In computer science, a charging argument is used to compare the output of an optimization algorithm to an optimal solution. It is typically used to show that an algorithm produces optimal results by proving the existence of a particular injective function. For profit maximization problems, the function can be any one-to-one mapping from elements of an optimal solution to elements of the algorithm's output.  For cost minimization problems, the function can be any one-to-one mapping from elements of the algorithm's output to elements of an optimal solution.

Correctness

In order for an algorithm to optimally solve a profit maximization problem, the algorithm must produce an output that has as much profit as the optimal solution for every possible input.  Let |A(I)| denote the profit of the algorithm's output given an input I, and let |OPT(I)| denote the profit of an optimal solution for I.  If an injective function h : OPT(I) → A(I) exists, it follows that |OPT(I)| ≤ |A(I)|.  Since the optimal solution has the greatest profit attainable, this means that the output given by the algorithm is just as profitable as the optimal solution, and so the algorithm is optimal.

The correctness of the charging argument for a cost minimization problem is symmetric.  If |A(I)| and |OPT(I)| denote the cost of the algorithm's output and optimal solution respectively, then the existence of an injective function h : A(I) → OPT(I) would mean that |A(I)| ≤ |OPT(I)|.  Since the optimal solution has the lowest cost, and the cost of the algorithm is the same as the cost of the optimal solution of the minimization problem, then the algorithm also optimally solves the problem.

Variations

Charging arguments can also be used to show approximation results. In particular, it can be used to show that an algorithm is an n-approximation to an optimization problem.  Instead of showing that an algorithm produces outputs with the same value of profit or cost as the optimal solution, show that it attains that value within a factor of n.  Rather than proving the existence of a one-to-one function, the charging argument focuses on proving that an n-to-one function exists in order to prove approximation results.

Examples

Interval Scheduling Problem

Given a set of n intervals I = {I1, I2, ... , In}, where each interval Ii ∈ I has a starting time si and a finishing time fi, where si < fi, the goal is to find a maximal subset of mutually compatible intervals in I.  Here, two intervals Ij and Ik are said to be compatible if they do not overlap, in that sj < fj ≤ sk < fk.

Consider the earliest finish time  greedy algorithm, described as follows:
 Begin with an empty set of intervals.
 Sort the intervals in I by ascending finishing times.
 Consider each interval in I in sorted order.  Add the interval into the set if it does not conflict with intervals already contained in the set.  Otherwise, disregard the interval.

The interval scheduling problem can be viewed as a profit maximization problem, where the number of intervals in the mutually compatible subset is the profit.  The charging argument can be used to show that the earliest finish time algorithm is optimal for the interval scheduling problem.

Given a set of intervals I = {I1, I2, ... , In}, let OPT(I) be any optimal solution of the interval scheduling problem, and let EFT(I) be the solution of the earliest finishing time algorithm. For any interval J ∈ OPT(I), define h(J) as the interval J' ∈ EFT(I) that intersects J with the earliest finishing time amongst all intervals in EFT(I) intersecting J.  To show that the earliest finish time algorithm is optimal using the charging argument, h must be shown to be a one-to-one function mapping intervals in OPT(I) to those in EFT(I). Suppose J is an arbitrary interval in OPT(I).

Show that h is a function mapping OPT(I) to EFT(I).

Assume for a contradiction that there is no interval J' ∈ EFT(I) satisfying h(J) = J.  By definition of h, this means that no interval in EFT(I) intersects with J.  However, this would also mean that J is compatible with every interval in EFT(I), and so the earliest finishing time algorithm would have added J into EFT(I), and so J ∈ EFT(I).  A contradiction arises, since J was assumed to not intersect with any interval in EFT(I), yet J is in EFT(I), and J intersects with itself.  Thus by contradiction, J must intersect with at least one interval in EFT(I).

It remains to show that h(J) is unique.  Based on the definition of compatibility, it can never be the case that two compatible intervals have the same finishing time.  Since all intervals in EFT(I) are mutually compatible, none of these intervals have the same finishing time.  In particular, every interval in EFT(I) that intersects with J have distinct finishing times, and so h(J) is unique.

Show that h is one-to-one.

Assume for a contradiction that h is not injective.  Then there are two distinct intervals in OPT(I), J1 and J2, such that h maps both J1 and J2 to the same interval J' ∈ EFT(I).  Without loss of generality, assume that f1 < f2.  The intervals J1 and J2 cannot intersect because they are both in the optimal solution, and so f1 ≤ s2< f2.  Since EFT(I) contains J'  instead of J1, the earliest finishing time algorithm encountered J'  before J1.  Thus, f' ≤ f1. However, this means that f' ≤ f1 ≤ s2< f2, so J'  and J2 do not intersect.  This is a contradiction because h cannot map J2 to J'  if they do not intersect.  Thus by contradiction, h is injective.

Therefore, h is a one-to-one function mapping intervals in OPT(I) to those in EFT(I).  By the charging argument, the earliest finishing time algorithm is optimal.

Job Interval Scheduling Problem
Consider the job interval scheduling problem, an NP-hard variant of the interval scheduling problem visited earlier.  As before, the goal is to find a maximal subset of mutually compatible intervals in a given set of n intervals, I = {I1, I2, ... , In}.  Each interval Ii ∈ I has a starting time si, a finishing time fi, and a job class ci.  Here, two intervals Ij and Ik are said to be compatible if they do not overlap and have different classes.

Recall the earliest finishing time algorithm from the previous example.  After modifying the definition of compatibility in the algorithm, the charging argument can be used to show that the earliest finish time algorithm is a 2-approximation algorithm for the job interval scheduling problem.

Let OPT(I) and EFT(I) denote the optimal solution and the solution produced by the earliest finishing time algorithm, as earlier defined. For any interval J ∈ OPT(I), define h as follows:

To show that the earliest finish time algorithm is a 2-approximation algorithm using the charging argument, h must be shown to be a two-to-one function mapping intervals in OPT(I) to those in EFT(I). Suppose J is an arbitrary interval in OPT(I).

Show that h is a function mapping OPT(I) to EFT(I).

First, notice that there is either some interval in EFT(I) with the same job class as J, or there isn't.Case 1. Suppose that some interval in EFT(I) has the same job class as J.
If there is an interval in EFT(I) with the same class as J, then J will map to that interval.  Since the intervals in EFT(I) are mutually compatible, every interval in EFT(I) must have a different job class.  Thus, such an interval is unique.   Case 2.''' Suppose that there are no intervals in EFT(I) with the same job class as J.
If there are no intervals in EFT(I) with the same class as J, then h maps J to the interval with the earliest finishing time amongst all intervals in EFT(I) intersecting J.  The proof of existence and uniqueness of such an interval is given in the previous example.

Show that h is two-to-one.

Assume for a contradiction that h is not two-to-one.  Then there are three distinct intervals in OPT(I), J1, J2, and J3, such that h maps each of J1, J2, and J3 to the same interval J' ∈ EFT(I).  By the pigeonhole principle, at least two of the three intervals were mapped to J because they have the same job class as J ', or because J ' is the interval with the earliest finishing time amongst all intervals in EFT(I) intersecting both intervals.  Without loss of generality, assume that these two intervals are J1 and J2.Case 1. Suppose J1 and J2 were mapped to J ' because they have the same job class as J '.
Then each J ', J1, and J2 have the same job class. This is a contradiction, since the intervals in the optimal solution must be compatible, yet J1 and J2 are not.Case 2.' Suppose J ' is the interval with the earliest finishing time amongst all intervals in EFT(I) intersecting both J1 and J2.
The proof of this case is equivalent to the one in the previous example that showed injectivity. A contradiction follows from the proof above.

Therefore, h maps no more than two distinct intervals in OPT(I) to the same interval in EFT(I), and so h is two-to-one. By the charging argument, the earliest finishing time algorithm is a two-approximation algorithm for the job interval scheduling problem.

 References
 Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, and Clifford Stein. Introduction to Algorithms, Second Edition. MIT Press and McGraw-Hill, 2001.
 Sanjoy Dasgupta, Christos Papadimitriou, and Umesh Vazirani. Algorithms'', First Edition. McGraw-Hill. 2006.
 Allan Borodin [PDF document]. http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~bor/373s11/L2.pdf
 Allan Borodin [PDF document]. http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~bor/373f11/L5-373f11-short.pdf
 Allan Borodin [PDF document]. http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~bor/373s13/L3-actual.pdf

Analysis of algorithms


James Brody (July 13, 1941 – April 11, 2010) was an American composer, born in Clearfield, Pennsylvania. Frank J. Oteri of the American Music Center's New Music Box called Brody "an important figure in the development of electronic music in the Midwest".

He studied with Franz Kamin at the Indiana University School of Music, under the Greek composer Iannis Xenakis, where he received a master's degree. Brody wrote the liner notes for the original Nonesuch LP of Iannis Xenakis – Electroacoustic Music. He taught composition, theory and electronic music at East Texas State University and was a lecturer at York College of Pennsylvania from 2005 to 2007. He also served on the Harrisburg Symphony Orchestra's Board of Directors.

Brody was a guest composer at the Electronic and Computer Music Studio of the Peabody Institute and a member and past president of the Baltimore Composers Forum. He hosted a radio program on KUNM-FM in Albuquerque, NM called Other Voices, Other Sounds. He was co-founder of music organizations in Bloomington, Indiana and San Antonio, Texas, dedicated to presenting and performing works by local composers. James Brody died in a car crash in Roseville, Minnesota, along with fellow composer Franz Kamin.

References

External links
 James Brody at CompositionToday: resources exclusively for composers.
From Bach to Xenakis: Salute to James Brody

American male composers
American composers
1941 births
2010 deaths
Road incident deaths in Minnesota
Jacobs School of Music alumni
Texas A&M University–Commerce faculty
Classical musicians from Texas
People from Clearfield, Pennsylvania
Electroacoustic music composers


Joe Kelly (7 June 1907 – 17 June 1998) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton in the Victorian Football League before becoming a coach.

Kelly was a left footed wingman with considerable pace and played 137 games for Carlton between 1926 and 1934. He began his coaching career in 1937 with Footscray where he took over from Syd Coventry mid-season. The following year he led the club to their first ever finals appearance, finishing the home and away season in third position. He moved to South Melbourne in 1941 and in 1942 led them all the way to the Preliminary Final where they went down to eventual premiers Essendon.

References

External links

Coaching record

1907 births
Carlton Football Club players
Western Bulldogs coaches
Sydney Swans coaches
Old Xaverians Football Club players
People educated at Xavier College
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
1998 deaths


Jersey Express was an American soccer team based in Springfield, New Jersey. Founded in 2007, the team played in the Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Mid Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference. Prior to the 2011 season the team was known as Newark Ironbound Express. The team's colors were white, Emerald and Gold.

Since 2016, the Express played their home games at Williams Field in Elizabeth, NJ. The team formerly played their home games at Lubetkin Field at J. Malcolm Simon Stadium on the campus of the New Jersey Institute of Technology from 2008-2015. The stadium was demolished in 2015 for NJIT's Wellness and Events Center.

The team also fielded a team in the USL's Super-20 League, a league for players 17 to 20 years of age run under the United Soccer Leagues umbrella and teams from ages 10–18 boys and girls Under National Soccer Academy.

History
Newark Ironbound Express entered the PDL in 2007. The senior Express team began life in the PDL with a bang with a 4–1 opening day victory over fellow expansion team New Jersey Rangers that featured a brace from former New York Red Bull and current Haitian international Jerrod Laventure. Ironbound were consistent all year long, enjoying several impressive victories over much more established sides, notably a 3–0 over Ottawa Fury in early June (in which Ted Niziolek scored a hat trick), a 4–0 win on the road against Ocean City Barons (which featured a Laventure hat-trick), a dominant 3–1 win over 2007's unbeatable Hampton Roads Piranhas, and a battling 4–2 triumph over Virginia Legacy. By the time the final weekend rolled around, they were still in with a shot at a place in the Eastern Conference playoffs: they enjoyed overpowering 6–2 demolition of Westchester Flames, in which Chris Karcz netted three times, and were fortunate to make the playoffs ahead of Ottawa Fury, who had an exactly equal record, but lost out on head-to-head results. Unfortunately, Ironbound's trip to the playoff was a short one as they fell 4–2 first time out to eventual Conference champions Reading Rage, but for a young side in their debut season there was much to applaud. Chris Karcz and Jerrod Laventure were monsters in front of goal, scoring 10 and 9 goals
respectively.

In October 2009 the team Owner Mr. Joe Branco Hired Mr. Gali Maimon as new general manager of the  organization.

The team formally rebranded as Jersey Express on January 6, 2011. On January 10, 2018, the team announced via Twitter that it would no longer operate as an adult soccer organization but would continue youth training.

Notable former players
This list of notable former players comprises players who went on to play professional soccer after playing for the team in the Premier Development League, or those who previously played professionally before joining the team.

  Frank Alesci
  Gary Boughton
  Alex Luna
  Tomer Chencinski
  Dilly Duka
  Neal Kitson
  Derby Carrillo
  Ryan Meara
  Gordon Kljestan
  Aviv Volnerman
  Tommy McNamara
  Jake Keegan
  David Abidor
  Matt Turner
  Mohammad Mashriqi

Year-by-year

Honors
 USL PDL Eastern Conference Champions 2014
 USL PDL Mid-Atlantic Division Champions 2014

Head coaches
  George Vichniakov (2008–2012)
  Jeff Matteo (2013-2015)
  Anderson DaSilva (2015)
  Chiquinho de Assis (2015)
  Julian Richens (2016–2017)
 Didier Orellana (2017–2018)

Stadia
 Lubetkin Field at J. Malcolm Simon Stadium at New Jersey Institute of Technology; Newark, New Jersey (2008–2015)
 Stadium at Holmdel High School; Holmdel Township, New Jersey 1 game (2010)
 Stadium at Raritan High School; Hazlet, New Jersey 2 games (2011)
 Williams Field at Elizabeth High School; Elizabeth, NJ (2016–present)
 Stadium at Long Branch High School; Long Branch, New Jersey 2 games (2016)

Average attendance
Attendance stats are calculated by averaging each team's self-reported home attendances from the historical match archive. Attendance stats also provided by team.

 2008: 328
 2009: 219
 2010: 378
 2011: 389
 2012: 411
 2013: 422
 2014: 452
 2015: 502
 2016: 312

References

External links
Official Site

Association football clubs established in 2007
USL League Two teams
Soccer clubs in New Jersey
Sports in Newark, New Jersey
2007 establishments in New Jersey


The Vanishing Private is a 1942 animated cartoon by the Walt Disney Studios, starring Donald Duck in the World War II years.

Plot
Donald Duck is doing some camouflage painting on a cannon with yellow, green, and red stripes and black dots (based on the colors of the Flag of Lithuania with bullet holes in it). Sergeant Pete sees it and scolds Donald, explaining that it needs to painted so it can't be seen.  Pete then demands that Donald re-paints the cannon to "make that gun hard to see". Obliging to the sergeant's orders, Donald walks to the "Experimental Laboratory: Camouflage Corps", disregarding the "keep out" sign, and walks in. He finds some "invisible paint", which he tests with his finger, and uses it to paint the cannon.

When Pete returns, he is shocked to find the cannon seemingly gone, believing it to be stolen. But of course, it isn't stolen, as the sergeant finds out the hard way by bonking his head on the underside of the cannon and discovering Donald inside. Angered that Donald painted the cannon too invisible to see, Pete blows hard into one end of the barrel, sending Donald out the other end and into the bucket of invisible paint. When Donald runs away, Pete finds out Donald has become invisible after seeing Donald's footprints on the ground. Donald then swims across a lake, but the invisible paint doesn't come off.

Pete continues to chase Donald through a field of flowers, until he accidentally throws some of the flowers on Donald, revealing his outline. Pete spots Donald and tries to catch him, but he gets away again. However, this gives Pete an idea to find Donald. When the General drives up, Pete's antics, including jumping around a tree while singing "Here We Go Round The Mulberry Bush" and throwing flowers, convinces the General that he is acting odd, especially after he asks the General, "Uh, did you see a little guy that you can't see?". The invisible Donald then deliberately puts a cactus down Pete's pants, making him scream in pain and jump around like a madman, making the General wonder what is going on with Pete.

Donald then walks around a nearby kitchen and sees some pies in the window, so he takes one of the pies and eats it. Pete then notices this and Donald deliberately throws the pie in Pete's face. Donald is then shown skipping a rope, which angers Pete, so he chases him around a tank. Donald then deliberately trips Pete, sending him literally under the grass, under some soldiers, and out again into the arsenal building, where he gets hold of several grenades, shouting "I'll blow you to parts!", and begins blowing things up to stop Donald, on the warpath against him, starting with a tree that literally flies into the air and floats down. The General sees this, growing worried for Pete's sanity, and when Pete runs towards him, he gets scared out of his wits, and hides behind a nearby power pole. The General tries to reassure Pete and stop his rampage, but Donald stands behind the General, who panickedly tries to tell Pete to calm himself, and when Donald deliberately pokes Pete in the rear with the General's sword, the startled sergeant jumps into the air and onto the General, releasing all of the grenades, which land on Pete and the General, injuring them in the explosion.

Later, Pete is locked up in a padded cell, wearing a straitjacket and chains, as he has been declared insane by the army for his bad actions. He pleads to Donald (who is on guard duty and no longer invisible anymore) to go tell the General of his sanity ("I ain't crazy. You know I ain't crazy! Go tell the general that I ain't crazy."), but Donald refuses, asking Pete "Do you think I'M crazy?" and whistles "The Army's Not the Army Anymore" as the cartoon irises-out.

Voice cast
 Donald Duck: Clarence Nash
 Pete: Billy Bletcher
 The General: John McLeish

Home media
The short was released on May 18, 2004, on Walt Disney Treasures: Walt Disney on the Front Lines and on December 6, 2005, on Walt Disney Treasures: The Chronological Donald, Volume Two: 1942-1946.

See also
 List of World War II short films

References

External links

Donald Duck short films
1942 films
1942 short films
1940s Disney animated short films
1940s science fiction films
1942 animated films
Films directed by Jack King
Films produced by Walt Disney
World War II films made in wartime
Films about invisibility
Films scored by Oliver Wallace
American science fiction films
Films with screenplays by Carl Barks


The Strong One is the second studio album by the American country music artist Mila Mason, released in 1998 on Atlantic Records. Like her debut album, it was produced by Blake Mevis.

Her second and final album for the label, it produced two minor chart hits on both the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts and the Canadian RPM Top Country Tracks charts. The first, "Closer to Heaven", was a #31 in the US and #45 in Canada, while "The Strong One" was a #57 in the US and a #30 in Canada. The third single, "This Heart", failed to chart in either country, and by the end of 1998, Mason had exited Atlantic.

Track listing

Personnel
Mark Casstevens – acoustic guitar
Glen Duncan – fiddle
Sonny Garrish – pedal steel guitar
John Hobbs – piano
David James – background vocals
Carl Marsh – strings
Brent Mason – electric guitar
Jonell Mosser – background vocals
Chris Rodriguez – background vocals
Nan Sumrall – background vocals
Lonnie Wilson – drums
Glenn Worf – bass guitar

Chart performance

References

1998 albums
Atlantic Records albums
Mila Mason albums


The 1928–29 Boston Bruins season was the Bruins' fifth season in the NHL.  Boston defended its American Division title, and went on to defeat the New York Rangers in the Final to become the third American-based team to become Stanley Cup champions.

Offseason

In the off-season, the Bruins acquired Cy Denneny from the Ottawa Senators, who became a player-coach for the team, taking over from Art Ross, who stepped down to concentrate on his general manager duties.  With the retirement of Hal Winkler, the team also had a new goaltender, rookie Tiny Thompson—who had spent the 1927–28 season with the Bruins' farm team, the Minneapolis Millers of the AHA—and a promising new forward, Cooney Weiland, who also had played with Minneapolis. Nobby Clark and the rights to suspended Billy Coutu were sold to New Haven of the Canadian-American League, January 5, 1928.

The team also moved into a new home, the Boston Madison Square Garden.  The Garden's much larger capacity than the old Boston Arena saw the Bruins' attendance double, to lead the league by a wide margin.

Regular season

In their debut game at Boston Garden, the Bruins lost 1–0 to the Montreal Canadiens.

Boston got off to a slow start, and through their first 14 games, the Bruins had a record of 5–7–2, tied with the Pittsburgh Pirates.  As the season progressed, Boston made a few trades, acquiring star Mickey MacKay from the Pirates and Bill Carson from the Toronto Maple Leafs.  Lester Patrick and the New York Rangers offered Winthrop native Myles Lane to the Bruins, astonishingly asking for superstar Eddie Shore in return. Bruins' general manager Art Ross replied famously, "You are so many Myles from Shore you need a life preserver."  Nonetheless, the Bruins purchased Lane's rights for $7,500.

Further, Weiland was matched with Dit Clapper and Dutch Gainor on a powerful forward line which garnered the nickname "Dynamite Line," one of the first named forward lines in history.  The Bruins rebounded with a 13-game unbeaten streak, which gave them a 16–7–4 record and suddenly in contention with the New York Rangers for top spot in the American Division.  Boston had a 10–6–1 record in their remaining 17 games, and held off the Rangers to defend their American Division and the Prince of Wales Trophy, finishing with a 26–13–5 mark and a team record 57 points.

Harry Oliver led Boston in scoring, with 17 goals and 23 points.  Dutch Gainor and defenseman Eddie Shore finished just behind Oliver with 19 points, while rookie Cooney Weiland tallied 11 goals and 18 points.  Shore led the club with 96 penalty minutes, while team captain Lionel Hitchman finished with 64 penalty minutes.

In goal, Tiny Thompson had an impressive rookie season, winning 26 games while posting a 1.15 goals against average—both Bruins' records, as well as recording 12 shutouts.  Thompson's 1.15 GAA remains the Bruins' single-season record and is the second lowest ever recorded over a full season in NHL history.

Final standings

Record vs. opponents

Schedule and results

Playoffs

In the playoffs, Boston had a first round bye, due to finishing on top of the American Division, and faced the Montreal Canadiens, the winners of the Canadian Division, in the semi-finals in a best-of-five series.  The series began with two games at the Boston Garden, and the Bruins, led by Tiny Thompson, won both games by identical 1–0 scores to take a 2–0 series lead.  Game Three shifted to Montreal, and while the Canadiens were able to solve Thompson for two goals, Boston scored three of their own, and swept the series.

In the first Stanley Cup Finals exclusively played between American teams, Boston faced their divisional rival – and the team that eliminated them from the playoffs the previous season – the New York Rangers in a best-of-three series.  New York had defeated the Detroit Cougars and the Toronto Maple Leafs to earn a spot in the Final.  Game One was played in Boston, and Thompson again shut the door, as the Bruins won the game 2–0.  Boston completed the two game sweep at Madison Square Garden in New York City, defeating the Rangers 2–1 on March 29 on a goal by Bill Carson, to clinch the first Stanley Cup in team history and making them the third American team to win the Cup championship.

Boston Bruins 3, Montreal Canadiens 0

Boston Bruins 2, New York Rangers 0

Player statistics

Regular season
Scoring

Goaltending

Playoffs
Scoring

Goaltending

Transactions

 Traded Frank Fredrickson to the Pittsburgh Pirates for Mickey MacKay.
 Purchased Bill Carson from Toronto Maple Leafs for $25,000, January 25, 1929.
 Traded Eric Pettinger to Toronto Maple Leafs  with the rights to Hugh Plaxton for the rights to George Owen, January 29, 1929.
 Purchased Myles Lane from New York Rangers for $7,500.

See also
 1928–29 NHL season
 List of Stanley Cup champions

References

Stanley Cup championship seasons
Boston Bruins seasons
Boston
Boston
Boston Bruins
Boston Bruins
1920s in Boston


The Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (OCME) is the agency of the government of Oklahoma (USA) responsible for investigating sudden, unexpected, violent or suspicious deaths. In this capacity, OCME provides support services to State law enforcement agencies, prosecutors, and public health officials.

Overview
The Office of the Chief Medical Examiner was created by the Oklahoma Legislature in 1961 but did not receive funding to become operational until 1967. The Chief Medical Examiner must be a licensed physician, trained and certified in forensic pathology.

Board of Medicolegal Investigations
The Board of Medicolegal Investigations is responsible for governing the operations of OCME and for setting policy which the Chief Medical Examiner executes. It is the responsibility of the Board to appoint and dismiss the Chief Medical Examiner. All members of the Board receive no compensation for their services.

The Director of the State Bureau of Investigation
The State Commissioner of Health
The Dean of the College of Medicine of the University of Oklahoma
The President or Dean of the Oklahoma State University - Center for Health Sciences
The President of the Oklahoma Bar Association
The President of the Oklahoma Osteopathic Association
The President of the Oklahoma State Medical Association
A funeral director appointed by the Oklahoma State Board of Embalmers and Funeral Directors

Administration
The Board appoints a Chief Medical Examiner, who is the chief executive of the OCME.

Powers and duties
Under Oklahoma statute, deaths of the types listed below must be reported to the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner. The Office has the authority to further investigate for the benefit of the public health, as funding, staffing, facilities, and other regulations allow.
 Violent deaths, whether apparently homicidal, suicidal or accidental including deaths due to thermal, chemical, electrical or radiational injury and deaths due to criminal abortions, whether self-induced or not.
 Deaths under suspicious, unusual or unnatural means.
 Deaths related to disease which might constitute a threat to public health.
 Deaths unattended by a licensed physician (D.O. or M.D.) for fatal or potentially fatal illness.
 Deaths of persons after unexplained coma.
 Deaths that are medically unexpected and that occur during a therapeutic procedure.
 Deaths of any inmate occurring in any place of penal incarceration.
 Deaths of persons whose bodies are to be cremated, buried at sea, transported out of state or otherwise made ultimately unavailable for pathological study.

Finance and staff
The Office of the Chief Medical Examiner was authorized a budget of $6.2 million for State fiscal year 2012. The Oklahoma Legislature authorized the agency to employ 77 full time equivalent positions for that period.

See also
Coroner

References

External links
Office of the Chief Medical Examiner official website

Medical examiners
1962 establishments in Oklahoma


Occupancy Grid Mapping refers to a family of computer algorithms in probabilistic robotics for mobile robots which address the problem of generating maps from noisy and uncertain sensor measurement data, with the assumption that the robot pose is known. Occupancy grids were first proposed by H. Moravec and A. Elfes in 1985.

The basic idea of the occupancy grid is to represent a map of the environment as an evenly spaced field of binary random variables each representing the presence of an obstacle at that location in the environment. Occupancy grid algorithms compute approximate posterior estimates for these random variables.

Algorithm outline
There are four major components of occupancy grid mapping approach. They are:
 Interpretation
 Integration
 Position estimation
 Exploration

Occupancy grid mapping algorithm
The goal of an occupancy mapping algorithm is to estimate the posterior probability over maps given the data: , where  is the map,  is the set of measurements from time 1 to t, and  is the set of robot poses from time 1 to t. The controls and odometry data play no part in the occupancy grid mapping algorithm since the path is assumed known.

Occupancy grid algorithms represent the map  as a fine-grained grid over the continuous space of locations in the environment. The most common type of occupancy grid maps are 2d maps that describe a slice of the 3d world.

If we let  denote the grid cell with index i (often in 2d maps, two indices are used to represent the two dimensions), then the notation  represents the probability that cell i is occupied.
The computational problem with estimating the posterior  is the dimensionality of the problem: if the map contains 10,000 grid cells (a relatively small map), then the number of possible maps that can be represented by this gridding is . Thus calculating a posterior probability for all such maps is infeasible.

The standard approach, then, is to break the problem down into smaller problems of estimating

for all grid cells . Each of these estimation problems is then a binary problem. This breakdown is convenient but does lose some of the structure of the problem, since it does not enable modelling dependencies between neighboring cells. Instead, the posterior of a map is approximated by factoring it into
.

Due to this factorization, a binary Bayes filter can be used to estimate the occupancy probability for each grid cell. It is common to use a log-odds representation of the probability that each grid cell is occupied.

See also
Robotic mapping

References

External links
 Lecture notes of 16-831: Statistical Techniques in Robotics at RI CMU

Robot navigation


Safe at Home is an American sitcom created for and aired on TBS, then known as "Superstation WTBS". The series premiered on March 18, 1985, and was produced by The Arthur Company, which also produced TBS' two other original comedies of the time, Down to Earth and Rocky Road.

Plot

Initially, the show focused on Caroline Ford, a young woman who moves away from her mom and dad to join her older brother in Chicago. Martha Nix originally played Caroline for season 1 and was replaced by Katherine Britton. Her brother Dan Ford, played by Michael J Cutt, worked as a sports anchor for a news broadcast along with his on-air sidekick, Tatum McCoy (played by Jeanna Michaels). In later episodes, they developed a relationship and eventually married. In fact, the series began focusing more on their relationship.

Michael J. Cutt originally did not get top billing in the series credits; however, when they replaced the character of Caroline, he became the star of the show. Other cast changes were made throughout the series run. Besides changing the lead actress in the series after the first season, Gary Hudson originally played Dan's friend Roger. He left the series shortly after and was replaced by Vic Dunlop, who played Dokey in season 2. Vic Dunlop left the following season and although both the characters of Dokey and Roger were mentioned from time to time, they were never seen again.

Richard Steven Horvitz played Gary, who was the nephew of the station's owner where the newscast took place. He worked for the newscast. He left midway through the final season. James Coburn was added to the cast during the final season as Caroline's love interest.

One other notable cast member was Brenda Lynn Klemme, who played Amy, the ditzy best friend of Caroline.

See also
 Down to Earth
 The New Leave It to Beaver
 Rocky Road

References

External links

1985 American television series debuts
1987 American television series endings
1980s American sitcoms
TBS (American TV channel) original programming
Television shows set in Chicago
English-language television shows


Gus G. Russo (born 1950 in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American author and researcher of the assassination of John F. Kennedy.

Russo was part of a team of researchers that worked on the 1993 Frontline Lee Harvey Oswald documentary, Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald?, for PBS. He is the author of Live by the Sword: The Secret War Against Castro and the Death of JFK, a book which states that Lee Harvey Oswald alone killed the president in retribution for Kennedy's policies toward Fidel Castro and Cuba.

Russo has also written books about the Chicago Outfit and mob lawyer Sidney Korshak. In The Outfit, Russo points out that while the Mafia is responsible for heinous crimes, they aren't the only "business" that engages in destructive and illegal activities. The Mafia's "upper world" counterparts, big business, has been responsible for many crimes themselves (white collar crime), have escaped punishment, and still operate without being prosecuted.

Co-authored by Stephen Molton, Brothers In Arms: The Kennedys, the Castros, and the Politics of Murder states that Castro's regime employed Oswald in retaliation for plots against the Cuban leader.

Personal life
As of 2013, Russo was a resident of Catonsville, Maryland.

Books
Supermob: How Sidney Korshak and His Criminal Associates Became America's Hidden Power Brokers, by Gus Russo (2006)
The Outfit: The Role of Chicago's Underworld in the Shaping of Modern America, by Gus Russo (2003)
Gangsters and Goodfellas: The Mob, Witness Protection, and Life on the Run, by Henry Hill, Gus Russo (As Told to) (2004 {hardcover}, 2007 {paperback})
Live by the Sword: The Secret War Against Castro and the Death of JFK, by Gus Russo (1998)
Brothers In Arms: The Kennedys, the Castros, and the Politics of Murder, by Gus Russo and Stephen Molton
Boomer Days, by Gus Russo (2011)

References

External links

1950 births
Living people
American male journalists
American non-fiction writers
Researchers of the assassination of John F. Kennedy
Journalists from Baltimore
20th-century American journalists


In law, a moiety title is the ownership of part of a property. The word derives from Old French moitié, "half" (the word has the same meaning in modern French), from Latin medietas ("middle"), from medius.

In English law, it relates to parsing aspects of ownership and liability in all forms of property.

In the Australian system of land title, it typically applies to maisonettes or attached cottages whereby the owner owns a share of the total land on the title and leases a certain portion of the land back for themselves from the other owner(s). Some finance institutions do not offer loans for properties on moiety titles as security.

Real estate
Moiety is a Middle English word for one of two equal parts under the feudal system. Thus on the death of a feudal baron or lord of the manor without a male heir (the eldest of whom would inherit all his estates by the custom of male primogeniture) but with daughters as heiresses, a moiety of his fiefdom would generally pass to each daughter, to be held by her husband. This would involve the division of the barony, generally consisting of several manors,  into two or more groups of manors, which division would presumably be effected by negotiation between the parties concerned. Such was the case in the barony of Newmarch, the caput or chief manor of which was at North Cadbury, Somerset, when James de Newmarch died in 1216; had no son but left two co-heiresses, Isabel and Hawise, who being heirs of a tenant-in-chief became wards of the king.

Certain freehold  and copyhold hereditaments and leasehold tenements of Henry Belward Ray were left in his will to infants with whom he – (the testator) – had no blood relation. To ensure that Ray's land would not escheat to the Crown, in March  1860, his trustees presented a petition to the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain to  create  an Act of Parliament which would legally allow Arthur Lupton of Potternewton Lodge undivided moiety, i.e. the rights of a mesne lord of the manor of Potternewton, and not the exclusive  ownership of a lord paramount.

Offices of state
Not only landholdings but also the holding of offices of state could devolve by moiety. In the Royal Court of the United Kingdom, one moiety of the ancient office of Lord Great Chamberlain is a hereditary office of the Cholmondeley family.  This hereditary office came into the Cholmondeley family through the marriage of the first Marquess of Cholmondeley to Lady Georgiana Charlotte Bertie, daughter of Peregrine Bertie, 3rd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven.  The second, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh holders of the marquessate have all held this office.

See also
 English property law
 Party wall
 Mesne lord

Notes

References
Blackstone, William (2004). Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England. London: The Lawbook Exchange. , .
 East, Edward Hyde (1845). Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Court of King's Bench: With Tables of the Names of the Cases and Principal Matters. Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard.

External links

English property law


Jean-Louis Prévost (May 12, 1838 - September 12, 1927) was a Swiss neurologist and physiologist who was a native of Geneva.

He studied at Zurich, Berlin and Vienna, and in 1864 became an interne in Paris under Alfred Vulpian (1826–1887). After earning his medical doctorate at Paris in 1868, he returned to his hometown of Geneva, where he maintained a laboratory with Augustus Volney Waller (1816–1870). In 1876 he became a professor of therapy at the University of Geneva, and in 1897 succeeded Moritz Schiff (1823–1896) as professor of physiology, a position he held until 1913. Two of his better known students at Geneva were Joseph Jules Dejerine (1849–1917) and Paul Charles Dubois (1848–1918).

Prévost is credited with introducing modern medical physiological practices at Geneva, and was the author of over sixty books and articles. While still a student, he co-authored with Jules Cotard (1840–1887), a work on cerebral softening called Etudes physiologiques et pathologiques sur le ramollissment cérébral. With Jacques-Louis Reverdin (1848–1929) and Constant-Edouard Picot (1844–1931), he founded the journal Revue médicale de la Suisse.

Associated eponym
 Prévost's law: Medical sign (Déviation conjuguée) involving unilateral brain lesions, where the head is rotated toward the diseased hemisphere.
 Note: He is not to be confused with Jean-Louis Prévost (1790–1850), a botanical artist and a distant relative.

References
 Jean-Louis Prévost @ Who Named It

Swiss physiologists
Swiss neuroscientists
Swiss neurologists
1838 births
1927 deaths
Academic staff of the University of Geneva
Physicians from Geneva


Greenbrier East High School is a consolidated school in Fairlea, West Virginia, that serves grades 9 through 12. It is a part of Greenbrier County Schools.  Greenbrier East High School is located on Spartan Lane, just off US 219 near Lewisburg, West Virginia. Although not within easy walking distance of Lewisburg, the school has a Lewisburg mailing address.  The school had 1,048 students enrolled (as of 2021-2022), and over 65 faculty members.

The Spartans won the 2012 girls' basketball state championship under head coach and now-Governor Jim Justice (since 2017), a billionaire businessman who has coached the team since 2003 (and the boys' team from 2011 through 2017). Justice has stated that he intends to continue his coaching duties while serving as Governor of the State of West Virginia.

See also
List of high schools in West Virginia
Education in West Virginia

References

External links

Schools in Greenbrier County, West Virginia
Public high schools in West Virginia


Events in chess in 2003:

Deaths
February 4 – Jaroslav Šajtar (1921–2003), 81, Czech Grandmaster and FIDE vice chairman.
May 10 – Milan Vukcevich (1937–2003), 66, Yugoslav/American International Master, Grandmaster of Chess Composition, and scientist.
May 11 – Luděk Pachman (1924–2003), 78, Czech Grandmaster, chess writer, and political activist.
May 16 – Bogdan Śliwa (1922–2003), 81, Polish Grandmaster.
June 24 – Russ Chauvenet (1920–2003), 83, American International Master, chess writer, U.S. deaf champion.
July 11 – Ken Whyld (1926–2003), 77, British chess writer and researcher.
August 31 - Péter Székely (1955–2003), 48, Hungarian Grandmaster.
October 31 – Antonio Medina (1919–2003), 84, International Master, many time Spanish Champion.
December 20 – Denis Barry (1929–2003), 74, American chess organizer and President of the USCF.
December 28 – Frank Parr (1918–2003), 85, English chess player.

21st century in chess
Chess by year


Vietnam Airlines Flight 815 was a scheduled Vietnam Airlines flight which crashed on final approach to Phnom Penh International Airport in Cambodia on 3 September 1997. The Soviet-built Tupolev Tu-134B-3 airliner crashed approximately  short of the Phnom Penh runway, killing 65 of the 66 people on board. As of 2023, it remains the deadliest accident in Cambodian history. Upon investigation, the crash was determined to have been the result of improper actions by the pilot.

Aircraft
The aircraft was manufactured on 5 October 1984, registration number VN-A120, serial number 66360.

Accident

Flight 815 departed Ho Chi Minh City around 1 o'clock in the afternoon for the 45-minute flight to Phnom Penh. The aircraft was approaching the Phnom Penh airport from the east in heavy rain. According to acting airport director and investigating committee chief Sok Sambour, the plane was supposed to be flying at  when it began its approach, but was at  when it reached the range of Pochentong's Non-Directional Beacon (NDB).

The airport previously had a VOR/DME located on station, but it had been looted the previous July. Because of this pilots had to use the NDB located  west in order to get a general fix of the area, and had to keep descending until they could make visual contact with the airfield in inclement weather. As a result, the frequency of aborted landings had increased over the rainy season. The runway lights had also been looted, but were reportedly replaced and illuminated at the time.

Once in range of the NDB, the pilot asked the control tower for permission to land at . The control tower agreed, but requested the pilot remind the control tower often of its approach, due to the heavy weather. However, when the plane approached the airport it was at  when the pilot again asked for permission to land, stating that he could not find the runway. The pilot was given permission to drop to  and was told to keep in contact.

After a moment the control tower inquired if the pilot had found the runway, to which the pilot replied that he could not see the runway. The control tower then informed the pilot that the wind direction was changing. The pilot was on an eastern approach to runway 23; the tower requested that the pilot instead approach runway 5 from the west. Continuing on the eastern approach would cause the pilot to attempt to land downwind. The pilot acknowledged the request, and had no further contact with the control tower.Two minutes later, Flight 815 was spotted still approaching from the east. The plane kept descending until it was  above the ground. The cockpit voice recorder (CVR) showed at that time the first officer, Hoang Van Dinh  (49), asked the captain, Pham Van Tieu (59), to pull up and abort the landing, as they still did not have visual of the runway. The captain said he would wait a little. The plane descended to , still with no visual of the runway, at which point the first officer and the flight engineer, again asked the captain to abort the landing. It was too late, however; four seconds later the left wing of the plane struck a palm tree. At that time they were not in line with the runway, having veered left across the military side of the airport. Striking the tree caused one engine to stop. The right wing skimmed across a house. The plane tilted to the left and hit the ground at .

Eyewitnesses state that flames began to spew out of the plane's tail after it struck the tree. One witness states he saw an emergency door open and could see passengers crowded at the door, but none jumped before the airplane struck the ground. The aircraft then slid  through several dry rice paddies before exploding at around 1:40 pm.

Victims

Most of the passengers were from South Korea and Taiwan. The 22 Taiwanese nationals were mainly coming for business reasons, though two or three were travelling to Cambodia for their weddings. Six of the 21 South Koreans were a medical team donating equipment to Phnom Penh University.

Five people were still alive after the crash and were taken to the hospital. Initially two survived; Chanayuth Nim-anong, a 14-month-old boy from Thailand who sustained broken legs, and a four-year-old Vietnamese boy who received head injuries. Nim-anong was the sole survivor after the Vietnamese boy succumbed to his injuries. The plane skimmed the top of a house and damaged it before landing on an oxcart road. One wing decapitated two cows. Initial looting of the scene was done by military and police. Once the bodies were removed, villagers looted much of the remaining personal belongings and parts of the aircraft including the flight recorders.

Investigation
Cambodia's government offered a reward for the return of the missing flight recorders. The three flight recorders, the CVR, the flight data recorder (FDR), and the quick access recorder (QAR), were all obtained from the villagers for US$10, $200, and $1500, respectively.

Initially Vietnam Airlines and Phnom Penh airport workers argued over who was at fault. The airline stated that the navigational equipment at Phnom Penh airport was out of order and its control tower gave the pilots incorrect information prior to takeoff.
However, the report by Cambodia's Aircraft Accident Investigation Committee determined that the cause of the crash was pilot error. The report concluded that the principal factors were:
 the captain did not follow the instructions of the approach controller in the control tower and he made the decision to continue to descend in very bad weather
 the captain ignored the advice of his first officer and flight engineer
 the captain's insistence in engaging the auto pilot even after passing the minimum height at which one should decide whether or not to land
 the captain's impulsive actions to continue his approach in the conditions revealed "his psychological unreadiness to abort the landing and go around"

The captain continued his landing descent from an altitude of  to  even though the runway was not in sight, and ignored pleas from his first officer and flight engineer to turn back. When the aircraft hit the trees, the captain finally realized the runway was not in sight and tried to abort the approach; the flight engineer pushed for full power, but the aircraft lost control and veered right; the right engine then failed, making it impossible to gain lift. The aircraft subsequently stalled and crashed.

Examinations of the aircraft and records determined that there was no mechanical problem and all maintenance was up to date. The crew all had valid licenses and medical certificates.

References

External links

1997 in Vietnam
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1997
Aviation accidents and incidents in Cambodia
Accidents and incidents involving the Tupolev Tu-134
Phnom Penh
1997 in Cambodia
September 1997 events in Asia
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by weather
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error
1997 meteorology
Vietnam Airlines accidents and incidents


The Last of the Crazy People is the first novel of Canadian author Timothy Findley. It was published in 1967, in Britain, and later on in Canada, and was one of the first novels ever to be labelled as Southern Ontario Gothic.

The novel tells the story of a well-to-do Ontarian family in the 1960s, whose future becomes uncertain when Jessica (the wife/mother) gives birth to a stillborn and returns home only to become hostile to the rest of the family, and to imprison herself in her own room.

The family is put under even more stress as Gilbert, the elder son, begins to act out in drunken outbursts and questionable behavior in public. The yelling and arguing in the house only helps to reinforce the family's reputation as 'crazy'.

As the few fine threads holding the family together quickly deteriorate over the summer, Hooker is left mostly in the dark as to why this is happening to them. Left to mostly his own devices, he must come to his own terrifying conclusion as to what must be done about it.

Main characters
Hooker Winslow – Hooker, the novel's protagonist, is the youngest member of the Winslow family. Hooker has no friends and spends a lot of his time properly burying the mice, birds and other animals killed by his cats. The rest of it he spends either alone, or with his caretaker Iris. He is trying to hold his family together.

Gilbert Winslow – Gilbert, Hooker's older brother, is a 22-year-old prep school drop-out who lives in the family library, and spends most of his time drinking, smoking and talking even though no one listens to him.

Jessica Winslow – Hooker and Gilbert's mother, she is a volatile recluse who irrationally despises her children and motherhood after giving birth to a dead child.

Nicholas Winslow – Hooker and Gilbert's father, Nicholas (or 'Nick' as he is often called) is a Toronto businessman who has all but resigned to let everything in the Winslow household continue as is. He is a rather ineffectual man, who refuses to exercise his authority as a father and husband.

Rosetta Winslow – Nicholas' spinster sister, Rosetta dotes over her brother and is the de facto authority figure in the house. She spends most of her time in her office, surrounded by photos of dead relatives.

Iris Browne – The family servant, Iris is Hooker's caretaker and principal companion. Having been with the family for roughly thirty years, she was also Gilbert's caretaker when he was a child. She has a complex relationship with these two, while to the rest of the family it seems, she is only the help. This two-layer connection to the family allows her character to transcend the divide between the 'normal' outside world, and the 'crazy' world of the Winslow household.

Cinema
The novel was adapted to the cinema by Laurent Achard who was awarded the Best Director prize at the Locarno International Film Festival in 2006 for that film.

References

1967 Canadian novels
Novels by Timothy Findley
Novels set in Ontario
Canadian novels adapted into films
1967 debut novels


Roger Kluge (born 5 February 1986) is a German professional racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Continental team . Kluge left  at the end of the 2013 season, and joined  for the 2014 season. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, he won the silver medal in the men's points race.

Major results

Road

2007
 1st  Overall Brandenburg Rundfahrt
1st Stage 2
 2nd Berlin–Bad Freienwald–Berlin
 2nd Fyen Rundt
 2nd Prague–Karlovy Vary–Prague
 3rd Rund um den Schäferberg
2008
 1st Stage 1 Mainfranken-Tour
 4th Overall Course de Solidarność et des Champions Olympiques
 9th Overall Tour de Berlin
1st Stage 4
2009
 Course de Solidarność et des Champions Olympiques
1st Stages 2 & 4
 1st Stage 4 Tour de Serbie
 National Championships
3rd Road race
5th Time trial
 9th Overall Bałtyk–Karkonosze Tour
1st Stage 6
2010
 1st Neuseen Classics
 4th Overall Tour of Qatar
1st  Young rider classification
 5th Time trial, National Championships
 10th Nokere Koerse
2011
 4th Overall Delta Tour Zeeland
 5th Road race, National Championships
 5th Binche–Chimay–Binche
2012
 3rd Clásica de Almería
2013
 5th Velothon Berlin
 7th Rund um Köln
 10th Overall Driedaagse van West-Vlaanderen
 10th Grote Prijs Stad Zottegem
2015
 1st Prologue Ster ZLM Toer
 4th Overall Bay Classic Series
2016
 1st Stage 17 Giro d'Italia
 6th Overall Ster ZLM Toer
2017
 10th Arnhem–Veenendaal Classic
2019
 4th Down Under Classic
2020
 9th Race Torquay
2022
 9th Memorial Rik Van Steenbergen

Grand Tour general classification results timeline

Track

2003
 National Junior Championships
2nd Keirin
3rd Team sprint
2004
 2nd Madison, National Junior Championships
2005
 3rd Munich, UIV Cup
2006
 UIV Cup
1st Copenhagen
2nd Ghent
3rd Bremen
 2nd Points race, National Championships
 3rd  Madison, UEC European Under-23 Championships
2007
 National Championships
1st  Points
2nd Team pursuit
2nd Madison
 UCI World Cup Classics
1st Scratch, Sydney
2nd Scratch, Manchester
 2nd  Scratch, UEC European Under-23 Championships
 2nd Rotterdam, UIV Cup
2008
 2nd  Points race, Olympic Games
 2nd Six Days of Grenoble (with Olaf Pollack)
 3rd Madison, UCI World Cup Classics, Los Angeles (with Olaf Pollack)
 3rd Six Days of Munich (with Olaf Pollack)
2009
 1st  Madison, UEC European Championships
 National Championships
1st  Madison (with Olaf Pollack)
1st  Team pursuit
2nd Points race
 1st Six Days of Amsterdam (with Robert Bartko)
 2nd Six Days of Ghent (with Iljo Keisse)
 3rd Six Days of Berlin (with Kenny De Ketele)
2010
 1st  Omnium, UEC European Championships
 1st Six Days of Amsterdam (with Robert Bartko)
 2nd Six Days of Berlin (with Robert Bartko)
2011
 1st Six Days of Berlin (with Robert Bartko)
2012
 1st  Individual pursuit, National Championships
 2nd Six Days of Zürich (with Danilo Hondo)
2013
 1st  Team pursuit, National Championships
 1st Six Days of Berlin (with Peter Schep)
2015
 1st  Omnium, National Championships
2016
 2nd  Omnium, UCI World Championships
 2nd Six Days of Berlin (with Marcel Kalz)
2017
 1st Six Days of Rotterdam (with Christian Grasmann)
2018
 1st  Madison, UCI World Championships (with Theo Reinhardt)
 3rd Six Days of London (with Theo Reinhardt)
2019
 1st  Madison, UCI World Championships (with Theo Reinhardt)
 1st Six Days of Berlin (with Theo Reinhardt)
2021
 2nd Six Days of Ghent (with Jasper De Buyst)
2022
 1st Six Days of Berlin (with Theo Reinhardt)
 2nd  Points race, UCI World Championships

References

External links

 Roger Kluge on Mitchelton-Scott

1986 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Eisenhüttenstadt
People from Bezirk Frankfurt
German track cyclists
German male cyclists
Olympic cyclists for Germany
Cyclists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Germany
Olympic medalists in cycling
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
German Giro d'Italia stage winners
UCI Track Cycling World Champions (men)
Cyclists from Brandenburg
21st-century German people


Nalambalam is a set of four Hindu temples in Kerala. In Malayalam, Nalu means "four" and Ambalam means "temple". These are the temples for the Rama and his brothers of Ramayana. There are around five sets of Nalambalams in Kerala, the most famous among them being the four temples located in Thrissur and Ernakulam districts, namely Thriprayar Sree Rama Temple, Koodalmanikyam Bharatha Temple, Moozhikkulam Lakshmana Temple and Payyammal Shathrughna Temple.

Nalambalam Yatra
Nalambalam Yatra begins from the Rama temple in Triprayar and ends up at Shatrughna Temple in Payyammal. It is customary to visit the four temples in the order Rama, Bharata, Lakshmana and Shatrughna respectively. A pilgrimage to these temples on a single day during the holy month of Karkkidakam believed to shower blessings and ensure prosperity. Starting from Thriprayar reaching Payammel through Koodalmanikyam and Moozhikulam, ending back at Thriprayar is the custom of pilgrimage.

Thriprayar Sreerama Temple
Thriprayar Temple houses a 6 ft tall idol of the Lord, holding Shankha, Sudarsanachakra, Stick and Garland, in a very ferocious form facing east. He is seen in standing posture. Vedi Vazhipadu and Meenoottu are the main offerings. The temple is under the control of Cochin Devaswom Board, an autonomous body.

This temple observes Sethubandhanam 'in every year in "Thiruvonam" day of Malayalam month "Kanni". The only place in earth where Sethubandhanam occurs every year, in memory of those in Ramayana, is at Sree Raman Chira Chemmappilly. Chemmappilly is a nearby place to Thriprayar, two kilometres apart from the temple. Whole arrangements are done by Thriprayar Devaswam. The temple is closed early after performing "Deeparadhana" and "Athazhapooja" (Evening and night poojas). At a time the early closing of Sreeramaswamy Temple is done only in two occasions in a year. One is for "Sreeraman chirakettu" (i.e., .Sethubandhanam) and another is "Arattupuzha Devamela".

Thriprayar is in the middle of Guruvayoor – Kodungallore route . Those who want to come via Trichur should reach Cherpu and proceed west wards to reach the east nada of the temple . Here is the famous Rama temple. This is the first temple to visit as part of Nalambalam Pilgrimage. Darshan is possible from 04.00am – 12.00pm and 05.00pm to 08:00pm . Meenuttu and Vedi are important Vazipadu.

Koodalmanikyam Temple, Irinjalakuda
Koodalmanikyam Temple is one among the rare temples in India dedicated to the worship of Bharata, the second brother of Rama. Koodalmanikyam Temple houses another 6 ft tall idol of the Lord, seen in ferocious form, facing east, in standing posture holding the same things as seen at Triprayar. This is one of the rare temples where only one idol is there. The temple has a private devaswom.

This is a unique Vaishnava Temple and the second temple to visit. From Triprayar proceed in the Kodungallore route and divert from Edamuttam or Moonnupeedika.  Irinjalakuda is about 20 km away from Triprayar.  Darshan is possible from 3am – 12 noon, and 5pm to 8pm . Important Vazhipatus are Thamaramala, Brinjal Nivedyam, Vedi, Gheelamp, Meeunttu.

Moozhikkulam Sree Lakshmana Perumal Temple
Thirumoozhikkulam Lakshmana Perumal Temple is the only temple in Ernakulam District, and the only one among the four temples, which belong to the 108 Divya Desams, praised by Alvars. The temple houses another 6 ft tall idol, similar to the idol at Triprayar, holding Shankha, Sudarsana chakra, Mace and Lotus, in standing posture, facing east.

Moozhikkulam Temple is the third temple to visit and is dedicated to Lakshmana. This is in Ernakulam District near to famous Annamanada Mahadeva temple proceed alongs Vellankallore in Irinjalakuda route to Kodungallore and reach Mala, Annamanada and then Muzhikkulam . Darshan is possible from 4 to 11.00 and 5 to 8 .

Payammal Sree Shathruknha swaamee Temple
Payammal Sree Shathruknha swaamee Temple is the smallest temple, having the smallest idol, also similar to that at Triprayar. This is the last temple to visit.  Reach Vellangallore and proceed west wards 4 km to reach Aripalam. Take right turn and reach the temple. Important Vazhipadu is Sudarshanan dedication. Darshan time is 5:00 AM to 10:30 AM and 5:30 PM to 7:30 PM. During the month of Karkidakam alone the darshan timings are changed to 5:00 AM to 1:30 PM and 4:30 PM to 8:00 PM.

How to reach

Thriprayar

By Road: Triprayar is freely accessible by road from Thrissur(25 km) and Guruvayoor.(24)
By Rail: Thrissur.(25) Guruvayoor.(24)
ByAir: Kochi 60 km.

Irinjalakuda

By Road: Irinjalakuda is freely accessible by road from Thrissur(22 km)
By Rail:Irinjalakuda( 9 km)
By Air: Kochi 46 km

Moozhikulam

By Road:Near Angamaly in Ernakulam district. The temple is around 50 km south of Thrissur town.
By Rail: Angamali-8.7 km
By Air: Kochi15km

Payammel

By Road: 8 km away from Irinjalakuda, 4 km away from Mathilakm.
By Rail: Irinjalakuda 15 km
By Air: Kochi 45 km

Map Directions

Google Maps Direction: https://goo.gl/maps/hdbziqdVHA52

See also
Ramapuram in Kottayam district, Kerala is another place where temples of all four brothers are situated. The four temples of central Kerala, thronged by Hindu devotees during the holy month of Karkitakam are centred round Ramapuram, within a distance of three kilometres. They are Ramapuram Sree Ramaswamy Temple, Koodappulam Sree Lakshmanaswamy Temple, Amanakara Sree Bharathaswamy Temple and Methiri Sree Sathrughnaswamy Temple. These temples together are called the Nalambalam.

The deities here are the four sons of King Dasaratha of Ramayana. Lord Ram, the eldest of them is the seventh avatar (incarnation) of Lord Vishnu, who is the Supreme God of the Hindus. Bharata, second amongst them, is the avatar of the Panchajanya (Conch held by Vishnu) .Lakshmana is the avatar of the Adisesha, the serpent of infinite measures and on whom Lord Vishnu sleeps in the Ocean of Milk. Shatrughna (the One who is destroyer of enemies) is the twin brother to Lakshamana and the youngest .He is the avatar of the Sudarshana chakra held by Lord Vishnu.

Visiting nalambalam is considered to be a sacred event during the Malayalam month Karkidakam. Nalambalam consists of temples of brothers Sri Rama, Bharatha, Lakshmana & Sathrughnan.

Devotees can get down at main bus stop of Ramapuram and hire a taxi/ autorickshaw to visit all these age old temples. Karkkidaka is the prime month suitable for Nalambala darsanam. For more details please visit www.nalambalam.org

Devotees can book offerings from anywhere in the world to your favorite deity.

See also
 Temples of Kerala

4 Set of Nalambalams in Kerala http://www.vaikhari.org/nalambalams.html

http://www.nalambalam.org/index.html

References

Hindu temples in Thrissur district


The Oklahoma Indigent Defense System is the system in Oklahoma that provides trial, appellate, and post-conviction criminal defense services to persons judicially determined to be entitled to legal counsel at expense to the state. The Oklahoma Indigent Defense System was created by and is responsible for implementing the Oklahoma Indigent Defense Act.

Indigent Defense Act of Oklahoma http://www.ok.gov/OIDS/documents/Indigent%20Defense%20Act.pdf

Board of directors
The system is governed by the Oklahoma Indigent Defense System Board. The Board is composed of five members appointed by the Governor of Oklahoma for staggered five-year terms with the advice and consent of the Oklahoma Senate. At least three members of the Board be licensed attorneys with criminal defense experience. The Governor designates one member as the Chair of the Board. No congressional district or county may be represented by more than one member on the Board.

Current Board members
 Rod Wiemer - Chair
Term ending: July 1, 2013
Don G. Pope
term ending: July 1, 2012
Dennis N. Shook
Term ending:  July 1, 2011
Jake Jones, III - Vice Chair
Term ending: July 1, 2010
Randolph S. Meacham
Term ending: June 30, 2014

Organization
Board of Directors
Executive Director
General Operations Program
Executive Division
Trial Program
Non-Capital Trial Division
Capital Trial Division (Norman)
Capital Trial Division (Tulsa)
Appellate Program
General Appeals Division
Capital Direct Appeals Division
Capital Post-Conviction Division

External links
Oklahoma Indigent Defense System website

State law enforcement agencies of Oklahoma


Sky Trooper is a 1942 animated cartoon by Walt Disney Studios starring Donald Duck during the World War II years. It was directed by Jack King based on a script by Carl Barks.

Plot
Donald Duck is in trouble and is peeling potatoes. He wants desperately to fly, so he cuts a potato to look like an airplane. He throws it, and it catches Sergeant Black Pete's cap and brings it back to Donald, like a boomerang. Donald cuts it, thinking that it is a potato. When the sergeant comes in, he finds his cap cut in airplane shapes and finds out about Donald's ambition to fly. Donald is forced to peel tons more potatoes, but is promised the opportunity to fly after he cuts them all. After cutting all the potatoes, Donald reports to the Flight Sergeant's office and manages to fail all the equilibrium-finding exercises that the Sergeant comes up with, and when the Sergeant tells him to "pin the tail on that airplane", Donald obliges after walking on the outside ledge of the building (on the third floor), knocking over a huge vase. Donald makes his way back in, sticking the pin on the startled Sergeant, who falls all three stories.

The Sergeant gives Donald the chance to fly, albeit as a parachute troop. Donald, duped, goes along for the ride, and is surprised to find himself several thousand feet above the ground. Donald and the Sergeant fight, until both tumble out of the plane, but not before the Sergeant grabs a bomb to try to stay on, and it breaks away with them. On the way down, the two try to give the bomb to each other, until their fight is ended by their crashing into the General's Headquarters. The clip ends with the Sergeant and Donald, both with a cast on their leg and arm, respectively, and peeling potatoes. When Donald tells Pete "Boy, was that, sir, some surprise", Pete tells Donald "Ah, shut up!" and puts a potato on Donald's bill silencing Donald, much to Donald's chagrin as he mutters to himself as the cartoon closes.

Voice cast
 Donald Duck: Clarence Nash
 Pete: Billy Bletcher

Home media
The short was released on May 18, 2004, on Walt Disney Treasures: Walt Disney on the Front Lines and on December 6, 2005, on Walt Disney Treasures: The Chronological Donald, Volume Two: 1942-1946.

References

External links

1942 films
1942 animated films
1942 short films
1940s Disney animated short films
Donald Duck short films
World War II aviation films
Films directed by Jack King
Films produced by Walt Disney
World War II films made in wartime
Films scored by Frank Churchill
Films with screenplays by Carl Barks


Events in chess in 2004:

Deaths
April 30 – Kazimierz Plater (1915–2004), 89, Polish International Master and several time Polish champion.
August 3 – Bryon Nickoloff (1956–2004), 48, Canadian International Master.
August 22 – Konstantin Aseev (1960–2004), 43, Russian Grandmaster and trainer.
September 18 – Michael Valvo (1942–2004), 62, American International Master.
December 28 – Charles Bent (1919–2004), 85,  English endgame study composer.

21st century in chess
Chess by year


Becoming is a reality show produced by MTV. The concept of the show was to have a randomly picked fan of an artist reproduce a music video by the artist (based on submissions). It had a spinoff called Beecoming Presents: Wannabe hosted by Christina Milian with support from Brian McFayden and Hilarie Burton among others.

The show was also broadcast on Canadian TV station MuchMusic.

The show was parodied by Canadian punk-rock band Not by Choice in the video for "Now That You Are Leaving".

References

External links

MTV original programming
2000s American reality television series
English-language television shows


Qingyun Ma (; born 1965) is a Chinese architect.

Early life and education
Born in Xi'an, Shaanxi province, Ma received a bachelor's degree in Civil Engineering in Architecture from Tsinghua University in Beijing. Later on, he pursued architecture at the Graduate School of Fine Art at the University of Pennsylvania.

Career

Practise
In New York, he worked for several years at the firm Kohn Pedersen Fox. Also he became close to Rem Koolhaas on the first Harvard Project on the City, which he organized resulting in the book The Great Leap Forward.

In 1996, Ma founded MADA s.p.a.m. The architectural firm built over 1,204,000 square meters to date. In 2000, MADA s.p.a.m. formally established itself in Beijing, moving to Shanghai the following year. Included amongst MADA s.p.a.m's works are Qingpu Community Island in Shanghai, the Centennial TV and Radio Center in Xi'an, and Tianyi Square in Ningbo.

Teaching
Ma taught architecture in China at Shenzhen University, Tongji University, and Nanjing University; in Europe at the Berlage, the ETH, the Ecole Speciale d'Architecture in Paris and in Germany; and in the United States at Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, and Columbia University. Ma was the Dean of the University of Southern California School of Architecture from January 2007 through June 2017. In April 2020, Ma began serving as a member of the Board of Governors for the historic The School of Architecture founded by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1932.

See also
Ullens Center for Contemporary Art

References

External links

New Trends of Architecture in Europe and Asia-Pacific 2006-2007

1965 births
Harvard University faculty
Columbia University faculty
University of Southern California faculty
Chinese architects
Tsinghua University alumni
University of Pennsylvania School of Design alumni
Living people
Artists from Xi'an
Educators from Shaanxi


GEHS may refer to:
 Gardner Edgerton High School, Gardener, Kansas, United States
 Glenbard East High School, Lombard, Illinois, United States
 Greenbrier East High School, Fairlea, West Virginia, United States

See also
 GEH (disambiguation)


The NOFV-Oberliga Mitte was the third tier of the German football league system in the central states of former East Germany and West Berlin. The league existed from 1991 to 1994. It covered the German states of Berlin, Brandenburg and Saxony-Anhalt.

Overview
The NOFV-Oberliga Mitte was formed in 1991 when, along with the political reunion of Germany, the former East German football league system was integrated into the unified German system.

The abbreviation NOFV stands for Nordostdeutscher Fußballverband, meaning North East German Football Association.

Along with this league, two other NOFV-Oberligas were formed, the NOFV-Oberliga Nord and the NOFV-Oberliga Süd. Unlike the other two leagues who had 18 clubs, the Mitte-division started out with 20 clubs.

The league was formed from clubs from six different leagues: Two clubs from the Oberliga Nordost, the former DDR-Oberliga, six clubs from the NOFV-Liga A and B, the former East German second division, one club from the Bezirksliga East-Berlin, one of the regional leagues of the old East German third league level, one from the Verbandsliga Brandenburg, a new league, ten clubs from the Amateur-Oberliga Berlin, the West German third division for the city of Berlin, and two from the Landesliga Berlin, the old fourth division. The league accommodated therefore a wide mix of clubs from the east and west of Germany. It was also the first time since 1950 that clubs from East and West Berlin played in the same league.

The league became one of the then ten Oberligas in the united Germany, the third tier of league football. Its champion was however not directly promoted to the 2nd Bundesliga but had to take part in a promotion play-off. The 1. FC Union Berlin, the only team ever to win the league, failed in all three attempts to win promotion.

For the duration of the league the leagues below it were:

 Verbandsliga Berlin
 Verbandsliga Brandenburg
 Verbandsliga Sachsen-Anhalt

In the 1992–93 season, Hertha BSC II, playing in the NOFV-Oberliga Mitte, became the first third division club and the only Oberliga club so far to reach the DFB-Pokal final, losing to Bayer 04 Leverkusen 1–0.

In 1994, the German football league system saw some major changes. The four Regionalligas were introduced as an intermediate level between 2nd Bundesliga and Oberligas, relegating the Oberligas to fourth tier from now on. In the east of Germany, the Regionalliga Nordost was formed, a league covering the area of former East Germany and West-Berlin. Six clubs from the NOFV-Oberliga Mitte were admitted to the new league:

 1. FC Union Berlin
 FC Energie Cottbus
 Türkiyemspor Berlin
 Lok Altmark Stendal
 Hertha BSC II
 Hertha Zehlendorf

The NOFV-Oberliga Mitte however was disbanded and its clubs, apart from the ones that went to the Regionalliga, were spread between the two remaining Oberligas in the east. Five of its clubs went to the NOFV-Oberliga Nord, four to the Süd-division. The last placed team, Frohnauer SC, was relegated to the Verbandsliga Berlin.

League champions
The league champions:

Placings and all-time table of the league
The complete list of clubs in the league and their final placings:

 Two points for a win.

Key

Founding members of the league
The founding members of the league in 1991 were:

From the Oberliga Nordost:
 1. FC Magdeburg
 FC Energie Cottbus

From the NOFV-Liga Staffel A:
 1. FC Union Berlin
 1. FC Lok Stendal
 FSV Glückauf Brieske-Senftenberg
 Rotation Berlin, became BSV Spindlersfeld, joined BSC Marzahn in 1995

From the NOFV-Liga Staffel B:
 Stahl Thale, became SV Thale 04, then Stahl Thale again
 Anhalt Dessau, now Vorwärts Dessau again

From the Verbandsliga Brandenburg:
 FSV Velten, now defunct

From the Bezirksliga Berlin (East):
 EAB Lichtenberg 47, now SV Lichtenberg 47

From the Amateur-Oberliga Berlin:
 Hertha BSC II
 Türkiyemspor Berlin
 VfB Lichterfelde, became Lichterfelder FC, now defunct
 Hertha Zehlendorf
 Marathon 02 Berlin, now defunct
 SCC Berlin
 Blau-Weiß 90 Berlin II, now defunct
 SC Gatow
From the Landesliga Berlin:
 Türkspor Berlin
 FV Wannsee

References

Sources
 Deutschlands Fußball in Zahlen,  An annual publication with tables and results from the Bundesliga to Verbandsliga/Landesliga. DSFS.
 Kicker Almanach,  The yearbook on German football from Bundesliga to Oberliga, since 1937. Kicker Sports Magazine.
 Die Deutsche Liga-Chronik 1945-2005  History of German football from 1945 to 2005 in tables. DSFS. 2006.

External links
 Das deutsche Fussball Archiv  Historic German league tables
 Nordostdeutscher Fußballverband (NOFV)

Mitte
Defunct Oberligas (football)
Football competitions in Berlin
Football competitions in Brandenburg
Football competitions in Saxony-Anhalt
1991 establishments in Germany
1994 disestablishments in Germany
Sports leagues established in 1991
Ger


The Diocese of Dunkeld () is a diocese of the Latin Church of the Catholic Church in southern Scotland. On 28 December 2022, the Diocese became sede vacante following the resignation of Bishop Stephen Robson due to ill health.

History
It is thought that the diocese was constituted as far back as the middle of the ninth century. The first occupant was styled Bishop of Fortriu, the name by which the kingdom of the northern Picts was then known. This bishop was also styled Abbot of Dunkeld, perhaps holding jurisdiction, formerly enjoyed by Iona, over the other Columban monasteries in Scotland.

In 1127 King Alexander, who had already founded the Diocese of Moray farther north, erected Dunkeld into a cathedral church and replaced the Columban monks by a chapter of secular canons. The new bishopric appears to have included a great part of what afterwards became the Diocese of Argyll, and retained its jurisdiction over various churches representing old Columban foundations. There were thirty-five bishops of Dunkeld from its foundation until the suppression of the Catholic hierarchy during the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century.

The Catholic Church restored the diocese on 4 March 1878, by decree of Pope Leo XIII.  The cathedral chapter, erected in 1895, consisted of a provost and eight canons.

Present day
Dunkeld is a suffragan see of the Archdioceese of St Andrews and Edinburgh, and includes the counties of Perth, Angus, Clackmannan, Kinross, and the northern part of Fife. In 2020 the diocese comprised 45 parishes of 43,000 Catholics from a total population of 400,000 (10.8%) served by 35 priests and 4 deacons. In area the diocese is . The diocesan cathedral is dedicated to Saint Andrew and is located in Dundee rather than Dunkeld, Dundee being the residence of the majority of the Catholics of the diocese and the largest centre of population.

Parishes
City of Dundee

 St Andrew's Cathedral, Nethergate, Dundee
 St Clements, Charleston
 St Columba's, Kirkton,
 Immaculate Conception, Lochee
 St Joseph's, Wilkie's Lane, Dundee
 Ss Leonard & Fergus, Ardler
 Our Lady of Victories, Hilltown,  Forebank
 Our Lady of Good Counsel, Broughty Ferry
 Our Lady of Sorrows, Fintry
 St Ninian's, Menziehill
 St Patrick's, Stobswell, Dundee
 Ss Peter & Paul's, Coldside, Dundee
 St Piux X, Douglas, Dundee

Angus

 St Thomas of Canterbury, Arbroath
 St Ninian's, Brechin
 St Anne's, Carnoustie
 St Fergus’, Forfar
 St Anthony's, Kirriemuir
 St Bride's, Monifieth
 St Margaret's, Montrose

Clackmannanshire
 St Mungo's, Alloa
 St John Vianney's, Alva
 St Bernadette's, Tullibody

Fife
 St Thomas's, Auchtermuchty
 St Columba's, Cupar
 St Serf's, High Valleyfield
 St Fillan's, Newport-on-Tay
 Our Lady Star of the Sea, Tayport

Kinross-shire

St James’, Kinross

Perthshire and Stirlingshire

 Our Lady of Mercy, Aberfeldy
 St Luan's, Alyth
 Our Lady of Perpertual Succour, Auchterarder
 St Stephen's, Blairgowrie
 St Joseph the Worker, Callander
 St Margaret's, Comrie
 St Fillan's, Crieff
 St Mary's, Coupar Angus
 Ss Fillan's & Alphonsus, Doune, Stirling.
 The Holy Family, Dunblane, Stirling.
 St Columba's, Birnam
 Our Lady of Lourdes’, City of Perth
 St John the Baptist's, City of Perth
 St Mary's Monastery, Kinnoull
 St Mary Magdalene's, City of Perth
 St Bride's, Pitlochry

Education
Due to the number of immigrants from Ireland during the 19th century, the see city of Dundee has always had a higher percentage of Catholics (between 18%-20%) than other cities and towns on the East Coast. As a result, since that time, there have been a good number of primary and secondary schools in the diocese. As of 2010, the Diocese website listed 21 primary schools and 4 secondary schools: two in Dundee (St. John's and St. Paul's), St John's Academy in Perth and Kilgraston School (an independent school) in Bridge of Earn some few miles south-east of Perth.

Religious communities
There are 5 institutes of religious life for men: the Redemptorists who run a retreat centre at Kinnoull in Perth; the Pallotines at St. Joseph's, who serve the Polish community in Dundee; the CST Fathers (Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux) (an Oriental rite foundation from India) in the parish of St. Clement of Rome; the SMA Fathers (Society of African Missions) in Dunblane and the Marist Brothers who teach. Within the diocese there are 7 institutes of religious life for women: the Columban Sisters, the Little Sisters of the Poor (left 2015), the Religious Sisters of Charity, the Servite Sisters, the Sisters of Mercy, the Society of the Sacred Heart and the Ursulines. These women are involved in a variety of ministries: teaching, administration, parish work and running a home for the elderly.

The Diocese also operates its own facility for elderly people: St. Mary's Home in Monifieth as well as a day care centre attached to the home.

In August 2015 the Little Sisters of the Poor, who had been resident at St. Joseph's, Wellburn for more than 150 years, announced that they could no longer continue to run their care home due to diminishing numbers of Sisters. The Diocese purchased the care home from the Sisters so that the care of the elderly mission at the home may continue. In 2015 a Care Home Manager was appointed to operate the facility on behalf of the Diocese, but given the age and condition of the premises, the home was closed in 2017.

Bishops

Past and present ordinaries

(Modern Bishops are included in the above-mentioned main article, but are not the only part of post-Reformation bishops.)
The following is a list of the modern Bishops of Dunkeld:

 George Rigg (appointed 22 March 1878 – died 18 January 1887)
 James August Smith (appointed 14 August 1890 – translated to the Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh on 30 August 1900)
 Angus MacFarlane (appointed 21 February 1901 – died 24 September 1912)
 Robert Fraser (appointed 14 May 1913 – died 28 March 1914)
 John Toner (appointed 8 September 1914 – died 31 May 1949)
 James Donald Scanlan (succeeded 31 May 1949 – translated to the Diocese of Motherwell on 23 May 1955)
 William Andrew Hart (appointed 27 May 1955 – retired 26 January 1981)
 Vincent Paul Logan (appointed 26 January 1981 – resigned 30 June 2012)
 (Basil O'Sullivan apostolic administrator (appointed 6 July 2012 – resigned 11 December 2013))
 Stephen Robson (appointed 11 December 2013 - resigned 28 December 2022)

Coadjutor Bishops
James Maguire (1939-1944)
James Donald Scanlan (1946-1949)

Other priests of this diocese who became bishops
Michael Foylan, appointed Bishop of Aberdeen in 1964
Joseph Michael McGee, appointed Bishop of Galloway in  1952

See also
 Catholic Church in Scotland
 St Mary, Our Lady of Victories Church, Dundee

References

External links

Diocese of Dunkeld
Scottish Conference of Catholic Bishops
St. John's High School
Kilgraston School for Girls

Christianity in Dundee
Christianity in Perth and Kinross
Dunkeld
Dunkeld
Dunkeld
Christianity in Angus, Scotland
Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of St Andrews and Edinburgh


The Diocese of Aberdeen () is a diocese of the Latin Church of the Catholic Church in Scotland.

Foundation

The see is the successor of that founded in 1012 at Mortlach by Beyn, which was moved to Aberdeen, by Bishop Nechtan of Aberdeen in April 1132, during the reign of King David I of Scotland. The earliest mention of the see as that of Aberdeen is in the charter of the foundation, by the Earl of Buchan, of the Church of Deer (c. 1152), which is witnessed by Nectan, Bishop of Aberdeen. The first ecclesiastical record of the see is in a papal bull of Pope Adrian IV (1157), confirming to Bishop Edward the churches of Aberdeen and Saint Machar, with the town of Old Aberdeen and other lands.

The granite cathedral was built between 1272 and 1277. Bishop Thomas Spence founded a Franciscan house in 1480, and King's College was founded at Old Aberdeen by Bishop Elphinstone, for eight prebendaries, chapter, sacristan, organist, and six choristers, in 1505. The see was transferred to Old Aberdeen about 1125, and continued there until 1577, having had in that time a list of twenty-nine bishops.

Restoration of the Diocese
The Scottish Church officially broke allegiance with the Roman church in 1560, but continued intermittently having bishops until 1689. On 4 March 1878, Pope Leo XIII restored the hierarchy of Scotland by the Bull Ex supremo Apostolatus apice and Vicar-Apostolic John MacDonald was translated to the restored See of Aberdeen as its first bishop.

The Bull made Aberdeen one of the four suffragan sees of the Archdiocese of St. Andrews and Edinburgh, and defined as its territory "the counties of Aberdeen, Kincardine, Banff, Elgin or Moray, Nairn, Ross (except Lewis in the Hebrides), Cromarty, Sutherland, Caithness, the Orkney and Shetland Islands, and that portion of Inverness which lies to the north of a straight line drawn from the most northerly point of Loch Luing to the eastern boundary of the said county of Inverness, where the counties of Aberdeen and Banff join."

Early Twentieth Century
In 1906 there were nearly 4,000 Catholics out of a population of 800,000. The clergy consisted of 48 secular priests, 24 regular priests, 57 churches, chapels, and stations; and various schools. There was a Benedictine Abbey at Fort Augustus which had been raised to the rank of an abbey, immediately subject to the Holy See, by a brief of Leo XIII on 12 December 1882. Its building was made possible by the financial backing of Lord Lovat.

Twenty First Century
The current bishop of the diocese is the Right Reverend Hugh Gilbert OSB. In area the diocese is  approximately one fifth of the land mass of Scotland. Proportionately it has the smallest Catholic population of any diocese in the United Kingdom. In 2006 the Catholic population of 20,000 out of a total population of 700,000 (2.9%) was served by 44 priests and 12 deacons in 41 parishes.

Bishops

Past and present ordinaries

The following is a list of the modern Bishops of Aberdeen and its precursor offices:

Vicars Apostolic of the Highland District
 Alexander John Grant (appointed 16 September 1727 – died 19 September 1727)
 Hugh MacDonald (appointed 12 February 1731 – died 12 March 1773)
 John MacDonald (succeeded 12 March 1773 – died 9 May 1779)
 Alexander MacDonald (appointed 30 September 1779 – died 9 September 1791)
 John Chisholm (appointed 8 November 1791 – died 8 July 1814)
 Aeneas Chisholm (succeeded 8 July 1814 – died 31 July 1818)
 Ranald MacDonald (appointed 27 August 1819 – translated to the Western District 13 February 1827)

Vicars Apostolic of the Northern District
 James Kyle (appointed 13 February 1827 – died 23 February 1869)
 John MacDonald (succeeded 23 February 1869 – became Bishop of Aberdeen 15 March 1878)

Bishops of Aberdeen
 John MacDonald (appointed 15 March 1878 – died 4 February 1889)
 Colin Grant (appointed 16 July 1889 – died 26 September 1889)
 Hugh MacDonald, C.SS.R. (appointed 14 August 1890 – died 29 May 1898)
 Aeneas Chisholm (appointed 7 January 1899 – died 13 January 1918)
 George Henry Bennett (appointed 18 June 1918 – died 25 December 1946)
 John Alexander Matheson (appointed 2 August 1947 – died 5 July 1950)
 Francis Raymond Walsh, M. Afr. (appointed 20 June 1951 – resigned 22 July 1963)
 Michael Foylan (appointed 8 December 1964 – died 28 May 1976)
 Mario Joseph Conti (appointed 28 February 1977 – translated to the Archdiocese of Glasgow 15 January 2002)
 Peter Antony Moran (appointed 13 October 2003 – resigned 4 June 2011)
 Hugh Gilbert OSB (incumbent, appointed 4 June 2011)

Coadjutor Vicars Apostolic
 Aeneas Chisholm (1804 – 1814)
 John MacDonald (1761 – 1773)
 John MacDonald (1868 – 1869)

Other priest of this diocese who became bishop
Robert Fraser, appointed Bishop of Dunkeld in 1913

See also
 Catholic Church in Scotland
 Diocese of Aberdeen
 Bishop of Aberdeen
 Ogilvie Institute

References

External links

Diocese of Aberdeen
GCatholic.org

Aberdeen
Christianity in Aberdeen
Aberdeen
Religious organisations based in Scotland
Aberdeen
Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of St Andrews and Edinburgh


Adrian Toma Oprea (born 5 January 1976 in Focşani, Vrancea, Romania) is a former Romanian football player. He is currently the manager of CSM Focșani and also the manager of Galactic Focșani, a youth football academy.

References

External links

1976 births
Romanian men's footballers
ASC Oțelul Galați players
FC Politehnica Iași (1945) players
Living people
Liga I players
Liga II players
Men's association football defenders
Sportspeople from Focșani


Christopher Wrench (born 14 October 1958 in Brisbane, Australia) is an organist and lecturer.

Education
Wrench attended Brisbane Grammar School, the Queensland Conservatorium of Music (with Nancy Weir) and undertook postgraduate studies in Vienna at the Vienna Conservatorium and then at the Hochschule für Musik (with Michael Radulescu).

Awards
Wrench won 1st Prize at the Melbourne International Festival of Organ and Harpsichord Bach Competition in 1985, the Audience Prize at the 1989 St Albans International Organ Festival, 2nd Prize at the Dublin International Organ Competition in 1989 and 1990, and First Prize at the 1992 Carl Nielsen International Music Competition.

Career
Wrench returned to Australia in 1991 where he became lecturer in organ at the Queensland Conservatorium. He appears regularly as a recitalist throughout Australia and Europe and has performed as soloist with the Adelaide Chamber Orchestra, the Australian Chamber Orchestra, the Queensland Philharmonic Orchestra, Queensland Symphony Orchestra, the Queensland Youth Symphony Orchestra, and the Canberra Symphony Orchestra.

Wrench was Director of Music at Christ Church, Vienna (1986–89) and at St. Mary's Anglican Church, Kangaroo Point in Brisbane from 1994 until 2012. In 2013 he was appointed Director of Music at Christ Church, St Lucia in Brisbane. He is married to choral conductor Emily Cox.

Discography
2012: Joy to the World (Christmas at the Sydney Town Hall); Move Records
2009: J.S. Bach Organ Sonatas, BWV 525–530, Garrison Church, Copenhagen; Melba Recordings
2000: One Two One (20th Century Music for Trumpet & Organ); Move Records

References

External links
Portrait at Melba Recordings

1958 births
Living people
Australian musicians
Australian classical organists
Male classical organists
People from Brisbane
Queensland Conservatorium Griffith University alumni
Academic staff of Queensland Conservatorium Griffith University
21st-century organists
21st-century Australian male musicians
21st-century Australian musicians


The Diocese of Galloway () is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in Scotland. The pre-Reformation Diocese of Galloway,  founded by St Ninian in the fifth century, had broken allegiance with Rome in 1560, and disappeared in 1689 in the (official) Church of Scotland but continued in the Episcopal Church of Scotland.
The modern Roman Catholic diocese incorporates the local authority areas of Dumfries and Galloway, South Ayrshire, East Ayrshire and parts of North Ayrshire, (Cumbrae). The bishop's cathedra is at St Margaret's Cathedral, Ayr.

The diocese was re-established by the Catholic Church on 4 March 1878, with its cathedral in Dumfries and its territory covering the sparse and rural counties of Dumfriesshire, Kirkcudbrightshire, Wigtownshire and parts of Ayrshire.  Following the reorganisation of the Archdiocese of Glasgow in 1947, parishes to the north of Galloway were transferred to it from Glasgow, creating a significant population centre for the first time around the town of Ayr. In response to this development Bishop McGee moved his residence from Dumfries to Ayr, and following a catastrophic fire at St Andrew's Cathedral in May 1962, it was decided that the Good Shepherd Church, Ayr should also become the diocesan cathedral. The third and present cathedral, following the closure of Good Shepherd Cathedral in May 2007, is St Margaret's Cathedral in Ayr.

The eighth and most recent bishop of the diocese was the Right Reverend William Nolan, since 2022 the Archbishop of Glasgow.

Bishops

Past and present ordinaries

(The following list is included in, but is not the only part of, post-Reformation bishops in the above-mentioned main article.)
The following is a list of the modern Bishops of Galloway:

 John McLachlan (appointed 22 March 1878 – died 16 January 1893)
 William Turner (appointed 16 June 1893 – died 19 January 1914)
 James William McCarthy (appointed 25 May 1914 – died 24 December 1943)
 William Henry Mellon (succeeded 24 December 1943 – died 2 February 1952)
 Joseph Michael McGee (appointed 19 July 1952 – retired 4 April 1981)
 Maurice Taylor (appointed 4 April 1981 – retired 7 April 2004)
 John Cunningham (appointed 7 April 2004 – retired 22 November 2014)
 William Nolan  (appointed 22 November 2014 – installed as Archbishop of Glasgow 26 February 2022)

The diocese is presently sede vacante.

Coadjutor Bishop
William Henry Mellon (1935-1943)

Parishes

The following is a list of current and former churches within the Diocese of Galloway:

 Ayr, St Margaret's Cathedral
 Ayr, St Paul's, Belmont
 Ayr, Good Shepherd Cathedral, Whitletts (church closed)
 Annan, Saint Columba
 Ardrossan, Saint Peter-in-Chains
 Auchinleck, Our Lady & St Patrick
Beith, Our Lady of Perpetual Succour
 Castle Douglas, Saint John the Evangelist (church closed)
 Catrine, Saint Joseph (church closed)
 Cumnock, Saint John the Evangelist
 Dalbeattie, Saint Peter
 Dalry, Saint Palladius
 Darvel, Our Lady of the Valley (church closed)
 Drongan, Saint Clare (church closed)
 Dumfries, Saint Andrew
 Dumfries, Saint Teresa
 Galston, Saint Sophia
 Gatehouse of Fleet, Church of the Resurrection (closed February 2020)
 Girvan, The Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary
 Hurlford, Saint Paul
 Irvine, Saint John Ogilvie
 Irvine, Saint Margaret of Scotland (Closed)
 Irvine, Saint Mary
 Kilbirnie, Saint Brigid
 Kilmarnock, Saint Joseph
 Kilmarnock, Saint Matthew
 Kilmarnock, Saint Michael (church closed 2017 and demolished )
 Kilmarnock, Our Lady of Mount Carmel
 Kilwinning, Saint Winin
 Kirkconnel, Saint Conal (church closed)
 Kirkcudbright, Saint Andrew and Saint Cuthbert
 Langholm, Saint Francis of Assisi (church closed)
 Largs, Saint Mary, Star of the Sea
 Lockerbie, Holy Trinity
 Maybole, Our Lady and St Cuthbert
 Millport,  Isle of Cumbrae, Our Lady of Perpetual Succour
 Moffat, Saint Luke
 Mossblown, Saint Ann
 Muirkirk, Saint Thomas, Apostle
 New Abbey, Saint Mary
 Newton Stewart, Our Lady and Saint Ninian
 Prestwick, Saint Quivox
 Saltcoats, Saint Brendan (closed)
 Saltcoats, Our Lady, Star of the Sea
 Stevenston, Saint John
 Stewarton, Our Lady and Saint John (closed 2019)
 Stranraer, Saint Joseph
 Troon, Our Lady of the Assumption and Saint Meddan
 Waterside, Saint Francis Xavier
 West Kilbride, Saint Bride
 Whithorn, Saint Martin and Saint Ninian
 Wigtown, The Sacred Heart (no Sunday Mass)

See also
 Catholic Church in Scotland

References

External links
Diocese of Galloway
GCatholic.org
Catholic Hierarchy

http://www.gallowaydiocese.org.uk/parishes/4590439073
https://scotlandschurchestrust.org.uk/church/st-peter-in-chains-ardrossan/
https://canmore.org.uk/site/156743/troon-st-meddans-street-church-of-our-lady-of-the-assumption-and-st-meddan
https://canmore.org.uk/site/256587/new-abbey-st-marys-roman-catholic-church-presbytery
http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building_full.php?id=406695
https://canmore.org.uk/site/159934/dumfries-shakespeare-street-st-andrews-rc-pro-cathedral
https://canmore.org.uk/site/120851/dalbeattie-craignair-street-saint-peters-roman-catholic-church
https://canmore.org.uk/site/181213/galston-bentinck-street-st-sophias-roman-catholic-church
http://www.sconews.co.uk/news/57622/very-sad-day-as-stewarton-church-closes-after-45-years/

Religion in Ayr
Roman Catholic dioceses in Scotland
Religious organizations established in 1878
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 19th century
1878 establishments in Scotland
Galloway
Organisations based in South Ayrshire
Christianity in Dumfries and Galloway
South Ayrshire
East Ayrshire
Religion in North Ayrshire
Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of St Andrews and Edinburgh


Vajiralongkorn Dam (; ), also called the Khao Laem Dam (), is a concrete-faced rock-fill dam (CFRD) in Thong Pha Phum District in Kanchanaburi, Thailand. The dam lies across the Khwae Noi River (River Kwai) and was renamed Vajiralongkorn Dam after King Vajiralongkorn on 13 July 2001 when he was crown prince. Vajiralongkorn Dam is Thailand's first CFRD and supplies a 300 MW hydroelectric power station with water. The dam was built and is managed by the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT).

Construction
Dam construction began in 1979 and took five years to complete. Its reservoir started filling with water in June, 1984. Three 100MW hydropower generators came on line in October and December 1984 and February 1985 respectively. The reservoir created by the dam has a maximum storage capacity of 8,860 million m3 inundating 388 square km2. Average runoff into the reservoir is approximately 5,500 million m3 per year.

See also

List of power stations in Thailand
Srinagarind Dam – downstream

References

External links

Dams in Thailand
Hydroelectric power stations in Thailand
Concrete-face rock-fill dams
Buildings and structures in Kanchanaburi province
Dams completed in 1984
Energy infrastructure completed in 1984
1984 establishments in Thailand