Anthony "Tony" Hazzard (born 31 October 1943, Liverpool, England) is an English singer and songwriter. He has written songs for The Hollies ("Listen to Me"), Manfred Mann ("Ha! Ha! Said the Clown" and "Fox on the Run"), "Me, The Peaceful Heart" for Lulu, The Yardbirds ("Goodnight Sweet Josephine"), Herman's Hermits ("You Won't Be Leaving"), Peter Noone ("(I Think I'm Over) Getting Over You"), The Tremeloes ("Hello World"), Gene Pitney ("Maria Elena"), Richard Barnes ("Take to the Mountains"), and Andy Williams ("Getting Over You") amongst others.

Career
Hazzard learned the guitar and ukulele when young, but did not start his music career until he finished his education at Durham University. With the encouragement of Tony Garnett of the BBC, Hazzard to move to London, where he signed a contract with publisher Gerry Bron.

His song "The Sound of the Candyman's Trumpet" was recorded by Cliff Richard and entered into the 1968 Songs for Europe preamble for the Eurovision Song Contest. Simon Dupree and the Big Sound, The Casuals, The Family Dogg, and The Swinging Blue Jeans all turned to Hazzard's pop tunes in the late 1960s. In the midst of all this success as a writer, Hazzard released his first solo album, Tony Hazzard Sings Tony Hazzard, in 1969. It was commercially unsuccessful, but his second album, Loudwater House, fared better. He recorded backing vocals on Elton John's albums Tumbleweed Connection (1970) and Honky Château (1972).

His third album, Was That Alright Then (1973), sold poorly. A two-disc set titled  Go North: The Bronze Anthology was released 2005. In 2011, he released a CD of new work, entitled Songs From The Lynher.  Hazzard lives in Cornwall and continues to work as a composer.

References

External links
Tony Hazzard @ Myspace
Discogs.com discography
Interview with Tony Hazzard at The Strange Brew Podcast

1943 births
Living people
English male singer-songwriters
English singer-songwriters
Musicians from Liverpool
Alumni of St John's College, Durham


Joseph Deville Thomas Galibardy (10 January 1915 – 17 May 2011) was an Indian field hockey player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.

In 1936 he was a member of the Indian field hockey team, which won the gold medal. He played five matches as halfback.

Galibardy was born in Madras and received his school education from Goethals Memorial School, Kurseong in India. He visited his alma-mater, when Goethals celebrated its centenary in the year 2007 at the age of 93. Goethals Memorial School is also the alma-mater of his teammate Cyril Michie. Galibardy moved to England in 1956 and lived in Walthamstow, London at the time of his death. He was the last surviving member of the 1936 Indian field hockey team that won the gold medal.

References

External links

August 2007 update

1915 births
2011 deaths
Field hockey players from Chennai
Olympic field hockey players for India
Field hockey players at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Indian male field hockey players
Olympic gold medalists for India
Anglo-Indian people
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Indian emigrants to England
British people of Anglo-Indian descent


Brian Joseph Bixler (born October 22, 1982) is an American former professional baseball shortstop and outfielder. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Washington Nationals and Houston Astros as well as for the United States national baseball team.

College career
Bixler attended college at Eastern Michigan University. Bixler also played in the Great Lakes Summer Collegiate League for the Delaware Cows, as well as for the Brewster Whitecaps of the Cape Cod Baseball League in 2003.

Professional career

Pittsburgh Pirates
Bixler was Pittsburgh's second-round pick in the 2004 Major League Baseball draft. He spent 2004 in the short-season New York–Penn League playing for the Williamsport Crosscutters. He spent his first full professional season with the Class-A Hickory Crawdads. In , Bixler played for both the High-A Lynchburg Hillcats and the Double-A Altoona Curve. He was invited to spring training by the Pirates in , batting .359 with a .970 OPS.  In 2007, Bixler played for the Triple-A Indianapolis Indians, and was named the team's most valuable player. On November 20, 2007, the Pirates purchased his contract, protecting Bixler from the Rule 5 draft. Bixler did not make the Pirates' opening day roster in , but received a call-up on April 6 when Jack Wilson was placed on the disabled list. That same day, Bixler made his major league debut against the Florida Marlins as a pinch hitter and struck out in his only at bat. He spent the majority of the season in Indianapolis, but made several short appearances for the Pirates. On September 2, he was recalled again when the rosters expanded. He got into 50 games for the Pirates in 2008, with a .423 OPS. In 2009, Bixler attended spring training, but was reassigned to the AAA Indianapolis Indians on March 30. He was recalled to Pittsburgh in late April after Jack Wilson was placed on the disabled list. In 8 games with Pittsburgh, he batted .200.  He was optioned back to AAA when Wilson returned from injury. After the June call-ups of AAA outfielders Steven Pearce, Garrett Jones and Jeff Salazar to Pittsburgh, Bixler began to see playing time in center field due to the shortage of players on the roster. Bixler was again recalled to Pittsburgh in mid-August. He got into 18 games for the Pirates in 2009, with a .602 OPS. On January 18, 2010, Bixler was traded to the Cleveland Indians for Jesus Brito.

Cleveland Indians
On January 18, 2010, the Indians acquired Bixler from the Pittsburgh Pirates for Jesus Brito. He was designated for assignment by the Indians on March 17, 2010 to make room on the 40-man roster for Anderson Hernández, and was subsequently sent outright to the minors. While in the Indians' organization, he played 64 games for the AAA Columbus Clippers. On July 11, 2010, he was traded back to Pittsburgh.

Return to the Pirates
On July 11, 2010, the Pirates re-acquired Bixler. He played in 11 games for the AAA Indianapolis. On August 7, 2010 the Pirates sold Bixler to the Washington Nationals.

Washington Nationals

On August 7, 2010 the Pirates sold Bixler to the Washington Nationals. He played in 27 games for the AAA Syracuse Chiefs. Bixler re-signed with the Nationals following the 2010 season and had his contract purchased on April 22, 2011. He got into 79 games with the Nationals in 2011, with a .532 OPS.

Houston Astros
The Houston Astros claimed Bixler off waivers from the Nationals on November 3, 2011. In October 2012, Bixler elected minor league free agency.

New York Mets
On November 16, 2012, the New York Mets announced that Bixler had been signed to a minor league contract with an invitation to Spring training.

Philadelphia Phillies
Bixler signed a minor league deal with the Philadelphia Phillies on February 4, 2014.

San Diego Padres
Bixler signed a minor league deal with the Padres on April 25, 2014. He became a free agent after the 2014 season.

International career
Brian Bixler was named as one of the 24 players that would be part of Team USA in the IBAF 2007 Baseball World Cup. He had a .160 BA with a double and 5 walks in 9 games. The USA won gold in Taiwan.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Washington Nationals players
Houston Astros players
Eastern Michigan Eagles baseball players
Brewster Whitecaps players
Williamsport Crosscutters players
Hickory Crawdads players
Lynchburg Hillcats players
Altoona Curve players
Indianapolis Indians players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Columbus Clippers players
Oklahoma City RedHawks players
Las Vegas 51s players
San Antonio Missions players
El Paso Chihuahuas players
Baseball players from Ohio
Major League Baseball shortstops
Sportspeople from Sandusky, Ohio
Venados de Mazatlán players
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico


Cagiallo is a village and former municipality in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

In 2001 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Lopagno, Roveredo, Sala Capriasca, Tesserete and Vaglio to form a new and larger municipality Capriasca.

History
Cagiallo is first mentioned in the 13th Century as Guzallo.  In 1335 it was mentioned as Cazallo.  Together with Lopagno and Campestro, Cagiallo formed a Bürgergemeinde from the Middle Ages through the modern era.

The late medieval church of S. Matteo was rebuilt 1672, but retained the romanesque clock tower.  The village was part of the parish of Tesserete.  The Chapel of St. Lucia is first mentioned in 1606, and the Chapel of St. Sebastian in Almatro was built in 1682.

The pre-industrial economy was based on agriculture and emigration.  In the 18th and 19th Centuries, the Battaglini family played an important role throughout the valley.  Cagiallo supports the tourist facilities and hotels of the village of Tesserete, and has become a suburb of it in recent years.

Geography
The former municipality also contained the villages Sarone, Almatro, Bettagno and San Matteo-Muralta.

Historic population
The historical population is given in the following chart:

References

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Ticino


Earnest John Goodsir-Cullen (15 July 1912 – December 1993) was an Indian field hockey player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.

In 1936, he was a member of the Indian field hockey team, which won the gold medal in Berlin. He played in all five matches as halfback.

Personal life
Goodsir-Cullen was born in Kerala, India and educated at St. George's College at Musoorie, and Madras University where he qualified as a medical doctor. During World War II he served as an officer in the Indian Army Medical Corps where he was attached to several different regiments and was posted to Iraq and Palestine on active service. In 1945, he married Captain Elsie Victoria Spratt, a QA officer in the British Army and their first son, Sean Patrick, was born in March 1946 in Poona. In 1947, the family went to live with Elsie's mother in Portstewart, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland and Ernest had to re-qualify as a doctor at Queen's University, Belfast.

After finishing his academic work in Belfast, Goodsir-Cullen took his family to London where he completed his training at the Westminster Hospital, which he also represented at hockey and, as by far the oldest player, at seven a side rugby where his pace on the wing was an asset. From London he took his family to Ipswich, Suffolk, where he had obtained a post as an assistant in a general practice. His second son, Niall Jonathan Martin, was born on 10 August 1951.

Goodsir-Cullen was contacted by a fellow graduate of Madras University whose medical practice was looking for another partner. He took his family to Middlesbrough where he worked as a GP in the practice for most of the next 35 years.  His third son, Christopher Dermot, was born on 10 August 1959, coincidentally the birthday of Niall.

In 1980, Elsie died after a short illness. Two years later Goodsir-Cullen married Maud Elizabeth Lowe née Spratt, an elder sister of Elsie. In 1985 they moved to Portstewart where they were both active in golf and bowls until Ernest's death. Maud died in 2009.

His older brother William won a gold medal at the 1928 Summer Olympics as a member of Indian field hockey team.

Paying career
Goodsir-Cullen continued playing hockey. At club level, he played for Portrush and Queen's University. He also played for Ulster and was asked to play at the 1952 Olympics for Ireland, 16 years after representing India in Berlin. Preparations for the Olympics clashed with Ernest's finals in Belfast, however, so he had to decline the invitation.

External links

 Earnest Goodsir-Cullen's profile at databaseOlympics

1912 births
1993 deaths
Olympic field hockey players for India
Field hockey players at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Indian male field hockey players
Olympic gold medalists for India
Anglo-Indian people
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Field hockey players from Kerala
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Indian emigrants to the United Kingdom
British people of Anglo-Indian descent


Sardab () may refer to:
 Sardab, Fars
 Sardab Khaneh Posht, Gilan Province
 Sardab-e Bala, Isfahan Province
 Sardab-e Pain, Isfahan Province
 Sardab, Kurdistan
 Sardab, North Khorasan
 Sardab, Razavi Khorasan
 Sardab, South Khorasan
 Sardab, Sistan and Baluchestan


Franz Ignaz von Streber (11 February 1758 – 26 April 1841) was a German numismatist and theologian from Reisbach, Lower Bavaria.

In 1770 he went to the Kolleg der Bartholomäer in Ingolstadt where he began to study Philosophy and Theology, earning the titles Master of Philosophy (1776) and Master of Theology (1779).  In 1780 he was appointed Private secretary to Johann Goswin von Widder (1734–1800) in Munich, remaining there for ten year.  In 1783 he was made court chaplain, in 1803 director of the Court chapel, in 1821 auxiliary bishop, in 1822 cathedral provost of Munich and Freising. In 1782 he was appointed curator of the cabinet of coins of the elector, as assistant to the diplomat Johann Casimir Häffelin.  Supported by Häffelin and his successors, in 1785 he was appointed Director of the numismatic collection.

His work was to unite the Mannheim or the Palatinate collection with the Munich or Bavarian collection of the Wittelsbach line, which had been in disorder since the Thirty Years' War, and to arrange the combined collection in scientific order. On account of the disturbances caused by war he was obliged to carry off and conceal the cabinet of coins five times, each time re-arranging it anew. He wrote a history of the royal Bavarian cabinet of coins, and several treatises on Bavarian and Greek numismatics, most of which appeared in the transactions of the Academy of Fine Arts Munich, of which institution he became a member in 1822.

His nephew, Franz Seraph Streber, followed him into the same field. Streber died in Munich.

References
Attribution

1758 births
1841 deaths
German Roman Catholic titular bishops
German numismatists
People from the Duchy of Bavaria
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich
Auxiliary bishops


Lopagno is a village and former municipality in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

In 2001 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Cagiallo, Roveredo, Sala Capriasca, Tesserete and Vaglio to form a new and larger municipality Capriasca.

History
Lopagno is first mentioned in 1335 as Lopagnio'.

Lopagno, together with Cagiallo and Campestro, formed a Vicinanza'' since the Middle Ages. In the 16th and 17th centuries there were several large-scale emigrations from the village. The economy of the village was based on agriculture, trade and construction activities. The inhabitants of Lopagno were among the leaders of the popular uprising against the authorities of the Helvetic Republic on 26 January 1802. Since 1952, the Institute Don Orione for the care of the mentally disabled, is active in Lopagno.

The S. Apollonia chapel dates back to the 16th century, and is a dependent of the parish of Tesserete.

In 2000 about three quarters of the working population worked outside the village.

Location
The village is located in the Capriasca valley at the entrance to Val Colla and includes the hamlets of Treggia, Somazzo and Oggio

Historic population
The historical population is given in the following chart:

References

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Switzerland


Jesse Wesley Williams (born August 5, 1981) is an American actor, director, producer and activist. He played Dr. Jackson Avery on the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy (2009–22) and has appeared in films such as The Cabin in the Woods (2012) and The Butler (2013). He has provided voice acting and motion capture for Markus in the video game Detroit: Become Human (2018). He served as an executive producer of the Academy Award-winning short, Two Distant Strangers (2020) and the Tony Award-winning revival of Take Me Out (2022), the latter of which he was also nominated for a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play.

Early life
Williams was born in Chicago on August 5, 1981, to Johanna Chase, a professional potter, and Reginald Williams. Jesse Williams has said his mother is a Swedish American and his father is an African American from Georgia. His two younger brothers specialize and work in the field of visual arts. Williams graduated from Moses Brown School in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1998. After he graduated from high school his father began teaching history in northern Maine, while his mother continued to work in pottery.

Williams graduated from Temple University with a double major in African American Studies and Film and Media Arts. Following in the footsteps of his parents, he taught high school in the Philadelphia public school system for six years teaching American Studies, African Studies, and English.

Acting career
In 2005, Williams began to study acting and was chosen to participate in the New York Actors Showcase presented by ABC Television, one of 14 actors chosen from among over 800 individuals who auditioned. Since 2006, he has appeared in a number of television series, films and theatre productions. In 2012, he established a production company, farWord Inc.

In May 2012, a fan campaign was organized to try to influence film executives to cast him in the role of Finnick Odair in The Hunger Games: Catching Fire. This news resulted in some Hunger Games fans protesting casting decisions made by the film executives.

In 2013, Williams wrote an opinion piece for CNN which analyzed the film Django Unchained. Later that year he narrated the audio version of the book The Bane Chronicles: What Really Happened In Peru, by Cassandra Clare and Sarah Rees Brennan.

In 2006, Williams appeared in an episode of Law & Order, portraying the character Kwame. He also appeared in the role of Drew Collins, in two episodes of the ABC Family series Greek.

On October 15, 2009, Williams began appearing as surgical resident Jackson Avery, in the ABC television series Grey's Anatomy. On June 8, 2010, it was announced Williams would be a series regular, starting in season 7. It was announced on May 6, 2021, that he would be exiting the show, his final episode airing May 20 on ABC. In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter in May 2021, Williams said the decision to leave the show was "a collective thing" and part of a discussion the actor had with showrunner Krista Vernoff about Jackson's trajectory that ultimately helped solidify 11 seasons of storyline. However in May and October 2022, he did return to make guest appearances in seasons 18 and 19.

BuddyTV ranked him No. 6 on its "TV's 100 Sexiest Men of 2010" list and No. 11 in 2011. Jesse was named the TV Actor of the Year at the 2011 Young Hollywood Awards.

Williams made his film debut in the supporting role of Leo in the 2008 sequel to The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants. He subsequently appeared in Brooklyn's Finest (2009), starring Don Cheadle, Richard Gere, Ethan Hawke, Wesley Snipes, and Ellen Barkin. Williams played Holden McCrea, the lead role in the MGM/United Artists horror film The Cabin in the Woods, produced by Joss Whedon and directed by Drew Goddard, released April 13, 2012.

On June 9, 2015, Variety announced Jamie Bamber, Kellan Lutz, Jesse Williams, and Jess Weixler had joined the cast of the thriller film Money, directed by Martin Rosete and produced by Atit Shah.

In May 2016, Williams was executive producer of the documentary film Stay Woke: The Black Lives Matter Movement. In 2021, Williams produced an American short-film titled Two Distant Strangers, written by Travon Free and Martin Desmond Roe. This short film won an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film in 2021.

Williams has served as a guest director for student productions at the Urban Arts Partnership 24 Hour Plays Off-Broadway, at the request of Rosie Perez and Anna Strout.

In March 2022, Williams made his Broadway debut in the revival of Richard Greenberg’s Take Me Out. Williams stars in the lead role of Darren Lemming. He's been nominated for a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play.

Williams had a reoccurring role on Hulu's Only Murders in the Building in fall 2023, playing Tobert.

Activism
Williams is the youngest member of the board of directors at The Advancement Project, a civil rights think tank and advocacy group. He is also the executive producer of Question Bridge: Black Males, a multifaceted media project, art exhibition, student and teacher curriculum and website, focused on the black male identity and the diversity within the demographic. He has written articles for CNN and The Huffington Post, and has been a guest on Wolf Blitzer's The Situation Room.

In June 2016, Williams won the humanitarian award at the 2016 BET Awards, delivering a speech highlighting racial injustice, police brutality, and the invention of whiteness. As a result of his speech, dueling petitions were circulated: one to have Williams fired from Grey's Anatomy and one to keep him on the series.

Other work
Williams occasionally worked as a model during college, but never considered pursuing it as a
career. He modeled for Kenneth Cole Productions, Levi's, and Tommy Hilfiger Corporation. He can be seen as the love interest of R&B singer Rihanna in the music video for her single "Russian Roulette" from her 2009 album Rated R. He also appears in the music video for Estelle's song "Fall In Love", from the album All of Me. In 2018, Williams appeared in the video for "Tell Me You Love Me" By Demi Lovato. Williams also modeled for Lane Bryant in 2012.

Williams did the voice acting and performance capture for Markus in the video game Detroit: Become Human, which first released on May 25, 2018, for the PlayStation 4. He also did the voice acting and performance capture for Duke in the video game NBA 2K21, which released worldwide on September 4, 2020, for multiple consoles.

Personal life

Williams dated Aryn Drake-Lee for five years before the two married on September 1, 2012. The couple have two children together, a daughter Sadie Williams (b. December 2013) and a son Maceo Williams (b. October 2015). The couple filed for divorce in April 2017. The divorce was finalized in October 2020.

Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos

Video games

Stage

References

External links

21st-century American male actors
Male actors from Chicago
American male film actors
Television producers from Illinois
American people of Seminole descent
American people of Swedish descent
Living people
Temple University alumni
Audiobook narrators
American male television actors
American male stage actors
American podcasters
Moses Brown School alumni
American male video game actors
Film producers from Illinois
Educators from Illinois
Year of birth missing (living people)
African-American male actors
20th-century births


Sala Capriasca is a village and former municipality in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

In 2001 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Tesserete and Vaglio to form a new and larger municipality Capriasca.

History
Sala Capriasca is first mentioned in 1078 as Sale.  In 1467 it was mentioned as Salla.

Sala Capriasca was originally a Lombard walled village.  In the 15th century, it formed a Vicinanza with Bigorio.  In the first half of the 16th century, had rights to the commons in the parish of Capriasca.  It was part of the Tesserete parish until 1933.

The parish church of St. Anthony was first mentioned in 1413.  In the 15th and 16th centuries, it was totally rebuilt.  The monastery of Bigorio was founded in 1535 as the first seat of the Capuchins in Switzerland.

Economically the village was dominated by agriculture and rural handicrafts.  The traditional seasonal migration brought extra income.  In the second half of the 20th century, it developed into a bedroom community.  In 2000, four-fifths of the working population were commuters, especially to Lugano.

The village was the birthplace of Argentine poet Alfonsina Storni.

Location

The village of Sala Capriasca is located in the Capriasca valley at the foot of Mount Bigorio and includes the settlements of Sala, Bigorio, Lelgio and Pezzolo.

Historic population
The historical population is given in the following chart:

References

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Switzerland


Ahsan Mohomed Khan (born April 7, 1916, date of death unknown) was an Indian field hockey player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.

In 1936 he was a member of the Indian field hockey team, which won the gold medal. He played one match as a halfback.

External links

1916 births
Year of death missing
Field hockey players from Bhopal
Olympic field hockey players for India
Field hockey players at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Indian male field hockey players
Olympic gold medalists for India
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics


Jesse Williams may refer to:
Jesse Williams (actor) (born 1980), American television actor
Jesse Williams (American football) (born 1990), American football defensive tackle
Jesse Williams (high jumper) (born 1983), American high jumper
Jesse Williams (Canadian football) (1940–2015), Canadian football player
Jesse Williams (footballer, born 1903) (1903–1972), Welsh international footballer
Jesse Williams (footballer, born 2001), Trinidadian international footballer
Jesse Williams (shortstop) (1913–1990), American Negro league baseball player
Jesse Williams (catcher) (1923–1996), American Negro league baseball player
Jesse Lynch Williams (1871–1929), author and dramatist
Jesse M. Williams (1831–1864), American Civil War soldier
Jesse West (Jesse Williams, born 1967), producer

See also
Jessie Williams (disambiguation)
Jessica Williams (disambiguation)


The Cretan State (; ) was established in 1898, following the intervention by the Great Powers (United Kingdom, France, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Germany and Russia) on the island of Crete. In 1897, the Cretan Revolt led the Ottoman Empire to declare war on Greece, which led the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Russia to intervene on the grounds that the Ottoman Empire could no longer maintain control.  It was the prelude to the island's final annexation to the Kingdom of Greece, which occurred de facto in 1908 and de jure in 1913 after the First Balkan War.

History

Background

The island of Crete, an Ottoman possession since the end of the Cretan War (1645–1669), was inhabited by a mostly Greek-speaking population, whose majority was Christian. During and after the Greek War of Independence, the Christians of the island rebelled several times against external Ottoman rule, pursuing union with Greece. These were brutally subdued, but secured some concessions from the Ottoman government under the pressure of European public opinion. In 1878, the Pact of Halepa established the island as an autonomous state under Ottoman suzerainty, until the Ottomans reneged on that agreement in 1889.

The collapse of the Pact heightened tensions in the island, leading to another rebellion in 1895, which greatly expanded in 1896–1897 to cover most of the island. Six Great Powers (Austria-Hungary, France, the German Empire, the Kingdom of Italy, the Russian Empire, and the United Kingdom) sent warships to Crete in February 1897, and their naval forces combined to form an "International Squadron" charged with intervening to bring fighting on Crete to a halt. In Greece, nationalist secret societies and a fervently irredentist public opinion forced the Greek government to send military forces to the island. Although the International Squadron quickly halted their activities, the presence of Greek forces on Crete provoked a war with the Ottoman Empire. Although most of Crete came under the control of Cretan insurgent and Greek forces, the unprepared Greek Army was crushed by the Ottomans, who occupied Thessaly. The war was ended by the intervention of the Great Powers (the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Russia), who forced the Greek contingent to withdraw from Crete and the Ottoman Army to stop its advance. In the Treaty of Constantinople the Ottoman Government promised to implement the provisions of the Halepa Pact.

Establishment of the Cretan State

In February 1897, the Great Powers decided to restore order by governing the island temporarily through an "Admirals Council" consisting of admirals from the six powers making up the International Squadron. Through naval bombardments of Cretan insurgent forces, by placing sailors and marines ashore to occupy key cities, and by establishing a blockade of Crete and key ports in Greece, the International Squadron brought organized fighting on Crete to an end by the end of March 1897, although the insurrection continued. Soldiers from the armies of five of the powers (Germany declined to send any) arrived to occupy key Cretan cities in late March and April 1897. Thereafter, the Admirals Council focused on a negotiated settlement that would bring the insurrection to an end without bringing Ottoman governance of Crete to an end, but this proved impossible. They then decided that Crete would become an autonomous state under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire. Germany strongly opposed this idea and withdrew from Crete and the International Squadron in November 1897 and Austria-Hungary followed in March 1898, but the remaining four powers carried on with their plans.

On 6 September 1898 (25 August 1898 according to the Julian calendar then in use on Crete, which was 12 days behind the modern Gregorian calendar during the 19th century), a Cretan Muslim mob massacred hundreds of Cretan Greeks and murdered the British vice-consul, his family, and 14 British soldiers and sailors, in the city of Candia (modern Heraklion). As a result, the International Squadron and the occupying forces ashore expelled all Ottoman forces from Crete in November 1898. The autonomous Cretan State, under Ottoman suzerainty, garrisoned by an international military force, and with its high commissioner provided by Greece, was founded when Prince George of Greece and Denmark arrived to take office as the first high commissioner (, Hýpatos Harmostēs), effectively detaching Crete from the Ottoman Empire, on 21 December 1898 (9 December according to the Julian calendar). The Admirals Council was dissolved on 26 December 1898.

The National Bank of Greece established a bank, the Bank of Crete, which had a 40-year monopoly on note issuance. The Cretan State also established a paramilitary force, the Cretan Gendarmerie, modeled on the Italian Carabinieri, to maintain public order. The Cretan Gendarmerie incorporated the four small gendarmerie units the four remaining occupying powers had created before the arrival of Prince George.

Internal turmoil – the Therisos Revolt

On 13 December 1898, Prince George of Greece and Denmark arrived as high commissioner for a three-year tenure. On 27 April 1899, an Executive Committee was created, in which a young, Athens-trained lawyer from Chania, Eleftherios Venizelos, participated as minister of justice. By 1900, Venizelos and Prince George had developed differences over domestic policies, as well as the issue of Enosis, the union with Greece.

Venizelos resigned in early 1901, and for the next three years, he and his supporters waged a bitter political struggle with the Prince's faction, leading to a political and administrative deadlock on the island. Eventually, in March 1905, Venizelos and his supporters gathered in the village of Therisos, in the hills near Chania, constituted a "Revolutionary Assembly", demanded political reforms and declared the "political union of Crete with Greece as a single free constitutional state" in a manifesto delivered to the consuls of the Great Powers. The Cretan Gendarmerie remained loyal to the Prince, but numerous deputies joined the revolt, and despite the Powers' declaration of martial law on 18 July, their military forces did not move against the rebels.

On 15 August, the Cretan Assembly voted for the proposals of Venizelos, and the Great Powers brokered an agreement, whereby Prince George would resign and a new constitution created. In the 1906 elections the pro-Prince parties took 38,127 votes while pro-Venizelos parties took 33,279 votes, but in September 1906 Prince George was replaced by former Greek prime minister Alexandros Zaimis and left the island. In addition, Greek officers came to replace the Italians in the organization of the Gendarmerie, and the withdrawal of the foreign troops began, leaving Crete de facto under Greek control.

Union with Greece
A Constitution was promulgated in February 1907, but in 1908, taking advantage of domestic turmoil in Turkey as well as the timing of Zaimis' vacation away from the island, the Cretan deputies declared unilateral union with Greece. The flag of the Cretan State was replaced by the Greek flag, all public servants took an oath to King George I of Greece, and the Greek constitution and laws were enacted on the island. This act was not recognized internationally, including by Greece, where Eleftherios Venizelos was elected prime minister in 1910. In May 1912, the Cretan deputies travelled to Athens and tried to enter the Greek Parliament, but were forcibly prevented from doing so by the police.

Upon the outbreak of the First Balkan War, Greece finally recognized the union and sent Stephanos Dragoumis as the island's governor-general. The Great Powers tacitly recognized the fait accompli by the act of lowering their flags from the Souda fortress on 14 February 1913, and by the Treaty of London in May 1913, Sultan Mehmed V relinquished his formal rights to the island.

On 1 December, the formal ceremony of union took place: the Greek flag was raised at the Firka Fortress in Chania, with Eleftherios Venizelos and King Constantine I in attendance. The Muslim minority of Crete initially remained on the island but was later relocated to Turkey under the general population exchange agreed to in the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne between Turkey and Greece.

Population
The total population in 1911 was 336,151.

References

Notes

Bibliography
 McTiernan, Mick, A Very Bad Place Indeed For a Soldier. The British involvement in the early stages of the European Intervention in Crete. 1897–1898, King's College, London, September 2014.

Further reading

External links
 Enosis: The Union of Crete with Greece
 http://rethemnosnews.gr/2014/02/%CE%B7-%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1-%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82-%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82-%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82-%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85/ η "σημαια" της κρητικης πολιτειας
 About drachma coin of Cretan State (Paris mint, France)

Modern history of Crete
Island countries
States and territories established in 1898
States and territories disestablished in 1913
Eleftherios Venizelos
Greece–Ottoman Empire relations
1898 establishments in Europe
1913 disestablishments in Europe
Vassal states of the Ottoman Empire


Roveredo is a village and former municipality in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

In 2001 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Cagiallo, Lopagno, Sala Capriasca, Tesserete and Vaglio to form a new and larger municipality Capriasca.

Location

The village of Roveredo is located in the upper Capriasca valley on the right side of the entrance to the Val Colla.

Historic population
The historical population is given in the following chart:

References

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Switzerland


Pavage was a medieval toll for the maintenance or improvement of a road or street in medieval England, Wales and Ireland. The king by letters patent granted the right to collect it to an individual, or the corporation of a town, or to the "bailiffs and good men" of a neighbouring village.

Pavage grants can be divided into two classes:
Urban grants to enable the streets of a town (or its marketplace) to be paved. These represent the majority of grants.
Rural grants to enable a particular road to be repaired. These grants were mostly made in the 14th century, and largely for the great roads radiating from London, which were presumably those carrying the heaviest traffic.

The first grant was in 1249 for the Yorkshire town of Beverley, where the pavage was associated with the cult of St John of Beverley, and was ultimately made permanent. Another early one was for Shrewsbury in 1266 for paving the new marketplace, removed from the churchyard of St Alkmund and St Juliana. In 1343 the citizens of Dublin were granted pavage for five years.

Related tolls
Other medieval tolls granted in the same way were murage (to build town walls) and pontage (to build or repair a bridge).

References

Sources

Toll (fee)
Roads in the United Kingdom
Taxation in medieval England
Toll roads in the United Kingdom


Mirza Nasir-ud-din Masood (23 April 1906 – 21 September 1991) was an Indian field hockey player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.

In 1936 he was a member of the Indian field hockey team, which won the gold medal. He played one match  as halfback.

In 1948, Masood became private secretary to India's first Minister of Education, Abul Kalam Azad. He was temporarily released from that role in 1952 when he was appointed the UNESCO Mission Chief to Indonesia, where he remained until 1957. Following Azad's death in 1958, Jawaharlal Nehru successively appointed Masood as Advisor on Physical Education and Recreation, Consul General responsible for Muscat and Oman, the Emirates, and Bahrain, and Ambassador to Saudi Arabia. Upon his return to India in 1964, he was made secretary of the Central Waqf Board by Lal Bahadur Shastri.

Masood retired to Delhi in 1968 with his wife Atiya. He died in 1991 and was buried in Nizamuddin cemetery.

References

External links

MN Masud at twf.org

1906 births
1991 deaths
20th-century Indian Muslims
Field hockey players from Delhi
Olympic field hockey players for India
Field hockey players at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Indian male field hockey players
Olympic gold medalists for India
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics


Tesserete is a village and former municipality in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

In 1976 the neighboring municipality Campestro was incorporated into Tesserete.

In 2001 Tesserete municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Sala Capriasca and Vaglio to form a new and larger municipality Capriasca.

The village is famous in Ticino for its Carnival "Or Penagin".

References

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Switzerland


Vaglio is a village and former municipality in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

In 2001 the municipality was merged with the neighboring municipalities of Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Sala Capriasca, and Tesserete to form a new municipality, Capriasca.

References

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Switzerland

lmo:Vaj


Cyril James Michie (20 August 1900 – 10 November 1966) was an Indian field hockey player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was educated at Goethals Memorial School in Kurseong and was a team-mate of Joseph Galibardy, who was at the same school.

In 1936, he was a member of the Indian field hockey team, which won the gold medal. He played one match as goaltender. No goals were scored against him.

References

External links

1900 births
1966 deaths
Field hockey players from Bihar
Olympic field hockey players for India
Field hockey players at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Indian male field hockey players
Anglo-Indian people
Olympic gold medalists for India
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Indian emigrants to England
British people of Anglo-Indian descent


The second HMS Dauntless was a  ship-sloop of the Royal Navy, launched in 1808. She was sold in 1823.

Construction
Dauntless was built in Deptford Dockyard as a .

War service
She was launched on 20 December 1808 and commissioned in July 1809 under Commander Josiah Wittman. Her first service was in November 1809, when she escorted a convoy to the African coast. Wittman died in January 1810. His replacement, in May 1810, was Commander Daniel Barber.

She returned in early 1810 and on 15 June sailed for Archangel. In the autumn of 1811 she was sent to the Cork Station. she remained on the Irish station in 1812 and 1813.

Still, on 16 May 1812, Dauntless arrived at Portsmouth from Jamaica. She had left there on 31 March, escorting a convoy of 32 vessels. On 29 April she parted from them at  in a gale.

On 3 December 1813 a gale dismasted the transport Phoenix, Heller, master, at  as she was sailing from Portsmouth to the Cape of good Hope. Dauntless came upon Phoenix on 5 December and took her in tow, arriving at Plymouth on 18 December. Also on 6 December, Dauntless came upon Renown, Mait, master, at , also dismasted. Barber had to leave Renown as Dauntless was towing Phoenix. However, Renown, which had been sailing from London to Bahia, was able to make her way to The Downs.

After refitting at Portsmouth in early 1814 she served on the Newfoundland Station. On 22 May Dauntless and  were in company when they recaptured .

Dauntless shared in the proceeds of the capture, between 29 November and 19 December 1814, of the schooner Mary and the transports Lloyd and Abeona.

On 7 February 1815, a party of American militia captured a tender to Dauntless near St James Island, in Chesapeake Bay. The tender was armed with one 12-pounder carronade and some swivel guns, and had a crew of 19 men under the command of a lieutenant.

In December 1815, as the Navy contracted after the end of the Napoleonic Wars, she went into Ordinary.

Post-war
Between June 1818 and February 1819 Dauntless underwent repairs and fitting out at Portsmouth.
In November 1818, she was recommissioned under Commander Valentine Gardner for service in the East Indies.

Over the next five years, Dauntless visited China, New Zealand, South America, the Pacific archipelagos and New South Wales. Valentine died in November 1820. His replacement was Commander John Norman Campbell (acting). Captain George Gambier assumed command in June 1821.

On 14 August 1821 local inhabitants massacred 10 of the 12 men in a landing party from the whaler  at Hanamenu on the island of Hiva Oa in the Marquesas Islands. The landing party had the misfortune to arrive as a local war commenced and one side assumed they were enemy. Gambier and Dauntless were sent to investigate and exact reprisals.

In company with members of the Philosophical Society of Australasia fixed a suitably engraved bronze tablet on a "beetling rock" on the south head of Botany Bay to commemorate the first landing of Captain James Cook and Sir Joseph Banks in Australia in 1770. The tablet has not been seen for some years. Dauntless sailed through Torres Strait to Trincomalee to rejoin the fleet, and returned to Portsmouth to pay off in October 1823.

Fate
The Principal Officers and Commissioners of His Majesty's Navy offered Dauntless for sale on 27 January 1825. She sold on that day to Thomas Smith for £2,330.

Notes

Citations

References

 Dalton, William (1990) The Dalton Journal: Two Whaling Voyages to the South Seas, 1823-1829. (National Library of Australia).

External links

Cormorant-class ship-sloops
1808 ships


Salvatore Interbartolo, better known as Sal Bartolo (November 5, 1917 – February 19, 2002) was an American boxer and WBA featherweight champion from March 1944 through May 1946. At the time, Bartolo's title was sanctioned by the National Boxing Association (NBA).

Early life and amateur career
Salvatore Interbartolo was born on November 5, 1917 to a large Italian family in South Boston.

Bartolo had a stellar amateur career, and in March 1937 won the 118 pound bantam weight division of the New York Golden Gloves Tournament at Madison Square Garden defeating New York's James Morro in every round. Bartolo also won the New York Golden Gloves Tournament Of Champions.

Early pro career highlights
Bartolo turned pro in April 1937, shortly after he took the Golden Gloves title, and won four straight bouts in Boston before losing to Ace Hutchins in a six round unanimous points decision in Holyoke, Massachusetts.

Taking the USA New England Featherweight Championship, March 1939
On April 1, 1938, Bartolo was defeated by Tony Dupre in his first attempts at the USA New England Featherweight Title in the Arena in Boston in a ten round split decision. On March 10, 1939, Bartolo first took the USA New England Featherweight Championship at 126 pounds, winning in a rematch against Tony Dupre in a twelve round split decision at Mechanics Hall in Worcester, Massachusetts.

On October 3, 1939, Bartolo had one of his rare losses to Jewish boxer Al Reid in an eight round points decision at the Broadway Arena in Brooklyn.

Bouts with Maxie Shapiro
In their first bout on October 14, 1940, at New York's St. Nicholas Arena, Bartolo drew with Maxie Shapiro in eight rounds. On November 11, 1940, Bartolo defeated New York Jewish boxer Maxie Shapiro in a ten round mixed points decision at the same venue. On January 16, February 3, and February 20, 1942, Shapiro defeated Bartolo in three eight round points decisions at Madison Square Garden, the New York Coliseum, and again in Madision Square Garden. Bartolo had a five pound weight disadvantage in the first and third bouts. Their January 16 bout was an upset, as Bartolo was favored to win the preliminary bout. In their February 3 bout, Bartolo suffered a cut eye in the fifth round, which seemed to affect the quality of his boxing in the remaining rounds. A boxer of considerable achievement, Shapiro defeated five world champions including Bartolo in his career. In their February 20 bout, Bartolo was cut above the eyes, but fought on making an interesting preliminary bout before a crowd of 12,000 at the Garden. On September 28, 1945, Bartolo defeated Shapiro, nearing lightweight status at 130, in a ten round unanimous decision at Boston Garden.

On November 25, 1940, he lost to Joey Fontanna in an eight round points decision at New York's St. Nicholas Arena.

In his first bout with Willie Pep, a non-title match on April 9, 1943, Bartolo lost in a ten round split decision in Boston Garden. Pep was a slight favorite to win the bout.

In his first attempt at a world title, Bartolo lost to Willie Pep for the NYSAC World Featherweight title on June 8, 1943 at the Braves Field in Boston in a fifteen round unanimous points decision. Pep may have had the edge for the last thirteen rounds. He had Bartolo near a knockout in the sixth, but fought quite cautiously in the first two rounds where the fighting seemed even. Pep seemed to stay ahead of Bartolo with his "highly educated left", and effective speed and footwork.

Taking the NBA World Featherweight Title, March 1944
Known as the "Pride of East Boston", Bartolo took the National Boxing Association (NBA) World Featherweight Title from Phil Terranova in a fifteen round Unanimous Decision before an enthralled crowd of 121,130 at Boston Garden on March 10, 1944. One reporter wrote that "Bartolo's lightning fast left jabbing, his accurate two fisted hooking, and artistic footwork were weapons much too heavy for the dogged Terranova." The United Press gave Bartolo every round except the fourth which seemed even, though Bartolo's frequent left jabs failed to stop the determined Terranova from completing the bout. At the time, Bartolo was serving in the US Maritime Service and stationed at Hoffman Island in Lower New York Bay near Staten Island. He may have received some tips from Benny Leonard who was stationed there as his sergeant at the time.

Second NBA Featherweight Title Match with Terranova, May 1944
Bartolo fought his second fifteen round NBA title bout with Terranova at Boston Garden before 7673 fans on May 5. In their rematch, the referee voted for Terranova, but both judges ceded the victory to Bartolo, making it a "split decision". Some sources wrote that Terranova staggered Bartolo in the eleventh round, trying desperately for a knockout, and may have worn himself out for the last four rounds. The United Press scored nine rounds for Bartolo, four for Terranova, with two even. In the first, Bartolo landed with a solid blow to Terranova's mouth which gave him the round by most accounts. The referee had to break the boxers from clinches on several occasions, as Bartolo employed a stand up and box technique, and Terranova employed a great deal of close or infighting.

On July 20, 1943, Terranova took another shot at the USA New England Featherweight Title, winning in an eighth round TKO, defeating Lefty LaChance at the Outdoor Arena in Hartford, Connecticut. The referee stopped the fight when LaChance received a bad cut over his left eye when the two fighters heads crashed together early in the eighth.

Two defenses of the World Featherweight Title, Willie Roach, Spider Armstrong, 1944–46
On December 15, 1944, Bartolo waged his second defense of the NBA World Featherweight Title against black boxer Willie Roach at Boston Garden, winning in a fifteen round unanimous points decision before a somewhat modest crowd of 7,000.  Bartolo, according to one account won thirteen of the fifteen bouts, but appeared tired by the end of the match, and may have had trouble making weight.

On May 3, 1946, in his last defense of the NBA World Featherweight Title, Bartolo defeated Spider Armstrong before 7,600 fans in a sixth round knockout at Boston Garden. Bartolo employed rapid jabs and left hooks to soften up Armstrong in the early rounds.

Loss of the NBA World Featherweight Championship to Willie Pep, June 1946
He lost the championship to Willie Pep on June 7, 1946, at Madison Square Garden via 12th round KO, the last battle of the epic Bartolo-Pep trilogy. A short right hook to the chin caused the knockout that occurred at 2:41 into the twelfth round before an impressive crowd of 10,000. Bartolo took a terrible battering in the ninth round and ended the bout with a broken nose and a gashed lower lip, likely occurring in that round. Later accounts noted that Bartolo had fractured his jaw, likely in the twelfth.  The fighting was close and not particularly eventful for the first eight rounds as both boxers approached their opponent with caution. It was considered to be Bartolo's first loss by knockout, though he had lost by TKO in previous bouts.

Life after boxing
Bartolo later owned and managed Ringside Cafe in East Boston for over 30 years. In 1959, his restaurant was investigated as being part of a betting ring and he was investigated for taking bets as a bookie. In 1961, the charge of violating the federal wagering tax law was settled with a fine and a one year probation.

Bartolo later became a court officer for Massachusett's Salem and Peabody courts until his full retirement.

He died on February 19, 2002, and was buried in East Boston. He married twice, once to June Dunbar, and once to Margaret Pastelack, and had four children and several step children.

Boxing achievements and honors

References

External links

1917 births
2002 deaths
People from East Boston, Boston
Boxers from Massachusetts
American male boxers
Featherweight boxers
World featherweight boxing champions


David Penna (January 11, 1958 – January 13, 2004) was an American jockey in thoroughbred horse racing who competed in the United States but had his greatest successes in Canada.

Born in Auburn, New York, he began his career as a professional rider in 1978 and three years later went to compete at Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto. In a career that spanned nineteen years, from 12,527 mounts he had 1,772 winners which earned purses totaling more than $39.5 million. Two of his most notable wins came in Canada's Triple Crown races.

One of the top riders in the 1980s and very popular with the Woodbine fans, Dave Penna rode primarily in Ontario at the Fort Erie Race Track in Fort Erie, and at Greenwood Raceway and Woodbine Racetrack, both in Toronto. In the 1990s, he began riding more frequently in the United States where he won important Graded stakes races at Keeneland Race Course in Kentucky and Gulfstream Park in Florida. In 1995 at Monmouth Park in New Jersey he won his last Grade I race,  the Philip H. Iselin Handicap. A racing accident resulted in an injury that forced Penna to retire in 1996 and for a short time he turned to training horses at Gulfstream Park.

In 2004, Dave Penna died at age 46 in Saanich, British Columbia.

References

1957 births
2004 deaths
Canadian jockeys
American jockeys
Sportspeople from Auburn, New York


"A Day Out" is the fourth episode from the first series of the British sitcom Porridge. It first aired on 26 September 1974, and is the fourth episode of the first series. In this episode, Fletcher and some of his fellow prisoners are allowed out for the day to dig drainage ditches for the local council, only for mishaps to soon occur.

Synopsis
Godber becomes excited that he, Fletcher, and some of the other prisoners will be forming a work party and heading outside of Slade Prison for the day. However, Fletcher is less excited, due to the fact he knows they will be mostly working on digging drainage ditches under the supervision of prison officer Mackay, and that Ives will be part of the party as well, although takes some reassurances that prison officer Barrowclough will be joining them as well. Later that morning, while the men are digging at the side of a local road, Mackay leaves Barrowclough in charge while he heads off in the prison van to run an errand in the nearby village. Although Barrowclough tries to lay down ground rules with the prisoners, the men soon take advantage of him, including taking a smoke break in a nearby church.

When Ives steps out to relieve himself in the churchyard, he swiftly returns claiming he was stung on his bottom by a bee. Fletcher, seeing an opportunity, convinces Barrowclough to send him to the village to buy ointment from a chemist, whereupon he uses the money given to him to buy a pint at the local pub instead, including several packets of crisps for himself and the prisoners. During his time, he conceals the fact he is a prisoner from the barman by claiming he is helping in the construction of a new motorway. Just then, Mackay arrives, much to Fletcher's horror, who narrowly avoids him and heads back to the church with a stolen bike. Unknown to him, Mackay informs the local vicar that he is overseeing a group of prisoners doing local work. The vicar asks his verger to return to the church and lock the doors.

Fletcher soon returns to the church and passes crisps to everyone, lying to Barrowclough about where he was. As the men prepare to head back to work, the group find they have been locked inside, as the verger was unaware of their presence within. The men swiftly try to get out fast, and manage to return to the ditches, ensuring Barrowclough is not reported for the mishap, while making Mackay look very foolish when he fears that the prisoners had escape and calls in for help. That evening, Mackay warns Fletcher that he will be keeping an eye on him, resenting that he was made to look a fool in front of his superior. Once he leaves, Godber informs Fletcher that he stole an altar server's robe, revealing that he intends to use it to protect his clothing whenever Fletcher talks with his mouth full, much to Fletcher's annoyance.

Episode Cast

References

Porridge (1974 TV series) episodes
1974 British television episodes


Lt. Colonel Sardar Gurcharan Singh Grewal (May 4, 1911 – February 7, 1949) was an Indian field hockey player who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics.

In 1936 he was a member of the Indian field hockey team, which won the gold medal. He played one match as back.

References
 Indian Express, Feb 11, 1949, p.7
 Sports Reference

External links

1911 births
1949 deaths
Field hockey players from Punjab, India
Olympic field hockey players for India
Field hockey players at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Indian male field hockey players
Olympic gold medalists for India
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Medalists at the 1936 Summer Olympics


The Avon Ring is a canal ring which is located to the south west of Birmingham in England, and connects the major towns of Stratford-upon-Avon, Evesham, Tewkesbury, Worcester and the southern outskirts of Birmingham. It consists of stretches of four waterways, and is heavily locked, with a total of 129 locks on its route of .

The route

The concept of a canal ring is a recent one, having been coined in 1965 to describe routes which could be used by people boating for leisure, that did not require holiday makers to return to their start location by the same route as they had used to reach their destination. The constituent waterways of the Avon Ring, which can take about two weeks to navigate are:
River Avon
River Severn
Worcester and Birmingham Canal
Stratford-on-Avon Canal

Starting from Stratford-upon-Avon, and travelling in a clockwise direction, the Avon Ring follows the downstream course of the River Avon through Evesham to arrive at Tewkesbury, where the river joins the River Severn. There are 17 locks on this  section, ten before Evesham and seven afterwards. The River Avon is a navigation, and so each lock is accompanied by a weir, to maintain the flow of the river.

From Tewkesbury, the ring follows the upstream course of the River Severn for  to Worcester. This is the longest level section, as the only lock is located at Diglis, just before the junction with the Worcester and Birmingham Canal.

From the junction with the River Severn, there are two locks to reach Diglis Basin, and then another eight as the canal leaves Worcester. The Offerton flight of six locks follows, just before the canal passes under the M5 motorway, after which the  Dunhampstead tunnel is encountered. A junction with the Droitwich Canal, which was restored to navigation in 2011, is followed by the six locks of the Astwood flight, another six at Stoke, and almost immediately, the thirty locks of the Tardebigge flight, which raise the level of the canal by . The top lock of the flight brings to 58 the number of locks worked in just , as the final section is level. Two short tunnels follow; Tardebigge tunnel is  long and Shortwood tunnel is  long. The canal meanders across rural Worcestershire, passing under the M42 motorway just to the north of Alvechurch, before entering the Wast Hills Tunnel. The tunnel is  long, and its northern portal is in Warwickshire, in the urban outskirts of Birmingham. Within a mile, Kings Norton Junction is reached, where the Stratford-upon-Avon Canal begins, and the  journey up the Worcester and Birmingham Canal ends.

The start of the Stratford-upon-Avon canal is marked by a guillotine lock, which used to prevent water passing between the canals, but is now maintained in an open position. The first  is level, with a five-mile (8 km) urban section containing the  Brandwood tunnel, and a six-mile (9.6 km) rural section which passes under the M42 motorway. The 26 locks of the Lapwood flight start the descent towards Stratford-upon-Avon, with the final one in the shadow of the M40 motorway bridge. The Lapworth Link turns off near locks 20 and 21, to connect with the Grand Union Canal. Only one of these two locks needs to be negotiated, as they are on parallel routes. Another 27 locks complete the journey to Stratford-upon-Avon, with eleven of them concentrated in the Wilmcote flight. The length of the canal is , and officially contains 54 locks, although only 52 of them have to be negotiated.

Points of interest

See also

Canals of the United Kingdom
History of the British canal system

Bibliography

References

Canals in England
Canal rings in the United Kingdom


A heptalogy (; from Greek ἑπτα- hepta-, "seven" and -λογία -logia, "discourse"), also known as a septology, is a compound literary or narrative work that is made up of seven distinct works. While not in wide usage, it has been used to describe such examples as the Harry Potter series of books, and The Chronicles of Narnia.

Examples

See also

 Trilogy
 Tetralogy
 List of feature film series with seven entries

References

Books by type
Literary series
Musical form
Narrative forms
Series of books


This is a list of state symbols of Alabama. The items on the list have been officially sanctioned by the Alabama Legislature. Alabama has a total of 41 official state emblems. The oldest of which is the Alabama State Bible, from 1853; the most recently designated is the peach, Alabama's state tree fruit, established in 2006.

The state has no official nickname, although "Heart of Dixie" was strongly promoted by the Alabama Chamber of Commerce in the 1940s and 1950s, and put on state license plates.

Insignia

Species

Geology

Culture

Other

See also
List of Alabama-related topics
Lists of United States state insignia
State of Alabama

References

External links

State symbols
Alabama


The Modern Left (, LGM), is a centrist political party in France founded in 2007.

The party was founded following the nomination of the former Socialist Party (PS) Senator and Mayor of Mulhouse, Jean-Marie Bockel to the François Fillon government in May 2007. Along with The Progressives of Éric Besson, the Modern Left represented the left wing of the coalition supporting the then-President Nicolas Sarkozy.

The party calls itself social-liberal and supports a social market economy.

In the 2008 local elections, the party obtained around 40 councillors, and Bockel won a narrow re-election in Mulhouse. However, the LGM incumbent in Pau, Yves Uriéta, was defeated.

In the 2009 European Parliament election, the party obtained two MEPs on the lists of the Union for a Popular Movement. Both MEPs sat, like all other UMP MEPs, in the European People's Party Group.

Elected officials

Senators: Daniel Marsin, Jean-Marie Bockel (RDSE)
MEPs: Michèle Striffler, Marielle Gallo (EPP)

Jean-Marie Bockel was Mayor of Mulhouse from 1989 to 2010 and the party claims a number of councillors in various cities throughout the country.

In addition, Bockel is Secretary of State for Justice and Liberties in the Fillon II government.

See also
Politics of France
List of political parties in France

References

External links
Official website

2007 establishments in France
Centrist parties in France
Liberal parties in France
Political parties established in 2007
Political parties of the French Fifth Republic
Social liberal parties


Donald Adamson  (born 30 March 1939), is a British literary scholar, philosopher and historian.

Books which he has written include Blaise Pascal: Mathematician, Physicist, and Thinker about God and The Curriers' Company: A Modern History. His works are regarded as a gateway to European literature.

Biography
Born at Culcheth, Lancashire, Adamson was brought up on a family farm. His maternal uncle, and godfather, was Major Gerald Loxley. His father's family was of Scottish extraction, and a distant cousin was Mgr Thomas Adamson.

From 1949 to 1956 he attended Manchester Grammar School where he was taught by, amongst others, Eric James (later Lord James of Rusholme). He became a scholar of Magdalen College, Oxford, and was tutored by Austin Gill and Sir Malcolm Pasley, graduating BA in 1959, proceeding MA in 1963. He won the Zaharoff Travelling Scholar Prize of the University of Oxford for 1959–60, thereafter studying at the Paris-Sorbonne University, being tutored by Pierre-Georges Castex. In 1962 he took the degree of BLitt, proceeding Master of Letters (MLitt); his thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil), entitled "Balzac and the Visual Arts", was supervised by Jean Seznec of All Souls College, Oxford.

Adamson spent much of his teaching career at university level, although he taught at Manchester Grammar School from 1962 to 1964 and then at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand from 1964 to 1965. He taught at St George's Church of England School, Gravesend in 1968.

In 1969 he joined Goldsmiths' College, where his teaching did much to enhance the University of London's standing throughout French academic circles. In 1971 he was appointed a Recognised Teacher in the Faculty of Arts of the University of London and,  in 1972, a member of its Faculty of Education, holding both appointments until 1989. He served as Chairman of the Board of Examiners at London University from 1983 until 1986, attracting candidates for undergraduate degrees including external students from the UK and throughout Europe as well as from Asian countries including Singapore and Hong Kong. In 2021 he was awarded Hon FCIL.

In 1989 he was elected a Visiting Fellow of Wolfson College, Cambridge, being a promoter in the fields of public policy on the arts, libraries and museums. By speaking, writing and, through the Bow Group, submitting (with Sir John Hannam MP) written and oral evidence to a Parliamentary select committee, he helped to establish the National Heritage Memorial Fund. Adamson was a member of the judging committee of the Museum of the Year Awards from 1979 to 1983, before donating to the National Library of Wales and the National Library of Malta.

Joining the Order of St John of Jerusalem in 1981, he became Deputy Director of Ceremonies of the Priory of England and the Islands (the Isle of Wight, the Isles of Scilly, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man) serving until 2008.

From 19 October 2012 until 11 October 2013 Adamson served as Master of the Worshipful Company of Curriers of the City of London, then as Senior Court Assistant from 2015, before being awarded Honorary Court Assistantship in 2023. During his term as Master he endowed The Curriers' Company London History Essay Prize, which is competed for annually by young graduates of British universities; he stepped down from executive oversight in 2021.

As Master of the Curriers' Company he also established sixteen annual prizes in mathematics and history for pupils aged 14 to 15 at four London academies. In 1976 he became a liveryman (now freeman) of the Haberdashers' Company.

His personal interests include the history of religion and genealogy. He is also an enthusiastic art collector, mainly of Western European art, including a work of Eugène Isabey, and drawings of the 18th and 19th centuries.

He and his wife divide their time between homes in Kent and Polperro, Cornwall; Dr Adamson contributes much on the history of Cornwall.

Honours and fellowships
  Knight of Justice, Order of St John of Jerusalem
  Service Medal, Order of St John of Jerusalem (with bar)
  Officier, Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
  Chevalier, Ordre des Palmes académiques
  Cross of Merit, Order pro Merito Melitensi
 Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature
 Fellow of the Royal Historical Society
 Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London
 Honorary Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Linguists
 Justice of the Peace of the City of London, later Cornwall.

Scope of his writing
The Genesis of Le Cousin Pons, substantially the text of Adamson's (BLitt) thesis, is a detailed study of the manuscript and proof-sheets of this very late work. Tracing the progress of the novel through its various editions, it reveals the full extent of Balzac's improvisation from novella to full-length masterpiece.

Illusions Perdues, a critical study of what is Balzac's most mature work, outlines its strong autobiographical element, analysing contrasts of Paris and the provinces, the purity of the artist's life and the corruptions of journalism, and the ambiguity of Balzac's narrative outlook. Major themes of the book are that in "fiction" is truth and in "truth" fiction, and that Illusions Perdues is the first novel by any writer to highlight the shaping of public opinion by the media, usually done in the pursuit of power or money.

Blaise Pascal considers its subject from biographical, theological, religious and mathematical points of view, including the standpoint of physics. There is a chapter on the argument of the Wager. The analysis is slightly inclined in a secular direction, giving greater emphasis to Pascal's concern with the contradictions of human nature, and rather less to his deep and traditional preoccupation with Original Sin. Since writing this book, Adamson has produced further work on Pascal's mathematical comprehension of God.

His historical writings fall into three categories: a monograph on Spanish art and French Romanticism, illuminating the opening-up of Spain and Spanish art to travellers from France and other parts of Western Europe, and to enthusiasts in those countries; articles on manorial and banking history; and, the modern workings of a City livery company. Adamson has also written on travel in England and Wales in the 18th century.

Adamson's study of one year in the life of the celebrated artist Oskar Kokoschka has been published to critical acclaim, as have his recollections of Sir William Golding.

Philosophy of literature
According to Adamson, literature does not need to fulfil any social mission or purpose; yet, as with Émile Zola or D. H. Lawrence, there is every reason why it can highlight social evils. A novel or novella – or a biography – is not merely an absorbing story: in Matthew Arnold's words, the best prose is, like poetry, "a criticism of life". This means that they convey some sort of philosophy of the world (in Arnold's words, "How to live"), though some writers, such as Adalbert Stifter and Jane Austen (to whom, incidentally, he is related through his mother do this less than most others, whilst on the other hand Samuel Beckett conveys a profoundly negative philosophy of life.

All too often, in Adamson's view, people go through their lives without living or seeking any belief which, for him, is the supreme attractiveness of Blaise Pascal, whose philosophy was of a unique kind: grounded in the vagaries of human nature; not essentially seeking to convince by mathematics; and foreshadowing Søren Kierkegaard and 20th-century existentialism in its appeal to human experience.

Bibliography
Within a study of the art of autobiography he is writing an account of his own life (including his friendship with A.L. Rowse). He is also writing an account of his friendship with A.L. Rowse, based on the latter's correspondence.   He has written eleven books as well as numerous articles.

Books
1966: The Genesis of "Le Cousin Pons"
1971: Dusty Heritage
1971: T. S. Eliot: a Memoir by Robert Sencourt (ed.)
1974: The House of Nell Gwyn: the fortunes of the Beauclerk family, 1670-1974 (jointly with Peter Beauclerk Dewar)
1980: A Rescue Policy for Museums
1981: Balzac: Illusions Perdues
1988: Les Romantiques français devant la peinture espagnole
(1990: republished as Interprètes français de la peinture espagnole à l'époque romantique)
1995: Blaise Pascal: mathematician, physicist, and thinker about God
1996: Rides Round Britain: the travel journals of John Byng (ed.)
2000: The Curriers' Company: a Modern History
2001: Balzac and the Tradition of the European Novel

Translations
1970: The Black Sheep (trans. Balzac's La Rabouilleuse)
1976: Ursule Mirouët (trans. Balzac), 2nd edn 2015
1993: Bed 29 & Other Stories: an anthology of 26 of  Maupassant's short stories

Other works
1972:  Stendhal and Balzac as Connoisseurs of Italian Art
1982:  Child's Bank and Oxford University in the Eighteenth Century
1989:  The Priest in Balzac's Fiction: Secular and Sacred Aspects of the Church
1991: Old Goriot presented in Everyman Books
1992: La Réception de La Comédie humaine en Grande-Bretagne au XXe siècle
2005: Pascal's Views on Mathematics and the Divine
2009: Oskar Kokoschka at Polperro
2010: William Golding Remembered
2010: Researching Kokoschka
2010: A Passage from Barcelona
2011: St John in Cornwall
2012: Meeting A.L. Rowse (this, somewhat modified, is one of the fifteen chapters of his forthcoming book on A.L. Rowse)
2013: Frank Heath, Artist of Polperro and Lamorna
2014: Belonging to the Curriers' Company
2014: A Year with the Curriers' Company, Part I
2014: A Year with the Curriers' Company, Part II
2014: Rowse and Trevor-Roper defined
2014: Malta, its Knights and Grand Masters: Part I
2015: Malta, its Knights and Grand Masters: Part II
2015: In Memoriam: Raleigh Trevelyan
2015:  Cyprus: An Essay
2015:  Serendipity
2016:  A Visit to Venice
2016: A Visit to Provence and Languedoc
2016: The Godolphins
2017: The Dukes of Leeds
2017: Elba: Two Centuries On
2018: Napoleon at Elba

References

External links

 Debrett's People of Today
 www.sal.org.uk
 www.rslit.org
 www.royalhistoricalsociety.org

1939 births
Living people
People from Culcheth
People from Lymm
People educated at Manchester Grammar School
Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford
Paris-Sorbonne University alumni
Academics of the University of London
Historians of French literature
Fellows of Wolfson College, Cambridge
English justices of the peace
Knights of Justice of the Order of St John
English biographers
21st-century British historians
French–English translators
English literary historians
Academics of Goldsmiths, University of London
English male non-fiction writers
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques
Officiers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres


The Protein Structure Initiative (PSI) was a USA based project that aimed at accelerating discovery in structural genomics and contribute to understanding biological function. Funded by the U.S. National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) between 2000 and 2015, its aim was to reduce the cost and time required to determine three-dimensional protein structures and to develop techniques for solving challenging problems in structural biology, including membrane proteins.  Over a dozen research centers have been supported by the PSI for work in building and maintaining high-throughput structural genomics pipelines, developing computational protein structure prediction methods, organizing and disseminating information generated by the PSI, and applying high-throughput structure determination to study a broad range of important biological and biomedical problems.

The project has been organized into three separate phases.  The first phase of the Protein Structure Initiative (PSI-1) spanned from 2000 to 2005, and was dedicated to demonstrating the feasibility of high-throughput structure determination, solving unique protein structures, and preparing for a subsequent production phase.  The second phase, PSI-2, focused on implementing the high-throughput structure determination methods developed in PSI-1, as well as homology modeling and addressing bottlenecks like modeling membrane proteins. The third phase, PSI:Biology, began in 2010 and consisted of networks of investigators applying high-throughput structure determination to study a broad range of biological and biomedical problems. PSI program ended on 7/1/2015, even that some of the PSI centers continue structure determination supported by other funding mechanisms.

Phase 1
The first phase of the Protein Structure Initiative (PSI-1) lasted from June 2000 until September 2005, and had a budget of $270 million funded primarily by NIGMS with support from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.  PSI-1 saw the establishment of nine pilot centers focusing on structural genomics studies of a range of organisms, including Arabidopsis thaliana, Caenorhabditis elegans and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.  During this five-year period over 1,100 protein structures were determined, over 700 of which were classified as "unique" due to their < 30% sequence similarity with other known protein structures.

The primary goal of PSI-1, to develop methods to streamline the structure determination process, resulted in an array of technical advances.  Several methods developed during PSI-1 enhanced expression of recombinant proteins in systems like Escherichia coli, Pichia pastoris and insect cell lines.  New streamlined approaches to cell cloning, expression and protein purification were also introduced, in which robotics and software platforms were integrated into the protein production pipeline to minimize required manpower, increase speed, and lower costs.

Phase 2
The second phase of the Protein Structure Initiative (PSI-2) lasted from July 2005 to June 2010. Its goal was to use methods introduced in PSI-1 to determine a large number of proteins and continue development in streamlining the structural genomics pipeline. PSI-2 had a five-year budget of $325 million provided by NIGMS with support from the National Center for Research Resources. By the end of this phase, the Protein Structure Initiative had solved over 4,800 protein structures; over 4,100 of these were unique.

The number of sponsored research centers grew to 14 during PSI-2.  Four centers were selected as Large Scale centers, with a mandate to place 15% effort on targets nominated by the broader research community, 15% on targets of biomedical relevance, and 70% on broad structural coverage; these centers were the Joint Center for Structural Genomics (JCSG), the Midwest Center for Structural Genomics (MCSG), the Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium (NESG), and the New York SGX Research Center for Structural Genomics (NYSGXRC). The new centers participating in PSI-2 included four specialized centers: Accelerated Technologies Center for Gene to 3D Structure (ATCG3D), the Center for Eukaryotic Structural Genomics (CESG), the Center for High-Throughput Structural Biology (CHTSB), a branch of the Structural Genomics of Pathogenic Protozoa Consortium taking that institution's place), the Center for Structures of Membrane Proteins (CSMP), and the New York Consortium on Membrane Protein Structure (NYCOMPS).  Two homology modeling centers, the Joint Center for Molecular Modeling (JCMM) and New Methods for High-Resolution Comparative Modeling (NMHRCM) were also added, as well as two resource centers, the PSI Materials Repository (PSI-MR) and the PSI Structural Biology Knowledgebase (SBKB).  The TB Structural Genomics Consortium was removed from the roster of supported research centers in the transition from PSI-1 to PSI-2.

Originally launched in February 2008, the SBKB is a free resource that provides information on protein sequence and keyword searching, as well as modules describing target selection, experimental protocols, structure models, functional annotation, metrics on overall progress, and updates on structure determination technology. Like the PDB, it is directed by Dr. Helen M. Berman and hosted at Rutgers University.

The PSI Materials Repository, established in 2006 at the Harvard Institute of Proteomics, stores and ships PSI-generated  plasmid clones.  Clones are sequence-verified, annotated and stored in the DNASU Plasmid Repository, currently located at the Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University.  As of September 2011, there are over 50,000 PSI-generated plasmid clones and empty vectors available for request through DNASU in addition to over 147,000 clones generated from non-PSI sources.  Plasmids are distributed to researchers worldwide. Now called the PSI:Biology Materials Repository, this resource has a five-year budget of $5.4 million and is under the direction of Dr. Joshua LaBaer, who moved to Arizona State University in the middle of 2009, taking the PSI:Biology-MR with him.

Phase 3
The third phase of the PSI was called PSI:Biology and was intended to reflect the emphasis on the biological relevance of the work. During this phase, highly organized networks of investigators were applying the new paradigm of high-throughput structure determination, which was successfully developed during the earlier phases of the PSI, to study a broad range of important biological and biomedical problems. The network included centers for high-throughput structure determination, centers for membrane protein structure determination, consortia for high-throughput-enabled structural biology partnerships, the SBKB and the PSI-MR. In September 2013 NIH announced that  PSI would not be renewed after its third phase would end in 2015.

Impact

As of January 2006, about two thirds of worldwide structural genomics (SG) output was made by PSI centers.  Of these PSI contributions over 20% represented new Pfam families, compared to the non-SG average of 5%.  Pfam families represent structurally distinct groups of proteins as predicted from sequenced genomes.  Not targeting homologs of known structure was accomplished by using sequence comparison tools like BLAST and PSI-BLAST.  Like the difference in novelty as determined by discovery of new Pfam families, the PSI also discovered more SCOP folds and superfamilies than non-SG efforts.  In 2006, 16% of structures solved by the PSI represented new SCOP folds and superfamilies, while the non-SG average was 4%.  Solving such novel structures reflects increased coverage of protein fold space, one of the PSI's main goals. Determining the structure a novel protein allows homology modeling to more accurately predict the fold of other proteins in the same structural family.

While most of the structures solved by the four large-scale PSI centers lack functional annotation, many of the remaining PSI centers determine  structures for proteins with known biological function.  The TB Structural Genomics Consortium, for example, focused exclusively on functionally characterized proteins. During its term in PSI-1, it deposited structures for over 70 unique proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which represented more than 35% of total unique M. tuberculosis structures solved through 2007.  In following with its biomedical theme to increase coverage of phosphotomes, the  NYSGXRC has determined structures for about 10% of all human phosphatases.

The PSI consortia have provided the overwhelming majority of targets for the Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP), a community-wide, biannual experiment to determine the state and progress of protein structure prediction.

A major goal during the PSI:Biology phase is to utilize the high-throughput methods developed during the initiative's first decade to generate protein structures for functional studies, broadening the PSI's biomedical impact. It is also expected to advance knowledge and understanding of membrane proteins.

Criticism
The PSI has received notable criticism from the structural biology community.  Among these charges is that the main product of the PSI – PDB files of proteins' atomic coordinates as determined by X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy – are not useful enough to biologists to justify the project's $764 million cost.  Critics note that money currently spent on the PSI could have otherwise funded what they consider worthier causes:

A short response to this was published:

In October 2008 the NIGMS  hosted a meeting concerning the future of structural genomics efforts and invited speakers from the PSI Advisory Committee, members of the NIGMS Advisory Council, and interested scientists who had no previous involvement with the PSI. Representatives of other genomics, proteomics, and structural genomics initiatives, as well as scientists from academia, government, and industry were also included. Based on this meeting and the subsequent recommendations from the PSI Advisory Committee, a concept-clearance document was released in January 2009 describing what a third phase of the PSI might entail. Most notable was a large emphasis on partnerships and collaborations to ensure that the majority of PSI research is focused on proteins of interest to the broader research community as well as efforts to make PSI products more accessible to the research community.

Grant applications for PSI:Biology were submitted by October 29, 2009. See Phase 3 section above.

External links
Protein Structure Initiative (PSI)
PSI:Biology Funded Centers and Grants
Structural Biology Knowledgebase
PSI:Biology-Materials Repository
 Open Protein Structure Annotation Network (TOPSAN), a wiki for annotation of protein structures determined by the PSI

References

Protein structure
Genome projects


Ace Crawford, Private Eye is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from March 15 to April 12, 1983. The series parodied the "hard-boiled detective" genre.

Synopsis
Tim Conway stars as a trench-coated private investigator who always solves the case and catches the bad guy, despite his constant bumbling. The show was broadcast on Tuesdays at 8 p.m. ET. Only five episodes were aired.

Cast and characters

 Tim Conway as Ace Crawford, Private Eye.
 Joe Regalbuto as Toomey, a CPA and Crawford's assistant; he always saw Crawford as a hero, and thought that his bumbling was simply some kind of cunning strategy.
 Billy Barty as Inch, owner and bartender of The Shanty, a wharfside bar where Crawford hangs out.
 Shera Danese as Luana, a singer at The Shanty who lusted after Crawford.
 Bill Henderson as Mello, a blind jazz musician at The Shanty.
 Dick Christie as Detective Lieutenant Fanning, who was always mystified as to how Crawford solved every case.

Format
In each half-hour episode, Crawford would be hired for, or otherwise find himself involved in, a case in which criminals were taking advantage of innocent citizens. He would then approach the case using Conway's trademark comedy style; in one episode he was disguised as a feeble old man, in another he was using a children's toy microphone as a "wire." In spite of the slapstick results of his actions, Crawford would always emerge triumphant.

Every episode ended the same way: Crawford would leave The Shanty at night and walk along the wharf, vanishing into the fog... and then audibly fall into the water.

Each episode was on film (as opposed to videotape), and had a laugh track.

US TV ratings

Episodes

Home media
In 1989, a VHS videocassette was released containing the first three episodes. In August 2020, Shout! Factory TV acquired complete streaming rights.

References

External links

1983 American television series debuts
1983 American television series endings
1980s American sitcoms
American detective television series
American parody television series
CBS original programming
English-language television shows
Television series by CBS Studios
Television shows set in New York City


Zhu Jingze (朱敬則; 635–709), courtesy name Shaolian (), was an official of China's Tang dynasty and Wu Zetian's Zhou dynasty, serving as a chancellor during Wu Zetian's reign.

Background
Zhu Jingze was born in 635, during the reign of Emperor Taizong.  His family was from Bo Prefecture (亳州, roughly modern Bozhou, Anhui) and had been known for generations, from the Northern Zhou to Tang dynasty, as a family that had filial piety and upright behavior.  Zhu Jingze himself was said to value character and righteousness, and was known for his linguistic studies in his youth.  He was also said to have lived with three cousins without any disputes between them about property and was friendly with Jiang Rong () and Wei Yuanzhong, both of whom later became important officials as well.  During the Xianheng era of Emperor Taizong's son Emperor Gaozong (670–674), Emperor Gaozong heard of his reputation and summoned him, preparing to make him an important imperial official.  However, the official Li Jingxuan spoke against Zhu, and Zhu was instead made the sheriff of Huanshui County (洹水, in modern Handan, Hebei).

During Wu Zetian's reign
As of 692, when Emperor Gaozong's wife Wu Zetian had been ruling as "emperor" of her own Zhou dynasty, interrupting Tang, Zhu Jingze was serving as You Bujue (), a low level official at the legislative bureau of government (鳳閣, Fengge).  Before that time, there had been a large number of officials accused of treason and executed based on the accusations of secret police officials, as Wu Zetian was seeking to wipe out actual or potential dissenters to her rule.  Zhu, believing that such actions were no longer necessary to affirm her rule, submitted a petition to her pointing out that such measures were no longer necessary and were entrapping the innocent.  While she did not abandon the policy immediately, she rewarded Zhu with silk for his suggestion.

In 700, Zhu was still serving as You Bujue, when Wu Zetian established a group of imperial attendants, headed by her lovers Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong, but also including other favorites of hers as well as officials with literary talent and young men with handsome appearances.  Zhu submitted a petition suggesting that the Zhangs were sufficient for her and that she curb in the recruitment—pointing out that such officials as Hou Xiang () were flaunting their appearances to try to become imperial attendants and that such actions were causing damage to her reputation.  Wu Zetian appreciated his petition and again rewarded him with silk.

In 703, Zhu was promoted to be Zhengjian Daifu (), a senior consultant at the examination bureau of government (鸞臺, Luantai).  He was soon also given the designation Tong Fengge Luantai Pingzhangshi (), making him a de facto chancellor.  Later that year, the Zhang brothers falsely accused Wei Yuanzhong of plotting treason. Wei's subordinate Zhang Yue, after initially agreeing to perjure himself by testifying against Wei, in the end corroborated Wei's protestation of innocence. Though the other chancellors were afraid to speak out, Zhu submitted a petition defending Wei and Zhang Yue.  Wei and Zhang Yue escaped death but were exiled.  When Su Anheng (), a commoner who had repeatedly submitted petitions to Wu Zetian, also submitted a petition defending Wei but which used exceedingly insulting language against Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong, Zhang Yizhi was incensed and tried to have Su executed, stopping only when Zhu, Huan Yanfan, and Wei Zhigu interceded on Su's behalf.  Late that year, when Wu Zetian was concerned about a rebellion by the Lao tribal chief Ouyang Qian () at Shi'an (始安, in modern Guilin, Guangxi), Zhu recommended Pei Huaigu () to deal with the situation.  Once Pei got to the area, he was able to, without military engagement, persuade Ouyang and the other tribal chiefs to submit.  This recommendation of Zhu's, as well as his recommendations of Wei Zhigu and Zhang Sijing (), impressed the people at the time at Zhu's good judgment of people's abilities, and it was said that while Zhu served as chancellor, he concentrated on finding appropriate officials to fill posts and did not worry about details.

In 704, citing his age, Zhu requested retirement from his chancellor post.  Wu Zetian agreed and made him the deputy minister of public works (冬官侍郎, Dongguan Shilang) and let him be in charge of editing imperial histories.  Around that time, Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong were commissioning a project of portraits of 18 officials, including her nephew Wu Sansi, Li Jiao, Su Weidao, Li Jiongxiu, and Wang Shaozong ().  They wanted to include Zhu in the project, but Zhu repeatedly declined, not wishing to be associated with Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Changzong, and the popular opinion at the time praised him.

During Emperor Zhongzong's second reign
In 705, Wu Zetian was overthrown in a coup, and her son Li Xian the Crown Prince, a former emperor, was restored to the throne (as Emperor Zhongzong).  Around this time, Zhu was sent to Zheng Prefecture (鄭州, roughly modern Zhengzhou, Henan) to serve as prefect, and soon retired completely.  In 706, after Emperor Zhongzong's son-in-law Wang Tongjiao () was executed on accusation that he had planned to kill Wu Sansi, who was by then a trusted advisor of Emperor Zhongzong's, and depose Emperor Zhongzong's powerful wife Empress Wei, who was having an affair of Wu Sansi, the imperial censor Ran Zuyong (), who had long been resentful of Zhu Jingze, falsely accused Zhu of being part of Wang's plot and had him exiled to serve as the prefect of Lu Prefecture (廬州, roughly modern Hefei, Anhui).  Several months later, however, Zhu was allowed to return to his home in Bo Prefecture, and when he returned home, it was said that he carried nothing from Lu Prefecture except for the horse he was on, and his sons and nephews walked next to his horse, attending him.  He died in summer 709.

After Emperor Zhongzong's death in 710 and Emperor Zhongzong's brother Li Dan the Prince of Dan became emperor (as Emperor Ruizong), Emperor Ruizong posthumously honored many officials whom he believed were wrongly killed or demoted during Emperor Zhongzong's reign.  When he discussed with the chancellor Liu Youqiu as to whether he was missing anyone, Liu, who was at one point Zhu's subordinate, pointed out Zhu's honesty and contributions, and Emperor Ruizong posthumously honored Zhu and gave him the posthumous name of Yuan (元, meaning "discerning").

References

Chancellors under Wu Zetian
Tang dynasty historians
8th-century Chinese historians
635 births
709 deaths
Politicians from Shangqiu
Historians from Henan
Writers from Shangqiu


The Chatsworth Estate may refer to:
 Chatsworth House and the surrounding lands in Derbyshire, England
 The Chatsworth Estate, the fictional setting of the C4 show, Shameless


Russo is a village and former municipality in the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

In 1995 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Comologno and Crana to form a new and larger municipality Onsernone.

History
Russo is first mentioned in 1231 as de Ruxi.  In 1277 it was mentioned as Rusio.

During the Ancien Régime, Russo belonged to the Squadra of Russo, part of the old municipality of Onsernone.

The parish was probably created in 1656, when it separated from Loco.  It included Comologno until 1715, Vergeletto until 1757, and Crana until 1787.  The parish church of S. Maria Assunta is first mentioned in 1365, and was renovated in 1995-2002.

Until about the mid-20th Century, agriculture, animal husbandry and straw plaiting were the main sources of income in the village.  This was supplemented by the traditional seasonal migration.  While the number of inhabitants had decreased consistently over the decades, it began increasing in the 1970s.  In 1989, the opening of the Centro sociale onsernonese nursing home provided a few dozen jobs in the village.

Historic population
The historical population is given in the following table:

References

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Onsernone


Pilu or Peelu is a raga of Hindustani classical music. It is mostly used in light-classical forms, like thumris.

Aaroh and Avaroh

Aaroh
P 'N S g m P N SN S G m P N SS g m P D SS R m P N S

Avaroh
S' N D P m G m P g R S 'N SS' N S' D n D P m G m P G P m g R S 'N S

Some performances include shades of  MA

Vadi and Samvadi
Ga as vadi

Ni as samvadi

Pakad or Chalan

S g R g S R 'N S, G m n P g - S

S g R S 'N S 'N - 'P 'd 'P 'N S  - g R g 'N S

Organization and relationships
Related ragas: Kirwani resembles an ancient kind of Pilu.

Thaat: Bhatkhande classified Pilu in the Kafi thaat).

Samay (time)
Third part of the day

Seasonality
Often related to the monsoon season, this raag is popular in the occasion of Hindu festival "Holi" [Phalguna (February - March) month] also known as Raga of colours for its smpoorna jaati and blissful nature.
http://www.tanarang.com/english/pilu_eng.htm-get more information about Raga PiluCAPTCHA

Rasa
Cheerful, Joyous, Alegre, moving. (, , ) are synonymical expressions.

Thaat
Kafi
In this raga, both Ga, Dha, Ni are sung

Historical information

Origins

Important recordings
 Shankar–Menuhin, West Meets East; debuted 10 December 1967
 Nikhil Banerjee:Pilu
 Ab Ke Baras Bhej: Bandini (1963); Singer: Asha Bhosle, Music:S.D. Burman
 Ezhumalai vazh Govinda: Vindhaigal Purindhai Nee En Vazhvile (2012); Singer: Harini, Music: Manachanallur Giridharan

Film Songs

Language : Hindi

Language:Tamil
Note that the following songs are composed in Kapi, the equivalent of raga Pilu in Carnatic music.

Telugu Film Songs

Language : Telugu

Songs Composed in Raga Kapi listed below which is carnatic equivalent to Pilu (raga)

Language : Telugu

Private Album

Language : Telugu

References

Sources

 .

External links
 More details about raga Piloo

Hindustani ragas