Argas persicus, also known as fowl tick or poultry tick, is a small soft-bodied tick that is found primarily on domestic fowl such as chickens, ducks, and geese. It was first recorded by Lorenz Oken in 1818 in Mianeh, Persia, and named Rhynochoprion persicum.

Argas persicus appears yellowish-brown when starved and slatey-blue when engorged. They are found on an animal host, in cracks and crevices of buildings or in nests.

They are also carriers of the spirochete bacteria Borrelia anserina which causes avian spirochetosis, one of the most severe diseases affecting the poultry industry.

In addition to domestic fowl, A. persicus may also feed on humans, although an immunity has been acquired by some individuals.

Distribution
The fowl tick is distributed worldwide but does tend to prefer a warmer climate. The lower United States especially sees a large distribution of this soft bodied tick due to the warm climate.

Life Cycle
Argasid (soft) ticks have a multihost life cycle meaning it has two or more nymphal stages that each require a blood meal.

Mating and the laying of eggs occurs off the host and in sheltered areas such as bird nests. Six-legged larvae hatch from the eggs in the chosen sheltered area. Once a suitable host is found in the vicinity, they begin to feed for a few hours to a few days. The larvae finish feeding and leaves the host for an area of shelter. The larvae then molt to become the first nymph stage. The first nymphs stage then move onto the second host to feed. This second host may be the same individual as the first and is likely the same species. The first stage of nymphs transforms to the next nymph stage when it leaves the host and molts once more. These nymph stages can reach up to seven stages. After the last nymph stage, it leaves the host to molt into an adult. The adults can continue to feed on the host feeding quickly and detaching from the host after each blood meal. Females often lay eggs after each meal when off the host.

Pathogen Transmission
A. persicus is a natural reservoir for B. anserina as it helps these spirochetes survive longer.
West Nile virus was also found to be able to infect the tick when feeding on an infected membrane. This was tested using artificial inoculation.
If the pathogen infects humans due to A. persicus, it would likely be as an incidental host but humans may be fed upon by any of the stages.

Disease and Symptoms

Avian Spirochetosis
This disease is sepsis by B. anserina being transmitted in A. persicus saliva. The spirochete can be seen in blood samples taken from infected birds. Young birds appear to be especially susceptible to the larvae of A. persicus due to not having been exposed to it before. Although domestic birds do not fully develop immunity against the paralysis inducing toxins produced, a weak protective mechanism may result from having been infected.

Symptoms of avian spirochetosis include drop in egg production, depression, polydipsia (increased thirst), drowsiness, anorexia, loss of appetite, green diarrhea, ruffled feathers, pale combs, weight loss, paralysis of the legs and wings (flaccid paralysis), and abrupt death. Before death, the bird tends to become recumbent or begins to lie down stretched out. This is especially true when heavily infested with the larval stage of A. persicus.

Fowl Tick Infection and Tick Paralysis
Tick paralysis is included in avian spirochetosis and appears in the same fashion. The flaccid paralysis ascends throughout the body. Incoordination first occurs followed by paralysis of the hind limbs, forelimbs, and then leads to respiratory distress and failure. Death then follows. Blood loss during infection could occur as well and result in clinical anemia.

Treatment
Controlling the larvae is important as it acts as a vector for B. anserina. Repeated treatments with malathion spray helps to reduce the ticks and helps the birds recover. Penicillin injections appear to have no effect in treatment of the bacteria. 	The elimination of tick larvae is key to reversing the effects of avian spirochetosis. Hydration is also extremely important as death most often results due to dehydration from prolonged paralysis.

References

Further reading

Ticks
Animals described in 1818
Arachnids of Asia
Argasidae
Parasites of birds


The geographical center of Sweden is contested amongst at least four locations.

Flataklocken

The oldest and most famous geographical center of Sweden is Flataklocken, a spot next to Lake Munkby in Torpshammar, Medelpad at . The site was identified in 1947 after an initiative by the newspaperman Gustaf von Platen. The method used for calculating this point was that of the centre of gravity of the geometrical figure of Sweden. The calculation was made by professor Nils Friberg and Tor Andeldorf at the geography department of Stockholm University, using a cardboard cutout map of Sweden with outlying islands attached directly to the mainland. They balanced the map model on a needle and declared the balancing point the geographical center.

A delegation including Gustaf von Platen, explorer Hans Ostelius and orienteer Gösta Lagerfelt trekked through the wilderness to the site and declared it the geographical center. Later, a sign marking the significance of the spot was erected and a lookout built. The site has since become a popular tourist attraction.

Other claims
Area towns Ånge and Östersund often claim to be the geographical center of Sweden.

Other places have been claimed to be the centre of Sweden, using differing methods. The most prominent is Ytterhogdal in Hälsingland, based on the methodology of calculating the latitude for the point halfway between the northernmost (Treriksröset) and southernmost (southern tip of Skåne) points, and then taking the mid between the easternmost and westernmost points at that latitude.

See also
 Geographical centres
 Demographical center of Sweden

Sources
Ånge Municipality Flataklocken Official Website
Sveriges Mittpunkt - Flataklocken
Ytterhogdal vill bli Sveriges mittpunkt, Länstidningen 21 November 2005

Center
Sweden
Geography of Västernorrland County
Hälsingland


Enterprise Elementary School District is an elementary school district in Redding, California, United States. It covers a large portion of Redding's east side. The school district has eight elementary schools and one junior high school. Brian Winstead is the current superintendent.

History
Enterprise Elementary School District participated in a statewide California school strike against COLA (Cost of Living Adjustments) in 2006.

Schools
The schools in this district:
Parsons Junior High School
Alta Mesa Elementary School
Boulder Creek Elementary School
Even Start Elementary School
June Street Elementary School
Lassen View Elementary School
Mistletoe Elementary School
Rother Elementary School
Shasta Meadows Elementary School

References

External links

School districts in Shasta County, California


is a Japanese fashion designer.

Tsumori  was born in Saitama, and attended Tokyo's Bunka Fashion College. She began work with Issey Miyake in 1977 under the "Issey Sports" line, which was later renamed "I.S. Chisato Tsumori Designs." With the support of Miyake, she started her own line in 1990. She took her work to Paris in 2003, at the same time beginning her menswear line. Her aesthetic focuses on prints and has a "healthy dose of manga/bohemian cuteness".

Most of Tsumori's prints are painted by hand and draw inspiration from Japanese culture and manga, contemporary art, felines and various other sources. While most prints are hand painted, some prints are watercolor, drawn by pencil, or digital renderings. Although she lives in Paris, she pulls inspiration from her life in Japan.

In 1999 Tsumori opened her first free-standing shop outside of Asia. The boutique was designed by Christian Biecher and is located on rue Barbette in The Marais neighborhood of Paris.

Currently, the Tsumori Chisato brand has over 40 sales points along with Asian freestanding stores, and outlets in the United States, Italy, Russia, and Scandinavia.

References

External links

Further reading
 http://www.metropolis.co.jp/tokyo/484/fashion.asp

Collections
Fall 2005 collection
Spring 2007 collection
Fall 2007 collection
Tsumori Chisato's store openings, JCReport

Japanese women fashion designers
Clothing brands of Japan
Living people
1954 births
People from Saitama (city)


XHUU-FM/XEUU-AM is an AM-FM combo Regional Mexican radio station in Colima, Colima, Mexico.

References

Regional Mexican radio stations
Radio stations in Colima
Mass media in Colima City


XHZZZ-FM is a radio station in Manzanillo, Colima. It is owned by RadioLevy and is operated by Grupo Audiorama with its La Bestia Grupera grupera format.

History
XHANZ-FM received its concession on October 21, 1994, though it changed its callsign to XHZZZ-FM before 2000.

On June 21, 2019, RadioLevy announced that Grupo Radiorama would take over operation of its three radio stations on July 1, 2019. New Audiorama formats formally launched on the RadioLevy stations on July 15, with XHZZZ joining the La Bestia Grupera network.

References

Radio stations in Colima


Bohumil Kudrna (15 March 1920 – 11 February 1991) was a Czechoslovak flatwater and slalom canoeist who competed in the late 1940s and the early 1950s. Competing in two Summer Olympics,  he won two medals with Jan Brzák-Felix in the C-2 1000 m event with a gold in 1948  and a silver in 1952.

Kudrna won two gold medals at the 1950 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Copenhagen, earning them in the C-2 1000 m and C-2 10000 m events.

He also won two medals at the 1949 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Geneva with a silver in the C-2 team event and a bronze in the C-2 event.

References
DatabaseOlympics.com profile

1920 births
1991 deaths
Canoeists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Canoeists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Czech male canoeists
Czechoslovak male canoeists
Olympic canoeists for Czechoslovakia
Olympic gold medalists for Czechoslovakia
Olympic silver medalists for Czechoslovakia
Olympic medalists in canoeing
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in Canadian
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships


XHNY-FM is radio station on 93.5 FM in Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico. It carries the Exa FM pop format from MVS Radio.

References

Radio stations in Guanajuato
Irapuato


No Mean City is a 1935 novel by H. Kingsley Long, a journalist, and Alexander McArthur, an unemployed worker. It is an account of life in the Gorbals, a run-down slum district of Glasgow (now mostly demolished, but re-built in a contemporary style) with the hard men and the razor gangs.

Whatever its literary or other merits, for many years it was regarded as the definitive account of life in Glasgow, and its title became a byword. It originated from a set of conversations sent to Longman's publishing firm from McArthur which was then sent to Kingsley Long to build into a complete novel.

Its title is a quotation from the Bible, where Paul the Apostle says that he is a citizen of "no mean city", (no obscure or insignificant city) i.e. he was a Roman citizen, even though he was a Jew from Tarsus.

This tale of Glasgow gang lands is set in the inter-war period (1920s) and is a depiction of working class life for young and old, male and female and gives insight into both the private and public issues faced by the dwellers of the city.'The title is also the name of a song written by Mike Moran and sung by Maggie Bell used as the theme music for the STV detective drama series Taggart''.

References

External links
No Mean City: A Story of the Glasgow Slums – Alexander McArthur and H. Kingsley Long (1935)
 Glasgow fights "No Mean City" tag, 75 years on

Scottish novels
1935 British novels
Novels set in Glasgow
Gorbals
Novels set in the 1920s
Longman books


The EFDA Nations Cup, was a Country vs Country competition for Formula Opel cars between 1990 and 1998. It had always been Dan Partel's dream to stage a race that pitted drivers in equal cars racing for their country. The Formula Opel/Vauxhall one make racing series offered the best opportunity for such an event.

The 1992 EFDA Nations Cup (Nations Cup III), was held at Estoril, Portugal (4 October 1992).

Final positions

References

External links
 Fastlines International
 Driver Database

EFDA Nations Cup
EFDA Nations Cup seasons
EFDA Nations Cup
EFDA Nations Cup


Grant Elementary School District (also known as Grant Elementary School) is its own independent public school district combined as a school, in Redding, California. It is the smallest school district in Redding, located in the far westside.

The district serves about 600 pupils in grades K to 8.

References

External links

Redding, California
School districts in Shasta County, California


This is a list of episodes for the Japanese anime series Nanatsuiro Drops. The anime was produced by Studio Barcelona, and aired in Japan on Chiba TV between July 3, 2007 and September 30, 2007, containing twelve episodes.

Episodes

Broadcasting stations

References

External links
 Official anime website

Nanatsuiro Drops
2007 Japanese television series debuts
2007 Japanese television series endings


Since its premiere in 1968, the film 2001: A Space Odyssey has been analysed and interpreted by numerous people, ranging from professional movie critics to amateur writers and science fiction fans. The director of the film, Stanley Kubrick, and the writer, Arthur C. Clarke, wanted to leave the film open to philosophical and allegorical interpretation, purposely presenting the final sequences of the film without the underlying thread being apparent; a concept illustrated by the final shot of the film, which contains the image of the embryonic "Starchild". Nonetheless, in July 2018, Kubrick's interpretation of the ending scene was presented after being newly found in an early interview.

Openness to interpretation
Kubrick encouraged people to explore their own interpretations of the film, and refused to explain "what really happened" in the movie, preferring instead to let audiences embrace their own ideas and theories. In a 1968 interview with Playboy, Kubrick stated:

Neither of the two creators equated openness to interpretation with meaninglessness, although it might seem that Clarke implied as much when he stated, shortly after the film's release, "If anyone understands it on the first viewing, we've failed in our intention." When told of the comment, Kubrick said "I believe he made it [the comment] facetiously. The very nature of the visual experience in 2001 is to give the viewer an instantaneous, visceral reaction that does not—and should not—require further amplification." When told that Kubrick had called his comment 'facetious', Clarke responded

In a subsequent discussion of the film with Joseph Gelmis, Kubrick said his main aim was to avoid "intellectual verbalization" and reach "the viewer's subconscious". He said he did not deliberately strive for ambiguity, that it was simply an inevitable outcome of making the film non-verbal, though he acknowledged that this ambiguity was an invaluable asset to the film. He was willing then to give a fairly straightforward explanation of the plot on what he called the "simplest level", but unwilling to discuss the metaphysical interpretation of the film which he felt should be left up to the individual viewer.

Clarke's novel as explanation
Arthur C. Clarke's novel of the same name was developed simultaneously with the film, though published after the film's release. It seems to explain the ending of the film more clearly. Clarke's novel explicitly identifies the monolith as a tool created by extraterrestrials that have been through many stages of evolution, moving from organic forms, through biomechanics, and finally to a state of pure energy. The book explains the monolith much more specifically than the movie, depicting the first (on Earth) as a device capable of inducing a higher level of consciousness by directly interacting with the brain of pre-humans approaching it, the second (on the Moon) as an alarm signal designed to alert its creators that humanity had reached a sufficient technological level for space travel, and the third (near Jupiter in the movie but on a satellite of Saturn in the novel) as a gateway or portal to allow travel to other parts of the galaxy. It depicts Bowman traveling through some kind of interstellar switching station which the book refers to as "Grand Central," in which travelers go into a central hub and then are routed to their individual destinations. The book also depicts a crucial utterance by Bowman when he enters the portal via the monolith; his last statement is "Oh my God—it's full of stars!" This statement is not shown in the movie, but becomes crucial in the 1984 sequel 2010: The Year We Make Contact, based on the novel 2010: Odyssey Two.

The book reveals that these aliens travel the cosmos assisting lesser species to take evolutionary steps. Bowman explores the hotel room methodically, and deduces that it is a kind of zoo created by aliens—fabricated from information derived from television transmissions from Earth intercepted by the TMA-1 monolith—in which he is being studied by the invisible alien entities. He examines some food items provided for him, and notes that they are edible, yet clearly not made of any familiar substance from Earth. Kubrick's film leaves all this unstated. Although not included in the movie, Kubrick did originally plan to have aliens portrayed in the movie, and only cut the idea after deciding that it was too hard to do it with special and practical effects.

Physicist Freeman Dyson urged those baffled by the film to read Clarke's novel:

Clarke himself used to recommend reading the book, saying "I always used to tell people, 'Read the book, see the film, and repeat the dose as often as necessary'", although, as his biographer Neil McAleer points out, he was promoting sales of his book at the time. Elsewhere he said, "You will find my interpretation in the novel; it is not necessarily Kubrick's. Nor is his necessarily the 'right' one – whatever that means."

Film critic Penelope Houston noted in 1971 that the novel differs in many key respects from the film, and as such, it perhaps should not be regarded as the skeleton key to unlock it.

Stanley Kubrick was less inclined to cite the book as a definitive interpretation of the film, but he also frequently refused to discuss any possible deeper meanings during interviews. During an interview with Joseph Gelmis in 1969, Kubrick explained:

Author Vincent LoBrutto, in Stanley Kubrick: A Biography, was inclined to note creative differences leading to a separation of meaning for book and film:

Religious interpretations

In an interview for Rolling Stone magazine, Kubrick said "On the deepest psychological level the film's plot symbolizes the search for God, and it finally postulates what is little less than a scientific definition of God . . . The film revolves around this metaphysical conception, and the realistic hardware and the documentary feelings about everything were necessary in order to undermine your built-in resistance to the poetical concept."

When asked by Eric Nordern in Kubrick's interview with Playboy if 2001: A Space Odyssey was a religious film, Kubrick elaborated:
I will say that the God concept is at the heart of 2001 but not any traditional, anthropomorphic image of God. I don't believe in any of Earth's monotheistic religions, but I do believe that one can construct an intriguing scientific definition of God, once you accept the fact that there are approximately 100 billion stars in our galaxy alone, that each star is a life-giving sun and that there are approximately 100 billion galaxies in just the visible universe. Given a planet in a stable orbit, not too hot and not too cold, and given a few billion years of chance chemical reactions created by the interaction of a sun's energy on the planet's chemicals, it's fairly certain that life in one form or another will eventually emerge. It's reasonable to assume that there must be, in fact, countless billions of such planets where biological life has arisen, and the odds of some proportion of such life developing intelligence are high. Now, the Sun is by no means an old star, and its planets are mere children in cosmic age, so it seems likely that there are billions of planets in the universe not only where intelligent life is on a lower scale than man but other billions where it is approximately equal and others still where it is hundreds of thousands of millions of years in advance of us. When you think of the giant technological strides that man has made in a few millennia—less than a microsecond in the chronology of the universe—can you imagine the evolutionary development that much older life forms have taken? They may have progressed from biological species, which are fragile shells for the mind at best, into immortal machine entities—and then, over innumerable eons, they could emerge from the chrysalis of matter transformed into beings of pure energy and spirit. Their potentialities would be limitless and their intelligence ungraspable by humans.

In the same interview, he also blames the poor critical reaction to 2001 as follows:
Perhaps there is a certain element of the lumpen literati that is so dogmatically atheist and materialist and Earth-bound that it finds the grandeur of space and the myriad mysteries of cosmic intelligence anathema.

In a 1980 interview that remained obscure until being rediscovered in 2018, Kubrick explained the intent of the film's ending. God-like beings of "pure energy and intelligence" place the astronaut in a human zoo, where he passes his entire life with "no sense of time". After they eventually finish with him, he is "transformed into some kind of super being and sent back to Earth, transformed and made into some sort of superman... It is the pattern of a great deal of mythology, and that is what we were trying to suggest."

Allegorical interpretations

The film has been seen by many people not only as a literal story about evolution and space adventures, but as an allegorical representation of aspects of philosophical, religious or literary concepts.

Nietzsche allegory
Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophical tract Thus Spoke Zarathustra, about the potential of mankind, is directly referred to by the use of Richard Strauss's musical piece of the same name. Nietzsche writes that man is a bridge between the ape and the Übermensch. In an interview in the New York Times, Kubrick gave credence to interpretations of 2001 based on Zarathustra when he said: "Somebody said man is the missing link between primitive apes and civilized human beings.  You might say that is inherent in the story too. We are semicivilized, capable of cooperation and affection, but needing some sort of transfiguration into a higher form of life. Man is really in a very unstable condition." Moreover, in the chapter Of the Three Metamorphoses, Nietzsche identifies the child as the last step before the Uberman (after the camel and the lion), lending further support to this interpretation in light of the 'star-child' who appears in the final scenes of the movie.

Nietzsche's Zarathustra includes this passage, which closely describes Bowman blowing the space pod's door by pressing three buttons (two times):

“Thrice did there peal at the gate like thunder, and thrice did the vaults resound and howl again. I pressed the key, then did a roaring wind tear the folds apart: whistling, whizzing, and piercing.”

Donald MacGregor has analysed the film in terms of a different work, The Birth of Tragedy, in which Nietzsche refers to the human conflict between the Apollonian and Dionysian modes of being. The Apollonian side of man is rational, scientific, sober, and self-controlled. For Nietzsche a purely Apollonian mode of existence is problematic, since it undercuts the instinctual side of man. The Apollonian man lacks a sense of wholeness, immediacy, and primal joy. It is not good for a culture to be either wholly Apollonian or Dionysian. While the world of the apes at the beginning of 2001 is Dionysian, the world of travel to the Moon is wholly Apollonian, and HAL is an entirely Apollonian entity. Kubrick's film came out just a year before the Woodstock rock festival, a wholly Dionysian affair. MacGregor argues that David Bowman in his transformation has regained his Dionysian side.

Conception allegory

2001 has also been described as an allegory of human conception, birth, and death. In part, this can be seen through the final moments of the film, which are defined by the image of the "star child", an in utero fetus that draws on the work of Lennart Nilsson. The star child signifies a "great new beginning", and is depicted naked and ungirded, but with its eyes wide open.

New Zealand journalist Scott MacLeod sees parallels between the spaceship's journey and the physical act of conception. We have the long, bulb-headed spaceship as a sperm, and the destination planet Jupiter (or the monolith floating near it) as the egg, and the meeting of the two as the trigger for the growth of a new race of man (the "star child"). The lengthy pyrotechnic light show witnessed by David Bowman, which has puzzled many reviewers, is seen by MacLeod as Kubrick's attempt at visually depicting the moment of conception, when the "star child" comes into being.

Taking the allegory further, MacLeod argues that the final scenes in which Bowman appears to see a rapidly ageing version of himself through a "time warp" is actually Bowman witnessing the withering and death of his own species. The old race of man is about to be replaced by the "star child", which was conceived by the meeting of the spaceship and Jupiter. MacLeod also sees irony in man as a creator (of HAL) on the brink of being usurped by his own creation. By destroying HAL, man symbolically rejects his role as creator and steps back from the brink of his own destruction.

Similarly, in his book, The Making of Kubrick's 2001, author Jerome Agel puts forward the interpretation that Discovery One represents both a body (with vertebrae) and a sperm cell, with Bowman being the "life" in the cell which is passed on. In this interpretation, Jupiter represents both a female and an ovum.

The Monolith
As with many elements of the film, the iconic monolith has been subject to numerous interpretations, including religious, alchemical, historical, and evolutionary. To some extent, the very way in which it appears and is presented allows the viewer to project onto it all manner of ideas relating to the film. The Monolith in the movie seems to represent and even trigger epic transitions in the history of human evolution, evolution of humans from ape-like beings to civilised people, hence the odyssey of humankind.

Vincent LoBrutto's biography of Kubrick notes that for many, Clarke's novel is the key to understanding the monolith. Similarly, Geduld observes that "the monolith ...has a very simple explanation in Clarke's novel", though she later asserts that even the novel does not fully explain the ending.

However, the fundamental metaphor of the ερετμόν is consistent with the references to the Odyssey throughout the film, and is drawn directly from the pivotal passage in Book XI, lines 119–137. Here, Odysseus summons the ghost of the Theban seer Teiresias who tells him he may again reach Ithaca if he appeases Poseidon (who harbors wrath against Odysseus for blinding his son, the Cyclops Polyphemus). Upon his return to Ithaca, Odysseus will slay the suitors and then must immediately journey inland with an oar (ερετμόν) on his shoulder. He will know that he has travelled far enough when an inland dweller remarks that he is carrying a winnowing fan. This indicates that these people have no knowledge of the sea, whereby Odysseus must plant the oar upright in the ground and make holy sacrifices to Poseidon. Teiresias promises a gentle death in luxurious old age far from the sea if Odysseus accomplishes this task of bringing knowledge of Poseidon's domain to non-seafarers; and the Ithacans will dwell in prosperity. Not only does the monolith bring knowledge of the cosmos to proto-humans, but the death of Bowman presumably augurs a new future for humans, and so the film ends.

Rolling Stone reviewer Bob McClay sees the film as a four-movement symphony, its story told with "deliberate realism". Carolyn Geduld believes that what "structurally unites all four episodes of the film" is the monolith, the film's largest and most unresolvable enigma. Each time the monolith is shown, man transcends to a different level of cognition, linking the primeval, futuristic and mystic segments of the film. McClay's Rolling Stone review notes a parallelism between the monolith's first appearance in which tool usage is imparted to the apes and the completion of "another evolution" in the fourth and final encounter with the monolith. In a similar vein, Tim Dirks ends his synopsis saying "The cyclical evolution from ape to man to spaceman to angel-starchild-superman is complete".

The monolith appears four times in 2001: A Space Odyssey: on the African savanna, on the Moon, in space orbiting Jupiter, and near Bowman's bed before his transformation. After the first encounter with the monolith, we see the leader of the apes have a quick flashback to the monolith after which he picks up a bone and uses it to smash other bones. Its usage as a weapon enables his tribe to defeat the other tribe of apes occupying the water hole who have not learned how to use bones as weapons. After this victory, the ape-leader throws his bone into the air, after which the scene shifts to an orbiting weapon four million years later, implying that the discovery of the bone as a weapon inaugurated human evolution, hence the much more advanced orbiting weapon four million years later.

The first and second encounters of humanity with the monolith have visual elements in common; both apes, and later astronauts, touch the monolith gingerly with their hands, and both sequences conclude with near-identical images of the Sun appearing directly over the monolith (the first with a crescent moon adjacent to it in the sky, the second with a near-identical crescent Earth in the same position), both echoing the Sun–Earth–Moon alignment seen at the very beginning of the film. The second encounter also suggests the triggering of the monolith's radio signal to Jupiter by the presence of humans, echoing the premise of Clarke's source story "The Sentinel".

In the most literal narrative sense, as found in the concurrently written novel, the Monolith is a tool, an artifact of an alien civilisation. It comes in many sizes and appears in many places, always in the purpose of advancing intelligent life. Arthur C. Clarke has referred to it as "the alien Swiss Army Knife"; or as Heywood Floyd speculates in the 1984 film 2010, "an emissary for an intelligence beyond ours. A shape of some kind for something that has no shape."

The fact that the first tool used by the protohumans is a weapon to commit murder is only one of the challenging evolutionary and philosophic questions posed by the film. The tool's link to the present day is made by the famous match cut from the bone/tool flying into the air, to a weapon orbiting the Earth. At the time of the movie's making, the space race was in full swing, and the use of space and technology for war and destruction was seen as a great challenge of the future.

But the use of tools also allowed mankind to survive and flourish over the next four million years, at which point the monolith makes its second appearance, this time on the Moon. Upon excavation, after remaining buried beneath the lunar surface for four million years, the monolith is examined by humans for the first time, and it emits a powerful radio signal—the target of which becomes Discovery Ones mission.

In reading Clarke or Kubrick's comments, this is the most straightforward of the monolith's appearances. It is "calling home" to say, in effect, "they're here!" Some species visited long ago has not only evolved intelligence, but intelligence sufficient to achieve space travel. Humanity has left its cradle, and is ready for the next step. This is the point of connection with Clarke's 1951 short story, "The Sentinel", originally cited as the basis for the entire film.

The third time we see a monolith marks the beginning of the film's most cryptic and psychedelic sequence, interpretations of the last two monolith appearances are as varied as the film's viewers. Is it a "star gate," some giant cosmic router or transporter? Are all of these visions happening inside Bowman's mind? And why does he wind up in some cosmic hotel suite at the end of it?

According to Michael Hollister in his book Hollyworld, the path beyond the infinite is introduced by the vertical alignment of planets and moons with a perpendicular monolith forming a cross, as if the astronaut is about to become a new saviour. Bowman lives out his years alone in a neoclassical room, brightly lit from underneath, that evokes the Age of Enlightenment, decorated with classical art.

As Bowman's life quickly passes in this neoclassical room, the monolith makes its final appearance: standing at the foot of his bed as he approaches death. He raises a finger toward the monolith, a gesture that alludes to the Michelangelo painting of The Creation of Adam, with the monolith representing God.

The monolith is the subject of the film's final line of dialogue (spoken at the end of the "Jupiter Mission" segment): "Its origin and purpose still a total mystery". Reviewers McClay and Roger Ebert have noted that the monolith is the main element of mystery in the film, Ebert writing of "The shock of the monolith's straight edges and square corners among the weathered rocks", and describing the apes warily circling it as prefiguring man reaching "for the stars". Patrick Webster suggests the final line relates to how the film should be approached as a whole, noting "The line appends not merely to the discovery of the monolith on the moon, but to our understanding of the film in the light of the ultimate questions it raises about the mystery of the universe."

Gerard Loughlin claimed in a 2003 book that the monolith is Kubrick's representation of the cinema screen itself: "it is a cinematic conceit, for turn the monolith on its side and one has the letterbox of the cinemascope screen, the blank rectangle on which the star-child appears, as does the entirety of Kubrick’s film." The internet-based film critic Rob Ager later produced a video essay also espousing this theory. The academic Dan Leberg complained that Ager had not credited Loughlin.

HAL

HAL 9000 has been compared to Frankenstein's monster. HAL is an artificial intelligence, a sentient, synthetic, life form. According to film critic John Thurman, HAL's very existence is an abomination, much like Frankenstein's monster. "While perhaps not overtly monstrous, HAL’s true character is hinted at by his physical 'deformity'. Like a Cyclops he relies upon a single eye, examples of which are installed throughout the ship. The eye’s warped wide-angle point-of-view is shown several times—notably in the drawings of hibernating astronauts (all of whom HAL will later murder)."

Kubrick underscores the Frankenstein connection with a scene that virtually reproduces the style and content of a scene from James Whale’s 1931 Frankenstein. The scene in which Frankenstein's monster is first shown on the loose is borrowed to depict the first murder by HAL of a member of Discovery Ones crew—the empty pod, under HAL's control, extends its arms and "hands", and goes on a "rampage" directed towards astronaut Poole. In each case, it is the first time the truly odious nature of the "monster" can be recognised as such, and only appears about halfway through the film.

Clarke has suggested in interviews, his original novel, and in a rough draft of the shooting script that HAL's orders to lie to the astronauts (more specifically, concealing the true nature of the mission) drove him "insane". The novel does include the phrase "He [HAL] had been living a lie"—a difficult situation for an entity programmed to be as reliable as possible. Or as desirable, given his programming to "only win 50% of the time" at chess, in order for the human astronauts to feel competitive. Clarke also gives an explanation of the ill-effects of HAL being ordered to lie in computer terms as well as psychological terms, stating HAL is caught in a "Möbius feedback loop."

While the film remains ambiguous, one can see evidence in the film that since HAL was instructed to deceive the mission astronauts as to the actual nature of the mission and that deception opens a Pandora's box of possibilities. During a game of chess, although easily victorious over Frank Poole, HAL makes a subtle mistake in the use of descriptive notation to describe a move, and when describing a forced mate, fails to mention moves that Poole could make to delay defeat. Poole is seen to be mouthing his moves to himself during the game and it is later revealed that HAL can lip read. HAL's conversation with Dave Bowman just before the diagnostic error of the AE-35 unit that communicates with Earth is an almost paranoid question and answer session ("Surely one could not be unaware of the strange stories circulating...rumors about something being dug up on the moon...") where HAL skirts close to the pivotal issue concerning which he is concealing information. When Dave states "You're working up your crew psychology report," HAL takes a few seconds to respond in the affirmative. Immediately following this exchange, he errs in diagnosing the antenna unit. HAL has been introduced to the unique and alien concept of human dishonesty. He does not have a sufficiently layered understanding of human motives to grasp the need for this and trudging through the tangled web of lying complications, he falls prey to human error.

The follow-up film 2010 further elaborates Clarke's explanation of HAL's breakdown. While HAL was under orders to deny the true mission with the crew, he was programmed at a deep level to be completely accurate and infallible. This conflict between two key directives led to him taking any measures to prevent Bowman and Poole finding out about this deception. Once Poole had been killed, others were eliminated to remove any witnesses to his failure to complete the mission.

One interesting aspect of HAL's plight, noted by Roger Ebert, is that this supposedly perfect computer actually behaves in the most human fashion of all of the characters.
He has reached human intelligence levels, and seems to have developed human traits of paranoia, jealousy and other emotions. By contrast, the human characters act like machines, coolly performing their tasks in a mechanical fashion, whether they are mundane tasks of operating their craft or even under extreme duress as Dave must be following HAL's murder of Frank. For instance, Frank Poole watches a birthday transmission from his parents with what appears to be complete apathy.

Although the film leaves it mysterious, early script drafts made clear that HAL's breakdown is triggered by authorities on Earth who order him to withhold information from the astronauts about the purpose of the mission (this is also explained in the film's sequel 2010). Frederick Ordway, Kubrick's science advisor and technical consultant, stated that in an earlier script Poole tells HAL there is "... something about this mission that we weren't told. Something the rest of the crew knows and that you know. We would like to know whether this is true", to which HAL responds: "I'm sorry, Frank, but I don't think I can answer that question without knowing everything that all of you know." HAL then falsely predicts a failure of the hardware maintaining radio contact with Earth (the source of HAL's difficult orders) during the broadcast of Frank Poole's birthday greetings from his parents.

The final script removed this explanation, but it is hinted at when HAL asks David Bowman if Bowman is bothered by the "oddities" and "tight security" surrounding the mission. After Bowman concludes that HAL is dutifully drawing up the "crew psychology report", the computer makes his false prediction of hardware failure. Another hint occurs at the moment of HAL's deactivation when a video reveals the purpose of the mission.

Military nature of orbiting satellites
Stanley Kubrick originally intended, when the film does its famous match-cut from prehistoric bone-weapon to orbiting satellite, that the latter and the three additional satellites seen be established as orbiting nuclear weapons by a voice-over narrator talking about nuclear stalemate. Further, Kubrick intended that the Star Child would detonate the weapons at the end of the film. Over time, Kubrick decided that this would create too many associations with his previous film Dr. Strangelove and he decided not to make it so obvious that they were "war machines". Kubrick was also confronted with the fact that, during the production of the film, the US and USSR had agreed not to put any nuclear weapons into outer space by signing the Outer Space Treaty.

Alexander Walker in a book he wrote with Kubrick's assistance and authorisation, states that Kubrick eventually decided that as nuclear weapons the bombs had "no place at all in the film's thematic development", now being an "orbiting red herring" which would "merely have raised irrelevant questions to suggest this as a reality of the twenty-first century".

In the Canadian TV documentary 2001 and Beyond, Clarke stated that not only was the military purpose of the satellites "not spelled out in the film, there is no need for it to be", repeating later in this documentary that "Stanley didn't want to have anything to do with bombs after Dr. Strangelove".

In a New York Times interview in 1968, Kubrick merely referred to the satellites as "spacecraft", as does the interviewer, but he observed that the match-cut from bone to spacecraft shows they evolved from "bone-as-weapon", stating "It's simply an observable fact that all of man's technology grew out of his discovery of the weapon-tool".

Nothing in the film calls attention to the purpose of the satellites. James Griffith, in a footnote in his book Adaptations As Imitations: Films from Novels, wrote "I would wonder, for instance, how several critics, commenting on the match-cut that links humanity's prehistory and future, can identify—without reference to Clarke's novel—the satellite as a nuclear weapon".

Arthur C. Clarke, in the TV documentary 2001: The Making of a Myth, described the bone-to-satellite sequence in the film, saying "The bone goes up and turns into what is supposed to be an orbiting space bomb, a weapon in space. Well, that isn't made clear, we just assume it's some kind of space vehicle in a three-million-year jump cut". Former NASA research assistant Steven Pietrobon wrote "The orbital craft seen as we make the leap from the Dawn of Man to contemporary times are supposed to be weapons platforms carrying nuclear devices, though the movie does not make this clear."

The vast majority of film critics, including noted Kubrick authority Michel Ciment, interpreted the satellites as generic spacecraft (possibly Moon bound).

The perception that the satellites are nuclear weapons persists in the minds of some viewers (and some space scientists). Due to their appearance there are statements by members of the production staff who still refer to them as weapons. Walker, in his book Stanley Kubrick, Director, noted that although the bombs no longer fit in with Kubrick's revised thematic concerns, "nevertheless from the national markings still visible on the first and second space vehicles we see, we can surmise that they are the Russian and American bombs."

Similarly, Walker in a later essay stated that two of the spacecraft seen circling Earth were meant to be nuclear weapons, after asserting that early scenes of the film "imply" nuclear stalemate. Pietrobon, who was a consultant on 2001 to the Web site Starship Modeler regarding the film's props, observes small details on the satellites such as Air Force insignia and "cannons".

In the film, US Air Force insignia, and flag insignia of China and Germany (including what appears to be an Iron Cross) can be seen on three of the satellites, which correspond to three of the bombs' stated countries of origin in a widely circulated early draft of the script.

Production staff who continue to refer to "bombs" (in addition to Clarke) include production designer Harry Lange (previously a space industry illustrator), who has since the film's release shown his original production sketches for all of the spacecraft to Simon Atkinson, who refers to seeing "the orbiting bombs". Fred Ordway, the film's science consultant, sent a memo to Kubrick after the film's release listing suggested changes to the film, mostly complaining about missing narration and shortened scenes. One entry reads: "Without warning, we cut to the orbiting bombs. And to a short, introductory narration, missing in the present version". Multiple production staff aided in the writing of Jerome Agel's 1970 book on the making of the film, in which captions describe the objects as "orbiting satellites carrying nuclear weapons" Actor Gary Lockwood (astronaut Frank Poole) in the audio DVD commentary says the first satellite is an armed weapon, making the famous match-cut from bone to satellite a "weapon-to-weapon cut". Several recent reviews of the film mostly of the DVD release refer to armed satellites, possibly influenced by Gary Lockwood's audio commentary.

A few published works by scientists on the subject of space exploration or space weapons tangentially discuss 2001: A Space Odyssey and assume at least some of the orbiting satellites are space weapons. Indeed, details worked out with input from space industry experts, such as the structure on the first satellite that Pietrobon refers to as a "conning tower", match the original concept sketch drawn for the nuclear bomb platform.
Modelers label them in diverse ways. On the one hand, the 2001 exhibit (given in that year) at the Tech Museum in San Jose and now online (for a subscription) referred merely to "satellites", while a special modelling exhibition at the exhibition hall at Porte de Versailles in Paris also held in 2001 (called 2001 l'odyssée des maquettes (2001: A Modeler's Odyssey)) overtly described their reconstructions of the first satellite as the "US Orbiting Weapons Platform".
Some, but not all, space model manufacturers or amateur model builders refer to these entities as bombs.

The perception that the satellites are bombs persists in the mind of some but by no means all commentators on the film. This may affect one's reading of the film as a whole. Noted Kubrick authority Michel Ciment, in discussing Kubrick's attitude toward human aggression and instinct, observes "The bone cast into the air by the ape (now become a man) is transformed at the other extreme of civilization, by one of those abrupt ellipses characteristic of the director, into a spacecraft on its way to the moon." In contrast to Ciment's reading of a cut to a serene "other extreme of civilization", science fiction novelist Robert Sawyer, speaking in the Canadian documentary 2001 and Beyond, sees it as a cut from a bone to a nuclear weapons platform, explaining that "what we see is not how far we've leaped ahead, what we see is that today, '2001', and four million years ago on the African veldt, it's exactly the same—the power of mankind is the power of its weapons. It's a continuation, not a discontinuity in that jump."

Kubrick, notoriously reluctant to provide any explanation of his work, never publicly stated the intended functions of the orbiting satellites, preferring instead to let the viewer surmise what their purpose might be.

It has been pointed out that Kubrick's aforementioned narration regarding the satellites describes the nuclear stalemate by comparing it to an airline with a perfect safety record, "in that no one expected it to last forever", and that, effectively, just before the BBC-12 interview broadcast, it seems that David is reading a newspaper article on his tablet-like "newspad" about an advanced airliner aircraft having gone missing, something that has been speculated to be a subtle implication that nuclear peace is coming to an end.

References

Sources

External links
The Kubrick Site
Mysterious monolith marks 2001
The Odyssey Continues: Relevance of 2001 Resounds in 2001
scifi.com
2001: A Space Odyssey Internet Resource Archive
2001: A Space Odyssey
2001 and All the Years After: Reviews
Kubrick 2001: A Space Odyssey explained (audio-visual)
Two Views of 2001
A Space Odyssey in Minehead

Space Odyssey
2001: A Space Odyssey
Film theory
Stanley Kubrick
Science fiction themes


XHGTO-FM/XEGTO-AM is a combo AM/FM radio station in Guanajuato City, Guanajuato, Mexico.

History

XEGTO received its first concession on November 21, 1947. It was initially known as XEWZ, owned by La Voz de Guanajuato, S.A. and broadcasting on 600 kHz. By the 1960s, it had been sold to Jorge Zuñiga Campos.

In the 1990s, the station moved to 590, added an FM counterpart and was sold to Radiorama. The FM combo originally broadcast on 103.9 MHz.

Until 2015, this station carried a format known as Tu Recuerdo, which moved to XHVLO-FM 101.5. At that time, the Éxtasis Digital format that had been airing on XHVLO moved to XHGTO.

On March 2, 2018, it was announced Éxtasis Digital would cease operations after 24 years on the air. While it was announced that Éxtasis Digital would go silent at 10 AM on March 3, it was another two days before any changes occurred. The announcement also coincided with other station closure announcements made by Radiorama Bajío. On March 5, it was replaced with Multimedios's Hits FM pop format as part of Multimedios Radio's takeover of half of the Radiorama Bajío cluster. The change was undone when Multimedios stopped leasing several stations from Radiorama on August 1, 2020.

References

Radio stations in Guanajuato
Guanajuato City


The Association of Reproductive Health Professionals (ARHP) was a non-profit organization founded in 1963 by Alan Frank Guttmacher. It was a membership association of nurse practitioners, nurse midwives, pharmacists, physician assistants, physicians, researchers, educators, and other professionals. The organization closed in 2019.

According to their mission statement, the organization aimed to "...provide reproductive health services or education, conduct reproductive health research, or influence reproductive health policy. ARHP educated healthcare professionals, policy makers and the public. The organization fostered research and advocacy to improve reproductive health."

The organization was accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education and the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education.

Contraception is the Association's official journal.

References

Medical and health organizations based in Washington, D.C.
Medical and health organizations based in California
1963 establishments in California
Organizations established in 1963


Mark A. Nelson was born in 1957 and is a native of St. James, Minnesota, US.
Col. Mark A. Nelson was the superintendent of the North Dakota Highway Patrol. He became a member of the highway patrol in 1981 in Rolla, ND and Devils Lake, ND. In 1988, he became a patrol officer in Grand Forks and was promoted to sergeant in 1989. He was then a graduate of the Northwestern University Traffic Institute's School of Police Staff and Command (1991). He was promoted to captain in 1996 as a district commander, and as superintendent in 2007, with a promotion to colonel. He graduated from Park University in Parkville, Missouri in 2002.

References

Living people
State cabinet secretaries of North Dakota
Park University alumni
People from St. James, Minnesota
Year of birth missing (living people)
American state police officers
American police chiefs


Michael Sragow (born June 26, 1952 in New York) is a film critic and columnist who has written for the Orange County Register, The Baltimore Sun, Film Comment, The San Francisco Examiner, The New Times, The New Yorker (where he worked with Pauline Kael), The Atlantic and Salon. Sragow also edited James Agee's film essays (for the book Agee on Film), and has written or contributed to several other cinema-related books.

Career
Sragow attended New York University and Harvard University, where he majored in history and literature. Sragow began his career at Boston Magazine, and went on to become the film critic for Rolling Stone Magazine. From 1985 to 1992, he was the lead film critic for The San Francisco Examiner. Commencing in 1999, he was a film critic for salon.com, and commencing in 2001, he was a film critic for The Baltimore Sun. In March 2013 he became the first film critic in a decade for the Orange County Register in California.

In 2008, Sragow published a biography of director Victor Fleming. In his review, John Gallagher writes that Sragow's biography "restores the director to his rightful place in film history and popular culture. It's a fantastic read, assiduously researched, using primary archival resources and a full complement of remembrances from Fleming's family and colleagues." Jeanine Basinger wrote, "Steven Spielberg said about Fleming, 'We honor his movies and don't know him, because he did his job so well.' Thanks to Michael Sragow, we now know Victor Fleming."
Sragow's book won the 2008 Marfield Prize, which is a national award for arts writing.

In January 2010, Sragow taught a course on "Classic American Films" at Centre College for the school's three-week "Centre Term." Sragow has constantly supported British filmmaker David Yates through his online blog "Sragow Gets Reel", naming him "a big-screen master of tension, atmosphere and emotional suggestion".

Books

References

External links

 Michael Sragow at Air Mail
 Michael Sragow at Fresh Air
 Michael Sragow at Westword
 Michael Sragow at Salon.com
 Michael Sragow at SF Weekly
 Michael Sragow at Muck Rack
 Michael Sragow at The Atlantic
 Michael Sragow at Rolling Stone
 Michael Sragow at Film Comment
 Michael Sragow at The New Yorker
 Michael Sragow at Cleveland Scene
 Michael Sragow at The Baltimore Sun
 Michael Sragow at The Harvard Crimson
 Michael Sragow at The Criterion Collection

1952 births
Living people
New York University alumni
Harvard University alumni
People from New Jersey
American film critics
National Society of Film Critics Members
The Baltimore Sun people
San Francisco Examiner people
The New Yorker people


Pacheco Union School District is a public primary school district in Redding, California in the south side of the city. The district consists of two schools, Pacheco Elementary School, and Prairie Elementary School, serving about 615 pupils in Grades K to 8. The grades at Prairie are K-3, while Pacheco has grades 4–8. Both have a special needs classes.

References

External links
Pacheco Union School District website
Pacheco Union Elementary. National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved on 2008-02-01.

Redding, California
School districts in Shasta County, California


WCTY (97.7 FM) is a radio station with studios in Norwich, Connecticut. Its transmitter is located on Cook Drive in Montville, Connecticut. WCTY broadcasts a country music format, and is owned by Bonnie Rowbotham, through licensee Hall Communications, Inc.

References

External links
WCTY official website
Listen Now

CTY
Country radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1968
1968 establishments in Connecticut


Weekend is the third studio album of American singer Kenny Lattimore. It was released by Arista Records on October 9, 2001 in the United States. It marked Lattimore's first album with the label, following his transition from Columbia Records.

Biography

Weekend signified a new direction for Lattimore upon its release in 2001. Rather than progress further into the introspective soul territory of the critically acclaimed previous release From the Soul of Man, Weekend embraced a trendier modern-R&B sound. One reviewer observes, "On Weekend, he delivers an 11-track collection that alternately percolates and simmers, showing the young singer is equally at home whether he's pumping out a party jam or serenading a lover with a passionate ballad."

This new album for a new record label enlisted the help of newer producers like The Characters (Troy Taylor & Charles Farrar), Raphael Saadiq (of Tony! Toni! Tone! fame), and G-funk pioneer Battlecat. Overall, the acoustic guitars, jazz sensibilities, and old soul with which Lattimore was previously associated was replaced with mechanical, stuttering beats, synthesizers, and youthful lyrics.

In a sharp contrast to previous releases, Lattimore sharply scales back his contributions as a songwriter in favor of experimenting with younger talent. Former writing collaborators such as Keith Crouch, Diane Warren, and Barry Eastmond were traded for up-and-coming talent like future hitmaker Johnta Austin, songwriter behind a chart-ubiquitous 2005 pair of songs: Mariah Carey's "We Belong Together" and Mary J. Blige's "Be Without You."

The album showcased its title track as an exuberant, uptempo first single. The bassline of "Weekend" interpolated Blondie's classic "Rapture." Though the single performed well at radio and was well-received across the Atlantic, overall album sales suffered from lack of promotion.

A sonically modern trend dominates the album, but a minority of songs stand in contrast to their counterparts. "Lately" and "Come To Me" are downtempo, bass-heavy, rhythmic tracks with 70's soul influenced arrangements and sensual lyrics. Both could have easily fit a thematic predecessor to From The Soul Of Man. Renowned for his lithe tenor voice, Lattimore slips into a Marvin Gaye-esque falsetto during the latter. Notably, the same timbre anchors Lattimore's cover of "Just to Keep You Satisfied," on the 1999 Marvin Gaye tribute Marvin Is 60. Also, Lattimore has also previously established a convention of closing each album with a gospel song. In this case, "Healing" produced by George Duke provides an organ-driven climactic coda to Weekend.

Critical reception

Billboard critic Chuck Taylor wrote that "with a feelgood rhythm that celebrates everybody's favorite part of the that celebrates everybody's favorite part of the week and slick production by the Characters, "Weekend" may revive the Washington D.C., native's momentum on R&B and  AC stations." AllMusic editor Liana Jonas found that Weekend "with its bland arrangements, cookie-cutter R&B sound, and lyrical vacuity, is a yawn. Hookin' up, the inability to breathe without "the one," and other hackneyed themes abound on this banal album. There isn't enough groove or vibrato, shirt-clutching vocals to keep listeners from growing bored, and fast. Find something else to do this weekend."

Track listing

Samples
 "Weekend" contains replayed elements from "Rapture", performed by Blondie.

Charts

References

External links

2001 albums
Albums produced by Battlecat (producer)
Albums produced by Dre & Vidal
Albums produced by Raphael Saadiq
Albums produced by Troy Taylor (record producer)
Kenny Lattimore albums


The 2002 United States Senate election in South Carolina was held on November 5, 2002. Longtime Republican incumbent Strom Thurmond decided to retire at the age of 100, becoming the first centenarian to ever serve in Congress. At that time, Thurmond was the longest-serving Senator in U.S. history, but his record was later surpassed by West Virginia's Robert Byrd. Thurmond died at age 100 on June 26, 2003, a little under six months after leaving the Senate.

Representative Lindsey Graham won the open seat, becoming the first non-incumbent Republican Senator from South Carolina since Reconstruction in 1872, as Thurmond had been elected as a Democrat, but switched party in 1964. This was the first open Senate election in South Carolina since 1956.

Democratic primary
Alex Sanders, the former president of the College of Charleston, faced no opposition in the Democratic primary and thereby avoided a primary election.

Republican primary
Representative Lindsey Graham had no challenge for the Republican nomination and thus avoided a primary election. This was due in large part because the South Carolina Republicans were preoccupied with the gubernatorial race, and also because potential rivals were deterred by the huge financial war chest Graham had amassed early in the campaign.

General election

Candidates
 Ted Adams (C)
 Lindsey Graham (R), U.S. Representative
 Victor Kocher (L)
 Alex Sanders (D), former President of the College of Charleston

Campaign

The election campaign between Graham and Sanders pitted ideology against personality.  Graham spread his message to the voters that he had a consistent conservative voting record and that his votes in Congress closely matched that of outgoing Senator Strom Thurmond.  Sanders claimed that he was best to represent South Carolina in the Senate because he held membership in both the NAACP, the Sons of Confederate Veterans, the NRA, and because he said that his positions more closely matched the citizens of the state.  He said that he was against the death penalty for religious reasons, supported abortion rights, and was for greater government involvement in education.  Graham attacked Sanders for these positions consistently throughout the campaign, but Sanders hit back at Graham for wanting to privatize social security.

Graham scored an impressive victory in the general election and the margin of victory proved that Democrats had little chance of winning an election in the state for a federal position.  He achieved his victory because he rolled up strong margins the Upstate and was able to also achieve a majority in the Lowcountry, an area which Sanders had been expected to do well since he hailed from Charleston.  However, strong support in the Lowcountry for Republican gubernatorial candidate Mark Sanford doomed Sanders chances of running up a margin in the coastal counties.

Debates
Complete video of debate, October 6, 2002
Complete video of debate, October 13, 2002
Complete video of debate, October 18, 2002
Complete video of debate, October 20, 2002
Complete video of debate, October 25, 2002

Predictions

Polling

Results

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic
 Calhoun (largest town: St. Matthews)
 Darlington (largest city: Hartsville)
Abbeville (Largest city: Abbeville)
Chesterfield (Largest city: Cheraw)
Sumter (Largest city: Sumter)
McCormick (largest town: McCormick)

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican
Horry (largest town: Myrtle Beach)

See also
 2002 United States Senate elections
 List of United States senators from South Carolina
 2002 South Carolina gubernatorial election

Notes

References
General

Specific

2002
South Carolina
2002 South Carolina elections


Hits is a compilation album by American pop-punk band New Found Glory, released on March 18, 2008, on Geffen Records.

The album includes eleven of their most famous songs and one b-side. The first track, "Situations", was written for an MTV promotion, but was never used. In June 2007, the band decided to release it through AbsolutePunk.net to promote their appearance on that year's Warped Tour. The booklet contains a written introduction by Chad Gilbert and is filled with photographs from the band's personal archives. The cover art depicts boxer Jack Johnson's defeat of James Jeffries.

Track listing

Bonus tracks

Credits
 Jordan Pundik – lead vocals
 Chad Gilbert – backing vocals, lead guitar
 Steve Klein – rhythm guitar, lyrics
 Ian Grushka – bass guitar
 Cyrus Bolooki – drums, percussion

References

External links

Hits at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)

2008 greatest hits albums
New Found Glory albums
Geffen Records compilation albums


Irvine Welsh's Ecstasy is a 2011 Canadian film adaptation of the short story "The Undefeated" from the best-selling book Ecstasy by Irvine Welsh. Directed by Rob Heydon, the film stars Adam Sinclair as Lloyd Buist, a drug user who smuggles ecstasy from Amsterdam. Kristin Kreuk plays his love interest, Heather Thompson.

Plot
Frustrated with her boring middle class and loveless marriage, Heather Thompson (Kristin Kreuk) seeks a change in her life. At a club, she finds just that in happily partying Lloyd Buist (Adam Sinclair), a drug user. Heather falls hard for Lloyd despite the fact that most of their time spent together is under the influence of illicit substances. As they experiment with this new lifestyle, they are faced with the question of whether they love their drugs, each other, or are just drugged into loving each other.

The romantic storyline is supplemented by a side plot involving Lloyd owing money to a shady character, Solo (Carlo Rota). While Lloyd is out of control with drugs and left unchecked, he must fulfill his "karmic" debt with Solo.

After a while, Heather begins to doubt the veracity of Lloyd's feelings for her, wondering if it might not be the effect of the drugs after all. When Lloyd almost dies after a drug smuggling operation goes terribly wrong and faces the possibility of losing Heather, he decides to turn his life around, and he finds that natural highs might be the best of all. He wants to change, but first must deal with Solo.

Cast
 Adam Sinclair as Lloyd Buist
 Kristin Kreuk as Heather Thompson
 Billy Boyd as Woodsy
 Carlo Rota as Solo
 Keram Malicki-Sánchez as Ally
 Ashley Pover as The Big Man
 Natalie Brown as Marie
 Stephen McHattie as Jim Buist, Lloyd's father
 Dean McDermott as Hugh Thompson

Production
In 2000, director Rob Heydon obtained the rights to the film Irvine Welsh's Ecstasy. It took a few years to acquire financing and to get the script approved by author Irvine Welsh. There were difficulties in having the independent film made; the film was initially a Canada/UK co-production up until 2010, but eventually became a Canadian production. The lead female character Heather was initially supposed to be played by actress Lisa Ray, but she was unable to commit due to having cancer.

The film was shot from December 2010 to early 2011 in Scotland, Amsterdam, and Canada (including Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario).

Release
Coincidentally, there was another independent film entitled Ecstasy that came out in 2011. The premiere of Irvine Welsh's Ecstasy was held at the Atlantic Film Festival in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, on September 18, 2011 and Kristin Kreuk, Adam Sinclair, Billy Boyd, and Rob Heydon were present. In September during the week of its premiere, the film was sold to 20 countries, including Portugal, South Africa, territories in Central America, the Czech Republic and Eastern Europe.

The film had its International premiere at the Glasgow Film Festival on February 18, 2012 where author Irvine Welsh was present. Its London premiere was held at Ministry of Sound on April 17, 2012 where Sinclair, Rota, Boyd, Andrup, Welsh and Heydon attended. The film opened on April 20, 2012 and was released in over 50 theatres in the United Kingdom.

The film was released in select theatres in Australia and New Zealand on April 25, 2012. The film had a limited theatrical release in Canada from November 23, 2012 to December 6, 2012 in Toronto at the Projection Booth Metro and East.

Marketing
Mark Blamire, who was also involved with the original marketing campaign of Trainspotting, was hired to do the graphic design and marketing for Irvine Welsh's Ecstasy as well.

Teaser trailers were released on the film's YouTube channel throughout late mid-to-late 2011 with the final UK trailer being released in early 2012.  Dollena Campbell, through her company We Are Enchanted, spearheaded Outreach and Social Media Production for "Irvine Welsh's Ecstasy" to help spread the word on the film.  She aided in PR aspects necessary to receive reviews from websites.  Dollena aided in cultivating a supportive fan base with developed incentives and contests promoted to generate buzz for the film. Dollena also aided in much needed fundraising to reach critical objectives in the final stages of post production. There were also many contests on the film's Twitter and Facebook pages, giving away prize packs and trips to premieres.   Prior to the London premiere, there were film posters in Glasgow and London Underground stations. From May to July 2012, there was an IndieGoGo campaign accepting donations from the public to help get the movie screened worldwide and the funds helped to assist with film distribution.

Awards and nominations
Irvine Welsh's Ecstasy was the recipient of awards at various film festivals:
Sacramento International Film Festival 2012: Outstanding Foreign Feature.
Catalina Film Festival 2012: Best Feature.
Honolulu Film Awards 2012: Grand Jury Prize.
Pennine Film Festival 2012 (UK): Best Narrative Feature.
Charleston International Film Festival 2012: Best Feature Jury Award.
Mexico International Film Festival 2012: Best Foreign Feature.
Milan International Film Festival 2012: Best Cinematography.
Big Island Film Festival 2012: Best Foreign Feature.
Milan International Film Festival 2012: Best Film (Nomination).
British Independent Film Festival 2012: Best Film (Nomination).
Litchfield Hills Film Festival 2012: Best Foreign Film.
Burbank Film Festival 2012: Best Foreign Feature.
Lady Filmmakers Film Festival 2012: Best Feature Film.

Critical reception
At the weeks of its United Kingdom and Australia releases, the film received a general negative reception garnering 15% approval from 20 critics – an average rating of 3.6 out of 10 – on review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes.

There were favourable reviews: Dave Griffiths of Buzz Magazine gave the film 5 stars writing, "Irvine Welsh’s Ecstasy is an absolute ripper of a film. With some great acting and one of the best scripts to surface for a while this film is an absolute must see… and you’ll be talking about for a long time to come." Evan Williams of The Australian gave the film 3.5 stars out of 4 saying, "Ecstasy comes with the full bag of cinematic tricks.... The film delivers a powerful and plausible climax."
Rob Salem of The Toronto Star gave the film 3 stars out of 4 saying, "Irvine Welsh's Ecstasy is to ecstasy what Trainspotting was to heroin."

Negative reviews came from critics who noted comparisons to Trainspotting: Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph criticized the film saying Irvine Welsh's Ecstasy not only "... goes on to reuse images and ideas not only from Boyle’s scabrous 1996 sensation (Trainspotting), but also the clutch of vastly inferior drug culture films that followed it." Eddie Harrison of The List stated that "... this is most definitely not Irvine Welsh’s Ecstasy, but an agonisingly watered-down imitation, a long, languid come-down after the frenetic buzz of Trainspotting." Tim Evans of Sky Movies wrote that "Heydon's no Danny Boyle and, although this shares many superfluous similarities with Trainspotting, it's as dated as warehouse parties and irritating smiley faces."

Box office
On the opening weekend, Irvine Welsh's Ecstasy grossed £26,487 in 56 theatres in the United Kingdom.

Home media
The film was released on DVD, Blu-ray Disc and iTunes in the United Kingdom on August 20, 2012. The film reached #1 on iTunes the weekend of release. The DVD and Blu-ray was released in Australia on September 5, 2012. Deleted scenes are included on the DVD and includes author Irvine Welsh's cameo that was not included in the actual film.

Ecstasy was released in the United States and Canada on November 21, 2012 via video on demand. Ecstasy has since been released on iTunes as of late November 2012. The DVD was released in North America on May 21, 2013.

Music

Beautiful World (Single)

The single "Beautiful World" by Tiësto and Mark Knight was released on an "Ecstasy Remixes" maxi-single on April 30, 2012 by "Toolroom Records". A music video was released as well.

Official Movie Soundtrack

An album was released on May 14, 2012.

Bonus Movie Soundtrack (with additional score)
A second alternate album, with additional score from composer Craig McConnell, was released on August 20, 2012 exclusively on Juno Records' Juno Downloads website. This album is distributed by Ecstasy Film Inc.

Best of the Music from the Film
A third soundtrack was released on iTunes for Canada on November 12, 2012 and was captioned as "The Best of the Music from the Film". This album contains tracks from the two soundtracks with additional tracks as well. This album was also distributed by Ecstasy Film Inc.

References

External links
 Official website

2011 films
Canadian independent films
English-language Canadian films
Canadian drama films
Films about drugs
Films based on short fiction
Films shot in Scotland
Films shot in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
2010s English-language films
2010s Canadian films
Films based on Scottish works


Kountze Memorial Lutheran Church is located at 2650 Farnam Street in Midtown Omaha, Nebraska. Organized on December 5, 1858, as Emanuel's Evangelical Lutheran Church, the church is thought to be the first Lutheran congregation organized west of the Missouri River. In the 1920s the church was credited with being the largest Lutheran congregation in the United States.

History
In 1856, Augustus Kountze, then a young banker new to Omaha from Ohio, requested a pastor from the church of his youth. Reverend Henry Kuhns conducted the first Lutheran services in Omaha on November 21, 1858, with 14 founding members. In 1862 the church constructed its first building at 13th and Douglas Streets in Downtown Omaha. The second building was constructed in 1885 at 16th and Harney Streets and was named in memory of Kountze's father, Christian Kountze, after Augustus contributed one half of the construction costs.

The current building was opened in 1906, and the church continued to grow, adding neighborhood Sunday Schools across Omaha. Many of these Sunday Schools later developed into separate congregations, including the Lutheran Church of Our Redeemer on North 24th Street, Gethsemane Lutheran Church at 19th and Castelar, Pilgrim Lutheran Church at 42nd and Bancroft Streets, and St. Matthew Lutheran Church at 60th and Walnut. In 1916 the church claimed to be the largest Lutheran congregation in the world, with over 2,000 members. During the First World War the pastor of Kountze was embroiled in controversy as he was an outspoken opponent of the war. While many German members supported him, many in the congregation did not; however, he was not asked to leave his position.

The conventional of the Evangelical Lutheran General Synod of the United States of America was held at the church in 1887. In 1940, Kountze hosted the annual convention of the United Lutheran Church in America.

Extensive remodeling and repair work coincided with the 100th anniversary of the building in 2006. Kountze celebrated its 150th anniversary as a congregation in 2008.

See also
History of Omaha

References

External links
Church website
Modern photo
Historic photo of the second building
Historic postcard of the current building - Nebraska Memories

Churches completed in 1913
20th-century Lutheran churches in the United States
Churches in Omaha, Nebraska
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
Kountze family
Lutheran churches in Nebraska
History of Midtown Omaha, Nebraska
1858 establishments in Nebraska Territory


The Unveiling is the second studio album and first album released on independent label Solid State Records by post-hardcore band Cry of the Afflicted.

Track listing
 "Lift the Veil" – 4:02
 "Read Between" – 3:22
 "Built to Fall" – 3:05
 "The Influence of False Pretense" – 4:16
 "A Scar Filled Sky" – 3:42
 "New Hopes, New Dreams" – 3:21
 "Self Defiance" – 3:51
 "Heed the Sound" – 3:25
 "Anchors" – 3:41
 "Penetrate, Illuminate" – 3:23

Personnel
James Johnson – guitar
Troy Doell – drums
Garrett Packer – vocals
Nik Wagener – bass guitar, vocals
Steve Lockhart – guitar
 Jeff Schneeweis – producer,  audio engineer
 Tue Madsen – mixing
 Troy Glessner – mastering
 Invisible Creature – art direction
 Ryan Clark – design
 Dave Hill – photography

References

Cry of the Afflicted albums
2007 albums
Solid State Records albums


XHJUA-FM 100.7 is a radio station in Guanajuato, Guanajuato. It is the flagship of the Radio Universidad de Guanajuato service, which is also relayed on XEUG-AM 970 in Guanajuato, XHLTO-FM 91.1 in León and XHSML-FM 91.3 in San Miguel de Allende.

History
The idea of creating a UGTO radio station was first floated in 1958, but XEUG-AM did not come on air until its formal inauguration on February 21, 1961, by President Adolfo López Mateos. The initial equipment was rudimentary and was used to broadcast four hours of programming a day from the university's central building.

The 1970s saw a new studio facility in 1970, new professional equipment (in 1974) and the entrance of Diego León Rábago as director. Under Rábago the station became the official broadcaster of the Festival Internacional Cervantino.

The FM radio stations were awarded to the university by the state of Guanajuato in 1999; the stations, put on air in the 1980s by the state government, had previously been part of a radio service known as "La Voz de Guanajuato". In 2006, the station began 24-hour broadcasting.

XHLTO was originally assigned 104.1 MHz but was built on 91.1 instead, to not conflict with XHMD-FM.

Transmitters
Radio Universidad de Guanajuato has four transmitters, three on AM and one on FM:

References

Radio stations in Guanajuato
University radio stations in Mexico
Guanajuato City


The Sultanate of Nejd (, ) was the third iteration of the Third Saudi State, from 1921 to 1926. It was a monarchy led by the House of Saud, and a legal predecessor of modern-day Saudi Arabia. This version of the Third Saudi State was created when Abdul Aziz ibn Saud, Emir of Riyadh, declared himself sultan over Nejd and its dependencies. On the 2 December 1922, the Nejd signed an agreement with Kuwait defining their border with each other. The border would be a straight line along the 29th parallel. In December 1925, the Kingdom of Hejaz surrendered to the forces of Abdul Aziz ibn Saud, who was thereafter proclaimed king of Hejaz in January 1926 and merged his dominions into the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd.

References

External links

1920s in Saudi Arabia
1921 establishments in Asia
1926 disestablishments in Asia
Former Arab states
Nejd
Former countries of the interwar period
History of Nejd
History of Saudi Arabia
States and territories established in 1921
States and territories disestablished in 1926
Former sultanates


Escape to Chimp Eden is a television series broadcast on the Animal Planet network that premiered on February 8, 2008. The series examines the rescue of abused and neglected chimpanzees.

History
In Escape to Chimp Eden, Eugene Cussons rescues and rehabilitates abused chimpanzees in South Africa. The Animal Planet show was created by Triosphere and Creative Differences.

Featured chimpanzees

Between Seasons 1 and 2, Abu and Guida died. Guida died in the episode The Rise and Fall of Guida due to syndrome, suffering complications from congestive heart failure. Abu's death was aired in the previous episode.

See also
Animal rights
Animal rescue (disambiguation)
Animal sanctuary
Animal welfare
Cruelty to animals

References

External links

TV Week: "Chimps Find Eden on Animal Planet". Jon Lafayette. January 16, 2008. Retrieved January 30, 2008.
 JGI Chimpanzee Eden website

Documentary films about nature
Animal Planet original programming
2008 American television series debuts
2009 American television series endings
Television shows about chimpanzees


Gateway Unified School District is a school district in the north side of Redding, California. Gateway has one elementary school, two K-8 schools, and two high schools. James Harrell is the current superintendent.

The following are schools in this district:

Buckeye School of the Arts
Central Valley High School
Shasta Lake School
Mountain Lakes High School
Grand Oaks Elementary School
Rocky Point Charter School

References

External links

Redding, California
School districts in Shasta County, California


This article lists all rugby league footballers who have played first-grade NRL games for the Melbourne Storm.

Notes:
 Debut: Players are listed in order of player cap number as shown on Melbourne Storm honour board.
 Appearances: NRL games for Melbourne Storm only. This not a total of their career games and does not include World Club Challenge games. E.g. Marcus Bai has played a career total of 254 first grade games but of those 144 were at Melbourne.
 Previous Club: refers to the previous first-grade rugby league club (NRL or Super League) the player played at and does not refer to any junior club, Rugby Union club or a RL club he was signed to but never played at.
 Players in  are contracted for 2024.

List of players
The statistics in this table are current as at the end of the 2023 NRL season.

NRL Nines players

Melbourne have fielded teams in each edition of the NRL Nines held in 2014–2017 and 2020.

Notes:

 Players are listed in debut order, with the first 17 correlating in jersey number worn in debut game in the 2014 Auckland Nines tournament.
 Player numbers in this list are unofficial.
 † indicates captain during tournament.

NRL Under-20s players
The NRL Under-20s competition, known commercially as the Toyota Cup (2008–2012) and Holden Cup (2013–2017) was contested by the Melbourne Storm. Colloquially, the team was known as the Thunderbolts, a name which has carried through to the  joint-venture Storm/VRL junior representative team, the Victoria Thunderbolts who compete in NSWRL competitions (and previously QRL competitions).  The team was based in Melbourne (2008–2015), before playing out of the Sunshine Coast for the 2016–17 seasons, playing home games at Sunshine Coast Stadium, Suzuki Stadium with occasional games in Melbourne.

Notes:

 Players are listed in debut order, with the first 17 correlating in jersey number worn in debut game in Round 1, 2008.
 Player numbers in this list are unofficial.
 Statistics in this season are current as at the end of the 2017 season and the disbanding of the competition (source).
 Players highlighted in  also played in the NRL for Melbourne.

Notes

References

External links
Rugby League Tables / Melbourne Point Scorers
RLP List of Players
RLP Melbourne Storm Transfers & Debuts
18thman.com – Melbourne Storm NRL Under-20s Players

Players
Lists of Australian rugby league players
Melbourne sport-related lists
National Rugby League lists


Columbia Elementary School District, located in Redding, California, is a school district on Redding's far east side. It is home to one elementary school and one middle school.

Administrative Team
Clayton Ross is the superintendent and also the principal of the elementary school. Ross has been the superintendent since January 2011 and the principal since January 2007.
The middle school principalship is currently Shannon Angstadt.

Columbia Elementary School
Mountain View Middle School

References

External links

Redding, California
School districts in Shasta County, California


Life As We Knew It is a young adult science fiction novel by American author Susan Beth Pfeffer, first published in 2006 by Harcourt Books. It is the first book in The Last Survivors series, followed by The Dead and the Gone. When an asteroid hits the Moon and brings it closer to Earth, life in Northeastern Pennsylvania will never be the same again for Miranda and her family. The lack of food and extreme cold provides major threats to their survival.

Synopsis
The book portrays 16-year-old Miranda, living a normal life in Pennsylvania with her mother, Laura, and her brothers Matt and Jonny. Her biggest worries are her grades and her conflicted feelings about becoming a godmother to her soon-to-be-born half-sibling, who is expected by her father and his second wife Lisa. Soon, the news becomes focused on one subject: an asteroid predicted to hit the Moon. People are excited about the opportunity to witness the event, and on the night of the impact, Miranda and her family go outside to witness it. However, the asteroid was denser than expected by scientists, and immediately after impact, it becomes apparent that something is wrong. The Moon has been pushed closer to the Earth by the impact, intensifying the tidal forces that the Moon exerts on the Earth.

Life on Earth is shattered, and the lives of Miranda and her family are no exception. Almost immediately following the lunar impact, tsunamis and earthquakes begin ravaging the coasts of many countries, causing millions of deaths. Chaos erupts and Miranda and her family go shopping to stock up on food, water, and supplies before the stores are emptied. Miranda's older brother Matt comes home from college. Living inland, they are safe from tsunamis, but as the summer goes on, another threat looms. The increased tidal forces from the Moon are causing magma to be forced up to the surface, resulting in the eruptions of many dormant volcanoes, which cover the sky in ash. This causes temperature to drop dramatically, enough for frost to appear by mid-August and for 20-degree weather by October, making it dramatically more difficult for plants to grow. As circumstances become harsher for the family, they start eating less to conserve food. Laura often goes without eating at all in an entire day, and makes other sacrifices to give Jonny, who Miranda is convinced Laura considers to be the strongest of her children, the best chance at survival. This often becomes a source of conflict between Miranda and her mother.

Winter proves to be especially harrowing. With little food, the family must also deal with snow, a lack of running water, and no natural gas or electricity. A severe outbreak of influenza spreads through town, killing hundreds of people, including Peter, a doctor with whom Laura was developing a relationship. However, Miranda is spared, and nurses her mother and brothers back to health. As the family becomes more and more isolated, as nearly everyone else is either leaving town or dying, they continue to fight for survival. As the family's food supply comes very close to running out, Miranda ventures into town. She says that it is to see whether there has been a letter from her father and Lisa, though in her heart she knows that she is dying of starvation and her intention is to die away from her home, where her mother will not have to see it. Miranda finds the post office abandoned, and as she is about to lie down and let the cold kill her, a yellow piece of paper attracts her gaze. The paper leads her to the town hall, where, to her shock, she discovers the mayor is giving out bags of food. There are few takers, as many people are dead or have emigrated, and even more have no way of knowing about the program. The family is given four bags of food and is promised more to come in the following weeks. With a renewed will to carry on, Miranda muses on her seventeenth birthday about why she is still keeping a diary. Perhaps it is for the people who might read it in the future, or perhaps it for herself, helping her to process her ideas, feelings, and reasons to cling to life and hope.

Characters

Miranda Evans: A 16-year-old girl. The novel's point of view is her diary entries. She has two brothers, Jonny whom she is jealous of, and Matt whom she idolizes, but she cares greatly for both of them. Her favorite hobby used to be ice skating, but prior to the book's events, she suffered a broken ankle and forcing her to switch to swimming. She still has a passion for ice skating, idolizing Brandon Erlich, a famous skater from her town. Later on in the novel, she is the only one of her family to not contract a life-threatening strain of flu.

Matt Evans: Miranda's 19-year-old brother who was studying at Cornell University before returning to his family after the event. He provides for the family, collecting firewood and doing manual labor, making deals for supplies, and volunteering at the post office. He is looked up to by his mother and siblings.

Jonathan "Jonny" Evans: Miranda's 13-year-old brother who has a passion for baseball. The family considers him to be the most likely to survive, but Jonny is scared of living without the rest of his family, and uncomfortable that he eats more than the others do.

Laura Evans: Miranda's mother, a writer. She puts her family's lives ahead of her own, starving herself so her children can have more to eat. She dates Peter during the novel. Later in the book, she sprains her ankle twice, immobilizing her.

Mrs. Nesbitt: An elderly woman who is like family to the Evanses, having cared for Miranda's mother when she was a child. She passes away during the novel, leaving all of her food, water, and belongings to Miranda's family.

Dr. Peter Elliot: Laura's boyfriend, a doctor. He works throughout the events, and visits several times, sometimes bringing food and giving medical advice. He dies from flu and exhaustion.

Hal/Dad: Miranda's father. He is divorced from her mother and married to Lisa, who is pregnant with Miranda's soon-to-be goddaughter. He cares for his children very much, bringing them food he bought on the black market when he and Lisa stop in on their way from Springfield to Lisa's parents' house in Colorado.

Lisa: Miranda's pregnant stepmother, whose child Miranda will be godmother to.

Megan Wayne: Miranda's devoutly Christian friend. She used to be carefree before she went to church, an interest that began when their mutual friend Becky died. She begins to starve herself with the encouragement of her pastor, who tells the congregation that God is punishing the human race for their sins.

Sammi: One of Miranda's friends, who is boy crazy. She had been with numerous boys and fights with Megan, who believes that she leads an immoral life. Sammi leaves town with a older man who she believes will provide her with protection.

George: Sammi's 40-year-old boyfriend, with whom she moves to Nashville.

Becky: Miranda's friend whom she constantly dreams about. She died before the book begins. She was "like the glue" between Miranda, Megan, and Sammi, and when she died, they began to separate.

Dan: A boy on Miranda's swim team, with whom she begins to swim in the local pond, Miller's Pond, after their local indoor pool is closed. They have a short-lived romance before Dan leaves in search of a better place to live.

Horton: The beloved family cat, who is particularly close to Jonny.

Mrs. Wayne: Megan's mother. She worries that her daughter is starving herself, as she does not share Megan's religious beliefs.

Brandon Erlich: An ice skater from their town who is training for the Olympics. He is idolized by skaters worldwide. He has a fan-site dedicated to him, which Miranda visits frequently before the event. One day she surprisingly meets him at a frozen lake, where they talk and skate. Although she returns to the lake, she never sees him again. It is assumed he died or left Howell, although their meeting may have been all in Miranda's imagination.

Reverend Marshall: The pastor at Megan's church. By telling his congregation that God will sustain them, and behaving in a falsely caring manner, he ensures that they bring him food by way of thanks. This means that he has much more to eat than most people, something which greatly enrages Miranda.

Mayor Ford and Tom Danworth: The local mayor and another city employee. They appear at the very end of the book, having organised a food distribution system.

Reception
Kirkus Reviews said that "death is a constant threat, and Pfeffer instills despair right to the end but is cognizant to provide a ray of hope with a promising conclusion. Plausible science fiction with a frighteningly realistic reminder of recent tragedies here and abroad."  Ilene Cooper said in her review for Booklist that "each page is filled with events both wearying and terrifying and infused with honest emotions.  Pfeffer bring's cataclysmic tragedy very close."

Awards
Pfeffer's book was named Young Adult Library Services Association's Best Books for Young Adults in 2007, and shortlisted for the Andre Norton Award for Outstanding Science Fiction or Fantasy Book of 2007. In addition, it won the Booklist Editor's Choice Award for Books for Youth (Older Reader's Category) in 2006. It was nominated for the 2009 Rebecca Caudill Young Readers' Book Award and won the Truman Readers Award of 2009.

References

2006 American novels
American young adult novels
American science fiction novels
Children's science fiction novels
Fictional diaries
Novels about impact events
Climate change novels
Novels set in Pennsylvania


"Where Do We Go from Here" is a song by American rock band Filter for their third studio album, The Amalgamut. The song was released as the album's first single in 2002. "Where Do We Go from Here" failed to match the success of their earlier hit single, 1999's "Take a Picture" on the Billboard Hot 100. However, it managed to come close to the top ten of the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks and Hot Modern Rock Tracks charts at number 12 and number 11, respectively. A popular remix of this song was made by The X-Ecutioners which gained extensive club play.

A music video was also produced for the song. It received moderate airplay upon release.

Like many of the band's singles, the single version of "Where Do We Go from Here" (the one used for radio and the music video) is much shorter than the album version. The album version extends the pre-choruses and bridge mostly.

Chart performance

References

2002 singles
2002 songs
Alternative metal songs
Filter (band) songs
Rock ballads
Songs written by Richard Patrick
Warner Records singles


Suria (formerly Suria FM) is a Malay language-private radio station under the Star Media Radio Group, a company owned by Star Media Group Berhad. Suria FM first aired on 24 November 2005. The station's programming is targeted toward modern Malays, aged between 25 and 35. The station interacts with listeners through social media. The broadcasts feature a mix of local all-time favourites and chart-topping hits with some of the latest Indonesian and K-pop songs.

As of 2018, Suria remains as one of the top five Malay-language radio stations of choice.

On 9 November 2019, Suria ceased transmission in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.

Notable announcers

Current
 Shuib
 Roslinda Abdul Majid (DJ Lin)
 Feeya Iskandar
 Sharifah Shahirah (Rara)

Former
 Adibah Noor (died in June 2022)
 Halim Othman

Frequency

Television

Suria is also available online at www.suria.my.*

References

External links

2005 establishments in Malaysia
Klang Valley
Radio stations established in 2005
Radio stations in Malaysia
Mass media in Kuala Lumpur
Malay-language radio stations
Adult contemporary radio stations
Contemporary hit radio stations


The 1970 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1970 NCAA University Division football season. In its second season under head coach Cal Stoll, the team compiled a 6–5 record, finished in first place in the Atlantic Coast Conference with a 5–1 record against conference opponents.

Schedule

Team leaders

References

Wake Forest
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football seasons
Atlantic Coast Conference football champion seasons
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football


The 1971 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1971 NCAA University Division football season. In their third season under head coach Cal Stoll, the Demon Deacons compiled a 6–5 record and finished in a tie for third place in the Atlantic Coast Conference.

Schedule

Roster

Team leaders

References

Wake Forest
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football seasons
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football


The 1972 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1972 NCAA University Division football season. In their first and only season under head coach Tom Harper, the Demon Deacons compiled a 2–9 record and finished in a tie for last place in the Atlantic Coast Conference.

Schedule

Roster

Team leaders

References

Wake Forest
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football seasons
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football


The 1973 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University in the Atlantic Coast Conference during the 1973 NCAA Division I football season. In its first season under head coach Chuck Mills, the team compiled a 1–9–1 record (0–5–1 against ACC opponents) and finished last in the conference.

Schedule

Personnel

Season summary

Florida State

William & Mary

At Richmond

At Texas

Team leaders

References

Wake Forest
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football seasons
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football


The 1974 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1974 NCAA Division I football season. In their second season under head coach Chuck Mills, the Demon Deacons compiled a 1–10 record and finished in last place in the Atlantic Coast Conference.

Schedule

Team leaders

References

Wake Forest
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football seasons
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football


The 1975 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1975 NCAA Division I football season. In their third season under head coach Chuck Mills, the Demon Deacons compiled a 3–8 record and finished in fourth place in the Atlantic Coast Conference.

Schedule

Team leaders

References

Wake Forest
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football seasons
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football


The 1976 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1976 NCAA Division I football season. In their fourth season under head coach Chuck Mills, the Demon Deacons compiled a 5–6 record and finished in third place in the Atlantic Coast Conference.

Schedule

Team leaders

References

Wake Forest
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football seasons
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football


The 1977 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest University during the 1977 NCAA Division I football season. In their fifth and final season under head coach Chuck Mills, the Demon Deacons compiled a 1–10 record and finished in last place in the Atlantic Coast Conference.

Schedule

Team leaders

References

Wake Forest
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football seasons
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football