Epoxy granite, also known as synthetic granite, is a polymer matrix composite and is a mixture of epoxy and granite commonly used as an alternative material for machine tool bases. Epoxy granite is used instead of cast iron and steel for improved vibration damping, longer tool life, and lower assembly cost, and thus better properties for stabilizing and housing machines.

Machine tool base
Machine tools and other high-precision machines rely upon high stiffness, long-term stability, and excellent damping characteristics of the base material for their static and dynamic performance. The most widely used materials for these structures are cast iron, welded steel fabrications, and natural granite.  Due to the lack of long-term stability and very poor damping properties, steel fabricated structures are seldom used where high precision is required.  Good-quality cast iron that is stress-relieved and annealed will give the structure dimensional stability, and can be cast into complex shapes, but needs an expensive machining process to form precision surfaces after casting. Natural granite has a higher damping capacity than cast iron, but similarly to cast iron can be labor-intensive and expensive to machine and finish. The traditional market for epoxy granite is to replace iron and steel in these applications.

Process

Precision granite castings are produced by mixing granite aggregates (which are crushed, washed, and dried) with an epoxy resin system at ambient temperature (i.e., cold curing process). Quartz aggregate filler can also be used in the composition. Vibratory compaction during the molding process tightly packs the aggregate together. Mechanical and thermo-mechanical properties can be improved further if fiber is used as well as the granite. Other resins in addition to the epoxy may also be used instead of fibers to improve properties such as water absorption. If porosity is controlled, damping effects can be improved further. Threaded inserts, steel plates, and coolant pipes can be cast-in during the casting process. To achieve an even higher degree of versatility, linear rails, ground slide-ways, and motor mounts can be replicated or grouted-in, therefore eliminating the need for any post-cast machining.

Other definitions
Epoxy resins and granite, specifically waste granite dust, may be used in other applications such as floor coatings. Waste granite filings are produced in the mining industry, and the low density means this can be easily dispersed by winds and thus distributed in the environment. Research is being done on innovative solutions such as using waste granite powders in epoxy resins and designing binders for coatings based on this.

Advantages over iron and its alloys

The vibration damping of epoxy granite is often claimed to be superior to that of steel or cast iron  It is also well known that iron and steel and alloys corrode or rust, whereas epoxy is often used to prevent corrosion. So, the corrosion and general chemical resistance of epoxy granite to most common solvents, acids, alkalis, and cutting fluids is superior to steel and alloys and does not require constant painting. Epoxy granite material has an internal damping factor up to ten times better than cast iron, up to three times better than natural granite, and up to thirty times better than steel fabricated structure. The method of casting compared to steel allows easier inclusion of inserts etc. and thus reduced machining of the finished casting and reduced assembly time by incorporating multiple components into one casting. Polymer cast resins use very little energy to produce, and the casting process is done at room temperature.

References

Further reading
 Terry Capuano. "Polymer Castings take on metals". Machine Design 2006.
 COMPOSITE MATERIALS:ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE

Machine tools
Composite materials
Artificial stone
Epoxides


Adair Township is one of eleven townships in Camden County, Missouri, USA. At the 2010 census, its population was 5,062.

Adair Township was erected in 1841.

Geography

Adair Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Climax Springs. It contains nine cemeteries: Adkins, Barnumton, Cable Ridge, Clark, Dority, Granger, Parish, Whitaker and Woolery.

The streams of Bollinger Creek, Dry Branch, Fiery Fork, Jack Branch, Kolb Branch, Lick Creek, Morriss Creek, Pearson Branch, Rainy Creek, Rise Branch, Ritter Branch, Spring Valley Creek and West Pearson Branch run through this township, and it contains multiple smaller springs.

Public areas

Adair Township contains the Moles Cave State Wildlife Area and Fiery Fork State Wildlife Area, which has canoe access to the Little Niangua River. It also contains the Climax Springs Lookout Tower.

Transportation

Adair Township contains one airport or landing strip, Eagles Landing Airport. It also contains Missouri Route 7, and Missouri Supplemental Routes CC, DD, J, NN, and Z.

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US Counties
 City Data

Townships in Camden County, Missouri
Townships in Missouri


Auglaize Township is one of eleven townships in Camden County, Missouri, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 2,227.

Auglaize Township was established in 1841.

Geography
Auglaize Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Stoutland.  It contains ten cemeteries: Brown, Campground, Chalfant, Dodson, Hammer, Hillhouse, Knight, Lewis, Sharp and Traw.

The streams of Conns Creek, Mill Creek, Murphy Creek, Sellars Creek, Shakerag Creek, Stoops Branch, Stoutland Creek and Stoutland Creek run through this township.

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Camden County, Missouri
Townships in Missouri


Madduri Venugopal better known as Master Venu (1916–1981) was an Indian music composer of the Telugu and Tamil cinemas and the father of the actor Bhanu Chander. He was born 1916 in Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India and died 1981 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

Filmography

References

1916 births
1981 deaths
Indian male composers
People from Krishna district
20th-century Indian composers
Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh
20th-century male musicians


Ouvrage Janus is a work (gros ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line, located to the east of Briançon on near the Col de Montgenèvre.  The ouvrage consists of one entry block, two infantry blocks, two artillery blocks, two observation blocks and one combination block at an altitude of , the second highest  fortification on the Alps in 1940.  Built on the site of the old Fort Janus, it retained the old fort's 95mm naval guns and added two 75mm guns

Fort du Janus
The location was known from the end of the 18th century as the Château Jouan, occupied by a Vauban-era round tower. In 1883 a Séré de Rivières system fortification was begun on the massif, called the Fort du Janus. Work continued until 1889 with a blockhouse in top of the position and a rock-cut battery in the face of the mountain, which housed four 95mm naval guns. In 1891-92 the blockhouse was expanded to two levels for a barracks, and from 1898 to 1906 a subterranean barracks was excavated.  The whole was surrounded by a perimeter wall. The fort was armed with six guns on the ramparts in addition to the four naval guns in their unique casemate, which was added between 1898 and 1906. The garrison was 120 men. The perimeter was laid out with re-entrant angles to sweep the walls with fields of fire.

The underground component comprised three large chambers, a cistern with a capacity of 100 cubic meters of water, a kitchen, a small magazine and a connection  to the 95mm gun casemate. The gun positions were separated by prominent buttresses to prevent fragments from affecting the entire battery, and each gun was provided with an exhaust hood for gun fumes. The 95mm battery provided flanking fire to the Gondran line on the Montgenèvre massif.

Ouvrage du Janus
Given the existing facilities and the site's strategic importance, the site was selected for a Maginot ouvrage in 1926. Work began in 1931, abandoning some of the older work and creating new underground facilities to the Maginot Line standard. A gallery connected the new position to the Séré de Rivières works. Work stopped in July 1935 as a result of the Stresa Front agreement with Italy, but restarted in 1938 as relations with Italy and Germany deteriorated. The cost of the new work amounted to 10.3 million francs (not including armament). When the position was occupied in 1938, numerous deficiencies in heat, ventilation and optical sighting equipment were uncovered.

The Maginot ouvrage incorporates subterranean elements of the old fort, particularly the entry and underground barracks. New galleries were extended to the ends of the rock fin to Blocks 4, 5, 6 and 7 on the north and blocks 1 and 2 on the south.  The massive Block 8 inherited from the original fort occupies the center of the ridge, facing southeast.

Description
Block 1 (entry): one machine gun embrasure and one heavy machine gun/47mm anti-tank gun embrasure.
Block 2 (artillery): two heavy twin machine gun cloches and two 81mm mortar embrasures.
Block 3 (artillery): two 75mm gun embrasures.
Block 4 (observation): one observation cloche and one machine gun embrasure.
Block 5 (observation): no armament.
Block 6 (infantry): one heavy twin machine gun cloche.
Block 7 (infantry): one heavy twin machine gun cloche.
Block 8 (artillery): four 95mm naval guns, incorporated from the earlier fort.

History
See Fortified Sector of the Dauphiné for a broader discussion of the Dauphiné sector of the Alpine Line.
On 19 June 1940 the ouvrage was fired upon by the 149mm guns of the Italian Fort Chaberton,  higher in altitude. The bombardment continued the next day and on the 21st, with significant damage to the surface installations and the 95mm gun embrasures. The 6th Battery of the 154th Régiment d'Artillerie de Position, armed with four 280mm mortars, established dispersed positions and opened fire on 21 June, guided by observers at Janus, and silencing the Chaberton guns. On 23 and 24 June Janus fired on Italian positions, with continued heavy French mortar fire directed at Chaberton. Janus's commanding officer altered the guns' shields to open a broader line of fire against the Col de Montgenèvre. The armistice of 25 June brought fighting to an end.

After the 1940 armistice, Italian forces occupied the Alpine ouvrages and disarmed them. In August 1943, southern France was occupied by the German 19th Army, which took over many of the Alpine positions that had been occupied by the Italians until Italy's withdrawal from the war in September 1943.

Janus was recaptured by Free French forces on 4 September 1944. Immediately after the war, the Briançon region was regarded as an area of medium priority for restoration and reuse by the military. By the 1950s the positions in the Southeast of France were restored and operational again. However, by 1960, with France's acquisition of nuclear weapons, the cost  and effectiveness of the Maginot system was called into question. Between 1964 and 1971 nearly all of the Maginot fortifications were deactivated.

The site is presently owned by Montgenèvre and is under study for public access. The above-ground portion of the site is unsecured.  Damage from the 1940 Italian bombardment has not been repaired.   The Maginot positions are closed to access.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Marquilie, Franck, le fort du Janus, aboutissement de 250 ans de fortification dans le Briançonnais, éditions Atelier Rankki, 200 p., 2012,
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Janus (gros ouvrage du) at fortiff.be
 Janus (fort du) at fortiff.be
 Patrimoine XXeme, Forteresse du Janus
 Fort du Janus at Fortiff' Séré

JANU
Maginot Line
Alpine Line
Séré de Rivières system
World War II museums in France
Fortifications of Briançon


Jackson Township is one of eleven townships in Camden County, Missouri, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 663.

Jackson Township was established in 1841, and named after Andrew Jackson.

Geography
Jackson Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  It contains one cemetery, Auglaize.

The streams of Coon Creek, Dry Auglaize Creek, Honey Run and Wet Glaize Creek run through this township.

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Camden County, Missouri
Townships in Missouri


Charlotte Morrison Anderson AM FRACP FRCP FACP FRCPCH (20 March 1915 – 15 April 2002) was an internationally renowned Australian scientist, physician and academic. She pioneered the field of paediatric gastroenterology working on health issues including cystic fibrosis and coeliac disease. She was the first woman professor of paediatrics in the United Kingdom.

Early life and education

Anderson was born on 20 March 1915 in Melbourne, Australia. She attended high school in the city, going onto study science at the University of Melbourne, graduating with honours in 1936. The following year she completed a Masters of Science. For several years she worked as a research scientist before returning to university to study medicine, graduating in 1945 with honours. In 1955 became a Doctor of Medicine from the University of Melbourne with the thesis entitled "Diagnosis, Aetiology and Treatment of Coeliac Disease".

Career
After working  in hospitals in Melbourne, she travelled to England in 1950 aboard a ship, employed as the ship's doctor. She worked as a research fellow with Sir Wilfrid Sheldon at Great Ormond Street Hospital researching coeliac disease, then Institute of Child Health, Birmingham working with Alistair Frazer and Jack French who were studying fat absorption in the disease. Their work identified that the gluten in flour had a harmful effect on fat absorption in children with coeliac disease.

Anderson returned to Australia in 1953 to continue her research, taking up a position as a senior researcher at Melbourne's Royal Children's Hospital. While there she started Australia's first cystic fibrosis clinic. She led a team of researchers who worked on intestinal malabsorption in children.

In 1958 she developed a test that accurately diagnosis of cystic fibrosis, and a technique for biopsying the small intestines of children.

In 1961, she discovered an "Unusual causes of steatorrhea in infancy" which was later identified as the chylomicron retention disease which also bears her name (Anderson's disease)

She studied the role of gluten in coeliac disease and worked to develop gluten-free diets.

Anderson was the first woman professor of paediatrics in the United Kingdom. She was appointed Leonard Parsons Professor of Paediatrics at the University of Birmingham Medical School in 1968 and remained there until 1980, when she returned to Melbourne, her place of birth.

Awards and recognition
In recognition of her contribution to medicine, Anderson received several fellowships and awards.

Fellow, Royal Australasian College of Physicians (1967)
 Fellow, Royal College of Physicians (1971)
 Fellow, American College of Physicians (1975)
 Fellow, Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (1996)
 Member, Order of Australia, for services to medicine (1997)

References

External links
Anderson, Charlotte Morrison (1915-2002), unimelb.edu.au; accessed 30 September 2015.

1915 births
2002 deaths
Academics of the University of Birmingham
Australian women scientists
Members of the Order of Australia
Academics from Melbourne
University of Melbourne alumni
20th-century women scientists
University of Melbourne women
Australian paediatricians
Women pediatricians
Australian women medical doctors
Australian medical doctors
Women medical researchers


Jasper Township is one of eleven townships in Camden County, Missouri, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 5,027.

Jasper Township was established in 2020, and most likely named after William Jasper.

Geography
Jasper Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Sunrise Beach.  It contains seven cemeteries: Anderson, Banner, Carver, Rockdale, Shawnee Bend, Stevens Banner and Wilson.

The streams of Brush Creek, Camp Branch and Spring Cove run through this township.

Transportation
Jasper Township contains two airports or landing strips: Mud Harbor Seaplane Base and Tan Tar A Resort Seaplane Base.

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com

Townships in Camden County, Missouri
Townships in Missouri


is a train station on the West Japan Railway Company (JR West) Sakurajima Line (JR Yumesaki Line) in Konohana-ku, Osaka, Japan.  The station has the same name as the station in Universal Studios Hollywood, Universal City Station.

Layout

The station has two side platforms serving two tracks under the footbridge with ticket machines and ticket gates.  The building of the station was designed by , an architect.

History
The station was built on 1 March 2001, for the Universal Studios Japan.

When service began at Universal City station, there were some protests by local residents and business owners to open a new station ("Haruhinode Station") between Nishi-Kujō and Ajikawaguchi stations. However, not enough demand was forecast and plans were shelved.

Station numbering was introduced in March 2018 with Universal City being assigned station number JR-P16.

Surrounding area
Universal Studios Japan

 Universal City

References

External links

JR West (Universal City Station)

Konohana-ku, Osaka
Railway stations in Osaka
Stations of West Japan Railway Company
Railway stations in Japan opened in 2001


Kiheka Township is one of eleven townships in Camden County, Missouri, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 4,237.

Geography
Kiheka Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  It contains six cemeteries: Caviness, Davis, Hugo, Percival Memorial, Williams and Zion.

The stream of Watered Hollow Branch runs through this township.

Transportation
Kiheka Township contains one airport or landing strip, Heritage Landing Strip.

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Camden County, Missouri
Townships in Missouri


Niangua Township is one of eleven townships in Camden County, Missouri, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 3,356.

The township was named after the Niangua River.

Geography
Niangua Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Camdenton (the county seat).  It contains three cemeteries: Laughlin, Tick Ridge and Union Electric.

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Camden County, Missouri
Townships in Missouri


Osage Township is one of eleven townships in Camden County, Missouri, USA.  As of the 2010 census, its population was 4,945.

Osage Township was established in 1841, taking its name from the Osage River.

Geography
Osage Township borders Jasper Township to the north and west, Pawhuska Township to the east, Kiheka Township to the east, and Osceola Township to the southwest.

Osage Township covers an area of  and contains two incorporated settlements: Linn Creek and Osage Beach.  It contains four cemeteries: Hall, Hopkins, Memorial and Old Erie.

The streams of Blue Springs Branch, Linn Creek, North Fork Linn Creek and South Fork Linn Creek run through this township.

Transportation
Osage Township contains two airports or landing strips: Hospital Property Heliport and Linn Creek-Grand Glaize Memorial Airport.

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Camden County, Missouri
Townships in Missouri


Russell Township is one of eleven townships in Camden County, Missouri, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 2,495.

Russell Township was established in 1841.

Geography
Russell Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Macks Creek.  It contains nine cemeteries: Creach, Edwards, Green, Hurst, Mills, Raggs, Stanton, Warren and Wiley Gott.

The streams of A B Creek, Broadus Branch, Brush Creek, Brush Creek, Jacks Creek, Kolb Branch, Little Brush Creek, Little Niangua River, Long Branch, Macks Creek, Pennel Branch, Phillips Branch, Watson Branch and Woodall Branch run through this township.

Public Areas
Public Areas include:

Cedar Camp which contains rental cabins, a park, a campground, and a Little Niangua canoe access.
Bannister Ford which contains a bridge where Route CC crosses the Little Niangua River and a canoe access.
Fiery Fork Conservation Area

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Camden County, Missouri
Townships in Missouri


Warren Township is one of eleven townships in Camden County, Missouri, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 2,466.

Warren Township Township was established in 1841, and most likely named after Joseph Warren.

Geography
Warren Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  It contains seven cemeteries: Baker, Claiborne, Dickerson, Garrison, Lodge, Stone and Webster.

Trout Glen Pool is within this township. The streams of Arnold Branch, Bank Branch, Forbes Branch, Niangua River, Spencer Creek and Weaver Creek run through this township.

Transportation
Warren Township contains one airport or landing strip, Camdenton Memorial Airport.

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Camden County, Missouri
Townships in Missouri


Save the Chimps, Inc is a publicly financed 501(c)(3) nonprofit American sanctuary specializing in the care of chimpanzees. The organization was founded by Carole C. Noon in 1997. Save the Chimps is accredited by the Global Federation of Animal Sanctuaries and a founding member of the North American Primate Sanctuary Alliance. The mission of Save the Chimps is to provide sanctuary and exemplary care to chimpanzees in need.

The majority of the chimpanzees at Save the Chimps live in large social groups on three-acre islands located on 150 acres in a rural area of Fort Pierce, Florida. Save the Chimps is notable for rescuing 266 chimpanzees from the Coulston Foundation, a biomedical research facility that went bankrupt in 2002. The rescue of these chimpanzees was the single largest rescue of chimpanzees in history, and transformed Save the Chimps into the world's largest chimpanzee sanctuary.

References

Further reading

External links

Animal charities based in the United States
Charities based in Florida
Organizations established in 1997
Primate sanctuaries


Ouvrage Col de Buffere is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line.  The ouvrage consists of one combat block at an altitude of  on the Col de la Buffère. Additional blocks were planned but not built or were left incomplete.

Description
See Fortified Sector of the Dauphiné for a broader discussion of the Dauphiné sector of the Alpine Line.
Block 1 (entry): one Machine gun turret and two machine gun embrasures.
Block 2 (unbuilt): one heavy twin machine gun embrasure. The block was never built, and consists of a simple wood door in a concrete frame leading to the galleries within the cliffside.
Block 3 (uncompleted): one machine gun embrasure. The block was never built, and consists of a simple wood door in a concrete frame leading to the galleries within the cliffside.
A small emergency exit exists at the southern end of the underground gallery, armed with a machine gun port.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Col de la Buffère (petit ouvrage du) at fortiff.be

COLB
Maginot Line
Alpine Line
Fortifications of Briançon


The Meztitla Scout Camp School (Campo Escuela Scout Meztitla) is the national Scout camp and school owned by the Asociación de Scouts de México, A.C., located in the Central Highlands of Mexico, northeast of the municipality of Tepoztlán, in the state of Morelos. Nestled under the rocky slopes of the  Sierra de Ajusco-Chichinauhtzin, in the Yautepec River watershed. It is located  south of Mexico City and  northeast of Cuernavaca.

Background
The Meztitla Scout Camp School was founded through the generosity of Paul E. Loewe, who in 1956 donated the first lands to later become the campsite. Later more lands were acquired to become the modern Scout Camp School of Mexico.

The name Meztitla is derived from the original concept "Place of the Moon" or "Place near the Moon" in the Nahuatl language, due to nearby cave paintings in one of cliffs in the hills that surround the camp.

Several worldwide Scout events have been held at Meztitla, including Rover Moots and Indabas.

The Meztitla Scout Camp School is frequented by Scouts from around the world, and is also open to the public in general.

Important events

References

External links
Meztitla flash site (in Spanish)
Meztitla homepage
Native American News newsletter
Scout Traveler Mexico

Scouting and Guiding in Mexico
1956 establishments in Mexico


Philip Meyer is professor emeritus and former holder of the Knight Chair in Journalism at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He researches in the areas of journalism quality, precision journalism, civic journalism, polling, the newspaper industry, and communications technology.  Meyer was a Nieman Fellow in 1966–1967.

Before becoming a professor in 1981, Meyer was employed in the newspaper industry for a total of 26 years, the last 23 with Knight Ridder, where he started as a reporter for the Miami Herald. In 1962, he became the Washington correspondent for the Akron Beacon Journal, then a national correspondent, and finally, from 1978 to 1981, the director of news research at company headquarters in Miami, where he worked on Knight Ridder's Viewtron online service.

One of the earliest examples of computer-assisted reporting was in 1967, after riots in Detroit, when Meyer, on temporary assignment with the Detroit Free Press, used survey research, analyzed on a mainframe computer, to show that people who had attended college were equally likely to have rioted as were high school dropouts.

The National Institute for Computer-Assisted Reporting hosts the annual Philip Meyer Journalism Award, which "recognize excellent journalism done using social science research methods".

Meyer was a member of Board of Contributors for USA TODAY's Forum Page, part of the newspaper's Opinion section.

The Summer 2008 Carolina Communicator includes a profile of Meyer, written by one of his former students, John Bare.

Bibliography

References

External links
 Meyer's C.V. at University of North Carolina

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty
Nieman Fellows
Living people
Detroit Free Press people
1930 births


Ouvrage Col du Granon is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line.  The ouvrage consists of one entry block, one infantry block and one observation block covering the Col du Granon as part of the defenses of Briançon and Grenoble. The ouvrage lies at an altitude of .

Description
See Fortified Sector of the Dauphiné for a broader discussion of the Dauphiné sector of the Alpine Line.
Block 1 (entry): two machine gun embrasures.
Block 2 (unbuilt): one MOM block for a Hotchkiss machine gun.
Block 3 (infantry): one machine gun cloche, one light and one heavy twin machine gun embrasure.
Block 4 (infantry): one machine gun/observation cloche.
Annex: a small flanking position, unique in the Maginot Line, with one twin Reibel machine gun emplacement.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Granon (petit ouvrage de) at fortiff.be

COLG
Maginot Line
Alpine Line
Fortifications of Briançon


Granite State is the nickname of the U.S. state of New Hampshire.

It may also refer to:

Granite State Challenge, television quiz game show on New Hampshire Public Television
Granite State College, part of the New Hampshire state university system
Granite State Communications, a private company in Weare, New Hampshire
Granite State Credit Union, a state-chartered credit union based in Manchester, New Hampshire
Granite State Electric Company, a New Hampshire subsidiary of Liberty Utilities
"Granite State" (Breaking Bad), the 15th episode of the fifth season of the American television series Breaking Bad
USS Granite State, the final name of a warship originally called USS New Hampshire (1864)


Ovnat () is a small Israeli settlement in the West Bank on the western shore of the Dead Sea, about  south of Kalya and  north of Mitzpe Shalem. It falls under the jurisdiction of Megilot Regional Council. In  it had a population of .

The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.

History

It was founded in mid-2004, where a Nahal settlement existed since 1983. It is named after Asenath.

According to ARIJ, Israel confiscated 124 dunams of land from the Palestinian town of al-Ubeidiya in order to construct Ovnat.

References

External links
 Avnat homepage

Nahal settlements
Populated places established in 1983
1983 establishments in the Palestinian territories
Israeli settlements in the West Bank


Ouvrage Les Aittes is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line.  The ouvrage consists of one entry block, three infantry blocks and one observation block, about two kilometers east of Cervières, Hautes-Alpes at an altitude of ..

Description
See Fortified Sector of the Dauphiné for a broader discussion of the Dauphiné sector of the Alpine Line.
Construction of Les Aittes started in 1932, with work continuing until 1937, under the direction of the Main d'Oeuvre Militaire (MOM). The ouvrage was excavated directly from the rock, with no concreted galleries, the longest extending  from the entrance to Block 2.
Block 1 (entry): one machine gun embrasure.
Block 2 (infantry): one machine gun embrasure.
Block 3 (infantry): one heavy twin machine gun embrasure.
Block 4 (infantry): one heavy twin machine gun embrasure.

In June 1940 the position was commanded by Lieutenant Renon, with 92 men.

Les Aittes is owned by the commune of Cervières, and may be visited by arrangement.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Les Aittes (petit ouvrage de) at fortiff.be

LESA
Maginot Line
Alpine Line
World War II museums in France
Fortifications of Briançon


Ouvrage Gondran is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line. The ouvrage consists of one entry block, one infantry block and one observation block. Gondran was commenced in June 1933, and was intended to cover the gap between Janus and Les Aittes. The site is close to two older forts, designated Gondran C and Gondran D. The Maginot fortification became known as Gondran E.

The fortified area is near the Les Gondrans portion of the Montgenèvre ski area.

Description
See Fortified Sector of the Dauphiné for a broader discussion of the Dauphiné sector of the Alpine Line.
The ouvrage was never completed. As the emergency exit was on the same level as the main portion it was used during peacetime as the main entrance. It is sometimes called "Gondran E."
Block 1 (entry): one machine gun cloche and one heavy twin machine gun embrasure.
Block 2 (infantry): one machine gun embrasure.
Block 3 (observation): one observation cloche.

Fort Gondran
Fort Gondran is the center of a series of high-altitude fortifications in the area of Montgenevre, built between 1885 and 1910. The positions were anchored by the main fort, also known as Gondran C , with smaller positions designated Gondran A, B and D, extending in a line roughly  long. The positions were occupied by 800 men, and were known as the "Gondran line."
Gondran A: small infantry position with a breastwork wall shielding the barracks.
Gondran B: small infantry position similar to Gondran A.
Gondran C: Stone fort at  altitude, housing 288 men. Also known as Fort Gondran, built 1887-1890.
Gondran D: Stone redoubt, built 1875  south of Gondran C. The redoubt is now used for telecommunications equipment.

Action
On 18 June 1940 the ouvrage was fired upon by the Italian Fort Chaberton.

Present condition
Gondran is managed by the Association de Vauban à Maginot, which opens it a few days each year, including Bastille Day.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Gondran (petit ouvrage de) at fortiff.be
 Gondran (ligne de) at fortiff.be
 Fort du Gondran at fortiffsere.fr

GOND
Maginot Line
Alpine Line
World War II museums in France
Fortifications of Briançon


Kodi Ramakrishna (23 July 1949 – 22 February 2019) was an Indian film director, screenwriter and actor. One of the most prolific directors of Telugu cinema, he directed over 100 feature films in a variety of genres. He is known as a celluloid visionary who introduced high-end visual effects to the South Indian film industry through his supernatural fantasy films. In 2012, he received the state Raghupathi Venkaiah Award for his lifetime contribution to Telugu cinema.

Life
Kodi Ramakrishna was born on 23 July 1949 in Palakollu, West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. His career in the Indian cinema industry spanned more than 30 years.

Kodi Ramakrishna began his career as an associate to Dasari Narayana Rao in Korikale Gurralaite (1979). His debuted as a director with the film Intlo Ramayya Veedhilo Krishnayya (1982). His filmography includes drama films like Mangamma Gari Manavadu (1984), Maa Pallelo Gopaludu (1985), Srinivasa Kalyanam (1987), Aahuthi (1987), Muddula Mavayya (1989), Pelli (1997), Dongaata (1997), and social problem films such as Ankusam (1989), Bharat Bandh (1991), and Sathruvu (1991). He also directed spy films like Gudachari No.1 (1983), and Gudachari 117 (1989), and supernatural fantasy films like Ammoru (1995), Devi (1999), Devullu (2000), Anji (2004), and Arundhati (2009). Arundhati won ten state Nandi Awards and became one of the highest grossing Telugu films ever at the time.

In 2016, he started working Baba Sathya Sai a biopic about Sathya Sai Baba (with Sreejith Vijay in the role). The film is still unreleased.

Family
His elder daughter Kodi Divya Deepti entered into film production with Nenu Meeku Baaga Kavalsinavaadini (2022).

Awards
In 2012, he received the state Raghupathi Venkaiah Award for his contribution to Telugu cinema.

Death
Kodi Ramakrishna died on 22 February 2019 in Hyderabad. He was under treatment at AIG Hospitals, Gachibowli for acute breathing problem.

Filmography
Director

Associate director
Korikale Gurralayite? (1979)

Actor
Mudilla Muchata (1985)
Attagaaroo Swagatam (1986)
Inti Donga (1987)
Chevilo Puvvu (1990) as himself
Aasti Mooredu Aasa Baaredu (1995)
Dongaata (1997)
Rainbow (2008)

References

External links

1949 births
2019 deaths
Telugu film directors
Tamil film directors
Film directors from Andhra Pradesh
People from West Godavari district
20th-century Indian film directors
21st-century Indian film directors
20th-century Indian male actors
Indian male film actors
Male actors from Andhra Pradesh
Male actors in Telugu cinema
Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh
Telugu screenwriters
21st-century Indian male actors


Boolcoomatta Reserve is a 630 km2  private protected area  in eastern South Australia, 463 km north-east of Adelaide and 100 km west of Broken Hill.  It is owned and managed by Bush Heritage Australia (BHA).

History
The land was used as a sheep station for 150 years, running a flock as large as 90,000 sheep.  There are also relics of some small-scale  copper mining on the property.

The land was purchased by BHA in 2006 with assistance from the Australian Government and Nature Foundation SA.

Landscape and vegetation
Much of Boolcoomatta is flat, with undulating ranges and rocky outcrops in the western section of the property.  The ranges support open Acacia woodland while the plains to the east support shrublands of chenopods, including saltbush, as well as tussock grassland.  Usually dry creeks, with occasional waterholes, are lined with river red gums.  The climate is arid, with an average annual rainfall of 190 mm.

Fauna
A survey of the Boolcoomatta Reserve's wildlife conducted in 2012 by a team of 50 volunteers found healthy bird populations and increasing numbers of marsupials and reptiles.  Other threatened animal species present on the reserve include the slender-billed thornbill and thick-billed grasswren.  There is habitat suitable for the yellow-footed rock wallaby, which is present on adjoining Bimbowrie Conservation Park.

The reserve is overlapped by part of the Boolcoomatta, Bindarrah and Kalkaroo Stations Important Bird Area which has been identified by BirdLife International as supporting a significant population of plains-wanderers.

Protected area status
Boolcoomatta Reserve has protected area status within the Australian National Reserve System due to the property being subject to a conservation covenant where BHA has agreed to it being "reserved in perpetuity".  The reserve is classified as an IUCN Category II protected area.

See also
 Protected areas of South Australia

References

External links
 Boolcoomatta Reserve webpage
 Entry for Boolcoomatta Reserve on protected planet

Bush Heritage Australia reserves
Private protected areas of South Australia
Far North (South Australia)
2006 establishments in Australia
Protected areas established in 2006


The Columbia Basin News was a morning daily newspaper published in Pasco, Washington in the United States from 1950 to 1963.

A strike and subsequent lockout occurred at the Tri-City Herald in 1950. Employees of the Herald, an afternoon daily published in Kennewick, Washington, (across the river from Pasco) went on to help found the Columbia Basin News with the backing of the International Typographical Union, the same union whose members struck the Herald months before.

The News publisher was Howard Parrish, former publisher of The Seattle Star (1899–1947).
Ted Van Arsdol edited the CBN in 1963, during its last struggle to survive.
Elements of the struggle included use of the "Kiddie Corps"--journalism students from nearby Columbia Basin College, Pasco. These reporters included Larry Ashby(After college, worked for Tri-City Herald), Samuel Martinez, Rick Dykes, and Barbara Smith. Seasoned reporters who helped train the Kiddie Corps were Elroy King and Duane Mason. After the CBN's demise, regular staff hired on with other employers, while the "Kiddie Corps" continued their educations.

References

 Glenn Lee Papers, WSU Libraries
 Pugnetti, Francis Taylor Tiger By The Tail Tri-City Herald 1975
 The Seattle Star, January, 1942

Defunct newspapers published in Washington (state)
Newspapers established in 1950
Tri-Cities, Washington
Pasco, Washington
Publications disestablished in 1963
1950 establishments in Washington (state)
1963 disestablishments in Washington (state)


Ouvrage Roche-la-Croix is a work (gros ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line, also known as the Little Maginot Line.  The ouvrage consists of one entry block, two infantry blocks, one artillery block and two observation blocks in the vicinity of the Col de Larche. An aerial tram was provided for better access. The position is located at the top of a sheer escarpment that dominates Meyronnes and the valley of the Ubayette.

The ouvrage replaced an earlier fortification, the Redoute de Roche-la-Croix (or Fort Inférieure), built as part of the Séré de Rivières system between 1883 and 1889. The earlier fort's walls and ditches were kept on two sides of the ouvrage. The fort's pre-Maginot armament was six 138mm guns in casemates with a magazine excavated in the rock. Most of the fort apart from the ditch and caponiers was obliterated by the Maginot construction.

Description
Construction began in March 1931.  Costs amounted to 16.7 million francs, including 1.7 million francs for the aerial tram.
Block 1 (entry): one machine gun embrasure. The space around the entry block is very limited.  The aerial tram entrance on the upper level was linked to the main ouvrage in 1937 via an avalanche-protected tunnel-like shelter constructed above grade and armored with rocks, using a counterweighted 60 cm rail system at a 50% slope.
Block 2 (infantry): two machine gun embrasures and one grenade launcher embrasure. This block and Block 3 are effectively counterscarp positions, covering the ditch of the old Séré de Rivières fort, and reached by galleries outside the enclosure of the old fort.
Block 3 (infantry): two machine gun embrasures and one grenade launcher embrasure.
Block 4 (observation): one machine gun cloche and one observation cloche.
Block 5 (artillery): one twin 75mm gun turret, one grenade launcher cloche, two 75mm gun embrasures and one 81mm mortar embrasure.
Block 6 (artillery): one observation cloche and one grenade launcher embrasure. The position was called the observatoire de l'égout ("observatory of the sewer"), on a lower level, perched on a vertical cliff face. It was added in 1937–38 to provide additional flanking coverage to Saint-Ours.

A proposed gallery to connect the ouvrage to the nearby above-ground peacetime barracks was not pursued.

The Roche-la-Croix supérieure battery , or "Fort Supérieure", was built between 1884 and 1889 to protect the original Fort Roche-la-Croix (or Fort Inférieure). It continued in that role, equipped with two machine guns and an 81mm mortar. The Abri du Ancien Camp as well as the observation posts La Duyère and Les Calanches were associated with Roche-la-Croix. Additional fortifications on the opposite site of the valley form a barrier to an advance through the Ubayette valley. The battery and the original Redoute de Roche-la-Croix are closely associated with the system of fortifications centering on the Fort de Tournoux  to the west, built in the late 19th century.

History
See Fortified Sector of the Dauphiné for a broader discussion of the Dauphiné sector of the Alpine Line.
Roche-la-Croix fired on an Italian patrol that crossed into French territory on 17 June 1940. As Italian troops of the Forli Division advanced into France on 20 June, they were bombarded by Roche-la-Croix's 75mm gun turret, supported by fire from Saint Ours Haut, stopping the advance. The turret fired four salvos the following day. On the 22nd, Roche-la-Croix's turret was used for counter-battery fire against Italian artillery, followed by fire on Italian forces advancing along the Col des Monges, supported by fire from Block 6 of the main ouvrage and Roche-la-Croix Supérieure. Additional fire was directed to support the defense of Ouvrage Plate Lombard. On the 24th the turret and casemate fired at the Col Rémi and the Tête-Dure, as well as the Col de Larche. The armistice of 25 June brought action to an end. During this period Roche-la-Crox fired 1909 shots from the turret, 401 from the casemate and 128 shorts from the mortar battery.

After the 1940 armistice, Italian forces occupied the Alpine ouvrages and disarmed them. In August 1943, southern France was occupied by the German 19th Army, which took over many of the Alpine positions that had been occupied by the Italians until Italy's withdrawal from the war in September 1943.

Free French forces assaulted Roche-la-Croix on 22 April 1945, with the German garrison surrendering after 17 hours. Immediately after the war, the Alpine region was regarded as an area of medium priority for restoration and reuse by the military. By the 1950s the positions in the Southeast of France were restored and operational again. However, by 1960, with France's acquisition of nuclear weapons, the cost and effectiveness of the Maginot system was called into question. Between 1964 and 1971 nearly all of the Maginot fortifications were deactivated.

Present condition
Roche-la-Croix has been preserved and may be visited during the summer months.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages
 Ouvrage Saint Ours Haut, a gros ouvrage on the opposite side of the Ubayette valley
 Ouvrage Saint Ours Bas, a smaller position by the valley road

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Roche-la-Croix website
 Roche-Lacroix (gros ouvrage de) at fortiff.be
 Roche-Lacroix (redoute de) at fortiff.be
 Roche-Lacroix (batterie supérieure de) at fortiff.be

ROCH
World War II museums in France
Séré de Rivières system
Maginot Line
Alpine Line
Museums in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence


The Siamese–Vietnamese War of 1841–1845 (, ) was a military conflict between the Đại Nam, ruled by Emperor Thiệu Trị, and the Kingdom of Siam, under the rule of Chakri King Nangklao. The rivalry between Vietnam and Siam over the control of the Cambodian heartlands in the Lower Mekong basin had intensified after Siam had attempted to conquer Cambodia during the previous Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834). Vietnamese Emperor Minh Mạng installed Princess Ang Mey to rule Cambodia as a puppet queen regnant of his choice in 1834 and declared full suzerainty over Cambodia, which he demoted to Vietnam's 32nd province, the Western Commandery (Tây Thành Province). In 1841, Siam seized the opportunity of discontent to aid the Khmer revolt against Vietnamese rule. King Rama III sent an army to enforce Prince Ang Duong's installation as King of Cambodia. After four years of attrition warfare, both parties agreed to compromise and placed Cambodia under joint rule.

Background

The once-powerful Khmer Kingdom during the 18th century became increasingly influenced by its eastern and western neighbors: Vietnam and Siam. During the reign of the youthful Khmer king Ang Eng (1779–96) Siam conquered Cambodia's Battambang and Siem Reap Provinces in the west. The provincial administrators became vassals, under direct Siamese rule.

In the early 17th century, Siam first adopted the tradition to take members of the Cambodian royal family hostage and took them to the court at Ayutthaya, where they were left to be influenced and to compromise each other under Siamese scrutiny. The Vietnamese court in Huế also established those methods and skillfully orchestrated their protégés and interfered in marriage policies. Quarrels among the royal contenders greatly diminished any chances of restoring an effective Cambodian kingship for many decades.

After Siam's defeat in the Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834), the Vietnamese reinstalled King Ang Chan to the Cambodian throne. Prince Ang Em, who had been a Siamese hostage, was made the governor of Battambang by Chao Phraya Bodindecha (Battambang and Siem Reap had been under direct rule of Siam since 1794). However, King Ang Chan died in January 1834 and left four daughters but no male heir. In 1834, Emperor Minh Mạng chose Princess Ang Mey to rule Cambodia as a queen regnant with the title Quận chúa (郡主). However, Queen Ang Mey was only a puppet queen without royal powers, as Minh Mạng incorporated Cambodia into the Vietnamese Empire as Tây Thành Province. The Vietnamese administration of Cambodia was bestowed to Trương Minh Giảng, who was appointed as viceroy. The province's government was based in Phnom Penh.

Emperor Minh Mạng had decreed elaborate plans and designs for cultural, economic, and ethnic development and the assimilation of Cambodia and forwarded them to Trương Minh Giảng. However, the economic and societal realities of Cambodia frustrated all efforts, and hardly any progress had been made in more than a decade.

Prince Ang Em, the governor of Battambang, resolved to take actions against the humiliating reign of Queen Ang Mey. In December 1838, Ang Em defected from Siamese tutelage to Vietnam and arrived in Phnom Penh in the hope that Trương Minh Giảng would make him king. Trương, however, arrested Ang Em and sent him to Huế. Siamese General Chaophraya Bodindecha marched from Bangkok to Battambang in 1839 to alleviate the situation. In 1840, Minh Mạng ordered the demotion of Queen Ang Mey and her sisters, depriving them of their status. High-ranking Cambodian ministers, including Chauvea Tolaha Long, were deported to Huế where they were later exiled to Northern Vietnam. Princess Ang Baen, elder sister of Ang Mey, whose mother was a pro-Siamese queen, was caught collaborating with the Siamese at Battambang and was executed by drowning at Long Hồ. Ang Mey and other princesses were subsequently exiled to Poulo Condore. These events, combined with Vietnamese suppressions, led the Cambodians to rise against Vietnamese rule in open rebellion. Oknha Surkealok the governor of Pursat met Bodindecha in November 1840, urging for Siamese armies to expel the Vietnamese, who held garrisons in all of the notable settlements in Cambodia and presenting a formal petition to King Rama III to release Ang Duong to be the new Cambodian king. Siam then endorsed Prince Ang Duong, Ang Em's younger brother, as the new candidate for the Cambodian throne.

Military campaigns

Siamese offensives of 1840–1842

In November 1840, the Siamese warlord Chaophraya Bodindecha sent troops led by his son Phra Phromborrirak and his brother-in-law Chao Phraya Nakhon Ratchasima Thongin from Sisophon to lay siege on Pursat, which was held by Vietnamese forces. The Siege of Pursat was a success, as the Siamese army moved south to attack Phnom Penh.

Bodindecha also sent forces, led by Phraya Ratchanikul, to take Kampong Svay, which was occupied by Đoàn Văn Sách. The Siamese took Kampong Svay but were defeated by Trương Minh Giảng at the Battle of Chikraeng. Phraya Ratchanikul's army was cut off and had to retreat with heavy losses. Bodindecha then negotiated a peaceful surrender with Võ Đức Trung the military commander of Pursat on December 31, 1840, before Trương Minh Giảng could reach him.

Emperor Minh Mạng, who had sent reinforcements under Phạm Văn Điển, died after a fall from a horse in February 1841. The new emperor, Thiệu Trị, reversed Vietnamese policies on Cambodia and ordered the retreat of all Vietnamese forces. By October 1841, the Vietnamese had retreated to An Giang Province. Viceroy Trương Minh Giảng evacuated Phnom Penh, retreating to Châu Đốc. Eventually, Trương Minh Giảng committed suicide to take responsibility for the loss of Cambodia.

The Vietnamese had taken the defected Prince Ang Em to An Giang to rally Cambodian support. However, Bodindecha was now unopposed and sent his son Phra Phromborrirak to help Prince Ang Duong to the throne in Oudong and to massacre all remaining Vietnamese people still dispersed in Cambodia.

Siamese assault on Hà Tiên
After Siamese dominance was established in Cambodia, King Rama III ordered the Vĩnh Tế Canal at the Cambodian-Vietnamese border, which enabled Vietnamese naval forces to access the Gulf of Thailand quickly. Bodindecha reminded the king that the canal was guarded by strong Vietnamese forces in Hà Tiên and An Giang. More troops were required to attack the area. The king thus sent his half-brother Prince Isaret (later Viceroy Pinklao), accompanied by Chuang Bunnag (son of Phraklang, later Somdet Chao Phraya Sri Suriyawongse) and five brigantines to attack Hà Tiên (Banteay Meas) and a land force, led by Chao Phraya Yommaraj Bunnak and Prince Ang Duong, to attack An Giang Province.

The fleet of Prince Isaret and Chuang Bunnag arrived at Phú Quốc Island in January 1842. Prince Isaret stayed on the island and ordered Chuang Bunnag to attack Hà Tiên. Chuang Bunnag led the Siamese brigantines to attack Hà Tiên and sent a Cambodian force to take Cô Tô Mountain on March 10, 1842. The Siamese artillery shelled Hà Tiên intensely. Đoàn Văn Sách, the defender of Hà Tiên, reinforced the city, which did not fall. After a whole week of attacks, Chuang Bunnag was still unable to take Hà Tiên. Chuang then visited Prince Isaret at Phú Quốc, who decided to retreat on March 26 because of the overwhelming Vietnamese numbers and the unfavorable winds. The Vietnamese had defended against the Siamese in the Siege of Hà Tiên. Nguyễn Tri Phương led the Vietnamese forces to defeat the Siamese-Khmer army at the Battle of Cô Tô. Prince Isaret and Chuang Bunnag then led the Siamese forces to return to Chanthaburi.

An Giang front
On the An Giang Front, Chao Phraya Yommaraj Bunnak and Prince Ang Duong had commanded some 12,000 Siamese troops in January 1842 to take the Vĩnh Tế Canal and An Giang Province and penetrated into Hậu Giang. Nguyễn Công Nhân was unable to repel the Siamese attacks, and Thiệu Trị sent Tôn Thất Nghị with reinforcements. Phạm Văn Điển, the governor of the An Giang and Hà Tiên Provinces, had joined to defend An Giang but died of illness in April 1842.

In April, the Vietnamese launched an counterattack which pushed the Siamese forces back. Chao Phraya Yommaraj Bunnak and the Siamese were defeated at Châu Đốc on April 8, 1842, suffering heavy losses, and retreated to Phnom Penh. About 1,200 Thai and 2,000 Cambodian soldiers of the Siamese army were killed. Nine Cambodian Oknha noblemen were killed. Yommaraj himself was wounded and one of his son died, and the Vietnamese stopped the pursuit. Nguyễn Công Nhân was made new governor of An Giang and Hà Tiên Provinces.

Interbellum (1842–1845)
Famine and diseases ravaged Cambodia from 1842 to 1843, and the war came to a halt since both warring parties had been exhausted of manpower and resources.

Prince Ang Duong and his guardian Phra Phromborrirak took position at Oudong and were supported by Bodindecha at Battambang. Vietnamese emperor Thiệu Trị allowed Cambodian royalties Ang Em, Ang Mey, other princesses and Cambodian nobles including Tolaha Long to return to Cambodia. They came from Huế and joined Nguyễn Tri Phương at Châu Đốc. However, Prince Ang Em died in March 1843 and left only Princess Ang Mey under Vietnamese control. Bodindecha returned to Bangkok in 1845, along with him Chauvea Tolaha Prom the new Cambodian Prime Minister went to Bangkok to offer tributes from Ang Duong to King Rama III.

Vietnamese offensives of 1845
The Siamese campaigns of 1841 had failed to bring about lasting peace but greatly devastated and depopulated large areas of central, south, and southeastern Cambodia, which antagonized many Cambodians. As soon as Bodindecha had returned to Siam, in 1845, several noblemen in Prince Ang Duong's court at Oudong expressed their desire to seek an allegiance with Vietnam rather than Siam. In May 1845, a group of eighteen Cambodian Oknha noblemen, led by Oknha Chakrey Mei, plotted to overthrow Ang Duong in favor of Ang Mey. However, the plan was quickly caught by Ang Duong and most of the conspirators including Chakrey Mei were executed with few managed to flee. This event stirred up new round of tension between Siam and Vietnam on Cambodia. Upon learning of the abortive plot, Emperor Thiệu Trị launched an offensive into Cambodia in three groups with Võ Văn Giải, the governor of Gia Định Province and Biên Hòa Province as supreme commander;

 Nguyễn Văn Hoàng, the admiral of An Giang, led a Vietnamese fleet from Tân Châu upstream the Bassac River to attack Ba Phnum.
 Doãn Uẩn, the commander of An Giang, would proceed through Kampong Trabaek District. Both armies would meet at Ba Phnum and jointly attack Phnom Penh.
 The fleet, led by Nguyễn Công Nhân from Tây Ninh, would follow and reinforce the first two armies.

After Prince Ang Duong had the outspoken Vietnamese sympathizers at his court executed in May 1845, the armies began to advance in July 1845. Nguyễn Văn Hoàng marched along the Bassac River and, after he had defeated a Cambodian contingent at Preak Sambour, proceeded to Ba Phnum. Doãn Uẩn captured Kampong Trabaek and set up camp at Khsach Sa. Chaophraya Bodindecha left Bangkok on July 25, 1845, with his forces and hurriedly marched via Battambang to Oudong to defend the Cambodian royal capital.

Nguyễn Văn Hoàng and Doãn Uẩn converged at Ba Phnum. Võ Văn Giải arrived from Saigon at Ba Phum to command forces and Nguyễn Tri Phương led reinforcement troops from Châu Đốc to Ba Phnum. Nguyễn Tri Phương and Doãn Uẩn attacked Phnom Penh in September 1845. Phnom Penh was defended by Phra Phromborrirak, Bodindecha's son and 5,000 Siamese troops. Taking advantage of high-water inundation surrounding the city, Nguyễn Tri Phương managed to capture Phnom Penh with his fleet on September 11, 1845, and the Thai suffered 600 killed while 1,400 Cambodians were killed. Phra Phromborrirak and the Siamese forces retreated to Oudong. Ang Mei and other Cambodian princesses including Ang Duong's mother were moved from Châu Đốc to Phnom Penh to rally the Cambodians on Vietnamese side.

Nguyễn Văn Chương led about 20,000 Vietnamese troops and 1,000 warships, divided into many smaller forces, expecting to attack and besiege Oudong from all directions, which was defended by Bodindecha and Duong. Meanwhile, Thieu Tri escorted Queen Mey and the Cambodian regalia back to Phnom Penh, planning in order to gain support from the Cambodian population. Nguyễn Tri Phương was stationing at Ponhea Leu, south of Oudong, and Doãn Uẩn was stationing at Kampong Luong, to the north.

The Vietnamese commander, Chương, suddenly fell very ill as the Vietnamese captured the port of Kampong Luong on the Tonle Sap River in October. Therefore, he ordered the army to retreat and cancel the campaign. Other units began panicking and being demoralized, and the Thai attacked them in Kampong Luong, taking many casualties and prisoners. After five months, Nguyễn Tri Phương and Doãn Uẩn lifted the siege and returned to Phnom Penh in November 1845. In December, after some further minor clashes between Siamese-Cambodian forces with the Vietnamese command post in Kampong Luong, both sides agreed to negotiate. Doãn Uẩn requested for Prince Ang Duong to send a mission to Huế, to apologize, and to submit to Vietnamese rule.

Aftermath
The Vietnamese had to send repeated letters to Ang Duong at Oudong, urging him to submit to Vietnamese rule, and promise to return the Cambodian royal hostages, including Ang Duong's mother. However, Prince Ang Duong and Bodindecha remained silent. Only after the Vietnamese had sent an ultimatum in October 1846 was an agreement finally reached in January 1847. King Rama III granted Chaophraya Bodindecha permission to negotiate for peace terms by himself on behalf of Siamese royal court. Prince Ang Duong would be crowned King, and tributes would be submitted to both courts at Bangkok and Huế. The Cambodian courtiers and princesses returned to Oudong.

Prince Ang Doung sent a mission to bring letters to Emperor Thiệu Trị at Huế, who invested him as King of Cambodia in May 1847. Thiệu Trị sent reciprocal mission to invest Ang Duong as Cao Miên Quốc vương or 'King of Cambodia' with a seal. Ang Doung concurrently sent another mission to Bangkok. On January 19, 1848, King Rama III also officially invested Ang Duong as King of Cambodia. King Rama III sent Phraya Phetphichai (formerly Phraya Ratchanikul) to bring royal regalia for coronation of Ang Duong under Siamese superivision. King Ang Duong chose Oudong as his royal seat, naming it as Oudong Meanchey or 'Oudong the Victorious', which would remain the Cambodian capital until 1866. The Vietnamese withdrew their forces from Cambodia in mid-1847 and Siam did the same in April 1848, ending centuries-long Siamese-Vietnamese conflicts over Cambodia. Also in 1848, Phra Phromborrirak escorted Prince Ang Voddey, eldest son of Ang Duong, to Bangkok to live and grow up there.

Later, in 1858, a Vietnamese ship along with twenty one crew was blown off course and landed in Bangkok. The Siamese court under King Mongkut then arranged the Vietnamese crew to board a Chinese ship to return to Saigon. Nguyễn Tri Phương, who was then the superintendent of six provinces in Cochinchina, sent a formal letter to Chao Phraya Sri Suriyawongse asking for the return of Vietnamese captives from the war ten years earlier. Sri Suriyawongse replied that those Vietnamese were already settled down in Siam and he instead returned the seized muskets and ammunition to Nguyễn Tri Phương.

When King Ang Duong of Cambodia died in 1860, a succession dispute arose between his three sons: Norodom, Sisowath and Si Votha, leading to a civil war in Cambodia in 1861. King Mongkut then sent Siamese officials to placate the Cambodian succession dispute, reaffirming Siamese influence over Cambodia until the formation of French protectorate of Cambodia in 1863. The Vietnamese, being engaged in the war with the French, did not intervene.

The peace that had ended the war lasted until the French colonial empire established the French protectorate of Cambodia in 1863.

See also
 Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)
 Cambodian rebellion (1840)

References

Further reading

 Economic Equality and Victory in War: An Empirical Investigation
 1825–1849
 Trần Trọng Kim, Việt Nam sử lược, Nxb Tân Việt, Sài Gòn, 1964
 Sơn Nam, Lịch sử An Giang, NXB Tổng hợp An Giang, 1988.
 Sơn Nam, Lịch sử khẩn hoang Miền Nam. Nxb Văn nghệ TP. HCM, 1994.
 Phạm Văn Sơn, Việt sử tân biên, Quyển 4.  Tủ sách Sử học Việt Nam, sài Gòn, 1961.
 Hoàng Văn Lân & Ngô Thị Chính, Lịch sử Việt Nam (1858– cuối XIX), Q. 3, Tập 2. Nxb Giáo dục, 1979.
 Phạm Việt Trung – Nguyễn Xuân Kỳ – Đỗ Văn Nhung, Lịch sử Campuchia''. Nxb Đại học và Trung học chuyên nghiệp, 1981.

Wars involving Cambodia
Wars involving the Rattanakosin Kingdom
Wars involving Vietnam
1840s conflicts
1840s in Siam
19th century in Cambodia
1840s in Asia
1840s in Vietnam
Thailand–Vietnam military relations
Invasions of Cambodia
Military history of Cambodia
Military history of Thailand
Military history of Nguyen Vietnam
19th-century military history of Thailand


Gerald Roper (born November 7, 1959) is a former professional Canadian football offensive lineman who played 11 seasons in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for two different teams. He was a part of the BC Lions Grey Cup victory in 1985.

References

1959 births
Living people
Canadian football offensive linemen
Arizona Wildcats football players
BC Lions players
Ottawa Rough Riders players
Canadian football people from Vancouver
Players of Canadian football from British Columbia


This is a list of Persepolis F.C.'s results at the  2006/2007 Season. The club is competing in the Iran Pro League.

Squad

Iran Pro League

Persepolis schedule IPL 2006/07

Results by round

Results summary

League standings

Persepolis goalscorers in IPL 2006/07

Hazfi Cup 2006-07

Fourth Round (1/16 Final - Last 32)
25 December 2006
 Sanati Kaveh 2-4 Persepolis
Ehsan Khorsandi 12' 73', Salah Hassan 69', Mehrzad Madanchi 76'

Fifth Round (1/8 Final - Last 16)
13 February 2007
 Persepolis 2-0 Moghavemat Basij
Alireza Nikbakht 16', Ehsan Khorsandi 90+2'

1/4 Final - Last 8
8 March 2007
 Bargh Tehran 2-2 (a.e.t.) Persepolis (Persepolis progress 3-5 on penalties)
Ziyad Chaboo 33', Alireza Nikbakht 93'

Semi-final
1 June 2007
 Persepolis 1-4 (a.e.t.) Sepahan
Farzad Ashoubi 60'

Club

Kit

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Club managers

Club officials

References
 Persepolis FC official website
Persian League

Persepolis F.C. seasons
Persepolis


Apple Creek Township is one of ten townships in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 1,960.

History
Apple Creek Township was founded in 1872. The township takes its name from Apple Creek.

Geography
Apple Creek Township covers an area of  and contains two incorporated settlements: Oak Ridge and Old Appleton.  It contains seven cemeteries: Byrd, Clippard, Dickman, Fulbright, Sides, Trinity and Wheeler.

The streams of Allie Creek, Froggy Branch, Hughes Creek, Little Apple Creek, Poor Creek, Sandy Branch, Sandy Creek and South Fork Apple Creek run through this township.

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri
Cape Girardeau–Jackson metropolitan area
Townships in Missouri


Vered Yeriho () is an Israeli settlement organized as a moshav in the West Bank. Located near Jericho in the Jordan Valley, it falls under the jurisdiction of Megilot Regional Council. In  it had a population of .

The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.

History
According to ARIJ, in 1978 Israel confiscated   618 dunams of land from the Palestinian site of Nabi Musa in order to construct Vered Yeriho.

The community was founded in 1979 as a result of the dissociation of the secular nucleus from the religious nucleus in Mitzpe Yeriho, a nearby settlement to the west of Vered Yeriho.  The moshav is located on a hill overlooking the Aqabat Jaber section of Jericho. From the scenic perimeter road of the moshav, one can see Jericho and the northern Dead Sea.

References

Moshavim
Israeli settlements in the West Bank
Populated places established in 1979
Agricultural Union
1979 establishments in the Israeli Military Governorate


Ouvrage Saint Ours Haut is a work (gros ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line, also known as the Little Maginot Line.  The ouvrage consists of one infantry block, one artillery block, two observation blocks and one combination block in the vicinity of the Col de Larche. It is located on the territory of the commune of Meyronnes. Construction began in March 1931, at a cost of 15.1 million francs.

The bulk of the subterranean galleries lie between Blocks 1 and 2, with branches running out to 3, 4 and 5.

Description
Block 1 (entry): one machine gun cloche, one grenade launcher cloche and one heavy twin machine gun embrasure.
Block 2 (artillery): one heavy twin machine gun cloche, one grenade launcher cloche, one 75mm gun embrasure and two 81mm mortar embrasures.
Block 3 (infantry): one machine gun cloche.
Block 4 (infantry): one machine gun cloche.
Block 5 (infantry): one machine gun cloche, one grenade launcher embrasure, three heavy twin machine gun embrasures and two 81mm mortar embrasures.

History
See Fortified Sector of the Dauphiné for a broader discussion of the Dauphiné sector of the Alpine Line.
As Italian troops of the Forli Division advanced into France on 24 June 1940, they were bombarded by Saint Ours Haut's 75mm guns and 81mm mortars, supported by fire from Roche Lacroix, stopping the advance. Saint Ours Haut fired 92 shots from the guns and 379 shots from the mortars. The armistice of 25 June brought fighting to an end.

After the 1940 armistice, Italian forces occupied the Alpine ouvrages and disarmed them. In August 1943, southern France was occupied by the German 19th Army and Italian Alpini, which took over many of the Alpine positions that had been occupied by the Italians until Italy's withdrawal from the war in September 1943.

In 1945, the Germans evacuated Saint Ours Haut during the night of 22 April, leaving it free to be occupied the following day by Free French forces. Immediately after the war, the Alpine region was regarded as an area of medium priority for restoration and reuse by the military. By the 1950s the positions in the Southeast of France were restored and operational again. However, by 1960, with France's acquisition of nuclear weapons, the cost and effectiveness of the Maginot system was called into question. Between 1964 and 1971 nearly all of the Maginot fortifications were deactivated.

Present condition
Saint-Ours-Haut is under restoration and may be visited, as part of the Museum of WSaint-Ours-Bas.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links

 Saint-Ours (gros ouvrage haut de) at fortiff.be

STOU
Maginot Line
Alpine Line
World War II museums in France
Museums in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence


Eligible Bachelors is the third studio album by English band The Monochrome Set. It was released in 1982, through record label Cherry Red.

Background

Eligible Bachelors was produced by former Steeleye Span member Tim Hart. It was The Monochrome Set's first album since the departure of original drummer John Haney.

The original LP had a faux white leather sleeve designed by Tom Hardy, better known as guitarist Lester Square. The back cover's liner notes featured raves about the band from various critics from around the world, including London, New York, San Francisco, Japan and Kansas.

Track listing

Critical reception

AllMusic called it "one of the classic undiscovered albums of the early '80s, Eligible Bachelors is a tour de force of wit and musical imagination" and "an age-defining record". Trouser Press praised the band's "witty intelligence" and said that the album "strips the music down to essential elements".

Personnel
The Monochrome Set
 Bid – lead vocals, guitar, sleeve design
 Lester Square – lead guitar, keyboards, vocals
 Lexington Crane – drums, vocals
 Andrew Warren – bass guitar, vocals
Technical
 Tim Hart – production
 Dave Cook – engineering

References

External links

The Monochrome Set albums
1982 albums
Cherry Red Records albums


Byrd Township is one of ten townships in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 15,693.

History
Byrd Township was founded in 1807 as one of the original five townships of Cape Girardeau County. The township has the name of Abraham Byrd, a county commissioner.

Geography
Byrd Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Jackson (the county seat).  It contains ten cemeteries: Byrd, Herzinger, Horrell, Howard, Mogler, Ramsey, Russell, Russell Heights, Slinkerd and Walker.

The streams of Cane Creek, Goose Creek, Helderman Creek and Horrell Creek run through this township.

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri
Cape Girardeau–Jackson metropolitan area
Townships in Missouri


Cape Girardeau Township is one of ten townships in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 37,778.

History
Cape Girardeau Township was founded in 1807. The township took its name from the city of Cape Girardeau.

Geography
Cape Girardeau Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Cape Girardeau.  It contains fifteen cemeteries: County Memorial Park, Davis, Fairmon, Hitt, Hitt, Hitt, Lorimier, McGuire, Mount Auburn, Nunn, Old Hanover, Saint Marys, Salem, Shady Grove and Suedekum.

The streams of Cape La Croix Creek, Flora Creek, Juden Creek, Ramsey Branch, Randol Creek, Ranney Creek, Scism Creek and Sloan Creek run through this township.

Transportation
Cape Girardeau Township contains two airports or landing strips: Saint Francis Hospital Heliport and Southeast Missouri Hospital Heliport.

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri
Cape Girardeau–Jackson metropolitan area
Townships in Missouri


Hubble Township is one of ten townships in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 1,683 and Mayor (I) Bo Matthews was re-elected in 2020.

Hubble Township was established in 1836, and named after Ithamar Hubbell, a pioneer citizen. Mayor Bo Matthews (I) was re-elected in 2020

Geography
Hubble Township covers an area of  and contains four incorporated settlements: Allenville, Dutchtown, Gordonville and Whitewater.  It contains twelve cemeteries: Allenville, Beach, Eakon, Eggimann, Gartung, Hager, Hayden, Kinder, Smith, Summers, Thompson and Young.

The streams of Bean Branch, Crooked Creek, Foster Creek, Hubble Creek and Williams Creek run through this township.

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri
Cape Girardeau–Jackson metropolitan area
Townships in Missouri


Glenn Leonhard (born November 7, 1954 in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a former professional Canadian football offensive lineman who played ten seasons in the Canadian Football League for the BC Lions. He was a part of the Lions' Grey Cup victory in 1985.

References

1954 births
Living people
Players of Canadian football from Manitoba
Canadian football offensive linemen
BC Lions players
Manitoba Bisons football players
Canadian football people from Winnipeg


Kinder Township is one of ten townships in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 999.

History
Kinder Township was founded in 1872. The township has the name of the Kinder family, early settlers.

Geography
Kinder Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  It contains six cemeteries: Allen, Calvary, Criddle, Deck, Gravel Hill and McGuire.

The streams of Byrd Creek, Dillard Creek, Little Whitewater Creek, McGuire Branch and Schroder Branch run through this township.

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri
Cape Girardeau–Jackson metropolitan area
Townships in Missouri


Ouvrage Plate Lombard is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line.  The ouvrage consists of one entry block, two infantry blocks and one observation block. Unusually for an ouvrage, Plate-Lombard was built by MOM (Main d'Oeuvre Militaire), which usually was responsible for lesser fortifications. The isolated position was commanded in 1940 by Lieutenant de Loye. It controlled the Fouillouse valley and the Col du Vallonet.

Description
Block 1 (entry): two machine gun embrasures.
Block 2 (infantry block): one Pamart cloche.
Block 3 (infantry block): one Pamart cloche.
Block 4 (observation block): one STG observation cloche.

History
See Fortified Sector of the Dauphiné for a broader discussion of the Dauphiné sector of the Alpine Line.
Plate-Lombard saw action against Italian forces on 22 June 1940, when covering fire from Ouvrage Roche-la-Croix assisted with the defense of Plate Lombard. After German forces occupied southern France, Free French forces completed the liberation of the Briançon area on 25 April 1945.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Plate Lombard (petit ouvrage de la) at fortiff.be

PLAT
Maginot Line
Alpine Line


Liberty Township is one of ten townships in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 483.

Liberty Township was established in 1848, and named for the American principle of liberty.

Geography
Liberty Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  It contains eight cemeteries: Borneman, Crump, Passover, Proffer, Proffer, Spivey, Stoder and Stroderville.

The streams of Gizzard Creek and Hog Creek run through this township.

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri
Cape Girardeau–Jackson metropolitan area
Townships in Missouri


V S R Swamy is an Indian cinematographer.

Filmography

Camera and Electrical Department
 Farz (1967) (camera operator)  ... aka Duty

Awards
Nandi Award for Best Cinematographer - Viswanatha Nayakudu (1987)

References

External links

Telugu film directors
Telugu film cinematographers
Film directors from Andhra Pradesh
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
People from Krishna district
20th-century Indian film directors
21st-century Indian film directors
Cinematographers from Andhra Pradesh


Randol Township is one of ten townships in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 4,030.

History
Randol Township was founded in 1872. The township derives its name from Enos Randal, a pioneer citizen.

Geography
Randol Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  It contains two unincorporated settlements: Oriole, and Egypt Mills; and ten cemeteries: Ervin, Heuer, Iona, Lange, McKendree, Minton, Noland, Thompson, Vangilder and Zierath.

The streams of Juden Creek, Bainbridge Creek, Little Flora Creek and Soakie Creek run through this township.

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri
Cape Girardeau–Jackson metropolitan area
Townships in Missouri


Shawnee Township is one of ten townships in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 3,460.

Shawnee Township was established in 1848, and named after the Shawnee Indians.

Geography
Shawnee Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Pocahontas.  It contains two cemeteries: Apple Creek and Darby.

The streams of Blue Shawnee Creek, Buckeye Creek, Duskin Creek, Flatrock Creek, Indian Creek, Little Indian Creek, Lovejoy Creek, Muddy Shawnee Creek, Neelys Creek, Opossum Creek, Shawnee Creek and Turkey Creek run through this township.

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri
Cape Girardeau–Jackson metropolitan area
Townships in Missouri


Al-Arroub () is a Palestinian refugee camp located in the southern West Bank along the Hebron-Jerusalem road, in the Hebron Governorate of the State of Palestine. Al-Arroub is 15 kilometers south of Bethlehem, with a total land area of 240 dunums.

Since the Six-Day War in 1967, the camp has been under Israeli occupation. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 3,647.

According to the UNRWA, in 2005, it had a population of 9,859 registered refugees. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS), the camp's population was 8,941 in 2011.

In 2002, two schools were built in the camp: the Arroup Secondary School for boys, and another school for girls.

Incidents
On 11 November  2019, Omar Badawi (22) was shot dead by Israeli troops in a nearby alley as he stepped out of his house with a towel to dowse a small fire nearby set off by a Molotov cocktail thrown by youths in the direction of the soldiers who had entered the camp. A video filmed the event. An IDF investigation as of November 2021 has yet to come to a conclusion.

References

External links
 Welcome To al-'Arrub Refugee Camp
Al 'Arrub Refugee Camp (Fact Sheet),   Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem (ARIJ)
Al 'Arrub Refugee Camp Profile, ARIJ
Al 'Arrub Refugee Camp aerial photo, ARIJ
The priorities and needs for development in Al 'Arrub camp based on the community and local authorities’ assessment, ARIJ
 Arroub refugee camp, UNWRA

Populated places established in 1950
Hebron Governorate
Palestinian refugee camps in the West Bank


Welch Township is one of ten townships in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 1,344.

History
Welch Township was founded in 1856. The township was named for M. Welch, a local judge.

Geography
Welch Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Delta.  It contains two cemeteries: Hitt and Kenyon.

Round Pond (historical) is within this township.

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri
Cape Girardeau–Jackson metropolitan area
Townships in Missouri


Whitewater Township is one of ten townships in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 1,263.

History
Whitewater Township was founded in 1852. The township took its name from the Whitewater River.

Geography
Whitewater Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  It contains thirteen cemeteries: Baker, Estes, Gladish, Kurre, Mayfield, Miller, Old Caney Fork, Old Niswonger, Riehn, Schmidt, Snyder, Wilkinson and Wise.

The streams of Caney Fork, Crawford Creek, Dry Creek, Little Muddy Creek, Panther Creek, Sandy Branch and Wolf Creek run through this township.

References

 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Cape Girardeau County, Missouri
Cape Girardeau–Jackson metropolitan area
Townships in Missouri


Ouvrage Fontvive Nord-ouest is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line.  The ouvrage consists of two infantry blocks.  While it is listed in some sources as an ouvrage owing to its construction by CORF, it is more like an infantry abri or shelter.

Description
See Fortified Sector of the Dauphiné for a broader discussion of the Dauphiné sector of the Alpine Line.
Block 1 (north entry): one machine gun cloche and one machine gun embrasure.
Block 2 (north entry): one machine gun embrasure.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Fontvive (abri ouvrage de) at fortiff.be

FONT
Maginot Line
Alpine Line


Eriogonum nummulare is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common names Kearney's buckwheat and money buckwheat. It is native to the Great Basin of the United States from California to Utah, where it grows on sandy slopes and plateaus.

This is a shrub reaching heights of anywhere from 30 centimeters to one meter and sprawling up to one and a half meters in width. It forms a pale green patch of woolly leaves at its base and produces a branching inflorescence which may have leaves on its thin stems. At each node along the inflorescence is a cluster of tiny flowers, which are usually white.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

nummulare
Flora of Arizona
Flora of Nevada
Flora of Utah
Flora of the California desert regions
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Ouvrage Saint Ours Nord-est is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line.  The ouvrage consists of two infantry blocks. The associated underground support galleries are arranged with a short gallery connecting Blocks 1 and 2, with parallel stubs at Block 2. While it is listed in some sources as an ouvrage owing to its construction by CORF, it is more like an infantry abri or shelter.

Description
See Fortified Sector of the Dauphiné for a broader discussion of the Dauphiné sector of the Alpine Line.
Block 1 (north entry): one machine gun cloche and one machine gun embrasure.
Block 2 (south entry): one machine gun embrasure.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Saint-Ours (abri de) at fortiff.be

SONE
Maginot Line
Alpine Line


Ed Learn (born September 30, 1937) was a football player in the Canadian Football League for twelve years. He starred as a defensive back for the Montreal Alouettes, where he played from 1959 to 1966 before finishing his career during the last three years as a member of the Toronto Argonauts. He had 34 interceptions with Montreal, his top total being 6 during both 1959 and 1966 seasons. In Toronto, he closed his career with 7 interceptions in 1968 and 8 in 1969. For his efforts, he was named CFL east all-star in 1964, 1966, 1968, and 1969. In addition, he was often used as a punt returner, returning 496 punts for a lifetime average of 6.0 yards per return.

After his CFL career, he became owner of a car dealership in St Catharines, Ontario.

1937 births
Canadian football defensive backs
Living people
Montreal Alouettes players
Toronto Argonauts players
People from Welland
Players of Canadian football from Ontario


Charles Parrocel (6 May 1688 – 24 May 1752) was a French painter and engraver and a specialist in battle and hunt paintings.

Parrocel was born in Paris, and studied under his father, Joseph Parrocel, until his death. Parrocel then became a pupil along with Bon Boullogne of Charles de La Fosse. In 1712 Parrocel moved to Italy, where he attended the Académie de France from 1713 to 1716 as an Academy pensioner, or scholar. Returning to Paris in 1721 Parrocel was commissioned by King Louis XV to complete several paintings of the Turkish ambassador's trip to Paris. These paintings were later recreated as tapestries at the Gobelins manufactory in Paris. During that same year of 1721 Parrocel was also to become a member of the Académie Royale in Paris, eventually becoming a professor there in 1745.  He died in Paris.

References

1688 births
1752 deaths
18th-century French painters
French male painters
Charles
18th-century French male artists


Ouvrage Saint Ours Bas is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line.  The ouvrage consists of one infantry block. The location is unusual in lacking the underground galleries typical of a Maginot fortification, making it more like a blockhouse than an ouvrage. It was armed with two machine gun cloches and three heavy twin machine guns and six light machine gun embrasures. The interior is laid out on two levels.

Construction began in July 1931, and cost 4.2 million francs to complete. The position controlled movement along RN 100.

See Fortified Sector of the Dauphiné for a broader discussion of the Dauphiné sector of the Alpine Line.

Present condition
Saint-Ours Bas has been preserved and is now a museum, associated with Ouvrage Saint Ours Haut, as part of the Museum of Saint-Ours-Bas.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Saint-Ours (petit ouvrage bas) at fortiff.be

BASO
Maginot Line
Alpine Line
World War II museums in France
Museums in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence


Thapi Dharma Rao Naidu (1887–1973) was a Telugu writer, journalist, rationalist, and social reformer. He is considered as a pioneer of colloquial language in Telugu journalism and a doyen of Telugu prose writers. He was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award by India's National Academy of Letters in 1971. He authored many books which were the eye openers in the field of social sciences in India, in particular South India. His literary works like Vidhi Vilasam have found a place in the annals of Indian literature. He also wrote dialogues and lyrics for films like Mala Pilla (1938), Raithu Bidda (1939), Drohi (1948), Rojulu Marayi (1955).

Honours
Andhra Sahitya Akademi honored him with 'Visishta Sabhyathvam'.
The chief priest of Sringeri Sharada Peetham honored him by conferring the title 'Andhra Visarada' for his extraordinary service to Telugu language.
He was senate member of Sri Venkateswara University.

Family
Thapi Dharma Rao Naidu had two daughters and three sons.

Literary works
 Devalayala Meeda Bhutu Bommalenduku?
 Pelli- Dani Puttupurvotharalu
 Inupakatchadalu
 Pathapali, Kotha Pali
 All India Adukkutinevalla Mahasabha
 Sahityamormaralu
 Rallu-Rappalu is his autobiography from 1887 to 1908
 Translated Leo Tolstoy's Anna Karenina into Telugu (1952)

Filmography
Mohini Rugmangada (1937)
Malapilla (1938) (dialogue)
Raithu Bidda (1939) (dialogue)
Illalu (1940)
Krishna Prema (1943) (adaptation) (dialogue)
Drohi (1948)
Keelugurram (1949)
Palletoori Pilla (1950) (dialogue)
Paramanandayya Shishyula Katha (1950) (adaptation) (dialogue)
Mangala (1951) (dialogue)
Kanna Talli (1953)
Rojulu Marayi (1955) (dialogue)

References

External links
The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume Two); page: 995.
20th Century Luminaries, Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University, Hyderabad, 2005.
 Thapi Dharma Rao profile in IMDb.

Journalists from Bihar
Indian male journalists
Telugu-language lyricists
1887 births
1973 deaths
Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Telugu
Indian social reformers
People from Ganjam district
20th-century Indian writers
20th-century Indian male writers


Ancien Camp is an abri or infantry shelter associated with the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line.  The position consists of two entry blocks. Neither block was armed. One machine gun cloche and embrasures for a heavy twin machine gun and a light machine gun were built, but not equipped. The blocks are connected by a single large underground gallery.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kauffmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, 2006.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Ancien Camp (petit ouvrage de l') at fortiff.be

ANCI
Maginot Line
Alpine Line


Radomira "Radka" Zrubáková (born 26 December 1970) is a retired tennis player from Slovakia.

Zrubáková gained professional status in 1986. In her career, she won three singles and two doubles titles on the WTA Tour. She was a member of the Czechoslovakia Federation Cup team that won the 1988 Federation Cup final. Zrubáková reached career-high rankings of 22 in singles (in October 1991) and 38 in doubles (in April 1993).  She retired from the pro tour in 1999.

WTA career finals

Singles: 4 (3–1)

Doubles: 6 (2–4)

ITF Circuit finals

Singles (3–2)

Doubles (5–8)

External links

1970 births
Living people
Czechoslovak female tennis players
Olympic tennis players for Czechoslovakia
Olympic tennis players for Slovakia
Tennis players from Bratislava
Slovak female tennis players
Tennis players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Tennis players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
US Open (tennis) junior champions
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in girls' doubles


is a passenger railway station located in the city of  Funabashi, Chiba Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Shin-Keisei Electric Railway.

Lines
Takanekōdan Station is served by the Shin-Keisei Line, and is located 19.5 kilometers from the terminus of the line at Matsudo Station.

Station layout
The station consists of a single island platform, with an elevated station building.

Platforms

History
Takanekōdan Station was opened on August 1, 1961. It takes its name from a local public housing project.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2018, the station was used by an average of 15,643 passengers daily.

Surrounding area
 Funabashi City Hall Takanedai Branch Office
 Funabashi City Takanedai Junior High School
 Funabashi City Takanedai Daisan Elementary School
 Funabashi City Takanedai Daini Elementary School

See also
 List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links

  Shin Keisei Railway Station information

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1961
Railway stations in Chiba Prefecture
Funabashi


The Hohhot City Stadium (Simplified Chinese: 呼和浩特市体育场) is a multi-use stadium in Hohhot, China. It is currently used mostly for football matches of Inner Mongolia Zhongyou F.C. This stadium holds 51,632 people. This stadium was built from May 2005. It opened on 6 July 2007. A metro station serving the stadium opened on Line 2 of the Hohhot Metro in October 2020.

External links
 StadiumDB page

Footnotes

Football venues in China
Sports venues in Inner Mongolia
Buildings and structures in Hohhot