Alfréd Deésy (22 September 1877 – 18 July 1961) was a Hungarian film director, screenwriter and actor. He directed 77 films between 1915 and 1947. Deésy also appeared as an actor in 28 films between 1913 and 1960.

Biography
Deésy was born Alfréd Kämpf in Dés, Austria-Hungary (now Dej, Romania); his stage name means "from Dés," much as "Lugosi" means "from Lugos." At the turn of the twentieth century, Deésy was making his name as a prominent actor on the Hungarian stage. Deésy became interested in the potential of motion pictures early, and in 1911 became co-manager of the Apollo movie theater in Debrecen. The following year, Deésy began submitting scenarios to fledgling Hungarian film concerns, and in 1913 he made his debut as screen actor. His directorial career began with Csak semmi botrányt! (1915), produced by Star-film, a Hungarian film company over which Deésy ultimately took control and operated until 1919, when the Hungarian film industry was nationalized during the short-lived communist revolution that began that year.

After the revolution was quelled and Hungary went under military rule, Deésy joined the firm of Egyetértés as a director/writer, and soon assumed control of this movie company as well. In 1926, Deésy relocated to Vienna and made Sacco und Vanzetti (1927), an exceedingly controversial film that was banned in much of Europe, including Hungary. By 1931, Deésy was back in Hungary and in 1935 made his best known film, Nem élhetek muzsikaszó nélkül ("I Can't Live Without Music"). During the period of Hungarian collaboration within the Axis forces, Deésy continued to work as a director, making the notorious anti-Soviet film Üzenet a Volgapartról (1942) among others. After his last directorial effort, Fél pár gyűrött kesztyű (1947), Deésy continued to work as an actor right up until a few months before he died, in Budapest, at the age of 83 in 1961.

Legacy
Alfréd Deésy was one of the most important figures in Hungary's silent film industry, and specialized in straightforward entertainment fare; melodramas, period pictures, adventure films, romances and, ultimately, the musical. His approach to film-making, however, was not necessarily conventional and a reflection of this aspect of his personality can be seen in the work of directors whose talents he helped foster. The Star-film unit was the main incubator of Hungarian talent in the silent period, and Bela Lugosi made his motion picture debut acting in Deésy's films, and Michael Curtiz also made some of his early films there.

As a director whose career was mostly centered in the Hungarian silent period, very little of Deésy's work is known to survive; according to the Hungarian Film Institute, all but about 15 per cent of Hungarian silent features are lost. Nem élhetek muzsikaszó nélkül, however, has long been regarded as a popular classic in Hungary, and some of his silent films—such as Á Leányasszony (1918) survive, though in most instances only in fragments, such as Casanova (1918).

Selected filmography

 Rablélek (1913)
 A magyar föld ereje (1916)
 A Karthausi (1916)
 Nászdal (1917)
 A Régiséggyüjtö (1917)
 Leoni Leo (1917)
 Casanova (1918)
 Álarcosbál (1918)
 Küzdelem a létért (1918)
 Az Élet királya (1918)
 Á Leányasszony (1918)
 Éva (1919)
 Petöfi (1922)
 Sacco und Vanzetti (1927)
 Nem élhetek muzsikaszó nélkül (1935)
 Üzenet a Volgapartról (1942)
 Fél pár györött kesztyö (1947)

External links

 NAVA page of clips from Deésy films
 Filmkutúra page on Á Leányasszony (in Hungarian)

1877 births
1961 deaths
Hungarian film directors
Hungarian male film actors
Hungarian male silent film actors
20th-century Hungarian male actors


Saint-Gilles-Pligeaux (; ) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population

Inhabitants of Saint-Gilles-Pligeaux are called saint-gillois in French.

See also
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

External links

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


Saint-Gilles-Vieux-Marché (; ) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
People from Saint-Gilles-Vieux-Marché are called saint-gillois in French.

See also
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

External links

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


Saint-Glen (; ; Gallo: Saent-Glen) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
People from Saint-Glen are called Glénois in French.

See also
 Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

External links

 Official website

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


The castle Croy is a castle in the Dutch province North Brabant, near the village Aarle-Rixtel which is part of the municipality of Laarbeek. From 1642 until 1968 Croy belonged to the municipality Stiphout (currently part of the municipality of Helmond).

The castle is currently no longer inhabited but in use as an office.
Since 1795 beer is brewed near the castle. Since 2004 the Croy beer is itself had been brewed in Belgium but the ingredients are grown on the Croy estate. The destruction of the restaurant by fire in 2006 brought with it the opportunity to restore the tradition of brewing beer on the Croy estate. With the renovation of the nearby restaurant "de Croyse Hoeve" the microbrewery was built and with it the production has returned to Aarle-Rixtel. Due to environmental restrictions the beer is still bottled and packaged in Belgium.  Also there is a herd of Rambouillet-Merino sheep on the Croy estate.

History

The oldest parts of the Croy castle were probably built in the 15th century. There is not much known about the history of the castle. , Bishop of Cambrai was in 1477 owner of the land, but a house is not mentioned. In the 16th century villages in the neighbourhood were many times demolished, probably also the castle (but this is not recorded).

The last inhabitant was Freule (Lady) Constance van der Brugghen. Her uncle bought Croy in 1772, In 1773 he died and left the castle to his half brother Johan Karel Gideon. He married Margaretha Gertuda Falck and they had three sons and a daughter. In 1820, 1826 and 1864 the sons died. Freule (Lady) Constance van der Brugghen died in 1873 (78 years old) and left the building to municipality of Stiphout with the obligation to use the building for the help of poor elderly people. This was led by the sisters of Geloof, Hoop en Liefde (Faith, Hope and Love). In 1977 the house was disapproved as being a house for elderly people because of safety regulations.

Research of the castle points that the size was more or less the same all those years. The building history seems complex but not much is known from written sources. It seems that the original building has been severely damaged. The cellar, the right wing and the round tower are probably from the beginning of the construction. The last changes e.g. the entrance and the Crow-stepped gable were built in the 18th century.

Many noble families have lived in the castle.

See also
House of Croy
List of castles in the Netherlands

References
Kransber, D. & H. Mils, Kastelengids van Nederland, middeleeuwen, Bussem 1979 ()
Kalkwiek, K.A., A.I.J.M. Schellart, H.P.H. Jansen & P.W. Geudeke, Atlas van de Nederlandse kastelen, Alphen aan den Rijn 1980 ()
Helsdingen, H.W. van, Gids voor de Nederlandse kastelen en buitenplaatsen, Amsterdam 1966
Tromp, H.M.J., Kijk op kastelen Amsterdam 1979 ()

External links

 Croy castle (Dutch)

Castles in North Brabant
Rijksmonuments in North Brabant
Laarbeek


Homity pie is a traditional British open vegetable pie. The pastry case contains a filling of potatoes and an  onion and leek mixture, which is then covered with cheese.

There is little known on the exact history of the dish. Some call it 'Devon Pie', believing it to be an English country recipe originating from Devon. Its origins are also claimed to date back to the Women's Land Army of the Second World War and the restrictions imposed by wartime rationing. What is known however is that the dish's mainstream popularity came from Cranks Vegetarian Restaurant, which opened in London in 1961, when vegetarianism gained support from the hippie subculture.

See also
 List of pies, tarts and flans

References

External links
 How to make to Homity Pie
 Homity Pie (British cheesy potato leek pie)

British pies
English cuisine
Savoury pies
Leek dishes
Potato dishes
Cheese dishes


Saint-Gouéno (; ) is a former commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Le Mené.

Population

Inhabitants of Saint-Gouéno are called gouénovais in French.

See also
 Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

Former communes of Côtes-d'Armor


Saint-Guen (; ) is a former commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Guerlédan.

Population
Inhabitants of Saint-Guen are called saint-guennois in French.

See also
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

External links

Former communes of Côtes-d'Armor


René-Jean Jacquet (27 June 1933 – 21 July 1993) was a French football goalkeeper.

Club career
Girondins de Bordeaux (1954)
Stade de Reims (1955–1961)
Lille Olympique SC (1961–1962)

References

 A tribute

1933 births
1993 deaths
French men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Ligue 1 players
FC Girondins de Bordeaux players
Stade de Reims players
Lille OSC players


Devotion, a central practice in Buddhism, refers to commitment to religious observances or to an object or person, and may be translated with Sanskrit or Pāli terms like saddhā, gārava or pūjā. Central to Buddhist devotion is the practice of Buddhānussati, the recollection of the inspiring qualities of the Buddha. Although buddhānussati was an important aspect of practice since Buddhism's early period, its importance was amplified with the arising of Mahāyāna Buddhism. Specifically, with Pure Land Buddhism, many forms of devotion were developed to recollect and connect with the celestial Buddhas, especially Amitābha.

Most Buddhists use ritual in pursuit of their spiritual aspirations. Common devotional practices are receiving a blessing, making merit, making a resolution, prostrating, making offerings, chanting traditional texts and pilgrimage. Moreover, many types of visualizations, recollections and mantras are used in Buddhist meditation in different traditions to devote oneself to a Buddha or a teacher. The often politically motivated practice of self-immolation is a less common aspect of devotion in some Buddhist communities.

Buddhist devotional practices can be performed at home or in a temple, in which images of Buddhas, Bodhisattvas and enlightened disciples are located. Buddhist devotion is practiced more intensively on the uposatha observation days and on yearly festivals, which are different depending on region and tradition.

Definition

The term devotion in the context of Buddhism is defined by Sri Lankan scholar Indumathie Karunaratna as "the fact or quality of being devoted to religious observances or a solemn dedication to an object or a person". It is covered in the Pali language by terms such as pema (affection), saddhā (faith or belief), pasāda (serene confidence), bhatti (faith) and gārava (respect). Pema is often used in the initial attraction a student feels for his spiritual teacher; saddhā is deeper, although still considered an initial step on the spiritual path. Saddhā and gārava might inspire a layperson to ordain as a monk, whereas saddhā and pema may help a devotee to attain a good afterlife destination. Bhatti in early Buddhism has the meaning of 'faithful adherence to the [Buddhist] religion', but in later texts, it develops the meaning of an advanced form of devotion.

Apart from these terms, the term pūjā is also used for expressions of "honor, worship and devotional attention". Pūjā is derived from the Vedic root pūj-, meaning 'to revere, to honor'. According to the Pāli Studies scholar M.M.J Marasinghe, in the Theravāda Pāli Canon, it did not have the meaning of ritual offering yet. It did include honoring through physical, verbal and mental ways. The term pūjā originated with Dravidian culture, in which it may have been used for a ritual or an element of ritual procedure, and these ritual connotations may have affected Buddhism at a later period. According to anthropologist William Tuladhar-Douglas, however, the root pūj- had a ritual meaning from the early Buddhist period.

Although in traditional texts devotional acts are sometimes not considered part of the path to enlightenment itself, they are considered a way to prepare oneself for the development of this path. Devotion is expressed through the three doors of action (body, speech and mind). It is regarded as a form of giving, which is done for both one's own benefit and that of the other. In many Buddhist societies, devotional practices are engaged in because of this-life benefits (healing, exorcism of malevolent spirits), because of karmic pursuits (accumulating good karma for the next lives to come) and because the devotee would like to attain Nirvana.

History
In early Buddhism, it was a common practice to recollect the qualities of the Buddha, known as buddhānussati. In the period of the arising of Mahāyāna Buddhism, there was a growing sense of loss in Buddhist communities with regard to the passing away of the Buddha, and a growing desire to be able to meet him again. These developments led to the arising of faith-based forms of Buddhism such as Pure Land Buddhism, in which the practice of buddhānussati involved celestial Buddhas such as the Amitābha Buddha. Devotional practices became commonplace, as new techniques were developed to recollect the qualities and magnificence of the celestial Buddhas, such as visualization and chants.

In Buddhist devotion the Triple Gem, that is the Buddha, his teaching (, ), and his community (, ) are mostly honored. However, this does not mean that deities have no role in Buddhist devotion: they do, but are usually put on a subordinate level with the Buddha at the top of the spiritual hierarchy. In some Buddhist societies, the devotional life has significantly been influenced by pre-Buddhist devotion to deities and spirits.

In modern times, Buddhist devotion has changed in many ways. Traditional days of observance can no longer be maintained in the same way due to the introduction of a seven-day workweek, and chants and other practices have been abridged or standardized to adapt to modern society. Goods offered in devotion have been commercialized. Nevertheless, devotional practices still continue to exist and evolve. Today, most Buddhists use ritual in pursuit of their spiritual aspirations.

Symbols

Devotion to the Triple Gem is mostly expressed toward the Buddha image. However, other symbols have also been used throughout Buddhist history, including the lotus flower, the Wheel of the Dhamma, the Bodhi Tree and the stupa. Sometimes, devotees also pay honor to foot prints believed to have been left behind by Gautama Buddha or a previous Buddha.

Practices
Buddhism regards inner devotion as more important than outer ritual. However, devotion does have an important place in Buddhism. Devotion is developed through several practices, expressed through physical movement, speech, and mind. Buddhist devotion is not only direct to the Buddha, but also to the Buddha's teaching (; ) and inanimate objects considered sacred such as stūpas (hemispherical structures containing relics) or Buddhist texts (; ). Sutras are Buddhist texts seen as the body of the Dharma or the body of the Buddha. An important idea in Buddhist devotional practice is that good qualities of mind can be developed by association with someone or something linked to high spiritual attainment. In Burmese Buddhism, devotion to the Buddha is seen to bear fruits, not because the Buddha is seen to respond to the devotion, but rather because of the spiritual power inherent in his words or relics, and because of the merit of the worship itself.

In Theravāda Buddhism, devotional ceremonies can be classified as ceremonies for making merit (doing good deeds, e.g. offerings to monks), ceremonies to ward off danger (e.g. chanting certain Buddhist texts) and ceremonies adapted from folk religion. Almost all lay practices are focused on making merit, and gaining a personal spiritual benefit is, therefore, an important part of Buddhist devotion.

In Mahāyāna Buddhism, it is common to combine several devotional practices in one three-fold or seven-fold ceremony. In the threefold ceremony, practitioners will confess their wrongdoings and rejoice in the goodness that others have done. Thirdly, either merits are dedicated to other living beings, or the Buddhas are requested to keep on teaching for the benefit of the world. In the seven-fold series, all four of these practices are also engaged in, plus an obeisance and an offering are given, and the Buddhas are requested to not yet leave the world to go to final Nirvana. These ceremonies, whether three- or sevenfold, often precede a meditation session. Several elevenfold series are also known, which also include going for refuge, upholding the five ethical precepts and reminding oneself of the aim of enlightenment for all living beings. The ceremonies are described in several Mahāyāna sūtras, among which the Avataṃsaka Sūtra and the Gandavyūha.

Blessing

In Buddhism, ceremonies are meant to provide a blessing. A Buddhist practitioner may engage in devotional practices to ask for blessings from a Buddha or enlightened being. Monks and nuns are also believed to be able to convey spiritual power by giving a blessing (, ) through chanting, a blessed object or some other means. The spiritual power of monastics is considered to come from their ordination lineage and virtue. In expressing faith and devotion to a Buddha or other spiritually advanced being, devotees may also ask for repentance to help free themselves from the retribution of bad karma or as an exercise for self-improvement.

Sometimes a distinction is made between the direct, visible help a Buddha gave to a disciple, for example, by giving encouragement, and the hidden powers that a Buddha had and still has, which he also uses to help living beings. These hidden powers can refer to psychic powers, or it can also refer to the power gained when a practitioner invokes the Buddha's name.

Merit-making and resolve

Merit is an energy that can be accumulated through merit-making practices, often performed with people who are considered to have the spiritual power to give blessings, like monastics. This energy can also be directed at a goal chosen, through a resolve (, ) often made. Such a resolve may be focused on this-worldly goals such as health, intelligence, protection from harm, but also goals that are less mundane, such as rebirth in heaven, rebirth in a Pure Land, and enlightenment. Throughout history, these resolves have often been recorded on materials like stone.

It is also believed that merit can be transferred to other living beings to help them, or transferred to a deity, who is expected to help in return. Finally, it is believed merit can help to weaken the effects of bad karma.

Prostration

In Buddhism, prostration is performed in several situations. Buddhists may prostrate for images of Gotama Buddha, and in Mahāyāna Buddhism also to other Buddhas and bodhisattvas. Devotion towards bodhisattvas is focused on their compassion, their skill and extraordinary powers. Apart from that, lay devotees may prostrate for a stūpa or a Bodhi Tree (a tree of the same type that the Buddha became enlightened under), but also to a monastic, or sometimes a religious teacher of some kind. They may also prostrate to their parents or to their elders. Monastics will prostrate for a monk ordained earlier, but female monastics are expected to prostrate to all male monastics, regardless of date of ordination.

Prostration is done as an expression of humility and an acknowledgement of the other's spiritual experience. It is usually done three times, to pay respect to the Buddha, the Dharma and the Saṁgha. The prostration is done by holding the hands in front of the chest and bringing them to the different parts of the upper body, to indicate paying respect by the three gates of action, or to indicate the spiritual realization of the truth by a Buddha, realized through body, speech and mind. After that, one either bows with the elbows and head onto the ground, or by fully outstretching one's entire body. Apart from such threefold prostrations, prostrations may also be done continuously as a form of repentance, or as part of the ritual of circumambulating (walking around) a stūpa or other holy place . Finally, sometimes a pilgrimage is completely or partly done by prostrating oneself forward.

At a more basic level, respect may be shown by a gesture of clasped hands held against the chest () and raising the hands to one's head or chin, depending on the position and level of respect at which the other person is.

Offering

Another important practice is the giving of offerings () out of respect and humility to a Buddha image or other artifact. This is often combined with chanting. Buddhists may offer flowers as a symbol of growth, or incense to remind themselves of the "odor of sanctity" of the Buddha. Candles and lights may also be offered, symbolizing the dispelling of the darkness of ignorance. In Mahāyāna Buddhism, a set of seven offerings is often given, in which the first two offerings represent hospitality, and the other five the senses. Such an offering indicates respect through one's entire being, as represented by the five senses. When an offering is given in a temple, the devotees will normally take off their shoes, wash the object to be offered, approach the image or stūpa holding their hands in añjali and perform the actual offering, after which they prostrate.

The offering of flowers and other offerings and care that is given to a holy place are not only signs of respect, but they also are meant to change the environment of the devotee in a place where the Buddha would be at home.

Offerings given to the monastic community are also considered a form of devotion, and offerings of food are often given to the Buddha image first, after which offerings are given to the monks for their breakfast or mid-day meal.

Recitation

Recitation of traditional texts is encouraged in many Buddhist traditions. A very basic form that is very important is the recitation of Three Refuges, of which every phrase is repeated three times. This is called taking refuge, and it is done by a naming the Buddha, the Dharma and the Saṃgha as refuges. The anussatis or recollections  can also be chanted, as well as a review of the five precepts. Protective chantings () are also widespread. Many forms of protective chanting exist in Buddhism, among which the well-known Karaṇīyamettā Sutta. Whereas some of these chants are used to ward of specific dangers, such as that during childbirth, or meant for specific occasions, such as weddings, others are considered to be beneficial in a more general sense. They are believed to affect only the life of the practitioner who recites them with a mind of faith. They are considered to bring benefits to mental health and well-being, and are a form of practicing loving-kindness in thought. Moreover, they are considered to speed up the fruits of good karma, please the devas (deities) and are expressions of the truth of the Buddha's teachings.

In Mahāyāna Buddhism mantras and dhāraṇīs are also used, which include the Heart Sutra and the mantra Om Maṇi Padme Hum. Dharanis are often summaries of teachings that function like mnemonic aids. Besides these, there are also chantings in homage to Amitābha in Pure Land Buddhism, chantings in homage to the Lotus Sutra in Nichiren Buddhism and chantings in homage of the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara in East Asian and Tibetan Mahāyāna Buddhism. In Nichiren Buddhism, the Lotus Sūtra is honored through a seven-syllable mantra, the title of the sūtra, which is engraved on a plaque called the gohonzon. This plaque is the central focus of Nichiren devotion, and chanting the mantra in honor of the sūtra is considered of great benefit to the practitioner. In Tibetan and other forms of Mahāyāna Buddhism, the name of Avalokiteśvara is called upon through the Om Maṇi Padme Hum mantra, which is done by using praying wheels, by printing the mantra on prayer flags and carving it on stones and other materials. But this mantra is not the only form of chanting which is preserved in ritual ways: other mantras and Buddhist verses are also kept in the form of tiny scrolls kept in ornaments, amulets and even tattoos.

Chanting of Buddhist texts is the most widespread mental cultivation practice for lay people. It is believed to help overcome hindrances and negative emotions in the mind and cultivate positive ones. Buddhist chants are reflections on the good spiritual qualities of the Three Refuges or an enlightened teacher, and aspirations of spiritual perfection. Furthermore, chanting texts is considered a way to manifest the healing power of the Buddhist teaching in the world, and to benefit and protect the nation and the world. In early Buddhism, recitation of texts was done mainly for its mnemonic purpose, in a time period when religious texts were not written down. Later on, even though writing became widespread, recitation was still continued out of devotion and to commit the teachings to memory out of respect. Some elements of chanting in Buddhism, such as the monotonous style, still indicate its original mnemonic nature.

Although much chanting is done in ancient ritual languages such as Sanskrit or Pali, chants in vernacular languages also exist. A common Pali chant starts with Namo tassa..., and is often chanted to introduce a ceremony. In many Buddhist traditions, prayer beads are used during the chanting. Apart from being a tool to count the number of recitations chanted, in some traditions, the beads are a symbol of the Buddhist faith. Moreover, in Pure Land Buddhism, the beads are a reminder of the Buddha Amitābha's greatness and one's own limited capacities compared to him.

Apart from chanting, in some traditions, offerings of music are given in honor of the Triple Gem, consisting of traditional music performed by specialists, or just the ritual music that accompanies the chanting. Recitation of texts need not always be in the form of ritual chanting: in Tibet, it is considered meritorious to invite monks to read from Buddhist texts, sometimes for days on end. Devotion can also be expressed in lofty forms of everyday speech, as in the verbs used when talking about a Buddha image in some Southeast Asian languages.

Meditation

In many Buddhist traditions, faith is attributed an important role in the preparation process for meditation practice. Faith is often mentioned hand-in-hand with moral discipline, which practitioners require to improve their mindfulness and energy. This mindfulness and energy will then help practitioners move forward in meditation practice, culminating in wisdom and understanding.

More specifically, in the Theravāda meditation manual called the Visuddhimagga, several personality types are distinguished, among them the faith type. Each personality type requires its own approach in meditation practice. People of the faith type have some similarities with the greedy personality type, but differ in that they cling to what is beneficial and wholesome. For this type, several anussati are recommended, which means 'recollection of'. Examples are the recollection of the qualities of the Triple Gem, recollection of the benefits of moral discipline or giving, or reflection on the good qualities of devas. In texts such as the Visuddhimagga, devotion to the Triple Gem was developed into several forms of meditation: buddhānussati, dhammānusati and saṅghānusati, respectively. In these recollections, practitioners reflect on the attributes of the Triple Gem following the stock formulas found in many places in the Tipiṭaka, the early Pali scriptures. The recollection is believed to lead the practitioner to joy, inner peace and concentration. Sometimes practitioners internalize a Buddha image as a mental image used in meditation.

In Mahāyāna Buddhism, especially in Pure Land Buddhism, faith-based meditations can also be found: five recollections are used to remind oneself of the goodness of Amitābha Buddha. The first three represent body, speech and mind: practitioners honor Amitābha Buddha through physical action, e.g. by prostrating; through speech, by chanting in praise of him; and by resolving to be reborn with him in the Pure Land. The fourth recollection is a series of visualizations, similar to the faith-based meditations from the Visuddhimagga and descriptions in the Pāli Canon. In these visualizations, practitioners imagine Amitābha Buddha, the Pure Land, and after that, themselves being reborn there. The fifth "recollection" is the practice of skillful means to help others to achieve rebirth in the Pure Land as well. Apart from these visualizations, the chant in honor of Amitābha Buddha can also be recited in a meditative way, silently in one's mind or through the rhythm of one's breath. Pure Land meditations were also practiced in Tibetan Buddhism. Although there was less focus on Amitābha Buddha, some Nyingma masters did teach Amitābha visualizations. Furthermore, in Kagyu tradition a technique was taught which was believed to help cross over to a Pure Land at the time of death, called 'pho ba.

There are also devotional visualization meditations in Tantric Buddhism, as can be found in Tibetan, Chinese, Korean and Japanese Buddhism. These practices differ from the Pure Land visualizations in that, apart from a Buddha, the teacher (guru) is very important in the process, and a form of meditation directed towards the guru is also taught. Practitioners often take refuge in their spiritual teacher, who symbolizes the Triple Gem. Furthermore, they often take refuge in a yidam (Tibetan), which Buddhist Studies scholar Peter Harvey translates as 'tutelary deity'. This can be a Buddha, a bodhisattva or a deity. By focusing on the exemplary aspects of one's teacher, who is also visualized in meditation, one develops faith in the practice. Furthermore, the practitioner needs to go through an initiation ritual, in which the guru transmits the knowledge on a particular yidam, and a mantra, visualization practice and sometimes ritual gestures that are appropriate for that deity. Unlike Pure Land visualizations, there are many deities to choose from. The mantra is regarded to express the nature of the yidam, and the gestures are considered to evoke the appropriate states of mind. Moreover, visualization techniques and mantra syllables are believed to actually evoke the deity recalled and incorporate the deity in one's being. Using these practices, the devotee is believed to be guided by the yidam to transform his faults, for example anger, to a "parallel kind of wisdom" (Harvey). When incorporating the yidam into one's being, the devotee is actively imitating the activities associated with that yidam, and this is believed to speed up the attainment of Buddhahood. There are several other tantric devotional meditation forms, including visualizing one's lineage of teachers and prostrating for them, and imagining one's teacher as a Buddha.

In Shingon Buddhism, a visualization meditation is often practiced called Ajikan. In this practice, done by both monastics and lay people, devotees invite the Mahāvairocana Buddha to attend the meditation, and visualize a letter A, as a mystical symbol of voidness and the origin of all existence.

Devotion can also be expressed through walking meditation, which is very clearly seen in the Pure Land tradition. Pure Land devotees may practice walking meditation continuously for ninety days on end. Devotees walk around an image of Amitābha Buddha, visualizing him and chanting his name: breaks are only taken for bodily functions. The practice was first proposed by the Chinese writer Shandao.

Pilgrimage

Pilgrimage has been described by scholars as the summit of all devotional practices in Buddhism. According to early texts, it is advocated by the Buddha himself. He suggests to pay respect to four places, that is, the place where he is born (Lumbini), the place where he has first attained enlightenment (Bodh Gaya), the place where he preached his first teaching (Sarnath), and finally, the place where he attained his Final Nibbāna (Kusinara). Indeed, to dispel any doubt about the usefulness of such pilgrimage, the Buddha states that he accepts in advance all gifts presented to memorial places such as cetiyas or stūpas, and places of pilgrimage. Such offerings and pilgrimage are therefore considered just as fruitful after he has died, as when he was still alive. Pilgrimage to these four sites in India, especially to Bodh Gaya, has been popular in ancient times, and is now popular again, though on a much larger scale than before. Among the four sites, Bodh Gaya is considered by many to be the most important. The Buddha is believed to have realized the truth there that lies at the foundation of Buddhism.

Other places were later added, particularly in other countries, where pilgrimage to the original sites would be daunting. In traditional Buddhist countries such as Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Thailand, Bodhi trees, ancient relics and other holy places (like the cetiya) are also visited as part of pilgrimages. In 11th-century Japan, an institutional system was developed  called Shugendō, in which various parts of Japan's geography came to be regarded as symbols of the Buddhist teaching, or to stand for certain bodhisattvas or important historical figures in Japanese Buddhism. Numerous pilgrimage routes were developed to honor these sites, as narratives about them were written down and monasteries and shrines were established on them. In Tibetan Buddhism, many pilgrimage guides have been written with practical instructions for the pilgrim, but also to describe the mystical vision which accompanies the pilgrimage.
Buddhists might go on pilgrimage for several reasons: to gain merit, to remind themselves of the Buddha's life, to suffuse themselves with the spiritual power of the pilgrimage places and its artifacts, as a promise made to a bodhisatta in exchange for favors, to gain protection from devas that protect the pilgrimage places, or to bring harmony to their family. Furthermore, pilgrims might want to dedicate the good karma of the trip to their ill or deceased relatives. But often the pilgrimage is simply done to enjoy the nature or cultural settings, to escape city life, or out of nostalgia for the past. Just like pilgrimages in any other religion, the pilgrimage gives devotees the chance to remove themselves from their everyday social-economic position in society, and to become part of another kind of community, characterized by a new ambiguous status.

In some Buddhist countries, pilgrimages must be done on foot. Sometimes, pilgrims also perform ascetic or devotional practices such as having a cold bath as part of the visits, or prostrating along the path. Pilgrimages are sometimes done in certain periods, such as in Sri Lanka on days of observance or in certain seasons, and in Tibetan Buddhism as scheduled by a twelve-year cycle. Furthermore, in modern times, Buddhist pilgrimage has often been done as a political statement against certain regimes.

Examples of well-known pilgrimage sites are the Temple of the Tooth in Sri Lanka, the Shwe Dagon temple in Myanmar, Mount Wutai and Mount Tai in China, the Kumano Shrine in Japan, and the Bodnath Stūpa in Nepal.

Other practices

Another form of devotional respect is to circumambulate three times around a Buddha image or holy place, keeping it to the right. Traditionally, it is recommended to do this clockwise, with the right shoulder facing the image or place, and if possible, bared. The holy place which is circumambulated can be a temple, a monastery, a mountain or a city. This custom is also symbolic for the sun moving around the central, cosmic mountain, and is practiced in groups at yearly festivals, as well as at funerals. It is usually performed on foot, but sometimes in a vehicle.

One practice that has been more controversial than most devotional practices in Buddhism, is the practice of self-immolation. In Buddhist teaching, the human body is regarded as without intrinsic value, but becomes valuable depending on how it is used. The practice of self-immolation is based on this idea, according to which "abandoning the body" in doing good deeds is regarded as a form of heroism. Although the practice seems to go against the Buddhist concept of the Middle Way, Buddhist teaching does emphasize dealing with the natural urges of the body.The practice became more common in China during the fourth until the tenth century CE, with Japan following suit, in the Kamakura Period. The practice was first described in the twenty-third chapter of the Lotus Sūtra, in which the bodhisattva Bhaiṣajyarāja set his own body on fire as a supreme offering to a Buddha. Apart from these Indian origins, the practice may have been preceded by indigenous practices to conjure up rain. Regarded by some as a highly developed form of doing good (), devotees burnt parts of their body, such as an arm or a finger, in honor of the sūtra, or hoping to be reborn in a Pure Land. Burning oneself fully as an act of devotion, also known as , was a highly respected practice in China at the time, and was often organized as a public event, attended by emperors and officials.
During the Vietnam War, Buddhist monks used self-immolation as a way to express political dissent. When the monk Thich Quang Duc performed self-immolation in 1963, this was widely featured in international press reports. This contributed to the US government eventually withdrawing from supporting President Diem, who suppressed Buddhism.

Self-immolation became more and more subject of criticism from the eight century CE onward, from Confucianists, state officials and also from Buddhist monks themselves. In the 21st century CE, the practice has become uncommon. Nevertheless, up until the 1990s and 2000s, Vietnamese monks were still reported to practice self-immolation, and Chinese and Korean monks still offered their fingers, burning them.

Places

Although almost all devotional practices can be done in one's own home, it is custom to meet in the local temple on festivals and days of observance. Buddhist temples often contain dormitories for monastics, who meditate and study there, and lead devotional practices at the temple. Theravāda, Chan and Zen Buddhist temples usually only have an image of Gautama Buddha in the main room, perhaps combined with images of his close disciples Śāriputra and Maudgalyāyana. In Mahāyāna Buddhist temples, more diversity can be found, including different heavenly Buddhas, Bodhisattvas and sometimes a series of arahant disciples (disciples that have achieved personal enlightenment). The Buddhist temple usually contains a room for meetings, meditations or preaching, and may contain a stūpa with relics or Buddhist texts, or a Bodhi tree. This type of room in a temple is called the buddhavasa, or the 'Buddha's dwelling place', whereas the dormitories for monastics are called sanghavasa, or the 'Sangha's dwelling place'. In Chinese, Japanese and Korean temples, the room with stūpas and relics is often a separate hall from the teaching hall, and there is usually a separate hall with Buddha images as well. In modern Mahāyāna temples in the West, however, the temple's structure is often simplified. Last of all, in Vajrayāna temples, iconic devotional paintings called thankas can be found, as well as mandalas, which picture Vajrayāna cosmology.

Stūpas and Buddha images may be donated by a single supporter, or by a community of devotees, motivated by merit-making motives. In most Buddhist traditions, Buddha images are regarded as more than just representations, but as actually imbued with a spiritual power connected to the Three Refuges and the faith of the devotee, as reflected in consecration ceremonies and legendary accounts. Similarly, relics are also widely honored, because they are seen as an embodiment of the Buddha. Believed by some scholars to be a Buddhist invention, devotion to relics brings Buddhism from a distant age and place closer to home. Also, some Buddhists believe the relics have supernatural abilities, such as the ability to reproduce themselves. Temples with well-known relics such as the Temple of the Tooth in Sri Lanka are worshipped by thousands of people per day, and well-known relics often provide both the religion as the region with a cultural identity. The stūpas that contain the relics are not just honored for the relics, however; by some Buddhists they are also seen as symbolizing the state of enlightenment.

Buddhist temples may be built in a place deemed sacred following the principles of the country's sacred geography, geomancy or because of a pilgrimage route.

It is common in Buddhist temples to take off one's shoes or change them. In ancient times, shoes were a status symbol and taking them off was, therefore, an expression of humility. It might also have been done to keep the temple grounds clean. Another custom is to put the Buddha image on the highest spot in the room, and devotees will prevent raising their head higher than the image or point their feet at the image.

Festivals and observance days

All Buddhist traditions have festivals, during which devotion is practiced. Many of these are Buddhist in origin, others are a response to pre-Buddhist cultural traditions, the agricultural year cycle, certain national deities, or important events in the local history. In many Theravāda countries, the traditional New Year is celebrated mid-year, during which certain Buddhist customs are observed. This includes ceremonies for reflection on misdeeds and resolving to do good, and release of animals. Other important festivals are Vesak, Asalha Puja, the Pavāraṇa Day and Kaṭhina. Vesak is the day that celebrates the birth, enlightenment and final enlightenment (after death) of the Buddha Gautama. In some countries, however, these three events are celebrated as separate days.

In East Asian countries, many of these festivals are also celebrated, but other festivals with pre-Buddhist origins are held as well, combined with Buddhist elements. An example of this is the Ghost Festival, on which is recollected that Maudgalyāyana Sthavira dedicated good karma to his deceased mother, out of gratitude to her. This festival was a response to Confucian ideals of filial piety. Some Buddhist festivals honor a certain Dharma text. For example, the Thai festival of Thet Mahachat is dedicated to the recitation of the Vessantara Jātaka, a story about kingship and merit-making.

Apart from festivals, in Theravāda Buddhism, there are also observance days () following the ancient Indian lunar calendar. Uposatha days are observed by the more strict devotees, who will go to their local temple to give food, take upon themselves the five or eight precepts, listen to teachings and meditate. In other  traditions, there are also monthly or bimonthly, weekly or daily observances. Moreover, the monastic rains retreat (vassa) is for many devotees a time to focus more on chanting and meditation.

See also
 Ratana Sutta
 Awgatha - Burmese Buddhist Devotion
 Sacca-kiriya
 Buddhist liturgy
 Sādhu
 Funeral/Bardo
 Death anniversary
 Bon (festival)
 Higan
 Transfer of merit
 Offering (Buddhism)
 Segaki
 Silken Painting of Emperor Go-Daigo

Notes

Citations

References

External links
 Ajahn Sucitto & Ajahn Candasiri -  Buddhist Rituals and Observances
 Chamgon Khentin Tai Situpa -  Devotion | SamyeLing.org
 Dalai Lama -  Questioning the Advice of the Guru – H.H. the XIV. Dalai Lama
 Lama Yeshe -  Chapter 9. The Importance of Guru Devotion
 BBC Documentary about the nature of Buddhist devotion in traditional Buddhist countries, with comments from notable scholars
 Documentary about devotional practices, with special focus on Bodh Gaya

 Cyber vihara for daily puja
 Bhavana Vandana,book of devotion PDF
 Vandana – The Album of Pali Devotional Chanting and Hymns PDF

 Tsem Tulku RinpochePowerful Pujas

Death customs
Buddhist holidays

Worship
Bowing


Saint-Hervé () is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor département of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

External links

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


Saint-Igeaux (; ) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor département of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côtes-d'Armor department

References

External links

Communes of Côtes-d'Armor


Events from the year 1648 in Ireland.

Incumbent
Monarch: Charles I

Events
March – Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin changes sides and declares for the King.
September – open breach between Owen Roe O'Neill and Confederate Council.
September – Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin welcomes the Marquis of Ormond when he returns to Ireland.

Births
Henry Colley, politician (d. 1719)
Edward Fitzharris, intriguer (d. 1681)

Deaths
Richard Martin fitz Oliver, lawyer, member of the Catholic Confederates of Ireland and Mayor of Galway (b. c. 1602)

References

1640s in Ireland
Ireland
Years of the 17th century in Ireland


Orschwiller (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

The Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg is located in the commune.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Janusz Templin (14 December 1928 – 23 November 1980), most commonly known as Jean Templin, was a French former football striker.

External links

1928 births
1980 deaths
French men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Ligue 1 players
Stade de Reims players
RC Lens players
FC Villefranche Beaujolais players
FC Nancy players


Sølyst is an island in Stavanger municipality in Rogaland county, Norway.  The  island is located in the Buøy neighborhood in the borough of Hundvåg, just north of the centre of the city of Stavanger. It is connected to mainland Stavanger via the island Grasholmen and the Stavanger City Bridge.  The island is hilly and rocky as well as heavily-treed.  Most development is located on the south shore.

See also
List of islands of Norway

References

Islands of Stavanger


Robert LeGrande "Bob" Rice (August 15, 1929 – August 30, 2007) was an American health club pioneer and philanthropist. Rice-Eccles Stadium at the University of Utah, location of the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2002 Winter Olympics, bears his name. Rice donated $1 million in 1972 to renovate the stadium, then known as Ute Stadium; the Eccles name was added to the stadium in 1998.

A former bodybuilder, Rice started a gym in Salt Lake City in 1952, eventually growing into Health Industries, known as European Health Spas Inc., with nearly 200 locations and more than a half-million members by the 1970s. At the time, it was the largest health club chain in the world and the first of its kind in the United States. He sold the company in 1974 but later became chairman, president, and chief executive officer of Spa Fitness Centers Inc. Rice played a key role in lobbying for legislation in 1981 to prevent deceitful practices by gyms.

Rice was appointed to President Richard Nixon's Council of Physical Fitness in 1972 and served for four years.

Rice (chairman of the board), along with Howard Newson (president) and George Stevens (vice president of finance), in the mid-1980s, took Spa Lady USA and Spa Lady Corporation public. Both corporations owned and operated health facilities on the East Coast. David Gladstone of Allied Capital Corporation was instrumental in providing the venture capital funds needed for the joint company's planned expansion.

In November 2006, Rice was inducted into the David Eccles School of Business Hall of Fame at the University of Utah.

References

External links

1929 births
2007 deaths
American sports businesspeople
People from Farmington, Utah
20th-century American philanthropists


Grasholmen is an island in Stavanger municipality in Rogaland county, Norway.  It is located in the Buøy neighborhood in the borough Hundvåg in the city of Stavanger, just north of the city centre. The island is connected to mainland Stavanger via the Stavanger City Bridge and it is connected to the neighboring island of Sølyst by a short bridge.

Grasholmen was historically a part of the municipality of Hetland, but on 1 January 1867 it was transferred to the city of Stavanger.

See also
List of islands of Norway

References

Islands of Stavanger


Trinia Poletaeva, 1956, is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Cambrian Period, which lasted from approximately 542 to 488 million years ago.

References

Corynexochidae
Corynexochida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of Asia
Cambrian trilobites of Europe


Tosotychia is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Cambrian Period, which lasted from approximately 539 to 485 million years ago.

References

Ptychoparioidea
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites


Tavsenia is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Cambrian Period, which lasted from approximately 539 to 485 million years ago.

References

Ptychopariida genera
Ptychoparioidea
Cambrian trilobites
Fossils of Greenland


Taitzuia is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Cambrian Period, which lasted from approximately 539 to 485 million years ago.

References

Leiostegiina
Corynexochida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of Asia


Suludella is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Cambrian Period, which lasted from approximately 539 to 485 million years ago.

References

Ptychoparioidea
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Trilobites of Antarctica


Cape Kolka (, , ) is a cape on the Baltic Sea, near the entry to Gulf of Riga, on the Livonian coast, in the Courland Peninsula of Latvia. The cape is surrounded by the Irbe Strait (Irbes šaurums) which serves as the natural border with Estonia. Cape Kolka represents the north-western limit of the Gulf of Riga. East of the cape is the island of Ruhnu (Estonia) that lies in the middle of the Gulf.

Near the cape is Kolka lighthouse and the village of Kolka. There is a line of picturesque old Livonian settlements along the Baltic Sea shore, including Vaide, Saunags, Pitrags, Košrags and Sīkrags.

Climate

See also
 Livonian people
 Livonian coast
 Kolka Lighthouse

References

External links
 Website of Kolka
 Website of Cape Kolka

Landforms of Latvia
Headlands of Europe
Talsi Municipality
Courland


Villé (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Communes of Bas-Rhin


"Halfway Down" is a song written by Jim Lauderdale, and recorded by American country music artist Patty Loveless.  It was released in July 1995 as the fourth single from her album When Fallen Angels Fly.  Dave Edmunds' recording was released in July 1994 on his Plugged In album.

The song charted for 20 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart, reaching number 6 during the week of October 7, 1995.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

1995 singles
1994 songs
Dave Edmunds songs
Patty Loveless songs
Songs written by Jim Lauderdale
Song recordings produced by Emory Gordy Jr.
Epic Records singles


Solenoparia is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Cambrian Period, which lasted from approximately 542 to 488 million years ago.

References

Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of Asia
Fossil taxa described in 1935
Solenopleuridae
Ptychopariida genera

Cambrian genus extinctions


Kintzheim (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

The Château de Kintzheim is a well-known landmark in the commune.

Heraldry

The Kintzheim coat of arms is a black eagle on a white background. The bird's talons are highlighted in red, along with its tongue.

The coat of arms is identical to the former coat of arms of nearby Sélestat, of which Kintzheim was a dependency between 1338 and 1791.

Geography
Kintzheim is positioned on the Alsatian Wine Route, not far from the Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg. To the north it is dominated by the Hahnenberg Hill (Hill of the heath rooster), and to the south by the Praelatenberg (Prelates' Hill), the community profits from viticulture and the associated commercial benefits of tourism.

The village is surrounded by Sélestat on the east side, Orschwiller to the south and Lièpvre to the west along with La Vancelle and Châtenois to the north.
The 13th century Château de Kintzheim overlooks the settlement and marks the edge of the game rich forests of the Vosges Mountains.   Wines produced from the vineyards on the Hahnenberg and Praeletenberg hills enjoy the 'grand cru Praletenbourg' designation:  of traditional Alsatian style, these wines can be checked out at the local cooperative wine cellars of Orschwiller-Kintzheim.

Tourism is also supported by local wild life, with a stork park and an eagle flying centre (the village coat of arms featuring an eagle) in the commune along with a network of marked walking paths in the surrounding vineyards and forests together with a range of other recreational and leisure facilities.

History

Etymology
"Kintzheim" may derive from a concatenation of the Germanic words "König" (King) and "Heim" (home/farmstead).   Based on that, the name would signify a king's home, which would be consistent with the good defensive position of the castle.

An alternative etymology attaches the Gallic word "cuno" (cone) to the Germanic "Heim".   "Cuno" indicates the top of a hill and may be related to a Latin word for the top of a helmet, coming from the paleolithic root word "Kun"

Around 774 the name was written as "Quningishaim" and in 881 as "Chuniggesheim"

Origins
The origins of the village are not known.   There may have been a settlement here in Neolithic times, but the earliest identified relics date back only to the Roman empire period.  Kintzheim is located on the route of the famous Roman empire period road that traversed Alsace from north to south.   Funerary relics from the 1st and 2nd centuries have been discovered.

Merovingian
In the 8th century it is recorded that the village was at the centre of a large royal estate.   During the time of King Childeric II, the lands and forests of Kintzheim were subject to royal taxation: this was the time when Mayor Wulfoald (or Vulfoald) exercised great power in Austrasia, even after the king came into his majority.   Childeric was killed in 675 while hunting: Wulfoald then arranged for the return from Ireland to Austrasia of Dagobert II.   Dagobert was king until he, too, was killed on December 23, 779: subsequently Dagobert became known as Saint Dagobert, his day being December 23. Mayor Wulfoald died soon afterwards, in 780.

Carolingian
With Dagobert's death, part of his property passed to Pepin the Short including the Abbey of Saint Mihiel.  Pepin was the father of Emperor Charlemagne who would consolidate much of western Europe into a single empire.   One of Charlemagne's palaces, known as "Villa Regia" (Quuningishaim), and translated into subsequent Germanic dialect as "Kunigesheim", was clearly positioned on the slopes of Kintzheim.   The emperor was a frequent visitor to the region where as a young man he would hunt in the company of his personal chaplain, the Abbot Fulrad.   Before he died in 784, Fulrad had founded monasteries at Lièpvre and at Saint Hippolyte.   Fulrad arranged that the abbot of Lièpvre receive a portion of the forest at "Quuningishaim" and several other properties included in the royal hunting forests in the region.   A year later, in 775, it is recorded that Charlemagne, returning to Aachen from his conquest of Lombardy, visited the "Palatium Selestatis", his autumn palace most likely on the slopes of the Kintzheim hills.   In 781 the emperor bestowed further lands, including the Kintzheim forests, on the priory at Lièpvre.

 As part of a land exchange during a lull in a fratricidal war, Charlesmagne's grandson, the emperor Lothar I, in February 843 offered Kunigesheim (Königsheim) to Erchanger de Souabe, Count of Nordgau.   The Abbey of Andlau held lands adjoining Lièpvre and positioned at the bottom of the village on land that was part of Kintzheim.   These were close to the hospice at Sélestat, known at this time as Abtissinhurst or Graveloch, and which, it is claimed, was part of the court complex (la cour colongères) belonging to the Abbey of Andlau at Kintzheim.   Erchangar's daughter, Richardis (Sainte Richarde d'Andlau after her canonisation in 1049), the (ultimately estranged) wife of Charles the Fat, would inherit all these assets.

The empire
In turn the village passed to the Hohenstaufens and then to the Holy Roman empire, which is the origin of the imperial eagle on the coat of arms.   During the 13th century the German emperors transferred the income of the village to the local noble families, including the Kagens, the Rathsamhausens (then written Racenhuzen) and the Andlaus.   From 1267 the castle at Kintzheim was in the possession of the Rathsamhausen family.   In 1286 part of Kintzheim was let by the emperor to Hartmann and Egelophe de Rathsamhausen for 150 silver marks.   The area was increased in 1299 by a farm at Kintzheim which the Abbey of Senones gave them in fief.

In 1298 the inhabitants of the nearby village of Châtenois, at this time administered by the bellicose Bishop of Strasbourg, torched and devastated the castle at Kintzheim.   The Rathsamhausen and Kagen families rebuilt it, however, between 1300 and 1306.

Armagnac destruction
During the civil war of the early 15th century, Armagnac partisans of the Duke of Orleans torched Scherwiller, Châtenois, Kintzheim, and Saint-Hippolyte.

Acquisition by Sélestat
In 1338 the nearby town of Sélestat set about buying the lands of Kintzheim from its noble landlords, although the Abbey of Andlau would continue to exercise certain prerogatives including the appointment of the  provost until 1534.   Louis of Bavaria transferred most of Kintzheim to Sélestat and the Rathsamhausen sold them the rest of the village, retaining only the castle.

From now on Sélestat exercised full control over Kintzheim until several decades after the revolution:  in the meantime, as far as the records are concerned, Kintzheim tends to share its history with that of Sélestat.

The Peasant wars
The war of the Peasants which in this area broke out in 1525 touched the neighbourhood very directly.   At Scherwiller the Duke of Lorraine crushed an 'army' of 5,000 peasants and saw to it that the village was (again) torched.   The peasant uprising started in several centres including Sélestat, though in reality it had been brewing during a much longer period and over a wider area:  the revolt raged across Germanic central Europe for three years.   Economic hardship was a key cause of these armed insurrections.   Since the previous century Alsace had been ravaged by a succession of military invasions involving the destruction of villages and crops:  the burden of homes burned down and of harvests destroyed or stolen  was always suffered most acutely by the peasants.   In addition to economic shortage and loss must be added the exploitation of the small farmers by the nobility and the monasteries:  the result was a growing antagonism towards landowners.   In addition to poll taxes and tithes, peasants found themselves increasingly burdened by the additional taxes levied in order to fund international wars and other extravagances of the lords and nobles.

Thirty Years' War
During the Thirty Years War, the Swedes laid siege to Sélestat.   They occupied Kintzheim and left its castle in ruins.

The Revolution
In common with most of Alsace, Kintzheim's experience of the revolution was relatively calm.   The two priests were exiled across the river in Baden, from where they may have made clandestine returns visits to Kintzheim where they would have been successfully concealed by villagers.   The village still has a small closet with a chair inside it which was constructed to conceal two priests during searches by the National Guard.   Any 'trawl' for them was announced so that the priests could be alerted.   During the revolution two nuns lived in retirement at Kintzheim.   On the eighteenth of Pluviôse, Year II (Revolutionary Calendar) Kintzheim was obliged to provide 12,000 silver pounds in return for  valueless Assignats with a face value of 12,000 pounds.

Split from Sélestat
Following the French revolution, most rural communes found themselves freed from any former owners.   Kintzheim also gained its freedom from the town of Sélestat which had owned it since 1338.   However, it was not until 1834, after a legal case that lasted forty years, that Sélestat agreed to give up its rights over the village.

Education
The commune has a single preschool (école maternelle) and a single elementary school.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

External links

 Home page

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rawlinsella is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Cambrian Period, which lasted from approximately 539 to 485 million years ago.

References

Ptychoparioidea
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of North America


La Vancelle (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Meelis Rooba (born 20 April 1977) is an Estonian professional football coach and former player. He also played for the Estonian national team.

International career
Rooba made his debut for Estonia national football team on 7 July 1996, against Latvia. He made a total of appearances for his country.

Personal life
Rooba is the older brother of former professional footballer Urmas Rooba who made 70 appearances for the Estonia national team between 1996 and 2008.

References

External links

1977 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Paide
Estonian men's footballers
Estonia men's international footballers
FC Flora players
Viljandi JK Tulevik players
Paide Linnameeskond players
Estonian football managers
Men's association football midfielders
Pärnu JK Tervis players


Quitalia is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Cambrian Period, which lasted from approximately 539 to 485 million years ago.

References

Asaphida
Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of Australia


Scherwiller (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in northeastern France. Residents are referred to as Scherwillerois in French.

Geography
The town is situated on the wine route at an altitude of . Scherwiller is located at the mouth of the valleys of Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines to the east, and Villé at north,  west of Sélestat, Center Alsace, and  south of Châtenois.

History
The name was mentioned early in the form Sceravillare or Scerwiller, designating a hamlet on the edge of the Scheer, the former name of the Aubach River, which runs through the village. Scherwiller is located at the intersection of two Roman roads: on an east–west axis the salt road from the Villé Valley, and on a north–south axis a Roman road, two milestones of which are still identifiable in the town itself. This explains the presence of Ortenbourg Castle during the 12th century.

Economy
Located in the heart of Alsace, the village is built in the middle of a  vineyard, extending along the slopes downwards from Ortenbourg and Ramstein castles.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Oculeus is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Cambrian Period, which lasted from approximately 539 to 485 million years ago.

References

Ptychopariida
Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of Asia
Cambrian trilobites of Europe


Monkaspis is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Cambrian Period, which lasted from approximately 542 to 488 million years ago.

References

Asaphida genera
Cambrian trilobites of Asia


Robert Lamartine (15 June 1935 – 16 January 1990) was a French football midfielder. He played in one European Cup final in 1959.

References

1935 births
1990 deaths
People from Decize
Footballers from Nièvre
French men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Ligue 1 players
Stade de Reims players
Angers SCO players
Montpellier HSC players
Stade Rennais F.C. players


Quitacetra arenata is a species of ptychopariid trilobite arthropod from Late Cambrian-aged deposits in Quita Creek, Queensland.

References

Ptychopariida
Cambrian trilobites of Australia
Fossil taxa described in 1967

Cambrian genus extinctions


Quadragnostus is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Cambrian Period, which lasted from approximately 539 to 485 million years ago.

References

Cambrian trilobites
Peronopsidae
Agnostida genera


Roméo Lorrain (May 26, 1901 – July 6, 1967) was a politician Quebec, Canada and a nine-term Member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (MLA).

Early life
He was born on May 26, 1901, in Buckingham, Quebec (now Gatineau, Quebec) and became a farmer. Lorrain was a journalist and a business person.

Political career

He ran as an Action libérale nationale candidate in the district of Papineau in the 1935 provincial election and won. He joined Maurice Duplessis's Union Nationale and was re-elected in the 1936, 1939, 1944, 1948, 1952, 1956, 1960 and 1962 elections. He did not run for re-election in the 1966 election and was succeeded again by Roland Théorêt.

Lorrain was appointed to the Cabinet in 1944, serving as Minister of Public Works until 1960.

Death

He died on July 6, 1967.

Footnotes

1901 births
1967 deaths
Action libérale nationale MNAs
Politicians from Gatineau
Union Nationale (Quebec) MNAs
French Quebecers


Châtenois (; ; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

The small town is notable for its architectural heritage, among which the church Église Saint-Georges, the medieval, timber-framed "witch tower" (Tour des sorcières), the ancient town hall, etc.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department
 Château et cimetière de Châtenois

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Paraorlovia is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Cambrian Period, which lasted from approximately 542 to 488 million years ago.

References

Ptychoparioidea
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of Asia
Cambrian trilobites of Europe


Papyriaspis is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Cambrian Period, which lasted from approximately 539 to 485 million years ago.

References

Ptychoparioidea
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites


Blienschwiller (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in northeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Michaspis is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Cambrian Period, which lasted from approximately 542 to 488 million years ago.

References

Cambrian trilobites
Ptychopariida genera


Maiaspis is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Cambrian Period, which lasted from approximately 542 to 488 million years ago.

References

Cambrian trilobites
Fossils of Russia
Solenopleuridae
Ptychopariida genera


Itterswiller () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

Geography
The village is located on the eastern beginnings of the Vosges Mountains, between Molsheim to the north and Sélestat top the south.   It is a few kilometres to the west of the Autoroute A35, the principal north-south highway in Alsace.

Economy
Tourism is important to the local economy which is positioned on the Elsässer Weinstraße.   The village also takes a pride in its vineyards.

History
The village is on the course of a Roman road:  it is therefore believed that the area must have been settled during the Roman empire period.   The name is thought to come from the Latin "Itineris villa" which indicates a hostelry for travellers.

In terms of surviving written records, a so-called Letter of Indulgence to Itterswiller dates from 1330.

Celebrations
An annual church festival takes place at the end of September or start of October.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Semicyclocephalus is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Cambrian Period, which lasted from approximately 539 to 485 million years ago.

References

Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of Europe
Cambrian trilobites of Asia


Mittelbergheim is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

The village is a member of the Les Plus Beaux Villages de France ("The most beautiful villages of France") association.

Its  vineyards produce one of the finest Alsacian wines: the Grand Cru .

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

External links

 Views of Mittelbergheim

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Plus Beaux Villages de France


Schoriella is an extinct genus of trilobites in the family Anomocaridae. The genus lived during the Cambrian Period, which lasted from approximately 539 to 485 million years ago.

References

Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of Europe
Cambrian trilobites of Asia
Anomocaridae


Penarosa is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Middle Cambrian (Ptychagnostus atavus Zone to Ptychagnostus punctuosus Zone), approximately 505 to 500 million years ago.

References

Ptychoparioidea
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites of Australia


Prohedinia is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Cambrian Period, which lasted from approximately 542 to 488 million years ago.

References

Ptychoparioidea
Ptychopariida genera
Cambrian trilobites
Cambrian trilobites of Europe
Cambrian trilobites of Asia
Cambrian trilobites of North America


Hunspach ( or ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. In 2020 it was voted the «Village préféré des Français» (France's favourite village).

Geography
The commune lies a short distance to the south of Wissembourg  within the Northern Vosges Regional Nature Park.

Sights
The village is a member of the Les Plus Beaux Villages de France ("The most beautiful villages of France") association.

Hunspach has retained much of its traditional architecture. The houses are white and in the Alsatian half timbered style. Open central yards offer glimpses of the working farms within.

Photo gallery

See also
 Ouvrage Schoenenbourg
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Plus Beaux Villages de France


Barr (; in Alsatian Borr) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in the Alsace region of north-eastern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Barrois or Barroises.

The commune has been awarded "three flowers" by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.

Geography

Barr lies in the foothills of the Vosges Mountains at the foot of Mont Sainte-Odile some 25 km (15 miles) south-west of Strasbourg and 5 km (3 miles) north of Epfig. The A35 autoroute passes through the eastern tip of the commune from north to south and Exit  lies in the tip of the commune. The D62 runs west through the commune from the exit to Andlau. Access to Barr town is by the D362 from Mittelbergheim in the south, by the D35 from Heiligenstein in the north, and by the D42 which branches from the D1422 north of Gertwiller. The D1422 from Gertwiller in the north runs from north to south through the east of the commune and continues to Saint-Pierre. The D854 goes from the town west through the  length of the commune then north to join the D426 in the west. The D426 continues through the western part of the commune to Le Hohwald. The D109 comes from Saint-Nabor in the north to join the D854 in the west of the commune. The D130 branches off the D426 in the west of the commune and goes west to join the D214 at Rothlach. There is also Barr railway station in the town with the railway going north to Gertwiller station and south to Eichhoffen station.

Barr is the wine capital of Alsace with the oldest Alsace wine fair (over 100 years) and an historical "Harvest Festival" which is traditionally held the first weekend of October.

La Kirneck river rises in the west of the commune and flows eastwards through the town and continues east to join the Andlau.

Transport and communication routes
There is a half-hourly TER Grand Est railway service from Barr station.
The Alsatian Vineyards cycle route (EuroVelo 5) passes through the town.
The town is included in the Vosges part of the GR 5 hiking trail and E2 European path.
From 1889 to 1906 the Forest Railway Welschbruch was a narrow-gauge railway along the river Kirneck.

Environment
Part of the "forest of Landsberg" is located in the commune. This forest has been owned by a forestry group run by six managers since 1800. The forest covers 158 hectares (390 acres) (nearly 25 ha; 60 acres unproductive) spread over 3 communes (Heiligenstein, Barr, and Obernai). It is the subject of a "close to nature forestry" management according to the principles recommended by Prosilva with no clear-felling. It was certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) in December 2000 and by the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC) in December 2002.

History
Although the first written records mentioning the village of Barr as Barru dates from the year 788, historians believe that the site was occupied long before as evidenced by many prehistoric remains of the Iron Age and  Bronze Age discovered in the area.

Barr was originally an imperial property, but in 1522 the Habsburgs leased it to Nicolas Ziegler, and converted into Allod or freehold three years later. His son later sold it to the city of Strasbourg. This led to Barr being involved in the Bishop's War of Strasbourg (1592–1604) against the Catholics of Lorraine, which resulted in Barr's castle and many of its houses being razed to the ground in 1592.

During the Thirty Years War it suffered from the Holy Roman Empire, the Swedes, and the French but less than the surrounding villages. During the conflict with Louis XIV in Strasbourg, the town was occupied by the French: the murder of an officer by a resident brought about the burning of the town in retaliation.

Rebuilding was rapid and thereafter Barr had no further disasters although it had to endure the passage of troops that had to be fed.

In the 18th century there was a legal process that lasted nearly a century opposing the ceding of the localities of the Lordship of Barr to the city of Strasbourg, their suzerain, who claimed all the forests of its vassal. In 1763 a first decision attributed the lands to Strasbourg; there was an appeal and it was not until 1836, under the July Monarchy, that the verdict was definitively confirmed.

Heraldry

The portcullis in the arms symbolizes the ancestral role of this city as the last barrier on the way to the Mont Sainte-Odile, formerly a sacred place occupied by the Druids.

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Twinning

Barr has twinning associations with:
 Trier (Germany) since 1961.
 Kolda (Senegal) since 1998.

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 7,238 inhabitants.

Culture and heritage
Barr has a very large number of buildings and sites that are registered as historical monuments.

Highlights of some of the sites are:
The Protestant Church of Saint Martin
The Protestant and Catholic cemeteries
Barracks, Saint Martin church - school and organ. The based was built by Stiehr Mockers and the instrument designed by Kriess.
The old synagogue had to be destroyed in 1982 following the collapse of a corner pillar, but the windows of the synagogue were reused for the benefit of the Meinau oratory and some stones including the Tablets of Stone are displayed in the park of the Elisa Foundation in Strasbourg.
The Town Hall
A Coaching Inn
The Museum of the Folie Marco

The commune has over 500 items that are registered as historical objects.

Picture gallery

Culture
 The Municipal band Union of Barr has existed since 1863.
 The film by Tony Gatlif, Je suis né d'une cigogne (1999), with Romain Duris and Rona Hartner shot some scenes with the landscape of Barr

Notable people linked to the commune

 Richard Hartmann, native of Barr, locomotive manufacturer who founded a large factory in Chemnitz
 Édouard Schuré, esoteric writer
 Jean Hermann (1768–1793), doctor and naturalist whose natural history gave birth to the Musée zoologique de la ville de Strasbourg.
 Jean-Frédéric Hermann (1743-1820), brother of Jean, MP for Bas-Rhin and Mayor of Strasbourg.

 Martin von Feuerstein, artist and painter, born on 6 January 1856 in Barr and died 13 February 1931 at Munich.

 Paul Schmitthenner, German architect and University professor.

Albert Wolff (1906–1989), French-born American Olympic fencer

 Catherine Poulain, (1960-), writer.

See also
Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

Bibliography
"Alternative and simultaneum in the Bailiwick of Barr: a new balance between Lutherans and Catholics, 1681-1789", in Yearbook of the Society of History and Archaeology of Dambach-la-Ville, Barr, Obernai, 2013, No. 47, p. 115-130
Meryem Grifty, Barr, for a history of past times or The history of urban development of the barroise city, M. Grifty, Strasbourg, 1998, 100 p.
Friedrich Hecker, Die Stadt Barr von der französischen Revolution bis auf unsere Tage, Strassburger Druckerei, 1911, 354 p.
Anémone Koffel, "Viticulture and wine producers in Barr 1815-1939", in Historic Buildings in Alsace, 1998 No.  1, p. 153-160
Jean-Marie Le Minor, "Surgeons, barbers, and swimmers in Barr from the 16th to the 18th century", in Yearbook of the Society of History and Archaeology of Dambach-la-Ville, Barr, Obernai, 2004, No. 38, p. 109-136
Claude Muller, From lived history: a barroise chronicle of Jacques Frey (1820-1898)", in Yearbook of the Society of History and Archaeology of Dambach-la-Ville", Barr, Obernai, 2011 No. 45, p. 8-12
Renée Schneider, "Schools in Barr in the 20th century", in Yearbook of the Society of History and Archaeology of Dambach-la-Ville, Barr, Obernai, 2007, No. 41, p. 81-122
Renée Schneider, "Industry in the 19th century: the family of Moses Barr", in Yearbook of the Society of History and Archaeology of Dambach-la-Ville, Barr, Obernai, 2010, No. 44, p. 27-58
Renée Schneider, "From Alsace to America: the family Bartholmé Barr", in Yearbook of the Society of History and Archaeology of Dambach-la-Ville, Barr, Obernai, 2010, No. 44, p. 113-132
Régine Philippe Schultz and Schultz, Once upon a time ... es war einmal ... Barr: a page of Alsatian history between 1870 and 1918, Ed Alsace, Colmar, 1993, 96 p.
Emmanuel Solère Stintzy, "Barr: the authentic, not kitsch!", in In Alsace, 2005, No. 39, p. 54-68

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Ingolsheim () is a commune in the north of the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

The commune is part of the Northern Vosges Regional Nature Park.

Geography
Ingolsheim is a small village with an economy based on agriculture.   During the second half of the twentieth century French agriculture became very much more mechanized than hitherto, and many villagers work in the surrounding towns.

The village is positioned between Soultz-sous-Forêts and Wissembourg. Adjacent communes are Cleebourg, Hunspach, Riedseltz and Seebach.

History
The origins of Ingolsheim go back more than a thousand years. It appears as "Ingoldeshaha" in an imperial record of Otto II, from the year 967. The name mutated through various versions before becoming "Ingolsheim".

The reformation reached the village in 1558, and the parish was served by a shared church until the construction of a Catholic church in 1900.

The Second World War was rendered the more shocking for the villagers by the proximity of the Maginot line, less than a kilometre away, and in particular the nearby Schoenenbourg fortifications.   The village was one of many Alsatian communities located near the frontier to be evacuated to Haute-Vienne, in this case to the village of Bessines-sur-Gartempe.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department
 Ouvrage Schoenenbourg

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Tip Off is a basketball game released for the Amiga and Atari. It was developed in 1991 by Anco Software

A Game Boy version was developed by Enigma Variations and published by Imagineer in Europe. An unreleased NES version was also in development.

References

1991 video games
Amiga games
Atari ST games
Basketball video games
Game Boy games
Imagineer games
Video games scored by David Whittaker
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Anco Software games
Enigma Variations games


Ullandhaug is a neighborhood (delområde) in the city of Stavanger which lies in the southwestern part of the large municipality of Stavanger in Rogaland county, Norway. It is located along the European route E39 highway in the borough of Hillevåg, south of the lake Mosvatnet.  The neighborhood has a population of 6,636 which is distributed over an area of .

References

Boroughs and neighbourhoods of Stavanger


Humboldt Township may refer to the following places in the United States:

 Humboldt Township, Coles County, Illinois
 Humboldt Township, Humboldt County, Iowa
 Humboldt Township, Allen County, Kansas
 Humboldt Township, Michigan
 Humboldt Township, Clay County, Minnesota
 Humboldt Township, Minnehaha County, South Dakota

Township name disambiguation pages


Jan Długosz (July 12, 1929, Warsaw, Poland - July 2, 1962, in High Tatras) was a Polish mountaineer and writer. He lived in Kraków (South Poland). In 1961 he participated in the first ascent of the Central Pillar of Frêney on Mont Blanc by a British-Polish team (with Don Whillans, Chris Bonington and Ian Clough).

Career
Długosz became the leading Polish climber in the mid-1950s due to his significant climbs in the Tatras, including the two hardest routes at that time (and needing new aid equipment), routes in 1955 (so-called Wariant R on the Mnich, with Andrzej Pietsch, and the left side of Kazalnica, with Czesław Momatiuk). He made the first winter ascents of the biggest walls in Polish Tatras in 1956-57, which demanded innovative tactics and techniques.

He successfully climbed in the Alps (in 1957, the eighth overall ascent of the west face of Aiguille du Dru, with Momatiuk and Stanisław Biel), in 1960 Grand Capucin and 1961, attempt to Eiger and in August 1961 the 1st ascent of the Central Pillar of Frêney, considered then as 'The last problem of the Alps' which had seen a month earlier the tragic Bonatti-Mazeaud drama in which they lost four of their companions) and in Caucasus (1958 Ullu-Tau, 1959 Dykh-Tau and Shkhara).

Writings
He was the author of more than 60 articles and stories about mountaineering which were published in professional magazines and popular media. Although he had tried to get a compilation of his best works published, the book wasn't pushed until nearly two years after his death. The book Komin Pokutników (eng. The Chimney of Penitents), including 13 mountaineering stories, appeared in 1964 and is still considered one of the best books about climbing written in Polish (at least 5 next editions till 2008). Two further books, one with his early stories and one with articles, the scenario of a documentary film, songs, and poems for cabaret) were published in 1994 and 1995.

Jan Długosz died on July 12, 1962, in an accident, falling from the ridge of Zadni Kościelec in High Tatras (during climb in relatively easy terrain, when he worked as a supervisor who controlled the training of climbing of special forces – there was the fog and, within a few hours, no one noticed that it happened).

Bibliography
 1964 – Komin Pokutników (set of 13 climbing stories). Publisher "Iskry", Warszawa 1964, series "Naokoło świata", pp. 301; next editions 1993, 1994
 1994 – Komin Pokutników (set of 13 climbing stories), 1st full edition (from original manuscripts and notes, with added 60-page historical comments, climbing routes depicted, maps, by Ewa Dereń, Grzegorz Głazek), "Text", Warszawa 1994, , pp. 281; "2nd full edition" publ. by "Ati", Kraków 1995, , pp. 295

References

Sources
 1967 – "Taternik" (magazine) No 3, 1967, issue In memoriam Jan Długosz (pp. 111–130) , with the list of his ascents and publications
 Zofia Radwańska-Paryska, Witold Henryk Paryski, Wielka Encyklopedia Tatrzańska (WET,  engl. "The Great Encyclopedia of Tatras"), Wydawnictwo Górskie, Poronin (Poland) 1995, reprint edition 2004; , entry Jan Długosz (p. 216)  (also exists as  electronic version: a) on the CD ROM published by Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 1999; , b) available in internet, see External links)
 Ivan Dieška a kolektív, Horolezectvo – encyklopédia, „Šport”, Bratislava 1986 ; , entry Jan Długosz (p. 79)

External links
 internet version of Wielka Encyklopedia Tatrzańska, entry Jan Długosz, , after Zofia i Witold H. Paryscy, Wielka Encyklopedia Tatrzańska (Retrieved 28 March 2010)

1929 births
1962 deaths
Polish mountain climbers
Mountaineering deaths
Polish male writers
Sportspeople from Warsaw


Vaulen is a neighborhood (delområde) in the city of Stavanger which lies in the southwestern part of the large municipality of Stavanger in Rogaland county, Norway. It is located along the Gandsfjorden in the boroughs of Hillevåg and Hinna.  The neighborhood has a population of 6,039 which is distributed over an area of .

References

Boroughs and neighbourhoods of Stavanger


Heiligenstein is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France. Its name means holy rock.

It lies some  to the north of Sélestat.

See also
 Klevener de Heiligenstein, a wine from Heiligenstein and surrounding villages
Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Frederick Robertson Macaulay (August 12, 1882 – March 1970) was a Canadian economist of the Institutionalist School.  He is known for introducing the concept of bond duration. Macaulay's contributions also include a mammoth empirical study of the time series behavior of interest rates published in 1938 and a study of short selling on the New York Stock Exchange (Macaulay and Durand, 1951). The term "Macaulay duration" is named after him.

Macaulay was born in Montreal to a family influential in Montreal business; his father, Thomas Bassett Macaulay, was a well-known actuary. He obtained his bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Colorado in 1909 and 1920, respectively. He also obtained a law degree in 1911. In 1924, he obtained a PhD from Columbia University.

Macaulay worked at the National Bureau of Economic Research from 1921 until 1938.  He also taught at the New School of Social Research. In 1923 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association. In 1938, Macaulay became research director of the Twentieth Century Fund.

Selected writings
Macaulay, F. (1910). Money, credit and the price of securities, University of Colorado.

Macaulay, F. (1938). The Movements of Interest Rates. Bond Yields and Stock Prices in the United States since 1856, New York: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Macaulay, F. and Durand D. (1951). Short selling on the New York Stock Exchange, New York: Twentieth Century Fund.

References

External links
Frederick Macaulay, Frank Redington and the Emergence of Modern Fixed Income Analysis Geoffrey Poitras, Simon Fraser University

Canadian economists
1882 births
1970 deaths
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
20th-century American economists
Frederick


The Goudkantoor () is a building built in 1635 and located on Waagstraat near the Grote Markt (Main Square) in Groningen, Netherlands. Originally it was built as an office for the receiver of the province of Groningen when it was called Collectehuis.

The text on the building, Date Caesari quae sunt Caesaris (Latin) (English: Render unto Caesar that which is Caesar's) refers to the original function. The coat of arms of the city of Groningen is located on the building.

The name Goudkantoor goes back to 1814-1887, when the Waarborgbureau voor Goud- en Zilverwerken was located in the building. Gold and silver could get a hallmark so people could prove it was real.

Prior to World War II the Northern Ship Transport was located in the building. Just before the liberation of the city, in April 1945, the entire collection was transferred to a building on the north side of the Grote Markt, because the owners were afraid that the Goudkantoor would get damaged during the liberation, but in fact it was one of the few buildings that wasn't heavily damaged, because fire-fighters saved it from burning down.

After the war, the museum was located in the building again for a short time and later it was used as an information centre (Het Stadjershuis) and as a tourist information centre. The Goudkantoor was restored during the construction of the Nieuwe Waagstraat and is currently a restaurant.

References

Buildings and structures in Groningen (city)
Buildings and structures completed in 1635
Rijksmonuments in Groningen (province)
Tourist attractions in Groningen (province)
1635 establishments in the Dutch Republic


Hume Township may refer to:

 Hume Township, Whiteside County, Illinois
 Hume Township, Michigan

Township name disambiguation pages


Obermodern-Zutzendorf is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Kvalaberg is a neighborhood (delområde) in the city of Stavanger which lies in the southwestern part of the large municipality of Stavanger in Rogaland county, Norway. It is located in the borough of Hillevåg, between the European route E39 highway and the Gandsfjorden.  The neighborhood has a population of 5,112 which is distributed over an area of .

References

Boroughs and neighbourhoods of Stavanger


Ingwiller (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

The commune lies within the North-Vosges natural park.

History
The first known mention of Ingwiller dates from the year 742 a.C. as Ingoniunilare, 785 as Ilununilare, 1175 as Ingichwilre and 1178 in a bulla of the Pope Alexander III as Ingevilre.

On demand of Simon von Lichtenberg, the Emperor Louis IV the Bavarian imposed the village Ingveiler in the year 1345 to the town Ingveiler.<ref>Strobel and Engelmann: Vaterländische Geschichte des Elsaß, Straßburg 1840–49</ref>

With the end of the Franco-Prussian War in the year 1870/71 Alsace-Lorraine became part of the German Empire. 166 inhabitants of the town Ingwiller took the option'' of the Treaty of Frankfurt (1871) to remain French citizens and therefore had to leave Alsace-Lorraine towards Southern France.

People
 Norbert Cohn (1904–1989): Jazz musician born in Ingwiller.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Wimmenau ( or ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

History
Wimmenau is located at the crossroads of an ancient Celtic road from Haguenau to Sarre-Union and an ancient Roman road from Strasbourg to Saarbrücken. It was mentioned for the first time in 836 (as Wimmenawe). In 1365, during the Hundred Years War, a hill near the village was used by English soldiers to monitor the Sparsbach and Moder Valleys and named "Englishberg".

The village was levelled during the Thirty Years War (1618–1648), except for the bell-tower of the Church of Saint Andrew, and was resettled by Swiss immigrants from the Bern area in the mid-seventeenth century. From 1637-1655, there was not a single bourgeois (inhabitant paying the citizen tax) in the town, which had 30 bourgeois before the war. As with most of the Alsace region, Wimmenau came under the rule of France in 1680. The lack of farmland led to the emigration of many of the commune's inhabitants to the United States and Argentina during the nineteenth century. Alsace became part of the German Empire through the Treaty of Frankfurt in 1871, but was returned to France by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. The town came under German administration again during World War II until it was liberated by American troops on 5–6 December 1944.

The town contains two national heritage sites (monuments historique). The Church of Saint Andrew (Église Saint-André), also known as the Protestant Church (Église protestante), was designated as a monument historique in 1995. Its bell-tower and chancel dates to the 12th century and was equipped with a ribbed vault in the 15th century. The church's nave—main building—was rebuilt after 1681 and expanded in 1878. A house built in 1669 (with additions in 1718) by the Scherer brothers—Swiss immigrants—with an adjacent oil mill dating to 1837 was added in 1984. The Scherer house, oil mill, and a few additional outbuildings form a complex which house historical artifacts related to rural life in the area.

Geography
The commune lies along the Moder River; other waterways in the commune are the Rothbach and Rosteig Streams. It is entirely within the Northern Vosges Regional Nature Park. It lies between 197 and 413 m elevation; the average elevation is 205 m.

Climate
Wimmenau experiences an average of 1635 hours of sunshine a year (the average for France is 1900 hours).

Population

Inhabitants are known as Wimmenauviens (males) or  Wimmenauviennes (females). The hamlet of Kohlhuette is divided between the communes of Wimmenau and Wingen-sur-Moder.

Transport
Wimmenau lies along route D919—named Route Principale (Main Road) while passing through the town—connects the town of Wimmenau with Wingen-sur-Moder to the northwest and Ingwiller to the southeast. Route D12 connects the town of Wimmenau with the hamlet of Kohlhuette. Route D157 connects the town of Wimmenau with Reipertswiller.

The town of Wimmenau lies along the Mommenheim-Sarreguemines rail line, which connects the cities of Strasbourg, France to Saarbrücken, Germany. The rail line was built during German rule by the General Division of the Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine; the section through Wimmenau opened 1 May 1895. TER Grand Est, a Train Express Régional operated by SNCF, operates on this line. There is no railway station in Wimmenau; TER Grand Est serves Wimmenau with bus service connecting to rail service at Wingen-sur-Moder and Ingwiller.

Notable residents
Politician Philippe Richert grew up in Wimmenau. He has served as senator for Bas-Rhin (1992–2010) and is the current president of the Alsace Regional Council (2010–present).

Notes

References

External links

Wimmenau.fr (French) - Official website of the commune government

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Tjensvoll is a neighborhood (delområde) in the city of Stavanger which lies in the southwestern part of the large municipality of Stavanger in Rogaland county, Norway. It is located in the borough of Hillevåg, southwest of the lake Mosvatnet. Until 1987, it was a borough of its own.  The neighborhood has a population of 5,756 which is distributed over an area of . Tjensvoll Church is located in this neighborhood.

References

Boroughs and neighbourhoods of Stavanger


Goxwiller (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

Geography
Goxwiller is effectively a one-street village between flat arable land to one side and southward sloping vineyards to the other. It has become known for viticulture and for traditional artisanal trades such as carpentry, clog making, leather tanning and book binding.

In recent decades aspects of the village have been sensitively renovated in order to encourage the tourist trade: the eighteenth century former bakery, which had fallen into disrepair, has been acquired by the local commune and is once again able to bake bread and Flammkuchen, albeit only on special occasions.

History
From earliest times, Goxwiller and the neighbouring commune of Bourgheim comprised a single entity for administrative purposes both civil and ecclesiastical:  the heraldic shield depicts two linked rings in order to symbolise this ancient union

First mentioned in 920 (initially as Getenesvillare, then as Gokesvilre, Gotesviller and finally as Goxwiller) the village was under the control of various abbeys during the medieval period, the last of these being the Abbey of Niedermunster to which Goxwiller was enfeoffed until 1522.  From then until 1789 Goxwiller, along with the entire Lordship of Barr of which it by then formed a part, came under the authority of the city of Strasbourg.  The early modern period was one of much warring and destruction across Alsace, but the nineteenth century was one of relative tranquility and growing prosperity: Goxwiller was one of several communes to benefit from the growth of viticulture during these years.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia