Anarchism in Japan began to emerge in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as Western anarchist literature began to be translated into Japanese. It existed throughout the 20th century in various forms, despite repression by the state that became particularly harsh during the two world wars, and it reached its height in the 1920s with organisations such as Kokuren and Zenkoku Jiren.

Japanese anarchism had a number of notable leading figures who dominated the movement at different times. The first of these leaders was Kōtoku Shūsui, who led the development of an anarchist faction within existing left-wing movements, which then split into its own independent movement in the first decade of the 1900s. Kōtoku was executed for treason in 1911, and the movement was subject to severe repression for a decade. The next leading figure was Ōsugi Sakae, who involved himself heavily in support for anarcho-syndicalism and helped to bring the movement out of its 'winter period', until he was murdered by military police in 1923.

Another leading figure was Hatta Shūzō, who reoriented the anarchist movement in a more anarcho-communist direction during the late 1920s, opposing labour unions as a tool of revolution. This produced a split between anarcho-syndicalists and anarcho-communists, which dominated anarchist politics and weakened the movement. From 1931 onwards, the anarchist movement was suppressed more harshly due to the wartime policies of the Empire of Japan. After the war, an anarchist movement once again appeared (the Japanese Anarchist Federation) and was led by important pre-war anarchists such as Iwasa Sakutarō and Ishikawa Sanshirō, but it was once again weakened by splits between the two factions.

From very early on in the history of Japanese anarchism, the movement was in close contact with anarchists from Europe, America, and elsewhere in Asia. Japanese anarcho-syndicalist ideas were often inspired by French syndicalists, and works by writers such as Peter Kropotkin and Emma Goldman had a great influence on the Japanese anarchist movement.

Origins
Andō Shōeki, an eighteenth-century Japanese doctor and philosopher, is sometimes considered to be proto-anarchist in thought. He advocated what was described by Bowen Raddeker as "what we might call mutual aid", and he challenged the hierarchical relationships in Japanese society, including the hierarchy between the sexes. In 1908, the early socialist and anarchist Japanese newspaper Nihon Heimin Shinbun described him as an anarchist.

The communalist structure of some agricultural villages during the Tokugawa era is also seen as being proto-anarchist. One individual who would become an anarchist in his adult life, Iwasa Sakutarō, was born in a farming hamlet in the early Meiji era. His grandfather had used his influence as headman to encourage communal farming practices, resulting in the creation of a "half-communist village". This helped to inspire Iwasa to believe in the possibility of an anarchist society.

Modern anarchist ideas first had an influence in Japan on the extreme end of the Japanese liberal movement. In the 1880s, the rise of the pro-democracy Freedom and People's Rights Movement coincided with the prominent assassination of Alexander II of Russia by left-wing extremists, and historian Tsuzuki claimed that "the ideal figure for Liberal extremists was said to be an assassin." Kōtoku Shūsui, who would later become a leading anarchist, started off as a supporter of liberal parties including the Rikken Jiyūtō in the 1890s, even acting as the English translator for their newspaper for two years. When the liberal faction joined the new right-wing Rikken Seiyūkai party in 1900, however, Kōtoku became disillusioned with liberalism. He was attracted to socialism instead, and quickly involved himself in the budding socialist movement.

Early socialist movement

In 1898, Kōtoku joined the staff of the Yorozu Chūhō newspaper, wherein he published an article in 1900 condemning war in Manchuria. He published his first book in 1901, titled Imperialism, Monster of the Twentieth Century, which was a monumental work in the history of Japanese leftism, criticising both Japanese and Western imperialism from the point of view of a revolutionary socialist. In May 1901, Kōtoku was involved in the founding of the first Social Democratic Party in Japan. It was immediately outlawed under the 1900 Peace Preservation Law, despite its commitment to parliamentary tactics. In 1903, he also wrote the book Quintessence of Socialism, acknowledging influence from Karl Marx.

As Japan drew closer to war with Russia, Kōtoku collaborated with fellow socialist Sakai Toshihiko and the Christian pacifist Uchimura Kanzō to oppose the war. After the editor of Yorozu Chūhō endorsed the idea of a war with Russia in 1903, they withdrew from the newspaper. Together with another socialist, Ishikawa Sanshirō, Kōtoku and Sakai started the anti-war Heimin-sha group and its associated newspaper Heimin Shinbun (literally "Commoners' Newspaper") in November 1903.

When the Russo-Japanese War broke out anyway in February 1904, it had a significant impact upon Japanese radicals. Iwasa Sakutarō, living in the United States at this point, was particularly radicalised towards anarcho-communism as a result of the war. Heimin Shinbun made a point of announcing their lack of ill will towards Russian socialists, and Kōtoku translated Marx's The Communist Manifesto into Japanese for the first time, published in the newspaper in its anniversary issue, for which he was fined.

The newspaper was closed down by the government, and it ceased publication in January 1905. Its last edition was printed entirely in red ink. Its fairly brief run earned Kōtoku a short prison sentence, which he served from February to July 1905. After the conclusion of the Russo-Japanese War, the Heimin-sha group dissolved itself in November 1905.

Emergence of anarchism (1905–1911)
Kōtoku's imprisonment only gave him further opportunities to read leftist literature, such as Peter Kropotkin's Fields, Factories and Workshops, and he claimed in August 1905 that "Indeed, I had gone [to prison] as a Marxian Socialist and returned as a radical Anarchist." He decided to leave Japan due to its restrictions on freedom of speech, and travelled to the United States in November 1905, where he lived until June 1906.

While in America, he spent most of his time in California, and his ideology further shifted towards anarchism. He wrote to the anarcho-communist Kropotkin, who gave him permission to translate his works into Japanese. Kōtoku also came into contact with the Industrial Workers of the World, an anarcho-syndicalist union, and became aware of Emma Goldman's anarchist newspaper Mother Earth.

Before he left California, Kōtoku founded a Social Revolutionary Party (Shakai Kakumei Tō) amongst Japanese-American immigrants. More than 50 people joined the party, including Iwasa Sakutarō. The party was inspired by the Russian Socialist Revolutionaries who often utilised violent tactics, and the Japanese party quickly radicalised towards the use of these tactics to bring about the anarchist revolution. The party began publishing a journal entitled Kakumei (Revolution), which routinely made such statements as "the sole means [to achieve revolution] is the bomb". They also published an 'Open Letter' addressed to Emperor Meiji threatening his assassination in 1907, which provoked Japanese politicians to implement harsher crackdowns on left-wing groups.

Kōtoku arrived back in Japan on June 28, 1906, where he spoke to a meeting about "The Tide of the World Revolutionary Movement". In this speech, he spoke on the ideas he had developed while in the US, and most notably raised the question of whether reform or revolution was the suitable approach for Japanese leftism. This speech had a great impact upon Japanese socialists, and led to many seriously challenge the usefulness of contesting parliamentary elections.

In September 1906, Kōtoku received a letter from Kropotkin himself, which he published in the socialist press in November 1906, which promoted the rejection of parliamentary tactics in favour of what he called "anti-political syndicalism". In early 1907, he published a series of articles expanding upon this idea, including the most famous, which was titled "The Change In My Thought", in which he argued that "A real social revolution cannot possibly be achieved by means of universal suffrage and a parliamentary policy. There is no way to reach our goal of socialism other than by the direct action of the workers, united as one."

Split from the Socialist Party

An anarchist faction had firmly emerged within the socialist movement, largely due to Kōtoku's influence. Nevertheless, united organisations between anarchists and the more reformist social democrats still existed, such as the Japan Socialist Party which had been founded in 1906. This organisation had pledged to advocate socialism only within the limits of the law, and had been permitted to do so by the more moderate government of Saionji Kinmochi. Sakai Toshihiko also made great effort to reunite anarchists and socialists to restart the publishing of Heimin Shinbun, which he managed to do in January 1907.

In February 1907, the Japan Socialist Party held a party conference in Tokyo. The ideas promoted by Kōtoku had seriously challenged the party program and its pledge to observe reformist tactics, and a vigorous debate ensued between the 'soft' pro-parliamentary and 'hard' pro-direct action factions. A compromise ultimately prevailed narrowly over Kōtoku's resolution by 28 to 22 votes, but the demonstration of the strength of the anarchist movement had drawn the attention of the government. As a result, the party was banned just days after the conference; Heimin Shinbun closed in April 1907, due to the split.

The 'hard' faction faced many problems in the years following 1907. In June 1908, the Red Flag Incident occurred, in which an anarcho-communist demonstration was attacked by police. Many significant figures in the nascent movement were arrested, including Ōsugi Sakae, Hitoshi Yamakawa, Kanno Sugako, and Kanson Arahata.

Kōtoku endeavoured to translate an American anarcho-syndicalist pamphlet titled The Social General Strike. Unions were banned due to the 1900 Peace Preservation Law, however, and much anarchist discussion, particularly surrounding unions, was highly theoretical rather than practical. The goal of a revolutionary general strike learned from the syndicalist IWW was frustrated both by a failure to organise workers and by the suppression of labour movements.

Kōtoku also translated Kropotkin's seminal work The Conquest of Bread into Japanese, finishing in 1909. He was assisted by Ōsugi and Yamakawa, whose work was cut short by their imprisonment.

In 1910, Akaba Hajime penned a pamphlet entitled The Peasant's Gospel (Nômin no Fukuin) which argued in favour of creating an anarchist paradise through anarchist communism, demonstrating the influence of Kropotkin on the movement. He was forced to go underground after illegally distributing the pamphlet, but eventually he was caught and imprisoned, dying in custody in 1912.

High Treason Incident

The Japanese anarchist movement existed under harsh and repressive conditions, limiting the range of activity of its members. They had an extensive historical connection with terrorism and violence, such as their ideological affinity with assassination and the violent tactics of the Russian Socialist Revolutionaries. Therefore, some anarchist militants began to make plans for a bombing campaign in 1909.

When Takichi Miyashita had little success when distributing a pamphlet by Buddhist anarchist Uchiyama Gudō that was critical of the Emperor, he became determined out of frustration to assassinate the figurehead of the Japanese state. He gained the active support of three others, including Kanno Sugako, who was now released from prison and having a love affair with the already-married Kōtoku. The latter even briefly supported his efforts to acquire a bomb.

Kōtoku withdrew from the plot in late 1909, opting not to become a martyr for the cause; the other four continued without him regardless. In May 1910, the plot was discovered, and despite his withdrawal Kōtoku was arrested and indicted as well in June. The incident spiralled out into ideological repression, and hundreds of radicals were arrested despite having no connection to the plot at all. 26 anarchists were ultimately indicted, all of whom were convicted; only four (or five, if counting Kōtoku) had any direct connection to the plot. 12 of these were sentenced to death and executed in January 1911, including Kōtoku, Kanno, and Uchiyama.

Some of those imprisoned for the Red Flag Incident in 1908 were still in prison at the time of the plot's discovery, and so could not be implicated in the High Treason Incident. Ōsugi Sakae was one of these figures, and alongside forswearing violent tactics, he took a leading role in the post-1911 anarchist movement upon his release.

'Winter period' and revival (1911–1923)
The High Treason trial and its fallout marked the start of the  of Japanese anarchism, in which left-wing organisations were tightly monitored and controlled, and militants and activists were tailed 24 hours a day by police. Some anarchists, such as Ishikawa Sanshirō, fled the country to avoid persecution. When Iwasa Sakutarō returned from the US to Japan in 1914 he was immediately placed under house arrest. He remained under constant surveillance for five years, and those who visited him were often subjected to police violence. Kanson Arahata, who was one of those in prison at the time of the Incident, retreated to the countryside during the winter period, not returning to Tokyo until 1916.

Ōsugi and Arahata were both anarcho-syndicalists, and helped to push the anarchist movement in that direction. Ōsugi understood French, and his translations of French media became the principal source of information in Japan on the French CGT union, a pioneer of syndicalist tactics. Together, the two began to publish a journal in October 1912 called Modern Thought (Kindai Shisō), which explored anarchist syndicalism through a literary and philosophical lens, so as to avoid government persecution.

This was followed by the formation of a 'Society for the Study of Syndicalism' in 1913, delivering lectures on the CGT and the efforts of British syndicalist Tom Mann. In both of these outlets, discussion tended towards the abstract and remained disconnected from the workers it supposedly concerned, which was a natural result of the restrictions of the winter period. Generally speaking, Ōsugi's endeavours were strongly academic and theoretical in nature at this point, and in his literary work he became influenced by thinkers such as Henri Bergson, Georges Sorel, Max Stirner, and Friedrich Nietzsche.

In October 1914, Ōsugi and Arahata attempted to replace Modern Thought with a revival of the old Heimin Shinbun newspaper, but this was met with repeated suppression of its issues and was forced to fold in March 1915. Several attempts by other anarchists to publish radical newspapers and journals in this period were repeatedly banned as well, and some editors were imprisoned.

The theoretical split between anarcho-communism and anarcho-syndicalism that emerged within European anarchism was not yet a significant issue within Japanese anarchism, particularly due to the fact that labour unions were still illegal. However, when Kropotkin, a leading advocate of the former faction, signed the Manifesto of the Sixteen in support of the Allied cause in the First World War, it detracted sharply from his reputation amongst Japanese anarchists. The Japanese movement was strongly anti-militarist, and so the reaction against Kropotkin also detracted from the reputation of the communist faction.

During the winter period, the feminist Bluestocking magazine was formed. The anarcha-feminist Itō Noe became the editor of this magazine in 1915, and one of the activities that she undertook in this role was the translation of some of the works of Emma Goldman.

Ōsugi Sakae, as many anarchists did, believed in the doctrine of free love. He personally lived out his values, involving himself in two relationships outside of his marriage, with Itō and another woman called Kamichika Ichiko. This caused a scandal in November 1916, when Kamichika stabbed Ōsugi due to her unhappiness in the relationship. He survived, and later married Itō.

End of the winter period

The 'winter period' came to an end in 1918 as the stringent repression on left-wing movements imposed by the Japanese government was challenged by growing social unrest. During the First World War, Japanese industry rapidly expanded, and combined with inspiration by the 1917 Russian Revolution, this led to a huge growth in the labour movement. More than 66,000 workers engaged in labour disputes, despite the fact that strikes were still technically illegal. Inflation had also led to economic unrest in the form of the rice riots of 1918. The persecution of anarchist activists did not end in 1918, but it was no longer as all-encompassing as it had been in the years before.

The growing labour unions were met with enthusiasm from the anarchist movement, and quickly gained a foothold. Ideologically, anarchists favoured a decentralised structure for unions, which was met with resistance from the other factions within the unions: the reformists, who led most unions early on; and Japanese Bolsheviks, who sought to emulate the revolution achieved by Vladimir Lenin. The core of the anarchist union movement was in the printworkers' unions, which had a combined membership of 3,850 by 1924.

In the early 1920s, anarchists were somewhat willing to cooperate with the Bolshevik faction, due to an (albeit limited) ideological affinity. Kanson Arahata was among those anarcho-syndicalists who had turned to bolshevism after 1917, and was later personally involved in the 1922 founding of the Japanese Communist Party. These connections enabled joint projects between the two factions, such as a joint labour union alliance and joint demonstrations on May Day 1920. Another such connection was through the Rōdō Ūndō journal, launched by Ōsugi Sakae in October 1919 to report on and encourage the labour movement. In 1920, the Comintern itself helped to fund the journal for its second series of publication in 1921.

By 1922, there was a split between anarchists and Bolsheviks, called in Japanese the Ana-Boru Ronsō. Ideological differences, particularly the anarchist insistence on decentralisation of the labour union movement, contributed significantly to this split, and were exacerbated by government repression. Anarchists also objected to the actions of the Russian Bolsheviks, and Ōsugi himself reconsidered his cooperation with the Bolshevik faction following Soviet attacks on the Makhnovshchina and the bloody suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion.

Some anarchists were once again driven to terrorism when frustrated by government suppression. This included the Girochinsha (Guillotine Society), a Japanese anarchist group hailing from Osaka, who were involved with revenge killings aimed at Japanese leaders during the mid-1920s. Nakahama Tetsu, an anarchist poet, and member of the Girochinsha, was executed in 1926 for his activities.

Ōsugi Sakae was a translator, and was significant in maintaining a close contact between Japanese anarchists and the wider world. He participated in the 1923 International Workers' Association meeting shortly before his murder.

Amakasu Incident

By 1923, Ōsugi was a clear leader in the anarchist movement. In response, the state used the turmoil surrounding the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake as a pretext to round up Ōsugi and Itō Noe, who was now his wife. According to writer and activist Harumi Setouchi, Itō, Ōsugi, and his 6 year old nephew were arrested, beaten to death and thrown into an abandoned well by a squad of military police led by Lieutenant Masahiko Amakasu. According to literary scholar Patricia Morley, Itō and Ōsugi were strangled in their cells.

What both accounts agree on, however, is that both or all of the prisoners were brutally executed without even the formality of a trial, where conviction and death sentence would in the case of the two adults have probably have been a foregone conclusion. This became known as the Amakasu Incident and it sparked much anger, including terrorist actions by groups such as the Girochinsha. The historian John Crump argued that "once again, the most able anarchist of his generation had been murdered", echoing the execution of Kōtoku Shūsui just twelve years prior.

Development of 'pure' anarchism (1923–1945)
After Ōsugi's death, the dominant tendency within Japanese anarchism became 'pure' anarchism. This tendency, which was a form of anarcho-communism, was a reaction to the anarcho-syndicalism favoured by Ōsugi. It was championed by Iwasa Sakutarō and another anarchist named Hatta Shūzō. The label of 'pure' anarchism was not a self-descriptor, but originated as an attempt to ridicule the perceived arrogance of the ideology, which became appealing to many anarchists due to the fact that it was seen to be 'unadulterated' by Marxism. The development of pure anarchism contributed to a division in the anarchist movement between pure anarchists and anarcho-syndicalists.

Hatta Shūzō became the most influential figure in Japanese anarchism after 1923, involving himself in the movement from 1924 until 1932. He had been a Christian pastor and advocate of left-wing ideas within his congregation, but was ejected due to holding a memorial service for Ōsugi Sakae. Hatta's influence within the anarchist movement therefore stemmed from his use of his public speaking skills.

Hatta was an archetypal pure anarchist, seeking particularly to eliminate the influences of capitalism and bolshevism. He interpreted the two as being essentially similar, as Bolshevik industrialisation in Russia involved the same exploitative elements that capitalism did, namely the division of labour and a failure to focus on the livelihood of the people. In much the same way as he found fault in bolshevism, he opposed anarcho-syndicalism due to the fact that it incorporated labour unions, and was therefore a mirror image of the capitalist division of labour. Instead, Hatta advocated for a decentralised society in which local communes engaged mainly in agriculture and small-scale industry, which he perceived as the only way in which unequal distribution of power could be avoided.

Kokuren and Zenkoku Jiren
There were two main organisations within the Japanese anarchist movement in the late 1920s: the Kokuren federation, and the Zenkoku Jiren union. The two were closely associated, with their relationship being compared to that between the Spanish FAI federation and CNT union (although Japanese and Spanish anarchists differed in ideology).

Kokuren had its roots in the development of democracy during the Taishō era. In December 1925, a coalition of leftists formed the Farmer-Labour Party in order to take advantage of the democratic developments. Anarchists opposed this, perceiving political parties of all kinds as being opportunists that ultimately reinforced the state, and so gatecrashed its opening conference. The Party was banned by the authorities on the day of its founding, but the anarchists were encouraged by their success and began to form an organisation of their own. The federation that emerged from this process was the Kokushoku Seinen Renmei ('Black Youth League'), or Kokuren for short, which was formed in January 1926.

While its name indicated an orientation towards youth association, it drew support from a variety of sources, including the labour movement including unions. Early on in its existence, it openly supported the cause of these unions alongside the syndicalist idea of class struggle, although pure anarchists such as Hatta Shūzō were also a part of the organisation from the very start. Kokuren quickly expanded and regional federations appeared across Japan, even extending to Japanese-occupied Korea and Taiwan. Its media organ was the newspaper Kokushoku Seinen ('Black Youth'), which was published from April 1926.

Zenkoku Jiren was a federation of labour unions that was formed in May 1926. In full, it was named Zenkoku Rōdō Kumiai Jiyū Rengōkai ('All-Japan Libertarian Federation of Labour Unions'), and it started off with as many as 8,372 members. The anarcho-syndicalist Ishikawa Sanshirō helped to found it and at its founding it strongly drew from syndicalist ideology, particularly mirroring the French CGT union. Its commitment to 'libertarian federation', which allowed autonomy for member unions to pursue their own disputes freely, was appealing to potential members. This meant that Zenkoku Jiren grew rapidly after its founding, and its members were heavily involved in industrial disputes. The media organ of this organisation was Jiyū Rengō, which was published from June 1926.

Kokuren and Zenkoku Jiren often collaborated in activism, such as a joint campaign against the execution of Sacco and Vanzetti, two Italian anarchists in the United States. Nevertheless, the two differed, with Kokuren being more theoretical in nature and thus more unwilling to compromise. This theoretical nature was emphasised by Hatta Shūzō's influence in the organisation. Hatta published a serialised article in Kokushoku Seinen called 'An Investigation Into Syndicalism' in late 1927, which harshly attacked anarcho-syndicalism, and Kokuren quickly became a stronghold of pure anarchism.

Division and wartime suppression
The tension between the anarcho-syndicalist faction and the pure anarchist faction grew from 1927 onwards. When Zenkoku Jiren mistakenly sent delegates to a conference organised by the Bolshevik Profintern in 1927, Kokuren was highly sceptical of their actions and openly decried 'opportunist' elements within their counterpart. The two sides entrenched, as in June 1927 syndicalists within Kokuren began to publish a newspaper of their own in response to increasing attacks by the pure anarchist majority. A booklet by Iwasa Sakutarō called 'Anarchists Answer Like This', published in July 1927, further provoked the split by criticising anarcho-syndicalist theory such as the idea of class struggle.

In March 1928, Zenkoku Jiren'''s second national conference took place. The tension between the two factions only grew, despite a call for unity in a January 1928 letter by Augustin Souchy, a secretary of the anarchist International Workers' Association. In response to the furious tone of the debate, and jeering by Kokuren members at the conference, the anarcho-syndicalists opted to secede from Zenkoku Jiren and walked out. Over the next several years, all the anarchist groups took part in a process which involved the separation of the pure- and anarcho-syndicalist factions.Zenkoku Jiren, now dominated by pure anarchists who rejected syndicalist tactics, believed that unions were not inherently revolutionary. As a result, when they were involved in labour disputes, the organisation directed attention away from the immediate circumstances and towards their long-term goal of an anarchist revolution. Kokuren, on the other hand, engaged in reckless and violent activities to bring this revolution about, leading to a collapse in membership. Every issue of Kokushoku Seinen had been prohibited from sale, and this radicalisation only contributed to its reduction from a nationwide federation to a small group of radicals. The group finally disappeared in 1931.

The anarcho-syndicalists formed several separate groups, eventually culminating in a united organisation called Jikyō for short. In 1931, Jikyō had 3,000 members, compared to the 16,300 members of Zenkoku Jiren. This was the peak membership for both groups, as from 1931 onwards the Japanese state increasingly repressed political dissent following the beginning of war in Manchuria. Hatta Shūzō published his last work in 1932.

In 1934, the two anarchist union federations opted to reunify in a desperate attempt at survival. The reunited Zenkoku Jiren had only four thousand members in 1934 however, and it had halved to just 2,000 by 1935. Another organisation that was created in an attempt to resist state oppression was the 'Anarchist Communist Party' (Nihon Museifu Kyōsantō), formed in January 1934. It compromised upon anarchist principles, and was harshly criticised particularly by Iwasa Sakutarō, who argued that they were "Bolshevik" for adhering to party-style organisation.

In late 1935, the Party attempted a bank robbery in order to obtain funds. This failed, and the subsequent investigation uncovered the previously-secret Anarchist Communist Party. In response to this discovery, Japanese authorities arrested around 400 anarchists, regardless of whether they were members of the Party. This devastated the anarchist movement, and Zenkoku Jiren was forced to disband in early 1936. Later in 1936, a further 300 anarchists were arrested after the state fabricated a 'Nōseisha incident' named after a different and defunct organisation.

This sort of repression continued and essentially made it impossible for anarchists to organise. The last group to survive was the anarcho-syndicalist Tokyo Printers' Union, which disappeared in 1938. Even after suppression, some Japanese anarchists went on to fight in the Spanish Civil War on behalf of the CNT.

 After World War Two
After the war, Ishikawa Sanshirō wrote Japan 50 Years Later, envisioning Japanese society after an anarchist revolution. In this work, he advocated a mutualist economy on a co-operative basis. He also supported nudism as an expression of freedom, and unlike his contemporary anarchists he endorsed the maintenance of the Japanese Emperor as a symbol of communal affection.

 Japanese Anarchist Federation

Anarchists coalesced into a new Japanese Anarchist Federation in May 1946. Both anarcho-communists and anarcho-syndicalists joined, conscious of trying to mend their pre-war division. Many of the leading figures were the same as before the war, with both Ishikawa Sanshirō and Iwasa Sakutarō participating. Iwasa was elected chairman of the National Committee of the Federation, a chiefly organisational role. In June 1946, they began to publish a journal, named Heimin Shinbun after Kōtoku Shūsui's magazine.

The organisation nonetheless failed to gain much support from the general public, due to a number of factors. Anarchists were discriminated against due to a policy of anti-communism pursued by the American-led Allied occupation force, and anarchists also faced opposition from the Japanese Communist Party and its strong trade union presence. Land reform instituted after the war also effectively eliminated the class of tenant farmers that had formed the core base of the pre-war anarchist movement. The anarchists within the JAF were also divided over their political strategy, quarrelling amongst themselves frequently. Idealism, rather than the practical considerations of the populace, became the focus of Heimin Shinbun, and this hindered their capacity to muster public support.

Tensions between the 'pure' and syndicalist anarchists resurfaced due to their lack of success. In May 1950, a splitting organisation, the 'Anarcho-Syndicalist Group' (Anaruko Sanjikarisuto Gurūpu) formed. By October 1950, the organisation had firmly split, and was dissolved. In June 1951 the anarcho-communists created a 'Japan Anarchist Club' (Nihon Anakisuto Kurabu). Significantly, Iwasa followed the communists in joining the club, depriving the Federation of a central figure.

 Refounding
By 1956, the Japanese Anarchist Federation had been reformed, albeit without reuniting with the communist faction. In that year, the JAF started publishing a new journal, Kurohata ('Black Flag'), which was later renamed Jiyu-Rengo ('Libertarian Federation'). Within the latter, a new anarchist theorist named Ōsawa Masamichi began to rise to prominence. He advocated a more gradual revolution, focusing on the social and cultural rather than the political. His ideas were controversial, decried by some as 'revisionist', but he firmly established a more reformist strand within the anarchist movement.

As an anarchist movement, the Federation supported direct action on multiple occasions through its lifespan. One of the most significant of these was its participation in the massive Anpo Protests in opposition to revision of the U.S.-Japan Security Treaty in 1960. Huge demonstrations swept major cities, and the Sōhyō labor federation and others staged strikes of around 4 to 6 million workers. Nonetheless, the treaty was forced through by the government. Disillusionment with constitutional politics led the 'mainstream' faction of the Zengakuren student movement to join with the JAF in calling for political violence as a form of protest. A similar protest broke out in 1965 against the treaty with South Korea, with a similar result.

Ōsawa commented in Jiyu-Rengo that the government's action was an 'outrage', but that this had happened repeatedly - and that each time a 'threat to parliamentary democracy' was talked about by journalists, two camps of party politicians furiously decried the other's action, but then proceeded to make a truce and ignore the problem. Out of this disillusionment, anarchism gained ground within the protest movement, including the Zenkyoto student power movement created during anti-Vietnam War protests. The rise of protest groups encouraged the Japanese Anarchist Federation to declare 'The Opening of the Era of Direct Action' in 1968. This culminated in the occupation of Tokyo University by anarchist students for several months in 1968.

Despite this, the anarchism espoused by these students was not aligned with that of the JAF. The 'Council of United Struggle' at the university declared that they were "aristocratic anarchists", struggling not on behalf of the worker but for themselves, attempting to deny their own aristocratic attributes by engaging in political struggle. Ōsawa, for example, approved of the use of violent tactics, but feared that it was too separated from the masses, claiming that "it would come to a new Stalinism" even if it did succeed.

The separation of the Japanese Anarchist Federation from the contemporary political protests demonstrated the weakness of the organisation. In 1968, the organisation was finally disbanded. It resolved "creatively to dissolve" in an attempt to formulate new forms of organisation, and announced its dissolution formally in Jiyu-Rengo on the 1st January 1969.

Its anarcho-communist rival, the Japan Anarchist Club, remained active after this point, publishing a journal until March 1980.

 Connection to Korean anarchism

Korean and Japanese anarchism developed in close connection to each other. While Korea was under Japanese occupation, Korean radicals were first introduced to anarchism in China and Japan. Due to the development of Japanese left-wing thought and translations of major works, Koreans in Japan often had greater access to both socialist and anarchist materials, bolstering the spread of these ideologies. For instance, Korean anarchist Yi Yongjun was attracted to anarchism through Ōsugi Sakae's translations of the works of anarchist theorist Peter Kropotkin, and was influenced by both Kōtoku Shūsui and the Chinese anarchist Liu Shifu.

One of the primary goals of the Korean anarchist movement was independence from Japanese colonial rule. Despite this, their ultimate goal at all times was the social revolution, rather than just national independence. Attempts to form anarchist organisations in Korea were routinely suppressed by the Japanese colonial government, and so Korean anarchism often developed in Japan itself. Korean activists in Japan often worked in close collaboration with their Japanese counterparts, and several Japanese anarchists, including Sakai Toshihiko, Ōsugi Sakae, Hatta Shūzō, and Iwasa Sakutarō, supported the efforts of these Japan-based Koreans. Ōsugi was particularly influential amongst this group, and he was a supporter of Korean independence.

Several organisations were formed by these Japan-based Korean anarchists. This included the Fraternal Society of Koreans (Joseonin chinmokhoe), the "first anarchism-oriented Korean organisation in Japan", which was established in Osaka in 1914. The Black Wave Society (Heukdo hoe) was established in Tokyo in 1921, and was helped by Japanese anarchists too.

The media organ of the Black Wave Society, named Black Wave, was published in Japanese and edited by the Korean anarchist Pak Yol. It proclaimed support for the amalgamation of Japan and Korea, and ultimately the entire world, an idea that stemmed from the prominent transnationalist aspect of Korean anarchist thought in the era. The Japanese anarchist Fumiko Kaneko joined the Society and became involved in a romantic relationship with Bak Yeol, who personally shared her affinity for self-description as a nihilist rather than an anarchist.

Korean anarchists even participated directly in the activities of Japanese anarchists. The Black Movement Society (Heuksaek undongsa) established in 1926 became a registered member of the Japanese Black Youth League (Kokuren). This close connection meant that the split between 'pure' anarchists and anarcho-syndicalists that had occurred in the Japanese organisations was replicated amongst the Korean movement as well.

 In China and East Asia
Japanese and Korean anarchists alike involved themselves in anarchist struggles in China. Iwasa Sakutarō was amongst those invited to China, spending two years there from 1927 until 1929. Iwasa, together with other Japanese, Taiwanese, Korean, and Chinese activists, worked together in joint projects such as the Shanghai Labour University, an experiment with new educational institutions and theories.

During his stay in China, Iwasa planned to establish a 'Greater Alliance of East Asian Anarchists'. The idea had originally been proposed by Chinese anarchist Yu Seo in 1926, who had argued against a "mad wave" of patriotism amongst Korean, Indian, Filipino, Vietnamese and Taiwanese anarchists, demonstrating the huge scope of the idea. In September 1927, this was realised practically, when about 60 anarchists from China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and India gathered in Nanjing to organise an 'Eastern Anarchist League'. The League established a headquarters in Shanghai, created a network connecting anarchists across the region, and published a journal called 'The East' (Dongbang''), the first issue of which was published in August 1928.

See also

Japanese dissidence in 20th-century Imperial Japan
Makoto Tomioka
Jun Tsuji
Hajime Matsumoto

References

Bibliography

  (Also published in )

Further reading

External links

Japan section - The Anarchist Library
Japan section - Libcom.org

Political movements in Japan
Japan


Nunnery Wood High School is a coeducational secondary school which is located in Worcester, Worcestershire, England. The school campus is located on the edge of Worcester, surrounded by some  of gardens and playing fields, which it shares with the adjacent Worcester Sixth Form College.

The school has facilities for Science, English, Music, Art & Design, Languages and ICT. The school's sports centre has an outdoor pitch and an athletics track around a grass football pitch.

History

Following the restructuring of schools in Worcestershire in 1983, the Nunnery Wood Secondary School was renamed Nunnery Wood High School. The school gained Science College status in 2004.

Previously a community school administered by Worcestershire County Council, in August 2011 Nunnery Wood High School converted to academy status.

School performance
73% of students achieved five or more A* to C GCSE qualifications in the summer of 2008. Students in Year 11 had the highest pass rate of all time for the school in the English Language GCSE in 2014, with over 82% of the school year achieving qualifications of A* to C in their GCSEs.

Following an inspection by Ofsted in October 2008, the school was accorded an overall assessment of Grade 1 (Outstanding). The school's most recent inspection as of 2022 was in December 2015, with a judgement of "Good" by the inspectors. The school's science department was awarded the Platinum Science Mark Award in October 2020.

Awards
3 Eco School Green Flags
Investors In People
Sportsmark And Leading Aspect

Notable former pupils
Mark Little, professional footballer for Peterborough United and Bristol City.
Phil Porter, British playwright, librettist and television writer.

References

Educational institutions established in 1954
Academies in Worcestershire
1954 establishments in England
Secondary schools in Worcestershire
Schools in Worcester, England


Roland Zoss (born 2 August 1961) is a songwriter, musician and novelist. He studied anthropology and literature in Bern and Avignon. He lives in the Aeolian Islands

Songwriter and novelist
Roland Zoss started his songwriter career in the late 1970s in Switzerland and Germany. After travelling the world, performing in hotspots as the Troubadour in L.A., he made success in Europe in 2004 with the album Härzland (Heartland) with Swiss German translations of the Leonard Cohen songs "First We Take Manhattan" ("Zersch näh me mer Manhattan"), "Halleluja" and the Elvis Presley song "In the Ghetto". He works with musicians and artists like Gottfried Helnwein, Michael Mish, Clare de Lune, Mauro Guiretti and Shirley Grimes. With Idan Raichel, Anna Murphy, Marta Gomez he is producing a children's world music lullabies album, Slumberland. The latest work is two song albums Baumlieder about the mythology and character of 28 trees. He was the first singer to compose a only tree songs album and put them into music.
A children's book about the secret of the trees with Swiss mouse Jimmy Flitz, das Geheimnis der Baeume comes with it. Plus various novels, including the awarded: The Island Beyond the Moon.

Swiss Mouse Jimmy Flitz
Between 1999 and 2020, he released three dozen song albums and books for children, some in English, some Spanish, some French, becoming one of the most known Swiss German singers for children. His brand became the mouse Jimmy Flitz known in the multi-awarded radio play series about Swiss mythologies Jimmy Flitz ("a journey through Switzerland") in 2007, starring his famous mouse on airlines. In 2010, the book Jimmy Flitz, die Schweizermaus (The Swiss Mouse) was released. Zoss represents Switzerland in his native Swiss dialect on the world music children's CD European Playground with the songs "Baerengeburi-Bubuland" and "Krokodil". Some songs are covered in English, French and Spanish.

Swiss ABC Dino Xenegugeli
After three highly acclaimed recordings, Muku-Tiki-Mu, Schlummerland and JimmyFlitz- Swiss Christmas, in 2014 the app "ABC Dino Xenegugeli" became a worldwide success. The international educational app for children shows handcrafted art pictures, animated and combined with animal songs to each letter of the alphabet in five languages, plus e-books. The ABC Dino was nominated at the Frankfurt Book Fair 2015 as best children app, age 4-6. The German Youth Institute Munich does "highly recommend" the App.Youth Institute Munich/Germany

Discography
1981 LP Roland Zoss, cover art work by Gottfried Helnwein
1983 LP Sternstunde
1985 LP Die Ewigkeit klopft an
1989 CD Fly my soul, ©RZ 004/RZ 005 & videoclip
1993 Radio feature and e-book Die Insel hinterm Mond (The Island beyond the moon)
1998 CD Saitenstrassen, songs and novel about the 1970s
1999 CD ABC Xenegugeli, 28 animal songs, incl. Krokodil 2012 on a Putumayo world music album
2001 CD 1 & 2 Muku-Tiki-Mu, world children's music, UNESCO patronage
2002 Güschi 1-6, a Swiss dialect radio play series
2003-06 Liedermärli, 8 CDs fairy tales, musicals in Swiss dialect
2004 Härzland, CD, rock-pop-poetry in Swiss with local stars Linard Bardill, Yvonne Moore, Carin Lavey, Djamila Tahar-Chaouch, Christoph Kohli SPAN,
2004 Schlumberland, lullabies with Shirley Grimes and Asita Hamidi with sound engineer and harp of Andreas Vollenweider, incl. Bärengeburi Bubuland on Putmayo world music European playground
2007 Jimmy Flitz, the Swiss mouse a radio play series with Swiss stars.
2009 Jimmy Flitz-Hits, CD
2011 SingDing, songs about the secret live of things.
2012 Xenegugeli GOLD-ABC, 26 new animal songs. Release of "Krokodil" on Putumayo Sing-Along Sampler.
2012 ÄngelsMusic meditation music about 9 angels.
2013 Jimmy Flitz ChinderWiehnacht, a Swiss Christmas musical with local stars and choirs: Steff la Cheffe, Tinu Heiniger, Christine Lauterburg (Jodel). Best children's album award 2015!
2015 Jimmy Flitz - a trip to Helvetia and A mouse goes into the parliament radio plays part 5 and 6 with Pedro Lenz, Eluveitie, Steff la Cheffe, Knackeboul, Shem Thomas, Christine Lauterburg and more. Award "Golden Crown" best children's album 2015!
2009 Jimmy Flitz-Hits 2, CD
2018/19 Baumlieder - Tree Songs 1 and 2, 28 songs about trees on two albums

Awards
In 1993, Zoss received a literary award for the Aeolian tale and e-book The Island beyond the Moon and a dozen Golden Crown awards for his unique music for children. Several awards for the ABC Xenegugeli a multilingual ABC app, book and songs in English, Spanish, French, German and Swiss German. In 2010, the Swiss postal service honoured the work of Zoss with a Jimmy Flitz stamp. 2015 Golden Crown award for the best children album. ABC Dino was nominated in 2015 at the Frankfurt Book Fair as best children app, age 4-6

References

{Swiss revue}Swiss revue

External links
 Dino Demo video
 Dino, iTunes Store
 ABC Dino review site
 ABC Dino information site
 Homepage Roland Zoss
 Swiss Writers Union

 Island Beyond The Moon Holiday island
 «Island beyond the moon" e-book
 Music page
 Jimmy Flitz english page
  Christmas Musical
 Tree songs, 15 Trees of the north | 15 trees of the south
 Swiss Television SRF 1

1951 births
Living people
Swiss male novelists
People from Bern


Be2gether or B2G was the largest annual music and arts festival in Baltic countries. Established in 2007, it took place in Norviliškės, Lithuania, just a few meters from the border with Belarus. In 2007, attendance was estimated at around 7,000–8,000 people, with an increase to 12,000 in 2008.

Background
Be2gether was created with the slogan "Music Opens Borders", to emphasise the importance of connection despite any differences in culture, nationality, age or social position. To underscore this goal, the festival is held in the so-called Dieveniškės panhandle: Lithuanian territory surrounded by Belarus on three sides. The area is remote and is difficult to reach, due to Lithuania being a member of the European Union and Belarus not. In 2008, efforts were made to ensure that Belarusians could receive the needed visas without a fee if they traveled to the festival. Due to the festival's proximity to the state border, additional security measures have to be undertaken to prevent people from inadvertently crossing the border. The festival is situated in the historic Vilnius Region, inhabited by peoples of Lithuanian, Polish, Belarusian, Russian nationalities. The Renaissance Norviliškės Castle reminds the visitors of shared history under the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Many different genres make appearances at the Be2gether festival, including rock, electronic, world and alternative music. The festival invites mostly international bands. In addition to musical performances, the festival offers other activities, including craft studios, open air cinema, sport games, music and dance lessons, and a sculpture park. Children are offered daycare alongside their own activities.

2007
The first festival was supported by two large scenes and club tent. Part of the money gained from tickets selling was donated to children from Chachersk, injured by the nuclear disaster at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. A DVD of the first festival was distributed with tickets for Be2gether in 2008. The festival boasted performances by 32 artists, including:

2008
On August 14, Be2gether 2008 started in Vilnius, with a rally to support Georgia in 2008 South Ossetia war. The festival then moved to Norviliškės Castle grounds ready for main performances on August 15 and 16., with the festival concluding on August 17. Around 70 performers took part in the festival, including:

2009
The third festival Be2gether was held on June 12–14, 2009. Be2gether 2009 included such bands as:

2010

The fourth festival was held on June 25–27, 2010. Be2gether announced that performing bands will include:
Australian electronic music duo Empire of The Sun
British rock band Skunk Anansie
Danish electronic rock trio WhoMadeWho
Norwegian synthpop group Casiokids
Ukrainian folk group Haydamaky
Austrian beatboxing group Bauchklang
English rapper Roots Manuva
Anglo-Spanish electronic band Crystal Fighters
 Belarusian indie pop group Open Space

Bans
Buses with festival guests in 2008 were held up on the Belarusian side.

References

External links
Official website (English version)
Official MySpace
Pro MySpace

Music festivals in Lithuania
2007 establishments in Lithuania
Tourist attractions in Vilnius County
Annual events in Lithuania
Šalčininkai
Electronic music festivals in Lithuania
Folk festivals in Lithuania
Rock festivals in Lithuania
Music festivals established in 2007
Summer events in Lithuania
Censorship in Belarus


USS Samar (PG-41) was a gunboat of the United States Navy. She was initially built for the Spanish Navy, but was captured during the Spanish–American War and taken into service with the US Navy. Samar had two sister-ships which also served in the US Navy,  and .

Spanish career
Samar was launched in November 1887 by the Manila Ship Co., Canacao, Philippine Islands. She was captured on 9 November 1898 at Zamboanga by US Army personnel, brought to Manila between 13 and 20 April 1899 and commissioned at Manila on 26 May 1899, under the command of Ensign George C. Day.

US career

Philippines
Following local operations out of Manila that summer, Samar patrolled off Negros and Panay, assisting Army operations ashore. In November the gunboat helped escort an Army Expeditionary Brigade under Brigadier General Lloyd Wheaton to San Fabian in Lingayen Gulf, then firing on insurgent entrenchments on the landing beaches. The gunboat served out of Vigan in northwestern Luzon into the new year, cruising on patrols, carrying detachments of troops and maintaining communications in the region. On 24 April 1900 the gunboat carried Brigadier General Young on a tour of inspection from San Fernando to Vigan. In May, Samar carried pay and supplies to Bojeador lighthouse and, in June, carried a detachment of the 33d Infantry from Aparri to Kandon. Returning to Aparri, the crew spent a few days scaling the boiler and overhauling the engines before conducting a survey of the Kagayen River with USS Bennington 20–21 June. Following a short overhaul at the Cavite Naval Station, the gunboat sailed south to Zamboanga in southwestern Mindanao, where she patrolled from Cebu in the north to the Jolo island group in the south into 1901. Admiral John A. Schofield, then an Ensign commanding Samar, later wrote the gunboat captured a banca in a cove off Paragua and rescued two "fair young maidens" who had been kidnapped by bandits from the town of Puerto Princesa. At the start of the rainy season that summer, the gunboat proceeded to Cavite, Luzon, for boiler repairs and was decommissioned on 23 September 1901.

Recommissioned on 19 June 1902, Lt. Montgomery M. Taylor in command, Samar steamed south to Zamboanga, Mindanao, where she carried messages and stores for Marine detachments assisting the Army in suppressing the Moro rebellions among the southern islands. She patrolled the Sulu Archipelago as well, visiting ports throughout the island group and stopped for coal at Sandakan in British Borneo as required. The gunboat returned to Cavite in December, in preparation for fleet maneuvers with the Southern Squadron of the Asiatic Fleet in January 1903. After fitting out for survey work at Canacao in February, Samar began hydrographic surveys off southern Mindanao area, conducting an extensive survey of Polloc harbor before supporting Army operations at Simpetan. Following the closing of the Naval Station at Polloc in June 1904, the gunboat returned to Cavite and decommissioned there on 22 August 1904.

Yangtze service
Recommissioned on 11 March 1908, Ensign Reed M. Fawell in command, Samar was assigned to the Pacific Fleet's Third Squadron, which mainly patrolled the Yangtze River and along the Chinese coast in the vicinity of Canton. The Squadrons' purpose was to protect American missionaries, businessmen and shipping in the free-trade ports along China's coast and major rivers, concessions for trade and missionary activity the result of so-called "unequal treaties" forced on the Chinese government following the Boxer Rebellion. The gunboat sailed from Manila in mid-April, arriving at Hong Kong on 18 April. Assigned to Chinese river service, the gunboat patrolled the Chu-Kiang delta between Hong Kong, Macau and Canton, patrolled the Si-Kiang river up to Wuchow and cruised along the Chinese coast north to Swatow and Amoy. Every year the gunboat also sailed north to Nimrod Sound, outside Ning Po, Che-Kiang province, for target practice near the Imperial Chinese Navy's gunnery school.

In late 1909 the gunboat changed station to Shanghai, where she regularly patrolled the lower Yangtze River up to Nanking and Wuhu. Following an anti-foreign riots in Changsha in April 1910, which destroyed a number of missions and merchant warehouses, Samar sailed up the Yangtze River to Hankow and then Changsa to show the flag and help restore order. The gunboat was also administratively assigned to the Asiatic Fleet that year, which had been re-established by the Navy to better protect, in the words of the Bureau of Navigation, "American interests in the Orient." After returning to Shanghai in August, she sailed up river again the following summer, passing Wuhu in June but then running aground off Kichau on 1 July 1911. After staying stuck in the mud for two weeks, Samar broke free and sailed back down river to coal ship. Returning upriver, the gunboat reached Hankow in August and Ichang in September where she wintered over owing to both the dry season and the outbreak of rebellion at Wuchang in October 1911. Following the collapse of the Qing dynasty and the declaration of the Republic of China by Sun Yat-sen that winter, tensions eased and the gunboat turned downriver in July 1912, arriving at Shanghai in October. Samar patrolled the lower Yangtze after fighting broke out in the summer 1913, a precursor to a decade of conflict between provincial warlords in China. Following another cruise upriver to Hankow in February 1914, the gunboat returned to Shanghai for an overhaul in March.

Final years
Samar remained on the China Station throughout World War I, then, in July 1919, was placed on the disposal list at Shanghai following a collision with a Yangtze river steamer that damaged her bow. A year later, she was designated PG-41, but was ordered inspected and appraised for sale the same day, 17 July 1920. The following month she returned to Cavite, where she was decommissioned on 6 September 1920 and sold on 11 January 1921.

See also
 List of patrol vessels of the United States Navy

References

External links
 Photo gallery at navsource.org

Gunboats of the United States Navy
Ships built in the Philippines
Maritime incidents in 1911
Shipwrecks in rivers


Sea Containers House is a prominent building on the south bank of the River Thames, west of Blackfriars Bridge, in London.

Location
Sea Containers House is located towards the eastern end of London's South Bank cultural area, and is within the London Borough of Southwark. A continuous river-side walkway, actually part of the Thames Path, passes in front of and below the building, and links it with near river-side attractions such as the Festival Hall, the National Theatre, the Tate Modern, the Oxo Tower and the Globe Theatre.

History

Sea Containers House was designed by noted American Modernist architect Warren Platner in 1974 as a luxury hotel. During construction, however, its location near the City of London led to the decision to complete it instead as office space. It opened in 1978 and took its name from the former long-term tenant, Sea Containers.

In Spring 2011, a process began to gain planning permission for an extensive internal and external refurbishment of Sea Containers House. The east and west wings, which face the Thames, remained offices, with companies within global communications group WPP moving in February 2016. The south wing was renovated as the Mondrian Hotel London, which opened on 30 September 2014, bringing at least part of the building back to its original intended use. The hotel became independent and was renamed Sea Containers London Hotel on 15 January 2019.

Cultural influence
In October 2009, three-piece music band Gyratory System released the album The Sound-Board Breathes with a track named Sea Containers House.

Notes

External links

Sea Containers House refurbishment consultation website

Office buildings in the London Borough of Southwark
Hotels in the London Borough of Southwark
Office buildings completed in 1978


Oliyum Oliyum (English: Sound and Light) is a Tamil movie song compilation program on television popular during the 1980s.  It aired at 7:30pm on Fridays on Doordarshan, a Tamil regional network and features songs from Tamil movies.  This was most popular entertainment program in Tamil Nadu after Tamil movies which aired on Sunday evenings. recently there is a website name  "oleyumoliyum" which deals kind of same idea.

References

See also
 Chitralahari

Tamil-language television shows


Mabuhay is a Tagalog greeting, usually expressed as Mabuhay!, in the imperative form of life, thus, Live!, from the root word buhay (life).

Mabuhay may also refer to:
 The Mabuhay Channel, a former Filipino language channel that broadcast to Filipinos abroad
 Mabuhay Gardens, a San Francisco nightclub
 Mabuhay Satellite Corporation, a former Filipino aerospace corporation
 Mabuhay Singers, a group of singers from the Philippines that was formed in 1958
 Mabuhay, Zamboanga Sibugay, a municipality in the province of Zamboanga Sibugay, Philippines
 Mabuhay (magazine), inflight magazine of Philippines Airlines
 Mabuhay Lounge, the airport lounge for Philippines Airlines


Funtington is a village and civil parish in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies on the B2146 Road 4.5 miles (7.2 km) west of Chichester. The parish also contains the villages of East and West Ashling, West Stoke and the Kingley Vale National Nature Reserve lies at its northern tip.  There is a farm produce shop and a pub at the centre of the village. Funtington Primary School is in the village of West Ashling.

Governance

An electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward stretches north to Compton with a total population taken at the 2011 census of 2,671.

Religious sites
St. Mary's Anglican church, dating from the 12th Century, is the principal church in the parish of Funtington.

St. Andrew's church at West Stoke is of Saxon origin. The chapel of St. Mary's at Sennicotts lies about two miles (3 km) to the east, off the Chichester road.

The Old Congregational Chapel
The old Congregational Chapel, is a Grade II listed building, situated on the road between East Ashling and Funtington, opposite the turning to West Ashling. The foundation stone of the chapel was laid on Friday, 18 September 1863. Most of the building material used was various stones, recovered from the fallen tower, of Chichester Cathedral. The tower having fallen down during a storm in 1861. The Chapel closed, as place of worship, between 1934 and 1938. It became a scout headquarters for a while and then  a clock museum run by the Clock trust.

Landmarks
Kingley Vale lies on the border of the parish which is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a national nature reserve. It is noted for its Yew woodlands. The site is also known for its archaeological interest including Bronze Age and Roman earthworks, cross dykes, a camp and a field system.

Marshal of the Royal Air Force Charles Portal, 1st Viscount Portal of Hungerford (1893–1971), lived at West Ashling and is buried in Funtington churchyard.

Pat Porteous (1918-2000), a Victoria Cross recipient who took part in the raid on Dieppe in August 1942 is buried in St Mary's churchyard.

Gallery

Notes

References

External links

Villages in West Sussex


Stagecoach Trail is a historic route through northern Jo Daviess County and western Stephenson County, in the northwest of Illinois. The trail was a part of the larger Galena–Chicago trail that crossed almost the entire state.

Stagecoach Trail connects Galena and Lena through the communities of Scales Mound, Apple River, Warren and Nora. Stagecoach Trail runs through the third highest point in Illinois, Waddams Hill. It also runs close to the highest point in Illinois, Charles Mound, and the Illinois-Wisconsin border.

The route can be used as an alternative for U.S. Route 20 between Lena and Galena, through picturesque communities and landscapes. Stagecoach rides are offered at several points along the trail. Late 20th century, the communities on the Stagecoach Trail, from Lena through Scales Mound, held an annual Stagecoach Trail Festival in June.

Section and road numbers are:
 County Road 6 in Stephenson County, Illinois, between the U.S. Route 20 and the County Divide Road.
 County Road 13 in Jo Daviess County, Illinois, between the County Divide Road and Central Warren.
 Illinois Route 78 in Central Warren
 County Road 3 in Jo Daviess County, Illinois, between Warren and Galena.

See also
 Old Stagecoach Trail in California

References

External links
 Stagcoach Trail on My Scenic Drives

Historic trails and roads in Illinois
Transportation in Jo Daviess County, Illinois
Transportation in Stephenson County, Illinois


The Netherlands Institute for Sound & Vision (Dutch: Nederlands Instituut voor Beeld & Geluid, or short, Beeld & Geluid) is the cultural archive and a museum located in Hilversum. The Institute for Sound & Vision collects, looks after, and provides access to over 70% of the Dutch audio-visual heritage. In total, the collection of more than 750,000 hours of [television, radio, music and film that began in 1898 and continues to grow daily, makes Sound & Vision one of the largest audiovisual [archive]s in Europe. It was founded in 1997 as the Netherlands Audiovisual Archive (Dutch: Nederlands Audiovisueel Archief (NAA)), and adopted its current name in 2002.

Sound & Vision is the business archive of the national broadcasting corporations, a cultural heritage institute (providing access to students and the general public) and also a museum for its visitors. The digital television production workflow and massive digitization efforts break grounds for new services.

Sound & Vision is an experienced partner in European-funded research projects. These include or have included: P2P-Fusion, MultiMatch, PrestoSpace, VIDI-Video, LiWA Living Web Archives (Research Project), Communia, Video Active (European Research Project)  and the streaming mobile app Radio Garden, which gives listeners access to radio stations worldwide, perhaps their best known research project.

On 1 January 2022, Muziekweb merged into the Netherlands Institute for Sound & Vision. Muziekweb was previously affiliated with the Central Library of Rotterdam. It has been described as "Europe's largest music collection"

See also
 Muziekweb: van platenbieb tot nationale bewaarplaats at  website .
 List of music museums

References

External links

 Muziekweb

Media museums in the Netherlands
Museums in North Holland
Museums established in 1997
1997 establishments in the Netherlands
Television archives
Sound archives
Film archives in Europe
20th-century architecture in the Netherlands


Charles F. Fuller (born Charles F. Furrer; March 30, 1878 – March 1, 1937), was an American professional baseball player from 1900 to 1908. He played for the major league Brooklyn Superbas as a catcher in three games during the 1902 season. Fuller was one of several baseball players in the first half of the 20th century to be nicknamed "Nig".

Per his 1918 draft registration card, "Charles F. Furrer" (with a middle initial only) remained his legal name; the card listed his occupation as a railroad switchman, aged 40, married, and living in his hometown of Toledo, Ohio.

References

External links

1878 births
1937 deaths
Major League Baseball catchers
Brooklyn Superbas players
Baseball players from Toledo, Ohio
Minor league baseball managers
Terre Haute Hottentots players
Fort Wayne Railroaders players
Columbus Senators players
Montreal Royals players
Rochester Bronchos players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Binghamton Bingoes players
Dayton Veterans players
Evansville River Rats players
Grand Rapids Wolverines players
Meridian Ribboners players


USS Villalobos (PG-42) was a steel screw gunboat originally built for the Spanish Navy as Villalobos but captured by the United States Army in 1898 during the Spanish–American War and commissioned into the United States Navy in 1900. The ship spent almost all of her life as an American gunboat in the Yangtze Patrol on the Yangtze River.

Spanish Navy service
The ship was constructed in Hong Kong for the Spanish Navy. After completion in July 1896 she was based at Cavite, Philippine Islands, at the time of the Spanish–American War and the following Philippine–American War.

United States Navy service
Captured by the United States Army along with near-sisters  and , Villalobos was transferred to the United States Navy on 21 February 1900 and commissioned at Cavite on 5 March 1900 as Villalobos (Gunboat No. 42). The ship was reclassified as Villalobos (PG-42) on 17 July 1920.

Philippines, 1900–1902
Departing Cavite on 13 March, Villalobos patrolled off the coast from Cape Santiago to Point Cueva, Buriad Island, maintaining a communication link with the marines guarding lighthouses at Santiago and Malabrigo and looking for traffic supplying the Philippine insurgents. Before the ship returned to her home port on the 26th, she had destroyed seven bancas (small native boats) with cargo worth $935.00 and also seized a brigantine, a schooner, and a banca which had all been engaged in smuggling.

After a brief rest at Cavite from 26 March to 1 April, Villalobos patrolled the coastline between Niac and Laguimanoc and cooperated with an Army detachment from Taal in seizing three bancas in the barrio of Hanahana and 11 at the barrio of San Luiz, towing them to Taal for not having licenses. The gunboat also seized a sloop and a banca with two Americans on board and arrested them for cruising without proper identification and papers. Her third patrol from Cavite, commencing on 14 April, saw the ship transporting stores to the guards at Cape Santiago, Cape Malabrigo, and Cabra Island lighthouses before resuming routine communication duties with Army detachments at Batangas, Lucena, and Laguimanoc.

Her fourth patrol from Cavite found her returning to the vicinity of Laguimanoc, along the southwest coast of Luzon. She cooperated with  and  in supporting the 29th Army Division in securing Marinduque Island. The gunboat then carried dispatches from Marinduque to Batangas before returning with emergency rations for the troops. Furnishing supplies to the lighthouse keepers again occupied the ship before she returned to commerce-watching duties during which she seized three bancas for cruising without licenses. The ship also communicated with Army posts at Taal, Batangas, Laguimanoc, Buac, Santa Cruz, and visited Gazan.

She returned to Cavite on 10 May for a ten-day respite. Underway again on the 20th, she headed for the familiar region of the southwest coast of Luzon to resume her watch on local banca traffic and to serve as a communication link for Army posts with the "outside world." Villalobos seized three more bancas for operating without licenses and one for having insurgent papers on board, establishing a link between the last boat owner and forces then fighting the new American occupiers.

Army-cooperation duties included supporting the Army's landing detachments including the 30th Infantry at Bana Layley, and the 38th and 29th Infantry at Santa Cruz and Marlango. She then steamed back to Buac before supporting operations of the 30th Infantry at Unisan. During the land operations of the 28th Infantry, Villalobos blockaded Maricabau Strait and subsequently served on blockade duty off Nasugbu at the request of the American military governor there before carrying dispatches to Buac.

For the remainder of the year 1900 and into 1902, Villalobos conducted patrols in support of Army forces similar to those she had been carrying out since she was first commissioned. She continued to work off the northern and western coasts of Luzon and off Cebu. In between deployments, she was repaired at Cavite before returning to patrol duty in which she supported the Army occupation of Samar. On 20 November 1902, the gunboat was decommissioned at Cavite.

Yangtze River Patrol, 1903–1928
Recommissioned on 21 January 1903, Villalobos immediately commenced fitting out for service on the Yangtze River. She departed for China on 7 February and stopped at Dasol Bay, Philippines, from 8–14 February to conduct a "hydrographic reconnaissance" of the bay in company with gunboat , tender Callao, and collier .

Underway again on the 14 February 1903, the squadron put into Hong Kong on 17 February and remained there until 26 February, when Villalobos, in company with Pompey and Elcano, sailed for Shantou, China. Leaving the collier at Shantou, Villalobos and Elcano proceeded to Pagoda Anchorage and thence to Shanghai to inaugurate the United States Navy's Yangtze River Patrol. After a brief visit to this key Chinese seaport city, Villalobos pushed up the Yangtze on 27 March to Jiangyin to investigate conditions there and to check on the welfare of the American citizens.

At this time China had become a collection of feuding states governed by warlords. The Boxer Rebellion three years previously had resulted in the Boxer Protocol which gave eight foreign powers the right to station forces in the country to protect their nationals.

Villalobos steamed, in company with Elcano, to Zhenjiang and thence via Nanjing and Wuhu to Hankou where she arrived on 10 April. She spent the next five days awaiting a favorable rise in the river level to permit passage to Yichang before she got underway on the 15th for Chenglin, Yuezhou, and Shashi. After arriving at Yichang on 19 April, the ship headed back downriver and returned to Hankou on 5 May to investigate the possibility of making passage to Changsha for needed supplies. Proceeding thence to Yuezhou and Jinjiwan, she met a party of American engineers mapping out a route for the Hankou-Canton Railway.

International incident

Cruising subsequently to Changsha, Xiangtan, Zhuzhou, Yuezhou, and Hankou, Villalobos set out on 1 June for Jiujiang. She waited three days for a pilot for passage up the Gan River and Poyang Lake and, when one was finally obtained, got underway for Nanchang. However, the river level had fallen rapidly and Villalobos could proceed no further, so sent a whaleboat upstream for Nanchang to reconnoiter in accordance with orders from Rear Admiral Robley D. Evans, Commander in Chief, Asiatic Fleet, who had wired the gunboat to investigate local conditions there.

On 6 June, the boat returned and reported that all was quiet at Nanchang, and Villalobos headed back downriver. En route downriver, the gunboat's commander received a letter, via the American consul, from the local Governor who strongly protested Villalobos visit—a protest which the consul seemed to sanction. When word reached Admiral Evans, he responded that a French gunboat had earlier made the same trip and had followed the same procedures, and it had gone without a protest from the local Chinese authorities.

"Your visit with the Villalobos to Nanchang," wrote Evans to Villalobos commander, "for the purpose of investigating the condition and providing for the protection of the lives and property of Americans is approved." The admiral continued: "It is my desire that, so far as practicable, similar visits be paid to all Americans having property or other lawful interests in China, that I may be kept fully informed regarding all things concerning their welfare." Referring to the governor's contention that the gunboats should stay away since the inhabitants of the district were "bad men," Evans responded that this was all the more reason for more frequent visits.

Evans authorized Villalobos commanding officer to inform any Chinese officials who might raise similar objections that the Fleet's gunboats "are always amply provided for dealing with 'bad men.'" The admiral admonished that if anything other than "proper respect" was shown to Americans in China, "severe and lasting punishment" would be meted out by his gunboats. As if that were not enough, Evans wrote, "Our gunboats will continue to navigate Poyang Lake and other inland waters of China, wherever Americans may be, and where, by treaty with China, they are authorized to engage in business or reside for the purpose of spreading the Gospel."

When word of Evans' stand reached the American minister to China in Beijing, Edward Conger, he sided with the governor. Conger asked Evans by what authority he had sanctioned Villalobos''' visit to Nanchang. The admiral responded that he had acted under no specific treaty—but on the broad principle of extending American protection to wherever his country's nationals resided. While communications between widely separated places often took weeks or even months and the matter passed to Washington and the State and Navy Departments, American gunboats continued to patrol Poyang Lake.

John Hay, the Secretary of State, wrote to Conger siding with Evans, whose position he considered "proper and correct." Furthermore, Evans at the time had had no knowledge of treaties that indirectly applied to American rights in China although they had been made with other nations. Article 52 of the Anglo-Chinese 1858 Treaties of Tianjin, made reference to "most-favored nation" treatment—unbeknownst to Evans—and applied directly to Villalobos controversial visit. The admiral had thus established a precedent for the Asiatic Fleet that would be carried on until late in the 1930s.Villalobos remained deployed on the Yangtze River, until 1928, through various reorganizations and designations of what eventually became known as the "Yangtze Patrol", of the United States Asiatic Fleet.

World War I
During World War I, the belligerent nations either withdrew their ships from Chinese waters or saw them interned. The vacuum thus created by the internment or redeployment of British, French, and German gunboats on the Yangtze left only the Americans available to "keep the peace." However, no major wars between factions and warlords occurred.

America's entry into the war soon resulted in internment for United States gunboats. While Wilmington (Gunboat No. 8) sailed for Manila within the allotted time to avoid forced internment, Palos (River Gunboat No. 1), Monocacy (River Gunboat No. 2), Samar, Quiros, and Villalobos all remained at Shanghai— maintained at 75 percent complement and occupying their time with usual and routine ship's maintenance work—until China entered the war on the side of the Allied and Associated Powers on 16 August 1917. At that time, Villalobos and her sister gunboats resumed their patrolling and continued it through the armistice and into the postwar years.

1920s
In March 1921, the home port for these elderly gunboats—Villalobos, Quiros, and Elcano—was changed from Manila to Shanghai. Villalobos—by now designated PG-42—patrolled the middle Yangtze in mid-1921, noting local conditions and continuing in her duty of standing ready to protect American interests. The first flag officer commanding the Yangtze Patrol, Rear Admiral William Bullard, felt that the venerable Villalobos and her near-sisters were "hopeless cases" in terms of upkeep, firepower, and living conditions; but they, nevertheless, remained on duty.

However, by this point, there was not much for them to do, as the conflict between the warlords commanding Szechwan and Hupeh provinces had placed trigger-happy soldiers along both banks of the upper river, preventing river traffic. Villalobos reported on 22 July 1921 that "business is at a standstill" on both the middle and upper Yangtze River.

For the next five years, Villalobos continued her usual river activities, with occasional periods of upkeep at the Chinese-owned Kiangnan Dock and Engineering Works.

Chinese Civil War
In late August 1926, there were indications that there could be action in store for the gunboat at Hankou as Communist forces were on the march.  On 27 August 1926, the ship steamed upstream for Changsha, passing Chinese warships at Ganzhou, warlord troops along the banks, and the occasional corpse floating with the tide.

After anchoring for the night, Villalobos got underway the next day only to soon run aground on a sandbar.  With the river dropping one foot per day, if the ship were not soon refloated, she would be there until winter. Help soon happened by when a British Butterfield and Swire Line tug appeared towing a lighter.Villalobos crew transferred nearly everything portable—including ammunition and stores—to the tug's lighter. At the same time, —a Lapwing-class minesweeper converted to a river gunboat—came by as well, heading downstream from Changsha while the river still allowed her to pass downriver safely. With her decreased draft, the combined efforts of Pigeon and the tug freed Villalobos and she reloaded her stores and ammunition before resuming her passage.

After her delayed arrival, Villalobos remained at Changsha for the next four months until relieved by Palos on 28 February 1927. Proceeding downriver, Villalobos arrived at Hankou on 2 March 1927, joining —flagship of Commander, Yangtzee Patrol, Rear Admiral H. H. Hough; ; and .

Chinese Nationalist forces entered Nanjing on 24 March and subjected American and British commercial installations to heavy attacks. On the 25, Lieutenant Commander Earl A. Mclntyre ordered his crew to place more steel boiler-plate around vital control and gun positions on board Villalobos in expectation of action. Within two weeks, riots broke out in Hankou and the Japanese section of the city was looted, prompting the Japanese to land forces. With the evacuation of Americans, Villalobos stood by, keeping watch on the scene with her guns cleared for action.

Ordered downriver to guard the American-owned Socony-Vacuum Oil Company's installation, Villalobos joined British gunboats  and  in an uneventful watch. Relieved by Palos on 27 May, Villalobos departed Hankou and the middle-river area and sailed for Shanghai with the orders to return fire if attacked.

Meanwhile, six replacement gunboats were being built for Yangtze duty. The Secretary of the Navy's report for 1927 stated that Villalobos was in bad condition as regarding both hull and machinery and had little sale value. On 29 December 1927, President Calvin Coolidge authorized the destruction of Villalobos by gunfire; and the gunboat was placed out of commission on 29 May 1928. Struck from the Navy list on 4 October, the venerable gunboat was towed to sea and sunk in experimental destroyer gunnery exercises off the China coast on 9 October 1928.

The Sand Pebbles
USS Villalobos was the model for the fictional gunboat USS San Pablo portrayed in Richard McKenna's novel The Sand Pebbles, and in 1965 the producers of the 1966 film version of the novel spent US$250,000 on building a prop gunboat to depict the ship. However, the design chosen for the prop gunboat was more representative of 1928 river gunboats than of Villalobos''.

Awards
Philippine Campaign Medal
World War I Victory Medal
Yangtze Service Medal

Notes

References

External links

Gunboats of the United States Navy
Ships of the Spanish Navy
Ships built in China
World War I patrol vessels of the United States
1896 ships
Riverine warfare
Maritime incidents in 1928
Ships sunk as targets
Shipwrecks of China
Shipwrecks in the East China Sea
Ships of the Yangtze Patrol


Christopher Whitehead Language College and Sixth Form is a secondary school in Worcester, Worcestershire, England. It is a co-educational school, in which there are about 1200 students enrolled, aged between 11 and 19. The school holds Specialist Language College status, and became an academy in 2011. In 2015 they opened a new sixth form centre with the first intake arriving in September 2015.

History
The school was opened in 1983 following  the merger of two  schools and it draws its pupils mainly from the St John's area of Worcester and the surrounding west side of Worcester City. The school gained specialist language college status in September 2005.

Geography teacher Christopher Elliott was found guilty on 3 June 2011 of "unprofessional conduct" at Christopher Whitehead Language College in Worcester where he worked for nine years for "mocking disabled children and throwing chairs at students". On one occasion, it is said he "mocked one child who suffered from a condition that left him shorter than his fellow pupils" by kneeling on the floor next to the student and saying: "'Is this what it is like being you?'".

Grounds and Facilities
The school occupies a large site on the west bank of the River Severn with views of the Malvern Hills and of Worcester City and its cathedral. The school was formed in 1983 by the amalgamation of two schools, Christopher Whitehead Boys School and Christopher Whitehead Girls School. The Boys School was formerly housed in the older 1950s buildings and the Girls Schools in the newer 1960s and 1970s buildings. As such, its buildings vary in age and architecture. The 1950s School building originally housed both the Boys and Girls school, separate entrances were used.  It has been substantially modernised and re-equipped since its formation.

An extension opened in 2017, with 29 new classrooms built, as a result of a government funded build. This allowed for an increase in the intake number of year 7 students in addition to the 220 Sixth Form students.

Houses
In September 2007, the school was divided into six houses. Each pupil wears a coloured tie or pin badge of their corresponding house. Students now share their forms with approximately five pupils from each year at the school in the same house. The houses are: Brunel, Da Vinci, Shakespeare, Curie, Pankhurst and Seacole.

References

External links
School Website

Schools in Worcester, England
Educational institutions established in 1983
Academies in Worcestershire
Secondary schools in Worcestershire
1983 establishments in England


Owen Oliver Coll (born 9 April 1976) is an Irish former professional footballer who played as a central defender.

Career

Club career
After playing non-League football with Enfield, Coll signed for Tottenham Hotspur in 1994. After two seasons with Tottenham, which included making 3 European appearances and a loan spell at Yeovil Town, Coll moved to AFC Bournemouth, where he made a total of 24 appearances in the Football League. Coll later returned to non-League football, playing for Yeovil Town, Stevenage Borough, Aldershot Town, Grays Athletic, Hitchin Town and Cheshunt.

Coll retired from football in the summer of 2004.

International career
Coll earned three caps for the Irish under-21 team.

References

1976 births
Living people
Republic of Ireland men's association footballers
Republic of Ireland men's under-21 international footballers
Enfield F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
AFC Bournemouth players
Yeovil Town F.C. players
Stevenage F.C. players
Aldershot Town F.C. players
Grays Athletic F.C. players
Hitchin Town F.C. players
Cheshunt F.C. players
English Football League players
Men's association football central defenders
Association footballers from County Donegal


Luciano Canepari (; born 19 January 1947) is an Italian linguist. Canepari was a professor in the Department of Linguistics at the University of Venice, where he received his academic training.

He developed a phonetic transcription system called canIPA , based on the official IPA. The canIPA consists of 500 basic, 300 complementary and 200 supplementary symbols, a few of which are encoded in Unicode. It is a work in progress, intended to permit the transcription of all world languages in more exact detail than the official IPA. It has seen little use apart from its inventor or his co-authors.

Bibliography
ɪtæljən prənʌnsɪeɪʃən. in: Le Maître Phonétique, 133: 6–8, 1970
The Dialect of Venice. in: Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 67–76, 1976
Introduzione alla fonetica. Torino: Einaudi, 1979
Fonetica e tonetica araba. in: Scritti linguistici in onore di Giovan Battista Pellegrini, 1105–1121. Pisa: Pacini, 1983.
Phonetic Notation/La notazione fonetica. Venice: Cafoscarina, 1983 (in English and Italian; with two audio-cassettes)
L’intonazione. Linguistica e paralinguistica. Napoli: Liguori, 1985
Italiano standard e pronunce regionali. Padova: CLEUP, 1986³ (with two audio-cassettes)
Lingua italiana nel Lazio. Roma: Jouvence, 1989 (co-authored by Antonella Troncon)
Dizionario di pronuncia italiana. Bologna: Zanichelli, 1999; new ed. 2000 — There is an on-line version (copyright 2012) at dipionline.it.
Manuale di pronuncia italiana. Bologna: Zanichelli, 1999; new ed. 2004
Manuale di fonetica. Fonetica naturale. München: Lincom Europa, 2003
translated as: A Handbook of Phonetics: Natural Phonetics. München: Lincom Europa, 2005
Manuale di pronuncia. Italiano, inglese, francese, tedesco, spagnolo, portoghese, russo, arabo, hindi, cinese, giapponese, esperanto. München: Lincom Europa, 2003; new ed. 2007
translated as: A Handbook of Pronunciation: English, Italian, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, Hindi, Chinese, Japanese, Esperanto. München: Lincom Europa, 2005; new ed. 2007
Avviamento alla fonetica. Torino: Einaudi, 2006
Fonetica e tonetica naturali. München: Lincom Europa, 2007
translated as: Natural Phonetics and Tonetics. München: Lincom Europa, 2007 — This is the revised edition of A Handbook of Phonetics: Natural Phonetics from 2005.
Pronunce straniere dell'italiano. 2007
Pronuncia cinese per italiani. Roma: Aracne, 2009 (co-authored by Marco Cerini)
English pronunciationS. [Vol.1: International, American & British neutral accents. Vol. 2: Territorial accents] Roma: Aracne, 2010
La buona pronuncia italiana del terzo millennio. Roma: Aracne, 2010³ (co-authored by Barbara Giovannelli; with a CD-ROM)
The Pronunciation of English around the World. München: Lincom Europa, 2010
Pronuncia francese per italiani. Roma: Aracne, 2011³
Pronuncia inglese per italiani. Roma: Aracne, 2011³
Pronuncia portoghese per italiani. Roma: Aracne, 2011²
Pronuncia spagnola per italiani. Roma: Aracne, 2011 (co-authored by Renzo Miotti)
Pronuncia tedesca per italiani. Roma: Aracne, 2011
Fonologia del santarcangiolese. Verucchio: Pazzini 2012 (co-authored by Giuseppe Bellosi and Daniele Vitali)
Dutch & Afrikaans Pronunciation & Accents. München: Lincom Europa, 2013; 2nd ed. 2016; and a cheaper edition: Roma: Aracne, 2013 (co-authored by Marco Cerini)
Pronuncia neerlandese per italiani. Roma: Aracne, 2013 (co-authored by Marco Cerini)
Pronuncia russa per italiani. Roma: Aracne, 2013 (co-authored by Daniele Vitali)
German Pronunciation & Accents. München: Lincom Europa, 2014
Chinese Pronunciation & Accents. München: Lincom Europa, 2015 (co-authored by Marco Cerini)
English Pronunciation & Accents. München: Lincom Europa, 2015
Hindi Pronunciation & Accents. München: Lincom Europa, 2016 (co-authored by Ghanshyam Sharma)
Japanese Pronunciation & Accents. München: Lincom Europa, 2016 (co-authored by Francesca Miscio)
Pronuncia giapponese per italiani. Roma: Aracne 2016 (co-authored by Francesca Miscio)

He has also published a number of workbooks and recordings used in connection with these books.

References
 Warren Shibles, "A Comparative Phonetics of Italian: toward a Standard IPA Transcription", Italica 71:4 (1994), pp. 548–566. .

External links
Official website of canIPA Natural Phonetics

1947 births
Living people
Writers from Venice
Linguists from Italy
Phoneticians


CL-400 or variation, may refer to:

Vehicles
 Lockheed CL-400 Suntan, a proposed U.S. high altitude superfast spyplane of the late 1950s
 Canadair CL-44 (aka Rolls-Royce 400 PropJet, Canadair 400, CL-400), turboprop airliner
 Honda CL400, a 387cc single-cylinder motorcycle
 Mercedes-Benz CL 400, a luxury sedan, see Mercedes-Benz CL-Class

Other uses
 IBM CL 400, the CL scripting language variant for OS/400, see Control Language

See also
 Canadair CL-415, amphibious waterbomber


"Best I Ever Had (Grey Sky Morning)" is a song recorded by American alternative rock band Vertical Horizon on their third album Everything You Want, which was released in 1999.  It was released as a single in 2001. It served as the band's fourth overall single.

Charts

Release history

Gary Allan version

In 2005, country music singer Gary Allan covered the song for his 2005 album Tough All Over. His version, entitled "Best I Ever Had" was released as the album's first single and became his eighth top-10 hit on the US Billboard Hot Country Songs charts, with a peak at  7 in late 2005.

Music video
The video was directed by Paul Boyd and filmed at the Salton Sea.

Chart performance
"Best I Ever Had" debuted at No. 56 on the US Billboard Hot Country Songs for the week of June 11, 2005. It quickly became Allan's best-selling single and remained as such until 2012.

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

Vertical Horizon songs
Gary Allan songs
1999 songs
2001 singles
2005 singles
RCA Records singles
MCA Nashville Records singles
Song recordings produced by Mark Wright (record producer)
Songs written by Matt Scannell


Edward "Pat" Deisel (April 29, 1876 in Ripley, Ohio – April 17, 1948 in Cincinnati), was a professional baseball player who played catcher for the 1902 Brooklyn Superbas and the 1903 Cincinnati Reds. He appeared in a total of three games in the major leagues during his short career.

External links

1876 births
1948 deaths
Major League Baseball catchers
Brooklyn Superbas players
Cincinnati Reds players
Baseball players from Ohio
Kenton Babes players
People from Ripley, Ohio


Jaunt may refer to:

Jaunt VR, a virtual reality company
Teleportation, called jaunting in
Alfred Bester's The Stars My Destination (the origin of the term "to jaunte")
The Jaunt, a Stephen King story
the TV series The Tomorrow People

See also
Jaunting car


A Salesian school is an educational institution run by the Catholic Salesian Congregation of Saint John Bosco (or Don Bosco), and one that uses his methods. Salesian schools are dedicated to young people in an educational and formative environment. According to promoters, a Salesian school is a home, church, playground, and school where students find a new way of life, and prepare for their future as good citizens of their country, while being faithful to their own religion.

Culture

The figure at the center of a Salesian school is Saint John Bosco or Don Bosco, who is also known as "Father, teacher, and friend of the youth." Don Bosco was a 19th-century visionary from Italy who created a system of education for boys and girls from marginalized areas of society. For Don Bosco, "Prevention" meant helping a youth before he or she gets into trouble. Don Bosco's system has three aspects: loving kindness; reason, and religion. These three aspects have been the object of studies by scholars throughout the 20th century.

Salesian schools strive for strict discipline and order, while avoiding any kind of physical punishment, however, in his book The Devil's Advocate - Child abuse and the men in black, author and former Salesian pupil Graham Wilmer MBE, describes the levels of violence he and other pupils suffered at the hands of Salesian priests in Salesian schools in the British Salesian Province.

In Latin America, the Salesians have been a key factor in the formation of national curricula, while helping provide street children with an education. The Salesian school system involves the family, as the system holds that family and background are as important as a student's performance in school. Salesian schools give a lot of importance to Parents Associations and other groups where parents are invited to participate.

Operating in 124 countries, the Salesian system could be viewed as a kind of "globalized" education, imposing the same concepts. Although culture was very important to Don Bosco, he respected local and national identities. What can be considered global is the system itself with Don Bosco at its center, however, every Salesian school keeps its own cultural identity. For these reasons, Salesian schools have been welcomed in 124 countries, even in non-Christian nations.

List of Salesian schools

References

See also

 Don Bosco School (disambiguation)
 St John Bosco College (disambiguation)


Quanta Technology LLC is a utility infrastructure consulting company based in Raleigh, North Carolina. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Quanta Services.

Overview
Quanta Technology provides management and technical consulting for utilities, heavy industry, and related entities. The focus is on industry leadership rather than standardized project offerings. As such, most Quanta Technology consultants have graduate degrees and are active in the publication of books, technical papers, and/or patent applications. Many have been elected to the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) membership grade of Fellow.

Typical services relate to the following areas: aging infrastructure; smart grid; energy efficiency; post disaster system assessment; distribution reliability; distribution automation; transmission reliability; protection and automation; system planning; standards assessment; engineering studies; power quality; arc flash studies; maintenance management; asset management; risk management; due diligence; expert witness; regulatory support; benchmarking; aging workforce; seminars; courses; and training.

Initial formation as InfraSource Technology
In 2006, InfraSource Services hired three senior consultants to start and grow a technology and consulting group. Up until this point, InfraSource was primarily a specialty contractor performing outsourced maintenance and construction for utilities and heavy industry. The vision of InfraSource was to create complementary engineering and technology capabilities. Design engineering was to be built primarily through acquisitions and technology/consulting was to be grown organically. InfraSource Technology officially began operations in July 2006.

Quanta acquisition and name change
On August 30, 2007, Quanta Services acquired InfraSource Services through an all-stock deal. Before the merger, Engineering News-Record ranked Quanta Services as the second-largest specialty contractor in the United States and InfraSource Services as No. 8. This acquisition received popular attention after being given positive coverage on Jim Cramer's Mad Money show and in the magazine Smart Money.

After the acquisition, InfraSource Technology changed its legal name to Quanta Technology LLC. In terms of the original InfraSource strategy, Quanta Services decided to (1) support the growth of Quanta Technology, and (2) not aggressively increase its capability in design engineering. Quanta Technology is organizationally located in the Electric & Gas division of Quanta Services.

References

External links
Quanta Services website
LLC Formation Service
Quanta Technology website

Engineering companies of the United States
Companies based in North Carolina