Chenommet () is a former commune in the Charente department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Aunac-sur-Charente.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Former communes of Charente


Chenon () is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Cherves-Châtelars (; ) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Charente department

References

Communes of Charente


Garstang is an ancient market town and civil parish within the Wyre borough of Lancashire, England. It is  north of the city of Preston and the same distance south of Lancaster.

In 2011, the parish had a total resident population of 4,268; the larger Garstang Built-up Area, which includes the adjoining settlements of Bonds and Cabus, had population of 6,779. Garstang is famous for being the world's first ever Fairtrade Town.

Etymology
Garstang is mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Cherestanc. Later recordings of the name include Geresteng, Gairstang in 1195; Grestein, 1204; Gayrestan, 1236; Gayerstang, 1246; Gayrstang, 1274; Gayrestang, 1292.

The original spelling of Garstang has several interpretations: "'gore by the boundary pole", "spear post", "triangular piece of land", "common land" or "meadowland". Possibly signifying the site of a meeting-space. The Old Norse derivation being 'geiri', a gore, from 'geirr', with 'stang' or 'stong', meaning "pole" or "boundary marker".  Or the Saxon derivation 'Gaerstung'. It is probable that the historic market cross is this same site.

History

Early history

A brief but comprehensive history of the parish, including the parish church of St Helen in Churchtown and Greenhalgh Castle, can be found in "The Parish of Garstang", A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 7. St. John Plessington was born at Dimples Hall, which is just outside the town.

Garstang was once served by Garstang and Catterall railway station which closed in 1969, and Garstang Town railway station which closed to passengers in 1930.

The town is overlooked by the ruined remains of Greenhalgh Castle, built in 1490 by Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby. Garstang Town Hall was completed in 1764.

Modern history

Garstang's traditional market day on Thursdays dates back to the early-1300s and stretches the length of street. The Market Cross at the top of the High Street is one of the most familiar landmarks in the area.

The town celebrates an arts festival and an agricultural show (which has been continued for 200 years) every year in August.

In April 2000, Garstang declared itself "the world's first Fairtrade Town", influencing many other towns, cities and counties around the United Kingdom to work towards the same goal. The Fairtrade Town status was renewed by the Fairtrade Foundation on 13 August 2003.

In 2011, a  wind turbine, the UK's largest, was built in the town to provide power for Dewlay; a local factory producing the award-winning Garstang Blue cheese.

The local newspaper, the Garstang Courier, is available on tape free of charge to blind and partially-sighted people from Galloway's Society for the Blind.

Following success in winning the Small Country Town category in the 2002 Britain in Bloom Awards, Garstang won the Small Town category in the 2005, 2006 and 2010 and was invited to the champion of champions in 2010 also.

Local primary schools are Garstang Community Primary School, Garstang St Thomas Church of England School and SS Mary and Michael Catholic School. The local secondary school is Garstang Community Academy which does not offer sixth form courses; pupils have to travel to Lancaster, Preston or Blackpool and further to sit A-Level courses.

The town has seven public houses: The Farmers Arms, the Crown, the Eagle and Child, the King's Arms, the Royal Oak Hotel, the Wheatsheaf, Th'Owd Tithe Barn, with the Bellflower (formerly the Flag) in Nateby and Crofters Tavern in Cabus. It has three restaurants: Pipers, Ken Ma and the Great Season, the latter two being Chinese restaurants. There is also a golf club and Country Hotel and the Crofter's Hotel, on the main A6 road.

Garstang is referenced in episode 5 of the first series of the comedy Phoenix Nights. Brian Potter (played by Peter Kay) said "What have you called us? What have you called the best cabaret lounge this side of Garstang?" in reference to an alternative comedy night being run at his fictional club.

The town is served by the Anglican church of St Thomas and the Catholic church of St Mary and St Michael (just outside the town's boundaries in Bonds). Until 1881, Garstang's official parish church was St Helen's,  away in Churchtown.

Governance
From a very early time, Garstang lay within the Amounderness Hundred of Lancashire. From 1894 until 1974 Garstang formed its own local government district in the administrative county of Lancashire; "Garstang Rural District", which extended beyond the current civil parish boundaries, including villages such as Pilling.

Since 1974, Garstang has formed part of the Wyre borough of Lancashire, although it retains an elected Town Council with limited jurisdiction. The borough ward has three councillors, including Lady Dulcie Atkins, wife of former MEP Sir Robert Atkins.

The population of the ward at the 2011 Census was 4,852.

Geography
Lying on the River Wyre, River Calder and the Lancaster Canal, Garstang is situated close to the A6 road, the M6 motorway, and the West Coast Main Line, between Lancaster and Preston. It lies on the eastern edge of the Fylde, and the Forest of Bowland is not far to the east.

Garstang and the nearby villages of Bonds, Bowgreave, Catterall and Western Claughton-On-Brock form an almost continuous built-up area, bypassed by the A6 road in 1928 (incorrectly given as 1926 in). Other nearby villages not bypassed by the A6 road include: Brock, Bilsborrow, Cabus and Churchtown form another, much larger, continuous built-up area which includes Garstang in the centre.

Sport
Garstang F.C. are a non-league football club and the local team within the village. Founded in 1885, they play in the North West Counties League, having won the West Lanchashire League Premier League and Richardson Cup double in 2018.

People
The following people have lived, or were born, in Garstang:

 Isaac Ambrose (1604–1664), a Puritan vicar
 Sir Robert Atkins, Member of the European Parliament for the North West England region and vice president of Lancashire County Cricket Club
 Dicky Bond (1883–1955), footballer noted for his time at Preston North End and Bradford City
 Harry Dean (1884–1957), Lancashire cricketer who played three test matches for England
 George Benson (1893–1974), a footballer noted for his time at Accrington Stanley
 Mary Anne Hobbs (1964–), a BBC Radio 6 Music disc jockey
 Adam Phillips, footballer
 Jason Robinson (1974–), an England rugby player (both league and union)
 Robert Terrill Rundle (1811–1896), a Methodist missionary noted for his work in Western Canada
 Rt Revd Paul Swarbrick (born 1958), Roman Catholic bishop
 John Woolrich (1954–), composer, lived in Garstang from 1955 to 1972

See also

 Listed buildings in Garstang
 Garstang F.C.

References

External links
 Official Garstang website Garstang website operated by Garstang and District Chamber of Trade and Commerce.
 Independent Garstang website Garstang information and entertainment site.
 Garstang website Garstang Town Council website.
 Garstang, GENUKI article.
 Garstang Fair Trade Town

Towns in Lancashire
Market towns in Lancashire
Civil parishes in Lancashire
Geography of the Borough of Wyre


The Theban Tomb TT106 is located in Sheikh Abd el-Qurna. It forms part of the Theban Necropolis, situated on the west bank of the Nile opposite Luxor. The tomb is the burial place of the ancient Egyptian noble and Vizier, Paser.

See also
 List of Theban tombs

References

Theban tombs


The Lord Cohen Medal is a British medical award honouring individuals who "have made a considerable contribution to ageing research, either through original discoveries or in the promotion of the subject of gerontology in its broadest aspect". It is the highest award for services to gerontology in the United Kingdom and is named after British physician Henry Cohen.

The medal is awarded by the British Society for Research on Ageing on a sporadic basis.

Recipients
2023 Lynne Cox, University of Oxford
2017 , Newcastle University
2016 , University of Brighton
2015 Richard Aspinall, Coventry University
2014 , University of Liverpool
2013 Janet Mary Lord, University of Birmingham
2011 Suresh I. S. Rattan, Aarhus University, Denmark
2008 Arlan G. Richardson, Barshop Institute, University of Texas
2007 Raymond Tallis, University of Manchester
2006 Tom Kirkwood, Newcastle University
2004 Linda Partridge, University College, London
1999 Leonard Hayflick, University of California, San Francisco
1987 Robin Holliday, National Institute of Medical Research
1984 Arthur Norman Exton-Smith, University College Hospital, London
1980 , Leeds University

See also

 List of medicine awards

References
External links
British Society for Research on Ageing - Lord Cohen Medal

Medicine awards
British awards
Awards established in 1980


Financial services in the Republic of Ireland refers to the services provided by the finance industry:  banks, investment banks, insurance companies, credit card companies, consumer finance companies, government sponsored enterprises, and stock brokerages.

The market for the provision of financial services within the Republic of Ireland is dominated by the two large banking groups Allied Irish Banks and Bank of Ireland. However competition from domestic, overseas and internet providers ensures consumer choice.

Regulation
The regulator of financial services in the Republic of Ireland is Central Bank of Ireland.

Financial derivatives in the Republic of Ireland

Ireland has a well developed market for financial derivatives, with its annual value being measured in $ billions. Most common are interest rate swaps and foreign exchange transactions used by businesses to manage their risk and support their currency requirements. Ireland's strong funds and insurance sectors are also significant users of derivatives, as are other special purpose vehicles located in the country such as securitisation structures. The majority of transactions involve the major banks and they in turn tend to enter into contracts with institutions outside Ireland, particularly in the EU. The Irish Stock Exchange also has the facility for exchange traded derivatives. Ireland's proximity to London, shared language and time zone is a benefit to its financial services industry. There is a depth of knowledge in Irish institutions and education establishments which supports the financial derivative industry.

Irish law is also conducive to financial derivatives trading. The ISDA Master Agreement is commonly used and the country is able to provide a 'clean' legal opinion to ISDA, meaning that there are no significant legal issues which arise if two parties wish to enter into financial derivative contracts. Non-Irish counterparties need to be sure that a counterparty has the specific power to trade financial derivatives: for example, if a company enters into a transaction outside of its objects in its memorandum and articles of association, the transaction may be void and unenforceable as ultra vires. Netting and set-off are fully enforcable in Ireland (see the Netting of Financial Contracts Act 1995). There are few decided cases relating to financial derivatives in the Irish courts but decisions in the courts of England and Wales would be of persuasive authority.

Regulation of the financial derivatives industry is the responsibility of the Central Bank. The central piece of legislation effecting the sale of financial derivatives is the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive 2004/39/EC which has been fully implemented into Irish law. The Market Abuse Directive 2003/6/EC is also fully implemented in Ireland and provides that insider dealing or market manipulation may be carried out using financial derivatives. In addition the Central Bank will regulate the use of derivatives through codes or guidance documents applying to specific financial services sectors – see for example, the UCITS and non-UCITS rules applying to funds.

The law in Ireland relating to financial derivatives transactions  is generally clear and does not provide market participants with too many serious issues. The applicable law is formed by common law and certain key statutes. In addition, the financial regulation in Ireland, the Central Bank, has made a number of regulations which generally apply depending on the category of the party involved in derivative transactions. For example, rules relating to funds or to insurance companies will set down specific requirements that those entities have to adhere to. As such, international parties entering into transactions with Irish bodies will find that the requirements may vary depending on the kind of body with whom they are dealing. The common law in Ireland, since 1922, has developed independently of the United Kingdom but nonetheless UK decisions still carry weight in Irish courts and are regularly referred to in Irish judgments. As of 2012, there have been few significant decisions relating to financial derivatives made in the Irish courts, and as such reference can validly be made to the decisions of the UK and other common law jurisdictions.

Ireland has passed legislation in respect of the financial derivatives market. For instance, the Netting of Financial Contracts Act 1995 is a key piece of legislation to be complied with if parties to more than one financial derivative contract wish to net those contracts off against one another. This legislation was introduced as a result of perceived grey areas in the common law which prevented legal clarity. The European Markets in Financial Instruments Directive 2004/39(MIFID) has been in place in Ireland since 2007 and this is the central piece of regulation which would apply to those financial institutions that deal in financial derivatives with their customers. The market in exchange traded derivatives is not large but the Irish Stock Exchange has in place the infrastructure and rules which would allow financial derivatives to be listed and traded on its markets.

International counterparties need to be aware, however, of potential issues which could arise. For example,a contract entered into by a company ultra vires the powers set out in its memorandum and articles will be declared void. Although there have been attempts to remove this by statute and European legislation, the risk remains. The area is expected to be reformed, however.

See also
 Credit Institutions (Financial Support) Act 2008
 An Post
 FEXCO
 Goodbody Stockbrokers
 Hibernian Aviva
 International Financial Services Centre
 Irish Enterprise Exchange
 Irish League of Credit Unions
 Irish Stock Exchange
 Laser (debit card)
 List of banks (Republic of Ireland)
 QUINN Financial Services
 RaboDirect
 Vhi Healthcare

References


Armen Ohanian (), born Sophia Pirboudaghian (, 1887–1976) was an Armenian dancer, actress, writer, and translator.

Biography
Armen Ohanian was born in Shamakha, then part of the Russian Empire (now in Azerbaijan) to an upper-class Armenian family. A devastating earthquake in 1902 caused her family to move to Baku, where she attended a Russian school. She graduated in 1905, the same year the anti-Armenian pogroms, which she witnessed, caused the death of her father, Emanuel. She was hurriedly married to an Armenian Iranian doctor, Haik Ter-Ohanian, but the marriage ended within a year. She began her acting career as Sophia Ter-Ohanian in the theater group of the Armenian Cultural Union of Baku in 1906. She moved to Moscow in 1908 and studied plastic arts at the Nelidova School, while performing her first dances at the Maly Theatre.

After a short stint at the Tbilisi Opera in 1909, where she appeared for the first time as Armen Ohanian, she traveled again to Iran, where she performed as a dancer and actress during the last period of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution. She was among the founders of the Persian National Theater in Tehran. In April 1910 she organized a musical and literary gala in cooperation with the Persian Women Benevolent Association. For the first time, Iranian women were able to play on the stage and watch a film. In May 1910 she produced and directed Nikolai Gogol's The Government Inspector in Persian, playing the role of Maria Antonovna.

While in Iran, she perfected her skills in Oriental dances. After leaving the country and touring Egypt and the Ottoman Empire, she was hired to perform in London in 1911. From then to the late 1920s she would become quite a sought-after name, as part of the craze for exotic dances that swept the Western cultural scene at the time. By using methods of "free dance" developed by the famous American dancer Isadora Duncan, she created her own choreography based on Armenian and Iranian music. Many of her dances, such as "Salome," "At the Temple of Anahit," "Treason," "The Matchmaker," "Haschich," "The Great Khan of Shamakha," "Towards Nirvana," and others, fascinated the European public. She performed "wonderful Persian Dances" in a production of Lakme at the London Opera House in 1915. She performed extensively in London, Paris, Brussels, Milan, Sofia, Madrid, and other European cities, as well as in the United States and Mexico. Her performances were widely covered in the press and met the approval of writers such as Maurice Maeterlinck, René Ghil, Claude Anet, and others.

After settling in Paris in 1912, Ohanian made her first forays into literature, and her poems and autobiographical sketches eventually found their way in the press. Her first book, The Dancer of Shamakha, was published in 1918 in French, prefaced by Anatole France. The book was translated into English, Spanish, German, Swedish, and Finnish. She later published other memoirs in French, such as In the Claws of Civilization in 1921, The Laughs of A Snake Charmer in 1931; an account of her 1927 sojourn in the Soviet Union, In the Sixth Part of the World: Journey into Russia in 1928; and a novel, The Soloist of His Majesty, in 1929.

Her love life in the twilight of the Belle Époque was no less eventful than her artistic career. She had relationships with various people such as painter Émile Bernard, writers Maurice Barres and Andre Germain, and a short-lived affair with American writer Natalie Barney. She married for the second time to Mexican economist and diplomat Makedonio Garza in 1922, and after living in Hamburg, Mexico, New York, Paris, Moscow, London, and Madrid, the couple settled in Mexico in 1934.

The decline of her dance career did not deter Ohanian from pursuing cultural and political interests. Having become interested in the native dances of Mexico during a brief trip in 1922–1923, she founded a school of dance in Mexico City in 1936. Committed to communism since the mid-1920s, Ohanian was an active member of the Mexican Communist Party. In collaboration with her husband, she translated many books from Russian into Spanish, but also became a prolific author in her own right with books on Russian, Soviet, and Mexican literature. In 1946 she published Happy Armenia, a book on Soviet Armenia in Spanish, which marked a renewal of interest in her Armenian ancestry. Among her literary output, however, her work of choice was a poem, "My Dream as an Exile," written in Armenian and published in 1952 in a journal of Paris.

Ohanian made a comeback in the Mexican dance scene in 1940-1941 and 1946, and appeared on the stage in Paris in 1949 and 1953, when she was well into her sixties. During a second visit to the Soviet Union in 1958 with her husband, they traveled briefly to Yerevan, Armenia, where she offered part of her private files to the Museum of Literature and Arts. After returning to Mexico, she continued to write, translate, and publish until 1969, when she produced her last volume of memoirs in Spanish.

See also
 Shamakhi dancers

References

Bakhchinyan, Artsvi, and Matiossian, Vartan, Շամախեցի պարուհին (The Dancer of Shamakha), Yerevan, 2007.

External links
The Dancer of Shamakha by Armen Ohanian (full view)

1887 births
1976 deaths
Russian female dancers
French female dancers
French writers
Mexican people of Armenian descent
Mexican communists
Mexican female dancers
Mexican women writers
People from Shamakhi
Armenian people from the Russian Empire
Expatriates from the Russian Empire in Iran
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to France
French emigrants to Mexico


The 19th BRDC International Trophy was a non-championship Formula One race held at Silverstone on 29 April 1967.

Classification

Notes
Fastest lap: Graham Hill - 1:30.0

References

BRDC International Trophy
BRDC International Trophy
BRDC
BRDC International Trophy


Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VEGFA gene.

Function

This gene is a member of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and encodes a protein that is often found as a disulfide linked homodimer. This protein is a glycosylated mitogen that specifically acts on endothelial cells and has various effects, including mediating increased vascular permeability, inducing angiogenesis, vasculogenesis,  and endothelial cell growth, promoting cell migration, and inhibiting apoptosis. Alternatively, spliced transcript variants, encoding either freely secreted or cell-associated isoforms, have been characterized.

VEGF-A shows prominent activity with vascular endothelial cells, primarily through its interactions with the VEGFR1 and -R2 receptors found prominently on the endothelial cell membrane. However, it does have effects on a number of other cell types (e.g., stimulation monocyte/macrophage migration, neurons, cancer cells, kidney and epithelial cells ). In vitro, VEGF-A has been shown to stimulate endothelial cell mitogenesis and cell migration. VEGF-A is also a vasodilator and increases microvascular permeability and was originally referred to as vascular permeability factor.

During embryonic development angiogenesis is initiated as mesoderm mesenchyme cells are specified to differentiate into angioblasts, expressing the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR-2). As embryonic tissue utilizes more oxygen than it receives from diffusion, it becomes hypoxic. These cells will secrete the signaling molecule vascular endothelial factor A (VEGFA) which will recruit the angioblasts expressing its partnering receptor to the site of future angiogenesis. The angioblasts will create scaffolding structures that form the primary capillary plexus from where the local vasculature system will develop.
Disruption of this gene in mice resulted in abnormal embryonic blood vessel formation, resulting in underdeveloped vascular structures. This gene is also upregulated in many tumors and its expression is correlated with tumor development and is a target in many developing cancer therapeutics. Elevated levels of this protein are found in patients with POEMS syndrome, also known as Crow-Fukase syndrome which is a hemangioblastic proliferative disorder. Allelic variants of this gene have been associated with microvascular complications of diabetes 1 and atherosclerosis.

VEGF-A Overview
Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is a dimeric glycoprotein that plays a significant role in neurons and is considered to be the main, dominant inducer of the growth of blood vessels. VEGFA is essential for adults during organ remodeling and diseases that involve blood vessels, for example, in wound healing, tumor angiogenesis, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. During early vertebrate development, vasculogenesis occurs which means that the endothelial condense into the blood vessels. The differentiation of endothelial cells is dependent upon the expression of VEGFA and if the expression is abolished then it can result in the death of the embryo. VEGFA is produced by a group of three major isoforms as a result of alternative splicing and if any three isoforms are produced (VEGFA120, VEGFA164, and VEGFA188) then this will not result in vessel defects and death of the full VEGFA knockout in mice. VEGFA is essential in the role of neurons because they too need vascular supply and abolishing the expression of VEGFA from neural progenitors will result in defects of the brain vascularization and neuronal apoptosis. Anti-VEGFA therapy can be used to treat patients with undesirable angiogenesis and vascular leakage in cancer and eye diseases but also could result in the inhibition of neurogenesis and neuroprotection. VEGFA could be used to treat patients with neurodegenerative and neuropathic conditions and also increase vascular permeability which will stop the blood-brain barrier and increase inflammatory cell infiltration.

Usage
 Angiogenesis
 ↑ Migration of endothelial cells
 ↑ mitosis of endothelial cells
 ↑ Matrix metalloproteinase activity
 ↑ αvβ3 activity
 creation of blood vessel lumen
 creates lumen
 creates fenestrations
Chemotactic for macrophages and granulocytes
 Vasodilation (indirectly by NO release)

Also tumour suppression.

Clinical significance

Elevated levels of this protein is linked to POEMS syndrome, also known as Crow-Fukase syndrome. Mutations in this gene have been associated with proliferative and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Treatment of ischemic heart disease

In ischemic cardiomyopathy, blood flow to the muscle cells of the heart is either partially or completely reduced, leading to cell death and scar tissue formation. Because the muscle cells are replaced with fibrous tissue, the heart loses its ability to contract, compromising heart function. Normally, if blood flow to the heart is compromised, over time, new blood vessels will develop, providing alternative circulation to the affected cells. The viability of the heart following severely restricted blood flow is dependent on the ability of the heart to provide this collateral circulation. Expression of VEGF-A has been found to be induced by myocardial ischemia and a higher level of expression of VEGF-A has been associated with better collateral circulation development during ischemia.

VEGF-A activation

When cells are deprived of oxygen, they increase their production of VEGF-A. VEGF-A mediates the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels (angiogenesis) by binding to the cell surface receptors VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, two tyrosine kinases located in endothelial cells of the cardiovascular system. These two receptors act through different pathways to contribute to endothelial cell proliferation and migration, and formation of tubular structures.

VEGFR2

The binding of VEGF-A to VEGFR2 causes two VEGFR2 molecules to combine to form a dimer. Following this dimerization, through the action of the receptor itself, a phosphate group is added to certain tyrosines within the molecule in a process called auto-phosphorylation. The autophosphorylation of these amino acids allows for signalling molecules within to the cell to bind to the receptor and become activated. These signalling molecules include VEGF-receptor activated protein (VRAP), PLC- γ and Nck.

Each of these is important in the signalling required for angiogenesis. VRAP (also known as T-cell specific adaptor) and Nck signalling are important in reorganization of the structural components of the cell, allowing for cells to move around to areas where they are needed. PLC- γ is vital to the proliferative effects of VEGF-A signalling. Activation of the phospholipase PLC- γ results in an increase in calcium levels in the cell, leading to the activation of protein kinase C (PKC). PKC phosphorylates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) ERK which then moves to the nucleus of the cell and takes part in nuclear signalling. Once in the nucleus, ERK activates various transcription factors which initiate expression of genes involved in cellular proliferation. Activation of a different MAPK (p38 MAPK) by VEGFR2 is important in the transcription of genes associated with cellular migration.

VEGFR1

The tyrosine kinase activity of VEGFR1 is less efficient than that of VEGFR2 and its activation alone is insufficient to bring about the proliferative effects of VEGF-A. The major role of VEGFR1 is to recruit the cells responsible in blood cell development.

Current research

It has been shown that injection of VEGF-A in dogs following severely restricted blood flow to the heart caused an increase in collateral blood vessel formation compared to the dogs who did not receive the VEGF-A treatment. It was also shown in dogs that delivery of VEGF-A to areas of the heart with little or no blood flow enhanced collateral blood vessel formation and increased the viability of the cells in that area. In gene therapy, DNA which encodes the gene of interest is integrated into a vector along with elements that are able to promote the gene's expression. The vector is then injected either into muscle cells of the heart or the blood vessels supplying the heart. The natural machinery of the cell is then used to express these genes. Currently, human clinical trials are being conducted to study the effectiveness of gene therapy with VEGF-A in restoring blood flow and function to areas of the heart that have severely restricted blood flow. So far, this type of therapy has proven both safe and beneficial.

Interactions
Vascular endothelial growth factor A has been shown to interact with:
 ADAMTS1,
 CTGF, and
 NRP1,

See also
Vascular endothelial growth factor
Bevacizumab (or Avastin) anti VEGF-A human antibody drug.

References

External links

Genes associated with cancer


Sir William Symonds CB FRS (24 September 1782 – 30 March 1856, aboard the French steamship Nil, Strait of Bonifacio, Sardinia) was Surveyor of the Navy in the Royal Navy from 9 June 1832 to October 1847, and took part in the naval reforms instituted by the Whig First Lord of the Admiralty Sir James Robert George Graham in 1832.

Life

Early life

Symonds was the second son of naval captain Thomas Symonds (1731–1792) and his second wife, and first went to sea on, , in September 1794.  Serving in Lord Bridport's fleet at the Battle of Groix on 23 June 1795 and during the 1797 Spithead mutiny, he was promoted to lieutenant on 14 October 1801.  However, despite service at sea for the whole duration of the Napoleonic Wars (in which experiences of being outsailed by French ships left him with an obsession for speed, wide beams and sharp design in his later designs for sailing ships) and showing fine seamanship, he was promoted no further (though between 1819 and 1825 he was captain of the port at Malta).

Experiments in naval architecture
Using a minor legacy from Admiral Sir William Cornwallis (who left his estate to his best friend's widow, Symonds' sister), in 1821 Symonds built an experimental yacht, which was copied by the rich yachtsman George Vernon, who aided his publication of a pamphlet on naval architecture.  Vernon also convinced the Admiralty to employ Symonds as a corvette designer, with promotion to commander, by standing his surety with a bond of £20,000 should Symonds fail in his designs, and by then introducing him to the Duke of Portland in December 1826.  Of his two yacht designs for the Duke, one (Pantaloon, 1832) was later bought by the Admiralty for adaptation as a 10 gun brig.  When Portland entered George Canning's Cabinet in April 1827, he then promoted Symonds as a designer to the Lord High Admiral, the Duke of Clarence, who appointed Symonds to the royal yacht and granted him his captaincy on 5 December the same year.  Sailing trials in 1827 and 1831 were won by Symonds' entries, and (with Clarence's accession as William IV, the Whig abolition of the Navy Board and Earl Grey's ministry) he was taken on to design a 50 gun frigate, which he named  after his patron.

Naval surveyor
Symonds was appointed the Surveyor of the Navy on 9 June 1832 by Sir James Graham, the Whig First Lord of the Admiralty.  He was intended to control the Navy's dockyards and shipbuilding programme, but (thanks to his title of Surveyor of the Navy and the vague wording of the instructions given him) he also began to meddle in ship design, forcing the Navy to adopt his designs despite much opposition to this, to his appointment being a political one rather than one based on aptitude, and to his position as a favourite of the king (who, for example, omitted to inform the Admiralty of his intention to make him a Knight Bachelor but still went ahead with it, on 15 June 1836 at St James's Palace).  He also became a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1835.

Ship-design was no longer the important part of Surveyor's role that it had been, and so Symonds was its first holder to have been an amateur ship-designer rather than a professional shipwright.  Nevertheless, the observations and experience gained in such design allowed him to introduce radical changes to ship design, such as widening Navy ships' beams and making their bottoms more wedge-shaped (to decrease the amount of ballast needed and to increase stability, speed, stowage and the weight of guns that could be carried).  (However, with the decline in the sailing navy, most of Symonds' huge wooden sailing designs - larger, heavier-rigged, wider-beamed, more spacious for working their guns and heavier armament than ever before - became obsolete with the decline of sail and were later converted to steam-screw.)

During his time in office, he also took on George Rennie's suggestion of creating watertight compartments in ships (something first suggested for the Royal Navy by Samuel Bentham).  In 1840 he privately published a book of sketches of men-of-war and yachts, under the title "Naval Costume". He also travelled much overseas, accurately observing the timber resources and navies of foreign powers such as the Russian Baltic and Black Sea Fleets (whose inefficiency at a time of increased Anglo-Russian tension proved a useful observation).  This informed his reporting of British oak supplies from the forest of Dean and the New Forest, improved timber supplies and (along with a new means of construction invented by the talented Chief Clerk in the Surveyor's Office, John Edye, who also provided the detail for Symonds' over 200 designs for the Navy) allowed Symonds to create larger and larger wooden warships.  These were able not only to defeat an enemy by weight of fire (as the Navy had long been able to do) but also to pursue them and force battle.  Despite his feeling that steam was only an adjunct to a sailing navy rather than the future of naval propulsion (based on his correct assertion that the a wooden warship's stern would be weakened by adding a steam screw), Symonds did also produce some steam paddle-wheel designs.

However, Symonds' "empirical" school of shipbuilding came into conflict both with the "scientific" school led by the new class of professional naval architects and the first School of Naval Architecture (closed in 1832), and the "traditional" school led by Master Shipwrights from the Royal Dockyards.  Autocratic in office, demanding obedience and support from subordinates and superiors alike and taking any criticism or suggested alteration to his designs as a personal slight, he turned on his opponents in the pamphlet Facts versus Fiction (1844).  Determined to prove Symonds' designs to be failures, the new Tory Board of Admiralty sent out successive "Experimental Squadrons" in 1844, 1845 and 1846.  Outside factors such as individual captains' political bias or stowage's influence on how well a ship sailed were underappreciated in these trials - the success of Symonds' designs depended on the skill of their captains (they handled badly under clumsy ones, or ones opposed to him, but very well under skilled commanders) - whilst his larger ships were fast but unsuited to use as gun platforms due to rolling too rapidly.  They did, however, handle well in all but the worst weather.  Nevertheless, in the face of the Tory First Sea Lord Lord Ellenborough's institution of a "Committee of Reference" in 1846 to oversee Symonds and modify his designs according to the Board's wishes, a command to make a radical alteration to his design for a new 90 gun ship, and loss of most of his Whig support even on their return to power in July 1846, Symonds resigned his role in October 1847 (despite retaining the Duke of Portland's continued support), and was succeeded by Sir Baldwin Walker.

Retirement
Despite his fall from grace, he was granted an Order of the Bath (civil) on 1 May 1848, and in June 1853 James Graham, having again become First Sea Lord, was convinced by the Duke of Portland to take Symonds back on, as the Queen's naval Aide-de-Camp.  Becoming a retired rear admiral the following year, he and his third wife from then on lived abroad, principally in Malta and Italy, for reasons of his health.  He died at sea in 1856, en route from Malta to Marseilles, and was buried at the Protestant Cemetery at the latter.  His will required the publication of a biography in his favour – this repeated the arguments over his sailing-ship designs despite the Navy's having long abandoned sail by this date.

Family
On 21 April 1808, William married Elizabeth Saunders Luscombe, daughter of Matthew Luscombe of Plymouth. They had one daughter and four sons:

 Theresa Aubrina Symonds (1808 – 19 January 1872), married Daniel Smith Bockett, and had 18 children
 William Cornwallis Symonds (1810–1841), eldest son, who became an army captain, a member of the Royal Geographical Society and Deputy Surveyor-General of New Zealand, but was drowned in November 1841 when a boat carrying him across the Manukau Harbour capsized. Symonds Street in Auckland is named after him.
 Sir Thomas Matthew Charles Symonds (1811–1894), Royal Navy officer
 Julian Frederick Anthony Symonds (1813–1852), Army surveyor
 John Jermyn Symonds (1816–1883), who stayed in New Zealand after his brother William's death; Symonds Street in Onehunga is named after him.

After Elizabeth's death from tuberculosis on 10 November 1817, William remarried on 10 March 1818, Elizabeth Mary, daughter of Rear-Admiral Philip Carteret, of Trinity Manor, Jersey.  After her death, he married a third and final time, in 1851, to Susan Mary, daughter of the Rev. John Briggs.

Bibliography
A. D. Lambert, The last sailing battlefleet: maintaining naval mastery, 1815–1850 (1991)
J. A. Sharp, Memoirs of the life and services of Admiral Sir William Symonds (1858)
A. S. Turberville, A history of Welbeck Abbey and its owners, 2 vols. (1938–9), vol. 2
Cape Town University Library, Walker manuscripts (MSS)
NMM, Minto MSS · TNA: PRO, Admiralty MSS
University of Nottingham Library, Portland MSS
British Library, Martin MSS and Peel MSS
D. K. Brown, Before the ironclad (1990)
National Archives, Ellenborough MSS
C. J. Bartlett, Great Britain and sea power, 1815–1853 (1963)
F. Boase, Modern English Biography: containing many thousand concise memoirs of persons who have died since the year 1850, 6 vols. (privately printed, Truro, 1892–1921); repr.(1965)
Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario, Massey Library, bound plans relating to system of classifying ships

See also

Footnotes

Sources

http://www.pdavis.nl/Experimental.htm
 Falmouth Packet archive
 Book Review: Shipping, Technology, and Imperialism: Papers Presented to the Third British-Dutch Maritime History Conference
 Portrait of him

1782 births
1856 deaths
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Royal Navy personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Fellows of the Royal Society
Military personnel from Bury St Edmunds
Surveyors of the Navy
People who died at sea
Royal Navy admirals
Knights Bachelor
William


Lyrical Assault is a Canadian hip hop group, formed in 2002 in Montreal, Quebec.

Biography
Since 2002, the circle of friends (COF) meets in the basement of Tolerance Zer0 (Nicholas Legault) in Vaudreuil-Dorion for freestyling and produces their own songs. The group became experimental in a new form of music called "Sproat Hop" and made its first performance in front of a live audience at the Sproat Hip Hop show in June 2002. They quickly made their place on the Sproat rap scene in Montreal and performed in local venues coveted by emerging groups such as Bourbon Street West, Manchester bar, Les Foufounes Électriques, the Alizé, Chez Maurice (featuring Muzion), Saints Showbar, Club Soda.

Meanwhile, members of the group also perform as a duo or solo, in competitions where they were finalists in all of the following contests: Urban Synergy 2005, Hip-hop 4Ever 2005, La Boom 2007.

Contest
In November 2007, Lyrical Assault participates at the national final of the Global Battle of the Bands (GBOB) presented to the "Foufounes électriques", bringing eighteen bands from Quebec and Ontario. The Montreal formation won the first place, followed by the grand final of the international Global Battle of the Bands in London, where they represent Canada.

During the performance, eleven musicians on stage: Pierre-Luc Fortin (DJ Passan) DJ, Nicholas Legault (Zer0 Tolerance aka Nick Lucas) English MC, Denis Langlois (R-Tikk) French MC, Jean-Sebastien Baciu (J-Fresh) bass guitar, Alexis Arbour guitar, Alisa Charles vocals, Arisa Safu saxophone and guitar, Charles Alexi Masse (Charley Brown) Franch MC, Francois Thiffault (Horny Frank) soprano / tenor / bariton saxophone and western concert flute, Marc-André Decelles (MADD) drums.

Discography
 2007 : Funk for your trunk (DJ Passan et Zer0 Tolerance)
 2006 : Make the speakers bleed (Tolerance et Charley Brown)
 2006 : L'usine des rêves (R-Tikk with participation of DJ Passan)
 2005 : Let it be known (Zer0 Tolerance)
 2005 : Apex Mundi - Nouvelle génération
 2004 : La Cave Vol.2 (compilation)
 2004 : While you waiting LP
 2004 : Let it be known EP (Zer0 Tolerance)
 2003 : Apex Mundi - Nouvelle génération
 2003 : Stricly Hip hop
 2003 : The Zer0 Tolerance EP

References

External links
 Lyrical Assault Official Web site

Musical groups established in 2002
Musical groups from Montreal
Canadian hip hop groups
2002 establishments in Quebec


Le Cordon Bleu of Culinary Arts in Austin (LCB-Austin) was a private school located in The Domain, a , multi-use park  in Austin, Texas.  The cooking school was affiliated with Le Cordon Bleu Schools North America.

Originally named Le Chef College of Hospitality Careers, Ronald F. Boston started the school as a chef-apprenticeship program in 1981.   In 1999, the school was renamed Texas Culinary Academy. TCA was acquired by Career Education Corporation in August 2001.

LCB-Austin operated within a  facility that contained six  labs, classrooms, a student library, a computer lab, a restaurant, a cafe and a retail store.   Also located within the facility was a 100-seat demonstration kitchen.

The school operated two on-campus restaurants.  Ventana, a 100-seat restaurant which served classical French cuisine, opened in late 2002, and The Bleu River Grille, a casual coffee and sandwich shop.

LCB-Austin offered an Associate of Applied Science Degree in Le Cordon Bleu Culinary Arts and certificates in Le Cordon Bleu Pâtisserie & Baking and Le Cordon Bleu Culinary Arts.

References

External links
 Texas Culinary Academy

Cooking schools in the United States
Educational institutions established in 1981
1981 establishments in Texas
Universities and colleges in Austin, Texas
Career Education Corporation
Educational institutions disestablished in 2017
2017 disestablishments in Texas


Ernest Morgan (1881 – 10 August 1954) was a Welsh architect and painter.

As the borough architect of Swansea, buildings he designed include:
Mayhill School
Swansea Technical College extension, c.1910 (the Technical College became the Mount Pleasant campus of Swansea Metropolitan University)
Swansea Central Police Station, 1912-13
Townhill residential district, 1920– (Morgan oversaw the Garden City layout)

References

External links
Swansea Heritage: Ernest Morgan painting

1881 births
1951 deaths
20th-century Welsh architects
20th-century Welsh painters
20th-century Welsh male artists
Welsh male painters


Here is a list of the award winners and the films for which they won.

References

Stardust Awards
Lifetime achievement awards


The Marion Barons were a minor league professional ice hockey team in the International Hockey League during the 1953–54 season. The Barons were based in Marion, Ohio, played at Veterans Memorial Coliseum, and were a farm team of the Cleveland Barons. The Barons placed second in the league their only season, and featured four players who reached the National Hockey League; Armand Delmonte, Ott Heller, Johnny Ingoldsby and Tony Poeta.

Results

External links
Marion Barons statistics
List of NHL alumni

International Hockey League (1945–2001) teams
Marion, Ohio
Defunct ice hockey teams in the United States
Ice hockey clubs established in 1953
Ice hockey clubs disestablished in 1954
1953 establishments in Ohio
Ice hockey teams in Ohio
1954 disestablishments in Ohio


Roméo Gagné (September 15, 1905 – August 2, 1959) was a Canadian politician and a two-term Member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.

Background

He was born on September 15, 1905, in Mont-Joli, Bas-Saint-Laurent.

City Councillor

Gagné was a city councillor in Rivière-du-Loup from 1945 to 1951.

Member of the legislature

He ran as a Union Nationale candidate in the 1944 and 1948 elections against Liberal incumbent Léon Casgrain in the district of Rivière-du-Loup.  He lost the first time, but was successful on his second attempt.

Gagné was re-elected in the 1952 election, but did not run for re-election in the 1956 election.

Death

Casgrain died on August 2, 1959.

References

1905 births
1959 deaths
Union Nationale (Quebec) MNAs


Fra diavolo (from Fra Diavolo, Italian for "Amongst Devil”) is a spicy Italian-American tomato sauce for pasta or seafood, made with crushed red pepper, garlic, and fresh herbs like parsley and basil. The sauce is made by sauteing chopped onions in olive oil, then adding tomatoes (canned or fresh), crushed red pepper and garlic. Some recipes add white wine. Some versions of Chicken Fra Diavolo are made without tomato sauce.

It is unclear how "Fra" became attached to the name of a deviled (i.e., spicy) sauce, but the name was possibly influenced either by the nickname of celebrated Italian guerilla/bandit Michele Pezza, or the opera of the same name by Daniel Auber.

References

Italian-American cuisine
Sauces
Tomato dishes
American seafood dishes
Pasta dishes
American chicken dishes


Committee for Liquidation or Subversion of Computers (; CLODO being a slang word for the homeless) was a French neo-Luddite anarchist organization that attacked computer and telecommunications companies in the early 1980s. The group was motivated by concerns over the growing ubiquity of telecommunications and potential misuse of computers by governments to strip freedoms from the general population. CLODO's targets were mainly located in Toulouse, France. CLODO carried out attacks in 1980 and 1983 with a two-year hiatus in-between; targets included: CII Honeywell Bull, International Computers Limited, and Sperry.

The group released a manifesto in 1983 and has been classified as inactive by the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism since their final attack in December 1983. The 2022 experimental documentary Machines in Flames details CLODO's activities and ideologies. None of its members have been identified to date.

Name
The initialism 'CLODO', ( or Committee for Liquidation or Subversion of Computers) is also a slang term for 'bum' or 'homeless' in French. CLODO would infrequently use the names  and  as well. The term "détournement" refers to a strategic appropriation of a popular symbol, giving it a new meaning. The use of the term "clodo" as an initialism is believed to be an intentional act of "self-irony" and followed a larger trend of anarchist groups using humorous names and acronyms.

History

CLODO began in 1980 in protest against increasing computerized surveillance by national governments and fears of increased oppression as computerization advanced. The first major attacks by CLODO occurred in April 1980: a sabotage and robbery against Philips Data Systems, and a bombing against CII Honeywell Bull's office in Toulouse. In May 1980, CLODO perpetrated an arson attack against International Computers Limited. It was estimated that 1 million francs in damage was caused by the fire, and phrases such as "No to big brother in Ireland" (Protesting British control of Northern Ireland), "No to information cop", and "1984" (in reference to the 1949 book by George Orwell) were found written in charcoal on the walls. In August 1980, CLODO carried out two failed attacks against CII Honeywell Bull's office in Louveciennes. The first attack involved a 5 kg explosive that failed due to a faulty detonator and the second attempt was defused prior to detonation. In September 1980, CLODO carried out an explosive attack against AP-SOGETI. In December 1980, CLODO claimed responsibility for an arson attack against a Paris Insurance Union (now named Axa) office in the 9th arrondissement of Paris. Following this, CLODO entered a period of inactivity and would not claim any attacks during 1981 and 1982.

In March 1981, an IBM computer terminal at the Banque Populaire building in Toulouse was vandalized. While CLODO did not claim the attack, the newspaper Le Matin de Paris stated the attack was "reminiscent of the habits and customs of the deceased CLODO". A 1998 investigation of CLODO in Notes & études de l'Institut de criminologie de Paris did not attribute this attack to them.

Following two years of inactivity, in January 1983, CLODO returned, detonating three explosive charges at the Computer Center of the Prefecture of Haute-Garonne. This resulted in 30 million francs in damages. That same month, police raided the radio station hosting , believing that CLODO's members were present. Five suspects were arrested during the raid but none were determined to be credibly connected to CLODO. Following the raid, the newspaper Libération described CLODO's actions as "gentle violence" and “terrorism without terror”, citing that no one had been seriously hurt or killed during CLODO's attacks.

In October 1983, CLODO set fire to the offices of U.S. computer manufacturer Sperry in protest of Reagan's invasion of Grenada. In total, seven rooms of the building were damaged and "Reagan attacks Grenada, Sperry a multinational accomplice" was found written inside a vandalized office. The attack was performed in the early morning and where members of CLODO broke into the building, piling flammable objects in an office before setting it on fire. The newspaper La Dépêche commented that CLODO was using increasingly aggressive means of carrying out their attacks, and claimed the arson attack could have resulted in casualties had a series of display cases not contained the blaze. In October 1983, following the attack against Sperry-Univac, CLODO sent a manifesto disguised as an interview to the French magazine Terminal 19/84; detailing their ideology and future plans. CLODO vandalized the National Cash Register building near Toulouse in December 1983, their last known attack.

Ideology
In their manifesto, CLODO detailed the motivations, ideologies, and ultimate goals of the organization, and was composed in a question-answer format. In the manifesto, when asked why they targeted computer companies, CLODO replied: "We are essentially attacking what these tools lead to: files, surveillance by means of badges and cards, instrument of profit maximization for the bosses and of accelerated pauperization for those who are rejected..."  CLODO additionally alluded to further attacks they panned to commit, and stated they planned to carry out attacks geared towards limiting the expansion and increasing ubiquity of telecommunications.

CLODO claimed to function as an ad hoc group with no formal organization or leadership, and considered themselves part of a larger movement, citing increasing public distrust in computer software and the public's concern about the potential implications technology had on limiting people's freedoms. This, more specifically, centered around fears of government oppression and increased surveillance on the populace as computers became more ubiquitous. CLODO claimed that while they did not see themselves as machine-breakers, in that they did not believe technological regression away from computers was possible, they believed that "Computer tools are undoubtedly perverted at their very origin". While CLODO never claimed an outright ideology in their manifesto, researchers have classified their ideals as Neo-Luddite in nature. In their manifesto, CLODO believed that the current intentions of advancements in computing were the "dehumanization" of employment and were being used to impose Western ideals and economic domination on third world countries. As such, CLODO's neo-Luddite beliefs formed part of a broader push-back against computerization, workplace restructuring, and "neo-Taylorist" ideologies. In 1980, CLODO released a statement to the French media in which they explained their motives. It read,

In their manifesto, CLODO would expand on their motivations and end goals, stating,

At the time of the Toulouse attacks in 1980, French police believed that CLODO was an outgrowth of Action Directe, a libertarian communist group. This was later corrected following analysis by National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, who concluded "Although no proof has ever been established that CLODO was affiliated with Action Directe, it seems likely that they had some linkages, but that CLODO was focused more on an anarchist worldview, as opposed to a Marxist-Leninist philosophy." Due to CLODO's use of the term détournement, it has also been speculated that CLODO may have had some relation to Situationist International. CLODO's attacks happened in a wider context of similar attacks throughout Toulouse and a growing anti-computerization sentiment throughout France.

Legacy
According to the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism, CLODO has not been active since 1983. CLODO and similar group's attacks at the time resulted in a heighten awareness surrounding the security vulnerabilities of European computers. None of the members of CLODO have been identified.

In 2010, French author Celia Izoard retraced the history of the CLODO in a collective book on French luddism.

In May 2022, Thomas Dekeyser and Andrew Culp released an experimental documentary named Machines in Flames. The film's content is centered on the directors' research into CLODO, with particular emphasis on the anonymity, known activities, ideology, and mystery surrounding the organization. The film concludes with a commentary on the directors' use of technology to research CLODO, drawing contrast between the directors' use of computers and the anti-computer sentiment of CLODO.

See also
 Anarcho-primitivism
 Theodore Kaczynski

Footnotes

References

External links
 Terrorist organization profile - National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism
 The Anarchist Library - Author: C.L.O.D.O
 The CLODO speaks- Terminal 19/84 (Archive)

Defunct anarchist organizations in France
Defunct anarchist militant groups
Green anarchism
Neo-Luddites
1980 in France
1983 in France
Anarchism
Anarchism in France


KSAM (1240 kHz, "Sports Talk 1240 - 102.7") is an AM radio station licensed to serve Whitefish, Montana.  The station is owned by Bee Broadcasting, Inc.  It airs a sports format.

All Bee Broadcasting stations are based at 2431 Highway 2 East, Kalispell.

The station was assigned these call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on November 16, 2005. This callsign had been assigned to an AM radio station in Huntsville, Texas for nearly 80 years, now known as KHVL. The FM counterpart continues to reside in Huntsville since 1965, as KSAM-FM.

Since 2017, KSAM's AM broadcasts are simulcast on 102.7 FM over translator K274CY.

References

External links
KSAM official website

SAM
ESPN Radio stations
Radio stations established in 2005
CBS Sports Radio stations


Experimental Squadron or experimental squadron may refer to:
Experimental Squadron (Royal Navy), sent out in the 1830s and 1840s by the Royal Navy
No. 10 Squadron RCN, Royal Canadian Naval Air Service
Zirkus Rosarius, one of the Luftwaffe's wartime experimental and research squadrons
VFA-94 in the United States Air Force


Immigration to Europe has a long history, but increased substantially after World War II. Western European countries, especially, saw high growth in immigration post 1945, and many European nations today (particularly those of the EU-15) have sizeable immigrant populations, both of European and non-European origin. In contemporary globalization, migrations to Europe have accelerated in speed and scale. Over the last decades, there has been an increase in negative attitudes towards immigration, and many studies have emphasized marked differences in the strength of anti-immigrant attitudes among European countries.

Beginning in 2004,  the European Union has granted
EU citizens a freedom of movement and residence within the EU, and the term "immigrant" has since been used to refer to non-EU citizens, meaning that EU citizens are not to be defined as immigrants within the EU territory. The European Commission defines "immigration" as the action by which a person from a non-EU country establishes his or her usual residence in the territory of an EU country for a period that is or is expected to be at least twelve months. Between 2010 and 2013, around 1.4 million non-EU nationals, excluding asylum seekers and refugees, immigrated into the EU each year using regular means, with a slight decrease since 2010.

According to the Financial Times, in 2022, through the OECD, the countries with the highest share of foreign born population and people with at least one foreign born parent were:
Switzerland with 47% (31% foreign born and 16% people with one foreign born parent) followed by Sweden with 31% (21% foreign born and 10% with one foreign born parent), Austria 30% (18% foreign born and 12% with one foreign born parent), France 27% (12% foreign born and 15% with one foreign born parent), the United States 26% (14% foreign born and 12% with one foreign born parent), Belgium 25% (14% foreign born and 11% with one foreign born parent), Germany 24% (16% foreign born and 8% with one foreign born parent) and the United Kingdom with 23% (13% foreign born and 10% with one foreign born parent.

History

Historical migration into or within Europe has mostly taken the form of military invasion, but there have been exceptions; this concerns notably population movements within the Roman Empire under the Pax Romana; the Jewish diaspora in Europe was the result of the First Jewish–Roman War of AD 66–73.

With the collapse of the Roman Empire, migration was again mostly coupled with warlike invasion, not least during the so-called migration period (Germanic),  the Slavic migrations, the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, the Islamic conquests and the Turkic expansion into Eastern Europe (Kipchaks, Tatars, Cumans).
The Ottomans once again established a multi-ethnic imperial structure across Western Asia and Southeastern Europe, but Turkification in Southeastern Europe was due more to cultural assimilation than to mass immigration.
In the late medieval period, the Romani people moved into Europe both via Anatolia and the Maghreb.

There were substantial population movements within Europe throughout the Early Modern period, mostly in the context of the Reformation and the European wars of religion, and again
as a result of World War II.

From the late 15th century until the late 1960s and early 1970s, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom were primarily sources of emigration, sending large numbers of emigrants to the Americas, Australia, Siberia and Southern Africa. A number also went to other European countries (notably France, Switzerland, Germany and Belgium). As living standards in these countries have risen, the trend has reversed and they were a magnet for immigration (most notably from Morocco, Somalia, Egypt to Italy and Greece; from Morocco, Algeria and Latin America to Spain and Portugal; and from Ireland, India, Pakistan, Germany, the United States, Bangladesh, and Jamaica to the United Kingdom).

Migration within Europe after the 1985 Schengen Agreement
As a result of the Schengen Agreement, signed on June 14, 1985, there is free travel within part of Europe — known as the Schengen area — for all citizens and residents of all 27 member states; however, non-citizens may only do so for tourism purpose, and for up to three months.
Moreover, EU citizens and their families have the right to live and work anywhere within the EU; citizens of non-EU or non-EEA states may obtain a Blue Card or long-term residency.

A large proportion of immigrants in western European states have come from former eastern bloc states in the 1990s, especially in Spain, Greece, Germany, Italy, Portugal and the United Kingdom. There are frequently specific migration patterns, with geography, language and culture playing a role. For example, there are large numbers of Poles who have moved to the United Kingdom and Ireland and Iceland, while Romanians and also Bulgarians have chosen Spain and Italy. With the earlier of the two recent enlargements of the EU, although most countries restricted free movement by nationals of the acceding countries, the United Kingdom did not restrict for the 2004 enlargement of the European Union and received Polish, Latvian and other citizens of the new EU states. Spain was not restricted for the 2007 enlargement of the European Union and received many Romanians and Bulgarians as well other citizens of the new EU states.

Many of these Polish immigrants to the UK have since returned to Poland, after the serious economic crisis in the UK. Nevertheless, free movement of EU nationals is now an important aspect of migration within the EU, since there are now 27 member states, and has resulted in serious political tensions between Italy and Romania, since Italy has expressed the intention of restricting free movement of EU nationals (contrary to Treaty obligations and the clear jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice).

Another migration trend has been that of Northern Europeans moving toward Southern Europe. Citizens from the European Union make up a growing proportion of immigrants in Spain, coming chiefly from the United Kingdom and Germany, but also from Italy, France, Portugal, The Netherlands, Belgium, etc. British authorities estimate that the population of British citizens living in Spain is much larger than Spanish official figures suggest, establishing them at about 1,000,000, with 800,000 being permanent residents. According to the Financial Times, Spain is the most favoured destination for Western Europeans considering to move from their own country and seek jobs elsewhere in the EU.

Immigration from outside Europe since the 1980s

While most immigrant populations in European countries are dominated by other Europeans, many immigrants and their descendants have ancestral origins outside the continent. For the former colonial powers France, Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, and Portugal, most immigrants, and their descendants have ties to former colonies in Africa, the Americas, and Asia. In addition, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Belgium recruited Turkish and Moroccan guest workers beginning in the 1960s, and many current immigrants in those countries today have ties to such recruitment programs.

Moroccan immigrants also began migrating substantially to Spain and Italy for work opportunities in the 1980s. In the Scandinavian countries of Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Finland, the bulk of non-Western immigrants are refugees and asylum seekers from the Middle East, East Africa, and other regions of the world arriving since the 1980s and 1990s. Increasing globalization has brought a population of students, professionals, and workers from all over the world into major European cities, most notably London, Paris, and Frankfurt. The introduction of the EU Blue Card in May 2009 has further increased the number of skilled professional immigrants from outside of the continent.

Illegal immigration and asylum-seeking in Europe from outside the continent have been occurring since at least the 1990s. While the number of migrants was relatively small for years, it began to rise in 2013. In 2015, the number of asylum seekers arriving from outside Europe increased substantially during the European migrant crisis (see timeline). However, the EU-Turkey deal enacted in March 2016 dramatically reduced this number, and anti-immigrant measures starting in 2017 by the Italian government further cut illegal immigration from the Mediterranean route.

Some scholars claim that the increase in immigration flows from the 1980s is due to global inequalities between poor and rich countries. In 2017, approximately 825,000 persons acquired citizenship of a member state of the European Union, down from 995,000 in 2016. The largest groups were nationals of Morocco, Albania, India, Turkey and Pakistan. 2.4 million non-EU migrants entered the EU in 2017. In addition, cheaper transportation and more advanced technology have further aided migration.

Immigrants in the Nordic countries in 2000–2020

The Nordic countries have differed in their approach to immigration. While Norway and Sweden used to have generous immigration policies, Denmark and Finland had more restricted immigration. Although both Denmark and Finland have experienced a significant increase in their immigrant populations between 2000 and 2020 (6.8% points in Denmark and 5.0% in Finland), Norway (11.9%) and Sweden (11.0%) have seen far greater relative increases.

The table below shows the percentage of the total population in the Nordic countries that are either (1) immigrants or (2) children of two immigrant parents:

Denmark

For decades, Danish immigration and integration policy were built upon the assumption that with the right kind of help, immigrants and their descendants will eventually tend to the same levels of education and employment as Danes. This assumption was proven by a 2019 study by the Danish Immigration Service and the Ministry of Education, while the second generation non-Western immigrants do better than the first generation, the third generation of immigrants with non-Western background do even better education and employment wise than the second generation.  One of the reasons was that second-generation immigrants from non-Western countries marry someone from their country of origin and so Danish is not spoken at home which disadvantages children in school. Thereby the process of integration has to start from the beginning for each generation.

Norway

In January 2015 the "immigrant population" in Norway consisted of approximately 805,000 people, including 669,000 foreign-born and 136,000 born in Norway to two immigrant parents. This corresponds to 15.6% of the total population. The cities with the highest share of immigrants are Oslo (32%) and Drammen (27%). The six largest immigrant groups in Norway are Poles, Swedes, Somalis, Lithuanians, Pakistanis and Iraqis.

In the years since 1970, the largest increase in the immigrant population has come from countries in Asia (including Turkey), Africa and South America, increasing from about 3500 in 1970 to about 300,000 in 2011. In the same period, the immigrant population from other Nordic countries and Western Europe has increased modestly from around 42,000 to around 130,000.

Sweden

In 2014 the "immigrant population" in Sweden consisted of approximately 2.09 million people, including 1.60 million foreign-born and 489,000 born in Sweden to two immigrant parents. This corresponds to 21.5% of the total population.

Of the major cities Malmö has the largest immigrant population, estimated to be 41.7% in 2014. However, the smaller municipalities Botkyrka (56.2%), Haparanda (55.5%) and Södertälje (49.4%) all have a higher share of immigrants. In the Swedish capital Stockholm 31.1% (in 2014) of the population are either foreign-born or born in Sweden by two foreign-born parents.

In 2014 127,000 people immigrated to Sweden, while 51,000 left the country. Net immigration was 76,000.

Sweden has been transformed from a nation of emigration ending after World War I to a nation of immigration from World War II onwards. In 2009, Sweden had the fourth largest number of asylum applications in the EU and the largest number per capita after Cyprus and Malta. Immigrants in Sweden are mostly concentrated in the urban areas of Svealand and Götaland and the five largest foreign born populations in Sweden come from Finland, Yugoslavia, Iraq, Poland and Iran.

Finland

Immigration has been a major source of population growth and cultural change throughout much of the history of Finland. The economic, social, and political aspects of immigration have caused controversy regarding ethnicity, economic benefits, jobs for non-immigrants, settlement patterns, impact on upward social mobility, crime, and voting behavior.

At the end of 2017, there were 372,802 foreign born people residing in Finland, which corresponds to 6.8% of the population, while there are 384,123 people with a foreign background, corresponding to 7.0% of the population. Proportionally speaking, Finland has had one of the fastest increases in its foreign-born population between 2000 and 2010 in all of Europe. The majority of immigrants in Finland settle in the Helsinki area, although Tampere, Turku, and Kuopio have had their share of immigrants in recent years.

France

As of 2008, the French national institute of statistics (INSEE) estimated that 5.3 million foreign-born immigrants and 6.5 million direct descendants of immigrants (born in France with at least one immigrant parent) lived in France. This represents a total of 11.8 million, or 19% of the population. In terms of origin, about 5.5 million are European, four million Maghrebi, one million Sub-Saharan African, and 400,000 Turkish. Among the 5.3 million foreign-born immigrants, 38% are from Europe, 30% from Maghreb, 12.5% from Sub-Saharan Africa, 14.2% from Asia and 5.3% from America and Oceania The most significant countries of origin as of 2008 were Algeria (713,000), Morocco (653,000), Portugal (580,000), Italy (317,000), Spain (257,000), Turkey (238,000) and Tunisia (234,000). However, immigration from Asia (especially China, as well as the former French colonies of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos), and from Sub-Saharan Africa (Senegal, Mali, Nigeria and others), is gaining in importance.

The region with the largest proportion of immigrants is the Île-de-France (Greater Paris), where 40% of immigrants live. Other important regions are Rhône-Alpes (Lyon) and Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur (Marseille).

Among the 802,000 newborns in metropolitan France in 2010, 27.3% had at least one foreign-born parent and about one quarter (23.9%) had at least one parent born outside Europe. Including grandparents; almost 40% of newborns in  France between 2006 and 2008 had at least one foreign-born grandparent. (11% were born in another European country, 16% in Maghreb, and 12% in another region of the world.)

United Kingdom

In 2014, the number of people who became naturalised British citizens rose to a record 140,795 - a 12% increase from the previous year, and a dramatic increase since 2009. Most new citizens came from Asia (40%) or Africa (32%); the largest three countries of origin were India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh with Indians making the largest group. In 2005, an estimated 565,000 migrants arrived to live in the United Kingdom for at least a year, primarily from Asia and Africa, while 380,000 people emigrated from the country for a year or more, chiefly to Australia, Spain and the United States.

In 2014 the net increase was 318,000: immigration was 641,000, up from 526,000 in 2013, while the number of people emigrating (for more than 12 months) was 323,000.

Italy

The total immigrant population of the country is now of 5 million and 73 thousand, about 8.3 percent of the population (2014). However, over 6 million people residing in Italy have an immigration background. Since the expansion of the European Union, the most recent wave of migration has been from surrounding European nations, particularly Eastern Europe, and increasingly Asia, replacing North Africa as the major immigration area. Some 1,200,000 Romanians are officially registered as living in Italy, replacing Albanians (500,000) and Moroccans (520,000) as the largest ethnic minority group. Others immigrants from Central-Eastern Europe are Ukrainians (230,000), Polish (110,000), Moldovans (150,000), Macedonians (100,000), Serbs (110,000), Bulgarians (54,000) Germany (41,000), Bosnians (40,000), Russians (39,600), Croatians (25,000), Slovaks (9,000), Hungarians (8,600). Other major countries of origin are China (300,000), Philippines (180,000), India (150,000), Bangladesh (120,000), Egypt (110,000), Peru (105,000), Tunisia (105,000), Sri Lanka (100.000), Pakistan (100,000), Ecuador (90,000) and Nigeria (80,000). In addition, around 1 million people live in Italy illegally. (As of 2014, the distribution of foreign born population is largely uneven in Italy: 84.9% of immigrants live in the northern and central parts of the country (the most economically developed areas), while only 15.1% live in the southern half of the peninsula.)

Spain

Since 2000, Spain has received around six million immigrants, adding 12% to the population in the country. The total immigrant population in the country now exceeds 5,730,677 (12.2% of the total population). According to residence permit data for 2011, more than 710,000 were Moroccan, another 410,000 were Ecuadorian, 300,000 were Colombian, 230,000 were Bolivian and 150,000 were Chinese; from the EU around 800,000 were Romanian, 370,000 (though estimates place the true figure significantly higher, ranging from 700,000 to more than 1,000,000) were British, 190,000 were German, 170,000 were Italian and 160,000 were Bulgarian. A 2005 regularisation programme increased the legal immigrant population by 700,000 people that year. By world regions, in 2006 there were around 2,300,000 from the EU-27, 1,600,000 from South America, 1,000,000 from Africa, 300,000 from Asia, 200,000 from Central America & Caribbean, 200,000 from the rest of Europe, while 50,000 from North America and 3,000 from the rest of the world.

Portugal

Portugal, long a country of emigration, has now become a country of net immigration, from both its former colonies and other sources. As of 2022, legal immigrants represented about 7% of the population, and the largest communities were from Brazil, the United Kingdom, Cape Verde, India, Italy, Angola, France, and Ukraine.

Slovenia
On 1 January 2011 there were almost 229,000 people (11.1%) living in Slovenia with foreign country of birth. At the end of March 2002 when data on the country of birth for total population were for the first and last time collected by a conventional (field) census, the number was almost 170,000 (8.6%).
Immigration from abroad, mostly from republics of former Yugoslavia, was the deciding factor for demographic and socioeconomic development of Slovenia in the last fifty years. Also after independence of Slovenia the direction of migration flows between Slovenia and abroad did not change significantly. Migration topics remain closely connected with the territory of former Yugoslavia. Slovenia was and still is the destination country for numerous people from the territory of former Yugoslavia. The share of residents of Slovenia with countries of birth from the territory of former Yugoslavia among all foreign-born residents was 88.9% at the 2002 Census and on 1 January 2011 despite new migration flows from EU Member States and from non-European countries still 86.7%.

Other countries
Immigration to Austria
Immigration to Belgium
Immigration to Bulgaria
Immigration to Denmark
Immigration to Germany
Immigration to Greece
Immigration to Iceland
Immigration to the Netherlands
Integration law for new immigrants to the Netherlands
Immigration to Romania
Immigration to Switzerland

Opposition

Since the years 1970s–1980s, the European continent has been increasingly targeted by waves of unauthorized immigrants from Africa, the Middle East, Latin America, and other regions of the world, primarily affecting the countries of Southern Europe (such as Spain, Italy, Greece, and Malta). Among the member states of the European Union, "migration constitutes the greatest concern to EU citizens".

According to a Yougov poll in 2018, majorities in all seven polled countries were opposed to accepting more migrants: Germany (72%), Denmark (65%), Finland (64%), Sweden (60%), United Kingdom (58%), France (58%), and Norway (52%).

A February 2017 poll of 10,000 people in 10 European countries by Chatham House found on average a majority (55%) were opposed to further Muslim immigration, with opposition especially pronounced in a number of countries: Poland (71%), Austria (65%), Hungary (64%), Belgium (64%), and France (61%). Except for Poland, all of those had recently suffered jihadist terror attacks or been at the centre of a refugee crisis. Of those opposed to further Muslim immigration, 3/4 classify themselves as on the right of the political spectrum. Of those self-classifying as on the left of the political spectrum, 1/3 supported a halt.

Denmark
In Denmark, the parliamentary party most strongly associated with anti-immigration policies is the Danish People's Party.

According to a Gallup poll in 2017, two out of three (64%) wished for limiting immigration from Muslim countries which was an increase from 2015 (54%).

According to a 2018 Yougov poll, 65% of Danes opposed accepting more migrants into the country.

On August 14, 2020, the Ministry of Immigration and Integration in Denmark revealed that it denied 83 people Danish citizenship in the past two years because they have committed serious crimes.

Finland
According to a 2018 Yougov poll, 64% of Finns opposed accepting more migrants into the country.

France
In France, the National Front seeks to limit immigration. Major media, political parties, and a large share of the public believe that anti-immigration sentiment has increased since the country's riots of 2005.

According to a 2018 Yougov poll, 58% of the French opposed accepting more migrants into the country.

Germany
In Germany, the neo-Nazi National Democratic Party and the far-right Alternative for Germany oppose immigration.

In 2018, a poll by Pew Research found that a majority (58%) wanted fewer immigrants to be allowed into the country, 30% wanted to keep the current level and 10% wanted to increase immigration.

According to a 2018 Yougov poll, 72% of Germans opposed accepting more migrants into the country.

Greece
In February 2020, more than 10 000 individuals attempted to cross the border between Greece and Turkey after Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan opened its border to Europe, but they were blocked by Greek army and police forces. Hundreds of Greek soldiers and armed police resisted the trespassers and fired tear gas at them. Among those who attempted to cross were individuals from Africa, Iran and Afghanistan. Greece responded by refusing to accept asylum applications for a month.

In March 2020, migrants set fires and threw Molotov cocktail firebombs over to the Greek side in order to break down the border fence. Greek and European forces responded with tear gas and by trying to keep the fence intact. By 11 March, 348 people had been arrested and 44.353 cases of unlawful entry had been prevented.

Italy
Public anti-immigrant discourse started in Italy in 1985 by the Bettino Craxi government, which in a public speech drew a direct link between the high number of clandestine immigrants and some terrorist incidents. Public discourse by the media hold that the phenomenon of immigration is uncontrollable and of undefined proportions.

According to poll published by Corriere della Sera, one of two respondents (51%) approved closing Italy's ports to further boat migrants arriving via the Mediterranean, while 19% welcomed further boat migrants.

In 2018, a poll by Pew Research found that a majority (71%) wanted fewer immigrants to be allowed into the country, 18% wanted to keep the current level and 5% wanted to increase immigration.

Norway
In Norway, the only parliamentary party that seeks to limit immigration is the Progress Party. Minor Norwegian parties seeking to limit immigration are the Democrats in Norway, the Christian Unity Party, the Pensioners' Party and the Coastal Party.

According to a 2018 Yougov poll, 52% of Norwegians opposed accepting more migrants into the country.

Poland
A 2015 opinion poll conducted by the Centre for Public Opinion Research (CBOS) found that 14% thought that Poland should let asylum-seekers enter and settle in Poland, 58% thought Poland should let asylum-seekers stay in Poland until they can return to their home country, and 21% thought Poland should not accept asylum-seekers at all. Furthermore, 53% thought Poland should not accept asylum-seekers from the Middle East and North Africa, with only 33% thinking Poland should accept them.

Another opinion poll conducted by the same organisation found that 86% of Poles think that Poland does not need more immigrants, with only 7% thinking Poland needs more immigrants.

Despite above in year 2017, 683 000 immigrants from outside of EU arrived to Poland. 87.4% out of them immigrated for work.
"Among the EU Member States, Poland issued the highest number (683 thousand) of first residence permits in 2017, followed by Germany (535 thousand) and the United Kingdom (517 thousand)."

Portugal

Spain

Sweden
In response to the high immigration of 2015, the anti-immigration party Sweden Democrats rose to 19.9% in the Statistics Sweden poll.

In late 2015, Sweden introduced temporary border checks on the Øresund Bridge between Denmark and Sweden and public transport operators were instructed to only let people with residence in Sweden board trains or buses. The measures reduced the number of asylum seekers from 163 000 in 2015 to 29 000 in 2016.

In 2018, a poll by Pew Research found that a small majority (52%) wanted fewer immigrants to be allowed into the country, 33% wanted to keep the current level and 14% wanted to increase immigration.

According to a 2018 Yougov poll, 60% of Swedes opposed accepting more migrants into the country.

In February 2020 finance minister Magdalena Andersson encouraged migrants to head for other countries than Sweden. Andersson stated in an interview that integration of immigrants in Sweden wasn't working since neither before nor after 2015 and that Sweden cannot accept more immigration than it is able to integrate.

Switzerland
During the 1990s under Christoph Blocher, the Swiss People's Party started to develop an increasingly  eurosceptic and anti-immigration agenda. In 2014, they launched a popular initiative titled "Against mass immigration" that was narrowly accepted. They are currently the largest party in the National Council with 53 seats.

United Kingdom
Anti-immigration sentiment in the United Kingdom has historically focused on non-indigenous African, Afro-Caribbean and especially South Asian migrants, all of whom began to arrive from the Commonwealth of Nations in greater numbers following World War II. Since the fall of the Soviet Union and the enlargement of the European Union, the increased movement of people out of countries such as Poland, Romania and Lithuania has shifted much of this attention towards migrants from Eastern Europe. While working-class migrants tend to be the focus of anti-immigration sentiment, there is also some discontent about Russian, Chinese, Singaporean and Gulf Arab multimillionaires resident in the UK, particularly in London and South East England. These residents often invest in property and business, and are perceived as living extravagant "jet-set" lifestyles marked by conspicuous consumption while simultaneously taking advantage of tax loopholes connected to non-dom status.

Policies of reduced immigration, particularly from the European Union, are central to the manifestos of parties such as the UK Independence Party. Such policies have also been discussed by some members of the largest parties in Parliament, most significantly the Conservatives.

Statistics

By host country

Statistics for European Union 27 (post-Brexit)

2013 UN data
This is a list of European countries by immigrant population, based on the United Nations report Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision.

2010 data for European Union 28
In 2010, 47.3 million people lived in the EU, who were born outside their resident country. This corresponds to 9.4% of the total EU population. Of these, 31.4 million (6.3%) were born outside the EU and 16.0 million (3.2%) were born in another EU member state. The largest absolute numbers of people born outside the EU were in Germany (6.4 million), France (5.1 million), the United Kingdom (4.7 million),  Spain (4.1 million), Italy (3.2 million), and The Netherlands (1.4 million).

2005 UN data
According to the United Nations report World Population Policies 2005, European countries that have the highest net foreign populations are:

The European countries with the highest proportion or percentage of non-native residents are small nations or microstates. Andorra is the country in Europe with the highest percentage of immigrants, 77% of the country's 82,000 inhabitants. Monaco is the second with the highest percentage of immigrants, they make up 70% of the total population of 32,000; and Luxembourg is the third, immigrants are 37% of the total of 480,000; in Liechtenstein they are 35% of the 34,000 people; and in San Marino they comprise 32% of the country's population of 29,000.

Countries in which immigrants form between 25% and 10% of the population are: Switzerland (23%), Latvia (19%), Estonia (15%), Austria (15%), Croatia (15%), Ukraine (14.7%), Cyprus (14.3%), Ireland (14%), Moldova (13%), Germany (12.3%), Sweden (12.3%), Belarus (12%), Slovenia (11.1%), Spain (10.8%, 12.2% in 2010), France (10.2%), and the Netherlands (10%).
The United Kingdom (9%), Greece (8.6%), Russia (8.5%), Finland (8.1%), Iceland (7.6%), Norway (7.4%), Portugal (7.2%), Denmark (7.1%), Belgium (6.9%) and the Czech Republic (6.7%), each have a proportion of immigrants between 10% and 5% of the total population.

2006 data
Eurostat data reported in 2006 that some EU member states as receiving "large-scale" immigration. The EU in 2005 had an overall net gain from international migration of 1.8 million people, which accounted for almost 85% of Europe's total population growth that year. In 2004, a total of 140,033 people immigrated to France. Of them, 90,250 were from Africa and 13,710 from elsewhere in Europe. In 2005, the total number of immigrants fell slightly, to 135,890.

By origin

In 2019
In the European union, in 2019,  706 400 persons acquired citizenship, the main nation of origin for citizenship grant were by decreasing number: Morocco, Albania, the United Kingdom, Syria and Turkey.

Previous years
This is a breakdown by major area of origin of the 72.4 million migrants residing in Europe (out of a population of 742 million) at mid-2013, based on the United Nations report Trends in International Migrant Stock: The 2013 Revision.

Approximate populations of non-European origin in Europe (about 20 - 30+ millions, or 3 - 4% (depending on the definition of non-European origin), out of a total population of  831 million):

Black Africans (including Afro-Caribbeans and others by descent): approx. 9 to 10 million in the European Union and around 12.5 in Europe as a whole. Between 5 and 6 million Sub-Saharan and Afro-Caribbeans live in France  but also 2.5 million in the United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands and Portugal. (in Spain and Portugal Afro-Caribbean and Afro-Latin American are included in Latin Americans)
Turks (including Turks from Turkey and Northern Cyprus): approx. 9 million (this estimate does not include the 10 million Turks within the European portion of Turkey); of whom 3 to over 7 million in Germany but also the rest in France and the Netherlands with over 2 million Turks in France and Turks in the Netherlands, Austria, the United Kingdom, Belgium, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark, Italy, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Greece, Romania, Finland, Serbia and Norway. (see Turks in Europe)
Arabs (including North African and Middle Eastern Arabs): approx. 6 to 7 million Arabs live in France but also Spain with 1.6 to 1.8 million Arabs, 1.2 million Arabs in Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, Greece, Sweden, the Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Norway, Switzerland, Finland and Russia (see Arabs in Europe).
Indians: approx. 2.5 million; 1.9 million mostly in the United Kingdom but also 473,520 in France including the overseas territories, 240,000 in the Netherlands, 203,052 in Italy, 185,085 in Germany, Ireland and  Portugal.
Pakistanis: approx. 1.1 million in the United Kingdom, but also 120,000 in France, 118,181 in Italy, Spain, and Norway.
Bengali: approx. 600,000 mostly in United Kingdom, but also 85,000 in Italy, 35,000 in France, Spain, Sweden, Finland and Greece.
Latin Americans (includes Afro-Latin Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, Native Americans, White Latin Americans, miscegenation, etc.): approx. 5.0 million; mostly in Spain (c. 2.9 million) but also 1.3 million in France, 354,180 in Italy, +100,000 in Portugal, 245,000 in the United Kingdom and some in Germany.
Armenians: approx. 2 million; mostly in Russia but also 800,000 in France, Ukraine, Greece, Bulgaria, Spain, Germany, Poland, the United Kingdom and Belgium.
Berbers: approx. 2 million live in France but also Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Spain.
Kurds: approx. 2 million; mostly in Germany, France, Sweden, Russia, the Netherlands, Belgium and the United Kingdom.
Chinese: approx. 1 million; 600,000-700,000 of them live in France, 433,000 live in the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Spain, Germany and the Netherlands.
Vietnamese: approx. 800,000; mostly in France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Poland, Norway, the Netherlands, Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Russia.
Filipinos: approx. 600,000; mostly in the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Austria and Ireland.
Iranians: approx. 250,000; mostly in Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Russia, the Netherlands, France, Austria, Norway, Spain and Denmark.
Somalis: approx. 200,000; mostly in the United Kingdom, Sweden, the Netherlands, Norway, Germany, Finland, Denmark and Italy.
Assyrians/Chaldeans/Syriacs: approx. 200,000; mostly in Sweden, Germany, Russia, France and The Netherlands.
Japanese: approx. 100,000; mostly in the United Kingdom, France and Germany.

Foreign-born people and their descendants

In the EU people living in private households can be categorised in terms of their migration status. In 2021, the EU's population in private households aged 15–74 years was composed as follows:
Eight out of ten (79.8%) were native-born with two native-born parents.
one-fifth (20.2%) were native-born persons with at least one foreign-born parent or were themselves foreign-born:
7.1 % were native-born descendants of foreign-born parents, of which:
4.2 % had one foreign-born parent.
2.9 % had two foreign-born parents.
13.1 % were foreign-born.

Among the EU Member States, the share of foreign-born persons among people aged 15–74 years ranged from less than 1.0% to nearly 60% in 2021. The share was lowest in Romania (0.2%), Bulgaria (0.3%) and Poland (0.5%) while by far the highest share was observed in Luxembourg, where nearly three-fifths (58.2%) of persons aged 15–74 years were foreign-born.

The combined share of foreign-born persons and all native-born persons with at least one foreign-born parent ranged from less than 3.0% to nearly 75% in 2021. Poland again recorded the lowest share (2.3%) among the EU Member States, just below that of Slovakia (2.5%, low reliability). Shares below one-tenth were observed in a further four EU Member States (Hungary, Czechia, Lithuania and Greece) and between 10.0% and 15.0% in another four (Finland, Portugal, Denmark and Italy). Croatia and Spain recorded shares of around one-fifth. Most other EU Member States (nine in total) recorded shares between one-quarter and one-third. Belgium, Sweden and Latvia recorded slightly higher shares. Luxembourg again recorded by far the highest share, close to three-quarters (73.4%).

Irregular border crossings
The EU Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) uses the terms "illegal" and "irregular" border crossings for crossings of an EU external border but not at an official border-crossing point. These include people rescued at sea. Because many migrants cross more than one external EU border (for instance when traveling through the Balkans from Greece to Hungary), the total number of irregular EU external border crossings is often higher than the number of irregular migrants arriving in the EU in a year. News media sometimes misrepresent these figures as given by Frontex.

Frontex tracks and publishes data on numbers of crossings along the main six routes twice a year. The following table summarises the number of "irregular crossings" of the European Union's various external borders. Note that the figures do not add up to the total number of people coming into the EU illegally in a given year, since many migrants are counted twice (for instance, once when entering Greece and a second time upon entering Hungary).

Gallup study, 2010
Gallup has published a study estimating potential migrants in 2010.
The study estimated that 700 million adults worldwide would prefer to migrate to another country. Potential migrants were asked for their country of preference if they were given free choice.

The total number of potential migrants to the European Union is estimated at 200 million, comparable to the number for North America (USA and Canada). In addition, an estimated 40 million potential migrants within the EU desire to move to another country within the EU, giving the EU the highest intra-regional potential migration rate.

The study estimates that from 2015 to 2017, there were about 750 million potential migrants. One in five potential migrants (21%), or about 158 million adults worldwide name the U.S. as their desired future residence. Canada, Germany, France, Australia and the United Kingdom each appeal to more than 30 million adults. Apart from the United States, the top desired target countries were: Canada (47 million), Germany (42 million), France (36 million), Australia (36 million) and the United Kingdom (34 million).

The study also compared the number of potential migrants to their desired destination's population, resulting in a Net Migration Index expressing potential population growth.
This list is headed by Singapore, which would experience population growth by +219%.
Among European countries, Switzerland would experience the highest growth, by +150%, followed by Sweden (+78%), Spain (+74%), Ireland (+66%), the United Kingdom (+62%) and France (+60%). The European countries with highest potential population loss are Kosovo and North Macedonia, with -28% each.

See also
Demographics of Europe
Emigration from Europe
Free movement protocol
European migrant crisis
List of countries by immigrant population
List of countries by foreign-born population
List of sovereign states and dependent territories by fertility rate
Migration from Latin America to Europe
Threats facing illegal immigrants

References

Bibliography
Calefato, Patrizia  (1994) Europa fenicia: identità linguistica, comunità, linguaggio come pratica sociale
 Pieter C. Emmer / Leo Lucassen: Migration from the Colonies to Western Europe since 1800, European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2010, retrieved: December 17, 2012.
Elspeth Guild, Paul Minderhoud (2006) Immigration and criminal law in the European Union: the legal measures and social consequences of criminal law in member states on trafficking and smuggling in human beings
Dal Lago, Alessandro (2005) Non-persone: l'esclusione dei migranti in una società globale
Peykovska, Penka (2023) Bulgaria on the Move

External links

Eurostat - Migration and migrant population statistics
Migration in the Mediterranean Region
Legal Guide to Germany
Applying for Asylum in the UK - Overview
How to Ask for Asylum in the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany and elsewhere in Europe
Eurostat - Statistics Explained: Migration and migrant population statistics (data October 2011)
Legal Guide to Spain (data March 2021)

Webarchive template wayback links
Demographics of Europe
History of Europe


Gérard Lebel (January 12, 1930—15 July 2020) was a Canadian politician from Quebec.

Background

He was born on January 12, 1930, in Rivière-du-Loup, Bas-Saint-Laurent.  He became an attorney.

Political career

Lebel ran as a Union Nationale candidate in the 1962 and 1966 elections against Liberal incumbent Alphonse Couturier in the district of Rivière-du-Loup.  He lost the first time, but was successful on his second attempt.

He served as Deputy Speaker of the House from 1966 to 1968, Speaker from 1968 to 1969 and Minister of Communications in Jean-Jacques Bertrand's Cabinet from 1969 to 1970.

Lebel was defeated against Liberal candidate Paul Lafrance in the 1970 election.

References

1930 births
Living people
Union Nationale (Quebec) MNAs
People from Rivière-du-Loup
Vice Presidents of the National Assembly of Quebec
Université Laval alumni