Alessandro, Principe Ruspoli (January 14, 1869 – September 28, 1952), Grand Master of the Sacred Apostolic Hospice,  was the 7th Principe di Cerveteri, 7th Marchese di Riano, 12th Conte di Vignanello and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, son of Francesco Maria Ruspoli, 6th Prince of Cerveteri and wife Egle dei Conti Franchesi.

Marriage and children
He married in Rome, July 5, 1897 Marianita dei Duchi Lante Montefeltro della Rovere (Rome, May 30, 1873 – Rome, February 22, 1971), granddaughter of wealthy Americans, Ann and Thomas E. Davis from New York City, New York, by whom he had four children:

 Donna Giacinta dei Principi Ruspoli (Rome, April 11, 1898 – Rome, September 4, 1982), married firstly in Rome, April 30, 1919 Clemente dei Principi del Drago Marchese di Rioffredo (Rome, September 9, 1897 – Rome, March 7, 1939), and had issue, and secondly in Rome, November 4, 1941 Conte Alvise Emo-Capodilista (Vicenza, July 17, 1898 – Rome, January 7, 1980), without issue
 Francesco Ruspoli, 8th Prince of Cerveteri
 Donna Egle dei Principi Ruspoli (Rome, April 21, 1902 – Rome, July 3, 2000), married in Rome, April 28, 1924 Alessandro Federici, Marchese della Costa (Chieri, August 5, 1899 – Rome, March 16, 1989), and had issue
 Don Luigi dei Principi Ruspoli (Rome, March 14, 1908 –), married in Rome, April 23, 1938 Eleonora Berlingieri dei Marchesi di Valle Perrotta (Rome, August 25, 1913 – Rome, October, 1989), and had two sons:
 Don Giulio dei Principi Ruspoli (Rome, September 23, 1939 –), married firstly in Rome, June 2, 1974 Paola Murri, without issue, and secondly Patrizia Memmo, without issue
 Don Pietro dei Principi Ruspoli (Rome, October 27, 1940 –), married at Cerveteri, October 3, 1970 Letizia Ciancarelli, and had a daughter and a son:
 Donna Marianita dei Principi Ruspoli (1976/1977 –), married at the Villa Papale della Suvera, near Siena, September 23, 2006 Luca Pirri Ardizzone (Milan, April 18, 1973 –)
 Don Alessandro dei Principi Ruspoli (1980); married 20 June 2015 Guja Randaccio dei conti del Timavo

See also
 Ruspoli

References

External links
 Alessandro Ruspoli on a genealogical site

1869 births
1952 deaths
Alessandro
Alessandro
Nobility from Rome


The Delta Classic 4 Literacy (also known as the Delta Classic) was a college football game held between historically black colleges.  It was held annually in Little Rock, Arkansas from 2006 to 2012.

History
Fitz Hill created the event, then known as the Literacy Classic while serving as head football coach at San Jose State University. After becoming president of Arkansas Baptist College, Hill restarted the event in Little Rock as The Delta Classic 4 Literacy, with the intent of raising awareness regarding illiteracy in the Delta region. Proceeds from the game go to the Arkansas Literacy Council. The first game in the Arkansas version of the Delta Classic was played between Grambling State University and the University of Arkansas-Pine Bluff in October, 2006, with UAPB gaining the victory en route to winning the Southwestern Athletic Conference Western Division title that season.  In the second Delta Classic held on October 13, 2007, Grambling State defeated UAPB 30–24.

The Delta Classic 4 Literacy was discontinued in 2012 with the last game in the series being a 17–14 victory by UAPB over Langston University. UAPB ended with a 3–4 record in the Delta Classic, including two victories against Grambling State in 2006 and 2009.

Game results

See also
 List of black college football classics
 University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff
 UAPB Golden Lions football

References

Sports in Little Rock, Arkansas
Black college football classics


Lake Solitude is a highland tarn located in western New Hampshire, United States, at the top of Sunapee Ridge between the main summit of Mount Sunapee and South Peak. The lake, covering , is approximately  long by  wide and is located within Mount Sunapee State Park in the town of Newbury. A popular hiking destination, Lake Solitude is accessible via the Andrew Brook Trail, the Newbury Trail, or the long-distance Monadnock-Sunapee Greenway Trail. White Ledge, elevation , rises steeply above the lake's west shore and provides expansive views. The lake is considered an important habitat for rare species and is off limits to swimmers and dogs.

Lake Solitude drains into Andrew Brook, thence into Todd Lake, the Warner River, the Contoocook River, then into the Merrimack River and the Atlantic Ocean.

The lake is classified as a coldwater fishery, with observed species including brook trout.

See also

List of lakes in New Hampshire

References

Monadnock-Sunapee Greenway Trail Guide, fifth edition (1994). Concord, New Hampshire: Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests.
Delorme Topo 6.0 (2006). Mapping software. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme.

Lakes of Merrimack County, New Hampshire
Lakes of New Hampshire


Red Room Sessions is an EP by Busted which was released as a limited edition promotional CD single. It could be obtained by collecting a certain amount of tokens through Smash Hits and cans of Coca-Cola. Accordingly, its catalogue number was "COKE01".

The CD contained two songs from their first album Busted — including an exclusive mix of "What I Go to School For" — with a cover of the 1964 Beach Boys song "Fun, Fun, Fun", first released as a B-side to "Year 3000".

The Red Room Sessions was a series of live performances by pop acts, held in small venues with up-and-coming artists providing support.

Track listing
"What I Go to School For" (Alternative Remix) - 3:33
"Dawson's Geek" - 2:27
"Fun Fun Fun" - 2:17

References

2003 debut EPs
Island Records EPs
Busted (band) albums


Lake Solitude is the name of at least twelve bodies of water in the United States including:

Lake Solitude (New Hampshire), a highland tarn on Mount Sunapee
Lake Solitude (Wyoming), located within Grand Teton National Park


Two on a Guillotine is a 1965 American horror film produced and directed by William Conrad and starring Connie Stevens. The screenplay by John Kneubuhl and Henry Slesar is based on a story by Slesar. The movie would be the first in a series of low-budget suspense dramas made by Warner Bros in the vein of the successful William Castle films, and was followed by My Blood Runs Cold and Brainstorm, both also released in 1965 with Conrad as director. A fourth movie,  The Thing at the Door, was proposed, but never made.

Plot
John Harley Duquesne, a psychotic magician, accidentally beheads his wife Melinda with a guillotine during a performance. Twenty years later he dies, and his will requires his daughter Cassie (the image of her mother) to spend seven nights in his apparently haunted mansion in order to inherit his estate.

Reporter Val Henderson offers to stay with her when he learns Duquesne promised to return in spirit form during Cassie's week-long vigil. As the days pass, the two encounter a number of spooky happenings, leading to a climax in which the very-much-alive Duquesne attempts a recreation of his guillotine trick, this time with his daughter as an unwilling assistant.

Henderson fights Duquesne, trying to prevent him from activating the guillotine, but accidentally releases the catch; a dummy's head falls from the guillotine causing Duquesne to break down thinking his wife has been killed. Henderson rescues Cassie as the police come to arrest Duquesne.

Principal cast
 Connie Stevens as Cassie/Melinda Duquesne
 Dean Jones as Val Henderson
 Cesar Romero as John Harley Duquesne
 Parley Baer as Buzzy Sheridan
 Virginia Gregg as Dolly Bast
 John Hoyt as Carl Vickers

Production
Two on a Guillotine was one of a series of movies financed by Warner Bros which were made by directors who had previously worked primarily in television, such as Conrad, Lamont Johnson and Jack Smight.

Filming started in June 1964, and lasted three weeks.

Stevens was under contract with Warner Bros. She said, "I thought the script was stupid when I read it but I came away thinking, 'yeah, it could have happened.' That's the challenge, to make something like this believable." She made the movie immediately before her series Wendy and Me, and asserted that it "could have been a Class A thriller if they'd spent more money on it." She noted that the feature did garner Conrad a seven-year contract with the studio, however.

Two on a Guillotine was the last movie scored by Max Steiner. He commented, "it wasn't a picture, it was an abortion ... The guillotine was placed in the wrong place ... they should have cut off William Conrad's head for producing the thing."

Critical reception
In his review in The New York Times, Howard Thompson called the film "a dull, silly, tedious clinker" and "an old-fashioned, haunted-house spooker." The Los Angeles Times called it "an unusually appealing love story" with "genuinely spine-tingling suspense."

TV Guide rates it two out of a possible four stars, calling it "a standard haunted house thriller."

Home media
The film was released on DVD on June 22, 2010.

Comic book adaptation
 Dell Movie Classic: Two on a Guillotine (April–June 1965)

See also
 List of American films of 1965

References

External links

Review of film at Cinema Retro
Two on a Guillotine at BFI

1965 films
1965 horror films
American supernatural horror films
American mystery films
Warner Bros. films
American black-and-white films
1960s English-language films
Films scored by Max Steiner
Films set in country houses
Films about magic and magicians
Films based on short fiction
Films directed by William Conrad
American haunted house films
Films adapted into comics
1960s American films


Odium may refer to:

Gorky 17, released as Odium in North America, a computer game
Odium (album), by Morgoth, 1993

See also

Odeon (disambiguation)
Odiham, a village in Hampshire, England
Odium theologicum, the often intense anger and hatred generated by disputes over theology
Argumentum ad odium, where someone attempts to win favor for an argument by exploiting existing negative feelings in the opposing party


Under the Crescent is a 1915 American drama film serial directed by Burton L. King, starring Ola Humphrey, and released by Universal. The film is considered to be lost.

Plot
A series of six episodes involving the adventures of an American actress in modern Egypt (circa 1910s). The story is biographical; it was based on the real life of its lead actress, Ola Humphrey, who in 1911 married Egyptian Prince Ibrahim Hassan, cousin of the Khedive.

Cast
 Ola Humphrey - The American Actress
 William C. Dowlan - Stanley Clyde
 Edward Sloman - Prince Ibrahim Tousson
Helen Wright - Princess Ousson
 Carmen Phillips - Princess Uarda
 William Quinn - Said Pasha
 Henry Canfield - Sir Godfrey (as H.E. Canfield)
 Orral Humphrey - Meheimit Ali
 Edna Maison - Princess Zohna

Chapter titles
 The Purple Iris
 The Cage of the Golden Bars
 In The Shadows of the Pyramids
 For The Honor of a Woman
 In The Name of the King
 The Crown of Death

See also
 List of film serials
 List of film serials by studio
 List of lost films

References

External links

Under the Crescent at SilentEra

1915 films
1915 drama films
1915 lost films
American silent serial films
American black-and-white films
Universal Pictures film serials
Lost American drama films
Films directed by Burton L. King
Silent American drama films
Films set in Egypt
1910s American films


Ahmed Yousef (also known as Yousef Saleh, Abu Ahmed, Ahmed bin Yousef) was a senior adviser to Gaza's Prime Minister Ismail Haniya and remains close to current Hamas leadership. Beginning in 1968, Ahmed Yousef was the pupil of the founder of Hamas, Sheikh Ahmed Yassin. Yousef previously served as the Executive Director of the United Association for Studies and Research, a U.S.-based non-profit organization that has been called a front operation for Hamas. He also served as editor of UASR’s quarterly journal The Middle East Affairs Journal. Yousef returned to Gaza in 2005 following the withdrawal of the Israeli army and the victory of Hamas in the legislative elections. In 2006 he was appointed as the political advisor to then-Prime Minister Ismail Haniya. He is now the head of the House of Wisdom Institution for Conflict Resolution and Governance in Gaza.

Positions
Ahmed Yousef has been described as “Hamas’s gate” to the West because of his extensive connections to Hamas and his years living in the United States.

Yousef has been a member of the Muslim Brotherhood for 45 years in addition to his positions within Hamas.

As a senior advisor to Ismail Haniya, Yousef frequently spoke to media outlets about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and about the position of Arabs and Muslims in the United States.

Yousef is frequently quotes as saying that Hamas has not carried out suicide bombing attacks since 2004 because the use of indiscriminate killing was harming Hamas’s movement.

Yousef has also spoken out critically against the Palestinian Authority government and their lack of control in Gaza. In a December 2014 statement, he criticized the PA’s lack of governance in Gaza and praised Qatari support of Gazans as a direct result of this lack of governance by the PA. Yousef has also frequently highlighted the close relationship between Hamas and Qatar over the course of several decades.

In the past several years, Yousef has called for an end to the armed resistance in order for the Palestinians to have time to reconstruct. He says that an officials truce will allow for others to engage in the reconstruction of Gaza.

As recently as December 2015, he has spoken out against “barbaric” tactics used by al Qaeda and ISIS, especially those such as the murder of women and children.

Publications
Ahmed Yousef has published multiple books including The End of the Jewish State: Just a Matter of Time and a tribute to Hamas founder and Leader Ahmed Yassin called Ahmed Yassin: The Phenomenon, the Miracle, and the Legend of the Challenge. This tribute was published through UASR. It contained letters praising the imminent victory of Hamas over the Jews. He also published American Muslims: A Community Under Siege around the third anniversary of September 11.

In a 1989 pamphlet published by UASR and written by Yousef called Hamas: Background of Its Inception and Horizons of Its March, Yousef described Hamas as being the only solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Yousef has also written articles for the New York Times, and The Guardian.

Bibliography
 Hamas: Background of Its Inception and Horizons of Its March. Springfield, VA. UASR. 1989.
 American Muslims: A Community Under Siege. Springfield, VA: UASR Publishing Group, 2004.

 Yousef, Ahmed (2007-6-20). “What Hamas Wants”. The New York Times.
 Yousef, Ahmed (2009-07-01). “I Welcome the Franco-Egyptian Initiative”. The Guardian.
 Yousef, Ahmed (2014-11-14). “Judge Hamas on the Measures it Takes for its People”. The Guardian.

References

Hamas members
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


George McManus (1884–1954) was an American cartoonist, creator of Bringing up Father.

George McManus may also refer to:

 George McManus (baseball) (1846–1918), baseball manager
 George McManus (politician) (1806–1887), Ontario MPP
 George A. McManus Jr. (born 1930), Republican member of the Michigan Senate, 1991–2002
 George H. McManus (1867–1954), U.S. Army general


Ivan Kardum (born 18 July 1987) is a Croatian football goalkeeper, who plays for Austrian fourth tier-side SC Ritzing.

Honours
Individual
A Lyga Team of the Year: 2018

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Osijek
Men's association football goalkeepers
Croatian men's footballers
Croatia men's youth international footballers
NK Osijek players
HNK Vukovar '91 players
NK Grafičar Vodovod players
FK Austria Wien players
NK Slaven Belupo players
FK Sūduva players
SC Ritzing players
Croatian Football League players
Austrian Regionalliga players
A Lyga players
Austrian Landesliga players
Croatian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Austria
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Expatriate men's footballers in Lithuania
Croatian expatriate sportspeople in Lithuania


Pinto Fútbol Sala was a futsal club based in Pinto, city of the autonomous community of Community of Madrid.

The club was founded in 1988 and her pavilion is Municipal de Pinto with capacity of 5,000 seaters.

The club was sponsored by Ayuntamiento de Pinto.

Season to season

2 season in División de Honor
4 seasons in División de Plata
1 season in 1ª Nacional A

Last squad

References

External links
Pinto FS Official Website 1 (not updated)
Pinto FS Official Website 2

Futsal clubs in Spain
Sports clubs and teams in the Community of Madrid
Futsal clubs established in 1988
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 2010
1988 establishments in Spain
2010 disestablishments in Spain


Francesco Maria, Principe Ruspoli (November 30, 1839 – January 23, 1907) was the 6th Principe di Cerveteri, 6th Marchese di Riano, 11th Conte di Vignanello and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, son of Giovanni Nepomucene Ruspoli, 5th Prince of Cerveteri and wife Barbara dei Principi Massimo.

Marriage and children
He married in Pisa, April 20, 1868 Egle dei Conti Franceschi (Pisa, December 23, 1846 – Rome, February 28, 1913), by whom he had five children:

 Alessandro Ruspoli, 7th Prince of Cerveteri
 Don Giovanni Nepomuceno dei Principi Ruspoli (Rome, May 18, 1871 – Rome, June 12, 1955), unmarried and without issue
 Donna Laura dei Principi Ruspoli (Rome, August 14, 1878 – Rome, September 13, 1960), married in Rome, August 24, 1899 Alessandro, Conte Martini-Marescotti (Pisa, August 12, 1871 – Rome, January 6, 1941), and had issue
 Donna Maria dei Principi Ruspoli (Rome, January 21, 1874 – Rome, February 15, 1929), unmarried and without issue
 Donna Giacinta dei Principi Ruspoli (Rome, August 17, 1883 – Rome, April 4, 1909), unmarried and without issue

See also
 Ruspoli

External links
 Francesco Maria Ruspoli on a genealogical site

1839 births
1907 deaths
Francesco
Francesco Maria
Nobility from Rome


Ciprian Virgil Dianu (born 13 January 1977) is a Romanian former football player and currently a manager. At the end of his career Dianu moved to Oradea, where he played for lower leagues teams and later became a football manager and also a coach at LPS Bihorul (Sports High School). His father, Virgil Dianu was also a footballer.

References

External links

1977 births
Footballers from Reșița
Living people
Romanian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Liga I players
Liga II players
ACF Gloria Bistrița players
FC Universitatea Cluj players
CSM Reșița players
FC Bihor Oradea (1958) players
FC Politehnica Iași (1945) players
CS Mioveni players
ACS Sticla Arieșul Turda players
CS Lotus Băile Felix players
CSC Crișul Sântandrei players
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
Diósgyőri VTK players
Zalaegerszegi TE players
Romanian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Hungary
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Hungary
Romanian football managers
CS Lotus Băile Felix managers
CSC Crișul Sântandrei managers
CS Luceafărul Oradea managers
Club Atletic Oradea managers


Mihai Olteanu (born 14 April 1980 in Piteşti) is a former Romanian footballer., he played all his career for CS Mioveni.

References

External links

Living people
1980 births
Footballers from Pitești
Romanian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Liga I players
Liga II players
CS Mioveni players
Romanian football managers
CS Mioveni managers


Liviu Hapaină (born 20 April 1978) is a Romanian former footballer who played as a defender for teams such as ARO Câmpulung, Dacia Mioveni or Alro Slatina, among others.

External links

1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Argeș County
Romanian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Liga I players
Liga II players
CS Mioveni players
FC Internațional Curtea de Argeș players
SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea players
FC Argeș Pitești players


Deedar () is a 1992 Hindi romantic action movie directed by Pramod Chakravorty and starring Akshay Kumar, Karishma Kapoor, Anupam Kher, Laxmikant Berde, Tanuja, Gurbachan Singh and Dan Dhanoa. Other cast members include Seema Deo, Ajit Vachhani, Anjana Mumtaz, Rajeev Verma, Priya Arun, Rajesh Puri and Viju Khote. This movie was supposed to be Akshay Kumar's debut movie. However, Saugandh was released first in 1991 thus becoming his debut.

Plot
Anand (Akshay Kumar) and Sapna (Karishma Kapoor) fall in love. In the past, Anand's father had back-stabbed Sapna's dad and he had gone to jail, despite being innocent. Anand plans to free Sapna's dad from prison asks his dad to confess the truth to the police. His dad realises his mistakes and seeks forgiveness from Sapna's parents and dies thereby, uniting Anand and Sapna.

Soundtrack

External links

1992 films
1990s Hindi-language films
Films scored by Anand–Milind
Films directed by Pramod Chakravorty
Indian romantic drama films


The Highland Renaissance Festival is a permanent Renaissance Festival located on former farmland in Eminence, Kentucky and set in the fictional early 14th century village of Briarwood in the Highlands of Scotland in the time when Robert the Bruce ruled.  The year 1320, to be exact.  It is in the center of a triangle created by the cities of Louisville, Lexington, and Cincinnati, and is the first permanent renaissance festival in the state of Kentucky.

Features
The festival features vendors and artisans who offer an assortment of hand-crafted items. A cast of actors portray life as it would have been during this time. These include:
 The Briarwood Players (The King's Retinue)
 The Minions of Mischief (The Teenage Guild)
 The Gaelic Gambol (The Celtic Dance Troupe)
 The Faewood Grove (The Faerie Guild)
 and The Clan Balaur (The Gypsy/Rom Encampment).
Stage entertainment includes a mud show (Nuttin' But Mud), armored jousting (Round Table Productions), a circus-style sideshow (The Pickled Brothers), Fae Lore and faerie tales (Ebeneezer Grumpypants), and musicians performing historical and original songs. Throughout the festival there are family-oriented activities such as craft demonstrations, human-powered rides, and games. Makala's Inn, HooDoo's Pub, and The Twisted Thistle (The 21+ Pub) provide food, drinks, and continuous shows. Attendance in 2007 averaged over 1000 people a day. This year completed  years.

The land is also used for other events during the year, such as a Celtic Fest and Highlands Games in late September and a Dickens Festival in December.

See also

 Renaissance fair
 List of Renaissance fairs
 Reenactment
 Jousting
 Society for Creative Anachronism
 List of open air and living history museums in the United States

References

External links
 Official website
 Celtic Fest website

Festivals in Kentucky
Tourist attractions in Henry County, Kentucky
Renaissance fairs
Festivals established in 2006
2006 establishments in Kentucky
Scottish-American culture in Kentucky


Tlatlaya is one of 125 municipalities of the State of Mexico in Mexico.  The municipal seat is the town of Tlatlaya which is the eleventh largest town in the municipality. The word “Tlatlaya” means when the hearth is black and red.

The town

The area was settled mostly by Matlatzincas, but there were also significant numbers of Otomis, Mexicas and Purépuchas.  No large cities were built in this area but there are a number of archeological sites in the town itself as well as Teopazul, Rincón Grande, Cerro del Tecolote, Copaltepec, San Francisco, Santa  Ana Zicatecoyan, el Cerro de Tequesquite, and San Vicente with many "chontal" type buildings make of mud and stone as well as objects for daily and ritual use. This used to be a major border crossing area between Mexica and Purépecha-dominated areas. However, the area suffered attacks from the Purépecha because it was technically Aztec territory. During the Spanish Conquest, the area did not resist Spanish domination, allowing for evangelization as early as 1526 by missionaries, which included the descendants of the Aztec tlatoani Chimalpopoca. Juan Saucedo was the first Spanish governor from 1527 to 1534. The Spanish discovered and established mines here in 1533. From 1683 to 1785, Tlatlaya suffered the Spanish Inquisition. The town became the head of the República de Indios de Tlatlaya (Indian Republic of Tlatlaya) from 1743 to 1754. Vicente Guerrero and Pedro Ascencio were active here during the Mexican War of Independence which lasted from 1810 to 1821.

While the town of Tlatlaya has been the economic and political center of the area since pre-Hispanic times, it did not officially become a municipal seat until 1849 and did not become completely independent of the district of Sultepec until 1919. The town and area surrounding it favored the Liberation Army of the South (Zapatistas) during the Mexican Revolution. In 1950, the San Pedro Limón airfield was completed as well as a heliport in 1972.

Despite having a population of only 553 people as of 2005, the town of Tlatlaya is the largest community in the municipality and functions as the government of more than 160 communities. The town lies at an elevation of 1840 meters above sea level.

The most important tourist attraction is the parish of “Apostol Santiago” building on the 16th century.

The municipality
The current municipality was established in 1849, even though the town of Tlatlaya has been the political and economic heart of the area since pre-Hispanic times. The municipality of Tlatlaya has an extension of 798.92 square kilometers. Tlatlaya is bounded in the north by the municipality of Amatepec, and in the south by the state of Guerrero. The weather in Tlatlaya is tropical with rains in summer.

The population of the municipality is widely dispersed among more than 160 villages as well as more than 60 locations where there are only one or two houses. The total population of all these small villages in 2005 totaled 33,308.

Due to its very rural nature, the principal economica activity of the municipality is agriculture followed by livestock.  There are more than 3,400 farms and other fields devoted to crops covering more than 70% of the municipality's territory. There are also 24 ejidos (cooperative farms) located here. Principal crops include corn, beans, chili peppers, squash, tomatoes, onions, melons, mango and papaya. Most of the livestock raised here are pigs and cattle.

List of communities in the municipality of Tlatlaya
Agua Fría, El Alambique, La Alcantarilla, Amacuatitla, Ancón de los Curieles, Dieciocho de Marzo, Cacahuananche, Cuadrilla del Cirián (Cirián Grande), El Ciruelo, Coatepec (Coatepequito), La Cofradía, Corral de Piedra, Cruz del Norte, Coahuayana, Coahuilotes (Pueblo Nuevo), La Cueva, Chachalacatenco, Las Esmeraldas, El Gavilán, El Guayabo, El Higo Prieto, Huixtitla, Juntas del Río Limón, Las Juntas (Las Juntas del Paso), La Lagunilla, El Limón, El Llano, El Mango, Mayaltepec, Moctezuma (Colonia Moctezuma), El Montón, El Naranjito, El Naranjo, El Naranjo Palmar Grande, Nuevo Copaltepec, Palmar Grande, Palma Torcida, Palos Verdes, El Panal, La Parota, Paso de Jaquinicuil, Peña del Órgano, Pie del Cerro San Vicente, Pie del Cerro, El Potrero, Puerto de la Arena, Puerto Seco, Rancho Cuá, Ranchos Nuevos (Rancho Nuevo), Rancho Viejo, El Revelado, Rincón del Aguacate, Rincón Grande, El Salitre Ojo de Agua, Salitre Grande, Salitrillo, San Antonio del Rosario, San Felipe Tepehuastitlán, San Francisco de Asís (San Francisco), San Juan Tetitlán, San Juan Corral, San Mateo (San Mateo Guayatenco), San Pedro Limón, Santa Ana Zicatecoyan, Santa Cruz, Santa María, Tejupilquito, El Temblor, Tierra Blanca, Teopazul (Teopazul el Encinal), Tlacocuspan (Tlacocuspan Santa Cruz), Río Topilar (Topilar), El Toroal, El Zapote (El Zapote San Antonio del Rosario), El Zopilote, Pinzán Morado (Cerro Blanco), Cerro de Aguacatepec, Cerro Verde, Corral de Piedra Dos (Corral de Piedra), Corral de Vigas, El Coyol, El Devanador, La Guacamaya, El Limo, Limón Terrero, Macuatitla, Los Ocotes, Las Parotas, Piedra Ancha, Pinzán Morado, El Poroche, El Reparo, El Sauz, El Suchual de Santa Ana (El Suchual), Tecomatlán, El Terrero, El Terroncillo, La Ceiba, Cuadrilla de Flores, Peña Blanca, Cirián Grande, Los Bautistas (Cerro de los Bautistas), Las Juntas de Azúchil, El Tiquimil, Puerto Frío, El Conejo (Colonia Nueva), Peña del Agua, Barranca de las Flores, Plan del Alambique, Ancón de la Presa, Charco del Lagarto, Cerro del Morado, Arenal, Pueblo Nuevo, Corral Parota (Tepehuastitlán), La Víbora, Chano Mucio (Chanumucio), Vuelta del Río, El Mango, Juntas de Santa Ana Zicatecoyan, El Coyol, Cuadrilla Nueva, El Naranjito(Naranjito del Paso), Azúchil, El Cascalote, La Cofradía, La Cubata, Tierra Blanca, El Guitarratel, Juntas del Paso Topilar, Loma Larga, Mazatitla, Miraveles, Peña Colorada, Plan de la Cuadrilla, Barriales, Cuadrilla de los Sotero, Cuadrilla Nueva, Los Ilamos, Las Juntas, Los Limones, El Mogote (Plan Grande), La Parota, Cuadrilla de las Flores, Rincón del Coyol, El Salitre (Salitre Tlatlaya), La Sarna (El Obrador), Puerto Minatitlán, Puerto de los Martínez, Puerto del Órgano-Las Esmeraldas, El Anono, Colonia Benito Juárez, Los Hornos, El Tamarindo, El Manguito, Cuadrilla de Gutiérrez, El Nanche, Palos Altos, San Lucas
Los Encinos de los Timbres, Cerro del Mango, El Mango (Puerto el Encinal), La Unión and La Laguna Puerto de la Arena.

Notable people
Herminia Albarrán Romero, papel picado artist

References

Municipalities of the State of Mexico
Populated places in the State of Mexico


SMS  was the lead ship of the  of light cruisers, built for the German  (Imperial Navy) during World War I. She took the name of the earlier , which had been destroyed during the Battle of Rufiji Delta in 1915. The new ship was laid down in 1914 at the AG Weser shipyard, launched in December 1915, and commissioned into the High Seas Fleet in August 1916. Armed with eight 15 cm SK L/45 guns, the ship had a top speed of .

 saw action with the II Scouting Group; in September 1917 she participated in Operation Albion, a large amphibious operation against the Baltic islands in the Gulf of Riga. Two months later, she was attacked by British battlecruisers in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight. She was hit by the battlecruiser , which caused a large fire and reduced her speed significantly. She escaped behind the cover of two German battleships, however. She was to have taken part in a sortie by the entire High Seas Fleet to attack the British Grand Fleet in the final days of the war, but unrest broke out that forced the cancellation of the plan. The ship carried Rear Admiral Hugo Meurer to Scapa Flow to negotiate the plan for interning the High Seas Fleet.  was not interned, however, so she escaped the scuttling of the German fleet and was instead ceded to France as a war prize. She was renamed  and served with the French Navy until 1933, before being scrapped in 1936.

Design

 was  long overall and had a beam of  and a draft of  forward. She displaced  normally and up to  at full load. Her propulsion system consisted of two sets of steam turbines powered by ten coal-fired and two oil-fired Marine-type water-tube boilers. These provided a top speed of  and a range of  at . The ship had a crew of 17 officers and 458 enlisted men.

The ship was armed with a main battery of eight  SK L/45 guns in single pedestal mounts. Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle, four were located amidships, two on either side, and two were arranged in a superfiring pair aft. They were supplied with 1,040 rounds of ammunition, for 130 shells per gun.  also carried two 8.8 cm SK L/45 anti-aircraft guns mounted on the centerline astern of the funnels. She was also equipped with a pair of  torpedo tubes with eight torpedoes in deck-mounted swivel launchers amidships. She also carried 200 mines. The ship was protected by a waterline armored belt that was  thick amidships. The conning tower had  thick sides, and the deck was covered with 60 mm thick armor plate.

Service history
 was ordered under the contract name " " and was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen on 22 August 1914, less than a month after the outbreak of World War I. She was launched on 18 December 1915 without fanfare, after which fitting-out work commenced. She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 12 August 1916, and on 29 October she joined II Scouting Group as its new flagship. The following day,  (KzS—Captain at Sea) Ludwig von Reuter hoisted his flag aboard the ship and thereafter the ship participated in coastal defense patrols in the German Bight. At the time, II Scouting Group also included the light cruisers , , , and . The ships were primarily tasked with supporting the defenses of the German North Sea coast, as the fleet commander,  (VAdm—Vice Admiral) Reinhard Scheer had by that time abandoned offensive operations with the surface fleet in favor of the U-boat campaign. In 1917, patrol duties were interrupted with individual and unit training in the Baltic Sea from 22 February to 4 March and again from 20 May to 2 June.  went to the shipyard in Wilhelmshaven for repairs from 16 August to 9 September.

Operation Albion

After the repair work was completed,  steamed to the Baltic to take part in Operation Albion, the amphibious assault on the islands in the Gulf of Riga after the German Army captured the city during the Battle of Riga the month before. In addition, the German fleet sought to eliminate the Russian naval forces in the Gulf of Riga that still threatened German forces in the city. The  (the Navy High Command) planned an operation to seize the Baltic island of Ösel, and specifically the Russian gun batteries on the Sworbe Peninsula. The ship joined the task force in Kiel on 23 September; she and the rest of II Scouting Group were tasked with escorting the troop transports and  was also made the flagship of IV Transport Group for the operation.  (Lieutenant General) Ludwig von Estorff, the commander of the 42nd Division, came aboard the ship during the cruise from Kiel. The invasion fleet stopped in Libau on 25 September to make final preparations, and on 11 October the Germans began the voyage to the Gulf.

The operation began on the morning of 12 October, when  and the III Squadron ships engaged Russian positions in Tagga Bay while IV Squadron shelled Russian gun batteries on the Sworbe Peninsula on Saaremaa.  steamed in Tagga Bay, where Estorff coordinated the operations of the German infantry, who quickly subdued Russian opposition. On 18–19 October,  and the rest of II Scouting Group covered minesweepers operating off the island of Dagö, but due to insufficient minesweepers and bad weather, the operation was postponed. On the 19th, , her sister ship , and the cruiser  were sent to intercept two Russian torpedo boats reported to be in the area. Reuter could not locate the vessels and so broke off the operation. By 20 October, the islands were under German control and the Russian naval forces had either been destroyed or forced to withdraw. The  ordered the naval component to return to the North Sea. On 28 October,  returned to Libau and proceeded back to the North Sea to resume her guard duties there with the rest of II Scouting Group.

Second Battle of Helgoland Bight

On 17 November,  saw action at the Second Battle of Helgoland Bight. Along with three other cruisers from II Scouting Group and a group of torpedo boats,  escorted minesweepers clearing paths in minefields laid by the British in the area of Horns Rev. The dreadnought battleships  and  stood by in distant support. Reuter had sent  forward while he remained further back with the ships of II  (Minesweeper Flotilla). The British 1st Cruiser Squadron and the 6th Light Cruiser Squadron, supported by the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron, sortied to attack the operation. After the British opened fire, Reuter sought to use his ships to distract the British from the minesweepers while laying a smoke screen to cover their withdrawal. He also hoped to draw the British cruisers toward the two dreadnoughts.

As the battle developed, the British battlecruisers , , and  joined the action. Once  and  arrived on the scene, Reuter launched a counterattack, during which Repulse scored a hit on  with a  shell at 10:58. The shell knocked all three of her funnels over and caused a fire, which significantly reduced her speed to . Reuter transferred to  while  withdrew so her crew could fight the fire; after the fire was suppressed she rejoined the German squadron. The presence of the German battleships led the British to break off the attack. Further German reinforcements arrived, including the battlecruisers  and  at 13:30 and the dreadnoughts  and  at 13:50.

With these forces assembled, the IV Battle Squadron commander aboard , VAdm Wilhelm Souchon, conducted a sweep for any remaining British vessels but could find none. At 15:00, the German ships withdrew from the area and  anchored in the Schillig roadstead at 19:05. In the course of the battle,  had suffered twenty-three casualties, of whom eight died. The commander of , Kurt Graßhoff, was later criticized for failing to intervene quickly enough, leading to the development of new guidelines for placing battleships closer to minesweeper groups in the future. From 19 November to 15 December,  was in the shipyard in Wilhelmshaven for repairs.

Later operations
Reuter came back aboard his flagship and  resumed patrol duties in the German Bight on 17 December. On 20 January 1918, Reuter was replaced by KzS Magnus von Levetzow. II Scouting Group conducted exercises in the Baltic from 21 January to 7 February, after which they returned to the North Sea. They took part in the abortive fleet operation on 23–24 April to attack British convoys to Norway. I Scouting Group and II Scouting Group, along with the Second Torpedo-Boat Flotilla were to attack a heavily guarded British convoy to Norway, with the rest of the High Seas Fleet steaming in support. While steaming off the Utsira Lighthouse in southern Norway,  had a serious accident with her machinery, which led Scheer to break off the operation and return to port.

From 10 to 13 May,  and the rest of II Scouting Group escorted the minelayer  while the latter vessel laid a defensive minefield to block British submarines form operating in the German Bight. The ships conducted additional training in the Baltic from 11 to 12 July. Levetzow left the unit later in July for the meetings that led to the formation of the  (SKL—Maritime Warfare Command); during this period, s commander served as the commander of the group. Levetzow returned on 5 August, though he was replaced the following day by KzS Victor Harder, who also used  as his flagship.

In October 1918,  and the rest of II Scouting Group were to lead a final attack on the British navy. , , , and   were to attack merchant shipping in the Thames estuary while , , and  were to bombard targets in Flanders, to draw out the British Grand Fleet. Scheer, promoted to  and placed in charge of the SKL, and the new fleet commander Admiral Franz von Hipper intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy, in order to secure a better bargaining position for Germany, whatever the cost to the fleet. On the morning of 29 October 1918, the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven the following day. Starting on the night of 29 October, sailors on  and then on several other battleships mutinied. The unrest ultimately forced Hipper and Scheer to cancel the operation. When informed of the situation, the Kaiser stated, "I no longer have a navy."

While disorder consumed the bulk of the fleet,  Andreas Michelsen organized a group to attack any British attempt to take advantage of the fleet's disarray. He pieced together a group of around sixty ships, including  and several other light cruisers. On 9 November, reports of British activity in the German Bight prompted  and several destroyers to make a sweep. After the reports proved false, the flotilla returned to Borkum, where they learned of the Kaiser's abdication. Following the Armistice that ended the fighting,  took Rear Admiral Hugo Meurer to Scapa Flow to negotiate with Admiral David Beatty, the commander of the Grand Fleet, for the place of internment of the German fleet. The ship arrived in Scapa Flow on 15 November, flying a white flag. The accepted arrangement was for the High Seas Fleet to meet the combined Allied fleet in the North Sea and proceed to the Firth of Forth before transferring to Scapa Flow, where they would be interned. Most of the High Seas Fleet's ships, including s sister ships , , and , were interned in the British naval base in Scapa Flow, under the command of Reuter.  instead remained in Germany, returning Meurer from the negotiations with Beatty by the time the fleet left for internment.

Service with the French Navy
 was stricken from the naval register on 31 May 1920 and ceded to France as "A". The ship was taken to Cherbourg on 20 July, and was renamed  on 6 October for service with the French fleet. She was not significantly modified in French service, the primary change being the replacement of her 8.8 cm guns with  anti-aircraft guns. She also had her submerged torpedo tubes removed and the above-water tubes were replaced with  versions. After entering service in November 1921,  was assigned to the Atlantic Light Division, but she served here only briefly before being transferred to the French Mediterranean Fleet in early 1922. Here, she served with the other ex-German cruisers  and  and the ex-Austro-Hungarian  in the 3rd Light Division (which was renamed the 2nd Light division in December 1926).

In October 1922 she carried Henry Franklin-Bouillon to Turkey to take part in the negotiations that led to the Treaty of Lausanne, which finally ended World War I for Turkey, which had spawned the Turkish War of Independence of 1919–1922. In the mid-1920s, she participated in the Rif War. On 7 September 1925, she and the battleship  and another ex-German cruiser, , supported a landing of French troops in North Africa. The three ships provided heavy gunfire support to the landing troops. In 1927,  was transferred to the French Atlantic Fleet, though she served here only through 1928 when the entire division of ex-German cruisers was deactivated and stationed in Brest; this coincided with the commissioning of the new  light cruisers. While there,  had her aft funnels and her main mast removed. In 1929, the ship transferred to Landévennec, still in reserve. She was stricken from the naval register on 18 August 1933 and sold to ship breakers in 1934. While in the breakers' yard in December that year,  caught fire. Scrapping work was completed by 1936 at Brest.

Notes

References

Further reading

Königsberg-class cruisers (1915)
Ships built in Bremen (state)
1915 ships
World War I cruisers of Germany
Cruisers of the French Navy


Andy Rosenband (born April 27, 1981) is an American retired soccer midfielder.

Biography
A native of Hammond, Indiana, Rosenband played high school soccer for the University of Chicago Laboratory School where he scored 115 career goals and was a two time ISL conference player-of-the-year. He was named to the Chicago Tribune and Chicago Sun-Times Illinois All-State Soccer Teams.

He played college soccer at Wake Forest University from 1999 to 2000 and at Ohio State University from 2001 to 2002.  As a freshman and sophomore for Wake Forest, Rosenband played in 31 matches for the Demon Deacons, scoring four goals and four assists.  He was named to the Collegiate Soccer News Team of the Week Sept. 12–19 in 1999.  Rosenband transferred to Ohio State prior to his junior year where he led the Buckeyes in points (14), shots (36) and shots on goal (19).  Following a senior season in which he again led the team in points (20), Rosenband was named to the Great Lakes All-Region Second Team and the Big Ten All-Conference Second Team.

Professional career
In January 2003, he was drafted by the Dallas Burn 52nd overall in the 2003 MLS SuperDraft of Major League Soccer.  Released in September 2003, Rosenband signed with the Charleston Battery and later that season played for the Milwaukee Wave United both of the USL First Division.  In 2004, Rosenband was signed by the Chicago Storm of the Major Indoor Soccer League.  In the Storm's inaugural season, he played in 37 games scoring 12 goals and seven assists for 19 points and blocked 13 shots. At the end of the 2004–05 season, Chicago Storm lost the rights to Rosenband to the California Cougars in the MISL expansion draft.  In 2005, he played for the Chicago Fire Reserves of the MLS scoring two goals in five games and was signed by the Chicago Fire for the remainder of the 2005 season.

Later in 2005, the Chicago Storm re-acquired Rosenband in a trade with the California Cougars that sent John Ball and the rights to Kevin Sakuda to California for target man Anthony Maher and the rights to Rosenband.  He re-signed with the Storm on March 14, 2006, and played eight games scoring two goals and one assist.  Following the conclusion of the season, Rosenband signed a contract extension through the 2008–09 season.

During the Storm's 2006–07 season, Rosenband reached a career high in points (29) and tied for second in the league in shorthanded goals (1).  He played in 29 games scoring 11 goals and 6 assists helping the team to its first post-season win in franchise history.

After the 2007 season, Rosenband was selected to the USA Futsal team for matches held in South America.  He was named as an alternate for Futsal Team USA during the 2007 Pan-American Games.  In 2008, Rosenband was selected as member of the USA National Futsal Team, and qualified for the 2008 FIFA Futsal World Cup held in Brazil. Rosenband scored the opening goal against Italy.

In 2009, Rosenband was selected to the US National Maccabi team and named captain for the Maccabi Games.  Rosenband scored three goals in international play.  Following the Maccabi Games, Rosenband retired from professional soccer.

Post-retirement

In 2009, Rosenband founded Morgan Li, a retail store fixture and hospitality furniture manufacturer in Chicago Heights, Illinois, that was named to Chicago Crain's Business Fast 50 in 2018 and 2019. In 2019, Rosenband was named to Crain's Chicago Business 40 under 40.

Rosenband also serves on the board of the Illinois Action for Children.

References

External links
 MISL Player Profile
 Charleston Battery Player Profile

1981 births
Living people
American men's soccer players
Jewish men's footballers
Major Indoor Soccer League (2001–2008) players
Ohio State Buckeyes men's soccer players
Wake Forest Demon Deacons men's soccer players
American men's futsal players
FC Dallas players
Charleston Battery players
Milwaukee Wave United players
Chicago Fire U-23 players
Chicago Fire FC players
Chicago Storm players
A-League (1995–2004) players
USL League Two players
Maccabiah Games competitors for the United States
Soccer players from Chicago
FC Dallas draft picks
University of Chicago Laboratory Schools alumni
Men's association football midfielders
21st-century American Jews


For Marcia Hines album of the same name, see Right Here and Now (Marcia Hines album).

Right Here and Now is the third album by American singer/songwriter Owen Temple. It was released in 2002 on El Paisano Records.

Track listing
All songs (Temple) except where noted
“Accidentally Break My Heart” - 2:57
“Burning Too Hot to Last” - 2:58
“Little Sweet Loss” - 3:31
“This Ain't Las Vegas” - 3:48
“No Daring Is Fatal” - 3:24
“Move Around Money” - 3:36
“For Old Times' Sake” - 3:14
“Before the Night Becomes the Dawn” - 4:59
“Trouble With You” - 3:06
“The Madder You Are (The Cuter You Get) ” - 4:15
“Faith Without Works” - 2:49
“That's Not Something I Could Do” - 4:49

Credits

Musicians
 Owen Temple - acoustic
 Phil Madeira - electric guitar, acoustic, pedal steel, Piano, Mandolin, Accordion, Dobro, harmony vocals on "Move Around Money"
 Mark Robertson - bass
 Al Perkins - pedal steel
 Fats Kaplin - Fiddle, Mandolin
 Dennis Holt - drums
 Jake Armerding - harmony vocals on "Accidentally Break My Heart," "No Daring Is Fatal," "Before The Night Becomes The Dawn," "Faith Without Works,"  and "That's Not Something I Could Do"
 Greg Trooper harmony vocals on "Trouble With You," "The Madder You Are (The Cuter You Get)," and "Like We Still Care"
 Kenny Meeks - harmony vocals on "Burning Too Hot to Last," "Little Sweet Loss," "This Ain't Las Vegas," "For Old Times' Sake," and "Rivers Run From Many Waters"

Production
Produced by Phil Madeira
Engineered by Jordan Richter and Phil Madeira
Recorded at Roswell East, Nashville, Tennessee and at The Mission, Nashville, Tennessee

Artwork
Art Direction/Design by Grafika
Photography by Kim Maguire

Releases

External links
Owen Temple website
El Paisano Records website

References

Owen Temple albums
2002 albums


Attheya gaussii is a species of diatoms in the genus Attheya.

References

External links
INA

Protists described in 2000
Ochrophyte species
Coscinodiscophyceae


Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova (; 1 September 1932 – 17 May 2021) was a Russian memoir writer. She was the last wife of Kim Philby, a KGB double agent who rose in rank through British Intelligence along with the Cambridge Five. She met Philby through George Blake. Pukhova and Philby married in 1971.  She is the author of The Private Life of Kim Philby: The Moscow Years (2000).  Pukhova was born in Moscow to a Russian father and a Polish mother.

Early life
Before meeting Kim Philby, Pukhova worked as a copy editor in Russia after surviving cancer. She lived through World War II as well as the Cold War. It was not until Philby had defected to the Soviet Union that the two met.

Married life with Philby
The couple married in 1971. She was the fourth and final wife of Kim Philby. He was a drunkard through their early marriage, but he slowly gave up drinking to save their marriage. The couple lived in Moscow in an apartment located on the sixth floor, hence the title "Island on the Sixth Floor", another memoir written by Pukhova. The apartment was intricately hidden so as to deter the press after Philby's defection. They say that living with Philby was difficult; as well as being an alcoholic, he suffered from depression, sometimes self-harming. Pukhova helped him through it and made his life better after his defection. After Philby's controversial death in 1988, Pukhova fought against the rumours of suicide and held fast that he had died of a heart condition. She said to Helen Womack of The Independent, "The suicide story is rubbish, to put it mildly". Rumours of Philby's suicide attempts were never confirmed.

Written works
Pukhova wrote two memoirs about her life with Philby. One, titled "Island on the Sixth Floor" was included in I Did It My Way,  a collection of works about Kim Philby. It also included some autobiographical chapters by Philby titled "My Hidden War". She also wrote the memoir titled The Private Life of Kim Philby: The Moscow Years. Also included in this book are some unpublished chapters from Philby's autobiography, a foreword by his friend Michael Bogdanov, and essays from Mikhail Lyubimov and Hayden Peake. The book focuses mostly on the relationship between Pukhova and Philby and not his work as a double agent for the KGB. Others see Pukhova's 187-page memoir as unnecessary and quite boring in contrast to the rest of Kim Philby's life.

References

1932 births
2021 deaths
Russian memoirists
Russian women writers
Women memoirists


Vivien Spitz (1924 – April 1, 2014), born Vivien Ruth Putty, was an American court reporter at the Nuremberg trials after World War II. From 1972 to 1982, she was Chief Reporter of Debates in the United States House of Representatives.

Early life
Vivien Ruth Putty was born in Montana and raised in Woodstock, Illinois. She supported herself, her widowed mother Kathryn Putty and two younger siblings as a switchboard operator in her teens, before World War II, and learned to take dictation to improve her job prospects. During the war, she graduated from Gregg College in Chicago, where she trained as a court reporter.

Career
Putty worked as a court reporter in Detroit after completing her training in Chicago. From 1946 to 1948, she was a civilian employee of the United States Army, assigned to the Subsequent Proceedings trial at Nuremberg, to transcribe the testimony of twenty Nazi doctors and their assistants. "I just had the feeling that I never saw such evil faces in my life, and eyes," she recalled. She later experienced recurrent nightmares from the overwhelming images she transcribed.

Spitz became a court reporter in Denver, and was the first woman to serve as Official Reporter of Debates in the United States Senate. For ten years, from 1972 to 1982, she was Chief Reporter of Debates for the United States House of Representatives. She was a fellow of the Academy of Professional Reporters of the National Court Reporters Association.

In retirement Spitz lived in Aurora, Colorado, and in the mid-1980s was outraged by reports of a local school teacher calling the Holocaust a hoax. She joined the University of Denver Holocaust Awareness Institute's Speakers Bureau, and toured as a lecturer, speaking to community groups about the Nuremberg trials. She helped to found the University of Colorado Holocaust Contemporary Bioethics Program.

Spitz published a memoir, Doctors from Hell, The Horrific Account of Nazi Experiments on Humans (2005). In 2006, Spitz was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame.

Personal life
Vivien Putty married Ellis Spitz, a military police officer she met in Nuremberg. They had two sons, John and Peter. Spitz died in Texas in 2014, aged 89 years. In 2017 she appeared in older footage in the documentary Caring Corrupted: The Killing Nurses of the Third Reich. There is a collection of items donated by Spitz, including transcripts and photographs, in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archives.

References

External links
 Vivien Spitz speaking about the Nuremberg trials in 2009, on YouTube.
 Vivien Spitz interviewed by the National Court Reporters Association, on YouTube.

1924 births
2014 deaths
Court reporters
United States Army women civilians
People from Woodstock, Illinois
American expatriates in Germany
21st-century American women


David Bus (born May 19, 1978) is a Dutch professional football defender.

Career

De Graafschap
Bus came into professional football relatively late, starting his career at De Graafschap in 2004 at the age of 26 after a few stints at amateur clubs in his hometown, Lichtenvoorde. He became a fan favourite during his first season at De Graafschap. He played 29 games during the 2004/05 season, helping his side get promoted to the Eredivisie. The next season, he played more games and performed better but his efforts were not enough to stop De Graafschap being relegated back to the Eerste Divisie. He only played 15 games in the Eerste Divisie during the 2006/07 season after the arrival of Cerezo Fung a Wing. De Graafschap were once again promoted to the Eredivisie in the 2007/08 season and opted to play a 3-man defence and with captain René Bot, Cerezo Fung a Wing and Stephan Keller the usual starters, Bus was left out in the cold.

Aberdeen
In January 2008 Aberdeen signed Bus on a six-month loan deal with first option to buy if he impressed. He joined fellow Dutchmen Jeffrey de Visscher and Karim Touzani at Pittodrie. At Aberdeen, Bus made limited appearances and even scored an own goal against Inverness CT. On 15 April 2008, he was told he would not be offered a deal to stay at Aberdeen and would be free to return to the Netherlands.

Go Ahead Eagles
In summer 2008, he signed a contract with Go Ahead Eagles of the Eerste Divisie.

He finished his career in 2014 and returned to the amateur ranks to play for childhood and hometown club Longa'30. He runs an online wholesaler in sports supplies.

References

External links

1978 births
Living people
Footballers from Oost Gelre
Men's association football central defenders
Dutch men's footballers
Eerste Divisie players
Eredivisie players
Scottish Premier League players
De Graafschap players
Aberdeen F.C. players
Go Ahead Eagles players
Dutch expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
People from Lichtenvoorde


Hare Moss is a bog in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, in the vicinity of Banchory-Devenick.  Hare Moss is a significant wetland ecosystem.

History
Hare Moss is situated along the ancient elevated Causey Mounth trackway, this road had to be constructed on high ground to make it the only passable medieval route from coastal points south of Stonehaven to Aberdeen. This ancient passage specifically connected the River Dee crossing (where the Bridge of Dee is situated) via Hare Moss, Muchalls Castle and Stonehaven to the south. The route was that taken by William Keith, 7th Earl Marischal and the Marquess of Montrose when they led a Covenanter army of 9000 men in the battle of the Civil War in 1639.

See also
Old Bourtreebush
Portlethen Moss

References

Bogs of Scotland
Landforms of Aberdeenshire


AAUSAT-II (Aalborg University CubeSat no 2), is the second student-built CubeSat built and operated by students from Aalborg University in Denmark. It was launched 28 April 2008 05:53:51 UTC from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in India on a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) launch vehicle. AAUSAT-II carries a gamma radiation sensor.

Educational objective
The primary purpose of construction of satellites at the University of Aalborg is to give the students engineering capabilities beyond what is normally achieved within a masters program.

History
Student satellite activities at Aalborg University (AAU) started in 2003 as a result of AAU's involvement in the first pure Danish research satellite, Ørsted, which was successfully launched in 1999. AAUSAT-II's predecessor was AAU CubeSat which was constructed in the period 2001-2003 and was launched 30 June 2003. The project started in the summer 2003. The construction of AAUSAT-II began in 2005.

Operations
After the launch on 28 April 2008, AAUSat-2 beacon was received at Cal Poly University in California but two-way amateur radio communications could not be achieved as it turned out that AAUSat-2 was transmitting at a lower level than anticipated. After upgrades to the ground station were completed, fully functional two-way communication were achieved and continued with normal operations until May 2009 after a year of successful operation.

The ground station has remained in operation and beacons are received on a regular basis and AAUSat-2 is still considered operational - although heavy tumbling is observed (December 2009). Beacons are still received on regular basis in March 2011. In addition, AAUSat-2 does receive and acknowledge commands from ground and log files has been requested and received. Due to the very high tumbling (more than 2.5 Hz) it has not been possible to decode log files.

Below is a snapshot of the radio communication. On left side is a beacon, next a request for log is issued and AAUSat-2 reply with a transmission of the logfile. Notice the high tumbling rate.

In March 2012, the AAUSAT-II mission was officially retired by the project — but the CubeSat is still up and running. As of 2022, the satellite continues to function.

Mission definition
AAUSAT-II consists of several sub-systems:

 ADCS: Attitude Determination and Control System
 CDH: Command and Datahandling System
 COM: Communication System
 EPS: Electrical Power System
 GND: Ground Station
 MCC: Mission Control Center
 MECH: Mechanical System
 OBC: On-board Computer System
 P/L: Payload System

Technical Facts:

Amateur radio information
 Callsign: OZ2CUB
 Up/downlink: 437.425 MHz AFSK & FSK
 Bit rate: 1200-9600 bit/s (1200 as standard mode)
 AX.25 FM CW TLM

See also

 List of CubeSats

References

External links
 Official historic homepage
 Launch campaign homepage

Student satellites
Aalborg University
Spacecraft launched in 2008
CubeSats


A young carer is a young person who cares, unpaid, for a person who has any type of physical or mental illness, physical and/or mental disability or misuses substances such as alcohol or drugs. The age of a young carer varies between countries. For example, in Australia a young carer is a person under the age of 25 years old, while in the United Kingdom it is under 18.

The role of young carers

The roles taken on by a young carer are exhaustive and are carried out often behind closed doors on top of the normal pressures of a young persons life. The care they give may be practical, physical, and emotional. Responsibilities may range from providing practical support such as helping to cook, clean or wash, giving personal care, emotional support, providing medication or helping with financial chores.

Who young carers care for
The person they care for may be a parent, a partner, their own child, a sibling, another family member, a friend or someone who does not necessarily live in the same house as them.

Support for young carers
There are support programs to assist young carers both emotionally and financially with day-to-day tasks and making decisions. These programs offer face-to-face counselling, online programs, and phone helplines.

Australia
There are estimated to be around 272,000 young carers in Australia.

Little Dreamers Australia is Australia's leading Young Carer organisation, and is an independent not-for-profit that supports Young Carers across Australia.

Each Australian state and territory has a carer association that assists unpaid young carers and can be reached on 1800 242 636. The Young Carers Network is a national website that provides young carers with information on their local support services, helpful resources and a platform to share their story and opinions.

United Kingdom
According to the Carers Trust, in 2016 there were around 700,000 young carers in the UK which is approximately 1 in every 12 teenagers and around 2 in every classroom. Some support programmes for young carers have been cut due to austerity.  The amount of support young carers get varies from area to area and is subject to a postcode lottery.

See also
 Caregiver

References

Further reading

External links
http://www.youngcarersnetwork.com.au/ - A place for young carers to learn about their local support services in Australia
https://www.childrenssociety.org.uk/information/young-people/young-carers - Young Carers in the UK
Young Carers Research Group, Loughborough University, UK
http://www.youngcarers.net/ - Young Carers Chat
http://www.ycptoronto.com/ - Young Carers Program in Canada
www.superhands.at- Support of Young Carers in Austria
https://www.young-carers.ch - Support of Young Carers in Switzerland
https://www.northamptonshire-carers.org/young-carers - Northamptonshire Young Carers, an example of a social group for Young Carers.

Health care occupations
Caregiving


The Red Hill Douglas County, Oregon AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in Douglas County, Oregon, near the town of Yoncalla. It is entirely contained within the Umpqua Valley AVA, which is itself included within the larger Southern Oregon AVA.

History
Originally petitioned in 2002 as the "Red Hill AVA", the proposed appellation name brought protest from Willamette Valley AVA vintners, where a region known as Red Hill is also located. Another AVA in California that gained official status in 2004, the Red Hills Lake County AVA also carries a similar name. As a result, the name "Red Hill Douglas County, Oregon" was instead chosen to avoid consumer confusion and the AVA designation was granted in 2005.

Red Hill Vineyard
The AVA is the home to a single vineyard, the Red Hill Vineyard, founded by the late Wayne Hitchings in 1991.  Hitchings died on September 5, 2016. Fruit from Red Hill Vineyard continues to be sold to a few winemakers throughout Oregon.

Notable wines
The 2011 Art Brut Outsider Cuvée, a sparkling wine by Roots Wine Company that contains Red Hill pinot noir and chardonnay, was a featured selection by Oregon wine club Cellar 503 in February 2016.

References

American Viticultural Areas
Oregon wine
Geography of Douglas County, Oregon
2005 establishments in Oregon


The 1968 Democratic National Convention protests were a series of protests against Democratic presidential nominee Hubert Humphrey and the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War that took place prior to and during the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Illinois. The protests lasted approximately seven days, from August 23 to August 29, 1968.

Many left-wing counterculture and anti-Vietnam War groups, as well as supporters of anti-war Democratic candidate Eugene McCarthy began planning protests, marches, and demonstrations in response to the convention. There were several attempts by local Chicago authorities to prevent the protests from occurring, however, they ensued anyway. Thus, the city promised "law and order" in order to submit the protesters. As a result, many protesters, reporters, and bystanders were met with unprecedented levels of police brutality and police violence by the Chicago Police Department, particularly in Grant Park and Michigan Avenue in Chicago during the convention. The actions by Chicago police, the Illinois National Guard, and other law enforcement agencies were later described by the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence as a "police riot".

During the evening of August 28, 1968, with the police riot in full swing on Michigan Avenue in front of the Democratic party's convention headquarters, the Conrad Hilton hotel, television networks broadcast live as the anti-war protesters began the now-iconic chant "The whole world is watching".

Planning

National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam

In the fall of 1967, members of the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam (often referred to as "MOBE"), which was directed by David Dellinger, proposed a massive anti-war demonstration to coincide with the 1968 Democratic National Convention. In early 1968, the National Mobilization Committee opened a Chicago office directed by Rennie Davis and Tom Hayden, who were leading political organizers at the time and former leaders of Students for a Democratic Society.

MOBE was an umbrella organization that included groups who were opposed to American participation in the Vietnam War. MOBE was run by a small executive board that set up a general framework for mass demonstrations, sent out invitations to the over 500 groups on its mailing lists, and coordinated activities between the groups.

MOBE recognized and supported all tactics from marching to civil disobedience. MOBE's main aim was to get the largest turnouts at its functions. David Dellinger, MOBE chairman, believed that "The tendency to intensify militancy without organizing wide political support [was] self-defeating. But so [was] the tendency to draw way from militancy into milder and more conventional forms of protest."

For Chicago, MOBE originally planned for two large-scale marches and an end of convention rally at Soldier Field. The goal was originally a massive show of force outside the International Amphitheatre.  MOBE also planned to have workshops and movement centers distributed in 10 parks throughout the city, many in predominantly black areas, to allow demonstrators and participating groups to follow their particular focuses.

Youth International Party

The Youth International Party was one of the major groups in the organization of the protests. Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, and a few friends engaged in conversation at Hoffman's apartment on New Year's Eve, 1967. They discussed the events of the year, such as the Summer of Love and the Pentagon demonstration. The idea of having a free music festival in Chicago was suggested to defuse political tension. Over the next week, the Youth International Party took shape. Its members, known as "Yippies" politicized hippie ideology and used street theater and other tactics to critique the culture of the United States and induce change.

In preparation for the Chicago convention, the Yippies held the "Yip-In", and the "Yip-Out" at Grand Central Station in New York City. Both events were planned simply as "be-ins", with live music. The event was used to promote peace, love and harmony, and as a trial run for Chicago.  The black banner of an anarchist group was hung on the wall, bearing the words, "Up Against the Wall Mother Fucker" in red. Police stood by watching the crowds. As the "Yip-In" progressed, relations between the police and Yippies became strained. Two people climbed a large clock and removed the hands; the police responded by clearing the station. They formed a skirmish line, ordered the people to disperse, and then started forcing their way through the crowd.

The "Yip-Out" was similar in purpose but held in Central Park. To obtain the permits and aid from New York City officials necessary for the event, Yippies performed a sit-in at the mayor's office until the Mayor would negotiate on permits. In the end, an agreement was made on staging, electricity, police presence, bathrooms, and other necessities for running a music festival.  Police milled in the crowd giving considerable leeway to the proceedings which led to a peaceable day.

The Yippies took a radical approach to the Democratic National Convention. They wrote articles, published fliers, made speeches and held rallies and demonstrations, to announce that they were coming to Chicago. Threats were made that nails would be thrown from overpasses to block roads; cars would be used to block intersections, main streets, police stations and National Guard armories; LSD would be dumped in the city's water supply and the convention would be stormed. However, none of these threats came to fruition. Nonetheless, city officials in Chicago prepared for all possible threats. A vilification campaign led by Chicago authorities worked in favor of the Yippies' plan.

One of the Yippies' main tactics was to use street theatre to create an experience that drew the attention of mainstream America. Yippie activities were used to put across the message that the average American didn't have control over the political process. They tried to show this by purposefully participating in non-traditional activities that would not conceivably affect the decision-making process in the convention hall, unlike a "straight" protest with picket lines, marches, and rallies which could conceivably convince delegates of mass support for a program. On a Wednesday night, networks moved their coverage away from the Amphitheater where the delegates were voting on the nomination, to a "pitched battle" in front of the Conrad Hilton hotel.

Prelude

Official responses
In the buildup to the Convention, Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley repeatedly denounced the various anti-Vietnam War protest groups mobilizing for protest and announced "Law and order will be maintained".

Chicago's security forces prepared for the protests during the convention.  Besides the standard gun and billy club, Chicago Police Department officers had mace and riot helmets. For the convention, the CPD borrowed a new portable communications system from the military, thus increasing communication between field officers and command posts.  All summer long, police officers had received refresher training on crowd control and riot techniques.  During the convention itself, Police Academy instructors were with the reserve forces, giving last-minute reminders.

 Mayor Daley, citing intelligence reports of potential violence, put the 12,000 members of the Chicago Police Department on twelve-hour shifts, while the U.S. Army placed 6,000 troops in position to protect the city during the convention and nearly 6,000 members of the National Guard were sent to the city, with an additional 5,000 National Guard on alert, bolstered by up to 1,000  FBI and military intelligence officers, and 1,000 Secret Service agents.

To satisfy manpower requirements, the City put the force on 12-hour shifts, instead of the normal 8-hour shifts. This gave police commanders approximately 50% more field officers to deal with disturbances.  Two-thirds of the officers would continue with the normal police duties with the remaining third available for special assignment. In the Amphitheatre, the City concentrated 500 officers filling various roles.  In Lincoln Park, the number of officers patrolling during the daytime was doubled, but the majority of the officers assigned to the Lincoln Park area were held in reserve, ready to respond to any disturbance.

In suspected trouble areas, police patrols were heavy.  Further away from the center patrols were less frequent.  This allowed the police to shift easily and quickly to control a problem without leaving an area unguarded.  While maintaining a public image of total enforcement of all city, state, and federal laws, the Narcotics division was quietly reassigned to regular fieldwork, curtailing anti-drug operations during the DNC.

Police officials and Mayor Daley had worked with the National Guard to create a plan to effectively use the Guard.  It would be called up at the beginning of the convention, but held in reserve at strategically placed armories or collection points such as Soldier Field. With the Guard in place at their armories, the CPD could request and receive assistance quickly.

Permits

Both MOBE and Yippie needed permits from the city in order to hold their respective events. The City had several reasons for denying permits to MOBE and Yippie and thus stalled issuing permits.  The City was worried about a black rebellion, independent of the white protesters, during the convention.  To avoid trouble, the City used its influence with black community organizations such as The Woodlawn Organization, the Black Consortium, and Operation Breadbasket to try to keep their constituents calm and peaceful.  Some of the militant black leaders were encouraged to leave town during the convention to avoid being implicated in any violence.

The City also believed that having large numbers of white protesters marching through the black ghettos with a heavy police or National Guard escort would inflame the ghettos and set off rioting.  Therefore, the City categorically denied any permit that included parks in or march routes through black areas.

Another argument the City used to deny permits was that the permits asked the City to set aside local and state ordinances.  A city ordinance closed the city parks at 11 pm, although this was not strictly enforced. In a letter to Yippie, Deputy Mayor David Stahl gave eight rules for Yippie to follow, including submitting detailed plans and requirements, following all city, state, and federal ordinances, and toning down the rhetoric. The Yippies refused, so the City felt justified in denying Yippie their permits.

In a last-ditch effort, MOBE filed a lawsuit in federal court seeking it to force Chicago to issue permits for a rally in Soldier Field or Grant Park.  Judge Lynch, Daley's former law partner, heard the case, and summarily dismissed the request, citing that the city could deny permits on the basis of protecting "public comfort, convenience, and welfare".

Protests

August 22: Shooting of Dean Johnson
The start of the convention week's violence is sometimes traced to the shooting of Dean Johnson by Chicago police officers. Dean Johnson, age 17, and another boy were stopped on the sidewalk by the officers for a curfew violation early on the morning of Thursday, August 22. When Johnson drew and fired a pistol at police (the gun misfired), police officers returned fire, hitting Johnson three times. The Yippies and SDS hastily organized a memorial service for Johnson, but as one observer noted, due to poor planning "it turned out that no one had made any plans to actually do anything. We just milled around and began to fill up the intersection. Two squad cars pulled up and the cops got out and told us to keep moving ... but they were pretty gentle about it".

August 23: Planned protests
On Friday, August 23, Jerry Rubin and other Yippies attempted to formally nominate the Yippie candidate for president, Pigasus, a pig. By the time Rubin arrived with Pigasus, several hundred spectators and reporters had gathered on the Civic Center plaza. Police officers were waiting, and after the pig was released, Rubin, folk singer Phil Ochs, and five other Yippies were arrested.

August 24: Marches

At 6 a.m. on Saturday, August 24, continuous surveillance began in Lincoln Park. For the previous several nights, the police had cleared Lincoln Park at 11 p.m. and maintained a significant presence during the day. Women Strike for Peace attempted to hold a women-only picket at the Hilton Hotel, the main delegate hotel. Despite plans for buses from around the country to bring hundreds of picketers, only 60 or so women showed up.

It was generally agreed upon to not attempt to stay in Lincoln Park after the curfew, but to rather take the protest to the streets. At exactly 11 p.m., poet Allen Ginsberg led protesters out of the park into the streets. SDS leaders organized several hundred protesters to march through the streets chanting things such as 'Peace Now' while the police simply guarded Lincoln Park. When the crowd stopped at Wells and North Avenue, blocking the intersection, a police contingent arrived and cleared the crowd. Eleven people were arrested and several police cars were stoned before the crowd dispersed into the normal Saturday nightlife.

August 25: Protests and music

On Sunday, MOBE had scheduled a 'Meet the Delegates' march and picket. At 2 p.m. there were between 200 and 300 picketers marching across the street from the Conrad Hilton, and another 500 marching south through the Loop chanting, "Hey, Hey LBJ, how many kids did you kill today". After the police arrival, those who were picketing moved into nearby Grant Park to avoid a mass arrest situation. Once the marchers had reached Grant Park, there was a brief rally where Davis and Hayden claimed the day a success, and then went to Lincoln Park where the Festival of Life music festival was beginning.

At 4 pm, the Festival started with proto-punk band MC5, the only band who showed up for the festival. The police did not allow a flatbed truck to be brought in as a stage, fearing Yippies would use it to incite the crowd. When the concession stand owner insisted that Yippie stop using his electrical outlets to run the amplification equipment, confusion ensued. While Rubin and other Yippies tried to make frantic deals to get the sound back on, Hoffman used the confusion to try to bring in the flatbed truck. A deal was struck allowing the truck to be parked nearby, but not in, the park. The crowd that had gathered around and on the truck did not realize an agreement had been reached and thought the truck was being sent away. The crowd surged around the truck, pinning in the police officers.

Hoffman declared that the police had stopped the music festival, and proceeded to conduct a workshop on dispersal tactics to avoid arrest by police. As the next police shift came on duty, they were informed of the tense situation in the park. Due to the number, frequency, diverseness, and exposure of the threats made by the protesters, the police were concerned about facing protesters armed with unknown weapons and unknown intentions.

At 9 pm, police formed a skirmish line around the park bathrooms. This drew a crowd of spectators who heckled the police. The crowd rapidly grew until the police charged into the crowd swinging their batons, scattering the crowd. At 11 pm the police pushed the protesters out of the park. Most protesters left the park and congregated nearby, taunting the police.

Initially when the police reached the edge of the park, they maintained their skirmish line, however when a squad was ordered to 'clear' Clark Street to keep traffic flowing the police lost control. A running battle began. Yippie Jerry Rubin told a friend "This is fantastic and it's only Sunday night. They might declare martial law in this town." Protesters, journalists, photographers, and bystanders were clubbed and beaten by the police.  Order was not restored in Old Town until early Monday morning.

August 26: Grant Park

On Monday, August 26, demonstrators climbed on a statue of General Logan on a horse, leading to violent skirmishes with police in Grant Park. Police hauled a young man down and arrested him, breaking his arm in the process.

August 28: The Battle for Michigan Avenue
Protestors were joined on 28 August by the Poor People's Campaign, now led by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference's Ralph Abernathy. This group had a permit and was split off from other demonstrators before being allowed to proceed to the amphitheater.

"The Battle of Michigan Avenue", described by Neil Steinberg of The Chicago Sun-Times as "a 17-minute melee in front of the Conrad Hilton", was broadcast on television, along with footage from the floor of the convention. The police violence extended to protesters, bystanders, reporters and photographers, while tear gas reached Hubert Humphrey in his hotel suite. Police pushed protesters through plate-glass windows, then pursued them inside and beat them as they sprawled on the broken glass. 100 protesters and 119 police officers were treated for injuries, and 600 protesters were arrested. Television cameras recorded the police brutality while demonstrators chanted "The whole world is watching".

At the convention several delegates made statements against Mayor Daley and the CPD, like Senator Abraham Ribicoff who, speaking from the podium, denounced the use of "Gestapo tactics on the streets of Chicago" in his speech nominating George McGovern. The hard line taken by the City was also seen on the convention floor itself. In 1968, Terry Southern described the convention hall as "exactly like approaching a military installation; barbed-wire, checkpoints, the whole bit". Inside the convention, journalists such as Mike Wallace and Dan Rather were roughed up by security; both these events were broadcast live on television.

Humphrey won the presidential nomination that night.

August 29: Ain't Marchin' Any More

 Paul Cowan of The Village Voice reports that after a speech by Eugene McCarthy in Grant Park that afternoon, a march was joined by delegates and McCarthy supporters but was stopped at 18th Street and Michigan Avenue by the National Guard. Arrests were followed by tear gas and mace, while marchers chanted "The whole world is watching" and retreated to Grant Park. In the park, demonstrators sang "God Bless America",  "This Land Is My Land", and  "The Star Spangled Banner", and waved  "V" symbols above their heads, asking soldiers to join in. They never did. Phil Ochs sang  "I Ain’t Marchin’ Any More", and demonstrators chanted "join us" softly. Five hours later, police officers raided a party organized by McCarthy workers in the Hilton hotel, and beat them viciously. According to the McCarthy workers, all telephones on their floor had been disconnected a half hour before, and they had no way to call for help.

Investigations

The city of Chicago, the  U.S. Department of Justice, the  House Committee on Un-American Activities, and the presidentially appointed  National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence all responded with investigations of the violence. Within days, the Daley administration issued the first report, blaming the violence on "outside agitators", described as "revolutionaries" who came to Chicago "for the avowed purpose of a hostile confrontation with law enforcement". The Department of Justice report, however, found no grounds for prosecution of demonstrators, and Attorney General Ramsey Clark asked the U.S. attorney in Chicago to investigate possible civil rights violations by Chicago police.

In Mayor Daley's report, a list of 152 officers wounded in Wednesday's melee was presented. Their wounds ranged from an officer's split fingernail to an officer's infra-orbital fracture of the left eye. Although the precise number of injured protesters is unknown, Dr. Quentin Young of the Medical Committee for Human Rights (MCHR) stated that most of the approximately 500 people treated in the streets suffered from minor injuries and the effects of tear gas. During the entirety of convention week, 101 civilians were treated for undisclosed injuries, by area hospitals, 45 of those on Wednesday night.

On September 4, 1968,  Milton Eisenhower, chair of the  National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, announced that the commission would investigate the violence at the Chicago convention and report its findings to President Lyndon Johnson. A Chicago lawyer,  Daniel Walker, headed the team of over 200 members, who interviewed more than 1,400 witnesses and studied FBI reports and film of the confrontations. The report was released on December 1, 1968, characterized the convention violence as a "police riot" and recommended prosecution of police who used indiscriminate violence; the report made clear that the vast majority of police had behaved responsibly, but also said that a failure to prosecute would further damage public confidence in law enforcement. The commission’s Walker Report, named after its chair Daniel Walker, acknowledged that demonstrators had provoked the police and responded with violence of their own, but found that the "vast majority of the demonstrators were intent on expressing by peaceful means their dissent".

Aftermath

Public response
The American national news media, whose correspondents had been among the victims of police brutality at the convention, were at the forefront of criticism of the Chicago police. According to journalist Barbara Ehrenreich: "In a rare moment of collective courage, the editors of all the nation's major newspapers telegrammed a strong protest to Mayor Daley." National NBC newscaster Chet Huntley announced to the nation on the evening news that "'the news profession in this city is now under assault by the Chicago police'."

However, to the surprise of the news media, and many of the people who had witness the Chicago "police riot", the general public did not take their side. "Polls taken immediately after the convention showed that the majority of Americans — 56 percent — sympathized with the police, not with the bloodied demonstrators or the press." A poll taken for the New York Times "showed an “overwhelming” majority respondents supported the police in Chicago. "CBS reported that 10 times as many people had written to them disapproving of their coverage of the events as had written in approval." Dailey himself received "scores of letters", praising him and especially attacking the press and demonstrators.

One aftereffect of this "backlash", was soul-searching by the "media class" who "spent the next few years" in "almost reverent" examination of the white working class/middle class, mostly non-coastal strata of population dubbed "the silent majority" (by soon-to-be-president Richard Nixon) and "Middle America".

Chicago 7 trial

On March 20, 1969, several months after the convention (and after a new more conservative president, Richard Nixon was in office), a federal grand jury announced the indictments of eight demonstrators—Rennie Davis, David Dellinger, John Froines, Tom Hayden, Abbie Hoffman, Jerry Rubin, and Lee Weiner (plus Bobby Seale who was tried separately) — and eight police officers.  The jury delivered a verdict on February 18, 1970.

The trial "illuminated the deepening schisms in a country torn apart by the Vietnam War, tectonic cultural shifts and attempts by the Nixon Administration to quash peaceful antiwar dissent and protest". The trial, the defendants, and their attorneys gained  much publicity and were depicted during and after the trial in a variety of art forms, including film, music, and theater.  Indignity, theater and hijinks  during the event included presiding Judge Julius Hoffman ordering Bobby Seale to be bound, gagged, and chained to a chair, for refusing to obey the Judge's contempt citations. Abbie Hoffman standing up and blowing the jury a kiss after his name was mentioned, and later wrestling with a deputy marshal who was trying to remove a Viet Cong flag Hoffman had brought into the courtroom; Abbie Hoffman and Rubin wearing judicial robes to court, and removing them on the judge’s orders to reveal blue policeman’s uniforms underneath, then throwing the robes on the ground and stepping on them.

Over 100 witnesses were called by the defense, including singers Phil Ochs, Judy Collins, Arlo Guthrie, and Country Joe McDonald; comedian Dick Gregory; writers Norman Mailer and Allen Ginsberg; and activists Timothy Leary and Jesse Jackson.

All of the defendants were charged with and acquitted of conspiracy; Davis, Dellinger, Hayden, Hoffman, and Rubin were charged with and convicted of crossing state lines with intent to incite a riot; Froines and Weiner were charged with teaching demonstrators how to construct incendiary devices and acquitted of those charges
While the jury deliberated on the verdict for the remaining defendants, Judge Hoffman convicted all the defendants—and their attorneys William Kunstler and Leonard Weinglass—on a total of 159 counts of criminal contempt, and sentenced them to jail sentences ranging from less than three months to more than four years.

On May 11, 1972, the panel dismissed some contempt charges against the lawyers, and reversed all of the other contempt convictions for retrial with a different judge. On November 21, 1972, all of the criminal convictions were reversed by a United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit panel.

Seven police officers were charged with assault and one police officer was charged with perjury, all were acquitted or had their case dismissed.

Gallery

See also
 "The whole world is watching"
 Medium Cool, a 1969 fictional movie using real footage of the Chicago Convention demonstrations as backdrop
 Protests of 1968
 List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
 Songs of Innocence and Experience, a 1970 album recorded by Allen Ginsberg, inspired in part by his witness of the protest
 Chicago Seven

References

Further reading
 Miami and the Siege of Chicago: An Informal History of the Republican and Democratic Conventions of 1968. Norman Mailer, New York: New American Library, 1968.

External links

An excerpt from Chicago '68 by David Farber.
An excerpt from No One Was Killed: The Democratic National Convention, August 1968 by John Schultz.
An excerpt from Battleground Chicago: The Police and the 1968 Democratic National Convention by Frank Kusch.
Art and Social Issues Offers a description of Bernard Perlin's Mayor Daley which depicts protests during the 1968 Democratic National Convention.
 August 27, 1968 recording of speeches and interviews broadcast by Bob Fass on WBAI, now hosted at the Internet Archive

1968 Democratic National Convention
1968 Democratic Party (United States) presidential campaigns
1968 United States presidential election
1968 in Illinois
1968 protests
Democratic National Conventions
20th century in Chicago
Articles containing video clips
August 1968 events in the United States
Chicago Police Department
Political riots in the United States
Protest marches in Chicago
Protests against results of elections
Protests against the Vietnam War
Richard J. Daley
Riots and civil disorder in Chicago
Yippies
20th-century political riots
1960s political events


The African Union is a geo-political entity covering the entirety of the African continent.
Its origin dates back to the First Congress of Independent African States, held in Accra, Ghana, from 15 to 22 April 1958. The conference aimed at forming the Africa Day to mark the liberation movement, each year, regarding the willingness of the African people to free themselves from foreign dictatorship, as well as subsequent attempts to unite Africa, including the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), which was established on 25 May 1963, and the African Economic Community in 1981.
Critics argued that the OAU in particular did little to protect the rights and liberties of African citizens from their own political leaders, often dubbing it the "Dictators' Club".

The idea of creating the AU was revived in the mid-1990s under the leadership of Libyan head of state Muammar al-Gaddafi: the heads of state and government of the OAU issued the Sirte Declaration (named after Sirte, in Libya) on September 9, 1999 calling for the establishment of an African Union. The Declaration was followed by summits at Lomé in 2000, when the Constitutive Act of the African Union was adopted, and at Lusaka in 2001, when the plan for the implementation of the African Union was adopted. During the same period, the initiative for the establishment of the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD), was also established.

Scramble for Africa

The first attempts to create a politically unified state encompassing the whole of the African continent were made by European colonial powers in the 19th century, intent on harnessing the vast natural resources and huge amount of manpower the continent had to offer to their Empires. However, the strong rivalry between European powers such as Britain, Belgium, France, Italy, Germany, Spain, and Portugal, meant the reality soon dawned that no one nation was powerful enough to outdo all the others, and take complete control of the continent.

Instead, they carved the continent up between them, scrambling for control of as much territory as possible, and attempting to prevent their rivals from obtaining favourable regions. The European powers essentially maintained control of their territories as colonies until the second half of the 20th century, when changes in European policy and thinking, led to releasing of control over their African colonies, and the creation of independent nations across the continent took place between the 1950s and 1970s.

Union of African States

The Union of African States, was a short lasting union of three West African states, in the 1960s - Mali, Ghana, and Guinea. This union was Marxist politically, and was led by such African revolutionaries as Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana and Sékou Touré of Guinea, who was president of Guinea.

On November 23, 1958, a Liberia Ghana-Guinea Union was formed with a flag like that of Ghana but with two black stars. In May 1959 it was announced that the Union would be renamed Union of African States with a flag like that of Ghana "with as many black stars as there were members". In April 1961 Mali joined this union, so the flag then had three stars.  The Union fell apart in 1962, when Guinea started to reach out to the United States, against the acquaintance of their Socialist partner, the U.S.S.R.

Organisation of African Unity

The Organisation of African Unity (OAU) or Organisation de l'Unité Africaine (OUA) was established on May 25, 1963. It was disbanded on July 9, 2002 by its last chairperson, South African President Thabo Mbeki and replaced by the African Union.

African Economic Community

The African Economic Community (abbreviated AEC) is an organization of African Union states establishing grounds for mutual economic development among the majority of African states. The member states are mounting efforts to collaborate economically, but are impeded by civil wars raging in parts of Africa. The stated goals of the organization include the creation of free trade areas, customs unions, a single market, a central bank, and a common currency thus establishing an economic and monetary union.

Sahrawi membership, Moroccan withdrawal
For over 30 years, the only African state that was a UN member but not a member of the African Union was Morocco, which unilaterally withdrew from the AU's predecessor, the Organization of African Unity (OAU), in 1984, when many of the other member states supported the Sahrawi nationalist Polisario Front's Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Morocco's ally, Zaire, similarly opposed the OAU's admission of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, and the Mobutu regime boycotted the organisation from 1984 to 1986. Some countries have since retracted their support for the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic and Morocco. Morocco rejoined the AU in 2017.

African and Malagasy Union

The African and Malagasy Union (AMU) or the Union Africaine et Malgache (UAM) in French was a former intergovernmental organization created to promote cooperation among its members. The organization derives its name from the name of the continent of Africa and from the former Malagasy Republic, now Madagascar.

Sirte Declaration

The Sirte Declaration was the resolution adopted by the Organisation of African Unity on September 9, 1999 at Sirte, Libya, to create the African Union.

Constitutive Act of the African Union

The Constitutive Act of the African Union sets out the codified framework under which the African Union is to conduct itself. It was signed on July 11, 2000 at Lomé, Togo.

Union launch

The African Union was launched in Durban on July 9, 2002 by its first president, South African, Thabo Mbeki at the first session of the Assembly of the African Union. The second session of the Assembly was in Maputo in 2003, and the third session in Addis Ababa on July 6, 2004.

Economics and monetary union

A stated goal of the AU is to establish a common African currency and banking institutions.

See also

History of Africa
Union of African States

References

African Union