The Land Rover Range Rover Evoque (generally known simply as the Range Rover Evoque) is a subcompact luxury crossover SUV developed and produced by Jaguar Land Rover under their Land Rover marque. The original Evoque was a development of the Land Rover LRX concept vehicle, which was unveiled at the North American International Auto Show in January 2008. The first generation Evoque was produced from July 2011 until 2018 in three and five-door versions, with both two-wheel and four-wheel drive. The second generation of the car went into production in 2018.

First generation (L538; 2011)

Development

The size of the LRX concept vehicle complemented a wide array of efficiency-improving technologies in the form of Land Rover's e_Terrain technologies. These included biofuel compatibility, lightweight construction materials, and technologies such as the removable carbon composite roof panels, regenerative brakes, a stop-start system, and the ERAD (electric rear axle drive) parallel hybrid powertrain system.

The ERAD system could propel the LRX to speeds up to  before the engine was started by an integrated starter generator as part of the stop-start system. ERAD was designed to reduce  emissions by an average of 20% under the NEDC test cycle and was expected to offer another 10%  reduction in extra-urban driving situations while also optimising the off-road ability of the vehicle. Land Rover aimed to achieve 120 g/km  emissions and fuel economy of  on the European combined cycle with an efficient 2.2-litre turbodiesel engine based on PSA DW12. The engine would become the only four-cylinder vehicle in the Range Rover lineup.

The Terrain Response system was also included offering sport and eco modes in addition to the existing grass, gravel, snow, and sand modes. Typical Land Rover design traits aim at improving off-road performance included a prominent driving position, hill descent control, and useful approach and departure angles. A Land Rover first was an air intake system integrated into the roof that offered exceptional wading capabilities, though this feature did not make it to the production model. Land Rover's Range Rover styling was visually apparent in the form of the clamshell bonnet, the 'floating' roof, dual-pocket headlamps, and raked roof line.

Interior design improvements were another main focus of the LRX concept, though the interior of the production Evoque changed significantly from the concept LRX. Notable interior features in the LRX included ambient interior lighting that changed according to Terrain Response settings, and vehicle data that were presented to the driver through a 'floating' three-dimensional LCD. An aluminium centre console with an iPhone docking station stretched the length of the cabin, separating the four seats and the tailgate. Seats with open frameworks were used to give the impression of an airy interior, while also creating useful under-seat and under-floor stowage areas. Electric motors folded the rear seats forward, providing enough room for two mountain bikes to be fitted upright, with front wheels removed and stored in dedicated slots in the floor.

Market entry

The car was launched as two distinct models (later three models for 2017): the five-door Evoque, the three-door Evoque Coupé, and the Convertible Evoque (launched as a 2017 model). The Coupé model was later discontinued after the 2017 model year, while the five-door and Convertible models remained in production until the 2018 model year.

The production-model Evoque retained nearly identical bodywork from the LRX concept vehicle, including the cabin-length panoramic sun roof. No hybrid power train is currently being offered.

There were originally three trim levels available with each trim level having two variants as follows: — "Pure", "Pure Tech", "Prestige", "Prestige Lux", "Dynamic" and "Dynamic Lux". Land Rover markets the Pure as the minimalist version rather than the "base model", while the Prestige adds luxury options and the Dynamic focuses more on performance.

Body
The Evoque uses unibody rather than body on frame construction with a kerb weight of  and an aluminium bonnet and roof, as well as a composite one-piece tailgate.

The Evoque comes in 12 different body colours with three optional contrasting roof colours and five optional wheel choices, though Land Rover offers a "designers choice" of predetermined combinations on most models. The Dynamic model incorporates more aggressive bodywork including a different front fascia and lowered suspension.

The Evoque can be equipped with five exterior cameras.

Engines
Three engine options were originally available for the Evoque: two 2.2-litre turbodiesels producing either , or , and a 2-litre  turbocharged petrol engine.

Land Rover revealed the Evoque with a 9-speed automatic transmission during the Geneva Motor Show. This new automatic transmission is developed by ZF Friedrichshafen. In addition, the 9-speed automatic transmission's first gear is specially designed for off-road conditions, towing, and adverse on-road conditions. Further, the first gear of a 9-speed automatic transmission is much lower than the first gear of a six-speed automatic. Land Rover did not reveal any further technical details about the new automatic transmission.

Land Rover since have developed their own branded Ingenium engine to adhere to EU6 emissions regulations. Three 2-litre variants are available: eD4  turbodiesel two-wheel drive manual gearbox, or TD4  permanent four-wheel drive 9-speed automatic, and a 2-litre Si4  turbocharged petrol permanent four-wheel drive 9-speed automatic.

The manufacturer's fuel-economy estimates for the 2.2-litre diesel engine with manual transmission are  urban and  combined, with  emissions of 133 g/km.

For the 2.0-litre petrol engine with automatic transmission, the figures are  urban and  combined, with 199 g/km .

United States Environmental Protection Agency fuel-economy estimates have been stated as being  in the city and  on highways for the 2-litre petrol version.

Off-road performance
The Evoque has  of ground clearance, 25° approach and 33° departure angles, and a  wading depth.

The Evoque was equipped with either two-wheel drive or a generation IV Haldex permanent four-wheel drive system until the 2014 model year update when the Haldex system was replaced by two optional All-Wheel Drive Systems (Standard Driveline or Active Driveline) by GKN Driveline. The Evoque also comes standard with Land Rover's latest version of Terrain Response, which maximises traction in a variety of conditions by altering throttle response, power distribution, and suspension settings. The Terrain Response system also includes electronic stability control, roll stability control, traction control, and an optional hill-descent control that automatically applies braking to control speed when moving down an incline.

A third-generation MagneRide suspension system is also available, which works by magnetising iron particles inside the suspension fluid to quickly adapt shock absorber firmness to road changes.

Interior

Standard equipment includes accent lighting located throughout the interior, push button start and a 5–inch driver's information display.

Options include a panoramic fixed sunroof; heated seating, steering wheel, and windscreen wipers; and an 8–inch touch screen entertainment system that can display separate images to both the driver and front passenger.

There are 12 interior colour choices, various wood and metal trims and three optional contrasting roof treatments.

Safety
The European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) awarded the Evoque a five–star car safety rating, earning the following ratings for each criterion. The tested model was a right-hand drive, five-door with a 2.2 diesel engine registered in 2011:

The Australasian New Car Assessment Program (ANCAP) rated the Evoque four out of five stars for crash safety, scoring 32.49 out of 37. This score takes into account the 12.39 out of 16 rating in the frontal offset crash test, and the score of 16 out of 16 received for the side impact test.

Update, editions and variant

2014 model year update (2013–2018)

Changes include: ZF-9HP automatic gearbox, new driver assistance and convenience features (Park Exit (to automatically exit parallel parking bays), Perpendicular Park (to position the car centrally in parking bays), Closing Vehicle Sensing and Reverse Traffic Detection (to warn drivers of oncoming traffic), Lane Departure Warning, Traffic Sign Recognition and Wade Sensing), optional Land Rover InControl connected car system, new colour options for the interior, four new alloy wheel styles, a new style of Land Rover badge on the grille, wheel centres and tailgate.

A completely new optional feature is the new Land Rover Active Driveline on demand four-wheel drive system, which is manufactured by GKN Driveline. The Active Driveline system works by disconnecting all of the major all wheel drive components from the gearbox, rather than at the central coupling. The system also features torque vectoring to direct power to individual wheels. GKN Driveline also supplies the all-wheel drive system for the Standard Driveline thus replacing the Haldex system.

Early models include a choice of three engines (2.2 diesel 150PS engine, 2.2 diesel 190PS engine or 2.0 Petrol 240PS engine). Active Driveline became initially available on Si4 petrol engine.

UK models went on sale in Q4 2013.

Range Rover Evoque Autobiography Dynamic (2013–2018)
Available in coupé or 5-door body styles, it is a version of the Range Rover Evoque with a 285PS/400Nm 2.0-litre petrol engine, revised chassis for sharper handling, 350mm front brake discs, Land Rover InControl Apps, forged 20-inch alloy wheels in satin technical grey, exterior trim components detailed in Santorini black, new design of grille, lower front valance, new fog light surrounds, 'Autobiography' illuminated tread plates, ingot badging on the tailgate and front wing vents, darkened headlights, clear tail lamps, Santorini black contrast roof, body-colour side trim visually lowers the vehicle a dynamic plus leather interior with either sports or premium climate seats in a range of four colours, Autobiography embossed logo at front seats, dashboard with dark brushed aluminium trim, Active driveline and torque vectoring by braking.

Range Rover Evoque Pearl Noir Edition (2014–2018)
The Pearl Noir Special Edition is a version of the Range Rover Evoque for the Hong Kong market, with a 2-litre Si4 (240PS) engine, ZF 9-speed automatic transmission, 8-inch touch screen, Meridian audio system, leather interior upholstery, Panoramic roof, 20-inch Style 9 alloy wheels in matte black, Xenon headlamps with black lamp shade, black exhaust tip, black rear diffuser, black interior and gold body colour.

Range Rover Evoque Convertible (2017–2018)

Based on the three-door Evoque Coupé, it has four seats, a power-retractable soft top roof, 20-inch wheels. The Evoque's hatchback has been replaced with a drop-down tailgate. Land Rover has stated that: "The new convertible body has been achieved with minimum changes to weight and torsional rigidity. Land Rover has also stated that the Convertible Concept is as off-road ready as the regular Evoque. The vehicle was unveiled in 2012 at the Geneva Motor Show. After debuting as the 2012 Land Rover Range Rover Evoque Convertible Concept, the production version was revealed in November 2015, while the model years start from 2017.

Land Rover design chief, Gerry McGovern said "It’s the first luxury SUV convertible. There have been other convertible SUVs, but not a luxury execution. We’ll take buyers from other luxury cars. Most Evoque customers came from premium brands, but had never owned an SUV before".

Production
On 11 March 2009, the British government announced a £27 million grant to Land Rover to produce an all-new model, subject to the conditions that the Evoque would be manufactured at the Jaguar Land Rover Halewood assembly facility in Liverpool.

Production of the Evoque started on 4 July 2011, at Land Rover's Halewood manufacturing plant in Liverpool, with the first customer deliveries in September. The Evoque platform, named LR-MS, is loosely based on the Ford EUCD platform (which was used on the company's Freelander 2) but 90% of its parts were redesigned.

The British Motor Industry Heritage Trust was given the first vehicle off the line to add to their collection, held at the Heritage Motor Centre in Gaydon, but Land Rover ambassador Zara Phillips became the first person to take delivery of a new Range Rover Evoque.

Reception
Prior to going on sale in September 2011, Land Rover had 18,000 pre-orders for the Evoque. By July 2012, a year after production began, the company had sold 80,000 units. Land Rover later revealed that they had sold nearly 90,000 units.

Since its launch the Evoque has received acclaim from the automotive press including several "best of" awards. The popular British car show Top Gear, view the Evoque as the softening of the Land Rover image, though Top Gear were impressed with the Evoque's off-road capabilities.
Motor Trend contends that the Evoque is the necessary evolution of the Land Rover brand to stay competitive in a more environmentally conscious marketplace.

The Evoque has been awarded several national and international awards including:

 2012 North American Truck of the Year
 2012 World Design Car of the Year, part of the World Car of the Year awards
 2012 Women's Overall World Car of The Year and Women's Top World Luxury Car of the Year
 2012 Best of the Best/Truck by AutoWeek magazine
 2012 SUV of the Year by Motor Trend in 2011
 2011 Auto Express Car of the Year
 2011 Car of the Year by Top Gear, "SUV of the Year 2011" and "Jeremy's Car of the Year".
 2010 Best production car by Car Design News in 2010

Criticism has been made of the Evoque's voice interface and the entertainment system's touchscreen.

Chinese copy controversy
In November 2014, Chinese automotive joint-venture company Landwind officially revealed the Landwind X7 at the Guangzhou Auto Show, which shares major resemblance to the Evoque. JLR complained to authorities in order to try to stop its production. The authorities first did nothing to support Land Rover, but on 22 March 2019, after four years of sales, a Chinese court ruled that Landwind had copied five unique design elements and ordered a cease of production and sales immediately, in addition to paying Jaguar Land Rover compensation.

Second generation (L551; 2018)

The second generation Evoque was revealed at an event in London on 22 November 2018.

Engines at launch are diesels in 150 bhp FWD and 180 and 240 bhp AWD, and AWD petrols in 200, 250 and 300 bhp. The second-generation Evoque adopts Land Rover's new design language that was launched with the Velar in 2017. This includes retracting door handles, smoother surfacing, and a new infotainment system with a second touchscreen with integrated knobs for climate settings. In some countries, the Evoque is also available with 1.5t 3 cylinder non-PHEV engine called "P160".

The Evoque P300e plug-in hybrid model is a combination of a 1.5-litre 3-cylinder turbocharged Ingenium petrol engine and an electric motor on the rear axle, with a system output of  and  of torque. The 15 kWh lithium-ion battery pack is claimed to deliver an all-electric range of up to 66 km (41 mi).

A China-exclusive long-wheelbase version was revealed at an event in Shanghai on 15 June 2021.

Worldwide sales
2011 represented only a partial year of sales as it was released later in the year, amounting to 10% of total Land Rover sales worldwide. For 2012 and 2013, the Evoque achieved nearly 36% of total Land Rover sales.

References

External links

Land Rover vehicles
Cars introduced in 2011
2020s cars
Mini sport utility vehicles
Luxury crossover sport utility vehicles
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
All-wheel-drive vehicles
ANCAP small off-road
Euro NCAP small off-road
Latin NCAP small off-road
Hybrid electric cars
Concept cars


Below is a list of events in chess during the year 2007:

Events
(Top events in bold)

January
January 1 – Veselin Topalov (Bulgaria) lost 30 rating points but still tops the FIDE rating list at 2783.  Viswanathan Anand (India) is second at 2779 and Vladimir Kramnik (Russia) is third at 2766.  There is only one change in the players in the top eleven: Peter Svidler (Russia) dropped from number 4 to number 12 with Shakhriyar Mamedyarov (Azerbaijan) jumping from 12 to 4.  At number 13 and rated 2727, Judit Polgár (Hungary) is the only woman in the top 100.  Top juniors are Teimour Radjabov (Azerbaijan, number 11 at 2729), Magnus Carlsen (Norway, number 24 at 2690), and Sergey Karjakin (Ukraine, number 29 at 2678).  Viktor Korchnoi (Switzerland) reenters the world top 100 at age 74, earning the 85th position with a rating of 2629.
January 5 – David Howell, age 16 years 1 month, becomes the youngest British Grandmaster ever.  His second-place finish at the Rilton Cup in Stockholm with the score 7/9 gives him his third grandmaster norm and a rating of 2501.
January 7 – 82nd Hastings International Congress 2006/7 won by GM Merab Gagunashvili (Georgia) and GM Valerij Neverov (Ukraine).
January 7 – 49th Reggio Emilia won by GM Viorel Iordăchescu (Moldava).
January 8 – 1st ACP World Rapid Cup in Odesa won by Peter Leko (Hungary) over Vassily Ivanchuk (Ukraine) by 2½–1½ in the final.
January 9 – 2006/7 Australian Open Championships in Canberra won by IM Zong-Yuan Zhao (Australia). GM Ian Rogers (Australia) is 2nd, and Darryl Johansen (Australia) and GM Mark Bluvshtein (Canada) are 3rd=.
January 11 – Moscow-London "Ice Chess" exhibition game is played by satellite link on large outdoor boards in Moscow and London with giant pieces sculpted of ice in the shapes of local landmarks.  Anatoly Karpov (Russia) and Nigel Short (England) serve as honorary captains with eight-year-old Russian and English chess prodigies choosing the moves.  The game is agreed drawn after about an hour of play, with the pieces melting due to temperatures above freezing in both cities.
January 12 – Paul Keres Memorial Tournament in Tallinn "A Group" won by Georgy Timoshenko (Ukraine).
January 12 – 114th New Zealand Championship in Wanganui won by 16-year-old FM Puchen Wang.
January 15 – 32nd Ciudad de Sevilla won by GM Karel van der Weide (Netherlands) on tie-break over GM Daniel Cámpora (Argentina).
January 20 – Belarus Championship in Minsk won by GM Aleksej Aleksandrov.
January 26 – 67th Armenian Championship in Yerevan won by GM Karen Asrian in a playoff with GM Tigran Kotanjian.
January 27 – German Championship in Bad Koenigshofen won by GM Arkadij Naiditsch on tie-break over IM Rainer Buhmann.
January 27 – Estonian Championship in Tallinn won by GM Meelis Kanep after a playoff against GM Kaido Kulaots. WIM Tatyana Fomina won the women's title after a three-way playoff.
January 28 – Wijk aan Zee is a three-way tie between GM Levon Aronian (Armenia), Veselin Topalov (Bulgaria), and Teimour Radjabov (Azerbaijan).
January 31 – Cuban Chess Championship in Santa Clara won by Lázaro Bruzón.

February
February 4 – Moscow Open won by GM Evgeniy Najer on tie-break over GM Vasily Yemelin in a field of 245 players.
February 11 – Fenach Chilean Championship in Santiago won by Eduardo Arancibia on tie-break over IM Luis Rojas.  (Chile has two chess federations. Fenach is the longer established of the two.)
February 16 – Czech Championship in Prague won by GM Tomas Polak.
February 20 – Brazilian Women's Championship in Americana won by Suzana Chang.
February 22 – 6th Aeroflot Open in Moscow won by GM Evgeny Alekseev in a field of 88, including 73 GMs, 11 IMs, 2 WGMs, and 1 WFM.
February 22 – Polish Championship in Opole won by GM Tomasz Markowski.
February 25 – Romanian Chess Championship in Amara won by GM Constantin Lupulescu.

March
March 10 – 125th Varsity Match between Cambridge and Oxford (the world's oldest regular chess event) is won by Cambridge in an upset.
March 11 – Morelia/Linares won by GM Viswanathan Anand (India), with GM Magnus Carlsen (Norway) and GM Alexander Morozevich (Russia) 2nd=.
March 11 – Finnish Team Championship won for the first time by OpusCapita from Tampere.  Matinkylä placed second for the fourth consecutive time.
March 11 – Austrian Team Championship in Mattersburg won by Union Ansfelden.
March 11 – Norwegian League championship in Oslo won by Oslo Schakselskap.
March 13 – 64th Georgian Women's Championship in Tbilisi won by IM Lela Javakhishvili in a playoff against WGM Sopiko Khukhashvili.
March 14 – Turkish Championship in Ankara won by GM Suat Atalık.
March 17 – Serbian Championship in Vršac.
March 18 – Polish Women's Championship in Barlinek won by IM Iweta Rajlich.
March 20 – 71st Bulgarian Championship in Pernik won by GM Boris Chatalbashev.  WGM Margarita Voiska won the women's championship.
March 24 – 8th Internet Chess Tournament "Ciudad de Dos Hermanas" (Internet Chess Club) won by Jorge Sammour-Hasbun.
March 24 – Belgian League won by CRELEL Liège.  Also qualifying for the European Team Championships are Namur finishing second and Rochade finishing third.
March 25 – 66th Georgian Championship in Tbilisi won by GM Baadur Jobava.
March 29 – 16th Amber Blindfold and Rapid in Monaco won by GM Vladimir Kramnik (Russia) by two points, winning the blindfold event with 9/11 and finishing 2nd= in the rapid.
March 30 – Kazakhstani Championship in Astana won by GM Darmen Sadvakasov.

April
April 1 – With an Elo rating of 2786, GM Viswanathan Anand (India) becomes the sixth player to top the FIDE rating list since its inception in 1970.  The April list drops former number one Veselin Topalov (Bulgaria) to number two at 2772.  Vladimir Kramnik (Russia) remains at number three also at 2772.  Alexander Morozevich (GM) rises to a career high fourth in the world at 2762. A rating of 2623 is required to make the top 100.
April 1 – Bundesliga in Muelheim won by the OSC Baden Baden team featuring Viswanathan Anand (India), Peter Svidler (Russia), Alexei Shirov (Spain), and Magnus Carlsen (Norway).  Hamburger SK finishes second and SG Köln Porz third.
April 7 – 38th Mar del Plata Open won by GM Andres Rodríguez (Uruguay).
April 8 – Villa de Canada de Calatrava rapid g/25 won by GM Alexei Shirov (Spain) on progressive score over GM Daniel Fridman (Latvia), GM Ivan Sokolov (Netherlands), and Boris Gelfand (Israel), all at 7½/9.
April 8 – Danish Championship in Aalborg won by GM Sune Berg Hansen.
April 9 – 45th Doeberl Cup in Canberra won by GM Ian Rogers (New South Wales) for the eleventh time.
April 15 – "Chess Legends" Lajos Portisch (Hungary) and Boris Spassky (France) draw a six-game rapid match in Heviz, Hungary, both players winning one game and drawing four.
April 15 – 33rd Bangladeshi Championship in Dhaka won by IM Abdulla Al Rakib.
April 16 – 8th European Individual Championship in Dresden won by GM Vladislav Tkachiev (France) after playoff matches to break a several way tie for first.  IM Tatiana Kosintseva (Russia) won the women's championship outright by two points.
April 22 – Italian Team Championship in Palermo won by Vimar Marostica for the seventh time.
April 24 – Moscow Championship won by GM Vladimir Belov on tie-break over GM Boris Grachev.
April 28 – Ukrainian Team Championship in Alushta won by Keystone.
April 29 – Peter Leko – Vladimir Kramnik rapid match in Miskolc won by Kramnik 4½–3½.

May
May 1 – Lugano Open finishes in a four-way tie for first between Robert Zelcic, Joseph Gallagher, Nenad Sulava, and Michele Godena.
May 6 – World Cup holder Levon Aronian (Armenia) defeats World Champion Vladimir Kramnik (Russia) 4–2 in a six-game rapid match held in Yerevan.
May 6 – Chinese Zonal 3.5 in Shandong won by GM Bu Xiangzhi.
May 7 – 4NCL won by Guildford-ADC 1 with a perfect record of 11/11 ahead of Guildford-ADC 2 at 10.
May 12 – Russian Team Championship won by Tomsk 400 (Alexander Morozevich, Dmitry Jakovenko, Sergey Karjakin, Rustam Kasimdzhanov, Ernesto Inarkiev, Vladislav Tkachiev, Victor Bologan, and Pavel Smirnov) with a perfect 9/9 score.
May 12 – Baku Chess Festival won by GM Arkadij Naiditsch (Germany) over a field of 147.  Naiditsch scores 7½/9 after a last round victory as Black over top seed GM Nigel Short (England).
May 13 – 74th Lithuanian Championship in Šiauliai won by GM Šarūnas Šulskis with 8/11.
May 16 – Mitropa Cup in Szeged men's winner is France, women's winner is Hungary.
May 17 – 2006 Chess Oscar won by Vladimir Kramnik (Russia).  Veselin Topalov (Hungary) and Viswanathan Anand (India) finished second and third.
May 20 – 3rd M-Tel Masters in Sofia won by GM Veselin Topalov (Bulgaria), his third consecutive victory in the event.
May 21 – 16th Croatian Team Cup in Šibenik won by Lapor-Mladost, Zagreb (GM Zdenko Kožul, GM Adrian Mikhalchishin, GM Krunoslav Hulak, GM Georg Mohr).
May 23 – U.S. Championship in Stillwater won by GM Alexander Shabalov.
May 23 – Uzbek Championship in Tashkent finished in a three-way tie for first at 9½/13 between IM Vladimir Egin, IM Anton Filippov, and GM Timur Gareev.
May 27 – 2007 Candidates round one matches begin.
May 27 – 50th Serbia Team Cup in Mataruška Banja won by VSK Sveti Nikolaj.
May 28 – 37th Bosna in Sarajevo six-player category 17 double round-robin top section won by Sergei Movsesian.
May 29 – 42nd Capablanca Memorial in Havana elite section (ten GM single round-robin, category 15) won by GM Vassily Ivanchuk (Ukraine) 7½/10, two points ahead of the field.
May 30 – 1st World Women's Team Championship in Ekaterinburg won by China with 17 points, ahead of Russia at 15 and Armenia at 14.  Teams from ten national Federations participated.

June
June 3 – 2007 Candidates Matches, final games of round one played. Levon Aronian (Armenia), Peter Leko (Hungary), Sergei Rublevsky (Russia), Boris Gelfand (Israel), Gata Kamsky (USA), Alexander Grischuk (Russia), Evgeny Bareev (Russia), and Alexei Shirov (Spain) advance.
June 3 – French Team Championship in Clichy won by Clichy over Cannes and Paris Chess 15.
June 8 – St Petersburg Championship won by GM Marat Makarov on tie-break over IM Pavel Anisimov and Maxim Matlakov all at 6½/11.
June 10 – 7th European Individual Senior Championship in Hockenheim overall (men's) winner GM Nukhim Rashkovsky (Russia) on tie-break over IM Algiman Butnorius (Lithuania) both with 7½/9, women's winner Elena Fatalibekova (Russia).
June 10 – Bosnian Team Championships won by SK Zeljeznièar, Sarajevo (Robert Ruck, Zoltán Ribli etc.) over the favorites SK Bosna, Sarajevo (Zoltán Almási, Ivan Sokolov, Nigel Short, Sergei Movsesian, Borki Predojević, Suat Atalık etc.).
June 10 – Uruguayan Championship at Montevideo won by IM Bernardo Roselli Mailhe for the 12th time on tie-break over FM Manuel Larrea.
June 11 – National Open in Las Vegas won by GM Hikaru Nakamura (USA) with 5½/6.  GM Viktor Korchnoi (Switzerland) is part of a six-way tie for second at 5.
June 13 – 2007 Candidates final games of round 2 played.  Levon Aronian (Armenia), Peter Leko (Hungary), Alexander Grischuk (Russia), and Boris Gelfand (Israel) advance, qualifying for the 2007 World Championship tournament in Mexico City in September.
June 18 – 5th World Computer Championship in Amsterdam won by Rybka.
June 20 – Colombian Championship in Cartagena de Indias won by IM Alder Escobar Forero, the women's event won by Martha Mateus.
June 24 – 3rd European Union Individual Championship in Arvier won by GM Nikola Sedlak (Serbia) on tie-break over GM Michele Godena (Italy), both scoring 8/10 in a field of 110.
June 28 – Dutch Championship in Hilversum won by GM Sergei Tiviakov in a rapid playoff over GM Daniël Stellwagen after both scored 8/11. GM Peng Zhaoqin won the women's title with 8/9.
June 30 – Aerosvit tournament in Foros (12 GMs, category 18) won by GM Vassily Ivanchuk (Ukraine) with 7½/11.  GM Sergey Karjakin (Ukraine) placed second at 7.

July
July 1 – The top three players on the FIDE rating list remain the same: Viswanathan Anand (India), Veselin Topalov (Bulgaria), and Vladimir Kramnik.  Vassily Ivanchuk gains 33 points to move up to number 4 from number 12.  A rating of 2624 is required to make the top 100.
July 1 – Dortmund Sparkassen won by GM Vladimir Kramnik (Russia).  Kramnik scored 5/7, a full point ahead of the field of eight GMs in this category 20 single round-robin.  This is Kramnik's eight victory in this event since 1995.
July 8 – Belgian Championship in Namur won by GM Alexandre Dgebuadze with 6½/9.
July 8 – Irish Championship in Dublin won by IM Brian Kelly and FM Stephen Brady with 6½/9 finishing as part of a four-way tie for 3rd–6th.  The field of 52 included several foreign players who were not eligible for the title, including 4 GMs.
July 8 – GM Ian Rogers retires from competitive chess after winning the Lidums Checkmate Open.  He had been the top Australian player for more than twenty years.
July 9 – 20th Ciudad de Léon rapid tournament won by GM Viswanathan Anand (India), beating GM Veselin Topalov 3–1 in the final.
July 15 – Fabiano Caruana becomes the youngest ever Grandmaster in the history of both the United States and Italy surpassing the prior record of Hikaru Nakamura.
July 15 – Canadian Open in Ottawa won by GM Bu Xiangzhi (China) with 8/10 in a field of 280 players.
July 15 – Slovak Championship in Banska Stiavnica won by GM Sergei Movsesian with 7½/9.
July 15 – Swedish Championship in Stockholm won by GM Tiger Hillarp Persson with 9/13.
July 15 – Scottish Championship in Cumbernauld won by FM Andrew Muir with 8/9.
July 20 – U.S. Women's Championship in Stillwater, Oklahoma won by IM Irina Krush with 7/9. Krush had also won the title in 1998.
July 22 – Montenegro Championship in Cetinje won by GM Dragisa Blagojevic with 8½/11.
July 22 – World Computer Rapid Championship on ICC won by Rybka with 13/14.
July 28 – 8th Montreal International won by GM Vassily Ivanchuk (Ukraine) with 7/9.
July 28 – Montenegro Women's Championship in Cetinje won by WFM Aleksandra Mijovic with 7½/8.
July 29 – 29th Politiken Cup in Copenhagen won by GM Michał Krasenkow (Poland) on tie-break over GM Emanuel Berg (Sweden), GM Gabriel Sargissian (Armenia), GM Nick de Firmian (USA), and GM Vladimir Malakhov (Russia) after they all finished on 8/10.

August
August 3 – 40th Biel Festival
August 5 – Baltic Sea Cup in Bornholm
August 11 – 94th British Championship in Great Yarmouth
August 18 – 5th Staunton Memorial at Simpson's-in-the-Strand, London, features six British and six Dutch players (11 GMs, 1 WGM, category 13) in a single round-robin. GM Michael Adams (England) is the individual winner with 8½/11.  The Dutch players compile a higher total score: Netherlands 38, UK 28.

September
September 30 – Viswanathan Anand becomes the new World Champion by winning the eight-player, double round-robin 2007 World Championship tournament in Mexico City.

November
November 29 – World Youth Championships in Antalya

December
December 4 – 66th Italian Championship in Cremona
December 10 – Commonwealth Championship in New Delhi won by GM G. B. Ramesh (India) on tie-break over GM Ganguly Surya Shekhar (India).  The women's champion is IM Dronavalli Harika (India) who finished seventh overall.  Indian players win 44 of the 45 medals awarded at the tournament.
December 16 – 91st Marshall Chess Club Championship won by GM Jaan Ehlvest (USA) for the fourth time, 6½/9.
December 30 – 2007 World Cup in Khanty-Mansiysk won by GM Gata Kamsky (USA).  As the winner of this 128-player single-elimination tournament, Kamsky will play former world champion GM Veselin Topalov (Bulgaria) for the right to play in the 2010 World Championship match.

Deaths
January 17 – Rodrigo Flores (1913–2007), 93, eleven-time Chilean champion.
May 21 – Alexander Roshal (1936–2007), 70, Russian chess journalist, editor of 64-Chess Review, responsible for restoration of the Chess Oscar as an annual award.
June 8 – Fenny Heemskerk (1919–2007), 87, ten-time Dutch Ladies' Champion.
July 1 – Maxim Sorokin (1968–2007), 38, Russian Grandmaster.
November 27 – IM Svein Johannessen (1937–2007), 70. Norwegian Champion 1959, 1962, 1970 and 1973.

References

21st century in chess
Chess by year


Battlefield Heroes was a 2009 third-person shooter video game initially developed by DICE, further developed by Easy Studios, and published by Electronic Arts for Microsoft Windows. A free-to-play spinoff of the Battlefield series, Battlefield Heroes was designed to be less demanding on computer specifications than the previous games in the series. This change was made to increase the player base, as well as to match players of similar skill levels together for fairer play.

Heroes was the first Battlefield game to be made under Electronic Arts' "Play 4 Free" model, which saw the game released for free with revenue generated from advertising and micropayments. Advertisements appeared on the website and in game screens, although no ads appeared while playing. Micropayments could be made for additional items to customize the appearance of a player's avatar or to buy stronger weapons. Play 4 Free Funds (formerly known as Battlefunds) were purchasable in-game via real-world money and used for acquiring rate boosts to experience points and other items.

Battlefield Heroes received mixed to positive reviews and went offline on 14 July 2015, alongside fellow EA free-to-play titles Battlefield Play4Free, Need for Speed: World, and FIFA World.

Gameplay

Battlefield Heroes featured a modified conquest mode providing each team 50 lives and eventually one flag at the start of the round. Killing enemies and holding more flags than the opposing army would progressively reduce their number of lives. There was also a mode called "Conquest V2." The goal of this mode was to take hold of a rocket for 5 minutes.

Additionally, the game featured matchmaking to keep players of the same level together. Developers of the game had talked about levels going as high as 40 or 50, although the level limit never rose higher than 30.

Like previous Battlefield games, Battlefield Heroes had a class system, featuring three basic classes. The Soldier (a mid-speed, mid-health, mid-ranged, medic), Gunner (a heavy, high-health, slow damage-dealer), and Commando (a low-health, speedy, high-damage specialist). Each class had its own advantages and disadvantages. Players could also purchase bandages to regenerate health and wrenches to regenerate vehicle armor health.

There were several vehicles in the game, all patterned after real vehicles of the Second World War. Included were two "light tanks", in the style of the M4 Sherman and the Panzer III/IV. Wheeled Vehicles in the game were patterned after the Kubelwagen and the Willys Jeep. Additionally, there were four aircraft, two of which were also made to look like the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and the Supermarine Spitfire, and the others were types of helicopters. In addition to the vehicle's driver, all Battlefield Heroes vehicles had passenger slots, allowing multiple players to be in the same vehicle at the same time.

Players could be awarded achievements by a mission system which allowed missions to be completed to get Valor Points, which could be redeemed for in-game merchandise.

Development
On 6 May 2008, the first phase of the game release was an invitation-only closed beta, and the invitations were given to professional beta testers only. Following the selection of beta testers, the amount of traffic caused the site to crash for a short time. Once the website was returned to service, it was revealed that third-party professional testers would be testing the game, and several open beta phases would begin afterward. The purpose of these beta phases were to test server capacity as players downloaded the game and whether the servers provided could handle the intense use. The closed beta players were under a non-disclosure agreement, disallowing them from releasing information about the beta. On 29 August 2008, hundreds of beta keys were given out on small cards at the EA booth at the Penny Arcade Expo to attendees The closed beta ended on 14 November 2008.

DICE stated in a post that they would be handing out extra closed-beta keys for the first 20 comments on their new posts. This was posted on the official Battlefield Heroes website on 31 July 2008. It was revealed that the first of these posts would be made on 4 August 2008. This caused so many users to attempt to access the Battlefield Heroes website at the same time that it caused the Battlefield Heroes server to crash, delaying the release of the keys until maintenance could be completed. Two days later, on 6 August, the method was changed so that users had to solve a riddle to win a beta key (although the first 20 comments were still awarded beta keys on this occasion since it was not made clear that the format had changed).

On 9 August, the second beta-key riddle was released (being harder, this riddle was available for a longer 5 minutes). Users were told that the riddle would be released at 7 pm, however, there was a degree of confusion over which time zone DICE meant. Being based in Sweden, DICE used the GMT +1 hour time zone, which was clarified later with the third riddle.

On 27 August 2008, DICE released another set of keys; this time, 400 were given out. Another 200 were released on 11 September 2008; these were claimed in 22 minutes.

On 29 July 2008, it was announced that Battlefield Heroes would be delayed until some time in the first 4 months of 2009. John Riccitiello, then CEO of EA, stated that the company was going "to increase its focus on some of the social networking features."

In January 2009, the Battlefield Heroes Beta Key Signup page was opened with another set of Battlefield Heroes keys on a "first come, first served" basis. The closed beta had already started, and users had to queue for a beta key. On 6 February, it was announced that the Battlefield Heroes Closed Beta Sign-Up had reached over 100,000 participants. On 10 February 2009, it was announced that the closed beta would be re-opened on 11 February 2009. Many fans incorrectly assumed that thousands of beta keys would be handed out on that day, however, only testers from the first phase were able to access the beta on that day. On 16 February 2009, 2000 beta keys were given out to some of the fans who had signed up for the previous stage on QABoss, and an additional 2000 were distributed the next day. On 24 February, it was announced that the QABoss beta keys were all handed out and had moved on to those who signed up on the site. Some fans seem to be having problems: there were still those who had signed up on QABoss and did not receive a key. DICE said that either they signed up too late or it was just a simple mistake. On 2 April 2009, DICE sent out 50,000 new beta keys to people who registered for the beta. On 25 June 2009, Battlefield Heroes was moved to open beta allowing anyone who missed out on a beta key to play the game.

Pricing model
While Battlefield Heroes still followed the free to play business model, changes in late 2009 altered the balance between free and paying users. On 30 November 2009, Electronic Arts altered the price structure in the game's online store, raising the cost of most items bought via free-to-acquire 'Valor Points'. At the same time, EA lowered the price of the majority of items available to buy with Play 4 Free Funds (formerly Battlefunds), an in-game currency that was purchased with real money. Ars Technica wrote about the update,"...this update has a very real chance of ending the game. Now EA has forced gamers to make a choice between three options: quit, start playing for hours a day, or get out their wallets."

However, following the update, official Electronics Arts representatives claimed that the negative impact to the audience size was minimal.

The referral scheme was introduced on 14 April 2010. By referring friends on Facebook or via a web-link, the referrer and referred would gain 1350 Valor Points and an extra one-day XP Boost. If the referred player bought 2800 or more Play 4 Free Funds within 60 days, the referrer gained 700 Play 4 Free Funds, and the referred player gained another 1000 Valor Points.

The history of Battlefield Heroes''' changes to the model of selling gameplay advantages was discussed in extensive detail by the former General Manager of Easy Studios, Ben Cousins, in a presentation entitled, "Paying to Win? Battlefield Heroes, virtual goods, and selling gameplay advantages".

Security breach
On 26 June 2011, hacker group LulzSec announced that they were able to hack into Battlefield Heroes and steal screen names and MD5-hashed passwords of over 550,000 beta users. According to staff, no emails, account history, credit card numbers, and other payment methods were compromised. As a result of this security breach, Battlefield Heroes was taken offline pending further investigation. Play services were resumed, and Battlefield Heroes website went back online after being down for one day after the breach. No personal or financial data was compromised; only screen names and encrypted passwords were taken by the hackers, and all accounts were restored and required to change passwords.

Closure
On 15 April 2015, Easy Studios announced that on 14 July 2015, they would be closing Battlefield Heroes and turning off services for the game. Battlefield Play4Free, Need for Speed: World and FIFA World'' were closed on the same day. The decision was not reversed, and the game ended on the anticipated date.

Reception

On 8 March 2011, EA announced that the game had reached seven million registered users. On 12 January 2012, the site announced that it had reached 10 million registered users.

On Metacritic, the game received a metascore of 69, along with a user score of 6.1

IGN rated Battlefield Heroes at an 8, saying that the game was "a lively and dynamic version of the series stripped down to the undeniably appealing essentials." but criticising the games lack of variety

References

External links

2009 video games
Products and services discontinued in 2015
 06
Electronic Arts games
Free-to-play video games
Multiplayer online games
Multiplayer video games
Third-person shooters
Inactive multiplayer online games
Video games developed in Sweden
Windows games
Windows-only games
World War II video games
Aeria Games games


Aleksandrs Vanags (21 March 1919 – 1986), also known as Alexandre Vanags, was a Latvian football and basketball player. At international level, he represented the Latvia national football team, after World War II he played football in France.

Biography
A midfielder, Vanags made his debut with Universitātes Sports before moving to ASK Rīga. He scored 9 goals for Latvia in 18 matches (from 1937 to 1939). In addition to football Vanags also played basketball for Latvia on an international level, he was silver medalist of EuroBasket 1939. In 1942 during German occupation of Latvia Vanags as a player with ASK won the Latvian league title.

After the Second World War Vanags settled in France where he joined RC Strasbourg. For two seasons he played also with FC Nancy but then returned to Strasbourg. In 140 matches with RC Strasbourg Vanags scored 10 goals. In 1951 Vanags won the Coupe de France with RC Strasbourg.

Later Vanags took up coaching football and basketball.

References

External links

1919 births
1986 deaths
Footballers from Riga
Men's association football midfielders
Ligue 1 players
RC Strasbourg Alsace players
FC Nancy players
Latvian men's footballers
Latvian men's basketball players
Latvia men's international footballers
Basketball players from Riga
Latvian expatriate basketball people in France
Latvian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in France


The Frederick A. and Sophia Bagg Bonanza Farm, also known as Bagg Bonanza Farm or F. A. Bagg Farm, is a former bonanza farm in Richland County, North Dakota, United States.  Operated between about 1915 and 1935, the farm of the Baggs encompasses as many as , and was operated virtually like a factory according to modern business practices of the period.  The surviving farm complex is now owned by a local non-profit organization and operates as a museum.  It is one of the best-preserved examples of a bonanza farm complex in the nation, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2005. It is located approximately  south of Mooreton.

Description and history
The Bagg Bonanza Farm is located on either side of 169th Avenue Southeast in rural Richland County, east and south of Mooreton.  Still surrounded by agricultural fields that were once part of the farm, the main complex consists of a large number of residential buildings and farm-related outbuildings for housing farm animals, feed, and equipment for working the land.  The buildings are laid out in a roughly rectilinear manner, with walls oriented north-south and east-west.  Stylistically the buildings are vernacular, and lack significant ornamentation.  The main house originally served as a bunkhouse at a nearby farm where the Baggs worked before establishing this one, and was adapted by them to house their family and a number of transient farm laborers.

Frederick and Sophia Bagg were foreman and cook respectively at the Downing Farm, and in the 1890s began acquiring land in this area for their own farm.  In 1915 they started this farm, which was described by Bagg as essentially a factory operation, using labor division, management,  and cost management techniques from industrial business, but applied to the practice of agriculture.  The farm mainly produced wheat, corn, and clover, and fluctuated in size, with a maximum documented extent of about .  These types of large-scale operations were also made possible by the completion of railroads, which could bring their large harvests to market.  The farm was divided by Frederick Bagg among his five children and two of his key personnel.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in North Dakota
National Register of Historic Places listings in Richland County, North Dakota

References

External links
Bagg Bonanza Farm - Visiting information
  - Official Website
Wheat Farms, Flour Mills, and Railroads: A Web of Interdependence, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan

Bonanza farms
Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in North Dakota
Farm museums in the United States
Historic house museums in North Dakota
Houses completed in 1915
Museums in Richland County, North Dakota
National Historic Landmarks in North Dakota
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in North Dakota
National Register of Historic Places in Richland County, North Dakota
1915 establishments in North Dakota


Nélson Dantas (November 17, 1927 – March 18, 2006) was a Brazilian actor in film and television. He began in 1949, but his peak period began in 1962. In 1981 he won an award at the Festival de Gramado.

Partial filmography

 A Mulher de Longe (1949)
 Almas Adversas (1952)
 Carnaval em Caxias (1954)
 Matar ou Correr (1954)
 O Assalto ao Trem Pagador (1962) - Priest
 Pluft, o Fantasminha (1962) - Fantasma / Humano
 Capitu (1969) - Padua
 The Alienist (1970) - The Accountant
 A Casa Assassinada (1971)
 Lúcia McCartney, Uma Garota de Programa (1971) - F.A.
 O Doce Esporte do Sexo (1971)
 Os Inconfidentes (1972) - Padre
 Vai Trabalhar Vagabundo (1973)
 A Estrela Sobe (1974)
 O Casamento (1975) - Xavier
 As Aventuras de Um Detetive Português (1975) - Zelador
 Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands (1976) - Clodoaldo the Poet
 Assuntina das Amérikas (1976)
 A Noiva da Cidade (1978)
 O Bom Burguês (1979)
 Insônia (1980) - (segment "Dois Dedos")
 Cabaret Mineiro (1980)
 Engraçadinha (1981) - Dr. Pergamini
 O Santo e a Vedette (1982)
 O Homem do Pau-Brasil (1982) - Friar
 Bar Esperança (1983) - Ivan
 Blame It on Rio (1984) - Doctor
 Memoirs of Prison (1984) - Ilha Grande's Prison Warden
 O Cavalinho Azul (1984) - Vicente's Father
 Urubus e Papagaios (1985)
 Noite (1985)
 Chico Rei (1985)
 Fulaninha (1986)
 Minas-Texas (1989) - Seu Correia
 A Maldição do Sanpaku (1991) - Gold
 Tropicaliente (1994, TV Series) - Bujarrona
 Lamarca (1994) - Lamarca's father
 Four Days in September (1997) - Toledo
 Policarpo Quaresma, Herói do Brasil (1997) - Caldas
 Menino Maluquinho 2: A Aventura (1998) - Costa
 Midnight (1998) - Farmacêutico
 Amor & Cia (1998) - Asprígio
 O Viajante (1998) - Mestre Juca
 Força de um Desejo (1999, TV Series) - Dr. Xavier
 Traveller (1999) - Vice-rei
 Sonhos Tropicais (2001) - Prefeito Pereira Passos
 Desejos de Mulher (2002, TV Series) - Ubaldo
 Narradores de Javé (2003) - Vicentino
 Celebridade (2003, TV Series) - Alcir Nogueira
 Zuzu Angel (2006) - Antônio Lamarca (final film role)

References

External links

1927 births
2006 deaths
Male actors from Rio de Janeiro (city)


Katrin Saks (born 29 November 1956 in Tallinn) is an Estonian politician and journalist. From 1999 to 2002, she was Minister of Population Affairs in the cabinet of Mart Laar. She was the vice-chairwoman of the Social Democratic Party from 2005 to 2010. In October 2006 she became Member of the European Parliament, replacing Toomas Hendrik Ilves, who had been elected President of Estonia. She lost her seat in the 2009 European election, but shortly regained it, when on 7 April 2014 she replaced Ivari Padar who became Estonian Minister for Agriculture, until in July she was succeeded by Marju Lauristin following the 2014 European election. As of 2011, she is a director of Tallinn University Baltic Film and Media School.

Education
Estonian Diplomatic College, international relations and diplomacy (1993)
University of Tartu, journalism (1981)
Additional courses in Denmark, Norway, Belgium and the USA.

Professional Background
Director of Baltic Film and Media School (2011–currently)
Concordia International University, lecturer (1998–2000)
Open Estonia Fund, project manager (1998–1999)
Estonian Television, programme director, member of the Board of Governors (1993–1997)
Estonian Television, journalist (1977–1997)

Political Work
Member of the European Parliament, Socialist Group (2006–2009; April–June 2014)
Member of the Estonian Parliament (2003–2006),
Member, European Union Affairs Committee; Vice-chairman, Cultural Affairs Committee
Member, Estonian delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe,
rapporteur on Finno-Ugric peoples in the Russian Federation (2003–2006)
Government of the Republic of Estonia, minister (1999–2002)

Organisations
Mõõdukad Party (predecessor of the SDE) (1988), Vice-Chairman, SDE Party (2005).
Member, Broadcasting Council
Board of Trustees of Tartu University
Board of Trustees of the Estonian Music Academy
President, Union for Child Welfare

Awards
 2006: Order of the White Star, 4th class

References

External links

 Katrin Saks at WordPress

1956 births
Living people
University of Tartu alumni
Government ministers of Estonia
Members of the Riigikogu, 2003–2007
Social Democratic Party (Estonia) politicians
Social Democratic Party (Estonia) MEPs
MEPs for Estonia 2004–2009
MEPs for Estonia 2009–2014
Women MEPs for Estonia
Politicians from Tallinn
Women government ministers of Estonia
Women members of the Riigikogu
Recipients of the Order of the White Star, 4th Class
21st-century Estonian politicians
Members of the Riigikogu, 2007–2011


Esmond Unwin Butler, OC, CVO (July 13, 1922 – December 18, 1989) was a Canadian diplomat. He was Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Morocco.  Previously, from 1959 to 1985, he was  Secretary to the Governor General of Canada.

Born in Wawanesa, Manitoba, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in recognition for being "one of the key developers of the Canadian Honours System" in 1986.

References

External links
 Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Heads of Post List

1922 births
1989 deaths
Officers of the Order of Canada
Ambassadors of Canada to Morocco
Canadian Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order


Frances Catherine Partridge CBE (née Marshall; 15 March 1900 – 5 February 2004) was an English writer. Closely connected to the Bloomsbury Group, she is probably best known for the publication of her diaries. She married Ralph Partridge (1894 – 30 November 1960) in 1933.  The couple had one son, (Lytton) Burgo Partridge (1935–1963).

Origins and education
Born in Bedford Square in London, she was the youngest of six children of William Marshall, an English architect and losing finalist at the first of the Wimbledon Tennis Championships in 1877, and Margaret Anna Lloyd, a suffragist who took the 6-year-old Frances to a protest. She lived in the square until she was eight when her father retired and they moved to the countryside. She was educated at Bedales School and Newnham College, Cambridge.

Bloomsbury

While working at a London bookshop owned by David Garnett (whose first wife was Frances's sister Rachel Marshall, known as Ray) and Francis Birrell, Frances Partridge got to know Lytton Strachey, Dora Carrington, and Ralph Partridge. In 1921, Ralph Partridge had married Dora Carrington, who was in love with Lytton Strachey, a homosexual who was himself more interested in Partridge. An added complication was Dora Carrington's intermittent affair with one of Partridge's best friends, Gerald Brenan.  Carrington, Partridge, and Strachey shared a Wiltshire farm-house, Ham Spray, in a complex triangular relationship (later recorded in the 1995 film Carrington, with Alex Kingston playing Frances).

Ralph Partridge now fell in love with Frances. They lived in London during the week and repaired to Ham Spray at weekends. After Dora Carrington committed suicide out of grief in 1932, shortly after Lytton Strachey's death, Ralph and Frances married on 2 March 1933.  They lived happily at Ham Spray until Ralph's death in 1960.

They had one son, (Lytton) Burgo Partridge, who was born in 1935 and named after Strachey.  In 1962, Burgo married Henrietta Garnett, daughter of Angelica Garnett and David Garnett, with Henrietta already pregnant with their daughter.  He died suddenly of heart failure on 7 September 1963, only three weeks after the birth of their baby, Sophie Vanessa.  He had already been noticed for his writing ability, and had published one well-received book, A History of Orgies (1958).

Frances sold Ham Spray and moved to London. Her writings, her membership of the Bloomsbury circle, her great personal charm and the energy that she retained into extreme old age together ensured for her a degree of celebrity towards the end of her life.

She was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the Millennium New Year Honours.

Works
The Greville Memoirs (Macmillan & Co, 1938), an editorial co-operation with Ralph Partridge (commenced by Lytton Strachey).
A translation of Nothing is Impossible (Harvill Press, 1956) by Mercedes Ballesteros.
A translation of Something to Declare (The Harvill Press, 1957) by Lovleff Bornet
A translation of Blood and Sand (Elek, 1958) by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez
A translation of The Naked Lady (Elek, 1959) by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez
A translation of The Enemy in the Mouth: An Account of Alcoholics Anonymous (Rupert Hart-Davis, 1961) by Joseph Kessel
A translation of A Gap in the Wall (Collins, 1963) by Gabrielle Estivals
A translation of El Señor Presidente (Atheneum, 1964) by Miguel Ángel Asturias
A translation of Human Communication (World University Library, 1967) by J.L.Aranguren
A translation of Napoleon's St. Helena (John Murray, 1968) by Gilbert Martineau
A translation of The War of Time (Gollancz, 1970) by Alejo Carpentier
A translation of Napoleon Surrenders (John Murray, 1971) by Gilbert Martineau
A translation of Reasons of State (Alfred A Knopf, 1976) by Alejo Carpentier
A translation of Napoleon's Last Journey (John Murray, 1976) by Gilbert Martineau
A translation of Madame Mère: Napoleon’s Mother (John Murray, 1978) by Gilbert Martineau
A Pacifist's War (Hogarth Press, 1978), an account of Ralph's and her life as pacifists during the Second World War. (Ralph Partridge had won a Military Cross and bar during the First World War.)
Love in Bloomsbury: Memories (Victor Gollancz, 1981)
Julia (Gollancz, 1983), a memoir of her friend Julia Strachey.
Everything to Lose (Gollancz, 1985), her diaries between 1945 and 1960.
Friends in Focus (Chatto & Windus, 1987), collected photographs.
Hanging On (Collins, 1990), her diaries between 1960 and 1963.
Other People (HarperCollins, 1993), her diaries between 1963 and 1966.
Good Company (HarperCollins, 1994), her diaries between 1967 and 1970.
Life Regained (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998), her diaries between 1970 and 1972.
Ups and Downs (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001), her diaries between 1972 and 1975.

In popular culture
Alex Kingston portrays Partridge in the 1995 British biographical film Carrington, written and directed by Christopher Hampton based on the book Lytton Strachey by Michael Holroyd.
Sauce Ena portrays Partridge in the 2003 Goya Award winning Spanish film Al sur de Granada written and directed by Fernando Colomo based on the 1957 autobiographical book South from Granada by Gerald Brenan.

Further reading
 Chisholm, Anne (2009). Frances Partridge: The Biography. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

Footnotes

Sources

Daily Telegraph obituary
Guardian obituary
Independent obituary

1900 births
2004 deaths
English diarists
Spanish–English translators
People educated at Bedales School
Women diarists
20th-century translators
20th-century British women writers
20th-century British non-fiction writers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
English centenarians
Women centenarians
20th-century diarists
Bloomsbury Group


William Downie Stewart (15 May 1842 – 25 November 1898) was a 19th-century New Zealand politician and a lawyer.

Early life

Stewart was born in Blair Drummond near Stirling in Scotland. His parents were Alexander Stewart and Mary (née Downie). He commenced to study law in Scotland, but came to Dunedin aged 19 in 1861, arriving on the Robert Henderson on 8 October. In Dunedin, he continued his studies.

Stewart had eleven siblings, and over time nine of them also migrated to Dunedin. He married Rachel Stewart (née Hepburn), the youngest daughter of the early Dunedin settler George Hepburn. They had five children, four of whom survived into adulthood. All of these continued Stewart's work in public service. After Rachel's death in 1878, Stewart married Mary Thomson; they produced one child, a daughter. Both his widow and daughter left New Zealand shortly after his death.

Legal career

Stewart joined the offices of Richmond and Gillies. In 1863, when the Otago and Southland district was constituted under the Supreme Court Act, Richmond became a judge and Stewart joined the office of Prendergast, Kenyon and Maddock. James Prendergast was later appointed Chief Justice of New Zealand. Stewart was admitted to the bar on 12 June 1867 and began practising on his own. Robert Stout worked for him for some time.

Political career

The resignation of Robert Stout triggered a by-election in the City of Dunedin electorate.
Stewart won the 14 July 1879 by-election with a majority of 163 votes over his great friend Charles Reeves and entered Parliament. He was offered the position of Attorney-General, but declined.

Stewart was confirmed in the same electorate in the 1879 general election on 2 September. The three-member electorate was contested by six candidates. Thomas Dick, Richard Oliver and Stewart received 1140, 1044 and 989 votes, respectively. Stewart had a margin of 245 votes to the fourth-placed candidate.

At the 1881 general election, he contested the newly formed Dunedin West electorate, but lost against Dick, who had a majority of eight votes (459 and 451 votes for Dick and Stewart, respectively). At the 1884 general election, he again contested the Dunedin West electorate against Dick, and this time Stewart was successful, receiving 508 versus 481 votes for Dick. The pair once contested this electorate in the 1887 general election. Stewart and Dick received 706 and 697 votes, respectively – a majority of nine for Stewart.

Stewart retired from Parliament in 1890 at the end of the electoral term, and was appointed to the Legislative Council. He was appointed from 22 January 1891 as one of seven new members (including Harry Atkinson himself) appointed to the council by the outgoing fourth Atkinson Ministry; a move regarded by Liberals as a stacking of the upper house against the new government. These were the last life-appointment made to the Legislative Council by Lord Onslow.

His father in law, George Hepburn was also a Member of Parliament. He represented the Roslyn electorate from 1866 to 1869.

His son, William Downie Stewart Jr, represented Dunedin West for nearly 20 years, was Minister of Finance and at one time acting Prime Minister.

Family

William Downie Stewart had five children by his first wife, Rachelina Hepburn. Their first child, Alexander Westwood, died in 1870 aged five months. Their first daughter, Rachelina Hepburn, was born in 1873. George Hepburn was born in 1875 and Mary Downie in 1876. Their last son, named William Downie after his father, was born on 29 July 1878. His wife died within months of giving birth. Stewart Jr later became Mayor of Dunedin and his sister Mary acted as his Lady Mayoress.

Stewart Sr remarried in 1881, to Mary Thomson, the youngest daughter of William Thomson, formerly Provost of Irvine, North Ayrshire, Scotland. A daughter, Ethel Margaret, was born in New Zealand in 1881. Stewart died on 25 November 1898.

References

|-

1842 births
1898 deaths
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
19th-century New Zealand lawyers
New Zealand people of Scottish descent
People from Stirling (council area)
New Zealand MPs for Dunedin electorates
Burials at Dunedin Southern Cemetery
Members of the New Zealand Legislative Council
19th-century New Zealand politicians


University of Otago Faculty of Dentistry is one of the faculties of the University of Otago.

Founded in 1907, the Faculty of Dentistry is the only Faculty and School of Dentistry in New Zealand. It forms an integral part of the Division of Health Sciences within the University of Otago in Dunedin. It offers courses in all branches of dentistry, oral health therapy (formerly dental hygiene and dental therapy), and dental technology.

In addition to the undergraduate dental program, Otago offers specialty training programs combined with the Doctor of Clinical Dentistry (DClinDent) degree, advanced training programs, and research degrees including PhD and DDSc programs.

The Faculty has been ranked within the top 15 dental schools in the world by Quacquarelli Symonds since the introduction of its dentistry subject rankings in 2015.

Undergraduate programs
Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS)
Bachelor of Oral Health (BOH)
Bachelor of Dental Technology (BDentTech)

Graduate programmes
The Faculty of Dentistry offers formal graduate programmes leading to a Doctorate in Clinical Dentistry (DClinDent) in the following areas:
Biomaterials science
Community Oral Health & Epidemiology
Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
Oral Medicine  (Offered conjointly with a medical degree from Otago Medical School)
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (Offered conjointly with a medical degree from Otago Medical School)
Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics
Endodontics
Pedodontics
Periodontics
Prosthodontics

The Faculty offers Honours, Postgraduate Diploma, and Masters in Dental Technology, as well as Postgraduate Diploma in Clinical Dental Technology, and the Master of Oral Health.

History

In "A History of Dentistry in New Zealand" Brooking, (1980) has the origins of the profession of dentistry amongst barbers, pharmacists, blacksmiths, doctors and a number of other trades with the result being that a visit to the "dentist" was usually a gruesome experience. In an attempt to ensure a "standard of practice" the registration of "dentists" in New Zealand was introduced in 1880. In 1904 an Act of Parliament placed the education of dentists under the control of the University of New Zealand. A four-year Bachelor of Dental Surgery degree was introduced in 1907 with provision for 20 - 25 students. The first Dean was Dr H.P. Pickerill who achieved distinction for his research into dental caries and later as a plastic surgeon.

The first dental school building currently survives at the university's Staff Club. The second building, closer to the hospital and Medical School, became the Zoology building. While next door is the third, and current, building. A major revamp began in 2016, including demolition of the West Wing, its replacement by a new building, and complete refurbishment of the Walsh building.

The third Dean, Sir John Walsh strengthened the scientific and clinical base of the Dentistry by providing modern research facilities and introduced post-graduate programmes in the early sixties, when the Faculty moved into the third Dental School, later to be called the Walsh Building. Sir John was an advocate for water fluoridation in N.Z. but will be best remembered for his patent and construction of the a high speed air turbine handpiece (1949) which is very similar to the high speed handpieces in use today.

Accreditation
Otago University Faculty of Dentistry is accredited by the Dental Council of New Zealand and the Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons.

References

University of Otago
Dental schools
1907 establishments in New Zealand


The 2008 Macedonian Armed Forces Mil Mi-17 crash occurred on Saturday, 12 January 2008, when a Mil Mi-17 transport helicopter belonging to the Macedonian military, crashed 50–100 metres from the village of Blace, situated in the region of Katlanovo, approximately 10–15 kilometres south-east of Skopje, Macedonia due to low visibility caused by heavy fog. All 11 individuals aboard the helicopter, including 8 passengers and 3 crew members, were killed in the crash.

Incident
The incident took place at approximately 11:00 a.m. (GMT). The helicopter was returning from a EUFOR peace keeping mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina and started to experience foggy conditions whilst preparing to land at their destination – The Skopje Airport. The crash was reported by two local fishermen who claimed they saw the helicopter flying unusually low. A witness stated that "The engine of the helicopter did not sound like it worked well..." Witnesses also reported seeing a "fireball" as the helicopter became engulfed in flames following impact. This was subsequently followed by a series of explosions, possibly triggered by a supply of kerosene or ammunition.

Based on a Reuters photographer's eye-witness account, the helicopter was incinerated and debris was found up to 100 metres from the crash site.

Reactions
Upon arriving at the scene of the event, the Macedonian prime minister, Nikola Gruevski, said; "This is a terrible accident, a great tragedy and a great loss. I express my deepest and sincerest condolences to the families of the victims. An investigation is starting that will identify the cause of the accident."

The Macedonian president, Branko Crvenkovski, also expressed his sympathy for the lives lost, stating: "We have not seen such a tragic lost [sic] of Macedonian soldiers in the country's recent history..." The Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Macedonia confirmed that the incident is the deadliest aviation accident to occur within the country's air force.

Along with the president and prime minister, the Interior Minister of the Republic of Macedonia, Gordana Jankulovska, also visited the crash site immediately following the incident.

Aftermath
In the immediate aftermath of the crash, only seven soldiers were fully identified. After the identification of all victims involved in the crash, it was reported that a total of eleven military personnel between the ages of 26 and 40 had been killed in the crash.

Following the incident, the Macedonian government created a special body to lead the investigation into the cause of the crash.

References

External links
 Official website of the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Macedonia

Macedonian Armed Forces Mil Mi-17 crash
Accidents and incidents involving helicopters
Transport disasters in North Macedonia
2008 in the Republic of Macedonia
January 2008 events in Europe


Péter Halász (August 20, 1943 in Budapest – March 9, 2006 in New York City) was a Hungarian actor, director and playwright.   In 1993 he won the Hungarian Film Critics Awards for Best Actor. He founded several theater companies in Budapest and New York City including the Kassák Haz Studió, the "appartement theatre", Squat Theatre, Love Theatre and Varosi Szinhaz. As a film actor he appeared Fat Man and Little Boy (1989), Sunshine (1999 film) (1999), and The Breed, among others.  In February, 2006 his terminal liver cancer led to his final performance: lying in an open coffin in a Budapest art museum. He died a month after at the age of 62. He had four children: Judith Halasz, Cora Fisher, Gabor Halasz, and David Halasz.

Plays

 1972 The Puppet Theatre of Péter Halász
 1975 Guido and Tyrius, a play by Eva Buchmuller and Péter Halász.
 1975-79 Three Sisters by Anton Chekhov
 1977 Pig, Child, Fire!, a play in five parts. The first, a drama based on the confessions of Nikolai Stavrogin in Dostoyevsky's Demons. The second is inspired by 1940s American Gangster films. The third is a comic act.
 1978 Andy Warhol's Last Love, Ulrike Meinhof meets Andy Warhol in 3 acts: Aliens on the Second Floor, An Imperial Message  and Interview With the Dead.
 1981 Mr. Dead & Mrs. Free, film and live show in a storefront, 1981.
 1981 The Battle of Sirolo.  Open air version of Mr. Dead & Mrs. Free. Premiere at Polverigi Festival (Inteatro Festival, Polverigi.
 1982 The Golden Age of Squat Theatre. A retrospective of three Squat Theatre plays : Pig, Child, Fire!, Andy Warhol's Last Love and Mr. Dead & Mrs. Free.
 1987 Ambition. by Péter Halász.

Films
 1975 Minotaur in a Sand Mine  20 minutes, B&W, 16mm. Budapest, Biennale de Paris.
 1975 Don Juan von Leporello. 60 minutes, B&W, 16mm Budapest, Düsseldorf.
 1977 Pig, Child, Fire! 1981, 60 min, color, sound, 16mm
 1978 Andy Warhol's Last Love, An Imperial Message, 2nd part of play. 1978-81, 60 min, b&w and color, sound, 16mm. Directed by Stephan Balint and Péter Halász, Performance Camera: Larry Solomon. 'An Imperial Message' camera: Michel Auder. Michael Mooser, cinematography. Editor: Roughcut Studio. Music: Blondie (band), Kraftwerk. Appearance by Kathleen Kendel as the White Witch.
 1981 Mr. Dead & Mrs. Free. 43 minutes, color, 16mm. Part of the play, Mr. Dead & Mrs. Free exhibited separately, Hamburg, Abaton Cinema, Berlin. Künstlerhaus; Yale University. Directed by Stephan Balint and Péter Halász. Péter Halász, cinematography.
 1982 A Matter of Facts by Eric Mitchell
 1982 A Matter of Facts 1982 by Eric Mitchell w/ Squat Theatre (Archival)  17 minutes, 45 seconds, color, 16mm. Starring Stephan Balint, Klara Palotai, Boris Major, Péter Halász, Peter Berg, Eric Daillie, Anna Koós, Eszter Balint, Vince Pomilio, Phillipe Pagasky and Arto Lindsay. Mr. Dead & Mrs. Free.
 1983 Tscherwonez. Directed by Gabor Altorjay. With Stephan Balint, Peter (Breznyik) Berg, Péter Halász and Eva Buchmuller of Squat Theatre.
 1989 Fat Man and Little Boy (a.k.a. Shadow Makers in the UK) is a 1989 film that reenacts the Manhattan Project, the secret Allied endeavour to develop the first nuclear weapons during World War II.  The film is named after the weapons Little Boy and Fat Man that were detonated over Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively. The film was directed by Roland Joffé and written by Joffe and Bruce Robinson.
 1993 Senkifoldje.  Directed by Andras Jeles.
 1999 Sunshine (1999 film) is a historical drama film directed by István Szabó and written by Israel Horovitz and Szabó. It won three European Film Awards, including Best Actor for Fiennes, and three Canadian Genie Awards, including Best Motion Picture.
 1999 Simon the Magician Directed by Ildikó Enyedi.
 2004 A Mohacsi Vesz Directed by Miklós Jancsó.
 2006 Herminafield: Apparitions. Director, Producer, Screenwriter Péter Halász.

Notes
1.The name Squat-Love Theater as it appears in Mel Gussow's October 4, 1987 New York Times article, "Theater: 'Ambition, By Halasz," was legally contested as breach of copyright by Squat Theatre. The name of Halász theatre was changed to Love Theatre.

References

External links

 Péter videó-életrajza (részlet) VideoBio

Further reading
 Theater: 'Ambition,' By Halasz Gussow, Mel. The New York Times, October 4, 1987, Sunday, Late City Final Edition

1944 births
2006 deaths
Hungarian film directors
Male actors from Budapest
Deaths from liver cancer
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Hungarian male film actors


Aronson is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Billy Aronson, American playwright
 Boris Aronson (1898–1980), American artist and set designer
 Chaim Aronson (1825–1893), Lithuanian inventor and memoirist in Tsarist Russia
 Elaine Aronson, American television writer and producer
 Elliot Aronson, American psychologist
 Eva Aronson (1908–1999), American chess master
 Irene Aronson (born 1918), American painter and printmaker
 James Aronson (1915–1988), American journalist
 Jan Aronson, American artist
 Dr. Jason Aronson, American psychologist and founder of Jason Aronson publishing
 J. Hugo Aronson (1891–1978), American politician
 Joshua Aronson, American psychologist
 Judie Aronson, American actress
 Letty Aronson, American film producer, sister of Woody Allen
 Marita Aronson, Swedish politician
 Max Aronson, birth name of American film actor Broncho Billy Anderson (1880–1971)
 Shlomo Aronson (disambiguation), multiple people
 Stanisław Aronson, officer of the Polish Home Army and Israeli Defense Force
 Stina Aronson (1892–1956), Swedish writer
 Theo Aronson (1929–2003), South Africa-born biographer of English royals
 Naoum Aronson (1874–1943), Russian-born sculptor who worked mostly in France
 Raney Aronson-Rath, American documentary filmmaker and television producer

See also
 Aaronson

Surnames of Jewish origin
Patronymic surnames


The Financial District is the central business district of Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was originally planned as New Town in 1796 as an extension of the Town of York (later the St. Lawrence Ward). It is the main financial district in Toronto and is considered the heart of Canada's finance industry. It is bounded roughly by Queen Street West to the north, Yonge Street to the east, Front Street to the south, and University Avenue to the west, though many office towers in the downtown core have been and are being constructed outside this area, which will extend the general boundaries. Examples of this trend are the Telus Harbour, RBC Centre, and CIBC Square.

It is the most densely built-up area of Toronto, home to banking companies, corporate headquarters, high-powered legal and accounting firms, insurance companies and stockbrokers. In turn, the presence of so many decision-makers has brought advertising agencies and marketing companies. The banks have built large office towers, much of whose space is leased to these companies.

The bank towers and much else in Toronto's core are connected by a system of underground walkways, known as PATH, which is lined with retail establishments making the area one of Toronto's most important shopping districts. The vast majority of these stores are only open during weekdays during the business day when the financial district is populated. During the evenings and weekends, the walkways remain open but the area is almost deserted and most of the stores are closed.

It is estimated 100,000 commuters enter and leave the financial district each working day. Transport links are centred on Union Station at the south end of the financial district, which is the hub of the GO Transit system that provides commuter rail and bus links to Toronto's suburbs.

History
The district's origins date back to the mid to late-19th century when several early banks had head offices located in Toronto. Most of these banks were regional and came and went. It was not until the second half of the 20th century that the district became a centre for the Big Five Canadian banks.

Of the Big Five banks, only CIBC and Toronto-Dominion Bank (including the banks existing before mergers) had full head offices in Toronto:
Among the Big Five banks, two of them were established in Toronto, the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC), and Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD). CIBC was established in 1961 with the merger of two Toronto-based banks, the Canadian Bank of Commerce and the Imperial Bank of Canada; whereas TD was established in 1955 with the merger of two other Toronto-based banks, the Bank of Toronto and The Dominion Bank.

The other three Big Five banks were established outside of Ontario during the 19th century, and moved their headquarters to Toronto in the 20th century. Two of the banks, the Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) and Scotiabank, were established in Halifax. Scotiabank relocated to Toronto in 1931, while RBC relocated its head office to Montreal in 1907, and later to Toronto in 1976. The Bank of Montreal (BMO) was also established in Montreal, although the bank relocated its head offices to Toronto in 1975. While First Canadian Place in Toronto serves as BMO's operational headquarters or "executive offices," its legal head office remains in Montreal. Similarly, Royal Bank Plaza maintains two headquarters in Montreal and Toronto, with RBC referring to Royal Bank Plaza in Toronto as its "corporate headquarters".

In addition to major financial institutions, several Toronto-based law firms, most notably the Seven Sisters, have also based their offices in the Financial District.

The Toronto Financial District Business Improvement Area was later retained order to represent all commercial businesses within the district. The organization engages in streetscape improvements, addressing key issues that impact the area, and promoting the area's businesses online.

With much business activity and demand, there are new residential and condominium/towers built inside and around the edges, many of them are connected to the PATH system. In the southeast of the financial district, a new tunnel is under construction from Union Station to connect to Backstage Condo on Yonge and The-Esplanade.

Lost historic buildings

Developments during the mid-20th century led to the demolition of several 19th and 20th Century buildings including:
 Old Toronto Star Building - First Canadian Place
 retained various facades of 19th-century buildings along Yonge Street - Brookfield Place
 Bank of Toronto head office - Toronto-Dominion Centre
 The Dominion Bank head office - Commerce Court West tower

Notable landmarks

Buildings 200m+

The following is a list of buildings in the Financial District over  in height.

Other major skyscrapers and complexes in the financial district include:

Exchange Tower
Fairmont Royal York
One King West
RBC Centre
Ritz-Carlton Toronto
Sun Life Centre
Telus Tower

Diplomatic and economic missions

 Consulate of Mexico
 Consulate-General of Republic of Korea — Commercial Section (KOTRA)
 Consulate-General of Japan
 Consulate of Malaysia
 Consulate-General of Dominican Republic
 Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office

References

External links

Bay Street Corridor neighbourhood profile

Neighbourhoods in Toronto
PATH (Toronto)
Toronto
Toronto
Economy of Toronto


Vladimir Samsonov or Uładzimir Samsonaŭ (, , born 17 April 1976) is a Belarusian former professional table tennis player. He is known in China as the "Tai Chi Master" because of his superb all-around style, both offensive and defensive. Samsonov competed at six consecutive Olympics between 1996 and 2016, placing fourth individually in 2016, in addition to equal fifth in 1996 and 2000.

Career
Samsonov is also known as Mr. ECL (European Champions League), for winning a record 13 ECL titles (including two of its predecessor, European Club Cup of Champions) – three with Borussia (1997, 1998, 2000), and five each with Charleroi (2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007) and Fakel Orenburg (2012, 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019). His 13 titles are not only the most ever by an athlete in table tennis, but also more than any male or female athlete has ever won in European Champions Leagues in all sports. He started playing for European top division clubs in 1994, when he signed with Borussia Düsseldorf, then six years later joined Royal Charleroi in Belgium. In 2008, he moved to Spain to play for SuperDivision club Cajagranada, but left after only one season to join the Russian Premier League club Fakel Orenburg, where he finished his career twelve years later.

Samsonov is famous for being a top-10 player spanning over a decade. He first joined the top-10 in 1996, then climbed to the top position in 1998. He stayed in the top-10 for 15 years until November 2011. His highest ranking was No. 1 in December 1999. He used to hold the distinction of being the player with most ITTF Pro/World Tour titles (27) until Ma Long surpassed him (28). He was runner-up in the 1997 World championships, and is also a three-time European champion (1998, 2003, 2005) and three-time World Cup winner (1999, 2001, 2009).

Samsonov was awarded the Richard Bergmann Fair Play Trophy at the world championships a record three times, in 2003, 2007 and 2013.

In 2021, despite qualifying for the Tokyo Olympics, his seventh time qualifying for the Olympics, Samsonov withdrew from the tournament and shortly after announced his retirement.

Personal life
Since the age of seven, Samsonov had been coached by Alexandre Petkevich. Samsonov is a polyglot, speaking Russian, English, German, Serbian, and Spanish.

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
Belarusian male table tennis players
Sportspeople from Minsk
Olympic table tennis players for Belarus
Table tennis players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Table tennis players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Table tennis players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Table tennis players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Table tennis players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Table tennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
World Table Tennis Championships medalists
Table tennis players at the 2015 European Games
Table tennis players at the 2019 European Games
European Games medalists in table tennis
European Games silver medalists for Belarus


Coiling is a method of creating pottery. It has been used to shape clay into vessels for many thousands of years. It is found across the cultures of the world, including Africa, Greece, China, and Native American cultures of New Mexico. Using the coiling technique, it is possible to build thicker or taller walled vessels, which may not have been possible using earlier methods. The technique permits control of the walls as they are built up and allows building on top of the walls to make the vessel look bigger and bulge outward or narrow inward with less danger of collapsing.  To do this, the potter takes a pliable material (usually clay) then rolls it until it forms a coil, or long pliable cylinder. By placing one coil on top of another, different shapes can be formed.  As this is done while the clay is still fresh and soft, individual coils can be joined seamlessly with simple pressure, rather than by scoring and/or applying slip to the surface. Optionally, coils may only be joined internally or externally, leaving them visible on the other side as an aesthetic choice.

Citations

 “3.5 Flashcards | Quizlet.” Quizlet. Quizlet, n.d. https://quizlet.com/283553063/35-flash-cards/
 Alcantar, Zachary. “Creamics Final Ochs Flashcards | Quizlet.” Quizlet. Quizlet, n.d. https://quizlet.com/293553521/ceramics-final-ochs-flash-cards/
 “Coil ‘Functional’ Bowl/Mug - IHS Ceramics.” IHS Ceramics. Wcom/7tc1ch3piwrs/elaborate-coil-vessels/
 “Definition of Coil Weld.” EngineeringsLab. EngineeringsLab, n.d. http://engineeringslab.com/all_engineerings_dictionary_terms/coil-weld.htm

Pottery


The Genome-based Research and Population Health International Network (GRaPH-Int) is an international collaboration of experts and researchers focused in the area of population health. The principal goal of the network is to promote the translation of genome-based science and technology into improvements in population health.

One of GRaPH-Int's key features is the integration of knowledge from a range of disciplines, such as genome-based science, population sciences, the humanities and social sciences. The ‘Int’ underscores the interdisciplinarity of the collaboration, but also signifies that it is international and integrated.

Mission
The mission of the Genome-based Research and Population Health International Network (GRaPH-Int) is to promote an international collaboration that facilitates the responsible and effective integration of genome-based knowledge and technologies into public policies, programmes, and services for improving population health.

History

Bellagio Initiative
Modern research in genetics and molecular biology, boosted by information emerging from the Human Genome Project, offers new opportunities for the promotion of population health. Anticipated benefits include more effective population-based public health disease prevention and control activities; population screening and predictive genetic testing for common multi-factorial diseases; and targeted populations-based interventions.

However, mining the genome-based information for potential benefits and ensuring that they are effectively implemented, with appropriate attention to avoiding harm, has proven to be an enormous task. A new field within public health, called public health genomics has evolved which addresses these issues.

A meeting of experts was convened in Bellagio Italy in 2005 with funding from the Rockefeller Foundation to address the tasks involved in deriving public health benefit from this vast array of new knowledge. The delegates saw the need for an international network, which would promote the goals of public health genomics. Based on discussions of the challenges involved, they developed the framework and priorities of the Genome-based Research and Population Health International Network (GRaPH-Int).  The Bellagio group defined GRaPH-Int as a network of individuals who are interested in the impact of the interaction between genes and the environment on population health

Following the Bellagio meeting, The GRaPH-Int website was launched at the 4th International DNA Sampling Conference - Montreal, June 2006.

Goals
GRaPH-Int aims to establish itself as an international network that promotes the goals of public health, engages international experts, and shares knowledge and resources. The following six goals have identified for the network:
 To provide an international forum for dialogue and collaboration
 To promote relevant research
 To support the development of an integrated knowledge base
 To promote education and training
 To encourage communication and engagement with the public and other stakeholders

Enterprise
The GRaPH-Int Enterprise was developed and introduced at the Bellagio workshop as a conceptual and systematic description of the flow of information. It describes the process of translating genome-based science and technology into improvements in population health.

Bioportal
The recent overload of information on public health genome-based science necessitates the creation of an international search engine to link policymakers, researchers and public health professionals to national policy statements, epidemiological data, public health, news and events. GRaPH-Int has undertaken the task of developing this service, and the first phase of development began in 2007.

This search engine, referred to as the Bioportal, will optimize searches on:
 the ethical, legal and social issues surrounding public health genome-based science;
 public health genome-based literature;
 epidemiological data; and
 public health genome-based news and events.

Governance
GRaPH-Int and its activity are overseen by an administrative hub, secretariat, executive committee and a steering committee.

The administrative hub
The GRaPH-Int Administrative Hub is located in Canada and is funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC). A major component of the Administrative Hub is the secretariat (managed by the Centre de recherche en droit public), whose services better enable PHAC, as the designated administrative hub for the network.

Executive committee
The purpose of the GRaPH-Int Executive Committee is to provide leadership in fulfilling the mission and goals of GRaPH-Int. The founding Executive Committee members are Ron Zimmern, Public Health Genetics Unit (PHGU) now the PHG Foundation, Cambridge, UK, Wylie Burke, Institute for Public Health Genetics (IPHG) and Department of Medical History and Ethics, University of Washington, Seattle, U.S.A., Muin Khoury, National Office of Public Health Genomics (NOPHG), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, U.S.A., Mohamed Karmali, Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses, and Office of Biotechnology, Genomics & Population Health, Public Health Agency of Canada, and Professor Julian Little, Canada Research Chair in Human Genome Epidemiology, University of Ottawa.

Steering committee
The purpose of the GRaPH-Int Steering Committee is to support the GRaPH-Int Executive Committee in their mission. The steering committee is composed of network participants in a mixture that will adequately represent the different institutional, scientific disciplines and perspectives necessary to address the mission and goals of GRaPH-Int. The Founder Chairman of the steering committee is Ron Zimmern.

The steering committee elects the following officers: chairperson, vice-chairperson, and secretary. The chairperson, vice-chairperson, the past-chairperson, secretary, and the executive director constitute the executive committee. The founding executive committee members include:
 Ron Zimmern, GRaPH-Int Interim Chair
Executive director, PHG Foundation, Cambridge, UK
 Mohamed A. Karmali, GRaPH-Int executive director
Director-general, Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses,
Office of Biotechnology, Genomics & Population Health
Public Health Agency of Canada, Ontario, Canada
 Wylie Burke, Institute for Public Health Genetics (IPHG),
Department of Medical History and Ethics
University of Washington, Seattle, USA
 Muin Khoury, director, National Office of Public Health Genomics, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, US
 Julian Little, Canada Research Chair, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada

Founding organizations
The following entities are recognized as GraPH-Int founding organizations:
 HumGen
 Institute for Public Health Genetics, University of Washington
 National Office of Public Health Genomics, Centres for Disease Control
 PHG Foundation
 Public Health Agency of Canada

Membership
Organizational participation in GRaPH-Int is open to new members throughout the world that have an interest in the development and use of genome-based knowledge and technologies for the benefit of population health.

References

Medical genetics
Public health organizations
Public health genomics
International medical and health organizations
International organizations based in Canada

zh:基因组研究和人口健康国际协作网


Olba can refer to :

 The town of Olba, Spain
 Olba, a Roman Catholic see in the former Roman province of Isauria, in present Turkey
 The ICAO Code for the Beirut airport, Rafic Hariri International Airport


George Savalla Gomes, better known as Carequinha or Baldy the Clown (July 18, 1915 in Rio Bonito – April 5, 2006 in São Gonçalo), was a Brazilian clown and actor, born in a circus to a circus family. He had a thick head of hair, but wore a bald wig, starting from five years old – he was a clown in Circus Ocidental until the age of twelve.  He was the first Brazilian clown to have his own TV show – Circo Bombril, later called Circo Carequinha ran for 16 years.

Filmography

Notes

External links
Carequinha site at Retrotv.uol.com.br

1915 births
2006 deaths
People from Rio Bonito, Rio de Janeiro
Brazilian clowns
Brazilian male actors


Pillaton () is a village and civil parish in south east Cornwall, England, United Kingdom.

The parish extends to approximately 4.6 square miles, (1,177 hectares). It is bounded by the parishes of St Mellion and St Dominic to the north, the River Lynher to the west, Botus Fleming to the south and Landulph to the east. The population is 435 of which 366 are on the electoral register.  About 70 per cent of the people live in the village itself. Land use in the parish is dominated by farming, although less than 10 per cent of resident workers are employed in this industry. The population had increased to 473 at the time of the 2011 census.  The majority of residents work outside the parish, and Pillaton is effectively a dormitory village for people employed in Plymouth and South East Cornwall. The Pentillie estate lies in the east of the parish, on the banks of the River Tamar.

History
Pillaton was recorded in Domesday Book (1086) when the manor was held by Reginald from Robert, Count of Mortain. There was half a hide of land and land for 6 ploughs. There were 3 ploughs, 3 serfs, 7 villeins and 7 smallholders. There were 100 acres of pasture, 40 acres of woodland, 30 sheep, 10 goats and 2 cattle. The value of the manor was £1 though it had formerly been worth £1-10s.

Notable buildings
The parish church, St Odulph's, is a Grade I listed building and stands at the upper end of the village alongside The Weary Friar, a public house with accommodation, and across the road from the village hall. The church has a west tower and a south aisle. The wagon roofs are old and there is a fine monument of 1772 to James Tillie.  On the night of 21 January 2013, the church was badly damaged during a snowstorm, when a thunderbolt struck the tower and heavy pieces of masonry from one of the pinnacles crashed through the tiled roof and fell into the church below. Extensive repairs were carried out with the support of English Heritage, and the church was able to reopen in November 2013, in time for the annual Remembrance Day service.

Viverdon Quarry

Viverdon Quarry is a Site of Special Scientific Interest on Viverdon Down and is a Geological Conservation Review site. The citations states:
This locality is a rare inland exposure which is fossiliferous and has yielded a Dinantian (anchoralis Zone) conodont fauna. Recent work has also recorded ostracods and bivalves referable to a Famennian age. This site is of great importance in interpreting the local stratigraphy as it reveals previously unknown structural features including the Upper Devonian thrust over the Carboniferous.

The field surrounding it is the subject of a planning application for a solar farm.

References

External links

Villages in Cornwall
Civil parishes in Cornwall


Werribee Racecourse is a disused station located between Werribee and Little River stations in Werribee, south-west Melbourne, Australia.  The station was provided to serve the nearby Werribee Racecourse.

When line from Newport to Werribee was electrified in the 1980s, Werribee Racecourse station was originally to be part of the system. Overhead stanchions were built along one track as far as the station, but they were never wired. The safeworking system used on the line does not permit a train to terminate and reverse once inside a signalling section, so without modifications to the signalling system, electric trains going to Werribee Racecourse station could not have returned to Werribee.

The station has been unused since 1995 when the Western standard gauge line was built to the west of the platform, making it impossible to get to the station from the racecourse without crossing the standard gauge track. There have been calls to extend the overhead to the station to the serve the growing areas west of Werribee.

References

Disused railway stations in Melbourne
Railway stations closed in 1995
Werribee, Victoria
Railway stations in the City of Wyndham


The Demilitarized Zone Peace Preservation Corps was a police force created by the Tanggu Truce to patrol and maintain order in the demilitarized zone extending from south of the Great Wall, to a line north east of the Bai River in Hebei province in northern China during the late 1930s.

Background and history

Per the terms of the Tanggu Truce, the Imperial Japanese Army withdrew to the line of the Great Wall, and regular units of the National Revolutionary Army of the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China was withdrawn to south of the new demilitarized zone. Within the zone itself, which partially encompassed the major cities of Tianjin and Beijing, public order was to be maintained by a lightly armed “Peace Preservation Corps”. Per the terms of the Tanggu Truce, any disputes that could not be resolved by the Peace Preservation Corps would be settled by agreement through direct discussions between the Japanese and Chinese governments.

A secret clause of the Tanggu Truce excluded any of the Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies from the Peace Preservation Corps. This effectively meant that the Japanese Army was able to dominate the Peace Preservation Corp with demobilized troops from the collaborationist proxy Chinese armies which had participated in the Battle of Rehe and the subsequent attack on the Great Wall and the intrusion into Hebei. Some 1,000 men were recruited into the Corps from the former troops of warlord Shih Yusan and a further 2,000 men from the forces of Li Chi-chun.

At the end of 1935, with the proclamation of the Autonomous Government of Eastern Hopei, the Peace Preservation Corps was disbanded, and its forces were absorbed into the new East Hopei Army.

Notes

Sources
 Jowett, Phillip S., Rays of The Rising Sun, Armed Forces of Japan's Asian Allies 1931–45, Volume I: China & Manchuria, 2004. Helion & Co. Ltd., 26 Willow Rd., Solihull, West Midlands, England.
 International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Chapter 5: Japanese Aggression Against China

Second Sino-Japanese War
Peacekeeping operations
Demilitarized zones