The CONCACAF Champions Cup (previously known as the CONCACAF Champions League) is an annual continental club football competition organized by CONCACAF. The tournament is contested by clubs from North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. The winner of the CONCACAF Champions Cup automatically qualifies for the FIFA Club World Cup.

The tournament currently uses a knockout format; it had a group stage prior to the 2018 competition. Unlike its European and South American counterparts, the winner of the CONCACAF Champions Cup does not automatically qualify for the following season's competition.

The title has been won by 28 clubs, 13 of which have won the title more than once. Mexican clubs have accumulated the highest number of victories, with 38 titles in total. The second most successful league has been Costa Rica's Primera División, with six titles in total. Mexican side América are the most successful club in the competition's history, with seven titles. The most successful non-Mexican club is Saprissa of Costa Rica, with three titles. The only four teams to successfully defend the trophy are all Mexican: América, Cruz Azul, Pachuca and Monterrey. The current champions of the competition are León, who defeated Los Angeles FC in the 2023 final.

Competition format
Each round of competition consists of a two-leg home-and-away series with the winner determined by aggregate goals over both legs. If aggregate goals are equal, the away goals rule is applied. If away goals are also equal, the game is decided by an immediate penalty shoot-out; there are no overtime periods.

Prior to 2018, the tournament had two parts: a group stage held from August to October, and a knockout phase held from March to May of the following year. The group stage consisted of 24 teams playing in eight groups of three teams each, with each team playing the other two teams in its group twice. United States and Mexican sides could not be drawn into the same group. The winners of each of the eight groups advanced to the quarterfinals. Each phase of the knockout rounds (quarterfinals, semifinals, finals) consisted of a two-leg home-and-away series with the winner determined by aggregate goal differential. Seeding in the knockout phase was determined by performance during the group stage.

Prior to the 2012–13 season, the competition had involved four groups of four, with one Mexican team and one U.S. team in each group. A preliminary round was used to reduce the number of teams from 24 to 16.

History

Champions' Cup era (1962–2008)

Prior to 2008, the tournament was called the CONCACAF Champions' Cup, but was usually referred to simply as the Champions' Cup. The competition was initially created as a possible measure to enter the South American Copa Libertadores, a competition organized by CONMEBOL. The competition had several different formats over its lifetime. Initially, only the champions of the North American leagues participated. In 1971, the runners-up of a few North American leagues began to join and the tournament began to be expanded, incorporating round-robin group phases and more teams.

Initial formats (1962–1996)
During the opening rounds of the tournament, teams would compete within one of three regional zones: North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. Typically the winner of one zone would receive a bye to the Champions' Cup final while the winner of the other two zones would compete in a semifinal. From 1981, the North and Central American zones were usually combined meaning that the winner of the joint zone would face the winner of the Caribbean zone in the final. From 1993 to 1996, three clubs from the North/Central American zone and one club from the Caribbean zone qualified for the final round of the tournament which was held in a central location.

Knockout formats (1997–2008)
After the creation of the United States' Major League Soccer, the competition became an eight-team knockout tournament with zonal qualification. The first four editions were hosted in a central location with single leg ties before changing to a home-and-away format in 2002. Four North American zone clubs qualified from Liga MX or Major League Soccer, three Central American clubs from the UNCAF Interclub Cup, and one Caribbean club from the CFU Club Championship. In 2002 and 2003, the tournament consisted of 16 teams with twice as many qualifying from each zone. Since 2005, the champion of the competition gained entry into the FIFA Club World Cup, giving clubs an added incentive for a strong participation and greater interest from fans.

Champions League era (2008–2023)
At their 2006 November meeting, the CONCACAF Executive Committee decided to "act upon" a proposal at their next meeting by the CONCACAF Secretariat to develop the CONCACAF Champions' Cup into a larger "Champions League" style event. On 14 November 2007, the CONCACAF Executive Committee reported some of the details.

Initial format: preliminary round and group stage (2008–2012)
The last eight-team Champions' Cup format was used as planned in March and April 2008. Then, a newly expanded 24-team Champions League tournament was conducted starting in August 2008 and concluding in May 2009. The expanded tournament meant that Central American clubs would qualify directly and thus the UNCAF Interclub Cup was ended after 2007.

In the new Champions League tournament, there was a two-legged preliminary round for 16 clubs, with the eight winners advancing to the group stage. They were joined by the other eight teams who qualified directly to the group stage. The clubs involved in the group stage were placed into four groups of four with each team playing the others in its group in both home and away matches. The top two teams from each group advanced to quarterfinals of the knockout rounds, which consisted of two-legged ties.  The final round was also two-legged. Also, unlike the previously contested CONCACAF Champions' Cup, the away goals rule is used in the CONCACAF Champions League, but does not apply after a tie goes into extra time.

Elimination of the preliminary round (2012–2017)
On January 12, 2012, CONCACAF announced that the 2012–13 tournament would be played under a different format than previous editions, where the preliminary round is eliminated and all qualified teams enter the group stage. In the group stage, the 24 teams are drawn into eight groups of three, with each group containing one team from each of the three pots. The allocation of teams into pots are based on their national association and qualifying berth. Teams from the same association (excluding "wildcard" teams which replace a team from another association) cannot be drawn with each other in the group stage, and each group is guaranteed to contain a team from either the United States or Mexico, meaning U.S. and Mexican teams cannot play each other in the group stage. Each group is played on a home-and-away round-robin basis. The winners of each group advance to the quarterfinal round of the championship stage.

In the championship stage, the eight teams play a single-elimination tournament. Each tie is played on a home-and-away two-legged basis. The away goals rule is used if the aggregate score is level after normal time of the second leg, but not after extra time, and so a tie is decided by penalty shoot-out if the aggregate score is level after extra time of the second leg. Unlike previous years where a second draw was conducted to set the pairings for the championship stage, the bracket is determined by the teams' record in the group stage. The quarterfinals match the team with the best record against the team with the worst record, while the second-best team faces the seventh-best, third against sixth and fourth against fifth. The top four teams play the second leg at home. In the semifinals, the winner of 1-vs-8 faces the winner of 4-vs-5, with the 1-vs-8 winner hosting the second leg, and likewise 2-vs-7 plays 3-vs-6, with the 2-vs-7 winner hosting the second leg. In the finals, the team that prevails out of the upper bracket of 1-8-4-5 hosts the second leg. This means that the higher-seeded team does not necessarily host the second leg in the semifinals and finals.

Introduction of CONCACAF League and elimination of group stage (2018–2023)

In December 2016, Manuel Quintanilla, president of the Nicaraguan Football Federation, spoke of a possible new format for the competition, a statement that was later corroborated by Garth Lagerwey, the general manager of Seattle Sounders FC. On 23 January 2017, CONCACAF confirmed the new 16-team format beginning with the 2018 edition, eliminating the group stage which had been employed since the re-branding of the competition to the CONCACAF Champions League in 2008.

Under the new CONCACAF competition platform, a new secondary tournament called CONCACAF League would be played from August to December beginning in 2017. The winner of CONCACAF League would qualify to the following year's Champions League where they would be joined by nine North American teams, the Caribbean Club Championship winner, and five Central American league champions who qualified directly. For the 2019–20 competition cycle, the direct Central American berths were removed and CONCACAF League was expanded so that the top-six clubs would qualify to Champions League.

The CONCACAF Champions League under this format had four rounds – round of 16, quarterfinals, semifinals, and a final – with each being a home-and-away two-legged basis with the away goals rule. However, beginning in 2019, the away goals rule would not be applied for the final round.

Second Champions Cup era (from 2024)
In February 2021, CONCACAF announced a major overhaul of the tournament which would have included 50 teams and a regional group stage. Twenty teams from North America, twenty teams from Central America, and ten teams from the Caribbean would have been divided into groups of five teams where a total of 16 teams would advance to the knockout stage. This format was abandoned and was never used.

In September of that year, CONCACAF announced an expansion of the tournament to begin in 2024. The tournament will retain the all-knockout format used since 2018 but will now consist of five rounds and 27 teams participating:

 6 Liga MX clubs
 5 MLS clubs
 2 Canadian Premier League clubs
 1 U.S. Open Cup winner
 1 Canadian Championship winner
 3 Leagues Cup clubs
 6 Central America Cup clubs
 3 Caribbean Cup clubs

Twenty-two clubs will enter the tournament in Round One while five clubs (the winners of MLS Cup, Liga MX, Leagues Cup, Central American Cup, and Caribbean Cup) receive byes to the round of 16.

Teams may qualify for the CONCACAF Champions League through their domestic leagues or cups, or through their regional cup competitions: the Leagues Cup for teams from North America, the Central American Cup for teams from Central America, and a CONCACAF Caribbean Cup for teams from the Caribbean. All matches will include home and away series between the first round to the semi-finals, with the final being a single match at a neutral site. The CONCACAF League would also cease in 2022 with this new format.

On 6 June 2023, it was announced that to coincide with the new format, the competition had been renamed back to CONCACAF Champions Cup.

Stadium standards
If a club fails to meet the standards for its home stadium, the club must find a suitable stadium in its own country, and if the club fails to provide the adequate facilities, it runs the risk of being replaced by another team. Real Esteli of Nicaragua failed stadium requirements and was replaced by another team for the 2009–10 and 2010–11 seasons. Estadio Independencia in Nicaragua has since been renovated, including upgrades to stadium lighting, and Nicaraguan teams now participate. The qualifying team from Belize failed stadium requirements and was replaced by another team in each season from 2009–10 through 2014–15.

On 8 April 2015, Mexican side Club América broke the all time CONCACAF Champions League match attendance record when a reported 66,208 spectators gathered at the Estadio Azteca in Mexico City to watch América play Costa Rican club Herediano in the second leg of the semifinals of the 2015 edition of the tournament. This was surpassed by the Seattle Sounders FC on 4 May 2022, at Lumen Field in the final against UNAM with an announced attendance of 68,741.

Prizes

Prize money
Starting with the 2024 edition of the competition, the winning club will receive over  in prize money and financial distributions. In addition, the winning club qualifies for the FIFA Club World Cup, which includes additional prize money.

In 2022, the prize money paid to clubs was as follows:

 Winner: $500,000
 Runner-up: $300,000
 Semifinalists: $200,000

Trophy and medals
Each year, the winning team is presented with the CONCACAF Champion League trophy. The current trophy design was introduced in 2018.

Sponsorship
The CONCACAF Champions Cup has several corporate sponsors: Scotiabank (which was a title sponsor of the Champions League from 2014–15 until 2023), Miller Lite, MoneyGram, Maxxis Tires, and Nike. The sponsors' names appear on the boards around the perimeter of the field, and boards for pre-game and post-game interviews and press conferences. Nike is also the official provider of game balls and referee uniforms.

American Airlines was the title sponsor for the Champions' Cup in the 1990s.

Broadcasters

The CONCACAF Champions Cup broadcast is also available in South America in all languages on ESPN (Star+) and globally in English through Concacaf GO.

Finals

Since the inaugural edition of the CONCACAF Champions League, the finals have only ever been contested by clubs from Mexico, United States or Canada. The first 14 were won by Mexican clubs. The most recent final was contested by León and Los Angeles FC, won by the former 3–1 on aggregate.

Records and statistics

Performances by club

†Title shared.

* When sorted by years won or lost, the table is sorted by the year of each team's most recent inaugural win or loss.

Performances by nation

†Including one title shared.

See also

 FIFA Club World Cup
 CONCACAF Champions League U13
 CONCACAF Cup Winners' Cup
 CONCACAF Giants Cup
 CONCACAF League
 Continental football championships
 Interamerican Cup
 Leagues Cup
 North American SuperLiga
 List of association football competitions

References

External links

 CONCACAF Club competitions of rsssf

Champions League
Multi-national association football leagues in North America
Sports leagues established in 1962
1962 establishments in North America


USCGC Northland (WPG-49) was a United States Coast Guard cruising class of gunboat especially designed for Arctic operations that served in World War II and later served in the Israeli Navy. She was the last cruising cutter built for the Coast Guard equipped with a sailing rig.

Design
Northland was designed to be a replacement for the Arctic cutter Bear and was built at Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Corporation, Newport News, Virginia, launched 5 February 1927 and commissioned 7 May. She was  long, had a maximum displacement of 2,150 tons, and had diesel-electric propulsion driving a single four blade screw. She was originally fitted with auxiliary sails utilizing yards, but they were removed and her tall masts were trimmed in 1936. She was structurally reinforced to withstand hull pressures of 100 psi and lined with cork for warmth. One feature used in the construction was the welding of the hull rather than riveting; this was done for strength and was not a common practice in 1926.

Bering Sea Patrol
After a shakedown cruise, Northland was ordered to San Francisco, California on 7 June 1927. Her homeport was shifted to Seattle, Washington temporarily but she returned to San Francisco in November. On 8 June 1928 Northland arrived in Nome, Alaska to begin her first Bering Sea Patrol. Each May during the years 1929 through 1938 she began a patrol of the Bering Sea where she assisted in the performance of many governmental functions. For the Justice Department she enforced the law, apprehended criminals, and transported floating courts. She gathered military intelligence for the Navy Department, and carried mail for the Post Office Department. For the Interior Department, the cutter carried teachers to their posts, conducted sanitation inspections, and guarded timber and game. Northland surveyed coastlines and regional industries for the Department of Commerce and carried Public Health Service personnel to isolated villages, otherwise without medical service.

Northland departed the West Coast in 1938 on her last Arctic cruise, after which she decommissioned. In June 1939, however, she recommissioned and transferred to Boston, Massachusetts to prepare for the second Byrd Antarctic Expedition. With the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, Northland was removed from participation in the expedition and was assigned a new homeport at Alameda, California.

World War II service
As a result of the German invasion of Denmark on 9 April 1940, Northland entered the New York Navy Yard to be outfitted for special duty in Greenland in May. She embarked on her first Greenland survey 20 August (accompanied by cutters , , and ) with the purpose of charting harbors in order to determine the best location for patrol forces. The information that resulted contributed to the composition of a Greenland pilot volume and new charts. These were subsequently utilized in the formal organization of the Greenland Patrol, after an agreement between the United States and the Danish government-in-exile was signed 9 April 1941. By that agreement, Greenland was included in the United States' system of cooperative defense of the Western Hemisphere.

Northland set out 7 April 1941 on a two-month cruise to assist in the South Greenland Survey Expedition. While conducting this survey she searched for victims of ships sunk in the North Atlantic. While on one of her many mercy missions, she was involved in a near catastrophe. Only six miles from the scene of battle between Bismarck and the British ships that finally sank the giant German warship, Northland was mistaken by the British for a German ship and very nearly taken under fire.

The South Greenland Patrol was organized with the cutters Modoc, Comanche, and Raritan, and the former Coast and Geodetic survey ship Bowdoin.  (The Bowdoin being commanded by her original owner and legendary arctic explorer, Commander Donald B. MacMillan.)  A month later, the Northeast Greenland Patrol was organized with cutter Northland, former Interior Department ship North Star, and Bear with Captain Edward H. "Iceberg" Smith, USCG, in command.

A month before the consolidation of the two patrols, Northland sighted the German-controlled Norwegian sealer Buskø 12 September and assumed to send a boarding party to investigate. Northland seized Buskø and took it to MacKenzie Bay, on the Greenland coast, where she became the first American naval capture of World War II. It was believed that she had been sending weather reports and information on British shipping to the Germans. A search of Buskø also led to the discovery of a German radio station about five hundred miles up the Greenland coast from Mackenzie Bay. A night raiding party from Northland detained three Germans at Peter Bregt, with equipment and code, as well as German plans for other radio stations in the far north. The cutter was also equipped with an amphibious aircraft, a Grumman J2F Duck, flown by Lieutenant John Pritchard Jr. On multiple occasions, the aircraft was a significant asset in search and rescue as well as military operations. Ultimately, while on a rescue mission involving a downed B-17 bomber aircraft on the Greenland ice cap in November 1942, the "duck" crashed in white-out conditions with Lieutenant Pritchard, Radioman First Class Benjamin A. Bottoms, and a third man rescued from the B-17, killed. Pritchard and Bottoms became the second and third Coast Guardsmen to become missing in action in World War II.

The two Greenland Patrols were consolidated 25 October under Smith and by 1943 the force had grown to include thirty-seven vessels. Cutter Northland sighted and attacked a submarine in Davis Strait 18 June 1942. The presence of oil and bubbles indicated possible hits from the cutter's depth charges, but German records give no indication of a submarine sinking in this area.

In July 1944 Northland discovered a German trawler believed to be , which had been fired and completely gutted by her crew. This was one of the ships suspected of carrying three separate German expeditions to Greenland. A second German craft () was disposed of in September after Northland pursued her for  through ice floes off Great Koldewey Island, The Germans scuttled their ship and then surrendered and were taken on board Northland.

Northland received two battle stars for World War II service. Northland returned to the Treasury Department 1 January 1946 and remained on weather patrol duty until she decommissioned 27 March. Northland had a hand in the desegregation of the United States Coast Guard. While executive officer of the ship, Lieutenant Carlton Skinner, witnessed Steward Oliver Henry figure out a way to repair the main drive engine of the cutter that had quit during a patrol. Henry had been an auto mechanic before the war. This convinced Skinner that black sailors were just as capable as white sailors. Skinner would later captain USCGC Sea Cloud, the first integrated warship since the Civil War.

Service in the Israeli Navy
Although sold for scrap 3 January 1947, Northland was renamed Jewish State, and transported Jewish refugees to Palestine. In 1948 she was renamed Eilat and became the flagship of the infant Israeli Navy. Later, the ship she became a training ship. In 1955, the ship was renamed Matzpen, serving as a barracks or depot hulk. The ship was decommissioned in February 1962 and sold for scrap.

Awards
American Defense Service Medal with "A" device
American Campaign Medal
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with two battle stars
World War II Victory Medal

See also
Jonsbu Station

Notes

Citations

References used

Ships of the United States Coast Guard
1927 ships
History of the United States Coast Guard
World War II
Military history of Greenland
Battle of the Atlantic


The Precipitous Mountains are a mountain range on northern Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada. It lies in, or near, Sirmilik National Park and is a subrange of the Arctic Cordillera.

See also
List of mountain ranges

References

Arctic Cordillera
Mountain ranges of Baffin Island


The Piaggio P.148 was a 1950s Italian two-seat primary or aerobatic training monoplane designed and built by Piaggio Aero.

Design and development
The P.148 was an all-metal low-wing cantilever monoplane with fixed tailwheel landing gear. It offered room for two occupants in side-by-side seating as well as an optional third seat. The prototype first flew on the 12 February 1951 and after testing by the Italian Air Force was ordered into production for the air force primary training schools. A four-seat variant was developed as the P.149.

Operational history
Although successfully introduced into the Italian Air Force service, the P.148 was withdrawn from use with the introduction of an all-jet training programme. In 1970, the aircraft was re-introduced into the Italian Air Force Service, when the basic piston-engine aircraft regained a role in the selection of pilots. Some aircraft were sold by the Air Force to the Somali Air Corps as trainers.

Operators

 Italian Air Force   operated 70 aircraft from 1951 until 1979

 Somali Air Corps - Retired

Specifications (P.148)

See also

References

 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 2714

P.148
1950s Italian military trainer aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1951
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft


Literary Hall is a mid-19th-century brick library, building and museum located in Romney, a city in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is located at the intersection of North High Street (West Virginia Route 28) and West Main Street (U.S. Route 50). Literary Hall was constructed between 1869 and 1870 by the Romney Literary Society.

Founded in 1819, the Romney Literary Society was the first literary organization of its kind in the present-day state of West Virginia, and one of the first in the United States. In 1846, the society constructed a building which housed the Romney Classical Institute and its library. The Romney Literary Society and the Romney Classical Institute both flourished and continued to grow in importance and influence until the onset of the American Civil War in 1861.

During the war, the contents of the society's library were plundered by Union Army forces, and many of its 3,000 volumes were either scattered or destroyed. After a reorganization in 1869, the society commenced construction of the present Literary Hall in downtown Romney. It transferred ownership of its Romney Classical Institute campus to the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind in 1870 and in that year completed Literary Hall, where the society reconstituted its library collection and revived its literary activities.

The Romney Literary Society's last meeting was held at Literary Hall in 1886. From that point to 1973 the building was used as a meeting space by the Clinton Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons and the Order of the Eastern Star. In 1973, the building was purchased by prominent Romney lawyer Ralph Haines, who used it as a law office and museum. From 1937 to the early 1940s the building also housed a community library. Literary Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 29, 1979.

Geography and setting
Literary Hall is located in the center of downtown Romney, West Virginia, at the intersection of North High Street (West Virginia Route 28) and West Main Street (U.S. Route 50) on a city lot less than  in size. The Hampshire County Courthouse is immediately to its east across North High Street, and the Romney First United Methodist Church is situated immediately to the building's north. The Old National Building is located to the immediate south of Literary Hall across West Main Street. Literary Hall stands at an elevation of  above sea level.

History

Location
The land upon which Literary Hall was established was originally part of the Northern Neck Proprietary, a land grant that the exiled Charles II awarded to seven of his supporters in 1649 during the English Interregnum. Following the Restoration in 1660, Charles II finally ascended to the English throne. Charles II renewed the Northern Neck Proprietary grant in 1662, revised it in 1669, and again renewed the original grant favoring original grantee Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper and Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington in 1672. In 1681, Bennet sold his share to Lord Colepeper, and Lord Colepeper received a new charter for the entire land grant from James II in 1688. Following the deaths of Lord Colepeper, his wife Margaret, and his daughter Katherine, the Northern Neck Proprietary passed to Katherine's son Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron in 1719.

Literary Hall was built upon a land lot designated "Lot 56" to the immediate west of the public square of Romney. In 1790, the trustees of the Town of Romney commissioned John Mitchel to draft a cadastral survey map of Romney. Prior to this survey, Lord Fairfax had commissioned a similar cadastral survey of Romney sometime before the town's incorporation on December 23, 1762. On June 30, 1790, Mitchel submitted to the trustees a "Plan of the Town of Romney", which divided the town into 100 land lots of equal size, with four lots adjacent to the courthouse comprising the public square.

Romney Literary Society
The Romney Literary Society, which built Literary Hall between 1869 and 1870, was organized by nine prominent men in Romney on January 30, 1819. With its establishment in 1819, the Romney Literary Society became the first literary organization of its kind in the present-day state of West Virginia, and one of the first in the United States. On February 4, 1819, the constitution of the society was adopted, which provided that the organization should be known as the "Polemic Society of Romney". The society founded its library in 1819 with the acquisition of two books, and by 1861 the society's humble library had grown to contain approximately 3,000 volumes, consisting of books on literature, science, history and art.

The Romney Literary Society commenced a movement to establish an institution for "the higher education of the youth of the community". As a result of this initiative, the teaching of the classics was introduced into the curriculum of Romney Academy in 1820, thus making the institution the first school of higher education in the Eastern Panhandle. In 1846, the society constructed a new building to house the Romney Classical Institute and its library, both of which fell under the society's supervision.

The Romney Literary Society and the Romney Classical Institute both flourished and continued to grow in importance and influence until the onset of the Civil War in 1861. During the war, many members fought for the Confederate States Army forces and were killed during the conflict. The contents of the society's library were plundered by Union Army forces, and many of its 3,000 volumes were either scattered or destroyed. Following the war's end, only 400 of those volumes could be recovered, with just 200 remaining on the library's shelves.

The Romney Literary Society reorganized on May 15, 1869. Following the reorganization, the society built Literary Hall between 1869 and 1870 while also undertaking an initiative to bring the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind to its old Romney Classical Institute campus. The construction of Literary Hall was part of the society's effort to revive the organization and reassemble its original library. The society set about recovering original volumes and purchasing new ones, and the library reopened with 700 volumes. For a period of ten years between 1870 and 1880, much of Romney's intellectual life centered on Literary Hall. As older members died, interest in the society began to dwindle. The society's meetings were held less frequently, and its last recorded meeting was held on February 15, 1886.

Clinton Lodge
The Clinton Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons was the second organization to utilize Literary Hall as a meeting place. The Clinton Lodge was the first Masonic lodge to be chartered in Hampshire County and is among the earliest Masonic lodges to be established in present-day West Virginia. It was chartered by the Grand Lodge of Virginia on December 13, 1825. The lodge underwent four periods of hiatus: first, between 1838 and December 15, 1846; a second time between 1855 and its rechartering on July 3, 1857; a third time between 1861 and December 11, 1867, during the Civil War and Reconstruction; and a fourth time between November 29, 1881, and November 12, 1890, when it was again reactivated.

Following the completion of Literary Hall in 1870, the Clinton Lodge Masons regularly utilized the first floor of the building as a meeting space, while the Romney Literary Society maintained its use of the second floor as a library. Between its various periods of dormancy, the Clinton Lodge and the associated Order of the Eastern Star, which was organized in July 1919, utilized Literary Hall as a meeting space, and following the Romney Literary Society's disestablishment, the Masons and Eastern Star continued their use of the building. In 1973, prominent Romney lawyer Ralph Haines purchased Literary Hall from the Clinton Lodge Masons to rescue the old building from demolition and provided the lodge with a land lot for the construction of a new Masonic Temple at the corner of Washington and Center Streets in Romney. Following his purchase of Literary Hall, Haines restored the building to its original state and used it as a law office building and private museum. Haines later relocated his law offices to an adjacent commercial building. Under Haines's ownership, Literary Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 29, 1979.

Hampshire County Public Library
The building again served as a library in March 1937, when Romney's community library was relocated to the first floor of Literary Hall from its previous facility in the basement of the Hampshire County Courthouse. The library had been established on April 11, 1935, as a project by the American Legion Auxiliary, and was housed in a room of the courthouse basement where it was staffed by volunteers and open from 2pm to 4pm on Saturday afternoons. When the library's collection of both purchased and donated books outgrew its space in the courthouse basement, the Clinton Lodge Masons granted permission to the library to house its collection at Literary Hall in 1937. Following its move to Literary Hall, the library expanded its hours, and expanded them again, to five afternoons a week, through the assistance of the National Youth Administration and the Works Progress Administration.

In January 1942, a meeting was held for the purpose of establishing a more extensive library service. Later that month, on January 29, a charter was issued by West Virginia Secretary of State William Smith O'Brien for the creation of the non-profit Hampshire County Library Association. Following its incorporation, the library was relocated from Literary Hall to two rear adjoining rooms on the second story of the Hampshire County Courthouse. The association continued to house its library collection in the courthouse until 1967, when the new Hampshire County Public Library building at 153 West Main Street was formally dedicated on September 28, 1967. The library had been built on land donated by sisters Kate and Mary Davis, who had been engaged in the restoration of Literary Hall and whose father, Charles Maurice Davis, had been a member of both the Romney Literary Society and the Clinton Lodge Masons, which had both held meetings in the building.

Architecture

The interior and exterior of Literary Hall remain largely intact. At two stories, the building is tall in its proportion and incorporates elements from both early American and Victorian styles, which were common in academic buildings built during this period.

Architectural historian S. Allen Chambers described Literary Hall as an anomaly because the basic design and fenestration patterns, which invoke early Federal and Greek Revival design elements, are adorned with details more characteristic of the Victorian era.

According to architectural historian Michael J. Pauley of the West Virginia Department of Culture and History's Historic Preservation Unit, Literary Hall's unique structural features make the building "one of Romney's and Hampshire County's most notable landmarks, and one in which this community is justifiably proud". Pauley further averred that the building is "highly representative of the development of education and literature in the early United States". In describing its impact on Romney's streetscape, Chambers described Literary Hall as "adding distinction to Romney's major street intersection". Chambers also noted the building's resemblance and "strong architectural kinship" to the Romney Presbyterian Church.

Literary Hall is a two-story red brick structure, rectangular in plan, and topped with a gable roof. The first floor of Literary Hall consists of four rooms, and the second story is a single large ballroom. Fused with symmetrical elements evoking Federal and Greek Revival architectural styles are exterior decorative moldings and brick corbeling in the Victorian style.

The main façade (south elevation) of Literary Hall is divided into three bays, and its west and east elevations are divided into five bays. Each of the building's bays consists of a double-hung sash wooden window, with nine panes of glass within each sash. The windows are symmetrically placed within recessed brick panels that are defined at the first and second stories of the building with elementary brick ribs, or pseudo-pilasters, that form the outer surface of the building's exterior walls and provide separation of the three bays of the main façade and the five bays of the west and east elevations. The windows are framed by white wooden louvered window shutters. The building's brick is laid in an American bond pattern, with five courses of stretchers between every course of headers.

The main façade is topped by a simple wooden raking cornice that surmounts an ornamental corbel brick pendant. A semicircular fanlight, or lunette, is located in the center of the gable of the building's main façade, providing lighting to the building's attic. Chambers described this window as the most antiquated of the building's architectural elements and may have been based on the fanlight of the county's earlier courthouse built in 1833, which was located to the building's east.

Each of the main façade's first- and second-story windows and the entrance are adorned with white wooden label moldings. The main entrance is composed of a tall double wooden entrance door, with its original handle and locks. Each door consists of four vertical wooden panels. A rectangular transom light of four vertical glass panels tops the main entryway's double wooden doors. Outside the entryway is a spacious brick stoop that is accessed by a cement walkway from West Main Street. Its brick steps leading up to the stoop were last restored in the late 1970s.

Literary Hall is flanked by two interior side chimneys, between the second and third bays of the west and east elevations of the building. The building rests on a sandstone, ashlar block foundation. Its gable roof is sheathed with standing seam tin sheeting.

References

Bibliography

External links

1870 establishments in West Virginia
Buildings and structures in Romney, West Virginia
Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
Federal architecture in West Virginia
Former library buildings in the United States
Former Masonic buildings in West Virginia
Greek Revival architecture in West Virginia
Hampshire County, West Virginia, in the American Civil War
National Register of Historic Places in Hampshire County, West Virginia
Libraries on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia
Library buildings completed in 1870
Museums in Hampshire County, West Virginia
Romney Literary Society
Victorian architecture in West Virginia


Chaux may refer to:

Places
 in France
Chaux, Côte-d'Or, a commune in the department of Côte-d'Or
Chaux, Territoire de Belfort, commune in the department of Territoire de Belfort
The Forest of Chaux, Franche-Comté, the second largest forest in France
 Chaux, an ideal city near the Forest of Chaux proposed by Claude-Nicolas Ledoux (1736-1806)
Chaux-Champagny, commune in the department of Jura
Chaux-des-Crotenay, commune in the department of Jura
Chaux-des-Prés, commune in the department of Jura
Chaux-la-Lotière, commune in the department of Haute-Saône
Chaux-lès-Clerval, commune in the department of Doubs
Chaux-lès-Passavant, commune in the department of Doubs
Chaux-lès-Port, commune in the department of Haute-Saône
Chaux-Neuve, commune in the department of Doubs
 in Switzerland
 Chaux (Cossonay)
 Chaux des Breuleux
 Chaux du Milieu
 Chaux Ronde, a mountain in the western Bernese Alps, overlooking Villars-sur-Ollon in the canton of Vaud

People
 Víctor Mosquera Chaux (1919–1997), Colombian lawyer and politician who, as Presidential Designate, served as interim President of Colombia for 8 days in February, 1981

See also
 La Chaux (disambiguation)


The 1985 Zolochiv mid-air collision occurred on 3 May 1985 between Aeroflot Flight 8381 (Tu-134) and Soviet Air Force Flight 101 (An-26).

History
Aeroflot Flight 8381, a scheduled flight of a twin-engine Tupolev Tu-134 that departed Tallinn Airport in Estonian SSR, Soviet Union, at 10:38 am on 3 May 1985, for Chişinău in Moldavian SSR, Soviet Union making a stopover at Lviv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union. While descending to Lviv in overcast weather, it collided at 12:13 with Soviet Air Force Flight 101 which had just taken off from Lviv. The collision occurred at an altitude of  (flight level 130). Both aircraft lost their right wings and tails, went out of control and crashed about one or two minutes later near the village of Zolochiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union, killing all 94 people on both aircraft.

Civil and military air traffic controllers mislocated both aircraft involved, leading to violations of air traffic control rules.  Among the victims of the disaster were graphics artist Alexander Aksinin, the young Estonian table-tennis player Alari Lindmäe (born 15 September 1967) and two generals of the Soviet Army. The captain of the Aeroflot aircraft, Nikolai Dmitrijev (born 18 October 1931), was a Hero of Socialist Labor and one of the Soviet Union's most decorated civil airline pilots.

References

External links

Aviation accidents and incidents in 1985
1985 in the Soviet Union
Aeroflot
Aviation accidents and incidents in Ukraine
Aviation accidents and incidents in the Soviet Union
Accidents and incidents involving the Tupolev Tu-134
Accidents and incidents involving the Antonov An-26
Mid-air collisions
Mid-air collisions involving airliners
Mid-air collisions involving military aircraft
Aviation accidents and incidents caused by air traffic controller error
History of Lviv Oblast
1985 in Ukraine


Saint-Félix-de-Reillac-et-Mortemart (; Languedocien: Sent Feliç de Relhac e Mòrtamar) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

It results from the merger of the communes of Saint-Félix-de-Reillac and Mortemart, in 1827.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Mariano Martínez (born 20 September 1948 in Burgos) is a Spanish-French former professional road racing cyclist. He won the King of the Mountains competition in 1978 Tour de France. Born in Spain, Martínez became a naturalized French citizen in 1963. He is the father of former racing cyclists Miguel and Yannick Martinez and the grandfather of racing cyclist Lenny Martinez.

Major results

1965
 1st  Road race, National Junior Road Championships
1971
 7th Züri-Metzgete
 8th GP du canton d'Argovie
 9th Overall Étoile des Espoirs
 10th Grand Prix des Nations
1972
 4th Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
 4th Overall Tour de Romandie
 6th Overall Tour de France
1973
 3rd Overall Grand Prix du Midi Libre
 4th Overall Tour de Romandie
1974
 1st Stage 4 Grand Prix du Midi Libre
 3rd  Road race, UCI Road World Championships
 6th Overall Paris–Nice
 8th Overall Tour de France
 9th Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
1975
 4th Overall Tour de l'Aude
 5th Overall Tour du Limousin
1976
 10th Rund um den Henninger Turm
1977
 1st Stage 5 Étoile de Bessèges
 10th Overall Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme
1978
 1st Stage 4 Tour du Limousin
 2nd Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
1st  Mountains classification
 2nd Overall Tour du Vaucluse
1st Stage 1a
 3rd Overall Circuit de la Sarthe
1st Stage 1
 4th Overall Tour de Romandie
 5th Grand Prix de Mauléon-Moulins
 6th Overall Tour de Suisse
1st  Points classification
1st  Mountains classification
 7th Overall Critérium National de la Route
 10th Overall Tour de France
 1st  Mountains classification
 1st Stage 11
1979
 3rd Road race, National Road Championships
 6th Overall Grand Prix du Midi Libre
 10th Overall Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
 10th Grand Prix de Rennes
1980
 1st Stage 17 Tour de France
 1st Stage 3a Tour du Limousin
 9th Rund um den Henninger Turm
1981
 1st Stage 2 Grand Prix du Midi Libre
 2nd Subida a Arrate

References

External links

Official Tour de France results for Mariano Martínez

1948 births
Living people
French male cyclists
Spanish emigrants to France
French Tour de France stage winners
Sportspeople from Burgos
Naturalized citizens of France
Cyclists from Castile and León


Ban-Lon (sometimes spelled BanLon or Banlon) is a trademarked, multistrand, continuous-filament synthetic yarn used in the retail clothing industry. It was created in 1954 by Joseph Bancroft & Sons Company, by applying a process for crimping yarn to nylon in order to achieve greater bulk than ordinary yarns. It became popular for outerwear, swimsuits, sweaters and  hose. It is frequently associated with 1950s and 1960s American clothing and culture.

Ban-Lon came to be used as a punchline for jokes in films and on television shows in the 1990s. In an episode of NBC's Seinfeld series, Frank Costanza said that because of his "man breasts" he "wouldn't be caught dead in Ban-Lon", when Sid Farkus claims he wears it and there appears to be "some jiggling". Also, in the film Romy and Michele's High School Reunion, Michelle comments, "...how am I gonna impress anybody by selling Ban-Lon smocks at Bargain Mart?"

See also
 Polyester
 Rayon

References

Synthetic fibers
Woven fabrics
Technical fabrics


The Tower of the Elephant is a 1975 collection of two fantasy short stories by  American writer Robert E. Howard featuring his sword and sorcery hero Conan the Barbarian.  The book was published in 1975 by Donald M. Grant, Publisher, Inc. as the third volume of their deluxe Conan set.  The title story originally appeared in the magazine Weird Tales.  "The God in the Bowl"  is the original version of the story that first appeared, edited by L. Sprague de Camp, in the magazine Space Science Fiction.

Contents
 "The Tower of the Elephant"
 "The God in the Bowl"

Sources

External links

1975 short story collections
Fantasy short story collections
Conan the Barbarian books
Donald M. Grant, Publisher books


A creation myth (or creation story) is a cultural, religious or traditional myth which describes the earliest beginnings of the present world. Creation myths are the most common form of myth, usually developing first in oral traditions, and are found throughout human culture. A creation myth is usually regarded by those who subscribe to it as conveying profound truths, though not necessarily in a historical or literal sense. They are commonly, though not always, considered cosmogonical myths, that is, they describe the ordering of the cosmos from a state of chaos or amorphousness.

Basic type

Creation from chaos

Enûma Eliš (Babylonian creation myth)
Greek cosmogonical myth
Jamshid
Korean creation narratives
Kumulipo
Leviathan (Book of Job 38–41 creation myth)
Mandé creation myth
Pangu
Raven in Creation
Serer creation myth
Sumerian creation myth
Tungusic creation myth
Unkulunkulu
Väinämöinen
Viracocha

Earth diver

Ainu creation myth
Cherokee creation myth
Iroquois creation myth
Väinämöinen
Yoruba creation myth
Ob-Ugric creation myth

Emergence

Hopi creation myth
Maya creation of the world myth
Diné Bahaneʼ (Navajo)
Zuni creation myth

Ex nihilo (out of nothing)

Debate between sheep and grain
Barton cylinder
Ancient Egyptian creation myths
Genesis creation myth (Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and Rastafari)
Kabezya-Mpungu
Māori myths
Mbombo
Ngai
Popol Vuh

Raven Tales

World parent

Coatlicue
Enûma Eliš
Greek cosmogonical myth
Heliopolis creation myth
Hiranyagarbha creation myth
Kumulipo
Rangi and Papa
Völuspá

Divine twins

Proto-Indo-European creation myths

Regional

Africa
Ancient Egyptian creation myths
Fon creation myth
Kaang creation story (Bushmen)
Kintu myth (Bugandan)
Mandé creation myth
Mbombo (Kuba, Bakuba or Bushongo/Boshongo)
Ngai (Kamba, Kikuyu and Maasai )
Serer creation myth (cosmogony of the Serer people of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania)
Unkulunkulu (Zulu)
Yoruba creation

Americas
Caribbean

 Taíno creation myths

Mesoamerica
Coatlicue (Aztec)
Maya creation of the world myth
Popol Vuh (Quiché Mayan)

Mid North America
Anishinaabeg creation stories
Cherokee creation myth
Choctaw creation myth
Creek creation myth
Hopi creation myth
Kuterastan (Plains Apache)
Diné Bahaneʼ (Navajo)
Raven in Creation (Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian)
Zuni creation myth

South America
Legend of Trentren Vilu and Caicai Vilu (Chilean)
Viracocha (Incan)
Xolas (Chilean)

Asia

Central Asia
Ergenekon
Mongolian creation myth
Tungusic creation myth

East Asia
Ainu creation myth (Japan)
Au Co (Vietnamese)
Chinese creation myth
Japanese creation myth
Korean creation narratives
Vietnamese creation myth
Nüwa (Chinese)
Pangu (Chinese)

Indian subcontinent
 Ajativada
 Buddhist cosmology
 Folk Hindu creation myth
 Hiranyagarbha creation (India)
 Jainism and non-creationism (India)
 Meitei mythology (India)
 Mimamsa eternalism (India)
 Nyaya-Vaisheshika atomic theory (India)
 Samkhya-yoga theory (India)
 Sanamahi creation myth (India)

Europe
 Slavic creation myth
 Theogony (Classical Greco-Roman)
 Book of Invasions (Celtic, specifically Irish)
 Väinämöinen (Finnish)
 Völuspá (Norse)

Middle East
 Debate between sheep and grain
 Enûma Eliš (Babylonian)
 Genesis creation myth (Hebrew)
 Islamic creation myth (Arabic)
 Leviathan (Book of Job 38-41 creation myth)
 Mashya and Mashyana (Persian)
 Sumerian creation myth

Pacific Islands/Oceanic
Areop-Enap (Nauruan)
Kumulipo (Hawaiian)
Māori myths (Māori)
Rangi and Papa (Māori)
Sureq Galigo (Buginese)

In mythopoeia

In mythopoeia, an artificial mythology created by writers of prose or other fiction, traditional mythological themes and archetypes are integrated into fiction. Some works of mythopoeia also feature creation myths:
 Ainulindalë from Tolkien's The Silmarillion

References

Creation


St. Thomas Primitive Baptist Church is a historic church building in Summit, Oklahoma. The church was built in 1922 for the Primitive Baptist congregation and is the oldest surviving structure in Summit, a historically all-black town. It was built by Rev. L. W. Thomas. The building is a front-gabled, sandstone building with a square cupola on the ridge of the east end, over the entrance. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 for its importance to the historical settlement and the social history of the black community in Oklahoma.

References

African-American history of Oklahoma
Baptist churches in Oklahoma
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Oklahoma
Buildings and structures in Muskogee County, Oklahoma
Churches completed in 1922
National Register of Historic Places in Muskogee County, Oklahoma
1922 establishments in Oklahoma
Primitive Baptists


On May 21, 2006, the majority of 55.53% voted in a referendum for Montenegro as an independent state. The Government of the country declared its intentions to join EU and NATO. Shortly after that it became a 192nd member of United Nations in July 2006. In the press release of 29 June the Government “emphasized the readiness and determination to build its development policy on the United Nations’ principles and make an active contribution towards achieving the goals and universal values advocated by the UN”. But the process of integration into European community and economic development began in 1991 when Montenegro proclaimed to be ecological state and thus created favorable tourist conditions and attractive property investment opportunities. The country's Ministry of Tourism and Environment Protection in 2001 unveiled the Tourism Master Plan, a blueprint for all tourism planning and targets up to 2020. In April 2003 Montenegro joined the Council of Europe. According to World Travel & Tourism Council report the Government of Montenegro is successfully implementing the plan and “have adopted most of the recommendations put forward by WTTC in its 2004 Country Report - exceeding both the forecasts and goals that were set”.

Situated at the shore of Adriatic Sea Montenegro has 117 unique sandy and pebble beaches. UNESCO-protected bay of Kotor and the Tara canyon are of particular value, which enables Montenegro to achieve such success in tourist and property market over the last decade. There are four national parks, which are the most attractive and ecologically best preserved nature reserves (Durmitor, Biogradska gora, Lake Skadar, and Lovcen). The intentions are to establish two more.

Montenegro real estate regulations development

Montenegro has successfully implemented and established laws and strategies, which helped to achieve such significant improvement in the fields of economics and tourism. Adopting best practices of European community Montenegro continues to implement Economic Reform Agenda, adjusts tax legislation to international standards and EU directives.

Numerous legislation activities such as development of new institutions ensure better efficiency of the system and its better adjustment to the needs of citizens, business and society in general. For example, Real Estate Administration (former Republic Institute for Geodetic and Property-legal Affairs), which is supposed to provide certainty and legal safety of real estate, i.e. formalization of property of land and buildings as elementary condition for efficient development.  As regards the legislation, new Law on State Survey and Cadastre and Registration of Real Estate Rights are adopted to solve the issues occurred because of imperfections and restrictions noted in the past application of the existing regulations and aimed to establish the accordance with many changes and requirements of economy, to enable realization of future programs and projects in the field of modernization of cadastral system in the state of Montenegro.

Montenegro still continues to develop its legislation system, proposing new Drafts of existing Law and elaborates new normative regulation of relations, which have not been regulated so far in compliance with European norms and standards- “Draft Law mostly contains provisions which have been taken from the former Federal Law, offering a unique, consistent and integral text concerning property-rights relations, and regulating previously unregulated relations.”

Property purchase procedure, taxes and related fees
Foreign investors have no restrictions on buying and selling real estate in Montenegro and can do it the same way the locals do. It applies to all commercial and residential properties including plots of land. There are a few exceptions - Plots at the first line near the Adriatic Sea and lands of national and historic importance belong to the state and can be rented only. This helps to protect the unique nature and preserve environment of the seashore of Adriatic.
When an investor chooses a property, as a rule, deposit of 10% of property price is paid to secure the transaction and the investor’s solicitor prepares Draft property purchase contract. After the terms and conditions have been negotiated and the property and its ownership is checked in the cadastre, the price of property is paid in full by cash or bank transaction (if by bank then 21% VAT applies to the sum transferred by bank). When the final purchase contract is signed, the new ownership is registered in the Court.

In terms of additional costs associated with the investment property buying process the investor is responsible for legal fees paid to his/her lawyer who is supposed to prepare Draft and after Final property Purchase contract and other related Court costs to transfer ownership and register the new owner of property. In addition to all registration fees (which is about 500 euros) the buyer pays the transfer tax of about 3% for re-sale and new build properties. The agent’s commission is between 3 and 8%, usually paid by the seller. The buyer does not usually pay a fee.

See also

 Culture of Montenegro
 Economy of Montenegro
 Foreign relations of Montenegro
 History of Yugoslavia
 History of the Balkans
 Cuisine of Montenegro
 Law enforcement in Montenegro
 List of rulers of Montenegro
 Montenegrin independence referendum
 Politics of Montenegro
 Tourism in Montenegro

References

External links
 http://www.vlada.me/eng/index.php Government of the republic of Montenegro
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090316153620/http://www.gov.me/eng/infobiro/ Cabinet meeting press releases
 http://www.wttc.org/ World Travel and Tourism Council
 http://www.uniquemontenegro.com/eng/news Real Estate News in Montenegro
 http://www.real-estate-investment.co.uk/index.html Investment in Montenegro
 http://www.visit-montenegro.org/english/faq/faq.htm Montenegro helpful resource
 http://www.investmontenegro.com/news.php Montenegro Real Estate News
 http://www.montenegro365.com/property-buyer-guide.html Business Facts Montenegro

Economy of Montenegro
Land taxation


In mechanical engineering, the Denavit–Hartenberg parameters (also called DH parameters) are the four parameters associated with a particular convention for attaching reference frames to the links of a spatial kinematic chain, or robot manipulator.

Jacques Denavit and Richard Hartenberg introduced this convention in 1955 in order to standardize the coordinate frames for spatial linkages.

Richard Paul demonstrated its value for the kinematic analysis of robotic systems in 1981.
While many conventions for attaching reference frames have been developed, the Denavit–Hartenberg convention remains a popular approach.

Denavit–Hartenberg convention
A commonly used convention for selecting frames of reference in robotics applications is the Denavit and Hartenberg (D–H) convention which was introduced by Jacques Denavit and Richard S. Hartenberg.  In this convention, coordinate frames are attached to the joints between two links such that one transformation is associated with the joint, , and the second is associated with the link .  The coordinate transformations along a serial robot consisting of  links form the kinematics equations of the robot,

where  is the transformation locating the end-link.

In order to determine the coordinate transformations  and , the joints connecting the links are modeled as either hinged or sliding joints, each of which have a unique line  in space that forms the joint axis and define the relative movement of the two links.  A typical serial robot is characterized by a sequence of six lines , one for each joint in the robot.  For each sequence of lines  and , there is a common normal line .  The system of six joint axes  and five common normal lines  form the kinematic skeleton of the typical six degree of freedom serial robot.  Denavit and Hartenberg introduced the convention that z-coordinate axes are assigned to the joint axes  and x-coordinate axes are assigned to the common normals .

This convention allows the definition of the movement of links around a common joint axis  by the screw displacement,

where  is the rotation around and  is the slide along the -axis—either of the parameters can be constants depending on the structure of the robot.  Under this convention the dimensions of each link in the serial chain are defined by the screw displacement around the common normal  from the joint  to , which is given by

where  and  define the physical dimensions of the link in terms of the angle measured around and distance measured along the X axis.

In summary, the reference frames are laid out as follows:
 the -axis is in the direction of the joint axis
 the -axis is parallel to the common normal:  (or away from )If there is no unique common normal (parallel  axes), then  (below) is a free parameter.  The direction of  is from  to , as shown in the video below.
 the -axis follows from the - and -axis by choosing it to be a right-handed coordinate system.

Four parameters

The following four transformation parameters are known as D–H parameters:.

 : offset along previous  to the common normal
 : angle about previous , from old  to new
 : length of the common normal (aka , but if using this notation, do not confuse with ).  Assuming a revolute joint, this is the radius about previous .
 : angle about common normal, from old  axis to new  axis

A visualization of D–H parameterization is available: YouTube

There is some choice in frame layout as to whether the previous  axis or the next  points along the common normal.  The latter system allows branching chains more efficiently, as multiple frames can all point away from their common ancestor, but in the alternative layout the ancestor can only point toward one successor.  Thus the commonly used notation places each down-chain  axis collinear with the common normal, yielding the transformation calculations shown below.

We can note constraints on the relationships between the axes:

 the -axis is perpendicular to both the  and  axes
 the -axis intersects both  and  axes
 the origin of joint  is at the intersection of  and
  completes a right-handed reference frame based on  and

Denavit–Hartenberg matrix
It is common to separate a screw displacement into product of a pure translation along a line and a pure rotation about the line, so that

and

Using this notation, each link can be described by a coordinate transformation from the concurrent coordinate system to the previous coordinate system.

Note that this is the product of two screw displacements,  The matrices associated with these operations are:

This gives:

where  R is the 3×3 submatrix describing rotation and  T is the 3×1 submatrix describing translation.

In some books, the order of transformation for a pair of consecutive rotation and translation (such as and ) is replaced. However, because matrix multiplication order for such pair does not matter, the result is the same. For example: .

Use of Denavit and Hartenberg matrices
The Denavit and Hartenberg notation gives a standard (distal) methodology to write the kinematic equations of a manipulator. This is especially useful for serial manipulators where a matrix is used to represent the pose (position and orientation) of one body with respect to another.

The position of body  with respect to   may be represented by a position matrix indicated with the symbol  or

This matrix is also used to transform a point from frame  to

Where the upper left  submatrix of  represents the relative
orientation of the two bodies, and the upper right  represents their relative position or more specifically the body position in frame n − 1 represented with element of frame n.

The position of body  with respect to body  can be obtained as the product of the matrices representing the pose of  with respect of  and that of  with respect of

An important property of Denavit and Hartenberg matrices is that the inverse is

where  is both the transpose and the inverse of the orthogonal matrix , i.e. .

Kinematics
Further matrices can be defined to represent velocity and acceleration of bodies.
The velocity of body  with respect to body  can be represented in frame  by the matrix

where  is the angular velocity of body  with respect to body  and all the components are expressed in frame ;  is the velocity of one point of body  with respect to body  (the pole). The pole is the point of  passing through the origin of frame .

The acceleration matrix can be defined as the sum of the time derivative of the velocity plus the velocity squared

The velocity and the acceleration in frame  of a point of body  can be evaluated as

It is also possible to prove that

Velocity and acceleration matrices add up according to the following rules

in other words the absolute velocity is the sum of the parent velocity plus the relative velocity; for the acceleration the Coriolis' term is also present.

The components of velocity and acceleration matrices are expressed in an arbitrary frame  and transform from one frame to another by the following rule

Dynamics

For the dynamics three further matrices are necessary to describe the inertia , the linear and angular momentum , and the forces and torques  applied to a body.

Inertia :

where  is the mass,  represent the position of the center of mass, and the terms  represent inertia and are defined as

Action matrix , containing force  and torque :

Momentum matrix , containing linear  and angular  momentum

All the matrices are represented with the vector components in a certain frame . Transformation of the components from frame  to frame  follows the rule

The matrices described allow the writing of the dynamic equations in a concise way.

Newton's law:

Momentum:

The first of these equations express the Newton's law and is the equivalent of the vector equation  (force equal mass times acceleration) plus  (angular acceleration in function of inertia and angular velocity); the second equation permits the evaluation of the linear and angular momentum when velocity and inertia are known.

Modified DH parameters
Some books such as Introduction to Robotics: Mechanics and Control (3rd Edition)  use modified (proximal) DH parameters. The difference between the classic (distal) DH parameters and the modified DH parameters are the locations of the coordinates system attachment to the links and the order of the performed transformations.

Compared with the classic DH parameters, the coordinates of frame  is put on axis i − 1, not the axis i in classic DH convention. The coordinates of  is put on the axis i, not the axis i + 1 in classic DH convention.

Another difference is that according to the modified convention, the transform matrix is given by the following order of operations:

Thus, the matrix of the modified DH parameters becomes

Note that some books (e.g.:) use  and  to indicate the length and twist of link n − 1 rather than link n. As a consequence,  is formed only with parameters using the same subscript.

In some books, the order of transformation for a pair of consecutive rotation and translation (such as and ) is replaced. However, because matrix multiplication order for such pair does not matter, the result is the same. For example: .

Surveys of DH conventions and its differences have been published.

See also
 Forward kinematics
 Inverse kinematics
 Kinematic chain
 Kinematics
 Robotics conventions
 Mechanical systems

References

Robot control


Walling Pond is a privately owned pond that is open to the public for fishing.  The pond, located in Salem, Oregon, is owned by the Walling family.  The pond is located at the original site of their sand and gravel processing plant at the northeast corner of McGilchrist and 16th Streets, S.E.  The pond is popular with bait anglers and produces stocked rainbow trout.

See also
 List of lakes in Oregon

References

External links
 2008 Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife Stocking Schedule

Lakes of Oregon
Geography of Salem, Oregon
Lakes of Marion County, Oregon
Tourist attractions in Salem, Oregon


Storm Season is the fourth studio album by the Norwegian progressive rock band White Willow. It is the last album to feature Sylvia Erichsen  (currently known as Sylvia Skjellestad) on vocals until her return on 2011's Terminal Twilight.

Track listing
All songs have been composed by Jacob Holm-Lupo except where noted.
 "Chemical Sunset" (Holm-Lupo, Traditional) – 7:58
 "Sally Left" – 6:33
 Voice – Teresa K. Aslanian
 "Endless Science" – 3:37
 "Soulburn" – 9:21
 Vocals – Finn Coren
 "Insomnia" – 5:49
 "Storm Season" (Lars Fredrik Frøislie) – 4:21
 "Nightside of Eden" (Holm-Lupo, Johannes Sæbøe) – 9:44
 "Headlights" (Japanese bonus track) – 6:22

Personnel
 Marthe Berger Walthinsen – bass, tambourine
 Sigrun Eng – cello
 Aage Moltke Schou – drums, percussion
 Johannes Sæbøe – electric guitar
 Jacob Holm-Lupo – electric guitar, acoustic guitar, keyboards
 Ketil Vestrum Einarsen – flute, synthesizer, tambourine
 Lars Fredrik Frøislie – piano, keyboards, synthesizer, electric piano, glockenspiel
 Sylvia Erichsen – vocals
 Øystein Vesaas – engineer

References

External links
WHITE WILLOW Storm Season music reviews and MP3 @ progarchives.com
 Storm Season on Myspace

2004 albums
White Willow (band) albums


The Piaggio P.149 is a 1950s Italian utility and liaison aircraft designed and built by Piaggio. The aircraft was built under licence by Focke-Wulf in West Germany as the FWP.149D.

Development
The P.149 was developed as a four-seat touring variant of the earlier P.148. The P.149 is an all-metal, low-wing cantilever monoplane with a retractable tricycle landing gear with room for four or five occupants. The prototype first flew on 19 June 1953.

Only a few were sold, until the German Air Force selected the aircraft for a training and utility role. Piaggio delivered 76 aircraft out of a total of 88 built in Italy to Germany, while another 190 were built in Germany by Focke-Wulf.

Operational history
The aircraft was operated by the German Air Force between 1957 and 1990.

Swissair's Flying School based at Bern (Belp) airfield used a small fleet of the type to provide primary instruction to trainee pilots.

Operators

German Air Force
Marineflieger

Israeli Air Force

Italian Air Force operated two Piaggio P.149Ds from 1953 until 1955

Nigerian Air Force operated 12 Piaggo P.149D in 1967

Swissair Flying School

Tanzanian Air Force

Ugandan Air Force

Specifications (P.149D)

See also

Citations

References
 Donald, David. The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Leicester, UK: Blitz Editions, 1997. .
 Gandet, Erich. "'Wulf' in Sheep's Clothing: Farewell to Swissair's P.149s". Air Enthusiast. No. 92. March/April 2001. pp. 42–43. .
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 2714.
 Simpson, R. W. Airlifes General Aviation. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd., Second edition, 1995. .
 Stevens, James Hay. "Fully Aerobatic Four-Seater". Flight, 18 July 1958, p. 73.
 Wheeler, Barry C. "World's Air Forces 1980". Flight International, 4 October 1980. pp. 1323–1378.

External links

P.149
1950s Italian military trainer aircraft
1950s Italian military utility aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1953
Focke-Wulf aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft


Hemanta Bahadur B.C. is a Nepalese politician and the chairman of the Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist). He was a leading member of the Communist Party of Nepal (United), prior to the merger of that party into the Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist). When the United Left Front was constituted in 2002, he became its treasurer.

References

Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist) politicians
Communist Party of Nepal (United) politicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Terry Allen (September 12, 1916 – October 1981) was an American baritone vocalist active during the Big Band era.

Career
In 1938, Allen joined Red Norvo's band, performing the vocals on a number of Norvo's recordings, especially "I Get Along Without You Very Well," a big Norvo hit in 1939. In 1939, he joined Larry Clinton's band and recorded a hit in 1940, "My Greatest Mistake." Allen moved to Claude Thornhill's band in 1941 and Will Bradley's in 1942. Allen also, in 1942, sang with Hal McIntyre.

In August 1944, after being honorably discharged from the United States Navy, Allen began performing with Johnny Long and His Orchestra at the New Yorker hotel. In 1947, he recorded "Jade Green" (Edmund Anderson, words; David Broekman, music) and "Another Memory" (Atlantic 683) with the David Broekman (fr) Orchestra.

References

1916 births
1981 deaths
Big band singers
20th-century American singers
20th-century American male singers
American male jazz musicians
United States Navy personnel of World War II


Zeroville is a 2007 novel by Steve Erickson on film's upheaval in the 1970s. It has been translated into French, Spanish, Italian, Japanese and other languages.  It was named one of the best novels of the year by Newsweek, the Washington Post BookWorld and the Los Angeles Times Book Review among others, and in winter 2008 was one of the five favorite novels of 800 novelists and critics in a poll of the National Book Critics Circle. The novel was also shortlisted for the Believer Book Award.

It was later adapted into a widely derided film starring James Franco and Seth Rogen.

Plot
Nicknamed "Vikar," Ike Jerome, a 24-year-old architecture student inspired by the few films he has seen, rides the bus into Hollywood. Jerome is initially portrayed as violent and short tempered, his social ineptitude is slowly revealed as borderline autistic. With a tattoo of Montgomery Clift and Elizabeth Taylor as they appear in the film A Place in the Sun on the back of his head which he keeps shaven, his appearance is anachronistic and jarring to most of the people he encounters in end-of-the-'60s Los Angeles. He gets his first job in the industry as a set builder during which time he meets an aging film editor whom he befriends, and begins a dreamlike journey into the world of films that eventually ends in tragedy and almost horrific discovery.

Themes

Zeroville discusses the supernatural power of films over people and how films become like gods in our worship of them. Vikar's bizarre discovery of a secret movie, found frame by frame in every film ever made, confirms this.

Zeroville is partially a critique of the ways movies and Hollywood changed in the 1970s, as the old studios are taken over by young renegade filmmakers. Vikar laments on the disappearance of film from Hollywood: "'I'm in the movie capital of the world,' Vikar says, 'and nobody knows anything about movies'".

Zeroville's plot is woven with two older stories or myths: the binding of Isaac and the legend of Perceval.

Notes

Many actors, writers and directors popular in the 1970s make appearances, including Robert De Niro, John Milius, Margot Kidder, Ryan O'Neal, Ali MacGraw, Paul Schrader, Luciano Damiani, Brian De Palma, and the ghost of Montgomery Clift.

A motion picture adaptation of Zeroville starring James Franco and Megan Fox was released in September 2019.

References

2007 American novels
Novels by Steve Erickson
Hollywood novels
Fiction set in the 1970s
American novels adapted into films
Works about fandom


Plants

Ferns and fern allies

Angiosperms

Arthropods

Insects

Molluscs

Cephalopods

Tetrapodomorphs

Amphibians

Newly named temnospondylians

Newly named amphibians

Ichthyosaurs

Lepidosauromorphs

Newly named basal lepidosauromorphs

Newly named plesiosaurs

Newly named squamates

Turtles

Archosauromorphs

Newly named crurotarsans

Newly named dinosaurs
 Vickaryous, M K., 2006, New information on the cranial anatomy of Edmontonia rugosidens Gilmore, a Late Cretaceous nodosaurid dinosaur from Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta: JVP, v. 26, n. 4: 1011–1013.

Data are courtesy of George Olshevky's dinosaur genera list.

Newly named birds

Newly named pterosaurs

Synapsids

Non-mammalian

Mammals

Trace fossils
 The trace fossil genera Nihilichnus (Nihilichnus nihilicus and Nihilichnus mortalis), Machichnus (Machichnus regularis, Machichnus multilineatus, and Machichnus bohemicus) and Brutalichnus (Brutalichnus brutalis) are described from bite traces.

References

2000s in paleontology
Paleontology


Billy Mercer may refer to:
 Billy Mercer (footballer, born 1892) (1892–1956), former Hull City, Huddersfield Town and Blackpool goalkeeper
 Billy Mercer (footballer, born 1896) (1896–1975), former Preston North End, Blackpool, Lancaster Town and Boston Town player
 Billy Mercer (footballer, born 1969), former Rotherham United and Chesterfield player, now goalkeeping coach at Burnley FC
 Billy Mercer (musician), bassist for Strays Don't Sleep

See also
 William Mercer (disambiguation)
 Bill Mercer (born 1926), American sportscaster


Alojz Gradnik (August 3, 1882 – July 14, 1967) was a Slovenian poet and translator.

Life
Gradnik was born in the village of Medana in the Gorizia Hills region, in what was then the Austro-Hungarian Empire and is today in the Municipality of Brda of Slovenia. His father was a Slovene from Trieste who came from a poor working-class background, but created considerable wealth by winemaking. His mother was an ethnic Friulian from the County of Gorizia and Gradisca. His younger brother Jožef later served as mayor of the village.

Gradnik attended the multilingual State Gymnasium in Gorizia. He lived in a student home run by the Catholic Church. Among his friends from this period were Avgust Žigon, who later became a renowned literary scholar, the Slovene writer Ivan Pregelj and the Friulian prelate Luigi Fogar, who later served as bishop of Trieste. After finishing high school, he went to study law in Vienna. After graduation in 1907, he served as a district judge in the Istrian city of Pula, in Gorizia and in other smaller towns throughout the Austrian Littoral. During this period, he was active in Slovene and Croat cultural and political associations. Between 1913 and 1915, he frequented the intellectual circles of young Slovene national-liberals in Gorizia. Among his friends from the period were Andrej Gabršček, the leader of the National Progressive Party in Gorizia and Gradisca, the young historian and jurist Bogumil Vošnjak and the lawyers Dinko Puc and Drago Marušič, who all later became prominent liberal politicians in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

In 1924, he married Mira Potokar, with whom he had a son, Sergij.

In 1920, after the Italian annexation of the Julian March, he emigrated to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, where he continued his career as a judge. In the late 1920s, he worked as an expert consultant at the Ministry of Justice in Belgrade. He was later appointed member of the High Court for the Security of the State, in which political trials were conducted. From 1936 and 1941 he served as a member of the "Bank of the Seven" (Stol sedmorice), the court of cassation which had jurisdiction on all former Austro-Hungarian parts of Yugoslavia. The court was located in Zagreb and during his stay in the Croatian capital, Gradnik enjoyed the company of Croat intellectuals like the writer Vladimir Nazor, historian Antun Barac, and poet Ivan Goran Kovačić.

After the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, he was expelled by the new Fascist authorities of the Independent State of Croatia. He moved back to Ljubljana. Between 1942 and 1943, he was interned in the Gonars concentration camp by the Italian Fascist occupation authorities. The concentration camp experience would strongly influence his later poetry. After the end of World War II, he returned to Ljubljana, where he spent the rest of his life as a pensioner. After September 1947, when the Slovenian Littoral was annexed to Yugoslavia, he regularly visited his native village, spending most of the summer season writing poetry.

Gradnik was a polyglot: besides Slovene, he was fluent in Italian, Friulian, German, Serbo-Croatian, English, and French. He also spoke Russian, Hungarian, and Spanish, and knew Latin and Ancient Greek. He studied several oriental languages, such as Sanskrit, Persian, Bengali and Mandarin.

He died in Ljubljana.

Work

Gradnik was a prolific author. During his lifetime, between 1916 and 1944, he published nine collections of poems and left a large number of unpublished works. Together with Izidor Cankar and Ivan Pregelj, Gradnik belonged to the second generation of modernist authors in Slovenian literature (the first was composed by Ivan Cankar, Oton Župančič, Dragotin Kette, and others). Gradnik was most influenced by the work of the poet Josip Murn Aleksandrov, and was probably among the first to acknowledge Murn's poetic genius. Like Murn, Gradnik incorporated impressionist visions of the countryside and peasant life into his poetry. Gradnik's style and vocabulary were simple, but his motifs and contents complex.

Gradnik's early poetry was strongly inspired by both the older generations of Slovenian poets (the modernists, but also Simon Gregorčič and France Prešeren) and the European decadent movement. One of the specific traits of Gradnik's early period was his intense focus on the relationship between Eros and Thanatos: that is, between erotic passion and the motive of death. He later moved away from decadentism, rediscovering his Roman Catholic faith and turning to more mystical themes, maintaining a simple and plain language. He also wrote patriotic songs, in which he conveyed intimate sentiments of pain, hope and frustration for the tragedies in the contemporary Slovenian history.

Gradnik was also very influenced by the visual arts, especially painting and sculpture. He wrote a book on the Slovene impressionist painter Rihard Jakopič and maintained a close friendship with the painter Ivan Grohar, the illustrators Riko Debenjak and  Miha Maleš, and the sculptor Jakob Savinšek. Several painters strongly influenced his work, especially Eugène Carrière, Božidar Jakac, and the Brueghels.

Gradnik was also an important translator. Among other works, he translated the first two parts of Dante's Divine Comedy into Slovene. He also translated works of other important authors, including Francesco Petrarca, Giacomo Leopardi, Rabindranath Tagore, Giosuè Carducci, Romain Rolland, Omar Khayyam, Jovan Jovanović Zmaj, Vuk Karadžić, Ivan Mažuranić, Petar Petrović Njegoš, Ugo Foscolo, Anton Chekhov, Juan Ramón Jiménez, John Erskine, Federico García Lorca, Sándor Petőfi, Endre Ady. He also wrote children's literature.

Influence and legacy

Today, Gradnik is considered the most important Slovenian poet in the interwar period, next to Oton Župančič, and one of the most important Slovene poets of the 20th century. In his lifetime, however, he was mostly disregarded by critics. With his traditional style and conservative worldview, he remained outside the contemporary literary mainstream. However, he influenced the work of some highly talented non-conventional authors such as Lili Novy and France Balantič.

After the establishment of the Communist regime in Yugoslavia after 1945, his position deteriorated. Gradnik was an anti-Fascist, he sympathised with the Liberation Front of the Slovenian People, and even wrote several poems about the Yugoslav People's Liberation War in Slovenia. Nevertheless, his deep Christian religious sentiment and his magical realistic style were seen as reactionary by the Communists. His membership in the High Tribunal for the Security of the State, which condemned several Communist activists, was a further reason for his fall into disgrace during Josip Broz Tito's regime. He did not suffer any persecution, but he was pushed away from public life. Between 1945 and 1967, he published mostly translations and none of his new poetry was published. There was no public commemoration upon his death and he was not included in the canon taught in schools. In Yugoslavia, no street or institution was named after him until 1990. Nevertheless, many of his poems gained much popularity in his home region and a local school in the Italian commune of San Floriano del Collio was named after him in the late 1970s.

Gradnik was rediscovered in the late 1980s, when he was elevated to a truly national poet for the first time. He became a major source of influence for the younger generations of postmodern authors, such as Brane Senegačnik, Nevin Birsa, Aleš Šteger, and others.

Since mid-1996, an annual festival has been held in August in his home village of Medana, called Days of Poetry and Wine (Dnevi poezije in vina), to which young international poets are invited.

Bibliography
Padajoče zvezde - (Falling Stars, 1916)
Pot bolesti - (The Path of Sorrow, 1922)
De Profundis - (1926)
Svetle samote - (Bright Solitudes, 1932)
Večni studenci - (Eternal Wells, 1938)
Zlate lestve - (Golden Ladders, 1940)
Bog in umetnik - (God and the Artist, 1943)
Pojoča kri - (Singing Blood, 1944)
Pesmi o Maji - (Poems about Maja, 1944)
Grozdja Girlande - (Garlands of Grapes)
Tolmin - (Tolmin)

Sources

Taras Kermauner, Gradnikova pot k Bogu (Nova Gorica: Zveza kulturnih organizacij, 1997).
Fedora Ferluga Petronio, "Alojz Gradnik - Pesnik goriških Brd: mednarodni simpozij ob 125. obletnici pesnikovega rojstva", Primorski dnevnik, yr. 69, n. 113 (May 13, 2007).
Danila Zuljan Kumar, "Z referati osvetlili njegovo poezijo: Gradnikov simpozij na Univerzi v Vidmu, Briški časnik, y. 11, n. 47 (2007).

1882 births
1967 deaths
Slovenian male poets
Slovenian translators
Italian–Slovene translators
Serbian–Slovene translators
Croatian–Slovene translators
Hungarian–Slovene translators
20th-century Slovenian judges
University of Vienna alumni
Members of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Slovenian people of Friulian descent
Slovenian Roman Catholics
Slovenian Catholic poets
Presidents of the Slovene Writers' Association
20th-century Slovenian poets
20th-century translators
People from the Municipality of Brda
Yugoslav judges


Route 145 is a state highway in the western part of the Connecticut River Estuary region of Connecticut. It connects Clinton center, through the village of Winthrop, to the town of Chester.

Route description
Route 145 begins at an intersection with US 1 in Clinton and heads northeast, into Westbrook.  In Westbrook, it turns north, intersecting with I-95 and passing by the Messerschmidt Pond Wildlife Area, before continuing into the town of Deep River. In Deep River, it continues north through the Winthrop section of the town, briefly overlapping Route 80 before continuing into Chester. In Chester, it continues north and northeast, curving around Chester Airport before ending at an intersection with Route 148 within the Cockaponset State Forest.

History
Route 145 was established in 1932, following a loop around the Clinton Country Club and passing by the beach communities of Grove Beach and Clinton Beach within the town of Clinton. In 1959, it was extended as a tail north through Westbrook to the former Route 144 (now a town road called Bushy Hill Road) in Deep River. In 1942 or 1943, its northern end was relocated and extended northward to Route 80. In 1962, it was extended to its current northern terminus at Route 148 and the portion south of US 1 became town roads. Part of old Route 145 called Grove Beach Road between current Route 145 and US 1 is still a state road with unsigned designation State Road 625.

Junction list

References

External links

145
Transportation in Middlesex County, Connecticut


Samuel Gbenga Okunowo (born 1 March 1979) is a Nigerian retired footballer who played mainly as a right back.

Injury affected the vast majority of his professional career, which was spent in eight countries other than his own.

Club career
Born in Ibadan, Okunowo signed with La Liga club FC Barcelona at the age of 18. In the 1998–99 season he competed for the starting spot in the first team with Michael Reiziger, and managed 21 appearances all competitions comprised (15 starts) as the Catalans went on to win the national championship.

However, Okunowo did not manage to remain with Barça, going on to serve two unassuming loans, with Portugal's S.L. Benfica and Spanish second division club CD Badajoz and being released in June 2002. He went on to represent – with very little impact as well – teams in four countries: Greece, Romania, Albania and Ukraine.

In 2007, Okunowo was on trial at Northwich Victoria of the Conference National and Vilanova del Camí in the Spanish amateur leagues, but nothing came of it. Two years later, he returned to active with VB Sports Club in the Maldives; in October 2009, however, he joined England's Waltham Forest, playing in a league eight levels below the Premier League.

In February 2010, Okunowo underwent a trial with Polish Ekstraklasa side Odra Wodzislaw, in an attempt to return to top flight football, but nothing materialized. He also met the same fate whilst looking for a club in Norway.

On 5 January 2012, Okunowo returned to his homeland and signed with Sunshine Stars F.C. for one Nigerian Premier League campaign. He retired the following year, aged 34.

International career
Okunowo represented Nigeria at the 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship (helping the hosts reach the quarter-finals), the 2000 African Cup of Nations and the 2000 Summer Olympics, winning eight caps with the senior team.

Personal life
In July 2012, Okunowo lost all his possessions when a fire broke in his mansion in Ibadan. He subsequently reached out for help from former club Barcelona, which obliged.

References

External links

1979 births
Living people
Footballers from Ibadan
Yoruba sportspeople
Nigerian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Nigeria Professional Football League players
Shooting Stars S.C. players
La Liga players
FC Barcelona players
FC Barcelona Atlètic players
CD Badajoz players
Primeira Liga players
S.L. Benfica footballers
Ionikos F.C. players
Liga I players
FC Dinamo București players
Ukrainian Premier League players
FC Metalurh Donetsk players
FC Stal Alchevsk players
KF Tirana players
Waltham Forest F.C. players
Nigeria men's under-20 international footballers
Nigeria men's international footballers
2000 African Cup of Nations players
Olympic footballers for Nigeria
Footballers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Nigerian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Spain
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
Expatriate men's footballers in Albania
Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine
Expatriate men's footballers in the Maldives
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Spain
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Albania
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in the Maldives
Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in England


Salinae may refer to:

Roman Middlewich, Cheshire, Great Britain
Roman Droitwich, Worcestershire, Great Britain
Roman Ocna Mureș, Romania


Marco Sullivan (born April 27, 1980) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from the United States.  Born in Truckee, California, he competed primarily in the speed events of Downhill and Super G.

Sullivan competed in the 2002 and 2010 Winter Olympics, and four World Championships. He won one World Cup race, a downhill in Chamonix, France, in January 2008.

World Cup
Sullivan made his World Cup debut in December 2001, and took one victory, the renowned downhill in Chamonix, France, on January 26, 2008. He won the race in 2:00.11, ahead of Swiss star Didier Cuche.

In early December 2003, Sullivan injured his knee in a downhill training run at Beaver Creek. It happened at the last jump of the Birds of Prey course and caused him to miss the rest of the 2004 season. While training in France in October 2004, Sullivan injured the same knee again and was out for the 2005 season as well.

Sullivan attained his first World Cup podium on November 24, 2007, when he finished second at the season's first downhill at Lake Louise, a good-for-gliders course in the Canadian Rockies. His victory at Chamonix came two months later, and he went on to finish fourth in the World Cup downhill standings, the best seasonal result of his career.

In late December 2010, Sullivan crashed during a training run on the Stelvio course at Bormio, Italy   (video). He sustained a concussion which ended his 2011 season, including the World Championships. After two months, he was cleared by doctors to get back on skis in early March.

Season standings

Top ten finishes
 1 win – (1 DH)
 4 podiums – (4 DH)

World Championship results

Sullivan took a bronze medal at the Junior World Championships in 2000 in the slalom. He first raced in the World Championships in 2003 and finished 17th in the Super-G and 24th in the Downhill. He missed the 2005 and 2011 events due to injury.

Olympic results

In his Olympic debut in the downhill in 2002, Sullivan finished a surprising ninth on the Grizzly course at Snowbasin, Utah. He was the 31st racer out of the starting gate and was the sole North American among  the top fifteen finishers.

U.S. Ski Championships
Sullivan was the Downhill champion at the U.S. Alpine Championships in 2007 in the Alyeska Resort in Alaska; he finished more than a full second ahead of runner-up Erik Fisher. He won three national titles in total, having previously won the super-G at Squaw Valley in 2002 and going on to win another downhill championship at Alyeska in 2009.

Arctic Man
Sullivan and his partner Tyler Akelstad are five-time champions in the extreme ski/snowmachine race in Alaska - Arctic Man. Sullivan and Akelstad hold the record for the men's ski division, having completed the race with a time of 03:52.72. This was the first time that the four minute threshold was broken.

Movies
 The People vs. Brad Holmes, 2007.
 Appeared in Children of Winter with fellow Olympian Seth Wescott skiing in Cordova, Alaska, at Points North Heli in 2009.
 Appeared in the Kings and Corn segment of Warren Miller's Flow State in 2012 alongside fellow Olympians Daron Rahlves and Tommy Moe.

SKI Magazine column
During the 2012 season, Sullivan has written columns for SKI mag.com, giving insight to life on the World Cup circuit, which includes spending Christmas in Bormio.

References

External links

 Marco Sullivan World Cup standings at the International Ski Federation

 U.S. Ski Team.com – profile – Marco Sullivan

People from Truckee, California
Sportspeople from Nevada County, California
American male alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiers for the United States
Sportspeople from California
1980 births
Living people
People from Olympic Valley, California
Sportspeople from Placer County, California


The Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador is composed of mainland Labrador and the large island of Newfoundland. The coast of both the island and the Labrador Peninsula are lined with islands of various magnitudes.

List

Natural bays

Spread Eagle Bay
Ste. Genevieve Bay
St. Mein Bay

See also

Geography of Newfoundland and Labrador

References

External links

Bell Island Mining History

Newfoundland and Labrador
Islands


Blackout is a 2007 American film about the Northeast Blackout of 2003 in New York City. The film is written and directed by Jerry Lamothe, and it stars Jeffrey Wright, Zoe Saldana, Prodigy, Michael B. Jordan, and LaTanya Richardson. The film premiered at the 2007 Zurich Film Festival. It debuted on BET on February 1, 2008. It was released to DVD on February 4, 2008. The film was also screened at the Tribeca Film Festival.

Plot
Blackout is about the events that take place for two days in the summer, when a forgotten Brooklyn neighborhood experiences blackout during the blackout of 2003. It is based on true incidents.

Cast
 Jeffrey Wright as Nelson
 Zoe Saldana as Claudine
 Melvin Van Peebles as George
 Michael B. Jordan as C.J.
 LaTanya Richardson Jackson as Mrs. Thompson
 Saul Rubinek as Sol
 Sean Blakemore as James
 Susan Kelechi Watson as Fatima
 Jamie Hector as Rasheed
 Turron Kofi Alleyne as Khalil
 Kisha Batista as Cam
 Robert Brickle-Tate as Tyrone
 Anthony Chisholm as "Toothless Tone"
 Lloyd DeLeon as Uniform Cop
 Jamie Hector as Rasheed
 Nehal Joshi as Ali
 Jerry Lamothe as Rick
 Barbara Montgomery as Mrs. Germaine
 Khalida Outlaw as Dedra
 Sara Pickett as Keisha
 Prodigy as "Sin"
 Omar Scroggins as L'
 Johnny Solo as Anthony
 Tobias Truvillion as Reggie
 Ali A. Wahhab as "Wisdom"
 Vernon "Dyverse" Wooten as "Tech"
 Yury Yakor as Russian Electronics Store Owner
 Marjorie Jean as Marketing Presenter

References

External links

2007 films
2000s English-language films


LivePlanet was a production company founded in 2000, and was known for television and new media platforms.

History
It was created by Ben Affleck, Matt Damon, Chris Moore and Sean Bailey. Affleck and Damon ended their film production deal in late 2007, and Bailey disassociated in 2008 to form Ideology Inc., his own film production company for The Walt Disney Company.

Filmography
American Pie 2 (2001)
Joy Ride (2001)
Project Greenlight (2001)
Push, Nevada (2002) (TV)
The Emperor's Club (2002)
Third Wheel (2002)
Speakeasy (2002)
Stolen Summer (2002)
Matchstick Men (2003)
The Battle of Shaker Heights (2003)
American Wedding (2003)
All Grown Up (2003)
Project Greenlight 2 (2003)
Surviving Christmas (2004)
Tricks of the Trade: Making 'Matchstick Men (2004) (Documentary)
Feast (2005)
Project Greenlight 3 (2005)
The Entertainer (TV show) (2005) (Reality show)
Fan Club: Reality Baseball (2006)
Gears of War: The Race to E3 (2006) (Made for TV movie)
Gone Baby Gone (2007)
 Finish Our Movie (2007)
Running the Sahara (2007)

Released though Sean Bailey's film studio Ideology Inc.
Tron: Legacy (2010) (with Walt Disney Pictures)

References

External links

Entertainment companies established in 2000
Film production companies of the United States
Matt Damon
Ben Affleck


David Higgins may refer to:
 David Higgins (composer) (1938–2006), composer and choral conductor
 David Higgins (golfer) (born 1972), Irish professional golfer
 David Higgins (archer) (born 1968), Australian Paralympic archer
 David Higgins (astronomer) (born 1961), Australian amateur astronomer
 David Anthony Higgins (born 1961), American comedic actor
 David Higgins (businessman) (born 1954), chairman of United Utilities
 David Higgins (merchant) (died 1783), ship's captain, merchant, early settler and political figure on St John's Island (later Prince Edward Island)
 David Higgins (rally driver) (born 1972), British rally driver
 David Higgins (rower) (born 1947), American Olympic rower
 David Higgins (sport shooter) (born 1994), American sport shooter
 David Williams Higgins (1834–1917), Canadian journalist, politician, and author
 David Higgins (Ohio politician) (1789–1873), politician and judge from the U.S. State of Ohio
 David Higgins (event promoter) (born 1979), Boxing Promoter from New Zealand
 David Higgins (Mississippi politician) ( 1823 – ?), Mississippi politician


Plants
A fossilized rainforest is discovered in a coal mine.

Angiosperms

Fungi

newly named

Arthropoda

New taxa

Fish

Bony fish

Cartilaginous fish

Archosauromorphs

Pseudosuchians

Pterosaurs

Newly named non-dinosaurian dinosauromorphs

Newly named non-avian dinosauromorphs
Data courtesy of George Olshevky's dinosaur genera list.

Newly named birds

Lepidosauromorpha

Plesiosaurs

Synapsids

Non-mammalian

Mammals

Footnotes

Complete author list
As science becomes more collaborative, papers with large numbers of authors are becoming more common. To prevent the deformation of the tables, these footnotes list the contributors to papers that erect new genera and have many authors.

References