The Dix–Hill Cartel was the first official system for exchanging prisoners during the American Civil War. It was signed by Union Major General John A. Dix and Confederate Major General D. H. Hill at Haxall's Landing on the James River in Virginia on July 22, 1862.

The agreement established a scale of equivalents for captured officers to be exchanged for fixed numbers of enlisted men, and agents from each side were appointed to conduct the exchanges at particular locations. Prisoners could also be released on parole.

The system began to break down when the Confederates classified African-American prisoners of war as fugitive slaves, who ought to be returned to their owners instead of being exchanged.  On July 30, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln issued General Orders 252, which effectively suspended the Dix–Hill Cartel until the Confederate forces agreed to treat black prisoners the same as white prisoners. In August 1864, General Grant refused to reinstate the full agreement because the Union by that time held many more Confederate soldiers as prisoners than there were Union soldiers held by the Confederacy, though some exchanges continue. Exchanges officially resumed in January 1865.

Earlier prisoner exchanges
At the outbreak of the Civil War, the Federal government adopted a tough attitude toward the rebels. The Lincoln administration wanted to avoid any action that might appear as an official recognition of the Confederate government in Richmond, including the formal transfer of military captives. In the North, public opinion on prisoner exchanges began to soften after the First Battle of Bull Run, when the rebels captured about one thousand Union soldiers.

Prior to the cartel's creation, Union and Confederate forces exchanged prisoners sporadically, usually as an act of humanity between opposing field commanders. In some cases, a transfer of only sick and wounded captives took place. Exchanges for just a couple of prisoners between sides could prove very time-consuming to achieve. A few military commanders unfamiliar with the practice were reluctant to engage in exchanges without explicit approval and instruction from their superiors.

Progress toward an agreement
Throughout the initial months of the Civil War, support for prisoner exchanges grew in the North. Petitions from prisoners in Southern captivity and articles in Northern newspapers increased pressure on the Lincoln administration.  On December 11, 1861, the U.S. Congress passed a joint resolution calling on President Lincoln to "inaugurate systematic measures for the exchange of prisoners in the present rebellion."

In Missouri during October and November 1861, Union Maj. General John Frémont and Maj. General Sterling Price of the Missouri State Guard approved the exchange of their existing prisoners and agreed to terms for the transfer of future captives. However, President Abraham Lincoln relieved Frémont of his command on November 2 for his unauthorized emancipation of slaves in Missouri.

In two meetings on February 23 and March 1, 1862, Union Major Gen. John E. Wool and Confederate Brig. Gen. Howell Cobb met to reach an agreement on prisoner exchanges. They discussed many of the provisions later adopted in the Dix-Hill agreement. An earlier cartel arrangement used between the United States and Great Britain in the War of 1812 provided a model for the negotiators to adapt in the 1862 talks.

Differences over which side would cover expenses for prisoner transportation stymied the negotiations between Wool and Cobb. Another issue over how to handle the surplus of prisoners held by one side proved an insurmountable problem. Cobb would not agree to Wool's proposal for an even swap of prisoners at that time while deferring resolution of the surplus issue to later negotiations.

In June 1862, General Cobb met with Union Col. Thomas M. Key, an aide to Maj. Gen. George McClellan, in another attempt to reach an agreement on prisoner exchanges. Key discussed other matters with Cobb beyond the topic of prisoners, and in reply, Secretary of War Edwin Stanton fired a sharp comment to McClellan that

it is not deemed proper for officers bearing flags of truce in respect to the exchange of prisoners to hold any conference with the rebel officers upon the general subject of the existing contest or upon any other subject than what relates to the exchange of prisoners.

To conduct the next round of cartel negotiations, on July 8, Secretary Stanton appointed Maj. Gen. John A. Dix. By early July, General Cobb became ill and could no longer represent the Confederate authorities. As Cobb's replacement, CSA General Robert E. Lee named Maj. Gen. D. H. Hill on July 14.  To prepare for his negotiations with his Confederate counterpart in July 1862, General Dix requested that War Secretary Stanton provide a copy of all of General Wool's correspondence with the rebels relating to the prior cartel discussions.

Summary of the 1862 agreement
The cartel agreement established a scale of equivalents to manage the exchange of military officers and enlisted personnel. For example, a naval captain or a colonel in the army would exchange for fifteen privates or common seamen, while personnel of equal ranks would transfer man for man.

The agreement named two locations for the exchanges to occur, one at A. M. Aiken's Landing, below Dutch Gap, in Virginia, and the other at Vicksburg, Mississippi.  Each government would appoint an agent to handle the exchange and parole of prisoners.  The agreement also allowed the exchange or parole of captives between the commanders of two opposing forces.

In addition, the agreement permitted each side to exchange non-combatants, such as citizens accused of disloyalty, and civilian employees of the military, such as teamsters and sutlers.  Authorities were to parole any prisoners not formally exchanged within ten days following their capture.  The terms of the cartel prohibited paroled prisoners from returning to the military in any capacity including "the performance of field, garrison, police, or guard, or constabulary duty."

Operation of the cartel
In the first week of August 1862, the cartel's newly appointed agents, Confederate Robert Ould and Union Brig. Gen. Lorenzo Thomas, conducted their first official prisoner exchange under the agreement's terms with a transfer of 3021 Union personnel for 3000 Confederates at Aiken's Landing.

The prisoner exchanges functioned well until December 1862 when Confederate President Jefferson Davis suspended the parole of Union officers following the execution of William Mumford, a New Orleans citizen, by Union General Benjamin F. Butler earlier that year. In reaction, Union Secretary Stanton ordered a halt to all exchanges of commissioned officers.

Further difficulties developed when the Confederate government refused to parole and exchange any African-American soldiers taken captive who might have escaped from slavery.  Confederate authorities decided instead to treat these prisoners as runaways suitable only for return to their former owners.

In March 1863, the Confederate exchange agent, Robert Ould, sent a letter to Jefferson Davis with these complaints about the Union's exchange efforts:

I am more and more satisfied every day that the Federal Government does not intend to keep faith with us in the matter of prisoners or exchanges. I believe its officials are taxing their ingenuity to find out the most available methods of deceit and fraud. I received yesterday official evidence that some forty officers entitled long ago to their release, and who in fact are exchanged under existing agreements, are now imprisoned at Camp Chase, and yet the Federal Agent with an earnestness intended to be peculiarly impressive, assured me three days ago, that not one of these officers was confined in that place. Not one day passes that some evidence does not come to hand of Yankee fraud and mendacity. Four weeks ago the Federal Agent informed me in writing that it was not the intention of his Government to make any more arrests of non combatants in our territory, and yet more have been made since that declaration than during any previous equal space of time.

By early June 1863, the exchanges had effectively stopped.

On June 12, 1863, CSA Vice President Alexander Stephens wrote to Jefferson Davis offering his services to travel to Washington, D.C. in order to negotiate the issues over the prisoner exchange as well as to discuss larger diplomatic issues between the Confederate and Union governments. Davis accepted the offer in July 1863 and appointed Stephens as "a military commissioner under flag of truce" to approach the authorities in Washington. His primary mission was:

to establish the cartel for the exchange of prisoners on such a basis as to avoid the constant difficulties and complaints which arise, and to prevent for the future what we deem the unfair conduct of our enemies in evading the delivery of prisoners who fall into their hands; in retarding it by sending them on circuitous routes, and by detaining them sometimes for months in camps in prisons; and in persisting in taking captive noncombatants.

The federal authorities in Washington refused to accept the request to negotiate.

In November 1863, Union General Benjamin Butler requested permission from Secretary of War Edwin Stanton to negotiate for the resumption of the prisoner exchanges. After reviewing correspondence from the Confederates, Butler had an idea that the rebels would exchange captives without regard to their "color, caste, or condition."  Since the Federals held twice as many prisoners as their opponents, Butler proposed that a renewal of the exchanges would deplete the number of prisoners held by the Confederates. If the "colored prisoners and their officers" were not handed over, then the Union's remaining surplus of rebel prisoners would serve as hostages for possible "retaliation and reprisal." On December 17,  Maj. General Ethan Allen Hitchcock appointed Butler as a "special agent for exchange of prisoners." While conducting these new exchanges, "the protection of the Government" would remain for "colored soldiers of the United States and the officers commanding them." Butler was to avoid "the question of parole and excess now pending" between the two sides. Within days, Butler started exchanging prisoners with the Confederates, and continued the transfers into the early months of 1864. Despite his original mandate, Butler tried to resolve the outstanding cartel issues with the rebel authorities while facing General Hitchcock's growing opposition over the scope and conduct of his activities.

Asked to review the situation in April 1864, Union General Ulysses S. Grant ordered the halt of all exchanges until the Confederates recognized "the validity of the paroles of the prisoners captured at Vicksburg and Port Hudson," and stopped discrimination against "colored soldiers."

In August 1864, Robert Ould accepted a Union proposal to make equal exchanges, "officer for officer and man for man" with the first releases going to those "longest in captivity." While Ould's offer circulated through Federal government, Butler wrote to Ould in September proposing a special exchange of all "sick and invalid officers and men . . . unfit for duty and likely to remain so for sixty days." To make the transfer easier, he proposed that the exchange occur at Fort Pulaski outside Savannah, Georgia. By the end of November, the belligerents had transferred several thousand prisoners near Savannah, and conducted a second transfer under similar terms in Charleston.

In January 1865 with the end of the war in sight, General Grant permitted the resumption of exchanges when the Confederate authorities agreed to include all prisoners.  By February, Grant wrote to Secretary of War Stanton that he was trying to exchange 3000 prisoners a week, and requested that preference first go to disabled troops since "few of these will be got in the ranks again and as we can count upon but little reinforcement from the prisoners we get."

In his military history, The Longest Night, historian David J. Eicher states that the "Union Army paroled or exchanged 329,963 Confederate prisoners of war, while the Confederacy paroled or exchanged about 152,015 Union prisoners of war."

The cartel's exchange officials

Confederate
Robert Ould served as the official exchange agent for the Confederate government from 1862 to 1865.
N. G. Watts assisted with prisoner exchanges at Vicksburg.
Ignacy Szymański (1806–1874)

Union
The Union Army had several officers who became involved in the prisoner exchanges:
Lorenzo Thomas, agent from July through September 1862.
William H. Ludlow, agent from fall 1862 to summer 1863.
Solomon A. Meredith, agent from summer 1863 until 1864
Ethan Allen Hitchcock, agent starting in 1864
John Elmer Mulford, assistant agent of exchange
Benjamin F. Butler
Charles C. Dwight
Henry M. Lazelle, handled exchanges at Vicksburg.

See also
 American Civil War prison camps
 Lieber Code: Orders for the conduct of Union forces signed by President Lincoln on April 24, 1863.

Notes

References

Simon, John Y., ed., The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, Southern Illinois University Press (1967- ) Multivolume complete edition of letters to and from Grant. As of Feb. 2008, volumes 1 to 28 cover through September 1878.

Further reading

1862 in the United States


Saint-Julien-du-Terroux () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

Notable person
 René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur (1683–1757), entomologist, died in Saint-Julien-du-Terroux

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintjulienduterroux


Saint-Ellier-du-Maine (, literally Saint-Ellier of the Maine) is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

The commune is part of the historical province of Maine.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Saintellierdumaine


Sainte-Marie-du-Bois () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. The town is near the regional park Normandie-Maine, approximately 11 km.

The municipality covers 11.3 km2 and had 217 inhabitants in 2017. With a density of 18.6 inhabitants per square kilometre, Sainte-Marie-du-Bois has increased by 0.5% of its population by 1999.

See also
Communes of Mayenne
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine

References

Saintemariedubois


Sainte-Suzanne () is a former commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Sainte-Suzanne-et-Chammes. French composer Jean Déré died in Sainte-Suzanne on 6 December 1970.

See also
Siege of Sainte-Suzanne
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintesuzanne


Saint-Fort () is a former commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Château-Gontier-sur-Mayenne.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintfort


Saint-Fraimbault-de-Prières () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintfraimbaultdeprieres


Saint-Georges-Buttavent is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

The commune has three villages: Saint-Georges-Buttavent, Fontaine-Daniel and La-Chapelle-au-Grain.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintgeorgesbuttavent


Saint-Georges-le-Fléchard () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

Geography
The Vaige forms most of the commune's eastern border.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintgeorgesleflechard


Saint-Georges-sur-Erve () is a commune in the Mayenne department, Pays de la Loire region in north-western France. The local people are known as 'Ervigeorgeais'.

It consists of a small sized village, home to a school, library and town hall, as well as a restaurant which serves as a tabac and newsagent to the village.

There is also a small mountain bike group, the Saint-Georges Adventure Group, which does yearly biking competitions starting at Saint-Georges to other areas.

Gallery

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintgeorgessurerve


Saint-Germain-d'Anxure is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintgermaindanxure


Saint-Germain-de-Coulamer is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintgermaindecoulamer


Saint-Germain-le-Fouilloux () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintgermainlefouilloux


Saint-Germain-le-Guillaume () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintgermainleguillaume


Saint-Jean-sur-Erve () is a former commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Blandouet-Saint Jean.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintjeansurerve


Saint-Jean-sur-Mayenne (, literally Saint-Jean on Mayenne) is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintjeansurmayenne


Marvin Townes  (born November 9, 1980) is a former American football running back.

College

An honor roll student at East Carolina University, Townes earned All-Conference USA honors as a kick returner and posted the 12th 1,000 yard season in school history.  As a junior in 2003, finished with 1,128 rushing yards, scored 8 touchdowns, and caught 23 passes for 176 yards.  His senior season was a disappointment after rehabbing from injury during the off-season; despite being only one of three schools in the nation to return two 1,000 yard rushers (Townes with Art Brown), new offensive coordinator Noah Brindise installed a Fun-N-Gun offense, and Townes managed only 234 yards on 87 carries with 1 touchdown and 7 receptions for 23 yards.

He ended his career with a total of 1,832 rushing yards on 447 carries and 12 touchdowns.

Professional
Amid speculation Townes might switch to wide receiver in the professional ranks, he went undrafted in the 2005 NFL Draft and received limited attention, ultimately getting a tryout with the New York Jets and not much else.  An injury forced his release from the Canadian Football League’s Winnipeg Blue Bombers shortly after, and Townes turned to the Carolina Speed of the American Indoor Football Association in 2007 but did not play.

Townes was selected in the 44th round, 259th overall, by Team Alabama in the 2008 All American Football League Draft.

References

1980 births
American football running backs
East Carolina Pirates football players
Living people
Players of American football from North Carolina
People from Warrenton, North Carolina


The Diocese of Beja () is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic church in Portugal. It is a suffragan of the archdiocese of Évora.

History
Beja lies on the site of Pax Julia, or Paca, of the Romans, and is still surrounded by remains of old Roman walls, partly restored. The diocese was created 10 June 1770. Beja was taken from its Islamic rulers in 1162 by Afonso I of Portugal. Beja Cathedral is an old church, much modernized, of uncertain date.

The chronicler Isidorus Pacensis, of the eighth century, was traditionally said to have been bishop of Beja; but this is now disputed.

See also
Catholic Church in Portugal

References

External links
 Official page

Beja
Beja, Roman Catholic Diocese of


Grez-en-Bouère is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Grezenbouere


Chevaigné-du-Maine is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Chevaignedumaine


Colombiers-du-Plessis () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Colombiersduplessis


Saint-Hilaire-du-Maine (, literally Saint-Hilaire of the Maine) is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France. The writer and photographer Jean-Loup Trassard was born in Saint-Hilaire-du-Maine in 1933.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Sainthilairedumaine


Saint-Laurent-des-Mortiers () is a former commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Bierné-les-Villages.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintlaurentdesmortiers


Saint-Loup-du-Dorat () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

Geography
The Vaige forms most of the commune's north-eastern border.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintloupdudorat


Saint-Loup-du-Gast is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintloupdugast


Saint-Mars-du-Désert () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintmarsdudesert


Saint-Mars-sur-Colmont (, literally Saint-Mars on Colmont) is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. The river Colmont, a tributary of the Mayenne, flows through the commune.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintmarssurcolmont


Saint-Martin-de-Connée () is a former commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2021, it was merged into the new commune Vimartin-sur-Orthe.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintmartindeconnee


Saint-Martin-du-Limet () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintmartindulimet


Saint-Michel-de-Feins () is a former commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Bierné-les-Villages.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintmicheldefeins


Saint-Michel-de-la-Roë (, literally Saint-Michel of La Roë) is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintmicheldelaroe


Épineux-le-Seguin () is a former commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Val-du-Maine.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Former communes of Mayenne


Santa Gertrudis is a municipality in the state of Oaxaca.  Its municipal seat is also called Santa Gertrudis. Its territory encompasses 21.69 km2, representing 0.02% of the total area of the state. Its approximate distance to the capital city of Oaxaca is 41 km.
It is part of the Zimatlán District in the west of the Valles Centrales Region

Its climate is temperate, with prevailing winds from the north.

According to the INEGI 2005 census, the municipality has a total of 2,661 people, with a total of 689 housing units.

Its major economic activities are industries, products and services, agriculture and livestock. Agriculture is the economic basis, with 80% of the population taking part. The breeding and sale of livestock, small business activities, bureaucratic functions occupy approximately 20% of the population. The economically active population of the town amounts to 943.

The regional cuisine consists of mole accompanied with white rice, beef stew, pork liver with scrambled egg ( for breakfast) and typical drinks as chocolate, chocolate atole, tejate, and mescal.

References
 Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México – Estado de Oaxaca
 http://www.mapasmexico.net/santa-gertrudis-oaxaca.html

Municipalities of Oaxaca


Fougerolles-du-Plessis () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Fougerollesduplessis
Maine (province)


Gennes-sur-Glaize () is a former commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Gennes-Longuefuye.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Gennessurglaize
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Alisdair Simpson (born 1969) is a British actor, voice-over artist and narrator. He has a distinctive, masculine voice, making him a popular and recognisable narrator of documentaries on television.

He appeared as Ser Donnel Waynward, the Knight of the Bloody Gate in Series Four of Game of Thrones and between 2014 and 2016 he was Chapman Carter in War Horse at The New London Theatre. He was the voice of Richard in the BAFTA winning and Oscar nominated The Bigger Picture, a short animation film directed by Daisy Jacobs.

He has narrated over 250 documentaries including Pompeii: The Last Day, Lost Land of the Jaguar, Expedition Borneo, Operation Iceberg, Doctors in the Death Zone, The Somme – From Defeat to Victory for the BBC. Other programmes for WMR broadcast on the Yesterday include: Nazi Hunters, Nazi Collaborators, Secret War, Great Crimes and Trials and Black Ops.

Biography and professional career

Simpson went to the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School and graduated in 1995.

His professional stage debut was at the Royal Exchange, Manchester in Tartuffe by Molière, and has gone on to work at Stratford and London in The White Devil, Troilus and Cressida and Three Hours after Marriage (1996/97) for the RSC. He was the King of France in Yukio Ninagawa's 1999/2000 production of King Lear in Tokyo, London and Stratford. He was Captain Horster in Trevor Nunn's 1997 production of Ibsen's An Enemy of the People at the National Theatre and the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles.

He was Achilles in Troilus and Cressida for Shakespeare at the Tobacco Factory in Bristol in 2003. He has also appeared at Watermill Theatre in the play Neville's Island, on tour in Stephen Daldry's An Inspector Calls and in The Years Between at the Royal in Northampton. In 2008 he appeared at the Young Vic in an opera based on David Lynch's Lost Highway. From 2014–2016 he played Chapman Carter in War Horse at The New London Theatre.

On television he has appeared in programmes such as Game of Thrones, No Bananas, Soldier Soldier, Men Behaving Badly, Teachers, Spooks, The Worst Week of My Life, Broken News, The Bill, Casualty and Dream Team.

Narrator

Simpson has narrated over 250 documentaries and he has voiced commercial campaigns for many companies. He has voiced audio guides for the Metropolitan Museum of Modern Art, New York and various corporate pieces.

Filmography
 No Bananas (1996)
 Soldier Soldier (1996)
 Men Behaving Badly (1997)
 Casualty (2001)
 Doctors (2001)
 The Bill (2003, 2005)
 Spooks (2004)
 Genghis Khan (Narration) (2005)
 Broken News (2005)
 The Worst Week of My Life (2005)
 Waking the Dead (2007)
 Sea of Souls (2007)
 The Whistleblowers (2007)
 Pacific Abyss (2008)
Game of Thrones (2014)
Get Santa (2014)

Narration
 Pompeii: The Last Day (Narration) (2003)
 Supervolcano: The Truth About Yellowstone (Narration) (2005)
 The Somme – From Defeat to Victory (Narration) (2006)
 The Science of Superstorms (Narration) (2007)
 Expedition Borneo (Narration) (2007)
 Lost Land of the Jaguar (Narration) (2008)
 Ancient Rome (Narration)
 Ancient MegaStructures (Narration)
 1000 Ways to Die (Narration) (2008)
 Nazi Hunters (Narration) (2010)
 Great Crimes and Trials (Narration) (2011)
 Secret War (Narration) (2012)
 Black Ops (Narration) (2012, 2014)
 Myth Hunters (aka Raiders of the Lost Past) (Narration) (2013-2015)
 Ancient Black Ops (Narration) (2014)
Operation Gold Rush with Dan Snow (2016) (Narration)
Hitler's Circle of Evil (2017) (Narration)

Other works

In 1996 Simpson appeared in the John Webster play The White Devil produced by the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Swan Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon, England.

See also

 Voice-over
 Documentary film
 Docudrama

References
Alisdair on episodeworld

External links
Alisdair on fanmail

Living people
Alumni of Bristol Old Vic Theatre School
British male voice actors
British male stage actors
British male television actors
1969 births


Dominic D'Alessandro, OC (born January 18, 1947) is a Canadian business executive. From January 1994, to May 2009, D'Alessandro was the president and CEO of Manulife Financial, a major insurance company and financial services provider. In May 2009, Donald Guloien, senior executive vice president and chief investment officer, succeeded D'Alessandro as president and CEO of Manulife Financial. On Nov. 12, 2009, D'Alessandro was appointed to join the board of directors at Suncor Energy Inc., Canada's largest energy company.

Awards and recognition
D'Alessandro was given the title "Canada's Outstanding CEO of the Year" in 2002 by his peers for his contribution to business and the community and named an Officer of the Order of Canada in August 2003. Additionally, in 2004, he was given the title, "Canada's Most Respected CEO".

In November 2006, Prime Minister of Canada, Stephen Harper named D'Alessandro to the advisory committee on the Public Service of Canada, and in June 2006 appointed him to the North American Free Trade Agreement's (NAFTA) North American Competitiveness Council.

He received the International Distinguished Entrepreneur Award from the University of Manitoba in June 2007, and has also received the Canadian Business Leader Award from the Alberta School of Business, University of Alberta in March 2007, an honorary doctorate from York University in June 2006, a 2005 Horatio Alger Award, a Special Lifetime Management Achievement Award from McGill University in February 2005, Concordia University's Loyola Medal in May 2004, the University of Toronto's Arbour Award in September 1999, and an honorary doctorate from Concordia University in June 1998. D'Alessandro was also made a fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in 1993.

References

Living people
1947 births
Canadian chief executives
Concordia University alumni
Officers of the Order of Canada
People from Molise
Canadian corporate directors
Italian emigrants to Canada


(English: "Mary's Festival of the Candles") is a Welsh name of Candlemas, celebrated on 2 February. It was derived from the pre-Reformation ceremony of blessing the candles and distributing them to be carried in a procession. However, just as this Christian ceremony drew on pagan festivals connected with the coming of the Spring, some of the old practices that carried on in parts of Wales until the 20th century suggest older rituals.

Customs
 As with most of the festivals of the year, rites of divination were carried out at Candlemas. In one recorded instance, it was customary for people to light two candles, and place them on a table or high bench. Then each member of the family in turn would sit down on a chair between the candles and take a drink out of a horn goblet or beaker. Afterward, they would throw the vessel over their head and if it fell in an upright position, the person who threw it would live to reach very old age; if it fell bottom-up, the person would die early. That 'drink', usually beer, was associated with Candlemas.
 The custom of wassailing involved wishing for fertile crops and an increase of livestock in the coming year for those who provided the wassailers with ale. Like the ceremonies in Ireland for St Brigit's day, the early Spring was the time to ensure protection and fertility for the crops and animals. If the sun shone on the altar on Candlemas Day, it was thought that there would be an abundant harvest the following year. However, if a single crow was seen hovering or circling over a house on the eve or day of Candlemas, it was considered unlucky.
 The period of time when working by candlelight was allowed, due to it being the dark part of the year, was , the time of keeping vigil. The candle was then handed back on 2 February when the light had increased enough for candles to be dispensed with and the farm animals to be fed before dark.

References

February observances
Welsh folklore


Soulgé-sur-Ouette () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department
Ouette

References

Soulgesurouette


Mée () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

History
Under the Ancien Régime, the town was part of the stronghold of the Angevin barony of Craon, depended on the main senechaussee of Angers and the chosen country of Château-Gontier.

In 1635 was listed on the territory of the municipality a rather mediocre fund, containing 350 arpents in arable land, 165 in pasture, 85 in meadows, 216 in wood, 8 in farms and 214 in "heaths and ungrateful lands."

The main resource of the town was for a long time only the chestnut trees. There were 54 farms in Méé in 1853.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Ménil () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. Its population in the census of 1999 was 785 inhabitants.

It is a member of the Community of Pays de Château-Gontier.

See also
Communes of Mayenne
Menil Collection

References

Communes of Mayenne


Méral () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

Geography
The Oudon River forms part of the commune's north-eastern border.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

External links

 Official Website

Communes of Mayenne


Mézangers () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Montaudin () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Montenay () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


The eighth edition of the Caribbean Series (Serie del Caribe) was played in 1956. It was held from February 10 through February 15, featuring the champion baseball teams of Cuba, Elefantes de Cienfuegos; Panama, Chesterfield Smokers; Puerto Rico, Criollos de Caguas and Venezuela, Industriales de Valencia. The format consisted of 12 games, each team facing the other teams twice. The games were played at Estadio Olímpico de Panamá in Panama City, Panama.

Summary
In this edition, Cienfuegos won the first of five consecutive Series titles for the Cuban team. Cienfuegos was managed by Oscar Rodríguez and finished with a 5-1 record. The pitching staff was guided by Camilo Pascual (2-0, 11 strikeouts, 2.50 ERA), Pedro Ramos (2-0, 1.59 ERA) and René Gutiérrez (1-0, 0.00 ERA in  innings). The offense was clearly led by catcher and Series MVP Ray Noble (.400 BA, one home run, .654 OBP and 1B Bob Boyd (.304 BA, one HR, 11 RBI, .522 SLG). Other contributions came from 2B Curt Roberts (.375, one HR, six runs, .542 SLG), Chico Fernández (.269, 10 runs, one HR) and 3B Milt Smith (two HR, .522 SLG). The roster also included IF Ossie Alvarez, OFs Prentice Browne and Archie Wilson and Ps Sandalio Consuegra, Seth Morehead and Gene Bearden, among others.

Panama, with Standford Graham at the helm, posted a 3-3 record to tie Puerto Rico for second place. Ps Don Elston, Ross Grimsley and Wally Burnette got the victories while 1B Elías Osorio (.286, 3 HR, .762 SLG) led the offense. Grimsley made the All-Star team, as well as OFs Bobby Prescott and Bill Stewart. The line up was also filled with Héctor López (2B), Humberto Robinson (P), David Roberts (OF) and Joe Tuminelli (3B).

Puerto Rico was managed by Ben Geraghty and got wins from Taylor Phillips, Roberto Vargas and Chi-Chi Olivo, while 1B Lou Limmer (.350, three HR, six runs, eight RBI) provided punch in the lineup. Also in the roster were Ps Tom Lasorda and Paul Stuffel, and Cs Bill Cash and Ray Murray; IFs Daryl Spencer (2B), Víctor Pellot Power (3B) and Félix Mantilla (SS), as well as OFs Wes Covington and Chuck Harmon.

Venezuela was managed by Regino Otero and finished in last place with a 1-5 mark. The team was outscored by their opponents 47-14. Bright spots were Ps Turk Farrell and Jim Pearce. Farrell recorded the lone win against Puerto Rico in a one-run, one hit  effort, while Pearce took an 11-inning, 2-1 loss to Panama, striking out nine batters without giving a walk. Valencia also featured Ed Bailey (C), Tommy Brown (1B), Elio Chacón (CF), Emilio Cueche (P), Julián Ladera (P) and Ron Mrozinski (P).

Participating teams

Final standings

Scoreboards

Game 1, February 10

Game 2, February 10

Game 3, February 11

Game 4, February 11

Game 5, February 12

Game 6, February 12

Game 7, February 13

Game 8, February 13

Game 9, February 14

Game 10, February 14

Game 11, February 15

Game 12, February 15

Statistics leaders

Awards

See also
Ballplayers who have played in the Series

References

Sources
Antero Núñez, José. Series del Caribe. Jefferson, Caracas, Venezuela: Impresos Urbina, C.A., 1987.
Gutiérrez, Daniel. Enciclopedia del Béisbol en Venezuela – 1895–2006 . Caracas, Venezuela: Impresión Arte, C.A., 2007.

External links
Official site
Latino Baseball
Series del Caribe, Las (Spanish)

Caribbean
Caribbean Series
International baseball competitions hosted by Panama
1956 in Panama
1956 in Caribbean sport
Sports competitions in Panama City
Caribbean Series
20th century in Panama City


Averton () is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Origné () is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Crennes-sur-Fraubée () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Crennessurfraubee


Saint-Ouën-des-Toits () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintouendestoits


Saint-Ouën-des-Vallons () is a former commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

From 1 January 2019 the commune was unified with Montsûrs-Saint-Céneré, Deux-Évailles and Montourtier, and the new municipality took the name of Montsûrs.

See also

 Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintouendesvallons


Saint-Pierre-des-Landes () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

Amenities: Small supermarket, boulangerie, infant school, dechetterie, repair garage, hairdresser, Mairie, fire station, small War Memorial, public toilets, small fishing lake

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintpierredeslandes


Saint-Pierre-des-Nids () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine

References

External links

Photos

Saintpierredesnids


Saint-Pierre-la-Cour () is a commune, in the Mayenne department in the north-western of France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintpierrelacour
Mayenne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Pierre-sur-Erve () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintpierresurerve


Saint-Pierre-sur-Orthe is a former commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2021, it was merged into the new commune Vimartin-sur-Orthe.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine

References

Saintpierresurorthe


Saint-Poix () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintpoix


Saint-Quentin-les-Anges () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintquentinlesanges


Saint-Saturnin-du-Limet () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Saintsaturnindulimet


Saint-Thomas-de-Courceriers () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

External links

Official website

Saintthomasdecourceriers


The Lightning Raider is a 1919 American action film serial directed by George B. Seitz. It was the on-screen debut of Boris Karloff, albeit as an extra. The film serial survives in an incomplete state with some reels preserved at the Library of Congress Public Archives of Canada/Dawson City collection and other film archives, but it is not available on home video. The serial was shown in France as Par Amour.

Plot
A beautiful young woman is in reality a daring master thief. While fleeing the scene of her latest robbery, she meets a handsome young millionaire named Thomas Babbington North. The film belongs to the sensationalistic "Yellow Menace" genre of its time, with Warner Oland playing the insidious Oriental Wu Fang.

Cast

 Pearl White as The Lightning Raider
 Warner Oland as Wu Fang
 Henry G. Sell as Thomas Babbington North
 Ruby Hoffman as Lottie
 William P. Burt as The Wasp (credited as William Burt)
 Frank Redman as Hop Sing
 Nellie Burt as Sunbeam
 Sam Kim
 Henrietta Simpson
 Boris Karloff as an extra
 Billy Sullivan (credited as William A. Sullivan)
 Anita Brown

Episodes
 The Ebony Block
 The Counterplot
 Underworld Terrors
 Through Doors of Steel
 The Brass Key
 The Mystic Box
 Meshes of Evil
 Cave of Dread
 Falsely Accused
 The Baited Trap
 The Bars of Death
 Hurled Into Space
 The White Roses
 Cleared of Guilt
 Wu Fang Atones

See also
 List of film serials
 List of film serials by studio
 Boris Karloff filmography

References

External links

1919 films
1910s action films
American black-and-white films
American action films
American silent serial films
Films directed by George B. Seitz
Pathé Exchange film serials
1910s American films


Châtillon-sur-Colmont (, literally Châtillon on Colmont) is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. The river Colmont flows through the commune.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Chatillonsurcolmont


Villiers-Charlemagne () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Villierscharlemagne


Villepail () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine

References

Communes of Mayenne


Vimarcé () is a former commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2021, Vimarcé was merged into the new commune Vimartin-sur-Orthe.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine

References

Former communes of Mayenne


Voutré () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Communes of Mayenne


Thorigné-en-Charnie () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Thorigneencharnie


Torcé-Viviers-en-Charnie () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Torceviviersencharnie


Thubœuf () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine

References

Thuboeuf


Javron-les-Chapelles () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Javronleschapelles


Lassay-les-Châteaux () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

History
Lassay-les-Châteaux is classified as a Petite Cité de Caractère, or Small City of Character. The small town of character label is awarded to small municipalities boasting a high-quality, coherent architectural heritage, and undertake to preserve their heritage and promote it to inhabitants and visitors.

The town is named for its three chateaux, or Castles: Château de Lassay, Château du Bois Thibault and Château Bois Frou. Château de Lassay has eight substantial towers and is largely intact, although restoration work continues on the structure; the ruins of Château du Bois Thibault are substantial, comprising two round towers and the accommodation building; while little remains of Château Bois Frou, other than a large stone gateway, portions of two towers and a small segment of wall.

Lassay castle fort, built in the 14th and 15th centuries, is classified as an Historic Monument and is an intact example of medieval military architecture, incorporating a two-storey barbican, small castle, eight round towers and curtain walls with Machicolations. It is scenically situated next to one of the town's two Ponds. A medieval garden recreated by local volunteers is connected to the building. An adjacent chapel and the Murals it contains are also classified as Historic Monuments. The Lassay chateau was built on the site of a previous, 12th-century castle that was demolished during the Hundred Years War. It belongs to the Montalembert family who are gradually restoring it, and is open to the public during the summer.

Château de Lassay received historical monument classification in 1862. It has been open to visitors since the 1930s, although it was closed for a period during and after World War II.

The castle was seriously damaged during the Second World War. Initially, it was looted in 1940 by refugees fleeing the German Blitzkrieg. Later, the German occupiers further damaged the buildings, which remained deserted until Pierre de Montalembert opened the chateau to the public in the 1950s. The current comte and comtesse Aymeri de Montalembert are committed to restoring and preserving their ancestral home. Four of the eight towers have been restored since 2014, but the roofs of the remaining four towers are in fragile condition and need significant work. Work to consolidate the slope supporting one tower has also uncovered deterioration and disintegration of the rock on which the chateau stands, largely due to the effects of water and tree roots. Work will be needed to stabilise the base on which the chateau stands.

Also listed as an Historic Monument, the Château du Bois Thibault is constructed on the old foundations of the fortress of Foulques Nerra, dating from the 11th century. Remaining remnants include portions of a square building and two round towers. Guided tours are organised during the summer, and activities such as treasure hunts are held each year at the ruins of the chateau.

The Historic Monument-listed Benedictine Convent has an adjacent rose garden whose more than 300 varieties of Roses attract many visitors, and a restored, four-part medieval garden comprising a herb garden, orchard, copse and green carpet.

Saint Fraimbault, saint evangelizer of Maine in the 6th century, is buried in Lassay-les-Châteaux.

Monuments

Geography
Lassay-les-Châteaux is located within the Parc naturel régional et Géoparc Normandie-Maine, or Normandie-Maine Regional Nature Park.

It is located in the gently rolling landscape of the department of Mayenne, which forms part of the region of Pays de la Loire and close to the border of Normandy.

It covers an area of 57.63 km2 (5,763 hectares), and has an altitude that ranges from 98 metres to 270 metres above sea level. Lassay-les-Châteaux is 90 kilometres from Le Mans and 50 kilometres from the historic town of Laval which is the chief town of Mayenne. The nearest larger town is Mayenne, 17 km to the southwest.

The Normandy-Maine Regional Nature Park attracts nature enthusiasts and outdoor adventurers to its wooded hills, rocky cliffs, steep river valleys and patchwork of farmland meadows defined by hedgerows. Visitors are attracted to the nature park's beauty and also to activities such as hiking, horse riding, mountain biking, canoeing and kayaking, and fishing.

Architecture
The buildings in Lassay-les-Châteaux are largely built from local granite with shingle roofs. Many homes have colourful Window shutters and there is a traditional town square with colourful hanging flower baskets. The town is named for the one intact chateau and ruins of two others. The village also has a number of historic stone Lavoirs – or washhouses – along the banks of the Lassay River.

Lassay-les-Châteaux has a number of religious buildings. They include the Benedictine convent that is listed as an Historic Monument; the nearby church of Saint Fraimbault; the Church of St. Lawrence of La Baroche-Gondouin, a Romanesque-style church that was constructed in the latter half of the 19th century on the location of a much older building. Others include the Saint-Médard church, also built in the 19th century; the Saint-Joseph chapel, built in the 17th century; and the chapels of Saint-Mathieu and Saint-Roch.

Culture
Impressionist painter Camille Pissarro stayed in Lassay-les-Châteaux on a number of occasions and painted "Moisson à Montfoucault," during one of his visits. The Pissarro-Piette trail guides visitors in the footsteps of the artist and his friends.

A number of Festivals and arts events are held in the town throughout the year, but primarily in the summer months. The castle itself also hosts events such as medieval, aerial and musical festivals, theatre productions and Concerts, candlelight tours and battle re-enactments.

On the first weekend of June each year, the Painters in the Streets event is held. Visitors and locals can explore open-air Exhibitions and watch artists creating their works. A number of events are scheduled each July. They include Les Entrelacés, a festival of street arts, two Arthurian-themed treasure hunts at the Château du Bois Thibault, and a painting exhibition. A photography contest is held in August. In summer, the inhabitants of Lassay-les-Châteaux also dress up and offer dramatised walks of the village. These usually occur in July and August.

On the second Sunday of December, the non-profit Association Culturelle Lassay-les-Châteaux hosts Moment d'Hiver, or Winter Moment, offering free entertainment for children and a meal for Parents. The event includes traditional seasonal fare such as Oysters and grilled Chestnuts, and activities including carriage rides.

Sporting facilities in Lassay include a sports hall, Tennis courts and an outdoor swimming pool that is open seasonally.

The European Union has committed almost €200,000 to the restoration of the Château de Lassay, which has a total budget of €816,751.22. EU funding includes contributions to restoration of the large gatehouse, renovation of both drawbridges, safety upgrades to the barbican, and acquisitions of equipment such as a platform and seating stands. The contributions are designed to enhance the development and use of the barbican for “cultural, historical and sporting activities within an exceptional setting,” and thereby increase the tourist appeal of the town of Lassay-les-Châteaux.

Economy
Lassay-les-Châteaux is a market town and the market is held once a week on Wednesday mornings. A Christmas market is held every December.

The town has a Post office, two Supermarkets, Banks, bars and Restaurants, a hairdresser, two boulangeries and a boucherie, and a tourist office.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine

References

Lassayleschateaux
Maine (province)


Lignières-Orgères () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine

References

Lignieresorgeres


Longuefuye () is a former commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Gennes-Longuefuye.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Former communes of Mayenne
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Senonnes () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

Geography
The Semnon flows westward through the southern part of the commune, crosses the village, then forms most of the commune's south-western border.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Communes of Mayenne


Simplé () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Communes of Mayenne


Soucé () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Communes of Mayenne


Hassall Green is a village in the civil parish of Betchton in the unitary authority of Cheshire East and the ceremonial county of  Cheshire, England. It is traversed by the Trent & Mersey Canal.

See also
St Philip's Church, Hassall Green

References

Villages in Cheshire


Onglières () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Sesto Bruscantini (10 December 1919 – 4 May 2003) was an Italian baritone, one of the greatest buffo singers of the post-war era, especially renowned in Mozart and Rossini.

Biography and career
Bruscantini was born in Civitanova Marche, Marche, Italy. After obtaining a law degree, he turned to vocal studies in Rome, with Luigi Ricci at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia. He won a vocal contest organized by RAI in 1947 and made his debut at La Scala in Milan in 1949, as Geronimo in Cimarosa's Il matrimonio segreto.

Bruscantini rapidly established himself in buffo roles in opera by Mozart and Rossini such as Le nozze di Figaro, Don Giovanni, Cosi fan tutte, Il turco in Italia, L'italiana in Algeri, Il barbiere di Siviglia, La Cenerentola but also in works by Donizetti such as L'elisir d'amore, La fille du régiment and Don Pasquale. In some of these works he often alternated roles, from Figaro to the Count in Nozze, Guglielmo to Alfonso in Cosi, Belcore to Dulcamara in Elisir, Malatesta to Pasquale in Don Pasquale, etc. He also took part in many revivals of opera by Pergolesi, Scarlatti and Cimarosa. He even recorded with Marilyn Horne the first modern performance of Antonio Vivaldi's Orlando Furioso.

In the 1960s, Bruscantini started singing more lyrical and dramatic roles
in opera such as I puritani alternating between Riccardo and Giorgio, and La favorite singing both Alfonso and Baldasare. He also added Verdi roles such as Rigoletto, Germont in La Traviata, Simon Boccanegra, Melitone in La forza del destino, Rodrigo in Don Carlos and Ford in Falstaff.

Bruscantini was a regular guest at the Glyndebourne and Salzburg festivals, the Vienna State Opera, also appearing in Brussels, Monte Carlo, Paris, Madrid, and London. He sang relatively little outside Europe but did appear at the Lyric Opera of Chicago beginning in 1961 as Figaro in Il barbiere di Siviglia, and continuing in a total of 14 roles in 11 seasons through 1985-86.

From 1953 until 1956 Bruscantini was married to soprano Sena Jurinac, with whom he often appeared on stage in the 1950s. Both may be seen in their roles in Le nozze di Figaro in the 1955 film On Such a Night.

Bruscantini enjoyed a long and distinguished career, singing well into his 60s, making his belated Metropolitan Opera debut in 1981, as Taddeo in L'italiana in Algeri, in his two seasons at the Met
he also sang Bartolo in Il barbiere di siviglia and Dulcamara in L'elisir d'amore. He also left an impressive discography, recording as late as 1986, the role of Don Romualdo in Donizetti's Emilia di Liverpool for Opera Rara.

Sesto Bruscantini died in his native Civitanova Marche, on 4 May 2003, aged 83.

Videography
The Metropolitan Opera Centennial Gala, Deutsche Grammophon DVD, 00440-073-4538, 2009

Sources
 Dictionnaire des interprètes, Alain Pâris, (Éditions Robert Laffont, 1989).
 Guide de l’opéra, Les indispensables de la musique, R. Mancini & J-J. Rouvereux, (Fayard, 1989).

External links
Interview with Sesto Bruscantini, December 9, 1981

1919 births
2003 deaths
People from Civitanova Marche
Operatic bass-baritones
Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia alumni
20th-century Italian  male opera singers
Italian operatic baritones
Italian expatriates in the United States


Vaiges () is a commune in the Mayenne department and Pays de la Loire region of France.

Geography
The river Vaige forms part of the commune's northern border, then traverses the commune's territory from north to south before forming part of its south-western border.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Communes of Mayenne


Parné-sur-Roc () is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France, boarding the Jouanne river.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Parnesurroc


Bouessay () is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France.

Geography
The Vaige forms part of the commune's northwestern border, flows southeast through the middle of the commune, then forms most part of the commune's southeastern border.

Population

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Niafles () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Chammes () is a former commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Sainte-Suzanne-et-Chammes.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Former communes of Mayenne


Champéon () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne

References

Communes of Mayenne


Champfrémont () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of Mayenne
Parc naturel régional Normandie-Maine

References

Communes of Mayenne


Changé () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Communes of Mayenne


Champgenéteux () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Communes of Mayenne


Hardanges () is a French commune, located in Mayenne, Pays de la Loire, populated by 203 persons. The commune is part of the historic province of Maine (province).

History
The Latin form of the name . It is formed of a Germanic medieval suffix -ing (indicating property), one of few such examples in West France.

Geography
Hardanges is located 11 km from Villaines-la-Juhel and 17 km from Mayenne. The N12 road is 7 km from the commune.

Hardagnes is a rural commune, as such it is part of those communes judged "sparse or very sparse" by the French Insee. As the commune is part of the  of Mayenne, it is a Crown Commune.

Local culture and heritage
Key sites and monuments include:

 St Peter's Church
 St Matthew's Chapel, built in 1775
 La Chasse-Guerre Castle
 La Butte Park
 Le Saule Mountain

The commune is home to the  motocross circuit.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Communes of Mayenne


Hercé () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

External links

Communes of Mayenne


Houssay () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Communes of Mayenne


Hassall is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Cheshire East and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. The civil parish contains the very small hamlet of Day Green.  According to the 2001 United Kingdom census, the population was 281, reducing to 265 at the 2011 Census.

See also

Listed buildings in Hassall
Hassall Hall

References

External links

Villages in Cheshire
Civil parishes in Cheshire


Izé () is a commune in the arrondissement of Mayenne, Mayenne department, Pays de la Loire, France.

The Izé hall and mairie border a large fishing pond stocked with salmon and trout. The village has its own bakery  and bar-cafe, which also sells basic food supplies.

The  was heavily rebuilt following the tornado of 1978. Renovation works include new stained glass windows incorporating the faces of contemporary political figures, notably François Mitterrand.

In 2018 the French national statistics bureau, Insee, reported that the population of Izé was 457, down from 2,025 in 1836.

The novelist and critic  (1889-1949) was born in Ize on the 7 May 1889. A plaque marks his house today.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Communes of Mayenne


Loigné-sur-Mayenne (, literally Loigné on Mayenne) is a former commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune La Roche-Neuville.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Loignesurmayenne


Launay-Villiers () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Launayvilliers


Vautorte () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Communes of Mayenne


Vieuvy () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France. The name is derived from its 9th-century name Vetus Vico. The commune's original name is derived from the latin words vetus vicus, which means "old-village" in Latin.

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Communes of Mayenne


Saulges () is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.

Gallery

See also
Communes of the Mayenne department

References

Communes of Mayenne


Onoz is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Orbagna () is a former commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Beaufort-Orbagna.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Former communes of Jura (department)
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Orchamps () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


is a short 3-D superhero film based on the Super Sentai franchise that was shown in 1994 in amusement parks and special events nationwide in Japan. It was shown as a triple feature alongside Kamen Rider World and Toei Hero Daishugō (a crossover of Tokusou Robo Janperson and Blue Swat, which also used footage from this short).

Summary
The film involves the team-up of five different Super Sentai teams (Ninja Sentai Kakuranger, Gosei Sentai Dairanger, Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger, Chōjin Sentai Jetman, and Chikyū Sentai Fiveman), who must defend the planet Earth from the evil demon Emperor Daidas. In addition to the five Sentai teams, the film also features Shiro Izumi, who played Yūma Ōzora in Dengeki Sentai Changeman and Burai in Zyuranger, as Masato, a young man who is taken captive Emperor Daidas' forces alongside his sister Ayumi. Masato and Ayumi also appear in Kamen Rider World, linking the two movies. The narration was provided by Hironori Miyata, the narrator from Dairanger.

The film was featured in the DVD release Super Sentai: The Movie Vol. 4. It did not retain the 3D effects from the original theatrical release. It was also included on a bonus disc in the Super Sentai: The Movie Blu-ray box set with Toei Hero Daishugō, this time retaining the 3D effects.

Characters

Heroes
The film features 15 heroes from the aforementioned  Sentai teams. None of them appear out of costumes and only some of them are voiced by their original actors (namely all five members of Kakuranger, RyuuRanger and TenmaRanger from Dairanger, and TyrannoRanger from Zyuranger). Only the initial members of each team appear in the film (thus DragonRanger from Zyuranger and KibaRanger from Dairanger are absent as a result).

The main giant robots of each team also appear in this film: Five Robo from Fiveman, Jet Icarus from Jetman, Daizyuzin from Zyuranger, Dairen-oh from Dairanger, and Muteki Shogun from Kakuranger.

Villains
: A giant extraterrestrial being that plots to conquer the Earth by defeating the five Sentai teams. He is powerful enough to fight against five giant robots at the same time. His only weak point is his third eye.
: The leader of the monster army who serves Daidas. His armor resembles the one worn by Zimba, a villain from Kōsoku Sentai Turboranger.
: Zaigan's ally.
: Another ally of Zaigan. His mask was originally worn by Fujimibōma, a Bōma Monster from Kōsoku Sentai Turboranger.
: A monster who arrives late to the battle holding the two civilians hostage. Wields a gun. His name is unmentioned in the film.
: A monster who arrives at the same time with Soger. His name is also unmentioned in the film.
Foot Soldiers: Revived foot soldiers from previous enemy organizations fought by the five Sentai teams. Includes the Batzler Soldiers from Fiveman,  the Grinam Soldiers from Jetman, the Golem Soldiers from Zyuranger, the Cotpotros from Dairanger, and the Dorodoros from Kakuranger.

Cast
 Shiro Izumi - Masato, Five Red (voice)

Voice actors
 Teruaki Ogawa - Ninja Red
 Satomi Hirose - Ninja White, Five Yellow
 Hiroshi Tsuchida - Ninja Blue
 Shū Kawai - Ninja Yellow
 Kane Kosugi - Ninja Black
 Keiichi Wada - RyuuRanger
 Ei Homura - TenmaRanger, ShishiRanger
 Yūta Mochizuki - TyrannoRanger, Black Condor
 Jūrōta Kosugi - Saigan, Red Hawk
 Dai Matsumoto - Emperor Daidas

Staff
 Music: Eiji Kawamura
 Screenplay: Kyōko Sagiyama
 Direction: Katsuya Watanabe

See also
 Power/Rangers, a similar fan film by Adi Shankar

Notes

1990s Super Sentai films
1994 films
Crossover tokusatsu films
1990s Japanese-language films


Orgelet () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Surrounding communes
Some adjacent communes of Orgelet are:
 Présilly
 Senay - Hamlet of Presilly

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Ougney () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Ounans () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Our () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Lambda Sigma () is an American college honor society for second-year students. Originally named the Society of Cwens, the society was established at the University of Pittsburgh in Fall 1922 as a women's honors society, and became a national organization with the 1925 foundation of chapters at Miami University and the University of Missouri. The society is "dedicated to the purpose of fostering leadership, scholarship, fellowship, and the spirit of service among college students, and to promoting the interests of the college or university in every possible way".

History

Society of Cwens
In the early 1920s, University of Pittsburgh Dean Thyrsa Amos saw the need for a society for outstanding sophomore women. On 7 November 1922, twelve sophomore women responded to invitations and met at Heinz House, electing to found a society to sponsor activities for all freshmen and sophomore women and to "select for membership in the spring those freshman women who displayed the finest Pitt spirit, showed good scholarship and expressed interest in activities through fine participation in them". The society was named Cwens, from the word cwēn, meaning "lady" or "queen" in Anglo-Saxon. The emblem selected was a golden crown resting upon a sceptre.

Soon afterwards, Beta and Gamma chapters were founded at Miami University and the University of Missouri, with the first Society of Cwens conference held in May 1925 on the Miami campus. A charter was obtained to certify Cwens as a national organization; a petition was submitted, and on 16 June 1926, the certificate of incorporation was approved and the charter of the National Society of Cwens was recorded in the Common Pleas Court of Allegheny County. Titles of officers in the organization were given Anglo-Saxon names, and a national convention (called the Witan) was held twice annually, rotating among the colleges and universities having Cwen chapters. The society's publication was called The Tid.

The 1972 Witan, held in Pittsburgh on the campus of Duquesne University, observed the Fiftieth Anniversary of the society and climaxed in a "feast" in the Cathedral of Learning at the University of Pittsburgh. This ceremony, detailed in the book of rituals (the Hydan-Bok), is a revered event in the history of the organization.

Foundation of Lambda Sigma
However, in 1975, the Title IX Education Amendments mandated the abolishment of single-sex organizations in institutions of higher learning. In October 1975, Cwens chapter presidents gave authority to the National Executive Board to disband the society and to formulate plans for a national sophomore honor society for both men and women. The National Board disbanded the National Society of Cwens, founding the Lambda Sigma Society as a direct descendant on 6 March 1976. The Society of Cwens's goal of fostering leadership, scholarship, fellowship, and service remain the same in the child organization.

Insignia
Lambda Sigma's official symbol is composed of the Greek letters Lambda and Sigma in gold imposed on a blue lozenge. The letters are emblematic of the society's ideals of leadership and scholarship.

Membership
Membership in any chapter may not exceed 50 students, or 10 percent of the freshman class - whichever is lower. Students who achieve GPAs within at least the top 35 percent of the class at the time of selection are eligible for selection in the spring term following their completion of at least one academic term. These new members selected to Lambda Sigma become active during their second year.

Chapters
Lambda Sigma has 39 active chapters. Active chapters noted in bold, inactive chapters noted in italics:

References

External links
 Official website
 From CMU's The Tartan: "Sophomore honor society serves community"
  ACHS Lambda Sigma entry
  Lambda Sigma chapter list at ACHS

Student societies in the United States
Honor societies
Association of College Honor Societies
Student organizations established in 1922
1922 establishments in Pennsylvania


Oussières () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Offlanges () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Nozeroy () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Lespugue (; ) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Venus of Lespugue
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Balesta (; ) is a commune of the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Lestelle-de-Saint-Martory (; ) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Lévignac (; , also known as Lévignac-sur-Save) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Population
The inhabitants are known as Lévignacais in French.

Transportation
Lévignac lies on the Itinéraire à Grand Gabarit, the route created specially for the oversized road conveys conveying fuselage and wing sections of the Airbus A380 airliner to Toulouse for final assembly. The convoys, which run overnight at up to weekly frequency, travel down the main street of the town, with only centimetres clearance from the adjacent buildings. Major works on the main street were required to permit this, including new pedestrian paths, parking areas and lighting.

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Lez (; ) is a former commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Saint-Béat-Lez.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Former communes of Haute-Garonne


Lherm (; ) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Geography
The commune is traversed by the river Touch.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Lodes (; ) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Longages (; ) is a large village and commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France. It is best known for the castle which dominates the village.

Population

Geography
The commune is bordered by seven other communes: Lavernose-Lacasse to the north, Noé to the east, Capens to the southeast, Carbonne to the south, Peyssies to the southwest, Bois-de-la-Pierre to the west, and finally by Bérat to the northwest.

Sights
The Château Sainte-Marie is a privately-owned castle dating from the second half of the 16th century, modified and altered during the 19th century. It is listed as a historic site by the French Ministry of Culture in 1984.

Transport
Longages-Noé station has rail connections to Toulouse, Pau and Tarbes.

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Antichan-de-Frontignes (; ) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in the Occitanie region of south-western France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Antichanais or Antichanaises in French.

Geography

Antichan-de-Frontignes is located at the foot of the Pyrenees in the Comminges region some 40 km east by south-east of Bagnères-de-Bigorre and 19 km south by south-west of Saint-Gaudens. Access to the commune is by the D618 road which branches from the D331 east of Ore and goes to the village then continues north-east by a roundabout route to Juzet-d'Izaut. There is also a local road going from the D618 north of the village to Saint-Pé-d'Ardet. Most of the commune is heavily forested however there is some farmland near the village.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 157 inhabitants.

Sites and monuments

The village is the point of departure for a hiking trail which crosses the Col des Ares 4.5 km from the village then continues to the summits of the Pic du Gar and the Saillant Peak.
The Church of Notre-Dame of the Assumption

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

External links
Antichan-de-Frontignes on the old IGN website
Antichan-de-Frontignes on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Antichan-de-Frontignes on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Ardiège (; ) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Lussan-Adeilhac (; ) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Marignac-Lasclares (; ) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Geography
The commune is bordered by four other communes: Gratens to the north, Le Fousseret to the west and southwest, Lafitte-Vigordane across the river Louge to the east, and finally by Saint-Élix-le-Château across the river Louge to the southeast.

The river Louge flows in the commune, forms a border between Lafitte-Vigordane and Saint-Élix-le-Château.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Marignac-Laspeyres (; ) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Geography
The commune is bordered by four other communes: Terrebasse to the north, Alan to the west, Le Fréchet to the southwest, and finally by Martres-Tolosane to the southeast.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Auriac-sur-Vendinelle is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Martres-de-Rivière (; ) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne
Haute-Garonne communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Marquefave (; ) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Geography
The village lies on the banks of the Garonne river.

The commune is bordered by five other communes: Capens across the river Garonne and the land border to the north, Montaut to the northwest, Montgazin to the east, Lacaugne to the south, and finally by Carbonne across the river Garonne to the west.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Auzeville-Tolosane (; ) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southwestern France.

Population
The inhabitants are called Auzevillois.

International relations
It is twinned with :
 Broughton, Wales
 Călugăreni, Romania

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Avignonet-Lauragais (; ) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

History
In 1242 Avignonet-Lauragais was the site of a massacre of Inquisitors by members of a heretical garrison at the Castle of Montségur. The massacre led to the Siege of Montségur.

Population

Twin towns
Avignonet-Lauragais is twinned with:
 Avinyonet de Puigventós, Spain

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Mazères-sur-Salat (, literally Mazères on Salat; ) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Miramont-de-Comminges is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne
Comminges


Benque-Dessous-et-Dessus (; ) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Beauzelle (; ) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department
Beauzac
Beauziac

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Bezins-Garraux is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Ney () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Benque is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Denis Burke (1904 – 25 July 1971) was an Irish Fine Gael  politician who served as a senator for 13  years. He was first elected in 1948 to the 6th Seanad, and held his seat until he stood down at the 1961 election.

Burke stood twice as a candidate for Dáil Éireann, in Tipperary South at the 1961 and 1965 general elections. He was unsuccessful on both occasions.

References

1904 births
1971 deaths
Fine Gael senators
Members of the 6th Seanad
Members of the 7th Seanad
Members of the 8th Seanad
Members of the 9th Seanad
Politicians from County Tipperary
Fine Gael candidates in Dáil elections
Industrial and Commercial Panel senators


Nevy-sur-Seille (, literally Nevy on Seille) is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Nevy-lès-Dole (, literally Nevy near Dole) is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Neuvilley is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Neublans-Abergement is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Nantey () is a former commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the commune of Val-d'Épy.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Former communes of Jura (department)


Zumpuhuacán is a municipality in the State of Mexico.  Its municipal seat is also called Zumpahuacán: The area was settled by Mexicas in 1220.

Geography
It is located between the parallels  99° 27’ 51” and 99° 37’ 32”  west longitude, and 18° 41’ 35” and 18° 55’ 22” north latitude. Zumpahuacán borders Tenancingo. It covers a total surface area of 201.54 km2 at an altitude of 6,634 ft.  In the year 2005 census by INEGI, it reported a population of 16,149.

Localities
As municipal seat, the town of Zumpahuacán is the government of the following surrounding communities: Ahuacatlán (Guadalupe Ahuacatlán), Ahuatzingo, Tlapizalco (Guadalupe Tlapizalco), Colonia Guadalupe Victoria, San Antonio Guadalupe (San Antonio), San Gaspar, San Pablo Tejalpa, Santa Cruz Atempa, Santa Cruz los Pilares (La Loma), El Tamarindo, San Pedro Guadalupe(Despoblado), Santa María la Asunción, El Zapote, Colonia San Nicolás Palo Dulce (Palo Dulce), Santa Ana Despoblado, Santa Catarina (Santa Catarina de la Cruz), Santiaguito, San José Tecontla, La Ascensión, San Juan, Paraje San Gabriel (San Miguel), Amolonca, Guadalupe Chiltamalco, Llano del Copal (La Muñeca), San Miguel Ateopa, La Cabecera, Barrio de Santa Ana, San Mateo Despoblado, and Chiapa San Isidro. The total population of the municipality was 16,149 people as of 2005. The municipality has a total area of 201.54 km2.

The original town of Quilocán lies 7 km from the municipal seat and remains an unexplored archeological site, although it has been subject to some looting in recent years.

Zumpahuacán lies on a volcanic axis and has a large number of mountains, valleys, hills and depressions.  Three of the most notable elevations are: Totsquilla at 2,800 meters above sea level, Santiago or San Miguel at 2,780 meters and Tlalchichilpa at 2,100 meters. Most of these elevations are due to the region's past volcanic activity. It is also part of the Balsas River watershed, which contains a number of natural freshwater springs and seasonally flowing ravines.

Over 80% of the municipality's economic activity is based on agriculture.

Economy
The economy is principally farming, cattle raising and small businesses, concentrating on the production of corn, beans and fruit. Tourists are attracted by its climate and some notable churches, as well as some ecotourism attractions. It has an unexplored archeological zone.

References

 Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México


Lespiteau (; ) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Agassac () is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Geography
The commune is bordered by five other communes: Martisserre to the north, Mauvezin to the east, Castelgaillard to the south Coueilles to the southwest, and finally by L'Isle-en-Dodon to the west.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Aignes (; ) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Geography
The commune is bordered by six other communes: Saint-Léon to the north, Nailloux to the northeast, Montgeard to the east, Calmont to the south, Cintegabelle to the west, and finally by Mauvaisin to the southwest.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Rugby in Scotland may refer to:

Rugby union in Scotland
Rugby league in Scotland


Ambax is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Aigrefeuille (; ) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Geography
The commune is bordered by four other communes: Drémil-Lafage to the north, Sainte-Foy-d'Aigrefeuille to the southeast, Lauzerville to the southwest, and finally by Quint-Fonsegrives to the west.

Population

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Aigrefeuillois.

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Arbas (Arbàs in Occitan) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Arbon () is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Nancuise () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


Arguenos (; ) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Argut-Dessous (; ) is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France. According to the 2013 census it had a population of 28. At the 2018 census the population remained less than 100, with a population of 22 people.

Geography
Located in the Pyrenees, the commune is bordered by four other communes: Saint-Béat-Lez to the north, Fos to the south, Boutx to the east, and finally by Arlos to the west.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Please note: Shakespeare Schools Festival became Shakespeare Schools Foundation in 2016. The Festival is the charity's flagship project.

The Shakespeare Schools Festival is the world's largest youth drama festival. Schools who participate perform half-hour abridged versions of Shakespeare's plays in local, professional theatres all over the United Kingdom. Since its inception in 2000, it has worked with 250,000 young people and their teachers.

History

The Festival began in 2000 and is now in its 23rd year.

1995 Shakespeare: The Animated Tales

In 1995, twelve of Shakespeare's best loved plays were abridged to half hour scripts for the S4C and BBC Wales series, Shakespeare: The Animated Tales. Ninety per cent of the UK's secondary schools now use the Tales as their introduction to the language and plays of Shakespeare for years 7-10 (11-15 year olds), making it BBC Education's most popular series. In 2009 the films were made available by the DCSF to all English primary schools. In summer 2013 all twelve episodes were re-released on DVD in the UK by Metrodome Group Plc. They are distributed by Shakespeare Schools Festival.

2000 Pembrokeshire: 8 schools, 240 pupils, 1 theatre

In 2000, Chris Grace, Director of Animation at S4C and Executive Producer of Shakespeare: The Animated Tales, and Penelope Middelboe, Series Editor of the same series, launched the Shakespeare Schools Festival. Leon Garfield's 12 abridgements for the animated series were made available by S4C to pupils and their teacher-directors from eight schools in Pembrokeshire. These secondary school students performed over two nights to sell-out audiences at the Torch Theatre, Milford Haven.

2001 London: 60 schools, 1,500 pupils, 3 theatres

October 2001 saw 1,800 pupils from 60 inner city London schools performing in three professional theatres. The Festival culminated in a Gala night at the West End's Duke of York's Theatre, which was attended by Cherie Booth QC and the Secretary of State DCMS, Tessa Jowell, who called the evening “one of the year's cultural highlights”.

2002 Wales: 100 schools, 2,500 pupils, 10 theatres

With the support of the Welsh Assembly Government, the Arts Council of Wales and Cardiff 2002, Jenny Randerson AM launched the Wales 2002 Festival in the Old Library, Cardiff on 17 September. 3,000 pupils from 100 schools across the country performed in Welsh, English or bilingually, in one of 11 professional theatres.

2003 South West, West Midlands & Yorkshire

Embarking on a three-year cycle to cover the whole of England and Wales, the Festival was launched nationwide at a reception hosted by Cherie Booth QC at 10 Downing St.

8,500 young actors from 340 schools performed in 32 theatres across the regions. Three schools were picked to perform at a private reception for the Washington state visit in Downing Street, in front of an audience which included Tom Stoppard and Philip Pullman. They went on to perform again for the Arts & Kids 'Million Kids' launch at the Hackney Empire in the presence of the Prince of Wales.

2004 London, North West, East England

The year started with a fund-raising performance at the West End's Peacock Theatre in the presence of the Prince of Wales and Festival Patron, Kwame Kwei-Armah. In the summer one of the London schools took part in the National Youth Theatre's 'Shakespeare In The Square event', securing themselves coverage on BBC London's regional news.

During the Festival 10,000 pupils from 380 schools performed in 38 theatres.

2005 East Midlands, North East & South East England

Tom Stoppard's abridgement of The Merchant of Venice was premiered at the Linbury Theatre, Royal Opera House by a company of 2004 Festival performers and the National Youth Theatre. During the same year the BBC invited SSF to stage a one-day Festival in 100 theatres across the UK on Sunday 3 July as the launch of their Shakespeare Season, One Night of Shakespeare. Schools performed in theatres from the Shetland Isles to Bodmin, from Enniskillen to Margate and set the model for the Festival to become fully UK-national. The event set the world record for the most people performing Shakespeare on a single day (7,104) and SSF attained a place in the Guinness Book of Records.

20,000 pupils from 800 schools performed in 140 theatres.

2007 Shakespeare Schools Festival, UK-wide

For the first time, the Shakespeare Schools Festival is held across the entire UK between the 5–9 February 2007. 22,000 pupils from 1056 schools performed in 110 theatres.

A fund-raising dinner was held at the Middle Temple, hosted by Anna Ford and Charles Dance. Cameo performances from participating schools were held at the National Theatre hosted by patron Nicholas Hytner.

2008 SYF, S24, Shakespeare in the City and Festival

February–March 2008 saw the launch of the Shakespeare Youth Festival (SYF), a UK-wide pilot which gave 16- to 21-year-olds the opportunity to set up their own theatre company, to direct, produce, manage, tech, market and perform their own 45 minute abridgement of a Shakespeare play. 118 groups took part in 35 theatres.

Shakespeare 24 (S24) was an exciting worldwide Shakespeare performance event beginning in New Zealand and ending 24 hours later in Hawaii on 23 April 2008. 65 youth groups from 35 countries staged 30 and 45 minute adaptations of Shakespeare's plays at 7pm, local time on Shakespeare's 444th birthday. One of the best productions from SYF, Jamila Gavin's abridgement of Measure for Measure was performed by the National Youth Theatre at Playhouse in Liverpool. The event was appraised by Phil Redmond, director of Liverpool, European Capital of Culture.

As part of the European Capital of Culture year SSF worked throughout Liverpool, with young companies from the Shakespeare Youth Festival performing in 33 venues and locations from museums and cathedrals to parks and bombed out churches.

To cap off a busy year, Shakespeare Schools Festival returned in the Autumn with 10,000 pupils from 500 Schools performing in 60 theatres UK-wide.

2009 Shakespeare Schools Festival, UK-wide

SSF joined in partnership with the National Theatre (providers of the Teacher Director workshops) and the National Youth Theatre (providers of the Cast workshops). NT directors and actors such as Carl Heap, Dominic Hill, Adrian Lester, Phyllida Lloyd, Hattie Morahan joined Nicholas Hytner in giving master classes for teachers. A contemporary script based on All's Well That Ends Well, written by Lucinda Coxon, was offered by the NT to teachers who had done SSF before. Jenny Agutter appraised performances at The Unicorn Theatre, Southwark and became a festival patron.

10,000 young people from 500 schools performed in 67 theatres.

2010 Shakespeare Schools Festival, UK-wide

Over 10,000 young people from 500 schools performed in 70 theatres. Harriet Walter became a patron.

2011 Shakespeare Schools Festival, UK-wide

In July 2011 SSF held one of its more unusual fundraising events, putting Romeo on trial for the murder of Tybalt at Gray's Inn. SSF patrons Philip Pullman and Jenny Agutter took the witness stand in the roles of Friar and Nurse. Criminal QCs for the defence included John Kelsey-Fry QC and Claire Montgomery QC.

Also in 2011 SSF ran audition workshops for 2000 young people across the UK for BBC Learning's project Off By Heart Shakespeare. Eight finalists from each of the nine regions were filmed delivering their Shakespeare speeches. Festival Director, Chris Grace, whittled these down to just nine young finalists who spent three days with the RSC at Stratford before taking part in a filmed final in the main theatre at Stratford with Jeremy Paxman as host. Judges were Simon Schama, Imogen Stubbs and Sam West.

For the first time the festival is offered to primary schools, in a pilot project involving 50 primaries. In total 13,000 young people from 600 schools performed in 80 theatres. Francesca Martinez became a patron.

2012 Shakespeare Schools Festival, UK-wide

In 2012 SSF was invited by the British Museum education department to run workshops for secondary school students visiting the Shakespeare: Staging the World exhibition.

17,500 young people from 700 schools (179 primary) performed in 90 theatres. Michael Rosen and Ralph Fiennes both became patrons.

2013 Shakespeare Schools Festival, UK-wide
25,000 young people from 1,000 schools performing in 120 theatres.

2015 Shakespeare Schools Festival, UK-wide

In 2015 SSF decided again to place one of Shakespeare's characters on trial. This time, Macbeth. The event was largely improvised by the actors and lawyers involved, but based on a framework written by Jonathan Myerson. The cast included Christopher Eccleston as Macbeth, Haydn Gwynne as Lady Macbeth, David Oakes as Banquo, Paterson Joseph as MacDuff and Pippa Bennett-Warner as one of the Weird Sisters. The event interrupted the events of Shakespeare's play following the death of Duncan and placed Macbeth on trial for Murder with David, Patterson and Haydn appearing as witnesses for the prosecution and Christopher and Pippa as witnesses for the defence. The event was overseen by High Court Judge, Sir Michael Burton, the QC's were John Kelsey-Fry QC, Jonathan Laidlaw QC, Dinah Rose QC and Ian Winter QC, and the foreman of the Jury was Jeremy Paxman.

2016 Shakespeare Schools Festival, UK-wide

27,550 young people from 1,093 schools performed abridged Shakespeare plays in 131 theatres across the UK. SSF staged performances at 10 Downing Street, in Westminster Abbey and a West End Gala and at the Queen's 90th birthday.

SSF hosted the Trial of Hamlet fundraiser. Tried by QCs in front of Lady Justice Hallett, evidence from Gertrude, played by Meera Syal, Claudius,
played by Tom Conti, and Player King, played by Lee Mack, was insufficient to find Hamlet, played by John Heffernan, guilty for the murder of Polonius. SSF's young performers shared the stage with this cast.

Patrons

 Lord Puttnam
 Dame Judi Dench
 Sir Tom Stoppard
 Sir Nicholas Hytner
 Kwame Kwei-Armah
 Cherie Booth QC
 Philip Pullman
 Sir Arnold Wesker
 Jamila Gavin
 Jenny Agutter
 Francesca Martinez
 Dame Harriet Walter
 Michael Rosen
 Ralph Fiennes

References

Shakespeare festivals in the United Kingdom
Educational charities based in the United Kingdom
2000 establishments in the United Kingdom
Recurring events established in 2000
Children's theatre
Children's charities based in the United Kingdom
Theatre festivals in England
Theatre festivals in Scotland


Arlos is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References

Communes of Haute-Garonne


Denis Burke may refer to:

 Denis Burke (Irish politician) (1904–1971), Irish politician, senator (1948–1961)
 Denis Burke (Australian politician) (born 1948), Australian politician, Chief Minister of the Northern Territory (1999–2001)

See also
 Dennis K. Burke (born 1962), U.S. Attorney for the District of Arizona (2009–2011)


Arnaud-Guilhem is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Haute-Garonne department

References
http://www.arnaud-guilhem.fr/

Communes of Haute-Garonne