The Endeavour Leadership Program, formerly Endeavour Scholarships and Fellowships, formerly Endeavour Awards, was an internationally competitive, merit-based scholarship programme that formed part of the Australian Government's $1.4 billion Australian initiative. The programme brought leading researchers, executives and students to Australia to undertake short or long term study, research and professional development in a broad range of disciplines, and enabled Australians to do the same abroad. It aimed at developing linkages between involved nations.

The Endeavour Awards were established as part of the 2003 International Education Package Engaging the World Through Education.
Through international, merit-based competition, the Endeavour Awards bring leading researchers, professionals and students to Australia. The Australian Scholarships, a $1.4 billion Australian Government initiative, brings under the one umbrella the scholarship programmes managed by the federal government and AusAID. Over the five years from July 2006, Australian Scholarships have doubled the number of Australian Government funded scholarships available in the Asia-Pacific region.

Under Australian Scholarships, the Endeavour Awards were  greatly expanded to provide approximately 9,000 scholarships over five years, of which nearly half were for outgoing Australians. The scholarships are a mix of postgraduate, undergraduate, vocational and technical education courses, and research and professional development awards. They are open to all fields of study. The focus of the Awards is to strengthen education linkages between Australia and the region, and to showcase Australia’s excellence in education, science and training.

The Endeavour Awards were divided into four categories:
 Endeavour Postgraduate and Post-doctoral Awards
 Endeavour Vocational Education and Training Awards
 Endeavour Executive Awards
 Endeavour Student Exchange Programmes

In April 2019 it was announced that the ELP was to end, with 2019 recipients the last to be funded. It is to be replaced with the Destination Australia program.

References

External links

Education in Australia
Australian academic awards
Government scholarships


Waldemar Pawlak is the only person to serve twice as Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland during the Third Republic period (1989–present).

His first premiership (5 June – 7 July 1992) was the briefest Government during this period, lasted only 33 days. This was, however, notable period, known commonly as Pawlak's 33 days (33 dni Pawlaka).

After the downfall of Jan Olszewski's cabinet, Pawlak, a leader of the agrarian Polish People's Party, was named new Prime Minister by President Lech Wałęsa with mission, to form a new coalition government included agrarians, Christian democrats and liberals.

However, Pawlak government failed to gain a support from Sejm majority and failed in a vote of confidence.  He resigned and President replaced him by Hanna Suchocka, who won support from the majority.

Pawlak's first premiership and his role was and is widely viewed as caretaker administration, to give a new coalition time to form next government, after political disturbance after fall of the Olszewski government.

Because cabinet did not receive support from Sejm, at this time Pawlak had no official ministers, only temporary chiefs of executive branches.

Pawlak returned to Prime Minister office in 1993, this time as a head of the agrarian-socialists Polish People's Party-Democratic Left Alliance coalition. He served from 1993 to 1995.

Pawlak's 1st government
Waldemar Pawlak - Prime Minister
Andrzej Milczanowski -Acting Minister of Internal Affairs
Aleksander Łuczak - Acting Chief of the PM's chancellery

References

Polish government cabinets
History of Poland (1989–present)
1992 establishments in Poland
1992 disestablishments in Poland
Cabinets established in 1992
Cabinets disestablished in 1992


Kevin McIntyre may refer to:

Kevin McIntyre (footballer) (born 1977), English footballer
Kevin McIntyre (boxer) (born 1978), Scottish boxer
Kevin J. McIntyre (1960–2019), American lawyer


Minnesota State Highway 269 (MN 269) is a short  highway in southwest Minnesota, which runs from South Dakota Highway 11 (SD 11) at the South Dakota state line to an intersection with State Highway 23 (MN 23) in the city of Jasper.

Route description
Highway 269 begins at the South Dakota state line as a continuation of SD 11. It runs in rural southwest Minnesota along the Rock–Pipestone county line for most of its length. The highway juts slightly north into Pipestone County after entering the city of Jasper. It ends at an intersection with MN 23, known as Railroad Avenue, in the southern part of Jasper. Highway 269 follows West Wall Street in Jasper, and is also known as 1st Street within Pipestone County.

The route is legally defined as Route 269 in the Minnesota Statutes. No part of the highway is included in the National Highway System, a system of highways important to the nation's defense, economy, and mobility.

History
Highway 269 was authorized on July 1, 1949. The road was paved at the time the route was designated. The highway has remained the same since it was designated.

Major intersections

References

External links
Highway 269 at the Unofficial Minnesota Highways Page

269
Transportation in Rock County, Minnesota
Transportation in Pipestone County, Minnesota


The Wildcat Branch is a single track railroad branch line which connects the MBTA Lowell Line in Wilmington, Massachusetts to the MBTA Haverhill Line at Wilmington Junction. The total length of the branch line from the connection with the Lowell Line to the merge with the Haverhill Line is . It was operated from 1836 to 1848, then rebuilt in 1874, and has been used since.

The branch's name is in reference to Wilmington's high school mascot, the Wildcats. The entire length of the current branch line is within the town of Wilmington.

History

Original line
The Boston and Lowell Railroad was chartered on June 5, 1830, and opened between its namesake cities on June 24, 1835. On March 15, 1833, while the B&L was under construction, the Andover and Wilmington Railroad was incorporated to build a branch line from Wilmington to Andover. The A&W opened on August 8, 1836; it became the Andover & Haverhill Railroad which was quickly merged into the nascent Boston and Maine Railroad. By 1843 the B&M ran from Wilmington to Portland, Maine; however, it was still dependent on the B&L to reach Boston. The B&M opened a new route (the Western Route) from Wilmington Junction (three miles north of Wilmington) to Boston via Reading in July 1845, thus negating the need for the original line between Wilmington and Wilmington Junction. The B&L operated the line for three years; its abandonment in 1848 was the first railroad abandonment in New England.

Rebuilt line
In 1874, the B&L rebuilt the line; some sections are on the original grade, while others are slightly west. Rather than connecting to the B&M mainline, this Wilmington Branch paralleled the Western Route to a new Wilmington Junction station at the junction with the Salem and Lowell Branch. This gave the B&L a route to Lowell via the S&L and the Lowell and Lawrence Railroad. The B&L was merged into the B&M at the end of the 19th century. Passenger service on the S&L was abandoned west of Wilmington Junction in 1924 and east of it in 1932, but the branch was used to run some service to Haverhill and beyond as it avoided slow grade crossings in Malden and Wakefield. It still connects to the Western Route at Wilmington Junction and runs parallel to it for half a mile.

Cutbacks

On June 14, 1959, the B&M introduced a series of service cutbacks, including the abandonment of the north half of the Woburn Loop. The Western Route was abandoned from Reading to Wilmington Junction; all service to Haverhill and beyond was rerouted via the Wilmington Branch. North Wilmington on the Western Route was replaced with Salem Street station, the first station ever built on the Wilmington Branch. When the newly formed MBTA began funding B&M commuter service in January 1965, state subsidies were provided only for service to Reading on the Western Route and Wilmington on the Lowell Line; local governments were required to fund out-of-district service. Salem Street was closed on June 30, 1967, as the B&M cut all service on the line except for a single round trip to Haverhill. That single trip was cut in June 1976.

Modern service
The MBTA bought the B&M commuter rail assets, including the Wildcat Branch, on December 27, 1976. The Reading line was re-extended to Haverhill as the Haverhill/Reading Line on December 17, 1979. Most trains on the line use the Western Route via Reading; however, the line south of Reading is single-tracked in many locations due to the 1970s construction of the Haymarket North Extension of the MBTA Orange Line subway and has numerous grade crossings, so some express trips have via the Wildcat and the lower Lowell Line. Amtrak Downeaster service to Maine began on December 14, 2001; all Downeaster service uses the Wildcat except during service disruptions such as construction.

Regular MBTA service via the Wildcat Branch ended in December 2020. From September 9 to November 5, 2023, all outer Haverhill Line service  routed over the Wildcat Branch during signal work on the inner part of the Haverhill Line.

The line also carries some freight service by Pan Am Railways, primarily the train "DOBO" (Dover, New Hampshire, to Boston), which mainly hauls sand and gravel from the New Hampshire Northcoast railroad to the Boston Sand and Gravel facility in Somerville.

References

External links

MBTA Commuter Rail
Wilmington, Massachusetts


Anti-Jewish violence in Poland from 1944 to 1946 preceded and followed the end of World War II in Europe and influenced the postwar history of the Jews as well as Polish-Jewish relations. It occurred amid a period of violence and anarchy across the country, caused by lawlessness and anti-communist resistance against the Soviet-backed communist takeover of Poland. The estimated number of Jewish victims varies and ranges up to 2,000. In 2021, Julian Kwiek published the first scientific register of incidents and victims of anti-Jewish violence in Poland in 1944–1947, according to his calculations, the number of victims was at least 1,074 to 1,121. Jews constituted between 2% and 3% of the total number of victims of postwar violence in the country, including the Polish Jews who managed to escape the Holocaust on territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union, and returned after the border changes imposed by the Allies at the Yalta Conference. The incidents ranged from individual attacks to pogroms.

Jewish emigration from Poland surged partly as a result of this violence, but also because Poland was the only Eastern Bloc country to allow free Jewish emigration (aliyah) to Mandatory Palestine. By contrast, the Soviet Union brought Soviet Jews from DP camps back to the USSR by force irrespective of their choice. Uninterrupted traffic across the Polish borders intensified with many Jews passing through on their way west or south. In January 1946, there were 86,000 survivors registered with the Central Committee of Polish Jews (CKŻP). By the end of summer, the number had risen to about 205,000–210,000 (with 240,000 registrations and over 30,000 duplicates). About 180,000 Jewish refugees came from the Soviet Union after the repatriation agreement. Most left without visas or exit permits thanks to a decree of General Marian Spychalski. By the spring of 1947 only 90,000 Jews resided in Poland.

The violence and its causes have been highly politicized. Polish historian Lukasz Krzyzanowski states that both the attribution of antisemitic motives to all attackers, or on the other hand ascribing all anti-Jewish violence to ordinary criminality, are reductionist; however, in many cases "the Jewishness of the victims was unquestionably the chief, if not the sole, motive for the crime". Tens of thousands of people were killed in Poland's two-year civil war, but also due to indiscriminate postwar lawlessness and abject poverty. Among the Jewish victims were functionaries of the new Stalinist regime, assassinated by the so-called cursed soldiers of the anti-communist underground due to their political loyalties. However, their percentage was not large, among the victims recorded by Julian Kwiek were only 84 people identified with the new government. Jan T. Gross noted that "only a fraction of [the Jewish] deaths could be attributed to antisemitism" and that anti-Jewish violence caused panic among Jews not so much because of its intensity and spread, but rather because of the "atmosphere of widespread anti-Semitism" they experienced after the end of the war. The resentment towards returning Jews among some local Poles included concerns that they would reclaim their property.

Background

Property claims and restitution
A restitution law "On Abandoned Real Estates" of May 6, 1945 allowed property owners who had been dispossessed, or their relatives and heirs, whether residing in Poland or outside the country, to reclaim privately owned property under a simplified inheritance procedure. The law remained in effect until the end of 1948. An expedited court process with minimal costs was put in place to handle claims. Applications had to be examined within 21 days, and many claims were processed the day they were filed.
The Communist government enacted legislation on "abandoned property", placing severe limitations on inheritance not present in pre-war inheritance law which allowed inheritance by second-degree relatives, limiting restitution to the original owners or direct heirs. The initial 1945 decrees were superseded by a 1946 law, with a claims deadline of 31 December 1947 (later extended to 31 December 1948) after which property devolved to the Polish state. Even if Jews regained de jure control, when it was occupied by Poles additional lengthy proceedings were required. The majority of Jewish claimants could not afford the restitution process without financial help due to the filing costs, legal fees, and inheritance tax.

Vast quantities of Jewish property were unclaimed because some Jews being murdered when they sought to reclaim family property and because most Jews left postwar Poland. The murders, variously estimated, intimidated Jews from filing claims. Unclaimed Jewish property devolved to the Polish state on 31 December 1948, but many Jews who had fled to the Soviet Union were not repatriated until after that date. Polish legislation in 1947 severely restricted intestate succession, limiting inheritance by distant family members. Jews who returned to Poland from the Soviet Union and settled in the territories Poland acquired from Germany were entitled to material compensation on equal footing with ethnic Poles who were displaced from Eastern Poland.  While it is hard to estimate how many Jews got property back, they were likely few.

Holocaust survivors and returnees
Polish Jewish survivors of the Nazi Holocaust returning home were confronted with fears of being physically assaulted, robbed and even murdered by certain elements in the society. The situation was further complicated by the fact that there were more Jewish survivors returning from the Soviet Union than those who managed to survive in occupied Poland, thus leading to stereotypes holding Jews responsible for the imposition of totalitarian regime in Stalinist Poland.

Members of the former Communist Party of Poland (KPP) were returning home from the Soviet Union as prominent functionaries of the new regime. Among them was a highly visible number of Poles of Jewish origin, who became active in the Polish Workers' Party/Polish United Workers' Party and the Ministry of Public Security of Poland, among them Hilary Minc, the third in command in Bolesław Bierut's political apparatus and Jakub Berman, head of State Security Services (UB, Urząd Bezpieczeństwa) considered Joseph Stalin's right hand in Poland between 1944 and 1953. Jewish representation in Bolesław Bierut's apparatus of political oppression was considerably higher than their share in the general Polish population. The hypothesis emerged that Stalin had intentionally employed some of them in positions of repressive authority (see Gen. Roman Romkowski, director of the Special Bureau Anatol Fejgin and others) in order to put Poles and Jews "on a collision course." A study by the Polish Institute of National Remembrance showed that between 1944 and 1954 out of 450 people in director positions in the Ministry, 37.1% (or 167) were Jewish. The underground anti-communist press held them responsible for the murder of Polish opponents of the new regime.

Anti-communist armed resistance

As the victory over Nazi Germany was celebrated in the West, in May 1945, Polish partisans attacked country offices of the PUBP, MO (communist state police), UB and NKVD employing numerous Jewish functionaries. Up to 80% of the officers, and 50% of the militiamen in Lublin alone, as well as, up to 75% of the officers in Silesia were Jewish. According to Eisenstein's estimates, 90% of the Jewish functionaries at the state security office in Katowice changed their names to Polish ones after November 10, 1945 for anonymity sake.
In May 1945, public security offices were destroyed by the anti-communist underground in Krasnosielc and Annówka (May 1), Kuryłówka (May 7), Grajewo and Białystok (May 9), Siemiatycze and Wyrzyki (May 11), Ostrołęka and Rembertów (May 18–21), Biała Podlaska (May 21, May 24), Majdan-Topiło (Białowieża Forest, May 28), Kotki (Busko-Zdrój) (May 28). Political prisoners were freed – sometimes up to several hundred or more (see, e.g. the attack on Rembertów) – many of whom were later recaptured and murdered. The human rights law violations and the abuse of power by the Ministry only strengthened the anti-Jewish sentiments in Poland, adding to the  "Żydokomuna" stereotype among ordinary Poles who in general had anti-Communist and anti-Soviet attitudes. Accusations that Jews were being supportive of the new communist regime, and constituted a threat to Poland, came also from some high officials of the Roman Catholic Church.

The provisions of the Yalta agreement allowed Stalin to forcibly return Jewish refugees along with all Soviet nationals from DP camps back to the USSR "irrespective of their personal wishes". The former Polish citizens, the second-largest refugee group in the West, did not even began to return until late 1946. Polish–Jewish DPs (25 percent of their grand total in the beginning of 1947) were declared nonrepatriable – due in part to the US pressure – which forced the British government to open the borders of Palestine. By the spring of 1947 the number of Jews in Poland – in large part arriving from the Soviet Union – declined from 240,000 to 90,000 due to mass migration and the post-Holocaust absence of Jewish life in Poland. "The flight" (Berihah) of Jews was motivated by the raging civil war on Polish lands, in as much as the efforts of a strong Polish-Jewish lobby at the Jewish Agency working towards a higher standard of living and special privileges for the immigrants from Poland. Yitzhak Raphael, director of the Immigration Department – who lobbied on behalf of Polish refugees – insisted on their preferential treatment in Israel.

Reports of political repressions by the Communist forces in Poland and the wave of political murders by the security forces under Soviet control were mounting. The United States ambassador to Poland, Arthur Bliss Lane, was troubled by the mass arrests of Polish non-Communists, and their terrorization by the security police. The wave of state-sponsored terror and large-scale deportations was followed by the nationalization decree of January 1946. In response to his protests, Bierut told Lane to "mind his own business."

Blood libel
The prewar class of Polish intelligentsia ceased to exist. In the country of 23.7 million people in 1946, there were only 40,000 university graduates who survived the war; less than 0.2 percent of the general population. Between 1944 and 1956 some 350,000–400,000 Poles were held in Stalinist prisons. Sporadic anti-Jewish disturbances or riots were enticed by the spread of false blood libel accusations against some Jews in Polish towns – Kraków, Kielce, Bytom, Białystok, Bielawa, Częstochowa, Legnica, Otwock, Rzeszów, Sosnowiec, Szczecin, Tarnów. Acts of anti-Jewish violence were also recorded in villages and small towns of central Poland, where the overwhelming majority of attacks occurred. According to Szaynok, the perpetrators of the anti-Jewish actions were seldom punished.

The Kraków pogrom of August 11, 1945, was the first anti-Jewish riot in postwar Poland, resulting in the shooting death of one woman, Róża Berger, who was hiding from the security forces behind closed doors. A single shot was fired at a locking mechanism which shattered, piercing her body. The immediate cause for the disturbance was a rumour spread by a young hooligan (who later claimed to have been tricked into it) that the corpses of Christian children were hidden at the Kupa Synagogue. During the riot, Jews were attacked in Kazimierz, and other parts of the Old Town. A fire was set in Kupa Synagogue. In total, 145 suspects were arrested including 40 militiamen and 6 soldiers of the WP. In September and October 1945 some 25 of them were charged and 10 of them were sentenced to prison. Shortly after the Kielce pogrom, violence against Jews in Poland had ceased entirely.

Kielce pogrom

A pogrom (the causes of which are still very controversial), erupted in Kielce on July 4, 1946. The rumour that a Polish boy had been kidnapped by Jews but had managed to escape, and that other Polish children had been ritually murdered by Jews – according to Pynsent – ignited a violent public reaction directed at the Jewish Center. Attacks on Jewish residents of Kielce were provoked by units of the communist militia and the Soviet-controlled Polish Army who confirmed the rumors of the kidnapping. Police and soldiers were also the first to fire shots at Jews, according to Szaynok.

The pogrom in Kielce resulted in 42 people being murdered and about 50 seriously injured, yet the number of victims does not reflect the impact of the atrocities committed. The Kielce pogrom was a turning point for the postwar history of Polish Jews according to Michael R. Marrus, as the Zionist underground concluded that there was no future for Jews in Europe. Soon after, Gen. Spychalski signed a decree allowing Jews to leave Poland without visas or exit permits, and the Jewish emigration from Poland increased dramatically. In July 1946, almost 20,000 Jews left Poland. By September, there were approximately 12,000 Jews left. Britain demanded that Poland (among others) halt the Jewish exodus, but their pressure was largely unsuccessful.

Number of victims

A statistical compendium of "Jewish deaths by violence for which specific record is extant, by month and province" was compiled by Engel for the Yad Vashem Shoah Resource Center's International School for Holocaust Studies. The study used as a starting point a 1973 report by historian Lucjan Dobroszycki, who wrote that he had "analyzed records, reports, cables, protocols and press-cuttings of the period pertaining to anti-Jewish assaults and murders in 115 localities" in which approximately 300 Jewish deaths had been documented.

A number of historians, including Antony Polonsky and Jan T. Gross cite the figures originating from Dobroszycki's 1973 work. Dobroszycki wrote that "according to general estimates 1,500 Jews lost their lives in Poland from liberation until the summer of 1947", although historian Jan Gross who cited Dobroszycki claimed that only a fraction of these deaths can be attributed to antisemitism and that most were due to general postwar disorder, political violence and banditry. David Engel wrote that Dobroszycki "offered no reference for such 'general estimates'" which "have not been confirmed by any other investigator" and "no proof-text for this figure" exists, not even a smaller one of 1,000 claimed by Gutman. According to Engel, "both estimates seem high." Other estimates include those of Anna Cichopek claiming more than 1,000 Jews murdered in Poland between 1944 and 1947. According to Stefan Grajek around 1,000 Jews died in the first half of year 1946. Historian Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated that between 1944 and 1947 there were 1,500–2,000 Jewish victims of general civil strife that came about with Soviet consolidation of power, constituting 2 to 3 percent of the total number of victims of postwar violence in the country.

According to a 2021 book by Julian Kwiek, at least from 1,074 to 1,121 Jews died as a result of individual and collective violence between 1944 and 1947. Murders took place in at least 365 localities, in the vast majority of cases targeted defenseless people, including women and children, and originated from a climate of indifference, aversion and hostility towards the Jews on the part of the local population.

In the Yad Vashem Studies paper, Holocaust historian David Engel wrote:

Studying case records, Engel wrote that the compilation of cases is not exhaustive, suggesting that cases of anti-Jewish violence were selectively reported and recorded, and that there was no centralized, systematic effort to record these cases. He cites numerous incidental reports of killings of Jews for which no official reporting has survived. He concludes that these figures have "obvious weaknesses" and that the detailed records used to compile them are clearly deficient and lacking data from the Białystok region. For example, Engel cites one source that shows a total of 108 Jewish deaths during March 1945 and another source that shows 351 deaths between November 1944 and December 1945.

See also
 Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland
 National Armed Forces

References

Bibliography

1940s in Poland
Blood libel
Jewish Polish history
Aftermath of World War II in Poland
World War II crimes in Poland
Aftermath of the Holocaust
Riots and civil disorder in Poland
1944 riots
1945 riots
1946 riots
Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1946
Antisemitism in Poland


President of Congress  may refer to:

 President of the Congress of Colombia
 President of the All India Congress Committee
 President of the Congress of the Republic of Peru
 President of the Congress of Deputies, Spain
 President of the Continental Congress, United States

See also
 Speaker (politics)
 List of legislatures by country


The Żniwiarz Group (Polish: Zgrupowanie Żniwiarz) was a group of military units in Żoliborz in Warsaw, Poland, which took part in the Warsaw Uprising of 1944.

The group was created in 1942 and included a group of schoolboys of the Prince Józef Poniatowski Secondary School and youth of Marymont. In the beginning of 1943, upon the creation og Kedyw, it was created the 9th company of military subversion Żniwiarz, which was a military unit at the disposal of the commander of the Sub-district II of Żoliborz (of Armia Krajowa), pseudonym Żywiciel.

Organisation
Commander - lieutenant Mieczysław Morawski pseudonym "Szeliga";
226th platoon  - commanded by sec. lieutenant Gustaw Budzyński pseudonym "Szymura";
229th platoon - commanded by officer cadet Stanisław Swinarski pseudonym "Poraj";
230th platoon - commanded by officer cadet Zygmunt Wisłouch pseudonym "Zarewicz".

Course of combat in Warsaw Uprising

The place of concentration of the Żniwiarz Group at the hour "W" were areas in Mikołaj Górka Street, Józef Sułkowski Street and the Park Promyka in the officer quarter of Żoliborz. About 13:50 soldiers who transported weapons from stores in Wespazjana Kochowskiego Street fired the first shots in the Warsaw Uprising. Although the soldiers won the skirmish, it did not prevent the insurgents from reaching the gathering place. The target of the Żniwiarz Group was German positions in Krasińskiego street and areas of Plac Grunwaldzki.

Upon arriving, the Group soldiers were attacked in the area of Plac Lelewela (Krechowiecka and Cieszkowskiego Streets) and suffered severe losses. During further fights, the units of the group waged heavy fights in Suzina Street and in the Zdobycz Robotnicza quarter. They took part in the attack on Warsaw Gdańsk Station, defended the Opel workshop as well as the insurgent redoubt in a building of Fire Brigades in the crossing of Słowackiego, Gdańska and Potocka streets. The last position of Żniwiarz Group was defending of Słowackiego Street and Plac Wilsona.

Losses included 92 fallen and many wounded.

Among others, Włodzimierz Kaczanowski and Zdzisław Sierpiński fought in units of the Group.

See also
 Żubr Group
 Żmija Group
 Żaglowiec Group
 Żyrafa Group
 Żbik Group
 Military description of the Warsaw Uprising
 Sub-district II of Żoliborz (of Armia Krajowa)

Units and formations of the Home Army
Warsaw Uprising


Adger is an unincorporated crossroads community in Jefferson County, Alabama, southwest of Birmingham.

Adger has a post office, two convenience stores (Kimbral's Grocery, Adger Grocery (Out of Business), and several churches. Local businesses include construction, a goat's milk soap business, roofing, plumbing, hauling, and heavy equipment operation.

The community is served by a volunteer fire department as well as a Neighborhood Watch office, which doubles as a working office for Jefferson County sheriff's deputies who patrol the area. It is governed by the Jefferson County Commission and the various departments and facets of the County Government.

History
The town is named for Andrew M. Adger, originally of Charleston, South Carolina. Mr. Adger moved to Bessemer, Alabama, when he became an investor in and secretary-treasurer of the Bessemer Land & Improvement Company. He also was an operating officer of the Debardeleben Coal & Iron Company. Adger is a rural community that arose in the late 1880s during development of Debardeleben's Adger, Johns, and Belle Sumter mines in the Blue Creek Coal Basin. The mines were operating at their peak in the early Twentieth Century. The Black Diamond Mine also operated in the Adger community along Blue Creek road where the mine's Hoist Tipple and Portal were located about 100 yards west of the Old Blue Creek Baptist Church.  Since the closing of the mines the community has seen both periodic growth and decline. Currently ( March 2013 ) the  Adger, Johns, Sumter and Black Diamond Coal mine sites are being strip mined by Drummond Company's Twin Pines Mining Company and only a few concrete foundations remain, hidden in the thick privet growth, that hint back to the original mining interest.

Geography
Its location is about  northwest and about  from Interstates 20/59 which merge in Northeast Jefferson County and run through Jefferson County into Tuscaloosa County and northward into Walker County. It is the former location of Oak Grove High School on Lock 17 Road. An F5 tornado destroyed it on April 8, 1998.
City-Data.com reports the area to be  with a population density of 23 per square mile. The zip code is 35006.

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters.  According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Adger has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

Government
The governmental body which oversees Adger is the Jefferson County Commission.

There is a Courthouse (Annex) located in downtown Bessemer with a Probate Office and courtrooms. The main courthouse and most of the county services and offices are located in downtown Birmingham, which is approximately  to the North East.

Adger lies within the boundaries of the "Bessemer Cut-off Area" and law enforcement is managed by the Jefferson County Sheriff's Department, under the command of County Sheriff Mark Pettway.

Economy
Adger is situated in the midst of the iron ore and coal district of Alabama. Coal is still mined in and around Adger by means of underground and strip mining. Steel is manufactured in nearby cities as well. Local mines include Jim Walter #3; Oak Grove Mine; and Shannon Mine.

Demographics
Adger, according to the returns from 1850-2010 for Alabama, has never reported a population figure separately on the U.S. Census as an unincorporated community. However, the area (ZIP code 35006) had a population of 3,109 in the year 2000.  The Median Age of its residents was 37.5 yrs with 92.3% White; 6.4% Black; 0.4% Hispanic; 0.9% Other.  In 2010, the population within the zip code had increased slightly to 3,121.

Transportation
Several trucking companies are located within the area and the entire county is served by rail and air transportation. Bessemer Airport is just south of here and Birmingham International Airport is approximately  to the Northeast, along I-20/59.

Education
There are no public schools located in Adger. The Oak Grove Schools which were located approximately ten miles north from here until an F5 tornado destroyed them on April 8, 1998. They reopened as separate buildings two years later. It is within easy driving distance of several private schools in this area and approximately 45 minutes from several universities including UAB, located downtown Birmingham, and University of Alabama, located in Tuscaloosa.

Media
Adger has numerous television and radio stations located in and around the cities of Birmingham and Bessemer. Newspapers for the area include the Birmingham News, The Western Star, and The Western Tribune.

Religion
Adger is home to several churches, including Adger Baptist, Adger Church of God, Adger Holiness, and Bible Comes to Life.  Most facilities are new or updated and several of the churches combine each year for a Community Revival.

Points of interest
Adger is approximately  from WaterMark Outlet Mall and Alabama Adventure (formerly VisionLand). Alabama Adventure has rides, shops, attractions, and a Water Park.

Adger is approximately  from a new state of the art shopping facility located along I-459 between Bessemer and McCalla. The shopping center will host a multiplex theater and several top name retailers.

The Bessemer Civic Center, which hosts many concerts, homeshows, etc. is located at exit 108 along I20/59, and is approximately  from the heart of Adger.

Adger is approximately 1.8 miles (2.9 km) from Blue Creek Campground, A small campground next to Blue Creek.

References

Unincorporated communities in Jefferson County, Alabama
Unincorporated communities in Alabama
Populated places established in 1819


In the fall of 1874, a group of civic boosters in St. Louis raised $20,000 to organize the creation of the cities first professional ball club. The St. Louis Brown Stockings joined the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players for the 1875 season and finished the season in fourth place. They subsequently joined the new National League for the 1876 season. The Brown Stockings joined the National League as a founding team and thus inspired what is now a rich baseball history in the city of St. Louis.

Preseason acquisitions
C. Orrick Bishop, a local St. Louis lawyer, was named as the Brown Stockings Vice President and given the task of going east to recruit top talent. In Brooklyn, Bishop picked up Dickey Pearce, Jack Chapman, Herman Dehlman, and Lip Pike. In and around Philadelphia, Bishop added Ned Cuthbert, Reddy Miller, George Bradley, Bill Hague, and Joe Battin.

Management
Dickey Pearce having been signed from the 1874 Brooklyn Atlantics became the first ever manager of the St. Louis Brown Stockings. Dickey Pearce is most known for his cunning managerial mind and creating the position of shortstop which he manned for the Brown Stockings in 1875.

Hitters
The St. Louis Brown Stockings worst hitter—starting catcher Tom Miller—had an OPS+ of 24 over 56 games. He hit .164—33 singles, two doubles, and one walk in 214 at-bats. The St. Louis Brown Stockings best hitter, Lip Pike, hit .346/.352/.494, for an OPS+ of 203—74 singles, 22 doubles, 12 triples. Lip Pike was known as the leagues most athletic hitter and for good reason as he is rumored to have raced a trotting horse and won.

Pitchers

Eighteen-year-old Pud Galvin is credited with leading the league in ERA (1.16) while just only pitching 62 innings.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Roster

Player stats

Batting
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References

1875 St. Louis Brown Stockings season at Baseball Reference

St. Louis Brown Stockings seasons
St. Louis Brown Stockings
St. Louis Brown Stockings
19th century in St. Louis


HMS Windsor was a 60-gun fourth rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched at Deptford on 31 October 1695.

On 18 November 1725 she was ordered to be taken to pieces and rebuilt according to the 1719 Establishment at Deptford, and she was relaunched on 27 October 1729. On 1 November 1742 an order was made out for Windsor to be taken to pieces once more, and rebuilt at Woolwich Dockyard as a 58-gun fourth rate. Unusually, she was not reconstructed according to the establishment of dimensions in effect at the time (the 1741 proposals of the 1719 Establishment), being made  longer on the gundeck,  longer on the keel, though with the same beam and  less depth to her hold than the standard 58s, and she was relaunched on 26 February 1745.

Windsor remained in service until 1777, when she was broken up.

Notes

References

Lavery, Brian (2003) The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650-1850. Conway Maritime Press. .

Ships of the line of the Royal Navy
1690s ships


Marnardal Station () is a railway station of the Sørlandet Line situated just north of the village of Heddeland in Lindesnes municipality in Agder county, Norway. Located  from Oslo Central Station, it is served by long-distance trains operated by Go-Ahead Norge. In addition to intercity services to Oslo and Stavanger, the eight daily trains in each direction trains serve as a commuter link to Kristiansand Station. The station features two platform and three tracks, as well as a station building.

The station was opened on 17 December 1943 as part of the segment of the Sørlandet Line between Kristiansand and Sira. The line past the station was electrified from 18 February 1944. The station was automated in 1969, but remained staffed until 1988. The passing loop was extended in 1992, reaching its current length of . The platforms were renovated and extended in 2012. Marnardal Station had 21,700 passengers in 2008.

History
Marnardal Station was built during the Second World War under the German-administrated expansion of the Sørlandet Line west of Kristiansand. Instead of running along the more densely populated coast, the line was built through the interior of Vest-Agder. Marnardal Station was planned as a primary station, which was to serve the Marnardal valley and its various communities. This included the coastal town of Mandal, situated  to the south, at the mouth of the valley. The station was originally proposed to be named Øyslebø, the name of the municipality at the time. Instead a new name was constructed by folklorist Knut Liestøl. He took the name of the river, Mandalselva, used its genitive form marnar and added suffix dal which means "valley". The name was so quickly adopted by the locals that it was used as the name of the new municipality in the municipal amalgamation that occurred in 1964.

Work on the line started in 1930 and by 1934 work had reached Marnardal. During the following years the population increased with 300 due to the influx of workforce for the railway. The station building was completed in 1942 after designs by NSB Arkitektkontor. It was originally proposed to be named Øyslebø, but this was changed to Marnardal. Irregular revenue traffic commenced on the line on 17 December 1943 and the station became operative from the same day. Ordinary traffic commenced on 1 March 1944. The line from Marnardal Station to Sira Station received electric traction from 18 February 1944, while the electrification on the section form Marnardal to Kristiansand Station was not completed until 16 May 1946. Because of the switch from steam to electric traction at the station, Marnardal received a turntable and an engine shed.

At its peak the station employed 15 people, including line crew. The first stage of automation came with the interlocking system becoming operational on 1 June 1961. This allowed the station to become remotely controlled from 19 November 1969. However, it remained staffed for ticket sales until 13 June 1988. The passing loop was extended in 1992. Due to short platforms, Marnardal Station was in a 2010 report proposed to be renovated or closed. Due to this report, the Norwegian National Rail Administration carried out a major renovation in 2012. Work on the tracks and overhead wires started in March and work on the platforms started in May. The latter included building longer and higher platforms, as well as renovating the station building. The original island platform serving track 2 was too narrow, causing the entire track to have to be moved. Track 3 was also moved and modernized. The works cost  and was officially opened on 19 November 2012. The upgrades were in anticipation to receive an increase in the frequency, improving the attraction for commuters further. The municipality followed up with zoning additional housing close by the station.

Facilities

Marnardal Station is a station on the Sørlandet Line, located  from Oslo Central Station at an elevation of  above mean sea level. The station features a passing loop with two side tracks. The main passing track is  long.

The station buildings along the Sørlandet Line were mostly standardized designs. Marnardal followed late in a rather standardized period of Neoclassical architecture used by the Norwegian State Railways since the 1920s. By the 1940s the designs had been altered to include elements of functionalism. It has siding of weatherboard and was built with two stories, providing an upper story for a station master's residence. The design was altered from the norm by having the two-storey section built normally to the single-storey section. A similar design was chosen at Snartemo Station.

Most trains serve track 1, a side platform situation at grade with the station building, access roads and parking. Track 2 is served with an island platform, albeit which only has access to trains on the one track. Track 2 is only used when two passenger trains pass at the station. Both platforms are  long and  tall. The station building is open around the clock except from 21:00 on Saturday to 07:00 on Sunday. It has universal accessibility, including to its washroom. There is parking for 15 cars and a roofed bicycle stand. There is no ticket machine.

Service
The station is served by long-distance trains operated by Go-Ahead, counting eight daily services on weekdays, including a night train service. These operate from Oslo via Kristiansand to Stavanger. Marnardal is located within the commuter belt of the town of Kristiansand. In this area a major task of the Sørlandet Line trains are to feed commuters to the city. Trains use about 30 minutes to Kristiansand, while driving time by car is about one hour, due to the train line's many tunnels. The train is therefore popular amongst commuters. The station had 21,700 annual passengers in 2008. There is bus services which connect to surrounding areas.

References

Railway stations in Agder
Railway stations on the Sørlandet Line
Railway stations opened in 1943
1943 establishments in Norway
Marnardal
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1940s


The levant  (, , , , ) is an easterly wind that blows in the western Mediterranean Sea and southern France, an example of mountain-gap wind. In Roussillon it is called "llevant" and in Corsica "levante".  In the western Mediterranean, particularly when the wind blows through the Strait of Gibraltar, it is called the Viento de Levante or the Levanter. It is also known as the Solano.

When blowing moderately or strongly, the levant causes heavy swells on the Mediterranean.  Usually gentle and damp, the levant frequently brings clouds and rain.  When it brings good weather, it is known as the "levant blanc", or "levante calma" in Gibraltar.

The origin of the name is the same as the origin of the Levant, the region of the eastern Mediterranean: it is the Latin word  "levante", the participle of levare "to raise" – as in sol levante "rising sun". It thus referred to the eastern direction of the rising sun.

Etymology
The name of the wind pattern entered English from Middle French levante (), the sun rises in the east, the perceived origin point of the wind and rain. It is used to describe the direction east, the wind coming from the east, as well as a general term for the lands bordering the eastern Mediterranean.

Description
The wind rises in the central Mediterranean or around the Balearic Islands and blows westwards reaching its greatest intensity through the Strait of Gibraltar.  The winds are moist carrying fog and precipitation in the eastern side of the Strait, but dry in the western side, as the moisture rains on the mountains between Algeciras and Tarifa.  The winds are well known for creating a particular cloud formation above the Rock of Gibraltar; In Almería, the winds are well known for making the temperatures rise as the wind blows across the desert interior of the province. The Levanter winds can occur at any time in the year, but are most common from May to October.

The Strait of Gibraltar

The Strait of Gibraltar, located at the western entrance to the Mediterranean Sea, is frequently associated with strong gap winds that can produce dangerous seas, especially when they blow against tide, current or swell through the Strait, which is a narrow sea-level passage about  wide and  long that is surrounded by terrain reaching several thousand feet.

The most pronounced gap wind through the Strait, the Levanter, can produce winds of  in and to the west of the gap when there is higher pressure to the east, over the Mediterranean, with lower pressure to the west of Gibraltar. The sinking motions accompanying such anticyclonic conditions cause stability in the low-level air flow, strongly suppressing vertical air motion and may result in the formation of an inversion within a few thousand feet of the surface. Such an inversion provides a cap that contains the low-level air and results in greater topographic blocking and the acceleration of the airflow through the gap forming the Strait. Under such circumstances, the winds can go from a moderate or fresh easterly over the Alboran Sea (the western part of the Mediterranean) to gale force strength on the western side of the Strait and to its west.  Because the flow is accelerating and there is often a significant pressure gradient through the Strait, the strongest winds are not observed mid-Strait, as might be expected if the funnel mechanism was dominant; rather, the strongest winds are in the western Strait and immediately downwind to the west.  Levanters are most frequent during the warm season from April until October and often reach a peak in spring, when the Mediterranean is comparatively cool, increasing the stability of the low-level air flow.

The Gibraltar levanter cloud

Sometimes the levanter forms a characteristic cloud named "banner-cloud" over the Rock of Gibraltar. However, this is not always the case and a particular set of conditions is required for its formation.

Near the surface, the levanter is moist, but is unsaturated. As the moist air, which must be capped to be stable and so unable to rise by convection, is forced to rise over the Rock, the moisture condenses to form a cloud that streams away west from its top. If wind speeds are too low and stability high in the near-surface layer, the cloud does not form and condensation is also sensitive to small changes in moisture content, such that when the wind across the Rock veers into the southeast, the flow becomes too dry for the cloud to form, bringing drier air from North Africa. When the wind speed is too low, the air is blocked and unable to rise to form the cloud. At high wind speeds, the turbulent mixing to the lee of the Rock distributes the moisture through a comparatively deep layer and the cloud is, at best, very broken. Often it dissolves immediately west of the Rock in these turbulent windy conditions.

In suitable conditions, the characteristic "pennant" cloud forms downwind. It usually extends about  west from the top of the Rock in a turbulent plume. (Similar clouds may sometimes be seen elsewhere – notably the pennant cloud that forms on the Matterhorn in Switzerland.) This cloud hangs over the centre of the city of Gibraltar, while there is usually sunny weather in to the north and south from the southern outskirts of the city.

On the western side of the Rock, the winds near sea level are often from the west or southwest, as the air forms large overturning rolls, more than  deep in the lee protection of the mountain, but strong winds tend to alter this flow regime.

The pennant cloud is not seen in westerly winds, although many of the same processes occur - it is just that the air is usually drier and may be warmer, as well as being less stable – so that convection from the surface is deeper and not capped near the mountaintop level. (Low cloud can sometimes be seen on the Rock, early in the morning in westerly winds, but this disappears as temperatures rise. It is also likely that the very steep eastern slope of the Rock tends to make the downwind flow too turbulent for cloud formation.)

Around dawn, the flow is relatively smooth through the cloud, but later in the morning, as it becomes warmer, some convective overturning develops within the plume as temperatures rise.

Formation of the cloud is classically very near the top of the ridge-line of the Rock at nearly  altitude, but the base is usually a little lower in the turbulent flow to the west. The top of the cloud is rarely much more than  above Gibraltar Bay.

Strong winds across the Rock

When winds are very strong across the crest of the Rock, usually in excess of , the cloud becomes detached from the crest of the Rock forming west of a line parallel to the ridge up to about  from it. At the same time, curved arcs of cloud may be seen within or below the pennant cloud, indicating the formation of a roll cloud. Usually, this produces light and rather variable winds near sea level, at times forming a cyclonic circulation area over Gibraltar Bay and the town. However, at times, the strong winds break away from the crest of the Rock, producing gusts to about the speed of the wind over the crest. These winds are usually northeasterly or easterly and may be several Beaufort forces stronger than the mean wind before and after.

In popular culture
 This wind is a namesake for a song by Gibraltarian Flamenco Metal band Breed 77, who titled a track from their 2006 In My Blood (En Mi Sangre) album "Viento De Levante".
 In his novel The Alchemist, Paulo Coelho refers to the Levante, describing the wind that brought the Moors to Spain.
 The Levante is mentioned in the historical fiction novel The Hundred Days by Patrick O'Brian.
 Clé: Levanter is the name of the mini-album by a Korean band Stray Kids, released on December 9, 2019. The title track of the album is also titled Levanter.
 Levante is a model of the Italian car manufacturer Maserati.

References

 Bendall, A. A., 1982:  Low-level flow through the Strait of Gibraltar.  Meteor. Mag., 111, 149-153
 Dorman, C. E., R. C. Beardsley, and R. Limeburner, 1995:  Winds in the Strait of Gibraltar.  Quart. J. Royal Met. Soc., 121, 1903–1921
 Galvin, J. F. P., A. I. Black, and D. A. Priestley, 2011: "Mesoscale weather features over the Mediterranean: Part 1". Weather, 66, 72-78
 Scorer, R.S., 1952:  Mountain-gap winds; a study of the surface wind in Gibraltar.  Quart. J. Royal Met. Soc., 78, 53-59
 Vialar, Jean, 1948: Les vents régionaux et locaux, reissued by Météo-France in 2003

External links
Meteo-France French-language on meteorology

See also
Winds of Provence

Winds
Provence
Climate of France
Climate of Malta


The Adventures of Peg o' the Ring is a 1916 American drama film serial directed by Francis Ford and Jacques Jaccard. It is now considered to be lost.

Cast
 Grace Cunard as Peg
 Francis Ford as Dr. Lund, Junior
 Mark Fenton as Dr. Lund, Senior (credited as Marc Fenton)
 G. Raymond Nye
 Peter Gerald as Flip the Clown (credited as Pete Gerald)
 Jean Hathaway as Mrs. Lund
 Charles Munn
 Irving Lippner as Marcus, the Hindoo
 Jack Duffy
 John Ford as Lund's Accomplice (credited as Jack Ford)
 Lionel Bradshaw
 Eddie Polo (scenes deleted)
 Ruth Stonehouse (scenes deleted; but stills of her in the film survive)

Chapter titles

 The Leopard's Mark
 A Strange Inheritance
 In The Lion's Den
 The Circus Mongrels
 The House of Mystery
 The Cry For Help or Cry of The Ring
 The Wreck
 Outwitted
 The Leap
 In the Hands of The Enemy
 The Stampede
 On The High Seas
 The Clown Act
 The Will
 Retribution

See also
 List of film serials
 List of film serials by studio
 List of lost films

References

External links

1916 drama films
1916 films
1916 lost films
Silent American drama films
American silent serial films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Jacques Jaccard
Films directed by Francis Ford
Lost American drama films
Circus films
Films with screenplays by Grace Cunard
1910s English-language films
Universal Pictures film serials
1910s American films
English-language drama films


is a Japanese actress. She was given a Best New Talent award at the 2009 Yokohama Film Festival. Naka became famous by appearing in Hachi One Diver (2008) and played the lead, Hana Adachi, in Yankee-kun to Megane-chan (2010). Naka also portrayed cousins Makoto Konno and Akari Yoshiyama who are the protagonists in respectively the 2006 anime film The Girl Who Leapt Through Time and the 2010 live action movie Time Traveller: The Girl Who Leapt Through Time, both of which are based on the 1967 novel Toki wo Kakeru Shoujo by Yasutaka Tsutsui.

Personal life
Naka has a Swedish grandfather, making her one-quarter Swedish and three-quarters Japanese. She was named Riisa after Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa painting which her grandfather had an affection for.

She was given a Best New Talent award at the 2009 Yokohama Film Festival and became famous by appearing in Hachi One Diver, a drama that aired in 2008.

Naka co-starred with actor Akiyoshi Nakao in Toki wo Kakeru Shoujo in 2010 and again in the NHK drama Tsurukame Josanin, which aired in August 2012. They started dating after the filming for the drama ended in October 2012.

In spring 2013, it was announced that Naka would marry Nakao, with the wedding being held on March 21, 2013. On October 4, 2013, Naka gave birth to the couple's first child, a son at a hospital in Tokyo.

Her skills are Japanese dancing, piano and swimming.

Filmography

Dramas
 My Boss My Hero (2006) - Chiba Akane
 Yakusha Damashii (2006) - episode 7 guest
 Broccoli (2007)
 Ultraman Mebius (2007) - episode 40 guest
 Jodan janai (2007) - Hirose Karen
 Sexy Voice and Robo (2007) - episode 5 guest
 Binbō Danshi (2008) - Shinjo Sumire
 Hachi One Diver (2008) - Soyo Nakashizu/ Milk
 Gakko ja Oshierarenai! (2008) - Yokoyama Eri
 Kami no Shizuku (2009) - co-starring - Shinohara Miyabi
 Ninkyou Helper (2009) - Haruna Misora
 Koibana: Suika to Bansoukou (2009)
 Yankee-kun to Megane-chan (2010) - Hana Adachi (lead)
 The Japanese The Japanese Don't Know (2010) - Kano Haruko (lead)
 Sayonara Aruma (2010) - Takahashi Fumiko
 Party wa Owatta (2011) - Toake
 Shiawase ni Narou yo (2011) - Sakuragi Marika
 Lucky Seven (2012) - Mizuno Asuka
 Tsurukame Maternity Center (2012) - Onodera Mariya
 Resident – 5-nin no Kenshui (2012) - Miyama Shizuku
 Lucky Seven SP (2013) - Mizuno Asuka
 Cold Case (2016)
 I love You Just a Little Bit (2017) - Reika Arishima
 Black Leather Notebook (2017) - Namiko Yamada
 Plage ~ Wakeari bakari no share house (2017) - Koike Miwa
 Yell (2020) - Megumi Katori
 Koisuru Hahatachi (2020) - Kanbara Mari
 Alice in Borderland (2020–2022) - Mira Kanō
 Tokyo MER: Mobile Emergency Room (2021) - Chiaki Takanawa
 Ōoku: The Inner Chambers (2023) - Tokugawa Tsunayoshi
 Let's Get Divorced (2023) - Yui Kurosawa

Movies
 The Girl Who Leapt Through Time (2006) - Makoto Konno (lead)
 Island Times (2006) - Yuki
 Shibuya-ku Maruyama-cho (2006) - Yumi
 Chi-chan wa Yukyu no Muko (2008) - Chigusa Utashima
 Gachi Boy (2008) - Akane Igarashi
 It's So Quiet (2008) - Chizuru
 Jun Kissa Isobe (2008) - Sakiko Isobe
 An Encyclopedia of Unconventional Women (2009) - Ryoko
 Pandora no Hako (2009) - Mabo
 Summer Wars (2009) - Yumi Jinnouchi
 Time Traveller: The Girl Who Leapt Through Time (2010) - Akari Yoshiyama (lead)
 Zebraman 2: Attack on Zebra City (2010) - Zebra Queen/Yui
 Hara ga Kore Nande (2011) - Hara Mitsuko
 Moteki (2011) - Ai
 Young Black Jack (2011) - Yuna
 Brave Hearts: Umizaru (2012) - Mika
 The Mole Song: Undercover Agent Reiji (2014)
 The Mole Song: Hong Kong Capriccio (2016)
 A Forest of Wool and Steel (2018) - Eri Hamano
 My Dad Is a Heel Wrestler (2018) - Michiko
 Love At Least (2018)
 Brothers in Brothel (2021) - Ibuki
 The Mole Song: Final (2021)
 Crayon Shin-chan: Shrouded in Mystery! The Flowers of Tenkazu Academy (2021) - Ageha (voice)
 Tokyo MER: Mobile Emergency Room: The Movie (2023) - Chiaki Takanawa
 Between the White Key and the Black Key (2023) - Chikako
 The Imaginary (2023) - Emily (voice)

Plays
 Dokurojo no Shichinin (2011)

Dubbing
 Trolls World Tour (2020) - Queen Barb
 Transformers: Rise of the Beasts (2023) - Elena Wallace (Dominique Fishback)

Music videos
 Kimi wa Boku ni Niteiru (2005) - See-Saw
 Captain Straydum (2006) - Cyborg
 Nostalgia (2010) - Ikimono Gakari
 Honto Wa Kowai Ai To Romance (2010) - Keisuke Kuwata
 Boku Kimi Believer (2010) - Ghostnote

Discography
  as Zebra Queen (2010)

References

External links

 Amuze profile

1989 births
Living people
Actors from Nagasaki Prefecture
Japanese female models
Japanese people of Swedish descent
Models from Nagasaki Prefecture
Amuse Inc. talents
21st-century Japanese actresses
21st-century Japanese women singers


Robert Louis Bracken (January 4, 1885 – July 29, 1965) was an American football player and a starting quarterback for the University of Notre Dame.

In his first two years playing for the Fighting Irish squad, Bracken started at halfback. He was given the starting job at quarterback for his senior year in 1906, and led the team to a 6–1 record, including wins over Michigan State and Purdue, with the lone loss suffered at Indiana.

Bracken was made an assistant to head coach Thomas A. Barry in 1907, and then graduated from Notre Dame Law School in 1908, eventually becoming an attorney back in his home town of Polo, Illinois. By the early 1930s, he had been appointed as a judge in nearby Dixon, Illinois.

References
 Steele, Michael R. The Fighting Irish Football Encyclopedia. Champaign, IL: Sports Publishing LLC (1996).
 Grant, Chet. Before Rockne at Notre Dame. South Bend, IN: Icarus Press (1978).

1885 births
1965 deaths
American football quarterbacks
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players
Illinois lawyers
People from Polo, Illinois
Sportspeople from the Rockford metropolitan area, Illinois
20th-century American lawyers


Hudson Pride Connections Center is a community services center serving the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community, as well as all people living with HIV/AIDS in north eastern New Jersey.

History
The organization was established in 1993 to serve as an advocate for both the LGBT and HIV/AIDS communities in Hudson County, New Jersey.

Community center
Established in 2007, the organization's community center is located in the Journal Square area of Jersey City at 32 Jones Street, in a refurbished three story historic home from the late 19th century.

The community center also houses the Anthony Salandra Memorial Library for LGBT and HIV Resources which feature online access to the catalog, lending access for members, extensive resources including historical archives, first editions, and autographed copies, as well as music archives, DVD and film archives, and a comic book / graphic novel library and the David Bohnett CyberCenter which included a public computer lab, free WiFi access, and computer learning.

The center has also been used to shoot scenes in several film projects including Finding Me and Interrogation Room 109.

See also

 List of LGBT community centers in the United States
 Journal Square

References

External links

Social centres in the United States
LGBT community centers in the United States


Katapult is the twenty-seventh album by the Finnish experimental rock band Circle. It was released on CD and limited vinyl by No Quarter Records in 2007. The album has a clear black metal influence, displaying a fondness for the harsh guitars and rapid drums of bands such as Immortal and Celtic Frost. Despite this, the album is still very recognizable as Circle due to its insistence on repetition - a constant feature of the band's sound. The opening track, "Saturnus Reality", gives its name to a documentary film about the band.

Track listing
"Saturnus Reality"
"Torpedo Star Throne"
"Black Black Never Never Land"
"Understanding New Age"
"Tree On The Higher Mountain"
"Four Points Of The Compass"
"Fish Reflection"
"Skeletor Highway"
"Snow Olympics"

References

2007 albums
Circle (band) albums


Canadian Express was a Canadian variety television series which aired on CBC Television between September 22, 1977 and September 12, 1980. The show was hosted by Ryan's Fancy in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Gabrielle in Edmonton, Alberta, Terry Jacks in Toronto, Ontario, Terry David Mulligan in Vancouver, British Columbia, Gerry and Ziz in Winnipeg, Manitoba and Jim Bennet in Halifax, Nova Scotia. It was executive produced by Paddy Sampson.

External links

 Canadian Express at the Canadian Communications Foundation
 Queen's University Directory of CBC Television Series (Canadian Express archived listing link via archive.org)

1977 Canadian television series debuts
1980 Canadian television series endings
CBC Television original programming
1970s Canadian variety television series
1980s Canadian variety television series


Joe Vincent Meigs (October 24, 1892, Lowell, Massachusetts – October 24, 1963), was an American obstetrician and gynecologist.

Meigs was a grandson of Captain Joe Vincent Meigs, who invented an experimental steam monorail known as the Meigs single-track elevated railroad.

Meigs syndrome is named after him.

See also
 Mary Ann Vincent

References

External links

1892 births
1963 deaths
American obstetricians
American gynecologists


The Diocese of Chioggia () is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in the Veneto, at the southernmost point of the Laguna veneta. Until 1451, the diocese was a suffragan of the Patriarchate of Grado. On 8 October 1451, in the bull "Regis Aeterni", Pope Nicholas V abolished the patriarchate of Grado,  and transferred its powers and privileges to the Archdiocese of Venice. Since then, Chioggia has been a suffragan of Venice.

History
Chioggia in antiquity was known as Fossa Clodia; in the Middle Ages it was called Clugia. In 1110, Enrico Grancarolo, Bishop of Malamocco, then nearly deserted, transferred his see to Chioggia. The bishops continued to use the title Bishops of Malamocco down through Bishop Domenico Guillari (1139).

The episcopal election of 1284
The episcopal election of 1284 was so contentious that two candidates were claimed as bishops-elect. Some of the Canons chose Ptolemaeus, Bishop of Sarda in Epirus, and requested his transfer by the pope. Others chose Aliro, the parish priest of S. Giovanni Chrysostomo in Venice. The matter was finally referred to the pope, who appointed Cardinal Comes Glusiani to preside over the litigation. During the litigation, Bishop Tolomeo abandoned his suit and renounced any legal rights he might have had in the matter. Those who had elected him then presumed to proceeded to another election, despite the fact that the election had been referred to the pope; they chose Uberto, the abbot of the monastery de Brondolo. When news of this latest election reached the papal court, Aliro's lawyer appealed against Uberto as well. Cardinal Comes finally ruled that both elections were invalid.

Uberto, however, was not to be put off, and so he entered a postulatio with the Patriarch of Grado, and got himself admitted to the episcopal throne. Aliro's lawyer entered an appeal against Uberto, the Patriarch, and Uberto's electors on the grounds that there were still matters under appeal which had not been ruled on, but the Patriarch went ahead and consecrated Uberto and ordered him installed on the episcopal throne.  Pope Urban IV in his narration of the event calls Uberto intrusus.

Never discouraged in their pursuit of power, the Canons who supported Uberto then held another election, and chose Leonardo Faletrum of Venice as bishop of Chioggia. Before that election could proceed to a confirmation by anyone, Aliro's lawyer, Joannes Vandalinus, lodged an appeal to the papal court against Leonardo, his electors, and the Patriarch of Grado. The Patriarch confirmed the election anyway, and granted Leonardo temporal and spiritual possession of the diocese. Leonardo also appealed to the Holy See against Canon Joannes Vandalinus, the former procurator of Aliro. Pope Honorius IV declared Leonardo's possession "presumptuous". In the meantime, Leonardo and his supporters stole all of the property belonging to the benefices of the Canons who had supported Aliro.

The pope then voided the elections and, on 17 June 1286, appointed the bishop of Castello, Bartolomeo Quirini, as Apostolic Administrator of the diocese. He was ordered to see to the restoration of the property of the Canons who had supported Aliro. Finally, both Aliro and Leonardo surrendered to papal jurisdiction, and resigned their rights. It was not until 11 January 1287 that Pope Honorius IV provided (appointed) a new bishop, Stephanus Betani, a parish priest from Venice.

The election of 1302
On the death of Bishop Henricus, the Chapter met to select a new bishop. Some of the Canons voted for Luca, the Vicar of the bishop of Castello; others voted for the priest Giacomo, the chancellor of the Doge of Venice. They were not able to come to an agreement on one candidate, and a cleric of Chioggia, Marco Guandelini, entered an appeal to the Holy See in opposition to the chancellor. The two candidates presented themselves before Pope Boniface VIII and resigned their claims. Boniface then appointed the priest Fra Roberto, O.E.S.A. to the vacant episcopal seat on 24 September 1302. Roberto was consecrated in Rome by Cardinal Leonardo Patrassi, the suburbicarian Bishop of Albano.

The election of 1322
Following the death of Bishop Ottonellus, the cathedral Chapter met and elected Andreas of Venice, the parish priest of S. Marina, as their new bishop. When their certificate of election was presented to Pope John XXII he immediately voided the election. The bishop, he said, had died at the papal court (and thereby, by longstanding custom, the pope acquired the right to name his successor), but also the pope had previously reserved to himself the right to appoint the bishops of Chioggia. Then, on 22 August 1322, John XXII provided (appointed) Father Andreas to the bishopric of Chioggia, Apostolicae Sedis gratia. The Chapter of Chioggia had lost its right to elect is bishop.

On 25 January 1348, during the episcopate of Bishop Pietro da Clusello, the lower Po Valley was struck by two very large earthquakes, which were felt as far away as Trent, Piacenza, Modena, and Dalmatia. In Venice, four church towers were thrown down, and the entire façade of the church of S. Basilio was destroyed. Specific damage at Chioggia is not recorded.

In the same year, 1348, the Black Death also struck the Veneto. In the city of Venice seven out of ten inhabitants died, according to a census taken immediately after. At Chioggia, by 1 August 1348, the situation was so bad ("propter pestem mortalitatis multum est de populata") that the Podestà and Great Council that those who had been condemned and were under the ban (banished) were granted grace and remission. Chioggia's most distinguished citizen, Achino degli Orsi Carnelli, who was a Canon of the cathedral of Chioggia and a professor of Canon Law at the University of Padua, died of the plague: Hunc Decreta docentem Padua stravit In medio Madi: fuerat tum maxima pestis.

Other bishops of Chioggia were: Giacomo Nacchiante (1544); the Dominican Marco Medici (1578), a theologian at the Council of Trent; and Gabriello Fiamma (1584), one of the greatest orators of his time.. Bishop Fiamma (1584–1585), with the agreement of the Podestà of Chioggia, permitted the establishment of the first Capuchin house in his diocese, on 15 March 1584.

Chapter and cathedral

The original cathedral of Chioggia was dedicated to the Nativity of the Virgin Mary. It was also a parish church, and one of the Canons of the cathedral Chapter was designated to oversee the spiritual welfare of the parishioners. The old cathedral at Malamacco, the former episcopal seat, was presided over by an archpriest and an archdeacon.

In 1319, the cathedral Chapter consisted of nineteen Canons, though five of the stalls were vacant at the time. The Canons, with the support of Bishop Ottonellus (1317–1321), proposed to reduce the number of Canons permanently to fourteen, simply by never filling the vacancies. It was expected that this would receive the approval of the Papacy, which was supporting reduction plans in other dioceses. The community of Chioggia, however, made immediate objections, that the proposed reduction also reduced the prestige of their cathedral, and that the reduction made fewer positions available for worthy clergy to rise to the rank of prelate. Criticism and agitation continued to grow until the Podestà of Chioggia, Fantin Dandolo of Venice, summoned a meeting of the Great Council of Chioggia, at which a full airing of the complaints was allowed. The result was the withdrawal of the right of Canons who were Venetian public notaries and chancellors to conduct civil business with and for the people of Chioggia. The Doge and Council of Venice, however, were displeased with the uproar, and in a letter of 24 July 1319 to the new Podestà (by which time Bishop Ottonellus had died and Dandalo's term had ended), ordered that both sides should withdraw their actions. The letter was read to the Council of Chioggia on 1 August 1319, and the Council of Chioggia voted to revoke all of its actions with regard to the Canons.

On 4 November 1347, the tower of the cathedral collapsed. Rebuilding began immediately, though the cornerstone was laid by the Podestà, not by Bishop Pietro, who was in Venice on business.

In 1605, Bishop Lorenzo Prezzato (1601–1610) created the dignity of Archpriest in the Chapter of the cathedral of Chioggia.  In 1716, there were three dignities and seventeen Canons.

Cardinal Pietro Bembo was a canon of the cathedral.

Diocesan synods
A diocesan synod was an irregularly held, but important, meeting of the bishop of a diocese and his clergy. Its purpose was (1) to proclaim generally the various decrees already issued by the bishop; (2) to discuss and ratify measures on which the bishop chose to consult with his clergy; (3) to publish statutes and decrees of the diocesan synod, of the provincial synod, and of the Holy See.

In November 1490, Bishop Bernardino Fenier (1487–1535) presided over a diocesan synod. Bishop Alberto Pascaleo, O.P. (1540–1543) held a diocesan synod on 1 June 1541. Bishop Jacopo Nacchianti, O.P. (1544–1569) held diocesan synods in 1545 and 1564; the latter was a lengthy informational session on the recently concluded Council of Trent and its decrees. Bishop Lorenzo Prezzato (1601–1610) held a diocesan synod on 21–23 October 1603. Bishop Pietro Paolo Miloto (1615–1618) held a diocesan synod in Chioggia on 25–27 October 1616. Another diocesan synod was held by Bishop Pasquale Grassi (1619–1636) on 29–30 June 1634. Bishop Federico de Grassi held two diocesan synods, the first in 1648, and the second in 1662. Bishop Sennen Corrà (1976–1989) held a diocesan synod in 1988, said to have been the 18th in diocesan history.

Bishops of Chioggia

to 1200

...
Felix (attested 876)
Leo (attested 877)
...
Dominicus (attested 924)
...
Petrus (attested 960–967)
...
Domenico Guillari (attested 1139)
...
Felix (12th cent.)
...
Giovanni Faliero (attested 1162)
Marino Ruibolo (attested 1165)
...
Araldus Blancus (attested 1182–1192)
...

1200 to 1500

...
Dominicus (attested 1203)
Felix (attested 1218–1228)
Dominicus Silvus (attested 1235–1236)
Wido (Guido) (1236– )
Matthaeus (attested 1265–1284)
Wibertus (Uberto) Intrusus
Bartholomaeus Quirini, Bishop of Castello (1286–1287) Apostolic Administrator
Stephanus Betani (1287– ) Bishop-elect
Henricus, O.Min. (1290–1302)
Robertus, O.E.S.A. (1302–1316)
Ottonellus, O.P. (1317–1321)
Andreas Dotto (1322–1342)
Michael da Verona, O.P. (1342–1346)
Pietro da Clusello, O.P. (1346–1347)
Benedetto, O.P. (1348–1353)
Leonardo Cagnoli (1353–1362)
Angelo Canopeio (1363–1369)
Giovanni da Camino (1369–1374)
Nicolaus (1374–1375)
Nicolaus Foscarini (1376–1387)
Silvestro (1387–1401)
Paolo di Giovanni (1401–1410)
Cristoforo Zeno (1410–1411)
Petrus Schiena, O.Min. (1411–1414)
Benedetto Manfredi (1414–1421)
Pasqualino Centoferri (1421–1457)
Nicolas de Crucibus (21 Oct 1457 –1463)
Nicolas Inversi, O.S.M. (8 Feb 1463 – 1471)
Jacobus de Rubeis (1471–1479?)
Silvestro Daziari (1480–1487)
Bernardino Fenier (Venerio) (24 Jan 1487 – 1535)

1500 to 1800

Giovanni dei Tagliacozzi (20 Oct 1535 – 5 Oct 1540)
Alberto Pascaleo, O.P. (5 Nov 1540 – Dec 1543)
Jacopo Nacchianti, O.P. (30 Jan 1544 –1569)
Francesco Pisani (bishop) (19 Jul 1569 – 8 Feb 1572)
Girolamo Negri (bishop) (10 Oct 1572 – 1578 Resigned)
Marco Medici, O.P. (15 Dec 1578 – 30 Aug 1583)
Gabriele Fiamma, C.R.S.A. (1584–1585)
Massimiliano Beniamino, O.F.M. Conv. (9 Sep 1585 – 10 Mar 1601)
Lorenzo Prezzato (4 Jun 1601 – 29 Oct 1610)
Raphael Riva (Ripa), O.P. (24 Nov 1610 – 1611)
Angelo Baroni, O.P. (1611–1612)
Bartolomeo Cartolario (1613–1614)
Pietro Paolo Miloto (1615–1618)
Pasquale Grassi (1619–1636)
Sede vacante (1636–1640)
Francesco Grassi (16 Jan 1640 – 4 Apr 1669)
Giovanni Antonio Baldi (15 Jul 1669 – 8 Oct 1679)
Stefano Rosato (3 Jul 1684 – 22 Jan 1696)
Antonio Grassi (21 May 1696 – 4 Nov 1715)
Giovanni Soffietti, C.R.M. (5 Feb 1716 –1733)
Giovanni Maria Benzoni (1733–1744 Resigned)
Paolo Francesco Giustiniani, O.F.M. Cap. (1744–1750)
Gian Alberto De' Grandi, C.R.L. (16 Nov 1750 – 21 Jul 1752)
Vincenzo Dominico Bragadin, O.F.M. Cap. (26 Sep 1753 – 21 Jun 1762)
Gianagostino Gradenigo, O.S.B. (1762 –1768)
Giovanni Morosini, O.S.B. (28 May 1770 –1772)
Federico Maria Giovanelli (12 Jul 1773 –1776)
Giovanni Benedetto Civran (15 Jul 1776 – 28 Oct 1794)
Stefano Sceriman, O.P. (1 Jun 1795 – 12 Jun 1806)

since 1800

Giuseppe Maria Peruzzi (1807–1818)
Giuseppe Manfrin Provedi 1819–1829)
Antonio Savorin (15 Mar 1830 – 25 Dec 1840)
Jacopo De’ Foretti (24 Jan 1842 – 25 Apr 1867)
Domenico Agostini (27 Oct 1871 –1877)
Sigismondo Brandol Rota (25 Jun 1877 – 5 Sep 1877 Resigned)
Ludovico Marangoni, O.F.M. Conv. (21 Sep 1877 – 21 Nov 1908)
Antonio Bassani (21 Nov 1908 Succeeded – 1 Oct 1918 Resigned)
Domenico Mezzadri (2 Jul 1920 – 8 Dec 1936)
Giacinto Giovanni Ambrosi, O.F.M. Cap. (13 Dec 1937 –1951)
Giovanni Battista Piasentini, C.S.Ch. (31 Jan 1952 – 1 May 1976 Retired)
Sennen Corrà (1 May 1976 –1989
Alfredo Magarotto (22 Feb 1990 –1997)
Angelo Daniel (27 Nov 1997 – 10 Jan 2009 Retired)
Adriano Tessarollo (28 Mar 2009 – )

Notes and references

Books

General references for bishops

Studies

 [Malamocco]
Kehr, Paul Fridolin (1923). Italia Pontificia Vol. VII:2 Venetiae et Histria, Pars II. Berlin: Weidmann, pp. 114–125. (in Latin).

Chioggia
Chioggia
Chioggia


A Royal Air Force University Air Squadron recruiting within Scotland, Universities of Glasgow and Strathclyde Air Squadron (commonly known as UGSAS) draws its members from six higher education establishments within Glasgow and its surrounding areas.

Its headquarters are in the West End of Glasgow in the Park District and is equipped with three Grob Tutor aircraft which are based at the flying element of the squadron at Glasgow Airport.

The Squadron has approximately 65 student members—the majority of whom hold the rank of Officer Cadet as members of the RAF Volunteer Reserve, and is split into three flights—Clydesdale, Houston and MacIntyre. The Squadron also hosts all DTUS students attending Strathclyde University, who form Everest Flight

The Squadron is a remote unit of 6 FTS.

History

Formation and World War Two
The Squadron was formed as Glasgow University Air Squadron on 13 January 1941, initially recruiting only from the University of Glasgow and during the war years was actively engaged in the pre-entry training of students for the Royal Air Force. By the end of hostilities, some 400 members had entered the service in various aircrew categories though the Squadron did not operate aircraft during this period.

Post war changes
In 1946 the RAFVR was re-organised and the squadron was equipped with the de Havilland Tiger Moth and the Miles Magister and flying was carried out initially at the Royal Naval Air Station at Abbotsinch (HMS Sanderling), now Glasgow Airport, but when the airfield was having its runway's relaid in 1950, a move was made to Scone airfield at Perth, some  away from Glasgow. The squadron operated there on and off until 1993. At the same time the Squadron was re-equipped with the De Havilland Chipmunk. In 1965 when the Royal College of Science and Technology became Strathclyde University the squadron was renamed to its current name to reflect this change. In 1969 the Squadron moved back to the now Glasgow Airport. The Scottish Aviation Bulldog replaced the Chipmunk in 1974.

The modern squadron
More recently students from the University of Strathclyde, University of Stirling, Glasgow School of Art, Glasgow Caledonian University and The University of the West of Scotland have been eligible for Squadron membership and as of 1996 the Squadron became parent to No.4 Air Experience Flight and in March 2000 the squadron was equipped with its current aircraft, the Grob Tutor. In January 2008 the Squadron was re-organised into two flights – Clydesdale and MacIntyre – named in honour after Lord Clydesdale and David MacIntyre, both were prominent aviators in the 1930s in 602 (City Of Glasgow) Sqn RAuxAF. The Squadron detaches up to three times a year for a period of three to four weeks at a time, formerly to either RAF Kinloss or RAF Leuchars, but since those bases have closed, more normally they deploy to RAF Lossiemouth. Whilst deployed, the squadron undertakes a period of intensive flying and adventure training.

Aircraft operated

De Havilland Tiger Moth T.2 (1946-1950)
Miles Magister (1946-1950)
De Havilland Chipmunk T.10 (1950-1974)
Scottish Aviation Bulldog T.1 (1974-2000)
Grob 115E Tutor T.1 (2000-2010)
Grob 115EA Tutor T.2 (2010 – present)

Incidents
 11 December 2002 - A Grob Tutor crashed into a field in Gartocharn, near Loch Lomond, after engine failure. Both the student pilot and instructor managed to walk away from the crash unharmed.
 4 November 2022 - A Grob Tutor operated by the air squadron declared pan-pan and squawked 7700 over Glasgow after experiencing low oil pressure and low RPM with the aircraft's engine. The aircraft returned safely to Glasgow airport with both crew members unharmed.

See also
Birmingham University Air Squadron
East of Scotland Universities Air Squadron
Liverpool University Air Squadron
Oxford University Air Squadron
University Royal Naval Unit, the Royal Navy equivalent
Officers Training Corps, the British Army equivalent
List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons

References

External links

Squadron website

Aviation in Scotland
Clubs and societies of the University of Glasgow
Glasgow
University of Strathclyde


Qualex Inc. was the largest wholesale and on-site photographic processing company in the world. It was formed in March 1988 as a joint venture between Eastman Kodak and Fuqua Industries, but became a wholly owned subsidiary of Kodak in 1994. It was headquartered in Durham, North Carolina. Qualex operated a large network of commercial and in-store labs throughout the United States and Canada.

Qualex's business slowed from the overall decline in traditional film photography in favor of digital photography. Qualex once operated 53 photo processing laboratories; that number had shrunk to 22 by June 2004, and the company saw further consolidation. Qualex, however, continued to service over 13,000 on-site retail processing locations.  On December 18, 2008, Qualex announced that it was shuttering all of its film processing facilities, essentially ending send-out film developing by Kodak.
However, their Event Imaging Solutions division remained.

March 27, 2009 was the company's last day for send-in photofinishing, while March 30, 2009 was the last day for Internet orders, and that day marked the end of Qualex's photofinishing.

References

External links
Event Imaging Solutions
 Official site (No longer works.)
 "Qualex to shutter Durham site, lay off 300", Triangle Business Journal, Nov. 4, 2004

Companies based in Durham, North Carolina
Photography companies of the United States
Kodak
American companies established in 1988
Retail companies established in 1988
1988 establishments in North Carolina
Products and services discontinued in 2009


The 2001 Dallas Cowboys season was the team's 42nd in the National Football League (NFL). The Cowboys matched their record from the season before, going 5–11 and missing the playoffs, finishing last in the NFC East. For the first time since 1988, Troy Aikman was not on the Cowboys roster as quarterback, as the three-time Super Bowl champion retired, after playing for the team from 1989 to 2000. For the first time, Pat Summerall and John Madden did not call any Cowboys games for Fox all year.

Offseason

An eventful off-season created a lot buzz but little change in the Cowboys' fortunes. Franchise quarterback Troy Aikman, after suffering a pair of concussions the previous season, was released by the team. Unable to sign on with another team — in part due to his long history of concussions — Aikman announced his retirement at an emotional and lengthy press conference later in the off-season. This left running back Emmitt Smith as the last of the famed "triplets" from the Cowboys' Super Bowl victories. Veteran quarterback Tony Banks was signed in the off-season from the Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens as an immediate replacement, and owner Jerry Jones hand picked Georgia quarterback Quincy Carter with a second-round draft choice as the quarterback of the future. Many saw the Carter pick as quite a reach considering Carter's inconsistent career at Georgia and his low draft rating by several other teams.

2001 draft class

Notes
 The Cowboys traded their 2000 first-round (No. 19 overall) and 2001 first-round (No. 7 overall) selections to the Seattle Seahawks in exchange for wide receiver Joey Galloway.
 The Cowboys traded their original second-round selection (No. 37 overall) to the Indianapolis Colts in exchange for second- (No. 52 overall) and third-round (No. 81 overall) selections.
 The Cowboys traded their second-round (No. 52 overall, from Indianapolis) selection to the Miami Dolphins in exchange for second (No. 56 overall) and fourth-round (No. 122 overall) selections.
 The Cowboys traded two third-round (Nos. 70 and 81 overall) selections to the New Orleans Saints in exchange for a second-round (No. 53 overall) selection.
 The Cowboys traded their fourth-round (No. 102 overall) and 2002 seventh-round (No. 217 overall) selections to the Atlanta Falcons in exchange for tight end O.J. Santiago.

Undrafted free agents

Roster

Coaching staff

Preseason

Regular season
Despite what seemed a promising outing in the first pre-season game by starter Tony Banks, the Cowboys, in a very surprising move, released Banks in the middle of training camp and handed the reins over to their rookie quarterback. Unfortunately, a combination of injuries and ineffectiveness led to the Cowboys starting a total of four different quarterbacks over the course of the season, including journeyman Anthony Wright and former Arkansas Razorback Clint Stoerner. In an attempt to provide more depth at the quarterback position, the team signed former second-overall draft pick Ryan Leaf mid-season, however he provided no improvement in his limited playing time. His only start of the season, a Week 9 loss to the Falcons, was the final start of his career. The game also marked the first start for Falcons QB Michael Vick.

Even with the injection of new blood, the Cowboys suffered through another 5–11 campaign and a last place finish in the NFC East. The lack of development at quarterback and the offense as a whole would be blamed on offensive coordinator Jack Reilly who was dismissed after the season. Fans became weary of the Cowboys' performance and blamed owner Jerry Jones, who by now had taken a more hands-on approach to running the team.

One notable game included week 7, where the Cowboys led the Giants 24–7 at halftime, but (thanks in part to Clint Stoerner's 4 interceptions) the Giants rallied to win in overtime. In an unusual move, Stoerner was pulled from the game for Ryan Leaf late in the 4th quarter of a tie game. It was Leaf's debut with the team, but he couldn't lead them to victory.

Another infamous game was on Thanksgiving Day against the Broncos. Dallas trailed 26–10 and scored a touchdown in the 4th quarter. Coach Dave Campo decided against "going for 2" which if successful would have made it an eight-point (and one-possession) game. Campo instead had Dallas kick the extra point, keeping the margin at 9. Dallas did score one more late TD but that was not enough to tie the game and they never got the ball back, and lost 26–24.

A fourth consecutive season sweep of rival Washington Redskins and a victory over the San Francisco 49ers were the only victories of note. Much of the focus turned towards Emmitt Smith and his pursuit of the all-time career rushing yardage record. During an early-season game against the San Diego Chargers, Bob Hayes was inducted into the Cowboys Ring of Honor.

Schedule

Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

Standings

Notes

References

Publications
 The Football Encyclopedia
 Total Football
 Cowboys Have Always Been My Heroes

External links

 Pro Football Hall of Fame
 Dallas Cowboys Official Site

Dallas Cowboys seasons
Dallas
Dallas


"A Love Song" is a song written by Kenny Loggins and Dona Lyn George, first released by the folk-rock duo Loggins and Messina in 1973 on their album Full Sail. Country artist Anne Murray (who'd taken her recording of another Loggins & Messina recording, "Danny's Song", to the top-ten in late 1972) covered the song later that year for her album of the same name.

Released in December 1973, Murray's version became a major crossover hit early in 1974. In her native Canada, it topped all three singles charts: the overall Top Singles chart, the Country Tracks chart and the Adult Contemporary chart. In the United States, the song peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles chart and just missed the Top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at No. 12. The song fared even better there in the adult contemporary market — it became Murray's third chart-topper on Billboard's American Hot Adult Contemporary Singles chart. (In Canada, it was her seventh No. 1 on both the country and adult contemporary charts.)  This was Murray's second Loggins & Messina cover, having charted with her version of their "Danny's Song" the previous year.

At the 17th Annual Grammy Awards in 1975, Anne Murray won the first of her three Grammy Awards for Best Female Country Vocal Performance for this song. The song also appears on Murray's 2007 album Anne Murray Duets: Friends & Legends, performed as a duet with the K. d. Lang.

Later versions include Dar Williams, Jonathan Rayson and Kenny Loggins.

Personnel on Loggins & Messina version
 Kenny Loggins – lead vocals, classical acoustic guitar
 Jim Messina – harmony vocals, acoustic guitar, banjo
 Jon Clarke – bass flute, alto flute
 Al Garth – recorder
 Larry Sims – bass, backing vocals
 Merel Bregante – drums, backing vocals
 Michael Omartian – piano
 Milt Holland – shakers, triangle, congas, pandeiro

Chart history

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

1974 singles
Songs written by Kenny Loggins
Kenny Loggins songs
Loggins and Messina songs
Anne Murray songs
RPM Top Singles number-one singles
Capitol Records singles
1973 songs
Song recordings produced by Brian Ahern (producer)