Don Featherstone is an Australian filmmaker. His work includes documentaries about significant figures in Australian arts and culture, including authors David Malouf and Tim Winton, artist Brett Whiteley and dancer Robert Helpmann.  Featherstone's works address social and historical issues such as beach culture, The Beach, gangs, The One Percenters about the Milperra Massacre, and war, Kokoda.

Featherstone's satirical mockumentary for television, BabaKiueria, has been the subject of academic comparative analysis of imperial historicity and postcolonial social progress.  It has also been included in cultural exchanges, for example in "Southern Exposure" between the Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney and the Museum Of Contemporary Art, San Diego.

In 1985 Featherstone co-founded Featherstone Productions with Judy Featherstone.

Featherstone's works have been screened and broadcast internationally, in many countries.

Other filmmakers utilise Featherstone's work, for example James Bogle's Whiteley.

Filmography
Selected works include:
 Food for Thought (1977); writer, director
 Hey Look That's Me (1978);director
 William Cobbett's Rural Rides (1979); director;
 Erte (1979); director;
 The London Programme (1979-1982); director
 The South Bank Show (1982-1985); director
 Ed McBain (1982); director
 Jack Lemmon (1982); director
 John Le Carre (1983); director
 Msistlav Rostropovich (1983); director
 Barry Flanagan (1983); director
 David Hockney (1983); director
 Ivo Pogorelich (1984); director
 Robert Lowell (1984); director
 Alan Bleasedale (1985); director
 The Science of Winning (1985); director
 Arthur Boyd: Figures in the Landscape (1985); director, producer Featherstone Productions; Sydney
 Babakiueria (1986); director
 Heal or Hoax (1986); director
 Aussies (1987); director
 Beautiful Lies: A Film About Peter Carey (1986); producer, co-writer, director; Featherstone Productions; Sydney
 Dreamtime, Machinetime 1987; director, producer, writer Featherstone Productions; Sydney
 Slow Boat from Surabaya (1988); director
 Creative Spirits (1989); producer, director Featherstone Productions; Sydney
 Difficult Pleasure: A Portrait of Brett Whiteley (1989) producer, director
 Astonish Me, Graeme Murphy (1989); producer
 There's No Time, Peter Sculthorpe (1989); producer
 The Wizard From Oz, James Morrison (1989); producer
 God or Politics', Tom Keneally (1989); producer, director
 The Peoples' Diva', Joan Carden (1989); producer
 Tales of Helpmann (1990); co-producer, director Primetime, Featherstone Productions; Sydney
 Billy Tea and Goulash (1991); director
 The Daylight Moon: A Portrait of the Poet Les Murray (1991); producer, writer, director Featherstone Productions; Sydney
 Fast Forward Exposed (1992); director
 Masterpiece (1992); co-producer, director; SBS, Featherstone Productions; Sydney
 Oondamooroo: Ernie Dingo (1992); director, co-producer
 Eric Rolls: Celebration of the Senses (1992); director, co-producer
 Make It New: Robert Klippel (1992); director, co-producer
 Right Said Fred: Fred Schepisi - Film Director (1993); director, co-producer
 Creative Spirits II (1993); director, producer Featherstone Productions; Sydney
 Lowering the Tone: 45 Years of Robyn Archer (1993); director, producer
 Bon Bons and Roses for Dorothy: Dorothy Hewett 1993; producer
 Dead Quick: Peter Corris 1993; producer
 Lighting Fires: Tim Storrier 1993; producer
 Creative Spirits III (1995); producer, director Featherstone Productions; Sydney
 Tall Tales but True: David Williamson (1994); director, producer
 Smart's Labyrinth: Jeffrey Smart (1994); producer
 The Black Swan: Meryl Tankard Choreographer (1995); producer
 Wrestling The Angel: Blanche D'Alpuget (1995); director, writer, producer
 Dance of Nature: The Music of Ross Edwards (1995); producer, director, writer Featherstone Productions; Sydney
 Young Australian of the Year (1996); writer, director Featherstone Productions; Sydney
 An Imaginary Life: David Malouf: The Inner World of an Extraordinary Writer (1997); writer, director; Linfield, Sydney, AU; Film Australia RM Associates, ABC Television
 The Edge of the World: Tim Winton: Writer (1998); producer; Linfield, Sydney, AU; Film Australia RM Associates, ABC Television
 Art Zone (1998); writer, director
 The Maitland Wonder: Les Darcy (1998); director
 American Journeys (1999); writer, director
 I Witness: The Art of George Gittoes (1999); director, writer, producer Featherstone Productions; Sydney
 It Happened on Holiday (2000); writer, director
 The Beach (2000); coproducer, co-writer, director Centre Coast, Featherstone Productions; Sydney
 Sydney Revealed (2001); writer, director
 Australia Revealed (2002); writer, director
 The One Percenters (2005); writer, director
 Kokoda (2009); writer, director
 Singapore 1942 (2010); writer, director
 The War That Changed Us (2014); writer, co-director
 100 Days to Victory (2018); writer, co-director

Awards and recognition
Film awards and recognition include:

Notes

References

External links

Australian documentary filmmakers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Australian film directors


Return to Lonesome Dove is a 1993 American four part television miniseries, written by John Wilder involving characters created in Larry McMurtry's Western novel Lonesome Dove which was broadcast by CBS and first aired on November 14–17, 1993. The story focuses on a retired Texas Ranger and his adventures driving mustangs from Texas to Montana. It was nominated for an Emmy Award, and followed by Lonesome Dove: The Series.

It is a sequel to the 1989 miniseries Lonesome Dove, but was not written by McMurtry, who instead wrote and published his own sequel novel Streets of Laredo in the same time frame. McMurtry followed Streets of Laredo with two prequels, which with Laredo were also subsequently made into TV miniseries. Many fans of the Lonesome Dove series and novels do not consider Return to Lonesome Dove nor the follow-up TV series to be canonical because of their divergence from McMurtry's storyline.

Plot

Part I - The Vision
Captain Woodrow F. Call, having just buried his friend Augustus McCrae near Lonesome Dove in Texas, plans to return to his ranch, signposted as "Hat Creek Cattle Company", in Montana. Call sends word to Newt Dobbs that he intends to meet him in Ogallala, Nebraska at the home of Clara Allen, with a herd of wild Mustangs that he hopes to drive north to interbreed.

To help drive the herd he seeks the help of former companions Gideon Walker, a San Antonio dressmaker and ex-ranger, and wrangler Isom Pickett.  They are also joined by Pickett's family and his brother, Isaac. Walker also hires a group of Mexican vaqueros, who are led by a woman known as Augostina Vega, who harbors a resentment against Call for some unknown reason.

Newt, still in charge at the Montana ranch, leaves Pea Eye Parker in charge and heads off with Jasper Fant to meet Call, but while in Miles City they are involved in a bar fight that concludes with the shooting of two locals. Surrendering to the sheriff, they are helped by his neighbor, Gregor Dunnigan, and paroled into his custody as employees (Newt had previously rescued Gregor's young wife, Ferris Dunnigan, from cattle rustlers). Meanwhile, Call captures an outlaw named Cherokee Jack Jackson, but barely escapes with his life after Jack's gang rescues him.

Part II - The Forge
Call, having jumped into a river and trekked barefoot across the plains, stumbles half-dead into a Cheyenne village. The chief recognizes him as an enemy, but nevertheless honors his bravery with a horse, a rifle, and his widowed sister Many Tears. Call then heads off to meet Clara Allen, and learns of Newt's situation.

While on the trail, however, Isaac is killed by the outlaw Cherokee Jack, and is buried with a headstone dated "Gone to glory 4 August 1878". Isom has to take his place in leading the herd. When the children become sick, Augostina heads off to Fort Wallace for medicine, but is forced to shoot her army escorts when they attempt to rape her. Gideon then helps her with a fabricated alibi when an army patrol arrives to investigate.

After his return to Montana, having left his 'wife' with Clara, Call is disturbed to find Newt working for Dunnigan, believing that he is only there because of his young wife. But Newt is determined to honor his debt to Call's neighbor, and later confronts his father and tries to explain why he was unable to finish his mission. Meanwhile, back in Ogallala, lightning strikes start wildfires that destroy all of the Allen homestead.

Part III - The Legacy
Miraculously, Clara Allen, July Johnson, Clara's two daughters, Johnson's son, her ranch-hand, Cholo, and Many Tears, survive the inferno but Johnson is badly burnt. They head off to town to recover, just as Gideon and the others arrive. Through Gideon, Clara soon learns of Gus's secret daughter, Augostina, and also agrees to allow her herd to go north with Call's.

Call meets Dunnigan on the range, and comes into conflict with him and his "Montana's Cattleman's Alliance". Things come to a head when he decides to surround his property with barbed wire, and the wagons and the wire are destroyed by a group of masked men. Newt, now distanced from Call, becomes uneasy with Dunnigan because of his campaign to drive the other ranchers of the region out of business, but is reluctant to part ways because of the debt he feels he owes him. Added to this is the pressure being placed on Newt by Dunnigan who starts to treat him "like a son", and his wife, who begins showing an increased romantic interest in him.

As the herders head north, they stop at Miles City, where Johnson has his bandages removed. Gideon begins showing a romantic interest in Clara, inviting her out on a dinner-date. They are observed by Dunnigan, who secretly hires Cherokee Jack to stir up trouble between The Alliance, and unaffiliated groups including free-rangers and homesteaders. Dunnigan's aim is to solidify The Alliance's hold on the territory, so they will have complete control over the cattle/beef market in years to come.

Part IV - The Passing
Upon reaching Montana, the horse drovers begin to settle in at Hat Creek ranch. Call and Augostina have a confrontation, in which she reveals the reason for her animosity towards him: he had accidentally shot her mother. Call convinces her that her mother's death was an accident. Call had tracked her mother's brother, a bandit, but she had jumped in front of a bullet meant for the bandit. He also reasons with her that her father, Gus, had not raped her mother by pointing out that her name, Augostina (the feminine derivative of "Augustus"), was given to her by her mother to honor her father's memory. Call then makes her a partner in the ranch.

As part of their deal, Cherokee Jack attacks a small herd of cattle on Kenilworth Ranch, killing two cattlemen in plain view of Dunnigan and Newt (who is now aware of Dunnigan's plan to name him his inheritor). Dunnigan uses this attack to stir up fear, and to begin to consolidate his control. Jack also attacks Clara's family and Gideon while they are on their way into town. Gideon and four others die in the ambush, and Clara is severely wounded. However Johnson manages to warn Call of the attack. Call returns to canyon where the attack had taken place, finds Gideon's body, and also finds a blood trail leading away in another direction. He, Pea, and Isom follow the trail and find Cherokee Jack attempting to flee into nearby hills. Isom chases Jack down, and before Call executes him, Jack tells him about the arrangements he had made with Dunnigan.

Dunnigan's alliance begins persecuting the smaller outfits, using cattle his men had planted in the other men's herds as an excuse. Call rounds up all the men he can, and attempts to stall Dunnigan long enough for reinforcements to arrive from other unaffiliated groups. He confronts Dunnigan with the money purse about his relationship with Cherokee Jack, which Dunnigan denies. Newt, seeing the evidence, knows that Dunnigan is lying, and goes to join Call. Dunnigan attempts to shoot Call, whereupon Newt shoots Dunnigan and the others surrender.

Call and Clara bury Gideon, whereupon Clara decides she wishes to leave Montana and return home. Newt goes to speak with Ferris, and tells her that he doesn't feel that their arrangement of him assuming Dunnigan's estate should still be valid. She tells him that she feels it is, but he cannot accept. He goes on to say his goodbyes to Call as well, expressing a desire to move on, and Call finally proudly identifies himself as Newt's father.

Cast and characters
 Jon Voight as Captain Woodrow F. Call, A hardworking former Texas Ranger who won a merit award from the Governor of Texas for "courage under fire", he served with Gus McCrae when both were young men. Though Call has utter disdain for lazy men who drink, gamble and whore their lives away, he has his own secret which he hides carefully from his comrades. Call's ability to "break" unmanageable horses is also well known.
 Barbara Hershey as Clara Forsythe Allen, Former love of Gus McCrae and owner of a ranch in Nebraska. Clara blames Call for her failed relationship with Gus.
 Ricky Schroder as Newt Dobbs, A young orphan raised by Gus and Call. His mother was a prostitute named Maggie Dobbs, who died when he was a child. He suspects that Call is his father despite Call not formally admitting it.
 Louis Gossett Jr. as Isom Pickett, An African-American cowboy who agrees to help Call herd his Mustangs.
 William Petersen as Gideon Walker, A former Ranger who agrees to help Call herd his Mustangs.
 Oliver Reed as Gregor Dunnigan, A wealthy Montana rancher on a spread near the Hat Creek Cattle Company.
 Dennis Haysbert as Jack "Cherokee Jack" Jackson, An African-American outlaw raised by the Cherokee.
 Reese Witherspoon as Ferris Dunnigan, The young wife of Gregor who befriends Newt.
 Tim Scott as "Pea Eye" Parker, The wrangler and blacksmith of the Hat Creek Cattle Company, Pea Eye served as a corporal in the Rangers under Gus and Call. Pea Eye (his real name long forgotten) is not especially bright, but he is reliable, brave, and kind. He follows Call's lead without question.
 Barry Tubb as Jasper Fant, The wrangler of the Hat Creek Cattle Company. He is often troublesome and at times incredibly weak.
 Chris Cooper as July Johnson, A former sheriff of the town of Fort Smith, Arkansas. July has become a hand on the property of Clara.
 C. C. H. Pounder as Sara Pickett, Isom's wife.
 Nia Peeples as Agostina Vega, A Latina wrangler on the Mustang drive to Montana, the daughter of Augustus McCrae.

Supporting cast
Included William Sanderson, David Carpenter, Leon Singer, Jack Caffrey, Colin Meloy, and Reginald T. Dorsey.

Production
Return to Lonesome Dove is the only film in the series to be filmed in the state of Montana. Principal Photography began in late May, early June 1993. Filming locations took place in and around the mountain areas of Southwest Montana, areas between Anaconda, Montana, Butte, Montana, Billings, Montana, Nevada City, Montana & Virginia City, Montana. Filming also includes Texas, USA. Actor Jon Voight calls this chapter of the Dove series a masterpiece and hoped the sequel is "as meaningful" as the first. The day before filming began, Voight stepped forward and said a prayer. He wanted everyone to remember to thank the author Larry McMurtry, who gave us these magnificent surroundings. Filming lasted for 2 months, until production was completed in August 1993.

Home media
Return to Lonesome Dove was released on a 2-disc DVD on May 20, 2003. It was also released in Region 1 on DVD on July 6, 2010 by the Rhino studio.

Reception
The sequel received mixed reviews. According to Ken Tucker:
Dove II relies far too much on what Dove I used as window dressing: long, deep shots of rolling farmland and dusty desert. Lonesome Dove's director of photography, Douglas Milsome, has been bumped up to second-unit director here, and it's clear that, in the absence of vivid atmosphere in the script, Milsome was prevailed upon to gussy up the proceedings. He did, but the result serves to emphasize the ultimate pointlessness of this whole enterprise. Everything that was complicated and implied in Lonesome Dove—the subtle, shifting relationships between the main characters, their crisscrossing pasts—is tidied up, spelled out, and tediously resolved in Return. Stick around for seven hours and you'll find that this is a perfectly decent Western; you might even shed a tear or two. But you'll also know that, when it's finished, a grand piece of TV mythmaking has been reduced to a horse opera.

According to Rick Kogan:
It's asking a lot of the still-young-looking Rick Schroder to handle the heavy legacy of "Lonesome Dove." At the end of "Return to Lonesome Dove," the sequel to the majesterial 1988 mini-series, when Schroder's character Newt takes off into the sunset to live out his own dusty dreams, he does so with tears in his eyes. They are meant to be tears of truth, but it's easy to believe they are the result of riding through a long, heartbreaking disappointment. "Return to Lonesome Dove," which spreads its seven hours thinly across three evenings (8 p.m. Sunday and Tuesday, 7 p.m. Thursday, CBS-Ch. 2), does more than suffer by comparison with the original. It is a mess on its own terms, closer in emotional depth and action to old episodes of TV's "The Cisco Kid" than to the original "Lonesome Dove." But what could you expect? The original was one of a kind.

References

External links

1990s American television miniseries
1990s Western (genre) television series
1993 American television series debuts
1993 American television series endings
Fiction set in 1878
Lonesome Dove series
Television series about the Texas Ranger Division
Television series set in the 1870s
Television shows set in Montana
Television shows set in Texas


David Strother is an American musician and composer. Strother is based in Los Angeles and plays alternative violin. He has been featured in recordings, on stage and in film since the 1980s. Strother has played for numerous local Los Angeles bands, including Lawrence Lebo, Long John Oliva, and The Radio Ranch Straight Shooters. He ranges in style from jazz, blues and swing to avant garde/alternative, but proclaims his passion lies in alternative, both in performance and composition.

Life and career

Strother attended both Cal State Los Angeles, where he earned a B.A. in classical composition, and Los Angeles City College.

Strother has been featured on movie and television soundtracks including for David Lynch in “The Straight Story,” “Philadelphia Experiment II,” “Doug”, and “The Rookie."

Strother still occasionally appears with The Radio Ranch Straight Shooters, who were important members of the LA Roots/Rockabilly/Punk scene. RRSS played on the same stage with The Blasters, X, and Big Sandy & His Fly-Rite Boys. Strother played alongside DJ Bonebrake, Bill Bateman (drummer, The Blasters), Chas Smith, Smokey Hormel, Hank Van Sickle, Denny Croy (former Moon Martin bassist) and Nick Kane (guitarist for The Mavericks). He has also played for Rebekah Del Rio and currently appears with Davie Gayle's country/roots band. He also co-hosts, along with the Los Angeles poet Ricardo Acuna, the monthly Poetry & Wine Salon at the Majestical Roof Gallery in the Old Town District of Pasadena, California.

In 2006, Strother released his first solo CD entitled “the desert is singing” with Remba Records, which features solo electric violin and original composition by Strother. A 2010 track review by C. Michael Bailey of allaboutjazz.com praised Strother's unaccompanied version of "Blue Monk," writing, "Strother's dissolution is delicious, departing so far from the blues that John Coltrane could probably see him coming. Flights of whimsy and demonic psychic breaks characterize this far-reaching playing." The CD has also been described on Amazon as “meditative” and “soulfully deep.” A new EP work by Strother, "soundings.live," was released in July 2011 and features his playing on the five string electric violin, which he began using exclusively in 2009. He also became an official artist for NS Design in 2011.

Discography
1990: CPD – “The Process"
1995: Alternate Faith-“Out of Nowhere"
2004: Susan J. Paul-“Big Love"
2004: Lawrence Lebo-"Don't Call Her Larry, vol. 2"
2005: Davie Gayle-“Amber in the Clay"
2005: Sonny Salsbury-"How's About a Boa?"
2006: David Strother-“the desert is singing"
2010: Tito Calloway-"Thugelligence"
2010: Lawrence Lebo-"Don't Call Her Larry, vol. 3"
2010: Scot Ray-"Earth Circuit"
2011: David Strother-"soundings.live"
2012: Lawrence Lebo-"The Best of Don't Call Her Larry-Blues Mix"
2013: David Strother-"muse"

Motion picture and television soundtracks
1992: Doug (Nickelodeon TV series)
1993: Philadelphia Experiment II (with an onscreen appearance)
1997: Alien Avengers 2 (with an onscreen appearance)
1999: The Straight Story
2002: The Rookie

Bands
1988-92: CPD (experimental/avant garde)
1989–present: Lawrence Lebo (swing/blues)
1992: King Ernest (blues)
1988-90: Long John Oliva (Afro-Cuban)
1988-92: L.A. Despers (calypso)
1992–present: The Radio Ranch Straight Shooters (western swing)
2001-03: Mobile Homeboys (swing/jazz/blues)
2005–present: Davie Gayle (country/roots)

References

External links
 David Strother official website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American male violinists
American electronic musicians
Musicians from Los Angeles
Experimental composers
American male classical composers
American classical composers
20th-century American composers
Classical musicians from California
21st-century American violinists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians


Kathy Osterman (July 22, 1943 – December 8, 1992), was a Chicago politician who was born Kathleen Mary Lonergan in the Bronx.  Entering politics as a block club president who had been social director of Lawrence House, a facility for disabled persons, Osterman in 1981 became a community relations director for then-State's Attorney Richard M. Daley, who became her political patron.

In 1987 Osterman emerged victorious from an eleven-person race in which Mayor Harold Washington declined to endorse any candidate, and was elected alderman of the lakefront 48th Ward, which at that time consisted primarily of the Edgewater community as well as parts of Uptown. The 48th ward was formerly represented by Osterman's son, Harry Osterman.  Initially a part of the Washington bloc in Council Wars, she switched to the largely white bloc immediately following Washington's death and during the tenure of Eugene Sawyer.  She served on numerous City Council committees, including the Human Rights Committee, where she forged strong links with the ward's significant gay community.  Only two years into her term, Osterman retired in 1989, facilitating Daley's appointment of Mary Ann Smith as alderman.  Osterman subsequently was appointed Director of the Mayor's Office of Special Events.

During her brief tenure, Osterman worked on the rehabilitation of the Broadway Armory and the restoration of two vintage mansions in Berger Park along Sheridan Road, as public facilities. She lobbied vigorously for passage of Chicago's Human Rights Ordinance in 1988. As a result, Osterman  was inducted into the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame as a Friend of the Community in 1993.

On May 1, 1992, Osterman married radio political commentator Bruce DuMont.  Later that year she died of cancer.

On July 22, 1993 Ardmore Beach in the Edgewater neighborhood was renamed Kathy Osterman Beach. In addition to the renamed signage on the beach pavilion, a memorial plaque was erected.

References

Categories

Chicago City Council members
1943 births
1992 deaths
Women city councillors in Illinois
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians
Inductees of the Chicago LGBT Hall of Fame


Zdzisław Konieczny (1930 - 25 November 2016) was a Polish historian specializing in the issue of Polish-Ukrainian relations. He was a member of the Polish Historical Society. He was the director of the Municipal archive in Przemyśl from 1976 to 1996.

Selected publications
An Outline of History of Przemyśl Archive and its Resources (1874-1987), Przemyśl 1988
Documents About Polish-Ukrainian Relationship in Resources of the State Archive in Przemyśl
Office Apartments and Buildings of Przemyśl Archive, Przemyśl 1996
The Diploma of Emperor Joseph II from 1789 Restoring the Local Power to Przemyśl, Przemyśl 1990
Ukrainian Organisations in the Light of Report of the Starosts from 1939
Resources for the History of the Peasant Movement in the State Archive in Przemyśl
"Był taki czas. U źródeł akcji odwetowej w Pawłokomie". Przemyśl 2000. wyd. Archiwum Państwowego w Przemyślu
Kazimierz Karol Arłamowski, Przemyśl 1982
Influence of October Revolution over an Increase of Revolutionary Movements in Przemyśl (Lecture), Przemyśl 1977
Tadeusz Troskolański, Przemyśl 1981
"Walki polsko-ukraińskie w Przemyślu i okolicy listopad-grudzień 1918" - Przemyśl 1993
"Rozwój i działalność PPR na terenie miasta i powiatu przemyskiego w latach 1944-1948" - (w:) Przemyskie Zapiski Historyczne z 1974
Źródła do dziejów ziem województwa tarnobrzeskiego w zasobie Archiwum Państwowego w Przemyślu
Sprawozdanie Archiwum Państwowego w Przemyślu za lata 1993–1995; Recenzje i omówienia
Żydzi w świetle sprawozdań starostów z lat 1938–1939: [źródła]
Zmiany demograficzne w południowo - wschodniej Polsce w latach 1939 - 1950, Przemyśl 2002
Przywilej lokacyjny miasta Przeworska z 1393 roku, Przemyśl 1992
Akta dotyczące stosunków polsko-ukraińskich w zasobie Archiwum Państwowego w Przemyślu;
Zdzisław Konieczny.  Okupacyjny spis ludności z 1 marca 1943 roku w 11 powiatach południowo-wschodnich dystryktów lubelskiego i krakowskiego Generalnego Gubernatorstwa
Materiały źródłowe do dziejów ruchu ludowego w zasobie Archiwum Państwowego w Przemyślu;
Gimnazjum i Liceum w Przeworsku w latach 1911–1991. Zarys dziejów, Przeworsk 1992
Walki polsko - ukrainskie w Przemyślu i okolicy - listopad, grudzień 1918 r.,

References

External links
Municipal archive in Przemyśl. "Our History"
 Pawłokoma: niech przemówi historia, a nie polityka (interview with Zbigniew Konieczny), Nasz Dziennik, 2006-05-10

1930 births
2016 deaths
20th-century Polish historians
Polish male non-fiction writers
Historians of Poland
Historians of Ukraine


Doran Regional Park is a regional park south of Bodega Bay, California, U.S.A. that is maintained by the Sonoma County Regional Parks Department. It covers an area of . It is located at  on the sand spit separating Bodega Harbor from Bodega Bay. The park address is 201 Doran Beach Road, Bodega Bay, CA.

Facilities and features
The park features a sandy beach (Doran Beach), a boat launch, picnic areas, and year-round camping.  Other amenities include flush toilets and showers. Sea lions can sometimes be heard barking from offshore.

Doran Regional Park has 120 pet friendly campsites for tents, trailers and RVs that feature potable water, fire rings, picnic tables, and full-service restrooms with showers nearby. The Shell, Gull and Cove campgrounds are bordered by the Bodega Harbor and the Jetty campground is between the harbor and the beach.

History
Doran Regional Park was once part of a ranch owned by William (Billy) Doran, who lived on a low hill just above the outer bay and south of the park. During World War II, the government took control of the bay portion of Doran Ranch through eminent domain to create a safe harbor for rescue operations and constructed the jetties at the mouth of the harbor with locally quarried rock. After the war, the land eventually passed to the County and the beach was established as a formal park in the late 1960s.  The Coast Guard Station Bodega Bay is located within the boundaries of the park.

Marine Protected Areas
Bodega Head State Marine Reserve & Bodega Head State Marine Conservation Area and Estero Americano State Marine Recreational Management Area protect area waters.  Like underwater parks, these marine protected areas help conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems.

See also
 List of Sonoma County Regional Parks facilities
 List of beaches in Sonoma County, California
 List of California state parks
 Sonoma Coast State Beach

References

External links

Parks in Sonoma County, California
Regional parks in California
Beaches of Sonoma County, California
Bodega Bay
Beaches of Northern California


Avas or Avantas (Greek, modern: Άβαντας, katharevousa: Άβας, Bulgarian: Дервент, Turkish: Dervent) is a village in the southern part of the Evros regional unit, Greece.  Avantas is located 10 km north of Alexandroupoli.  It is on the Greek National Road 53 (Alexandroupoli - Mikro Dereio - Ormenio), between Alexandroupoli to the south and Aisymi to the north.  In 2011 its population was 527.

Population

History

The village was founded by the Ottoman Turks. Its inhabitants were 3/4 Bulgarian and 1/4 Turkish before the Balkan Wars and the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922). According to professor Lyubomir Miletich, the 1912 population contained 320  Bulgarian families.  Refugees from east of the Evros river and from Asia Minor arrived into the village. Its name was changed from the Turkish Dervent to the current Avas.

People

Mitro Karabeljata, Revolutionary leader and strategist of Tane Nikolov

See also

List of settlements in the Evros regional unit

References

External links
Avas or Avantas on GTP Travel Pages

Alexandroupolis
Populated places in Evros (regional unit)


Tertiary Highway 802, commonly referred to as Highway 802, is a provincially maintained tertiary road in the Canadian province of Ontario, located in Thunder Bay District. The  route branches both north and south from Highway 11 to connect with the community of Kashabowie and the ghost town of Burchell Lake, respectively. The highway was established in 1962 at the peak of operations of the Burchell Lake mine. Although the mine and town were subsequently abandoned in 1966, the highway remains under provincial jurisdiction. The section that travels concurrently with Highway11 forms part of the Trans-Canada Highway.

Route description
Highway 802 is a  route that branches both north and south from Highway11 approximately  west of Thunder Bay. The north branch travels  to the community of Kashabowie, ending at a crossing of the Canadian National Railway (CNR). The south branch begins  to the west of the north branch, and travels  to the ghost town of Burchell Lake, ending at a locked gate.
Highway11, which forms part of the Trans-Canada Highway, connects the two branches; it is listed as a concurrency with Highway802.
The north branch is also known as Kashabowie Road, while the south branch is known as Burchell Lake Road.

While the Ministry of Transportation is responsible for maintaining Highway802, the Public Transportation and Highway Improvement Act stipulates that this "does not include the clearing or removal of snow therefrom or the application of chemicals or abrasives to the icy surfaces thereof." Furthermore, the Ministry is "not liable for any damage sustained... using a tertiary road."
Traffic levels along the route are low, with approximately 40vehicles travelling the north branch and 30vehicles travelling the south branch on an average day in 2016.
The speed limit along the north branch is , while along the south branch it is , as of 2022.

History
Highway802 follows a road that was originally built in 1901 to link the mineral exploration site at Burchell Lake with the train station at Kashabowie, along the newly-opened CNR (then the Canadian Northern Railway) tracks. The site, where copper was discovered by three prospectors in 1876, quickly grew following the opening of the new transportation link. Fluctuations in the price of copper would result in the closure of the Tip Top Mine following World War I. Interest in the site was renewed in the 1950s, and a town site constructed in 1956. The new mine began full operations extracting copper and gold in 1960, with Burchell Lake boasting a population of almost 400 at its peak.

The Department of Highways, predecessor to the modern Ministry of Transportation, having recently opened up Highway11 to Atikokan, took over the access road to the mine and to Kashabowie on April19, 1962, and designated on May24 .
However, operations at the mine were short-lived, and it closed permanently on August5, 1966. Despite this, the southern branch of the highway has remained under provincial jurisdiction.

Major intersections

References

802
Roads in Thunder Bay District


Kashabowie is an unincorporated place and Compact Rural Community in southwestern Thunder Bay District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is on the Canadian National Railway Kashabowie Subdivision main line, built originally as the Canadian Northern Railway transcontinental main line, between the Planet flag stop to the west and the Postans flag stop to the east, and has a passing siding.

Kashabowie is located on Ontario Highway 802,  north of Ontario Highway 11, at the southwest tip of Kashabowie Lake, part of the Kashabowie River system.

References

Communities in Thunder Bay District


Freeman Victor Horner (June 7, 1922 – December 1, 2005) was a United States Army officer and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.

Biography

Horner joined the army from Shamokin, Pennsylvania, in January 1941, and by November 16, 1944, was serving as a staff sergeant in Company K, 119th Infantry Regiment, 30th Infantry Division. On that day, in Würselen, Germany, he single-handedly attacked three German machine gun positions and killed or captured the soldiers manning them. For these actions, he was awarded the Medal of Honor a year later, on October 12, 1945.

Horner reached the commissioned officer rank of major and served in the Korean War before leaving the Army. He died at age 83 in Columbus, Georgia. A section of U.S. Route 27 in Cataula, Georgia, as well as Georgia Route 219 in Columbus, Georgia, was named for him. He was married to Joyce Farmer Lott, who cared for him after his 1990 brain aneurysm. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington County, Virginia.

Medal of Honor citation
Horner's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
S/Sgt. Horner and other members of his company were attacking Wurselen, Germany, against stubborn resistance on 16 November 1944, when machinegun fire from houses on the edge of the town pinned the attackers in flat, open terrain 100 yards from their objective. As they lay in the field, enemy artillery observers directed fire upon them, causing serious casualties. Realizing that the machineguns must be eliminated in order to permit the company to advance from its precarious position, S/Sgt. Horner voluntarily stood up with his submachine gun and rushed into the teeth of concentrated fire, burdened by a heavy load of ammunition and hand grenades. Just as he reached a position of seeming safety, he was fired on by a machinegun which had remained silent up until that time. He coolly wheeled in his fully exposed position while bullets barely missed him and killed 2 hostile gunners with a single, devastating burst. He turned to face the fire of the other 2 machineguns, and dodging fire as he ran, charged the 2 positions 50 yards away. Demoralized by their inability to hit the intrepid infantryman, the enemy abandoned their guns and took cover in the cellar of the house they occupied. S/Sgt. Horner burst into the building, hurled 2 grenades down the cellar stairs, and called for the Germans to surrender. Four men gave up to him. By his extraordinary courage, S/Sgt. Horner destroyed 3 enemy machinegun positions, killed or captured 7 enemy, and cleared the path for his company's successful assault on Wurselen.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

Notes

References

External links
 Photograph of Horner and Truman at the Medal of Honor ceremony October 12, 1945

1922 births
2005 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
People from Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania
United States Army officers
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
Military personnel from Pennsylvania


The Chemical Feast: Ralph Nader's Study Group Report on the Food and Drug Administration is a 1970 book usually associated with the name of Ralph Nader, who wrote its Introduction, but authored by public interest, regulatory affairs attorney Jim Turner which is critical of the policies and practices of its subject, the United States' Food and Drug Administration.

References
 The Chemical Feast: Ralph Nader's Study Group Report on the Food and Drug Administration; Turner, James S., Project Director; Grossman Publishers, N.Y.; 1970; ,  (hardbound edition: Viking Press; )

1970 non-fiction books
Food and Drug Administration


Doran Park can refer to two places in the United States:
Doran Park, a Cape Cod Baseball League park in Bourne, Massachusetts
Doran Regional Park, a park in Bodega Bay, California


Monticello Municipal Airport may refer to:

Monticello Municipal Airport (Arkansas), in Monticello, Arkansas, United States (FAA: LLQ).
Monticello Regional Airport, formerly Monticello Municipal Airport, in Monticello, Iowa, United States (FAA: MXO)


The Sauvie Island Bridge crosses the Multnomah Channel of the Willamette River near Portland, Oregon, United States. The original Parker truss bridge, built in 1950 with a  main span, was replaced with a tied arch bridge with a  span in 2008 due to cracks discovered in 2001.

In November 2022, the Multnomah County Board of Commissioners voted to rename the bridge (to a yet-to-be-determined name) in honor of the Native Americans that originally lived on Sauvie Island.

Old bridge
Opened on December 30, 1950, the first bridge to Sauvie Island replaced the Sauvie Island Ferry. The $900,000 bridge was designed by the Oregon Department of Transportation and built by Gilpin Construction. Oregon transferred ownership to Multnomah County in 1951. Composed of three steel truss spans, it was a total of  long, with the main span measuring  in length. The approach spans were built of reinforced concrete girders. Green in color, the bridge was  wide and carried two lanes of traffic and had sidewalks on both sides. The main span, a Parker truss, sat  above the water line and handled an average of 3,800 vehicles per day.

New bridge

After cracks were found in the 1950 span in 2001, Multnomah County restricted weight and speed on the bridge. Early designs for a new bridge were submitted in July 2004, and groundbreaking was held on January 4, 2006. The new $38 million span was designed by H2L2 Architecture with David Evans & Associates as the design engineers, and built by Max J. Kuney Company. Located at river mile three, the main span is  long and rests  above the water. The main span is of a tied arch design constructed of steel, while the approach spans are a box-girder style using pre-stressed concrete. The bridge has two lanes of traffic with shoulders and sidewalks on both sides for a total width of 66 feet. The bridge was floated into place after it was constructed.

In March 2006, then-city commissioner Sam Adams proposed reusing the Sauvie Island bridge span as a bicycle/pedestrian bridge over Interstate 405 in downtown Portland, as part of the Burnside/Couch Transportation and Urban Design Plan.  A coalition of Portland community groups including the Pearl District Neighborhood Association and the Bicycle Transportation Alliance supported the idea. Adams ultimately retracted the proposal, realizing the cost would likely be more than the $5.5 million he had originally stated.

The $43 million new bridge opened June 23, 2008. The old bridge was removed in August 2008 and was scrapped at Schnitzer Steel Industries.

See also
 List of crossings of the Willamette River

References

External links

 Sauvie Island Bridge page on Multnomah County website
 Special Coverage of the Flanders Street Bridge Project - BikePortland.org

Bridges over the Willamette River
Bridges completed in 1950
Tied arch bridges in the United States
Bridges completed in 2008
Sauvie Island
Road bridges in Oregon
2008 establishments in Oregon
1950 establishments in Oregon
Steel bridges in the United States
Bridges in Multnomah County, Oregon


Pretty In Puke is the fifth recording and third EP by The Giraffes.  Recorded and mixed at Studio G in Brooklyn NY, by Joel Hamilton, it contains four new songs and a new recording of "I'll Be Your Daddy" which had previously appeared on the EP Helping You Help Yourself in a different version.

Track listing

All songs written by The Giraffes

"This Is Sickness" – 2:33
"Twin Girls" – 3:43
"Tournequet" – 4:35
"Pisda Mati" – 3:38
"I'll Be Your Daddy" – 3:59

References

External links
 The Giraffes // Pretty in Puke at Apesauce Records

The Giraffes (Brooklyn band) albums
2006 EPs


Punch! is a Canadian animated  series that first aired on Teletoon at Night on January 11, 2008, and Télétoon la nuit on January 25, 2008. It was cancelled after a single season of 20 episodes, although both blocks continued to air it very late at night for some time.

References

External links

2000s Canadian adult animated television series
2008 Canadian television series debuts
2008 Canadian television series endings
Canadian adult animated comedy television series
Canadian television series with live action and animation
English-language television shows
Teletoon original programming


Newport Center is the primary village and a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Newport, Orleans County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 231, out of 1,526 in the town of Newport.

The CDP is in northern Orleans County, north of the geographic center of the town. It is in the valley of Mud Creek, a northwest-flowing tributary of the Missisquoi River, which flows west to Lake Champlain.

Vermont Route 105 passes through the village center, leading northwest  to North Troy next to the Canadian border and east-southeast the same distance to the city of Newport on Lake Memphremagog.

References

Populated places in Orleans County, Vermont
Census-designated places in Orleans County, Vermont
Census-designated places in Vermont


Zachary Zarba (born April 28, 1975) is an American professional basketball referee in the National Basketball Association. His first season was in 2004. He wore uniform number 58 until the 2012–2013 season, when he changed to 28. Zach currently wears uniform number 15. Zach has officiated 1,182 regular-season games in 19 seasons as an NBA staff official. He has also refereed 133 playoff games, including 11 NBA Finals games. Other assignments have included the 2016 NBA All-Star Game in Toronto.

Background
Zarba was born in Brooklyn, New York and attended the public schools there, graduating from Midwood High School. Prior to joining the NBA, Zarba officiated in the NBA Development League for two years, where he was part of the crew that officiated the 2003 D-League Finals. He also spent one year officiating in the CBA and two years officiating in the IBL.

Zarba has three years of collegiate officiating experience in the ACC, SEC, Colonial, ASUN, OVC and NEC Conferences. In addition, he has three years of high school officiating experience in New York.

While at New Paltz, Zarba was a member of the basketball team and was named captain his senior season. He graduated with a degree in Political Science. He currently does public and community service work for EBC High School in Bushwick, Brooklyn. He has two kids with his wife, Christiane.

References

1975 births
Living people
Basketball people from New York (state)
Continental Basketball Association referees
Midwood High School alumni
National Basketball Association referees
New Paltz Hawks men's basketball players
Sportspeople from Brooklyn
American men's basketball players


Thomas Macklin (1752/53 – 25 October 1800) was a British printseller and picture dealer. He commissioned many noted painters and engravers for his "Poets Gallery" project and his illustrated folio Bible project.

Life
Macklin was born in 1752 or 1753 and his father may have been the Reverend Garrard Macklin of the Kingdom of Ireland.

Macklin married Hannah Kenting in 1777 and started a printselling business in London in 1779. His first year, his sold 7,000 copies of a print of Rear Admiral Richard Kempenfelt. In 1781, he inherited £20,000, which he used to speculate in the print market.

Macklin is most famous for his Poet's Gallery, a project he announced on 1 January 1787. He planned to commission 100 paintings illustrating famous English poems, which he would publish monthly as engravings between 1790 and 1795. He also held an annual exhibition in Pall Mall, like John Boydell and his Shakespeare Gallery. However, the war with France cut into his profits, as prints could not be traded across the channel, and his partner, Edward Rogers, died. The project produced paintings by Joshua Reynolds, Henry Fuseli, Thomas Gainsborough, John Opie, Angelica Kauffman, Thomas Stothard, and Francis Wheatley. Francesco Bartolozzi engraved many of the prints.

Just two years after beginning the Poet's Gallery, Macklin undertook to publish an illustrated folio Bible in multiple volumes to promote "'the glory of the English school' of painting and engraving and 'the interest of our HOLY RELIGION'". A new typeface and a new kind of paper were designed for the work. The finished Bible had 70 engraved plates, 16 of which were by Philippe Jacques de Louthenbourg. Many of the same artists who were participating in the Poet's Gallery worked on the Bible project. 703 people signed the subscription list, including George III. Macklin's Bible project was expensive to produce: he paid Reynolds £500 for his Holy Family, for example, and the total cost was estimated at £30,000. To realize this project, he was forced to sell some of the paintings from the Poet's Gallery by lottery in 1797.

Macklin died on 25 October 1800, just five days after the last large engraving was finished for the Bible. The vignettes were not finished until six weeks later. According to the Dictionary of National Biography, "[t]he Macklin Bible endures as the most ambitious edition produced in Britain, often pirated but never rivalled."

Macklin's influence was felt in the world of the arts not only as a publisher but also as a patron. The Dictionary of National Biography records that he may have spent as much as £300,000 as a patron of the arts.

Gallery

Notes

References

Bentley, G. E., Jr. "Thomas Macklin". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved on 29 January 2008.

1750s births
1800 deaths
British publishers (people)
Art dealers from London


WHUG (101.9 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Jamestown, New York, United States, the station is currently owned by Media One Radio Group.

Local disc jockeys heard on this station include Dan Warren (The My Country Morning Show; 6-10 am Monday - Friday) Matt Warren (Middays with Matt Warren;- 12-3 pm Monday - Friday) and Chris Sprague (3-7 pm Monday - Friday). Syndicated/national programming on WHUG includes The Lia Show, ZMax Racing Country, Rise Up Country, NASCAR USA and Country Countdown USA.

History
The station went on the air in 1965 at the 101.7 frequency as WXYJ-FM under the ownership of Bud Paxson; it signed on at roughly the same time as what was then its sister station, WNYP-TV. It later changed to WHUG, "Huggin' Country", and ultimately moved to 101.9 MHz; this was part of an agreement between WHUG and WXOX in Attica so that both could increase their power. It has long been Jamestown's country music outlet. The station changed call signs to WMHU, "102 Moo", in January 2001. The station changed its call sign back to the current WHUG in 2004.

From 1994 until his death in 2012, Bruce Baker, another local personality, hosted his long-running three-hour classic country program on the station on Saturday mornings. The classic country block remains on the station in the time slot with other hosts.

References

External links
WHUG official Web site

 FCC History Cards For WHUG (FM) (1965-1980)

Jamestown, New York
HUG


See also the 1911 Paris to Madrid air race.

The Paris–Madrid race of May 1903 was an early experiment in auto racing, organized by the Automobile Club de France (ACF) and the Spanish Automobile Club, Automóvil Club Español.

At the time in France there was a great interest in international car races. In 1894 the Paris–Rouen was the first car race in the world, followed by races from Paris to Bordeaux, Marseilles, Dieppe, Amsterdam, Berlin and Vienna.

The organisation

Problems in getting authorizations
The French government was against the idea of races being held on public streets. After the Paris–Berlin race of 1901, the Minister of Internal Affairs M. Waldeck-Rousseau stated that no other races would be authorized.
The Paris–Madrid was strongly supported by King Alphonse XIII of Spain, and French media suggested that France could not withdraw from the competition, being the country with the most advanced technology in car manufacturing.{{Citation needed}}

Baron de Zuylen, president of the ACF, managed to overcome the opposition of Prime Minister Émile Combes by stating that the roads were indeed public, the public wanted the races, and many local administrators were eager to have a race pass through their towns.

Many French car manufacturers supported the request, employing of over 25 thousand workers and producing 16 million Francs per year of export alone. Since races were necessary to promote the brands, they interceded with the government who finally agreed with the race. The Council of Ministries and the President gave their support to the race on 17 February 1903, while the ACF had been accepting applications since January 15.

The setup
In just 40 days over 300 drivers enrolled, many more than expected. The net worth of the cars involved in the race surpassed 7 million Francs.

The race was to span over 1307 kilometers, in three legs: Versailles – Bordeaux (552 km), Bordeaux – Vitoria (km 335) and Vitoria – Madrid (420 km). The rules were published in the three biggest motor sport magazines of France: France Automobile, La Locomotion, La Vie Automobile.

The rules called for four weight categories: less than 250 kg, 250 to 400 kg, 400 to 650 kg and 650 to 1000 kg. The weight was intended as dry weight, excluding the driver, fuel, batteries, oil, spare parts, tools, food and water, driver's luggage, headlights and lights harnesses, horns and eventual external starter.

The subscription cost ranged from 50 to 400 Francs, depending on weight. The two heaviest classes were supposed to have a driver and a mechanic (weighing no less than 60 kg, the same for the whole race), while the two lighter ones required only a driver.

The starting order was drawn at random between the cars enrolled in the first thirty days, and in progression for the drivers enrolled after February 15. The race start was established for the 3.30 AM of Sunday May 24, from Versailles Gardens, les Jardins de Versailles. As in many races before, the cars were to leave one by one, with a two-minute delay.

The "Absolutely Closed Parks" rule was introduced: at the end each race leg, the cars were to be taken by a commissioner to closed pens, where no repairs or maintenance were allowed. Any refueling or repairs had to be done during the race time. While in transit to the pens, the cars had to cross the towns in parade, accompanied by a race officer on a bicycle who was supposed to record the exact time of the crossing, which was later deducted from the overall driver's time. The time records were written on time slips and kept in sealed metal boxes on every car.

While Versailles – Bordeaux was a mainstay of road races (the Gordon Bennett Cup has been kept there in 1901), the Bordeaux – Vitoria leg presented more uncertainty: it was full of sharp turns, climbs, narrow bridges, rail crossings, stone roads and long, paved stretches where high speeds would be possible.

The participants
315 racers enrolled, but only 224 were present on the start line, subdivided as follows:
 88 cars in the heaviest class (650 to 1000 kg)
 49 cars between 400 and 650 kg
 33 voiturettes under 400 kg
 54 motorcycles

Many famous racers and brands joined the race.
René de Knyff, Henri and Maurice Farman, Pierre de Crawhez, Charles S. Rolls were racing with Panhard-Levassor, mighty 4-cylinders cars capable of 70 hp and 130 km/h

Henri Fournier, William K. Vanderbilt, Fernand Gabriel and Baron de Forest enrolled for the Mors brand, who presented a daring new wind-splitting radiator on the classic bateau frames. The car was very powerful, with 90 hp and a maximum speed of almost 140 km/h

Mercedes deployed 11 cars, ranging from 60 to 90 hp. De Dietrich and many other French brands such as Gobron Billiè, Napier and Charron Girardot shunned the lightest classes and raced only with their most powerful and heavy models. The smallest cars from those brands were still present in the hands of amateurs and private racers. Other French brands included Darracq, De Dion-Bouton, Clément-Bayard, Richard, and Décauville.

Renault joined the race with two cars driven by Marcel Renault and Louis Renault, two founders of the brand and experienced drivers.

Italian manufacturer Fiat presented only two cars, but could count on two of the best drivers of the time, Vincenzo Lancia and Luigi Storero.

The public
French newspapers were excited and covered the race with great enthusiasm. The race was presented as the biggest race since the invention of the car, and over 100,000 people managed to reach Versailles at 2 am for the race start. The first hundred of kilometers of the race track were crowded with spectators, and rail stations were swarmed with people trying to reach Versailles.

The crowd and the darkness convinced the organisers to delay the race start by half an hour, and to reduce the delay between cars to just one minute. The day was expected to be very hot, and the officials wanted to avoid the heat of the late morning.

The race

Start line and first checkpoint

The starting point was in front of the Eau des Suisses (Swiss Lake :fr: Pièce d'eau des Suisses) at the gardens of Versailles. In the early morning of 24 May 1903, participants started at one minute intervals for the first leg to Bordeaux via Saint Cyr, Trappes, Coignières, Le Perray, Rambouillet, Chartres, Clayes, Tours, Ruffec, Angoulême, Chevanceaux, Guitres, Libourne. The first car was expected to arrive at Bordeaux around noon.

The soldiers deployed to manage the crowd proved insufficient, and people swarmed the streets. The first racer to leave, Charles Jarrott with his mechanic Bianchi in a 1000 kg, 45 hp De Dietrich, tried to slow down to 40 miles per hour, to give people time to evacuate the road in front of the car, but it only worsened the problem since people just waited longer to move away.

De Knyff on his Panhard-Levassor left second, followed by Louis Renault in a 650 kg, 30 cv Renault. Théry in Décauville (640 kg, 24 cv), another De Diétrich, a Mors, a Panhard and a light Passy Thellier, (400 kg, 16 cv) were the next. The start took until 6.45 a.m, almost three hours.

The race proved to be very difficult for the drivers: the dangers from the crowd added to the thick dust cloud raised by the cars. The weather had been dry for the prior two weeks, and dust covered the roads. Officials watered down just the first kilometer of road, and the short delay between cars worsened the problem. Visibility dropped to just a few meters, and people stood in the middle of the road to see the cars, becoming a persistent danger for the drivers.

After the first control point in Rambouillet, and the second in Chartres the crowd became less dense. Just after Rambouillet, Louis Renault's wild racing style allowed him to overcome both De Knyff and Jarrott, who were struggling for first place but keeping a more prudent stance to avoid the crowd. Thery and Stead followed at distance, while Jenatzy's Mercedes and Gabriel's Mors were leading an incredible recovery, surpassing 25 cars and achieving a spot in the first ten drivers.

Another incredible feat was achieved by Marcel Renault, who started in the 60th position but managed to almost reach the race leaders at the control point of Poitiers.

Outside of the leading positions, the accidents continued throughout the day; cars hit trees and disintegrated, they overturned and caught fire, axles broke and inexperienced drivers crashed on the rough roads.

The finishing line
Louis Renault reached Bordeaux in first place at noon, while Jarrott, who was racing with a defective clutch and was troubled by mechanical problems to the engine and exhaust, arrived half an hour later followed by Gabriel, Salleron, Baras, de Crawhez, Warden, Rougier, Jenatzy and Voigt. All the drivers were physically exhausted: the cars were heavy, and required a great deal of force to maneuver. Dust made their eyes sore, and many of them had issues with the engines and burned their hands while fixing them. Gabriel, who left as 168th and arrived third, was later recognized as the winner when the time slips were tallied up.

A few big names had to withdraw, and news slowly started coming to the finishing line. Vanderbilt broke a cylinder on his Mors, and had to leave the race. Baron de Caters's Mercedes hit a tree, but was unhurt and probably was fixing the car to keep racing.
Lady race car driver Camille du Gast (Crespin) was placed as high as 8th in her 30 hp De Dietrich until she stopped to help fellow driver E. T. Stead (Phil Stead) who had crashed. She finished 45th. Charles Jarrott, who finished fourth overall with his de Dietrich, asserted that Stead would have died if she had not stopped.

Rumours of accidents
News that a woman was hit by a car and injured at Ablis was later found to be false.

After Marcel Renault became overdue news arrived stating that he had an accident at Couhé Vérac. He died 48 hours later, never regaining consciousness. A memorial to his accident on the RN 10 road in the Poitou-Charentes region of France was destroyed by the Germans during World War II.

Porter's Wolseley was destroyed at a rail crossing where the bar was unexpectedly down. The car hit it and overturned, killing his mechanic. Georges Richard hit a tree in Angoulême, trying to avoid a farmer standing in the middle of the road, and news came that in Châtellerault Tourand's Brunhot had hit spectators while avoiding a child who crossed the road.  A soldier named Dupuy intervened and saved the child, but was killed and the car lost control, killing a spectator.

Further south, another car left the road and went into a group of spectators. Two people were said to be killed in the crowd.

E.T. Stead, (Phil Stead) in the massive De Dietrich, lost control while overtaking another car in Saint-Pierre-du-Palais, and was injured. He was rescued and tended to by the only lady competitor Camille du Gast. The third De Dietrich driven by Loraine Barrow crashed into a tree and was said to have blown up, wounding the driver and killing the mechanic. Barrow had been in bad health before the race, but had to leave nevertheless since the rules forbade a driver change.

Rolls's Panhard-Levassor, Mayhew's Napier, Maurice Farman's Panhard, the Wolseleys of Herbert Austin and Sidney Girling, Béconnais's Darracq all had major technical issues, and had to retire.

Overall, half the cars had crashed or retired, and at least twelve people were presumed dead, and over 100 wounded. The actual count was lower, with eight people dead, three spectators and five racers.

The aftermath

The race is cancelled
The French Parliament reacted strongly to the news of the numerous accidents. An emergency Council of Ministers was called, and the officers were forced to shut down the race in Bordeaux, transfer the cars to Spanish territory and restart from the border to Madrid. The Spanish government denied permission for this, and the race was declared officially over in Bordeaux.

The race was called off, and by order of the French Government the cars were impounded and towed to the rail station by horses and transported to Paris by train. (The cars' engines were not even allowed to be restarted.)

Newspapers and experts declared the "death of sport racing". It was commonly thought that no other races would be allowed, and for many years this was true: there would not be another race on public highways until the 1927 Mille Miglia.

The effects of the race extended to automobile regulations. Motions to outlaw speeding by car at over  were proposed, some calling for the ban to be enforced in races, too.

Public opinion is mixed
While some newspapers, such as Le Temps, used the disaster in a demagogic way to attack the car fashion and the race world, other (such as la Presse) tried to downplay the issue, stating that just 3 "involuntary" victims, the spectators, had been sacrificed on the "altar of Progress". {{Citation needed}}

La Liberté rejected the call for a ban on sport races, since automobile manufacturing was a source of French pride, and the socialist Petite Republique defended the car as a mean of mass empowerment and freedom from work fatigue.{{Citation needed}}

Le Matin supported the opinion first stated by the Marquis de Dion, that speed races were useless, both as a publicity stunt and as testbed for technological improvement. The only useful races were the endurance and fuel efficiency ones. There was a bit of truth in the opinion that race cars had very little in common with common commercial cars, with their oversized engines and extreme solutions.{{Citation needed}}

A specialized magazine, L'Auto, tried to reach consensus on a new set of rules for sport races; fewer drivers and cars, classes based on speed and power (not just weight), and the public placed far away from the race course.{{Citation needed}}

Inquiry on the causes
The first fair and authoritative analysis came from La Locomotion Automobile, which identified the causes of the disaster. The massacre was due to a few concurrent factors:
 Speed. Cars raced at over 140 km/h, a speed not reached even by the fastest trains of the time.
 Dust, which worsened the driving conditions and was direct cause of a few accidents.{{Citation needed}}
 Excessive and poorly managed public, worsened by an inadequate crowd control and a general underestimation of the danger involved in a car race.{{Citation needed}}

The police force was accused of being more interested in the race than the public safety, forgetting to intervene when people crossed the road or stood in it. The organization was held responsible for poor choices. The random start order was a mess, since faster and more powerful cars were mixed with slower and smaller ones, causing many unneeded overtakings. Some drivers (such as Mouter in the De Dietrich) managed to advance almost 80 places, just because they started far back and had many small cars and amateur drivers ahead. The interval between starts was reduced to one minute only, worsening the dust problem and randomly mixing in motorcycles, voiturettes and race cars.{{Citation needed}}

The rule preventing a driver change before the race start was also under scrutiny. Some drivers, it was said including Marcel Renault, had health problems at the start line but had to race because the brands could not retire a vehicle, and no driver change was possible.{{Citation needed}}

Causes of accidents
The London's weekly magazine The Car verified the death claims, discovering that some of them were only rumours, and investigated the actual causes.{{Citation needed}}

In the Angoulême accident killing the soldier and a spectator, it was discovered that the child was at fault, having crossed the road after escaping his parents.

The accident at the rail cross that occurred to Porter was a fault of the organization, since the cross was not attended. The leading hypothesis about a loss of control due to a mechanical failure was dismissed.

Barrow's car did not blow up, it hit a dog while avoiding another one and crashed into a tree, but did not explode or burn. The idea of an engine exploding had great appeal to the public, but was a product of ignorance and hype.

Marcel Renault's and Stead's accidents were the only true racing incidents, and were both due to the excessive dust impairing visibility during an overtaking. The blame was put on the officers and the rules, and the death toll was deemed surprisingly low given those premises.{{Citation needed}}

Political consequences
French Prime Minister Émile Combes, was accused of being partially responsible, because he agreed to allow the race to proceed. He tried to explain that he did not know cars could be so fast and dangerous.
He claimed to be against any restriction on the automotive makers, and both Parliament and Senate agreed with a formal vote in support of his decision. {{Citation needed}}

Just a few days after the disaster, the newspapers lost interest in the Paris–Madrid race. The sport pages were all about another race, at the Ardennes racetrack the following 22 June. {{Citation needed}}

Notes and references

Sources

 Donatella Biffignandi: "Parigi-Madrid 1903. Una corsa che non ebbe arrivo", Auto d'Epoca gennaio 2003
 Paris - Madrid Race of 1903 The race to Death

Auto races
1903 in motorsport
Motorsport in Europe
Motorsport in France
Motorsport in Spain
May 1903 sports events


Dina Temple-Raston is a Belgian-born American journalist and award-winning author. She is a member of NPR's Breaking News Investigations team and was previously the creator, host, and correspondent of NPR's "I'll Be Seeing You" radio specials on technologies that watch us. She also created, hosted and reported an Audible podcast called "What Were You Thinking," which Entertainment Weekly named as one of the best new podcasts of 2018 Feb 23 issues, saying it was "a provocative series which tells the stories of teenagers who've made the worst kinds of choices -- joining ISIS, planning a school shooting -- before analyzing the impulses behind them." In a review, The Washington Post wrote that it was "the podcast every parent needs to hear."

Temple-Raston had previously served as NPR's counter-terrorism correspondent for more than a decade and she is the author of four award-winning books of narrative non-fiction including A Death in Texas: A Story of Race, Murder and a Small Town's Struggle for Redemption, about the James Byrd murder in Jasper, Texas; and "The Jihad Next Door: Rough Justice in the Age of Terror," which looks at being Muslim in America post 9-11.

Early life and education
Temple-Raston was born in Brussels, Belgium, on 25 August 1965 or 1964. Her first language was French. She graduated from Redwood High School in Larkspur, California, in 1982. She received her Bachelor of Arts with honors from Northwestern University in 1986.  She went on to study at Liaoning University, Shenyang, China, graduating with a degree in Chinese Language in 1989.  In 2006, she earned a master's degree in journalism from New York's Columbia University.

Journalistic career
In March 2007, she joined the staff of NPR and traveled all over the world covering terrorism attacks and trends. She took a leave in 2017 to create the "What Were You Thinking" podcast, the first season of which was released in 2018. She was chosen for a Nieman Fellowship at Harvard in 2013. These fellowships are given to mid-career journalists. She previously worked as City Hall Bureau Chief for the New York Sun, as a producer for CNNfn and as a White House correspondent for Bloomberg News.  One of the news services earliest employees, Temple-Raston was recruited while living in Asia and opened Bloomberg's Shanghai and Hong Kong offices and covered financial markets and economics for both USA Today and CNNfn. She began her professional career as special foreign assistant for the Liaoning Provincial Government, Shenyang, China, followed by a stint with AsiaWeek in Hong Kong.

Bibliography
Her first book, A Death in Texas, about the aftermath of a white supremacist murder in a small town, won the Barnes & Noble Discover Great New Writers Program Award and was chosen as one of The Washington Post'''s Best Books of 2002.  Her second work, Justice on the Grass, on the role the radio station Radio Mille Collines played in the 1994 Rwandan genocide, was a Foreign Affairs magazine bestseller.  She has written extensively on civil liberties and national security, including In Defense of Our America (co-written with Anthony D. Romero) on civil liberties in post-9/11 America.  The Jihad Next Door'' is her fourth work of non-fiction was published in 2007 and is about the Lackawanna Six, America's first  sleeper cell.

References

American women journalists
American reporters and correspondents
NPR personalities
Counterterrorism
Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni
Liaoning University alumni
Northwestern University alumni
1965 births
Living people
21st-century American journalists
21st-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American women writers
American women non-fiction writers
Belgian emigrants to the United States
Redwood High School (Larkspur, California) alumni


"Don't Explain" is a song written by jazz singer Billie Holiday and Arthur Herzog Jr. It was Billie Holiday’s final song.

Overview
In her 1956 autobiography, Holiday cites the infidelity of her first husband, Jimmy Monroe, as the inspiration for this song; specifically, an instance in which Monroe's woeful attempt to explain away lipstick on his collar elicits Holiday's disgusted response: "Take a bath, man; don't explain."

Recording session
Session #52: New York City, November 8, 1944, Decca, Toots Camarata and His Orchestra, with Russ Case (trumpet), Hymie Schertzer, Jack Cressey (alto saxophone), Larry Binyon and Dave Harris (tenor saxophone), Dave Bowman (piano), Carl Kress (guitar), Haig Stephens (bass), George Wettling (drums), Billie Holiday (vocals), and six strings.

Notable cover versions

 Helen Merrill (1954)
 George Shearing (1956)
 John Coltrane (1957)
 Abbey Lincoln (1957)
 Charlie Byrd (1958)
 Wes Montgomery (1959)
 Anita O'Day – for her album Trav'lin' Light (1961)
 Dinah Washington – I Wanna Be Loved (1962).
 Dexter Gordon (1962)
 Nina Simone – in her album Let It All Out (1966)
 Carmen McRae – included in her album Woman Talk (1966)
 Lou Rawls (1966)
 Diana Ross – for the album Lady Sings the Blues (1972)
 Grover Washington, Jr. (1973)
 Rosemary Clooney – for her album Here's to My Lady (1978)
 Nikki Sudden & Rowland S. Howard (1987)
 Mary Black (1987)
 Dos (1989)
 Robert Palmer – Don't Explain (1990)
 Dušan Prelević (1991)
 Elkie Brooks  – Round Midnight (1993)
 Natalie Cole – for her album Take a Look (1993)
 Miki Howard (1993)
 Diana Ross (1993)
 Gabrielle Goodman with Kevin Eubanks (1993)
 Etta James – Mystery Lady: Songs of Billie Holiday (1994)
 Regina Carter (1995)
 Dakota Staton (1996)
 Vanessa Daou (1996)
 Molly Johnson (2000)
 Sarah Vaughan (2001)
 Angela McCluskey (2002)
 Rita Reys (2004)
 Herbie Hancock with Damien Rice and Lisa Hannigan (2005)
 Lisa Stansfield (2005)
 Lils Mackintosh (2005)
 David Clayton-Thomas (2006) (In Concert: A Musical Biography).
 Inger Marie Gundersen – included in her album "By Myself" (2006)
 Nnenna Freelon (2007)
 Cat Power (2008)
 Oleta Adams (2009) - Let's Stay Here album.
 DeeDee Bridgewater (2010)
 Beth Hart & Joe Bonamassa (2011)
 Malia (2012)
 Xiu Xiu (2013)
 Mariah Carey (2014)
 Mark Steiner & His Problems (2014)
 Nancy Kelly (2014)
 Cassandra Wilson (2015)
 Rebecca Ferguson – Lady Sings the Blues (2015)
 Snoh Aalegra (2016)

Trivia
Lyrics from "Don't Explain" were sung by Carlo Marx (portrayed by actor Tom Sturridge) in the 2012 film adaptation by Walter Salles of the novel by Jack Kerouac, On the Road, which premiered at the Cannes Film Festival.

References

External links
 Billie Holiday discography
 "Don't Explain" lyrics
 "Don't Explain" at Jazz Standards

1944 songs
1946 singles
Billie Holiday songs
Songs written by Billie Holiday
Songs written by Arthur Herzog Jr.
Torch songs
1940s jazz standards
Songs about infidelity


Monty McCutchen (born February 14, 1966) is a former professional basketball referee who has worked in the National Basketball Association (NBA) since the 1993-1994 season.
  He is now the league Senior Vice President of Referee Development and Training.

NBA Finals Assignments
2017 Finals, Game 3 Golden State Warriors (118) @ Cleveland Cavaliers (113)

2016 Finals, Game 7 Cleveland Cavaliers (93) @ Golden State Warriors (89)

2016 Finals, Game 5 Cleveland Cavaliers (112) @ Golden State Warriors (97)

2016 Finals, Game 3 Golden State Warriors (90) @ Cleveland Cavaliers (120)

2015 Finals, Game 5: Cleveland Cavaliers (91) @ Golden State Warriors (104)

2015 Finals, Game 1: Cleveland Cavaliers (100) @ Golden State Warriors (108) (OT)

2014 Finals, Game 3: San Antonio Spurs (111) @ Miami Heat (92)

2013 Finals, Game 7: San Antonio Spurs (88) @ Miami Heat (95)

2013 Finals, Game 5: Miami Heat (104) @ San Antonio Spurs (114)

2013 Finals, Game 1: San Antonio Spurs (92) @ Miami Heat (88)

2012 Finals, Game 5: Oklahoma City Thunder (106) @ Miami Heat (121)

2012 Finals, Game 1: Miami Heat (94) @ Oklahoma City Thunder (105)

2011 Finals, Game 4: Miami Heat (83) @ Dallas Mavericks (86)

2010 Finals, Game 6: Boston Celtics (67) @ Los Angeles Lakers (89)

2010 Finals, Game 2: Boston Celtics (103) @ Los Angeles Lakers (94)

2009 Finals, Game 2: Orlando Magic (96) @ Los Angeles Lakers (101) (OT)

Personal life
McCutchen is married with two children and resides near Asheville, North Carolina. In the offseason, he is an avid photographer who is also active in ranching.
Before basketball, he was a substitute teacher at Thomas Edison middle school in south central Los Angeles. Currently working as the Head of Referee Training & Development at NBA.

References

National Basketball Association referees
Living people
1966 births
People from San Angelo, Texas
University of Texas at Arlington alumni
Continental Basketball Association referees


The Rev (Samuel Smith) is a fictional character, a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Mike Baron and Klaus Janson, the character made his first appearance in The Punisher Vol. 2, #4 (November 1987). He is an enemy of the Punisher.

Publication history

The Rev was introduced in The Punisher Vol. 2, #4-5, and reappeared three years later in the same title, in a storyline that occurred in Issues #35 to #40. He also received a profile in Marvel Encyclopedia #5.

The character was based on Jim Jones, creator of the Peoples Temple.

Fictional character biography

The Church of the Saved

Samuel "the Rev" Smith was born in Terre Haute and, despite being an atheist, attained recognition due to his faith healing, and blend of socialism and religious fervor, which led to him founding the Church of the Saved in Bedford–Stuyvesant. As his congregation (which consisted primarily of downtrodden minorities) grew, the Rev prepared to move out of the "fascist, racist United States" and into Dutch Guiana.

When an arms dealer refuses to sell to him, the Rev has the man killed, which prompts the Punisher to infiltrate the Church of the Saved. The Punisher's first mission as a member of the cult sees the Rev ordering him and two others to obtain a videotape in the possession of an unstable reporter, who intends to create a documentary about the Church of the Saved. The Punisher (who acquires the tape, and keeps it for himself) is fatally shot by the deranged journalist, but is healed by the Rev. Afterward, the Punisher watches the tape, which shows the Rev murdering a man who had tried to leave the Church.

The Rev has everyone board a ship to "Smithtown" in Dutch Guiana, where he has the Punisher train the congregation in preparation for what the Rev claims will be an imminent attack by the United States. The Rev keeps the local authorities and government officials appeased with his harem, while he and his sister draw up plans to assassinate a visiting American congressman, and to poison their followers with potassium cyanide for a "revolutionary" mass suicide.

When he happens upon the Rev's second in-command executing alleged traitors, the Punisher makes his move, assaulting the Rev and his sister in their quarters. The Punisher shoots the Rev in the stomach, forces his sister to flee, and announces to the Church of the Saved that the Rev gave his life for them, and that it was his dying wish that they "work for change" back in the United States.

Venezuela

The Rev survived and, concluding that evil is more powerful than good, comes to worship Belasco, who he believes to be Lucifer, and the source of his powers. Establishing a base in a Tepui temple, the Rev enslaves a village, and forces the tribesmen to cultivate a rare plant that can be used to create a sterility-inducing drug. With the drug, Belasco intends to purge humanity, save for a few individuals, such as the Rev.

The Rev breaks Jigsaw (whose face he promises to heal) out of Ryker's Island, and places him in charge of a shipment of the drug that is to be tested in New York City. When the Punisher destroys the drug shipment, the Rev breaks into a suburban home, and stabs the family within to death in the name of Lucifer. After Jigsaw fails to kill the Punisher, he and the Rev travel to Tepui. Once in his temple, the Rev orders Jigsaw to shoot a disloyal slave, and to deal with the approaching Punisher.

Later, the Rev performs a ritual in which he severs and regrows his own limbs, an act witnessed by Jigsaw. The Rev is coerced at gunpoint to fix Jigsaw's face, and afterward they are confronted by a scarred Punisher, who kills Jigsaw. To prove his power, the Rev summons Belasco, who forces the Punisher to flee, pursued by Jigsaw, who was resurrected by the Rev. The Rev is then instructed by Belasco to dump the sterility drug into the Gulf Stream.

The Punisher defeats and re-scars Jigsaw, catches up with the Rev, forces him to heal his mangled face, and allows him to board a helicopter. When the Rev tries to shoot him from the helicopter, the Punisher blows it up with a planted bomb; as the vehicle goes down in flames, the Rev fruitlessly screams for help from Belasco.

Powers and abilities

The Rev possessed healing powers, which he has had since childhood, that were extensive enough to regrow limbs, and resurrect the dead (though in that instance, he may have been assisted by Belasco). The source of his abilities are unrevealed; the Punisher speculated that the Rev was a mutant, while the Rev himself believed that his powers were demonic in nature, though in his final appearance he began questioning this.

References

External links
 Samuel Smith at Marvel Wikia

 Reverend Sammy Smith at Comicvine

Fictional Satanists
Punisher characters
Fictional cult leaders
Fictional mass murderers
Sterilization in fiction
Fictional characters from Indiana
Fictional characters with death or rebirth abilities
Comics characters introduced in 1987
Fictional characters based on real people
Marvel Comics characters with accelerated healing


Utricularia panamensis is a small carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. panamensis, a lithophyte, is endemic to Panama and is only known from the type location and other collections in the same area. It was first described by Peter Taylor in 1977 as Utricularia sp. and later published as U. panamensis in 1986.

See also
 List of Utricularia species

References

Carnivorous plants of Central America
Flora of Panama
panamensis
Plants described in 1977


Although tram systems date to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many old systems were closed during the mid-20th century because of the advent of automobile (including bus) travel. This was especially the case in North America, but postwar reductions and shutdowns also occurred on British, French and other Western European urban rail networks. However, traditional tramway systems survived, and eventually even began to thrive from the late 20th century onward, some eventually operating as much as when they were first built over a century ago. Their numbers have been augmented by modern tramway or light rail systems in cities which had discarded this form of transport.

Africa

Egypt

Although Cairo and Alexandria have historic systems which still exist, the once-extensive Cairo urban system is nearly defunct. The express tram line to and within Masr el-Djedida (Heliopolis) is still in operation. It is an example of a surviving interurban electric railway, the ancestor of light rail. A small 1970s system in the city of Helwan,  south, is still operational. Some of Cairo's cars are former Toronto Transit Commission PCC streetcars.

Alexandria's urban system and express routes to its eastern suburbs are still in operation. The urban system operates yellow cars (including some acquired from Copenhagen), primarily on street track. The express system (Ramleh routes) operates three-car blue trains, including some double-deck cars, on largely reserved track. There are also some dual-system routes.

Ethiopia
In Ethiopia, construction by China Railway Group Limited was ongoing on Addis Ababa Light Rail in 2013. The Ethiopian Railway Corporation began construction of the  double-track electrified light rail project in December 2011, funded by the Export-Import Bank of China. Initially, the system would have two lines. The project was expected to take three years to complete, and trial operations began in early 2015.

Mauritius
In Mauritius, the Metro Express light rail system was inaugurated in 2019, and opened for general use in January 2020. This was the first rail system to operate on the island since the closure of the heavy rail system in the 1960s.

Nigeria
Abuja's light rail network began operation in 2018, the first of its kind in West Africa.

Tunisia

Tunis had traditional trams until about 1960. A new light-rail line began operation in 1985, and has been followed by other systems.

South Africa
Public transport in South Africa began in Cape Town in May 1801, when a weekly coach service to Simon's Town was announced. The Cape's first horse-drawn omnibus was introduced, based on George Shilbeer's model. The Cape Town and Green Point Tramway Company was formed in September 1862, and began operations on April 1, 1863.

Single- and double-deck horse-drawn trams were used. Cape Town's electric tram system initially had ten cars which were built in Philadelphia. Lady Sivewright, the wife of James Sivewright, opened the new system on August 6, 1896. At the time of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897, Cape Town and its suburbs had 32 electric trams running on about  of track. The new power station was inadequate, and had to be expanded. Tram service also existed in Pretoria, Durban and Johannesburg (where the Rand Tram, the suburban railway to Boksburg, opened in 1890), but were replaced by petrol, diesel and trolleybus systems by the early 1960s.

Asia

Although tram systems were well-established in Asia at the start of the 20th century, they began a steady decline during the mid to late 1930s. The 1960s marked the end of the continent's dominance in public transportation, with most major systems closed and their equipment and rail sold for scrap; however, a number of systems continue to operate in the Russian Far East and Japan. Kolkata has Asia's oldest operating electric tram system which currently runs 6 routes, operating since 1902. There is rekindled interest in tram transport with surviving systems being upgraded and new systems being constructed. In China, several new systems have opened in the past few years with several more under construction.

The first Japanese tram line began in 1895 as the Kyoto Electric Railroad. The tram reached its zenith in 1932, when 82 rail companies operated  of track in 65 cities. Its popularity declined during the rest of the decade, a trend accelerated by the Pacific War, the occupation of Japan and the rebuilding years. Although many of the remaining tramways were shut down and dismantled in favor of auto, bus, and heavy rail service during the 1960s, A few tram systems remained in smaller Japanese cities.

Europe

Much tramway infrastructure was lost during the mid-20th century in many European cities, although not on the same scale as in other parts of the world (such as North America). Most of Eastern Europe retained tramway systems until recently, but some cities are reconsidering their transport priorities. Some Western European cities are rehabilitating, upgrading, expanding and reconstructing old tramway lines, and many Western European towns and cities are building new tram lines.

Central America

Panama
Trams in Panama predate the country's founding; electric tram service began in 1893 in Panama City, in what was then Colombia. In 1913, cable cars began operating in Colon. Panama Metro began operating the first subway in mainland Central America, a 12-station system, on April 5, 2014.

Guatemala
Metro Riel is the name given to the light rail system proposed for Guatemala City.

Nicaragua
Managua LRT is the name to the given light rail system proposed for Managua.

North America

In North America (especially the United States), trams are generally known as streetcars or trolleys; a "tram" is a tourist trolley, an aerial tramway or a people mover. Streetcar lines were largely torn up during the mid-20th century for a variety of financial, technological and social reasons, and comparably few exist today. The Sistema de Tren Eléctrico Urbano in Guadalajara, Mexico has the highest annual ridership among light rail systems in North America.

Canada

Most of the country's streetcar systems disappeared after World War II, giving way to buses:
 Windsor (1937)
 Kitchener Public Utilities Commission (1946)
 North Vancouver (1947)
 Nova Scotia Light and Power Company, Limited, Halifax (1949)
 Edmonton Radial Railway, Saskatoon Municipal Railway and Hamilton Street Railway (1951)
 Vancouver (1955)
 Ottawa Transportation Commission and Montreal Tramways Company (1959)

Toronto's system grew with the abandonment of streetcar operations in the United States and the rest of Canada, as the Toronto Transit Commission purchased cars from many former operators. The Toronto system grew to become the largest streetcar system in the Americas.

During the late 20th century, several cities installed light rail systems (partially along the same corridors as the streetcars). Some have restored their old streetcars and run them as a heritage ride for tourists; an example is the Vancouver Downtown Historic Railway.

United States

Horsecars were in use on New York City streets as early as 1832, and the St. Charles Avenue Line of New Orleans' streetcar system is the oldest continuously operating street railway system in the world, beginning operation as a horse-drawn system in 1835. Motive power was eventually largely transitioned to steam engine-hauled locomotives, then in 1873 the first practical cable car line was tested in San Francisco. As electric traction became popular, streetcar and interurban systems proliferated across the United States. Passenger interurban railways had largely declined in use by the late 1920s. The Great Depression led to the closure of many streetcar lines, but World War II stopped the closure of many systems as they provided transportation during a time when gasoline and rubber tires were rationed. Pittsburgh kept most of its streetcar system (serving the city and many suburbs) until January 27, 1967, making it the longest-lasting large-network U.S. streetcar system.

Exceptions to streetcar closures of the 1960s included the cities of New Orleans, Newark, Seattle, Philadelphia, Boston, and San Francisco. These systems generally had more lines and larger service areas which were replaced by buses or largely scaled back. These surviving "legacy" systems generally used preexisting tunnels, had exclusive right of ways, or were upgraded to light rail specifications around the 1980s.

The San Diego Trolley inaugurated service in 1981 as the first newly built light rail system in the United States since the 1950s. The American Public Transportation Association counts 33 light rail systems operating in the country .

South America

Argentina

Buenos Aires (once known as the City of Trams) had one of the world's most extensive networks, with over 857 km (535 mi) of track. Most of it was dismantled during the 1960s in favor of bus transportation.

The Anglo-Argentine Tramways Company opened Latin America's first underground tram system, Subte Line A, in 1913. The original route was underground and at street level until 1926, and pantograph cars—built by La Brugeoise in Belgium—had low doors at the ends (for boarding from the street) and high doors in the middle (for boarding from a tunnel platform). Subte Line A is arguably one of the continent's first light metros. The vintage carriages (without the end doors) remained in operation until 2013.

Using Line A's surface non-revenue tracks in the Caballito neighborhood, the Asociación Amigos del Tranvía (Friends of the Tramway Association) operates a heritage streetcar service with restored tram and metro cars on weekends and holidays from the Polvorín Workshop. The Tren de la Costa (Coastal Train), a light-rail service running on a right-of-way formerly used from 1891 to 1961, began in 1995. Serving tourists and commuters, it runs from the northern suburbs of Buenos Aires to Tigre along the Paraná River for about . The PreMetro E2 operates as a feeder at the end of Metro Line E in the western suburbs. In central Buenos Aires, the Tranvía del Este (or Puerto Madero Tramway) was an experimental tramway which operated on a  route in the Puerto Madero District from 2007 to 2012 with a single-car Alstom Citadis tram—two cars during the first year—on loan from Madrid. Planned extensions did not come to fruition, and low ridership led to a decision to discontinue service. The  Metrotranvía Mendoza (Mendoza Light Rail) opened for regular service in the city of Mendoza in October 2012, operating on relaid tracks on a former Ferrocarril General San Martín mainline right-of-way with LRVs (light-rail vehicles) acquired from San Diego, California.

Bolivia
In 2020, Bolivia's first light rail network, known as Mi Tren, will begin operation.

Brazil

Brazil has the largest light-rail network in Latin America, with new systems under construction. Rio de Janeiro has the largest system, with three lines, 42 stations and  of rail lines. Santos, Maceio, Fortaleza, Recife, Cariri, Sobral and Cuiaba also have light rail. The city of Santos has a  line with 15 stations. Fortaleza has a , 10-station line. Recife has two lines with nine stations each and  of track. Sobral has a 12-station,  line. The nine-station,
 connects the twin cities of Crato and Juazeiro do Norte. Maceió has a 15-station,  line. Cuiabá, with two lines,  of track and 33 stations, is in the final stages of implementing its light-rail system.

Ecuador
The first line of a new tram system in the Ecuadorian city of Cuenca, the Tranvía de Cuenca (Cuenca Tramway), opened in May 2020.

Oceania

In Oceania, trams are used extensively in Melbourne; all other major cities largely dismantled their legacy networks by the 1970s. Adelaide retained one line between the city and Glenelg (which has been extended), and work on a new line is in progress.

Sydney reintroduced tram service on the Inner West Light Rail line in 1997, with a second CBD and South East Light Rail line opened in 2019. A new Parramatta Light Rail line is currently under construction and will add to light rail in Sydney however will be separate from the other Sydney light rail lines.

The 2010s saw increased investment in new light rail construction with the Gold Coast opening the G:link in 2014, Canberra opening its first light rail line in 2019 and Newcastle opening a new line also in 2019.

Ballarat, Bendigo, Christchurch and Auckland have reintroduced trams as heritage operations.

A distinctive feature of many classic Australasian trams was their early use of a lowered central section between bogies (wheel sets), intended to make passenger access easier by reducing the number of steps required to reach the inside of the vehicle. Cars with this feature were known as "drop-centres".

See also
 List of tram and light rail transit systems (existing, regular public-transit systems)
 List of town tramway systems (includes closed systems)

Notes

References

External links
 A world of trams and urban transit (from Light Rail Transit Association (LRTA))
 UrbanRail.Net (website devoted to world metro and tram system from Robert Schwandl)

Light rail
Tram transport


Robert T. Henry (November 27, 1923 – December 3, 1944) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.

Biography
Henry joined the Army from his birthplace of Greenville, Mississippi in April 1943, and by December 3, 1944, was serving as a private in the 16th Infantry Regiment, 1st Infantry Division. On that day, at Luchem, Germany, he single-handedly charged a German machine gun nest which was preventing the advance of his platoon. Although he was killed before reaching the nest, his attack provided a distraction which enabled his comrades to destroy the position. For this action, he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor six months later, on June 12, 1945.

Henry, aged 21 at his death, was buried at Greenville Cemetery in his hometown of Greenville, Mississippi. The Henry Kaserne in Munich was named in his honor.

Medal of Honor citation
Private Henry's Medal of Honor citation reads:
Near Luchem, Germany, he volunteered to attempt the destruction of a nest of 5 enemy machineguns located in a bunker 150 yards to the flank which had stopped the advance of his platoon. Stripping off his pack, overshoes, helmet, and overcoat, he sprinted alone with his rifle and hand grenades across the open terrain toward the enemy emplacement. Before he had gone half the distance he was hit by a burst of machinegun fire. Dropping his rifle, he continued to stagger forward until he fell mortally wounded only 10 yards from the enemy emplacement. His single-handed attack forced the enemy to leave the machineguns. During this break in hostile fire the platoon moved forward and overran the position. Pvt. Henry, by his gallantry and intrepidity and utter disregard for his own life, enabled his company to reach its objective, capturing this key defense and 70 German prisoners.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

Notes

References

1923 births
1944 deaths
United States Army personnel killed in World War II
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People from Greenville, Mississippi
United States Army soldiers
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor


You Pay for the Whole Seat, but You'll Only Need the Edge is the second album released by the Norwegian rock group Animal Alpha. The track "Fire! Fire! Fire!" was used as a soundtrack in the game MotorStorm: Pacific Rift.

Track listing
All songs composed by Animal Alpha.

 "Pin You All" – 2:55
 "Master Of Disguise" – 3:34
 "Fire! Fire! Fire!" – 3:20
 "Alarm" – 4:10
 "Breed Again" – 4:12
 "In The Barn" – 5:40
 "Even When I'm Wrong, I'm Right" – 3:02
 "Tricky Threesome" – 4:09
 "Marilyn Love Doll" (bonus track) – 5:50

References

Animal Alpha albums
2008 albums


WQFX-FM (103.1 MHz) is a radio station licensed to Russell, Pennsylvania, the station serves the Jamestown, NY and Warren, PA areas. Owned by Media One Radio Group. The station plays a classic rock format as well as newer cuts from the 2000s. The Rock 103 airstaff includes Brian Papalia in the Morning, Kyle Lewis midday, Lee John (former morning man in the 1990s) as well as other syndicated programming such as Nights with Alice Cooper, Live in Concert, Alice Cooper Saturday, and House of Hair. The station also plays local musical talent on the Homegrown show each Sunday Night. The station serves as the area's affiliate for the Cleveland Browns Radio Network and the Sabres Hockey Network.

On August 1, 2019 WQFX returned to its 1990s-era branding of "Rock 103" (having been branded as "103.1 The Fox" for most of the 21st century to that point) and repositioned itself as a mainstream/active rock station with more recent rock tracks.

History
The station went on the air as WGSI on August 15, 1984. On June 22, 1992 the station changed its call sign to WRLP, on July 18, 2000 to the current WQFX,

References

External links

QFX-FM
Radio stations established in 1984
Mainstream rock radio stations in the United States


WQFX may refer to:

 WQFX (AM), a radio station (1130 AM) licensed to Gulfport, Mississippi, United States
 WQFX-FM, a radio station (103.1 FM) licensed to Russell, Pennsylvania, United States