The Peru women's national volleyball team was one of the dominant forces in women's volleyball in the 1980s, culminating in the silver medal won at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea.
The team's nickname is Las Hijas del Sol (Sun's daughters)

Current squad
As of June 2023

 Coach:  Francisco Hervás
 Assistant coach:  Walter Lung
 Girls Youth Categories Coach:  José Castillo
 Women Junior Categories Coach:  Martín Escudero

Results

Summer Olympics

 Champions   Runners-up   Third place   Fourth place

World Championship

 Champions   Runners up   Third place   Fourth place

World Cup

 Champions   Runners up   Third place   Fourth place

World Grand Prix
 Champions   Runners up   Third place   Fourth place

Pan American Games

 Champions   Runners up   Third place   Fourth place

Pan American Cup

 Champions   Runners-up   Third place   Fourth place

South American Championship
 Champions   Runners up   Third place   Fourth place

Squads

Olympic Games
 Mexico 1968 — 4th place
 Olga Asato, Irma Cordero, Luisa Fuentes, Esperanza Jiménez, Teresa Nuñez, Ana María Ramírez, Aida Reyna, Alicia Sánchez, and Norma Velarde.
 Montreal 1976 — 7th place
 Gaby Cárdeñas, Ana Cecilia Carrillo, Luisa Cervera, Irma Cordero, Delia Córdova, María del Risco, Luisa Fuentes, Mercedes González, Luisa Merea, Teresa Núñez, María Ostolaza, and Silvia Quevedo.
 Moscow 1980 — 6th place
 Gaby Cárdeñas, Ana Cecilia Carrillo, Raquel Chumpitaz, María del Risco, Denisse Fajardo, Rosa García, Aurora Heredia, Silvia León, Natalia Malaga, Carmen Pimentel, Cecilia Tait and Gina Torrealva
 Los Angeles 1984 — 4th place
 Luisa Cervera, Ana Chaparro, María del Risco, Denisse Fajardo, Miriam Gallardo, Rosa García, Sonia Heredia, Natalia Málaga, Gabriela Pérez del Solar, Carmen Pimentel, Cecilia Tait, and Gina Torrealva.
 Seoul 1988 —  Silver Medal
 Luisa Cervera, Alejandra de la Guerra, Denisse Fajardo, Miriam Gallardo, Rosa García, Sonia Heredia, Katherine Horny, Natalia Málaga, Gabriela Pérez del Solar, Cecilia Tait, Gina Torrealva, and Cenaida Uribe.
 Atlanta 1996 — 11th place
 Luren Baylon, Milagros Cámere, Leyla Chihuán, Verónica Contreras, Yolanda Delgado, Iris Falcón, Sara Joya, Sandra Rodriguez, Milagros Moy, Paola Ramos, Marjorie Vilchez, and Yulissa Zamudio. Head coach: Park Jong-Dug.
 Sydney 2000 — 11th place
 Fiorella Aita, Milagros Cámere, Leyla Chihuán, Iris Falcón, Rosa García, Elena Keldibekova, Natalia Málaga, Milagros Moy, Patricia Soto, Jessenia Uceda, Janet Vasconzuelos, and Yulissa Zamudio. Head coach: Park Man-bok.

World Championships
 Brazil 1960 — 7th place
 Unknown
 Japan 1967 — 4th place
 Unknown
 Bulgaria 1970 — 15th place
 Unknown
 Mexico 1974 — 8th place
 Unknown
 URSS 1978 — 10th place
 Unknown
 Peru 1982 —  Silver Medal
 Gaby Cárdeñas, Ana Cecilia Carrillo, Raquel Chumpitaz, María del Risco, Denisse Fajardo, Rosa García, Aurora Heredia, Silvia León, Natalia Málaga, Carmen Pimentel, Cecilia Tait, and Gina Torrealva.
 Czechoslovakia 1986 —  Bronze Medal
 Sonia Ayaucán, Cenaida Uribe, Rosa Garcia, Miriam Gallardo, Gabriela Perez del Solar, Sonia Heredia, Cecilia Tait, Luisa Cervera, Denisse Fajardo, Ana Arostegui, Gina Torrealva, and Natalia Malaga.
 China 1990 — 6th place
 Sonia Ayaucán, Cenaida Uribe, Rosa Garcia, Miriam Gallardo, Gabriela Perez del Solar, Jessica Tejada, Milagros Cámere, Yolanda Delgado, Sammy Duarte, Paola Paz Soldan, Janet Vasconzuelos, and Natalia Malaga.
 Brazil 1994 — 13th place
 Luren Baylon, Verónica Contreras, Milagros Cámere, Iris Falcón, Miriam Gallardo, Rosa García, Sara Joya, Milagros Moy, Natalia Málaga, Sandra Rodriguez, Janet Vasconzuelos and Yulissa Zamudio
 Japan 1998 — 10th place
 Fiorella Aita, Luren Baylon, Milagros Cámere, Yvon Cancino, Elizabeth Castillo, Sahara Castillo, Leyla Chihuán, Iris Falcón, Roxana Huamán, Jessica Tejada, Patricia Soto and Yulissa Zamudio.
 Japan 2006 — 17th place
 Luren Baylon, Leyla Chihuán, Verónica Contreras, Sara Joya, Elena Keldibekova, Milagros Moy, Vanessa Palacios, Natalia Romanova, Patricia Soto, Carla Tristán, Mirtha Uribe and Yulissa Zamudio.
 Japan 2010 — 15th place
 Angélica Aquino, Leyla Chihuán, Paola García, Elena Keldibekova, Zoila La Rosa, Karla Ortiz, Vanessa Palacios, Carla Rueda, Patricia Soto, Jessenia Uceda, Mirtha Uribe and Yulissa Zamudio. Head coach: Cheol-Yeong Kim.

World Grand Prix

 Shanghai 1994 — 11th place
 Unknown
 Macau 2011 — 16th place
 Angélica Aquino, Luren Baylon, Elena Keldibekova, Alexandra Muñoz, Karla Ortiz, Vanessa Palacios, Carla Rueda, Jessenia Uceda, Daniela Uribe, Mirtha Uribe, Clarivett Yllescas and Yulissa Zamudio. Head coach: Luca Cristofani.

Pan-American Cups
 Puerto Rico 2006 — 6th place
  Luren Baylón, Leyla Chihuán, Verónica Contreras, Teresa de la Borda, Gisella Duarte, Sara Joya, Elena Keldibekova, Vanessa Palacios, Natalia Romanova, Patricia Soto, Mirtha Uribe and Yulissa Zamudio. Head coach: Carlos Aparicio.
 Mexico 2007 — 7th place
 Luren Baylón, Leyla Chihuán, Verónica Contreras, Sara Joya, Elena Keldibekova, Vanessa Palacios, Pietra Schiappa, Patricia Soto, Carla Tristán, Jessenia Uceda, Mirtha Uribe and Yulissa Zamudio. Head coach: Enio de Figueiredo.
 Mexico 2008 — 7th place
Yvon Cancino, Veronica Contreras, Kely Culquimboz, Sara Joya, Vanessa Palacios, Carla Rueda, Erika Salazar, Patricia Soto, Carla Tristán, Jessenia Uceda, Mirtha Uribe and Yulissa Zamudio. Head coach: José dos Santos.
 USA 2009 — 5th place
 Angélica Aquino, Leyla Chihuán, Paola García, Elena Keldibekova, Zoila La Rosa, Karla Ortiz, Vanessa Palacios, Carla Rueda, Patricia Soto, Jessenia Uceda, Mirtha Uribe and Yulissa Zamudio. Head coach: Cheol Yong Kim.
 Mexico 2010 —  Silver Medal
 Angélica Aquino, Leyla Chihuán, Paola García, Elena Keldibekova, Zoila La Rosa, Karla Ortiz, Vanessa Palacios, Carla Rueda, Patricia Soto, Jessenia Uceda, Mirtha Uribe and Yulissa Zamudio. Head coach: Cheol Yong Kim.
 Mexico 2011 — 8th place
 Angélica Aquino, Luren Baylon, Paola García, Elena Keldibekova, Zoila La Rosa, Karla Ortiz, Vanessa Palacios, Carla Rueda, Patricia Soto, Mirtha Uribe and Yulissa Zamudio. Head coach: Luca Cristofani.
 Mexico 2012 — 7th Place
 Angélica Aquino, Raffaella Camet, Elena Keldibekova, Ángela Leyva, Ginna Lopez, Alexandra Muñoz, Karla Ortiz, Vanessa Palacios, Carla Rueda, Daniela Uribe, Mirtha Uribe and Clarivett Yllescas. Head coach: Edwin Jimenez.
 Peru 2013 — 8th Place
 María de Fátima Acosta, Angélica Aquino, Raffaella Camet, Grecia Herrada, Alexandra Muñoz, Zoila La Rosa, Karla Ortiz, Patricia Soto, Janice Torres, Mirtha Uribe, Clarivett Yllescas and Yulissa Zamudio. Head coach: Sung-Jin Hong.

South American Championships
 Porto Alegre 2009 —  Bronze Medal
 Angélica Aquino, Raffaella Camet, Leyla Chihuan, Paola García, Elena Keldibekova, Zoila La Rosa, Karla Ortiz, Vanessa Palacios, Carla Rueda, Patricia Soto, Jessenia Uceda and Clarivett Yllescas. Head coach: Cheol-Yeong Kim.
 Lima 2011 —  Bronze Medal
 Angélica Aquino, Luren Baylon, Elena Keldibekova, Alexandra Muñoz, Karla Ortiz, Vanessa Palacios, Carla Rueda, Patricia Soto, Jessenia Uceda, Mirtha Uribe, Clarivett Yllescas and Yulissa Zamudio. Head coach: Luca Cristofani.
 Ica 2013 —  Bronze Medal
 María de Fátima Acosta, Angélica Aquino, Raffaella Camet, Grecia Herrada, Zoila La Rosa, Alexandra Muñoz, Karla Ortiz, Vanessa Palacios, Mirtha Uribe, Clarivett Yllescas and Yulissa Zamudio. Head coach: Luca Cristofani.
 Cartagena 2015 —  Silver Medal
 Susan Egoavil, Angela Leyva, Katherine Regalado, Mabel Olemar, Maricarmen Guerrero, Alexandra Muñoz, Coraima Gomez, Esmeralda Sanchez, Mirtha Uribe, Clarivett Yllescas, Nair Canessa and Diana De la Peña. Head coach: Mauro Marasciulo.

See also
Peru women's national under-23 volleyball team
Peru women's national under-20 volleyball team
Peru women's national under-18 volleyball team

Liga Nacional Superior de Voleibol
Volleyball Copa Latina

Videos
 CUBA Vs PERÚ COPA PANAMERICANA 2015 Partido Completo. Youtube.com video

References
Washington Post Article
Sports123
Squads

National women's volleyball teams
Women's volleyball in Peru
Volleyball


Sprot or Sprott or Sprotte may refer to:

Sprot (surname)
Sprott, Alabama, an unincorporated community in Perry County, Alabama
Sprotte, a river in Germany

See also
Sprott School of Business
Sprott-Shaw College
Spratt (disambiguation)
Sport (disambiguation)


Rukmini Sukarno Kline (born 26 August 1942) is an Indonesian-born Italian opera singer and daughter of President Sukarno of Indonesia.

Life and career
Sukarno was born on 26 August 1942 in Pangkalpinang, Bangka Belitung, to Sukarno and Nina Sukarno. She was of Java and German descent. Her mother gave her to a chinese family and she was later given the name Nyuk Lan.

An opera singer, she lived in Rome in the 1960s. In 1967, she met and married the American film actor Franklin Latimore Kline. Their son, Chris Kline, is a journalist who was born in 1964. Her husband once arranged a concert for her at Carnegie Hall, and dubbed it Fiesta Mundo (world party).  Rukmini, who is claimed to speak eight languages fluently, sang songs from the various countries around the globe.

By the late 1970s, she was the sole owner of Frankenburg Import-Export Ltd., a Kansas corporation registered in Mexico as a middleman-supplier of steel products to that country. In December 1978, Petroleos Mexicanos, "Pemex", Mexico's national oil company, accepted her bid to supply some 93,000 meters of steel oil field pipe, and in March 1979 forwarded Frankenburg-Kansas a purchase order requesting various types and quantities of pipe for which Pemex was willing to pay approximately $5.2 million.

In March 1986, she was convicted by a state court in Houston, Texas, of failing her fiduciary duties in brokering a deal between Pemex, Mexico's national oil company, and the Nissho-Iwai American Corporation. She was sentenced to 14 years in prison and fined $10,000 for misappropriating $5.5 million.

She was not in court to hear the outcome of the trial. A few days later, she surrendered to the authorities, turning herself in before a state district judge in Houston, Texas and saying she fled after the conviction because she panicked and became sick.

She is listed as a contributor to the presidential campaign of George H. W. Bush in 1987.

In July 1988, her appeal against the result of her suit against the Nissho-Iwai American Corporation was denied by the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.

References

1942 births
Living people
American people of Indonesian descent
Sukarno family


Sprot (or Sprott or Sprotte) is a family name. Notable people with the name include:
 Adrian Sprott, Scottish footballer
 Sir Alexander Sprot, 1st Baronet
 Sprot Baronets
 Bert Sprotte, German actor
Cecilia Sprot, British viscountess
 Charles B. Sprott, Canadian former professional wrestler, known as Ricky Hunter
 Clint Sprott, professor of physics
 George Sprott, graphic novel
 George Washington Sprott, Scottish liturgical scholar
 Hemel Sprot, imaginary animal
 Michael Sprott, boxer
 Thomas Sprott, monk and chronicler
 Thomas Sprott or Thomas Spratt, martyr
 Thomas Sprott, bishop
 William S. Pollitzer, anatomist
 Eric Sprott, Canadian billionaire, Sprott School of Business

See also
Sprot (disambiguation)
Spratt (surname)

fr:Sprot


The GE Three are three nuclear engineers who "blew the whistle" on safety problems at nuclear power plants in the United States in 1976.  The three nuclear engineers gained the attention of journalists and the anti-nuclear movement. The GE Three returned to prominence in 2011 during the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.

The "GE Three"

On February 2, 1976, Gregory C. Minor, Richard B. Hubbard, and Dale G. Bridenbaugh "blew the whistle" on safety problems at nuclear power plants. The three engineers gained the attention of journalists, and their disclosures about the threats of nuclear power had a significant impact. They timed their statements to coincide with their resignations from responsible positions in General Electric's nuclear energy division, and later established themselves as consultants on the nuclear power industry for state governments, federal agencies, and overseas governments. The consulting firm they formed, MHB Technical Associates, was technical advisor for the movie "The China Syndrome." The three engineers participated in Congressional hearings which their disclosures precipitated.

Japan
Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami that devastated northern Japan, a series of explosions and a containment failure at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant resulted in media coverage of the GE Three. Bridenbaugh described design flaws of General Electric's Mark 1 reactors, which account for five of the six reactors at the Fukushima 1 power plant. Bridenbaugh claimed that the design "did not take into account the dynamic loads that could be experienced with a loss of coolant" and that, despite efforts to retrofit the reactors, "the Mark 1 is still a little more susceptible to an accident that would result in a loss of containment."

See also
Nuclear accidents in the United States
Nuclear safety in the United States
Anti-nuclear movement in the United States
George Galatis
List of nuclear whistleblowers
David A. Schlissel

References

External links
Watching the Watchdogs
A Nuclear Plant Gets New Equipment and a New Attitude
Nuclear Whistleblowers FAQ

American whistleblowers
People associated with nuclear power
Nuclear safety in the United States


St. Lunaire Bay is a natural bay off the island of Newfoundland in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.

References

Bays of Newfoundland and Labrador


Parliament House in Darwin has been the seat of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly since 1994. Parliament House is located on State Square in the centre of Darwin, which is also the administrative centre of the Northern Territory law and government. It features Postmodern features and was designed by Architect Tim Rogers, of Meldrum Burrows and Partners Pty Ltd. The Northern Territory Library is housed in Parliament House.  Construction of Parliament House began in 1990, and the building was completed in 1994, and officially opened by the Governor-General of Australia, Bill Hayden on 18 August 1994. Before Parliament House the former Northern Territory Legislative Council established in 1948 was housed in various temporary buildings around Darwin. After 1974, the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly continued to operate on the same basis, and settled in buildings on the current location until 1990 when they were demolished to allow commencement of the construction of Parliament House. From 1990 to the end of 1994, the Assembly temporarily met in the Chan Building. It is Australia's newest parliament building.

Two workers were killed during the construction of Parliament House when a crane collapsed in March 1991.

References

External links

 Parliament House History
 Northern Territory Legislative Assembly website

Legislative buildings in Australia
Buildings and structures in Darwin, Northern Territory
Tourist attractions in Darwin, Northern Territory
Parliament of the Northern Territory
1994 establishments in Australia
Government buildings completed in 1994


The Kuperjanov Infantry Battalion () is a battalion of the Estonian Land Forces. It is a part of the 2nd Infantry Brigade. Battalion headquarters is at Taara Army Base, Võru.

History

Estonian War of Independence

Julius Kuperjanov was a school teacher who was commissioned into the Imperial Russian Army during World War I and served as a commander of partisan and reconnaissance units. In 1918, he joined the Estonian Army at the beginning of the Estonian War of Independence. On 23 December 1918, Kuperjanov received permission from Colonel Ernst Limberg, commander of the 2nd Division, to form a special purpose partisan unit.

Kuperjanov's unit initially consisted of 37 volunteers and was based at Puurmani manor. New volunteers continued to arrive and the unit soon grew to 600 troops, becoming Tartumaa Partisan Battalion. On 13–14 January 1919, the battalion took part in liberating Tartu from the Red Army. After taking back Tartu, the battalion began moving south towards Valga. On 30 January 1919, the battalion reached Paju manor, where they met strong resistance from the Red Army. Tartumaa Partisan Battalion won the ensuing Battle of Paju, but Kuperjanov was badly wounded during the battle and died shortly after on 2 February 1919. Following his death, the battalion was renamed Kuperjanov Partisan Battalion in his honour.

Having liberated Southern Estonia from the Soviets, the battalion moved south into Latvia against the Baltische Landeswehr. On 25 May 1919, the battalion successfully stopped the German advance at Rauna, and took part in defeating the German forces in the Battle of Cēsis. On 30 September 1919, Kuperjanov Partisan Battalion took part in the unsuccessful attack against the Krasnaya Gorka fort. In November 1919, the unit became Kuperjanov Partisan Regiment.

1992–present

The unit was restored Kuperjanov Single Infantry Battalion on 18 March 1992. Based at the Taara Army Base in Võru, it was the largest and the most capable battalion in the Estonian Land Forces, known for its strict rules and esprit de corps. In 2004, the Ministry of Defence transformed the battalion into an infantry training unit. On 1 January 2009, the battalion was renamed Kuperjanov Infantry Battalion. It currently forms the core of the 2nd Infantry Brigade which is the principle force being raised in what used to be called the Southern Defence District.

Current structure
Kuperjanov Infantry Battalion:

 Battalion Headquarters
 A - Infantry Company
 B - Infantry Company
 C - Infantry Company
 Mortar Battery
 Combat Service Support Company
 Staff Company

See also
2nd Infantry Brigade

References

External links
Official website

Battalions of Estonia
Military units and formations established in 1918
Military units and formations disestablished in 1940
Military units and formations established in 1992
1918 establishments in Estonia


The Argentina women's national volleyball team represents Argentina in international women's volleyball and is controlled by the Argentine Volleyball Federation (Federación del Voleibol Argentino in Spanish, and abbreviated "FeVA").

It participates in the Summer Olympics, the world championships, and other international tournaments.

Results

Olympic Games
 2016 — 9th place
 2020 — 11th place

World Championship
 1960 — 8th place
 1982 — 18th place
 1990 — 15th place
 2002 — 17th place
 2014 — 17th place
 2018 — 19th place
 2022 — 16th place
 2025 — Qualified

FIVB World Cup
 1973 — 8th place
 1999 — 11th place
 2003 — 11th place
 2011 — 10th place
 2015 — 8th place
 2019 — 10th place

FIVB World Grand Prix
 2011 — 14th place
 2012 — 15th place
 2013 — 16th place
 2014 — 17th place
 2015 — 19th place
 2016 — 17th place
 2017 — 22nd place

FIVB Nations League
 2018 — 16th place

FIVB Challenger Cup
 2019 — 3rd place  Bronze Medal

Pan American Games
 1983 — 6th place
 1991 — 6th place
 1995 — 4th place
 2015 — 6th place
 2019 — 3rd place  Bronze Medal

Pan-American Cup
2002 — 5th place
2004 — 8th place
2005 — 9th place
2006 — 10th place
2007 — 6th place
2008 — 3rd place  Bronze Medal
2009 — 6th place
2010 — 5th place
2011 — 6th place
2012 — 5th place
2013 — 3rd place  Bronze Medal
2014 — 4th place
2015 — 3rd place  Bronze Medal
2016 — 5th place
2017 — 8th place
2018 — 9th place
2023 — 1st place  Gold Medal

Final Four Cup
2008 — 3rd place
2010 — 3rd place

South American Championship
 1951 — 4th place
 1958 — 5th place
 1961 — 3rd place  Bronze Medal
 1962 — 3rd place  Bronze Medal
 1964 — 3rd place  Bronze Medal
 1969 — 5th place
 1971 — 6th place
 1973 — 6th place
 1975 — 3rd place  Bronze Medal
 1977 — 3rd place  Bronze Medal
 1979 — 3rd place  Bronze Medal
 1981 — 3rd place  Bronze Medal
 1983 — 3rd place  Bronze Medal
 1987 — 4th place
 1989 — 3rd place  Bronze Medal
 1991 — 4th place
 1995 — 3rd place  Bronze Medal
 1997 — 3rd place  Bronze Medal
 1999 — 2nd place  Silver Medal
 2001 — 2nd place  Silver Medal
 2003 — 2nd place  Silver Medal
 2005 — 3rd place  Bronze Medal
 2007 — 5th place
 2009 — 2nd place  Silver Medal
 2011 — 2nd place  Silver Medal
 2013 — 2nd place  Silver Medal
 2015 — 4th place
 2017 — 4th place
 2019 — 4th place
 2021 — 3rd place  Bronze Medal
 2023 — 2nd place  Silver Medal

Team

Current squad
The following is the Argentinian roster in the 2020 Summer Olympics.

Head coach: Hernán Ferraro

Former squads
1999 FIVB World Cup — 11th place
Mirna Ansaldi, Monica Bahnson, Carolina Costagrande, Mariana Conde, Celina Crusoe, Florencia Delfino, Monica Kostolnik, Romina Lamas, Ivana Müller, Marcela Re, Marcia Scacchi, and Laura Vincente. Head coach: Claudio Cuello.
 2002 World Championship — 17th place
Mirna Ansaldi, Julietta Borghi, Natalia Brussa, Carolina Costagrande, Mariana Conde, Celina Crusoe, Romina Lamas, Ivana Müller, Georgina Pinedo, Marianela Robinet, Laura Vincente, and Micaela Vogel. Head coach: Claudio Cuello.
 2003 FIVB World Cup — 11th place
Julietta Borghi, Mariana Burgos, Maia Constant, Sandra Kobetic, Monica Kostolnik, Natalia Mildenberger, Karina Pacheco, María Paredes, Paula Parisi, Georgina Pinedo, Daniela Preiti, and María Vincente. Head coach: Hugo Jauregui.
 2008 Pan-American Cup — 3rd place
Mirna Ansaldi, Leticia Boscacci, Yael Castiglione, Natalia Espinosa, Natali Flaviani, Georgina Klug, Ileana Leyendeker, Yamila Nizetich, Georgina Pinedo, Tatiana Rizzo, Marianela Robinet, and Sabrina Segui. Head coach: Horacio Bastit.
 2016 Summer Olympics — 9th place'
Tanya Acosta, Yamila Nizetich, Lucía Fresco, Clarisa Sagardía, Emilce Sosa, Julieta Lazcano, Tatiana Rizzo, Leticia Boscacci, Josefina Fernández, Florencia Busquets, Yael Castiglione, Morena Franchi. Head coach''': Guillermo Orduna

References

External links

FIVB profile

Volleyball
National women's volleyball teams
Volleyball in Argentina


The Welterweight class in the 1st AIBA African Olympic Boxing Qualifying Tournament competition was the lightest class.  Welterweights were limited to those boxers weighing between 64 - 69 kilograms.

list of boxers

Medalists

Results

Quarterfinal Round

Semifinal Round

3rd place Round

Final Round

Qualification to Olympic games

References
AIBA

AIBA African 2008 Olympic Qualifying Tournament


Louis Herman De Koninck (31 March 1896 – 21 October 1984) was a Belgian architect and designer.

One of the leading Belgian architects of the 20th century, De Koninck developed an original form of modernism and constructivism architecture.  Not a theoretician, L H De Koninck has rooted his design in the in-depth understanding of popular architecture developed by farmers on the Belgian sea shore.  He spent many years copying these natural design, and maintained a deep sense of them all his life even when expressed through the most modern concepts and breakthrough use of lights and space in the 1920s.

The growing corpus of publications on L.H. De Koninck, reflects the increased recognition of the importance of his work for Modern Architecture.

"History makers are often ignored for too long like the Californian architect Rudolf Schindler (1887-1953) whose career runs parallel to that of Louis-H De Koninck; it was only during the sixties that his work was examined for the first time then discovered and eventually revealed.

It is no doubt owing to the detailed study, by the Archive of Modern Architecture in Brussels (since 1968) that De Koninck was mentioned in Michel Ragon's historical work and correctly situated in the "Visual History of Twentieth-Century architecture" in which Dennis Sharp compares the Lenglet Villa, built by De Koninck in 1926, with the houses which Gropius built in Dessau in 1925–1926 and the famous House of Falling Water built about the same time in Bear Run by F.L. Wright (in order to illustrate the fundamental divergence which exist between a striking illustration of European doctrinaire functionalism - closed forms, square plan, endless surfaces of the white envelope - and the stimulated spatial character of American organic architecture based upon daring plan and articulations).

"De Koninck realized some of his most notable works prior to the founding of CIAM; namely his own house (1924), Lenglet House (1926) and Haverbeke house (1927).  The Lenglet house in particular rise above the usual level of functionalism.  It is one of the finest examples of international architecture in the twenties, on a par with Rietved's Schroeder house (1924) and Le Corbusier's Cook house (1926), without being derivative of either De Stijl movement or the "Esprit Nouveau".  Despite some evident foreign influences, its highly original facade expresses its specific origins within the Belgian architectural tradition".

Professional activity, highlights
 1929 - Becomes member of the Belgian section of the Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM)

Houses
 1924, personal House, avenue Fond'roy 105, 1180 Brussels.  Proposed for the Minimal House of the CIAM exposition in Frankfurt, 1929
 1926, Lenglet House, avenue Fond'roy 103, 1180 Brussels.  Fourth prize Van de Ven 1929, published in La Cite Nr9,1929; Stein-Holtz-Eisen, Francfurt, Nr34,1929; Bauwarte, Coln, Nr33,1929; etc...
 1929, The Haverbeke House, avenue Brassine, Brussels
 1931, Villa Canneel, avenue I. Gerard, Brussels.  Le Corbusier had made a project for the Canneel house in 1929, which has been replaced by De Koninck's.  Unfortunately the house has been destroyed in 1970.
 1932, Philippe Dotremont House, rue de l'Echevinage, Brussels.  A very fine example of De Koninck's architecture, built for a rich art collector, and still in its original condition.
 1933, Villa of parents L.H De Koninck, Godinne.
 1934, Villa of the Docteur Ley, avenue Prince d'Orange, Brussels. An application of Le Corbusier's building principles.
 1934, Villa Nisot, Rhode-St-Genèse.
 1936, Workshop for the sculptor Puvrez, avenue du Prince d'Orange, Brussels.
 1936, Group of 6 small houses, 5 flats and 1 shop, Coghen Square, Brussels.
 1936, Fond'Roy Residence, Avenue de Foestraets, Brussels.
 1936, Villa Berteaux, avenue du Fort Jaco, Brussels. A powerful example of a modernist frontage composition.

 1937, Villa of Mr Nice, "Villa Paquebot", Le Zoute.
 1938, Engineer Franck's House. avenue de l'Uruguay, Brussels.
 1949, Sea Bungalows for Mr Gobert, Oostduinkerke.
 1951, Villa "Les Acacias", avenue des Hautes Dunes, Coxyde.
 1965, Gobert's House, avenue Fabiola, Sterrebeek.
 1968, W De Koninck's Building, avenue Louise, Brussels.  8 levels building with imaginative building principles.

Furnitures, Glass work, tapestries,...
De Koninck has been a very creative a talented creator of furnitures, glass works, tapestries, for his own houses.

1930, He was the main designer of the CUBEX kitchen, a truly innovative modular and standardised kitchen furniture system, which was a collective creation of the Belgian Members of the CIAM. These Rational Kitchens were very popular with the bourgeoisie and installed in many houses in Belgium. They were discontinued in the late 1960s.

Bibliography
A growing corpus of publication is made possible thanks to a very important leg of LH De K to the Belgian Archives d'Architecture Moderne at his death in 1984. It was an important leg both in quality and size as he meticulously kept all his life every details of blueprint, sketches, drawings, correspondence, bills, accounts, official items,... in essence every kind of paper related to his profession.

1970, L.H. De Koning, Editions des Archives d'Architecture Moderne, Brussels
1973, L.H. De Koning, Editions des Archives d'Architecture Moderne, Brussels
1980, L.H. De Koning, Editions des Archives d'Architecture Moderne, Brussels
1989, Louis Herman De Koninck - Architect of Modern Times,Editions des Archives d'Architecture Moderne Brussels

Recent exhibitions
Several exhibitions have been held.
 2006, Modernism, Victoria & Albert Museum, London - Although not an exhibition on himself, LH De Koning's Canneel house was among the few large scale pictures displayed at the exhibition.

References

1896 births
1984 deaths
Belgian architects
Congrès International d'Architecture Moderne members


The Venezuela women's national volleyball team is the national team of Venezuela. The dominant forces in women's volleyball on the South American continent are Brazil,  Peru and Argentina. The team's highest achievement was during the 2008 South American Olympic Qualification Tournament, defeating Peru in the finals and becoming the only South American team other than Brazil and Peru to compete at the Olympics.

Team Roster
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Results

Olympic Games
 1964 to 2004 — did not qualify
 2008 — 11th place
Yéssica Paz, Génesis Franchesco, Jayce Andradre,  María Valero, Amarilis Villar, Desiree Glod, Aleoscar Blanco, Shirley Florian, Gheraldine Quijada, María José Pérez, Roslandy Acosta and Wendy Romero. Head coach: Tomas Fernández

World Championship
 1952 to 1994 — did not qualify
 1998 — did not qualify
 2002 — did not qualify
 2006 — did not qualify
 2010 — did not qualify

FIVB World Grand Prix
 2017 — 28th

Pan American Games
 1955 to 1979 – did not participate
 1983 — 7th place
 1987 — did not participate
 1991 — did not participate
 1995 — did not participate
 1999 — did not participate
 2003 — 5th place
 2007 — did not participate
 2011 — did not participate

Pan-American Cup
2002 — did not participate
2003 — 5th place
2004 — did not participate
2005 — 8th place
2006 — 8th place
2007 — did not participate
2008 — 6th place
2009 to 2015 — did not participate
2016 — 8th place
2017 — 10th place

Bolivarian Games
 2005 —  Silver Medal
 2009 —  Silver Medal

South American Championship
 1951 to 1967 — did not participate
 1969 — 4th place
 1971 — did not participate
 1973 — 5th place
 1975 — did not participate
 1977 — 7th place
 1979 — 5th place
 1981 — did not participate
 1983 — 4th place
 1985 —  Bronze Medal
 1987 —  Bronze Medal
 1989 — 4th place
 1991 — 5th place
 1993 —  Bronze Medal
 1995 — 4th place
 1997 — 4th place
 1999 — 4th place
 2001 —  Bronze Medal
 2003 — did not participate
 2005 — 4th place
 2007 —  Bronze Medal
Yessica Paz, Luz Delfines, Génesis Franchesco, María Valero, Amarilis Villar, Jayce Andrade (c), Desiree Glod, Gheraldine Quijada, Shirley Florian, Aleoscar Blanco, Carmen San Miguel, and María José Pérez. Head coach: Tomás Fernández.
 2009 — 6th place
 2011 — did not participate
 2013 — 5th place
 2015 — 5th place
 2017 — 5th place

References
Sports123
Volleyball Almanac
Venezuela at the 2008 Summer Olympics

Volleyball
National women's volleyball teams
Volleyball in Venezuela


The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe is a 1922 American adventure film serial directed by Robert F. Hill and based upon the 1719 novel by Daniel Defoe. It is now considered to be a lost film.

Cast
 Harry Myers as Robinson Crusoe
 Noble Johnson as Friday
 Gertrude Olmstead
 Aaron Edwards
 Josef Swickard
 Gertrude Claire
 Emmett King
 Scott Pembroke (credited as Percy Pembroke)

Chapter titles
 The Sea Raiders
 Shipwrecked
 The Cannibals' Captives
 Hidden Gold
 The Ship of Despair
 Friday's Faith
 The Swamp of Terror
 Marooned
 The Jaguar Trap
 A Prisoner of the Sun
 No Greater Love
 The Island of Happiness
 The Sword of Courage
 The Buccaneers
 The Jolly Roger
 The Idol's Bride
 When the Heart Calls
 Back to the Primitive

See also
 List of film serials
 List of film serials by studio

References

External links

1922 films
1922 lost films
1922 adventure films
American silent serial films
American black-and-white films
American adventure films
Films directed by Robert F. Hill
Films based on Robinson Crusoe
Lost American films
Lost adventure films
Universal Pictures film serials
1920s American films
Silent adventure films


Lamont (, sometimes ), also spelt LaMont (), is a surname with several origins, one Scottish, with a branch in Ulster, the other French.

In some cases the surname originates in Scotland as Clan Lamont. The name is derived from the medieval personal name Lagman which is from the Old Norse Logmaðr. The Old Norse name Logmaðr is composed to two elements: log which is plural of lag meaning "law" (from leggja meaning "to lay down") + maðr meaning "man."

In other cases the surname originates in France. In this case Lamont or LaMont is a habitational name derived from several places called Amont (meaning upstream or uphill) in Haute-Saône and Haute-Vienne.

People with the last name Lamont or LaMont

Alasdair Lamont, Scottish sports presenter
Ann Lamont, American venture capitalist
Billy Lamont (1936–2021), Scottish football player and manager
Bishop Lamont (born 1978), American rapper
Byron Lamont (born 1945), Australian botanist
Charles Lamont (1895–1993), American filmmaker
Chris LaMont, filmmaker and co-founder of the Phoenix Film Festival
Christine Lamont (born 1959), involved in the 1989 kidnapping of Brazilian businessman, Abilio Diniz
Corliss Lamont (1902–1995), American socialist philosopher
Daniel S. Lamont (1851–1905), United States Secretary of War during Grover Cleveland's second term
Dean LaMont, television director and camera operator
Donal Lamont (1911–2003), Irish-Rhodesian Catholic bishop and missionary
Duncan Lamont (1918–1978), British actor
Duncan Lamont, British jazz saxophone player and composer
Elish Lamont (1800–1870), Irish miniaturist
Gene Lamont (born 1946), American baseball player and manager
George Lamont, footballer from New Zealand
George D. Lamont (1819–1876), New York lawyer and politician
James Lamont (explorer) (1828–1913), Scottish explorer and Member of Parliament
James Lamont (footballer) (1875-unknown), British footballer
James Lamont (writer) (born 1982), British screenwriter and producer
Joe Lamont, rock singer-songwriter and musician
Johann Lamont (born 1957), Scottish politician
Johann von Lamont (1805–1879), Scottish-German astronomer and magician
John Lamont (disambiguation), several people
Lansing Lamont (1930–2013), American journalist and book author
Michèle Lamont (born 1957), Canadian sociologist
Molly Lamont (1910–2001), British film actress
Ned Lamont (born 1954), American businessman and politician, 89th Governor of Connecticut
Norman Lamont (born 1942), British politician
Peter Lamont (1929–2020), British film set decorator
Peter Lamont (footballer), Scottish footballer
Peter Lamont (historian), Scottish historian and magician
Robert P. Lamont (1867–1948), United States Secretary of Commerce during the administration of Herbert Hoover
Rory Lamont, Scottish rugby player
Sean Lamont, Scottish rugby player
Thomas W. Lamont (1870–1948), American banker
William C. Lamont (born 1827, date of death unknown), New York lawyer and politician

Fictional characters
 Amber Lamont, in the Irish novel series The Demon Road Trilogy

People with the given name Lamont, LaMont or La Mont
Lamont Bentley (1973–2005), American actor and rapper
Lamont Brightful (born 1979), American football player
Lamont Bryan (born 1988), German-born Jamaica international rugby player
Lamont Coleman (1974–1999), American rapper known professionally as Big L
Lamont Dozier (born 1941-2022), American singer-songwriter and record producer
Lamont Gaillard (born 1996), American football player
Lamont Hawkins a.k.a. U-God, American rapper and member of New York hip-hop group the Wu-Tang Clan
Lamont Hollinquest (born 1970), American football player
Lamont Marcell Jacobs (born 1994), Italian track and field sprinter
Lamont Johnson (1922–2010), American actor and film director
Lamont Johnson (fretless bassist) (born 1955), American musician
LaMont Johnson (1941–1999), American jazz pianist
Lamont Jones (born 1990), American basketball player
Lamont Jones (basketball, born 1972), American basketball player
LaMont Jordan (born 1978), American football player and coach
Lamont Pearson (born 1971), American boxer
Lamont Peterson (born 1984), American boxer
Lamont Reid (born 1982), American football player
LaMont Smith (born 1972), American Olympic athlete
Lamont Strothers (born 1968), American basketball player
Lamont Thompson (born 1978), American football player
Lamont Warren (born 1973), American football player
La Mont West (born 1930), American anthropologist
Lamont Young (1851–1880), Australian assistant geological surveyor for the New South Wales Mines Department
Lamont Young (architect) (1851–1929), Italian architect and urban planner
David Christopher Lamont Berry (born 1991), American basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
Duncan Lamont Clinch (1787–1849), American army officer
Harold Lamont Otey (1951–1994), American convicted murderer
Marianne Lamont Horinko (born 1961), worked in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) during the first term of George W. Bush

Fictional characters
Lamont Cranston, mysterious hero of the 1930s radio drama The Shadow
Lamont Sanford, portrayed by Demond Wilson on the 1972–77 sitcom Sanford and Son

See also
Lamont (disambiguation)
Lamonte (disambiguation), includes La Monte

References


The Uruguay women's national volleyball team is the national team of Uruguay. The squad won the silver medal at the inaugural 1951 South American Championship in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The dominant forces in women's volleyball on the South American continent however became Brazil and Peru.

Results

FIVB tournaments
 1960 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship — 9th place
 1973 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup — 10th place

Pan-American Cup
2002 — did not participate
2003 — did not participate
2004 — did not participate
2005 — did not participate
2006 — did not participate
2007 — 11th place
2008 — did not participate
2009 — did not participate
2010 — did not participate
2011 — did not participate
2012 — 12th place

South American Championship
 2005 — 5th place
 2007 — 4th place
 2009 — 5th place
 2011 — 5th place
 2013 — did not participate
 2015 — 7th place
 2017 — did not participate
 2019 — 8th place

References
Sports123

Volleyball
National women's volleyball teams
Women's volleyball in Uruguay


Optical sound is a means of storing sound recordings on transparent film. Originally developed for military purposes, the technology first saw widespread use in the 1920s as a sound-on-film format for motion pictures. Optical sound eventually superseded all other sound film technologies until the advent of digital sound became the standard in cinema projection booths. Optical sound has also been used for multitrack recording and for creating effects in some musical synthesizers.

1914-1921: Naval and military use

Building on the principle first demonstrated by the Photophone of Alexander Graham Bell in 1880, optical sound was developed by several inventors with an interest in wireless communication through transmission of light, primarily for ship-to-ship use. The idea was that sound pulses could be converted into light pulses, beamed out from one ship and picked up by another, where the light pulses would then be reconverted into sound.

A pioneer in this technology was American physicist Theodore Case. While studying at Yale, Case became interested in using modulated light as a means of transmitting and recording speech. In 1914, he opened the Case Research Lab to experiment with the photoelectric properties of various materials, leading to the development of the Thallofide (short for thallium oxysulfide) Cell, a light-sensitive vacuum tube. The Thallofide tube was originally used by the United States Navy in a top secret ship-to-ship infrared signaling system developed at Case's lab with his assistant Earl Sponable. Case and Sponable's system was first tested off the shores of New Jersey in 1917, and attending the test was Thomas Edison, contracted by the Navy to evaluate new technologies. The test was a success, and the U.S. Navy used the system during and after World War I.

Contemporary with the work of Case and Sponable was Charles A. Hoxie's Pallophotophone (from Greek roots meaning "shaking light sound"), manufactured by General Electric (GE). Similar to the Case infrared system used by the Navy, the Pallophotophone was also intended for wireless communications at sea, but was then adapted for recording speech. With GE's backing, Hoxie's invention was used in 1922–1923 to record then-Vice-president Calvin Coolidge and others for radio broadcasts.

The early work by Case, Sponable and Hoxie was instrumental in the development of sound-on-film systems for motion pictures during the 1920s.

Film and radio

Most of the inventions which led to optical sound-on-film technology employed the use of an electric lamp, called an 'exciter', shining through a translucent waveform printed on the edge of a film strip. When the light shines through the film, it is read by a photo-sensitive material and fed through a processor which converts the photovoltaic impulse into an electrical signal that is then amplified and converted into analogue sound waves through a speaker.

Three types of optical sound-on-film technology emerged in the 1920s: Phonofilm, Photophone and Movietone. A fourth major contender for the sound film market - Warner Brothers' Vitaphone sound-on-disc system which synchronized large-size (16") phonographic records with a film's projector was used on early talkies, such as their' 1927 hit The Jazz Singer (which was marketed as being "all singing" though the talking was sporadic, used in only several isolated sequences), utilised Vitaphone discs, but by 1931, optical sound-on-film would supplant the separate sound-on-disc technology.

1919-1926: Phonofilm

After the war, Theodore Case and Earl I. Sponable collaborated with fellow wireless communications pioneer Lee de Forest, inventor of the Audion tube, to apply their optical sound system to motion pictures. De Forest had been granted general patents for a sound-on-film process in 1919, though it was the Case Research Lab's inventions which made de Forest's systems workable. Case Lab first converted an old silent-film projector into a recording device in 1922, using the projector's light for exposing a soundtrack onto film. The process (which de Forest called Phonofilm) recorded sound as parallel lines of variable shades of gray, photographically transcribing the electrical waveforms from a microphone, which were translated back into sound waves when the movie was projected.

Case Lab fine-tuned the process with an invention called the 'Aeo-light' for use in sound cameras. During filming, audio signals modulated the Aeo-light to expose the film's audio directly inside the camera, streamlining Phonofilm's process for synchronizing a motion picture with its soundtrack. In 1924, Sponable focused on the design of these single-system cameras, in which both sound and picture were recorded on the same negative. He approached Bell & Howell to modify one of their cameras for his design, but the results were unsatisfactory. Later, the Wall Camera Corporation rebuilt the machine with improved results.

De Forest also worked with early newsreel maker, Freeman Harrison Owens, who by 1921, had developed his own patented sound camera, and spent time in Berlin working with the Tri-Ergon corporation and researching the development of European sound film systems. There, he met Finnish inventor, Eric Tigerstedt ("Finland's Thomas Edison"), who improved Phonofilm's amplification system to be audible in a large theater.

Phonofilm was used mainly to record stage performances, speeches, and musical acts in and around New York City, but Hollywood movie studios expressed little interest in the system. Since the Hollywood studios controlled the major theater chains, de Forest showed his films in independent theaters in a short-form series, akin to vaudeville, which included Max and Dave Fleischer's Song Car-Tunes. The Fleischers used the Phonofilm process for their animated shorts, which included the now-classic "Follow the Bouncing Ball" gimmick.

In 1924, Owens parted ways with de Forest, and Case followed suit in 1925, because of de Forest's taking sole credit for Phonofilm. In August 1926, Warner Brothers introduced their Vitaphone sound-on-disc system, developed by Western Electric, with the John Barrymore film Don Juan. One month later, the Phonofilm Company filed for bankruptcy. Case and Sponable went on to implement their optical sound-on-film innovations as the Movietone sound system, and the UK rights to Phonofilm were bought up by theater chain owner Isadore Schlesinger, who used the technology to release short films of British music hall performers through 1929.

1921-1927: Pallophotophone and Photophone
While Lee de Forest struggled to market Phonofilm, Charles A. Hoxie's Pallophotophone had success as an optical recording device through the support of General Electric. The Pallophotophone utilized the entire width of unsprocketed 35mm Kodak monochrome film to record and replay multiple audio tracks. Unlike Phonofilm, this optical sound technology used a photoelectric process which captured audio wave forms generated by a vibrating mirror galvanometer, and was the first effective multitrack recording system, predating magnetic tape multitrack recorders by at least 20 years. From the early 1920s until the early 30s, GE broadcast over 1,000 Pallophotophone recordings from its Schenectady, New York radio station, WGY, including speeches by presidents Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover, and inventor-businessmen Thomas Edison and Henry Ford.

By the mid-1920s, GE adapted Hoxie's invention for motion picture sound playback, subsequently marketed as a commercial product by then-GE subsidiary RCA as the 'RCA Photophone'. The first demonstrations of the Photophone, were given in 1926, and in 1927 a sound version (music plus sound effects only) of the silent film Wings, toured to a dozen specially equipped theaters.

1926-1939: Movietone

While Hoxie's work found its way into national theaters through RCA, Theodore Case and Earl Sponable found a home with the Fox Film Corporation after leaving de Forest and Phonofilm. Case and Sponible's Movietone sound system made several modifications to the earlier Phonofilm system which they had helped create.   One was moving the position of the projector's soundhead from above the picture head (as it had been in Phonofilm), to  below the picture head (close to the present-day standard). Case also adopted the 24 frames-per-second speed for Movietone, bringing it in line with the speed already chosen for Warner Brothers' Vitaphone sound-on-disc system, establishing 24 frames-per-second as the de facto speed for all sound films, whether sound-on-disc or sound-on-film.

In 1926, Fox hired Sponible, bought Case's patents (they had already acquired Freeman Owens' and Tri-Ergon's), and mass-produced Case's Aeo-light for use in all Movietone News cameras from 1928 to 1939. These cameras recorded all Fox feature films during this period, beginning with F. W. Murnau's Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans (1927). As the first professionally produced feature with an optical sound track, it included mostly music and sound effects, with a very few unsynchronized words.

After 1931, Fox's feature film production moved to a two-machine system which Western Electric had developed from the RCA Photophone, with the advent of a light-valve invented by Edward C. Wente. In this system, one camera shot the frames, and a second lens-less "sound camera" served as an optical recorder which was mechanically interlocked with the picture. Fox continued making Movietone Newsreels with single-system cameras due to their ease of mobility.

Optical sound on film to the present day
For half a century, cinema sound systems were licensed to either RCA or Western Electric, and motion picture producers elected to license one or the other, or even both. This continued until 1976, by which time optical sound recording had been converted to the Western Electric (dubbed "Westrex") stereo variable-area system.

Due to film grain and possible dust on the sound track, optical sound could be noisy or have crackling sounds, especially when projecting worn release prints. In low-volume sections (where the noise would be especially noticeable) noise reduction was originally performed either by partly masking the track, or, in variable area recording, narrowing the width of the transparent oscillations. Later, electronic noise reduction was used (e.g. analog Dolby A).

As digital sound became the standard of sound reproduction in the 21st century, 35 and 70mm films have increasingly included a digital version of the soundtrack on the edges of the film strip. Most films continue to be processed with both digital and analog soundtracks so they may be read by any projection systems in a movie theater.

Optical sound in music production

After General Electric's Pallophotophone fell out of use in the early 1930s, optical multi-track recording did not have a resurgence for nearly three decades when high fidelity and stereophonic recordings became available commercially. Walt Disney made an attempt in 1940 when he began sound production for Fantasia with the Philadelphia Orchestra. Disney set up 33 microphones at the Academy of Music and ran these into eight independently operated mixing stations. The eight tracks were then recorded optically onto 35mm film, with a ninth track adding tempo for Disney's artists to synchronize their animation to the soundtrack. Disney later mixed these nine tracks down to four for use with the Fantasound system that toured with the film to select theaters in 1941. As an early cinematic surround sound system, Disney had to refit each theatre with special Fantasound equipment that was later dismantled and put toward the war effort. In 1942 RKO Pictures remastered Fantasia for distribution with a monaural soundtrack. The film was remastered again for stereo in 1956 when moviehouses became equipped with duophonic sound systems.

Optical sound used in musical instruments

A few musical instruments have been manufactured using optical sound for playback.

In 1971 toy manufacturer Mattel released the Optigan (short for "optical organ), an organ-like synthesizer whose sound library was stored on interchangeable 12" clear acetate "program discs".   Each program disc was encoded with 57 concentric optical tracks that spun on a turntable inside the machine. The Optigan then translated the analog waveforms on each disc to an audio signal via an exciter lamp shone through the disc and onto a photoelectric cell. 37 of the program disc's tracks were single notes, and 21 featured chords in different keys and rhythm tracks much in the style of an electric chord organ or accordion. The Optigan came with a "Starter Set" of discs that featured standard instrument sounds and tempos. Other sounds were available through purchase of more disc packs. Mattel ceased production of the Optigan in 1976.

The Orchestron was a version of the Optigan built by Vako Synthesizers Inc. Intended for professional use as an alternative to the Mellotron in the mid-1970s. The Orchestron featured improved recorded sounds over the Optigan, though many professional musicians of note have performed and recorded using Mattel's toy version.

Preservation of vintage optical sound sources

Efforts have only recently been made to preserve early examples of optical sound. While none of GE's original Pallophotophones are known to exist, a few reels of Pallophotophone recordings of radio broadcasts have been found. Unlike movie film, these 35mm reels do not contain sprockets. New players have been built using modern components to recover audio from old reels.  Among the material on surviving reels is an early seven-note version of the NBC chimes, a broadcast of a high school basketball match (believed to be the world's second-oldest recording of a sports broadcast), and a historic 1929 recording of the 82-year-old Thomas Edison, with Henry Ford and President Herbert Hoover, speaking on a broadcast commemorating the 50th anniversary of the invention of the incandescent light bulb.

A resurgence in interest in the Optigan has led to a circuit of collectors trading program discs.   Though originally marketed as a toy instrument, the Optigan was used by professional musicians to achieve unusual sounds, and the instrument made cameo appearances on recordings by Bruce Haack (1973), Alan Steward (1976), Steve Hackett (1980) and Devo (1981). In the 1990s the Optigan became popular as a vintage synthesizer, and samples of its sounds were released as digital software, making the sounds accessible to musicians not able to obtain the actual instrument. Since then, Optigan music has been used by numerous artists working in popular music, television, film, and is the featured instrument for the band Optiganally Yours.

References

History of film
Film production
Sound recording
United States Navy
Musical instruments
Telegraphy


The Colombia women's national volleyball team represents Colombia in international competitions in women's volleyball. The squad won its first continental medal at the 1991 edition of the South American Championship.

Boosted by the FIVB's Volleyball Empowerment program, the Colombian women's volleyball team has reached new heights in recent years.

Results

World Championship
 2022 — 21st place
 2025 — Qualified

FIVB World Grand Prix

 1993 to 2014 — did not participate
 2015 — 23rd place
 2016 — 24th place
 2017 — 19th place

FIVB Challenger Cup

 2018 —  Silver medal
 2019 — did not qualify
 2022 — 4th place
 2023 —  Bronze medal

Pan American Games

 1955 – did not participate
 1959 – did not participate
 1963 – did not participate
 1967 – did not participate
 1971 – 7th place
 1975 – did not participate
 1979 – did not participate
 1983 – did not participate
 1987 – did not participate
 1991 – did not participate
 1995 – did not participate
 1999 – did not participate
 2003 – did not participate
 2007 – did not participate
 2011 – did not participate
 2015 – did not participate
 2019 –  Silver medal

Pan-American Cup

 2002 to 2011 — did not participate
 2012 — 11th place
 2013 — 9th place
 2014 — 7th place
 2015 — 8th place
 2016 — 7th place
 2017 — 7th place
 2018 — 5th place
 2019 —  3rd place
 2021 — did not participate
 2022 —  2nd place

South American Championship

 1951 — did not compete
 1956 — did not compete
 1958 — did not compete
 1961 — did not compete
 1962 — did not compete
 1964 — did not compete
 1967 — did not compete
 1969 — 6th place
 1971 — 7th place
 1973 — 7th place
 1975 — did not compete
 1977 — did not compete
 1979 — did not compete
 1981 — did not compete
 1983 — 5th place
 1985 — 4th place
 1987 — did not compete
 1989 — did not compete
 1991 —  Bronze medal
 1993 — 4th place
 1995 — 5th place
 1997 — 6th place
 1999 — did not compete
 2001 — did not compete
 2003 — 4th place
 2005 — did not compete
 2007 — 6th place
 2009 — 4th place
 2011 — 4th place
 2013 — 4th place
 2015 —  Bronze medal
 2017 —  Silver medal
 2019 —  Silver medal
 2021 —  Silver medal
 2023 —  Bronze medal

Bolivarian Games
 2005 — 3rd place

Squads

 2005 Bolivarian Games —  Bronze Medal
 Paola Ampudia, Sandra Montoya, Carolina Bahamon (c), Paula Cortés, Katerine Trejos, Mery Mancilla, Kenny Moreno, Diana Arango, Laura Cadavid, Silvia Lobo, Jessica Angulo and Cindy Ramírez
 2011 South American Championship — 4th place
 Madelaynne Montaño, Jessica Angulo, Cindy Ramírez, Martha Nieva, Lorena Zuleta, Paola Ampudia, Mery Mancilla, Danna Escobar, Kenny Moreno, Estanislada Cuéllar, Paola Cortés and Sandra Montoya.

References

External links
2016 Team Profile

National women's volleyball teams
volleyball
Volleyball in Colombia


The Stade des Ponts Jumeaux (the "Twin Bridges Stadium") was a rugby union stadium, inaugurated on 24 November 1907, in the Ponts Jumeaux district of Toulouse, south-western France. The land was purchased by the embryonic Stade Toulousain rugby team – with financial assistance from city notables – then headed by a law professor from the University of Toulouse, Ernest Wallon. The stadium, nicknamed Le Wallon, had a capacity of 6500 and hosted many internationals during its existence. In the early 1980s, the land on which the stadium stood was compulsorily purchased to make way for the Toulouse ringroad and the Stade Toulousain moved from the Ponts Jumeaux to a new stadium at Sept-Deniers, later renamed Stade Ernest-Wallon. One of the pavilions at Stade Ernest-Wallon is named after the Ponts Jumeaux.

Notes and references

Stade Toulousain
Rugby union stadiums in France
Sports venues in Toulouse
Sports venues completed in 1907
Sports venues demolished in 1980
1907 establishments in France
Defunct sports venues in France
Demolished buildings and structures in France


Tyrone Gabriel Loran (born 29 June 1981) is a former footballer who played as a defender. He won five caps for Netherlands Antilles in 2008.

Starting his career with Volendam in 2000; two years later he moved to England to play for Manchester City. The next year he transferred to Tranmere Rovers following a successful loan spell. In 2005, he played for Port Vale on loan, before returning to his homeland to sign for RBC. Two years later he moved on to NAC Breda. After four years with Breda he joined De Graafschap in 2011.

Club career
Loran started his career at Dutch second-tier club FC Volendam in 2000. In April 2002, he had a trial at English Premier League side Manchester City, and was signed permanently in August for £60,000. He never made a competitive first team appearance during his season with the club. In December 2002, he left for Tranmere Rovers on loan, and signed a permanent deal with Rovers in May 2003 as the club paid City an undisclosed fee.

Described as a "destroyer" by manager Ray Mathias, he missed three months from late December 2003 to March 2004, due to a knee injury that required surgery. In the 2003–04 season, after he played just two games from the start of season, he left for Port Vale on loan in December 2004. Vale attempted to sign him permanently, but instead he returned to Holland to sign for RBC of the Eredivisie in January 2005.

At the end of 2004–05, his club were in the relegation play-offs, but managed to stay in the top-fight after winning the play-offs. However a last place finish in 2005–06 ensured their relegation to the Eerste Divisie. The next season he made 34 appearances and helped Roosendaal back to the top-flight as Eerste Divisie champions.

In the summer of 2007 he joined NAC Breda on a free transfer. He made fourteen appearances in 2007–08, as Breda finished third to qualify for the UEFA Intertoto Cup. He made 26 appearances in 2008–09, helping the club to once again qualify for Europe. He played just nine games in 2009–10, as Breda finished in mid-table. Following ten appearances in 2010–11, he joined league rivals De Graafschap in January 2011, making a further seven appearances for his new club before the end of the campaign.

International career
An international for the now defunct Netherlands Antilles side, he helped the nation qualify through the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification – CONCACAF first round by scoring a goal against group opponents Nicaragua. In the second round the Antilles lost out to Haiti. His international career was ended by the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles.

Career statistics

Club statistics

International statistics

Honours
RBC Roosendaal
Eerste Divisie: 2006–07

References

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Amsterdam
Curaçao men's footballers
Dutch men's footballers
Dutch Antillean men's footballers
Netherlands Antilles men's international footballers
Men's association football defenders
FC Volendam players
Dutch Antillean expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Manchester City F.C. players
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
RBC Roosendaal players
NAC Breda players
De Graafschap players
Eerste Divisie players
English Football League players
Eredivisie players


Industrial metabolism is a concept to describe the material and energy turnover of industrial systems. It was proposed by Robert Ayres in analogy to the biological metabolism as "the whole integrated collection of physical processes that convert raw materials and energy, plus labour, into finished products and wastes..."  In analogy to the biological concept of metabolism, which is used to describe the whole of chemical reactions in, for example, a cell to maintain its functions and reproduce itself, the concept of industrial metabolism describes the chemical reactions, transport processes, and manufacturing activities in industry.

Industrial metabolism presupposes a connection between different industrial activities by seeing them as part of a larger system, such as a material cycle or the supply chain of a commodity. System scientists, for example in industrial ecology, use the concept as paradigm to study the flow of materials or energy through the industrial system in order to better understand supply chains, the sources and causes of emissions, and the linkages between the industrial and the wider socio-technological system.

Industrial metabolism is a subsystem of the anthropogenic or socioeconomic metabolism, which also comprises non-industrial human activities in households or the public sector.

See also

 Anthropogenic metabolism
 Autopoiesis
 Dematerialization (economics)
 Energy accounting
 Industrial ecology
 Material flow accounting
 Material flow analysis
 Information metabolism
 Social metabolism
 Urban metabolism

References

Further reading
Industrial Metabolism: Restructuring for Sustainable Development

Industrial processes
Analogy


Simon David Manton White (born 30 September 1951), FRS, is a British astrophysicist. He was one of directors at the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics before his retirement in late 2019.

Life
White studied mathematics at Jesus College, Cambridge in the University of Cambridge (B.A. 1972) and Astronomy at the University of Toronto (MSc 1974). In 1977 he obtained a doctorate in Astronomy under Donald Lynden-Bell entitled "The Clustering of Galaxies" at the University of Cambridge. After a few years at the University of California, Berkeley, the Steward Observatory of the University of Arizona and
the University of Cambridge he was appointed in 1994 as a Scientific Member of the Max Planck Society and as director of the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Garching. White has also been research professor at the University of Arizona (1992), guest professor at the University of Durham (1995), honorary professor at the Ludwig-Maximilians University in Munich (1994) and at the Astronomical Observatories of Shanghai (SHAO) (1999) and Beijing (BAO) (2001). White lives in
Munich with his wife, the astrophysicist Guinevere Kauffmann. They have one, son Jonathan.

Work
White has worked primarily on the formation of structure in the Universe. He is known for his contributions
to our understanding of galaxy formation and for his role in helping to establish the viability of the
current standard model for the evolution of cosmic structure, the so-called ΛCDM model.

Already at the time of his doctoral work he studied the influence of Dark Matter on the growth of structure and in 1978 he and Martin Rees argued that the properties of galaxies can be understood if they
form by condensation of gas at the centres of extended and hierarchically clustering dark matter halos.

In later years White developed computer models which allowed the growth of galaxies and galaxy clustering to
be simulated directly in order to allow quantitative comparison of theoretical models with astronomical
observations. His work with Marc Davis, George Efstathiou and Carlos Frenk was particularly
influential in establishing that a universe dominated by Cold Dark Matter could produce large-scale structure
in the galaxy distribution which closely resembles that observed. A more recent large project was
the Millennium Simulation, carried out in Garching in 2005 as part of the work of a large international
collaboration, the Virgo Consortium. This simulation followed the formation of more than 2,000,000
galaxies throughout a cubic region more than 2 billion light-years on a side.

Work by White has addressed issues of stellar dynamics, of the detailed structure
of galaxies and their dark halos, of the processes controlling galaxy formation, of the structure and evolution of galaxy clusters, and of the statistics of galaxy clustering. Papers include
those with Julio Navarro and Carlos Frenk on the "universal" structure of dark matter halos. The Navarro–Frenk–White profile is named after them.

White's more than 500 publications in the refereed professional literature have been cited more than 244,000 times by other scientists (status end-2022 according to Google Scholar).

Awards and honours

 Helen B. Warner Prize of the American Astronomical Society, 1986
 Editor of Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1992–present
 Fellow of the Royal Society, 1997
 Max-Planck Research Prize for International Cooperation, 2000
 Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics of the AIP/AAS, 2005 (with George Efstathiou)
 Fellow of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina, 2005
 Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2006
 Honorary Doctorate (D.Sc.) at the University of Durham, 2007
 Foreign Associate, US National Academy of Sciences, 2007
 Brouwer Award (Division on Dynamical Astronomy) of the American Astronomical Society, 2008
 European Latsis Prize 2008: Astrophysics
 Fellow of the Academia Europaea, 2009
 Max Born Prize of the German Physical Society and the Institute of Physics, 2010
 Honorary Citizen of the City of Padova, 2010
 Gruber Prize in Cosmology 2011 (with Marc Davis, George Efstathiou and Carlos Frenk)
 Foreign Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2015
 Shaw Prize 2017 in Astronomy
 Clarivate Citation Laureate in Physics 2020

References

External links
Simon White site
Interview with Simon White from October 2011

20th-century British astronomers
1951 births
Living people
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
People from Ashford, Kent
Fellows of the Royal Society
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Winners of the Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics
21st-century British astronomers
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
Max Planck Institute directors
University of Toronto alumni


Handel Gothic is a geometric sans-serif typeface designed in 1965 by Donald J. Handel (1936–2002), who worked for the graphic designer Saul Bass.

Handel Gothic was an instant success when first released. The typeface was originally distributed in film format by FotoStar and was reissued in the 1980s by Robert Trogman.

The typeface was popular in the 1980s, due to its futuristic design, and even today is used to signify the future; it has been used in the credits of both Star Trek: Voyager and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine as well as the logo for Close Encounters of the Third Kind and the menu text for the 2000 Nintendo 64 game Perfect Dark.

Handel Gothic was also used for the end credits on CBS's The Price Is Right from 1972 to 1981. Handel Gothic was also used for the end credits of Sesame Street (1983-1992).

The Elsner+Flake, Linotype and URW++ versions use a curved leg on uppercase R (like that of Helvetica), a horizontal tail on the uppercase Q (like that of Univers), a curved lower leg on the lowercase k, and a trident-like lowercase w.

The Bitstream and Tilde SIA versions, however, use a thicker 1, a straight leg on the uppercase R (like that of Akzidenz-Grotesk), a straight lower leg on the lowercase k, and a double-v w.

Christian Schwartz designed the Simian Display typeface, inspired from the Handel Gothic typeface, used by the American science fiction media franchise Planet of the Apes and available in 3 weights named after primates ("Orangutan" for Regular, "Chimpanzee" for Bold, "Gorilla" for Black)

Thai type designer Anupap Jaichumnan designed the Flatory typeface, which also inspired from the Handel Gothic typeface, available in 4 versions (sans-serif, serif, slab serif, high-contrast sans-serif).

Handel Gothic Cyrillic
It is a version by Tilde SIA with Cyrillic support. The family includes 1 font.

ITC Handel Gothic (2008)
It is a re-proportioned version designed by Rod McDonald, released in March 2008 by International Typeface Corporation.

The original release includes 5 fonts in 5 weights. OpenType features include fractions, ligatures, ordinals, stylistic alternates and subscript/superscript. Italic versions of the fonts were introduced with release of ITC Handel Gothic Pro.

ITC Handel Gothic Pro (2010)
It is a version of ITC Handel Gothic with complementary italic designs, support of Adobe Central Europe character set, addition of ligatures and alternate characters.

Additional OpenType features include localized forms, stylistic set 1.

ITC Handel Gothic Arabic (2015)
It is a version of ITC Handel Gothic for Arabic, Persian and Urdu languages, designed by Nadine Chahine of Monotype Imaging, based on Kufic script.

The font family includes 5 fonts in 5 weights, without italics.

URW++ Handel Slab (2009)
A slab-serif counterpart to URW++ Handel Gothic with three weights (Light, Medium, Bold) and obliques styles to complement them.

Corporate identity uses
343 Industries, the current developer of the Halo video game franchise, have used Handel Gothic in their logo since their first game, Halo: Combat Evolved Anniversary, released in 2011. This follows the font being used in the first game in the Halo series, Halo: Combat Evolved (in menus in-game, and in the game's instruction manual), which was developed by Bungie and released in 2001.
ADFC – Allgemeiner Deutscher Fahrrad-Club, the German NGO, supporting cycling, uses Handel Gothic as their corporate logo font.
American Motors / AMC Eagle car model emblem from 1980 until 1987, used for the name of the car model EAGLE.
Arkon Technologies – Handel Gothic Light
Basic/Four Corporation
Canon EOS autofocus photographic cameras line emblem since 1987, used for the name of the camera line EOS.
CentOS, a Linux distribution, uses Handel Gothic in its logo.
Cinemax Studios (now GMA Pictures) Used the font in 1997 until June 24, 1998
Nvidia, logo font Handel Gothic, logo since 2006.
Disney – The Walt Disney Company used Handel Gothic in the logo of The Disney Channel from 1983 to 1986. The font was also used on the Walt Disney Home Video logo Neon Mickey from 1983 to 1986 and the clamshells from Walt Disney Home Video usually from 1980 to early 1984. Additionally, it was featured on the 1971 to 1996 Walt Disney World logo with a Mickey silhouette within an oversized "D", as well as on signage within EPCOT Center prior to refurbishments.
The Hoover Company - Used on its vacuum cleaners in the 1990s
id Software's 2010 video game Quake Live uses Handel Gothic in its user interface.
Robotnik Automation – uses Handel Gothic in their logo.
Jaycar - Used in its logo since 2019
Korean Broadcasting System- Korean national public television broadcaster's logo.
Mega (Chilean TV channel) – used Handel Gothic for its news division in the early 2000s. Additionally, his newscast program Meganoticias used Handel Gothic in their logo from 2000 until 2010.
Metro TV (Indonesia) Used this font in logo since 2010.
Pepsi logos from 1987 to 2003 featured this font.
 PHP, a general-purpose scripting language, uses Handel Gothic in its logo.
San Miguel Corporation uses Handel Gothic as their corporate logo font since 1975.
News Patrol, a newscast in the ABS-CBN News Philippines, used this logo font since 2008.
TV Patrol, a newscast in the Philippines, used this font since 2001.
Huawei, logo font Handel Gothic, logo 2006 to 2018.
United Airlines – In 1973 Saul Bass developed the United logo that featured a customized red and blue "Double U" logo and underneath Handel Gothic logotype.
Univision – Has used the font for its graphics packages during the early 2000s.
Volvo – has used the font since 1974.  Initially, it was used for the model badges on its cars, but this application ceased in the early 1980s when it began to be used for the instrument panel and dashboard graphics, where it has been applied ever since.
Viacom - The second incarnation of Viacom’s logo used this font, said incarnation lasted from 2005-2019.
WWF SmackDown! used it for the first two years of the show, as the nameplate font for wrestlers, commentators and other various graphics from 1999 to 2001.
ZDF (Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen) – German national public television broadcaster's logo.

References

External links
Handel Gothic Font Family – by Ronald Trogram
Handel Gothic by URW
MyFonts: Handel Gothic
Handel Gothic, Handel Gothic Cyrillic

ITC Handel Gothic
ITC Handel Gothic font family
ITC Handel Gothic Arabic font family
What's New From ITC: March 2008
What's Hot From ITC: March 2010

Typefaces and fonts introduced in the 1960s
Geometric sans-serif typefaces


The Aéropole Science Park is a business incubator and science park located in Gosselies, Charleroi, Belgium, nearby the Brussels South Charleroi Airport.

It hosts 150 companies, providing around 3,600 jobs. Business and academic clusters are growing up in the following fields : aeronautics, ICT, biotechnologies, industrial engineering, training and R&D centres.

The science park hosts several research institutes including the Centre of Excellence in Information Technology (CETIC), a joint a centre of expertise for the development of Walloon companies founded by the universities of Louvain-la-Neuve (UCLouvain), Namur and Mons; the Cenaero (Research Centre in Aeronautics), an institute for the development of aeronautics and space industry of UCLouvain, the University of Liège and the Université libre de Bruxelles, and the ULB Institute for Molecular Biology & Medicine and the Institute for Medical Immunology, in collaboration with GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals.

The cluster hosts three spin-offs from UCLouvain: Cedit, a technology company, and since 2011, iTeos, a pharmaceutical company founded within the de Duve Institute at UCLouvain Brussels Woluwe and which raised a capital of 75 million US dollars in 2018, and Viridaxis, since 2011.

Several spin-offs of the Université libre de Bruxelles have their headquarters on the site: Henogen, DNA Vision, Bone Therapeutics, Euroscreen, Delphi Genetics, Aliwen, BV Transgenics Services, BioCygnus and ImmuneHealth.

See also
 Science Parks of Wallonia
UCLouvain Charleroi

References

External links
 Film sur l'Aéropole(French)
 Film(English)
 Aéropole (French)
 Aéropole (English)
 Igretec (French)
 Biopole ULB Charleroi
 Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine (IBMM)
 Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI)

Science parks in Belgium
Buildings and structures in Charleroi
Geography of Charleroi


Green Ghost is a board game for up to 4 players, first published in 1965 by Transogram. Green Ghost is the first board game designed to be played in the dark.

History
Transogram mass-produced the game in 1965, then sold its toy interests to Marx Toys in 1970. In Australia, the game was distributed by the Ideal Toy Company.

In 1997 Marx Toys produced a 30th Anniversary edition of the game (MCMXCVII, Item #3905). This box has "Find Kelly the Ghost... if you DARE" printed on it.

Green Ghost remains collectible, but with so many different editions it is difficult for collectors to know if they have a complete set.

Features and gameplay
Original television commercials for the game encouraged players to play it in the dark. The 1965 box has printed on it "THE EXCITING GAME OF MYSTERY THAT GLOWS IN THE DARK."

The central character in the game was modeled on The Blob and the design was aimed at the campy horror genre of shows like The Addams Family.

The board is of the 3D type in that it features standing scenery and is designed to appear as a spooky town. The luminous plastic board is elevated on six stilts and underneath are three boxes, covered by locked trapdoors. The pits contain either plastic bones, "bat" feathers or rubber snakes, plus a number of hidden "ghost kids" (one of which is "Kelly", the Green Ghost's child).

Spinning the large Green Ghost gives you the number of spaces you can move your pawn: vulture, rat, cat, or bat. Players use trapdoor keys to collect ghost kids and increase their chances of winning. When all twelve ghost kids have been retrieved from the traps, they are placed in little holes on the Green Ghost spinner (players need to remember which ghost kids are found). Then the large Green Ghost is spun one more time, pointing to the little ghost it identifies as Kelly. Whoever found the one pointed to wins the game.

References

External links
 Green Ghost at BoardGameGeek.
 Home video of game board  at YouTube.

Board games introduced in 1965
Children's board games
Horror board games


This article is a list of records in the A1 Grand Prix World Cup of Motorsport, since the inaugural 2005–06 A1 Grand Prix season, and is accurate up to and including the 2008–09 A1 Grand Prix season.

A1 Grand Prix team records

Championships

Wins

 Most wins in a season : 13 (7 Sprints, 6 Mains)  France in 2005–06.

Pole positions

 Most pole positions in a season : 6  Switzerland in 2007–08, and  Ireland in 2008–09.

Fastest laps

 Most fastest laps in a season : 9  France in 2005–06.

Points

Teams yet to score points
 Both teams have yet to reappear since 2005–06.

Other

Most drivers used during same weekend
  France used three different drivers at the same 2007–08 South Africa weekend: Loïc Duval as race driver; Jonathan Cochet as practice driver; and Nicolas Prost as rookie driver. ( Greece employed three different drivers at the Netherlands weekend in 2006–07, but only two took part).

Consecutive starts without points
  Lebanon participated in 65 races without winning points beginning with the inaugural 2005–06 Great Britain Sprint Race. The team finally scored its first-ever points finish in the feature race at Zandvoort, in its 33rd race weekend.

Driver records

Caps

Youngest capped drivers

Oldest capped drivers

Wins

Youngest :  Christian Vietoris, 18y 9m 19d, Feature Race, 2007–08

Pole positions

Youngest :  Robert Wickens, 18y 11m 11d, Sprint Race, 2007–08 .

Fastest laps

Youngest :  Sébastien Buemi, 18y 5m 29d, Feature Race, 2006–07

Other

Consecutive starts
 Alex Yoong ran consecutively 45 starts (24 races) from Feature Race, 2005–06  to Feature Race, 2007–08 .

Different teams
 Enrico Toccacelo ran for two different teams, A1 Team Italy and A1 Team Pakistan. He raced the Pakistani car after Adam Langley-Khan was injured during practice sessions of 2005–06, South Africa.
 Daniel Morad drove as Rookie driver for Canada in 2007–08 and as Main driver for Lebanon in 2008–09. His Canadian-Lebanese heritage allowed him to switch nationalities, as he had not yet made his race debut.

Other

Events by Country

Tracks with most race weekends

Fuel
A1 Grand Prix is the first racing series to use a 30% biofuel mix. An ethanol based product, Hiperflo E30, has been used since 2007–08, New Zealand.

References

External links
All-time Statistics results.a1gp.com

Records


Kittisford is a village and former civil parish and manor, now in the parish of Stawley in the Somerset district, in the ceremonial county of Somerset, England, situated  west of Taunton. In 1931 the parish had a population of 92. On 1 April 1933 the parish was abolished and merged with Stawley.

The parish Church of St Nicholas was built around 1500 altered in the mid 17th century and was restored in 1875. It is a Grade II* listed building dedicated to St Nicholas. In the church survives a monumental brass to Richard Bluett (d.1524) and his wife Agnes Verney.

Gerald Gardiner took the title "Baron Gardiner of Kittisford" when he was made a life peer.

Historic estates
The Manor of Kittisford, of which the manor house is known as Kittisford Barton. The building was constructed in the late 15th or early 16th century.

References

Villages in Taunton Deane
Former civil parishes in Somerset


Darko is a common Slavic given name, and an Akan family name.

People:
 Darko (given name)
 Darko (surname)

Places:
 Velké Dářko, a pond in the Czech Republic

Movies:
 Donnie Darko, a 2001 film by Richard Kelly starring Jake Gyllenhaal and Jena Malone
 S. Darko, a 2009 film, sequel to Donnie Darko


The G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels (GIRKs) are a family of lipid-gated inward-rectifier potassium ion channels which are activated (opened) by the signaling lipid PIP2 and a signal transduction cascade starting with ligand-stimulated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).  GPCRs in turn release activated G-protein βγ- subunits (Gβγ) from inactive heterotrimeric G protein complexes (Gαβγ).  Finally, the Gβγ dimeric protein interacts with GIRK channels to open them so that they become permeable to potassium ions, resulting in hyperpolarization of the cell membrane. G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels are a type of G protein-gated ion channels because of this direct interaction of G protein subunits with GIRK channels. The activation likely works by increasing the affinity of the channel for PIP2. In high concentration PIP2 activates the channel absent G-protein, but G-protein does not activate the channel absent PIP2.

GIRK1 to GIRK3 are distributed broadly in the central nervous system, where their distributions overlap. GIRK4, instead, is found primarily in the heart.

Subtypes

Examples
A wide variety of G protein-coupled receptors activate GIRKs, including the M2-muscarinic, A1-adenosine, α2-adrenergic, D2-dopamine, μ- δ-, and κ-opioid, 5-HT1A serotonin, somatostatin, galanin, m-Glu, GABAB, TAAR1, CB1 and CB2, and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors.

Examples of GIRKs include a subset of potassium channels in the heart, which, when activated by parasympathetic signals such as acetylcholine through M2 muscarinic receptors, causes an outward current of potassium, which slows down the heart rate.  These are called muscarinic potassium channels (IKACh) and are heterotetramers composed of two GIRK1 and two GIRK4 subunits.

References

External links

Ion channels


The 2008 Delaware Democratic presidential primary was held on Super Tuesday, February 5, 2008, and had a total of 15 delegates at stake. The winner in each of Delaware's subdivisions was awarded those subdivisions' delegates, totaling 10. Another five delegates were awarded to the statewide winner, Barack Obama. The 15 delegates represented Delaware at the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado. Eight other unpledged delegates, known as superdelegates, also attended the convention and cast their votes as well.

Polls

Results

Analysis

Barack Obama's win in the Delaware Democratic Primary can be traced to a number of factors. According to the exit polls, 64 percent of voters in the Delaware Democratic Primary were Caucasian and they favored Clinton by a margin of 56-40 compared to the 28 percent of African American voters who backed Obama by a margin of 86-9. Obama won all age groups except senior citizens ages 65 and over who strongly backed Clinton by a margin of 56-38. Obama also won middle class and more affluent voters making over $30,000 while Clinton won lower middle class and less affluent voters making less than $30,000. Obama also won higher-educated voters (college graduates 60-35; postgraduate studies 66-32) while high school graduates backed Clinton 51-44; both candidates evenly split voters who had some college and/or an associate degree 47-47. Registered Democrats favored Obama 54-42 while Independents also backed him by a margin of 50-44; he also won all ideological groups. Regarding religion, Obama won all major denominations except Roman Catholics who backed Clinton with a 60-35 margin – Obama won Protestants 51-47, other Christians 71-24, and atheists/agnostics 60-35.

Obama performed best in New Castle County, the most populous and urban part of the state which contains Wilmington as well as a large population of African Americans, which he won by a 56.49-39.69 margin of victory. He also narrowly won neighboring Kent County to the south, which contains the state capital of Dover, with 51.76 percent of the vote. Clinton won Sussex County in Southern Delaware, the more rural and conservative part of the state, with 52.73 percent of the vote.

See also
 2008 Delaware Republican presidential primary

References

2008 United States Democratic presidential primaries by state
Democratic primary
2008
2008 Super Tuesday


The Middleweight class in the 1st AIBA African Olympic Boxing Qualifying Tournament competition was the lightest class.  Middleweights were limited to those boxers weighing between 69 - 75 kilograms.

List of boxers

Medalists

Results

Quarterfinal Round

Semifinal Round

3rd place Round

Final Round

Qualification to Olympic games

References
AIBA

AIBA African 2008 Olympic Qualifying Tournament


Howard Hallett (1890–1970) was an Australian rugby league footballer and coach for South Sydney of the New South Wales Rugby League premiership. Hallett primarily played at . He represented for New South Wales and Australia and is considered one of the nation's finest footballers of the 20th century

Playing career
Hallett was originally an Australian rules footballer and once kicked eighteen goals for the Crown Street Public School against Ultimo. He graduated with Souths in 1908, the first season of rugby league in Australia and made his debut in the first-grade team in 1909. Hallett was a playing member of three premiership-winning teams; 1909, 1914 and 1918. At the end of the 1914 season, Hallett was awarded a silver belt by the Sanderson Whiskey company as Player of the Season. Hallett was first selected to play for New South Wales in 1911. In the same year he was selected to tour with the 1911–12 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain, making his debut playing against the Northern Union at Newcastle as a  and scoring his one and only test try. He played the remaining two tests at fullback. Hallett toured with New South Wales to New Zealand in both the 1913 inaugural tour and 1914. Hallett's final year as a member of the national team was in 1914 when the Northern Union toured Australia.

In a game against Western Suburbs in 1924, Hallett was involved in a heavy collision, fracturing his jaw. Weeks later, he had surgery on his jaw. The scalpel from the surgeon however, left a permanent mark on the side of his face.

Coaching career
Hallett retired from first-grade in 1924 and in 1925 he was back at Souths as coach. He coached the team through their only unbeaten season; twelve games. The final two games of the season were cancelled as Souths sat at the top of the ladder, ten points ahead of their nearest rival. A four-team semi-finals series, along with other rule changes to speed up the game, was introduced in 1926 in an effort by the NSWRL to attract crowds back to the matches. Hallett once again coached his team to the top of the premiership ladder, with eleven points separating Souths from the Glebe Dirty Reds, and took the team on to win the first finals series. Hallett retired from coaching at the end of the 1926 season.

After football
Hallett's son, Howard Hallett Jnr, played 7 seasons for South Sydney between 1940 and 1949.

Hallett died on 28 May 1970.

In February 2008, Hallett was named in the list of Australia's 100 Greatest Players (1908–2007) which was commissioned by the NRL and ARL to
celebrate the code's centenary year in Australia.

Footnotes

References

External links
 (archived by web.archive.org) Statistics at nrlstats.com
 (archived by web.archive.org) Coach Statistics at nrlstats.com

1890 births
1970 deaths
Australasia rugby league team players
Australia national rugby league team players
Australian rugby league coaches
Australian rugby league players
New South Wales rugby league team players
Rugby league centres
Rugby league fullbacks
Rugby league players from Sydney
South Sydney Rabbitohs captains
South Sydney Rabbitohs coaches
South Sydney Rabbitohs players


The Football Conference season of 1988–89 (known as the GM Vauxhall Conference for sponsorship reasons) was the tenth season of the Football Conference.

It was the third season that the champions of the Conference were automatically promoted to the Football League after the abolition of the election system.

Overview
Maidstone United, who had been Conference champions once earlier in the decade and once the runners-up, were finally promoted to the Football League Fourth Division after gaining their second title at this level.

Newport County, the club newly relegated to the Conference from the Football League, were wound up due to debts on 27 February 1989. They were then expelled from the Conference for failing to fulfil their fixtures; their record was expunged.

New teams in the league this season
 Aylesbury United (promoted 1987–88)
 Chorley (promoted 1987–88)
 Newport County (relegated from the Football League 1987–88)
 Yeovil Town (promoted 1987–88)

Final league table

Results

Top scorers

Promotion and relegation

Promoted
 Maidstone United (to the Football League Fourth Division)
 Barrow (from the Northern Premier League)
 Farnborough Town (from the Isthmian League)
 Merthyr Tydfil (from the Southern League)

Relegated
 Aylesbury (to the Isthmian League)
 Darlington (from the Football League Fourth Division)
 Weymouth (to the Southern League)

References

External links
 1988–89 Conference National Results

National League (English football) seasons
5


In the Days of Buffalo Bill is a 1922 American silent Western film serial directed by Edward Laemmle. The film, which consisted of 18 episodes, is currently classified as lost.

Cast

 Art Acord as Art Taylor
 Duke R. Lee as Buffalo Bill Cody
 George A. Williams as Calvert Carter
 Jay Morley as Lambert Ashley
 Otto Nelson as Alden Carter
 Pat Harmon as Gaspard
 Jim Corey as Quantrell
 Burton Law as Allen Pinkerton (as Burton C. Law)
 William De Vaull as Edwin M. Stanton (as William P. Devaull)
 Joel Day as Abraham Lincoln
 J. Herbert Frank as Abraham Lincoln
 Clark Comstock as Thomas C. Durant
 Charles Colby as William H. Seward
 Joseph Hazelton as Gideon Welles (as Joe Hazleton)
 John W. Morris as Gen. U. S. Grant
 Lafe McKee as Gen. Robert E. Lee (as Lafayette McKee)
 G.B. Philips as Montgomery Blair
 Tex Driscoll as Gen. U.S. Grant (as John W. Morris)
 Harry Myers as Andrew Johnson (as Henry Myers)
 Ruth Royce as Aimee Lenard
 Chief Lightheart as Sitting Bull
 William Knight as Jack Casement
 Elsie Greeson as Louise Frederici
 Buck Connors as Hank Tabor
 Millard K. Wilson as Tim O'Mara (as M.K. Wilson)
 William F. Moran as John Wilkes Booth (as William Moran)
 Silver Tip Baker as Gen. Grenville M. Dodge (as Silvertip Baker)
 Charles Newton as Maj. North
 Alfred Hollingsworth as Chief Justice Chase
 Lester Cuneo
 Marion Feducha as Andrew Johnson as a boy
 Helen Farnum (uncredited)
 Joe Miller (uncredited)
 Dorothy Wood (uncredited)

Litigation over name "Buffalo Bill"
The corporation founded by William F. Cody, the actual Buffalo Bill, and two partners in 1913, which made a film of his wild west exploits, The Adventures of Buffalo Bill (1917), brought a suit in federal court in Colorado seeking an injunction to prevent the 1922 film serial from using the name "Buffalo Bill" and his likeness in any advertising. Applying the law of unfair competition, the court dismissed the suit noting that the name, which at best had only a common law trademark, had acquired a secondary meaning regarding the American West which had lost its exclusivity from being used in several plays without challenge, and that the theater-going public could readily distinguish between the films.

Chapter titles
 Bonds of Steel
 In the Enemy's Hands
 The Spy
 The Sword of Grant and Lee
 The Man of the Ages
 Prisoners of the Sioux
 Shackles of Fate
 The Last Shot
 From Tailor to President
 Empire Builders
 Perils of the Plains
 The Hand of Justice
 Trails of Peril
 The Scarlet Doom
 Men of Steel
 The Brink of Eternity
 A Race to the Finish
 Driving the Golden Spike

See also
 List of film serials
 List of film serials by studio
 List of lost films

References
Notes

Citations

External links

 In the Days of Buffalo Bill at silentera.com

1922 films
1922 lost films
1922 Western (genre) films
American black-and-white films
American silent serial films
Films directed by Edward Laemmle
Cultural depictions of Buffalo Bill
Lost American Western (genre) films
Cultural depictions of Ulysses S. Grant
Cultural depictions of John Wilkes Booth
Cultural depictions of Sitting Bull
Cultural depictions of Andrew Johnson
Cultural depictions of Robert E. Lee
Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln
Silent American Western (genre) films
Universal Pictures film serials
1920s American films


Reinhard Richard Breinburg (born May 2, 1984, in Purmerend, Netherlands) is a naturalized Aruban football defender, who plays for SV Dakota.

Club career
He played in the Feyenoord academy and joined Dordrecht in 2004. At Dordrecht, Breinburg was tested positive for use of an illegal substance. He was later suspended by the Dutch FA for use of cannabis. In 2010, he joined amateur side Barendrecht and he moved to Quick Boys two years later.

He left Quick Boys in 2014 and moved to Aruba to work on the island.

International career
Breinburg made his debut for Aruba in a December 2011 friendly match against Suriname and earned a total of 13 caps scoring no goals.

References

External links

 Profile at VI

1984 births
Living people
Footballers from Purmerend
Dutch people of Aruban descent
Men's association football central defenders
Dutch men's footballers
Aruban men's footballers
Aruba men's international footballers
Aruban expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
Eerste Divisie players
FC Dordrecht players
BVV Barendrecht players
Quick Boys players
SV Dakota players
Doping cases in association football
Dutch sportspeople in doping cases


The 2008 Delaware Republican presidential primary was held on February 5 (Super Tuesday). A total of 18 delegates were selected. The Delaware Republican Party rallied behind John McCain, and  was the declared winner of the primary election after successfully taking all three Delaware counties. McCain was followed by Mitt Romney in second and then by Mike Huckabee in third.

Candidates

 Mike Huckabee
 John McCain
 Ron Paul
 Mitt Romney

Candidates Rudy Giuliani, Duncan Hunter, Fred Thompson, and Tom Tancredo had dropped out of the presidential race before the Delaware primary.

Results

*Candidate withdrew before primary

Analysis

McCain was the expected favorite in the 2008 primary among the Republican candidates; his campaign was led by Delaware's only House representative, Rep. Michael N. Castle.

In Delaware, 27,412 of the 102, 455 registered Republicans voted in the election, resulting in a 26.76 percent turn-out rate.

Winners of Previous Primaries

 2000: George W. Bush
 1996: Steve Forbes

See also

 2004 Delaware Democratic presidential primary
 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries

References

External links
State of Delaware, Commissioner of Elections

Delaware
Republican presidential primaries
2008 Super Tuesday
2008


is a single by the Jpop vocalist Yuki Matsuoka and was used as the third closing theme for the Japanese dub of the 1987 Ninja Turtles series. It was written by Mitsuko Shiramine and composed by Hideaki Fukutomi. It was released by Sony Records on June 21, 1995, in Japan only and is coupled with the song "Ano Toki mo Ano Toki mo".

Track list
青い空の写真を見た。Aoi Sorano Syasinwo Mita/I Watched a Blue Empty Photograph
あの時もあの時もAno Toki mo Ano Toki mo/As for That Time, as for That Time
青い空の写真を見た。(オリジナル・カラオケ)Aoi Sorano Syasinwo Mita (Orijinaru Karaoke)/I Watched a Blue Empty Photograph (Original Karaoke)

External links
Yahoo Music page

1995 singles
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles music


Elections to Hastings Borough Council were held on 10 June 2004. Half of the council was up for election and the Labour Party lost overall control of the council to no overall control. Overall turnout was 34.5%.

After the election, the composition of the council was:
Labour 15
Conservative 13
Liberal Democrat 4

Election result

Ward results

References
2004 Hastings election result
Ward results
 Labour loses control of Hastings

2004
2004 English local elections
2000s in East Sussex


Langridge is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Albert Kent Langridge, known as A. K. Langridge (late 19th – early 20th centuries), English author, wrote about missions to South Seas islands
 Chris Langridge (born 1985), English badminton player
 George Langridge (1829–1891), politician in Victoria, Australia
 James Langridge (1906–1966), English cricketer
 John Langridge (1910–1999), English cricketer
 Matt Langridge (born 1983), English oarsman
 Philip Langridge (1939–2010), English operatic tenor
 Richard Langridge (1939–2005), English cricketer
 Roger Langridge (born 1967), New Zealand-born comics writer and artist
 Stuart Langridge (born 1976), English software designer
 Ted Langridge (born 1936), Australian rules footballer

See also
 Charlcombe, a civil parish in Somerset including the village of Landgridge
 Langridge, a ward of the City of Yarra, Victoria, Australia
 Langrage, a type of Naval artillery in the Age of Sail