Swedish jazz was introduced in Sweden during the 1920s, and was spread through dancehalls and concerts. During the 1930s and 1940s the popularity was increasing, together with increasing record sales. It was by this time that the first jazz clubs was started in Sweden.

The golden age of Swedish jazz is considered to be during the 1950s, with artists like Arne Domnérus, Lars Gullin, Alice Babs and Monica Zetterlund.

East-West Records was a jazz record label active during the 1950s which featured American and Swedish musicians.

The Stockholm Jazz Festival was established in 1980.

Musicians

Peter Asplund: Trumpeter, born 1969.
Dan Berglund: Double bassist, born 1963.
Magnus Broo
Gunhild Carling
Lars Danielsson
Palle Danielsson
Lars Jansson
Lars Edegran
Lisa Ekdahl
Lars Erstrand
: Drummer, born 1976.
Per-Ola Gadd: Double bassist, born 1962.
Lars Gulliksson
Lars Gullin
Mats Gustafsson
Rigmor Gustafsson
Bengt Hallberg
Jonas Hellborg
Jan Johansson
: Saxophonist, born 1969.
Per "Texas" Johansson
Anders Jormin
: Trumpeter, born 1970.
Jacob Karlzon
Orange Kellin
Jonas Kullhammar
Åke Hasselgård
Nils Landgren
Magnus Lindgren
: Saxophonist, born 1965.
Sture Nordin
Bent Persson
Mats Rondin
Bernt Rosengren
: Saxophonist, born 1942.
Fredrika Stahl
Bobo Stenson
Esbjörn Svensson
Gösta Törner
Ulf Wakenius
Per Henrik Wallin
Putte Wickman
Monica Zetterlund
: Pianist, born 1963.
Magnus Öström: Drummer, born 1965.
Rune Öfwerman

Bands
Koop
The Torbjörn Zetterberg Hot Five

References

External links
Swedish Jazz Association

Music scenes


Cornelis Symonszoon Boscoop (or Buschop, Boskop) (died 1573) was a Dutch organist, singer, and composer. He was organist at the Oude Kerk in Amsterdam in the middle of the 16th century and was one of the predecessors of Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck in this position.

Works
Little is known about Boscoop's life. The only surviving work of Boscoop's is the Fifty Psalms of David (1562). It was published in a new edition in 1568 in Düsseldorf and was dedicated to the Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg, Erich II (Calenberg-Göttingen). The title page of the tenor part bears the following text: "Psalmen Dauid/ Vyfftich/ mit vier partyen/ zeer zuet ende lustich om singen en speelen op verscheiden instrumenten/ gecomponeert door M. Cornelius Buschop". the dedication is dated January 1568 and bears the words "tho Delft", though it is not clear whether Boscoop only briefly stayed there or whether he might have lived or worked in Delft at this time.

For his texts, Boscoop used the Souterliedekens widespread in the Netherlands. However, he did not use the melodies common to the Souterliedekens, but instead composed entirely new material for them.

Many of the motets are in tripartite formal structure, ABC and ABA', with the opening and closing parts often repeated with a different text in the repeat. Some of the psalm settings have melodic and harmonic progressions which are characteristic of late Renaissance innovations.

References
Boscoop, Cornelis: 50 Psalmen David, naar de uitgave van 1568 in partituur gebracht en op nieuw uitgegeven door Dr. Max Seiffert, Leipzig 1899.

1573 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Dutch male classical composers
Dutch classical composers
Dutch organists
Male organists
Renaissance composers
Musicians from Amsterdam


Willoughby-Eastlake City School District is a public school district located in Lake County, Ohio.  The district serves students from Eastlake, Lakeline, Timberlake, Waite Hill, Willoughby, Willoughby Hills and  Willowick.

Schools

Preschools
 Willoughby-Eastlake Preschool (34050 Glen Dr, Eastlake)

Elementary schools
 Edison Elementary School (5288 Karen Isle Dr, Willoughby)
 Grant Elementary School (2838 Lost Nation Rd, Willoughby)
 Jefferson Elementary School (35980 Lakeshore Blvd, Eastlake)
 Longfellow Elementary School (35200 Stevens Blvd, Eastlake)
 Royalview Elementary School (31500 Royalview Dr, Willowick)
 The School of Innovation, grades 3-8 (32500 Chardon Rd., Willoughby Hills)

Middle schools
 Eastlake Middle School (35972 Lakeshore Blvd, Eastlake)
 Willoughby Middle School (5000 Shankland Rd, Willoughby)
 Willowick Middle School (31500 Royalview Dr, Willowick)
 The School of Innovation, grades 3-8 (32500 Chardon Rd., Willoughby Hills)

High schools
 North High School (34041 Stevens Blvd, Eastlake)
 South High School (4900 Shankland Rd, Willoughby)

Sources

Willoughby-Eastlake District Site

School districts in Ohio
Education in Lake County, Ohio


Heathrow Airport is an international airport in London, England.

Heathrow may also refer to:

Places

Currently
Heathrow, Florida, a suburban community in the United States
Heathrow Villages, an electoral ward in Hayes and Harlington UK Parliament constituency, and a ward in Hillingdon Borough

Until summer 1944
Heathrow (hamlet), a hamlet destroyed in 1944 during construction of Heathrow Airport
Heathrow Aerodrome or Great West Aerodrome, facility that became Heathrow Airport

Transport facilities serving Heathrow Airport
Heathrow Airside Road Tunnel, a road tunnel connecting the central airport area to Terminal 5
Heathrow Airtrack, a proposed train service
Heathrow Cargo Tunnel, a road tunnel connecting the central airport area to the cargo terminal
Heathrow Connect, a former train service to the airport
Heathrow Express, a train service
London Underground stations:
Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 tube station
Heathrow Terminal 4 tube station
Heathrow Terminal 5 station
National Rail stations:
Heathrow Central railway station
Heathrow Terminal 4 railway station
Heathrow Terminal 5 station
Heathrow Junction railway station, a former station serving the airport

Other uses
"Heathrow", a song by Level 42 on the album Level 42
"Heathrow", a song by the Catfish and the Bottlemen on their 2016 album, The Ride
Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited, formerly BAA, the United Kingdom-based operator of Heathrow Airport

See also

Heathored, name of some Anglo-Saxon-period English men
Heathwick, an informal name for a proposal to create a high-speed rail link between London's Heathrow and Gatwick airports
Row Heath, a hamlet on Rectory Road in the Tendring district, in the county of Essex, England


The Division 2 season 1998/1999, organised by the LFP was won by AS Saint-Étienne and saw the promotions of AS Saint-Étienne, CS Sedan Ardennes and Troyes AC, whereas Red Star Saint-Ouen and AS Beauvais were relegated to National.

20 participating teams

 Ajaccio
 Amiens
 Beauvais
 Caen
 Cannes
 Châteauroux
 Gueugnon
 Guingamp
 Laval
 Le Mans
 Lille
 Nice
 Nîmes
 Niort
 Red Star
 Saint-Étienne
 Sedan
 Troyes
 Valence
 Wasquehal

League table

Recap
 Promoted to L1 : AS Saint-Étienne, CS Sedan Ardennes, Troyes AC
 Relegated to L2 : FC Lorient, FC Sochaux-Montbéliard, Toulouse FC
 Promoted to L2 : CS Louhans-Cuiseaux, US Créteil
 Relegated to National : Red Star Saint-Ouen, AS Beauvais (ASOA Valence were not relegated because Gazélec Ajaccio was not allowed to compete in Division 2)

Results

Top goalscorers

External links
RSSSF archives of results

Ligue 2 seasons
French
2


Roy Bell (born 29 July 1949) is a former American football running back in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for the Edmonton Eskimos. He played college football at the University of Oklahoma.

Early years
Belle attended Clinton High School, where he played as a running back. In 1965, along with his brother Carlos, he helped the school win its first football state championship.

In 1967, he was a part of an undefeated team that won the football state championship and that one national publication called the best high school team in the country that season. He finished with more than 6,000 rushing yards, leading the state in his last 2 years in rusing and scoring. He only lost one game during his three-year varsity career (13-19 against Wewoka in the 1966 state finals).

College career
Bell accepted a football scholarship from the University of Oklahoma. In 1970, he became part of the school's first wishbone backfield along with Jack Mildren, Greg Pruitt and Leon Crosswhite.

As a senior, he recorded 87 carries for	625 yards (fourth on the team) and 9 touchdowns (third on the team). He finished his college career with 50 carries for 1,421 yards, 13 rushing touchdowns, 16 receptions for 225 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown.

Professional career
Bell was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the ninth round (234th overall) of the 1972 NFL draft, but opted not sign with the team.

On May 12, 1972, he signed with the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League. As a rookie, he posted 690 yards and 2 touchdowns in 10 games.

The next year, he led the West division with 1,455 rushing yards and was named an All-Canadian. In 1974, he had 286 carries for 1,341 yards and 4 touchdowns.

In 1975, he tallied 232 carries for 1,006 yards and was a part of the Grey Cup winning team. The next year, he only played in 6 games, collecting 50 carries for 175 yards and 2 touchdowns. In 1977, he was replaced with Jim Germany.

Bell finished his career with 962 carries, 4,667 rushing yards, 18 rushing touchdowns, 107 receptions, 1,049 receiving yards, 3 receiving touchdowns and was a two-time CFL All-Star.

References

1949 births
Living people
People from Clinton, Oklahoma
Players of American football from Oklahoma
Oklahoma Sooners football players
Canadian football running backs
Edmonton Elks players


Chester is an unincorporated community located in Choctaw County, Mississippi, United States, nine miles northwest of Ackerman.

History
Chester was named after Chester, South Carolina and was made the county seat of Choctaw County in 1874.

Chester was the sole county seat from 1874 until 1887. During this period of time, Chester was a prosperous town with many businesses, lawyers, and doctors located around the town square. This changed, however, in 1883, when the Canton, Aberdeen, and Nashville Railroad was completed through Choctaw County. The railroad ran through Choctaw County several miles south of Chester, and many residents of the community moved to live closer to the railroad.

In 1887, a second county courthouse was erected in Ackerman, which was located on the new railroad. Chester then became the seat of the First Judicial District of Choctaw County, while Ackerman held the Second Judicial District. Chester continued to decline, however, and on August 23, 1922, the voters of Choctaw County by a margin of 1,307 to 232 voted to consolidate the two judicial districts, ending Chester's role as a county seat of Choctaw.  The courthouse was used as a school until it burned in 1928. Chester is now a small, unincorporated community with few residents and almost no business near the old town square, though there is an active Baptist church (Chester Baptist Church) located in the area.

A post office operated under the name Chester from 1876 to 1959.

The Red Hills Mine (a reclaimed open-pit lignite mine) opened nearby in 1998, with the first excavation in 1999. Coal from the mine feeds the Red Hills Power Plant, which supplies electricity to the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA).

References

Bibliography

Unincorporated communities in Choctaw County, Mississippi
Unincorporated communities in Mississippi


The 356th Airlift Squadron is a United States Air Force Reserve squadron, assigned to the 433d Operations Group Air Force Reserve Command, stationed at Kelly Field Annex, Joint Base San Antonio, Texas. The 356th is a C-5M Super Galaxy Formal Training Unit.

The squadron was first activated in 1942 as the 356th Bombardment Squadron, and served as a training unit until the spring of 1944, when it was inactivated in a reorganization of training units by the Army Air Forces.  It was activated again as a Boeing B-29 Superfortress unit.  It deployed to the Pacific in the spring of 1945 and participated in the strategic bombing campaign against Japan, earning a Distinguished Unit Citation.  After V-J Day, the squadron remained in the Pacific until 1946, when it was inactivated.

The squadron was redesignated the 356th Troop Carrier Squadron and activated in the military reserve force in 1949, but was inactivated a few months later.  When the reserves resumed flying operations after the Korean War, the squadron was activated again in 1952.  It served continuously in the reserve until 2006, being mobilized during the Cuban Missile Crisis.  It was activated in its current role in 2007.

Mission
The squadron operates the Air Force Reserve's only Formal Training Unit providing initial and advanced C-5 flight qualification for Air Mobility Command, Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve Command aircrews.

History

World War II

Bombardment training unit
Constituted 356 Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 28 January 1942. Activated with B-24 bombers on 1 June 1942 at Geiger Field, WA. Moved to; Davis-Monthan Field, AZ, 23 Jun 1942 and trained aircrews for bombardment missions. Relocated to Wendover Field, UT, 30 Jul 1942; Pueblo AAB, CO, 30 Sep 1942; Davis-Monthan Field, AZ, 1 Dec 1942; Clovis, NM, 29 Jan 1943; Langley Field, VA, 17 Dec 1943 & Chatham AAFld, GA, 27 Jan-10 Apr 1944. Operating B-17, 1944; B-29, 1945-1946. Inactivated on 10 April 1944.

Combat in the Pacific
Redesignated as a Boeing B-29 Superfortress very heavy bombardment Squadron under Second Air Force on 7 April 1944 at Dalhart Army Air Field, Texas. Initially equipped with Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses for training, due to shortage of B-29 Superfortresses. Moved to McCook Army Air Field, Nebraska, in August 1944 and equipped with B-29B limited production aircraft.

After completion of training deployed to Central Pacific Area, assigned to XXI Bomber Command, Northwest Field (Guam) for operational missions.  B-29Bs were standard production aircraft stripped of most defensive guns to increase speed and bomb load, The tail gun was aimed and fired automatically by the new AN/APG-15B radar fire control system that detected the approaching enemy plane and made all the necessary calculations.

Mission of the squadron was the strategic bombardment of the Japanese Home Islands.  Entered combat on 16 June 1945 with a bombing raid against an airfield on Moen. Flew first mission against the Japanese home islands on 26 June 1945 and afterwards operated principally against the enemy's petroleum industry.  Flew primarily low-level, fast attacks at night using a mixture of high-explosive and incendiary bombs to attack targets.

Flew last combat mission on 15 August 1945, later flew in "Show of Force" mission on 2 September 1945 over Tokyo Bay during formal Japanese Surrender. Inactivated on Guam 15 April 1946, personnel returned to the United States and aircraft sent to storage in Southwest United States.

Reserve operations
It trained for Douglas C-54 Skymaster airlift operations from 1949–1950 and for troop carrier missions from 1952–1967.  The squadron airlifted troops and their equipment during the Cuban Missile Crisis, October–November 1962.  From 1970–1971 the squadron trained for special operations.

Between 1971 and 2006 it trained for and flew airlift missions, participating in exercises, supporting unit deployments, taking part in special assignment airlift missions, and rotating periodically to Panama.  The 356th supported liberation of Kuwait in 1991.  It converted from tactical to strategic aircraft and was renamed 356 Airlift Squadron in 1992. Operating C-141 Starlifters between 1992-2006 and provided strategic airlift until 30 June 2006 when the squadron was inactivated. Activated in the Reserve on 9 January 2007.

Since 2007 the 356th has conducted air crew training for the Lockheed C-5 Galaxy. The final C-5A Galaxy aircraft (tail number 70-0448) departed Kelly Field on September 28, 2016. The first of the eight Lockheed Martin C-5M Super Galaxy aircraft, arrived June 2016.

Operations and decorations
 Combat Operations: Combat in Western Pacific, 23 Jun-14 Aug 1945. Airlifted troops and their equipment during the Cuban missile crisis, Oct–Nov 1962. Vietnam War; Supported liberation of Kuwait in 1991.
 Campaigns: Air Offensive, Japan; Eastern Mandates; Western Pacific. Southwest Asia: Liberation and Defense of Kuwait; Operation Desert Shield
 Decorations: Distinguished Unit Citation, Japan 6–13 Jul 1945 Air Force Outstanding Unit Award: 1 Jan 1977 – 31 Dec 1978; 1 Oct 1999 – 30 Sep 2001. Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm, 14 Feb-11 Mar 1968.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 356 Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 28 January 1942
 Activated on 1 June 1942
 Inactivated on 10 April 1944
 Redesignated 356 Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy on 27 June 1944
 Activated on 7 July 1944
 Inactivated on 15 April 1946
 Redesignated 356 Troop Carrier Squadron, Medium on 16 May 1949
 Activated in the reserve on 27 June 1949
 Inactivated on 28 January 1950
 Activated in the reserve on 14 June 1952
 Ordered to active service on 28 October 1962
 Relieved from active service on 28 November 1962
 Redesignated 356 Tactical Airlift Squadron on 1 July 1967
 Redesignated 356 Special Operations Squadron on 25 June 1970
 Redesignated 356 Tactical Airlift Squadron on 26 July 1971
 Redesignated 356 Airlift Squadron on 1 February 1992
 Inactivated on 30 June 2006
 Activated in the reserve on 9 January 2007

Assignments
 302d Bombardment Group, 1 June 1942 – 10 April 1944
 331st Bombardment Group, 7 July 1944 – 15 April 1946
 302d Troop Carrier Group, 27 June 1949 – 28 January 1950
 302d Troop Carrier Group, 14 June 1952
 302d Troop Carrier Wing, 14 April 1959
 907th Troop Carrier Group (later 907th Tactical Airlift Group, 907th Special Operations Group, 907th Tactical Airlift Group), 11 February 1963
 302d Tactical Airlift Wing, 1 September 1975
 907th Tactical Airlift Group (later 907 Airlift Group), 1 April 1981
 907th Operations Group, 1 August 1992
 445th Operations Group, 1 October 1994 – 30 June 2006
 433d Operations Group, 9 January 2007– present

Bases stationed

 Geiger Field, Washington, 1 June 1942
 Davis–Monthan Field, Arizona, 23 June 1942
 Wendover Field, Utah, 30 July 1942
 Pueblo Army Air Base, Colorado, 30 September 1942
 Davis–Monthan Field, Arizona, 1 December 1942
 Clovis Army Air Field, New Mexico, 29 January 1943
 Langley Field, Virginia, 17 December 1943
 Chatham Army Air Field, Georgia, 27 January–10 April 1944

 Dalhart Army Air Field, Texas, 7 July 1944
 McCook Army Air Field, Nebraska, 22 November 1944 – 8 April 1945
 Northwest Field (Guam), Mariana Islands, 12 May 1945 – 15 April 1946
 McChord Air Force Base, Washington, 27 June 1949 – 28 January 1950
 Clinton County Air Force Base, Ohio, 14 June 1952
 Lockbourne Air Force Base (later Rickenbacker Air Force Base, Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base), Ohio, 26 July 1971
 Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1 April 1993 – 30 June 2006
 Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, 9 January 2007 – present

Aircraft

 Consolidated B-24 Liberator (1942–1944)
 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress (1944)
 Boeing B-29B Superfortress (1945–1946)
 Douglas C-54 Skymaster (1949–1950)
 Curtiss C-46 Commando (1952–1957)
 Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar (1956–1973)

 Fairchild C-123 Provider (1972–1981)
 Lockheed C-130 Hercules (1981–1992)
 Lockheed C-141 Starlifter (1992–2006)
 Lockheed C-5 Galaxy (2007–2016)
 Lockheed C-5M Super Galaxy (2016 - Present)

References

Notes
 Explanatory notes

 Citations

Bibliography

External links
356th Airlift Squadron Fact Page

Military units and formations in Texas
356


Eat the rich is a slogan used in opposition to the wealthy class which has been used in various times.

Music
 "Eat the Rich", a 1978 song by British Lions from the self-titled album
 "Eat the Rich", a 1983 song by Krokus from the album Headhunter
 "Eat the Rich", a 1986 song by Tysondog from the album Crimes of Insanity
 "Eat the Rich" (Motörhead song), a 1987 song composed for the Peter Richardson film of the same name
 "Eat the Rich" (Aerosmith song), a 1993 song
 "Eating the Rich” a 1994 song by The Lowest of the Low from the album Hallucigenia
 "Eat the Rich", a 2000 song by Fozzy from the self-titled album
 Eat the Rich, a 2014 album by State of Mind
 "Eat Rich", a 2014 song by Busdriver, from the album Perfect Hair

Other uses
 Eat the Rich (film), a 1987 film directed by Peter Richardson
 Eat the Rich (book), a 1998 book by P. J. O'Rourke
 The Eat the Rich Gang, a political group involved in Fifth Estate, a radical journal produced in Detroit


Fútbol Sala García is a futsal club based in Santa Coloma de Gramenet, city of the province of Barcelona in the autonomous community of Catalonia.

The club was founded in 1975 and her pavilion is Pavelló Nou with capacity of 2,200 seaters.

The club's main sponsor is Catgas Energia.

History
Marfil Santa Coloma was founded in 1975 as Fútbol Sala Indústrias García. In 1999, they reach the finals of División of Honor. In 2001, the club was very close to be wound up. But in 2001, a local entrepreneur, Alfonso García, owner of Marfil Alella wineries, bought the club, and renamed him as Fútbol Sala Marfil Santa Coloma.

During 2001–2015 period, the club was named FS Marfil Santa Coloma, but in summer 2015 changed its official naming to FS García.

Club names
FS Industrias García - (1975–2001)
FS Marfil Santa Coloma - (2001–2015)
FS García - (2015– present)

Season to season

25 seasons in Primera División
3 seasons in Segunda División

Current squad

Notable players
 Óscar Redondo

References

External links
Official website
Profile at LNFS.es

Futsal clubs in Catalonia
Santa Coloma de Gramenet
Futsal clubs established in 1975
1975 establishments in Spain


Bovelles (; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Bovelles is situated on the D97 road, some  west of Amiens.

Population

History
 1750 : Construction of the château, the residence of Général de Gribeauval, inventor of a cannon.
 Temporarily chef-lieu of the canton during the French Revolution.

 1870 : Consecration of the new church.
 1940 : Evacuated during the German occupation
 January 2004 : Bovelles joined the Communauté d'agglomération Amiens Métropole.

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

External links

 Official website
 Marc Roussel personal site
 Parish website (22 communes), by l'Abbé Jean-Pierre Dalibot

Communes of Somme (department)


"Better in Time" is a song recorded by English singer Leona Lewis for her debut studio album Spirit (2007). It was written by J. R. Rotem and Andrea Martin and was produced by Rotem. Lyrically, the song tells the story of a woman who cannot forget her ex-partner, and who knows that "it will all get better in time". It was released as the second single from Spirit on 10 March 2008, as a double A-side with "Footprints in the Sand", by Syco Music and J Records.

Critically acclaimed, "Better in Time" was nominated for the Brit Award for British Single. It peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart, reaching the top ten in Australia, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Italy and New Zealand. Lewis promoted the song on several live television programmes, such as Good Morning America, Live with Regis and Kelly, and on the 2008 American Music Awards, also being included on the set list of her debut concert tour The Labyrinth (2010). The song's accompanying music video was directed by Sophie Muller at the Hampton Court House School in London in February 2008, and shows Lewis performing in front of several photographic set-ups and events behind the scenes.

Composition and release

"Better in Time" is a pop and R&B song set in common time composed in a moderate tempo of eighty beats per minute, in the key of G flat major with a vocal range from the tone of C4 to the note of B5. The song has a sequence of G–Bm–Em–G/D–C as its chord progression. Lyrically the song talks about someone who cannot forget her ex-partner, and at the end the protagonist knows that "it will all get better in time". Andrea Martin and J. R. Rotem wrote the song, and Rotem composed and produced it. On 29 January 2008, Lewis announced on her website that "Better in Time", along with "Footprints in the Sand", would be released as a double A-side single on 10 March 2008, as her third single in the United Kingdom, with 2008 Sport Relief, a biennial charity organised by Comic Relief and BBC Sport, selecting "Footprints in the Sand" as their official single. It was also her second international single. A new remix of the song was created for the single release. The double A-side was released with another song, "You Bring Me Down", as a B-side.

Critical reception

"Better in Time" received generally positive reviews from music critics. In his review of the album, Chung Ah-young of The Korea Times described the single as "one of the best tracks [on the album] with impressive piano sounds harmonized with [Lewis] powerful vocals". Alex Fletcher from Digital Spy gave a mixed review to the double A-side. He called the single a "placid affair" with "its plinky-plonky piano and R&B groove resting uncomfortably next to Lewis's creamy vocal style". The BBC's reviewer Fraser McAlpine gave "Better in Time" three stars out of five commenting that "The tune's quite nice, fairly hummable without ever actually going anywhere and despite the floaty, Mariah-esque qualities of Leona's vocals, it never goes completely mental in the throat-breakdancing department".

Chuck Taylor of Billboard gave a positive review, stating that the song is of "equal caliber to its predecessor ["Bleeding Love"], with a one-listen hook, elegant chug-along melody, a lyric about healing and Lewis' unquestionably emotive vocal versatility". Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe called it a "love takes time' rumination", and along with another song of the album ("I Will Be"), described it as "predictable". Sean Fennessey for Vibe noted that the track "is the best thing [on the album], is mannered and takes nearly three minutes to get off the ground". It ranked at number four on the "10 Best Singles of 2008" list by American magazine Entertainment Weekly. "Better in Time" was nominated at the 2009 BRIT Awards in the category of Best British Single, and later the song was included on the awards' compilation album.

Chart performance

The double A-side "Better in Time" and "Footprints in the Sand" debuted at number 74 on the UK Singles Chart on 1 March 2008; rising 36 places, it debuted in the top 40 the following week, at number 38. On its fourth week, the song reached its peak position at number two, selling 40,476 copies and being beaten to the number one spot by Duffy's "Mercy". With this it became the third single by Lewis to reach the top five in the country. "Better in Time" and "Footprints in the Sand" was certified as silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). In the Australian charts, "Better in Time" debuted at number 32 on 27 April 2008, reaching the top ten two weeks later, her second single to achieve this feat. On 25 May 2008 the single reached its peak position, at number six, and remained within the top fifty for eighteen weeks. The song was later certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). It debuted at number 34 on New Zealand's RIANZ Chart on 17 March 2008, eventually reaching number nine after five weeks, and by its seventh week had climbed to number six, thereby becoming her second consecutive top ten hit in the country. "Better in Time" and "Footprints in the Sand" debuted in the German charts on 16 June 2008 at number five. Although it fell out the top ten the following week, it managed to reach the top five in the issue ending 27 July 2010, and rose to its peak position, at number two, in subsequent days. "Better in Time" entered the German chart on 22 February 2009 at number seventy-nine, where it stayed for three weeks. It achieved a gold certification by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI). In Denmark "Better in Time" entered the charts at number twenty-nine on 9 May 2008, and managed to rise twenty-three places in the next two weeks. On 6 June 2008 the single reached its peak position, number three. Next week, it fell out two places, but it retook its peak the following issue, and the song continued in this position for three weeks.

"Better in Time" and "Footprints in the Sand" debuted and peaked at number eight on the European Hot 100 Singles in the issue ending 29 March 2008, becoming the highest debut of the week. Moreover, "Better in Time" was also a success in the chart, the single eventually reached number seven on the chart in the week ending 2 August 2008. In Switzerland, the single entered at number thirteen, becoming the highest release of the week. On 27 July 2008, its ninth week, it reached its peak position at number five, becoming Lewis's second top five in the country. It managed to stay within the top ten for eleven weeks and it was last seen in the chart on 22 March 2009, forty-two weeks after its debut. In the week ending 26 April 2008, "Better in Time" debuted at number sixty-two on the Billboard Hot 100, in the same week that her previous single, "Bleeding Love", topped the chart. Next week it dropped out of the chart but later re-entered the Hot 100 at number seventy-five, becoming the best comeback of the week. The song reached its peak position at number eleven on its fourteenth week, where it stayed for another week. In other charts of the United States, "Better in Time" peaked at number four on the Adult Top 40, ninety-nine on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, three at the Mainstream Top 40, and at number four on the Adult Contemporary chart, where it spent fifty-two weeks on the chart. The single became the seventeenth best-selling single of 2008 in Austria, as well as the twenty-second in Germany and Switzerland, the thirty-sixth in New Zealand, the thirty-seventh in the UK, the fifty-fifth of Australia, the sixty-fourth in the Netherlands, and the seventy-second in Flanders, a region in Belgium.

Music video and promotion

The music video was filmed at Hampton Court House School in London by the British director Sophie Muller in February 2008, and was released at the end of the same month. The video is inspired by fashion design, with Lewis performing in front of "unrelated photographic set-ups", and shows what goes on behind the scenes. In some parts of the video Lewis is shown with a horse.

Lewis first performed the song live on the television programme Dancing on Ice on 9 March 2008. Lewis also performed both sides of the single on BBC One's Sport Relief on 14 March 2008, Good Morning America on 4 April 2008, and on the Jimmy Kimmel Live! show along with "Bleeding Love". On 3 September 2008 Lewis performed the song on Live with Regis and Kelly, and on 1 October 2008 on the season finale of America's Got Talent. The song was featured in the 90210 episode "Lucky Strike", originally aired on 9 September 2008. On 24 November 2008, Lewis performed the song at the 2008 American Music Awards. In May 2010, the song was added to the setlist of her The Labyrinth tour, performed as the fourth song of the show. "Better in Time" was included on the tour's live album and Blu-ray The Labyrinth Tour Live from The O2, released on 29 November 2010. In 2011, Lewis performed a reggae version of the song at BBC Radio 1 segment Live Lounge, where she mashed up the single with "Man Down", a song by Rihanna. It is also one of thirty-eight songs included on the benefit album Songs for Japan, a compilation album released in response to the aftermath of the 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Tōhoku, Japan), released on 25 March 2011. "Better in Time" was used in the American television series Pretty Little Liars, for the second season finale "unmAsked", in the masquerade ball scene. In 2013, Lewis performed the song along with "Man Down" during her Glassheart Tour.

Track listings and formats

Australian Maxi single and UK Sport Relief CD single
"Better in Time" – 3:55
"Footprints in the Sand" – 4:09
"You Bring Me Down" – 3:54

CD single (Syco), CD single (RCA), Maxi single, and Swiss CD single
"Better in Time" (Single Mix) – 3:55
"Footprints in the Sand" (Single Mix) – 3:58

German Premium single
"Better in Time" (Single Mix) – 3:55
"Footprints in the Sand" (Single Mix) – 3:58
"Bleeding Love" (Moto Blanco Remix Radio Edit) – 3:40
"Better in Time" (Video) – 3:58

Sony single; Swiss Maxi single
"Better in Time" (Single Mix) – 3:55
"Footprints in the Sand" (Single Mix) – 3:58
"Bleeding Love" (Moto Blanco Remix Radio Edit) – 3:40

Credits and personnel

"Better in Time"
Leona Lewis – vocals
J. R. Rotem – instruments, musical arranger, writer and producer
Greg Ogan – recorder
Andrea Martin – writer
Vlado Meller – mastering
Serban Ghenea – mixer
Lyndell Fraser – Pro–tools engineer
Tim Roberts – Pro–tools engineer assistant

"You Bring Me Down"
Leona Lewis – vocals, writer
Salaam Remi – bass, piano, drums, writer
Vincent Henry – saxophone, flute, clarinet
Bruce Purse – trumpet, bass trumpet, flugelhorn
Vlado Meller – mastering
Manny Marroquin – mixer
Taj Jackson – vocal producer, writer
Gleyder "Gee" Disla – recorder
Franklin "Esoses" Socorro – recorder

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

References

Notes

External links

2000s ballads
2007 songs
2008 singles
Charity singles
Leona Lewis songs
Music videos directed by Sophie Muller
Pop ballads
Contemporary R&B ballads
Song recordings produced by J. R. Rotem
Songs written by Andrea Martin (musician)
Songs written by J. R. Rotem
Comic Relief singles
Number-one singles in Scotland
Syco Music singles
J Records singles


Protozoa

New taxa

Fungi

newly named

Plants

Newly named plants

Arthropoda

newly named arachnids

Newly named insects

Newly named fishes

Newly named amphibians

Reptile

Archosauromorphs

Newly named dinosaurs
Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.

Pterosaurs

New taxa

Other archosauromorphs

Newly named birds

Plesiosaurs

New taxa

Synapsids

Non-mammalian

Other Animals

References

2000s in paleontology
Paleontology


The Hunua electorate existed three times for the New Zealand House of Representatives beginning in 1978, based at the south end of the Auckland urban area, and named for the Hunua Ranges. It covered different geographical areas over those periods. The electorate was last represented by Andrew Bayly of the National Party before its dissolution in 2020.

Population centres
The 1977 electoral redistribution was the most overtly political since the Representation Commission had been established through an amendment to the Representation Act in 1886, initiated by Muldoon's National Government. As part of the 1976 census, a large number of people failed to fill out an electoral re-registration card, and census staff had not been given the authority to insist on the card being completed. This had little practical effect for people on the general roll, but it transferred Māori to the general roll if the card was not handed in. Together with a northward shift of New Zealand's population, this resulted in five new electorates having to be created in the upper part of the North Island. The electoral redistribution was very disruptive, and 22 electorates were abolished, while 27 electorates were newly created (including Hunua) or re-established. These changes came into effect for the .

Population centres of the original electorate included Cockle Bay in the north-west, East Tāmaki in the west, the settlement of Hunua itself, Mangatāwhiri in the south, and Kaiaua in the east. The electorate existed for two parliamentary periods until the 1983 electoral redistribution, when boundary changes forced its abolition ahead of the 1984 election. The north-west corner went to the newly established  electorate, and the remaining part was absorbed by the reconstituted  electorate.

History
The 1978 election was notable in that Labour candidate Malcolm Douglas held an election night majority of 301 votes. However, National candidate Winston Peters claimed irregularities in the vote, and in a 24 May 1979 ruling, a Court-ordered recount resulted in 500 votes being re-classed as informal, giving Peters a majority of 192. Peters was declared elected as of election night.

The electorate was re-created due to the  change to mixed-member proportional (MMP) voting and the resulting reduction in the number of constituencies. The second historical Hunua electorate contained a selection of dormitory towns in south Auckland, of which Papakura was the largest. The Hunua electorate was abolished again in 2002 and replaced by .

The electorate was established again for the . The new Hunua electorate was based around the southern and eastern fringes of the Auckland region, and contained the Franklin District towns of Pukekohe, Waiuku, Bombay, as well as Clevedon, Whitford and Maraetai from eastern Manukau.  The resurrected Hunua electorate officially replaced the redrawn and renamed electorate of Port Waikato.

Hunua was abolished again for the 2020 general election, with the eastern half being incorporated into , a small section around Ormiston and Mission Heights becoming part of the new  electorate, and the western half being merged into a recreated .

Members of Parliament
Key

List MPs
Members of Parliament elected from party lists in elections where that person also unsuccessfully contested the Hunua electorate. Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at general elections.

Election results

2017 election

2014 election

2011 election

Electorate (as at 26 November 2011): 47,215

2008 election

1999 election

1996 election

1981 election

1978 election

Table footnotes

Notes

References

Historical electorates of New Zealand
Politics of the Auckland Region
1978 establishments in New Zealand
1984 disestablishments in New Zealand
1996 establishments in New Zealand
2002 disestablishments in New Zealand
2008 disestablishments in New Zealand


Paul Gilmore (1873 – 1962) was a popular stage actor of the late 19th and early 20th centuries who also appeared in no fewer than 10 silent films. Additionally, he owned and managed for many years the Cherry Lane Theatre in New York City – giving work to such future stars as Robert Walker Sr., Jennifer Jones and Carl Reiner. In his declining years, he and his daughter, Virginia, operated the Gilmore Summer Stock Theatre in Duluth, Minnesota.

Early career
Paul Howard Gilmore was born July 14, 1873, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His parents intended him to pursue a law career, but as a teenager Gilmore developed an interest in acting when he performed in amateur plays at Milwaukee's Grand Opera House, which was owned by his successful publisher father. Theatrical producer Jacob Litt saw Gilmore perform and, in 1891, offered him a role in his traveling show, The Ensign. On a lark, Gilmore accepted, intending to stay with the company for a few weeks and then return home to study law. He never did, instead continuing to perform with Litt's players in a number of successful productions that included Uncle Tom's Cabin and In Old Kentucky.

Gilmore quickly rose to leading man status. His clean-cut features, expressive brown eyes and shock of dark, wavy hair netted him many romantic roles, and his penchant for fine attire earned him a reputation as “the youngest, best-dressed leading man on the American stage.". By 1896 he had left Litt's Players and gained stature with Charles Frohman in plays such as The Wife, Americans Abroad and Sweet Lavender.

Film pioneer
In addition to his stage work, Gilmore participated in the early development of motion pictures in the United States. Starting in 1897, he performed short "character studies" on film for the American Mutuoscope Company (later to become the Biograph Company) and performed for Thomas Alva Edison's company on a number of short (less than 60-second) works that included A Pillow Fight, The Vanishing Lady, The Miser, Herman the Great and Caught In the Act.. He also claimed to have appeared in one Edison feature, The Artist's Model, in 1918, but is not listed as one of the principal actors.

On June 17, 1897, Gilmore married Regina Cooper, the daughter of millionaire wagon maker A.A. Cooper of Dubuque, Iowa, Two years later, on Sept. 9, 1899, Gilmore's wife delivered twins – a boy and a girl. Regina Cooper Gilmore died of heart failure two days after giving birth. Gilmore allowed A. A. Cooper to assume custody of the children, give them the Cooper surname and raise them, while he continued to tour.

Gilmore's son, Paul Gilmore Cooper, died in 1918 after leaping off a train on which he had hitched a ride. When Gilmore's daughter, Regina, reached maturity, she joined her father in New York, adopted the stage name of Virginia, and assisted him in his theatrical work for the rest of his life.

Near-fatal accident
Three months after the death of his wife, Gilmore was nearly killed in a production of The Musketeers in Phoenix, Arizona. On Dec. 16, 1899, Gilmore and two other actors were critically wounded when they were shot with live rounds that had accidentally been loaded into a stage pistol. Gilmore received six wounds, the most serious in his legs. Gilmore was at first not expected to live; when he did, doctors gave him little chance of being able to return to the stage. A bullet was removed from his knee in March 1900, after which he began to recover. By October of that year, he was again on the road, appearing in Under the Red Robe.

Actor Lewis Monroe died of lockjaw a month after the accident as the result of a bullet wound to the hand.

Middle career
Gilmore reached full star status in late 1900 with his performance in The Dawn of Freedom at the Fourteenth Street Theatre in New York City. He performed relentlessly all over the country in scores of plays, often in roles that portrayed him as a swashbuckling lover. Audiences flocked to see him in productions such as Captain Debonnaire, The Mummy and the Hummingbird and The Boys of Company B.

Gilmore married Mary A. Goodwin in 1901 and was divorced from her in January 1909. In November of that year, he married actress Ethel Elizabeth Cauley, while on tour in Staunton, Virginia.

In addition to operating his own touring stage company and acting in productions throughout the United States, Gilmore began making feature films in 1915. By 1920, he had starred or had major roles in nine movies and accumulated more than $225,000 in cash and tangible assets, including  of land on Anna Maria Island in Florida. It was here that he hoped to build a movie colony – Paul Gilmore’s Oriental Film City – that would rival Hollywood. He and his fourth wife, Pickett Gilmore, were principal officers in the company.

Gilmore and Albert Plummer of Character Pictures began filming the South Seas adventure, The Isle of Destiny, in the spring of 1920, on Anna Maria Island. Gilmore pumped huge amounts of his own cash into the production, footing the bill for the importation by boat (there was no serviceable road or bridge to the island) of cars, horses and some 200 actors.

The Isle of Destiny, a six-reeler, performed well when it premiered in New York theaters, and Gilmore planned at least two other films for production on Anna Maria Island. But his speculations in real estate failed, and Gilmore lost all his assets and most of his cash. He  returned to New York City, where he settled in Greenwich Village over a tobacco warehouse that he would transform into the Paul Gilmore Cherry Lane Theatre. Divorced from his fourth wife by the 1930s, he was joined in New York by his daughter, and together they ran the small venue and starred in many of its productions.

Final years
In 1948, the Gilmores moved to Duluth, Minnesota, where they established the Gilmore Comedy Theatre in a 40- by  Quonset hut they constructed along Lake Superior. The theater opened on July 14, 1949, with a production of This Thing Called Love. Gilmore operated the theater until age and declining health forced him to sell it in 1955.

Gilmore and his daughter retired to Dubuque, Iowa, where they resided at 418 Raymond Place. Gilmore died while wintering in Palm Springs, Florida, on Dec. 29, 1962, at the age of 89. He is buried in Mt. Olivet Cemetery in Key West, Iowa.

Regina Cooper Gilmore died in Dubuque on Sept. 22, 1981. Upon her death, the Gilmore estate, which was valued in excess of $1 million, was divided among relatives and the church, Catholic charities and Saint Raphael's Cathedral.

Filmography

Feature films
 The Isle of Destiny (1920) .... Jim Stafford
 The Mad Woman (1919)
 The Artist's Model (1918)
 The Shrine of Happiness (1916) .... Ted Clark
 The House of Mystery (1926)
 The Other Girl (1920) .... Rev. Clifton Bradford
 Rosemary (1915) .... Capt. William Westwood
 A Woman's Wiles (1915)
 The Penitentes (1915) .... Colonel Juan Raca
 The Lost Secret (1915)
 The Conjurer's House (19??)

Edison/Biograph Shorts
 The Pillow Fight (1897)
 The Vanishing Lady (1897)
 The Miser (1897)
 Herman the Great (1897)
 Caught In the Act (1897)
 The Waiter (1898)

References

American male silent film actors
19th-century American male actors
American male stage actors
20th-century American male actors
1873 births
1962 deaths
Male actors from Milwaukee


British–Polish relations are the bilateral relations between the countries of United Kingdom and Poland. Exchanges between the two countries date back to medieval times, when Britain and Poland, then one of Europe's largest countries, were linked by trade and diplomacy. As a result of the 18th-century Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by its neighbours, the number of Polish immigrants to Britain increased in the aftermath of two 19th-century uprisings (November Uprising of 1831 and January Uprising of 1863) which forced much of Poland's social and political elite into exile. A number of Polish exiles fought in the Crimean War on the British side.

The number of Poles in the UK increased during the Second World War. Most of the Polish people who came to the United Kingdom at that time comprised military units reconstituted outside Poland after the German and Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, which marked the beginning of World War II. On 3 September 1939, Britain and France, which were allied with Poland, declared war on Germany. Poland moved its government abroad, first to France and, after its fall in May 1940, to London. The Poles contributed greatly to the Allied war effort and the Polish Air Force pilots played a conspicuous role in the Battle of Britain and the Polish army formed in Britain later fought during Operation Overlord. The Polish Government in Exile, though denied majority international recognition after 1945, remained at its post in London until formally dissolved in 1991, after a democratically elected president had taken office in Warsaw.

Currently, both countries are NATO and OECD members and allies. Since the European Union's 2004 enlargement, a significant number of Poles emigrated to the United Kingdom and now constitute one of the largest ethnic minorities in the country.

Comparison

History

15th century
According to the Polish historian Oskar Halecki, there was a piece of correspondence by King Henry V of England to Władysław II Jagiełło, King of Poland and Grand-Duke of Lithuania requesting his assistance against France in the Hundred Years' War. English–Polish relations had continued in the following years largely in the area of commerce, and diplomacy.  The 16th century saw the height of early modern diplomatic relations between Poland-Lithuania and England. When Queen Mary I of England and King Philip II of Spain were married in 1554, Krzysztof Warszewicki was present to attend and witness their wedding.  Warszewicki was at the time of the Tudor-Habsburg marriage page to Ferdinand, King of the Romans. According to Norman Davies, Warszewicki later became a notable Polish diplomat. The English Eastland Company, founded in 1579, fostered trade between England and Poland.

After the death of Queen Mary I, her sister, Elizabeth I, ascended to the English throne.  Unlike her Catholic sister, Queen Elizabeth I was a Protestant and gave her support to the Dutch cause against their Spanish Habsburg overlords in the Eighty Years' War. With the English and the Dutch at war with the Spaniards, the conflict adversely affected the Spanish trade with the Polish port city of Gdańsk as British and Dutch navies' privateers would seize Spanish vessels, including those sailing for Poland. It and, by extension, the city of Gdańsk sent Paweł Działyński to the Dutch and the English to persuade them to stop their attacks against Spanish ships headed for Gdańsk. However, as Norman Davies writes, Działyński was overly direct and blunt by threatening the Dutch and the English with an embargo of their merchants and goods. Queen Elizabeth I responded with an equally-blunt response, and Działyński's mission ultimately failed.

In the 17th century, 20 Scottish traders formed the foundation of a successful Scottish colony in Poland. The Scots were referred by Davies as "British Trading Agents".

18th century

As the 18th century dawned, the sun was setting slowly over the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Saxon Kings of Poland–Lithuania had largely neglected Poland's diplomatic relations during this period, as they preferred to conduct their diplomatic affairs from Saxony.  That, however, did not stop the conducting of diplomatic relations with other European states. In 1744–1746, the British government concluded negotiations in a treaty between Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, Hungary and Poland-Lithuania. The multilateral agreement, which the Journal of the House of Commons calls "Treaty of Friendship and Alliance", came during the War of the Austrian Succession in which Britain fought on the side of Maria Theresa of Austria, the Queen of Hungary. Poland was a neutral power in the war and did not participate. However, as Saxony was a participant and the Elector of Saxony was the King of Poland, the treaty was signed and ratified in the name of the "Polish Republic".

With the death of Augustus III in late 1762, Stanisław August Poniatowski was elected to the Polish throne at the end of 1764. Although King George III mentioned the election of Stanisław August Poniatowski in His Majesty's most gracious speech to Parliament in 1765, his speeches to Parliament in 1772 and 1773 made no references to the 1772 First Partition of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria. He did not mention the Second Partition in his 1793 speech to Parliament or the Third and Final Partition in his 1795 speech to Parliament. In reaction to the decision of His Majesty's Government to make no diplomatic protests against the actions of Russia, Prussia, and Austria, the 18th- and 19th-century contemporaries in Britain on the European continent and scholars of Polish history have often made the conclusion that Britain was indifferent to the situation in Poland.

Although Britain seemed to be largely indifferent to the Partitions of Poland, many of Britain's political elites, including George III and Edmund Burke, voiced their concerns in their correspondences and publications about the partitions and the imbalance of power in Europe that they had created.

19th century
During the Congress of Vienna, Lord Castlereagh, British Foreign Secretary from 1812 to 1822, was a major proponent of restoration of Polish independence, but he later dropped that point to attain ground in areas on which the United Kingdom had greater interest.

In the 19th century, frosty British–Russian relations prompted more interest in an independent Poland from Britain. In the British populace too, sympathy for Poland and the other oppressed peoples of Europe was common.

20th century
Britain, along with its allies France and the United States, was crucial in securing Polish independence at the end of World War I in order to recruit national minorities against the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. During the Paris Peace Conference at the end of World War I, the British delegation under David Lloyd George opposed France and the United States's territorial concessions towards Poland as excessive and potentially provocative towards the Weimar Republic. Lloyd George was influential in making Danzig an autonomous city-state rather than a direct Polish territory, and also secured the Upper Silesia plebiscite. Another major point of disagreement was the point of its eastern borders.

During the Polish-Soviet War, the support of the British government was truly with Poland, but peace was by far the preferred option resulting in Lord Curzon's drawing of the Curzon Line as part of an attempted mediated peace. The agreement was not adopted in time, and Poland soon took the upper hand in the war pushing its border further to the east. Lloyd-George adopted a policy in which it would support Poland's defense against the Soviet Red Army west of the Curzon Line but would oppose attempts to reconquer its pre-Partition borders as its leader Józef Piłsudski desired.

During the 1920s and the early 1930s, British views of Poland were generally negative because of its expansionism and treatment of ethnic minorities. That was particularly the case from the British left. Overall, the right wing in Britain, meanwhile, held more neutral views of Poland because of its position as a buffer against the Soviet Union.

Poland's view of Britain was then generally ambivalent. France or even Germany was then the primary focus of British friendship and attempts to gain protection. The first Polish embassy in London was established only in 1929.

With the rise of the Nazi party in Germany, the British and the Poles began to see more of a point in friendly relations. On 31 March 1939, the British made a guarantee of independence to Poland.  On 25 August, an Anglo-Polish military alliance was signed. At first glance, that treaty was just a catch-all mutual assistance pact against the aggression of any other European nation, but a secret protocol attached to the agreement made clear that it was to defend Poland from Germany.

Second World War

After the German annexation of Czechoslovakia, Britain abandoned its foreign policy of appeasement and declared that an annexation of Poland would mean war. In March 1939, the British gave up on plans to avoid sending an army to the continent in the event of conflict with German and to rely on the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. Plan were put in place for eventually providing 32 divisions, starting with two Corp of two divisions each, within 33 days of mobilization.

After the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany in September 1939, Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September and honourings agreement signed with Poland, and a British naval blockade of Germany was initiated. On 4 September, an RAF raid against Kriegsmarine warships in Wilhelmshaven was undertaken, and the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) left the British to arrive in France, where it was immediately placed under French 1st Army Group and so it was stationed in the defensive line on the French/Belgium border. In September 1939, however, the BEF had only two divisions, with severe shortages of modern equipment. By the end of September, it had doubled in size to four divisions, but severe equipment shortages continued. The divisions fulfilled the undertaking given for two Army Corps assembled in France 33 days after mobilization.

It had been decided that no major air operations against Germany would take place because of French concerns over reprisals on RAF launches from French airfields, against targets in Germany and so most British bomber activity over Germany was the dropping of propaganda leaflets and reconnaissance. That theme would continue in meetings of the Anglo-French Supreme War Council meetings until 1940.

The Polish government-in-exile was based in London since 1940. During the war, 250,000 Polish people served with British forces taking part in many key campaigns. A twelfth of all pilots in the Battle of Britain were Polish. Poles were among the prisoners of German forced labour camps in the occupied Channel Islands, and British prisoners of war were among Allied POWs held in German POW camps and forced labour subcamps operated in occupied Poland. The Polish resistance movement helped British POWs escape from German POW camps, gave shelter to POWs who had escaped from German POW camps and forced labor camps, and organized their escapes either by sea to neutral Sweden or by land through Hungary to southeastern Europe.

Gibraltar was the site of the 1943 Gibraltar Liberator AL523 crash, in which General Władysław Sikorski, the commander-in-chief of the Polish Army and Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile, was killed. The crash was officially ruled to have been an accident, however, there are many controversies and theories surrounding it.

During the Yalta Conference and the postwar alteration of Poland's borders, British-Polish relations hit a low because of Britain was perceived to have compromised over Poland's fate so readily. Poland saw that in a particularly negative light because of its large contribution to the war effort and its sacrifices.

After the war, many Polish servicemen remained in Britain and further numbers of refugees arrived in the country.

Cold War
At first, British relations to Soviet-occupied Polish People's Republic were largely neutral with some sections of the far left even being supportive of the regime. The Polish government-in-exile remained in place at 43 Eaton Place, London, however, and no Poles were forced to return home.

During the Cold War, Poland retained a largely-negative view of Britain as part of the West. British efforts meanwhile were focused at trying to split Poland from the Warsaw Pact and encouraging reforms in the country.

After Cold War

In the 1990s and the 2000s, the newly-democratic Poland maintained close relations with Britain; both in defence matters and within the European Union. Britain was one of only a few countries to allow equal rights to Polish workers upon Polish accession in 2004 after which 375,000 Poles registered to work in Britain.

The results of the 2011 British census has shown that Polish is now the second most common spoken first language in Northern Ireland, after English, and surpassed Ulster Scots and Irish. Poland and the United Kingdom have staged several intergovernmental consultations, the last of which took place in December 2018 in London with Prime Ministers Theresa May and Mateusz Morawiecki and their cabinet members.

The United Kingdom is the largest importer of Polish goods outside the EU, and the third largest importer of Polish goods overall (as of 2019).

In December 2020, Poland sent medical and military personnel to help administer more than 15,000 COVID-19 tests to people who were stuck in a huge roadblock outside the English Channel in Kent, thus allowing them to enter France and relieving the traffic jam.

In November 2021, during the Belarus–European Union border crisis, the United Kingdom sent 150 British army Royal Engineers to support Poland's border security.

In response to the Russian military build-up proceeding the invasion, on 17 February 2022, the UK, Poland and Ukraine agreed a British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact to strengthen strategic cooperation between the three countries. In a poll published by Rating Group, Ukrainian respondents voted in favour of closer ties to Poland and the UK as opposed to NATO membership.

Resident diplomatic missions
 Poland has an embassy in London and consulates-general in Belfast, Edinburgh and Manchester.
 United Kingdom has an embassy in Warsaw.

See also
Embassy of Poland, London
List of Ambassadors from the United Kingdom to Poland
List of Ambassadors of Poland to the United Kingdom
Poles in the United Kingdom
Britons in Poland
Anglo-Polish military alliance
Anglo-Polish Radio ORLA.fm
United Kingdom–European Union relations
List of twin towns and sister cities in the United Kingdom
List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Notes

References

Further reading
 Horn, David Bayne. Great Britain and Europe in the eighteenth century (1967), covers 1603 to 1702; pp 201–36.
 Kaiser, David E. Economic Diplomacy and the Origins of the Second World War: Germany, Britain, France, and Eastern Europe, 1930–1939 (Princeton UP, 2015).
 Reddaway, W. F. "Great Britain and Poland 1762-72." Cambridge Historical Journal 4#3 (1934): 223–62. online.
The New Atlanticist: Poland's Foreign and Security Policy Priorities, pp. 80–84, by Kerry Longhurst and Marcin Zaborowski, from The Royal Institute of International Affairs, first published 2007 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.,  (hardback),  (paperback).

United Kingdom
Bilateral relations of the United Kingdom


Prolexic Technologies was a US-based provider of security solutions for protecting websites, data centers, and enterprise IP applications from Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks at the network, transport, and application layers. It operated a DDoS mitigation platform and a global network of traffic scrubbing centers. Real-time monitoring and mitigation services were provided by a 24/7 security operations control center (SOCC). Prolexic indicated its DDoS mitigation services make websites, data centers and enterprise IP applications harder to take down via DDoS attacks.

In February 2014, cybersecurity and cloud services company Akamai Technologies acquired Prolexic Technologies.

History
In 2003 Prolexic Technologies was founded by Barrett Lyon and was the subject of the book Fatal System Error by Joseph Menn.  Prolexic protects organizations in the following markets: airlines/hospitality, e-commerce, energy, financial services, gambling, gaming, public sector, and software as a service. Sony is said to be a customer of the company. Prolexic claims some of the largest banks as its clients.

In 2005, the company was named one of the 100 Hottest Private Companies in North America by Red Herring.

In 2011, Prolexic indicated it secured Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) level 2 compliance certification from the PCI Security Standards Council, which would speed the deployment of remediation for compliant organizations during encrypted Application Layer 7 DDoS attacks.

In 2011 Prolexic CEO Scott Hammack and President Stuart Scholly both joined the company.

Prolexic was acquired by Internet content delivery network Akamai Technologies in a $370 million deal completed in February 2014.

Financial history

In 2011, Prolexic completed two financing rounds led by Kennet Partners totaling $15.9 million.

In 2012, the company reported that in 2011 it achieved profitability and a compound annual growth rate of 45%.

In 2012 Baltimore private equity firm Camden Partners invested $6 million in the company, and American Trading and Production Corp invested $2 million as part of an $8 million Series B funding round. In the deal, Jason Tagler of Camden Partners joined the board of directors of Prolexic. Prolexic said it would use the Series B money to support staff and augment its network.

In 2013, Prolexic closed a US$30 million Series C funding round led by new investors Trident Capital and Intel Capital. Kennet Partners, Camden Partners and Medina Capital all took part in the funding round.

Partners
The company claims as partners BT Global Services, Datacraft, Grove IS, Internap, IP Converge, Level 3 Communications, Preventia, and Telstra.

Services
Prolexic provides three kinds of DDoS protection services to its clients: Monitoring and attack detection services, mitigation services that intercept attacks, and attack intelligence and post-attack intelligence services. In addition, Prolexic aggregates intelligence information and reports on active botnets and fraud-linked IP addresses.

The company opened its first network traffic scrubbing center in North America in 2003, in Europe in 2005, and in Asia in 2007. In 2012, the company’s traffic scrubbing capability was in excess of 500 Gbit/s of bandwidth and comprised multiple carriers in a distributed global network. The firm was said to be investing in the infrastructure to cope with up to 1.2Tbit/s peak traffic loads by the end of 2013.

Because many DDoS attacks are concerted efforts by sophisticated live attackers, Prolexic uses a combination of automated tools and human expertise as part of its services. In 2012, the company said it had successfully stopped all DDoS attacks affecting its clients to date, including attacks against application servers, such as Layer 4 (SYN floods) and Layer 7 attacks, as well as HTTP GET flood attacks, zero-day attacks, UDP/ICMP floods, TCP flag abuses, DNS reflection, and DNS attacks. Prolexic is said to have mitigated the largest DDoS attack of 2011, which involved 250,000 computers infected with malware.

The company’s service typically mitigates attacks within 5 to 20 minutes after a client's network traffic starts flowing through a scrubbing center. Prolexic mitigated more than 30,000 DDoS attacks from 2003–2011. In 2011, Prolexic mitigated 10 to 80 attacks daily.

DDoS mitigation
In 2012, hacktivism and vandalism were cited as the main inspiration for DDoS attacks, rather than extortion as in the past. This type of motivation is said to make any company a victim, not just high-profile organizations. Organizations of all sizes are said to be at risk of DDoS attacks, because the newer application-level attacks are more targeted than classic DDoS botnet attacks and don’t need as many resources to deploy. The cloud-based DDoS mitigation approach used by Prolexic employs technology to redirect traffic to the company’s DDoS mitigation service, scrub the traffic, and send only legitimate traffic to the client site. This attack mitigation approach is said to be lower-cost than the traditional approach of a company maintaining its own network firewall, making DDoS attack prevention an option for most firms doing business on the web.

See also
 Denial-of-service attack
 Barrett Lyon
 Fatal System Error

References

External links
 Official Akamai Technologies website
 Akamai Acquisition of Prolexic Announcement

Security companies of the United States
Computer security companies
Software companies based in Florida
Companies based in Broward County, Florida
Hollywood, Florida
Computer companies established in 2003
2003 establishments in Florida
DDoS mitigation companies
2014 mergers and acquisitions
Defunct software companies of the United States


"Cops and Robbers" is a single by English pop rock band the Hoosiers. It was their fourth single to be released from their debut album, The Trick to Life. It was first made available to download through the album which was released on 22 October 2007. The single was physically released on 21 April 2008 as confirmed by the band on tour. The song has been noted for its remarkable similarities to "The Lovecats" by the Cure.

Chart performance
In the UK, the single performed better than its predecessor, "Worst Case Scenario", although it did not match the success of "Worried About Ray" or "Goodbye Mr A". It debuted at number 64 on the UK Singles Chart via download sales alone before eventually peaking at number 24 two weeks later. It had a run of 10 weeks in the UK top 100.

Music video
The first showing of the video was on Channel 4 on  March 22, 2008. The video was shot at Dickens World, directed by the directing duo Diamond Dogs (aka Phil Sansom and Olly Williams) and is set in London in the 1800s.

Track listing
UK and European CD single
 "Cops and Robbers"
 "Goodbye Mr A" (live from Shepherd's Bush Empire)

Charts

References

2007 songs
2008 singles
The Hoosiers songs
RCA Records singles
Songs about police officers


The Mortgage Bankers Association (MBA) is the United States national association representing all facets of the real estate finance industry. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., MBA represents over 2,200 member companies. MBA’s membership base includes all sectors of the real estate finance industry including originators, servicers, unresidential, commercial, and multi-family arenas.

During the subprime mortgage crisis of 2008, the MBA's membership fell from 3,000 to 2,500. Its current membership is 2,200.Uniform multi-state licensing of mortgage originators began in 2008 with the Nationwide Multi-State Licensing System and Registry (NMLS). The NMLS requirements may have been greater than those of mortgage originator requirements of some states, and this may help explain part of the drop in membership.

MBA is headed by Robert Broeksmit, president and chief executive officer. Rodrigo Lopez, executive chairman of NorthMarq Capital, is MBA's chairman for 2017.

Lobbying
The Mortgage Bankers Association has a political action committee called Mortgage Bankers Association Political Action Committee (MORPAC). MORPAC raises money to help elect and re-elect candidates to Congress who have an understanding of the real estate finance and housing industries, and who are supportive of the mortgage profession. The lobbying group is headed by Bill Killmer, Senior Vice President of Legislative and Political Affairs.

Education
The MBA offers training and continuing education to mortgage professionals. It is also active in educating consumers.

CampusMBA
CampusMBA is the MBA's education division. CampusMBA offers programs in various formats, including distance learning, live online workshops, classroom-based courses, corporate training and several books and other resources.

CampusMBA offers industry certifications and designations, including the following:

Certified Mortgage Banker (CMB)
Accredited Mortgage Professional (AMP)
Certified Loan Officer (CLO)
Certified Mortgage Servicer (CMS)
Certified Residential Underwriter (CRU)

School of Mortgage Banking
Since 1948, the MBA has been offering courses through The School of Mortgage Banking (SOMB) to the real estate finance community. SOMB is a series of three four-day courses, now administered by CampusMBA, the educational division of MBA created in 2000. The courses offer comprehensive instruction in specific aspects of the mortgage banking industry. Graduates of SOMB receive the Accredited Mortgage Professional (AMP) designation upon successful completion of the courses.

Home Loan Learning Center
The Home Loan Learning Center is a consumer education website providing financial literacy information on credit reports and scores, the true cost of owning a home and how to compare the costs of owning versus renting a home. The site includes information on how to qualify for a loan, what the documents mean, what's included in the mortgage payment. It also has mortgage calculators to help consumers plan their payments.

MISMO
The Mortgage Industry Standards Maintenance Organization (MISMO), a nonprofit subsidiary of the MBA, is the leading technology standards development body for residential and commercial industry. MISMO promotes data consistency throughout the broader industry, reduces processing costs, increases transparency, and boosts investor confidence in mortgages as an asset class, while passing cost savings on to the consumer.

Default on headquarters loan
In October 2009, the MBA sold its headquarters in Washington, D.C., for $41.3 million to CoStar Group. It had originally purchased the building in 2007 for $79 million, $75 million of which was financed from a group of banks headed by PNC Financial Services. It now rents offices nearby.

The association was criticized for defaulting on its mortgage despite saying that there's a moral obligation for homeowners to repay their mortgages.

The default was featured on The Daily Show on October 7, 2010, contrasting the MBA's actions with statements made by its representatives claiming that strategic default is morally wrong. MBA operatives refused to make a comment.

Footnotes

Trade associations based in the United States
Banking in the United States
Mortgage industry companies of the United States
Mortgage industry associations


Jamie William Hoyland (born 23 January 1966) is an English former footballer who made more than 400 appearances in the Football League and Premier League playing in midfield in the 1980s and 1990s. He then turned to coaching. He was assistant manager at Rochdale in 2002 and more recently academy manager at Sheffield United.
His father Tommy Hoyland had also played for Sheffield United from 1949 to 1961.

Playing career
Hoyland was born in Sheffield. He began his playing career at Manchester City as a midfielder and later left to Bury FC. After making over a hundred appearance for the club, he left for Sheffield United. At his last year at Sheffield, he was sent on loan to Bristol City.

Coaching career
He was appointed assistant manager at Rochdale in 2002. and has held youth coaching positions at Bolton Wanderers and Preston North End. In September 2012, Hoyland was appointed manager of Sheffield United F.C. Academy. However, on 19 March 2013 he resigned as academy manager.

References

External links

1966 births
Living people
Footballers from Sheffield
Men's association football midfielders
English men's footballers
Manchester City F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Bristol City F.C. players
Burnley F.C. players
Carlisle United F.C. players
Scarborough F.C. players
English Football League players
Premier League players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. non-playing staff
Sheffield United F.C. non-playing staff


The Joy Boys was a popular daily improvised comedy radio show in Washington, D.C., between 1955 and 1974 that launched the broadcast careers of the program's co-hosts Willard Scott and Ed Walker. The two did various skits and satirized prominent people of the day, such as Scott's character "Arthur Codfish" (mocking Arthur Godfrey). They both regularly parodied NBC-TV's Huntley-Brinkley Report with their own zany "Washer-Dryer Report". Walker told an interviewer years later that the duo imitated some 20 voices in all.

Scott and Walker teamed as co-hosts on WRC-AM, the NBC-owned-and-operated station in Washington, beginning July 11, 1955. Initially, the program was titled Two at One and aired at 1 p.m. The term Joy Boys originated when they adopted a brief song of that title, set to the "Billboard March" as their theme music:

We are the Joy Boys, of radio,

We chase electrons to and fro-o-o-o...

Later, the Joy Boys became a nightly feature at 7 p.m. on WRC. In a 1999 article recalling the Joy Boys at the height of their popularity in the mid-1960s, The Washington Post said they "dominated Washington, providing entertainment, companionship, and community to a city on the verge of powerful change". One of their many running gags was "As the Worm Turns", a spoof of the television soap opera, As the World Turns.

Walker, who was totally blind since birth, said that growing up "radio was my comic books, movies, everything". On the Joy Boys program, Scott would sketch a list of characters and a few lead lines setting up the situation that Walker would commit to memory or note on his braille typewriter. Scott and Walker formed a professional and personal bond which continued up to Walker's death. Scott said in his book, The Joy of Living, that they were "closer than most brothers".

The Joy Boys moved from WRC to another Washington radio station, WWDC (now WQOF), in October 1972, where it was heard until the show's final broadcast on October 26, 1974.  The show was sold in syndication that year. Their parody of Masterpiece Theatre's Six Wives of Henry VIII, which they called Masterpuss Theater had a one-week airing on consecutive nights on KBYU-FM in Provo, Utah, in 1973.

American University has released some of the Joy Boys radio broadcasts of the 1960s on CDs. The Joy Boys' roast of WRC newsman Bryson Rash, when he became president of the National Press Club in Washington, D. C. in 1963, was released on a CD, Is Bryson Rash?.

References

External links
 Interview with Ed Walker (University of Maryland video)
 The Joy Boys tribute site
 WAMU-FM Joy Boys CD project
 The Joy Boys YouTube channel, with airchecks
 Joy Boys Documentary produced by WETA-TV

American comedy radio programs


R+ or R Plus may refer to:

 R+ tree, a data structure in computer science
 , the set of positive real numbers (or, depending on author, the set of non-negative real numbers)
 Positive reinforcement, in behavioural psychology
 Rammstein, German band
 R Plus (musician), pseudonym of music producer Rollo Armstrong
 Rocksmith +, a video game made by Ubisoft


Donald Allen Wilson (born July 28, 1961) is a former professional gridiron football defensive back. Playing collegiately for North Carolina State University, he played in the National Football League for the Buffalo Bills (1984–1985). He then played in the Canadian Football League for twelve years with the Edmonton Eskimos (1987–1989, 1993–1994, 1998), the Toronto Argonauts (1990–1992, 1995–1996), and the BC Lions (1997). He was named to the Argonauts all-time team in 2007.

He was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame as a player in 2021.

References

External links
NFL.com player page
Pro-Football-Reference.com page

1961 births
Living people
African-American players of American football
African-American players of Canadian football
American football defensive backs
American football return specialists
BC Lions players
Buffalo Bills players
Canadian football defensive backs
Canadian football return specialists
Edmonton Elks players
NC State Wolfpack football players
Players of American football from Washington, D.C.
Toronto Argonauts players
Canadian Football Hall of Fame inductees


William Atwater (1440–1521) was an English churchman, who became Bishop of Lincoln in 1514.

He was a Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, from 1480. He served as Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University, in the period from 1497 to 1502.

He became vicar of Cumnor in 1495. He became Dean of the Chapel Royal, in 1502. In 1504 he was appointed Canon of the eleventh stall at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, a position he held until 1514. He was Chancellor of Lincoln from 1506 to 1512.

References
Concise Dictionary of National Biography
Margaret Bowker (1968), The Secular Clergy in the Diocese of Lincoln, 1495 to 1520
A. Hamilton Thompson (editor) (1940), Visitations in the Diocese of Lincoln 1517-1531. Vol I. Visitations of Rural Deaneries by William Atwater…1517-1520. (Publications of the Lincoln Record Society, Vol. 33.)

Notes

1440 births
1521 deaths
Bishops of Lincoln
Archdeacons of Huntingdon
Archdeacons of Lewes
16th-century English Roman Catholic bishops
Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Oxford
Deans of Salisbury
Deans of the Chapel Royal
Canons of Windsor
15th-century English clergy
1440s births


Damon Cummings may refer to:

Damon M. Cummings (1910-1942), a United States Navy officer and Navy Cross recipient
USS Damon Cummings (DE-756), a United States Navy destroyer escort cancelled in 1943
USS Damon M. Cummings (DE-643), a United States Navy destroyer escort in commission from 1944 to 1947


Braches () is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Braches is situated on the D256 road, some  southeast of Amiens, on the banks of the Avre river.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Bill Myerscough (22 June 1930 in Bolton, Lancashire – 16 March 1977) was an English professional footballer who played in the Football League for six clubs. He was in the Aston Villa side that won the 1957 FA Cup Final.

Playing career
An inside forward, Myerscough began his professional career at the relatively late age of 24 when he joined Walsall from Ashfield in time for the 1954–55 season. He spent a season with the Saddlers before joining Football League First Division side Aston Villa, where he went on to make 64 league appearances over the next four years.

The highlight though came in the 1957 FA Cup Final, when Villa denied Manchester United a First Division and FA Cup double with a 2–1 victory. Unfortunately the following season ended in relegation and Myerscough spent a season with Rotherham United before joining Coventry City in July 1960.

In March 1962, Myerscough joined Chester, who were destined to finish bottom of the Fourth Division. Myerscough made his debut alongside fellow new signing Ron Hewitt in a 5–1 defeat at York City on 3 March 1962 and ended the season with three goals from 13 games. He featured in half the league games the following season and then moved to Wrexham in exchange for Stan Bennion and George Evans. After a season with Wrexham, Myerscough ended his professional career and joined non-league side Macclesfield Town. He died in 1977.

Honours

Aston Villa

 FA Cup winners: 1956–57.

External links
Coventry City movie film featuring Myerscough

References

1930 births
1977 deaths
Footballers from Bolton
English men's footballers
Men's association football inside forwards
English Football League players
Ashfield F.C. players
Walsall F.C. players
Aston Villa F.C. players
Rotherham United F.C. players
Coventry City F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Macclesfield Town F.C. players


Protozoans

Diatoms

Plants

Conifers

Angiosperms

Fungi

Arthropoda

Arachnids

Insects

Xiphosurans
 Fossils of Lunataspis, the earliest known xiphosuran, are discovered in Canada. It was not given a formal description until 2008, however.

Plesiosaurs

New taxa

Archosauromorphs

Newly named Non-Avian dinosaurs
Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.

Newly named birds

Newly named pterosaurs

Synapsids

Non-mammalian

Mammals

New taxa

Footnotes

Complete author list
As science becomes more collaborative, papers with large numbers of authors are becoming more common. To prevent the deformation of the tables, these footnotes list the contributors to papers that erect new genera and have many authors.

References

2000s in paleontology
Paleontology


The 39th Information Operations Squadron is an information operations and cyber Formal Training Unit, part of the 318th Cyberspace Operations Group.

The squadron is located at Hurlburt Field, Florida. Its training facility is a state of the art  facility housing several classrooms, multiple small group mission planning rooms and a 60-person auditorium. All classrooms are equipped with communication and computer systems, including secure video teleconferencing and fiber optic infrastructures to allow real-time war gaming and improved instruction at multiple security levels.

Mission
"Provide initial and advanced information operations and cyber training for the United States Air Force."

History

The 39th Intelligence Squadron was assigned to the 67th Intelligence Group, Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, until 1 October 1988 when it was relocated to Hurlburt Field, Florida.  The squadron assumed the mission of the discontinued Detachment 1, 67th Intelligence Group and was redesignated the 39th Information Operations Squadron on 1 September 1999, to better reflect its new and expanded mission.

On 1 August 2000 the 39th was reassigned to the 318th Information Operations Group.

Lineage
 36th Communications Security Squadron
 Constituted as the 136th Signal Radio Intelligence Company on 7 February 1942
 Activated 15 February 1942
 Redesignated 136th Signal Radio Intelligence Company, Aviation on 4 October 1943
 Redesignated 136th Radio Security Detachment c. 24 January 1945
 Redesignated 136th Radio Security Squadron on 15 March 1949
 Redesignated 136th Communications Security Squadron on 20 January 1951
 Redesignated 36th Communications Security Squadron on 8 December 1953
 Inactivated on 8 May 1955
 Consolidated with the 6919th Electronic Security Squadron as the 39th Intelligence Squadron on 1 November 1994

 6919th Electronic Security Squadron
 Designated as the 6919th Electronic Security Squadron and activated on 1 October 1986
 Inactivated on 31 May 1991
 Consolidated with the 36th Communications Security Squadron as the 39th Intelligence Squadron on 1 November 1994

 39th Information Operations Squadron
 6919th Electronic Security Squadron consolidated with the 36th Communications Security Squadron as the 39th Intelligence Squadron on 1 November 1994
 Activated on 15 November 1994
 Redesignated 39th Information Operations Squadron on 1 September 1999

Assignments
 Army Air Forces, 15 February 1942
 United States Air Force Security Service, 1 February 1949
 6960th Headquarters Support Group, 1 September 1951
 United States Air Force Security Service, 12 May 1952
 Air Force Communications Security Center, 17 February 1954 – 8 May 1955
 6910th Electronic Security Wing, 1 October 1986
 691st Electronic Security Wing, 15 July 1988 – 31 May 1991
 67th Intelligence Group, 15 November 1994
 Air Force Information Warfare Center, 1 October 1998
 318th Information Operations Group, 1 August 2000 – present

Stations
 Bolling Field, District of Columbia, 15 February 1942
 Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, 1 June 1943
 Reading Army Air Field, Pennsylvania, 15 November 1944
 Mitchel Field, New York, 12 November 1945
 Fort Slocum, New York, 21 November 1947
 Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, 3 April 1949
 Kelly Air Force Base, Texas, 1 August 1953 – 8 May 1955
 Sembach Air Base, Germany, 1 October 1986 – 31 May 1991
 Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, 15 November 1994
 Hurlburt Field, Florida, 1 October 1998 – present

Courses
The 39th teaches six in-residence courses. The Network Warfare Bridge Course as well as the Cyber Warfare Operations Course; the Information Operations Integration Course, which is required training for airmen assigned to information operations team billets; the Air Force OPSEC Course, which teaches operations security to wing level officers and NCOs; and the Operational Military Deception Course, aimed at operational level planners.  The Instructor Methodology Course, which prepares practitioners how to be instructors, and Instructional Systems Design Course, which teaches instructors how to build curriculum.

The 39th also provides initial qualification training for Air Force cyber weapon systems. The Network Warfare Bridge Course (NWBC) provides foundational network warfare skills to the full range of cyber-related Air Force specialties and prepares non-accession Airmen for initial qualification training.  Upon completion of NWBC, graduates will join cyber specialty graduates from technical training to become initially qualified on a range of Air Force cyber operations crew positions.

The squadron also offers two faculty development courses.  The Instructor Methodology Course (IMC) is a 10-day course awarding 4 semester hours of collegiate credit and provides training to potential formal classroom/lab instructors.  Additionally, the Instructional Systems Design (ISD) course merges the AETC ISD and Objectives and Tests course.  It is an intensive 10-day group activity course that awards 3 semester hours of collegiate credit and satisfies the 3-semester hour requirement for the CCAF ISD Certification.

Network Warfare Bridge Course
The predecessor to the Undergraduate Network Warfare Training (UNWT) the new course also known as NWBC was stood up. This course is to train airmen to become Network Warfare Operations Specialists who actively defend a wide variety of vital Air Force networks. Students are educated in network warfare concepts and operational functions.

Information Operations Integration Course
Also known as IOIC, this course trains students in basics of IO, Air Force and Joint doctrine, concepts of operations, executing organizations, and operational functions of the USAF. Students will receive an initial familiarization of operations within the Air & Space Operations Center, focused on effects-based operations, and the importance of IO integration within operations planning.

Air Force OPSEC Course
Also known as AFOC, this course trains wing-level signature managers in operations security concepts to counter potential observation of force activities. Initial training for wing-level OPSEC Officers and NCOs. This course is focused on operations security concepts to assess installation processes in order to provide commanders with viable options in regards to protection or exploitation of installation signatures.

Operational Military Deception
Also known as OMD, this course trains airmen in Military Deception planning to develop military deception plans as a part of campaign/wartime operations. Most planners serve at MAJCOMs or NAFs. Training for MAJCOM/NAF operational Military Deception Planners in an Air & Space Operations Center environment.

Instructor Methodology Course
Also known as IMC, this course trains enlisted, officer, and civilian instructors on instructional methodology as well as basic Instructional Systems Development (ISD).

Instructional Systems Design Course
This course builds off the fundamentals taught in the Instructor Methods Course.  Students work in an interactive group environment to work through the "ADDIE" (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) phases of the ISD model.

See also
Hurlburt Field
67 Cyberspace Wing
16 Air Force
Air Combat Command
 List of cyber warfare forces

References

Bibliography

External links
 Official USAF website
 Official USAF Recruiting site
 DoSomethingAmazing.com
 Air Force BlueTube
  Searchable database of Air Force historical reports
 USAF emblems

39
Military units and formations in Florida


The Interpreters were a power pop band formed in Philadelphia in 1996. They were composed of singer and bassist Herschel Gaer, guitarist Patsy (Paul) Palladino and drummer Branko Jakominich.

History
The band was formed in 1996 and signed with Volcano/Freeworld Entertainment, releasing their first EP, In  of That Fine, Fine Evening, in 1997. The recording was produced by Shel Talmy and Eric Erlandson. Later that year, the band released the full-length album Back in the U.S.S.A. on Freeworld/BMG.

Following Freeworld's demise, a revised version of the record that included the newer track "Shout" was released on RCA Records in 1998. The band performed at that year's Reading Festival.

Gaer continued, relocating to New York, and performed at the 2000 Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, despite claiming not to be Republicans. As depicted in the documentary The Last Party, the Interpreters were invited to perform by Donovan Lietch, as part of the ongoing political project started by Robert Downey, and later continued by Robert Downey, Jr., and Phillip Seymor Hoffman. Their appearance was harshly criticized and lampooned by Jello Biafra on his album Become the Media. The band suffered derision from the convention appearance, which, combined with inactivity, line-up changes, and the loss of momentum due to the legal morass surrounding the collapse of Freeworld Entertainment and the records' re-release on RCA, who all but ignored its existence, led to the eventual breakup of the band.

References

American power pop groups
Musical groups from Philadelphia
American musical trios
Musical groups from Pennsylvania


The 1994 Dutch Open was an ATP tennis tournament held in Hilversum, Netherlands and played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 37th edition of the tournament and was held from 25 July to 1 August 1994. Unseeded Karel Nováček won his first title of the year, and 13th of his career. It was his 3rd win at Hilversum, having also won in 1989 and 1992.

Finals

Singles

 Karel Nováček defeated  Richard Fromberg, 7–5, 6–4, 7–6(9–7)
 It was Nováček's only singles title of the year and the 13th and last of his career.

Doubles

 Daniel Orsanic /  Jan Siemerink defeated  David Adams /  Andrei Olhovskiy 6–4, 6–2

References

External links
 ITF tournament edition details


Sir Ralph Staley or Ralph de Stavelegh (c.1362-c.1420) was lord of the Manor of Staley Hall, Stalybridge, England. His stone effigy is to be found in St Michael and All Angels Church, Mottram.

References

External links
 "STAVELEY, Sir Ralph" at The History of Parliament Online

People from Stalybridge
Year of birth uncertain


The Carmelo K. Anthony Basketball Center is a college basketball practice facility located in Syracuse, New York.  The facility opened September 24, 2009.  Both the men's and women's basketball teams for Syracuse University use the center.  The facility houses two practice courts, locker rooms and office facilities for the men's and women's basketball programs at Syracuse. It is located on the north side of Manley Field House, in between the Roy Simmons Sr. Coaches Wing and the Comstock Art Facility.

The name comes from NBA star forward Carmelo Anthony, who donated $3 million to the project.  Anthony played one year with the Orange, the 2002-2003 season, in which he helped the program win its only NCAA Championship.

References
 Carmelo K. Anthony Basketball Center Information on SUAthletics.com

Sports venues in Syracuse, New York
College basketball practice facilities in the United States
Indoor arenas in New York (state)
Syracuse Orange basketball venues
2009 establishments in New York (state)
Sports venues completed in 2009
Basketball venues in New York (state)


Lovewell Mountain is a  mountain associated with the Sunapee Ridge in southwest New Hampshire. The mountain is traversed by the  Monadnock-Sunapee Greenway and offers vistas from several ledges near its summit. Much of the mountain is wooded with species of the northern hardwood forest type; stands of coniferous red spruce are common on the mountain's higher elevations.

The east side of Lovewell Mountain drains into the Beards Brook watershed, then into the Contoocook River, then the Merrimack River and the Atlantic Ocean. The west side drains into the North Branch watershed via a series of lakes and unnamed streams then joins Beards Brook just before its confluence with the Contoocook River.

References

 Monadnock-Sunapee Greenway Trail Guide, fifth edition (1994). Concord, New Hampshire: Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests.

Mountains of New Hampshire
Mountains of Sullivan County, New Hampshire


Johann Daniel Major (16 August 1634, Breslau – 26 July 1693, Stockholm) was a German professor of theoretical medicine, naturalist, collector and the founder of museology.

From 1654 to 1658 Johann Daniel Major studied at the University of Wittenberg and in 1659 graduated as a magister medicine at the University of Wittenberg and journeyed to Italy gaining from the University of Padua another degree for a dissertation "Description of the bird Albatros and other curious observations". From 1661 to 1663 he practiced as a physician in Wittenberg moving in 1663 to Hamburg, where he was a plague physician and wrote medical publications. In 1666 he conducted the first public dissection of a human corpse now in Kiel. Four years later in 1667 he was appointed supervisor of the botanic garden of the University of Kiel. From 1673 to 1682 he devoted himself to also antiquities and natural history making large collections and from 1685 to 1692 founded the Museum of the Cimbrici conducting archaeological excavations and studying the regions fauna and flora. Called to Sweden for the treatment of the queen he caught her infection and died.
As may be seen from the list of his publications Major was a polymath.

Works
Übersetzung und Herausgabe René Decartes Explicatio (1672)
Festrede auf Kaiser Leopold zur Befreiung Wiens (1684)
Laurifolia Veneta. Epigramme aus dem Stegreif zum Lobe Venedigs Padua (1660)
Epistola de oraculis medicinae Wittenberg (1663)
Prodromus Chirurgiae Infusoriae Leipzig (1664)
Der ersten Kieler Anatomie vorher angekündigtes Programm über den menschlichen Körper Kiel (1666)
Programm einer Vorlesung über Botanik Kiel (1667)
Memoriale Anatomico-miscellanum Kiel (1669) (Description of his anatomy collection);
Denkschrift über den neu errichteten Botanischen Garten an der Universität Kiel Kiel (1669)
Renati Descartes Explicatio machinarum vel instrumentorum Kiel (1672)
Katalog der Pflanzen Kiel (1673)
Catalogus oder Index Alphabeticus von Kunst, Antiquitäten, Schatz und fürnehmlich Naturalien-Kammern, Conclavia, Musea, Repositoria, oder auch nur kleinere Serinia Rerum Naturalium Selectorum Kiel (1674)
Unvorgreiffliches Bedenken von Kunst und Naturalienkammern insgemein Kiel (1674)
Vorstellung etlicher Kunst und Naturalienkammern in Africa und an den Gränzen Europae Kiel (1674)
Vorstellung etlicher Kunst und Naturalienkammern in America und Asia Kiel (1674)
Vorstellung etlicher Kunst und Naturalienkammern in Italien, zu Neapol und Alt Rom Kiel (1675)
Genius errans sive De Ingeniorum in scientiis abusu dissertatio Kiel (1677)
Der irrende Genius oder über den Missbrauch des Talents in der Wissenschaft Kiel (1678)
Grosser Reichtum zusammengebracht aus den meisten Schätzen der Welt, oder Poetischer Interims Diskurs von Kunst und Naturalien Kammern, einem dergleichen Dinge wohlerfahrenen guten Freude zugeeignet Kiel (1679)
Vermutungen über eine Münze des sächsischen Königs Otto Kiel (1682)
Über Münzen mit griechischen Inschriften Kiel (1685)
Kurzer Vorbericht, betreffend D. Johann Daniel Majors Museum Cimbricum oder insgemein so-gennate Kunst Kammer mit darzugehörigen Conferenz-Saal Plön (1688)
Musei Cimbrici cum contentis in eo rebus selectioribus privatim declarandi, Kiel (1689)

References
 Cornelius Steckner: Das Museum Cimbricum von 1688 und die cartesianische "Perfection des Gemüthes". In: A. Grote (Hrsg.) Macrocosmos in Macrocosmo. Die Welt in der Stube. Zur Geschichte des Sammelns 1450 bis 1800. Opladen 1994, S. 603 - 628
 Frank, Horst Joachim: Literatur in Schleswig-Holstein. Von den Anfängen bis 1700. Band I, Neumünster 1995, S.558-563.
 Walther Killy: Killy Literaturlexikon'': Autoren und Werke deutscher Sprache. (15 Bände) Gütersloh; München: Bertelsmann-Lexikon-Verl. 1988-1991 (CD-ROM Berlin 1998 )
De.Wikisource

1634 births
1693 deaths
Physicians from Wrocław
German naturalists