The philosophy of healthcare is the study of the ethics, processes, and people which constitute the maintenance of health for human beings. (Although veterinary concerns are worthy to note, the body of thought regarding their methodologies and practices is not addressed in this article.) For the most part, however, the philosophy of healthcare is best approached as an indelible component of human social structures. That is, the societal institution of healthcare can be seen as a necessary phenomenon of human civilization whereby an individual continually seeks to improve, mend, and alter the overall nature and quality of their life. This perennial concern is especially prominent in modern political liberalism, wherein health has been understood as the foundational good necessary for public life.

The philosophy of healthcare is primarily concerned with the following elemental questions:
 Who requires and/or deserves healthcare? Is healthcare a fundamental right of all people?
 What should be the basis for calculating the cost of treatments, hospital stays, drugs, etc.?
 How can healthcare best be administered to the greatest number of people?
 What are the necessary parameters for clinical trials and quality assurance?
 Who, if anybody, can decide when a patient is in need of "comfort measures" (allowing a natural death by providing medications to treat symptoms related to the patient's illness)?

However, the most important question of all is 'what is health?'. Unless this question is addressed any debate about healthcare will be vague and unbounded. For example, what exactly is a health care intervention? What differentiates healthcare from engineering or teaching, for example? Is health care about 'creating autonomy' or acting in people's best interests? Or is it always both? A 'philosophy' of anything requires baseline philosophical questions, as asked, for example, by philosopher David Seedhouse.

Ultimately, the purpose, objective and meaning of healthcare philosophy is to consolidate the abundance of information regarding the ever-changing fields of biotechnology, medicine, and nursing. And seeing that healthcare typically ranks as one of the largest spending areas of governmental budgets, it becomes important to gain a greater understanding of healthcare as not only a social institution, but also as a political one. In addition, healthcare philosophy attempts to highlight the primary movers of healthcare systems; be it nurses, doctors, allied health professionals, hospital administrators, health insurance companies (HMOs and PPOs), the government (Medicare and Medicaid), and lastly, the patients themselves.

Ethics of healthcare

The ethical and/or moral premises of healthcare are complex and intricate. To consolidate such a large segment of moral philosophy, it becomes important to focus on what separates healthcare ethics from other forms of morality. And on the whole, it can be said that healthcare itself is a "special" institution within society. With that said, healthcare ought to "be treated differently from other social goods" in a society. It is an institution of which we are all a part whether we like it or not. At some point in every person's life, a decision has to be made regarding one's healthcare. Can they afford it? Do they deserve it? Do they need it? Where should they go to get it? Do they even want it? And it is this last question which poses the biggest dilemma facing a person. After weighing all of the costs and benefits of her healthcare situation, the person has to decide if the costs of healthcare outweigh the benefits. More than basic economic issues are at stake in this conundrum. In fact, a person must decide whether or not their life is ending or if it is worth salvaging. Of course, in instances where the patient is unable to decide due to medical complications, like a coma, then the decision must come from elsewhere. And defining that "elsewhere" has proven to be a very difficult endeavor in healthcare philosophy.

Medical ethics

Whereas bioethics tends to deal with more broadly-based issues like the consecrated nature of the human body and the roles of science and technology in healthcare, medical ethics is specifically focused on applying ethical principles to the field of medicine. Medical ethics has its roots in the writings of Hippocrates, and the practice of medicine was often used as an example in ethical discussions by Plato and Aristotle. As a systematic field, however, it is a large and relatively new area of study in ethics. One of the major premises of medical ethics surrounds "the development of valuational measures of outcomes of health care treatments and programs; these outcome measures are designed to guide health policy and so must be able to be applied to substantial numbers of people, including across or even between whole societies." Terms like beneficence and non-maleficence are vital to the overall understanding of medical ethics. Therefore, it becomes important to acquire a basic grasp of the varying dynamics that go into a doctor-patient relationship.

Nursing ethics

Like medical ethics, nursing ethics is very narrow in its focus, especially when compared to the expansive field of bioethics. For the most part, "nursing ethics can be defined as having a two-pronged meaning," whereby it is "the examination of all kinds of ethical and bioethical issues from the perspective of nursing theory and practice." This definition, although quite vague, centers on the practical and theoretical approaches to nursing. The American Nurses Association (ANA) endorses an ethical code that emphasizes "values" and "evaluative judgments" in all areas of the nursing profession. The importance of values is being increasingly recognized in all aspects of healthcare and health research. And since moral issues are extremely prevalent throughout nursing, it is important to be able to recognize and critically respond to situations that warrant and/or necessitate an ethical decision. A nurse promotes for and strives to protect the rights, safety, and health of all patients. Although these are clear nursing roles, all health care professionals must work together and collaborate to observe the patient's needs and rights.

Business ethics

Balancing the cost of care with the quality of care is a major issue in healthcare philosophy. In Canada and some parts of Europe, democratic governments play a major role in determining how much public money from taxation should be directed towards the healthcare process. In the United States and other parts of Europe, private health insurance corporations as well as government agencies are the agents in this precarious life-and-death balancing act. According to medical ethicist Leonard J. Weber, "Good-quality healthcare means cost-effective healthcare," but "more expensive healthcare does not mean higher-quality healthcare" and "certain minimum standards of quality must be met for all patients" regardless of health insurance status. This statement undoubtedly reflects the varying thought processes going into the bigger picture of a healthcare cost-benefit analysis. In order to streamline this tedious process, health maintenance organizations (HMOs) like BlueCross BlueShield employ large numbers of actuaries (colloquially known as "insurance adjusters") to ascertain the appropriate balance between cost, quality, and necessity in a patient's healthcare plan. A general rule in the health insurance industry is as follows: This generalized rule for healthcare institutions "is perhaps one of the best expressions of the practical meaning of stewardship of resources," especially since "the burden of proof is on justifying the more expensive intervention, not the less expensive one, when different acceptable treatment options exist." And lastly, frivolous lawsuits have been cited as major precipitants of increasing healthcare costs.

Religious Ethics

Various forms of religiosity are often tied together with health care, as some practitioners feel an obligation of the divine sort to try and care for others. In ancient Greece, a lack of institutionalized health care made it difficult for society to care for "beggars or mendicants", known as ptwchos. Following the genesis of Judaism and later, Christianity, religious texts supported "special dispensations for economic and political care" for those who were perceived as helpless in largely patriarchal societies. The role of the patriarch at the center of both society at large and the family unit meant that orphans and widows were necessarily among the helpless, and this sentiment was echoed by the Old Testament's conception of the poor, which also included individuals who were lame, blind, and/or prisoners. The mythologizing of Asklepios (also spelled Asclepius) in Greek and Roman tradition is reflective of the historical transformation of places of worship into sites of health care delivery.

A concept that is fundamental to health care development, grounded in the sacred texts of both the Western and Eastern worlds, is the sanctity of life. From this notion, we are commanded to treat life of all sorts with considerable dignity before we may interfere with it, "giving at least some attention to its nature and purpose." In Western health care, dignity regarding human life can be traced back to imago dei, meaning "image of God", which asserts that human beings are created by God in a manner of resemblance to his own existence. This is to say that health care practitioners shouldn't merely perceive patients/clients to be fellow humans undergoing suffering, but also as unique likenesses of God.

Following the Industrial Revolution, and the advent of the 20th Century, the face of modern medicine has evolved. However, the tensions between health care and religious practices have also grown in recent decades, and has led to some inequalities between the "rights" of the recipients and providers of health care. Legislative action has taken place in order to help solidify the rights of health care providers with respect to their religious beliefs. An example of this would be a conscience clause, which attempts to makes concessions to one's conscience when impacted by a law. In other words, there are laws in place that are intended to protect health care providers who refrain, for moral and/or religious reasons, from engaging in some forms of health care.

The rights of religious individuals and organizations are not just a matter of personal preference, but also of international jurisprudential value. The ethical implications of Supreme Court cases, such as that of Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, have the potential to shift personal and governmental attitudes regarding religiosity as it relates to health care. In pursuit of upholding their constitutional right to the free expression of religion, religious entities have had to legally defend their refusal to comply with government mandates, such as "to provide employee insurance plans that cover contraceptive costs", which is of moral violation when viewed with a particular interpretation of some religious texts. The willingness of a governmental body to bring these sorts of cases to the highest legal authority may be thought of as a form of intolerance, and perhaps, additionally, as a precursor to social and legal changes surrounding the "rights" of health care providers and recipients.

Political philosophy of healthcare

In the political philosophy of healthcare, the debate between universal healthcare and private healthcare is particularly contentious in the United States. In the 1960s, there was a plethora of public initiatives by the federal government to consolidate and modernize the U.S. healthcare system. With Lyndon Johnson's Great Society, the U.S. established public health insurance for both senior citizens and the underprivileged. Known as Medicare and Medicaid, these two healthcare programs granted certain groups of Americans access to adequate healthcare services. Although these healthcare programs were a giant step in the direction of socialized medicine, many people think that the U.S. needs to do more for its citizenry with respect to healthcare coverage. Opponents of universal healthcare see it as an erosion of the high quality of care that already exists in the United States.

Patients' Bill of Rights

In 2001, the U.S. federal government took up an initiative to provide patients with an explicit list of rights concerning their healthcare. The political philosophy behind such an initiative essentially blended ideas of the Consumers' Bill of Rights with the field of healthcare. It was undertaken in an effort to ensure the quality of care of all patients by preserving the integrity of the processes that occur in the healthcare industry. Standardizing the nature of healthcare institutions in this manner proved provocative. In fact, many interest groups, including the American Medical Association (AMA) and Big Pharma came out against the congressional bill. Basically, having hospitals provide emergency medical care to anyone, regardless of health insurance status, as well as the right of a patient to hold their health plan accountable for any and all harm done proved to be the two biggest stumbling blocks for the bill. As a result of this intense opposition, the initiative eventually failed to pass Congress in 2002.

Health insurance

Health insurance is the primary mechanism through which individuals cover healthcare costs in industrialized countries. It can be obtained from either the public or private sector of the economy. In Canada, for example, the provincial governments administer public health insurance coverage to citizens and permanent residents. According to Health Canada, the political philosophy of public insurance in Canada is as follows: And the driving force behind such a political philosophy in Canada was democratic socialist politician Tommy Douglas.

Contrasting with the U.S., but similar to Canada, Australia and New Zealand have universal healthcare systems known as Medicare and ACC (Accident Compensation Corporation), respectively.

Australian Medicare originated with Health Insurance Act 1973. It was introduced by Prime Minister (PM) Gough Whitlam's Labor Government, and was intended to provide affordable treatment by doctors in public hospitals for all resident citizens. Redesigned by PM Bob Hawke in 1984, the current Medicare system permits citizens the option to purchase private health insurance in a two-tier health system.

Research and scholarship
Considering the rapid pace at which the fields of medicine and health science are developing, it becomes important to investigate the most proper and/or efficient methodologies for conducting research. On the whole, "the primary concern of the researcher must always be the phenomenon, from which the research question is derived, and only subsequent to this can decisions be made as to the most appropriate research methodology, design, and methods to fulfill the purposes of the research." This statement on research methodology places the researcher at the forefront of his findings. That is, the researcher becomes the person who makes or breaks his or her scientific inquiries rather than the research itself. Even so, "interpretive research and scholarship are creative processes, and methods and methodology are not always singular, a priori, fixed and unchanging." Therefore, viewpoints on scientific inquiries into healthcare matters "will continue to grow and develop with the creativity and insight of interpretive researchers, as they consider emerging ways of investigating the complex social world."

Clinical trials

Clinical trials are a means through which the healthcare industry tests a new drug, treatment, or medical device. The traditional methodology behind clinical trials consists of various phases in which the emerging product undergoes a series of intense tests, most of which tend to occur on interested and/or compliant patients. The U.S. government has an established network for tackling the emergence of new products in the healthcare industry. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not conduct trials on new drugs coming from pharmaceutical companies. Along with the FDA, the National Institutes of Health sets the guidelines for all kinds of clinical trials relating to infectious diseases. For cancer, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) sponsors a series or cooperative groups like CALGB and COG in order to standardize protocols for cancer treatment.

Quality assurance

The primary purpose of quality assurance (QA) in healthcare is to ensure that the quality of patient care is in accordance with established guidelines. The government usually plays a significant role in providing structured guidance for treating a particular disease or ailment. However, protocols for treatment can also be worked out at individual healthcare institutions like hospitals and HMOs. In some cases, quality assurance is seen as a superfluous endeavor, as many healthcare-based QA organizations, like QARC, are publicly funded at the hands of taxpayers. However, many people would agree that healthcare quality assurance, particularly in the areas cancer treatment and disease control are necessary components to the vitality of any legitimate healthcare system. With respect to quality assurance in cancer treatment scenarios, the Quality Assurance Review Center (QARC) is just one example of a QA facility that seeks "to improve the standards of care" for patients "by improving the quality of clinical trials medicine."

Birth and death

Reproductive rights

The ecophilosophy of Garrett Hardin is one perspective from which to analyze the reproductive rights of human beings. For the most part, Hardin argues that it is immoral to have large families, especially since they do a disservice to society by consuming an excessive amount of resources. In an essay titled The Tragedy of the Commons, Hardin states, By encouraging the freedom to breed, the welfare state not only provides for children, but also sustains itself in the process. The net effect of such a policy is the inevitability of a Malthusian catastrophe.

Hardin's ecophilosophy reveals one particular method to mitigate healthcare costs. With respect to population growth, the fewer people there are to take care of, the less expensive healthcare will be. And in applying this logic to what medical ethicist Leonard J. Weber previously suggested, less expensive healthcare does not necessarily mean poorer quality healthcare.

Birth and living

The concept of being "well-born" is not new, and may carry racist undertones. The Nazis practiced eugenics in order to cleanse the gene pool of what were perceived to be unwanted or harmful elements. This "race hygiene movement in Germany evolved from a theory of Social Darwinism, which had become popular throughout Europe" and the United States during the 1930s. A German phrase that embodies the nature of this practice is lebensunwertes Leben or "life unworthy of life."

In connection with healthcare philosophy, the theory of natural rights becomes a rather pertinent subject. After birth, man is effectively endowed with a series of natural rights that cannot be banished under any circumstances. One major proponent of natural rights theory was seventeenth-century English political philosopher John Locke. With regard to the natural rights of man, Locke states, Although partially informed by his religious understanding of the world, Locke's statement can essentially be viewed as an affirmation of the right to preserve one's life at all costs. This point is precisely where healthcare as a human right becomes relevant.

The process of preserving and maintaining one's health throughout life is a matter of grave concern. At some point in every person's life, his or her health is going to decline regardless of all measures taken to prevent such a collapse. Coping with this inevitable decline can prove quite problematic for some people. For Enlightenment philosopher René Descartes, the depressing and gerontological implications of aging pushed him to believe in the prospects of immortality through a wholesome faith in the possibilities of reason.

Death and dying

One of the most basic human rights is the right to live, and thus, preserve one's life. Yet one must also consider the right to die, and thus, end one's life. Often, religious values of varying traditions influence this issue. Terms like "mercy killing" and "assisted suicide" are frequently used to describe this process. Proponents of euthanasia claim that it is particularly necessary for patients suffering from a terminal illness. However, opponents of a self-chosen death purport that it is not only immoral, but wholly against the pillars of reason.

In a certain philosophical context, death can be seen as the ultimate existential moment in one's life. Death is the deepest cause of a primordial anxiety (Die Anfechtung) in a person's life. In this emotional state of anxiety, "the Nothing" is revealed to the person. According to twentieth-century German philosopher Martin Heidegger, And thus, for Heidegger, humans finds themselves in a very precarious and fragile situation (constantly hanging over the abyss) in this world. This concept can be simplified to the point where at bottom, all that a person has in this world is his or her Being. Regardless of how individuals proceed in life, their existence will always be marked by finitude and solitude. When considering near-death experiences, humans feels this primordial anxiety overcome them. Therefore, it is important for healthcare providers to recognize the onset of this entrenched despair in patients who are nearing their respective deaths.

Other philosophical investigations into death examine the healthcare's profession heavy reliance on science and technology (SciTech). This reliance is especially evident in Western medicine. Even so, Heidegger makes ang allusion to this reliance in what he calls the allure or "character of exactness." In effect, people are inherently attached to "exactness" because it gives them a sense of purpose or reason in a world that is largely defined by what appears to be chaos and irrationality. And as the moment of death is approaching, a moment marked by utter confusion and fear, people frantically attempt to pinpoint a final sense of meaning in their lives.

Aside from the role that SciTech plays in death, palliative care constitutes a specialized area of healthcare philosophy that specifically relates to patients who are terminally ill. Similar to hospice care, this area of healthcare philosophy is becoming increasingly important as more patients prefer to receive healthcare services in their homes. Even though the terms "palliative" and "hospice" are typically used interchangeably, they are actually quite different. As a patient nears the end of his life, it is more comforting to be in a private home-like setting instead of a hospital. Palliative care has generally been reserved for those who have a terminal illness. However, it is now being applied to patients in all kinds of medical situations, including chronic fatigue and other distressing symptoms.

Role development
The manner in which nurses, physicians, patients, and administrators interact is crucial for the overall efficacy of a healthcare system. From the viewpoint of the patients, healthcare providers can be seen as being in a privileged position, whereby they have the power to alter the patients' quality of life. And yet, there are strict divisions among healthcare providers that can sometimes lead to an overall decline in the quality of patient care. When nurses and physicians are not on the same page with respect to a particular patient, a compromising situation may arise. Effects stemming from a "gender gap" between nurses and doctors are detrimental to the professional environment of a hospital workspace.

See also
 Health Advocate
 Health insurance
 Health Insurance Innovations
 Health care reform
 Ethical problems using children in clinical trials
 Ethics of circumcision
 Catholic Church and health care
 Philosophy of medicine

References

External links
 Health Care Ethics article in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
 Summary of the McCain-Edwards-Kennedy Patients' Bill of Rights
 Understanding Clinical Trials
 Mission Statement of the National Cancer Institute (NCI)
 Guidance for Industry, Investigators, and Reviewers in Exploratory Drug Studies (FDA January 2006)
 Quality Assurance Review Center
 "Palliative Care across the Continuum" (Center to Advance Palliative Care)
 "Hospice Care Center" Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)
 "Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)" (United Nations)
 Medicare (The Official U.S. Government Site for People with Medicare)
 Historical Background and Development of Social Security; includes information about Medicare

Health care
Social philosophy
Hea
Applied philosophy
Medical ethics
Health care reform
Health insurance
Universal health care
Health education
Public health


was a Japanese daimyo of Gamō clan, a family of Christian daimyo from northern Honshu, during the Sengoku period through Azuchi–Momoyama periods. Katahide, the eldest son of Gamō Sadahide, was a retainer of the Rokkaku clan and later Oda clan. His son, Gamō Ujisato, became daimyo of the Aizu Domain and his daughter, Tora known as Sanjo-dono, was one of Toyotomi Hideyoshi's concubine.

In 1568, Oda Nobunaga, who was en route to Kyoto, defeated the Rokkaku clan. Upon the Rokkaku clan's defeat, Katahide as a former influential vassal, pledged loyalty to Nobunaga, and became an Oda retainer. However, the price of Katahide's pledge was giving up his son as a hostage, and so Gamō Ujisato was taken to Gifu, then the Oda clan's headquarters.

In 1570, following the betrayal of Azai Nagamasa, Gamō Katahide assisted in Nobunaga's withdrawal from Kanegasaki by taking him into his own Hino Castle, and facilitating his escape to Gifu from there. In recognition of this feat, Nobunaga gave Katahide and his son a stipend increase, and posted them to southern Omi, under the command of Shibata Katsuie.

Family
 Father: Gamō Sadahide (1508–1579)
 Mother: Mabuchi family's daughter
 Wife: daughter of Goto Katatoyo
 Concubine: Okiri no Kata
 Children:
 Gamō Ujinobu
 Gamō Ujiharu
 Gamō Ujisato by Okiri no Kata
 Gamō Shigesato
 Gamō Sadahide
 Sanjo-dono, become a concubine of Toyotomi Hideyoshi
 daughter married Ogura Yukiharu
 daughter married Tamaru Naomasa
 daughter married Seki Kazumasa

References

Daimyo
1534 births
1584 deaths
Gamō clan


Chicago International Airport may refer to:

O'Hare International Airport, Chicago's largest airport and largest international gateway
Chicago Midway International Airport, the first airport with that name
Gary Chicago International Airport, an airport in Gary, Indiana
Chicago Rockford International Airport


Chư Păh is a rural district of Gia Lai province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 62,672. The district covers an area of 981 km2. The district capital lies at Phú Hòa.

References

Districts of Gia Lai province


Chư Prông is a district (huyện) of Gia Lai province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

As of 2003 the district had a population of 76,255. The district covers an area of  1,688 km2. The district capital lies at Chư Prông.

References

Districts of Gia Lai province


Chư Sê is a district (huyện) of Gia Lai province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

As of 2003 the district had a population of 126,464. The district covers an area of 1,310 km². The district capital lies at Chư Sê.

References

Districts of Gia Lai province


Đak Đoa is a district (huyện) of Gia Lai province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

As of 2003 the district had a population of 85,362. The district covers an area of 980 km². The district capital lies at Đak Đoa.

References

Districts of Gia Lai province


Jai Koutrae is an  Australian actor who gained fame for his role as Nathan Chapel  in Death's Requiem, which garnered him an Australian Screen Actors Guild Award. Koutrae has starred in many other successful short and feature films, including Mortal Fools. He has also appeared in many television series such as McLeod's Daughters, All Saints, and Home and Away.

Biography

Early career
Koutrae's acting career began in 1999, when he was cast in the small role of Rowan Stables on the television show Home and Away. He enjoyed working on the show for a few episodes and decided to audition for the medical show All Saints.

Filmography

References

1975 births
Australian male television actors
Living people
Australian male film actors
Australian people of English descent


The 1928 football season had both the USC Trojans and the Georgia Tech Golden Tornado claim national championships. USC was recognized as champions under the Dickinson System, but the Rose Bowl was contested between the No. 2 and No. 3 Dickinson-rated teams, California and Georgia Tech. The game was decided by a safety scored after Roy "Wrong Way" Riegels ran 65 yards in the wrong direction. Vance Maree blocked the ensuing punt which gave Georgia Tech a safety deciding the 8–7 win.

The Florida Gators led the nation in scoring as a team, led by its "Phantom Four" backfield, with 336 points. They were remembered by many sports commentators as the best Florida football team until at least the 1960s.  NYU halfback Ken Strong led the nation in scoring  as an individual, with 162 points, and tallied some 3,000 total yards from scrimmage.

Conference and program changes

Conference changes
 Six conferences began play in 1928:
 Arkansas Intercollegiate Conference – an NAIA Division I conference active through the 1995 season; its former members now largely comprise the NCAA Division II Great American Conference
Big Six Conference – an NCAA Division I–A conference active through the 1996 season; founded after the original Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association disbanded in May 1928 with six of its former members (Iowa State, Kansas, Kansas State, Missouri, Nebraska, and Oklahoma); later known as the Big Eight Conference after adding Oklahoma A&M and Colorado and a predecessor to the present-day Big 12 Conference
Central Intercollegiate Athletic Conference – an NAIA conference active through the 1968 season
Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference –  an active NAIA conference; separate from the previous conference with the same name that disbanded after the 1927 season
Mississippi Valley Conference – active through the 1934 season
Missouri Valley Conference – an NCAA Division I-A conference active through the 1985 season; founded by the four remaining members of the former MVIAA (Drake, Grinnell, Oklahoma A&M, and Washington University in St. Louis) and independent Creighton; a separate entity from the present-day Missouri Valley Football Conference
 One conference played its final season in 1928:
 Oklahoma Intercollegiate Conference – active since the 1914 season; a separate conference with the same name would exist within the NAIA between the 1974 and 1996 seasons; largely replaced by the Oklahoma Collegiate Athletic Conference between the 1929 and 1974 seasons

Membership changes

September

September 29

Army beat Boston University 35–0.
New York University (NYU) beat Niagara College 21–0.
Pennsylvania def Ursinus 34–0.
California beat Santa Clara 22–0 and USC beat Utah State, 40–12.
Texas beat its crosstown neighbor, Austin's St. Edward's College, 32–0.

October

October 6

Nebraska opened its season with a 12–0 win at Iowa State.
Army narrowly beat the visiting SMU Mustangs, 14–13.
NYU beat West Virginia Wesleyan, 26–7.
Pennsylvania def. Franklin & Marshall 46–0.  Texas beat Texas Tech 12–0.
After losing 2 games out of 3 to non-college opponents, Stanford won at Oregon 26–12; USC beat visiting Oregon State 19–0.  California beat St. Mary's, 7–0
Wisconsin beat visiting Notre Dame, 22–6.  Georgia Tech beat VMI, 13–0.  Illinois beat Bradley, 33–6.  Iowa played a Sunday game against Monmouth College, winning 26–0.

October 13

Stanford beat visiting UCLA 45–7, and California beat Washington State, 13–3.  USC defeated St. Mary's, 19–6.

In New Orleans, Georgia Tech beat Tulane, 12–0, and in Dallas, Texas narrowly lost to Vanderbilt, 13–12.
Pennsylvania shut out Swarthmore 67–0.
NYU defeated Fordham* 34–7.
Army shut out Providence 44–0.  Nebraska beat Montana State, 26–6.
Iowa won at Chicago, 13–0, while Illinois hosted Iowa's Coe College, winning 31–0
Wisconsin hosted Cornell College of Iowa, and North Dakota State University, with the varsity winning the first game 49–0, and the reserves beating the Dakotans 13–7.

October 20

In Berkeley, California and USC played to a 0–0 tie.  With the exception of this game, USC played all of its other contests at home in Los Angeles in 1928.

Georgia Tech shut out Notre Dame at home, 13–0.
Army won at Harvard 15–0.
NYU beat Rutgers* 48–0.
Pennsylvania recorded its fourth shutout, beating Penn State 14–0.
In San Francisco, Stanford beat Idaho, 47–0.
Wisconsin and Purdue tied 19–19, and Illinois beat Indiana 13–7.  Iowa beat Ripon College, 61–6.  Nebraska edged visiting Syracuse, 7–6.   Texas beat Arkansas, 20–7.
After its first two wins over Ashland College (65–0) and Thiel (38–13), Carnegie Tech beat Washington & Jefferson, 19–0.

October 27

Army won at Yale, 18–6.
NYU beat Colgate 47–6.
Pennsylvania (4–0–0) was upset by (1–3–0) Navy, 6–0.  Prior to that, Penn had outscored its opponents 161–0.  USC beat Occidental 19–0.
Stanford beat Fresno State, 47–0.
Wisconsin won at Michigan, 7–0, and Iowa beat Minnesota, 7–6, while Illinois beat Northwestern 6–0.
Carnegie Tech beat Pittsburgh, 6–0.  Georgia Tech yielded its first points, winning at North Carolina, 20–7.  Nebraska shut out Missouri, 24–0, and Texas won at Rice, 13–6.  California lost to the Olympic Club of San Francisco, 12–0.  Olympic, nominally an amateur team of former college players, had beaten Stanford 12–6 earlier.

November

November 3

In Los Angeles, USC (4–0–1) and Stanford (5–2–0) met, with the Trojans winning 10–0.
Wisconsin beat visiting Alabama, 15–0, while 4–0–0 Illinois suffered its first loss, at Michigan, 3–0.
California beat Oregon, 13–0.  Nebraska won at Kansas, 20–0.  Texas lost to visiting SMU, 6–2.
Pennsylvania won at Chicago, 20–13.
NYU and Georgetown University, both 5–0–0, with the Hoyas winning 7–2.
Army beat Indiana's DePauw College, 38–12.  Iowa defeated visiting South Dakota, 19–0.
Carnegie Tech extended its streak, with a 32–0 win over Westminster College of Pennsylvania, and Georgia Tech beat visiting Oglethorpe College 32–7.

November 10

Army (6–0–0) hosted Notre Dame(4–2–0).  A crowd of 90,000 packed the stands while 5,000 others in the Bronx watched from roofs and fire escapes within view of Yankee Stadium.  Though the Fighting Irish weren't having a good year, the score was 0–0 when Knute Rockne inspired his team at halftime by relating George Gipp's deathbed wish ("When the team's up against it, when things are wrong and the breaks are beating the boys—tell them to go in there with all they've got and win just one for the Gipper").  Though Army scored a touchdown in the third quarter, touchdowns by Jack Chevigny and Johnny O'Brien gave the Irish a 12–6 lead.  In the final minute, Army drove to within one foot of the goal line, but the whistle sounded before the Cadets could snap the ball.

In the New York Daily News the following Monday, reporter Francis Wallace first related the story in an article entitled, "Gipp's Ghost Beat Army."

The big game in the South was in Atlanta, where Vanderbilt (6–0–0) visited Georgia Tech (5–0–0), and the home team won 19–7.  Texas won at Baylor, 6–0.

Wisconsin defeated Chicago, 25–0, and Iowa won at Ohio State, 14–7.  In Indianapolis, Illinois beat Butler, 14–0.

Pennsylvania won at Harvard, 7–0 NYU beat Alfred University, 71–0.  USC beat Arizona, 78–7, Stanford beat Santa Clara 31–0, and California won at Washington, 6–0.  Carnegie Tech won at Georgetown, 13–7.

Nebraska, which had not played Oklahoma during the last two seasons, renewed a rivalry that became one of the most notable in college football.  Playing at Oklahoma, the Cornhuskers won 44–6.

November 17

Iowa (6–0–0) hosted Wisconsin (6–0–1) in a meeting of unbeatens, with the visitors handing the Hawkeyes their first loss, 13–0.  Illinois won at Chicago, 40–0.
Georgia Tech beat Alabama at home, 33–13.
Nebraska (6–0–0) hosted the (5–2–0) Pitt Panthers, and were tied, 0–0.
Pennsylvania beat Columbia 34–7  NYU beat Missouri, 27–6.  Army beat Carleton, 32–7.  Texas beat a strong TCU team, 6–0.
USC won again, defeating Washington State, 27–13, while Stanford beat Washington, 12–0, California rolled over visiting Nevada, 60–0.
(6–0–0) Carnegie Tech won at (5–2–0) Notre Dame, 27–7.

November 24

Carnegie Tech (7–0–0) and NYU (7–1–0) met at Pittsburgh.  The Violets handed Tech its first defeat, 27–13. Ken Strong gained widespread fame. He threw two long touchdown passes, rushed for two touchdowns, and kicked three extra points, leading Grantland Rice to write:This attack was led by a runaway buffalo, using the speed of a deer, and his name was Ken Strong. He ran all over a big, powerful team, smashed its line, ran its ends, kicked 50 and 55 yards, threw passes and tackled all over the lot.  Today he was George Gipp, Red Grange and Chris Cagle rolled into one human form and there was nothing Carnegie Tech had that could stop his march.

Carnegie Tech coach Walter Steffen said of Strong's performance: "This is the first time in my career that one man was good enough to run over and completely wreck an exceptionally good team. I can tell you he is better than Heston or Thorpe."

Georgia Tech crushed visiting Auburn, 51–0.  Auburn won only 1 of its 9 games, and scored in only two of those contests.

Army (7–1–0) and Nebraska (6–0–1) met at West Point, with the Cadets beating the visiting Cornhuskers, 13–3.
Stanford and California tied at Berkeley, 13–13.  USC beat Idaho, 28–7.

November 29

On Thanksgiving Day, Pennsylvania beat Cornell 49–0.  Overall, the Penn Quakers had outscored their opponents 271 to 26, and finished 8–1–0.  NYU closed its season with a 25–13 loss to visiting Oregon State, and finished 8–2–0.
Wisconsin hosted Minnesota, and suffered its first loss, a 6–0 defeat, to close at 7–1–1.  After starting the season 6–0, Iowa closed with a second loss, at Michigan, 10–7, to finish 6–2–0.  Illinois closed at 7–1–0 after beating visiting Ohio State, 8–0.  Nebraska closed its season with an 8–0 win over Kansas State, and Texas wrapped with a 19–0 win over Texas A&M.

December 1

Army and Stanford met at Yankee Stadium, with Stanford shutting the Cadets out, 26–0.  In Los Angeles, USC hosted Notre Dame, winning 27–14, to close its season at 9–0–1.

December 8

Georgia Tech hosted Georgia and won 20–6, closing regular play at 9–0, before the Yellow Jackets' trip to the Rose Bowl.  The Jackets finished 7–0 in Southern Conference play, assuring themselves of at least a share of the conference title.

In one of the final games of the 1928 season, once-tied Tennessee hosted unbeaten Florida in Knoxville.  For coach Charlie Bachman's Florida Gators, a share of the Southern Conference title was at stake; coach Robert Neyland's Tennessee Volunteers were playing for pride.  Tennessee edged Florida, 13–12.  Florida finished 8–1, Tennessee 9–0–1, and unbeaten and untied Georgia Tech won the conference championship outright.

Rose Bowl

As the lone post-season college football game, the Rose Bowl matched the California Golden Bears, co-champions (with USC) of the Pacific Coast Conference, against the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets, nicknamed the "Golden Tornado" as well as the "champions of the South".  In the second quarter, the Jackets were on their own 25 yard line, when Warner Mizell fumbled the football.  Playing linebacker, California center Roy Riegels scooped up the fumble at the 34 and dashed, unimpeded, toward the end zone.  Unfortunately, Riegels had gotten turned around and ran downfield toward the California goal.  Though Riegels was not tackled in his own end zone, California chose to punt from there on first down, and Benny Lom's kick was blocked by Tech's Tom Jones, and Cal's Stan Barr fell on the ball for the safety.  Georgia Tech's 2–0 lead at halftime was extended to 8–0 after Stumpy Thomason ran for 15 yards for a score, and the conversion failed.  Lom's pass to Irv Phillips, and Barr's extra point, made it 8–7 with a minute left.  An onside kick attempt failed, and Georgia Tech ran out the clock to win the other national championship.

Conference standings
For this article, major conferences defined as those including multiple state flagship public universities.

Major conference standings

Independents

Minor conferences

Minor conference standings

Dickinson System
The AP sportswriters' poll would not begin continuously until 1936. (although, the first time was a one instance publishing in 1934)  Frank G. Dickinson, an economics professor at the University of Illinois, had invented the Dickinson System to rank colleges based upon their records and the strength of their opposition.  The system was originally designed to rank teams in the Big Nine (later the Big Ten) conference.  Chicago clothing manufacturer Jack Rissman then persuaded Dickinson to rank the nation's teams under the system, and awarded the Rissman Trophy to the winning university.

The system awarded 30 points for a win over a "strong team", and 20 for a win over a "weak team".  Losses were awarded points (15 for loss to a strong team, 10 for loss to a weak team).  Ties were treated as half a win and half a loss (22.5 for a tie with a strong team, 15 for a tie with a weak team).  An average was then derived by dividing the points by games played.

Final Dickinson rankings
Professor Dickinson concluded that the University of Southern California Trojans were "the national football champions of America for 1928".  Unbeaten and untied Georgia Tech was ranked third because, Dickinson said, "its schedule was easier than the other contenders". On January 4, 1929, the Jack F. Rissman national intercollegiate trophy was presented by Professor Dickinson to the USC football squad, and Coach Howard Jones, at a student rally on the Los Angeles campus.  For the benefit of the crowd, Dickinson added "that even had he taken into consideration the victory of Georgia Tech over California on New Year's Day that the University of Southern California would have still be rated at the top," though Georgia Tech would have ranked second instead of third after its Rose Bowl win

Awards and honors

All-Americans

The consensus All-America team included:

Statistical leaders
Team scoring most points: Florida, 336 to 44.
Player scoring most points: Ken Strong, NYU, 162
Total offense leader: Ken Strong, NYU, 3000

References


Đak Pơ is a district (huyện) of Gia Lai province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

As of 2003 the district had a population of 35,258. The district covers an area of 500 km². The district capital lies at Đak Pơ.

References

Districts of Gia Lai province


Đức Cơ  is a district (huyện) of Gia Lai province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

As of 2003 the district had a population of 49,745. The district covers an area of 717 km². The district capital lies at Chư Ty.

References

Districts of Gia Lai province


Ia Grai (Bahnar language: Yă-grai) is a rural district (huyện) of Gia Lai province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 74,176. The district covers an area of 1,156 km². The district capital lies at Ia Kha.

Divisions
The district contains the urban commune, Ia Kha, which is the seat, and the communes of Ia Chia, Ia Dêr, Ia Hrung, Ia Bá, Ia Krai, Ia O, Ia Pếch, Ia Sao, Ia Tô, Ia Yok, Ia Grăng and Ia Khai.

References

Districts of Gia Lai province


St. Louis Airport may refer to:

 One of six airports in the Greater St. Louis Area
 St. Louis Lambert International Airport in St. Louis County, Missouri, United States (FAA/IATA: STL)
 MidAmerica St. Louis Airport in Belleville, Illinois, United States (FAA/IATA: BLV)
 St. Louis Downtown Airport in Cahokia, Illinois, United States (FAA/IATA: CPS)
 St. Louis Regional Airport in Alton, Illinois, United States (FAA/IATA: ALN)
 Spirit of St. Louis Airport in Chesterfield, Missouri, United States (FAA/IATA: SUS)
 St. Louis Metro-East Airport, also known as Shafer Field, in St. Jacob, Illinois, United States (FAA: IL48)

 Saint-Louis Airport in Saint-Louis, Senegal (FAA/IATA: XLS)


Ia Pa is a district (huyện) of Gia Lai province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

As of 2003 the district had a population of 44,119. The district covers an area of 871 km², and the capital lies at Kim Tân.

References

Districts of Gia Lai province


Kbang is a district (huyện) of Gia Lai province in the northern part of the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

As of 2003 the district had a population of 57,397. The district covers an area of 1,845 km². The district capital lies at Kbang.

The district was established in 1986 and was quickly filled by immigrants from other parts of Vietnam, mostly from the north and central parts. Agriculture is the top business sector which employs a large percentage of the population, followed by forestry and government servants.

References

Districts of Gia Lai province


Kông Chro is a district (huyện) of Gia Lai province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

As of 2003 the district had a population of 37,006. The district covers an area of 1,442 km². The district capital lies at Kông Chro.

References

Districts of Gia Lai province


Krông Pa is a district (huyện) of Gia Lai province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

As of 2003 the district had a population of 62,280. The district covers an area of 1,624 km². The district capital lies at Phú Túc.

References

Districts of Gia Lai province


Mang Yang () is a district (huyện) of Gia Lai province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

As of 2003 the district had a population of 43,734. The district covers an area of 1,126 km². The district capital lies at Kon Dơng. In 1954, at the end of the First Indochina War, Mang Yang was the site of a bloody battle won by the Viet Minh.

References

Districts of Gia Lai province


Phú Thiện is a rural district (huyện) of Gia Lai province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

References

Districts of Gia Lai province


Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts Minneapolis/Saint Paul was founded in 1999. The college is owned by Career Education Corporation under a licensing agreement with Le Cordon Bleu in Paris. It closed in 2017 along with all other Le Cordon Bleu colleges in the United States in the wake of changing federal loan guidelines.

History
Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts was founded by Brown College in 1999. The school began offering a Le Cordon Bleu Culinary Program that year, the first to be offered in North America. It started as a Certificate Program and began offering Associate in Applied Science degrees in 2002. An Associate in Applied Science in Patisserie & Baking was added the following year. These programs were strictly offered through Brown College until 2005.

In 2005, the Brown College degree programs were transformed into a new institution: Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts Minneapolis/St. Paul. The school is a branch campus of Western Culinary Institute in Portland, Oregon.

References

External links
 Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts Minneapolis/St. Paul

Defunct private universities and colleges in Minnesota
Cooking schools in the United States
Educational institutions established in 1999
Education in Dakota County, Minnesota
1999 establishments in Minnesota
2017 disestablishments in Minnesota
Career Education Corporation
Educational institutions disestablished in 2017


Marie Ragnhild Takvam (née Skylstad; December 5, 1926 – January 28, 2008) was a Norwegian poet, novelist, writer of children's books, playwright and actress.

Biography
Takvam was born at Ørsta in Møre og Romsdal, Norway.  Her parents were Johan Skylstad (1883-1974) and Martha Sperre (1901-1983).
She grew up at Hjørundfjord in Sunnmøre as the eldest of five siblings of a farm family. After graduation artium at Nordfjordeid in 1945, she moved to Oslo together with her future husband Johannes Takvam  (1925-2003).  They were married in 1950; their  marriage dissolved in 1975. Takvam studied psychology at the University of Oslo, but had to cancel her studies when her eldest son was born. She was the mother of  journalist Magnus Takvam.

In the 1950s and 1960s, Takvam worked as program leader for the children's programming at NRK.
She published 12 poetry collections over a 45-year period. She made her literary debut in 1952 with the poetry collection Dåp under sju stjerner. Among her other collections are Merke etter liv from 1962, Brød og tran from 1969, and Falle og reise seg att from 1980.

Marie Takvam was awarded several literary  including the Dobloug Prize in 1983, and the Nynorsk Literature Prize in 1997 and Melsomprisen in 1998.
She died in 2008 at Ljabruhjemmet in Oslo and was buried at Vestre gravlund.

Bibliography
 Dåp under sju stjerner, 1952
 Syngjande kjelder, 1954
 Merke etter liv, 1962
 Mosaikk i lys, 1965
 Brød og tran, 1969
 Auger, hender, 1975
 Dansaren, 1975
 Falle og reise seg att, 1980
 Brevet frå Alexandra, 1981
 Aldrande drabantby, 1987
 Rognebær, 1990
 Dikt i samling, 1997

Filmography

 Åpenbaringen (1977)
 Det tause flertall (1977)
 Hvem har bestemt? (1978)
 Løperjenten (1981)

References

1926 births
2008 deaths
People from Møre og Romsdal
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian children's writers
Norwegian women novelists
Norwegian film actresses
Norwegian women children's writers
Norwegian women dramatists and playwrights
Norwegian women poets
20th-century Norwegian novelists
20th-century Norwegian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Norwegian women writers
20th-century Norwegian poets
Dobloug Prize winners
Burials at Vestre gravlund


Albacete Airport  is an airport operated by Aena located about  south of the city of Albacete, the capital of the province of Albacete in Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It shares the runway and some facilities with Los Llanos Air Base, operated by the Spanish Air and Space Force.

The airport is served by road CM-3203. It began operation as a civilian airport on 1 July 2003, after seventy-plus years solely used by the military. The first flight was flown by Hola Airlines to the Balearic Islands. Albacete and Ciudad Real Central Airport are the only public airports in Castilla La Mancha. However, since the closure of Ciudad Real Central Airport and the cessation of scheduled services from Albacete, the region has been left without any scheduled passenger services.

History
Construction started in 1913, but was then quickly stopped, with operations only starting in 1929 after the Spanish Aviation Company (CEA) took up a contract for pilot training. During the Spanish Civil War, the base was used by military rebels, and from 26 July 1936 by the Republicans. On cessations of activities the newly formed Spanish Air Force established the 13th Bomber Squadron, later becoming Ala26. After World War II with an anticipated increase in civilian traffic, the Spanish government acquired the site in July 1946, increasing the runway to . Closed to civil traffic in 1955, in 1965, it reopened to the Albacete Flying Club. In 1962, Ala37 replaced Ala26, equipped with the Douglas DC-3 freighter. In 1975, Ala14 took over residency, equipped with the Dassault Mirage F1 fighter. In 1991, due to the promotion of Albacete Balompié to the first division, the airport reopened to civilian charter traffic.

Facilities
Opened again to civilian traffic in 2003, in November 2005 the Ministry of Public Works inaugurated the new Terminal Building, with a surface area of . Situated at an elevation of  above mean sea level, today it has one runway designated 09/27 with an asphalt surface measuring .

The civilian-run maintenance facility La Maestranza Aérea de Albacete is responsible for the modifications and overhaul of some military equipment, including all Dassault Mirage F1 (retired in 2013, replaced by Eurofighter Typhoon), Canadair CL-215 and CASA C-101.

Airlines and destinations

There are no scheduled services from Albacete Airport. The airport is only served by a number of charter services from carriers such as Privilege Style.

NATO TLP
Since July 2009, the base has been the site of NATO's Tactical Leadership Program, taking over from Belgium's Florennes Air Base.

Accidents

Statistics

Total passengers by year:

References

External links
 Albacete Airport, official Aena website
 Albacete Airport at Google Maps

Airports in Castilla–La Mancha
1929 establishments in Spain
Airports established in 1929


Selaginella apoda, commonly known as meadow spikemoss, is a perennial lycophyte native to much of the eastern United States and parts of northeastern Mexico. The life cycle is the shortest of the genus Selaginella, as well as one of the shortest among the lycophytes. Selaginella apoda is found primarily in damp soils in habitats such as swamps, wet fields, open woods and along stream banks. Selaginella apoda presents the potential for case studies involving the plant's adaptability to environmental toxins. A lowland plant, it has only been recorded at elevations below 100 meters. It is closely related to Selaginella eclipes and S. ludoviciana, with both of which it has been reported to form hybrids. This group is characterized by relatively flat strobili and large megasporophylls which occur in the same plane as the lateral leaves.

The plant was originally described, and named Lycopodium apodum by Carl Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum (1753).

Description

Selaginella apoda stems have smaller leaves in two rows as well as larger leaves in two rows. This species can be differentiated from a regular moss species based on its veins running along the leaves. The stem of S. apoda can best be described as leafy. Selaginella species possess rhizophores.

Many species in the genus Selaginella also demonstrate dichotomous branching. Vegetative leaves on S. apoda are lined with small teeth, have a scale-like appearance, are short in length, and change in shape and size in the same node. Selaginella apoda branches can be a maximum of 15 centimeters in height and have a creeping style. The ligule on Selaginella species can be found rising on the adaxil surfaces of leaves at their base, as well as on sporophylls. The shape of the ligule is awl-shaped and occurs singly. The leaves of S. apoda contain a cuticle layer on their adaxial surfaces and they do not have hairs on their abaxial surfaces.

The internodes of S. apoda branches can be used to classify the branches as reproductive or vegetative, as the internodes are extended on vegetative branches. Selaginella apoda adventitious and primary roots contain a root cap at their tips, have the ability to branch when growing, are white, and possess root hairs, located in close proximity to the tips. Selaginella apoda primary root system contains only three single root strands; as such, the system is ailing, for it also does not branch significantly. Adjacent to the axil, sporangia are created from artificial cells. While stomata can be found following the leaf margin on the lower surface of the plant's leaves, stomata on the upper surface of S. apoda leaves disperse entirely  following the laminae.

The dorsal leaves of S. apoda have acuminate apices. The primary leaves of S. apoda significantly contrast in shape from the cotyledons of the plant. Selaginella apoda leaf blades have borders with a margin that is light green in appearance or simply identical to each other. The strobilus of S. apoda is often restricted to a length of 1-2 centimeters. Typically, the strobili of S. apoda are in an erect position. Within the sporangia, the two gametophyte forms start development. Selaginella apoda sporangia can be distinguished from other species of Selaginella in how its wall is composed of two layers instead of three.

Taxonomy
The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 as Lycopodium apodum. The specific epithet apodum is the neuter form of an adjective apodus, coined by Linnaeus, meaning "footless". When in 1840 Antoine Frédéric Spring transferred it to the genus Selaginella, he did so under the name Selaginella apus, apus being a noun used in apposition rather than Linnaeus's adjective, on the grounds that in classical Latin, there is no such adjective as apodus. In 1915, Merritt Lyndon Fernald published the name Selaginella apoda, following Linnaeus in using an adjective as the specific epithet, in this case agreeing in gender with the feminine noun Selaginella. Both names have been used.

Selaginella apoda falls under the order Selaginellales and the family Selaginellaceae, the biggest family of the lycophytes group and of which Selaginella is the single genus. The lycophytes contain over 1000 species across 10-15 extant genera. In the order Selaginellales, Selaginella also is the only living genus. Approximately 700-800 species comprise the genus Selaginella worldwide, of which about 320 can be found in the Western Hemisphere alone. Selaginella apoda is a synonym for Lycopodioides apoda as well as Lycopodium apodum. This plant species was named based on Linnaeus’ observation that its strobili were stalkless.

Selaginella apoda can be subcategorized into the subgenus Stachygynandrum. The genus Selaginella has been subjected to taxonomic treatments, including the arrangement of a plant's sporangia as well as the types of spores the plant species produces. In terms of phylogenetics, S. apoda falls under the S. pallescens OPHA clade, species that are native to the American continent and have one type of sporophyll in the form of a megaspore network. In the family Selaginellaceae, microsporangia are larger than the megasporangia and the strobili are quadrangular in shape or flat. Selaginella apoda, under the synonymous name of Lycopodium apodum, can be identified by stomata spread across the plane of the adaxial sides of its leaves, the leaf margins of the plant are all similar to each other, the diameter of their megaspores within the range of 0.29 – 0.35 millimeters, and the plant has acute to attenuate apices on at least 5 of their leaves.

Distribution and habitat

Minus Antarctica, Selaginella species can be found scattered across the world's continents. Selaginella apoda occurs naturally in the Midwestern and Eastern states of the United States.  In the Americas, S. apoda can be found as far north as the U.S. state of Maine to as far south as Guatemala.

While studies show that it can be located across U.S. States bordering the Gulf of Mexico, greater populations occur in the Cumberland Mountains, the larger Appalachian Mountains range, and the piedmonts of these states rather than directly in coastal environments. It can grow along lake or river shores, in meadows, human-disturbed habitats, as well as in aquatic habitats such as rivers. Primarily, Selaginella apoda thrives in environments heavily shaded from the sun and with high moisture content in the soils. Such environments can include the edges of wetland marshes, oceanic cliffs, wetland meadows, bogs, along the banks of running streams, or any similar saturated environment.

Boron effects on Selaginella

In a study testing the effects of boron on Selaginella species, the sporophyte heights in S. apoda demonstrated important contrasts between specimens treated with a small dose of boron and specimens without chemical treatment. The S. apoda specimens that lacked treatment with boron resulted in a yellow-green pigmentation and reduction in size, while the plant specimens chemically treated with boron demonstrated their expected green pigmentation as well as normal size. Selaginella apoda tested in the study demonstrated strobili reductions of ¼ its normal length in specimens not treated with boron than specimens treated with boron, and the boron-treated plants experienced abortion in their strobili. In the growth stages of S. apoda, boron influences reproduction.

Ecology

Tropical regions have diverse Selaginella floras. Selaginella hybrid species are rare because they do not have spore dispersal methods that allow for scattering of them across great distances. Selaginella apoda megaspores may be dispersed by wind or water. It may take as few as 85 days for S. apoda to finish its life cycle. In relation to the life cycle of other species of the genus Selaginella, this time frame is much briefer.

While scientists have already concluded that the life cycle span of S. apoda is reliant in large part on the temperature of its habitat, researchers suggest that the duration of daylight may play a key role in determining the duration of the S. apoda life cycle as well. The primary root system of S. apoda is fragile. The root hairs are able to live on the roots for months and are mature on the roots prior to the root system penetrating the soil in the early growth stages. The roots, angle meristems, as well as rhizophores of S. apoda experience supplemental growth as the plant itself increases in height. This additional growth occurs in order to ensure the species does not have to transfer water in abundance while still being able to grow across a vast surface plane.

The lower surface on dorsal leaves of S. apoda, as well as the upper surface of its ventral leaves, experience sunlight exposure if the stem of the plant experiences creeping growth, while the dorsal leaves’ upper surfaces and the ventral leaves’ lower surfaces are pointed away from direct light exposure. Strobilus length, as well as microsporangia counts, in S. apoda are reliant on their development season in addition to the strobilus’ age. Typically, S. apoda is prostrate, meaning that it lays flat on the ground.

Cultivation

Due to S. apoda’s simple requirements, as well as its life cycle being so short in comparison to other Selaginella species, the plant is considered a model species suitable for related scientific studies.

References

External links
Range Map from Flora of North America
Illustration from Flora of North America

apoda
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Flora of Northern America


Ooi Teik Hock (; born 13 November 1920 – 21 March 1983) was a male badminton player from Malaysia who won Malayan national titles and represented his country in team and individual competition between 1939 and 1958.

Career
Ooi played on four consecutive Malayan Thomas Cup (men's international) teams (1949, 1952, 1955, 1958) the first three of which claimed world titles. Paired with a variety of partners, he was undefeated in eight Thomas Cup doubles matches, while winning four of his six singles matches. He shared the men's doubles title at the prestigious All-England Championships in 1949 with Teoh Seng Khoon and in 1954 with Ong Poh Lim. In the '49 All-England's he was runner-up in men's singles to the legendary Dave Freeman.

Personal life
Ooi married Choo Soh Cheng and together they had a son, Beng Leng, and two daughters, Sooi Choo and Sooi Gaik.

Death
On 21 March 1983, Teik Hock died at his Penang home after a heart attack. He was 62.

Achievements

International tournaments
Men's singles

Men's doubles

References

1920 births
1983 deaths
Malaysian sportspeople of Chinese descent
Malaysian male badminton players
20th-century Malaysian people
Sportspeople from Penang


The Master Key: An Electrical Fairy Tale, Founded Upon the Mysteries of Electricity and the Optimism of Its Devotees is a 1901 novel by L. Frank Baum, author of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. It was illustrated by F. Y. Cory.

Plot summary

The protagonist is a boy named Rob Joslyn. His age is not specified. Baum dedicated the book "To My Son, Robert Stanton Baum," who was born in 1886 and would thus have been about fifteen at the time it was published.

Rob is an electrical experimenter whose father encourages him and sees that he "never lacked batteries, motors or supplies of any sort." A "net-work [sic] of wires soon ran throughout the house". He loses track of the elaborately interconnected wires, and trying to get a cardboard house to light up, he "experimented in a rather haphazard fashion, connecting this and that wire blindly and by guesswork, in the hope that he would strike the right combination." There is a bright flash, and a being who calls himself the Daemon of Electricity appears. He tells Rob that he has accidentally "touched the Master Key of Electricity" and is entitled "to demand from me three gifts each week for three successive weeks." Rob protests that he does not know what to ask for, and the Daemon agrees to select the gifts himself.

Over the next two weeks, Rob experiences adventures exploring the use of the Daemon's gifts, but eventually concludes that neither he nor the world is ready for them. On the third week, Rob rejects the Daemon's gifts and tells him to bide his time until humankind knows how to use them. The Daemon leaves. With a light heart, Rob concludes that he made the right decision.

During the first week, the Daemon gives Rob three gifts:

a silver box of food tablets, each one of which provides sufficient nourishment for a whole day
a "small tube" which can direct "an electric current" at a foe, rendering him unconscious for the period of one hour
a wristwatch-sized transportation device, which allows the wearer to fly at any height and travel at high speeds in any direction, when it is working properly. It is, however, somewhat fragile and becomes damaged and unreliable during Rob's adventures, creating predicaments for him.

During the second week, the Daemon gives Rob three additional gifts:

a "garment of protection," which renders him invulnerable to bullets, swords, or other physical attack
a "record of events," which provides remote views of important events taking place in any part of the world at any time within the last twenty-four hours
A "character marker," a set of spectacles: "while you wear them every one you meet will be marked upon the forehead with a letter indicating his or her character. The good will bear the letter 'G,' the evil the letter 'E.' The wise will be marked with a 'W' and the foolish with an 'F.' The kind will show a 'K' upon their foreheads and the cruel a letter 'C.'"

During the third week, the Daemon offered:

 An "Electro-Magnetic Restorer" which "For its wearer will instantly become free from any bodily disease or pain and will enjoy perfect health and vigor. In truth, so great are its powers that even the dead may be restored to life, provided the blood has not yet chilled."
 An "Illimitable Communicator. It is a simple electric device which will enable you, wherever you may be, to converse with people in any part of the world".

Like some of Baum's adult novels, The Master Key features encounters with real historical figures of the period, such as King Edward of Britain, President Loubet of France, and the Duke of Orléans.

Reception

In 1901, The New York Times ran a brief notice calling it "a story for boys—all boys who love good wholesome adventure and exciting incident. It is a strange story of the electrical Daemon, treating of powers that dominate all nature, and written for the eager, alert, and striving American boy."

Footnotes

External links
The Master Key, full text online at Project Gutenberg

The Master Key, page images of 1901 edition at Google Books.

1901 American novels
1901 science fiction novels
1901 fantasy novels
1901 children's books
Children's science fiction novels
American children's novels
American science fiction novels
American fantasy novels
Books by L. Frank Baum
Bobbs-Merrill Company books


Miss Universe 1956 was the 5th Miss Universe pageant, held at the Long Beach Municipal Auditorium in Long Beach, California, United States on 20 July 1956.

At the end of the event, Hillevi Rombin of Sweden crowned Carol Morris of the United States as Miss Universe 1956. Morris was the second representative of the United States to win the contest.

Contestants from thirty countries and territories competed in this year's pageant. The pageant was hosted by Bob Russell for the fifth time.

Background

Selection of participants
Contestants from thirty countries and territories were selected to compete in the pageant. This is the last edition before 2023 where women who are married and have children can participate. Two contestants were selected to replace the original dethroned winner.

Replacements
Guðlaug Guðmundsdóttir, the first runner-up of Miss Iceland 1956, was appointed to replace Miss Iceland 1956 Ágústa Guðmundsdóttir after it was discovered that the latter was already married. Edith Noble Nakpil was replaced by Isabel Escobar Rodriguez as the representative of the Philippines due to undisclosed reasons.

Debuts, returns, and withdrawals
This edition saw the debuts of British Guiana, the Dominican Republic, Holland, and Iceland, and the returns of Turkey and Peru, who last competed in 1953 and 1954, respectively. Mirva Arvinen of Finland withdrew due to undisclosed reasons. Ceylon, El Salvador, Finland, Honduras, Lebanon, Nicaragua, Norway, South Korea, and the West Indies withdrew after their respective organizations failed to hold a national competition or designate a contestant.

Results

Placements

Special awards

Pageant

Format
Same with 1955, fifteen semi-finalists were chosen at the preliminary competition that consists of the swimsuit and evening gown competition. Each of the fifteen semi-finalists gave a short speech during the final telecast using their native languages. Afterwards, the fifteen semi-finalists paraded again in their swimsuits and evening gowns, and the five finalists were eventually chosen.

Selection committee

 Vincent Trotta – Artistic Director at Paramount Pictures
 James H. Noguer – American professor of Foreign Languages
 Tom Kelley – American photographer
 Dorothy Kirsten – American opera singer
 Earl Wilson – American journalist and columnist
 Alberto Vargas – Peruvian-American painter known for his "Vargas Girls"
 Max Factor – American businessman and make-up man
 Claude Berr – Founder and president of the Comite Pour Election de Miss Europe

Contestants
Thirty contestants competed for the title.

Notes

References

External links

 Miss Universe official website

1956
1956 in California
1956 beauty pageants
Beauty pageants in the United States
July 1956 events in the United States


The Leinkauf Historic District is a historic district in the city of Mobile, Alabama, United States.  It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 24, 1987.  It is roughly bounded by Government, Eslava, Lamar, and  Monterey Streets.  The district covers  and contains 303 contributing buildings.  The buildings range in age from the 1820s to early 20th century and cover a variety of 19th- and 20th-century architectural styles.

References

1987 establishments in Alabama
Historic districts in Mobile, Alabama
National Register of Historic Places in Mobile, Alabama
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama


Bắc Mê is a rural district of Hà Giang province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2019, the district had a population of 54 592. The district covers an area of 844 km2. The district capital lies at Yên Phú.

Administrative divisions
Bắc Mê District consists of the district capital, Yên Phú, and 12 communes: Đường Âm, Đường Hồng, Giáp Trung, Lạc Nông, Minh Ngọc, Minh Sơn, Phiêng Luông, Phú Nam, Thượng Tân, Yên Cường, Yên Định and Yên Phong.

Climate

References

Districts of Hà Giang province
Hà Giang province


Bắc Quang is a rural district of Hà Giang province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2019, the district had a population of 118 690. The district covers an area of 1,084 km2. The district capital lies at Vĩnh Tuy.

Administrative divisions
The district contains two towns, Việt Quang and Vĩnh Tuy, which is also the district capital, and the communes of Quang Minh, Tân Thành, Tân Quang, Tân Lập, Việt Vinh, Hùng An, Đồng Yên, Đông Thành, Vĩnh Phúc, Vĩnh Hảo, Tiên Kiều, Việt Hồng, Kim Ngẩu, Thượng Bình, Vô Điếm, Bằng Hành, Hữu Sản, Liên Hiệp, Đức Xuân, Đồng Tâm and Đồng Tiến.

Climate

References

Districts of Hà Giang province
Hà Giang province


Đồng Văn is a rural district of Hà Giang province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2019, the district had a population of 81 880. The district covers an area of 447 km2. The district capital lies at Đồng Văn.

Administrative divisions
Đồng Văn District consists of two townships, Đồng Văn and Phố Bảng, and the communes of Hố Quáng Phìn, Lũng Cú, Lũng Phìn, Lũng Táo, Lũng Thầu, Má Lé, Phố Cáo, Phố Là, Sà Phìn, Sảng Tủng, Sính Lủng, Sủng Là, Sủng Trái, Tả Lủng, Tả Phìn, Thài Phìn Tủng and Vần Chải.

See also
Dong Van Karst Plateau Geopark
Đồng Văn riot

References

Districts of Hà Giang province
Hà Giang province


Hoàng Su Phì is a rural district of Hà Giang province in the Northeast region of Vietnam.  the district had a population of 66 683. The district covers an area of 629 km². The district capital lies at Vinh Quang. Hoàng Su Phì is famous for its rice field terraces, especially on the road between Hoàng Su Phì and Xín Mần, where those terraces are classified as a National Heritage by the Vietnamese Government.

Administrative divisions
Hoàng Su Phì District consists of the district capital, Vinh Quang, and 24 communes: Bản Luốc, Bản Máy, Bản Nhùng, Bản Péo, Bản Phùng, Chiến Phố, Đản Ván, Hồ Thầu, Nam Sơn, Nàng Đôn, Nậm Dịch, Nậm Khòa, Nậm Ty, Ngàm Đăng Vài, Pố Lồ, Pờ Ly Ngài, Sán Xả Hồ, Tả Sử Choóng, Tân Tiến, Thàng Tín, Thèn Chu Phìn, Thông Nguyên, Tụ Nhân and Túng Sán.

Climate

References

Districts of Hà Giang province
Hà Giang province


Mèo Vạc is a rural district of Hà Giang province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2019 the district had a population of 86 071 . The district covers an area of 574 km². The district capital lies at Mèo Vạc.

Administrative divisions
Mèo Vạc District consists of the district capital, Mèo Vạc, and 17 communes: Cán Chu Phìn, Giàng Chu Phìn, Khâu Vai, Lũng Chinh, Lũng Pù, Nậm Ban, Niêm Sơn, Pả Vi, Pải Lủng, Sơn Vĩ, Sủng Máng, Sủng Trà, Tả Lủng, Tát Ngà, Thượng Phùng, Xín Cái and Niêm Tòng.

References

Districts of Hà Giang province
Hà Giang province


Quản Bạ is a rural district of Ha Giang province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2019, the district had a population of 53 476. The district covers an area of 550 km2. The district capital lies at Tam Sơn.

Administrative divisions
Quản Bạ District consists of the district capital, Tam Sơn, and 12 communes: Bát Đại Sơn, Cán Tỷ, Cao Mã Pờ, Đông Hà, Lùng Tám, Nghĩa Thuận, Quản Bạ, Quyết Tiến, Tả Ván, Thái An, Thanh Vân and Tùng Vài.

References

Districts of Hà Giang province
Hà Giang province


Quang Bình  () is a rural district of Hà Giang province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2019 the district had a population of
61 711. The district covers an area of 774 km². The district capital is Yên Bình.

References

Districts of Hà Giang province
Hà Giang province


Vị Xuyên is a rural district of Hà Giang province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2019 the district had a population of 110 465. The district covers an area of 1,452 km2. The district capital lies at Vị Xuyên.

A border crossing between Vietnam and China is located in the district at Thanh Thủy. The port of entry on the Chinese side of the border is Tianbao in Malipo county.

History
Until the Nguyễn dynasty saw the growth of Hà Giang, Vị Xuyên was the largest settlement in the area.
Battle of Laoshan is considered more fierce than the Chinese invasion into Vietnam in 1979. This battle lasted approximately four years - from late 1984 to 1989. China PLA was trying to take over Ha Giang's capital - Vi Xuyen, aiming to push into Vietnam's territory by 5 km. But, Vietnamese forces consisting of 9 divisions contained this ambition. The chains of attacks colloquially known as the Battle of Laoshan saw both sides suffering casualties in the thousands. Until now, many missing in action Vietnamese soldiers, both regulars and irregulars have yet to be recorded. Estimation states as many as 3,000 deceased Vietnamese soldiers yet to be accounted for.

Administrative divisions
Vị Xuyên District consists of two townships, Vị Xuyên (also the district capital) and Việt Lâm, and 24 communes: Bạch Ngọc, Cao Bồ, Đạo Đức, Kim Linh, Kim Thạch, Lao Chải, Linh Hồ, Minh Tân, Ngọc Linh, Ngọc Minh, Phong Quang, Phú Linh, Phương Tiến, Quảng Ngần, Thanh Đức, Thanh Thủy, Thuận Hòa, Thượng Sơn, Trung Thành, Tùng Bá, Việt Lâm and Xín Chải.

Fauna
Small mammals found on Tây Côn Lĩnh II include Cynopterus sphinx, Rousettus leschenaulti, Sphaerias blanfordi, Scaptonyx fusicaudus, Chodsigoa parca, Chodsigoa caovansunga, Blarinella griselda, Crocidura attenuata, Crocidura fuliginosa, Crocidura wuchihensis, Belomys pearsonii, Callosciurus inornatus, Leopoldamys edwardsi, Niviventer fulvescens, Niviventer langbianis, Niviventer tenaster, Chiropodomys gliroides, Ratufa bicolor, and Tamiops sp.

References

Districts of Hà Giang province
Hà Giang province


Xín Mần is a rural district of Hà Giang province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2019 the district had a population of 67 999. The district covers an area of 582 km². Its capital lies at Cốc Pài.

Administrative divisions
Xín Mần District consists of the district capital, Cốc Pài, and 17 communes: Bản Díu, Bản Ngò, Chế Là, Chí Cà, Cốc Rế, Khuôn Lùng, Nà Chì, Nấm Dẩn, Nàn Ma, Nàn Xỉn, Pà Vầy Sủ, Quảng Nguyên, Tả Nhìu, Thèn Phàng, Thu Tà, Trung Thịnh and Xín Mần.

References

Districts of Hà Giang province
Hà Giang province


Yên Minh is a rural district of Hà Giang province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2019 the district had a population of 97 553. The district covers an area of 782 km². The district capital lies at Yên Minh.

Administrative divisions
Yên Minh District consists of the district capital, Yên Minh, and 17 communes: Bạch Đích, Đông Minh, Du Già, Du Tiến, Đường Thượng, Hữu Vinh, Lao Và Chải, Lũng Hồ, Mậu Duệ, Mậu Long, Na Khê, Ngam La, Ngọc Long, Phú Lũng, Sủng Thài, Sủng Cháng, and Thắng Mố.

References

Districts of Hà Giang province
Hà Giang province


Lawrence Kyle Abbott (born February 18, 1968) is a former American professional baseball player. In a five-year career, Abbott played four seasons for the California Angels and Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB), as well as one season for the Kintetsu Buffaloes of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). He was officially listed as standing  and weighing .

Early life
Abbott was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts. Abbott attended high school at Mission Viejo High School in Mission Viejo, California, before attending college at University of California, San Diego from 1987 until 1988. Abbott transferred to California State University, Long Beach in 1989, where he led his team to the College World Series for the first time in team history.

Career
Abbott began his baseball career with the California Angels, who drafted Abbott with the ninth pick of the 1989 Major League Baseball Draft. After signing with the Angels, Abbot played the 1989 season for the Quad Cities Angels, a minor league affiliate of the Angels. In 73.2 innings pitched, Abbott recorded five wins and four losses with an earned run average (ERA) of 2.57. Baseball America ranked Abbott as the 60th-best minor league prospect for the 1990 season.

In 1990, Abbott continued his career, playing for two minor league teams: the Edmonton Trappers of the Pacific Coast League and the Midland Angels of the Texas League. In his time with the Edmonton Trappers, Abbott recorded the worst earned run average on the team, with an ERA of 14.81, over 10.1 innings pitched. After pitching in three games for the Trappers, Abbott was demoted to the double-A Midland Angels. Abbott finished the season tied for second in most wins on the team, while leading the team in losses and walks allowed. Baseball America ranked Abbott as the eighty-fourth best prospect for the 1991 season.

Abbot began the 1991 season playing for the Trappers. Abbott recorded team highs in wins, losses, and innings pitched, leading Abbott to make his Major League debut for the California Angels on September 10, 1991, in a game against the Texas Rangers. For his debut, Abbot served as a starting pitcher, allowing two earned runs in six innings pitched. Abbott finished the 1991 season with a 1–2 win–loss record and an ERA of 4.58.

In the 1991 postseason, the Angels traded Abbott and Rubén Amaro, Jr. to the Philadelphia Phillies for outfielder Von Hayes.

Abbott spent the first seven games of the 1992 season with the Philadelphia Phillies, recording an 0–7 record before being demoted to the minor league Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons. After posting an ERA of 1.54 over 35.0 innings pitched, Abbott was promoted to the Major Leagues, finishing the MLB season with a 1–14 record while allowing eighty runs over 133.1 innings pitched. Abbott finished the season tied for third in the National League for most losses, while tying for eighth in most wild pitches thrown.

Abbott pitched the 1993 season for the Red Barons, leading his team in wins, innings pitched, and hits allowed. Later that year, on November 24, 1993, Abbott was released by the Philadelphia Phillies before playing for the Kintetsu Buffaloes of the Japan Pacific League in 1994. Abbott helped the Buffaloes to a 68–59 record while the Buffaloes finished fourth in their division.

On December 6, 1994, Abbott signed a contract valued at $150,000 with the Phillies. Abbott spent the entire 1995 season in the Major Leagues, recording a 3.81 ERA while allowing sixteen walks with twenty-one strikeouts. Abbott was granted free agency on October 16, 1995.

In his last major league season, Abbott played for the Angels, signing with the team on May 29, 1996. Abbott began the year with the Midland Angels, but was promoted to the California Angels when Mark Langston was placed on the fifteen-day disabled list. Abbott finished the major league year with a 20.25 ERA in 4 innings pitched.

References

External links

Kyle Abbott at SABR (Baseball BioProject)

1968 births
Living people
All-American college baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
California Angels players
Edmonton Trappers players
Kintetsu Buffaloes players
Long Beach State Dirtbags baseball players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Midland Angels players
Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers
Philadelphia Phillies players
Quad Cities Angels players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons players
UC San Diego Tritons baseball players