In Canada, driver's licences are issued by the government of the province or territory in which the driver is residing. Thus, specific regulations relating to driver's licences vary province to province, though overall they are quite similar. All provinces have provisions allowing non-residents to use licences issued by other provinces and territories, out-of-country licences, and International Driving Permits. Many provinces also allow non-residents to use regular licences issued by other nations and countries. Canadian driver's licences are also valid in many other countries due to various international agreements and treaties.

Age of eligibility
Canada's driving age is determined on a province-by-province basis. The age to begin driving varies by province, with the earliest being Alberta at 14 years of age. The provinces use a graduated driver licensing (GDL) system for a standard car and light-truck licence to ensure the proficiency of drivers.

The driving age in the various Canadian provinces is as follows:

Standard data field labelling
Except for Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and DND 404 licences, each data field on the licence is labelled with a number. The field labels follow ISO/IEC 18013-1:2018, which extends the  labels for EU driving licences specified in Directive 2006/126/EC.

 surname
 other names
 date of birth
 a) date of issue, b) date of expiry, c) (not used), d) different number from the one under heading 5, for administrative purposes
 licence number
 photograph of holder
 signature of holder
 address
 licence categories (9a is used for endorsements)
 (not used)
 (not used)
 restrictions
 (not used)
 (not used)
 sex
 height
 weight
 eye color
 hair color

Some fields are optional. For example, some provinces omit some or all of these fields: 4d, 17, 18, and 19.

Provinces

Alberta
Class 7 (Learner): This permit can be obtained at 14 years of age, and can only be used when a non-probationary licensed driver (Class 5 or above; see below) over the age of 18 accompanies the driver. The fully licensed driver must be sitting in the front passenger seat. A computerized knowledge test requiring a mark of at least 83.3% as well as a vision test must be passed to obtain this licence. Restrictions on the Class 7 licence include zero blood alcohol content while driving and the inability to drive between midnight and 5 am. Class 7 drivers may operate mopeds without an accompanying driver. A consent form must be signed by a parent or guardian for an applicant under the age of 18.
Class 6 (Motorcycle): This permit allows an operator to drive a motorcycle without a supervising rider. The minimum age to obtain this licence is 16. A Class 7 licence must have been held for one year before it is possible to apply for a Class 6 licence. A learner holding a Class 7 licence must not drive a motorcycle during the night (defined as one hour after sunset, until 5 am or one hour before sunrise, whichever is later). Learners with a Class 7 or Class 5 Probationary licence may not operate (or sit on) a motorcycle with a blood alcohol content greater than zero. Learners with a Class 5 (non-probationary) or higher licence (Class 1, 2, 3, or 4) have no restrictions except that a supervising rider must be present.
Class 5-GDL (Probationary): This licence can be obtained once a driver has held a Class 7 licence (Learner's Permit) for at least one year without suspension. In addition, the driver must be 16 years of age before he or she may apply for this licence. This licence allows one to drive without an accompanying fully licensed driver. However, this licence has more restrictions than a non-probationary licence. Fewer demerit points are allowed and drivers must have zero blood alcohol content while driving. A probationary licence does not qualify the licence-holder to serve as an accompanying driver for a Class 7 driver. A basic road test is required to obtain this licence.
Class 5 (Full, Non-GDL Driver's Licence): This licence can be obtained after having held the Class 5 Probationary licence for two years without suspension. The minimum age to obtain this licence is 18. An advanced road test is no longer required as of April 1, 2023 to obtain this licence. A driver automatically is eligible for the Class 5 licence so long as they have no demerits or suspensions in the last year preceding their eligibility. If the driver has demerits or suspensions, they must wait another year before becoming eligible for their Class 5 licence. A driver with this licence is referred to as a "fully licensed driver".
Class 4: This permit allows the operator to drive a taxi, ambulance, or bus with seats for up to 24 passengers.
Class 3: This permit allows an operator to drive a motor vehicle with 3 or more axles, or a motor vehicle with 3 or more axles pulling a trailer with one or more axles (assuming the trailer does not have air brakes).
Class 2: This permit allows an operator to operate any bus, in addition to the vehicles permitted by holders of Class 3/4/5 licences.
Class 1: This permit allows an operator to operate any motor vehicle except a motorcycle (as motorcycles always require the Class 6 licence specifically).

Drivers upgrading to a Class 1, 2, 3, or 4 licence must possess a Class 5 (non-probationary) licence and be at least 18 years of age to apply.

Endorsement
Air brakes: Air brake endorsements are required for any driver of a vehicle with an air-only braking system or a combination air and hydraulic braking system. Any driver in Alberta may obtain an air brake endorsement after completing an approved air brake course, which includes a practical exam, and writing the written knowledge test at the registry. On all classes, except Class 1, the endorsement is represented as a "Q" on the licence. It is not shown on the Class 1 licence because all Class 1 drivers licensed in Alberta are required to have attended an approved air brake course; a Class 1 operator's licence cannot be obtained without it. The written knowledge test for Class 1 can be taken prior to having attended an air brake course; however, driver training can not commence until after the course is completed.
Transportation of dangerous goods: TDG is not an endorsement placed on an operator licence, but rather is required training received generally from the employer for anyone who offers for transport, transports, or handles dangerous goods. Both employees and self-employed persons must have a dangerous goods training certificate to transport dangerous goods. It is employer-offered due to the wide variety of dangerous goods that may be transported, so the training is employer and commodity specific.

British Columbia
Class 8L (Motorcycle Learner's Permit): This permit can be first obtained at age 16, just as the Class 7L. There are many restrictions until the rider passes a "Motorcycle Skills Test", which is conducted on a parking lot and involves basic manoeuvring skills. After this test, the rider can ride alone, with much fewer restrictions.
Class 7L (Learner's Permit): This permit can first be obtained at age 16, and requires a person under the age of 19 to obtain consent from a parent or legal guardian. To obtain this permit, one must take a knowledge test, which requires 80% to pass. A person holding this licence must be accompanied by a fully licensed driver over 25. They may have one additional passenger besides the supervisor. The driver must maintain a blood-alcohol count of zero (i.e. none in their blood), display a large 'L' decal on the back of their vehicle, have no more than two passengers (including the supervisor), and must not drive between 12AM and 5AM. Use of electronic devices is prohibited. The 7L licence is good for two years. After 12 months, the driver may take a 35-minute driving test to advance to the next level.
Class 7 (Novice Licence), also called the "N" stage: This permit may be obtained once a driver is 17, after successful completion of the Class 7L driving test. A Class 7N licence is good for five years, and the stage takes a minimum of two years to complete (unless the person graduates from an accredited driving course, which reduces the length of time required to 18 months). Drivers must display a large 'N' decal on the back of their vehicle. Restrictions include 0 blood alcohol and a limit of one passenger (the limit being waived for anyone in the immediate family, and entirely if a supervisor over the age of 25 with a valid Class 5 (or above) licence is present.) Any infraction of the traffic law by the possessor of a Class 7 licence can result in a prohibition, after which the possessor must begin the Class 7N program from the start. After two years with the Class 7N, the licence-holder may take the 45-minute Class 5 road test. Successful completion of this test grants a Class 5 passenger vehicle licence.
Class 6 (Motorcycle Licence): This licence allows the holder to operate a motorcycle with no restrictions.
Class 5 (Full Vehicle Licence): This is a full passenger-vehicle licence. It has no additional restrictions, unlike the Class 7 licences.
Class 4 (Commercial) restricted: Permits the holder to operate taxis, limousines, ambulances, special buses used to transport people with disabilities and other special vehicles—also permits the holder to operate vehicles in Class 5. Minimum age to obtain is 19.
Class 4 (Commercial) unrestricted: In addition to the vehicles listed for Class 4 restricted above, this permits the holder to operate buses with a maximum seating capacity of 25, including the driver.
Class 3 (Commercial, heavy trucks): Permits the holder to operate trucks with more than two axles, including dump trucks and large tow trucks — also permits the holder to operate vehicles in Class 5. Minimum age to obtain is 18.
Class 2 (Commercial, buses): Permits the holder to operate buses, including school buses, special activity buses, and special vehicles — also permits the holder to operate vehicles in Classes 4 and 5. Minimum age to obtain is 19.
Class 1 (Commercial, semi-trailer): Permits the holder to operate semi-trailer trucks — also permits the holder to operate all motor vehicles or combinations of vehicles except motorcycles. Minimum age to obtain is 19.

British Columbia has been using a GDL system since August 1998. The program was last revised in October 2003, which involved large changes to the time it took to acquire a full licence (previously, a person could complete the Class 7L stage in as little as 3 months, and the Class 7N in 12, and no passenger limit was enforced above Class 7L). British Columbia requires all new resident drivers to take a driving knowledge test and a road test in order to get a BC driver's licence, except for people holding a valid driver's licence from other Canadian jurisdictions, Austria, Australia, France, Germany, Guernsey, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, the United Kingdom, or the United States.

Manitoba
Class 6M (motorcycle training course licence): Must pass a knowledge test and enables the driver to take a motorcycle training course. Minimum age: 16.
Class 6L (motorcycle learner's-stage licence): Issued after completing a motorcycle training course. Must maintain 0 blood alcohol content (BAC). No passengers and no nighttime driving is allowed at this stage. After 9 months, the rider is eligible to take a road test to graduate to the intermediate stage.
Class 6I (motorcycle intermediate-stage licence): Issued after completing a Class 6 road test. Must maintain 0 BAC.
Class 6F (motorcycle full-stage licence): Issued after 15 months in the intermediate stage. Must have 0 BAC for the first 36 months of this stage.
Class 5L (vehicle learner's licence): Must have a supervising driver in the front seat who has held a full licence for at least 3 years and has a BAC less than 0.05, can have as many passengers as there are working seat belts in rear. Eligible to take the class 5I road test after a minimum of 9 months. Minimum age: 16 (15.5 if entered in high school driver's education program)
Class 5I (vehicle intermediate-stage licence): Acquired upon successful completion of road test. Must have 0 BAC. Only passenger restrictions are from midnight to 5 am, when there can be only one front-seat passenger, or a supervising driver plus as many seatbelts as there are in the rear. Past midnight til 5 am the supervising driver must be under the 0.8 BAC limit.
Class 5F (vehicle full-stage licence): This is a full passenger-vehicle licence. Acquired after a minimum of 15 months with a class 5I licence. After 36 months with this licence, the driver is allowed to have up to 0.05 BAC and be a supervising driver. The licence holder is eligible to upgrade to a class 1–4 licence if 18 years of age or older.
Class 4: Permits the holder to operate taxis, ambulances, other emergency vehicles, busses with a passenger capacity of 10–24, and school busses with a capacity of 10–36. Also permits the holder to operate vehicles in Class 5. Minimum age: 18.
Class 3: Permits the holder to operate trucks with more than two axles, including any combination of vehicles, or a truck with two axles towing a vehicle with a registered gross vehicle weight of more than 4,540 kilograms. Includes all vehicles in Classes 4 and 5. Minimum age: 18.
Class 2: Permits the holder to operate buses with a seating capacity of over 24, and school buses with a seating capacity of over 36. Also permits the holder to operate vehicles in Classes 3, 4 and 5. Minimum age: 18.
Class 1: Permits the holder to operate semi-trailer trucks. Also permits the holder to operate all motor vehicles or combinations of vehicles except motorcycles. Minimum age: 18.

New Brunswick
In 2017, all four Atlantic provinces (including New Brunswick) updated the driver's licence design to use a numbering scheme that resembles the European driving licence.

Class 9 – Motor-driven cycle licence—authorizes the holder to drive a motor-driven cycle and a farm tractor. Minimum age: 14 (with parental consent)
Class 8 – Farm tractor licence—authorizes the holder to drive a farm tractor only. Minimum age: 14 (with parental consent)
Class 7 (Graduated Licence Program) Minimum age: 16 (with parental consent)
Level 1 – Learner's licence authorizes a person who is receiving instructions in the operation of a motor vehicle to drive a motor vehicle.
Level 2 – authorizes the holder to a Class 5 licence with the exception of: zero blood alcohol content, a maximum of four people in the vehicle (including driver) and may not drive between midnight and 5 a.m. (Exemptions made for work/education—must be accompanied by a Class 5 licensed driver with more than three years of driving experience.)

Newfoundland and Labrador
In Newfoundland and Labrador, one can apply for a learner's licence for Class 5 vehicles (passenger car or light truck) at the age of 16 and cannot obtain their licence until turning 17 (unless one is a graduate of a government-approved driving school program), as well as Class 6 vehicles (motorcycles). Upon completion and pass of a written knowledge test and a vision test, a Class 5 Level I licence will be issued. This licence, commonly referred to as a "learner's permit" restricts holders to one passenger in the vehicle who must be a licensee of no less than 4 years, a blood alcohol level of 0% and no driving between 12am and 5am. A "novice driver" sign must also be placed on the rear windshield. Parental consent is required for applicants under the age of 19.

After 12 months in Level I, or 8 months with the completion of a government-approved driving school program containing both classroom and in-car training, a road test can be taken to advance to Level II. Upon successful completion of the road test, one is advanced to Level II of the graduated licensing program. Level II lasts for 12 months and carries less restrictions than the initial stage. Passengers are permitted during the day but between 12am and 5am, the Level II driver must be accompanied by a licensed driver with 4 years driving experience and cannot have any other passengers in the vehicle. The drivers' blood alcohol content must remain at 0% in this stage.

After 12 months in Level II, the driver is automatically advanced to a full Class 5 licence (unless their licence was suspended in the learner's stage).

Newfoundland and Labrador uses a demerit point system. In two years, a driver can accumulate a maximum of 12 points, although in the novice stage, a maximum of 6 points can be accumulated.

The classes in Newfoundland and Labrador are as follows:

Class 1 – permitted to operate semi-trailer trucks
Class 2 – permitted to operate buses over 24 passengers
Class 3 – permitted to operate trucks with 3 or more axles
Class 4 – permitted to operate taxis, ambulances, all Class 5 motor vehicles and buses up to 24 passengers
Class 5 – permitted to operate all motor vehicles with no more than 2 axles and combination of vehicles where the towed vehicle does not exceed 4500 kg. Buses, taxis and ambulances while not carrying passengers, self propelled motor homes with 2 or more axles, farm tractors, fork lifts and emergency vehicles excluding ambulances, trucks designed for off highway use and vehicles commonly known as backhoes. A minimum of 1 year with a class 5 licence is required before one can apply for a commercial class licence.
Class 6 – permitted to operate motorcycles
Class 7 (phased out) – former learner stage of classes 5, 6 and 8
Class 8 – permitted to operate traction engine vehicles

Nova Scotia
Age: one must be at least 16 years old, with the passing of a multiple choice road theory test and an eye vision test, a driving permit is issued which allows the learning driver to drive on roads accompanied by someone with full valid driver's licence whose blood alcohol content (BAC) is less than 0.05

The classes in Nova Scotia are as follows:
Class 1 – semi-trailers and tractor-trailer combinations
Class 2 – large buses seating more than 24 passengers
Class 3 – vehicles or vehicle-trailer combinations weighing more than 14,000 kilograms
Class 4 – smaller buses, vans seating fewer than 24 passengers for compensation, taxis, and ambulances
Class 5 (most common) – cars, pick-up trucks, sport utility vehicles, and vans seating fewer than 24 passengers
Class 6 – motorcycles and motor-driven cycles
Class 7 – learner's licence for people learning to drive class 5 vehicles
Class 8 – farm tractors

For Class 7 or 8 licences, the Learner's stage of the system lasts for twelve months, which may be reduced to nine months if a recognized driver education or training program is taken.

Ontario

Graduated Licensing System for Passenger Vehicles
Learner's permit (G1): Available at the age of 16 with successful completion of a multiple-choice road theory test and an eye vision test. The G1 licence allows the learning driver to drive on roads accompanied by a full G licence driver with four years of driving experience whose blood alcohol content (BAC) is less than 0.05. Proof of four years' experience is indicated on a licence with four dots. The driver must not drive between 12 AM and 5 AM, and must not drive with a BAC above zero. Furthermore, a G1 driver may not drive on any of the following unless accompanied by a licensed instructor:
400-series highways with posted speeds of over 80 km/h.
Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW)
Don Valley Parkway
Gardiner Expressway in the Greater Toronto Area
E.C. Row Expressway in Windsor
Conestoga Parkway in Kitchener-Waterloo
Probationary licence (G2): Available after having held a G1 licence for 1 year, or eight months if the driver has graduated from a ministry-approved driver education course. After successfully completing a basic road test, a G2 driver may drive without an accompanying driver at any time and on all Ontario roads and highways. The driver must still maintain a BAC of zero and restrict passengers to the number of working seatbelts. As of September 2005, teenage drivers with a G2 licence are restricted in the number of passengers under 19 that they can carry at night. Like the G1 licence, the G2 licence cannot be renewed, forcing progression towards a G licence.
Full licence (G): After 1 year of driving with a G2 licence, a driver must take an additional road test that includes driving on a highway. With successful completion, they will obtain a full licence, which carries no restrictions. No further tests are required until the age of 80, provided they renew their licence every five years. Drivers 21 and under must still have a BAC of zero, even with a full G licence. Drivers aged 22 and over are permitted to drive with a maximum of 0.08 BAC, though roadside suspensions may be enforced above 0.05 BAC. Drivers 80 and over must complete a vision and knowledge test and participate in a 90-minute group education session to renew their licence, every two years.

Graduated Licensing System for Motorcycles
Class M1: Motorcycles, including a limited-speed motorcycle (motor scooter) and a motor-assisted bicycle (moped). Level 1 of graduated licensing. Holders may drive a motorcycle under certain conditions, which are: blood alcohol content (BAC) must be zero, riders can only ride during daylight hours (half an hour before sunrise to half an hour after sunset), cannot ride on any highway with speeds of greater than 80 km/h except Highways 11, 17, 61, 69, 71, 101, 102, 144 and 655 and no passengers. The M1 allows drivers to drive alone, unlike G1 (which requires an eligible person accompanying). Cannot be renewed.
Class M2: Motorcycles, including a limited-speed motorcycle (motor scooter) and a motor-assisted bicycle (moped). Level 2 of graduated licensing. Holders may drive a motorcycle but only with a zero blood alcohol level. Holders may also drive a Class G vehicle under the conditions that apply to a class G1 licence holder. Cannot be renewed.
Class M2 with Condition L: Limited-speed motorcycle (LSM) or moped only. Holders may also drive a Class G vehicle under the conditions that apply to a Class G1 licence holder. Cannot be renewed.
 Class M2 with Condition M: Three-wheeled motorcycles only. Holders may also drive a Class G vehicle under the conditions that apply to a Class G1 licence holder.
Class M: Motorcycles, including a limited-speed motorcycle (motor scooter) and a motor-assisted bicycle (moped). Holders may also drive a Class G vehicle under the conditions that apply to a class G1 licence holder
Class M with Condition L: Limited-speed motorcycle (LSM) or mopeds only. Limited-speed motorcycles are motorcycles with a maximum speed of 70 km/h. If manufactured after 1988 they are identified by a label on the vehicle that indicates it to be a "LSM/MVL". Holders may also drive a Class G vehicle under the conditions that apply to a Class G1 licence holder.
 Class M with Condition M: Three-wheeled motorcycles only. Holders may also drive a Class G vehicle under the conditions that apply to a Class G1 licence holder.

Additional Licensing Types for Ontario
Class F: Regular bus maximum of 24 passenger capacity and ambulances. Can also operate vehicles in Class 'G'
Class E: School purposes bus – maximum of 24 passenger capacity. Can also operate vehicles in Class 'F' and 'G'
Class D: Any truck or motor vehicle combination exceeding 11,000 kg provided the towed vehicle is not over 4,600 kg. Can also operate vehicles in Class 'G'
Class C: Any regular bus with designed seating capacity for more than 24 passengers. Can also operate vehicles in Class 'D', 'F' and 'G'
Class B: Any school purposes bus with designed seating capacity for more than 24 passengers. Can also operate vehicles in Class 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F' and 'G'
Class A with Condition R: Drivers with a restricted Class A licence condition would be prevented from operating a motor vehicle pulling double trailers or a motor vehicle pulling a trailer with air-brake. Can also operate vehicles in Class 'D' and 'G'
Class A: Any tractor-trailer or combination of motor vehicle and towed vehicles where the towed vehicles exceed a total gross weight of 4,600 kilograms. Can also operate vehicles in Class 'A with Condition R', 'D' and 'G'

Licensing restrictions/endorsements
All licences in Ontario can carry any of the following restrictions/endorsements excluding some which are vehicle class specific. Some are related to health or to law enforcement penalty.

Condition A: Special hand controls required
Condition B: Special foot controls required
Condition C: Special controls for hand and foot required
Condition D: Hearing device required
Condition E: Visual device required
Condition F: Driver training conditions
Condition G: Restricted class
Condition I: Ignition interlock required
Condition J: Special name/address requirements exist
Condition K: Special controls required
Condition L: Can only drive limited-speed motorcycles and motor assisted bicycle
Condition M: May only drive motor-tricycle motorcycles
Condition N: Hearing device required when operating Class A or D vehicle in United States
Condition R: Class A vehicle restriction (cannot tow two trailers or a trailer equipped with air brakes)
Condition S: For test use only
Condition V: Valid for rehab evaluation only
Condition W: Can only drive a commercial vehicle in Canada only
Condition X: Must have corrective lenses
Condition Z: Is required for operation of any and all vehicles equipped with air brakes.
Condition 2(HC): Hand controls
Condition +: Indicates more conditions/restrictions of lesser priority exist, requires system check.

Ontario has used a graduated licensing system since 1994. A driver can take as little as 20 months to get a full licence; however, a driver must have a full (G) licence within five years of obtaining a learner's permit (G1).

In 2006, Ontario passed legislation that would allow a court to suspend the licence of high school dropout until they turn 18. The act did not receive royal assent until December 2009, but is now in effect.

Traffic violation convictions usually come with demerit points against a person's licence. While the demerit points have no official impact on insurance rates, most insurance providers will increase the rate charged to a driver in response to demerit points. The demerit points are used by the Ministry of Transportation to determine licence suspensions due to repeated traffic violations (effects on Ontario insurance rates and eligibility are typically measured by the number of tickets received in recent years, rather than the associated points).

Drivers from out of province must obtain an Ontario driver's licence if staying more than 90 days. New residents of Ontario may only apply after residing in the province for 60 days.

Starting June 2009, Ontario began issuing enhanced drivers licences (EDLs) as an option to residents upon request. These licence while almost visually identical to regular drivers licences contained two distinct differences. The first being a machine readable code printed on the back of the card (visually similar to the same coding on a Canadian passport). The second: an embedded RFID microchip. These changes were made in response to the heightened security precautions at US land border crossings. The changes allowed for quicker procedures at a border crossing as well as a cheaper alternative to a passport ($40 vs. $100).

The enhanced driver's licence program has been discontinued.

Prince Edward Island
If a person is 16 years or older, they may apply for an Instruction Permit. A instruction permit allows a person to drive under supervision to receive instruction. This type of licence is valid for two years. Testing Requirements for a Driver's Licence are a written or oral exam, road sign, driving, vision test and Novice Driving or Driver Education Course is required for first-time drivers.The classes of licence that can be obtained with appropriate training and required testing are as follows:

https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/transportation-infrastructure-and-energy/graduated-driver-licensing-program

https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/information/transportation-infrastructure-and-energy/classes-driver-licenses

Class 1 – authorizes a person to drive any motor vehicle which the holder of a Class 3, 5, 8, and 9 may operate, any truck-tractor, any truck-tractor towing a semi-trailer, any truck-tractor towing a semi-trailer and a trailer;
Class 2 – authorizes a person to drive any motor vehicle which the holder of a Class 3, 4, 5, 8 and 9 may operate, any bus with a capacity of more than 24 passengers, including a school bus.
Class 3 – authorizes a person to drive any motor vehicle which the holder of a Class 5, 8, and 9 may operate, any motor vehicle exceeding 14,000 kg gross mass, but not including a truck-tractor towing a semi-trailer, any truck-trailer combination exceeding 14,000 kg gross mass, any truck tractor without a trailer, any special mobile equipment;
Class 4 – authorizes a person to drive any motor vehicle which the holder of a Class 5, 8 and 9 may operate, any ambulance, any taxi, any bus with a capacity of fewer than 25 passengers;
Class 5 – authorizes a person to drive any motor vehicle which the holder of a Class 8 and 9 may operate, any motor vehicle not exceeding 14,000 kg gross mass, except an ambulance, taxi, motorcycle, bus or a truck-tractor, any motor vehicle not exceeding 14,000 kg gross mass towing a vehicle which does not exceed the gross mass of 4,500 kg;
Class 6 – authorizes a person to drive any motor vehicle which the holder of a Class 8 and 9 may operate any motorcycle;
Class 7 – authorizes a person to drive a motor vehicle requiring a Class 5, 6 or 8 driver's licence without holding such a licence if the person is receiving instruction in the operation of the motor vehicle and is accompanied by another person who holds a valid driver's licence of the class required for the vehicle
Class 8 – authorizes a person to drive any moped;
Class 9 – authorizes a person to drive any farm tractor.

Quebec
Farm Tractor (Class 8): Minimum age: 16.
Moped or Motorized Scooter (class 6D): Minimum age: 14.
Motorcycle (classes 6A, 6B and 6C): Minimum age: 16.
 Class 6A: all motorcycles
 Class 6B: cylinder size of 400 cc or less
 Class 6C: cylinder size of 125 cc or less
For all classes:
One must first obtain and hold a class 6R learner's licence for at least one month; allows motorcycle operation only for purposes of a driving course or an official closed track test.
Have held a class 6A learner's licence for at least 11 months and have passed the road test.
Have held a probationary licence (class 5) for 24 months, if one does not already hold a full class 5 licence.
Probationary Driver's licence (Class 5): Minimum age: 16.
Levels/steps of Class 5 licensing (comparable to a GLP):
Step 1:Register for a driving course at a driving school approved by the SAAQ/AQTR which includes both theory and practical lessons/instruction.
Step 2:Obtain a Class 5 learner's licence; must have passed Phase 1 of approved driving course (five theory modules). To obtain this licence one must pass a multiple choice road theory test. The permit issued allows the learning driver to drive on roads accompanied by someone with a full valid driver's licence. While driving, the learner must maintain a 0% blood alcohol content level and is limited to four demerit points, which when reached, incurs a three-month suspension and extension of the learning period by the same amount of time.
Step 3:Pass the knowledge/theory test; must have held a learner's licence for at least 10 months.
Step 4:Pass the road/practical test; must have successfully completed the above mentioned driving course, have already passed the knowledge test and have held a Class 5 learner's licence for at least 12 months
Step 5:Obtain a probationary licence; must have passed the road test. Valid for 24 months after which time a person is eligible for a full Class 5 driver's licence.
Restrictions: Probationary licence holders must have fewer than four demerit points entered on their driving record and are prohibited from driving after drinking alcohol. In addition, they may not serve as an accompanying rider to assist a learner.
Driver's licence (Class 5): Must have successfully completed the above steps and held a probationary driver's licence for 24 months.
This licence allows a person to operate the following types of vehicles:
Passenger vehicle, or any double-axle truck or road tractor with a net mass of less than 4,500 kg.
Motor home
Tool vehicle: motor vehicle, other than a vehicle mounted on a truck chassis, in which the work station is contained within the driver's compartment (for the purposes of this definition, a truck chassis is a frame equipped with the combination of mechanical components required for a vehicle that is manufactured for the purpose of transporting people, goods or equipment)
Service vehicle: vehicle equipped to supply, repair or tow road vehicles;
Any vehicle covered by this class hauling a trailer or in the case of a motor home, another vehicle.
Vehicles covered under Classes 6D and 8
Taxicab (Class 4C): Requirements:
Must have held a probationary Class 5 licence for a minimum of 12 months.
Understand, speak and read French
Pass a test on regulations governing transportation by taxi
Small Bus or Minibus [fewer than 25 passengers] (Class 4B):
Must have one year of experience with a Class 5 licence.
School Minibus: An additional "certificate of competence" is required.
Emergency Vehicle (Class 4A):
Have two years' experience under a probationary licence or class 5 driver's licence,
or
Currently hold a probationary licence or Class 5 driver's licence and have passed an emergency vehicle driving course recognized by the SAAQ
Straight-Body Truck (Class 3): Requirements:
Must have 24 months' cumulative Class 5 experience
Must have fewer than four demerit points on record
Not have had licence suspended or revoked during the previous two years as the result of accumulating demerit points or a driving-related Criminal Code offence
Pass the SAAQ's vision test;
Submit a satisfactory medical report;
Pass the knowledge test
Pass both road tests: pre-trip inspection test and heavy vehicle road test

During the learning period the applicant must have held a Class 3 learner's licence for three months or for one month if the applicant is aged 25 or over; or has 60 months' cumulative experience as a holder of a Class 5 licence.
Endorsements involve air brake system (F endorsement) and manual transmission (M endorsement)
Bus (Class 2) [Seating capacity of more than 24 passengers]: Requirements:
Must have 24 months' cumulative Class 5 experience
Must have fewer than four demerit points on record
Not have had licence suspended or revoked during the previous two years as the result of accumulating demerit points or a driving-related Criminal Code offence
Pass the SAAQ's vision test;
Submit a satisfactory medical report;
Pass the knowledge test
Pass both road tests: pre-trip inspection test and heavy vehicle road test
During the Learning period the applicant must have held a Class 2 learner's licence for three months or for one month if aged 25 or over; or has 60 months' cumulative experience as a holder of a Class 5 licence.
An applicant who meets one of these three requirements, the one-month period may be substituted by a training program that includes at least 20 driving hours on public roadways with a vehicle covered by a Class 2 licence.
An additional 'certificate of competence' is required in the case of a school bus, and there are endorsements for air brake system (F endorsement) and manual transmission (M endorsement)
Heavy Vehicle Combination (Class 1): Requirements:
Must have 36 months' cumulative experience as a holder of a Class 5 licence or
24 months' cumulative experience if he or she has completed the following training:
the truck driving training program which leads to the Diploma of Vocational Studies issued by the ; or
a 300-hour driving course on the public roadway for heavy vehicles covered by class 1.
Must have fewer than four demerit points on record
Not have had licence suspended or revoked during the previous two years as the result of accumulating demerit points or a driving-related Criminal Code offence
Pass the SAAQ's vision test;
Submit a satisfactory medical report;
Pass the knowledge test
Pass both road tests: pre-trip inspection test and heavy vehicle road test

During the learning period the applicant must have held a class 1 learner's licence for three months or for one month if the applicant is aged 25 or over; or has 60 months' cumulative experience as a holder of a class 5 licence; or is registered in the truck driving training program which leads to the Diploma of Vocational Studies issued by the  and has successfully completed all mandatory sections of the program required to drive on the road without an accompanying rider; or already has a class 2 or 3 driver's licence.
Endorsements involve air brake system (F endorsement) and manual transmission (M endorsement)
Quebec is the only province which does not suspend driver's licences as a child support enforcement measure.

Saskatchewan

Classes
 Class 1 – power units and semi-trailers, and trucks (except two-axle trucks with farm-class plates) that have a trailer(s) or vehicle(s) in tow where the gross weight of the towed unit(s) exceeds 4,600 kg. Motor vehicles in classes 2, 3, 4 and 5.
 Class 2 – buses having a seating capacity in excess of 24 passengers while carrying a passenger or passengers. Motor vehicles in classes 3, 4 and 5. Class 1 vehicles as a learner with an appropriate endorsement.
 Class 3 – trucks with more than two axles (except those with farm-class plates) and trucks with more than two axles that have a trailer(s) or vehicle(s) in tow, where the gross weight of the towed units does not exceed 4,600 kg. Motor vehicles in classes 4 and 5. Class 1 or 2 vehicles as a learner with an appropriate endorsement.
 Class 4 – taxis (must also have a Certificate of Approval and a Certificate of Good Moral Character), ambulances and buses having a seating capacity of 24 or fewer passengers while carrying passengers. Motor vehicles in class 5. Class 1, 2 or 3 vehicles as a learner with appropriate endorsement.
 Class 5 – cars, vans, two-axle vehicles having a trailer(s) or vehicle(s) in tow where the gross weight of the towed vehicle(s) does not exceed 4,600 kg, buses when not transporting passengers, three-axle motorhomes, taxis and ambulances when not used for hire. Two-axle farm trucks towing any vehicle. Trucks with more than two axles registered in the farm class. Trucks with more than two axles registered in the farm class when towing vehicle(s) where the weight of the towed vehicle(s) does not exceed 4,600 kg. Class 1, 2, 3 or 4 vehicles as a learner with appropriate endorsement (minimum age 18 and not a novice driver). Vehicles registered in Class PB or PC when used exclusively to transport, for hire, not more than 24 passengers with a disability and any attendants to those passengers.
 Class 7 – Class 5 vehicles as a learner. Motorcycles under certain circumstances with appropriate endorsement (minimum age 16).

Endorsements
 Air brakes "A"
 Detailed Endorsement "G" (heavy trailer, northern above 55th parallel, and well service rigs)
 6 endorsement (motorcycle learners)
 Motorcycle "M" (full licence, 16 years of age)
 School bus "S" (full licence, if applying for a school bus endorsement card, one must be at least 18 years of age and cannot be a novice driver)
 Learners "1", "2", "3", "4", "6", "7"
 Snowmobile and ATV (all-terrain vehicle – must be at least 16 years old, or if younger than 16 years old, must be supervised)

Class 5 – Novice 1 (6 months)
 16 years of age
 Pass Class 5 road test
 Excludes interruptions (non-renewal, refusal, licence suspension)

Class 5 – Novice 2 (12 months)
 Completed Novice 1
 Excludes interruptions (non-renewal, refusal, licence suspension)
 Free of at-fault collision, traffic conviction and licence suspension

6 Endorsement – Motorcycle learner
 Must have a Class 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 7 licence.
 Pass the required supplementary knowledge tests.
 File a medical report if requested.
 Be at least 16 years of age.
 May not operate a motorcycle from half an hour after sunset until half an hour before sunrise.
 May not carry passengers.
 Must operate within a 100 km radius of the address shown on their registration.

Class 7 – Learner (9 months)
 16 years of age (15 years of age high school program)
 Pass written test
 Excludes interruptions (non-renewal, refusal, licence suspension)
 Mandatory education – high school training (30 hours in-class, six hours in-car) or commercial training (six hours in-class, six hours in-car)

Department of National Defence
The Department of National Defence issues a special driving licence known as DND 404 to Canadian Forces military personnel driving CF vehicles or vehicles rented by DND, and the issue is contingent on possession of a provincial driving licence and passing of a DND Safe Driving Course (SDC). Between 2011 and 2012, all DND 404 permits were replaced with modern photo ID cards. Provincial law enforcement agencies do enforce highway traffic laws against such permit holders, and DND 404 permits can be accordingly suspended.

Specimen Images

Licence suspensions and revocations
Although licence suspensions and revocations are generally a matter for the territorial and provincial government departments of motor vehicles, some driving offences (e.g. dangerous driving and impaired driving) are criminal offences, set down in Canada's Criminal Code. Prison sentences are often given to repeat offenders and to drivers convicted of causing death or grievous bodily harm via Criminal Code driving offences.

References

External links
British Columbia's ICBC Driver Licensing Site
British Columbia's Online Road Testing Site
Alberta's Driver Licensing Site
Alberta's Online Road Testing Site
Saskatchewan's Online Road Testing Site
Manitoba's Online Road Testing Site
Ontario's Online Road Testing Site

Quebec's Online Road Testing Site
Newfoundland & Labrador's Online Road Testing Site
Prince Edward Island's Online Road Testing Site
Nova Scotia's Online Road Testing Site
New Brunswick's Online Road Testing Site
Yukon Territory Government Site
Northwest Territories Government Site
Nunavut Government Site

Canadian transport law
Canada
Minimum ages
Identity documents of Canada


Loubaresse may refer to the following places in France:

 Loubaresse, Ardèche, a commune in the department of Ardèche
 Loubaresse, Cantal, a commune in the department of Cantal


Loubaresse (; ) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Mars is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Geography
The river Lignon du Velay forms part of the commune's northwest border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Mayres may refer to the following places in France:

 Mayres, Ardèche, commune in the department of Ardèche
 Mayres, Puy-de-Dôme, commune in the department of Puy-de-Dôme
 Mayres-Savel, commune in the department of Isère


Mayres (; ) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Hebe was a 250-ton full-rigged ship launched in 1803 at Chittagong. She struck a reef between Low Head and Western Head on the entrance to Port Dalrymple, Tasmania, Australia, on 15 June 1808 and became a total loss.

Hebe was carrying a cargo of Indian goods from Madras to Sydney, Australia when she was wrecked.  All the crew except for one lascar escaped drowning and returned with the ship's master, Joseph Leigh, to Sydney aboard Estramina on 11 October 1808.

See also
 Low Head Lighthouse
 Shipwrecks of Tasmania

Notes

Citations

Reference

1803 ships
British ships built in India
History of New South Wales
Individual sailing vessels
Shipwrecks of Tasmania
Maritime incidents in 1808
Age of Sail merchant ships
Merchant ships of the United Kingdom


Mirabel (; ) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Steven O'Brien is an officer in the Minnesota Air National Guard's 133rd Airlift Wing.

O'Brien has become notable due to a pair of significant involvements on 9/11, when he and his crew flew close, in space and time, to the crashes of two of the four airliners hijacked that day: American Airlines Flight 77 and United Airlines Flight 93.  The former hit the Pentagon, while the latter later crashed in a field in western Pennsylvania.

O'Brien's flight on September 11, 2001

O'Brien's flight tracks AA Flight 77
On September 11, 2001, O'Brien was flying a Minnesota Air National Guard C-130H (Hercules) cargo airplane using callsign GOFER06.  He and his crew were on a return journey to Minnesota after having delivered supplies in the Caribbean.  He took off from Andrews Air Force Base, just southeast of Washington, D.C., at about 9:30 am (EDT), and headed "north and west".  "[We] had a beautiful view of the Mall", he remarked.

O'Brien later stated, "this airplane [was] up and to the left of us, at 10 o'clock.  He was descending to our altitude, four miles or so away. The plane came nearer until it pretty much filled our windscreen.  Then he made a pretty aggressive turn, so he was moving right in front of us, a mile and a half, two miles away."

Washington Reagan National Airport air traffic control asked O'Brien to identify the aircraft.  He reported that the plane was either a 757 or 767 Boeing airliner, and that its silver fuselage meant it was probably an American Airlines jet.  Controllers asked ("vectored") O'Brien to follow the plane (later identified as the errant AA Flight 77) as it approached Washington, D.C., from the west.  He attempted to, having difficulty picking it out in the East Coast haze.  O'Brien saw a fireball, and initially believed the aircraft had hit the ground, but then saw the west side of the Pentagon.   He reported to the control tower, "Looks like that aircraft crashed into the Pentagon sir" and afterwards remarked that it had hit the west side.

O'Brien's flight sees smoke from the crash of UAL Flight 93
The Hercules resumed its scheduled flight path.  When crossing western Pennsylvania at about 10:00 am, local air traffic control asked them to try to spot another errant aircraft, Flight 93.  Black smoke was seen barreling from an open field on the left hand side of the Hercules.

O'Brien's flight was 17 miles from the crash site.  His flight observed the smoke within 1 minute 37 seconds of the crash of Flight 93.

Crew members
 O'Brien, Steven, Lt. Col., aircraft commander
 Schumacher, Robert, Major, copilot
 Rosenthal, Jeffrey, Master Sgt., flight engineer
 Divito, Joseph, Lt. Col., Navigator

See also
September 11, 2001 attacks

References

 Bob Von Sternberg, "'Hey, center, what's going on in New York? ...'",  Minneapolis Star-Tribune, Sept. 11, 2002.
 9/11 Commission Report, chapter 1, pp. 25–26, 29-30 (HTML version)
 9/11 Commission Report, Notes, p. 462, note 170 (HTML version).
 Sheree Savage, "Witnessing, now remembering the 9-11 attacks ", NorthStar Guardian online (133rd Airlift Wing publication), Sept. 11, 2006.
 "Profile: Steve O'Brien", Cooperative Research.

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People associated with the September 11 attacks
American Airlines Flight 77
United Airlines Flight 93


National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) is a national agency for weather forecasting under the Ministry of Earth Sciences (transferred from its former parent Ministry of Science and Technology), Government of India.

It is a premier institute in India to provide Medium Range Weather Forecasts through deterministic Methods and to offer Agro-Advisory Service (AAS) to the farmers. NCMRWF offers research opportunities in Numerical Weather Prediction, Diagnostic Studies, Crop Weather Modeling and Computer Science.

The National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF) is a Centre of Excellence in Weather and Climate Modelling under the Ministry of Earth Sciences. The mission of the Centre is to continuously develop advanced numerical weather prediction systems, with increased reliability and accuracy over India and neighbouring regions through research, development and demonstration of new and novel applications, maintaining highest level of knowledge, skills and technical bases.

External links
 Official website

Ministry of Earth Sciences
Weather forecasting
Weather events in India


Montréal (; ) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Nozières may refer to the following places in France:

 Nozières, Ardèche, a commune in the department of Ardèche
 Nozières, Cher, a commune in the department of Cher


Nozières () is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Payzac (; ) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Prades (; ) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


William ("Willy") Vanhuylenbroek (born 21 June 1956) is a long-distance runner from Belgium, who won the 1986 edition of Amsterdam Marathon, clocking 2:14:46 on 11 May 1986.  He had finished second the year before.  He finished in 16th place at the 1990 European Championships in Split.  He represented his national team at the 1981, 1986, 1987 and 1989 IAAF World Cross Country Championships.

Achievements

References

 1986 Year Ranking

1956 births
Living people
Belgian male long-distance runners
Place of birth missing (living people)


Sewerynów  is a village in Otwock County, Gmina Sobienie-Jeziory.The population is near 30. From 1975 to 1998 village was in Siedlce Voivodeship. It lies approximately  east of Sobienie-Jeziory,  south-east of Otwock, and  south-east of Warsaw.

Villages in Otwock County


Préaux may refer to the following places in France:

 Préaux, Ardèche, a commune in the department of Ardèche
 Préaux, Indre, a commune in the department of Indre
 Préaux, Mayenne, a commune in the department of Mayenne
 Préaux, Seine-Maritime, a commune in the department of Seine-Maritime
 Préaux-Bocage, a commune in the department of Calvados
 Préaux-du-Perche, a commune in the department of Orne
 Préaux-Saint-Sébastien, a commune in the department of Calvados
 Les Préaux, a commune in the department of Eure


Ragnar Alexander Stare (24 November 1884 – 30 June 1964) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics. In 1920 he won the silver medal as member of the Swedish team in the team small-bore rifle competition. He also participated in the individual small-bore rifle event but his exact place is unknown.

References

External links
profile

1884 births
1964 deaths
Swedish male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Olympic shooters for Sweden
Shooters at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Sweden
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Gotland County
19th-century Swedish people
20th-century Swedish people


Préaux (; ) is a commune in the Ardèche department in southern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Kerne may refer to:

 Kerne or Kernev, Breton names for the historic region of Cornouaille, in Brittany, France
 Radio Kerne, a radio station in Brittany broadcasting in Breton
 Kerne Bridge, Herefordshire, England, UK; a bridge
 Kerne, a type of traditional Irish soldiery, see Rapparee

See also

 Hennadiy Kernes (1959–2020) Ukrainian politician
 Cerne (disambiguation)
 Kern (disambiguation)


USS Bottineau (APA-235) was a  in service with the United States Navy from 1944 to 1947 and from 1951 to 1955. She was scrapped in 1983.

History
Bottineau was named after Bottineau County, North Dakota. She was launched on 22 November 1944 by Kaiser Shipbuilding of Vancouver, Washington, under a Maritime Commission contract; transferred to the Navy 30 December, and commissioned the same day.

World War II
Reporting to the Pacific Fleet, Bottineau carried a cargo of ammunition to Pearl Harbor during March 1945. Departing Pearl Harbor 9 April she carried replacement troops to Saipan, Marianas Islands, and evacuated casualties from Okinawa before returning to the United States on 10 June 1945. She then carried replacement troops to the Philippines and returned to Pearl Harbor to prepare for the invasion of Japan.

Following the Japanese surrender she landed elements of the 98th Division at Wakayama, Honshū, Japan, 1 October 1945. Bottineau departed 6 October for Guam and returned to the United States with Pacific veterans, arriving at Seattle, Washington, 26 January 1946.

Operation Crossroads
Between February and May 1946 Bottineau operated between San Francisco and San Diego. Departing San Pedro, California, 25 May 1946, she arrived at Bikini Atoll 6 June for Operation Crossroads, designed to test the effectiveness of atomic bombs on warships. Over 200 warships participated in the operation, 75 of them as targets.

Bottineau'''s role in the tests was to act as a transport for the target vessel boarding teams. Following the tests she returned to San Francisco, arriving 21 August. She was placed out of commission in reserve there 8 March 1947.

Cold War
Recommissioned 24 March 1951, Bottineau served with Amphibious Forces, Pacific Fleet, until August when she steamed to Norfolk, Virginia, arriving 4 September. Bottineau served with the Atlantic Fleet, taking part in amphibious training exercises and other routine peacetime duties, until going out of commission at Philadelphia 31 August 1955.

Fate
She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 July 1961 and returned to the Maritime Administration, who transferred her to the National Defense Reserve Fleet, James River, Fort Eustis, Virginia. On 1 January 1969, while still in the Reserve Fleet, she was redesignated an amphibious transport, LPA-235. She was sold for scrapping to Sociedad Anonima Desbar S.A. Spain on 1 August 1983.

Awards
For her World War II service Bottineau'' received one battle star.

References

APA/LPA-235 Bottineau, Navsource Online

Haskell-class attack transports
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Bottineau County, North Dakota
Ships built in Vancouver, Washington
1944 ships


Khatanbaatar Magsarjav (, ; 1877 – September 3, 1927) was a Mongolian general and a leading figure in Mongolia's struggle for independence. His contingent of 800 elite Mongol soldiers fought White Russian and Chinese forces over 30 times between 1912 and 1921, without a single defeat. He served as acting prime minister from February 15, 1921 to March 13, 1921, under Roman Ungern von Sternberg's puppet regime and then later as minister of the army in the 1920s. He received the title Ardyn () in 1924.

Youth

Magsarjav was born in the Itgemjit banner of Sain Noyon aimag, in what is today the Hutag district of Bulgan aimag. His father Sandagdorj was part of the banner's nobility. When Magsarjav was 11, his banner duke began teaching him to read and write, and at the age of 16 the banner duke arranged for him to marry a local girl named Tsevegmid, and gifted the young couple some property. Until he was 25, Magsarjav worked for the banner prince, tending his herds or leading camel caravans. Upon his father's death, Magsarjav inherited his noble title. According to Choibalsan's biography of Magsarjav, he then turned to farming, while also occasionally working for the banner office. By 30, his wife and Magsarjav had had ten children, of whom only five survived.

Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
In 1911, Magsarjav was assigned to Khovd as Mongol military aide to the Manchu amban stationed there. After Mongolia's declaration of independence, Magsarjav transmitted the new government's demand for the ambans' removal. After the amban's refusal, Magsarjav returned to Niislel Khüree to report on the situation. In May 1912, he and Damdinsüren were appointed commander of the army and was dispatched to liberate Khovd. On the night of 20 August 1912, Khovd has been taken by the Mongolian army about 2500 in number. Dambijantsan (Ja Lama), Magsarjav, the Bargut commander Damdinsüren and Khaisan have led the operation. Before that, relief Chinese force sent in from Shar süm/Xinjiang had been annihilated. For their success at Khovd, Damdinsüren received the title Manlaibaatar (forefront hero), while Magsarjav received the title Khatanbaatar.

In the spring of 1913, Magsarjav commanded troops defending the southern border against Chinese incursions near Jingpeng and Dolon Nur in Inner Mongolia . According to Choibalsan, after spending the winter in Mongolia, Magsarjav returned to Inner Mongolia in 1914 to lead operations near Hohhot. However, Russia, fearing a new conflict with Japan, refused to help so the Mongol troops were called back. He was later awarded the Autonomous Mongolian government's "Shar Joloo" medal. In the years that followed, Magsarjav fought against forces under the Bavuujav, who was continually raiding eastern Mongolia. He was later sent to Mongolia's western border. In 1918, Magsarjav was awarded his own banner, which had been carved out his native Itgemjit banner.

Chinese Occupation and the 1921 revolution
After Chinese troops under General Xu Shuzheng occupied Mongolia in 1919, Magsarjav was imprisoned in Niislel Khuree in mid-1920 on suspicion of having contacts with resistance groups headed by Sükhbaatar. Manlaibaatar Damdinsüren had died in the same prison after suffering torture at the hands of the Chinese. Magsarjav was freed by Baron Ungern after the latter had liberated Niislel Khüree from Chinese troops in February 1921. From March 1921, Magsarjav served as commander-in-chief of all Mongolian troops under Ungern von Sternberg's puppet government. He assisted Baron Ungern in recruiting Mongolian soldiers and participated in the Baron's operation expelling remaining Chinese troops from Mongolia.

In May 1921, Magsarjav left the capital ostensibly to mobilize troops in Uliastai and western provinces to confront the expected invasion of Mongolian partisans (commanded by Sükhbaatar) and Red Army units. However, in July 1921, Magsarjav joined the Russian Reds and Mongolian revolutionaries with his troops. Later that month, Magsarjav's troops unexpectedly encircled and killed Ungern's Buryats and Russian contingents stationed near Uliastai; their commanders ran but were killed later. At night to July 22, under the pretext of destroying Whites, Uliastai was seized, and a considerable part of Russian settlers and refugees were killed.

Post-revolution
Magsarjav continued to fight remnants of Ungern's troops and other White Russian forces in Western Mongolia until mid-1922, He was then appointed Minister of the Western Frontier, and in December 1922, he became Minister of the Army. He was one of the first to refuse his feudal rank. In 1923 anti-revolutionary resistance groups (made up mostly of troops formally under Ungern command), sought Magsarjav's assistance.  Magsarjav instead organized their seizure by the Ministry of Inner Affairs. In 1924, Magsarjav officially joined the Mongolian People's Party, and his title was transformed to Ardyn ("People's") Khatanbaatar Magsarjav. Later that year, he was sent to Moscow on official business. In 1925, he became a candidate member of the People's Party's central committee.

In 1926, Magsarjav became seriously ill and died on September 3, 1927. He is buried in a ger-shaped mausoleum in Bulgan town.

Khatanbaatar's Elite Khalkha Contingent

Across Mongolia Magsarjav mobilized about 800–2000 soldiers. Out of these, 400 of them were an Elite Commando called Khalkhyn Tsereg (Халхын Цэрэг), meaning 'Khalkha's soldiers'. The Khalkhyn Tsereg were Magsarjav's most trusted contingent and entirely consisted of ethnic Khalha Mongol soldiers, recruits from various regions of Mongolia. This elite commando troops played a major role in most of the military victories of the Mongol army over its enemies whether they would be Chinese, Red Russians or White Russian Guards.

It is said that he personally recruited each of the individuals in the elite commando and thus knew everyone by their place of origin. Though the actual geographic distribution is not well known, it is often speculated that they came mostly from today's Zawkhan, Tuv, Khuwsgul, Bulgan, Ömnögovi, Khovd, Arkhangai and Uvs provinces of modern Mongolia.

After each fight or gathering, he would order his troops to gather back at the specific time and location for the next campaign. All of his elite troops would always obey his orders.

From  1912 to 1921 Khatanbaatar led his troops and fought White Russians and Chinese more than 30 times. He defeated Chinese troops many times, and later managed by ruse to defeat some White Russians (including well-known general Bakich). Small groups of the Whites were destroyed.

At the same time, Magsarjav with his detachment of 400 men very carefully pursued large White troop formations retreating from western Mongolia to Xinjiang: he waited for weapons from the Reds, as well as reinforcements. The majority of the contingents of White Russians in western Mongolia were defeated with or without the support of Soviet Red Army, with most retreating to Xinjiang.

Khatanbaatar's fame of bravery and success were broadly publicized during the time of pro-communist rule in Mongolia, while negative sides of his activity were concealed.

In popular media
 The 1981 Mongolian film titled Khatan-Bator directed by Jigjidsuren Gombojav (by Mongol Kino).
 The 2013 Remake titled Khaatanbaatar Magsarjav by MobiCom and Soyombo Films.
 Lost Horizon
 Huns of the Steppe (1976)
 Bogd Khaan

References
Sources

Further reading
Urgunge Onon, Mongolian Heroes of the 20th Century, New York 1976, p. 105-142 (translation of Kh. Choibalsan, A brief history of Ardyn Khatanbaatar Magsarjav, Ulaanbaatar 1942)

Mongolian military personnel
1877 births
1927 deaths
Prime Ministers of Mongolia


David Poyer (born 1949) is an American author and retired naval officer. He has written over 40 books, mostly novels.

Early life
He was born in DuBois, Pennsylvania in 1949.

Career
Poyer graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1971. He wrote as an active duty naval officer and a naval reserve captain; his service included duty in the Atlantic, Arctic, Pacific, Caribbean, and Persian Gulf area prior to his retirement from the Navy in July 2001.

Poyer began writing in 1976 and as of 2021 had published well over forty books. He has been called "the most popular living author of American sea fiction".

Although best known for his naval fiction, during the 1980s, Poyer also wrote alternative history and science fiction  under the pseudonym David Andreissen.  He has also published short fiction and nonfiction in numerous magazines, and is currently the contributing editor of SHIPMATE Magazine.

Poyer's most popular novels, set in the present day, follow the career of U.S. Navy officer Dan Lenson, a thoughtful surface line officer whose ethical questioning sometimes conflicts with his duty.  Another series, more slanted to the adventure genre, features an ex-Coast Guard commercial diver, Lyle "Tiller" Galloway. Both series have been published by St. Martin's Press. A series about the US Navy during the American Civil War is also published by Simon & Schuster. According to Poyer, much of his work draws upon his own experiences in military service and as a cruising sailor and sport diver.

Poyer also published a series of books set in a fictional Hemlock County. They explore the history and folklore of north-western Pennsylvania, and the Pennsylvania oil industry that was the original basis for American industrial power. One of the 2018 books in the series, Thunder on the Mountain, is set in the Great Depression period.

Poyer taught in the Wilkes University MA/MFA low-residency program in Creative Writing for sixteen years. He retired from teaching in 2021 but still consults. He's a fellow of the Ossabaw Writers Retreat and the Virginia Center for the Creative Arts, a life member of ASNE, SNA, and USNAAA, and has served as a board member of the Library of Virginia and the Eastern Shore Public Library.

Personal life
He lives with Lenore Hart on Virginia's Eastern Shore.

Publications

Dan Lenson Novels
 The Gulf, St Martins Press, 1990.
 The Med, St. Martin's Paperbacks 1991
 The Circle, St. Martin's Paperbacks, 1993.
 The Passage, St. Martin's Paperbacks, 1997
 Tomahawk, St. Martin's Paperbacks, 2000.
 China Sea, St. Martin's Press, 2000.
 Black Storm, St. Martin's Paperbacks, 2003.
 The Command, St. Martin's Press, 2005.
 Korea Strait, St. Martin's Press, 2007.
 The Threat, St. Martin's Paperbacks, 2007.
 The Weapon, St. Martin's Press, 2008.
 The Crisis, St. Martin's Press, 2009.
 The Towers, St. Martin's Press, 2011.
 The Cruiser, St. Martin's Press, 2014.
 Tipping Point, St. Martin's Press, 2015.
 Onslaught, St. Martin's Press, 2016.
 Hunter Killer, St. Martin's Press, 2017.
 Deep War, St. Martin's Press, 2018.
 Overthrow, St. Martin's Press, 2019
 Violent Peace, St. Martin's Press, 2020
 "Arctic Sea", St. Martin's Press, 2021
 "The Academy", St. Martin's Press, December 12, 2023

Tiller Galloway Thrillers
 Bahamas Blue, St. Martin's Paperbacks, 1992.
 Hatteras Blue, St. Martin's Paperbacks, 1992.
 Louisiana Blue, St. Martin's Paperbacks, 1995.
 Down to a Sunless Sea, St. Martin's Paperbacks, 1998.

Hemlock County
 The Dead of Winter, Tor Books, 1988.
 As The Wolf Loves Winter, Forge Books, 1997.
 Thunder on the Mountain, Forge Books, 2000.

Others
 White Continent Jove Publications, 1980.
 The Shiloh Project: What If The Civil War Happened Now? Avon Books, 1981.
 Star Seed (Starblaze Editions), Walsworth Publishing Company, 1982.
 The Return of Philo T. McGiffin St. Martin's Press, 1983.
 Stepfather Bank St. Martin's Press, 1988.
 Task Force 61 New English Library Ltd, 1990.
 Winter in the Heart Tor Books, 1994.
 The Only Thing to Fear Tor Books, 1996.
 The Return of Philo T. McGiffin (Bluejacket Books) US Naval Institute Press, 1997 (reissue)
 A Stopover in Utah (Kalliope: a Journal of women’s literature and art, 1998)
 Fire on the Waters : A Novel of the Civil War at Sea Simon & Schuster, 2003.
 A Country of Our Own: A Novel of the Confederate Raiders Simon & Schuster, 2005.
 That Anvil of Our Souls: A Novel of the Monitor and the Merrimack Simon & Schuster, 2006.
 Ghosting St. Martin's Press, 2010.
 The Whiteness of the Whale, St. Martin's Press, 2013.
 "Heroes of Annapolis", Northampton House Press, 2018.

Citations and notes

References
 Gidmark, Jill B., Encyclopedia of American Literature of the Sea and Great Lakes, Greenwood Press, 2001.

External links
David Poyers home page
Biography

1949 births
Living people
People from DuBois, Pennsylvania
American male writers


In India, a driving license is an official document that authorises its holder to operate various types of motor vehicles on highways and some other roads to which the public has access. In various Indian states, they are administered by the Regional Transport Authorities/Offices (RTA/RTO). A driving licence is required in India by any person driving a vehicle on any highway or other road defined in the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988. This act sets limits on the minimum age for vehicle operation ranging from 16 to 20, depending on specific circumstances.
A modern photo of the driving licence can also serve many of the purposes of an identity card in non-driving contexts such as proof of identity (e.g. when opening a bank account) or age (e.g. when applying for a mobile connection).

Background
Applications for a provisional driving license can be made from the age of 16. Valid for driving a moped or gear less motorcycle from aged 16, and a car or any motor vehicle other than a transport vehicle who are aged 18 or older. The common "All India Permit" allows the licensee to drive throughout the country. For driving commercial/transport vehicles, one should obtain endorsement (and a minimum age of 20 years, in some states) in the driving license to effect under s.3(1) of The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988. Until a driving test (which consists of three sections: verbal or written test (depending on the state), road sign test followed by a supervised driving examination) has been passed a driver may hold only a provisional license and be subject to certain conditions.

The conditions attached to provisional licenses of a particular category of vehicle are:
 L-plates must be conspicuously displayed on the front and rear of the vehicle.
 Learner drivers of a particular category and transmission type of vehicle must be accompanied by somebody who has held a full driving license for that category and transmission type, except in the case of solo motorcycles and vehicles of certain categories designed solely for one person.
 Motorcycle riders must not carry any pillion passengers.
 Bus drivers must not carry any passenger except a person giving or receiving instruction.

Anyone applying for a driving license for the first time has to apply for a learner license (LLR) as a prerequisite. If you have a learner’s permit, you are only permitted to drive while under a licensed driver’s supervision.

After passing a driving test, the provisional license may be surrendered in exchange for a full Indian license for the relevant kind of vehicle. Full car licenses allow use of mopeds, motorcycles and cars.

A license is valid until the age of 40, if applied before 30 years of age. Between 30 and 50 years of age, it is valid for 10 years. From 50 to 55 years of age, it is valid until the holder's 60th birthday. Above 55 years of age, it is valid for 5 years under the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Act, 2019. The driving license is required to be renewed after the expiry of its validity. It previously had 20 years of validity.

Application of driving license in India can be done both by online or by self. The website is known as the Parivahan Seva. For the need or help and assistance for the issuing a driving license, one may approach the nearest government authorized driving license issuing center.

Theory testing
Tests on basic driving rules are conducted at the RTOs when an individual applies for a provisional license. The theoretical test in India consists of basic road sign questions, which are the same for car and motorcycle tests:
 Multiple choice questions – questions with a choice of possible answers. At least nine questions should be answered correctly to pass this section. The test can also consist of upto 20 questions of which the applicant must get a tleast 14 questions correct.
 Verbal or written test (depending on the state).
The theory test is completed on the computer, and both must be passed in order to pass the theory test.

Driving license categories

This is a list of the categories that might be found on a driving licence in India.

MC 50CC (Motorcycle 50cc) — motorcycles with an engine capacity of up to 50cc.
MC EX50CC (Motorcycle more than 50cc) — motorcycles, light motor vehicle, and cars.
 Motorcycles/Scooters of any engine capacity, with or without gears with an engine capacity of 50cc or more (old category).
MC Without Gear or M/CYCL.WOG (Motorcycle Without Gear) — motorcycles, scooters without gears, all motorcycles.
MCWG or MC With Gear or M/CYCLWG (Motorcycle With Gear) — all motorcycles, engine capacity more than 175cc.
LMV-NT (Light Motor Vehicle—Non Transport) — for personal use only.
LMV-INVCRG-NT (Light Motor Vehicle—Invalid Carrige Non Transport) — for personal use by physically handicapped persons only.
LMV-TR (Light Motor Vehicle—Transport) — for commercial transportation including light goods carrier.
'LMV (Light Motor Vehicle)' — including cars, jeeps, taxis, delivery vans.(16th Apr 2018 GOI Ministry of Road Tran & Highways No. RT-11021/44/2017-MVL).
LDRXCV (Loader, Excavator, Hydraulic Equipment) — for Commercial application of all hydraulic heavy equipment.
HMV (Heavy Motor Vehicle) — a person holding an LMV driving license can only apply for a heavy license.
HPMV (Heavy Passenger Motor Vehicle).
HTV Heavy Transport Vehicle (Heavy Goods Motor Vehicle, Heavy Passenger Motor Vehicle).
TRANS (Heavy Goods Motor Vehicle, Heavy Passenger Motor Vehicle).
TRAILR — for all kinds of trailers.
AGTLR — (Agricultural Tractor and Power Tiller) A person holding an AGTLR can drive an Agricultural tractor and Power tiller on farms, local roads, some Major District Roads and some highways without a trailer. (most of the highways are restricted for farm machinery and slow-moving equipment, some jurisdiction have different rules, so the operator need to go through the concerned Authority).
Additional Endorsement of Driving License — (AEDL) Private/Commercial drivers should have an additional Badge if they are driving a taxi or any other public transport vehicle.
IDL (International Driving License) — Driving license permit to be made separately to ride or drive in abroad places. This license from India Is valid in the listed countries. The places where the International Driving license is not acceptable, there one have to give the test to get it from that nation to drive the cars or ride the bikes there.
In order to drive a Vehicle carrying hazardous goods, the driver must have an additional Hazard Goods Endorsement in addition to a Transport class license or LMV class on their license.
To drive a motor vehicle in hilly terrain or a ghat section the driver needs a Hill Driver Endorsement.

Most of the legislation regarding licensing is in the Rules of the Road Regulation and the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.

Points and endorsements
India uses cumulative points systems, broadly similar but different in detail in different countries, for offenders.

Points are given for driving offenses by law courts, and the license is endorsed accordingly. An Indian driving licence may be endorsed by the courts for various offenses, not only for those committed whilst driving or in charge of a vehicle. If the individual committing the offence does not hold a valid driving licence the driver is subject to be penalised or face imprisonment of up to 3 months. Violation of traffic signals, triple driving on motorcycle/scooter/two-wheeler, using vehicles without registration or in unsafe condition may endorse and attract 3 negative points in each case.

In the case of two-wheelers, helmet laws are mandatory for the main rider and the pillion rider. Offences such as for drink or drug driving are recorded on the license and the offender is prosecuted and imprisoned.

Twelve points on the license makes the driver liable to cancellation/suspension of driving license for one year; accumulation of twelve points for the second consecutive time would lead to suspension of driving license for five years.

Production

Drivers are legally obliged to carry a valid driving license while driving. Under s.130 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988; a police officer or any other official authorised by the government can ask for vehicle-related documents, and the driver should produce them within 15 days at the police station (or the concerned department).

The law permits officials to seize a license, and issue a temporary one for a specified time. The law also allows the state government to set fines or prison terms for minor traffic violations, and specifies who has the rights to enforce these rules.

Every driving license has a maximum number of endorsements allowed. If the driver does not follow the traffic rules or causes any fault, then a penalty fine is issued and an endorsement put on the license. An excessive number of endorsements may lead to cancellation.

See also

 Driving in India
 Speed limits in India
 Road signs in India

References

Road transport in India
Identity documents of India


Driving licenses in Israel come in twelve types, similar  to the European driving license (although small differences exist). To receive a license, each applicant must pass a medical and eye checkup, and a theoretical test, before taking a number of practical lessons culminating in the practical test.

Types of licence

Israel has the following types of driving licences:
 A2, A1 and A licences – for two-wheeled vehicles, with horse power limits set at:
A2 – 14.6 HP,
A1 – 47.46 HP,
A – no limit

 B – for passenger vehicles up to 3.5 tons and up to 8 passengers (not including driver)
 C1, C – trucks,
C1 for private minibus up to 8 passengers.
C – for trucks up to 12 tons and no tonnage limit

 D3, D2, D1, D – for large passenger vehicles.
D3 for a private minibus up to 5 tons,
D2 for a public minibus with the same tonnage limit,
D1 for a public transport vehicle with up to 16 passengers, and
D for buses.

 C+E – for commercial motor vehicles, up to 3.5 tons (including attachments)
 1 – for tractors (not included in EU standards)

Passenger car licence
Anyone aged at least 16 years and 9 months may receive a Type B driver's license. After receiving both a medical and eye checkup, an applicant can take a 30 question multiple-choice test, of which they must answer at least 26 correctly. Before taking the actual driving test, they must receive at least 28 lessons at a certified driving school. After passing the internal driving school test, the instructor will arrange the road test, which will be taken in the driving school's vehicle. If someone fails either the written or driving test, one must wait one day before retaking the written test. In the past, the wait time to take a second driving test was uncertain, ranging between three and six months.
Since July 2018, the driving tests are conducted by private contractors and the wait time has been reduced to up to 5 days for the first test and up to 14 days from the second test and onward.
Once the driving test has been passed, the licensing authority will issue a temporary license together with a payment voucher. Once the fee has been paid, the actual license will be sent in the mail.

For the first three months, the new licensee must be accompanied by someone aged over 24, who has had a license for at least 5 years, or someone over 30, who has had a license for over 3 years. For the next three months the new driver must also be accompanied as before from at night, specifically from 9 P.M. until 6 am. In addition, for the first two years, the new driver must display a sign reading "New Driver" (, Nahag Hadash) in black letters on a yellow background. Anyone failing to comply with these requirements is subject to be fined and tried in traffic court for driving without a license. If a new driver violates a traffic law, one may be required to retake the written and driving test.

Foreign driving licence
New immigrants, tourists, temporary residents, and citizens returning after residing overseas for at least a year may drive in Israel on a foreign licence for one year from entry into Israel.

Licence conversion
Anyone possessing a foreign driving licence residing in Israel for more than 12 months must convert their driving licence. As of 13 August 2017, any immigrant that held a driving licence 5 years prior to his/her immigration can convert his/her licence Without taking any tests  After applying at the local licence authority office for an exemption from the written test and the requirement for 28 lessons, one is required to pay for a test at the local post office, and the instructor will arrange for an abbreviated driving test. Prior to 13 May 2014 if the applicant failed two such tests, he or she had to pass the written test before retaking a thorough driving test. Legislation passed by the Knesset on that date, however, allows a licensed foreign driver to re-take the test indefinitely within the first three years following immigration into Israel.

References

External links
 Israeli Ministry of Transportation (English site)
 List of Countries Recognising Israel's Driving Licence (Hebrew)
 Driver's licence Conversion (Nefesh B'Nefesh)

Israel
Law of Israel
Juvenile law
Minimum ages
Road transport in Israel


In Pakistan, the driving licence is the official document which authorises its holder to operate various types of motor vehicles (depending on the type of licence) on publicly accessible roads. Driving licences can be obtained by submitting an application to any licensing authority in the applicant's district.

Obtaining a driver's licence
Any person at least 18 years old can apply for a driving licence. The applicant must show their National Identity Card and must be able to read a car number plate from a distance of 20.5 metres (65').

For a new licence the person needs to apply first for a learner's permit.

 The candidate needs to come to the office, in person.
 The candidate needs to show a valid CNIC (Computerised National Identity Card)
 The candidate can only apply in the district of their domicile (In case of the out district, permission may be granted from the concerned MLA/DPO in advance).
 Paste a ticket of PKR 60 for each category e.g. motor bike, car, etc.
 Medical form duly signed from the authorised medical practitioner

Medical tests
After fulfilling the medical tests the applicant is eligible for getting the computerised learner's permit. The learner's permit is valid for six months normally. And after that the person is eligible for a Computerised Driving Licence. In this six months time Candidates have to pass through a series of tests. Phase 1 requires to pass a computerised written test, followed by road signs test. If the candidate fails in any of the phase 1 tests, then the candidate shall retry phase 1 after a gap of 42 days. Passing requires at least 50% correct answers. After Phase 1, Phase 2 is a practical test in which the candidate is tested to drive in narrow spaces, and park in a narrow space. If during the test, the candidate's car touches any of the poles, then a retest can take place after 42 days.

After successfully passing the test the person can get the computerised driving licence which is valid for 5 years or 3 years according to candidate's liking.

Security features
The National Database & Registration Authority has developed an RFID-based driver's licence that bears a license holder's unique, personal information as well as stores data regarding traffic violations and tickets issued / outstanding penalties. Data is stored in two halves of the chip. One half contains the personal information of the licence holder and cannot be changed or modified. The second half is re-writable, where history of violations can be recorded. At the end of the day, violation data is transferred from the policeman's handheld device to local police station which is then transferred to the central server (at district/state level) through secure channel that ensures data security and integrity. The e-Driver's Licence system has been developed to automatically revoke driving rights in case of traffic violation. Comprehensive data of violations is electronically stored and available to the authorities. The e-driver's licence also allows the authorities to provide for supplementary provisions and services. The RFID driver's licence enables improvements in identity verification, privacy protection and highway safety.

Rules for the licence
LTV.HTV.PSV

1 Learner's driving permit of motorcycle / motorcar / LTV / HTV / PSV / tractor (agriculture) shall be valid for six months, however the applicant can appear for practical driving test after 42 days

2 Learner's driving permit of construction / agriculture machinery shall be valid for one year, however the applicant can appear for practical driving test after six months

3 Foreigners' Driving Licence shall be valid for the duration of valid Pakistani visa

4 International Driving Permit shall be valid for one year

5 All other categories of Driving Licences issued under these Rules other than PSV licences shall be valid for 5 years

6 PSV Licences shall be valid for three years unless otherwise provided in these Rules, cancelled/suspended by the Authority or a competent Court earlier

Categories
In Pakistan, there are different categories of driving licence.

 Motorcar/jeep: motorcar/jeep driving licence is valid for non-commercial car.
 Motorbike/rickshaw
 LTV: light transport vehicle driving licence is valid for commercial car/taxi, jeep, mini bus, Mazda and lightweight transport.
 HTV: Heavy transport vehicle driving licence is valid for buses, trucks, trailers, cranes, and any type of heavy transport.
 Tractor (agricultural)
 PSV: public service vehicle
 International driver's permit

Verification of licence
If a person has a valid driving licence in Pakistan, he/she can verify the status of his/her licence through licence authority website of his province. He/she has to put his/her CNIC number to the system. The system provides following information of that licensee.

 Licence number
 Name
 Father/husband name
 City
 Allowed vehicles (M.Cycle, M.Car, Jeep, LTV, HTV etc)
 Issue date
 Valid from
 Valid to

Driving licence Renewal
Driving licence in Pakistan usually issued for 5 years. After completion of 5 years, a renewal of licence is required for further 5 years. For this purpose, a licensee should visit his nearest driving licence office with required documents. Following documents are required to submit.

 Filled application form
 2 passport size photographs
 A copy of CNIC 331040886441.7
 Current driving licence (expired)
 Required tickets of relevant licence

After completing the process, the licence is posted to the address mentioned in the application form.

See also
 Computerised National Identity Card
 Pakistani passport

References

Pakistan
Road transport in Pakistan


The Driving License of the People's Republic of China () is the legal driving license within China, excluding the two special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). In these two territories, separate driving licenses must be obtained from their respective traffic authorities. It is issued, ratified, and regularly inspected by the traffic administrative department of the public security organ.  Minimum age varies from 18 (for cars) all the way up to 26 (for large buses) in the country.

Learner's licenses, although granted, have little effect, as most training takes place within the confines of specially-designed training areas inaccessible, on paper, to the general motoring public. Previously, expressways were inaccessible even for holders of a normal driver's license if they did not possess the license for a full year. However, such a regulation has now been invalidated. Drivers with licenses less than a year old, however, are still considered "intern drivers" or "new drivers" (), and certain limitations apply to them (examples: displaying a uniform label on the car when they are driving or having a person who has at least three years driving experience sit in the front passenger seat while driving on highways). The PRC considers the driving license, under a new law, an administrative license ().

Some areas do not issue motorcycle licenses or three-wheeler licenses any more. This promotes driving without a license, fake licenses, or illegally-purchased licenses.

History
The first driver's license in the PRC was issued in 1949 to Mr. Guo from Shandong.

During the Maoist era, due to a person not being allowed to own a private car, obtaining a license was hard. Usually used only for work, a person had to be politically-checked before obtaining a license and the processing would last 2 to 3 years.

After China's economic reforms began, owning a private car was gradually allowed and the appearance of driver training schools in China began in the 1990s, and since then, the number of applicants for a license had steadily increased.

On April 10, 2019, the Ministry of Public Security  announced that applications for light motor vehicles (Type C1, C2, and C5) are no longer required to provide proof of residence in the issuing region if their hukou is not in the region. Before that, anyone whose hukou is not in the issuing region must have a "temporary living permit"（暂住证 or 居住证) of the region or other similar proof in order to take a test and get a license (of any Type). In October 2020, the Ministry of Public Security said that obtaining a motorcycle driver's license (Type D, E, and F) will not require a hukou starting on 20 November 2020. Some regions within China don't issue motorcycle licenses, effectively banning motorcycle driving.

Types of license

References

External links
 Motor Vehicle Driver's License Number Information Service Network

China
China, People's Republic of


The Russian Empire was one of the first countries to create a driving licence. Russia's first licences were issued in 1900 by Saint Petersburg authorities, and Russia joined an international convention in 1909. However, due to relatively small number of cars, the attempts to create a standardised Russian licence were rather sporadic and limited to major urban areas. No comprehensive system of driver licensing was present until 1936, when the Soviet government organised and standardised traffic and driving regulations, with the state-wide system regulated by specialised police authorities.

Driving on-road vehicles

Since March 2011 there are following categories that require a driving licence:

A: any type of motorcycles
A1: motorcycles with engine capacity not more than 125 cm3 and engine power not more than 11 kW
B: cars (automobiles) with permissible maximum weight not more than 3.5tons and number of passenger seats not more than 8 (optionally with trailer with permissible maximum weight not more than 750kg)
B1: tricycles and quadracycles
C: trucks (automobiles) with permissible maximum weight over 3.5tons (optionally with trailer with permissible maximum weight not more than 750kg)
C1: trucks (automobiles) with permissible maximum weight over 3.5tons but not more than 7.5tons (optionally with trailer with permissible maximum weight not more than 750kg)
D: buses with number of passenger seats more than 8 (optionally with trailer with permissible maximum weight not more than 750kg)
D1: buses with number of passenger seats more than 8 but not more than 16 (optionally with trailer with permissible maximum weight not more than 750kg)
BE: cars (automobiles) with permissible maximum weight not more than 3.5tons and number of passenger seats not more than 8, coupled to trailer with permissible maximum weight over 750kg but not exceed the unladen mass of the motor vehicle, where the combined permissible maximum weight of the vehicles so coupled does not exceed 3.5tons
CE: trucks (automobiles) with permissible maximum weight over 3.5tons, coupled to trailer with permissible maximum weight over 750kg
C1E: trucks (automobiles) with permissible maximum weight over 3.5tons but not more than 7.5tons, coupled to trailer with permissible maximum weight over 750kg but not exceed the unladen mass of the motor vehicle, where the combined permissible maximum weight of the vehicles so coupled does not exceed 12tons
DE: buses with number of passenger seats more than 8, coupled to trailer with permissible maximum weight over 750kg, and also all types of articulated buses
D1E: buses with number of passenger seats more than 8 but not more than 16, coupled to trailer with permissible maximum weight over 750kg but not exceed the unladen mass of the motor vehicle, where the combined permissible maximum weight of the vehicles so coupled does not exceed 12tons
M: mopeds (small vehicle with engine capacity not more than 50 cm3 and with maximum design speed not exceeding 50 km per hour) and light quadracycles; this category is assigned automatically if person have any other category open
Tm: trams
Tb: trolleybuses

The current licence style, introduced in 2011, is a laminated plastic card similar to the European driving licence card in dimensions and outward appearance, with the bearer's photo and name (in Latin and Cyrillic scripts), place/date of issue, allowed categories, and signature. The reverse of the card features a detailed list of allowed categories. This new style is fully compliant with the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic, and therefore is acceptable in all its signatory states and countries. Older credit-card-style and booklet-style licenses are also occasionally seen although they are no longer issued and are increasingly rare as a result. The Russian driving licence is also sometimes supplemented by a special card called "временное разрешение" (temporary permission), which serves for registering offense points and as a temporary licence if the primary licence has been seized by the authorities for serious traffic offences. This supplement has been abolished and reinstated a countless number of times as the views of the traffic police change.

The legal driving age within the Russian Federation is 18 years (16 for motorcycles and 20 for buses) and to obtain a licence one must be physically fit to drive (including certificates of mental fitness and no record of substance abuse). One must also pass a test administered at a local traffic police authority and pay a fee. Tests are divided into theory and practice. The theory test is usually a computerized multiple-choice test on various traffic rules. Twenty multiple-choice questions are asked, only one incorrect answer allowed in two different test topics (for a total of two incorrect answers) for a passing grade, after the main part of the test is finished, five additional questions are added for every incorrect answer, bringing a total maximum of questions to 30. Practice part of the test is divided into two parts: basic skills test conducted in an isolated area (steering, slope starting, backing-up, parallel parking and an obstacle course) and a road test conducted on public roads. Four minor errors are allowed for the road driving examination. The number of retries is virtually unlimited, but there is a mandatory grace period of one week for the first three tries and a month for any subsequent ones.

Driver's licences are issued by subdivisions of the General Administration for Traffic Safety of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and grant the right to drive on-road vehicles only.

Driving off-road vehicles

The right to drive off-road vehicles is granted by tractorist-machinist's license , which is issued by state inspections of the supervision of the technical condition of self-propelled machines and other machinery  (these state inspections are parts of the regional governments of federal subjects of Russia and may have different names). The Ministry of Agriculture approves the form of the license and the procedure for issuing it.

There are the following categories in tractorist-machinist's license:

AI: quad bikes, snowmobiles and other off-road vehicles with steering that is similar to motorcycle's steering
AII: wheeled cross-country vehicles weighing less than 3.5tons, including amphibious snow-and-swamp vehicles (TREKOL-39294, VIKING-29031, etc.),
AIII: haul trucks
AIV: off-road buses
B: wheeled and caterpillar tractors with engine power less than 25,7 kW
C: wheeled tractors with engine power from 25,7 kW to 110,3 kW
D: wheeled tractors with engine power over 110,3 kW
E: caterpillar tractors with engine power over 25,7 kW
F: self-propelled agricultural machinery

To obtain the tractorist-machinist's license with AII category applicant must have at least 1-year driving experience by category B of driver's license, AIII category – category C of driver's license, AIV category – category D of driver's license.

For getting the tractorist-machinist's license applicant has to pass theoretical and practice exam on the program approved by the Ministry of Agriculture. If applicant doesn't have the driver's license he also has to pass theoretical exam on the program approved by the General Administration for Traffic Safety of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (knowledge of traffic rules).

References

External links

Russia
Road transport in Russia