Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone and medication which is involved in regulating visceral functions (e.g., respiration). It appears as a white microcrystalline granule. Adrenaline is normally produced by the adrenal glands and by a small number of neurons in the medulla oblongata. It plays an essential role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, heart output by acting on the SA node, pupil dilation response, and blood sugar level. It does this by binding to alpha and beta receptors. It is found in many animals, including humans, and some single-celled organisms. It has also been isolated from the plant Scoparia dulcis found in Northern Vietnam.

Medical uses

As a medication, it is used to treat several conditions, including allergic reaction anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, and superficial bleeding. Inhaled adrenaline may be used to improve the symptoms of croup. It may also be used for asthma when other treatments are not effective. It is given intravenously, by injection into a muscle, by inhalation, or by injection just under the skin. Common side effects include shakiness, anxiety, and sweating. A fast heart rate and high blood pressure may occur. Occasionally it may result in an abnormal heart rhythm. While the safety of its use during pregnancy and breastfeeding is unclear, the benefits to the mother must be taken into account.

A case has been made for the use of adrenaline infusion in place of the widely accepted treatment of inotropes for preterm infants with clinical cardiovascular compromise. Although sufficient data strongly recommends adrenaline infusions as a viable treatment, more trials are needed to conclusively determine that these infusions will successfully reduce morbidity and mortality rates among preterm, cardiovascularly compromised infants.

Epinephrine can also be used to treat open-angle glaucoma, as it has been found to lower the outflow of aqueous humor in the eye. This lowers the intraocular pressure in the eye and thus aids in treatment.

Physiological effects
The adrenal medulla is a major contributor to total circulating catecholamines (L-DOPA is at a higher concentration in the plasma), though it contributes over 90% of circulating adrenaline. Little adrenaline is found in other tissues, mostly in scattered chromaffin cells and in a small number of neurons that use adrenaline as a neurotransmitter. Following adrenalectomy, adrenaline disappears below the detection limit in the bloodstream.

Pharmacological doses of adrenaline stimulate α1, α2, β1, β2, and β3 adrenoceptors of the sympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic nerve receptors are classified as adrenergic, based on their responsiveness to adrenaline. The term "adrenergic" is often misinterpreted in that the main sympathetic neurotransmitter is noradrenaline, rather than adrenaline, as discovered by Ulf von Euler in 1946. Adrenaline has a β2 adrenoceptor-mediated effect on metabolism and the airway, with no direct neural connection from the sympathetic ganglia to the airway.

Walter Bradford Cannon originally proposed the concept of the adrenal medulla and the sympathetic nervous system being involved in the flight, fight, and fright response. But the adrenal medulla, in contrast to the adrenal cortex, is not required for survival. In adrenalectomized patients, hemodynamic and metabolic responses to stimuli such as hypoglycemia and exercise remain normal.

Exercise
One physiological stimulus to adrenaline secretion is exercise. This was first demonstrated by measuring the dilation of a (denervated) pupil of a cat on a treadmill, later confirmed using a biological assay of urine samples. Biochemical methods for measuring catecholamines in plasma were published from 1950 onwards. Although much valuable work has been published using fluorimetric assays to measure total catecholamine concentrations, the method is too non-specific and insensitive to accurately determine the very small quantities of adrenaline in plasma. The development of extraction methods and enzyme–isotope derivate radio-enzymatic assays (REA) transformed the analysis down to a sensitivity of 1 pg for adrenaline. Early REA plasma assays indicated that adrenaline and total catecholamines rise late in exercise, mostly when anaerobic metabolism commences.

During exercise, the adrenaline blood concentration rises partially from the increased secretion of the adrenal medulla and partly from the decreased metabolism of adrenaline due to reduced blood flow to the liver. Infusion of adrenaline to reproduce exercise circulating concentrations of adrenaline in subjects at rest has little hemodynamic effect other than a slight β2-mediated fall in diastolic blood pressure. Infusion of adrenaline well within the physiological range suppresses human airway hyper-reactivity sufficiently to antagonize the constrictor effects of inhaled histamine.

A link between the sympathetic nervous system and the lungs was shown in 1887 when Grossman showed that stimulation of cardiac accelerator nerves reversed muscarine-induced airway constriction. In experiments in the dog, where the sympathetic chain was cut at the level of the diaphragm, Jackson showed that there was no direct sympathetic innervation to the lung, but bronchoconstriction was reversed by the release of adrenaline from the adrenal medulla. An increased incidence of asthma has not been reported for adrenalectomized patients; those with a predisposition to asthma will have some protection from airway hyper-reactivity from their corticosteroid replacement therapy. Exercise induces progressive airway dilation in normal subjects that correlates with workload and is not prevented by beta-blockade. The progressive airway dilation with increasing exercise is mediated by a progressive reduction in resting vagal tone. Beta blockade with propranolol causes a rebound in airway resistance after exercise in normal subjects over the same time course as the bronchoconstriction seen with exercise-induced asthma. The reduction in airway resistance during exercise reduces the work of breathing.

Emotional responses
Every emotional response has a behavioral, an autonomic, and a hormonal component. The hormonal component includes the release of adrenaline, an adrenomedullary response to stress controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. The major emotion studied in relation to adrenaline is fear. In an experiment, subjects who were injected with adrenaline expressed more negative and fewer positive facial expressions to fear films compared to a control group. These subjects also reported a more intense fear from the films and greater mean intensity of negative memories than control subjects. The findings from this study demonstrate that there are learned associations between negative feelings and levels of adrenaline. Overall, the greater amount of adrenaline is positively correlated with an aroused state of negative emotions. These findings can be an effect in part that adrenaline elicits physiological sympathetic responses, including an increased heart rate and knee shaking, which can be attributed to the feeling of fear regardless of the actual level of fear elicited from the video. Although studies have found a definite relation between adrenaline and fear, other emotions have not had such results. In the same study, subjects did not express a greater amusement to an amusement film nor greater anger to an anger film. Similar findings were also supported in a study that involved rodent subjects that either were able or unable to produce adrenaline. Findings support the idea that adrenaline has a role in facilitating the encoding of emotionally arousing events, contributing to higher levels of arousal due to fear.

Memory
It has been found that adrenergic hormones, such as adrenaline, can produce retrograde enhancement of long-term memory in humans. The release of adrenaline due to emotionally stressful events, which is endogenous adrenaline, can modulate memory consolidation of the events, ensuring memory strength that is proportional to memory importance. Post-learning adrenaline activity also interacts with the degree of arousal associated with the initial coding. There is evidence that suggests adrenaline does have a role in long-term stress adaptation and emotional memory encoding specifically. Adrenaline may also play a role in elevating arousal and fear memory under particular pathological conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder. Overall, "Extensive evidence indicates that epinephrine (EPI) modulates memory consolidation for emotionally arousing tasks in animals and human subjects." Studies have also found that recognition memory involving adrenaline depends on a mechanism that depends on β adrenoceptors. Adrenaline does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier, so its effects on memory consolidation are at least partly initiated by β adrenoceptors in the periphery. Studies have found that sotalol, a β adrenoceptor antagonist that also does not readily enter the brain, blocks the enhancing effects of peripherally administered adrenaline on memory. These findings suggest that β adrenoceptors are necessary for adrenaline to have an impact on memory consolidation.

Pathology
Increased adrenaline secretion is observed in pheochromocytoma, hypoglycemia, myocardial infarction, and to a lesser degree, in essential tremor (also known as benign, familial, or idiopathic tremor). A general increase in sympathetic neural activity is usually accompanied by increased adrenaline secretion, but there is selectivity during hypoxia and hypoglycemia, when the ratio of adrenaline to noradrenaline is considerably increased. Therefore, there must be some autonomy of the adrenal medulla from the rest of the sympathetic system.

Myocardial infarction is associated with high levels of circulating adrenaline and noradrenaline, particularly in cardiogenic shock.

Benign familial tremor (BFT) is responsive to peripheral β adrenergic blockers, and β2-stimulation is known to cause tremor. Patients with BFT were found to have increased plasma adrenaline but not noradrenaline.

Low or absent concentrations of adrenaline can be seen in autonomic neuropathy or following adrenalectomy. Failure of the adrenal cortex, as with Addison's disease, can suppress adrenaline secretion as the activity of the synthesizing enzyme, phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase, depends on the high concentration of cortisol that drains from the cortex to the medulla.

Terminology
In 1901, Jōkichi Takamine patented a purified extract from the adrenal glands, which was trademarked by Parke, Davis & Co in the US. The British Approved Name and European Pharmacopoeia term for this drug is hence adrenaline (from Latin ad, "on", and rēnālis, "kidney").

However, the pharmacologist John Abel had already prepared an extract from adrenal glands as early as 1897, and he coined the name epinephrine to describe it (from Ancient Greek ἐπῐ́ (epí), "upon", and νεφρός (nephrós), "kidney"). As the term Adrenaline was a registered trademark in the US, and in the belief that Abel's extract was the same as Takamine's (a belief since disputed), epinephrine instead became the generic name used in the US and remains the pharmaceutical's United States Adopted Name and International Nonproprietary Name (though the name adrenaline is frequently used).

The terminology is now one of the few differences between the INN and BAN systems of names. Although European health professionals and scientists preferentially use the term adrenaline, the converse is true among American health professionals and scientists. Nevertheless, even among the latter, receptors for this substance are called adrenergic receptors or adrenoceptors, and pharmaceuticals that mimic its effects are often called adrenergics. The history of adrenaline and epinephrine is reviewed by Rao.

Mechanism of action

As a hormone, adrenaline acts on nearly all body tissues by binding to adrenergic receptors. Its effects on various tissues depend on the type of tissue and expression of specific forms of adrenergic receptors. For example, high levels of adrenaline cause smooth muscle relaxation in the airways but causes contraction of the smooth muscle that lines most arterioles.

Adrenaline is a nonselective agonist of all adrenergic receptors, including the major subtypes α1, α2, β1, β2, and β3. Adrenaline's binding to these receptors triggers a number of metabolic changes. Binding to α-adrenergic receptors inhibits insulin secretion by the pancreas, stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver and muscle, and stimulates glycolysis and inhibits insulin-mediated glycogenesis in muscle. β adrenergic receptor binding triggers glucagon secretion in the pancreas, increased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion by the pituitary gland, and increased lipolysis by adipose tissue. Together, these effects increase blood glucose and fatty acids, providing substrates for energy production within cells throughout the body. Binding of β adrenergic receptor also increases the production of cyclic AMP.

Adrenaline causes liver cells to release glucose into the blood, acting through both alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors to stimulate glycogenolysis. Adrenaline binds to β2 receptors on liver cells, which changes conformation and helps Gs, a heterotrimeric G protein, exchange GDP to GTP. This trimeric G protein dissociates to Gs alpha and Gs beta/gamma subunits. Gs alpha stimulates adenylyl cyclase, thus converting adenosine triphosphate into cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Cyclic AMP activates protein kinase A. Protein kinase A phosphorylates and partially activates phosphorylase kinase. Adrenaline also binds to α1 adrenergic receptors, causing an increase in inositol trisphosphate, inducing calcium ions to enter the cytoplasm. Calcium ions bind to calmodulin, which leads to further activation of phosphorylase kinase. Phosphorylase kinase phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase, which then breaks down glycogen leading to the production of glucose.

Adrenaline also has significant effects on the cardiovascular system. It increases peripheral resistance via α1 receptor-dependent vasoconstriction and increases cardiac output by binding to β1 receptors. The goal of reducing peripheral circulation is to increase coronary and cerebral perfusion pressures and therefore increase oxygen exchange at the cellular level. While adrenaline does increase aortic, cerebral, and carotid circulation pressure, it lowers carotid blood flow and end-tidal CO2 or ETCO2 levels. It appears that adrenaline improve macrocirculation at the expense of the capillary beds where perfusion takes place.

Measurement in biological fluids
Adrenaline may be quantified in blood, plasma, or serum as a diagnostic aid, to monitor therapeutic administration, or to identify the causative agent in a potential poisoning victim. Endogenous plasma adrenaline concentrations in resting adults usually are less than 10 ng/L, but they may increase by 10-fold during exercise and by 50-fold or more during times of stress. Pheochromocytoma patients often have plasma adrenaline levels of 1000–10,000 ng/L. Parenteral administration of adrenaline to acute-care cardiac patients can produce plasma concentrations of 10,000 to 100,000 ng/L.

Biosynthesis

In chemical terms, adrenaline is one of a group of monoamines called the catecholamines. Adrenaline is synthesized in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland's adrenal medulla and a small number of neurons in the medulla oblongata in the brain through a metabolic pathway that converts the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine into a series of metabolic intermediates and, ultimately, adrenaline. Tyrosine is first oxidized to L-DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase; this is the rate-limiting step. Then it is subsequently decarboxylated to give dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase (aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase). Dopamine is then converted to noradrenaline by dopamine beta-hydroxylase, which utilizes ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and copper. The final step in adrenaline biosynthesis is the methylation of the primary amine of noradrenaline. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), which utilizes S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) as the methyl donor. While PNMT is found primarily in the cytosol of the endocrine cells of the adrenal medulla (also known as chromaffin cells), it has been detected at low levels in both the heart and brain.

Regulation
The major physiologic triggers of adrenaline release center upon stresses, such as physical threat, excitement, noise, bright lights, and high or low ambient temperature. All of these stimuli are processed in the central nervous system.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the synthesis of adrenaline precursors by enhancing the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β-hydroxylase, two key enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. ACTH also stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol, which increases the expression of PNMT in chromaffin cells, enhancing adrenaline synthesis. This is most often done in response to stress. The sympathetic nervous system, acting via splanchnic nerves to the adrenal medulla, stimulates the release of adrenaline. Acetylcholine released by preganglionic sympathetic fibers of these nerves acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, causing cell depolarization and an influx of calcium through voltage-gated calcium channels. Calcium triggers the exocytosis of chromaffin granules and, thus, the release of adrenaline (and noradrenaline) into the bloodstream. For noradrenaline to be acted upon by PNMT in the cytosol, it must first be shipped out of granules of the chromaffin cells. This may occur via the catecholamine-H+ exchanger VMAT1. VMAT1 is also responsible for transporting newly synthesized adrenaline from the cytosol back into chromaffin granules in preparation for release.

Unlike many other hormones, adrenaline (as with other catecholamines) does not exert negative feedback to down-regulate its own synthesis. Abnormal adrenaline levels can occur in various conditions, such as surreptitious adrenaline administration, pheochromocytoma, and other tumors of the sympathetic ganglia.

Its action is terminated with reuptake into nerve terminal endings, some minute dilution, and metabolism by monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyl transferase into 3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid and Metanephrine.

History

Extracts of the adrenal gland were first obtained by Polish physiologist Napoleon Cybulski in 1895. These extracts, which he called nadnerczyna ("adrenalin"), contained adrenaline and other catecholamines. American ophthalmologist William H. Bates discovered adrenaline's usage for eye surgeries prior to 20 April 1896. In 1897, John Jacob Abel (1857–1938), the father of modern pharmacology, found a natural substance produced by the adrenal glands that he named epinephrine. The first hormone to be identified, it remains a crucial, first-line treatment for cardiac arrests, severe allergic reactions, and other conditions. In 1901, Jokichi Takamine successfully isolated and purified the hormone from the adrenal glands of sheep and oxen. Adrenaline was first synthesized in the laboratory by Friedrich Stolz and Henry Drysdale Dakin, independently, in 1904.

Although secretin is mentioned as the first hormone, adrenaline is the first hormone since the discovery of the activity of adrenal extract on blood pressure was observed in 1895 before that of secretin in 1902. In 1895, George Oliver (1841–1915), a general practitioner in North Yorkshire, and Edward Albert Schäfer (1850–1935), a physiologist at University College of London published a paper about the active component of adrenal gland extract causing the increase in blood pressure and heart rate was from the medulla, but not the cortex of the adrenal gland. In 1897, John Jacob Abel (1857–1938) of Johns Hopkins University, the first chairman of the first US department of pharmacology, found a compound called epinephrine with the molecular formula of C17H15NO4. Abel claimed his principle from adrenal gland extract was active.

In 1900, Jōkichi Takamine (1854–1922), a Japanese chemist, worked with his assistant,  (1876–1960), to purify a 2000 times more active principle than epinephrine from the adrenal gland, named adrenaline with the molecular formula C10H15NO3. Additionally, in 1900 Thomas Aldrich of Parke-Davis Scientific Laboratory also purified adrenaline independently. Takamine and Parke-Davis later in 1901 both got the patent for adrenaline. The fight for terminology between adrenaline and epinephrine was not ended until the first adrenaline structural discovery by Hermann Pauly (1870-1950) in 1903 and the first adrenaline synthesis by Friedrich Stolz (1860–1936), a German chemist in 1904. They both believed that Takamine's compound was the active principle while Abel's compound was the inactive one. Stolz synthesized adrenaline from its ketone form (adrenalone).

Society and culture

Adrenaline junkie

An adrenaline junkie is someone who engages in sensation-seeking behavior through "the pursuit of novel and intense experiences without regard for physical, social, legal or financial risk". Such activities include extreme and risky sports, substance abuse, unsafe sex, and crime. The term relates to the increase in circulating levels of adrenaline during physiological stress. Such an increase in the circulating concentration of adrenaline is secondary to the activation of the sympathetic nerves innervating the adrenal medulla, as it is rapid and not present in animals where the adrenal gland has been removed. Although such stress triggers adrenaline release, it also activates many other responses within the central nervous system reward system, which drives behavioral responses; while the circulating adrenaline concentration is present, it may not drive behavior. Nevertheless, adrenaline infusion alone does increase alertness and has roles in the brain, including the augmentation of memory consolidation.

Strength

Adrenaline has been implicated in feats of great strength, often occurring in times of crisis. For example, there are stories of a parent lifting part of a car when their child is trapped underneath.

See also
Noradrenaline
Catecholamines
Adrenal gland

References

External links

Anxiety
Articles containing video clips
Alpha-adrenergic agonists
Beta-adrenergic agonists
Bronchodilators
Carbonic anhydrase activators
Cardiac stimulants
Catecholamines
Hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis
Hormones of the suprarenal medulla
Neurotransmitters
Norepinephrine releasing agents
Stress (biology)
Sympathomimetic amines
Chemical substances for emergency medicine
Phenylethanolamines
Human metabolites


Umawera is a community in Northland, New Zealand. State Highway 1 runs through the community. Mangamuka Bridge is to the northwest, and Rangiahua is to the east. Umawera is part of the Omahuta Forest-Horeke statistical area, which covers the upper Hokianga Harbour. For demographics of this area, see Horeke.

Education
Umawera School is a coeducational contributing primary (years 1–6) school with a roll of  students as of

Notes

Far North District
Populated places in the Northland Region


Mauro Martini (born 17 May 1964) is a former Italian race car driver.

Highlights of his career included placing runner-up in both Italian Formula Three Championship and the Formula 3 European Cup, both in 1988. He was third in the 1990 Japanese Formula 3000 Championship, later won the championship in 1992 and was second with Toyota at the 1994 24 Hours of Le Mans. His last year of racing was in 1997.

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
Italian racing drivers
Japanese Formula 3000 Championship drivers
Formula Nippon drivers
Italian Formula Three Championship drivers
FIA GT Championship drivers
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
International Formula 3000 drivers
World Sportscar Championship drivers
Italian expatriates in Japan

Jaguar Racing drivers


Yegorova, Egorova or Jegorova (Russian: Егорова) may refer to:

Women
 Anna Yegorova (1916–2009), Russian pilot during WW2
 Daria Egorova (born 1996), Russian cyclist
 Irina Nikolayevna Yegorova (born 1940), Russian speed skater
 Lyubov Yegorova (ballerina) (1880–1972), Russian dancer and teacher
 Lyubov Yegorova (cross-country skier), also spelled Ljubov Jegorova (born 1966), Russian cross-country skier
 Natalia Egorova (born 1966), Russian tennis player
 Olga Egorova aka Tsaplya (born 1968), Russian visual artist and director, co-founder of the Chto Delat (What Is to Be Done?) art collective
  (born 1955), Russian judge
 Olga Nikolayevna Yegorova (born 1972), Russian middle-distance runner
  (born 1967), Russian actress
 Polina Alexeyevna Egorova (born 2000), Russian swimmer
 Tatiana Vladimirovna Egorova (1930–2007), Russian botanist
 Valentina Yegorova (born 1964), Russian long-distance runner
 Violetta Egorova (born 1969), Russian pianist

Places

Kazakhstan
 Yegorova River , 49°53'35.38"N, 84°43'26.65"E
 Yegorova River , 49°21'43.31"N, 84°43'41.52"E

Latvia
 , Kastuļina Parish
 , Mākoņkalns Parish

Russia
 Yegorova River , Nenets Autonomous Okrug
 Yegorova, Krasnovishersky District, Perm Krai
 Yegorova, Kudymkarsky District, Perm Krai
 , Ilyinsky District, Perm Krai
 Yegorova River , Sakha Republic
 Yegorova River , Zabaykalsky Krai

See also
 Yegorov (disambiguation), the male version of the surname

de:Jegorowa


Aphthona czwalinae is a species of leaf beetle known as the black leafy spurge flea beetle. It is used as an agent of biological pest control against the noxious weed leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula).

The adult beetle is shiny black and about 3 millimeters long. The female lays eggs on the soil next to leafy spurge, its host plant, during the summer months. The larva emerges in 16 or 17 days. It is white with a light brown head. It goes to work feeding on the roots of the plant throughout the winter and spring and then pupates in the soil until emerging as an adult in early summer. As the larvae weaken the roots the adults feed on the leaves and flowers of the plant, killing the plant outright or allowing infection by opportunistic fungi.

This beetle is native to eastern Europe and central Asia. It was first released as a biocontrol agent for leafy spurge in the United States in the late 1980s. It was thought to be a major factor is the success of biocontrol efforts for leafy spurge until it was discovered that most of what was thought to be A. czwalinae was in fact A. lacertosa. With this realization A. czwalinae stopped being an important component in Aphthona leafy spurge control.  A. czwalinae had not been verified to persist in North Dakota or Minnesota for several years, until Roehrdanz documented it in Eastern Montana in 2006.

References

 Coombs, E. M., et al., Eds. (2004). Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the United States. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 239.

External links
 Cornell Biocontrol Profile

Alticini
Insects used for control of invasive plants
Biological pest control beetles
Beetles described in 1888
Taxa named by Julius Weise


Farouk Belkaïd (; born 14 November 1977) is an Algerian former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder or as a defender.

Club career
Belkaïd was born in Bordj Menaïel. In 1998, he joined JS Kabylie  from JS Bordj Ménaïel. During his time with the club, he won the CAF Cup three times in a row from 2000 to 2002 and also won the league title in 2004.

In 2003, Belkaïd went on trial with French club AJ Auxerre but was not signed by manager Guy Roux.

International career
Belkaïd received his first call-up to the Algeria national team on 8 December 2000 for a friendly against Romania in Annaba, Algeria. He played the entire game, with the score ending 3–2 in favour of the visitors.

Career statistics

Club

International

|}

Honours
JS Kabylie
 CAF Cup: 2000, 2001, 2002
 Algerian Championnat National: 2003–04

MC Alger
 Algerian Cup: 2007
 Algerian Super Cup: 2006, 2007

ES Sétif
 Algerian Championnat National: 2008–09, 2011–12
 Algerian Cup: 2010, 2012
 North African Cup of Champions: 2009
 North African Super Cup: 2010
 North African Cup Winners Cup: 2010

Individual
 DZFoot d'Or: 2002

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
People from Bordj Menaïel
Kabyle people
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football defenders
Algerian men's footballers
Algeria men's international footballers
JS Kabylie players
USM Alger players
MC Alger players
ES Sétif players
Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 players
JS Bordj Ménaïel players
RC Arbaâ players
21st-century Algerian people


Mike Nardi (born January 30, 1985) is an American basketball coach and former player. He attended  St. Patrick High School in Elizabeth, New Jersey and Villanova University. He is 6'2" 170 lb

Playing career

As a senior in high school, Nardi was a 2003 Parade All-American at St. Patrick.  At Villanova, Nardi was most commonly known for his three-point shooting abilities and his strength off the dribble. He posted 11.8 points per game his senior year.  Nardi was a member of the "four guard lineup" alongside Randy Foye, Allan Ray, and Kyle Lowry, that led the Wildcats to an NCAA tournament number one seed, and an elite eight appearance where they lost to the eventual champions, Florida.  They were ranked as high as the #2 team in the country in 2006 and they never left the top 10 that season.  They split the regular season Big East Conference title with UConn and lost to Pitt in the Big East tournament.

After going undrafted in 2007, Nardi went overseas and has played in Italy and the Netherlands. In 2015, he was playing for Latina Basket, an Italian second division team. Nardi is now a member of the Villanova basketball coaching staff.

References

1985 births
Living people
American expatriate basketball people in Italy
American men's basketball coaches
American men's basketball players
Basketball coaches from New Jersey
Basketball players from New Jersey
Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
The Patrick School alumni
People from Linden, New Jersey
Point guards
Shooting guards
Sportspeople from Union County, New Jersey
Villanova Wildcats men's basketball coaches
Villanova Wildcats men's basketball players


Route 136 is a state highway in southwestern Connecticut, running from Darien to Easton. The route was initially established in 1932 to serve the beach communities between Darien and Southport. Its eastern end was relocated in 1963 to head northeast from Westport to Easton instead.

Route description

Route 136 begins at an intersection with US 1 in Darien and heads east, intersecting I-95 before crossing into Norwalk. In Norwalk, it continues south, east, and northeast through the Rowayton section of the city before a  section maintained by the city between the intersection of Wilson and Meadow Streets and the intersection of Water and Washington Street, after which it continues east across the Norwalk River, through a triangular one-way couplet and into Westport. In Westport, Route 136 turns northeast along the Saugatuck River, intersecting I-95 again before crossing the Saugatuck (via the Saugatuck River Bridge), briefly overlapping Route 57, passing beneath Route 15 without a junction, and continuing northeast across the northwest corner of Fairfield into Easton. In Easton, it continues northeast before ending at an intersection with Route 59.

History
Modern Route 136 in Westport and Easton was the southern portion of an early 19th-century public turnpike known as the Branch Turnpike, which was incorporated in 1831. The road ran from Wesport center, through Easton center and the Upper Stepney section of Monroe, to the Housatonic River at Bennett's Bridge in Newtown, and collected tolls until 1851. Between Easton center and Upper Stepney, the old turnpike is now part of Route 59.

In the early 1920s, Connecticut assigned numbers to its state roads. A coastal road in the Gold Coast region of the state running parallel to U.S. Route 1, from Darien to Southport, was designated as State Highway 335. The former Branch Turnpike, however, remained unnumbered. Route 136 was formed as part of the 1932 state highway renumbering as a renumbering of old Highway 335. In 1963, Route 136 was relocated to its current route, including the portion along the old Branch Turnpike, as a result of the 1961 Route Reclassification Act. Maintenance of the coastal portion of old Route 136 in Westport and Fairfield was returned to the towns. Additionally, a  section in the South Norwalk section of Norwalk is still maintained by the city and is one of only two such maintenance gaps in a state highway in Connecticut (the other gap is at Route 83).

Major intersections

References

Darien, Connecticut
Easton, Connecticut
Norwalk, Connecticut
136
Transportation in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Westport, Connecticut


Hahnensee (Romansh: Lej dals Chöds) is a lake above St. Moritz in the Grisons, Switzerland at 2153 m above sealevel.

Next to the lake there is a restaurant of the same name. In the summer time, the area can be reached by several hiking trails. In the Winter skiers coming from the Piz Corvatsch can take the Giand'Alva skilift and ski down the almost 9 km long ski run, also called Hahnensee, into St. Mortitz-Bad. Though the run can only be opened after significant snowfall has accumulated.

References

Hahnen
Lakes of Graubünden
St. Moritz


Zoetrope was an American heavy metal band from Chicago. Although their sound was akin to thrash metal, the group described themselves as "Street Metal".

History
The group was formed in 1976 by teenage friends Barry Stern (drums/vocals), Kevin Michael Rasofsky, aka Kevin Michael, (guitar), and Calvin "Willis" Humphrey (bass), soon to be joined by second guitarist Ken Black.  Initially playing covers, the band soon ventured into writing their own material and released a single in 1980. Although undeniably a metal band, Zoetrope was also active in Chicago's hardcore punk scene, sharing bills with locals hardcore bands and hanging out at O'Banions, a Chicago punk bar (Ken Black and Barry Stern also produced the self-titled LP by Chicago-based hardcore band Life Sentence in 1986). Following the release of a couple of demo tapes, the group was signed to Combat Records and issued their first LP, Amnesty, in 1985. In 1987, the band traveled to Los Angeles to record their follow up, A Life of Crime, with producer Randy Burns. During the recording sessions, Ken Black left the band and returned to Chicago to sort out substance abuse issues.  He was replaced by Louis Svitek. Although Svitek appears on the album's cover, Kevin Michael later confirmed that Ken Black had finished his guitar parts before leaving Los Angeles. During the tour supporting A Life of Crime, Svitek was recruited for M.O.D. by Billy Milano. After the tour, Barry Stern left to join fellow Chicagoans Trouble. Kevin Michael eventually returned with a new line up for 1993's Mind Over Splatter but the band folded for good soon after.

Louis Svitek later played with the Chicago punk band Lost Cause, Ministry, Mind Funk, Pigface, The Hollow steps (also featured Ken Black on a few cuts) and Project 44. He currently runs Wu Li Records, a hip-hop label based in Chicago.  Original member Barry Stern filled in on drums for a tour with Cathedral and made a guest appearance on the self-titled debut by Debris Inc., which featured former members of Saint Vitus and Trouble. Stern died on April 1, 2005, from complications after hip-replacement surgery. He was singing for the local band, D-Connect, at the time of his death. Trouble dedicated their 2007 album, Simple Mind Condition, to his memory.

Members
Kevin Michael – Guitar (1976–1993)
Ken Black – Guitar (1976–1987)
Barry Stern – Drums/Vocals (1976–1988)
Calvin "Willis" Humphrey – Bass (1976–1990)
Louis Svitek – Guitar (1987–1988)
Pete Montswillo – Vocals (1988–1993)
Michael Ray Garrett – Guitar (1988–1993)
Drew Kristoff – Drums/Vocals (1988–1990)
Sean Schipper – Drums (1990–1993)
Erik "Tater" Armstrong – Bass (1990–1993)

Discography
"The Right Way" b/w "Call 33" 7" (1980, self-released)
The Metal Log Vol. 1 demo tape (1983, self-released)
The Metal Log Vol. 2 demo tape (1985, self-released)
Amnesty LP (1985, Combat Records, reissued on CD with the Metal Log demos as bonus tracks by Century Media in Europe in 1999)
A Life of Crime LP (1987, Combat Records, reissued on CD with liner notes by Kevin Michael on Century Media in Europe in 1998)
Mind Over Splatter LP/CD (1993, Grind Core Records/Red Light)

References

External links
Zoetrope @ the Metal Archives
Zoetrope @ the Librarius Metallicus

Heavy metal musical groups from Illinois
Musical groups established in 1976
Musical groups disestablished in 1993
American thrash metal musical groups
Musical groups from Chicago


Oculodentodigital syndrome (ODD syndrome) is an extremely rare genetic condition that typically results in small eyes, underdeveloped teeth, and syndactyly and malformation of  the fourth and fifth fingers. It is considered a kind of ectodermal dysplasia.

Signs and symptoms

People with ODD syndrome often have a characteristic appearance.  Visible features of the condition include:
 small teeth that are prone to dental caries because of underdeveloped tooth enamel;
 a long, thin nose;
 unusually small eyes; and
 type III syndactyly of the fourth and fifth fingers.

Iris atrophy and glaucoma are more common than average. The size of the eyes often interferes with learning to read; special eyeglasses may be required. Hair may be fine, thin, dry, or fragile; in some families, it is curly.

Neurologic abnormalities may be seen in adults.  The neurologic changes may appear earlier in each subsequent generation and can include abnormal white matter, conductive deafness, and various kinds of paresis, including ataxia, spastic paraplegia, difficulty controlling the eyes, and bladder and bowel disturbances.

Genetics
ODD is typically an autosomal dominant condition, but can be inherited as a recessive trait.  It is generally believed to be caused by a mutation in the gene GJA1, which codes for the gap junction protein connexin 43.  Slightly different mutations in this gene may explain the different way the condition manifests in different families.  Most people inherit this condition from one of their parents, but new cases do arise through novel mutations. The mutation has high penetrance and variable expression, which means that nearly all people with the gene show signs of the condition, but these signs can range from very mild to very obvious.

Diagnosis

Epidemiology
The actual incidence of this disease is not known, but , only 243 cases had been reported in the scientific literature, suggesting an incidence of on the order of one affected person in ten million people.

References

External links

Rare diseases
Autosomal recessive disorders
Genodermatoses
Syndromes affecting teeth


The discography of Primal Scream, a Scottish rock band, consists of eleven studio albums, twenty-six singles, one EP, two greatest hits albums, two live albums, and one remix album. They also released a joint live CD and DVD with MC5 titled Black to Comm, recorded at the 2008 Meltdown festival.

Albums

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Remix albums

Live albums

Extended plays

Singles

Videos

References

External Links

Discographies of British artists
Rock music group discographies


WAJQ may refer to:

 WAJQ-FM, a radio station (104.3 FM) licensed to Alma, Georgia, United States
 WAWO, a radio station (1400 AM) licensed to Alma, Georgia, which held the call sign WAJQ from 1994 to 2011


The SuperRedTan Interchange is a symmetrical four-level freeway interchange in eastern Mesa, Arizona. Completed in 2007, the interchange provides access between U.S. Route 60 and Loop 202. It is fully directional, meaning that a motorist traveling towards the interchange in any direction can exit onto either direction of the intersecting freeway. The interchange is said to be the first in the Valley of the Sun to include design icons on the support columns in addition to the retaining walls. There are no HOV connections at this time, although they are planned in the future.

Etymology

The name SuperRedTan is a portmanteau of the names of three area freeways that intersect at this point. The name borrows the bolded portions of the following to form the word SuperRedTan.

Superstition Freeway
Red Mountain Freeway
Santan Freeway

Construction

In order to successfully create the SuperRedTan Interchange, twelve bridges were built for a combined bridge deck area of . All of the bridges were built using cast-in-place concrete, with post-tensioned box girders. There was  of mechanically stabilized earth walls with some segments reaching up to  tall.  of soundwalls were also built within the project area to minimize the amount of decibels that the interchange was projected to generate the surrounding communities. The SuperRedTan Interchange project also consisted of widening the Superstition Freeway between Power and Crismon Roads, and constructing Loop 202 from scratch from the interchange north to University Drive. Phased construction lasted four years, from 2003 to 2007, and cost $116 million USD. It was funded through Proposition 300, which was passed in 1985 by Maricopa County voters.

See also
 Mini Stack
 The Stack

References

Transportation buildings and structures in Phoenix, Arizona
Transportation in Phoenix, Arizona
Road interchanges in the United States
U.S. Route 60


WBBK may refer to:

 WBBK-FM, a radio station (93.1 FM) licensed to serve Blakely, Georgia, United States
 WBBK (AM), a defunct radio station (1260 AM) formerly licensed to serve Blakely, Georgia


WDMG may refer to:

 WDMG (AM), a radio station (860 AM) licensed to Douglas, Georgia, United States
 WDMG-FM, a radio station (97.9 FM) licensed to Ambrose, Georgia, United States


WEAM may refer to:

 WEAM-FM, a radio station (100.7 FM) licensed to Buena Vista, Georgia, United States
 WIOL (AM), a radio station (1580 AM) licensed to Columbus, Georgia, United States, which used the call sign WEAM from 1985 until 2010
 WZHF, a radio station (1390 AM) formerly licensed to Arlington, Virginia, United States, which used the call sign WEAM from its founding in 1948 until 1984


Salvia aethiopis is a species of perennial plant known by the common names Mediterranean sage or African sage. It is best known as a noxious weed, particularly in the western United States. It is native to Eurasia and was probably introduced to North America as a contaminant of alfalfa seed. It is a weed of rangelands and pastures. It is unpalatable to livestock, it disrupts native floral communities, and it becomes a physical nuisance due to the similarity of the persistent dried stems to tumbleweed. The weevil Phrydiuchus tau is used as an agent of biological pest control on this plant.

Boya and Valderde examined a sample of Salvia aethiopis. Acetone extracts of the root furnished a new orthoquinone diterpene, aethiopinone (4,5-seco-5,10-friedo-abieta-4(18),5,6,8,13-pentaen-l1,12-dione). This compound was isolated in 0.15% yield from the dry roots.

Control
S. aethiopis may be easily controlled mechanically and chemically. It can also be biologically controlled with Phrydiuchus tau, a weevil.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

aethiopis
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus


WGAC may refer to:

 WGAC (AM), a radio station (580 AM) licensed to serve Augusta, Georgia, United States
 WGAC-FM, a radio station (95.1 FM) licensed to serve Harlem, Georgia
 WCHZ-FM, a radio station (93.1 FM) licensed to serve Warrenton, Georgia, which held the call sign WGAC-FM from 2003 to 2011


Stinkytoons is the brand name for a series of animated cartoons created by New York animator Mark Greene. Stinkytoons stars Stinky, the Nasty Little Office Man, as well as a second character, Flossie the Pubic Hair. In 2007, Greene's company, Pecos Pictures won the Public Service Broadband Emmy Award for its Stinkytoons cartoon "Big Fun With Global Warming". The cartoon was licensed by the Sierra Club's web site along with a second cartoon "Stinky Gets Gas."

Greene also created the mockumentary entitled "The Rejected Katherine Harris Campaign Video" which won the HuffingtonPost.com's Contagious Festivals People's Choice and Jury Prize. This mock up of Congresswoman Katherine Harris' 2006 Senate Campaign received over 75,000 hits during the 2006 election cycle and received coverage in the Florida Press. Harris failed to be elected.

References

External links
 Chronogram article
 All films can be viewed at http://www.pecospictures.com and at http://www.stinkytoons.com.
 The Emmy Award for "Big Fun With Global Warming" is announced here: http://www.emmyonline.org/mediacenter/public_0607_winners.html

American animated web series
Cartoon Network Studios animated films


The Beach Lighthouse (also known as the Lower Light) is a  tall sandstone lighthouse in Fleetwood, Lancashire, England.

History
The lighthouse was designed in 1839 by Decimus Burton and Capt H.M. Denham.  Burton had been commissioned three years previously by Sir Peter Hesketh Fleetwood as the architect of the new town of Fleetwood. Unusual for a lighthouse, it is in neoclassical style with a square colonnaded base, square tower, and octagonal lantern and gallery.

The Lower Light stands on Fleetwood sea front and was built with its counterpart—the Upper Light, or Pharos Lighthouse—to provide a navigational guide to shipping entering the Wyre estuary.  Together the lights provide a leading line when the Pharos Light is directly above that of the Lower Light. Together they provide a range of about . In turn they point to the Wyre Light on the North Wharf Bank,  offshore.

Both lighthouses were first illuminated 1 December 1840. Each was run off the town's gas supply, with a single parabolic reflector placed behind the burner; later they were converted to electricity.

The Beach Lighthouse was designated a Grade II listed building by English Heritage on 26 April 1950. The lighthouse is managed by the Port of Fleetwood.

See also

 List of lighthouses in England
 Listed buildings in Fleetwood

References

Sources
H N Denham, Sailing directions from Port Lynas to Liverpool...  Mawdsley, Liverpool, 1840

External links

Lighthouses completed in 1840
Buildings and structures in Fleetwood
Grade II listed buildings in Lancashire
Lighthouses in England
Tourist attractions in the Borough of Wyre
Grade II listed lighthouses
Decimus Burton buildings


WJTG is a Christian radio station affiliate of Family Life Radio, licensed to Fort Valley, Georgia, broadcasting on 91.3 FM, and serving the Macon–Warner Robins area. The station's format consists of Christian contemporary music and Christian talk and teaching.

External links
 Family Life Radio's website

Family Life Radio stations
JTG


Trip Gabriel is an American political journalist who works for The New York Times. He has covered each presidential campaign since 2012, as well as numerous U.S. Senate, congressional and gubernatorial races. Much of his reporting has focused on voters, demographics and the battleground states; especially as Donald  Trump disrupted traditional party coalitions.  In 2015, Gabriel was based in Iowa during the run-up to the presidential caucuses, as Trump began consolidating his hold on Republicans.

In 2019, his article about Representative Steve King of Iowa as a precursor to Trump's politics of anti-immigrant nationalism created an uproar, after King told the reporter: “White nationalist, white supremacist, Western civilization — how did that language become offensive?” King, a Republican, was stripped of his committee assignments in the House of Representatives by republican leaders.

Other coverage by Gabriel that had a high impact included reporting about Republicans using critical race theory as a culture-war issue in 2021; the political formation of Pete Buttigieg when he sought the 2020 Democratic nomination; the crushing down-ballot losses by Democrats in 2020, and the foreign policy stumbles of Ben Carson in 2015, in which an advisor to Carson, Duane R. Clarridge, told The Times, “Nobody has been able to sit down with him and have him get one iota of intelligent information about the Middle East."

Career
Gabriel joined The Times in 1994 as a reporter in the Style department. In 1997, he became editor of the Sunday Styles section and also worked as the director of fashion news. He conceived the long-running "Modern Love" column, one of the newspaper's most popular features. Under his direction, the once struggling Styles section grew and developed into a multifaceted presentation of fashion, lifestyle, entertainment and celebrity news. As a result of that success, Gabriel spun off a separate "Thursday Styles" section in 2007.

After 12 years guiding Styles, Gabriel returned to reporting in 2010. He covered education nationally, including the series "Cheat Sheet" about academic plagiarism and other cheating by students and teachers.

Before joining The Times, Gabriel contributed to many magazines, including Rolling Stone, Vanity Fair, and GQ.  In 2017, he described experiencing a rare case of Transient Global Amnesia in the journal Cognitive Behavior and Neurology.

References

1955 births
Living people
The New York Times writers
The New York Times editors
People from Westchester County, New York
Middlebury College alumni
Phillips Academy alumni
20th-century American journalists
American male journalists


Zubof Rock (also known as Zuboff Rock) is a small island near Sitka, Alaska, United States, off the northeast coast of Baranof Island. Located in an area of Kelp Bay known as The Basin, it was entered into the United States Geological Survey's Geographic Names Information System on March 31, 1981. Its name dates back to 1895 as Zuboff, which was a Russian surname, as reported by Lieutenant Commander J. F. Moser of the United States Navy.

Typically seen at low tides, Zubof Rock is about  long from north to south. It is about  southwest of Crow Island.

References

Islands of the Alexander Archipelago
Landforms of Sitka, Alaska
Uninhabited islands of Alaska


WMTM may refer to:

 WMTM (AM), a radio station (1300 AM) licensed to Moultrie, Georgia, United States
 WMTM-FM, a radio station (93.9 FM) licensed to Moultrie, Georgia, United States


"My Tennessee Mountain Home" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Dolly Parton.  Using imagery from her rural childhood in Tennessee (holding hands on a porch swing, enjoying nature, walking home from church), the song served as the centerpiece of her 1973 concept album My Tennessee Mountain Home. It was released as a single in December 1972, and reached number 15 on the U.S. country singles chart.

Personnel
Dolly Parton — vocals
Jimmy Capps, Jimmy Colvard, Dave Kirby, Chip Young, Bobby Thompson — guitars
Bobby Dyson — bass
Jerry Carrigan — drums
Hargus "Pig" Robbins — piano
Pete Drake — steel guitar
Don Warden — dobro
Charlie McCoy — harmonica
Johnny Gimble, Mark McGaha — fiddle
Buck Trent — banjo
Mary Hoephinger — harp
June Page, Joe Babcock, Dolores Edgin, Hurshel Wiginton — background vocals

Other versions
The song has become one of Parton's best known compositions, and was later covered by Maria Muldaur on her 1973 eponymous solo album, and by Elisabeth Andreassen on the 2005 album Short Stories. Dolly Parton herself re-recorded the song on her 1994 live album Heartsongs.

A cover version named "Ett bättre liv" (A Better Life) was recorded in Swedish by Lasse Stefanz and a children's choir.  The song appears on the 1986 album Den lilla klockan, with lyrics by the pseudonym "Mackan".

Chart performance

References

1973 singles
1973 songs
Dolly Parton songs
Songs written by Dolly Parton
RCA Victor singles
Songs about Tennessee
Song recordings produced by Bob Ferguson (musician)


WOKA can refer to:

 WOKA (AM), a radio station (1310 AM) licensed to Douglas, Georgia, United States
 WOKA-FM, a radio station (106.7 FM) licensed to Douglas, Georgia, United States


Red blood cell indices are blood tests that provide information about the hemoglobin content and size of red blood cells.  Abnormal values indicate the presence of anemia and which type of anemia it is.

Mean corpuscular volume

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is the average volume of a red blood cell and is calculated by dividing the hematocrit (Hct) by the concentration of red blood cell count.

 Normal range: 80–100 fL (femtoliter)

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) is the average amount of hemoglobin (Hb) per red blood cell and is calculated by dividing the hemoglobin by the red blood cell count.

 Normal range: 27-31 pg/cell

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is the average concentration of hemoglobin per unit volume of red blood cells and is calculated by dividing the hemoglobin by the hematocrit.

 Normal range: 32-36 g/dL

Red blood cell distribution width

Red blood cell distribution width (RDW or RDW-CV or RCDW and RDW-SD) is a measure of the range of variation of red blood cell (RBC) volume, yielding clues about morphology.

Erythropoietic precursor indices

The reticulocyte production index (RPI) or corrected reticulocyte count (CRC) represents the true significance of the absolute reticulocyte count to provide some reflection of erythropoietic demand and supply. The immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF) goes a step further to cast more light on the same question.

Worked example

References

Blood tests


Texas is the first full-length album by PlayRadioPlay!.

Track listing
 "Loco Commotion" – 4:12
1.5. "Suddenly, I've Become a Perfectionist" – 0:11
 "I'm a Pirate, You're a Princess" – 4:08
2.5. "A Special Thanks to Dr. Allan C. Lloyd" - 1:01
 "Some Crap About the Furniture" – 3:30
3.5. "Invisible Suits and Ties" – 1:42
 "Madi Don't Leave" – 4:51
4.5. "For the Whole World/Room to See" – 0:48
 "Without Gravity" – 4:03
 "See You Soon" – 4:01
 "I'm Afraid There's a Hole in My Brain" – 3:47
7.5. "Taxes" – 0:15
 "More of the Worst" – 3:25
8.5. "Lady Killers Wear Funny Hats" – 1:28
 "My Attendance Is Bad But My Intentions Are Good" – 3:01
9.5. "Cheap Paper With Full Color Advertisements" – 1:32
 "Corner Office Bedroom" – 3:22
10.5. "Why Is Everyone Running?" – 0:48
 "Forgiveness, The Enviable Trait" – 2:21
 "Texas" – 0:59
 "Elephants as Big as Whales" - 5:38 (iTunes Bonus Track)

Songs listed with a .5 are segues, preludes, and/or interludes that act as transitions between songs. It was a way to have the record label allow the band to have 20 songs on a debut release.

Charts

References

2008 albums
Analog Rebellion albums


WPEH may refer to:

 WPEH (AM), a radio station (1420 AM) licensed to Louisville, Georgia, United States
 WPEH-FM, a radio station (92.1 FM) licensed to Louisville, Georgia, United States


Miss World Puerto Rico 2008, The annual competition was held in Puerto Rico, televised live by Telemundo Puerto Rico. Miss World Puerto Rico 2007, Jennifer Guevara Campos of Orocovis was succeeded by Ivonne Orsini, from San Juan who won the Miss World Puerto Rico 2008 title on March 27, 2008. Orsini represented Puerto Rico at the Miss World 2008 contest.

Final Competition

Awards
The winners from these categories advanced as semi-finalist.
Award for Best in Sports:  Aguas Buenas - Ingrid Fernández
Award for Best Body:  Juncos - Miriam Pabón
Award for Top Model:  Guaynabo - Melissa Cabral
Award for Best Talent:  Villalba - Leiry Marie Ruiz
Award for Makeup competition:  San Juan - Ivonne Orsini

Contestants

 Aguas Buenas - Ingrid Fernandez

 Barceloneta - Dayana Diaz

 Bayamón - Cristina Jirminian

 Cabo Rojo - Melenie Alemany

 Caguas - Leslian Nieves

 Canóvanas - Nicole Rodriguez

 Carolina - Paulette Lugo

 Cayey - Ismarie Rivera

 Cidra - Nicole Malave

 Coamo - Mariely Rivera

 Comerío - Yashira Ayala

 Dorado - Karim Morales

 Fajardo - Giovanna Morales

 Guayanilla - Jennifer Soto

 Guaynabo - Melissa Cabral

 Isabela - Letty Perez

 Juana Díaz - Arlene Morales

 Juncos - Miriam Pabon

 Lajas - Lizmarie Nazario

 Loíza - Luciandra Santana

 Mayagüez - Samaris Ortiz

 Morovis - Maribel Montalvo

 Naranjito - Yarimar Marrero

 Orocovis - Soleil Vargas

 Peñuelas - Christina Rodriguez

 Ponce - Gisela Rodriguez

 Río Grande - Gloriliz Rodriguez

 San Juan - Ivonne Orsini

 Toa Alta - Karem Negron

 Toa Baja - Shannei Dilbert

 Utuado - Zoraida Figueroa

 Vega Baja - Raquel Galbis

 Villalba - Leiry Marie Ruiz

 Yauco - Giselle Lopez

Notes
Maribel Montalvo (Morovis) previously placed 3rd Runner-up at the Miss Puerto Rico Universe 2008 pageant.
Miriam Pabon (Juncos) later became Miss Puerto Rico International 2008 and Miss Puerto Rico America 2010.

References

2008
2008 in Puerto Rico
Beauty pageants in Puerto Rico
2008 beauty pageants
Miss Puerto Rico


"Stand" is a song by American band Poison, written by Richie Kotzen prior to joining the band. It was the first single from their 1993 album Native Tongue. The song reached number 15 on the US Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart, number 35 on the Billboard Top 40 Mainstream chart, and number 50 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song also charted at number 25 on the UK Singles Chart and number 15 in Canada.

Background
The album version of "Stand" includes the Los Angeles First A.M.E. Church choir on backing vocals. The single's B-side, "Whip Comes Down", has not been included on any Poison album to date. An acoustic version of the song appears as a bonus track on the Japanese release of Richie Kotzen's Acoustic Cuts. It features the original lyrics, which include an additional verse.

Charts

Release history

References

Poison (American band) songs
1992 songs
1993 singles
Capitol Records singles
Song recordings produced by Richie Zito
Songs written by Bobby Dall
Songs written by Bret Michaels
Songs written by Richie Kotzen
Songs written by Rikki Rockett


WSNT may refer to:

 WSNT (AM), a radio station (1490 AM) licensed to Sandersville, Georgia, United States
 WSNT-FM, a radio station (99.9 FM) licensed to Sandersville, Georgia, United States


WTGA may refer to:

 WTGA (AM), a defunct radio station (1590 AM) formerly licensed to serve Thomaston, Georgia, United States
 WTGA-FM, a radio station (101.1 FM) licensed to serve Thomaston, Georgia


WTIF may refer to:

 WTIF (AM), a radio station (1340 AM) licensed to Tifton, Georgia, United States
 WTIF-FM, a radio station (107.5 FM) licensed to Omega, Georgia, United States


Scott Brothers Limited was an engineering firm in Christchurch, New Zealand.

Establishment
It was established in the early 1870s, when John Lee Scott and his brother George bought an existing foundry business on Durham Street, in Christchurch. In 1876, a one-acre lot was purchased at 65 Manchester St. in the centre of the city, and a new foundry built. This became known as the Atlas Works, named after the Atlas Engineering Works in Derby, England where John Lee and George Scott had served part of their apprenticeships as patternmakers and engineers. They were soon joined by two more brothers, Moses, an engineer and draughtsman and William, a moulder. Additional land was acquired, expanding the new foundry site to three acres.

Early manufacturing
A wide variety of machinery and equipment was manufactured, which variously utilized water-power, steam, coal, gas manufactured from coal, and electricity as their sources of power or heat. At first, products were manufactured for railways, saw-milling and agriculture industries;  ranging from steam engines, boilers, windmills to cast-iron cookstoves. Some of the engineering projects completed were steel railway bridges, the Port Chalmers dock, structural steel for the High Street Post Office and the King Edward Barracks. The Company designed and built equipment to extract gas from coal, and producer gas units were fabricated from castings made in the firm's foundry. The Company manufactured electrical generating equipment which was installed at the 1906 Exhibition in Hagley Park, after which the equipment was sold and set up in the city of Timaru, becoming that city's first electrical supply system.

Locomotive manufacturing
In 1882 the Company supplied ten D class locomotives to the New Zealand Government Railways.  They are the only New Zealand manufacturer apart from A & G Price of Thames to have supplied the NZR with steam locomotives, and they manufactured viaducts for the North Island Main Trunk and Midland railway line. Some of the largest bridges in the country were also built by Scott Brothers. These included the Teremakau, the Taumaranui, the steel railway bridge at Staircase Gully and the Awatere road and rail bridge at Seddon.

Kaiapoi Woollen Mills increased its power plant with a Corliss steam engine of 650 horsepower manufactured by Scott Brothers. The Woolston Tannery, Lyttelton Times Printing Office, part of the Addington Workshops, and the electric light installation of the Lyttelton Harbour Board were all powered by engines built by Scott Brothers.

World War II
During World War II, the Company accepted and completed orders for several million hand grenades, half a million 2-inch mortar-bomb pressings, fifty thousand ammunition boxes, and enamel mugs for the army. Some of the necessary machinery, including lathes for machining the grenades, was built by the Company, as much of this equipment was unprocurable overseas or elsewhere in New Zealand.

Cookstoves and Ovens
Domestic and commercial grade cookstoves and ovens gradually became the mainstay of Scott Brothers Limited. In 1878 the first coal-burning cast-iron ranges were produced. In 1931 the Company introduced its new Atlas Electric Ranges. These gradually changed from cast-iron to pressed steel, and in 1961 a large, 75 KW porcelain-enamelling furnace was installed.  In 1962 the foundry itself was closed and the Company concentrated on the production of electric ranges. In conjunction with the manufacture of electric ranges, porcelain enamelled baths, kitchen sinks, enamelled street signs were also produced.

Merger with Charles Begg
In 1966 Scott Brothers Limited merged with Charles Begg and Company Limited but retained its individual status. In 1970 after being run by three generations of the Scott family, the Company celebrated its centenary. However the merger with Charles Begg saw the beginning of incorporation in larger companies, and Scott Brothers Company disappeared in an ensuing progression of changing names. The Atlas electric cookstove is still being produced under a new logo and new corporate identity.

Both John Lee and George Scott were also active on the public stage. John Lee served on the Sydenham Borough Council, represented the South East Ward in the City Council, was President of the Industrial Association of Canterbury, a member of the Board of Governors of Canterbury College, and served on school committees. He lectured at Canterbury College School of Engineering and also on the Theory of Music.  In 1894 he was appointed one of the Railway Commissioners. George Scott was a member of the City Council and became Chairman of the Heathcote County Council, he was also Chairman of the Technical College Board of Governors.

Locomotive class supplied
 D (11)

References

Further reading

 Cyclopoedia of New Zealand, "Iron and Brass Founders" Scott Bros. Limited Vol 3, 1903
 "Weekly Press" A home for the army in just 25 days. July 19, 1905
 F.W. Furkurt "Early N.Z. Engineers, page 262, Reed, Wellington, 1953
 "A Cavalcade of Progress", The 70 Year Story of Scott Bros. Ltd., (supplement to the New Zealand Electrical Journal, April 25, 1939,
 Chas. Begg "Group News" 'After steam the power game', Aug. 1969
 The Auckland Star, a Special Feature "From Steam to Electricity", September 21, 1970.

External links
Ovens being tested at Scott Brothers Ltd. 21 September 1970
Picture of Atlas Works, Christchurch
Viaduct on the Midland Railway
Coal Kitchen Range of 1903

Companies based in Christchurch
Locomotive manufacturers of New Zealand


WVOH may refer to:

 WVOH-FM, a radio station (93.5 FM) licensed to serve Hazlehurst, Georgia, United States
 WGTM (AM), a radio station (1520 AM) licensed to serve Spindale, North Carolina, United States, which held the call sign WVOH from 2012 to 2014
 WHJD, a radio station (920 AM) licensed to serve Hazlehurst, Georgia, which held the call sign WVOH until 2011