is a railway station in the city of Nakatsugawa, Gifu Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Tōkai).

Lines
Sakashita Station is served by the JR Tōkai Chūō Main Line and is located 307.1 kilometers from the official starting point of the line at  and 89.8 kilometers from .

Layout
The station has one ground-level  side platform and one ground-level island platform connected by a footbridge. The station is attended.

Platforms

Adjacent stations

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History
Sakashita Station was opened on 1 August 1908. On 1 April 1987, it became part of JR Tōkai.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2014, the station was used by an average of 524 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

Surrounding area
Former Sakashita Town Hall
Sakashita Elementary School

See also
 List of Railway Stations in Japan

References

External links

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1908
Railway stations in Gifu Prefecture
Stations of Central Japan Railway Company
Chūō Main Line
Nakatsugawa, Gifu


Henry Leonard Bowe (27 October 1885 – 22 May 1954) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Essendon in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Bowe was a specialist defender and played in back to back Essendon premiership teams in 1911 and 1912. In 1912 he also represented Victoria in two interstate matches against the South Australians. He retired in 1920 after he began suffering from athlete's heart.

External links

AustralianFootball.com profile
Essendon Football Club profile

1885 births
1954 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Essendon Football Club players
Essendon Football Club premiership players
People from Maldon, Victoria
VFL/AFL premiership players


In the history of Christianity, the first seven ecumenical councils include the following: the First Council of Nicaea in 325, the First Council of Constantinople in 381, the Council of Ephesus in 431, the Council of Chalcedon in 451, the Second Council of Constantinople in 553, the Third Council of Constantinople from 680–681 and finally, the Second Council of Nicaea in 787. All of the seven councils were convened in modern-day Turkey.

These seven events represented an attempt by Church leaders to reach an orthodox consensus, restore peace and develop a unified Christendom. Among Eastern Christians the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Church of the East (Assyrian) churches and among Western Christians the Roman Catholic, Anglican, Utrecht and Polish National Old Catholic, and some Scandinavian Lutheran churches all trace the legitimacy of their clergy by apostolic succession back to this period and beyond, to the earlier period referred to as the Early Church.

This era begins with the First Council of Nicaea in AD 325, convened by the emperor Constantine I following his victory over Licinius and consolidation of his reign over the Roman Empire. Nicaea I enunciated the Nicene Creed that in its original form and as modified by the First Council of Constantinople of 381 was seen by all later councils as the touchstone of orthodoxy on the doctrine of the Trinity.

The Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches accept all seven of these councils as legitimate ecumenical councils. The Non-Chalcedonian Oriental Orthodox Churches accept only the first three, while the Non-Ephesian Church of the East accepts only the first two. There is also one additional council, the so-called Quinisext Council of Trullo held in AD 692 between the sixth and seventh ecumenical councils, which issued organizational, liturgical and canonical rules but did not discuss theology. Only within Eastern Orthodoxy is its authority commonly considered ecumenical; however, the Orthodox do not number it among the seven general councils, but rather count it as a continuation of the fifth and sixth. The Roman Catholic Church does not accept the Quinisext Council, but both the Roman magisterium as well as a minority of Eastern Orthodox hierarchs and theological writers consider there to have been further ecumenical councils after the first seven. (see the Fourth Council of Constantinople, Fifth Council of Constantinople, and fourteen additional post-schism ecumenical councils canonical for Catholics).

The councils
These seven ecumenical councils are:

First Council of Nicaea (325)

Emperor Constantine convened this council to settle a controversial issue, the relation between Jesus Christ and God the Father. The Emperor wanted to establish universal agreement on it. Representatives came from across the Empire, subsidized by the Emperor. Previous to this council, the bishops would hold local councils, such as the Council of Jerusalem, but there had been no universal, or ecumenical, council.

The council drew up a creed, the original Nicene Creed, which received nearly unanimous support. The council's description of "God's only-begotten Son", Jesus Christ, as of the same substance with God the Father became a touchstone of Christian Trinitarianism. The council also addressed the issue of dating Easter (see Quartodecimanism and Easter controversy), recognised the right of the See of Alexandria to jurisdiction outside of its own province (by analogy with the jurisdiction exercised by Rome) and the prerogatives of the churches in Antioch and the other provinces and approved the custom by which Jerusalem was honoured, but without the metropolitan dignity.

The Council was opposed by the Arians, and Constantine tried to reconcile Arius, after whom Arianism is named, with the Church. Even when Arius died in 336, one year before the death of Constantine, the controversy continued, with various separate groups espousing Arian sympathies in one way or another. In 359, a double council of Eastern and Western bishops affirmed a formula stating that the Father and the Son were similar in accord with the scriptures, the crowning victory for Arianism. The opponents of Arianism rallied, and the First Council of Constantinople in 381 marked the final victory of Nicene orthodoxy within the Empire, though Arianism had by then spread to the Germanic tribes, among whom it gradually disappeared after the conversion of the Franks to Christianity in 496.

Constantine commissions Bibles

In 331, Constantine I commissioned Eusebius to deliver fifty Bibles for the Church of Constantinople. Athanasius (Apol. Const. 4) recorded Alexandrian scribes around 340 preparing Bibles for Constans. Little else is known, though there is plenty of speculation. For example, it is speculated that this may have provided motivation for canon lists, and that Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus are examples of these Bibles. Together with the Peshitta and Codex Alexandrinus, these are the earliest extant Christian Bibles.

First Council of Constantinople (381)

The council approved the current form of the Nicene Creed used in most Oriental Orthodox churches. The Eastern Orthodox Church uses the council's text but with the verbs expressing belief in the singular: Πιστεύω (I believe) instead of Πιστεύομεν (We believe). The Catholic Church's Latin Church and its liturgies also use the singular and, except in Greek, adds two phrases, Deum de Deo (God from God) and Filioque (and the Son). The form used by the Armenian Apostolic Church, which is part of Oriental Orthodoxy, has many more additions. This fuller creed may have existed before the Council and probably originated from the baptismal creed of Constantinople.

The council also condemned Apollinarism, the teaching that there was no human mind or soul in Christ. It also granted Constantinople honorary precedence over all churches save Rome.

The council did not include Western bishops or Roman legates, but it was later accepted as ecumenical in the West.

First Council of Ephesus (431)

Theodosius II called the council to settle the christological controversy surrounding Nestorianism. Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople, opposed use of the term Theotokos (Greek: Ἡ Θεοτόκος, "God-Bearer"). This term had long been used by orthodox writers, and it was gaining popularity along with devotion to Mary as Mother of God. He reportedly taught that there were two separate persons in the incarnate Christ, though whether he actually taught this is disputed.

The council deposed Nestorius, repudiated Nestorianism, and proclaimed the Virgin Mary as the Theotokos.

After quoting the Nicene Creed in its original form, as at the First Council of Nicaea, without the alterations and additions made at the First Council of Constantinople, it declared it "unlawful for any man to bring forward, or to write, or to compose a different (ἑτέραν) Faith as a rival to that established by the holy Fathers assembled with the Holy Ghost in Nicæa."

Council of Chalcedon (451)

The council repudiated the Eutychian doctrine of monophysitism, described and delineated the "Hypostatic Union" and two natures of Christ, human and divine; adopted the Chalcedonian Definition. For those who accept it (Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholics, and most Protestants), it is the Fourth Ecumenical Council (calling the Second Council of Ephesus, which was rejected by this council, the "Robber Synod" or "Robber Council").

Before the council
In November 448, a synod at Constantinople condemned Eutyches for unorthodoxy. Eutyches, archimandrite (abbot) of a large Constantinopolitan monastery, taught that Christ was not consubstantial with humanity.

In 449, Theodosius II summoned a council at Ephesus, where Eutyches was exonerated and returned to his monastery. This council was later overturned by the Council of Chalcedon and labeled "Latrocinium" (i.e., "Robber  Council").

Second Council of Constantinople (553)

This council condemned certain writings and authors which defended the christology of Nestorius. This move was instigated by Emperor Justinian in an effort to conciliate the monophysite Christians, it was opposed in the West, and the Popes' acceptance of the council caused a major schism.

Three Chapters

Prior to the Second Council of Constantinople was a prolonged controversy over the treatment of three subjects, all considered sympathetic to Nestorianism, the heresy that there are two separate persons in the Incarnation of Christ. Emperor Justinian condemned the Three Chapters, hoping to appeal to miaphysite Christians with his anti-Nestorian zeal. Monophysites believe that in the Incarnate Christ there is only one nature (i.e. the divine) not two while miaphysites believe that the two natures of Christ are united as one and are distinct in thought only.

Eastern Patriarchs supported the Emperor, but in the West his interference was resented, and Pope Vigilius resisted his edict on the grounds that it opposed the Chalcedonian decrees.
 Justinian's policy was in fact an attack on Antiochene theology and the decisions of Chalcedon. The pope assented and condemned the Three Chapters, but protests in the West caused him to retract his condemnation. The emperor called the Second Council of Constantinople to resolve the controversy.

Council proceedings
The council, attended mostly by Eastern bishops, condemned the Three Chapters and, indirectly, the Pope Vigilius. It also affirmed Constantinople's intention to remain in communion with Rome.

After the council
Vigilius declared his submission to the council, as did his successor, Pope Pelagius I. The council was not immediately recognized as ecumenical in the West, and Milan and Aquileia even broke off communion with Rome over this issue. The schism was not repaired until the late 6th century for Milan and the late 7th century for Aquileia.

Emperor Justinian's policy failed to reconcile the Monophysites.

Third Council of Constantinople (680–681)
Third Council of Constantinople (680–681): repudiated monothelitism, a doctrine that won widespread support when formulated in 638; the Council affirmed that Christ had both human and divine wills.

Quinisext Council
Quinisext Council (= Fifth-Sixth Council) or Council in Trullo (692) has not been accepted by the Roman Catholic Church. Since it was mostly an administrative council for raising some local canons to ecumenical status, establishing principles of clerical discipline, addressing the Biblical canon, without determining matters of doctrine, the Eastern Orthodox Church does not consider it to be a full-fledged council in its own right, viewing it instead as an extension of the fifth and sixth councils. It gave ecclesiastical sanction to the Pentarchy as the government of the state church of the Roman Empire.

Second Council of Nicaea (787)
Second Council of Nicaea (787). In 753, Emperor Constantine V convened the Synod of Hieria, which declared that images of Jesus misrepresented him and that images of Mary and the saints were idols. The Second Council of Nicaea restored the veneration of icons and ended the first iconoclasm.

Subsequent events

In the 9th century, Emperor Michael III deposed Patriarch Ignatius of Constantinople and Photius was appointed in his place. Pope Nicholas I declared the deposition of Ignatius invalid. After Michael was murdered, Ignatius was reinstated as patriarch without challenge and in 869–870 a council in Constantinople, considered ecumenical in the West, anathematized Photius. With Ignatius' death in 877, Photius became patriarch, and in 879–880 another council in Constantinople, which many Easterners consider ecumenical, annulled the decision of the previous council.

See also
 Ancient church councils (pre-ecumenical) – church councils before the First Council of Nicaea
 Byzantine Empire
 Late ancient history of Christianity
 Outline of the Catholic ecumenical councils
 Synod of Ancyra
 Timeline of Christianity

References

External links
Schaff's The Seven Ecumenical Councils
Fourth-Century Christianity

Ecumenical councils
Christian terminology
Christianity in late antiquity


Mariño is a Galician surname.  This family name is spelled Marinho in Portuguese. Notable people with the surname include:

Diego Mariño (born 1990), Spanish soccer player
Pedro Mariño de Lobera, Spanish conquistador and author
Francisco Mariño y Soler, Aristocrat / Lieutenant Colonel of Colombia Army / Counselor of War / Brigadier General in Retirement
Santiago Mariño, Venezuelan General and Independence war hero
Juan Carlos Mariño, Peruvian footballer
María Mariño, Spanish author of Galician origin
Ricardo Mariño, Argentine children's books author

See also
Marinho Chagas, real name Francisco das Chagas Marinho, former Brazilian football player

Galician-language surnames


is a railway station in the city of Nakatsugawa City, Gifu Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Tōkai).

Lines
Ochiaigawa Station is served by the JR Tōkai Chūō Main Line, and is located 313.2 kilometers from the official starting point of the line at  and 83.7 kilometers from .

Layout
The station has one ground-level  island platform connected to the station building by a footbridge. The station is unattended.

Platforms

Adjacent stations

|-
!colspan=5|

History
Ochiaigawa Station was opened on 27 November 1917. On 1 April 1987, it became part of JR Tōkai.

Surrounding area
Site of Ochiai-juku

See also
 List of Railway Stations in Japan

External links

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1917
Railway stations in Gifu Prefecture
Stations of Central Japan Railway Company
Chūō Main Line
Nakatsugawa, Gifu


This is a list of seasons completed by the Toronto Raptors National Basketball Association (NBA) franchise. They are the only franchise not based in the United States to win the NBA title (in 2019).

Table key

Seasons
Note: Statistics are correct as of the conclusion of the .

Notes
  Lockout-shortened season (50 games)
  Lockout-shortened season (66 games)
  Season suspended mid-season due to the global COVID-19 pandemic (72 games)
  Start of season delayed due to the global COVID-19 pandemic (72 games)
  Fell to the 10th seed after losing to the Chicago Bulls in the NBA play-in tournament.

All-time records

References

External links
Toronto Raptors at Basketball Reference

seasons


Sara Mandiano, (born 25 January 1958 as Françoise Castellani) is a French singer and songwriter. She is mainly known for her hit "J'ai des doutes" (1991).

Musical career
In ten-year career, she released three albums as songwriter, composer and singer. She signed her first records under the name of Sarah Mandiano until 1988, then Sara Mandiano for the rest of her career. She appeared in many French TV shows in 1991, in which she performed "J'ai des doutes" or "Défense d'y voir".

In 1992, she was nominated in the category Popular music female revelation of the year at the Victoires de la Musique, but Jil Caplan won the prize.

In 1993, L'Affaire Louis Trio and she covered Serge Gainsbourg's song La Javanaise in Taratata, recorded on 7 September and broadcast on 11 September 1993 on France 2.

Today voice teacher, she has worked on the musical Dracula or even composed jingles for TV channel Gulli or TEVA for example. She is now part of a group called Shaaks as a singer and composed out several titles listening on the net. In 2005 and 2007, she participated in vocals on albums Fragile and Banco des Têtes Raides. She is also manager of the Studios of the Seine, one of the largest sets of studio professional recordings.

Discography

Albums
 Ombre chinoise (1985)
"Ombre chinoise" - "Une Nuit de cuir" - "En sursis" - "J'aime sa façon d'être un garçon" - "Porte des chambres" - "L'Anneau d'or" - "Shangai" - "Sans dessus dessous" - "Fin de l'hiver" - "Amour maléfique" - "Tu pleures tout ce que je bois"

 Point d'interrogation (1991)
"Les Serments" - "J'ai des doutes" - "Pirate et Coquillages" - "Soi disant" - "Ton Amour à la gomme" - "Défense d’y voir" - "Baby pop" - "Daddy" - "Je ne suis pas comme il faut" - "Nos Mots d’adieu"

 Saison des pluies (1993)
"Saison des pluies" - "Night and Day" - "Cool" - "Où sont mes guides" - "Le Cortège" - "Tombé du soleil" - "Play" - "Vertige céleste" - "Susurre-moi des mots" - "Mille et une raisons"

 Other songs :
"Pour toi moi je" - "Louxor" - "La Dame de Shangai" - "Venus et l'aquarium" - "Bandit" - "Ombre immobile" - "L'Avion en polyester" - "La Luna" - "Mensonge en Somalie"

Singles

With peak positions in French SNEP Singles Chart:

 "Ombre chinoise" (1984)
 "Pour toi moi je" (1985)
 "La Dame de Shanghai" (1986)
 "Venus et l’aquarium" (1988)
 "Ombre immobile" (1988)
 "J’ai des doutes" (1991) - #10, Silver disc
 "Défense d’y voir" (1992) - #37
 "Les Serments" (1991)
 "Saisons des pluies" (1993)
 "Cool" (1993)
 "Play" (1994)

As vocalist or lyricist

 À l'Envers à l'Endroit (Karen Chéryl) (1987)
 Mon Amant au hammam (Florence Weber) (1988)
 T'aurais pas vu l'amour (Patricia Zamler) (1988)
 Souviens-toi des mots (Patricia Zamler) (1989)
 Les Portes du ciel (Veronica Antico) (2002)
 Lettre ouverte (Paul Mahoni) (2002)
 Vole ta vie (Romane Serda) (2004)
 Je voudrais pas crever (Les Têtes Raides) (2005)
 Plus haut (Les Têtes Raides) (2007)

References

External links
 Sara Mandiano, on Bide et musique
 Shaaks, on Myspace

1952 births
French women singer-songwriters
French singer-songwriters
Living people
Mandiano, Sara


Nagano Line may refer to either of the following railway lines in Japan:
 Nagano Line, a railway line in Nagano Prefecture, owned and operated by the Nagano Electric Railway
 Nagano Line (Kintetsu), a railway line in Osaka Prefecture, connecting Habikino and Kawachinagano


Grande-Rivière (Great River) or variation, may refer to:

Canada

New Brunswick
 Big Tracadie River (French: Grande rivière Tracadie), a river in northeastern New Brunswick
 Grande Rivière, a river in northwestern New Brunswick formerly known as the Grand River

Nova Scotia
 Grande-Rivière (Cap-Breton), an Acadian community in Cape Breton Regional Municipality

Nunavik
Grande Rivière de la Baleine (Great Whale River)

Quebec
La Grande River, a river in Baie-James, Nord-du-Quebec
 Grande-Rivière, Quebec, a city in Le Rocher-Percé Regional County Municipality, Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine
Grande-Rivière railway station, in the above municipality
 Grande-Rivière, a tributary of Baie-des-Chaleurs in Le Rocher-Percé Regional County Municipality, Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine
 Zec de la Grande-Rivière, a controlled harvested area in Le Rocher-Percé Regional County Municipality, Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine
 La Grande-Rivière, a river in Havre-Saint-Pierre, Minganie Regional County Municipality, Côte-Nord
 Grande Rivière (Ouelle River tributary), a river in Saint-Gabriel-Lalemant, Kamouraska Regional County Municipality, Bas-Saint-Laurent
 La Grande-Rivière, a river in Saint-Pierre-de-l'Île-d'Orléans, Capitale-Nationale
 La Grande Rivière Airport, in Radisson

Caribbean
Grande Rivière de l'Anse la Raye, in Anse la Ray District, Saint Lucia
Grande Rivière, Dennery, in Dennery District, Saint Lucia
Grande-Rivière, Gros-Islet, in Gros Islet District, Saint Lucia
Grande-Rivière-du-Nord, commune of north department in Haiti, birthplace of the Jean Jacques Dessalines, one of the forefathers of the Haitian Republic
Grande-Rivière-du-Nord Arrondissement, in Haiti
Grande Rivière de Nippes, commune of Nippes department in Haiti
Grande Rivière de Jacmel, in Haiti
Grand'Rivière, a village in Martinique
Grande Rivière (Martinique), a river with mouth near the village
Grande Riviere, in Trinidad

France
Grande-Rivière, Jura, a commune in the region of Franche-Comté
Grande-Rivière Château, a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France

United States
Grande Rivière Noire (Big Black River), in Maine
Grand Riviera Theater, in Detroit, Michigan

See also
 Grand River (disambiguation)


Reflex is the 2004 sequel to the 1992 novel Jumper by Steven Gould.

Synopsis

Set ten years after the conclusion of Jumper, David Rice- a young adult man with the rare spatial ability to teleport both short and long distances- has married Millie and occasionally works for the National Security Agency, only accepting jobs that he finds to be morally acceptable. The novel tells the story from David's and Millie's perspectives in alternating chapters.

During a meeting with Brian Cox, his NSA handler, Brian is killed, and David is tranquilized and kidnapped by a powerful criminal organization with influence over the NSA and other government agencies. When David awakens, he is shackled to the wall of a windowless room at an undisclosed location. When he tries to "jump", the shackles pull him back violently from wherever he attempts to go.

Without David, Millie is stranded at their secret hideaway: a cliff wall cave in a remote part of Texas. She uses a rope to descend from the cave entrance, but the rope's anchor breaks and she falls; that is when she first discovers that she has gained the ability to "jump".

David's captors have implanted him with a device that can trigger his vagus nerve, causing him to become violently ill. His shackles give him the run of the room, but at random intervals he is signaled to jump to a painted box on the floor in the center of the room, or else the device is triggered. The routine continues night and day.

Millie sets out to find and rescue David with help from members of the NSA and, later, the FBI.

David becomes so conditioned to the device that the shackles are removed. He can jump away, but anywhere away from the house the device triggers immediately and he instantly finds himself within the box on the floor. His captors take him on a field trip to test very sensitive equipment that can detect his jumps within a few hundred yards because of the change in mass.

David experiments with jumping away and returning immediately to the house. Trying to do it fast enough that the device isn't triggered, he learns to jump back and forth repeatedly, in effect remaining in mid-jump, in two places at once. He uses this technique, which he calls "twinning", to communicate with Millie.

Millie tracks David to a house on the northeast coast of the United States, and by jumping, surveils the house.

One of David's captors, a beautiful woman named Hyacinth Pope, tempts him sexually, but he refuses. He later learns that this is considered a failure of the program. When he is given a package to deliver to a sensitive foreign location, he correctly deduces that it is a bomb, and that he is now considered expendable. Instead of delivering the package to its intended location, David jumps Ms. Pope to a remote location in the Texas desert. He then twins the package to a beach in Australia, which keeps it from going off because it is triggered by the loss of the signal from the house, the same as his implant. He returns to the house for a few seconds, then returns to the beach, to find a large crater where the bomb went off.

Lawrence Simons interrogates David in the room. Millie arrives to rescue him, disguised as a maid. When David recognizes her, he twins between the ocean and the room, quickly flooding it with salt water. Simons is washed away in the flood. The floor under the room collapses from the sudden weight, and the equipment controlling the implant shorts out. David collapses from the shock, still chained to the floor. Millie jumps to get a gun and shoots the chain to free him, and they escape.

The implant is going off continuously, which will kill David quickly unless it is removed in a risky operation, complicated by the fact that every time David is stressed he jumps back to the box. Millie convinces the half-conscious David to resist that impulse, and the implant is successfully removed.

When David has recovered, he and Millie track the multi-story building where Lawrence Simons is working. They carefully block the roof drains, and then flood the roof, collapsing it and flooding the building. They capture Simons, but they find that he has an implant, similar to the one that was put in David. Hence, Simons is a lackey, not in charge. He manages to commit suicide before they can interrogate him.

In the aftermath, Millie and David return to their lives, despite the threat of this mysterious organization.  Wishing for them to become parents, Millie convinces David to have a child with her.

Characters
 David RiceHas the ability to "jump" instantaneously to any location that he can visualize accurately. Kidnapped and held captive throughout most of the story.
 Millie Harrison-RiceDavid's wife. Gains her husband's ability early in the novel and uses it to track him down and rescue him.
 Brian CoxDavid's connection to the NSA, who is murdered attempting to protect David from capture.
 Hyacinth PopeMurderer of Brian Cox and primary tormentor of the captive David.
 Lawrence SimonsOwner of the house where David is held and important member of the organization behind his abduction. Superior to Hyacinth Pope.

Film adaptation
A film based on the second book titled Reflex was the planned sequel to Jumper.

Sequel
Gould wrote a 2008 short story, "Shade", that takes place after the events in Reflex and before the events in the 2013 novel Impulse. It was published on Tor Books' community website.

See also

 Jumper: Griffin's Story

References

External links
 Reflex at the author's webpage
 Shade.

Jumper (novel)
2004 American novels
American science fiction novels
Superhero novels
Novels by Steven Gould
Tor Books books


Traditionally, Korean legal education followed the German and Japanese models. Recent reforms are shifting professional education from an undergraduate LL.B. to a postgraduate J.D. type of education. In addition, many Korean universities continue to offer legal education in academic and scholastic frameworks, offering graduate degrees, including Ph.D.s in Law.
Further, several universities focus on legal systems outside of Korea, such as on Common Law.

Admission and Law School Ranking
Since the implementation of the 2007 Act calling for reform in legal education, law schools in Korea became graduate schools (similar to the US system) and require a bachelor's degree, a satisfactory undergraduate grade point average, foreign language proficiency, and a satisfactory score on the Legal Education Eligibility Test (LEET) to be considered for admission (the LEET is modelled after Law School Admission Test (LSAT) in the US).  Additional factors are evaluated through essays, interviews, the school administered essay exams, and other application materials.

2012–2020 Top 10 Law School Ranking from Hankyung Business Magazine was:
 Seoul National University School of Law
 Korea University School of Law
 Yonsei Law School
 Sungkyunkwan University Law School
 Hanyang University School of Law
 Sogang Law School
 Ewha Law School
 Pusan National University School of Law
 Kyung hee University Law School
 Chung-ang University Law School
There are 15 remaining law schools in the rankings below.

Law School System in Transition

In South Korea, a law school was an undergraduate institution where students major in law and are awarded a Légum Baccalaureus, or LL.B. (Bachelor of Laws).  Following graduation, candidates must take and pass the bar exam.  Under the present judiciary exam (as of 2008), the number of new lawyers admitted each year was limited to 1,000.  Successful candidates must then complete the mandatory 2 years of training courses at the Judicial Research & Training Institute (JRTI) in order to join the bar in Korea. The JRTI is managed by the Supreme Court.

However, as a result of a bill passed in July 2007, the education system for legal studies will soon undergo significant changes.  The 2007 Act calls for the adoption of a separate law school system similar to that of the United States, with the new graduate-level law schools expected to open by 2009.  Only a limited number of universities will be permitted to establish such graduate-level law schools, as determined by the relevant government agency after its review of each university's submitted materials.  In February 2008, the Education Ministry released a final selection of 25 universities approved for the new graduate-level law schools (15 in the Seoul metropolitan area and 10 in the provinces).  The selection process itself has not been without controversy; upon release of the final list, some of the excluded universities threatened to sue for an injunction or stage protest rallies, and one university president threatened to resign.

Under the new system, those who have bachelor's degrees can apply for law schools which have three-year programs and the graduates can then take the bar exam; those who achieve a certain score (or above) will be licensed.  In addition, based on an October 2007 revised plan submitted by Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development, the law school admission is limited to 2,000 candidates.

The bar passage rate in South Korea is around 50%, yet declining rapidly due to restraints on the number of lawyers admitted to the bar association. Only approximately 1500 people can be admitted to the Bar annually. More and more students who already graduated law school are retaking the Bar exam, which may cause issues with law school system in Korea.

Republic of Korea Law Schools

Universities with their government approved annual enrollment of students:

In February 2008, the Ministry of Education released a final selection of 25 universities approved for the new graduate-level (J.D.-style) law schools.  Total enrollment in all law schools is limited to 2,000 students per year.

 Law school with government approved annual enrollment of 150 students
 Seoul National University Law School
 Law schools with government approved annual enrollment of 120 students
Chonnam National University Law School
 Korea University Law School
 Kyungpook National University Law School
 Pusan National University Law School
 Sungkyunkwan University Law School
 Yonsei University Law School
 Law schools with government approved annual enrollment of 100 students
 Chungnam National University Law School
 Hanyang University Law School Law School
 Ewha Woman's University Law School
 Law schools with government approved annual enrollment of 80 students
 Chonbuk National University Law School
 Dong-A University Law School
 Law schools with government approved annual enrollment of 70 students
 Chungbuk National University Law School
 Yeungnam University Law School
 Law schools with government approved annual enrollment of 60 students
 Kyunghee University Law School
 Wonkwang University Law School
 Law schools with government approved annual enrollment of 50 students
 University of Seoul Law School
 Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Law School
 Ajou University Law School
 Chung-Ang University Law School
 Inha University Law School
 Law schools with government approved annual enrollment of 40 students
 Kangwon National University Law School
 Jeju National University Law School
 Sogang University Law School
 Konkuk University Law School

Law School enrollment by area
Law Schools in Seoul area (total enrollment 1020)

Seoul National (150) // Korea / Yonsei / Sungkyunkwan (120) // Hanyang / Ewha (100) //
Kyunghee (60) // Seoul City  / Choong-ang / HUFS  / Kunkuk / Sogang (40).

Law Schools outside of Seoul area (total enrollment 980)

Pusan National / Kyungpook National / Chonnam National (120)  // Chungnam National (100) // Chunbuk National / Donga (80) // Chungbook National / Youngnam (70) // Wonkwang (60) // Ajou / Inha / Kangwon / Jeju (40).

Common Law Education
Several universities have added undergraduate or postgraduate programs in Common Law. Those schools not only teach common law, but also teach most or all of their classes in English. Handong Global University offers a three-year postgraduate degree that parallels an A.B.A.-style J.D. educational program. Soongsil University offers an undergraduate LL.B. that parallels common law educations in English-speaking countries. Both schools have strong moot court teams that compete internationally.

See also

Legal Education Eligibility Test

References

External links
 Law Schools under the new "Law School" system
Seoul National University Law School
Yonsei Law School
Pusan National University School of Law
Jeju National University Law School
Colleges of Law offering English language educations in common law
Handong International Law School
Soongsil's Global Law LL.B., in Korean
Soongsil's Global Law LL.B., in English

School types
South Korea


is a railway station in the city of Nakatsugawa, Gifu Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Tōkai).

Lines
Nakatsugawa Station is served by the JR Tōkai Chūō Main Line, and is located 317.0 kilometers from the official starting point of the line at  and 79.9 kilometers from .

Layout
The station has one ground-level  side platform and one ground-level island platform connected by a footbridge. The station has a Midori no Madoguchi staffed ticket office.

Platforms

Adjacent stations

|-
!colspan=5|JR Central

All passenger trains stop at this station, including the Shinano limited express.

History
Nakatsugawa Station was opened on  as . It was renamed to its present name on 1 June 1911. On 1 April 1987, it became part of JR Tōkai.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2014, the station was used by an average of 3432 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

Bus routes
Kita-Ena Kotsu
For Kashimo General Office (At this bus stop, you are able to transfer onto Nohi Bus bound to Gero Station and Hida-Hagiwara Station)
For Mino-Sakamoto Station and Totetsu Ena Shako (At this bus stop, you are able to transfer onto Totetsu Bus bound to Ena Station)

Surrounding area
Nakatsugawa City Hall

See also
 List of Railway Stations in Japan

References

External links

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1902
Railway stations in Gifu Prefecture
Stations of Central Japan Railway Company
Chūō Main Line
Nakatsugawa, Gifu


The Spinoza Prize () is an annual award of 1.5 million euro prize money, to be spent on new research given by the Dutch Research Council (NWO). The award is the highest scientific award in the Netherlands. It is named after the philosopher Baruch de Spinoza.

The prize is awarded to researchers in the Netherlands who belong to the best in their field. Academics can nominate each other and an international commission evaluates the submissions. It is sometimes referred to as the Dutch Nobel Prize.

List of winners
The following persons have received the Spinoza Prize:

References

External links

Awards established in 1995
Dutch science and technology awards
1995 establishments in the Netherlands
Baruch Spinoza


Frederick J. Jackson, also known professionally as Fred Jackson and Frederick Jackson and under the pseudonym Victor Thorne, (September 21, 1886 – May 22, 1953) was an American author, playwright, screenwriter, novelist, and producer for both stage and film. A prolific writer of short stories and serialized novels, most of his non-theatre works were published in pulp magazines such as Detective Story Magazine and Argosy. Many of these stories were adapted into films by other writers.

Jackson was also a productive screenwriter, penning more than 50 films between 1912 and 1946. He was the author of more than sixty plays. Over a forty-year span, a dozen of his plays were produced on Broadway, and he also had several other plays produced in London's West End. Many of his plays were turned into films; usually by other screenwriters.

Life and career

Frederick J. Jackson was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on September 21, 1886. He was educated at Washington & Jefferson College in Washington, Pennsylvania. He began his career as a writer in 1905 working for the American magazine publisher Frank Munsey with whom he was under contract for many years.

Under Munsey, Jackson became a prolific writer of short stories and serialized novels, and most of his non-theatre works were published in pulp magazines such as Detective Story Magazine and Argosy. He wrote a wide array of fiction and produced works in nearly every genre in the field in Munsey's magazines; including mystery, romance, westerns, science fiction, and fantasy among others. He did publish some novels in book format using the name Fred Smith with other publishing companies, including The Hidden Princess: a modern romance (1910, George W. Jacobs & Co., Philadelphia) and The Third Act (1914, Desmond Fitzgererald Inc., New York). He also published a third novel, Anne Against the World: a love story (1925, Chelsea House) under the pseudonym Victor Thorne; a name he also periodically used as a playwright and short story writer.

Several of Munsey's short stories and serialized novels were turned into films by other screenwriters. Among these films are Annie-for-Spite (1917), Tinsel (1918), High Speed (1924), The Lone Chance (1924), Love Letters (1924), Her Man o' War (1926), and Ladies Beware (1927).

In 1912 Jackson began his career as a screenwriter, and by 1946 he had penned the screenplays for more than 50 films.  His first work for the screen was the 1912 short film A Detective Strategy which was a starring vehicle for the silent film actor Charles Clary and which Jackson based on his own short story "Thistledown".  Much of his early work as a screenwriter was devoted to writing for the Pearl White serials, such as The Fatal Ring (1917). Some of his notable later films included Wells Fargo (1937), Stormy Weather (1943), Hi Diddle Diddle (1943), and Club Havana (1945, also known as Two Tickets to Heaven).

Jackson was also a prolific writer for the theatre, producing more than sixty plays during his lifetime. Only a fraction of these managed to make it to Broadway.

He died in Hollywood, California on May 22, 1953. He was married to Florence Howe.

Partial list of works

Musicals
La La Lucille (1919, Broadway, book by Jackson, music by George Gershwin; adapted into the film La La Lucille (1920)
 Two Little Girls in Blue (1921, Broadway), book by Jackson,  music by Paul Lannin and Vincent Youmans, and lyrics by Ira Gershwin
For Goodness Sake (1922, Broadway), book by Jackson, lyrics by Arthur Jackson; music by William Daly and Paul Lannin

Novels
The Hidden Princess: a modern romance (1910)
The Third Act (1914)
The Precious Packet (1916); adapted by George B. Seitz into the 1916 Pathé film of the same name
Anne Against the World: a love story (1925, published under the pseudonym Victor Thorne)

Plays
A Full House (premiered 1915, Broadway); adapted into the musical The Velvet Lady (1919) and the film A Full House (1920)
The Naughty Wife, originally titled Losing Eloise, (premiered 1917, Broadway); adapted into the film Let's Elope (1919)
The Hole in the Wall (1920, Broadway); adapted into the films  The Hole in the Wall (1921, screenwriter Maxwell Karger)  and The Hole in the Wall (1929, screenwriter Pierre Collings)
One A Minute (1921); adapted into the film One a Minute (1921)
Cold Feet (1923, Broadway)
Stop Flirting (1923, London); adapted into the film Stop Flirting (1925)
Her Past (1929, London); adapted into the film My Sin (1931)
Her First Affaire (1930, London); this was a new version of the 1927 play by Merrill Rogers and this version credited both Jackson and Rogers as co-authors; adapted into the film Her First Affaire (1932)
 The Ninth Man (1931)
A Bridegroom's Widow, also known as A Welcome Wife, (year?); adapted into the film Let's Love and Laugh (1931)
 The Widow's Might (1931); adapted into the film Widow's Might (1935)
 The Iron Woman (1932); adapted into the film That's My Uncle (1935)
 School for Husbands (1932, London), staged on Broadway as Wife Insurance (1934); adapted into the film School for Husbands (1937)
 The Bishop Misbehaves (1934); adapted into the film The Bishop Misbehaves (1935)
Slightly Scandalous (1944, Broadway)
Dear Charles (1954, Broadway)

Screenplays

 A Detective Strategy (1912)
 The Stolen Actress (1917)
 The Fatal Ring (1917)
 For Sale (1918)
 The Man Hunt (1918)
 Diamonds Adrift (1921)
 It Can Be Done (1921)
 Fools and Riches (1923)
 The Exiles (1923)
 Arizona Express (1924)
 Shadows of Paris (1924)
 The Dark Swan (1924)
 The Jade Box (1930)
 The Perfect Lady (1931)
 The Great Gambini (1937)
 She Asked for It (1937)
 Wells Fargo (1937)
 Stolen Heaven (1938)
 Say It in French (1938)
 Miracle on Main Street (1939)
 Half a Sinner (1940)
 This Woman is Mine (1941)
 Stormy Weather (1943)
 Hi Diddle Diddle (1943)
 Club Havana (1945)
 Bedside Manner (1945)
 The Bachelor's Daughters (1946)

Short stories
 Adele (?); adapted by screenwriter Wallace Clifton into the film Tinsel (1918)
 Annie for Spite (1916); adapted by screenwriter Julian La Mothe into the film Annie-for-Spite (1917)
 Beauty to Let (?); adapted into the film Money Isn't Everything (1918)
 Black Marriage (?); adapted into the film Her Man o' War (1926)
 The Gray Parasol (1918); adapted into the film The Gray Parasol (1918)
 Her Martyrdom (?); adapted by screenwriter Harry Chandlee into the film Her Martyrdom (1915)
 High Speed (1918); adapted into the film High Speed (1924)
 Jack of Diamonds (?); adapted into the film Ladies Beware (1927)
 The Lone Chance (?); adapted into the film The Lone Chance (1924)
 Morocco Box (1923); adapted into the film Love Letters (1924)
 Thistledown (?); adapted by Jackson into the short film A Detective Story (1912)

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Frederick J. Jackson
1886 births
1953 deaths
20th-century American dramatists and playwrights
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American screenwriters
American male screenwriters
American male dramatists and playwrights
Screenwriters from Pennsylvania
Washington & Jefferson College alumni
Writers from Pittsburgh


L'Étoile () is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Jura department

References

Communes of Jura (department)


A treaty battleship was a battleship built in the 1920s or 1930s under the terms of one of a number of international treaties governing warship construction. Many of these ships played an active role in the Second World War, but few survived long after it.

The first of the treaties was the Washington Naval Treaty signed in 1922, the world's five naval powers agreed to abide by strict restrictions on the construction of battleships and battlecruisers, in order to prevent an arms race in naval construction such as preceded World War I. The Treaty limited the number of capital ships possessed by each signatory, and also the total tonnage of each navy's battleships. New ships could only be constructed to replace the surviving ships as they retired after 20 years' service. Furthermore, any new ship would be limited to guns of 16-inch caliber and a displacement of 35,000 tons.

The Washington Treaty limits were extended and modified by the London Naval Treaty of 1930 and the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936. During the 1930s, however, the effectiveness of these agreements broke down, as some signatory powers (in particular Japan) withdrew from the treaty arrangements and others only paid lip service to them. By 1938, Britain and the USA had both invoked an 'escalator clause' in the Second London Treaty which allowed battleships of up to 45,000 tons displacement, and the Treaty was effectively defunct.

The strict limits on displacement forced the designers of battleships to make compromises which they might have wished to avoid given the choice. The 1920s and 1930s saw a number of innovations in battleship design, particularly in engines, underwater protection, and aircraft.

Background
After World War I ended in 1918, a large number of treaties aiming to ensure peace were signed. According to historian Larry Addington it was "the greatest effort to that time to control armaments and to discourage war through treaty". These treaties ranged from the Treaty of Versailles, which contained provisions were intended to make the Reichswehr incapable of offensive action and to encourage international disarmament, to the Kellogg–Briand Pact of 1928, in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them". Specific naval treaties that emerged during this era include the Washington Naval Treaty in 1921 and the London Naval Treaty in 1930.

In the latter half of and after World War I, the United States embarked on a large battleship construction program, with the passage of the Naval Act of 1916 allowing for the construction of ten battleships. The Naval Appropriations Act of 1917 authorized the construction of a further three battleships, to the point that it was projected the United States would be comparable to the Royal Navy in strength by 1923 or 1924. In response, the British Navy began campaigning for a ship building program, proposing building the G3 battlecruisers. Such proposals were unpopular and viewed as unnecessarily expensive. The Japanese government was also embarking on a large program of warship building. Britain was eager to engage in naval limitation talks, fearing the danger America's aggressive ship building posed to their empire. All three countries were open to negotiations as a result of the massive cost of building and maintaining a large navy.

Treaties
In December 1919, former British Foreign Secretary Lord Grey of Fallodon and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Lord Robert Cecil met Edward M. House, the adviser of Woodrow Wilson, in Washington, D.C. At the meeting, the United States temporarily agreed to slow battleship building in exchange for the British withdrawing their opposition to inclusion of the Monroe Doctrine in the League of Nations Covenant.

Washington Naval Treaty
From 12 November 1921 to 6 February 1922, the Washington Naval Conference was held to stop a naval arms race from emerging. Nine nations attended at the request of Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes; the United States, Japan, China, France, Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Portugal. The conference led to the Nine-Power Treaty, which reaffirmed support for the Open Door Policy towards China; the Four-Power Treaty in which the  United States, United Kingdom, France and Japan agreed to maintain the status quo in the Pacific, by respecting the Pacific territories of the other countries signing the agreement, not seeking further territorial expansion, and mutual consultation with each other in the event of a dispute over territorial possessions.

The most important treaty signed during the conference was the Washington Naval Treaty, or Five-Power Treaty, between the United States, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy. The treaty strictly limited both the tonnage and construction of capital ships and aircraft carriers and included limits of the size of individual ships. The tonnage limits defined by Articles IV and VII limited the United States and Great Britain to 525,000 tons in their capital fleets, Japan to 310,000 tons and France and Italy to 178,000 tons. It instituted a 10-year "battleship building holiday". No agreements were reached on cruiser tonnage amounts and submarines. The treaty limited capital ships (battleships and battlecruisers, defined as any warship with guns more than 8-inch in caliber and 10,000 tons standard displacement) to 35,000 tons standard displacement and guns of no larger than 16-inch calibre.

Chapter II, Part 2, detailed what was to be done to render a ship ineffective for military use. In addition to sinking or scrapping, a limited number of ships could be converted as target ships or training vessels if their armament, armour and other combat-essential parts were removed completely.  Part 3, Section II specified the ships to be scrapped to comply with the treaty and when the remaining ships could be replaced. In all, the United States had to scrap 26 existing or planned capital ships, Britain 24 and Japan 16.

Geneva Naval Conferences

The First Geneva Naval Conference was a meeting of the United States, Great Britain and Japan (France and Italy declined to engage in further negotiations) called together by Calvin Coolidge in 1927. The aim of the Conference was to extend the existing limits on naval construction which had been agreed in the Washington Naval Treaty. The Washington Treaty had limited the construction of battleships and aircraft carriers, but had not limited the construction of cruisers, destroyers or submarines. The British proposed limiting battleships to be under 30,000 tons, with 15-inch guns. The Conference ended with no agreement reached. The Second Geneva Naval Conference in 1932 similarly ended without an agreement, after nations deadlocked over rearmament of Germany.

London Treaties

The limits set in the Washington Naval Treaty were reiterated by the London Naval Treaty signed in 1930. A limit of 57,000 tons for submarines was decided upon, and the battleship building holiday was extended for a further ten years. Signed in 1936, the Second London Naval Treaty further limited guns to 14-inch calibre. The Second London Treaty contained a clause which allowed construction of battleships with 16-inch guns if any of the signatories of the Washington Treaty failed to ratify the new one. It contained an additional clause which allowed displacement restrictions to be relaxed if non-signatories built vessels more powerful than the treaty allowed.

Battleships
The Washington and London Naval treaty limitations meant that fewer new battleships were launched in 1919–1939 than in 1905–1914 due to an imposed battleship construction holiday, which ended in 1933. They also inhibited development by imposing upper limits on the weights of ships. Designs like the projected British  battleship, the first American , and the Japanese —all of which continued the trend to larger ships with bigger guns and thicker armor—never finished construction.

The  was laid down on 1 June 1918. It was one of the largest battleships in the world at the time, and at the Washington Naval Conference, the United Kingdom and United States urged the abandonment of the project. However, it was allowed under the condition that the US and UK got two additional 16-inch gun ships. In 1920, Japan began building the Amagi and . The next year, the  and Tosa were launched with around a 39,900-ton displacement. Upon the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty, Amagi and Tosa were abandoned and Kaga and Akagi were converted to 30,000-ton aircraft carriers. While a party to the treaty, Japan completely halted construction of battleships, instead focusing on battlecruisers. They embarked on an extensive cruiser building program, and began aggressively modernizing naval equipment. After leaving the treaty in 1936, they planned to construct the , which would be the largest battleships in the world. Two were completed during World War II and a third was converted to an aircraft carrier.

The United States was allowed to keep three Colorado-class battleships that had been funded in the Naval Act of 1916 and a total of 500,360 tons of capital ships in the Washington Naval Treaty. Reduced naval spending by the Republican Party led to the navy remaining well below the maximum size specified in the treaty. Construction on several others was stopped, and the hull of the abandoned USS Washington was used for testing resistance to bombs, torpedoes and gunfire. Technical development and research towards battleships was severely restricted. The  and  were originally designed as battlecruisers with 33,000 ton displacement, but were converted into aircraft carriers while under construction following passage of the treaty. The United States decommissioned a total of sixteen existing battleships, and stopped construction on the six ships of the first South Dakota class. The United States modernized their fleet but did not build up to treaty limits. The battleship holiday was extremely popular among the general public. The ships of the  had their gun elevations increased although the British argued it was a violation of the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty.

The Royal Navy scrapped or stopped construction on sixteen ships as a result of the Washington Naval Treaty.  (40,000 tons displacement) was exempted from the restrictions set by the treaty. After the signing of the treaty, as a result of compromise with Japan, two Nelson-class treaty battleships were built,  and , the only two built by the Royal Navy until 1936. Their navy, while it remained the largest in the world until 1933, became increasingly out of date. Though the Royal Navy had the most battleships active at the outbreak of World War II, all but two dated back to World War I or earlier. As a result of the battleship building holiday, the Armstrong and Beardmore shipyards were forced to close.

France and Italy did not embark on large naval expansion programs, though the French battleship Béarn was converted to an aircraft carrier.

List of treaty battleships

Completed between the end of World War I and the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty

Aftermath
The Washington Naval Treaty was signed by the US, UK, Japan, France and Italyall the principal naval powers. At various stages Italy and France opted out of further negotiations; however, their economic resources did not permit the development of super-battleships. Germany, while not permitted any battleships by the Treaty of Versailles, developed one in the 1930s; this was legitimised by the Anglo-German Naval Agreement, which placed Germany under the same legal limits as Britain.

Japan's policies were largely decided by militarists through the 1930s. Partially influenced by the passage of the Vinson-Trammell Act in 1934, and the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, in 1934 Japan announced  they planned to leave the treaty system in two years. At the Second London conference, Japan showed willingness to negotiate, but left the conference in January 1936 and other treaties expired on December 31, 1936. They built mammoth treaty-busting battleshipsthe Yamato class.

As a result of the treaties, by the time rearmament began in the 1930s, before the onset of World War II, the world's battleships were largely aging and obsolete due to the rise of air power and increasing use of submarines. As a result, dreadnought technology had dramatically improved, and the building of new and upgrading old battleships began in earnest.

References

Bibliography
Books and journals

Websites

Arms control
Battleships
World War II battleships
Naval history of Germany
History of the Royal Navy
Naval history of Japan
History of the French Navy
Naval history of Italy
History of the United States Navy


The Phoenix Suns are a professional basketball team based in Phoenix, Arizona, United States. They are members of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Suns began playing in the NBA as an expansion team in the 1968–69 NBA season. In their inaugural season, the Suns posted a win–loss record of 16–66. They participated in the playoffs only once in their first seven seasons.

In the 1975–76 season, a rookie Alvan Adams helped the team reach its first NBA Finals, which they lost to the Boston Celtics 4–2. Charles Barkley and Steve Nash won the Most Valuable Player (MVP) award while playing for the Suns. Barkley led the Suns to the 1993 NBA Finals, where they lost to the Chicago Bulls. After signing with the Suns in 2004, Nash led the team to three straight division titles, but after reaching the conference finals in 2009–10 the Suns subsequently experienced their worst period of on-court failure, missing the playoffs for ten consecutive seasons until the 2020-21 season (the franchise's previous record playoff drought was five seasons, which happened after the team made the postseason in only their second year of existence during the 1969–70 campaign).

Despite their failures in the 2010s, the Suns franchise has the NBA's eighth-best all-time winning percentage, having won nearly 54% of their contests as of the conclusion of the 2022-23 NBA season. In their first forty-three seasons, the Suns made the playoffs 29 times, posted nineteen seasons with fifty or more wins, appeared nine times in the Western Conference finals, and advanced to the NBA Finals three times in 1976, 1993, and 2021. As a result, based on their all-time winning percentage, the Suns are the 2nd-most successful franchise to never win an NBA championship, behind only the Utah Jazz.
The 2021 Finals loss to Miwaukee moved Phoenix past the Orlando Magic and Utah Jazz for the most Finals losses without winning a title (Orlando and Utah, as of 2023, have been to 2 NBA Finals apiece but haven't won any of them yet).

Table key

Seasons
Note: Statistics are correct as of the end of the .

All-time records

Notes

 This is determined by adding the absolute difference in wins between the leading team and the team of interest to the absolute difference in losses between the two teams, and dividing by two.
 Because of a lockout, the season did not start until February 5, 1999, and all 29 teams played a shortened 50-game regular season schedule.
 Because of a lockout, the season did not start until December 25, 2011, and all 30 teams played a shortened 66-game regular season schedule.
 Shaquille O'Neal shared the All-Star Game Most Valuable Player award with Kobe Bryant of the Los Angeles Lakers.

References
General

Specific

seasons


Helena McAuliffe-Ennis (; born 1 April 1951) is a former Labour Party and Progressive Democrats politician from County Westmeath in Ireland. She was a senator from 1983 to 1987.

McAuliffe was born in 1951 in Milltownpass, County Westmeath; her father Timothy McAuliffe was later a Labour Party senator.

She was educated at Milltownpass national school, Rochfortbridge national school, and then at Scoil Catríona in Eccles Street, Dublin. She then trained as a teacher at Craiglockart College of Education in Edinburgh, graduating in 1972. She later took a postgraduate diploma in adult and community education at St Patrick's College, Maynooth from 1989 to 1990, and worked as an adult literacy organiser.

She joined the Labour Party in the 1970s, and when her father stood down from Seanad Éireann at the 1983 election, she stood as a Labour candidate for his seat on the Cultural and Educational Panel. She was elected to the 17th Seanad, but defected to the Progressive Democrats (PD) when the new party was founded in December 1985, having been elected to Westmeath County Council earlier that year as a Labour candidate. After unsuccessfully contesting the 1987 general election as a PD candidate in the Longford–Westmeath constituency, she did not stand in the 1987 election to the 18th Seanad. In 1988 she rejoined the Labour Party.

References

1951 births
Living people
Labour Party (Ireland) senators
Progressive Democrats candidates in Dáil elections
Members of the 17th Seanad
20th-century women members of Seanad Éireann
Members of Westmeath County Council
Alumni of St Patrick's College, Maynooth
Labour Party (Ireland) local councillors
Progressive Democrats local councillors
Cultural and Educational Panel senators


The Miami Heat are a professional basketball team based in Miami that competes in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Heat formed in 1988 as an expansion franchise and have since made the playoffs 24 out of 35 seasons, captured 16 division titles, seven conference titles, and three NBA championships. Along with the Orlando Magic, they are one of two NBA teams representing the state of Florida. As of the 2021–22 season, they are one of two franchises formed after 1980 to win the NBA title, along with the Toronto Raptors. They defeated the Dallas Mavericks in the 2006 NBA Finals, the Oklahoma City Thunder in the 2012 NBA Finals, and the San Antonio Spurs in the 2013 NBA Finals.

Table key

Seasons
Note: Statistics are correct as of the .

All-time records
Note: Statistics are correct as of June 12, 2023.

Notes

References

seasons


Frederick Jackson may refer to:

Frederick George Jackson (1860–1938), British arctic explorer
Frederick H. Jackson (Rhode Island) (1847–1915), Lt. Governor of Rhode Island 1905–1908
Frederick Huth Jackson (1863–1921), British banker
Frederick Henry Jackson (1938–2003), Canadian politician
Frederick Hamilton Jackson (1848–1923), painter
Frederick J. Jackson (1886–1953), American screenwriter
Frederick John Jackson (1860–1929), English naturalist and colonial administrator
Frederick Stanley Jackson (died 1957), rugby player
Frederick R. Jackson, American soldier and recipient of the Medal of Honor

See also
Fred Jackson (disambiguation)
Freddie Jackson (born 1956), singer
Fredric Jackson (1907–1990), Anglican bishop


The Dallas Mavericks are an American professional basketball team based in Dallas, Texas. They are members of the Southwest Division of the Western Conference in the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Mavericks began playing in the NBA as an expansion team in the 1980–81 season. In their inaugural season, they posted a win–loss record of 15–67.

From 1983 to 1990, the Mavericks, led by key players including Mark Aguirre, Brad Davis and Rolando Blackman, made the postseason six out of seven times, appearing in the conference finals in 1988. For the rest of the decade the Mavericks were dreadful: they bottomed out with an 11–71 record and the worst average point differential in NBA history during the 1992–93 season. This was followed by a 13–69 mark in the 1993–94 season – easily the worst two-season record in NBA history – and the Mavericks did not win more than thirty-six games in any season until 1999–2000.

The Mavericks returned to prominence in the 2000s, coinciding with the franchise's purchase by Mark Cuban. Leading by the trio of Dirk Nowitzki, Michael Finley and Steve Nash, they returned to the playoffs in 2001 and to the conference finals in 2003. While Nash and Finley left in 2004 and 2005 respectively, Nowitzki emerged as the team's leader, leading the Mavericks to their first NBA Finals appearance in 2006, only to lose to the Miami Heat. After a series of early exits from the playoffs, the Mavericks returned to the NBA Finals again in 2011, also against the Heat, and won their first NBA Championship.

The Mavericks have played 40 seasons, and advanced to the playoffs in 22 of those seasons. They have won three division titles, have been conference champions two times and have won one NBA Championship.

Table key

Seasons
Note: Statistics are correct as of the end of the .

All-time records

Notes

References
General

Specific

seasons


The San Antonio Spurs are a professional basketball team based in San Antonio, Texas that competes in the National Basketball Association (NBA). In 1967, the franchise was founded in Dallas, Texas as the Dallas Chaparrals—one of the eleven charter franchises of the American Basketball Association (ABA). During the 1970–71 season, in an attempt to make the team a regional one, the franchise renamed itself the Texas Chaparrals; also, some home games were played in Fort Worth and Lubbock. However, low attendance figures prompted the team to return full-time to Dallas the following season. In 1973, the franchise relocated to San Antonio and was renamed the San Antonio Spurs. Three years later, the Spurs were one of four ABA franchises that joined the NBA as a result of the ABA–NBA merger.

In 45 seasons since joining the NBA, the Spurs have achieved a winning record 36 times, have appeared in the NBA playoffs 38 times, and have won five NBA championships. The team won its most recent NBA championship in 2014. The only NBA franchises that have won more championships than the Spurs are the Boston Celtics (17 championships), the Los Angeles Lakers (17), the Golden State Warriors (7), and the Chicago Bulls (6).

As of the end of the 2020–21 season, the Spurs owned the NBA's all-time best win percentage; the team had won 62.2 percent of its games since joining the NBA, placing it ahead of the Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers (.593), the Boston Celtics (.590), the Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder (.541), and the Utah Jazz (.539). The 2017–18 season is the first time the Spurs have won fewer than 50 games in a non-lockout season since the 1996–97 season. This was the longest such streak in the NBA. The 2019–20 season was the first season since 1996–97 in which the Spurs missed the playoffs, an NBA record. The Spurs missed out on the playoffs again the following year, marking the first time in franchise history that the Spurs went consecutive seasons without making the playoffs.

Table key

Seasons

Statistics
Statistics are correct as of the end of the 2023 NBA playoffs.

Notes

References

seasons


Huby may refer to:
Huby (surname)
Huby, Hambleton
Huby, Harrogate
Huby, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
Huby, Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
Huby, Silesian Voivodeship (south Poland)
Huby, part of the Nowe Miasto district of Poznań (west Poland)
Huby, osiedle in Wrocław (south-west Poland)

See also
Huby-Saint-Leu, a commune in France


Friedrich Wilhelm Sievers (3 December 1860 – 11 June 1921) was a German geologist and geographer. He served as professor of geography at the University of Giessen. His field work focussed on South America, and his Allgemeine Länderkunde was for several decades a standard work on world geography.

Biography
Sievers was born into a merchant family in Hamburg. He was educated at Jena, Göttingen, and Leipzig, and was made Privatdozent at Würzburg in 1887 after extensive travels in Venezuela and Colombia. In his education, he broke with his mercantile family's tradition in order to study the emerging academic field of geography. He was one of Ferdinand von Richthofen's first students.

On instructions from the Geological Society of Hamburg made three expeditions to South America to carry out geographical and geological studies on the different regions of the country inspired by the expeditions of Alexander von Humboldt. Sievers  mainly focusing on documenting evidence for a South American ice age.  In 1902, from the chatedra of Geography of the University of Giessen, he made public his opposition to the naval blockade that Germany, England and Italy imposed on Venezuela to force the collection of the foreign debt. In 1909, he established the headwaters of the Marañón, the main source of the Amazon river.

Wilhelm Sievers published the Allgemeine Länderkunde (several editions 1891-1935), which for several decades was the leading international geographical publication covering all continents.

Journeys
 1884-1886: Colombia and Venezuela
 1891-1893: Venezuela
 1909: Peru and Ecuador

Selected works

South America
 Reise in der Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 1887
 Venezuela, 1888
 Die Cordillere von Mérida, nebst Bemerkungen über das Karibische Gebirge, 1888
 Zweite Reise in Venezuela in den Jahren 1892-93, 1896
 Die Quellen des Marañon-Amazonas, 1910
 Reise in Peru und Ekuador, Ausgeführt 1909, 1914

Allgemeine Länderkunde
 Allgemeine Länderkunde: Erste Ausgabe in fünf Bänden, First edition in five volumes, 1891–95
 Allgemeine Länderkunde: Zweite Ausgabe in sechs Bänden, Second edition in six volumes, 1901–05
 Allgemeine Länderkunde: Kleine Ausgabe in zwei Bänden, Compact edition in two volumes, 1907
 Allgemeine Länderkunde: Dritte Ausgabe in sechs Bänden, Third edition 1914 (Due to the outbreak of World War I, this edition remained incomplete)
 Allgemeine Länderkunde: Begr. von W. Sievers, Third/fourth edition, 1924–35

Other publications
 Über die Abhängigkeit der jetzigen Konfessionsverteilung in Südwestdeutschland von den früheren Territorialgrenzen (Dissertation), Göttingen 1884.
 Zur Kenntnis des Taunus, Stuttgart, 1891

References

Literature
 F. Oliver Brachfield: Sievers en Mérida. De los apuntes de un geógrafo alemán en la Cordillera – 1885,  Mérida 1951.
 P. Claß: Universitätsprofessor Dr. Wilhelm Sievers †. Ein Nachruf, Geographischer Anzeiger, 23. Jahrg. 1922 Heft 1/2
 C. Schubert: Hermann Karsten (1851) y Wilhelm Sievers (1888): las primeras descripciones e interpretaciones sobre el órigen de las terrazas aluviales en la Córdillera de Mérida. Bol. Hist. Geocien. Venez., 44, pp 15–19

External links

1860 births
1921 deaths
Botanists active in South America
Botanists with author abbreviations
Explorers of South America
German explorers
German geographers
19th-century German geologists
19th-century German botanists
Glaciologists
Geopoliticians
Scientists from Hamburg
Academic staff of the University of Giessen
20th-century German geologists


Nepeta cataria, commonly known as catnip, catswort, catwort, and catmint, is a species of the genus Nepeta in the family Lamiaceae, native to southern and eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and parts of China. It is widely naturalized in northern Europe, New Zealand, and North America. The common name catmint can also refer to the genus as a whole.

The names catnip and catmint are derived from the intense attraction about two-thirds of cats have toward it (alternative plants exist). In addition to its uses with cats, catnip is an ingredient in some herbal teas (or tisanes), and is valued for its sedative and relaxant properties.

Description
Nepeta cataria is a short-lived perennial, herbaceous plant that grows to be  tall and wide, and that blooms from late spring to autumn. In appearance, N. cataria resembles a typical member of the mint family of plants, featuring brown-green foliage with the characteristic square stem of the plant family Lamiaceae. The coarse-toothed leaves are triangular to elliptical in shape. The small, bilabiate flowers of N. cataria are fragrant and are either pink in colour or white with fine spots of pale purple.

Taxonomy
Nepeta cataria was one of the many species described by Linnaeus in 1753 in his landmark work Species Plantarum. He had previously described it in 1738 as  (meaning 'Nepeta with flowers in a stalked, interrupted spike'), before the commencement of Linnaean taxonomy.

Uses

The plant terpenoid nepetalactone is the main chemical constituent of the essential oil of Nepeta cataria. Nepetalactone can be extracted from catnip by steam distillation.

Cultivation
Nepeta cataria is cultivated as an ornamental plant for use in gardens. It is also grown for its attractant qualities to house cats and butterflies.

The plant is drought-tolerant and deer-resistant. It can be a repellent for certain insects, including aphids and squash bugs. Catnip is best grown in full sunlight and grows as a loosely branching, low perennial.

Varieties include Nepeta cataria var. citriodora (or N. cataria subsp. citriodora), or "lemon catnip", named after its lemon-scented leaves.

Biological control
The iridoid that is deposited on cats who have rubbed themselves against the plants and scratched the surfaces of catnip and silver vine (Actinidia polygama) leaves repels mosquitoes. The compound iridodial, an iridoid extracted from catnip oil, has been found to attract lacewings that eat aphids and mites.

As an insect repellent
Nepetalactone is a mosquito and fly repellent. Oil isolated from catnip by steam distillation is a repellent against insects, in particular mosquitoes, cockroaches, and termites. Research suggests that, while a more effective spatial repellant than DEET, when compared with SS220 or DEET, it is not so effective as a repellent as it is when used on the skin of humans.

Effect of ingestion on humans
Catnip has a history of use in traditional medicine for a variety of ailments such as stomach cramps, indigestion, fevers, hives, and nervous conditions. The plant has been consumed as a tisane, juice, tincture, infusion, or poultice, and has also been smoked. However, its medicinal use has fallen out of favor with the development of modern medicine.

Effect on felines

Catnip contains the feline attractant nepetalactone. N. cataria (and some other species within the genus Nepeta) are known for their behavioral effects on the cat family, not only on domestic cats, but also other species. Several tests showed that leopards, cougars, servals, and lynxes often reacted strongly to catnip in a manner similar to domestic cats. Lions and tigers may react strongly as well, but they do not react consistently in the same fashion.

With domestic cats, N. cataria is used as a recreational substance for the enjoyment of pet cats, and catnip and catnip-laced products designed for use with domesticated cats are available to consumers. Common behaviors cats display when they sense the bruised leaves or stems of catnip are rubbing on the plant, rolling on the ground, pawing at it, licking it, and chewing it. Consuming much of the plant is followed by drooling, sleepiness, anxiety, leaping about, and purring. Some growl, meow, scratch, or bite at the hand holding it. The main response period after exposure is generally between 5 and 15 minutes, after which olfactory fatigue usually sets in; However, about one-third of cats are not affected by catnip. The behavior is hereditary.

Cats detect nepetalactone through their olfactory epithelium, not through their vomeronasal organ. At the olfactory epithelium, the nepetalactone binds to one or more olfactory receptors.

A 1962 pedigree analysis of 26 cats in a Siamese breeding colony suggested that the catnip response was caused by a Mendelian-dominant gene. A 2011 pedigree analysis of 210 cats in two breeding colonies (taking into account measurement error by repeated testing) showed no evidence for Mendelian patterns of inheritance but demonstrated heritabilities of  for catnip response behavior, indicating a polygenic liability threshold model.

A study published in January 2021 suggests that felines are specifically attracted to the iridoids nepetalactone and nepetalactol, present in catnip and silver vine, respectively.

Felines not affected by catnip
Cats younger than six months might not exhibit behavioral change to catnip. Up to a third of cats are genetically immune to catnip effects but may respond to and enjoy catnip alternatives such as valerian (Valeriana officinalis) root and leaves; silver vine or matatabi (Actinidia polygama), popular in Asia; and Tatarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica) wood.

See also

References

Further reading

External links

 USDA Plant Profile: Nepeta cataria (catmint)

Nepeta
Flora of Asia
Flora of Europe
Cat attractants
Perennial plants
Plant toxin insecticides
Garden plants of Asia
Garden plants of Europe
Flora of the Mediterranean Basin
Plants described in 1753


The Hidden Hand is a 1917 American film serial directed by James Vincent. This is a lost serial.

Cast
 Doris Kenyon as Doris Whitney
 Sheldon Lewis as  Dr. Scarley
 Mahlon Hamilton as Jack Ramsey
 Arline Pretty as Vera Orane
 Henry Sedley
 William Slade

Chapter titles
 The Gauntlet of Death
 Counterfeit Faces
 The Island of Dread
 The False Locket
 The Air-Lock
 The Flower of Death
 The Fire Trap
 Slide for Life
 Jets of Flame
 Cogs of Death
 Trapped by Treachery
 Eyes in the Wall
 Jaws of the Tiger
 The Unmasking
 The Girl of the Prophecy

Reception
Like many American films of the time, The Hidden Hand was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards. For example, the Chicago Board of Censors required, in Chapter 1, a cut of a scene with an attack on a man by the Hidden Hand; in Chapter 2, of the Hidden Hand slugging a man; in Chapter 3, of a lighting meter, the loosening of a nut on a bolt, and the Hidden Hand killing a man; in Chapter 4, six scenes of cutting into safe with torch, gagging and binding young woman to chair, and taking jewel box from safe; in Chapter 5, Reel 1, the assault and abduction of young woman, assault on man, shooting poison powder at man, and examining property from unconscious man, Reel 2, two scenes of assault on man and young woman, two scenes of binding and gagging them, and shooting at the rope; in Chapter 6, the attack on the young woman, three scenes of finding and gagging her, four scenes of suspending her above lime box, and the intertitle "Fasten the rope so that when Ramsey comes she'll plunge into the box"; in Chapter 7, Reel 1, two scenes of young woman suspended over lime vat, throwing man into vat and following scene of him climbing out; in Chapter 9, Reel 1, two scenes of breaking in door of car, slugging of man, Reel 2, the Hidden Hand choking young woman, the intertitle "You will never interfere with my plans again", dynamiting tower and lighting fuse, attack on young woman, shorten fight scenes to eliminate holdup of hero with gun, striking man with shovel, and the young woman shooting man., in Reel 3, last scene of men and woman drinking at table, kissing woman on shoulder in automobile and all but the first and last struggle scenes, and two intertitles "You've left me alone" etc. and "Its your own game" etc.; in Chapter 10, Reel 2, a closeup of door locking on young woman, two scenes of attack on her, slugging man with rod, and the attack on the hero; in Chapter 11, Reel 2, threatening young woman with gun, throwing knife at man, two scenes of threatening young woman with dagger; in Chapter 12, Reel 1, two scenes of threatening young woman with knife, slugging man in fight scene, two views of note ending "You die in 24 hours", two scenes of threatening man with gun, tapping wires, and Reel 2, gagging and binding young woman; in Chapter 14, Reel 2, arrow sticking in man's face, lighting fuse, two additional scenes of arrow sticking in man's face (one with man standing and other in chair), and striking man on head with gun; and, in Chapter 15, Reel 1, shooting of man in automobile, shooting envoy in office, and, Reel 2, the intertitle "This tank of vitriol."

See also
List of lost films

References

External links

1917 films
1917 lost films
American silent serial films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by James Vincent
Lost American films
Pathé Exchange film serials
1910s American films


Miracles of Muhammad refers to miracles performed by the Islamic prophet Muhammed, according to Muslim teachings derived from the text of the Quran (the central religious text of Islam), hadith (records of the words, actions, and silent approval, traditionally attributed to Muhammad), and biographies of him.

Scope
Almost all of the miracles come from the hadith, because the Quran either does not mention them or does not say what makes them miraculous.

Miracles attributed to Muhammad encompass a broad range, such as the multiplication of food, manifestation of water, hidden knowledge, prophecies, healing, punishment, and power over nature.
According to historian Denis Gril, the Quran does not overtly describe Muhammad performing miracles, and in several verses describes the Quran itself as Muhammad's miracle. However, several miracles are reported in the Quran and miracles "appear early and often in the hadith" and the hadiths are indispensable in elucidating Muhammad's miracles.

List of miracles
At least according to Kenneth L. Woodward and Abu Ibraheem, Muhammad is believed to have performed numerous miracles during his life.

Quran – The revelation of the Quran is considered by Muslims to be Muhammad's greatest miracle and a miracle for all times, unlike the miracles of other prophets, which were confined to being witnessed in their own lifetimes.
Scientific miracles: the theory of the scientific miracle of the Qur'an claims that the Qur'an has a miracle in expressing some scientific material (some modern scientific discoveries that were unknown at the time of writing the Qur'an). The history of writing in connection with the science and religion of Islam dates back to the works of Ibn Sina, Fakhr al-Razi, and Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, but has increased significantly in recent times. Authors in this field include Naeem Al-Mohassi, Maurice Bukay, Rafiei Mohammadi, Mostarhameh, Makarem Shirazi and Rezaei Isfahani. These interpretations state that some verses of the Qur'an reflect prophetic statements about the nature and structure of the universe, physics, fetal biological growth, biological evolution, geology, mountain structure, and other phenomena that have been later confirmed by scientific research. This group of Quran-commentators present this as a proof of the divinity of the Qur'an.
Splitting of the Moon; While standing on the Mount Abu Qubays, Muhammad splits the moon into two parts
Isra and Mi'raj (Night Journey); occurring in 621, in which Muhammad leads the prayers to previous prophets in Al-Aqsa
 The events which occurred during his Hijrah (migration from Mecca to Medina):
The blindness of the Qurashite warriors who assembled at his door to assassinate him. He sprinkled a handful of dust at the assassins as he recited the 9th verse of Surah Ya Sin and went away without being seen by them.
It was then that Allah gave permission to Muhammad to migrate.
 He used to heal the sick and cure the blind by only touching the patient.
According to Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, Muhammad's success and victory against his enemies was one of his miracles. Similarly, many modern Muslim historians believe Muhammad's greatest miracles were his worldly accomplishments, in a short time span, in various fields (such as the religious, social, proselytising, political, military and literary spheres) and "the transformation of the Arabs from marauding bands of nomads into world conquerors."
 The day Muhammad came to Medina, everything there became illuminated, and the day he died, everything in Medina became dark.
When Muhammad and Abu Bakr migrated to Medina, Suraqa bin Malik pursued them. When they realized they were discovered, Muhammad looked at Suraqa so his horse sank into the earth. Suraqa then begged Muhammad to rescue him, and Muhammad prayed to Allah for him; hence he was saved.
Prophecies made by him. This includes:
Muhammad telling his companion and Uthman, that a calamity would befall him, which would be followed with his entering paradise; this eventuated during Uthman's Caliphate.
He told his companion, Ammar ibn Yasir, that the unjust party would kill him; this eventuated during the First Fitna.
He prophesied to Suraqa bin Malik that he would wear the bracelets of Kosroe.
He said that Allah would make peace between two large Muslim groups through his grandson Hasan ibn Ali; this eventuated with the Hasan–Muawiya treaty.
He said that a man who was apparently fighting for the Muslim cause would actually be of the people of Hell; this was proven when the man committed suicide in order to remove his suffering following a wound in battle.
He said that he would kill one of the enemies of the Muslims, Ubay ibn Khalaf, which he achieved at the Battle of Uhud.
Before the Battle of Badr, he showed exactly where each of the enemy chiefs would be killed; they all died in the exact locations stated.
He said that his daughter Fatimah would be the first of his family to die after him; which eventuated.
On several occasions he provided food and water supernaturally.
He quenched the thirst of thousands of his soldiers during the Battle of Tabouk and enabled them to use water for ablution after causing water to pour forth.
He caused two trees to move at his command.
He caused a well to swell with water after he rinsed his mouth with some water and then threw it out into the well. This was during the event of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, enabling his followers with him to drink and use the water for ablution.
He threw a handful of dust at some of the enemy during the Battle of Hunain, causing them to be blinded. This miracle is mentioned in the Quran (Q8:17).
He caused Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud to convert to Islam after he made a barren ewe, which produced no milk, to produce milk.
He used his saliva to cure Ali's sick eye, during the Battle of Khaybar, and it became healthy.
His companions would hear the food before him praising Allah.
He caused it to rain during a drought in Medina.
 His prayers were instantly answered.
 Stones and trees used to greet him before and during his prophethood.
 He used to understand the language of animals.
He comforted a palm tree that was crying and upset after he stopped leaning on it during his sermons.
 He had The Seal of Prophethood (Khatam an-Nabiyyin) between his shoulders, specifically on the end of his left shoulder blade, It is depicted as a mole, in size compared to the egg of a partridge or to a pigeon's egg and its color was the same as that of Muhammad's body. It is believed that each prophet sent by Allah had this Seal on a certain part of his body.
It is reported, that Muhammad did not cast a shadow, interpreted as a sign of his "light".
 When Muhammad ascended Mount Uhud and he was accompanied by Abu Bakr, Umar and Uthman. The mountain shook beneath them. Muhammad then hit it with his foot and said, "O Uhud! Be firm, for upon you there is none but a Prophet, a supporter of truth and two martyrs."
The same event occurred on Jabal al-Nour in Mecca.
 Muhammad used to hear the voices of persons who were being tortured in their graves.
 When Abu Jahl was going to trample Muhammad's neck or smear his face with dust as he was engaged in prayer, Abu Jahl came near him but turned upon his heels and tried to repulse something with his hands. It was said to him: "What is the matter with you?" He said: "There is between me and him. A ditch of fire and terror and wings." Thereupon Muhammad said: "If he were to come near me the angels would have torn him to pieces."
 He used to speak to the dead and hear them. It also occurred with the bodies of the enemy chiefs after the Battle of Badr in the presence of his companions.

Interpretations

Sunni views
According to the consensus of Sunni scholars, rejecting a single letter of the Qur'an or a hadith which is  causes one to become a non-Muslim. Belief in the miracles of the prophet Muhammad in the Qur'an and in hadith which are transmitted by  are obligatory.

Other interpretations

American scholar of Islam Marcia Hermansen states that "Miracles in the Islamic tradition play less of an evidentiary role than in some other religions since the prophet Muhammad's humanity is stressed."

See also
 Outline of Islam
 Glossary of Islam
 Index of Islam-related articles
 Quran and miracles
 Challenge of the Quran
 Islamic view of miracles
Magic and religion
Miracles of Jesus
Miracles of Gautama Buddha
Occasionalism

References

Notes

Citations

Further reading

The Physical Miracles of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ Yaqeen Institute academic article


Events from the year 2001 in Pakistan.

Incumbents

Federal government
President: Muhammad Rafiq Tarar (until 20 June), Pervez Musharraf (starting 20 June)
Chief Justice: Irshad Hasan Khan

Governors
Governor of Balochistan – Amir-ul-Mulk Mengal
Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Iftikhar Hussain Shah
Governor of Punjab – Muhammad Safdar (until 29 October); Khalid Maqbool (starting 29 October)
Governor of Sindh – Muhammad Mian Soomro

Events

May
23 May – India invites future president Pervez Musharraf to peace talks.
28 May – Musharraf formally accepts the invitation.

July
President Musharraf meets Indian PM Vajpayee in Agra for a three-day summit; the talks fail.

September
The September 11 attacks in America result in Pakistan agreeing to cooperate with the campaign against Al Qaeda.

August
The Pakistan cricket team beats Bangladesh at Multan.

November
Anthrax-infected letters, the first in Asia, are sent to the Karachi office of the Jang newspaper; there are no casualties.

December
India blames an attack on its parliament on Pakistan, leading to a massive build-up of troops on both sides of the border and rising tension between the two nations.

Births
 5 January – Javeria Abbasi, television actress and former female model
 12 January – Sara Kashif, actress
 22 February – Zuhab Khan, actor

References

Pakistan
Pakistan
2000s in Pakistan
Years of the 21st century in Pakistan


Conanthera is a genus of small bulbous plants with small panicles of blue, purple or white and purple flowers. Propagation is by offsets or seed. All species are native to Chile, but there is an old 18th-Century report of C. bifolia occurring in colonial Peru as well. This could possibly be attributed to changes in boundaries between the two countries, as modern sources list the species as endemic to Chile.

Species

 Conanthera bifolia Ruiz & Pav. - from Valparaíso to La Araucanía
 Conanthera campanulata Lindl. - from Antofagasta to La Araucanía
 Conanthera parvula (Phil.) Muñoz-Schick - from Valparaíso to La Araucanía
 Conanthera trimaculata (D.Don) F.Meigen - central Chile
 Conanthera urceolata Ravenna - Atacama

References

External links
 pacificbulbsociety.org

Asparagales genera
Flora of Chile
Tecophilaeaceae


Jeffrey Albert Bourne (19 June 1948 – 31 July 2014) was an English footballer who played as a striker. Born in Linton, Derbyshire, he spent most of his early career in the lower English divisions before moving to the United States where he played six seasons in the North American Soccer League, two in the second division American Soccer League. He led the ASL in scoring in 1983.

England
Bourne began his career with non-league club Burton Albion before signing with Derby County in February 1971. He saw limited time with the first team, playing mostly with the reserves until January 1974. He finished the 1973–1974 season with nine goals as Derby County finished third in the standings. He found himself back with the reserves the next season, with occasional stretches of first team. In 1975, he was part of the team that won the First Division, contributing 17 appearances and 2 goals. In 1976, Derby County loaned Bourne to the Dallas Tornado of the North American Soccer League (NASL). When it became apparent that Bourne would never be more than a sporadic player with the club, Derby County sold his contract to Crystal Palace F.C. for £30,000 in March 1977. At the time that Bourne joined Crystal Palace the team was in a free fall. They had slipped from the top division to the third in two seasons and appeared in danger of falling further. Crystal Palace had just sold Paul Hammond to the Tampa Bay Rowdies of the NASL. They then used the cash to purchase Bourne. Bourne made an immediate impact, scoring nine goals in fifteen games and helping Crystal Palace return to the Second Division. Despite his contribution, Bourne was considered a poor long-term investment and he was sent to the Dallas Tornado in the spring of 1978.

United States
Bourne first played in the United States when he came to the Dallas Tornado of the North American Soccer League on loan from Derby County in 1976. He scored fifteen goals in twenty-two games earning second-team All Star honors. In 1978, Dallas purchased his contract from Crystal Palace. In 1979, the Tornado traded Bourne to the Atlanta Chiefs for the first round in the 1979 College Draft. Bourne scored eighteen goals in twenty-nine games for the Chiefs in 1979, but his production dropped to five goals in twenty games in 1980. As a result, the Chiefs sent Bourne to the Seattle Sounders where he finished the season with two goals in eight games. That winter, Bourne was one of the top players during the NASL indoor season, scoring twenty-one goals in seventeen games. Bourne played the 1981 season, his last in the NASL, with Seattle. In the fall of 1981, he signed with the Wichita Wings of the Major Indoor Soccer League. In the 1981–1982 season, he twenty goals. In 1982, he signed on loan from the Wings to the Oklahoma City Slickers of the American Soccer League. The Slickers went to the championship series where it fell to the Detroit Express. Bourne then returned to the Wings for the 1982-1983 indoor season. The Slickers attempted to acquire him for the 1983 ASL season, but the Wings asking price was too high and Bourne signed with the Dallas Americans. He led the league in scoring with seventeen goals. He returned to the Wings and was the league's second-leading scorer when he suffered a season-ending injury in April 1984. There are also indications that he may have played in the United Soccer League in 1984.

Death
Bourne died on 31 July 2014 from motor neurone disease, having only been diagnosed with the disease nine weeks previously.

References

External links
 Derby County profile
 NASL/MISL stats

1948 births
2014 deaths
American Soccer League (1933–1983) players
Atlanta Chiefs players
Burton Albion F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Derby County F.C. players
Sheffield United F.C. players
Dallas Americans players
Dallas Tornado players
English men's footballers
English expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
English Football League players
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) players
North American Soccer League (1968–1984) indoor players
Seattle Sounders (1974–1983) players
Oklahoma City Slickers (ASL) players
Wichita Wings (MISL) players
People from South Derbyshire District
Footballers from Derbyshire
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States