Things Couldn't Be Better is the second studio album by Canadian rock band The Reason. The song "We're So Beyond This" features guest vocals by Sara Quin of Tegan and Sara and the artwork was designed by artist Emy 'EE' Storey.

Track listing
"My Broken Legs"
"This Is Just The Beginning"
"All I Ever Wanted"
"Unquestionable"
"Is It Just Me?"
"This Is Where We Go It Alone"
"If My Tongue Could Talk"
"We're So Beyond This" feat. Sara Quin
"This Is Taking Forever"
"I Felt A Song Inside Me"
"Sleepyhead"
"Reset The Breaker"

- Produced by Gavin Brown
- Engineered and mixed by Eric Ratz

2007 albums
The Reason (band) albums


Miguel Angel Torres Quintana (born 17 January 1982) is a Peruvian former footballer who played, as a winger.

Career
Torres started out with Universitario and played for two years. He then went to Coronel Bolognesi for a year. He then played two years for Sport Boys and finally played for Cienciano before returning to Universitario in 2007. In 2007, he did not play regularly. However, in 2008 he became part of the starting line-up and played the right-wing midfield with a lot of success due to his speed and stamina.

Torres has made five appearances for the Peru national football team.

Honours

Club
Universitario de Deportes
 Apertura: 2008
 Torneo Descentralizado (2): 2009, 2013

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Lima
Peruvian men's footballers
Peru men's international footballers
Peruvian Primera División players
Club Universitario de Deportes footballers
Coronel Bolognesi footballers
Sport Boys footballers
Cienciano footballers
Men's association football wingers


Lesley Allison Thompson-Willie (born September 20, 1959) is a Canadian rowing coxswain and Olympic champion.  Between 1984 and 2016, she has competed at eight Olympic Games, a record for a rower, winning medals in five of them including gold in the eight at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.

Career
At the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles Thompson competed in the Women's Coxed Four event; the Canadian team won a silver medal behind gold winner Romania. At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul the Canadian team qualified for the B final in the coxed four, and placed 7th. At the 1991 World Championships in Austria she won a gold medal in the eight with the Canadian team. Next year, at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona she competed in the eight, winning a gold medal for Canada. In 1996 in Atlanta she won a silver medal in the eight. At the 1998 World Championships in France she placed second in the eight. At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney she won a bronze medal in the eight. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, she coxed the Canadian eight boat that finished in fourth. When the Canadian eights won silver at the 2012 London Olympics she became the first Canadian to win medals at five different Olympic Games.

A former track athlete, she also competed in gymnastics until 1983. She lives in London and St. Catharines and is affiliated with the London RC Club.  She was elected to the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame in 1994.

She initially retired after the 2000 Sydney Olympics, missing the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Her appearance at the 2008 Olympics, when her team lost out on a medal by 0.79 seconds, began back in 2005 when she made a joke to rowing coach Al Morrow about going to Beijing. When he replied, "Really?", she began training.

Aged 56, Thompson-Willie coxed the women's eight for Canada at the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro.  Her crew would go on to finish 5th.  As of 2019 she continues to train with the national team and has been named as coxswain of the Canadian men's eight for the World Rowing Cup.

She is one of only nine athletes who have competed at eight Olympic Games with her record standing alone among rowers.

Outside rowing
Thompson-Willie is a graduate of the University of Western Ontario. She was a teacher-librarian and physical education teacher at South Secondary School in London, Ontario but retired in 2018. She married Dr. Paul Willie in 2000, but still competed as Lesley Thompson at the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Her husband is a professor of accounting, finance, and hotel management at Niagara College.

See also
 List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games

References

External links

1959 births
Living people
Olympic rowers for Canada
Olympic gold medalists for Canada
Olympic silver medalists for Canada
Olympic bronze medalists for Canada
Rowers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Rowers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic medalists in rowing
Canadian female rowers
University of Western Ontario alumni
Medalists at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Canadian schoolteachers
Rowers from London, Ontario
World Rowing Championships medalists for Canada
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Canada
Commonwealth Games medallists in rowing
Rowers at the 1986 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 1986 Commonwealth Games


Edgewater Generating Station is a 380 megawatt (MW) coal power plant located on the south side of Sheboygan, Wisconsin, on the shore of Lake Michigan, whose waters are used to provide cooling. It provides electricity for customers in the northeastern part of Alliant Energy's Wisconsin Power & Light service area and service to several local municipal utilities. In 2009, it was the seventh largest generating station in Wisconsin, with a net summer capacity of 767 MW.

Units

In 1952 one of the units was upgraded with a Babcock & Wilcox cyclone boiler. At the time, the facility was using a 50/50 mix of Illinois and West Virginia coal. The West Virginia coal was shipped via lake freighter from Lorain, Ohio.

At present, coal is delivered to the plant entirely by railroad, originating primarily from the Powder River Basin in Wyoming, via a Union Pacific spur line that was originally the main line of the Milwaukee Northern interurban railway.

Unit 3 and 4 share the same chimney.

Unit 3 turbine and generator were manufactured by Allis-Chalmers. Unit 4 was manufactured by General Electric, with an Alterrex excitation system. Unit 5 was also manufactured by General Electric, with a Generrex excitation system.

Retirement and decommissioning
Unit 3 was retired at the end of 2015 due to its age and efficiency. Unit 4 was retired in 2018 as Alliant Energy worked to reduce 80 percent of carbon dioxide emissions by 2050. Unit 4's electricity generation would be replaced by Riverside Energy Center in the Town of Beloit, which uses natural gas.

On May 22, 2020, Alliant Energy announced that the plant would be decommissioned by the end of 2022, and the property would be redeveloped for another use; Unit 5's generating capacity has also been replaced by a further expansion of Riverside. On June 23, 2022, Alliant announced that Edgewater's decommissioning date would be delayed until June 2025, due to the ongoing supply chain issues and to hedge against an energy shortage in upcoming years, with Edgewater mainly being in service during peak periods. The utility also plans a 99 MW battery by 2024.

Electricity generation
In 2021, Edgewater generated 2,311 GWh, approximately 3.7% of the total electric power generated in Wisconsin (62,584 GWh) for that year. The plant had a 2021 annual capacity factor of 69.41%.

See also

 Alliant Energy
 List of power stations in Wisconsin

References

Energy infrastructure completed in 1931
Energy infrastructure completed in 1941
Energy infrastructure completed in 1951
Energy infrastructure completed in 1969
Energy infrastructure completed in 1985
Buildings and structures in Sheboygan, Wisconsin
Coal-fired power stations in Wisconsin
Alliant Energy


Beaucourt-sur-l'Hallue (; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
This commune is situated  northeast of Amiens on the D919 and D115 junction.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


David Eugene Zweifel (born September 13, 1934) was United States Ambassador to North Yemen from 1981 to 1984. Zweifel entered the US Foreign Service in 1962, undertaking an assignment as a political officer in Brazil.

Biography
Zweifel graduated from Oregon State University (B.S., 1957; education major, planning on a teaching career). He served in the U.S. Navy as lieutenant in 1957-62 and as a Naval ROTC instructor at Princeton University in 1960–62.

List of foreign assignments
Consul, Rio de Janeiro (1993-1995)
Ambassador to North Yemen (1981–84)
Deputy Chief of Mission, Amman, Jordan (1979–81)
Deputy Chief of Mission, Muscat, Oman (1974–76)
Political Officer, Mexico City, Mexico (1971–74)
Consul, Amman, Jordan (1969–70)
Personnel Officer (1965–67)
Political Officer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1962)

References

1934 births
Living people
Ambassadors of the United States to North Yemen
Oregon State University alumni
American consuls


"I'm Mandy Fly Me" is a single by 10cc released in 1976. It was taken from the How Dare You! album, and reached No. 6 on the UK Singles Chart.

Writing and recording
The album version of "I'm Mandy Fly Me" features an intro in form of one of the bridge sections of the band's 1974 song "Clockwork Creep". The section, whose lyrics are "Oh, no you'll never get me up in one of these again / 'Cause what goes up must come down", is rendered soft and tinny, as if heard playing from a portable transistor radio or an in-flight audio system.

In a radio interview, songwriter Eric Stewart recalled the origins of the song:

He continued:

Record World said that it has "shifting harmonies and twisting time signatures."

Personnel
 Eric Stewart - lead vocal, electric piano, grand piano, lead guitar (second solo), whistle, backing vocals
 Graham Gouldman - bass guitar, double bass, six string bass, acoustic guitar, zither, backing vocals
 Lol Creme - acoustic guitar, lead guitar (first solo), Moog synthesizer, vibraphone, backing vocals
 Kevin Godley - drums, backing vocals

Chart performance

References

10cc songs
1976 singles
Songs written by Eric Stewart
Songs written by Graham Gouldman
Songs written by Kevin Godley
Mercury Records singles
1976 songs


Kongsvinger Station () is a railway station located in downtown Kongsvinger, Norway, on the Kongsvinger Line and Solør Line. The station was built in 1862 as part of the Kongsvinger Lin and designed in Swiss chalet style by Heinrich Ernst Schirmer and Wilhelm von Hanno. Later a branch line, the Solør Line, was built to Elverum.

The station is served by many Oslo Commuter Rail departures to and from Oslo Central Station. There are also stops by long-distance trains Oslo–Stockholm, and some regional trains to Charlottenberg and Karlstad in Sweden.

All bus services in Kongsvinger connect to the station, with hourly service offered by Innlandstrafikk. There are hourly buses westbound to Oslo, northbound to Elverum, and buses to Charlottenberg, and local buses in Kongsvinger.

The restaurant was taken over by Norsk Spisevognselskap on 1 July 1925, and subsequently renovated.

References

|-

Railway stations in Hedmark
Railway stations on the Kongsvinger Line
Railway stations on the Solør Line
Railway stations in Norway opened in 1862
1862 establishments in Norway
Kongsvinger


Héctor Hugo Hurtado Salazar (born 21 September 1975) is a former Colombian football striker who last played for América de Cali.

When he retired from his career as a professional player in 2014 he became a sports technician.

Career
On April 13, 2008, he scored his first career hat-trick against Sport Boys. Universitario won the fixture 5-1.

Statistics
Universitario Statistics: 2007 Apertura

Universitario Statistics: 2007 Clausura

Universitario Statistics: 2008 Apertura

Universitario Statistics: 2008 Clausura

International
Hurtado played for the Colombia national team between 1999 and 2005.

External links

1975 births
Living people
Colombian men's footballers
Colombia men's international footballers
América de Cali footballers
Sport Club Internacional players
Cortuluá footballers
Atlético Nacional footballers
Independiente Santa Fe footballers
Club Universitario de Deportes footballers
Sporting Cristal footballers
Club Deportivo Universidad César Vallejo footballers
Categoría Primera A players
Peruvian Primera División players
Colombian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Brazil
Expatriate men's footballers in Peru
2000 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from Valle del Cauca Department


Mtsapéré () is a settlement in the French commune of Mamoudzou, Mayotte.

Populated places in Mayotte
Mamoudzou


Kaweni is a village in the commune of Mamoudzou on the French overseas island of Mayotte.

Populated places in Mayotte
Mamoudzou


Passamainty, or Passamaïnti, is a village in the commune of Mamoudzou on Mayotte.

Populated places in Mayotte
Mamoudzou


Utricularia poconensis is a large suspended aquatic carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. poconensis is endemic to South America and is found in Brazil, Bolivia, and Argentina.

See also
 List of Utricularia species

References

Carnivorous plants of South America
Flora of Argentina
Flora of Brazil
Flora of Bolivia
poconensis


Kavani is a village in the commune of Mamoudzou on Mayotte.

Populated places in Mayotte


Vahibé is a village in the commune of Mamoudzou on Mayotte.

Geography

Climate

Vahibé has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). The average annual temperature in Vahibé is . The average annual rainfall is  with January as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in March, at around , and lowest in August, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Vahibé was  on 6 May 2012; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 13 July 2010.

References

Populated places in Mayotte


The Indian spotted chevrotain (Moschiola indica) is a species of even-toed ungulate in the family Tragulidae. It is native to India and possibly Nepal. It lives in rainforests and is nocturnal. It has a body length of  with a  long tail length and weighs around .
This was earlier included under the name of Tragulus meminna, but studies on the systematics of the group have led to that name being restricted to the Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain.

References

External links

America Zoo

spotted chevrotain, Indian
Mammals of India
Indian spotted chevrotain
Indian spotted chevrotain


Tsountsou is the name of a pair of villages in the commune of Mamoudzou on Mayotte.

Populated places in Mayotte


Moschiola, the spotted chevrotains, are a genus of small even-toed ungulates in the family Tragulidae. They are found in forests in India, Sri Lanka and perhaps Nepal, and have pale-spotted or -striped upperparts unlike the other Asian members of the family, the mouse-deer of the genus Tragulus.

In former times, the genus was usually treated as monotypic. Described as Moschus meminna, for most of the time the name Tragulus meminna was used, but changed to Moschiola meminna eventually. In the 21st century, this is increasingly divided into up to three parapatric species:

References

External links

Chevrotains
Taxa named by John Edward Gray
Mammal genera

eo:Tragoledoj


Ronald Lewis Schlicher (September 16, 1956 – September 26, 2019) joined the State Department in 1982 as a diplomat and career foreign service officer with the rank of Minister-Counselor in the Department of State. He served as the Deputy Chief of Mission in Lebanon (chargé d'affaires) 1994–96 and United States Consul-General in Jerusalem from 2000 to November 2002. He also served as ambassador to Cyprus from 2005 to 2008. On September 2, 2008, he assumed the position of Principal Deputy Assistant Coordinator for Counterterrorism.

Personal
Schlicher was born in Sylacauga, Alabama and grew up in Chattanooga. He was an alumnus of Red Bank High School and attended the University of Tennessee and graduated with a Bachelor's degree in 1978 and JD from the University of Tennessee College of Law in 1981.

Schlicher was fluent in French and Arabic.

After his diplomatic career ended (sometime after 2011) he settled down in Brentwood, Tennessee, where he died in 2019.

Notes

External links

1956 births
2019 deaths
People from Brentwood, Tennessee
People from Chattanooga, Tennessee
People from Sylacauga, Alabama
Ambassadors of the United States to Cyprus
Ambassadors of the United States to Lebanon
United States Foreign Service personnel
University of Tennessee alumni
20th-century American diplomats
21st-century American diplomats


Robert McQueen, Lord Braxfield (4 May 1722 – 30 May 1799) was a Scottish advocate and judge.

Life
McQueen was born at Braxfield House near Lanark on 4 May 1722, son of John McQueen.

He studied law at Edinburgh University and was admitted to the Faculty of Advocates in 1744. In 1759 he was appointed an Advocate Depute appearing for the Crown in prosecutions. He often appeared in more than 15 cases per day and earned £1900 in a single year.

He became a judge in 1776 and took the title Lord Braxfield.

In 1788 he became Lord Justice Clerk, the second most senior judge in Scotland. Explicitly taking the view that "Government in this country is made up of the landed interest, which alone has a right to be represented" he took an active role in the suppression of the Friends of the People Society in the trials and sentences passed on Thomas Muir and others. To accomplish this he "invented a crime of unconscious sedition". A famous quote of his in this respect was "Let them bring me prisoners, and I will find them law."

In 1795 he oversaw the trial and imprisonment of Sir Archibald Gordon Kinloch of Gilmerton for the murder of his half-brother Sir Francis Kinloch. This rare event saw one man kill another at least in part to inherit his baronetcy.

He died at home in George Square, Edinburgh, on 30 May 1799, aged 77, and was buried in the family vault at Lanark on 5 June. After his death his widow moved from George Square to 97 Princes Street.

Braxfield House was later the home of Robert Owen and New Lanark was built nearby.

Family
He married, firstly, Mary Agnew, daughter of Major James Agnew of the 7th Dragoon Guards, and niece of Sir Andrew Agnew of Lochnaw, Wigtownshire, bart. They had four children:
 Robert Dundas, who died on 5 August 1816,
 John, captain in the 28th regiment of foot, who died on 2 February 1837,
 Mary, who married in 1777 Sir William Honyman, Lord Armadale,
 Katherine, who married John Macdonald, chief of Clanranald, in 1786.

Lord Braxfield married secondly, Elizabeth Ord, daughter of Robert Ord, Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer for Scotland. They had no further children.

Influence

Sir Henry Raeburn painted his portrait shortly before his death.

Braxfield has a notoriety in Scotland, due to the harsh way that he dealt with those who appeared before him, most famously in telling a defendant that "Ye're a vera clever chiel, man, but ye wad be nane the waur o' a hanging". In a recent survey of Scottish historians, Braxfield was identified as one of the "vilest villains" in Scotland's history.

He is thought to be the model for the judge in Robert Louis Stevenson's unfinished novel Weir of Hermiston.

Braxfield Row in New Lanark is named after his estate.

He was Trustee for the University of Edinburgh and South Bridge

References

Attribution

External links

 Portrait by Raeburn in the National Galleries of Scotland
 Braxfield's testament

1722 births
1799 deaths
People from South Lanarkshire
Braxfield
Members of the Faculty of Advocates
People educated at Lanark Grammar School
18th-century Scottish judges
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh


On Wings of Eagles is a 1983 non-fiction thriller written by British author Ken Follett.  Set against the background of the Iranian revolution, it tells a story based on the rescue of Paul Chiapparone and Bill Gaylord from prison in Tehran by a team of Electronic Data Systems executives led by retired Col. Arthur D. Simons.

The story, according to Follett, is not fictionalized or a 'non-fiction novel'.

Production
Ross Perot contacted Ken Follett, who was paid by his publisher, to write On Wings of Eagles.

Follett based his account on many conversations with the people directly involved, and had the drafts checked by them as well. Aside from changing a few names, he believes the story to be what really happened.

Summary
In December 1978 two EDS executives working in pre-revolutionary Tehran are arrested on suspicion of bribery. Bail was set at US$13 million (90 million Iranian toman). When H. Ross Perot, head of the Dallas-based company hears about it, he decides to extract his employees regardless of cost. He orders the firm's lawyers to find a way to meet the bail. He recruits a team of volunteers from his executives, led by a retired United States Army officer, to break them out by force, if necessary. This team flies to Tehran.

Their well-rehearsed plan to break the two from jail fails because of a prison transfer. The team figures out another way to rescue their colleagues. This culminates in an overland escape to Turkey. Meanwhile, riots and violence dominate the streets of Tehran escalating daily. This culminates in the Iranian Revolution led by Khomeini against the Shah, endangering the other EDS employees as well.

The incident attracted attention from the press when it occurred in early 1979. Bill Gaylord and Paul Chiapparone, two U.S. citizens working in Iran for Electronic Data Systems (EDS), a Dallas-based computer services corporation, were jailed on December 28, 1978. They were victims of an anticorruption drive mounted during the Shah's last days in Iran, a drive based more on the politics of the moment than on legality or truth. Consequently, while the prosecutor who had them arrested did not file formal charges against the two, he set bail at $12,750,000.

Stunned by these arbitrary arrests, H. Ross Perot, founder and chairman of EDS, mobilized both his and the company's resources to get the two employees out of jail. He became personally engrossed in the effort to release Gaylord and Chiapparone. Perot began by trying traditional venues, such as lobbying the U.S. government for help, and seeking the counsel of lawyers.

He also organized a strike team. A retired army colonel, Arthur D. "Bull" Simons was hired to train seven company volunteers to try to rescue the two jailed men. Working from their experiences in Tehran, the men trained at Perot's weekend house at the shore of Lake Grapevine near Dallas. Beginning January 3, 1979, they practiced assaults on a model of the Ministry of Justice prison in Tehran, where the EDS men were being held.

When all other means appeared to be failing, Perot asked Simons to proceed to Tehran with his team. While the team had trained on Walther PPK handguns, and had luggage with false bottoms to smuggle them in, Simons decided to leave the guns behind as more likely to cause problems than solve them. They flew to Iran in mid-January, closely followed by Perot himself, who insisted on overseeing the operation personally and who hoped that his presence would improve the spirits of his jailed employees.

Once in Tehran, Perot and Simons found that nothing worked as they had planned. The ministry of Justice turned out to be far better protected than anyone had remembered. Additionally, Gaylord and Chiapparone had been transferred on January 18 to the Qasr Prison, one of Tehran's largest and best fortified jails. Though Simons knew his team could not attack Qasr on its own, he had studied history enough to realize that the revolution was soon going to peak. The Shah had fled Iran on January 16. Khomeni was to return to the country from France on February 1. Street mobs were likely to storm the prison and release the inmates. At the same time, EDS kept up its efforts to resolve the problem through legal means. U.S. banks refused to get involved in paying the bail, fearing involvement in matters of bribery and ransom. When one bank finally did cooperate with EDS, matters bogged down on the Iranian side. When all else failed, EDS lawyers tried to convince Iranian officers to accept the U.S. embassy in Tehran as bail – ironic in retrospect of the embassy's subsequent seizure by the Iranian government. All these efforts collapsed on the 10th of February.

Just one day later, Tehran street crowds erupted. Among them was Rashid, an ambitious young Iranian systems engineering trainee at EDS. Loyal to his U.S. employers and eager to help them win the release of their jailed colleagues, Follett describes him as the instigator of the mob's attack on Qasr prison.

Rashid's efforts were successful: Gaylord and Chiapparone fled the jail along with the other prisoners. A few hours later they met at Simons' room at the Hyatt Crown Tehran.

The escape from prison was easier than exiting the country. Gaylord and Chiapparone were wanted by the police. Neither had passports and so could not depart legally.

Simons divided the remaining EDS employees in Tehran into two groups. The less suspicious were to leave via airplane from Tehran. The more vulnerable, including the two fugitives, were to go to Turkey in two Range Rovers. Rashid accompanied the latter group on their  trip across northwest Iran. In two days of driving they repeatedly came close to capture. On almost every occasion,  Rashid's quick wit saved them. When he and the six Americans crossed the Turkish border, they were met by an EDS employee waiting with a bus and a charter plane. One day later, February 17, they reached Istanbul, where an anxious Perot had been pacing up and down his hotel room. That the fugitive pair lacked passports and had entered Turkey illegally rendered even the Turkish portion of the journey somewhat risky.

On the same day the overland team reached Istanbul, the other EDS employees left Tehran by plane—barely escaping the same prosecutor who earlier had jailed their colleagues. The two teams met in Frankfurt, Germany, and flew together (via an emergency landing in England) to the United States. All of them, including Rashid, arrived on February 18.

Reception
The book was a #1 International Bestseller.

Mini series
In 1986 a five-hour mini series of the same name was released, starring Burt Lancaster as Arthur D. "Bull" Simons and Richard Crenna as Ross Perot. It was watched by an estimated 25 million Americans.

See also
 Whirlwind – novel by James Clavell based on the struggle of Bristow Helicopter pilots to extract themselves and their equipment from Iran after the revolution.
 Argo – film by Ben Affleck

Notes

Sources

External links
 Ken Follett's On Wings of Eagles – official site
 Ken Follett's own view of the story
 On Wings of Eagles mini series at IMDb

1983 British novels
Novels by Ken Follett
British thriller novels
Ross Perot
Novels set in the Iranian Revolution


Sir William Roberts, 1st Baronet (21 June 1638 – 14 March 1688), of Willesden in Middlesex, was an English landowner and politician.

The son of Sir William Roberts, a Member of Parliament and of Cromwell's House of Peers during the English Commonwealth, Roberts was created a baronet on 4 October 1661. The following year, on his father's death, he inherited considerable property in what is now North London which was, however, much encumbered with mortgages and legacies. Described as a "very careless man", he dissipated his fortune, engaging in litigation against his mother over the disposal of his father's bequests, and falling deeper and deeper into debt. He sold an estate at Kilburn in 1664, two estates in Harlesden in 1665–1666 and 1671, and he was preparing to pay his debts by selling Oxgate when he died in 1688. The family seat of Neasden House he never sold, but mortgaged it so recklessly that it passed into the temporary possession of the mortgagee.

He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son, also called William.

References
 'Willesden', The Environs of London: volume 3: County of Middlesex (1795), pp. 611–624. Date accessed: 27 January 2008.
 'Willesden: Other estates', A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 7 (1982), pp. 216–220. Date accessed: 27 January 2008

1638 births
1688 deaths
Roberts, William, 1st Baronet
English MPs 1679
English landowners
English MPs 1680–1681
English MPs 1681


Majicavo Koropa is a village in the commune of Koungou on Mayotte.

Populated places in Mayotte


The Orchestre National de Lyon (ONL) is a French orchestra based in Lyon.  Its primary concert venue is l'Auditorium de Lyon.  The orchestra operates with the help of a subsidy from the French Ministry of Culture and from the Rhône-Alpes regional council.  The current general director of the orchestra is Aline Sam-Giao.

History
The orchestra's precursor was the Société des Grands Concerts de Lyon, which Georges Martin Witkowski established in 1905.  Witkowski directed the society's concerts from 1905 to 1943. His son, Jean Witkowski, succeeded him from 1943 to 1953.

In 1969, the city of Lyon formally organised an orchestra for the city, with the initial name of l'Orchestre Philharmonique Rhône-Alpes.  Louis Frémaux was the first music director of the orchestra, from 1969 to 1971.  Serge Baudo then became music director in 1971.  During his tenure, the orchestra took up residence at l'Auditorium de Lyon, in 1975.  In the 1978-1979 season, Bernard Têtu formed an affiliate chorus for the ONL, which took on the name of Choeur de l'Orchestre national de Lyon with the subsequent renaming of the orchestra. In 1993, the ONL chorus was renamed the Choeurs et Solistes de Lyon-Bernard Têtu, and continues to collaborate regularly with the ONL.

In 1983, the orchestra was renamed l'Orchestre National de Lyon, its current name. Baudo concluded his tenure with the ONL in 1986. Emmanuel Krivine then served as music director from 1987 to 2000.

The American conductor David Robertson was ONL music director from 2000 to 2004, and concurrently the artistic director of l'Auditorium de Lyon, the first person to hold both posts simultaneously.  Robertson conducted the ONL's first appearance at The Proms in August 2002.  From 2005 to 2011, Jun Märkl was the ONL's music director.  The most recent music director was Leonard Slatkin from 2011 through 2017.  Slatkin now has the title of Directeur musical honoraire of the ONL.

In December 2017, Nikolaj Szeps-Znaider first guest-conducted the ONL. In December 2018, the ONL announced the appointment of Szeps-Znaider as its next music director, effective September 2020, with an initial contract of four seasons.

The orchestra has recorded for several labels, including the following:
 harmonia mundi (Baudo, music of Henri Dutilleux)
 naïve (Robertson, music of Alberto Ginastera and Steve Reich)
 Naxos (Märkl, music of Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel; Slatkin, music of Ravel and of Saint-Saëns)
 Altus (Märkl, Beethoven Symphony No. 9 and Mahler Symphony No. 3, recorded live)
Another affiliated ensemble with the ONL is the Ensemble de Cuivres et Percussions de l'ONL (literal translation: Brass and Percussion Ensemble of the ONL), formed by tubist Christian Delange and 11 musicians of the ONL.

Music directors
 Louis Frémaux (1969–1971)
 Serge Baudo (1971–1986)
 Emmanuel Krivine (1987–2000)
 David Robertson (2000–2004)
 Jun Märkl (2005–2011)
 Leonard Slatkin (2011–2017)
 Nikolai Szeps-Znaider (2020-present)

Composers-in-residence
 Michael Jarrell (1991–1993)
 Pascal Dusapin (1993–1995)
 Jean-Louis Florentz (1995–1997)
 Philippe Hersant (1998–2000)
 Thierry Escaich (2007–2010)

References

External links
 Official French-language webpage of the ONL
 ONL history, from Naxos webpage, translation of ONL's page into English

French orchestras
Musical groups established in 1905
Culture in Lyon
1905 establishments in France
Musical groups from Lyon


Longoni is a village in the commune of Koungou on Mayotte.

This village is known in particular due to its commercial port which is the only one in Mayotte.

Populated places in Mayotte


Trévani is a village in the commune of Koungou on Mayotte.

Populated places in Mayotte


Majicavo Lamir is a village in the commune of Koungou on Mayotte.

Populated places in Mayotte


Palestine (1947–1974) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse. Owned and bred by Aga Khan III he was out of the mare Una and sired by Fair Trial.

Trained by Marcus Marsh and ridden by Charlie Smirke, Palestine was the winner of the 2000 Guineas in 1950. In all he won eleven of his thirteen outings.

Palestine retired to stud in 1951 and in 1964 was the leading Irish sire of two-year-olds and put down due to old age on 10 July 1974.

His son Pakistan II, (1958-1972), was the champion stallion sire in New Zealand in the 1969-70, 1971-72, 1972-73 and 1974-75 seasons.

References

1947 racehorse births
1974 racehorse deaths
Thoroughbred family 3-e
Racehorses bred in the United Kingdom
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
2000 Guineas winners


Antonio Martos Ortiz (born 19 February 1981) is a notable ex-member of the boyband D'NASH. He was known simply as Ony and was the passionate member of the band.

D'Nash

In 2006, Antonio formed a band named D'Nash with friends Esteban Piñero Camacho, Michael Hennet Sotomayor and Francisco Javier Álvarez Colinet. They are the first Spanish boy band ever.

Nacho Cano musical
On 22 July 2008 it was announced that Ony would leave the group after their summer tour ends in September. He is leaving to pursue a career in musical theatre. Their last performance as a four-piece took place in Fuengirola, Málaga. The band's three remaining members continued following his departure.

In October 2010, he took part in Nacho Cano's Mecandance, alongside Javi Mota (ex-member of Banghra, Gerard Martí, Cristina Llorente, Edu Morlans, Mariade Vázquez, Ori de la Peña, Lydia Fairén and vocalist Nalaya Brown. Mecandance also released an album containing the songs of the show.

Mecanlife
On 24 March 2014 he formed new music band named Mecanlife with Patrizia Navarro, Javi Mota and Karol.

Discography

Studio albums
 2006: Capaz de Todo
 2007: Todo Va a Cambiar

References

External links

Official Antonio Martos website

1981 births
Living people
Musicians from Valencia
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Spain
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2007
21st-century Spanish singers
21st-century Spanish male singers


Labattoir () is a village in the commune of Dzaoudzi on Mayotte, about 4,998 mi (or 8,044 km) south of Paris, the country's capital.

Populated places in Mayotte


Richard Gwyn is a Welsh novelist, essayist and poet.

Life and career
Richard Gwyn was born in Pontypool, south Wales, and grew up in Crickhowell. After studying anthropology at the London School of Economics, but not completing his degree, Gwyn began to travel extensively across Europe, living for long spells in Greece and Spain, working on fishing boats and as an agricultural labourer. Following a period of vagrancy and serious illness, he returned to Wales, where his experiences of travel catalysed his interest in writing, and he published three collections of poetry and prose poems.

His first work of fiction, The Colour of a Dog Running Away, set in Barcelona, received widespread critical acclaim and has been translated into many languages. His second novel, Deep Hanging Out, set in Crete during the closing stages of the Cold War, was published in 2007 and is loosely based on the myth of the Minotaur.  Interviews with the author present a figure concerned with ideas of borders and exile in a world besieged by spurious ideologies. In his third novel, The Blue Tent (2019) he returns to the Black Mountains of his childhood, in an oneiric mystery that one reviewer has called 'a portal to a magical Wales.'

His memoir The Vagabond's Breakfast, published in 2011, has been called an "astonishing memoir of alcoholism, illness and redemption describing, in language of the utmost control, what it feels like to lose control of one’s life." Patrick McGuinness, writing in The Times Literary Supplement called it "a jagged tale gracefully told. Full of humane surreality, there’s something whole, even holistic, about the brokenness of the life it pieces (back) together." Tessa Hadley, in the London Review of Books described it as "an enthralling memoir of a young man going deeply and terribly astray." Andrés Neuman, writing in Clarín (Argentina) called the book ‘Stunning… and as intimate and accurate as Virginia Woolf’s On Being Ill.

In recent years Gwyn has developed his career as a translator of poetry and short fiction by Latin American writers. In 2016 he published The Other Tiger: Recent Poetry from Latin America, which Edith Grossman described as: 'An incisive overview of recent, innovative writing we're not likely to find elsewhere in English. [T]he translations are beautiful and to the point. This is a book that belongs in every library, private or institutional, that has shelf-space for volumes of poetry.' Gwyn has also translated collections of poetry by the Argentinians Joaquín O. Giannuzzi and Jorge Fondebrider, and the Colombian poet Darío Jaramillo.

Since 2013 he has been Professor of Creative and Critical Writing at Cardiff University. Gwyn is the author of Ricardo Blanco's Blog in which he describes himself as a Citizen of Nowhere.

Bibliography

Books by Richard Gwyn
Walking on Bones (2000)
Being in Water (2001)
The Pterodactyl's Wing: Welsh World Poetry (2003)
The Colour of a Dog Running Away (2005)
 Deep Hanging Out (2007)
Sad Giraffe Cafe (2010)

 The Vagabond's Breakfast (2011)
The Other Tiger: Recent Poetry from Latin America (2016)
Stowaway: A Levantine Adventure (2018)
The Blue Tent (2019)

References

External links
 Author's Official Website

Welsh male novelists
Living people
1956 births
Welsh male poets


David Butau was a member of parliament of Zimbabwe representing the district of  Guruve North. He was chairman of the parliamentary Portfolio Committee on Budget and Finance.

Butau was born into a Buja ethnic Shona family in northeastern Zimbabwe. In the early 2000s Butau was openly critical of the Mugabe regime. Butau criticized the way in which the land invasions occurred, stating that he believed some form of land reform was necessary, but the way in which it was implemented was immoral, violent and destructive.

In the 2005 election, while campaigning in Guruve, Butau frequently stated that he believed President Mugabe was wrong to demonize Britain, stating that he believed "Britain is Zimbabwe's natural friend" and that he believed "relations with Margaret Thatcher and John Major were excellent." He said "The British people are Zimbabwe's friends, and they should know that Zimbabweans are their friends as well. Our only quarrel is with Mr. Blair. Just him. Literally him as an individual. We love the English people. We have so many cultural links with them, we should be friends on the world stage." As a result of this speech and others like it, Mugabe loyalists openly stated that they expected Butau to lose popularity in Guruve. However, Butau was re-elected with a large majority in the subsequent election winning 24,165 votes in  Guruve North to Allan Marcomic's 2,679 votes.

In late 2007 Butau fled to the United Kingdom to avoid arrest for currency-related charges; he subsequently denied all wrongdoing, stating that he had been motivated by fear of police corruption. Butau told a state newspaper that he was being victimized by members of the government, saying ”We received information that Governor Gideon Gono was amongst those sabotaging the economy and when we confronted him with that he acted fast on me and passed on information to the police about my purported exchange control violations." He later spent several months in South Africa before returning to stand trial in March 2009.

In May 2009 he was acquitted on all counts after the prosecution dropped the charges. The case was universally regarded as an instance of President Mugabe using state power to intimidate his critics.

See also
Gideon Gono
Jonathan Moyo
Robert Mugabe

References

1957 births
Living people
Members of the National Assembly of Zimbabwe
ZANU–PF politicians
Members of the 10th Parliament of Zimbabwe


Mroualé is a village in the commune of Tsingoni on the island of Mayotte in the Indian Ocean.

Populated places in Mayotte


The yellow-striped chevrotain (Moschiola kathygre) is a species of chevrotain described in 2005. It is found in the wet zones of Sri Lanka. It was recognized as a species distinct from Moschiola meminna based on the phylogenetic species concept.

Description
Head and body length in the species is typically  43–51 cm. Dorsally, it is a  warm yellowish brown in color with at least two light yellow stripes longitudinally along flanks separated by a row of light yellow spots. Two distinct stripes along back plus another below the tail, all are pale yellow in color. Fur is fine and coarse.  Tusk-like upper canines are visible in males.

References

Chevrotains
Mammals of Sri Lanka
Mammals described in 2005


The Suha Mare is a right tributary of the river Moldova in Romania. It discharges into the Moldova near Mălini. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Suceava County


Tsararano is a village in the commune of Dembéni on Mayotte.

Populated places in Mayotte


Iloni is a village in the commune of Dembeni on Mayotte Island.

Populated places in Mayotte


Mark Brunswick ( January 6, 1902 – May 25/26, 1971) was an American composer of the twentieth century. He had only recently completed the second act of an opera based on Ibsen's The Master Builder when he died suddenly in London in May 1971, at the start of what was to have been an extended tour of Europe with his wife, Natascha Artin Brunswick. Brunswick had been at work on the opera for several years, and Act I had not long before received a concert performance as a work in progress at the City College of New York.

Biography
Born in New York City, Brunswick was the third of four children of secular Jewish parents. His father, of an Alsatian family background, was a successful manufacturer in the garment industry. His mother was an educated German-born woman, trained as an opera singer, who encouraged Mark's artistic interests and his pursuit of an education that diverged from the conventional.

He attended the Horace Mann School in New York, and later Phillips Exeter Academy in New Hampshire. Though he took some courses in the extension division of Columbia University, he never formally acquired a college degree. Having by the age of 15 decided on a career of musical composition and theory, he sought out private musical study: piano with Victor Wittgenstein; harmony, counterpoint and fugue with Rubin Goldmark (himself a student of Dvořák); and composition with Ernest Bloch in Cleveland (where he met fellow student Roger Sessions, with whom he maintained a lifelong friendship) and Nadia Boulanger in Paris.

In 1924, Brunswick moved to Vienna. There he fell in love with Ruth Mack, a student, analysand (since 1922), and collaborative colleague of Sigmund Freud's, and married at the time to Dr. Herman Blumgart, a cousin of Mark's. As a teenager, Brunswick had actually been a guest at their wedding years earlier in 1917. Their marriage was by now in serious trouble, however, and in 1928, Mark and Ruth were married in Vienna. Freud served as their witness – one of the few weddings he ever attended.

The couple returned briefly to the U.S. so that their daughter, Matilda (Til) could be born there, then returned soon after the birth to Vienna.  Though it would later in Freudian analytic circles certainly be regarded as improper, Mark, Ruth and their daughter Til were close friends of the Freuds, and socialized with them regularly. Brunswick's home movies of Freud now reside in the archive of the Freud Museum in London. During his years in Vienna – inspired no doubt by Freud's own collection – Brunswick began acquiring the antiquities and rare old books that so characterized his various residences.

Probably his primary musical association in Vienna was with Anton Webern. Whether he was formally a student of Webern's is unclear. A letter written to Brunswick in New York, dated June 23, 1938, addresses him as "guter, alter Freund," and "lieber Freund," and, after giving news of performances of some Webern works, goes on to ask, "Was machen jetzt die schönen Rosen in der Hasenauerstrasse?  Verlassen?  War es doch gerade vor einem Jahre, dass wir uns dort bei unerhört prächtigem Weine - sagen wir: besauften!!!  Ich hoffe, es kommt wieder!" He signs the letter, "Ihr alter Webern." What is clear from this letter is that the two were on close terms during at least part of Brunswick's Vienna period. What other musical friendships and contacts he had there are so far unknown, although it is hard to imagine they would have been insignificant.

In 1937, Mark and Ruth were divorced in Vienna, but – against Freud's advice – remarried six months later. Late that year, Mark returned alone to New York. Ruth, Til, Mark's mother and the family dog followed his return the following year in March 1938.

In fall 1938, with fascism ominously ascendant in Germany and Austria, Brunswick became Chairman of the Placement Committee for German and Austrian Musicians, which in mid 1939 was integrated into the newly formed National Refugee Service under the name National Committee for Refugee Musicians. As chair Brunswick was pivotal in finding placement into musical and academic positions in the U.S. for hundreds of European colleagues fleeing Hitler. In this capacity he had a fairly regular correspondence with Arnold Schoenberg, who was now living in Southern California. No mention is made in those extant letters of any previous contact, and of course Schoenberg had moved to Berlin in 1924, the year Brunswick arrived in Vienna.

Before his appointment as Chairman of the Music Department at the City College of New York in 1946, Brunswick headed the music theory and composition department at the Greenwich House Settlement Music School (1938–43). He also taught at Black Mountain College in North Carolina (summer of 1944), the Music Institute of Kenyon College (summer of 1945), and Brooklyn College (1945–46). In addition to his teaching, Brunswick – together with Roger Sessions and Eduard Steuermann – was active in organizing concerts of modern music under the rubric "Contemporary Concerts." From 1941 to 1950 he was President of the American Section of the International Society for Contemporary Music.

Mark and Ruth divorced permanently in 1945, and Mark was married for several years to a former student at Black Mountain, Arlyn McKenna. In 1959 he married Natascha Artin, with whom he lived happily for the remainder of his life. He moved from his apartment in Manhattan to Natascha's house in Princeton, New Jersey, where he resumed his long and intimate friendship with Roger Sessions, then on the faculty at Princeton. Mark and Natascha spent each summer in the log cabin Mark had purchased on Franklin Falls Pond (a section of the Saranac River) in New York's Adirondack Mountains.

During his tenure as Chairman at CCNY (he retired in 1965), Brunswick was a fierce and active defender of academic freedom amid the McCarthy hysteria of the early 1950s. In April 1954, on the occasion of "Academic Freedom Week" at City College, Brunswick was presented an award to "the faculty member who has done the most to promote and safeguard academic freedom." Interviewed for the campus newspaper, Brunswick commented self-effacingly, "I'm truly thrilled. But I haven't really done that much. All I've ever done is spoken my mind at every appropriate place." Brunswick also worked actively in the 1952 presidential campaign of Adlai Stevenson.

An unsolicited letter of appreciation from a Smith College student who had been a visitor to one of his classes epitomizes Brunswick's informal and sensitive teaching style: "You created an atmosphere that I'm quite unused to here at Smith, in which the professor is interested in the students' ideas and feelings, rather than merely a coherent arrangement of cold, objective facts . . . It's easy to see that yours is a true give and take relationship with your students as people." Brunswick himself once commented on teaching, "In it I can lose myself, and at the same time be refreshed by contact with students and their works in my own creative work and in my whole relation to music."

Mark Brunswick was not a prolific composer; in fact he found composition difficult, and even complained of being blocked creatively. "In this musical world of today, with its conflicting and uncertain tendencies and influences, the achieving and maintaining of true individuality and purity of musical thought will always require an intensity of effort and of imagination that can never be easy," he said.

Selected works
Orchestral
 Symphony in B (1948)
 Air with Toccata for string orchestra (1967)
 Nocturne and Rondo for orchestra

Chamber music
 2 Movements, Op. 1 for string quartet (1925–26)
 Fantasia for viola solo (1933)
 Seven Trios for string quartet (1955)
 Septet in Seven Movements for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, horn, viola and cello (1957)
 Quartet for violin, viola, cello and double bass (1960)

Piano
 Six Bagatelles for solo piano (1958)

Organ
 Das alte Jahr vergangen ist, Chorale Prelude for organ (1933)

Vocal
 Fragment of Sappho, Motet for mixed chorus a cappella (1937)
 Four Songs for tenor and piano (1964)

References

 Anderson, E. Ruth. Contemporary American Composers. A Biographical Dictionary, 2nd edition, G. K. Hall, 1982.
 Borroff, Edith; Clark, J. Bunker. American Opera. A Checklist, Harmonie Park Press, 1992.
 Kurland, Jayme. (2015) "The Refugee Musician Is Now a Part of Us: Musical Exiles and Mark Brunswick’s National Committee for Refugee Musicians (1938-1943)" (Unpublished master's thesis). Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ.
 Sadie, Stanley; Hitchcock, H. Wiley (Ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of American Music. Grove's Dictionaries of Music, 1986.
 Vinton, John. Dictionary of Contemporary Music, E.P. Dutton, 1974.

1902 births
1971 deaths
Jewish American classical composers
City College of New York faculty
Columbia University alumni
Kenyon College faculty
Analysands of Sigmund Freud
Pupils of Roger Sessions
20th-century classical composers
American classical composers
American male classical composers
Composers from New York City
20th-century American composers
Brooklyn College faculty
20th-century American male musicians


Ongojou is a village in the commune of Dembéni on Mayotte. It is known for its rich history of wine making.

Populated places in Mayotte


Dzoumogne is a village in the commune of Bandraboua on Mayotte.

Populated places in Mayotte


Handrema is the smallest village in the commune of Bandraboua on Mayotte. In 2007, its population was 1,485.

Its beach is stony and surrounded by mangroves, which serve to protect the neighbouring lagoon.

References

Populated places in Mayotte


Esteban Piñero Camacho (born 28 February 1981) is a member of the boyband D'NASH. He is known simply as Basty and is the sporty one of the band.

D'Nash

In 2005 Esteban formed a band named D'Nash with friends Michael Hennet Sotomayor, Francisco Javier Álvarez Colinet and Antonio Martos Ortiz.

Discography

Studio albums
 2006: Capaz de Todo
 2006: Capaz de Todo - Edicion Especial
 2007: Capaz de Todo - Misión Eurovisión
 2007–2008: Todo Va a Cambiar
 2011: Garabatos

External links
 Official D'Nash Website
 Official Website

1981 births
Living people
People from Cádiz
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Spain
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2007
21st-century Spanish singers
21st-century Spanish male singers


Mtsangamboua is a village in the commune of Bandraboua on Mayotte.

Populated places in Mayotte


Mtsahara is a village in the commune of Mtsamboro on Mayotte.

Populated places in Mayotte


Miguel Ángel Zepeda Espinoza (born 25 May 1976) is a Mexican former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

Career
Zepeda made his professional debut on November 13, 1996, in 2–2 draw against Chivas. He has played most of his career with Atlas, from 1996 to 2001. In the Invierno 2001 he transferred to Cruz Azul. With Cruz Azul Zepeda spent 4 short tournaments. In the 2003 Apertura Zepeda transferred to Monarcas Morelia, where he did not have any success. In the 2004 Clausura Zepeda he transferred to Toluca, where Toluca got eliminated in the semifinals by Guadalajara. Zepeda went back with Cruz Azul for two more seasons (Apertura 2004), (Clausura 2005). He later transferred to Santos Laguna, but he did not have much success, so he transferred to America. With Club América he only played in five games and did not score any goals, but won the 2006 CONCACAF Cup. Zepeda transferred to San Luis for the 2006 Apertura, where once again he did not have much success. After two years without playing professionally he's playing again for Atlas.
Since his return to F.C Atlas Zepeda struggled during his first season, but after regaining his form. Due to differences between Zepeda and the Atlas institucion, Zepeda was separated from the team mid-season.

International career
Zepeda has played with the Mexico national team; his debut was in February 1999 against Argentina. He was part of the squad that won the Confederations Cup 1999 in which he scored two goals in the final against Brazil, thus making 2 goals in the entire tournament. Zepeda was  with the Mexico national team when they won the 2003 Gold Cup.

Career statistics

International goals

|-
| 1. || July 17, 1999 || Estadio Defensores del Chaco, Asunción, Paraguay ||  || 2–1 || 2–1 || 1999 Copa América
|-
| 2. || August 4, 1999 || Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, Mexico ||  || 1–0 || 4–3 || 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup
|-
| 3. || August 4, 1999 || Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, Mexico ||  || 3–2 || 4–3 || 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup
|-
| 4. || February 5, 2000 || Hong Kong Stadium, Wan Chai, Hong Kong ||  || 1–0 || 1–0 || 2000 Carlsberg Cup
|-
| 5. || February 8, 2000 || Hong Kong Stadium, Wan Chai, Hong Kong ||  || 1–2 || 1–2 || 2000 Carlsberg Cup
|-
| 6. || July 5, 2000 || Estadio Tecnológico, Monterrey, Mexico ||  || 1–1 || 2–1 || Friendly
|-
| 7. || July 16, 2000 || Estadio Rommel Fernández, Panama City, Panama ||  || 1–0 || 1–0 || 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification
|-
| 8. || September 3, 2000 || Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, Mexico ||  || 3–0 || 7–1 || 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification
|}

Honours
Mexico
FIFA Confederations Cup: 1999
CONCACAF Gold Cup: 2003

References

External links

 Informador.com.mx

1976 births
Living people
Atlas F.C. footballers
Cruz Azul footballers
Santos Laguna footballers
Atlético Morelia players
Deportivo Toluca F.C. players
Club América footballers
Leones Negros UdeG footballers
C.D. Veracruz footballers
San Luis F.C. players
Liga MX players
Footballers from Nayarit
People from Tepic
Mexico men's international footballers
CONCACAF Gold Cup-winning players
1999 FIFA Confederations Cup players
1999 Copa América players
2001 Copa América players
2003 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
FIFA Confederations Cup-winning players
Mexican men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders


Hamjago is a village in the commune of Mtsamboro on Mayotte.

Populated places in Mayotte


Mangajou is a village in the commune of Sada on Mayotte.

Populated places in Mayotte


Trowse Bridge is a single-track railway bridge which carries the Great Eastern Main Line over the River Wensum just outside Norwich in England at .

The bridge was originally built in 1845 by George Parker Bidder, was rebuilt in 1905 and again in 1987. Like many swing bridges, the structure first lifts on hydraulic jacks before swinging open to allow the passage of water traffic. The bridge has frequently caused problems with navigation on the river due to its unreliability, leaving it unable to open.

It is notable for being the only swing bridge in the United Kingdom to carry an overhead electrified railway track (25 kV 50 Hz). Other examples can be found along the Northeast Corridor in the United States; see for instance Portal Bridge, and the Galata Bridge over the Golden Horn in Istanbul. The power supply to trains is provided by an overhead conductor rail instead of a wire, and there are short lengths of overhead conductor rail either side of the bridge on the fixed approaches. There is a  speed limit over the bridge in both directions as trains are about to arrive at, or have just departed from, Norwich Station.

The bridge is also the home of Trowse Signal Box, which controls most of the Bittern Line from Whitlingham Junction to Sheringham. The line was resignalled in 2000, leading to the closure of a number of mechanical signal boxes with control moving to Trowse. The resignalling saw the end of one of the few remaining sections of single track main line controlled by tokens.

Construction

The current single track rail bridge on the electrified railway line in to Norwich was designed by the British Rail' Eastern Region based in York. The main contractor was May Gurney of Norwich and they were also the civil works contractor. The Butterley Engineering Company were the fabricators, mechanical contractor and electrical contractor.

The bridge was fabricated and fully trial erected, including a slewing motion trial, inside the Butterley Engineering Company's workshops known as "The Bridge Yard" at Butterley Hill, Ripley in Derbyshire during 1986 and was delivered to site and installed during the winter months of November 1986 to January 1987.

The swing bridge section is approximately  long, with an off-centre slewing bearing and an underslung counterweight box. The total slew bridge weight was , including the counterweight. The counterweight was made from almost  of cut up railway track used to precisely balance the structure during the commissioning works. It was necessary for the swing bridge to be balanced about the centre of slew to give equal loading of the 4 main lifting jacks and the span was accurately weighed by 4 x  electronic load cells (certified to ±0.5%) February 1987, during the bridge's final installation and commissioning trials.

There are three fixed approach spans at the Norwich city end and the main swing bridge section. The swing bridge raises some  on 4 main jacks, mounted on to substantial sub-frame in the turning pit. The swing bridge raises to clear the fixed span and land abutment's scarfed rail joints and to also clear the fixed overhead conductor rails, which are gantry mounted to the swing bridge and the approach spans. The bridge "slew" is provided by 2 hydraulic motors driving against the main slewing ring bearing, manufactured by Robello. The swing bridge section is constructed to be a flat span in the open to rail/service position and not cambered, as are many other bridges.

The old twin-track centre-slew bridge remained in service during the installation and trials of the new bridge until the date the live rail was diverted over the new bridge. The closure and removal of the old bridge in end of February 1987, was during the river's closure to navigation for the bridge replacement, provided for under a specific act of UK Parliament.

References

Swing bridges in England
Buildings and structures in Norwich
Bridges completed in 1845
Railway bridges in Norfolk


James Shannon (1799–1859) was an Irish American academic, evangelist and second President of the University of Missouri  He was born in Monaghan County, Ireland and educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution.  Shannon was also a co-founder of Columbia College and the first president of Culver-Stockton College.  He is buried at the Columbia Cemetery in Columbia, Missouri.

Shannon is the author of the 1855 pro-slavery pamphlet An address delivered before the Pro-slavery convention of the state of Missouri, held in Lexington, July 13, 1855, on domestic slavery, as examined in the light of Scripture, of natural rights, of civil government, and the constitutional power of Congress.

See also
History of the University of Missouri

References

Further reading
 Harrell Jr., David E. "James Shannon: Preacher, Educator, and Fire-Eater." Missouri Historical Review 63 (January 1969): 135-170. online

 Lee, George R. "James Shannon's Search for Happiness." Missouri Historical Review 73 (October 1978): 71-84. online

External links
University of Missouri archives biography

1799 births
1859 deaths
Leaders of the University of Missouri
People from Columbia, Missouri
People educated at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution
Columbia College (Missouri) faculty
Burials at Columbia Cemetery (Columbia, Missouri)
Culver–Stockton College faculty
Religion in Columbia, Missouri
American proslavery activists


Poroani is a village in the commune of Chirongui on Mayotte.

Populated places in Mayotte


Tsimkoura () is a village in the commune of Chirongui on Mayotte.

Populated places in Mayotte


James Davidson Gibson (12 June 1901 – 1 January 1978) was a Scottish footballer who played for Kirkintilloch Rob Roy, Ashfield, Partick Thistle and Aston Villa. His career spanned 19 years, from 1917 to 1936.

Career
Gibson played right-half and was regarded as one of the best players in that position at that time. He played almost 200 games for Partick before a transfer to Aston Villa for a then-record fee of £7,500. He made 227 appearances for Aston Villa, during which time they were runners-up in the Football League twice (1930–31 and 1932–33) but were relegated in his final season with the club, 1935–36.

He was capped eight times by Scotland; The highlight of his career was when he partnered Jimmy McMullan (his former Partick Thistle teammate) in the dominant Scottish midfield of the "Wembley Wizards" that defeated England 5–1 in 1928. He also played twice for the Scottish Football League XI.

Personal life
His father Neilly Gibson was also a Scottish international, who too played for  Partick Thistle though mainly for Rangers, while brothers Neil and Willie were also footballers.

References

External links

1901 births
1978 deaths
Scottish men's footballers
Scotland men's international footballers
Footballers from Larkhall
Partick Thistle F.C. players
Aston Villa F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Kirkintilloch Rob Roy F.C. players
Ashfield F.C. players
Scottish Football League representative players
Men's association football wing halves
Scottish Junior Football Association players
Larkhall Thistle F.C. players


Miréréni is a village in the commune of Chirongui on Mayotte, an overseas region of France.

Populated places in Mayotte


Mramadoudou is a village in the commune of Chirongui on Mayotte.

Populated places in Mayotte


Malamani is a village in the commune of Chirongui on Mayotte.

Populated places in Mayotte


The Suha Mică is a right tributary of the river Moldova in Romania. It discharges into the Moldova near Mălini. Its length is  and its basin size is about .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Suceava County


Barakani is a village in the commune of Ouangani on Mayotte.

Populated places in Mayotte


Kahaani (;  ) is a 2012 Indian Hindi-language thriller film co-written, co-produced, and directed by Sujoy Ghosh. It stars Vidya Balan as Vidya Bagchi, a pregnant woman looking for her missing husband in Kolkata during the festival of Durga Puja, assisted by Assist Sub-Inspector Satyoki "Rana" Sinha (Parambrata Chatterjee) and Inspector General A. Khan (Nawazuddin Siddiqui).

Made on a shoestring budget of , Kahaani was conceived and developed by Ghosh, who co-wrote the film with Advaita Kala. The crew often employed guerrilla-filmmaking techniques on Kolkata's city streets to avoid attracting attention. Its creative portrayal of the city and its use of local crew and cast members made it a notable film. Kahaani explores themes of feminism and motherhood in a male-dominated Indian society. The film also makes several allusions to Satyajit Ray's films, such as Charulata (1964), Aranyer Din Ratri (1970), and Joi Baba Felunath (1979). The film's musical score and soundtrack are composed by Clinton Cerejo and Vishal–Shekhar respectively, with cinematography handled by Setu and editing done by Namrata Rao.

Kahaani was released worldwide on 9 March 2012. Critics praised the screenplay, the cinematography and the performances of the lead actors. Following critical acclaim and word-of-mouth publicity, the film earned  worldwide in 50 days. The film won several awards, including three National Film Awards and five Filmfare Awards. The latter included trophies for Best Director (Ghosh) and Best Actress (Vidya). The film was remade by Sekhar Kammula in Telugu as Anaamika (2014) with Nayanthara reprising Vidya's role. A spiritual successor, titled Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh, was released on 2 December 2016.

Plot

A poison-gas attack on a Kolkata Metro Rail compartment kills the passengers on board. Two years later Vidya Bagchi, a pregnant British-Indian software engineer, arrives in Kolkata from London during the Durga Puja festivities in search of her missing husband, Arnab Bagchi. A police officer, Satyaki "Rana" Sinha, offers to help. Although Vidya claims that Arnab went to Kolkata on an assignment for the National Data Center (NDC), initial investigations suggest that no such person was employed by the NDC.

Agnes D'Mello, the NDC's head of human resources, suggests to Vidya that her husband resembled former employee Milan Damji, whose file is probably kept in the old NDC office. Before Agnes can provide any further help she is killed by Bob Biswas, an assassin working undercover as a life insurance agent. Agnes is shot at the entrance of her house before which she is seen enjoying some music. Vidya and Rana break into the NDC office and find Damji's file, barely escaping an encounter with Bob, who is searching for the same information. Meanwhile, the attempts to obtain Damji's records have attracted the attention of two Intelligence Bureau  officials in Delhi—the chief Bhaskaran K. and his deputy Khan. Khan arrives in Kolkata and reveals that Damji was a rogue IB agent responsible for the poison-gas attack. In spite of Khan's warnings, Vidya continues her search, fearing that Arnab's resemblance to Damji may have led him into trouble.

The address on Damji's record leads Vidya and Rana to a dilapidated flat. An errand boy from the neighbourhood tea stall identifies R. Sridhar, an NDC officer, as a frequent visitor to Damji's flat. Bob attempts, but fails, to kill Vidya, and is soon run over by a truck during a chase. Examination of Bob's mobile phone leads Vidya and Rana to an IP address sending instructions to kill her. They break into Sridhar's office to verify his IP address, but he is alerted electronically and returns to his office. Vidya accidentally kills Sridhar during a scuffle, which upsets Khan, who had wanted him alive.

Sridhar's computer data reveals a code, which when deciphered reveals Bhaskaran's phone number. Vidya calls Bhaskaran to tell him that she has retrieved sensitive documents from Sridhar's office. She asks Bhaskaran to help find her husband in exchange for the documents, but Bhaskaran tells her to contact the local police. Vidya soon gets a call from an unknown number, warning her that she should hand over the documents to the caller if she wishes to see her husband alive. Khan thinks the caller is Damji.

Vidya goes to meet Damji, followed by Rana and Khan. Damji cuts the meeting short when Vidya expresses her doubt that he will be able to return her husband in exchange for the sensitive file, and he attempts to leave. Vidya tries to stop him, and in the ensuing struggle Damji draws a gun on her. Vidya disarms him using the prosthetic belly she has been using to fake her pregnancy and promptly stabbing him in the neck with her hair stick before finally killing him with his own gun. She flees into the crowd before the police arrive, leaving a thank you note for Rana and a pen drive containing data from Sridhar's computer, which leads to Bhaskaran's arrest. Rana concludes that neither Vidya nor Arnab Bagchi ever existed, and that Vidya had been using the police and the IB to achieve her own ends.

Vidya is revealed to be the widow of Major Arup Basu, an IB and Army officer and Damji's colleague, who was killed in the poison-gas attack, which also caused Vidya to immediately fall unconscious upon seeing her husband's corpse and suffer a miscarriage. In her mission to avenge his and their unborn child's death, Vidya was helped by the retired IB officer Col Pratap Bajpayee, who suspected the involvement of a top IB official.

Cast
Credits adapted from Bollywood Hungama.

 Vidya Balan as Vidya Bagchi
 Parambrata Chatterjee as Asst Sub-Inspector Satyoki "Rana" Sinha
 Nawazuddin Siddiqui as Deputy Inspector General A. Khan
 Indraneil Sengupta as Milan Damji a.k.a Arnab Bagchi
 Dhritiman Chatterjee as Director of Intelligence Bureau Bhaskaran K.
 Saswata Chatterjee as Bob Biswas
 Darshan Jariwala as Colonel Pratap Bajpayee
 Abir Chatterjee as Major Arup Basu
 Shantilal Mukherjee as R. Shridhar, chief technical officer at the NDC
 Kharaj Mukherjee as Sub-Inspector Chatterjee, a friendly inspector at the Kalighat Police Station.
 Colleen Blanche as Agnes D'Mello
 Nitya Ganguli as Mr. Das, the guest house owner.
 Rwitobroto Mukherjee as Bishnu, a worker at the guest house.
 Pamela Bhuttoria as Sapna, an employee at NDC.
 Kalyan Chatterjee as Paresh Pal, a clay artist and a police informer.
 Masood Akhtar as Rasik Tyagi, systems supervisor at the NDC

Production

Development
Sujoy Ghosh approached novelist and script writer Advaita Kala with the idea for the film. Kala took inspiration from her experience in Kolkata, where she had moved in 1999, akin to the protagonist in the film. She reported that despite facing a language barrier and the chaos and poverty of the metropolis, she was charmed by the warmth of the people, which was reflected in the film. Kala started writing in 2009 and finished the 185-page script by February 2010. Her research included reading the books Open Secrets: India's Intelligence Unveiled by Maloy Krishna Dhar and India's External Intelligence: Secrets of Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) by V. K. Singh.

Ghosh, who co-wrote the story and the screenplay, began to plan the film while awaiting the release of his previous film Aladin (2009), but the dismal response to Aladin was a setback. He had to approach several producers to finance him for Kahaani, but was refused and discouraged from making the film owing to three factors: a pregnant woman as the lead star, a bunch of unknown Bengali actors as the supporting cast and Kolkata as a backdrop. Yashraj Films were willing to produce the film, but wanted Ghosh to sign a three-film deal, which he declined because he did not want that much commitment.

Bengali film actor Prosenjit Chatterjee encouraged Ghosh to shoot in Kolkata. Ghosh finally selected Kolkata for several reasons: the director's acquaintance with the city, its mix of modernity and old-world charm, and budget constraints. Kolkata is a cheaper location than Mumbai or Delhi, where most Bollywood films are shot.

Ghosh admitted in an interview that after his two preceding directorial ventures—Aladin and Home Delivery (2005)—performed poorly at the box office, Kahaani was his last chance to create a niche as a director. He added that the film's plot twist came somewhat accidentally. Having described the skeleton of the story to a friend during its development, the friend called him back a few days later to enquire about his film. The friend had mistakenly imagined sequences which he assumed to be parts of the plot, from which the twist ending was derived.

Casting
According to Jyothika, she was initially offered the role of Vidya Bagchi, but declined; the role eventually went to Vidya Balan.  Unimpressed with the plot outline, Vidya refused, only changing her mind after having read the completed script.

Ghosh chose mostly Bengali actors as he wanted to make the characters as authentic as possible. The role of the Inspector Satyoki "Rana" Sinha was first offered to Chandan Roy Sanyal, but he could not take the part due to other commitments. Parambrata Chatterjee, a Bengali actor whose acting in the film The Bong Connection (2006) had impressed Ghosh at the Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image festival, was later offered the role in Kahaani. Chatterjee had earlier worked with Vidya in her début film Bhalo Theko (2003).

The casting director Roshmi Banerjee suggested Nawazuddin Siddiqui for the role of Khan. Siddiqui, who had only had minor roles in Bollywood up to that time, was surprised that for the first time he would not have to portray a beggar. Saswata Chatterjee, another Bengali actor, was surprised as well when he was offered the role of the contract killer Bob Biswas. He thought there were suitable actors in Hindi film industry for the role. He said that Ghosh had known him since childhood and was impressed with his acting, so he wanted him as Bob Biswas.

Ghosh went against the expectations of casting a popular actor from Bollywood. He signed Bengali actor Abir Chatterjee to play Vidya's husband. According to Ghosh, popular Bollywood actors were not willing to work with him after his two previous flops. He also believed that audience might expect more screen-time from a better-known actor. Several other Bengali film and television actors, such as Indraneil Sengupta and Kharaj Mukherjee, were cast in supporting roles.

Characters
Before the shooting of the film began, Vidya started to use a prosthetic belly to look as close to authentically pregnant as possible. According to news reports, she met doctors and pregnant women to learn about the typical lifestyle and nuances of a pregnant woman, and also made lists of rules and superstitions followed by pregnant women. Vidya said that during her college days she often used to imitate pregnant ladies during stand-up acting among friends, an experience that helped her during the shooting.

While briefing Saswata Chatterjee about his character, the cold-blooded killer Bob Biswas, Ghosh used the phrase "Binito Bob" (meaning polite Bob), which crystallised the notion of Bob's manners. Further discussions led to the inclusion of paunch and a bald patch. Chatterjee devised the mannerism of rubbing his nails together as some Indians believe doing that helps prevent hair loss. The mannerism was well-noted and praised by the viewers. Ghosh was surprised at how Bob Biswas was greeted by fans as a cult figure. He emphasised that the deliberate ordinariness of Bob Biswas was portrayed so convincingly by Chatterjee that the viewers can expect Bob to be around them at any time and any place.

Parambrata Chatterjee said in an interview that he did not identify with the Rana character, owing to the difference between his own urban upbringing and Rana's rural background. Chatterjee visited police stations and did some research "on their work, mindset and other relevant things" to prepare for the role. The character Khan was envisaged as a ruthless, arrogant, expletive-spewing officer who cares nothing about the emotional or social consequences of his behaviour. Siddiqui said that he was surprised on being offered the role, and wondered how he could portray the arrogance needed for the character. Ghosh built Khan as a character with lean physical build but full of mental strength, loyalty and patriotism. Khan smokes a relatively cheap brand of cigarette (Gold Flake) despite his high official post; Siddiqui had smoked that brand of cigarette throughout his struggling days in Bollywood and thereafter.

Filming

Filming took place on the streets of Kolkata, where Ghosh often employed the art of guerrilla filmmaking (shooting in real locations without any previous knowledge given to onlookers) to avoid unwanted attention. The cinematographer Setu, who had assisted others in the past to shoot documentaries in Kolkata, said that unlike majority of Indian films, Kahaani was shot mostly without artificial light. The film was shot in 64 days, during which the Durga Puja festival of 2010 took place. Shooting locations in Kolkata included Kalighat Metro station, Nonapukur tram depot, Kumartuli, Howrah Bridge, Victoria Memorial, old houses of North Kolkata and others. The climax, which takes place on the night of Vijayadashami (the last day of Durga Puja), was shot on the night of Vijayadashami in the premises of a Barowari (publicly organised) Durga Puja celebration in the Ballygunge neighbourhood of Kolkata. Most of the crowd in the climax were not actors. Some actors mingled with the crowd engaged in Sindoor khela—their job was to appreciate the camera angles and accordingly apply sindoor (vermilion) on Vidya's face so that accidental exposure of her eyes to sindoor could be avoided.

Ghosh chose the guest house in which the protagonist stays after noticing it during his visit to a neighbouring hotel in April 2010. He booked it for 10 days for , and requested the guest-house employees to keep the shooting schedule a secret. Choosing a room with windows overlooking a busy road, he proceeded to give it an old-fashioned look by replacing the windows' designer grilles with old-fashioned wooden ones, and by painting the room with some rough patches.

Themes and influences
After Ishqiya (2010), No One Killed Jessica (2011) and The Dirty Picture (2011), Kahaani was Vidya's fourth woman-centric film to win widespread praise for her unconventional approach to portraying strong female roles. According to Zee News, Kahaani is a woman's film about "role reversals, breaking of stereotypes, turning clichés inside out, a woman's journey, and the way she carves a niche for herself in the male-dominated mentalscape of the society." Trisha Gupta of The Indian Express also finds feminist themes in the film. For Ghosh, one aspect of his project "is a study of motherhood"; the instinct of a mother to protect her baby inspired him to develop the story.

A recurring theme is the fleeting hint of romance between Rana and Vidya. Ghosh said that this delicate romance was "the most progressive thing" in the film—a suggestion that a man could fall in love with a pregnant woman. The director explained that the boy was initially "fascinated by someone who is literally a hero in his eyes", as Rana was awed by the computer skills of Vidya. Gradually, the fascinated boy moves into a zone where he tries to protect her.

Some reviewers note that a major protagonist is Kolkata itself, which is "brimming with warm, sympathetic inhabitants". A review in Rediff.com notes that the director pays a "fond yet understated tribute" to the city by incorporating imagery such as "yellow taxis, leisurely trams, congested traffic, claustrophobic metros, dilapidated brick houses, tapering alleys, rajnigandhas, lal paad saris, piping hot luchis". According to the reviewer, Kahaani did not depend on the tropes of Kolkata culture typically used in Bollywood film—"O-emphasizing accent, dramatic play of conch shells, rasgulla/mishti doi excesses." The director acknowledges that Kolkata "becomes a central character" of the film. Gautaman Bhaskaran, writing for Gulf Times, notes that Kolkata imagery was polished up in the film; noted Bengali director Srijit Mukherji argues that the portrayal of the city in Kahaani was akin to a "Lonely Planet exotica" on the city. Uddalak Mukherjee of The Telegraph explains that Kolkata in Kahaani was cosmetic and lacked a deep menacing presence. Mukherjee argues the depiction of the city never matches the level of Satyajit Ray's Calcutta trilogy, where "aided by bloodshed, greed and decadence, ...Calcutta ..., even though a place of dreams, desires and hope, slides irreversibly into chaos, anxiety and a moral crisis, taking its residents with it".

Durga Puja, the autumnal festival to worship goddess Durga, plays a prominent role in the story. The allegorical yearly return of goddess Durga to slay the demon Mahishasura is alluded to at the end of the film. According to Uddalak Mukherjee of The Telegraph, "Durga Puja, with its paraphernalia of idols, immersion processions, pandals, even an entire crowd of women draped in white saris with red borders, is central to the film's ... visual aesthetic." A review in Rediff.com praised the depiction of the festivities in Kolkata, a city well known for its celebration of Durga Puja.

Ghosh acknowledges the allusions to Ray's films. In one scene, Vidya asks the manager of the guest house why there is no hot water although the signboard had claimed "running hot water". The manager explains that the sign refers for his errand boy, who runs to deliver hot water in a kettle whenever required. This alludes to a similar scene in Ray's Joi Baba Felunath (1979). In an interview with The Telegraph, Ghosh says that the way Vidya looks out and moves from window to window in the guest-house room is reminiscent of Ray's Charulata (1964), where the actress Madhabi Mukherjee enjoys glimpses of the outside world through the blinds of windows. He also acknowledges the influence of Mahanagar (1963), another Ray film noted for its portrayal of Kolkata. According to the director, he was inspired by particular scenes of Ray's Nayak (1966) to plan the portrayal of complex emotional issues between Vidya and the police officer Rana, especially Rana's awe in the presence of Vidya. Ghosh expresses his inspiration from Ray's Aranyer Dinratri (1970) in which Ray "wanted the audience to be inside the car with the four guys all the time. So the camera never leaves the car." Ghosh shot a similar scene, hoping the audience would become "like Vidya's fellow passenger."

Besides Ray's films, Ghosh also admits inspiration from what he calls "visually striking" films of the 1970s and 1980s, such as Deewaar (1975). Critics have compared the fake-pregnancy twist of Kahaani with the 2004 American psychological thriller Taking Lives. The sequences towards the end that explain the missing pieces of the mystery were compared with The Usual Suspects (1995). Ghosh writes that the film was heavily influenced by the colour scheme of the Pratima Visarjan, a c.1915 watercolour by the Bengal School artist Gaganendranath Tagore.

Soundtrack

The film score is composed by Clinton Cerejo, whereas the soundtrack album is composed by Vishal–Shekhar, and the lyrics for the film's six songs were written by Vishal Dadlani, Anvita Dutt and Sandeep Srivastava. Several of R. D. Burman's Hindi and Bengali compositions were used in the background. The album was released on 13 February 2012, subsequently on the digital music platform Apple iTunes India since its inception from mid-2012.

The soundtrack received positive reviews, and was praised for its amalgamation of Bengali and Hindi lyrics. A review in CNN-IBN states that the song "Ami Shotti Bolchi" is able to partially convey the feel of Kolkata, and that the soundtrack "features right voices with the overall mood of the album". Mumbai Mirror rated the album with 3 stars out of 5. Reviewing the soundtrack for The Times of India, Anand Vaishnav commented that "Kahaani, as an album, stays honest to the theme of the film".

Marketing and release
Kahaanis first-look poster was launched on 2 December 2011, and the official trailer on 5 January 2012. The poster, portraying a pregnant Vidya Balan and lacking any romantic element, was well received. Critics' expectations were low, owing to the director's previous box-office failures. Vidya appeared in public with a prosthetic belly to promote the film, and mingled with the public in railway stations, bus stands and markets. She often carried a sketch of her on-screen missing husband, and asked people to help in finding him. Social-networking website Ibibo.com developed an online game, The Great Indian Parking Wars, which required players to park Vidya's taxi on a street; it was well-received, reaching 50,000 hits in 10 days.

On 5 March 2012, prior to release, Kolkata Metro authorities objected to a scene in which Vidya is pushed by a man onto the tracks as a train arrives. They requested that the scene be removed, as it would remind people of the past suicides, which had tarnished the railway's image. The filmmakers screened the scene for the authorities and explained that nothing in the film would affect the image of the Metro or prompt people to commit suicide. Convinced, the officials withdrew their objections, and the scene was retained, although it was removed from trailers.

Kahaani was released on 9 March 2012, a day after International Women's Day. It played on 1100 screens worldwide. CNN-IBN reported that although Kahaani was ready before The Dirty Picture, distributors deferred its release, fearing that Vidya's role of a sexy siren (in The Dirty Picture) after that of a pregnant woman might not be received well. STAR TV bought the exclusive right to broadcast the film for a price of ,<ref name="TV Rights @ Youtube">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pcmM4TCnEX4 |title=Kahaani'''s tv rights sold for 8 crore |date=March 2012 |type=Television production |publisher=ZingTV |time=0:52 |access-date=6 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714034106/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pcmM4TCnEX4 |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> which was the highest-ever price paid for a female-centric film in India. The Indian television premiere of the film was on Star India's channel Movies OK on 3 June 2012. The DVD of the film was released on 17 May 2012 across all regions in a one-disc pack in NTSC format. Distributed by Shemaroo Entertainment, it contained additional content, such as behind-the-scene footage, video of celebration parties after its theatrical release, and music videos of the songs of the film. The VCD and Blu-ray versions were released at the same time. The film is also available on Netflix.

 Reception

 Critical response Kahaani received critical acclaim. According to review aggregator Review Gang the film received a rating of 7.5 out of 10, based on the reviews by professional critics. Good word of mouth publicity played a part in its popularity besides the positive reviews. The Telegraph called the film "a mind-juggling medley of manipulation masquerading as a 'mother of a story'". Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, and praised Vidya's acting. The Times of India commented "Once again, a 'pregnant' Vidya, ironically displays more 'male ornaments' ... than most heroes." The reviews in Rediff, Indo Asian News Service, CNN-IBN, Zee News, Hindustan Times, and The Hindu were unanimously positive, and noted script, direction, cinematography, and acting as strong points of the film. Noted film actress and multiple National Award winner Shabana Azmi lauded Vidya for her performance,"As an actor, I could see she [Vidya] was making all the right moves throughout the film. There was not a single artificial note in her performance." Russell Edwards, the reviewer for Variety, praised the cast, cinematography, and direction, and commented that despite occasional glitches, the "adroit thriller ... maintains momentum and credibility."

Many reviewers criticised the film's climax and certain features, feeling that they deviated from its general style. Rituparna Chatterjee of CNN-IBN noted that the climax of the film was a "huge dampener" and explained, "The diabolic twist at that juncture got underplayed ... What follows is a sobfest ... the apologetic explanation of why she does what she does. Justifying her action comes across more as an effort to appease the Indian morality". The Outlook review noted, "At times, Kahaani is too clever, at others extremely pedestrian like in the depiction of computer hacking and IB operations, not to speak of the ludicrous terrorist angle and the all-too predictable Durga Puja setting for that mythology tie-in." It adds that the "spoon-feeding" of reasons at the end dampens the intrigue factor. The review in Yahoo! India comments that the Durga metaphor at the end was enforced, and that the film over-indulged in Bengali stereotypes. Gautaman Bhaskaran, in his review in Gulf Times, noted that the sometimes-handheld photography was "as irksome as the plot with a sleuth too many and cops galore."

 Box office
Though Kahaani received critical acclaim, it was a slow starter at the box office, opening to a poor response on the first day, but gradually picking afterwards. According to The Telegraph, the film earned almost  from the state of West Bengal within the first three days of its release. At multiplexes in Kolkata, occupancy increased from 47% on Friday 9 March, the day of release, to 77% on 10 March and to around 97% on 11 March. Box Office India, a website on Indian film trade, reported that the film collected nearly  in its first week, well beyond its production cost of . It grossed  in second week to make a two-week total of around  in India; this led Box Office India to declare the film a "Super Hit". The film was successful in the international box office as well, garnering  within 10 days of its release in seven markets—UK, US, UAE, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Pakistan, according to Bollywood Hungama, a film-related website. By the third week, according to CNN-IBN, it had grossed , including India and overseas market. Hindustan Times reported that Kahaani made a worldwide gross of  within 50 days of its release.

 Accolades Kahaani was nominated for, and won, many awards. The 58th Filmfare Awards nominated the film for six of their categories, where it won five, including Best Actress for Vidya and Best Director for Ghosh. Kahaani received thirteen nominations at the 19th Colors Screen Awards, and won five, including Best Actress and Best Story. At the 14th Zee Cine Awards, Kahaani won five awards, including Best Film (Critics) and Best Actress (Critics), out of fifteen nominations. At the 2013 Stardust Awards ceremony, Kahaani was announced Hottest Film of the Year while Vidya received for the Best Actress in a Thriller or Action. Kahaani  was awarded the Most Entertaining Film of the Year at the 3rd ceremony of the BIG Star Entertainment Awards. At the 60th National Film Awards, Ghosh won Best Screenplay (Original), Namrata Rao won Best Editing, and Nawazuddin Siddiqui won a Special Jury award.

 Remakes
Two remakes of Kahaani were released in 2014: a Telugu remake titled Anaamika, and its Tamil version Nee Enge En Anbe, both directed by Sekhar Kammula and featuring Nayantara as the lead character. An English-language remake, entitled Deity, will be directed by the Danish director Niels Arden Oplev and produced by Yashraj Films, with production scheduled to begin in 2015.

 Impact
Following Kahaanis success, Kolkata became a preferred destination for Bollywood filmmakers. They felt the landscapes of Mumbai and Delhi were overused for several decades, while Kolkata retained its unique visuals such as metro trains, rickety trams, hand-pulled rickshaws, dingy bylanes, palatial mansions, dilapidated houses of North Kolkata, roadside eateries, ghats of river Ganga, British-era buildings, restaurants and iconic structures and areas including Howrah Bridge, Kalighat Temple, Nakhoda Mosque, Kumortuli idol-making district and Victoria Memorial.

Monalisa Guest House, the lodge which hosted Vidya Bagchi in the film, became a local attraction. Several hundreds have visited it since the film's release, to the extent that the owners planned to increase tariffs and renovate the rooms around a Kahaani theme.

The potbellied contract killer Bob Biswas became an Internet phenomenon, the subject of several jokes and pieces of pop art, which circulated through Facebook and Twitter. "Nomoshkar, Aami Bob Biswas... Ek minute?" ("Hello, I am Bob Biswas... do you have a minute?")—the monologue he repeatedly uses just before murdering his victims—was used in different memes. A graphic novel and a television show based on Bob Biswas were being planned, ,

 Future
 Kahaani 2: Durga Rani Singh

In March 2012, Sujoy Ghosh announced that he intended to develop Kahaani into a series. He was inspired by Satyajit Ray's Feluda detective series and wanted to continue the stories of Vidya Bagchi on similar lines, with Vidya Balan reprising the role. The shooting of Kahaani 2 was scheduled to begin in 2013, but in July 2013 differences arose between Sujoy Ghosh and other co-producers. In February 2014, Vidya announced that the sequel was not happening due to these differences, but two years later, Ghosh confirmed that the film was in pre-production with Vidya set to reprise her role. The sequel, entitled Kahaani 2, began filming in March 2016 with Vidya and Arjun Rampal in lead roles, and was released on 2 December 2016. The producers indicated plans to release a second sequel.

 Bob Biswas Bob Biswas, a spin-off to Kahaani, is a 2021 Indian Hindi-language crime thriller film produced by Red Chillies Entertainment. The film, starring Abhishek Bachchan as Bob Biswas and Chitrangada Singh as his wife, premiered on 3 December 2021 on ZEE5. This film is the directorial debut of Diya Annapurna Ghosh, daughter of Sujoy Ghosh who directed Kahaani''.

Kahaani 3: Laila Kumar

Notes

References

External links

2012 films
2010s thriller films
Indian feminist films
Films about women in India
Films set in Kolkata
Indian mystery thriller films
Indian detective films
2010s Hindi-language films
Films shot in Kolkata
Indian pregnancy films
Indian films about revenge
Hindi films remade in other languages
Films about missing people
Films scored by Vishal–Shekhar
Intelligence Bureau (India) in fiction
Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing National Award
Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay National Film Award
Viacom18 Studios films
Films directed by Sujoy Ghosh
2010s feminist films
Durga Puja in popular culture
Indian film series


M'tsamoudou is a village in the commune of Bandrele on Mayotte. It is located on the south east coast, north east of the village of Dapani. It has a notable beach. The village covers an area of 3.646 hectares.

References

Populated places in Mayotte