Huby is a village in the Harrogate district of North Yorkshire that lies approximately  south of the town of Harrogate and  north of the city of Leeds. According to the University of Nottingham English Place-names project, the settlement name Huby could mean "hōh" (Old English) a heel or sharply projecting piece of ground; "haugr" (Old Norse) a natural height, hill, or an artificial mound (e.g. burial mound); and "bȳ" (Old Norse) a farmstead, or village. The 2011 census for Huby returned 319 households and 756 residents.

Transport
The village is on the A658 between Otley and Harrogate and is served by Weeton railway station on the line which links Leeds with Harrogate.

The Chapel
Huby Methodist Chapel, founded 1889, is on the corner of Strait Lane, Huby. The chapel contains a stained glass window memorial dedicated to 7 soldiers whom died during the First World War (1914–18), and a brass plaque memorial is dedicated to a further 6 soldiers from the Second World War (1939–1945).

The Post Office
The first mention of a post office in the village was in 1888. A telegram delivered from the post office in 1940, and a photograph of the post office, appeared as illustrations in an article in a British philatelic magazine in 1989, which recalled the contribution to the village provided by members of the Jackson family, including George Faulkes Jackson (1912–80), who served as postmaster and as clerk to the parish council. The post office closed in October 1995.

Landmarks
Almscliffe Crag is a rocky outcrop  north-west of the village. The outcrop is made of Warley Wise Grit (Sandstone); a Sedimentary bedrock formed between 329 and 328 million years ago during the Carboniferous period. The site is popular with climbers and boulderers.

Sport and leisure

Brass Band
The Tewit Youth Band, founded in 1978, is a brass and percussion band for young players between the ages of 8 and 18. The band is currently based in the old village Methodist chapel.

The Weeton Show
The Weeton Show, is an annual summer event organised by the Weeton and District Agricultural and Horticultural Society. The show has been held at the village since it was established in 1946.

Tennis
The tennis club was founded in 1913 and is based at the Almscliffe Tennis & Bowling Club at the Almscliffe Hall, on Harrogate Road. The club's utilities include both grass and artificial courts, three of which are floodlit.

Bowls
The Almscliffe Bowling Club is based at Almscliffe Hall, on Harrogate Road. The club is active most evenings during the summer, and compete in the Harrogate Evening League, Tadcaster Evening League, and Harrogate Veterans League, alongside Internal Club competitions and friendlies.

Theatre
Weeton and Huby Players is an amateur dramatic group that perform in the Almscliffe Hall. Established in 1922, they perform 3 nights in either March or November.

Cricket
Weeton & Huby Cricket Club was a non league club situated on land south of Weeton Lane. The ground was latterly used by other clubs but was eventually abandoned at the end of the 2016 season.

Further reading
The Atkinson family, who lived in the village, are the focus of a 1978 book by Colin Gordon. It includes a family tree beginning with Henry Atkinson (1823–92) and Ellen Backhouse (1827–1908) along with many illustrations, rescued from photographic plates found on a market stall. The village is also the subject of a booklet by Joan Coombs.

References

External links
Almscliffe Crag
The Weeton Show
Tewit Youth Band
Weeton and Huby Players
Weeton Parish Council

Villages in North Yorkshire
Hamlets in North Yorkshire


Mmankgodi is a village in Kweneng District of Botswana. It is located 35 km from Gaborone and around 30 km from the border with South Africa. The population of Mmankgodi was 6,802 in 2011 census.

The people of Mmankgodi are called the Bahurutshe, a group also found in the village of Manyana. They arrived in the region from South Africa throughout the eighteenth century because of Boer oppression, which led to the Battle of Dimawe in 1852. The tribal chief of Mmankgodi is Kgosi, and, as is customary in Botswana, the salutation 'kgosi' is the title used before the chief's name.

References

Kweneng District
Villages in Botswana


Hautecour () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Ivory () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

Old tree
In a farmyard in the village is a huge old lime tree.  Now old and hollow, the trunk could accommodate a table for six or eight diners.  It is said to have been planted to mark the marriage of Maria, nineteen-year-old daughter and heiress of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, to Emperor Maximilian I.  The marriage took place on 18 August 1477.  Maria's father had died in battle outside Nancy on 5 January that same year.
Why plant a tree in Ivory? Who planted it? It was completely unmarked and unknown until a passing visitor told the local Tourist Board the story and the tree was ring fenced and its history recorded on a plaque.

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Sojwe is a village in Kweneng District of Botswana. The population was 2,056 in 2001 census.

References

Kweneng District
Villages in Botswana


Ivrey () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Jeurre () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Oneta may refer to:

Places
Italy
 Oneta, Lombardy, a comune in the Province of Bergamo

Spain
 Oneta, Spain, a parroquia in the Municipality of Villayón, Asturias

United States
 Oneta, Oklahoma


The Romance of Elaine is a 1915 American silent adventure film serial directed by George B. Seitz, Leopold Wharton and Theodore Wharton, based on the novel by Arthur B. Reeve. The film is considered to be lost.

Cast
 Pearl White as Elaine Dodge
 Creighton Hale as Walter Jameson
 Lionel Barrymore as Marcus Del Mar / Mr. X
 Arnold Daly as Detective Craig Kennedy
 Warner Oland
 Bessie Wharton as Aunt Josephine
 George B. Seitz
 Howard Cody (uncredited)
 Paul Everton (uncredited)
 Robin H. Townley (uncredited)
 Louis Wolheim (uncredited)

Chapter titles
 The Lost Torpedo
 The Gray Friar
 The Vanishing Man
 The Submarine Harbor
 The Conspirators
 The Wireless Detective
 The Death Cloud
 The Search Light Gun
 The Life Chain
 The Flash
 The Disappearing Helmets
 The Triumph of Elaine

See also
List of lost films

References

External links

1915 films
1915 lost films
1915 adventure films
Silent American adventure films
American silent serial films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by George B. Seitz
Films directed by Leopold Wharton
Films directed by Theodore Wharton
Lost American adventure films
English-language adventure films
Pathé Exchange film serials
1910s American films
1910s English-language films


Jouhe () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Boatlaname is a village in Kweneng District of Botswana. The population of Boatlaname was 770 in 2001 census.

References

Kweneng District
Villages in Botswana


Talal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud ( Ṭalāl bin ʿAbdulʿazīz Āl Saʿūd; 15 August 1931 – 22 December 2018), formerly also called The Red Prince, was a Saudi Arabian politician, dissident, businessman, and philanthropist. A member of the House of Saud, he was notable for his liberal stance, striving for a national constitution, the full rule of law and equality before the law. He was also the leader of Free Princes Movement in the 1960s.

Early life

Prince Talal was born in Shubra Palace, Taif, on 15 August 1931 as the twentieth son of King Abdulaziz. His mother was an Armenian woman, Munaiyir, whose family escaped from the Ottoman Empire between 1915 and 1923, a period of turmoil in Armenia. Munaiyir was presented by the emir of Unayza in 1921, when she was 12 years old, to the 45-year-old Abdulaziz. Their first child was born when she was 15 years old, a son named Talal. Following tradition, Munaiyir became known as Umm Talal, "mother of Talal". However, in 1927, the three-year-old Talal died. In 1931, a second son was born to the couple, and was named Talal in honor of his late brother, following local tradition; thus, Munaiyir continued to be addressed as Umm Talal. He was followed by another son, Nawwaf, and a daughter, Madawi. It is unknown when Abdulaziz divorced his fourth wife and formally wed Munaiyir. She is reported by her family to have remained illiterate all her life and to have converted to Islam. Munaiyir was regarded by British diplomats in Saudi Arabia as having been one of Abdulaziz's favourite wives. She was as known for her intelligence as for her beauty. She died in December 1991.

Prince Talal was the full brother of Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz. During the reign of King Saud, they became bitter enemies, to the point of contesting their inheritances. Their full sister, Madawi bint Abdulaziz, died in November 2017.

Positions held

Minister of Communications
Prince Talal was made minister of communications when the office was established in 1952. Prince Talal became one of the wealthiest young princes, but his bureau suffered major corruption problems. Then, King Abdulaziz created the ministry of the air force to represent all flight-related matters from his administration. Because Prince Talal and Prince Mishaal contended over who controlled the national airlines, Saudi Arabia was to have two separate fleets. The dispute ended when Prince Talal resigned in April 1955. Later, the ministry of communication was merged with the ministry of finance after Prince Talal's resignation. This allowed King Saud to skip choosing Talal's successor, which would have caused friction in the royal family no matter whom King Saud selected.

Ambassador to France and Spain
Prince Talal served as Saudi ambassador to France and Spain between 1955 and 1957.

Minister of Finance and National Economy
King Saud appointed Prince Talal as minister of finance and national economy in 1960. He was removed from office on 11 September 1961. The reason for his dismissal was his proposal to establish a constitution in Saudi Arabia in September 1961. However, King Saud had no intention or plan to reform the political system. Therefore, he forced Prince Talal to resign from the cabinet. First, Prince Muhammed bin Saud and then, his full brother Prince Nawwaf succeeded him in the post.

Controversy

Free Princes Movement
After Prince Talal's palaces were searched by the Saudi Arabian National Guard while he was abroad, he held a press conference in Beirut on 15 August 1962. His statements caused a stir since he openly criticized and attacked the Saudi regime. As a consequence, his passport was withdrawn, his property confiscated, and some of his supporters in Saudi Arabia arrested. Soon the North Yemen Civil War began, and one week later, four crews of Saudi Arabian Airlines employees defected to Egypt. Prince Talal adopted the name of the 'Free Princes' in Cairo on 19 August 1962, and broadcast his progressive views on the Radio Cairo. Later, he, his half-brothers, Fawwaz and Badr, and his cousin Fahd bin Saad began to make statements on behalf of the Saudi Liberation Front. After four years, during which King Faisal offered tremendous financial inducements to the Free Princes, the latter were again reconciled with the royal family.

In exile, his own family did not support him and even criticized him for his intensive sympathy with then Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, Saudi Arabia's foremost enemy. On 8 September 1963, The Sunday Telegraph reported that Talal's mother, Munaiyir, advised her son that he was behaving foolishly while his younger sister Madawi kept asking him to return home. King Faisal reportedly refused to forgive Prince Talal but privately assured his mother that his assets would be unfrozen and that he could safely return home. On 23 February 1964 Prince Talal returned to Saudi Arabia, and upon his return he issued a statement acknowledging his mistake in criticizing the Saudi government.

Views
In September 1961 Prince Talal called for establishing a constitutional monarchy in Saudi Arabia and for closing the Dhahran Air Base which had been constructed by the US. Although he served in the cabinet led by King Saud, in August 1962 Prince Talal argued that King Saud had no quality to be the ruler of the country in the 20th century. Years later Prince Talal expressed his regret to form a political movement, namely Free Princes, due to the fact that it was commonly considered as a threat to the monarchy.

On 6 June 1999 Prince Talal publicly reported that the Kingdom should "find a smooth way to pass the monarchy to the next generation, or face a power struggle after the era of old royals passes." After the September 11 attacks, he challenged the "potentially very confusing" claim that rulers and religious scholars should jointly decide affairs of state. In 2001 he openly stated his support for the establishment of an elected assembly in Saudi Arabia. In September 2007, he announced his desire to form a political party to advance his goal of liberalizing the country.

In 2009, Prince Talal stated, "King Abdullah is the ruler. If he wills it, it will be done." However, in March 2009, he called on King Abdullah to clarify the appointment of Prince Nayef as second deputy prime minister. He publicly questioned whether it would make Prince Nayef the next crown prince. Prince Nayef was in fact named crown prince in October 2011 following the death of his brother, Prince Sultan. Prince Talal was a member of the Allegiance Council when the members were named in 2007. He resigned from the Council in November 2011, apparently in protest of late Prince Nayef's appointment as Crown Prince. In April 2012, he said that the "hand of justice" should reach all the corrupt in Saudi Arabia, and called on the National Anti-Corruption Authority (NACA) to reach everyone, regardless of status. In his June 2012 Al Quds Al Arabi interview, Prince Talal stated that the princes on the Allegiance Council were not consulted on the succession of Prince Salman and that the Council became ineffective.

Various official and honorary positions

Prince Talal was one of the members of Al Saud Family Council which consisted of royals and was established by Crown Prince Abdullah in June 2000 to discuss private issues such as business activities of princes and marriages of princess to individuals who were not member of House of Saud.

Prince Talal was the chairman of Arab Gulf Program For The United Nations Development (AGFUND), which promoted socioeconomic development in the Middle East. As part of AGFUND, he led the board of trustees of the Arab Network for NGOs based in Cairo and established the Arab Open University. He also supported training of women through AGFUND. Through AGFUND, he provided significant monetary support for UNICEF and UNICEF declared him as its Special Envoy in 1980. He became UNESCO's Special Envoy for Water in 2002 to encourage the development of safe water.

Prince Talal was the president of the Arab Council for Childhood and Development. He also helped create the Mentor Foundation and was an honorary member of its board of trustees. He co-founded the Independent Commission for International Humanitarian Issues. He was also a prominent member of the League for Development of the Pasteur Institute and the honorary president of Saudi Society of Family and Community Medicine.

Philanthropy
According to Riz Khan, "Prince Talal spent his post-political years developing humanitarian work, shedding the epithet 'The Red Prince' and becoming known as 'The Children's Prince' for his work with UNICEF, the United Nations Children's Fund."

Personal life
Prince Talal married four times. He first married Umm Faisal, who is the mother of Faisal. He later divorced her.

Next, Talal married Mona Al Solh, a daughter of Riad Al Solh, the first prime minister of Lebanon. Their children are Prince Al Waleed, Prince Khalid and Princess Reema. They married in September 1954. The marriage collapsed in 1962; they remained separated until their divorce in 1968. One of his co-brothers was Prince Moulay Abdallah of Morocco, brother of King Hassan II of Morocco. Prince Abdallah of Morocco was married to another daughter of Riad Al Solh. Prince Talal hired one professor from the University of Houston and an instructor to teach English, psychology and Western civilization to his daughter Reema, who was 18 years old, in Riyadh in 1976.

His third wife was Moudie bint Abdul Mohsen Al Angari. They had three children: a son, Turki, and two daughters, Sara and Noura. Moudie and Talal were later divorced, and she died in 2008. In July 2012, their daughter Sara sought political asylum in the United Kingdom on the grounds that she was fearful for her safety in Saudi Arabia.

Lastly, Talal was married to Magdah bint Turki Al Sudairi, daughter of former Human Rights Commission President Turki bin Khaled Al Sudairi.

Prince Talal had a total of fifteen children, nine sons and six daughters. His sons are Faisal (died 1991), Al Waleed, Khalid, Turki, Abdulaziz, Abdul Rahman, Mansour, Mohammed and Mashour. His daughters are Reema, Sara, Noura, Al Jawhara, Hibatallah and Maha. From this information, it may be surmised that with his last wife, Magdah, he had six sons and three daughters. This may not be accurate, because he may also have had children by one or more concubines.

Death
Prince Talal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud died in Riyadh on 22 December 2018. His son Prince Abdulaziz bin Talal tweeted in Arabic language: "Prince Talal bin Abdulaziz has passed away on Saturday. May God forgive him and grant him heaven". Funeral prayers were held at Imam Turki bin Abdullah Mosque, Riyadh, following day.

Ancestry

References

External links

 Official website,

20th-century Saudi Arabian diplomats
Talal
Talal
Talal
1931 births
2018 deaths
Talal
Talal
Talal
Burials at Al Oud cemetery
Talal
Talal
Talal
Talal
Talal
Talal
Talal
Talal


Hatsalatladi is a village in Kweneng District of Botswana. It is located 40 km north of Molepolole. The population of Hatsalatladi was 609 as of the 2001 census.

References

Kweneng District
Villages in Botswana


The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles (often abbreviated to The Generall Historie) is a book written by Captain John Smith, first published in 1624. The book is one of the earliest, if not the earliest, histories of the territory administered by the London Company.

Background
Originally, two English joint-stock companies had been made to settle North America, then known as the Colony of Virginia. In June 1606, the London Company was granted a charter for a section of the continent south of that given to the Plymouth Company. Both companies established settlements in 1607 - the London Company in Jamestown, and the Plymouth Company in Plymouth. Soon, the term Virginia came to refer only to that part of North America covered by the London Company's original charters. The third charter, of 1612, extended its territory far enough across the Atlantic to include the Somers Isles (Bermuda), which the Virginia Company had been in unofficial possession of since the 1609 wreck of the Sea Venture.

Writing
John Smith fell out of favor with the directors of the Virginia Company mostly due to his insistence of increasing food supply and reducing colonist numbers. Despite this, he wrote a series of publications after returning to England in October 1609 about the colonial effort in North America, where he marginalized the Company's involvement. The Generall Historie was based in large part on information he was given by others, as he had not personally witnessed what had happened in the years between his leaving Virginia and publishing the book. Some episodes may have been fabricated, condensed, or truncated, the most famous perhaps being whether or not he was actually "saved" from death by Pocahontas in 1607 (a fact Smith did not write about until this publication).

Further, he had never visited Bermuda, which had been separated from Virginia to be managed by the Somers Isles Company (formed in 1615 by the shareholders of the Virginia Company). His information on Bermuda may have come from the then Governor, Nathaniel Butler, who probably provided the drawing which was the basis of the engraving printed in the Historie, a map, and illustrations of important sites in that

Writing
All 17th-century American writings were essentially in the manner of British writings, and both the content and form of the literature of this first century in America were markedly English. John Smith is credited with initiating American literature, and wrote in the tradition of geographic literature, the book being written to explain colonizing opportunities to Englishmen. His numerous publications also offered practical advice on seamanship and colonization, and his literary achievements were probably more important to England’s imperial aspirations than his travel ones.

Publication history
The Generall Historie was first printed by I.D and I. H. for Michael Sparkes in 1624. Other editions followed in 1625, 1626, 1627, 1629, 1631, and 1632.

References

External links
 Complete PDF version of The Generall Historie of Virginia American Journeys
 Complete text of the Generall Historie American Memory
 Texts of Imagination & Empire, by Emily Rose, Princeton University Folger Shakespeare Library
 The New York Times: "Beyond Pocohantas". Book review of The Complete Works of Captain John Smith, Edited by Philip L. Barbour.

Colony of Virginia
1624 books
British books
Plymouth Colony
History of Bermuda
History of New England


"Hush'd Be the Camps To-Day" is a poem by Walt Whitman dedicated to Abraham Lincoln.
The poem was written on April 19, 1865, shortly after Lincoln's assassination.  Whitman greatly admired Lincoln and went on to write additional poetry about him: "O Captain! My Captain!", "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd", and "This Dust Was Once the Man." "Hush'd" is not particularly well known, and is generally considered to have been hastily written. Some critics highlight the poem as Whitman's first attempt to respond to Lincoln's death and emphasize that it would have drawn comparatively little attention if Whitman had not written his other poems on Lincoln.

Background

Walt Whitman and Abraham Lincoln

Although they never met, Whitman saw Abraham Lincoln several times between 1861 and 1865, sometimes in close quarters. The first time was when Lincoln stopped in New York City in 1861 on his way to Washington. Whitman noticed the President-elect's "striking appearance" and "unpretentious dignity", and trusted Lincoln's "supernatural tact" and "idiomatic Western genius". He admired the President, writing in October 1863, "I love the President personally." Whitman considered himself and Lincoln to be "afloat in the same stream" and "rooted in the same ground". Whitman and Lincoln shared similar views on slavery and the Union, and similarities have been noted in their literary styles and inspirations. Whitman later declared that "Lincoln gets almost nearer me than anybody else."

There is an account of Lincoln reading Whitman's Leaves of Grass poetry collection in his office, and another of the President saying "Well, he looks like a man!" upon seeing Whitman in Washington, D.C., but these accounts are probably fictitious. Lincoln's death on April 15, 1865, greatly moved Whitman, who wrote several poems in tribute to the fallen President. "O Captain! My Captain!", "When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd", "Hush'd Be the Camps To-Day", and "This Dust Was Once the Man" were all written as sequels to Drum-Taps. The poems do not specifically mention Lincoln, although they turn the assassination of the President into a sort of martyrdom.

Text
HUSH'D be the camps to-day;
And, soldiers, let us drape our war-worn weapons;
And each, with musing soul retire, to celebrate,
Our dear commander's death.

No more for him life's stormy conflicts;
Nor victory, nor defeat—No more time's dark events,
Charging like ceaseless clouds across the sky.

But sing, poet, in our name;
Sing of the love we bore him—because you, dweller in
       camps, know it truly.

Sing, to the lower'd coffin there;
Sing, with the shovel'd clods that fill the grave—a
       verse,
For the heavy hearts of soldiers.

Writing and publication
Whitman was home in Brooklyn on a break from his job with the Department of the Interior when he heard of Lincoln's assassination. He recalled that, although breakfast was served, the family did not eat and "not a word was spoken all day". He heard a similar story that troops under William Tecumseh Sherman on their homeward march were loud and jubilant until they heard the news about Lincoln, which stunned them into silence.

Although the poem is narrated from the point of view of a witness of Lincoln lying in state, Whitman himself likely didn't see it personally. The original subtitle of the poem included "April 19", the date of Lincoln's coffin was on display in the East Wing of the White House, but Whitman did not leave Brooklyn for Washington, D. C. until April 24. He therefore also missed the ceremonies in New York when Lincoln's body was there on April 24.

The first poem that Whitman wrote on Lincoln's assassination was "Hush'd Be the Camps To-Day", which was dated April 19, 1865the day of Lincoln's funeral in Washington. Although Drum-Taps had already begun the process of being published on April 1, Whitman felt it would be incomplete without a poem on Lincoln's death and hastily added "Hush'd Be the Camps To-Day". William Coyle, in his book The Poet and the President, gives a formal publication date of May 4, 1865, for the poem. It was later republished in the 1871 edition of Leaves of Grass in the "Memories of President Lincoln" cluster. Several commas were removed and the fourth stanza was revised.

Reception and analysis

Although the poem is not particularly well known, it was Whitman's first response to Lincoln's death, and the scholar Gregory Eiselein considers it to have many of the defining characteristics of Whitman's elegies to the fallen president. Eiselein particularly notes how the poem "mourns for the dead but celebrates death", considers Lincoln's death as a moment that will bring peace, and remembers Lincoln "not because he was a great leader or conqueror but because he was well-loved". By not naming Lincoln and comparing him to every soldier who died in the war, Whitman extends the elegy to all soldiers. The critic Helen Vendler considers "Hush'd" to be written from the collective voice of the Union Army mourning their commander. She argues that it demonstrates "omnimobility" of words by travelling from the camps to Lincoln's burial site.

The scholar Gay Wilson Allen considered "Hush'd" to be written "hastily" as Whitman's tribute to Lincoln's funeral. Whitman's biographer Justin Kaplan called "Hush'd" a "stop press insertion". Peter J. Bellis agreed, writing that "Hush'd Be the Camps To-Day", as Whitman's first elegy to Lincoln, "seeks both to describe and to perform that burial, to make itself the physical and narrative endpoint of the nation’s grief". "Hush'd Be The Camps To-Day" has inaccuracies and what scholar Ted Genoways describes as "stock form"; Whitman was unsatisfied by it. Allen argues that this poem was not "the elegy he [Whitman] felt was needed", and neither was "My Captain!" Throughout the summer Whitman developed his feelings on the assassination as he wrote "Lilacs", which represented the fitting elegy and was one of Whitman's greatest expressive works. Vendler noted that "Hush'd" is an instance of Whitman subordinating himself and writing as someone else.

In 1943, Henry Seidel Canby wrote that Whitman's poems on Lincoln have become known as "the poems of Lincoln". William E. Barton wrote in 1928 that neither "This Dust Was Once the Man" nor "Hush'd be the Camps" "would have attracted much attention at the time or have added anything later to the poet's reputation".

See also
 Abraham Lincoln cultural depictions
 Walt Whitman and Abraham Lincoln

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

 The disorder of Drum-Taps

Poetry by Walt Whitman
Abraham Lincoln in art
1865 poems
Walt Whitman and Abraham Lincoln


During 1991 Pakistan engaged simultaneously in the preservation of democracy, liberalization of its economy, and a reorientation of foreign policy. The year saw significant initiatives on all three fronts, but these encountered equally significant obstacles. The interplay of light and shadows left the people rather confused about the direction of their lives and the destiny of their country. The year really began in October 1990 with two events that continue to cast their shadows over the nation. One was the suspension of U.S. aid (October 1) and the other was the disputed national elections (October 24); the fallout from both these events largely dominated the national debate and determined the national agenda in 1991.

Confrontational Politics with a Ray of Hope
Peaceful and constitutional transfer of power is not the norm in Pakistan but this did take place on November 6, 1990, when Mian Nawaz Sharif was inducted as prime minister. For the first time in Pakistan's history, the ruling party (Islamic Democratic Alliance, commonly IJI1) enjoyed more than a two-thirds majority in the National Assembly, and it was also the first time that the same party ruled at the center as well as in all four provinces. Though the opposition Peoples Democratic Alliance (PDA) had charged that the elections were stolen,2 its leader, Benazir Bhutto, departing from traditional tactics, did not take to the streets. She decided to work within the democratic framework, and Nawaz Sharif promised to reciprocate. But this restraint did not last long. Presidential references to special tribunals to look into charges of corruption and misuse of power by Bhutto and some of her ministers, the involvement of her husband in criminal cases, and the persecution of her party's rank and file in Sindh by the Jam Sadiq government vitiated the political climate. In rage against a ruthless establishment, Bhutto took the fight from Parliament to the people. She denounced the elections of October 1990 as totally rigged, described the Parliament as "bogus," and since April 1991 she has conducted a relentless campaign to oust the Nawaz Sharif government. She did not even seem averse to a military takeover. Nawaz responded in an Independence Day speech on August 14 in Lahore that was full of anger, hatred, and threats. The confrontation kept the political climate charged, the people on edge, and the country buzzing with rumors about a change in government either through a military takeover or a palace revolution The bickering, infighting, and the seemingly chaotic Pakistani political scene in 1991 should not cause undue alarm. It is the Pakistani style of politics, and if no extraneous intervention takes place, it may produce corrective action from within the system. Moreover, the heat and dust of confrontational politics should not make one oblivious to an interesting prospect-the beginning of a two-party system in Pakistan where there are more political parties than there are shades of opinion. The elections of 1988 and 1990 have reduced most parties to be, at best, locally influential. The two political alliances-the IJI and the PDA, with the Muslim League and the Pakistan People's Party as their respective standard bearers-have, emerged as the main contestants for power. Contrary to common wisdom, the PDA did not suffer a humiliating de- feat in the 1990 elections in terms of popular support. In the National Assembly elections, the difference in the popular vote received by the two alliances was less than one percent (IJI-37.27%, PDA-36.65%), although this was not reflected in the number of seats won (IJI: 105, PDA: 45).3 Not only were the two alliances well balanced in their vote banks but their programs were also complimentary. The ideological confrontation of the 1970s and 1980s was over. Both agreed on a domestic agenda of liberal democracy and market economy although they used different rhetoric and slogans to satisfy their respective constituencies. Even on foreign policy issues, the stances of the IJI and the PDA became identical after the IJI shed its anti-India, anti-U.S. rhetoric and came around to supporting a political settlement in Afghanistan. In fact, the two-party system successfully operated in the Punjab where the two alliances together captured 88% of the votes cast in the election. The provincial government and the opposition also developed a working relationship.  The IJI record as a ruling coalition has been a mixed one. The government took credit for the passage of the Shariat Bill in May and the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution in July. The Shariat Bill declared the Quran and the Sunnah as the law of the land, not just the guideline. This could render legislatures superfluous but they were retained as the sole instrument of legislation. The opposition pointed out this contradiction and charged that a theocracy was being established; minority and women's groups also protested. The prime minister tried to disarm the critics by proclaiming he was not a fundamentalist but satisfied neither the moderates nor the fundamentalists. The Twelfth Amendment provided for special courts for speedy trial in cases of a heinous nature. Its provisions for suppression of fundamental rights and extension of police powers drew the wrath of the opposition, but the amendment so far has not been used by the government to persecute its opponents. The Nawaz Sharif government successfully tackled two very contentious issues that had waited to be resolved for more than 17 years-the allocations of Indus waters and the distribution of revenues between the federation and the provinces. The agreements were reached on both counts in the Council of Common Interest in March. But the government was vulnerable on several fronts. Nawaz Sharif found it difficult to hold his disparate coalition together; political expediency forced him to expand the cabinet to a record number of 48 ministers, ministers of state, and advisors. The law and order situation remained alarming in the country, particularly in Sindh. The Kalashnikov culture refused to be subdued and terrorism continued to stalk the land. The kidnapping for ransom of three Japanese students and two Chinese engineers in Sindh (they were subsequently released); bomb blasts in different parts of the country, notably Karachi; attacks on working journalists; and the murder of General Fazl-i- Haq, ex-governor of the Northwest Frontier Province (NWFP), were some indications of the pervasiveness of violence. The government also failed to control the rampant corruption in the bureaucracy and in the ety at large. In September Pakistan was rocked by the Cooperative Societies scandal in the ab in which some two million people lost deposits of Rs 17 billion (about US$700 million). Coming as it did on the heels of the BCCI collapse, confidence in the financial institutions of the country was shattered and the credibility of the government seriously eroded.

However, on one front at least, the government could breathe easier: a change of guard in the army on August 16 retired General Mirza Aslam Beg as chief of the army staff (COAS) and placed General Asif Nawaz in charge. In his order of the day to the troops, the new COAS said: "Let the elected representatives do their job while we concentrate on acquiring ever greater professional excellence." He also declared that "the army must have nothing to do with politics."4 Thus, the democratic polity, though fragile, survived the year.

Economic Liberalization
The financial year (June 1990-July 1991) was a difficult and eventful one for Pakistan's economy, with the suspension of U.S. aid and the Gulf War exerting immense pressure. U.S. aid for 1990-91 was reduced to $224 mil- lion-almost one-half of the 1989-90 aid figure. Even this reduced sum was suspended in October 1990, and finally, on October 1, 1991, the aid relationship was terminated altogether except for $500 million already in the pipeline. Increases in the prices of oil and petroleum products and the ban on exports to Iraq during the Gulf crisis caused a loss of about $600 million, and the repatriation of Pakistani workers from Kuwait and Iraq resulted in a shortfall of $100 million in remittances from the Gulf.5 This put a serious strain on the balance of payments and the budget. However, unlike the political scene, which remained depressing in 1991, the economy showed resilience and vitality during 1990-91. The GDP grew at a healthy rate of 5.6%, exports rose by 22%, and direct foreign investment by 15%. Stock market capitalization moved from Rs. 48.6 billion in June 1990 to Rs.92.3 billion in October 1991.6 The balance of payments situation was also eased by the inflow of about $650 million due to the relaxation of foreign exchange regulations. Since Pakistan had met all the conditionalities of the IMF and the World Bank, it received $1.168 billion from these agencies under various categories. Despite these encouraging indicators, Pakistan's economy in 1991 remained basically vulnerable. Its external debt on December 31, 1990, ac- cording to the World Bank Report for that year, stood at $18 billion. In addition, there was a domestic debt of Rs.400 billion, a balance of payments deficit of $2.1 billion or 4.6% of GNP, and a budgetary deficit of 5.2% of GDP. Unemployment during 1990-91 stood at 13.45% and inflation was 12.29%.7 According to the finance minister's budget speech on May 30, debt servicing during 1991-92 would consume 53% and defense expenditures 47% of revenue receipts.8 Thus, expenditures on development programs, public administration, and social sectors such as health and education would have to be met from external sources. This mounting debt liability and a population growth rate of 3.1% make the economic situation grave. To remedy the resource gap, it has become imperative to restructure the tax system and plug the leaks in revenue collection due to corruption. Similarly, a reallocation of revenue on a more rational basis is called for. Pakistan's population-32 million in 1947-reached the staggering figure of 113 million in January 1991. Family planning facilities reach hardly 20% of the population, and that is only in urban areas. A more determined effort is needed to tackle these pressing issues, but the economic policies pursued in 1991 failed to address them. The government made a determined effort to attract foreign investment capital. In November it organized a grand international investment conference in Islamabad, part of a $10 million promotion effort. The response was encouraging and the government hoped to attract a billion dollars in foreign investment during the 1991-92 financial year. But international competition for investment capital has become very sharp, and while the economic reforms of 1991 have made Pakistan very attractive to foreign entrepreneurs, without political stability and a satisfactory law and order situation they might not be tempted. In a complete reversal of the economic philosophy of the 1970s and 1980s, the government moved to base the economy on the free market mechanism. A series of reforms were carried out to accelerate the pace of economic growth through deregulation and privatization.

(1) In December 1990 the government announced a new industrial policy package in which its sanction was no longer required for the establishment of new industrial units, irrespective of size, sponsor, and location. The only exceptions were alcoholic beverages, arms and ammunition, high explosives, and security printing. Thus, industries previously forbidden to the private sector such as electricity generating, airlines, shipping, highway construction, telecommunications, etc., were opened to private enterprise. Permission was granted to two private airlines; one, a cargo airline, became operational in 1991 and the other was still negotiating routes and rates. Liberal tax and tariff incentives were offered for new industries, particularly those set up in rural and less developed areas, These included tax holidays for three to eight years and 50-100% exemption from customs duty on imports of machinery.

(2) In February the foreign exchange regime was liberalized, enabling resident and non-resident Pakistanis to maintain foreign currency accounts in the country. Any amount of foreign exchange could be brought in or taken out by anyone without declaration. Investors could directly contract foreign debt on whatever terms they deemed appropriate. Export trade was thrown open to foreign firms, and import licensing for most items was discontinued. These measures, coupled with a flexible exchange rate for the rupee and a liberal trade policy, brought Pakistan closer to free convertibility.

(3) More ambitious was the program to denationalize all public sector industrial units and financial institutions, with a few exceptions. Initially, two banks were transferred from government to private management. (Interestingly, the management of one was transferred to its 7,325 employees who pooled their resources to acquire 51 % of the equity of the bank-an unprecedented step toward "people's capitalism" or corporate democracy.) In August two more banks and two development finance institutions were offered to the private sector. In addition, permission was granted to open ten new banks in the private sector, but none became operational in 1991. The government had earmarked 125 industrial units for privatization, and in August it offered 101 of these for sale. Bids for only 23 units were found to match the reserved price and these were transferred to private management.

(4) Along with the privatization of industrial and financial sectors, an ambitious program for the development of agriculture and rural areas was chalked out. It comprised farm-to-market roads, rural electrification, rural industrialization, modernization of agricultural management and production techniques, and environmental protection.

There was a national consensus on liberalization and privatization of the economy and making it responsible for market mechanisms, but there was severe criticism of the way the government went about it. The opposition and many independent economists accused the government of undue haste and secrecy. Offering such a large number of industrial and financial units for privatization at one time was likened to selling the family silver at throwaway prices. They were also critical of the secrecy in which the units were evaluated and their reserved prices fixed. The process lacked "transparency," and they charged and accused the government of favoritism and of creating monopolies. The critics were apprehensive that such rapid and ill-planned schemes might return the country to the social tensions and turmoil of the late 1960s and to the demand for the renationalization of these units. The critics advocated a slower and phased program and more objective criteria for economic decision-making. They also asked the government to fully work out measures to protect the more vulnerable groups in society who could not compete in a free market. Since there was not that much investment capital floating around the country, the response to privatization was limited. This automatically slowed down the process and met one of the points of criticism; it will also help the government work out a more carefully structured process.

New Directions in Foreign Policy
For almost a decade Pakistan was on the center stage of world politics. But the eclipse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War saw it pushed into the wings. The sudden, swift, and sweeping changes in the global political system and the emerging realities at the regional level created a feeling of unease and isolation in Pakistan. The year saw the country hurrying to review and reassess its foreign policy priorities and its diplomatic options, and the signals emanating from Islamabad lacked clarity and cohesion. At one level, Pakistan was seeking to push a political settlement in Afghanistan, improve its ties with the United States, and mend fences with India; at another level, it seemed to be returning to its Islamic and regional moorings and to be seeking alternate linkages.

Pakistan made a ninety-degree turn on Afghanistan. In a crucial meeting of the Afghan Cell on April 3, chaired by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan, an intra-establishment consensus was reached to go all out for a political settlement as soon as possible. Time, it was felt, was running out for Pakistan. The inability of the Afghan resistance to dislodge the Kabul regime, the prospect of the continuing burden of Afghan refugees, and the apprehension that opportunities to establish close links with the new Central Asian republics might be missed weighed heavily on the decision-makers in Islamabad.

On May 21, 1991, sensing the new mood in Pakistan, U.N. Secretary-General Perez de Cuellar presented a five-point peace plan for Afghanistan that seeks to evolve, through an intra-Afghan dialogue, an impartial transitional mechanism leading to the establishment of a broad-based government in Kabul. The plan was endorsed by all the major actors in the Afghan conflict except three fundamentalist resistance leaders who still believe that jihad (holy war) is the only way to establish an Islamic government in Afghanistan. Pakistan (and Iran) moved ahead with the U.N. plan, hoping that as the momentum built up these leaders would not want to be left out of the political settlement.

A broad consensus emerged after two rounds of tripartite talks in Islamabad (July) and Tehran (August) between Pakistan, Iran, and the moderate Afghan resistance groups, including the Iran-based Hizb-i-Wahdat. The "negative symmetry" announced on September 13 by the U.S. and the Soviet Union and the reported assurance by the Soviets to Perez de Cuellar that they would not insist on a role for controversial personalities in the peace process and in the transitional mechanism further brightened prospects for a political settlement. Pakistan's Foreign Secretary Shaharyar Khan, in a BBC interview in September, indicated a time frame of three months for the peace process to be finalized.

The hardliners in the Afghan resistance vitiated, if not derailed the peace process by launching attacks for the capture of Gardez and Jalalabad, but the disunity in their ranks and the Kabul air force turned the attacks into fiascos. Gulbuddin Hekmatyar issued a threat to turn Afghanistan into a Lebanon and to destabilize both Iran and Pakistan if a government of communists and so-called nationalist Afghans was imposed on the Afghan people.10 However, Pakistan remained determined not to allow the peace process to become hostage to any leader's whims and personal ambitions. Peace negotiations between the moderate Afghan resistance leaders and Soviet and Russian authorities continued, first in New York (October) and then in Moscow (November) where an agreement was reached for the transfer of power in Kabul to an interim Islamic government that would hold elections within two years under the aegis of the U.N. and the Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC). A joint commission was named to implement the Moscow accord.

After Afghanistan, the issue that most engaged attention of Islamabad was the bilateral relationship with the United States. For Pakistan, the news from Washington in 1991 was seldom comforting. On October 1, 1990, all U.S. aid, training, and transfer of weapons and technology (except economic aid in the pipeline) were suspended when President Bush did not certify the nuclear virginity of Pakistan as required under the Pressler Amendment. The U.S. charged that Pakistan had raised the enrichment of uranium to weapons grade level, which Pakistan denied. Aid remained on hold until October 1, 1991, when it was finally terminated.

The IJI, during the 1990 election campaign, made U.S. aid suspension a major issue, accusing the PPP of maneuvering the cutoff and generating anti-American sentiment. Anti-U.S. feelings grew during the Gulf War when the Jamaat-i-Islami and other fundamentalist groups took a pro-Iraq stance. Most Americans were evacuated, and for several months the country remained on the list of "unfavorable nations with a tendency toward hostility for the U.S. and its interests." The Nawaz Sharif government tried to contain the damage by implementing all the Security Council resolutions on Iraq and sending 11,000 troops to Saudi Arabia. But an intra- establishment consensus on the Gulf situation was missing. Some statements of the COAS, General Beg, appeared to be supportive and appreciative of Iraq. Because of these divergent voices, Pakistan reaped no rewards for supporting the "allied" cause in the Gulf-such as the massive debt write-offs for Syria and Eqypt, or even the opportunity to buy surplus U.S. military stores that were offered for sale at throwaway prices after the war. To re-establish the channels of communication, the government sent a high-powered delegation to Washington in June 1991, led by Senate Chairman Wasim Sajjad. Before the group departed, Nawaz Sharif made two moves. He announced (earlier than usual) the appointment of a new COAS, and in a speech on June 6 he put forth a seven-point plan for an "equitable and non-discriminatory solution of the nuclear proliferation problem in South Asia." In essence, he called for a five-nation conference (Pakistan, India, China, USSR, and U.S.) to deliberate the nuclear and related security issues in the region.

The Wasim delegation met with top-level policy makers, concerned congressional leaders, and media representatives. The meetings helped take the chill out of Pakistan-U.S. relations but could not bridge the gap in perceptions. The Pakistanis were surprised to see the area of American concerns in South Asia widened by the inclusion of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) and the alleged Pakistani intervention in Indian Punjab and Indian-held Kashmir. The unfinished dialogue in Washington was resumed in Islamabad in November. General Joseph P. Hoar, C-in-C of the U.S. Central Command, and Undersecretary of State for International Security Affairs Reginald Bartholomew held in-depth talks covering the whole range of bilateral relations. Goodwill was expressed by both sides but there was no consensus on basic issues. Pakistanis were irritated by the selective American approach in the region, noting the failure of the U.S. Congress to bring India within the purview of the Pressler Amendment. The high-level negotiations between India and the U.S. on establishing a security arrangement in South Asia were also extensively reported and commented upon in the Pakistani media. Thus, Pakistan-U.S. relations in 1991 were highly strained and marked by suspicion and distrust. Neither side was happy over this steep decline, but both could go only a limited distance to reach an amicable settlement. Bush could not avoid his obligations under the Pressler law and Nawaz Sharif could not fly in the face of public opinion in Pakistan. In a Gallup poll in June, 77% of the respondents favored rejection of American aid rather than giving up the nuclear program, and 87% were in favor of Pakistan making nuclear weapons.-"

Among all the changes at the global and regional levels, what did not change for Pakistan was the adversarial relationship with India. But though tension remained high and the most bloody border clash in recent years took place in the Poonch Sector in September, the two countries managed to check the drift toward war. The Kashmiris' right of self-determination, delimitation of borders in Siachin, construction of the Wullar Barrage on the Jhelum River in Indian-held Kashmir, demarcation of boundaries in Sircreek in the Rann of Kutch, and disarmament issues occupied the Indo-Pak agenda. There was no dearth of the usual accusations and recriminations but the channels of communication were kept open and busy. The two prime ministers met informally twice and reiterated their determination to resolve the issues through bilateral negotiations. Five rounds of foreign secretaries' meetings and two of defense secretaries resulted in agreements or near agreements on all issues except Kashmir and disarmament. "We raise the Kashmir issue every time we meet. The Indians don't respond," complained the foreign secretary. 12 However, dis- armament, including the nuclear issue, was discussed for the first time at the fifth round of talks in October. Indian Foreign Secretary Muchkund Dubey described India as a "nuclear weapon-capable state," and he asserted that signing the Non-Proliferation Treaty was not in the interest of India or Pakistan even if China did so. Instead, he wanted the two countries to think of "capping" their nuclear capabilities and taking confidence-building measures.

September-October saw three sets of visits significant for the general thrust of Pakistan's foreign policy-President Ghulam Ishaq Khan went to Iran and Saudi Arabia, PRC President Yang Shangkun visited Pakistan and Iran, and General Asif Nawaz made trips to China and Iran within a few weeks of taking over as COAS. Ishaq Khan, in his address to the Iranian Majlis, expounded the Islamic worldview, stressing the economic integration of the Ummah and resistance to international and regional hegemonism. The Chinese president, in all his speeches in Pakistan, demanded that the new world order be based on equality, justice, and the five principles of peaceful coexistence. Pakistan, China, and Iran-all under pressure from the United States- were reported in the Western media to be moving toward strategic consensus and some sort of a defense pact. No doubt the economic and technological cooperation among these states has made rapid strides in recent years, but to view it as an emerging Beijing-Islamabad-Tehran axis would be to give their cooperation a meaning that was not there. All three were trying to adjust to new trends and new realities of the international political system and to enhance their leverage in it.

Incumbents

Federal government
President: Ghulam Ishaq Khan
Prime Minister: Nawaz Sharif
Chief Justice: Muhammad Afzal Zullah

Governors
Governor of Balochistan – Musa Khan (until 12 March); Gul Mohammad Khan Jogezai (starting 13 July)
Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Amir Gulistan Janjua
Governor of Punjab – Mian Muhammad Azhar
Governor of Sindh – Mahmoud Haroon

Events
 1991 – Pakistan and India sign the Rail Communication Agreement, also known as the "Samjhauta Express agreement".
 1991 – Retirement of the famed International Pakistani hockey player, Zahid Shareef.

June
5 June – In the Enforcement of Shari’ah Act, the government is given control over the actions of the Muslim population under Islamic law, also known as Shari'ah Law

October
 2 October – The Punjab subordinate judiciary service tribunal act is passed.

December
 A train travelling from Karachi to Lahore hits a parked freight train at Ghotki, killing over 100 of the 800 passengers.

Births
 15 January – Rubab Raza, swimmer
 6 February – Sarah Mahboob Khan.
 16 March – Hammad Azam, cricketer.
 25 November – Muhammad Rizwan Jr.

Deaths
 Mahmood Hussain, cricketer.
 Fazle Haq, army general

See also
List of Pakistani films of 1991

References

Pakistan
Pakistan
1990s in Pakistan
Years of the 20th century in Pakistan


The Junkers Ju 160 was a German single-engine, low-wing six-seat passenger transport aircraft developed from the Ju 60 and targeted at the same fast airliner market as the Heinkel He 70 and the Lockheed Model 9 Orion. The Deutsche Lufthansa fleet of 21 aircraft began operations in 1935 and continued until the start of World War II.

Design and development
The earlier Ju 60 from which the Ju 160 was developed was not fast enough to compete with the Heinkel He 70 and only about three were used by Lufthansa in the period 1933-6. The Ju 160 was cleaned up aerodynamically and had a more powerful engine, that combination making it about 72 km/h (45 mph) faster. Like the Ju 60 and in the Junkers' tradition, the Ju 160 was a low-wing cantilever design, the wings being built around twin duralumin spars and covered in sheet duralumin. For the first time, though, a Junkers aircraft used entirely smooth skinning; the Ju 60 had a smooth-skinned fuselage but the traditional corrugated flying surfaces. The improved performance of the Ju 160 was in part due to this change of skinning. The wing planform was also revised to have taper only on the leading edge. The trailing edge carried the usual Junkers "double wing", a full-width adjustable flap cum aileron arrangement.

Other aerodynamic improvements included a cockpit enclosure better faired into the fuselage and a seriously revised undercarriage which now retracted inwards into the underside of the wing where the wheels were completely enclosed. The Ju 60 undercarriage left the wheels partially protruding in Douglas DC-3 fashion on retraction. Finally, the power was increased by 10% with a 490 kW (660 hp) BMW 132E radial engine.

Seating was for six passengers in two forward-facing and one rear-facing pairs. The crew, pilot and radio operator sat in tandem in an enclosed cockpit with rudder pedals, folding control column and seat for a second pilot to starboard.

The first prototype Ju 160 V1, D-UNOR, was taken from the Ju 60 construction line and first flew in January 1934. Lufthansa used it in trials and a number of changes were made to the final prototype (V3), including  a wider chord, less deep rudder and a faired tailwheel plus minor door modifications. The first civil production series were designated Ju 160 A-0. The second prototype V2 was for a military version.

Operational history
Including prototypes, 47 Ju 160s were produced. Lufthansa were the main commercial operator, receiving 21 production aircraft. They were running on 13 domestic routes in 1935 alone and stayed in service for example on the fast route between Berlin and Vienna until 1941. One of the 21 was initially operated by the Lufthansa subsidiary Eurasia; this aircraft, however, crashed in Shanghai and was taken back to Germany and to Lufthansa after repairs. The first 11 Lufthansa machines were Ju 160 A-0s registered in 1935, followed by 10 D-0s in 1936. The D-0 version had larger cockpit windows and other crew comfort enhancements. Weser Flugbau used an ex-Lufthansa aircraft. Two machines appeared on the Manchurian civil register, one of then having earlier been registered in Germany, the other sold direct.

The German Research Institute for Aviation (Deutsche Versuchsanstalt fur Luftfahrt e.V ) operated four Ju 160s. Five others operated at the Flight Research Centre (E-Stelle) at Travemünde. The remaining aircraft were mostly military versions. Most of the surviving civilian Ju 160s in Germany were eventually impressed in Luftwaffe service. The Manchurian aircraft appear to have ended up in Japan.

Operators

Deutsche Lufthansa
Luftwaffe

Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service as the "LXJ"

Specifications (Ju 160)

See also

References

Bibliography
 Andersson, Lennart. "Chinese 'Junks': Junkers Aircraft Exports to China 1925-1940". Air Enthusiast, No. 55, Autumn 1994, pp. 2–7.

1930s German airliners
1930s German military transport aircraft
Ju 160
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1934


Kopong is a small village in Kweneng District of Botswana. It is located around 25 km north of Gaborone, the capital of Botswana. The population was 5,571 in 2001 census and 9,520 at the 2011 census, making it the sixth largest settlement in Kweneng. It is now becoming a suburb of Gaborone agglomeration home to 421,907 inhabitants at the 2011 census.

See also

List of cities in Botswana

References

Kweneng District
Populated places in Botswana


Air Bee S.p.A. was an airline based in Rome, Italy. The airline has suspended operations on 11 September 2008 but has announced plans to possibly restart operations by the end of the month without providing further details on its planned route network should operations resume. The entrepreneur Robert Clarke owns the airbee.com domain having purchased from the liquidator. The URL is currently for sale on afternic.

On 15 December 2008, corporate meeting declared liquidation.

Destinations

Berlin
Bari
Birmingham
Brescia
Crotone
Milan
Naples
Olbia
Prague
Rome
Trapani
Venice

Fleet
The Air Bee fleet consisted of the following aircraft:

See also
 List of defunct airlines of Italy

References

Italian companies established in 2008
Italian companies disestablished in 2008
Defunct airlines of Italy
Airlines established in 2008
Airlines disestablished in 2008
Companies based in Rome


In 2007, the three Belgian Hautes Ecoles (Colleges) of the Province of Liège (Léon-Eli Troclet, André Vésale and Rennequin Sualem) came together in a single large ensemble called Haute Ecole de la Province de Liège (HEPL).

This college delivers different bachelor's and master's degrees in the following categories:

Technical: master in science in industrial engineering in chemistry, bio-chemistry, electronics, computer science, electro-mechanics, construction, land surveyor; bachelor in computer science and system, graphical techniques, electro-mechanics, construction, chemistry, industrial science.
Agronomic
Economics
Paramedics
Educational
Social

See also
List of colleges and universities by country

External links
Official Web site (www.hepl.be)

Buildings and structures in Liège Province
Universities in Belgium
Educational institutions established in 2007
Forestry in Belgium
2007 establishments in Belgium


Mmanoko is a village in Kweneng District of Botswana. It is located 31 km north-east of the capital of Botswana, Gaborone, along the Gaborone–Molepolole road. The population was 763 in 2001 census.

References

Kweneng District
Villages in Botswana


Kgope is a village in Kweneng District of Botswana. The village is located 50 km north of Gaborone, the capital of Botswana, and it has a primary school. The population of Kgope was 507 in 2001 census.

References

Kweneng District
Villages in Botswana


Swampfest is an annual musical festival that showcases Palmerston North bands. Swampfest was originally timed to coincide with New Zealand Music Month (May), but in 2009 Switched to September to match The Stomach's 21st birthday. Swampfest is known for showcasing up-and-coming as well as established artists, all from the Palmerston North area, and the artists must play original music. The music played is often guitar based and of the Rock genre however punk, ska, electronic, hip hop, metal, pop, solo and acoustic have all featured in the festival.

The festival is named after Palmerston North's primordial origins as a swamp.

Location
Swampfest in 2004 and 2005 were held at The Guv'nors Tavern. Swampfest in 2006 and 2007 was held at The Globe Theatre, Palmerston North. There was no Swampfest in 2008 due to the Stomach building being refurbished. Swampfest 2009 was held at the Stomach. Due to a cut in operating funding, there was no Swampfest in 2010. Swampfest'11 was held at The Stomach, The Regent Theatre, JBHiFi, and alternative venues. Swampfest 2012 was held at The Regent Theatre, The Stomach, The Royal and other locations. Swampfest 2013 was held at The Regent Theatre, The Stomach, The Dark Room and The Square.

Organisation
Creative Sounds and the staff of The Stomach are the main co-ordinators behind the event.

History
Local musician Murray Shaw (Turbostill/Bloodspray for Politics/Neckstretchers/Hellborne/Slave Collective-www.slave.co.nz) came up with the original name and concept (numerous local/original bands playing over multiple nights) for SwampFest. He decided not to pursue it, and two other local musicians, Craig Black and Hayden Sinclair oversaw the first two events.

Swampfest began in 2004 with 8 bands over two nights. This was held at The Guv'nors Tavern. Following the success of the first event, Swampfest'05 featured 12 bands over three nights.

To allow Swampfest to grow and involve more artists (and to take the financial burden off Black and Sinclair), from 2006 the event has been c-ordinated by Creative Sounds/The Stomach. The 2006/7 Swampfests were held at the Globe Theatre to allow for an All Ages audience in keeping with the objectives of Creative Sounds. Due to the complete refurbishment of The Stomach in 2008, staff were unable to co-ordinate a Swampfest that year. 2009 was the 21st year of operation for the Stomach, the birthday celebration was combined with Swampfest. Due to a funding cut, leading to staff redundancy, The Stomach was unable to co-ordinate a Swampfest that year.

With a strong sense of irony, The Stomach is able to relaunch Swampfest in 2011, due to funding gained from the Rugby World Cup regional events fund, administered by the Our People Our Place Trust.

The 2005/6/7 Swampfests were filmed and two songs from each performing band placed on a limited edition DVD.
The four Stomach based show of Swampfest'11, will be webcast live.

Previous to Swampfest, Palmerston North music was celebrated with various incarnations of an annual music events, ranging from The Intergalactic Balls of the early 1990s, and various multimedia events  culminated in the 1997 The Restless Festival of Youth which secured funding to run a variety of local events at different venues. The annual Restless Festival showcasing local talent evolved each year, and became the first live gig at the restored Regent Theatre, 1999's Cerebral Cortex embraced 17 local acts performing on the same night.

Lineups

2004
7.62 Short
Collapse
Faker
Hellborne
Hoopla!
Reflector
Stitchface
Wall Of Silents

2005
The Bing Turkby Ensemble
Black Chrome
Cathedra
Collapse
Dub Arkestra
Hellborne
Hoopla!
Impish
Reflector
Scourge Of Tussin
Stitchface
Velvetine Black
Missing Link

2006
Bing Turkby Ensemble
Black Chrome
Collapse
Emmilies Illusion
Grayson Gilmour
Hellborne
The Livids
Reflector
Stiletto
Stitchface
Twice Daily
Wall Of Silents

2007
Bing Turkby Ensemble
Black Chrome
The B-Side Electro Funk Disaster
Cathedra
Cord Willis
The Godfrees
Hoopla!
Little Room
The Livids
The Particulars
Us As Robots
Wall Of Silents

2009
Massacre the Weak
Ricky Bobby
Joe Hill
Scarkiss
Solfonic
Black Chrome
The Kleptics
The Nerines
National Office
David Stevens
The Excludents
Haluciagea
Nutella Monk
Bing Turkby Ensemble
The Postures
Ruski
Us As Robots

2011
nutellamonk
HUF
researchintospeed
The Drugs
-52
Highfield Weekend
Us As Robots
Fowl Friends
Brooklyn State Hospital
The Bing Turkby Ensemble
Thief
Robin
Cephalopod
Losses
Discorpse
Project Blood
Ricky Bobby
iRyoko
Outside the Beat
Stanley Pedigree
Dirtbox Charlie
Grayson Gilmour
The Nerines
Jemmamarie
Amelia Shadbolt
Te Ra Moriarty

2012
nutellamonk
Busta Dimes
Given Names
researchintospeed
Alpha Beta Gamma
iRyoko
Grysn Glmr
The Methadonnas
Mountain Eater
Pom Pom
-52
The Bing Turkby Ensemble
Black Chrome
The Impediments
Reclusia
Dirtbox Charlie
Amphora
Bloodspray for Politics
Cephalopod
Nausea
Project Blood
Diamond Sutra
BottleKids
Beneath The Heavens
Black Wings
Forsaken
huf
Stanley Pedigree
Abi Symes
Benny Tipene
Hydro Raspberry
Kelsey Lawn
The Nerines
Robin

2013
Abi Symes
Amelia & the Other Stuff
Bridget and Dylan
Sam Morgan
Shayla
Te Ra Moriarty and Tim Jurgens
Benny Tipene
Dick Tracy
The Jefferys
The Nerines
Beneath the Heavens
Carrion
Cats Eat Dogs
Gains
Valerie Solanas
Hot Property
Indecisive
Man in Rug
No Shells
66Queens
Alpha Beta Gamma
Commander Dimes
Given Names
Journey of Chaos
DJ Samir
Rave Dobbyn
Big Friendlies

Notes

External links
SwampFestNZ SwampFest on Facebook
Creative Sounds Society Incorporated - Organiser of the Swampfest festival
Swampfest 2005 - Review by NZ Musician
Swampfest 2004 - Review by NZ Musician
Student City Swampfest Info Page

Culture in Palmerston North
Rock festivals in New Zealand
Recurring events established in 2004
Tourist attractions in Manawatū-Whanganui


This is a list of places of interest in the ceremonial county of Hampshire, England. See List of places in Hampshire for a list of settlements in the county.

Places of interest

 Aldershot Military Museum
 Beaulieu Abbey and the National Motor Museum
 Beacon Hill, Burghclere, Hampshire
 Broadlands
 The D-Day Story
 Exbury Gardens & House
 Farnborough Air Sciences Museum
 Farnborough Airshow
 Fleet Pond
 Highclere Castle
 HMS Victory
 Itchen Valley Country Park
 Jane Austen's House Museum
 Lakeside Country Park
 Lepe Country Park
 Manor Farm Country Park
 Marwell Wildlife
 Mary Rose
 Mid-Hants Watercress Railway
 Mottisfont Abbey
 Netley Abbey
 New Forest
 New Forest Museum
 River Avon
 River Hamble
 River Itchen
 Portchester Castle
 Portsdown Hill
 Portsmouth Historic Dockyard inc. the Royal Naval Museum and historic ships
 Queen Elizabeth Country Park
 River Meon
 River Test
 Romsey Abbey
 Royal Armouries Museum (Fort Nelson)
 Royal Victoria Country Park
 Silchester Roman Town
 Southampton Water
 South Downs Way, a long distance footpath
 Southsea Castle
 Spinnaker Tower
 Staunton Country Park
 Stratfield Saye House
 St Michael's Abbey
 The Vyne
 Wellington Country Park
 Whitchurch Silk Mill
 Winchester Cathedral
 Winchester City Mill

See also
List of Grade I listed buildings in Hampshire

Hampshire


Mogonono is a village in Kweneng District of Botswana. The village is located 10 km from the center of Molepolole, along the Molepolole–Lephepe road, and has a primary school. The population of Mogonono was 201 in 2001 census.

References

Kweneng District
Villages in Botswana


The Brute Man is a 1946 American horror thriller film starring Rondo Hatton as the Creeper, a murderer seeking revenge against the people he holds responsible for the disfigurement of his face. Directed by Jean Yarbrough, the film features Tom Neal and Jan Wiley as a married pair of friends the Creeper blames for his deformities. Jane Adams also stars as a blind pianist for whom the Creeper tries to raise money for an operation to restore her vision.

Universal Pictures produced the film near the end of their horror film period. According to legend, as the result of its pending merger with International Pictures, Universal adopted a policy against releasing any more B movies, so they sold The Brute Man for $125,000 to Poverty Row's Producers Releasing Corporation, which distributed the film without any mention of Universal's involvement in publicity or credits. In fact, Universal released at least one B-Western following the merger, and still had numerous other titles in active circulation from the preceding few years, at the time of the merger. Most experts tend to believe that Universal simply found the exploitation of the deceased Hatton and his deformity for the third time, in his last film (in which evidence of his impending demise may be foreshadowed in his acting), and of a poorly-developed story, to be detrimental to its corporate image but did not want to take a financial loss by simply shelving the film permanently.

The film was released to home video in 1982. The Brute Man received generally negative reviews, drawing particular criticism for Hatton's poor performance. The film was featured in a 1996 episode of the movie-mocking comedy television series Mystery Science Theater 3000. Members of Mystery Science Theater later expressed discomfort in making fun of the film due to Hatton's illness.

Plot
The police investigate a string of murders committed by the Creeper (Rondo Hatton), a mysterious killer with a hideously disfigured face. The Creeper attacks and murders Professor Cushman (John Hamilton), a professor from the nearby Hampton University. Later that night, the killer approaches a woman named Joan Bemis (Janelle Johnson) in front of her home and identifies himself as Hal Moffet. Joan screams hysterically at the sight of him until he is driven to kill her. When police cars approach, the Creeper climbs the fire escape of a city tenement building to escape and enters the apartment of Helen Paige (Jane Adams), a blind pianist. Unable to see the Creeper's deformed face, Helen is not afraid of the intruder, even when he admits to fleeing. When police officers knock on her door, failing to identify themselves, Helen encourages him to hide in her bedroom, where he escapes through the window.

The next day, a general store delivery boy named Jimmy (Jack Parker) listens to a radio report about the Creeper's murders. The cantankerous store owner Mr. Haskins (Oscar O'Shea) arrives with a handwritten letter slipped under the door, requesting groceries be delivered to a nearby dock. Jimmy brings the groceries to the dock and leaves them at a door, where the Creeper takes them into his hideout. But, when Jimmy tries to spy on him through a window, the Creeper sneaks up on Jimmy and kills him. Meanwhile, at the police station, Captain M.J. Donelly (Donald MacBride) and Lieutenant Gates (Peter Whitney) receive complaints from the mayor's office about their failure to arrest the Creeper, but they deflect the blame. The two officers then get a call about the missing delivery boy and head to the dock to investigate.

The Creeper sneaks out and escapes while Donelly and Gates infiltrate his hideout and discover Jimmy's corpse. Donnelly also finds a newspaper clipping with a man named Hal Moffet and two of his friends, Clifford Scott (Tom Neal) and Virginia Rogers (Jan Wiley), during their college days. The police visit Clifford and Virginia, who are now married and wealthy. Clifford tells the officers during college, Hal was a handsome college football star who competed with Clifford for Virginia's affections. One day, while helping Hal prepare for a chemistry exam, a jealous Clifford deliberately gave him the wrong answers, resulting in Hal being asked by Professor Cushman to remain after class for extra work. While working on a chemistry experiment, Clifford walks by the window with Virginia to boast. Furious, Hal hurls a beaker to the ground, accidentally causing an explosion that disfigures his face. Donnelly speculates that Hal is the Creeper, and that he killed Professor Cushman and Joan because he holds them partially responsible for his accident.

Meanwhile, the Creeper goes to a pawn store to buy a brooch for Helen, and kills the pawnbroker (Charles Wagenheim) following a fight. He later brings the brooch to Helen, who he realizes for the first time is blind. Hal learns she needs $3,000 for surgery that would restore her eyesight. When Helen tries to touch his face, Hal angrily storms out. He then goes to the Scott residence and demands money from Clifford and Virginia, whom he blames for his disfigurement. Clifford draws a gun and shoots Hal twice in the stomach, but the weakened Hal manages to strangle Clifford to death before escaping with Virginia's jewels. He brings them to Helen, who is concerned about Hal's injuries, but he flees before she can learn he is shot.

Helen brings the jewels to an appraiser, who recognizes them as having recently been reported stolen. Donelly and Gates bring Helen into the station, where they inform her Hal is the Creeper and accuse her of harboring a murderer. Reluctantly, she agrees to help them capture him. The next day, the newspapers run stories about Helen cooperating with police, which infuriates Hal. Feeling betrayed, he sneaks back into her apartment and finds her playing the piano. Sneaking up from behind, Hal is about to strangle her when the police seize and arrest him. The film ends with Donelly and Gates assuring Helen she will get the operation she needs.

Cast

Rondo Hatton as Hal Moffat / The Creeper
Tom Neal as Clifford Scott
Jan Wiley as Virginia Rogers Scott
Jane Adams as Helen Paige
Donald MacBride as Police Captain M. J. Donelly
Peter Whitney as Police Lieutenant Gates
Fred Coby as Young Hal Moffat
Janelle Johnson Dolenz as Joan Bemis
Jack Parker as Jimmy
Oscar O'Shea as Mr. Haskins
Joseph Crehan as Police Commissioner Salisbury (uncredited)
John Hamilton as Professor Cushman (uncredited)

Production

Writing
The screenplay for The Brute Man was written by George Bricker and M. Coates Webster based on a story by Dwight V. Babcock. An author of pulp fiction stories and novels, Babock started writing for Universal Pictures in 1943, where he worked primarily on horror films. The Brute Man marked the last of nine films Babcock wrote for Universal before he left for a job at Columbia Pictures. Bricker wrote several screenplays in a variety of genres, from horror films and mysteries to comedies, and worked primarily as a freelancer jumping from studio to studio. Babcock and Brister previously worked together on several low-budget horror films, including The Devil Bat (1940), House of Dracula (1945), Pillow of Death (1945), She-Wolf of London (1946) and House of Horrors (1946). Bricker and Webster both previously wrote the screenplays for Universal films featuring The Brute Man star Rondo Hatton: Bricker penned House of Horrors, and Webster wrote The Jungle Captive (1947), the third in a series of films about an ape that transforms into a beautiful woman.

The Brute Man is a quasi-prequel to House of Horrors, in which Hatton played a deformed madman named "the Creeper" who kills people by breaking their backs. In The Brute Man, Hatton also plays "the Creeper", while the story explains how he became deformed and why he has a murderous personality. Hatton also played a disfigured killer called the Huxton Creeper in The Pearl of Death, a 1944 Sherlock Holmes film, but neither House of Horrors nor The Brute Man have any connection to that film. In establishing a backstory explaining the Creeper's motives, The Brute Man's script seeks to humanize the character and elicit more sympathy for him than the Creeper's other films, in which he is generally portrayed as a two-dimensional murderer. The origin of the Creeper is based partially on autobiographical details from Hatton's real life. Before becoming disfigured by an accident, the Creeper was a handsome young college football hero. Hatton himself was also a football player at the University of Florida before experiencing the effects of acromegaly, a syndrome that causes abnormal bone growth due to excess growth hormone from the pituitary gland. In the film, the character is disfigured by chemicals during a laboratory accident in school. While Hatton's real-life abnormalities stemmed from acromegaly, it was often incorrectly stated by Universal publicity materials that they were the result of exposure to mustard gas attacks during Hatton's service in World War I.

The film's setting, which appears to be a major city, is never identified in The Brute Man, but it has been suggested to be Manhattan, since that is where House of Horrors took place. Commentators have noted similarities between The Brute Man and other films, including the Charlie Chaplin silent comedy City Lights (1931), and the Universal horror film Bride of Frankenstein (1935). City Lights, like The Brute Man, included a protagonist (Chaplin's Tramp character) who falls in love with a blind girl and seeks money for an operation to restore her eyesight. Likewise, the scenes between the Creeper and Helen Paige share a similar premise and dialogue as the scenes between Frankenstein's monster and the blind hermit in Bride of Frankenstein. In both films, the protagonists are shunned by society based on their physical appearance, but find companionship in a blind loner who knows nothing about their deformities. In both instances, the protagonist is first drawn to their blind companions by music. The Creeper heard Helen playing the piano, while Frankenstein's monster heard the hermit playing the violin. Commentators have noted other similarities between the two films. For example, the Creeper smashes a mirror after looking at his misshapen face, much like the Monster lashes out at his reflection in a waterfall pool.

Casting
The Brute Man marked one of several films in which Universal cast Hatton as a murderer, taking advantage of his natural deformities for shock value. As a result of his acromegaly, Hatton had abnormally enlarged and shaped bones on his head and hands, and the Universal publicity department often promoted the fact that Hatton did not need make-up for his roles. Tom Neal, who had recently appeared in the cult classic noir film Detour (1945), was cast as Clifford Scott. Having appeared in dozens of low-budget films throughout the early-1940s, Neal began to become known as the "King of the B Pictures". In The Brute Man, Neal portrayed Scott both in his older years and in the flashback scenes, where the character appears as a college student. To differentiate between the two, Neal was fitted with make-up and costumes to make him better resemble a middle-aged man during his non-flashback scenes. Jane Adams was cast as the blind pianist Helen Paige. Adams had appeared in several Universal films before, including the Lon Chaney Jr. film House of Dracula (1945).

Jan Wiley was cast as Scott's wife, Virginia. Although Wiley had appeared in several movies throughout the 1930s and 1940s, The Brute Man marked one of her final film performances before retiring from the film industry in 1947. It was also recalled as one of her most memorable film appearances along with another Universal B horror film, She-Wolf of London. However, her performance in The Brute Man proved to be a less than memorable one for her, so much so that in an interview shortly before Wiley's death in 1993, she could barely remember even having appeared in the film. Donald MacBride and Peter Whitney portray the police officers Captain M.J. Donelly and Lieutenant Gates, respectively. Their roles serve as comic relief for the film. Their characters portray the incompetence of the police force in their inability to find and arrest the Creeper and their focus on passing blame for their failures rather than diverting resources toward his arrest.

Filming
The Brute Man was developed by Universal Pictures Company, Inc. in the later years of their successful production of horror films, including Dracula (1931), Frankenstein (1931) and The Mummy (1932). While those films were great critical and financial successes, The Brute Man was filmed during what was widely considered the low point of the studio's horror film period. It was produced by Ben Pivar and directed by Jean Yarbrough, both of whom had worked on House of Horrors and many other horror films for Universal over the years. The Brute Man was filmed in 13 days, during November 1945. The flashback scenes - which depict how Hal Moffet became disfigured and ultimately became the Creeper - were all shot on the final day of filming. Jane Adams said Hatton's acromegaly was becoming progressively worse by the time The Brute Man was filmed, and it made acting difficult for him. Hatton had trouble remembering his lines, focusing on his performance, and responding to the other actors. Hatton occasionally appears confused even on screen, like during one scene where he says "yes" while shaking his head "no". Adams called him a friendly and thoughtful man, but called him "so pathetic to work with [and] almost autistic".

Maury Gertsman was the director of photography on The Brute Man. Since the film focused on a disfigured serial killer, Gertsman sought to give the movie a dark, diseased look appropriate for the film's subject matter and urban setting. Although primarily a horror thriller film, Gertsman uses several film noir elements in his photography, including shadowed lighting, unbalanced compositions, and chiaroscuro contrasts between light and dark. As a result, The Brute Man features a bleak, at times dismal visual atmosphere. Hans J. Salter, who composed the scores for many of the Universal films of the 1940s and 1950s, worked as composer for The Brute Man as well. Salter's score for the film strongly resembled the music he composed for the Universal horror films Black Friday (1940) and The Invisible Man's Revenge (1944). Philip Cahn edited The Brute Man. Raymond Kessler and Ralph Slosser worked as dialogue director and assistant director, respectively, while John B. Goodman and Abraham Grossman worked as art directors. Other crew included Russell A. Gausman and Edward R. Robinson as set decorators, Joe Lapis as sound technician, Jack Pierce as make-up director, Carmen Dirigo as hair stylist, and Vera West as gowns supervisor.

Release

Distribution
Although produced by Universal Pictures, The Brute Man was distributed by Producers Releasing Corporation (PRC), one of the smaller film studios from Hollywood's Poverty Row. In 1945, Universal merged with the company International Pictures, and the new organization adopted a policy against developing any more B movies, including Westerns, horror films, serials and movies running 70 minutes or less. This resulted in the firing of numerous production personnel members and the sale of several already-developed films, including The Brute Man. The sale was also perpetuated in part by the death of star Rondo Hatton. He died as a result of his acromegaly on February 2, 1946, about eight months before The Brute Man was first screened, making it his final film. Universal feared releasing the film so soon after his death would lead to accusations that the studio was exploiting the illness that ultimately killed Hatton. Now embarrassed by the film, the studio was anxious to sell it.

Universal sold the film to PRC for $125,000, which represented the negative cost plus interest. The transaction occurred around August 1946, but was not made public until it was screened for the trade press on October 1, marking its official release date. The sale occurred so quickly and hastily on the copyright files stores at the Library of Congress, the name Universal Pictures was crossed out and Pathe Industries, PRC's corporate body, was written in its place in pencil. Some pressbook advertisements circulated for the film still included the Universal logo. PRC had previously produced a horror film about acromegaly called The Monster Maker (1944), in which a mad scientist injects human subjects with the disease as part of his experiments.

Reception

The Brute Man received generally negative critical reviews following its release on October 1, 1946. A 1946 review in the Harrison's Reports trade journal, found that the film had some suspenseful moments and could be enjoyed by fans of the genre, but that the overall effect was "artificial and stagy". The reviewer stated most audiences "will find it tiresome in plot and in treatment [...] in fact, some of the action and dialogue may provoke laughs, instead of serious response". A Variety review described the film as "singularly unexciting meller". New York Post critic Arthur Winsten criticized the story and the acting of Rondo Hatton, commenting that his facial disfigurements alone did not make up for his poor acting skills: "Just as clothes don't make a gentleman, so a face doesn't make both a villain and continuous thrills. All this picture has is a face, handicapped by encircling improbabilities". In a review published in 1947, Wanda Hale of the New York Daily News called it "a crude production [...] compiled of bits from various B thrillers". In contrast, Mandel Herbstman of The Motion Picture Herald, said although the film used standard thriller film devices, The Brute Man "stands favorably" in its genre and director Jean Yarbrough kept the film moving at a brisk pace.

Decades after the film's release, retrospective reviews of The Brute Man were similarly negative, with many commentators criticizing the exploitation of Hatton's real-life acromegaly. John Stanley, host of the KTVU television show Creature Features, described it as a dull and "shoddy thriller", criticizing both the performances and the mood from the direction and photography. The authors of Universal Horrors: The Studio's Classic Films, 1931-1946 were highly critical of the film's dialogue, and claimed much of the script seemed to be "time-killing stuff" to pad the film's already-short running time. They wrote that Hatton's acting was so bad, it "wouldn't be acceptable even at a pre-production cast get-together and table reading, much less in the movie itself". Donald C. Willis, a writer who wrote about horror and science fiction films, described the horror scenes as completely lacking suspense, and said the film was "so flimsy that its three co-plots seem to be operating independently of one another".

Analysis
The film critic and scholar Keith Brown argued that The Brute Man is an example of what he calls the "terror film", a genre distinguishable from the horror film due to its emphasis on naturally occurring sources of fear, rather than fantastical or otherworldly horror elements. Brown wrote that the Creeper character "blurs the boundary between human and animal on account of his grotesque, deformed features, but is natural and thus a figure of terror". Cory Legassic, in a chapter dedicated to Rondo Hatton in Recovering 1940s Horror Cinema: Traces of a Lost Decade, wrote that The Brute Mans narrative was modeled after Hatton's life. Legassic noted similarities between Hatton and his character Hal Moffet both being handsome sports stars who end up disfigured.

Home media
For decades after the film's theatrical release, copies of The Brute Man were unavailable, and it became regarded as a lost film. However, the film was eventually discovered and mass-produced by Admit One, a home video distribution company that focused specifically on lesser-known B films. The Brute Man was first released on Betamax and VHS in 1982 by Admit One. It has been reissued on VHS several times since then, and was released on laserdisc format in 1990. The Brute Man was most recently released on VHS by Image Entertainment in 1999, a year which also marked the first DVD release of the film, also by Image Entertainment. In his 2004 DVD guide book, Douglas Pratt complimented both the picture and sound transfers of the 1999 DVD release: "The picture looks great. There are a couple shots where a few speckles pop up, but much of the time the image is clean, with deep blacks and sharp, finely graded contrasts".

Legacy

Rondo Hatton's likeness from The Brute Man inspired the appearance of one of the villain characters in Dave Stevens' Rocketeer comic book as well as the 1991 film adaptation, The Rocketeer. In the film, the seven-foot-tall Tiny Ron Taylor portrays Lothar, an ugly and murderous henchman for the story's antagonist. Rick Baker, the special make-up effects artist that worked on the film, designed the character's facial make-up to resemble Hatton's Creeper character, and Lothar dresses in a dark coat and hat similar to his clothing from The Brute Man.

In 2002, the founders of the website The Classic Horror Film Board created the Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards to honor horror works in film, television and publishing. The awards were named after the actor, and award recipients received statuettes with miniature busts of Hatton as he appeared portraying the Creeper in House of Horrors and The Brute Man. The statuettes were sculpted by illustrator Kerry Gammill and cast by modeler Timothy M. Lindsey.

Mystery Science Theater 3000

The Brute Man was featured in a seventh season episode of the satirical television series Mystery Science Theater 3000 alongside the industrial short The Chicken of Tomorrow. The Brute Man was the second episode of the seventh season, which was broadcast on Comedy Central on February 10, 1996. The description for The Brute Man in The Mystery Science Theater 3000 Amazing Colossal Episode Guide, a book by the cast and writers of the series, reads: "A dark film about dark things. Rondo Hatton's swan song; he died just weeks after the film was completed. So murky and dark, it makes M look like Mrs. Doubtfire". In 2011, Shout! Factory released the MST3K episode as part of the Volume XXII collection, along with episodes focused on Time of the Apes, Mighty Jack, and The Violent Years.

In 1995, Michael J. Nelson, the show's head writer who also plays the character of the same name, said the staff initially felt strange making jokes at the expense of Rondo Hatton and his real-life illness; however, Nelson said: "Then you realize it's the whole point of the movie: he's a guy with a big ugly face...And he is a terribly bad actor". Paul Chaplin, another writer with the series, said in 2001 of the actor's acromegaly: "That fact opens up a large, irresolvable issue concerning the movie industry's use of this poor afflicted fellow; he was paid, after all, and movie work is nice work. Yet it can seem exploitative of misfortune". Mary Jo Pehl, who played Pearl Forrester, said in the DVD introduction to the MST3K episode that she did not think it was one of the series' strongest episodes and because of Hatton's illness would not have made fun of the film if given a chance to do it over again.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

1946 films
1946 horror films
1940s serial killer films
American black-and-white films
American horror thriller films
American films about revenge
Films directed by Jean Yarbrough
Films about blind people
Producers Releasing Corporation films
Universal Pictures films
Films scored by Hans J. Salter
1940s English-language films
1940s American films
English-language horror thriller films


Kamal Haasan is an Indian actor, screenwriter, film director, film producer, and dance choreographer who works primarily in Tamil cinema. At the age of 6, he debuted as a child actor in the 1960 Tamil film Kalathur Kannamma, directed by A. Bhimsingh, which won him the President's Gold Medal. Since then, he has acted in over 230 films in Tamil and other languages including Malayalam, Hindi, Telugu, Kannada, and Bengali. After a few projects as a child artist, he took a break to continue his education. He later concentrated on dance choreography and worked as an assistant choreographer. During this time, he made uncredited appearances in a few films which he worked on.

In 1973, Haasan landed his first adult role as Thiagu in the film Arangetram by K. Balachander, whom the actor considers his mentor. He continued to act in minor roles in several films such as Sollathaan Ninaikkiren (1973) and Naan Avanillai (1974), most of which were directed by Balachander. His breakthrough as an independent lead actor came with the 1974 Malayalam film Kanyakumari. His work in it won him the Filmfare Award for Best Actor (Malayalam). Following that, he starred in a series of films in both languagesTamil and Malayalam. His breakthrough in Tamil cinema came with Balachander's Apoorva Raagangal (1975) and AS.Prakasam's Pattaampoochi (1975); Apoorva Raagangal earned him a second Filmfare Award, his first in Tamil. Between 1974 and 1978, he won six Filmfare Awards including four consecutive wins for the Best Actor (Tamil). Haasan turned producer for Raja Paarvai (1981), in which he played the lead role of a blind musician. The film was produced under the "Haasan Brothers" banner which was later renamed Raaj Kamal Films International.

Haasan debuted in Bollywood with Balachander's Ek Duuje Ke Liye (1981), which was a remake of his 1978 Telugu film Maro Charitra. His role as a school teacher who looks after an amnesic girl in Moondram Pirai (1982) won him several accolades, including the Best Actor honours at the National Film Awards and Tamil Nadu State Film Awards. He then starred in the Panchu Arunachalam-written Sakalakala Vallavan, which expanded Kamal's popularity from classes to the masses. His role in Ramesh Sippy's Hindi film Saagar (1985), a triangular love story, was nominated in both Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor categories at the 33rd Filmfare Awards. Under Raaj Kamal Films International, he produced films such as: Vikram (1986), Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989), Thevar Magan (1992) and Hey Ram (2000). As a producer, he won a Filmfare Award and National Film Award for Apoorva Sagodharargal and Thevar Magan. Seven films featuring Kamal have been submitted by India to the Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film, the most for any actor in India. His work Vishwaroopam (2013), which he also produced and directed, won two awards at the 60th National Film Awards. He has starred in both blockbuster and art house films.

As actor

As director, producer,  and writer

As distributor

Other crew positions

Unrealized films

Television

As a host and guest

Music videos

Documentaries

See also
 Kamal Haasan's unrealized projects
 List of awards and nominations received by Kamal Haasan
 Kamal Haasan discography

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

Male actor filmographies
Indian filmographies
Filmography
Director filmographies


Lennart Vilhelm Hannelius (8 November 1893 – 4 May 1950) was a Finnish sport shooter who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He won the bronze medal in the 25 m rapid fire pistol event.

References

External links
profile

1893 births
1950 deaths
Finnish male sport shooters
ISSF pistol shooters
Olympic shooters for Finland
Shooters at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Finland
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1924 Summer Olympics


Kweneng is a village in Kweneng District of Botswana. The village is located around 75 km North-northwest of Mochudi. Kweneng has a primary school and the population was 415 in 2001 census.

References

Kweneng District
Villages in Botswana