The Citadel Theatre is the major theatre-arts venue in Edmonton, the capital city of Alberta, Canada. This is a chronological list of the productions staged there since its opening night on November 10, 1965.

1965–1966
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? – by Edward Albee
Under the Yum-Yum Tree – by Lawrence Roman
Bell, Book and Candle – by John Van Druten
Come Back, Little Sheba – by William Inge
Never Too Late – by S. A. Long
Death of a Salesman – by Arthur Miller
Come Blow Your Horn – by Neil Simon
The Glass Menagerie – by Tennessee Williams

1966–1967
The Pleasure of His Company – by Cornelia Otis Skinner and Samuel A. Taylor
The Threepenny Opera – by Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill
All The Crazy Things That Crazy People Do – by Robert Glenn and Raymond Allen
The Little Hut – by André Roussin
Candida – by George Bernard Shaw
The Subject Was Roses – by Frank D. Gilroy
Luv – by Murray Schisgal

1967–1968
Barefoot in the Park – by Neil Simon
Hedda Gabler – by Henrik Ibsen
A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum – music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, book by Burt Shevelove and Larry Gelbart
Tiny Alice – by Edward Albee
The Owl and the Pussycat – by Bill Manhoff
Hamp – by John Wilson
Private Lives – by Noël Coward

1968–1969
The Odd Couple – by Neil Simon
Philadelphia Here I Come! – by Brian Friel
Irma La Douce – music by Marguerite Monnot, lyrics and book by Alexandre Breffort
The Right Honourable Gentleman – by Michael Dyne
Village Wooing / Dark Lady of the Sonnets – by George Bernard Shaw
In White America – by Martin Duberman
Star Spangled Girl – by Neil Simon

1969–1970
There's A Girl In My Soup – by Terence Frisby
The Rehearsal – by Jean Anouilh
The Fantasticks – music by Harvey Schmidt, lyrics by Tom Jones
The Shadow of a Gunman – by Seán O'Casey
The Price – by Arthur Miller
Lovers – by Brian Friel
Seidman & Son – by Elick Moll

1970–1971
The Importance of Being Earnest – by Oscar Wilde
Staircase – by Charles Dyer
The Secretary Bird – by William Douglas-Home
Plaza Suite – by Neil Simon
Othello – by William Shakespeare
Counsellor Extraordinary – by Stewart Boston
Lullaby – by Don Appell

1971–1972
Blithe Spirit – by Noël Coward
The Quare Fellow – by Brendan Behan
Don't Listen Ladies! – by Guy Bolton and P G Wodehouse (adapted from a play by Sacha Guitry)
Of Mice and Men – by John Steinbeck
The Affairs of Anatol – by Arthur Schnitzler
An Enemy of the People – by Henrik Ibsen
Yesterday the Children were Dancing – by Gratien Gélinas

1972–1973
Last of the Red Hot Lovers – by Neil Simon
The V.P. – by Alexander McAllister
You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown – music and lyrics by Clark Gesner, book by John Gordon
The Unreasonable Act of Julian Waterman – by Ron Taylor
The Tempest – by William Shakespeare
Jacques Brel Is Alive and Well and Living in Paris – by Jacques Brel
Relatively Speaking – by Alan Ayckbourn

1973–1974
Much Ado About Nothing – by William Shakespeare
The Caretaker – by Harold Pinter
I Do! I Do! – book and lyrics by Tom Jones, music by Harvey Schmidt
Childs Play – by Robert Marasco
How the Other Half Loves – by Alan Ayckbourn
That Championship Season – by Jason Miller
Oedipus Rex / Scapini (double bill) – by Sophocles and Molière

1974–1975
The Rivals – by Richard Brinsley Sheridan
6 RMS RIV VU – by Bob Randall
Anything Goes – by Cole Porter
The Au Pair Man – by Hugh Leonard
Uncle Vanya – by Anton Chekhov
Forever Yours, Marie-Lou – by Michel Tremblay
The Alchemist – by Ben Jonson
Babel Rap – by John Lazarus Scott
The Extermination of Jesus Christ – by George Bernard Shaw
Battering Ram – by David Freeman

1975–1976
Sherlock Holmes – by Arthur Conan Doyle
Dear Liar – by Jerome Kilty
Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat – by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice
The Sunshine Boys – by Neil Simon
Mrs. Warren's Profession – by George Bernard Shaw
Absurd Person Singular – by Alan Ayckbourn
A Compulsory Option – by Sharon Pollock
Hosanna – by Michel Tremblay
Endgame – by Samuel Beckett
You're Gonna be Alright, Jamie Boy – by David Freeman
Olympiad – by Patrick Rose and Richard Ouzounian

1976–1977
Romeo and Juliet – by William Shakespeare
Equus – by Peter Shaffer
Oh, Coward! – by Noël Coward
Schweik in the Second World War – by Bertolt Brecht
Bethune – by Rod Langley
Same Time, Next Year – by Bernard Slade
The Master Builder – by Henrik Ibsen
Crabdance – by Beverley Simons
The Komagata Maru Incident – by Sharon Pollock

1977–1978
Happy Days – by Samuel Beckett
Bedroom Farce – by Alan Ayckbourn
Pygmalion – by George Bernard Shaw
Twelfth Night – by William Shakespeare
The Night of the Iguana – by Tennessee Williams
Dames at Sea – book and lyrics by George Haimsohn and Robin Miller, music by Jim Wise
Antigone – by Jean Anouilh
Boiler Room Suite – by Rex Deverell
Passengers – by Paddy Campbell, music by William Skolnik
Ashes – by David Rudkin
The Lover – by Harold Pinter
The Stronger – by August Strindberg
Solange – by Jean Barbeau
Treasure Island – by Robert Louis Stevenson

1978–1979
Harold and Maude – by Colin Higgins
Richard III – by William Shakespeare
Flowers for Algernon – by Daniel Keyes
Cause Célèbre – by Terence Rattigan
Charley's Aunt – by Brandon Thomas
Ecstasy of Rita Joe – by George Ryga
Moby Dick - Rehearsed – by Orson Welles
Rashomon – by Fay Kanin and Michael Kanin
API 2967 – by Robert Gurik
The Chairs and the New Tenant – by Eugène Ionesco
A Bistro Car on the CNR – by Richard Ouzounian
Storytheatre – by Peter Coe
Songs and Stories of A. A. Milne – by A. A. Milne

1979–1980
Hamlet – by William Shakespeare
Brief Lives – by Patrick Garland
The Trials of Oscar Wilde – by Peter Coe
Hey Marilyn – by Cliff Jones
One Tiger to a Hill – by Sharon Pollock
Arms and the Man – by George Bernard Shaw
Mister Lincoln – by Herbert Mitgang
A Sleep of Prisoners – by Christopher Fry
The Trojan Women – by Euripides
Billy Bishop Goes to War – by John Gray and Eric Peterson
Macbeth – by William Shakespeare
Christmas in the Market Place – by Henri Ghéon
Pinocchio – by Brian Way

1980–1981
A Life – by Hugh Leonard
Ballerina – by Arne Skouen
A Flea in Her Ear – by Georges Feydeau
Whose Life Is It Anyway? – by Brian Clark
The Miser – by Molière
Grease – by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey
Groucho at Large – by Alex Baron
Love in the Back Seat – by Cliff Jones
Servant of Two Masters – by Carlo Goldoni
A Day in the Death of Joe Egg – by Peter Nichols
The Hollow Crown – by John Barton
The Ant and the Grasshopper – by Rob Dearborn
Sleeping Beauty – by James Iwasuk
The Red Shoes – by Robin Short

1981–1982
Catholics – by Brian Moore
The Kite – by W. O. Mitchell
The Boy Friend – by Sandy Wilson
The Comedy of Errors – by William Shakespeare
The Elephant Man – by Bernard Pomerance
56 Duncan Terrace – by Keith Baxter
Talley's Folly – by Lanford Wilson
Tom Foolery – by Tom Lehrer
Inadmissible Evidence – by John Osborne
The Lion in Winter – by James Goldman
Nurse Jane Goes to Hawaii – by Allan Stratton
The Hobbit – by J. R. R. Tolkien
Cinderella – by James de Felice

1982–1983
The Dresser – by Ronald Harwood
The Black Bonspiel of Wullie MacCrimmon – by W. O. Mitchell
The Three Musketeers – by Alexandre Dumas
Murder Game – by Dan Ross
Crimes of the Heart – by Beth Henley
Guys and Dolls – music and lyrics by Frank Loesser, book by Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows
The Gin Game – by D. L. Coburn
Entertaining Mr Sloane – by Joe Orton
Henry IV, Part 1 – by William Shakespeare
Emlyn Williams as Charles Dickens – by Emlyn Williams
Invitation from the Asylum – by Roger O. Hirson
Rapunzel and the Witch – by Jack A. Melanos
Androcles and the Lion – by Aurand Harris

1983–1984
The Lark – by Jean Anouilh
Educating Rita – by Willy Russell
King Lear – by William Shakespeare
Death of a Salesman – by Arthur Miller
Amadeus – by Peter Shaffer
Duddy – by Mordecai Richler, music by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller
How I Got That Story – by Amlin Gray
The Fox – by Allan Miller
Talking Dirty – by Sherman Snukal
Gale Garnett and Company – by Gale Garnett
Nuts – by Tom Topor
A Circus Adventure – by James Ambrose Brown
Beauty and the Beast – by Warren Graves

1984–1985
Country Holiday – by Carlo Goldino
Peter Pan – by J. M. Barrie
The Real Thing – by Tom Stoppard
Mephisto – by Klaus Mann and Ariane Mnouchkine
Long Day's Journey Into Night – by Eugene O'Neill
Noises Off – by Michael Frayn
Nineteen Eighty-Four – by George Orwell
Glengarry Glen Ross – by David Mamet
Exposures – by William Chadwick
"Master Harold"...and the Boys – by Athol Fugard
Clay – by Peter Whelan
The Glass Menagerie – by Tennessee Williams
The Promise – by Aleksei Arbuzov
The Mystery of the Oak Island Treasure – by Jim Betts

1985–1986
Quiet in the Land – by Anne Chislett
Pieces of Eight – book by Michael Stewart and Mark Bramble, lyrics by Susan Birkenhead, music by Jule Styne
The Tempest – by William Shakespeare
Trafford Tanzi – by Claire Luckham
Top Girls – by Caryl Churchill
Private Lives – by Noël Coward
Master Class – by David Pownall
Salt-Water Moon – by David French
Ain't Misbehavin' – book by Murray Horwitz and Richard Maltby, Jr., music by Fats Waller
Fool for Love – by Sam Shepard
Getting the Nerve – by Becker/Clinton
Winnie-the-Pooh – by A. A. Milne
She Stoops to Conquer – by Oliver Goldsmith
Last Voyage of the Devil's Wheel – by Jim Betts
Doors – by Susan Zeder

1986–1987
Brighton Beach Memoirs – by Neil Simon
Traveller in the Dark – by Marsha Norman
Pride and Prejudice – by Jane Austen
Tsymbaly – by Ted Galay
The Return of Herbert Bracewell – by Andrew Johns
Jerry's Girls – by Jerry Herman
The Double Bass – by Patrick Süskind
Asinamali – by Mbongeni Ngema
Fire – by Paul Ledoux and David Young
Pericles – by William Shakespeare
The Lord of the Rings – by J. R. R. Tolkien
The Wizard of Oz – by L. Frank Baum
The Treehouse at the Edge of the World – by Jim Betts
School Season – by Oliver Goldsmith
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow – by Washington Irving
The Wind in the Willows – by Kenneth Grahame

1987–1988
Hadrian the Seventh – by Peter Luke
Another Season's Promise – by Anne Chislett and Keith Roulston
Biloxi Blues – by Neil Simon
Loot – by Joe Orton
Back to Beulah – by W. O. Mitchell
Broadway Bound – by Neil Simon
Orphans – Lyle Kessler
The Perfect Party – by A. R. Gurney
Nunsense – by Dan Goggin
The Road to Mecca – by Athol Fugard
Annie – music by Charles Strouse, lyrics by Martin Charnin, book by Thomas Meehan
A Christmas Carol – by Charles Dickens
The Prisoner of Zenda – by Warren Graves
Two Pails of Water – by Aad Greidanus
The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie – by J. P. Allen
The Revenge of the Space Pandas – by David Mamet

1988–1989
Dracula – by Hamilton Deane
Major Barbara – by George Bernard Shaw
Three Men on a Horse – by John Cecil Holm and George Abbott
Cecil and Cleopaytra – by Daniel Libman
Nothing Sacred – by George F. Walker
Ma Rainey's Black Bottom – by August Wilson
Burn This – by Lanford Wilson
Kiss of the Spider Woman – by Manuel Puig
Talk Radio – by Eric Bogosian
Angry Housewives – music and lyrics by Chad Henry, book by A. M. Collins
Great Expectations – by Charles Dickens
Aladdin – by Norman Robbins
The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe – by C. S. Lewis

1989–1990
A Midsummer Night's Dream – by William Shakespeare
The Crucible – by Arthur Miller
Driving Miss Daisy – by Alfred Uhry
A Walk in the Woods – by Lee Blessing
Breaking the Code – by Hugh Whitemore
The Philadelphia Story – by Philip Barry
The Invention of Poetry – by Paul Quarrington
Speed-the-Plow – by David Mamet
Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune – by Terrence McNally
Kafka's Dick – by Alan Bennett
Julius Caesar – by William Shakespeare
The Miracle Worker – by William Gibson
Bedtimes and Bullies – by Dennis Foon
Jacob Two-Two and the Dinosaur – by Mordecai Richler

1990–1991
Love and Anger – by George F. Walker
The Heidi Chronicles – by Wendy Wasserstein
The Fantasticks – music by Harvey Schmidt, lyrics by Tom Jones
The Cocktail Hour – by A. R. Gurney
Never the Sinner – by John Logan
The Mousetrap – by Agatha Christie
Amigo's Blue Guitar – by Joan MacLeod
The Two-Headed Roommate – by Bruce McCulloch
My Children! My Africa! – by Athol Fugard
The Passion of Narcisse Mondoux – by Gratien Gélinas
Robinson and Crusoe – by Nino d’Introna and Giacomo Ravicchio
One Thousand Cranes – by Colin Thomas
David and Lisa – by James Reach
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland – by Lewis Carroll

1991–1992
Aspects of Love – book and music by Andrew Lloyd Webber, lyrics by Don Black and Charles Hart
The Good Doctor – by Neil Simon
The Affections of May – by Norm Foster
Lend Me a Tenor – by Ken Ludwig
Fallen Angels – by Noël Coward
Oedipus / Black Comedy (double bill) – by Sophocles and Peter Shaffer
Democracy – by John Murrell
Tete-a-Tete – by Ralph Burdman
Warriors – by Michel Garneau
Letter from Wingfield Farm – by Dan Needles
Romeo and Juliet – by William Shakespeare
Head a Tete – by David Craig and Robert Morgan
Robin Hood – by David Wood, Dave Arthur and Toni Arthur
Blueprints from Space – by Mark Leiren-Young
Three Men in a Boat – by Blake Heathcote

1992–1993
The Royal Hunt of the Sun – by Peter Shaffer
Waiting for the Parade – by John Murrell
Man of La Mancha – book by Dale Wasserman, lyrics by Joe Darion, music by Mitch Leigh
La Bête – by David Hirson
The Two of Us – by Michael Frayn
She Stoops to Conquer – by Oliver Goldsmith
Hamlet – by William Shakespeare
As You Like It – by William Shakespeare
Invisible Friends – by Alan Ayckbourn
The Diary of Anne Frank – by Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett
Alice and Emily – by Eileen Whitfield
Shirley Valentine – by Willy Russell
Hosanna – by Michel Tremblay
Duet for One – by Tom Kempinski

1993–1994
Saint Joan – by George Bernard Shaw
Wait Until Dark – by Frederick Knott
Oliver! – by Lionel Bart
Cyrano de Bergerac – by Edmond Rostand
Oleanna – by David Mamet
Hay Fever – by Noël Coward
Our Town – by Thornton Wilder
Macbeth – by William Shakespeare
Rice Season – by Alan Ayckbourn
Love Letters – by A. R. Gurney
A Stranger to my Paris – by Katherine Beaumont
Life after Latex – by Gale Garnett
Someone Who'll Watch Over Me – by Frank McGuinness

1994–1995
Caesar and Cleopatra – by George Bernard Shaw
The Lay of the Land – by Mel Shapiro
The Music Man – by Meredith Willson
The Cherry Orchard – by Anton Chekhov, translation by John Murrell
The Beggar's Opera – by John Gay
A Man for All Seasons – by Robert Bolt
Richard III – by William Shakespeare
Oh, What a Lovely War! – by Joan Littlewood

1995–1996
Breaking Legs – by Tom Dulack
Later Life – by A. R. Gurney
A Fitting Confusion – by Georges Feydeau
Rough Justice – by Terence Frisby
Fiddler on the Roof – music by Jerry Bock, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick, book by Joseph Stein
Da – by Hugh Leonard
Three Tall Women – by Edward Albee
The River Princess and the Frozen Town – by Stewart Lemoine

1996–1997
Ghosts – by Henrik Ibsen
Travels with My Aunt – by Graham Greene
Angels in America, Part Two: Perestroika – by Tony Kushner
My Fair Lady – book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner, music by Frederick Loewe
South of China – by Raymond Storey
The Taming of the Shrew – by William Shakespeare
An Ideal Husband – by Oscar Wilde
Rice Theatre – by Edward Albee
Wingfield's Folly – by Dan Needles
Mata Hari – by Blake Brooker
Primadonna's First Farewell Tour – by Mary Lou Fallis
The Piano Man's Daughter – by Timothy Findley
Songs of Me and Other Little White Lies – by Sheri Somerville
The River Princess and the Frozen Town – by Stewart Lemoine

1997–1998
Suddenly, Last Summer – by Tennessee Williams
Ninguls – by Soh Kuramoto
Othello – by William Shakespeare
Hello, Dolly! – lyrics and music by Jerry Herman, book by Michael Stewart
A Delicate Balance – by Edward Albee
Mrs. Warren's Profession – by George Bernard Shaw
Master Class – by Terrence McNally
Lady, Be Good – written by Guy Bolton, Fred Thompson, music by George Gershwin and Ira Gershwin

1998–1999
Of Mice and Men – by John Steinbeck
How I Learned to Drive – by Paula Vogel
The Great Wingfield Adventure – by Dan Needles
The King and I – by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II
Tartuffe – by Molière
Skylight – by David Hare
Twelfth Night – by William Shakespeare
The Importance of Being Earnest – by Oscar Wilde
Babes in Arms – by Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart
Wealth – by Aristophanes

1999–2000
Picasso at the Lapin Agile – by Steve Martin
Popcorn – by Ben Elton
Into the Woods – by Stephen Sondheim and James Lepine
The Aberhart Summer – by Conni Massing
A Streetcar Named Desire – by Tennessee Williams
Little Shop of Horrors – by Howard Ashman and Alan Menken
A Midsummer Night's Dream – by William Shakespeare
2 Pianos, 4 Hands – by Ted Dykstra and Richard Greenblatt

2000–2001
To Kill A Mockingbird – by Harper Lee and Christopher Sergel
Wit's End – by Sandra Shamus
Betty's Summer Vacation – by Christopher Durang
A Christmas Carol – by Charles Dickens
The Number 14 – by Melody Anderson
Wit – by Margaret Edson
Beatrice – by Chancey James Rolfe and George Elliott Clarke
Camelot – by Alan Lerner and Frederick Loewe
Romeo and Juliet – by William Shakespeare
'Art' – by Yasmina Reza

2001–2002
Cabaret – book by Joe Masteroff, lyrics by Fred Ebb, music by John Kander
An Enemy of the People – by Henrik Ibsen
The Beauty Queen of Leenane – by Martin McDonagh
A Christmas Carol – by Charles Dickens
Present Laughter – by Noël Coward
Doing Leonard Cohen – by Blake Brooker
Hamlet – by William Shakespeare
The Drawer Boy – by Michael Healey
Who Has Seen the Wind? – by W. O. Mitchell, adapted by Lee MacDougall

2002–2003
Servant of Two Masters – by Carlo Goldoni
The Actor's Nightmare – by Christopher Durang
Proof – by David Auburn
A Christmas Carol – by Charles Dickens
If We Are Women – by Joanna McClelland Glass
Einstein's Gift – by Vern Thiessen
Homeward Bound – by Elliott Hayes
Grease – by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey
Paperbag Princesses' Favourite Stories – by Kim McCaw
The Sword in the Stone – by Marty Chan

2003–2004
Arms and the Man – by George Bernard Shaw
Amadeus – by Peter Shaffer
A Christmas Carol – by Charles Dickens
Stones in His Pockets – by Marie Jones
Measure for Measure – by William Shakespeare
Wingfield on Ice – by Dan Needles
The Sound of Music – by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II
The Shape of Things – by Neil LaBute
Blue/Orange – by Joe Penhall
The Syringa Tree – by Pamela Gien
Love You Forever – by Robert Munsch
New Canadian Kid – by Dennis Foon
Where The Wild Things Are – by Maurice Sendak

2004–2005
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof – by Tennessee Williams
Shirley Valentine – by Willy Russell
A Christmas Carol – by Charles Dickens
West Side Story – book by Arthur Laurents, music by Leonard Bernstein, lyrics by Stephen Sondheim
Metamorphoses – by Mary Zimmerman
Uncle Vanya – by Anton Chekhov
Humble Boy – by Charlotte Jones
The Goat, or Who is Sylvia? – by Edward Albee
Shakespeare's Will – by Vern Thiessen
The Mystery of Irma Vep – by Charles Ludlam
A Giraffe in Paris – by Mark Haroun
Munch a Bunch of Munsch – by Kim McCaw

2005–2006
Blithe Spirit – by Noël Coward
Cookin' at the Cookery – by Marion J. Caffey
A Christmas Carol – by Charles Dickens
I Am My Own Wife – by Doug Wright
Guys and Dolls – music and lyrics by Frank Loesser, book by Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows
Trying – by Joanna Glass
Peter Pan – by Tom Wood adapted from the novel by J. M. Barrie
Frozen – by Bryony Lavery
Fully Committed – by Becky Mode
Bigger than Jesus – by Rick Miller and Daniel Brooks
A Year With Frog and Toad – by Arnold Lobel
A Prairie Boy's Winter – by William Kurelek
The Man Whose Mother Was a Pirate – by Margaret Mahy

2006–2007
Equus – by Peter Shaffer
Three Mo' Divas – by Marion J. Caffey
A Christmas Carol – by Charles Dickens
Wingfield's Inferno – by Dan Needles
The Constant Wife – by Somerset Maugham
The Overcoat – by Morris Panych and Wendy Gorling
Oliver! – by Lionel Bart
The Pillowman – by Martin McDonagh
Frida K. – by Gloria Montero
What Lies Before Us – by Morris Panych
Hana's Suitcase – by Karen Levine
Bird Brain – by Albert Wendt
Penelope vs. The Aliens! – by Chris Bullough and Jared Matsunaga-Turnbull

2007–2008
Noises Off – by Michael Frayn
I, Claudia – by Kirsten Thomson
Hana's Suitcase – by Emil Sher
Vimy – by Vern Thiessen
A Christmas Carol – by Charles Dickens
Beauty and the Beast – music by Alan Menken, lyrics by Howard Ashman and Tim Rice, book by Linda Woolverton
Shining City – by Conor McPherson
Macbeth – by William Shakespeare
The December Man – by Colleen Murphy
Half-Life – by John Mighton
Fire – by Paul Ledoux and David Young

2008–2009
Pride and Prejudice – by Jane Austen, adapted by Tom Wood
Billy Twinkle, Requiem for a Golden Boy – by Ronnie Burkett
The Blonde, the Brunette and the Vengeful Redhead – by Robert Hewett
The Forbidden Phoenix – by Marty Chan
A Christmas Carol – by Charles Dickens, adapted by Tom Wood
Scorched – by Wajdi Mouawad
Three Mo' Tenors – by Marion J. Caffey
Julius Caesar – by William Shakespeare
Doubt, a parable – by John Patrick Shanley
Extinction Song – by Ron Jenkins
The Wizard of Oz – by L. Frank Baum

2009–2010
The Drowsy Chaperone – by Bob Martin and Don McKellar
Blackbird – by David Harrower
The Jungle Book – by Rudyard Kipling, adapted by Tracey Power
Rock 'n' Roll – by Tom Stoppard
A Christmas Carol – by Charles Dickens, adapted by Tom Wood
Wingfield's Lost and Found – by Dan Needles
Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street – by Hugh Wheeler
Courageous – by Michael Healey
The Glass Menagerie – by Tennessee Williams
The Drowning Girls – by Beth Graham, Charlie Tomlinson and Daniela Vlaskalic
As You Like It – by William Shakespeare
Beauty and the Beast – music by Alan Menken, lyrics by Howard Ashman and Tim Rice, book by Linda Woolverton

2010–2011
 The Three Musketeers – adaptation by Tom Wood; book by Alexandre Dumas
 Little Women: The Musical – by Allan Knee, based on the book by Louisa May Alcott
 True Love Lives – by Brad Fraser
 A Christmas Carol – adaptation by Tom Wood, based on the book by Charles Dickens
 Rick: The Rick Hansen Story – by Dennis Foon
 Another Home Invasion – by Joan McLeod
 Billy Bishop Goes to War – by John Gray
 Hunchback – by Jonathan Christenson
 Studies in Motion – by Kevin Kerr
 Intimate Apparel – by Lynn Nottage
 August: Osage County – by Tracy Letts

2011-2012
 Death of a Salesman – by Arthur Miller
 Blind Date – by Rebecca Northan
 A Christmas Carol – adaptation by Tom Wood, based on the book by Charles Dickens
 This is What Happens Next – by Daniel MacIvor
 The Sound of Music – by Howard Lindsay & Russel Crouse
 Red – by John Logan
 Seussical – by Lynn Ahrens & Stephen Flaherty, based on the works of Dr. Seuss
 The Rocky Horror Show – by Richard O’Brien
 Penny Plain – by Ronnie Burkett
 A Midsummer Night’s Dream – by William Shakespeare
 God of Carnage – Yazmina Reza, translated by Christopher Hampton

2012-2013
 A Few Good Men - by Aaron Sorkin
 Next to Normal - book and lyrics by Brian Yorkey, music by Tom Kitt
A Christmas Carol – by Charles Dickens, adapted by Tom Wood
 Private Lives - by Noël Coward
 Ride the Cyclone - by Jacob Richmond, music by Brooke Maxwell & Jacob Richmond
 The Kite Runner - adapted by Matthew Spangler, based on the novel by Khaled Hosseini
 The Penelopiad - by Margaret Atwood
 Monty Python's Spamalot - book & lyrics by Eric Idle, music by John Du Prez & Eric Idle

2013-2014
 Long Day's Journey Into Night - by Eugene O’Neill
 2 Pianos 4 Hands - by Ted Dykstra & Richard Greenblatt
 Clybourne Park - by Bruce Norris
 Mary Poppins - by Julian Fellowes
 Romeo and Juliet - by William Shakespeare
 Make Mine Love - by Tom Wood
 The Daisy Theatre - by Ronnie Burkett
 A Christmas Carol - Adapted by Tom Wood – Based on the story by Charles Dickens
 Do You Want What I Have Got? A Craigslist Cantata - by Veda Hille and Bill Richardson

2014-2015
 Kim’s Convenience – by Ins Choi
 The Daisy Theatre – by Ronnie Burkett
 One Man, Two Guvnors – by Richard Bean
 A Christmas Carol – adaptation by Tom Wood, based on the book by Charles Dickens
 Venus in Fur – by David Ives
 Playing with Fire – by Kirstie McLellan Day and Theoren Fleury
 Life, Death and The Blues – by Raoul Bhaneja
 Vigilante – by Jonathan Christenson
 Arcadia – by Tom Stoppard
 Avenue Q – by Jeff Whitty, music and lyrics by Robert Lopez and Jeff Marx

2015-2016
 BOOM - by Rick Miller
 Evangeline - by Ted Dykstra
 A Christmas Carol – adaptation by Tom Wood, based on the book by Charles Dickens
 Chelsea Hotel - by Tracey Power
 Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf - by Edward Albee
 The Gay Heritage Project - by Damien Atkins, Paul Dunn and Andrew Kushnir
 Alice Through the Looking Glass - by Lewis Carroll, adapted for the stage by James Reaney
 Other Desert Cities - by Jon Robin Baitz
 West Side Story - book by Arthur Laurents, music by Leonard Bernstein, lyrics by Stephen Sondheim

2016-2017
 The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time - by Simon Stephens
 Bittergirl - The Musical - by Annabel Fitzsimmons, Alison Lawrence, and Mary Francis Moore
 Million Dollar Quartet - by Colin Escott and Floyd Mutrux
 A Christmas Carol – adaptation by Tom Wood, based on the book by Charles Dickens
 Fortune Falls - by Jonathan Christensen
 Disgraced - by Ayad Akhtar
 Crazy for You - music and lyrics by George Gershwin and Ira Gershwin, book by Ken Ludwig
 Peter and the Starcatcher - stage adaptation by Rick Elice, based on the novel by Dave Barry and Ridley Pearson
 Sense and Sensibility - adapted by Tom Wood from novel by Jane Austen

2017-2018
 Shakespeare in Love - based on the Screenplay by Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard, adapted for the stage by Lee Hall
 Hadestown - by Anaïs Mitchell, developed with and directed by Rachel Chavkin
 The Humans - by Stephen Karam
 Empire of the Sun - by Tetsuro Shigematsu
 A Christmas Carol – adaptation by Tom Wood, based on the book by Charles Dickens
 Children of God - by Corey Payette
 Silver Arrow - by Mieko Ouchi
 Ubuntu: The Capetown Project - by D. Cloran, M.Grootboom, D.Hay, D. Jansen, H. Lewis, M. Monteith, and A. Nebulane
 Mamma Mia! - Music & lyrics by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus with Some songs Stig Anderson, Book by Catherine Johnson
 Undercover - by Rebecca Northan with Bruce Horak

2018-2019
 Once - by Enda Walsh
 Redpatch - by Raes Calvert and Sean Harris Oliver
 Miss Bennet: Christmas at Pemberley - by Margot Melcon and Lauren Gunderson
 A Christmas Carol – adaptation by Tom Wood, based on the book by Charles Dickens
 Sweat  - by Lynn Nottage
 Matilda the Musical -  Written by Dennis Kelly and Tim Minchin, based on the book by Roald Dahl
 The Candidate - by Kat Sandler
 The Party- by Kat Sandler (played in repertory with The Candidate)
 The Tempest -by William Shakespeare

2019-2020

 Ring of Fire - by Richard Maltby Jr. , music by Johnny Cash
 Six - by Toby Marlow and Lucy Moss

Productions have been suspended due to the Coronavirus Pandemic as of March 2020

References

External links
Citadel Theatre
Theatre History

Canadian theatre company production histories
Theatre in Edmonton


On 29 July 1967, a fire broke out on board the aircraft carrier  after an electrical anomaly caused a Zuni rocket on an F-4B Phantom to fire, striking an external fuel tank of an A-4 Skyhawk. The flammable jet fuel spilled across the flight deck, ignited, and triggered a chain reaction of explosions that killed 134 sailors and injured 161. At the time, Forrestal was engaged in combat operations in the Gulf of Tonkin, during the Vietnam War. The ship survived, but with damage exceeding US$72 million, not including the damage to aircraft. Future United States Senator John McCain and future four-star admiral and U.S. Pacific Fleet Commander Ronald J. Zlatoper were among the survivors. Another on-board officer, Lieutenant Tom Treanore, later returned to the ship as its commander and retired an admiral.

The incident was the second of three serious fires to strike American carriers in the 1960s.  A 1966 fire aboard  killed 44 and injured 138 and a 1969 fire aboard  killed 28 and injured 314.

The disaster prompted the Navy to revise its firefighting practices. It also modified its weapon handling procedures and installed a deck wash down system on all carriers. The newly established Farrier Firefighting School in Norfolk, Virginia was named after Chief Gerald W. Farrier, the commander of Damage Control Team 8, who was among the first to die in the fire and explosions.

Background

Arrival in Gulf of Tonkin
Forrestal  departed its home port in Norfolk, Virginia in early June 1967. After it completed required inspections for the upcoming West Pacific cruise, it sailed to Brazil for a show of force. It then traveled east around the Horn of Africa and visited Naval Air Station Cubi Point in the Philippine Islands before sailing to Yankee Station in the Gulf of Tonkin on 25 July.

After arrival at Yankee Station, aircraft from Attack Carrier Air Wing 17 flew approximately 150 missions against targets in North Vietnam over four days.

Vietnam bombing campaign

The ongoing naval bombing campaign during 1967 originating at Yankee Station represented by far the most intense and sustained air attack operation in the U.S. Navy's history.  The demand for general-purpose bombs (e.g., "iron bombs") greatly exceeded production. The inventory of bombs dwindled throughout 1966 and became critically low by 1967. This was particularly true for the new  Mark 83, which the Navy favored for its power-to-size ratio. A carrier-launched A-4 Skyhawk, the Navy's standard light attack / ground attack aircraft, could carry either a single  bomb, or two 1,000 lb bombs. The latter gave it the ability to strike two separate hardened targets in a single sortie, which was more effective in most circumstances.

The U.S. Air Force's primary ground attack aircraft in Vietnam was the much heavier, land-based, F-105 Thunderchief. It could simultaneously carry two  M118 bombs and four  M117 bombs. The Air Force had a large supply of these bombs, and did not rely as heavily on the limited supply of 1,000 lb bombs as did the Navy.

Issues with Zuni rockets
In addition to bombs, the ground attack aircraft carried unguided  Mk-32 "Zuni" rockets. These rockets were in wide use although they had a reputation for electrical difficulties and accidental firing. It was common for aircraft to launch with six or more rocket packs, each containing four rockets.

Specialized firefighting teams
Based on lessons learned during Japanese attacks on vessels during World War II, most sailors on board ships after World War II received training in fighting shipboard fires. These lessons were gradually lost and by 1967, the U.S. Navy had reverted to the Japanese model at Midway and relied on specialized, highly trained damage control and firefighting teams.

The damage control team specializing in on-deck firefighting for Forrestal was Damage Control Team No. 8, led by Chief Aviation Boatswain's Mate Gerald Farrier. They had been shown films during training of Navy ordnance tests demonstrating how a 1,000 lb bomb could be directly exposed to a jet fuel fire for a full ten minutes and still be extinguished and cooled without an explosive cook-off. However, these tests were conducted using the new Mark 83 1,000 lb bombs, which featured relatively stable Composition H6 explosive and thicker, heat-resistant cases, compared to their predecessors. Because it is relatively insensitive to heat, shock and electricity, Composition H6 is still used as of  in many types of naval ordnance. It is also designed to deflagrate instead of detonate when it reaches its ignition point in a fire, either melting the case and producing no explosion at all, or, at most, a subsonic low order detonation at a fraction of its normal power.

Unstable ordnance received

On 28 July, the day before the accident, Forrestal was resupplied with ordnance by the ammunition ship . The load included sixteen  AN-M65A1 "fat boy" bombs (so nicknamed because of their short, rotund shape). These bombs had been picked up by Diamond Head from Subic Bay Naval Base and were intended for the next day's second bombing sortie. Some of the batch of AN-M65A1s Forrestal received were more than a decade old, having spent a portion of that exposed to the heat and humidity of Okinawa or Guam, eventually being improperly stored in open-air Quonset huts at a disused ammunition dump on the periphery of Subic Bay Naval Base. Unlike the thick-cased Mark 83 bombs filled with Composition H6, the AN-M65A1 bombs were thin-skinned and filled with Composition B, an older explosive with greater shock and heat sensitivity.

Composition B also had the dangerous tendency to become more sensitive if it was old or improperly stored. Forrestals ordnance handlers had never even seen an AN-M65A1 before, and to their shock, the bombs delivered from Diamond Head were in terrible condition; coated with "decades of accumulated rust and grime" and still in their original packing crates (now moldy and rotten); some were stamped with production dates as early as 1953. Most dangerous of all, several bombs were seen to be leaking liquid paraffin phlegmatizing agent from their seams, an unmistakable sign that the bomb's explosive filler had degenerated with excessive age, and exposure to heat and moisture.

According to Lieutenant R. R. "Rocky" Pratt, a naval aviator attached to VA-106, the concern felt by Forrestals ordnance handlers was striking, with many afraid to even handle the bombs; one officer wondered out loud if they would survive the shock of a catapult-assisted launch without spontaneously detonating, and others suggested they immediately jettison them. Forrestals ordnance officers reported the situation up the chain of command to the ship's commanding officer, Captain John Beling, and informed him the bombs were, in their assessment, an imminent danger to the ship and should be immediately jettisoned overboard.

Faced with this, but still needing 1,000 lb bombs for the next day's missions, Beling demanded Diamond Head take the AN-M65A1s back in exchange for new Mark 83s, but was told by Diamond Head that they had none to give him. The AN-M65A1 bombs had been returned to service specifically because there were not enough Mark 83s to go around. According to one crew member on Diamond Head, when they had arrived at Subic Bay to pick up their load of ordnance for the carriers, the base personnel who had prepared the AN-M65A1 bombs for transfer assumed Diamond Head had been ordered to dump them at sea on the way back to Yankee Station. When notified that the bombs were actually destined for active service in the carrier fleet, the commanding officer of the naval ordnance detachment at Subic Bay was so shocked that he initially refused the transfer, believing a paperwork mistake had been made. At the risk of delaying Diamond Heads departure, he refused to sign the transfer forms until receiving written orders from CINCPAC on the teleprinter, explicitly absolving his detachment of responsibility for the bombs' terrible condition.

Unstable bombs stored on deck

With orders to conduct strike missions over North Vietnam the next day, and with no replacement bombs available, Captain Beling reluctantly concluded that he had no choice but to accept the AN-M65A1 bombs in their current condition. In one concession to the demands of the ordnance handlers, Beling agreed to store all 16 bombs alone on deck in the "bomb farm" area between the starboard rail and the carrier's island until they were loaded for the next day's missions. Standard procedure was to store them in the ship's magazine with the rest of the air wing's ordnance; had they been stored as standard, an accidental detonation could easily have destroyed the ship.

Fire and explosions

While preparing for the second sortie of the day, the aft portion of the flight deck was packed wing-to-wing with twelve A-4E Skyhawk, seven F-4B Phantom II, and two Vigilante aircraft. A total of 27 aircraft were on deck, fully loaded with bombs, rockets, ammunition, and fuel. Several tons of bombs were stored on wooden pallets on deck in the bomb farm. An F-4B Phantom II (No. 110, Bureau Number 153061), flown by Lieutenant Commander James E. Bangert and Lieutenant (JG) Lawrence E. McKay from VF-11, was positioned on the aft starboard corner of the deck, pointing about 45 degrees across the ship. It was armed with LAU-10 underwing rocket pods, each containing four unguided  Mk-32 "Zuni" rockets. The Zuni was protected from launching by a safety pin that was only to be removed prior to launch from the catapult.

Zuni rocket launched

At about 10:51 (local time) on 29 July, an electrical power surge in Phantom No. 110 occurred during the switch from external to internal power. The electrical surge caused one of the four 5-inch Mk-32 Zuni unguided rockets in a pod on external stores station 2 (port inboard station) to fire. The rocket was later determined to be missing the rocket safety pin, allowing the rocket to launch. The rocket flew about  across the flight deck, likely severing the arm of a crewman, and ruptured a  wing-mounted external fuel tank on a Skyhawk from Attack Squadron 46 (VA-46) awaiting launch.

Aircraft struck
The official Navy investigation identified the Skyhawk struck by the Zuni as aircraft No. 405, piloted by Lieutenant Commander Fred D. White. Lieutenant Commander John McCain stated in his 1999 book Faith of My Fathers that the missile struck his aircraft, alongside White's A-4 Skyhawk. "On that Saturday morning in July, as I sat in the cockpit of my A-4 preparing to take off, a rocket hit the fuel tank under my airplane." Later accounts relying on his book also state that the rocket struck his A-4 Skyhawk.

The Zuni rocket's warhead safety mechanism prevented it from detonating. The rocket broke apart on impact with the external fuel tank. The highly flammable JP-5 fuel spread on the deck under White's and McCain's A-4s, ignited by numerous fragments of burning rocket propellant, and causing an instantaneous conflagration. A sailor standing about  forward was struck by a fragment of the Zuni or the exploding fuel tank. A fragment also punctured the centerline external fuel tank of A-4 #310, positioned just aft of the jet blast deflector of catapult number 3. The resulting fire was fanned by  winds and the exhaust of at least three jets. Fire quarters and then general quarters were sounded at 10:52 and 10:53. Condition ZEBRA was declared at 10:59, requiring all hands to secure the ship for maximum survivability, including closing the fire-proof steel doors that separate the ship's compartments.

The official report states that "at least one" Korean War-era 1,000 lb AN-M65 bomb fell from an A-4 Skyhawk to the deck; other reports say two. The bomb fell in a pool of burning fuel between White's and McCain's aircraft.

Damage Control Team No. 8, led by Chief Gerald W. Farrier, were the first responders to any incident on the flight deck. They immediately took action. Farrier, without taking the time to locate and put on protective clothing, immediately attempted to smother the bomb with a PKP fire extinguisher, attempting to delay the fuel fire from spreading and give the pilots time to escape their aircraft. Based on their training, the team believed they had a ten-minute window to extinguish the fire before the bombs casing would melt resulting in a low-order explosion.

The pilots, preparing to launch, were strapped into their aircraft. When the fire started and quickly spread, they immediately attempted to escape their aircraft. McCain, pilot of A-4 Skyhawk side No. 416, next to White's, was among the first to notice the flames, and escaped by scrambling down the nose of his A-4 and jumping off the refueling probe. Lt. Cmdr. Robert "Bo" Browning, in an A-4E Skyhawk on the port side, escaped by crossing the flight deck and ducking under the tails of F-4B Phantoms spotted along the starboard side. CVW-17 operations officer, Lt. Cmdr. Herbert A. Hope of VA-46, escaped by jumping out of the Skyhawk cockpit and rolling off the flight deck and into the starboard man-overboard net. He went to the hangar deck and took command of a firefighting team.

Bombs detonate

Despite Farrier's constant effort to cool the bomb that had fallen to the deck, the casing suddenly split open and the explosive began to burn brightly. Farrier, recognizing that a lethal cook-off was imminent, shouted for his firefighters to withdraw, but the bomb detonated—one minute and 36 seconds after the start of the fire. The unstable Composition B in the old bombs enhanced the power of the explosions. Thirty-five personnel were in close proximity to the blast. Two hose teams were decimated; Farrier and all but three of his men were killed instantly. Twenty-seven men were injured.

"I saw a dozen people running... into the fire, just before the bomb cooked off," Lt. Cmdr. Browning later said. McCain saw another pilot on fire, and turned to help him, when the first bomb detonated. McCain was knocked backwards , struck by shrapnel and wounded. White managed to get out of his burning aircraft but was killed by the detonation of the first bomb. Not all of the pilots were able to get out of their aircraft in time. Lt Ken McMillen escaped. LT(JG) Don Dameworth and LT(JG) David Dollarhide were injured escaping their aircraft. Lt. Cmdrs Gerry Stark and Dennis Barton were missing.

Fire enters lower decks

The first bomb detonation destroyed White's and McCain's aircraft, blew a crater in the armored flight deck, and sprayed the deck and crew with bomb fragments and shrapnel from the destroyed aircraft. Burning fuel poured through the hole in the deck into occupied berthing compartments below. In the tightly packed formation on the aft deck, every aircraft, all fully fueled and bomb-laden, was damaged. All seven F-4s caught fire.

Lieutenant James J. Campbell recoiled for a few moments in stunned dismay as burning torches tumbled toward him, until their screams stirred him to action. Several men jumped or were blown into the ocean. Neighboring ships came alongside and pulled the men from the water. When Browning got back on deck, he recalled, "The port quarter of the flight deck where I was is no longer there."

Two more of the unstable 1,000 lb bombs exploded 10 seconds after the first, and a fourth blew up 44 seconds after that. A total of ten bombs exploded during the fire. Bodies and debris were hurled as far as the bow of the ship.

In less than five minutes, seven or eight 1,000-pound bombs, one 750-pound bomb, one  bomb, and several missile and rocket warheads heated by the fire exploded with varying degrees of violence. Several of the explosions of the 1,000-pound Korean War-era AN-M65 Composition B bombs were estimated to be as much as 50% more powerful than a standard 1,000-pound bomb, due to the badly degraded Composition B. The ninth explosion was attributed to a sympathetic detonation between an AN-M65 and a newer 500-lb M117 H6 bomb that were positioned next to each other. The other H6-based bombs performed as designed and either burned on the deck or were jettisoned, but did not detonate under the heat of the fires. The ongoing detonations prevented fire suppression efforts during the first critical minutes of the disaster.

The explosions tore seven holes in the flight deck. About  of burning jet fuel from ruptured aircraft tanks poured across the deck and through the holes in the deck into the aft hangar bay and berthing compartments. The explosions and fire killed 50 night crew personnel who were sleeping in berthing compartments below the aft portion of the flight deck. Forty-one additional crew members were killed in internal compartments in the aft portion of Forrestal.

Personnel from all over the ship rallied to fight the fires and control further damage. They pushed aircraft, missiles, rockets, bombs, and burning fragments over the side. Sailors manually jettisoned numerous 250 and 500 lb bombs by rolling them along the deck and off the side. Sailors without training in firefighting and damage control took over for the depleted damage control teams. Unknowingly, inexperienced hose teams using seawater washed away the efforts of others attempting to smother the fire with foam.

Fires controlled

The destroyer  pulled men from the water and directed its fire hoses on the burning ship. Another destroyer, , maneuvered as close as  to Forrestal for 90 minutes, directing her own on-board fire hoses at the burning flight and hangar deck on the starboard side, and at the port-side aft 5-inch gun mount. Rear Admiral and Task Group commander Harvey P. Lanham, aboard Forrestal, called the actions of Rupertus commanding officer Commander Edwin Burke an "act of magnificent seamanship". At 11:47, Forrestal reported the flight deck fire was under control. About 30 minutes later, they had put out the flight deck fires. Firefighting crews continued to fight fires below deck for many more hours.

Undetonated bombs were continually found during the afternoon. LT(JG) Robert Cates, the carrier's explosive ordnance demolition officer, recounted later how he had "noticed that there was a 500-pound bomb and a 750-pound bomb in the middle of the flight deck... that were still smoking. They hadn't detonated or anything; they were just sitting there smoking. So I went up and defused them and had them jettisoned." Another sailor volunteered to be lowered by line through a hole in the flight deck to defuse a live bomb that had dropped to the 03 level—even though the compartment was still on fire and full of smoke. Later on, Cates had himself lowered into the compartment to attach a line to the bomb so it could be hauled up to the deck and jettisoned.

Throughout the day, the ship's medical staff worked in dangerous conditions to assist their comrades. The number of casualties quickly overwhelmed the ship's medical teams, and Forrestal was escorted by  to rendezvous with hospital ship  at 20:54, allowing the crew to begin transferring the dead and wounded at 22:53. Firefighter Milt Crutchley said, "The worst was going back into the burned-out areas later and finding your dead and wounded shipmates." He said it was extremely difficult to remove charred, blackened bodies locked in rigor mortis "while maintaining some sort of dignity for your fallen comrades."

At 17:05, a muster of Forrestal crewmen—both in the carrier and aboard other ships—was begun. It took many hours to account for the ship's crew. Wounded and dead had been transferred to other ships, and some men were missing, either burned beyond recognition or blown overboard.  At 18:44, fires were still burning in the ship's carpenter shop and in the aft compartments. At 20:33, the fires in the 02 and 03 levels were contained, but the areas were still too hot to enter. Firefighting was greatly hampered because of smoke and heat. Crew members cut additional holes in the flight deck to help fight fires in the compartments below. At 12:20 on 30 July, 14 hours after the fires had begun, all the fires were controlled. Forrestal crew members continued to put out hot spots, clear smoke, and cool hot steel on the 02 and 03 levels. The fires were declared out at 04:00.

Aftermath

The fire left 134 men dead and 161 more injured. It was the greatest loss of life on a U.S. Navy ship since World War II.

Of the 73 aircraft aboard the carrier, 21 were destroyed: seven F-4B Phantom IIs, eleven A-4E Skyhawks, and three RA-5C Vigilantes. A further 40 were damaged.

The ship's chaplains held a memorial service for the dead in Hangar Bay One, which was attended by more than 2,000 of Forrestal's crew.

Temporary repairs

On 31 July, Forrestal arrived at Naval Air Station Cubi Point in the Philippines, to undertake repairs sufficient to allow the ship to return to the United States. During welcoming ceremonies, a fire alarm signal alerted crews to a fire in mattresses within the burned-out compartments.

Investigation begun

A special group, the Aircraft Carrier Safety Review Panel, led by Rear Admiral Forsyth Massey, was convened on 15 August in the Philippines. Owing to the necessity of returning the ship to the United States for repair, the panel acted quickly to interview personnel on board the ship.

Ordnance issues found
Investigators identified issues with stray voltage in the circuitry of the LAU-10 rocket launchers and Zuni missiles. They also identified issues with the aging 1,000 lb "fat bombs" carried for the strike, which were discovered to have dated from the Korean War in 1953.

Safety procedures overridden

The board of investigation stated, "Poor and outdated doctrinal and technical documentation of ordnance and aircraft equipment and procedures, evident at all levels of command, was a contributing cause of the accidental rocket firing." However, the doctrine and procedures employed were not unique to Forrestal. Other carriers had problems with the Zuni rockets.

The investigation found that safety regulations should have prevented the Zuni rocket from firing. A triple ejector rack (TER) electrical safety pin was designed to prevent any electrical signal from reaching the rockets before the aircraft was launched, but it was also known that high winds could sometimes catch the attached tags and blow them free. In addition to the pin, a "pigtail" connected the electrical wiring of the missile to the rocket pod. US Navy regulations required the pigtail be connected only when the aircraft was attached to the catapult and ready to launch, but the ordnance officers found this slowed down the launch rate.

The Navy investigation found that four weeks before the fire, Forrestals Weapons Coordination Board, along with members of the Weapons Planning Board, held a meeting to discuss the issue of attaching the pigtail at the catapult. Launches were sometimes delayed when a crew member had difficulty completing the connection. They agreed on a deviation from standard procedure. In a memorandum of the meeting, they agreed to "Allow ordnance personnel to connect pigtails 'in the pack', prior to taxi, leaving only safety pin removal at the cat." The memo, written on 8 July 1967, was circulated to the ship's operations officer. But the memo and the decision were never communicated to Captain Beling, the ship's commanding officer, who was required to approve such decisions.

Causes identified

The official inquiry found that the ordnance crew acted immediately on the Weapons Coordination Board's decision. They found that the pigtail was connected early, that the TER pin on the faulty Zuni missile was likely blown free, and that the missile fired when a power surge occurred as the pilot transferred his systems from external to internal power. Their report concluded that a Zuni rocket on the portside TER-7 on external stores station 2 of F-4B No. 110 of VF-11, spotted on the extreme starboard quarter of the flight deck, struck A-4 No. 405, piloted by Lt. Cmdr. Fred D. White, on the port side of the aft deck. The accidental firing was due to the simultaneous malfunction of three components: CA42282 pylon electrical disconnect, TER-7 safety switch, and LAU-10/A shorting device. They concluded that the CA42282 pylon electrical disconnect had a design defect, and found that the TER-7 safety pin was poorly designed, making it easy to confuse with ordnance pins used in the AERO-7 Sparrow Launcher, which if used by mistake would not operate effectively.

Drydock repairs

When temporary repairs in the Philippines were completed, Forrestal departed on 11 August, arriving at Naval Station Mayport in Florida on 12 September to disembark the remaining aircraft and air group personnel stationed in Florida. Two days later, Forrestal returned to Norfolk to be welcomed home by over 3,000 family members and friends of the crew, gathered on Pier 12 and onboard , Forrestals host ship.

From 19 September 1967 to 8 April 1968, Forrestal underwent repairs in Norfolk Naval Shipyard, beginning with removal of the starboard deck-edge elevator, which was stuck in place. It had to be cut from the ship while being supported by the shipyard's hammerhead crane. The carrier occupied drydock number 8 from 21 September 1967, until 10 February 1968, displacing , an oil tanker, and a minesweeper that were occupying the drydock. During the post-fire refit,  of the flight deck was replaced, along with about 200 compartments on the 03, 02, 01 decks. The ship's four aft 5"/54 caliber Mark 42 guns were removed. The forward four guns had been removed prior to 1962. The repair cost about $72 million ($ in  dollars), and took nearly five months to complete.

Beling reassigned

Captain Beling, as an Admiral-selectee, received orders to report to Washington, D.C., as the Director of Development Programs in Naval Operations, reporting to Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Thomas H. Moorer. On 18 September 1967, Captain Robert B. Baldwin assumed command of Forrestal. From 8 to 15 April 1968, he sailed the ship down the Elizabeth River and out into the waters off the Virginia Capes for post-repair trials, the ship's first time at sea in 207 days. While accomplishing trials, the ship also recorded its first arrested landing since the fire, when Commander Robert E. Ferguson, Commander, CVW-17, landed on board.

Beling absolved of responsibility

The Naval investigation panel's findings were released on 18 October. They concluded Beling knew that the Zuni missiles had a history of problems, and he should have made more effort to confirm that the ordnance crew was following procedure in handling the ordnance. They ruled he was not responsible for the disaster, but he was nonetheless transferred to staff work, and never returned to active command.

Beling was assigned temporary duty on the staff of Admiral Ephraim P. Holmes, Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet. Holmes disagreed with many portions of the Navy's report into the Forrestal disaster, including the section clearing Beling. He had Beling assigned to his staff so he could issue a letter of reprimand. By holding Beling responsible he would effectively end his career. Holmes attached the reprimand to the final report, but when Admiral Moorer endorsed the report, he ordered Admiral Holmes to rescind and remove the reprimand.

Recommendations and further actions

The investigation panel recommended several changes to safety procedures aboard carriers. This included development of a remote-control firefighting system for the flight deck, development of more stable ordnance, improvement in survival equipment, and increased training in fire survival. The U.S. Navy implemented safety reviews for weapons systems brought on board ships for use or for transshipment. This evaluation is still carried out by the Weapon Systems Explosives Safety Review Board, the formation of which was prompted by both this incident and the one on Oriskany.

Incorrect NASA report
A 1995 report, NASA Reference Publication 1374, incorrectly described the Forrestal fire as a result of electromagnetic interference. It states, "a Navy jet landing on the aircraft carrier U.S.S. Forrestal experienced the uncommanded release of munitions that struck a fully armed and fueled fighter on deck... This accident was caused by the landing aircraft being illuminated by carrier based radar, and the resulting EMI sent an unwanted signal to the weapons system."

This incorrect description has been cited as a cautionary tale on the importance of avoiding electromagnetic interference. The report itself lacks an accurate reference to the fire. While text contains a superscript pointing to item 12 in the references section, item 12 in the reference section is to "Von Achen, W.: The Apache Helicopter: An EMI Case History. Compliance Engineering, Fall, 1991."

Legacy

Eighteen crewmen were buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Names of the dead are also listed on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial.

On 29 July 2017, the USS Forrestal Association commemorated the 50th anniversary of the incident. Members of the military, survivors of the disaster, and family members gathered to memorialize those lost in this incident. Active duty personnel presented American flags to represent each sailor who died.

The non-profit USS Forrestal Association was formed in 1990 to preserve the memory of those lost in the tragedy.

Farrier Firefighting School established

The Farrier Firefighting School at Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia, is named after Chief Gerald W. Farrier, the commander of Damage Control Team 8, who was killed in the initial explosion. The school hosts an annual memorial remembering the sailors who lost their lives aboard the Forrestal.

Lessons learned

The fire revealed that Forrestal lacked a heavy-duty, armored forklift needed to jettison aircraft, particularly heavier planes like the RA-5C Vigilante, as well as heavy or damaged ordnance.

The United States Navy uses the Forrestal fire and the lessons learned from it when teaching damage control and ammunition safety. The flight-deck film of the flight operations, titled "Learn or Burn", became mandatory viewing for firefighting trainees. All new Navy recruits are required to view a training video titled "Trial by Fire: A Carrier Fights for Life", produced from footage of the fire and damage control efforts, both successful and unsuccessful.

Footage revealed that damage-control teams sprayed firefighting foam on the deck to smother the burning fuel, which was the correct procedure, but their efforts were negated by crewmen on the other side of the deck who sprayed seawater, which washed the foam away. The seawater worsened the situation by washing burning fuel through the holes in the flight deck and into the decks below. In response, a "wash-down" system, which floods the flight deck with foam or water, was incorporated into all carriers, with the first being installed aboard  during her 1968–1969 refit. Many other fire-safety improvements also stemmed from this incident.

Due to the first bomb blast, which killed nearly all of the trained firefighters on the ship, the remaining crew, who had no formal firefighting training, were forced to improvise. All current Navy recruits receive week-long training in compartment identification, fixed and portable extinguishers, battle dress, self-contained breathing apparatus and emergency escape breathing devices. Recruits are tested on their knowledge and skills by having to use portable extinguishers and charged hoses to fight fires, as well as demonstrating the ability to egress from compartments that are heated and filled with smoke.

Media

The disaster was a major news story and was featured under the headline "Inferno at Sea" on the cover of the 11 August 1967, issue of Life magazine.

The incident was featured on the first episode of the History Channel's Shockwave and the third episode of the second season of the National Geographic Channel's Seconds From Disaster.

References

This article contains content in the public domain originally published by the U.S. government.

External links

 US Navy Judge Advocate General's Report of 19 September 1967: Fire and Explosions aboard USS Forrestal (CVA-59). Part 1, Part 2, Part 3.
 US Navy. Forrestal fire. from Naval Aviation News, October 1967.

 Virtual Wall: A Memorial to the men who died in the Forrestal fire
 US Navy. Witness to History: USS Forrestal Fire . 1 August 2002.

 NavSource.org: The Forrestal Fire, 29 July 1967, Ship's Logs

Video

 Trial by Fire: A Carrier Fights for Life (US Navy Training film via Internet Archive)

Industrial fires and explosions in the United States
Maritime incidents in 1967
Non-combat naval accidents
Ship fires
1960s fires in Asia
1967 disasters in Asia
1967 fires
USS Forrestal fire, 1967
1967 in Vietnam
July 1967 events in Asia
Explosions in 1967
Gulf of Tonkin
Maritime disasters
Aircraft carrier fires


Orlov () is a town and the administrative center of Orlovsky District in Kirov Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Vyatka River,  west of Kirov, the administrative center of the oblast. Population:

History
It was first mentioned in 1459. Town status was granted to it in 1780. Between 1923 and 1992 the town was known as Khalturin (), after the Russian revolutionary Stepan Khalturin (1856–1882), who was born in a nearby village.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Orlov serves as the administrative center of Orlovsky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Orlovsky District as the Town of Orlov. As a municipal division, the Town of Orlov is incorporated within Orlovsky Municipal District as Orlovskoye Urban Settlement.

References

Notes

Sources

Cities and towns in Kirov Oblast
Orlovsky Uyezd (Vyatka Governorate)


Faustin-Archange Touadéra (; born 21 April 1957) is a Central African politician and academic who has been President of the Central African Republic since March 2016. He previously was Prime Minister of the Central African Republic from January 2008 to January 2013. In the December 2015 – February 2016 presidential election, he was elected to the presidency in a second round of voting against former Prime Minister Anicet Georges Dologuélé. He was re-elected for a second term on 27 December 2020.

Early life and education
Touadéra was born in Bangui; the son of a driver and a farmer, his family was originally from Damara, to the north of Bangui. He received his secondary education at the Barthelemy Boganda College in Bangui and obtained a baccalaureate in 1976, before attending the University of Bangui and the University of Abidjan. He earned a mathematics doctorate in 1986, supervised by Daniel Gourdin at the Lille University of Science and Technology (Lille I) in France and another doctorate, also in mathematics, which was supervised by Marcel Dossa at the University of Yaoundé I in Cameroon in 2004.

Academic career
In 1987, he became assistant lecturer of mathematics at the University of Bangui and was vice-dean of the University's Faculty of Science from 1989 to 1992. In the latter year he became director of the teachers' training college. He joined the Inter-State Committee for the Standardisation of Mathematics Programs in the French-speaking countries and the Indian Ocean (CIEHPM) in 1999, serving as the president of the Committee from 2001 to 2003. He became vice chancellor of the University of Bangui in May 2004. Touadéra subsequently served as rector of the university from 2005 to 2008, during which time he launched several key initiatives, such as the entrepreneurship training program and the creation of the Euclid Consortium.

Political career

Prime Minister
Touadéra was appointed as Prime Minister by President François Bozizé on 22 January 2008, following the resignation of Élie Doté. His government, composed of 29 members—four ministers of state, 17 ministers, and seven minister delegates, along with himself—was appointed on 28 January.

A national dialogue was held in December 2008, and Bozizé then dissolved Touadéra's government on 18 January 2009 in preparation for the formation of a government of national unity. Touadéra was reappointed as Prime Minister on 19 January. Later on the same day, his new 31-minister government was appointed, with only 10 ministers retaining their posts; many former rebels were included in the new lineup to prepare the country for the 2009 local elections and the 2010 presidential and parliamentary polls.

Following a peace deal between the Bozizé government and the Séléka rebel coalition in January 2013, Bozizé dismissed Touadéra on 12 January 2013, in accordance with the terms of the agreement, which required that a new prime minister be appointed from the political opposition.

Later, Touadéra announced his intention to stand as an independent candidate in the October 2015 presidential election.

EUCLID involvement and High Steward

In 2008, the Euclid Consortium initiative hosted by the University of Bangui led to the formation of an intergovernmental university named EUCLID (Euclid University) (French: Pôle Universitaire Euclide). In his capacity as Prime Minister, Touadera signed the instrument of participation for the Central African Republic in May 2010. His chief of cabinet, Simplice Sarandji also signed the headquarters agreement for EUCLID in March 2011.

In April 2012, Touadera personally presided over a graduation ceremony in New York, at the Permanent Mission of the Central African Republic to the United Nations, for a graduating diplomat of Burundi. After his tenure as Prime Minister, Touadera became EUCLID's High Steward, an honorary role.

President

Touadéra stood as a candidate in the December 2015–February 2016 presidential election. After finishing second in the first round of voting, he received the support of the majority of defeated candidates for the second round, which he won with 62% of the vote. He was sworn in on 30 March 2016. Speaking on the occasion, he vowed to pursue disarmament and "make CAR a united country, a country of peace, a country facing development". He appointed Simplice Sarandji as Prime Minister on 2 April 2016. Sarandji was Touadéra's campaign manager during the election and Touadéra's chief of staff during his own time as Prime Minister.

After he was sworn into office, France confirmed that it would end its military intervention in Central African Republic. France had around 2,500 troops deployed in the country as part of Operation Sangaris, supporting about 10,000 United Nations peacekeepers. Without France's support, Touadéra  faced the immediate challenge of maintaining security in major cities.

The Central African Republic saw a 36 percent drop in its gross domestic product in 2013. The economy has slowly grown since then, but the agricultural sector — the main contributor to GDP — is still struggling and the government is struggling to raise revenues.

In December 2022, he attended the United States–Africa Leaders Summit 2022 and met with US President Joe Biden.

Faustin-Archange Touadera's personal security detail is reportedly composed of members of the Russian Wagner Group. In July 2023, Touadéra attended the 2023 Russia–Africa Summit in Saint Petersburg and met with Russian President Vladimir Putin. Touadéra expressed support for Russia, saying that Russia "had helped to save its democracy and prevent a civil war". Also during the month, Touadéra called for a referendum to abolish term limits (at the time set to two five-year terms), while also increasing the length of the term to seven years. Without the change, Touadéra would have been term-limited and ineligible to stand at the next presidential election. In order to hold the referendum, Touadéra sacked the head of the constitutional court in October of 2022, which had previously ruled the referendum unconstitutional. The referendum was boycotted by the opposition.

Ministry
He was a deacon in a Baptist church of the Fraternal Union of Baptist Churches, and is still a member of this union.

Personal life
Touadéra is married to two wives, Brigitte Touadéra and Marguerite "Tina" Touadéra. Both women had reportedly been vying for the title of First Lady of the Central African Republic behind the scenes. Faustin-Archange Touadéra has three children.

References

|-

1957 births
Academic staff of the University of Bangui
Central African Republic Baptists
Central African Republic nationalists
Heads of state of the Central African Republic
Lille University of Science and Technology alumni
Living people
People from Bangui
People of the Central African Republic Civil War
Prime Ministers of the Central African Republic
University of Bangui alumni


Etrog or Esrog is the Hebrew word for the citron fruit or Citrus medica.

 For the Jewish religious rite utilizing the fruit, see  Etrog
 For the particular variety of citron bearing this name, see Variety etrog
 Etrog may refer also to the rest of citron varieties which are also employed in the ritual. Some of them are, the Ashkenazic Diamante citron, the Yemenite citron and the Balady citron.

Surname

Etrog and Essrog are also Jewish surnames.

 Sorel Etrog, Canadian sculptor and designer of the statuette for the Canadian Film Awards in use from 1968 to 1978, and for the Genie Awards from 1980 to 2012.
 Etrog Awards, a nickname for the Canadian Film Awards in use in the 1970s based on their use of Etrog's statuette design.

Political term
 Etrog (political term)


A Soldier Speaks after Death (병사는 죽어서 말한다 - Byeonsaneun jukeoseo malhanda) is a 1966 South Korean film directed by Kim Ki-young.

Plot
It is a war film about a soldier who plants flower seeds before leaving for his military service. After he is killed in combat, the flowers bloom.

Cast
 Hwang Jung-seun
 Sunwoo Yong-nyeo
 Shin Young-kyun
 Kim Seok-gang
 Kim Seung-ho
 Twist Kim
 Joo Sun-tae
 Park Am
 Jeon Chang-keun
 Kim Yong-yeon

Bibliography

References

External links

1966 films
1960s Korean-language films
South Korean war drama films
Films directed by Kim Ki-young


Ouvrage Molvange is a large work, or gros ouvrage of the Maginot Line. The fortification complex faces the France-Luxembourg border from a height near Entrange in the Moselle department. The complex, armed and occupied in 1935, is located on the heights of Entrange, at an altitude of about . Molvange is flanked by the even larger Ouvrage Rochonvillers to the west and smaller petit ouvrage Immerhof to the east, part of the Fortified Sector of Thionville. Molvange was not involved in significant combat during World War II, but due to its size it was repaired and retained in service after the war. During the Cold War, Molvange's underground barracks and former ammunition magazine became a hardened military command centre.

Design and construction
The Molvange site was surveyed by CORF (Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency, in 1930. Work by the contractor, Quintin & Lesprit, began the same year, and the position became operational in 1935, at a cost of 106 million francs.

Molvange occupies the lip of a wooded height that runs roughly perpendicular to the fortified front, sloping steeply on the east side. Compared with Rochonvillers, its companion to the west, Molvange's entries are closer to the front.  They were, however, linked to the rear via a 60 cm narrow-gauge railway, which continued through the ouvrage to the combat blocks.

Description
The ouvrage includes two entries and nine combat blocks. As a large ouvrage, Molvange has an "M1" ammunition magazine near the entries, in the vicinity of Block 10. The underground barracks are farther out of the main gallery on the other side of Block 10. These spacious subterranean facilities would become useful as command centres after the war. The main gallery extends  out to Block 1, at an average depth of . All blocks are within a security zone and are not accessible to the public.

Ammunition entry: an incline, two automatic rifle cloches (GFM), one machine gun/47 mm anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC47).
Personnel entry: a shaft, one GFM cloche, one JM/AC47 embrasure and one machine gun embrasure.
Block 1: Observation block with one GFM cloche, one periscope cloche (VDP) and one machine gun cloche (JM).
Block 2: Infantry block with one machine gun turret and two GFM cloches.
Block 3: Artillery block with one 81 mm mortar turret, one GFM cloche and one grenade launcher cloche.
Block 4: Artillery block with one 135 mm gun turret and one GFM cloche.
Block 5: Artillery block with one 75 mm gun turret. The turret was removed and taken to Ouvrage Fermont's museum.
Block 6: Infantry block with one machine gun turret, one GFM cloche and one JM cloche.
Block 7: Infantry block with one GFM cloche and one VDP cloche. A modern communications tower formerly occupied the site, removed by 2006.
Block 8: Artillery block with 75 mm gun turret and two GFM cloches.
Block 10: Artillery block with one 75 mm gun turret, one GFM cloche and one grenade launcher cloche (LG).

In 1939 a plan was proposed to connect Molvange to Rochonvillers via an underground galley to the Abri du Bois d'Escherange, then to the Abri du Grand Lot, and on to Rochonvillers through the existing connection. The plan never came to fruition.

Casemates and shelters

The Abri du Petersberg is nearby in the direction of Rochonvillers , just to the west of Block 8. The infantry shelter (or abri) was armed with one mortar cloche and one GFM cloche. The Casemate d'Entrange is located at the bottom of the slope to the east of Block 1 .  The casemate was armed with one mortar cloche and one GFM cloche.

Several  other casemates and infantry shelters are located to the east of Molvange, including
 Casemate du Bois-de-Kanfen Ouest: Single block with one JM/AC37 embrasure, one JM embrasure, and one GFM cloche.
 Casemate du Bois-de-Kanfen Est: Single block with one JM/AC37 embrasure, one JM embrasure, and one GFM cloche.
 Abri du Bois-de-Kanfen: Single surface shelter for two infantry sections, with  two GFM cloches.
Abri du Zeiterholz: Shelter for two infantry sections, two GFM cloches. The abri has been restored and may be visited.
None of these are connected to the ouvrage or to each other. All were built by CORF

Manning
The manning of the ouvrage in 1940 comprised 711 men and 24 officers of the 169th Fortress Infantry Regiment and the 151st Position Artillery Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of the 42nd Fortress Corps of the 3rd Army, Army Group 2.

Peacetime quarters for the garrisons of Rochonvillers and Molvange were at the Camp d'Angevillers, just to the south of the Rochonvillers entries, near the town of Angevillers. With the establishment of the CENTAG wartime headquarters at Rochonvillers, the French 125th Régiment d'Instruction des Transmissions and the 2nd Régiment du Génie occupied the camp, along with the 175th Signal Company and the 208th Signal Support Company of the US Army. US Air Force units occupied portions of Molvange, which housed the 4th Allied Tactical Air Force wartime headquarters. The camp was later occupied by the 40th Régiment de Transmissions stationed at the Jeanne d'Arc barracks in Thionville and the Guyon-Gellin barracks in Hettange-Grande, near the Ouvrage Immerhof.

History
See Fortified Sector of Thionville for a broader discussion of the events of 1940 in the Thionville sector of the Maginot Line.
Molvange did not see significant action in  the Battle of France in 1940, nor in the Lorraine Campaign of 1944. The Germans largely bypassed the area, advancing along the valley of the Meuse and Saar rivers, threatening the rear of the Thionville sector. An order to fortress troops by sector commander Colonel Jean-Patrice O'Sullivan to prepare for withdrawal on June 17 was reversed by O'Sullivan. The garrison therefore remained in place and surrendered to the Germans following the Second Armistice at Compiègne on June 22.

Renovation
In the 1950s the French government became concerned about a possible invasion by the Warsaw Pact through Germany.  The Maginot Line, while obsolete in terms of its armament, was viewed as a series of useful deeply buried and self-sufficient shelters in an era of air power and nuclear weapons.  A number of the larger ouvrages were selected to form defensive ensembles or môles around which a defence might be organised and controlled.  In 1951 Molvange was planned to become part of the môle de Rochonvillers, in company with Rochonvillers and Bréhain, and later Immerhof.

NATO command centre
With France's acquisition of nuclear weapons in 1960, the Maginot fortifications began to be viewed as an expensive anachronism.  Funding was provided for maintenance, but for little more. In 1960 the French Army initiated inquiries among the other French forces and among NATO members concerning the use of Maginot fortifications as storage depots or as command centres. In 1961, after discussions with the Americans and West Germans, Rochonvillers, Molvange and Soetrich were placed at the disposal of NATO. Rochonviller's main M1 magazine, with its two entries and circulation loop crossed by five galleries, was made into a wartime command centre for the 4th Allied Tactical Air Forces at a cost of 320 million francs. Molvange functioned in this role until 1967, when France withdrew from NATO's integrated command structure. 4th ATAF's command centre was relocated to Kindsbach, Germany, close to Ramstein Air Base, occupying the so-called Kindsbach Cave until 1987. The Molvange command centre is still the responsibility of the 40th Communications Regiment, based in Thionville, but has been inactive since 1999.

In 1971 the names of the Maginot ouvrages were declassified by the French military. Molvange remains the property of the French military and access is forbidden to the public. The Abri du Zeiterholz has been restored and may be visited in summer months.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Degon, André; Zylberyng, Didier, La Ligne Maginot: Guide des Forts à Visiter, Editions Ouest-France, 2014.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links

 Abri du Zeiterholz
 Le Gros Ouvrage de Molvange (A9)
 Molvange at wikimaginot.eu]
  Ouvrage de Molvange at alsacemaginot.com
 Ouvrage d'artillerie de Molvange at wikimaginot.eu
 Ouvrage de Molvange at lignemaginot.com

MOLV
Maginot Line
NATO installations in France
Military installations of France
Môle de Rochonvillers


A Joyful Noise is an album of Christmas music, released by American country music artist Jo Dee Messina. Her first Christmas album, it was released in 2002 on Curb Records. Its title track peaked at number 16 on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts in 2002.

Track listing

Personnel
Jo Dee Messina - lead vocals
Sam Bacco - percussion
Robert Bailey - backing vocals
Pat Bergesen - harmonica
Mike Brignardello - bass guitar
Tom Bukovac - acoustic guitar, electric guitar
Spencer Campbell - bass guitar
Lisa Cochran - backing vocals
Everett Drake - backing vocals
Howard Duck - organ, piano
Stuart Duncan - mandolin
Kim Fleming - backing vocals
Ralph Friedrichsen - backing vocals
Vince Gill - backing vocals
Carl Gorodetzky - contractor
Vicki Hampton - backing vocals
Yvonne Hodges - backing vocals
Crystal Hooper - backing vocals
Jenkins Edward - backing vocals
John Jorgenson - acoustic guitar
Sherri Kibble - backing vocals
Jennifer Kummer - French horn
Derrick Lee - backing vocals
Paul Leim - drums
Sam Levine - flute, piccolo
Jenna Maher - children's chorus
Brent Mason - electric guitar
Gene Miller - backing vocals
The Nashville String Machine - strings
Steve Nathan - keyboards, piano
Craig Nelson - string bass
Bobby Ogdin - keyboards
Kim Parent - backing vocals
Linda Patterson - French horn
Tom Roady - percussion
Kenny Rogers - guest vocals
Calvin Smith - French horn
Emily Smith - children's chorus
Bergen White - conductor
Lonnie Wilson - drums
Bill Woodworth - English horn
Cyndi Reynolds Wyatt - harp

Chart performance

References
[ A Joyful Noise] at Allmusic

Curb Records albums
Jo Dee Messina albums
2002 Christmas albums
Christmas albums by American artists
Country Christmas albums
Albums produced by Brent Maher


Seathwaite is a small hamlet in the Borrowdale civil parish of Cumberland, Cumbria, North West England. It is in the Lake District near Scafell Pike and  southwest of Keswick at the end of a minor road that heads southwest from the hamlet of Seatoller, which is where the B5289 road begins its steep climb up the pass to Honister Hause on the boundary between Borrowdale civil parish and Buttermere civil parish.

The nearby Seathwaite Fell takes its name from the hamlet and lies about  to the south-southwest of it. The name derives from a combination of the Old Norse words
sef (sedges) and thveit (clearing) and may be taken to mean "clearing in the sedges".

The name, then spelled Seuthwayt, first appeared in written records in 1340.

History

Along the nearby Newhouse Gill, which descends from Grey Knotts, is a graphite mine which
was opened after the discovery of graphite there in 1555. The extracted graphite was eventually used to supply the Derwent Cumberland Pencil Company factory in Keswick.
The commercial mining of the unusual solid form of graphite found near the hamlet of Seathwaite ceased around 1891 when veins of the solid graphite became harder to find. In addition, around that time the Keswick pencil factories had switched to making pencil pigments out of the familiar combination of clay powder and graphite powder.  Graphite powder could be mined and imported from elsewhere. The mine entrance is north-northwest of the hamlet at .

For many years Seathwaite was a secluded spot, being connected to the main road at Seatoller by a rough track. However the emergence of fellwalking as an outdoor activity at the end of the 19th century led to the hamlet becoming a popular starting point for walkers bound for the surrounding mountains. The road was eventually surfaced, which led to motorists parking their cars along the verges on the approach to the farm. Seathwaite has become one of the most popular starting points for walking in the UK since it gives access to well-known mountains such as Scafell Pike, Great Gable and Glaramara. Famed Lakeland walker Alfred Wainwright made this comment:

Governance
Seathwaite is within the Copeland UK Parliamentary constituency and the North West England European Parliamentary constituency. Trudy Harrison is the Member of parliament.

Before Brexit for the European Parliament its residents voted to elect MEP's for the North West England constituency.

For Local Government purposes it is in the Keswick Ward of Allerdale Borough Council and the Keswick Division of Cumbria County Council.

Seathwaite is parished; Borrowdale Parish Council.

Climate

In 2008 Seathwaite was the wettest inhabited place in the United Kingdom and received around  of rain per year. In September 1966,  of rain fell on Seathwaite and the surrounding fells in an hour, the resulting flood severely damaging the nearby Stockley Bridge, which lies  south of the hamlet. Stockley Bridge is an ancient packhorse bridge on the old route between Borrowdale and the Cumbrian coast. The bridge was widened in 1887 and had to be repaired after the 1966 storm.
On 19–20 November 2009 Seathwaite received  of rain in a 24-hour period, a major contributor to the 2009 Cumbria and southwest Scotland floods. This was a record for the amount of rain falling anywhere in the UK within 24 hours, until it was beaten in December 2015.

See also

Listed buildings in Borrowdale
 Cumbrian placename etymology

Notes and references

Hamlets in Cumbria


A Woman's War (여성전선 - Yeoseon jeonseon) a.k.a. Women at the Front is a 1957 South Korean film directed by Kim Ki-young.

Synopsis

A melodrama about a housemaid who bears her employer's illegitimate daughter. The daughter visits her father on his deathbed, unable to tell him she is his daughter.

Cast
 Jo Mi-ryeong
 Park Am
 Lee Min
 Kim Dong-won
 Lee Hae-rang
 Joo Sun-tae
 Jeong Min
 Park Sang-ik
 Ko Seol-bong
 Choe Ryong

Notes

Bibliography

1957 films
1950s Korean-language films
Films directed by Kim Ki-young
South Korean drama films
1957 drama films


Den Haag HS (English: The Hague HS), an abbreviation of the original name Den Haag Hollands Spoor (The Hague Holland Rail), is the oldest train station in The Hague, South Holland, Netherlands, located on the Amsterdam–Haarlem–Rotterdam railway. It is the second main station in The Hague and, unlike The Hague Central Station, it is not a terminus station. The name of the station is derived from the former Hollandsche IJzeren Spoorweg-Maatschappij (HIJSM) which was the first Dutch railway company.

History

Hollands Spoor opened on 6 December 1843, after the Amsterdam–Haarlem railway, the oldest railway in the country, had been extended to The Hague. This line was further extended to Rotterdam in 1847. At the time, the area was a grassland and belonged to the municipality of Rijswijk. Lacking the people to manage law enforcement around the station, Rijswijk ceded the land to the municipality of The Hague. The railway station was named Holland Spoor, after the company which operated it, the Hollandsche IJzeren Spoorweg-Maatschappij. The original building, which was designed by Frederik Willem Conrad, was demolished in 1891 to make way for a Neo-Renaissance building designed by Dirk Margadant.

In 1870, the rival company Nederlandsche Rhijnspoorweg-Maatschappij opened a second main railway station in The Hague, Den Haag Rhijnspoor, on the newly constructed Gouda–Den Haag railway. A railway connection between the two stations was constructed a year later. In 1962, David Jokinen saw an opportunity to put an end to the situation between the two. The plan was not implemented. Despite the plan not being implemented, Staatsspoor station was demolished in 1973, to make way for the Den Haag Centraal railway station. As a result, The Hague has two main railway stations: Centraal Station and Hollands Spoor. Trains from Amsterdam to Rotterdam and beyond (Brussels) tend to stop at The Hague HS, whereas trains from Utrecht and Eastern and North-Eastern directions (also by Leiden/Amsterdam Airport Schiphol/Amsterdam) usually stop at Centraal Station. Several trains in southern direction serve both stations.

Train services

The station is served by the following services:
4x per day International services (Intercity) The Hague - Rotterdam -  Breda - Antwerp - Mechelen - Brussels
1x per hour night train (nachtnet) services Rotterdam - The Hague - Amsterdam - Utrecht
2x per hour Intercity services Amsterdam - Haarlem - Leiden - The Hague - Dordrecht - Roosendaal - Vlissingen
2x per hour Intercity services Lelystad - Almere - Amsterdam - Schiphol - The Hague - Rotterdam - Dordrecht
2x per hour Intercity services The Hague - Rotterdam - Breda - Eindhoven
4x per hour Local services (Sprinter) The Hague - Rotterdam - Dordrecht

Tram services

The Hague's public transit company, HTM Personenvervoer, operates a public transportation hub in front of the railway station's front entrance. Tram lines 1, 9, 11, 12, 16 and 17 stop here.

Bus services

Den Haag Hollands Spoor also includes a bus station. Several HTM bus lines stop here.

References

External links

 Hollands Spoor on the NS website
 Live departures and cancellations in English
 Dutch Public Transport journey planner
  360/360 Panorama picture of the square in front of the railway station

Hollands Spoor
Railway stations on the Oude Lijn
Railway stations in the Netherlands opened in 1843
Rijksmonuments in The Hague
Renaissance Revival architecture in the Netherlands


Project Genesis is an Orthodox Jewish outreach organization based in Baltimore, Maryland, and founded by Rabbi Yaakov Menken in 1993 to further the goals of the Baal teshuva movement.

Project Genesis promotes further Jewish education as represented in Jewish sources.

Major projects

Torah.org

Torah.org is the primary website of Project Genesis. It features a network of online classes and a program in Jewish studies.

Teachers include Rabbis Yitzchok Adlerstein, Pinchas Avruch, Yosef Kalatsky, Mordechai Kamenetzky, Label Lam, Yaakov Menken, Naftali Reich, Berel Wein, Rebbetzin Leah Kohn and many others. It is claimed to have over 70,000 subscribers, with more than 20,000 in the largest class.

Ask the Rabbi
JewishAnswers.org was designed by Project Genesis to provide numerous rabbis with the opportunity to answer questions from their local audiences. Currently, over 70 rabbis participate in the program.

Cross-Currents.com
In 1998, Rabbi Yitzchok Adlerstein published an online journal of Jewish thought, called Cross-Currents, with articles written by himself and others. However, publication later lapsed.

In 2004, Rabbi Yaakov Menken of Project Genesis suggested to Rabbi Adlerstein the development of an online Jewish weblog using the same technology that had created Cross-Currents.com.

References

External links
Project Genesis website
Torah.org ("flagship" website)
Cross-Currents

Orthodox Judaism in Baltimore
Websites about Jews and Judaism
Orthodox Jewish outreach
Orthodox Judaism in Maryland


Waterton is a former town in the Canterbury region of New Zealand's South Island.  It is still officially recognised as a locality.

Geography
Waterton is located on the Canterbury Plains south of Ashburton on the Pacific Ocean, between the Ashburton River / Hakatere and Hinds River.  Nearby localities include Ashton and Wheatstone to the northeast, Flemington to the north, Eiffelton to the northwest and Longbeach to the southwest.

History
Waterton was founded in the second half of the 19th century as the Canterbury Plains were settled by European immigrants.  By 1888, it had its own town hall.  Catholics in the area of Longbeach and Waterton complained to the administration of the Ashburton parish that Mass had not been said in their area.  Accordingly, Mass was held in the Waterton Hall, with an attendance of 60; it later was held in Eiffelton rather than Waterton.

At its height, Waterton was a service town for the immediately surrounding rural area.  It was home to 235 people and had amenities such as a general store, post office, public library, hotel, and school.  Economic activity was related to agriculture, with an abattoir and a flour mill both located in the town.  However, during the later half of the 20th century, Waterton severely declined.

Today
Waterton is effectively a ghost town. In the early 2000s, the land titles of the town's former lots were amalgamated by the owner and then divided into four new "lifestyle blocks" for development. The new owners appealed to the Ashburton District Council to revoke the designation of the town's former streets, which by that stage were merely unformed roads, so that they could be merged into the new properties.  In August 2006, the Council granted this request and stopped the roads.

Few remnants of Waterton are now left apart from the remains of the town hall, and the local cemetery is not far from the site of the township.  An Anglican church once located in Waterton has been transferred to the Plains Vintage Railway in Tinwald.

References

Ashburton District
Populated places in Canterbury, New Zealand
Ghost towns in New Zealand


Giuseppe Firrao may refer to:

Giuseppe Firrao (seniore) (1670–1744), Italian cardinal, Cardinal Secretary of State
Giuseppe Firrao Jr. (1736–1830), Italian cardinal


The Pacific Agreement on Closer Economic Relations (PACER) is an umbrella agreement between members of the Pacific Islands Forum (the Forum Island Countries plus Australia and New Zealand) which provides a framework for the future development of trade cooperation.

It was first signed at Nauru on 18 August 2001 and entered into force on 3 October 2002.  It is a framework agreement that sets an outline for the future development of trade and economic relations across the Forum region as a whole.

It does not contain substantive trade liberalisation provisions; rather it envisages a step-by-step process of trade liberalisation.  This starts with a free trade agreement in goods among Pacific Island countries (PICTA – the Pacific Island Countries Trade Agreement), in the process of implementation as of September 2008, and later likely to be extended to services. PACER provides for programmes of assistance to the island country members with trade facilitation and capacity building.  It also foreshadows future negotiations on Forum-wide reciprocal free trade (including Australia and New Zealand).  For the moment these negotiations are not scheduled until 2011, but they are likely to be brought forward as a consequence of the Pacific Island countries' negotiation of an Economic Partnership Agreement with the European Union.

In May 2005, Forum Trade Ministers decided that there was a need to move beyond SPARTECA towards a more comprehensive framework for trade and economic cooperation between Australia, New Zealand and the FICs, as provided for under PACER, to foster economic growth, investment and employment in the Pacific region.  They called for a study to investigate the potential impacts of a move towards such a comprehensive framework and for an analysis of FIC needs in regard to capacity building, trade promotion and structural reform.  Terms of reference for the study were approved in 2006 and a draft of the study presented to Trade Ministers in 2007.

PACER includes a Regional Trade Facilitation Programme to improve the trading capacity of Pacific Island countries.  This provides technical assistance at a regional level through the Pacific Islands Forum, the Pacific Community (SPC) and Oceania Customs Organisation on a number of key issues in regards to customs facilitation, quarantine procedures and standards and conformance assessment. This regional trade facilitation work is financially supported by New Zealand.

PACER Plus is the free trade agreement between the Forum Island Countries and Australia and New Zealand. It was opened for signature in Nuku'alofa, Tonga in June 2017 and entered into force on 13 December 2020.

A key element for improving intra-regional trade will be to improve air services and shipping links in the region, so that goods can be moved more quickly through the region and to other markets.  The Pacific Islands Air Services Agreement (PIASA) which came into force in October 2007 is intended to lead to a single aviation market and bring benefits in terms of increased access to air routes between Pacific Island Countries, more airline alliances and code-sharing arrangements, and cost savings for airlines and travellers.

Progress in opening up the aviation market follows success by the region in improving shipping.  In 1977 the Pacific Islands Forum set up the Pacific Forum Line a regional shipping line with the mandate to function both as a business and means of regional development.  The company, headquartered in Auckland, began trading in 1978.  It struggled in its early years but is now profitable.  The New Zealand Government is a shareholder in the line.  Work is proceeding under the Pacific Plan on options for improving feeder shipping services to a number of small island states.

On 27 January 2021, the European Union and the Pacific Island Forum Secretariat agreed a project worth EUR 5.75 million to enhance the trade capacity of Pacific Island countries. The project titled “Strengthening Pacific Intra-Regional and International Trade (SPIRIT)” is designed to boost and increase intra-regional and international trade by strengthening institutional and technical capacity in the Pacific Island region. It will also facilitate the implementation of oher trade agreements, in particular the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) and of the Pacific’s Aid-for-Trade Strategy 2020-2025.

External links
 PDF Text of the Agreement
Signatures and ratifications

References

International economic organizations
Economy of Oceania
2001 in Nauru
Treaties concluded in 2001
Treaties entered into force in 2002
Pacific Islands Forum treaties
Treaties of Australia
Treaties of the Cook Islands
Treaties of Fiji
Treaties of Kiribati
Treaties of Nauru
Treaties of New Zealand
Treaties of Niue
Treaties of Palau
Treaties of Papua New Guinea
Treaties of Samoa
Treaties of the Solomon Islands
Treaties of Tonga


Global Warming: The Signs and The Science is a 2005 documentary film on global warming made by ETV, the PBS affiliate in South Carolina, and hosted by Alanis Morissette.  The documentary examines the science behind global warming and pulls together segments filmed in the United States, Asia and South America and shows how people in these different locales are responding in different ways to the challenges of global warming to show some of the ways that the world can respond.

See also

External links
 Global Warming: The Signs and The Science PBS 2005-11-02

Documentary films about global warming
2005 films
2005 in the environment
2005 documentary films
2005 television films
American documentary films
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


Showtime is the second album by Angel & Khriz released on March 11, 2008. It was a success with fans and critics, receiving 4.5 stars from AllMusic and reaching No. 18 on the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart.

Showtime was nominated for a Lo Nuestro Award for Urban Album of the Year.

Track listing
Intro
Que Nos Vean
La Vecina
Showtime (featuring Zion)
Muévela
Juguete
Tu Aroma
Na De Na (featuring Gocho & John Eric)
He Tratado
Quiere Más
Me Pegué - (featuring Montana & Mora)
No Me Conoces
Pa'l Barrio
Va y Ven
Carita de Ángel (Version Bachata) (Remix)
Carita de Ángel (Album Version) (On the 16 tracks edition)

Charts

References

External links
New Album: Angel & Khriz - Showtime

2008 albums
Angel & Khriz albums
Machete Music albums
Albums produced by Noriega
Albums produced by Nely


Asphalt (아스팔트) is a 1964 South Korean film directed by Kim Ki-young.

Synopsis
A revenge melodrama about a criminal whose wife is killed during his arrest. After serving 20 years in prison he attempts to kill the arresting officer's wife out of revenge, but fails and is again imprisoned.

Cast
Kim Jin-kyu
Jang Dong-hee
Ju Jeung-ryu
Lee Dae-yub
Kim Hee-kap
Kim Nan-yeong
Park Am
Kim Ok
Kim Wun-Ha
Na Ae-sim

References

Bibliography

External links

1960s Korean-language films
Films directed by Kim Ki-young
South Korean crime thriller films
1960s crime thriller films


John Nicol Sahid Saad (born in Bo, Sierra Leone) is a Sierra Leonean politician, who currently serves as Sierra Leone's Minister of Housing and Infrastructural Development. He is a member of the opposition People's Movement for Democratic Change (PMDC). He is one of only few members from the opposition parties to be elected as a minister in the current government. Saad was the Chairman of the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) in London, United Kingdom for over ten years, but he resigned from the SLPP in 2006 to join the PMDC. He was born in Bo to a Mende mother from Segbwema, Kailahun District and a Sierra Leonean-Lebanese father. He is only the second Sierra Leonean-Lebanese person to be elected to one of the top ministerial positions in the national government of Sierra Leone.

External links
 http://news.sl/drwebsite/publish/article_20056718.shtml

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People's Movement for Democratic Change politicians
Sierra Leone People's Party politicians
Government ministers of Sierra Leone
Sierra Leonean people of Lebanese descent
People from Bo, Sierra Leone