Charles John Chenery (1 January 1850 – 17 April 1928) was a footballer who played for England in the first international match against Scotland. He also played cricket for Surrey and Northants.

Football career
Chenery was born in Lambourn, Berkshire, the son of George Chenery and Sophia Atkins. He was educated at the Marlborough Royal Free Grammar School, although the family also spent three or four years in Australia in the early 1860s. After leaving school he joined the original Crystal Palace club and was selected for the "England" side that played an unofficial international match against a Scottish side in February 1872. He was retained for the first official international match which took place on 30 November 1872 at West of Scotland Cricket Club's ground at Hamilton Crescent in Partick, Scotland. The match finished in a 0–0 draw, with Chenery playing as one of seven or eight forwards.

He and Harwood Greenhalgh were the only two players who were recalled for the return match at the Kennington Oval, London on 8 March 1873, which resulted in a 4–2 victory for England, with Chenery, playing at inside right, scoring the fourth goal. Chenery's Crystal Palace teammate Alexander Morten played in goal for England.

He made his third and final England appearance (again against Scotland) in a 2–1 defeat on 7 March 1874 and was the only player to appear in each of England's first three internationals. He also played occasionally for the Wanderers and, although not appearing in any of their five FA Cup Final teams in the 1870s, he did serve as their secretary in 1871.

At some time he appeared for the Barnes Club as well as representing Surrey and London.

Cricket career
He played cricket for Surrey in 1872 and 1873 as a right-hand batsman and right-arm fast bowler. His top score was 40 n.o. at the Oval against Kent in August 1872.

He also played for Northants before that county was elevated to first-class status.

Later life
Chenery emigrated to Australia in 1878, settling in Mansfield, Victoria, where he had relatives. He married Priscilla Swan in 1890, and they had three sons. He died at Mansfield on 17 April 1928.

References

External links

England profile
Profile at cricketarchive.com
cricinfo profile

1850 births
1928 deaths
People from Lambourn
English men's footballers
England men's international footballers
Wanderers F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. (1861) players
Barnes Football Club players
English cricketers
Surrey cricketers
Northamptonshire cricketers
England men's representative footballers (1870–1872)
Surrey Club cricketers
Men's association football inside forwards


André Luis Correia Diogo Nunes (born April 14, 1984) is a Brazilian former football player.

André Nunes previously played for Zagłębie Lubin in the Polish Ekstraklasa from where he was transferred in February 2008 at former 2007–08 UEFA Champions League opponent, Steaua București for 100.000€, however he did not play for a single game for The Military Men being immediately loaned at fellow Liga I team, Gloria Buzău.

Honours
Coritiba
Campeonato Paranaense: 2003, 2004
Zagłębie Lubin
Polish SuperCup: 2007

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Sportspeople from Limeira
Coritiba Foot Ball Club players
J. Malucelli Futebol players
Zagłębie Lubin players
FC Steaua București players
FC Gloria Buzău players
Cerro Largo F.C. players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Ekstraklasa players
Liga I players
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
Expatriate men's footballers in Poland
Expatriate men's footballers in Uruguay
Expatriate men's footballers in Venezuela
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Romania
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Uruguay
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Venezuela
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from São Paulo (state)


Wei Sili (韋嗣立; 654–719), courtesy name Yan'gou (延構), formally Duke Xiao of Xiaoyao (逍遙孝公), was an official of the Chinese Tang dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou dynasty, serving as a chancellor during the reigns of Wu Zetian, her sons Emperor Zhongzong and Emperor Ruizong, and her grandson Emperor Shang.

Background
Wei Sili was born in 654, during the reign of Emperor Gaozong. His father Wei Siqian was a mid-level official at the time (and would eventually serve as chancellor from 685 to 687, during the first reign of Emperor Gaozong's son Emperor Ruizong), and he was born of Wei Siqian's then-wife Lady Wang. He had at least one older half-brother, Wei Chengqing, born of a previous wife of Wei Siqian. It was said that Lady Wang was very strict in her discipline of Wei Chengqing because he was not born of her, and whenever she punished Wei Chengqing, Wei Sili would ask to be punished in Wei Chengqing's stead—and when she refused, he would have the household servants punish him in the same manner Lady Wang was punishing Wei Chengqing. Lady Wang saw this and realized that she needed to give Wei Chengqing better treatment. When others heard of this, they compared the Wei brothers to the Jin dynasty (266–420) officials Wang Xiang and Wang Lan (王覽)—half-brothers in a situation similar to the Wei brothers.

Wei Sili passed the imperial examinations in his youth, and initially served as the magistrate of Shuangliu County (雙流, in modern Chengdu, Sichuan), and was said to have governed the county so well that his performance evaluations topped those of other counties in the region.

During Wu Zetian's reign
Sometime prior to 699, during the reign of Emperor Gaozong's wife Wu Zetian (who had displaced her own son Emperor Ruizong in 690 and taken the throne as "emperor" of a new Zhou dynasty, interrupting Tang), Wei Sili was serving as the magistrate of Laiwu County (萊蕪, in modern Laiwu, Shandong), when Wei Chengqing, then serving as Fengge Sheren (鳳閣舍人), a mid-level official at the legislative bureau of government (鳳閣, Fengge), was removed on account of illness. Wu Zetian recalled Wei Sili and told him, "Your father had once told me, 'I have two sons who are faithful and filially pious, who are capable of serving Your Imperial Majesty.' I have seen that both your brother and you are capable, just as your father said. Now I am going to make you Fengge Sheren, and let you brothers succeed each other." She then issued the commission, making him Fengge Sheren. At that time, imperial education, which had been emphasized by early Tang emperors, had largely been halted, and Wei Sili, finding the situation a bad one, as well as the penal punishments at the time to be too harsh, submitted a lengthy petition to Wu Zetian, advocating reemphasis on education and leniency for accused criminals. Historical records did not indicate what Wu Zetian's response was to him.

At some point thereafter, he was made the deputy minister of justice (秋官侍郎, Qiuguan Shilang), and as of 704, he was the deputy minister of civil service affairs (天官侍郎, Tianguan Shilang), when he was made Fengge Shilang (鳳閣侍郎), the deputy head of the legislative bureau. He was also given the designation Tong Fengge Luantai Pingzhangshi (同鳳閣鸞臺平章事), making him a chancellor de facto. Soon thereafter, in response to the problem that imperial officials were not willing to be local officials, the chancellors Tang Xiujing and Li Jiao suggested that the officials at the central government be assigned to the prefectures and counties to serve as officials, offering to go first themselves. Wu Zetian had 20 officials randomly drawn, and Wei was one of the ones drawn. He was thus, in addition to his central government responsibilities, given additional responsibility of serving as prefect of Bian Prefecture (汴州, roughly modern Kaifeng, Henan). In winter 704, he became prefect of Wei Prefecture (魏州, in modern Handan, Hebei), but continued to serve in his central government posts as well, and around that time, when Wu Zetian asked for the chancellors to recommend people who could be capable to serve as low level officials in various ministries, Wei was set to recommend Cen Xi, a county magistrate, but then made the comment, "Alas, his uncle was Cen Changqian, and he suffers from the taint." (Cen Changqian served as chancellor late in Emperor Ruizong's reign and early in Wu Zetian's reign, but was executed in 691 on accusation of treason.) Wu Zetian responded, "As long as he is capable, what taint can there be?" She then made Cen Xi an official based on Wei's recommendation. Soon thereafter, Wei Chengqing became a chancellor as well, and as Wu Zetian did not like having multiple members of a clan serving as chancellors simultaneously, Wei Sili was removed from his chancellor post and made the principle of the university for nobles (成均祭酒, Chengjun JIjiu) and also continued to act as the prefect of Wei Prefecture, although he was soon moved to Ming Prefecture (洺州, also in modern Handan).

During Emperor Zhongzong's second reign
In 705, Wu Zetian was overthrown in a coup, and her son Li Xian the Crown Prince, a former emperor, was restored to the throne (as Emperor Zhongzong). Wei Sili's brother Wen Chengqing was accused of having flattered her lover Zhang Changzong in his editing of the imperial history. Wei Chengqing was reduced to commoner rank and exiled, while Wei Sili was demoted to be the prefect of Rao Prefecture (roughly modern Shangrao, Jiangxi). In 706, Wei Sili was recalled to be the deputy minister of husbandry (太僕少卿, Taipu Shaoqing) and also participate in selecting officials for civil service, but soon he was made the prefect of Xiang Prefecture (相州, in modern Handan as well). When Wei Chengqing died, after having been made Huangmen Shilang (黃門侍郎), the deputy head of the examination bureau (門下省, Menxia Sheng) but not taken office, Emperor Zhongzong much mourned Wei Chengqing and recalled Wei Sili to attend Wei Chengqing's funeral. He then made Wei Sili Huangmen Shilang. Later, Wei Sili was made the minister of reserves (太府卿, Taifu Qing) and an imperial scholar at Xiuwen Pavilion (脩文館).

In 709, Wei Sili was made the minister of defense (兵部尚書, Bingbu Shangshu) and made chancellor again with the designation Tong Zhongshu Menxia Sanpin (同中書門下三品). At that time, Emperor Zhongzong had been expending much revenue in building many temples and had also giving many individuals fiefs in rich prefectures, thus depriving the imperial treasury of a major part of its revenue and creating disturbance for the people in that these fief-holders often sent their servants to forcibly collect revenue from their fiefs. Wei Sili, concerned about the drain on the imperial treasury, submitted a petition that suggested that the temple constructions be halted and that the collection of tributes to the fief-holders be streamlined—that the fiefs be reduced in size, that the households in the fiefs be simply required to submit a tax, and that the fief-holders then be paid out of the imperial treasury. Emperor Zhongzong did not accept his proposal.

Wei Sili was a distant relative of Emperor Zhongzong's powerful wife Empress Wei—her father Wei Xuanzhen (韋玄貞) shared a 12th generation ancestor with Wei Sili, the Cao Wei official Wei Mu (韋穆)—and Emperor Zhongzong ordered that the Wei Sili's line be merged into Empress Wei's clan. Thereafter Emperor Zhongzong began to give Wei Sili progressively more awards. When Wei Sili built a summer mansion at Mount Li (驪山), near Chang'an, Emperor Zhongzong personally visited it in 709 and wrote poetry praising the mansion. He gave Wei Sili an award of silk and, as a distant cousin of Wei Sili's clan, Wei Xiong (韋敻), had been given the title of Duke of Xiaoyao (meaning, "duke of carefreeness") during Northern Zhou, Emperor Zhongzong created Wei Sili the Duke of Xiaoyao.

During Emperor Shang's reign and Emperor Ruizong's second reign
In 710, Emperor Zhongzong died suddenly—a death that traditional historians believed to be a poisoning carried out by Empress Wei and their daughter Li Guo'er the Princess Anle, so Empress Wei could become emperor like Wu Zetian and Li Guo'er could become crown princess. In the meantime, however, Emperor Zhongzong's son by a concubine, Li Chongmao the Prince of Wen was made emperor (as Emperor Shang), with Empress Wei serving as empress dowager and regent. Under a will that Emperor Zhongzong's sister Princess Taiping and concubine Consort Shangguan Wan'er initially drafted, apparently as a compromise, Emperor Zhongzong's brother Li Dan the Prince of Xiang (the former Emperor Ruizong) would have been made coregent, but the plan was opposed by Empress Dowager Wei's cousin Wei Wen and another chancellor, Zong Chuke, and Li Dan was not made coregent.

Less than a month, Princess Taiping and Li Dan's son Li Longji the Prince of Linzi led a coup and killed Empress Wei and Li Guo'er. During the subsequent confusion when the coup army was slaughtering Empress Wei's clan, Wei Sili was nearly killed, but Li Dan's oldest son Li Chengqi the Prince of Song, whose aunt had married Wei Sili, interceded and saved Wei Sili. However, as a part of a purge of chancellors from Empress Dowager Wei's administration, Wei Sili was demoted to be the prefect of Songzhou. Almost immediately thereafter, though, he was recalled to serve as Zhongshu Ling (中書令), the head of the legislative bureau and a post considered one for a chancellor. A month later, however, he was again demoted to be the prefect of Xu Prefecture (許州, roughly modern Xuchang, Henan), although he was given a fief of 100 households.

During Emperor Xuanzong's reign
Early in the Kaiyuan era (713–741, when Li Longji had become emperor (as Emperor Xuanzong), having been passed the throne by Emperor Ruizong in 712, Wei Sili was recalled to serve as the principal of the imperial university (國子祭酒, Guozi Jijiu). In 714, he was also carrying the title Taizi Binke (太子賓客) as an advisor to the Crown Prince, when the imperial censor Jiang Hui (姜晦), pointing out that at the time that Wei Wen and Zong Chuke altered Emperor Zhongzong's will to remove Emperor Ruizong as coregent, Wei Sili, Wei Anshi, Zhao Yanzhao, and Li Jiao were all chancellors and did nothing to stop them, had his subordinate Guo Zhen (郭震) file an indictment against the former chancellors. These former chancellors were all demoted, with Wei Sili reduced to being the secretary general of Yue Prefecture (岳州, roughly modern Yueyang, Hunan). Some time later, Wei Sili was serving as the prefect of Chen Prefecture (陳州, roughly modern Zhoukou, Henan), when Liu Zhirou (劉知柔), the examiner of Henan Circuit, which included Chen Prefecture, submitted a report opining that Wei Sili had not done anything wrong. Emperor Xuanzong was set to follow Liu's recommendation and recall Wei, when Wei died in 719. He was posthumously honored.

Notes and references

 Old Book of Tang, vol. 88.
 New Book of Tang, vol. 116.
 Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 206, 207, 209, 211.

Chancellors under Wu Zetian
Chancellors under Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
Chancellors under Emperor Shang of Tang
Chancellors under Emperor Ruizong of Tang
654 births
719 deaths


Philippe François Renault (c. 1686 – 24 April 1755) was a French politician, businessman, explorer, metallurgist, and favorite courtier of King Louis XV of France, who left his native Picardy in 1719 for the Illinois Country, Upper Louisiana, in French North America.

Renault was an important contributor to early efforts at mining, especially for lead, in the French colonies, which began in earnest when he transported African slaves from Saint-Domingue to settlements on the Mississippi River. More successful than his lead mines was his concession of land on the east bank of the river, on which he founded St. Philippe, an early agricultural community. The village quickly became prosperous by exporting surpluses to other settlements on the river.

Early life
Renault was born in Picardy, in northern France. His father, Philippe Renault, was a wealthy iron founder at Cousolre, near Maubeuge, and a stockholder in the Royal Company of the Indies.

Company of the Indies
Renault was appointed director-general of mining operations by the Company of the West, which had been formed by the French for the exploitation of their American possessions. It acquired the French East India Company and became the Company of the Indies in 1719.

Lead mining operations and use of slave labor
In the early 1720s, Renault purchased 200 (some sources say 500) African slaves in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (now  Haiti) for labor in the mines he planned to develop. These men were the first enslaved Africans brought to the Illinois and Missouri regions. In 1723, Renault was granted "in freehold, in order to make his establishment upon the mines" a tract of land a league and a half in a width by six in depth on the Little Marameig in Missouri; another tract of two leagues "at the mine called the mine of Lamothe"; another of one league in front of Pimeteau on the Illinois River; and "one league fronting on the Mississippi, at the place called the Great Marsh, adjoining on one side to the Illinois Indians, settled near Fort de Chartres, with a depth of two leagues, this place being the situation which has been granted to him for the raising of provisions, and to enable him to furnish then to all the settlements he shall make upon the mines." Upon the latter land grant in the Illinois Country, Renault expected to grow food for his mining operations, taking advantage of the rich, black soil of what would later become known as the "American Bottom".

Like most enterprising Europeans of the time, Renault initially sought precious metals such as silver and gold, but these efforts were largely futile. Instead he discovered commercial value in great quantities of lead ore in the hills of southeastern Missouri. He is credited with operating the first viable lead mines in Missouri's Lead Belt at La Vieille Mine (the present-day community of Old Mines) and Mine La Motte. The port at Ste. Genevieve, founded in 1735, eventually became the primary connection between Renault's mines and the rest of New France.

Founding and abandonment of St. Philippe
Renault founded the French settlement of St. Philippe in the southern part of present-day Monroe County, Illinois, approximately three miles north of Fort de Chartres, along the Mississippi River. Agriculture was the most successful of his enterprises. The community of St. Philippe quickly produced a surplus, which it sold to settlers downriver in New Orleans, as well as other French settlements such as Arkansas Post, where farming was less successful. Destructive seasonal flooding finally forced the French inhabitants of St. Philippe and Fort de Chartres to abandon the area before 1765.

By the middle of the 19th century, the deforestation of the banks of the Mississippi River, as a result of logging operations to supply steamboats with fuel, led to increased unnatural erosion and flooding, as well as drastic channel shifts which later destroyed and submerged Kaskaskia, Illinois. The damage caused by the river, especially in the Great Flood of 1993, obliterated the archaeological remains of St. Philippe, destroying the historical evidence beneath the layers of washed-away soil.

Later years and death
Philippe François Renault eventually sold his slaves to other settlers and returned to France in 1749, passing his business interests in the Illinois Country on to others. Renault died on 24 April 1755, in France, intestate and without heirs. In the early and late 19th century, attempts by persons claiming to represent the Renault estate to reclaim lands he was granted met with little success.

Descendants and family holdings
By the late 19th century, the descendants of Renault's brothers, Armand and Jacques, both of whom had emigrated to the east coast of the United States, had changed the spelling of their name to Reno, an Anglicization of the sound. In 1888, the Reno Association, comprising 400 descendants mostly in New York and Pennsylvania, tried to claim the earlier holdings to Renault, without success. By then his former lands in Illinois and Missouri were estimated to be worth $40,000,000.

References

1680s births
1755 deaths
French slave owners
People of New France
People of pre-statehood Illinois
People of pre-statehood Missouri


USRC Argus was one of the first ten cutters operated by the United States' Revenue Cutter Service (later to become the US Coast Guard). Of the ten cutters, she was the longest to serve in this role.

Operational service
Argus was a sloop, built in New London, for service in Connecticut and Rhode Island waters.  She began her first patrol on 16 October 1791, soon after being fitted-out, under the command of Jonathan Maltbie, a veteran of the Continental Navy.  He died on 11 February 1798 and was replaced by Elisha Hinman on 13 March of that year.  Hinman was also a veteran of the Continental Navy and the former commanding officer of the famous frigate Alfred.  Two journals describing her actions have turned up; one from the second mate Nathaniel Nichols, who kept a journal from 1791-1795; and Hinman's journal, dated from 1799 through 1803.  These journals do provide a glimpse into what life was like on board a Revenue cutter during these early years of the new republic.

Argus stayed in service for a total of thirteen years, by far the longest of any of the original ten cutters.  She was sold to two New London based merchants and was sold five months later in a foreign port.

Commanding officers

Captain Jonathan Maltbie, master;  1791-1798.
Captain Elisha Hinman, master; 1798-1803.
Captain George House, master; 1803-1804.

Crew (as of October, 1791)

George House, first mate; took over as master in 1803; Ebenezer Perkins was promoted to first mate.
Jere Greenman, second mate; he left the Argus in 1799 and was replaced by Ebenezer Perkins.
Vacant, third mate  [no third mate at this time]; Ebenezer Perkins was appointed as third mate in December, 1792; Perkins was promoted to second mate in 1799 and Nathaniel Saltonstall was appointed as third mate.
David Poole, mariner.
Gabriel Calvon, mariner.
Wm. McNeal, mariner.
Henry Owen, mariner.
Sam Robertson, boy.
Chas Williams, boy.

Footnotes

References
Argus, 1791, US Coast Guard website.
Canney, Donald, 1995:  U.S. Coast Guard and Revenue Cutters, 1790-1935. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
Stephen H. Evans, 1949: The United States Coast Guard, 1790-1915: A Definitive History (With a Postscript: 1915-1950).  Annapolis: The United States Naval Institute.
Kern, Florence, 1976: "One for Connecticut": Jonathan Maltbie's U.S. Revenue Cutter Argus, 1791-1804", Washington, DC: Alised Enterprises.
U.S. Coast Guard, 1934: Record of Movements: Vessels of the United States Coast Guard: 1790 - December 31, 1933,  Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office (reprinted 1989).

First ten Revenue Service cutters
1791 ships


ChIP-sequencing, also known as ChIP-seq, is a method used to analyze protein interactions with DNA. ChIP-seq combines chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with massively parallel DNA sequencing to identify the binding sites of DNA-associated proteins. It can be used to map global binding sites precisely for any protein of interest. Previously, ChIP-on-chip was the most common technique utilized to study these protein–DNA relations.

Uses
ChIP-seq is primarily used to determine how transcription factors and other chromatin-associated proteins influence phenotype-affecting mechanisms. Determining how proteins interact with DNA to regulate gene expression is essential for fully understanding many biological processes and disease states. This epigenetic information is complementary to genotype and expression analysis. ChIP-seq technology is currently seen primarily as an alternative to ChIP-chip which requires a hybridization array. This introduces some bias, as an array is restricted to a fixed number of probes. Sequencing, by contrast, is thought to have less bias, although the sequencing bias of different sequencing technologies is not yet fully understood.

Specific DNA sites in direct physical interaction with transcription factors and other proteins can be isolated by chromatin immunoprecipitation. ChIP produces a library of target DNA sites bound to a protein of interest. Massively parallel sequence analyses are used in conjunction with whole-genome sequence databases to analyze the interaction pattern of any protein with DNA, or the pattern of any epigenetic chromatin modifications. This can be applied to the set of ChIP-able proteins and modifications, such as transcription factors, polymerases and transcriptional machinery, structural proteins, protein modifications, and DNA modifications. As an alternative to the dependence on specific antibodies, different methods have been developed to find the superset of all nucleosome-depleted or nucleosome-disrupted active regulatory regions in the genome, like DNase-Seq and FAIRE-Seq.

Workflow of ChIP-sequencing

ChIP
ChIP is a powerful method to selectively enrich for DNA sequences bound by a particular protein in living cells. However, the widespread use of this method has been limited by the lack of a sufficiently robust method to identify all of the enriched DNA sequences. The ChIP wet lab protocol contains ChIP and hybridization. There are essentially five parts to the ChIP protocol that aid in better understanding the overall process of ChIP. In order to carry out the ChIP, the first step is cross-linking using formaldehyde and large batches of the DNA in order to obtain a useful amount. The cross-links are made between the protein and DNA, but also between RNA and other proteins. The second step is the process of chromatin fragmentation which breaks up the chromatin in order to get high quality DNA pieces for ChIP analysis in the end. These fragments should be cut to become under 500 base pairs each to have the best outcome for genome mapping. The third step is called chromatin immunoprecipitation, which is what ChIP is short for. The ChIP process enhances specific crosslinked DNA-protein complexes using an antibody against the protein of interest followed by incubation and centrifugation to obtain the immunoprecipitation. The immunoprecipitation step also allows for the removal of non-specific binding sites. The fourth step is DNA recovery and purification, taking place by the reversed effect on the cross-link between DNA and protein to separate them and cleaning DNA with an extraction. The fifth and final step is the analyzation step of the ChIP protocol by the process of qPCR, ChIP-on-chip (hybrid array) or ChIP sequencing. Oligonucleotide adaptors are then added to the small stretches of DNA that were bound to the protein of interest to enable massively parallel sequencing. Through the analysis, the sequences can then be identified and interpreted by the gene or region to where the protein was bound.

Sequencing
After size selection, all the resulting ChIP-DNA fragments are sequenced simultaneously using a genome sequencer. A single sequencing run can scan for genome-wide associations with high resolution, meaning that features can be located precisely on the chromosomes. ChIP-chip, by contrast, requires large sets of tiling arrays for lower resolution.

There are many new sequencing methods used in this sequencing step. Some technologies that analyze the sequences can use cluster amplification of adapter-ligated ChIP DNA fragments on a solid flow cell substrate to create clusters of approximately 1000 clonal copies each. The resulting high density array of template clusters on the flow cell surface is sequenced by a genome analyzing program. Each template cluster undergoes sequencing-by-synthesis in parallel using novel fluorescently labelled reversible terminator nucleotides. Templates are sequenced base-by-base during each read. Then, the data collection and analysis software aligns sample sequences to a known genomic sequence to identify the ChIP-DNA fragments.

Quality control
ChIP-seq offers us a fast analysis, however, a quality control must be performed to make sure that the results obtained are reliable:

 Non-redundant fraction: low-complexity regions should be removed as they are not informative and may interfere with mapping in the reference genome.
 Fragments in peaks: ratio of reads that are located in peaks over reads that are located where there isn't a peak.

Sensitivity
Sensitivity of this technology depends on the depth of the sequencing run (i.e. the number of mapped sequence tags), the size of the genome and the distribution of the target factor.
The sequencing depth is directly correlated with cost. If abundant binders in large genomes have to be mapped with high sensitivity, costs are high as an enormously high number of sequence tags will be required. This is in contrast to ChIP-chip in which the costs are not correlated with sensitivity.

Unlike microarray-based ChIP methods, the precision of the ChIP-seq assay is not limited by the spacing of predetermined probes. By integrating a large number of short reads, highly precise binding site localization is obtained. Compared to ChIP-chip, ChIP-seq data can be used to locate the binding site within few tens of base pairs of the actual protein binding site. Tag densities at the binding sites are a good indicator of protein–DNA binding affinity, which makes it easier to quantify and compare binding affinities of a protein to different DNA sites.

Current research
STAT1 DNA association: ChIP-seq was used to study STAT1 targets in HeLa S3 cells which are clones of the HeLa line that are used for analysis of cell populations. The performance of ChIP-seq was then compared to the alternative protein–DNA interaction methods of ChIP-PCR and ChIP-chip.

Nucleosome Architecture of Promoters: Using ChIP-seq, it was determined that Yeast genes seem to have a minimal nucleosome-free promoter region of 150bp in which RNA polymerase can initiate transcription.

Transcription factor conservation: ChIP-seq was used to compare conservation of TFs in the forebrain and heart tissue in embryonic mice. The authors identified and validated the heart functionality of transcription enhancers, and determined that transcription enhancers for the heart are less conserved than those for the forebrain during the same developmental stage.

Genome-wide ChIP-seq: ChIP-sequencing was completed on the worm C. elegans to explore genome-wide binding sites of 22 transcription factors. Up to 20% of the annotated candidate genes were assigned to transcription factors. Several transcription factors were assigned to non-coding RNA regions and may be subject to developmental or environmental variables. The functions of some of the transcription factors were also identified. Some of the transcription factors regulate genes that control other transcription factors. These genes are not regulated by other factors. Most transcription factors serve as both targets and regulators of other factors, demonstrating a network of regulation.

Inferring regulatory network: ChIP-seq signal of Histone modification were shown to  be more correlated with transcription factor motifs at promoters in comparison to RNA level. Hence author proposed that using histone modification ChIP-seq would provide more reliable inference of gene-regulatory networks in comparison to other methods based on expression.

ChIP-seq offers an alternative to ChIP-chip. STAT1 experimental ChIP-seq data have a high degree of similarity to results obtained by ChIP-chip for the same type of experiment, with greater than 64% of peaks in shared genomic regions. Because the data are sequence reads, ChIP-seq offers a rapid analysis pipeline as long as a high-quality genome sequence is available for read mapping and the genome doesn't have repetitive content that confuses the mapping process. ChIP-seq also has the potential to detect mutations in binding-site sequences, which may directly support any observed changes in protein binding and gene regulation.

Computational analysis
As with many high-throughput sequencing approaches, ChIP-seq generates extremely large data sets, for which appropriate computational analysis methods are required. To predict DNA-binding sites from ChIP-seq read count data, peak calling methods have been developed. One of the most popular methods is MACS which empirically models the shift size of ChIP-Seq tags, and uses it to improve the spatial resolution of predicted binding sites. MACS is optimized for higher resolution peaks, while another popular algorithm, SICER is programmed to call for broader peaks, spanning over kilobases to megabases in order to search for broader chromatin domains. SICER is more useful for histone marks spanning gene bodies. A mathematical more rigorous method BCP (Bayesian Change Point) can be used for both sharp and broad peaks with faster computational speed, see benchmark comparison of ChIP-seq peak-calling tools by Thomas et al. (2017).

Another relevant computational problem is differential peak calling, which identifies significant differences in two ChIP-seq signals from distinct biological conditions. Differential peak callers segment two ChIP-seq signals and identify differential peaks using Hidden Markov Models. Examples for two-stage differential peak callers are ChIPDiff and ODIN.

To reduce spurious sites from ChIP-seq, multiple experimental controls can be used to detect binding sites from an IP experiment. Bay2Ctrls adopts a Bayesian model to integrate the DNA input control for the IP, the mock IP and its corresponding DNA input control to predict binding sites from the IP. This approach is particularly effective for complex samples such as whole model organisms. In addition, the analysis indicates that for complex samples mock IP controls substantially outperform DNA input controls probably due to the active genomes of the samples.

See also

ChIP-on-chip
ChIP-PET
Mammalian promoter database

Similar methods
CUT&RUN sequencing, antibody-targeted controlled cleavage by micrococcal nuclease instead of ChIP, allowing for enhanced signal-to-noise ratio during sequencing.
CUT&Tag sequencing, antibody-targeted controlled cleavage by transposase Tn5 instead of ChIP, allowing for enhanced signal-to-noise ratio during sequencing.
Sono-Seq, identical to ChIP-Seq but skipping the immunoprecipitation step.
HITS-CLIP (also called CLIP-Seq), for finding interactions with RNA rather than DNA.
PAR-CLIP, another method for identifying the binding sites of cellular RNA-binding proteins (RBPs).
RIP-Chip, same goal and first steps, but does not use cross linking methods and uses microarray instead of sequencing
SELEX, a method for finding a consensus binding sequence
Competition-ChIP, to measure relative replacement dynamics on DNA.
ChiRP-Seq to measure RNA-bound DNA and proteins.
ChIP-exo uses exonuclease treatment to achieve up to single base-pair resolution
ChIP-nexus improved version of ChIP-exo to achieve up to single base-pair resolution.
DRIP-seq uses S9.6 antibody to precipitate three-stranded DND:RNA hybrids called R-loops.
TCP-seq, principally similar method to measure mRNA translation dynamics.
 Calling Cards, uses a transposase to mark the sequence where a transcription factor binds.

References

External links
ReMap catalogue: An integrative and uniform ChIP-Seq analysis of regulatory elements from +2800 ChIP-seq datasets, giving a catalogue of 80 million peaks from 485 transcription regulators.
 ChIPBase database: a database for exploring transcription factor binding maps from ChIP-Seq data. It provides the most comprehensive ChIP-Seq data set for various cell/tissue types and conditions.
 GeneProf database and analysis tool: GeneProf is a freely accessible, easy-to-use analysis environment for ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data and comes with a large database of ready-analysed public experiments, e.g. for transcription factor binding and histone modifications.
 Differential Peak Calling: Tutorial for differential peak calling with ODIN.
 Bioinformatic analysis of ChIP-seq data: Comprehensive analysis of ChIP-seq data.
 KLTepigenome: Uncovering correlated variability in epigenomic datasets using the Karhunen-Loeve transform.
 SignalSpider: a tool for probabilistic pattern discovery on multiple normalized ChIP-Seq signal profiles
 FullSignalRanker: a tool for regression and peak prediction on multiple normalized ChIP-Seq signal profiles

Biotechnology
DNA
Genomics techniques
Proteomic sequencing


Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa (November 23, 1925 – November 21, 2006) was a Romanian priest and dissident.

Beginning with his teens, Calciu-Dumitreasa was involved in the activity of the fascist Iron Guard (also known as the "Legionary Movement"), being first arrested for this in 1942. He was again arrested in 1948 for continued "Legionary activity" and then condemned in 1949 to 8 years of prison for "conspiracy". In 1957 he became one of the torturers in the "experiment" taking place in the Pitești Prison, violent infighting among Iron Guard sympathisers condoned and encouraged by the prison authorities. For his role in the experiment he received a new sentence to 15 years of forced labour, however he was released in May 1963 and assigned compulsory residence. Calciu-Dumitreasa was again arrested in 1978 and convicted to 10 years of prison for criticizing the regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu during his sermons at the Orthodox Theological Seminary, where he was working as a professor. Reportedly he suffered beatings and harassment in prison. He was released from prison due in part to pressure from supporters such as U.S. president Ronald Reagan. He spent years in exile in Virginia and ultimately settled there permanently. In the mid-1980s he preached on the Voice of America and Radio Free Europe. While Calciu-Dumitreasa was celebrated as a dissident and intensely promoted in anti-communist propaganda directed at Romania, his past association with fascism was constantly ignored, "if not intentionally hidden". Moreover, he continued to hold controversial views until his death, for example glorifying the "Brotherhood of the Cross", the youth organization of the Iron Guard, deifying Guard leader Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, proposing an idealized  vision of Legionarism and denying the Holocaust in an interview in 2006.

After being defrocked by the Romanian Orthodox Church, Calciu-Dumitreasa  became a priest of the Orthodox Church in America, which never recognised his defrocking. In 1989 he took charge of the Holy Cross Romanian Orthodox Church at Alexandria, Virginia.  In his last years he revisited his native land several times and met some of those whom he had influenced. He remained critical of certain Romanian Orthodox bishops to his last day, claiming they were former Securitate secret police infiltrators.

Calciu-Dumitreasa died of pancreatic cancer on November 21, 2006 at Inova Fairfax Hospital in Woodburn, Fairfax County.  He was survived by his wife of over 40 years, Adriana, and their son, Andrei. He was interred at the Petru Vodă Monastery in Poiana Teiului Commune, Neamț County, Romania.

References

Further reading

1925 births
2006 deaths
People from Tulcea County
Romanian Orthodox priests
Romanian dissidents
Romanian prisoners and detainees
Inmates of Pitești prison
Members of the Iron Guard
Romanian expatriates in the United States
Romanian Holocaust deniers
20th-century Eastern Orthodox priests
21st-century Eastern Orthodox priests
Deaths from pancreatic cancer in Virginia
Romanian torturers


Chillisquaque may refer to:

A variant of Chalahgawtha (Chillicothe), a Shawnee tribal division
Chillisquaque Creek, Pennsylvania
East Chillisquaque Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
West Chillisquaque Township, Pennsylvania


Transport in the European Union is a shared competence of the Union and its member states. The European Commission includes a Commissioner for Transport, currently Adina Ioana Vălean. Since 2012, the commission also includes a Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport which develops EU policies in the transport sector and manages funding for Trans-European Networks and technological development and innovation, worth €850 million yearly for the period 2000–2006.

During the financial framework 2014–2020 and EU budget 2014, there is 1485.2 euro million commitment for transport, end 761.4 for payment.

Air transport

Since 1992, year of the inception of the internal market for aviation of the European Union, the number of passengers and routes has increased substantially: from 10,000 daily flights in 1992 to around 25,000 in 2017, and the number of routes from 2,700 to 8,400. In 2017 alone, over 1 billion passengers had flown from, to, or within the European Union. Between 2001 and 2019, European air supply effectively doubled.

The doubling in air supply was accompanied by an increased market share of low-cost carriers within the EU, which went from 5.3% of total seats available in 2001 to 37.3% of the total share in 2019. Most of the increased demand was met in primary airports (i.e. Barcelona, Düsseldorf , Palma de Mallorca), whereas secondary airports which had capitalized on the early rise of low-cost carriers (Brussels-Charleroi, Rome Ciampino, Paris Beauvais) have for the most part fallen in rank.

To combat a fragmented airspace, air control inefficiencies and delays which were costing an estimated $4.2bn as early as 1989, the European Commission introduced plans for a Single European Sky (SES) initiative in 2001, with the purpose of co-ordinating the design, management and regulation of airspace in the Union. The first SES package was adopted in 2004, with subsequent revisions and extensions adopted in 2009 (SES II), 2014 (SES 2+), and 2019 (Amended SES 2+). Five major stakeholders are today involved: the commission is responsible for the implementation of SES; EASA fulfills oversight and support duties for member states, and supports the policymaking of the commission; Eurocontrol is in charge for air traffic flow management and technical support to the commission; and the Single Sky Committee (SSC), composed of representatives of the member states, issues opinions on the implementation work done by the commission. Finally, National Supervisory Authorities (NSAs) are competent with issuing certifications for national airline operators and are entitled to draft and monitor their own performance plans and targets.

The EU also participates in Eurocontrol, which coordinates and plans air traffic control for all of Europe. The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) has regulatory and executive tasks in the field of civilian aviation safety, such as issuing type certificates.

Water transport
By 2013, about 74% of the interchange of goods between the European Union and the rest of the world as well as about a 37% of interchange between member states was carried out through its seaports. Maritime transport accounted for about €147 billion in 2013, or 1% of the EU GDP at the time.

The baby steps of a common European port policy were taken in the form of a 1985 memorandum by the EU Commission. It has since, via different white books, alternated bottom-top dynamics of harmonisation with top-bottom dynamics of unification. Vis-à-vis its transport policy, EU have defined operational concepts such as that of the 'motorways of the Sea' and that of 'co-modality'.

As of 2018, the largest ports in EU–28 in terms of shipping volume were Rotterdam, Antwerp, Hamburg, Bremerhaven, Valencia, Piraeus, Algeciras, Felixstowe, Barcelona, Marsaxlokk, Le Havre, Genoa, Gioia Tauro, Southampton and Gdansk.

Established by Regulation (EC) 1406/2002, the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) is charged with reducing the risk of maritime accidents, marine pollution from ships and the loss of human lives at sea by helping to enforce the pertinent EU legislation.

Railway transport

The European Railway Agency has the mandate to create a competitive European railway area, by increasing cross-border compatibility of national systems, and in parallel ensuring the required level of safety. The ERA sets standards for European railways in the form of ERA Technical Specifications for Interoperability, which apply to the Trans-European Rail network.

The first EU directive for railways requires allowing open access operations on railway lines by companies other than those that own the rail infrastructure. It does not require privatisation, but does require the separation of infrastructure management and operations. The directive has led to reorganisations of many national railway systems.

The EU has also taken the initiative of creating the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS), a single standard for train control and command systems, to enhance cross-border interoperability and the procurement of signalling equipment.

The EU 28 had:
 8 952 kilometers of High Speed Rail Network at end of year 2018, with 1686 kilometers of lineunder construction
 217 236 kilometers of lines in use including 117 348 kilometers of electrified lines in 2017

Over the 2006–2019 period, railway freight transport peaked in EU–27 in 2007, with 416 billion tonne-kilometres. The targets of the European Green Deal contemplate a forceful shift from road to rail freight transport, which is underrepresented as of 2020.

In May 2022, some countries in the European Union strongly reduced the price for traveling on Public transport, among others, because this is a relatively climate-friendly mode of transportation: Germany, Austria, Ireland (country), Italy. Germany reduced the price to 9 euro. In some cities the price was cut by more than 90%. The national rail company of Germany committed to increase the number of trains and extend lines to new destinations. The use of trains significantly increased so that "ticket websites have crashed upon the release of the tickets."

Road transport

In 2012, the EU-28 had a network of 5 000 000 kilometers of paved road – compared to 5258 thousands for the US and 3610 thousands for China – including 73 200 kilometers of motorways  – compared to 92 thousands for the US and 96.2 thousands for China.

National policies
Germany, Spain and France possess the most extensive network of motorways exceeding 10,000 km each. This figure is more than double to any other European country. Similarly, their rail infrastructure surpasses 15,000 km. The total investment reached €6 billion for Spain and nearly double the amount for Germany and France. In terms of their population and territorial extension the Netherlands and Belgium have a better coverage and higher investment per square kilometer.

EU policies
Road freight transport makes 73% of all inland freight transport activities in the
EU in 2010.

Aim of the EU is to provided efficient, safe, secure and environmentally friendly land transport.

According to Union guidelines for the development of the trans-European transport network, "high-quality roads shall be specially designed and built for motor traffic, and shall be either motorways, express roads or conventional strategic roads."

EU laws include:
 access to the profession: Regulation (EC) No 1071/2009 In 2011, 138,454 million tonnes kilometers was transported as international trade.
 driving working time: Directive 2002/15/EC and Regulation (EC) 561/2006: 9 hours daily driving period ; weekly driving time may not exceed 56 hours; Daily rest period shall be at least 11 hours
"smart" tachographs, required under Regulation (EU) 165/2014. "Smart" tachographs use technology to avoids unnecessary vehicle stops for checking
 common rules on distance-related tolls and time-based user charges (vignettes) for heavy goods vehicles (above 3.5 tonnes) for the use of certain infrastructures is defined in Directive 2011/76/EU

Motorways and Express road
For some topics, law applicable for roads is based on European directives and some international treaties such as European Agreement on Main International Traffic Arteries of 15 November 1975.

In European Union, a road can be considered as a "motorway" or also as an "express road".

In European union, the notion of express road is slightly less strict than the notion of motorway; according to the definition, "an express road is a road designed for motor traffic, which is accessible primarily from interchanges or controlled junctions and which prohibits stopping and parking on the running carriageway; and does not cross at grade with any railway or tramway track."

According to the CJEU, an environmental impact assessment should be performed on motorways, express roads and «construction of a new road of four or more lanes, or realignment and/or widening of an existing road of two lanes or less so as to provide four or more lanes, where such new road, or realigned and/or widened section of road would be 10 km or more in a continuous length».

Another position of the CJEU confirmed the first one and considers that an urban road around a city can be considered as an express road even if those roads do not form part of the network of main international traffic arteries or are located in urban areas when it matches with its definition provided in point II.3 of Annex II to the European Agreement on Main International Traffic Arteries (AGR), signed in Geneva on 15 November 1975.

Safety

Between 2001 and 2010, the number of road deaths in the EU decreased by 43%, and between 2010 and 2018 by another 21%.
However, 25,100 people still died on EU roads in 2018 and about 135,000 were seriously injured.

The yearly cost of road crashes in the EU has been estimated to be around €280 billion or 2% of the GDP.

Safety plan
The Commission decided to base its road safety policy framework for the decade 2021 to 2030 on the Safe System approach.

For coordination, Europe has a "European Coordinator for road safety and related aspects of sustainable mobility".

Space

The EU currently cooperates with the European Space Agency, which is expected to become an EU agency in 2020. One of their projects is the satellite navigation system Galileo.

References

See also
 Transport in Europe
 Trans-European Transport Networks
 Southeast Europe Transport Community


Lo's Diary () is a 1995 novel () by Pia Pera, retelling Vladimir Nabokov's 1955 novel Lolita from the point of view of  "Dolores Haze (Lolita)".

It depicts Dolores as a sadist and a controller of everyone around her; for instance, she enjoys killing small animals. It also says that Dolores did not die in childbirth, Humbert Humbert did not kill Quilty, and that all three are still alive. Most notably, the novel takes the interpretation of Humbert as being unattractive or repulsive: he even loses his teeth at one point.

Reception
Reception was mixed to negative, with critics agreeing that it did not live up to the source material. Entertainment Weekly said it "drags down Nabokov's blackly satiric vision, set in atomic-age suburban America, to the level of a cynical 1990s teen sex comedy".

Kirkus Reviews considered it "a mix of wit and tedium in near-equal parts". Publishers Weekly found it to be "compelling", with "Nabokov's subtle and elegant prose" being replaced by an "authentic adolescent tone"; Time, however, felt that the prose was "undistinguished" and "far too precocious and knowing for even the brightest kid".

Legal issues

In 1998, Dmitri Nabokov (Vladimir's son, and executor of his father's literary estate) sued to stop the publication of the book in England, France, and the United States, claiming copyright infringement. Farrar, Straus and Giroux cancelled their planned publication pending the outcome of the lawsuit; eventually, a settlement was reached whereby Nabokov would contribute a preface to the book and receive half the royalty payments with a $25,000 advance (which he donated to PEN International).

See also

 The Wind Done Gone

References

External links
 New York Times review
 Roh, David S. "Two Copyright Case Studies from a Literary Perspective" Law and Literature  22, no. 1 (2010): 110-41. Accessed April 16, 2021. doi:10.1525/lal.2010.22.1.110.

1995 novels
Works about Lolita
Parallel literature


USRC Virginia was one of the first ten cutters operated by the United States' Revenue Cutter Service (later to become the US Coast Guard).

Operational service
Virginia was preceded by two state revenue vessels, the Liberty and Patriot, that had active careers on Chesapeake Bay well before the establishment of the "system of cutters," as the first ten Federal cutters were known.  President George Washington appointed Richard Taylor, a veteran of the navy of the state of Virginia who was twice wounded during the American Revolutionary War, as master of the Virginia.

As with her sister cutters, little documentation has survived regarding Virginias service.  It is known that she was ordered to prevent all vessels hailing from Philadelphia, Tobago, or the Grenadines from sailing into Chesapeake Bay during an outbreak of yellow fever at those locations in 1793.  She probably also enforced the Embargo instituted by President Washington in 1794.  Enforcing the Embargo included preventing the arming and fitting out of privateers, either French or British, in American ports.  Virginia was involved in one such enforcement action when she attempted to seize the French-flagged privateer Unicorn.  By this time, Virginias master, Richard Taylor, had resigned his commission due to his failing physical condition brought on by his war injuries. First Mate John Lurty had taken command of the cutter although for unknown reasons he never received a promotion to the position of master.

References
Virginia, 1791, US Coast Guard website.

First ten Revenue Service cutters
1791 ships


Egoku Dōmyō (, 1632–1721) was an Ōbaku priest, ordained at the age of nine into the Rinzai sect. In 1650 he met Tao-che—the Abbot of Sofuku-ji—in Nagasaki, Japan and subsequently joined his temple. Later he joined the assembly at Mampuku-ji in 1663, following the death of Tao-che. There he trained under his master's teacher Yin-Yuan and his disciple, Mu-an. He was ordained an Obaku monk in 1665 at the temple, receiving inka from Mu-an—Mu-an's second Dharma transmission. He founded and/or restored some twelve temples after receiving inka, and in 1687 served as Abbot at Zuisho-ji. He made forty-two Dharma heirs during his life.

Notes

References

Obaku Buddhists
Zen Buddhist priests
Japanese Zen Buddhists
1632 births
1721 deaths


Rantau Panjang–Sungai Golok Bridge (, ), popularly called the "Harmony Bridge" (), is a road bridge crossing Kolok River () of the Malaysia–Thailand border, connecting Rantau Panjang town in Kelantan, Malaysia, with Su-ngai Kolok town in Narathiwat, Narathiwat Province, Thailand. It spans to the south of the cross-border railway bridge Harmony-Bridge nearby. The bridge is a part of Asian highway network AH18, including Thailand Route 4056 and Federal Route 3. It was built by the governments of both countries, and was officially opened on 21 May 1973 by both Malaysian Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak bin Haji Dato' Hussein Al-Haj and Thai Prime Minister Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn.

Design
The bridge is a beam bridge with box girders. The main part includes three spans, using prestressed concrete, with each length of 30.48 metres (100 ft). Each end is connected to a ferroconcrete span, with length of 9.14 m (30 ft). It is overall 109.73 m (360 ft) long, with 7.32 m (24 ft) wide road surface and 2.13 m (7 ft) wide walkway each side.

Construction
Construction was done by Chang Loon Construction Co., Ltd., a Malaysian contractor which won the bidding-held meanwhile in both countries on 25 September 1970. The ask price was M$630,000 or 4,500,000 baht. A contract was signed on 16 December 1970. Both governments paid half each. Since the construction was finished on 20 March 1973, after the deadline of 15 June 1972, the company had to pay overtime penalty M$200 or 1,400 baht a day, totalling M$36,000 or 252,000 baht.

See also
 Bukit Bunga–Ban Buketa Bridge

References

Bridges in Kelantan
Bridges in Thailand
International bridges
Malaysia–Thailand border crossings
Box girder bridges
Beam bridges


Robert Masters  (15 June 1879 – 29 June 1967) was a New Zealand politician of the Liberal and later United parties, as well as a cabinet minister.

Biography

Early life and career
Masters was born in 1879 at Greymouth and was educated at Greymouth Boys' College. Around 1896 he moved to Stratford where he became a storekeeper with his father, Jonas Masters. He played representative rugby, and later, was a member of the Taranaki Rugby Football Union, executive. Masters was also a member of the executive of the Stratford Chamber of Commerce. On 3 May 1906 he was married to Alice Gertrude Hopkins in Stratford. Interested in agricultural matters, he was a member of Stratford's Agricultural and pastoral Association of which he had been both president and treasurer. He helped set up the Stratford model farm and later a member of its executive. Masters was chairman of directors of the Stratford Electric Lighting Company, until it entered the ownership of the Stratford Borough Council.

Political career

Masters entered politics via local government. In 1916 he was elected a member of the Taranaki Board of Education, and became its chairman by the end of the same year.

Masters represented the Taranaki electorate of Stratford from  for the Liberal Party; though the result was declared void in the following year, he won the subsequent . Masters was a personal friend of Liberal Party leader George Forbes and the two went for daily walks together. He took on a mentoring role with Forbes for which he was mockingly dubbed 'His Master's Voice'. He was defeated by Edward Walter in 1925. After losing his seat he remained politically active and was involved in setting up the United Party, which succeeded the Liberal Party in 1928. Notably he was the chairman of the September 1928 convention in Wellington that launched the party's formal existence, decided its policies and where delegates elected former Prime Minister Sir Joseph Ward as its leader. He also negotiated successfully to bring about co-operation with several independent MPs and candidates (such as Harry Atmore, William Polson and Charles Wilkinson) to support the United Party in the house.

Masters was appointed to the New Zealand Legislative Council on 11 June 1930 and served for one seven-year term. When Ward retired as Prime Minister his successor, Forbes, added Masters to the cabinet on 20 August 1930 as a Minister without portfolio. In the Forbes Ministry, he was a Member of the Executive Council without portfolio from 1930 to 1931. When the United and Reform Party decided on entering in to a coalition, Forbes relied on Masters heavily for support during the tense negotiations that created the United-Reform Coalition government in 1931. In the coalition government, he was both Minister of Education and Minister of Industries and Commerce. At the  he was the United Party's campaign chairman. He was frequently called on to resolve selection disputes as part of the coalition agreement with Reform was to not oppose each others MPs. He had to work with the Reform leadership to make sure that in as many electorates as possible there was only one "anti-Labour" candidate to avoid vote splitting.

In 1935, Masters was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal. In the 1953 Coronation Honours, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George, for public services.

Later life and death
In 1957 he was appointed to the Electricity and Gas Co-ordination Board by the first National government. He was also the patron of the New Zealand Federation of Wholesale Hardware Guilds.

He died in Stratford on 29 June 1967, aged 88. His wife had predeceased him on 27 May 1962.

Notes

References

1879 births
1967 deaths
New Zealand Liberal Party MPs
Members of the Cabinet of New Zealand
Members of the New Zealand Legislative Council
People from Taranaki
New Zealand Liberal Party MLCs
New Zealand education ministers
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
New Zealand MPs for North Island electorates
New Zealand Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Unsuccessful candidates in the 1925 New Zealand general election


USRC Diligence was one of the first ten cutters operated by the United States' Revenue Cutter Service (later to become the US Coast Guard).

Operational service
Diligence was built at Washington, North Carolina and was based out of New Bern after entering service in the summer of 1792.  She transferred to Wilmington in October that same year.  Her first commanding officer was William Cooke.  In 1793, Benjamin Gardner was appointed as the first mate and James Sandy was appointed as the cutter's second mate.  Little is known about her history during this time other than the fact that she was involved in the San Jose affair of 1793.  The San Jose was a Spanish vessel with some gold on board as cargo; she was captured illegally by the French privateer Amiable Margaretta.  Cooke and his crew seized the San Jose from the Amiable Margaretta.

In 1796 Cooke disappeared and was replaced by John Brown, who served as her commanding officer until the cutter was sold in 1798 for $310.

Commanding officers

William Cooke, Master; 1792-1796.

John Brown, Master; 1796-1798.

References
Diligence, 1792, US Coast Guard website.
Canney, Donald, 1995:  U.S. Coast Guard and Revenue Cutters, 1790-1935. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
Stephen H. Evans, 1949: The United States Coast Guard, 1790-1915: A Definitive History (With a Postscript: 1915-1950).  Annapolis: The United States Naval Institute.
Kern, Florence, 1979: William Cooke's U.S. Revenue Cutter Diligence, 1792-1798: "One in North Carolina", Washington, DC: Alised Enterprises.
U.S. Coast Guard, 1934: Record of Movements: Vessels of the United States Coast Guard: 1790 - December 31, 1933,  Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office (reprinted 1989).

First ten Revenue Service cutters
1792 ships


International Solar Electric Technology, or ISET, was a company invested in copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) photovoltaics.  ISET's research

over two decades had been largely funded by grants from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.  Members helped found or worked in many of the more well known CIGS companies, such as Nanosolar, Solopower, Showa, and Honda Soltec  Despite a lack of venture capital, ISET planned to launch a thin film, produced in a new Chatsworth plant with hundreds of megawatts per year capacity after the pilot plant is proven.  The company believed they will be able to at first achieve 10% efficient modules sold for $0.65 per watt, then 15% efficient for $0.50 per watt, and potentially ultimately as low as $0.40 per watt (a tenth of current prices).

See also

 List of CIGS companies

References

External links
 ISET company website

Defunct engineering companies of the United States
Thin-film cell manufacturers
Companies based in California
Defunct technology companies based in California
2016 disestablishments in California
1985 establishments in California


Iset or ISET may refer to:

 Iset, an Ancient Egyptian name
 Isis, a goddess in Ancient Egyptian religious beliefs
 Iset (village), a village in Kachugsky District, Irkutsk Oblast, Russia
 Iset (river), a river in Russia rising in the Ural Mountains and flowing east into the Tobol River
 International Solar Electric Technology is a solar power company
 International School of Economics at Tbilisi State University, a graduate school of economics in Tbilisi
 International Symposium on Endovascular Therapy - trade conference
 Inner sphere electron transfer, a mechanism of electron transfer in inorganic chemistry
 Institut Supérieur des Études Technologiques, or Higher Institute of Technological Studies, a class of universities in Tunisia
 ISET Test, a diagnostic blood test that detects circulating tumor cells in a blood sample


Hurleyville  is a hamlet in the Town of Fallsburg in Sullivan County, New York, United States. The town lies along County Road 104 and was originally developed because it was on the main route between the Villages of Liberty and Monticello, New York.  The zip code for Hurleyville is 12747.

Hurleyville is bordered by the Town of Thompson, the Town of Liberty, the hamlet of Loch Sheldrake and the hamlet of  South Fallsburg.

History
Hurleyville was originally settled by William Hurley. The local economy was originally centered on dairy farming, but gradually became part of the Catskills Borscht Belt resort area. During its heyday as a resort Hurleyville was home to many popular summer hotels, bungalow colonies and boarding houses, the biggest and best known was the rather grand Columbia Hotel located atop Columbia Hill.

Hurleyville was a station stop along the New York, Ontario & Western Railway (O&W). Due to mail getting mixed in with that of Hurley, New York, Hurleyville was temporarily renamed "Luzon Station". This name was chosen because the postmaster had a son stationed at Luzon Island in the Philippines. Automobile competition led to abandonment of the O&W in 1957.

There are currently three restaurants in the hamlet named "Casa Mia", "The Pickled Owl" and the "Tango Cafe".

Services
Hurleyville residents are part of the Town of Fallsburg. Students attend Benjamen Coser Elementary School and Fallsburg Central High School. Sullivan County Community College is approximately one mile away in Loch Sheldrake.

Hurleyville is served by the Hurleyville Volunteer Fire Department; law enforcement services are provided by the Fallsburg Police Department. Hurleyville is also home to the Sullivan County Historical Society and the Sullivan County Museum.

Former resorts
Arcadia Lake Hotel
Ascot House
Elmore House
Columbia Hotel
Brophy's Hotel
Fialkowsky's Bungalow Colony
Kramer's on Luzon Lake
Replansky's Bungalow Colony
Forest Inn Hotel
Pidhorodeckys Resort
The Clinton House
Morningside Hotel
Grandview Hotel

Notable people
Francis S. Currey, World War II Medal of Honor recipient
Mel Brooks, American comedian, actor, writer, director, producer and composer

References

External links
VisitHurleyville.org
Hurleyville, New York.com
 Sullivan County History.org
 Town of Fallsburg.com

Hamlets in New York (state)
Hamlets in Sullivan County, New York


Jatoi may refer to:

 Jatoi (tribe), a Baloch tribe of Pakistan
 Jatoi, Muzaffargarh, a city in Punjab, Pakistan
 Jatoi Tehsil, Pakistan
 Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi (1931-2009), Pakistani politician


Ricardo Ycaza (born 16 February 1958) is an Ecuadorian tennis player who was a world top 10 junior, a Davis Cup stalwart, and a world top 100 touring professional.

Tennis career
His most noteworthy achievement was winning the 1976 US Open Junior tournament. In the semi-finals of that tournament he staged a third-set comeback to defeat John McEnroe after saving two match points at 2–5 in the third set and after coming back from 2–4 in the third-set tiebreaker. (Ycaza was to face McEnroe three more times in junior tournaments, winning each time.) In the final, Ycaza defeated José Luis Clerc of Argentina. In May 1977, Ycaza again defeated John McEnroe in three sets to win the World Championship of Tennis Men's 21-and-under tournament in Houston, Texas.

Coached by Miguel Olvera at the Guayaquil Tennis Club, Ycaza had a successful junior career, winning numerous South American junior titles. At the college level, he achieved All-American status for the 1976–1977 NCAA season playing for the University of Houston. Ycaza represented Ecuador in Davis Cup matches from 1973 through 1986, teaming up with long-time friend and French Open champion Andrés Gómez in several important doubles triumphs against the likes of Argentina and Brazil. After his playing days were over, Ycaza also served as Davis Cup captain for Ecuador.

Ycaza played on the professional tennis tour from 1977 to 1986. His career high rankings were world No. 45 in singles and No. 32 in doubles. During his professional career, he won three doubles tournaments (each with different partners). His best year on the professional tour was 1980 when he won doubles tournaments at Sarasota, Palermo, and Santiago.

ATP Tour finals

Singles(1 runner-up)

Doubles (3 titles, 4 runners-up)

External links

1958 births
Living people
Ecuadorian male tennis players
Sportspeople from Guayaquil
Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles
US Open (tennis) junior champions
Tennis players at the 1975 Pan American Games
Pan American Games competitors for Ecuador
Houston Cougars men's tennis players


Jatoi () is a tehsil, an administrative subdivision, of Muzaffargarh District in Punjab, Pakistan. Its capital is Jatoi, and it is situated in the southern part of the Punjab province. The estimated population of Jatoi is 714,576.

Tehsil Jatoi is known for the Jamia Sakeena-Tu-Sughra, a Turkish-style construction. The common attire worn by the people in Jatoi Tehsil is the Shalwar kameez. As it is primarily a rural area, agriculture is the main occupation for most residents. Jatoi is particularly famous for its high-quality cotton crops and canal system.

See also
Sardar Kaure Khan Jatoi

References

Muzaffargarh District
Tehsils of Punjab, Pakistan


Jatoi  () is the capital city of Jatoi Tehsil (an administrative subdivision), in Muzaffargarh district, Punjab province, Pakistan. It is the 91st largest city of Pakistan by population.

The city has several schools such as Govt. Boys Degree College & High Schools for Boys & Girls.The Govt. Girls Degree college was built recently in 2013. It also has a large number of private institutions. There is Sardar Kaure Khan Jatoi park and library that will be built soon by Kauray Khan trust in the name of Sardar Kaure Khan Jatoi. Jatoi is an agricultural city, with very fertile soil and water provided by a canal system and tube wells, producing two or three crops in a year.

Major crops are cotton, wheat, sugarcane, rice, and sunflower. The major fruits are mango, dates and jamun. Politicians include Sardar Abdul Qayyum Jatoi, Syed Abdullah Shah Bukhari and their sons, and later ones including Khan Muhammad Khan, Sami Ullah khan Laghari, Syed Jameel Shah Bukhari, Syed Azhar Hussain Shah, Syed Mazhar Hussain Shah, Syed Shreef Hussain Shah, Rana Wakeel & Malik Abdul Rasheed (Bao Rasheed).

The city has a mosque, located in the Kotla Rehm Ali shah, a rural part of Jatoi Tehsil. The mosque is a symbol of spirituality for the people of Jatoi. The literacy rate is about 5%. The environment has been damaged by intensive felling of trees; but in 2012 more than 1000 trees were planted.
About 10 KM away from Jatoi City, lies the famous Mosque Jamia Sakeena-Tu-Sughra.

Urbanization plan
In 2021, The government of Punjab decided to urbanize 154 small cities and towns surrounding Punjab. The plan was formulated in result of sharp increase in migration of people from these small towns to larger cities.

The five major cities — Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi and Multan—were not included in the list as they already had master plans for their land use and zoning for residential, commercial, agriculture, and industrial activities.

2022 Flooding
In August 2022, the city was struck by Major flooding, causing massive destruction in the city. Thousands of people were affected by the flood and lost their homes, which resulted in suffering of diseases and starvation.

Government officials visited the flood affected areas and formulated plans to conduct aiding and rescue operations. Chief Minister of Sindh, Murad Ali shah announced the allocation of budget particularly for re-construction of roads damaged by the overflow. Those roads play important role in the economy as they connect the villages to the markets for easy access.

Sports clubs of Jatoi
Mcc Tigers cricket club (REG) is well known sports club of Jatoi.
White Flower Cricket Club (REG) is the oldest And well Known Sports Club Of Jatoi.

Reference by Adnan Farid Laskani

See also
Sardar Kaure Khan Jatoi

References

External links
 Jatoi Tehsil municipal administration

Populated places in Muzaffargarh District


USRC South Carolina was one of the first ten cutters operated by the United States' Revenue Cutter Service (later to become the US Coast Guard).

Operational service
South Carolina was not launched until 1793, however, due to the recalcitrance of state officials who were loath to support or enforce the United States' customs and navigation laws.  Nevertheless, Cochran drew his pay during the time of her construction and so therefore probably chartered a private vessel to conduct patrols until the South Carolina entered service.

Little is known about this cutter other than that she was a schooner 38 tons burthen. Her journals and official correspondence have not survived and there is little mention of her in local papers.  The only incident that garnered published notice was when the governor ordered the cutter to transport a company of soldiers (artillerymen from Fort Johnson) down the waterway to protect a stranded British merchant vessel, the Aracabessa, from another vessel that may have been a French privateer.  By the time the cutter got underway and arrived at the scene, Aracabessa was burning from stem to stern. The privateer was nowhere to be seen and later captured two American vessels further out to sea.

The South Carolina State Gazette noted:

On Tuesday, the 17th inst. [1797] when the Revenue Cutter was ordered by the governor to go down to five fathom hole to protect the English ship Oracabessa from the French pirate who burned her, a detachment of 20 of Capt. Kaldensen's corps of Artillerists was put on board.  By the time they got to Cumming's Point only five of the 20, and the commanding officer, Lieut. Robertson, were able to keep their feet, all the remainder were thrown down with sea sickness -- a clear proof that we stand in need of other marines for our celebrated cutter than the artillerists of a fort.

It would be a few years before the Marine Corps and the Revenue cutters cooperated but the suggestion was prescient. Depredations such as that which befell Aracabessa and the American merchant ships, among others, did motivate the government to begin building a navy.

South Carolina was sold on 5 June 1798 to Captain Oliver Pendleton for $630.00.

References
South Carolina, 1793, US Coast Guard website.
Canney, Donald, 1995:  U.S. Coast Guard and Revenue Cutters, 1790-1935. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
Kern, Florence, 1978: Robert Cochran's U.S. Revenue Cutter South Carolina, 1793-1798: A 38-Ton Schooner, Washington, D.C.: Alised Enterprises.
U.S. Coast Guard, 1934: Record of Movements: Vessels of the United States Coast Guard: 1790 - December 31, 1933,  Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office (reprinted 1989).

First ten Revenue Service cutters
1793 ships


Madonnaville, Illinois is a small unincorporated community in the historic Bluff Precinct of Monroe County, Illinois, United States. It was laid out by Joseph W. Ruebsam, who erected the first building and started a store there shortly thereafter. St. Mary's Catholic Church was built in 1857. Mark Taylor was once Mayor, always remembered.

References

Unincorporated communities in Monroe County, Illinois
Unincorporated communities in Illinois
Monroe County, Illinois
Populated places established in 1857
1857 establishments in Illinois


The 2007 Yemen tourist attack was a suicide car bomb attack on Spanish tourists visiting the Queen of Sheba temple in Marib, Marib Governorate on July 2, 2007.

Details
A member of Al-Qaeda rammed an explosive-laden car into a tourist convoy killing 8 Spanish tourists, 2 Yemeni drivers, and injuring 12.

Aftermath
On August 8, four militants died in a Yemeni security forces raid near Mareb, one of them Kassem al-Raimi, who was the top Al-Qaeda operative who masterminded the attacks. Raimi was involved in other operations and was one of 13 convicted prisoners who escaped from a Sanaa prison in 2006.

See also
List of terrorist incidents, 2007
2008 attack on tourists in Yemen
List of massacres in Yemen

References

External links
Warvictims.wordpresscom

2007 murders in Yemen
Attacks on tourists in Asia
July 2007 events in Asia
Marib Governorate
Mass murder in 2007
Terrorist incidents in Yemen in 2007
Terrorist incidents attributed to al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
Spain–Yemen relations
Suicide car and truck bombings in Yemen


Narrow Stairs is the sixth studio album by indie rock band Death Cab for Cutie, released on May 12, 2008 in the United Kingdom and on May 13, 2008, in the United States, on Atlantic and Barsuk Records.

Four singles were released for the album: "I Will Possess Your Heart", "Cath...", "No Sunlight", and "Grapevine Fires". "I Will Possess Your Heart" reached number six on the US Alternative Songs chart, was named iTunes UK song of the year 2008, and was nominated for the 2009 Grammy Award for Best Rock Song. "Cath..." and "Grapevine Fires", also reached number ten and number twenty-one on the US Alternative Songs chart, respectively.

Narrow Stairs reached number one on the Billboard 200, making it Death Cab for Cutie's highest charting album to-date.

Recording and production
In October 2007, producer and guitarist Chris Walla said that Death Cab for Cutie's new album "is in full swing; we're six songs in." He went on to say, "thus far it's pretty weird and pretty spectacular; lots of blood. It's creepy and heavy... we've got a ten minute long Can jam, and had you suggested that possibility to me in 1998, I'd have eaten your puppy's brain with a spoon." In a Billboard piece, Walla described the album: "It's really weird. It's really, really good, I think, but it's totally a curve ball, and I think it's gonna be a really polarizing record. But I'm really excited about it. It's really got some teeth. The landscape of the thing is way, way more lunar than the urban meadow sort of thing that has been happening for the last couple of records." Walla went on to say, "[It's also] louder and more dissonant and [...] I think abrasive would be a good word to use. [We were influenced by] heavy, sludgy, slow metal [and] synth-punk band Brainiac." Ben Gibbard, lead singer and writer, commented, "I just don't feel like we really have anything to prove of it other than to ourselves and to making a record we really enjoy."

In 2011 Walla stated, "the master plan for Narrow Stairs was to be as invisible and hands-off as a producer as I possibly could. I was really interested in seeing what would happen. When we started that record, we had been on tour for the better part of two years. All we could remember was being on stage and playing. So the whole idea was: what happens if we’re just on stage and we play, except we’re in the studio and we’re recording?" Walla added "Narrow Stairs was very much a commitment to just crashing through the songs as we recorded them, like four people in a room."

Writing and composition
While promoting the band's subsequent album, Codes and Keys (2011), Benjamin Gibbard reflected upon Narrow Stairs lyrical content, stating, "That record is kind of a fulcrum in my life. So much of the negativity in my life got funneled into it. I realized after that I didn't want to go any darker. I wanted it to be the bottom for this band and my own emotional spectrum in terms of writing. I had no grandiose plans to turn my life around."

Notes
Several of the songs have literary or cultural themes, for example "Grapevine Fires" appears to be centered on the wildfires that raged in California during the summer and fall of 2007.

"Bixby Canyon Bridge" features many references to writer Jack Kerouac, whom Ben Gibbard often notes as a favorite author in interviews, and the song was written during a trip to Big Sur, the location of Bixby Creek Bridge. Gibbard has written lyrics referencing Kerouac before, including the songs "Lowell, MA" and "Title Track" from Death Cab for Cutie's 2000 album, We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes, and his contribution of lyrics and vocals to a song by Styrofoam titled "Couches in Alleys".

"Pity and Fear" features an abrupt ending where the song finishes without warning during an instrumental. In an interview, the band stated that the tape machine they were using broke toward the end, however the band liked it so much that they included it in the final version of the song.

The final track on the album, "The Ice Is Getting Thinner", is used in the first-season finale of the television series Gossip Girl, as well as in the fourth season of reality series The Hills. The song "No Sunlight" is included in the soundtrack for Choke. "Pity and Fear" was included in the ending of an episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. The first track, "Bixby Canyon Bridge", was used at the end of the Friday Night Lights episode, "How the Other Side Lives".

The cover art was created by designer EE Storey, the art director for Tegan and Sara.

Critical reception

The album holds a score of 73 out of 100 from Metacritic based on "generally favorable reviews". MTV's James Montgomery referred to Narrow Stairs as "unquestionably the best thing [Death Cab has] ever done". Rolling Stone called the album "a dark, strangely compelling record that trades the group's bright melancholy for something nearer to despair." In his Consumer Guide, Robert Christgau gave it a two-star honorable mention (), while picking out two songs from the album ("You Can Do Better Than Me" and "Grapevine Fires") and stating that the album has "Unfailingly melodic, surprisingly dynamic, somewhat overextended love problems, and if [Ben is] so smart why doesn't he shelve music and solve them?"

The album has been highly rated by critics and fans, having been awarded 4 stars out of 5 by publications such as Rolling Stone, Blender Kerrang!, Uncut, Alternative Press, The Times, The Observer, The Independent and The Guardian, as well as by the websites AllMusic and Consequence of Sound, and Tiny Mix Tapes. TIME magazine awarded the album a "B+" rating, with The A.V. Club giving it an "A" rating. Boston radio station WERS ranked Narrow Stairs as the No.8 album of 2008 based on a listener poll.  Even more favorable reviews come from such publishers as Under the Radar (with nine stars out of ten), Billboard, The Boston Globe, Hartford Courant, Paste (seven out of ten), and Filter (70%).

Other reviews that are given three stars out of five are Mojo, Q, Now, and Prefix Magazine (six out of ten), as well as the website Sputnikmusic. Publishers that have mixed reviews are Slant Magazine (two-and-a-half stars out of five), Hot Press (2.5 out of five), The Austin Chronicle (two stars out of five), and The Village Voice.

Commercial performance
In its debut week, Narrow Stairs reached the No.1 spot on the Billboard 200 chart, selling 144,000 copies and scoring the band its first No.1 album. One week later it fell to No.5 with 52,000 copies. As of January 31, 2009, the album had sold over 475,000 copies in the US. Narrow Stairs was certified Gold by the RIAA in February 2009, for shipments of 500,000 copies.

Narrow Stairs was nominated for the "Best Alternative Music Album" award at the 51st Grammy Awards. In addition, "I Will Possess Your Heart" was nominated for "Best Rock Song".

Track listing

The latter two demos were also included on the vinyl LP edition of the album.

PersonnelDeath Cab for CutieBen Gibbard – vocals, rhythm guitar, piano, keyboard, drums, drum machine
Nick Harmer – bass, backing vocals
Jason McGerr – drums, percussion
Chris Walla – lead guitar, audio sequencer, backing vocals, piano, keyboardProduction'
Chris Walla – production, recording, mixing
Eric A. Hegg – centerfold photo
Alex Newport – mixing
Chris Tabron – mixing assistant
Roger Seibel – mastering
EE Storey – artwork, layout

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history
The album was initially released on May 12, 2008, in the United Kingdom and on the following day in the United States.

References

2008 albums
Atlantic Records albums
Death Cab for Cutie albums
Albums produced by Chris Walla
Albums recorded at Robert Lang Studios


Shakuntalā Parānjpye (17 January 1906 – 3 May 2000) was an Indian writer, actress and a prominent social worker. She was a member of Maharashtra Legislative Council during 1958–64, and served as nominated member of,  Rajya Sabha (Upper House of Indian Parliament) during 1964–70.
 In 1991, she was awarded, Padma Bhushan,the third-highest civilian award in the Republic of India, in recognition of her pioneering work in the field of family planning.

Biography
Shakuntala Paranjpye was the daughter of Sir R. P. Paranjpye, the first Indian to be Senior Wrangler at the University of Cambridge, an educationist, and India's High Commissioner to Australia during 1944–1947.

Shakuntala studied for the Mathematical Tripos at Newnham College, Cambridge. She graduated there in 1929. She received a Diploma in Education from London University the next year.

Shakuntala worked in the 1930s with the International Labour Organization in Geneva, Switzerland. In the 1930s and 1940s, she also acted in some Marathi and Hindi movies.

Shakuntala wrote many plays, sketches, and novels in Marathi. Some of her work was in English.

A Hindi children's movie, Yeh Hai Chakkad Bakkad Bumbe Bo, which was based on a Marathi story by Shakuntala was released in 2003.

Personal life
Shakuntala was married for a short time to a Russian painter, Youra Sleptzoff. The couple's  daughter, Sai Paranjpye, was born in  1938. Soon after Sai's birth, she divorced Youra, and reared Sai in her own father's household.

Sai Paranjpye is a noted Hindi movie director and screenwriter. She is known for her comedies and children's movies. In 1991, the Government of India awarded her the Padma Bhushan title in recognition of her artistic talents and for her stories.

Filmography
Ganga Maiyya (1955)
Lokshahir Ram Joshi (1947)
Ramshastri (1944)
Jawani Ka Rang (1941)
Paisa (1941)
Stree (1938)
Duniya Na Mane (1937)
Jeevan Jyoti (1937)
Kunku (1937)
Sultana Chand Biwi (1937)
Bahadur Beti (1935)
Kali Waghan (1935)
Typist Girl (1935)
Bhakta Prahlad (1934)
Bhedi Rajkumar (1934)
Partha Kumar (1934)
Sairandhri (1933)

Authorship
Three years in Australia, (English), Poona, 1951
 Sense and nonsense, (English), New Delhi, Orient Longman, 1970.
 Kāhi Āmbat, Kāhi Goad, (Marathi), Pune, Śrīvidyā Prakāshan, 1979.
 Desh-Videshichyā Lok-Kathā, (Marathi)

References

External links

1906 births
2000 deaths
Marathi-language writers
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in social work
Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha
Indian women novelists
Indian film actresses
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Actresses in Marathi cinema
Indian birth control activists
Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council
20th-century Indian actresses
Marathi politicians
Indian women dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Indian novelists
Women writers from Maharashtra
20th-century Indian women writers
20th-century Indian educators
20th-century Indian women educators
Educators from Maharashtra
Dramatists and playwrights from Maharashtra
Novelists from Maharashtra
Women educators from Maharashtra
Social workers from Maharashtra
Women members of the Rajya Sabha


Antoinette de Maignelais (; 1434–1474) was the cousin of Agnès Sorel, favorite mistress of Charles VII of France until her sudden death in 1450. Married to André de Villequier, one of the king's mignons, she enjoyed a short but fruitful marriage, bearing two sons, until his death in 1454. Antoinette was reportedly her cousin's successor as royal mistress, according to contemporary chroniclers, although she had no children by the king. By 1459 she became the mistress of Francis II, Duke of Brittany. It was rumored that she acted as a spy on Charles VII on behalf of his son, Louis XI.

Life
Antoinette was the daughter of Jean II de Maignelais and Marie de Jouy. Through her father she was a first cousin of Agnès Sorel, who was Charles VII's mistress from roughly 1444 until her sudden death of mercury poisoning in 1450.

Even before her cousin's death, Antoinette had caught the king's eye. In 1448, when she was fourteen years old, he gave her the lands of Maignelais, which had been the object of a long lawsuit between her ancestor Raoul de Maignelais and the Duke de Bourbon. In the end, the estate had remained in the duke's possession.

Royal Mistress
In her sixteenth year, shortly after Agnès died, Antoinette joined the tight band surrounding Charles VII; some chroniclers presumed that she was his new mistress. Charles VII married Antoinette to his first gentleman of the bedchamber, André, Baron de Villequier (d. 1454), of Guerche in Touraine. On this occasion the king presented Antoinette with the isles of Oleron, Marennes, and Arvert as a marriage portion, with a pension of 6,000 livres a year for life. The letters granting these advantages are dated October, 1450. For her and her husband, the king ordered the construction of the Château de la Guerche.

It was reported that Antoinette co-operated with the Dauphin (the future Louis XI of France) with whom the King was in a strained relationship, and sent information to the dauphin about his father, thus in effect acting as the spy of the dauphin upon the King.

Ducal mistress

She began a relationship with Francis II, Duke of Brittany, sometime before the king's death in 1461. She was given a great allowance from the Duke, and resided in the Castle of Cholet, where she hosted a cultural circle and made her court a center of culture in Brittany. She eventually had five children with Francis II.

When becoming mistress of the Duke of Brittany, Louis XI of France expected her to continue to act as his spy, this time upon the Duke of Brittany. Initially, she did fulfil this expectation, but eventually, she changed her loyalties. During the war between France and Brittany, Antoinette de Maignelais sold her jewels to finance the army of Brittany against France. Upon hearing of this, Louis XI of France confiscated her property in France.

She died at Francis II's court in 1474 and a tomb with a statue was erected in her memory.

Notes

References

Sources

Further reading

1420 births
1474 deaths
Antoinette
Antoinette
Mistresses of French royalty
French baronesses
French courtiers
15th-century French people
15th-century French women
Medieval spies


Singapore Land Tower is a 48-storey   skyscraper located in the central business district of Singapore. The tower is located at 50 Raffles Place, adjacent to Raffles Place MRT station. It is just 100 metres away from Boat Quay and Collyer Quay.

The Embassy of Germany is located on the 12th floor, Embassy of Ukraine is on the 16th floor and the Embassy of Colombia occupies the 30th floor of the building.

History
Construction on the Singapore Land Tower was completed in 1980. The tower underwent alteration and recladding works as well as a new roofing feature of which the works received statutory completion status in August 2003.

Companies involved in the development of the building included Singapore Land Limited, CapitaLand Limited, Rider Hunt Levett & Bailey, Mitsubishi Elevator and Escalator, Architects 61 Pte Ltd, Colliers International (Singapore) Private Limited, Hong Kong Trade Development Council, SEB and The Boston Consulting Group.

See also
 List of tallest buildings in Singapore

References

Raffles Place
Skyscraper office buildings in Singapore
Downtown Core (Singapore)
Office buildings completed in 1980
Brutalist architecture in Singapore
20th-century architecture in Singapore


Carlos Curbelo (born 28 April 1954 in San José de Mayo, Uruguay) is a former naturalised French footballer who played as a defender.

He is the father of AS Nancy's Gaston Curbelo.

External links

 Profile on French federation official site

1954 births
Living people
People from San José de Mayo
French people of Uruguayan descent
Naturalized citizens of France
French men's footballers
France men's international footballers
C.A. Cerro players
Ligue 1 players
AS Nancy Lorraine players
OGC Nice players
Men's association football defenders
Uruguayan men's footballers


USRC Eagle was one of the first ten cutters operated by the United States Revenue-Marine, which later became the United States Revenue Cutter Service and later still became part of the United States Coast Guard.

Eagle has been often misidentified as the cutter Pickering, which was in fact not launched until 1798 (and so was not among the first ten cutters).  Eagle was built in Savannah, Georgia, for service in that state's waters.  Savannah remained her homeport throughout her career as a revenue cutter.

Description
The only surviving documentation regarding the cutter Eagle construction, dimensions, or her rig is a description written when she was sold in 1799:

... that the said ship or vessel has one deck and two masts, and that her length is fifty five feet ten inches, her breadth seventeen feet six inches, her depth six feet eight inches and that she measures fifty five 66/95 tons; that she is square sterned long quarter has Quarter Deck Badges and no Galleries and an Eagle head.

Operational service

Some documentation does survive that provides a glimpse at her duties. Cutters typically were assigned to duty by the local collector of customs and as such they carried out a myriad of tasks and Eagle was no exception.  She was assigned to enforce the quarantine restrictions imposed during the outbreak of yellow fever in Philadelphia in 1793.  For that task she lay off Cockspur Island and prevented any vessel carrying infected persons from entering Savannah Harbor.

There are glimpses in the records of some of her adventures as a revenue cutter.  She had a small hand in the establishment of the United States Navy when, in 1794, Eagle delivered woodcutting supplies to contractors on St. Simons Island.  The contractors were to supply wood for the frigates recently authorized by the United States Congress, an authorization that marks the birth of the nation's second oldest sea-going service.

Lynx incident

In 1795, Eagle became involved in an international incident while on an unofficial voyage on South Carolina senator Pierce Butler's behalf. Butler convinced either acting captain Hendrick Fisher or local customs officials to transport a cargo of wool to his slave plantation on St. Simons Island using Eagle. While the vessel was sailing near Jekyll Island, it encountered the British Royal Navy sloop , captained by John Beresford. The sloop fired a shot across the cutter's bow as a signal for it to stop; Fisher responded by attempting to heave to, but Butler ordered him to continue ahead. Lynx subsequently began to open a continuous fire at Eagle, which sailed towards the shoal waters near the northern point of Jekyll Island. As Lynx had drawn too much water to continue the chase, Beresford ordered that the ship's pinnace and cutter, under Lieutenant Alex Skene's command, to pursue Eagle.

The two vessels quickly overtook Eagle and came onboard, demanding to know why the ship had not come about when fired upon by Lynx. After learning the Eagle was a United States Revenue-Marine vessel, Skene and his men returned to their boats and went back to Lynx, allowing the Americans to continue unmolested. Once news of the encounter spread, the American public was outraged; in response to being questioned over the incident, Beresford stated that Lynx was outside the  limit of U.S. territorial waters and noted that the cutter was not flying a flag. The American ensign was not displayed on Eagle for unexplained reasons but instead stored in the captain's cabin. Eagle did apparently display some sort of commissioning pennant, but it was not visible to Lynx.

Fate
She was sold on 14 September 1799 for $595 ()

Crew

John Howell, Master; 1793–1799.

Hendrick Fisher, First Mate, 1793–1798 (?)
John Wood, Second Mate, 1793–1794.
James Christian, Second Mate, 1794–1795.
Benjamin Forsyth, Second Mate, 1795–1798; promoted to First Mate in 1798 (?)
William Duncan (died while a seaman on Eagle in 1797).

References
Eagle, 1793, US Coast Guard website.
Canney, Donald, 1995:  U.S. Coast Guard and Revenue Cutters, 1790–1935. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press.
Stephen H. Evans, 1949: The United States Coast Guard, 1790–1915: A Definitive History (With a Postscript: 1915–1950).  Annapolis: The United States Naval Institute.
Kern, Florence, 1978: John Howell's U.S. Revenue Cutter Eagle, Georgia, 1793–1799, Washington, DC: Alised Enterprises.
U.S. Coast Guard, 1934: Record of Movements: Vessels of the United States Coast Guard: 1790 – December 31, 1933,  Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office (reprinted 1989).

First ten Revenue Service cutters
1793 ships
Ships built in Savannah, Georgia
United Kingdom–United States military relations
Political scandals in South Carolina
Maritime incidents in 1795


Harrisonville is an unincorporated community in the historic Harrisonville Precinct of Monroe County, Illinois.

History
Harrisonville was the first county seat of Monroe County, and was originally called Carthage, or even earlier, in 1786, as Brashear's Fort. The name was changed by an act of the territorial assembly, in 1816, to honor William Henry Harrison, who actually owned several tracts of land in the area, mostly in Moredock precinct. However, sources suggest the name was already in common usage by 1810 or even earlier. The original site, some distance west of its current location has been swallowed up by the Mississippi River, and was obliterated by 1860. It was an important shipping point on the Mississippi River, lying on the bank directly opposite Herculaneum, Missouri and drawing on the agricultural production of the American Bottom.

References

Unincorporated communities in Monroe County, Illinois
Unincorporated communities in Illinois
Metro East
Populated places established in 1810
Former county seats in Illinois


Chef to Go is a Philippine television cooking show broadcast by Q. Hosted by Rob Pengson in the first and third season and Marvin Agustin in the second season, it premiered on August 5, 2007. The show concluded in 2009.

Accolades
 New York Festival 2009

2007 Philippine television series debuts
2009 Philippine television series endings
Filipino-language television shows
Philippine cooking television series
Q (TV network) original programming


Musical! Die Show (Musical! The Show) is a television musical talent show produced by the ORF, an Austrian public TV-broadcaster.  The finals took place on January 11, 2008, in which Vincent Bueno was hailed as the winner.

Programme
The broadcasting of the programme began in September 2007. Many interested ones joined audition. Through advance ones were the best 10 of the jurors selected.

External links
 "Musical! Die Show" Homepage

References

Austrian television series
ORF (broadcaster) original programming