The Diocese of Acqui () is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church that straddles the (civil) regions of Piedmont and Liguria, in northwest Italy. The ancient Roman name of the place was Aquae Statiellae, which was sometimes confused with Aquae Sentiae (Aix-en-Provence), and Aquae Augustae (Dax), where there were also bishops. Acqui had always been subordinate to the Province of Milan, down until 1817, when Pope Pius VII assigned it to the Province of Turin. As a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Turin, it falls within the ecclesiastical region of Piedmont.

History
It is probable that the diocese of Acqui was established at the end of the fourth century, about the same time, it would appear, as the dioceses of Novara, Turin, Ivrea, Aosta and perhaps, Asti and Alba.

The first undoubted bishop of Acqui was Ditarius. A tablet found in 1753 in the church of St. Peter, indicates that Ditarius, bishop of Acqui, died on 25 January 488, in the Consulate of Dinamias and Syphidius.

Popular tradition gives Deusdedit, Andreas, Severus, Maximus, and, earliest of all, Majorinus, as bishops prior to him. Majorinus probably lived either at the end of the fourth, or in the beginning of the fifth, century. The name was very common in the third, fourth, and fifth centuries. Veneration was offered to the saint from time immemorial by the church in Acqui, shown by his statues and relics. This veneration, however, has ceased since a decree of the Congregation of Rites (8 April 1628) prohibited the veneration of saints whose sanctity had not been declared by the Holy See.

In the list of the bishops of Acqui appears Saint Guido (1034–70), who was said to be a member of the family of the Counts of Acquesana, under whose patronage the cathedral was erected. He is the patron saint of Acqui.

Acqui and Alessandria

In 1068 the new city of Alessandria, named in honor of Pope Alexander III, was created, with the object of countering the political maneuvers of the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. In 1070 a delegation was sent to Rome, which presented the city to the Pope as a vassal of the Holy Roman Church. In 1075, Pope Alexander erected a new diocese at Alessandria, and provided its first bishop, Arduinus. The territory of the new diocese was taken from that of the diocese of Acqui. In 1180, Archbishop Algisius of Milan, acting on authority delegated to him by Pope Alexander, decreed the union of the two dioceses in the person of Bishop Uberto Tornielli of Acqui, who would take the title of Bishop of Alessandria, but the arrangement was acceptable neither to the people of Acqui nor to Bishop-elect Otto of Alessandria, and therefore the union did not take effect.

The new diocese of Alessandria, however, supported the Emperor Otto IV against the Papacy, and therefore in 1202 Pope Innocent III suppressed the diocese of Alessandria and reunited its territory to the jurisdiction of the diocese of Acqui. The bishop was ordered to live six months at Acqui and six months at Alessandria.

Friction developed between Bishop Uberto, who was in favor of the union, and the Chapter of the Cathedral of Acqui, who envisioned the loss of their status and prerogatives if the bishop should move to Alessandria. Bishop Uberto therefore appealed to the Pope on 16 February 1205. On 16 May, Pope Innocent III sent representatives to Piedmont to bring about the union, deciding that the bishop would be called the Bishop of Alessandria and Acqui. Their work was ratified by the Pope. Bishop Uberto began to use the double title. Bishop Uberto, however, was caught in some simonical transactions with regard to churches in both dioceses which were not under episcopal control, and he was suspended by Innocent III from his functions on 12 October 1211. His repentance was apparently unsatisfactory, since Pope Innocent accepted his resignation from his episcopal functions on 12 November 1213.

Acqui and Alessandria were united until 1405, until the diocese of Alessandria was re-erected. Pope Innocent VII (Roman Obedience) appointed Fra Bertolino of Alessandria as the new bishop on 14 April 1405.

Synods
A diocesan synod was an irregularly held, but important, meeting of the bishop of a diocese and his clergy. Its purpose was (1) to proclaim generally the various decrees already issued by the bishop; (2) to discuss and ratify measures on which the bishop chose to consult with his clergy; (3) to publish statutes and decrees of the diocesan synod, of the provincial synod, and of the Holy See.

A set of canons ('capitula') was issued jointly by Archbishop Ottone Visconti (1262–1295) of Milan and Bishop Alberto (1258–c. 1270) of Acqui in 1265, perhaps in connection with a provincial or diocesan synod, or both. Bishop Oddonus (1305–c. 1340) held a diocesan synod which concluded on 10 April 1308, and issued, with the consent of the Cathedral Chapter, a set of canons which were concerned mostly with clerical conduct and the proper administration of the sacraments, as well as limitations on the participation of lay persons in the election or installation of clergy.

Bishop Bonifacio de Sismondi (1427–1450) conducted three diocesan synods during his term: the first opened on 10 February 1429; the second in 1432, which dealt with financing the attendance of the bishop at the Council of Basel; and the third in 1440. He also began the construction of the episcopal palace, for which money had been left by his predecessor, Bishop Enrico.

Pope Sixtus IV was committed to the idea of yet another crusade against the Turks. He launched his project in the spring of 1475 by demanding a 10% tax on the income of the clergy. On 13 April 1475 he wrote to Bishop Thomas de Regibus of Acqui, naming him papal Nuncio and Collector of Papal Revenues in the entire Marquisate of Monferrat, and granting him the powers necessary to make the collection from all church institutions (including Chapters, monasteries, Priories, and convents) and persons (from Patriarchs and Archbishops down to simple clerics), administrators, and officials, both exempt from normal episcopal jurisdiction and not exempt; lay persons were to contribute 3 ⅓%, and Jews 5%.

In 1477 Bishop de Regibus held a diocesan synod in the Cathedral of Acqui, from the 3rd to the 19th of October.

In 1480 Bishop Thomas de Regibus was compelled to appeal to the pope when three of the castles in his diocese which formed part of the episcopal income were seized by Antoniotto Malaspina, a layman of the diocese of Acqui. Pope Sixtus IV in response ordered the Archpriest of the neighboring diocese of Asti to investigate the matter.

A diocesan synod was held by Bishop Ludovico Bruni (1499–1508), and a set of thirty-nine canons of entirely traditional content was published from the Cathedral of Acqui on 22 August 1499.

Bishop Giuseppe Maria Sciandra (1871–1888) held a diocesan synod on 5–7 September 1876.

Cathedral and Chapter

The original cathedral of the diocese of Acqui was at the church of S. Pietro. The new cathedral, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, was begun by Bishop Primus (c. 989–1018) in the Lombard style, and became the cathedral of the diocese under Bishop Dudo (c. 1024–1033), who transferred the Canons from S. Pietro, and converted S. Pietro into a monastic foundation. A donation charter of 1042 mentions both the monastery of S. Pietro and the Chapter house of S. Maria. Work on the cathedral was completed in 1167, and Bishop Guido (1034–1070) consecrated the entire edifice. His hagiographical life, with perhaps some exaggeration, says that he built the Cathedral of S. Maria with his own funds, and had Bishop Petrus of Tortona and Albertus (Obertus) of Genoa consecrate the edifice on 11 (or 13) November 1167.

The Cathedral of Acqui was served by a Chapter, composed of three dignities and (in 1675) nine Canons. In 1744 there were twelve Canons. By 1844 there were fifteen Canons. The dignities were: the Provost, the Archdeacon, and the Archpriest.

In the 15th century there were evidently problems with the Chapter in maintaining a regular system of public worship in the Cathedral. An agreement was entered into in 1455 by the Canons with Bishop Thomas de Regibus, but the provisions had not been carried out. A new agreement to prevent this dereliction of duty was sworn to with Bishop Constantinus Marenchi on 11 October 1486, binding both those canons who were present and those who happened to be absent from the meeting.

In 1495 Bishop Marenchi dedicated the new cathedral cloister and houses for the Canons and other clergy who served the Cathedral.

Bishops of Acqui

to 1300

...
 ? Majorinus (Majorianus)
 [Deusdedit]
 Ditarius (c. 488)
...
Valentinus (c. 680)
...
Odelbertus (c. 844)
Raganus (c. 864)
 Bado (Bodone) (c. 875–after 891)
? Thedaldus (Sedaldus)
 [Dodo (Dodone)]
Restaldus (c. 936)
Adalgisus (c. 945, c. 952)
Gotofredus (c. 968)
Benedictus (c. 978)
Arnaldus (c. 978–989)
Primus (c. 989–1018)
Brunengus (c. 1022)
Dudo (Dudone) (c. 1024–1033)
Guido (1034–1070)
Alberto (c. 1073–1079)
...
Azzo (Azone) (c. 1098–c. 1122)
Uberto (c. 1136–c. 1148)
Enrico (c. 1149)
Guglielmo (c. 1164)
Galdino (c. 1167–c. 1176)
Uberto (1177–1181)
Ugo (1183–1213)
Anselmo (1215–after 1226)
Otto (Ottone) (by 1231–1238)
Giacomo (1239)
Guglielmo (1239–1251)
Alberto de Incisa (1251)
Enrico (1252–1258)
Alberto Sivoleto(1258–c. 1270)
Baudicius (c. 1271–c. 1277)
 Sede Vacante
Olgerio (1283–1304) Bishop-Elect

1300–1600

Oddonus (1305–c. 1340)
Ottobono (c. 1340–1342)
Guido de Ancisa (1342–1373)
Jacobus (Jacobinus) (1373)
Franciscus (1373–1380)
Conradus Malaspina, O.Min. (1380–c.1382?) (Avignon Obedience)
Enrico Scarampi (1383–1403) (Roman Obedience)
Beroaldus (c. 1382) (Roman Obedience)
Valentinus (c. 1388) (Roman Obedience)
Bonifacio de Corgnato, O.Min. (1403–1408) (Roman Obedience)
Percival de Sismondi (1408–1423) (Roman Obedience)
Matteo Giselberti (1423–1427)
Bonifacio de Sismondi (1427–1450)
Thomas de Regibus (1450–1483)
Constantinus Marenchi (1484–1498)
Ludovico (Enrico) Bruni (1499–1508)
 Dominicus Schelinus de Filonariis (1508–1533?)
 [Cardinal Giovanni Vincenzo Carafa (1533?–1534)]
Pierre van der Vorst (1534–1549 Died)
Bonaventura Fauni-Pio, O.F.M. Conv. (1549–1558 Resigned)
Pietro Fauno Costacciaro (1558–1585 Resigned)
Gian Francesco Biandrate di San Giorgio Aldobrandini (1585–1598 Resigned)

1600–1800

Camillo Beccio, O.S.A. (1598–1620)
Gregorius Pedrocca, O.F.M. (1620–1632)
Felix Crocca, O.F.M. Conv. (1632–1645 Died)
Giovanni Ambrogio Bicuti (1647–1675)
Carlo Antonio Gozzani (1675–1721)
Giovanni Battista Rovero (Rotario da Pralormo) (1727–1744)
Alessio Ignazio Marucchi (1744–1754 Died)
Carlo Giuseppe Capra (1755–1772 Died)
Giuseppe Maria Corte (1773–1783)
Carlo Luigi Buronzo del Signore (1784–1791)
Giacinto della Torre, O.E.S.A. (1797–1805)

since 1800

Maurice-Jean-Madeleine de Broglie (1805–1807)
Luigi Antonio Arrighi de Casanova (1807–1809)
 Sede vacante (1809–1817)
Carlo Giuseppe Maria Sappa de Milanes (1817–1834)
Modesto (Luigi Eugenio) Contratto, O.F.M. Cap. (1836–1867)
 Sede Vacante (1867–1871)
Giuseppe Maria Sciandra (1871–1888)
Giuseppe Marello, O.S.I. (1889–1895)
Pietro Balestra, O.F.M. Conv. (1895–1900)
Disma Marchese (1901–1925 Died)
Lorenzo Del Ponte (1926–1942 Died)
Giuseppe Dell'Omo (1943–1976 Retired)
Giuseppe Moizo (1976–1979 Died)
Livio Maritano (1979–2000 Retired)
Pier Giorgio Micchiardi (2000–2018 Retired)
Luigi Testore (2018–present)

Parishes
The diocese, which covers an area of 1,683 km², is divided into 115 parishes. The majority are in the Piedmont region (provinces of Alessandria and Asti), the rest are in Liguria (provinces of Genoa and Savona). A list of parishes by province and commune follows

Notes and references

Bibliography

Reference works

 pp. 808–809. (in Latin)
 (in Latin)
 (in Latin)
 (in Latin)
 (in Latin)

 (in Latin)

Studies

  Kehr, Paul Fridolin (1914). Italia pontificia : sive, Repertorium privilegiorum et litterarum a romanis pontificibus ante annum 1598 Italiae ecclesiis, monasteriis, civitatibus singulisque personis concessorum. Vol. VI. pars ii. Berolini: Weidmann. pp. 190–191.
 Lanzoni, Francesco (1927). Le diocesi d'Italia dalle origini al principio del secolo VII (an. 604). Faenza: F. Lega, pp. 827–828.

 Ravera, Pompeo (1997). I vescovi della chiesa di Acqui dalle origini al XX secolo. Acqui: Editrice Impressioni Grafiche 1997.
 Ravera, Pompeo, et al. Archivio vescovile di Acqui (1998). I Vescovi acquesi pastori nel mondo dall’XI al XX secolo. Acqui Terme: Impressioni Grafiche, 1998.

Acknowledgment

Acqui
Acqui
Province of Alessandria
Province of Asti
Province of Genoa
Province of Savona
Acqui


Plácido  (ca. 1788–1862) was major Native American Chief of the Tonkawa Indians in Texas during the Spanish and Mexican rule, the Republic of Texas era, and with Texas as part of the United States.

Early years in Texas
Plácido was born the son of a Tonkawa Chief and a Comanche female captive/slave. His mother having been Comanche is highly ironic, in that he became the greatest enemy the Comanche had in Texas. Plácido, known in his own language as Ha-shu-ka-na ("Can't Kill Him"), was the last major Chief of the Tonkawa Indians. The fierce Tonkawas became great friends of the white Texas settlers, helping them against all their enemies.

Plácido rose to power among the Tonkawas during the Long Expedition into Texas in 1819. Warriors from several tribes, including Placido and his Tonkawa, joined in James Long's venture and gained horses, other plunder, and scalps in battles with the Spanish army. After Carita, a prominent Tonkawa leader, died in 1823, Plácido was elected as head chief of his people by the chiefs and elders.

The Chief and Stephen Austin
Plácido befriended Stephen F. Austin in the early days of Spanish Texas Settlement. His friendship was responsible for the Tonkawa support of the Texan forces, in the Texas War for Independence. Allied with the new republic, the Tonkawa felt secure in their central Texas home, near the Springs of the San Marcos River.

Battle of Plum Creek

Though Texas histories make much of the Texas militia fighting the Comanche at Plum Creek after the Great Raid, most of those histories forget to mention that the Texans would not have been in a position to intercept Buffalo Hump and the returning raiders except for the help of Plácido and his men.  With the help of Chief Plácido and thirteen of his Tonkawa scouts, Texas militia from Bastrop and Gonzales ambushed the raiding party at Plum Creek (near present-day Lockhart, Texas).

Battle of Little Robe Creek

The last battle the Tonkawa fought with and for the Texans was the Battle of Little Robe Creek.
Texas Governor Hardin Runnels had campaigned for office in 1856 on a platform to put an end to the continuing Comanche and Kiowa raids from those bands of both tribes off the reservation. He publicly expressed astonishment and rage when the 2nd United States Cavalry was transferred to Utah, and ultimately disbanded altogether.

Governor Runnels determined to reestablish disbanded Ranger battalions which were reduced after Texas' annexation by the United States. The end result was that on January 27, 1858, Governor Runnels appointed John Salmon "Rip" Ford, a veteran Ranger of the Mexican–American War and frontier Indian fighter, as captain and commander of the Texas Ranger, Militia, and Allied Indian Forces, and ordered him to carry the battle to the Comanches in the heart of their homeland on the Comancheria.

Ford, whose habit of signing the casualty reports with the initials "RIP" for "Rest In Peace," was known as a ferocious and no-nonsense Indian fighter. Commonly missing from the history books was his proclivity for ordering the wholesale slaughter of any Indian, man or woman, he could find. Ford's reason for this was simple: Comanche raids were brutal in their treatment of settlers. Thus, Ford determined to meet brutality with brutality. Governor Runnels issued very explicit orders to Ford, "I impress upon you the necessity of action and energy. Follow any trail and all trails of hostile or suspected hostile Indians you may discover and if possible, overtake and chastise them if unfriendly.

Recruitment of the Tonkawa
On March 19, 1858, Ford went to the Brazos Reservation, near what today is the city of Fort Worth, Texas, and recruited the Tonkawa into his forces. Tonkawa Indians, the latter commanded by their "celebrated" chief, Placido, are hailed today as the "faithful and implicitly trusted friend of the whites" (with limited mention of their cannibalism). Without the Tonkawa, and their 100 experienced warriors, Ford simply did not have enough men to launch a campaign into the Comancheria.

After recruiting Placido, Ford undertook a campaign with approximately an equal number of Texas Rangers and Tonkawa Warriors against the Comanches. Ford and Placido were determined to follow the Comanche and Kiowa up to their strongholds amid the hills of the Canadian river, and into the Wichita Mountains, and if possible, "kill their warriors, decimate their food supply, strike at their homes and families and generally destroy their ability to make war."

In April 1858, Ford established Camp Runnells near what used to be the town of Belknap. Ford, still operating under Governor Runnell's explicits orders to "follow any and all trails of hostile and suspected hostile Indians, inflict the most severe and summary punishment,"  and to "allow no interference from any source." (That source was interpreted to mean the United States, whose Army and Indian agents might try to enforce federal treaties and federal statutory law against trespassing on the Indian territories in Oklahoma).

On April 15, Ford's Rangers, accompanied by Tonkawa warriors, and  Anadarko and Shawnee scouts from the Brazos Reservation in Texas, crossed the Red River into Indian Territory. The force then advanced into the portion of the Comancheria in the Indian Territories in Oklahoma. Ford led his men across the Red River, into the Indian Territory, violating federal laws and numerous treaties, but stating later that his job was to "find and fight Indians, not to learn geography."

Battle
At sunrise on May 12, 1858. Ford and his joint force of Rangers and Tonkawa began an all-day battle with a dawn attack on a sleeping Comanche village. The so-called Battle of Little Robe Creek was actually three distinct separate incidents which happened over the course of a single day. The first was the attack on the sleeping village.   The second was a follow-up attack on the village of Iron Jacket, somewhat further up the Canadian River. Iron Jacket, so named for the coat of iron mail he wore in battle was killed in this exchange, and the remainder of his village was saved by the timely intervention of Peta Nocona with a third force of Comanche who arrived to engage Ford while all the villages along the Canadian made a swift withdrawal. Before the withdrawal, a dozen Tonkawas were killed in single combat with Comanches whose challenge to single combat they accepted. Ford, enraged by the losses, finally forbid the Tonkawa to accept anymore.

Peta Nocona knew that his warriors were no match for the Rangers in an even exchange of gunfire, and had no intention of engaging in such an exchange. He used every trick available to him, including attempting to lure the Rangers and Tonkawas into individual duals, to delay the enemy so the villages upriver would be able to withdraw safely. In this, he was successful.

The Battle of Little Robe Creek was notable in that the Texan forces first, invaded the United States against every tenet of federal law and numerous Indian Treaties, attacked Indian villages without warning of any kind, and allowed their allied Indians, the Tonkawa, to eat some of the Comanche killed in battle.

After Little Robe Creek
Despite their literally dying for the white Texans, the Tonkawa were endangered on the Brazos Reservation. Indeed, once a settler accused two Tonkawa warriors of killing a man, and Plácido fled, seeking refuge with other Indians—all of whom refused him sanctuary. Only the timely intervention of Robert Neighbors, who convinced the US military not to pursue the matter, kept the settlers from hanging Plácido. Increasing harassment by white settlers had made Texas increasingly dangerous for the Indian. In 1859, Indian agent Neighbors convinced the United States to allow the displacement of all the Texas tribes, (including Plácido and his Tonkawa), to a reservation in Indian Territory (Oklahoma).

In October 1862, when Confederate Indian agents arrived at the reservations, only the Tonkawa welcomed them, as Placido saw the Confederacy as an extension of his beloved Republic of Texas, which had valued his people. Unfortunately for the Tonkawa, other Indians never forgot the Tonkawa's loyalty to the Texans, even if the Texans did. Despite pleas from the aging Placido to protect his people from their enemies, the Tonkawa were not allowed to return to their reservation on the Brazos, and remained on a reservation in Oklahoma with the Delaware, Shawnee and Caddo tribes.

Tonkawa Massacre (1862)
On October 23, 1862, warriors from these tribes, instigated and assisted by the Comanche and Kiowa, united to attack the Tonkawas. Unlike Federal Indian agents like Neighbors, who had always protected the Tonkawas to the best of their ability, the Confederate agents Placido had welcomed so happily did not make any effort to protect them at all. One hundred thirty-seven out of the remaining 309 Tonkawas were killed in what was named the Tonkawa Massacre. Included in the dead was the elderly Placido.

Post-massacre
Plácido had two sons, Charlie and Little Spots. Their mother had also been a Comanche captive. After the 1862 slaughter of much of their tribe, the survivors, led by Plácido's son Charlie, fled to Fort Belknap, Texas, and remained there until the end of the Civil War. Today, Today less than 15 families of Tonkawa remain on their reservation in Oklahoma.

See also
 Battle of the Neches

References

Native American leaders
1862 in the United States
Battles involving the Comanche
Tonkawa people
Texas–Indian Wars
1780s births
1862 deaths


is a Japanese snowboarder. Generally, he is called .

He is from Yoichi, Hokkaido. He was promoted to a professional at the age of 21. In Japan, he is recognized as one of the best snowboarders at ground-tricks, commonly called "buttering" in the west. He acted as a chairperson of  until 2006. He and his teammate, Hirohisa Sato have both made appearances in many books.

Now, he works with a small Japanese snowboarding brand called "011 Artistic".

References

External links
011 Artistic official website
Youtube Video
Youtube Video 2
Youtube Video 3
Youtube Video (29 valuable technique of ground tricks)

Japanese male snowboarders
1971 births
Sportspeople from Hokkaido
People from Yoichi, Hokkaido
Living people


Comencini () is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Luigi Comencini (1916–2007), Italian film director
 Cristina Comencini (born 1956), Italian film director, scriptwriter and novelist, daughter of Luigi
 Francesca Comencini (born 1961), Italian film director and screenwriter, daughter of Luigi
 Fabrizio Comencini (born 1953), Italian Venetist politician

Italian-language surnames


Frank Noel Sibley (28 February 1923, London – 18 February 1996, Lancaster, Lancashire) was a British philosopher who worked mainly in the field of aesthetics. He held the first Chair of Philosophy at Lancaster University. Sibley is best known for his 1959 paper "Aesthetic Concepts" (Philosophical Review, 68), and for "Seeking, Scrutinizing and Seeing" (Mind, 64, 1954). Both papers (and some others) have been anthologized, "Aesthetic Concepts" multiple times.

Sibley has been considered an important contributor to Aesthetics in the analytical tradition. His collected papers, including some posthumous, were published by Oxford University Press in 2001 as Approach To Aesthetics, together with a companion volume of critical and evaluative essays on his work.

He was the uncle of the writer and broadcaster Brian Sibley.

Philosophical work

Aesthetics
Most of Sibley's work in aesthetics is collected in Approach to Aesthetics. He is especially well known for his attempts to distinguish the domains of aesthetic and non-aesthetic. His 1959 paper "Aesthetic Concepts" is often referred as one of the landmarks of 20th century aesthetics in the tradition of analytic philosophy. The paper is rich in themes, but the main line of thought suggests that aesthetic concepts cannot be reduced to non-aesthetic concepts, or sufficiently defined in terms of non-aesthetic concepts. This leads Sibley to think that grasping properties of given items requires the capability to exercise taste or aesthetic sensibility.

Topics and problems relating to taste thus became very important to Sibley's approach, and he returned to them through his career. Also, Sibley did not see Aesthetics as remote from philosophy as whole. This is very clear from his brief programmatic note "About Taste", published in 1966 in British Journal of Aesthetics. Here Sibley states the situation thus:

"The programme that aestheticians must face is thus a large one, the charting of a huge areas neglected by other philosophers working within their customary bonds. Indeed, far from its being true that aesthetics is peripheral to philosophy, aestheticians encounter ranges of concepts wider than and inevitably including of those studied by most other branches of philosophy."

Philosophy of mind

Beside aesthetics, Sibley worked on the philosophy of perception and the philosophy of mind. His first published paper was a long review of Gilbert Ryle's Concept of Mind in 1950. Later he contributed another piece on Ryle, "Ryle and Thinking", to Ryle: Collection of Essays.

He wrote two papers on the theory of perception, and some papers on the borderline of that field and aesthetics, one paper on colours, and a little piece on applied philosophy. One posthumous paper deals extensively with a certain distinction made by Peter Geach. Other than these, his work was in aesthetics.

Selected publications
 Frank Sibley (1954) "Seeking, Scrutinizing and Seeing" Mind, 64. Also in Geoffrey Warnock (ed.) (1967) The Philosophy of Perception. Oxford.
 "Aesthetic Concepts", Philosophical Review 68 (1959), pp. 421–50
 "Aesthetic and Non-Aesthetic", 'Philosophical Review, 84 (1965), 135–59
 "Objectivity and Aesthetics", Aristotelian Society, supp. XLII (1968), 31–54
Frank Sibley (2001) Approach To Aesthetics. Collected Papers On Philosophical Aesthetics. Edited by J. Benson & al. Oxford.

Further reading
 R. David Broiles (1964), "Frank Sibley's "Aesthetic Concepts"". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 23/2, 219-225.
 Gary Stahl (1971), "Sibley's "Aesthetic Concepts": An Ontological Mistake". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 29/3, 385-389
 Andrea Sauchelli (2014), "Sibley on 'Beautiful' and 'Ugly'", "Philosophical Papers", 43, 3, 377-404

References

External links
Nick Zangwill's article "Aesthetic Judgment" in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy discusses Sibley's views, and those of his critics.
Jerrold Levinson: "Aesthetic concepts". The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford University Press 2005. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. University of Edinburgh. 10 February 2012, <http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t116.e31>

1923 births
1996 deaths
20th-century British philosophers
Philosophers of art
Analytic philosophers


Brian Francis Kerr, Baron Kerr of Tonaghmore,  (; 22 February 19481 December 2020), was a Northern Irish barrister and a senior judge. He held office as Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland and then as a justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. In 2009, he was the last person to receive a law life peerage under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876. At the time of his retirement on 30 September 2020, he was the longest-serving justice of the Supreme Court, and the court's last original member.

Early life
Kerr was born on 22 February 1948 to James William Kerr and Kathleen Rose Kerr () of Lurgan in County Armagh.

He was educated at St Colman's College, Newry, and read law at Queen's University Belfast. He was called to the Bar of Northern Ireland in 1970, and to the Bar of England and Wales at Gray's Inn in 1975. He became Queen's Counsel in 1983 and became a member of the Bar of Ireland in 1990, and an Honorary Bencher of Gray's Inn in 1997 and the King's Inns in 2004. He served as Junior Crown Counsel (Common Law) from 1978 to 1983 and Senior Crown Counsel from 1988 to 1993.

Judicial career

Northern Ireland
In 1993, Kerr was appointed a Judge of the High Court and knighted, and in 2004 was appointed Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland, only the second Roman Catholic to hold the position, and sworn of the Privy Council.

Kerr regarded the introduction in 1971 of internment without trial in Northern Ireland as having been "calamitous for the rule of law". However, he assessed his Troubles-era experience of the non-jury Diplock courts, introduced to prevent intimidation by paramilitaries, as broadly positive. Citing the "distinguished civil libertarian", Sir Louis Blom-Cooper, he proposed that the non-jury system (in which there was an automatic right of appeal) "was in some senses superior to the jury trial."

As was usual for the Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland, he succeeded Lord Carswell as the Northern Irish Lord of Appeal in Ordinary upon the latter's retirement.

United Kingdom Supreme Court
On 29 June 2009, he was created Baron Kerr of Tonaghmore, of Tonaghmore in the County of Down, and was introduced to the House of Lords the same day. He was the last person to be appointed a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary (and therefore the last to be given a life peerage under the Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876). On 1 October 2009 he became one of the inaugural Justices of the new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. He was the youngest member, at age 61. He was succeeded as Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland on 3 July 2009 by Sir Declan Morgan.

Lord Kerr of Tonaghmore dissented from the controversial judgment of the Supreme Court in R v Gnango, in which the court held that a person could be an accessory to his own murder.

In the 2016 Article 50 "Brexit", and 2019 prorogation of Parliament, cases before the Supreme Court, Lord Kerr was a "close questioner of the government submissions".

Asked to specify which had been his most important case, Kerr opted for the 2018 legal challenge to Northern Ireland abortion law brought by the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission. The law prohibited abortion, even in cases of rape, incest and fatal foetal abnormality, and four of the seven justices, including Lord Kerr, ruled that this made the law in Northern Ireland incompatible with human rights legislation. "One only has to read the dreadful circumstances of the young women who were courageous enough to give … an account of their experiences in order to be struck how dreadful those experiences were... It was an extremely important case and one which I was very pleased to be part of."

In 2014, Ulster University awarded Lord Kerr an honorary doctorate in law.

In August 2020 it was announced that he would retire on 30 September 2020.

Defence of judicial review
Following his retirement Lord Kerr defended the practice of judicial review and the £56m cost of creating the Supreme Court in Parliament Square. He could understand that ministers might be "irritated by legal challenges which may appear to them to be frivolous or misconceived", butif we are operating a healthy democracy, what the judiciary provides is a vouching or checking mechanism for the validity [of] laws that parliament has enacted or the appropriate international treaties to which we have subscribed... the last thing we want is for government to have access to unbridled power.

Personal life
Kerr married Gillian Widdowson in 1970, and the couple had two sons.
He was a Roman Catholic.

Lord Kerr of Tonaghmore died in the early hours of 1 December 2020, aged 72.

Lady Kerr died in July 2022.

Arms

See also
 List of Northern Ireland Members of the House of Lords
 List of Northern Ireland members of the Privy Council
 The Public Prosecution Service v William Elliott, Robert McKee
 R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
 R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland

References

1948 births
2020 deaths
British King's Counsel
Alumni of Queen's University Belfast
Knights Bachelor
Members of Gray's Inn
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Lord chief justices of Northern Ireland
Kerr of Tonaghmore, Brian, Baron
Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
Judges of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
People from Lurgan
20th-century King's Counsel
People educated at St Colman's College, Newry
High Court judges of Northern Ireland
Lawyers from County Armagh


Sex Dirt distills a single episode of Negativland's radio program Over the Edge, broadcast on KPFA.

Unlike previous volumes of the Over The Edge series, this disc represents a live, improvisational performance by the group as a whole.  Most Over The Edge Broadcasts do not include all of Negativland, and are mostly theme based rather than music based.  This show, however, focuses heavily on the performance angle, as seen in many of Negativland's live shows.  Also unusual is the use of a piano in the performance.  While the recording is theme-oriented, and still has the same flavor as the majority of Over The Edge Broadcasts, the format is somewhat different and much more "musical."

This album was released in 1995 on Negativland's Seeland label.   The CD package includes a detailed "Sexual I.Q. Test" insert and a custom-printed moist towelette.

Track listing

A Special Opening (0:56)
Sex Dirt (7:59)
Shake Your Pants #2 (4:36)
Pump Gag (3:46)
Lick The Crack (7:03)
Penis And Sperm (3:01)
Gonna Sing Now (3:39)
Too Much Spurt (2:39)
Digital Fantasy Man (5:05)
Almost Lost It There (2:22)
Don't Stop Doin' It (2:03)
I Don't Want Anything In The Toilet (5:28)
Seat Bee Sate (6:16)
Shake Your Pants #1 (5:37)
Getting Sexy (7:20)

Personnel
David Wills
Chris Grigg
Mark Hosler
Don Joyce
Byram Abbott
Allison Holt
Cindy Mah
Peter Dayton
Some friend of David's
Jessica from KPFA

References

Negativland albums
1995 compilation albums


is a retired judoka who competed in the half-middleweight (70 kg) division.

Life and career
Nomura was born into a family of judoka. His father was the founder of a local judo dojo, and his brother was also an instructor who taught Olympic gold medalist Shinji Hosokawa. His nephew, Tadahiro Nomura, is the only judoka to have won three gold medals at the Summer Olympics. Nomura himself attended Tenri University before starting work at the Hakuhodo company. He placed second in the World Judo Championships in 1969 and 1971, and won the All-Japan Judo Championships in 1972 to become the Japanese representative for the half middleweight division at the 1972 Summer Olympics. He won all five of his matches at the Olympics by ippon to capture the gold medal. He also won the 1973 World Judo Championships held in Lausanne, Switzerland.

Nomura has worked as a schoolteacher in Wakayama Prefecture since retiring from competitive judo.

See also
 List of judoka
 List of Olympic medalists in judo

References

External links

1949 births
Living people
Japanese male judoka
Judoka at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Olympic judoka for Japan
Olympic gold medalists for Japan
Sportspeople from Nara Prefecture
Olympic medalists in judo
Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
20th-century Japanese people
21st-century Japanese people


HMS Barfleur was a 90-gun second rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched at Deptford Dockyard on 10 August 1697.

She was rebuilt according to the 1706 Establishment at Deptford, relaunching on 27 June 1716.

She took part in the Battle of Cape Passaro in 1719, and then served during the War of 1739–48, including the Battle of Toulon in 1744, before being paid off in 1745. However, the Barfleur was reduced to an 80-gun third rate in 1755 and served throughout the Seven Years' War, prior to being hulked in 1764, and eventually broken up in 1783.

Notes

References

Lavery, Brian (2003) The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650–1850. Conway Maritime Press. .
Winfield, Rif (2007) British Warships in the Age of Sail 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth Publishing. .

Ships of the line of the Royal Navy
1690s ships


The Archdiocese of Pamplona and Tudela () is a Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church located in the cities of Pamplona and Tudela in Spain.

Timeline
 5th century: Established as Diocese of Pamplona
 9th century: northern boundary established by Charles's Cross
 5 September 1851: Renamed as Diocese of Pamplona – Tudela
 17 July 1889: Renamed as Diocese of Pamplona
 2 September 1955: Renamed as Diocese of Pamplona – Tudela
 11 August 1956: Promoted as Metropolitan Archdiocese of Pamplona – Tudela
 11 August 1984: Renamed as Metropolitan Archdiocese of Pamplona y Tudela

Leadership

Bishops of Pamplona
 Firminus (late 3rd century)
 Liliolus (before 589, after 592)
 John I (fl. 610)
 Atilanus (fl. 683)
 Marcianus (fl. 693)
 Opilanus (fl. 829)
 Wiliesind (848–860)

In 850, in the face of a Muslim invasion, the seat of the bishop was transferred to Leire.

Bishops of Pamplona at Leire
 Jimeno I (876–914)
 Basilio (918–922)
 Galindo (922–928)
 Valentín (928–947)
 Blasco I (971–972)
 Bibas (979–???)
 Julian (983–985)
 Sisebut (988–997)
 Jimeno II (1000–1005)
 Sancho I el Mayor (1015–1024)

In 1023, the see was reestablished in Pamplona.

Bishops of Pamplona
 Sancho II el Menor (1025–1051)
 John II (1052–1068)
 Blasco II (1068–1078/79)
 García Ramírez (1078/79–1082)
 Sancha of Aragon (1082–1083), regent
 Pedro de Roda (1083–1115)
 William I (Guillermo) (1122)
 Sancho de Larrosa (1122–1142)
 Lope de Artajona (1143–1159)
 Sancho III (1160–1164)
 Pedro Compostelano (1162–1164)
 Raymond (1163)
 Bibiano (1165–1166)
 Peter of Paris (1167–1193)
 Martín de Tafalla (1193–1194), elected
 García Ferrández (1194–1205)
 Juan de Tarazona (1205–1211)
 Espárago de la Barca (1212–1215)
 William of Saintonge (1215–1219)
 Remiro de Navarra (1220–1229)
 Pedro Ramírez de Pedrola (1230–1238)

Between 1238 and 1242, the throne was vacant while the chapter was divided between supporters of Lope García and of the archdeacon Guillermo de Oriz.

 Pedro Jiménez de Gazólaz (1242–1266)
 Armingot (1268–1277)
 Miguel Sánchez de Uncastillo (1277–1286)
 Miguel Periz de Legaria (1288–1304)
 Arnaud de Poyanne (1310–1316)
 Guillaume Mechin (1316–1317)
 Raul Rossellet (1317)
 Michel Maucondiut (1317), elected
 Semén García de Asiáin (1317), elected
 Arnaud de Barbazan (1318–1355)
 Pierre de Monteruc (1355–1356)
 Miguel Sánchez de Asiáin (1356–1364)
 Bernard Folcaut (1364–1377)
 Martín de Zalba (1377–1390)

Martín resigned the see to become a cardinal in 1390, but he continued as apostolic administrator until 1403.

 Miguel de Zalba, cardinal (1404–1406), elected
 Martín de Eusa (1406–1407), vicar general
 Nicolás López de Roncesvalles (1407–1408), vicar
 García de Aibar (1408), vicar general
 Lancelot de Navarra (1408–1420), vicar general
 Sancho Sánchez de Oteiza (1420–1425)
 Martín de Peralta I (1426–1456)
 Martín de Peralta II (1457–1458)
 Basilios Bessarion, cardinal (1458–1462), apostolic administrator
 Nicolás de Echávarri (1462–1469)
 Alfonso Carrillo (1473–1491)
 César Borja, cardinal (1491–1492), transferred to the archdiocese of Valencia
Antonio Pallavicino Gentili, cardinal (1492–1507), apostolic administrator
Fazio Giovanni Santori, cardinal (1507–1510), apostolic administrator
Amaneu de Labrit, cardinal (1510–1512), apostolic administrator (first time)
Giovanni Ruffo de Theodoli (1512–1517), apostolic administrator
Amaneu de Labrit (1517–1520), apostolic administrator (second time)
Alessandro Cesarini, cardinal (1520–1538), apostolic administrator, resigned
 Juan Remmia (1538–1539)
 Pedro Pacheco Ladrón de Guevara, cardinal (1539–1545), transferred to the diocese of Jaén
 Antonio de Fonseca (1545–1550), resigned
 Álvaro Moscoso (1550–1561), transferred to the diocese of  Zamora
 Diego Ramírez Sedeño de Fuenleal (1561–1573)
 Antonio Manrique Valencia (1575–1577)
 Pedro de Lafuente (1578–1587)
 Bernardo de Sandoval y Rojas (1588–1596), transferred to the diocese of Jaén
 Antonio Zapata y Cisneros (1596–1600), transferred to the archdiocese of Burgos
 Mateo de Burgos (1600–1606), transferred to the diocese of Sigüenza
 Antonio Venegas y Figueroa (1606–1612), transferred to the diocese of Sigüenza
 Prudencio de Sandoval (1612–1620)
 Francisco Hurtado de Mendoza y Ribera (1621–1622), transferred to the diocese of Málaga
 Cristóbal de Lobera y Torres (1623–1625), transferred to the diocese of Córdoba
 José González Díez (1625–1627), transferred to the archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela
 Pedro Fernández Zorrilla (1627–1637)
 Juan Queipo de Llano y Flórez (1639–1647), transferred to the diocese of Jaén
 Francisco Diego Alarcón y Covarrubias (1648–1657), transferred to the diocese of Córdoba
 Diego de Tejada y la Guardia (1658–1663)
 Andrés Girón (1664–1670)
 Pedro Roche (1670–1683)
 Juan Grande Santos de San Pedro (1683–1692)
 Toribio de Mier (1693–1698)
 Juan Íñiguez Arnedo (1700–1710)
 Pedro Aguado (1713–1716)
 Juan Camargo Angulo (1716–1725)
 Andrés Murillo Velarde (1725–1728)
 Melchor Angel Gutiérrez Vallejo (1729–1734)
 Francisco Ignacio Añoa y Busto (1735–1742), transferred to the archdiocese of Zaragoza
 Gaspar Miranda Argáiz (1742–1767)
 Juan Lorenzo Irigoyen Dutari (1768–1778)
 Agustín de Lezo Palomeque (1779–1783), transferred to the archdiocese of Zaragoza
 Esteban Antonio Aguado Rojas (1785–1795)
 Lorenzo Igual de Soria (1795–1803), transferred to the diocese of Plasencia
 Veremundo Anselmo Arias Teixeiro (1804–1814), transferred to the archdiocese of Valencia
 Joaquín Javier Uriz Lasaga (1815–1829)
 Severo Leonardo Andriani Escofet (1829–1861)
 Pedro Cirilo Uriz Labayru (1861–1870)
 José Oliver y Hurtado (1875–1886)
 Antonio Ruiz–Cabal y Rodríguez (1886–1899)
 José López Mendoza y García (1899–1923)
 Mateo Múgica y Urrestarazu (1923–1928), transferred to the diocese of Vitoria
 Tomás Muñiz Pablos (1928–1935), transferred to the archdiocese of Santiago de Compostela
 Marcelino Olaechea Loizaga (1935–1946), transferred to the archdiocese of Valencia
 Enrique Delgado y Gómez (1946–1955), became also bishop of Tudela

Bishops of Pamplona and Tudela
 Enrique Delgado y Gómez (1955–1956), became archbishop

Archbishops of Pamplona and Tudela
 Enrique Delgado y Gómez (1956–1968)
 Arturo Tabera Araoz, cardinal (1968–1971)
 José Méndez Asensio (1971–1978), transferred to the archdiocese of Granada
 José María Cirarda Lachiondo (1978–1993)
 Fernando Sebastián Aguilar (1993–2007)
 Francisco Pérez González (2007–....)

Auxiliary bishops
 Ángel Riesco Carbajo (1958–1969)
 José María Larrauri Lafuente (1970–1979), transferred to the diocese of Vitoria
 Juan Antonio Aznárez Cobo (2012–....)

Suffragan dioceses
 Calahorra y La Calzada-Logroño
 Jaca
 San Sebastián

See also
Roman Catholicism in Spain

References

Sources
 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy
 Diocese website

Roman Catholic dioceses in Spain
Dioceses established in the 5th century
Christian organizations established in 1984
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century
Pamplona
1984 establishments in Spain


Roger Dolan from Lisbon, Iowa is an American racing driver who won the NASCAR Weekly Series national championship in 1987.

Driving a dirt Late Model for owners Larry and Penny Eckrich, Dolan won 33 of the 67 NASCAR-sanctioned races that he entered.  He often raced five nights a week, and won the NASCAR All Star Tour for dirt Late Models.

Dolan also won the inaugural Busch/Winston All-Star Tour series championship in 1985.

Honors
 As part of the 25th anniversary of the NASCAR Weekly Series in 2006, Dolan was named one of the series' All Time Top 25 drivers.

References
Citations

Bibliography

Schaefer, Paul.  Where Stars Are Born: Celebrating 25 Years of NASCAR Weekly Racing.  Coastal 181, Newburyport, Massachusetts, USA, 2006.  .  pp. 37–42.

Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
People from Linn County, Iowa
Racing drivers from Iowa
NASCAR drivers
Year of birth missing (living people)


is the fourth studio album by American heavy metal band Trivium. The album was released worldwide on various dates between September 23, 2008, and October 1, 2008, through Roadrunner Records. It is their last release to feature original drummer Travis Smith. Work on the album is noted to have begun with producer Nick Raskulinecz in October 2007, with the band stating that they chose not to work with Jason Suecof again as they wanted to explore new ideas.

Background
In an interview with Metal Injection, Matt Heafy stated:

In an interview with Revolver, Corey Beaulieu stated:

Composition

Influences, style and themes

Shogun largely features a continuation of the band playing thrash metal, metalcore, and progressive metal, the latter exhibited by technical instrumentation and longer song lengths. It sees a prominent return of Matt Heafy's screaming vocals, which were a rare occurrence on The Crusade. The album is also the band's first album produced by Nick Raskulinecz. In an interview for About.com, Heafy described the album's musical direction as a combination of various aspects including: "the past, present, and future of Trivium, all on one CD" and that is the "next evolutionary step". When asked about the change in his singing style, he said: "It's the kind of thing that happened naturally." Shogun heavily features 7-string guitars and 5-string bass guitars, which had been used sparingly on The Crusade.

The group did not want to make an album where all songs had the same singing style, like in The Crusade, and decided to just let their music flow naturally and unbiased. Unlike The Crusade, which had some songs focusing on famous and controversial murders/crimes, this album has a few songs that deal with ancient Japanese military customs and several regarding Greek mythology, some serving as metaphors to be interpreted by the listener. "Into the Mouth of Hell We March" and "Torn Between Scylla and Charybdis" detail the story of Odysseus choosing whether to face the giant whirlpool Charybdis or the 6-headed monster Scylla. "He Who Spawned the Furies" is about the Titan Cronus devouring his children and castrating his father Uranus, creating Aphrodite and the Erinýes (the Furies). "Of Prometheus and the Crucifix" references the daily torment of Prometheus and alludes to crucifixion of Jesus Christ, serving as a metaphor for enduring torment by the public for daring to contribute something new to society. "Like Callisto to a Star in Heaven" is written from the perspective of the nymph Callisto, detailing her rape and impregnation by Zeus and her transformations into a bear and into Ursa Major. "Down from the Sky" features a contemporary theme, chastising those who spark wars for profit or religion, and warning of nuclear holocaust.

With a duration of over 11 minutes, the album's title track is the longest Trivium have ever recorded.

Release and promotion
On June 16, 2008, Trivium posted a bulletin on their MySpace profile titled "New Album Update" with an embedded YouTube video, implying that the album would be released on September 30, 2008, by Roadrunner. On July 31, the first track from the new album, "Kirisute Gomen", was made available as a free digital download through the Roadrunner Records website for 24 hours only. On August 8, the cover art for the album was revealed. On August 12, the fourth track from the new album, "Into the Mouth of Hell We March", was made available for purchase on iTunes. On September 1, the third track and first single from the album "Down from the Sky" was made available for purchase on iTunes, as well as in stores. On September 2, the music video for "Down from the Sky" was released (exclusively) on MySpace. The band would later upload "Throes of Perdition" to their MySpace page on September 17 and on September 23 the complete album was added.

Critical reception

The album received mostly positive reviews, with Chad Bowar of About.com praising the band's progress on songwriting, as well as their musicianship. Bowar finishing its review stating: "Shogun won't silence Trivium's legions of critics, but I think most fans will like the harsh vocals along with the great riffs and memorable melodies." Eduardo Rivadavia of AllMusic described Shogun as "Trivium's most challenging and ambitious album yet." IGN's Ed Thompson wrote that with the release of their fourth full-length album the "band have done what absolutely needed to be done." The band's ideas and influences were praised by Thompson, and considered Shogun the best of their first four albums. Thompson also defined Shogun as the band's "best effort to date."

Commercial performance
Since its release, Shogun has sold over 300,000 copies worldwide. In the United States in its first week of release sold 24,000 copies and debuted at number 23 on the Billboard 200 chart, and the top 100 in 18 other countries, including number 6 on the Japanese international charts, number 4 on the Canadian Hard Rock Charts, number 1 on the UK rock charts and number 4 on the Australian charts.
As of March 2009, the album has sold around 70,000 copies in the United States since its late September release, according to Nielsen SoundScan.

Track listing

Special edition DVD
 The Making of Shogun (A behind-the-scenes documentary capturing the making of the album)
 Shogun: The Riffs (Instructional videos for guitar and bass)

Notes
 "Into the Mouth of Hell We March" was featured on the soundtrack for the 2008 video game Madden NFL 09.
 "Down from the Sky" was featured on the WWE SmackDown! Vs Raw 2010 soundtrack.
 In the special edition of the album, the song "Shogun" fades out earlier, making it a length of 11:22.

Personnel
Trivium
Matt Heafy – lead vocals, guitars
Corey Beaulieu – guitars, unclean backing vocals
Paolo Gregoletto – bass, clean backing vocals
Travis Smith – drums, percussion

Production
 Nick Raskulinecz – producer
 Paul Fig – engineer
 Nick Raskulinecz – engineer
 Ben Terry – engineer
 Colin Richardson – mixing (1–11)
 Jeffrey Rose – mixing (12–14), mixing engineer
 Martin "Ginge" Ford – mixing engineer
 Matt Wiggins – assistant engineer
 Mark Lewis – pre-production engineer
 Ted Jensen – mastering

Charts

Certifications

References

External links

2008 albums
Trivium (band) albums
Roadrunner Records albums
Albums produced by Nick Raskulinecz


Viggianello (; ) is a commune in the Corse-du-Sud department of France on the island of Corsica.

Location

Viggianello is in the western plain to the east of the coastal town of Propriano.
It lies between the Baraci river to the north and the Rizzanese river to the south.
The  Punta Savaziglia is on the eastern border of the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Corse-du-Sud department

References

Communes of Corse-du-Sud


Campo is a commune in the Corse-du-Sud department of France on the island of Corsica.

Population

See also
Communes of the Corse-du-Sud department

References

Communes of Corse-du-Sud


Laura DeNardis is an American author and a scholar of Internet governance and technical infrastructure. She is the Professor and Endowed Chair in Technology, Ethics, and Society at Georgetown University. DeNardis is an affiliated Fellow of the Yale Information Society Project at Yale Law School and served as its Executive Director from 2008-2011. She previously served as a Senior Fellow of the Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) and the Director of Research for the Global Commission on Internet Governance. With a background in information technology engineering and a doctorate in Science and Technology Studies (STS), her research studies the social and political implications of Internet technical architecture and governance. Domestically, she served as an appointed member of the U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on International Communications and Information Policy (ACICIP) during the Obama Administration. She has more than two decades of experience as an expert consultant in Internet Governance to Fortune 500 companies, foundations, and government agencies.

In 2020, Wired UK listed DeNardis as one of "32 Global Innovators Who Are Building a Better Future." Her expertise and scholarship have been featured in Science Magazine, The Economist, NPR, New York Times, ABC news, Bloomberg, Time Magazine, Christian Science Monitor, Slate, Reuters, Forbes, The Atlantic, the Globe and Mail, Investor's Business Daily, and The Wall Street Journal.

In 2015 Laura DeNardis was elected as a member of the Cosmos Club in Washington, DC.

Early life and education

Laura DeNardis was born in New Haven, CT, in 1966. She is married to finance executive Deborah Smith. DeNardis and Smith's was one of the first same sex marriages in Connecticut in 2008.

DeNardis earned a PhD in Science and Technology Studies from Virginia Tech, an MEng from Cornell University, an AB in Engineering Science from Dartmouth College, and was awarded a postdoctoral fellowship from Yale Law School.

She resides in Washington, DC.

Books
The Internet in Everything (Yale University Press, 2020)
Researching Internet Governance: Methods, Frameworks, Futures (MIT Press 2020)
The Turn to Infrastructure in Internet Governance (Palsgrave, 2016)
The Global War for Internet Governance (Yale University Press, 2014)
Opening Standards: The Global Politics of Interoperability (MIT Press, 2011)
Protocol Politics: The Globalization of Internet Governance (MIT Press, 2009)
Information Technology in Theory (Thompson, 2007)

Areas of Expertise

Research Concentration in Global  Internet Governance
U.S. Cyber Policy and International Cybersecurity
Cyber Cooperation
Technology, Media and World Politics
Geopolitics of Technical Architecture Design
Civil Liberties Online
Cyber Institutions
Privatized Governance
Intellectual property
Technical Expertise: Internet Protocols and Architecture
Applied Mathematical Programming
Domain Name System and Critical Internet Resources
Telecommunications Engineering
Information and Communication Technology Strategy
Internet Interoperability

Involvement with the Global Commission on Internet Governance
DeNardis served as the Research Director of the Global Commission on Internet Governance ourinternet.org (2014–2016).

She is also the Senior Fellow of the Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI)   (2013–present).

Major Lectures and Presentations

European Consortium for Political Research Global Conference. Referred panel presentation "The Global Internet Governance Trajectory: Actors and States of Play," Montreal, Canada, August 27–29, 2015.
United States Internet Governance Forum, Panel on Multistakeholder Governance, George Washington University, Washington, DC, July 16, 2015.
Microsoft Research Faculty Summit 2015. Invited presentation, "Research Challenges in Internet Governance," Redmond, WA, July 7, 2015.
 Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT). Workshop on Standards and Human Rights, Washington, DC, June 19, 2015
Columbia SIPA, Invited plenary panel talk, "Conference on Internet Governance and Cybersecurity," New York, NY, May 14, 2015.
Brookings Institution, Invited presentation at "Global Governance Futures 2025," Washington, DC, May 6, 2015.
Keynote Address at National Cybersecurity Centre One Conference, The Hague, Netherlands, April 13, 2015.
"The Future of Internet Regulation," Invited presentation at the Ohio State University Moritz School of Law Symposium, I/S: A Journal of Law & Policy, March 27, 2015.
Book talk on "The Global War for Internet Governance," New America Foundation, Washington, D.C. April 3, 2014
Presentation on "The Global War for Internet Governance,"  Motion Picture Association of American (MPAA), Washington, D.C. April 2, 2014.
Book talk on "The Global War for Internet Governance," The Carnegie Council, New York City, NY. February 26, 2014.
Panel presentation on "The Internet's Top-Level Domain Expansion: Implications for Internet Freedom and Innovation," Beyond the Dot Conference, The Newseum, Washington, D.C. February 19, 2014.
Book talk on "The Global War for Internet Governance," Yale Law School, Information Society Project, New Haven, CT. February 13, 2014.
Book talk on "The Global War for Internet Governance," Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. February 12, 2014.
Panel presentation on "The Paradox of Multistakeholder Internet Governance," 10th Annual State of the Net Conference, The Newseum, Washington, DC. January 28, 2014.
Panel presentation on “Internet Governance 2020: Geopolitics and the Future of the Internet,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, D.C. January 23, 2014.
Panel presentation on Developing a Strategic Vision for Internet Governance,” Eight Annual United Nations Internet Governance Forum, Bali, Indonesia. October 22, 2013.
Presentation on "Thinking Clearly about Multistakeholder Internet Governance," Global Internet Governance Academic Network Annual Conference, Bali, Indonesia. October 21, 2013.

Footnotes

External links

Home pages
Home Page of Laura DeNardis
MIT Press Author Profile for Laura DeNardis
Yale Information Society Project
American University School of Communication

Audio and video
Radio interview on Canada's CBC discussing "What Will the Internet Look Like with 5 Billion Users," April 17, 2015.
United States Department of State video "The Internet Belongs to Everyone," September 17, 2014.
Inaugural CIGI Lecture "The Global War for Internet Governance," Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, September 9, 2014.
ABC News Radio interview on Internet fracturing, KTRS 550 "Is This the End of the Internet," July 24, 2014.
Keynote Address at WebScience 2014, "The Global War for Internet Governance," Bloomington, Indiana, U.S., June 24, 2014.
Radio Interview on "The Diane Rehm Show" on NPR, "The Worldwide Debate for New Rules for the World Wide Web," April 7, 2014.
Video of Oxford University Keynote Address, "Technologies of Dissent" at "A Decade in Internet Time" conference on September 3, 2011.
KZSU-FM/Stanford University Radio Interview on "Protocol Politics," July 21, 2010 with Dave Levine at Hearsay Culture Radio.

Living people
American University faculty and staff
Dartmouth College alumni
Yale Information Society Project Fellows
1966 births


Ixcateopan de Cuauhtémoc is a town in Ixcateopan de Cuauhtémoc Municipality located in isolated, rugged mountains in the northern part of Guerrero state, Mexico.  According to tradition, it is the final resting place of Aztec Emperor Cuauhtémoc, whose alleged remains were found under the parish church here in the mid-20th century. This church has been converted into a museum with displays a number of pre-Hispanic artifacts, offerings left in honor of the emperor and the alleged remains of Cuauhtémoc himself. This has been refuted by later research and by a Judging Commission of the Mexican government in 1976.

Ixcateopan de Cuauhtémoc is located 36 km west of famous silver town of Taxco de Alarcón, traveling on the state highway. Unlike its neighbor, the vegetation surrounding Ixcateopan is forested with pine, red and white cedar, and walnut trees. Along the highway, there is a waterfall by the name of Cascada de Cacalotenango, which has a small chapel at the top. The distance between Ixcateopan and Chilpancingo, the capital of the state of Guerrero, is 180 km.

The explored archeological remains are located at the Ixcateopan (archaeological site).

The name Ixcateopan (sometimes spelled Ichcateopan) from the Nahuatl words “ichcacates” (or “ixcatle”) and “moteopan,” “teopan,” or  “teopancalli.” Most interpret the first word as meaning cotton and the second temple, leading to a translation of temple of cotton. However, some sources claim the real name of the area is Zompancuahuithli, and the name  was changed to Ixcateopan after the arrival of Cuauhtemoc's body and means (here is the temple/church). The glyph in the Mendoncino Codex for Ixcateopan reflects both interpretations, a cotton flower, a depiction of Cuauhtémoc and a pyramid. “De Cuauhtémoc” was added to Ixcateopan’s name by the Congress of the State of Guerrero in 1950.

History
Some of the inhabitants of this area before the Conquest were the Cohuixas and the Chontals. The indigenous community located at what is now the southern edge of the town dates back to at least 350 C. E. This community was an important regional ceremonial center as well as the headquarters for the guardian soldiers. It was also closely associated with the production of cotton and cotton products, a valuable commodity at the time. Ixcateopan was one of the last cities to be subjugated by the Aztec Empire. The location served as a point to gather and then distribute tribute from surrounding areas. Mexica from other parts of the Aztec Empire, including soldiers, came here due to the wars between them and the Purépecha Empire. Because of this, Ixcateopan, originally a purely Chontal city, became multicultural.

Fray Torbio de Benavente, the local evangelist, and Fray Bernardino de Sahagún wrote texts about the death and burial of Cuauhtémoc which were initially kept at the Church of San Hipólito in Mexico City but somehow wound up in the hands of the family of Salvador Rodriguez Juárez, who was the doctor of Ixcateopan in the first half of the 20th century.  The documents had been passed down in his family for generations. They told of how Cuauhtémoc’s body had been recovered and brought to Ixcateopan and initially buried at the palace of his maternal grandparents in 1525. In 1529, Fray Toribio de Benavente had the body moved to a spot in front of the destroyed pagan temple, where the Church of Santa María de la Asunción would be built over him. The documents indicated that this tomb was nearly directly under the main altar of the church. After Rodríguez Juárez showed the documents to elders at the parish church,  the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH) was contacted, which sent archeologist Eulalia Guzmán to investigate the authenticity of the documents. After examining the documents, investigating the oral traditions of the area and other archeological and historical evidence, it was decided to excavate in the place where the documents indicated.

The authenticity of the find was challenged, so the INAH sent other teams to investigate the find. Results of the corroborative efforts were mixed with researchers casting doubt on the age of the bones found, the documents that led to their discovery and the authenticity of the artifacts found at the site. In 1976, a Judging Commission determined:

Recent investigations determined that the remains are judged not to be of Cuauhtémoc, but instead corresponding to eight different bodies and the skull is female. Early research reports by Eulalia Guzmán, distorted the facts. Today the burial is considered a forgery by archeologists, although many locals and cultural activists still consider it to be genuine.

The town
The town of Ixcateopan has about 2,400 residents, which is over a third of the municipality’s inhabitants. One thing that stands out about this town is that streets are paved in unpolished white marble and many of the walls around properties contain it as well. The town of Ixcateopan has similar colonial architecture as the larger Taxco: white houses topped with peaked roofs with red clay tile roofs. However, they are not as well-maintained as those in Taxco.  Because of the discovery of Cuauhtémoc’s tomb here, Ixcateopan has become a place of national interest. Flags fly here at half mast on 28 February, the anniversary of Cuauhtémoc’s death.  Because of the discovery of the tomb of Cuauhtemoc and the continued discoveries at the archeological site on the southern edge of town, Ixcateopan draws archeologists, anthropologist and historians.

Museum of Santa María de la Asunción

The Museum of Santa María de la Asunción, located just south of the main plaza in the center of town, was the parish church for the community from the 16th century until the mid-20th, when it was declared a national monument. Since the discovery of the alleged Cuauhtémoc's tomb under the main altar, this building and its grounds have been converted from a religious sanctuary to a civil one. Most, but not all, of its Christian iconography has been taken out. Where the main altar used to be is now a shrine to the last Aztec emperor, with his false remains on public display. A small museum occupies the former church’s annex. Jairo Rodríguez, son of the doctor who made the documents about Cuauhtemoc's burial public knowledge, is the official chronicler of Ixcateopan and the guardian of the museum.

Annual ceremony in honor of Cuauhtémoc
Cuauhtemoc has become a symbol of Mexican cultural identity and for many dancers who come here to celebrate, a symbol of their modern identity. Cuauhtémoc has become a symbol of ethnocultural identity, nationalism and resistance, and this place brings indigenous people from all over Mexico and other nations in the Americas.  The end of February is important as Cuauhtémoc’s birthday (23 February) and death (28 February) are commemorated here. His day of birth draws the most dance groups who come from all over Mexico, the U.S., Canada and South America, to lay offerings, dance and sing in many different languages. Preparations at the church/museum and the rest of the town occupy the days and nights before the 23rd. For several days straddling the birthday itself, dances and ceremonies continue almost non-stop, accompanies by huehuetls (Aztec drums), and wind instruments made of animal horns and large conch shells and accompanied by copal incense.

Archeological zone

South of the Santa María de la Asunción  Museum on Vicente Guerrero Street is the archeological zone of Ixcateopan. The site has been dated from between 350 and 1450 C. E. with at least five construction stages, three of which are dated from between 1350  and 1450 C.E. Although construction seemed to have ceased after 1450, it is known that the site was occupied up until the Spanish arrival in 1521. The archeological zone is formed by a series of constructions over a natural elevation and occupied about 5,000 m2/square meters (approximately 1.24 acres). Local materials were used in its construction: flagstone, limestone, marble and smooth pebble which were covered in stucco and painted. This excavated complex was dedicated to religious ceremonies, administrative activities and the local hierarchy’s relations with the rest of the world. Religiously, it was of regional importance.

Ixcateopan was a Chontal settlement that was conquered by the Aztecs, by Moctezuma I and Ahuitzotl. The Chontales are a little-known group with most information about them coming from documents written in 1579, but nothing of their language is known as no human remains from their burials have been found. stages The site has provided much information about the development of what is now the north of Guerrero state in the late pre-Hispanic period, when it was populated by groups such as the Matlatzincas, Tepoztecos, Nahuas as well as Chontales.

The site was first excavated in 1976 by archeologist Juan Yaveún, with subsequent studies by Guadalupe Martínez, Alajandro Pastrana, José Hernández Rivera and Elizabeth Jiménez. However, excavations in the mid 2000s have uncovered new finds at the site including a set of stairs that run from south to north on the main plaza, dwellings and storage facilities as well as workshops with ceramics showing Aztec and Cholulteca influence and purely local designs. With these, it is possible to reconstruct something of these people’s relations with these groups. Most of the excavations here have followed an east-west axis and about 3,000 m2 have been explored. Efforts have been made to have Ixcateopan and “archeological monuments zone” as well as obtain resources to continue excavations here.

References

External links

Populated places in Guerrero
Archaeological sites in Guerrero


Cannelle is a commune in the Corse-du-Sud department of France on the island of Corsica.

Population

See also
Communes of the Corse-du-Sud department

References

Communes of Corse-du-Sud


Ota (; ) is a commune in the Corse-du-Sud department of France on the island of Corsica.

Population

Sights

Pianella bridge, a Genoese bridge from the 15th century
Torra di Portu

Notable Citizens

Pasquino Corso ( Ota, ? - Rome, 15 July 1532), Condottiero.

See also
Communes of the Corse-du-Sud department

References

Communes of Corse-du-Sud


HMS Namur was a 90-gun second rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched at Woolwich Dockyard in 1697.

On 11 June 1723 she was ordered to be taken to pieces at Portsmouth and her timbers transferred to Deptford Dockyard. In 1729 the timbers were used to rebuild the ship according to the 1719 Establishment.

She was rebuilt by Richard Stacey at Deptford Dockyard and relaunched on 13 September 1729. In 1745, she was razeed to 74 guns.

In February 1744 she took part in the Battle of Toulon.

Namur was wrecked on 14 April 1749 in a storm near Fort St David on the east coast of India. In total, 520 of her crew were drowned, though Captain Marshal survived.

Commanders of Note

Edward Falkingham 1731/2
George Clinton 1732 to 1734
John Barnsley
Thomas Whitney
Samuel Faulknor
Samuel Cornish
George Berkeley

Flagship of

Admiral Charles Wager
Rear Admiral Nicholas Haddock
Admiral John Norris
Vice Admiral Thomas Matthews

Notes

References

Ships of the line of the Royal Navy
1690s ships
Maritime incidents in 1749


Peri is a commune in the Corse-du-Sud department of France on the island of Corsica.

Population

See also
Communes of the Corse-du-Sud department

References

Communes of Corse-du-Sud


Katzenstein Castle is one of the oldest remaining Hohenstaufen castles in Germany. It is located in a borough that shares its name with the castle in the Dischingen municipality of the Heidenheim district of Baden-Württemberg. The castle is open to visitors and contains several dining rooms as well as hotel rooms.

Location
This hill castle is located in the valley of a tributary of the Egau river on the Härtsfeld in Heidenheim district near an old Roman road running from Faimingen in Lauingen to Bopfingen known as the Frankensträßle (). Burg Katzenstein is located  above sea level.

History
In 1099, the Lords von Cassenstein were first mentioned.  The family was a ministerial or unfree knightly family in the service of the Graf (or Count) von Dillingen. In 1262, Edlen von Hürnheim was listed as the owner of the castle von Katzenstein when it was sold by Hermann von Hürnheim-Katzenstein.

Ownership changed again in 1354 when the Graf von Oettingen acquired the castle.  He quickly pawned the castle on the Graf von Helfenstein, who gave the castle to Berthold von Westerstetten in 1382.  In 1572, the Katzenstein line wiped out the Westerstetten line.  The inheritance of the Westerstetten family was sold again to the von Oettingen family.

The castle was burned to the ground by French soldiers in 1648, at the end of the Thirty Years' War. The castle was rebuilt in 1669.

Burg Katzenstein went to the Oettingen-Wallenstein line in 1798. Later, in 1810, the castle was taken over by the state of Württemberg and placed under the district of Neresheim.

Since 1939, the castle has been privately owned.

Sights
In 1973, the St Laurentius chapel was opened and cleaning began.  Under the dirt and partially completed Baroque paintings, impressive Mediaeval paintings were discovered. The fresco paintings date from 1250 to 1280 and show the transition from Romanesque art to early Gothic art.

See also
List of castles in Baden-Württemberg

References

Further reading
  Max Müller, Gerhard Taddey (Hrsg.): Handbuch der historischen Stätten Deutschlands, Band Baden-Württemberg. Kröner, Stuttgart 2. Aufl. 1980.
  Michael-Nikolaus-Nomidis Walter, Burgverwalter Burg Katzenstein: Geschichte und Beschreibung der Burg Katzenstein. MissionsDruckerei&Verlag Mariannhill, Reimlingen

External links

  Burg Katzenstein (in German)
  Dischingen Town website
  Hohenstaufen trail

Historic house museums in Baden-Württemberg
Ministeriales


Conca is a commune in the Corse-du-Sud department of France on the island of Corsica. It is the southern terminus of the GR 20 walking route.

Geography

Climate
Conca has a mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa). The average annual temperature in Conca is . The average annual rainfall is  with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Conca was  on 2 August 2022; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 27 February 2018.

Population

See also
Communes of the Corse-du-Sud department
Aiguilles de Bavella

References

Communes of Corse-du-Sud


Cox Green is a civil parish in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in Berkshire. It is a large suburb of Maidenhead with most of its housing west of the A404(M) Maidenhead bypass and south of the A4 road. The remainder of this area is rural. The parish has an urban boundary with Woodlands Park to the southwest and a rural boundary with White Waltham parish to the west.

History
The original village was ecclesiastically a hamlet under Bray church that had a nucleus by Cox Green Lane, Cox Green Road and Norden Road, south of the railway (see map of 1945 here). Parts of this are now outside the current parish boundary. The second half of the 20th century saw a rapid expansion of housing, including Woodlands Park to the west, and Cox Green is now part of the wider urban area of Maidenhead.

Geography
Cox Green has a site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) on the South border of the village, called Great Thrift Wood.

Amenities and listed buildings
Schools in the area include Lowbrook School and Wessex Primary School, both catering for ages up to eleven Year 6 and Cox Green School, for children aged 11–18. Cox Green School shares a site with the adjacent Community Centre on Highfield Road, providing such local facilities as a library and both indoor and outdoor sports facilities. Additional leisure facilities exist at Ockwells Park, where as well as sports fields, an open park and a local nature reserve, children's play area, and an outdoor gym.

The parish church, Church of the Good Shepherd, is in the Community Centre in Highfield Road.

The oldest building in the parish is Ockwells Manor, built in the 15th century. It is next to Ockwells Park, part of which once formed part of the Manor's grounds.

A Roman Villa was discovered from aerial photographs in the 1950s and was fully excavated in 1959 in advance of the building of the present housing estate.

Nearest places
Maidenhead (town centre) 3 miles,
Reading, Berkshire 12 miles,
Windsor 8 miles

References

External links

 Cox Green Parish Council
 Wessex Primary School

Maidenhead
Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead
Civil parishes in Berkshire


USS Weber (DE-675/APD-75) was a  of the United States Navy, named in honor of Ensign Frederick T. Weber (1916–1942), a naval aviator who was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross for heroism during the Battle of Midway.

Weber was laid down on 22 February 1943 at Quincy, Massachusetts, by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Company's Fore River Shipyard; launched on 1 May 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Matt A. Walsh; and commissioned on 30 June 1943.

World War II

The destroyer escort completed fitting out and then departed Provincetown, Massachusetts, on 23 July for Bermuda. At the conclusion of shakedown training in waters surrounding those islands, she returned north and arrived in Boston, Massachusetts, on 21 August. Following post-shakedown availability, the new warship left Boston for several days of additional training—in antisubmarine warfare (ASW) tactics – out of New London, Connecticut. Upon completing that assignment, Weber entered New York harbor to prepare for her first combat duty.

Atlantic service as DE-675

On 5 September, the warship stood out of New York in the screen of a transatlantic convoy. Following a relatively uneventful voyage, she and her charges entered port at Derry, Northern Ireland, on the 16th. There, she remained until the 21st, when she headed back across the Atlantic with a return convoy. She ended that voyage at St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, on 1 October but, soon thereafter, moved to New York for a 10-day availability at the Brooklyn Navy Yard.

In mid-October, Weber escorted a convoy from New York to the Dutch island of Curaçao, off the coast of Venezuela. She arrived in Willemstad on 24 October and remained there five days awaiting the formation of a transatlantic convoy. This group of Allied ships departed Curaçao on 29 October and set a course for the British Isles and arrived in Derry on Armistice Day 1943.

At that point, Weber settled into a routine of escorting convoys between Derry and New York which lasted until August 1944. By that time, she had made six more round-trip voyages between those ports. On many occasions during the period, she and her consorts in the screen made sonar and radar contacts on unidentified ships. While on such occasions they frequently attacked the strangers with depth charges, Weber and her sister escorts directed their greatest efforts to diverting their transports and cargo ships from the paths of U-boats. When doing so, they informed nearby hunter-killer groups of the location of the contacts and delegated to them primary responsibility for offensive antisubmarine warfare. As a result, confirmed U-boat kills eluded Weber; but she and the other escorts in the screens accomplished their primary mission of shepherding the convoys safely across the ocean.

On 7 August, she departed Derry for the last time. Her convoy arrived safely in New York on the 20th and, after voyage repairs, the warship began preparations to embark upon a new but brief phase in her wartime career. After the Allied forces which invaded Europe in June established control over the coast of France, convoys no longer needed to travel the long northern route around Ireland to avoid enemy aircraft and submarines based on that coast. Instead, they now could use the shorter and more economical route around the southern coast of England directly to the French channel ports, primary among which was Cherbourg. In September, Weber made one round-trip voyage to Cherbourg; then returned to the United States via that route and arrived back at New York near the end of the month.

After a 10-day availability and four days of exercises, the ship proceeded to Norfolk, Virginia to join a convoy bound for North Africa and the Mediterranean Sea. She departed Norfolk with the convoy on 21 October. En route to Gibraltar, she rescued the crew of a Portuguese fishing vessel damaged badly in a collision with Weber during an investigation of the then-unidentified vessel. Soon after the rescue, the Portuguese vessel sank. After landing the fishermen at Gibraltar, Weber continued on to Bizerte, Tunisia, where she stopped on 12 November, and thence proceeded to Palermo, Sicily, for repairs to damage sustained in the collision with the Portuguese trawler. She rejoined her escort group at Oran, Algeria, and embarked upon the return voyage on 23 November. Weber escorted one section of the attached convoy into Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 10 December.

Pacific service as APD-75

Five days after her arrival in Philadelphia, Weber was redesignated a high-speed transport and received a new hull number, APD-75. Conversion work on her began immediately. During the following three months, she exchanged her 3-inch battery for a new 5-inch, dual-purpose gun which had proven highly effective both for antiaircraft defense and for bombardment work. In addition, her relatively weak antiaircraft battery was beefed up substantially. Her spaces were modified to provide a place for underwater demolition teams (UDT) and their equipment. Her conversion indicated an impending reassignment to the Pacific theater where the UDT men played an important role in the initial stages of amphibious operations. She completed her conversion in mid-March 1945.

During the latter part of the month, she moved to Norfolk where she practiced shore bombardments and antiaircraft defense. On 14 April, she departed Norfolk. Arriving at Panama on the 19th, she transited the Panama Canal the following day and reported for duty with the Pacific Fleet. Continuing her voyage, the warship stopped briefly at San Diego, California and then headed for the Hawaiian Islands. She arrived in Pearl Harbor on 8 May and underwent a brief period of voyage repairs. During the middle part of May, she conducted reconnaissance and demolition exercises at Kahoolawe, Maui, with members of UDT 23. After a short series of refresher training and antisubmarine warfare exercises, she departed Oahu on the 24th for the western Pacific. She entered the lagoon at Eniwetok on 1 June, remained for a day due to a fueling delay, and then continued on to Ulithi where she arrived on 6 June.

On 13 June, Weber departed Ulithi to escort  to Okinawa where the battleship was needed to render gunfire support to American forces subduing the defenders on the southern portion of the island. The task unit arrived off the island four days later. Following a short time at Hagushi anchorage, Weber put into the roadstead at Kerama Retto for fuel. On 25 June, she was assigned to a surface force built around battleships California and , and cruisers , , , , and . Serving as antisubmarine and mine escort for that unit, she patrolled the waters around Okinawa until 1 July, protecting communications and supply lines. She returned to Hagushi for a week on 1 July and departed the Ryūkyūs on the 8th in the screen of a convoy bound for the Marianas. Delivering her charges safely at Saipan on 12 July, she continued her voyage the following day and arrived at San Pedro Bay, Leyte, on the 17th. She spent the remaining weeks of World War II at Leyte engaged in training exercises in preparation for the expected invasion of the Japanese home islands. Fortunately, the Japanese agreed to surrender terms on 15 August, making that operation unnecessary.

Post-war service

Soon after the cessation of hostilities, Weber returned to Okinawa to prepare for the occupation of Japanese territory. She arrived back in the Ryukyus on 21 August and reported for duty with Task Force 95 (TF 95). She trained briefly with that task organization at Okinawa until 7 September when she reported for duty with TF 55. On 10 September, she departed the Ryukyus with Task Unit 55.7.1 (TU 55.7.1) bound for Japan. She and her colleagues arrived at Nagasaki the following day and began two weeks of service evacuating and caring for former Allied prisoners of war held in Japan. She completed that assignment on 23 September and returned to Okinawa on the 25th. On 7 October, the warship put to sea once more, this time bound for Qingdao and Taku in northern China with a convoy carrying marines for duty ashore there. Typhoon Louise – a severe storm which devastated Allied forces at Okinawa – scattered the little flotilla and damaged some of the ships, forcing Weber to return to Okinawa as an escort for the more severely damaged ones. She rejoined the remainder of the convoy just before mid-month and escorted a portion of it into Taku on 16 October. The next day, she got underway for the Philippines with two American merchant ships which she saw safely to Okinawa before breaking off and continuing on to Luzon. The ship arrived in Manila on 23 October and, after discharging about 100 passengers, headed back to China. During the month of November, she shuttled Nationalist Chinese troops from Hong Kong to strife-torn northern China.

She concluded that duty at Qingdao on 25 November and sailed for the East Coast of the United States that same day. Steaming via Okinawa, Guam, and Eniwetok, she arrived in Pearl Harbor on 13 December. On the 16th, she resumed her voyage home and arrived in San Diego on the 22d. Following a week's layover, she left San Diego and set course for the Panama Canal. The warship transited the canal between 7 and 9 January 1946 and headed for New York on the latter date. She entered the New York Naval Shipyard on 15 January, discharged passengers, and began her preinactivation overhaul. On 18 February, she departed New York and, after a two-day stop at Norfolk, Virginia, arrived in Green Cove Springs, Florida, on the 23d. There, she reported to the Atlantic Reserve Fleet for layup. Placed out of commission by directive in January 1947, Weber remained inactive for more than 15 years. Her name was struck from the Navy List on 1 June 1960; and, a little over two years later, she was sunk as a target on 15 July 1962, by AGM-12 "Bullpup" air-to-surface (ASM) missiles.

Weber earned one battle star during World War II.

References

External links
    navsource.org: USS Weber
 hazegray.org: USS Weber

Buckley-class destroyer escorts
Charles Lawrence-class high speed transports
Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts
1943 ships


Antigonos of Callas (Ancient Greek: ) was an ancient Macedonian hetairos from Amphipolis, known through an inscription with a Homeric-style epigram of about 300-275 BC, where he commemorates his win  in Hoplitodromos (a race in full armour) at Heraclean games after the Conquest of Tyre in 332 BC. Alexander had dreamt that Heracles invited him into Tyre. Aristander the seer interpreted this to mean that the city will be captured, but with Herculean effort. Afterwards, Alexander  offered sacrifice to Heracles, and celebrated both a gymnastic and musical contest there (Arrian 3,6,1).

References
Die politische Rolle der Heraklesgestalt im griechischen Herrschertum page 99 by Ulrich Huttner  .
Amphipolis - SEG 48.716

4th-century BC births
3rd-century BC deaths
Ancient Greek generals
Ancient Macedonian athletes
Ancient Macedonian generals
Generals of Alexander the Great
Ancient Amphipolitans
Hetairoi
4th-century BC Macedonians
Greek inscriptions


Mela is used in the Indian subcontinent for all sizes of gatherings: religious, commercial, cultural or sport-related.

Mela may also refer to:

Arts and entertainment
Mela (1948 film), an Indian romantic tragedy
Mela (1971 film), an Indian family drama
Mela (1980 film), a Malayalam-language film
Mela (1986 film), a Pakistani action film
Mela (2000 film), an Indian action masala film
Mela (Ugandan TV series), 2018

People
 Mela (Miller), an early settler in Hawaii
 Mela Lee, (born 1976), an American voice actress
 Arnaud Méla (born 1980), a French rugby player
 Ghias Mela (1961–2015), a Pakistani politician
 Francisco Mela (born 1968), a Cuban percussionist
 Itala Mela (1904–1957), an Italian Roman Catholic mystic
 Jan Mela (born 1988), a Polish explorer
 Jaime Mela (1890–?), a Spanish fencer
 Natalia Mela (1923–2019), a Greek sculptor
 Pomponius Mela (died c. AD 45), a Roman geographer

Places
 Mela, Corse-du-Sud, Corsica, France
 Mela (Bithynia), a city in the Roman province of Bithynia Secunda

Other uses
 Mela (company), a global entertainment consumer service
 MELA Sciences, an American medical device company
 MELA (Mothers of East Los Angeles), an American anti-prison construction group
 MeLA, an Italian people mover located in Milan
 Melakarta, or Mela, a collection of fundamental musical scales (ragas) in Carnatic music

See also

 Melas (disambiguation)
 Carmela, a given name


Mela is a commune in the Corse-du-Sud department of France on the island of Corsica.

Population

See also
Communes of the Corse-du-Sud department

References

Communes of Corse-du-Sud


Ocana () is a commune in the Corse-du-Sud department of France on the island of Corsica.

Population

See also
Communes of the Corse-du-Sud department

References

Communes of Corse-du-Sud


Frederick Thomas Weber (4 February 1916 – 4 June 1942) was a naval aviator in the United States Navy during World War II.

Biography
Weber was born on 4 February 1916 at Des Moines, Iowa. He attended college at Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois, in 1933 and 1934 before transferring to Drake University in Des Moines in 1935. He graduated from the latter school during the summer of 1938 and enlisted in the United States Naval Reserve on 30 August of that year. During the ensuing winter, Seaman 2d Class Weber successfully completed elimination flight training at the Naval Reserve Aviation Base, Kansas City, Kansas; and, on 27 July 1939, he was appointed an aviation cadet in the Naval Reserve. After 10 months of training at the Naval Air Station, Pensacola, Fla., Weber was appointed a naval aviator on 10 May 1940. A little over a month later, he concluded his training and, on 12 June 1940, received his commission as an ensign in the Naval Reserve. That same day, he received orders to report for duty with Bombing Squadron 6 (VB-6) attached to the aircraft carrier Enterprise (CV-6).

Enterprise and VB-6 proved to be Ens. Weber's only assignment during his brief naval career. During the remainder of 1940 and for 11 of the 12 months of 1941, he served with his ship and squadron operating out of San Diego, Calif., and later out of Pearl Harbor. His duties consisted entirely of training in aerial warfare in preparation for the conflict with Japan expected to erupt at any time.

At the end of the first week in December 1941, he was at sea with Enterprise which was returning from Wake Island where she had just delivered Marine Fighting Squadron 211 (VMF-211). On the morning of 7 December, Weber was paired with Ensign Manuel Gonzalez as part of the scheduled morning search flight into Pearl Harbor. The two SBDs encountered Aichi D3A dive bombers from the Japanese attack, and Weber was separated from Gonzalez, who was shot down. After evading the Japanese, he joined the surviving Enterprise searchers at Ford Island, and later took off again as part of an unsuccessful attempt to find the Japanese carriers. On 8 December, Enterprise arrived at Pearl and Weber rejoined his ship.

In January 1942, Weber's ship guarded reinforcement convoys on their way to the southern Pacific. In February, he participated in the carrier raids on Japanese-held islands in the Central Pacific. In April, his ship served as an escort for Hornet (CV-8) during the Halsey–Doolittle bomber raid on Tokyo and returned to Oahu on 25 April. Dispatched too late to join in the Battle of the Coral Sea, his ship returned to Pearl Harbor on 26 May to prepare for what would be an even more important strategic battle — the first real defeat of Japanese naval airpower during the struggle over Midway Island.

The Battle of Midway
On 28 May, Enterprise steamed out of Pearl Harbor, accompanied by Hornet and the cruisers and destroyers of Task Force 16 (TF 16), to lie in ambush north of Midway. Partially repaired,  (CV-5) followed two days later. On the morning of 4 June, land-based patrol planes from Midway made contact with the advancing Japanese force spearheaded by four of the six carriers that had attacked Pearl Harbor. While Midway defended itself against enemy air attacks and land-based air unsuccessfully tried to pierce the Japanese defenses, Weber and his comrades in VB-6 took to the air to begin a long grueling search. By 07:30, the entire attack group was aloft and streaking off toward the enemy's reported position. Lieutenant Commander Clarence Wade McClusky, the Enterprise air group commander (CAG), led the squadron himself as the formation winged on toward Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo's Carrier Striking Force.

At 09:20, the squadron arrived at the supposed location of the enemy. Gazing down, the aircrewman strained for a glimpse of the threatening carriers but saw only empty seas. At that juncture, the air group commander made a hard decision. His planes had already consumed a great deal of fuel; and, were they to initiate a search, some would surely fail to return as a result. On the other hand, if they returned for fuel, Midway might fall or, even worse, the enemy might find and sink or severely damage one or more of the U.S. Pacific Fleet's three remaining carriers. Therefore, the importance of stopping Nagumo's carriers at almost any cost dictated the course of action. The American pilots ignored their fuel gauges and started hunting for the Japanese.

At 10:05, Weber and his colleagues were rewarded for their perseverance and determination. On the horizon to the northwest loomed a task force composed of three large carriers and numerous escorts. Initially, some Americans believed that they had inadvertently circled back to their ships, but "pagoda" masts and yellow flight decks of the carriers below quickly dispelled that fear.

The original plan of squadron leader Lt. Dick Best had been to attack the closest target, later identified as the Kaga. However, just as he was pushing over, Best saw several grey streaks pass in front of him. Realizing, to his frustration, that Wade McClusky, along with VS-6, was taking his target, he pulled out and attempted to lead VB-6 to the next visible target, the Akagi. Unfortunately, the majority of the squadron, either missing his signal or seeing a lot of near-misses on Kaga, stuck with the original target. That left just three planes - his own, Lt(jg) Edwin Kroger's, and Ens. Weber's—to attack Akagi. Realizing that everything had to count, Best advised his wingmen, "Don't let this carrier escape!"

Ens. Weber, flying the No. 3 position, followed his squadron leader in on Akagi. Of the three bombs released, one—Kroeger's—splashed alongside the carrier's bridge, drenching Nagumo and his staff. Another—Weber's—struck the water near the fantail, close enough to bend the deck upwards and jam the ship's rudder. However, the bomb that counted was that dropped by Best himself. His 1,000lb bomb struck the flight deck and exploded in the upper hangar amongst fueled and armed planes, starting a conflagration that ultimately doomed the ship. The VB-6 Action Report, written on the assumption that the entire first division (5 planes) attacked the target, states that "... at least three 1,000-pound bomb hits were observed on that target and it became a mass of flame and smoke." While somewhat off the mark in terms of the actual results, Weber and his section had nonetheless ensured the destruction of the Akagi.

Pulling out of his dive, Weber formed on his leader for the flight home. Weber would prove to be one of only five VB-6 pilots who returned to Enterprise; the rest had either ditched due to fuel exhaustion, or taken refuge on Enterprise'''s sister-ship, USS Yorktown. After landing, Weber's leader - Best - reported that one Japanese carrier - later determined to be Hiryū - remained intact, and that a follow-up strike should be launched as soon as possible.

That afternoon, Weber took off from Enterprise with a composite attack group made up of the remnants of the several groups decimated earlier. At about 15:45, six planes from VS-6 and 14 from Yorktown's VB-3 joined with the four operational aircraft remaining to VB-6 and sped off in chase of the remaining carrier. Unfortunately, the American fighters still extant had to remain with the carriers as combat air patrol so the attack group was denuded of fighter cover.

About an hour later, the American hunters found their quarry. The American planes climbed to  and maneuvered their way up-sun of Hiryū and her escorts. During the jockeying for position, Japanese fighters jumped the unprotected dive bombers. Before reaching the "push over" point, Ens. Weber's plane fell victim to the enemy fighters. He and his gunner, Aviation Ordnanceman 3d Class E. L. Hilbert, spiraled into the sea and to their deaths. For his part in sinking Akagi and for his supreme sacrifice in assisting his colleagues to sink the remaining enemy carrier, Ens. Weber was promoted retroactively to lieutenant (junior grade) and was awarded the Navy Cross posthumously.

Namesake
In 1943, the destroyer escort USS Weber (DE-675) was named in his honor.

References

Bibliography
 Cressman, Robert J., and Wenger, J. Michael, Steady Nerves and Stout Hearts:  The Enterprise (CV-6) Air Group and Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941''. Pictorial Histories Publishing Co., Missoula 1990.

1916 births
1942 deaths
United States Navy officers
Recipients of the Navy Cross (United States)
People from Des Moines, Iowa
United States Navy personnel killed in World War II
Military personnel from Iowa


The Western Qing tombs (; ) are located some  southwest of Beijing in Yi County, Hebei Province. They constitute a necropolis that incorporates four royal mausoleums where seventy-eight royal members are buried. These include four emperors of the Qing dynasty and their empresses, imperial concubines, princes and princesses, as well as other royal servants.

History
Construction of the Western Qing tombs was initiated by the Yongzheng Emperor who broke with tradition and refused to be buried in the Eastern Qing tombs. Some have speculated, though not proven, that as Yongzheng had illegally usurped the throne by eliminating his brothers, his motive to relocate his tomb to the Western Qing tombs was that he did not wish to be buried alongside his father the Kangxi Emperor. Later on his son, the Qianlong Emperor, decided that he should be buried in the Eastern Qing tombs and dictated that thereafter burials should alternate between the eastern and western sites, although this was not followed consistently.

The first tomb, the Tailing, was completed in 1737, two years after the end of the Yongzheng reign. The last imperial interment was in 1913, when the Guangxu Emperor was entombed in the Chongling (). Chongling was looted by grave robbers in 1938, and its burial chamber is now open to the public.

Main tombs

The four tombs in Western Qing Tombs are:
 Tailing (; Manchu: elhe munggan) for the Yongzheng Emperor (16781735, the 3rd emperor)
 Changling (; Manchu: colgoroko munggan) for the Jiaqing Emperor (17601820, the 5th emperor)
 Muling (; Manchu: gūnihangga munggan) for the Daoguang Emperor (17821850, the 6th emperor)
 Chongling (; Manchu: wesihun munggan) for the Guangxu Emperor (18711908, the 9th emperor)

The Xuantong Emperor, is buried in a commercial cemetery behind the Guangxu Emperor's tomb. While not officially part of the Western Qing Tombs, including Puyi would bring the number of emperors at the Western Tombs to five, the same number as those buried at the Eastern Tombs.

See also
 Eastern Qing tombs
 Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties

References

Tombs
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Hebei
Qing tombs
Qing tombs
Qing tombs
Qing tombs
Qing tombs
World Heritage Sites in China


Tasso (; ) is a commune in the Corse-du-Sud department of France on the island of Corsica.

Population

See also
Communes of the Corse-du-Sud department

References

Communes of Corse-du-Sud