Russell John Parrish (born November 24, 1970),  better known as Satchel, is an American musician. He is the lead guitarist for the comedic glam metal band Steel Panther.

Early life
Russell John Parrish was born in Redwood City, California. He graduated from the Guitar Institute of Technology at the Musicians Institute in Hollywood in 1989.

Career
After graduating, Parrish became an instructor through the early 1990s while playing with Racer X offshoot Bad Dog with vocalist Jeff Martin and The Electric Fence with Martin on drums and Paul Gilbert alternating guitar and bass. When Paul Gilbert joined Mr. Big, Parrish rented a room in Gilbert's Los Angeles home and house-sat for him when Gilbert would go on tour, simultaneously recording demos in Gilbert's home studio. He has worked extensively with Gilbert and has writing credits on several Paul Gilbert tracks. Parrish is seen playing bass (alongside Jeff Martin on drums) in the tuning section of Gilbert's "Terrifying Guitar Trip" video.

He played guitar for Jeff Pilson's band, War & Peace, appearing on the Time Capsule album, a collection of demos released on Shrapnel Records. After the breakup of War & Peace, Parrish was playing in a Thin Lizzy cover band when Jeff Martin introduced him to Judas Priest singer Rob Halford, resulting in Parrish joining Halford's band Fight and recording the War of Words album.

Upon exiting Fight he joined Cleveland's Outta The Blue, a local glam metal band that closed their show with Racer X covers, and who later became The Szuters. In 1995, Parrish played guitar in Kevin Gilbert's touring band in support of Gilbert's Thud album. He can be seen performing with Gilbert on Welcome to Joytown – Thud Live at the Troubadour, a DVD and CD released in 2009, documenting the band's 1995 concert at The Troubador in Los Angeles. In 1996, Parrish played guitar with Sebastian Bach on the song "Rock Bottom" for an Ace Frehley tribute album, Spacewalk (A Salute to Ace Frehley). From 2002 to 2006, he also played guitar in a Van Halen tribute band with future Steel Panther bandmate Ralph Saenz aka (Michael Starr) called The Atomic Punks. Around the same time, he was in a Rush cover band called Moving Pictures with Atomic Punks drummer Scott Patterson.  In the early 2000s, he was the leader of his own band, The Thornbirds, with Darren Leader (future Steel Panther drummer Stix Zadinia), Jeff Duncan, and occasional Steel Panther songwriter Dean Cameron.

In 2000, Parrish was simultaneously playing in various bands and acting in the production "Rockalypse Now", a play written by Dean Cameron. Around this time, he and Ralph Saenz started glam metal cover band Metal Shop as the characters Rikki Ratchet and Michael Diamond, respectively, and appeared in a Discover card commercial as "Danger Kitty", a fictional one-hit-wonder band that spends all their royalty money on opulence and goes bankrupt. In 2003, Metal Shop (now renamed to Metal Skool) released their debut album, Hole Patrol, and began incorporating original songs into their live sets. The "classic" Steel Panther lineup was also cemented by this point, with Lexxi Foxx (real name Travis Haley) on bass and Stix Zadinia (real name Darren Leader) on drums, and with the Rikki Ratchet and Michael Diamond aliases being replaced with Satchel and Michael Starr, respectively. Six years later, the band renamed to Steel Panther and released their first album under the name, entitled Feel the Steel. They have become successful worldwide, with numerous celebrity fans and selling out arenas and festivals, including Download Festival in the UK.

Parrish also appeared with Corey Taylor in the Ronnie James Dio tribute album titled "This Is Your Life" on the track "Rainbow in the Dark".

Equipment
In his early days, Parrish used a white Ibanez RG770 with sharktooth inlays as his primary guitar. During the Fight era, he primarily played a Heartfield/Fender Talon and was endorsed by Fender. Parrish endorsed Kramer Guitars during early Steel Panther, utilizing the Pacer model into EVH 5150 III 100 watt amplifiers through EVH Cabs. He ran his Kramer Pacer to his amp through a Line 6 G90 Wireless Relay system.

In 2014 Kramer released a signature model featuring both a yellow leopard paint and purple leopard paint. It has the same body as a Pacer vintage but has one volume knob, a Seymour Duncan SH-4 and SH-2. In 2017, he was endorsed by Charvel.

In July 2018, the "Pussy Melter", a delay toneprint (preset) which had been manufactured by TC Electronic in an endorsement deal with Satchel, was removed from sale and discontinued following criticism of its alleged sexist marketing strategy. It was subsequently renamed "The Butthole Burner".

Influences
Parrish has cited Tony Iommi, Ritchie Blackmore, Buck Dharma, Eddie Van Halen, Alex Lifeson, and Yngwie Malmsteen as his main guitar influences.

Discography

References

External links

 Interview with Satchel on Maximum Threshold Radio

1970 births
American heavy metal guitarists
Glam metal musicians
Guitarists from Los Angeles
Lead guitarists
Living people
Musicians Institute alumni
Steel Panther


Jawab is a 1995 Hindi movie directed by Ajay Kashyap, starring Raaj Kumar, Harish Kumar and Karishma Kapoor, with a supporting cast of Prem Chopra, Mukesh Khanna, Annu Kapoor and Farida Jalal.

Plot
Rajeshwar is a kind-hearted industrialist leading widowed and childless life. Ashwini Saxena is Union Leader of the factory owned by Rajeshwar. Shobhraj is and orphan and Rajeshwar's unscrupulous brother-in-law responsible for the death of his wife, who is Rajeshwar's elder sister. Shobhraj sends his goons to attack Rajeshwar to avenge his insult, which is thwarted by Ashwini's interference. Ashwini's wife Parvati is expecting their second child, Suman. The friendship between Ashwini and Rajeshwar leads the former to sacrifice her infant daughter, Suman to the latter. Suman grows up as Rajeshwar's daughter.

18 Years later, Suman is studying in the same college as Ravi, who is revealed in flashback, to be Ashwini's adopted son, owing to a fire tragedy claiming the lives of his wife Parvati and his only son. Heartbroken Ashwini decides to leave the city. In the present day, Ravi and Suman fall in love after initial altercations, and wish to get married. Suman sends Ravi to meet her father, Rajeshwar, who asks him to send his father for guardian-level talks. It is then revealed that Ashwini after leaving the city had adopted Ravi, an orphan, and raised him as his own son. The bad experience of trusting an orphan, with brother-in-law Shobhraj, leads Rajeshwar to deny and reject the marriage proposal of Ravi for his daughter Suman, citing status differences. Dejected Ashwini leaves the bungalow with a determination to rise above his economic status and become a wealthy man to equate himself with Rajeshwar. Ashwini approaches a Bank for business loan, which is rejected by the Bank Manager citing financial security restrictions. After coming out of the bank, Ashwini realizes that the same bank is getting robbed. With some valiant effort, Ashwini is able to nab the entire gang and hand them over to the local police station. The robbers' gang turns out to have a hefty reward on their capture, which is then given to Ashwini as a felicitation. Ashwini ventures into business and establishes various organizations into diversified sectors, thereby conflicting and locking horns with Rajeshwar. In order to facilitate his prospects, Rajeshwar has to borrow money from various lenders. Shobhraj reappears as a saviour offering cash financial help to save Rajeshwar his prestige and goodwill in the market. In lieu of the cash help, Shobhraj gets a piece of land as a collateral.

Eventually Ashwini manages to expose Shobhraj and burn the signed papers for the land as a collateral. Meanwhile Suman learns from Aapa about her originality and her relation with Ashwini Kumar. An exchange of emotional outbursts leads both the patriarchs to shake hands, embrace each other and agree to the wedding of their children Ravi and Suman.

Cast
Raaj Kumar as Ashwini Kumar Saxena
Harish Kumar as Ravi A. Saxena
Karishma Kapoor as Suman
Mukesh Khanna as Rajeshwar
Farida Jalal as Rajeshwar's Domestic Helper
Prem Chopra as Shobhraj
Kishore Bhanushali as Johnny
Sharad Sankla as Charlie Chaplin
Tiku Talsania as Scientist Dr.Inder Kumar
Rohini Hattangadi as Mrs. Lucy Inder Kumar
Deven Bhojani as Popatlal, Lucy's Nephew
Sudhir  as Security Guard
Rana Jung Bahadur as Suman's neighbor Lalwani
Raj Kishore as Police Inspector
Annu Kapoor as Laadle
Maya Alagh as Parvati Saxena (Guest Appearance)
Nayana Apte Joshi as Late Mrs. Rajeshwar seen only in Photo-frame
Yunus Parvez as Minister
Bob Christo as Goon attacking Rajeshwar
Mahesh Anand as Bank Robber Gang Leader
Dinyar Contractor as College Principal

Soundtrack

References

External links

1995 films
1990s Hindi-language films
Films scored by Anu Malik


The Rajmahal Hills are located in the Santhal Pargana division of Jharkhand, India. They were located on the northern margin of the Gondwana supercontinent, and its hills are today inhabited by the Sauria Paharia people whilst its valleys are dominated by the Santhal people. The hills span over an area of .

Volcanic activity during the Jurassic resulted in the formation of the Rajmahal Traps. The hills are approximately located at .

The Rajmahal hills are named after the town of Rajmahal which lies in the eastern Jharkhand. The hills trend north-south with an average elevation of , from the Sahibganj district to the Dumka district. The River Ganges wanders around the hills changing the direction of flow from east to south.

Francis Buchanan-Hamilton travelled through the Rajmahal hills in the early 19th century. He described the hills that seemed impenetrable in a zone where few travellers had been. He wrote that everywhere people were hostile, apprehensive of officials and unwilling to talk and, in some cases, left their villages and absconded.

Fossils
The plant fossil bearing inter-trappean beds of the Rajmahal Formation have been declared National Geological Monuments of India by the Geological Survey of India (GSI), for their protection, maintenance, promotion and the enhancement of geotourism. The Rajmahal hills contain plant fossils which are .  The fossils here have attracted geologists and palaeobotanists from all over the world. The Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany in Lucknow has a collection of them. There are fears of these fossils disappearing, as the state government in 2018 gave a mining lease in the area to private companies.

References

Hills of Jharkhand
National Geological Monuments in India


The Indiabulls Group is an Indian conglomerate headquartered in Gurugram, whose primary businesses are housing finance, consumer finance, and real estate. The Group also has a presence in wealth management, construction equipment rentals, pharmaceuticals and LED lighting.

History
Indiabulls was started in 2000 with the establishment of Indiabulls Financial Services, a stockbroking firm co-founded by three IIT Delhi graduates–Sameer Gehlaut, Rajiv Rattan and Saurabh Mittal. Indiabulls Financial Services subsequently went on to set up subsidiaries in stockbroking, consumer finance, housing finance and real estate, among others.

In 2004, Indiabulls Financial Services became a publicly-listed company after its initial public offering. Indiabulls Real Estate was demerged from the company in 2006, whereas Indiabulls Securities was demerged in 2008.

In 2013, Indiabulls Financial Services reverse merged into its wholly-owned subsidiary, Indiabulls Housing Finance, to form the flagship company of the group.

In 2014, the group was split between the three promoters with Sameer Gehlaut retaining management control over Indiabulls Housing Finance, Indiabulls Real Estate, Indiabulls Securities and Indiabulls Wholesale Services, while Rajiv Rattan and Saurabh Mittal obtained control of Indiabulls Power (renamed as RattanIndia Power) and Indiabulls Infrastructure (renamed as RattanIndia Infrastructure).

By 2017, Indiabulls Housing Finance became the second-largest housing finance company in India and was included in the NIFTY 50 benchmark index. However, between late 2018 and 2019, its shares and bonds experienced a sharp decline in value due to a credit market crisis triggered by the collapse of IL&FS, the company's shrinking balance sheet, allegations of fraud by group promoters, and a proposed merger with the beleaguered Lakshmi Vilas Bank which fell through.

In 2020, the group announced that it would exit Indiabulls Real Estate in a merger deal with Embassy Group entities. Sameer Gehlaut stepped down as the chairman of Indiabulls Housing Finance in 2020 and ceased to be its promoter in 2023.

In 2021, Groww acquired Indiabulls AMC, the mutual funds business of the group, for 175 crore.

Listed companies
Equity shares of the companies are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and the National Stock Exchange (NSE).
Indiabulls Housing Finance
Dhani Services (formerly Indiabulls Ventures or Indiabulls Securities)
Indiabulls Real Estate
 Indiabulls Enterprises (including Indiabulls Store One, Indiabulls LED, Indiabulls Pharmaceuticals)
 Yaari Digital Integrated Services (formerly Indiabulls Integrated Services or Indiabulls Wholesale Services)

References

External links

Companies based in Gurgaon
Financial services companies of India
Indian companies established in 2000
2000 establishments in Haryana
Financial services companies established in 2000
Conglomerate companies of India


The Fiat 521 is a passenger car produced by Fiat between 1928 and 1931. The 521 was derived from its predecessor model, the Fiat 520, but with a bigger engine and chassis. The 521C was a shorter variant. This car was produced outside Italy, most notably at the Fiat-NSU plant in Heilbronn, starting in 1930, setting Fiat on the path to its subsequent multinational status.

More than 33,000 Fiat 521s were produced in Italy and Germany.

Further reading

521
Cars introduced in 1928
1930s cars


Timothy Commandeur (born 21 June 1990) is an ARIA Award–winning Sydney-based drummer and producer, best known as the drummer in Operator Please and Panama.

Biography
Drumming since the age of ten, Commandeur joined Amandah Wilkinson and the band Operator Please in 2005 at age 15. The band performed together for six years. and toured the world and performed on major stages such as Glastonbury to Splendour In The Grass winning an ARIA Award at the ARIA Music Awards of 2007.

In 2011, Commandeur joined cousin and former Operator Please member Chris Holland to form the band Colour Coding. They released an EP called Proof and the duo created remixes for artists Amy Meredith and Alpine.

In 2013, Commandeur made his first foray into a solo career, releasing an EP called Cabin Fever as Alaskan Knight.

In 2014, Commandeur joined the band Panama and embarked on tours around the world including playing at SXSW in 2014 and Primavera Festival in 2015.

Since 2015, Commandeur writes  music under the moniker "Commandeur" and signed with Risqué Music in 2020. Commandeur's work has attracted feature vocals from KLP, Ollie Gabriel, Genes and Yeo along with the likes of Set Mo requesting a remix.

When discussing Commandeur's collaboration with Ollie Gabriel on the song "Me and You", Dave Ruby Howe from Triple J stated "Tim's a skilled drummer and equally talented producer".

Commandeur has drummed as part of the stage band for PNAU, Alice Ivy and Tkay Maidza and international acts that tour Australia such as Dua Lipa and King Princess.

Personal life

Commandeur dated model and actress April Rose Pengilly, daughter of INXS musician Kirk Pengilly, from 2011 to 2014. Commandeur has been dating Laura Lee Scott since 2014 and were due to be married in October 2020 but had to postpone due to the pandemic. They eventually married in 2022 at Sydney’s Strickland House and it was featured in Vogue Australia.

Operator Please recorded their first EP in Commandeur's father Roulf's professional recording studio on the Gold Coast. When Roulf died in 2016, Commandeur inherited his father's recording gear, including Genelec speakers.

Commandeur's first drum kit was a 1960s Premier Jazz kit that his father bought from the local Avon lady for $400 after her husband died.

In 2017, a fire broke out in a studio in Marrickville, which saw Commandeur losing recording equipment to fire damage.

Discography

Extended Plays

See also
 Colour Coding
 Operator Please
 Panama

References

Australian drummers
1990 births
Child musicians
Living people


Around the World () is Taiwanese Mandopop artist Will Pan's fifth Mandarin studio album. It was released by Universal Music Taiwan on 23 June 2006.

It features 11 new studio tracks with 2 duets: "戴上我的愛" (Wear My Love) with Wang Luo Dan and "我想更慬你" (I Wanna Understand You More) with Su Rui, the one who previously sings "Any Empty Wine Bottles for Sale?" from Papa, Can You Hear Me Sing. A second edition Around the World (CD+DVD) was released on 3 August 2006 with a DVD containing four music videos.

The track "反轉地球" (Around The World) was nominated for Top 10 Gold Songs at the Hong Kong TVB8 Awards, presented by television station TVB8, in 2006.

Track listing

Music video
 "反轉地球" (Around The World) MV
 "謝謝" (Thank You) MV
 "戴上我的愛" (Wear My Love) MV
 "來電" (Incoming Call) MV
 "我想更懂你" MV
 "著迷" MV
 "機會" MV

Notes

References

External links
  Will Pan discography@Universal Music Taiwan

2006 albums
Will Pan albums
Universal Music Taiwan albums


Eric M. Rogers (15 August 1902 – 1 July 1990) was a British writer and physics educator. He is perhaps best known for his 1960 textbook Physics for the Inquiring Mind. The book, subtitled The Methods, Nature, and Philosophy of Physical Science, was based on courses he gave at Princeton University, where he taught from 1942 to 1971. Rogers also headed the Nuffield Science Teaching Project programme in physics education in the 1960s.

Life and work

Eric Rogers was born on 15 August 1902 at Bickley, Kent. His father, Charles Knight Rogers was a publisher for the International News Co. Ltd. Eric Rogers went to Bedales School from 1916 to 1921. Bedales school and its founder John Haden Badley had a strong influence on Rogers . At Bedales school Eric Rogers was involved in various ventures, and during his last year at the school was elected as the Head Boy, and Editor of the school magazine.

Rogers went to Trinity College, Cambridge gaining first class honours both in Mathematics Tripos Part 1 in 1922 and Natural Science Tripos Part 2 in 1924. He was elected a senior scholar in 1923. He did a short term of research and teaching in the Cavendish Laboratory from 1924 to 1925, which ended in his posting as physics master and assistant house master at Clifton College, Bristol. He remained there from 1925 to 1928.

In 1928 Rogers joined Bedales school a physics teacher and boys' house-master. Here Eric Rogers met Janet Drummond a history teacher. They became engaged in April 1930, and eloped before the term ended to get married on 14 June 1930.

After this Eric Rogers became an instructor in physics at Harvard University for two years. Eric Rogers returned to England in 1932 and joined Charterhouse School as physics master, until 1937.

In 1937 he went back to USA to join the Putney School for three years. He was then appointed at Mount Holyoke College (1940–41) and St Paul's, Concord (1941–42). In 1942 he joined Princeton University as associate professor. Rogers retired as professor from Princeton University in 1971.

Eric Rogers was also a member of the Physical Sciences Study Committee (PSSC). In 1962 he became a consultant on the Nuffield O-Level physics project, and he became the organizer of the project in 1963. He had a considerable impact on the project.

Eric Rogers' wife and sister died in 1971 and 1972 respectively, which disrupted his retirement plans. Eric Rogers died on 1 July 1990 in Cambridge.

Wonder and Delight, published in 1994 (Institute of Physics), is a book dedicated to the works and philosophy of Eric Rogers. The book's subtitle is Essays in Science Education in honour of the life and work of Eric Rogers (1902–1990). A biography of Eric Rogers was included.

Awards

In 1969 Eric Rogers received the Oersted Medal, which is given by the American Association of Physics Teachers.
In 1980 he became the inaugural recipient of the Physics Education Medal, awarded by the International Commission on Physics Education, and in 1985 he was given the Lawrence Bragg Medal of the Institute of Physics.
Eric Rogers was a fellow of the Institute of Physics, the American Physical Society, and a member of the European Physical Society.

Selected writings

Films
 Physical Science Study Committee (PSSC) film.

References

1902 births
1990 deaths
English physicists
People educated at Bedales School
People from Bickley
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge


The Fiat 522 is a passenger car produced by Fiat between 1931 and 1933. The 522 was offered in three different body styles : 522C (SWB), 522L (LWB) and 522S (Sport).

The engine was a 2,516 cc in-line six-cylinder with a claimed output of  or  for the Sport version. The car also featured a four-speed all-synchromesh transmission, which set this Fiat ahead of its time.

The 522 was the first model to feature Fiat's subsequently familiar rectangular logo: the badge used here employed gold lettering on a red background.

Almost 6,000 examples of the 522 were produced. A Fiat 522 CSS was also offered: in this version, the car had a higher compression ratio and twin carburetors.

References
Fiat Personenwagen, by Fred Steiningen, 1994.

522
Cars introduced in 1931


The Showstoppers (alternatively the Show Stoppers) was a four-piece African-American vocal soul group formed in Philadelphia about 1967. They are best remembered for their 1967 hit, "Ain't Nothin' But a Houseparty", which was the debut release on three record labels: Showtime Records, Heritage Records, and Beacon Records.

History
The Showstoppers was formed about 1967 by brothers, Elec Edward "Alex" Burke and Vladimir H. "Laddie" Burke who were the two oldest of the five younger brothers of Atlantic Record's star Solomon Burke, who joined with fellow Germantown High School students, brothers Earl and Timmy Smith. The Burke brothers had been in show business since at least 1957 as part of a four-member group with two of their two younger brothers.

"Ain't Nothin' But a House Party" (1967)
After rehearsing under the guidance of Solomon Burke, they modeled themselves initially on the Vibrations. After signing to local Philadelphia label Showtime Records, the Showstoppers had a couple of local hit singles in Philadelphia. Their 1967 hit "Ain't Nothin' But a Houseparty" b/w "What Can a Man Do?" (STR 101), sold well in Pittsburgh, and New York City, and sold about 40,000 copies in Philadelphia, and reached No. 118 on the Billboard chart on May 27, 1967. The session musicians on the song included Carl Chambers, who was later drummer with Gladys Knight & the Pips, Joe Thomas, who went on to become the guitarist with the Impressions, and Motown's Mike Terry on baritone sax.

By early 1968, the Antiguan-born American businessman Milton Samuel, the head of Beacon Records, a small independent record label started in January 1968 in the Afro-Caribbean London suburb of Willesden, who was later Antigua & Barbuda's Ambassador to the UK and the founder of the Bank of Antigua, purchased the UK leasing rights for "Ain't Nothing But a House Party" for only £30. On February 16, 1968, "Ain't Nothing But a House Party" became the first release on Beacon Records, In March 1968 Samuel and Mike Berry of Apple Records had negotiated a deal for "Ain't Nothing But a House Party" to be released through a newly created Milton Apple Music, but the inability to locate one of the Beatles to approve the deal forced Samuel to make alternate arrangements. Initially distributed through the British Independent Record Distributors Network, "Ain't Nothing But a House Party" caught on with DJs in the UK, and spent 16 weeks in the chart, debuting at No. 57 on March 2, 1968, before entering the Top 40 at No. 38 on March 23, 1968. By the end of March, Samuel organized a British visit for the Showstoppers. The Showstoppers made the first of their three appearances on the British television program Top of the Pops on April 18, 1968. According to one British source, "Ain't Nothing But a House Party" "was played to death and back to life at the Twisted Wheel and Blue Note Club in Manchester", and peaked at No. 11 on May 4, 1968, in the UK Singles Chart. Later in May 1968 "Ain't Nothin' But a House Party" was released in Germany on Ariola Records and France on Barclay Records, and later released by Beacon in Scandinavia, the Benelux countries, Austria, Italy, Japan and New Zealand.

Jerry J. Ross, the head of newly created Heritage Records, heard about "Ain't Nothin' But a House Party" and decided to buy the master recording in 1968, and he also signed the Showstoppers to his label, became their manager, and organized MGM to distribute its re-release in the US. Despite rights being acquired for national release by MGM, it failed to become a national hit, spending 5 weeks in the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at No. 87 on June 22, 1968. It was ranked No. 20 on the Soul Brothers Top 20 on August 15, 1968.

"Ain't Nothin' But a House Party" was a disco hit (#33) in 1971.

Regarded as a Northern soul classic, the song has been covered by the Tremeloes (1968); the Paper Dolls; Cliff Richard on his album Cliff: Live at the Talk of the Town (1970); the J. Geils Band, who had a No. 2 AOR US hit with it in 1973; By Noel McCalla in 1979 and Phil Fearon, who recorded a house music version produced by Stock Aitken Waterman in 1986 that reached No. 60 in the UK chart. "Ain't Nothing But a House Party" was covered in 1988 by British "supergroup" the Corporation.

"Eeny Meeny" (1968)
All of the Showstoppers subsequent singles were produced by Indian-British producer Biddu and recorded by Beacon Records in England. The Showstoppers' follow-up single, "Eeny Meeny" b/w "How Easy the Heart Forgets" (Heritage HE 802), was released in September 1968 in the US, but it failed to chart there. On November 7, 1968, the Showstoppers appeared on Beat! Beat! Beat!, a West German television show, where they lip synched "Ain't Nothin' But a House Party" and their new release, "Eeny Meeny". After Milton Samuel negotiated a deal in October 1968 to distribute Beacon Records recordings through EMI, on November 13, 1968 "Eeny Meeny", (MGM 1436), entered the UK chart, where it spent the next seven weeks, peaking at No. 33.

Later releases (1968–1972)
The Showstoppers released several more singles, including "Shake Your Mini" (1968); and 1969's "Just A Little Bit Of Lovin'"  b/w "School Prom" (Beacon BEA 130), however none achieved chart success.

Chart success in the UK and Europe "created demand not only for the record but for live appearances as well". As the Showstoppers had disbanded, Jerry Ross sent a different group on an entire tour of the UK and Europe as the Show Stoppers, which was a group later known as the Persuaders, who would later score with "Thin Line Between Love and Hate". Eventually the authentic Showstoppers traveled to Europe and were well received.

On January 17, 1971, the Showstoppers performed at the Twisted Wheel Club in Manchester, England. The Showstoppers made their third and final appearance on Top of the Pops on February 28, 1971, singing the disco version of "Aint' Nothing But a House Party".

After their own tour of Europe, and in the absence of any other hit records, the Showstoppers disbanded finally about 1972.

Group members
 Alex Burke (born 1948) – vocalist
 Laddie Burke (born 1949) – vocalist
 Earl Smith (born 1949) – lead vocalist
 Fleming Tinsley "Timmy" Smith III – vocalist

References

Further reading
 Larkin, Colin, ed. The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Vol. 3. Guinness, 1992.
 Larkin, Colin, ed. The Virgin Encyclopedia of R&B and Soul. Virgin (in association with Muze Inc.), 1998.

External links
 Interview with Jerry Ross, producer of "Ain't Nothin' But a Houseparty"
 Showstoppers – Discography

American soul musical groups
American vocal groups
Musical groups from Philadelphia


Between the Bridge and the River (, ) is a novel written by Craig Ferguson.

Background

The novel has been characterized as a satire of religion and the entertainment industry. Ferguson has hinted in various interviews that there is a fair amount of autobiography in the story.

Ferguson has attributed the inspiration for the novel's title to a conversation with a Jesuit priest about whether all those who commit suicide go to hell.  According to Ferguson, the priest said that while suicide was a mortal sin, if someone were to jump from a bridge and genuinely repented of their action before they hit the river they would be forgiven. Ferguson interpreted this as there always being one last chance of redemption, which is the core of the adventures in the novel.

Ferguson's great grandfather, Adam McLachlan, appears as a supporting character.

Plot
The novel follows two best friends from Glasgow: Fraser Darby, an alcoholic televangelist caught up in a sex scandal, and George Ingram, an attorney diagnosed with terminal cancer who contemplates suicide. In a parallel, the story also follows two half-brothers in the Southern U.S.: Leon and Saul Martini, the illegitimate children of a Las Vegas, Nevada showgirl, with the two fathers being Frank Sinatra and Peter Lawford. Eventually the lives of these four men intersect in a journey that ranges from Scotland to France, from Atlanta, Georgia to rural Florida, and from Hollywood to Belgium during World War I.

Supporting characters in the story include philosopher Socrates, poet Virgil, psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung and actor Tony Randall.

See also

 Religion in Scotland

References

2006 novels
Books by Craig Ferguson
Chronicle Books books


Risoul () is a commune in the Hautes-Alpes department in southeastern France. It is located in the French Alps between the towns of Briançon and Gap.

Risoul is home to a ski resort that partners with the neighbouring town, Vars, to form the Forêt Blanche ski resort, located between the Queyras and Écrins national parks. The ski resort is sometimes called Risoul 1850 because it is 1,850 meters above sea level.

History

The development of a ski resort at Risoul dates from the start of the 1970s. The first lift operator (SAPAR), however, went bankrupt in 1974. The local member of parliament put the council in touch with the Société Foncière de la Vallée des Allues (SFVA). The SFVA started a company called Sermont which took over the lifts and runs them to this day.

The reasons for the bankruptcy in 1974 still loom. The Durance valley is remote, the trip from Paris by train or car a long one. The A51 motorway link is still awaiting a financial commitment, likewise, the Montgenèvre rail tunnel to connect Briançon to the TGV network. The nearest major airport is at Turin, across the border in Italy. The resort concentrates its efforts on returning clients but still lacks sufficient long-stay guests. The Forêt Blanche link with its 180 km of pistes is a major marketing tool, especially with tour operators who can include Risoul with transfers to Montgènevre and Serre Chevalier.

The resort was an early adopter of snowboarding. The Surfland snowpark existed for over a decade and is now complemented by rails for beginners and experienced users. The snow park was chosen as a training zone for the 2006 Turin Winter Olympics. The resort believes that the concept of black, red and blue run gradings is outdated and is moving to a series of themed areas such as the freeride zone.

Ski area
The resort has 55 ski lifts, including a cable car and 14 chairs. These give it an uplift capacity of 57,000 skiers per hour. The resort is linked to Vars through the Forêt Blanche ski area giving a total of  of ski runs situated between 1650 and 2750 metres altitude.

Risoul should be well placed to pick up weather systems from Italy or the Atlantic but has suffered from a lack of snow over the last couple of seasons with skiing on artificial snow at the bottom of the ski domain. 30% of the resort runs are covered by snowmaking. Risoul is looking to increase snow making capacity but there are limits to water resources in the dry Southern Alps.

The resort has earned the ‘’Petit Montagnard’’ label and its tree-lined lower slopes are ideal for family holidays. The ski school has a capacity for 60 children. The area is famed for its southern sunshine with 300 days of sun per year.

The resort

Risoul is accessible from Turin airport in Italy. It is also possible to transfer from Grenoble, Chambéry or Marseille airports, which are around 3 hours from the resort).

Risoul has a capacity of 18,600 beds in multiple apartments and chalets. SARA which is owned by SFVA runs 6,000 beds. The resort has had a refurbishment program since 2003. There are also a number of wood chalets that give a more traditional feel to the resort.

Apres-ski life encompasses a range of cafes, bars and night clubs within a compact town center backing onto the main ski school meeting point. Outdoors there are ice-skating facilities at both Risoul and Vars, snow-shoe walks and skidoo rides. The resort also has a cinema.

In 2000 the resort was the first in Europe to host the Snowbombing dance, music and winter sports festival.

Population

References

External links

 Risoul Tourist Office
 Skiing The Alps independent review of Risoul
 French Ski School of Risoul
 Risoul Panoramas I
 Risoul Panoramas II
 Risoul Panoramas III

Ski areas and resorts in France
Communes of Hautes-Alpes
Caturiges
Hautes-Alpes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Fiat 527 (also known as Fiat Ardita 2500) is a six-cylinder passenger car produced by Fiat between 1934 and 1936. The 527 was a larger-engined and more luxurious version of the four-cylinder 518 Ardita. This car was built only with a full-length chassis, having a wheelbase of .

Unlike the four-cylinder Ardita, the 527 was not assembled outside Italy. Approximately 1,000 were produced.

Engines

References

522
Cars introduced in 1934


John Hartley Durrant (10 January 1863 in Hitchin – 18 January 1928 in Putney) was an English entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera.

Durrant was an authority on nomenclature. He was Lord Walsingham's secretary and had charge of his collections. When these were left to the Natural History Museum, Walsingham provided funds for Durrant to continue to curate them. He was author, with Lionel Walter Rothschild, of Lepidoptera of the British Ornithologists' Union and Wollaston Expeditions in the Snow Mountains, Southern Dutch New Guinea; Macrolepidoptera. Tring, Zoological Museum (1915) and many scientific papers on Lepidoptera.

In 1914 Durrant began a collaboration with Francis David Morice in a significant nomenclatural work entitled "The authorship and first publication of the "Jurinean" Genera of Hymenoptera: being a reprint of a long-lost work by Panzer, with a translation into English, an introduction, and bibliographical and critical notes".  Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1914:339-436 (corrections, additions Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1916:432-442).

He was a fellow of the Royal Entomological Society.

His collections are divided between the Natural History Museum, London and the Hope Department at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History.

References
Anonym (1928). [Durrant, J. H.]  Entomologist's Monthly Magazine. (3) 64 67.
Busck, A. (1928). [Durrant, J. H.]  Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 30 40.
Collin, J. E. (1929). [Durrant, J. H.] Proceedings of the  Entomological Society of London.
Tams, W. H. T. (1928). [Durrant, J. H.] Nature. 121 214-215.

1863 births
1928 deaths
English entomologists
Hymenopterists
People from Hitchin
Fellows of the Royal Entomological Society


The Lynx Operational Evaluation Unit (LOEU) is an independent unit within the Royal Navy’s Lynx Helicopter Force (LHF). It is charged with Operational Evaluation, Trials, Training and provision of Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) for new equipment projects and service modifications entering service within the Lynx Helicopter Force.

The Lynx OEU has gone through many changes in structure and command and control during its existence.  It has been part of 815 Naval Air Squadron, 702 Naval Air Squadron, an independent unit, and has been badged as 700(L) Squadron during the introduction to service of the Westland Lynx HAS 2/3 and Lynx HMA 8.

Trials and Evaluation
Commanded by a trained Test Pilot, with an Aerosystems trained Observer as Executive Officer, both previously assigned to MoD Boscombe Down, the unit is well placed to act as the centre of excellence for trials activity within the LHF.

Recent trials include live guided missile firings (Lynx Mk8 S), operational evaluation of defensive aids suites (Lynx Mk8 DSP) and assessment of new NVG compatible landing lamps (Lynx Mk3). In addition the unit is providing SMEs to the SCMR / Future Lynx (FLynx) programme as part of the LHF SCMR Fielding Team’s involvement in the FLynx Combined Test Team. Such activity involves close liaison with many external agencies, such as the MOD's Lynx Integrated Project Team, AgustaWestland and Boscombe Down (Mission Systems and Rotary Wing Test Squadron).

Training
The LOEU is currently the primary trials and training unit for the Lynx HMA Mk8 Saturn and associated Combined Modifications Programme (CMP). Having created a bespoke training course it is now converting operational Lynx Mk8 crews onto the latest equipment and software standard.

Aircraft

The LOEU currently operates 4 Westland Lynx HMA 8 Saturn / CMP, but is allotted other marks as required for trials activity.

References

Naval aviation units and formations of the United Kingdom


The Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Bolivia or National Institute of Statistics of Bolivia is a branch of the Government of Bolivia which specifically collects factual data in the country of Bolivia in South America. The Institute compiles statistics ranging from the area of its provinces and municipalities to population structure, and demographics and education. It also provides information on transport services and industry and salary details and electricity rates.

References

Government of Bolivia


Ayrault is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Dan Ayrault (1935–1990), American competition rower and Olympic champion
 Bob Ayrault (born 1966), former Major League Baseball pitcher
 Jean-Marc Ayrault (born 1950), prime minister of France from 2012 to 2014
 Joe Ayrault (born 1971), former Major League Baseball catcher
 Theodore Ayrault Dodge (1842–1909), American officer and military historian


The Barnaby Grimes series is written by Paul Stewart and Chris Riddell, and follows the title character of Grimes the "Tic-tock lad" (a young courier messenger specialising on very fast deliveries, as he takes the most direct route over the rooftops) and his various adventures - mostly with a supernatural spin to them.

Setting
The fictional city in which the action takes place is never mentioned by name, but it appears to be rather large, with several named neighborhoods and areas;
Hartley Square - Much like the real world's Harley Street in London, the Square contains the offices and surgeries of the wealthiest and most well-connected doctors and medical practitioners in the fictional city. The Square itself is described in Curse of the Night Wolf as "great marble-stepped mansions forming a square around an exclusive park".
The Wasps' Nest - A series of very old slums in various levels of decay, the buildings and people crammed together tightly. Called the Wasps' Nest because of the "swarm" of thieves and killers that call it home. Described in Curse of the Night Wolf as "crumbling brick buildings, underground tunnels and attic rat runs linking one to the other to form a vast three-dimensional labyrinth through which its occupants buzzed and scurried". Known streets in the area include Beale Terrace, Seed Row, and Spieler Lane
Riverhythe - The main port of the city, a natural inlet of the river that was recently refurbished to accommodate more ships. Both the bank and river bed have been excavated and strengthened with a brick lining.

The series seems to take place in England during the late Georgian era, with much use of historical slang and reference to various fashions and conventions of the time. This time period is further confirmed in Phantom of Blood Alley with the advent of early experiments in photography being central to the plot. The city has a clearly defined rich/poor divide, with opulent town-houses and offices to the East, and factories and poor slums to the West of the city.

Themes and style
The story is narrated by the hero, with a spin to it that suggests he is telling the tale from the perspective of a long while afterward. The reader gets the sense that Grimes is a very busy character, as he refers to separate adventures happening during lulls in the current escapade, where other writers might simply use phrases like "two weeks later..." etc.

The series mainly follows the formula of a mystery, leading to a supernatural horror twist when the hero discovers the evil behind the mystery. Supernatural elements seem to be common in Barnaby's fictional world, although they are rarely referred to by other characters, suggesting that this is not common knowledge.

Notable characters
Will Farmer - A young Tic-tock lad who Barnaby has taken on as a sort of apprentice, teaching him the ways of highstacking. Still nervous about difficult moves, but keen and quick to learn. He seems to idolize Barnaby and has even moved into the same boarding house as him.
 Tom Flint - Quite famous amongst Tic-tock lads, he was one of the greatest "highstackers" (roof acrobats) of his time. He taught Barnaby the art of highstacking but died shortly before the canon by breaking his neck. Still mentioned often by Grimes.
Professor Pinkerton-Barnes - Known as "PB" to his friends, he is an eminent zoologist and good friend of Grimes. He is rather eccentric, sending Grimes to collect information related to various unusual theories. Even if Grimes' data disproves his theories (which it often does), the Professor is pleased, as he states that "theories are there to be disproved...How else are we to make scientific progress?". The character is unique in that he is the only supporting character to appear in every book of the series (so far).

Books in the series
 Barnaby Grimes: Curse of the Night Wolf (2007)
 Barnaby Grimes: Return of the Emerald Skull (2008)
 Barnaby Grimes: Legion of the Dead (2008)
 Barnaby Grimes: Phantom Of Blood Alley (2009)

See also

Paul Stewart
Chris Riddell

Notes

External links
Authors' website

 Fantasy novel series
 Series of children's books


Charles Rackstraw (born 23 April 1938) is an English former professional footballer. Born in Sheffield, his clubs included Chesterfield, Bradford City and Gillingham.  He made 370 appearances in the Football League and scored 100 goals.

References

1938 births
Living people
English men's footballers
Footballers from Sheffield
Gillingham F.C. players
Chesterfield F.C. players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. players
Altrincham F.C. players
Men's association football forwards


The Padang Jawa Komuter station is a commuter train halt located in Padang Jawa, Selangor, Malaysia. It is served by the Port Klang Line. Padang Jawa is a village between the towns Shah Alam and Klang. Universiti Teknologi MARA main campus is located around 2 kilometers from the halt.

Former branch line
A 47 km branch line to Kuala Selangor once began from this station, until it was closed in the 1930s.

Around the station
 Universiti Teknologi MARA (2 km)
 I-City (3 km)

See also
 Rail transport in Malaysia

References

Railway stations in Selangor
Rapid transit stations in Selangor
Port Klang Line


Love on the Rocks () is a 2004 Hong Kong romantic comedy film directed by Dante Lam and Chan Hing-ka. The film stars Louis Koo and Gigi Leung, with special appearances by Charlene Choi and Donnie Yen.

Cast
 Louis Koo as Wong Kai-Ming
 Gigi Leung as Annie
 Charlene Choi as Crystal Yeung
 Donnie Yen as Victor Tsui
 Rain Li as May
 Kathy Chow Man-kei as Judy
 Cheuk Wan-chi Barbie
 Alex Fong Lik-Sun as Policeman
 Chan Fai-hung as Danny
 Benz Hui as Annie's dad
 Gillian Chung as Mandy
 Carl Ng as Ray
 Raymond Leung as Mr. Lee
 Uncle Ba as Danny's uncle
 Chan Man-lei as Mr. Lee
 Ng Choi-yuk as Suki
 Terence Tsui as On Bak
 Poon An-ying as Mrs. Lee
 Chan Hung as Mrs. Lee's son
 Lau Ka-wan as Waitress
 William Chow as Ken
 Lam Siu-cham as Victors' mom
 Cheng Ka-fai as Mandy's friend

External links

 HK Cinemagic entry

2004 films
2004 romantic comedy films
Hong Kong romantic comedy films
China Star Entertainment Group films
2000s Cantonese-language films
Films directed by Dante Lam
Films set in Hong Kong
Films shot in Hong Kong
2000s Hong Kong films


The Sub-district VII of Warsaw suburbs (of Armia Krajowa) (Polish: Obwód VII Warszawa podmiejska) also called Sub-district collar (Polish: Obwód Obroża)- a territorial organisational unit of the District of Warsaw of Armia Krajowa, which acted during the German occupation of Poland. Military units of that sub-district took part in the Warsaw Uprising of 1944.

Organisation
The sub-district operated since 1940 and covered the area of the then powiat of Warsaw, excluding the city area of Warsaw itself. During the whole period of German occupation the chief of the sub-district was major Kazimierz Krzyżak pseudonym Bronisław or Kalwin.

The sub-district was divided into regions:
Region I - of "Marianowo- Brzozów" - Legionowo - commanded by major Roman Kłoczkowski pseudonym "Grosz";
Region II - of "Celków" - Marki - commanded by major Henryk Okińczyc pseudonym "Bill";
Region III - of "Dęby" - Rembertów;
Region IV - of "Fromczyn" - Otwock;
Region V - of "Gątyń" - Piaseczno - commanded by captain Marian Bródka-Kęsicki pseudonym "Grzegorz"
Region VI - of "Helenów" - Pruszków;
Region VII - of "Jelsk- Jaworzyn" - Ożarów - commanded by major Edmund Grunwald pseudonym "Jarema";
Region VIII - of "Łęgów"- Młociny - commanded by captain Józef Krzyczkowski pseudonym "Szymon";
Region IX- of "Lubicz"- Warszawa.

In spring 1944 there were 176 military platoons (line, special task and auxiliary service ones) organised in the sub-district, which included ca 10,000 people.

Tasks assigned in case of military uprising
The sub-district was assigned to perform military actions to prevent Germans from bringing down reinforcements for their Warsaw garrison; as well as the organisation and protection of the uprising base like hospitals, air-drop places, supply of weapon, organisation of prisoner camps, etc.

Course of combat in the Warsaw Uprising 1944
Region I - fights lasted there during several initial days of August. Not the whole area was seized and major Grosz commanded to return to conspiracy. Part of the units were concentrated in neighbouring forests. A battalion, having supplemented its weapons, commanded by lieutenant Bolesław Szymkiewicz pseudonym "Znicz", crossed Wisła river and took part in fights of the Kampinos group.

Region II - fights lasted also during several initial days of August only. Units fought with a local German garrison and cooperated with the armoured spearhead of the Red Army in the section of Wołomin-Struga. Upon the withdrawal of the Soviet units, it became impossible to continue the fight.

Region III - line units turned up in assigned places of concentration. In the face of a large saturation of the area with German units, the planned military actions were not developed. Reconnaissance was carried and contact was kept with the Sub-district VI. A group of ten to twenty soldiers commanded by officer cadet Czesław Nalewajko pseudonym Cimurak swam across Wisła river and included in the fights of the "Baszta" regiment.

Region IV - because of a stabilisation of the front line in the area of Radość, the region was divided into two parts:
Northern part happened to be place in the immediate base of concentrated German units,
Southern part was in the area liberated by Soviet units.
In the northern part no military actions were taken up.
In the southern part, actions were taken aimed to provide assistance for advancing soldiers of the 27th Wołyń Division of Armia Krajowa. In September, medical aid was provided for insurgents of the "Kryska group", who succeeded in swimming across Wisła from the Czerniaków bridge-head to the Praga bank of Wisła river.

Region V - it covered the Chojnowo forests, which were a place of concentration of the sub-district's units as well as units of the Sub-district IV of Ochota (of Armia Krajowa) and Sub-district V of Mokotów, which failed to perform their military action on their own area. The commander of the Sub-district IV of Ochota lieutenant-colonel Mieczysław Sokołowski pseudonym Grzymała, who had withdrawn to the Sub-district V, decided to take up an attack to Wilanów / Sadyba, aimed at joining with units fighting in Warsaw. The attack failed. Lieutenant-colonel Grzymała fell in Wilanów. Only one company commanded by sec. lieutenant Stanisław Milczyński pseudonym Gryf managed to force its way to Wilanów. The remaining units of the sub-district withdrew to the area of Chojnowo forests.

Region VI - its units concentrated in the Sękocin forests, but apart from local fights they did not take up larger military actions. The Women Military Service established communication with the commandment of the sub-district of Śródmieście. Additionally, it was provided help for Warsaw inhabitants and insurgent soldiers interned in the Pruszków camp.

Region VII - large German forces concentrated in that region. In Oźarów it was stationed the staff of general Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski. It made impossible to take up military actions by the insurgents. Major Jarema formed a company, which moved to Kampinos Forest and submitted to the command of the Kampinos group.

Rejon VIII was the operational area of the Kampinos group.

References

Kirchmayer Jerzy: Powstanie Warszawskie (Warsaw Uprising), Warszawa 1984.
Oddziały Powstania Warszawskiego (Units of the Warsaw Uprising), edited by Komornicki Stanisław, Warszawa 1984.
 Struktura Organizacyjna Armii Krajowej, Marek Ney-Krwawicz w: Mówią wieki nr 9/1986.

External links
 http://www.ibprs.pl/ak_obroza_kampinos/

Units and formations of the Home Army
Warsaw Uprising


is a railway station in the town of Oyama, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, operated by the Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central).

Lines
Ashigara Station is served by the JR Central Gotemba Line, and is located 28.9 kilometers from the official starting point of the line at .

Station layout
The station has a single island platform. The station building is to the west of the tracks and connected to the platform by a level crossing. It has automated ticket machines, TOICA automated turnstiles. The station is unattended.

Platforms

History

Ashigara Station opened on September 15, 1947. Operational control of the station was transferred to JR Central following privatization of JNR on April 1, 1987.

Station numbering was introduced to the Gotemba Line in March 2018; Ashigara Station was assigned station number CB09.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2017, the station was used by an average of 497 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

Surrounding area
Ashigara Elementary School
Oyama High School

See also
 List of Railway Stations in Japan

References

External links

 Official website

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1947
Railway stations in Shizuoka Prefecture
Gotemba Line
Stations of Central Japan Railway Company
Oyama, Shizuoka


Paul Gunter is a co-founder of the Clamshell Alliance anti-nuclear group, who was arrested at Seabrook Station Nuclear Power Plant for non-violent civil disobedience on several occasions. An energy policy analyst and activist, he has been a vocal critic of nuclear power for more than 30 years.  Gunter worked as the Director of the Reactor Watchdog Project for Nuclear Information and Resource Service for almost 20 years. In 2007, Gunter joined Beyond Nuclear as their nuclear reactor specialist. He has made many national and international television, radio, and conference appearances and is quoted in the press.

In 2008, Gunter won the Jane Bagley Lehman Award from the Tides Foundation for outstanding achievements in "the fight against nuclear power".

See also
Anti-nuclear movement in the United States
Anti-nuclear protests in the United States

References

External links
 Beyond Nuclear 2013 response to the views of Hansen, Caldeira, Emanuel, and Wigley, about nuclear power.

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American anti–nuclear power activists
Nonviolence advocates


The Si Satchanalai Historical Park () is a historical park in Si Satchanalai district, Sukhothai Province, northern Thailand. The park covers the ruins of Si Satchanalai and Chaliang. Si Satchanalai, which literally means "City of good people", was founded in 1250 as the second center of the Sukhothai Kingdom and as a residence of the crown prince in the 13th and 14th centuries.

The city was rectangular in shape. In the 16th century, a 5-metre high wall with an upstream moat was built to fend off the growing Burmese attacks. The location of the town was facilitated by two neighboring dominant hills. The park is maintained by the Fine Arts Department of Thailand with help from UNESCO, which has declared it a World Heritage Site together with the associated historic parks in Kamphaengphet and Sukhothai. Similar to Sukhothai Historical Park, Si Satchanalai Historical Park attracts thousands of visitors each year, who marvel at the ancient Buddha figures, palace buildings and ruined temples. The park is easily toured by bicycle or even on foot.

History

Liberation from Khmer

Prior to the 13th century, Thai migrated into upper Chao Phraya valley and established a town named Chaliang (), which means "City of Water" on the bank of the Yom River. Chaliang gradually developed into an important trade center between China and Khmer Empire. The Chinese called the town  "Chengliang". The town enjoyed a substantial autonomy under Khmer until 1180, during the reign of Pho Khun Sri Naw Namthom who was the local ruler of Sukhothai and Sri Satchanalai, Khmer general Khomsabad Khlonlampong started to take control directly and introduced prohibitive taxes. In 1239 Pho Khun Bangklanghao and Pho Khun Pha Mueang decided to rebel and declare independence from Angkor and captured Chaliang. Chaliang then became part of the Sukhothai Kingdom.

Under Sukhothai

Under the reign of Sri Indraditya, in 1250 the new town was built in the western area of Chaliang and named Si Satchanalai. Sri Indraditya sent his son, Ban Mueang, as crown prince to govern the town. When Ban Mueang ruled the kingdom, he gave his brother Ramkhamhaeng control of the town of Si Satchanalai, and it became a Sukhothai Kingdom's royal succession tradition to have a crown prince or heir of the throne to rule Si Satchanalai. The town had been granted the status of princely city () or inner provincial city () for its strategic location to the defense of kingdom capital in the northern direction, similar to Kamphaeng Phet in the west, Pitsanulok in the east, and Old Phichit in the south. There was a direct road from Sukhothai to Si Satchanalai called Phra Ruang Road (). In 1345 Luethai wrote one of greatest works in Thai literature, Traibhumikatha or Traiphum Phra Ruang () in Si Satchanalai.

The stele of Ram Khamhaeng states a stupa was erected in the center of Si Satchanalai, that took six years to build.

Lanna invasion and Ayutthaya domination

After the death of Ramkhamhaeng, Sukhothai Kingdom's dominance was reduced periodically, but unlike Sukhothai which suffered from urban decline, Si Satchanalai was still able to maintain its trading and industrial roles. In 1451, Tilokarat of Chiangmai annexed Si Satchanalai to his Lanna Kingdom and renamed the city to Chiangcheun (). In 1474, Trailokkanat of Ayutthaya started the Ayutthaya-Lanna War and recaptured the city and renamed it Sawankhalok (). During the reign of Ramathibodi II, the story of war campaigns between Tilokarat and Trailokkanat on Si Satchanalai inspired an unknown poet to write Lilit Yuan Phai (), which is considered one of the best poems of the Ayutthaya Kingdom. Si Satchanalai became the thriving center of porcelain production for the Ayutthayan court to export to overseas countries such as Philippines, Japan and Indonesia. This prosperous period started in the 13th century and continued until the 16th century. The city reached its pinnacle of economic and cultural development in the 14th century. In 1766 as part of Burmese–Siamese War (1765–67), the Burmese army from Lampang attacked Si Satchanalai and destroyed the city. After the war, the city was rebuilt in the new area of present-day Sawankhalok and the old city was abandoned.

Later development

In 1907 Vajiravudh as a crown prince, made a two-month archaeological field trip to Nakhon Sawan, Kamphaeng Phet, Sukhothai, Si Satchanalai, Uttaradit and Pitsanulok. After returning to Bangkok, he published "Phra Ruang City Journey" (; ) to promote historical and archaeological study among the general public. The work has been used as structure by later archaeologists and historians including Damrong Rajanubhab, the founder of the modern Thai education system and George Coedès, a 20th-century scholar of southeast Asian archaeology and history. As part of this trip Vajiravudh found beautiful relics of Buddha image's head, a hand and feet in Si Satchanalai and brought them back to Bangkok. In 1911 he rebuilt the Buddha image which was finished in 1913. This 7.20 meters high standing Buddha image was named Phra Ruang Rojanarit Sri Indraditya Dhammobhas Mahavajiravudh Pujaneeya Bophitr () and installed in the front of Phra Pathommachedi in Nakhon Pathom.

Bhumibol and Sirikit, king and queen of Thailand, visited old Si Satchanalai, Chaliang and Sawankhalok in 1958. The protection of the area was first announced in Volume 92, Part 112 of the Royal Gazette on August 2, 1961. In 1976 the restoration project was approved, and in July 1988 the park was officially opened. On December 12, 1991, it was declared a World Heritage Site as part of the Historic Town of Sukhothai and Associated Historic Towns together with the associated historical parks in Kamphaeng Phet and Sukhothai.

During 2011 Thailand floods, flood water from Yom River entered Si Satchanalai Historical Park inundating two historical pottery kilns.

Main sights

Wat Phra Si Ratana Mahathat

Wat Phra Si Ratana Mahathat or Wat Si Mahathat Chaliang () is the biggest and the most important historic temple in Si Satchanalai - Chaliang. The temple was built as a Mahayana Buddhist temple in the late 12th century during the reign of Jayavarman VII when Chaliang was part of his Khmer Empire. The main structure is the impressive prang, in a Thai-adopted Khmer style gopura. The original design of the prang is believed to be Bayon styled, but when Chaliang was under the Ayutthaya Kingdom, the prang was redesigned to the current form of Ayutthayan style by Borommakot in the 18th century. The temple compound is surrounded by thick high laterite wall. The vihara has a big Buddha image, framed with high laterite columns. The temple gate was decorated with unique Brahma head in four directions and Apsara bas-reliefs. On the left side of the prang is a Sukhothai styled walking Buddha image. Behind the prang has well-preserved mandapa, a standing Buddha image and the ruin of Mon-styled stupa as well as many smaller Sri Lanka-styled stupas. The importance of the temple during Sukhothai Kingdom was recorded in the Ramkhamhaeng stele, and many historical records during Ayutthaya, Thonburi and Rattanakosin Kingdom. In 1958 after Bhumibol and Sirikit visited the temple, Wat Phra Si Ratana Mahataht was promoted as the first rank Ratchawarawihan or royal temple and put under the patronage of the Thai royal family.

Wat Chedi Chet Thaeo

Wat Chedi Chet Thaeo () means the temple of seven rows of stupa. The temple is one of the most important historic sites inside the town wall of Si Satchanalai. The temple is located in front of Wat Chang Lom and is considered unique among the temples in Sukhothai Kingdom, because it consists of 32 stupas of different sizes in different styles. The gigantic size of the temple in the town center indicates that this temple was built for the royal family. Vajiravudh wrote in his Phra Ruang City Journey that a local claimed that the temple was once called Wat Kalayanimit and was built by a daughter of Lithai. Damrong Rajanubhab believed that the temple was the burial place for the ruling family of Si Satchanalai. Pattern of Stupas at Wat Chedi Chet Thaeo are influenced by various artistic styles such as Sri Lanka, Lanna and Bagan stupa which has unique square tower base with a spherical top and arched hall façade stucco for standing Buddha image in beautiful Sukhothai style. Inside the temple, there were vihara, ordination hall, five mandapas and a sacred pond. There was also a defensive wall around the temple which was originally surrounded by a moat.

Wat Chang Lom

Wat Chang Lom () was built in 1286 by order of Ramkhamhaeng after the discovery of a Buddha relic on the site. The main structure of the temple is a two-tiered square base round the Sri Lanka-style laterite stupa. The name of the temple come from the statues of 39 standing elephants around the first tier of the stupa base. The elephants are remarkably full sized in front of the wall. Normally only the front half of the body is shown as in Wat Chang Rop and Wat Chang Lom in Sukhothai Historical Park. Also on the second tier of the stupa base are 20 niches that were originally filled with 1.4 m high Buddha images. Some Buddha images can still be seen today. There is a ruined vihara in front of the stupa as well as other smaller structures in the temple compound. The main sanctuary is surrounded by a thick wall made of laterite stones.

Wat Chom Chuen

Wat Chom Chuen () is located near Wat Phra Si Ratana Mahathat. On the temple ground, there are a vihara, a circular laterite stupa, and a mandapa. The mandapa has laterite gable roofing and 2 niches in the front and another niche at the back. From the archaeological excavations conducted at the depth of 7 – 8 metres in front of vihara, 15 skeletons were found. These human skeletons are believed to date from near the 4th century - Dvaravati period, around the 7th to 11th centuries.

Wat Khok Singkharam

Wat Khok Singkharam () is an ancient temple built during late Sukhothai to early Ayutthaya. The temple is facing east and has rectangular layout. The northern, eastern and western walls of the temple are made from laterite. The southern wall of the temple is the old town wall of Chaliang. There is an early Ayutthayan 6-roomed laterite vihara. Behind the vihara are three Sukhothai stupas on a single pedestal, originally separate but later connected.

Wat Nang Paya

Wat Nang Paya () means the temple of queen. In Phra Ruang City Journey, Vajiravudh reported that, according to local legend, the temple was built by Pasuja Devi, a daughter of the Emperor of China; however, there is no archaeological evidence to support such a legend. The temple ground is fairly extensive. There is a large laterite stupa and remains of a seven-roomed vihara, in the typical style of Sukhothai and Lanna architecture, in the center of the compound. The temple is famous for the remains of beautiful stucco-reliefs on the wall of the Vihara. The stucco-reliefs are protected under the tin roof shelter.

Thuriang Kilns

The Thuriang Kilns () are ruins of the old celadon factory, located about 5 km north of the old town of Si Satchanalai. In an area of about 1.5 square kilometers about 200 kilns have been found. This is a site where Sukhothai celadons were produced since the 13th century, they are probably the oldest kilns in Thailand. The vaulted brick kilns measure 1.5 – 2 metres wide and 4.5 metres long. The ceramic wares found here are generally large bowls and jars; they have a matt yellowish grey glaze and a design, usually of a flower, a fish, or a whirling circle, painted in black in Chinese designs. A group of Thai-Australian archaeologists from University of Adelaide found that the ceramic wares in Si Satchanalai had been produced more than a millennium before the Sukhothai Kingdom contradicting the general view that the Chinese introduced production in the 13th century.

References

Gallery

External links

Si Satchanalai Historical Park - official website
Si Satchanalai Information and History (Thai: translation ready)

Archaeological sites in Thailand
Historical parks of Thailand
Historic Town of Sukhothai and Associated Historic Towns
Former populated places in Thailand
Tourist attractions in Sukhothai province
Buildings and structures in Sukhothai province
World Heritage Sites in Thailand


FK Jūrnieks is a Latvian football club based in Riga. It became defunct in 1997. In 2017, the club got reinstated in Latvia's Second League.

History

Most of football clubs in the Soviet Union were attached to factories and the footballers were officially factory workers. With Latvian league clubs it was partly true, as footballers usually did indeed work part-time in the factories.

The club most widely known as Jūrnieks was the football club of the Riga factory of ship building and repairing. In 1959 under the name KBRR the club made its début in the Riga championship, in 1962 it first played in the Latvian league where it got a respectable fifth-place finish, in 1963 it won the silver medals in the league, the following year the club's name was changed to KRR. Until 1967 the club finished in the upper half of the league every year. The clubs leaders in the early years were the goal-scoring forward Polukarovs, goalkeeper Kurbatovs and former Daugava Riga footballer Vladimirs Amosovs.

In 1968 the club was renamed to FK Jūrnieks, the name that it had in its most glorious years. In 1970 it won the Latvian Cup for the first time by beating VEF Rīga. In 1972 in addition to the second cup victory Jūrnieks also won its first (and only) Latvian league title. In those years the club was coached by M.Titarenko. The most notable footballers of Jūrnieks in the end of the 1960s – beginning of the 1970s were V.Liholajs, Uhanovs, G.Zvejnieks and Vladimirs Trusovs.

However, after 1972 Jūrnieks failed to remain one of the top football clubs in the Latvian league. Never again would it win medals of any sorts in the league, in the Latvian Cup it also never reached the finals again. From 1973 to 1991 it was a middle class team that hardly could compete with clubs like Torpedo Rīga, Elektrons Rīga, Enerģija Rīga, Ķīmiķis Daugavpils and VEF Rīga. The best finish was achieved in 1986 when Jūrnieks finished in the fourth place in the Latvian league. Un those later years the leading players with Jūrnieks were A.Skudra, goalkeepers Gordejevs,  Zaicevs and Raitis Gultnieks and strikers Mihails Juropovs and Jaroslavs Petrovs. For several years with Jūrnieks also played Vjačeslavs Fanduļs, mostly known as ice hockey player who played with Dinamo Riga and with Latvia national ice hockey team.

The best goalscorers in the club's history are Jaroslavs Petrovs and Jevgēņijs Samoiļenko both of whom scored more than 100 goals in the Latvian league.

After the 1991 season which Jūrnieks finished in the 14th position it lost its place in the top Latvian league and was renamed to Decemvīri. In 1992 under the management of V.Pivovarovs Jūrnieks with quite a respectable squad which included Andrejs Oļeiņiks, Dmitrijs Horoļskis and Dainis Deglis won the 1. līga tournament and earned a promotion to Virslīga but it refused from playing there because of financial difficulties and disappeared for a year completely. In 1994 it was back in 1. liga again as FK Jūrnieks, in 1995 it won the 1.liga tournament and earned promotion to Virslīga. The 1996 Virslīga season gave Jūrnieks little to cheer about – 10th place from 10 clubs and relegation. In this year Andrejs Prohorenkovs made his debut with Jūrnieks. In 1997 the club played again in 1. liga and after the season it went bankrupt.

Honours
 Latvian League winners (1972)
 Latvian Cup winners: 2 (1970, 1972)

Football clubs in Riga


Dr. Strange Records is a record label and record store located in Alta Loma, California. It started out as an apartment-based distro in 1988 and became a record label in 1989, run out of the "Doc's" apartment until 1997, when the store was first opened.

The company is located in the historic Alta Loma post office, built in 1906, at 7136 Amethyst Street (at the northwest corner of the intersection with Lomita Drive; ).

The label features many well known punk bands.

Bands
 The Bollweevils
 The BillyBones
 Black Market Baby
 Broken Bones
 Brown Lobster Tank
 Channel 3
 External Menace
 Face to Face
 Flux Of Pink Indians
 The Freeze
 The Frustrators
 Gameface
 Government Issue
 Guttermouth
 Ill Repute
Jim Threat and the Vultures
 Mad Parade
 Manson Youth
 The Marshes
 Mandingo
 My Favorite Band
 Narcoleptic Youth
 999
 The Partisans
 Peter and the Test Tube Babies
 Rhythm Collision
 Riot/Clone
 Schleprock
 Sinkhole
 Skankin' Pickle
 Symbol Six (band)
 The Skulls
 Tank
 Texas Thieves
 The Threats
 The Voids
 Voodoo Glow Skulls
 Whatever
 Mad Parade
Zoinks!

References

External links
Official site

American record labels
Record labels established in 1988
Punk record labels


Pohangina is a small rural community in the Manawatū-Whanganui region of New Zealand, just north of Ashhurst.

Pohangina is located along the foot of the Ruahine Range, and is primarily farming land. Farming varies from sheep and cattle to crops of maize and 'chow'. The farmland was originally ancient native forest. Rimu and northern rātā grew above 1000 feet, with kamahi, kaikawaka and pink pine growing at higher and steeper slopes, leatherwood scrub growing at higher altitudes, and wild tussocks growing at the summits of the range.

The area still includes many conservation areas, including the Totara Reserve camping ground, the Pohangina River, Pohangina Wetlands reserve, and Pohangina Base, a former DOC field centre in the Ruahine Forest Park.

Pohangina includes a village, with several historical buildings, including a small chapel and at community hall built in 1933. The area is a fishing spot for brown trout and rainbow trout.

Pohangina translates as "ulcerated night", possibly suggesting the valley had been a place of bloodshed between the local Rangitāne Māori people and their enemies. However, the name is a corruption of the proper form, "Pou hangina", so is likely to reference posts or supports, metaphoric or physical.

Demographics
Pohangina is defined by Statistics New Zealand as a rural settlement. It covers  and had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2. It is part of the larger Pohangina-Apiti statistical area.

Pohangina had a population of 210 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 24 people (12.9%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 24 people (12.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 78 households, comprising 105 males and 108 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.97 males per female, with 42 people (20.0%) aged under 15 years, 24 (11.4%) aged 15 to 29, 120 (57.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 30 (14.3%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 92.9% European/Pākehā, 10.0% Māori, 2.9% Pacific peoples, 1.4% Asian, and 5.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 55.7% had no religion, 31.4% were Christian and 4.3% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 57 (33.9%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 18 (10.7%) people had no formal qualifications. 39 people (23.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 93 (55.4%) people were employed full-time, 18 (10.7%) were part-time, and 6 (3.6%) were unemployed.

Pohangina-Apiti statistical area
Pohangina-Apiti statistical area, which also includes Āpiti, covers  and had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Pohangina-Apiti had a population of 1,227 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 132 people (12.1%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 162 people (15.2%) since the 2006 census. There were 459 households, comprising 618 males and 609 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.01 males per female. The median age was 43.2 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 273 people (22.2%) aged under 15 years, 162 (13.2%) aged 15 to 29, 639 (52.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 153 (12.5%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 95.6% European/Pākehā, 7.8% Māori, 1.5% Pacific peoples, 0.5% Asian, and 2.4% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 14.4, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 59.2% had no religion, 28.9% were Christian, 0.2% were Buddhist and 2.7% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 258 (27.0%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 141 (14.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $36,800, compared with $31,800 nationally. 213 people (22.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 558 (58.5%) people were employed full-time, 156 (16.4%) were part-time, and 15 (1.6%) were unemployed.

Education

Awahou School is a co-educational state primary school for Year 1 to 8 students, with a roll of  as of .

References

Manawatū District
Populated places in Manawatū-Whanganui


The National Spiritualist Association of Churches (NSAC)  is one of the oldest and largest of the national Spiritualist church organizations in the United States.  The NSAC was formed as the National Spiritualist Association of the United States of America (NSA) in September 1893, during a three-day convention in Chicago, Illinois.  Although American Spiritualists had previously tended to resist institutional or denominational organization, early NSA leaders hoped organization would help promote the truths of the religion both spiritually and practically.  Organization could help non-Spiritualists distinguish genuine mediumship from the rapidly proliferating varieties of fraudulent mediumship, increase communication among Spiritualists, prevent the legal prosecution of spirit mediums under fortune telling and medical licensing laws, and counterattacks by "orthodox" ministers in the press.  To these reasons, early leaders added the material support of spirit mediums and healers, just as other religious groups provided for the support of their clergy.

Among the NSA's first leaders were W. H. Bach, Harrison D. Barrett (former Unitarian clergymen), Luther V. Moulton, James Martin Peebles, and Cora L. V. Scott (spiritualist medium).  The association is also important for its adoption of a number of statements on spiritualism which have become a standard to which other Spiritualist bodies more or less adhere.

Declaration of Principles
In 1899, a six-article "Declaration of Principles" was adopted by many Spiritualist groups. Three other articles were added at a later date. By no means do all Spiritualist denominations or individual churches affirm these principles, but because of their historical significance in setting the beliefs of modern Spiritualism, all nine articles are quoted in full below. The influence of Unitarianism is obvious in the definition of God in principle one.

 We believe in Infinite Intelligence;
 We believe that the phenomena of Nature, both physical and spiritual, are the expression of Infinite Intelligence;
 We affirm that a correct understanding of such expression and living in accordance therewith constitute true religion;
 We affirm that the existence and personal identity of the individual continue after the change called death;
 We affirm that communication with the so-called dead is a fact, scientifically proven by the phenomena of Spiritualism;
 We believe that the highest morality is contained in the Golden Rule: "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you." (Principles 1-6 adopted in Chicago, Illinois, 1899. Principle 6 revised in Ronkonkorma, New York, 2004.)
 We affirm the moral responsibility of the individual, and that we make our own happiness or unhappiness as we obey or disobey Nature's physical and spiritual laws;
 We affirm that the doorway to reformation is never closed against any soul here or hereafter; (Principles 7-8 adopted in Rochester, New York, 1909 and revised in Rochester, New York, 2001.)
 We affirm that the precept of Prophecy and Healing are Divine attributes proven through Mediumship. (Principle 9 adopted in St. Louis, Missouri, 1944, revised in Oklahoma City, 1983 and in Westfield, New Jersey, 1998.)

Definitions

Over the years, other statements have been adopted on "What Spiritualism Is and Does" and "Spiritual Healing." A set of "Definitions" has also been approved. The two issues of "reincarnation" and the relation of Spiritualism to Christianity have been the major questions dividing Spiritualists. Differing answers to these two questions have split the NSAC on several occasions, and dissent led independent Spiritualists to form their own organizations instead of joining the NSAC. These were adopted in October 1914, 1919, 1930, 1950 during the organization's annual convention.
 Spiritualism is the Science, Philosophy and Religion of continuous life, based upon the demonstrated fact of communication, by means of mediumship, with those who live in the Spirit World. (1919)
 Spiritualism Is a Science Because it investigates, analyzes and classifies facts and manifestations demonstrated from the spirit side of life.
 Spiritualism Is a Philosophy because it studies the Laws of Nature both on the seen and unseen sides of life and bases its conclusions upon present observed facts. It accepts statements of observed facts of past ages and conclusions drawn therefrom, when sustained by reason and by results of observed facts of the present day.
 Spiritualism Is a Religion because it strives to understand and to comply with the Physical, Mental and Spiritual Laws of Nature, which are the laws of God.
 A Spiritualist is one who believes, as the basis of his or her religion, in the communication between this and the Spirit World by means of mediumship and who endeavors to mould his or her character and conduct in accordance with the highest teachings derived from such communication. (1914, Rev. 1938)
 A Medium is one whose organism is sensitive to vibrations from the spirit world and through whose instrumentality, intelligences in that world are able to convey messages and produce the phenomena of Spiritualism. (1914)
 A Spiritualist Healer is one who, either through one's own inherent powers or through mediumship, is able to impart vital, curative force to pathologic conditions. (1930, 1993)
 The Phenomena of Spiritualism consists of Prophecy, Clairvoyance, Clairaudience, Gift of Tongues, Laying on of Hands, Healing, Visions, Trance, Apports, Levitation, Raps, Automatic and Independent Writings and Paintings, Voice, Materialization, Photography, Psychometry and any other manifestation proving the continuity of life as demonstrated through the Physical and Spiritual senses and faculties of man. (1950)

Reincarnation
Reincarnation, gaining popularity through theosophy, began to find favor among some mediums in the early twentieth century, but was specifically condemned by the NSAC in 1930. The concept of reincarnation has been more recently revisited, and the current policy (2008) is that it is not sufficiently established to include it as a position of the NSAC but further investigation is warranted. In practical terms, this means that reincarnation is not maintained as fact from the podium, but it can be addressed in unofficial gatherings.

Christianity
"Are Spiritualists also Christians?" was debated by the NSAC and generally decided in the negative. While the NSAC has drawn heavily on the Christian faith, from which most members came, it identifies its members as Spiritualists. The specifically "Christian Spiritualists" were found in other bodies such as the Progressive Spiritualist Church and the Spiritual Church Movement. Some Spiritualists differentiate between primitive Christianity, which they believe themselves to be following and practicing, and contemporary orthodox Christianity, which they strictly differentiate from both primitive Christianity and Spiritualism.

Structure

The polity of the association is hierarchical. There are loosely organized state associations and an annual national convention. Among Spiritualists, the association has the highest standards for ordination. The NSAC is noteworthy as the only Spiritualist body to attempt to develop work among youth. The lyceum was originally promoted and shaped by Andrew Jackson Davis in 1863. Children's materials have been developed and many churches have an active lyceum (Sunday school) program. Such efforts have given the NSAC a stability lacking in most Spiritualist bodies.

Membership

Membership: In 2002 the association reported 144 member congregations. There are ten state associations and 11 camps. There were also four affiliated congregations of the National Spiritualist Churches of Canada in Ontario and Quebec.

Facilities

The NSAC has two educational auxiliaries, the Morris Pratt Institute in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and The Center for Spiritualist Studies (CSS) in Lily Dale, New York.

Morris Pratt Institute was built in 1888 of a value assessed at $30,000 at that time. It was 48' wide and 85' long and contained two large auditorium halls, one of which seated nearly 400 people. It was designed by the founder Pratt as a temple and a school for Spiritualism.

At the Ninth Annual convention of the National Spiritualist Association of Churches (NSAC) held in Washington, D.C., Morris and Zulema Pratt presented a letter to the NSAC offering them the property to be utilized "for educational purposes." On November 2, 1901, he filed a petition for incorporation which resulted in the Morris Pratt Institute becoming a corporation managed by nine trustees, two of which were to be members of the National Spiritualist Association and one was to be the President of the Wisconsin State Spiritualist Association. Moses Hull was the President.

According to legend, it is said that a "Native American spirit guide" had told him of unknown mineral deposits the mining of which Morris Pratt made an investment in. It later became the profitable Ashland Mine of Ironwood, Michigan. Pratt made over $200,000 from his investment and used part of the monies for the benefit of the cause of Spiritualism. In 1889, the Temple was dedicated.

The Center for Spiritualist Studies (CSS) in Lily Dale, New York is located on the grounds of the NSAC-chartered Lily Dale Assembly, the world's largest Spiritualist camp. The CSS is incorporated as a religious seminary by the New York State Board of Regents. The goal of the curriculum is the training of Spiritualist Clergy, Teachers, Mediums and Healers.

The Hydesville Project
The Fox Property Project started in 1998 when the property was acquired by the NSAC and a memorial park was designed. This was home of the Fox family  and the property in which Modern Spiritualism began. The site of the Fox cottage in Hydesville, New York is thought to be a treasure for all Spiritualists and its restoration is supported by the descendants  of the Fox sisters, pioneers at the beginning of Modern American Spiritualism. The NSAC is involved in fund raising to restore the property and grounds in time for the 160th anniversary of the advent of Modern Spiritualism (in 2008).

Publications
The National Spiritualist Summit (TNS) is the official publication of the National Spiritualist Association of Churches.  It has been continuously published each month since 1919.
The Spotlight is a magazine, published 10 times a year, for Children of all ages produced by the National Spiritualist Association of Churches and maintains a continued emphasis on the progression of Spiritualism through teaching children.

See also
 List of Spiritualist organizations

Notes

References
 Barrett, H. D. Life Work of Cora L. V. Richmond. Chicago: Hack & Anderson, 1895.
 Holms, A. Campbell. The Fundamental Facts of Spiritualism. Indianapolis: Stow Memorial Foundation, n.d.
 Kuhnig, Verna Kathryn. Spiritualist Lyceum Manual. Milwaukee: National Spiritualist Association of Churches, 1962.
 One Hundredth Anniversary of Modern American Spiritualism. Chicago: National Spiritualist Association of Churches, 1948.

External links
 National Spiritualist Association of Churches
 Morris Pratt Institute

History of religion in the United States
Spiritualism in the United States
Religious organizations based in the United States
Spiritual organizations


The Rapid City-Spearfish, SD combined statistical area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, consists of the Rapid City, SD metropolitan statistical area and Spearfish, SD micropolitan statistical area. Anchored by the city of Rapid City, the area corresponds to the entirety of Pennington, Meade, and Lawrence counties in the state of South Dakota. As of the 2020 census, the CSA had a population of 164,842 (2021 estimate placed the population at  168,144).

Counties
Lawrence
Meade
Pennington

Communities

Places with more than 50,000 inhabitants
Rapid City (Principal city)

Places with 1,000 to 20,000 inhabitants
Blackhawk (census-designated place)
Box Elder
Colonial Pine Hills (census-designated place)
Deadwood
Ellsworth AFB (census-designated place)
Lead
Rapid Valley (census-designated place)
Spearfish
Sturgis
Summerset

Places with 500 to 1,000 inhabitants
Ashland Heights (census-designated place)
Green Valley (census-designated place)
Hill City
New Underwood
Wall
Whitewood

Places with less than 500 inhabitants
Central City
Faith
Keystone
Piedmont
Quinn
St. Onge
Wasta

Unincorporated places
Caputa
Johnson Siding
Owanka
Rockerville
Scenic
Silver City
Three Forks
Wicksville

Demographics
Note: these statistics pertain to the Rapid City, SD metropolitan statistical area only.

2010
The ethnic makeup of the MSA, according to the 2010 U.S. Census, was the following:
85.26% White
8.19% Native American
1.08% Black
0.96% Asian
>0.01% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
3.63% Two or more races
0.80% Other races
3.63% Hispanic or Latino (of any race)

As of the census of 2010, there were 126,382 people, 51,154
households, and 33,390 families residing in the MSA. The population density was 20.2 people per square mile (7.8/km2). There were 55,949 housing units at an average density of 8.9 per square mile (3.4/km2).  27.9% were of German, 7.2% Irish, 6.7% Norwegian, and 5.2% English ancestry.

There were 51,154 households, out of which 32.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.2% were married couples living together, 11.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.7% were non-families. 28.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.93.

2000
As of the census of 2000, there were 112,818 people, 43,446 households, and 29,978 families residing within the MSA. The racial makeup of the MSA was 87.98% White, 0.99% African American, 6.79% Native American, 0.82% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.67% from other races, and 2.69% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.53% of the population.

The median income for a household in the MSA was $37,239, and the median income for a family was $42,667. Males had a median income of $28,590 versus $21,029 for females. The per capita income for the MSA was $18,309.

See also
South Dakota census statistical areas

References

Geography of Pennington County, South Dakota
Geography of Meade County, South Dakota


Ken Turner (30 June 1935 – 11 February 2022) was a former Australian rules footballer who played with Collingwood in the VFL. He is the father of Australian Rules footballer Jamie Turner, who also played with Collingwood. He was a cousin of former test cricketer Graham Yallop, nephew of Stan Yates and was a cousin of murdered lawyer Keith William Allan.

Turner usually played on either the half forward flank or as a wingman. He was a member of Collingwood's premiership side in 1958 and represented Victoria at interstate football seven times during his career.

See also
 Australian football at the 1956 Summer Olympics

References

External links

1935 births
2022 deaths
Collingwood Football Club players
Collingwood Football Club premiership players
Australian footballers at the 1956 Summer Olympics
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Place of birth missing
VFL/AFL premiership players


Lake Oroville State Recreation Area (LOSRA) is a state park unit of California, United States, surrounding Lake Oroville, a reservoir on the Feather River.  It is located in Butte County outside Oroville, California.  The  park was established in 1967.  The recreation area "includes Lake Oroville and the surrounding lands and facilities within the project area as well as the land and waters in and around the Diversion Pool and Thermalito Forebay, downstream of Oroville Dam."

Recreation
The park and lake support outdoor recreation such as camping, picnicking, horseback riding, hiking, sail and power-boating, water-skiing, fishing, swimming, boat-in camping, floating campsites, and horse camping.  There is a visitor center with interpretive exhibits and a  observation tower overlooking the lake and dam.

Nearby attractions are Feather Falls and the Feather River Fish Hatchery.

Hidden train tunnels - When the water level gets low you can see train tunnels that are normally submerged. One tunnel is found in the Berry Creek cove when the water level gets down to about 720 ft level.

See also
List of California state parks

References

External links
Lake Oroville State Recreation Area

California State Recreation Areas
Feather River
Protected areas of Butte County, California
Protected areas established in 1967
1967 establishments in California


Guy I de Balliol was a Picard baron who was granted land in northern England in the late eleventh century. In the 1090s, he was established in the north of England by King William Rufus, as part of King William's carve-up of the forfeited earldom of Northumberland.

According to historian Frank Barlow, Balliol's dynasty was one of those that "originated in the reign" and were "planted ... in the frontier areas in order to protect and advance the kingdom". Geoffrey Stell said that Guy's northern territories were given "almost certainly in return for support rendered in William's campaigns on the eastern frontier of Normandy in 1091 and 1094".

Guy himself originated in a frontier area, coming from Bailleul-en-Vimeu close to Abbeville on the frontier of the county of Ponthieu with the duchy of Normandy. Guy's nephew Bernard I de Balliol succeeded to Guy's estates before 1130 × 1133, meaning that Guy had died by then.

Notes

References
 Barlow, Frank, William Rufus, (New Haven, 2000),
 Stell, G. P., "Balliol, Bernard de (d. 1154x62)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 , accessed 24 Jan 2008

11th-century births
1120s deaths
Anglo-Normans
People from Yorkshire
Guy
People from Somme (department)
11th-century English landowners
12th-century English landowners
William II of England


"That's How You Know" is a musical number from the 2007 Disney film Enchanted, with music composed by Alan Menken and lyrics by Stephen Schwartz. It is performed by the film's lead actress, Amy Adams, and features the vocals of Marlon Saunders and other singers in the background chorus. The song appears on the soundtrack of Enchanted, which was released on November 20, 2007 in the United States.

Like the film, the song was written as an homage to and a self-parody of past Disney works, specifically such big production numbers as "Under the Sea" from The Little Mermaid and "Be Our Guest" from Beauty and the Beast, both also composed by Alan Menken.

Since its release, "That's How You Know" has been met with critical acclaim from critics and audiences alike, with many calling it the best number in the whole film. The song was nominated for Best Song at the 13th Critics' Choice Awards, Best Original Song at the 65th Golden Globe Awards, and at the 80th Academy Awards in the Best Original Song category, in which two other songs from the film were also nominated. It was also nominated at the 51st Grammy Awards in the category of Best Song Written for Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. In March 2023, the song was certified Gold by the RIAA.

Context
In the film, the song is performed by Giselle. During their walk through Central Park, Giselle questions Robert's (Patrick Dempsey) view on love after finding out that he has been with his girlfriend, Nancy (Idina Menzel), for five years and has yet to propose to her. She spontaneously starts to sing in order to explain to him how he should show his affection for Nancy. As Giselle sings and dances through the park, she is joined by other people in the park including buskers, a steelband, elderly dancers, Bavarian dancers,  and rollerbladers. They follow her to Bethesda Fountain, where they finish the song. In addition to the aforementioned Disney numbers, "That's How You Know" is played out like big numbers from other musical films such as "Thank You Very Much" from Scrooge and Consider Yourself from Oliver! (the latter also featuring dances from various people including butchers and fishmongers before ending in a flashmob).

Chart performance

Certifications

References

External links
 Official video on YouTube

2007 songs
Songs from Enchanted (film)
Songs with music by Alan Menken
Songs written by Stephen Schwartz (composer)
Walt Disney Records singles
Dannii Minogue songs
Song recordings produced by Alan Menken
Calypso songs
Song recordings produced by Robbie Buchanan


Lismore Abbey is a former monastery in Lismore, County Waterford, Ireland, reportedly in its day the most celebrated in the South of Ireland. Its site is now occupied by Lismore Castle.

History
Lismore Abbey was founded around 632 by St Mochuda, also known as St. Carthage, in a picturesque site, steeply rising from the southern bank of the River Blackwater. Its founder had spent nearly forty years of his monastic life in the monastery of Rahan on the southern borders of ancient Meath. In 631 Prince Blathmac, son of Aedh Slaine, of the southern Hy Mall, evicted him, and he moved to Lismore, on the edge of what was then called Avonmore, "the great river", a site granted to St. Carthage by the prince of the Desii of Waterford. Lismore was founded around 632 ; Mochuda died few years later.

St Cataldus
Lismore produced another saint and scholar, Saint Cataldus (or Catald) of Taranto. His Irish name was Cathal, and it appears he was born at a place called Rathan, not far from Lismore. Irish annals tell us nothing of St. Cathaldus, because he went abroad early in life, but the brothers Morini of his adopted home provide some information. They tell us he was a native of Hibernia - born at Rathan in Momonia - that he studied at Lismore, and became bishop of his native territory of Rathan, but that afterwards, he made his way to Jerusalem, and on his return was, with his companions, wrecked at Taranto in Italy. He is said to have converted many of the inhabitants to Christianity, and became the city's patron saint.

St. Cuanna
Another scholar of Lismore was St. Cuanna, most likely the half-brother and successor of the founder. He was born at Kilcoona, or Killcooney, a parish near Headford in Galway which takes its name from him. No doubt he went to Lismore on account of his close connexion with St. Carthage, and for the same reason was chosen to succeed him in the school of Lismore. One historian thought that the ancient but now lost "Book of Cuanach", cited in the Annals of Ulster, but not later than A.D. 628, was the work of this St. Cuanna of Kilcooney and Lismore. It is also said that Aldfrith, King of Northumbria, spent some time at the school of Lismore, for he visited most of the famous schools of Ireland towards the close of the seventh century, and at that time Lismore was one of the most celebrated. It was also a place of pilgrimage, and many Irish princes gave up the sceptre and returned to Lismore to end their lives in prayer and penance. There, too, by his own desire, was interred St. Celsus of Armagh, who died in Ardpatrick, but directed that he should be buried in Lismore (though no trace of his monument has been found).

Artifacts

Two interesting memorials of Lismore are still preserved. The first is the Lismore Crozier, found accidentally in Lismore Castle in 1814, and now in the National Museum of Ireland.  The inscription tells us that it was made for Niall Mac Mic Aeducan, Bishop of Lismore, 1090–1113, by Neclan the artist. This refers to the making of the case or shrine, which enclosed an old oak stick, the original crozier of the founder. Most of the ornaments are richly gilt, interspersed with others of silver and niello, and bosses of coloured enamels.

The second is the Book of Lismore found in the castle at the same time with the crosier, enclosed in a wooden box in a built-up doorway. The castle was built as long ago as 1185 by Prince John. The book contains a series of the lives of Irish saints, written in medieval Irish.

Afterward the bishops of Lismore came to live at the castle, both the crosier and book belonged were hidden for security. They were rediscovered during renovations in 1814.

Citations

Sources
 Moss, Rachel. Medieval c. 400—c. 1600: Art and Architecture of Ireland. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014.
 O'Neill, Timothy. The Irish Hand: Scribes and Their Manuscripts From the Earliest Times. Cork: Cork University Press, 2014.

Religion in County Waterford
Religious buildings and structures in County Waterford
Christian monasteries in the Republic of Ireland
Former religious buildings and structures in the Republic of Ireland
Lismore, County Waterford