Shadeop is a term used in  computer graphics rendering to refer to an atomic, built-in  function used in a shader.

It is a portmanteau that blends the terms shading and operation.

Meaning in the RenderMan context
The term is specifically used in the context of shaders written in the RenderMan Shading Language (RSL) for use with  RenderMan-compliant renderers.

User-defined functions written in RSL are just referred to as "functions". Hence, use of the term mostly serves as a means to distinguish the latter type from built-in type functions.

RSL also allows for binary plugins written in  C to be loaded and treated like built-in shadeops. These are commonly referred to as  DSO shadeops. Two RenderMan implementations, 3Delight and PhotoRealistic RenderMan, have recently added new type in recent years called RSL plugin shadeop. This type uses a newer C++  API but otherwise can't be distinguished from the older type by a user, when called from within a shader.

Example
The following example shader makes use of the ambient(), diffuse(), faceforward(), normalize() and transform() built-in shadeops as well as the checkerboard() user-defined RSL plugin shadeop.
plugin "checkerboard";

surface
checkmatte(float Ka = 1, Kd = 1;)
{
    normal Nf = faceforward(normalize(N), I);

    color pattern = checkerboard(transform("object", P));

    Oi = Os;
    Ci = Oi * Cs * pattern * (Ka * ambient() + Kd * diffuse(Nf));
}

Shading


Jeníčkova Lhota is a village and a part of the Chotoviny municipality in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic.

Old historical names

Pňová Lhota, Přímá Lhota, Pněví Lhota, Purkartova Lhota, Paldíkova Lhota

History
Jeníčkova Lhota was first mentioned in the year 1360, in connection with Přibík Lysec of Pňová Lhota and ancestor of yeoman's clan Štítný ze Štítného - Mikšík of Pňová Lhota.
In the year 1621 Jeníčkova Lhota was burnt out by troops sieged near hussite town Tábor, and lately the village was recovered by Kašpar Hencl of Štenberk.
After the Thirty Years' War the village was divided into five parts:
 Pacov part – belonged to Whitefriars from Pacov
 Měšice part – belonged to farmhouse in Měšice
 Chotoviny part – belonged to Vít's of Rzavé, lately Vratislav's of Mitrovice
 Kostelní záduší part – belonged to vicary in Chotoviny
 So called "Free part" – owned by independent Sedloň's clan

Notable families
Volf of Jeníčkova and Broučkova Lhota, Jeníček, Zavadil, Berka, Sedloň, Herout, Mík, Slunéčko and others.

Fortress
The fortress in Jeníčkova Lhota was built in the 18th century and rebuilt as a manor house with a chapel two centuries later. Today it stands almost in ruins.

Gallery

External links
Chotoviny website

Villages in Tábor District


St. Leonards railway station is a closed railway station in St Leonard's, Edinburgh, on the Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway. It was Edinburgh's first railway station. The railway was built in 1831 to transport coal from the mining towns south of the city; and the following year opened passenger services. St. Leonards was the terminus for the south of the city and was named after the nearby region.

Passenger services ceased in 1846, when the North British Railway opened a station at North Bridge which later developed into Waverley station. Services from Dalkeith were re-routed via Portobello.  The station reopened briefly between 1 June 1860 and 30 September 1860 when a service was temporarily re-introduced from St. Leonard's to Dalkeith, Portobello and Leith, but it closed again within a few months. The railhead continued to see heavy use in its original intended role as a coal yard until 1968.

Both the coal depot and part of the railway line have been redeveloped as housing. The goods shed is the only surviving building; it has been  designated a Category B listed building by Historic Environment Scotland. In 2019 it was  converted into  a whisky and gin distillery, operated by Holyrood Distillery. The remaining trackbed is now a footpath and cycle path, forming part of the National Cycle Network Route 1.

See also
 Innocent Railway

References

External links
 Railways - St Leonard's Station

Disused railway stations in Edinburgh
Former North British Railway stations
Listed railway stations in Scotland
Category B listed buildings in Edinburgh
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1832
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1846
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1860
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1860
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1968


Saint-Servais (; ) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Burtulet
Since 1869, the hamlet of Burthulet or Burtulet is part of the Saint-Servais commune. Central in Burthulet is a 16th-c chapel, which once belonged to the Knights Hospitaller chapter of La Feuillée.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

External links

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


Adolfo Nicolás Pachón  (29 April 193620 May 2020) was a Spanish Jesuit priest of the Catholic Church. He was the 30th Superior General of the Society of Jesus from 2008 to 2016. Before being elected Superior General, he worked primarily in Japan; he taught at Sophia University in Tokyo for twenty years and then headed educational institutions in Manila from 1978 to 1984 and in Tokyo from 1991 to 1993. He led the Jesuits in Japan from 1993 to 1996 and, after four years of pastoral work in Tokyo, led the Jesuits in Asia from 2004 to 2008.

Though elected Superior General for life, Nicolás, like his predecessor Peter Hans Kolvenbach, resigned, as the Jesuit constitutions permit.

Early life and education
Adolfo Nicolás was born in Villamuriel de Cerrato, Palencia, and entered the Society of Jesus, more commonly known as the Jesuits, in the novitiate of Aranjuez in 1953. He studied at the University of Alcalá, where he earned his licentiate in philosophy. He traveled to Japan in 1960 to familiarize himself with Japanese language and culture. He began his theological studies for the priesthood at Sophia University in Tokyo in 1964, and was ordained to the priesthood on 17 March 1967.

Priestly ministry
From 1968 to 1971, he studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, from where he earned a doctorate in theology. Upon his return to Japan, Nicolás was made professor of systematic theology at his alma mater of Sophia University, teaching there for the next twenty years.

He was Director of the East Asian Pastoral Institute at the Ateneo de Manila University, in Quezon City, Philippines, from 1978 to 1984, and later served as rector of the theologate in Tokyo from 1991 to 1993, when he was appointed Provincial of the Jesuit Province of Japan. At the end of his six-year term as Provincial in 1999, he spent four years doing pastoral work among poor immigrants in Tokyo.

In 2004 he was named President of the Jesuit Conference of Provincials for Eastern Asia and Oceania, with his office in the Philippines. As Moderator, he was at the service of the Jesuits of several countries, including Australia, China, Japan, Korea, Micronesia, Myanmar, and East Timor.

In addition to his native Spanish, Nicolás spoke Catalan, English, Italian, French, and Japanese.

Superior General of the Society of Jesus

On the second ballot of the thirty-fifth General Congregation of the Society of Jesus, Nicolás was elected as the Order’s thirtieth Superior General on 19 January 2008, succeeding the Dutch Fr. Peter Hans Kolvenbach who resigned. His election was immediately relayed to Pope Benedict XVI, who confirmed him in the post. Nicolás headed a congregation which then numbered 18,500 members.

Many have marked the similarities between Nicolás and former Superior General Pedro Arrupe. Father Arrupe, like his eventual successor, was a Spanish missionary in Japan. Nicolás described Arrupe, whom he had earlier had as Provincial Superior, as a "great missionary, a national hero, a man on fire."

General Curia restructuring
In March 2011, Nicolás forwarded a communiqué of revisions to the General Curia restructuring the secretariats, including the creation of new positions and a commission. This was in accord with a task given him by the previous General Congregation.

Resignation
Nicolás, after consulting with Pope Francis, determined to resign after his 80th birthday, and initiated the process of calling a Jesuit General Congregation to elect his successor. Until the resignation of his predecessor, Peter Hans Kolvenbach, it was not the norm for a Jesuit Superior General to resign; like the great majority of the Popes up until Benedict XVI, they generally served until death. However, the Jesuit constitutions include provision for a resignation.

On 2 October 2016, at General Congregation 36 which he convened in Rome, Nicolás announced his intention to resign at age 80.

In October 2016 the thirty-sixth General Congregation of the Society of Jesus appointed his successor, Arturo Sosa from Venezuela.

Beliefs and values

Missionary work
Nicolás once stated, "Asia has a lot yet to offer the Church, to the whole Church, but we haven't done it yet. Maybe we have not been courageous enough, or we haven't taken the risks we should." In an article on Nicolás, Michael McVeigh said that Nicolás had also expressed his admiration of missionaries who are more concerned with teaching orthodoxy than in having a cultural experience with the local people. "

In the homily of the Mass celebrated after his election as Superior General, Nicolás emphasized service, based on the scriptural reading for that day, the words of St. Ignatius of Loyola, and Benedict XVI's teaching on God is love. He stated: "The more we become as servants, the more pleased God is." Delving further into the scriptural passage and after relating an anecdote of experiences with the poor in Asia, he related poverty with having God as the only source of strength, pointing out that the Jesuit's strength is not in externals (power, media, etc.) nor in internal fortitude (research). "The poor only have God in whom to find strength. For us only God is our strength."

Nicolas also developed the following ideas: the message of the Jesuits is "a message of salvation" and the challenge of discerning the type of salvation that people today are waiting for.

Obedience to Rome
After receiving a message from Pope Benedict asking the Society of Jesus to affirm its fidelity to the magisterium and the Holy See, the Congregation presided over by Nicolás responded, "The Society of Jesus was born within the Church, we live in the Church, we were approved by the Church and we serve the Church. This is our vocation... [Unity with the pope] is the symbol of our union with Christ. It also is the guarantee that our mission will not be a 'small mission', a project just of the Jesuits, but that our mission is the mission of the Church."

Liberation theology
In a November 2008 interview with El Periodico, Nicolás described liberation theology as a "courageous and creative response to an unbearable situation of injustice in Latin America." These remarks were particularly controversial since some forms of liberation theology had been denounced by Pope John Paul II and by Pope Benedict XVI, when he was still Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. However, the Superior General also added, "As with any theology, liberation theology needs years to mature. It's a shame that it has not been given a vote of confidence and that soon its wings will be cut before it learns to fly. It needs more time." Then in September 2013, six months after the election of Pope Francis, Catholic New Service reported "a reversal of policy [toward liberation theology] under Pope Francis, ... the fruit of a long and painful process, through which the church has clarified the nature of its commitment to the world's poor today", showing "an indestructible love for Christ [sic: Christ's] poor. And that love changes everything."

Economic justice
In June 2016, Nicolás transmitted to all the Jesuits a document, Justice In The Global Economy, that suggested a greater commitment to the cause of world economic justice. The text, written by Jesuits and lay experts, introduced a series of reforms that could reduce inequalities, which included calls for public policies aimed at redistribution of wealth, good governance of natural and mineral resources, stricter regulation of the economic and financial markets, combating corruption and for more developed nations to allocate 0.7% of their GDP for the development of poorer countries.

Death
Nicolás died on 20 May 2020 in Tokyo at the age of 84. He had been ill in the last years of his life, which he spent at the Loyola House in Kamishakujii. News of his death was first announced by the Jesuit Curia in Rome.

References

External links
 Habemus Papam: Jesuits Go Ad Orientem – Whispers in the Loggia
 Spaniard Adolfo Nicolás elected new Superior General of the Jesuits – Catholic News Agency
 What should GC35 do? Adolfo Nicolas:Six hopes for the General Congregation

1936 births
2020 deaths
People from the Province of Palencia
20th-century Spanish Jesuits
21st-century Spanish Jesuits
Superiors General of the Society of Jesus
Academic staff of Sophia University
Pontifical Gregorian University alumni
Sophia University alumni


Saint-Thélo (; ) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population

Inhabitants of Saint-Thélo are called thélossiens in French.

See also
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

External links

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


Inland Township may refer to the following places in the United States:

 Inland Township, Cedar County, Iowa
 Inland Township, Michigan
 Inland Township, Clay County, Nebraska

Township name disambiguation pages


Saint-Trimoël (; ) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population

Inhabitants of Saint-Trimoël are called trimoeliens in French.

See also
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

External links

Official website

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


Charles Puffy (born Károly Hochstadt; 3 November 1884 – 1942 or 1943) was a Hungarian film actor.

Biography
Hochstadt appeared in more than 130 films between 1914 and 1938. He was the only slapstick star in Hungary's silent film era, appearing under the name "Pufi" (meaning "Fatty" in Hungarian, referring to his weight) and Carlie Puffy in the United States for Universal Studios. His other stage names were Károly Huszár or Pufi Huszár. Besides his work on films, he frequently appeared on stage, mostly in comical roles.

Later, he worked in films in both Germany and the United States, including such classics as Fritz Lang's Dr. Mabuse, der Spieler (Dr. Mabuse, the Gambler) (1922) and Josef von Sternberg's Der blaue Engel (The Blue Angel) (1930). He used the names "Karl Huszar", "Karl Huszar-Puffy" or "Charles Puffy". In the sound era, he returned to his native Hungary, where he was featured in smaller roles in a number of films.

Puffy was Jewish, and decided to flee Hungary when the Holocaust started. He and his wife tried to get away to the United States, but Puffy died mid-way, in Tokyo, Japan. Other sources say that he and his wife were captured by the Red Army and imprisoned in a Gulag in Karaganda, Kazakhstan. Puffy participated in the camp's amateur acting company, but after one year in capture, he died of diphtheria.

Selected filmography

 Tavasz a télben (1917)
 Az Ezredes (1917) aka The Colonel
 St. Peter's Umbrella (1917)
 Lili (1918)
 The Three Aunts (1921)
 About the Son (1921)
 The Convict of Cayenne (1921)
 The Earl of Essex (1922)
 Open All Night (1924)
 The Great Unknown (1924)
 The Love Thief (1926)
 The Mystery Club (1926)
 A Man's Past (1927)
 The Private Life of Helen of Troy (1927)
 The Man Who Laughs (1928)
 Yellow Lily (1928)
 My Heart is a Jazz Band (1929)
 The Hero of Every Girl's Dream (1929)
 Land Without Women (1929)
 My Sister and I (1929)
 Father and Son (1929)
 My Daughter's Tutor (1929)
 Ich küsse Ihre Hand, Madame (1929)
 The Great Longing (1930)
 Next, Please! (1930)
 The King of Paris (1930)
 The Adventurer of Tunis (1931)
 A Crafty Youth (1931)
 The Yellow House of Rio (1931)
 My Cousin from Warsaw (1931)
 Twice Married (1930)
 The Mad Bomberg (1932)
 Five from the Jazz Band (1932)
 Scandal in Budapest (1933)
 The Rakoczi March (1933)
 Little Mother (1935)

References

External links

1884 births
1942 deaths
Hungarian male silent film actors
Hungarian expatriates in Germany
Hungarian expatriates in the United States
Hungarian expatriates in Japan
Hungarian Jews
Male actors from Budapest
Silent film comedians
20th-century Hungarian male actors
Hungarian male film actors
Jewish Hungarian actors
People who died in the Gulag


Carlos Andrés Bejarano Palacios (born 29 January 1985) is a footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Rionegro Águilas of the Colombian First Division.

Born and raised in Colombia, he has been naturalized by Equatorial Guinea and played for that national team, despite not complying with FIFA eligibility rules.

Honours
La Equidad
Copa Colombia: 2008 Copa Colombia

Árabe Unido
Liga Panameña de Fútbol: Apertura 2009 II

América de Cali
Categoría Primera B: 2016

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Footballers from Quibdó
Equatoguinean people of Colombian descent
Colombian men's footballers
Naturalized citizens of Equatorial Guinea
Equatoguinean men's footballers
Equatorial Guinea men's international footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
La Equidad footballers
C.D. Árabe Unido players
AS Trenčín players
Independiente Medellín footballers
Deportivo Pasto footballers
Águilas Doradas Rionegro players
América de Cali footballers
Categoría Primera A players
Categoría Primera B players
Liga Panameña de Fútbol players
Slovak First Football League players
Colombian expatriate men's footballers
Colombian expatriate sportspeople in Slovakia
Colombian expatriate sportspeople in Panama
Expatriate men's footballers in Panama
Expatriate men's footballers in Slovakia


Saint-Vran (; ; Gallo: Saent-Veran) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Geography
The Meu river has its source in the commune.

Population

Inhabitants of Saint-Vran are called brennoviens in French.

See also
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References
Official website

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


In medicine, tenderness is pain or discomfort when an affected area is touched. It should not be confused with the pain that a patient perceives without touching. Pain is patient's perception, while tenderness is a sign that a clinician elicits.

See also
Rebound tenderness, an indication of peritonitis.

References

Pain


Senven-Léhart (; ) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France. It is about 16 km south of Ploumagoar.

The chapel of Saint-Tugdual dates from the 16th century, and the village Calvary dates from the 17th century and is a scheduled monument.

Population

Inhabitants of Senven-Léhart are called senvennois in French.

See also
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department
Roland Doré sculptor

References

External links

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


Sévignac (; ) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Toponymy

The name of the locality is attested in the forms Plebs Seminiaca in 869, Sivingac in 1212, Sevinar in 1218, Syvignac in 1239, Sevignac in 1256, 1262, and in 1266, Sivingnac in 1269, Sevignac in 1271, Seguignac in 1278, Sevignac in 1289, Saint Vingac in 1303, and Sevignac around 1330 and in 1340.

Sévignac comes from the Latin name Sabinius (a name of a veteran of the Roman legion who was awarded for his bravery around the time of Christ), and the Gaulish suffix acos.

However, it should not be overlooked that in the name Sévignac (Seminiacum) one finds the form sem(i)nio which means "throat".

History

The origin of Sévignac dates back to the Gallo-Roman era.

One estate was awarded to Sabinius, a veteran of the Roman legion, at the 1st time of the Christian era, as a reward for his bravery. Such allocations were made at a time when, as a result of a demographic decline, a shortage of labor left a number of undeveloped lands.

Sévignac is mentioned under the name of Plebs Seminiaca in a charter from the abbey of Redon dating from November 29, 869 which mentions that Kingantdreh, daughter of Louvenan, gives by inheritance the parish of Sévignac to Salomon, King of Brittany, her adoptive son.

In the twelfth century, the Cistercian monks of Boquen built a barn and farm inhabited by lay people, which led to the prosperity to the hamlets of Pengave and Pengly, as well as the construction of the Chapel of Saint Cado.

The châteaux of Limoëlan, of the eleventh century and the eighteenth century, are built on the site of the former lordship owned by the family of Rousselot.

Sévignac saw the birth of the last bishop of Tréguier, Augustin-René-Louis Le Mintier (1729-1801), as well as Joseph Picot de Limoëlan, one of the perpetrators of the Plot of the rue Saint-Nicaise to kill Napoleon Bonaparte and his wife.

On the eve of the French Revolution, more than ten priests provided religious guidance within Sévignac. Under the First French Empire, Sévignac was populated by around 3,000 villagers, most of which were farmers. The town experienced strong depopulation at the end of the nineteenth century into the twentieth century.

Population

Inhabitants of Sévignac are called sévignacais in French.

See also
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

External links

 Official website of Sévignac

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


Squiffiec (; ) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population

The inhabitants of Squiffiec are known in French as squiffiécois.

See also
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

External links

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


The Indian stone-curlew or Indian thick-knee (Burhinus indicus) is a species of bird in the family Burhinidae. It was formerly included as a subspecies of the Eurasian stone-curlew. This species is found in the plains of South and South-eastern Asia. They have large eyes and are brown with streaks and pale marks making it hard to spot against the background of soils and rocks. Mostly active in the dark, they produce calls similar to the true curlews, giving them their names.

Taxonomy
The Indian stone-curlew was formally described in 1866 by the Italian zoologist Tommaso Salvadori based on specimens obtained in India. He coined the binomial name Oedicnemus indicus. The specific epithet is Latin meaning "Indian". The Indian stone-curlew is now placed in the genus Burhinus that was erected in 1811 by the German zoologist Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger in 1811. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.

This species was formerly treated as a subspecies of the Eurasian stone-curlew Burhinus oedicnemus but the Indian population is distinctive in plumage, and non-migratory, leading to its being treated as a full species by Pamela Rasmussen in 2005. There has however been no major phylogenetic study of the genus.

Description

This stocky and brown ground bird with large eyes is about 41 centimeters in length. It has dark streaks on a sandy brown ground colour and is plover-like. The large head has a dark stripe bordering a creamy moustachial stripe below the eye. There is also a narrow creamy supercilium. The legs are stout and the knees are thick, giving them the group of name of "thick-knee". They have large yellow eyes. The sexes are alike and the immature is paler than adult with more marked buff and streaks on the underparts. In flight, they have two prominent white and a white patch on the darker primaries and at rest a broad pale band is visible on the wing.

The Indian stone curlew is active mainly at dawn and dusk and it calls mainly at night. The call is a series of sharp whistling notes pick-pick-pick-pick ending sometimes like pick-wick, pick-wick. They are found in small groups and during the day, they are found standing still under the shade of bush.

Distribution and habitat
Found in dry deciduous forests and thorn forest, scrubby riverbeds, groves and even gardens.
This species is restricted to Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Viet Nam. It is found in thin dry deciduous forest, scrub, stony hillsides and fallow lands.

Behaviour

Breeding
The breeding season is mainly March and April. The normal clutch is 2 to 3 stone colored eggs laid inside a scrape on bare ground, sometimes at the base of a bush. The eggs are incubate mainly by the female with male standing guard nearby. The nidifugous chicks are downy and cryptically coloured and follow the parents soon after hatching. The young chicks freeze and crouch when alarmed and the cryptic plumage makes them hard to detect.

Food and feeding
The diet mainly consists of insects, worms and small reptiles and occasionally some seeds.

References

External links

 BirdLife Species Factsheet

Burhinus
Birds of India
Birds described in 1866
Taxa named by Tommaso Salvadori


C5a or C-5A may refer to:
 C5a receptor, a receptor for complement component 5a
 Complement component 5a, a human protein fragment, a chemotactic factor
 C5a peptidase, an enzyme
 the "A" version of the Lockheed C-5 Galaxy, a large military transport aircraft

See also
 C5 (disambiguation)


The theory of accessible categories is a part of mathematics, specifically of category theory. It attempts to describe categories in terms of the "size" (a cardinal number) of the operations needed to generate their objects.

The theory originates in the work of Grothendieck completed by 1969, and Gabriel and Ulmer (1971). It has been further developed in 1989 by Michael Makkai and Robert Paré, with motivation coming from model theory, a branch of mathematical logic.
A standard text book by Adámek and Rosický appeared in 1994.
Accessible categories also have applications in homotopy theory. Grothendieck continued the development of the theory for homotopy-theoretic purposes in his (still partly unpublished) 1991 manuscript Les dérivateurs.
Some properties of accessible categories depend on the set universe in use, particularly on the cardinal properties and Vopěnka's principle.

-directed colimits and -presentable objects
Let  be an infinite regular cardinal, i.e. a cardinal number that is not the sum of a smaller number of smaller cardinals; examples are  (aleph-0), the first infinite cardinal number, and , the first uncountable cardinal). A partially ordered set  is called -directed if every subset  of  of cardinality less than  has an upper bound in . In particular, the ordinary directed sets are precisely the -directed sets.

Now let  be a category. A direct limit (also known as a directed colimit) over a -directed set  is called a -directed colimit. An object  of  is called -presentable if the Hom functor  preserves all -directed colimits in . It is clear that every -presentable object is also -presentable whenever  , since every -directed colimit is also a -directed colimit in that case. A -presentable object is called finitely presentable.

Examples
In the category Set of all sets, the finitely presentable objects coincide with the finite sets. The -presentable objects are the sets of cardinality smaller than .
In the category of all groups, an object is finitely presentable if and only if it is a finitely presented group, i.e. if it has a presentation with finitely many generators and finitely many relations. For uncountable regular , the -presentable objects are precisely the groups with cardinality smaller than .
In the category of left -modules over some (unitary, associative) ring , the finitely presentable objects are precisely the finitely presented modules.

-accessible and locally presentable categories
The category  is called -accessible provided that:

  has all -directed colimits
  contains a set  of -presentable objects such that every object of  is a -directed colimit of objects of .

An -accessible category is called finitely accessible.
A category is called accessible if it is -accessible for some infinite regular cardinal .
When an accessible category is also cocomplete, it is called locally presentable.

A functor  between -accessible categories is called -accessible provided that  preserves -directed colimits.

Examples

 The category Set of all sets and functions is locally finitely presentable, since every set is the direct limit of its finite subsets, and finite sets are finitely presentable.
 The category -Mod of (left) -modules is locally finitely presentable for any ring .
 The category of simplicial sets is finitely accessible.
 The category Mod(T) of models of some first-order theory T with countable signature is  -accessible.  -presentable objects are models with a countable number of elements.
 Further examples of locally presentable categories are finitary algebraic categories (i.e. the categories corresponding to varieties of algebras in universal algebra) and Grothendieck categories.

Theorems
One can show that every locally presentable category is also complete. Furthermore, a category is locally presentable if and only if it is equivalent to the category of models of a limit sketch.

Adjoint functors between locally presentable categories have a particularly simple characterization. A functor  between locally presentable categories:

 is a left adjoint if and only if it preserves small colimits,
 is a right adjoint if and only if it preserves small limits and is accessible.

Notes

References

Category theory


Alphonse Berns (born April 9, 1952) is a senior Luxembourg diplomat in the rank of Ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary. He has served as his country's Ambassador in Washington, DC, London, Brussels, to NATO as well as to the UN and WTO in Geneva. Currently he holds the position of Director General for Fiscal Policy in the Ministry of Finance in Luxembourg.

Berns holds a degree in international and EU law from the University of Aix-en-Provence, France, and is an alumnus of the Center for European Studies in Nancy, France.

In 1977, Berns entered the Luxembourg diplomatic service. In 1978 he became a non-resident member of his country's permanent representation to the Council of Europe. From 1979 to 1986 he served as Deputy Permanent Representative to NATO in Brussels. Upon return to Luxembourg, he was mandated to develop and run a new Budget and Administration Department at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

In 1989 he became the Director for EU and international economic relations, foreign trade as well as development cooperation. In this function he served i.a. as Luxembourg's negotiator for the Schengen Agreement and as chief negotiator for civil aviation agreements. In 1991, Berns was promoted to the post of Ambassador to the United States of America, also accredited to Canada and Mexico.

Between 1998 and 2002 he held the top diplomatic civil servant job as Secretary General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation. In 1999 he also became Secretary General of the Ministry of Defense.  In 2002, Berns moved to Geneva as Permanent Representative to the UN and the WTO.

In 2005, he became Ambassador to Belgium and Permanent Representative to NATO in Brussels.  In autumn 2011, Berns was named Ambassador to the Court of St. James's in London, also accredited to Ireland and Iceland.

Between 1989 and 1991, Berns served on a number of boards in Luxembourg, among them the national credit and investment bank SNCI and the national air-carrier, Luxair. He currently is a member of the board of Cargolux, the national freight carrier.

Notes

Berns was appointed as an Administrateur of The Luxembourg Freeport Management Company SA (LFMC) on May 19, 2015.  LFMC operates the Luxembourg Freeport at Luxembourg Findel Airport.   The project was majority funded by Swiss businessman and art dealer Yves Bouvier of Natural Le Coultre SA.

References
Ministry of Finance Luxembourg
CARGOLUX
Embassy of Luxembourg Great Britain
 http://www.nato.int/cv/permrep/lu/berns-e.htm

Luxembourgian diplomats
1952 births
Living people
Permanent Representatives of Luxembourg to the United Nations
Permanent Representatives of Luxembourg to NATO
Ambassadors of Luxembourg to the United States
Ambassadors of Luxembourg to the United Kingdom
Officers of the Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany


The 1888 eruption of Mount Bandai was a major volcanic eruption which occurred during the Meiji period of the Empire of Japan. The eruption occurred on July 15, 1888, pyroclastic flows buried villages on the northern foot of the mountain, and devastated the eastern part of Bandai region, Iwashiro Province (now part of Fukushima Prefecture) north of Tokyo. At least 477 people were killed, and hundreds more were injured and rendered homeless.

Background
Mount Bandai is a stratovolcano. Its most recent previous eruption had occurred in 806. Mount Bandai had a conical profile, and had been compared in literature with Mount Fuji. The Bandai volcano consisted of four peaks: O-bandai (1,819 meters), Kushigamine (1,636 meters), Akahaniyama (1,427 meters), and Ko-bandai which was slightly lower than that of O-bandai.

Small earthquakes were reported on 8, 9 and 10 July. Moderate earthquakes occurred on 13 and 14 July. However, as earthquakes are commonplace all over Japan, these tremors were not viewed by the local populace with great concern.

Eruption
On 15 July, three earthquakes occurred prior to the main eruption. The third one was the largest, at around magnitude 5. At 07:45, while the ground was still moving, a phreatic eruption began at the fumaroles approximately 100 meters upslope from the Kaminoyu hot spring resort on the flank of Ko-Bandai. Successive explosions occurred 15 to 20 times per minute. Each explosion was accompanied by thunder and a black eruption column ascending to a height of 1300 meters. The last explosion was observed to discharge a horizontal cloud, mainly toward the north.

Within 10 minutes after the explosions, a pyroclastic flow swept over the eastern part of the volcano. According to eyewitness, at least two phreatic eruptions continued after the large collapse. At around 10:00, hot rain started falling, transforming the vast quantity of volcanic ash into lahar (volcanic mudslides).  At 16:00, ash fall ceased.

Aftermath
The eruption transformed hundreds of square kilometers of forest and farmland around the mountain into a wasteland. Several villages were completely buried under landslides, which also considerably altered the topography of the region by diverting rivers and creating a number of new lakes. Approximately 1.5 cubic kilometers of the summit of the mountain had collapsed, and flowed northwards.

Japanese geologists Seikei Sekiya and Y. Kikuchi from the Imperial University of Tokyo visited Bandai within days of the eruption. After spending several months studying the new crater and the devastated areas, they published a report in English (“The eruption of Bandai-san” Tokyo Imperial University College of Sciences Journal 3 (1890), pp 91–171), which is considered a classic in volcanology. A photograph of the ruined mountain was the first news photograph printed by the Yomiuri Shimbun in Japan.

The eruption was the first major disaster faced by the fledgling Japanese Red Cross, which moved in quickly to provide disaster relief.

The lake district formed by this cataclysm is now known as Urabandai or Bandai-kōgen, and has become a popular tourist destination, especially the multi-hued lakes of Goshiki-numa.

See also
1888 Ritter Island eruption and tsunami
1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens

References

Further reading

External links
Photographs of the eruption and aftermath at University of Berkeley (membership required to view full images)
United States Geological Survey report
New York Times September 7, 1888

19th-century volcanic events
Volcanism of Japan
1888 in Japan
1888 natural disasters
Volcanic eruptions in Japan
Meiji period
History of Fukushima Prefecture
July 1888 events
VEI-4 eruptions
Phreatic eruptions
Landslides in Japan
1888 disasters in Japan
Lahars


Zevallos is a settlement in Guadeloupe in the commune of Le Moule, on the island of Grande-Terre. Gardel and Renard are to its west; to its north is Conchou, and to its east are Guillot and Vezoux.

References

Populated places in Guadeloupe


St Leonard's Church or similar names may refer to:

Belgium
St. Leonard's Church, Zoutleeuw

Germany
St. Leonhard, Frankfurt

Malta
St Leonard's Church, Kirkop

Poland
St. Leonard's Church, Lipnica Murowana

Slovenia
St. Leonard's Church (Jesenice)

United Kingdom

England

Bedfordshire
Church of St Leonard, Old Warden
Church of St Leonard, Stagsden

Cheshire
St Leonard's Church, Warmingham

Derbyshire
St Leonard's Church, Scarcliffe
St Leonard's Church, Shirland

East Sussex
St Leonard's Church, Aldrington, Brighton and Hove
St Leonard's Church, St Leonards-on-Sea
St Leonard's Baptist Church, St Leonards-on-Sea
St Leonard's Church, the official name of the Church in the Wood, Hollington

Essex
Church of St Leonard at the Hythe, Colchester

Gloucestershire
Church of St Leonard, Bledington
Church of St Leonard, Lower Lemington
Church of St Leonard, Stowell Park

Greater Manchester
St Leonard's Church, Middleton, Greater Manchester

Hampshire
St Leonard's Church, Hartley Mauditt

Hertfordshire
St Leonard's Church, Bengeo
St Leonard's Church, Sandridge

Kent
St Leonard's Church Hythe, Kent

Lancashire
St Leonard's Church, Balderstone
St Leonard's Church, Downham
New St Leonard's Church, Langho
Old St Leonard's Church, Langho
Church of St Leonard the Less, Samlesbury
St Leonard's Church, Walton-le-Dale

Lincolnshire
St Leonard's Without, Kirkstead

London
St Leonard, Eastcheap, City of London
St Leonard, Foster Lane, City of London
St Leonard's Church, Heston, Hounslow
St. Leonard's, Shoreditch, Hackney
St Leonard's Church, Streatham, Lambeth

Nottinghamshire
St Leonard's Church, Wollaton
St Leonard's Church, Newark

Northamptonshire
St Leonard's Church, Apethorpe

Shropshire
St Leonard's Church, Bridgnorth
St Leonard's Church, Linley
White Ladies Priory, now ruined, originally dedicated to St Leonard

Somerset
Church of St Leonard, Butleigh
Church of St Leonard, Chelwood
Church of St Leonard, Farleigh Hungerford
St Leonard's Church, Marston Bigot
Church of St Leonard, Otterford
Church of St Leonard, Rodney Stoke

Warwickshire
St Leonard's Church, Spernall

Wiltshire
St Leonard's Church, Berwick St Leonard
St Leonard's Church, Sutton Veny

Worcestershire
St Leonard's Church, Cotheridge
St Leonard's Church, Frankley

Scotland
St Leonard's Church, Perth
St Leonard's-in-the-Fields Church, Perth

United States
St. Leonard's Church (Boston), Massachusetts
Saint Leonard Catholic Church (Madison, Nebraska)
St. Leonard's Anglican Church, Brooklyn, New York

See also
St. Leo's Church (disambiguation)


Yves Mariot (5 July 1948 – 15 January 2000) was a French professional footballer who played as a striker. Born in Nancy, France, he began his career at AS Nancy and went on to play for Sedan, Lyon, Bastia, Paris FC, and Nice.

Marseille turn
Mariot is known for first popularising the Marseille turn in Europe during the 1970s.

See also
Marseille turn

References

External links
 Profile at French Football Federation

 Profile

1948 births
2000 deaths
French men's footballers
France men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
AS Nancy Lorraine players
CS Sedan Ardennes players
Olympique Lyonnais players
SC Bastia players
Paris FC players
OGC Nice players
Ligue 1 players


Delfín Fernández Martínez (born January 15, 1948, in Barcelona) is the founding member of the Spanish rock band Los Salvajes.

They were born and grow up in a neighborhood called Poble Sec, a place where he met Gaby Alegret, and Francesc Miralles, with whom he founded, in 1962 Los Salvajes, who are known as the "Spanish Rolling Stones".

Currently he leads his own band called "Delfín Fernández Band".

His self-taught training (learned beating chairs), made Delfín become one of the most powerful and emotive drummers in the Spanish rock scene.

Influenced by the great drummers of '60s Ringo Starr, or Keith Moon, Delfín confesses his predilection and admiration for Charlie Watts.
His favourite drums are: Premier, and Gretch.

Discography

1964 Hoy comienza mi vida - Nada ha cambiado - Boys - Con el corazón
1965 Siluetas - Goodbye my love - Hielo en vez de amor - No me digas adiós
1965 Se llama Maria - Satisfacion - Wolly Bully - Ya te tengo
1966 Al Capone - Pienso en ti - Paff bum- A la buena de Dios
1966 La neurastemia - Soy asi - Corre, corre - These Boots are made for walking
1966 Todo negro - Una chica igual que tu -1966 - Es la edad - Que alguien me ayude
1967 Las ovejitas - Rosa de papel - Es mejor dejarlo como esta - No me puedo controlar
1967 Mi bigote - Fuera de mi corazón - Vivir sin ti - El bote que remo
1967 Massachusetts - El Don Juan
1967 LP  "Lo Mejor de Los Salvajes"
1968 Judy con disfraz - Palabras
1968 Vuelve baby - Algo de titere
1968 Los platillos volantes - Un mensaje te quiero mandar
1969 Nana - I need your loving

External links
Delfín Fernández in the Internet
 www.delfinfernandezband.com
 Interview -Spanish-
 Interview -Spanish-
 Interview -Spanish-
 Interview -Spanish-

Los Salvajes

 (tribute site to Los Salvajes. -Spanish-)
 (tribute site to Los Salvajes. -Spanish)
  (tribute site toLos Salvajes. -Spanish)
 (tribute site to Los Salvajes. -Spanish)

Spanish drummers
Living people
Musicians from Barcelona
1948 births


Enrique Enríquez may refer to:
Enrique Enríquez the Elder (c. 1246–before 28 February 1323), nobleman of Castile
Enrique Enríquez the Younger (d. 1366), nobleman of Castile
Enrico Enríquez (1701–1756),  Italian Roman Catholic cardinal


The Ceres series was the first postage stamp series of France, issued in 6 different values from 1849 to 1850 as a representation of the French Republic.

The series bore the effigy of Ceres, goddess of growing plants in Roman mythology. Jacques-Jean Barre did the initial drawing and gravure. Anatole Hulot was in charge of the printing of the Ceres series done in Paris in the 19th century.

The drawing was used again by necessity when the Second Empire fell in 1870, with printing in Paris besieged by German armies and in Bordeaux where the French government fled. Two new Ceres series were issued in the 1930s and 1940s.

As first series of France, these stamps appeared regularly on commemorative stamps for philatelic anniversaries and exhibitions, and on the logo of many philatelic organizations and firms.

Stamps of France

Second Republic, 1849-1851

The two first postal stamps issued in France were of the Ceres series. They were printed with the effigy of Ceres, goddess of growing plants in Roman mythology. She wore a garland of wheat and a bunch of grapes in her hair. The design, which avoided any specifically republican or Revolutionary connotations, was drawn by Jacques-Jean Barre, general engraver at the Paris Mint, under the supervision of Anatole Hulot, a civil servant who obtained the right to print the stamps at the Mint until 1876.

The issue on the first January 1849 marked the application of a postal reform similar to the one in the United Kingdom of May 1840: to simplify the nationwide postal rates between Metropolitan France, Corsica and French Algeria and to encourage the payment by the sender through the use of postage stamps.

In January 1849, the two first denominations were a 20 centimes black stamp and a 1 franc red. As the postal reform was extended to other rates (local, rural and newspapers), new denominations were issued.

As early as 1849, the first of these stamps that earned philatelic interests afterwards existed. Because the black cancellations can be masked and the 20 centimes black stamp easily reused, the issue of the 40 centimes blue in January was aborted and switched to orange. While the 20 centimes blue was first printed in Spring 1849, it never replaced its black counterpart because of a change of rates in July 1850. In December 1849, part of the much paler red of the 1 franc stamps were recalled by the postal administration because their tint was too close to the 40 centimes orange to be issued in February 1850. The lighter stamps were named "vermilion" by philatelists. Two half-stamps of each tint were stuck on the official order to retrieve the vermilion.

After the coup in December 1851, Prince-President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte decided to have his effigy on French stamps. The first denominations were issued progressively from September 1852 and throughout the Second Empire.

A poor imitation of the French stamps was used by the Corrientes Province local post in Argentina between 1856 and 1880.

Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871

During the Franco-Prussian War, after Republicans abolished the Empire of Napoléon III on 4 September 1870, they faced the siege of Paris by the German armies and the lack of postage stamps from the former rule. Houlot had to print new Ceres stamps until the insurrection of the Paris Commune, in Spring 1871. The printer told afterwards he hid the Ceres series material and was forced by the insurgents to print Napoleon III stamps.

At the same time, in Bordeaux, where the provisional government fled, the printing of Ceres stamps was authorized from the 5 November 1870 to the 4 March 1871 to supply the post offices of non-occupied France. The stamps were printed in lithography (instead of typography) by Augée-Delile. Because of this choice, stamps differ repetitively from one another.

Third Republic

After the war, the Ceres head was kept until 1875, again printed only in Paris by Anatole Hulot. He had to use old material to create new denominations (like the low values created in Bordeaux) because Désiré-Albert Barre, Jacques-Jean's son, broke his association with Hulot in 1866.

In July 1875, the postal administration gave the printing of its postage stamps to the Banque de France to reduce the high cost and delays it accused Hulot. The stamp design was changed too: a competition launched in August 1875 was won by Jules Auguste Sage with its Commerce and Peace uniting and reigning over the world allegory. The new stamps were issued in 1876.

1937-1941
For the philatelic exhibition of Paris in 1937, PEXIP, a minisheet of four bicolored Ceres stamps was issued.

The next year, in 1938, began a new Ceres series with high values (1.75 to 3 francs), alongside the Sower series and the Peace series. The head was kept into a new decorum. All these definitives were retired in 1941 and replaced by Philippe Pétain's effigies, the Iris and Mercury series.

Liberation, 1945-1947
In 1945, a redesign effigy of Ceres by Charles Mazelin was among the numerous definitive series to be issue in liberated France.

Since 1949, on commemorative stamps

The Jacques-Jean Barre's Ceres effigy had appeared again on stamps commemorating the philatelic and postal history of France:
 1948: Stamp's Day stamps on stamps with effigy of Étienne Arago, director of posts in 1849;
 1949: a vertical stripe of two Ceres stamps and two Mariannes by Gandon (the definitive series of the time) for the centenary of the first French postage stamp;
 1949: inside a large white minisheet, was printed in intaglio a vermilion 10 franc Ceres stamp for the CIPEX exhibition in Paris;
 1999: for the 150th anniversary, a booklet of five black Ceres and one red Ceres stamps on stamps;
 1999: at the occasion of Philexfrance '99 in Paris, a stamp on stamp with the 20 centimes black and a holographic Ceres head.

The logo of the philatelic service of La Poste used the Ceres head.

In the French colonies
From 1849 to 1924, French Algeria used the same postage stamps and postal rates as in Metropolitan France. The Ceres series from France could be found cancelled in the French colony.

In 1850 and 1851, a little number of colonies used the Second Republic Ceres stamps.

From 1871 to 1877, imperforated Ceres stamps were sent to the colonies to replace the imperforate Napoléon III stamps. They served until the issue of the imperforate Sage stamps in 1876. A way to recognize the colonial Ceres stamps is the cancellation with a three letter code for each colony.

Sources and references
 Collective (2000). Timbres de France. Le spécialisé. 1849–1900, Yvert et Tellier, tome 1, volume 1, 3rd reviewed and corrected edition.

1849 establishments in France
Postage stamps depicting people
Postage stamps of France
Ceres (mythology)
Roman goddesses in art


Gardel is a settlement in Guadeloupe in the commune of Le Moule, on the island of Grande-Terre.  Boisvin is to its west, and Zevallos is to its east; to the north are Guillocheau, Laureal, Portland and Guenette.

Populated places in Guadeloupe


Arthur Sarnoff (1912 – 2000) was an American artist and illustrator.

Sarnoff was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1912. He studied at the Industrial School and the Grand Central School of Art in New York City. He was a member of the Society of Illustrators and exhibited widely including the National Academy of Design.

Sarnoff was a student of John Clymer and Andrew Wyeth. His portfolio includes extensive commercial work for weekly magazines and his art appeared in a variety of advertising campaigns including Karo Syrup, Dextrose, Lucky Strike, Coors, Camay, Sal Hepatica, Listerine, Vick's Vapo Rub, Meds, and Ipana. He also made an album cover for the American punk band Butthole Surfers for their third album, Locust Abortion Technician, which portrays two clowns playing with a dog. During his career Sarnoff provided illustrations for McCall's, American Weekly, Collier's, Woman's Home Companion, Redbook, The American Magazine, Cosmopolitan, Esquire, and Good Housekeeping.

His work was whimsical and engaging and relied heavily upon themes of Americana and slapstick humour. One of his paintings, "The Hustler", was one of the best-selling prints of the 1950s. He was also known to have painted portraits of famous individuals such as Bob Hope and John F. Kennedy.

Sarnoff usually signed art using his full name, or "Sarnoff", or just "AS."

His best known work is a painting of dogs playing pool entitled "Jack the Ripper".

Sarnoff married Lillian Skaff (1914-1977) and had two children, Susan & Linda, before divorcing. Lillian Sarnoff died in 1977.

In the 1960’s Sarnoff married his second wife, Muriel Zapoleon (d. 1994) whom he had more children.

He died in 2000 in Boca Raton, Florida.

References

External links
 Gallery of some of Sarnoff's anthropomorphic art
Sarnoff artwork at American Art Archives

American illustrators
1912 births
2000 deaths


Liaoningornis (meaning "bird of Liaoning" in Greek) is a genus of bird from Lower Cretaceous China. It was collected from the dinosaur-bearing beds of the Sihetun locality, of the Yixian Formation, Shangyuan, near the city of Beipiao in Liaoning province. The only known species is Liaoningornis longidigitris. It was described by Linhai Hou in 1996 and 1997.

The single fossil is an incomplete semi-articulated skeleton the size of a sparrow. It includes both feet, the right leg, the sternum, part of the right arm, and fragmentary coracoids and pubes. Its accession number is IVPP11303. It is in the collection of the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing. It has advanced flight, perching, and respiratory adaptations like a long, deeply keeled sternum, a pair of anterolateral processes on the sternum near the articulations with the coracoids, fused, short, metatarsals, and highly curved pedal claws indicating good perching ability. Hou et al. (1996) described the metatarsals as fused only distally, but Zhou and Hou (2002) revised this analysis, finding that the metatarsus was fused distally and proximally, but not along most of the length.

Zhou and Hou in 2002 considered Liaoningornis to be the oldest known member of the Ornithurae. However, a 2012 re-analysis by Jingmai O'Connor showed that it was in fact an enantiornithine similar to Eoalulavis.

References

External links
Specimen picture

Early Cretaceous birds of Asia
Yixian fauna
Fossil taxa described in 1996
Enantiornitheans


Boisvin is a settlement in Guadeloupe in the commune of Le Moule, on the island of Grande-Terre.  It is located to the east of Fonds d'Or, and to the south of Guillocheau and Laureal; Gardel and Renard are to its east.

Populated places in Guadeloupe


Women's Professional Soccer (WPS) was the top-level professional women's soccer league in the United States. It began play on March 29, 2009. The league was composed of seven teams for its first two seasons and fielded six teams for the 2011 season, with continued plans for future expansion. The WPS was the highest level in the United States soccer pyramid for the women's game.

On January 30, 2012, the league announced suspension of the 2012 season, citing several internal organization struggles as the primary cause. Some of these issues included an ongoing legal battle with magicJack owner Dan Borislow and the lack of resources invested into the league. On May 18, 2012, WPS announced the league folded and would not return in 2013. After the WPS folded, the National Women's Soccer League formed in 2013 and took WPS's place as the top professional women's soccer league.

History

Planning

After the folding of Women's United Soccer Association, which played its third and final full season in 2003, WUSA Reorganization Committee was formed in September of that year. The committee led to the founding in November 2004 of the non-profit organization, Women's Soccer Initiative, Inc. (WSII), whose stated goal was "promoting and supporting all aspects of women's soccer in the United States", including the founding of a new professional league.  Attempts to relaunch WUSA in full fell through in 2004 (when the league's member teams played in two WUSA Festivals instead) and 2005.
In June 2006, WSII announced the relaunch of the league for the 2008 season.

In December 2006, the organization announced that it reached an agreement with six owner-operators for teams based in Chicago, Dallas, Los Angeles, St. Louis, Washington, DC, and a then-unnamed city.  Later, Boston and New York/New Jersey were announced as other markets to have teams. In September 2007, the launch was pushed back from Spring of 2008 to 2009 to avoid clashing with 2007 Women's World Cup and the 2008 Olympic Games and to ensure that all of the teams were fully prepared for long-term operations.

On May 27, 2008, the league announced that it would expand to Philadelphia for the 2010 season, with the franchise likely sharing facilities with MLS's Philadelphia Union.  Despite being the eighth named team, the league still considered adding an eighth team to play in the league's inaugural season. An eighth team for the inaugural season was tentatively announced as being located in San Diego, and was finalized later. Still, despite the extra time given to the original five cities for preparations, the Dallas franchise did not materialize, citing stadium issues.  Thus the league began with seven teams.

The new name of the league, Women's Professional Soccer, was announced on January 17, 2008, along with the logo, which featured the silhouette of retired player Mia Hamm.

Building the league

Player allocation

Player allocation began on September 16, 2008, after the Beijing Olympics in August, when WPS announced the allocation of 21 US national team players, three players to each of the seven teams that began play in the 2009 season.  Most players were matched with teams they had some previous connection to, such as hometown, college, WUSA, or W-League affiliation. All of the allocated Americans played in the 2009 season except for Kate Markgraf, who was pregnant at the start of the season.  A week later, the league held the 2008 WPS International Draft, in which the seven teams selected four international players each.  Four of the first five selections, first pick Formiga (Bay Area), Marta (#3, Los Angeles), Daniela (#4, St. Louis), and Cristiane (#5, Chicago) were Brazilian, and a total of 10 Brazilian players were selected. England's Kelly Smith (#2, Boston) and Japan's Homare Sawa (#6, Washington), and Australia's Sarah Walsh rounded out the first round. The draft order was based on a weighted ranking determined by a vote of league coaches following the U.S. women's national team allocation.  A general draft was held in October, followed by a combine for college seniors and undrafted players in December, a post-combine draft in January, and local tryouts by individual teams in February.

Inaugural season

Before the season began, WPS was only able to secure two sponsors, and most teams did not advertise much or get their rosters finalized until late in the preseason.  During the season, though, WPS secured several more sponsors, and WPS announced the expansion to Atlanta as the ninth team for next season.

WPS's inaugural game was played to a crowd of over 14,000 fans at the Home Depot Center as the hosts Los Angeles Sol beat the Washington Freedom 2–0.  The first season saw several issues occur, including an uneven schedule due to the odd number of teams (that the Sol took advantage of as they won the inaugural season), several season-ending injuries, two major trades, decisions from the WPS disciplinary committee and commissioner, and a Cinderella-run to the championship title (won by Sky Blue FC).  Most teams considered the first season a moderate success, despite many losing more money than planned.

Growing pains
This success/optimism did not extend to the Sol, though, as after AEG failed to sell the team it was announced that the Sol would be disbanding.  As AEG had given the Sol back to the league, a dispersal draft was held to distribute the players to the remaining eight teams.  This was not the case when the Saint Louis Athletica suddenly and unexpectedly ran into financial problems and folded mid-May.  The league schedule had to be re-done, and all of Athletica's players became free agents.  Most were signed by the Atlanta Beat, who had only earned one point until then and ultimately finished the season at the bottom of the table.

The other expansion franchise, the Philadelphia Independence fared much better, finishing third on the season and ultimately losing the WPS Final to the incredibly dominant FC Gold Pride.  Around the same time, WPS announced the addition of a western New York franchise for the 2011 season, spawning from the existing Buffalo Flash organization.  Despite these strong showings, overall attendance for 2010 was noticeably down from 2009, and one team (the Washington Freedom) made public mid-season that it was looking for new investors.  Also, at the championship game, commissioner Tonya Antonucci announced she would step down, with Anne-Marie Eileraas taking leadership as the new WPS CEO.

More problems came to light early in the offseason.  Four teams – FC Gold Pride, the Chicago Red Stars, the Boston Breakers, and Washington – all missed the payment deadline for a large up-front escrow meant to prevent what happened to St. Louis from happening again.  Ultimately, the Gold Pride could not find the necessary money and folded.  Chicago was given a 30-day extension but announced in December that they would not play in WPS in 2011, opting to regroup in the second-tier Women's Premier Soccer League.  Washington and Boston ultimately were able to make their payments, leaving six teams for the 2011 season.

National exposure
The beginning of the league's third season was marked by three overshadowing challenges: low attendance, problems with (ex-Freedom) magicJack owner Dan Borislow, and an FC Gold Pride-like dominance by the Western New York Flash.  While national team players were away at the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, though, the Independence started an incredible streak that saw them temporarily overtake the Flash at the top of the table.

The success of the United States women's national soccer team at the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup resulted in an upsurge in attendance league-wide and helped set a new all-time league attendance record for a single game at 15,504 during a match between the Western New York Flash and magicJack in Abby Wambach's hometown of Rochester, New York on July 20, 2011. A new attendance record for a WPS final was also set just a few weeks later at Sahlen's Stadium again in Rochester when 10,461 fans filled the stadium on August 27, 2011 for the championship game between the Flash and the Philadelphia Independence.  The final was also the closest-contested in the league's short history, with both teams scoring and ultimately going into penalty kicks, where the Flash bested the Independence 5–4 with a last-round save made by Ashlyn Harris.

The national exposure to women's soccer, and the upswing in attendance, sparked other groups interested in bringing teams to the WPS.  The league had hoped to have ten teams for the 2012 season, with most of the new groups potentially coming from the western half of the country, but ultimately no ownership groups were ready to join in time and instead aimed for the 2013 season.  On November 20, 2011, the United States Soccer Federation gave WPS 15 days to field a sixth team, in order for the league to maintain its Division 1 status, after magicJack was terminated by the league. magicJack would later be reinstated as an exhibition team, slated to play seven games each for the next two seasons against WPS teams.

The league had sought an extension of the league size waiver through the 2012 season, which would include the 2012 Summer Olympics, in hope of attracting more sponsors for the 2013 season.  USSF granted sanctioning, with conditions requiring expansion, through 2014.

Folding
On January 30, 2012, the league announced suspension of the 2012 season, citing several internal organization struggles as the primary cause. Some of these included an ongoing legal battle with ex-franchise owner Dan Borislow, and the lack of resources invested into the league.

Prior to the formal announcement, the USSF showed reservation about renewing sanctioning for WPS, citing the sparsity and geographic concentration of WPS team as the main problem. (USSF requires professional, top-division leagues to have at least eight teams over at least three time zones.) Ultimately, USSF granted WPS a waiver on this issue for the third time in WPS's history, on the conditions that WPS expands to six teams by 2013 and eight by 2014.

On May 18, 2012, the WPS announced that the league had officially ceased operations. The Boston Breakers and Western New York Flash were later assimilated into the WPSL Elite League.

Organization

Business model

WPS commissioner Tonya Antonucci said that unlike WUSA, which had higher expectations and employed a top-down model, WPS would take "a local, grass roots approach", and "a slow and steady growth type of approach", citing WUSA's losses of close to $100 million. She said the new league would have a closer relationship with Major League Soccer, the top men's professional league in the United States, to cut costs on staff and facilities, and for marketing.

The team budgets for the inaugural season was $2.5 million.

WPS Players Union
WPS players were represented by the Women's Professional Soccer Players Union (WPSPU), an independent, democratic labor organization run by and for the players.  The WPSPU was certified and recognized by the league on September 8, 2010 in Washington, DC.  Jennifer Hitchon served as Executive Director and Robert H. Stropp of Mooney, Green, Baker & Saindon, PC, was General Counsel. The players who made up the 2011–2012 WPSPU Executive Committee were: Eniola Aluko, Rachel Buehler, Allison Falk, Leslie Osborne, Christie Rampone, Becky Sauerbrunn, Cat Whitehill, and Kristine Lilly (member emeritus). These players were responsible for advising the Executive Director, setting union priorities, approving union bargaining positions and proposals, and responding to WPS counter-proposals, among other activities.

Media coverage

Fox Soccer Channel and Fox Sports en Español with Samuel Jacobo and Jorge Caamaño aired weekly Sunday night matches and the WPS All-Star Game. Fox Sports Net aired the semifinal and league championship contests. The national television contract was in effect through the 2011 season with an option for 2012. Some local networks aired games.

Teams

^- Team was originally named the Washington Freedom

Attendance

Commissioners and CEOs

Awards
WPS handed out seven end-of-year awards. Six of them dated to the league's formation, while the Rookie of the Year award was added in 2010.

 Michelle Akers Player of the Year Award
 WPS Coach of the Year Award
 WPS Defender of the Year Award
 WPS Goalkeeper of the Year Award
 WPS Rookie of the Year Award
 WPS Golden Boot
 WPS Sportswoman of the Year

See also

 List of Women's Professional Soccer stadiums
 List of WPS drafts
 List of non-American WPS players
 Women's United Soccer Association
 National Women's Soccer League
 United States women's national soccer team
 National Soccer Hall of Fame
 List of professional sports teams in the United States and Canada
 Women's professional sports
 Women's sports

References

External links

  (via archive.org)

2007 establishments in the United States
1
Defunct professional sports leagues in the United States
Summer association football leagues
2012 disestablishments in the United States
Sports leagues established in 2007
Sports leagues disestablished in 2012


Garten is a German surname, translating as garden. It can refer to:

People
Jeffrey Garten, an American politician
Ina Garten, an American author
Al Garten, a football coach
Ariel Garten, a Canadian artist and scientist
Joel Garten, an American musician

Gardens
Englischer Garten, a garden in Munich, Germany
Britzer Garten, a garden in Berlin, Germany
Großer Garten, a garden in Dresden, Germany

Zoos
Zürich Zoologischer Garten, a zoo in Switzerland
Zoologischer Garten Berlin, a zoo in Berlin, Germany

Other
Garten, an island in Trøndelag county, Norway
Garten, West Virginia, a small community in the United States
Boat of Garten, a village in Scotland
Scholz Garten, a bar in Texas
Gartan, a village in County Donegal, Ireland (often misspelled as Garten)


The Battle of Philippopolis or Battle of Plovdiv () took place on 30 June 1208 in the surroundings of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv, Bulgaria) between the armies of the Bulgarian Empire and the Latin Empire. The Crusaders were victorious.

Origins of the conflict
After the armies of the Fourth Crusade seized Constantinople, the Byzantine capital, in 1204, they established a new empire on previously Byzantine territories and continued to fight the states which emerged from the Byzantine Empire - the Despotate of Epiros in Europe and the Nicaean Empire in Asia Minor. Its Emperor Baldwin I rejected the peace proposal of the Bulgarian Emperor Kaloyan and on the following year the Crusader army was annihilated by the Bulgarians in the battle of Adrianople and Baldwin himself was captured and died as a prisoner in Tarnovo.

However, Kaloyan was murdered during the siege of Thessaloniki in 1207. The conspirators were organized by his cousin Boril who succeeded the Bulgarian crown. The new Emperor had to cope with the supporters of the country's legitimate heir Ivan Asen II who was juvenile at that time. This gave precious time for the Latin Empire to reorganize.

The battle

In the spring of 1208, Boril considered that the internal situation in Bulgaria had calmed down and turned his attention to foreign-political affairs. It seems that he supported the policy of his predecessor and continued the war against the Latin Empire. The Bulgarian army invaded Thrace and defeated the Crusaders near Beroe (modern Stara Zagora). Inspired, Boril marched southward and, on 30 June 1208, he encountered the main Latin army. Boril had between 27,000 and 30,000 soldiers, of which 7000 mobile Cuman cavalry, very successful in the Adrianople's battle. The number of Latin army is also around 30,000 fighters total, including several hundred knights. Boril tried to apply the same tactics used by Kaloyan at Adrianople - the mounted archers harassed the Crusaders trying to stretch their line to lead them towards the main Bulgarian forces. The knights, however, had learned the bitter lesson from Adrianople and did not repeat the same mistake. Instead, they organized a trap and attacked the detachment which was personally commanded by the Tsar, who had only 1,600 men and could not withstand the assault. Boril fled and the whole Bulgarian army pulled back.

The Bulgarians knew that the enemy would not chase them into the mountains so they retreated towards one of the eastern passes of the Balkan Mountains, Turia. The Crusaders who followed the Bulgarian army were attacked in a hilly country near the contemporary village of Zelenikovo by the Bulgarian rear guard and, after a bitter fight, were defeated. However, their formation did not collapse as the main Latin forces arrived and the battle continued for a very long time until the Bulgarians retreated to the north after the bulk of their army had safely passed through the mountains. The Crusaders then retreated to Philippopolis.

Aftermath
The defeat was not disastrous and on the following year the war resumed. Boril was energetic and persistent, but could never fulfill his plans. In 1209, Henry managed to win over Alexius Slav, who ruled the Rhodopes, and married him to his daughter. To compensate, Boril had to arrange an alliance with his brother Strez who ruled in Prosek - he had received the high title sevastokrator and the right to govern his lands freely. In 1211, the Bulgarians formed an alliance with the Niceans, but the allies could not take Constantinople. After that failure Boril reorientated his policy and the two Empires settled peace after the marriage of Kaloyan's daughter Maria of Bulgaria and the Latin Emperor Henry.

References

Sources
Йордан Андреев, Милчо Лалков, Българските ханове и царе, Велико Търново, 1996.

1208 in Europe
Battles involving the Second Bulgarian Empire
Battles involving the Latin Empire
Military history of Bulgaria
History of Plovdiv Province
Duchy of Philippopolis
Bulgarian–Latin Wars
13th century in Bulgaria
Conflicts in 1208


Fonds d'Or is a settlement in Guadeloupe, on the island of Grande-Terre. To its north are Guillocheau and Laureal, and Boisvin is to the east.

Populated places in Guadeloupe


Guillocheau is a settlement in Guadeloupe, on the island of Grande-Terre.  To its north are Lemercier, Le Moule and Conchou; Fonds d'Or and Boisvin are to the south.

Populated places in Guadeloupe


The 500 krooni banknote (500 EEK) is a denomination of the Estonian kroon, the former currency of Estonia. Carl Robert Jakobson (1841–1882), who was an Estonian politician, publisher, writer and promoter of agriculture, is featured on the front side of the bill, which is why the 500 krooni bill is often called a "Jakobson".

A barn swallow in flight on a landscape background is featured on the reverse side of the banknote. Before the replacement of the EEK by the euro, the 500 krooni banknote was commonly dispensed by ATMs in Estonia as well as the primary banknote used for withdrawals or cashing checks. It can be exchanged indefinitely at the currency museum of Eesti Pank for €31.96.

History of the banknote
 1991: first series issued by the Bank of Estonia;
 1994: second series issued;
 1996: third series issued;
 2000: fourth series issued;
 2007: fifth series issued;
 2011: withdrawn from circulation and replaced by the euro

Security features

Source:
 1991
The watermark of the three lions is visible when the note is horizontal, but springs to life when the note is held against the light. The watermark is in two parts on the edges of the note.
Each note contains a security thread.
The portraits are printed in the main colour of the note and their raised surface can be felt with the fingertips.
Each note has an individual serial number. The horizontal number on the left is printed in black and the vertical number on the right is printed in a different colour on each denomination.
When the note is held at an angle to the light, the denomination of the note can be seen.
 1994
New colour tints have been used in these areas.
Silver ink has been incorporated into the note.
A new style serial number appears on the right-hand side.
When the note is held up to the light, printed areas on the back of the note fill the unprinted areas on the front of the note.
The colour of the ink in this area changes when the note is viewed from different angles.
 1996
Hologram featuring a swallow and the value '500'.
A new hand-engraved portrait of Carl Robert Jakobson.
A windowed thread with small text reading '500/EP'. The thread appears as a row of small silver dashes on the front surface of the note, but when the note is held up to the light it can be seen as a continuous line.
When the note is held up to the light, printed areas on the back of the note fill unprinted areas on the front of the note to form the value '500'.
Silver ink has been incorporated into the note.
New colour tints have been used in these areas.
New signatures and date.
 2000
Portrait watermark.
Diffraction foil with microtext border (Exelgram).
Dark security thread with transparent text "500EEK EESTI PANK".
Tactile intaglio printed elements.
Microprint, repeated text "CARL ROBERT JAKOBSON".
Microprint, repeated "500" within denomination numerals.
Latent number "500".
Latent lettering "EP".
Signatures (President of Eesti Pank, Chairman of the Board).
Three lions printed with silver ink.
Anti-copier line structure.
Recognition sign for the visually handicapped.
Number "500" appears when the note is held up to the light.
UV-fluorescent fibres.
UV-fluorescent motif ("Sakala") and security thread.
UV-fluorescent block bearing denomination number.
Serial numbers.
Variable ink element with magenta-to-green color shift.
Hidden image, visible through a special lens.

See also
 Currencies related to the euro
 Estonian euro coins
 Currency board
 Estonian mark
 Economy of Estonia

References

External links
 Global Financial Data data series - Estonia Kroon
 The Global History of Currencies - Estonia

Currencies of Estonia
Five-hundred-base-unit banknotes


Lemercier is a settlement in Guadeloupe in the commune of Le Moule, on the island of Grande-Terre.  It is located to the east of La Rosette and Palais-Sainte-Marguerite; Le Moule is to its west.

Populated places in Guadeloupe


"Change" is a song by British singer-songwriter and actress Lisa Stansfield from her second album, Real Love (1991). The song was written by Stansfield, Ian Devaney and Andy Morris, and produced by Devaney and Morris. It was released as the lead single on 7 October 1991. "Change" was remixed by Frankie Knuckles and Driza Bone.

"Change" became a hit, reaching top 10 in several European countries and Canada. In the United States, it peaked at number 27 on the Billboard Hot 100, number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs (for two weeks), number 12 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number 13 on the Adult Contemporary Singles. Two music videos for the song were released: the European version directed by Steve Lowe and the US version directed by Stefan Würnitzer.

In 2003, "Change" was included on Biography: The Greatest Hits. In 2014, the remixes of "Change" were included on the deluxe 2CD + DVD re-release of Real Love and on People Hold On ... The Remix Anthology (also on The Collection 1989–2003).

Chart performance
"Change" became a major hit in Europe, and remains one of Stansfield's most successful songs. It was a top-10 hit in Belgium (6), Italy (2), the Netherlands (7), Spain (6) and the UK (10). In the latter, it peaked at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart, on 20 October 1991. The single also was a top-20 hit in Germany (13), Ireland (17), Sweden (13) and Switzerland (12). On the Eurochart Hot 100, "Change" peaked at number 11 in November 1993, while on the European Dance Radio Chart, it reached number one same month.

Outside Europe, the single was successful also in Canada, where it peaked at number 10, and in the US, where it peaked at number-one for two weeks on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart, number 27 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 12 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number 13 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary Singles. In Australia and New Zealand, the song peaked at number 21 and 20, respectively.

"Change" was awarded one of BMI's Pop Awards in 1993, honoring the songwriters, composers and music publishers of the song.

Critical reception
The song received favorable reviews from many music critics. David Taylor-Wilson from Bay Area Reporter wrote that Stansfield is "sounding like Donna Summer". Larry Flick from Billboard complimented it as "a gorgeous down-tempo disco trip", adding that with "a subtle slice of Philly-styled soul, Stansfield's lovely alto is caressed by soft strings and a warm bassline. Factor in a memorable chorus and you have the makings of a multiformat smash." A reviewer from Boston Herald noted that the "husky-voiced" singer "purrs" through the song. The Columbus Dispatch remarked that before Stansfield even gets around to singing on "Change", "she breathes - deeply - into her microphone to establish mood. Nearly every line in the song, in fact, is preceded by a sensuous expulsion of breath." Dave Sholin from the Gavin Report commented that "blending elements of jazz, pop and dance is an art Lisa and partners Ian Devaney and Andy Morris perfected on their debut album, and now they take us to level two. If this lead-off single is any indication, her soon-to-be-released album Real Love should cause an awful lot of excitement when it hits the street."

Scott Sterling from The Michigan Daily complimented the song as a "smooth, driving groove with luscious strings and mellow horns that sounds like a '90s Love Unlimited Orchestra." Daniel S. Housman from Miscellany News felt it "seems addressed to a friend in need." Pan-European magazine Music & Media found that on her first single in two years, Stansfield is updating the '70s "Philly" soul sound, "tastefully adding a fashionable dance beat to it." James Hamilton from Music Weeks RM Dance Update named it "her best in ages". The Newcastle Evening Chronicle noted that it "marks the start of a new and exciting era in her career." Parry Gettelman from Orlando Sentinel felt it's the "best track" of the album, saying that "Its catchy melody floats along on a sea of strings and burbling synth and horn riffs." The Sun-Sentinels reviewer found that "Change" "deals with unconditional love. The woman is telling the man that she loves him and always will despite all he's put her through. (Sound familiar, ladies?) This song has a funky beat that really gets you moving." Caroline Sullivan from  Smash Hits described Stansfield's voice as "glass-shattering".

Music video
The European music video for "Change", directed by Steve Lowe begins with a close-up of Stansfield's face against a white background as she sings the chorus. Some scenes show her walking along the feet of some giant statues. Other scenes show her standing on a balcony on top of a building at night with thunderstorms over the rooftops. She also sometimes sits on a beach. All these scenes are mixed with close-ups of the singer's face against the light background. The video was later published on Stansfield's official YouTube channel in 2012, and had generated more than 8.3 million views as of February 2023.

Track listings

 European and US 7-inch single; Japanese CD single"Change" (Single Mix) – 4:18
"A Little More Love" – 4:28

 European CD single"Change" (Single Mix) – 4:18
"Change" (Driza Bone Mix) – 6:11
"A Little More Love" – 4:28

 UK CD single"Change" (Single Mix) – 4:18
"Change" (Driza Bone Mix) – 6:11
"Change" (Knuckles Mix) – 6:29

 US CD single"Change" (Single Mix) – 4:18
"Change" (Classic Radio Mix Edit) – 3:55
"Change" (Ultimate Club Mix) – 7:54
"It's Got to Be Real" – 5:17

 European 12-inch single"Change" (Driza Bone Mix) – 6:11
"A Little More Love" – 4:28
"Change" (Knuckles Mix) – 6:29

 UK 12-inch single"Change" (Driza Bone Mix) – 6:11
"Change" (Bone-Idol Mix) – 5:57
"Change" (Knuckles Mix) – 6:29

 US 12-inch single"Change" (Ultimate Club Mix) – 7:54
"Change" (Misty Dub Mix) – 7:31
"Change" (Driza Bone Dub Mix) – 6:08
"Change" (Single Mix) – 4:18

 2006 US digital Dance Vault Mixes'
"Change" (Ultimate Club Mix) – 7:54
"Change" (Misty Dub Mix) – 7:31
"Change" (Driza Bone Mix) – 6:11
"Change" (Single Mix) – 4:18
"Change" (Knuckles Mix) – 6:29
"Change" (Bone-Idol Mix) – 5:57

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

See also
List of number-one dance singles of 1991 (U.S.)

References

Lisa Stansfield songs
1991 singles
1991 songs
Arista Records singles
Songs written by Andy Morris (musician)
Songs written by Ian Devaney
Songs written by Lisa Stansfield


Moving the Mountain is a 1993 Canadian documentary film on the effects of the head tax and Chinese Exclusion Act in Canada. The film debuted at the Toronto International Film Festival in 1993 was co-directed by William Ging Wee Dere and Malcolm Guy, written by William G.W. Dere and produced by Productions Multi-Monde of Montreal.

References

External links

Canadian documentary films
1993 films
Documentary films about racism in Canada
Films about Chinese Canadians
1993 documentary films
History of Chinese Canadians
Anti-Chinese legislation
Documentary films about immigration to Canada
Anti-Chinese sentiment in Canada
Films about immigration in Canada
1990s Canadian films


Palais-Sainte-Marguerite is a settlement in Guadeloupe in the commune of Le Moule, on the island of Grande-Terre.  It is located to the east of Sainte-Marguerite and to the west of Lemercier and Le Moule.

Populated places in Guadeloupe


Sainte-Marguerite is a settlement in Guadeloupe in the commune of Le Moule, on the island of Grande-Terre.  It is located to the west of Palais-Sainte-Marguerite.

Mohanmad Sahadat

Populated places in Guadeloupe


Indriði Guðmundur Þorsteinsson (18 April 1926 – 3 September 2000) was an Icelandic writer.

Life

Indriði was born on a farm in Skagafjörður, the son of a labourer. He studied at Héraðsskólinn á Laugarvatni from 1942 to 1943. He worked as a driver in Akureyri from 1945 to 1951, when he became a reporter at Tíminn. From 1959 to 1962 he was a reporter for Alþýðublaðið and from 1962 to 1973 he was the editor of the newspaper Tíminn. In 1973 he was appointed director of the national festival, which was held at Þingvellir in 1974. In the years following, he worked at his writing until again becoming the editor of Tíminn (1987–1991). He was also campaign director for Albert Gudmundsson's presidential run where he ceded to Vigdis Finnbogadottir.
Indriði was the father of the writer Arnaldur Indriðason.

Early works

Indriði first received attention by winning a short story contest in 1951 with Blástör, a humorous and erotic fertility story. That same year he published his first short story collection, Sæluvika. In 1955 he published his first novel, 79 af stöðinni ("Taxi 79"). The book was very successful. It deals with the difficulties of a country boy who moves to the city and, more generally, the ongoing changes in Icelandic society brought by modernization and urbanization. The story was made into a film in 1962, a milestone in the history of Icelandic cinema.

Later works

Þeir sem guðirnir elska (1957), short story collection
Land og synir (1963, "Land and Sons"), novel
Þjófur í paradís (1967, "Thief in Paradise"), novel
Norðan við stríð (1971, "North of War"), novel

His novels Land og synir and Norðan við stríð were shortlisted for the Nordic Council's Literature Prize in 1965 and 1973 respectively.

Notes

References

"Andlát : Indriði G. Þorsteinsson", Morgunblaðið, 5 September 2000, p. 72.
Ástráður Eysteinsson (2007). "Icelandic Prose Literature, 1940–1980" in A History of Icelandic Literature, edited by Daisy L. Neijmann, pp. 404–438. University of Nebraska Press. .
Dagný Kristjánsdóttir (2006). "Árin eftir seinna stríð", in Íslensk bókmenntasaga IV, edited by Guðmundur Andri Thorsson, pp. 419–661. Mál og menning. .
Jóhann Hjálmarsson (2000). "Indriði G. Þorsteinsson", Morgunblaðið, 5 September 2000, p. 28.

Icelandic writers
Thorsteinsson, Indridi G.
Thorsteinsson, Indridi G.


La Rosette is a settlement in Guadeloupe in the commune of Le Moule, on the island of Grande-Terre.  It is located to the west of Lemercier and to the south of Palais-Sainte-Marguerite.

La Rosette is the site of the Edgar Clerc Archeological Museum, which exhibits pre-Columbian artifacts which Clerc collected from the surrounding area.

References

Populated places in Guadeloupe


Smallworld Fibre (previously Smallworld Cable, Wightcable North and OMNE) was a British telecommunications company based in Irvine, North Ayrshire. Their coverage area used to be Irvine, Dreghorn, Troon, and Kilmarnock in the west of Scotland, and Carlisle, Lancaster and Morecambe in the northwest of England, where they served over 40,000 homes.
Smallworld provided broadband, telephone, and digital television services to residential customers from 2001 to 2014, when the company was acquired by Virgin Media.

History
The company was founded in the summer of 2001 as Omne Communications by former employees of BT and NTL. Their television service launched in December after being granted a local delivery service licence by the ITC.

In May 2002, Omne Communications entered administration. On 1 February 2003, it was announced that CLS Holdings, owners of WightCable, had acquired a 76% stake in the company for £4.1 million, saving it from closure. The company was rebranded later that year from Omne to WightCable North.

In January 2006, WightCable North was sold by CLS Holdings, at a loss of £2.1 million, to Netfonics. In March 2007, WightCable North was rebranded as Smallworld Media.

In December 2009, Smallworld Media rebranded itself as Smallworld Cable and introduced a new logo. On 18 December 2009, Smallworld announced that they had completed core network upgrades and planned to roll out faster 50Mbit/s DOCSIS 3.0 broadband across its cable network. The company also confirmed they had connected the large village of Dreghorn to their network, increasing their customer base by around 1,200 homes.

In early 2013, Smallworld Cable changed its name to Smallworld Fibre.

On 3 February 2014, Smallworld Fibre was acquired by Virgin Media for an undisclosed fee. The deal saw Smallworld's network merged into Virgin Media's during 2014. In December 2014, Virgin Media axed the Smallworld Fibre brand and switched all viewers to the Virgin Media network.

Products and services

As a "triple play" cable provider with its own network, Smallworld Fibre provided cable TV, broadband, and fixed line telephone services.

Broadband

Smallworld provided three tiers of service (as of December 2013) of 25Mbit/s, 50Mbit/s and 100Mbit/s download speeds. These speeds were only available to customers within their cable network footprint and ADSL broadband services were available for customers who wanted service outside their cable network. Wireless home network kits were available to customers for an additional fee. Standard installation tended to be free of charge when broadband was taken as part of a bundle with other products. Smallworld advertised their broadband as a fibre-optic network, but they utilised a hybrid fibre-coaxial network to distribute service to customers, similar to the topology of Virgin Media.

Smallworld ran a "speedometer" on its website that gave a live view of the average network speed on the cable network they provided but not the internet speed. As of 21 December 2009 this speed stood at 24.4Mbit/s (out of 25Mbit/s). The speed test was removed by March 2010, though they gave a server for speed testing on speedtest.net.

The upload speeds were 200kbit/s for the 2Mbit/s download service, 350kbit/s for 10Mbit/s, 512kbit/s for 25Mbit/s, and 1.5Mbit/s for 50Mbit/s.

Cable TV

Smallworld provided a digital TV service over its cable TV network with over 120 channels including all local terrestrial services and subscription services, such as Sky Sports and Sky Movies. Multiroom services were available for an additional fee on top of the main TV subscription.

Telephone

Fixed line phone services were available within the Smallworld Fibre network that included features such as caller IDs, call forwarding and voicemail. Smallworld offered free local calls to its cable phone customers and its local area covering Scotland, Northern Ireland and "a large section of Northern England".

Sponsorships

Smallworld Cable was the main strip sponsor of Kilmarnock F.C.

References

External links
 Official website, archived 24 February 2014

Cable television companies of the United Kingdom
Former internet service providers of the United Kingdom
Telecommunications companies established in 2001
Companies disestablished in 2014
Virgin Media
Companies that have entered administration in the United Kingdom
Economy of North Ayrshire


United Broadcasting Company was a West Coast radio network based in Los Angeles, California which began on November 5, 1930. UBC was known as The Silver Network. Louis L. Davis was Chairman. UBC had 9 affiliate stations including KFWB in Hollywood, California. On February 26, 1931 UBC announced it had merged with NBS - The Northwest Broadcasting System and Pacific Broadcasting Corp. UBC suspended operations on April 1, 1931.

Source: The Portland Oregon Journal newspaper; The Portland Telegram newspaper.

Defunct radio broadcasting companies of the United States
Companies based in California
1930 establishments in the United States
1931 disestablishments in the United States


Conchou is a settlement in Guadeloupe, on the island of Grande-Terre.  It is located to the east of Le Moule; Guillocheau, Laureal, Guenette, and Portland are to its south.

References

Populated places in Guadeloupe