John W. Coffey (March 12, 1954 - ) is an American art historian and curator.

Education and professional positions
Coffey attended Needham B. Broughton High School in Raleigh, North Carolina, received his undergraduate degrees in history and art history from the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, and received his masters in art history from Williams College in Massachusetts. He was the Deputy Director for Research, the Jim and Betty Becher Curator of American and Modern Art, and Curator of Judaic Art at the North Carolina Museum of Art (NCMA) until 2020, where he had been instrumental in making the museum a nationally renowned institution, having joined its staff in 1988.

He was acting director of Williams College's Museum of Art (1979-80) and curator of collections for Bowdoin College's Museum of Art (1980-88). He has also been an adjunct faculty member of the Art History program at UNC-Chapel Hill.

His life partner is Ann Roth, an artist whose medium is textiles.

Areas of expertise
Coffey has published numerous articles as well as several books and exhibition catalogues reflecting his areas of expertise. He has often engaged in detective work  resulting in the recovery and rediscovery of works previously thought to be lost, leading to a reassessment of their value. Examples include the oeuvre of painter Louis Remy Mignot and a large sculpture entitled “Saul Under the Influence of the Evil Spirit” by William Wetmore Story that had disappeared for 150 years.

Engagement with Mignot's work resulted from Coffey's work as a Southerner in a Southern art museum; pursuit of the Story sculpture resulted from his knowledge of collections across US museums. (He told reporter Deena ElGenaidi that "Our American galleries have cried out for a monumental marble of a dramatic subject, and you cannot get more monumental or dramatic than King Saul of the Bible.”

Coffey's expertise in Judaica and Israeli art derived from the NCMA's role as a repository of material gifted to the Museum by some of North Carolina's smaller Jewish communities when they could no long sustain their synagogues and wished to preserve their ritual silverware for posterity. Coffey's role in establishing the Judaic Gallery at the NCMA, "one of only two permanent displays of Jewish ceremonial art in an American art museum," has included playing a role in the acquisition "of approximately two-thirds of the pieces on view." In 2013, well after the Gallery's establishment, he put together an effort to compete with bidders from around the world during an auction of Judaica at Sotheby's that netted the Museum three new pieces. In other roles, Coffey has been the NCMA's liaison with the Friends of the Judaic Art Gallery as well as the statewide director of the Israel/North Carolina Cultural Exchange between 1994-97. The latter role involved travel to Israel and led to his work on contemporary Israeli painting. Moshe Kupferman: Between Oblivion and Remembrance was among the results. His research on the provenance of work in the NCMA has led to some expertise on the issue of art appropriated by the Nazis.

The Landscapes of Louis Remy Mignot: A Southern Painter Abroad, co-authored with Katherine E. Manthorne, garnered national attention. Mignot had been thought of as a minor nineteenth century painter, and his work had been largely lost and forgotten. Manthorne had been studying nineteenth century artists who traveled to South America; Mignot was among them. Coffey, as part of his curatorial activities for the NC Museum of Art, was searching for a Mignot to add to the Museum's collection. Their collaboration ensued; the research and results were supported by grants from The Henry Luce Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts, and the North Carolina Museum of Art Foundation. Coffey studied nineteenth century records, compiled a list of Mignot's known works, and began contacting possible sources of those works via correspondence and advertisements. His efforts paid off and an exhibition of Mignot's work was first held in Raleigh in 1996. The exhibition then went to the National Academy of Design in New York City, "where Mignot was a member and often exhibited."

Other exhibitions he has organized include "Making Faces: Self-Portraits by Alex Katz" (1990) and "Color, Myth, and Music: Stanton Macdonald-Wright and Synchromism" (2001). The latter exhibition, like the Mignot exhibition, received support from the Henry Luce Foundation and traveled after its opening at the NCMA. In 2016 the Boston Globe reviewer commented favorably on a Childe Hassam exhibition that Coffey co-organized with Austen Barron Bailly of the Peabody Essex Museum, where the exhibition was held. Coffey worked with Hal Weeks of the Shoals Marine Laboratory to identify precise locations for each painting, mirroring the artist's own exactitude.

In 2010 Coffey participated in a study of memorials in the state capital published by the North Carolina Historical Commission. His assessment of the Confederate memorials as art was negative, a point cited in 2017 during local and national debates about Civil War statues resulting in the controversial removal of many of them, including in Durham, North Carolina.

References

1954 births
Living people
American art historians
Williams College alumni
Needham B. Broughton High School alumni
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni
American art curators


The Netherlands Authority for the Financial Markets () is the financial services regulatory authority for the Netherlands. Its role is comparable to the role of the SEC in the United States.

History
The Netherlands Authority for the Financial Markets was set up on 1 March 2002 as the successor to the Securities Board of the Netherlands ().  As part of the legislation that created the AFM, its responsibilities were greatly expanded to cover all financial products, including savings, investments, loans, insurance and accounting.

The AFM falls under the political responsibility of the Minister of Finance but is an autonomous administrative authority, which means that the AFM operates autonomously based on the powers given by the Minister of Finance.

Responsibilities and operations

The Netherlands Authority for the Financial Markets is the body responsible for regulating behaviour on the financial markets in the Netherlands. This includes regulating the behaviour of all parties involved with the savings, loans, investment and insurance markets.  It includes regulating all organisations that provide financial products and those that issue products, including stock exchanges.

The AFM has the following three aims:

making the financial markets more accessible
promoting the smooth operation of the financial markets
promoting confidence in the financial markets.

The public, the business sector and the government all depend on the financial products offered on the various markets for many of their activities. Confidence in the orderly and honest operation of these markets is therefore crucial.

The AFM works in conjunction with the De Nederlandsche Bank which is responsible for prudential regulation in the Netherlands.

Administration

The executive board of the AFM consists of:
Hanzo van Beusekom (since September 2019, interim chairman)
Gerben Everts (since November 2012)
Jos Heuvelman (since September 2018)
Ellen van Schoten is COO since  1 October 2017.

International
With the advent of Euronext stock exchange which is not only located in Amsterdam, but also in Paris, Brussels, London and Lisbon, the AFM works closely with the regulators in those other countries to regulate this cross border stock exchange.

The AFM is a member of the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA). ESMA is an independent EU Authority that contributes to safeguarding the stability of the European Union's financial system by enhancing the protection of investors and promoting stable and orderly financial markets. The AFM also participates in the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), which brings together more than 80 securities regulators from all around the world.
In its role as an audit supervisor, AFM is also a member of the International Forum of Independent Audit Regulators (IFIAR).

See also
Securities Commission
Economy of the Netherlands

References

External links
Official site

Government agencies of the Netherlands
Financial regulatory authorities of the Netherlands


The 1997–98 Heineken Cup pool stage took place in September and October 1997. The winner of each pool advanced to the quarter-finals, with the runners-up and best third placed team entering the quarter-final play-offs for the final three quarter final places.

Pool 1

Pool 2

Pool 3

Pool 4

Pool 5

See also
1997-98 Heineken Cup

External links

Pool Stage
Heineken Cup pool stages

References


Charles II of England has been portrayed many times.

Statues
Sir Robert Vyner (1631–1688) supplied the regalia for the restoration of Charles II, and was appointed as the King's goldsmith in 1661. He was as much a banker as a goldsmith, and was knighted for his services in 1661 and was Lord Mayor of London in 1674. To show his devotion to the king, Vyner purchased a statue made in Italy for the Polish ambassador in London. It depicted the general, later King John Sobieski on a horse trampling a Turk.

The ambassador could not afford to pay for it and Vyner bought it and had it altered to show Charles II trampling Cromwell. How much was altered is uncertain. Cromwell's image, barely altered from the original Turk, appears to be wearing a turban. The statue reflects the Restoration perception of Cromwell. It was unveiled on 29 October 1672 at Stocks Market, Cornhill, and was removed in 1736 to make way for the construction of the Mansion House. It now stands in the grounds of Newby Hall, North Yorkshire.

The statue was the subject of two satires, attributed to Andrew Marvell: A poem of the statue in Stocks-Market and A dialogue between two horses.

Other statues include those in London's Soho Square, St Mary's Square in Gloucester, Edinburgh's Parliament Square, at the Central Criminal Court in London, at Newmarket Racecourse and near the south portal of Lichfield Cathedral.

Literature
Charles appears as Arethusius in Sir Percy Herbert's lengthy novel The Princess Cloria (1653–1661), which fictionalizes his early life up to the coronation in 1660. Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, a sister of Charles II, was depicted as "Cloria".
Charles is the title character in John Howard Payne and Washington Irving's play Charles II (1824), a comedy which depicts the king assuming a civilian identity for fun and the consequences which ensue.
Charles is a character in the novel The Children of the New Forest (1847) by Frederick Marryat.
The novel Harry Ogilvie or, the Black Dragoons (1856) by James Grant, focuses on Charles's time in Scotland in 1650–1651.
London Pride; or When the World was Younger by Mary Elizabeth Braddon (1896)  focuses on Charles II's reign.
The Tavern Knight (1904) by Rafael Sabatini, involves its Cavalier hero in the Battle of Worcester and assisting the escape of Charles II.
Patricia at the Inn (1906) by J. C. Snaith is an adventure novel revolving around the exploits of the titular heroine as she and her husband help Charles II to escape.
Charles appears in the 1926 novel Nell Gwyn: A Decoration (US title: Mistress Nell Gwyn) by Marjorie Bowen.
The novel His Majesty, The King (1926) by Cosmo Hamilton focuses on Charles during his exile in the Netherlands.
Charles appears in The Black Pearl (1982), Volume 5 of The Morland Dynasty, a series of historical novels by author Cynthia Harrod-Eagles.  This volume covers the Restoration period and Charles has family links to the fictional Morland family.
The young Charles is a character in Traitor's Field by Robert Wilton (2013), following him from the aftermath of the Battle of Worcester in 1651 to his flight into exile on the continent.
Charles appears as a central character in two plays: George Bernard Shaw's In Good King Charles's Golden Days (1939) and Jessica Swale's Nell Gwynn (played in the premiere production in 2015 by David Sturzaker).
 Charles II is the protagonist of Georgette Heyer's historical account, published in 1938, denoted The Royal Escape, which covers the period from the defeat at Worcester to his sailing to France, from 3 September to 15 October 1651; all of it spent in hiding and journeyings. The book, with a wealth of detail and taken from actual accounts by people who helped Charles along the way, and one by the King as dictated to Pepys (who would later write on the Great Plague) is meticulously cited.

Film
Charles has been portrayed on screen by:
 Augustus Neville in the silent film Sweet Nell of Old Drury (1911), based on the earlier play by Paul Kester
 P. G. Ebbutt in the silent films King Charles (1913) and Old St. Paul's (1914), based on novels by Harrison Ainsworth
 Owen Moore in the silent film Mistress Nell (1915)
 Harry Southard in the silent film The Adventurer (1920)
 William Luff in the silent film The Glorious Adventure (1922)
 Henry Victor in the silent film The Royal Oak (1923)
 Dwight Wiman in the silent film Peter Stuyvesant (1924)
 Randle Ayrton in the silent film Nell Gwyn (1926), based on a novel by Joseph Shearing
 Cedric Hardwicke in Nell Gwyn (1934)
 Allan Jeayes in Colonel Blood (1934), telling the story of Thomas Blood
 K. Hamilton Price in The Vicar of Bray (1937)
 Vincent Price in Hudson's Bay (1941)
 Dennis Arundell in Penn of Pennsylvania (1942), telling the story of William Penn
 Douglas Fairbanks Jr. in The Exile (1947), based on a novel by Cosmo Hamilton
 George Sanders in Forever Amber (1947), based on the novel by Kathleen Winsor, and The King's Thief (1955)
 Anthony Hulme in the comedy Cardboard Cavalier (1949)
 Jon Pertwee in the comedy Helter Skelter (1949)
 Lester Matthews in Lorna Doone (1951), based on the novel by R. D. Blackmore
 Gary Raymond in The Moonraker (1958)
 Gabriele Antonini in the Italian film D'Artagnan contro i tre moschettieri (1964), about the Three Musketeers
 Peter Jones in the comedy Father Came Too! (1964)
 Mark Burns in The Wicked Lady (1983)
 Simon Callow in England, My England (1995), the story of the composer Henry Purcell
 Sam Neill in Restoration (1995)
 Rupert Everett in Stage Beauty (2004)
 John Malkovich in The Libertine (2004), based on the play by Stephen Jeffreys
 Charles Dance in Michiel de Ruyter (2015)

Television
On television, Charles has been portrayed by:
 Barry K. Barnes in the BBC TV drama Thank You, Mr. Pepys (1938)
 David Cargill in the BBC TV drama series The Children of the New Forest (1964)
 James Villiers in the BBC TV series The First Churchills (1969)
 Simon Treves in the BBC TV drama series By the Sword Divided (1983)
 Michael York in the British TV drama The Lady and the Highwayman (1989)
 Michael Maloney in the BBC TV drama series Children of the New Forest (1998)
 Rufus Sewell in the BBC TV miniseries Charles II: The Power and the Passion (2003)
 Nathaniel Parker in the BBC drama The Private Life of Samuel Pepys (2003)
 Julian Wadham in the BBC drama documentary Wren: The Man Who Built Britain (2004)
 Michael Boisvert in the American TV series Young Blades (2005)
 Richard Druitt in the British TV drama documentary True Caribbean Pirates (2006)
Hal Ozsan in the HBO fantasy series True Blood (2008–2014)
 Mathew Baynton and Jalaal Hartley in the British TV comedy series Horrible Histories (2009–present)
 Jeremy Northam in the British Channel 4 drama series New Worlds (2014)
 Jack Huston in the ITV four part episodes The Great Fire (2014)
 Daniel Lapaine in the French miniseries Versailles (2015)

References


KBJM (1400 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Lemmon, South Dakota.  The station is owned by Media Associates, Inc. It airs a full-service Country music format during the day and an Oldies music format during the evening and overnight. KBJM Radio is located at 500 1st Avenue East in Lemmon, the transmitter site is southwest of town on Township Road.

The station was assigned these call letters by the Federal Communications Commission.

References

External links
FCC History Cards for KBJM
KBJM official website

BJM
Country radio stations in the United States
Oldies radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1988


Henry VIII and his reign have frequently been depicted in art, film, literature, music, opera, plays, and television.

Art
Lucas de Heere: The Family of Henry VIII
Hans Eworth: Henry VIII (c. 1545)
Hans Holbein the Younger: Portrait of Henry VIII, The Dynasty Portrait, and Henry VIII and the Barber-Surgeons (1540)
Lucas Horenbout: Untitled Miniature of King Henry (c. 1526)
Daniel Maclise: Henry Meeting Anne at Hampton Court
Guido Mazzoni: Untitled Bust of Prince Henry (c. 1498)
Joos van Cleve: Henry VIII (c. 1535)
Willard Wigan: The Six Wives of Henry VIII

Film
Aladdin and the Adventure of All Time: Jim Cummings and Stuart Pankin
Anna Boleyn: Emil Jannings
Anne of the Thousand Days: Richard Burton (for which Burton was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor)
Book Revue: Mel Blanc
Cardinal Wolsey (1912): Tefft Johnson
Carry On Henry: Sid James
God's Outlaw: Keith Barron
Henry the Ache (1934, Short): Bert Lahr
Henry VIII (1911): Arthur Bourchier
Henry VIII and His Six Wives: Keith Michell
Inside Llewyn Davis: Llewyn performs a song about Henry and Jane Seymour for Grossman
Intolerable Cruelty: Miles references Henry
A Man for All Seasons: Robert Shaw (for which Shaw was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor)
Monarch (2000): T.P. McKenna
The Other Boleyn Girl: Eric Bana
The Pearls of the Crown: Lyn Harding
The Prince and the Pauper (1920): Albert Schreiber
The Prince and the Pauper (1937): Montagu Love
The Prince and the Pauper (1977): Charlton Heston
The Private Life of Henry VIII: Charles Laughton (for which Laughton won the Academy Award for Best Actor)
The Sword and the Rose: James Robertson Justice
Tudor Rose: Frank Cellier
U.F.O.: Rusty Goffe
When Knighthood Was in Flower: Lyn Harding
Young Bess: Charles Laughton

Internet
Epic Rap Battles of History: Henry VIII is featured in a canceled, but later launched, episode of the webseries in a rap battle with Hillary Clinton. In the conflict, comparisons between the king's intimate life and the Monicagate controversy are made.

Literature
Suzannah Dunn: The Confessions of Katherine Howard, The Queen of Subtleties, and The Sixth Wife
Carolly Erickson: The First Elizabeth, Mistress Anne, and The Last Wife of Henry VIII
Antonia Fraser: The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1993)
Margaret George: The Autobiography of Henry VIII
Philippa Gregory: The Other Boleyn Girl
Diane Haeger: The Secret Bride, The Queen's Mistake, The Queen's Rival, I, Jane
Cynthia Harrod-Eagles: The Morland Dynasty, and "The Dark Rose"
Virginia Henley: A Woman of Passion
Eleanor Hibbert: Shadow of the Pomegranate, Katharine the Virgin Widow, King's Secret Matter, The Lady in the Tower: The Wives of Henry VIII, Murder Most Royal, Mary, Queen of France, St. Thomas's Eve, and The Sixth Wife
Ivery Kirk, Luna Teague: One Does Not Simply Walk into Tudor
Charles Major: When Knighthood Was in Flower
Hilary Mantel:  Wolf Hall, Bring Up the Bodies and The Mirror and the Light
Maureen Peters:  Henry VIII and His Six Wives (a novelization of the 1972 film)
C. J. Sansom: Dissolution, Dark Fire and Sovereign
David Starkey: Non-Fiction - Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII, The Reign of Henry VIII: The Personalities and Politics, Monarchy: From the Middle Ages to Modernity, Henry: Virtuous Prince, Henry: Model of a Tyrant, Henry VIII: A European Court in England
Shelly Talcott: Fall of the House of Queens: Book One of the Shattered Rose Series
Mark Twain: The Prince and the Pauper
Alison Weir: Non-Fiction - Henry VIII: The King and His Court, Elizabeth the Queen/The Life of Elizabeth I, Children of England: The Heirs of King Henry VIII, and The Six Wives of Henry VIII, and Fiction - The Lady Elizabeth, Katherine of Aragon: The True Queen, Anne Boleyn: A King's Obsession, Jane Seymour: The Haunted Queen, and Anna of Kleve: Queen of Secrets

Music
Bert Lee: "With Her Head Tucked Underneath Her Arm" co-written with R. P. Weston; recorded by Stanley Holloway, The Kingston Trio, The Barron Knights, and Rudy Vallee
David Munrow: Henry VIII and His Six Wives (soundtrack album)
Rick Wakeman: The Six Wives of Henry VIII, and The Six Wives of Henry VIII Live at Hampton Court Palace
R. P. Weston: "I'm Henery the Eighth, I Am"; recorded by Harry Champion, Joe Brown, and Herman's Hermits

Opera
Gaetano Donizetti: Anna Bolena
Camille Saint-Saëns: Henri VIII

Plays
Maxwell Anderson: Anne of the Thousand Days, originally played by Rex Harrison
Robert Bolt: A Man for All Seasons (1960), originally played by Richard Leech
Howard Brenton: Anne Boleyn, originally played by Anthony Howell
Pedro Calderón de la Barca: La cisma de Inglaterra/The Schism in England
Mike Poulton: Wolf Hall and Bring Up the Bodies (aka Wolf Hall Parts One & Two), originally played by Nathaniel Parker
William Shakespeare: The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eighth
 Six: The Musical, in which Henry never appears but is characterized at length by each of his wives, who are competing to be lead singer of the girl group they have formed

Radio
A Man for All Seasons (David Scase, BBC Radio 4, 1959)
A Man for All Seasons (Brian Cox, BBC Radio 4, 2006)
Crowned Hudds: "Fourth Wedding and Some Funerals" (John Glover, BBC Radio 2, 1995)
Henry VIII (Matthew Marsh, BBC Radio 3, 2009)
The Ghostbuster Diaries: "My Three Ladies" (Paul Darrow, BBC Radio 4, 2011)
The Six Mothers-in-Law of Henry VIII (Jonathan Coy, BBC Radio 4, 2003)

Television
A Man for All Seasons (Martin Chamberlain)
Bewitched: "How Not to Lose Your Head to Henry VIII, Parts 1 & 2" (Ronald Long)
Carlos, rey emperador (2015) (Àlex Brendemühl)
Disneyland: "The Prince and the Pauper" (Paul Rogers)
DuPont Show of the Month: "The Prince and the Pauper" (Douglas Campbell)
Henry VIII (John Stride)
Henry VIII (2000) (Philippe Rouillon)
Henry VIII (Ray Winstone, Sid Mitchell)
Henry VIII at Shakespeare's Globe (2012) (Dominic Rowan)
Henry VIII: Mind of a Tyrant (Laurence Spellman/Adam James/Ian Redford)
Histeria!: "The Terrible Tudors" (1998)
Horrible Histories (Ben Willbond/Rowan Atkinson/Tom Stourton)
I Dream of Jeannie: "The Girl Who Never Had a Birthday, Part 2" (Jack Fife)
Inside the Court of Henry VIII (2015) (John Sandeman)
The Madness of Henry VIII: National Geographic Channel (Dan Astileanu)
The Nearly Complete and Utter History of Everything (1999) (Brian Blessed)
Omnibus: "The Trial of Anne Boleyn" (Rex Harrison)
The Other Boleyn Girl (Jared Harris)
The Prince and the Pauper (1976) (Ronald Radd)
The Prince and the Pauper (1996) (Keith Michell)
The Prince and the Pauper (2000) (Alan Bates)
Relic Hunter: "The Royal Ring" (Michael Hofland)
Rose Without A Thorn (1958) (Kevin Brennan)
The Simpsons: "Margical History Tour" (Dan Castellaneta as Homer Simpson)
Six Wives with Lucy Worsley (2016) (Scott Arthur)
The Six Wives of Henry VIII (Keith Michell)
The Six Wives of Henry VIII (2001) (Chris Larkin and Andy Rashleigh)
The Spanish Princess (2019) (Ruairi O'Connor)
The Tudors (Jonathan Rhys Meyers)
Wolf Hall (2015) (Damian Lewis)
The White Princess (2017) (Woody Norman)

See also
 List of William Shakespeare screen adaptations
Cultural depictions of Catherine of Aragon
Cultural depictions of Anne Boleyn

References

Further reading
 Kratochvil, Eva. Crafting the Royal Image: Censorship and Portrayals of the Tudor Dynasty under Henry VIII (MA thesis, Concordia University, 2016) online; bibliography pp 65–72.
 Lipscomb, Suzannah. "A King Caught on Camera."  History Today (April 2016), Vol. 66 Issue 4, pp 48+
 Monk, Claire, and Amy Sargeant, ed. British Historical Cinema (Routledge, 2015).
 Parrill, Sue, and William B. Robison, The Tudors on Film and Television (McFarland, 2013). .
 Rankin, Mark, Christopher Highley, and John N. King, eds. Henry VIII and his afterlives: literature, politics, and art (Cambridge UP, 2009).
 Street, Sarah. "Stepping Westward: the distribution of British feature films in America, and the case of the ‘Private Life of Henry VIII’" in Justine Ashby and Andrew Higson eds. British Cinema: Past and Present (2000).

External links

 https://web.archive.org/web/20161101075449/http://www.tudorsonfilm.com/
 King Henry VIII Character Page

Cultural depictions of English monarchs


Edwin Robin Fitton (1928 in Leeds – 2 May 1970 in Adenau ) was a Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from Leeds, West Yorkshire. His best season was in 1968 when he finished the year in fourth place in the 500cc world championship. Fitton was killed at the Nürburgring during practice for the 1970 West German Grand Prix.

References

1970 deaths
Sportspeople from Leeds
British motorcycle racers
English motorcycle racers
350cc World Championship riders
500cc World Championship riders
Motorcycle racers who died while racing
Sport deaths in Germany
Place of birth missing
1928 births


Lawrence Leung's Choose Your Own Adventure is a six-part Australian television comedy series, starring and primarily written by Melbourne comedian Lawrence Leung and produced by Chaser Broadcasting. The series was filmed over nine weeks from May 2008 in Sydney, Melbourne and Los Angeles, it depicts Leung setting out to achieve the dreams he had as a ten-year-old boy living in the 1980s. It premiered at 9:30 pm on 25 March 2009 on ABC1.  The series aired in syndication in the United States under the title The Lost Adventures of Lawrence Leung on Vibrant TV Network.

Overview
Lawrence Leung's Choose Your Own Adventure is described as "an imaginative documentary/comedy/adventure series where the innocence of childhood ambition clashes with the realities of adulthood, resulting in unexpected consequences that are hair-raising, heart-warming and hilarious. It's about finding out who we are, how we've changed and what we can be."

In each episode Leung attempts to revisit aspects and ambitions of his childhood life. In the first episode, Lawrence sets out to find and impress his childhood sweetheart Angela, whom he has not seen since leaving the primary school she attended. Other ambitions include Lawrence finding out how to be a rock star, how to be a man, how to be cool, how to be the best in the world and how to be himself. In each episode, he meets with an expert in each field and seeks their advice, as well as that of his parents Doris and Leo. Guest stars Lawrence meets during the course of the series include Tiffany, Ian Dickson, Margaret Pomeranz, David Stratton, Kerry O'Brien, Tim Rogers and Shabba Doo.

The show's website also features additional content in the form of games, clips, competitions, wallpaper and expert tips and tricks. After each broadcast viewers will also be able to watch previously aired episodes. The episodes are only viewable for residents of Australia.

On 7 May 2009, the two-disc complete series DVD of Lawrence Leung's Choose Your Own Adventure was released. Extras include deleted scenes, music videos and a 57 min tutorial taught by Lawrence Leung entitled "How To Solve The Rubik's Cube".

Episodes

See also
 Lawrence Leung

Notes

References

External links

 His new personal website
 His old personal website
The Green Guide, TV review of Episode 1

2009 Australian television series debuts
2009 Australian television series endings
2000s Australian comedy television series
Australian Broadcasting Corporation original programming
The Chaser


Henry VII of England has been depicted a number of times in popular culture.

Literature
As a youthful Earl of Richmond, Henry is a character in the play Henry VI, Part 3 by William Shakespeare. He is also a character in Shakespeare's play Richard III.

The Founding, Volume 1 of The Morland Dynasty, a series of historical novels by author Cynthia Harrod-Eagles, is set against the background of the Wars of the Roses. Towards the end of the novel a fictional account is given of Henry winning his crown through the Battle of Bosworth, and of the events leading up to this battle.

He is the hero of the historical novel An Unknown Welshman (1972) by Jean Stubbs.

In the celebrated fantasy novel The Dragon Waiting by John M. Ford, Henry is killed at the Battle of Bosworth, thus preventing the House of Tudor from ruling England.

Henry appears in four novels by Philippa Gregory: The Red Queen (2010), which centers on the life of his mother Margaret Beaufort and her ambition to get him on the throne; The White Princess (2013), which centers on his wife, Elizabeth of York; The White Queen (2009), which centers on the life of his mother-in-law, Elizabeth Woodville; and a brief appearance in The Constant Princess (2005).

Film
Henry has been portrayed by the following actors on film, mostly in versions of the Shakespeare play:
Eric Maxon in the silent short Richard III (1911), dramatising a part of Shakespeare's play
James Keane in the silent Shakespeare adaptation Richard III (1912), one of the earliest American feature films
Ralph Forbes in Tower of London (1939), a horror film loosely dramatising Richard III's rise to power
Stanley Baker in the Shakespeare adaptation Richard III (1955), with Laurence Olivier as Richard
Powys Thomas in the Canadian short film John Cabot: A Man of the Renaissance (1964)
Dominic West in Richard III (1995), with Ian McKellen as Richard
Aidan Quinn in Looking for Richard (1996), with Al Pacino as Richard
Andrew Tiernan in Richard III (2005), a modernised version set on a Brighton housing estate
Marco Sanchez in Richard III (2007), a modern-day version
Luke Treadaway in The Hollow Crown with Benedict Cumberbatch as Richard

Television
Henry has been portrayed on television by:
Hennie Scott and Jerome Willis in the BBC series An Age of Kings (1960), which contained all the history plays from Richard II to Richard III
Heinz Blau in the West German TV version of Shakespeare's play König Richard III (1964)
James Maxwell in the BBC drama Tower of London: The Innocent (1969) and the BBC series The Shadow of the Tower (1972), which dramatised Henry's reign
John Woodnutt in the BBC series The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1970), with Keith Michell as Henry VIII
András Kozák in III. Richárd (1973), a Hungarian TV version of the Shakespeare play
Peter Benson in the first episode of the BBC comedy series The Black Adder (1983) It is claimed here he lost the Battle of Bosworth, but after the Yorkists were wiped out he rewrote history.
Tim Fuke in the BBC Shakespeare version of Henry VI, Part 3 (1983)
Brian Deacon in the BBC Shakespeare version of The Tragedy of Richard the Third (1983)
Patrick Brennan (voice) in the BBC series Shakespeare: The Animated Tales (1994)
Joss Ackland in the Granada Television serial Henry VIII (2003), with Ray Winstone as Henry VIII
Adam Woodroffe in an episode of the British educational TV series Historyonics entitled "Richard III" (2004)
Paul Hilton in the British drama Princes in the Tower (2005), about Perkin Warbeck
Mathew Baynton and Adam Riches in the BBC educational show Horrible Histories
Michael Marcus in the BBC drama series, The White Queen (2013), an adaptation of the Philippa Gregory novels
Jacob Collins-Levy in Starz drama series, The White Princess (2017), an adaptation of the Philippa Gregory novels

Video Game

 Yugi Mutou as Henry Tudor, later Henry VII of England, Yu-Gi-Oh! The Duelists of the Roses (2001'''')

Further reading

Sue Parrill and William B. Robison, The Tudors on Film and Television (McFarland, 2013). .

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20161101075449/http://www.tudorsonfilm.com/

Cultural depictions of English monarchs
Cultural depictions of Tudor monarchs
Henry VII of England


WNS (Holdings) Limited () is a global business process management company headquartered in Mumbai, India. The company has expanded to 60 delivery centers worldwide.

History
WNS was founded in 1996 by British Airways as Speedwing World Network Services in Mumbai. In May 2002, a 70% shareholding was sold to Warburg Pincus.
 1999 – A delivery centre was launched in Pune, India.
 2004 – New centres were set up in Colombo in Sri Lanka and Gurugram in India.
 2006 – Initial public offering listing on the NYSE, the first Indian business process outsourcing company to be listed on the exchange. It raises about $224 million at $20 per ADS.
 2012 –The first delivery centre in North America was set up to service US clients. During this year, a centre was also set up in Poland.
 2013 – Launched new centre in China and Warburg Pincus sells its entire stake in WNS.
 2014 – Launched new centre in Pennsylvania.

Acquisitions
2012: Took over Fusion Outsourcing Services in South Africa.
 2016: Acquired Value Edge.
 2017: Acquired Denali Sourcing Services and HealthHelp.
 2022: WNS acquires Vuram an enterprise automation services company,  The Smart Cube, a London headquartered provider of platform-driven research and analytics and  OptiBuy, a leading European provider of procurement platform consulting and implementation solutions.

References

External links

British Airways
Business process outsourcing companies of India
Companies based in Mumbai
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Outsourcing companies
Warburg Pincus companies
Business services companies established in 1996
Indian companies established in 1996
1996 establishments in Maharashtra


Lady Jane Grey, 16th-century claimant to the English throne, has left an abiding impression in English literature and romance. The limited amount of material from which to construct a source-based biography of her has not stopped authors of all ages filling the gaps with the fruits of their imagination.

Pre-19th century
In Elizabethan ballads, Jane's story is a tale of innocence betrayed.  In one ballad Lady Jane, in denouncing her executioner Queen Mary I, declares "For Popery I hate as death / and Christ my saviour love."  Jane is now not only an innocent but a martyr to the Protestant cause, and appears as such in Foxe's Book of Martyrs. On no certain evidence, she was also idealised in another way by Roger Ascham as noble and scholarly. But the greatest Elizabethan tribute to her came in Thomas Chaloner's Elegy, published in 1579.  Here she is peerless in her learning and beauty, comparable only with Socrates for her courage and quiet resignation in the face of death.  He even suggests that she was pregnant at the time of her execution, an assertion that appears nowhere else, presumably to make Mary, the great villain of the piece, appear all the more heartless.

From martyrology and poetry, Jane finally made it on to the stage in the early Jacobean period in Sir Thomas Wyatt by John Webster and Thomas Dekker, where she takes on the role of a tragic lover. The play was probably largely based on an earlier lost play called Lady Jane. This theme was taken up later in the century by John Banks, a Restoration playwright, in his Innocent Usurper: or, the Death of Lady Jane Grey.  Here Jane is only persuaded to accept the crown after her husband, Lord Guilford Dudley, threatens to commit suicide if she does not. First printed after the Glorious Revolution, there is also a strong anti-Roman Catholic dimension to Banks's play, which presumably appealed to the audiences of the day.

More plays and poems followed in the 18th century, when a small Janeite industry began to take shape.  In the early Hanoverian period she takes on the role of political heroine as well as martyr, scholar and tragic lover, putting down her Plato and taking up the crown only to save English Protestantism. The 1715 she-tragedy entitled Lady Jane Grey: A Tragedy in Five Acts, by Nicholas Rowe, emphasizes the pathos of Jane's fate.
Jane's growing reputation was not just a popular phenomenon.  Gilbert Burnet, Whig historian and self-publicist, described Jane, with considerable exaggeration, as 'the wonder of the age' in his History of the Reformation, a phrase subsequently taken up by Oliver Goldsmith his History of England, published in 1771.  Even the sober David Hume was seduced by the tragedy of Jane and Dudley.

19th century to present
It was not until the early nineteenth century that John Lingard, a Catholic historian, ventured a word or two of counter-adulation about Jane, saying that she 'liked dresses overmuch', and reminding her promoters that she was only sixteen. However, her popularity as a subject for tragic romance increased even further in the nineteenth century, an age of mass printing, where her story appears in a variety of media, including popular magazines and children's books. The 19th century also saw several operatic treatments of her story, including Nicola Vaccai's 1836 opera Giovanna Gray.

Jane was recast time and again to suit the inclinations of her audience. After the French Revolution, the evangelical movement alighted on her as a symbol, marked not for her romance but for her piety.  In 1828 The Lady's Monitor declared that she inherited "every great, every good, every admirable quality, whether of mind, disposition, or person."  The radical thinker and philosopher William Godwin called her "the most perfect young creature of the female sex to be found in history" in his own hagiography of Jane published under the pseudonym Theopilius Marcliffe. Mark Twain used Jane as a minor character in his 1882 novel, The Prince and the Pauper.

In painting

Jane Grey is the only English monarch in the last 500 years of whom no proven contemporary portrait survives. A painting in London's National Portrait Gallery was thought to be Jane for many years, but in 1996 it was confirmed to be of Catherine Parr. A portrait believed by some experts to be of Jane was discovered in a private home in 2005. Painted 40 to 50 years after Jane's death, the "Streatham portrait" (so called after the area of London in which it resided for decades) depicts a young woman dressed in a red gown, adorned with jewels and holding a prayer book. Historian and Tudor specialist David Starkey is sceptical, "It's an appallingly bad picture and there's absolutely no reason to suppose it's got anything to do with Lady Jane Grey."
Another portrait, a miniature, was shown to the news media in 2007 by Starkey who stated that he was "90 per cent certain" that it is of Lady Jane Grey. This painting had been discovered at the Yale Center for British Art in the United States of America.

In 1833, Paul Delaroche created The Execution of Lady Jane Grey (le Supplice de Jeanne Grey), regarded as the most famous portrait of Jane, which depicts a clandestine execution in a dimly-lit room or dungeon. It is historically inaccurate in most respects and was influenced by the restoration of the French monarchy after the French Revolution. Jane is shown wearing a white garment resembling laced French undergarments, similar in colour to that worn by Marie Antoinette at her execution in 1793. Jane's actual execution took place in the open air of the Tower of London. Two years later, George Whiting Flagg chose to name his representation of a woman being blindfolded  Lady Jane Grey Preparing for Execution rather than after Mary, Queen of Scots.

In opera
Giovanna Gray, a tragic opera () in three acts based on Jane Grey's last days, was composed by Nicola Vaccai, with a  libretto by Carlo Pepoli. The opera premiered on 23 February 1836 at La Scala, Milan, with Maria Malibran in the title role. It was a failure at its premiere, and the work never entered the repertoire.

In reporting the poor reviews received by Giovanna Gray, the Revue et gazette musicale de Paris expressed astonishment that such an interesting and tragic subject had not been set by a composer capable of making it a dramatic success and suggested Meyerbeer, Rossini, or Halévy as possibilities.

Several minor composers did subsequently attempt operas about Jane Grey but with little success.

Antonio D'Antoni composed a version in 1848 for the opera house in Trieste, but it was never performed.

Timoteo Pasini's version, Giovanna Grey, set to a libretto by Giovanni Pennacchi, had a "triumphant" premiere at the Teatro Comunale in Ferrara in 1853 with Luigia Abbadia in the title role. It was performed again in Jesi at the Teatro Pergolesi the following year, but did not remain in the repertoire.

Giuseppe Menghetti re-used Pepoli's libretto for his Giovanna Gray, which premiered in Trieste during the carnival season of 1859.

Henri Büsser's Jane Grey premiered in 1891 and was soon forgotten.

Arnold Rosner tackled the subject with The Chronicle of Nine, composed in 1984 to a libretto based on the stage play The Chronicle of Queen Jane by Florence Stevenson. Excerpts of Rosner's work have been recorded.  Its premiere was presented in Boston by Odyssey Opera and the Boston Modern Orchestra Project, conducted by Gil Rose. (Feb. 1, 2020). A complete recording of this production was released by BMOP Sound in 2021.

In literature
Jewel of the Greys (1972) (published in US as Destiny's Lady)  by Maureen Peters with Jane Grey as main character.
Karleen Bradford's 1986 novel, The Nine Days Queen, tells the story from Jane's perspective.
Historian and novelist Alison Weir published a novel based on Lady Jane Grey's life, Innocent Traitor, in August 2006.
 Cornish poet Charles Causley penned a poem about her life simply entitled 'Lady Jane Grey' which appears in several of his collected volumes.
Jane Grey appeared as a character in a Doctor Who short story entitled "The Nine-Day Queen", written by Matthew Jones for Dr Who: Decalog 2 (1995).
Raven Queen by Pauline Francis, in which she is the central character. This novel, aimed at readers aged 12+ was published by Usborne Books on 12 February 2007, the 453rd anniversary of her execution.
Jane appears as a character in at least three historical novels for young women: Mary, Bloody Mary and Beware, Princess Elizabeth, both by Carolyn Meyer, and Elizabeth I: Red Rose of the House of Tudor by Kathryn Lasky, part of the Royal Diaries literature series.
Lady Jane Grey appears in Timeless Love by Judith O'Brien, a novel about a teenaged girl who is taken back in time to the reign of the young King Edward VI.
The World of Lady Jane Grey is a historical fiction book by Gladys Malvern published in 1965.
Ann Rinaldi's 2005 book, Nine Days a Queen, is a story told from Jane's perspective about her life from birth until her execution.  In this, Jane Grey was reluctant to become queen, and believed that Mary would send a pardon just before her decapitation.
Virgin and the Crab - Sketches, Fables and Mysteries from the Early Life of John Dee and Elizabeth Tudor, a novel by Robert Parry, 2009, places Jane as a significant character in many of the early chapters.
In Lady in Waiting, a 2010 historical fiction novel written by Susan Meissner, antiques dealer Jane Lindsey discovers a ring inscribed with the name "Jane" that she believes belonged to Lady Jane Grey. The book alternates between modern-day New York and 16th century England as it relates the similar stories of modern Jane and Lady Jane Grey (the latter told through the view of her dressmaker, Lucy Day).
 In the 14th book in the Morganville Vampires series by Rachel Caine entitled Fall of Night (2013) a vampire character that goes by the name of Jesse is introduced. The series is a young adult supernatural urban fantasy series focusing on vampires. The character of Jesse is implied to be Lady Jane Grey. She is referred to as Lady Grey several times by another character, and as an explanation she states that she likes the fact that she was a queen although she only reigned for a period of nine days.
Suzannah Dunn's 2015 book, The Lady of Misrule, is about a sixteen-year-old girl, Elizabeth Tilney, who volunteers to be Lady Jane Grey's companion while she is imprisoned in the Tower of London.
My Lady Jane, a novel by  Cynthia Hand, Brodi Ashton and Jodi Meadows, published 7 June 2016 by HarperTeen. This young adult novel tells the 'comical, fantastical, romantical, (not) entirely true' story of Lady Jane Grey.
Jane appears as a point of view character in Phillipa Gregory's novel The Last Tudor published, 8 August 2017.

In film, radio and television

There have been three film versions of Jane's life, in which she has been played by:
Nina Vanna in the British silent film Lady Jane Grey; Or, The Court of Intrigue (1923)
Nova Pilbeam in Tudor Rose (1936)
Helena Bonham Carter in Lady Jane (1986)

In adaptations of The Prince and the Pauper she has been played by:
Anne Howard in The Prince and the Pauper (1937)
Jane Asher in The Prince and the Pauper (1962), part of the American TV series Disneyland
Nádia Lippi in O Príncipe E o Mendigo (1972), a Brazilian TV adaptation
Felicity Dean in Crossed Swords (1977)
Sophia Myles in the British TV drama The Prince and the Pauper (1996)
Perdita Weeks in the British TV drama The Prince and the Pauper (2000)

Jane was also played by Sarah Frampton in the BBC TV series Elizabeth R (1971).

In the BBC Radio 4 radio play The Nine Days Queen by Amanda Whittington, the adult Jane was played by Loo Brealey and the child Jane by Agnes Bateman.

Jane also appears in two episodes of The Sarah Jane Adventures, Lost in Time parts 1 and 2 which take place on her last day as queen. She is played by Amber Beattie.

Jane was played by Bella Ramsey in Starz’s Becoming Elizabeth in 2022.

References

Further reading

Sue Parrill and William B. Robison, The Tudors on Film and Television (McFarland, 2013). .

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20161101075449/http://www.tudorsonfilm.com/

Grey, Jane
Grey, Jane
Lady Jane Grey


William Henry Peter Barber (10 September 1857 – 15 January 1943) was a New Zealand Member of Parliament for Newtown in Wellington.

Early life and family
Born in Wellington in 1857, Barber was educated at St Peter's School.  He began work in his father's dyeing firm of Barber and Company, and eventually became its head. He married Emily Clarke, of Somerset, England, in 1879, and had three sons and two daughters.

Member of Parliament

William Barber represented the Wellington electorate of Newtown for the whole of its existence, from 1902 to 1908. In 1908 he was defeated for the reconstituted electorate of Wellington South.

New Liberal Party
Barber was associated with the New Liberal Party. His favourite idea was one shared by the other New Liberals-that the institutions of local government should be strengthened and given more scope and power. He heartily supported Harry Ell's 1904 Municipal Corporations Bill, which provided for borough councils to hold referendums.

Barber also advocated state fire insurance, state coal mines, and the old radical favourite, reduction of taxes on the necessities of life. However, he did not favour the elective executive.

Other activities
He served as a director of the Wellington Woollen Company (chairman at the time of his death), and chairman of directors of the Wellington Opera House Company. He was elected to the Wellington City Council in 1891 and served as a councilor for 26 years. He contested the 1905 Wellington City mayoral election and came second, beaten by Thomas William Hislop. He was a member of the Hutt Valley Electric Power Board (retired 1933); director of Wellington Deposit and Mortgage Company; chairman of the Wellington College Board of Governors (1924–31) and a member of the Kauri Timber Royal Commission.

In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal.

Death
Barber died in Wellington on 15 January 1943, and was buried at Karori Cemetery.

References

Further reading

External links
Photo of Barber driving a car, purchased from William McLean

1857 births
1943 deaths
New Zealand Liberal Party MPs
Wellington City Councillors
New Zealand businesspeople
New Liberal Party (New Zealand) MPs
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand MPs for Wellington electorates
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1908 New Zealand general election
Burials at Karori Cemetery
Colony of New Zealand people


Gregory Whittlesea (born 23 July 1963) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with  in the Australian Football League (AFL) and with  and  in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) during the 1980s and 1990s.

Whittlesea captained Sturt from 1987 to 1990 and won the Magarey Medal in 1988. He won successive best and fairest awards in 1987 and 1988. At the 1988 Adelaide Bicentennial Carnival he represented South Australia and earned All-Australian selection. In 1991 he was recruited by Hawthorn, but managed only four games.

He retired from football in 2004 having played 168 games for Yankalilla in the Great Southern Football League in South Australia.

External links

1963 births
Hawthorn Football Club players
Living people
Magarey Medal winners
South Australian State of Origin players
Sturt Football Club players
All-Australians (1953–1988)
Australian rules footballers from South Australia


Guthrum II was, according to some reconstructions, a King of East Anglia in the early tenth century. He should not be confused with the earlier and better-known Guthrum, who fought against Alfred the Great.

Background

The only Viking ruler of the kingdom of East Anglia whose existence is beyond doubt is the earlier Guthrum. He took the baptismal name Æthelstan, and died in 890 after ruling East Anglia for around ten years.

Until the death of Guthrum, the coins of East Anglia provide an essential guide to the rulers of the kingdom. After the killing of King Æthelberht II of East Anglia in 794, only two kings—Edmund, better known as Saint Edmund the Martyr, and Guthrum—are named in near-contemporary written records, while all others are known only from the numismatic evidence provided by surviving coins. This evidence comes to an end at Guthrum's death as late East Anglian coins cease to name the king on whose orders they were minted and instead bear the name of King Edmund. From this time forward, kings are only known from the very limited written record.

It is believed that Eohric was king of East Anglia. The beginning of his reign cannot be dated. He was killed in 902 at the battle of the Holme alongside Æthelwold of Wessex, fighting against the armies of Æthelwold's cousin King Edward the Elder. The East Anglians are recorded by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as signing a peace with Edward in 906 and submitting to Edward late in 917, but on neither occasion are their leaders named by the Chronicle.

The Laws of Edward and Guthrum
In his translation of Johann Martin Lappenberg's History of England under the Anglo-Saxon Kings, Benjamin Thorpe refers to King Guthrum II as having led the East Anglians in 906 when peace was made with Edward the Elder. Thorpe bases this upon one of his own earlier works, Ancient Laws and Institutes of England (1840). Here he printed the Laws of Edward and Guthrum, which he presumed to be a record of the agreement in 906. He referred to the medieval historian John of Wallingford as supporting this identification, stating that Wallingford referred to a second Guthrum being active in Edward's reign. Joseph Stevenson translated Wallingford some years after Thorpe wrote, and his edition disagrees with Thorpe's reading. According to Stevenson's translation, Wallingford wrote that the King Guthrum who had made peace with Alfred and whose death in 890 is not disputed, had left England for Denmark and returned again during the reign of Edward at the request of his son Æthelstan. "Here again Wallingford has fallen into error" and "These statements are to be received with caution" are Stevenson's comments.

In time the idea that the Laws of Edward and Guthrum should be dated to the reign of Edward the Elder came under scrutiny. Frederick Attenborough's Laws of the Earliest English Kings (1921) discussed them and referred to the work of German historian Felix Liebermann. Liebermann considered the preamble to the laws to be inauthentic and dated them to the reign of King Æthelstan. Modern studies date them to later yet. The late Patrick Wormald wrote: "From 1568 to 1941, no one seems to have doubted that [the Laws of Edward and Guthrum] was just what it claimed to be." But, Wormald notes, since 1941, when Dorothy Whitelock published a study of the text, this is no longer the case. Rather than being seen as a contemporary record of the peace of 906, or a document from the time of Æthelstan, the Laws are now dated to around 1000. It is believed that they were written by Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York (died 1023).

Notes

References
 Abrams, "Edward the Elder's Danelaw" in Higham & Hill
 Attenborough, Laws of the Earliest English Kings (rp)
 Campbell, "What is not known" in Higham & Hill
 Davis, From Alfred the Great to Stephen
 John, Reassessing Anglo-Saxon England
 Keynes, "Rulers" in Lapidge et al.
 Keynes & Lapidge, Alfred the Great
 Lappenberg
 Lyon, "Coinage of Edward the Elder" in Higham & Hill
 PASE, Guthrum (2)
 Ridyard, Royal Saints
 Swanton, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
 Thorpe, Ancient Laws (rp)
 Wallingford, John of, in Stevenson, Church Historians, v 2 pt 2
 Whitelock et al., English Historical Documents
 Wormald, Making of English Law

10th-century English monarchs
Norse monarchs of East Anglia
People whose existence is disputed


Senaithalaivar is a Tamil-speaking caste mainly from south Tamil Nadu.

Literary evidence
The original name of these people is said to be Ilai Vaniyar.

Distribution
They are mainly populated in Tirunelveli District, Tiruvarur District, Chennai, Kanyakumari District, Nagapattinam District, Thanjaur District and Madurai District, including places like Tenmalai, Kayatharu and Seevalapperi. T

Society and caste organisation
They are included in the Tamil Nadu state's list of Backward castes.

References

Social groups of Tamil Nadu


Richard I of England has been depicted many times in romantic fiction and popular culture.

Robin Hood

The Scots philosopher and chronicler John Mair was the first to associate Richard with the Robin Hood legends in his Historia majoris Britannae, tam Angliae quam Scotiae (1521). In the earliest Robin Hood ballads the only king mentioned is "Edward our comely king", most probably Edward II or Edward III. However, Sir Walter Scott's novel Ivanhoe popularised Mair's linking of the Hood legends to Richard's reign, and it was taken up by later novelists and by cinema. Typically Robin is depicted upholding justice in Richard's name against John and his officials during the king's imprisonment. Richard appears in the novella about Robin Hood, Maid Marian (1822), by Thomas Love Peacock.

Other literature
Richard has appeared frequently in fiction, as a result of the 'chivalric revival' of the Romantic era.

The Adventures of King Richard Coeur-de-Lion (1791) by James White is a humorous historical novel about Richard's adventures.
In 1822, he was the subject of Eleanor Anne Porden's epic poem, Cœur de Lion.
After Ivanhoe, in which he is depicted as initially adopting the pseudonym of Le Noir Fainéant ("The Black Sluggard"), Sir Walter Scott portrayed Richard in The Talisman (1825), a highly fictionalized treatment of the Third Crusade.
 In her poem , Felicia Hemans relates how Richard was discovered in captivity by the troubadour, Blondel.
Winning His Spurs: A Tale of the Crusades (1882) (aka Boy Knight) by G. A. Henty, is a novel about a young noble, Cuthbert, who accompanies Richard during the Third Crusade. According to historian Mike Horswell, Winning His Spurs depicts Richard as "a man of action, inspirational leader and phenomenal fighter".
The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood (1883) by Howard Pyle, features a heroic and admirable depiction of King Richard. This book helped popularize the connection between the Robin Hood legends and Richard.
Maurice Hewlett's novel The Life and Death of Richard Yea-and-Nay  (1900) is a novel about Richard's life.
The Assassins (1902), a novel by Nevill Myers Meakin (1876-1912), features Richard, Philip II of France and Saladin, in a plot involving the Order of Assassins.
The juvenile novel Lion-Heart: A Story of the Reign of Richard I (1910) by "Herbert Strang" and Richard Stead, is a tale about Richard, that is influenced by Henty's work.
Walter of Tiverton (1923) by Bernard G. Marshall, is another juvenile novel where two young knights help Richard resist the plots of Prince John.
Unhurrying Chase (1925) by H. F. M. Prescott, revolves around the conflict between the novel's protagonist, a young Frenchman, and Richard.
"Hawks of Outremer" (1931) by Robert E. Howard, is a short story that features a brief appearance by Richard.
Kay, the Left-Handed (1935) by Leslie Barringer deals with Richard's travels abroad and the effects of his absence from England.
The Golden Knight (1937), written by Frederick Schiller Faust under the pseudonym "George Challis", focuses on Richard's captivity in Austria.
The Passionate Brood by Margaret Campbell Barnes (1945) is based on the legend of Blondel de Nesle's quest to find Richard.
King's Man (1948) by C. M. Edmondston and M. L. F. Hyde, is a juvenile novel exploring the working relationship between William Marshal and Richard.
Harold Lamb wrote a short story "Lionheart" (1949), which focuses on Richard near the end of his life.
Gore Vidal's novel A Search for the King (1950) also retells the legend of Blondel and Richard.
Ronald Welch's novel Knight Crusader (1954), depicts Richard as a hero.
Donald Barr Chidsey's novel This Bright Sword (1957) features a Richard portrayed as a swashbuckling hero.
John Jakes published a novel, Sir Scoundrel (1962) about Richard and Blondel. Sir Scoundrel was published under Jakes' pen-name Jay Scotland. Jakes later revised the novel and published it under his own name as King's Crusader (1977). Jakes' novel is one of the first works of fiction to depict Richard as a homosexual.
The young Richard is also a major character in James Goldman's play The Lion in Winter (1966), which depicts him as homosexual.
Molly Costain Haycraft's My Lord Brother, the Lion Heart (1968) is a novel that centres on the relationship between Richard and his sister, Joan of England.
He features in Graham Shelby's The Kings of Vain Intent and, more centrally, in The Devil is Loose, Norah Lofts' The Lute-Player, Jean Plaidy's The Heart of the Lion, Cecelia Holland's The King's Witch, and Sharon Kay Penman's The Devil's Brood and Lionheart.
Richard is depicted in The Isle of Glass (1985) by Judith Tarr, the first volume of her historical fantasy trilogy The Hound and the Falcon.
Swedish author Jan Guillou depicts Richard as a merciless Muslim killer in The Knight Templar (Crusades trilogy), while Rachel Bard's Queen Without a Country portrays him as Berengaria of Navarre's reluctant husband.
Tariq Ali depicts Richard in his novel The Book of Saladin (1998). Here Richard is given the derisive nick-name "Richard the Lion-Arse" by Saladin's soldiers. According to Reed Way Dasenbrock, Ali's Richard "breaks his word repeatedly and falls quite short of the standard of chivalry and courtesy set by Salah-ud-din".
Richard appears in several of the Crowner John historical mystery novels by Bernard Knight, beginning with The Sanctuary Seeker (1998).
Kamran Pasha depicts Richard in his novel, Shadow of the Swords (2010). This depicts Richard during his conflict with Saladin, and also has Richard meeting the Jewish philosopher Maimonides.
Richard is referenced in Jennifer Roberson's novels Lady of the Forest and Lady of Sherwood.
Richard appears in the Japanese Light novel Fate/strange fake as a Saber class servant.

Theatre
In 1966 James Rado played Richard in the original Broadway production of The Lion in Winter by James Goldman.
In 1999 Chuma Hunter-Gault played Richard in the Broadway revival of The Lion in Winter by James Goldman, mounted by the Roundabout Theater.
In Winter 2006, Scott Edward Haugen portrayed Richard the Lionheart in an adaptation and staging of Goldman's The Lion in Winter by Undiscovered Country Productions, with performances staged in the cities of Fargo, North Dakota and Glyndon, Minnesota.
In 2014 a play written by David Eldridge featuring Richard I, Holy Warriors, was performed at the Shakespeare's Globe. The 2014 run of Holy Warriors featured John Hopkins as Richard I, as well as Alexander Siddig as Saladin.

Opera
 Isacio tiranno (1710) by Antonio Lotti is based loosely on Richard's conquest of Cyprus.
 Riccardo primo, re d'Inghilterra (1727) by George Frideric Handel is based Lotti's Isacio.
 Richard Coeur-de-lion (1784) by André Grétry recounts the story of Richard's imprisonment and the legend of his discovery by Blondel de Nesle.
 Richard en Palestine (1844) by Adolphe Adam
 Richard also appears in some operatic adaptations of Scott's novels Ivanhoe and The Talisman, including:
 Il Talismano ossia La Terza Crociata in Palestina (1829) by Giovanni Pacini
 Der Templer und die Jüdin (1829) by Heinrich Marschner
 Il Talismano (1874) by Michael Balfe (completed by Michael Costa)
Ivanhoe (1891) by Sir Arthur Sullivan (1891)

Film
Richard has been portrayed on film by:
Arthur Hollingsworth in the silent short Robin Hood (1912)
Walter Craven in the silent adaptation of Ivanhoe (1913)
Walter Gibbs in the silent Robin Hood (1913)
Wallace Beery in the silent films Robin Hood (1922), with Douglas Fairbanks as Robin, and Richard the Lion-Hearted (1923), based on The Talisman
S. J. Bingham in the silent Robin Hood, Jr. (1923)
Henry Wilcoxon in Cecil B. DeMille's The Crusades (1935)
Ian Hunter in The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), with Errol Flynn as Robin
Patrick Barr in The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men (1952), with Richard Todd as Robin and in The Adventures of Robin Hood (1955–59) with Richard Greene as Robin.
Norman Wooland in Ivanhoe (1952), with Robert Taylor as Ivanhoe
Patrick Holt in The Men of Sherwood Forest (1954)
George Sanders in King Richard and the Crusaders (1954), loosely based on The Talisman
Hamdi Geiss in Egyptian director Youssef Chahine's El Naser Salah el Dine (1963)
Anthony Hopkins in the film adaptation of The Lion in Winter (1968), for which he was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor
Lars Bloch in the Italian film L'Arciere di Sherwood (1970)
Frankie Howerd in the comedy Up the Chastity Belt (1971), in which Richard is revealed to be the double of the main character, Lurkalot (also played by Howerd)
Peter Ustinov in the Disney animated film Robin Hood (1973), in which he also voiced Prince John. Both were lions, in reference to his title 'Lionheart'. In this film, Richard is depicted as the uncle of Maid Marian.
Richard Harris in Robin and Marian (1976). This is a revisionist version, depicting Richard as obsessive and murderous rather than heroic.
Neil Dickson in Lionheart (1987)
Sean Connery briefly (and uncredited) at the end of Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991)
Aleksandr Baluev in the Russian film Richard the Lion-Hearted (1992), based on The Talisman
Patrick Stewart in Mel Brooks's parody Robin Hood: Men in Tights (1993)
Iain Glen briefly (and uncredited) at the end of Kingdom of Heaven (2005)
Danny Huston in Ridley Scott's Robin Hood (2010)
Greg Maness in Richard The Lionheart (2013) and Richard the Lionheart: Rebellion (2015)

Television
Richard has been portrayed on television by:
David Markham in the BBC series Robin Hood (1953), with Patrick Troughton as Robin
Bruce Seton in the British series Ivanhoe (1958)
Dermot Walsh in the British children's series Richard the Lionheart (1962–1963)
Jon Cypher in the "Robin Hood" episode of the American series Children's Theater (1964)
Julian Glover in the Doctor Who story "The Crusade" (1965), set during Richard's conflict with Saladin, and again in the TV film Ivanhoe (1982)
Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. in the American TV musical film The Legend of Robin Hood (1968)
Bernard Horsfall in the BBC series Ivanhoe (1970)
Michael J. Jackson in the BBC series The Legend of Robin Hood (1975)
Lawrence Clark (aged 7), Paul Rose (aged 13), Glen Barlow (aged about 18), and Michael Byrne (as an adult) in the BBC series The Devil's Crown (1978), which dramatised his reign and that of his father and brother
Stephan Chase in the BBC series The Talisman (1980)
Robert Hardy in the American TV film parody The Zany Adventures of Robin Hood (1984)
John Rhys-Davies in "The King's Fool" episode of the British series Robin of Sherwood (1984). This version depicts Richard as a villain, who tries to have Robin Hood killed when he realises he cannot control him.
Forbes Collins in "The Whitish Knight" episode of the BBC children's comedy series Maid Marian and her Merry Men (1989), in which he also played Prince John.
Mugihito voiced King Richard in the anime Robin Hood no Daibōken where he arrives near the end to assist Robin and his allies in overthrowing both his brother Prince John and Baron Alwyn.
Marek Vašut in the TV film Young Ivanhoe (1995)
Rory Edwards in the British series Ivanhoe (1997)
Andrew Howard in the TV film adaptation of The Lion in Winter (2003)
Steven Waddington in the "We Are Robin Hood!" episode of the BBC series Robin Hood (2007); he also portrayed King Richard in the BBC drama documentary "Heroes and Villains: Richard the Lionheart" (2008)
Mathew Baynton and Adam Riches in the British children's sketchshow Horrible Histories (2009 - 2015)
Nice Peter in a season 7 episode of Epic Rap Battles of History (2021), in which the Lionheart faces Ragnar Lodbrok as portrayed by EpicLLOYD.

Radio
Richard is played by Ed Stoppard in Mike Walker's BBC Radio 4 series Plantagenet (2010).

Comics
Richard appeared in a 1950 storyline in the Alley Oop comic strip by V.T. Hamlin.
Richard was depicted in two different issues of the Classics Illustrated comics series. The first was a 1953 adaption of Walter Scott's The Talisman, and the second was a 1955 adaption of Scott's Ivanhoe.

Video games
In the Robin Hood-inspired adventure game Conquests of the Longbow, Richard is featured as a prisoner of Leopold of Austria. As in the previously mentioned legends, Robin Hood is working to raise  marks in ransom to release Richard.
The strategy game Medieval: Total War features two battles based on his encounters with his rival Saladin: the battle of Jaffa and the battle of Arsuf.
The sequel, Medieval II: Total War shows Richard on the box cover, and the player has the opportunity to play the Battle of Arsuf. Richard is also included the expansion pack Medieval II: Total War: Kingdoms where he makes an appearance during the Crusades campaign.
In Empires: Dawn of the Modern World his campaign is pre-1190 and sees him fight French King Philip II.
He is one of the main Crusader characters in the real-time strategy game Stronghold: Crusader, appearing on the box cover, in one of the historical campings and as an AI Lord in Skirmish mode.
In Age of Empires 2, Richard can be played in battle against Saladin.
In Age of Empires: The Age of Kings for Nintendo DS, Richard the Lionheart is a usable hero and the final campaign features six missions based upon him, including the Battle of Arsuf and a fictional assault on Jerusalem.
In Lionheart: Legacy of the Crusader, the player character is a 16th-century descendant of Richard I. The game follows an alternate history timeline in which Richard's execution of the prisoners after the capture of Acre completed a ritual that unleashed magic and demons into the world. (2003)
In the 2007 action-adventure video game Assassin's Creed (set in the time of the third crusade) Richard plays a major part in the game, making several appearances and at one point interacting with the main character. Richard speaks English with a French accent in the game as a reference to the fact that he spoke Occitan (native mother tongue), Latin, Anglo-Norman language and Old French, and barely knew Old English or Middle English in real life.
In Civilization II, King Richard's Crusade is one of the Wonders of the World. This Wonder provides increased production.
Richard is a playable character in the Mobile/PC Game Rise of Kingdoms.

References

Cultural depictions of English monarchs
Cultural depictions of kings


WRIA may refer to:

 WRIA-LP, a defunct low-power FM radio station (95.7 MHz) licensed to serve Jacksonville, Florida, United States
 WHPI, an FM radio station (96.5 MHz) licensed to serve Farmington, Illinois, United States, which held the call sign WRIA from 2006 to 2007


John of England has been portrayed many times in fiction, generally reflecting the overwhelmingly negative view of his reputation.

Art
The North Wall Frieze in the courtroom of the Supreme Court of the United States depicts King John granting Magna Carta.

Literature
 King John is the protagonist of John Bale's sixteenth-century Protestant play King Johan, in which he is depicted positively as a bulwark against the papacy.
 John was the subject of an anonymous Elizabethan play, The Troublesome Reign of King John, in 1591. The play reflects the sympathetic view of King John during the English Reformation; it depicts John as "a fearless resister of the Papacy". This play is believed by many Shakespeare scholars to have been a source for Shakespeare's play.
 King John appears in the plays The Downfall of Robert Earl of Huntington and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington (1598) by Anthony Munday. Munday's two plays feature the exploits of Robin Hood, and John is depicted as Robin's enemy in these plays. Munday's work thus incorporated King John into the Robin Hood legends. As a result of this, John and one of his Justices in Eyre, the Sheriff of Nottingham, are frequently portrayed as villain and henchman in later versions Robin Hood legends. These usually place the Robin Hood stories in the latter part of Richard I's reign, when Richard was in captivity and John was acting as unofficial regent.
 John was the subject of a Shakespearean play, King John (written c. 1595, and published in 1623).
 Prince John is a central figure in the 1819 historical romance Ivanhoe, by Sir Walter Scott, and is depicted in subsequent adaptations. Ivanhoe helped popularize the image of King John as cruel and villainous. The novel also calls John a "Norman", although contemporary documents from the period of John's reign do not refer to the monarch as a Norman.
 King John features in the three-decker novel Forest Days (1843) by G. P. R. James, about the First Barons' War.
 The children's novel The Constable's Tower: or the Times of Magna Charta (1891) by Charlotte Mary Yonge, revolves around John signing Magna Carta, and also features the Siege of Dover during the First Barons' War.
 The novel Uncanonized (1900) by Margaret Horton Potter features King John.
 King John is the subject of A. A. Milne's poem for children, King John's Christmas (1927), which begins "King John was not a good man", but slowly builds sympathy for him as he fears not getting anything for Christmas, when all he really wants is a rubber ball.
 In the comic parody 1066 and All That (1930) John is depicted as "an Awful King".
 The Devil and King John by Philip Lindsay (1943) is a highly speculative but relatively sympathetic account.
 Philip José Farmer, a science fiction author, featured King John as one of several historical figures in his Riverworld saga.
 Below the Salt (1957) by Thomas B. Costain depicts the First Baron's War and John's signing of Magna Carta.
 John is a character in James Goldman's 1966 play The Lion in Winter, which dramatises Henry II's struggles with his wife and sons over the rule of his empire. John is portrayed as a spoiled, simple-minded pawn in the machinations of his brothers and Philip II of France.
 James Goldman also wrote a novel called Myself As Witness (1979), a fictional record of the later years of John's reign purportedly kept by the chronicler Gerald of Wales.
 John is a character in Maureen Peters' 1983 novel Lackland's Bride, which deals with his marriage to Isabella, Countess of Gloucester.
 Sharon Penman's Here Be Dragons deals with the reign of John, the development of Wales under Llewelyn's rule, and Llewelyn's marriage to John's illegitimate daughter, Joan, who is depicted in the novel as "Joanna".  Other novels of hers which feature John as a prominent character are The Queen's Man, Cruel as the Grave, The Dragon's Lair, and Prince of Darkness, a series of fictional mysteries set during the time of Richard's imprisonment.
 John is featured in several books by Elizabeth Chadwick, including Lords of the White Castle, The Champion, and The Scarlet Lion.
 Judith Tarr features a sympathetic Prince John as the protagonist of her fantasy novel Pride of Kings (2001).

Film
John has been portrayed on film by:
Herbert Beerbohm Tree in the silent short King John (1899), which recreates his death scene at the end of the Shakespeare play
George Courtenay in the silent adaptation of Ivanhoe (1913)
Sam De Grasse in the silent film Robin Hood (1922), with Douglas Fairbanks as Robin
Edward Cooper in the silent film Robin Hood, Jr.(1923)
Ramsay Hill in The Crusades (1935)
Claude Rains in The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), with Errol Flynn as Robin. John is here portrayed as an affable but tyrannical man.
George Macready in Rogues of Sherwood Forest (1950)
Hubert Gregg in The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men (1952), with Richard Todd as Robin
Guy Rolfe in Ivanhoe (1952), with Robert Taylor as Ivanhoe
Nigel Terry in the film adaptation of The Lion in Winter (1968)
Lawrence Adams in the soft porn film The Ribald Tales of Robin Hood (1969)
Frank Braña in the Italian film Il Magnifico Robin Hood (1970)
Daniele Dublino in the Italian film L'Arciere di Sherwood (1970)
Peter Ustinov provided the voice of Prince John in the Disney animated film Robin Hood (1973), in which the Regent of England is depicted as an anthropomorphic lion and a cowardly, infantile, comical villain who sucks his thumb at the mention of his mother and is repeatedly humiliated by Robin Hood (himself depicted as an anthropomorphic fox)
Ian Holm in Robin and Marian (1976)
Algimantas Masiulis in the Russian film The Ballad of the Valiant Knight Ivanhoe (1983), an adaptation of Ivanhoe
Edward Fox in Robin Hood (1991), with Patrick Bergin as Robin
Richard Lewis in Mel Brooks's parody Robin Hood: Men in Tights (1994)
Oscar Isaac in Ridley Scott's Robin Hood (2010) as neither hero or villain but as a corrupt yet intelligent ruler who forms an alliance with Hood to defeat the French invaders.
Paul Giamatti in Jonathan English's Ironclad (2011)
John Michael Higgins provided the voice of John in the Warner Bros. animated film Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse (2012)

Television
John has been portrayed on television by:
Donald Wolfit in the BBC Sunday Night Theatre version of Shakespeare's King John (1952)
Donald Pleasence in the British series The Adventures of Robin Hood (1955–1960); John was also played in the series by Hubert Gregg and Brian Haines
Andrew Keir in the British series Ivanhoe (1958)
John Crawford in "The Revenge of Robin Hood" episode of the American time travel series The Time Tunnel (1966)
John Scott (voice) In the Canadian children's animated series Rocket Robin Hood (1966–1969)
Roddy McDowall in the American TV musical film The Legend of Robin Hood (1968) and the American TV film parody The Zany Adventures of Robin Hood (1984)
Tim Preece in the BBC series Ivanhoe (1970)
David Dixon in the BBC series The Legend of Robin Hood (1975)
Ron Rifkin in the American comedy series When Things Were Rotten (1975), about Robin Hood
Paul Spurrier (as a boy) and John Duttine (as an adult) in the BBC TV drama series The Devil's Crown (1978), which dramatised his reign and those of his father and brother
Ronald Pickup in the British TV film Ivanhoe (1982)
John Slade in the "An Arrow Pointing East" episode of the American time travel series Voyagers! (1982)
Gerald Flood in "The King's Demons" story of the BBC series Doctor Who (1983), in which John was impersonated by the shape-shifting robot Kamelion
Phil Davis in the British series Robin of Sherwood (1984–1986)
Leonard Rossiter in the BBC Shakespeare The Life and Death of King John (1984)
Forbes Collins in the BBC children's comedy series Maid Marian and her Merry Men (1989) plays John as a cowardly, overweight, dimwitted buffoon.
Michael Rudder (voice) in the American animated children's series Young Robin Hood (1992)
Ian Falconer in the TV film Young Ivanhoe (1995)
Andrew Bicknell in the American series The New Adventures of Robin Hood (1997–1998)
Ralph Brown in the British series Ivanhoe (1997)
Cameron Rhodes in the British series Dark Knight (2000), based on Ivanhoe
Jonathan Hyde in the American TV film Princess of Thieves (2001), which depicts Prince John trying to seize the throne from the rightful heir, Prince Philip, an illegitimate son of King Richard
Soma Marko (as a boy) and Rafe Spall (as an adult) in the TV film adaptation of The Lion in Winter (2003)
 Toby Stephens in the 2009 season of the BBC's Robin Hood series, playing John as a manipulative, insecure, spoilt brat who resents his elder brother and desires the throne of England whilst constantly demanding affirmation that he is loved by his people, despite his vindictive treatment of them.
 Jim Howick and Ben Miller in the historical sketch show Horrible Histories.

Radio
John has been portrayed on radio by:
Robert Farquharson in a 1931 BBC Radio London performance of Shakespeare's The Life and Death of King John.
Carleton Hobbs in a 1944 BBC Radio broadcast of Shakespeare's The Life and Death of King John (with Ralph Richardson playing Philip Faulconbridge).
Robert Harris in a 1958 BBC Radio broadcast of Shakespeare's The Life and Death of King John.
Robert Eddison in a 1967 BBC Radio broadcast of Shakespeare's The Life and Death of King John.
Hadyn Jones in the 1971 play John, By the Grace of God by Lydia Ragosin, Haydn Jones and Beatrix Lehmann. This play depicts John as being secretly a pagan.
Jack Shepherd in a 1990 BBC Radio "modern-dress" adaption of Shakespeare's The Life and Death of King John.
Neil Stuke in Mike Walker's BBC Radio 4 series Plantagenet (2010).

Comics
King John was depicted in a 1955 Classics Illustrated adaption of Scott's Ivanhoe.

References

John
John, King of England
John


Ernest Frederic Crosbie Trench CBE, TD (6 August 1869 – 15 September 1960) was a British civil engineer.

Ernest was born on 6 August 1869 to George Frederic Trench and Frances Charlotte Talbot Crosbie. Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter, sister to Edward IV and Richard III was an ancestor of Ernest's mother. He was educated at Monkton Combe School and at Lausanne before studying for a Master of Arts degree from Trinity College, Dublin.

He worked primarily as a railway engineer, beginning his railway career as a pupil of E.B. Thornhill on the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) in 1893, after which he worked for the Midland Railway (from 1899) and the North London Railway from January 1903, before returning to the LNWR on 1 March 1906 as assistant engineer. Three years later on 1 March 1909, he was promoted to chief assistant engineer, becoming chief engineer on 1 October the same year following the retirement of Thornhill the previous month. At the start of 1923 he was appointed as the chief engineer of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS), becoming the LMS consulting engineer from 1 February 1927, retiring on 1 April 1930.

He became involved in the Institution of Civil Engineers as an associate member in 1897, progressing to a full membership in 1904, he was first elected to the council in 1915 and would serve on it for the next seventeen years. He was elected vice president of the institution in 1924 and served as its president from 1927 to 1928.

In 1920 he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for "services rendered in connexion with 1914-18 war" and in 1931 received the Territorial Decoration for service as a volunteer Colonel in the Engineer and Railway Staff Corps.

He married Netta Taylor on 3 April 1895 and fathered five sons and one daughter. He died in Marlborough, Wiltshire on 15 September 1960.

See also

References

1869 births
1960 deaths
British civil engineers
Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers
People educated at Monkton Combe School
Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Engineer and Railway Staff Corps officers
London and North Western Railway people
London, Midland and Scottish Railway people


Flurry may refer to:

 A snow flurry, a brief snow shower
 Flurry, a Super Mario series enemy character
 The Flurry Festival, an annual folk music and dance festival in Saratoga Springs, New York
 Flurry Heart, one of the supporting characters in My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic
 Flurry (company), a mobile analytics and monetization platform
 McFlurry, a McDonald's ice cream dessert


John Cooper (born 1938 in Derby) is an English retired garage proprietor who was a prolific short-circuit motorcycle road racer during the 1960s and early 1970s. He also entered selected Grands Prix motorcycle road races. His best season was in 1967 when he finished the year in seventh place in the 500cc world championship. Cooper was a two-time winner of the North West 200 race held in Northern Ireland. He is remembered for his upset victory over the reigning 500cc world champion, Giacomo Agostini at the 1971 Race of the Year held at Mallory Park. Cooper rode a BSA Rocket 3 to finish three-fifths of a second ahead of Agostini's MV Agusta, achieving his fifth victory in the race since 1965.

Racing career
John 'Mooneyes' Cooper had the given name of John Herbert Cooper. He started motorcycle sport local to Derbyshire by riding a rigid-framed 197cc James entering off-road trials in 1954 at age 16. He progressed to a plunger-sprung James track race bike tuned by Harry Lomas (father of racer Bill Lomas) entering informal events organised by his local Derby club at Osmaston Manor. For 1958 Cooper had a different James powered by a tuned Triumph Tiger Cub engine, which he raced against Percy Tait who also had a Cub.

Cooper had a long-standing association with motorcycle dealer Wraggs. By 1960 he was riding their BSA Gold Star for the 500cc class and later a 350cc Gold Star engined Norton.

1961 saw Wraggs providing him with 1960 350 and 500 Manx Nortons which he later purchased in 1964, selling them on in 1966. A trained mechanic, he preferred to work on his own bikes, excepting the engine preparation which was by respected tuner Francis Beart.

Cooper first entered the TT races in 1964, scoring ninth-place in the Senior 500cc race, failing to finish in the other classes and again in the 1965 races when riding a 250cc Greeves with 350 and 500 Nortons.

Cooper was famously known as 'Mooneyes'. He initially decorated his helmet with the initials 'J C' followed by a hand-drawn cartoon character "Jiminy Cricket", continuing the 'J C' theme. His helmet was rejected by race officials, so he painted a new helmet red but found it plain. Adding two stick-on giant 'eyes', a motoring gimmick of the 1960s, endured as his personal design throughout his career.

Cooper's experience and successes continued throughout the 1960s becoming a rival to Derek Minter who retired from racing in 1967. Minter was known by his race successes as 'King of Brands', and Cooper as 'Master of Mallory'. A section of the Mallory Park, Leicestershire circuit has been renamed from Lake Esses to the John Cooper Esses in his honor.

Cooper rode a variety of machinery during his race career, including a Kawasaki 250 cc twin in the 1967 Lightweight TT, Norton twins, Seeley AJS 350 cc and Seeley Matchless 500 cc, 250 cc and 350 cc Yamsels – Yamaha two-stroke engines fitted into Seeley frames, and in the 1970 Production 750 cc TT race on a works Honda CB750, finishing in ninth place, before being associated with the works BSA Rocket 3.

Personal life
Cooper was a trained mechanic and after National Service in 1958 he worked as a manager for his father's gents' outfitters in Derby.

Establishing his own garage in 1965 and later car sales, he retired from the businesses between 2007 and 2011.

After this time, there are two separate businesses associated with his name, one being a car and motorcycle garage in the old premises at Chandos Pole Street, Derby, and the other a motorcycle tyre retailer in a nearby unit.

References

External links
 John Cooper career profile at motopaedia.com

1938 births
Sportspeople from Derby
British motorcycle racers
English motorcycle racers
350cc World Championship riders
500cc World Championship riders
Isle of Man TT riders
Living people


Spectrum Safari is a ZX Spectrum video game developed and self-released by A.J. Rushton in 1983. The game was soon signed by CDS Micro Systems who reissued it in early 1984 with a new cover and loading screen.

Its cassette inlay simply read: "Can you lead your party of three away from the dangers of the Island of Death, or will you be beaten by the horrific creatures that inhabit the island, who thirst for your blood with every step you take? Only the fittest will survive."

Summary
"The idea is to take your party of stranded explorers across an island infested with highly intelligent wildlife with university degrees, and beset with natives who want to barter away their food and men to replace that eaten by the men or the intelligent wildlife. Once you have visited a village it disappears forever, but it teaches you caution in your bargaining, if you’re getting short of explorers (lives) in your party. Losing them all means death to the player. The main object is to find the only boat, buy it and sail away from this Magnus Magnusson madhouse. Every animal encountered has some problem for you; sometimes it’s an arcade style situation, sometimes they want to know the answer to a difficult mathematical problem. If you fail a member of your party gets eaten."

Reception
Your Spectrum opined: "This is a collection of bad 'magazine type' programs thrown together, with less than spectacular graphics and an average choice of colours. And because it's written in BASIC, it's not particularly fast."

Conversely, Crash wrote: "Nice clear graphics and a veritable MGM musical score makes this a very enjoyable game. Recommended."

References

External links

1983 video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
ZX Spectrum games
ZX Spectrum-only games
CDS Software games


Ernesto Illy (July 18, 1925 – February 3, 2008) was an Italian food chemist and businessman, known as the chairman of the Illycaffè S.p.A. coffee manufacturer. He was deeply and widely respected, and is considered "an absolute giant" in the world of coffee and espresso, He spearheaded Illy's research into coffee and espresso quality, as summarized in his son Andrea's book, Espresso: The Chemistry of Quality, which was written with Ernesto's assistance.

Biography
Born in Trieste, Illy was the son of the Hungarian-Italian chocolate maker Francesco Illy, a World War I officer, who had established the espresso making company in 1933. Ernesto studied chemistry at University of Bologna (1947) and immediately joined Illy, and later took over the company from his father (1956). Ernesto created a high-tech manufacturing process, specializing in the making of espresso coffee, for which he also was an evangelist.  He was chairman of Illy 1963-2004 and then honorary chairman. Ernesto Illy took part in the establishment of Association Scientifique Internationale pour le Café (chairman, 1991-).

He was married to Anna Rossi.  The Illy company is run by their son Andrea Illy (born 1964), and among the board members are the daughter Anna Illy and  son Riccardo Illy (born 1955), who has also been mayor of Trieste and President of Friuli-Venezia Giulia region.  Their first son, Francesco, is also involved.

Awards
 Cavaliere del Lavoro of Italy (Knight of Industry, 1994)
 honorary doctorates and  master's degrees (such as University of Udine, 2005)
 Centromarca brand organization (president, 1996-)
 Specialty Coffee Association of America (S.C.A.A.).  "Lifetime Achievement Award" (1997)
 Monte Carmelo (Brazil) county (honorary citizenship, 2002)
 International Coffee Organization, London (chairman of the promotion committee, 2002-)
 Anacafè member of the order, Flor del Cafè (Guatemala, 2004).

References

Further reading
 The Scotsman: Ernesto Illy

External links

Businesspeople in coffee
Scientists from Trieste
Businesspeople from Trieste
Food chemists
Italian people of Hungarian descent
1925 births
2008 deaths
Illycaffè
20th-century Italian businesspeople


Elihu Grant (1873 – November 2, 1942) was an American scholar and writer on Palestine.

Grant was ordained Methodist minister in 1900, and between 1901 and 1904 he was superintendent of the American Friends Schools in Ramallah and Jerusalem. Returning to the US he was a professor of biblical literature at Smith College from 1907 to 1917, and thereafter at Haverford College until his retirement in 1938.

Between 1928 and 1933 he directed four campaigns of excavations at Ain Shems (Beth Shemesh), and Time magazine reported that he found jugs and vases which represented a Bronze Age culture.

One of his lifelong interest was the life of the Palestinian fellahin, an interest which started when he first worked for the American Friends School, and which resulted in three books. The 1907 book The Peasantry of Palestine: The Life, Manners, and Customs of the Village is described as "a vividly accurate portrait of rural life in Palestine".

Books (partial list)

Irving Francis Wood, Elihu Grant (1916): The Bible as Literature : An Introduction, New York, NY, on archive.net, also:  Kessinger Publishing, 2006 reprint.
Elihu Grant (1918): Cuneiform Documents in the Smith College Library, Haverford, Pennsylvania
——— (1920): The Orient in Bible Times, J. B. Lippincott Company,
——— (1921): The People of Palestine archive.org
——— (1922): A New Era In Palestine Exploration, GPO, Washington, pp. 541–547, with 7 plates, offprint, the Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for the Year Ending June 30,
——— (1929): Beth Shemesh (Palestine) : Progress of the Haverford Archaeological expedition,
——— (1931): Ain Shems Excavations (Palestine) 1928-1931. Part 1. (With an Historical Chapter by Irving F. Wood), Haverford
——— (1932): Ain Shems Excavations (Palestine) 1928-31. Part 2. Haverford
——— (1934): Rumeileh: Being Ain Shems Excavations (Palestine), Part III (Biblical and Kindred Studies), Haverford College.
——— (1938): Ain Shems Excavations (Palestine). Part 4: Pottery, Haverford
——— (1938): Palestine Today, Baltimore
——— (1939): Ain Shems Excavations (Palestine), Part V (Text), Haverford College,
——— (1940): Palestine Our Holy Land, J. H. Furst Company, Baltimore, Maryland,
——— (2005): People of Palestine: An Enlarged Edition of the Peasantry of Palestine, Life, Manners and Customs of the Village, Wipf & Stock, Reprint

Notes

1873 births
1942 deaths
Methodist ministers
Smith College faculty
Haverford College faculty


was the first single by the Japanese band The Blue Hearts. It was first released on an independent label on February 25, 1987, before the band signed with a record company. Lyrics and music were written by Hiroto Kōmoto, the band's lead vocalist, and was arranged by The Blue Hearts. The track is 5m26s in length. The cover for the single was designed by Junnosuke Kawaguchi, the band's bassist.

The B-side track on the single was "Hammer (48-oku no Blues)" (ハンマー（48億のブルース）), which was written by Masatoshi Mashima, the band's guitarist.

Original recording
The song was originally released as a single on an independent label. It was again released as a single after the band signed to a record label. The new release, however, was remixed and the original recording can only be found on the analog record of the single.

Other releases
The song was never part of a studio album, but it was included on the following compilations and live albums:
Just a Beat Show
Meet the Blue Hearts
East West Side Story
Super Best
Live All Sold Out
Yaon Live on '94 6.18/19

Related media
The song was featured in a 2002 Fuji Television drama of the same name.

A cover version of the song can be heard being played on GuitarFreaks while Charlotte wanders through the arcade in the film Lost in Translation.

A cover version of the song is the opening theme of the 2015 anime The Rolling Girls.

References

1987 singles
The Blue Hearts songs
Japanese television drama theme songs
Songs written by Hiroto Kōmoto
2002 singles


Harinavi is a neighbourhood in the Rajpur Sonarpur of the South 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a part of the area covered by the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA).

History
Many janapadas grew up along the old Bhagirathi channel from the ancient times till around the 16th century: Kalighat, Boral, Rajpur, Harinavi, Mahinagar, Baruipur, Baharu, Jaynagar Majilpur, Chhatrabhog etc. Bipradas Pipilai's Manasavijaya, composed in 1495, mentions many places in this region. “Chand Sadagar, a merchant character of the Manasavijaya, reached Baruipur, from Kalighat, through the old Bhagirathi channel. From there he proceeded towards Chhatrabhog, and then traveling through Hatiagarh pargana reached the open sea.” Chaitanyadeva (1486-1534) also went through this route. Travelling by boat to Puri he halted at the village of Atisara, near Baruipur. "His last stoppage in 24 Parganas was at Chhatrabhog, now a village within the jurisdiction of the Mathurapur police station. Chhatrabhog seems to have been an important river-port on the old Bhagirathi channel." Rama Chandra Khan, the zamindar of Chhatrabhog, helped Chaitanyadeva to continue with his journey.

Geography

Area overview
Baruipur subdivision is a rural subdivision with moderate levels of urbanization. 31.05% of the population lives in the urban areas and 68.95% lives in the rural areas. In the northern portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 10 census towns. The entire district is situated in the Ganges Delta and the northern part of the subdivision is a flat plain bordering the metropolis of Kolkata.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

Location
Harinavi is located at . It has an average elevation of .

Transport
Harinavi is on the State Highway 1.

Subhashgram railway station is located nearby.

Education
 Harinavi DVAS High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational school. It was established in 1866 and has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII.

Healthcare
Sonarpur Rural Hospital, with 25 beds, at Rajpur Sonarpur, is the major government medical facility in the Sonarpur CD block.

References

External links

Cities and towns in South 24 Parganas district
Neighbourhoods in Kolkata
Kolkata Metropolitan Area