Black Flag  is an American hardcore punk band formed in 1976 in Hermosa Beach, California by Greg Ginn, the band's guitarist, primary songwriter, and sole constant member. During Black Flag's 10-year existence, the band went through 16 distinct lineups involving 17 different musicians. Aside from Ginn, the longest-lasting members were bassist Chuck Dukowski (6 years), vocalist Henry Rollins (5 years), vocalist Keith Morris (3½ years), and drummer Roberto "Robo" Valverde (3½ years). The 1983–1985 lineup of Ginn, Rollins, bassist Kira Roessler, and drummer Bill Stevenson  recorded four albums and three EPs together in a sixteen-month period. After breaking up in 1986 and briefly reuniting in 2003, Black Flag announced another reunion in January 2013. Two versions of Black Flag are currently touring; the Ginn-fronted band known as Black Flag, and a group featuring founding vocalist Keith Morris and other previous members known simply as Flag.

Members

Current members (Black Flag)
 Greg Ginn – guitars, backing vocals (1976–1986, 2003, 2013–2014, 2019–present)
 Mike Vallely – lead vocals (2003, 2013–2014, 2019–present)
 Charles Wiley – drums (2022–present)
 Harley Duggan – bass (2022–present)

Current members (Flag)
 Keith Morris – vocals (1976–1979, 2013–present)
 Chuck Dukowski – bass (1977–1983, 2013–present)
 Dez Cadena – vocals (1980–1981, 2003, 2013–present), rhythm guitar (1981–1983, 2003, 2013–present)
 Bill Stevenson – drums (1983–1985, 2013–present)
 Stephen Egerton – lead guitar (2013–present)

Former members
 Raymond Pettibon – bass (1976)
 Bryan Migdol – drums (1977–1978)
 Kansas (Jim Dearmen) – bass (1977)
 Glenn "Spot" Lockett – bass (1977; died in 2023)
 Roberto "Robo" Valverde – drums (1978–1981, 2003)
 Ron Reyes – lead vocals (1979–1980, 2013)
 Henry Rollins – lead vocals (1981–1986)
 Emil Johnson – drums (1982)
 Chuck Biscuits – drums (1982)
 Kira Roessler – bass (1983–1985)
 Anthony Martinez – drums (1985–1986)
 C'el Revuelta – bass (1986, 2003; died in 2017)
 Gregory Moore – drums (2003, 2013–2014)
 Dave Klein – bass (2013)
 Isaias Gil – drums (2019–2022)
 Joe Noval – bass (2019–2022)

Member history
Ginn formed the band with singer Keith Morris in the summer of 1976. Ginn's younger brother Raymond—known later by his pseudonym Raymond Pettibon—played bass guitar with them in early rehearsals but soon bowed out of the group to focus on his college education. To fill out the rhythm section Morris recruited some of his friends, whom he described as "scruffy beach rat types who were more interested in getting laid and finding drugs than really playing". By early 1977 these included a bassist known only as "Kansas" and drummer Bryan Migdol, though both would frequently skip rehearsals. The band originally called themselves Panic. Ginn's friend Glenn Lockett, also known as Spot, played bass guitar with the group during rehearsals in early 1977. Würm bassist Gary McDaniel, who later adopted the pseudonym Chuck Dukowski, began sitting in with the band and soon became their permanent bassist. Spot became a recording engineer and record producer, recording the band's releases over the next eight years and working with many of the other bands on Ginn and Dukowski's independent record label SST. Panic changed their name to Black Flag in 1978, and released their debut EP Nervous Breakdown in January 1979.

Migdol left and was replaced by Robo, a Colombian national. Morris recorded basic tracks for Black Flag's second release, but left the band to form the Circle Jerks shortly before Black Flag was to embark on a summer 1979 West Coast tour. He was replaced by Ron Reyes, who also recorded tracks for the band's second release but quit mid-performance in May 1980. The band convinced him to return to finish recording the Jealous Again EP (1980), then replaced him with Dez Cadena in June 1980. Cadena sang on the "Louie Louie" single (1981) and both sang and played guitar on the Six Pack EP (1981), but his voice suffered from the strain of constant touring and he expressed a desire to move to guitar. When the band toured the East Coast of the United States in December 1980, they met Washington, D.C. native and State of Alert singer Henry Garfield, who stayed in touch with Dukowski. When they returned to the East Coast that spring, Garfield jumped on stage at a New York City show and sang a song with them. A few days later they asked him to audition in New York City and offered him the position of lead singer. After settling his affairs at home, Garfield met up with Black Flag in Detroit and sang at soundchecks and encores throughout the rest of the tour while Cadena continued to sing the main sets. On arriving in Los Angeles with the band, Garfield took the pseudonym Henry Rollins.

The five-piece Black Flag lineup of Ginn, Dukowski, Robo, Cadena and Rollins recorded the band's first full-length album, Damaged, in 1981. However, Robo encountered visa problems at the end of a December 1981 tour of the United Kingdom and could not legally return to the United States. Descendents drummer Bill Stevenson was brought in to finish the tour with a week of East Coast dates. For the first half of 1982, sixteen-year-old Emil Johnson drummed for Black Flag, playing on the title track of the TV Party EP, but quit in the middle of a U.S. tour after a fight with the band's roadie Mugger. He was replaced by Chuck Biscuits of D.O.A., but Biscuits lasted only several months as he would not agree to the band's demanding rehearsal schedule. With the Descendents on hiatus, Bill Stevenson joined Black Flag in early 1983 as their new drummer, and the band toured the United States and Europe. Cadena left Black Flag in April 1983 to form his own band, DC3, and was not replaced. Ginn also attempted to edge out Dukowski, desiring a new musical direction, and in the fall of 1983 Rollins took it upon himself to fire Dukowski from Black Flag in order to resolve the situation. Dukowski remained involved with Black Flag, acting as their manager and booking agent.

Throughout 1982 and 1983, the band had been in a legal dispute with Unicorn Records over the rights to Damaged that had prevented them from releasing material under the Black Flag name, though they had released the 1982 compilation album Everything Went Black, consisting of demos recorded during Morris, Reyes, and Cadena's stints as singer (Morris was credited as "Johnny 'Bob' Goldstein" and Reyes as "Chavo Pederast"). When Unicorn went bankrupt in late 1983, the band was free to release new material and recorded their second album, 1984's My War, with Ginn playing bass guitar under the pseudonym Dale Nixon. Shortly after the album's recording, Kira Roessler was added as the band's new bassist. The lineup of Ginn, Rollins, Stevenson, and Roessler was Black Flag's most prolific, releasing three more albums in 1984 (Family Man, Slip It In, and Live '84) along with two more albums (Loose Nut and In My Head) and an EP (The Process of Weeding Out) in 1985.

Stevenson was fired from Black Flag by Ginn in late April 1985 and returned to the Descendents. He was replaced by Anthony Martinez, who toured North America with the band and played on the live album Who's Got the 10½? (1986). Roessler was fired in September 1985 and replaced by C'el Revuelta, who performed on the band's final tour from January to June 1986. Ginn disbanded Black Flag that August.

In September 2003, Ginn organized three Black Flag reunion shows to benefit cat rescue organizations. The lineup for these performances was Ginn on lead guitar, C'el Revuelta on bass, Dez Cadena on rhythm guitar and co-lead vocals, and Robo on drums. Pro-skateboarder Mike Vallely sang for Black Flag and drummer Gregory Moore was on the drums for one of the sets of this show when the band played the entire My War album with a pre-recorded bass track by Ginn.

In January 2013, Ginn announced that he was reuniting Black Flag with Ron Reyes on vocals and Gregory Moore on drums and that the band would make a European and North American tour as well as release a new album. Black Flag has been confirmed to headline the Hevy Festival in the U.K., the Ruhrpott Rodeo Festival in Germany and the Muddy Roots Music Festival in Cookeville, Tennessee in 2013. In November of the same year, Reyes was fired on stage and replaced by Mike Vallely from Ginn's other band Good for You.

Also in January 2013, other former Black Flag members who are estranged from Greg Ginn, former singer Keith Morris, former bassist Chuck Dukowski and former drummer Bill Stevenson announced that they would also play some shows as "Flag", playing Black Flag songs, with Stephen Egerton of All and The Descendents instead of Greg Ginn on guitar during Spring and Summer of 2013.

Singers

Keith Morris

Keith Morris grew up in Hermosa Beach and attended Mira Costa High School, where brothers Greg and Raymond Ginn were also students. After graduating in 1973 he studied fine art and painting while working at his father's bait shop. One of his co-workers at the shop was Bill Stevenson, a Mira Costa student eight years Morris' junior who would also go on to be a member of Black Flag (Morris' father befriended Ozzie Cadena, who son Dez would also later join Black Flag). Becoming a fan of heavy rock and protopunk groups, Morris took a second job working at local record store Rubicon Records. It was here that he struck up a friendship with Greg Ginn, whose sister was dating Morris' record store co-worker. Morris soon left the family bait shop and began working for Ginn's amateur radio and electronics business, Solid State Tuners (SST). The two bonded over shared musical tastes, including an interest in early punk rock groups, and decided to start a band together. Morris originally planned to play drums in the group, but Ginn convinced him to take the role of vocalist after witnessing his frantic energy while singing along to the radio. In the summer of 1976 they began rehearsing songs that Ginn had written on guitar, with Ginn's brother Raymond accompanying on bass guitar. By early 1977 Morris had recruited friends of his to serve as the rhythm section, including bassist "Kansas" and drummer Brian Migdol, and the group took the name Panic. Morris performed at Panic's early shows and on their debut EP, Nervous Breakdown, recorded in January 1978. Later that year he and then-Panic bassist Gary McDaniel (later known as Chuck Dukowski) took up residence at "The Church", an abandoned Baptist church the band was then using as a rehearsal space. The band changed its name to Black Flag in early 1979.

By November 1979, however, Morris was growing "burned out" with Black Flag's long and frequent rehearsals, and began making excuses to miss them. His feelings of isolation within the band exacerbated his problems with drugs and alcohol: "I was doing a lot of drugs, and I was drinking quite a bit", he later recalled, "That's like the major reason for me leaving Black Flag, because it wasn't fun, and part of my fun was to drink away the bad stuff, or party away all the things in my life that I didn't want to be a part of." Tensions came to a head during the band's two-day recording session that month for a prospective full-length album, and Morris announced at the end of the session that he was leaving the group. McDaniel later said that Morris quit because "he wanted to stay exactly the same. Our music was changing, and he didn't like a lot of our new songs." Morris claimed to have felt blamed by the other members for slowing the band's progress: "Whenever there would be arguments, everyone would be pointing their finger at me, and it would be my fault. Like, if we weren't learning new songs fast enough, it was my fault. Coming to rehearsal after having drunk a six-pack of beer, maybe having snorted a couple lines of coke, that would be my fault. They made me feel like I was the cement shoes attached to their feet." Black Flag's constant rehearsals also eroded Morris' friendships with Ginn and then-Black Flag drummer Robo: "I guess our line of communication just ceased to exist, and that's really important", he later said, "There has to be some free space, some head time, we can't be around each other in these grungy, dirty, filthy-carpet-covered rooms all the time. We needed to get out and breathe some fresh air, rub elbows with our friends in other bands, and play more shows, instead of just rehearsing, rehearsing and rehearsing all the time." According to Morris, his departure was not acrimonious:

It was entirely my decision. For me, we had pretty much run our course. I love Robo, I still respect Greg, Gary kind of irritated me at times. But the fact of the matter is, when I left I felt no hatred towards them; it wasn't like "Fuck you guys, man, I don't ever wanna see you again!" It wasn't like that. Because I still lived in the church and they were still rehearsing there. They probably breathed a sigh of relief, because I was completely in the throes of being a full-blown alcoholic cokehead, and it didn't help that Robo was one of my suppliers. A couple of weeks later, I started my next group.

This next group was the Circle Jerks, which included guitarist Greg Hetson, who had recently quit Red Cross, as well as drummer Lucky Lehrer and bassist Roger Rogerson. Their early set list included some of Morris' Black Flag lyrics set to new music: Nervous Breakdown's "Wasted", the recorded-but-unreleased "I Don't Care", and two songs Morris had written with Black Flag but had not recorded: "Red Tape" and "Behind the Door" (originally titled "Room 13"). They also used some songs that Hetson had written with Red Cross, and gave them new lyrics. This caused conflict with Morris' former bandmates in Black Flag: "They were extremely angry and spiteful about it," he said. "These were songs that I did with Black Flag, but I wrote the lyrics, so I can do with them whatever I want. We souped them up, we changed the notes, the tempos... The only people who were upset about this were the guys in Black Flag and Red Cross." The Circle Jerks' versions of these songs appeared on their debut album Group Sex (1980). Black Flag responded by rewriting "I Don't Care" as "You Bet We've Got Something Personal Against You!" for 1980's Jealous Again EP, taking the music from their original version but changing Morris' lyrics into a screed against him, accusing him of stealing their song and lying about it, and declaring "you've got nowhere to go but down".

Morris was asked by director Penelope Spheeris to sing with Black Flag for her documentary film The Decline of Western Civilization. Morris declined, and ultimately both the Circle Jerks and Black Flag appeared in the film, the latter with Morris' replacement Ron Reyes singing. After Reyes quit Black Flag in May 1980, Morris filled in for two shows in Los Angeles and San Francisco. "Black Flag was my first love;" he later recalled, "I've got the Black Flag bars tattooed on my heart, branded in my brain. Greg [Ginn] and Chuck [Dukowski] asked me to fill in, and I knew that I was just filling in, that I wasn't rejoining Black Flag on any permanent basis, because the Circle Jerks had made a record, it was very popular, and people really loved us, and we were selling out shows. So everything was cool, and I had no problem filling in for Ron Reyes for a couple of nights."

Ron Reyes

Ron Reyes, a punk rock fan of Puerto Rican descent, dropped out of Mira Costa High school at age 18. He was present for Black Flag's first performance, at the Redondo Beach Moose Lodge, and the experience left a strong impression on him:

I was just blown away. Keith [Morris] was like an animal; it was so fun, to see this guy just screaming and shouting. Everything about them was so over-the-top, and so energetic; the bands I'd seen before, like X and the Germs, they just paled in comparison to the energy that Black Flag had. Those other bands, they were 'rock bands', and Black Flag were...something else. The intensity of Greg Ginn's guitar playing, I have never seen anything like that, to this day. And Gary McDaniel, y'know, he was just wild, crazy, and so intense. It was just the intensity of it all. I'd never seen anything like that before.

Reyes and Dez Cadena were friends and had practiced songs together on guitar. In summer 1979 Reyes moved into "The Church", where Black Flag rehearsed; He would watch the band practice and became good friends with them, particularly Morris. He purchased a drum kit from a friend as a favor, and soon began drumming for a group called The Tourists, with Greg Hetson and brothers Jeff and Steven McDonald. The Tourists opened for Black Flag at their infamous July 22, 1979 performance at Manhattan Beach's Polliwog Park, and the following month changed their name to Red Cross. Reyes continued to follow Black Flag, travelling to San Francisco that fall for their first performances outside the Los Angeles area. By the time Morris left Black Flag in November 1979, Reyes had quit Red Cross and was playing drums with a group called The Tracks. Greg Ginn and Gary McDaniel approached him with an offer to sing for Black Flag. "I was a little bit nervous, I guess," recalled Reyes, "but it seemed really natural; I had no experience as a singer, I'd never wanted to be a singer, but I wasn't intimidated. Because it was very clear to me from the get-go that the whole spirit of punk rock was not about experience, and talent, and chops — It was all about attitude and energy. I figured I had enough of that to get by." Reyes speculated that Black Flag chose him because he was not part of the Hollywood punk rock scene:

They had quite a lot of distaste for the Hollywood scene. So I think they went out of their way to avoid that, and finding a home-grown South kinda guy was attractive to them. Certainly, I was a huge fan, I loved the band, I was at all their shows, right up the front, raising a bunch of hell with them. Black Flag was really kind of a family down there in the South Bay, it was close-knit, and I don't think they would have been interested in going the normal route of doing auditions with people they didn't know. Probably it was just being in the right place, at the right time.

Reyes' first show with Black Flag was December 16, 1979, less than three weeks after Morris' departure. His performance style was spirited and anarchic, characterized by the frantic energy with which he would dash across the stage and hurl himself into the audience while barking the lyrics in a howling, out-of-breath fashion. Ginn also began teaching Reyes how to play guitar, with an eye towards making him a rhythm guitarist as well as vocalist, which would free Ginn up to play lead guitar and add solos to his songs. Ultimately, however, Reyes would never play guitar in Black Flag. He appeared with the band in the documentary film The Decline of Western Civilization and performed with them on their first shows outside of California, traveling to Vancouver, Seattle, and Portland in February and April 1980. Having attempted to record their debut album with Morris the previous November, Black Flag made another attempt at it with Reyes in April 1980. The session was unsuccessful, in part because Reyes would sometimes leave the studio mid-take. "I was a little intimidated by the studio process", he later admitted. "Put me on stage for 20 minutes, where I could just go wild, and I loved that. But now I had to sing the song in key, in tune...And Greg was committed to a level of excellence. He would not have let us do anything that wasn't great. Some of our earlier recordings were frustrating for a lot of us."

Reyes quit Black Flag mid-performance during a May 23, 1980 show at The Fleetwood in Redondo Beach, California. "There was a lot of violence, and I was really starting to lose my taste for it", he later recalled. "It seemed like it didn't matter what we did up there, we could've just been up onstage masturbating and it wouldn't have made a difference; [the audience] would have kept on slamming and going around in circles and doing their thing, and that's all they cared about. I felt, 'What's the point?' ... So I just walked offstage. I remember saying something to the effect of, 'I don't really care about being the background to whatever it is that you're doing out there...' It didn't have anything to do with the other band members, I had no beef with any of them." Black Flag finished the set by playing an extended version of "Louie Louie", with various audience members taking the microphone.

Despite having quit the band, Reyes agreed to return to finish recording the tracks they had begun in April. Recording engineer and producer Spot recalled that "recording the vocals in a posthumous manner [Reyes] was surprisingly cooperative and I was moved to remark: 'This is so easy now! Why didn't you quit the band before this? Reyes later remarked that "Spot just wanted to finish the project. I don't think they had a desire that I would join the band again. I felt, 'OK, that's cool'. I still loved the band, I loved the music, I had no bad feelings towards the guys, so I was totally into it." According to Ginn, "Ron was kind of apprehensive about recording. He liked to sing live, but he just hated the recording process, so it was like pulling teeth, but we finally got it done. And that's the thing about Ron, his energy was incredible onstage, he would just burst out, you know? And we finally got that performance on tape, but it took a little bit of doing, just because he wasn't ever really comfortable in the studio."

Reyes had begun dating a girl from Vancouver, and soon moved there. When the Jealous Again EP was released in August 1980, he was credited on the sleeve as "Chavo Pederast", a mean-spirited joke on the part of Black Flag: "Chavo" after the homeless orphan character in the Mexican sitcom El Chavo, and "Pederast" after pederasty. "At the time, I'm not even sure I understood the derogatory nature of the name, and I don't think I would have cared anyway", said Reyes. "It seemed a very natural, punk-rock thing to do, and I would have done the same thing if I was in their shoes ... When I became a family man, and the meaning of that name became more apparent to me, then it was something I felt a little shame over. I found I had to explain myself, a lot, when people called me Chavo Pederast."

Dez Cadena

Dez Cadena moved with his family from New Jersey to Hermosa Beach in 1974, at age 13. His father, record producer and jazz promoter Ozzie Cadena, befriended Keith Morris' father Jerry Morris. In February 1979 the 17-year-old Dez was present, along with his friend Ron Reyes, for Black Flag's first performance. He continued to follow the band, hanging out at their rehearsals and attending many of their performances. In June 1980 he was playing guitar in a reformed Red Cross when Black Flag approached him to replace Ron Reyes as their singer. Cadena recalled Chuck Dukowski asking him to join the band: "He said, 'You know all the words to our songs, in a week we have to play a gig in Vancouver, why don't you become our next singer? Never having sung before, Cadena was initially reserved, but Dukowski assured him that did not matter. "Black Flag was my favorite band," Cadena later said, "and these guys were my friends, so I didn't want to let them down." In contrast to the sardonic anarchism of Keith Morris and the chaotic energy of Ron Reyes, Cadena's singing was a blunt, flinty bark delivered with passion and fury, evoking vocal cords strained almost to breaking point. His guitar-playing skills were attractive to Ginn, who planned—as he had with Reyes—to eventually position Cadena to also play rhythm guitar, freeing Ginn up to play lead and add solos.

Cadena's first performance with Black Flag was a party at the end of summer 1980 to close out "The Church", the abandoned Baptist church they had used as a living and rehearsal space since 1978. The band had moved out of the building several months prior, and on the eve of a West Coast tour invited many of their fans to demolish the property as means of provoking the police before they left town.

Henry Rollins

Henry Rollins had been the lead singer of the Washington, D.C., based hardcore punk band State of Alert.  He had befriended several members of the band and had invited them to crash at his house during their East Coast tour at one point.  When Cadena moved to rhythm guitar from vocals, the band hired on Rollins to perform lead vocal duties.  After Black Flag broke up in 1986, Rollins, who had already begun a spoken word solo career, founded his own band Rollins Band.  Since 2006, Rollins has mostly left the music industry, and has focused his career on his spoken word performances, acting in films and on television, and as a television presenter.

Mike Vallely

Vallely was friends with Ginn during the years when Black Flag was not a performing band, and had sung with the band during a 2003 reunion show.  When the band reformed in 2013, Ron Reyes was their vocalist for the first several months.  Reyes was fired mid-performance during a November, 2013 show in Australia, and Vallely was invited on stage to finish the set.  He has been with the band ever since.  Besides singing with Black Flag, Vallely is a professional skateboarder and singer with a number of other punk bands.

Guitarists

Greg Ginn

Greg Ginn is Black Flag's lead guitarist, primary songwriter, sole constant member, and the only musician to play on all of the band's releases. He attended Mira Costa High School with Keith Morris, and started a mail-order company for amateur radio equipment called Solid State Tuners (SST). He became interested in blues and jazz while studying economics and business management at UCLA, and began playing guitar at age 19, becoming a fan of the Grateful Dead as well as various protopunk and punk rock groups He befriended Morris when Ginn's younger sister began dating Morris' record store co-worker. Morris started working for SST, and he and Ginn bonded over musical taste and decided to start a band. In the summer of 1976 they began rehearsing songs that Ginn had written, with Morris singing Ginn's lyrics and Ginn's younger brother Raymond accompanying on bass guitar. By early 1977 they had named the band Panic, with Morris' friends "Kansas" and Brian Migdol on bass guitar and drums, respectively.

Because Kansas and Migdol would often fail to show up for rehearsals, Ginn modified his guitar style to a percussive strum that doubled as a lead and rhythm section. During the band's early years he played a transparent lucite Ampeg Dan Armstrong guitar that he heavily customized, caulking it to prevent blood and sweat from seeping into the electronics and hard-wiring the cord into the instrument so that the socket would not be pulled out if someone tripped on the cord. He had rented storage and workspace for SST at an abandoned Baptist church, and this became Panic's new home when they were kicked out of their rehearsal space in late 1978. When Panic became Black Flag in early 1979, Ginn booked their first shows under the new name himself, and released their debut EP Nervous Breakdown through his own label, SST Records (which shared its name with his electronics company).

Dez Cadena

After the band hired Henry Rollins to be their lead vocalist, Dez Cadena moved to rhythm guitar.  After leaving Black Flag in 1983, Cadena went on to front DC3 from 1983 to 1988.  He spent the 1990s playing in various bands for relatively short stints before joining the Misfits in 2001.  He left the Misfits in 2015 and currently appears with the Keith Morris-fronted Flag.

Bassists

Raymond Pettibon

When Greg Ginn and Keith Morris first began rehearsing together in the summer of 1976, Ginn's brother Raymond accompanied them on bass guitar. By early 1977 Raymond had bowed out of the group to focus on earning his degree in economics from UCLA, after which he became a high school mathematics teacher. "I kinda played bass and learned their songs, but I was never in the band", he later recalled, "There's nothing I could do that would deaden the mind more than play bass in a punk band. Especially that band." In early 1979 the band was looking to change their name from Panic, and it was Raymond—who had since quit his teaching job in favor of pursuing a career as a visual artist under the pseudonym Raymond Pettibon—who suggested the name Black Flag and designed their logo.

Over the next six years Pettibon's single-frame illustrations were used for the band's sleeve artwork, posters, and gig flyers, their unsettling and provocative imagery becoming synonymous with Black Flag's music while helping to build the group's notoriety and expand their fan base. His artwork appears on the covers of Nervous Breakdown, Jealous Again, Six Pack, Everything Went Black, My War, Family Man, Slip It In, Loose Nut, The Process of Weeding Out, and In My Head. He also did artwork for other SST releases including the compilation albums The Blasting Concept and Cracks in the Sidewalk, and released pamphlet books of his art through SST. However, he had a falling out with Black Flag and SST in 1985 over the Loose Nut artwork, which had been used for a flyer several years earlier. Greg Ginn resurrected it without telling his brother and turned it over to drummer Bill Stevenson to do the layout, who cut it into pieces and used them as elements for the cover and lyric sheet. Pettibon became irate and ended his relationship with the band and the label, and he and Ginn stopped speaking for some time: "As far as I'm concerned, SST is not even a part of my past. For one thing, it was dishonestly procured. I was never paid for any of that stuff. If you talk to [SST] it's like Stalinist Russia, rewriting history. Somebody is some big commissar and the next day he's purged and all traces of his existence are literally written out of the official history." Pettibon later worked with Keith Morris again, providing cover artwork for his band Off! in 2010.

Jim "Kansas" Dearman
After Pettibon's exit from the group, a friend of Morris' known as "Kansas", real name Jim Dearmen, became their new bassist. Described by Morris as "just this huge stoner", Kansas and drummer Bryan Migdol were not committed to the band and would often fail to show up for rehearsals. This caused Ginn to modify his guitar style to a percussive strum that doubled as a lead and rhythm section. Kansas left the band before the summer of 1977, and was replaced at rehearsals by Glenn "Spot" Lockett.

Spot

Glenn "Spot" Lockett was a friend of Greg Ginn and a staff engineer at Media Art recording studio, and Ginn invited him to play bass guitar with Panic in rehearsals after Kansas' departure. He later recalled his experience in the liner notes of Everything Went Black:
The band had a total of six songs, each of which lasted no longer than one minute. Greg showed me the simple repetitive chords..."OK, here we go, 1–2–3–4..." and BANG!! the drummer started smashing out a fast, trashy straight four-pattern beat, and the wiry little singer started bellowing and jumping around wildly, and Greg's body lurched forward as he underwent a remarkable transformation from Jekyll to Hyde...Within seconds it was over. Jekyll calmly stepped out of his Hyde as if stepping out of a routine nightmare...I was dumbfounded, shocked; my eyes wide in amazement, my mouth hanging open in disbelief. We played again. "1–2–3–4!!"...Ten minutes later we had played the entire six-song set twice.Chick, pp. 36–37.

Spot decided that he could not commit to playing with Panic, and was soon replaced by Würm bassist Gary McDaniel. Spot continued to work at Media Art and convinced Panic to record their first record there in January 1978, which produced the Nervous Breakdown EP. The studio's senior engineer, Dave Tarling, acted as producer for the session, with Spot's role limited to "setting up microphones and later running some rough mixes for the band."

Chuck Dukowski

Gary McDaniel was the bass guitarist of the band Würm, and met Greg Ginn when he sold the latter a speaker cabinet in early 1977. By that summer Würm were living and rehearsing at a space in the Hermosa Bathhouse, which they referred to as the Würmhole. Würm guitarist Ed Danky met Keith Morris and, learning that he was also in a band, invited him to hang out at their rehearsals. Morris and Greg Ginn came to observe Würm and ended up renting the vacant half of the Bathhouse for Panic, sharing practice space with Würm. When Spot decided that he could not commit to playing bass with Panic, McDaniel began jamming with them. He fit in well with the band musically, and impressed Ginn with his outspokenness and intellectual restlessness. By the end of the year Würm had broken up, and Ginn invited McDaniel to join Panic permanently. "I wanted to tour, I didn't just want to play in my living room", said McDaniel, "I thought Panic's music was easy to 'get'. It came across. Later, our music became more challenging to the audience; but back then, it hit heavy and hard, and people got it instantly."

McDaniel performed on Black Flag's debut EP, Nervous Breakdown, recorded in January 1978. Later that year the band was evicted from the Bathhouse, and McDaniel and Morris took up residence in their new rehearsal space "The Church", an abandoned Baptist church. By December 1979 McDaniel had quit his job working for a pool table company in order to commit himself to Black Flag and SST Records, and had taken the pseudonym Chuck Dukowski. "It was for fun, at first, just trying on personalities," he later said of the name change. "At first I didn't use Chuck all the time, but when I quit my straight job to work on the band full-time, I made a break. I found the new name to be convenient when I had to deal with the police. And I had to deal with them too fucking much. I liked the name Chuck Dukowski — it seemed like a regular guy name." Dukowski developed a prominent presence in Black Flag through both his playing—which was physically aggressive and produced powerful, thudding low-end notes—and through his intellect and passion for revolutionary thinking, which informed the band's ethos. An outspoken anarchist, he would often use interviews and between-song pauses during shows as opportunities to declare his ideas and beliefs.

Kira Roessler

Roessler (sister of Paul Roessler from L.A. gothic punk rock band 45 Grave) replaced Dukowski and played with the band through their mid-to-late period work (1983–85) appearing on the albums Family Man, Slip It In, Loose Nut, and In My Head.

C'el Revuelta

C'el joined the band in 1986 replacing Roesler on bass. He only played on the final tour of the band in 1986. He later came back in the 2003 Black Flag reunion. He did not appear in any of the releases. C'el died on May 3, 2017, after a long battle with stage 4 brain cancer.

Dave Klein
Klein is known for being a bass player in Screeching Weasel (2011–2013) and he went on tour with Black Flag in 2013. Klein left Black Flag in 2014.

Tyler Smith
Smith originally joined Black Flag in early 2013 but had to back out due to personal obligations back home. When he learned that the previous bass player left the band, he contacted Greg, auditioned again, and rejoined Black Flag.

Joseph Noval
Joseph Noval joined as the band's bassist in 2019.

Harley Duggan
Harley Duggan joined as the band's current bassist in 2022. He also plays in Darkhorse Rising.

Drummers

Bryan Migdol
Bryan Migdol (aka Brian Migdol) was recruited from amongst Morris' friends in early 1977 to serve as the drummer for Panic (the band that was the precursor to Black Flag). He performed at Panic's early shows and was developmental in the arrangement of many of the songs which would later be recorded by Black Flag. He played all the drum tracks on the band's debut EP, Nervous Breakdown, recorded in January 1978 at Media Art Studios, as well as some of the tracks appearing on the albums Everything Went Black, The First Four Years and Wasted…Again.

Disappointed with so much rehearsing and very little performing, he decided to leave the band in the summer of 1978. "Our mentality was, we were never popular, and playing music wasn't going to change that. We played because we needed to play — we played what we played because most of the time when we played, we were playing for ourselves. We did an awful lot of rehearsing, and that was because nobody wanted to hear what we were."

Robo

Colombian native Roberto Valverde replaced Migdol in Panic by the end of the summer of 1978. He had entered the United States on a student visa and was living in El Segundo, working in a plastics factory. He had begun playing drums in 1976 and responded to an advertisement that Panic had placed in a record store reading "Band from the South Bay looking for drummer. Into Ramones, Sex Pistols." Valverde impressed Panic with his audition, setting up his transparent perspex drum kit—which happened to match Ginn's transparent lucite guitar—so that all the drums and cymbals were level, and playing with a stiff, robotic style that relied on arm rather than wrist movement.

Emil Johnson
Emil Johnson was 15 when hired, although his place in the band was short lived. His only playing credit is the A-Side of the TV Party EP.

Chuck Biscuits

Chuck Biscuits played with Blag Flag for several months in 1982.  He appeared in no official studio releases, but does appear on the live album Live at the On Broadway 1982 and several bootlegs and demo recordings.  Prior to joining Black Flag he had been a member of the Canadian hardcore punk band D.O.A.  After leaving Black Flag he had a few brief stints playing drums with the Circle Jerks and the Red Hot Chili Peppers, though he was mostly out of the music industry until he began to work extensively with Glenn Danzig, appearing with his bands Samhain and Danzig, and later worked with Social Distortion.  He has also had short stints with a number of other punk acts.

Bill Stevenson

Black Flag's fifth drummer was South Bay native Bill Stevenson. A Mira Costa High School student and avid fisherman, he frequented Jerry Morris' bait shop and ended up working there alongside Keith Morris. Stevenson first auditioned to drum for Panic in summer 1978, at age 15, after Brian Migdol had left the band. His audition turned into a drunken jam session including members of Panic and The Last, and the position of drummer in Panic ultimately went to Robo. By late 1978 Stevenson had joined the Descendents, who made their onstage debut as an opening act at Black Flag's second performance, at a San Pedro community center in February 1979.  He would later join Black Flag as their regular drummer, and served with them from 1983 to 1985, appearing on all of their studio albums from My War through In My Head.  After leaving Black Flag in mid-1985, he reformed the Descendents, and would later found the band All, and play drums with The Lemonheads.

Anthony Martinez
Anthony Martinez replaced Bill Stevenson, and was their last drummer before their breakup. He played on the live album "Who's Got The 10 and a 1/2?" and the live EP "Annihilate This Week", which consists entirely of songs from Who's Got The 10 and a 1/2?

Gregory Moore
Gregory Moore is a drummer from Georgia who is sometimes credited as Gregory Amoore, or simply "Drummer".  He has recorded and toured with Greg Ginn on several of his solo releases as well as Ginn's projects Gone, El Bad, and Get Me High. He performed with Black Flag at their 2003 reunion show, their tour in 2013, and on the "What the..." album.  Gregory currently plays with the bands Are You A Cop, 2Ton Bridge, and Fer in Los Angeles.

Brandon Pertzborn

Brandon received an email from Greg in early 2014 to see if he would like to audition for Black Flag. He called Greg later that night and they set up an audition two days later. Brandon learned a good number of songs and then drove to Greg's studio to audition. Over the course of a few hours, Brandon played about 15 songs. After he drove back home, he recorded two songs a day and would send them to Greg every day for a week so Greg could get more of an idea what his playing style sounds like. A week after his audition, Brandon got the call that he made the band. Brandon did not know Mike or Greg personally before he started playing with Black Flag, but he had known who they were for years. As a Black Flag fan growing up, Pertzborn was familiar with Ginn's role with the band. Pertzborn used to skateboard in his spare time and knew of Mike Vallely's career as a professional streetskater and a musician.

Pertzborn currently dates Emily Vallely, who is the daughter of Black Flag lead singer Mike Vallely.

Isaias Gil
Isaias Gil joined as the band's drummer in 2019.

Charles Wiley
Charles Wiley joined as the band's current drummer in 2022.

Timeline

References

Black Flag


Fairview Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 491.

Fairview Township was organized in 1873.

Geography
Fairview Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.

The stream of Rock Creek runs through this township.

Further reading

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Armando António Martins Vara (born 27 March 1954, Vinhais) is a Portuguese politician and banking administrator.

He enrolled in philosophy, at the New University of Lisbon, leaving the institution without being awarded a degree. Throughout his life he was an employee at the state-owned bank Caixa Geral de Depósitos where he worked in several different positions ranging from clerk (it was his first job) to administrator (appointed in 2005, three days after had been awarded a degree in international relations by the Independente University), and was member of parliament to the Portuguese Assembleia da República for several years.

In addition, Vara is a former Secretary of State, Minister of Home Affairs, and Minister of Youth and Sports in the Portuguese Government, always by the Socialists.

In January 2008, he was appointed vice-chairman of Millennium bcp bank. In October 2009 it was reported that Vara is an arguido (formal suspect) in the Face Oculta scandal.

Armando Vara was sentenced to five years imprisonment on 5 September 2014. He was again placed in custody on 9 July 2015, as part of the "Operação Marquês" operation, aimed at former Prime Minister José Sócrates. His detention followed the searches conducted at his home, in various companies, and a bank. José Sócrates was suspected of having favored a tourism business through a government plan, Vara at the time was director of the General Deposits, entity that financed that enterprise.

References

1954 births
People from Vinhais
Living people
Socialist Party (Portugal) politicians
Government ministers of Portugal
Portuguese politicians convicted of crimes
Politicians convicted of corruption
Portuguese prisoners and detainees


The Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL) is an Indian defence laboratory of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). Located in Mysore, Karnataka, it conducts research and development of technologies and products in the area of food science and technology to cater the varied food challenges for the Indian Armed Forces. DFRL is organised under the Life Sciences Directorate of DRDO. The present director of DFRL is Dr. A D Semwal.

History
"The Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL) came into being on 28th December 1961 under the aegis of Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Ministry of Defence, Government of India, at  Mysore especially to cater to the varied food challenges of Indian Army, Navy, Airforce and other paramilitary forces."

Areas of work
Research and development in food science and technology
Studies in the development of convenience foods, preservation of foods, food safety, food packaging, and studies in the spoilage of foods and safety of processed foods
Production and supply of processed foods on a limited scale to the Armed Forces and other bodies for national missions
Toxicological, nutritional, and biochemical studies
Development of pack rations, their quality assurance methods
Preservation and packaging methods for long-distance transportation of perishable products
Evaluation of nutritional requirements of troops deployed under different climatic conditions

The Laboratory has testing facilities and  analytical instruments such as GC, GCMS, GLC, HPLC, Nanodrop spectrophotometer, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, Lovibond Tintometer, etc. Animal house enables nutritional and safety evaluation of a variety of foods. Some of the recent additions to the processing equipments include, High pressure processing, Pulsed electric field processing, Khoa making machine, controlled atmosphere system, integrated soya paneer plant, blast freezer and plate freezer lyophilizer, polymer twin screw extruders. Food Scanner, Texturometer, Hydrosorb, Hybridization oven, Image analyser, Thermogravimetric Analyser, Differential scanning colorimeter, Dynamic mechanical analyser, Alveoconsisto graph, Cell counter, Gradient thermal cycler, Scanning electron microscope, FPHLC, Gel Documentation system, IR Spectroscope and Atomic Force microscope.

The Laboratory has developed some analytical test kits for evaluation of deteriorative changes in food such as Meat Testing Kit, Test Kit for E.coli detection, Presumptive Test Kit for Coliform Detection, Acidity Testing Paper Strip, Pesticide detection kit.

Projects and products

Technologies for civilian use
Many of the DFRL foods, born out of innovative state-of-the-art technologies, lend themselves eminently suitable to industrial scale commercial exploitation by enterprising entrepreneurs of different genre. Some of the technologies that have been transferred to entrepreneurs are:
Retort processing in flexible pouches
Mini combo pack ration
Freeze dried foods
Preservation of tender coconut water
Preserved and flavoured chapaties
Instant/Quick cooking foods
Puff and serve chapaties
Short term preserved chapaties
Scrambled egg mix
Combo pack ration
Supplementary compo pack ration
Cold stock drying technology
Instant choley mix technology
Minimally processed pre-cut vegetables
Ethylene absorbed pad/scrubber development
IM/HT fruits

See also
Harsh Vardhan Batra

References

External links
Defence Food Research Laboratory website

1961 establishments in Mysore State
Government agencies established in 1961
Defence Research and Development Organisation laboratories
Food science institutes
Research and development in India
Research institutes in Mysore
Research institutes established in 1961
Food and drink in India


Glencoe Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 239.

History
Glencoe Township was created in 1877.

Geography
Glencoe Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains three cemeteries: Beaumont, Butts and Harmony.

Transportation
Glencoe Township contains one airport or landing strip, Beaumont Hotel Airport.

Further reading

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Ordeal in the Arctic is a television film written by Paul F. Edwards and directed by Mark Sobel. The film stars Richard Chamberlain, Catherine Mary Stewart, Melanie Mayron, Scott Hylands and Page Fletcher.

The accident that Ordeal in the Arctic  depicted, occurred on October 30, 1991, when Canadian Forces Lockheed CC-130E Hercules (130322), from 435 Transport and Rescue Squadron (a part of Operation Boxtop), was flying from Edmonton, Alberta via Thule Air Base, Greenland on a bi-annual resupply mission to Canadian Forces Station Alert. At night, while on final approach to the airstrip, the pilot apparently was flying by sight rather than relying on instruments. The aircraft struck a rocky slope and crashed on Ellesmere Island, approximately 16 km (9.9 miles) short of the runway, resulting in the death of four of the 18 passengers and crew. Subsequent rescue efforts by personnel from CFS Alert, USAF personnel from Thule AB and CF personnel from 440 Squadron, CFB Edmonton, Alberta, and Trenton, Ontario, were hampered by a blizzard and local terrain. The pilot died of exposure while awaiting rescue.

Plot
While heading to Alert in the far north on October 30, 1991, pilot Captain John Couch misjudges his altitude and crashes 10 miles from the base. Master Corporal Roland Pitre, the loadmaster, is the first to die while three others also do not survive the impact: Warrant Officer, Robert Grimsley, Master Warrant Officer, Tom Jardine, and Captain Judy Trépanier.

Of the survivors, Susan Hillier, and Master Corporal, David Meace, because of possible spinal injuries, cannot be moved to the tail end of the aircraft with the others. During the 32-hour ordeal, Couch makes multiple trips to check on Sue and Dave, while Captain Wilma De Groot, keeps the others calm, before succumbing in the cold weather.

Although they are able to see the base prior to the crash, blizzard-like conditions prevent anyone from going for help. Once search and rescue crews are sent to look for the aircraft, survivors are able to communicate with Boxtop 21, searching by air using a two-way radio. As the weather calms, search and rescue (SAR) technicians are able to parachute down to the site, while those searching by ground arrive soon after.

Cast

 Richard Chamberlain as Captain John Couch
 Catherine Mary Stewart as Captain Wilma De Groot
 Melanie Mayron as Susan "Sue" Hillier
 Scott Hylands as Fred Ritchie
 Page Fletcher as Lieutenant Joe Bales
 Christopher Bolton as Lieutenant Michael "Mike" Moore
 Richard McMillan as Bob Thompson (credited as Richard MacMillan)
 Tom Butler as Arnie Macauley
 Robert Clinton as Sergeant Paul West
 Blair Haynes as Master Corporal Roland "Rollie" Pitre
 Stephen Sparks as Master Corporal Tony Cobden
 Brian Jensen  as Master Corporal David "Dave" Meace
 Larry Yachimec as Warrant Officer Robert Grimsley
 Cecily A. Adams as Captain Judy Trépanier
 Nathan Fillion as Master Warrant Officer Tom Jardine
 Stephen Sparks as Tony Cobden
 Mark Gibbon as Master Seaman "Monty" Montgomery

 David Cameron as Master Corporal Mario Ellefsen
 Steve Adams as Private Bill Vance
 David McNally as Marc Tremblay
 Larry Musser as Rick Dumoulin
 Francis Damberger as Jimmy Brown
 Fred Keating as Major MacLain
 Wendell Smith as Major Blair
 Paul Whitney as Marvin Macauley
 Dave Nichols as Don Hansen
 Aaron Goettel as Tech No. 1
 Karen Gartner as Tech No. 2
 Mike Kobayashi as himself
 Dodd Rougeau as Condly
 Garry Chalk as Rescue 242 Pilot
 Brian Taylor as Boxtop 21 Pilot
 Roger Shank as Nodwell Driver
 Darryl Shuttleworth as  Ground Commander

Production
Ordeal in the Arctic was filmed at Canadian Forces Base Edmonton over a four-week period in November and December 1992. Although a northerly location in Canada, the terrain is very different from the tundra of Alert, Nunavut. To replicate the sunless conditions near the North Pole, filming was done mainly at night. Master Corporal Mike Kobayashi, an SAR Tech from 440 Squadron, who participated in the actual rescue, portrayed himself in the film. Another SAR Tech involved in the rescue, Master Corporal Tim Eagle from 440 Squadron, acted as the SAR technical advisor.

Ordeal in the Arctic is an adaptation of Robert Mason Lee's non-fiction book Death and Deliverance: The Haunting True Story of the Hercules Crash at the North Pole. His book thoroughly documented the 1991 crash and subsequent rescue.

Reception
Ordeal in the Arctic was considered a typical "made-for-TV" production, although it had the advantage of covering a story that had recently been in the news. Despite the real-life heroics, reviews were mainly tepid. Patricia Brennan from The Washington Post advised: "If you sit down to watch “Ordeal in the Arctic,” bring along a cup of tea.  It's a movie that's a little hard to warm up to." Reviewer Chris Willman from the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Considerable heroism is involved in this true-life survival story, to be sure – but, truth be told, it's mostly a bunch of people sitting around in the dark shivering."

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

 Lee, Robert Mason. Death and Deliverance: The Haunting True Story of the Hercules Crash at the North Pole (aka Death and Deliverance: The True Story of an Airplane Crash at the North Pole). Golden, Colorado: Fulcrum Publishing, 1993. .

External links

 Richard Chamberlain page about the film

1993 films
Accidents and incidents involving the Lockheed C-130 Hercules
Canadian aviation films
Canadian drama television films
English-language Canadian films
Canadian films based on actual events
Films about aviation accidents or incidents
Films set in the Arctic
Films shot in Edmonton
ABC Motion Pictures films
Canadian Armed Forces in films
Films directed by Mark Sobel
1990s Canadian films


Hickory Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, United States.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 90.

History
Hickory Township was organized in 1875. Its early history is retold by J.O. Evertson, an early settler, in Vol. P. Mooney's, History of Butler County Kansas,  Standard Publishing Company, 1916.

According to Evertson, the first settler was a man by the name of Myers. He and his two wives settled at the forks of two branches of Hickory Creek. Subsequently, in 1868, Dr. J. A. McGinnis and his brother A. F. McGinnis and family established their claims in the township. J.A. Armstrong then arrived and took up Myers claim, compelling him to move on, along with his two wives. Armstrong would establish a general store at a location called Old Brownlow, which since has disappeared with the exception of Brownlow Cemetery which rests on a rise in the hill.

On June 16, 1871, a cyclone, having destroyed the city of El Dorado, touched down in Hickory Township and did damage to the timber. In the fall of 1873, a prairie fire, originating near El Dorado, driven by a northwest wind swept across the land, driving "coyotes, deer and other wild inhabitants of the prairie scurrying before it, leaping streams as it came to them and leaving desolation in its wake, surging on toward the Indian Territory." In July 1874, following a prolonged drought, an invasion of millions of grasshoppers began in the eastern part of Kansas and Hickory Township, causing great loss to crops. In the early days, law enforcement was rare, law abiding citizens including Dr. McGinnis formed groups, some called vigilantes, to keep offenders in check.

A township being formed in 1875, on April 6, 1875, an election was held at J. A. McGinnis' home, with the first officers chosen: W. S. Dubois, trustee; J. F. Comstock, treasurer; A. F. McGinnis, clerk; Thomas Campbell and W. H. Baxter, justices of the peace; R. Joiner and J. W. Hearne, constables; Z. T. Huston, road overseer.

Geography
Hickory Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Brownlow.

The streams of Honey Creek, North Branch Hickory Creek, South Branch Hickory Creek and Stony Branch run through this township.

Further reading

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Lincoln Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, United States.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 317.

History
Lincoln Township was organized in 1879.

Geography
Lincoln Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.

Communities
The township contains the following settlements:
 Unincorporated community of De Graff.

Education
 Eden Christian School, Private Mennonite Grade School, approximately 3 miles south of Burns. Located at

Cemeteries
The township contains the following cemeteries:
 Eden Mennonite Church Cemetery, located in Section 20 T23S R5E.
 According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Baker and Ridgeway.

Further reading

References

External links
 Butler County Website
 City-Data.com
 Butler County Maps: Current, 1936

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Little Walnut Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 1,002.

Little Walnut Township was organized in 1877.

Geography
Little Walnut Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Leon. The Leon town site was laid out and surveyed in November 1879. Its population as of 2010 was 704.  According to the USGS, the Little Walnut Township contains two cemeteries: Leon and Quito.

The streams of North Branch Little Walnut River and South Branch Little Walnut River run through this township.

Further reading

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Logan Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 154.

Logan Township was organized in 1874.

Geography
Logan Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.

The streams of Eagle Creek and Plum Creek run through this township.

Further reading

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Milton Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 1,136.

History
Milton Township was created in 1873. It was named for Milton C. Snorf, a pioneer settler.

Geography
Milton Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Whitewater.  According to the USGS, it contains three cemeteries: Brainerd, Harder and Swiss.  The stream of Dry Creek runs through this township.

Further reading

References

External links
 Butler County Website
 City-Data.com
 Butler County Maps: Current, 1936

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Murdock Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 378.

History
Murdock Township was named for Thomas Benton Murdock, a native of Virginia who settled in Butler County.  Anthony G. Davis is reported to be the first settler in Murdock Township, arriving in 1857.

Other early settlers through 1870 included Mr. Gillian, the Atkinson brothers, the Kelleys, Jim Folk, Ruben Moore, Edwin Hall, David Adams, Leander Baker, William Paul, Leonard Shafer,  Mr. Blankenship, John Miller, Henry Dohren, Charles Mornhinweg, Thomas Ohlsen, Dave Kehl, Albert and Chancy Diemart, Robert Taylor, Joseph (Josephus) Claypool, Henry Terbush, the Goodales, A. L. Drake, Isaac Curtin, Jim Shibles, Bill Spencer, Barney Doyle, and William McCraner.

Murdock Township was organized in March 1873 and voting occurred in April 1873. The initial township leaders were: Trustee William Spencer, Treasurer W. Goodale, Clerk J. N. Shibles, Justices of the Peace Reuben Moore and B. F. Hess, and Constables B. E. Doyle and A. G. Davis.

Geography
Murdock Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Shafer and Union.

The streams of Fourmile Creek, Prairie Creek, Whitewater Creek and Wildcat Creek run through this township.

Further reading

References

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Pleasant Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 4,649.

History
Pleasant Township was organized in 1873.

Geography
Pleasant Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Rose Hill.  According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Dunlap and Rose Hill.

Transportation
Pleasant Township contains three airports or landing strips: Flying H Ranch Airport, Graham Airport and Trabue Airport.

Further reading

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Plum Grove Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, United States.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 661.

History
Plum Grove Township was organized in 1873.

Geography
Plum Grove Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Potwin.  According to the USGS, it contains three cemeteries: Holderman, McGill and Potwin.

The streams of Brush Creek, Diamond Creek, East Branch Whitewater River and Henry Creek run through this township.

Further reading

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Prospect Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 2,033. It is where El Dorado Correctional Facility, a maximum security prison, is located.

History
Prospect Township was organized in 1872.

Geography
Prospect Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains four cemeteries: Economy, Foster, Pontiac and Sherman. The streams of Bemis Creek, Bird Creek, Harrison Creek, Lower Branch, Satchel Creek, Shady Creek and Upper Branch run through this township.

Transportation
Prospect Township contains one airport or landing strip, Patty Field.

Further reading

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Akashi Park Stadium is a track and field and association football stadium located in Akashi Park, in Akashi, Hyōgo Prefecture in Japan. The Kishiro Stadium has a capacity of 20,000.

Athletics (track and field) venues in Japan
Football venues in Japan
Sports venues in Hyōgo Prefecture
Akashi, Hyōgo


Richland Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, United States.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 2,399.

History
Richland Township was organized in 1874.

Geography
Richland Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Friends and Richland.

The stream of Maple Creek runs through this township.

Further reading

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Rock Creek Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 299.

History
Rock Creek Township was created in 1872.

Geography
Rock Creek Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, McCabe.

The streams of Chigger Creek and Swisher Branch run through this township.

Further reading

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Rosalia Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, USA.  As of the 2010 census, its population was 631.

History
Rosalia Township was created in 1871. The township was named after the town of Rosalia, which was named in honor of the wife of its first postmaster.

Geography
Rosalia Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery.

The streams of De Haas Creek, Middle Branch Little Walnut River and Nicholas Creek run through this township.

Further reading

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Frances Bagley (born April 7, 1946) is an American sculptor who was born in Fayetteville, Tennessee. Her sculptures are made from many different materials including metal, stone, human hair and fabric. Recently she has also included video into her art. She lives and works in Dallas,Texas.

Education
Bagley initially went to the University of Tennessee with a scholarship for journalism. However, after taking an art course there, she says that she was "hooked" on art.

Bagley received a BFA in painting from Arizona State University (Tempe, Arizona) in 1969. Bagley realized that her paintings were really two-dimensional ideas about objects she wished to build. In 1971, she received an MA from Arizona State University and in 1980 an MFA in sculpture from the University of North Texas (Denton, Texas).

Career and art
Bagley's sculptures are both abstract and figurative. She says, "My abstract figures attempt to speak of the human spirit as an icon of human experience, although frozen outside time." The Portrait, made of unpolished marble, evokes classical sculpture with a modern, abstract sensibility. Bagley cites artists Louise Bourgeois and Francis Bacon as two of her favorite artistic inspirations.

In 2008, Bagley was the first American to win an award from the Kajima Sculpture Exhibition held biannually in Tokyo.

Bagley has also created public sculpture and art projects. In 2015, a 14-year-old public art created with in collaboration with Tom Orr and located at  White Rock Lake in Dallas was recently the cause of controversy when the city of Dallas determined that it did not have the funds available to restore the art and that it must be demolished. A compromise was reached: Dallas will commission another work from Bagley and Orr.

Another collaborative project that Bagley and Orr worked on was the creation of sets and costumes for the Dallas Opera's 50th Anniversary and performance of Verdi's Nabucco. The design and creation of the sets and costumes took more than a year to complete.

The Arkansas Arts Center (Little Rock, AR), the City of Dallas,Texas, Del Mar College (Corpus Christi, TX), the El Paso Museum of Art, the National Museum of Women in the Arts and the University of Texas at Arlington are among the public collections holding work by Frances Bagley. Many corporate entities also collect her art.

Further reading
 Glueck, Grace, Guide to What's New in Outdoor Sculpture, The New York Times, Friday, September 12, 1980, C1, C20.
 Kutner, Janet, The Southwest Texas Ranges: Dallas, Acquisitions Are Only Part of the Action, Art News, vol. 81, no. 10, December 1982, 86-88.
 McFadden, Sarah, Going Places, Part II. The Outside Story, Creedmoor Psychiatric Center Art in America, vol. 68, no. 6, Summer 1980, 51-55, 57-59, 61.
 Taylor, Elmer, An Apprenticeship in England, Ceramics Monthly, vol 21, no. 1, January 1973, 28-29.
 Watson-Jones, Virginia, Contemporary American Women Sculptors, Phoenix, Oryx Press, 1986, 32.

External links

References

American women sculptors
Modern sculptors
Living people
1946 births
People from Fayetteville, Tennessee
Arizona State University alumni
University of North Texas alumni
Artists from Dallas
21st-century American women artists


is the second album by Japanese folk rock band Happy End, released on URC Records in 1971. In this concept album, Happy End attempted to paint a musical picture of Tokyo before the 1964 Summer Olympics, through which sweeping changes transformed the city forever.

Background and release
OK Music's Naoto Kawasaki notes how Eiichi Ohtaki and Shigeru Suzuki did not contribute to "Kaze wo Atsumete", with Haruomi Hosono playing the bass, guitar and organ and providing its vocals while Takashi Matsumoto plays the drums. Suzuki is also absent from "Kurayamizaka Musasabi Henge", which Kawasaki felt was inspired by the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band.

Bannai Tarao, a fictional detective who has appeared in many Japanese crime thrillers, is credited on several of the album's songs. Ohtaki even opens "Haikara Hakuchi" by saying, in English, "Hi, this is Bannai Tarao. Haikara (lit. "High-collar " or "Western fashion") is... Beautiful." This song was the B-side to Happy End's single "Juuni Gatsu no Ame no hi" off their first album, though this album version is different.

Matsumoto thought "Hana Ichi Monme" was a representative song of Happy End, and it was released as a single. Its B-side was "Natsu Nandesu", which Ben Sisario of The New York Times described in 2017 as having "echoes of Neil Young."

Kawasaki believes the ending of "Haru Ranman", with its uncredited banjo, mimics the end of Buffalo Springfield's 1967 song "Bluebird".

"Aiueo", the album's last song, is a 30-second fragment in which Ohtaki sings the gojūon, accompanied only by his acoustic guitar. The song's title is a pun: "aiueo" is the order of pronunciation in Japanese, while ai ue  translates as "love hunger".

Seven bonus tracks were added when the album was included in the March 31, 2004 Happy End Box set.

Reception and legacy

Together with their self-titled debut album, Happy End's Kazemachi Roman marked an important turning point in Japanese music history, as it sparked what would be known as the . There were highly publicized debates held between prominent figures in the Japanese rock industry, most notably the members of Happy End and Yuya Uchida, regarding whether rock music sung entirely in Japanese was sustainable. Previously, almost all popular rock music in Japan was sung in English. The success of Happy End's first two albums proved the sustainability of Japanese-language rock.

In September 2007, Rolling Stone Japan ranked Kazemachi Roman No.1 on its list of the "100 Greatest Japanese Rock Albums of All Time". It was named number 15 on Bounces 2009 list of 54 Standard Japanese Rock Albums. In 2016, the album topped the list of 30 Best Japanese Albums of All Time published by beehype magazine.

"Aiueo" was covered by Pizzicato Five as the final track on their last album, 2001's Çà et là du Japon.

Two songs from the album were used in American films which had Brian Reitzell acting as music supervisor. In 2003, "Kaze wo Atsumete" was featured in Lost in Translation as well as on its soundtrack. In 2008, "Haikara Hakuchi" was featured in The Brothers Bloom.

"Sorairo no Crayon" was covered by thrash metal band Outrage for their 2015 album Genesis I.

"Hana Ichi Monme" was covered by Rolly for his 2015 cover album Rolly's Rock Circus.

"Kaze wo Atsumete" was covered by Mayu, Manaka and Asahi from Little Glee Monster for the 2021 Takashi Matsumoto tribute album Take Me to Kazemachi!.

Track listing

Personnel
Haruomi Hosono - bass on tracks 1-5, 7-11, piano on tracks 1, 2, 8, 9, organ on tracks 1, 3, 7, 8, vocals on tracks 3, 4, 7, 9, acoustic guitar on tracks 3, 4, 7, 11, claves on track 5, cowbell on track 6, chorus on tracks 5, 7, 11, flat mandolin on track 4 as
Eiichi Ohtaki - acoustic guitar on tracks 1, 2, 11, 12, vocals on tracks 1, 2, 5, 10-12, electric guitar on track 5, slide guitar on track 6, güiro on track 5, chimes on track 5, chorus on tracks 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11
Shigeru Suzuki - electric guitar on tracks 1, 5, 7-11, acoustic guitar on track 11, vocals on track 8, cowbell on track 5, chorus on tracks 1 & 5, slide guitar on track 6 as
Takashi Matsumoto - drums on all tracks except 6 & 12, taiko on track 6, congas on track 5, cowbell on track 5, chorus on track 1
Shiba - mouth harp on tracks 10, 11
Komazawa - steel guitar on track 2

References

External links
Pictures of the book art accompanying Kazemachi Roman

1971 albums
Happy End (band) albums
Japanese-language albums
Albums produced by Haruomi Hosono
Albums produced by Takashi Matsumoto (lyricist)
Concept albums


Alfred Leon Vitali (26 July 1948 – 19 August 2022) was an English actor, best known for his collaborations with film director, Stanley Kubrick, as his personal assistant, and as an actor, most notably as Lord Bullingdon in Barry Lyndon.

Life and career
As he was growing up Vitali became interested in drama and decided to attend the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art after his English teacher sent him a prospectus. Vitali guest-starred in a number of TV series in the early 1970s, appearing in Softly, Softly, Follyfoot, Roads to Freedom, Z Cars, Public Eye, The Fenn Street Gang, and Notorious Woman, among others. In 1973, he made his feature film debut in two movies: the Italian Super Bitch, directed by Massimo Dallamano, who had previously worked with Sergio Leone as a cinematographer in the first two of his Dollars Trilogy, and the television film Catholics, alongside Martin Sheen and Michael Gambon.

In 1974 Vitali met Stanley Kubrick, with whom he had a professional relationship for the rest of Kubrick's career. Vitali played Lord Bullingdon in Barry Lyndon, the title character's stepson. Kubrick and Vitali bonded during the shoot. As filming concluded, Vitali asked Kubrick if he could stay on, without pay, to observe the editing process, to which Kubrick agreed. Five years later, Kubrick sent Vitali a copy of Stephen King's The Shining and asked him to join the production of his next film. Vitali is credited in The Shining (1980) as "personal assistant to director".

In 1977 he portrayed Victor Frankenstein in Terror of Frankenstein, Calvin Floyd's adaptation of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, where he met his future wife Kersti, who worked as costume designer on the shoot. The Vitalis then worked as costume designers in Birgitta Svensson's Mackan, after which Leon played a bit part in Svensson's next film, Inter Rail (1981). Leon and Kersti had two children, actress Vera Vitali and a son, videographer Max Vitali. Vitali also had a daughter, producer Masha Vitali, from his previous marriage to Helen Broom. Leon and Kersti eventually divorced. Leon was married to Sharon Messer from 2005 to his death in 2022.

Vitali teamed up with Kubrick again for Full Metal Jacket (1987), where he served both as casting director and assistant to the director. Twelve years later, Vitali was credited with the same titles in Kubrick's last film, Eyes Wide Shut (1999), in which Vitali also played Red Cloak. In the film, the words "fashion designer Leon Vitali" appear in a newspaper article that Tom Cruise's character reads.

After Kubrick's death, Vitali oversaw the restoration of both picture and sound elements for most of Kubrick's films. In 2004, Vitali was honoured with the Cinema Audio Society's President's Award for this work.

In 2017, Vitali was the subject of a documentary, Filmworker, directed by Tony Zierra and produced by Elizabeth Yoffe  which premiered at The Cannes Film Festival and screened at many U.S. and international film festivals including the London Film Festival in October 2017. In Filmworker,  Vitali was interviewed at length about his work with Kubrick. The film was broadcast by Film4 in the UK on 7 March 2019, followed by a showing of Kubrick's The Killing (1956).

Death
Vitali died on 19 August 2022 in Los Angeles, as announced by his family, The official social media presence for the Kubrick estate announced Vitali's death citing the incorrect date of 20 August 2022.

Other work
Vitali worked with filmmaker Todd Field, with whom he appeared in Eyes Wide Shut. Vitali is credited as "technical consultant" on Field's In the Bedroom (2001), and as "associate producer" on Field's Little Children (2006), where he also made a cameo appearance as "The Oddly Familiar Man".

He played the apothecary in Carlo Carlei's Romeo & Juliet (2013).

Acting filmography

Film

Television

References

External links

 Leon Vitali interview Combat Radio

1948 births
2022 deaths
People from Leamington Spa
English male film actors
English male television actors
20th-century English male actors
21st-century English male actors
Male actors from Warwickshire
English people of Italian descent


Charlie "Choo Choo" Brown (born April 5, 1958 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American former professional boxer who was the IBF Lightweight champion of the world.

Professional career
Known as "Choo-Choo" Brown, Brown turned pro in 1979 and captured the vacant newly created IBF lightweight title with a decision win over Melvin Paul in 1984. He lost the belt in his first defense to Harry Arroyo the same year, in a bout refereed by International Boxing Hall of Fame member Larry Hazzard. Brown never fought for another major title and retired after 11 consecutive losses in 1993, including losses to Tyrone Crawley, Loreto Garza, Cornelius Boza-Edwards, and José Luis Ramírez.

Professional boxing record

See also
List of world lightweight boxing champions

References

External links

|-

1958 births
Living people
American male boxers
Boxers from Philadelphia
Lightweight boxers
World lightweight boxing champions
International Boxing Federation champions
African-American boxers
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople


David Gray Mulready (born 13 September 1947) is an Australian Anglican bishop and a former incumbent of the diocesan see of North West Australia, the largest diocese in geographical size in the Anglican Church of Australia, covering approximately a quarter of the Australian continent.

Early life

Mulready was born in Sydney, the son of Norman Benson Mulready and Edna Faith Osborne. He grew up on the Northern Beaches in Curl Curl, New South Wales and attended Newington College (1960–1964). He became an airline trainee with Qantas before studying at Moore Theological College and the Melbourne College of Divinity. He holds a Licenciate of Theology and a Diploma of Religious Education.

Ministry

Mulready's ordained ministry began in the Diocese of Sydney and he then served 15 years in the Diocese of Armidale. He worked in rural parish ministry in New South Wales and was posted to Tambar Springs (1974–1977), Walgett (1977–1981), Manilla (1981–1985) and Gunnedah (1985–1989). Mulready was the NSW State Secretary of the Bush Church Aid Society from 1989, after which he moved St Stephen's Church, Penrith (1993–2000). He then served as Rector of St John's, Parramatta (2000–2004) until he was elected Bishop of North-West Australia. Mulready was consecrated as bishop in February 2004. He retired in 2011.

Family life
Mulready married Maureen Jane Lawrie in 1972 and is the father of two adult sons and a daughter. He also has 5 grandchildren

References

1947 births
People educated at Newington College
Evangelical Anglican bishops
Clergy from Sydney
Anglican bishops of North West Australia
Living people
Moore Theological College alumni


Utricularia sect. Meionula is a section in the genus Utricularia. The four species in this section are small terrestrial carnivorous plants native to Southeast Asia and Australia. Constantine Samuel Rafinesque originally published some of the species in this section under two genera, Meionula and Trixapias, in 1838. Peter Taylor published the section as it currently stands in 1986, including three additional Australian and New Zealand species which are now circumscribed in their own section, Australes.

See also
 List of Utricularia species

References

Utricularia
Plant sections


Kipchoge Keino Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Eldoret, Kenya. It is named after the athlete Kipchoge Keino. It holds 10,000 people.

In 2007, the Kenyan Government allocated KSh.100 million/= for the upgrade of the stadium, which had fallen into disrepair.

The stadium has been used by local football teams including Rivatex and Eldoret KCC, but there are currently no teams from Eldoret in the Kenyan Premier League. The stadium is also used for athletics meetings.  The stadium hosted the 2016 Athletics Kenya Olympic Trials.
The stadium is currently being renovated and expanded.

Events

References

External links
Kenya Broadcasting Corporation - Government to upgrade Kipchoge Keino stadium
The East African - on Kenya's stadiums

Sport in Rift Valley Province
Football venues in Kenya
Eldoret
Buildings and structures in Rift Valley Province


Don A. Adamson (1931-2002), Macquarie University, was an Australian biologist. He grew up in the Australian bush where he lived his early childhood before moving with his parents to Sydney. He was educated at North Sydney Boys High School and Sydney University in biological sciences where he received his doctorate. He was appointed to a lectureship in the School of Biological Sciences at the then relatively new Macquarie University and was later rewarded with an Associate Professorship and became Senior Research Fellow in biology.

Adamson's research interests include geomorphology, vegetation-landscape interactions and environmental history, in particular his work in archaeology and geomorphology in Africa, and his research on various aspects of the environment of Antarctica. His research involved fieldwork in the Vestfold Hills, the Prince Charles Mountains, Larsemann Hills, Stillwell Hills, Bunger Hills, at Beaver Lake, and on Macquarie Island.

In 1978 Don Adamson found the first marine fossils in Antarctica. In 1986 he joined forces with Erich A. Colhoun to work together on the ANARE expedition that established the Sir Edgeworth David summer field base in the Bunger Hills. His most important scientific contribution may have been the finding of the diatomite deposits at Marine Plain in the Vestfold Hills where the world-famous cetacean fossils were later found.  Together with John Pickard he found the fossil clam Clamys tuftsensis that dated the deposits as of Pliocene age and showed that the sea had covered the Vestfold area around three million years ago.

References

 The Complete Encyclopedia: Antarctica and the Arctic, David McGonigal and Dr. Lynn Woodworth, Firefly Books, 2001
 Australian Antarctic Magazine, Spring, 2002, p. 54

External links
 ABC News: Antarctic Summer Stories
 Late Quaternary aeolian dunes on the presently humid Blue Mountains, Eastern Australia
 Quaternary lakes, paleochannels and dunes in the White Nile Valley

Australian biologists
People educated at North Sydney Boys High School
2002 deaths
1931 births


The Four Letter Failure is the debut EP by the Australian band In Fiction. The EP was released in August 2006 and reached number 85 on the Australian ARIA Charts.

Track listing

Charts

References

External links
In Fiction Discography

2006 debut EPs
In Fiction albums


The Kings Royal (TKR) is an American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California in early 2007. The band is made up of Benny Marchant on vocals and guitar, Sean Hennesy (The Hiwatts, Candlebox, The Gracious Few) on lead guitar, Walker Gibson on keyboards, Adam Kury (The Hiwatts, Candlebox) on bass and Dave Krusen (Pearl Jam, Candlebox) on drums.

History
The Kings Royal initially recorded 20 songs with David J. Holman producing, some with Sean Hurley (of Vertical Horizon) on bass guitar and Brian "Dogboy" Burwell (of Neve) on drums. They performed in clubs in and around Los Angeles, such as the Viper Room and the Whisky a Go Go. The band toured with Candlebox in the summer of 2008 playing in 42 cities in North America, with Sean Hennesy and Adam Kury playing with both bands.

The band's first record Beginning was released July 2, 2008. The song "Yes She Does (Stripped)" was released digitally in July 2009. It was originally part of a 5-song EP that is as yet unreleased.

Band members

Current
Benny Marchant – vocals, guitar
Sean Hennesy – lead guitar
Walker Gibson – keyboard
Adam Kury – bass guitar
Dave Krusen – drums

Former
Sean Hurley – bass guitar
Brian "Dogboy" Burwell – drums

Alternative rock groups from California
Musical groups established in 2007


Chico & Roberta was a music and dance duo founded in 1989 consisting of two Brazilian children, Washington "Chico" Oliveira, also known as Uoston and Voston, and Roberta de Brito. The duo's first appearance was in the 1989 video clip of "Lambada". In 1990 they released the album Frente a Frente (Face to Face) in Portuguese. The album is a certified gold. After initial success, the duo disbanded in 1993.

History
Washington "Chico" Oliveira, also known as Uoston and Voston, was born February 20, 1979, in Eunápolis; Roberta de Brito was born April 27, 1979, in Brasília.

The duo first appeared in the video clip of "Lambada" by the French-Brazilian group Kaoma in 1989. Both Kaoma and Chico & Roberta had the same producer, Jean-Claude Bonaventure, and the duo's songs were composed by Kaoma's lead singer Loalwa Braz, with contributions by Daniel Darras, Alan Pype, Bonaventure, M. Nogueira, and Roberta and Chico themselves.

At the end of 1990, Chico & Roberta had their first success with the album Frente a Frente (Face to Face), which was certified gold by the French certification group SNEP and contained their first two singles, "Frente a Frente" and "Esperança do Natal" (a Christmas song).

Chico & Roberta recorded their songs in Portuguese, and they performed on television programs in various countries, including Brazil, France, the UAR and Italy.

After their initial success, however, the children's musical career suddenly stopped. Chico became a priest of a Protestant church and currently lives in Espírito Santo with his wife and daughter, working in a mission in Vila Velha. Roberta is an actress and assistant director, known for Isi/Disi - Amor a lo bestia (2004).

Discography

Singles
 "Frente a Frente" (1990) - #5 in France
 "Esperança do Natal" (1991) - #3 in France
 "Dança Do La La La" (1991)
 "Festa no mar" (1992) - #18 in France

Album
 Frente a Frente (1990)

References

External links
 Chico and Roberta on kids'music
  Chico and Roberta, on Bide et Musique
  Site about Chico and Roberta

 Some photos
 Photos from www.lambada.cc
 Kaoma 20 Years Chico & Roberta (Youtube)

20th-century Brazilian dancers
Brazilian musical duos
Child musical groups
Latin music groups
Musical groups established in 1989
Musical groups disestablished in 1993


The Christmas wrasse (Thalassoma trilobatum), also known as the ladder wrasse, green-barred wrasse or green-blocked wrasse, is a species of ray-finned fish, a wrasse from the family Labridae which is native to the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean. It inhabits shallow reefs at depths from the surface to . It is of minor importance to local commercial fisheries and can be found in the aquarium trade.

Description
The Christmas wrasse has 8 spines and 13 soft rays in its dorsal fin and 3 spines and 11 soft rays in its anal fin. There are normally 16 rays in the pectoral fins  and there are 25 scales in the lateral line. In the initial phase, or females, the caudal fin may be slightly rounded or truncate while in the terminal phase males it can be truncate or a little double emarginated. The females are greenish grey to pale green in body colour with 5-6 dark blotches on the back and a pair of dark, not all that well defined stripes on the flank. Most of the scales on a female's body have a dark vertical line. There is also a diagonal or C-shaped pink to dark red marking below the front of the eye. The males in terminal phase have a body colour which is salmon-pink to orange towards the head, with 2 horizontal series of green rectangles with their long sides on the vertical with each fourth pair of the upper series extending to create a single green bar across the male's back. The head orange-brown in colour and has no bands and the tail is brownish to greenish, shading towards its margin to pink and having the rays in the last third coloured blue. This fish is similar to the surge wrasse (Thalassoma purpureum) but is distinguished from it by the spotted head of the females, the lack of a 'V-shaped' mark on the snout and, in the males, by the head colour. They can grow up to  in total length.

Distribution
The Christmas wrasse has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution, occurring on the east coast of Africa from Somalia to South Africa, although there are no records from Madagascar it occurs through the Indian Ocean and east into the Pacific as far as Pitcairn Island. Its Pacific range extends north to the Ryukyu Islands and south to northern New South Wales.

Habitat and biology
The Christmas wrasse is found at the wave-exposed reef margins and reef flats, where there is a mixture of coral, algae and seagrass at depths between . It is a carnivorous species which feeds on a variety of small invertebrates such as crabs, molluscs and brittle stars. The diet of the youngest fish is mainly small benthic invertebrates. They are oviparous and the male and female pair up to spawn, once the eggs hatch the larval stage lasts from 60-99 days.

Species description
The Christmas wrasse was first formally described as Labrus trilobatus in 1801 by the French naturalist Bernard Germain de Lacépède (1756–1825) with the type locality given as Mauritius.

Human usage
The Christmas wrasse is a commercially important species in the aquarium trade, although it grows too large for most home aquaria. It is only of minor and local interest to artisanal and subsistence fisheries.

References

External links

Thalassoma
Fish of Hawaii
Fish described in 1801


Rockvale is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Rutherford County, Tennessee.  The ZIP Code for Rockvale is 37153.

The 2020 population of the CDP was 1,279.

Geography
The latitude of Rockvale is 35.757N. The longitude is -86.531W.

Snail Shell Cave in Rockvale is a large and biologically important cave owned and managed by the Southeastern Cave Conservancy. The cave system drains over  of land and the water re-emerges at a major spring on the Stones River.

Education
Rockvale is home to two schools, Rockvale Middle School for grades 6–8, and Rockvale Elementary school for grades PreK-5. In February 2017, the Rutherford County Commission approved construction of Rockvale High School. After 45 years since the high school studies were moved to Riverdale High School, construction will begin on a two-story structure behind the Rockvale Middle School at the cost of approximately $59 million. The new Rockvale High School is expected to be open for classes in August 2019.

References

Unincorporated communities in Rutherford County, Tennessee
Unincorporated communities in Tennessee


Adam, a novel by author Ted Dekker, was released on April 1, 2008. This book is not directly tied to any others, as many of Dekker's novels are.

Christian Retail Version
There is a version of the book that is sold exclusively to Christian retail stores. This version contains the full novel, plus an extra chapter at the end, making the final chapter number forty-three, and a conversation between Dekker and John Eldredge. The cover has a blue tint with "Adam" in white letters and a red border at the top signifying itself as the Christian retail version.

Plot synopsis

Backstory
The story is interspersed with the story of a brother and sister, Alex and Jessica Price, who are kidnapped from their home in 1964. Their kidnappers, Alice and Cyril, are insane fanatics dedicated to a religion called Eve's Holy Coven. After living in Alice's shack for over sixteen years, the siblings finally escape. They slowly begin to adapt to the real world, though Alex suffers severe psychological damage from his time with Alice. After failing to become a priest, Alex falls into depression and awakes in the middle of the night, screaming in terror. Jessica (who shares an apartment with him) begins to fear for her brother's sanity after he brutally attacks her fiance', Bruce. Shortly after this, Alex disappears and is never heard from again.

Plot
Daniel Clark is a behavioral psychologist who works for the FBI. For the past 16 months he has been
stalking a killer called Eve who kills a young woman during every new moon using a deadly new strain
of meningitis injected into the brain. His obsession with the serial killer causes his wife to
divorce him. On the eve of the killer's sixteenth murder, Daniel and his new partner, pathologist Lori Ames,
manage to extract Eve's victim before she has succumb to the disease. However, Eve intercepts them,
killing Daniel with a bullet to the head and reclaiming his victim. In a frantic attempt to save Daniel,
Lori manages to resuscitate after he has been clinically dead for almost a half-hour.

Despite escaping with his life, Daniel now experiences amnesia and cannot remember seeing the
killer's face; also, he now suffers from spastic episodes of fear every hour or so.
Still determined to find Eve, Daniel convinces Lori to drug him into having a second near-death experience,
which he believes will trigger his memory of the night he saw Eve's face. She hesitantly agrees, and injects
him with drugs that trick his brain into thinking he is dead. Instead of reliving the experience, he has a
haunting dream of a young boy claiming himself to be Eve.

Meanwhile, Daniel's ex-wife Heather has been tracking the Eve case for several months.
After receiving cryptic phone calls from a man she believes to be Eve, she is kidnapped.
Daniel tracks her  down using the clues given to him by the boy in his dreams.
After tracking Heather to an abandoned tunnel, he encounters Eve and willingly trades his life for Heather's.
Eve's nature is here revealed to supernatural, having possessed Alex Price
and manipulated him into killing women so Alex can "atone" for sins.
Heather enlists the help of Father Seymour, the priest who trained Alex before he left the faith.
Together, they track down Daniel only to find that he is now possessed by Eve, having "accepted" Eve
"into his heart". Father Seymour attempts to perform an exorcism on Daniel. Alex is present,
though he only stands aside and tells them how futile their attempts are. Lori arrives and reveals
herself to be Jessica Price, and manages to convince her brother into letting go of Eve. The spirit,
angered, leaves Daniel and attacks the siblings, almost killing Alex before it disappears.

In the aftermath, Alex is sentenced to life in prison and Jessica goes on to teach Medicine.
Daniel, an agnostic before his possession by Eve, remembers crying out to God during
his ordeal and knows that Eve was dispelled by a Bright Light he had always claimed never existed.

Movie
Lions Gate Entertainment (the company who has previously bought the rights to Ted Dekker's latest movie adaptation House), bought the rights to distribute a film version of Adam in 2009. However, as of 2023, the film has not come into fruition.

References

2008 American novels
American thriller novels
Novels by Ted Dekker

Thomas Nelson (publisher) books


Utricularia geoffrayi is a small, probably perennial, terrestrial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. geoffrayi is native to Indochina and can be found in Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam. It was originally published and described by François Pellegrin in 1920. It grows as a terrestrial plant among short grasses in or around rice fields at altitudes from sea level to . It has been collected in flower between September and December.

Utricularia ramosissima from Ubon Ratchathani Province in northeastern Thailand was described as a separate species. It is regarded as a synonym of U. geoffrayi.

See also
 List of Utricularia species

References

Carnivorous plants of Asia
Flora of Cambodia
Flora of Thailand
Flora of Vietnam
geoffrayi
Taxa named by François Pellegrin


Ghost is the second release by the Australian band In Fiction.

Track listing

Charts

References

2007 EPs
In Fiction albums


Spring Township is a township in Butler County, Kansas, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 1,566.

History
Spring Township was organized in 1871. It was named on account of its numerous springs.

Geography
Spring Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Butts-Wakefield and Garrison.

The stream of Turkey Creek runs through this township.

Further reading

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Butler County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas