These are the official results of the Men's 4x400 metres event at the 1982 European Championships in Athens, Greece, held at Olympic Stadium "Spiros Louis" on 10 and 11 September 1982.

Medalists

Results

Final
11 September

Heats
10 September

Heat 1

Heat 2

Participation
According to an unofficial count, 50 athletes from 12 countries participated in the event.

 (4)
 (4)
 (4)
 (4)
 (4)
 (5)
 (4)
 (4)
 (4)
 (4)
 (5)
 (4)

See also
 1978 Men's European Championships 4 × 400 m Relay (Prague)
 1980 Men's Olympic 4 × 400 m Relay (Moscow)
 1983 Men's World Championships 4 × 400 m Relay (Helsinki)
 1984 Men's Olympic 4 × 400 m Relay (Los Angeles)
 1986 Men's European Championships 4 × 400 m Relay (Stuttgart)
 1987 Men's World Championships 4 × 400 m Relay (Rome)
 1988 Men's Olympic 4 × 400 m Relay (Seoul)
 1990 Men's European Championships 4 × 400 m Relay (Split)

References

 Results

4 x 400 metres relay
4 x 400 metres relay at the European Athletics Championships


Magnant () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Maganlal Khushalchand Gandhi (1883–1928) was a follower of Mohandas Gandhi. He was a first cousin, twice removed, of Mahatma Gandhi.

Maganlal Gandhi is cited in many works of Mahatma Gandhi. It is he who suggested that the word Satyagraha should define Gandhi's nonviolence methods. According to Gandhi, Maganlal was the heart and soul of Sabarmati Ashram. He followed Gandhi in South Africa in 1903 "in the hope of making a bit of fortune." However, he ended up following his uncle's self-imposed poverty and joined the Phoenix Settlement.

Gandhi died of typhoid at Patna on 23 April 1928.

References
Maganlal Gandhi
Gandhi Family tree

Maganlal
Gandhians
Deaths from typhoid fever
1883 births
1928 deaths
People from Patna
Expatriates from British India
Indian expatriates in South Africa


Operations Taxable, Glimmer and Big Drum were tactical military deceptions conducted on 6 June 1944 in support of the Allied landings in Normandy. The operations formed the naval component of Operation Bodyguard, a wider series of tactical and strategic deceptions surrounding the invasion.

Small boats, along with aircraft from RAF Bomber Command, simulated invasion fleets approaching Cap d'Antifer, Pas-de-Calais and Normandy. Glimmer and Taxable played on the German belief, amplified by Allied deception efforts over the preceding months, that the main invasion force would land in the Calais region. Big Drum was positioned on the western flank of the real invasion force to try to confuse German forces about the scale of the landings. These operations complemented Operation Titanic, which was intended to confuse the Germans about the D-Day airborne forces.

It is unclear whether the operations were successful, due to the complexity of their execution, poor weather, and lack of response from German forces. It is possible that they contributed to the overall confusion of D-Day as part of the wider Bodyguard plan.

Background

Glimmer, Taxable and Big Drum were World War II deception operations. They were conducted as part of Operation Bodyguard, a broad strategic military deception intended to support the Allied invasion of German-occupied France in June 1944. Bodyguard was designed to confuse the Axis high command as to Allied intentions during the lead-up to the invasion. The London Controlling Section (LCS) had spent some time convincing German commanders that the fictional First United States Army Group (FUSAG) represented the bulk of the Allied invasion force. FUSAG's existence was fabricated through Operation Fortitude South.

The Allied story for FUSAG was that the army group, based in south-east England, would invade the Pas-de-Calais region several weeks after a smaller diversionary landing in Normandy. In reality, the main invasion force would land in Normandy on D-Day. As D-Day approached, the LCS moved on to planning tactical deceptions to help cover the progress of the real invasion forces. As well as naval operations, the LCS also planned operations involving paratroopers and ground deceptions. The latter would come into effect once landings were made but the former (involving naval, air and special forces units) were used to cover the approach of the true invasion fleet.

In preparation for the coming landings, Allied scientists had worked on techniques for obscuring the size and disposition of an invasion force. The German defences relied on the Seetakt radar system. Scientists from the Telecommunications Research Establishment discovered that the resolution of the Seetakt was about . To deceive the radar system they proposed dropping clouds of aluminium foil (chaff, then code-named Window) at two mile intervals. The clouds would appear as a continuous blip, similar to one created by an approaching fleet, on German screens. The Allies also repurposed radio equipment, code named Moonshine, to jam the Seetakt signal. Allied command decided that, rather than mask the approaching fleet, these measures would serve to alert German defences. So it was decided to combine these techniques with small groups of boats to simulate an entire invasion fleet aimed at the Calais region.

Allied planners proposed that small boats, towing large radar reflecting balloons (code named Filbert) and carrying both Moonshine jamming and standard wireless equipment (for transmitting fake traffic), would advance toward the French coast under a cloud of Window. The chaff and other countermeasures would hide the small size of the naval force while wireless traffic would play on the FUSAG story to mislead the Germans into expecting a major landing. A third deceptive force, Operation Big Drum, would use radar countermeasures on the western flank of the true invasion fleet. This operation was intended to lend confusion as to the extent of the landings in Normandy.

Glimmer and Taxable

Glimmer and Taxable were very similar operations. They were executed in the early hours of 6 June 1944 while the invasion fleet was approaching Normandy. Taxable simulated an invasion force approaching Cap d'Antifer (about 80 km from the actual D-Day landings) and Glimmer spoofed an invasion at Pas-de-Calais (far from Normandy). By dropping chaff in progressive patterns, Royal Air Force (RAF) bombers for both operations were able to create the illusion of a large fleet on coastal radar screens. Beneath the chaff, small boats towed radar reflector balloons and simulated the radio traffic expected of a large fleet. Once German forces were drawn to the coast, it was planned that the RAF would attempt to contain them in this region, and away from the actual invasion site, by bombing bridges and roads. The operations required precise flying in elongated circuits with replacement aircraft having to merge in seamlessly to avoid tell-tale gaps. The bombers were staged at  intervals parallel to the French coast. Once in position they would spend two and a half minutes flying toward the coast, dropping chaff at fifteen-second intervals. Then the aircraft would turn and head away from the coast for two minutes and ten seconds. By repeating this circuit, the wide cloud of chaff edged toward the coast just like a real sea-borne fleet. The aircraft had to be modified by cutting a hole in the nose to allow the large quantities of chaff to be dropped.

The larger of the two operations, Taxable, was carried out by 18 small boats, a mix of Harbour Defence Motor Launches (HDML) and RAF Pinnaces, designated Special Task Force A. Chaff was dropped by Lancaster bombers from the No. 617 "Dam Busters" Squadron. Each aircraft carried an expanded crew of up to 14. The squadron began training for the operation on 7 May, but were not aware of their final target. Task Force A left port in the evening of 5 June, but struggled in bad seas which affected their equipment and ability to converge at their meeting point. By 00:37 on 6 June the lead boats were on schedule and had reached the muster point. Between 02:00 and 04:00 the ships operated radar and radio equipment as they headed toward a point  offshore. From there the task force simulated a landing attempt; by running fast to within  of the beach before returning to the 7-mile marker under cover of smoke. During this time only a small German response was observed including searchlights and intermittent gunfire. Shortly after 05:00 the operation ended and the task force laid mines before heading toward Newhaven, reaching port by midday.

The air operations for Glimmer were conducted by No. 218 "Gold Coast" Squadron under Wing Commander R. M. Fenwick-Wilson. The squadron flew six Short Stirling bombers on the operation, with two additional airborne reserve aircraft. Each aircraft carried two pilots who rotated flying duties. The naval contingent, Special Task Force B under the command of Lieutenant Commander W. M. Rankin, consisted of 12 HDMLs equipped with jamming gear, radios and radar-reflecting balloons. The task force began jamming operations at approximately 01:00 followed by radio chatter around an hour later.

Glimmer elicited more response from German forces than Taxable including reconnaissance planes sent to investigate the "fleet". After completing their assignment (which, unlike Taxable, did not include laying mines) the ships returned to port, reaching their berths by 13:00 on D-Day.

Big Drum
Big Drum was similar to the other D-Day naval deceptions, but without an airborne component. Task Force C consisted of four HDMLs, whose job was to operate as a distraction on the western flank of the invasion. The plan originally called for the task force, which was attached to Force U (the westernmost convoy of the invasion fleet), to operate radar jamming equipment as it approached the French coast, holding  off shore until first light. After the Germans failed to respond, the ships moved to within  of the coast. No response, either in the air or on the shore, was observed, and the convoy returned safely to Newhaven.

Impact
Taxable, Glimmer and Big Drum were complicated in execution, requiring coordination of air and naval forces. Launched in poor weather conditions, Taxable did not appear to have the desired effect and failed to elicit any significant response from the Germans. The reaction to Glimmer was more encouraging. The attacks on the bomber squadrons indicated, at least to the satisfaction of RAF Bomber Command, that the Germans believed a genuine threat existed. There is no evidence that Big Drum elicited any specific response from the shore. According to historian Mary Barbier, the adverse conditions and complexity of the operations contributed to the limited enemy response.

From intelligence intercepts it appears that German forces in the Pas de Calais region reported an invasion fleet. In addition, there are reports of the decoys being fired on by shore batteries in that area. In an 11 June report on the operations, Lieutenant Commander Ian Cox (who was in charge of deception units) indicated that German forces had been convinced by the fake radio traffic. Intercepted dispatches from Hiroshi Ōshima, the Japanese ambassador to Germany, made reference to the naval deceptions. An 8 June dispatch referred to the Calais region and stated "an enemy squadron that had been operating there has now withdrawn".

Although disappointed not to have seen any action during the night of D-Day, and still unsure of their actual impact, the bomber crews felt proud of the operations. Squadron Leader Les Munro of No. 617 Squadron wrote, "I have always considered the operation in one sense to be the most important the squadron carried out in my time – not because [of] bad weather, nor because of any threat of enemy action and not measured by any visible results, but because of the very exacting requirements to which we had to fly and navigate".

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

World War II aerial operations and battles of the Western European Theatre
Naval operations and battles
World War II deception operations
Operation Bodyguard
Operation Overlord


Samuel T. Lawmaster (July 18, 1930 – March 8, 2013), known by his stage name Sammy Masters, was an American rockabilly musician. He is perhaps best known for his 1960 hit, "Rockin' Red Wing".

Career
Born Samuel T. Lawmaster in Sasakwa, Oklahoma, United States, Masters showed skill in music from an early age. At age 12 he debuted on the radio station KTUL in Tulsa with Bob Wills. When he was 16 his family moved to California, and Masters began playing in country groups in the Los Angeles area alongside Spade Cooley and Ole Rasmussen. He recorded his first solo single, "Lost Little Nickel in the Big Juke Box" on Cormac Records in 1950, and followed it with "Crazy River". After these were released Masters served in the Korean War in the Army, where he often performed for fellow soldiers.

In 1954, he returned to California and signed with 4-Star Publishing as a songwriter and demo tape recorder. Patsy Cline recorded his "Turn the Cards Slowly" for a minor hit. Interested in furthering his chances at a successful career in rockabilly, Masters recorded "Pink Cadillac" and "Whop-T-Bop" with guitarist Jimmy Bryant and released them on 4-Star in 1956, but neither sold well. Follow-ups "Angel" and "Jodie" were no more successful, even after Masters's touring schedule and television appearances on The Jack Benny Show and Town Hall Party. His contract with 4-Star ended in 1957, and he wrote for American Music for a few years. "Rockin' Red Wing" was issued on Warner Bros. Records in September 1959 before signing with Lode Records in 1960. Lode re-issued "Rockin' Red Wing" in January that year, which became a regional hit in Los Angeles and eventually reached No. 64 on the Billboard Hot 100. It gave Masters his only appearance in the UK Singles Chart when it peaked at No. 36 in June 1960. His next single, "Golden Slippers", was released nationally by Dot Records, but it was not a success, and neither was "Pierre the Poodle", his last release before losing his recording contract.

He became friends with Willie Nelson in 1961, and his song "Who Can I Count On?" became the B-side to Nelson's "Crazy", a multi-platinum smash for Patsy Cline. In the wake of "Crazy"'s success, singers such as Bobby Darin and Wayne Newton covered "Who Can I Count On?". That same year Masters founded his own label, Galahad Records, which was not a vanity label, though Masters did release an album, May the Good Lord Bless You and Keep You, in 1964, as well as a few singles, on the label. He co-hosted a television program on KCOP in the 1960s and 1970s, and increasingly found work in TV production in the following decades.

In 1997, Masters signed with Dionysus Records and released Everybody Digs Sammy Masters, with Deke Dickerson and Ray Campi, hoping to make a comeback on the rockabilly revival scene in Europe and Japan. He toured in both areas at the end of the decade. Masters died on March 8, 2013, at age 82.

Discography

Singles

* Version of original "Pink Cadillac" with additional drums

EPs

References

External links
[ Sammy Masters] at Allmusic

1930 births
2013 deaths
American rockabilly musicians
Songwriters from Oklahoma
Four Star Records artists
Country musicians from Oklahoma


HMS Torbay was an 80-gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched at Deptford Dockyard on 16 December 1693. In 1707, she served as flagship of Rear-Admiral of the Blue Sir John Norris and belonged to Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovell's fleet. She saw action during the unsuccessful Battle of Toulon and was present during the great naval disaster off the Isles of Scilly when Shovell and four of his ships (Association, Firebrand, Romney and Eagle) were lost, claiming the lives of nearly 2,000 sailors. Torbay suffered little to no damage and finally managed to reach Portsmouth.

She was rebuilt at Deptford, according to the 1706 Establishment, and was relaunched on 23 May 1719. After this, her 80 guns were mounted on three gundecks instead of her original two, though she continued to be classified as a third rate.

In 1726 Torbay was the flagship of Sir Charles Wager at the Naval Blockade of Reval.

Torbay was broken up in 1749.

Torbay was notable for breaking the defensive boom in the Battle of Vigo Bay.

Notes

References

Lavery, Brian (2003) The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650-1850. Conway Maritime Press. .

Ships of the line of the Royal Navy
1690s ships


Sir William Neil McKie  (22 May 19011 December 1984) was an Australian organist, conductor, and composer. He was Organist and Master of the Choristers at Westminster Abbey 1941–1963 and noted for his direction of the music for the marriage of Princess Elizabeth in 1947, and later her Coronation in 1953.

Birth and studies
William McKie was born in the suburb of Collingwood, Melbourne, the son of William McKie, who was vicar of Collingwood at the time; his brother was John McKie, Bishop of Geelong (coadjutor bishop in Melbourne).  He studied the organ at Melbourne Grammar School under Dr Arthur Nickson (1876–1964), and in 1919 won the prestigious Clarke Scholarship from the University of Melbourne which enabled him to study at the Royal College of Music, London. Following this he became Organ Scholar of Worcester College, Oxford, where he gained his MA and BMus degrees.

Early career
In 1926 McKie took up his first professional appointment as Director of Music of Clifton College, Bristol, and is now perhaps the most famous of all Cliftonian organists. In 1930 Melbourne City Council invited McKie back in order to become the Melbourne City Organist and Musical Advisor to the City Council. He gave regular and popular lunch-time recitals at Melbourne Town Hall for seven years in this capacity, commencing 8 April 1931.  As city organist he proved an effective administrator in organising festivals including Melbourne's enormous Bach Festival of 1932, the first such festival in Australia, and the Bach-Elgar Festival of 1934.  In 1934 while continuing as Melbourne City Organist he was appointed Director of Music at Geelong Grammar School by the then headmaster, James Ralph Darling.

England and the Coronation of Elizabeth II
In 1938 McKie resigned the post of Melbourne City Organist and moved to England to take up the position of Organist of Magdalen College, Oxford, succeeding Haldane Campbell Stewart, a move which would see him become one of the most prominent church musicians of his day: in September 1941 he was appointed Organist and Master of the Choristers at Westminster Abbey when Paul de Labilliere was Dean; a position that he held until his retirement in 1963. Owing to war service, McKie was unable to take up his post until 1946, so the Sub-Organist Dr. Osborne Peasgood (1902–1962) acted in his stead. McKie was responsible for reforming the Abbey Choir after the war, and in 1947 directed the music for the marriage of Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh, for which he composed his most famous work, We wait for thy loving kindness, O God.  For this service he was appointed a Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO).

The highlight of William McKie's career came with the Coronation of Elizabeth II on 2 June 1953.  In Westminster Abbey there were 8,000 guests, a choir of nearly 400, an orchestra of 60, and military trumpeters.  The Musical Times reported that the musical arrangements, under the ultimate direction of McKie, went "without a hitch. They might, like the choice of music, be different; they could hardly have been bettered." McKie chose music which was eclectic; both new and old, and using music from previous coronations. McKie was knighted in the Coronation Honours, announced the day before the Coronation.

Later, McKie was to direct the music for the marriage of Princess Margaret in 1960; for this occasion he composed a setting of Psalm 121 and of the Wedding Responses from the Book of Common Prayer.

Family and retirement
McKie married Phyllis Ross, a Canadian widow, in Westminster Abbey on 5 April 1956.  They had no children. In 1963, after 22 years at Westminster Abbey, McKie retired to Kent.

In 1964, on a visit to Norway, McKie was appointed a Commander with Star of the Royal Order of St. Olav.

McKie was a vice-president of the Percy Grainger Festival, held in London in 1970, and successfully lobbied the Australian government for financial assistance. In the same year he moved to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, where he lived until his death in December 1984. McKie is buried in the West Cloister of Westminster Abbey.

Phyllis McKie died 12 January 1983.

He was the great-uncle by marriage of bass-baritone Gerald Finley and encouraged him in his early musical education.

In 1991 the Sir William McKie Memorial Trust published The Best of Both Worlds: A Life of Sir William McKie by Howard Hollis.

Works
 We wait for thy loving kindness, O God, for choir and organ, 1947
 Psalm CXXI and the Wedding Responses, 1960
 Romance in G, for organ

Notes

External links
 The Sir William McKie Fonds at the National Library of Canada
 Details of Coronation
 History of Melbourne Town Hall organ
 Lady McKie

1901 births
1984 deaths
20th-century Australian male musicians
20th-century Australian musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century organists
Alumni of Worcester College, Oxford
Australian choral conductors
Australian classical composers
Australian classical organists
Australian conductors (music)
Australian Knights Bachelor
Australian male classical composers
Australian Members of the Royal Victorian Order
Cathedral organists
Composers awarded knighthoods
Composers for pipe organ
Male classical organists
Master of the Choristers at Westminster Abbey
Musicians awarded knighthoods
Musicians from Melbourne
Order of Saint Olav
People educated at Melbourne Grammar School
Presidents of the Independent Society of Musicians


Slaley is a village in Northumberland, England. It is situated to the southeast of Hexham. It is surrounded by the following villages: Ruffside, Whitley Chapel, Ordley, Wooley, Healey, Juniper, Riding Lea, and Blanchland.

The parish church is dedicated to St Mary the Virgin. The present church dates from 1832 (with extensive repairs in 1907-8) and was designed by Milton Carr. It stands on the site of an earlier church built in 1312, and that church was built on an earlier church mentioned in 1239 when Gilbert de Sclaueley gave the church and some lands to the prior of Hexham.

The nearby hamlet of Shield Hall has the remains of a medieval unfortified house (late 13th/early 14th century). It has been incorporated into the early 19th century farmhouse.

The nearby hamlet of Dukesfield is mentioned in 1256 as the scene of a murder. The area was part of the barony of Bolbec. In 1834 lead mining and smelting began. Dukefield Hall is a listed building.

To the north of the village there is a disused nuclear bunker.  The bunker was opened in 1961 and closed 1991.

See also
 Slaley Hall

References

External links
The parish website: www.slaley.org.uk

GENUKI (Accessed: 13 November 2008)

Villages in Northumberland


Racines () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Richard C. Catledge (November 21, 1920 – August 12, 2007), born in Shawnee, Oklahoma, was a major general in the US Air Force.

He formed and led the first U.S. Air Force Air Demonstration Squadron, the Thunderbirds.

Education
He was raised in Memphis, Tennessee. Catledge was a great participant in sports during his high school years, especially in diving. He won the state championship in diving when he was moved back to Oklahoma, where he finished high school. In these years, Catledge would also find one of the things he enjoyed a great deal in life, motorcycles, not to mention the stunts he would come to pull with them. While attending Compton Junior College in southern California, he also won the southern California junior college diving championship.

Military career
After college, Catledge joined the Army Air Corps in March 1942. May of the next year saw him earn his pilot wings and commission in May 1943. He was assigned to the 71st Fighter Squadron, 1st Fighter Group, Mediterranean Theater of Operations, flying the P-38 Lightning.  He flew 23 combat missions, and was shot down on August 28, 1943. After his first week of capture he attempted an escape that failed, only to re-try a week later, successfully evading the enemy for nine months until he safely reached Allied territory. After this time he served as a pilot instructor to the P-6 Hawk, P-51 Mustang and P-47 Thunderbolt aircraft.

During the summer of 1950, he was sent to the 57th Fighter Group in Alaska to fly the P-80 Shooting Star, and in 1951, converted to the F-94B.  In 1951, he was promoted to major and became the commanding officer of the 66th Fighter Squadron.  He was sent to the Air Command and Staff College and after graduating in 1952 was sent to Luke Air Force Base, Arizona.

In 1953, Catledge became the first leader of the famed United States Air Force Air Demonstration squad, known as the Thunderbirds.

After his tour of duty with the Thunderbirds, he was sent to Randolph Air Force Base in the fall of 1954 to become the director of inspections at Headquarters Crew Training Air Force.

In 1956, he became the commanding officer of the 9th Fighter Bomber Squadron at Komaki Air Base, Japan, and then became the Chief, Tactical Evaluation Branch, at Headquarters Fifth Air Force.

In 1959, he was assigned to the Navy War College, and after graduation, was stationed at Headquarters United States Air Force in the Directorate of Operations.  While in that posting he played a major role in convincing the leadership in the Air Force the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II needed to be equipped with a gun.  This led first to the installation of the gun pod, and later an internal gun, which was first introduced in the F-4E model.

Having been promoted to the rank of colonel, he was assigned in the summer of 1964 to the 50th Tactical Fighter Wing, Hahn Air Base, Germany, where, as the director of operations, he flew the F-100 Super Sabre.

He later was transferred to the 3rd Tactical Fighter Wing at Bien Hoa Air Base, Republic of Vietnam, where he flew 141 combat missions and served as the wing's commanding officer.  He returned to the United States in 1967 and was assigned as commander of the 4510th Combat Crew Training Wing at Luke Air Force Base.

He was promoted to brigadier general, and in July 1969 was assigned to Headquarters Tactical Air Command as inspector general.

He was promoted to major general and became the commanding officer of the Tactical Air Warfare Center at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida.

Retirement
General Catledge retired in 1973 and lived with his wife Linda in Niceville, Florida.  General Catledge died due to complications from pneumonia on August 12, 2007, at the age of 87.

References

External links

 First Thunderbird commander dies
 Biography
 USAF Thunderbirds

1920 births
2007 deaths
People from Shawnee, Oklahoma
United States Army Air Forces officers
United States Air Force generals
United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
El Camino Warriors men's divers


Rances () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Thomas Arnold (1795–1842) was an English educator and headmaster of Rugby School.

Thomas Arnold may also refer to:

Listed chronologically
Thomas Arnold (MP) (fl. 1420–1421), British Member of Parliament for Dover
Thomas Arnold (Royal Navy officer) (1679–1737), English captain in the navy
Thomas Arnold (silversmith) (1734–1828), American silversmith
Thomas Arnold (physician) (1742–1816), English physician and writer on mental illness
Thomas Dickens Arnold (1798–1870), American congressman representing Tennessee
Thomas Kerchever Arnold (1800–1853), English theologian and writer of educational works
Thomas James Arnold (c. 1804–1877), English barrister
Tom Arnold (literary scholar) (1823–1900), Thomas Arnold the Younger, son of the educator
Thomas Arnold (police officer) (1835–1907), London police superintendent involved in the Jack the Ripper investigation
Thomas Walker Arnold (1864–1930), professor and eminent orientalist
Thomas J. Arnold (1864–1906), late 19th century English missionary to China
Thomas Arnold (bobsleigh) (1901–?), silver medalist at the 1924 Winter Olympics

See also
Tom Arnold (disambiguation)


These are the official results of the Men's 4x100 metres event at the 1982 European Championships in Athens, Greece. The final was held at Olympic Stadium "Spiros Louis" on 11 September 1982.

Medalists

Final

Participation
According to an unofficial count, 32 athletes from 8 countries participated in the event.

 (4)
 (4)
 (4)
 (4)
 (4)
 (4)
 (4)
 (4)

See also
 1978 Men's European Championships 4 × 100 m Relay (Prague)
 1980 Men's Olympic 4 × 100 m Relay (Moscow)
 1983 Men's World Championships 4 × 100 m Relay (Helsinki)
 1984 Men's Olympic 4 × 100 m Relay (Los Angeles)
 1986 Men's European Championships 4 × 100 m Relay (Stuttgart)
 1987 Men's World Championships 4 × 100 m Relay (Rome)
 1988 Men's Olympic 4 × 100 m Relay (Seoul)
 1990 Men's European Championships 4 × 100 m Relay (Split)

References

 Results

4 x 100 metres relay
Relays at the European Athletics Championships


Pietro Torretta (ca. 1912 – October 3, 1975) was a member of the Sicilian Mafia. He was the boss of the Mafia family in the Uditore district in Palermo and one of the protagonists in the First Mafia War. He was initially considered to be the man behind the Ciaculli massacre.

Early career
Torretta hails from a long line of Mafiosi. He probably was the son of Francesco Torretta who is mentioned in the Sangiorgi report at the turn of the 20th century as major Mafioso. Pietro Torretta was a member of the band of bandit Salvatore Giuliano. He was first arrested in 1948 on extortion charges but released for lack of evidence.

He came from a poor background and began his career as a watchman/guard and gabellotto. He rose through the ranks, first a simple Mafia soldier, to becoming a boss. According to people who knew him, he was tall, thin, elegant, casual, balanced and on the whole, sympathetic in his social relations; "he spoke and behaved as a wise father." On the other hand, the New York Times described him as short, slight and fastidious in dress, with a rock-hard impassive face, deeply sunken cheeks and a slit of a mouth.

Mafia upstart
In the 1950s and 1960s, Torretta together with other upstart Mafia bosses like the La Barbera brothers and their henchmen formed the so-called ‘New Mafia’ which adopted new gangster techniques. Other smaller cosche came to recognize the supremacy of these bosses – a supremacy achieved by sheer violence. Men who were starting their ‘careers’ in their shadow were forming into new generation of mafiosi; they had initiative, and the road to leadership of a cosca had suddenly become quicker and available to those who were fast with their tommy-guns. One of the other upstarts was Tommaso Buscetta, another was Gerlando Alberti.

Torretta actively participated in what is called the Sack of Palermo. In 1959, the Christian Democrat Salvo Lima became mayor of Palermo. That became the peak period of Palermo’s controversial building boom and of warfare among the capital’s cosche making money in the real estate business. Mafia bosses were granted building licenses through contacts with politicians. The construction boom destroyed the city's green belt and villas that gave it architectural grace, to make way for characterless and shoddily constructed apartment blocks.

First Mafia War
Torretta was one of the protagonist of the First Mafia War. He sided with the La Barbera brothers against a rival group headed by Salvatore Greco "Ciaschiteddu". When Angelo La Barbera was shot and arrested in Milan in May 1963, both Torretta and Buscetta considered themselves to be the successors of Angelo La Barbera. Torretta proposed himself as the capo of Palermo Centro and Buscetta as his deputy. However, the Greco’s thought Buscetta in particular a dangerous man to promote. The dispute gradually re-ignited hostilities between Torretta, Buscetta and the Grecos. Torretta and Buscetta acted first by ambushing two of their enemies in Torretta’s house.

On June 30, 1963, a car bomb in Ciaculli killed seven police and military officers sent to defuse it after an anonymous phone call. The outrage over the Ciaculli massacre changed the Mafia war into a war against the Mafia. It prompted the first concerted anti-Mafia efforts by the state in post-war Italy. The Sicilian Mafia Commission was dissolved and of those Mafiosi who had escaped arrest many went abroad. Torretta was suspected of being the man behind the bomb attack, but it was eventually found to be Michele Cavataio.

Arrest and conviction
On February 9, 1964, Torretta was arrested. He was one of the main defendants in the indictment concerning the Mafia war which bore his name (Pietro Torretta + 121 indictment by investigative magistrate Cesare Terranova) in May 1965. Attributed to him were 14 killings, either ordered or personally executed. Among these were the victims of the Ciaculli massacre.

He was one of the few Mafiosi who received a heavy sentence at the Trial of the 114 against the Mafia in Catanzaro in December 1968. He was sentenced to 27 years. Pending appeal, he was released on a US$ 1,400 bail and under the condition he was forced to live in exile in Cittadella, a northern Italian town.

Banished from Sicily, Torretta died on October 3, 1975, of kidney failure on the island Asinara. He was a stereotype of the gangster-mafioso of the 1960s. Men like Torretta, Angelo La Barbera, Rosario Mancino and Tommaso Buscetta among others were vague and doubtful figures, disorganized in their lives and their activities typifying a moment of transition and crisis in Cosa Nostra.

References

Sources
Arlacchi, Pino (1988). Mafia Business. The Mafia Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Oxford: Oxford University Press
 Caruso, Alfio (2000). Da cosa nasce cosa. Storia della mafia del 1943 a oggi, Milan: Longanesi
Dickie, John (2004). Cosa Nostra. A history of the Sicilian Mafia, London: Coronet,
 Lupo, Salvatore (2009). History of the Mafia, New York: Columbia University Press,
Servadio, Gaia (1976), Mafioso. A history of the Mafia from its origins to the present day, London: Secker & Warburg
Stille, Alexander (1995). Excellent Cadavers. The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic, New York: Vintage

Gangsters from Palermo
Sicilian mafiosi
1910s births
1975 deaths


Saint-Mesmin () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


William Ross Bulloch (June 7, 1884 – June 19, 1954) was a Canadian politician.  He was a Member of the  Legislative Assembly of Quebec.

Background

He was born in Dunoon, Scotland, on June 7, 1884.

Member of the legislature

Bulloch was elected to Quebec's legislative assembly in the provincial riding of Westmount in the 1936 election and sat with the Union Nationale caucus. He lost re-election as a Conservative in the district of Montréal-Notre-Dame-de-Grâce in the 1939 election.

City Councillor

He served as a city councillor in Montreal from 1944 until his death.

Death

Bulloch died on June 19, 1954, in Montreal.

References

1884 births
1954 deaths
Montreal city councillors
Scottish emigrants to Canada
Union Nationale (Quebec) MNAs


Saulcy () is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Aube department

References

Communes of Aube
Aube communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Hønefoss Station () is a railway station located at Hønefoss in Ringerike, Norway. The station is located at the intersection between the Bergen Line, the Randsfjord Line and the Roa–Hønefoss Line. Hønefoss is served by express trains to Oslo and Bergen, but all local trains traffic has been terminated. The station is designed as a V-shape keilbahnhof.

Norsk Museumstog has its operation base at Hønefoss station, where it maintains all its locomotives. Norwegian Museumstog, cooperating with the Norwegian Railway Club is working on restoration, maintenance and operation of railway equipment. All revenues go to the maintenance of trains and locomotives with cultural value.

Begna Railway Bridge is a  bridge that runs over the Ådal River (lower part of Begna) at Hønefoss Station, directly above the Hønefoss water falls. The bridge was built in 1898, adopted at the same time that it was decided that the Bergen Line would go to Hønefoss.

History

During the second half of the 19th century Hønefoss and the areas around were witness to a massive technological development. From being a small village with commerce related to the waterfall and the sawmills, the railway connection to Drammen in 1868 was vital for the city's industry and trade into the 20th century.

The idea of a railway from Drammen to Hønefoss was launched in 1846, before any other railways were constructed in Norway. The Land municipal council had contacted the Ministry of the Interior granting a wish to better communication between Drammen and the lakes of Tyrifjorden and Randsfjorden. But nothing happened at the time. In 1853, one year before the first railway line in Norway, Trunk Line, opened, the city council in Drammen created a committee to consider possible connections to Opplandede. At the time a canal was considered, but since it only could be used half the year the concept was dropped. In 1857 the civil engineer Carl Abraham Pihl was given the responsibility from the Ministry of Inner Affairs to consider whether it was possible to construct a railway between Drammen and Randsfjorden, and his report was concluded on 31 May 1858. It concluded with that it was possible to build the Randsfjord Line, and he had also estimated the costs of the project to 1,150,000 Norwegian speciedaler.  Drammen city council conducted a meeting on the topic in Hønefoss on 12 September 1859 where it was decided to start construction.

On 11 June 1863, the Parliament of Norway voted with 65 against 44 mandates in favor of the line. The first part of the Randsfjord Line was opened on 31 October 1866, connecting Vikersund to Drammen. On 1 December 1867 the line was extended to Skjærdalen in Tyristrand. Eventually the railway station at Hønefoss was concluded and on 12 October 1868 the train could arrive at Randsfjord Station on Randsfjorden, just outside the village of Jevnaker. The Randsfjorden Line was the fifth railway line in Norway.

The next large project to reach Hønefoss was the Bergen Line, which was opened on 27 November 1909. Until then the original station had been consisting of low buildings in wood, located in front of the west side of the building, along the platform to the Drammen trains. The new station built in 1909 for the opening of the Bergen Line also included a café—which was taken over by Norsk Spisevognselskap on 20 November 1923—though this was closed in 1972. At the other end of the station area was the depot, where there among others a roundhouse and turntable. On the upper side of the platform there was formerly a short side track towards the area where Ringerike Dairy was located. This was also the spot used to fill steam locomotives with coal and water. There was a water tower and a coal depot.

On 31 July1926 Sperillen Line opened, connecting Finsand in Ådal to the Randsfjorden and Bergen Line, though passenger traffic was terminated on 1 July 1933. The bus had competed away all profits. Since 1 August 1957 freight traffic was also terminated. At the end of the 1950s Norwegian State Railways was using large resources getting rid of steam power, with the motto "away with the steam!". For Hønefoss Station, the first electrification was the Randsfjorden Line in 1959, while the Bergen Line was electrified (till Ål Station) in 1962, and eventually the water and steam depot was removed.

Passenger traffic on the Randsfjorden Line north of Hønefoss was terminated on 26 May 1968, after 100 years of operation and thus removing the last diesel trains in scheduled traffic. In 1979, the old Lloyd Warehouses in wood, on the southwest side of the tracks were razed. The rest of the old station was razed in 1987. Local trains stopped running from Hønefoss to Drammen on 7 January 2001. 31 May 2005 was the last day Hønefoss Station was staffed.

Ringerike Line

Since the original plans for the Bergen Line there have existed plans to extend the Bergen Line to Sandvika Station. At the time the Roa–Hønefoss Line was built, to utilize Gjøvik Line. This allowed the trains from Bergen to operate to the larger Oslo East Station instead of the smaller Oslo West Station. The line also allowed for a connection between the eastern and western networks. There are currently plans to build a new, single track high-speed railway between Hønefoss and Sandvika that will shorten travel time from Hønefoss to Oslo Central Station by about 50 minutes.

References

Railway stations in Buskerud
Railway stations on the Randsfjorden Line
Railway stations on Bergensbanen
Railway stations on the Roa–Hønefoss Line
Railway stations opened in 1868
1868 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1860s


Asian American theatre is theatre written, directed or acted by Asian Americans. From initial efforts by four theatre companies in the 1960s, Asian-American theatre has grown to around forty groups today. Early productions often had Asian themes or settings; "yellowface" was a common medium for displaying the perceived exoticism of the East in American performance. With the growing establishment of second-generation Asian-Americans in the 21st century, it is becoming more common today to see Asian-Americans in roles that defy historical stereotypes in the United States.

Background
Asian-American theatre emerged in the 1960s and the 1970s with the foundation of four theatre companies: East West Players in Los Angeles, Asian American Theatre Workshop (later renamed Asian American Theater Company) in San Francisco, Theatrical Ensemble of Asians (later renamed Northwest Asian American Theatre) in Seattle, and Pan Asian Repertory Theatre in New York City.  The Northwest Asian American Theatre was one of the first in the Pacific Northwest. The four companies have provided the resources and opportunities to actors, writers, directors, designers, and producers to pursue and define Asian-American theatre for over five decades.  By the end of the 1990s, the number of Asian-American theatre companies and performance groups grew to about forty.  In addition, such companies helped integrate Asian-Americans into many popular theatre companies by normalizing Asian actors. Asian-American plays have appeared on Broadway and regional theatres and have received major awards both nationally and internationally. Asian-American actors have used Asian-American theatre companies as their artistic bases while pursuing careers in the mainstream theatre, film and television. Alternative forms of theatre and performance such as multimedia performance, solo performance and spoken word have also shaped Asian-American theatre. In the beginning, participants of Asian-American theatre were mostly of East Asian descent, but in the 1990s and the 21st century, more artists of South Asian and Southeast Asian backgrounds have joined the community and have made Asian-American theatre one of the fastest growing and changing sectors in American theatre.

Asian-American theatre companies
East West Players (EWP) was founded in 1965 by a group of actors who wanted to fight racism in the entertainment industry by creating non-stereotypical roles for Asian Americans. Led by the Japanese-American actor Mako, the actors at EWP first saw theatre as a venue to showcase their talent for television and film producers and directors, but by the early 1970s, the EWP began to actively sponsor original plays by Asian Americans. Frank Chin, who founded the Asian American Theatre Workshop, argued that Asian-American actors needed Asian-American playwrights to create believable roles and to end dependence on the mainstream acting industry. Theatrical Ensemble of Asians (TEA) began in 1974 on the campus of the University of Washington, and after the founding students graduated, moved into a theatre in the International District, renaming themselves the Asian Exclusion Act. The theatre group moved around several locations before finding a home at the Theatre Off Jackson. It was late renamed again as the Northwest Asian American Theatre (NWAAT).

In addition to acting and playwriting, NWAAT emphasized community activism and became a cultural center for Asian Americans in Seattle; many of the plays they performed were directly targeted at expressing the painful history of discrimination Asian-Americans in America suffered after the Chinese Exclusion Act.  Pan Asian Repertory Theatre (Pan Asian Rep), on the other hand, emerged as part of Off-Off-Broadway theatre in 1978. Founded by Tisa Chang, Pan Asian Rep became the representative Asian-American theatre company in New York City and introduced Asian-American plays to the East Coast audiences.  In the 1980s and 1990s, Asian-American theatre companies were founded with more diverse purposes and styles.  Companies such as Ma-Yi Theater Company (New York City) focus on producing new, original plays, as did the now-defunct Lodestone Theatre Ensemble (Los Angeles, 1999-2009). Others companies' agendas departed greatly from the original four: National Asian American Theatre Company (NAATCO) in New York City, for instance, stages canonized Western plays with all Asian cast and Theater Mu in Saint Paul incorporates Asian theatrical styles to specifically cater to local audiences.

Now, there are many Asian American theatre companies, located in 13 states, including Oregon and Texas. In New York City, alone, 12 theatre companies have slowly become more recognized and featured.

Asian-American actors
American theatre in the 1950s was dominated by popular Broadway shows that featured Asian characters and settings, and shows such as The King and I and Flower Drum Song provided employment to a number of "Oriental" actors.  However, many roles were blatantly stereotypical and racist and many major roles were cast with white actors with facial makeup resembling an "Oriental".  The popularity of Asian themes in Broadway shows did not continue through the 1960s, and "Oriental" actors found themselves unemployed in large numbers.  While they were out of work, they observed white actors getting cast in Asian roles.  "Oriental" actors began to protest this practice by creating activist organizations and creating work for themselves.  The term "Asian-American actor" emerged in the late 1960s when the Asian American movement challenged the racist history of the label "Oriental."  By the 1970s, Asian-American actors were well organized in their fight for jobs and positive images for Asians.  In New York, an activist group called Oriental Actors of America regularly protested openings of shows with white actors playing Asians.  In Los Angeles, East West Players became the most visible venue for Asian-American actors to find acting employment and to participate in activism.  The company's proximity to Hollywood attracted many ambitious and talented Asian-American actors to Los Angeles.  By the mid-1990s, over 75% of all Asian-American actors had acted on the stage of EWP.

In the early 1990s, the controversy over the musical Miss Saigon surfaced when Asian-American actors protested the casting of the British actor Jonathan Pryce for the role of the half-Vietnamese Engineer in the Broadway production of the musical.  The protest was led by many prominent Asian-American theatre artists, including actor BD Wong, the artistic director of Pan Asian Rep, Tisa Chang, and the playwright David Henry Hwang.  Asian-American actors initially lost their fight when the musical opened on Broadway with Pryce, but in the long run, the controversy generated many positive aftereffects for Asian-American actors.  The musical's ten-year run on Broadway employed an unprecedented number of Asian-American actors, and the role of the Engineer was subsequently cast with Asian-American actors.

Asian Americans have won the fight for employment, and while some roles for them stereotype those of Asian descent, Asian Americans are increasingly winning roles that respect and tolerate Asian Americans from the majority of producers who are realizing the reality of racial bigotry and ignorance that brings hostility and degradation to those oppressed.

Asian-American playwrights
Before the 1960s, Asian-American plays were virtually non-existent, but various initiatives, including East West Players' playwriting contest, encouraged Asian-American writers to adapt their short stories and novels into plays and to write original plays.  The first wave of Asian-American playwrights included Wakako Yamauchi, Momoko Iko, Edward Sakamoto, Hiroshi Kashiwagi, and Frank Chin.  Common themes in plays by first wave writers were Asian-American history, generational conflict, cultural identity, cultural nationalism, and family history.  In 1972, Frank Chin's The Chickencoop Chinaman became the first Asian-American play to be produced in New York City, and since then, Chin has become a major spokesperson for Asian-American playwriting.  He founded the Asian American Theatre Workshop in San Francisco to promote original playwriting by Asian Americans.  The most commercially successful Asian-American play was David Henry Hwang's play M. Butterfly, which became the first Asian-American play to be produced on Broadway and won the Tony Award for Best Play in 1988.  The success of M. Butterfly created a national interest in Asian-American plays, and regional theatre companies around the country began to produce plays by Hwang and other second wave Asian-American writers such as Philip Kan Gotanda and Velina Hasu Houston.  Such interest also promoted the publication of first anthologies of Asian-American plays in the early 1990s.  The mainstreaming of Asian-American plays increased with works by third wave writers such as Diana Son, Sung Rno, Han Ong, Chay Yew, Rick Shiomi, and Ralph Peña.  These third wave writers felt that race and ethnicity were mere jumping off point in addressing multifaceted experiences of being an Asian American and wrote about any topic that interested them.  All three waves of Asian American playwrights continue to produce works that define not only Asian-American theatre, but also American theatre and global theatre.

Alternative theatre and performance
One of the earliest pioneers of interdisciplinary theater and performance is Ping Chong. He is a seminal figure in the integration of visual arts, media, sound design, dance, mime, and spectacle into contemporary theater. LAZARUS, his 1st production, premiered in NYC in 1972.  Another form of alternative theatre is solo performance.  Often written, directed, and acted by one performer, solo performance has provided many Asian-American artists with the opportunity to voice their experiences.  Solo performers, such as Dan Kwong, Denise Uyehara, Jude Narita, and Lane Nishikawa, have toured with their shows and have introduced Asian-American theatre to audiences in all parts of the country.  Group performances have also toured, especially to colleges and universities.  Often comedic, group performances, such as Slant Performance Group and the 18 Mighty Mountain Warriors, have been popular amongst college students, many of whom saw Asian-American performers onstage for the first time.  Recently, spoken word groups have become the newest form of Asian-American theatre and performance.

The Consortium of Asian American Theaters & Artists (CAATA)
Formerly called the Asian-American Theatre Conference and Festival, the consortium's mission is to advance the field of Asian American theater through a national network of organizations and artists. In June 2006, Next Big Bang: The First Asian-American Theatre Conference was held in Los Angeles, spearheaded by East West Players. It was followed in June 2007 with the first ever National Asian American Theatre Festival, held in New York City. The two-week festival was co-organized by Pan Asian Rep, Ma-Yi Theater and NAATCO. From June 11 – June 24, work from more than 35 emerging and established artists and groups from across the nation was presented in over 13 venues around New York City's boroughs.
Shaping Our Voice & Vision: the 2nd National Asian American Theater Conference took place  June 5–7, 2008, in Minneapolis, co-hosted by Mu Performing Arts and Pangea World Theater. Conferences and Festivals have since been hosted in New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and Ashland, Oregon. The most recent combined Conference and Festival (ConFest) was held in Chicago from August 11–19, 2018, with its theme on revolutionary acts. This theme engaged people in passionate dialogue about social injustice, inequity and active resistance in American culture and helped theater practitioners consider what they can do about it.

See also
List of Asian-American theatre companies
Asian Americans in arts and entertainment
Portrayal of East Asians in American film and theater
The Nightingale casting controversy

Further reading
Eng, Alvin, ed.  Tokens?: Asian American Experience on Stage.  New York: The Asian American Writers Workshop, 1999.
Kondo, Dorinne.  About Face: Performing Race in Fashion and Theater.  New York: Routledge, 1997.
Kurahashi, Yuko.  Asian American Culture on Stage: The History of the East West Players.  New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1999.
Lee, Esther Kim.  A History of Asian American Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2006.
Lee, Josephine.  Performing Asian America: Race and Ethnicity on the Contemporary Stage.  Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997.
Liu, Miles Xian, ed.  Asian American Playwrights: A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook.  Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002.
Shimakawa, Karen.  National Abjection: The Asian American Body Onstage.  Durham, Duke University Press, 2002.

References

External links

Information
Asian American Theatre Revue
The Consortium of Asian American Theaters & Artists (CAATA)
2006 conference Next Big Bang website
2008 conference Shaping Our Voice & Vision website
Asian-Nation Sociological Overview of Asian American Writers, Artists, and Entertainers

Theatre companies
Asian American Theatre Co. website
Contemporary Asian Theater Scene (CATS) website
East West Players website
Ma-Yi Theatre Co. website
Mu Performing Arts website
National Asian American Theatre Co. (NAATCO) website
Asian Story Theater website
Pan Asian Rep website

Asian-American issues


Bolibourgeoisie (a portmanteau of the words Bolivarian and bourgeoisie) or Bolichicos (English: Boliboys) are terms describing the new bourgeois created by the Venezuelan government of Hugo Chávez and Chavismo, made up of people who became rich under the Chávez administration. The term was coined by journalist Juan Carlos Zapata to "define the oligarchy that has developed under the protection of the Chávez government".

Corruption among the bolibourgeoisie and Chávez-administration sympathizers has moved billions of dollars with the complicity of public officials, with some becoming rich under the guise of socialism. Henry Ramos Allup, a leader of the opposition party Democratic Action, has said corruption in the financial industry and other sectors of Venezuela is tied to government officials of the Chávez administration. Following the death of Chávez, the bolibourgeoisie became more powerful and held more influence over Venezuela during the presidency of Nicolás Maduro. Many figures of the bolibourgeoisie were included in the Panama Papers scandal.

Background
When President Chávez attained power in Venezuela, he faced opposition from the traditional elite within the country. Chávez created a new elite with access to dollars, which led to the establishment of a new wealthy class. During Chávez's tenure, he seized thousands of properties and businesses while also reducing the footprint of foreign companies. Venezuela's economy was then largely state-run and was operated by military officers that had their business and government affairs connected.

Senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, Harold Trinkunas, stated that involving the military in business was "a danger", with Trinkunas explaining that the Venezuelan military "has the greatest ability to coerce people, into business like they have". According to Bloomberg Business, "[b]y showering contracts on former military officials and pro-government business executives, Chávez put a new face on the system of patronage".

Government officials

Alejandro Andrade, who was appointed Minister of Finance by President Chávez, owned a private Learjet 45 worth $10 million that was registered in Delaware. He had invested in horses for show jumping, having a horse farm attributed to Andrade's firm in South Carolina. Alejandro's son, Emanuel Andrade, was also sponsored by his father and is a decorated show jumping jockey and owned multiple horses that are worth up to millions of dollars and studs that can earn profits from breeding. Andrade also hired a public relations firm, Starting Gate Communications, an organization that specializes in equestrian activities for his son.

The brother of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) politician Jesse Chacón, Arné Chacón, established a stable in Florida called Gadu Racing Stable Corp. and had horses compete in races in the United States until he was arrested in 2009. Brother of Ronald Sanchez the National Superintendent of Securities of Venezuela, Tomás Sánchez had a second stable, Rontos Racing Stable Corp., created that was signed by the same Gadu agent two months later. Ronald Sanchez was also accused of being involved in an extortion scandal in Miami by Venezuelan banker Thomas Vasquez in a testimony involving the case. The Rontos Racing Stable Corp. also own an apartment in the Trump Towers Miami building that was quoted at $625,000 in 2011.

Business executives
Ricardo Fernández Barrueco was a "modest business entrepreneur" in Caracas until he helped Chávez circumvent oil strikes initiated in 2002. In less than ten years, he had gained a net worth of $1.6 billion and created a combination of about 70 companies. He owned businesses in Panama, Ecuador and the United States and bought multiple financial institutions in 2008. In Miami, Fernandez bought a luxury apartment in the Jade at Brickell Bay, a home to many celebrities. In late 2009, Fernandez was arrested in Venezuela for unknown reasons and his companies were nationalized by President Chávez. He was released from prison in May 2014.

Víctor Vargas Irausquín is a Venezuelan banker who helped the Chávez administration raise funds to finance Venezuela's budget. According to the United States Department of State, Vargas was "said to have made a profit off those negotiations" and was described as "a banker whose star has risen greatly during the Chávez presidency". Vargas was also assisted by the Venezuelan government for abiding by their policies during the Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–2010, when more than a half-dozen private banking institutions were closed.

Chávez family

While Chávez was President, he stayed in the most expensive locations, with hundreds of individuals composing his entourage that included masseuses, chefs, tailors and Cuban doctors. Chávez and his family also wore designer clothes along with high-end fashion accessories and jewelry, with brand names including Cartier, Dolce & Gabbana and Patek Philippe & Co. among others. The daughters of Chávez have been seen with celebrities such as Justin Bieber, traveling internationally visiting places such as Disneyland Paris, New York City and Patagonia while also attending concerts of Madonna.

Members of the Chávez family live in a suburb of Barinas, Chávez's birthplace, occupying a mansion that is enclosed off from the public by walls topped with razor wire. Asdrubal Chávez, Chávez's cousin, is vice president of production and trade of PDVSA and is in charge of the majority of oil contracts. Chávez's brothers also hold positions in the Venezuelan government. Argenisis is the president of the state-run energy company CORPOELEC and Hannibal is the mayor of Sabaneta. In 2004, the Drug Enforcement Administration estimates showed that the family was possibly worth $140 million. In 2013, it was estimated that the Chávez family had liquid assets of about $550 million in multiple international bank accounts.

Though Chávez denounced hypocritical socialists and criticized those who bought luxury vehicles such as Hummers, he and his family acquired multiple vehicles during his presidency, including aircraft such as the Bombardier Challenger 605 and Gulfstream G550 and automobiles like the Bentley Mulsanne and Chevrolet LUV D-Max as well as multiple Hummers and Mercedes-Benz vehicles.

It is estimated that the Chávez family owns 17 estates totaling more than 100,000 acres. Each estate cost between $400,000 and  $700,000, with the estates having their own roads. According to state legislator and Chávez critic Wilmer Azuaje, members of Chávez's family live in mansions in Alto Barinas and children of the family have their own waiting staff in their school's dining hall.

Maduro and Flores families
The families of President Nicolás Maduro and his wife Cilia Flores have benefitted from supporting the Bolivarian government. Flores has been accused of nepotism with individuals claiming that several of her close relatives became employees of the National Assembly while she was in office.<ref name=ETcolombia>{{cite news|last1=Lares Martiz|first1=Valentina|title=Denuncian por nepotismo a la presidenta del Congreso venezolano, Cilia Flores|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-4378170|accessdate=12 August 2015|agency=El Tiempo (Colombia)|date=15 July 2008}}</ref>"Es falso que tenga muchos familiares en la Asamblea"  30 May 2008.

Two nephews of Cilia Flores, Efraín Antonio Campos Flores and Francisco Flores de Freites, have also been involved in illicit activities such as drug trafficking, with some of their funds possibly assisting President Maduro's presidential campaign in the 2013 Venezuelan presidential election and potentially for the 2015 Venezuelan parliamentary elections. One informant stated that the two would often fly out of Terminal 4 of Simon Bolivar Airport, a terminal reserved for the President. Walter Jacobo Gavidia Flores, Flores' son who is a Caracas judge, is being investigated for relations to drug trafficking as well.

Carlos Aem Flores, a relative of Flores, has also been linked to her two nephews involved in drug trafficking.  He has been seen sporting luxury brands of Cartier, Hublot, Louis Vuitton and Rolex and driving a special Transformers edition Chevrolet Camaro, a Ferrari F430, a Mercedes-AMG and a Porsche 911 GT2.

According to journalist Maibort Petit, Flores' son, Walter Jacob Gavidia Flores, whose last salary through 2015 was less than $1,000, made multiple international trips in 2015 and 2016 on private flights costing approximately $20,000 per trip. Gavidia Flores spent most of his time in the United States, though he also took chartered flights to France, Germany, Malta and Spain.

On 14 March 2015 at the wedding of Jose Zalt, a Syrian-Venezuelan businessman that owns the clothing brand Wintex, Maduro's son Nicolás Ernesto Maduro Guerra was seen being showered with American dollars at the gathering in the luxurious  in Caracas. The incident caused outrage among Venezuelans who believed this to be hypocritical of President Maduro, especially since many Venezuelans were experiencing hardships due to the poor state of the economy and due to the President's public denouncements of capitalism.

In March 2017, Runrunes reported that Citgo, a subsidiary of Venezuela's PDVSA, was loaned money to purchase two private aircraft for a total of $119 million. This occurred days after President Maduro called for assistance from the United Nations, asking for help to combat medicine shortages. The first aircraft, a Bombardier Global 6000 costing $54 million, would be used by Venezuela's Minister of Energy and Mines Nelson Martínez while the second aircraft, a Bombardier Global 8000 costing $65 million, would be used by President Maduro after its development was finalized. CITGO would then deliver its Dassault Falcon 2000 to be used by Maduro as well after receiving the Global 6000.

 International lifestyle
The bolibourgeoisie have enjoyed financial and entertainment benefits in Miami, Nicaragua, Panama and Spain. Following investigations surrounding their acts of corruption, they have begun to move their assets to Turkey and the United Arab Emirates.

In Florida, bolibourgeois are favored clients of real estate businesses, private jet companies, luxury car dealers, fine horse breeders and luxury stores. According to a business owner of an electronics store at the Bal Harbour Shops of Miami Beach, the success of selling luxury electronics made of valuable metals and gems is attributed to bolibourgeois, with some buying gold iPads and gold cellular phones priced between $8,000 and $45,000.

Bolibourgeois had also bought luxury automobiles from foreign countries, including luxury Hummer SUVs and Rolls-Royce cars.

 Investigations
The United States and the Lima Group have led efforts to discover assets illegally acquired and held by the bolibourgeoisie.

Alejandro Andrade, who was appointed Minister of Finance by President Chávez, was accused of using public funds by opposition deputy Ismael García and was described as participating in a "network of corruption" by the United States Department of State. In March 2018, it was reported that United States authorities were investigating Andrade for money laundering and funneling Venezuelan state funds into his own interests. In November 2018, Andrade was sentenced to ten years in prison by the United States for accepting at least $1 billion in bribes and money laundering, resulting in having his assets seized. These assets included a mansion in Florida, a group of classic cars and over a dozen race horses.

Husband and wife Adrían Velásquez and Claudia Patricia Díaz Guillén were arrested in Spain in 2018 for allegedly holding over $4 billion of Venezuelan state funds in Andorra and Seychelles. Velásquez had served as a bodyguard for President Chávez while Diaz Guillén was the successor of Andrade serving as Minister of Finance.

Raúl Gorrín, who acquired Venezuelan media company Globovisión and turned it into a pro-Maduro network, was indicted for money laundering and bribery in November 2018.

The scandal known as the Maletinazo'' also generated criticism in which the government of Chávez was alleged to be sending state oil money from PDVSA to finance the political campaign of former president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of Argentina.

On 12 May 2022, Claudia Patricia Díaz Guillén was extradited from Spain to South Florida to face charges of accepting millions in bribes from a billionaire businessman.

See also
 Corruption in Venezuela
 Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez government
 History of Venezuela (1999–present)

General:
 Blanquism
 Kleptocracy
 Lumpenbourgeoisie
 Nomenklatura
 Redwashing
 Russian oligarch

References

External links
Website showing luxury watches owned by Bolivarian officials

Bolivarian Revolution
Corruption in Venezuela
Hugo Chávez
Society of Venezuela
Bourgeoisie


Cricetulodon is an extinct genus of muroid rodent named in 1965. It lived from the Middle Aragonian to the late Turolian. It is sometimes classified with its close relatives in the Cricetodon-Ruscinomys group, which lived in total for 17 million years from  to approximately .

The genus includes the following species:
 Cricetulodon bugesiensis
 Cricetulodon hartenbergeri
 Cricetulodon lucentensis
 Cricetulodon meini
 Cricetulodon sabadellensis

References

External links
Cricetulodon at the Paleobiology Database

Cricetidae
Miocene rodents
Prehistoric mammals of Europe


The Benelux memorandum of 1955 was a document drafted by the three Benelux countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg) on 18 May 1955 as a means to reviving European integration on the basis of a general common market.

Background
The failure of the European Defence Community (EDC) and the European Political Community, brought the process of European integration to a standstill in 1954. At that moment Johan Willem Beyen (Netherlands Minister for Foreign Affairs) took the initiative to revive an idea, based on the Ouchy Convention of 1932, he had already put forward in December 1952 and February 1953 for the European Political Community (EPC). He proposed that the member states of the European Coal and Steel Community would develop a common market without customs duties or import quotas instead of a sector-based integration which had been the option taken by the ECSC. Beyen sent a memorandum to his Benelux colleagues Paul-Henri Spaak (Belgium) and Joseph Bech (Luxembourg) on 4 April 1955 in which he proposed his idea of a customs union.

The three Foreign Ministers of the Benelux met in The Hague on 23 April 1955. Based on the Beyen memorandum and a memorandum of Jean Monnet on nuclear energy they drafted a joint memorandum to present to their colleagues of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). They finalized the memorandum on 18 May 1955 and presented it to the governments of France, Germany and Italy on 20 May 1955. They proposed to hold an intergovernmental conference to prepare integration in the fields mentioned in the memorandum, and to discuss the way towards a general integration of the European economy.

Summary
In the memorandum the Benelux proposed the establishment of an Economic Community based on a general common market and a sectoral approach for transport and energy, especially nuclear energy (the last was in the line of the approach taken with the ECSC). The common market was to be achieved by a gradual reduction of trade restriction and custom tariffs. Besides the economic domain the memorandum proposed an integration also at the social and financial domain. In addition they proposed the creation of a joint (supranational) independent authority.

Outcome
The Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community assembled on 14 May 1955 decided that at the Messina Conference to be held later that month they would discuss the way to move forward towards European integration.

References

Sources
 Benelux memorandum (18 May 1955) on CVCE website (Centre for European Studies).
 Letter from the Netherlands Foreign Minister to his ECSC partners (14 February 1953) on CVCE website (Centre for European Studies).
 The Beyen Plan  on CVCE website (Centre for European Studies).
 Raymond F. Mikesell, The Lessons of Benelux and the European Coal and Steel Community for the European Economic Community, The American Economic Review, Vol. 48, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Seventieth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association (May, 1958), pp. 428–441

History of the European Union
1955 in the European Economic Community
Benelux
1955 in Belgium
1955 in the Netherlands
1955 in Luxembourg
European Economic Community
European Single Market


HMS Lancaster was an 80-gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched at Bursledon on 3 April 1694.

Early career
Lancaster was built at a cost of £12,807.4.10d, and had an armament of twenty-four demi-cannon, thirty culverins, and twenty-six sakers: eighty guns in all. She was launched at Bursledon on 3 April 1694 under Captain Andrew Leake, and was commanded by Captain Robert Robinson in 1696 and Henry Martin in 1697. In 1702, under Captain John Price, she was with Cloudesley Shovell and the Mediterranean Fleet, and continued so, commanded by Captain Christopher Myngs in 1703, and under Captain James Moodie from 1707 to 1708. She spent 1708 with Admiral John Leake's fleet in the Straits of Gibraltar, and was probably under Captain John Huntingdon from 1709 to 1711 in the English Channel.

Later career
She was rebuilt according to the 1719 Establishment at Portsmouth, from where she was relaunched on 1 September 1722. After this time, her armament of 80 guns, previously carried on two gundecks, was carried on three, though she continued to be classified as a third rate. On 15 February 1743 she was ordered to be taken to pieces and rebuilt at Woolwich Dockyard as a 66-gun third rate according to the 1741 proposals of the 1719 Establishment. This rebuild returned her to a two-decker, and she was relaunched on 22 April 1749.

Fate
Lancaster was broken up in 1773.

Notes

References

Lavery, Brian (2003) The Ship of the Line – Volume 1: The development of the battlefleet 1650–1850. Conway Maritime Press. .

Ships of the line of the Royal Navy
1690s ships
Ships built on the River Hamble


The Curtiss XP-22 Hawk was a 1930s American experimental biplane fighter built by Curtiss for evaluation by the United States Army Air Service.

Design and development
In 1929, the AAC ordered three P-11 Hawks for testing of the 600 hp (447 kW) H-1640 Chieftain engine. This engine proved a failure, and before completion, one of the three was converted to use a 9-cylinder 575 hp (429 kW) Cyclone, being completed as the YP-20. Testing with the R-1820 was prolonged, so the Army acquired another of the three P-11s, instead. This became the XP-22.

A number of changes were made for installing the 700 hp (520 kW) Curtiss V-1570 Conqueror engine. The radiator was relocated, a new cowl was fitted, and the tail was given more fin and less rudder area, and featured a steerable tailwheel, rather than the original skid. For these changes, Curtiss charged only US$1.

During testing, the XP-22 underwent a number of alterations and improvements, including a change from a three-strut landing gear to a single streamlined strut, later fitted with wheel pants. Fillets were added where struts joined the wing and the tail was briefly reduced in area, to P-6 standard. The XP-22 was also the Army's first fighter capable of 200 mph (320 km/h), achieving 202 mph (325 km/h).

Operational history
In June 1931, the AAC held a competition to evaluate the P-6, P-12, YP-20, and XP-22. The XP-22 came out the winner, earning a contract for 45 aircraft as the Y1P-22. Following the trials, the XP-22 donated a nose and landing gear graft to the YP-20, which became the XP-6E, and the 45 production aircraft were completed to this standard.

Operators

United States Army Air Forces

Specifications (XP-22 Hawk)

References

Further reading
 Donald, David, ed. Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada: Prospero Books, 1997. .
 Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. "Hawk, Curtiss Models 34 and 35 P-1 to P-6 and F6C". Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons and Warfare. Volume 12, pp. 1255–1256, London: Phoebus Publishing, 1978.
 Jones, Lloyd S. U.S. Fighters: 1925-1980s. Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, Inc., 1975. .

Curtiss P-22
P-22 Hawk
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes


Le Distrait (, alternative English title: The Daydreamer) is a 1970 French comedy film directed by Pierre Richard, starring Pierre Richard, Marie-Christine Barrault and Bernard Blier.

The film combines elements of slapstick, horror and romantic comedy. The plot follows the adventures of Pierre Malaquet, an eccentric and extremely absent-minded advertising manager. The prototype of the character is Ménalque from Jean de La Bruyère's "Caractères".

Synopsis
Pierre Malaquet is a creative, zany and incredibly scatterbrained young man, not of this world, always getting into comic situations. He is hired to a big advertising agency "Jerico" on his mother's recommendation. Full of bizarre advertising ideas, he meddles in other people's business and tries to remake everything in his own manner. His commercials resemble horror films; themes of death and violence seem to amuse him, black humor is present in all of his works. He is convinced that "shocking" ads are the most effective. His actions annoy his coworkers, but to their great surprise, the strict boss Mr. Guiton forgives him for all his tricks - all because he is secretly involved with Malaquet's mother Glycia.

At the office Pierre makes friends with Lisa Gastier, Guiton's young and charming secretary. She turns out to be a daughter of one of the most important clients of the agency. Pierre is sent to bring  an important contract to his office for signing. As usual, Pierre confuses everything and instead of going to the office he goes to Gastier's house, where there is a party in a full swing. There he becomes a center of attention because of his odd behavior. A younger daughter of Gastier, Veronique, intends to "give him a little lesson", but finds herself in an awkward situation as a result.  Mr. Gastier, who waited in vain for Pierre in his office, returns home and when he finds Pierre there, becomes furious and throws him out of the house.

The young wife of Mr. Guiton, Clarisse, tries to seduce Pierre in a greenhouse, but it results in another amusing incident -  when Pierre is undressing Clarisse, her long hair gets stuck in her zipper, and to her horror, he cuts off her hair with pruning scissors.

Guiton allocates him in a small office on a ground floor, full of cages with parrots and without proper furniture, in an effort to hold him away from agency business and to spite him. But even here Pierre finds amusement for himself. Soon he gets the first client - a manufacturer of toothpaste "Klerdene", eccentric and even more absent-minded than Pierre himself.  While strolling with Lisa he gets an idea of street advertising of the toothpaste. The scenario is the following: a beautiful blonde walks down the street and all of a sudden faints. She gets surrounded by passers-by who start arguing about how to help her. A handsome young man appears and gives her mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. She comes to her senses right away and asks rapturously: "Klerdene?" to which he responds affirmatively, and she says that "it is impossible to forget". Then the advertising slogan is pronounced. Eventually this campaign results in a fight between people for the right to give the woman mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, and in a media scandal.

Pierre's next project was a street advertising of bags for plastic packets, which included smashing eggs on people's heads and also resulted in a large-scale brawl and scandal.

Mr. Guiton still puts up with Pierre's wild escapades, in the minutes of anger soothing himself by remembering romantic moments with Malaquet's mother.  But he runs out of patience after the next incident. Pierre makes an even more shocking commercial, believing that it will be a big success, but Lisa, understanding that it oversteps all limits already, convinces him to give it up. However, the videotape with the commercial gets to television by mistake and is broadcast. It stirs up a huge scandal. Enraged TV viewers gather around the agency's building to express protest. Guiton understands that it may ruin agency's reputation. At the extraordinary meeting of the agency's management with the clients he finally decides to fire Malaquet. It upsets Lisa and she goes searching for Pierre. Meanwhile, Pierre, who is attacked by angry marchers on his way to the office, sees a girl in a bath in a big advertising poster. He imagines Lisa on her place and suddenly realizes that he is in love with Lisa.  Beside himself in delight, he starts searching around for Lisa, as always getting into funny situations. At this time Lisa arrives at his apartment but doesn't find him there. Eventually Pierre finds her in his apartment taking a bath, and emotionally declares his love to her.

Pierre's mother convinces Guiton to give her son another chance. He decides to send him along with Lisa to work at the agency's office in the US. On board of the plane, right before takeoff, Pierre goes searching for lavatory and somehow gets out of the plane, which takes off without him. Confused Pierre runs after the plane, a narrator recites the passage from "Caractères" by Jean de La Bruyère, and the film ends.

Soundtrack
Le distrait (2:07)
Récéption chez les Gastier (3:44)
Étourderies (0:51)
Promenade dans les champs (2:02)
Bravo Plistax (1:03)
Pierre et Lisa (1:38)
Bizarre, tout est normal (2:31)
Gazou, gazou (1:10)
Le distrait - final (1:50)

Cast

Release history

References
 Information about the film from Pierre Richard's official site.

External links
  Film Photogallery
 Trailer at the Gaumont site (requires QuickTime Player)
 Le Distrait overview at nytimes.com

1970 films
1970s screwball comedy films
1970 black comedy films
1970 romantic comedy films
Films about advertising
1970s French-language films
French black comedy films
Films scored by Vladimir Cosma
1970s French films


Farida Mohammad Ali (Arabic, فريدة محمد علي) (born 1963 in Kerbala, Iraq) is an Iraqi singer.  She performs regularly in the Iraqi Maqam Ensemble. The ensemble was established in 1989 in Baghdad by Mohammad H.Gomar to continue of the 1973 ensemble organized by the prominent lute professor Munir Bashir.  She had taught maqam singing at the Baghdad Conservatory. She left Iraq in 1997. She is married to Mohammad Gomar the Djozza instrument player and lives in the Netherlands.

She was the recipient of the Medal Algeria Capital of Arab Culture in 2007.  She performed in International Mystic Music Sufi Festival in Karachi, Pakistan in 2007.

Discography
Farida and the Iraqi Maqam Ensemble, Classical Music of Iraq (Music and Words, 1998)
Farida and the Iraqi Maqam Ensemble, Iraqi Mawal & maqam (produced by Samarkand company in the Netherlands 2000)
Farida and the Iraqi Maqam Ensemble, Departure (Produced by the Dutch company Soly Luna 2001)
Farida and the Iraqi Maqam Ensemble, Tradition (Produced by Munir Bashir Foundation 2002)
Farida and the Iraqi Maqam Ensemble, Voice of Mesopotamia (Produced By Long Distance France, 2003)
Farida and the Iraqi Maqam Ensemble, Baghdad Eternity (Poems & Maqamat) (Produced by Iraqi Maqam Foundation 2004)
Farida and the Iraqi Maqam Ensemble, Ishraqaat (Produced by Snail Records 2005)

See also
Music of Iraq

External links
Site on Farida and the Iraqi Maqam Ensemble
Record label
Artistic portrait on BBC site
Article on maqam singing in Iraq
Statement at WOMAD festival supporting arms control

1963 births
Living people
Iraqi Shia Muslims
20th-century Iraqi women singers
People from Karbala
21st-century Iraqi women singers


Shree Kutch Satsang Swaminarayan Temple (East London) is a Swaminarayan Temple in east London, in the London Borough of Newham that comes under the Narnarayan Dev Gadi and is part of the Hindu faith.

The main Hindu temple (Mandir), with an upper floor used for seminars and other gatherings, and a library selling books and other religious material. A kitchen and dining area a few doors down, which was previously used as a temporary Mandir while the main Mandir was being reconstructed. The organization is a charity registered and was formed in 1986.

Institutions and groups under the Temple

 A Gujarati school - Sahajanand School
 A youth group - Swaminarayan Yuvak Mandal
 A Band/Lazium team - Band/Lazium
 A Bhajan team - Performs Bhajans

Yuvak Mandal

This is the Youth Wing. According to Swaminarayan Sampraday scriptures each and every occasion is celebrated with great festivity. These include occasions such as, Rama Navami, Janmashtami, Diwali, Ankoth, and so on, with special inclusions of annual anniversary celebrations of the Temple followed by 5 to 7 days Katha Parayan in the presence of saints and the Acharya.

Boys & Girls Sabhas, Dhol Lessons, Summer fun-days out, Treasure hunts, Christmas fun-days, Shikshapatri evening lectures, are some of the activities of the Yuvak Mandal of East London Swaminarayan Temple.

References

 Shri Swaminarayan Mandirs - SKSS Mandir East London

External links

Swaminarayan Sampradaya
Hindu temples in London


Théodore Jacques Ralli or Theodorus Rallis (full name: Theodoros Rallis-Scaramanga; ; Constantinople, 16 February 1852 – 2 October 1909, Lausanne) was an ethnic Greek painter, watercolourist and draughtsman, who spent most of his working life in France and Egypt.

He painted genre works, portraits, local figures, architectural subjects, interiors with figures and animals. But he is best known for his orientalist paintings.

Biography

He was sent to Paris under the patronage of King Otto of Greece  and studied under Jean-Léon Gérôme, French painter and professor at the École des Beaux-Arts, and under Jean-Jules-Antoine Lecomte du Nouy, both known for their orientalist paintings.

Ralli then travelled widely in North Africa and the Middle East, settling for a while in Cairo, Egypt. Here he found his inspiration for the romantic mysticism and suggestive sensuality of his many orientalistic paintings. His other genre paintings were often nostalgic recollections of the life and customs of his Greek homeland, which he portrayed with a delicate and moving reverence. His paintings were elaborated with great attention to detail, with great attention to costumes and facial expressions. The varying light sources in his paintings such as rays of light, candles, or the glowing embers in the fireplace are rendered in soft colours.

Rallis first exhibition was at the Salon in 1875. From 1879 he regularly exhibited at the Royal Academy in London. He was a member of the Société des Artistes Français, where he received an honourable mention in 1885, and a silver medal in 1889  for his whole work He exhibited his paintings in the Salon de Rouen (1897, 1903, 1906 and 1909) and also in Athens during the Olympic Games of 1896. He also served as a member of the competition jury in 1900 at the Exposition Universelle. In 1901 he became a chevalier of the Légion d’Honneur.

After his death he was slowly almost forgotten. It is telling that his name is not even included in the Grove Dictionary of Art. Most of his paintings are still in private collections and only a few museums have ever purchased his works. A few of his paintings were auctioned in the 20th century, but only obtained modest prices. However in the 21st century, his paintings have been rediscovered and are being auctioned at prices that are a tenfold of some years before, fetching prices from 30,000 to 100,000 euros. On 14 November 2007 a study for the painting Refectory in a Greek Monastery (Mount Athos) (1885) was auctioned at 200,000 euros at Sotheby's in London, and in January 2008, the painting itself was sold at the absolute record price of 670,000 euros to a Greek collector at an auction in Ghent, Belgium. This was followed by the sale of his oil on canvas, titled Praying Before the Communion at Megara (1890), by Bonhams in London on 25 May 2008, achieving a staggering hammer price of £600,000.

Museums
 Greek National Gallery, Athens (two paintings)
Louvre, Paris (one painting)
Sydney (one painting)

Selected works
Praying in a Greek church, Mount Parnassus 1876
Boa Charmer in the Harem (1882) (oil on canvas)
Snake Charmer in the Harem (1882) (oil on canvas)
Wake of the Pasha of Tangier (1884) (oil on canvas)
Refectory in a monastery (Mount Athos) (1885) (oil on canvas)
Reclining Odalisk (1885) (oil on canvas)
Sleeping Concubine (1885) (oil on canvas)
La Demoiselle (1887) (oil on canvas)
Evening Prayers (1890) (oil on canvas)
Praying before the Communion, Megara (1890) (oil on canvas) (presented at the Salon of 1890)
In the mosque, 1891
Seamstress (1895) (oil on canvas)
Drama in the Harem (1908) (oil on canvas) (presented at the Salon of 1908)
Jerusalem
Before Solomon’s Wall in Jerusalem
Woman in Arab Interior
Girls in Orthodox Church
Benediction (oil on canvas)
Peasant Woman resting (watercolour and pencil)
Girl in Church, Candle in Hand (oil on canvas)
Two camels in the Desert (watercolour heightened with gouache)
Ah ! Jealous Woman among Jealous Women (oil on canvas)
The Sultan’s Favourite
The Offering
The Bath  (oil on canvas)
Young Beauty (oil on canvas)
A Greek Beauty (watercolour on paper)
Portrait of a Greek Girl (Helen of Megara) (oil on panel)
Two Wise Old Men in Turbans (watercolour)
Portrait of a Man in Green (oil on canvas on card)
Sleeping in Church (oil on canvas)
Entrance to Mary’s Tomb in Jerusalem (watercolour)
Religious Instruction in an Algerian Mosque (oil on canvas)
Girl Spinning Wool (oil on panel)
Portrait of the Artist

See also

List of Orientalist artists
Orientalism

Notes

References
Benezit, E., Dictionnaire des Peintres, Sculpteurs, Dessinateurs et Graveurs - Librairie Gründ, Paris, 1976;  (in French)

External links

19th-century French painters
French male painters
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
1852 births
1909 deaths
Emigrants from the Ottoman Empire to France
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Orientalist painters
Constantinopolitan Greeks
Artists from Istanbul
19th-century French male artists


Samsong station is a subway station on Seoul Subway Line 3. The distance between this station and Wondang station is 5 km, so Wonheung station opened since December 27, 2014 between Wondang station and this station.

Station layout

Passengers

References

Seoul Metropolitan Subway stations
Metro stations in Goyang
Seoul Subway Line 3
Railway stations in South Korea opened in 1996


USS Runels (DE-793/APD-85) was a Buckley-class destroyer escort of the United States Navy, in service from 1944 to 1947. She was finally sold for scrap in 1961.

Namesake
Donald Steven Runels was born on 8 July 1904 at Santa Maria, California. He enlisted in the United States Navy on 19 March 1926; was appointed machinist on 14 September 1938; warranted machinist (to rank from 10 September 1938) on 25 November 1939; and commissioned Ensign on 23 June 1942. He was killed when his ship, the  was torpedoed and sunk during the Battle of Tassafaronga on 30 November 1942.

History
Runels was laid down on 7 June 1943 by the Consolidated Steel Corp., Orange, Texas; launched on 4 September 1943; sponsored by Mrs. D. S. Runels, widow of Ensign Runels; and commissioned on 3 January 1944.

Battle of the Atlantic
Runels, assigned to Escort Division 47 (CortDiv 47), completed shakedown off Bermuda in April. In March [sic] she joined Task Force 67 (TF 67), at Brooklyn, for transoceanic convoy duty. Between 25 March and 11 May, she escorted a convoy to the United Kingdom and back; then, toward the end of May, shifted to a more southerly route and convoyed ships to Casablanca. Returning in mid-June, she operated with escort carriers off the coast of southern New England until the 30th when she headed for North Africa again. On 10 July she arrived at Mers-el-Kebir; reported to Task Group 80.6 (TG 80.6); and commenced escort and patrol duty along the western North African coast. Within the week, however, her escort runs were extended to Naples where Allied forces were preparing for Operation Dragoon – the invasion of southern France.

On 13 August Runels cleared Naples with others assigned to convoy control of Operation "Dragoon" forces. On the 15th, she arrived in the assault area and took up station in the transport screen. For the next 2 months, however, she continued to escort troops and supplies, from Mers-el-Kebir and from Naples, into the offloading areas along the southern coast of France. Then, in November and December, she protected LSTs shuttling supplies between Bastia, Corsica, and Marseilles.

Pacific War

Ordered back to the United States for conversion to a destroyer transport, Runels departed the Mediterranean at the end of the year and arrived at New York on 18 January 1945. Redesignated APD-85 on 24 January, she completed conversion 8 April; conducted training in Chesapeake Bay; and departed for the Pacific on the 28th. In mid-May she arrived in Hawaii for further training and on 9 June cleared Pearl Harbor with an Eniwetok-bound convoy. From the Marshalls, Runels continued on to the Marianas, thence to Okinawa. Arriving on 4 July, she patrolled off the Hagushi Anchorage until the 13th; escorted Leyte–Okinawa convoys between 14 July and 6 August; then served as radar picket ship until the cessation of hostilities.

Detached 16 August, Runels operated briefly with the fast carrier replenishment group, then joined Task Force 31 (TF 31), and on the 27th anchored in Sagami Wan to begin 7 months of occupation duty. During September she assisted in the evacuation of Allied POWs from Japanese camps and provided mail, passenger and freight service between Iwo Jima and Tokyo. In October and November, she participated in the demilitarization of islands in the Izu group; and, in December, she served as mobile headquarters for the Director of Port Activities, Empire Area; and conducted an inspection trip to the Ryūkyūs. With the new year, 1946, Runels continued her varied duties in support of the occupation of Japan. On 9 April she sailed east for the United States and inactivation, arriving at Philadelphia Navy Yard on 31 May. In July she shifted to Charleston, S.C. and in January 1947, to Mayport, Fla. There she decommissioned on 10 February 1947 and was berthed as a unit of the Atlantic Reserve Fleet.

Fate
Runels remained in the Reserve Fleet until struck from the Navy list on 1 June 1960. She was sold for scrap to the Portsmouth Salvage Co., Portsmouth, Virginia on 10 July 1961.

Runels earned one battle star for World War II service.

References

External links

      navsource.org: USS Runels
   hazegray.org: USS Runels

Buckley-class destroyer escorts
Charles Lawrence-class high speed transports
Ships built in Orange, Texas
1943 ships


Relick Sunday (or Relic Sunday) is a moveable feast in the Christian calendar celebrated in mid July on the third Sunday after Midsummer's day. The feast celebrated Christian relics of all kinds, in which offerings were given to relics.

In England (Use of Sarum), the feast of relics fell in earlier times on the octave day of the nativity of blessed Mary (September 15), but in 1252 it was moved to the first Sunday after the Feast of the Translation of St. Thomas, therefore on the Sunday falling within July 8-14.

A manuscript from the late fifteenth century carrying a sermon entitled In festo Reliquarum describes its commemoration:

"Worshipfull frendis, on Sunday next commyng shall be the holy fest of all relykis (called Relike Sonday), which that be left here in erth to the grete magnificence, honour and worship of god and profite to man bothe bodily and gostily, for in as much as we be in sufficient to worship and reuerence singulerly all reuerent Relikis of all seyntis left here in erth, for it passith mannis power. Wherefore holy Chirch in especiall the Chirch of Yngelonde hathe ordeynd this holy Fest to be worshipped the next Sonday aftir the translacion of seint Thomas of Cauntirbery yerely to be hallowed and had in reuerence."

The Exeter Ordinal places this feast on Monday after the Feast of the Ascension.

References

Christian Sunday observances
July observances


The Diamond Head Theatre is a cultural institution in the United States.  Locally known as the Broadway of the Pacific, it is located on the slopes of Diamond Head in Honolulu, Hawaii.  Opened in 1915, it is Hawaii's oldest performing arts center.

History
On April 28, 1915, a new theatrical group called The Footlights was born when Will Lewers, Mrs. Walter F. Dillingham, Helen Alexander, Margaret Center and Gerrit Wilder appeared in The Amazons by Pinero. The performance took place at the Honolulu Opera House, where the main Post Office on Merchant Street now stands. The legacy of those theatre lovers grew into the third-oldest, continuously operating theatre in the entire United States.

In 1934, The Footlights reorganized and took on a new name: Honolulu Community Theatre. In the original mission statement, still honored today, the theatre committed itself to community service through the art of theatre, involving the people of Hawaii as audience members, stage crew and performers.

During World War II, Honolulu Community Theatre productions entertained thousands of troops at over 300 performances throughout the Pacific (a tradition they continued with the Pacific tour of Ain't Misbehavin' during the 1990 season). Then, in 1952, Honolulu Community Theatre took up residence in the Fort Ruger Theatre, the Army Post's then movie house. Major refurbishments to make that structure a fully modern venue for stage productions included the addition of scene and costume shops, installation of lighting and sound systems, handicapped-accessible restrooms, a first-ever lobby for patrons and an upstairs addition for expanded office space, spotlights, and sound and lighting boards.

In 1990, Honolulu Community Theatre was renamed Diamond Head Theatre. Each season Diamond Head Theatre offers six mainstage theatrical productions, including five major musicals. They provide theatre workshops to train residents of Hawaii in the theatrical arts. Acting, voice and dance classes for children, teens, and adults are offered throughout the year. Diamond Head Theatre's Shooting Stars, a youth performing arts troupe, provides exposure and training to area youth.

Past Seasons

2007-2008 Season

The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas
September 21, 2007 – October 7, 2007

Meet Me in St. Louis
November 30, 2007 – December 16, 2007

Barefoot in the Park
February 1, 2008 – February 17, 2008

Flower Drum Song
March 21, 2008 – April 6, 2008

The Producers
May 16, 2008 – June 1, 2008

The Wizard of Oz
July 11, 2008 – July 27, 2008

2008 - 2009 Season

Les Misérables
A Hawaii Community Theatre Premiere
September 26, 2008 – October 12, 2008

Peter Pan
December 5, 2008 – December 31, 2008

Souvenir
A Hawaii Premiere
January 30, 2009 – February 15, 2009

Gypsy
March 20, 2009 – April 5, 2009

Dirty Rotten Scoundrels
A Hawaii Premiere
May 15, 2009 – May 31, 2009

The Wedding Singer
A Hawaii Premiere
July 10, 2009 – July 26, 2009

2009-2010 Season

The Drowsy Chaperone
A Hawaii Premiere
September 25 – October 11, 2009

Irving Berlin's White Christmas
A Hawaii Premiere
December 4 – 20, 2009

The Joy Luck Club
January 29 – February 14, 2010

SHOUT! The Mod Musical
A Hawaii Premiere
March 19 – April 4, 2010

Guys and Dolls
May 14 – 30, 2010

The Sound Of Music
July 9 – 25, 2010

References

External links
Official site

Theatres in Hawaii
Buildings and structures in Honolulu
Culture of Honolulu
Tourist attractions in Honolulu
Theatres completed in 1915
1915 establishments in Hawaii