This is a list of the main characters from a manga series called Kare Kano and its anime adaptation. Kare Kano is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Masami Tsuda. It was serialized in LaLa from 1996 to 2005 and collected in 21 tankōbon volumes by Hakusensha.

Miyazawa family

Yukino Miyazawa

, the female protagonist of the series, is 15 years old who is seemingly smart, attractive, athletic, and talented model student. Both her male and female peers express admiration for her, often asking her for help and commenting about her model-like features and characteristics.

However, her "perfect" exterior is merely a façade to hide the fact that everything she does is done solely to receive praise from others, and that she acts slovenly at home. She is a self-professed "queen of vanity", having been that way ever since childhood when her parents would praise her for the slightest actions. Yukino once practiced playing her recorder all night and ended up almost vomiting blood due to overexertion. She is described as the "anti-Girl Next Door" in an article by Newtype USA because of her perfection and deceitfulness. With so much praise, however, she never realized her lack of real friends outside of her family and was considered by her peers as a semi-approachable "guest". Everything changes when Yukino meets Soichiro Arima, another model student, who beats her high school entrance exam score, and is even more popular and athletic than Yukino. Yukino is envious of her rival Soichiro and works hard to top his grades. When Soichiro confesses that he has a crush on her, she rejects him and laughs about it afterwards. But her observant sister Kano points out that Yukino's rivalry with him is born out of admiration. This revelation is useless, however, as Yukino accidentally lets her guard down and Soichiro discovers her real self.

After discovering that Soichiro is also maintaining a model-student façade for his own reasons, they become very good friends. Yukino resolves to abandon her fake ways and become true to herself, though she initially has some trouble letting go of her lifelong habit of pretend-perfection. Eventually, she is able to open her true self to others and earns real friends besides Soichiro. She also believes that Reiji Arima is quite handsome and wishes that Soichiro will become that handsome. She even accepts an expensive gift from her future father-in-law. She is also depressed when she discovers that Soichiro had been lying to her about his mother and Asaba informs her of that fact. During her senior year in high school, Yukino becomes pregnant. She marries Soichiro after graduation, marrying at a young age as her parents did. Although her apparent goal in high school was to become a politician or a lawyer, it is later revealed that she wanted to be a doctor. She put the dream aside because it was financially out of her family's reach, and because Soichiro and Maho both wanted to be doctors too. After graduating high school, she becomes a housewife for a few years before going to medical school. She eventually becomes a doctor at a hospital run by the Arima family, specializing in reconstructive surgery. Sixteen years later, she is the mother of three children, a daughter named Sakura and two sons named Suoh and Ai who are fraternal twins.

Tsukino Miyazawa

 is the middle daughter of the Miyazawa family who tends to tease Kano, the youngest daughter. Neither Tsukino nor Kano understands Yukino's quest for perfection. But they love her very much and are constantly begging her to play with them. At the end of the series, Tsukino is shown to have become a talented tennis player. However, she had to retire from professional tennis due to injury, after which she became a reputable coach. She does not have a large role in the story.

Kano Miyazawa

 is the youngest of the three Miyazawa daughters, Kano is known for her shōjo manga and novel obsessions. She uses the knowledge from her love stories to help out Yukino when she is in a psychological pinch. Later, she becomes an editor of her favorite author, Aya Sawada, one of Yukino's high school friends.

Hiroyuki and Miyako Miyazawa
Hiroyuki
Miyako
 and  are Yukino, Tsukino and Kano's parents. They met as children and married right after high school, a continuous source of consternation for Miyako's father. When Hiroyuki asked to marry Miyako, her father beat him black-and-blue. Hiroyuki still bickers with his father-in-law, grumbling that the old fool could not let go of his daughter. His father-in-law was a policeman, and Hiroyuki encountered him under unfavorable conditions; he was caught while he and his friends were forcibly riding Miyako's new bike. Hiroyuki was an orphan who was raised by his grandfather, and values family very highly, a feeling that Miyako shares with him. Miyako understands his pain as she had lost her mother as a child. He loves his three daughters very much, and is frequently wearing a T-shirt that says "Daughter Love". His daughters, on the other hand, frequently tease him or treat him a little rudely, e.g., "Shut up, Dad!" after which he sulks comically. One of these infamous T-shirts ends up being worn by Soichiro to go back home in, when he is caught in a storm to walk Yukino home. Hiroyuki and Miyako are easygoing parents who believe in allowing their children to make their own decisions about their lives. The two were childhood friends, and eventually fell in love, and their relationship was strengthened when Hiroyuki's grandfather died.

Arima family

Soichiro Arima

, the male protagonist of the series, starts out as Yukino's rival at school, and ends up as her boyfriend and eventual husband . A handsome and popular boy, Soichiro excels at kendo and becomes a national champion. He is at first smitten with Yukino, unaware that she secretly hates him and constantly tries to compete with him. After unwittingly discovering that Yukino is not the model student everyone thinks she is, Soichiro blackmails her into doing his school work so that he can spend more time with her. After resolving the issue and becoming each other's first true friend, they eventually fall in love. Yukino learns that Soichiro, like her, is making an effort to "be perfect" for a reason. While Yukino is motivated by praise and vanity, Soichiro is trying to cover his "real" self, a self damaged by childhood trauma that he fears may be destructive. Yukino and Soichiro were able to find emotional sanctuary in each other. While Soichiro comes from a distinguished family of doctors, he was abandoned by his parents, who were the family's disgrace, and raised by his uncle and aunt. Fearing that he may turn "bad" like his parents, he is always trying to hide behind a mask and is constantly fighting his own demons. As with Yukino, he becomes more in touch with his true self as he falls in love with her. However, he is apprehensive of the other feelings what emerge along with his love, such as his increasing jealousy of Yukino's other friendships, her activities and her life without him. When Yukino unknowingly damages Soichiro's bond to her, he finds himself becoming jealous and afraid. So he begins to wear another facade that he hopes will fool her and protect her from his "ugly" self.

After a lifetime of striving to be "perfect", Soichiro's dark side begins to manifest itself through vengeful feelings against those that hurt him in his family, and he realizes that he has the ability to be cold and cruel. One aspect is his possessiveness of Yukino, hating for anyone but himself to be close with her. Hideaki told Takefumi that the only reason Hideaki was allowed to be friends with Yukino was because Soichiro knew that Hideaki would never fall in love with Yukino, and she would never fall in love with him. When the charade reaches such a critical point that it threatens his relationship with Yukino, she steps up to save him by opening him to a true and complete love. After a number of violent outbursts (one of which has him making love to her in the school library rather suddenly, which later has him thinking it was a rape and almost drives him mad) Soichiro finally understands that to love, he must be willing to trust and be trusted, even enduring the suffering that comes out of love. Yukino is able to convince Soichiro that she truly loves him for who he is, and that she is willing to support and suffer for him. From that point on, Soichiro truly and completely opens up to Yukino, his friends, and his beloved adopted parents. Soichiro's union with Yukino has come full circle, as both are finally free from the oppression of the conflict within themselves. Even though Soichiro cannot forget the past, he no longer allows it to control and hurt himself or anyone else.

In their senior year of high school, Yukino becomes pregnant, and after getting over the initial shock, he tells her that he is happy of the news and marries her. Sixteen years later, they have three children together; their oldest child is a daughter named Sakura, a beautiful girl who resembles him in looks and talent, and their last two children are sons named Suoh and Ai, who are fraternal twins. Although his original ambition was to follow his family's profession and become a doctor, he follows his childhood dream and becomes a policeman. He eventually becomes highly decorated police inspector and is preparing to sit for the exams of a Commissioner's promotion (at the insistence of his superiors) at the age of 30.

Soichiro was also reunited with his father, Reiji Arima, a famous jazz pianist who lives in New York but returned to Japan for a concert. Reiji threatens to harm Yukino, upsetting Soichiro, and he holds a false pistol to his forehead in the center of a park. After spending 10 days together, both father and son grew fond of each other and reestablished their bond. Soichiro spends most of his time assisting his father, and Reiji rewards him by taking him to a nice dinner with Yukino. Unfortunately, he tells Soichiro to go home because he does not feel like a father and would be better off without him. When Soichiro and Yukino are ambushed by Ryoko, wanting to meet with Reiji, he comes to their aid. He leaves for New York once the event is over, but promises to return to Soichiro the following summer. Reconnecting with his father helps Soichiro deal with his problems and heal the wounds of his childhood.

Reiji Arima
 is Soichiro Arima's estranged father. Reiji was the illegitimate but favored son of the Arima patriarch, whose mother tried to drown herself and take Reiji with her. Reiji kicked her in the face to save himself, a horrific memory that haunts him for the rest of his life. He was an intelligent but twisted child and teenager, and grew close to Souji over time. His relationship with Souji's wife is cold, calling her drab and old because of his jealousy that she is married to his beloved older brother. He also manages to befriend Yukino, who mistakes him for Soichiro. Although a talented musician, he grows to lead a life of a delinquent and is seduced by a beautiful gold-digger named Ryoko, who gets pregnant. Reiji names the baby Sōichirō after his brother Souji, but has nothing else to do with the child. Years later, Reiji learns Ryoko was abusing his son and had abandoned him. Unable to care for him, Reiji gives the child to Souji and moves to New York City. There he becomes a famous jazz pianist. He returns to Japan when Soichiro is in high school and "kidnaps" him to force him to spend ten days with him and later helps protect him from Ryoko. He threatens to kill her to keep her from hurting Soichiro again, eventually allowing her to live when Soichiro stops him from shooting. In the manga, it is revealed that the person Reiji looks up to and respects the most is his brother Souji and he doesn't want to look bad when he is with Souji.

Souji Arima

 is Soichiro's uncle and his adoptive father. He is depicted as being gentle in nature, but has shown strong resolve when the situation demanded it. He is the head of a prestigious hospital, and has followed the family tradition of becoming esteemed doctors. He is happily married to a wife whom he has known from childhood. Her prolonged illnesses were the reason they met, but they have left her unable to have children. After Soichiro is abandoned by his parents, Souji and his wife raise and love the child as their own. Though respectful to his older sister Eiko, Souji does not hesitate to defend Soichiro whenever she says something insulting about him (which is often). He was originally willing to give up his share of the Arima estate. However, when he learned that his father had fathered his half-brother Reiji with a mistress, Souji decided to keep his inheritance to prevent Eiko from leaving nothing to Reiji. Although Reiji is an illegitimate child, and shunned by many members of the Arima family, Souji is always kind to his half-brother. He deeply regrets having coldly told Reiji not to come back and throw Soichiro's life in turmoil again when he left Soichiro behind, and is happy when they are at last reconciled and share a drink together.

Eiko Arima

 is Soichiro's aunt, and Souji's elder sister. As the eldest child of the Arima family, Eiko wanted to follow her family's profession and become a doctor, but her father told her girls should not become doctors. This turned her cold and distant. She was incensed when she learned her father had a mistress and her half-brother Reiji was born. Her father's doting on Reiji left her bitter and caused her to hate both Reiji, and later his son Soichiro. Despite this, she approves of Yukino after learning of her plan to study medicine after her marriage, she merely nodded her approval and reached for a cup of tea. Souji recognized that Eiko appreciates Yukino's ambition as similar to her own when she was young.

Other characters

Hideaki Asaba

 is Yukino and Soichiro's lazy and girl-crazy best friend, very handsome and popular. Although bright enough to be accepted to the selective Hokuei High School, Hideaki is a terrible student, and spends most of his time surfing or chasing girls. Hideaki and Soichiro are considered the two most handsome boys in school, but while Soichiro is largely indifferent to the attention, Hideaki makes the most of it. During their school's annual culture-fest, Hideaki's class mounts a "Hideaki Asaba Dinner Show" which is a big hit with all the girls, but gives Yukino and Soichiro the creeps. Despite his easygoing nature, Hideaki had a tumultuous homelife before moving into his own apartment. He frequently argued with his father and was shunned by him, due in part that Hideaki's nature was too similar to his abusive grandfather. His father never hesitated to exclude him from family outings, even taking joy in it. Due to this dark past, Hideaki is one of the few people who truly understands Soichiro's dark side. In fact he frequently states that he would love to marry Soichiro, if only Soichiro was a girl. During Yukino and Soichiro's relationship crisis during their senior year, Asaba tells her that only she could reconcile Soichiro's heart. At the end of the series, Hideaki has become a famous painter, specializing in drawing female portraits in which the subject appears five times prettier. Maho realizes that this is because Hideaki truly sees women to be five times prettier than they actually are — which explains why he is so in love with all of them. Despite loving women in general, Hideaki has never settled down or married, waiting for someone. When he learns Yukino is pregnant, he declares the baby will be the girl he has been waiting for. Sixteen years later, Hideaki is the surrogate father of the three Arima children, and the child was indeed a girl, their oldest daughter Sakura. In volume 21, the first chapter is narrated by an unnamed character, who loves him. His father is often sneering at him, and his first kiss is the unnamed character. Hideaki is torn about his fatherlike relationship to her as well as her young age, however Sakura takes the initiative and confesses her love for him and her intention to be his.

Tsubasa Shibahime

 is a petite, beautiful girl, who has loved Soichiro since they attended middle school together. Although she studied hard so she could attend Hokuei High School with Soichiro, a bad skateboarding accident prevents her from starting school with everyone else. In the past, Tsubasa tried to confess her love to Soichiro several times, but Soichiro was comically oblivious. So she settled for being treated as Soichiro's younger sister as long as his affections were not occupied by another girl. But upon learning that Soichiro has a girlfriend, she becomes insanely jealous and increasingly resentful of Yukino. After getting into an altercation with Yukino, they become good friends. Among their group of friends, she is the baby of the group and Yukino cannot resist her cuteness, often wanting to dress her up like a doll. Tsubasa's mother died while she was giving birth to her, so she was raised by her indulgent father, and it was her loneliness that she had in common with Soichiro. In an episode Tsubasa is very possessive of her father and throws a fit when she learns that her father plans to remarry a woman named Izumi, her nurse at the hospital where she was treated for her skateboarding accident. She feels especially abandoned and hurt because she feels that she has just lost Soichiro to Yukino. Tsubasa changes her mind about the marriage after she meets Kazuma, her step brother-to-be, and realizes that Kazuma understands the longing for a family, as he is also the only child of a single parent, and knows the pain of coming home to an empty home every day. Later on in the manga, Kazuma would fall in love with Tsubasa and they end up getting married. Tsubasa was a regular recurring character from episodes 9 through 13 (even being the main focus in episodes 12 and 13) but afterwards she would be used mainly for comic relief with only the occasional line of dialogue peppered in.

Tsubaki Sakura

 is one of Yukino's friends. A talented athlete, her tomboyish prankster attitude eventually catches up to her in the person of a person from her past, Tonami Takefumi. Initially, she could not recognise Takefumi, who underwent a complete transformation during the three years he was away. Takefumi uses this as leverage in his quest to get revenge on Tsubaki. As time goes by, Tsubaki's never-say-die attitude and Takefumi's realisation that he is in love with Tsubaki resolves the conflict between them. After graduating from high school, the two leave Japan to travel the world together. Tsubaki studies at an Egyptian university and eventually becomes a professor of archaeology at an American university. She uses her instincts and capabilities to discover many archaeological sites.

Aya Sawada

 is a published writer at a very young age, Aya is obsessive compulsive when it comes to her writing. She writes a play for the newly formed school drama club, and chases down Maho and Yukino to play lead parts. Although both Maho and Yukino run away at first, Yukino changes her mind after reading the play. Yukino's sister Kano is a big fan of Aya's books. Aya occasionally smokes despite her young age, which Rika and Yukino disapprove of. Later, Aya continues her career as a writer. But like in her younger days, she rushes like mad to meet publishing deadlines due to her forgetfulness. Her capable editor is Kano Miyazawa, Yukino's younger sister.

Rika Sena

 is a gifted seamstress and craftswoman. A self-effacing person, Rika considers her life as average, and the least distinguished among her friends, but she is happy to be behind the scenes. She works on costumes for school plays and events. She has been best friends with Aya since childhood, and she and Aya have a strange dynamic where Aya will do something selfish towards Rika, but Rika's sheer goodness will shame Aya ... and the cycle continues. At some point before the cultural festival, Yukino asked Rika if she had a special someone in mind, and Rika responded to with a denial and blush. Yukino eventually realizes that Rika has a crush on Aya's older brother Kyo when she again blushed while talking to him. However, Aya has been aware of her friend's and brother's mutual infatuation for some time, and after the cultural festival was over, she supposedly stayed behind to do some work so that Rika and her brother would have dinner without her. Though Rika sees herself as the most average and unimpressive member of the group, Tsubaki points out that Rika is actually the most popular with the "regular guys," i.e. the kind that would never tell a girl how they feel. The men in the classroom tense up, confirming Tsubaki's theory. As such, the only one who sees Rika as unimpressive is Rika herself. With her sewing skills, Rika eventually becomes the designated seamstress of Tsubasa's father, a famous fashion designer, who she is a big fan of, and is married to Aya's brother Kyo, which was proved by her change of name to Rika Sawada in the last chapter.

Maho Izawa

 is the star of her middle school, but she falls out of the limelight when she arrives at Hokuei High School because of Yukino. Maho becomes jealous of Yukino, which mirrors Yukino's jealousy of Soichiro. Maho also mentions that she had feelings of love for Yukino when she first saw her. That feeling changed when she found out that Yukino was not as perfect as she made everyone believe. Her jealousy becomes hatred and she turns the entire class against Yukino. However, it eventually fails and the class turns on Maho. Yukino takes the high road and makes the first efforts to make Maho her friend. Maho soon becomes part of Yukino's circle of friends, and although she maintains her aloof attitude, she also eventually learns to cherish the friendships. During her last year as a middle school student, she falls in love with a 28-year-old dentist named Yusuke Takashi, and becomes his girlfriend during high school. She was aware of the "headaches" he had when he rejected her was because Takashi was worrying about Maho and her well-being. She never gave up on him, and when he brought up these "headaches" again, Maho repeated her intended profession—neurosurgery. From that point on, they were together. Takashi is a bit teasing of Maho, but she is aware that the things he does as her boyfriend are to her benefit and of his love. She later marries him, and becomes a doctor at the same hospital as Yukino, as a neurosurgeon.

Kazuma Ikeda

 is the son of the woman whom Tsubasa's father is dating. Tsubasa's step younger brother. He's a member, along with the minor characters Martin, Joker, Ushio and Atsuya, of an indie-rock band (called "Yin & Yang") Because of his bleached hair and skull jewelry, he is initially looked upon with suspicion by Tsubasa. Because he wants his mother to be happy and eager to have a little sister, he has no objections to their marriage. However, he makes the mistake of assuming that Tsubasa is an elementary school student due to her short stature, when in fact she is a month older than he is, causing Tsubasa to have a spectacular meltdown. Although their first meeting goes badly, Kazuma runs into Tsubasa a few days later. He saves her from a "dirty old man with money", but when the police arrive, they assume that he is the bad guy due to his appearance, so Tsubasa has to save him. After spending some time together they realize that they are similar in their loneliness, and immediately bond like a real brother and sister. After their parents marry and move in together, Tsubasa and Kazuma become inseparable. Seeing their close bond during their move-in day, Tsubasa's father presciently wonders whether step-siblings can marry. His big-brother-like qualities are what naturally brings him and Arima together as friends, with the latter very much impressed with Kazuma's musical talent. Arima and Kazuma easily relate to each other without any trace of friction, which elicits a bit of jealousy from Hideaki and Takefumi. Kazuma falls in love with Tsubasa but she feels he chose music over her. He leaves home, but writes many love songs about Tsubasa, which become huge hits for his band in their first label album, which they all agree to call 'Tsubasa'. After working through whether he loves Tsubasa as a sister or as a woman, he eventually returns home, and immediately asks Tsubasa to marry him. They marry soon after Tsubasa's high school graduation. After his two appearances in episodes 12 and 13, He is neither seen nor referred to again.

Takefumi Tonami

 was a fat, sickly, and spoiled child who was constantly picked on in elementary school. He was somewhat protected by the tomboy Tsubaki, who, while protecting him from other bullies, would bully Takefumi herself. When he asked Tsubaki why she paid attention to him, she told him that a teacher had asked her to look after him. After hearing this, Takefumi is humiliated as he had never been in his life; he is humiliated because he had believed that he was somehow special to Tsubaki, but he realized that she did not care about him at all, and was just obeying a teacher's request. He transferred to a school in another city, but returns years later to attend Hokuei High School with the other characters. When he returns to Tokyo, he had lost weight, become healthy, tall, handsome, and completely unrecognizable. He intends to take advantage of the fact that no one recognizes him to get revenge on Tsubaki. Although he butts heads with Yukino at first, she recognizes that his efforts to transform himself are similar to her own obsession with her image, and they share a mutual, albeit begrudging, admiration. He later realizes that his feelings for Tsubaki are actually love, and that the source of his seeming hatred for her was because he felt rejected by her. After he realizes this, he finds out that Tsubaki likes him, too, and they become a couple. However, he is conflicted by the fact that he loves her free nature but it is this that keeps her from being tied down in a relationship. In the end, the two are able to resolve the problem and stay together. Immediately after their high school graduation ceremony, they fly together to Egypt from Narita Airport. Later, he travels around the world with Tsubaki, investigating archaeological remains. Along the way, he learns eight languages. With his linguistic talent, he becomes an expert in deciphering ancient characters.

Kei Arima
Soichiro's sadistic cousin. He and the other nameless relatives are often seen in flashbacks torturing the defenseless Soichiro. They first appear in Volume 6, when Soichiro attends a family reunion. They mock him, and then become hostile when he tries to ignore them. They are then seen in Volume 13, pondering about whether or not Soichiro was attending a wedding. When he is smug to his aunt Eiko, they attempt to beat him up in a bathroom, but he fights back, and claims that it is his time for revenge. The nameless cousins visit Soichiro's school, and they attempt to befriend him, claiming that they hate Kei, but Soichiro punches one away. They then state that he is a disgrace, and this is their final appearance. Yukino claims at the end of the story that she will get revenge on them in perfectly legal ways.

Yusuke Takeshi
Maho's dentist boyfriend. He first meets her when he watches her lecture her friends about shoplifting, and informs her that her leg is bleeding. She then remembers him from when she explored a new street that she had never been on, mistaking him for a doorman. He claims that the vision of a pretty schoolgirl in a uniform holding flowers was an incredible sight. The two quickly become friends, and she brings him treats from her family's sweet shop. When the two are in his apartment, she confesses her feelings of love to him, disturbing him. The rest of the chapter is like a wild goose chase for the two, Maho following him around. He then tells her that she mistook friendship for love, saddening her, and time passes. She meets him again after she enrolls into high school, and he says that his headaches are coming back, and Maho vows to fix them because she wants to be a doctor. Takeshi visits the cultural festival in the manga, causing Maho to shout, knowing that he will mock her. They are also seen shopping together, and Takeshi eventually goes to New York for training. This begins the Reiji arc, because Maho visits him and they attend his concert with Kazuma and Yin and Yang. Kazuma begins to sing, and they go backstage to meet Reiji, and Takeshi exclaims that Reiji resembles somebody that they know. He is not seen again for the remaining story, his cameo in the last volume is simply Maho's profile that reads MAHO TAKESHI, proving that they got married.

Ryoko
Soichiro's abusive mother. In junior high, she was sexually and physically abused by her stepfather, emotionally scarring her for life. She is a gold digger who chases Reiji for money. She successfully seduces him and she gets pregnant with his baby. Thanks to her, Reiji was constantly beat up by her ex-boyfriend. She demands high amounts of money for child support, but Reiji soon realizes that she is abusive and they lose contact. She often would beat and starve Soichiro as a child, even stabbing him at one point. Children would call him a monster due to his bruises. She eventually abandons him, and works at a bar. While watching television, she learns that Soichiro won a national kendo tournament, and tells her employees that he was taken away from her as a baby. She stalks Soichiro, hoping to cash in. He eventually refuses, and she ambushes him outside of school numerous times, making Yukino jealous. Thanks to his friends, he gets away. Going home from cram school, he encounters her, and she tries to hit him with her purse covered in jewels. Shizune appears in the nick of time and blocks him, telling her to go. Ryoko appears one last time trying to meet Soichiro and Reiji, and Reiji threatens to kill her, but she is saved by Soichiro.

Shizune Arima

Soji's wife. The two were childhood friends, and Soji's father was her doctor. She was quite sickly as a child, and her artist father often painted her outdoor scenes. She also had a mother and older brother. She falls in love with Soji, but she was unable to bear children, and was pleased when they adopted the adorable Soichiro. She never got along with Reiji. She is aware that the reason Reiji doesn't like her is because of his jealousy towards her marriage to his older brother, Soji. Her father takes interest in Asaba. She eventually saves Soichiro from Ryoko, and is angry when Soichiro cuts his hand. When she reunites with Reiji, he tells her that she has gotten old, angering her.

References

Kare Kano


Ionia was an ancient region of southwestern coastal Anatolia (in present-day Turkey).

Ionia may also refer to:

Places

Greece
 Ionian Islands
 Ionia, Chios

United States
 Ionia, Iowa
 Ionia Township, Jewell County, Kansas
 Ionia, Kansas
 Ionia County, Michigan
 Ionia, Michigan
 Ionia Township, Michigan
 Ionia, Missouri
 Ionia, Nebraska
 Ionia, New York (disambiguation), multiple locations
 Ionia (Trevilians, Virginia), a historic plantation house
 Ionia Volcano, east of Newcastle, Nebraska, U.S.

Other places
 Ionia (satrapy), in the First Persian Empire

Fictional locations
 Ionia, a fictional place in the video game League of Legends

People and characters
 Ionia, stage name for Clémentine de Vère (1888–1973), magician and illusionist
 Ionia, a fictional character in the video game Mother 3

Other uses
 Ionia (album), by Lycia, 1991
 Ionia (novel), by Alexander Craig, 1898

See also

Ionic (disambiguation), including "Ionian"


Fisher House Foundation, Inc. is an international, nonprofit established to improve the quality of life for members of the military, veterans, and their families. The foundation builds comfort homes where military and veteran families can stay free of charge while a loved one is in the hospital. Fisher Houses are located at major military and VA medical centers nationwide and in Europe, close to the medical center or hospital they serve.

Other Quality of Life programs include the Hero Miles and Hotels for Heroes programs, ongoing assistance to Fisher Houses, scholarships, support for continuing rehabilitation initiatives, and individual assistance to members of the military and their families during a crisis.

History and Organization
The Fisher House program was established in 1990 by Zachary Fisher and Elizabeth Fisher in response to the recognized need for housing for military families while their loved ones were hospitalized.

In 1991, the first Fisher House was inaugurated at the National Naval Medical Center (now Walter Reed Military Medical Center) in Bethesda, Maryland, with the presence of President George Bush Sr. and Mrs. Bush during the dedication ceremony.

The Fishers entered into a “public-private partnership” with the government, allowing Fisher to construct these homes on government-owned land. Subsequently, these homes were "gifted" back to the military to operate in perpetuity. Their aim was to provide families with a "home away from home," enabling them to be a part of the healing process.

The Fishers continued to use their personal funds to construct additional homes until Zachary Fisher's passing in 1999.

Currently, Ken Fisher, Zachary’s grand-nephew, continues the legacy and serves as the Chairman and CEO of Fisher House Foundation.

Housing

As of September 2023, more than 95 Fisher Houses are in operation in the United States, Germany, and in the UK with partnership support from the Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham Charity and Help for Heroes, which have opened accommodation for patients at the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine and their families. Several other sites have expanded beyond their original square footage to accommodate more families.

Fisher Houses have up to 21 suites, with private bedrooms and baths.  Families share a common kitchen, laundry facilities, a warm dining room and an inviting living room.

Impact
According to the organization's 2022 annual impact report, the foundation had more than 445,000 families stay in Fisher Houses since 1990, saving them more than $575 million in lodging and travel expenses.

The organization has also covered death gratuity payments of $100,000 USD to families of soldiers killed in the line of duty during government shut-downs. During the 16-day 2013 government shutdown, they provided $750,000 in grants to 30 families.

Partnership
Over the years the Fisher House Foundation has partnered with other foundations, organizations, and companies in order, to raise money, stock the homes, and help those at the homes and military families. Some of those include;

 Newman's Own
 Suave
 Fuzzy's Vodka
 National Football League Players Association (NFLPA)
 Hope for the Warriors
 Food Lion Feeds
 Smokey Bones Bar & Fire Grill
 Samsung
 Walmart [Operation: Deck the Walls]

Recognition
In 2018, the foundation was recognized as the top charity for supporting the military, veterans and their families, based on accountability, transparency and financial reports. Charity Navigator, a US charity rating agency, has designated the foundation with a four star rating for 16 straight years in 2019.

See also
Naval Support Activity Bethesda
Ronald McDonald House Charities, a similar charity for civilians

References

External links

Official websites

Medical and health organizations based in Maryland
Non-profit organizations based in Maryland
Organizations established in 1990


James Michael Burke (September 24, 1886 – May 23, 1968) was an Irish-American film and television character actor born in New York City.

Career

Burke made his stage debut in New York around 1912 and went to Hollywood in 1933. He made over 200 film appearances during his career between 1932 and 1964, some of them uncredited. He was often cast as a police officer, usually a none-too-bright one, such as his role as Sergeant Velie in Columbia Pictures' Ellery Queen crime dramas in the early 1940s. Burke can also be seen in At The Circus, The Maltese Falcon, Lone Star, and many other films. One of his memorable roles is his portrayal of a rowdy rancher in the 1935 comedy Ruggles of Red Gap.

In the early 1950s, Burke appeared on television with Tom Conway in the ABC detective drama Inspector Mark Saber—Homicide Detective, a series later renamed, reformatted, and switched to NBC under the new title Saber of London. In 1955 Burke appeared as Buckshot on the TV western Cheyenne in the episode "Border Showdown." In 1958, he appeared as Sheriff John Tatum in the episode, "Bounty" in the TV series, Wanted: Dead or Alive.

Death
Burke died on May 23, 1968, in Los Angeles, California, at age 81. His death was attributed to a heart condition.

Selected filmography

The Painted Woman (1932) - Sailor, Yank's Pal (uncredited)
Face in the Sky (1933) - Cop (uncredited)
A Lady's Profession (1933) - Mulroy
The Girl in 419 (1933) - Detective Jackson
The Man Who Dared (1933) - Registrar of Voters (uncredited)
College Humor (1933) - Cromwell Dexter
Her Bodyguard (1933) - Police Captain (uncredited)
The Power and the Glory (1933) - Gateman (uncredited)
Torch Singer (1933) - Taxicab Driver (uncredited)
To the Last Man (1933) - Kentucky Sheriff (uncredited)
The Bowery (1933) - Recruiting Sergeant (uncredited)
Bombshell (1933) - First Immigration Officer (uncredited)
Tillie and Gus (1933) - Juror (uncredited)
The Kennel Murder Case (1933) - Policeman Who Lets Philo's Dog Out (uncredited)
Blood Money (1933) - Pool Hall Detective (uncredited)
Jimmy and Sally (1933) - Furniture Mover (uncredited)
Gallant Lady (1933) - Policeman in Park (uncredited)
Lady Killer (1933) - Panhandler (uncredited)
Queen Christina (1933) - the Blacksmith - 4th Rabble Rouser (uncredited)
It's a Gift (1934)
Fugitive Lovers (1934) - Joe Cobb (uncredited)
All of Me (1934) - Welfare Island Guard (uncredited)
Six of a Kind (1934) - Detective (uncredited)
It Happened One Night (1934) - Detective (uncredited)
Gambling Lady (1934) - Detective Making Raid (uncredited)
Wharf Angel (1934) - Brooklyn Jack
Good Dame (1934) - Cop (uncredited)
City Limits (1934) - King
Sisters Under the Skin (1934) - Conroy
A Very Honorable Guy (1934) - Sergeant (uncredited)
Twentieth Century (1934) - Sheriff (uncredited)
Sadie McKee (1934) - First Motorcycle Cop (uncredited)
The Scarlet Empress (1934) - Guard (uncredited)
The Merry Frinks (1934) - 3rd Expressman (uncredited)
Little Miss Marker (1934) - Detective Reardon (uncredited)
Such Women Are Dangerous (1934) - Detective
Friends of Mr. Sweeney (1934) - Policeman Arresting Wynn (uncredited)
The Cat's-Paw (1934) - Gargan (uncredited)
The Girl from Missouri (1934) - Policeman at Cousins' Suicide (uncredited)
Treasure Island (1934) - Pirate of the Spanish Main
The Lemon Drop Kid (1934) - First Tramp (uncredited)
Happiness Ahead (1934) - Policeman (uncredited)
Lady by Choice (1934) - Brannigan
Love Time (1934) - Emperor Francis I
Ticket to a Crime (1934) - Detective Lt. John Aloysius McGinnis
The Secret Bride (1934) - Diner Counterman (uncredited)
Rumba (1935) - Reporter (uncredited)
The Mystery Man (1935) - Managing Editor Marvin
Ruggles of Red Gap (1935) - Jeff Tuttle
Mississippi (1935) - Skeptical Passenger in Pilot House (uncredited)
Princess O'Hara (1935) - A Detective (uncredited)
Dinky (1935) - Truck Driver
So Red the Rose (1935) - Major Rushton
Make a Million (1935) - Pete
After the Dance (1935) - Police Lieutenant (uncredited)
Broadway Gondolier (1935) - Uncle Andy
The Farmer Takes a Wife (1935) - Man Hauling Rifles and Bullets (uncredited)
Man on the Flying Trapeze (1935) - Patrolman No.2
Welcome Home (1935) - Michael Shaughnessy
Call of the Wild (1935) - Ole
The Affair of Susan (1935) - Hogan
Here Comes Cookie (1935) - Broken-Nose Reilly
Case of the Missing Man (1935) - Police Sergeant Rorty
Remember Last Night? (1935) - Motorcycle Cop (uncredited)
Music Is Magic (1935) - Mickey (uncredited)
Coronado (1935) - Slug Moran
Frisco Waterfront (1935) - Corrigan
Dancing Feet (1936) - Phil Moore
It Had to Happen (1936) - Foreman (uncredited)
The Leathernecks Have Landed (1936) - Corrigan
The Trail of the Lonesome Pine (1936) - Leader (uncredited)
Klondike Annie (1936) - Bartender (uncredited)
Song and Dance Man (1936) - Lt. Mike Boyle
Forgotten Faces (1936) - Sgt. Johnny Donovan
Rhythm on the Range (1936) - Wabash
36 Hours to Kill (1936) - Doyle
Pepper (1936) - Hamburger Man (uncredited)
Old Hutch (1936) - Bank Teller (scenes deleted)
Can This Be Dixie? (1936) - Sheriff N.B.F. Rider
Laughing at Trouble (1936) - Sheriff Bill Norton
Great Guy (1936) - Pat Haley
Champagne Waltz (1937) - Mr. Scribner
Pick a Star (1937) - Detective Nolan (uncredited)
High, Wide and Handsome (1937) - Stackpole
Dead End (1937) - Officer Mulligan
Life Begins with Love (1937) - Darby McGraw
The Perfect Specimen (1937) - Sheriff Bill Snodgrass
The Buccaneer (1938) - Pirate (uncredited)
Flight into Nowhere (1938) - Ike Matthews
Joy of Living (1938) - Mac
Men with Wings (1938) - J.A. Nolan
You Can't Take It with You (1938) - Chief Detective (uncredited)
The Affairs of Annabel (1938) - Muldoon
The Mad Miss Manton (1938) - Sullivan
Little Orphan Annie (1938) - Mike Moriarty
Orphans of the Street (1938) - Police Officer Lou Manning
The Dawn Patrol (1938) - Flaherty
The Saint Strikes Back (1939) - Headquarters Police Officer
Within the Law (1939) - 'Red'
I'm from Missouri (1939) - Walt Bliss
The Family Next Door (1939) - Policeman (uncredited)
Sudden Money (1939) - McPherson
Dodge City (1939) - Cattle Auctioneer (uncredited)
On Borrowed Time (1939) - Sheriff Burlingame
Beau Geste (1939) - Lieutenant Dufour
Fast and Furious (1939) - Clancy
At the Circus (1939) - John Carter
The Cisco Kid and the Lady (1939) - Pop Saunders
Double Alibi (1940) - Police Captain Orr
Buck Benny Rides Again (1940) - Taxi Driver
Charlie Chan's Murder Cruise (1940) - Wilkie
Opened by Mistake (1940) - Police Sergeant Wilkins
The Saint Takes Over (1940) - Patrolman Mike
The Way of All Flesh (1940) - Frisco
The Golden Fleecing (1940) - Sibley - Motorcycle Cop
No Time for Comedy (1940) - Police Sergeant (uncredited)
Little Nellie Kelly (1940) - Sergeant McGowan
Ellery Queen, Master Detective (1940) - Sgt. Velle
Ellery Queen's Penthouse Mystery (1941) - Police Sergeant Velie
Pot o' Gold (1941) - Lt. Grady
Reaching for the Sun (1941) - Norm
Million Dollar Baby (1941) - Callahan
Ellery Queen and the Perfect Crime (1941) - Sgt. Velie
The Maltese Falcon (1941) - Luke
Ellery Queen and the Murder Ring (1941) - Sgt. Velie
All Through the Night (1942) - Lieutenant Forbes
A Close Call for Ellery Queen (1942) - Police Sgt. Velle
My Favorite Blonde (1942) - Union Secretary
A Desperate Chance for Ellery Queen (1942) - Sgt. Velie
It Happened in Flatbush (1942) - Umpire Shaunnessy
Are Husbands Necessary? (1942) - Tough Mugg (uncredited)
Enemy Agents Meet Ellery Queen (1942) - Police Sgt. Velie
Army Surgeon (1942) - Brooklyn
A Night to Remember (1942) - Pat Murphy
No Place for a Lady (1943) - Moriarity
Dixie (1943) - Riverboat Captain (uncredited)
Thank Your Lucky Stars (1943) - Bill - the Intern Guard (uncredited)
Riding High (1943) - Pete Brown (uncredited)
3 Men in White (1944) - First Policeman (uncredited)
Casanova Brown (1944) - O'Leary (uncredited)
The Horn Blows at Midnight (1945) - Cliffside Park Policeman (uncredited)
Anchors Aweigh (1945) - Studio Cop
Guest Wife (1945) - Waiter (uncredited)
Shady Lady (1945) - Crane
I Love a Bandleader (1945) - Charles Gibley
How DOooo You Do (1945) - Detective
Young Widow (1946) - Motorcycle Cop (uncredited)
The Virginian (1946) - Andy Jones (uncredited)
Bowery Bombshell (1946) - Detective O'Malley
Two Years Before the Mast (1946) - Carrick
Sister Kenny (1946) - Minor Role (scenes deleted)
California (1947) - Pokey
Easy Come, Easy Go (1947) - Harry Weston
Lost Honeymoon (1947) - Bartender (uncredited)
 Philo Vance's Gamble (1947) - Lt. Burke
Blaze of Noon (1947) - Farmer (uncredited)
Living in a Big Way (1947) - Murphy (uncredited)
Down to Earth (1947) - Detective Kelly
Gas House Kids in Hollywood (1947) - Police Lt. Burke
Song of the Thin Man (1947) - Michael Callahan - Police Officer (uncredited)
Nightmare Alley (1947) - Rural Marshal (uncredited)
Body and Soul (1947) - Arnold (uncredited)
The Big Clock (1948) - O'Brien
The Timber Trail (1948) - Jed Baker
Texas, Brooklyn and Heaven (1948) - Cop (uncredited)
Beyond Glory (1948) - Jim, the Bartender (uncredited)
Night Wind (1948) - Sheriff Hamilton
June Bride (1948) - Luke Potter
 Shamrock Hill  (1949)  - Michael Rogan
Alias Nick Beal (1949) - Bum (uncredited)
Take Me Out to the Ball Game (1949) - Policeman (uncredited)
Mighty Joe Young (1949) - Producer (uncredited)
Red, Hot and Blue (1949) - Joe, Doorman (uncredited)
The Kid from Texas (1950) - Blacksmith (uncredited)
Let's Dance (1950) - George (uncredited)
Copper Canyon (1950) - Jeb Bassett
Mrs. O'Malley and Mr. Malone (1950) - The Train Conductor
Valentino (1951) - Policeman in Park (uncredited)
The Last Outpost (1951) - Stagecoach Driver (uncredited)
Raton Pass (1951) - Hank
Excuse My Dust (1951) - MSgt. Nuckols (uncredited)
His Kind of Woman (1951) - Barkeeper in Nogales (uncredited)
Warpath (1951) - Oldtimer
Here Comes the Groom (1951) - O'Neill, Policeman
Lone Star (1952) - Luther Kilgore
Denver and Rio Grande (1952) - Sheriff Ed Johnson
We're Not Married! (1952) - Willie's Sergeant (uncredited)
Toughest Man in Arizona (1952) - George Ryan (uncredited)
Lucky Me (1954) - Mahoney
You're Never Too Young (1955) - Pullman Conductor (uncredited)
The Birds and the Bees (1956) - Steward (uncredited)
Back from Eternity (1956) - Grimsby, Airline Manager (uncredited)
Public Pigeon No. 1 (1957) - Harrigan
The Unholy Wife (1957) - Sheriff Tom Watling
Alias Jesse James (1959) - Charlie (uncredited)
The Young Philadelphians (1959) - Police Officer Barney Flanagan (uncredited)

- "Wagon Train" S1 E17 "The Jesse Cowan Story"-TV 1957-Anse Beale, the peace-loving patriarch of a feuding family

• Stagecoach West - TV (1960/61) - Zeke Bonner (recurring character)

References and notes

External links

Male actors from New York City
American male stage actors
American male film actors
American male television actors
20th-century American male actors
1886 births
1968 deaths


Muḥammad ʾAmīn ʾAstarābādī (, died 1623/24 or 1626/1627) was an Iranian theologian and founder or proponent of the orthodox conservative(Akhbari) strand in Twelver Shia Islamic belief, those who base their theology on hadiths and reject fatwas. He was born in Astarabadi, the former name of Gorgan.

Astarabadi saw himself as a reviver of a lost Islamic tradition, known as the sunnah. He was followed by a number of scholars who explicitly identified themselves with the Akhbari. These scholars called for the return to the hadith sources, in a belief that the words and actions of the Imams were readily seen, but had been corrupted by centuries of excessive commentary.

Works
 Fawāʾid al Madaniyyah fī ar Radd ʿalā min qāl bal ʾIjtihād wa at Taqlīd fī al ʾAḥkām al ʾilāhiyya()
 Ḥāshiyyah ʿalā Sharḥ al Madarāk  ()
 Sharḥ at Tahdhīb ()
 Sharḥ al ʾIstibsār ()
 ʾUnmūdhaj al ʿUlūm ()

See also
 Usuli, the denomination within the Twelver Shia school that Astarabadi opposed

References

 Abisaab, Rula J. (2015) "Shi`i Jurisprudence, Sunnism and the Traditionist Thought (akhbārī) of Muhammad Amin Astarabadi (d. 1036/1626-7), IJMES 47: 5-23.
 Newman, Andrew J. (1992) "The Nature of the Akhbari/Usuli Dispute in Late Safawid Iran, Part 2: The Conflict Reassessed" Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies University of London 55(2): pp. 250–261
 Gleave, Robert (2004) "Akhbariyya" Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World (ed. Richard C. Martin) Vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, New York,
 Gleave, Robert (2007) Scripturalist Islam: the history and doctrines of the Akhbari Shi'i school Brill Academic, Leiden,

1620s deaths
Hadith scholars
Year of birth unknown
17th-century Muslim theologians
Iranian Shia scholars of Islam
16th-century writers from Safavid Iran
Safavid theologians
17th-century writers from Safavid Iran
People from Gorgan
17th-century Iranian writers


White Crown Mountain is a mountain in the Princess Margaret Range on Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada. It is located on the southwestern edge of the Muller Icecap and is surrounded by glaciers.

References

Arctic Cordillera
Two-thousanders of Nunavut


Opticks is a remote sensing application that supports imagery, video (motion imagery), synthetic aperture radar (SAR), multi-spectral, hyper-spectral, and other types of remote sensing data. Opticks supports processing remote sensing video in the same manner as it supports imagery, which differentiates it from other remote sensing applications. Opticks was initially developed by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. and other organizations for the United States Intelligence Community. Ball Aerospace open sourced Opticks hoping to increase the demand for remote sensing data and broaden the features available in existing remote sensing software. The Opticks software and its extensions are developed by over twenty different organizations, and over two hundred users are registered users at http://opticks.org.  Future planned enhancements include adding the ability to ingest and visualize lidar data, as well as a three-dimensional (3-D) visualization capability.

Opticks can also be used as a remote sensing software development framework. Developers can extend Opticks functionality using its plug-in architecture and public application programming interface (API). Opticks is open source, licensed under GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) 2.1. Opticks was brought into the open source community in Dec 2007 and has a large developer community. For more information, see the history of Opticks.

Desktop Application
Opticks can be used as a standard desktop application. The vanilla software can be used to read and write imagery in several formats and for some basic data analysis as described in the Opticks Feature Tour. The Opticks community provides installation packages for Microsoft Windows, Solaris 10 SPARC, and some distributions of Linux.

Software Framework
Opticks can also be used as a software development framework. The Opticks community provides and supports a public SDK which includes a documented API as well as several extension tutorials. The Opticks website hosts a variety of extensions, some of which are developed and maintained by the same development team as Opticks.

Community
Opticks has active mailing lists here and an IRC channel available here.

The issue tracker is available here.

The source code is available here.

Opticks has applied for incubation with the OSGeo foundation.

Opticks has participated in both the Google Summer of Code and ESA Summer of Code in Space programs.

Google Summer of Code

GSoC 2010
Opticks participated in GSoC 2010 with two students. The titles of the accepted projects were "Adding Image Stack Support and New Algorithm Plugin for Opticks" and "Speckle removal and edge detection tool for SAR image". Extensions for the projects are available here and here.

GSoC 2011
Opticks participated in GSoC 2011 under the OSGeo organization with three students. The titles of the accepted projects were "Photography processing tools for Opticks", "Development of a ship detection and classification toolkit for SAR imagery in Opticks", and "Astronomical processing tools for Opticks. Extensions for the projects are available here, here, and here.

GSoC 2012
Visit the current ideas page on the Opticks Website.

European Space Agency Summer of Code in Space

ESA SOCIS 2011
Opticks participated in ESA SOCIS in 2011. The project page can be found on the Opticks website.

ESA SOCIS 2012
Visit the current ideas page on the Opticks Website.

See also

Remote sensing
Synthetic aperture radar
Hyperspectral
Multispectral
Imagery analysis
Lidar
Radar
Open-source software

References

External links

Remote sensing software
Science software for Windows
Solaris software
Free software programmed in C++
2001 software
Synthetic aperture radar


Utricularia reflexa is a small to medium-sized suspended aquatic carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. reflexa is native to Africa and can be found in Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chad, the Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

See also
 List of Utricularia species

References

Carnivorous plants of Africa
Flora of Benin
Flora of Burkina Faso
Flora of Burundi
Flora of Cameroon
Flora of Chad
Flora of Ivory Coast
Flora of Ghana
Flora of Guinea
Flora of Kenya
Flora of Madagascar
Flora of Malawi
Flora of Mali
Flora of Niger
Flora of Nigeria
Flora of Senegal
Flora of Sierra Leone
Flora of Sudan
Flora of Tanzania
Flora of the Central African Republic
Flora of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Flora of the Gambia
Flora of Togo
Flora of Uganda
Flora of Zambia
Flora of Zimbabwe
reflexa
Taxa named by Daniel Oliver


The Canadian Radio League () was a public pressure group led by Graham Spry and Alan Plaunt to mobilize support for the establishment of public broadcasting in Canada.

The League was founded in 1930 in order to lobby for the implementation of the 1929 Report of the Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting (Aird Commission) recommending the creation of a Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (the forerunner of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.) Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King had delayed implementation of the Aird Commission's report until after the 1930 federal election. However, with the defeat of King's government and the election of a Conservative government led by R.B. Bennett, the future of public broadcasting become uncertain.

Spry and Plaunt founded the League and used it to influence public opinion in support of public broadcasting making their case to trade unions, farm groups, business associations, churches, the Royal Canadian Legion, the Canadian Club of Toronto, newspapers, university presidents and other influential public figures.

The Canadian parliament held public hearings into the future of broadcasting in Canada at which the League testified urging the creation of a national public broadcasting system that would reflect Canadians' identity and be free from the influence of private American interests. "The choice before the committee is clear," Spry affirmed during the hearings. "It is a choice between commercial interests and the people's interest. It is a choice between the state and the United States."

Largely as a result of the CRL's efforts, the Bennett government introduced the Canadian Broadcasting Act of 1932 creating the CRBC.

In 1968 Spry revived the CRL as the 'Canadian Broadcasting League when the creation of a new Broadcast Act threatened the future of the CBC. For the next two decades it was active lobbying on the issue of public broadcasting and the cable television industry profits, funding for the CBC, educational broadcasting and legislation. It remained active until the late 1980s.

See also
 Friends of Canadian Broadcasting (modern-day equivalent)

References

Political advocacy groups in Canada
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
Public radio in Canada
Cultural promotion organizations
Protectionism


The Chopping Block is an Australian reality television series which began airing on the Nine Network on 6 February 2008. Produced by Granada Productions, it was hosted by chef Matt Moran. Catriona Rowntree co-hosted the show with Moran in its first season. It ran for two series of 8 episodes each.

Format
Each week two Melbourne and Sydney restaurants were reviewed by a secret critic (ABC Radio National broadcaster and food critic Alan Saunders) and given A$5,000. With assistance from restaurateur Matt Moran, they were given 72 hours to use that money to overhaul their menu, service and décor in an effort to win both his and the critics' approval.

Episodes

Season 1

Season 2

Ratings
The first episode of The Chopping Block had a disappointing debut, with only 718,000 viewers nationally, a low figure for its 7:30–8:30 timeslot. An uncut repeat of the first episode was aired the following night at 10:30pm, managing a reasonable 546,000 viewers for its timeslot. The second episode fared much better, managing 1,040,000 viewers nationally - nearly 300,000 more viewers than the first episode.

Overall, ratings for the second series were generally higher than the first, and both series averaged 959,517 viewers across the year.

U.S. version

NBC and Granada America have picked up the rights to produce the series in the United States. The U.S. version is hosted by Marco Pierre White, and features a number of changes to the format, such as multiple contestants, an ongoing objective instead of self-contained episodes, and an emphasis on competition.

The first episode premiered on 11 March 2009, but was canceled due to low ratings after three episodes. After a 3-month hiatus, 'Chopping Block' returned to complete its season.

References

External links
 Official Website
 List of competing restaurants

Nine Network original programming
2000s Australian reality television series
2008 Australian television series debuts
2008 Australian television series endings
Reality cooking competition television series
Television series by ITV Studios


The Jungle King (also known as: Enchanted Tales: The Jungle King) is a 1994 American animated musical film that was made by Golden Books' film studio, Golden Films and distributed by Sony Wonder. Diane Eskenazi, who is the founder of Golden Films, was the producer, director and storywriter for the film as she did the same for other animated films made by this studio. It was originally released on VHS in 1994, but it later did see a DVD release in 2003. This animated feature was released in Golden Films' Enchanted Tales collection of films. The style of the film is reminiscent to the cartoons and animated films of the 1970s.

Plot
Taking place in the continent between Africa and Asia, the film is about an anthropomorphic lion named King Maximilian III, a grumpy, selfish and obnoxious king who rules the main part of the continent in an unpopular monarchy. He constantly makes preposterous laws and oppresses his subjects, though he is oblivious to how much he is hated by the angry animal citizens, due to how his main servants, the hyena Chancellor (with his beautiful parrot assistant, Ricardo) and gorilla General Glump, constantly flatter and cajole towards him. Meanwhile, Max's twin brother, Irwin, who is kind and friendly, enjoys his life illustrating birds, including his pet bird, Daphne.

One day, Max falls in love with a young lioness named Leonette and demands to marry her, despite the fact that she hates him as much as anyone-else, even though the rest of her family love the king and support the idea of her marriage to him. Unfortunately, the Chancellor is also in love with her and plots to take the throne. To this end, he has been doing covert work in another part of the continent that is ruled by Emperor Raj, a tiger king who rules less land than Max. They plot to remove King Max and attack his army while they are leaderless. As a result, the Chancellor would become king and Raj would get more land. The next day, Chancellor tricks Max into bathing in the river, in where he is captured in a lion cage by zoo hunters.

Upon learning of Max's capture and the Chancellor's betrayal, General Glump seeks out Irwin and asks for his help. Using his likeness, Irwin poses as Max and manages to fool the Chancellor. During his ruse, he also repeals all of Max's ludicrous laws, thus winning the hearts of the animal citizens, including Leonette. Irwin himself falls in love with her, but she finds out that Irwin is not really the king and rejects him for his lies. The Chancellor also learns of the deception and advises Raj to attack anyway since Irwin doesn't know how to lead an army. Raj agrees to this, but secretly plans to betray the Chancellor out of distrust.

General Glump manages to save Max from hunter's camp and they both return to find the kingdom under attack by Emperor Raj and his army. The Chancellor runs away after being betrayed and invades Leonette's home where he kidnaps her. The soldiers quickly fall into disarray due to Irwin's ineptitude, but the citizens join the fight to repay his kindness. Upon which, Max realizes how unpopular he was before. Soon enough, Max and Irwin get together and team up to fight back, forcing Raj's army into retreat. Once Raj has been defeated, Irwin rescues Leonette and defeats Chancellor, who runs away for good after being kicked by the angry Leonette.

The next day, Max changes his ways and even offers to share the monarchy with Irwin, but Irwin decides that he wants to marry Leonette, who he has reconciled with. Together they return to the jungle to get his book finished, alongside Ricardo and Daphne, who have also fallen in love.

Voice cast

Irene Cara as Leonette
Cam Clarke as Ricardo the beautiful Parrot and Emperor Raj
Townsend Coleman (additional voices)

See also
Golden Films

References

External links

1994 films
1994 animated films
American children's animated adventure films
American children's animated fantasy films
American fantasy adventure films
Animated films about lions
1990s American animated films
1990s fantasy adventure films
Golden Films animated films
1990s English-language films


This is a list of the fauna of Finland. Finland borders Sweden to the west, Russia to the east, and Norway to the north, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland, allowing an ecological mix. Finland contains many species of mammals, birds, and fish, but only a few reptiles and amphibians. This article discusses all the vertebrate animals which can be found on Finland itself, not the oceans.

Mammals

There are over 90 species of mammals found in Finland and the surrounding oceans. Some were introduced from other countries in Europe, as well as other continents, such as Asia and North America. Rodents and shrews are most common in Finland.

Rodents
There are close to 30 species of rodents living throughout Finland. These include the widespread Muridae, such as the house mouse, brown rat and wood mouse which live throughout Europe, and the Norway lemming, which only lives in Scandinavia. Some were introduced there, and they include the muskrat and nutria among others.

House mouse, Mus musculus (common)
Brown rat, Rattus norvegicus (common)
Black rat, Rattus rattus (uncommon)
Striped field mouse, Apodemus agrarius (common)
Yellow-necked mouse, Apodemus flavicollis (common)
Harvest mouse, Micromys minutus (common)
Common vole, Microtus arvalis (common)
Field vole, Microtus agrestis (common)
Tundra vole, Microtus oeconomus (common)
Southern vole, Microtus rossiaemeridionalis (common)
Water vole, Arvicola terrestris (common)
Bank vole, Clethrionomys glareolus (common)
Grey red-backed vole, Clethrionomys rufocanus (common)
Northern red-backed vole, Clethrionomys rutilus (common)
Norway lemming, Lemmus lemmus (common)
Wood lemming, Myopus schisticolor (uncommon)
Muskrat, Ondatra zibethicus (common/introduced from North America)
Northern birch mouse, Sicista betulina (common)
Garden dormouse, Eliomys quercinus (rare)
Red squirrel, Sciurus vulgaris (common)
Siberian flying squirrel, Pteromys volans (rare)
European beaver, Castor fiber (rare, though increasing)
North American beaver, Castor canadensis (much more common than the European beaver/introduced from North America)
Nutria, Myocastor coypus (rare/introduced from South America)

Lagomorphs
There are 3 species of rabbits and hares found in Finland. The common rabbit spread there from central Europe. It is now found in practically all of Europe. The other two species are hares.

European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus (common/spread from central Europe)
Brown hare, Lepus europaeus (common)
Mountain hare, Lepus timidus (common)

Insectivores
There are 10 species of insectivore living in Finland. Eight of the ten are shrews, from the common shrew to the Eurasian water shrew. Shrews are very common in the forests of Finland. A species of mole and one of hedgehog are the remaining insectivores.

Common shrew, Sorex araneus (common)
Eurasian least shrew, Sorex minutissimus (common)
Eurasian pygmy shrew, Sorex minutus (common)
Taiga shrew, Sorex isodon (common)
Laxmann's shrew, Sorex caecutiens (common)
Eurasian water shrew, Neomys fodiens (common)
Western European hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus (common)
European mole, Talpa europaea (common)

Bats
About 13 kinds of bat live in Finland.

Common noctule, Nyctalus noctula (common)
Daubenton's bat, Myotis daubentonii (common)
Pond bat, Myotis dasycneme (scarce)
Whiskered bat, Myotis mystacinus (localised)
Brandt's bat, Myotis brandtii (common)
Natterer's bat, Myotis nattereri (common)
Northern bat, Eptesicus nilssoni (common)
Common pipistrelle, Pipistrellus pipistrellus (common)
Brown long-eared bat, Plecotus auritus (common)
Parti-colored bat, Vespertilio murinus (scarce)

Carnivores
Around 15 species of carnivore are found in Finland. Many of the larger carnivores were or are still in danger of dying out.

Least weasel, Mustela nivalis (common)
Ermine, Mustela erminea (common)
European polecat, Mustela putorius (common)
European mink, Mustela lutreola (very rare)
Pine marten, Martes martes (common)
European otter, Lutra lutra (uncommon)
Eurasian badger, Meles meles (common)
Wolverine, Gulo gulo (rare)
Red fox, Vulpes vulpes (common)
Arctic fox, Alopex lagopus (uncommon)
Raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides (common/introduced from Asia)
Gray wolf, Canis lupus (rare)
Eurasian lynx, Lynx lynx (rare)
Brown bear, Ursus arctos (uncommon)

Pinnipeds
Pinnipeds includes all the seals, sea lions, and the walrus. Four pinnipeds are native to Finland year round (most living on the northern coast), but other species, such as the walrus, may migrate there during certain times of the year. The Saimaa ringed seal is a subspecies of ringed seal native exclusively to Finland and is a famous animal there, though it is also one of the most endangered seal subspecies in the world.

Harbor seal, Phoca vitulina (uncommon)
Ringed seal, Pusa hispida (uncommon)
Gray seal, Halichoerus grypus (common)

Artiodactyls
The order of Artiodactyl includes all even-hooved mammals. There are about 10 species that can be found in Finland. Many species have been either introduced or reintroduced there.

Wild boar, Sus scrofa (common)
Roe deer, Capreolus capreolus (common)
White-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (common/introduced from North America)
Fallow deer, Dama dama (uncommon/introduced from other parts of Europe)
Red deer, Cervus elaphus (very rare/became extinct but recently spreading from Sweden)
Reindeer, Rangifer tarandus (common)
Moose, Alces alces (common)
Mouflon, Ovis musimon (rare/introduced from central Europe)

Cetaceans
This order includes all the whales, toothed whales, and dolphins of the different waters. Finland does not have any large Cetacean species within its territories. Finland's only coast is on the baltic sea which is home to the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) which is the smallest of the dolphin species in the world's oceans. However, the Baltic Sea the population of harbour porpoise has dropped dramatically since the mid-1950s and is now at under 500. The top current threats for Baltic harbour porpoise are bycatch in fisheries, environmental toxins mostly from the Swedish paper industry and anthropogenic noise.

Birds

There are around 340 different kinds of birds all over Finland, from the cold north, to the temperate south. Most are native all year, but some species migrate to warmer areas during the winter. Like mammals, some of Finlands birds have been introduced.

Grebes and loons
Grebes and loons are two separate orders of birds. They are both semi-aquatic and appear similar to ducks.

Dabchick, Tachybaptus ruficollis (uncommon)
Horned grebe, Podiceps auritus (common)
Great crested grebe, Podiceps cristatus (common)
Red-necked grebe, Podiceps grisegena (common)
Black-necked grebe, Podiceps nigricollis (uncommon)
Common loon, Gavia immer (common)
Red-throated loon, Gavia stellata (common)
Arctic loon, Gavia arctica (common)
Yellow-billed loon, Gavia adamsii (rare)

Albatrosses and petrels
Albatrosses and petrels are two of the four families of marine diving birds that make up this order. Some of them look similar to sea gulls, but are found further out at sea. They live mostly off the coasts of Finland.

Northern fulmar, Fulmarus glacialis (common)
Manx shearwater, Puffinus puffinus (common)
Sooty shearwater, Puffinus griseus (rare)
European storm petrel, Hydrobates pelagicus (common)
Leach's storm petrel, Oceanodroma leucorhoa (common)
Madeiran storm petrel, Oceanodroma castro (common)
Wilson's petrel, Oceanites oceanicus (rare)

Pelicaniforms
This includes not only pelicans, but also gannets and cormorants. There are 6 families in this order but only a few species are found in Finland.

Northern gannet, Morus bassana (common)
Great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo (common)
Common shag, Phalacrocorax aristotelis (uncommon)

Herons and storks
Herons and storks are just two of the better known families in this order, which contains a total of six families. All are wading birds who generally have predatory characteristics.

Little bittern, Ixobrychus minutus (uncommon)
Great bittern, Botaurus stellaris (common)
Little egret, Egretta garzetta (common)
Gray heron, Ardea cinerea (common)
Night heron, Nycticorax nycticorax (common)
White stork, Ciconia ciconia (uncommon)
Eurasian spoonbill, Platalea leucorodia (common)

Ducks
This order contains the ducks, geese, and swans. All are in a single family, which is very large and has species from all over the world. Finland has many species.

Greylag goose, Anser anser (common)
Snow goose, Anser caerulescens (common)
Lesser white-fronted goose, Anser erythropus (uncommon)
Greater white-fronted goose, Anser albifrons (common)
Bean goose, Anser fabalis (common)
Pink-footed goose, Anser brachyrhynchus (common)
Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos (common)
Common teal, Anas crecca (common)
Blue-winged teal, Anas discors (rare)
Northern pintail, Anas acuta (common)
Northern shoveler, Anas clypeata (common)
Eurasian wigeon, Anas penelope (common)
Gadwall, Anas strepera (common)
Garganey, Anas querquedula (common)
Tufted duck, Aythya fuligula (common)
Ring-necked duck, Aythya collaris (rare)
Lesser scaup, Aythya affinis (common)
Greater scaup, Aythya marila (common)
Common pochard, Aythya ferina (common)
Barnacle goose, Branta leucopsis (common)
Brent goose, Branta bernicla (common)
Red-breasted goose, Branta ruficollis (very rare)
Canada goose, Branta canadensis (common/introduced from North America)
Common shelduck, Tadorna tadorna (common)
Ruddy shelduck, Tadorna ferruginea (common)
Mandarin duck, Aix galericulata (rare/introduced from Asia)
Whooper swan, Cygnus cygnus (common)
Mute swan, Cygnus olor (common)
Tundra swan, Cygnus columbianus (common)
Common eider, Somateria mollissima (common)
King eider, Somateria spectabilis (common)
Steller's eider, Polysticta stelleri (rare)
Red-crested pochard, Netta rufina (common)
Common scoter, Melanitta nigra (common)
Velvet scoter, Melanitta fusca (common)
Smew, Mergus albellus (common)
Goosander, Mergus merganser (common)
Red-breasted merganser, Mergus serrator (common)
Common goldeneye, Bucephala clangula (common)
Long-tailed duck, Clangula hyemalis (common)
Ruddy duck, Oxyura jamaicensis (common/introduced from South America)

Grouse and pheasants
These include all the fowl of the world. Many species live in Finland and are a common food source.

Hazel grouse, Bonasa bonasia (common)
Black grouse, Tetrao tetrix (common)
Western capercaillie, Tetrao urogallus (common)
Willow ptarmigan, Lagopus lagopus (common)
Rock ptarmigan, Lagopus muta (common)
Common quail, Coturnix coturnix (common)
Grey partridge, Perdix perdix (common)
Common pheasant, Phasianus colchicus (common/introduced from Asia)

Birds of prey
These are the most predatory birds in the world. There are five families in all. Eagles, hawks, falcons, and osprey can all be found in Finland.

Northern goshawk, Accipiter gentilis (common)
Eurasian sparrowhawk, Accipiter nisus (uncommon)
Lesser spotted eagle, Aquila pomarina (rare)
Greater spotted eagle, Aquila clanga (rare)
Golden eagle, Aquila chrysaetos (uncommon)
Northern harrier, Circus cyaneus (common)
Western marsh harrier, Circus aeruginosus (common)
Montagu's harrier, Circus pygargus (rare)
Common buzzard, Buteo buteo (common)
Rough-legged buzzard, Buteo lagopus (uncommon)
European honey buzzard, Pernis apivorus (common)
Red kite, Milvus milvus (rare)
Black kite, Milvus migrans (rare)
White-tailed eagle, Haliaeetus albicilla (common)
Osprey, Pandion haliaetus (common)
Merlin falcon, Falco columbarius (uncommon)
Red-footed falcon, Falco vespertinus (uncommon)
Peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus (rare)
Common kestrel, Falco tinnunculus (common)
Eurasian hobby, Falco subbuteo (common)
Gyrfalcon, Falco rusticolus (common)

Gruiforms
There are 12 families in this order, which contains wading and ground birds. Cranes, rails, and bustards are the larger of the families, and contain members living in Finland.

Corn crake, Crex crex (common)
Spotted crake, Porzana porzana (common)
Little crake, Porzana parva (common)
Water rail, Rallus aquaticus (common)
Common moorhen, Gallinula chloropus (common)
Eurasian coot, Fulica atra (common)
Allen's gallinule, Porphyrio alleni (rare)
Common crane, Grus grus (common)
Little bustard, Tetrax tetrax (very rare)

Charadriforms
This is a large order which contains many kinds of semi-aquatic and coastal birds. Plovers, sandpipers, gulls, and puffins are some of the members of the order. They all occur in Finland.

Common ringed plover, Charadrius hiaticula (common)
Little ringed plover, Charadrius dubius (common)
European golden plover, Pluvialis apricaria (common)
Grey plover, Pluvialis squatarola (uncommon)
Eurasian dotterel, Charadrius morinellus (common)
Northern lapwing, Vanellus vanellus (common)
Sociable lapwing, Vanellus gregarius (rare)
Eurasian oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus (common)
Common sandpiper, Actitis hypoleucos (common)
Curlew sandpiper, Calidris ferruginea (common)
Purple sandpiper, Calidris maritima (common)
Pectoral sandpiper, Calidris melanotos (rare)
White-rumped sandpiper, Calidris fuscicollis (rare)
Baird's sandpiper, Calidris bairdii (rare)
Sharp-tailed sandpiper, Calidris acuminata (very rare)
Little stint, Calidris minuta (common)
Temminck's stint, Calidris temminckii (common)
Red knot, Calidris canutus (common)
Sanderling, Calidris alba (common)
Dunlin, Calidris alpina (uncommon)
Wood sandpiper, Tringa glareola (common)
Marsh sandpiper, Tringa stagnatilis (common)
Green sandpiper, Tringa ochropus (common)
Common redshank, Tringa totanus (common)
Spotted redshank, Tringa erythropus (uncommon)
Common greenshank, Tringa nebularia (common)
Lesser yellowlegs, Tringa flavipes (very rare)
Broad-billed sandpiper, Limicola falcinellus  (common)
Buff-breasted sandpiper, Tryngites subruficollis (uncommon)
Terek sandpiper, Xenus cinereus (common)
Eurasian whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus (common)
Eurasian curlew, Numenius arquata (common)
Common snipe, Gallinago gallinago (common)
Great snipe, Gallinago media (common)
Jack snipe, Lymnocryptes minimus (common)
Red phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius (uncommon)
Red-necked phalarope, Phalaropus lobatus (common)
Wilson's phalarope, Phalaropus tricolor (rare)
Black-tailed godwit, Limosa limosa (common)
Bar-tailed godwit, Limosa lapponica (common)
Long-billed dowitcher, Limnodromus scolopaceus (common)
Eurasian woodcock, Scolopax rusticola (common)
Ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres (common)
Ruff, Philomachus pugnax (common)
Pied avocet, Recurvirostra avosetta (common)
Black-winged stilt, Himantopus himantopus (rare)
Stone curlew, Burhinus oedicnemus (uncommon)
Black-winged pratincole, Glareola nordmanni (very rare)
Great skua, Stercorarius skua (uncommon)
Arctic skua, Stercorarius parasiticus (common)
Pomarine skua, Stercorarius pomarinus (common)
Long-tailed skua, Stercorarius longicaudus (common)
Little gull, Larus minutus (common)
Herring gull, Larus argentatus (common)
Black-headed gull, Larus ridibundus (common)
Mew gull, Larus canus (common)
Glaucous gull, Larus hyperboreus (common)
Lesser black-backed gull, Larus fuscus (common)
Great black-backed gull, Larus marinus (common)
Laughing gull, Larus atricilla (rare)
Slender-billed gull, Larus genei (rare)
Black-legged kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla (common)
Ivory gull, Pagophila eburnea (uncommon)
Ross's gull, Rhodostethia rosea (rare)
Common tern, Sterna hirundo (common)
Arctic tern, Sterna paradisaea (common)
Little tern, Sterna albifrons (common)
Black tern, Chlidonias niger (common)
Sandwich tern, Sterna sandvicensis (common)
Caspian tern, Sterna caspia (common)
White-winged tern, Chlidonias leucopterus (rare)
Dovekie, Alle alle (common)
Atlantic puffin, Fratercula arctica (uncommon)
Razorbill, Alca torda (common)
Black guillemot, Cepphus grylle (common)
Common guillemot, Uria aalge (common)
Brünnich's guillemot, Uria lomvia (rare)

Pigeons
These are small birds that are very familiar to city people because of feral rock pigeons, which occur worldwide.

Rock pigeon, Columba livia (common)
Common wood pigeon, Columba palumbus (common)
Stock dove, Columba oenas (common)
Collared dove, Streptopelia decaocto (common)
European turtle dove, Streptopelia turtur (common)
Oriental turtle dove, Streptopelia orientalis (rare)

Cuckoos
This family of birds is unique in that the mother bird may lay her eggs in another species nest, and have that female take care of her young. Only one species is found in Finland.

Common cuckoo, Cuculus canorus (common)

Owls
Owls are considered nocturnal birds of prey. They hunt and are mostly active during the night. Two families, the owls and barn owls, make up this order.

Tawny owl, Strix aluco (common)
Ural owl, Strix uralensis (uncommon)
Great grey owl, Strix nebulosa (uncommon)
Eurasian eagle owl, Bubo bubo (common)
Snowy owl, Bubo scandiacus (common)
Short-eared owl, Asio flammeus (common)
Long-eared owl, Asio otus (common)
Northern hawk owl, Surnia ulula (common)
Tengmalm's owl, Aegolius funereus (common)
Eurasian pygmy owl, Glaucidium passerinum (common)
Little owl, Athene noctua (uncommon)
Barn owl, Tyto alba (rare)

Nightjars
Only one species in this order is found all over Europe. Nightjars and their relatives are nocturnal and some show predatory behavior.

European nightjar, Caprimulgus europaeus (common)

Swifts
Swifts are a family of quick flying birds related to hummingbirds.

Common swift, Apus apus (common)
White-throated needletail, Hirundapus caudacutus (rare)

Coraciforms
This order includes rollers, kingfishers, bee-eaters, and others. Most of these birds have very large beaks in proportion to their bodies.

Common kingfisher, Alcedo atthis (common)
European roller, Coracias garrulus (common)
European bee-eater, Merops apiaster (uncommon)
Hoopoe, Upupa epops (rare/probably introduced from other parts of Europe)

Woodpeckers
The woodpeckers can make holes in trees with their strong beaks.

Eurasian wryneck, Jynx torquilla  (common)
Black woodpecker, Dryocopus martius (common)
European green woodpecker, Picus viridus (common)
Grey-headed woodpecker, Picus canus (common)
Lesser spotted woodpecker, Dendrocopos minor (common)
Great spotted woodpecker, Dendrocopos major (common)
White-backed woodpecker, Dendrocopos leucotos (rare)
Eurasian three-toed woodpecker, Picoides tridactylus (common)

Reptiles
see List of reptiles of Finland

See also
List of mammals of Finland

References
Golden Encyclopedia of Mammals
Birds of Europe and Middle East
Nature in Finland


Albert Kwadwo Adu Boahen (24 May 1932 – 24 May 2006) was a Ghanaian academic, historian, and politician. He was an academic at the University of Ghana from 1959 to 1990, from 1971 onwards as a professor. As a politician, he notably was a candidate in the 1992 Ghanaian presidential election, representing the main opposition New Patriotic Party.

Career

Academia
Boahen was born in Oseim to Presbyterian parents, and had his ancestral roots in Juaben in the Ashanti Region. He attended religious schools between 1938 and 1947. He then spent three years at the Mfantsipim School before enrolling in history studies at the University College of the Gold Coast in Legon. He graduated in 1956. In 1959 he received a Ph.D. in African history from the School of Oriental and African Studies in London, as the first Ghanaian.

He was employed at the University of Ghana in 1959, and was a professor from 1971 to his retirement in 1990. He chaired the Department of History there from 1967 to 1975, as the first African to do so, and was a dean from 1973 to 1975. He also served on the editorial board of The Journal of African History published by Cambridge University Press, and was a visiting scholar at such institutions as the Australian National University in 1969, Columbia University in 1970 and the State University of New York in 1990 and 1991. Between 1993 and 1999, he also worked in the UNESCO committee that published the eight-volume work General History of Africa.

Politics
Boahen's academic work crossed over into politics. In February 1988 he publicly lectured on the history of Ghana from 1972 to 1987. Because of this, he is credited with breaking the so-called "culture of silence" which marked the regime of President Jerry Rawlings, who had served continuously since 1981. The lectures, originally held in the British Council Hall in Accra, were published in 1998 as The Ghanaian Sphinx: The Contemporary History of Ghana 1972–1987.

In 1990 he co-founded the Movement for Freedom and Justice, and served as its first chairman. The ban on political parties in Ghana was lifted in 1992. In the subsequent 1992 presidential election, Boahen was the New Patriotic Party (NPP) nominee, with Roland Issifu Alhassan as his running mate for vice president. Boahen lost to Jerry Rawlings, but received 30.4% of the vote. Due to dissatisfaction with alleged ballot rigging in that election, Boahen boycotted the 1992 parliamentary election. In the 1996 presidential election, John Kufuor stood instead as the candidate for the NPP and fared somewhat better than Boahen, receiving 39.6% of the vote. In 1998, Boahen tried to return as the New Patriotic Party's presidential nominee, but Kufour was chosen instead. Ultimately, Kufour won the 2000 presidential election and became president.

Boahen spoke out against Marxist history early in his career. Politically, he described himself as "a liberal democrat, a believer in the freedom of the individual, the welfare of the governed, and in private enterprise and the market economy".

Legacy and death
Boahen was a member of the Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in 2003 a Festschrift entitled Ghana in Africa and the World was published, edited by Toyin Falola. UNESCO awarded him the Avicenna Silver Medal.

Boahen died on 24 May 2006, his 74th birthday. He was survived by his wife Mary Adu Boahen and his five children. Jerry Rawlings was among the mourners who paid a visit to his family. He was honoured with a state funeral, and in June 2006 was posthumously awarded the Order of the Star of Ghana. John Kufour inaugurated a National Honours Day on 30 June, and several others were awarded the Order. His roots can be traced down to Osiem, a village in the Eastern Region of Ghana where his place of residence has been given the area council building. His son Charles Adu Boahen was appointed deputy minister of finance in Ghana in 2017 by President Nana Addo Akufo-Addo. Charles was removed from the position for allegations of corruption.

Partial bibliography
 Britain, the Sahara and the Western Sudan 1788-1861. London/Oxford, 1964 (dissertation).
 Topics in West African History. Harlow/London, 1966.
 Ghana: Evolution and Change in the 19th and 20th Centuries. London, 1975.
 The Revolutionary Years: West Africa Since 1800. Accra/London, 1975.
 "Politics in Ghana, 1800–1874", in, J. F. Ade Ajayi and Michael Crowder History of West Africa. London, 1977 (3rd edition), Vol. 2, pp. 167–260.
 African Perspectives on Colonialism. Baltimore, 1987.
 The Ghanaian Sphinx: Reflections on the Contemporary History of Ghana, 1972–1987.  Accra, 1989.
 Mfantsipim and the making of Ghana: A Centenary History, 1876–1976.  Accra, 1996.
 Yaa Asantewaa and the Asante – British War of 1900–1. Accra, 2003.
 Africa in the Twentieth Century: The Adu Boahen Reader. Trenton, NJ, 2005.
 With J. B. Webster and H. O. Idowu: The Revolutionary Years: West Africa since 1800. London, 1980.

References

Further reading

External links
 Klubi, Togbi Sedem, "Tribute to the late Professor Albert Adu Boahen" on GhanaWeb, 8 July 2006.
 Fordwor, Kwame Donkoh "Tribute To Prof. Albert Kwadwo Adu Boahen", GhanaWeb, 6 June 2006.
"Adu Boahen Funeral| Ghana conference and funeral in honor of Adu Boahen - July 20-23, 2006". Photos on flickr.com

20th-century Ghanaian historians
Mfantsipim School alumni
University of Ghana alumni
Alumni of SOAS University of London
Academic staff of the University of Ghana
1932 births
2006 deaths
New Patriotic Party politicians
Candidates for President of Ghana
Ghanaian Presbyterians
Ghanaian Protestants
Ghanaian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Ghanaian expatriates in the United States
Fellows of the Ghana Academy of Arts and Sciences


Last of the Summer Wine first series originally aired on BBC1 between 4 January 1973 and 17 December 1973. All episodes from this series were written by Roy Clarke and produced and directed by James Gilbert.

The pilot episode, alternately known as "The Last of the Summer Wine" and "Of Funerals and Fish," originally premiered on the BBC's Comedy Playhouse on 4 January 1973 "The Last of the Summer Wine" was the first episode of that show's fourteenth series. The pilot received a positive enough reaction that the BBC ordered a full series of episodes, premiering on 12 November 1973.

Outline
The trio in this series consisted of:

First appearances

Compo Simmonite (1973–2000)
Norman Clegg (1973–2010)
Cyril Blamire (1973–1975)
Sid (1973–1983)
Ivy (1973–2010)
Nora Batty (1973–2001, 2003–2008)

Episodes
Pilot

Regular Series
1Comedy Playhouse episode number.

DVD release
The first and second series were released by Universal Playback as a combined box set in September 2002. The pilot episode is not included and some episodes have been altered from their original broadcast, prompting criticism from the show's fan base, however a rerelease of the box set in 2011 had the altered episodes restored to original episodes, however the pilot still was not included in the rerelease. The pilot episode was released on the final boxset series 31 & 32 as an extra on disc four on 15 August 2016.

Notes

References

External links

Series 1 at the Internet Movie Database

Last of the Summer Wine series
1973 British television seasons


was a Japanese artist. He is famous for his wanderings throughout Japan, during which he often wore a sleeveless undershirt, garnering the nickname "The Naked General."

Early life
Yamashita was born in Asakusa, Tokyo. At the age of three, he had an acute abdominal disorder which, although not life-threatening, left him with a mild speech impediment and some neurological damage.

At elementary school, Yamashita was the victim of bullying and on one occasion wounded a classmate with a knife.  Because of this, his parents decided to move him to the Yahata institution for the mentally handicapped in Ichikawa, Chiba.  His IQ was measured at 68.  It was here he started to experiment using torn pieces of paper to create pictures.  His talent was recognised by mental health expert Ryuzaburo Shikiba, who organised an exhibition of Yamashita's work in Osaka which received wide praise.

Tiring of life at the institution, and in order to avoid the mandatory physical examination for recruitment into the Imperial Japanese Army, Yamashita ran away in 1940 to start his wandering around Japan, which would last until 1954.

At the age of 21, staff from the institution found him helping in a restaurant and forced him to take the recruitment exam.  Eventually he was considered exempt from service.  The events from this time were recorded in his “Wandering Diary” of 1956, and the most popular image of Yamashita travelling alone through the country with his rucksack comes from this period.

Works
Yamashita used the chigiri-e method of sticking torn pieces of coloured paper together to depict the scenery he saw on his travels, and some of his most famous works such as "Nagaoka no hanabi" and "Sakurajima" were made in this way.  Possessing eidetic memory, Yamashita usually recreated the entire scene from memory when he returned to the institution or his home. Because of this, Yamashita is often considered an autistic savant.

In the post-war period, he became widely known as the “Japanese Van Gogh” or the “Naked General” (due to his habit of wearing a sleeveless undershirt in his travels). In 1956, the Kiyoshi Yamashita Exhibition opened at the Daimaru store in Tokyo, and toured the country, stopping at 130 places in Japan and attracting over 500,000 visitors.  In June 1961, Yamashita and Shikiba embarked on a 40-day tour of Europe.  Here he recorded the many famous places and monuments he saw.

Death
Yamashita died from a cerebral hemorrhage aged 49.

Legacy
His work is still highly regarded throughout Japan, and is the subject of frequent exhibitions.  His life was portrayed in a long-running Japanese television drama, , which ran from 1980 to 1997.

A retrospective of Yamashita’s works honoring his 100th anniversary is currently being exhibited at the Sompo Museum of Art in Nishishinjuku (June 24-September 10, 2023).

References

External links
 Official Website (Japanese)

(This article is an attempted translation of the Japanese Wikipedia article of the same name, and is ongoing.)

1922 births
1971 deaths
Japanese people with disabilities
Outsider artists
Artists from Tokyo
People from Taitō
20th-century Japanese male artists
20th-century Japanese painters


"Things That Make You Go Hmmm..." is a song by American dance group C+C Music Factory. It was released in June 1991 as the third single from their debut album, Gonna Make You Sweat (1990). The single version features Freedom Williams and Zelma Davis who also appear in the accompanying music video, while female vocals are provided by Deborah Cooper instead of Davis on the original album version. The song was inspired by a running gag on The Arsenio Hall Show, where Arsenio, while allegedly on a long drive, pondered certain thoughts and referred to them as "things that make you go hmmm...."

The C+C song was a success in the US, reaching number four on the Billboard Hot 100, number 31 on the Billboard Hot R&B Singles chart, and number 20 on the Top 40 Radio Monitor. It also reached number four on the UK Singles Chart. The song was certified gold by the RIAA on August 13, 1991, for sales of over 500,000 copies.

Critical reception
AllMusic editor Jose F. Promis remarked that the song took a phrase popularized by Arsenio Hall and made it into "another cleverly infectious Top Ten smash." Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, "After forging a guitar-driven pop/hiphop sound that is being heavily copied by others, groove clique deftly sidesteps into James Brown-style funk territory. Rapper Freedom Williams tells amusing tales amid retro-horns and percussion." Penelope Layland from The Canberra Times named it the best track on the album, "with its clever, catchy lyrics and smooth beat."

Dave Sholin from the Gavin Report stated that writers/producers Cole and Clivillés "have successfully crossbred a unique brand of rap and melody that's taken them on back-to-back trips into the Top Ten. This third entry maintains their infectious rhythm, strengthened by a title that will keep audiences hummmmin'." A reviewer from Music & Media wrote that "the secret behind the success of these dance/pop providers is the good hook in their songs. This time it's the saxophone part, which is repeated after each line." David Quantick from NME said, "The old C&Cs have blown it this time with a very ordinary sort of tune indeed that doesn't so much fail to stay in the memory as break the doors down, steal the car and drive to Birmingham."

Chart performance
"Things That Make You Go Hmmm..." proved to be a major hit on several continents and remains one of the group's most successful songs. It soared to the number-one position on both the Billboard Hot Dance/Club Play chart in the United States and the RPM Dance/Urban chart in Canada. In Europe, the single entered the top 10 in Finland (10), Ireland (9) and the United Kingdom. In the latter, it peaked at number four in its fourth week at the UK Singles Chart, on July 21, 1991. Additionally, it was a top 20 hit on the UK Dance Singles Chart, as well as in the Netherlands (19), Sweden (14) and Switzerland (15). In Oceania, "Things That Make You Go Hmmm..." hit number two and six in New Zealand and Australia, respectively. On the US Billboard Hot 100, it peaked at number four. The single was awarded with a gold record in the US, after 500,000 singles were sold there.

Music video
The accompanying music video for the song was directed by German director Marcus Nispel. It features silhouetted animation of dancers jumping and dancing in front of a white background, with a stage visible, but also in silhouette. The story of the song is also interpreted with black and gold cut-out animation.

Impact and legacy
Australian music channel Max included "Things That Make You Go Hmmm..." in their list of "1000 Greatest Songs of All Time" in 2013.

Track listings

 7-inch single, Europe
 "Things That Make You Go Hmmm...." (7-inch remix) – 4:10
 "Things That Make You Go Hmmm...." (LP version) – 5:22

 12-inch, US; CD maxi, Japan
 "Things That Make You Go Hmmmm..." (The Clivillés & Cole Pumped album mix) – 5:19
 "Things That Make You Go Hmmmm..." (The Clivillés & Cole Deep house mix) – 5:13
 "Things That Make You Go Hmmmm..." (The Clivillés & Cole classic house mix) – 7:05

 CD single, Australia
 "Things That Make You Go Hmmmm..." (LP version) – 5:24
 "Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now)" (Clivilles & Cole D.J's Choice mix) – 5:01
 "Here We Go" (The Cole/Clivilles house mix) – 7:45

 CD maxi, Europe
 "Things That Make You Go Hmmm..." (C&C Classic house mix) – 7:05
 "Things That Make You Go Hmmm..." (C&C Deep house mix) – 5:13
 "Things That Make You Go Hmmm..." (alt. radio mix 2) – 4:49

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

In popular culture
British girl group Stooshe covered the song and released it in 2013 as a B-side to their single "Black Heart", under the title "Things That Make You Go Mmm". The single reached number three in the UK and number four in Scotland.

References

1990 songs
1991 singles
Black-and-white music videos
C+C Music Factory songs
Music videos directed by Marcus Nispel
Song recordings produced by Robert Clivillés
Songs written by Robert Clivillés


L.O.V.Evil is the debut studio album by the Seattle-based Second Coming.

Track listing

Original release
All tracks written by Jesse "Maxi" Holt, except where noted.

Reissue

Personnel
The album's credits and personnel can be obtained from the liner notes.

Second Coming
Maxi — vocals, guitar and programming
James Bergstrom — drums
Johnny Bacolas — bass guitar
Mark Nelson — rhythm guitar

Production
Produced by Second Coming
Executive producer — Joshua B. Michaels

External links
[ Second Coming: AMG]
Maxi

References

1994 albums
Second Coming (band) albums


The implied level of government service is the value of government benefits and services provided a person, partnership, corporation, or other legal entity over a given period of time, including the proportional value of general governmental expenses and social welfare costs.

The implied level of government service may be directly calculated in some cases, and approximated in others. For instance, a state park that is dependent on visitor fees for operation could divide the yearly operational cost by the number of expected user days, and charge a daily tax or fee based on that calculation. This fee for service is directly calculated.

A city could have multiple services and social welfare expenditures—police, fire, library, refuse removal, and emergency food and housing support—and the exact service to individual taxpayers in those areas might be difficult or impossible to track. The city, however, can set a standard such as number of residential occupants, employee number, or developed land space, and then approximate service cost based on those conditions and set a commensurate tax assessment. An implied level of government service for city services still exists, but is approximated.

A city resident may rarely use the library, never have to call the police or fire departments, and never need welfare assistance. But the resident still benefits, indirectly, from the service availability, social order, and economic stability those city services provide. As long as the assessment calculation is logical and proportional, the assessment would be related to an implied level of government service.

The concept of implied level of government service is related to the benefits principle of equity, where the proceeds of a tax are directly allocated to a corresponding government service—such as a gas tax financing construction and maintenance of roads. Both implied level of government service and the benefits principle are related to the concept of rational economic exchange.

See also
Income tax
Rational economic exchange
Taxation in the United States

References

. p. 130,134-135,145-147
. p. 388.

Tax reform
Taxation in the United States
Public services