Al-Muḥāsibī () (781–857 CE) was an Muslim Arab, theologian, philosopher and ascetic. He is considered to be the founder of the Baghdad School of Islamic philosophy which combined Kalam and Sufism, and a teacher of the Sufi masters Junayd al-Baghdadi and Sirri Saqti.

His full name is Abu Abdullah Harith bin Asad bin Abdullah al-Anizi al-Basri, and he hailed from the Arab Anazzah tribe. He was born in Basra in about 781. Muhasibi means self-inspection or audit. He was a founder of what later became the mainstream Sufi doctrine, and influenced many subsequent theologians, such as al-Ghazali.

The author of approximately 200 works, he wrote about theology and Tasawwuf (Sufism), among them Kitab al-Khalwa and Kitab al-Ri`aya li-huquq Allah ("Obeying God's Permits").

Life
His parents left Basra for Baghdad shortly after his birth, perhaps inclined to the economic opportunities in the new capital. His father became wealthy, though al-Muhasibi refused it due to his fathers belief in the createdness of the Quran. Despite the affluent lifestyle available to him, he retained an ascetic quality influenced by al-Hasan al-Basri. The Sufis of his time had taken on certain practices, such as wearing woolen clothing, reciting the Qur'an at night, and limited the kind and quantity of food eaten. He saw that Sufi practices can help control the passions, but can also result in other problems like hypocrisy and pride. When outward piety becomes a part of one's image, it can mask hidden problems with the ego. Both the inner and outward states must be rectified. Constant self-examination in anticipation of the Day of Judgement was his proposed method for developing an awareness of the inner self and purifying the heart.

Al-Muhasibi was a student of al-Shafi'i before he moved to Egypt. Al-Muhasibi later joined a group of scholars of theology, led by Abdullah ibn Kullāb (died 855) and al-Karibisi. They criticized the Jahmis, Mu'tazilis, and the Anthropomorphists. The Mu'tazilis argued that the Qur'an was created, while Ibn Kullab argued against the createdness of the Qur'an by introducing a distinction between the speech of God and its realization: God is eternally speaking, but he can only be addressing Himself to somebody, if this addressee exists.

In 848 (or possibly 851), the caliph al-Mutawakkil ended the Mihna (a period of religious and ideological persecution) and two years later, banned the Mu'tazilites' theology.

In his book, the al-Khalwa, on a discourse on fear and hope:
Know that the first thing that corrects you and helps you correct others is renouncing this world. For renunciation is attained by realisation, and consideration is attained by reflection. For if you think of this world, you will not find it worth sacrificing your soul and faith for it. But you will find your soul worthier of honour by ridiculing this world. This world is abhorred of God almighty and the messengers. It is an abode of affliction and a station of foolishness. Be on your guard from it.

See also
 List of Sufis

References

Further reading

External links
 Mu'atabah an-Nafs by Harith al-Muhasibi
 al-Ri'ayah Li'Huquq-il-lah by Harith al-Muhasibi
  Treatise of Faith by Imam Al Muhasibi (at-tawhid.net)

Shafi'is
Kullabis
Sunni Sufis
Sunni imams
Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
9th-century Muslim theologians
Sufi teachers
Writers from Baghdad
8th-century Arab people
9th-century Arab people
781 births
857 deaths


Release, founded in 1967 by Caroline Coon and Rufus Harris (died 2007), is a UK charity that provides legal advice and arranges legal representation for people charged with the possession of drugs. Release is now the oldest independent drugs charity in the world and continues to provide a range of services dedicated to meeting the health, welfare and legal needs of drugs users and those who live and work with them.

History
Founded in 1967, the aim of Release was to provide bail services to people arrested for drugs offences and to refer them to solicitors. A 24-hour telephone help line was set up and run by volunteers. Coon was the fundraiser and spokesperson for the organisation and Harris was the administrator. By the end of 1967 Release was based in an office at 50 Princedale Road, Holland Park. In its first two years, Release handled more than 2,000 cases. High-profile clients included John Lennon and George Harrison, who donated £5,000 in 1969.

In 1969 Harris and Coon summarised their early work in The Release Report on Drug Offenders and the Law, published by Sphere Books.

Release gained charitable status in 1972, following a review of its activities by the Rowntree Foundation. By the mid-1970s, Release was supported directly by a Home Office grant, without compromising its libertarian principles.

The agency ran a London bus advertising campaign entitled "Nice People Take Drugs" in 2009, but it was pulled a few days later, amidst claims of censorship by the advertising regulators.

Release remains the UK's only dedicated free legal and drugs advice service, offering a helpline for drug users and their families. Staffed by lawyers and drugs experts, the organisation supports people who use drugs and those who have been impacted by drug law enforcement. Release delivers legal community services, addressing homelessness, housing, welfare benefits and financial problems faced by the clients they work with and for, in a range of outreach settings, including homeless centres, drug treatment projects and sex work projects. The drugs team provide advocacy support for people in drug treatment settings. The organisation has produced research highlighting the disproportionate impact of drugs policing and laws have had on Black and ethnic minority communities in England and Wales. Release advocates for evidence based drug policies centred on principles of racial and social justice, including ending criminal sanctions for drug possession offences and models of regulation that repairs the harms created by prohibition.

Release has a long history of association with the heart of London and has been based in various premises around Old Street since the 1980s, moving to the Aldgate area in 2018.

References

External links

Catalogue of the Release archives, held at the Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick
LIFE Magazine, 22 Aug 1969 'This Is an Underground with Office Hours'
An article in International Times, 8 March 1968, by Mary Finnigan
Talking Drugs, a site sponsored by Release

Charities based in the United Kingdom
Drug policy organizations
Law firms of the United Kingdom
Law firms established in 1967
Drug control law in the United Kingdom
Information centres
Counterculture festivals activists
1967 establishments in the United Kingdom


The Olcott Hotel is on West 72nd Street in New York City's Upper West Side.  It was built by the Lapidus Engineering Company beginning in late 1925. The edifice was one of a number of structures constructed at the time from Central Park West to Columbus Avenue on 72nd Street, in Manhattan. The Fairfield Hotel  was another building going up concurrently. Its builder was Louis Israelson and Associates. The Olcott Hotel was sixteen stories when it was completed. It opened in 1930.

Ownership

Ralph Reck, manager of the Olcott Hotel, was elected chairman of the Board of the Hotel Executive Club in January 1937. In August 1946 the hotel was sold to Atwood C. Wolfe for cash above a purchase money first mortgage of $850,000 made by the Travelers Insurance Company. Its property value was assessed at $1,250,000. Hotel Olcott, Inc., was represented by attorney Abraham J. Halprin. The property was sold to Wolfe through George W. Warneicke. The buyer was represented by Dreyer & Traub.

The Olcott Hotel was owned by a syndicate composed of E. Fishbein, S. Mendick, and M. Kaplan in 1956. In September of that year  they purchased the Oliver Cromwell apartment-hotel, which was located at 12 West Seventy-Second Street near Central Park West. The syndicate leased the Oliver Cromwell, a twenty-nine story edifice, from the Olicrom Operating Corporation, who represented Herbert Riesner. The deal was brokered by Des Gabor, vice-president of M. Morgenthau-Seixas Company. The title was insured by the City Title Insurance Company.

Joseph Slutsky, 76, owned the Olcott Hotel along with his sons, Ben and Julius, at the time of his death in November 1958. Slutsky founded the Nevele
Hotel in New York City in 1901. The Slutskys formerly owned the Raleigh Hotel and Metropole Hotel in Miami, Florida.

Eugene Fishbein managed the Olcott Hotel in 1980. At the time he had been in charge of operations for twenty-five years. In 1980 all units in the hotel had pantries or kitchenettes. Almost two thirds of its four hundred and fifty units were rent stabilized. Long-term occupants paid $300 to $450
per month for studio apartments. One bedroom apartments cost from $400 to $600 monthly. Incoming tenants paid fifty percent more than the stabilized rates. New tenants tended to be transient, people from abroad or members of the entertainment industry. They stayed only two to three weeks on average.

In 1995 Olcott Hotel owners offered to pay $600,000 to restore the building if the New York City Planning Department agreed to legalize its
twenty-nine professional suites and one hundred twenty-two transient hotel rooms. The hotel had been operating for more than thirty years without proper zoning permission. Lee Rosen, the building's general manager,  wanted the building to remain exactly as it is.

Hotel events and people

Isidore H. Bander, 66, vice-president of McKesson & Robbins, a drug company, either fell or jumped to his death from the roof of the Olcott Hotel in September 1951. His body landed on the sidewalk in front of the hotel. He had told his wife he was going for a walk but instead took an elevator
to the roof.

In 1976 Jeff Bayonne purchased the Manhattan Bridge Club, a duplicate bridge club which had been on the sixteenth floor of the hotel for decades. In 1992 he acquired the Gotham, a declining contract bridge club across the hall.

In October 1980 Mark David Chapman stayed at the Waldorf Astoria, the YMCA, and the Olcott Hotel before he assassinated John Lennon.

In the mid 80's cult icon Tiny Tim and then manager Rick Hendrix lived at the Olcott Hotel for a short period of time.
The latter residence was just a block away from The Dakota apartments.

Nina Youshkevitch, a distinguished ballet dancer and teacher, maintained a dance studio in the hotel for many years, and was also a resident.

Martin Scorsese's Taxi Driver (1976) featured the hotel in a scene.

References

1925 establishments in New York City
Cultural history of New York City
History of Manhattan
Hotels established in 1925
Hotel buildings completed in 1925
Hotels in Manhattan
Upper West Side


Edward Leroy Wheeler (June 15, 1878 in Sherman, Michigan – August 15, 1960 in Ft. Worth, Texas) was a professional baseball player who was a utility player for the Brooklyn Superbas during the 1902 season. He played 11 games at third base, 10 games at second base and 5 games at short stop for the Superbas that season.

External links

1878 births
1960 deaths
Major League Baseball infielders
Brooklyn Superbas players
Baseball players from Michigan
Minor league baseball managers
Grand Rapids Cabinet Makers players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Binghamton Bingoes players
Worcester Farmers players
Dayton Veterans players
Detroit Tigers (Western League) players
Colorado Springs Millionaires players
Dayton Old Soldiers players
Columbus Senators players
St. Paul Saints (AA) players
Denver Grizzlies (baseball) players
Memphis Turtles players
Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players
South Bend Bronchos players
Grand Rapids Furniture Makers players
Newark Newks players
South Bend Benders players
Grand Rapids Grads players
Terre Haute Miners players
Beaumont Oilers players
Springfield Watchmakers players
Grand Forks Flickertails players
Flint Vehicles players


Lunde Station () is located in Lunde in Nome, Norway on the Sørlandet Line. The station is served by express trains to Kristiansand.

History
The station was opened in 1925 when the Sørlandet Line was opened to Lunde, and was the terminal station until Kragerø Station opened in 1927.

External links
 Entry by Jernbaneverket

Railway stations on the Sørlandet Line
Railway stations in Vestfold og Telemark
Railway stations opened in 1925
1925 establishments in Norway
Nome, Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1920s


Mary Goodhew was the Artistic Director of Elmhurst Ballet School in Edgbaston, Birmingham, until she left to become director of Legat Ballet in July 2008, taking up that post in September 2008.

As a child she studied ballet in Kent with Rita Emmerson, (a former pupil of Enrico Cecchetti the Ballet Master to Diaghilev's Ballets Russes) until she was sixteen. She was a Cecchetti Society Scholar and was awarded the Cyril Beaumont Scholarship to the Royal Ballet Upper School.

While still a student she danced with The Royal Ballet at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden and on their overseas tours. After graduation she joined Sadler's Wells Royal Ballet, (now Birmingham Royal Ballet).

She has studied ballet training methods in Russia, Europe, USA and Canada.  She was invited to assess the Royal Winnipeg Ballet School for Canada Council and was an ISTD Cecchetti Examiner in Canada and the UK.

Past posts held include:
 Ballet teacher at the Royal Ballet School Upper School on the Teachers' Course and the Teachers' Course for Former Professional Dancers
 The RBS Associates in London and Leeds
 Head of the Associate School – West Street School – Covent Garden.
 Principal of the Emmerson School of Dancing
 Founder and Principal of the London Junior Ballet
 Head of the Teachers' Program and the Junior Division of the National Ballet School, Canada.
 Principal of the Northern Ballet School – Manchester
 Administrator of London Studio Centre.
 Ballet Principal of White Lodge, the Royal Ballet School's Lower School before joining Elmhurst in Autumn 2004.
 Developed and coordinated a PVP (PreVocational Programme) for Elmhurst School, which are running throughout the year.
 Appointed Director of the Legat School of Dance, announced 06-05-2008 Director of Legat Ballet
 Left Legat in January 2010, Mary is currently consulting on various ballet projects up and down the country.

She contributes a series of articles on ballet instruction for the "Dancing Times", entitled "The Making of a Dancer", which are later reprinted on the Birmingham Royal Ballet website.

References
 Elmhurst School for Dance Governors and Staff
 Dancing Times website
 Birmingham Royal Ballet website (News and features section)
 Birmingham Royal Ballet press section
 ISTD website
 London Junior Ballet prospectus
 Birmingham Royal Ballet press release
 ISTD trained ballet teachers in UK specialising in Cecchetti method

Ballet teachers
Dancers of The Royal Ballet
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people


The Court of Appeal () is an appellate court of the judiciary system in Malaysia.  It is the second highest court in the hierarchy below the Federal Court.  This court was created in 1994 as part of reforms made to the judiciary to create a second tier appellate court after the right to appeal to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom was abolished in 1985.  The court is headed by the President of the Court of Appeal of Malaysia, who is the second most senior post in Malaysian judiciary after the Chief Justice of Malaysia.

On 17 January 2023, Abang Iskandar was sworn in by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong as the President of the Court of Appeal, succeeding Rohana Yusuf, the first woman to serve in this position, who had retired upon reaching the mandatory retirement age in November 2022.

Presidents of the Court of Appeal

Current judges
This is the list of current judges of the Court of Appeal.

See also
 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal

References

External links
 The Malaysian Judiciary (Official site)

Judiciary of Malaysia


The Muskegon Zephyrs were a minor league professional ice hockey team in the International Hockey League from 1960 to 1965.  Muskegon were Turner Cup champions in 1962. In 1962–63, Zephyrs defenceman Gerry Glaude became the first defenceman in pro hockey history to score 100 points in one season.

For the first four seasons, the team was coached by Moose Lallo. Lallo was replaced by Lorne Davis prior to the start of the 1964–65 season, although, Lallo continued to play for the team.

After the completion of the 1964–65 season, the team was renamed the Muskegon Mohawks.

Season-by-season results

References

Hockeydb.com Muskegon Zephyrs Statistics

International Hockey League (1945–2001) teams
Defunct ice hockey teams in the United States
Ice hockey clubs established in 1960
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1965
1960 establishments in Michigan
Professional ice hockey teams in Michigan
1965 disestablishments in Michigan
Zephyrs


The National Unity Movement is the name of several political parties:

 National Unity Movement (Nicaragua)
 National Unity Movement, see 1996 Sierra Leonean general election
 National Unity Movement of Equatorial Guinea, see 1968 Spanish Guinean general election
 Russian National Unity movement

See also
 Democratic National Union Movement, a Cambodian political party
 National Solidarity Movement of Afghanistan


Sandra Lee Bartky (née Schwartz; May 5, 1935 – October 17, 2016) was a professor of philosophy and gender studies at the University of Illinois at Chicago.  Her main research areas were feminism and phenomenology.  Her notable contributions to the field of feminist philosophy include the article, "Toward a Phenomenology of Feminist Consciousness". Sandra Lee Bartky died on October 17, 2016, at her home in Saugatuck, Michigan at age 81.

Education
Bartky held a BA, MA and PhD from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, and studied at University of Bonn, University of Munich, and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). In 1997, Bartky received an honorary degree, Doctor of Humanities, from New England College.

Career
Sandra Lee Bartky published a book entitled Femininity and Domination which contains one of her most quoted works, "Foucault, Femininity and the Modernization of Patriarchal Power".

In 1971 Bartky also helped found the Gender and Women's Studies Program for the University of Illinois (Chicago) and the Society for Women in Philosophy.

Foucault, Femininity, and the Modernization of Patriarchal Power
Feminist Sandra Lee Bartky wrote an article, “Foucault, Femininity, and the Modernization of Patriarchal Power” in 1988, detailing societally accepted “norms” for a woman's body and behavior and makes the point that women are often judged for their size and shape because their bodies reflect their personality and nature. Using this information, she explains her idea that the “ideal body of femininity is constructed” and states that this perfect woman reflects the cultural obsessions and preoccupations of that society.

Bartky explains that the body of the ideal female varies with time and is dependent on culture. In today's society, the ideal body is one that is “taut, small-breasted, narrow-hipped, and of a slimness bordering on emaciation” or that of a newly pubescent girl. This look of fragility and lack of muscular strength allows women to have an image of powerlessness, obedience, and subservience to men. They are expected to follow a strict diet, monitor their hunger to maintain their size and shape, exercise to “build the breasts and banish cellulite” and “spot-reduce problem areas” such as thick ankles or thighs. Along with body image, women are also expected to participate in behaviors that allow them to maintain this image. Women are expected to always have soft, supple, hairless, and smooth skin, worry about their beauty, be hesitant to extend their body, have a graceful gait and a restricted posture, always avert their eyes, and appear small with hands folded and legs pressed together when they are sitting. “Under the current ‘tyranny of slenderness’ women are forbidden to become large or massive; they must take up as little space as possible.”

Using all these rules, Bartky argues that “femininity is something in which virtually every woman is required to participate” and if women don't follow this strict methodology and violate these norms, they become “loose women.” She states that because the difference between men and women is not at all just sexual difference, femininity is constructed and by doing that society created a “practiced and subjected body on which an inferior status has been inscribed.” All these rules for the ideal feminine body reflect society's obsession with keeping women in check so that men can appear more powerful. Bartky concludes that "The ... project of femininity is a "setup": it requires such radical and extensive measures of bodily transformation that virtually every woman who gives herself to it is destined in some degree to fail."

Feminist Involvement
In 1977, Bartky became an associate of the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press (WIFP). WIFP is an American nonprofit publishing organization. The organization works to increase communication between women and connect the public with forms of women-based media.

Published works

Books

Chapters in books

Journal articles

External links

 Quotes by Sandra Bartky.
 Sandra Lee Bartky Papers - Pembroke Center Archives, Brown University

References

1935 births
2016 deaths
Feminist philosophers
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
University of Bonn alumni
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
University of Illinois Chicago faculty
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign alumni
People from Saugatuck, Michigan


Jane Ross (December 23, 1920 – July 9, 1999) was a prominent American businesswoman and philanthropist from Clark County, Arkansas.

Early life, World War II service

Ross was born in Arkadelphia, Arkansas, the daughter of Hugh Thomas Ross and Esther Clark Ross. She graduated from Henderson State University in 1942. She served as a US Navy photographer for a time in 1943, stationed in Washington DC, and then joined the Women's Army Corps, in which she would serve for the remainder of World War II.  For her service during the war, she would receive the Good Conduct Medal, American Theater Medal, and the Victory Medal. Following the war, she would study photography at Rochester Institute of Technology.

Ross returned to Arkadelphia, and opened a photography studio, "Photos by Ross". She owned and operated this studio from 1948 through 1955, but was forced to close the studio to concentrate on the family business following the death of her father, who had previously managed the family business. Her grandfather, J. G. Clark, had amassed a fortune in the timber business in South Arkansas, beginning in the late 1880s. After the death of her father in 1955, Ross became chairwoman of her family's timber industry business and was heiress to that fortune.

Founding of the "Ross Foundation"

In 1966, Ross and her mother established the "Ross Foundation", a philanthropic organization. Following her mother's death the following year, Jane Ross became the chairwoman of the "Ross Foundation", while also remaining chairwoman of the timber business. In 1972 she helped found the "Clark County Historical Association", which is still in operation today.

She allowed family member Ross Whipple to have some control in the operations of the "Ross Foundation" starting in 1979, but she retained control. The foundation created by Jane Ross primarily concentrated on financial assistance in educational programs, mostly confining that assistance to Clark County, and to date continues to assist both Henderson State University as well as Ouachita Baptist University in special projects and scholarship programs. At last tally, the foundation had contributed in excess of $10,000,000 to Clark County-based projects. The foundation opened much of its land holdings to the public, managing a wildlife preserve in Clark County for the endangered red-cockaded woodpeckers, and maintaining hiking trails in Hot Spring County, Arkansas. In addition to these, the foundation has helped fund numerous projects for the Arkansas Children's Hospital in Little Rock, Arkansas. "Group Living", an organization based in Arkadelphia for the betterment of mentally impaired persons, has also been assisted in several projects over the course of many years.

During her lifetime she served in many local public positions, including the Arkadelphia Chamber of Commerce and on the local Girl Scouts of the USA council. She received numerous awards for her charitable contributions made over the years, including being named the "Honorary Paul Harris Fellow" by the Arkadelphia Rotary Club in 1995, and that same year being inducted into the "Arkansas Outdoor Hall of Fame". Also in 1995, she was named "Philanthropist of the Year". Ross was awarded the "Purple and Gold Award" by Ouachita Baptist University in 1983, and in 1984 was named as "Distinguished Alumni" by Henderson State University. Ross never married, devoting her life to the foundation of her creation, and to other projects in both her hometown community and her home state. She died on July 9, 1999, and was buried in "Rosehill Cemetery", in Arkadelphia.

References
Jane Ross, Arkansas businesswoman and philanthropist
Arkansas Foundations
Ross Foundation Celebrates 40 Years, Daily Siftings Herald
Clark County Economic Development
Equine Rescue
Arkadelphia Chamber of Commerce
Arkansas 21C Funders
SEDL - Philanthropic Support for Public Education in the Southwest
Arkadelphia, Encyclopedia of Arkansas
Clark County News, Topix
Group Living
School of Forest Research Scholarship

People from Arkadelphia, Arkansas
1920 births
1999 deaths
Henderson State University alumni
Rochester Institute of Technology alumni
Women's Army Corps soldiers
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American philanthropists


Geula ( lit. Redemption) is a neighborhood in the center of Jerusalem, populated mainly by Haredi Jews. Geula is bordered by Zikhron Moshe and Mekor Baruch on the west, the Bukharim neighborhood on the north, Mea Shearim on the east and the Jerusalem city center on the south.

History

Geula was established in 1927–28. It was originally a mixed neighborhood of secular and religious Jews. The British consul to Jerusalem, James Finn, built his home in the area in 1855, employing Jewish labor. It was the third building constructed outside the walls of the Old City.

Geula was developed by banker Avraham Chasidoff (founder of Israel Discount Bank) who named the main street after his eldest daughter, Geula.Interview with Geula

Geula was named for the neighborhood's main street, Geula Street, now Malkhei Yisrael Street. Geula Street was the commercial center for various local communities such as Kerem Avraham, Yagiya Kapayim, Zikhron Moshe, Batei Horenstein, and the Achva neighborhood. Today these communities are collectively known as the Geula neighborhood.  Malkhei Yisrael Street is lined with dozens of small shops. The neighborhood is home to many yeshivas and synagogues.

Landmarks
Kikar HaShabbat is the main intersection. The Zion Blumenthal Orphanage, founded in 1900, and Camp Schneller – formerly the Schneller Orphanage, founded in 1860 – became part of Geula as the neighborhood expanded. The Gur yeshiva, with a beit midrash of 10,000 seats, is also in Geula. The neighborhood is also home to Kretshme, Jerusalem's first Haredi bar.

Notable residents
Ada Yonath

References

Further reading
 Goshen-Gottstein, Esther R.: Growing up in “Geula”: Socialization and family living in an ultra-Orthodox Jewish subculture. In: Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, Vol 21(1), 1984, 37–55.

External links
 Yaffi Spodek and Josh Tapper: Get Your Kosher Ice Cream: A New Parlor Draws Crowds and Critics, Journey to Jerusalem, 24 April 2010.

Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem
Orthodox Jewish communities in Jerusalem


Drangedal Station () is a railway station located in Prestestranda in Drangedal, Norway on Sørlandet Line. The station is served by express trains to Kristiansand and Oslo.

History
The station was opened in 1927 when Sørlandet Line was opened to Kragerø Station.

References

External links
 Jernbaneverket's page on Drangedal

Railway stations on the Sørlandet Line
Railway stations in Vestfold og Telemark
Railway stations opened in 1927
1927 establishments in Norway
Drangedal
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1920s


People's National Convention is the name of several political parties:

People's National Convention (Ghana)
People's National Convention (Sierra Leone)

de:People's National Convention


The anomalous photovoltaic effect (APE) is a type of a photovoltaic effect which occurs in certain semiconductors and insulators. The "anomalous" refers to those cases where the photovoltage (i.e., the open-circuit voltage caused by the light) is larger than the band gap of the corresponding semiconductor. In some cases, the voltage may reach thousands of volts.

Although the voltage is unusually high, the short-circuit current is unusually low. Overall, materials that exhibit the anomalous photovoltaic effect have very low power generation efficiencies, and are never used in practical power-generation systems.

There are several situations in which APE can arise.

First, in polycrystalline materials, each microscopic grain can act as a photovoltaic. Then the grains add in series, so that the overall open-circuit voltage across the sample is large, potentially much larger than the bandgap.

Second, in a similar manner, certain ferroelectric materials can develop stripes consisting of parallel ferroelectric domains, where each domain acts like a photovoltaic and each domain wall acts like a contact connecting the adjacent photovoltaics (or vice versa). Again, domains add in series, so that the overall open-circuit voltage is large.

Third, a perfect single crystal with a non-centrosymmetric structure can develop a giant photovoltage. This is specifically called the bulk photovoltaic effect, and occurs because of non-centrosymmetry. Specifically, the electron processes—photo-excitation, scattering, and relaxation—occur with different probabilities for electron motion in one direction versus the opposite direction.

Series-sum of grains in a polycrystal

History
This effect was discovered by Starkiewicz et al. in 1946 on PbS films and was later observed on other semiconducting polycrystalline films including CdTe, Silicon, Germanium, ZnTe and InP, as well as on amorphous silicon films  and in nanocrystalline silicon systems. Observed photovoltages were found to reach hundreds, and in some cases even thousands of volts. The films in which this effect was observed were generally thin semiconducting films that were deposited by vacuum evaporation onto a heated insulating substrate, held at an angle with respect to the direction of the incident vapor. However, the photovoltage was found to be very sensitive to the conditions and procedure at which the samples were prepared. This made it difficult to get reproducible results which is probably the reason why no satisfactory model for it has been accepted thus far. Several models were, however, suggested to account for the extraordinary phenomenon and they are briefly outlined below.

The oblique deposition can lead to several structure asymmetries in the films. Among the first attempts to explain the APE were few that treated the film as a single entity, such as considering the variation of sample thickness along its length or a non-uniform distribution of electron traps. However, studies that followed generally supported models that explain the effect as resulting from a series of microelements contributing additively to the net photovoltage. The more popular models used to explain the photovoltage are reviewed below.

The Photo–Dember effect

When photogenerated electrons and holes have different mobilities, a potential difference can be created between the illuminated and non-illuminated faces of a semiconductor slab. Generally this potential is created through the depth of the slab, whether it is a bulk semiconductor or a polycrystalline film. The difference between these cases is that in the latter, a photovoltage can be created in each one of the microcrystallites. As was mentioned above, in the oblique deposition process inclined crystallites are formed in which one face can absorb light more than the other. This may cause a photovoltage to be generated along the film, as well as through its depth. The transfer of carriers at the surface of crystallites is assumed to be hindered by the presence of some unspecified layer with different properties, thus cancellation of consecutive Dember voltages is being prevented. To explain the polarity of the PV which is independent of the illumination direction one must assume that there exists a large difference in recombination rates at opposite faces of a crystallite, which is a weakness of this model.

The structure transition model
This model suggests that when a material crystallizes both in cubic and hexagonal structures, an asymmetric barrier can be formed by a residual dipole layer at the interface between the two structures. A potential barrier is formed due to a combination of the band gap difference and the electric fields produced at the interface. One should remember that this model can be invoked to explain anomalous PV effect only in those materials that can demonstrate two types of crystal structure.

The p-n junction model

It was suggested by Starkiewicz  that the anomalous PV is developed due to a distribution gradient of positive and negative impurity ions through the microcrystallites, with an orientation such as to give a non-zero total photovoltage. This is equivalent to an array of p-n junctions. However, the mechanism by which such p-n junctions may be formed was not explained.

The surface photovoltage model

The interface between crystallites may contain traps for charge carriers. This may lead to a surface charge and an opposite space charge region in the crystallites, in case that the crystallites are small enough. Under illumination of the inclined crystallites electron-hole pairs are generated and cause a compensation of the charge in the surface and within the crystallites. If it is assumed that the optical absorption depth is much less than the space charge region in the crystallites, then, because of their inclined shape more light is absorbed in one side than in the other. Thus a difference in the reduction of the charge is created between the two sides. This way a photovoltage parallel to the surface is developed in each crystallite.

Bulk photovoltaic effect in a non-centrosymmetric single crystal
A perfect single crystal with a non-centrosymmetric structure can develop a giant photovoltage. This is specifically called the bulk photovoltaic effect, and occurs because of non-centrosymmetry. The electron processes like photo-excitation, scattering, and relaxation may occur with different probabilities for electrons moving one direction versus the opposite direction.

This effect was first discovered in the 1960s. It has been observed in lithium niobate (LiNbO3), barium titanate (BaTiO3) and many other materials.

Theoretical calculations using density functional theory or other methods can predict the extent to which a material will exhibit the bulk photovoltaic effect.

Simple example

Shown at right is an example of a simple system that would exhibit the bulk photovoltaic effect. There are two electronic levels per unit cell, separated by a large energy gap, say 3 eV. The blue arrows indicate radiative transitions, i.e. an electron can absorb a UV photon to go from A to B, or it can emit a UV photon to go from B to A. The purple arrows indicate nonradiative transitions, i.e. an electron can go from B to C by emitting many phonons, or can go from C to B by absorbing many phonons.

When light is shining, an electron will occasionally move right by absorbing a photon and going from A to B to C. However, it will almost never move in the reverse direction, C to B to A, because the transition from C to B cannot be excited by photons, but instead requires an improbably large thermal fluctuation. Therefore, there is a net rightward photocurrent.

Because the electrons undergo a "shift" each time they absorb a photon (on average), this photocurrent with amplitude proportional to the square of the electric field is sometimes called a "shift current".

Distinguishing features
There are several aspects of the bulk photovoltaic effect that distinguish it from other kinds of effects: In the power-generating region of the I-V curve (between open-circuit and short-circuit), electrons are moving in the opposite direction that you would expect from the drift-diffusion equation, i.e. electrons are moving towards higher fermi level or holes are moving towards lower fermi level. This is unusual: For example, in a normal silicon solar cell, electrons move in the direction of decreasing electron-quasi-fermi level, and holes move in the direction of increasing hole-quasi-fermi-level, consistent with the drift-diffusion equation. Power generation is possible only because the quasi-fermi-levels are split. A bulk photovoltaic, by contrast, can generate power without any splitting of quasi-fermi-levels.

This also explains why large open-circuit voltages tend to be seen only in crystals that (in the dark) have very low conductivity: Any electrons that can freely move through the crystal (i.e., not requiring photons to move) will follow the drift-diffusion equation, which means that these electrons will subtract from the photocurrent and reduce the photovoltaic effect.

Each time one electron absorbs one photon (in the power-generating region of the I-V curve), the resulting electron displacement is, on average, at most one or two unit cells or mean-free-paths (this displacement is sometimes called the "anisotropy distance"). This is required because if an electron is excited into a mobile, delocalized state, and then it scatters a few times, then its direction is now randomized and it will naturally start following the drift-diffusion equation. However, in the bulk photovoltaic effect, the desired net electron motion is opposite the direction predicted by the drift-diffusion equation.

For example, it might be the case that when an electron absorbs a photon, it is disproportionately likely to wind up in a state where it is moving leftward. And perhaps each time a photon excites an electron, the electron moves leftward a bit and then immediately relaxes into ("gets stuck in") an immobile state—until it absorbs another photon and the cycle repeats. In this situation, a leftward electron current is possible despite an electric field pushing electrons in the opposite direction. However, when a photon excites an electron, it does not quickly relax back to an immobile state, but instead keeps moving around the crystal and scattering randomly, then the electron will eventually "forget" that it was moving left, and it will wind up being pulled rightward by the electric field. Again, the total leftward motion of an electron, per photon absorbed, cannot be much larger than the mean free path.

A consequence is that the quantum efficiency of a thick device is extremely low. It may require millions of photons to bring a single electron from one electrode to the other. As thickness increases, the current goes down as much as the voltage goes up.

In some cases, the current has different signs depending on the light polarization. This would not occur in an ordinary solar cell like silicon.

Applications
The bulk photovoltaic effect is believed to play a role in the photorefractive effect in lithium niobate.

See also
Semiconductors
Photovoltaic effect
Virtual particle

References

Semiconductors
Energy conversion


Aradhna is a band that fuses traditional Indian devotional music (bhajans) with Christ-centered themes, composed primarily in the Hindi language, in addition to Nepali, Bihari, Bhojpuri and Braj Bhasha languages. The band members include Chris Hale (lead vocals, sitar), Peter Hicks (acoustic guitar, sitar) and Travis McAfee (bass). Tabla Player Jim Fiest regularly plays with the band.

History

Aradhna  was created in 2000 when Chris Hale and Peter Hicks who had been touring India with their band Olio returned to the US to record Aradhna's debut album 'Deep Jale' (Light the Lamp). The name Aradhna is from Hindi, meaning 'Adoration'. The band-members were interested in creating an authentic sound for Indian Christ-centered worship which had so far relied heavily on Western hymns and contemporary worship. To make this possible the band turned to India's bhajan singers and the style of Indian devotion known as 'bhakti', expressing faith in 'Yeshu Khrist' (Jesus Christ).

Hale assumes primarily songwriting duties due to his fluency in Hindi. In addition to Hale's compositions, the band features songs composed by Peter John, an Indian musician from New Delhi whose Christ-centered bhajans caught Hale's attention. The band involves several Indian musicians in their performances and recordings as well.

In May 2016, Oxford University Press published "The Oxford Handbook of Music and World Christianities" which featured a chapter featuring Aradhna's music, entitled, "Are Western Christian Bhajans Reverse Missions Music?" by Christopher Dicran Hale.

Musical style

Aradhna has evolved in its musical style primarily from the fusion music that Olio played and delving deeper into Northern Indian classical music (Hindustani music) that Hale was learning under the discipleship of Partho Chatterjee (sitar). Hicks, who played electric guitar, also was learning sarod under the discipleship of Calcutta's Partho Sarothy. Travis McAfee added electric bass to this duo in the recording of their debut album, bringing his more traditional western sensibilities and experience to the group. Five years after the formation of the band, Fiona Hicks (married to Peter) added Hindustani violin, having studied Northern Indian classical music under Kala Ramnath.

Critical acclaim

For a band that has ventured into uncharted territory, the critical acclaim in North America, the UK and India has been favorable.
Performing across the US from LA to NY, Aradhna has found audiences on University campuses as guest artists, headlining world stages at summer music festivals in the US and Europe.  They've also found more religious venues to be quite welcoming with performances in yoga studios, churches like St Martin's as well as in Hindu and Buddhist temples and Sikh Gurdwaras alike.

Reviews have compared Hicks's vocals to Peter Gabriel's. Aradhna has performed with talented guest artists like Jim Fiest on both recordings and tours.

Discography

External links

 Peter Hicks Colossians Three Sixteen Interview

References

American world music groups
Musical groups from Cincinnati
Musical groups established in 2000


The viewing cone refers to the effective viewing directions of an LCD display, as seen from the eye. This collection of angles resembles a cone. The concept has been introduced as an international standard ISO 13406-2, which defines it as the range of viewing directions that can safely be used for the intended task without "reduced visual performance". This standard describes a complex procedure which evaluates the viewing cone from measurements of luminance and chromaticity versus direction of observation. ISO 13406-2 introduces 4 viewing direction range classes, from a wide viewing cone, for many simultaneous observers, to the so-called "privacy display", with a severely limited viewing cone. Compliance routes for different display applications can now be found in the successor standard ISO 9241-300.

Viewing direction

When a visual display with non-vanishing size is seen by an observer, every point of the display area is seen from a different direction as illustrated in fig. 1. No two spots on the display are seen from the same direction. The larger the display is and the closer the observer is to the display the more the viewing direction varies over the surface area of the display.

Colloquially, the viewing direction is often called "viewing angle". This is an ill-chosen expression which should be avoided, because the viewing direction is specified by two polar angles: the angle of inclination, θ (measured from the surface normal of the display) and the azimuth angle, Φ, measured in the plane of the display as shown in figure 3.

In fig. 2, the eyeball represents the observer that is looking at a specific spot on the display which is identical to the origin of the polar coordinate system. The green arrow is the viewing direction (i.e. direction of observation). The viewing direction is specified by the angle of inclination, θ, measured from the surface normal of the display (blue vertical arrow) while the azimuth angle, Φ, is the angle that the projection of the viewing direction onto the surface of the display makes with the x-axis (red arrow). The projection of the viewing direction is shown here as the shadow of the green arrow. The azimuth angle Φ increases counterclockwise as illustrated in figure 3.

The multitude of directions, from which a display can be seen without artifacts and distortions that would render its intended use impossible (e.g. computerized office work, television, entertainment) is called the viewing cone (even though its shape might be that of a generalized cone).

The concept of the viewing cone has been introduced for the first time in the international standard ISO 13406-2:2001 "Ergonomic requirements for work with visual displays based on flat panels – Part 2: Ergonomic requirements for flat panel displays". This standard provides a classification for computer monitors with LCDs according to the range of viewing directions that can safely be used for the intended task (here: office work) without "reduced visual performance". The classification is according to "Viewing Direction Range Classes" with the "range of viewing directions" being equivalent to the viewing cone.

ISO 13406-2 describes a complex procedure according to which the usable viewing cone can be evaluated from measurements of luminance and chromaticity versus direction of observation. ISO 13406-2 introduces 4 viewing direction range classes of which the first (class I) is a wide viewing cone for many simultaneous observers and the last (class IV) is a so-called "privacy display" with a severely limited viewing cone.

Depending on the actual task to be performed with a certain display device (e.g. office work, entertainment, home theater. etc.) the requirements for the display are different. Compliance routes for different display applications can now be found in the successor standard ISO 9241-300.

Viewing directions are conveniently represented in a polar coordinate system with the angle of inclination, θ, being represented by the radial distance from the origin and the azimuth, Φ, increasing counterclockwise as shown in figure 4. In this coordinate system every point corresponds to one viewing direction. A viewing cone is thus defined by a locus (a closed line) in this coordinate system as indicated by the rectangle and the ellipse in fig. 4.

If a viewing cone is specified by four directions only (e.g. in the horizontal and the vertical plane), it does not become clear if it is the rectangle or the elliptical cone according to fig. 4. In order to resolve this ambiguity, the viewing cone should be specified by at least 8 directions, located in the horizontal and vertical plane and in the two diagonal planes (Φ = 45° and 135°).

Each direction in the polar coordinate system of fig. 4 can be assigned a (scalar) physical quantity, e.g. luminance, contrast, etc.. This quantity can then be represented by lines of equal values (contour lines), by shades of gray or by pseudo-colors (as shown in fig. 4).

A viewing cone can be defined starting from a certain application and the related geometry of observation, from which a range of directions can be obtained that specify the viewing cone required for that task. Inside this viewing cone certain physical parameters that are related to the visual performance of the display device must remain within certain (task dependent) limits.

A viewing cone can also result from measurements (versus viewing direction) carried out with a certain display device under specified operating conditions. Then the viewing cone is obtained by limiting values of a visual quantity (e.g. contrast) which for a certain application is required to be above e.g. 10 (compare e.g. Vesa FPDM2 307-4 Viewing-cone thresholds). Then the line for which the contrast equals 10 defines the viewing cone.

Recent experiments  have shown that the acceptable viewing cone is rather determined by decrease of luminance and change of chromaticity than by the decrease of contrast. Comprehensive comparisons between experiments and measurements have been carried out in order to identify the quantities and the corresponding limiting values that define the apparent viewing cone for television screens with LCDs and PDPs. One of the results is that "the luminance at intermediate-to-high gray levels determines the viewingdirection dependent quality and not the contrast ratio." This is found to be in agreement with other research results that "find a low correlation between contrast ratio and visual assessment value". Furthermore, "not only the chromaticity coordinates of the primaries, but even more those of the white point play an important role and need to be included in a viewing direction dependent metric". The authors conclude that "for LCDs, this new metric results in a viewing cone, which is on the order of 70°–90° (subtended angle), and thus, considerably lower than what is usually specified based on a minimum contrast of 10. For PDPs, this new metric yields the same viewing direction range as the present specification that uses a luminance decrease to 50%". In the terminology as introduced above (and illustrated in Figure 2) a viewing cone of 70°–90° subtended angle means (for a rotationally symmetric viewing cone) a maximum angle of inclination of 35°-45°.

Luminance and contrast versus viewing direction

Fig. 5 shows luminance and contrast versus viewing direction in a polar coordinate system. The left column shows the directional luminance distribution of the dark state of the display (here: IPS-LCD), the center column shows the bright state and the right column shows the (luminance) contrast (ratio) resulting from the preceding two luminance distributions. The value is coded by (pseudo) colors. The graphs below the polar coordinate systems each show a cross section in the horizontal plane and indicate the values for luminance and for the contrast.

Each borderline between two (shades of) colors represents a line of constant value, in the case of contrast an iso-contrast (contour) line. Note, that "iso" is used here in the sense of "equal", it does NOT establish a relation to the International Organization for Standardization, ISO.

This way of representing the variation of a quantity of a display with direction of observation originates from an optical technique called conoscopy. Conoscopy, originally proposed and used by Maugin for examination of the state of liquid crystal alignment in 1911  has been used in every LCD-laboratory in the late seventies and throughout the eighties for measurement and evaluation of the optical properties of LCDs and for estimation of LCD-contrast as a function of viewing direction. In the conoscopic mode of observation, in the old days often realized with a polarizing microscope, a directions image is generated in the rear focal plane of the objective lens. This directions image  is based on the same coordinates as the representation in the polar coordinate system shown in figs. 4 and 5.

The first publication of the variation of the contrast of reflective LCDs measured with a motorized mechanically scanning gonioscopic apparatus and represented as a conoscopic directions figure was published in 1979.

See also
 Angular distance
 Field of view
 Visual field

References

 ISO 13406-2:2000 "Ergonomic requirements for work with visual displays based on flat panels – Part 2: Ergonomic requirements for flat panel displays."
 ISO 9241-300: "Ergonomics of human-system interaction – Part 300: Introduction to electronic visual display requirements." The ISO 9241-300 series establishes requirements for the ergonomic design of electronic visual displays. These requirements are stated as performance specifications, aimed at ensuring effective and comfortable viewing conditions for users with normal or adjusted-to-normal eyesight. Test methods and metrology, yielding conformance measurements and criteria, are provided for design evaluation. ISO 9241 is applicable to the visual ergonomics design of electronic visual displays for a diversity of tasks in a wide variety of work environments.

Display technology
Liquid crystal displays


PC David Copperfield is the pen name of Stuart Davidson, formerly of the Staffordshire Police, who is believed to have been the first police blogger. He later wrote a best-selling book about the British police service, Wasting Police Time, while serving as a police constable. He is now serving as a police officer in Canada.

Blogging
Copperfield began blogging in 2004. He initially wrote about his passion for gardening, but he found that his references to his working life in the police attracted far more interest and so he switched to commenting on law and order issues.

In 2005 a number of his blog posts were used without his permission by the newspaper the Mail on Sunday for a three-page article. The use of the material attracted protest from fellow bloggers, and Copperfield jokingly described the journalists as "bastards". However, the article also attracted the attention of a number of publishers and agents, eventually leading to his first book.

Wasting Police Time
In early 2006 Copperfield signed a book deal with Monday Books to turn his blog into a book. For its title he chose the term "wasting police time", a criminal offence under British law. Wasting Police Time was published in October 2006.  It chronicles Copperfield's despair at the way policing in his towndubbed "Newtown" but later revealed to be Burton upon Trent)stopped functioning properly.

The blurb on the back of the book's dust jacket asks:

His writing revealed the amount of time that police were taking to deal with relatively petty crimes. He described in detail the hugely complicated paperwork process that meant, for example, that the theft of a bicycle by three boys took around 20 hours (over the course of a month or so) to clear up. This resonated with large sections of the British publicand media, who wondered how so much more money could have been spent on the police service for apparently so little return.

The book was serialised in the Daily Mail, the sister publication of the paper that had earlier printed his material without permission, and Copperfield found himself in great demand from other newspapers and media outlets.

Wasting More Police Time
In February 2012 Monday Books published Wasting More Police Time: Further Adventures in La, La Land. It contains stories from anonymous police officers serving in the UK, including the whistle blower and blogger Inspector Gadget.

Media appearances
Copperfield appeared on the BBC's flagship news show Newsnight, wrote articles for The Daily Telegraph and was written about in almost every British newspaper. Nick Cohen in The Observer named Wasting Police Time as one of the three "most important political books" of the day. Copperfield was invited to appear on the BBC Radio 5 Live chat shows of both Victoria Derbyshire and Simon Mayo. On Jon Gaunt's national Talksport network radio showwhere he appeared twicehe said: "I'm just an ordinary copper who wrote a funny book about what it's like in the police now."

He was invited to discuss criminal justice policy with shadow cabinet membershaving described himself in his book as "conservative with a small c"and was a main speaker at a law-and-order seminar arranged by the Policy Exchange thinktank. However, when Labour Minister of State for Police Tony McNulty MP discussed the book on the floor of the House of Commons in late 2006, he attempted to dismiss it, describing it as "more of a fiction than Dickens".

Until that time PC Copperfield's real identity had been protected. but in the spring of 2007 Copperfieldaccompanied by his editor from Monday Booksmet producers from BBC Television's current affairs programme Panorama to discuss the revelation of his identity on an episode broadcast on 17 September 2007. Copperfield revealed that he was PC Stuart Davidson of the Staffordshire Police. His fictional "Newtown" was actually the Midlands brewing centre of Burton-upon-Trent.

Shortly before the programme was shown Copperfield was summoned to a meeting with his Chief Constable to discuss his "other career" as a writer. He had evaded his force's Professional Standards Department for several years, but suspicions regarding his secret identity were voiced after he had appeared on GMTV and Sky Newshis face obscured, his voice unalteredas well as numerous radio programmes, to discuss UK policing. By that stage Davidson had already applied to join Edmonton Police Service (EPS) in Edmonton, Alberta; later the same year he left for Canada, where he now works for the EPS.

In July 2010 Davidson wrote a 1,000-word essay for the Sunday Telegraph explaining how policing in Edmonton was cheaper, quicker and more effective than in the UK, and how this meant, by extension, that forthcoming cuts to UK police budgets need not necessarily mean fewer frontline police on British streets.

References

Living people
English bloggers
British police officers
British emigrants to Canada
Canadian police officers
People from Burton upon Trent
Anonymous bloggers
Year of birth missing (living people)
British male bloggers


Miguel A. Torres (born 1941) is a Spanish winemaker, author and businessman.  He is President and Managing Director of Bodegas Torres, and is a member of the fourth generation of this family business. He also manages the company’s vineyards in Chile and collaborates with his sister Marimar Torres in California.

Early life
In 1957, he started his degree in Chemical Sciences at the University of Barcelona, two years later transferring to the University of Dijon (Bourgogne), where he specialised in oenology and viticulture.

In 1962, he joined the family business, of which he is currently President and Managing Director. Five years after joining the company he married Waltraud Maczassek, a painter and fine arts graduate, who from the very first has collaborated with the company in sales management on the German market.
In 1982-1983 he extended his viticulture and oenology studies at the University of Montpellier (France), having taken a sabbatical year.

Writings on wines
Miguel A. Torres has published various books about the world of wine. His first book, Viñas y Vinos, (Vineyards and Wines) is currently in its fourth edition in Spanish, revised and updated by Plaza y Janes in 1993 and translated into Catalan, French, English, German, Norwegian, Finnish and Japanese. This first effort was followed by Vino español, un incierto futuro (Spanish Wine, an Uncertain Future) (1979); Manual de los vinos de Cataluña (Manual of Catalan Wines) (1982); Los vinos de España (The Wines of Spain) (1983); Guía Folio de los Vinos de España (Guide sheet to Spanish Wines) (1985); and Els Vins del Penedès (Wines of the Penedès) (1987). Likewise he also edited Enciclopedia del Vino (Encyclopaedia of Wine) for the editorial Orbis.

Bibliography
Viñas y vinos (Vineyards and Wines), Plaza & Janés Editores, 1996.
Els vins del Penedès (Wines of the Penedès), Nuevo Arte Thor, 1987.
Los vinos de España (The Wines of Spain), Ediciones Castell, 1983.
Vino español: un incierto futuro (Spanish Wine, an Uncertain Future), Editorial Blume, 1979.
Manual de los vinos de Cataluña (Manual of Catalan Wines) (1982)
Guía Folio de los vinos de España (Guide Sheet to Spanish Wines) (1985)

Awards
In 1996 the government of Chile awarded him the Bernardo O’Higgins Order, Grand Officier, in acknowledgement for services towards the improvement of relations between Chile and Spain, as well as contribution to vinicultural development in Chile.
In 2002 the magazine Decanter selected him as “Decanter Man of the Year 2002”.
In 2005 he received the Personality of the Year award by the magazine Wine International.

References

Further reading

Salvat Dictionary of Wine. Mauricio Wiesenthal. Salvat editores, 20001.

External links
Bodegas Torres website (in English, Catalan, Spanish and Swedish)

1941 births
Living people
Spanish businesspeople
Businesspeople from Catalonia
Spanish winemakers


Neslandsvatn Station () is a railway station located in Neslandsvatn in Drangedal, Norway on the Sørlandet Line. The station is served by express trains to Kristiansand and Oslo.

History
The station was opened on 2 December 1927 when the Sørland Line opened to Kragerø Station. In 1935, the Sørland Line was extended to Arendal Station, while the line to Kragerø was transformed to the Kragerø Line. This line was closed in 1989 and passengers are now transport the  by coach.

References

Railway stations on the Sørlandet Line
Railway stations in Vestfold og Telemark
Railway stations opened in 1927
1927 establishments in Norway
Drangedal
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1920s


Vibhavadi Hospital () is a hospital located on Vibhavadi Rangsit Road in Chatuchak District in Bangkok, Thailand.
The hospital has 350 beds to accommodate patients, there are more than 70 examination rooms which provide services to some 2,000 outpatients.
They have a medical center which offer more than 50 full-time physicians, 250 consulting physicians and important medical equipment.

History
The company was established on 1 March 1986. On 26 March 1989, VIBHA was listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand.

References

Hospitals in Bangkok
Hospitals established in 1986
Chatuchak district
Companies listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand
1986 establishments in Thailand
Private hospitals in Thailand


The Spring 2008 New York Fashion Week, officially called Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week, was held between September 5 and September 12, 2007.

Fashion shows

Notes

a.  Named on the official fashion week schedule

b.  Reviewed at style.com

References

Further reading
 Agence France-Presse. "NY fashion week wrap-up". The Age (September 14, 2007).
 Associated Press. "At New York Fashion Week, modesty is replacing overexposure". International Herald Tribune (September 11, 2007).
 Critchell, Samantha (Associated Press). "Time for Optimism, at Least in Wardrobe". Washington Post (September 13, 2007).
 Crow, Kim. "Fashion week: Spring collections let us grow up gracefully". The Plain Dealer (September 12, 2007).
 "Impressions From Fashion Week". CBS News (September 13, 2007).
Jones, LaMont. "Ten fashion trends emerge during Fashion Week". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (September 14, 2007).
Melocco, Jen. "NY fashion guide to summer". The Daily Telegraph'' (September 14, 2007).

2000s fashion
2007 in fashion
2007 in New York City
New York Fashion Week 2008
Fashion weeks


Jorge "lobito" Martinez (May 11, 1952 in Asunción, Paraguay – January 10, 2003 in Asunción, Paraguay) a Paraguayan musician, son of the singer, guitarist, composer, and folklorist Eladio Martínez and Aida Ayala.

First steps
He studied piano with Margarita Morosoli de Picardo from age 6 to 11, and then with Nelly Jimenez, Pedro Burian and at the Leonor Aranda's High Pianistic Studies Institute.
His harmony teachers were Luis Cañete and Carlos Schwartzman.

From age 22 and until 1983 he was part of the pop group "Los Aftermad's;" with them he recorded many albums, including songs written by him.
In the 80s he was part of the jazz group "Opus 572," and he mostly offered classic piano recitals on his own.

Career
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- bgColor="#ffffff"
!Year || width="550" align="center" | Stand out activity
|-------
|1986
| He spent a week in a musical clinic in Buenos Aires, from the Berklee College of Music, making a decisive impression to get a scholarship to continue his studies in the central of this World Wide famous music institution in Boston, United States
|---------
|1988
| A Fulbright scholarship allowed him to study at the Berklee College of Music in Boston, where he graduated in jazz performance, composition, arrangements and improvisations.
|---------
|1991
| He was assigned headline teacher of the Berklee College piano department, where he developed the subject of "Music with Latin rhythms" for two more years. He was awarded the "Count Basie" From the Argentina's Berklee Summer School award.
|---------
|Middle 90s
| He came back to Paraguay, where he offered piano recitals, and dedicated to teaching and composition.
|---------
|1997
| He directed orchestras for the national editions of the OTI Festival (Iberoamerican Television Organization). He also coordinated and directed the release of CDs of Paraguayan music made by the prestigious Paraguayan morning newspaper ABC Color.
|---------
|1998
| At the request of the Sower Group (main referent of the movement called "New Popular Paraguayan Song book"), the Philomusical Orchestra directed by Luis Szarán and the Paraguayan Choir directed by Luis Luccini Rivas, he was part of a memorable recital cycle in the CPJ (Paraguayan Japanese Center) in Asuncion. As a result of having "Lobito Martínez" as main musician, the journal ABC Color released many thousands of copies of a CD called "En las colinas del alma" (in the soul hills) commemorating the 25th anniversary of the Sower Group. "En las Colinas del alma" was a very anthological review of the popular Paraguayan songs of all times.
|---------
|}

Discography
Among his main works:
“Canto para ti” (I sing for you) y “Que más da”(Whatever), recorded by “Los Aftermad’s”,
“Carola”, recorded by Andrés Boiarsky in Buenos Aires, in 1986;
The soundtrack of the movie "El portón de los sueños" (the dream gate), from filmmaker Hugo Gamarra, about the life of Augusto Roa Bastos;
"Juego de niños" (children's game) (1995) is the title of a CD leaned toward folkloric music with an obvious jazz influence, which broadcasts more of his creative talent ("Avy`a jave" and "Navidad,") and presents new versions of all-time Paraguayan classics, like "Asunción" by Federico Riera song dedicated to Paraguay's capital.

Last years
He died at the age of 50, murdered, in January 2003.

References

 Diccionario Biográfico "FORJADORES DEL PARAGUAY", Primera Edición Enero de 2000. Distribuidora Quevedo de Ediciones. Buenos Aires, Argentina.

External links
Música Paraguaya
Viva Paraguay
Centro Cultural de la República El Cabildo

1952 births
2003 deaths
Paraguayan pianists


St. Ann's Episcopal Church or St. Anne's Episcopal Church may refer to:
(listed by state, then city/town)

St. Anne's Episcopal Church (Middletown, Delaware)
St. Anne's Episcopal Church (Anna, Illinois), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
St. Anne's Episcopal Church (Calais, Maine), NRHP-listed
St. Anne's Church (Annapolis, Maryland), NRHP-listed
St. Ann's Episcopal Church (Bronx), New York
St. Ann & the Holy Trinity Church, Brooklyn, New York
Saint Ann's School (Brooklyn), New York
St. Ann's Episcopal Church (Sayville, New York), listed on the NRHP in Suffolk County, New York
St. Ann's Episcopal Church (Nashville, Tennessee), NRHP-listed
St. Ann's Episcopal Church (Richford, Vermont), NRHP-listed

See also
 St. Anne's Church (disambiguation), including several name variations


Victor Travers (1884 – 26 May 1948) was an English character actor of theatre and film, known for his work in many of the Three Stooges films. During his career, which began in 1938 and ended with his death in 1948, he appeared in more than 80 films.

Selected filmography
 Heavenly Daze (1948)
 All Gummed Up (1947)
 Hold That Lion! (1947)
 Blondie in the Dough (1947)
 The Good Bad Egg (1947)
 Half-Wits Holiday (1947)
 The Three Troubledoers (1946)
 Mr. Noisy (1946)
 If a Body Meets a Body (1945)
 Three Pests in a Mess (1945)
 The Yoke's on Me (1944)
 Crash Goes the Hash (1944)
 Phony Express (1943)
 Three Smart Saps (1942)
 Loco Boy Makes Good (1942)
 An Ache in Every Stake (1941)
 Only Angels Have Wings (1939)
 Three Sappy People (1939)
 Oily to Bed, Oily to Rise (1939)
 A Ducking They Did Go (1939)
 Tassels in the Air (1938)

External links

1884 births
1948 deaths
English male film actors
English male stage actors
Male actors from Bradford
Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery
20th-century English male actors
20th-century American comedians


Stelvio National Park (; ) is a national park in northeast Italy, established in 1935.

The park is the fourth largest in Italy and covers part of two regions: Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol and Lombardia, in 24 municipalities.

Stelvio National Park has borders with the Swiss National Park, Adamello Brenta Natural Park, and Adamello Regional Park (). Together, these parks comprise  of protected natural environment. The park includes an extensive territory of valleys and high mountains, ranging from  to  in height.

References

External links
Pages by the Park Authority on Parks.it
official page of park Parco nazionale dello Stelvio

Information:

National parks of Italy
Parks in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Parks in Lombardy
Protected areas of the Alps


Kragerø Station () was a railway station located in Kragerø, Norway on the Kragerø Line.

History
The station was opened on December 2, 1927, when the Sørlandet Line was opened to Kragerø from Lunde Station. In 1935 the line was made the branch Kragerø Line when the Sørlandet Line was extended to Arendal Station. Passenger traffic was terminated in 1988, and since the line has been abandoned and razed. The station is now used as a bus station and tourist information.

Railway stations on the Sørlandet Line
Railway stations in Vestfold og Telemark
Railway stations opened in 1927
Railway stations closed in 1988
Disused railway stations in Norway
1927 establishments in Norway
1988 disestablishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1920s


Bronwen Webster (born Bronwen Saunders; August 2, 1978) is a Canadian curler from Alberta.

Career
Webster won her provincial junior championship earning her a right to represent Alberta at the 1998 Canadian Junior Curling Championships. Her team finished with a 5-7 record.

After playing with Heather Rankin at the 2001 Olympic Trials, Webster would skip her own team again and play with Crystal Rumberg and participate in numerous Alberta Provincial Championships.

Webster joined the Olympic bronze-medalist Shannon Kleibrink rink in 2006 as the second on the team. Webster won her first provincial title as a member of the Kleibrink team in 2008.

She married Kevin Webster in August 2008.

At the 2011 Canada Cup of Curling, it was announced that Webster, who is expecting her first child, will sit out for the rest of the season following the event. She was replaced by Carolyn McRorie, who had previously filled in for Shannon Kleibrink at the beginning of the season, and Chelsea Matson who did not participate in the Canada Cup event.

Webster left the team in 2014.

External links

1978 births
Curlers from Calgary
Living people
Canadian women curlers
Continental Cup of Curling participants
Canada Cup (curling) participants


George Albert Hildebrand  (September 6, 1878 – May 30, 1960) was an American professional baseball player  and umpire. He played in 11 Major League Baseball games as a left fielder for the 1902 Brooklyn Superbas before becoming an American League umpire from 1913 to 1934. He is often credited as having invented the spitball while playing in the minor leagues. He was the umpire in four World Series (1914, 1918, 1922, 1926), and his 3,331 games as an umpire ranked third in American League history at the time of his retirement.

Baseball career
Born in San Francisco, California, Hildebrand began his playing career in 1898. He was playing for Providence in the Eastern League in the spring of 1902 when he discovered the effect moisture had on a pitched ball; he encouraged pitchers Frank Corridon and Elmer Stricklett to try the technique, and Stricklett was believed to be the first to use the pitch in a major league game in .

Hildebrand worked much of his umpiring career in a team with Brick Owens. His most controversial decision came in Game 2 of the 1922 World Series, when he ended the game on account of darkness after 10 innings with the score tied 3–3, even though it did not begin to get dark until a half-hour later; it was widely believed that the game could have continued for a few more innings. It was later reported that third base umpire Bill Klem had expressed to Hildebrand his concern about a long game, recalling Game 2 of the 1914 Series, which had ended in almost complete darkness after 14 innings. There was such heavy criticism of Hildebrand's decision to end the game that commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis ordered the game proceeds ($120,000) to be donated to charity.

Hildebrand was behind the plate on June 21, , when Rube Foster of the Boston Red Sox pitched a 2–0 no-hitter against the New York Yankees. He was also behind the plate on July 10,  when Johnny Burnett of the Cleveland Indians collected a record nine hits in an 18-inning game against the Philadelphia Athletics.

Later life
After retiring from baseball, Hildebrand moved into a house in Merced Manor with his wife. He later ran a hotel in Brawley, California, and then went into business in Los Angeles. He died of heart failure at age 81 at Reseda Hospital in Reseda, California, and was survived by his wife Sue and son Albert. He was buried in Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery.

References

External links

Retrosheet
BaseballLibrary – profile, career highlights and SABR bibliography

1878 births
1960 deaths
Major League Baseball left fielders
Brooklyn Superbas players
Baseball players from San Francisco
Burials at Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery
Major League Baseball umpires
San Francisco Athletics players
San Francisco A's players
San Francisco Brewers players
San Francisco Wasps players
Providence Grays (minor league) players
Sacramento Gilt Edges players
Sacramento Senators players
San Francisco Seals (baseball) players
Sacramento Cordovas players
Sacramento Sacts players
People from Brawley, California
Baseball players from Imperial County, California


SparkFun Electronics (sometimes known by its abbreviation, SFE) is an electronics retailer in Niwot, Colorado, United States. It manufactures and sells microcontroller development boards and breakout boards.

History
SparkFun Electronics was founded in 2003 by Nathan Seidle when he was a Junior at University of Colorado Boulder. Its first products were Olimex printed circuit boards. The name 'SparkFun' came about because one of the founders of SparkFun was testing a development board, and sparks flew out; Fun was chosen because the company's self-stated aim is to educate people about electronics.  In January 2011, an education department was formed to outreach to local schools, hackerspaces, and events.

Open-source hardware

All products designed and produced by SparkFun are released as open-source hardware (OSHW), with schematics, EAGLE files, and datasheets posted on each product page.  Product images are licensed under the Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 3.0

During the Open Source Hardware summit in October 2010, SparkFun was one of the contributors in drafting the first OSHW definition.

Contests

Antimov
This contest was based upon violating the 2nd and 3rd laws of robotics, where a fully automated robot would destroy itself after interacting with props and objects in a performance. The competition was retired in 2011.

AVC

The Autonomous Vehicle Challenge was a recurring contest held annually by SparkFun.  The objective is to build an automated vehicle that can circumnavigate a course without human interaction. As of 2015, aerial vehicles are not allowed. The challenge was retired in 2018.

Projects

SparkFun has become one of the favored suppliers for those without mainstream suppliers as well as the increasingly popular "Maker" community, particularly for the Arduino and related devices.

Whilst many of the non-component products sold by SFE are from other manufacturers, it does manufacture and sell some of its own complete products:
 The Port-o-Rotary phone
 Picture Frame Tetris
 Giant NES controller

Legal disputes

Trademark dispute with SPARC International
On October 16, 2009, SPARC International sent a cease and desist letter demanding SparkFun stop using the "SparkFun" name and immediately transfer ownership of SparkFun.com to SPARC International. The letter claimed the SparkFun trademark was too visually and phonetically similar for companies in the same industry.

The two companies signed a trademark coexistence agreement on April 2, 2010.

Fluke trademark infringement
On March 7, 2014, U.S. Customs and Border Protection informed SparkFun that a shipment of multimeters meant for sale on SparkFun's website had been seized. The Port of Denver deemed that the yellow protective jackets on the imported multimeters too closely resembled the trade dress of Fluke Corporation's competing multimeters. Rather than pay the cost of shipping the imported multimeters back, SparkFun chose to have them destroyed. In a letter to SparkFun, Fluke announced that they would be supplying the company with a shipment of genuine Fluke products and equipment as a gesture of goodwill and support for the maker movement, which SparkFun accepted.

See also
 Adafruit Industries
 Digi-Key
 Element14
 Mouser Electronics
 RS Components

References

External links

American companies established in 2003
Companies based in Boulder, Colorado
Companies based in Colorado
Electronic component distributors
Electronics companies established in 2003
Online retailers of the United States
Privately held companies based in Colorado
Open-source hardware
Retail companies established in 2003


Receivable turnover ratio or debtor's turnover ratio is an accounting measure used to measure how effective a company is in extending credit as well as collecting debts. The receivables turnover ratio is an activity ratio, measuring how efficiently a firm uses its assets.

Formula:

A high ratio implies either that a company operates on a cash basis or that its extension of credit and collection of accounts receivable is efficient.  While a low ratio implies the company is not making the timely collection of credit.

A good accounts receivable turnover depends on how quickly a business recovers its dues or, in simple terms how high or low the turnover ratio is. For instance, with a 30-day payment policy, if the customers take 46 days to pay back, the Accounts Receivable Turnover is low.

Relation ratios

 Days' sales in receivables = 365 / Receivable turnover ratio
 Average collection period =
 Average debtor collection period =  × 365 = Average collection period in days,
 Average creditor payment period =  × 365 = Average Payment period in days,

See also
Debtor collection period
Cash flow
Working capital

References

Financial ratios
Working capital management
Accounts receivable


Meaford Hall in Staffordshire, England is a 17th-century country house at Meaford, near Stone, Staffordshire. The River Trent runs through the estate's meadow. On the river was one round and one three-sided half-turret.

It is a Grade II* listed building that reached as much as 156 feet long by 45 feet wide with a basement, ground floor and second floor. The hall consisted of two buildings with a chamber, work room and bedroom. The basement included a deeds room, wine cellar, two beer cellars and dispense cellar.

The estate was founded in the 8th century and acquired by William Jervis of Chatcull in the late 17th century and remained the seat of the Jervis family for almost 250 years.

It played a role in The 'Forty-Five' rebellion by the Young Pretender, Prince Charles Edward Stuart. Swinfen Jervis received 70 soldiers and awaited an engagement that never occurred.

It was the birthplace of Admiral John Jervis, later 1st Earl St Vincent, hero of the defeat of the Spanish at the Battle of Cape St Vincent in 1797.

The hall was much extended and modernised by Lady Forester, daughter of Edward Jervis Jervis, 2nd Viscount St Vincent in the late 19th century but was sold in 1943. Thereafter it was variously occupied by the United States forces, and by a school and latterly it served as the headquarters of the building company Percy Bilton Ltd. Following a period of unoccupation and neglect the hall – much reduced in size – was restored by a new owner and was reopened on 14 February 1997, the bicentenary of the Battle of Cape St Vincent.

At some point it was acquired by Craig Johnson, who undertook a number of developments, including addition of a leisure suite.

In April 2008 Johnson was one of 21 people to be jailed in connection with a £138million VAT carousel fraud, with the defendants sentenced to a total of 133 years – one of the largest thefts from public funds that has been brought to court after a Customs investigation. In November 2008, Johnson was ordered to repay HMRC £26m, with £8m due within 12 months from the sale of Meaford Hall.

See also
Listed buildings in Stone Rural
Domesday Book

References

  Heritage Gateway: architectural description of listed building. Original 18th century building
  Heritage Gateway: architectural description of listed building. 19th century Hall

External links
Meaford Hall's listing on Rightmove

Grade II* listed buildings in Staffordshire


William Richard Ryan Jr. (April 21, 1887 – December 20, 1951) was an American football player from Cleveland, Ohio, and a starting quarterback for the University of Notre Dame.

Ryan began his career as the starting quarterback, placekicker and punt returner for the Notre Dame football squad in 1907, leading the team to an undefeated season of 6-0-1 in his freshman year.

Following his initial season, Ryan moved to right halfback where he had his best season as a junior in 1909, rushing for over 90 yards in a win over Michigan State, and scoring the winning touchdown in the team's first-ever victory over Michigan.  A knee injury would sideline him for most of his senior season.

In addition to Ryan's skills on the gridiron, he was a pitcher for the baseball team, a basso in the campus Glee Club, and a lead actor in the university's theater productions.

Following graduation, he returned to his hometown of Cleveland, Ohio, where he married Louise Brotherton and worked in real estate.

References
 Steele, Michael R. The Fighting Irish Football Encyclopedia. Champaign, IL: Sports Publishing LLC (1996).
 Grant, Chet. Before Rockne at Notre Dame. South Bend, IN: Icarus Press (1978).

1887 births
1951 deaths
Players of American football from Cleveland
American football quarterbacks
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
Notre Dame Fighting Irish baseball players


The Donau City Church (), known more formally by its dedication as Christus, Hoffnung der Welt ("Christ, Hope of the World") is a Roman Catholic parish church  in Vienna's 22nd district (Donau City or Donaustadt). The church is located next to the Vienna International Centre. Its architect is Heinz Tesar.

Notes

External links

Roman Catholic church buildings in the Vicariate of Vienna City
Buildings and structures in Donaustadt


Mellitus Mugabe Were (9 August 1968 – 29 January 2008) was a Kenyan politician affiliated to the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM). He was elected to the National Assembly of Kenya to represent Embakasi Constituency in the parliamentary election held on 27 December 2007. He was killed outside his house in the Nairobi suburb of Woodley, adjacent to the Kibera slum.

Political career
Were had been a voice for moderation in Kenya's escalating political crisis, shuttling between leaders of different ethnic groups and organising a youth peace march just before he died.

Death
Were was returning home in Woodley Estate, Nairobi, after 11 pm, and whilst waiting for the gate to his house to be opened, he was shot three times. His widow, Agnes Wairimu, alerted by the gunshots, came outside and found him, taking him to Nairobi Hospital. He was announced dead on arrival. ODM spokespersons were quick to blame the government, however President Mwai Kibaki also condemned the murder as a "heinious crime". As mourners gathered outside his home, the police arrived and fired tear gas at them. 50 youth from amongst the mourners started to erect barricades. The police claimed that tear gas only drifted into the compound of Were's house, but local TV stations provided evidence that canisters were deliberately targeted on the house.

Culprits sentenced
Using fingerprint evidence the police were able to track down James Omondi (alias Castro) as the first suspect. He led them to the other two, Wycliffe Walimbwa Simiyu (alias Zimbo) and Paul Otieno (alias Baba). All three were found guilty of his murder on 9 February 2015.

Sources
Respectance (includes photo)

References

Assassinated Kenyan politicians
Deaths by firearm in Kenya
1968 births
2008 deaths
People murdered in Kenya
Orange Democratic Movement politicians
Members of the National Assembly (Kenya)
2000s assassinated politicians in Africa


The Parry Sound CPR Trestle crosses the valley of the Seguin River, just upstream of the river's mouth at Parry Sound on Georgian Bay, as well as Great North Road, Bay, and Gibson streets in the town of Parry Sound, Ontario, Canada.

Completed in  by the Canadian Pacific Railway, the trestle is  long and  high.  The first scheduled train passed over the span in 1908.

In July 1914, Tom Thomson (who inspired the Group of Seven) visited Parry Sound and painted the bridge and the former Parry Sound Lumber Company.

Today the trestle provides northbound rail traffic for both the Canadian Pacific Kansas City Railway and the Canadian National Railway while all southbound traffic uses Canadian National trackage.  This sharing of resources was adopted by the competing companies as a way of alleviating congestion in Central Ontario.

References

External links

 Includes circa 1920 image.
CPR Bridge - Parry Sound, images from the David Thomas Collection exhibit at the West Parry Sound District Museum

Canadian Pacific Railway bridges in Ontario
Bridges in Parry Sound District
Rail transport in Parry Sound, Ontario
Rail infrastructure in Parry Sound District
Bridges completed in 1907


Playte may refer to:
 A member of the French electronic music band Dirtyphonics.
 A unit of information storage. See Units of information#Obsolete and unusual units.


George H. McLain was a United States Democratic politician from California and an influential pension promoter from the 1930s through the early 1950s.

Career
McLain began his political career campaigning on behalf of 1934 California gubernatorial candidate Upton Sinclair, before turning to social organizing. He formed a nativist organization called "Natives of California, Inc." in 1936, whose avowed purpose was "to return the government of California to the natives of the state, and keep it there," a reaction to the large number of migrants from the Great Plains who had arrived during the Depression. In the early forties, McLain gained control of an organization that would become the California Institute of Social Welfare and McLain's main platform for political organizing. In 1949, he was accused of bribing state lawmakers, but the case was dismissed the following year by California's Third District Court of Appeals.

After leading a series of ballot proposition campaigns that all failed in the early 1950s, McLain largely retreated from public life, save to run for federal office twice in the early sixties.

McLain is best known for running in California's Democratic presidential primary in 1960. He was the only opponent of the heavily favored favorite son candidate, Governor Pat Brown.

McLain lost to Brown, but, because of the large number of votes cast in California, and the small number of primaries overall, he finished third in total number of votes cast in all Democratic primaries, just behind eventual nominee John F. Kennedy and Brown, even though he ran only in California.

McLain ran unsuccessfully, at various times, for Los Angeles School Board, City Council and Mayorship, the State Assembly and Senate, and California's 23rd Congressional District. He also ran twice for the United States Senate: as a write-in Democrat in 1946 (special election) and for his party's nomination 1964, losing both times.

Personal
McLain married three times, with his second marriage to Rose C. McLain ending in a contested divorce in 1961. Circa 1962 he married Elenor Yorke, a poet, to whom he stayed married until his sudden death in 1965.

Electoral history (incomplete)

California special United States Senate election, 1946:
 William F. Knowland (R) (inc.) - 425,273 (74.31%)
 Will Rogers, Jr. (D) (write-in) - 90,723 (15.85%)
 George H. McLain (D) (write-in) - 17,883 (3.13%)
 Ellis E. Patterson (D) (write-in) - 3,889 (0.68%)
 Douglas Corrigan (Prohibition) (write-in) - 2,464 (0.43%)
 Vic Paulsen (I) (write-in) - 1,616 (0.28%)
 Others write-ins - 26,328 (4.60%)

Democratic presidential primary in California, 1960
 Pat Brown - 1,354,031 (67.69%)
 George H. McLain - 646,387 (32.31%)

Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1960
 John F. Kennedy - 1,847,259 (31.43%)
 Pat Brown - 1,354,031 (23.04%)
 George H. McLain - 646,387 (11.00%)
 Hubert Humphrey - 590,410 (10.05%)
 George Smathers - 322,235 (5.48%)
 Michael DiSalle - 315,312 (5.37%)
 Unpledged delegates - 241,958 (4.12%)
 Wayne Morse - 147,262 (2.51%)
 Adlai Stevenson - 51,833 (0.88%)

Democratic primaries for U.S. Senate, 1964:
 Pierre Salinger - 1,177,517 (44.26%)
 Alan Cranston - 1,037,748 (39.01%)
 George H. McLain - 180,405 (6.78%)
 Clair Engle (inc.) - 119,967 (4.51%)
 Lynn W. Johnston - 43,744 (1.64%)
 Walter R. Buchanan - 24,093 (0.91%)
 Harold E. Fields - 16,061 (0.60%)
 Demos Cordiero - 15,696 (0.59%)
 Mark Morris - 12,357 (0.46%)
 Emanuel Braude - 10,064 (0.38%)
 Henry A. Mermel - 6,092 (0.23%)

Notes

External links
 OurCampaign.com profile

Year of birth missing
Year of death unknown
California Democrats
Candidates in the 1960 United States presidential election
20th-century American politicians


Karl Harold Phillip LeVander (October 10, 1910March 30, 1992) was an American attorney and politician. A Republican, he served as the 32nd governor of Minnesota from January 2, 1967 to January 4, 1971, after defeating incumbent governor Karl Rolvaag in the 1966 election.

Background
LeVander was born in Swedehome, Nebraska (near Stromsburg, Polk County) and attended high school in Watertown, Minnesota. His father, Peter Magni LeVander, was a Swedish immigrant and clergyman.

He graduated magna cum laude from Gustavus Adolphus College in 1932, where he served as class president and student council president. He was also on the debate team, winning the National Peace Oratorical Contest, and the football team and track team, where he competed in the high hurdles and pole vault. After graduating from Gustavus, he attended the University of Minnesota Law School. He married Iantha Powrie in 1938, and they raised a family of three children: Harold "Hap," Jean, and Diane LeVander.

Career
After graduation, LeVander worked as assistant county attorney for Dakota County from 1935 to 1939. He also worked for the law firm of Stassen & Ryan in South St. Paul, and taught speech and coached debate at Macalester College. He was active in local commerce, acting as president of South Saint Paul's Chamber of Commerce from 1952 to 1954 and of the South Saint Paul United Federal Savings and Loan Association from 1953 to 1967. He was politically connected, having worked with future governor Harold Stassen and future U.S. Representative Elmer Ryan at their law firm. In 1962, he earned the Greater Gustavus Alumni Award for Distinguished Career in Law.

LeVander took the governorship in 1967, and for the first time since 1953, the Republicans held the governorship and both houses of the state legislature. During his term the first Minnesota sales tax was created. He favored "initiative and referendum" and vetoed two bills that did not contain it. He also created the Metropolitan Council, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, and the inaugural Human Rights Department. During his term, the legislature ratified the Twenty-sixth Amendment, which lowered the minimum voting age nationwide to 18.

In a surprise move, LeVander declined to seek reelection in 1970, returning to his law practice and business interests, becoming a director of The St. Paul Companies (1973–1981), the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association (1974–1981), and the Saint Paul Chamber of Commerce (1975–1978). In 1992 he died from Parkinson's disease at the age of 81.

References

External links
Minnesota Historical Society
 "Harold LeVander." Alumni Files. Gustavus Adolphus College and Lutheran Church Archives.

1910 births
1992 deaths
People from Polk County, Nebraska
Gustavus Adolphus College alumni
University of Minnesota Law School alumni
Macalester College faculty
Republican Party governors of Minnesota
20th-century American lawyers
Minnesota lawyers
American Lutherans
American people of Swedish descent
20th-century American politicians
Neurological disease deaths in Minnesota
Deaths from Parkinson's disease


John Andrew Ward  (February 6, 1879 in New Lexington, Ohio – January 17, 1945 in Akron, Ohio), was a former professional baseball player who played 13 games in the outfield for the 1902 Brooklyn Superbas.

External links

1879 births
1945 deaths
Major League Baseball outfielders
Brooklyn Superbas players
Baseball players from Ohio
Seattle Siwashes players
Boise Fruit Pickers players
Salt Lake City Elders players
Tacoma Tigers players
People from New Lexington, Ohio