Michael Lyons may refer to:
Michael J Lyons 2006
 Michael Lyons (BBC chairman) (born 1949), Chairman of the British Broadcasting Corporation
 Michael Lyons (politician) (1910–1991), senator from County Mayo, Ireland
 Michael Lyons (sculptor) (1943-2019), British sculptor
 Mick Lyons (English footballer) (born 1951), English footballer and manager
 Mick Lyons (Gaelic footballer), former Meath Gaelic footballer


The transverse arytenoid is an unpaired intrinsic muscle of the larynx. It is situated deep to the two oblique arytenoids; the oblique and transverse arytenoids are often considered two parts of a single muscle - the interarytenoid (arytenoid) muscle (which is then said to have an oblique part and a transverse part).

The transverse arytenoid bridges the gap between the two arytenoid cartilage in the larynx, occupying the concavity of the lateral surface of each cartilage.

Anatomy

Attachments
The muscle attaches to both arytenoid cartilages, attaching onto each cartilage at the posterior aspect of its muscular process and the adjacent lateral border of the cartilage.

Innervation
The muscle receives motor innervation from the two recurrent laryngeal nerves (each being a branch of the ipsilateral vagus nerve (CN X)); the muscle also receives branches from the internal laryngeal branch, though the latter's contribution to the muscle's motor innervation is unclear.

Function
The muscle approximates the two arytenoid cartilages to close the posterior (intercartilaginous) part of rima glottidis.

References

Muscles of the head and neck


Leonard Richardson Cutter (July 1, 1825 – July 13, 1894), Chairman of the Board of Aldermen of Boston, Massachusetts, ascended (pursuant to Section 29 of the municipal charter) on November 29, 1873 to the office of acting mayor, with all the powers of mayor except that he did not have mayoral veto authority. Cutter served out the term of Henry L. Pierce after Pierce resigned to serve in Congress.

See also
 Timeline of Boston, 1870s

References

Further reading

Acting mayors of Boston
1825 births
1894 deaths
Massachusetts city council members
19th-century American people
People from Jaffrey, New Hampshire
Massachusetts Democrats
Harvard University alumni
19th-century American politicians
Chairmen of the Boston Board of Aldermen


Indrechtach mac Dúnchado Muirisci (died 707) was a King of Connacht from the Ui Fiachrach Muaidhe branch of the Connachta. He was the son of a previous king Dúnchad Muirisci mac Tipraite (died 683). He reigned from 705 to 707.

His predecessor Cellach mac Rogallaig (died 705) had defeated an attempt by the northern Ui Neill to assert their supremacy at the Battle of Corann in 703. In revenge the northern Ui Neill under Fergal mac Máele Dúin of the Cenél nEógain; Fergal mac Loingsig of the Cenél Conaill; and Conall Menn of the Cenél Coirpri defeated and slew Indrechtach in 707. The Annals of Tigernach refer to Indrechtach as "king of the Three Connachta" which indicated the beginnings of a true provincial over-kingship in hostility to Ui Neill pretensions.

Indrechtach's son Ailill Medraige mac Indrechtaig (died 764) was also a King of Connaught.

Notes

See also
Kings of Connacht

References

 Annals of Tigernach
 Francis J.Byrne, Irish Kings and High-Kings
 The Chronology of the Irish Annals, Daniel P. McCarthy

External links
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork

707 deaths
Kings of Connacht
Monarchs from County Mayo
8th-century Irish monarchs
Year of birth unknown
Year of death unknown
7th-century births
8th-century deaths


Harry Bruce McGregor (7 January 1903 in Broken Hill, New South Wales – 21 March 1990) was an Australian rules footballer who played with West Adelaide and South Adelaide in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL). His son Ken also played for West Adelaide and was a successful tennis player. Former Crows player, Ken McGregor is not related.

Career
McGregor made his debut at the age of 16 for West Broken Hill in the Broken Hill Football League where he was a Hurley Medallist in 1922. McGregor was recruited by West Adelaide in 1923 after attempts were made for his signature by both Norwood and Port Adelaide. McGregor played 102 games for West Adelaide between 1923 and 1929 and was appointed captain-coach of the team in 1926, leading them to the 1927 SANFL Premiership with a 10.10 (70) to 8.10 (58) win over North Adelaide at the Adelaide Oval.

In 1926 and 1927 McGregor became the first and as of 2011 West Adelaide's only dual Magarey Medallist and the club's only player to win the award back-to-back. He represented South Australia at the interstate level 22 times during his career. Records vary, but it is possible that McGregor also won as many as six Best All Round Player Awards during his time at Westies. What is known is that he won the award in 1924, 1925, 1926 and 1927.

With the economic privations of the Depression beginning to hit home in 1930, McGregor, along with team mate Bob Snell, the 1929 Magarey Medallist, was lured to Tasmania where the money on offer was significantly better than in Adelaide. After two seasons as captain-coach of North Hobart in the Tasmanian Football League (TFL) where the team finished as beaten Grand Finalists in both 1930 and 1931, he returned to the SANFL and joined South Adelaide. He played just two games before standing down as a player but coached the club for the rest of the year with Souths 'winning' the wooden spoon by finishing eighth. In 1933 he was appointed coach of the Glenelg Football Club and in 1934 he coached the club to their first ever SANFL Premiership.

McGregor then returned to West Adelaide to coach the team in 1937 but his three seasons in charge saw the Wests finish seventh in each season. He was replaced for 1940, but returned in 1941, and along with Colin Smith, coached the vastly improved team to finish third with a 12-5 record. West then won their semi-final clash with Port Adelaide before ending their season with a loss to eventual SANFL Premiers Norwood in the preliminary-final at the Adelaide Oval.

Family
Bruce McGregor and his wife Winnifred had two children. His daughter Betty was born in 1927 on the day Bruce won his second Magarey Medal and son Ken McGregor (born 1929) who went on to play for both West Adelaide and South Australia with distinction in the 1950s. Ken also played tennis at the highest level including representing Australia in three Davis Cup-winning sides (1950, 1951 and 1952) and won the 1952 Australian Open tennis – Men's Singles title at Adelaide's Memorial Drive, as well as the 1951 and 1952 Australian, French and Wimbledon and 1951 US Open men's doubles championships with Frank Sedgman.

See also
 1927 Melbourne Carnival

Footnotes

External links
WAFC Magarey Medallists - Harry Bruce McGregor
SA Football Hall of Fame - H (Bruce) McGregor

1903 births
1990 deaths
West Adelaide Football Club players
South Adelaide Football Club players
North Hobart Football Club players
West Adelaide Football Club coaches
North Hobart Football Club coaches
Glenelg Football Club coaches
South Adelaide Football Club coaches
Magarey Medal winners
Australian rules footballers from New South Wales
South Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
West Broken Hill Football Club players


"Where My Girls At?" is a song by American girl group 702, released as the first single from their self-titled second studio album (1999) on April 5, 1999. The track was produced by Missy Elliott and Keybeats.

Originally intended to be included on fellow girl group TLC's third studio album, FanMail, the group rejected the song, so 702 recorded it instead. The song has been certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and Billboard ranked it at  46 on their list of the "100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time".

Music video
The music video for "Where My Girls At?" was directed by Bille Woodruff. The video starts outside an apartment complex, zooming in to a window where the members of 702 are walking down a brutalist-styled corridor wearing all-black leather attire. Behind them is a group of men wearing the same color, later standing against the wall while the ladies walk past them during the chorus. After the first chorus, the group members are all in different Y2K styled settings. Kameelah is seen in a chrome, light blue room wearing a dark grey blazer with digital signs reading the song’s title behind her. LeMisha is seen wearing all black and donning a white tiger-printed cowboy hat in a red and orange colored room with a pyrotechnic behind her. Irish is in a blue cafe area decorated with futuristic furniture and textures wearing an all silver gown with fur accents. Following the bridge, the ladies are now in a big brutalist-styled room, each standing on top of platforms. They are all wearing black and silver polka-dotted outfits as background dancers surround them donning red from head to toe.

The video first premiered on BET on the week ending March 21, 1999. It later began airing on The Box and MTV on the weeks ending March 28, 1999, and April 18, 1999 respectively.

Track listings

US CD
 "Where My Girls At?" (radio edit) – 2:47
 "Where My Girls At?" (instrumental) – 4:02
 "Make Time" (snippet) – 1:06
 "Tell Your Girl" (snippet) – 1:03
 "Gotta Leave" (snippet) – 1:13
 "You'll Just Never Know" (snippet) – 1:11

US 12-inch vinyl
A1. "Where My Girls At?" (radio edit) – 2:47
A2. "Where My Girls At?" (instrumental) – 4:02
B1. "Where My Girls At?" (radio edit) – 2:47
B2. "Where My Girls At?" (TV track) – 4:02

UK 12-inch vinyl
A1. "Where My Girls At?" (album version) – 2:47
A2. "Where My Girls At?" (Allstar remix) – 3:40
B1. "Where My Girls At?" (Fanatic remix) – 3:44
B2. "Where My Girls At?" (Fanatic Rock mix) – 3:45

European CD
 "Where My Girls At?" (Allstar remix) – 3:40
 "Where My Girls At?" (Fanatic remix) – 3:44

Chart performance
"Where My Girls At?" peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 on June 19, 1999. It peaked at No. 3 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts and at No. 1 on the Rhythmic Top 40 chart. The single remained in the Top 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for more than 30 weeks.

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

|}

Release history

References

1999 singles
702 (group) songs
Music videos directed by Bille Woodruff
Songs written by Missy Elliott
1999 songs
Motown singles
Song recordings produced by Keybeats
Songs written by Keybeats


KSVL (92.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve Smith, Nevada and the surrounding area. The station is owned by Jerry Evans, through The Evans Broadcast Company, Inc. It airs a news and talk format.

The station was assigned the KSVL call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on September 24, 1999. Since 2019, KSVL 92.3 has been run by Evans Broadcast Company.

Ownership
In March 2007, Lyon Broadcasters Inc. made a deal to buy KSVL from Donegal Inc. James Foss, Lyon Broadcasters’ president, told the Northern Nevada Business Weekly that he planned to add local news and a talk show hosted by a local personality to the station's automated alternative rock format.

References

External links

SVL


Air New Zealand Flight 2279 (also known as Eagle Airways Flight 2279) was a commuter flight operated by Air National on behalf of Eagle Airways, a regional carrier division of Air New Zealand. The flight was the subject of an unsuccessful hijack attempt on 8 February 2008 during which both pilots and a passenger suffered knife wounds.

Incident
Ten minutes after takeoff from Woodbourne Airport in Blenheim, at about 7:40 a.m., Asha Ali Abdille attacked both of the pilots and demanded the plane be flown to Australia. One pilot was cut in the arm, the other in the leg. Abdille also tried to wrestle the controls from the pilot. There were six other passengers (four New Zealanders, one Australian and one Indian) on board. One female passenger was also injured. The copilot managed to restrain Abdille eventually. Abdille also claimed to have two bombs on board, but no explosives were found. The plane landed safely at Christchurch International Airport at 8:06 a.m.

Hijacker
Asha Ali Abdille, a 33-year-old living in Blenheim, New Zealand, originally a refugee from Somalia, was arrested after the plane landed.

There were fears among the New Zealand Somali community that they would be branded terrorists. The government quickly stated "the government will not tolerate any racial or religious intolerance".

Abdille moved to New Zealand in 1994. TVNZ did an interview with her in 1996, during which she said she was not coping with New Zealand society, and would like to go back to Somalia.

On 1 March 2005, the then-Immigration Minister Paul Swain was questioned in Parliament regarding unrelated incidents whether he was confident that Abdille "is not a threat to the New Zealand community". The minister answered in the affirmative.

Trial
Abdille was charged with one count of attempted hijacking, one count of wounding one of the pilots with intent to cause grievous bodily harm and two counts of injuring with intent. She was remanded for a psychiatric report.

On 22 February 2008, Abdille was charged in the Christchurch District Court with a further 11 charges, including threatening to kill, possessing an offensive weapon, and taking a dangerous weapon onto an aircraft. At her trial in 2010 where she was represented by  prominent human rights and criminal Barrister Antony Shaw, Abdille pleaded guilty to the charge of attempting to hijack an aircraft, and was sentenced to 9 years in jail.

Impact
Christchurch International Airport was evacuated after the incident. Among those caught up were Transport Minister Annette King, Transport Safety Minister Harry Duynhoven and the England Cricket Team. This incident prompted a review of aviation security in New Zealand. Released on 23 April 2009, it found domestic flights of fewer than 90 seats with unscreened passengers and carry-on baggage were a high-risk situation.  there has been no change and domestic flights of fewer than 90 seats continue to be unscreened.

References

External links
Airliners.net photos of the aircraft ZK-ECN
http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10491291&pnum=0
https://web.archive.org/web/20080209052310/http://www.stuff.co.nz/4392665a10.html
http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/1316907/1574444
Hand treatment grounds hero pilot

Aviation accidents and incidents in New Zealand
Aviation accidents and incidents in 2008
Aircraft hijackings
Air New Zealand accidents and incidents
Terrorist incidents in New Zealand
Accidents and incidents involving the British Aerospace Jetstream
2008 crimes in New Zealand
February 2008 events in New Zealand
Terrorist incidents in New Zealand in the 2000s
Terrorist incidents in Oceania in 2008
February 2008 crimes
Attacks in Oceania in 2008
2008 disasters in New Zealand


George Piro  is a Lebanese-American former Federal Bureau of Investigation agent. He served as special agent in charge (SAC) at the FBI's Miami Field Office. He was the Team Leader and Lead Interrogator of the Saddam Hussein Interrogation Team in 2004.

Saddam Hussein interrogation
Piro's fluency in Arabic opened high-level opportunities for him during the Iraq War, at a time when approximately 1 in 1000 FBI special agents spoke the language. The television show 60 Minutes revealed in January 2008 that he had secretly gained the confidence of Saddam Hussein while interrogating Hussein while he was imprisoned after the second war in Iraq. During his conversations with Hussein, Piro reported that Hussein had not expected a U.S. invasion of Iraq. Piro also confirmed through their discussions that Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction at the time of the U.S. invasion in 2003, but that Hussein would not give up attempts to obtain them in order to secure his country from the perceived threat posed by Iran and its weapons program. Further, any links to Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda were denied, as Hussein held himself as a secular ruler and did not believe in the creation of an Islamic state. Hussein mocked Bin Laden saying "You really can't trust anybody with a beard like that".

On July 1, 2009, the National Security Archive declassified and released the official FBI FD-302 forms filed at the time of Saddam's interrogation, detailing 20 formal interviews and 5 casual conversations throughout 2004, much of which were between Piro and Saddam, including details of conversation and thoughts shared by Saddam himself.

Personal life and career
Born and raised in Beirut, Lebanon of Assyrian heritage, Piro is the son of Mr. & Mrs. Lazar Piro who immigrated to Turlock, California during the Lebanese Civil War when he was 12 years old. Turlock is located in California's San Joaquin Valley, which has a large Assyrian population. After he graduated from high school, Piro enlisted in the United States Air Force and served as a security policeman. After his service in the U.S. Air Force, he began his career in law enforcement with the City of Ceres Police Department in 1989. He went to night school to earn a college degree. Working his way up the ranks in the Ceres Police Department, Piro became a Criminal Investigator II for the Stanislaus County District Attorney's office, where he investigated felony cases involving career criminals and was assigned to the Stanislaus County Drug Enforcement Agency. In 1999, he began his career with the FBI and was assigned to the Phoenix Field Office.

He speaks English, Arabic and Aramaic (Assyrian) fluently as well as French.

By 2007, Piro was serving as Supervisor of the FBI's Joint Terrorism Task Force in the Washington Field Office. Piro was listed as being a Special Agent in Charge of the FBI Field Office in Miami in January 2017 when he served as the agency's spokesman concerning the FBI's investigation of the Fort Lauderdale airport shooting.

On October 18, 2017, FBI Director Christopher Wray announced the appointment of George Piro as the Assistant Director of the International Operations Division at FBI Headquarters in Washington, D.C.

UFC anti-doping program administrator
On October 12, 2023, the Ultimate Fighting Championship, a mixed martial arts promotion, announced that Piro would be leading the company's anti-doping program.

References

External links
FBI Agent: Hussein Didn't Expect Invasion

Living people
United States Air Force airmen
Federal Bureau of Investigation agents
American people of Lebanese-Assyrian descent
Lebanese emigrants to the United States
1967 births


AGB Nielsen Media Research Philippines, commonly called AGB Nielsen, is a market research firm in the Philippines specializing in broadcast media. AGB Nielsen conducts audience measurement of television ratings for certain areas in the Philippines, most notably in urban areas.

As of 2013, AGB Nielsen uses a panel size of 1,980 households based solely in urban areas that represent 57  percent of the total Philippine TV viewing population.

History
AGB Nielsen was created by the merger of the Audits of Great Britain-Philippines (established in 1999) and Nielsen Media Research (established in 1992) in 2005 as a subsidiary of AGB Nielsen Media Research, a joint venture formed by the AGB Group & the TAM business of The Nielsen Company in March 2005.

In October 2006, AGB Nielsen established the Philippines' first national television audience measurement panel called the "Nationwide Urban Television Audience Measurement (NUTAM)" that covered 95% of urban areas in the country. AGB Nielsen also conducts reports on three metropolitan cities called "Metro City TAM" (MCTAM) in addition to, Metro Manila, Cebu City and Davao City and Iloilo City.

On December 20, 2007, ABS-CBN Corporation filed a civil case against AGB Nielsen after ABS-CBN discovered tampering in ratings in Bacolod. The next day, ABS-CBN reported through their AM station DZMM that AGB Nielsen pointed GMA Network, Inc. was the one behind the manipulation of ratings in Bacolod. On January 3, 2008, GMA sued for P15 million ABS-CBN and some of its employees for libel. On January 8, Quezon City regional trial court (RTC) junked ABS-CBN's case against AGB Nielsen saying it was prematurely filed.

Markets

According to their website, the largest television market in the country is the Mega Manila; in AGB-Nielsen's case, Mega Manila consists of Metro Manila, Bulacan, Rizal, Cavite and Laguna. Mega Manila is represented by 400 panel homes. Other areas are North and Central Luzon with 300 homes; South Luzon, 300 homes; Visayas, 300 homes; and Mindanao, 200 homes. These 1,500 panel homes comprise the National Urban Television Audience Measurement (NUTAM) and are scattered throughout the country. The NUTAM, does not comprise the entire Philippines, but only the urban centers. The survey encompasses 34 million individuals or 95% of urban Philippines, which comprises around 57 percent of the entire TV viewing population of the country.

Classification
Non-primetime: 5:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.
Primetime: 5:30 p.m. to 5:00 a.m.

Subscribers

Nielsen's current international subscribers include GMA Network, SBS Korea, KBS Korea, Mediacorp, ebiquity, Faulkner, Dentsu Aegis Network, Posterscope, Group M, Zenith Optemedia, Telemundo, and Netflix.

FIFA has signed up with Nielsen to provide official market research for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

As of 2020, Nielsen TV Audience Measurement increased its client pool to a total of 41 clients/subscribers consisting of 12 local TV networks including A2Z, GMA Network, TV5, Cignal Entertainment, One Sports, CNN Philippines, Jeepney TV, Solar Entertainment Corporation, GTV, Kapamilya Channel, People's Television Network and among others; 5 regional clients; 21 agencies (18 media agencies, 2 consulting agencies, 1 digital agency); and 1 advertiser.

Spinoffs

Nielsen Philippines spun off its data and analytics branch Global Consumer Business as NielsenIQ in January 2021.

See also
 Nielsen Korea
 The Nielsen Company
 Nielsen Media Research
 Nielsen Holdings
 Nielsen Corporation

References

Television in the Philippines
Market research companies of the Philippines
Companies based in Manila
Philippine subsidiaries of foreign companies


Robert Linus Alexander Klasen (born 19 February 1986) is a Swedish professional ice hockey player who is currently playing for  Djurgårdens IF of the HockeyAllsvenskan (Allsv).

Playing career
Klasen started his career with Huddinge IK and has played with Södertälje SK in the Swedish Elitserien. He played 3 games with team Sweden in the 2007–08 season.

On 30 October 2010 Klassen made his NHL debut with the Nashville Predators in an away game against the Detroit Red Wings.

Klasen signed a three-year contract with the Malmö Redhawks of the HockeyAllsvenskan on 17 May 2011. He was immediately appointed the team's captain. The contract included an annual salary of 4 million SEK ($0.6 million USD), making him the best paid ice hockey player in Sweden. He scored 50 points (20 goals, 30 assists) in 52 games and helped the team reach a playoff spot. However, due to economical crisis in the Redhawks club, Klasen was forced to leave the club after the 2011–12 season. His contract is being paid out by the Redhawks.

Following the 2011–12 season, Klasen signed a two-year contract with Luleå HF of the Swedish top-tier league Elitserien (SEL) prior to the 2012–13 season. He will keep the same annual salary from Malmö Redhawks during these two years.

After the final year of his contract with Luleå, in which Klasen compiled his most prolific SHL season with 28 goals and 57 points in just 54 games, he left as a free agent to sign a lucrative four-year contract with Swiss club, HC Lugano, of the NLA on 2 April 2014.  In his debut season with Lugano in the NLA, Klasen finished second in team scoring with 55 points in 46 games to be selected in the 2014–15 NLA All-Star Team.

After 6 seasons and 265 games with HC Lugano in the NL, Klasen was not offered a contract extension and decided to return to his native Sweden by signing a two-year deal with Luleå HF of the SHL.

On 10 May 2021 Klasen joined EHC Visp of the second tier Swiss League (SL) on a two-year contract.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Inline Hockey
Linus has competed for Sweden at the 2007, 2008 and 2009 IIHF Inline Hockey World Championships.

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Djurgårdens IF Hockey players
Huddinge IK players
Lincoln Stars players
HC Lugano players
Luleå HF players
Malmö Redhawks players
Milwaukee Admirals players
Nashville Predators players
Södertälje SK players
Ice hockey people from Stockholm
Swedish ice hockey left wingers
Undrafted National Hockey League players
EHC Visp players


Ian Gordon is a cultural historian. He writes on comic strips and comic books and film and television.

Background
Gordon earned a PhD in history at the University of Rochester. In 2015-16 he offered a  Superhero Entertainments MOOC through the Coursera platform.

Comic Strips and Consumer Culture
Gordon uses comic strips to make an argument about American culture. He says that comic strips were one of the first forms of truly national culture, by which he means people all over the country read them on the same day, and so had shared experiences, and that this happened on a widespread basis as early as 1908. He also ties comic strips to transformations in advertising styles, and not just the comic strip advertising style of the 1930s but the generalized use of more images in advertising as the twentieth century progressed. The book even has a chapter on the beginnings of comic books, which is a useful short overview and has good information on the early Superman. On 11 April 2011 he created an online version of the book which can be found at academia.edu.

The Journal of American History said: "Gordon has done historians a service by recognizing the importance of popular visual sources as important clues to understanding American culture. And the book is not only informative but fun to read."

American Journalism said: "a must read for any scholar interested in the question of popular culture."

Superman: The Persistence of an American Icon
This book addresses Superman's place in American culture and discusses the way the character was shaped through interactions between writers, artists, editors, publishers, and readers. Gordon looks at Superman in his many media versions and also licensed items.

Writing in Choice John Lent said "the research for Superman: The Persistence of an American Icon is extraordinarily rich, the analysis is meticulously conceived and implemented, and the writing is clear and interesting, spiced with anecdotes, asides, and quotes."

The Comics of Charles Schulz: The Good Grief of Modern Life
On April 26, 2018 this book was nominated for an Eisner Award for best scholarly work on comics.

Selected works
 Comic Strips and Consumer Culture, 1890-1945. (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998).
 Comics and Ideology. co-edited. (New York: Peter Lang, 2001).
 Film and Comic Books. co-edited. (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2007)
 Kid Comic Strips: A Genre Across Four Countries. (New York: Palgrave, 2016).
 The Comics of Charles Schulz: The Good Grief of Modern Life. co-edited. (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2017).
 Superman: The Persistence of an American Icon. (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2017).
 Ben Katchor: Conversations. edited. (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2018).
The Superhero Symbol: Media, Culture, and Politics. (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2019).

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Australian academics
Australian non-fiction writers
Comics critics
Living people
University of Rochester alumni
Comics scholars


Samuel Crocker Cobb (May 22, 1826 – February 18, 1891) was a businessman and politician who served on the city councils of the cities Roxbury, Massachusetts and Boston, Massachusetts and who served three consecutive terms as the mayor of Boston.

Early life
Cobb was born May 22, 1826, in Taunton, Massachusetts to David George Washington Cobb and Abby (Crocker) Cobb.

Family life
On November 21, 1848, Cobb married Aurelia L. Beattie, in Belfast, Maine. Aurelia was the third daughter of William and Jane I. Beattie of East Thomaston, Maine.

Mayor of Boston
Cobb was elected mayor in November 1873.

Cobb opposed creating jobs for the unemployed after the Panic of 1873, declaring the idea "subversive to our whole social fabric, tending directly to communism in its worst form."

The event of greatest historical interest during Mayor Cobb's administration was the celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill. It is related that on this occasion many men who had taken leading parts in the war of the rebellion, both Unionists and Confederates, met for the first time in peace.
Cobb was a member of the Society of the Cincinnati

See also
 Timeline of Boston, 1860s-1870s

References

Further reading
 Bugbee. "Memoir of Hon. Samuel Crocker Cobb". Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1892.

Mayors of Boston
Boston Board of Aldermen members
19th-century American people
Politicians from Taunton, Massachusetts
1826 births
1891 deaths
Massachusetts Whigs
19th-century American politicians


"Axegrinder" is a song by Australian rock group Hoodoo Gurus. It was released on RCA Records in July 1989 as the second single from their fourth studio album Magnum Cum Louder. The song peaked at number 58 on the ARIA charts.

In June 2000, Dave Faulkner said "I often describe 'Axegrinder' as the song that 'killed' Magnum Cum Louder. We had enjoyed considerable airplay for 'Come Anytime' but 'Axegrinder' stopped everything cold. Funnily enough, it became one of our biggest showstoppers in concert within 12 months.".

Track listing
 7" single (RCA Victor  105 071)
 "Axegrinder" — 3:27
 "Spaghetti Western" — 3:23

Personnel
Credits:
 Richard Grossman — bass, backing vocals
 Dave Faulkner — lead vocals, guitar, keyboards
 Mark Kingsmill — drums, vocals (grunts)
 Brad Shepherd — guitar, backing vocals, harmonica
 Producer — Hoodoo Gurus
 Engineer — Alan Thorne
 Mixer — David Thoener

Charts

References

1989 singles
Hoodoo Gurus songs
1989 songs
RCA Records singles
Songs written by Dave Faulkner (musician)


The 1972 Major League Baseball season was the first to have games cancelled by a player strike.  It was also the last season in which American League pitchers would hit for themselves on a regular basis; the designated hitter rule would go into effect the following season.

Labor strike and more moving
1972 was affected by a players' strike over pension and salary arbitration.  The strike erased the first week and a half of the season, cancelling 86 games, and the leagues decided to just excise the lost portion of the season with no makeups.  As a result, an uneven number of games were lost by each team; some as few as six, some as many as nine.  The lack of makeups, even when they affected the playoffs, led to the Boston Red Sox losing the American League East by half a game to the Detroit Tigers, who played one more game (156 to 155).

1972 marked the first year for the Texas Rangers, who had moved to Arlington from Washington, D.C. (where they played as the Washington Senators) after the 1971 season.  The team was one of the worst ever fielded by the franchise, losing 100 games for the first time since 1964.  Manager Ted Williams hated it in the Dallas-Fort Worth area, and resigned at the end of the season.

To make room for the Rangers in the American League West Division, one of the teams already in that division would have to switch to the East Division. Technically, both the Chicago White Sox and the Milwaukee Brewers were the easternmost teams in the West Division, but only one of them could move, although the Minnesota Twins lobbied to keep the Rangers in the East because it wanted both the Brewers and White Sox as division rivals. It was decided that Milwaukee, as the newer franchise, would make the move, even though the White Sox wanted to go to the East since five of the league's original franchises were in that division, and that the Cubs were in the National League East. The Brewers would become division rivals of the Twins and White Sox in 1994 with the formation of the American League Central, but this would last only through 1997, when Milwaukee transferred to the National League and became a division rival of the Cubs (the Brewers and Twins continue to face each other every year through interleague play).

1972 would mark the Kansas City Royals' final year at Kansas City Municipal Stadium, as the next year they would move to Royals Stadium at the Truman Sports Complex in eastern Kansas City. The Royals had hoped to move out of Municipal after the 1971 season, but a series of labor strikes forced the team to spend one more year at the old facility, which hosted the Athletics from 1955-67 (and the National Football League's Chiefs from 1963–71).

Most teams (16 of 24) switched from wool flannel uniforms to double knit uniforms made of nylon and rayon at the outset of 1972. The Pirates were first to adopt double knits when they moved from Forbes Field to Three Rivers Stadium in July 1970. The Cardinals switched at the start of the 1971 season, and the Orioles gradually phased out their flannels throughout 1971, becoming all-double knit in time for the postseason.

The Giants wore flannels until midseason, going to double knits at home only; the flannels would not be phased out for the road uniforms until 1973. The Red Sox switched to double knits midway through 1972. Only the Royals, Expos and Yankees wore flannels full-time during the 1972 season, and all three converted to double knits for 1973 (the Royals waited to switch uniforms until their new stadium opened).

The World Series was won by the Oakland Athletics, the first of three straight behind the bats of Reggie Jackson and Bert Campaneris, and the pitching cadre of Catfish Hunter, Rollie Fingers, and Vida Blue. Jackie Robinson, the first black player in modern MLB history, threw out the first pitch prior to Game 2 in what would be his last public appearance. He died two days after the series ended at age 53 due to complications from diabetes and heart failure.

The year ended on a sad note when Roberto Clemente died in an airplane crash off the coast of San Juan, Puerto Rico, on New Year's Eve, while participating in aid efforts after the 1972 Nicaragua earthquake.

Standings

American League

National League

Postseason

Bracket

Awards and honors
Baseball Hall of Fame
Yogi Berra
Josh Gibson
Lefty Gomez
Will Harridge
Sandy Koufax (at 36, the youngest inductee ever)
Buck Leonard
Early Wynn
Ross Youngs
Most Valuable Player
Dick Allen, Chicago White Sox, 1B (AL)
Johnny Bench, Cincinnati Reds, C (NL)
Cy Young Award
Gaylord Perry, Cleveland Indians (AL)
Steve Carlton, Philadelphia Phillies (NL)
Rookie of the Year
Carlton Fisk, Boston Red Sox, C (AL)
Jon Matlack, New York Mets, P (NL)
Gold Glove Award
George Scott (1B) (AL)
Doug Griffin (2B) (AL)
Brooks Robinson (3B) (AL)
Ed Brinkman (SS) (AL)
Paul Blair (OF) (AL)
Bobby Murcer (OF) (AL)
Ken Berry (OF) (AL)
Carlton Fisk (C) (AL)
Jim Kaat (P) (AL)

Statistical leaders

1 National League Triple Crown Pitching Winner

Home field attendance

Events
January 13 – Bernice Gera wins a discrimination suit against organized baseball, opening the door for her to become the first female umpire in professional baseball.
January 19 – The Baseball Writers' Association of America elects Sandy Koufax, Yogi Berra and Early Wynn to the Baseball Hall of Fame. Koufax makes it in his first try and, aged 36, is the youngest honoree in history.
February 8 – Commissioner Bowie Kuhn announces that the Special Committee on the Negro leagues has selected Josh Gibson and Buck Leonard for the Hall of Fame.
March 16 – Reigning American League Cy Young and MVP award winner Vida Blue announces his retirement.  It will be a short one as he will rejoin the Oakland Athletics in May.
April 1–13 – The first players' strike in baseball history wipes 6–8 games off the schedule of each MLB team. It is agreed that the missed games will be canceled altogether and not made up; this results in teams not being scheduled for the same number of games in the 1972 season. The schedule imbalance would lead to the Detroit Tigers edging the Boston Red Sox by only one-half game to win the American League East Division championship.  The strike results in the team owners adding salary arbitration to the collective bargaining agreement, and increasing pension fund payments.
April 2 – With the sudden death of Gil Hodges, Yogi Berra is named manager of the New York Mets.
April 16 – Chicago Cubs pitcher Burt Hooton pitches a 4–0 no-hitter over the Philadelphia Phillies at Chicago's Wrigley Field.
April 21 – At Arlington Stadium, Frank Howard hits the first home run in Texas Rangers history, a solo shot off Clyde Wright of the California Angels.
May 11 – The San Francisco Giants trade Willie Mays to the New York Mets for minor league pitcher Charlie Williams and cash.
May 14 – In front of a Mother's Day crowd of 35,000 in New York's Shea Stadium, Willie Mays makes a triumphant return to New York with the Mets, hitting a game-winning home run against his old teammates (the Giants). He scores in the first inning on Rusty Staub's grand slam and his solo homer in the fifth inning snaps a 4–4 tie. The final score: Mets 5, Giants 4.
May 28 – The Milwaukee Brewers fire manager Dave Bristol, replacing him with Del Crandall. Coach Roy McMillan takes over until Crandall arrives and guides the team to a 4–1 loss to the Boston Red Sox.
June 18 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules 5–3 in favor of Major League Baseball in the lawsuit (Flood v. Kuhn) brought by Curt Flood.
June 24 – In the first game of a doubleheader between the visiting Auburn Phillies and Geneva Senators of the Class A New York–Pennsylvania League, Bernice Gera becomes the first woman to umpire a professional baseball game.  She resigns between games after being verbally abused by some spectators and by some involved in the game.
July 2 – San Francisco's Willie McCovey hits his 14th career grand slam home run to pace the Giants' 9–3 win over the Los Angeles Dodgers. Pitcher Randy Moffitt wins his first major league game and receives a congratulatory telegram from his sister Billie Jean King, who is playing at Wimbledon.
July 4 – At Shea Stadium,  the Mets Tom Seaver has a no-hitter going into the 9th inning against the San Diego Padres when, with one out Leron Lee hits a clean single to center. The next batter, Nate Colbert, hits into a double play to end the game. The Mets win, 2-0.
July 11 – At Oakland, Boston's Marty Pattin has his no-hit bid foiled when Reggie Jackson hits a one-out single in the ninth inning. Boston wins 4–0.
July 14 – In a game between the Detroit Tigers and Kansas City Royals in Kansas City, the Tigers' catcher, Tom Haller, has his older brother Bill Haller right over his shoulder, the first time brothers have served as catcher and home plate umpire in the same Major League game. The Royals win 1–0.
July 18 – Against the Philadelphia Phillies at San Diego Stadium, San Diego Padre pitcher Steve Arlin has a no-hitter broken up with two out in the ninth by a Denny Doyle single. Doyle later advances to second on a balk, then scores on a Tommy Hutton single. Arlin comes away with a two-hitter (one of three he pitches on the season; he also hurls two one-hitters during a season in which he finishes 10–21) in a 5–1 Padre victory. It was the closest a Padre pitcher had come to a no-hitter until April 9, 2021, when Joe Musgrove no-hit the Texas Rangers in Arlington, Texas.
July 25 – At Atlanta Stadium, the National League wins the All-Star Game over the American League 4–3, behind hometown hero Hank Aaron's two-run home run and Joe Morgan's 10th-inning RBI single. Morgan is named MVP. It is the seventh time the Midsummer Classic has gone into extra innings.
August 17 – Led by Steve Carlton of the Philadelphia Phillies, they beat the powerful Cincinnati Reds 9-4. This was Carlton's 15th straight victory, as well as his 20th win overall.
August 29 – Jim Barr of the San Francisco Giants retires the first twenty batters in today's game.  Added to the last twenty one batters he retired in his previous game, it establishes a record for consecutive batters retired.  It will be tied in 2007 by Chicago White Sox relief pitcher Bobby Jenks.
September 2 – At Wrigley Field, Chicago Cub pitcher Milt Pappas no-hits the San Diego Padres 8–0. Pappas retires the first 26 batters and comes to within one strike of a perfect game with a 2–2 count to pinch-hitter Larry Stahl, but home-plate umpire Bruce Froemming calls the next two pitches, both of which are close, balls. Undeterred, Pappas ends the game by retiring the next batter, ex-Cub Garry Jestadt. This would be the last no-hitter the Cubs would be involved with until Carlos Zambrano would no-hit the Houston Astros on September 14, 2008. The perfect game bid is also the only one, to date, to be broken up on a walk to the 27th batter.
September 15 – Steve Carlton beats the Montreal Expos 5–3, raising his record to 24–9. The rest of the Philadelphia Phillies pitchers have a combined record of 26–80.
September 20 - The Atlanta Braves defeat the Houston Astros 13-6, with all 13 runs being scored in the second inning.
September 21 – The Pittsburgh Pirates clinch the National League East title with a 6–2 victory over the New York Mets.
September 22 – The Cincinnati Reds clinch the National League West crown with a 4–3 road victory over the Houston Astros.
September 30 – During the Pirates' 5–0 win over the Mets at Pittsburgh's Three Rivers Stadium, Roberto Clemente hits a double off New York's Jon Matlack in the fourth inning to get his 3,000th and final regular season hit in the major leagues.
October 2 – Montreal Expo pitcher Bill Stoneman no-hits the New York Mets 7–0 in the first game of a doubleheader at Jarry Park. The no-hitter is 1) the second of Stoneman's career (the first having come on April 17, 1969—only nine games into the Expos' existence), 2) the first no-hitter ever pitched in a regular season game in Canada, and 3) the latest, calendar-wise, that a regular-season no-hitter has been pitched, tied with Addie Joss' perfect game in 1908.
October 3 – The Detroit Tigers clinch the American League East as Woodie Fryman beats Luis Tiant of the Boston Red Sox 3–1 for his 10th win. Detroit's Chuck Seelbach picks up his 14th save and Al Kaline singles in the winning run for Detroit.
October 8 – In the seventh inning of Game 2 of the ALCS, Oakland Athletics shortstop Bert Campaneris is hit in the ankle by a pitch thrown by the Detroit Tigers' Lerrin LaGrow. An enraged Campaneris throws his bat at LaGrow, sparking a bench-clearing brawl in which Tiger manager Billy Martin has to be restrained from going after Campaneris. Both Campaneris and LaGrow are suspended for the rest of the series, with Campaneris being tagged with a fine as well. The Athletics win the game 6–0.
October 11 – The Pittsburgh Pirates carry a lead into the bottom of the ninth inning of the final game of the NLCS. However, the Reds' Johnny Bench homers to tie the game.  After some runners reach base, the Pirates' pitcher, Bob Moose, unleashes a wild pitch, permitting the pennant-clinching run to score. It proves to be Clemente's final game, as he died in a New Year's Eve plane crash.
October 12 - The Oakland Athletics win their first pennant since 1931 by defeating the Detroit Tigers 2-1 in the decisive fifth game of the American League Championship Series. The victory proves costly when star outfielder Reggie Jackson tears a hamstring on a successful double steal which tied the game 1-1, knocking him out of the World Series.
October 22 – The Oakland Athletics win the World Series with a 3–2 victory in Game 7 over the Cincinnati Reds. Gene Tenace, who had only five home runs in the regular season but hit four in the Series, is named MVP.
November 8 – The St. Louis Cardinals bring Tim McCarver back to the Gateway City, sending Jorge Roque to the Montreal Expos in exchange.
November 27 – The New York Yankees send catcher John Ellis, infielder Jerry Kenney, and outfielders Charlie Spikes and Rusty Torres to the Cleveland Indians in return for third baseman Graig Nettles and catcher Jerry Moses. It proves to be a great trade for the Yankees, as Nettles would become a stalwart on the Bronx Bombers' championship teams later in the decade.
December 10 – The American League votes unanimously to adopt the designated hitter rule on a three-year experimental basis. The DH will replace the pitcher in the lineup unless otherwise noted before the start of the game. In the December 1975 meeting, the AL will vote to permanently adopt the DH. The National League declines to follow suit, but is forced to adopt the DH by Commissioner Rob Manfred in 2020 (the DH in the NL was repealed in 2021 when the Commissioner's office and MLBPA do not come to an agreement prior to the season, but reinstated as part of the CBA between MLB and the MLBPA in 2022).

Television coverage
NBC was the exclusive national TV broadcaster of MLB. While the network had occasionally aired a limited number of Monday night games in past seasons, 1972 was the first year that NBC signed a contract for a regular slate of Monday Night Baseball. The network continued to air the weekend Game of the Week, the All-Star Game, both League Championship Series, and the World Series.

Births

January–March

January 9 – Jay Powell
January 13 – Akinori Otsuka
January 17 – Walt McKeel
January 18 – Mike Lieberthal
January 21 – Alan Benes
January 25 – José Macías
January 28 – Tsuyoshi Shinjo
January 29 – Morgan Burkhart
February 1 – Rich Becker
February 2 – Jared Fernandez
February 2 – Melvin Mora
February 11 – Brian Daubach
February 20 – Shane Spencer
February 22 – John Halama
February 23 – Rondell White
March 1 – Omar Daal
March 10 – Rob Stanifer
March 11 – Salomón Torres
March 22 – Cory Lidle
March 24 – José Cabrera
March 24 – Steve Karsay
March 27 – Adam Melhuse
March 29 – Alex Ochoa

April–June
April 11 – Robin Jennings
April 11 – Bobby M. Jones
April 11 – Jason Varitek
April 12 – Paul Lo Duca
April 14 – Roberto Mejía
April 16 – Antonio Alfonseca
April 17 – Gary Bennett
April 24 – Chipper Jones
April 26 – Brian Anderson
April 26 – Francisco Córdova
April 26 – Felipe Lira
May 1 – Bobby Chouinard
May 3 – Darren Dreifort
May 4 – Manny Aybar
May 10 – Marino Santana
May 19 – Scott McClain
May 24 – Danny Bautista
May 28 – Tilson Brito
May 30 – Scott Eyre
May 30 – Manny Ramírez
May 31 – Dave Roberts
June 2 – Raúl Ibañez
June 2 – Chance Sanford
June 3 – Bryan Rekar
June 6 – Tony Graffanino
June 6 – Brooks Kieschnick
June 13 – Darrell May
June 15 – Tony Clark
June 15 – Ramiro Mendoza
June 15 – Andy Pettitte
June 20 – Paul Bako
June 20 – Juan Castro
June 25 – Carlos Delgado
June 30 – Garret Anderson

July–September
July 6 – Greg Norton
July 11 – Mark Little
July 12 – Kelly Wunsch
July 15 – Wilson Delgado
July 24 – Shawn Wooten
August 5 – John Wasdin
August 7 – Kerry Lacy
August 15 – Chris Singleton
August 17 – Jeff Abbott
August 22 – Steve Kline
August 23 – Raul Casanova
August 28 – Jay Witasick
August 30 – José Herrera
September 7 – Jason Isringhausen
September 9 – Mike Hampton
September 9 – Félix Rodríguez
September 14 – David Bell
September 15 – Marc Newfield
September 21 – Scott Spiezio
September 30 – José Lima

October–December
October 5 – Aaron Guiel
October 6 – Valerio de los Santos
October 6 – Benji Gil
October 10 – Ramón Martínez
October 19 – Keith Foulke
October 19 – Joe McEwing
October 23 – Giomar Guevara
October 26 – Armando Almanza
October 27 – Brad Radke
November 3 – Armando Benítez
November 6 – Deivi Cruz
November 10 – Shawn Green
November 12 – Homer Bush
November 22 – Jay Payton
November 25 – Ramón Fermín
December 5 – Cliff Floyd
December 8 – Jolbert Cabrera
December 16 – Charles Gipson
December 21 – LaTroy Hawkins
December 21 – Dustin Hermanson
December 28 – Einar Díaz
December 29 – Jim Brower

Deaths

January–March
January 2 – Glenn Crawford, 58, outfielder for the St. Louis Cardinals and Philadelphia Phillies in the 1940s
January 21 – Dick Loftus, 70, outfielder for the Brooklyn Robins from 1924–25
February 9 – Chico Ruiz, 33, infielder for the Cincinnati Reds and California Angels
February 28 – Dizzy Trout, 56, All-Star pitcher for the Detroit Tigers who led the AL in wins in 1943 and was MVP runnerup the following year
March 11 – Zack Wheat, 83, Hall of Fame left fielder for the Brooklyn Dodgers who held team career records for games, hits, doubles and triples, a lifetime .317 hitter who retired with the 10th-most hits in history
March 16 – Pie Traynor, 73, Hall of Fame third baseman for the Pittsburgh Pirates who batted .320 lifetime and established a record for career games at third base; was named the best ever at his position in 1969
March 19 – Gordie Hinkle, 66, catcher for the 1934 Boston Red Sox
March 28 – Donie Bush, 84, shortstop of the Detroit Tigers for 14 seasons who led AL in walks five times and was a superlative bunter; later managed Pittsburgh to the 1927 NL pennant
March 30 – Davy Jones, 91, outfielder with the Detroit Tigers who organized a 1912 walkout to protest Ty Cobb's suspension for attacking a heckler

April–June
April 2 – Gil Hodges, 47, 8-time All-Star first baseman for the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers who drove in more runs than any other player during the 1950s and managed the "Miracle Mets" to the 1969 World Series title
April 3 – Alvin Crowder, 73, pitcher who had three 20-win seasons with the Browns and Senators, known for his mastery against the Yankees
May 15 – John Milligan, 68, pitcher who played from 1928 through 1934 for the Philadelphia Phillies and Washington Senators
May 20 – Hoge Workman, 72, pitcher for the 1924 Boston Red Sox, who also played and coached for Cleveland teams of the National Football League
May 22 – Dick Fowler, 51, Canadian pitcher who won 66 games with the Philadelphia Athletics, including a no-hitter
May 24 – Bill Moore, 68, catcher for the 1927 Boston Red Sox
May 29 – Moe Berg, 70, catcher who served as a spy for the U.S. government both during and after his playing career
June 9 – Del Bissonette, 72, first baseman who twice batted .300 for the Brooklyn Dodgers

July–September
July 31 – Rollie Hemsley, 65, All-Star catcher for seven teams, later a coach and minor league manager
August 13 – George Weiss, 77, executive who solidified the New York Yankees dynasty as the club's farm director and general manager from 1932 to 1960, then became the Mets' first team president
August 24 – J. Roy Stockton, 79, St. Louis sportswriter from the 1910s to the 1950s, also a sportscaster and author of books on baseball
September 2 – Jim Brillheart, 68, who pitched for the Senators, Cubs and Red Sox, and one of the few pitchers in baseball history to appear in over 1,000 games
August 29 – Clem Hausmann, 53, pitcher for the Boston Red Sox and Philadelphia Athletics between 1944 and 1949
September 6 – Charlie Berry, 69, American League catcher for eleven seasons, later an AL umpire from 1942 to 1962 who worked in five World Series and five All-Star Games; also played in the NFL and officiated numerous NFL Championship Games
September 16 – Eddie Waitkus, 53, All-Star first baseman who was shot in 1949 by a teenaged female admirer who lured him to her hotel room

October–December
October 9 – Dave Bancroft, 81, Hall of Fame shortstop for four NL teams, known for his defensive skill and also batting over .300 five times; captain of the New York Giants' pennant winners from 1921–1923
October 24 – Jackie Robinson, 53, Hall of Fame second baseman for the Brooklyn Dodgers who broke baseball's color line in 1947 after starring in the Negro leagues; he became the NL's 1949 MVP and batted .311 in a 10-year major league career
November 2 – Freddy Parent, 96, shortstop in the Red Sox' first seven seasons, and the last surviving participant of the inaugural 1903 World Series
November 26 – Wendell Smith, 58, sportswriter for Pittsburgh and Chicago newspapers since 1937 who became the BBWAA's first black member and helped ease Jackie Robinson's entry into the major leagues; also a Chicago sportscaster since 1964
December 20 – Gabby Hartnett, 72, Hall of Fame catcher for the Chicago Cubs who virtually clinched the 1938 pennant with a home run, he established career records for games and home runs as a catcher and was the NL's 1935 MVP
December 31 – Roberto Clemente, 38, right fielder for the Pittsburgh Pirates since 1955; a lifetime .317 hitter, 12-time All-Star and winner of 12 Gold Gloves who was a 4-time batting champion and the NL's 1966 MVP, he collected his 3000th base hit in September

References

External links
1972 Major League Baseball season schedule at Baseball Reference

Major League Baseball seasons


The Hub Oil explosion was an industrial accident that took place on August 9, 1999 in Calgary, Alberta and caused two fatalities. The Hub Oil refinery was located at 5805 17 Avenue SE, near the eastern edge of Calgary and immediately south of the residential community of Penbrooke.

Historical background

The Kalmacoff family's roots are in Kamsack, Saskatchewan where Jake Kalmacoff Sr. built a conventional crude oil refinery in the ‘30s which also re-refined used lube oil for the Air Force during World War II, and was designated essential to the war effort.  His son, Jake Kalmacoff Jr. moved to Calgary with his family in 1958 and acquired the dormant Monarch Refinery in what was then the Village of Hubalta, Alberta.  It had been built in 1939, but only operated for 2 years before being shut down.  Jake Jr. applied similar re-refining technology that the family had developed during the war, and named the business Hub Oil Company Ltd.

Building on past experience, the Company collected and recycled used lubricating oil from industrial and commercial businesses. In the ‘90s, the company began collecting and recycling used oil filters, used plastic oil containers and used antifreeze.  At its height, the facility collected and recycled 15 million litres of used oil annually.

Products

The facility's end product was a base mineral oil that, with additives, could be compounded and blended into a variety of products, including automotive engine oil, transmission fluid, gear oil and other industrial lubricants.  Much of the industrial oil was sold to the potash mines in Saskatchewan.  Because the oil is considered food grade, the potash companies are able to use it as an anti-clumping and dust suppressing spray acceptable for potash that would eventually become fertilizer for the food industry. The metal in the oil filters was used to make rebar for the construction industry; the plastic was used to create myriad recycled materials; and the antifreeze became clean, usable antifreeze once again.

Fire

For more than nine hours after the initial explosion, the fire raged out of control, fuelled by oil, jet fuel, and propane. Two more major explosions followed shortly after the first.

C S Martin was asleep at a nearby house on Penworth Place at the time of the first explosion. He remembers it vividly. "Since I was three years old, I grew up in Penbrooke and at one point, I lived on Penrith Crescent less than a kilometre from the blast site. The people in the community always talked about the smells coming from Hub Oil. Many people suffered from frequent headaches, and symptoms not unlike those from the community of Lynwood Ridge.  The morning of the blast, I was in bed, and was wakened by the sound of thunder. I looked out my bedroom window, and the sky was blue, but I thought nothing of it. Moments later, my mother banged on the door and told me to wake up, as she thought Hub Oil had exploded; as she always thought it would. We drove to a pedestrian bridge over train tracks close to a mobile home park close to the blast, and from that vantage point about 35 feet above the horizon, we could see the damage and feel the intense heat from the flames. Later, a very large radius including this bridge, and up to 100 feet from my home were evacuated. My family decided to head south to my aunt and uncle's house on Riverside Crescent which I later bought from them in 2011. Safely evacuated, all we could do was watch on the news to see if any more tanks had ruptured and wiped out the community. The fire burned out, and we returned home to find fallout for weeks to come. That day faded into nothing more than a memory."

All three (explosions) could be heard clearly from the opposite side of Calgary. Many residents of communities near the site dismissed the first blast and resulting plume of smoke as a fire training exercise, as the Calgary Fire Department maintains a training facility about 600 yards south of the site. About 300 nearby residents were evacuated for 20 hours, returning to homes covered in globs of oil, fine dust, and shrapnel from exploded refinery vessels. The Calgary Fire Department lost two truck units in the second explosion, and several firefighters sustained minor injuries. A Calgary Police Service car was also destroyed in the third major blast. In total, three major explosions and more than a dozen minor explosions occurred, which hampered efforts to control the fire. Because there were no major structures threatened, and no significant fuel source to spread the fire a decision was made by the Calgary Fire Department to withdraw to a safe distance and allow the fire to burn itself out considerably before another attempt would be made to put the flames out. Also destroyed in the ensuing fire was the Corral Four Drive-In, a four screen drive in theatre that was not open at the time of the accident. The remaining parts of the Drive In were removed in 2001.

The two fatalities of the accident were refinery workers: Ryan Silver, 24, and Ryan Eckhard, 26. Both men were killed when the small brick building they were in was completely destroyed by the initial explosion.

An investigation determined that a pressure buildup in a second-hand storage tank caused a massive fireball. Court was told during the trial that the tank that exploded had been sold as scrap 28 years earlier.

The vessel, which was more than two metres in diameter and nine metres in length, was fabricated in 1963 and decommissioned in 1971. Hub Oil purchased it in 1985, but the tank sat unused for another six years until Hub switched its fuel recycling operation from a one-step to a two-step recovery system.

Trial

Hub Oil eventually pleaded guilty to:
three counts of common nuisance
endangering the public

The company was complimented by the court for identifying the cause of the fire, pleading guilty to the charge of common nuisance, and refusing to lay blame on the employees. The Company paid a fine of $200,000, voluntarily permanently endowed two bursaries totalling $100,000 to SAIT's Workplace Safety program and established a $100,000 trust fund to the children of the two men who died in the fire.

Site remediation

Following the fire, Hub Oil remained operational on a reduced basis (collection, storage and dispatching) until 2001, at which time the Company voluntarily shut down the business with the intention of promoting urban renewal.  The site was cleared of all unusable structures and damaged oil tanks.  Extensive soil, groundwater and soil vapor testing was begun immediately by WorleyParsons Komex and continues to this day.  In 2003, a groundwater treatment system was voluntarily installed to prevent possible offsite migration of contaminants.  At no time has the Company been under a directive from Alberta Environment as a result of non-compliance under the Environmental Enhancement and Protection Act.  Under questioning in the legislature in June 2007, Minister of the Environment Rob Renner stated, "Hub Oil is working with Alberta Environment, with the various stakeholders... As long as they continue to own that land, as long as they put in place the necessary provisions to ensure that any contamination does not go beyond the land in question, they’re not in contravention of our legislation."

During this time, numerous public meetings were held to keep the community up to date with Hub Oil's remediation plans.  From these meetings, a permanent Stakeholder Group (composed of members of the community, the regulating agencies and elected officials) was established to ensure that the reclamation plan was acceptable and complete.

In April 2008, Alberta Environment approved Hub Oil's "Remediation and Reclamation" plan.  The plan includes the presently operating water containment system, a proposed 1.2 metre clay cap over the site, and extensive groundwater and soil vapour monitoring, testing and reporting for the next ten years.  The plan also calls for continued reporting to stakeholders as the company proceeds with development of the site to ensure that they are kept current.

Site redevelopment

Hub Oil is committed to redeveloping the site to the highest-and-best-use.  One development being considered is a technology incubation centre as proposed in the report commissioned by the Government of Alberta entitled "Task Force on Value-added and Technology Commercialization."  The report recommended the creation of new product commercialization centres.  Such facilities and services would help Alberta start-up and growth-oriented firms develop new products and services.  Examples of sectors of focus would include: green technology, life sciences, advanced materials, nano-technology and geomatics.

See also
 List of explosions

References

External links
Attorney General Public Fatality Inquiry

Explosions in 1999
August 1999 events in Canada
History of Calgary
Industrial fires and explosions in Canada
1999 industrial disasters
1999 in Alberta
20th-century fires in Canada
1990s fires in North America
1999 fires
1999 disasters in Canada


Team Florida may refer to:
 Team Florida (AAFL), American football team in the All American Football League
Team Florida (Cycling), University of Florida Cycling Club
 Team Florida (inline skating), Inline speed skating team sanctioned by USA Roller Sports


Michael Emil "Mike" Swoboda (September 29, 1938 – September 6, 2008) was the mayor of Kirkwood, Missouri for two periods (20002008).

He was wounded on February 7, 2008, when Charles "Cookie" Thornton went on a shooting rampage at a meeting in the city hall. Swoboda, who was one of the targets of the rampage, was taken to St. John’s Mercy Medical Center in critical condition.

Swoboda was shot in the lower jaw, with the bullet exiting from his cheek, and was also shot in the back of his head. He received a surgery on February 7 and a second on February 8, which lasted three hours. On February 13, he opened his eyes, and on the 15th his condition was upgraded to serious. On February 23, his condition was upgraded to satisfactory. However, on September 6, 2008, Swoboda died in hospice after a rapid health decline shortly before his 70th birthday. According to Swoboda's son, cancer was an additional factor that contributed to his father's health decline.

See also
 List of assassinated American politicians

References

1938 births
2008 deaths
Deaths by firearm in Missouri
Mayors of places in Missouri
People murdered in Missouri
Assassinated American politicians
20th-century American politicians
People from Kirkwood, Missouri
2000s assassinated politicians in North America


Patiala State Monorail Trainways (PSMT) was a unique rail-guided, partially road-borne railway system running in Patiala from 1907 to 1927. PSMT was the second monorail system in India, after the Kundala Valley Railway, near Munnar in Kerala, and the only operational locomotive-hauled railway system built using the Ewing System in the world. The Kundala Valley Railway pre-dated this, also using the Ewing system between 1902 and 1908, although this only used bullocks for haulage. Following the conversion of the Kundala Valley Railway from a monorail to a narrow gauge railway in 1908, PSMT was the only monorail system in India until its closure in 1927. These were the only instances of a monorail train system in India, until the Mumbai Monorail was opened on 2 February 2014.

A locomotive and a coach of PSMT have been restored, are in running condition and are exhibited in the Indian National Rail Museum, New Delhi.

History of PSMT

Maharaja Sir Bhupinder Singh of Patiala got this unique railway system constructed to facilitate movement of people and goods in his state. The chief engineer of this project was Colonel C. W. Bowles. Colonel Bowles has earlier successfully used monorail based on Ewing System (designed by William Thorold) during his stint as engineer during laying of tracks for Bengal Nagpur Railway for transportation of construction materials. Maharaja Sir Bhupinder Singh made him chief Engineer for the PSMT project. One of the objects of PSMT was to make use of the 560 mules being maintained by Patiala State. Apart from mules, bullocks were also used to haul the monorail before introduction of steam locomotives on the route of PSMT.

A 1908 edition of Imperial Gazetteer of India described the PSMT as "a mono-rail tramway, opened in February, 1907, [which] connects Basi with the railway at Sirhind".  An ordnance map of 1913 also shows a tramway running along the west side of the road, but does not mention the PSMT by name. Apart from the above, PSMT has not been mentioned in any official documents of that period in India.

Advantage of using Ewing System

The railways based on the Ewing System are basically monorails using a balancing wheel for balancing the train. The main load (almost 95%) is borne by the single rail while the rest is borne by the balancing wheel which runs on the ground. Further, in normal train systems, the rails have to be at almost exact level of other rail, failing which the train may go off the tracks. By using Ewing system, this problem is solved as the balancing wheel does not need exact level to maintain the balance of monorail. In addition the cost of laying tracks also goes down considerably since only one rail is used. Another benefit of using Ewing System was that the balancing wheel could run on existing tarred roads as well as the macadam roads thus further reducing cost to lay down tracks.

Using one rail also means that the turning circle is far less than the standard trains. PSMT had to pass through some very congested areas. Since the space need to lay the tracks was less and balancing wheel could run on existing roads, PSMT succeeded in running through the congested urban areas of Patiala. The balancing wheel of PSMT ran on the roads and did not interfere with normal traffic.

PSMT could have been forerunner of mass transit system in urban areas in India. Its model still holds good for introducing mass transit system in congested urban areas where laying of train or tram tracks is not possible due to space constraint.

Routes of PSMT
The total distance covered by PSMT was . PSMT was run on two unconnected lines. One ran  from Sirhind to Morinda. It was proposed to extend this line to Ropar but since Ropar was connected by a railway line, this idea was abandoned.

The other line ran  from Patiala to Sunam. The lines were constructed by the firm of Marsland and Price. Today no trace of the tracks or any infrastructure of PSMT remains. However, information about the route was found in a letter by Colonel Bowles to Mr. Ambler. Colonel Bowles described the route of Patiala-Sunam line as starting from goods yard of North Western Railway (NWR) at Patiala. The PSMT then crossed the main railway line at a road level crossing nearby. It then went through walled city towards City Mandi and then took a turn north towards cantonment. Then it traveled along the main road to Bhawanigarh and then Sunam.

The steam locomotive was probably used only on Patiala Sunam Line. In his letter to H. R. Ambler, Col. Bowles wrote that the locomotives were heavy for 18 lb/yd rail (9 kg/m), thus they were not used on Sirhind – Morinda line. Col. Bowles categorically stated that the steam locomotive did run between Patiala Station and City Mandi i.e. a distance of about a mile. Heavier rails (about 60 pounds per yard or 30 kg/m) of almost same length was found stored in PSMT Yard along with other dismantled equipments. Thus in all probabilities, the steam locomotive was used in hauling carriage only between Patiala Station and City Mandi.

Freight and passenger
The route of the PSMT passed through one of the major agricultural areas of Punjab; the area around Patiala was known as the “wheat basket”. The old photographs of the PSMT show it carrying sacks of grain as well as people. Thus, the PSMT was used for both purposes.

Steam locomotives
PSMT initially used mules to pull the train. Later four steam locomotives were acquired for pulling the coaches. It is not known whether the locomotives were used on both lines or only on Patiala Sunam line. These four locomotives were of 0-3-0 configuration and was built by Orenstein & Koppel (O&K) of Berlin in 1907 at cost of £500 to £600 each. Donald W. Dickens, in his article on the PSMT, described the locomotives as “These were an adaptation of the normal O&K 0-6-0's but had a double flanged driver in the centre of each axle rather than drivers at each end. The right-hand water tank was larger so that some of the weight shifted onto the  diameter balance wheel which was attached beyond the enlarged water tank. The outside cylinders were 5½" × 14".The designer at O&K took advantage of the extra cab space behind the enlarged right-hand water tank and put the fire door on the right side of the fire box rather than at the back as is usually done. These locos were confined to the Patiala – Sunam line.”

The wheel arrangement of the locomotives were 0-3-0. The middle flange less wheel was of  diameter. Other two wheels were double flanged having groove depth of  . The locomotive had wheelbase of .

Rolling stock
 Wagons were normally 8 feet long by 6 feet wide (2.4 by 1.8 m), with two  diameter rail wheels. The coaches were supported by a road wheel of 98 cm diameter, set at  from the rail.
 The passenger coaches on the Sirhind Line were open-sided wagons with knifeboard seating.
 In 1908 there was a total of 75 goods wagons and 15 passenger coaches.
 According to Col. Bowles, there were a few  long goods wagons, having two road wheels. Some of these wagons were also converted for use as passenger coaches by having transverse benches fitted in them.

Details about PSMT track
The track of PSMT was constructed by firm named Marsland and Price, who were based in Bombay. The track was 18 pound per yard (9 kg/m) rail clipped to iron sleepers 10 in by 8 in by ½ in (250×200×13 mm).

On the Patiala – Sunam line, wooden sleepers 15 by 3 by 4 inches (380×75×100 mm) were initially used but were later replaced with iron sleepers due to termite infestation.

Passengers, fares and cargo

The only account of operational details of PSMT is found in papers of Colonel Bowles. According to a memorandum dated 2 October 1908, found amongst Colonel Bowles papers, PSMT carried 20,000 passengers in a month on Sirhand – Morinda line. There are no details of the quantity of goods carried.

The fare is stated to be 1½ annas for the entire route. The rate for carrying goods is mentioned to be 1 anna per maund (80 lb).

There is no account available for fares or number of passenger or quantity of goods carried on Patiala – Sunam line.

End of PSMT
Around 1912, with the advent of automobiles and improved roads, PSMT began losing favour with people. Ultimately PSMT was closed on 1 October 1927. Maharaja Bhupinder Singh expired in 1938 and Col. Bowles, who was in England, on leave, did not have the heart to return. Thus, PSMT and all its records, photographs, etc., were left uncared for, in Patiala. Further, at that period, since there was no interest in Patiala for the PSMT, the documents, photographs etc. related to PSMT was not preserved and thus what could have been valuable source of information on this unique monorail was lost forever.

Technical experiments in PSMT
Colonel Bowles also experimented with a petrol driven locomotive on Sirhind section. Mr. Donald W. Dicken's article carries a picture captioned "Motor Engine Trial On Patiala State Monorailway". This picture shows four loaded vehicles being pulled by an "Ordinary Motor Car Engine". This experiment was supposedly carried out in 1930. This experiment was exception to animal power or steam power used to pull PSMT. This would be first locally built internal combustion engine locomotive in Indian subcontinent.

Discovery of PSMT
PSMT was forgotten even in Patiala, until its remains were discovered in a Public Work Department (PWD) shed by Mike Satow in 1962. PSMT had not been a much publicised railway system. It had been briefly been mentioned in an article by H. A. Robinson in 1936. Thereafter John Day and Brian Wilson mentioned PSMT in detail in their book Unusual railways in 1957. Day got in touch with Colonel Bowles, who provided him some information and photographs of PSMT. Based on these information, Day wrote another article that appeared in Railway World magazine in 1962.Satow took it upon himself to find the remains of PSMT and discovered the same in a PWD shed in Patiala in 1962. This article was read by H R Ambler, who did further research and wrote an article – "An Indian “Might-Have-Been”", which was published in the February 1969 issue of The Railway Magazine. Ultimately, due to the effort of Satow and others, One PSMT locomotive (Number PSMT – 4) was restored along with Chief Engineer's private inspection car (this coach was rebuilt on original frame as a normal passenger coach). Both of these are on display at the Indian National Railway Museum, New Delhi. A further Locomotive is also preserved on a plinth at the Amritsar Workshops of the NR. No information is available about the rest of the locomotives or coaches.

PSMT at National Rail Museum
After being restored, PSMT has become one of the star attractions of PSMT at National Rail Museum. It is regularly steamed up and runs on Sundays. It is open for public rides on Sundays as well as by special booking in advance.

Gallery

See also

 Monorail
 National Rail Museum, New Delhi

References

Further reading

Monorails in India
Closed railway lines in India
Defunct railway companies of India
Transport in Punjab, India
Transport in Patiala
1907 establishments in British India
Railway companies established in 1907
1927 disestablishments in India
Indian companies established in 1907


Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui (born 8 October 1970) is a colonel in the Congolese army and a former senior commander of the National Integrationist Front (FNI) and the Patriotic Resistance Force in Ituri (FRPI).

On 6 February 2008, he was arrested by the Congolese authorities and surrendered to the International Criminal Court (ICC) to stand trial on six counts of war crimes and three counts of crimes against humanity. The charges include murder, sexual slavery and using children under the age of fifteen to participate actively in hostilities.

In December 2012, he was acquitted of war crimes at the Hague by a three-judge panel presided over by Bruno Cotte on the grounds that the prosecution had not proven beyond reasonable doubt that he was responsible for the crimes committed, a decision which led to criticism of the ICC. The verdict was appealed on 20 December 2012 and the acquittal was confirmed on 27 February 2015.

He is also known as Mathieu Cui Ngudjolo or Cui Ngudjolo.

Personal life
Ngudjolo was born on 8 October 1970 in Bunia, Ituri Province, in the north-east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). A "poor farmer's son", he is believed to be of Lendu ethnicity and speaks Lingala, French, Swahili and Kilendu. He is married to Semaka Lemi and has two children.

Career
Ngudjolo began his career as a corporal in the Congolese army (then called the Forces Armées Zaïroises) under the dictator Mobutu Sese Seko. He deserted when the First Congo War broke out in 1996 and, during the years that followed, he trained as a nurse and worked for the Red Cross in Bunia.

The Second Congo War began in 1998, but Ngudjolo did not become involved until 2002, when the Union of Congolese Patriots took control of Bunia. Between August 2002 and August 2006, Ngudjolo held senior positions in a number of rebel groups involved in the conflict in Ituri, including the National Integrationist Front (FNI), the Patriotic Resistance Force in Ituri (FRPI) and the Congolese Revolutionary Movement (MRC). On 24 February 2003, he allegedly led an attack on the village of Bogoro in which rebels under his command went on an "indiscriminate killing spree", killing at least 200 civilians, imprisoning survivors in a room filled with corpses, and sexually enslaving women and girls. Ngudjolo allegedly ordered his fighters to "wipe out" the village.

On 23 October 2003, he was apprehended by the United Nations and surrendered to the Congolese authorities, who charged him in connection with the killing of another rebel. He was subsequently acquitted and released. On 1 November 2005, a United Nations Security Council committee imposed a travel ban and asset freeze on him for violating an arms embargo.

In August 2008, Ngudjolo signed a peace deal with the Congolese government on behalf of the MRC. In December 2008, he was appointed a colonel in the DRC army as part of the peace process.

International Criminal Court proceedings
On 6 July 2007, a Pre-Trial Chamber of the International Criminal Court (ICC) found that there were reasonable grounds to believe that Ngudjolo bore individual criminal responsibility for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the Bogoro attack, and issued a sealed warrant for his arrest. He was charged with six counts of war crimes (willful killing; inhuman treatment or cruel treatment; using children under the age of fifteen years to participate actively in hostilities; sexual slavery; intentionally directing attacks against civilians; and pillaging) and three counts of crimes against humanity (murder, inhumane acts and sexual slavery).

On 6 February 2008, the Congolese authorities arrested him and surrendered him to the ICC. The following day, he was flown to the ICC's detention centre in The Hague. Ngudjolo was the third suspect surrendered to the ICC since its establishment in 2002.  He was tried jointly with Germain Katanga, who is also charged with directing the Bogoro attack; the hearing to confirm the charges against the two men began on 27 June 2008. Ngudjolo's lawyer has argued that the case should have been inadmissible since Ngudjolo has already been tried for the crimes in question.  The trial began on 24 November 2009, and concluded on 23 May 2012.  On 21 November, the charges against Katanga were separated.

A controversial verdict of not guilty was announced on 17 December. According to Judge Bruno Cotte, prosecutors had "not proved beyond reasonable doubt [that] Ngudjolo was responsible" for war crimes, and evidence presented had been "too contradictory and too hazy." Cotte ordered Ngudjolo to be released, denying the prosecution's request that he remain in ICC custody, though it was not immediately clear where he would go, as he is still subject to a United Nations travel ban. Prosecutors said that they would appeal the decision. Anonymous legal experts interviewed by Thomson Reuters judged it unlikely that the ICC's verdict would be overruled, as appeals do not permit new evidence to be submitted.

According to Ngudjolo's lawyer, Jean-Pierre Kilenda Kakengi Basila, "[a]ny other verdict would have astonished us. Judges have shown that this is a court that applies the law." The ICC's verdict was met with dismay from various observatory groups; Human Rights Watch said that it "leaves the victims of Bogoro and other massacres by his forces without justice for their suffering." The Ituri human rights group Equitas said via a spokesperson that "[t]he people trusted the International Criminal Court more than our national courts. After this decision, for those who were victims of this, there is a feeling of disappointment. The victims feel forgotten, abandoned by international justice."

The prosecution appealed the verdict on 20 December 2012. The repeal was rejected, confirming the acquittal and closing the case, on 27 February 2015.

References

External links

 The Prosecutor v Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui — public court records relating to the ICC trial

1970 births
Living people
People from Ituri Province
Bunia
Democratic Republic of the Congo military personnel
Democratic Republic of the Congo people imprisoned abroad
Democratic Republic of the Congo prisoners and detainees
People of the Ituri conflict
People acquitted by the International Criminal Court
People indicted for crimes against humanity
People indicted for war crimes
People extradited from the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo rebels
21st-century Democratic Republic of the Congo people


The Central Avenue Corridor is a significant stretch of north–south Central Avenue in Phoenix, Arizona. Roughly bounded by Camelback Road to its north, and McDowell Road to its south, this is one of Phoenix's most vital and heavily trafficked stretches of roads. It is also one of the region's largest centers of employment, with nearly 60,000 people being employed within a three-mile (5 km) radius of this swath of Central Avenue. Major employers here include major banks and financial institutions, hi-tech companies, and several significant law firms and government agencies.

This corridor bisects a larger area known as Midtown, Phoenix—the collection of neighborhoods north of downtown, and south of the North-Central and Sunnyslope areas. Block numbers or addresses for Central Avenue landmarks are indicated in parentheses where available.

Central Avenue Corridor today

Located halfway between the major arterial roads 7th Street and 7th Avenue, Central Avenue is the east–west dividing line for Phoenix as well as other Maricopa County cities that do not have their own addressing system.

Central Avenue crosses every economic stratum in Phoenix, rather abruptly in places. Downtown Phoenix land values are on par with other major cities. North of Midtown and Uptown Phoenix, the large, old homes in the tony North Central neighborhoods hark back to lower North Central Avenue's past. On the other side of the canal from North Central, at Central Avenue's dead-end, is the Sunnyslope District, founded in 1907. South of downtown, approaching South Mountain, the South Central area contains some of the most blighted neighborhoods in the city.

Central Avenue represents almost every architectural use and style found in Phoenix. Dilapidated and thriving strip centers, small old brick warehouses, industrial and commercial properties, single family homes and estates, and many of the city's high-rises all have Central Avenue addresses. On Central or in the immediate vicinity lie officially recognized and protected historic neighborhoods and a variety of cultural, performance, and sporting venues.

History

Pre–World War II

Central Avenue was originally named Center Street upon Phoenix's founding with the surrounding north–south roads named after Indian tribes.  The original Churchill Addition of 1877, covering a small area north of Van Buren Street to what is presently Roosevelt Street, was the first recorded plat showing Central Avenue with its present name.  Despite this, there is evidence of it being called Center Street into the 1930s. A replat of Phoenix's original townsite in 1895 was the first to officially show numbered streets and avenues starting from the east and west sides of Central.

Phoenix's first school was built on Center Street and Monroe in 1874 as a one-room adobe. A new four-room schoolhouse replaced it in 1879 as the fourth brick building in the city, and the school was expanded again in 1893. By 1919, the school had deteriorated considerably and was condemned and sold. The luxurious Hotel San Carlos, the first downtown hotel to feature air conditioning and elevators, opened on that spot in 1928 after a long delay. The Phoenix Indian School was established in 1891 giving Indian School Road (4100 N) its namesake. Near North Mountain, architect William Robert Norton subdivided the first parts of Sunnyslope in 1911 amidst a "squatters' community of asthmatics and tuberculosis patients" whose makeshift dwellings were illegal in the city proper.

By 1917, a mile-long bridge was open over the immense Salt River ultimately connecting downtown with South Mountain, then known as Salt River Mountain. The Westward Ho was constructed in 1927 and would remain the city's tallest building until 1960. Brophy College Preparatory (4701 N) opened for the first time in 1928 amidst agricultural fields. The Heard Museum (2301 N) opened in 1929 with little fanfare but would grow to be a highly respected institution of Native American culture and history.

1950s

As Phoenix sprawled north, developers found plenty of available land on Central Avenue and began capitalizing on the cachet of the youthful city's signature boulevard. Local steakhouse legend Durant's (2611 N) opened in 1950 and has changed little other than that patrons today enter the restaurant through the back off the parking lot as celebrities and other socialites once did back then. Park Central Mall (3110 N) replaced a dairy farm in the middle part of the decade, signaling the beginning of downtown's long decline as retail stores and malls opened away from the city center. America's second McDonald's restaurant was built near Indian School Road in 1953. It was the first McDonald's franchise, the first to feature the Golden Arches, and served as a model for Ray Kroc's Illinois store. These early commercial developments foreshadowed the trend towards autocentrism on Central Avenue and indeed the rest of the city. The first major high-rise built on Central Avenue outside of downtown was the Phoenix Towers (2201 N), erected in 1957. The Phoenix Art Museum moved to Central Avenue in 1959. Phoenix fully annexed Sunnyslope, at Central's north terminus, that year. Central Avenue to its southern terminus, South Mountain, where minorities had been historically redlined, was annexed a year later.

1960s

The 1960s brought a wave of high-rise development in Phoenix to Central Avenue that the city had hardly seen in its modern history.  In 1960 the Phoenix Corporate Center opened, which at  became the tallest building in Arizona. The first phase of the Rozenweig Center, known today as Phoenix City Square, was completed in 1964. Architect Wenceslaus Sarmiento's largest  project, the landmark Phoenix Financial Center (3443 N, better known by locals as the "Punch-card Building" in recognition of its unique southeastern facade) was also first finished in 1964 for banker and developer David Murdoch. Eight floors were added four years later. In addition to a number of other office towers, most of Phoenix's residential high-rises, such as the Landmark on Central (4750 N, then known as Camelback Towers), Executive Towers (207 W. Clarendon) and the Regency On Central (ROC) (2323 N, then known as Regency Apartments), were built during this decade.

1970s

In 1971, Phoenix cemented the precedent of previous ad hoc zoning decisions with the adoption of the Central Phoenix Plan, which envisioned unlimited building heights along Central Avenue. The new plan, however, did not sustain long-term development of the Central Corridor. Only a few office towers were constructed along North Central during this decade and none approached the scope of projects constructed during the previous decade. Instead, downtown resurged in popularity during the 1970s, witnessing a flurry of construction activity not seen again until the urban real estate boom of the 2000s.  In 1979, Phoenix adopted the Phoenix Concept 2000 plan which split the city into urban villages—each with its own village core where greater height and density is permitted, further shaping the free-market development culture.  Phoenix officially turned from its roots as a city built around its two main drags to a city of many nodes later connected by freeways. The cluster of high-rises north of Thomas Road became part of the Encanto village core.

1980s

Development on North Central Avenue began anew in the 1980s as part of that decade's real estate boom with a second wave of office towers.  One Camelback was built in 1985 at the intersection of Central and one of Phoenix's other signature streets, Camelback Road.  It is likely the last structure to be built that tall that far north, thus capping the build-out potential of the Central Avenue skyline almost five miles (8 km) from the origin downtown.  The Phoenix Indian School was closed in 1988 and remained vacant for years.  The city's third-tallest building at , Qwest Tower, opened in Phoenix Plaza in 1989 on Thomas Road (2900 N).

1990s

Phoenix adopted the Arts District plan in 1992 in an attempt to interconnect lower Midtown's cultural amenities in a walkable area, but the private development that the plan anticipated never arrived, though  Burton Barr Central Library (1221 N) opened in 1995.  The savings-and-loan boom that birthed new towers for Midtown Phoenix plagued it throughout the economic doldrums of the 1990s.  The city's fifth-tallest at , the Viad Tower (1850 N) opened in 1991 as the Dial Tower, isolated between the Downtown and Midtown skylines and the last new tower constructed in Midtown Phoenix.  Floorplans of office towers built in previous decades had become functionally obsolete and contributed heavily toward Midtown's high vacancy rates.  Despite the recession, the swank Biltmore area surrounding 24th Street and Camelback Road began to eclipse the Central Corridor as the Phoenix metropolitan area's premiere office destination with mid- and low-rise developments such as the Camelback Esplanade.  The 1990s were unkind to Central Phoenix's oldest section, and a renewed interest in the central city developed, focused on new residences instead of offices.

2000s

After numerous failed initiatives, Phoenix voters approved the Transit 2000 Regional Transportation Plan which dedicates a percentage of funds raised through a 4/10-cent (four cents on ten dollars) sales tax to build the METRO Light Rail line.  The  initial phase, which opened for service in late December 2008, runs from 19th Avenue/Dunlap station, to Camelback, down Central, and then down Washington Street en route to Tempe and Mesa.  On Central Avenue, there are seven stops in Midtown  and Uptown Phoenix and three in downtown. The three-year construction process commenced in late 2005, with the final rail being laid in late April, 2008.

The alignment of light rail down the center of Central permanently reshaped its physical layout and impacted the future of the surrounding neighborhoods. Light rail influenced growth as Phoenix adopted transit oriented development zoning standards in 2003 within 1/2 mile of stops, rendering an autocentric Central Avenue a thing of the past.

In Midtown, the market responded with two new mid-rise projects, the Artisan Lofts (1326 N), which opened in 2004 and the Tapestry on Central (2302 N), which opened in 2007.  Tapestry's construction brought down the second-to-last estate home in the Central Avenue Corridor; the 1917 Ellis-Shackelford House (1242 N) still remains north of Margaret T. Hance Park.

Capitalizing on its retro mid-1960s styling, Camelback Towers became the Landmark on Central in 2004, continuing a tradition of the city's few apartment towers becoming ownership condominia later on.  Also that year, Century Plaza  (3225 N), originally built in 1974 as offices, had a complete exterior and interior remodel as part of its conversion to condominiums.  As reconstruction continued, two additional floors were started in 2007. Century plaza is now known as "One Lexington".

Steele Indian School Park opened in November 2001 on the site of the old Phoenix Indian School five years after an intricate three-way land exchange involving the Barron Collier Company and the federal government.  In Phoenix, Collier received a  portion on the southwest corner of the site for long-term investment in addition to the Downtown block on which the Collier Center was built.

Gallery
The north and south sides of the Central Avenue Corridor of Phoenix are lined with historical houses and buildings. These are the images of those properties. Some are listed in the National Register of Historic Places and some are listed in the Phoenix Historic Properties Register. There are also some historic properties which are listed in both registers.

Part of the area has been known as  Billionaires Row.

See also

Phoenix Historic Property Register
List of historic properties in Phoenix
 Phoenix metropolitan area arterial roads
 Central City, Phoenix
 Encanto, Phoenix
 Phoenix City Square

References

Phoenix Central Neighborhood Association

Transportation in Phoenix, Arizona
Neighborhoods in Phoenix, Arizona


John Blennerhassett (1930 – 22 September 2013) was an Irish Fine Gael politician  from County Kerry.

A farm owner and former drapery buyer, he stood as a Fine Gael candidate for Dáil Éireann in the Kerry North constituency at the 1969, 1973, and 1977 general elections.

Blennerhassett did not stand for the Dáil again, but after his 1973 defeat he was nominated by the Taoiseach Liam Cosgrave to the 13th Seanad. He was re-elected in 1977 to the 14th Seanad and in 1981 to the 15th Seanad.

He died in September 2013.

A previous John Blennerhassett was Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer from 1621 to 1624. He belonged to the Fermanagh branch of the family and was a cousin of Robert Blennerhassett who founded the Kerry branch.

References

1930 births
2013 deaths
Fine Gael senators
Members of the 13th Seanad
Members of the 14th Seanad
Members of the 15th Seanad
Politicians from County Kerry
John
Nominated members of Seanad Éireann
Fine Gael candidates in Dáil elections
Labour Panel senators


KRJC (95.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve Elko, Nevada. The station is owned by Paul and Ketra Gardner, through licensee Elko Broadcasting Company, Inc. It airs a country music format.

The station was assigned the KRJC call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on February 17, 1981.

References

External links
KRJC official website

RJC
Country radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1981
Elko, Nevada


Gastón Arce Sejas (born December 25, 1964) is a Bolivian performer, conductor, pedagogue and composer of contemporary music. His work is considered one of the main references of Bolivia’s modern music of the last two decades.

He was born in La Paz, after taking private lessons of music theory, piano and viola in his youth, he began formal musical studies in 1983 at La Plata's National University, Faculty of Beaux Arts in Argentina, under the guidance of Argentinian composer Mariano Etkin. He returned to Bolivia in 1991, shortly after obtaining a degree in Composition, Orchestral Conducting and Musical Morphology, being appointed as Professor of Composition in the National Conservatory of Music located in the city of La Paz. Currently he is the Dean of the Loyola University's Faculty of Music in La Paz.

References
1º String Quartet
Abismos in USA https://web.archive.org/web/20100411202323/http://www.iscm.org/miamifestival0307.php

1964 births
Living people
Bolivian conductors (music)
Bolivian composers
Bolivian male musicians
Male composers
People from La Paz
21st-century conductors (music)
21st-century male musicians


Catharina Jacoba Hendrika Dubbelday Haynes (born November 9, 1963) is a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.

Background
Haynes was born in Melbourne, Florida and graduated from Satellite High School, Satellite Beach, Florida, in 1980. She received a Bachelor of Science degree in Psychology from the Florida Institute of Technology in 1983 at the age of 19, graduating first in her class. She graduated second in her class from Emory University School of Law in 1986 with her Juris Doctor at the age of 22. While at Emory, she was an editor for the Emory Law Journal. She became a member of the State Bar of Texas in 1986.

After law school, Haynes was in private practice in Texas from 1986 to 1998 with the firms of Thompson & Knight, as an associate from 1986 to 1988 and then Baker Botts, as an associate from 1988 to 1995, and then became a partner in 1995.

In 1998, Haynes was elected to the 191st District Court in Dallas, Texas. She was re-elected in 2002. As a state district court judge, she presided over jury and bench trials involving civil litigation. After losing re-election in 2006, she returned to Baker Botts as a partner, where she practiced complex business litigation and maintained an appellate and Supreme Court practice.

Federal judicial service
On the recommendation of Senators John Cornyn and Kay Bailey Hutchison, Haynes was nominated on July 17, 2007 by President George W. Bush to fill a vacancy on the Fifth Circuit created by Judge Harold R. DeMoss Jr., who assumed senior status on July 1, 2007. Haynes received a hearing before the Senate Judiciary Committee on February 21, 2008, and was voted out of committee on April 3, 2008. She was confirmed by the United States Senate by unanimous consent on April 10, 2008, just under nine months after her nomination. She received her commission on April 18, 2008. She maintains chambers in Dallas.

References

External links

White House Profile on Catharina Haynes
Department of Justice Resume of Haynes

1963 births
Living people
21st-century American judges
Emory University School of Law alumni
Florida Institute of Technology alumni
Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
People from Melbourne, Florida
Satellite High School alumni
Texas state court judges
United States court of appeals judges appointed by George W. Bush
Women in Texas politics
21st-century American women judges
People associated with Baker Botts


Anthony Mason may refer to:

 Anthony Mason (basketball) (1966–2015), American basketball player
 Anthony Mason Jr., his son, American basketball player
 Sir Anthony Mason (judge) (born 1925), former Chief Justice of Australia
 Anthony Mason (journalist) (born 1956), news correspondent and anchor

See also
 Tony Mason (disambiguation)