Christell Jazmín Rodriguez Carrillo  (born January 2, 1998 in Talcahuano) is a Chilean former child singer. She became known in the popular Chilean TV Show called "Rojo Fama Contrafama" imitating to the young singer Maria Jose Quintanilla in a contest. She has recorded three albums since then. She was nominated for the Grammy Latino by her second record production.

Biography
Only daughter of Christian Rodriguez and Myriam Carrillo, both members of the musical Christian group "Misterio Musical Evangelística Piedra Viva", Christell grew up with music around her. As her mother says "Christell from a very young age felt interest for the music, beginning not only singing, but playing some instruments and dancing". At the age of two, Christell took part in a festival of tambourines and percussion. Her father comments that "In the tambourine goes her rhythmic base and the times to enter to a song". Then and until years later, Christell continued accompanying her parents in musical presentations at their church playing the tambourine. At the age of four she took part in a children's festival with an original song called "Mom told a story". That same year she collaborated in a Christian dance group.

Her artistic career began at the age of 5, on July 1, 2003, when she competed in a contest made by the TV show "Rojo Fama Contrafama" in one of their galas. This gala was in the city Talcahuano and its purpose was to find the "double" of Maria Jose Quintanilla (member of the TV show "Rojo Fama Contrafama"), that is, another girl who could sing or resembles to the young singer who was known for her Mexican repertory. Christell sang the popular song "Mexico Lindo y Querido" and captured the hearts of the audience winning the contest. The five-year-old singer captures the heart of the nation.

Christell went on the show "Rojo...", singing popular Mexican songs which were also in Maria Jose Quintanilla's album. At five years old she sang songs like La Bikina, La Mochila Azul, Cielito Lindo, among others. After a few months and after an agreement with the Warner Music Group, the young singer recorded an album, and in November of that year, she launched her first album which in one day sold more than eight thousand copies. After a week she reached platinum and then eight platinum discs.

"Mueve el Ombligo" (Move your navel) was the hit single from the album, which reached top1 on national radios for weeks becoming "the summer hit". The song was so popular that today it is a classic.

After this success she recorded two more albums, and even though the sale phenomenon from the first one was not repeated, both albums were successful, reaching five and two platinum discs respectively.

In 2005 Christell began a tour in Mexico, Puerto Rico and on the Latin communities of the USA, like Miami and Los Angeles, where she launched a special-edition-album with her greatest hits. During this tour the young singer earned a gold disc for more than 50,000 copies sold in Mexica. In November Christell was nominated to the Grammy Latino by her second album "La Fiesta Continua" at seven years old.

In 2006 she took part in the TV show "La Movida del Festival" of Channel 13, (Chile) as a "Commentator" of the Viña del Mar International Song Festival. Her role was to give her opinion and point of view on this festival. This way, at eight years old, Christell became the youngest person ever on commenting the biggest Latin American Festival.

Due to her success, Doce Company signed a contract with her manager to create a cartoon with Christell's image becoming the first artist in Chile to have a cartoon. The project included a clothing line, toys, school and selfcare products and a cartoon TV series, everything carrying the cartoon image of the young singer.

After a disagreement between the parents of the singer and her manager, the entire project was canceled and only a few products and clothes were on sale for a while since the agency could not cancel them. The parents claimed they canceled the contract because the manager agency had plans for the young singer that had not been discussed with them with the intention of taking monetary advantage.  In the end they signed a contract with Multimusica Company.

After an almost two-year-long pause (2006–2007), Christell re-appeared on 2008 as a ten-year-old actress on the Chilean TV channel Chilevision doing live theatre in the Theatre in Chilevision. In November of that year, she sang on the First Christian Music Festival.

Since then, Christell has appeared in many TV shows like "Animal Nocturno"(2008), "Theatre in Chilevision"(2008–2009), "La Movida del Festival"(2010), "Viva La Mañana"(2010), "Acoso Textual"(2010), "Calle 7"(2011), "Buenos dias a Todos"(2011).

Christell has not recorded a new album since her third one in 2004 at 7 years old, but she says her career has not stopped since she has kept singing, making concerts, composing new songs, playing different instruments and appearing on different TV shows where she is invited.

Discography

Albums

Singles

Covers

Other products

Tours
During 2005 she made trips to Mexico, the United States and Puerto Rico to promote her career where an album was launched with the greatest hits of her first two albums.

Other important steps during her visit to Mexico was taking part in TV programmes such as " In Family with Chabelo". Christell also visited radio and TV studios, gave interviews to the press and took part in the children's show Sonric'slandia. During this tour she received as gold disc for more than 50,000 copies sold in Mexico.

Videography

Awards

Grammy Latino

At seven years old Christell became the youngest singer to be nominated to a Grammy (this award (Latin and Anglo Grammy) had never nominated a child in any of its categories).

Calama incident

During the summer of 2004, on February 21, while Christell was giving a show in Calama city, she began to feel stomach discomfort and her father asked her for one more song to calm the people (who were hooting for the show to continue). This situation was recorded by Andrea Espinoza, who went to the show with her daughter. She said she felt very bad to see the girl singing while she was sick and that was the reason why she had decided to publicize the video.

The exhibition of the tape unleashed all kinds of reactions, including the possibility of exploitation by the father. The father of the artist recognized he had committed a mistake and said: "It was my mistake on not having measured how sick she was feeling... I've should have listened to my wife who told me that Christell shouldn't act".

Christell was taken to Calama's medical center that morning where "they did a stable diagnosis to her. In the evening she was good and energetic as always and she did want to sing. Then she started feeling bad again, but it was during the show and we take her again to the clinic ". He added: " It was a mistake to ask Christell for another song, but I did it because I couldn't handle the situation neither the pressure of the audience. It wasn't to ask her, but to give her an idea to get out of the situation, it was a mistake not to be able to handle the pressure of the people. I do not want to be seen as an exploiter for this".

TVN the TV show Rojo Fama Contrafama and particularly Rafael Araneda (the entertainer of the TV show) clarified they did not know of the situation, and though they had a conversation with the parents of little girl after the incident, Araneda clarified that the girl never had a saturated agenda and assured that singing is only a game for her, and that her parents have never forced her to go on the stage.  [TVN] and the program (Rojo Fama Contrafama) which was read by Rafael Araneda in the program where they clarify they always protected the integrity of the little girl:

"In the presentation to the press of the new season of "Rojo Fama Contrafama", a position of the tvshow was requested opposite to Christell Rodríguez's private artistic performances, in the opportunity it was said that the topic would be approached in the tvshow ... today after knowing the video that shows to the evidently sick girl and being incited to continue with the show organized in Calama city, we demonstrate our more absolute rejection, to actions of this kind that commit an outrage against the fundamental rights of the girl".

"For our part we have the most absolute conviction that the relation that Christell has had with the tvshow Rojo Fama Contrafama adjusts completely to the law that recognizes the artistic activities of the young girl. In Christell's concrete case it is necessary to emphasize that her participation in the tvshow has been designed in such a way of respecting and protecting the own needs of her age ... ".

After the case was investigated by the National Service of Minors (SENAME), they concluded there was no intent of exploitation of any kind. The topic was closed and Christell continued with her normal activities and her artistic career.

References

External links
Christell videos in Youtube

1998 births
Living people
People from Talcahuano
Chilean Christians
21st-century Chilean women singers
Chilean child singers
Women in Latin music


John Le Mesurier (1781–1843) was a  soldier and governor of Alderney. He resigned his patent to the crown in 1825 and was the last hereditary Governor of Alderney.

Life
John le Mesurier was born on 7 July 1781, the eldest son of Peter Le Mesurier, acting Governor of Alderney, and grandson of Governor John Le Mesurier, who died in 1793. Alderman Paul Le Mesurier and Commissary Havilland Le Mesurier were his uncles.

In 1794 he was appointed ensign in the 132nd Highlanders, from which short-lived corps he was promoted into the 89th Foot, and became captain-lieutenant in 1796. He served with a flank battalion commanded by Colonel Stewart in the Irish rebellion of 1798, and afterwards with his regiment in 1799–1800 at the occupation of Messina after the blockade and capture of Malta under General Thomas Graham, Lord Lynedoch. He served in the campaign in Egypt in 1801, including the battles before Alexandria, the defence of Rosetta, and the surrender of Cairo.

After the fall of Alexandria the 89th embarked on board Lord Keith's fleet on a secret expedition, the destination of which was supposed to be Brazil; but on reaching Malta peace was found to have been declared, and the regiment returned to Ireland in 1802. Later the same year he purchased his majority in the 89th. He remained in Ireland until 1805, when he was called on to assume the governorship of Alderney. This obliged him to retire on half-pay, though with the intention of returning to active service as soon as possible.

The governorship of Alderney, to which Le Mesurier succeeded on the death of his father in 1803, was originally granted to an ancestor of the family, Sir Edmund Andros, by letters patent of Charles II, and was renewed to Le Mesurier's grandfather, John Le Mesurier, by George III, for a period of ninety-nine years, in 1763.

In 1804, Le Mesurier married Martha, daughter of Alderman Peter Perchard of London, a native of Guernsey, at Bridewell Chapel, London. They had two sons:
 Peter Perchard (1817-1834). Born in Southampton, Hampshire. Died in teenage in Tonbridge, Kent.
 John (1818-1903). Born in St Anne, Alderney. Died in Yateley, Hampshire.  He took holy orders and was the author of some devotional works.

Le Mesurier resigned the governorship of Alderney in 1825 on condition of receiving a pension of £700 per year until the expiration of the ninety-nine years grant in 1862.

In 1841, while on the half-pay list, Le Mesurier attained the rank of lieutenant-general.

John Le Mesurier died aged 62 on 21 May 1843 at Bradfield Place near Reading, Berkshire of apoplexy after a few days of illness.

Notes and references

Attribution

1781 births
1843 deaths
People from Alderney


Command Ashore insignia, formerly known as the Command Ashore/Project Manager insignia (or Command Ashore/Major Program Manager insignia), is a breast insignia of the United States Navy and the United States Coast Guard.

United States Navy

In the U.S. Navy, the Command Ashore insignia is a gold metal, three-pronged trident device with a trident centered on an elliptically shaped laurel wreath. The badge is a breast insignia that recognizes the responsibilities and importance of command ashore and major program management.

Officers below flag rank (captain and below) who have, or had, command of an installation or commissioned unit ashore or served as a project manager wear the Command Ashore/Project Manager insignia.  It is one of two badges known as Command Insignia; the other being the Command at Sea insignia. Officers wear this insignia in the same manner as that prescribed for the Command at Sea insignia.

United States Coast Guard

In the U.S. Coast Guard, the Command Ashore insignia is a gold and silver metal device with a miniature officer cap device superimposed on a wreath of gold oak leaves.  The Command Ashore insignia is worn in the same manner as the Command Afloat insignia.

Per the Coast Guard Uniform Regulations, COMDTINST M1020.6F, chapter 3.E., the command ashore and command afloat insignia are considered equivalent.

See also

 Military badges of the United States
 Obsolete badges of the United States military

References

United States military badges


William James Frederick Riordan CBE (8 February 1908 – 15 January 1973) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and served in the House of Representatives from 1936 to 1966, representing the Division of Kennedy in Queensland. He was Minister for the Navy in the Chifley government from 1946 to 1949.

Early life
Riordan was born in Chillagoe, Queensland, son of Jim Riordan (a member of the Queensland Legislative Council from 1917 to 1923) and nephew of Darby Riordan (member for Kennedy from 1929 to 1936) and Ernest Riordan (a member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland from 1936).  He was educated at state schools at Chillagoe, Mareeba and Gordonvale and at Brisbane Grammar School.  He worked in the Queensland Department of Justice and then became secretary to his father when he was appointed to the Industrial Court of Queensland in 1933.

Political career
On the death of his uncle Darby Riordan in 1936 he won the subsequent by-election for the Australian Labor Party and held the seat until his retirement before the 1966 election.  He married Kathleen Amelda Garvey in December 1942—they had no children. From 1943 to 1946 he served as chairman of committees in the House of Representatives.

Riordan was appointed Minister for the Navy in the Chifley ministry from November 1946 to the defeat of the government at the 1949 election.  Kennedy was a very large electorate, which meant Riordan had to travel constantly to meet his constituents, particularly workers in the sugar, mining and meat processing industries, in order to be re-elected.  After his retirement his seat was won by the Country Party and has been held by Labor for only one parliamentary term since.

Later life
Riordan was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1967.  He died of pneumonia at the Princess Alexandra Hospital and was buried in Nudgee Cemetery.

Notes

Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Kennedy
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Cabinet of Australia
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
1908 births
1973 deaths
Burials at Nudgee Cemetery
20th-century Australian politicians


Tejupilco de Hidalgo is the seat of Tejupilco Municipality in the State of Mexico, Mexico. It is located approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) southwest of the state capital Toluca, along Federal Highway 34. The name Tejupilco comes from Náhuatl meaning "between the toes". "De Hidalgo" was added to honor Father Miguel Hidalgo who initiated the Mexican War of Independence.

While the origins of the original settlers of the area have been forgotten, there are remains of many of their ceremonial centers and tombs atop various hills. The most important of these sites are in Ocotepec, Acatitlán, Acamuchitlán, Bejucos, San Simón, Tejupilco, Nanchititla, Hipericones and San Miguel Ixtapan. However, it is known that the area had been occupied for centuries by the Otomi who named the area "Talisca". Most Otomi were driven out by a people called the "Tecos" who were under the dominion of the Purépecha. Father Plancarte says in Book I of the Annals of the Museum of Michoacan that the Tecos were a group related to the Mexicas who lived in the Purépecha kingdom. In 1052, the Toltecs arrived as refugees after the destruction of their kingdom, as well as the Matlatzinca who came later from the Toluca Valley. By 1476 the Aztec king Axayácatl conquered the Matlatzincas and took control of their lands including what is now Tejupilco. After the Spanish Conquest, Andrés de Tapia was assigned to subdue the old Matlatzinca lands where he met no resistance in this area.

The town

The current town of Tejupilco was a village by 1579 which was paying tribute to the Spaniards as late as 1676. In 1734, it was still an overwhelmingly indigenous community with only seven Spanish families recorded there. For most of its pre-municipal history, the town was governed by indigenous leaders subject to Spanish control. In 1874, the town was named head of the district of Tejupilco de Hidalgo, which included the current municipalities of Temascaltepec, Amatepec, and Tlatlaya, but in 1881 the seat was transferred to Temascaltepec.

The current population of the town is 22,041.

Economy

Agriculture is the most important economic activity here, using , growing corn, beans, avocados and peaches. Livestock raising includes pigs, goats, sheep and domestic fowl.  There is also some logging.

Mining is an important alternative activity as there are mineral and non-mineral deposits here, such as the marble deposit in the community of El Zapote. However, none have seriously been commercially exploited yet. Tourism is another possibility that needs to be explored.

See also
San Miguel Ixtapan (archaeological site)

References

Populated places in the State of Mexico
Tejupilco
Municipality seats in the State of Mexico


Mullet () is a village in Tirana County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Tirana. It lies at an elevation of 551 feet (167 m).

Notable people
Sulejman Bargjini, founder of the town of Tirana.

References

External links

Populated places in Tirana
Villages in Tirana County


Sayward Valley is a low-lying area in northeastern Vancouver Island. It is occupied by a floodplain of the Salmon River. The soils there have variable drainage and are mostly of loam texture. Upland soils in the valley have clay loam to gravelly loamy sand texture and show podzol profile development in most cases.

Forest vegetation is dominated by large Douglas fir, western hemlock and western red cedar. Other large trees include grand fir (at its northern limit), Sitka spruce, western white pine, black cottonwood, red alder and bigleaf maple.

References
Day, J.H., L. Farstad, and D.G. Laird, 1959. Soil Survey of Southeast Vancouver Island and Gulf Islands, British Columbia. B.C. Soil Survey, Rept. No. 6, Can. Dept. Agric.

Northern Vancouver Island
Valleys of British Columbia
Landforms of Vancouver Island


Henry Augustus Wise (May 24, 1819 – April 3, 1869) was an author and United States Navy officer.

Biography
He was born in Brooklyn, New York, to George Stewart Wise and Catherine Standsberry. The Wise family moved to Virginia and his Naval career began in 1834 as a midshipman. Henry served in the U.S.–Mexican War as a lieutenant on board the razee , seeing action in the Gulf of California. He dedicated his consequent naval service in becoming an expert in gunnery.  When the American Civil War broke out he considered serving with his home state of Virginia when they left the Union but opted to stay in the U.S. Navy as a captain. Promoted to commander of the  in 1862, he was soon ordered to destroy the Gosport Navy Yard, near his old home. In 1864 President Abraham Lincoln appointed Wise chief of the Bureau of Ordnance, and he was promoted to captain in 1866; he held the ordnance position until his resignation in 1868. He died in Naples, Italy, the following year.
In 1850 he married Catherine Brooks Everett, daughter of Edward Everett and Charlotte Gray Brooks.

Children
 Charlotte Everett Wise  (1851–1935) married Archibald Hopkins
 Katherine Wise  (1852–1920) married Jacob W. Miller
 Edward Everett Wise   (1854–1891)  married Marion McAllister
 Henrietta Augusta Wise  (1860–1920) married (1) Lt. John Downes (2) W.K. Nicholsen

Principal works
Under the pen name of "Harry Gringo"
 Los Gringos, or an Interior View of Mexico and California, with Wanderings in Peru, Chile, and Polynesia, 1854. (Used as the basis for the 1906 opera The Sacrifice, Op. 27, by Frederick Converse)
 Tales for the Marines, 1855
 Scampavias: From Gibel-Tarek to Stamboul, 1857
 The Story of the Gray African Parrot, 1859
 Captain Brand of the Schooner Centipede, 1860–64

References
Notes

Sources
Duyckinck, Evert A., and George L. Duyckinck. "Henry Augustus Wise. Cyclopaedia of American Literature; Embracing Personal and Critical Notices of Authors, and Selections from Their Writings. From the Earliest Period to the Present Day; with Portraits, Autographs, and Other Illustrations.  New York: C. Scribner, 1856. (pp. 669–70) Accessed January 28, 2008
Wise, Jennings C. Col. John Wise of England and Virginia (1617-1695); His Ancestors and Descendants. Richmond Va: Bell Books and Stationery Co, 1918. Accessed January 28, 2008

External links

United States Navy officers
1819 births
1869 deaths
Writers from Brooklyn
19th-century American writers
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Union Navy officers
People of Virginia in the American Civil War
19th-century American male writers


Sir Thomas Thorpe (died 1461) was Speaker of the House of Commons in England from 8 March 1453 until 16 February 1454.

He worked as a clerk in the royal Exchequer, reaching a position of Third Baron of the Exchequer in 1452. His parliamentary career began in October 1449 when he was elected junior knight of the shire (MP) of Northamptonshire with Thomas Tresham. He was later knight of the shire for Essex and was elected Speaker for the first part of the 19th Parliament of King Henry VI in 1453. In 1454 he was imprisoned in the Fleet Prison for falsely confiscating property of the Duke of York and was replaced as Speaker by Sir Thomas Charlton, the House of Commons having failed to secure his release.

In 1455 he became Chancellor of the Exchequer but his enemy the Duke of York accused him of intercepting messages to the King which might have prevented the Battle of St Albans and Thorpe was stripped of all his public offices. On his return to favour in 1457 he was made keeper of the privy wardrobe in the Tower of London for life and in 1458 was appointed Second Baron of the Exchequer, serving until 1460. At the parliament of 1459 he gained his revenge on the Duke of York by helping to draw up the bill of attainder declaring York and his leading followers to be traitors.

In 1460 he was captured after the Battle of Northampton and brought back to London as a prisoner and once more stripped of his offices. He escaped from prison, but was recaptured and sent to the Tower. He escaped a second time but on 17 February 1461 was caught in Harringay by a London mob and summarily beheaded.

He had married Joan and was succeeded by his son and heir Roger. Some sources may give the dates of his Speakership as being between 1452 and 1453 as, at the time, the new year did not begin in England until a date in March. The dates given above are on the basis of the year starting on 1 January.

References

The Office of Speaker, by Philip Laundy (Cassell & Company, 1964)
Parliament and politics in late medieval England, Volume 2 p. 175 et seq By John Smith Roskell

1461 deaths
English MPs November 1449
Speakers of the House of Commons of England
Year of birth unknown
Barons of the Exchequer
Knights Bachelor
English MPs 1459
English MPs 1453
English MPs 1450


John Le Masurier (July 24, 1917 – August 31, 2014) was a British athletics coach who was best known for coaching three-time Olympic medalist Mary Rand who he connected with in 1958. He also coached sprinter Dave Segal, Chris Carter and Diane Leather, who earlier had become the first woman to break five minutes for the mile. Le Masurier was also coach of the Great Britain team at the Olympic Games between 1960 and 1976.

Le Masurier was born in Guernsey. In 2010, he was inducted into the England Athletics Hall of Fame.

He served with the Royal Marines during World War II.

References

External links
Breaking 2 minutes
Royal Marine Officers 1939−1945

1917 births
2014 deaths
Royal Marines officers
Royal Marines personnel of World War II
British athletics coaches


The Eagle Has Flown is a book by Jack Higgins, first published in 1991. It is a sequel to The Eagle Has Landed.

Plot summary
Following the events in the previous novel, it is revealed that Kurt Steiner did not die after attempting to kill the fake Churchill, but was only wounded. German intelligence learns that, after recovery in a Norfolk RAF hospital, he was briefly imprisoned in the Tower of London.

Brigadier Dougal Munro and Captain Jack Carter (recurring characters in several novels by Higgins) of the Special Operations Executive, arrange for Steiner to be relocated to a 'safe house' in a St Mary's Priory in Wapping, where he can be held whilst recuperating from surgery. Munro makes sure, via double agents at the Spanish embassies in London and Berlin, that German intelligence find out about Steiner's survival. They hope to catch the German agents attempting a rescue, especially IRA gunman Liam Devlin, in their net.

Learning of Steiner's survival, Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler summons SS General Walter Schellenberg, the chief of intelligence of the Ausland-SD to a gothic castle. Giving Schellenberg the same authority he'd given Max Radl, Himmler orders him to launch an operation to rescue Steiner. Himmler hopes to present Steiner to Hitler as a propaganda coup for the SS that will greatly embarrass Abwehr chief Wilhelm Canaris, who had originally opposed Steiner's operation. Schellenberg manages to track down Liam Devlin, who is working in a bar in Lisbon whilst trying to earn enough money for passage to the United States. When Schellenberg offers him £25,000, £5,000 more than he received for the first mission, Devlin agrees to participate.

Devlin parachutes into Ireland before entering England via a ferry to Scotland in the guise of an army chaplain. Whilst Schellenberg recruits Asa Vaughan, a pilot in the fictional American Free Corps, to pilot Steiner's escape flight. Schellenberg then enlists the help of two fascists and 'sleeper agents', Sir Max Shaw and his sister Lavinia. Their home, Shaw Place, an isolated country house located near Romney Marsh, Kent is seen by Schellenberg as an ideal landing field for Vaughan.

In London and now under the guise of Father Harry Conlon, an army chaplain, Devlin seeks sanctuary at the home of an Irish republican and old friend Michael Ryan. Ryan is living near the priory along with his niece, Mary, who takes an instant shine to Devlin. In need of an army radio, Devlin and Ryan make the mistake of buying the communications equipment from the Carver brothers, vicious London gangsters and black marketeers. Using his disguise, Devlin manages to gain entry to the priory where he takes the confession of the prisoner and the staff.

The rescue of Steiner from the priory, meticulously planned, is successful, although they are forced to take Munro along as a hostage. They drive to Shaw Place, but as Vaughan is making his landing in thick fog, a shootout ensues in which both Carvers and the Shaws are killed. Leaving Munro behind, Vaughan flies Devlin and Steiner to occupied France and make a dangerous landing near the headquarters of Erich Kraemer's detachment, also badly fog-bound.

About to present Steiner to Himmler and Hitler at a chateau on the French coast, Schellenberg learns that Himmler is plotting to stage a coup and to assassinate Hitler, Erwin Rommel and Canaris. Deciding that the war will end quicker with Hitler in charge than under Himmler who intends to be his successor, he and Steiner commandeer Kraemer's paratroopers and foil the plot.

Himmler makes it clear that the incident must not become public knowledge – in effect, it 'never happened'. Schellenberg opts to remain in Germany, and allows Steiner, Vaughan and Devlin to 'escape'. They fly to Ireland, landing in County Mayo and sinking their airplane. Their subsequent fate is not revealed, although it seems that both Devlin and Steiner are alive in 1975.

As in several of the novels by Higgins, the plot is surrounded with a prologue and epilogue. In 1975, the author, Higgins, meets an American historian in London, who gives him a photocopy of an illegally obtained secret dossier, with a one hundred-year hold, from the Public Record Office. The document purports to tell the story of Steiner's rescue. Shortly afterwards, the historian is killed in a suspicious road accident, which is investigated by a senior police officer – possibly from Special Branch. Higgins contacts Devlin, still living in Belfast, and obtains most, but not all, of the story to corroborate the contents of the dossier.

Fictional characters
Liam Devlin – notorious IRA gunman who reluctantly works for the Nazis.
Col. Kurt Steiner – highly decorated Fallschirmjager officer who survived the events that occurred at Studley Constable.
Maj. Horst Berger – a thuggish Gestapo officer who has survived terrible burns to the side of his face.
Brig. Dougal Munro – Head of Section D of the SOE, who was assigned to hush up events at Studley Constable.
Capt. Jack Carter – Munro's trusted deputy, who'd lost a leg at Dunkirk.
Asa Vaughan – an American pilot who fought with the Finnish Army against the Soviets during the Winter War, before joining the SS.
Michael Ryan – an Irish Republican and long-time friend of Devlin, who lives close to where Munro is holding Steiner.
Mary Ryan – Michael's disabled niece.
Hauptmann Erich Kraemer – a Fallschirmjager officer whose unit is enlisted by Steiner to thwart Himmler's assassination attempt on Hitler.

References

1991 British novels
Novels set during World War II
Novels by Jack Higgins


Paulinella is a genus of at least eleven
species including both freshwater and marine amoeboids. Like many members of euglyphids it is covered by rows of siliceous scales, and use filose pseudopods to crawl over the substrate of the benthic zone.

Its most famous members are the three photosynthetic species P. chromatophora, P. micropora and P. longichromatophora, the first two being freshwater forms and the third a marine form, which have recently (in evolutionary terms) taken on a cyanobacterium as an endosymbiont. As a result they are no longer able to perform phagocytosis like their non-photosynthetic relatives. P. chromatophora was discovered  in sediments of the river Rhine on Christmas Eve 1894 by German biologist Robert Lauterborn, who named it Paulinella after his stepmother Pauline. The event to permanent endosymbiosis probably occurred with a cyanobiont. The resulting organelle is a photosynthetic plastid that is often referred to as a 'cyanelle' or chromatophore, and is the only other known primary endosymbiosis event of photosynthetic cyanobacteria, although primary endosymbiosis with a non-photosynthetic cyanobacterial symbiont have occurred in the diatom family Rhopalodiaceae. The endosymbiotic event happened about 90–140 million years ago when an α-cyanobacterium (rather than a β-cyanobacterium which the plastids in Archaeplastida originates from), who diverged about 500 million years ago from the ancestors of its sister clade that consist of the living members of the cyanobacteria genera Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, was permanently established within the amoeba.

This is striking because the chloroplasts of all other known photosynthetic eukaryotes derive ultimately from a single cyanobacterium endosymbiont, which was taken in about 1.6 billion years ago by an ancestral archaeplastidan (and subsequently adopted into other eukaryote groups through secondary endosymbiosis events, and later tertiary and quaternary endosymbiosis, etc). The only exception is the ciliate Pseudoblepharisma tenue, which in addition to a photosynthetic symbiont that is a captured green algae, also has a photosynthetic prokaryote as a symbiont; a purple bacteria with a reduced genome, instead of a cyanobacteria.

The chromatophore genome has gone through a reduction, and is now just one third the size of the genome of its closest free living relatives, but still 10-fold larger than most plastid genomes. Some of the genes have been lost, others have migrated to the amoeba's nucleus through endosymbiotic gene transfer. It is estimated that 0.3-0.8% of Paulinellas genes were derived from
its endosymbiont, in addition to a small amount of genes from other organisms. Other genes have degenerated due to Muller's ratchet – accumulations of harmful mutations due to genetic isolation, and have probably been replaced with genes from other microbes through horizontal gene transfer. Some of the genes the nucleus received from the chromatophore were multiplied many times over through a "copy-paste" mechanism called retrotransposition, enabling them to function more efficiently and making them more tolerant against toxic compounds associated with photosynthesis. This changed the metabolism of the amoeba so much that it could no longer feed on microbes like its ancestors, and it became completely dependent on its endosymbiont, which in turn has lost so many genes it can no longer survive outside its host cell.

Paulinella show both a very slow growth rate and sensitivity to light, and prefer low light conditions, probably as a protection against oxidative stress and other light related stress as it doesn't have the same degree of photoprotection mechanisms found in organisms with a photosynthetic apparatus of Archaeplastid origin, which has a much longer evolutionary history.

The nuclear genes of P. chromatophora (those regions not affected by endosymbiotic gene transfer) are most closely related to the heterotrophic P. ovalis. P. ovalis is a marine heterotrophic species of Paulinella that has been shown to eat cyanobacteria and bacteria. P. ovalis also have at least two cyanobacterial-like genes, which were probably integrated into their genome through horizontal gene transfer from its cyanobacterial prey. Similar genes could have made the photosynthetic species pre-equipped to accept the chromatophore. The presence of extant heterotrophic lineages makes Paulinella a perfect model for unravelling early stages of primary endosymbiosis event and studying the post symbiotic genome evolution of both the plastid and the host.

References

Cercozoa genera
Imbricatea


Chief Buffalo may refer to any number of people:

Ojibwe

 Chief Buffalo or Kechewaishke (1759–1855), Ojibwa chief of the La Pointe Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
 Buffalo, an Ojibwa chief of the St. Croix Band
 Beshekee (Buffalo), an Ojibwa chief of the Leech Lake Band

Sioux

 Buffalo, a Dakota chief about St. Croix River
 Black Buffalo (chief) (1767–1823), Sioux leader

Other

 White Buffalo (Cheyenne leader) (1862–1929), chief of the Northern Cheyenne
 Buffalo Hump, Comanche leader
 Chief Buffalo Child Long Lance (1890–1932), journalist, soldier and Native American impostor


William Fisher (14 March 1940 – 6 October 2018) was a Scottish boxer. He was born in Craigneuk and boxed under the names Willie Fisher and Billy Fisher.

Boxing career

Amateur career
Fisher won the 1960 Amateur Boxing Association British light-middleweight title, when boxing out of the Craigneuk ABC. Fisher represented Great Britain at the 1960 Rome Olympic Games. He won a bronze medal at light middleweight.

Pro career
Fisher turned pro in 1961 and spent his entire career fighting in Great Britain. He retired in 1967 with a record of 21-12 with 9 KO.

External links

Olympic Profile
William Fisher's obituary

References

1940 births
2018 deaths
Sportspeople from North Lanarkshire
Light-middleweight boxers
Scottish male boxers
Olympic boxers for Great Britain
Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain
Boxers at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in boxing
Medalists at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Scottish Olympic medallists


The Schloss Kaltenberg is a castle in the village of Geltendorf in Upper Bavaria, Germany. The castle was built in 1292 and is currently under the proprietorship of Prince Luitpold of Bavaria, the great-grandson of the last king of Bavaria, Ludwig III.

History

1292 the castle is built by Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria
1320 the castle is destroyed during a family feud
1425 the castle is rebuilt by the Augsburger Patrician Peter Rehlinger
1468 sold to the house of Hundt zu Lautterbach
1514 the historian Wiguläus Hundt was born in the castle
1612 the castle is assumed by the Jesuits
1633 during the Thirty Years' War the Swedish destroy the castle
1781 the Knights of Malta assume ownership
1870 a brewery is founded and the castle was renovated in the neo-Gothic style, which remains to the present
1900 the painter Lorenzo Quaglio  assumes ownership. Quaglio lived in the Castle and made many paintings of the Castle and its surroundings. Lorenzo's brother Domenico is known as architect of the most famous Castle in Bavaria, namely Neuschwanstein.
c. 1920 the castle brewery joined the Unionbrewery in Munich, which was owned by the brewer Josef Schülein. Due to the war his family fled to America but returned in 1948 and claimed their property back.
1955 the Schulein heirs sold the castle to Princess Irmingard of Bavaria (1923–2010), the mother of Prince Luitpold.

The castle today

Since 1870 part of the König Ludwig Schlossbrauerei is housed in the Schloss Kaltenberg. Over 100,000 hectoliters of beer are produced there, about one-quarter to one-third of the company's total production.  Prince Luitpold of Bavaria, CEO of the brewery, and his family currently reside in the castle.  The castle also offers a ballroom for events as well as two restaurants.  The castle is also host to a  knights' tournament that draws over 10,000 visitors.

References
Kaltenberg Knights' Tournament review and pictures

Castles in Bavaria


Donelson station is a train station in Nashville, Tennessee, serving the WeGo City Star commuter rail service. It serves the neighborhood of Donelson. Service began September 18, 2006.

References

External links
Station from Google Maps Street View

Music City Star stations in Nashville, Tennessee
Railway stations in the United States opened in 2006
2006 establishments in Tennessee


The De Tonti Square Historic District is a historic district in the city of Mobile, Alabama, United States.  It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 7, 1972.  It is a nine-block area, roughly bounded by Adams, St. Anthony, Claiborne, and Conception Streets.  The district covers  and contains 66 contributing buildings.  It was named in honor of Henri de Tonti and consists mainly of townhouses built between 1840 and 1860.  It includes numerous examples of the Federal, Greek Revival, and Italianate architectural styles.

Gallery

References

Historic districts in Mobile, Alabama
National Register of Historic Places in Mobile, Alabama
Neoclassical architecture in Alabama
Greek Revival architecture in Alabama
Federal architecture in Alabama
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama


Hermitage station is a train station in Nashville, Tennessee, serving the WeGo Star regional rail line. It serves Nashville's Hermitage area. Service began September 18, 2006.

References

External links
Station from Andrew Jackson Parkway from Google Maps Street View

Music City Star stations in Nashville, Tennessee
Railway stations in the United States opened in 2006
2006 establishments in Tennessee


The Reality of Speed is an unscripted television series that ran on SpikeTV and Speed Channel from 2004 to 2006.  The show was produced in Dallas, TX.

Seasonal overview

Season 1
Season 1 consisted of 48 episodes that aired in 2004 on SpikeTV.  The episodes covered the behind the scenes story of Holigan Racing's Team Radio Shack in the AMA Supercross/ Motocross series and Team Enzyte in the NASCAR Busch Series. Team Members included; David Starr, Regan Smith, Randall Speir, Steve Mertens, John Schwartz, Craig Jones, Rob Van Zeeland, Cole Siebler, Josh Summey, Michael Blose, Chris Whitcraft and Matthew Laloz.

Season 2
Season 2 consisted of 13 episodes that aired in 2005 on Speed Channel.  In addition to the network change, the NASCAR team coverage was dropped.  The episodes covered Holigan Racing's Team Samsung/Sprint in the AMA Supercross series.  Team members included;  Michael Holigan (Owner), Lucky Nichols (Team Manager), Troy Adams (Rider), Josh Summey (Rider), Josh Woods (Rider), Michael Blose (Rider), Billy Bell (Mechanic), Matt Fleming (Mechanic), Jeremy Nichols (Mechanic), Keith Burns (Mechanic), Gary Semics (Trainer) and James Sulivan (Marketing).

Season 3
Season 3 consisted of 13 episodes that aired in 2006 on Speed Channel.  The episodes covered Holigan Racing's Team BooKoo in the AMA Supercross series. Team members included;  Michael Holigan (Owner), David Vuillemin (Rider), Justin Keeney (Rider), Steve Boniface (Rider), Broc Sellards (Rider), Josh Demuth (Rider), Billy Bell (Mechanic), Matt Fleming (Mechanic), Vincent Berini (Mechanic) and James Sullivan (Marketing).  Guest appearances included Leticia Cline and Erica Vuillemin.

References

NASCAR on television
2004 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
Spike (TV network) original programming
Speed (TV network) original programming


Mt. Juliet station is a train station in Mount Juliet, Tennessee, serving Nashville's commuter rail service, the WeGo Star. Service began September 18, 2006.

References

External links
Station from Google Maps Street View

Buildings and structures in Wilson County, Tennessee
Music City Star stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 2006
2006 establishments in Tennessee


Italian Tunisians (, or Italians of Tunisia) are Tunisian-born citizens who are fully or partially of Italian descent, whose ancestors were Italians who emigrated to Tunisia during the Italian diaspora, or Italian-born people in Tunisia. Migration and colonization, particularly during the 19th century, led to significant numbers of Italians settling in Tunisia.

Italian presence in Tunisia
The presence of a numerous community of Italians in Tunisia has ancient origins, but it is only from the first half of the 19th century that its economic and social weight became critical in many fields of the social life of the country.

The Republic of Genoa owned the island of Tabarka near Biserta, where the Genoese family Lomellini, who had purchased the grant of the coral fishing from the Ottoman Turks, maintained a garrison from 1540 to 1742. Here may still be seen the ruins of a stronghold, a church and some Genoese buildings. At Tabarka the ruins consist of a pit once used as a church and some fragments of walls which belonged to Christian buildings.

Italian Jews from Livorno created the first foreign community in Tunisia, after the 16th century.  In those centuries, the Italian language became the lingua franca in the field of the commerce in the Maghreb.

The first Italians in Tunisia at the beginning of the 19th century were mainly traders and professionals in search of new opportunities, coming from Liguria and the other regions of northern Italy.  In those years even a great number of Italian political exiles (related to Giuseppe Mazzini and the Carbonari organizations) were forced into expatriation in Tunisia, in order to escape the political oppression enacted by the preunitary States of the Italian peninsula. One of them was Giuseppe Garibaldi, in 1834 and 1849.

In a move that foreshadowed the Triple alliance, Italian colonial interests in Tunisia were actually encouraged by the Germans and Austrians in the late 19th century to offset French interests in the region and to retain a perceived balance of power in Europe. The Austrians also had an interest in diverting Italy's attention away from the Trentino.

At the end of the 19th century, Tunisia received the immigration of tens of thousands of Italians, mainly from Sicily and also Sardinia. As a consequence, in the first years of the 20th century there were more than 100,000 Italian residents in Tunisia. They concentrated not only in Tunis, Biserta, La Goulette, and Sfax, but even in small cities like Zaghouan, Bouficha, Kelibia, and Ferryville.

In those years, the Italian community was the main European community in the French Protectorate: Sicilians made up 72.5% of the community's population, while 16.3% were from central Italy (mainly Tuscan Jews), 3.8% were Sardinians and 2.5% from northern Italy (mainly from Veneto and Emilia).

The small city of La Goulette (called La Goletta by the Italian Tunisians) was practically developed by Italian immigrants in the 19th century, who constituted nearly half the population until the 1950s (the international actress Claudia Cardinale was born there in 1938).

The presence of the Italians was fundamental in the process of cultural modernization of the country with the creation of various schools and institutes of culture, with the foundation of newspapers and reviews in Italian language and with the construction of hospitals, roads and small manufacturing industries, supported by Italian financial institutions.

The British Encyclopedia states that "...after 1862, however, the kingdom of Italy began to take a deep interest in the future of Tunisia. When the country went bankrupt in 1869, a triple control was established over Tunisian finances, with British, French and Italian controllers.' In 1880 the Italians bought the British railway from Tunis to Goletta. This and other actions excited the French to act on the secret understanding effected with the British foreign minister at the Berlin Congress. In 1881 a French force crossed the Algerian frontier under pretext of chastising the independent Khmir tribes on the north-east of the regency, and, quickly dropping the mask, advanced on the capital and compelled the Bey to accept the French protectorate. The actual conquest of the country was not effected without a serious struggle with the existing Muslim population, especially at Sfax; but all Tunisia was brought completely under French jurisdiction and administration, supported by military posts at every important point. In 1883 the new situation under the French protectorate was recognized by the British government withdrawing its consular jurisdiction in favour of the French courts, and in 1885 it ceased to be represented by a diplomatic official. The other powers followed suit, except Italy, which did not recognize the full consequences of the French protectorate until 1896..."

On 30 September 1896, Italy and France signed a treaty whereby Italy virtually recognised Tunisia as a French dependency.

France and the Peril Italien

The French conquest of Tunisia in 1881, the so-called Schiaffo di Tunisi, created many problems to the Tunisian Italians, who were seen as Le Peril Italien (the Italian danger) by the French colonial rulers.

In Tunisian cities (like Tunis, Biserta and La Goulette) there were highly populated quarters called “Little Sicily” or “Little Calabria”. Italian schools, religious institutions, orphanages and hospitals were opened. The prevailing Italian presence in Tunisia, at both the popular and entrepreneurial level, was such that France set in motion with its experienced diplomacy and its sound entrepreneurial sense the process which led to the "Treaty of Bardo" and a few years later the Conventions of La Marsa, which rendered Tunisia a Protectorate of France in 1881.

In this way France began its policy of economic and cultural expansion in Tunisia, opening free schools, spreading the French language and allowing, on request, French citizenship to foreign residents. Some Sicilians become French: in the 1926 Census there were 30,000 French "of foreign language" in Tunisia.  For example, attending free French schools, Mario Scalesi, the son of poor Sicilian emigrants, became a French speaker and in French wrote Les poèmes d’un maudit ("The poems of one damned") and was thus the first francophone poet from the Maghreb.

Even under the Protectorate the emigration of Italian workers to Tunisia continued unabated. Scalesi pinpointed that in 1910 there were 105,000 Italians in Tunisia, as against 35,000 Frenchmen, but there were only 1,167 holders of land among the former, with an aggregate of 83,000 hectares, whereas the Frenchmen include 2,395 landowners who had grabbed 700,000 hectares in the colony. A French decree of 1919 made the acquisition of real estate property practically prohibitive to the Tunisian Italians and this French attitude toward the Italians paved the way for the Mussolini's complaints in the 1920s and 1930s.

With the rise of Benito Mussolini, the contrasts between Rome and Paris were sharpened also because the Italians of Tunisia showed themselves to be very sensitive to the fascist propaganda and many of them joined in compact form the nationalistic ideals of the Fascism of the "Duce".

Indeed, the Tunisian Italians showed "to be defiantly nationalistic and robustly resistant to amalgamation" and many of them refusedoften vehementlyto be naturalized by the French authorities.

Italian fascist pressure

The fact that the French government promoted actively the French citizenship between the Italians in Tunisia was one of the main reasons of the direct intervention of Mussolini in the Tunisian problems. From 1910 to 1926, the Italians were reduced by this French policy of assimilation from 105,000 to fewer than 90,000.

In the 1926 census of the Tunisian colony, there were 173,281 Europeans, of which 89,216 were Italians, 71,020 French and 8,396 Maltese. Indeed, this was a relative majority that prompted Laura Davi (in his Memoires italiennes en Tunisie of 1936) to write that "La Tunisia è una colonia italiana amministrata da funzionari francesi" (Tunisia is an Italian colony administered by French managers).

Initially, during the 1920s, fascists promoted only the defense of the national and social rights of the Italians of Tunisia against potential assimilation by France. Mussolini opened some financial institutions and Italian banks (like the Banca siciliana) and some Italian newspapers (like L'Unione), but even Italian hospitals, teachers, cinemas, schools (primary and secondary) and health assistance organizations.

The March of Times (a documentary from Time magazine) in 1939 stated that "...With 1 million trained soldiers and its powerful navy, Italy is in a position to execute its plan for Mediterranean conquest. Of all Mediterranean plums, none is so tempting to land-hungry Italy as France's North African protectorate—Tunisia. For nearly 60 years, Tunisia was reasonably contented. The country is fertile—a major producer of olive oil and fertilizer, it may also have oil. Tunisia has strategic importance in a major Mediterranean war and could make Rome again master of this sea.The French employ a Muslim figurehead, who, in return for his keep, is supposed to ensure that the Muslim population is content. The fascist imperial state of Italy has sent advance men sent into Tunisia, so that there are more Italians in French Tunisia than in all African colonies. Well supplied with fascist funds, Italy's consuls and their agents have long been busy systematically undermining French influence of authority. Italian banks are generous to Italian colonists, Italians have their own schools loyal to the fascist state of Italy, and many Tunisian newspapers are subsidized by Italy. Professional agitators are actively encouraging trouble, magnifying grievances, imaginary or real. Radio programs tell Muslims that Mussolini alone is their protector. Membership in the Fascist Party is all but compulsory for every Italian male in Tunisia, and refusing to join means virtual banishment. Granted free speech and free assembly by French law, fascist leaders in Tunisia have become loud and aggressive in demanding special privileges for Italians, at the same time denouncing the French government, which tolerates their activities. Italy is making buildings that are easily convertible to military use, and building up the civil population to support a mass takeover..."

In 1940, Mussolini requested France to give Tunisia (along with Djibouti, Corsica and Nice) to Italy, when World War II was just beginning. However it was only in November 1942 that Italian troops occupied Tunisia.

Tunisia in World War II

Near the end of 1942, Italian troops seized Tunisia from the Vichy French colonial administrators with support from German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps, .

In the first months of 1943 Italian schools were opened in Tunis and Biserta, while 4000 Italian Tunisians volunteered for the Italian Army. Some Italian newspapers and magazines that had been closed by the French government in the late 1930s were reopened.

In the last months of 1942 some Tunisians and local Italians joined the National Fascist Party in Tunis. From December 1942 until February 1943 Tunisia and Italian Libya were under Italian control and administered as Italian North Africa, but later the Allies conquered Tripolitania and Italian control was reduced to the Tunisian area west of the Mareth Line (where an Axis last stand was fought). All legally established territory of Italian North Africa was dissolved by early 1943, but Tunisia remained the last de facto Italian administered territory.

After regaining Tunisia, French authorities closed all the Italian schools and newspapers. As a result of harassment by the French regime, the Italian community in Tunisia began to disappear. This process was aggravated in the 1950s when Tunisia gained independence.

In the 1946 census, the Italians in Tunisia numbered 84,935, but in 1959 (three years after many Italian settlers had left for Italy or France) there were only 51,702, and in 1969 there were fewer than 10,000. As of 2005, there are only 900, mainly concentrated in the metropolitan area of Tunis. Another 2,000 Italians, according to the Italian embassy in Tunis, are temporary residents, working as professionals and technicians for Italian companies in different areas of Tunisia.

Legacy

The legacy of the Italians in Tunisia is extensive. It goes from the construction of roads and buildings to literature and gastronomy (many Tunisian dishes are heavily influenced by the Sicilian gastronomy).

The city of La Goletta was practically created by Sicilian immigrants during the 19th century, with a quarter called "Piccola Sicilia" (Little Sicily, or "Petite Sicile" in French).

In 1926 there were 2,449 Italians living in this city near Tunis (40.8% of a total population of 5,997), while the French population only numbered 772.

The Italian international actress Claudia Cardinale, famous for the 1968 movie Once Upon a Time in the West of Sergio Leone, was born in La Goletta in 1938.

Even the Tunisian language has many words borrowed from the Italian language. For example, "fatchatta" from Italian "facciata" (facade), "trino" from Italian "treno" (train), "miziria" from Italian "miseria" (misery), "jilat" from Italian "gelato" (ice cream), "guirra" from Italian "guerra" (war), etc....

Language and religion

Most Italian Tunisians speak Tunisian Arabic, French, and any of the languages of Italy (especially Italian, Sicilian and Neapolitan), while the assimilated ones speak Tunisian Arabic and French only. In religion, most are Roman Catholic Christians.

Italian Tunisians
Small list of notable Tunisians of Italian descent:
 Beji Caid Essebsi, president of the Republic
 Loris Azzaro, international designer
 Claude Bartolone, former president of the French National Assembly
 Sandra Milo, international actress
 Claudia Cardinale, international actress
 Paul G. Comba, computer scientist and astronomer
 Niccolò Converti, politician and editor
 Antonio Corpora, painter
 Laura Davi, writer
 Cesare Luccio, writer
 Carlos Marcello, American Mafia don (Born in Tunis)
 Attilio Molco, lawyer and founder of the Tunisian "Dante Alighieri".
 Nicola Pietrangeli, international tennis champion
 , poet and writer.

See also
 Kingdom of Africa
 Republic of Genoa
 Italian Empire
 Tunisian Campaign
 Italy–Tunisia relations

References

Bibliography
 Alberti Russell, Janice. The Italian community in Tunisia, 1861-1961: a viable minority. Columbia University. Columbia, 1977.
 Bellahsen,Fabien, Daniel Rouche et Didier Bizos. Cuisine de Tunisie Ed. Auzou. Paris, 2005
 Bonura, Francesco. Gli Italiani in Tunisia ed il problema della naturalizzazione. Luce Ed. Roma, 1929
 Foerster, Robert. The Italian Emigration of Our Times. Ayer Publishing. Manchester (New Hampshire), 1969.
 Iiams, Thomas M. (1962). Dreyfus, Diplomatists and the Dual Alliance: Gabriel Hanotaux at the Quai D'Orsay (1894 - 1898), Geneva/Paris: Librairie Droz/Librairie Minard
 Mion, Giuliano. Osservazioni sul sistema verbale dell'arabo di Tunisi. Rivista degli Studi Orientali 78. Roma, 2004.
 Moustapha Kraiem. Le fascisme et les italiens de Tunisie, 1918-1939. Cahiers du CERES. Tunis, 1969
 Priestley, Herbert. France Overseas: Study of Modern Imperialism. Routledge. Kentucky, 1967.
 Sebag, Paul. Tunis. Histoire d'une ville ed. L'Harmattan, Paris, 1998
 Smeaton Munro, Ion. Through Fascism to World Power: A History of the Revolution in Italy.Ayer Publishing. Manchester (New Hampshire), 1971.
 Watson, Bruce Allen. Exit Rommel: The Tunisian Campaign, 1942-43. Stackpole Military History Series. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books (1999). .

External links
 Image of Genoese Tabarca
 Italian newspaper of Tunisia
 Photo of the "Petite Sicile" of la Goletta (La Goulette), with the local Catholic church
 Website of the Italians of Tunisia
 A tribute to Claudia Cardinale
 How the French preceded the Italians in the occupation of Tunisia (in Italian)
 Tunisia in the British Encyclopedia

Social history of Tunisia

Tunisia
Tunisians
Italy–Tunisia relations


Shattered City: The Halifax Explosion and the Road to Recovery is a 1989 Canadian non-fiction book by Janet Kitz describing the experience of the Halifax Explosion with an emphasis on the experience of ordinary people and families who became victims or survivors of the 1917 munitions explosion in Halifax, Nova Scotia. The book broke new ground, making extensive use of oral history interviews conducted by Janet Kitz to tell previously unknown stories from the event, illustrated by documents and photographs collected by the author as well as images and artifacts from the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic. The first book published in many years about the explosion, it broke the record for the largest number of books ever sold at a book launch in Nova Scotia and has been credited as creating a renaissance in published accounts about the 1917 disaster. The book has been reprinted several times and has remained a definitive account of the disaster which has influenced numerous works that have followed. Janet Kitz went on to write two follow-up books: Survivors: Children of the Halifax Explosion (2000) which explored in more detail the stories of children who survived and December 1917: Revisiting the Halifax Explosion (2006) with Joan Payzant which looked at the impact of the explosion on the landscape of Halifax and Dartmouth.

A CBC television miniseries in 2004 Shattered City: The Halifax Explosion took the same title of the book, but the miniseries had no connection to the book or its author.

Editions
 1989 1st Edition (Nimbus):
 2004 2nd Edition (Nimbus):
 2008 3rd Edition (Nimbus):

References

1989 non-fiction books
2004 non-fiction books
2008 non-fiction books
20th-century history books
21st-century history books
History books about Nova Scotia
History books about cities
History of Halifax, Nova Scotia
Disaster books


Pottery fracture results from stress within a ceramic body due to thermal expansion and contraction, shrinkage, and other forces. Poor drying or uneven compression and alignment of particles can result in low strength. Cracking may appear in greenware as well as each stage of the firing including bisqueware and glazed ware.

Fracture in greenware resulting in stresses during the making. To avoid cracks in greenware uniformity should be maintained in the thickness of the pot, the drying of the greenware, as well as consistency of the clay body itself. Cracks can result in uneven drying from thinner to thicker spots within the pot. A lack of compression in the bottom while throwing results in a commonly seen "s" crack on the underneath of the pot.

Fractures caused by thermal shock called dunting occur during the firing process and are witnessed in the bisqueware stage. Dunting is a problem that commonly occurs during the cooling process of the firing cycle. Latent or dormant cracks which went unnoticed in greenware may appear in bisqued ware after firing.

A crack that appears in any stage of firing worsens through multiple firings. Cracks may also go unnoticed until after the glazed firing. In glazed ware the glaze causes stress due to the thermal expansion. The interaction of the glaze and the clay body causes stress on the pot in glaze firing.

References

Fraser, Harry. Ceramic Faults and their Remedies. A and C Black. London. 1986.

Pottery


Martha station is a train station in Martha, Tennessee, serving Nashville's commuter rail line, the WeGo Star. Service began September 18, 2006.

References

External links
Station from Powell Grove Road from Google Maps Street View

Buildings and structures in Wilson County, Tennessee
Music City Star stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 2006
2006 establishments in Tennessee


William McGhee (July 24, 1930 – February 17, 2007) was an American stage, film and television actor. He was also known professionally as Bill McGee, Bill McGhee and William Bill McGhee.

Hotel explosion
On June 21, 1946, aged 15, McGhee held an elevator operator job at the Baker Hotel in downtown Dallas, when an ammonia explosion occurred during work on a refrigeration unit. He was temporarily reported as dead in the media, but he survived. He suffered amnesia, but was fully restored to health. He resumed his pursuit for the theater after recovery.

Korean War
He served his country as an Army corporal in the 31st Unit division in the Korean War, and performed for the troops at Camp Atterbury, Indiana. He was among the soldiers exposed to atmospheric nuclear testing at Yucca Flats, Nevada to measure the bomb's consequences. He was reportedly selected for the mission because of the injuries he had survived in the Baker Hotel blast.

Acting career
After his honorable discharge from the military, McGhee returned to performing at the Dallas Theater Center's Janus Players. In 1954, he broke racial barriers and was the first African-American actor to perform professionally on the Dallas stage in roles without racial requirements. He performed in more than 35 theater productions and stage plays, and in more than 15 films, including High Yellow (1965), Curse of the Swamp Creature (1966), Don't Look in the Basement (1973), Drive-In (1976), 1918 (1985) and Riverbend (1989).

He was one of the first unionized African-American actors in Dallas with SAG (Screen Actors Guild) and AFTRA (American Federation of Television and Radio Artists).

Death
McGhee died from male breast cancer, aged 76. He was survived by his wife, Ina B. Daniels Hurdle-McGhee, a civil rights activist, as well as by his children: a son, Derek McGhee, a daughter, Dawn McGhee, an actress/director/producer. He was also survived by ten siblings.

Filmography

References

External links

1930 births
2007 deaths
African-American male actors
American male film actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Dallas
United States Army personnel of the Korean War
Deaths from male breast cancer
Deaths from cancer in Texas
20th-century American male actors
United States Army soldiers
People with amnesia
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people


Rode may refer to:

People
Ajmer Rode, Canadian writer
Bernd Michael Rode (born 1946), Austrian chemistry professor
Bernhard Rode (1725–1797), German painter
Ebbe Rode (1910–1998), Danish stage and film actor
Franc Rode (born 1934), Slovenian cardinal
Gautam Rode (born 1977), Indian actor
Hans Henrik Rode (1767–1830), Norwegian military officer
Helge Rode (1870–1973), Danish writer, critic and journalist
Hermen Rode (before 1465 – after 1504), German painter
Nina Pens Rode (1929–1992), Danish actress
Ove Rode (1867–1933), Danish politician
Pierre Rode (1774–1830), French violinist
Sebastian Rode (born 1990), German footballer

Places
Rode, Somerset, England
Rode Heath, Cheshire, England
Carleton Rode, Norfolk, England
North Rode, Cheshire, England
Odd Rode, Cheshire, England
Sint-Genesius-Rode, Flanders, Belgium
 Rode, a village near Moga, Punjab, India

Structures
Rode Hall, Cheshire, England

Companies
Røde Microphones, manufacturer of audio equipment

Other
Marquess of Rode, a former noble title in Belgium
Rode, a cable, chain or rope, especially one attached to the anchor of a small boat.

See also
Road (disambiguation)
Roder (disambiguation), placename and surname


Formula Off Road is a form of off-road racing 4x4 motorsport. It started in Iceland, gained popularity in the Nordic countries which have an Nordic competition and was introduced to United States of America in 2016.

Formula Off Road is a form of motorsport where drivers compete in
precision driving through steep hills and extreme terrain with 4WD
vehicles.

History
Formula Off Road originates in Iceland in the 1960s. In the hopes of raising funds, groups of Icelandic rescue workers started to show their 4WD cars in action in the Icelandic hills. It soon became more of a competition between the teams, and soon they started building specially made vehicles for just this purpose.

The story of Formula Off Road began in Iceland May 2, 1965 when the first Formula Off Road competition was hosted by Bifreiðaklúbbur Reykjavíkur (Reykjavik's Car Club), or BKR for short. After that race Egill Gunnar Ingólfsson claimed the title First Winner of Formula Off Road. With that competition, Þorkell Guðnason and fellow members of BKR made the foundation of what we call today a Formula Off Road Championship.

26 January 1980 an national association of racers, Landssamband íslenzkra akstursíþróttamanna (LÍS), whas founded. They organized an calendar for formula offroad, made an unified scoring system, managed the national championship and made sure safety protocols are being fulfilled.

At the beginning there was only one class but in 1985 the second class was added to the competition because some of the contestants began to drive with multi-paddle tires. That's when Modified Class and Unlimited Class came to exist. During these years contestants arrived on their daily drive cars, took off the equipment they didn't need in the race itself, changed their tires to multi-paddle and started the race.

Back in the day Anti-roll bars were the only requirement but not the complete roll cage as it is today. It is worth noting that in 50 years of Icelandic Formula Off Road there hasn't been any serious injuries that can be traced to lack of security measures in the cars.

Formula Off-road competitions have always been a great part of the Icelandic motorsport.

The first Formula Off-road competition abroad was in Sjöbo in Sweden, 29 July 1990. Jeppaklubbur Reykjavíkur organized the competition in cooperation with Wettern Offroaders. Formula Off-road then started to occur regularly in Sweden, Finland, Norway and Denmark.

In 1996 the first Nordic Formula Off Road competition was held. Two Swedes, one Norwegian and several Icelanders competed. From 1997 to 2008 an Nordic tournament was held in Iceland, but 2004 was the first time all Scandinavian countries participated. An competing Nordic tournament was held in the Scandinavian countries in 2000–2008. Those two tournaments where merged in 2009 and organized by FIA north European zone (FIA-NEZ).

On 4 June 2000, there was the first and only Formula Offroad race in Swindon, England. 14 Icelanders, two Swedes and one Norwegian competed on tracks that had more fauna and clay than are usually present in Iceland. As a result, the multi-paddle tyres where removed, and more conventional tyres used instead.

In 2016, 1st-2 October, was the first Formula Off-road competition in the Bikini Bottoms Off-Road Park in Tennessee, USA. 16 Icelanders and 4 Americans competed. In 2017 the Icelandic film "Spólað yfir hafið" was released, focusing on the trip of Icelandic off-road drivers to compete in that race. Morgunblaðið gave the film four out of five stars.

July 21, 2018 in Akranes, Iceland, Andrew Blackwood became the first American to compete in Icelandic Formula Offroad Competition driving the Unlimited-class Draumurinn. A car well known in Icelandic competition, Draumurinn (The Dream) is owned by Gestur J. Ingolfsson and is based in Akureyri, Iceland.

Racing and strategy
Formula Off Road is held in several locations for each tournament. Rock mines are a common location. Each location has multiple tracks which are competed on in a single day. Multiple competitions make up a tournament, an national tournament and the Nordic tournament. Each car has multiple assistants acting like mechanics, preparing the car and making repairs during competition.

Classes
There are currently three competing classes in Formula Off Road:
 Street Legal Class - Equipped with lights, license plates and subject to annual inspection these vehicles are road-safe and often street driven just as they are raced.
 Modified Class - the shape of the body must resemble a mass-produced vehicle. Bonnet, side body panels, and front and rear fenders must be installed and resemble the original vehicle.
 Unlimited Class - the major league class

The difference between the classes is mainly in the tyres. Unlimited Class 4x4s are allowed to use paddle tyres which dig into the earth between hops.

The two classes compete on similar tracks. For both classes the length of body must at least cover the wheelbase of the vehicle.

Risks
Racing cars can flip over and roll down the side of the hill. The suspension and drive shaft have failed the most during a race. The drivers are protected by a roll cage, a full-face helmet with neck support, five-point harnesses, a homologated bucket seat, flame resistant overalls, shoes and gloves, special arm restrainers and other safety measures that are required by the rules.

Spectators can sometimes be pelted with sand, earth or small stones kicked up by the rear tires.

Point system
Drivers are ranked by how many points they have. Points are given in a similar way to other types of motorsport.

Each driver has to go as far as they can and gets no help from the team during the attempt. Stopping incurs a penalty of 10 points. Backing up is allowed but incurs a
40-point penalty. Touching a marker is 20 penalty points. Driving over a marker is 50 points or 100 if only one wheel is still on the course. Faults at the final gate incur only half as many points. 20 points for the winner, 15 for second place, 12 for third and less for every subsequent place. On each track a driver can earn up to 350 points depending on how far they go or if they get any points deducted for faults.

Timed courses give points according to time. First place = 350 points. Other drivers are deducted 1 point for every 1/10th of a second slower than the fastest time.
The highest total number of points wins.

There is often also a special award given for the most spectacular driving in each class. There is not a lot of money in the sport and the winner only gets a medal and a cup.

Each competition is held in accordance with the FIA International Sporting Code (ISC) and has six to eight tracks.

Vehicles
The Formula Off Road style 4x4 is highly modified. A typical example usually has the following modifications:
 Locked front and rear differentials as well as the centre transfer case.
 Gear-ratios are lowered and usually have slightly higher ratios up front. This makes the front wheels turn a little faster and makes the vehicle easier to steer in the extreme situations.
 Engines are eight-cylinder petrol engines. A nitrous system gives an extra couple of hundred bhp when the pedal is floored. Recent seasons (as of 2018) have seen more and more variants with fast spooling turbochargers instead, also making non-V8 base engines viable like the Honda K24 or Volvo T5.
 An automatic transmission with a torque converter with a stall speed of about 5,000rpm. Driveline kicks in around 5,000rpm.
 Sand drag tyres for maximum traction. The Unlimited Class allows the use of paddle tyres that are built on racing slicks with the paddles welded on. The Modified Street Class uses die-cast sand drag tyres with slightly smaller shovels.
 Suspension is made to accommodate fast changing surfaces. The older trucks have coil springs while newer trucks have air springs that are easier to adjust according to each track. A new type of suspension is also being tested by at least one contestant. It's similar to your typical motorcycle, where the shock absorber and the suspension arm is built into a single unit.
 A specially built roll cage is required for all vehicles.
 Steering is hydraulic and not allowed on the street.

See also
 Baja SAE, a similar competition between university teams

References

External links
 FormulaOffroad.org - Official rules and more info
 4x4OffRoads.com - Covers a lot of Formula Off Road events
 FOIceland.com - All information about the Icelandic Formula Off-Road events, news, drivers and cars.

Off-road racing
Motorsport in Iceland
Motorsport in Norway
Motorsport competitions in Sweden


Lebanon station is a train station in Lebanon, Tennessee, serving Nashville's commuter rail line, the WeGo Star. Service began September 18, 2006.

References

External links
Station from Greenwood Street from Google Maps Street View

Buildings and structures in Wilson County, Tennessee
Music City Star stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 2006
Lebanon, Tennessee
2006 establishments in Tennessee


A minecart, mine cart, or mine car (or more rarely mine trolley or mine hutch) is a type of rolling stock found on a mine railway, used for moving ore and materials procured in the process of traditional mining. Minecarts are seldom used in modern operations, having largely been superseded in underground operations (especially coal mines) by more efficient belt conveyor systems that allow machines such as longwall shearers and continuous miners to operate at their full capacity, and above ground by large dumpers.

Terminology

Throughout the world, there are different titles for mine carts. In South Africa, a minecart is referred to as a ; or koekepan. In German, it is called  (alternative spelling ). In Wales, minecarts are known as drams. In the U.S. and elsewhere, the term skip – or skip wagon (older spelling: waggon) – is used. (See: Skip (container)#Etymology)

In particular, a V skip wagon is a side-tipping skid with a V-shaped body. (Images)

Design and operation
Minecarts range in size and usage, and are usually made of steel for hauling ore. Shaped like large, rectangular buckets, minecarts ride on metal tracks and were originally pushed or pulled by men and animals (supplemented later by rope-haulage systems). They were generally introduced in early modern time, replacing containers carried by men. Originally, they didn't run on a real "rail", where the wheels would have a rim to fit into the tracks, but with plain wheels on a wooden plank way, hold in track by a pin fitting into a guide groove, or by the underside of the cart itself which was lower than the wheels and fitted between the planks ("Hungarian system").

As mines increased in size and output, the aforementioned methods became impractical because of the distances and quantities of material involved, so larger carts would be used, hauled by narrow gauge diesel and electric locomotives (in coal mining operations, where gas that is flammable would present a problem, the locomotives would be flameproof or battery powered). These were also used to pull trains transporting miners to the workfaces.

Minecarts were very important in the history of technology because they evolved into railroad cars. See History of rail transport.

Lorry or mine car

An open railroad car (gondola) with a tipping trough, often found in mines.  Known in the UK as a tippler or chaldron wagon and in the US as a mine car.

In popular culture
Minecarts have been depicted as a type of thrill ride; for instance Indiana Jones uses one in an escape scene in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom.

Mine train roller coasters were inspired by minecarts.

Minecart levels, a term used for levels in which the player character takes a high-speed ride in a minecart, common level in video games, especially side-scrolling video games such as Donkey Kong Country. A minecart is also featured in Hoodwinked. Minecarts and tracks can be crafted by the player in Minecraft and used for transportation. They are also found in abandoned mineshafts that generate naturally as a part of the game's procedural generation.

In Great Britain, restored mine carts (known as "tubs") containing floral displays can commonly be seen on village greens and outside pubs in former coal mining areas such as Northumberland and County Durham.

Like in Great Britain, old mine carts are common decorations in Germany, sometimes accompanied by old mining tools. Especially in the Ruhr Area those carts can be found in many front yards.

See also
 Chaldron
 Corf
 Decauville wagon
 Mineral wagon

References

 Rakes, Paul H. (2012). "Coal Mine Mechanization." The West Virginia Encyclopedia. West Virginia Humanities Council, Charleston, WV.

External links

Carts
Mining equipment
Traditional mining
Freight rolling stock


Ixtapan del Oro is a town and municipality in the State of Mexico, in Mexico. The name “Ixtapan” comes from Nahuatl and means 'in the place of little salt'. "del Oro" is Spanish, meaning 'of the gold'. This name was added in 1894 when some veins of gold were found here.

The town
It is a small town of only 913 people. This town is located at the western limits of Mexico State.  It was founded in 1650 but received its name in 1870 as a municipality.

A number of archeological artifacts are displayed in the town's central garden, including a monolith called "Tlazolteotl”, uncovered nearby, about which little is known with certainty. In 1987, the municipal government located in the town established the ecological park of "El Salto de Chihuahua" to promote tourism in the region.

The town church, called San Martine Ocoxochitepec, is an amalgam of a number of different styles, but its atrium clearly marks its beginnings in the 16th century. It was last remodeled in 1975.

The Casa de la Cultura (House of Culture) "Joaquín Arcadio Pagaza" was opened in 1993 and the sports facility of "Graciela Mendoza Barrios" was opened in 1996.

One of the notable residents of the town is poet and bishop Joaquin Arcadio Pagaza (1839–1918)  (poet and bishop) who wrote two sonnets about Ixtapan del Oro, "Ixtapan" y “La Huerta". Another is Rigoberto Jaimes Gómez, who was the president of the town in 1973 to 1975 and was responsible for many beneficial projects for the community. Víctor Limas Torres was a painter who painted many landscapes of the area.

The municipality

As municipal seat, the town of Ixtapan del Oro has governing jurisdiction over the following communities: Ayalita, Casas Largas, Ejido de Miahuatlán, El Chilar, El Teperreal, La Calera de los Gallos, La Calzada, La Mesa de San Martín, La Palma (Mina), La Puerta  Miahuatlán de Hidalgo (Santa Cruz Miahuatlán), Milpillas, Sabanilla, San Martín Ocoxochitepec (San Martín), San Miguel Ixtapan, San Telmo, Santa Cruz Viejo, and Tutuapan.

It covers a total surface area of 82.49 km² on a plateau at an altitude of 1,640 meters. In the year 2005 census, it reported a population of 6,349. The economy is principally farming, concentrating on the production of corn, bean and fruit. It has a tourist attractive for its weather, has one waterfall El Salto de Chihuahua and one reserve with camping zone and thermal pools. It has archeology zone that hasn't been explorer.

Natural geography
There are many rivers in this town, the main are the Río Balsas, Río Cutzamala and Río Ixtapan and this zone has fresh-water springs and thermal springs. In the north limit there is a waterfall called El salto de Chihuahua that is  tall. The weather is temperate and somewhat humid with temperatures around , and rains in summer. There are a lot of trees including pine, cedar, oak and walnut, as well as fruit trees such as guava, sapodilla, mamey and mango. The farm plants are the corn, beans, tomatoes and green tomatoes. Ornamental plants include tulips, daisies and calla lilies. In the zone there are sand, gravel, stone and marble mines, principally used for construction.

History

There is some archeological ruins near the town of San Miguel Ixtapan, which have only been partially explored. There are also traces of human habitation before the Spanish conquest at the Cerro de las Tapazones also known as El Pedregal and Cerro de Tepalcate.

During the colonial period, in the 16th century, the territory of Ixtapan del Oro belonged to San Francisco Temascaltepec, (today Valle de Bravo) and Tuzantla. During the Mexican War of Independence, Cerro Valiente (Brave Hill) was the site of a battle which was won by the royalist Juan Bautista de la Torre against the insurgents that were operating in the Valle (Valley) de Temascaltepec and in Sultepec.  In 1834, the area was considered part of the municipality of Otzoloapan. While it has never been officially declared a municipality, Ixtapan del Oro has been appearing on maps since 1870. By agreement, the municipality's anniversary is celebrated on February 23 of each year.

References

Municipalities of the State of Mexico
Populated places in the State of Mexico


Sholf is a lawn game that is a cross between table shuffleboard and golf. Players take turns putting golf balls into scoring zones printed on a putting green.

Gameplay
Players take turns putting golf balls, trying to score points, bump opposing golf balls off the green, and/or protect their own golf ball from bump-offs. Each player or team of two players is assigned a golf ball color.

After all eight golf balls have been played, each player re-putts their furthest ball from the scoring end. This is called the mulligan ball. The player who is not in scoring position putts their mulligan ball first. Only the team with the closest ball(s) to the scoring end receive points. Balls must completely cross the line to get the higher point value. Play then continues in the opposite direction. The winner of a match is the first to score thirteen points.

Singles or doubles
Sholf can be played as doubles or singles. In doubles play two contestants are partners against another team of two contestants; in singles play a contestant competes against another contestant.

In doubles play, one member from each team putts from one end of the Sholf putting green and the other member putts from the other end. In singles play, both contestants putt from the same end of the putting green.

Stonebridge
In Stonebridge play the mulligan ball rule is eliminated and matches are played as a best of three series.  The winner of each game is the first to score fifteen points and the winner of the match is the first to win two games.

References

External links

Forms of golf
Ball games


The Midtown Historic District is a historic district in the city of Mobile, Alabama, United States.  It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 29, 2001, with a small boundary increase on November 18, 2020  It is roughly bounded by Taylor Avenue, Government Street, Houston Street, Kenneth Street, Springhill Avenue, and Florida Street.  The district covers  and contains 1,270 contributing buildings.  The majority of the contributing buildings range in age from the 1880s to the 1950s and cover a wide variety of architectural styles.  The district was significantly affected by a tornado on December 25, 2012.

Gallery

References

Historic districts in Mobile, Alabama
National Register of Historic Places in Mobile, Alabama
Spanish Revival architecture in Alabama
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama


The Rock Pile Peaks () are a cluster of peaks rising to  between Wilson Pass and Rock Pile Point on Bermel Peninsula, Bowman Coast, Graham Land in Antarctica.

The peaks were photographed from the air by Sir Hubert Wilkins in 1928 and Lincoln Ellsworth in 1935, and were roughly mapped from the photographs by W. L. G. Joerg in 1937.  They were further photographed from the air by the United States Antarctic Service (USAS) in 1940 and then surveyed by Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1947. The name Rock Pile Peaks was suggested by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1952. It derives from Rock Pile Point, a name applied descriptively to Bermel Peninsula by USAS, 1939–41, but subsequently reapplied by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names to the east point of the cove.

References

Mountain ranges of Graham Land
Bowman Coast


Let's Roll is the twenty-sixth studio album by Etta James. It won a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album in 2003, and also won a W. C. Handy Award as the Soul/Blues Album of the Year from the Blues Foundation in 2004.

Track listing
"Somebody to Love" – 5:58  (Delbert McClinton, Gary Nicholson)
"The Blues Is My Business" – 3:33 (Kevin Bowe, Todd Cerney)
"Leap of Faith" – 4:00 (Glen Clarke, Nicholson)
"Strongest Weakness" – 4:53 (Bekka Bramlett, Nicholson)
"Wayward Saints of Memphis" – 5:42 (Bowe, McClinton)
"Lie No Better" – 3:31 (Nicholson)
"Trust Yourself" – 4:45 (Bowe, Grady Champion)
"A Change Is Gonna Do Me Good" – 5:23 (Al Anderson, Bob DiPiero)
"Old Weakness" – 3:12 (Nicholson)
"Stacked Deck" – 8:01 (Billy Wright)
"On the 7th Day" – 5:01 (Bowe, Kostas)
"Please, No More" – 4:40 (David Egan, Greg Hansen)

Personnel
Josh Sklair - Banjo, Guitar (12 String), Guitar (Acoustic), Guitar (Electric), Slide Guitar, Synthesizer
Donto James - Drums, Percussion, Vocals
Sametto James - Bass guitar
Tom Poole - Trumpet
Lee Thornburg - Trombone
Jimmy "Z" Zavala - Harmonica, Saxophone (Baritone), Saxophone (Tenor)
Bobby Murray - electric guitar

References

2003 albums
Etta James albums
Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album
Private Music albums


The Rockefeller Mountains () are a group of low-lying, scattered granite peaks and ridges, almost entirely snow-covered, standing 30 miles (48 km) south-southwest of the Alexandra Mountains on the Edward VII Peninsula of Antarctica.

Discovered by the Byrd Antarctic Expedition on January 27, 1929, they were named by Byrd for John D. Rockefeller Jr., a patron of the expedition. The geologist Laurence M. Gould and his team flew out to this mountain range in their plane; but after landing, a snow storm blew it half a mile away onto the ice, destroying it. This left them stranded for 11 days with limited food until the Byrd team in the Little America settlement could be reached and could send another plane to pick them up. These events are captured in the documentary With Byrd at the South Pole.

See also
Fokker Rocks, rock outcrops just south of Mount Schlossbach in the Rockefeller Mountains
Melbert Rocks, rock outcrops close north-west of Mount Paterson in the Rockefeller Mountains

References

External links

Mountain ranges of the Ross Dependency
King Edward VII Land


Mount Romnaes () is a prominent isolated mountain in Antarctica.  It rises to 1,500 m, standing  northwest of Brattnipane Peaks and the main group of the Sor Rondane Mountains.

The mountain was mapped by Norwegian cartographers in 1946 from air photos taken by the Lars Christensen Expedition of 1936 - 37, and is named for Nils Romnaes, aerial photographer with this expedition.

References

Mountains of Queen Maud Land
Princess Ragnhild Coast


I See a Dark Stranger – released as The Adventuress in the United States – is a 1946 British World War II spy film with touches of light comedy, by the team of Frank Launder and Sidney Gilliat, and starring Deborah Kerr and Trevor Howard.

As the film was made during the war the final section of the film "Peace" is clearly either an additional or alternative ending. Bridie herself, who is Irish and openly anti-British, is willing to help the Germans at the outset and through most of the film.

Plot
In May 1944, during World War II, a young Irishwoman, Bridie Quilty, turns 21 and sets out to fulfil a lifelong dream born in listening to her late father's stories of the Irish Revolution. She leaves her rural village and goes to Dublin. On the way, she shares a train compartment with J. Miller, but believing him to be English, she is very brusque with him. On arrival, she seeks out Michael O'Callaghan, a famous ex-radical her father had supposedly fought alongside in 1916 during the Easter Rising. She asks him to help her join the Irish Republican Army. However, he has mellowed as the situation in Ireland has improved and tries to dissuade her.

Miller turns out to be a Nazi secret agent, assigned to break fellow spy Oscar Pryce out of a British prison in Devon. When he runs into Bridie again, he recruits her. She gets a job at The George, a hotel and bar in nearby Wynbridge Vale, and becomes acquainted with a sergeant, who unwittingly provides her with information about the prisoner's impending transfer to London.

This is the opportunity that Miller has been waiting for. However, he is disturbed by the arrival of Lieutenant David Baynes, a British officer on leave. Since there is little to attract anyone to the town, he suspects the newcomer of being a counter-intelligence agent. He orders Bridie to distract Baynes on the day of the transfer.

Miller frees Pryce. Meanwhile Bridie goes on a date with Baynes to make sure he is out of the way. When she discovers Baynes is there to gather historical material for his thesis on Oliver Cromwell, whom Bridie detests for his conquest of Ireland, she dashes off, much to Baynes' confusion.

Shot fleeing from a roadblock, Pryce tells Miller he hid a notebook on the Isle of Man. Miller goes to Bridie's room and reveals that he too has been shot. He gives her the location to pass along. Unwilling to risk seeing a doctor, he tells her to dispose of his body after he is dead, which she does.

Bridie boards a train as instructed, but she witnesses her contact, an elderly woman, being arrested. Not knowing what to do, Bridie decides to return home. However, she encounters David, who followed her. Her plan to return to Ireland is foiled when a newspaper announces a ban on travel to that country.

She decides to retrieve the book herself. She is trailed by David and a German spy. Bridie figures out that the cryptic information gives the location of the imminent D-Day invasion, which could result in the death of thousands of Allied soldiers—including Irishmen serving in the British armed forces. She decides to burn the book. David saves her from being arrested as Miller's confederate, and after telling Bridie that he loves her, she tells him what she has done.

Bridie tries to turn herself in, but German agents kidnap her. When David tracks them down, he is abducted as well. When she refuses to tell what she knows, the couple are taken to Ireland. They hide in a funeral procession, but the "mourners" are actually smugglers trying to enter Northern Ireland. When an alarm clock hidden in the coffin goes off at the border crossing, the ensuing confusion enables the prisoners to escape. David telephones for the police from a pub, mistakenly believing that they are still in Ireland, where Bridie would merely be interned. When he realises that they are actually in Northern Ireland, and that Bridie could be shot as a spy, he tries to persuade her to flee across the nearby border, but she insists on staying with him. Then, they hear on the radio that D-Day has begun. Her information now useless, she escapes. David discovers the spies in a room upstairs and a fight breaks out. The police arrive and arrest all.

After the war, Bridie and David wed, but their marriage gets off to a rocky start when David books them in at a hotel called "The Cromwell Arms" for their honeymoon night.

Cast

Deborah Kerr as Bridie Quilty
Trevor Howard as Lieutenant David Baynes
Raymond Huntley as J. Miller
Michael Howard as Hawkins
Norman Shelley as Man in Straw Hat, a German spy
Liam Redmond as Uncle Timothy
Brefni O'Rorke as Michael O'Callaghan
James Harcourt as Grandfather
George Woodbridge as Walter
Garry Marsh as Captain Goodhusband, an inept security officer on the Isle of Man
Tom Macaulay as Lieutenant Spanswick, Goodhusband's more astute subordinate
Olga Lindo as Mrs. Edwards
David Ward as Oscar Pryce
Harry Hutchinson as Chief Mourner/Smuggler
Harry Webster as Uncle Joe
 Joan Hickson as Hotel Manageress
 David Tomlinson as Intelligence Officer
 Torin Thatcher as Policeman
 Eddie Byrne as Irish Sailor Lookout

Cast notes:
Katie Johnson was a veteran of many Ealing Studios comedies. She is best known for her role in The Ladykillers.

Production
Frank Launder and Sidney Gilliat, who were the writers for Alfred Hitchcock's 1938 film The Lady Vanishes, formed Individual Pictures in 1945, with the intention of taking turns as director on the films they produced.  I See a Dark Stranger was the first of ten films released by the company.

I See a Dark Stranger was filmed at various locations, including Dublin, Dundalk and around Wexford in Ireland, Dunster in England and the Isle of Man.

During production, the rumour among crew members was that a close relationship had developed between the "handsome, young" cinematographer Wilkie Cooper and Deborah Kerr. If there was an affair, however, it was short-lived, as Kerr married Spitfire pilot Tony Bartley almost immediately after the film was in the can.

Reception
The film was released in the United States under the title The Adventuress, to good reviews but modest box office. Bosley Crowther, the critic for the New York Times said that the film was "keenly sensitive and shrewd."

In 1990 Sidney Gilliat thought the film "must have broken even now."

Awards and honours
Deborah Kerr won a 1947 New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress for her performances in Black Narcissus and I See a Dark Stranger.

References
Notes

Bibliography
Vermilye, Jerry. The Great British Films. 1978, Citadel Press,  pp 94–96

External links

Film review at Variety
 I See a Dark Stranger at Screenonline

1946 films
British black-and-white films
British spy thriller films
1940s spy thriller films
Films directed by Frank Launder
Films set in Liverpool
Films set in Devon
Films set in Ireland
Films set on the Isle of Man
Operation Overlord films
World War II spy films
Films set in 1944
Films scored by William Alwyn
British World War II films
1940s English-language films
1940s British films


The discography of The Dandy Warhols, an American alternative rock band from Portland, Oregon, consists of eleven studio albums, five live albums, two compilation albums, six extended plays and twenty-eight singles.

Their biggest international hit "Bohemian Like You" was certified silver in the UK while also peaking at number five in Italy.

Albums

Studio albums

Live albums

Compilation albums

Extended plays

Singles

Promotional singles

Other appearances

Music videos

Notes

References

External links

Discographies of American artists
Rock music group discographies


Mount Roper () is a prominent peak rising to 3,660 m, located 3.2 km south of Mount Hooker in Victoria Land, Antarctica.

The peak was named by the New Zealand Geographic Board in 1994 after Cas Roper (died 1994), a scientist with the NZ Antarctic Programme who oversaw Scott Base laboratory programs for over twenty years.

References

Mountains of Victoria Land
Scott Coast