Michel Pigeon (August 31, 1944 – May 1, 1999) was a Canadian professional wrestler better known by his ring name, Jos LeDuc.

Wrestling with a lumberjack gimmick, he debuted in Stampede Wrestling with his kayfabe brother, Paul LeDuc. The pair later won several titles in Montreal, where they feuded with the Rougeau wrestling family, and Florida, where they held the NWA Florida Tag Team Championship. After an injury ended Paul's career, LeDuc competed as a singles wrestler. He was involved in a heated feud with Dusty Rhodes. LeDuc then moved to Tennessee, where he had a rivalry with Jerry Lawler over the NWA Mid-America Southern Tag Team Championship, notably legitimately breaking Lawler's leg when he threw him over the top rope onto the announcer's desk.

LeDuc spent many years traveling between Florida and Tennessee, and he won belts in both locations as a singles wrestler and as a tag team competitor. He also spent time on wrestling tours of Japan and New Zealand. One of LeDuc's biggest storylines was with manager Oliver Humperdink, whom LeDuc had accused of stealing his money. This led to a feud, during which LeDuc won the NWA Television Championship from one of Humperdink's wrestlers. LeDuc continued to split his time between singles and tag team wrestling, and he resumed his feud with Lawler in Tennessee. In his later career, LeDuc competed in Puerto Rico and had a brief stint in the World Wrestling Federation. Altogether, LeDuc held 32 championships—15 singles belts and 17 tag team titles. He died of a lung infection on May 1, 1999.

Early life
Pigeon was born in August 1944 at a small village near Montreal. His parents separated at a young age, causing Pigeon to live in orphanages and with his relatives and mother.

Professional wrestling career

Early career (1968–1973)
Prior to entering professional wrestling, Pigeon gained combat sport experience by studying judo. He worked for the Quebec Provincial Police until the mid-1960s, when he decided to become a wrestler. His friend Paul LeDuc had competed as a professional wrestler in Mexico and wanted a tag team partner. He convinced Pigeon to train as a wrestler, and Pigeon trained under Stu Hart in Calgary, Alberta.

Along with Paul, Pigeon began wrestling in Hart's Stampede Wrestling in 1968 under the ring name Jos LeDuc, Paul's tag team partner and kayfabe brother. The LeDucs' gimmick was inspired by "Yukon" Eric Holmback, a professional wrestler who had died three years earlier. They portrayed stereotypical Canadian lumberjacks and wore flannel shirts to the ring. They received a push from the promoters and won the Stampede International Tag Team Championship in 1969, but they lost the belts later that year. They moved to Toronto's Maple Leaf Wrestling, Ohio and Texas. Jos himself continued as a singles competitor in Toronto, Los Angeles, Pittsburgh, World Wide Wrestling Federation and Japan Wrestling Association.

After moving to the Montreal area, the LeDucs debuted in the International Wrestling Association with a scripted attack on local wrestler Johnny Rougeau. This led to a feud between the LeDucs and the Rougeaus (Johnny and his real-life brother Jacques). Jos LeDuc was booked to win the Montreal version of the International Heavyweight Championship by defeating Johnny Rougeau in 1971. The bookers also decided to give him a run with the International Tag Team Championship that year, which LeDuc won while teaming with Tony Baillargeon. While in Montreal, the LeDucs also competed for Grand Prix Wrestling and were booked in a feud with the Vachon brothers (Mad Dog and Butcher) as well as Killer Kowalski. The LeDucs had two reigns with the Grand Prix Wrestling Tag Team Championship in 1972 and 1973.

Southern United States (1973–1980)

LeDuc's next stop was in Championship Wrestling from Florida (CWF), where he resumed teaming with Paul LeDuc, this time as The Canadian Lumberjacks. They won the NWA Florida Tag Team Championship on November 23, 1973, by defeating Dusty Rhodes and Dick Slater. They defended the belts for two months before dropping them to Slater and his new partner Stan Vachon, a kayfabe brother of the Vachons from Montreal. This was the final time the LeDuc's held a title together, as Paul LeDuc sustained a legitimate injury that forced Jos to wrestle without him. Jos LeDuc also wrestled as a singles competitor in Florida, defeating Rhodes on February 5, 1974, for the NWA Florida Southern Heavyweight Championship. He dropped the title to Rhodes on March 12, however. LeDuc and Rhodes were placed in a heated feud at this time, and they frequently faced each other in Death matches.

LeDuc made his AWA television debut on August 2, 1975, defeating Angel Rivera. LeDuc was given wins over Buddy Wolff and Boris Breznikoff before forming a team with Larry Hennig. They first teamed on September 12, 1975, in Denver, Colorado losing to Jimmy and Johnny Valiant. LeDuc and Hennig feuded with the Valiant Brothers for several months before entering a feud with Baron Von Raschke and Mad Dog Vachon. Jos and Larry also received a few title shots against AWA tag champs Blackjack Lanza and Bobby Duncum in August 1976. Probably his most memorable accomplishment while working for the promotion was a bus-pulling stunt filmed in Minneapolis that was also used in promo videos while appearing in the Memphis and Atlanta territories, among others. LeDuc departed the AWA in September 1976.

On August 26, 1977, LeDuc teamed with Bob Armstrong to win the NWA Southeast Tag Team Championship in Tennessee. They were put over Bob Orton, Jr. and Mr. Knoxville for the belts but lost them in a rematch. While in Tennessee, LeDuc gained notoriety from a worked feud with Jerry Lawler. Wrestling as a heel, he faced Jerry Lawler, who was a favorite in the state, in many matches throughout the year. LeDuc was placed with a new partner, Jean Louie, to win the NWA Mid-America Southern Tag Team Championship in May. They faced Lawler and Jimmy Valiant on May 22 to defend the belts, but the match was declared a no contest and the title was vacated. Lawler and Valiant won the belts in a rematch the following week, but LeDuc and Louie regained them the following month. In September, LeDuc and Louie dropped the belts once again, this time to Lawler and the Mongolian Stomper.

LeDuc returned to Florida in 1978 and was given a title reign with the NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship after defeating Mr. Uganda on December 18. He held the belt for two weeks before dropping it to his old kayfabe rival Dick Slater. He was soon a champion again, however, as he and Thor the Viking were booked to win the NWA Florida United States Tag Team Championship on February 17, 1979, from Jack and Jerry Brisco. They dropped the belts to Killer Karl Kox and Jimmy Garvin, but LeDuc soon regained the title by teaming with Pak Song. LeDuc and Song vacated the title shortly after winning it, but LeDuc teamed with yet another partner, Don Muraco, to win the belts back later that year.

During this stint in Florida, LeDuc made a scripted turn from face to heel. Garvin claimed that LeDuc was aligned with heel manager Sonny King, but LeDuc denied the claim. Garvin then showed video footage to prove that LeDuc had secret dealings with King. LeDuc responded by attacking Garvin in front of the crowd, solidifying a heel turn for LeDuc. In a storyline several months later, LeDuc and King Curtis Iaukea attacked Buddy Rogers, a veteran then working as a face. The injuries Rogers received were said to be so severe that he was forced to retire, although, in reality, Rogers had simply moved to another wrestling promotion.

Later that year, LeDuc wrestled in Japan during a brief tour. He was successful during several matches on the tour, but his wrestling style was noticeably different from the traditional Japanese style. In the Japanese media, he was referred to as "maniacal" and "demented".

LeDuc soon returned to the Tennessee area for a push with Southeast Championship Wrestling. He won his first NWA Southeast Heavyweight Championship in a victory over Killer Karl Kox in March 1980 before losing the belt back to Kox in a rematch. In October, he regained the Southeastern Tag Team Championship while teaming with Robert Fuller. They lost the belts to Super Pro and Ron Bass, but LeDuc teamed with Armstrong again to regain the belts.

New Zealand (1981)
LeDuc travelled to New Zealand to wrestle in 1981. While there, he was booked in two title reigns. On April 23, he won the NWA New Zealand British Commonwealth Championship by defeating Steve Rickard. He dropped the belt to Mark Lewin one week later but regained it in a rematch on July 9. His second and final reign came to an end when he lost the belt to Rickard in mid-August.

Return to the Southern United States (1981–1984, 1986)
Later that year, LeDuc returned to Southeastern Championship Wrestling and was given two more tag team title reigns while teaming with Fuller. Ultimately, however, the team split up and vacated the title. LeDuc was then booked in singles competition, winning the Southeastern Heavyweight Championship twice more with victories over Jacques Rougeau, Jr. and Terry Gordy. He was also put over Terry Gordy to win the NWA Alabama Heavyweight Championship in May 1982, but LeDuc dropped the title that summer to Austin Idol.

In the early 1980s, LeDuc wrestled in Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling, where the bookers had him join Oliver Humperdink's "House of Humperdink" stable. Under Humperdink's management, LeDuc was booked to win the NWA Television Championship by defeating Jimmy Valiant in 1982. The title reign did not last long, however, as the belt was soon taken away because of an angle that saw LeDuc cheat in a title defense against Johnny Weaver. Eventually, the storyline had LeDuc claim that Humperdink had stolen his money, and LeDuc left the stable. This led to a worked feud between LeDuc and the members of Humperdink's stable, although the main rivalry that was portrayed was between LeDuc and Dick Slater. As part of the feud, LeDuc and Slater faced each other on April 30, 1983, in a Lumberjack match. At this time, LeDuc received a push and won the match and Slater's NWA Television Championship.

LeDuc then returned to Florida, where he was kept mainly in the singles division. In October 1983, he was put over Scott McGhee to win the NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship for a second time. He dropped the belt to Barry Windham the following month. In a rematch with Windham the following night, LeDuc won the belt once again. His final reign as Florida Heavyweight Champion was short-lived, however, as the bookers had him drop the belt in a rematch with Windham the next night.

Another short stint in Southeastern Championship Wrestling followed, with LeDuc being given two more reigns with the Southeastern Heavyweight title. He was put over his former partner Bob Armstrong for the belt in August 1983 and began a feud with Robert Fuller, another former partner. During the course of this feud, the belt changed hands twice. Fuller was booked to win the belt from LeDuc, but LeDuc won a subsequent match to win the title for his sixth and final reign. LeDuc held the belt until vacating the title when he left the promotion.

On March 12, 1984, LeDuc teamed with former kayfabe rival Jerry Lawler to win the AWA Southern Tag Team Championship from Elijah Akeem and Kareem Muhammad. In a six-man match the following week, LeDuc teamed with Lawler and Jimmy Hart, who was their manager but wrestled on occasion. During the match, LeDuc revealed that his reconciliation with Lawler was a setup, as LeDuc and Hart turned on Lawler by walking away to leave Lawler by himself. As a result, the tag team title was vacated and the feud was rekindled.

Return to Montreal (1984–1986)
LeDuc returned to Montreal for the first time since 1973. Since time he was working for Lutte Internationale promoted by Gino Brito. He feuded with Abdullah the Butcher, Sailor White, Haku, and The Masked Superstar. On November 15, 1985, he lost to WWF Intercontiental Champion Tito Santana at WWF/Lutte Internationale house show.

Puerto Rico (1985–1986)
While wrestling in Puerto Rico, LeDuc was booked in his final championship reign. He defeated Hercules Ayala on January 6, 1986, to win the World Wrestling Council's North American Heavyweight Championship. He held the belt for just over two months before dropping it to Al Perez on March 7.

Return to the States (1986)
LeDuc returned to the States in early 1986 after spending time in Puerto Rico and Montreal. He worked for the Continental Wrestling Association in Tennessee and feuded with Paul Diamond. He also worked for World Class Championship Wrestling in Texas where he occasionally teamed with Rick Rude. He would quietly leave wrestling and not wrestle at all in 1987.

World Wrestling Federation (1988)
LeDuc returned to wrestling after a year's absence. He made his first appearance for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) on March 19, 1988, when he defeated Brady Boone in a dark match at a WWF Superstars taping.
He made his first house show appearance on April 22, defeating Jose Luis Rivera in White Plains, NY. On May 9 at a show in Ontario, LeDuc added Frenchy Martin as his manager. On July 4 (in a match taped on June 21 in Glens Falls, NY, LeDuc made his first television appearance as "The Headbanger Butcher" on WWF Prime Time Wrestling. He lost to Brian Costello via disqualification after he refused to cease headbutting his preliminary opponent. On July 16 in Landover, MD he sustained his first pinfall loss when he was defeated by Sam Houston. His final WWF match came a day later when he again lost to Houston in Hershey, PA although he did have a match versus Tito Santana which was broadcast on July 25 on Prime Time Wrestling, but it was likely recorded much earlier. He suffered a pinfall loss in that encounter with Santana.

Later career (1989–1995)
The following year, LeDuc returned to Japan for another brief wrestling tour for Frontier Martial Arts Wrestling. He wrestled primarily in tag teams with Masanobu Kurisu. They were booked to lose each of these matches, however. LeDuc's only victory in Japan came when he was put over Tarzan Goto in a singles match.

Following his stint in Japan, LeDuc retired from wrestling. On June 10, 1995, he wrestled one final event, teaming with Phil Hickerson to face Lawler and Valiant at the United States Wrestling Association's "Memphis Memories II" event. The match built upon the storyline feud between LeDuc and Lawler, and Lawler won the match for his team by pinning LeDuc.

In November 1995, he was scheduled to wrestle for Smoky Mountain Wrestling, teaming with Buddy Landel in a series of matches against The Punisher and Tommy Rich, but due to LeDuc retiring, The Bullet took his place teaming with Landel.

Personal life
LeDuc's first wife died in a car accident in 1981. He remarried and was married at the time of his death in 1999. He had three children: two daughters, Nadine and Michele, and a son, Robert.

LeDuc appeared in the 1989 film No Holds Barred, which starred fellow professional wrestler Hulk Hogan.

LeDuc had many problems with diabetes toward the end of his life. While visiting his son in Atlanta, Georgia, LeDuc slipped in the shower. As a result of the injuries, he developed an infection that ultimately led to his death. He died of a lung infection on May 1, 1999, in Atlanta at the age of 54. After his death, the revelation that he and Paul LeDuc were not related caused a minor scandal on talk shows in Quebec.

Championships and accomplishments
Championship Wrestling from Florida
NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship (3 times)
NWA Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Paul LeDuc
NWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (Florida version) (1 time)
NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Florida version) (3 times) – with Thor the Viking (1), Pak Song (1), and Don Muraco
Grand Prix Wrestling (Montreal)
Grand Prix Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Paul LeDuc
International Wrestling Association (Montreal)
IWA International Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
IWA International Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Tony Baillargeon
Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling
NWA Television Championship (2 times)
NWA Mid-America – Continental Wrestling Association
AWA Southern Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
AWA Southern Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Jerry Lawler
NWA Southern Tag Team Championship (Mid-America version) (1 time) – with Jean Louie
NWA New Zealand
NWA British Commonwealth Heavyweight Championship (New Zealand version) (2 times)
Southeastern Championship Wrestling
NWA Alabama Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
NWA Southeastern Heavyweight Championship (Northern Division) (6 times)
NWA Southeastern Tag Team Championship (5 times) – with Bob Armstrong (2) and Robert Fuller (3)
Stampede Wrestling
NWA International Tag Team Championship (Calgary version) (1 time) – with Paul LeDuc
United States Wrestling Association
Memphis Wrestling Hall of Fame (Class of 1995)
World Wrestling Council
WWC North American Heavyweight Championship (1 time)

References

External links

 Jos LeDuc biography at SLAM! Wrestling Canadian Hall of Fame
 Jos LeDuc obituary at SLAM! Wrestling Canadian Hall of Fame

1944 births
1999 deaths
20th-century Canadian people
Canadian male professional wrestlers
NWA/WCW World Television Champions
Stampede Wrestling alumni
Deaths from respiratory tract infection
20th-century professional wrestlers
NWA Florida Heavyweight Champions
NWA Southern Heavyweight Champions (Florida version)
Professional wrestlers from Montreal
NWA United States Tag Team Champions (Florida version)
Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Champions


Mario Mocenni (22 January 1823—14 November 1904) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, who served both in the diplomatic service of the Holy See and in the Roman Curia, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1893.

Biography
Born in Montefiascone, Mario Mocenni was ordained to the subdiaconate on 21 September 1844, the diaconate on 27 May 1845 and the priesthood on 20 December 1845. He was later made a Privy Chamberlain supernumerary of His Holiness, and auditor of nunciature to Austria.

On 24 July 1877 he was appointed Titular Archbishop of Heliopolis in Phoenicia by Pope Pius IX, receiving his episcopal consecration on the following 12 August from Cardinal Alessandro Franchi in Rome. Mocenni was later named Apostolic Delegate to Ecuador, Peru, Nueva Granada, Venezuela, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Honduras, and Nicaragua on 14 August that year. On 28 March 1882 he became Internuncio to the Empire of Brazil.

Seven months later, on 18 October 1882, Mocenni entered the service of the Roman Curia upon being appointed Substitute, or deputy, of the Vatican Secretariat of State. Pope Leo XIII created him Cardinal Priest of San Bartolomeo all'Isola in the consistory of 16 January 1893. He later opted to become a Cardinal Bishop, assuming the suburbicarian see of Sabina on 18 May 1894. As Cardinal Bishop of Sabina, he was also perpetual abbot of Farfa. Mocenni participated in the papal conclave of 1903, which selected Pope Pius X.

The Cardinal died in Rome, at age 81. After lying in state in the church of Santa Maria in Traspontina, he was buried in the chapel of the Sacred Congregation of Propaganda Fide in the Campo Verano cemetery.

References

Books
Jankowiak, François (2005), "La Curie romaine,"    in:

External links
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
Catholic-Hierarchy

1823 births
1904 deaths
19th-century Italian cardinals
Cardinals created by Pope Leo XIII
Cardinal-bishops of Sabina
19th-century Italian Roman Catholic titular archbishops
Apostolic Delegates to Peru
Apostolic Nuncios to Costa Rica
20th-century Italian cardinals
People from the Province of Viterbo


Volker Zerbe (born 30 June 1968) is a former German team handball player and current club manager. He received a silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens with the German national team. He is European champion from 2004.

References

1968 births
Living people
German male handball players
Olympic handball players for Germany
Handball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Handball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Handball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Handball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Germany
Olympic medalists in handball
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics


Viam agnoscere veritatis is the name of a letter written by Pope Innocent IV to the Mongols.  It was written on November 22, 1248, and was Pope Innocent's reply to a message from Mongol commander Baiju. Innocent IV had previously sent two letters to the Mongols in 1245, Cum non solum and Dei patris immensa.

The letter was probably transmitted from the Pope via Mongol envoys Aïbeg and Serkis, was dated November 22, 1248, and was the Pope's reply to a letter from Baiju. Some historians refer to it as "Viam agnoscere veritatis" and some as "Viam cognoscere veritatis" (both "agnoscere" and "cognoscere" are Latin for "to know").  According to historian Denis Sinor, the letter "stated that Innocent IV had acted out of a sense of duty to let the true religion be known to the Mongols, and that he regretted the Mongols' perseverance in their errors and adjured them to cease their menaces."

Notes

References
 Grousset, René, Histoire des Croisades, III, Tempus, 2006 edition,

 Rachewiltz, I, Papal Envoys to the Great Khans, Stanford University Press, 1971.
 Roux, Jean-Paul, Histoire de l'Empire Mongol, 1993, Fayard,
 Runciman, Steven, History of the Crusades, III, Penguin Books, 2002 edition,
 Kenneth Meyer Setton,  "A History of the Crusades"

1248 works
Documents of Pope Innocent IV
Letters (message)
Holy See–Mongolia relations


Tom Silva (born ) is an American construction contractor and television personality notable for his long-running participation in the PBS shows This Old House and Ask This Old House.  He is co-owner of Silva Brothers' Construction, based in Lexington, Massachusetts.

Biography

Silva began construction at an early age, helping his father and brothers build a fallout shelter under their 1787 Colonial family house in Lexington, Massachusetts. Silva Brothers' Construction  built the first set for The Victory Garden and later were noticed by the producer of This Old House, Russell Morash, while they were working on a home. Morash invited them to become the permanent contractors for the show in 1988.

Silva also contributes to This Old House Magazine and other publications from This Old House ventures.

He has been married to his wife, Susan Silva, for over 30 years. They have two children.

The partners of Silva Brothers Construction are Tom and his nephew, Charles. Their work has been featured on numerous This Old House projects.

References

External links

Living people
American television personalities
People from Lexington, Massachusetts
This Old House
Year of birth missing (living people)


Two Ways to Fall is the second studio album by American country music artist Ty England. His second and final album for the RCA Nashville label, it produced the singles "Irresistible You" and "All of the Above", which peaked at #22 and #46, respectively, on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts. "I'll Take Today" was originally recorded by Tanya Tucker on her 1994 album Fire to Fire, and would later be released as a single by Gary Allan from his 1998 album It Would Be You.

Track listing

Personnel
Mike Brignardello — bass guitar
Larry Byrom — acoustic guitar
Mark Casstevens — acoustic guitar
Joe Chemay — bass guitar
Dan Dugmore — steel guitar
Glen Duncan — fiddle
Ty England — lead vocals
Larry Franklin — fiddle
Sonny Garrish — steel guitar
Dann Huff — electric guitar
Paul Leim — drums
Brent Mason — electric guitar
Steve Nathan — piano
Gary Prim — piano
Michael Rhodes — bass guitar
Joe Spivey — fiddle
Dennis Wilson — background vocals
Lonnie Wilson — drums
Curtis Wright — background vocals
Curtis Young — background vocals

Chart performance

References

1996 albums
Ty England albums
RCA Records albums
Albums produced by Byron Gallimore
Albums produced by James Stroud


Tactile discrimination is the ability to differentiate information through the sense of touch. The somatosensory system is the nervous system pathway that is responsible for this essential survival ability used in adaptation. There are various types of tactile discrimination. One of the most well known and most researched is two-point discrimination, the ability to differentiate between two different tactile stimuli which are relatively close together. Other types of discrimination like graphesthesia and spatial discrimination also exist but are not as extensively researched.  Tactile discrimination is something that can be stronger or weaker in different people and two major conditions, chronic pain and blindness, can affect it greatly. Blindness increases tactile discrimination abilities which is extremely helpful for tasks like reading braille. In contrast, chronic pain conditions, like arthritis, decrease a person's tactile discrimination. One other major application of tactile discrimination is in new prosthetics and robotics which attempt to mimic the abilities of the human hand. In this case tactile sensors function similarly to mechanoreceptors in a human hand to differentiate tactile stimuli.

Pathways

Somatosensory system
The somatosensory system includes multiple types of sensations from the body. This includes light, touch, pain, pressure, temperature, and joint /muscle sense. Each of these are categorized in three different areas: discriminative touch, pain and temperature, and proprioception. Discriminative touch includes touch, pressure, being able to recognize vibrations, etc. Pain and temperature includes the perception of pain/ amounts of pain and the severity of temperatures. The pain and temperature category of sensations also includes itching and tickling. Proprioception includes receptors for everything that occurs below the surface of the skin. This includes sensations on various muscles, joints, and tendons. Each of these three categories have their own types of pathways and receptors. These pathways target the cerebellum in the brain. This section of the brain tracks what the muscles are doing at all times so any potential damage to this area can greatly affect one's senses.

Within each Somatosensory pathway there are three types of neurons: the pseudounipolar neuron, secondary afferentme neurons, and tertiary afferent neurons. There are also slowly adapting receptors that signify the receptors that sense the indents made on the skin. Rapidly adapting receptors are also present in this system. An example of a slowly adapting receptor in use is when a person breaks his/her arm, the arm is immobilized until it is healed. He/she does not want to forget that it is broken and do something that could potentially worsen the damage in the arm. An example of a rapid adapting receptor in use is putting on clothes. Initially you will feel the clothes being worn, but after a while you forget you are wearing clothes. It is not at the forefront of the brain to focus on the feeling of the clothes on your body; however, if you were to concentrate on that feeling, you could instantly feel the contact between your skin and the clothing being worn.

Discriminative touch system
The discriminative touch system deals with everything from the toes to the neck through the spinal cord. The sensation experienced enters the periphery by axons. More specifically, the sensory axons. This signal passes through axon to axon from the distal to proximal process. The proximal end of the specific axon leads into the spinal cord on the dorsal half. This then moves towards the brain. These axons that are leading the signal towards the spinal cord to the brain are classified as primary afferents. This makes sense as afferent is defined conducting toward something. These neurons are sending signals towards the brain. Those that receive the neuron synapses are classified as secondary afferents. These neurons go to the thalamus and then synapsed towards another set of neurons that move towards the cerebral cortex.

Types of receptors
There are many types of receptors in the somatosensory pathway including:

Peripheral Mechanoreceptors - Activation of these receptors is the initial step of recognizing a stimulation. An indentation, as stated before, becomes an electrical signal in the peripheral process of a primary afferent neuron. This creates a depolarization across the membrane of the neuron and this leads to an action potential that goes to the cerebellum of the brain to initiate an action.
Merkel's Disks - Located on the upper part of the dermis. Slow adapting receptors. Found on the fingertips as well as the eyelids.
Meissner's Corpuscles - Located also on the upper part of the dermis. Found on the hairless skin including the lips as well as the eyelids. These are rapid adapting receptors.
Thermoreceptors - These are receptors that are able to detect heat. There are actually 2 types of these receptors in mammals. One that can identify heat higher than body temperature and vice versa!

Types of tactile discrimination

Stereognosis
Stereognosis(Tactile Gnosis) is defined as the ability to tell the difference and identify objects via touch in the absence of visual or auditory contact. The subject will need to be able to recognize temperature, spatial properties, texture, and size to achieve reach an accurate conclusion to what the object is. This type of tactile discrimination will give an indication of the status of the Parietal lobe of the brain. When conducting this test, common objects that the subject is familiar with are used in order to ensure an accurate reading, and consistency amongst multiple tests with multiple different subjects. By utilizing this form of tactile discrimination, practitioners will be able to detect and track the presence or effects of Neurodegenerative Diseases such as Alzheimer's disease due to Astereognosis, which is the failure to recognize objects via touch without visual recognition.

Graphesthesia
Graphesthesia is the ability in which a person is able to recognize a number or letter that is written on the person's skin. Like other tactile discrimination tests, the test for this is a measurement of the patient's sense of touch, and requires that the patient perform the test voluntarily and without visual contact. The purpose of this form of tactile discrimination is to detect any defects in the Central nervous system such as lesions in the Brainstem, Spinal cord, Thalamus, or Sensory cortex. In order for this test to be carried out successfully, it is imperative that the subject's primary sensations be fully functional. A severe lesion in the Central Nervous System would suggest a loss in primary sensation. It is also important that the practitioner and the patient communicate ahead of time about the orientation of the characters, as well as where on the body the figures are to be drawn (usually on the palms of the hand). In order to make this tactile discrimination more flexible, the patient may select the correct answer from a series of images in lieu of communicating verbally if the patient suffers from a speech or language impairment. The Graphesthesia test is also more versatile than the Stereognosis test since it doesn't require the patient to be able to grasp an object.

Two-point discrimination
Two-point discrimination (2PD) is a neurological examination in which two sharp points are applied to the surface of a part of the body in order to see if the patient recognizes them as two discrete sensations. The two-point threshold is the smallest distance between the two points that the patient can recognize. By conducting this form of tactile discrimination, it is believed that practitioners will be able to discern the relative amount of nerves in the tested location. When conducting the procedure on the desired part of the body, the practitioner may apply both points simultaneously or with just one point. The practitioner may switch between the two at random. In order for the examination to be conducted in the most proper fashion, it is imperative that there be clear and open communication between the subject and the practitioner with the subject being fully conscious and not under any sort of influence while at the same time not making visual contact with the device. The efficacy of Two-point discrimination has come under scrutiny from many researchers despite being commonly used to this day in a clinical setting. Research studies have shown that the 2PD test does a poor job of determining the degree to which the nerves regain their function after damage, as well as determining the sensory failures in the first place, owing to this form of tactile discrimination's simplicity, crudeness, and dependence on anecdotal evidence. The research studies have also shown that there is a discrepancy between the data obtained from 2PD tests and data obtained from other tests used to measure tactile spatial acuity.

Spatial discrimination
Spatial discrimination is another form of Two-point discrimination in which the practitioner tests for innervation of the skin with two blunt points of a compass (drawing tool). Just with like 2PD, the patient must be able to discriminate between the two applied points. All other parameters, methods, and objectives of the Spatial discrimination tactile discrimination and the 2PD tactile discrimination remain the same.

Applications

Blindness

When a person has become blind, in order to “see” the world, their other senses become heightened. An important sense for the blind is their sense of touch, which becomes more frequently used to help them perceive the world. People that are blind have displayed that their visual cortices become more responsive to auditory and tactile stimulation. Braille allows the blind to be able to use their sense of touch to feel the roughness, and distance of various patterns to be used as a form of language. Within the brain, the activation of the occipital cortex is functionally relevant for tactile braille reading, as well as the somatosensory cortex. These various parts of the brain function in their own way, in which they each contribute to the effectiveness of how braille is read by the blind. People that are blind also rely heavily on Tactile Gnosis, Spatial discrimination, Graphesthesia, and Two-point discrimination. Essentially, the occipital cortex allows one to effectively make judgements on the distance of braille patterns, which is related to spatial discrimination. Meanwhile, the somatosensory cortex allows one to effectively make judgements on the roughness of braille patterns, which is related to two-point discrimination. The various visual areas in the brain are very essential for a blind person to read braille, just as much as it is for a person that has sight. Essentially, whether one is blind or not, the perception of objects that involves tactile discrimination is not impaired if one cannot see. When comparing people that are blind to people that have sight, the amount of activity within their somatosensory and visual areas of the brain do differ. The activity in the somatosensory and visual areas are not as high in tactile gnosis for people that are not blind, and are more-so active for more visual related stimuli that does not involve touch. Nonetheless, there is a difference in these various areas within the brain when comparing the blind to the sighted, which is that shape discrimination causes a difference in brain activity, as well as tactile gnosis. The visual cortices of blind individuals are active during various vision related tasks including tactile discrimination, and the function of the cortices resemble the activity of adults with sight.

Chronic pain
Some non-neuropathic chronic pain conditions have been shown to decrease tactile acuity, the ability to precisely detect touch. There is a difference between different chronic pain conditions and how they affect tactile acuity deficits. One of the conditions with the most profound deficits in tactile acuity is arthritis. This condition affects the tactile acuity both at the site of the pain and at remote locations away from the pain. This suggests that the deficit may be a result of a cortical reorganization, or cortical remapping in the patient's brain. Other conditions, like complex regional pain syndrome and chronic lower back pain, show deficits only at the site of pain. Still other conditions like burning mouth syndrome shows no deficit in tactile acuity at all. Although there is evidence that some chronic pain conditions cause a decrease in tactile acuity there is no evidence to suggest when this deficit becomes clinically meaningful and affects the function of the patient.

Robotic tactile discrimination

As robots and prosthetic limbs become more complex the need for sensors capable of detecting touch with high tactile acuity becomes more and more necessary. There are many types of tactile sensors used for different tasks. There are three types of tactile sensors. The first, single point sensors, can be compared to a single cell, or whiskers, and can detect very local stimuli. The second type of sensor is a high spatial resolution sensor which can be compared to a human fingertip and is essential for the tactile acuity in robotic hands. The third and final tactile sensor type is a low spatial resolution sensor which has similar tactile acuity as the skin on one's back or arm. These sensors can be placed meaningfully throughout the surface of a prosthetic or a robot to give it the ability to sense touch in similar, if not better, ways than the human counterpart.

References

Perception


The Voice is the fifth solo studio album by American soul singer Mavis Staples. This album was her second for Prince's Paisley Park Records label and was released on August 24, 1993. The song "Melody Cool" from the 1990 movie Graffiti Bridge appeared on this album as well as the movie soundtrack. The song "Positivity" is a cover of Prince's version from the 1988 album Lovesexy.

Track listing
All tracks composed by Prince; except where indicated
 "The Voice" (4:14) (Rosie Gaines, Prince)
 "House in Order" (4:44)
 "Blood Is Thicker Than Time" (3:13)
 "You Will Be Moved" (4:12)
 "All Because Of You" (5:06) (Billy Beck, Rick Brown)
 "Undertaker" (7:26) (Michael B., Levi Seacer, Jr., Prince. Sonny T.)
 "Melody Cool" (3:46)
 "Kain't Turn Back" (4:03) (Bernard Belle, Raymond Watkins)
 "I'll Be Right There" (4:03) (Emmanuel Rahiem LeBlanc, Gordon Williams)
 "A Man Called Jesus" (3:56)
 "Why" (4:27) (Mike Ferguson, Ivan Hampden, Danny Madden, Paulette McWilliams)
 "Positivity" (4:34)

References

External links

1993 albums
Mavis Staples albums
Albums produced by Prince (musician)
Paisley Park Records albums


Windows Live Mail (formerly named Windows Live Mail Desktop, code-named Elroy) is a discontinued freeware email client from Microsoft. It was the successor to Windows Mail in Windows Vista, which was the successor to Outlook Express in Windows XP and Windows 98. Windows Live Mail is designed to run on Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2, but is also compatible with Windows 8 and Windows 10, even though Microsoft bundles a new email client, named Windows Mail, with the latter. In addition to email, Windows Live Mail also features a calendar, an RSS feed reader, and a Usenet newsreader.

Windows Live Mail moved away from the older Microsoft mail programs, such as Outlook Express, which stored all e-mails comprising a folder (such as the Inbox) in a single .dbx file. In order to provide greater flexibility (and to avoid the problem where corruption of a single .dbx file could delete multiple emails), Windows Live Mail stores each email message as a separate .eml file. Only the folder structure is maintained in a single database file, using the ESE (Extensible Storage Engine) database structure, named Mail.MSMessageStore (which also holds some metadata for each .eml file on the system, so can be a huge file). The program also maintains a backup copy of that file, in the Backup sub-folder, so problems are rare. At a pinch, the Mail.MSMessageStore file can be recreated from the data in the .eml files.

History

Version 12 (Wave 2)
The first version of Windows Live Mail was released on 6 November 2007. The Windows Live Mail version numbering starts at 12 because this application is an advancement of Windows Mail, not an entirely new application. Windows Live Mail is developed by the same team that wrote Windows Mail.

Windows Live Mail has all of the features of Windows Mail. It also adds the following new features:
 Support for Web-based email accounts including Hotmail, Gmail, and Yahoo! Mail Plus.
 A different user interface which matches the other Windows Live "Wave 2" applications.
 Synchronization with Windows Live Contacts.
 Support for RSS feeds. Notable features include the ability to reply directly via email to the author of an item that appears in an RSS feed, and the ability to aggregate multiple feeds into a single folder. The RSS functionality requires Internet Explorer 7 or newer.
 Multi-line message lists.
 Emoticons can be used in emails and other functions.
 In-line spell checking.
 Separate inbox folders for different POP accounts.
 Support for sending picture files in emails through the Photo email feature, which uploads pictures to a web-based service and sends the URL and thumbnails in the mail. It can also perform basic photo correction and apply different border effects to pictures.

Comparison with Windows Mail
While Windows Live Mail is the successor to Windows Mail (Vista) on Windows Vista, there were several differences in functionality between Windows Live Mail and Windows Mail when it was released in 2007. These include:
 Ability to view and edit HTML email by source has been removed in Windows Live Mail
 Ability to set margins has been removed
 Scripted Stationery for Windows Live Mail 2011 is available from Cloudeight Stationery
 Locally installed help documentation is not available for Windows Live Mail
 Support for using different mailboxes with separate folders (inbox, junk and so on) was added in Windows Live Mail
 Support for DeltaSync, a proprietary protocol for access to Windows Live Hotmail email accounts, was added in Windows Live Mail
 Support for WebDAV, a HTTP-based protocol (web-based email accounts), developed for Outlook Express, was added in Windows Live Mail
 Ability to perform a full-text index-based search in Windows Live Mail if Windows Search is installed

Version 2009 (Wave 3)
A beta version of Windows Live Mail was released in September 2008. It features a new user interface which, like the other Windows Live "Wave 3" beta applications released at the same time, has no icons on the toolbar buttons. It also features a new calendaring function; calendar events automatically synchronize between Windows Live Mail and the Web-based Windows Live Calendar. A "beta refresh" version of Windows Live Mail was released on 15 December 2008, and this version was officially released as the final version on 8 January 2009. This was the last version to support Windows XP.

Version 2009 still contains the same MIME problem with signed mail that Outlook Express has.

Version 2011 (Wave 4)
The first beta became available on 24 June 2010, sporting ribbons in the user interface and a calendar pane. The second beta came with a new start-up screen and other minor updates. The final version of Windows Live Mail 2011 was released on 30 September 2010, along with the Windows Live Essentials 2011 suite. It requires Windows Vista or newer; Windows XP is no longer supported.

Version 2012 (Wave 5)
On 7 August 2012, Microsoft released a new version of Windows Essentials 2012, which included Windows Live Mail 2012. It requires Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows 8, or Windows 10. Windows Vista is no longer supported.

There are no significant differences from Windows Live Mail 2011, save the discontinuance of support for Vista and DeltaSync. The only technical difference is the replacement in Windows Live Mail 2012 of DeltaSync by Exchange ActiveSync. User forums report significant problems with the upgrade software, KB3093594, so it is recommended not to attempt to upgrade from Windows Live Mail 2011, and there are no benefits in doing so, as both versions are identical, unless the user wishes to use Exchange ActiveSync. But by switching from Deltasync to IMAP, Windows Live Mail 2011 continues to work, without needing either Windows Live Mail 2012 or the upgrade.

Issues reported
Since around 2013, serious problems with Windows Live Mail 2012 (but not with Windows Live Mail 2011) have been reported on various blog sites (including Microsoft forums). One problem is that deleted emails keep returning day after day. Another development that caused complaints is the Live Mail Sent folder erroneously containing the name of the Sender rather than the Recipient in the To column, while omitting the sender's account name in the  Account column (as the fault only affects that folder, a workaround is to move sent items into a new folder, named - for example - "Sent 2019"). Discussions on the forums have provided no clear solutions to these issues.

Replacement
Microsoft announced that Outlook.com was discontinuing support for Windows Live Mail during 2016 by discontinuing use of the DeltaSync protocol. Microsoft has positioned the Mail app (bundled with Windows 10, available in the Microsoft Store) as a replacement for it.

Although use of DeltaSync has been discontinued on Microsoft's servers since 30 June 2016, Windows Live Mail 2011 and 2012 continue to work with Hotmail e-mail accounts by using IMAP (or, less effectively, POP3) instead of DeltaSync. Gmail and other service providers still support DeltaSync, so users can still use Windows Live Mail 2011 with non-Microsoft email accounts (but not Windows Live Mail 2012, as DeltaSync support was removed from it).

Windows Essentials 2012, including Windows Live Mail 2012, reached end of support on 10 January 2017, and is no longer available for download from Microsoft; but most of the software bundled in it or in Windows Essentials 2011, including Windows Live Mail, continues to function and it can still be downloaded from Archive.org.
The 2011 version is also still available.

See also
 Comparison of email clients
 Comparison of feed aggregators
 Comparison of Usenet newsreaders
 Windows Live

References

Mail
Windows email clients
Microsoft email software
Windows-only freeware
Discontinued Microsoft software
Products and services discontinued in 2017


Unchained Spirit is a studio album by the dancehall/reggae artist Buju Banton, released in 2000. It was his first and only album to be released on the ANTI- record label, an imprint of Epitaph Records.

The album peaked at No. 128 on the Billboard 200.

Production
The album contains contributions from Stephen Marley, Rancid, and Beres Hammond, among others.

Critical reception

Exclaim! wrote that "the treacle far outstrips anything resembling a tuff rhythm here ... even over the good rhythms, Buju doesn't seem to have the command he once did." The Star Tribune thought that "Buju's grainy voice flows over slowly distilled lattices of rhythms and multi-part South African-style harmonies." M.F. DiBella of AllMusic defined the album as a "a vital and rhythmic mix of homegrown Jamaican philosophy, biblical harmonizing, and just plain eerie dancehall".

Track listing
"Intro" – 0:39
"23rd Psalm" (feat. Gramps of Morgan Heritage) – 5:44
"Voice Of Jah" (feat. LMS) – 5:01
"Sudan" – 4:41
"We'll Be Alright" (feat. Luciano) – 4:24
"Pull It Up" (feat. Beres Hammond) – 4:09
"Life Is A Journey" – 4:07
"Better Must Come" – 4:12
"Mighty Dread" – 5:01
"Poor Old Man" (feat. Stephen Marley) – 4:26
"Law And Order" – 3:51
"Guns And Bombs" – 3:20
"Woman Dem Phat" – 3:16
"No More Misty Days" (feat. Rancid) – 4:01
"Pull It Up" (feat. Beres Hammond) (live) – 2:56
"Reunion" (feat. Wayne Wonder) – 4:06

References

2000 albums
Anti- (record label) albums
Buju Banton albums


Outlook.com, formerly Hotmail, is a free personal email service offered by Microsoft. It includes a webmail interface featuring mail, calendaring, contacts, and tasks services. Outlook can also be accessed via email clients using the IMAP or POP protocols.

Founded in 1996 by Sabeer Bhatia and Jack Smith as Hotmail, it was acquired by Microsoft in 1997 for an estimated $400 million, with it becoming part of the MSN family of online services, branded as MSN Hotmail. In May 2007, the service was rebranded to Windows Live Hotmail, as part of the Windows Live suite of products. It was changed back to Hotmail in October 2011 and was fully replaced by Outlook in February 2013, sharing the same brand as the Microsoft Outlook software which is offered via a Microsoft 365 (formerly Microsoft Office) subscription.

Outlook is offered with any Microsoft account, using @outlook.com, @hotmail.com, @msn.com, as well as @live.com and @passport.com (which are no longer offered) domains.

History

Launch of Hotmail

Hotmail service was founded by Sabeer Bhatia and Jack Smith, and was one of the first webmail services on the Internet along with Four11's RocketMail (later Yahoo! Mail). It was commercially launched on July 4, 1996, symbolizing "freedom" from ISP-based email and the ability to access a user's inbox from anywhere in the world. The name "Hotmail" was chosen out of many possibilities ending in "-mail" as it included the letters HTML, the markup language used to create web pages (to emphasize this, the original type casing was "HoTMaiL"). The limit for free storage was 2 MB. Hotmail was initially backed by venture capital firm Draper Fisher Jurvetson. By December 1997, it reported more than 8.5 million subscribers. Hotmail initially ran under Solaris for mail services and Apache on FreeBSD for web services, before being partly converted to Microsoft products, using Windows Services for UNIX in the migration path.

MSN Hotmail

Hotmail was sold to Microsoft in December 1997 for a reported $400 million (~$ in ), and it joined the MSN group of services.
The sale had been preceded by a major incident in 1997 where all email was lost for 25% of mailboxes.
Hotmail quickly gained in popularity as it was localized for different markets around the globe, and became the world's largest webmail service with more than 30 million active members reported by February 1999.

Hotmail originally ran on a mixture of FreeBSD and Solaris operating systems. A project was started to move Hotmail to Windows 2000. In June 2001, Microsoft claimed this had been completed; a few days later they retracted the statement and admitted that the DNS functions of the Hotmail system were still reliant on FreeBSD. In 2002 Hotmail still ran its infrastructure on UNIX servers, with only the front-end converted to Windows 2000. Later development saw the service tied with Microsoft's web authentication scheme, Microsoft Passport (now Microsoft account), and integration with Microsoft's instant messaging and social networking programs, MSN Messenger and MSN Spaces (later Windows Live Messenger and Windows Live Spaces, respectively).

Security issues
In 1999, hackers revealed a security flaw in Hotmail that permitted anybody to log in to any Hotmail account using the password 'eh'. At the time, it was called "the most widespread security incident in the history of the Web". In 2001, the Hotmail service was compromised again by computer hackers who discovered that anyone could log in to their Hotmail account and then pull messages from any other Hotmail account by crafting a URL with the second account's username and a valid message number. It was such a simple attack that by the time the patch was made, dozens of newspapers and hundreds of web sites published exact descriptions allowing tens of thousands of hackers to run rampant across Hotmail. The exploitable vulnerability exposed millions of accounts to tampering between August 7 and 31, 2001.

Competition
In 2004, Google announced its own mail service, Gmail. Featuring greater storage space, speed, and interface flexibility, this new competitor spurred a wave of innovation in webmail. The main industry heavyweights – Hotmail and Yahoo! Mail – introduced upgraded versions of their email services with greater speed, security, and advanced features.

Windows Live Hotmail
Microsoft's new email system was announced on November 1, 2005, under the codename "Kahuna", and a beta version was released to a few thousand testers. Other webmail enthusiasts also wanting to try the beta version could request an invitation granting access. The new service was built from scratch and emphasized three main concepts of being "faster, simpler, and safer". New versions of the beta service were rolled out over the development period, and by the end of 2006 the number of beta testers had reached the millions.

The Hotmail brand was planned to be phased out when Microsoft announced that the new mail system would be called Windows Live Mail, but the developers soon backtracked after beta testers were confused with the name change and preferred the already well-known Hotmail name, and decided on Windows Live Hotmail. After a period of beta testing, it was officially released to new and existing users in the Netherlands on November 9, 2006, as a pilot market. Development of the beta was finished in April 2007, and Windows Live Hotmail was released to new registrations on May 7, 2007, as the 260 million MSN Hotmail accounts worldwide gained access to the new system. The old MSN Hotmail interface was accessible only by users who registered before the Windows Live Hotmail release date and had not chosen to update to the new service. The rollout to all existing users was completed in October 2007.

Windows Live Hotmail was awarded PC Magazines Editor's Choice Award in February 2007, March 2007, and February 2011.

In 2008 it was announced that the service would be updated with focus on improving the speed, increasing the storage space, better user experience and usability features, and that sign-in and email access speeds would be up to 70 percent faster. The classic and full versions of Windows Live Hotmail were combined in the new release. As a result of user feedback, Hotmail was updated so that scrolling works for users who have the reading pane turned off. It was also expected that Hotmail team would be moving the advertisement from the top of page to the side, adding more themes, increasing the number of messages on each page and adding the ability to send instant messages from the user's inbox in future releases.

Support for Firefox in the upgraded Windows Live Hotmail took a few months to complete. By 2009, support for Google Chrome was still incomplete, prompting the Chrome developers to temporarily ship a browser that employed user agent spoofing when making requests to the Windows Live site.

As part of the update, Microsoft also added integrated capability for instant messaging with contacts on the Windows Live Messenger service. The feature was the realization of a project that began as "Windows Live Web Messenger" in 2007, a replacement for the outdated "MSN Web Messenger" service that was first introduced in August 2004. It was noted that the original "Windows Live Web Messenger" featured tabbed conversations in a "conversation workspace", however since its integration with Hotmail this has been removed.

Microsoft's search engine Bing was integrated into Hotmail in 2009 through the introduction of a "Quick Add" feature, allowing users to add search results from Bing into emails. These include images, maps and business listings.

On May 18, 2010, Microsoft unveiled the "Wave 4" update of Hotmail, which offered features such as 1-click filters, active views, inbox sweeping, and 10 GB space for photos, Microsoft Office documents, and attachments. It also included integration with Windows Live SkyDrive and Windows Live Office, a free version of Microsoft's Office Web Apps suite. The new version began its gradual release to all Hotmail users on June 15, 2010 and was completely rolled out on August 3, 2010. Exchange ActiveSync support was enabled to all Hotmail users on August 30, 2010, allowing users to sync their mail, contacts, calendar and tasks to their mobile devices that supports the protocol. Addition of full-session SSL was released on November 9, 2010.

Throughout 2011, Microsoft added several new features to Hotmail, such as aliases and speed improvements. In October 2011, Microsoft unveiled a "re-invented Hotmail", and added many new features such as Instant Actions, scheduled Sweep, and Categories and this update began fully rolling out on November 9, 2011. This update also made SSL enabled by default on all accounts.

Transition to Outlook.com

Outlook.com was first introduced on July 31, 2012, when its beta version was made available to the general public. Existing Hotmail customers could freely upgrade to the preview version of Outlook.com and downgrade back.

Outlook.com graduated preview stage on February 18, 2013. According to Microsoft, the upgrade was deployed on April 3, 2013; users kept their existing Hotmail accounts and received the option of having an @outlook.com email address. By May 2013, the upgrade was completed and Outlook.com had 400 million active users. By May 2014, Outlook.com continued to have 400 million active users.

Transition to new infrastructure
In May 2015, Microsoft announced it would move the service over to what it described as an Office 365-based infrastructure. This was followed in June 2015 by the introduction through an opt-in preview of new features, including new calendar layout options, a filtering service called "Clutter" and new theme designs. Microsoft also introduced the ability for third-party providers such as PayPal and Evernote to include add-ins into the service. Additionally, contact suggestions and updates from emails such as flight reservations are due to be introduced to Office 365 subscribers' accounts and Outlook.com users' from January and March 2016 respectively. With the upgrade, users were no longer able to use the Windows Live Mail 2012 client to synchronize their email, contacts and calendar event using the official settings; they were encouraged to view Outlook.com through a web browser, through the Mail app, or through the Microsoft Outlook client. However, Windows Live Mail could be configured to use the IMAP protocol (or the less effective POP3) to fetch mail only. Microsoft concluded this preview stage in February 2016, when it began to roll out the new version to users' accounts, beginning with North America.

2017 redesign

On August 8, 2017, Microsoft launched a new opt-in beta toggle allowing users to test upcoming changes to the Outlook.com Mail, including a faster inbox, a responsive design, and the ability to search for emojis. There was also an introduction of the Photos Hub, the fifth component of Outlook.com.

On October 30, 2017, Microsoft announced that it would phase out its "Outlook.com Premium" subscription service, which offered features such as expanded storage and removal of ads from the user interface. These benefits were subsequently made available to Office 365 subscribers, and Microsoft will no longer accept new subscriptions to Outlook.com Premium. Existing Outlook.com Premium subscribers may continue to renew their existing subscription.

The old interface, which dated from 2016, was phased out in 2019.

Features

Similar to other major webmail services, Outlook.com uses Ajax programming techniques and supports later versions of Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, and Google Chrome. Some of its features include keyboard controls giving the ability to navigate around the page without using the mouse, the ability to search the user's messages including structured query syntax such as "from:ebay", message filters, folder-based organization of messages, auto-completion of contact addresses when composing, contact grouping, importing and exporting of contacts as CSV files, rich text formatting, rich text signatures, spam filtering and virus scanning, support for multiple addresses, and different language versions.

One example of a feature no longer present is the ability to create custom domain names.

Security and privacy
Outlook.com has promised to respect users' privacy, specifically targeting Gmail's privacy practices. Outlook.com does not scan emails or attachments for advertising information and personal conversations are ad-free entirely.

In March 2014, when former Microsoft employee Alex Kibkalo was arrested for his involvement in 2012 leaking of Microsoft's trade secrets, Microsoft came under criticism for having accessed the email inbox of his French accomplice. Critics claim these actions violate privacy laws as well as Microsoft's own promises with regards to users' personal information, while others have pointed out that such access is permitted under Microsoft's privacy policies in order to "protect the rights or property of Microsoft", that it was necessary in order to prevent a crime intended to have inflicted billions of dollars of damage, and that such action on Microsoft's part is unprecedented in 18 years. In response to the criticism, Microsoft has announced that it would no longer access private account information themselves in such cases, but would instead hand the investigation over to law enforcement agencies.

Outlook.com uses DMARC specifications to provide better security for message transmission and Extended Validation Certificate to secure the user's connection with Outlook.com. On April 17, 2013, Microsoft added two step verification to Microsoft accounts, thereby by extension to Outlook.com.

Outlook also allows for a single-use code to be used instead of a user's password when signing into a Microsoft account. Each code can only be used once, but one can be requested whenever needed. If a user is signing in on a public computer—such as at the library or school—using a single-use code helps keep account information secure. The single-use code is sent to the user when requested during login.

Office for the web integration

Outlook.com integrates with Office for the web to allow viewing and editing of Microsoft Word, Excel and PowerPoint documents that are attached to the email messages. Users can directly open attached Office documents within the web browser, and save them into their OneDrive. Users can also perform edits to any received Office documents, and directly reply to the sender with the edited version of the document. In addition, users may also send up to 25 GB of Office documents (up to 50 MB each) using Outlook.com by uploading these documents onto OneDrive, and share these documents with other users for viewing or collaboration. Users can also save emails to OneNote.

Skype integration
A preview version of Skype for Outlook.com started rolling out in the UK on April 30, 2013. This feature allows users to make a Skype video call within Outlook.com without using the Skype desktop client.

Aliases
Users can create additional, unique email addresses, called aliases, for their Microsoft account. As of April 17, 2013, users can sign in with any alias and create up to 10 aliases per year for a total of up to 10 addresses. For a given account, all aliases use the same inbox, contact list, and account settings—including password—as the primary address. Once an alias is set up, users can choose to have all email sent to that address go to the inbox, or to a different folder. Emails sent from an alias do not reveal to recipients that they come from an account with other addresses.

Keyboard shortcuts
The freeware version of hotmail.com provides a list of almost 50 keyboard shortcuts for web users with visual impairment, blindness or other disabilities.

Components

Mail
Mail is the webmail component of Outlook.com. The default view is a three column view with folders and groups on the left, a list of email messages in the middle, and the selected message on the right.

Mail's Active View allows users to interact directly with contents and functionality within their email message. For example, any photo attachments can be previewed directly using Active View. In addition, Mail provides a partner platform which allows contents and functionality from various websites and services such as YouTube, Flickr, LinkedIn, and the United States Postal Service to be viewed directly within the email message. For example, users may view the YouTube video within Mail when a user receives an email which contains a link to the video. Other Active View features include tracking of real time shipping status from United States Postal Service and performing social networking actions on LinkedIn or other social networking sites directly from within the email message.

Mail offers a "virtual broom" which allow users to delete or move large numbers of emails into specified folders based on the sender's information. Once a "sweep" is performed, the user may choose to configure Mail to remember the sweep settings and perform the same move or delete actions for any future emails. Users may also set up custom message rules based on the sender's or recipient's information, the subject of the email, or attachments to the email. There is also an option to delete/move messages that are older than a specified number of days, or only keep the latest message from a sender.

Quick views allow users to filter all emails (in all folders) by document attachments, photo attachments, flagged messages, or shipping updates. One-click filters allow users to filter the inbox (or specific folder) based on whether or not the email message is unread, from the People service list, group mailing lists, or from a social networking website (à la LinkedIn). Categories appear under quick views for ease of access.

Calendar

Outlook's time-management web application was first released on January 14, 2008, as Windows Live Calendar, and was updated to the "Wave 4" release on June 7, 2010. It was updated with Microsoft's Metro design in a phased roll-out to users from April 2, 2013.

Calendar features a similar interface to desktop calendar applications such as Windows Calendar, and supports iCalendar files for users to import calendar entries into their calendars. It uses Ajax technology which enables users to view, add and drag-and-drop calendar events from one date to another without reloading the page, and features daily, weekly, monthly and agenda view modes. It also features a to-do list function for users to keep track of their tasks to be completed.

Calendar events are stored online and can be viewed from any location. Multiple calendars can be created and shared, allowing different levels of permissions for each user.

People
Outlook's contacts management service was originally known as Windows Live Contacts and before that, Windows Live People. It provides users with access to their contacts' profiles and information, allowing them to share different information with different groups of people. Besides an address book, People also provides integrated services with social media, such as Facebook and Twitter. The service was rebranded to its current name in 2012, introducing a new interface based on the Metro design language that had already been introduced with Outlook.com.

Contacts are automatically updated in real-time, and the service allows for the removal of duplicated contact entries when imported with Profile. Users can also set limits on what parts of their contact details can be seen by others.

To Do

To Do is task management component of Outlook.com introduced during the transition to the Office 365-based infrastructure.

Mail client access
Outlook.com supports email clients connecting through the following protocols, listed in chronological order:

WebDAV was used by Outlook Express but was discontinued on September 1, 2009.
Microsoft Outlook 2002, introduced in Microsoft Office XP, included integrated support for Outlook.com accounts.
DeltaSync was used by Microsoft Outlook Hotmail Connector, a free plug-in for Microsoft Outlook 2003, 2007 or 2010. Using the Outlook connector, users can freely access email messages, contacts, and calendars in any Outlook.com account, though access to tasks and notes requires a premium subscription. Another alternative for users is to use the Windows Live Mail desktop client, which had built-in support for Hotmail.
Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) access was made available for all Hotmail accounts as part of the "Wave 3" release, adding support to access Hotmail from any email client that supported this protocol.
Exchange ActiveSync (EAS) support was added as part of the Hotmail "Wave 4" release, allowing users to synchronise not just their email, but also their contacts and calendar on any device that supports EAS.
On September 12, 2013, Microsoft added support for Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) and OAuth.
In November 2019 Microsoft added the feature for users to have their emails read aloud in the Outlook app.

Competitors
Outlook competes with numerous other free public email services such as Gmail, Yahoo Mail, Proton Mail, Tutanota or GMX Mail.

Controversy

Popularity with spammers
Like many free webmail services, Hotmail was often used by spammers for illicit purposes such as junk or chain mailing and unwanted marketing, due to wide availability, service popularity, and ease of registration of new accounts. However, Hotmail does not tolerate this practice; its service agreement states that any account engaging in these activities will be terminated without further warning.

Requests for contact details
The ability to associate Outlook.com accounts with mobile phones or other email addresses was initially advertised as an optional feature. However, an update in 2013 required many users to associate their accounts before the website would allow them to log in – a refusal which could be sidestepped by using an app, such as Windows Live Mail 2011 or 2012, to access the account instead of a web browser (and it remains possible to "associate" an account with a one-use, or otherwise 'disposable', e-mail address). Some users also saw messages that their accounts would expire if they continued to use them anonymously.

US government surveillance

According to theguardian.com, several top-secret internal National Security Agency (NSA) newsletters indicate that Microsoft has allowed NSA to access chats and emails on Outlook.com, and implemented a bypass of its advertised encryption in order to facilitate government access.

One newsletter entry dated December 26, 2012, shows that Microsoft had "developed a surveillance capability to deal" with the interception of encrypted chats on Outlook.com, within five months after the service went into public testing.
Another entry states that "for Prism collection against Hotmail, Live, and Outlook.com emails will be unaffected because Prism collects this data prior to encryption".

In response to the report, Microsoft stated, among other things, that "when we upgrade or update products we aren't absolved from the need to comply with existing or future lawful demands" and that "there are aspects of this debate that we wish we were able to discuss more freely".

See also
Comparison of webmail providers

Notes

References

External links

Internet properties established in 2012
Microsoft email software
Microsoft Office
Webmail
Windows Live
Microsoft websites
1997 mergers and acquisitions
Microsoft acquisitions
Internet properties established in 1996


The EFDA Nations Cup, was a Country vs Country competition for Formula Opel cars between 1990 and 1998. It had always been Dan Partel's dream to stage a race that pitted drivers in equal cars racing for their country. The Formula Opel/Vauxhall one make racing series offered the best opportunity for such an event.

The 1993 EFDA Nations Cup (Nations Cup IV), was held at Estoril, Portugal (3 October 1993).

Final positions

References

External links
 Fastlines International
 Driver Database

EFDA Nations Cup
EFDA Nations Cup
EFDA Nations Cup seasons


Two-point discrimination (2PD) is the ability to discern that two nearby objects touching the skin are truly two distinct points, not one. It is often tested with two sharp points during a neurological examination and is assumed to reflect how finely innervated an area of skin is.

In clinical settings, two-point discrimination is a widely used technique for assessing tactile perception. It relies on the ability and/or willingness of the patient to subjectively report what they are feeling and should be completed with the patient’s eyes closed. The therapist may use calipers or simply a reshaped paperclip to do the testing. The therapist may alternate randomly between touching the patient with one point or with two points on the area being tested (e.g. finger, arm, leg, toe). The patient is asked to report whether one or two points was felt. The smallest distance between two points that still results in the perception of two distinct stimuli is recorded as the patient's two-point threshold. Performance on the two extremities can be compared for discrepancies. Although the test is still commonly used clinically, it has been roundly criticized by many researchers as providing an invalid measure of tactile spatial acuity, and several highly regarded alternative tests have been proposed to replace it.

Normal and impaired performance
Body areas differ both in tactile receptor density and somatosensory cortical representation. Normally, a person should be able to recognize two points separated by 2 to 8 mm on fingertips. On the lips, it is 2 to 4 mm, and on the palms, it is 8 to 12 mm and 30–40 mm on the shins or back (assuming the points are at the same dermatome). The posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway is responsible for carrying information involving fine, discriminative touch. Therefore, two-point discrimination can be impaired by damage to this pathway or to a peripheral nerve.

Criticisms
Although two-point testing is commonly used clinically, evidence accumulated from many research studies indicates that 2PD is a flawed measure of tactile spatial acuity. Research studies have shown that the two-point test may have low sensitivity, failing to detect or underestimating sensory deficits, that it only poorly tracks recovery of function following nerve injury and repair, that it has poor test-retest reliability, and that it fails to correlate with validated measures of tactile spatial acuity such as grating orientation discrimination. Two-point testing has been criticized for yielding highly variable performance both across and within participants, for being reliant on the subjective criterion adopted by the participant for reporting "one" compared to "two," and for resulting in performance that is "too good to be true," as the measured two-point threshold can fall — unrealistically — well below the skin's receptor spacing.

It has long been recognized that, if not pressed precisely simultaneously, two points may evoke temporally distinguishable neural activations; two points may be distinguished from one, then, not because two points are perceived spatially, but because two contacts are perceived temporally. Furthermore, neurophysiological recordings have shown that two points evoke a different number of action potentials in the receptor population than one point does; two points may be distinguished from one, then, not because two points are actually perceived, but merely because the two-point configuration produces a different overall response magnitude.  In summary, the two-point task can present both a non-spatial temporal cue and a non-spatial magnitude cue. To an observant participant, these unintended non-spatial cues could signal the presence of two points compared to one, even when the points are placed closer together than the participant's spatial resolution.

On the basis of these observations, several researchers have strongly warned against the use of the 2PD task. Pointing to “the enormous and implausible variability in reported 2PD levels after nerve repair,” the authors of one article “conclude that ... 2PD ... as the sole test for tactile gnosis recovery should be seriously questioned.” Comparing 2PD thresholds to functional recovery in patients following nerve repair, another author states "The conclusion to be drawn from this data is that 2 P.D. is not a valid index of the sensory capacity underlying integrated hand function."  The author of a book on nerve repair concludes that 2PD is a “convenient but critically flawed procedure” that “presents nonspatial cues that can be learned to improve performance without physiologic change”. The authors of an article tersely entitled "The two-point threshold: Not a measure of tactile spatial resolution" recommend alternative tests to supplant the 2PD test. The authors of yet another research article concur and strongly recommend “that clinicians and researchers simply set aside the 2PD task and replace it with one that ensures a more purely spatial measure of acuity".

Alternative tests
Several highly regarded tactile tests have been developed as rigorous replacements to the 2PD test. In psychophysics research laboratories, a favored test of tactile spatial acuity has for many years been the grating orientation task (GOT). In the GOT, the participant attempts to discern the orientation of parallel grooves pressed either along or across the fingertip. The GOT threshold is the groove width at which the participant performs with some specified level of accuracy (e.g., 75% correct). The GOT is considered to yield a valid measure of tactile spatial acuity and has been used in many research studies, with both manual and automated stimulus delivery protocols. For example, the GOT has been used to map spatial acuity on different body areas, to characterize how tactile spatial acuity is affected by age, sex, skin characteristics, and blindness, and to track the changes in tactile spatial acuity that occur during perceptual learning and recovery from nerve injury.

Although it is very popular in tactile research labs, the GOT is admittedly less practical for clinical use, as it requires specialized pre-constructed stimulus objects, which span a fixed spatial range, rather than a single continuously adjustable calipers. The comparative simplicity and flexibility of the 2PD test have encouraged the continuation of its use by clinicians, despite the test's acknowledged flaws. To remedy this situation, two-point orientation discrimination (2POD) has been proposed as a test that combines the convenience of 2PD with the validity of the GOT.  In the 2POD task, the patient attempts to discern the orientation (e.g., along or across the finger) created by two sharp points of contact on the skin; the 2POD threshold is the distance between the points at which the participant performs with some specified level of accuracy (e.g., 75% correct).

As explained above, the validity of the 2PD task has been called into question because it allows the participant to rely on non-spatial cues. By contrast, the GOT and 2POD tasks are considered to yield valid measures of tactile spatial acuity, because in order to perform these tasks, the participant must discern the spatial modulation of the neural discharge of underlying skin receptors and cannot rely on non-spatial cues. The following figure, from a study that evaluated both 2PD and 2POD on the fingertip, finger base, palm and forearm, demonstrates that 2PD is contaminated by non-spatial cues, whereas 2POD provides an uncontaminated measure of tactile spatial acuity.

References

Somatosensory system
Skin physiology


Highways & Dance Halls is the third studio album released by American country music artist Ty England. Released in 1999 as his only album for Capitol Nashville, it is also the only album which he recorded under his birth name of Tyler England.

Content
The tracks "My Baby No Está Aquí No More", "She Don't Care About Me", and "I'd Rather Have Nothing" were later recorded by Garth Brooks on his album The Lost Sessions, while "Travelin' Soldier" — originally cut in 1996 by its writer, Bruce Robison — would become a Number One country hit in 2003 when the Dixie Chicks released it. Also included is a re-recording of England's 1995 hit "Should've Asked Her Faster", re-recorded here with Steve Wariner as a guest musician.

Critical reception

Giving it 3 out of 5 stars, Maria Konicki Dinoia of Allmusic wrote that "What England does lack is vocal enthusiasm, but he makes up for it in originality. Produced by his college buddy Garth Brooks, Highways & Dancehalls is a verifiable reprieve from the bubble gum music we've gotten used to hearing on radio".

Track listing
"My Baby No Está Aquí No More" (Shane Stockton, David Stephenson) – 2:44
"She's Gonna Miss Me When He's Gone" (Stephenson) – 3:43
"She Don't Care About Me" (Bruce Robison) – 2:56
"I Drove Her to Dallas" (Mark Narmore, Tony Martin) – 3:33
"Blame It on Mexico" (Sherrie Gregg, Darrel Staedtler) – 2:58
"Forever" (Rafe Van Hoy) – 3:42
"Too Many Highways" (Clay Blaker, Stephenson) – 3:37
"Collect from Wichita" (Neal Coty, Randy VanWarmer) – 4:36
"I'd Rather Have Nothing" (Mike McClure) – 4:05
"I Knew I Loved You" (Byron Hill, Gary Scruggs) – 3:19
"Travelin' Soldier" (Robison) – 5:29
"Should've Asked Her Faster" (Bob DiPiero, Al Anderson, Joe Klimek) – 3:23
featuring Steve Wariner

Personnel
From Highways & Dance Halls liner notes.
Musicians
Sam Bacco - percussion
Bruce Bouton - steel guitar
Garth Brooks - acoustic guitar, background vocals
Sam Bush - mandolin
Mark Casstevens - acoustic guitar
Mike Chapman - bass guitar
Jerry Douglas - Dobro
Rob Hajacos - fiddle
Gordon Kennedy - electric guitar, background vocals
Wayne Kirkpatrick - background vocals
Chris Leuzinger - acoustic guitar, electric guitar
The Nashville String Machine (Carl Gorodetzky, Pamela Sixfin, Conni Ellisor, Alan Umstead, Mary Kathryn Van Osdale, Bob Mason, and Jim Gorsjean) - strings
Bruce Robison - steel guitar, background vocals
Milton Sledge - drums, percussion
Wayne Toups - accordion
Steve Wariner - electric guitar, background vocals
Bobby Wood - keyboards
Andrea Zonn - background vocals

Technical
Garth Brooks - production
Dennis Burnside - string arrangements, conducting
Eric Conn - digital editing
Carlos Grier - digital editing
Mark Miller - recording
Denny Purcell - mastering
Glenn Spinner - additional vocal recording

References

1999 albums
Capitol Records albums
Ty England albums


Patrick James (born 1957), is Professor  of International Relations at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, CA, and Director of the USC Center for International Studies.

Education
James received his B.A. with honours in history at the University of Western Ontario in 1978, and a   Ph.D in government and politics from the University of Maryland, College Park in 1984.

Professional career
His first positions were  as  lecturer in Government and Politics at the University of Maryland, College Park, and as an Assistant Professor of Public Policy at the University of Manitoba. After receiving his Ph.D in 1984, he worked at McGill University as an Assistant and then Associate  Professor of Political Science from 1984 to 1991. He then served as a Professor of Political Science at Florida State University from 1991 to 1994. From 1994 until 1998, he was  chair of the Political Science Department at Iowa State University, then as Professor of Political Science there from 1999 to 2001. He then went to the University of Missouri  as Professor of Political Science   from 2001 until 2004, becoming the Frederick A. Middlebush Professor of Political Science from 2004 to 2005. Since 2005, he has been Professor of International Relations at the University of Southern California, as well as the Director of the Center for International Studies.

He has taught in several other fields over the course of his professional life. These fields include International Relations, Comparative Politics, Rational Choice, and Empirical Methods. He specialized in fields such as conflict, crisis and war, Canadian politics, collective action, expected utility and game theory, and research design and statistics.

Honours and awards
 Vice President, ISA, 2008–09
 Distinguished Scholar in Foreign Policy Analysis, International Studies Association (ISA), 2007.
 Delegate, The US Delegation of Scholars to Taiwan, 2007.
 President, Association for Canadian Studies in the United States (ACSUS), 2007-09.
 Eaton Lecturer, Centre of Canadian Studies, Queen’s University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, November, 2002.
 Senior Fellowship in Canadian Studies, Canadian Embassy, Washington, DC, 2001-02.
 Thomas O. Enders Professor of Canadian Studies, University of Calgary, 2000-2001.
 Lady Davis Professor of International Relations, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1999.
 President, International Studies Association (Midwest), 1999-2000,
 President, Iowa Conference of Political Scientists, 1998-99.
 Milton R. Merrill Chair in Political Science, 1996–97, Utah State University.
 Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford, California, Susan Louise Dyer Peace Fellowship, 1991-1992.
 Canadian Representative, Annual Conference on International Peace, Institute of International Peace Studies, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea, June, 1991.
 Commentator on Canadian foreign policy, CJAD radio, April, September, November, 1988.
 PSSA Professor of the Year, 1987.
 Commentator on World Politics, CBC Radio, September 1985.
 Consultant, U.S. Department of State, Institute for Political Training, 1980-83.

Publications
James has 333 citations of his published works from 1985 to 2003, including books, symposia, articles, chapters in books, reviews, miscellaneous entries, manuscripts, and conference papers and presentations.

Books
 Canada and Conflict. Don Mills, Ont: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Religion, identity, and global governance : ideas, evidence and practice Toronto : University of Toronto Press, 2011
(with Annette Freyberg-Inan and Ewan Harrison, eds.) Rethinking Realism in International Relations: Between Tradition and Innovation. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press,2009).
 Constitutional politics in Canada after the Charter : liberalism, communitarianism, and systemismVancouver : UBC Press, 2010.
(with Mark Kasoff, eds.) Canadian Studies in the New Millennium (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2008).
(with Nelson Michaud Marc O’Reilly, eds.) Handbook of Canadian Foreign Policy (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2006).
(with David Carment and Zeynep Taydas) Who Intervenes? Ethnic Conflict and Interstate Crisis. (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 2006).
(with Seung-Whan Choi) A New Quest for International Peace: Civil-Military Dynamics, Political Communications and Democracy. (New York, NY: Palgrave, 2005).
International Relations and Scientific Progress: Structural Realism Reconsidered (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 2002).
(with Donald E. Abelson and Michael Lusztig, eds.) The Myth of the Sacred: The Charter, the Courts and the Politics of the Constitution in Canada (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s Press, 2002).
(with David Goetze, eds.) Evolutionary Theory and Ethnic Conflict (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001). In over 450  libraries according to WorldCat
(with David Carment, eds.) Peace in the Midst of Wars:  Preventing and Managing International Ethnic Conflicts (Columbia, SC:  University of South Carolina Press, 1998).
(with David Carment, eds.) Wars in the Midst of Peace: The International Politics of Ethnic Conflict (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997).
(with William James Booth and Hudson Meadwell, eds) Politics and Rationality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
Crisis and War (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1988). In over 400  libraries according to WorldCat
(with Michael Brecher) Crisis and Change in World Politics (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1986).

Articles and book chapters
He has published over 75 articles in peer-reviewed journals a number of book chapters, and a great many book reviews, conference presentations, lectures,  and other items.

References

1957 births
Living people
University of Southern California faculty
University of Missouri faculty
University of Western Ontario alumni
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
Presidents of the International Studies Association


Christian Zeitz (born 18 November 1980 in Heidelberg) is a former German handball player.

Zeitz received a silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens with the German national team. He is World Champion from 2007, and European champion from 2004.

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Heidelberg
German male handball players
German expatriate sportspeople in Hungary
Olympic handball players for Germany
Olympic silver medalists for Germany
Olympic medalists in handball
Handball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Handball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics


Jeronimas Milius (born 11 October 1984 in Vilnius, Lithuania) is a Lithuanian singer. Since 2003, he has been the leader of the heavy/power metal band Soul Stealer (formerly Soul Brothers).

Career
Milius was elected to represent his country in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 on 2 February 2008 collecting 11 674 votes leaving Aistė Pilvelytė with Troy on Fire close behind whose backing vocalist he was in the national final for Eurovision Song Contest 2006. With his opera-like rock ballad "Nomads in the Night" he didn't make it to the final ending his performance in the semi-final.

He appeared on the UK talent show 'Superstar', a search by Andrew Lloyd Webber to find the next 'Jesus' in his new arena production of Jesus Christ Superstar.

See also
Lithuania in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008

References
 . About Jeronimas Milius. Eurovision Official Website.

External links

1984 births
Living people
21st-century Lithuanian male singers
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Lithuania
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2008
Heavy metal singers
Musicians from Vilnius
English-language singers from Lithuania


"Tú Quieres Volver" or, "You want to return" is a song by the Gipsy Kings, released on their self-titled album Gipsy Kings in 1988 (see 1988 in music).  The Gipsy Kings of 1988 are: Nicolas Reyes, Paul Reyes, Francois Reyes, Patchai Reyes, Andre Reyes, Diego Baliardo, Paco Baliardo, Tonino Baliardo, Chico Bouchikhi.

Sarah Brightman version

"Tú Quieres Volver" is a single by Sarah Brightman from her Timeless (aka Time to Say Goodbye) album, released in 1997 (see 1997 in music).

Track listing
"Tú Quieres Volver"
"O mio babbino caro"
"Heaven Is Here"

References

1988 songs
1997 singles
Gipsy Kings songs
Sarah Brightman songs
Song recordings produced by Frank Peterson


Owethu Mbira (born 6 March 1987) is a South African professional boxer who competed from 2008 to 2011. As an amateur, he won a bronze medal at lightweight at the 2007 All-Africa Games.

Career
At the 2007 All-Africa Games in Algiers, he upset local Hamza Kramou but was defeated by Saifeddine Nejmaoui of Tunisia.

At the World Championships he lost to Georgian Vasil Qazishvili.

References

1987 births
Living people
Lightweight boxers
South African male boxers
African Games bronze medalists for South Africa
African Games medalists in boxing
Competitors at the 2007 All-Africa Games
21st-century South African people


Charles Fehrenbach (May 17, 1909, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – February 6, 2006 Saratoga Springs, New York) was a Redemptorist priest who was an author, translator and host of a local religious radio program in the Philadelphia area. He obtained a Ph.D. in German from the Catholic University of America after he was ordained in Esopus, New York, on June 23, 1935. He worked at St. Mary's Seminary in North East, Pennsylvania as registrar from 1942 to 1959; during this period he became known as an outstanding spiritual director and confessor, conducting retreats and Lenten missions in addition to his work at the seminary.

He translated several critical editions of works ("The Glories of Mary" and "The Passion and Death of Jesus Christ") by the founder of the Redemptorists, St. Alphonsus Liguori, and also helped prepare an analytical index of the Redemptorist Constitution and Statutes. Following his departure from St. Mary's, he worked at a series of parishes; his longest assignment was at St. Peter's in Philadelphia, where he served from 1978 to 1995, before retiring to the St. John Neumann Home in Saratoga Springs, New York, where he was residing when he died. At the time of his death, he was the oldest Redemptorist in the Maryland Province.

At St. Peter's, which is also the National Shrine of St. John Neumann, the Redemptorist bishop who had been canonized in 1977, Fr. Fehrenbach greeted tour groups, said Mass and heard confessions for the pilgrims as well as for parishioners. During this period, he also hosted a daily fifteen-minute program on station WTMR during which the Rosary was recited. Father Fehrenbach also appeared in episode 14 of season 5 of the TV series Unsolved Mysteries.  He can be seen giving a tour of the Shrine of St. John Neumann between 12 and 13 minutes into the episode.

Fr. Fehrenbach was also the author of the book Mary Day by Day which is a devotional booklet containing meditations for each day of the year with quotes from scriptures and the writing of saints on Mary; the book was published by the Catholic Book Publishing Company.

References

Further reading
 Redemptorist News and Events 2006
 Mary, Day by Day, published by Catholic Book Publishing Company
 In Memoriam: Rev. Charles Fehrenbach
 https://www.youtube.com/watch/8Wn_v4n0Bbo?start=760 Unsolved Mysteries 12 min 45seconds Season 5 Episode 14

American religious writers
Catholic University of America alumni
Redemptorists
1909 births
2006 deaths