 (Keak Da Sneak)
"Ghetto Slums"- 5:19 (C-Bo, JT the Bigga Figga, Phats Bossi, Fed-X, Ampachino)
"Bossin' Up"- 4:12 (Mac Mall)
"Livin Beyond Means"- 3:46 (Sean T, M.O.G. Stunt Team, Mississippi)
"Handle It"- 3:48  (Joi Patrice)
"457"- 4:08 (Tha Gamblaz)
"Hold It Down"- 5:27  (Killa Tay, Cosmo, )
"Lil' Shop of Horrors"- 4:21 (Guce, Mobilotti)
"Matter of Time"- 4:48  (Yukmouth, Tha Jet)
"Retaliation Come Quick"- 4:06  (San Quinn, Tha Gamblaz)
"What You Want?"- 4:57  (Messy Marv)
"Swiss Accounts"- 4:18  (Mob Figaz)
"Mind on My Money"- 3:30 (JT The Bigga Figga, Tha Gamblaz, Joi Patrice)

External links

JT the Bigga Figga albums
West Coast hip hop compilation albums
2001 compilation albums
Gangsta rap compilation albums


Perry N. Vekroff (June 3, 1881 – January 3, 1937) was an American film director, screenwriter and actor of the silent era. He directed 19 films between 1914 and 1922, including two film serials for the Universal Film Manufacturing Company and one for Pathé. He was born in Shumen, Bulgaria and died in Hollywood, California.

Selected filmography
  (1914)
 Richard the Brazen (1917)
 Men (1918)
 A Woman's Experience (1919)
 In Honor's Web (1919)
 Trailed by Three (1920)
 The Secret Four (1921)
 Perils of the Yukon (1922)
 Thundergate (1923)
 What Wives Want (1923)
 A Soldier's Plaything (1930)

References

External links

1881 births
1937 deaths
People from Shumen
American film directors
American male screenwriters
Silent film screenwriters
American male film actors
American male silent film actors
Bulgarian emigrants to the United States
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters


"Undone – The Sweater Song" is a song by the American alternative rock band Weezer, released on the band's self-titled 1994 debut album. It was released as their debut single in 1994.

Overview
Originally, the band intended to insert various sound clips into the song but were wary of the cost of licensing them. Instead, the studio version of the song features a spoken introduction by then bassist Matt Sharp and longtime friend of the band Karl Koch, as well as an "intermission" set of dialogue between Karl and one of the founding members of Weezer's official fan club and early supporter of the band, Mykel Allan. This dialogue is frequently ad-libbed during concerts and other live recordings.

Weezer frontman Rivers Cuomo has commented on the song, saying:

Cuomo has also said that it was his attempt at writing "a Velvet Underground-type song," but he later referred to the song as an inadvertent rip-off of Metallica's "Welcome Home (Sanitarium)", with the band's metal roots showing through.

The song was originally only known as "Undone"; however, the band decided to add "The Sweater Song" to the title after fans at their early shows repeatedly referred to the song as "The Sweater Song" or "that song about the sweater". As Cuomo thought song titles with parentheses looked "ugly", a dash was used in the title.

Composition
"Undone – The Sweater Song" is a mid-tempo alternative rock song that runs for a duration of four minutes and fifty-eight seconds. Its musical arrangement utilizes dynamics and thick distortion during the chorus in order to drive home the song's melody. The song is written in the time signature of common time, with a moderately slow rock tempo of 80 beats per minute. "Undone – The Sweater Song" is composed in the key of G major. It has a basic sequence of G6–C7–D7–C7 during the intro and interludes, changes to G–C–D–C in the verses and follows G5–C5–D5–C5 at the chorus as its chord progression. The song opens with a circular riff built from picked guitar strings. The spoken dialogue features adolescent characters engaged in frivolous conversation as the band's music gradually rises in the background.

Critical reception
Tom Maginis for Allmusic wrote, "The song is not only meticulously crafted, it's smart, quirky, poignant, and insanely catchy -- all characteristics that would go on to define Weezer as a band and their debut as one of the most successful alternative rock records of the '90s."

Music video
The music video for "Undone" was Weezer's first music video. According to Rivers' Edge: The Weezer Story by John D. Luerssen, the band insisted that the video not have anything to do with a sweater; yet, Geffen received 25 treatments for the video, all involving sweaters. The video marks one of the early directorial efforts of Spike Jonze, whose pitch was simply "A blue stage, a steadicam, a pack of wild dogs." The $60,000 video was shot on a steadicam in one unbroken shot, featuring the band playing to a sped up version of the song. When played at a slower speed, the illusion is created that the band is playing the song in the correct time, yet moving in slow motion. The one shot was taken over 25 times, and the final version is between take number 15 and take number 20, in which the band had abandoned the idea of taking the video seriously at all. The humor was brought on by the frustration of shooting the same shot over and over to a sped up version of the song as well as the fact that one of the dogs defecated on Patrick Wilson's bass drum pedal. The video became an instant hit on MTV. An alternate take of the video can be found on the band's Video Capture Device DVD.

For their official video for their cover of "Africa", Weezer used a parody of the "Undone" video with stand-ins for themselves, including "Weird Al" Yankovic as Cuomo's stand-in.

Live performances
During live performances in 2005, the band would often invite a fan up to play the acoustic guitar part of "Undone" with the band. On the last night of the Foozer tour, Dave Grohl came up and played it with the band. On the 2008 Troublemaker Tour, Tom DeLonge – lead singer of the tour's opening act Angels & Airwaves – sang it as a duet with Cuomo. On their tour in 2011, the song was performed with the members of the Flaming Lips.

Track listings

US 7-inch and cassette single
A. "Undone – The Sweater Song" (LP version) – 4:55
B. "Holiday" (LP version) – 3:26

Australian CD single
 "Undone – The Sweater Song" (LP version) – 4:55
 "Mykel & Carli" – 2:33
 "Susanne" – 2:46
 "My Evaline" (erroneously listed as "Sweet Adeline") – 0:46

Australian cassette single
 "Undone – The Sweater Song" (LP version) – 4:55
 "Mykel & Carli" – 2:33

UK CD, cassette, and 7-inch blue vinyl single
 "Undone – The Sweater Song" (LP version) – 4:55
 "Mykel & Carli" – 2:53
 "Susanne" – 2:46
 "Holiday" (LP version) – 3:26

French CD single
 "Undone – The Sweater Song" (LP version) – 4:55
 "My Name Is Jonas" (LP version) – 3:23

Personnel
Weezer
 Rivers Cuomo – lead vocals, lead and rhythm guitar
 Matt Sharp – bass guitar, backing vocals, dialogue
 Patrick Wilson – drums
 Brian Bell – backing vocals

Additional Personnel
 Karl Koch – dialogue, piano
 Mykel Allen – dialogue

Charts

Release history

Cover versions
The Offspring covered it in 1994 and 1995.  NewFangled Contraption covered it at every show in 2002 and 2003. The Fray, who toured with Weezer in 2005, played a cover version of this song live during 2007 touring. Bloodhound Gang covered it with a mix of Wu-Tang Clan's "Ain't Nuttin To F Wit". Punk rock band Titus Andronicus have covered the song multiple times on various tours; the band included one of these live covers on their mixtape, Titus Andronicus LLC Mixtape Vol 1. Mac DeMarco performed a version of the song in April 2013 for The A.V. Club A.V. Undercover series. In May 2013, UK Based Label Tiny Lights Recordings released a cover of the song recorded by a number of its artists to commemorate its second birthday. In 2014, Mac DeMarco performed a cover of the song for Onion's A.V. Undercover. The song was also covered by dream pop band Beach House live in 2015.

References

Bibliography

Weezer songs
1994 debut singles
1994 songs
DGC Records singles
Geffen Records singles
Music videos directed by Spike Jonze
Song recordings produced by Ric Ocasek
Songs about suicide
Songs written by Rivers Cuomo


Lodderia is a genus of minute sea snails or micromolluscs, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Skeneidae. This genus belonged previously to the family Liotiidae.

Description
The shell has a depressed turbinate shape and a deep umbilicus. The sculpture consists of a number of spiral keels. The circular aperture is oblique and shows a prominent varix. The peristome is continuous. The white operculum is multispiral with a central nucleus.

Species
Species within the genus Lodderia include:
 Lodderia coatsiana (Melvill & Standen, 1912)
 Lodderia eumorpha (Suter, 1908)
 Lodderia eumorpha cookiana (Dell, 1952)
 Lodderia eumorpha eumorpha (Suter, 1908)
 Lodderia iota (Powell, 1940)
 Lodderia lodderae Petterd, 1884
 † Lodderia mandulana C. Beets, 1984
 Lodderia novemcarinata (Melvill, 1906)
 Lodderia waitemata (Powell, 1940)
Species brought into synonymy
 Lodderia virginiae (Jousseaume, 1872): synonym of Cyclostrema virginiae Jousseaume, 1872

References

 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979
 GBIF

Skeneidae
Extant Miocene first appearances
Gastropod genera


WPEA (90.5 FM) is a non-commercial educational radio station licensed to serve Exeter, New Hampshire.  The station is owned by the Trustees of Phillips Exeter Academy.  It airs a Variety format. The WPEA studios are located in the Elizabeth Phillips Academy Center on the campus of the Phillips Exeter Academy.

WPEA is the oldest continuously operated high school radio station in the United States. The station was assigned the WPEA call letters by the Federal Communications Commission.

Awards
 Marconi College Radio Award, "Most Outstanding High School Radio Station" – 1992

References

External links
WPEA official website

Phillips Exeter Academy
PEA
High school radio stations in the United States
Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Exeter, New Hampshire
Radio stations established in 1964


Page Moss is an area in the borough of Knowsley, Merseyside. It borders the city of Liverpool to the east. Previously known as "The Horns" due to the name of two buildings previously sited in the area. The population of the Knowsley ward taken at the 2011 census was 7,076.

The A57/Liverpool Road which passes through Page Moss was historically an early turnpike, toll houses were installed during the 1700s on what later became well known public houses in the area such as "The Eagle and Child" and "The Bluebell Inn". Markers were placed at mile intervals along the toll road and an original still stands to this day alongside the eastbound side of Liverpool Road opposite the junction with Lyme Cross Road, previously a mile marker would be situated on the corner of Twig Lane but this has been missing since at least the 1930s when the Page Moss estate was constructed for housing.

On 30 June 2008 the neighbourhood was featured on the BBC TV documentary series Panorama, focusing upon the local youth gang culture, namely the "Moss Edz" and their feuds with adjoining areas, specifically Dovecot, whom they refer to as "Dovey Edz". The two areas are less than a mile apart.

References

External links

 Liverpool Street Gallery - Liverpool 14

Towns and villages in the Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley


Arturo Belleza Rotor (June 7, 1907 – April 9, 1988) was a Filipino medical doctor, civil servant, musician, and writer.

Medical and government career

Rotor was born in the Philippines and attended the University of the Philippines. He graduated simultaneously from the Conservatory of Music and the College of Medicine. He trained further at Johns Hopkins University's medical school, publishing a paper on a rare form of hyperbilirubinaemia (jaundice) now known as "Rotor syndrome".

During World War II, Rotor served as executive secretary of the Philippine Commonwealth government-in-exile under Manuel L. Quezon, the Philippine president in exile. In the immediate post-World War II period, he was appointed secretary of the Department of Health and Welfare. Later, Rotor was director of the University of the Philippines' Postgraduate School of Medicine and was a practising physician until the early 1980s.

Writing career

Rotor was an internationally respected writer of fiction and non-fiction in English. He is widely considered among the best Filipino short story writers of the twentieth century. He was a charter member of the Philippine Book Guild; the guild's initial publication (1937) was Rotor's The Wound and the Scar, despite Rotor's protests that someone else's work should have been selected. In 1966, the Philippine government recognized his literary accomplishments by awarding him the Republic Cultural Heritage Award.  Rotor's best-known literary works are The Wound and the Scar (1937), Confidentially, Doctor (1965), Selected Stories from the Wound and the Scar (1973), The Men Who Play God (1983), and the short stories "Dahong Palay" (1928) and "Zita" (1930).

Orchids
He was an orchid fancier and breeder, a long-time member of the Philippine Orchid Society, and is the namesake of a Vanda orchid species (Vanda merillii var. rotorii). Rotor shared an interest in orchids with his younger brother, Gavino B. Rotor Jr.  Gavino took this interest even further, receiving his Ph.D. from Cornell University on orchid biology and becoming an authority on orchid propagation.  The orchid genus Rotorara is named after Gavino.

Other interests

Rotor was a highly accomplished musician and published music critic.

Personal
Rotor died in 1988 from cancer and was survived by his wife Emma Unson, who taught college mathematics and physics. They had no children.

References

External links

 Biography @ Whonamedit?
 Rotor's Syndrome @ Patient

An example of Rotor's writing, the short story "Zita", is available as part of The Best Philippine Short Stories:
 "Zita" text @ Sushidog

The Men Who Play God remains in print. It can be found on the website "A Critical Survey of Philippine Literature":
 "The Men Who Play God" archived @ the Wayback Machine

20th-century Filipino medical doctors
1988 deaths
1907 births
Executive Secretaries of the Philippines
Secretaries of Health of the Philippines
Secretaries of Social Welfare and Development of the Philippines
Quezon administration cabinet members
Osmeña administration cabinet members
University of the Philippines alumni
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Filipino expatriates in the United States


The 1986 Thomas Cup & Uber Cup was the 14th tournament of Thomas Cup and the 11th tournament of Uber Cup, the most important badminton team competitions in the world.

China won its second title in the Thomas Cup and in the Uber Cup, both after beating Indonesia in the final round.

Thomas Cup

Teams
38 teams took part in the competition.

Final stage

Group A

Group B

Knockout stage

Semifinals

Bronze medal tie

Final

Uber Cup

Teams
34 teams took part in the competition, and eight teams qualified for the Final Stage.

Final stage

Group A

Group B

Knockout stage

Semifinals

Bronze medal tie

Final

References
tangkis.tripod.com

Thomas Uber Cup
Thomas Uber Cup
Thomas & Uber Cup
T&U


Lewiston is a semi-rural locality in South Australia, 6 km east of Two Wells, 12 km west of Gawler and 56 km from the Adelaide city centre. At the 2011 census, Lewiston had a population of 2,947.

Lewiston is an animal and crop farming area.

Lewiston was named by local residents in December 1864, in honour of James William Lewis, Post Master General of South Australia from 1861 until 1869. Lewis had approved a branch Post Office for the Lewiston district, which was to operate from the school house.

The name Lewiston was first used when the branch Post Office opened on 1 February 1865. The first Post Mistress was Isabella Mitchell, wife of the school master William Mitchell.

The school opened in January 1857 and was known as the Port Gawler East school.  In 1866 the name of the school was changed to Lewiston.  The school closed in 1944 and was demolished.

Notes and sources

Notes

Sources

External links

Towns in South Australia
1864 establishments in Australia


Terror Trail is a 1921 American silent Western film serial directed by Edward A. Kull. It is considered to be a lost film.

Plot

Cast
 Eileen Sedgwick as Vera Vernon / Elaine Emerson
 George Larkin as Bruce Barnes
 Theodore Brown as Bertram Russell
 Albert J. Smith as Hunch Henderson
 Barney Furey as Holmes
 Pierre Couderc

Chapter titles
The Mystery Girl
False Clues
The Mine of Menace
The Door of Doom
The Bridge of Disaster
The Ship of Surprise
The Palace of Fear
The Peril of the Palace
The Desert of Despair
Sands of Fate
The Menace of the Sea
The Isle of Eternity
The Forest of Fear
The Lure of the Jungle
The Jaws of Death
The Storm of Despair
The Arm of the Law
The Final Reckoning

See also
 List of film serials
 List of film serials by studio
 List of lost films

References

External links

1921 films
1921 Western (genre) films
1921 lost films
American silent serial films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Edward A. Kull
Lost American Western (genre) films
English-language Western (genre) films
Films with screenplays by John Grey
Silent American Western (genre) films
Universal Pictures film serials
Films with screenplays by George H. Plympton
1920s American films
1920s English-language films


Lodderia iota is a minute sea snail or micromollusc, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Skeneidae.

Description
The height of the shell attains 0.55 mm, its diameter 0.65 mm.

Distribution
This marine species occurs off New Zealand.

References

 Powell A. W. B., New Zealand Mollusca, William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1979
 Spencer, H.G.; Marshall, B.A.; Maxwell, P.A.; Grant-Mackie, J.A.; Stilwell, J.D.; Willan, R.C.; Campbell, H.J.; Crampton, J.S.; Henderson, R.A.; Bradshaw, M.A.; Waterhouse, J.B.; Pojeta, J. Jr (2009). Phylum Mollusca: chitons, clams, tusk shells, snails, squids, and kin, in: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. pp. 161–254

iota
Gastropods of New Zealand
Gastropods described in 1940