The Santa Barbara oil spill occurred in January and February 1969 in the Santa Barbara Channel, near the city of Santa Barbara in Southern California.  It was the largest oil spill in United States waters at the time, and now ranks third after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon and 1989 Exxon Valdez spills.  It remains the largest oil spill to have occurred in the waters off California.

The source of the spill was a blow-out on January 28, 1969,  from the coast on Union Oil's Platform A in the Dos Cuadras Offshore Oil Field.  Within a ten-day period, an estimated  of crude oil spilled into the Channel and onto the beaches of Santa Barbara County in Southern California, fouling the coastline from Goleta to Ventura as well as the northern shores of the four northern Channel Islands.  The spill had a significant impact on marine life in the Channel, killing an estimated 3,500 sea birds, as well as marine animals such as dolphins, elephant seals, and sea lions. The public outrage engendered by the spill, which received prominent media coverage in the United States, resulted in numerous pieces of environmental legislation within the next several years, legislation that forms the legal and regulatory framework for the modern environmental movement in the U.S.

Background
Because of the abundance of oil in the thick sedimentary rock layers beneath the Santa Barbara Channel, the region has been an attractive resource for the petroleum industry for more than a hundred years.  The southern coast of Santa Barbara County was the location of the world's first offshore oil drilling, which took place from piers at the Summerland Oil Field in 1896, just  from the spill site.  An economic boom accompanied the development of the Summerland field, which transformed the spiritualist community of Summerland into an oil town in just a few years.

Oil development in the Channel and adjacent coastline was controversial even from the earliest days, as by the late 19th century the city was beginning to establish itself as a health resort and tourist destination with dramatic natural scenery, unspoiled beaches, and a perfect climate.  In the late 1890s, when the Summerland field began to expand much closer to the city of Santa Barbara, a crowd of midnight vigilantes headed by local newspaper publisher Reginald Fernald tore down one of the more unsightly rigs erected on Miramar Beach itself (in 2010 the location of a luxury hotel).  In 1927, the discovery of oil west of Santa Barbara led to the development of Ellwood Oil Field. This caused the city to be bracketed on east and west with oil fields, the new one a bonanza and the depleted Summerland field a largely abandoned, blighted waste.  In 1929, the Mesa Oil Field was discovered within the city itself, on the blufftop adjacent to present-day Santa Barbara City College.  Residential construction in the vicinity of the Mesa field halted, as oil presented easier and faster money to the land developers.  Oil derricks sprouted on the hilltop within easy view of the harbor, on narrow town lots intended originally for houses.  While local protests were vocal, they failed to shut down the oil development, as there was a city ordinance at the time specifically allowing drilling on the Mesa.  The oil derricks only went away when production on the small Mesa field abruptly declined and ended in the late 1930s.

Improved technology gradually allowed drilling farther and farther from shore, and by the middle of the 20th century drilling was being carried out near Seal Beach, Long Beach, and in other areas on the Southern California coast from human-made islands built in shallow water close to shore.  Nearer to the site of the oil spill, the first drilling island was built in 1958 by Richfield Oil Company.  Named Richfield Island, now Rincon Island, it was constructed in  of water near Punta Gorda, between Carpinteria and Ventura, to exploit the offshore portion of the Rincon Oil Field; this island, now owned by Greka Energy, remains in active production.

In the Santa Barbara Channel, geologists realized that the anticlinal trend which held the extremely productive Rincon and Ventura Oil Fields did not end at the shoreline, but extended underneath the Channel.  Prospectors for oil sought ways to drill in deeper water.  Seismic testing under the Channel began shortly after the Second World War, in an attempt to locate the suspected petroleum reservoirs deep underneath the ocean floor.  The testing was noisy and disruptive; explosions rattled windows, cracked plaster, and filled the beaches with dead fish; local citizens as well as the Santa Barbara News-Press vocally opposed the practice, which continued nonetheless, but after a delay and under tighter controls.  Yet the testing had revealed what the oil company geologists had suspected, and the population feared:  the probable presence of sizeable exploitable petroleum reservoirs in relatively shallow water, approximately  deep, within reach of developing ocean-drilling technology.

A series of legal and legislative actions, however, delayed actual oil platform construction and drilling until the mid-1960s, as the Federal and State governments fought for ownership of submerged lands.  Congress passed the Submerged Lands Act in 1953, which granted to the states all lands within  of shore, known as the tidelands.  After two more years of wrangling with state legislature, Santa Barbara arrived at a compromise with the oil companies, creating a no-drilling zone in the Channel  long and  wide adjacent to the city of Santa Barbara.  However, several major oil fields were found within state waters on either side of this zone, and the State granted leases in these fields beginning in 1957.  Development of these resources commenced, with the first offshore oil platform – Hazel – being built in 1957.  Platform Hilda, adjacent to Hazel, was erected in 1960.  Both platforms tapped into the Summerland Offshore Oil Field, and were easily visible from Santa Barbara on a clear day.  Platform Holly, in the offshore portion of the Ellwood Oil Field about  west of Santa Barbara, was emplaced in 1965.

Development of leases in the federal waters was next.  As the technology became available, and after the seismic surveys of the Channel had revealed that the oil was probably there, the federal government put the portions of the Santa Barbara Channel outside of the  tidelands limit up for lease.  This was possible because a 1965 Supreme Court decision finally settled the competing claims on the submerged lands outside of  limit, giving them to the federal government.  The first lease sale took place on December 15, 1966, after a notice of the impending sale in the Federal Register went unnoticed by local officials.  A consortium of oil companies, including Phillips, Continental, and Cities Service Oil Company, was awarded the first lease after paying over $21 million for the rights to drill on approximately  of ocean floor in the Carpinteria Offshore Oil Field.  The rig the three companies emplaced – Platform Hogan – was the first oil platform offshore of California in Federal waters.  It became operational on September 1, 1967.  On February 6, 1968, a total of 72 leases went up for bid.  A partnership between Union Oil, Gulf Oil, Texaco, and Mobil acquired the rights to Lease 241 in the Dos Cuadras Offshore Oil Field.  Their first rig on that lease, Platform A, went into position on September 14, 1968, and commenced drilling.

Local hostility to the oil industry had been growing during the period from 1966 to 1968, despite assurances from the oil industry and the federal government that the wells would be installed and operated safely.  On June 7, 1968,  of crude oil spilled into the sea from Phillips' new Platform Hogan, in spite of the oil company's assurances that such a thing would not happen, and the assurances of Stewart L. Udall, the Secretary of the Department of the Interior; and in November, a local ballot referendum was successful in preventing the construction of an onshore oil facility at Carpinteria.

Oil spill

Blowout on Platform A

Platform A was positioned in  of water,  from the shore at Summerland.  It had 57 slots for wells from which it could drill directionally into the oil reservoir from different angles.  At the time of the spill, it was one of twelve platforms already in the waters off California, and one of two operated by Union Oil in the Dos Cuadras field.  Four oil wells had already been drilled from the new platform, though not yet put in production.  Work on the fifth was under way.

On the morning of January 28, 1969, workers drilling the fifth well, A-21, reached its final depth of , attaining this depth in only 14 days.  Of this depth, only the top  had been fitted with a steel conductor casing; the rest was to be fitted with one once the drill bit was out.  After the workers pulled the drill bit out, with some difficulty, an enormous spout of oil, gas, and drilling mud burst into the air into the rig, splattering the men with filth; several of them attempted to screw a blowout-preventer onto the pipe, but against a pressure of over , this proved to be impossible; all workers except for those engaged in the plugging attempt were evacuated, due to the danger of explosion from the abundant natural gas blown from the hole; finally, the workers tried the method of last resort, dropping the remaining drill pipe – almost  long – into the hole, and then crushing the top of the well pipe from the sides with a pair of "blind rams", enormous steel blocks slamming together with force sufficient to stop anything from escaping from the well.  It took thirteen minutes from the time of the initial blowout to the time the blind rams were activated.  Only then did the workers both on the rig and in boats nearby notice the increase in bubbling at the ocean surface hundreds of feet from the rig.  Plugging the well at the top had failed to stop the blowout, which was now tearing through the ocean floor in several places.

Normally, an offshore well would have been built with at least  of conductor casing, as required by federal regulations at the time, as well as approximately  of a secondary, inner steel tube known as the surface casing.  Both of these protective casings were intended to prevent blowout of high-pressure gas out of the sides of the well bore into and through adjacent geologic formations.  At Well A-21, this is exactly what happened.  Since there was no casing below  sufficient to stop the immense pressure of gas, once the well was plugged at the rig, the oil and gas left the well bore, ripping right through the soft sandstones on the floor of the Santa Barbara Channel, and spewing a huge amount of oil and gas all the way to the water surface where a thick bubbling oil slick quickly began to grow and spread.

Expansion of the spill

The disturbances on the surface of the ocean, which began to appear only 14 minutes after the blowout, expanded during the next 24 hours.  The largest was a dramatic boil-up about  east of the platform; another smaller disturbance broke the ocean surface about  west of the platform, and several smaller areas of bubbling could be observed around the platform itself.  Even after the well was further plugged at the platform with drilling mud during the next week, these continued to boil up.  Investigators later determined that oil and gas was emerging uncontrolled through five separate rips on the ocean floor.

The first announcement of the potential disaster was made by Don Craggs, Union Oil's regional superintendent to Lieutenant George Brown of the U.S. Coast Guard, about two and a half hours after the blowout.  He told Brown that a well had blown out but no oil was escaping.  Craggs declined an offer for help, suggesting that the situation was under control.

The seriousness of the spill became evident the next morning, as a Coast Guard helicopter took Brown along with a State Fish and Game warden out over the platform, where they were able to see a central slick extending for several miles east, west, and south of the platform.  They estimated a total of  covered by oil at 8 a.m., less than 24 hours after the blowout.  An anonymous worker on the drill rig telephoned the Santa Barbara News-Press regarding the blowout, and the newspaper immediately obtained confirmation from Union Oil's headquarters in Los Angeles.  The story was out.  Union Oil Vice President, John Fraser, assured reporters and local officials that the spill was small, with a diameter of , and that the well would be quickly controlled; additionally, he gave an estimated spill rate of  per day. Later estimates put the spill rate at  per day, releasing about  in the first days.

Santa Barbara was experiencing a stormy winter, with a large flood event having occurred on January 25, just three days before the blowout.  Enormous amounts of fresh water were still running offshore from local streams, flowing south and southwest in the vicinity of the rig.  Combined with the prevailing north-northwesterly winds typical of the area between storm systems, this pushed the expanding oil slick away from the shore, and it seemed for several days that the beaches of Santa Barbara would be spared.  However, another huge storm system affected the region on February 4, with winds moving around the compass clockwise from southeast to west; this pushed the oil slick north into Santa Barbara harbor and onto all the beaches of southern Santa Barbara County and northwestern Ventura County.  Booms had been placed around the harbor and beaches, but the surf was heavy in the storm, and the oil was up to  deep at the boom by late afternoon on the 4th. That evening the booms failed completely, breaking under the assault of the storm and by the morning the entire harbor, containing around 800 boats, was several inches deep in fresh crude oil, and all the boats were blackened.  Residents were evacuated, due to the risk of explosion from the abundant hydrocarbon vapors, and both the oil contractors and the Coast Guard began using chemical dispersants on the oil near the shore.

On the morning of February 5, residents of the entire populated zone on the coast awoke to the stink of crude oil, and the sight of blackened beaches, sprinkled with dead and dying birds.  The sound of the waves breaking was eerily muted by the thick layer of oil, which accumulated on shore in some places to a depth of .  Residents visited the beaches and looked on in horror.  Robert Olney Easton recounts a beachside encounter on February 5 between Dick Smith and a high school student, Kathy Morales:

Media coverage and public response
Media coverage of the spill was intense from the moment the oil reached the shore.  The spill was the major headline in many morning newspapers on February 5, also receiving wide coverage on radio and television.  The same morning, a U.S. Senate subcommittee interviewed local officials as well as Fred Hartley, president of Union Oil, on the disaster in the making.  Three major television networks were there along with over 50 reporters, the largest media turnout for any Senate subcommittee meeting since the Committee on Foreign Relations discussed the Vietnam War.  During the meeting, local officials made their case that the Federal government had a conflict of interest, in that they were making money from the same drilling they were mandated to oversee and regulate.  Hartley defended Union's record and denied that the event was a disaster:  "I don't like to call it a disaster, because there has been no loss of human life.  I am amazed at the publicity for the loss of a few birds."  Most controversially, offshore drilling operations – all of which were suspended immediately on February 3, by direct request of the Walter Hickel Secretary of the Interior, pending a "complete reevaluation and reassessment of the situation" – had resumed after just a break of several hours, just long enough for a closed-door meeting between oil company representatives and Department of the Interior officials.  Local officials, not invited to the meeting, were furious that "complete reevaluation and reassessment" could have occurred in such a short time, and in a meeting that excluded them; the fierce exchange was covered on national television, along with grim footage of the thousands of dying birds on the tarred beaches of Santa Barbara, and the spontaneous efforts of hundreds of civilian volunteers to pile straw on the oil, scrub rocks with detergent, and struggle to save a few of the less-oiled birds.

As the nation watched the spill on the television news, the hastily assembled volunteer crews gathered to clean up the oil in any way they could.  They distributed enormous piles of straw, spreading them over oiled sections of the beach, and then raking them into disposable piles. Other workers used steam to clean the oil off boulders, in the process boiling rock-clinging marine life such as mussels.  Airplanes dropped chemical dispersants to help break up the oil, even though those chemicals were themselves toxic to wildlife.  Bulldozers pushed contaminated sand into piles for offsite disposal.  Civilian volunteers rescued many tarred birds by taking them to numerous rescue facilities put together during the first days, but even after rescue the survival rate for birds was only around 12 percent.  The first dead dolphin was found, its blowhole clogged by oil.  Offshore, ships skimmed oil from the ocean surface into holding tanks, but as fast as they skimmed it up, new oil rolled in from the south.

Late on February 6, the day after the spill washed ashore, President Richard Nixon announced a complete cessation of drilling, as well as production, in federal waters of the Santa Barbara Channel, with the solitary exception of the relief well being drilled to intersect the blown-out borehole.  Still the spill continued to spew from fissures in the ocean floor, undiminished, and by noon on February 7 a $1.3 billion class action lawsuit had been filed against Union Oil and their partners on Platform A.  On the platform itself, workers labored continuously to try to kill the well.  They made their final attempt that afternoon and evening, pumping  of the heaviest available drilling mud into the well at pressures of thousands of pounds per square inch.  They had almost exhausted their supply of mud when the oil and gas boiling up from the ocean began to slow down, and by 8:00 p.m. it had stopped.  Delivering the coup de grâce, the crews rammed over 1,000 sacks of concrete into the well.  Well A-21 would leak no more.  Approximately  of oil had already spilled into the ocean at this point; but there was more to come.

Continued spill
Five days after workers killed Well A-21, on February 12, a Commercial Fisheries research vessel studying dissolved oxygen levels in the water made an unpleasant discovery:  from the ocean floor itself, three large new boils of gas and oil were emerging from ruptures each about ten yards across, and a large slick was again accumulating on the ocean surface.  Once again, an anonymous telephone call from a rig worker alerted the Santa Barbara News-Press to the existence of a new oil spill from the supposedly killed well – only now the oil was coming from the ocean floor, seeping from somewhere other than the filled borehole.  Community outrage reached new heights:  particularly infuriating was that it was private citizens that had again discovered the problem, and the oil company only acknowledged its existence later.

This time the problem needed to be solved on the ocean bottom.  Union put a large steel cap over much of the leaking area, but leaks continued from other nearby locations.  The company estimated the leak rate at up to  per day.  The federal government approved reopening some wells to attempt to intercept oil underneath the sea floor, and even reopening A-21; neither method worked.  The next measure involved pumping oil at a maximum rate from all five wells on Platform A, on the theory that such action would reduce reservoir pressure and thus the leak rate, but this only increased the rate at which oil spewed from the rents in the ocean floor.  Meanwhile, the cleanup progressed with setbacks, as huge waves of newly spilled oil fouled partially cleaned beaches, and oil from the spill reached locations as distant as Pismo Beach in San Luis Obispo County, Catalina Island, and Silver Strand Beach in San Diego.  Despite attempts by Union to cement the cracks in the ocean floor, leaks continued, with a leak near one of the platform legs predominating on February 23.  By the end of the month, its flow had reduced, but oil was still seeping, at a diminishing rate, from cracks both east and west of the platform.  Leaking continued at a rate of about  a day, diminishing but never completely stopping, reaching a stable leak rate of between  a day by May and June 1969, a leak rate which persisted at least into 1970.  One last spill occurred at Platform A:  a release of about  between December 15 and 20, 1969, from a pipeline break.

Total cleanup time for most of the beaches was about 45 days after the initial spill, although globs of tar continued to wash ashore due to the high seep rate, and bigger patches came ashore during subsequent spills.  Most beaches were open to the public by June 1, although some of the rocky areas on the shore were not cleaned until around August 15.  Yet oil continued to pool and wash up on shore; on August 26, the harbor was so full of oil that once again it had to be closed, with cleanup crews spreading straw from boats to bunch the oil up again, just as they had six months before.  Indeed, oil from the spill persisted in the ocean into 1970, with large areas of crude still being observed.  Since the spill occurred during the stormy season, when beach sand is at its lowest levels (it replenishes during the course of a normal spring and summer), one fear was that regions of oily sand would be revealed during the following winter; however this did not happen.

President Nixon's visit; further oil development

On March 21, President Nixon came to Santa Barbara to see the spill and cleanup efforts for himself.  Arriving at the Point Mugu Naval Air Station, he then took a helicopter tour of the Santa Barbara Channel, Platform A, and the polluted, partially cleaned beaches.  He landed in Santa Barbara and spoke to residents, promising to improve his handling of environmental problems, telling the crowd, "...the Santa Barbara incident has frankly touched the conscience of the American people."  He also mentioned that he would consider a halt to all offshore drilling, and told assembled reporters that the Department of the Interior had expanded the former buffer zone in the Channel by an additional , and was converting the previous buffer zone into a permanent ecological preserve. However, on April 1, the ban was lifted, and drilling allowed to proceed on five leases in the channel, under stricter oversight. Anger of local residents increased after this reversal.

After a series of unsuccessful struggles in the courts to prevent further oil development in the Channel, the Department of the Interior gave the green light on August 15 to Sun Oil to construct their Platform Hillhouse adjacent to Union's Platform A. Protestors harassed the convoy bringing the platform all the way from the Oakland shipyard, down the coast, and into the Channel. :Get Oil Out! (GOO!) staged a "fish-in" with boats and even helicopters fishing (unsuccessfully) at the planned platform site, one mile east of Platform A. They refused to move until the Supreme Court responded to their appeal. Then the crane lifting the platform from the barge bungled the platform transfer, and Platform Hillhouse flopped over in the water, legs-up, about two hundred yards from the fleet of protestors.  While this was going on, the Supreme Court denied the appeal, allowing Sun Oil to proceed, even though their platform floated upside down – an absurd and discomforting sight to local residents hopeful that the spill might have made oil industry accidents less likely.  By November 26, Hillhouse was installed correctly, and Platform C, the final platform to be built of the four in the Dos Cuadras field, went up in 1977.

Consequences

Environmental effects

The environmental effects of the spill were immediate and dramatic.  At least 3,686 birds died – those being the ones that were counted; an unknown number died unseen.  Some marine mammals, such as sea lions and elephant seals died, although the numbers are unknown.  Effects on other organisms varied.  Fish populations seemed to be unaffected in the long term, although data from 1969 showed a drop in counts of several species.  Authors of a Marine Fisheries Review study were unwilling to make a firm link with the oil spill, since other variables such as water temperature and a subsequent El Niño year could not be ruled out as causes of the divergence.  Intertidal organisms such as barnacles (Chthamalus fissus) were killed in large numbers, with mortality in some areas as high as 80 to 90 percent.

Overall, long-term environmental effects of the spill seemed to be minimal.  In a "no strings attached" study funded by the Western Oil and Gas Association, through the Allan Hancock Foundation at the University of Southern California, the authors suggested several hypotheses for the lack of environmental damage to biologic resources in the Channel aside from pelagic birds and intertidal organisms.  First, creatures there may have evolved a tolerance to oil in the water due to the presence of natural seeps in the vicinity for at least tens of thousands of years; the area around Coal Oil Point has one of the most active natural underwater oil seeps in the world.  Second, the abundance of oil-eating bacteria in the water may be greater because of that routine presence of oil in the water.  Third, the spill happened between two large Pacific storms; the storms broke up the oil, scattering it more quickly than happens in many other oil spills, and additionally the sediment load in the seawater from freshwater runoff would have been greater, and this assisted the oil in quickly sinking.  Fourth, Santa Barbara Channel crude oil is heavy, having API gravity between 10 and 13, and is both minimally soluble in water, and sinks relatively easily.  Therefore, fish and other organisms were exposed to the oil for a shorter time than was the case with other oil spills, such as the 1967 Torrey Canyon spill in which the crude was lighter, and emulsified during treatment with massive quantities of toxic dispersants and detergents, causing it to remain in place longer.

Reports that large sea mammals were largely unaffected by the spill were flatly contradicted by a story in Life magazine, published on June 13, 1969.  In late May, reporters and photographers from the magazine visited uninhabited San Miguel Island, the westernmost of the Santa Barbara Channel Islands, famous for its colonies of elephant seals and sea lions.  The team counted over one hundred dead animals in the stretch of beach they visited, which was still black with oil.

Economic effects
Economic effects of the spill were most severe during 1969, as all commercial fishing was suspended in the affected area, and tourism suffered a precipitous drop.  Most ocean-related industries were affected in some way.  Property damage along the shoreline was also considerable, since the storms had washed oil up beyond the normal high-tide line.  Both governmental entities and private individuals filed class-action lawsuits against Union Oil to recover damages.  These were settled within about five years.  The City of Santa Barbara received $4 million in 1974 for damages inflicted.  Owners of hotels, beachfront homes, and other facilities damaged by the spill received $6.5 million; the commercial fishing interests received $1.3 million for their losses; and cities, the state, and the County of Santa Barbara settled for $9.5 million in total.

Policy consequences
While the Santa Barbara oil spill was not the sole event which built the regulatory and legislative superstructure of the modern environmental movement in the United States – some prominent pieces of which include the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the Clean Water Act, and in California the California Coastal Commission and California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) – it was one of the most dramatic and visible of the several key events that led up to those changes. Through the 1960s, industrial pollution and its consequences had come more and more to the public attention, commencing with Rachel Carson's 1962 book Silent Spring and including such events as the passage of the Water Quality Act, the campaign to ban DDT, the creation of the National Wilderness Preservation System, the 1967 Torrey Canyon tanker accident which devastated coastal areas in both England and France, and the burning of the Cuyahoga River in downtown Cleveland, Ohio. At the time, the Santa Barbara spill was the largest oil spill ever in U.S. waters, and its occurrence during a fierce battle between local residents and the very oil company responsible for the spill only made the controversy more intense, the battle more public, and the anti-oil cause seem more valid to a wider segment of the populace. In the several years after the spill, more environmental legislation was passed than in any other similar period in U.S. history.

The spill was the first test for the new National Pollution Contingency Plan, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson in 1968. Officials from the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, created only in 1965, came to Santa Barbara to oversee not only the cleanup but the effort to plug the well.

Local organizations formed in the aftermath of the spill included Get Oil Out! (GOO), formed on the first day of the disaster, as well as the Environmental Defense Center and the Community Environmental Council. Additionally, Rod Nash (Declaration of Environmental Rights author), Garrett Hardin, environmental lawyer Marc McGinnes and others created the first undergraduate Environmental Studies program of its kind at the University of California at Santa Barbara. A California ballot initiative created the powerful California Coastal Commission, which oversees all activity within the coastal zone ( from the shoreline, and inland in a band ranging from several hundred feet in urban areas to several miles in some rural parts of the coastline).

NEPA in particular completely changed the regulatory situation, in that it required that all projects by any federal government agency be scrutinized for their potential adverse environmental impacts prior to approval, including a period for public comment.  This included proposals to place new drilling platforms in offshore oil leases.

Moratoria and bans on offshore leasing and drilling
The California State Lands Commission has not granted any new leases for offshore drilling within its jurisdiction – out to the  limit – since 1969, although existing operations, such as at Platform Holly on the Ellwood field and Rincon Island on the Rincon field, have been allowed to continue.  A proposal to slant drill into the state-controlled zone from an existing platform outside of it, on the Tranquillon Ridge, was rejected in 2009 by the State Lands Commission by a 2–1 vote.

The issue of drilling beyond the three-mile limit, in federal waters of the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS), has been more complicated. Production from existing leases has been allowed almost without break since the spill, as well as new drilling from existing platforms within lease boundaries.  However, no new leases have been granted in the OCS since 1981.  In 1976, leases were sold off the Orange County coast, resulting in the construction of Platforms Edith, Elly, Ellen, and Eureka; in 1979, Platforms Harvest and Hermosa were constructed in federal waters near Point Arguello, and in 1981, the oil fields in that area were further developed with the sale of another pair of leases which now contain platforms Hidalgo and Irene.

In 1981 Congress enacted a moratorium on new offshore oil leasing, with exceptions in the Gulf of Mexico and parts of offshore Alaska, that remained in effect until 2008 when Congress did not renew it.

Leases purchased in the 1960s in some cases were not developed until much later.  Even though there was a moratorium on new leases, Exxon installed Platforms Harmony and Heritage in the Santa Barbara Channel in 1989, in over  of water, completing development of their Santa Ynez Unit (which includes the Hondo and Pescado Oil Fields).  Several federal leases remain undeveloped, including the Gato Canyon Unit southwest of Goleta.

Environmental Rights Day
Roughly three months before Earth Day, Santa Barbara celebrated Environmental Rights Day on January 28, 1970, the first anniversary of the oil blowout. Here the Declaration of Environmental Rights, created by Rod Nash, was read. The same people who organized this event, led by Marc McGinnes, had been working closely with Congressman Pete McCloskey (R-CA) for the creation of the National Environmental Policy Act. McCloskey, Senator Gaylord Nelson), Denis Hayes, Senator Alan Cranston, Paul Ehrlich, David Brower spoke at the Environmental Rights Day conference and endorsed the Declaration of Environmental Rights. Hayes said this was the first giant crowd he spoke to that "felt passionately, I mean really passionately, about environmental issues," and that he thought then this might be the beginning of a movement.

Earth Day
The aftermath of the spill inspired then-Sen. Gaylord Nelson of Wisconsin to organize what came to be known as "Earth Day", when he  succeeded in amassing some 20 million people to the cause of educating people on issues related to the environment on April 22, 1970, with the help of Denis Hayes, the organizer of the first Earth Day, and U.S. Rep. Pete McCloskey of California.

Current operations
Platform A remains in the Santa Barbara Channel along with its three siblings, Platforms B, C, and Hillhouse, still pumping oil from the largely depleted field.  As of 2010, the Dos Cuadras Field has produced 260 million barrels of oil; the Minerals Management Service estimated in 2010 that  remaining in the field are recoverable with present technology.

The current operator of the drilling platform, along with the other three platforms on the Dos Cuadras field, is the private firm DCOR LLC, of Ventura, California. They acquired Platform A from Plains Exploration & Production in 2005. DCOR is the fourth company to run the platform since Unocal sold its Santa Barbara Channel operations in 1996.

See also
 California Coastal Commission
 List of oil spills
 History of Santa Barbara, California
 Offshore oil and gas in California
 1971 San Francisco Bay oil spill
 2015 Refugio State Beach oil spill
 2021 Orange County oil spill

References

Further reading
 Daniel Haier (2005, January 31). "A Lasting Legacy of Offshore Drilling." UCSB Daily Nexus 85(68).

 A report published by the California Division of Oil, Gas, and Geothermal Resources in 1972 describes the geology involved, and also differentiates between the seepage caused by the underground blowout, and natural seepages in the channel: California Offshore Oil and Gas Seeps

External links
 County of Santa Barbara, Energy Division
 Blowout at Union Oil's Platform A
 A history of the 1969 oil spill event
 1969 Santa Barbara Oil Spill
 Oil spills, Richard Nixon and the EPA

Oil spills in the United States
Disasters in California
Environmental issues in California
Petroleum in California
History of Santa Barbara County, California
History of environmentalism
1969 in the environment
1969 industrial disasters
1969 disasters in the United States
1969 in California
Environmental history of the United States


Paul Arpin (born 20 February 1960 in Bourg-Saint-Maurice) is a retired long-distance runner from France, who represented his native country in the men's 10,000 metres at the 1988 Summer Olympics, finishing in seventh place.

Paul Arpin also finished third at the 1987 IAAF World Cross Country Championships behind Kenyans John Ngugi and Paul Kipkoech. He was also part of the bronze medal-winning French team at the 1988 edition behind Kenya and Ethiopia (Paul Arpin finished 11th individually)

Achievements

References
 1988 Year Ranking

1960 births
Living people
French male long-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for France
People from Bourg-Saint-Maurice
Sportspeople from Savoie
20th-century French people


The 1st constituency of Allier is a French legislative constituency located in north east Allier département.  It takes in the town of Moulins, and has an estimated total population of 77,746.

Members elected

Election results

2022

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| colspan="8" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
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* Jean Mallot stood as a dissident member of the Socialist Party, which is part of the NUPES alliance. Therefore, the 2017 PS result is included in the NUPES total for swing calculations. Mallot's swing is calculated against his own result from 2017.

2017

2012

|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Candidate
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Party
! colspan="2" | 1st round
! colspan="2" | 2nd round
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"
! width="75" | Votes
! width="30" | %
! width="75" | Votes
! width="30" | %
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Guy Chambefort
| style="text-align:left;" | Socialist Party
| PS
|
| 38.17%
|
| 57.62%
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Pierre-André Perissol
| style="text-align:left;" | Union for a Popular Movement
| UMP
|
| 33.36%
|
| 42.38%
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Marie-Françoise Lacarin
| style="text-align:left;" | Left Front
| FG
|
| 14.67%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Yves Lecrique
| style="text-align:left;" | National Front
| FN
|
| 9.67%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Gérard Matichard
| style="text-align:left;" | Europe Ecology – The Greens
| EELV
|
| 2.36%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Gérard Guillaumin
| style="text-align:left;" | Europe Ecology – The Greens
| EELV
|
| 0.99%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Bernard Lebel
| style="text-align:left;" | Far Left
| ExG
|
| 0.78%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Total
|
| 100%
|
| 100%
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Registered voters
|
| style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|
| style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Blank/Void ballots
|
| 1.17%
|
| 2.25%
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Turnout
|
| 61.91%
|
| 62.21%
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Abstentions
|
| 38.09%
|
| 37.79%
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:left;" | Result
| colspan="2" style="background-color:" | PS gain
|}

2007

|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Candidate
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Party
! colspan="2" | 1st round
! colspan="2" | 2nd round
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"
! width="75" | Votes
! width="30" | %
! width="75" | Votes
! width="30" | %
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Guy Chamberfort
| style="text-align:left;" | Miscellaneous Left
| DVG
|
| 30.45%
|
| 54.53%
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Pierre-André Perissol
| style="text-align:left;" | Union for a Popular Movement
| UMP
|
| 40.41%
|
| 45.47%
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Delphine Mayrargue
| style="text-align:left;" | Socialist Party
| PS
|
| 8.66%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Jacques Cabanne
| style="text-align:left;" | Communist
| COM
|
| 6.62%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Danielle Demure
| style="text-align:left;" | Democratic Movement
| MoDem
|
| 5.54%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Carla de Conde
| style="text-align:left;" | National Front
| FN
|
| 2.43%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Gérard Matichard
| style="text-align:left;" | The Greens
| VEC
|
| 1.33%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Michèle Beaunieux
| style="text-align:left;" | Far Left
| EXG
|
| 1.29%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Jean-Marie Guillaumin
| style="text-align:left;" | Ecologist
| ECO
|
| 0.81%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Christophe Darmangeat
| style="text-align:left;" | Far Left
| EXG
|
| 0.74%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Michelle Miallet
| style="text-align:left;" | Movement for France
| MPF
|
| 0.56%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Hugues Auvray
| style="text-align:left;" | Divers
| DIV
|
| 0.45%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Judith Genot
| style="text-align:left;" | Divers
| DIV
|
| 0.36%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Serge Deville
| style="text-align:left;" | Far Right
| EXD
|
| 0.32%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Suzanne Corgie
| style="text-align:left;" | Divers
| DIV
|
| 0.01%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Total
|
| 100%
|
| 100%
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Registered voters
|
| style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|
| style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Blank/Void ballots
|
| 2.20%
|
| 2.76%
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Turnout
|
| 63.21%
|
| 67.05%
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Abstentions
|
| 36.79%
|
| 32.95%
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:left;" | Result
| colspan="2" style="background-color:" | DVG GAIN
|}

2002

|-
| colspan="8" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
|-

1997

Sources

 Official results of French elections from 1998:

1


Stoyko Kolev () (born on 11 April 1986) is a Bulgarian footballer currently playing for FC Karnobat as a midfielder.

Career
Kolev started his career in Naftex Burgas and played for the club in the A PFG. In January 2007 signed with Sliven 2000 for a free transfer.

References

Bulgarian men's footballers
1986 births
Living people
PFC Neftochimic Burgas (2009–2014) players
OFC Sliven 2000 players
FC Chernomorets Balchik players
OFC Nesebar players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players

Men's association football midfielders


Aculco is a municipality located in the Atlacomulco Region of the State of Mexico in Mexico. The name comes from Nahuatl. The municipal seat is the town of Aculco de Espinoza, although both the town and municipality are commonly referred to as simply "San Jerónimo Aculco".

The municipality is 110 kilometers away from Mexico City, and is known for its artisans and cheeses, according to El Heraldo. Aculco currently has a population of over 44,823 inhabitants. The mayor or municipal president of Aculco is Jorge Alfredo Osnornio.

History
Aculco was founded approximately in 1110 AD by the Otomies, despite the fact that its name comes from Nahuatl. After being a village inhabited by Otomies for long time, it became a region dominated by the Mexicas, who lived there many years before the founding of Tenochtitlan.

With the arrival of the Spanish in 1540, construction on the church and the convent of San Jeronimo began. In November 1810, Miguel Hidalgo and his contingent, who began the Mexican War of Independence, arrived in the region. Aculco was also where insurgents, led by Don Miguel Hidalgo, lost a battle against the troops of Felix Ma. Calleja.

During the nineteenth century, the town hall and the first primary school in the region were constructed. Public baths and a municipal pool were also built.

On February 19, 1825, it became a municipality. In 1914 and 1915, Aculco was the scene of clashes led by the revolutionaries’ carrancistas, villistas and Zapatistas.

Geography

The municipality of Aculco has a geographical extent of . That represents 2.18% of Mexico State, of which it is a part of. Aculco borders Polotitlán in the north, Querétaro in the south, and Acambay and Timilpan in the south. It is approximately 100 kilometers away from or over 1 hour from Toluca, Toluca.

Climate
Aculco has a relatively cool, humid climate, with rain in the summer. The annual average temperature is of , with the lowest temperature occurring in the winter. The rain season starts at the end of March or beginning of April and lasts until October or November.

Flora and fauna

There is a diversity in plants and animals of temperate climate and semi-arid climate (Mezquital Valley).

Native animals include: cacomistle, skunk, gopher, Virginia opossum, rabbit, Mexican gray squirrel, turkey, colibri, turkey vulture, northern mockingbird, rattlesnake, pine snake, black phoebe, rufous-crowned sparrow, great horned owl, axolotl, frog, toad, red ant, bee, and others.

Politics

Mayors
Sworn in to the role on December 13, 2018, Aculco Jorge Alfredo Osornio Victoria will remain president until 2021. He was previously a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party.

Economy
The main economic activity of Aculco is the ranching of animals like pigs and sheep. The municipality's principal products include milk, fur, wool and egg. Aculco's inner commerce principally occurs at the municipal market, while its outer commerce is with Toluca, Mexico City and Querétaro.

Another major economic activity of Aculco is the exploitation of natural resources like sand, with quarries present in the region. The municipality is also home to a metal structure manufacturing company.

Aculco is famous for the dairy products it produces. In 2019, Aculco has about 60 artisan workshops for cheese and dairy production.

Tourism
Aculco contains a number of notable geographic features. Two cascades are located in the area: "Tixhiñu" and "la Concepción". Rivers including the Río Ñadó and Río Prieto also flow through the municipality.

Aculco is home to numerous historic sites, including the San Jerónimo and the "Garrido Varela" bullring, as well as the former residence of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla. Two busts are located in Aculco in the memory of Benito Juarez and Miguel Hidalgo.

Demographics
According to INEGI, in 2005, Aculco has a population of over 40,000. The ethnic composition is mainly Otomi.

Over 16,000 people in the region are illiterate.

Communities belonging to the municipality

Other communities include:

Culture
The foundation of the Aculco municipality is celebrated on February 19. In March and April, the municipality holds a scenic performance of Semana Mayor that starts on Holy Thursday, in honor of Señor Nenthé. There is a festival to the Saint Patron Saint Jerome on September 30, including regional fairs, dances, and food.

Notable people

Fernando Altamirano (baptized 1848 in Aculco), physician, botanist and naturalist
Mauro Máximo de Jesús (born 1957 in Aculco), - athlete
Ignacio Espinoza Martínez
Lucas Magos Bárcenas y Cornejo
Alfonso Díaz de la Vega
Pablo de San Antonio Indio
Juan García, Juan Nicolás
Sotero González Mena
Juan Maldonado Chemiso
José Rafael Polo
José Trinidad Polo
Manuel Polo

See also
Camino Real de Tierra Adentro

References

External links


Marian Gołębiewski  (noms de guerre "Irka", "Korab", "Lotka", "Ster", "Swoboda"), a soldier of the Home Army and the anti-Communist organization Wolność i Niezawisłość was born on 16 April 1911 in Płońsk, Poland.

Family and early life
His father was a shoemaker, and in 1922 the family moved to Inowrocław. Gołębiewski, who graduated from a teachers' college, took up several jobs. He worked for Sport Club Goplana Inowrocław, as a reporter of the Dziennik Kujawski daily and as a clerk. Finally, in March 1939 he moved to Kołomyja, where began working as a teacher in local elementary school.

World War Two

In the West

During the Polish September Campaign Gołębiewski volunteered to the 45th Infantry Regiment of the Polish Army. On 19 September 1939, together with a group of soldiers, he crossed the Polish-Romanian border and was interned. Two months later he found himself in France, where he graduated from a military school in the Polish camp at Coetquidan. After a promotion to chorąży, he joined the 1st Grenadiers Division (Poland).

During German invasion of France, Gołębiewski, then already a sergeant, fought in Alsace and Lorraine. On 21 June 1940 he was captured by the Germans and was sent to a POW camp in Sarreguemines, from where he escaped on the night of 4-5 October 1940. Across France, Spain and Gibraltar Gołębiewski reached England on 13 July 1941. Soon afterwards he began a Cichociemni training.

In Poland

Gołębiewski was flown to Poland on 2 October 1942 and dropped by parachute in the area of Dęblin. In mid-November, he moved to Zamość, where he later took over the post of commandant of the Kedyw directorate. Between late 1942 and early 1943 German occupiers were forcibly displacing Poles from the area and the Home Army units carried out several attacks on German posts and units. In April 1943 Gołębiewski distinguished himself, when he freed Alicja Szczepankiewiczowa, the wife of the Commandant of Tomaszów Lubelski Home Army District, together with their 9-year-old son.

In October 1943 he became commandant of the Hrubieszów District. Gołębiewski favoured the offense against Ukrainian units of UPA, active in the area, and skirmishes between Poles and Ukrainians lasted there until June 1944. Meanwhile, Gołębiewski became commandant of the Włodzimierz Wołyński District, where he helped soldiers of the 27th Polish Home Army Infantry Division cross the Bug River. Wounded twice, he managed to get out of German encirclement in June 1944.

After 1945

After the Red Army advanced into the District of Lublin, Gołębiewski continued the struggle, this time against the Communists. On 19 August 1944, in a joint action with the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (against whom  Gołębiewski previously fought) his unit took over a Soviet prison in Hrubieszów, freeing Home Army soldiers kept there. Also, his men robbed a local savings bank, as they were in desperate need of money. Gołębiewski, who was known for his anti-Communist stance, cooperated with Narodowe Siły Zbrojne and with the Ukrainians. His attitude towards them changed drastically, former enemies became allies because of mutual threat from the Soviets. However, his cooperation with UPA was not favored by Jan Mazurkiewicz, commandant of Delegatura Sił Zbrojnych na Kraj, who banned further talks with the Ukrainian side.

Imprisonments

Gołębiewski was very active in the anti-Communist struggle, where he co-authored the project of an attack on the infamous Mokotów Prison, which was never carried out. On 21 January 1946 he was arrested and interrogated, during which time he was tortured by Adam Humer, and was sentenced to death. The sentence was in February 1947 and changed to life in prison by the President Bolesław Bierut.

Shuttled across Poland from one prison to another, Gołębiewski tried to escape from a prison in Sieradz on 3 December 1955, but failed. Finally, due to an amnesty, he was released on 21 June 1956. Still an anti-Communist, he was active in various organizations, and on 21 June 1970 was arrested again, together with other members of the Ruch Movement (such as Stefan Niesiolowski and Andrzej Czuma), who were planning to set fire to a Vladimir Lenin museum in Poronin. Released in August 1974, he joined the Movement for Defense of Human and Civic Rights and later, Solidarity.

In May 1982 Gołębiewski left for the United States, where he worked in Polish community newspapers. He returned to Poland in 1990. His 1970 sentence was officially voided in June 1996, Gołębiewski died a few months later, on 18 October 1996. He was buried at the Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw.

See also

 Cursed soldiers
 1951 Mokotów Prison execution

Sources

Piotr Byszewski, Marian Gołębiewski, [w:] Opozycja w PRL. Słownik biograficzny, t. 1, red. Jan Skórzyński, Paweł Sowiński, Małgorzata Strasz, Warszawa 2000.
Andrzej Izdebski, Kapitan Gołębiewski żołnierz Międzymorza, Kraków 1993.
Mariusz Zajączkowski, Marian Gołębiewski, [w:] Konspiracja i opór społeczny w Polsce 1944-1956, t. II, Kraków 2004.
Konstanty Hanff, Rewizja historii, tom I, Poznań 1997.
Kamiński Ł., Ostatnia akcja płk. Mariana Gołębiewskiego, "Studia Rzeszowskie", t. VII, Rzeszów 2000.
Stefan Niesiołowski, Ruch w więzieniu, Tygodnik "Wprost", Nr 867, (11 lipca 1999 r.).

1911 births
1996 deaths
Polish resistance members of World War II
Nonpersons in the Eastern Bloc
Burials at Powązki Cemetery
Polish prisoners sentenced to death
Prisoners sentenced to death by Poland


Mark Hambourg () 1 June 1879 Boguchar, Voronezh Governorate  – 26 August 1960 Cambridge, United Kingdom was a Russian British concert pianist.

Life

Mark Hambourg was the eldest son of the pianist Michael Hambourg (1855–1916), a pupil of Anton Rubinstein). His brothers included the cellist Boris Hambourg, the violinist Jan Hambourg (with whom he played in chamber ensemble as the Hambourg Trio), and the musical organiser Clement Hambourg (1900–1973). His father was principal of the Voronezh Conservatory, and later a professor at the Moscow Conservatory, so that Mark continued his studies with his father even when he attended that academy. His uncle Alexander Hambourg was also a conductor and his cousin Charles Hambourg (1895–1979) was a cellist and conductor.

London, 1889

The family moved to London in 1889, as refugees from the Tsarist regime. There, having been heard by Paderewski, Mark made a debut at the old Princes Hall on 12 July 1890. This was a success, and there was another concert there, and a tour of the provinces. The family was too poor to turn down these opportunities, though they would gladly have protected the boy from public life. As a child he was billed as Max Hambourg. He was invited into the circle of the painter Felix Moscheles (son of the pianist Ignaz Moscheles), in London, where he often met Oscar Wilde, Bernard Shaw, Ellen Terry and others. It was in this period that he became tired of elderly ladies wanting to kiss him, and permitted them to do so only in exchange for a large box of chocolates. In 1890 Shaw, hearing him play, felt that the Lyric Theatre was merely exploiting children, but late in 1891 he was admiring his performance of Bach at the Steinway Hall and wrote that, with suitable training, "this Russian lad might astonish the world some day."

Vienna, 1891–1895

Sponsored largely by Paderewski, Hambourg was sent to study under Theodor Leschetitzky in Vienna for three years, arriving there in autumn 1891. There he won the Liszt Scholarship of 500 marks, and made a large number of friends among the artistic circles of Vienna. He made his first appearance as an adult pianist in early 1895, playing Chopin's Concerto No. 1 in E minor under the baton of Hans Richter, with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. Then, while still a student with Leschetizky, he stood in at short notice (on his master's recommendation) to play Liszt's Hungarian Fantasia under Felix Weingartner, in place of Sophie Menter, who was indisposed. The audience, at first disappointed, was completely won over, and at the banquet which followed, Brahms himself proposed the toast to the young pianist.

England, and touring

In London in 1895 Henry Wood conducted a concert at St James's Hall in which Hambourg played three piano concerti. According to Wood, his appearance and technique were compared to that of Anton Rubinstein, and Ferruccio Busoni later told Wood that Hambourg's was then the greatest talent of the time.

In 1895 Hambourg began his first world tour (aged 16), beginning in Australia, where in (Sydney) he was asked to prolong his stay by six weeks. Returning to London, he deputized for Paderewski at a Philharmonic Society concert playing Anton Rubinstein's Piano Concerto No. 4 in D minor. He first appeared in Paris in 1896, and after that in Brussels and Berlin. He went to the United States in the latter part of 1898, making his New York debut under William Gericke with the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and going on to tour the US. He then returned to London, and in 1901 made his first appearances at the Queen's Hall Proms under Henry Wood. Over the next four years he made another American tour and made visits to Poland, Russia and Germany. (He had met Lenin through Felix Moscheles in London in 1900). In 1906 he made a month-long concert visit to South Africa, taking his own piano by precarious means across the Veldt to one remote location. He first toured in Canada in 1909 and later became friends with the Canadian pianist Harold Bradley.

Wartime

At the outbreak of World War I parts of the press circulated the scurrilous rumour that Hambourg was German, obliging him to prove his Russian origin and to show that he had been naturalized British for over twenty years. He won damages from the Daily Mail in court. Soon afterwards he made another visit to America, and narrowly escaped making the return journey on the fateful last voyage of the RMS Lusitania. On his return to London he gave recitals at the Aeolian Hall, of early English music from the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book, learning it by memory from the manuscript itself as the German Breitkopf edition was unavailable. He gave many concerts of classics during the war at the London Coliseum.

Later career

Hambourg's career survived World War I and he remained a very famous performer throughout the 1920s and 1930s. After the war, he again took up his programme of world touring, visiting France, South Africa and Canada, and making regular provincial tours in Britain, and he made a further world tour before 1924. But he lived in London for most of his adult life, mostly at 27 Cumberland Terrace, Regent's Park in a house full of antiques. Like his friend Benno Moiseiwitsch he was a member of the Savage Club.

Mark Hambourg recorded for HMV and made his first records in 1909. He can be seen in action as the down-and-out pianist nicknamed "Chopin" in John Baxter's 1941 movie The Common Touch. He was also an occasional composer of works for solo piano including the Variations on a theme of Paganini (1902), and he also made arrangements of works for piano solo and two pianos.

In 1907 Hambourg married the violinist Dorothea Muir Mackenzie (1881–1971), known as "Dolly", who had studied with Eugène Ysaÿe. They had four daughters: pianist Michal Hambourg (1919–2004), with whom her father sometimes performed piano duos; the literary editor Sonia Hambourg-Bassarab; Nadine Hambourg Marshall, a teacher who married sociologist Thomas Humphrey Marshall; and Daria Hambourg (1920–1993), wartime correspondent of Eric Koch.

Mark Hambourg died in Cambridge in England in 1960.

Writings
How to Become a Pianist (C. Arthur Pearson, London 1922); and as How to Play the Piano (George H. Doran, New York 1922).
From Piano to Forte (Cassell, London 1931).
The Eighth Octave (Williams & Norgate, London 1951).

Notes

External links

Mark Hambourg Collection at the International Piano Archives at Maryland (accessed 12 Jul 2013)
Harriette Brower interview
Obituary of Michal Hambourg
Biographical essay on Mark and Michal Hambourg by Allan Evans
Article on Mark Hambourg by Willa Cather
Biographical essay
Short biography
Bio on the official Hambourg Conservatory of Music website
The British Library's online sound recordings of Mark Hambourg

Sources
Arthur Eaglefield Hull, A Dictionary of Modern Music and Musicians (Dent, London 1924).
D. Brook, Masters of the Keyboard (Rockliff, London 1947 (2nd edn.)).
G. B. Shaw, Music in London 1890-1894 (Constable, London 1932).
H. J. Wood, My Life of Music (Cheap Edition, Gollancz, London 1946).

1879 births
1960 deaths
British classical pianists
British people of Russian-Jewish descent
Russian classical pianists
Jewish classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Classical piano duos
Russian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Families of classical musicians


Yakima, Washington is a city in the United States.

Yakima may also refer to:
 The Yakama, a Native American people, spelled Yakima until 1994
 The Yakama Indian Reservation, formerly Yakima Indian Reservation

 Yakima Canutt (1896-1986), American actor and stuntman
 Yakima County, Washington, a county in Washington state
 Yakima River, a river flowing through Yakima
 Sedalia, Texas, formerly known as Yakima
 MV Yakima, a ferry based in Washington state

See also


Halat Nuaim-Seltah () is a Bahraini island. It is located off the coast of Muharraq island, near the town of Hidd. It lies  east of the capital, Manama, on Bahrain Island.

History
There were two islands separated by a 100 meters channel between them.
Halat Nuaim which was inhabited by the Al Nuaim tribe, after whom it was named.
Halat Seltah which was inhabited by the Al Sulaiti tribe, whom the island is named after.
At 1998, dredging began in the canal, to create an artificial land and connect the islands.

Demography

There are two villages located on the Island:
 Nuaim
 Seltah

Administration
The island belongs to Muharraq Governorate .

Transportation
The island is today connected to Muharraq Island by a road.

Economics
The inhabitants on the island are engaged in very small scale fishing which are mainly for the island consumption.

Image gallery

See also
 List of islands of Bahrain

References

Populated places in the Muharraq Governorate
Islands of Bahrain
Artificial islands of Bahrain
Islands of the Persian Gulf


The Eola-Amity Hills AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in Polk County and Yamhill County, Oregon. It is entirely contained within the Willamette Valley AVA, and stretches from the city of Amity in the north to Salem in the south. The Eola and Amity hills cover an area west of the Willamette River approximately  long by  wide. The Eola-Amity Hills area benefits from steady winds off the Pacific Ocean that reach the Willamette Valley through the Van Duzer Corridor, a gap in the Oregon Coast Range, moderating the summer temperatures. The Eola Hills were named after the community of Eola, whose name was derived from Aeolus, the Greek god of the winds.

Climate and geography

The Eola-Amity Hills has around  of the area's  planted to grape vines. Like most of the Willamette Valley, the Eola-Amity Hills experiences a maritime climate that includes mild winters but summers that are cooler and wetter than the continental climate experienced by Washington State's wine regions to the north and the Mediterranean climate experienced by many of California's wine regions to the south. The climate is influenced by the Pacific currents that escape through the Van Duzer corridor gap between the Oregon Coastal Range and the Cascade range to the east which keeps many weather currents from going much further east. Through the Van Duzer, cool Pacific air comes more than 30 miles from the west in the afternoon to cool down the region, allowing the grapes to retain higher levels of acidity.

The majority of the year's rainfall comes between October and April with the peak months of growing season being relatively dry. However, harvest time in late September and October can bring the hazard of rain, grape rot and dilution caused by the vines absorbing too much water from the wet soils and funneling that into the grape berries. Additionally, migrating birds heading south for the winter will often prey upon ripening grape clusters as a food source.

The vineyard soils of the Eola-Amity hills include volcanic soils and shallow nekia series over ancient basalt beds. Throughout the AVA are soil deposits left over from the Missoula floods.

Vineyards
First registered as an independent AVA in 2006, the Eola-Amity Hills AVAs include several notable vineyards that have been provided grapes to wineries in other Oregon AVAs for years. One of the first vineyards planted in the region was Bethel Heights Vineyard, northwest of Salem, planted by pioneer grape grower, Victor Winquist, in 1977. Among the Eola-Amity Hills vineyards that will appear on vineyard designated wines include Temperance Hill Vineyard with 100 acres located northwest of Salem, Zenith Vineyard that was first planted in 1982; Zena Crown located centrally in the Eola-Amity Hills with 83.5 acres that were first planted in 2003.

There are 95 vineyards and 26 wineries with 20 tasting rooms in the Eola-Amity Hills AVA. Pinot noir is the most widely planted variety with over 1,721 acres; there are 66.4 acres of Chardonnay; 48 acres of Pinot gris and platings of Riesling, Muscat, Syrah, Dolcetto, Tempranillo, Auxerrois, Viognier, Pinot blanc, Gewürztraminer and Carmine - each less than 10 planted acres.

In 2013, Jackson Family Wines announced it had purchased the Zena East and Zena Middle vineyards, consisting of  of Pinot noir grapes; the purchase was part of the "first large-scale acquisition of Oregon vineyard lands by a California winemaker."

References

External links
 Eola-Amity Hills AVA

American Viticultural Areas
Oregon wine
Geography of Polk County, Oregon
Geography of Yamhill County, Oregon
2006 establishments in Oregon


Magneric of Tier (also called Magnerich, or Magnericus) (born c. 522, died c. 596) was a Frankish bishop of Trier. He is a Catholic and Orthodox saint, with a feast day on July 25. Magneric was one of the first bishops with a Germanic name. He was a friend and admirer of Gregory of Tours, mentioned in his History of the Franks, and ordained St Géry, one of his disciples, who became bishop of Cambrai-Arras on the ascent of King Childebert II. Venantius Fortunatus described the Bishop as virtuous and charitable, and an "ornament of bishops".

Biography
Magneric was born and grew up in Trier, Germany. Not much is known about his early life. Once installed as bishop, he continued the work begun by his predecessor of restoring the city of Trier and its environs. He founded several clerical communities, including St. Eucharius and St. Paulin. He had a great devotion to Saint Martin of Tours, and built several monasteries and churches dedicated to him. He converted the Holy Cross Church in Trier to an oratory in honour of St Martin; it later became the Abbey of St. Martin or the Deumelberg.  Other churches Magneric dedicated to St Martin are in Yvois, Karden on the Moselle, and a second one in Trier.

He gave sanctuary to bishop Theodore of Marseille when he was exiled by Guntram in 585, and pleaded with King Childebert II on behalf of the bishop.

He lived in the residence of bishop Nicetius, and accompanied the bishop into exile when Nicetius was banished by King Chlothar I. This was an act of revenge for the King being excommunicated. Magneric returned to Trier the next year. He was ordained by Nicetius in 566.

Magneric was close to the Merovingian royal house and Childebert II, who made him godfather of his son Theudebert II in 586. In 587 he attended a family congress of kings Childebert and Guntram, which nearly cost him his life. At the meeting, Duke Boso, who had been condemned by the King, fled to his house and took the Bishop hostage. The house was set on fire at the King's command.

The proximity to the Merovingian family and his influence on the fortunes of Austrasia and the Gallic Church helped him maintain urban and regional domination until his death.

He was buried in the cemetery of St. Martin's Abbey in Trier. Around the year 1000 Abbot Eberwin wrote a hagiography of the Bishop, whereupon his worship spread throughout Lorraine. In 1506 his grave was opened, and after the destruction of the church his remains disappeared.

Notes

520s births
590s deaths
6th-century Frankish bishops
6th-century Christian saints
Roman Catholic bishops of Trier
Year of birth uncertain

Year of death uncertain


Evgeni Ignatov (, born June 25, 1959, in Nikolovo, Ruse Province) is a retired long-distance runner from Bulgaria, who represented his native country in the men's 5,000 metres and 10,000 metres at the 1988 Summer Olympics. He also competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.

Achievements

References

1959 births
Living people
Bulgarian male long-distance runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Bulgaria
People from Rousse Province
Goodwill Games medalists in athletics
Competitors at the 1986 Goodwill Games
Friendship Games medalists in athletics
20th-century Bulgarian people
21st-century Bulgarian people


The European Court of Human Rights has delivered many judgements and decisions in cases where special limitations for legal professions were concerned. These include:

Freedom of speech
Casado Coca v. Spain (No. 15450/89, 1994)
 Schöpfer v. Switzerland (No. 25405/94, 1998)
Wille v. Liechtenstein
Lavents v. Latvia
Pitkevich v. Russia
Kudeshkina v. Russia
Hajibeyli and Aliyev v. Azerbaijan (2018) applications. Nos. 6477/08 and 10414/08
L.P. and Carvalho v. Portugal (2019)
Baka v. Hungary (2014 and 2016)

Freedom of association and assembly
Ezelin v. France
Kiiskinen and Kovalainen v. Finland (No. 26323/95, 1999)
Grande Oriente d’Italia di Palazzo Giustiniani v. Italy (No. 35972/97, 2001)
N. F. v. Italy (No. 37119/97, 2001)
Maestri v. Italy (No. 39748/98, 2004)

Private life
K. A. and A. D. v. Belgium (No. 42758/98 and 45558/99, 2005)

References

External links
Written submissions International Commission of Jurists 2016

Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights
Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights
European Court of Human Rights case law
Legal ethics


Lew Spence (June 29, 1920, Cedarhurst, New York – January 9, 2008, Los Angeles) was an American songwriter.

Spence received little formal musical training, and led a dance band in his hometown as a teenager. He played piano and sang in his twenties, but did not publish any songs until he was almost 30 years old. For much of his career, he wrote melodies, but toward the end of the 1950s he devoted himself primarily to writing lyrics.

Among Spence's best-known songs was "Nice 'n' Easy", recorded by Frank Sinatra; Spence wrote the melody, while Alan Bergman and Marilyn Keith wrote the lyrics. The song was nominated for three Grammy awards in 1960. His tune "That Face" was first recorded by Fred Astaire in 1957, and was performed by him on Another Evening with Fred Astaire (1959); the song was later recorded by Rosemary Clooney and Barbra Streisand, among others. He also wrote the standards "Half as Lovely (Twice as True)", "If I Had Three Wishes", "Love Looks So Well on You", and "So Long My Love". Spence's songs were recorded by Dean Martin, Tony Bennett, Bobby Short, Peggy Lee, Nat King Cole, Johnny Mathis, Bing Crosby, Billy Eckstine and Dinah Shore.

Spence wrote songs with Burton Lane for a musical in the 1980s, but the project was never finished.

References

1920 births
2008 deaths
People from Cedarhurst, New York
Songwriters from New York (state)
20th-century American musicians


The 2nd constituency of Allier is a French legislative constituency in the Allier département.

Members elected

Election results

2022

|-
| colspan="8" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
|-

* Pozzoli ran as a dissident member of PS, without the support of the NUPES alliance.

** Triki ran as a dissident member of Horizons, without the support of the Ensemble Citoyens alliance.

2017

2012

|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Candidate
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Party
! colspan="2" | 1st round
! colspan="2" | 2nd round
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"
! width="75" | Votes
! width="30" | %
! width="75" | Votes
! width="30" | %
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Bernard Lesterlin
| style="text-align:left;" | Socialist Party
| PS
|
| 36.51%
|
| 59.24%
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Daniel Duglery
| style="text-align:left;" | Union for a Popular Movement
| UMP
|
| 30.99%
|
| 40.76%
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Luc Bourduge
| style="text-align:left;" | Left Front
| FG
|
| 16.18%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Pascal Courty
| style="text-align:left;" | National Front
| FN
|
| 10.05%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Marie Couval
| style="text-align:left;" | Europe Ecology – The Greens
| EELV
|
| 2.07%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Bernard Taillandier
| style="text-align:left;" | Miscellaneous Right
| DVD
|
| 1.57%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Jean-Marie Guillaumin
| style="text-align:left;" | Europe Ecology – The Greens
| EELV
|
| 0.98%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | René Casilla
| style="text-align:left;" | Far Left
| ExG
|
| 0.76%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Véronique Dreyfus
| style="text-align:left;" | Far Left
| ExG
|
| 0.65%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Jean-Paul Moret
| style="text-align:left;" | Far Left
| ExG
|
| 0.23%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Total
|
| 100%
|
| 100%
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Registered voters
|
| style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|
| style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Blank/Void ballots
|
| 1.24%
|
| 2.38%
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Turnout
|
| 60.69%
|
| 61.68%
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Abstentions
|
| 39.31%
|
| 38.32%
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:left;" | Result
| colspan="2" style="background-color:" | PS hold
|}

2007

|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Candidate
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Party
! colspan="2" | 1st round
! colspan="2" | 2nd round
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;"
! width="75" | Votes
! width="30" | %
! width="75" | Votes
! width="30" | %
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Bernard Lesterlin
| style="text-align:left;" | Socialist Party
| PS
|
| 25.46%
|
| 53.59%
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Daniel Duglery
| style="text-align:left;" | Union for a Popular Movement
| UMP
|
| 40.91%
|
| 46.41%
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Mireille Schurch
| style="text-align:left;" | Communist
| COM
|
| 19.66%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Pierre-Antoine Legoutiere
| style="text-align:left;" | Democratic Movement
| MoDem
|
| 4.26%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Agnés Falcon
| style="text-align:left;" | National Front
| FN
|
| 2.34%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Claudy Aubert-Dasse
| style="text-align:left;" | The Greens
| VEC
|
| 1.43%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Christian Nguyen
| style="text-align:left;" | Far Left
| EXG
|
| 1.25%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Michel Albert
| style="text-align:left;" | Hunting, Fishing, Nature, Traditions
| CPNT
|
| 0.89%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Véronique Dreyfus
| style="text-align:left;" | Far Left
| EXG
|
| 0.84%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Michel Raynaud
| style="text-align:left;" | Far Left
| EXG
|
| 0.79%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Marie-Thérèse Nicod
| style="text-align:left;" | Movement for France
| MPF
|
| 0.75%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Monique Cornet
| style="text-align:left;" | Ecologist
| ECO
|
| 0.75%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Jean-Paul Moret
| style="text-align:left;" | Far Left
| EXG
|
| 0.34%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Vensa Lazarevic
| style="text-align:left;" | Divers
| DIV
|
| 0.33%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Georges Vitti
| style="text-align:left;" | Divers
| DIV
|
| 0.00%
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Total
|
| 100%
|
| 100%
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Registered voters
|
| style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|
| style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Blank/Void ballots
|
| 2.26%
|
| 2.70%
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Turnout
|
| 63.45%
|
| 67.28%
|-
| colspan="4" style="text-align:left;" | Abstentions
|
| 36.55%
|
| 32.72%
|-
| colspan="8" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="6" style="text-align:left;" | Result
| colspan="2" style="background-color:" | PS GAIN
|}

2002

|-
| colspan="8" bgcolor="#E9E9E9"|
|-

1997

References

Sources
 Official results of French elections from 1998:

2


Toz (means "dust" in Turkish) is a Turkish short film. It gained a number of awards at various film festivals in the category of short films.

The film is a series of microepisodes that portray elements of an imperfect relationship of a couple: abuse, control, incomprehension, acceptance.

Awards
Corta! Porto International Short Film Festival, Portugal, International Competition: Best Film, 2005
Istanbul Commerce University, National Competition: Best Film, 2005
International Istanbul Short Film Days, National Competition: Special Jury Award, 2005
Ankara International Film Festival, Turkey, National Competition: Second Place Award in Fiction, 2005
!f Istanbul AFM Independent Film Festival, National Competition: Special Jury Award, 2005
Akbank National Short Film Festival, National Competition: Jury Mention Award, 2004 (offline version)
Columbia Tristar National Short Film Competition, Turkey: Best Film Award, 2004(offline version)
European Film Academy Awards 2005 "Short Film Nominee”
Fipresci Award
Short Film - Prix UIP

References

External links

2005 films
Turkish short films
Films set in Turkey
2005 short films
2000s Turkish-language films


Barrio is a Spanish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Artur Barrio (born 1945), Brazilian artist
 Diego Martínez Barrio (1882–1965), Spanish politician
 Francisco Barrio (born 1950), Mexican politician
 Ramon Del Barrio (born 1964), American performer, choreographer, dancer and singer
 Sonia Barrio (born 1969), former field hockey player
 Víctor Barrio (1987-2016), Spanish bullfighter

References

See also
 Berrios


The 2007–08 Croatian Football Cup was the seventeenth season of Croatia's football knockout competition. Dinamo Zagreb were the defending champion and they won it for a second year running after beating Hajduk Split 3–0 on aggregate.

Calendar

Preliminary round
The preliminary round was held on 29 August 2007.

First round
Matches played on 26 September 2007.

Second round
Matches played on 24 October 2007.

Quarter-finals
First legs were held on 7 November and second legs on 28 November 2007.

|}

Semi-finals

Dinamo Zagreb won 6–3 on aggregate.

Hajduk Split won 5–1 on aggregate.

Final

First leg

Second leg

Dinamo Zagreb won 3–0 on aggregate.

See also
2007–08 Croatian First Football League
2007–08 Croatian Second Football League

External links
Official website
Croatian Cup on Soccerway

Croatian Football Cup seasons
Croatia
Croatian Cup, 2007-08


Ramón Alonso Carrizales Rengifo (born 8 November 1952) is a Venezuelan politician who was the vice president of Venezuela from January 2008 to January 2010. Carrizales was a Colonel of the Venezuelan Armed Forces (retired in 1994) and was educated at the Venezuelan Academy of Military Sciences, where he graduated in 1974.

He was appointed vice president by President Hugo Chávez in January 2008 after previously serving as chair of the Fondo Nacional de Transporte Urbano (Fontur) from 2000 to 2004, Infrastructure Minister 2004 to 2006, and Housing Minister from 2007 to 2008. In 2009, Chavez appointed Carrizales to also serve as the Minister of Defense.

On 25 January 2010, Carrizales resigned as both Defense Minister and Vice President for personal reasons.

Sanctions

On 25 February 2019, the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) of the United States Department of the Treasury placed sanctions in effect against Carrizales and governors of 3 other Venezuelan states for alleged involvement in corruption and in blocking the delivery of humanitarian aid.

Carrizales was sanctioned by the Canadian government on 15 April 2019 under the Special Economic Measures Act. The government statement said "the sanctions hit high ranking officials of the Maduro regime, regional governors, and people directly implicated in activities undermining democratic institutions." Foreign Minister Chrystia Freeland stated, "The Maduro dictatorship must be held accountable for this crisis and depriving Venezuelans of their most basic rights and needs. Canada is committed to supporting the peaceful restoration of constitutional democracy in Venezuela."

References

Living people
1952 births
Governors of Apure
Vice presidents of Venezuela
Venezuelan Ministers of Defense
Venezuelan military personnel
United Socialist Party of Venezuela politicians
People from Guárico
Infrastructure ministers of Venezuela


Dominique Reshard Rodgers-Cromartie (born April 7, 1986) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback for 11 years in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Tennessee State Tigers, and was selected by the Arizona Cardinals in the first round of the 2008 NFL Draft. Rodgers-Cromartie has also played for the Philadelphia Eagles, Denver Broncos, New York Giants, Oakland Raiders, and Washington Redskins. He was selected for the Pro Bowl in 2009 and 2015. In 2023, Rodgers-Cromartie became the most notable free agent in A7FL history, joining the Tampa Nightcrawlers for their playoff run.

Early years
Rodgers-Cromartie is of Haitian descent. He was born with a non-functioning kidney that was removed when he was 8 years old. He attended three high schools, including spending his sophomore year at Lake Highland Preparatory School in Orlando, Florida, before enrolling at Lakewood Ranch High School in Bradenton, Florida, where he first received playing time; and where he was an All-Area, All-Class 5A, and All-District 11 defensive back and wide receiver. He also competed as a jumper and sprinter on the school's track team. He was named the most underrated prospect in Florida by the High School Recruiting Report.

College career
While attending Tennessee State University, Rodgers-Cromartie played for the Tennessee State Tigers football team from 2004 to 2007.

In 39 starts for the Tigers, opposing quarterbacks completed just 55 of 161 passes (34.16%) thrown near Rodgers-Cromartie. He intercepted 11 of those throws, deflected 25 and held the opposition to a minuscule 3.54 yards per pass attempt, the best of any collegiate defensive back over his three seasons.

He is a member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity.

Track and field
Rodgers-Cromartie was also a standout performer for the track team. Juggling football spring drills with the indoor and outdoor track seasons in 2007, he qualified for the NCAA Mid-East Regionals after he captured the Ohio Valley Conference long jump title, with a mark of 7.71 meters. In his second outdoor event, he was named OVC Male Athlete of the Week after finishing third at the Penn Relays with a conference-best long jump of 7.56 meters.

At the OVC Indoor Track Championships, Rodgers-Cromartie was named the top male athlete. He won the 60-meter dash with a time of 6.89 seconds, long jump with a mark of 7.71 meters and high jump with a mark of 2.07 meters and finished second in the triple jump with a mark of 14.83 meters. He performed most of the indoor season while nursing an ankle sprain. He also competed in the 100 meters, posting a career-best time of 10.75 seconds while he was at Lakewood Ranch High School.

Professional career
Rodgers-Cromartie drew relatively little draft interest because his team played generally lackluster teams, and because of weak technique. However, he impressed scouts during Senior Bowl week, performing very well during the arranged practices, and was named defensive MVP for the game. A 4.29 40-yard dash at the NFL combine was among some of the fastest times in event history.

Arizona Cardinals
Rodgers-Cromartie was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in the first round (16th overall) of the 2008 NFL Draft. On July 25, 2008, he signed a five-year, $15.1 million contract with the team that included $9 million guaranteed. He wore number 29. Rodgers-Cromartie was named the starting nickelback for the 2008 season, behind starters Roderick Hood and Eric Green. In Week 11 against the Seattle Seahawks, he  recorded two interceptions off Matt Hasselbeck, the second interception securing a Cardinals 26–20 victory. In Week 14 against the St. Louis Rams, Rodgers-Cromartie returned a late fourth quarter interception 99 yards for a touchdown, ensuring a Cardinals victory and subsequent NFC West title. In the Wild Card Round between the Arizona Cardinals and Atlanta Falcons, Rodgers-Cromartie intercepted a pass from Matt Ryan. In the Divisional Round versus the Carolina Panthers, he intercepted a pass from Jake Delhomme in the red zone during the second quarter. Rodgers-Cromartie helped the Cardinals reach the Super Bowl for the first time in franchise history after they defeated the Philadelphia Eagles 32–25 in the NFC Championship. In Super Bowl XLIII, Rodgers-Cromartie had five tackles and two passes defended, as the Cardinals lost 27–23 to the Pittsburgh Steelers.

Rodgers-Cromartie recorded 50 tackles (48 solo), 25 passes defended, and six interceptions in the 2009 NFL regular season. In the Wild Card Round of the playoffs, he intercepted Green Bay's Aaron Rodgers on the first play of the game to set up a Cardinals touchdown. He was selected as a reserve to the 2010 Pro Bowl. He did not participate in the game due to an injury sustained in the Divisional Round loss to the New Orleans Saints.

In the 2010 season, he recorded 44 total tackles and three interceptions, two of which were returned for touchdowns. , his three postseason interceptions remained a Cardinals franchise record shared with Aeneas Williams.

Philadelphia Eagles
On July 28, 2011, Rodgers-Cromartie was traded, along with a second round pick, to the Philadelphia Eagles for quarterback Kevin Kolb. He was assigned #23. He registered zero interceptions in his first season with the Eagles, while playing mostly the nickel. His play stepped up considerably in the last four games of the year.

On August 17, 2012, Rodgers-Cromartie was fined $21,000 for hitting Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback Byron Leftwich in the head and neck during the preseason.

In the 2012 season, he recorded 51 total tackles and three interceptions.

Denver Broncos

On March 13, 2013, Rodgers-Cromartie signed a one-year, $5 million contract with the Denver Broncos. He was assigned number 45, which he wore at Tennessee State.

In his second game as a member of the Broncos, Rodgers-Cromartie intercepted Eli Manning in the closing seconds of the first half, in a win against the New York Giants. In week 8, Rodgers-Cromartie intercepted Kirk Cousins, and returned it back 75 yards for a touchdown in a 45–21 win against the Washington Redskins. His third interception came against Matt Schaub and the Houston Texans in week 16, in a 37–13 win.

The Broncos advanced to Super Bowl XLVIII after they defeated the New England Patriots 26–16 in the AFC Championship. In the Super Bowl, Rodgers-Cromartie had one tackle as the Broncos lost 43–8 to the Seattle Seahawks.

Rodgers-Cromartie finished his only season with the Broncos with 31 tackles and three interceptions.

New York Giants
On March 17, 2014, Rodgers-Cromartie signed a five-year contract with the New York Giants worth $35 million, with $11.98 million guaranteed.

On September 21, 2014, Rodgers-Cromartie recorded three tackles and an interception against the Houston Texans. He recorded his first interception of the season (20th career), picking off Ryan Fitzpatrick and returning it for 10 yards. On December 7, 2014, Rodgers-Cromartie recorded an interception against the Tennessee Titans by picking off Zach Mettenberger and returning it 36 yards for a touchdown. In the 2014 season, Rodgers-Cromartie had 38 total tackles and two interceptions while also having 12 pass deflections.

On June 9, 2015, Rodgers-Cromartie changed to jersey number 41, giving the #21 to Landon Collins. This was his fifth time changing his number in his career.

On October 25, 2015, Rodgers-Cromartie recorded two tackles, two interceptions, and a touchdown against the Dallas Cowboys. He picked off Matt Cassel twice, returning one 58 yards for a touchdown, and the other one for 12 yards. On November 1, 2015, Rodgers-Cromartie recorded six tackles and an interception against the New Orleans Saints. He recorded his 24th career interception, picking off Drew Brees and returning it two yards.  In Rodgers-Cromartie's second season with the Giants he had a career-high 58 tackles. Rodgers-Cromartie also had two forced fumbles, three interceptions and 13 pass deflections. On January 26, 2016, he was named to his second Pro Bowl, replacing the New England Patriots' Malcolm Butler.

On October 23, 2016, Rodgers-Cromartie recorded four tackles and two interceptions against the Los Angeles Rams. He recorded his 25th and 26th career interceptions, picking off Case Keenum twice, catching both in the endzone for touchbacks. He recorded his fifth multi-interception game of his career. On December 18, 2016, Rodgers-Cromartie recorded seven tackles and an interception against the Detroit Lions. He recorded his third interception of the season (27th career), picking off Matthew Stafford in the endzone for a touchback. On December 22, 2016, Rodgers-Cromartie recorded two tackles and an interception against the Philadelphia Eagles. He recorded his fourth interception of the season (28th career), picking off Carson Wentz for no gain. His last interceptions of the season were against Kirk Cousins and the Washington Redskins twice to win the game. He recorded his 30th of his career and sixth of the season. He finished the 2016 season with one sack, 49 total tackles, six interceptions, 21 passes defended, and one forced fumble.

On October 11, 2017, the Giants temporarily suspended Rodgers-Cromartie after he had an unexcused leave from the team's facility. The suspension triggered when Rodgers-Cromartie argued with head coach Ben McAdoo about being pulled from the previous game in Week 5. Later on,
it was revealed that Cromartie only left facility after McAdoo told him that he was suspended. The next day, on October 12, the Giants officially announced that Rodgers-Cromartie would be suspended indefinitely. He was reinstated from his suspension on October 17. In the 2017 season, he had .5 sacks, 48 total tackles, and one pass defended.

During the 2018 offseason, the Giants announced that Rodgers-Cromartie would be moved to safety. On March 11, 2018, he was released by the Giants, saving them $6.5 million in cap space.

Oakland Raiders
On August 23, 2018, Rodgers-Cromartie signed with the Oakland Raiders. On October 30, 2018, Rodgers-Cromartie announced his retirement. He played in seven games and started one in the 2018 season.

Washington Redskins
Rodgers-Cromartie came out of retirement to sign with the Washington Redskins on March 15, 2019. He played in two games and was placed on injured reserve on September 18, 2019, after suffering a torn ligament in his ankle.

A7FL
After spending four years away from professional football, Rodgers-Cromartie signed with the Tampa Nightcrawlers of the A7FL in 2023 to play with them for their playoff run. Rodgers-Cromartie became the first major former NFL starter to sign with the league. In his first game with the A7FL, Rodgers-Cromartie contributed 4 tackles in an 84–6 win over the O-Town Orange, leading the Nightcrawlers to the Florida division title.

NFL career statistics

Personal life
He is the cousin of cornerbacks Antonio Cromartie, Marcus Cromartie, and Philadelphia Eagles cornerback Isaiah Rodgers. His father Stanley was also a former assistant coach for the Bethune–Cookman Wildcats men's basketball team.

References

External links

Tennessee State Tigers bio

1986 births
Living people
American sportspeople of Haitian descent
Players of American football from Bradenton, Florida
American football safeties
American football cornerbacks
Tennessee State Tigers football players
Arizona Cardinals players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Denver Broncos players
New York Giants players
Oakland Raiders players
Washington Redskins players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Unconferenced Pro Bowl players
Lake Highland Preparatory School alumni


Conus is a genus of marine snails.

Conus may also refer to:

People:
Saint Conus (died 1200), Benedictine monk and saint
Georgi Conus (1862-1933), Russian composer, brother of Julius and Lev
Julius Conus (1869-1942), Russian violinist and composer, brother of Georgi and Lev
Lev Conus (1871–1944), Russian pianist, music educator, and composer, brother of Georgi and Julius
Serge Conus (1902-1988), Russian pianist and composer, son of Julius

Other uses:
Contiguous United States (CONUS)
Conus (Marietta, Ohio), a prehistoric Moundbuilders' mound in Marietta, Ohio, United States
, a U.S. Navy ship to be converted to landing craft repair ship USS Conus (ARL-44), but the conversion was cancelled

See also
Conus artery, present in only 45 percent of human hearts
Conus medullaris or conus terminalis, is the tapered, lower end of the spinal cord


Diggory or Digory may refer to:

People
 Sylvia Farnham-Diggory (born 1927), American author on psychology and disabled people.
 Sylvia Beckingham née Diggory (1935-2006), the first National Health Service UK patient.
 Terence Diggory (born 1950), American professor, editor, poet and author.
 Diggory Dyer Listed as working in the Kitchen and Scullery of in 'A Catalogue of the Household and Family of Richard, Earl of Dorset, 1613- 1624 in Knole, Kent

Fictional characters

As given name
Diggory
Diggory Compton, a fictional character from Coronation Street
Diggory Venn, a fictional character from Thomas Hardy's Return of the Native (1878)
Digory
Digory Kirke, a fictional character from The Chronicles of Narnia

As family name
Cedric Diggory, a fictional character from the Harry Potter series
 Amos Diggory, Cedric's father

Others
 Diggory Press, a publish-on-demand business.