Mirth & Girth is a portrait painting by School of the Art Institute of Chicago (SAIC) student David K. Nelson, Jr., depicting the deceased popular African-American mayor of Chicago, Harold Washington wearing only a bra, G-string, garter belt and stockings. After a brief showing at a May 11, 1988 private student exhibition in the Art Institute, angry African-American aldermen, including Ald. Allan Streeter,  Ald. Bobby Rush and Ald. Dorothy Tillman,  arrived with Chicago Police Department officers and confiscated the painting, triggering a First Amendment and race relations crisis and a civil lawsuit.

Free speech advocates condemned the seizure of the painting, while the aldermen maintained that the painting was an insult to Washington and should have been taken down. Some students at the SAIC showed their support for free speech by holding rallies in front of the school and at the Richard J. Daley Plaza, while other students criticized Nelson for poor timing in showing a racially insensitive image.

At some point between when the painting was confiscated and when it was returned, a  gash was made on the canvas. Nelson filed a federal lawsuit against the city, claiming that the painting's confiscation and subsequent damaging violated his First Amendment rights. He and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) settled with the city for $95,000 (1994; ) in compensation for the damaged painting after the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit upheld the lower court's decision.

Background

Harold Washington

Harold Washington, the subject of the portrait, was elected in 1965 to the Illinois House of Representatives. Washington won Chicago's 1983 Democratic mayoral primary election, defeating Jane Byrne and Richard M. Daley. He was then elected mayor, prevailing over Bernard Epton in a racially polarizing general election. His first four-year term was characterized by the Council Wars, a period of political conflict with the mostly white aldermanic majority in City Council. Seven Washington-backed aldermanic challengers prevailed in the April, 1986 special municipal election, facilitating progress with Washington's agenda. Washington died suddenly of a heart attack in his office. His death was followed by a period of mourning by Chicagoans, particularly in the African-American community.

Creation of painting
Shortly after Washington's death, Nelson (who is white) painted Mirth & Girth, a "full-length frontal portrait of a portly grim-faced Harold Washington clad in a white bra and G-string, garter belt, and stockings". The painting was approximately  tall by  wide. In the portrait, Washington is holding a pencil in his right hand. His aide, Alton Miller, initially mistook Washington's slumping over his desk as an attempt to pick up a pencil that had fallen onto the floor. The title of the piece is presumably derived from Girth & Mirth, an organization for overweight gay men.

In an interview with the Chicago Sun-Times, Nelson stated that he had painted Mirth & Girth over the course of one night, standing in his underwear. He said that he had painted it in response to how the city populace revered Washington shortly after his death. Nelson stated, "(i)n Chicago, at this time, Harold Washington is like an icon. He's like a deity." In particular, Nelson painted the portrait after seeing prints of "Worry Ye Not", another poster that depicted a smiling Washington with a blue-robe adorned Jesus Christ, looking down on the Chicago skyline. Nelson later testified that he had based the iconoclastic elements of the painting on a rumor that doctors at Northwestern Memorial Hospital had discovered female underwear beneath the suit Washington was wearing at the time of his death. Three weeks after the controversy erupted, in an interview with the New Art Examiner, Nelson explained that the portrait referenced an existing photograph of Washington holding a cigarette prop at an American Cancer Society event.

The caricature was not Nelson's first. He had drawn a portrait of his mother as Whistler's Mother for Mother's Day. Nelson had also drawn a caricature of his father as the model depicted on boxes of Cream of Wheat.  Nelson explained, "(t)his kind of irreverence and iconoclasm runs through all my artwork". In an April Fools' Day edition of a Weekly World News parody produced by Nelson, he illustrated SAIC president Anthony Jones as an infant in the arms of a bare-breasted Madonna.

Display and confiscation

Initial display
On May 11, 1988, Mirth & Girth was displayed at a private exhibition in one of the school's main interior hallways. The painting was part of a set of six that Nelson was displaying in a judged three-day student fellowship exhibition held to showcase upcoming graduates. Another of his works was a self-portrait titled "I'm Sensitive, and I Love All Humanity", depicting Nelson holding little people of multiple nationalities. As soon as the exhibit opened, between 7:30 and 8:30 am, the painting drew enough negative attention for the Art Institute to post a security guard in front of the painting. Shortly thereafter, the school began to receive angry phone calls about the painting.

Soon after the exhibit opened, word of the controversy reached the Chicago City Council, which was in session. Alderman Bobby Rush (then of the 2nd ward) immediately put together a resolution that would cut off the city's contribution to the Art Institute unless it apologized for displaying the painting. In part, the resolution read "Whereas, the artist David Nelson obviously exhibits some type of demented and pathological mental capacities ...". Another resolution was written that asked the Art Institute to remove the painting immediately. After passing both items, a group of aldermen left to deliver the resolutions to the Art Institute.

Nelson returned to the painting about an hour after it was first displayed. He had forgotten a hammer and nails to hang the painting, and had left it leaning against the wall for an hour. Shortly after he returned, city aldermen, police officers and local reporters arrived at the scene, leading to a dramatic confrontation between aldermen and other students, while Nelson remained incognito nearby.

Confiscation
Aldermen Edward Jones (20th) and William C. Henry (24th) were the first aldermen to arrive from the City Council session. According to the federal lawsuit, Henry showed he had a gun, and then with Jones removed the now-hung painting from the wall and placed it on the floor, facing the wall. After they left, another student rehung the painting. Three other aldermen, Allan Streeter (17th), Dorothy Tillman (3rd) and Rush, arrived later. They took down the painting and attempted to remove it from the school, but were stopped by a school official. The aldermen then took the painting to the office of the school president Anthony Jones (no relation to Edward Jones). The painting had a  gash, and it had been wrapped in brown paper.

Alderman Tillman threatened to burn the painting in President Jones' office, but a Chicago Police Department (CPD) lieutenant present with the aldermen, Lt. Raymond Patterson, advised against this. Instead, another unnamed alderman called CPD superintendent Leroy Martin. Martin telephoned Patterson in Jones' office and ordered Patterson to take the painting into police custody, telling Jones that the painting amounted to "incitement to riot". Patterson overrode this direct order, citing his own powers as the lieutenant on the scene and hung up on Martin. A CPD sergeant accompanied Rush, Streeter and Tillman to a waiting police car with the wrapped painting in hand. Parts of the incident were later broadcast on television.

The incident was marked by a volatile shouting match between the aldermen and students, and met with condemnation from free-speech advocates. As the aldermen escorted the painting to the police vehicle, a mass of students outside of the Art Institute jeered them, naming the aldermen "commies", "fascists", "brownshirts" and "philistines". Seventeen bomb threats were recorded at the school after the controversy erupted.

Responses

African-American community
Shortly after the incident, a black alderman told reporters that he believed the painting was the work of a Jewish artist. Nelson replied through a Chicago Tribune story that he "is not Jewish". The remark was made in part because racial tensions had already been elevated a week earlier after the firing of Steve Cokely, a mayoral aide, by African-American mayor and Harold Washington's successor Eugene Sawyer. Cokely had accused Jews of "engaging in an international conspiracy for world control". His firing caused a rift in segments of the black community, leading some to believe that Sawyer was also involved in the same conspiracy.

In a New York Times article published on May 13, 1988, Alderman Streeter reiterated his stance regarding the removal of the painting, saying that he would have "gone to jail to get that painting down", calling it "an insult to a great man and an affront to blacks". On May 16, 1988, Streeter appeared on the local public television station news program Chicago Tonight. He reinforced that Nelson had abdicated his "responsibility to his constituency" to "do what is right". In the segment, he reaffirmed that he believed the aldermen had "a law, the law of common sense, the law of morality, the law of decency [that] transcends the First Amendment".
Operation PUSH, an organization that pursues social justice and civil rights, threatened to impose "sanctions" on the Art Institute unless the Art Institute acted to prevent offensive portraits from being shown by students or contributing artists in the future. Separately, the Illinois Alliance of Black Student Organizations called for racial parity with regards to faculty and student enrollment within the school. African-American students alleged that there was an underlying attitude of racism at the school, while other black students distributed a flyer listing incidences of theft and advice given to foreign students about socializing with blacks. By contrast, another white graduate noted that school officials looked at students' slides and paintings without knowing the race of the student. The school noted that 236 of its 1,312 undergraduate students were minorities, a higher percentage than comparable private professional art schools.

On February 12, 1994, during a rally to raise money for the defendants' mounting legal bills, Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan supported the three aldermen's right to seize the painting, calling it "an act of righteous indignation". Farrakhan referred to Washington as "a father figure for black people", and described the painting and subsequent lawsuit "a total disrespect for our feelings and our community".

Free speech advocates

On May 12, 1988, representatives from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) picked up the painting and returned it to Nelson. Jay Miller, another representative for the ACLU, described the incident as "vigilante stuff", noting that the action "was done in the name of one of the great civil libertarians of our time. Harold Washington had a 100 percent voting record in Congress and in the state Legislature on issues of civil liberties and civil rights." In 1984 Washington had supported the civil rights of sculptor John Sefick after Sefick had created a satirical statue of Washington. By comparison, former mayor Michael Bilandic had ordered a Sefick statue satirizing his handling of Chicago's crippling Blizzard of 1979 covered by a blanket, a decision that was later overturned in federal court.

Students from the SAIC protested on Columbus Drive the next day, holding signs that asked drivers to "honk for free speech". Student leaders began to consult attorneys to file a lawsuit against the Chicago Police Department and the aldermen. Other groups of students planned a "be-in" at the Richard J. Daley Plaza, but it was canceled after the students learned other groups might cause a confrontation. Some students felt that the school had been a victim of racial politics, and that the incident would be used to censor the Art Institute.

On Chicago Tonight, Daniel Polsby, a law professor at Northwestern University, cited federal statutes violated during the confiscation of the portrait. He then faulted Marshall Field's reluctance to defend the First Amendment, further comparing the seizure of Mirth & Girth to then-Arkansas governor Orval Faubus' refusal to abide by the First Amendment and allow minorities to enroll in Little Rock Central High School. According to Polsby, Faubus' rationale at the time was to preserve a delicate civil rights situation. Polsby called the aldermen's action "crushingly ironic and terribly sad".

Reactions within the SAIC
At the SAIC, students' characterizations of the painting ranged from political caricature, to "whimsy", to a commercial success. One student noted that Nelson was "known nationally now, which is every artist's dream". Another student noted that "(a)rtists have to be responsible for what they make, and this guy is not being responsible". In a meeting with 100 students after the incident, Anthony Jones, then-president of the SAIC, assured the students that he stood behind their First Amendment rights. Regarding the painting, Jones said that the painting was in poor taste and should not have been displayed.

Members of the Art Institute Board met the day after the incident and agreed not to display Mirth & Girth any further. Chairman Marshall Field also issued a formal apology for displaying the painting and agreed to consider demands that the school both hire more black administrators and accept more black students. Field also published the apology in each of the city's daily metropolitan newspapers. After the apology was issued, Polsby strongly criticized Field's refusal to more aggressively stand up for the students' First Amendment rights.

Other reactions
Members of the Council of Religious Leaders of Metropolitan Chicago, which included leaders from mainline Protestant, Roman Catholic and Jewish organizations from the city, issued a statement that expressed "moral dismay" over the painting. They further added that the display of the painting showed "a lack of sensitivity which we could have expected from those who were responsible for its showing".

As for the painting's critical reception, one local art reviewer mentioned that "the only thing [the SAIC] might have felt sheepish about was not having a staff that in four years could instill in Nelson a better grasp of figure painting". In a newspaper interview, Nelson responded that the criticism was "the one thing that did make me kind of angry. I don't think the painting was poorly executed, though it wasn't my favorite painting." In his book Arresting Images — Impolitic Art and Uncivil Actions, Stephen C. Dubin suggested that the painting represented a symbolic castration of Washington, reflecting more "traditional" reactions to African-Americans in positions of power.

Nelson gave only a few interviews before leaving Chicago for the suburbs, and then Graceland to avoid the press. On the advice of his friends, Nelson stayed away from his graduation ceremony on May 14, 1988. He turned down a $15,000 (1988, $22,000 in 2008) offer for the painting, calling it a "grossly inflated" price. He also turned down a separate opportunity to appear on Phil Donahue's syndicated talk show, saying that he never watched the show and was genuinely uninterested in the offer. Nelson's views were expressed by Harvey Grossman, the legal director for the ACLU. Through Grossman, Nelson said he would not press for the returning of the painting, as it had fulfilled its purpose of "drawing attention to his 'iconoclastic' work".

Nelson v. Streeter
On June 23, 1988, the ACLU filed a federal lawsuit on behalf of Nelson against the three aldermen who were seen on television handling the painting. It claimed the removal of the painting violated Nelson's First Amendment right to freedom of expression, Fourth Amendment right to protection from unreasonable seizures, and Fourteenth amendment right against being deprived of property without a hearing. The ACLU sought $100,000 (1988, ) to compensate Nelson for damage to the painting, and to "punish" the aldermen and police for their actions.

Ald. Robert Shaw (9th) called the suit "a slap in the face to the black community". Rush questioned the motive of the suit, as himself, Tillman and Streeter all were supporters of Alderman Timothy C. Evans (17th), a political rival of mayor Eugene Sawyer. Rush specifically called the suit "frivolous" and "impetuous", openly questioning whether the ACLU had filed the suit to enhance fundraising activities or for other political reasons.

The City of Chicago refused in February 1990 to pay mounting legal costs for the aldermen. The aldermen argued that they were performing their official duties "in protecting the security of the city during the turmoil created by the exhibit" when they removed the painting. The city contended that the aldermen had taken the action as individuals. Nelson refused a $10,000 (1990, ) settlement at the time.

On August 11, 1992, U.S. District Judge George Lindberg dismissed the City of Chicago from the lawsuit, but ruled that Superintendent Martin must go to trial and that the three aldermen violated Nelson's civil rights. Lindberg supported the recommendations regarding that issue Magistrate Judge Elaine Bucklo's had made in March 1992. Tillman's lawyer, James Chapman, recommended to Tillman that an immediate appeal be filed in federal court.

Appellate court
In the appeal, decided February 1, 1994, judges Richard Posner, Frank H. Easterbrook, and Michael Stephen Kanne affirmed Lindberg's earlier decision. Writing for the court, Posner rejected claims of official immunity and said city officials had no right to enter private property and take "offensive" paintings off its walls. He also rejected the argument that removing paintings from walls was an official duty.

Posner also rejected the argument that the defendants were removing the painting to save Chicago from racial riots that the continued showing of the painting might have started, and in which it might have been destroyed. He found that Tillman herself threatened to burn the painting on the spot, and that there was no mob. In addition, the court found that because Nelson had not intended to provoke a riot, the First Amendment could still be used to protect his speech.

The appellate court also faulted the district judge for allowing "more than a year and a half elapsed before the filing and disposition of the motions for summary judgment". Posner noted in his opinion that "the governing principles are clear, the facts have been explored exhaustively, and the defendants should be aware that efforts to mount a last-ditch, no-holds-barred defense may simply increase their liability for the plaintiff's attorney's fees under 42 U.S.C. § 1988." He then affirmed the district court's decision.

Settlement and aftermath
On September 20, 1994, the city and the ACLU reached a settlement. The ACLU agreed to drop claims against the city and Superintendent LeRoy Martin. In return, the city of Chicago agreed to pay Nelson and the ACLU $95,000 (1994, ) for damage to the painting and to issue police procedures about what materials protected by the First Amendment may be seized. The elected officials also agreed not to appeal the district court's ruling. Left unresolved were the hundreds of thousands of dollars of legal fees owed to lawyers defending Tillman, Rush and Streeter; by September 1994, $200,000 (1994, ) in fees were owed by Tillman alone. Earlier in the year, the City Council's Finance Committee voted against paying for the aldermen's legal fees. The vote split along racial lines, 12 to 8.

Grossman stated that the relatively small settlement showed that Nelson had proceeded with the lawsuit "on a matter of principle". Tillman, however, called the settlement a "great victory", saying, "we didn't admit to anything, all the charges were dropped, we're not paying anything (in damages), and we preserve our rights to pursue efforts to have our legal fees paid". At the time the lawsuit was settled, Nelson did not issue any statements. The Chicago Tribune reported that he was employed as an advertising artist at an undisclosed firm; he continued to paint in his free time. As of 1994, the painting had not been sold, exhibited, or repaired after the incident.

See also
The Spear (painting)

References

External links
 Revisiting Mirth & Girth by Ana Sekler, 2016

Censorship in the arts
Censorship in the United States
1980s in Chicago
Portraits by American artists
1988 paintings
1988 in Illinois
Vandalized works of art in the United States
Portraits of politicians
Portraits of men
Black people in art
Race-related controversies in painting
Harold Washington


Survivor: Tocantins – The Brazilian Highlands is the eighteenth season of the American CBS competitive reality television series Survivor. The season was filmed in the microregion of Jalapão in Tocantins, Brazil, and first aired Thursday, February 12, 2009. CBS began casting for Survivor: Tocantins once production for Survivor: Gabon was underway. Applications were due by July 15, 2008, with in-person interviews being conducted in various cities sometime in August 2008, and semi-finalists traveling to Los Angeles, California sometime in September 2008. Sixteen applicants were chosen to compete on the show and were initially divided into two tribes. The season was filmed from November 1, 2008 to December 9, 2008. Exile Island returned this season, but with new twists. Instead of one castaway sent to Exile Island, two were sent. While on Exile Island, each exiled castaway picked from one of two urns. One urn contained a clue to the Hidden Immunity Idol and an option to join the opposing tribe, while the other urn contained nothing.

James Thomas Jr. was named the winner in the final episode on May 17, 2009, defeating Stephen Fishbach in a unanimous vote. In addition, J.T. was named "Sprint Player of the Season", earning the fans' vote over Tamara "Taj" Johnson-George and Sierra Reed. Thomas was the second player to win the game by a unanimous vote, following Earl Cole of Survivor: Fiji, but the first to receive no votes throughout the season in addition to a unanimous jury vote. This would be the last season to feature a final two until the twenty-eighth season, Survivor: Cagayan.

Contestants

The cast is composed of 16 new players, initially splitting into two tribes. The tribes are Jalapao and Timbira. The merged tribe Forza means "Force" in Italian. Notable cast includes SWV band member Tamara Johnson-George, and Miss USA 2003 contestant and Miss Ohio USA 2003 Candace Smith.

Future appearances
James "J.T." Thomas Jr., Benjamin "Coach" Wade, and Tyson Apostol later returned for Survivor: Heroes vs. Villains. Wade returned for his third time on Survivor: South Pacific. Apostol returned for his third time on Survivor: Blood vs. Water with his girlfriend Rachel Foulger. Stephen Fishbach returned for Survivor: Cambodia. Thomas returned for his third time on Survivor: Game Changers. Apostol returned to compete on Survivor: Winners at War (for winning on Blood vs. Water).

Season summary
The players were split into two tribes, Timbira and Jalapao, prior to the game. However, before the game started, Jeff stated that each tribe was to vote for one of their own to not make the trek to camp. The selected members, Sierra from Timbira and Sandy from Jalapao, assumed they had been eliminated, but it was then revealed that these two would be flown to their respective campsites while the rest had to trek for four hours while carrying supplies. Ultimately, Sandy was eliminated pre-merge, but not before her tribemate Carolina was ousted first. Sierra made the jury.

Both the hidden immunity idol and Exile were in play, with the clues to the hidden idols available at Exile. The winning tribe of each reward challenge would be able to select one member of the losing tribe to be exiled, while the exiled player would be able to choose a member of the winning tribe to join them. Brendan from Timbira and Taj from Jalapao formed a secret cross-tribe alliance for the merge, bringing in Sierra and Stephen, respectively. The alliance members saw several repeat visits to Exile, securing both immunity idols by sharing the clues. After J.T. accidentally stumbled upon the hidden immunity idol in Stephen's pocket, Taj and Stephen agreed to bring J.T. into their own alliance, and the three decided to share the use of the hidden immunity idol. Timbira was able to win the last three tribal Immunity Challenges, leaving Taj, J.T., Stephen, and Joe as the only Jalapao members remaining. Shortly after the merge, Joe was evacuated from the game due to an infection in his knee.

After Joe's evacuation, Timbira had a major numerical advantage on Jalapao, up six players to three. However, Timbira had divided into several factions: Coach, Tyson, and Debbie, Brendan, and Sierra, and Erinn on the outside. Coach’s faction decided to align with J.T. and Stephen in an attempt to overthrow Brendan and Sierra. With Brendan and Sierra acting distant, Taj and Stephen decided to betray their Exile alliance; Brendan did not play his idol and was voted out. With the dissent among Timbira exposed, J.T., Stephen, and Taj aligned with Erinn, navigating between the two Timbira factions to eliminate them all, becoming the Final Four.

After knocking Taj out of the game due to her likelihood of winning the jury's vote, J.T. eliminated Erinn after he won his third consecutive immunity challenge, bringing Stephen to the Final Tribal Council. Stephen's poor Final Tribal Council performance combined with J.T.'s likability led the jury unanimously to vote for J.T. to be named Sole Survivor, believing J.T. played a stronger game compared to Stephen.

In the case of multiple tribes or castaways who win reward or immunity, they are listed in order of finish, or alphabetically where it was a team effort; where one castaway won and invited others, the invitees are in brackets.

Episodes

Voting history

Reception
Survivor: Tocantins – The Brazilian Highlands received very positive reviews from critics and fans alike. Fans and critics praised the "back-to-basics" structure of the season as well as the highly entertaining cast. Particular praise was handed to the personalities of finalists J.T Thomas and Stephen Fishbach, who formed a tight alliance early in the game and managed to make it to the end while remaining on great terms with the rest of the contestants. Contestants Benjamin "Coach" Wade and Tyson Apostol were met with polarized receptions due to their villainous behavior. Thomas, Fishbach, Wade, and Apostol would go on to compete in future seasons of the show and are seen as some of the most popular and influential players in Survivor history.  In 2015, a poll by Rob Has a Podcast ranked this season 11th out of 30 with Rob Cesternino ranking this season 12th. This was updated in 2021 during Cesternino's podcast, Survivor All-Time Top 40 Rankings, ranking 10th out of 40. Dalton Ross of Entertainment Weekly ranked this season 22nd out of 40 saying the season was bolstered by "Coach" and that "other than Tyson getting blindsided, were there any memorable moments that didn't involve the Dragonslayer?" The "Purple Rock Podcast" named the season the eleventh greatest in Survivor history, claiming, "The strategy is slightly lacking and there aren’t many gimmicks or twists, but the season makes up for it with comedy and a group of players so likable you probably won’t care much who wins the season." Similarly, Inside Survivor also ranked the season as the eleventh best. In their review, they highlighted that, "It has some modern-day twists (with idols and Exile), a couple of epic blindsides, and a shift into 'big-character' edits."

References

External links
 Official CBS Survivor: Tocantins Website

Tocantins
18
2009 American television seasons
2008 in Brazil
Television shows set in Brazil
Television shows filmed in Tocantins


Aquasco Speedway, no longer in operation, was the first quarter-mile dragstrip on the United States East Coast.  It was built in the mid-1950s and was home to the President's Cup Nationals, which are now held at Maryland International Raceway.  Richard Petty, Shirley Muldowney, Don Prudhomme, Bunny Burkett are among some of the great drag racers who raced on the now defunct speedway.

To date, the site still exists.  Aquasco Speedway sits in Aquasco, Maryland, untouched and unvandalized.  The track was shut down in the 1970s.

In the early 1980s, the American Motorcyclist Association leased the land and build a small motocross track there.  No formal sanctioned events were held at the track, although there were many races held there by smaller, more local organizations.

External links
 Aquasco Speedway

Motorsport venues in Maryland
Defunct motorsport venues in the United States
Tourist attractions in Prince George's County, Maryland
Defunct drag racing venues
1957 establishments in Maryland
1978 disestablishments in Maryland


The Seafarers' Charity (Seafarers UK, formerly King George's Fund for Sailors) is the leading grant-making charity that has been helping people in the maritime community for over 105 years, by providing vital funding to support seafarers in need and their families. The charity supports organisations and projects that make a real difference to people's lives across the Merchant Navy, Fishing Fleets, Royal Navy and Royal Marines.

In 2022, The Seafarers' Charity awarded £3.1m in grants to support 61 maritime welfare charities.

History

The First World War took a terrible toll on merchantmen and warships: in one fortnight in 1917 many thousands of sailors and over 400,000 tons of shipping were lost. Many of those men had a family to support, and towards the end of the war many small charitable organisations were set up to support the injured and bereaved.

In the City of London, far-sighted ship-owners and officers realised that what was most needed was an umbrella organisation that could take a realistic overview of the need and direct resources to where they were needed. They set up a Fund for that purpose and His Majesty King George V took a deep and immediate interest, giving both his name and an establishing donation of £5,000 to the new organisation.

During subsequent conflicts, and in the intervening years of peace, King George's Fund for Sailors continued to provide both immediate and long-term support to the casualties of war, and to others who have paid a high price for a life at sea.

The Charity has always supported veterans, the injured and the bereaved, but as an umbrella organisation, its focus is on the needs of the whole maritime community. In the modern world that means the charity also deals with such issues as homelessness, unemployment, the strain on separated families, the poverty and hardship that afflict shoreline communities (e.g. when fish stocks dwindle or merchant vessels grow too large for local docks).

In 2005 King George's Fund for Sailors adopted the working name Seafarers UK. This was changed in 2021 to The Seafarers' Charity, to make it clearer how the Charity supports seafarers in need and their families.

Campaigning

Each year The Seafarers' Charity campaigns on behalf of seafarers across the Merchant Navy, Royal Navy and Fishing Fleets to raise awareness of the UK's maritime sector in its entirety – and thereby increase public understanding of the challenging lives of many seafarers.

The charity's considerable influence is also being applied elsewhere for effective campaigning. The Seafarers' Charity is a member of Maritime UK, the pan-industry promotional body, for whom The Seafarers' Charity chairs its 'Careers Promotion Forum'.

Fly the Red Ensign for Merchant Navy Day

The annual The Seafarers' Charity campaign 'Fly the Red Ensign for Merchant Navy Day' launched in 2015, and takes place on Merchant Navy Day on 3 September. The campaign encourages public bodies to fly the Red Ensign, the official flag of the UK Merchant Navy, ashore atop civic buildings and on prominent flag poles to raise public awareness of the UK's dependence on seafarers past, present and future. The campaign also encourages donations and fundraising for the charity's Merchant Navy Fund.

In 2022, the campaign received more than 38 million impressions on social media and reached a total of 9.8 million accounts.

In previous years, the Red Ensign was also flown above 10 Downing Street. In 2019, then Prime Minister Boris Johnson said, "2019 marks the centenary of King George V's grant of the title 'Merchant Navy'. I am delighted that, in honour of this milestone, the Red Ensign flag will fly above 10 Downing Street on this Merchant Navy Day."

Fundraising

The Seafarers' Charity receives no statutory funding and relies on supporters, donors and volunteers to be able to carry on providing the long-term aid. Annually, The Seafarers' Charity runs a number of fundraising events to raise vital funds to continue providing essential support to seafarers in need and their families.

Partner organisations

The Seafarers' Charity works with numerous partner organisations across all its campaigning, fundraising and grant-giving work, including Marine Society & Sea Cadets, The Merchant Navy Welfare Board, Trinity House

Governance

The Seafarers' Charity's governing document is the Royal Charter, first issued in 1920 and last amended in 2010. The Royal Charter describes The Seafarers' Charity's charitable objects as:

 The relief of seafarers, their families or dependants, who are in need
 The education and training of people of any age to prepare for work or service at sea
 The promotion of the efficiency and effectiveness of the maritime charitable sector and
 The promotion of safety at sea.

Patron and Trustees

Patron

Her Late Majesty Queen Elizabeth II

President
Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh

Chairman
Paul Butterworth AFNI

Deputy Chairman
William Reid

Trustees

 Mr D W T Bain FCA
 Mr N Blazeby
 Ms D Cavaldoro
 Captain L Clarke, MN
 Mr P French
 Mr M Gray
 Mr R Greenwood
 Mr G Kidd
 Mr W Lawes
 Rear Admiral I Lower MA, AFNI
 Mrs Fleur Bassett (Surgeon Rear Admiral Fleur Marshal)
 Mr J Monroe
 Ms N Shaw FCIPD FRSA

References

External links

Sailing in the United Kingdom
Social welfare charities based in the United Kingdom
Organisations based in the City of Westminster
Organizations established in 1917
1917 establishments in the United Kingdom

Seafarers' Welfare Organizations


Sir John William Hansen  (born 1945) is a retired judge of the New Zealand High Court and a member of the International Cricket Council Code of Conduct Commission.
He has held several judicial offices from 1979 until 1988 in Hong Kong and since 1988, in the High Court of New Zealand. He was a professional cricket player and later took on administrative jobs at International Cricket Council. Since 2019, Hansen has been the chairperson of the Canterbury District Health Board.

Career
Hansen started his education at Wakari School in Dunedin. He graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1968 from the University of Otago, New Zealand. In 1967, he had joined the law firm of Aspinall, Joel & Co and then moved to John E Farry. In 1969, he became a partner of the firm, which is now called as John E. Farry & Hansen. During the years between 1979 and 1988, Hansen was based in Hong Kong appointed as a magistrate, coroner, district court judge, family court judge and High Court master. In 1988, he returned to New Zealand and became a master of the New Zealand High Court. He was later appointed as a judge of the High Court in July 1995. He retired in 2008. In latter years he had been performing his duties at Christchurch High Court. In the 2008 Queen's Birthday Honours, Hansen was appointed a Distinguished Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to the judiciary. In 2009, following the restoration of titular honours by the New Zealand government, he accepted redesignation as a Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit.

In March 2009, Hansen was appointed to Court of Appeal of the Solomon Islands and in April 2009 he was appointed to the Court of Appeals of Samoa.

In December 2019, Hansen was appointed by the Minister of Health as chairperson of the Canterbury District Health Board.

Cricket
Hansen has played senior club cricket in Dunedin, New Zealand till 1979. In 1979, he moved to Hong Kong where he became the captain of Kowloon Cricket Club. He was also the manager of the Hong Kong national team in the 1980s. In 1988 he moved back to New Zealand, and is currently the president of Willows Cricket Club, North Canterbury.
Hansen is also a member of International Cricket Council Code of Conduct Commission representing New Zealand.

As a member of this commission, Hansen's responsibilities include overseeing formal enquiries into conduct, which in the opinion of the Executive Board is prejudicial to the interests of the game of cricket. He will then make recommendations to the Executive Board on these matters.

Hearing of BCCI appeal

Indian spinner Harbhajan Singh was charged with a Level 3 offence of racially abusing Australian cricketer Andrew Symonds during the second Test of 2007–08 Border-Gavaskar Trophy, in Sydney Cricket Ground.  At the completion of the test match, the match referee Mike Procter conducted the hearing with involved players and upheld the charges, issuing a ban of three Test matches to Harbhajan Singh. The BCCI filed an appeal against the decision on behalf of Harbhajan.

Hansen was appointed to hear the appeal, on 8 January 2008 and the hearing was scheduled for 29 and 30 January.

On 29 January 2008, the hearing on the appeal was conducted by Hansen. The racism charge on Harbhajan Singh was not proved and therefore cleared and three Test ban imposed on him by match referee Mike Procter was lifted. However, lesser charge (Level 2.8 offence) of using abusive language was applied and Harbhajan was fined 50% of his match fee. Also it was reported that senior players had written a letter to the justice requesting a downgrading of the charge. Captains and Cricket Boards (BCCI and CA) of both the countries expressed their satisfaction with the outcome of the hearing.

References

1945 births
Living people
New Zealand cricketers
University of Otago alumni
Knights Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit
High Court of New Zealand judges
New Zealand judges on the courts of Hong Kong
New Zealand judges on the courts of Samoa
New Zealand judges on the courts of the Solomon Islands
British Hong Kong judges
Lawyers from Dunedin
Canterbury District Health Board members


The Ozone Disco fire in Quezon City, Philippines, broke out at 11:35 pm Philippine Standard Time on March 18, 1996, leaving at least 162 people dead. It is officially acknowledged as the worst fire in Philippine history, and among the 10 worst nightclub fires in the world.

History
Ozone Disco was a popular spot in Quezon City for students and young professionals in the mid-'90s. It was located near the 11th World Scout Jamboree Memorial Rotonda along Timog Avenue. It was opened in 1991 by Sergio Orgaoow. Its building had previously housed a jazz club named "Birdland". The disco was operated by Westwood Entertainment Company, Inc.

Incident
The fire broke out just before midnight on March 18, 1996. At the time of the fire, it was estimated that there were around 350 patrons and 40 club employees inside Ozone Disco, though it had been approved for occupancy for only 35 people. Most of the club guests were high school and college students attending graduation or end-of-the-school-year celebrations. Survivors reported seeing sparks flying inside the disc jockey's booth shortly before midnight, followed by smoke which they thought was part of the DJ's party plan. Another survivor added that after about 15 seconds of smoke, the electrical systems of the disco shut down; flames quickly became visible.

Many of the bodies were discovered along the corridor leading to the only exit, piled up waist-high. Quezon City officials were quoted as saying that the club's emergency exit was blocked by a new building next door, and that there was no proper fire exit installed. It was also reported that the exit had been locked from the outside by the club's security guards, who had thought that a riot had taken place.

Casualties
The final death count was reported as between 160 and 162 people, the latter being the figure cited by the trial court that heard the ensuing criminal case. In addition, at least 95 people were injured. The death toll was one of the worst ever for a nightclub fire, though it was subsequently surpassed by the República Cromañón nightclub fire.

Investigation and aftermath
Six people involved with Westwood Entertainment were tried before the courts for criminal charges of "reckless imprudence resulting in multiple homicide and multiple serious injuries". On March 16, 2001, the president of Westwood Entertainment, Hermilo Ocampo, and the corporation's treasurer, Ramon Ng, were found guilty by a Quezon City trial court and sentenced to a four-year prison term, and fined 25 million pesos each. They and their co-accused (who were acquitted) were also ordered to indemnify the families of the deceased 150,000 pesos, and 100,000 pesos to the injured. The trial court concluded that Ocampo and Ng failed to provide fire exits and sprinklers inside the establishment, that the fire extinguishers they placed were defective, and that the lone exit was through a small door that swung inward and did not meet the standard set by the building code. A former employee who was among the survivors of the fire has claimed that the inward swinging doors were installed because it was good feng shui.

In November 2001, twelve officials of the Quezon City government were charged before the Sandiganbayan for reckless imprudence resulting in multiple homicides and multiple serious injuries. They were accused of allowing Ozone Disco to secure a certificate of annual inspection in 1995 "despite the inadequacy, insufficiency and impropriety of the documents submitted by the owners". In 2007, one of the twelve – the former city engineer and building official of Quezon City, Alfredo Macapugay – was discharged from criminal and civil liability after the Sandiganbayan concluded that he had no hand in the issuance of the necessary permits to Ozone Disco management.

On November 20, 2014, seven officials of the Quezon City government were found guilty under the Philippines' anti-graft and corrupt practices law by the country's anti-graft court Sandiganbayan.  They were held liable for negligence in connection with the approval of the building permit and issuance of certificates of occupancy for the company which owned Ozone. The club's owners were also found to be liable. The court affirmed its decision in April 2015.

Former site and developments
The structure, which housed the Ozone Disco, remained standing in Timog Avenue, Quezon City but was not commercially used for over 20 years after the incident. For a few years after the incident, there was a makeshift memorial on the site featuring photographs of the victims. This has since been dismantled, and no marker or official memorial commemorates the incident or its victims.

In March 2015, a week before the 19th anniversary of the tragedy, the Ozone Disco building was finally demolished. Relatives of the victims still visit the site. As of October 2016, the former location of the Ozone Disco Club is currently occupied by a branch of the rice porridge chain GoodAh!!!, co-owned by television host Boy Abunda.

In media
 This incident was featured on two ABS-CBN shows:
 The Philippine reality crime and investigative documentary show Calvento Files, revisited the case in an episode, titled "Mga Biktima ng Ozone", aired in March 29, 1996.
 The horror docudrama series Nginiig
 The incident was featured twice on GMA Network shows:
 Lihim ng Gabi also featured the incident in one of its episodes in 1996.
 The October 2, 2008 episode of the public affairs docudrama program Case Unclosed featured the incident and its aftermath as the pilot episode, directed by Adolfo Alix, Jr. Two days before the premiere of Case Unclosed, on September 29, 2008, then-Quezon City Mayor Feliciano Belmonte, Jr., father to incumbent Quezon City mayor Joy Belmonte, released an ordinance that requires the owners of entertainment establishments to use swing-in/swing-out doors.
 The fire is the subject of the song "OZONE (Itulak ang Pinto)" from Unique Salonga's album Grandma.

See also

 List of nightclub fires
 Luoyang Christmas fire December 25, 2000; Luoyang, People's Republic of China; 309 dead
 Manor Hotel fire – second worst fire in the Philippines, happened in August 2001 also in Quezon City
 Kentex slipper factory fire – third worst fire in the Philippines, happened in May 2015

References

External links

1996 disasters in the Philippines
1990s fires in Asia
1996 fires
Fire disasters involving barricaded escape routes
Fires in the Philippines
History of Metro Manila
Man-made disasters in the Philippines
March 1996 events in Asia
Nightclub fires
Urban fires in Asia


Harland William Whitmore (October 14, 1939 – August 15, 2022) was an American economist. An emeritus professor of economics, he formerly worked at the University of Cincinnati. He published several books related to the economy and the world. He also consulted and worked with the United States Environmental Protection Agency on the integration of the macroeconomy with ecological systems. Harland earned a bachelor's in mathematics from Lawrence University, a master of business administration, and a PhD in economics from Michigan State University.

Harland Whitmore died on August 15, 2022, at the age of 82. He was the son of Harland William Whitmore Sr. who holds multiple patents in refrigeration assembly.

Books
The world economy, population growth, and the global ecosystem : a unified theoretical model of interdependent dynamic systems New York, NY : Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
World economy macroeconomics Armonk, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe, ©1997.
Global environmental macroeconomics  Armonk, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe, ©1999.
Aggregate Economic Choice. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

References

External links
Harland (Bill) Whitmore at the University of Cincinnati

1939 births
2022 deaths
21st-century American economists
University of Cincinnati faculty


Darkhorse Theater is a performing arts venue in Nashville, Tennessee, which hosts performances across different disciplines, including theater, music, and dance. Formerly a Presbyterian church, the facility seats 136 people.

History
Darkhorse Theater was established in 1989 by three couples: Shannon Wood and Peter Kurland, Myke Mueller and Mary Jane Harvill, and Denice Hicks and Bruce Arntson. Darkhorse Theater combines professional, incubator, and community theaters with eight member companies: ACT I, Sista Style, Destiny Theatre Experience, Actor's Bridge, KB Productions, Tennessee Playwrights Studio, Music City Theatre, and Humanity Theatre Project.

It merged with the Nashville Shakespeare Festival and produced the main stage season at Darkhorse Theater, and Shakespeare in Centennial Park. When Darkhorse Theater and the Nashville Shakespeare Festival restructured in 1995, Shannon and Peter continued to run the Theater.

Production history

2015 Broken Boys, Destiny Theatre Experience
2015 Daddy's Dying, Act 1
2015 For Colored Girls, SistaStyle
2015, Cultural Millennium, Dream 7
2015 Fifth of July, Act 1
2015 Extremities, KB Productions
2015 GRRRL's Night Out, Actors Bridge
2015 Cupidlicious, Real Life Players
2015 Take Me Out, Act 1
2015 Starlite Waltz, Groundworks
2015 Dog Sees God, Act 1
2015 2 South, Dream 7
2015 Ten Minute Plays, Rebekah Durham
2015 Trailer Trash Housewife, KB Productions
2015 Del Shores, Del Shores Productions
2015 Umbrella, New Modern Songs
2015 Husted Dance, Husted Dance
2015 Last Five Years, VWA Theatricals
2015 Face of Emmett Till, SistaStyle
2015 Music City Burlesque, Music City Burlesque
2015 Dreams Within a Dream 2, Dream 7
2015 Mandela, Darryl Van Leer
2015 Deathtrap, Act 1
2015 Stereo-type, Destiny Theatre Experience
2015 August: Osage County, Act 1
2016 The Flu Season, Act I
2016 Lysistrata, Act I
2016 Ten Minute Playground, TMPG
2016 4000 Miles, Music City Theatre Company
2016 Go From Here
2016 Coffeehouse, Darkhorse
2016 Come Back to the Five and Dime, Act I
2016 Trapped, Planned Parenthood
2016 Psycho Beach Party, Music City Theatre Company
2016 The Complete Word of God, Distraction Theater
2016 November, KB Productions
2016 Husted Dance,Husted Dance
2016 143, Destiny Theatre Experience
2016, Fringe Festival, Actors Bridge
2016 The World's a Stage, Jim Manning
2016 HUEmanity, Destiny Theatre Experience
2016, Shades of Black Festival, Shades of Black
2016 Arsenic and Old Lace, Act I
2016 PG13 Players
2016 Failure: A Love Story, Actors Bridge
2016 A Lie of the Mind, Act I
2016 Christmas Carol, SistaStyle
2017 Month of Outrage, Darkhorse and Actors Bridge
2017 Ten Minute Playground, TMPG
2017 Detroit 67, Actors Bridge
2017 Angels in America, Act I
2017 Yellow Man, Destiny Theatre Experience
2017 Crazy All These Years, Woodland
2017 Noises Off, Act I
2017 Goblin Market, Cabus/Jewell
2017 Reefer Madness, Act I
2017 Waters Edge, KB Productions
2017 Husted Dance, Husted Dance
2017 Motherfucker With The Hat, Destiny Theatre Experience
2017 Fringe Festival, Actors Bridge
2017 The Drowning Girls, Distraction
2017 Louie and Ophelia, SistaStyle
2017 Come Go With Me, Michael McClendon
2017 Sunset Baby, Kennie Playhouse Theatre
2017 Chasing Jeremy, SistaStyle
2017 Essays, Dream 7
2017 No Child, Destiny Theatre Experience
2017 Battered Not Broken, Berg and Rawlings
2017 Love Loss and What I Wore, Act I
2017 Snatched, Loree Gold and Darkhorse
2017 The Curious Picnic, Theatre Craft
2017 Laughter on the 23rd Floor, Act I
2017 Dolly's Wrap O Rama, Theatre Craft
2017 Christmas Bae, SistaStyle
2018 Sunset Baby, Kennie Playhouse Theatre
2018 Stick Fly, Destiny Theatre Experience
2018 Chasing Jeremy, SistaStyle
2018 Pillowman, Act I
2018 Pill Hill, Destiny Theatre Experience
2018 Almost Maine, Chaffins Barn
2018 Little Foxes, Act I
2018 Six Characters in Search of a Play, KB Productions and Darkhorse
2018 Measure For Measure, Act I
2018 The D, Destiny Theatre Experience
2018 Cry It Out, SistaStyle
2018 Shades of Black Festival,Shades of Black
2018 A Bella Noir, Patriq James
2018 Comedy Showcase, Renard Hirsch
2018 Shackled Feet, Shades of Black
2018 Terence Cirvant French, Shades of Black
2018 Hidden Voice, Shades of Black
2018 Stupid Fucking Bird, Act I
2018 Building The Wall, Darkhorse
2018 PG13 Players
2018 It Cant Happen Here, Humanity Theatre Project
2018 Fan Me With a Brick,Tennessee Playwrights Studio
2018 The Odd Evangelical, Tennessee Playwrights Studio
2018 NEC COMPUNCTI, Tennessee Playwrights Studio
2018 Black and Blue, Tennessee Playwrights Studio
2018 The Wolves, Actors Bridge
2018 Kingdom, Tennessee Playwrights Studio
2018 Holiday Bae, SistaStyle
2019 The Romancers, Act I
2019 Steal Away, SistaStyle
2019 Bomb-itty of Errors, Act I
2019 Sweat, Humanity Theatre Project
2019 Nowhere Next to Normal, Destiny Theatre Experience
2019 Jack and the Giant, Act I
2019 Writers in Conversation, Andrew McFadyen-Ketchum
2019 A Million Breaths, Sarkaut Taro
2019 Violent Delights, Act I
2019 Roe, Humanity Theatre Project
2019 Act Like a GRRRL, Actors Bridge
2019 Maidens, Tennessee Playwrights Studio
2019 23/1, Destiny Theatre Experience
2019 Papa Was, Destiny Theatre Experience
2019 Writers in Conversation, Andrew McFadyen-Ketchum
2019 Fringe Festival, Actors Bridge
2019 Holding The Man,KB Productions
2019 Writers in Conversation, Andrew McFadyen-Ketchum
2019 Shades of Black Festival, Shades of Black
2019 Anthology, Dream 7
2019 SistaSpeak, SistaStyle
2019 Shackled Feet, Shades of Black
2019 Papa Was, Destiny Theatre Experience
2019 Nightmarium Incident, Act I
2019 PG13 Players
2019 Writers in Conversation, Andrew McFadyen-Ketchum
2019 Distracted, Act I
2019 The Last Season, Kennie Playhouse Theatre
2019 One Last Song for Christmas, SistaStyle
2020 24 Hour Theater Project, Music City Theatre Company
2020 O The Lies We've Told, Act I
2020 Rosa and Leo, Act I
2020 The Ties That Bind, Act I
2020 The Interview, Act I
2020 Strumento, Act I
2020 The Waiting Room, Act I
2020 Thump in the Night, Act I
2020 Untethered, Act I
2020 The Dictators Daughter, Act I
2020 Boos Black History Blues, SistaStyle
2020 Six Triple-Eight, SistaStyle
2020 Who Will Sing For Lena, SistaStyle
2020 Keely and Due, Act I

Resident Theaters
Darkhorse resident performing groups include ACT I, Sista Style, Destiny Theatre Experience, Actor's Bridge, KB Productions, Tennessee Playwrights Studio, Music City Theater, Humanity Theatre Project, Dream 7 and Kennie Playhouse Theatre.

Additional Theater Companies
Many theater companies have performed at Darkhorse Theater:

The Nashville Shakespeare Festival
Groundworks
Mockingbird Public Theatre
The Eggplant Fairy Players
The Real Life Players
Tennessee Repertory Theatre
Bad Egg Productions
Theatre of Dreams
Willful Women
Carpetbag Theatre
Wood and Strings Puppet Theater
PG13 Player
Spontaneous Combustion
Western Eyes Productions
Blue Moves
Global Education Center
Theatre Craft
Green Room
People's Branch Theatre
Rhubarb Theatre
Circle Players
John Holleman
Music City Burlesque
Minton Sparks
Shining Light
Collards and Caviar
Village Cultural Arts
USN Theatre Guild
Husted Dance
Del Shores Productions
Distraction
Chaffins Barn

References

External links
 Darkhorse Theater website

Culture of Nashville, Tennessee
Former churches in Tennessee
Theatre companies in Tennessee
Theatres in Tennessee


Brussels American School (BAS) was opened in October 1967. It is located near Brussels, Belgium on a  area in Sterrebeek, part of the municipality of Zaventem, Flemish Brabant.

The school serves as a DoDDS school for all US military and DOD civilian sponsor dependents, who are allowed to enroll their children tuition free. Non-DOD persons, including U.S., Belgian, and other citizens, are required to pay tuition. It celebrated its fortieth anniversary in late 2007. It also takes European students from Partnership for Peace (PfP) countries of NATO, to include Macedonia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia etc. Its proximity to NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) helps serve as an opportunity for American children to enroll in a school taught to familiarize them with the American school system.

Student body
The school has thirty-six faculty members, many of whom have been at Brussels American School for more than fourteen years. The student body holds, on average, three hundred students K-12, and approximately one hundred students in its high school. With so few students, BAS changed from Division Three to Division Four in the year 2006. In the year 2009-2010 the DODDSE schools combined Divisions 3 and 4; therefore, making Brussels American School division 3 again. Of all the DoDDS schools, Brussels American School holds the highest percentage of students who graduate, highest average AP & SAT scores, and highest acceptance rate to the Service Academies, with two of the fourteen people in the senior class of 2016 going to the U.S. Air Force Academy and U.S. Coast Guard Academy.  A prime example of this is the AP Chemistry class of 2009, where seven of the eight students achieved fives on the AP exam.

References

External links

 Official website

Educational institutions established in 1967
International schools in Belgium
Secondary schools in Belgium
Education in Brussels
American international schools in Europe
Department of Defense Education Activity
1967 establishments in Belgium
Buildings and structures in Flemish Brabant
Zaventem


St. Anne's Episcopal Church is a historic church at 29 Church Street in Calais, Maine.  Built in 1853, it is a locally distinctive example of Carpenter Gothic architecture, and is the only known statewide work of architect James Renwick, Jr.  The church building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.  It is a member of the Episcopal Diocese of Maine; its pastor is the Rev. Sara Gavit.

Description and history
St. Anne's is located in central Calais, at the northern corner of Church and Washington Streets.  It is a single-story wood-frame structure, with a gable roof, board-and-batten siding, and a granite foundation.  Its front facade, facing Church Street, has a buttressed four-stage tower to the right of the gable, and a smaller two-stage tower with open belfry on the left.  The right tower houses the main entrance on the first level, a narrow lancet window on the second, the main belfry with louvered lancet openings on the third, and a large clock on the fourth; it is topped by a low jigsawn balustrade with corner pinnacles.  The main gable, which has a stepped front, has a four-part stained-glass window with tracery at its center.

The church was built in 1853 to a design by James Renwick, Jr.  Best known for St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York (built 1858–73), Renwick was in 1853 overseeing construction of the Smithsonian Institution Building.  This church is his only known Maine commission.

See also

National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Maine
St. Anne's Episcopal Church (disambiguation)

References

External links
Parish Website for St. Anne's Calais
 Historic Sites Inventory for Calais

Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Carpenter Gothic church buildings in Maine
Episcopal church buildings in Maine
Churches in Washington County, Maine
Churches completed in 1853
19th-century Episcopal church buildings
Buildings and structures in Calais, Maine
National Register of Historic Places in Washington County, Maine


Paul Wroblewski is a British television director. He directed many TV programmes and shows, including one series of BAFTA-winning television show Jeopardy^.

Career
Jeopardy won in BAFTA's Children's Drama section. Tim O'Mara created and directed the series under series producer Andy Rowley and Wark Clements executive Richard Langridge. Both worked on all three series shot in Sydney and Gold Coast, Australia.

In 2009  The Bill received an award for the production team -their first BAFTA award after 26 years together. The award was in the 'Continuing Drama' category. Wroblewski was one of the directors on the series.

At the 2011 BAFTA awards, he gained his 3rd BAFTA for The Only Way Is Essex winner in the category 'YouTube Audience Award'.

Filmography

Director
Emmerdale (unknown episodes)
Brookside (unknown episodes)
EastEnders (10 episodes, 1997–2006)
Casualty (9 episodes, 1998–2006)
Holby City (4 episodes, 1999–2001)
The Knock (unknown episodes, 2000)
Peak Practice (4 episodes, 2000)
Silent Witness (2 episodes, 2002)
Jeopardy (2002)
Blue Murder (pilot episode, 2003–2008)
Patrick's Planet (2005)
The Bill (9+ episodes, 2006–2009)
Desperados (2007) (unknown episodes)
As the Bell Rings (unknown episodes)
The Bill (unknown episodes, 2010)
The Only Way Is Essex (unknown episodes, 2010–2011)
Hollyoaks (unknown episodes, 2011)

References

External links

Paul Wroblewski
BAFTA Children's Winners

British television directors
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


The Muskegon Mohawks were a minor league professional ice hockey team in the International Hockey League from 1965 to 1984. Muskegon were Turner Cup champions in 1968.

This team was originally named the Muskegon Zephyrs. After the completion of the 1983–84 season, the team was again renamed, this time becoming the Muskegon Lumberjacks.

Season-by-season results

† indicates replaced mid-season
‡ indicates replacement

References
Muskegon Mohawks Statistics

International Hockey League (1945–2001) teams
Defunct ice hockey teams in the United States
Professional ice hockey teams in Michigan
Ice hockey clubs established in 1965
Sports clubs and teams disestablished in 1984
Montreal Canadiens minor league affiliates
New York Islanders minor league affiliates
Atlanta Flames minor league affiliates
Calgary Flames minor league affiliates
Colorado Rockies (NHL) minor league affiliates
Pittsburgh Penguins minor league affiliates
New Jersey Devils minor league affiliates
Toronto Maple Leafs minor league affiliates
1965 establishments in Michigan
1984 disestablishments in Michigan
Mohawks


Plants

Conifers

Angiosperms

Gnetophytes

Fungi

Arthropods

Arachnids

Insects

Conodont paleozoology
German paleontologist and stratigrapher Heinz Walter Kozur (1942-2013) described the conodont genus Carnepigondolella.

Vertebrate paleozoology

Parareptiles

Non-avian dinosaurs

Data courtesy of George Olshevsky's dinosaur genera list.

Newly named birds

Plesiosaurs

Pterosaurs

Synapsids

Non-mammalian

Mammals

References

2000s in paleontology
Paleontology


Ebbsfleet River in Kent, south-east England, is a tributary of the Thames Estuary. It joins the Thames at Northfleet, opposite the container port of Tilbury Docks.  Today, the river gives its name to the Ebbsfleet Garden City which is currently (2020) being developed in and around the course of the Ebbsfleet.

History
It was formerly known as the River Fleet, giving its name to Northfleet and Southfleet. Its source was eight natural springs at Springhead. In Roman times the source was the site of a Roman settlement with many temples called Vagniacis, and the river was used to link Watling Street to the River Thames; in the fourteenth century it was a stopping place for pilgrims going to Canterbury. A bridge across the river at Northfleet is mentioned in 1451 and it was still tidal and used for shipping in the sixteenth century.

In the nineteenth century the river was the earliest centre in Britain for the commercial cultivation of watercress, begun by William Bradbery in 1808. He moved the business to West Hyde, Hertfordshire in 1820.

Following the removal of its waters in around 1901, when all its waters were used by the local water company, its dried riverbed was the subject of a botanical study by Marie Stopes, the birth control activist. Parts of the river can still be seen.

Before 1960 the Ebbsfleet received the discharge from the Northfleet sewage works, this effluent was subsequently piped direct to Robins Creek where the Ebbsfleet enters the Thames.

Etymology
The name Ebbsfleet may well be an artificial creation of the seventeenth-century antiquary Thomas Philpott and mentioned in his Villare Cantianum; the name may have been partly inspired by Ebbsfleet in Thanet,  to the east on the Kent coast. This latter is the place in East Kent mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as Ebba's Creek,  (version A) or  (version E). Thomas Philpott was the elder son of John Philipot, Somerset Herald, whose early list of Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports appears on p. 12 of Villare Cantianum.

References

External links
Northfleet - Northfleet Harbour Restoration Trust
Ebbsfleet Valley - website
 Ebbsfleet Garden City - website

Rivers of Kent


AVC-Intra is a type of video coding developed by Panasonic, and then supported in products made by other companies.
AVC-Intra is available in Panasonic's high definition broadcast products, such as, for example, their P2 card equipped broadcast cameras.

Technical details
In April 2007, Panasonic announced AVC-Intra codec support. The use of AVC-Intra provides production quality HD video at bit rates more normally associated with electronic news gathering applications, permitting full resolution, 10-bit field capture of high quality HD imagery in one piece camera-recorders.

AVC-Intra is compliant with the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC standard
and Panasonic claims to follow the SMPTE RP 2027–2007 recommended practice specification. Analysis by the x264 project has shown that Panasonic does not comply with this specification

AVC-Intra was intended for video professionals who have to store HD digital video for editing and archiving. It defines 10-bit intra-frame only compression, which is easy for editing and preserves maximum video quality. The technology significantly outperforms the older HDV (MPEG2 based) and DVCPRO HD (DV based) formats, allowing the codec in certain conditions to maintain better quality in half the storage space of DVCPRO HD.

AVC-Intra defines two classes:
 AVC-Intra 50:
 nominally 50 Mbit/s, size of each frame is fixed
 CABAC entropy coding only.
 1920 × 1080 formats are High 10 Intra Profile, Level 4
 1280 × 720 formats are High 10 Intra Profile, Level 3.2
 4:2:0 chrominance sampling
 frames are horizontally scaled by 3/4 (1920x1080 is scaled to 1440x1080. 1280 × 720 is scaled to 960x720)
 AVC-Intra 100:
 nominally 100 Mbit/s, size of each frame is fixed
 CAVLC entropy coding only.
 All formats are High 4:2:2 Intra Profile, Level 4.1
 4:2:2 chrominance sampling
 frames are not scaled

Common to both classes;
 Frame rates: 1920 × 1080 (23.98p / 25p / 29.97p / 50i / 59.94i), 1280 × 720 (23.98p / 25p / 29.97p / 50p / 59.94p)
 10 bit luma and chroma

Panasonic's implementation of AVC-Intra codec has following limitations: 8 × 8 transform only, 8 × 8 intra prediction only, 10 slices per picture, MBAFF for interlace material, custom quantization matrices for each class and each resolution.

AVC-Ultra

The Panasonic AVC-Ultra family defines an additional three new encoding parameters within the MPEG-4 Part 10 standard, utilizing up to the 4:4:4 Intra Predictive Profile, as well as an additional low bitrate proxy recording mode.

The most efficient new parameter within AVC-Ultra is by Panasonic called, AVC-LongG. AVC-LongG enables compression of video resolutions up to 1920 × 1080 @ 23.97, 25 and 29.97p, with 10 bits of pixel depth at 4:2:2 color sampling, at data rates as low as 25 Mbit / sec.

More over, the AVC-Intra Class 50/100 is now extended to Class 200 and Class 4:4:4. The Class 200 mode extends the bitrate to 226 Mbit / sec for 1080/23,97p, while the Class 4:4:4 extends the possible resolution from 720p to 4K with pixel depths at 10 and 12 bits.

The bitrate settings for Class 4:4:4 varies between 200 and 440 Mbit / sec depending on the resolution, frame rate and bit depth. Both the Class 200 and the Class 4:4:4 are Intra-only coding modes.

The AVC-Proxy mode enables extremely fast ENG content delivery and offline edits of 720p and 1080p video at bitrates varying between 800 Kbit to 3.5 Mbit / sec at 8 bits of pixel depth.

More recent information about AVC-Ultra (including the new 10-bit and 12-bit Class4:4:4, Class2K4:2:2, Class2K4:4:4, Class4K4:2:2, and Class4K4:4:4) is available on Panasonic's AVC-Ultra Page.

Third-party support
 Avid's Media Composer since v 3.5.0 provides support via Avid Media Access (AMA), a new plug-in architecture
 Apple's Final Cut Pro 7 provides native AVC-Intra decoding within a ProRes 422 timeline.
 Apple's Final Cut Pro X provides native editing of AVC-Intra, including AVC-Intra 100 and AVC-Intra 50, as well as AVC-LongG, with support for import and playback without transcoding within a ProRes 422 timeline.
 MXF4mac offers an AVC-Intra codec for QuickTime that allows to export AVC-Intra and to set up native AVC-Intra timelines in Final Cut Pro.
 EVS Broadcast Equipment has announced AVC-Intra 100 support for their XT[2]+, XT[3] and XS server family
 MainConcept offer an AVC-Intra encoder and decoder as part of their Codec SDK
 Harris Corporation announced AVC-Intra support for the NEXIO AMP line of video servers at NAB 2008
 Omneon announced AVC-Intra support for their Spectrum and MediaDeck products in 2007.
 Quantel demonstrated AVC-Intra workflow at NAB 2007, and released to customers in 2008 with their V4 software.
 Grass Valley has announced native support for AVC-Intra in Edius 4.5
 Adobe's After Effects CS5 provides native AVC-Intra decoding.
 Vanguard Software Solutions provides an H.264/AVC PC SDK capable of encoding at 100 Mbit/s in real-time
 FFmpeg and Libav support decoding of both forms of AVC-Intra
 ATEME AVC-I Contribution Encoders
 x264 can encode AVC-Intra
 Broadcast products based on SHINE Media Platform of GammaRED Engineering

Several companies introduced AVC Intra codec semiconductor intellectual property cores.
 CoreEL Technologies (http://www.coreel.com) provides AVC-Intra Class 50 and AVC-Intra Class 100 IP cores.
 Tata Elxsi (http://www.tataelxsi.com) provides AVC-Intra & AVC-Ultra fully optimizable class 50 and 100 IP.
 Vanguard Software Solutions provides AVC-Intra 50 and 100 encoder IP (up to AVC-Ultra: 1080p60 at 300 Mbit/s).
 Nethra Imaging provides AVC-Intra 50 and 100 encoder IP.

References

Panasonic
High-definition television
MPEG-4
Video codecs
Video compression


The 2007 Continental Cup of Curling was held at the Medicine Hat Arena in Medicine Hat, Alberta on December 13-16. North America won its third title, defeating Team Europe 290-110.

Format
The Continental Cup involves four disciplines within the sport, each worth a designated number of points - Team Games (72 points), Mixed Doubles (36 points), Singles (32 points) and Skins Games (260 points).   The first side to score 201 points is declared the winner. Each member of the winning side receives $2,000, while the losing side members get $1,400 each from the $88,400 total purse.

The revised Mixed Doubles format involved only two players per team, instead of the previous four (two throwers and two sweepers), who also become sweepers during the eight-end games.   Each team throws five rocks per end, with two stationary stones placed before each end, one in the house and one in front.

Teams

Broadcast
The final women's and men's skins games were broadcast on CBC.

Results

Mixed doubles

Round 1
December 13, 9:30

Round 2
December 15, 16:00

Women's team

Round 1
December 13, 14:00

Round 2
December 14, 9:30

Men's team

Round 1
December 13, 18:30

Round 2
December 14, 18:30

Singles
December 14, 14:00

No data available for other match-ups

Points: Europe 4–28 North America after bonus of 8 points to North America

Skins

"A" Competition
December 15, 11:30
Mixed

Women

Men

"B" Competition
December 15, 19:30

"C" Competition
Women
December 16, 10:30

Men
December 16, 11:30

Sources
Official Site
Results from Curling Russia

Curling
Continental Cup of Curling
Sport in Medicine Hat
2007 in Canadian curling
2007 in Alberta
Curling competitions in Alberta


Maria (Greek: Μαρία; died 751) was the second empress consort of Constantine V of the Byzantine Empire.

Empress
Constantine was Emperor since 741. His first wife Tzitzak disappears from the historical record after the birth of their son Leo IV the Khazar on 25 January 750, and Lynda Garland has suggested that she died in childbirth.

Maria married Constantine between 750 and 751 and died soon afterwards of unknown causes. According to the Chronographikon syntomon of Ecumenical Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople, her untimely death occurred at about the same time her stepson Leo IV was crowned co-emperor (6 June 751) and her husband recovered Melitene.

Constantine and Maria had no children. She was succeeded as empress by Eudokia.

References

External links
A short article on her by Lynda Garland

8th-century births
751 deaths
Isaurian dynasty
8th-century Byzantine empresses


The 2001 Vengeance was the inaugural Vengeance professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). It took place on December 9, 2001, at the San Diego Sports Arena in San Diego, California. The event replaced the promotion's usual December PPV, Armageddon, for the year 2001; Armageddon was reinstated in 2002 with Vengeance moved up to July. It was also the only Vengeance event promoted under the WWF name as the promotion was renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in May 2002. It would also be the only Vengeance held before the introduction of the brand extension in March 2002.

The main event was a three-match tournament to unify the WWF Championship and the World Championship (formerly the WCW Championship) into what became known as the Undisputed WWF Championship.

This was the final WWF PPV to air on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom.

Production

Background
In 1999 and 2000, the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) held a December pay-per-view (PPV) entitled Armageddon. However, following the September 11 attacks, WWF staff felt that the "Armageddon" name may potentially be considered offensive to the victims of the terrorist attacks. In turn, the WWF replaced Armageddon with an event titled Vengeance, and it was scheduled to be held on December 9, 2001, at the San Diego Sports Arena in San Diego, California.

Storylines
The Invasion, which began in June 2001, ended at Survivor Series, when Team WWF won a "Winner Takes All" Survivor Series match. The Alliance was forced to close business as a result, and all their titles except for the World Championship were abandoned (the remaining championships were unified with their respective WWF equivalents and subsequently deactivated, and the WCW Cruiserweight Championship became a WWF title). On Raw the following night, WWF Owner Vince McMahon attempted to strip Stone Cold Steve Austin, who was a member of The Alliance, of his WWF Championship, and award it to Kurt Angle due to his actions in costing The Alliance the match. However, before he could do so Ric Flair, who had not been seen on any wrestling program since McMahon's purchase of WCW in March 2001, interrupted McMahon and announced that the leaders of The Alliance, Shane and Stephanie McMahon, had sold their stake in the WWF to him and that he was now equal partners with McMahon. Austin then attacked both Angle and McMahon, after which Flair presented him with his title belt.

Soon after, Flair announced a match between Austin and The Rock, the holder of the World Championship, to unify both titles and create one undisputed champion. McMahon, however, convinced Flair to create a four-man tournament instead. Two matches were made, with Austin defending the WWF Championship against Angle and The Rock defending the World Championship against Chris Jericho. The winners of both matches would then face each other in a third match where the winner would be the first Undisputed WWF Champion.

Both title matches were rooted in feuds that were carrying over from earlier in the year. Austin and Angle had become allies after Triple H, with whom Austin had been teaming with since after WrestleMania X-Seven, went down with an injury and left Austin without a partner. Around this time The Invasion was taking hold of the WWF and in July at the InVasion event, Austin and Angle were part of Team WWF in a ten-man tag team match against five members of The Alliance. During the match, Austin turned on Team WWF and hit Angle with a Stone Cold Stunner, allowing Team Alliance to win. On the July 23 episode of Raw Is War Austin, now the leader of The Alliance, stated that he did this because he felt that Vince McMahon was grooming Angle to take over his spot, and that he was "unappreciated" when McMahon insisted he return to the old Austin.

Angle, who became a fan favorite as a result of Austin's treachery, immediately began challenging Austin for the WWF Championship. His first chance came at SummerSlam, which Angle won by disqualification allowing Austin to retain the title. At Unforgiven in September, Angle forced Austin to submit to his ankle lock and won the WWF Championship in front of his hometown fans in Pittsburgh. Austin demanded a rematch, claiming his hand was under the ropes when he tapped out, and received it on the October 8, 2001 edition of Raw. Austin regained the title when William Regal, the WWF Commissioner and special enforcer, attacked Angle and joined The Alliance.

Three weeks later Angle successfully defended the WCW United States Championship against Regal. Angle later joined The Alliance during a WrestleMania X-Seven rematch between Vince McMahon and then-WCW owner Shane McMahon, he interfered seemingly to aid Vince but instead struck the members of team WWF with a steel chair. However, McMahon revealed that he had planted a "mole" in The Alliance and Angle revealed himself to be that person at Survivor Series, which led to the leading to the aforementioned events involving Flair and Austin.

The feud between The Rock and Jericho had started while the two were uneasy allies due to their mutual hatred of Alliance co-owner Stephanie McMahon. The Rock kept reminding Jericho that he had never won "the big one" (a world heavyweight championship) and wrote Jericho off as a "comedy act". On the October 11 episode of SmackDown!, Jericho defeated Rob Van Dam of The Alliance to become the number one contender to Rock's WCW Championship (later renamed the World Championship). At No Mercy he defeated The Rock to win the title, becoming a world champion for the first time in his career. The following night on Raw, Jericho and The Rock set aside their differences and won the WWF Tag Team Championship when they defeated The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley). On the October 29 episode of Raw, Rock and Jericho successfully defended the WWF Tag team titles against then-Alliance members, Booker T and Test but a few days later on SmackDown!, they dropped the titles to Booker T and Test after Jericho inadvertently Missile dropkicked The Rock, enabling Test to nail Rock with the big boot for the victory. After the match, The Rock and Jericho stared each other down, which ended with Rock nailing Jericho with two Rock Bottoms. Later on that episode, Rock challenged Jericho for the WCW Championship in a No Mercy rematch. On the November 5 episode of Raw, The Rock defeated Jericho to win the title back with a surprise roll up, beginning his second WCW Championship reign. Irate at having lost the title, Jericho savagely attacked Rock after the match and hit him with a steel chair and the championship. Jericho was made part of Team WWF for the Winner Take All match at Survivor Series, promising that he would set aside his differences with Rock for the good of the company. However, Jericho attacked The Rock following his elimination from the match and nearly cost Team WWF the victory. The feud resumed after Jericho attacked Rock on Raw the next night and escalated leading up to Vengeance.

Event

Sunday Night Heat
Before the event went live on pay-per-view, The APA (Bradshaw and Faarooq) defeated Billy and Chuck in a match, taped for Sunday Night Heat.

Preliminary matches
The opening match was a tag team match between Scotty 2 Hotty and Albert, and Christian and Test. Before the match had even started, Scotty and Albert started attacking Christian and Test. Scotty dominated in the beginning but Test soon tagged in. Albert, who was of Test's size, then tagged in. Scotty and Albert double-teamed Test before Christian attacked Scotty. Test and Christian took the opportunity and assaulted Scotty and prevented him from tagging in Albert. Scotty fought them out, however, and tagged in Albert. Albert dominated both of them, and set Christian up for a Baldo Bomb, but Test pulled Albert out of the ring. Scotty hit Christian with a bulldog, and attempted a Worm, but Christian knocked him down. Christian tried to hit the Worm, but Albert stopped him. Test made the save by hitting Albert with a big boot. Scotty hit a bulldog on Test, and hit a Worm. Christian tried to hit Scotty with an Unprettier, but Albert hit Christian with a Baldo Bomb for the victory.

The second match was between Edge and William Regal for Edge's WWF Intercontinental Championship. In the beginning of the match, Edge had the advantage, showing his speed and agility. However, Regal threw Edge out of the ring, and knocked him against the barricade. In the ring, Regal hit Edge with a series of European uppercuts and reversed a sunset flip into a knee drop. Edge fought back and got several near-falls before Regal knocked Edge with a forearm smash but Edge kicked Regal to the outside. On the ring apron, Edge tried to hit Regal, a diving spear on the floor but Regal sidestepped and Edge crashed the ring steel steps. As the referee was distracted, Regal took out a pair of brass knuckles from under the ring and stuffed them into his tights.  In the ring, Regal hit Edge with a powerbomb and two double underhook suplexes. Regal then hit Edge with a series of brutal kicks and, when the referee turned around, he took out his brass knuckles. Edge immediately speared Regal to win and retain his title.

The third match was between Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy with Lita as the Special Guest Referee. In the beginning, the two had several reversals until Matt got in control. Jeff sidestepped when Matt attempted a diving leg drop. Jeff hit a falling headbutt and a clothesline. Jeff went on to deliver a diving leg drop of his own. Jeff went to the top rope but Matt trapped him in a Tree of Woe. Matt then applied the sunset flip, which Jeff countered and both men were lying outside the ring. In the ring, Jeff injured his left knee, which Matt would work on. He hit a chop block and a series of moves. He tried a powerbomb, but Jeff countered it into a Compactor Clutch. Matt assaulted Jeff again with a Half Boston Crab. Jeff got to the ropes, breaking the hold, and kicked Matt to the outside. Jeff went to the top, but, because of his hurt knee, he fell down. Matt grabbed Jeff's leg but Jeff hit a mule kick. Matt tried a Twist of Fate, but Jeff countered it into a leg drop. Jeff hit a suplex, and went to the top rope again but, because of his knee, Matt took advantage and clutched him. Matt tried to hit a Twist of Fate but Jeff reversed it into his own. Matt attempted a pinfall on Jeff and used ropes for leverage but Lita ordered him to break it. Jeff went to the top rope again, but Matt caught him, and tried to hit him a Twist of Fate from the top. Jeff forced Matt off and hit a Swanton Bomb. Matt tried to get his feet on the ropes, but Jeff pulled them off, and won the match.

The fourth match was between The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley), and Big Show and Kane for the Dudley Boyz's WWF Tag Team Championship. Kane dominated in the beginning, and tagged in The Big Show. The Big Show also dominated, but as he attempted a chokeslam, Bubba Ray held the ropes and raked the eyes of The Big Show. D-Von tagged in but received a sidewalk slam from The Big Show. The Big Show then hit D-Von with a series of hip attacks. Kane and The Big Show dominated in the ring, knocking the Dudleys out of the ring. Kane went to the top rope and jumped to the outside, knocking out Dudleys. In the ring, Stacy Keibler tried to encourage the Dudleys, but The Big Show snuck up and pulled down her skirt. The Dudleys hit Kane with a double suplex and started working on him. They gave Kane a diving headbutt low blow, and a series of double-team maneuvers. They set him for the Dudley Death Drop but Kane kicked D-Von in the head and hit Bubba Ray with a clothesline. Kane tagged in The Big Show, who tried to chokeslam D-Von but Bubba Ray hit him a chop block. Kane tried to hit D-Von with a flying clothesline but accidentally hit The Big Show. Dudleys fell to the outside while Kane and Show argued in the ring. The Dudleys then hit The Big Show with a Hotshot onto an exposed turnbuckle for the win, retaining their title.

The fifth match was between The Undertaker and Rob Van Dam for Van Dam's WWF Hardcore Championship. Earlier in the match, Van Dam hit The Undertaker with a top-rope somersault. The Undertaker crotched Van Dam on the top rope and knocked him to the outside. He tried to drive him into the ringpost, but Van Dam reversed and knocked him into the ringpost instead. Van Dam attacked The Undertaker with the barricade, and tried to hit a bodypress but The Undertaker punched him. The Undertaker tossed him over a railing and choked Van Dam on the floor. The Undertaker tried to use a steel chair, but Van Dam hit him with a fire extinguisher. He hit The Undertaker's head with a trash can, and a flying crossbody. They fought on the stage where Van Dam hit a somersault leg drop. The Undertaker drove Van Dam's head on the stage, and attempted a Last Ride, but Van Dam held onto the stage. The Undertaker went backstage and came back with a chair but Van Dam kicked it. He hit a Rolling Thunder on the stage and a Chair Surf. He tried to hit a Van Daminator but missed, and The Undertaker hit him with the chair. The Undertaker chokeslammed Van Dam off the stage through a set of tables for the victory, and won his first and only WWF Hardcore Championship.

The sixth match was between Trish Stratus and Jacqueline for Stratus' WWF Women's Championship. Jacqueline wrestled a great match in the beginning while knocking Stratus to the mat several times. Stratus kicked Jacqueline several times but was unable to knock her down. However, Jacqueline knocked Stratus by punching and kicking her on numerous occasions. She slammed Stratus twice and walked on her hair. Stratus however hit her with a clothesline for a near-fall. Jacqueline knocked Stratus down again but Stratus sent her in the corner. Stratus made a pinfall attempt with a victory roll for a near-fall. She tried to hit Jacqueline with the Stratusfaction but Jacqueline shoved her and kicked her for a near-fall. Stratus then hit and pinned her with a bridging backslide to win the match and retain her title.

Main event

The seventh, eighth, and ninth matches of the evening comprised the main event championship unification tournament. The first match was the match between Stone Cold Steve Austin and Kurt Angle for Austin's WWF Championship. In the beginning, both men applied holds. Austin then took advantage and pounded Angle. The two had a test of strength and Angle applied the ankle lock. Austin kicked out of the hold, and applied an armlock, followed by an eye rake. He choked Angle in the ropes and attacked in his biceps. Austin threw Angle into the ringpost three times, injuring the left side of Angle's torso. In the ring, Austin used an armbar takedown on Angle's injured left shoulder. Angle then applied the ankle lock on Austin. Austin reached the ropes and Angle broke the hold. Austin followed by knocking Angle's head on the announce table. Angle then wrapped Austin's leg around the ringpost, and applied the ringpost figure four leglock. Back in the ring, Angle applied the ankle lock but Austin rolled through. Angle hit a belly-to-belly suplex, and three German suplexes. Angle missed a moonsault, and Austin took advantage, hitting a Lou Thesz press, and a spinebuster. Austin then hit five German suplexes, but, while in the ropes, Angle hit a low blow, and an Angle Slam. Angle then tried to hit a Stone Cold Stunner, but Austin reversed it into his Stone Cold Stunner to win the match, and retain his title.

This was followed by the second tournament match pitting Chris Jericho and The Rock for the World Championship. The two exchanged many holds and reversals in the beginning. Jericho hit a spinning heel kick, and a missile dropkick. Jericho knocked The Rock's head into the steel ring steps, and hit a flying back elbow. The Rock came back with a flying clothesline. Jericho applied a sleeper hold but The Rock fought out of it. Jericho then hit a one-handed bulldog and a Lionsault. Jericho went to the top rope, but The Rock crotched him on the top. The Rock tried a Superplex but Jericho knocked him down, and hit a flying crossbody, but The Rock rolled through for a near-fall. Jericho continued attacking The Rock, but The Rock sent Jericho's head into the ringpost. Jericho fell to the outside where he dropped The Rock onto the barricade, and catapulted him into the ringpost. Jericho then tried to hit a Rock Bottom through the announce table, but The Rock reversed it into a People's DDT through the table. The Rock threw Jericho into the ring and set him up for a Rock Bottom, but Jericho countered it into a Breakdown. He set The Rock up for the People's Elbow, but The Rock caught his legs, and tried to apply a Sharpshooter on Jericho, but Jericho reversed it into his own Sharpshooter. The Rock got to the ropes to break the hold. Jericho then attempted the Walls of Jericho, but The Rock countered it into a roll-up for a near-fall. The Rock hit a Rock Bottom, as Mr. McMahon came down to ringside. The Rock went for the pinfall but McMahon distracted the referee. The Rock hit McMahon, and hit a Spinebuster on Jericho. He brought McMahon into the ring and hit Jericho with a People's Elbow. The Rock attacked McMahon and, while the referee checked McMahon, Jericho hit a low blow and a Rock Bottom to win the match, and the title.

Immediately following Jericho's win, Austin came back out to wrestle the final. Angle attacked Austin with a steel chair while The Rock went to attack Jericho with a Rock Bottom and chased Angle to the back. The match began with Austin spearing Jericho. The two fought off outside the ring and on the announce table. Jericho took Austin to the top of table where Austin tried to hit a Stone Cold Stunner. Jericho countered it into the Walls of Jericho but Austin flipped him off the table. On the floor, he suplexed Jericho and tossed him into the ring. The two fought out of the ring, and Jericho threw Austin shoulder-first into the ringpost. Jericho wrapped Austin's arm into an armbar, and used the ropes for leverage, but the referee caught onto this and broke the hold. Jericho attempted a flying forearm smash, but Austin ducked, and Jericho hit the referee. Jericho hit a low blow and a Stone Cold Stunner. McMahon came out again and ordered Nick Patrick to referee the match. However, Ric Flair interfered and pulled Patrick out of the ring and attacked him. McMahon knocked Flair into the ringpost. Austin then hit a low blow, and assaulted McMahon. He hit a Lou Thesz press on Jericho and applied the Walls of Jericho. Jericho tapped out but the referee was still down. Booker T came out and hit Austin with the WWF Championship belt from behind in the back of Austin's head, knocking him out. The referee recovered and Jericho capitalized on the interference, pinning Austin to win the match, and became the first ever Undisputed WWF Champion in the World Wrestling Federation. The World Championship was unified into the WWF Championship and the two belts collectively represented the Undisputed WWF Championship.

Aftermath
Stone Cold Steve Austin lost in a steel cage rematch against Chris Jericho for the Undisputed WWF Championship on the December 10 episode of Raw due to interference from Booker T. Austin then briefly feuded with Booker T, which involved the famous supermarket brawl on the December 13 episode of SmackDown!, and the returning Big Bossman. Jericho successfully defended his title against different opponents until The Rock earned a match for the Undisputed WWF Championship at the Royal Rumble on the January 3 episode of SmackDown!

The feud between Edge and William Regal continued. Regal ambushed Edge several times with brass knuckles before finally challenging Edge to a rematch for the WWF Intercontinental Championship at the Royal Rumble, which Edge accepted. On the January 7 episode of Raw, buildup towards the Royal Rumble match started, with Austin, the returning Triple H, Kurt Angle, Kane, The Big Show and The Undertaker all declaring their participation in the match, and starting a feud.

According to Kurt Angle, he was the original winner of the main event and would become the first Undisputed WWF Champion. However, one week before the event, Vince McMahon changed the plan and gave the title to Jericho, since he was very popular with the fans.

The following year, Vengeance was moved up to July as Armageddon was reinstated for December, thus establishing Vengeance as an annual event for the promotion and replacing Fully Loaded in that slot (which was replaced that same year by InVasion). The 2001 Vengeance would be the only Vengeance event promoted under the WWF name as in May 2002, the company was renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), after a lawsuit by the World Wildlife Fund over the WWF initialism. The 2001 event was also the only Vengeance to be held before the first brand extension was enacted in March 2002, in which the promotion divided its roster into two distinct brands, Raw and SmackDown!, where the wrestlers were exclusively assigned to perform. Vengeance would continue annually until 2007. That year, it was a joint promoted event titled Vengeance: Night of Champions, being both the seventh Vengeance event as well as the inaugural Night of Champions event. Vengeance was then discontinued in favor of continuing Night of Champions. In 2011, Vengeance was reinstated, but separate from Night of Champions. However, Vengeance was again discontinued, this time until 2021. That year, WWE revived the PPV for their NXT brand as a TakeOver event titled Vengeance Day, the name of which was also a play on the event's Valentine's Day scheduling.

Results

Tournament bracket

References

External links
 Vengeance 2001 official results

2001
Professional wrestling in San Diego
Events in San Diego
2001 in California
2001 WWF pay-per-view events
December 2001 events in the United States


(1576–1643) was a Japanese wealthy merchant of the early Edo period. His real name was Okamoto Kotomasa. He was commonly called as Yodoya Saburōemon. He was the second head of the first "Yodoya" founded by the Okamoto family. As a merchant of Osaka, he was a prominent rice dealer who worked with various daimyōs. He is known as the developer of Nakanoshima.

References

This article is derived from corresponding content on the Japanese Wikipedia.

1576 births
1643 deaths
Japanese merchants
15th-century Japanese people
15th-century merchants
16th-century Japanese businesspeople


William Eldridge "Bucky" Brooks Jr. (born January 22, 1971) is a sportswriter and former professional American football player. He played for five National Football League (NFL) teams in a five-year career, primarily as a kick returner. He was drafted in the second round of the 1994 NFL Draft by the Buffalo Bills.

Brooks is in his sixth season as an analyst for NFL Network and NFL.com. He contributes weekly columns, as well as video features including "Scout’s Take" and "On the Beat" on NFL.com, and offers interactive analysis on the latest NFL topics and headlines with weekly live online chats.  He is currently the co-host on the podcast 'Move the Sticks', alongside Daniel Jeremiah. The two ex-scouts produce multiple podcasts each week during the NFL season and focus on topics such as NFL and NCAA game previews and reviews, and NFL Draft scouting. For the 2010 season, Brooks returned as an analyst for Thursday Night Football, NFL.com's in-game coverage of the Network's eight live, regular season game broadcasts. NFL.com/LIVE: Thursday Night Football presents a live show throughout the game including “live look ins” of the game, reports from the field and highlights.  He is also a frequent guest on NFL.com's Dave Dameshek Football Program podcast, appearing approximately once per week to discuss the NFL Draft and various listicles created for NFL.com.

References

External links
NFL.com player page

1971 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Raleigh, North Carolina
African-American players of American football
American football return specialists
Buffalo Bills players
Green Bay Packers players
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Kansas City Chiefs players
North Carolina Tar Heels football players
Oakland Raiders players
Players of American football from Raleigh, North Carolina
American sportswriters
National Football League announcers
NFL Network people
Millbrook High School (North Carolina) alumni
American podcasters


Attila László Hadnagy (born 8 September 1980) is a Romanian former footballer who played as a forward and serves as the general director of Liga I club Sepsi OSK.

Career

Oltul Sfântu Gheorghe
Hadnagy started his career at hometown club Oltul Sfântu Gheorghe. At the end of his fifth Divizia C season at the team, they managed to win the league and got promoted to Divizia B. However they were relegated after only one year.

Petrolul Ploiești
Hadnagy spent the following three seasons at Divizia B side Petrolul Ploiești.

Brașov
In the summer of 2007, he joined the more ambitious Liga II side FC Brașov managed by Răzvan Lucescu and captained by Róbert Ilyés. They won the 2007–2008 Liga II which meant promotion to Liga I and he also became the top scorer of Liga II that season. He played in Liga I for the club until the winter break of the 2012–2013 season when he left for Liga II side Botoșani.

Botoșani
At Botoșani he managed to win his second Liga II title at the end of the 2012–2013 season. He stayed with the club for the following three Liga I seasons before accepting an offer from yet another Liga II side.

Sepsi OSK
In the summer of 2016 he joined Sepsi OSK, his hometown's recently founded team. He also became team captain. With his 28 goals in 31 games he played a vital role in obtaining promotion to Liga I at the end of the 2016–17 season. He played 2 more Liga I seasons for the team before retiring at the age of 38 in 2019.

Personal life
Born in Sfântu Gheorghe, Hadnagy is of Hungarian ethnicity.

Career statistics

Club

Honours
Oltul Sfântu Gheorghe
Divizia C: 2002–2003

Brașov
Liga II: 2007–08

Botoșani
Liga II: 2012–13

Individual
Liga II top scorer: 2007–08 (24 goals)

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
People from Sfântu Gheorghe
Romanian sportspeople of Hungarian descent
Romanian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Liga I players
Liga II players
FC Petrolul Ploiești players
FC Brașov (1936) players
FC Botoșani players
Sepsi OSK Sfântu Gheorghe players
Sportspeople from Covasna County