is the self-produced first album released by the Japanese band The Blue Hearts. They had put together albums as an independent band, but this was their first official release. It has a different track listing from their self-titled EP, which was released in the U.S. in 1990.

This album was the most energetic of all The Blue Hearts' albums and over half of the songs were included on the bands "best of" compilation album. Though the single "Hito ni Yasashiku" was written and recorded during their time as an independent band, it was not included on their first album.

In September 2007, Rolling Stone Japan rated The Blue Hearts #3 on their list of "The 100 Greatest Japanese Rock Albums of All Time". It was named number 2 on Bounces 2009 list of "54 Standard Japanese Rock Albums".

Track details
Before making their major debut, The Blue Hearts often sang "Mirai wa Bokura no Te no Naka" to open the second half of their acts. When they were making this album, the plan was to release it as the first song on the cassette's B-side (seventh song overall) to match their acts. However, when they had trouble recording "Blue Hearts Theme", which was supposed to be the first song on the A-side, they decided to make "Mirai wa Bokura no Te no Naka" the first song.

A cover of "Mirai wa Bokura no Te no Naka" was used as the opening theme for the 2007 anime series Gyakkyō Burai Kaiji: Ultimate Survivor, an adaptation of the first arc of Nobuyuki Fukumoto's manga Kaiji.

During the middle and latter parts of the band's career, they often started off live performances with the song. "Blue Hearts Theme" was eventually replaced by "Sekai no Mannaka", the eighth song. "Kime no Tame" was also a replacement song, as "Chain Gang" was shelved due to some lyrical content.

"Owaranai Uta" caused some controversy because of its use of the Japanese word for , which was a word prohibited from broadcast. As a result, the lyrics were not printed on the cassette cover and the words were masked by heavy guitar sounds on the recording.

Two of the songs, "No No No" and "Shōnen no Uta", were originally written for Kōmoto's previous band, The Coats (ザ・コーツ), but were performed and recorded by The Blue Hearts. Also, "Dance Number" is the shortest of all The Blue Hearts' songs.

The track "Linda Linda" was also released as a single, but there were separate recordings for the two releases. The biggest changes are the drums sounds and the addition of a third guitar on the album version. The album version of "Linda Linda" is the one often performed at concerts.

Track listing

References

1987 debut albums
The Blue Hearts albums


Free economy may refer to:

 Freiwirtschaft
 Market economy
 Calculation in kind, also known as a money-free economy


Afton Township may refer to the following townships in the United States:

Arkansas
 Afton Township, Fulton County, Arkansas

Illinois
 Afton Township, DeKalb County, Illinois

Iowa
 Afton Township, Cherokee County, Iowa
 Afton Township, Howard County, Iowa

Kansas
 Afton Township, Sedgwick County, Kansas

North Dakota
 Afton Township, Ward County, North Dakota

South Dakota
 Afton Township, Brookings County, South Dakota
 Afton Township, Sanborn County, South Dakota

Township name disambiguation pages


Dark current spectroscopy is a technique that is used to determine contaminants in silicon.

References

Silicon
Semiconductor device fabrication


José Dutra dos Santos (born 26 January 1948), sometimes known as just Dutra, is a Brazilian former football player and manager.

Career
Dutra was born in Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro state. He played at Bonsucesso, Vasco, Vitória and Remo, and participated of the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City.

Among the clubs he managed, are Sampaio Corrêa, Moto Club, Maranhão, Rio Negro, Paysandu, Tuna Luso, Remo, Anapolina, Ferroviário the Tunisia national team and Moroccan club Wydad Athletic Club. On 26 September 2011, he resigned from his position with Wydad. In 2009 he managed in Sudan and Libya. He last managed CS Constantine in the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1, before resigning his position due to health reasons.

References

1948 births
Living people
Footballers from Rio de Janeiro (city)
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Bonsucesso Futebol Clube players
CR Vasco da Gama players
Clube do Remo players
Esporte Clube Vitória players
Olympic footballers for Brazil
Footballers at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Brazilian football managers
Botola managers
Étoile Sportive du Sahel managers
Al Nassr FC managers
Al-Hilal Club (Omdurman) managers
Al-Ahly SC (Benghazi) managers
Wydad AC managers
CS Constantine managers
Brazilian expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in Tunisia
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Tunisia
Expatriate football managers in Saudi Arabia
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Expatriate football managers in Sudan
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Sudan
Expatriate football managers in Libya
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Libya
Expatriate football managers in Morocco
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Morocco
Expatriate football managers in Algeria
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Algeria


Nina Kind Hakim Provatoroff, known by her stage name of Nina Vanna ( Yazykova; 27 September 1899 – 8 November 1953), was a Russian-born British film actress who appeared in a number of silent films during the 1920s.

She sometimes played in historical dramas, playing Lady Jane Grey in the first of three film versions of her life (Lady Jane Grey; Or, the Court of Intrigue) and Lucrezia Borgia in what may be the first of several versions.

Vanna was married three times, first to Robert Kind from whom she was later divorced, secondly to film director Eric Hakim (1900–1967), whom she also divorced, and finally to an importer/exporter and art collector Peter Provatoroff from 1946 until her death in Banstead, Surrey, UK.

Career
Vanna began her film career in England where she made her debut in Scrooge (1923) as Alice. In the next years followed her leading roles in films, among them A Christmas Carol (1923), Lucrezia Borgia; Or, Plaything of Power (1923), Lady Jane Grey in Lady Jane Grey; Or, The Court of Intrigue (1923), The Man Without Desire (1923), The Cost of Beauty (1924) and The Woman Tempted (1926).

Just before beginning of filming of The Man Without Desire, in which the actress played a young socialite, she was persuaded by Ivor Novello, appearing as a Venetian aristocrat, to change her name to "something that sounded less emetic".

She extended her career to France, Germany and Austria from 1924 with the new films La closerie des Genets (1924), Veille d'armes (1925), Männer vor der Ehe (1927), Café Elektric (1927), Die raffinierteste Frau Berlins (1927), A Murderous Girl (1927), Youth Astray (original title: Was die Kinder ihren Eltern verschweigen, 1927), Was weisst Du von der Liebe/Gefährdete Mädchen (1927), La vie miraculeuse de Thérèse Martin (1930). After a longer pause followed her first and last sound film at the same time with The Show Goes On (1937).

Other movies included Love in an Attic (1923) The School for Scandal (1923), Guy Fawkes (1923), The Money Habit (1924), We Women (1925), Before the Battle (1925), Graziella (1926), The Triumph of the Rat (1926), and Adventure Mad (1926).

Selected filmography
 The Man Without Desire (1923)
 Guy Fawkes (1923)
 The Cost of Beauty (1924)
 The Money Habit (1924)
 We Women (1925)
 The Triumph of the Rat (1926)
 Three Cuckoo Clocks (1926)
 Graziella (1926)
 Men Before Marriage (1927)
 A Murderous Girl (1927)
 Café Elektric (1927)
 Endangered Girls (1927)
 The Show Goes On (1937)

References

External links
article on her

British film actresses
British silent film actresses
Russian film actresses
Russian silent film actresses
20th-century Russian actresses
1899 births
1953 deaths
20th-century British actresses
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United Kingdom


"Love in This Club" is a song by American R&B singer Usher. Featuring rapper Young Jeezy, it was released on February 22, 2008, as the lead single from Usher's fifth studio album, Here I Stand. The song was written by Usher, Polow da Don, Jeezy, Darnell Dalton, Ryon Lovett, Lamar Taylor and Keith Thomas, and produced by da Don, with a Las Vegas-inspired synth-driven beat. Its lyrics refer to seducing someone in a nightclub. The song was originally leaked by da Don prior to its release.

"Love in This Club" reached number one in New Zealand and the United States as well as the top 10 in Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Norway, Scotland, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. The accompanying music video, which received a nomination at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, features cameo appearances from several musicians. In the video, R&B singer Keri Hilson plays Usher's love interest in a club. Usher performed the song at the 2008 BET Awards, as well as on several television programs. A remix of the song, titled "Love in This Club Part II", features Beyoncé and Lil Wayne.

Background
Atlanta-based music producer Polow da Don was inspired to create a beat during his weekend stay in Las Vegas for the MTV Video Music Awards. He said of the song, "If you listen to the beat, the synths and everything has a [Las] Vegas feel to it. Making love in the club, people in [Las] Vegas are kinda wild." He also noted its Euro influences. When he finished working on the material, da Don felt it fit for Usher, hoping that it would keep female listeners interested in Usher's music, as his popularity had declined among women since his marriage to stylist Tameka Foster in July 2007. Da Don and Usher wrote the track with rapper Young Jeezy, Darnell Dalton, Ryon Lovett, Lamar Taylor and Keith Thomas, and it was recorded at Zac Recording, Atlanta and Hitland Studios, Alpharetta.

It was not originally planned for Jeezy to appear on the track. After hearing "Love in This Club", he wanted to contribute to it. Da Don was skeptical, but recorded Jeezy's verse. He played the new version to Usher who, enjoying the new version, allowed the verse to stay. Usher has since called Jeezy "one of the greatest rappers of our generation". According to Alabama rapper Gucci Mane, it was initially intended that he feature on the track, rather than Jeezy.

Composition

"Love in This Club" is a mid-tempo R&B slow jam, with a brass bassline, and shuddering synth-driven beats that have been called "space age" and "sex-drenched" by critics. It contains hip-hop influences. The song's beat consists mainly of synth loops from a Jam Pack from Apple's musical software GarageBand (Euro Hero Synth). Rap-Up likened the song to Lil Jon's song, "Lovers and Friends", on which Usher appeared, while Fraser McAlpine of BBC Radio 1 wrote that it features vague similarities to "No Woman, No Cry" by Bob Marley. According to the sheet music published by Hal Leonard Corporation at Musicnotes.com, the song is written in common time with a tempo of 70 beats per minute and follows the chord progression of C major–E minor–A minor–F major.

About.com's Mark Edward Nero wrote that "on the song, Usher talks about a lust so immediate, so powerful, that it makes him want to get down [and have sex] right then and there". The song's chorus consists of the hook, "I wanna make love in this club". Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly called the lyrics of the song "libidinous".

Release and critical reception
Early in 2008, several songs for Usher's fifth studio album leaked into the Internet, including "Love in This Club". Usher called the incident an "internal conspiracy" because it was unofficially released beyond his awareness. This also happened to the lead single "Yeah!" off his 2004 album Confessions, which was intentionally leaked by its producer, Lil Jon, in 2003. Polow da Don later told that he had leaked "Love in This Club", echoing Lil John's actions. He felt the song would be a hit, but that "it was so much back-and-forth between Usher and his record label" and he was tired of waiting on "label politics". The song was released for sale on February 22, 2008.

The production of "Love in This Club" was praised by the Los Angeles Times, as was Usher's vocal effort. Andy Kellman of Allmusic and Jonathan Tjarks of Austin360.com noted the song as a standout from Here I Stand. Blender rated the song two-and-a-half out of five stars, calling it too safe and lethargic.
Digital Spy's Nick Levine enjoyed the song, but noted its lack of originality.
Jim Farber from Daily News was not impressed, writing "'Love in This Club' doesn't sound like a club anthem at all. It's too slow and quiet, and...its smeary synth hook sounds like a planed-down version of a Justin Timberlake hit."

Young Jeezy's addition received clashing responses from reviewers. Billboard Sophie Baratta was not impressed with the verse, but called the song "a catchy tune".
Bill Lamb of About.com praised the rapper's effort, but expected better from Usher after a four-year break since Confessions, writing that he is "retread[ing] territory familiar to fans of Akon and T-Pain", awarding the song two-and-a-half out of five stars. BBC Radio 1's Fraser McAlpine rated the song four stars out of five, but called Young Jeezy's rap "growling" and "wheezy".

This single ranked at number one on the "10 Best Singles of 2008" list by American magazine Entertainment Weekly, while Time Josh Tyrangiel placed it at number eight on its 2008 "Songs of Summer" list. MTV News listed the song as the fifth-best R&B tune of the year, and it won the Ozone Award for Best Rap/R&B Collaboration. On "The 50 Sexiest Songs of All Time", compiled by Billboard in 2010, "Love in Thus Club" placed at number twenty-seven. In 2016, Complex ranked the song number nine on their list of the 25 greatest Usher songs, and in 2021, American Songwriter ranked the song number three on their list of the 10 greatest Usher songs.

Chart performance
"Love in This Club" debuted at number eighty-three on the Billboard Hot 100, on the issue dated March 1, 2008. The next week it moved to number fifty-one, due to high airplay. The song continued to receive many spins, and in its third week it reached the top of the Hot 100, gaining the 'Airplay Gainer' honor the same week. Replacing "Low" by Flo Rida and T-Pain, "Love in This Club" also sold 198,000 downloads in that week. On April 5, 2008, the song was again named the 'Airplay Gainer', however it was shifted from the number-one spot by Leona Lewis' "Bleeding Love", having spent three weeks atop the chart. It fell off on June 7, having spent twelve weeks on the chart.

On the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, the song first appeared on February 23, 2008, at number fifty-one making it the highest debut of the week. On April 12 it replaced Keyshia Cole's "I Remember" at number one. After four weeks "Love in This Club" was moved from the top spot by Lil Wayne's "Lollipop". The song also reached number four on the Pop 100, and has been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). On the year-end charts for 2008, it was ranked number eight on the Hot 100, number fifteen on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and number thirteen on the Pop 100. It was also ranked number eighty-five on the 2000s' Hot 100 list, and number ninety-nine on the decade-end Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. As of August 1, 2010, "Love in This Club" has sold 2,453,000 units, according to Nielsen Soundscan.

Internationally, the song reached the top ten of numerous singles charts. It reached number six on the Canadian Hot 100, number four on the UK Singles Chart, number eight on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, number three on the Irish Singles Chart, and number five on the Japan Hot 100, and was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) and 2× Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). Having been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand, it also topped the New Zealand Singles Chart, replacing "No Air" by Jordin Sparks and Chris Brown on May 5, 2008. After one week it was removed by Brown's "Forever", and was certified platinum on June 1, 2008.
The single also found chart success in Europe, reaching number three on the European Hot 100 Singles. In individual countries, "Love in This Club" attained top-ten places in Flanders, France, Germany, Norway, Slovakia, Sweden and Switzerland. It also appeared on the singles charts of Austria, Wallonia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, and the Netherlands. In 2008, "Love in This Club" sold 5.6 million digital downloads worldwide.

Music video

In February 2008 Usher said that the song's music video would be shot "very soon". Directed by the Brothers Strause, it features cameo appearances from Keri Hilson, Kanye West, Diddy, Nelly, Rick Ross and Robin Thicke. Hilson plays Usher's love interest in the video.

The music video starts with Usher waking up inside an empty nightclub. He calls out to see if anyone is there and sees Hilson, whom he follows into a room full of people dancing as a disc jockey starts playing music. Usher chases Hilson around the club, who at times mysteriously vanishes. The two dance intimately throughout the video at the club's bar, dance floor and lounge. Its choreography was likened to Janet Jackson's "Rhythm Nation" routine. The video concludes with the club burning down and Usher waking up in a valley. The storyline is continued in the "Moving Mountains" clip. During the video Usher is shown using a Sony Ericsson W350i Walkman, as part of Usher's endorsement of the company.

The music video premiered on MTV on April 7, 2008, and was the fourteenth-most streamed video on MTV.com in 2008, and was nominated as the Best Male Video at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards. However, it lost to Chris Brown's "With You" video.

Live performances
Usher sang "Love in This Club" with Young Jeezy at reality television show The Hills''' third season finale on May 12, and again, by himself, at the finale of the sixth season of Dancing with the Stars on May 20, 2008. On June 23, 2008, at the opening of the 2008 BET Awards, Usher performed the song. Usher also appeared on television shows The Tonight Show with Jay Leno,  Jimmy Kimmel Live! and Good Morning America, where he performed the song.

Remix
A remix, "Love in This Club Part II", was released as the second single from Here I Stand in April 2008. Featuring vocals from R&B singer Beyoncé and rapper Lil Wayne, the sequel samples The Stylistics' "You Are Everything", and has a slower tempo than the original. It appeared on the Billboard Hot 100, the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, the Canadian Hot 100 and the ARIA Singles Chart.

Track listings

CD Single and 7" Vinyl
 "Love in This Club" – 4:19
 "Love in This Club" (Instrumental) – 4:19

Maxi-single
 "Love in This Club"
 "Love in This Club" (Instrumental)
 "Love in This Club" (Reavers remix)
 "Love in This Club" (StoneBridge remix)
 "Love in This Club" (music video)

12" Vinyl
 "Love in This Club" (clean version)
 "Love in This Club" (clean version without rap)
 "Love in This Club" (instrumental)

Digital EP
 "Love in This Club" – 4:19
 "Love in This Club" (Reavers Remix) – 4:20
 "Love in This Club" (StoneBridge Remix) – 9:04
 "Love in This Club" (J Sweet Remix) – 5:08

Credits
Credits lifted from the liner notes of Here I Stand.

 The Ambassadorz – keyboards
 Marcella Araica – mixing
 Miguel Bustamante – assistant mixing
 Darnell Dalton – writing
 Ryon Lovett – writing
 Polow da Don – writing, production

 Jeremy Stevenson – recording
 Lamar Taylor – writing
 Tony Terrebonne – recording
 Keith Thomas – writing
 Usher – writing, vocals
 Young Jeezy – writing
 Nico Solis – recording

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Decade-end charts

Certifications

Cover versions
 The track was covered live by British band The Automatic and was released on the 2008 compilation Radio 1's Live Lounge – Volume 3.
 German group The Baseballs covered the song for their debut album Strike!'' in 2009.
 The track was also covered by American pop punk band, The Summer Set, on their second EP, Meet Me on the Left Coast. It was released in 2008 and titled 'L.I.T.C'.

See also
 List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2008 (U.S.)
 List of number-one R&B/hip-hop songs of 2008 (U.S.)
 List of number-one singles from the 2000s (New Zealand)

References

2008 singles
Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Song recordings produced by Polow da Don
Songs written by Polow da Don
Usher (musician) songs
Jeezy songs
Songs written by Keith Thomas (record producer)
Songs written by Jeezy
Songs written by Usher (musician)
2006 songs
LaFace Records singles


Joaquín Ernesto Hendricks Díaz (born 7 November 1951 in Chetumal, Quintana Roo) is a Mexican politician belonging to the Partido Revolucionario Institucional . From 1991 to 1994, he held a seat in the Chamber of Deputies, representing Quintana Roo's First District. Between 1999 and 2005 he served as governor of the state of Quintana Roo.

References

1951 births
Living people
Politicians from Quintana Roo
People from Chetumal, Quintana Roo
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
Governors of Quintana Roo
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
20th-century Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians


Yasser Abdullah Nasser Al-Mosailem (; born 27 February 1984) is a Saudi Arabian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper former Al-Ahli and the Saudi Arabia national team.

Career
Born in Al-Hasa, Al-Mosailem started his career in the youth setups of local club Hajer. On 11 November 2002, Al-Mosailem joined Al-Ahli for a reported fee of SAR200,000. Al-Mosailem was the third player to join Al-Ahli from Hajer following the transfers of brothers Misfer and Taisir Al-Jassim a couple of months earlier. He made his first-team debut in the Federation Cup group stage match against Ohod, which ended in a 3–1 win. Al-Mosailem made his league debut on 22 October 2005 in the 3–0 win against Al-Hazem. He ended his first full season at the club making 21 appearances across all competitions.

In his second season with Al-Ahli, Al-Mosailem was a starter in all 5 matches in the Crown Prince Cup as Al-Ahli won the cup. He also played a role in the Federation Cup. He went on to make 33 appearances in all competitions. He remained as a starter for Al-Ahli until 2012, where he was dropped in favor of Abdullah Al-Mayouf. He made just 24 appearances in 3 seasons for Al-Ahli. On 20 May 2014, Al-Mosailem renewed his contract with the club. On 14 February 2015, in the Crown Prince Cup final, Al-Mosailem came off the bench to save a penalty following Al-Mayouf's dismissal. Al-Ahli went on to win the match and Al-Mosailem won his second Crown Prince Cup. Al-Mosailem eventually regained his starting spot and played a vital role in Al-Ahli's first league title in 32 years. On 23 October 2016, Al-Mosailem was injured in the league match against Al-Nassr and was ruled out for four weeks. On 29 December 2016, Al-Mosailem renewed his contract with Al-Ahli keeping him at the club until 2020.

International career
Young Al Ahli goalkeeper Yasser Al-Mosailem was handed his chance in the national set-up with veterans Mabrouk Zaid and Mohammad Khouja being absent. The 23-year-old custodian produced a string of impressive displays for Al Ahli to earn his place in Helio Anjos' side after helping the Saudi Premier League side to two domestic trophies, and he played the first time on Saudi Arabia national team in 2007 AFC Asian Cup, where Yasser had an outstanding performance, helping the Saudis to reach the final. However, subsequent injuries forced him to be excluded from the national team in major competitions like 2011 and 2015 AFC Asian Cups, and losing the position to Waleed Abdullah.

In May 2018 he was named in Saudi Arabia's squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia.

Personal life
Yasser is married and has a son Amar and a daughter Elaph. Yasser has stated that he likes to spend most his time on social media such as Instagram and Snapchat.He is
a member of Shia Muslim minority of Saudi Arabia.

Career statistics

Club
As of 12 July 2023.

International
Statistics accurate as of match played 25 June 2018.

Honours

Club
Al-Ahli
Saudi Professional League: 2015–16
King Cup: 2011, 2012, 2016
Saudi Crown Prince Cup: 2006–07, 2014–15
Saudi Federation Cup: 2006–07
Saudi Super Cup: 2016
Gulf Club Champions Cup: 2008
Yaleo championship 2023

International
AFC Asian Cup runner-up: 2007
Star of the season in Al-Ahli: 2017.

See also
List of one-club men in association football

References

Living people
1984 births
Men's association football goalkeepers
Saudi Arabian men's footballers
Saudi Arabia men's international footballers
2007 AFC Asian Cup players
Al-Ahli Saudi FC players
Saudi Pro League players
Saudi First Division League players
Saudi Arabian Shia Muslims
2018 FIFA World Cup players
Sportspeople from Al-Hasa


Air Marshal Sir Colin Thomas Hannah,  (22 December 1914 – 22 May 1978) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and a Governor of Queensland. Born in Western Australia, he was a member of the Militia before joining the RAAF in 1935. After graduating as a pilot, Hannah served in Nos. 22 and 23 Squadrons from 1936 to 1939. During the early years of World War II, he was the RAAF's Deputy Director of Armament. He then saw action in the South West Pacific as commander of No. 6 Squadron and, later, No. 71 Wing, operating Bristol Beaufort bombers. By 1944, he had risen to the rank of group captain, and at the end of the war was in charge of Western Area Command in Perth.

Hannah commanded RAAF Station Amberley, Queensland, in 1949–50, and saw service during the Malayan Emergency as senior air staff officer at , Singapore, from 1956 to 1959. His other post-war appointments included Deputy Chief of the Air Staff from 1961 to 1965, Air Officer Commanding (AOC) Operational Command from 1965 to 1967, and AOC Support Command from 1968 to 1969. In January 1970, he was promoted to air marshal and became Chief of the Air Staff (CAS), the RAAF's senior position. Knighted in 1971, Hannah concluded his three-year appointment as CAS a year early, in March 1972, to become Governor of Queensland. He attracted controversy in this role after making comments critical of the Federal government of the day, and the British government refused to agree to his term being extended. Hannah retired in March 1977, and died the following year.

Early career

Born on 22 December 1914 in Menzies, Western Australia, Hannah was the son of Thomas Howard Hannah, a local mining registrar who later became a clerk of court and then a magistrate in Perth, and his wife Johanna Frame. Hannah attended Hale School, leaving with a Junior Certificate in 1930. He served with an Australian Militia unit, the 8th Field Artillery Brigade, from February 1933, and became a clerk in the Crown Law Department of the State Public Service later that year.

Hannah joined the Royal Australian Air Force on 15 January 1935 as an air cadet at RAAF Station Point Cook, Victoria. After graduating from No. 1 Flying Training School (No. 1 FTS), he obtained his commission as a pilot officer in July 1936. His first posting was to No. 22 Squadron at RAAF Station Richmond, New South Wales. Promoted to flying officer, he was appointed adjutant with the newly formed No. 23 Squadron at RAAF Station Laverton, Victoria, in May 1937. Hannah accompanied the squadron, which operated Hawker Demons and Avro Ansons, to its new location at the recently opened RAAF Station Pearce, Western Australia, in March 1938. On 5 January 1939, he married Patricia Gordon at Claremont; the couple had a daughter. Having specialised as an instructor, he then served on the staff of No. 1 FTS, Point Cook.

World War II

Promoted to flight lieutenant, Hannah was posted to Britain in July 1939 to undertake a Royal Air Force armaments training course, which he had barely begun when war was declared on 3 September. He completed the course, and returned to Australia in March 1940. After brief postings to No. 1 Armament School, Point Cook, and Station Headquarters Laverton, he was assigned to Air Force Headquarters, Melbourne, in May. He was made an acting squadron leader in September 1940 and became Deputy Director of Armament the next year. In April 1942, Hannah was promoted to temporary wing commander. He undertook a general reconnaissance course the following May.

In November 1943, Hannah was appointed commanding officer of No. 6 Squadron at Milne Bay, Papua, flying Bristol Beaufort light bombers. During a familiarisation flight he came under friendly fire from anti-aircraft guns on Kiriwina Island, but avoided serious injury. He was raised to temporary group captain in December, and assumed command of No. 71 Wing the following month. The Beauforts of No. 6 Squadron and No. 71 Wing took part in a series of major attacks on Rabaul, bombing and strafing airfields, infrastructure and shipping; this continued until February 1944, when the Japanese withdrew their aircraft from Rabaul. The same month, Hannah fell ill and had to be repatriated to Australia. After six weeks recuperation at Laverton, he returned to No. 6 Squadron, based on Goodenough Island. From March to August, the squadron was mainly involved in convoy escort and anti-submarine duties. In September 1944, Hannah was appointed senior air staff officer (SASO) at Headquarters Western Area Command, Perth. He took over control of the formation from Air Commodore Raymond Brownell in July 1945, following Brownell's departure to command No. 11 Group in the Dutch East Indies.

Post-war RAAF career

Rise to Chief of the Air staff

Hannah handed over command of Western Area in October 1946, and was posted to Britain. For the next two years, he undertook study at RAF Staff College, Andover, and served as SASO at RAAF Overseas Headquarters in London. Returning to Australia, in May 1949 he assumed command of RAAF Station Amberley, Queensland. From August 1950, he also held temporary command of the base's Avro Lincoln heavy bomber formation, No. 82 Wing. Promoted to substantive group captain in October 1950, Hannah was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1951 New Year Honours, in particular for his "exceptional ability" as SASO at RAAF Overseas Headquarters. In September, he was made Director of Personnel Services; his position became Director-General of Personnel in July 1952. As aide-de-camp to Queen Elizabeth II, Hannah was heavily involved in planning the RAAF's part in the 1954 Royal Tour of Australia. He was raised to Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the Queen's Birthday Honours that June.

In 1955, Hannah attended the Imperial Defence College in London, and was promoted to air commodore. He was posted to Singapore as SASO, RAF Far East Air Force Headquarters, in January 1956, handling counter-insurgency operations during the Malayan Emergency. Hannah's "distinguished service" during the conflict was recognised with his appointment as a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in June 1959. As Director-General of Plans and Policy from March 1959, he was responsible for commencing the Department of Air's relocation from Melbourne to Canberra. In December 1961, Hannah was appointed Deputy Chief of the Air Staff, receiving promotion to acting air vice marshal in May 1962; the rank was made substantive in January 1963. He was later described by his staff officer in this role as "brusque" and "impersonal" though not unsympathetic, his "uncommunicative" manner stemming from a preference to "do his own research, think out the substance of his project submissions, dictate to his stenographer, then amend to his own satisfaction", rather than delegate. Hannah served as Air Officer Commanding (AOC) Operational Command (now Air Command) from February 1965 to December 1967, during which time the RAAF's fighter squadrons completed their conversion from the CAC Sabre to the supersonic Dassault Mirage III. His tenure also saw the deployment of the first Australian helicopters to Vietnam, eight UH-1 Iroquois of No. 9 Squadron that departed Sydney in May 1966. Hannah's next appointment was as AOC Support Command, responsible for training and maintenance in the Air Force. Throughout his career to this point he was noted for his energy and drive.

Chief of the Air staff

Hannah was promoted to air marshal on 1 January 1970, and succeeded Air Marshal Sir Alister Murdoch as Chief of the Air Staff. Murdoch had earlier recommended Hannah, known to be a strong advocate for Australian participation in the Vietnam War, for the position of Commander Australian Forces Vietnam when it came up for rotation at the end of 1969; the post went to an Army officer, and the Federal government ordered the withdrawal of the RAAF presence in Vietnam during Hannah's tour as CAS. In March 1970, the Minister for Defence, Malcolm Fraser, commissioned a review of naval air power. Hannah fundamentally disagreed with any suggestion that the Royal Australian Navy should operate land-based aircraft, claiming that he was arguing not from a partisan perspective but to ensure that Australia's limited defence resources were not spread across three services. Confidential RAAF papers from the time declared that its goal was always to "avoid giving the Navy the opportunity to establish a land-based air force". Two years later, Hannah responded favourably to a recommendation from the Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, Admiral Sir Victor Smith, to use the soon-to-be-delivered F-111 bomber for maritime support, among other roles.

In the 1971 New Year Honours, Hannah was raised to Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE). His tour as CAS coincided with the RAAF's Golden Jubilee, celebrated in March and April that year. He personally organised a fly-past of two US Air Force F-111s at air shows marking the occasion, generating favourable coverage to counteract the poor publicity surrounding the type's long-delayed entry into Australian service. He was also involved in two controversial decisions the same year. Firstly, he was a member of the committee to choose an Air Force memorial to be located on Anzac Parade, Canberra. The selected design was an abstract sculpture that, according to official RAAF historian Alan Stephens, reflected "the selection panel's comprehensive failure to understand the nature of air force service". Secondly, Hannah commissioned a replacement for the Air Force's winter uniform, traditionally a shade "somewhere between royal and navy blue" that had been personally chosen by the RAAF's first CAS, Wing Commander (later Air Marshal Sir) Richard Williams, to distinguish it from the lighter Royal Air Force colour. Hannah publicly debuted the uniform that he approved, an all-purpose middle-blue suit, at a Point Cook graduation parade on 8 December 1971. It was the object of much adverse comment in the ensuing years; personnel complained of being mistaken for bus, train and postal employees. One of Hannah's successors as CAS, Air Marshal Errol McCormack, ordered that the uniform revert to Williams' original colour and style commencing in 2000.

Governor

Hannah's planned three-year term as Chief of the Air Staff was cut short by some ten months when he accepted an offer to serve as Governor of Queensland, becoming the first officer in the RAAF to receive a vice-regal appointment. The announcement was made in January 1972, and he took office on 21 March. He succeeded Sir Alan Mansfield. Hannah did not have a strong connection with Queensland at the time of his appointment, and had only lived in the state during his period as commander of RAAF Station Amberley between 1949 and 1951. He claimed not to have actively sought the governorship, and was criticised for failing to consult with senior colleagues before making his decision to retire early from his position as head of the Air Force. He was replaced as CAS by his deputy, Air Vice Marshal (later Air Marshal Sir) Charles Read.

Described when he took office as "a man with the flexibility of mind and ability to mix with people, so necessary for a Governor", Hannah was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG) and a Knight and Deputy Prior of the Venerable Order of Saint John in September 1972. His term as Governor was relatively uneventful until 1975. In October that year, he created controversy at a Brisbane Chamber of Commerce luncheon by criticising the "fumbling ineptitude" of Prime Minister Gough Whitlam's Federal Labor government for placing Australia in "its present economic state". Vice-regal appointees in Australia are expected to remain neutral and above politics but Hannah declared that he would be "guilty of sheltering behind convention, of denying my heritage and failing in my regard for the people of Queensland" if he did not speak his mind. The incident occurred in the midst of a constitutional crisis and, according to military historian Chris Coulthard-Clark, was "widely seen as a blatant intervention in the national political arena". The Federal government responded by advising the Queen to revoke Hannah's dormant commission to serve in place of the Governor-General if required; at the time Hannah was the second in line to serve as Governor-General, after the Governor of New South Wales. Commenting on the episode twenty years later, former Governor-General Bill Hayden, himself from Queensland, spoke of "Whitlam's peremptory and justifiable dismissal of Queensland Governor Sir Colin Hannah". Hayden observed that, "Hannah's transgression was not so much that he suffered from an excessive notion of his own importance, which he did, but rather in the intemperate manner he assailed the national government at a public function in Brisbane.  In doing that he soared dangerously above his natural level of pomposity."

Following his succession in November 1975, Liberal Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser attempted to have the dormant commission reinstated, but the Queen – following advice from the British government that cited Hannah's lack of impartiality – refused her assent. When Queensland Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen sought to extend the Governor's term, the British government again declined. Bjelke-Petersen sought to pursue the matter further, but Hannah declined to let his name be put forward again.

On 9 October 1976, Hannah dedicated a memorial at Cairns to commemorate the crews of RAAF Catalina flying boats who lost their lives in the South West Pacific during World War II. His vice-regal appointment lapsed on 20 March 1977, and he was succeeded the next month by Commodore Sir James Ramsay.

Retirement and death
Hannah retired following completion of his term as Governor of Queensland. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) in August 1977 (backdated to March) as part of Queen Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee visit to Australia. Hannah died of a heart attack on 22 May 1978 at his home in Surfers Paradise, Queensland. He was given a state funeral and cremated; his wife and daughter survived him. Hannah Community Park, straddling the suburbs of Fadden and Gowrie in Canberra, was established in his honour in 2002.

Notes

References

External links
 The Hon Michael McHugh AC:  Foreword to Anne Twomey, The Chameleon Crown
 National Archives of Australia: Revocation of the Dormant Commission of Sir Colin Hannah – Governor of Queensland

1914 births
1978 deaths
Military personnel from Western Australia
Australian military personnel of the Malayan Emergency
Australian Companions of the Order of the Bath
Governors of Queensland
1975 Australian constitutional crisis
Australian Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Australian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Australian Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order
People educated at Hale School
People from Menzies, Western Australia
Royal Australian Air Force air marshals
Royal Australian Air Force personnel of World War II
Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies


To Be Continued Brass Band, or TBC Brass Band, is a brass band based in New Orleans, Louisiana.

History
The TBC Brass Band was formed in 2002 by young men who grew up in the 7th and 9th Ward of New Orleans, Louisiana. They sought to avoid the life that befell many of their friends and classmates involving drugs and violence by creating a jazz and brass band. The band started at Carver and Kennedy Senior High School in New Orleans where the band's eventual ex leader and former tuba player, Jason Slack, borrowed instruments from Carver's band director. Some of the instruments were taped together. For example, the tuba was taped with duct tape to patch a hole in the horn. The band received permission from Carver's principal to play a set on the school grounds. The school's reaction simply was "wow," and the TBC Brass Band was on its way.

TBC started with no manager and no guaranteed gigs so the band played on the streets of New Orleans, establishing a presence on the corner of the legendary Bourbon and Canal Streets in the French Quarter. The band quickly became popular, and hordes of fans spontaneously surrounded the band and danced around the band's regular street corner. As explanation for the band members' support and love for another, the band's trumpet player succinctly states "We sometimes say, we're all we got. Well, we're all we got."

In addition, TBC continued the time-honored New Orleans tradition of leading "second line" parades at funerals of members of their community. Second line is a unique New Orleans parade where a jazz band accompanies the family of the deceased at the grave site with somber tunes. But once outside the cemetery, as the procession hits the streets, the band erupts into celebratory life-affirming music as the bereaved dance in celebration of the life of the deceased.

The Roots collaboration

In early 2005, Grammy Award-winning hip-hop group The Roots learned of TBC and took the band under its wing for a short time, including inviting TBC to play with it in concert.

In the summer of 2005, The Roots were planning to help TBC to enhance TBC's visibility and try to guide it to success. The plan was to help TBC go from "The Big Easy" to "The Big Time." The Roots' Questlove Thompson stated that TBC's "music was extremely impressive, enough to get us thinking about doing a Paul Simon-type album that takes The Roots in a whole different musical direction." According to Thompson, TBC "took us back to our roots working out on South Street at Passyunk [in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania], when we were praying that somebody like a Kenny Gamble would come along to discover us."

In August 2005, Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans and the Gulf Coast of the United States. TBC's homes and instruments were destroyed, and the band members scattered for shelter throughout the U.S. The band's dream of greater visibility and success seemed to be shattered. And the band's innate desire to continue the legendary jazz traditions of New Orleans—and to serve as a bridge between the past and future of New Orleans—was in grave jeopardy.

Film

But, as of spring 2010, TBC band members were persistently and courageously trying to get back together as a band and pick up where they left off before the hurricane. A feature-length documentary movie about the band was recently completed and is titled From the Mouthpiece on Back. The Roots are co-executive producers and award-winning actress Kerry Washington narrates the movie, which world premiered at the American Film Institute International Film Festival in Dallas, Texas and was screened in various other film festivals throughout the U.S. The movie is directed by Jason DaSilva and Colleen O'Halloran and executive produced by Todd Tiberi.

The American Film Institute has called the movie "inspiring,", and other reviewers have deemed the movie "incredible,”  and described its teenage jazz musician subjects as “charming as hell, funny, . . . and take everything that’s thrown at them with unimaginable spirit and focus.”.

As of 2010, TBC continues to play its amazing music in New Orleans and recently has begun touring internationally. TBC finally is starting to have the opportunity to introduce its special brand of brass and jazz throughout the world.

Members
Band members have included:

Brenard "Bunny" Adams (tuba), Leader
Sean Roberts (trumpet)
Darryl Parlow (trumpet)
Chris Davis (songwriter)
Brandon "Bee" Franklin (saxophone) (Rest In Peace)
Edward "Juicy" Jackson III (trombone)
Joseph Maize Jr. (trombone)
Devin Vance (trombone)
Paul Cheenne (saxophone)
Darren Towns (bass drum)
Hasaan Goffner (snare drum)

On May 9, 2010, TBC saxophone player Brandon Franklin was shot to death in the Hollygrove neighborhood of New Orleans.

Discography

Modern Times, Blue Train Production, 2009

Tracks
 10 Brothers Coolin (1:06)
 I Want You (4:09)
 Blame It On The Booze (6:00)
 A Bungo (7:06)
 For The Love Of You (6:24)
 Gun Smoke (4:35)
 Hey Pocky Way (6:19)
 Ray Nagin (7:00)
 We Them Folks (7:40)
 Mo' Better Blues (3:28)

To Be Continued, 2013

Tracks
 Numba2 (We Dem Folks)
 ABungo feat. Dr Michael White
 TBC Music feat. Shamarr Allen & Joseph Maize Sr.
 Sweet Georgia Brown feat. Dr Michael White
 Monday Day feat. Dr Michael White
 Poison/Fresh Prince feat. Big Wayne
 7th Ward Funk feat Andrew Baham
 Nagin (Give Me My Projects Back) feat. Bossman Superior
 To Be Continued feat. Samuel Cyrus & Chris Davis

External links
. Brenard "Bunny" Adams (tuba) Hasaan "Too Too" Goffner (snare drum) Darren Towns. (Bass drum) Sean Roberts.(trumpet) Chris Davis. (Songwriter) Joseph Maize. (Trombone) Devin Vance.(trombone) Edward "Juicy" Jackson.(trombone Samuel Cyrus(snare drum)

Footnotes

American jazz ensembles from New Orleans
Jazz musicians from New Orleans
Musical groups from New Orleans


The James A. Ramage Civil War Museum sought to tell the untold story of Cincinnati, Ohio, and Northern Kentucky's involvement in the American Civil War. Although no battles occurred there, the people of the area resisted a push by the Confederate army in 1862. The museum was located on the site of Hooper Battery. The museum grounds covered  and it displayed historical passages, stories, and memorabilia. It also paid homage to the Black Brigade of Cincinnati, Fern Storer's kitchen, and the history of the city of Fort Wright.

On August 25, 2021, Fort Wright's mayor, Dave Hatter, ordered the museum closed, following a year of negotiations with the museum's board to correct various infrastructure and program problems. Battery Hooper Park, where the museum is located, remains open to the public.

History
The city of Fort Wright, Kentucky, was approached by the Northern Kentucky University Foundation in 2004 to acquire the property. The property had been willed to the foundation by owners Fern and Sheldon Storer and is located on top of a hill that had historical significance as one of the artillery batteries and trenches that helped defend Cincinnati, from approximately 8,000 Confederate soldiers under Maj. Gen. Henry Heth in September 1862. Though Kentucky permitted slavery, fewer slaves were in Kenton County than many other Kentucky counties, and during the Civil War General Ulysses S. Grant's own parents—not slave owners—lived just a few miles from the site.

Local men from all walks of life and ethnicities, plus some soldiers worked together to erect a defensive line over eight miles in length (13 km) from Ludlow to present-day Fort Thomas to defend against the Confederate invasion of Kentucky. Men dug rifle pits, erected forts, and cut trees for a clear field of fire using tree limbs as barriers against infantry. Confederate soldiers marched to within a few miles of Fort Mitchel, known today as Fort Mitchell, observed for two days, and decided that the defenses, manned by approximately 25,000 Union troops and 60,000 local militia, were too strong. The Confederate invaders withdrew to Lexington on September 12 after a skirmish on September 10 and 11 near Fort Mitchel.

The property, and more specifically the two-story house that sits on it, is also significant because it was the home of Fern Storer. Storer was a well-known food editor for the now defunct Cincinnati Post from 1951 to 1976. "She was meticulous about testing recipes," said [former] Cincinnati Post home/food editor Joyce Rosencrans. "She took great pride in the accuracy of those food sections and passed those principles down to me."

The museum
Fern Storer died in 2002 and bequeathed her house and  to the Northern Kentucky University Foundation. Rather than sell the lucrative hilltop site to developers, the NKU Foundation sold the property to the city of Fort Wright for $790,000. City officials, in turn, announced plans to turn the historic site into a passive park focusing on the area's Civil War heritage. The land is where Hooper Battery was located and is one of only six extant Civil War fortifications in Northern Kentucky. The City of Fort Wright was responsible for the Hooper Battery archaeological site including public archaeology excavations and any future restoration with a $32,000 grant from the Scripps Howard Foundation Center for Civic Engagement.

In May 2004, Fort Wright Administrator Larry Klein said this of the grant, "This will be a great start to a great park. The few batteries that do exist aren't very accessible. There will be no place else like this in Greater Cincinnati that'll be preserved and open for public use."  Today, only six batteries remain - four in Kenton County and two in Campbell County.

The museum's namesake, James A. Ramage, is a retired history professor from Northern Kentucky University. He received numerous awards at NKU, including Outstanding Professor of the Year (1988), Outstanding Faculty Advisor Award (1999), and Acorn Award from Kentucky Advocates for Higher Education (2003), among others.  At the Phi Alpha Theta national convention in Philadelphia, January 4–6, 2006, he was elected national vice president (2006-2007) and president elect (2008-2009).

In 2004 Ramage received a University-Community Partnership Grant through NKU's Scripps Howard Center for Civil Engagement for the Battery Hooper Project. The goal was to partner with the City of Fort Wright in involving students and the public in preserving, researching, and opening Hooper Battery to the public. City Administrator Larry Klein represented the city and NKU Adjunct Professor Jeannine Kreinbrink was Archaeology Project Manager. On June 30, 2005, the project culminated with the opening of a museum on the site. Mayor Gene Weaver and the City Council named the museum in honor of Ramage's work. As of September 1, 2006, over 5,000 people had visited the James A. Ramage Civil War Museum.  On December 9, 2007, Douglas Vonderhaar was honored as the museum's 10,000th visitor. In 2021 the museum founded the Kentucky Underground Railroad Freedom Trail which connects historic sites and museums across the Commonwealth of Kentucky that tell the story of the struggle from bondage to freedom and the new life afterward. The Ramage Museum featured exhibits on the tragic story of Margaret Garner who was enslaved in Boone County but escaped by crossing the frozen Ohio River with her family, fought recapture, and attempted to kill her children rather than having them return to a slavery. Other exhibits focused on African American heritage, including the first American American military unit "The Cincinnati Black Brigade" including Congressional Medal of Honor awarded Powhatan Beaty and other African American's who were awarded the Medal of Honor for their Civil War service. Underground Railroad conductor Harriet Tubman and Major General Lew Wallace who in 1864 founded the first Freedman Bureau. Several exhibits highlighted the struggle for the women's right to vote and women with significant involvement with the Civil War.

The Black Brigade of Cincinnati

After the declaration of martial law on September 2, 1862, Cincinnati Mayor George Hatch ordered the police department to gather any and all able-bodied African American males for work on fatigue duty on the fortifications in Northern Kentucky. Men were driven from their homes and businesses by bayonet point to a mule pen on Plum Street in Cincinnati. After hours of solitude, the men were taken as a group across the Ohio River to begin work on the earthwork fortifications. This group became known as the Black Brigade of Cincinnati. When Union Major General Lew Wallace learned about the poor treatment of the men, he commissioned Judge William Martin Dickson as commander of the Black Brigade on September 4, 1862.

After receiving his appointment, Colonel Dickson changed the brigade into a working regiment of three battalions. On the evening of September 4, 1862, Dickson dismissed the men to tend to their families as well as gather personal supplies for the days of work ahead. He promised them that he was forming the brigade for fatigue duty and they "should be kept together as a distinct body,... that they should receive protection and the same treatment as white men,... and that their sense of duty and honor would cause them to obey all orders given, and thus prevent the necessity of any compulsion...".  In return for these promises, Dickson expected the men to meet the next morning for work on the defensive fortifications. In his official report to Ohio Governor John Brough on January 12, 1864, Dickson stated that around 400 men were present when he dismissed the Black Brigade on September 4, 1862. The next day over 700 men reported ready for duty. The Black Brigade continued their service for a number of weeks.

Events
Although the museum was an entity of the City of Fort Wright, it accepted donations in order to remain operational and hosted a variety of events. One of the most significant was the archaeological excavations of Hooper Battery. Because the battery site was filled in with dirt, it was preserved quite well. This provided an opportunity for the public to take part in archaeological activities.

See also
 Cincinnati in the American Civil War
 Defense of Cincinnati
 Hooper Battery
 Kentucky in the American Civil War

References

External links
 James A. Ramage Civil War Museum official site

Museums established in 2005
Museums disestablished in 2021
Kentucky in the American Civil War
American Civil War forts
2005 establishments in Kentucky
2021 disestablishments in Kentucky
Defunct museums in the United States


Windigo is a half-beast creature that appears in Algonquian mythology.

Windigo or Wendigo may also refer to:

Arts and entertainment

Film and television
 Wendigo (film), a 2001 American horror film
 The Wendigo (film), a 2022 American horror film
 "Wendigo" (Supernatural), an episode of the television series Supernatural

Literature
 Wendigo (comics), a fictional character in the Marvel Comics universe
 "The Wendigo" (novella), a 1910 horror novella by Algernon Blackwood

Music
 "Wendigo", a song on the Sharon Needles album, Taxidermy

Places

Canada
 Windigo Lake (Ontario), a lake in Northern Ontario
 Windigo River, Quebec, flows into the Saint-Maurice River
 Rivière-Windigo, Quebec, a former unorganized territory that is now part of La Tuque, Quebec
 Windigo, Quebec, located near the Rapides-des-Coeurs Generating Station

United States
 Lake Windigo, a small lake on Star Island in  Minnesota
 Windigo Lake, located in Sawyer County, Wisconsin
 Windigo, Michigan, an unincorporated community
 Windigo Ranger Station, a docking and refueling port on Isle Royale in Lake Superior

Other uses
 Windigo First Nations Council, a non-political Chiefs Council in northwestern Ontario, Canada
 Splake, a hybrid trout also known as a wendigo

See also


Zsuzsa Máthé (born May 4, 1964) is a Hungarian artist.
Her first exhibit opened in 1983, when she was age 18, entitled The First Exhibit of Transrealism.

By the age of 21 she extensively visited most countries in Europe, from communist Russia to the UK where she obtained qualifications to be able to start up one of the first privately owned English language schools of Budapest.

Art
Zsuzsa Máthé is one of the modern painters of the New Wave internationally. Her arts had been exhibited in Budapest, Hungary and various galleries around Israel.

Her works are often considered as a pre-runner to the Goth subculture so popular today.  New Romantic (1984), The Entry of Sedah (1986),  Sailor and Madonna (1986)  ,  Wo bist du? (1987) are some of the most characteristic works of this genre.

Exhibitions
 The First Exhibition of Transrealism — April 1984, Cultural Center Kada, Budapest, Hungary
 The Gates of Within and Beyond—November, 1984, Eötvös Lóránd University, Budapest, Hungary
 Withdrawn Promises -- February 1985 Eötvös Lóránd University, Budapest, Hungary
 Exchange Group (Exchange-series Philosophical ArtForwardAcademy) March 1–8. 1985. - Young Artists Club, Budapest,
 La Malade Imaginaire -- April 1987 Eötvös Lóránd University, Budapest, Hungary
 Georges Cziffra pianist master course, joint exhibit, Keszthely, June, 1987 - Castle Festetics
 Shipwreck -- November, 1987, Cultural Center Mayakovskij, Budapest, Hungary,
 World Art Expo 2009, June, 2009 Orange County, CA, USA (honorable mention)
 Retrospect Gallery DunaPart, WestEnd City Center, Budapest, June, 2009
 Joint exhibit at the Grand Salon des Arts Gallery, Laguna Bearch, USA, August - October, 2009
 Joint exhibit on the XX. Biennial of Humour and Satire, Museum of Humour and Satire, Gabrovo, Bulgaria, May - September, 2011. representing Hungary

References
 Tájoló, (April 9–15, 1987, KISZ Budapesti Universitas Bizottsága p5.)
 Emotion: New Psychosocial Perspectives'' Edited by Shelley Day-Sclater, David Jones, Heather Price and Candida Yates, Palgrave-Macmillan 2009, cover image

Media

1964 births
Living people
Artists from Budapest
Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design alumni
Hungarian painters
20th-century Hungarian women artists
21st-century Hungarian women artists


Sailendra Sircar Vidyalaya is affiliated to the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education (WBBSE) and is one of the oldest Bengali medium schools in Kolkata, India. It is located at 62A, Shyampukur Street in north Kolkata. It is a government sponsored higher secondary School.

About the school
The school was founded on 5 January 1920 and its original name was Saraswati Institution. The school was renamed as Sailendra Sircar Vidyalaya to pay homage to the founder headmaster of the school Sailendranath Sircar in 1948. Sailendranath Sircar was the youngest son of Sri Peary Churn Sircar, a distinguished educationalist, philanthropist and the pioneer of Temperance Reform in undivided Bengal and the author of the English primer- The first Book of Reading.

The current main building of the school was built in 1934. Another building on the back side of the main building houses the primary section.

The institution celebrated their 100 years of establishment in 2020.

Notable alumni
 Buddhadeb Bhattacharya, Chief Minister of West Bengal
 Ashoke Sen, theoretical physicist working in string theory
 Shyamal Kumar Sen, Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court and Governor of West Bengal

See also
Education in India
List of schools in India
Education in West Bengal

References

External links
Mission and vision

High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal
Schools in Kolkata
Educational institutions established in 1920
1920 establishments in India


Miguel Borge Martín (born 30 October 1943 in Cozumel, Quintana Roo) is a Mexican politician member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).
Between 1987 and 1993 he served as governor of the state of Quintana Roo. Prior to his election as governor, he held a seat in the Senate, representing his home state.

His term in office was notable for the devastating landfall of Hurricane Gilbert on the Quintana Roo coast on 14 September 1988.

References

1943 births
Politicians from Quintana Roo
Governors of Quintana Roo
Members of the Senate of the Republic (Mexico)
People from Cozumel
Living people
20th-century Mexican politicians
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians


Crime and violence affect the lives of millions of people in Latin America. Some consider social inequality to be a major contributing factor to levels of violence in Latin America, where the state fails to prevent crime and organized crime takes over State control in areas where the State is unable to assist the society such as in impoverished communities. In the years following the transitions from authoritarianism to democracy, crime and violence have become major problems in Latin America. The region experienced more than 2.5 million murders between 2000 and 2017. Several studies indicated the existence of an epidemic in the region; the Pan American Health Organization called violence in Latin America "the social pandemic of the 20th century." Apart from the direct human cost, the rise in crime and violence has imposed significant social costs and has made much more difficult the processes of economic and social development, democratic consolidation and regional integration in the Americas.

Consequences for the region
High rates of crime and violence in Latin America are undermining growth, threatening human welfare, and impeding social development, according to World Bank and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). According to the Financial Times, "The region registers close to 40 per cent of the world’s murders despite being home to only 9 per cent of the global population. According to Lapop, one in four Latin Americans was assaulted and robbed" in 2018.
Latin America is caught in a vicious circle, where economic growth is thwarted by high crime rates, and insufficient economic opportunity contributes to high crime. Crime and violence thrives as the rule of law is weak, economic opportunity is scarce, and education is poor. Therefore, effectively addressing crime requires a holistic, multi-sectoral approach that addresses its root social, political, and economic causes.

Recent statistics indicate that crime is becoming the biggest problem in Latin America. Amnesty International has declared Latin America as the most dangerous region in the world for journalists to work.

In Mexico, armed gangs of rival drug smugglers have been fighting it out with one another, thus creating new hazards in rural areas. Crime is extremely high in all of the major cities in Brazil. Wealthy citizens have had to provide for their own security. In large parts of Rio de Janeiro, armed criminal gangs are said to be in control. Crime statistics were high in El Salvador, Guatemala and Venezuela during 1996. The police have not been able to handle the work load and the military have been called in to assist in these countries. There was a very distinct crime wave happening in Latin America. The city that currently topped the list of the world's most violent cities is San Pedro Sula in Honduras, leading various media sources to label it the "murder capital of the world." Colombia registered a homicide rate of 24.4 per 100,000 in 2016, the lowest since 1974. The 40-year low in murders came the same year that the Colombian government signed a peace agreement with the FARC.

Crime is slowing economic growth and undermining democratic consolidation in Latin America. Today, Latin America has the dubious distinction of being most violent region in the world, with combined crime rates more than triple the world average and are comparable to rates in nations experiencing war. This is taking a tremendous toll on development in the region by both affecting economic growth and public faith in democracy.

The Inter-American Development Bank estimates that Latin America's per capita Gross Domestic Product would be twenty-five percent higher if the region's crime rates were equal to the world average. Similarly, the World Bank has identified a strong correlation between crime and income inequality. Business associations in the region rank crime as the number one issue negatively affecting trade and investment. Crime-related violence also represents the most important threat to public health, striking more victims than HIV/AIDS or other infectious diseases.

Public faith in democracy itself is under threat as governments are perceived as unable to deliver basic services such as public security. A United Nations report revealed that only 43 percent of Latin Americans are fully supportive of democracy. Crime has rapidly risen to the top of the list of citizen concerns in Latin America. As the Economist magazine described it, "in several Latin American countries, 2004 will be remembered as the year in which the people rose up in revolt against crime."

Massive street marches such as those that took place in Argentina, Mexico, and Brazil, and other expressions of protest against violence, have made it increasingly difficult for politicians to avoid dealing with the issue and, in many countries, have made tackling crime a central theme in political party platforms across the region. Several leaders in the region, including El Salvador's Tony Saca, Ricardo Maduro in Honduras, Guatemala's Óscar Berger, and Álvaro Uribe in Colombia, have all campaigned on a strong anti-crime message. The Presidents of Honduras and El Salvador have called gangs (maras) as big a threat to national security in their countries as terrorism is to the United States.

"World Bank researchers have demonstrated the existence of a 'criminal inertia,' in which high rates of criminality endure long after the latent socioeconomic causes have disappeared or been addressed through policy interventions."

Another reason critics believe fuels crime in Latin America is due to the poor public primary education system they say it "has given rise to youths without jobs or expectations of employment-thereby fueling the mounting problem of gang violence in Central America, Mexico, Jamaica, Trinidad, Colombia and Brazil."

Contributing factors

A series of factors have contributed to the increase in violent crime in Latin America since the transitions from authoritarianism to democracy. Some intrinsic factors and characteristics of each country aggravated the problem in some countries. However, some factors might have increased the risk of crime and violence in many or most countries in the region in the period between the 1980s and 1990s:

 High levels of social inequality
 Civil wars and armed conflicts
 Low rates of economic growth
 High unemployment rates
 Rapid growth of large cities and metropolitan areas
 Absence/weakness of basic urban infrastructure, basic social services and community organizations in the poorest neighborhoods, in the periphery of large cities and metropolitan areas
 Growing availability of arms and drugs
 Growing presence and strengthening of organized crime
 Culture of violence, reinforced by organized crime as well as the media, the police and the private security services
 Low level of effectiveness of the police and other institutions in the criminal justice system
 Poor public education system.

Nations with high crime rates

Brazil

Brazil is one of the countries that has the largest inequality in terms of the gap between the very wealthy and the extremely destitute. A huge portion of the population lives in poverty. According to the World Bank, "one-fifth of Brazil's 173 million people account for only a 2.2 percent share of the national income. Brazil is second only to South Africa in a world ranking of income inequality.

There were a total of 63,880 murders in Brazil in 2018. The incidence of violent crime, including muggings, armed robbery, murder and sexual assault is high, particularly in Rio de Janeiro, Recife and other large cities. Carjacking is also common, particularly in major cities. Criminals often use guns. Crime levels in slum areas are very high. Victims have been seriously injured or killed when resisting perpetrators. During peak tourist seasons, large, organised criminal gangs have reportedly robbed and assaulted beach goers. The country is well known for having almost 60,000 documented murders every year for the past decade, mostly drug and robbery related.

'Express kidnappings', where individuals are abducted and forced to withdraw funds from automated teller machines to secure their release, are common in major cities including Rio de Janeiro, Salvador and Recife. People have been robbed and assaulted when using unregistered taxis. Petty crime such as pickpocketing and bag snatching are common. Thieves operate in outdoor markets, in hotels and on public transport.

Colombia

Elements of all the armed groups have been involved in drug-trafficking. In a country where the presence of the state has always been weak, the result has been a grinding war on multiple fronts, with the civilian population caught in the crossfire and often deliberately targeted for "collaborating". Human rights advocates blame paramilitaries for massacres, "disappearances", and cases of torture and forced displacement. Rebel groups such as the FARC and the ELN are behind assassinations, kidnapping and extortion. The level of drug related violence was halved in the last 10 years, when the country moved from being the most violent country in the world to have a homicide rate that is inferior to the one registered in countries like Honduras, Jamaica, El Salvador, Venezuela, Guatemala, Trinidad and Tobago and South Africa.

The administration of President Uribe has sought to professionalize the armed forces and to engage them more fully in the counterinsurgency war; as a result, the armed groups have suffered a series of setbacks. Police in Colombia say the number of people kidnapped has fallen 92% since 2000. Common criminals are now the perpetrators of the overwhelming majority of kidnappings. By the year 2016, the number of kidnappings in Colombia had declined to 205 and it continues to decline.

Colombia registered a homicide rate of 24.4 per 100,000 in 2016, the lowest since 1974. The 40-year low in murders came the same year that the Colombian government signed a peace agreement with the FARC.

El Salvador

Violent crime is rampant in El Salvador, in 2012 the homicide rate peaked at 105 homicides per 100,000 residents.  In 2016, the rate decreased by 20%, but El Salvador continues to be one of the world's most dangerous countries. As of March 2012, El Salvador has seen a 40% drop in crime due to what the Salvadoran government called a gang truce. In early 2012, there were on average of 16 killings per day but in late March that number dropped to fewer than 5 per day and on April 14, 2012 for the first time in over 3 years there were no killings in the country.  Overall, there were 411 killings in the month of January 2012 but in March the number was 188, more than a 40% reduction in crime. All of this happening while crime in neighboring Honduras has risen to an all-time high.
Citizen and foreign women and girls have been victims of sex trafficking in El Salvador. They raped and physically and psychologically harmed in locations throughout the country.

Violent crimes including armed robbery, banditry, assault, kidnapping, sexual assault, and carjacking is common, including in the capital, San Salvador. Downtown San Salvador is dangerous, particularly at night. San Salvador hosts some of the most notorious unified crime family transnational gangs that spread across the Central American heart region, like the Mara Salvatrucha and the 18th Street gang that arrived during and since the Salvadoran Civil War.

The security situation has taken a downturn in San Salvador; in 2002, there were over 9000 intentional homicides in the city of San Salvador by international global Central American Gangs or Maras. 2005 and 2006 saw a worsening security situation in San Salvador; and corruption, with the trend continuing in 2008. Crimes have increased to 13 daily, with this sharp increase having occurred in the last six years, making the words San Salvador City synonymous with crime. The portrayal of San Salvador was a dark and foreboding metropolis rife and reign with crime, grime, corruption, and a deep-seated sense of urban decay, ultimately a vice city.

After the civil war and left in complete ruins and destruction, people described and called the city "San Salvador La Ciudad Que Se Desmorona", "San Salvador The City That Crumbles". San Salvador is a rampant and recurring corruption within the city's civil authorities and infrastructure. Certain locations disputed by rival gangs especially in poor slums on the outskirts areas of San Salvador City are labeled as No man's land.

High-level corruption in El Salvador is a serious problem. President Mauricio Funes pledged to investigate and prosecute corrupt senior officials when he took office in June 2009, but after a political truce with his predecessor, Antonio Saca, who was expelled from the ARENA party amid large-scale corruption allegations, Funes showed an unwillingness to tackle the problem. ARENA alleged that $219 million in government funds under Saca's personal control had disappeared. Saca's own former political allies in the ARENA party and private sector told the U.S. Embassy in San Salvador of widespread abuse of power for personal financial gain. Such corruption, the U.S. Embassy reported in a cable leaked by WikiLeaks, "went beyond the pale" even by Salvadoran standards.

Guatemala

Guatemala's criminal organizations, some of which have been in operation for decades, are among the most sophisticated and dangerous in the Americas. They include former members of the military, intelligence agencies and active members of the police.

Violence against indigenous people
Guatemala is home to 24 principal ethnic groups. Although the Government of Guatemala has adopted the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the country’s indigenous peoples continue to face a number of challenges.

Every day 33 people become entrapped in sex trafficking rings in Guatemala, including a “shocking” proportion of children, some of them sold into the sex trade by their mothers, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) said. Nearly 60 percent of the 50,000 victims of sex trafficking in Guatemala are children, according to a report by UNICEF and the U.N. Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG), which estimates the industry to be worth $1.6 billion a year. In 2009, Guatemala enacted an anti-trafficking law, with rules to be executed in 2014, with a guide developed to assist victims and help fight the online sex trade.

Women in Guatemala's largest female-dominated labor sectors face persistent sex discrimination and abuse. Domestic workers, many of whom come from Guatemala's historically oppressed indigenous communities, do not have the legal right to be paid the minimum wage. They also have no right to an eight-hour work day or a forty-eight hour work week, have only limited rights to national holidays and weekly rest, and by and large are denied the right to employee-paid health care under the national social security system.In order to get a job in a factory, women must often reveal whether they are pregnant, either through questions on job applications, in interviews, or through physical examinations. Workers who become pregnant after being hired are often denied the full range of maternity benefits provided for in Guatemalan law. And the maquilas routinely obstruct workers' access to the employee health care system to which they have a right - with a direct impact on working women's reproductive health.

Honduras

Crime is a major problem in Honduras, which has the highest murder rate of any nation. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Honduras has the highest rate of intentional homicide in the world, with 6,239 intentional homicides, or 82.1 per 100,000 of population in 2010. This is significantly higher than the rate in El Salvador, which at 66.0 per 100,000 in 2010, has the second highest rate of intentional homicide in the world.

According to the International Crisis Group, the most violent regions outside of the major urban areas in Honduras exist on the border with Guatemala, and are highly correlated with the many active drug trafficking routes plying the region.

Mexico

Crime is among the most urgent concerns facing Mexico, as Mexican drug trafficking rings play a major role in the flow of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana transiting between Latin America and the United States. Drug trafficking has contributed to corruption, which has had a deleterious effect on Mexico's Federal Representative Republic. Drug trafficking and organized crime have also been a major source of violent crime in Mexico. Mexican citizens and foreigners have been victims of sex trafficking in Mexico. Drug cartels and gangs fighting in the Mexican War on Drugs have relied on trafficking as an alternative source of profit to fund their operations. The cartels and gangs also abduct women and girls to use as their personal sex slaves.

Mexico has experienced increasingly high crime rates, especially in major urban centers. The country's great economic polarization has stimulated criminal activity in the lower socioeconomic strata, which include the majority of the country's population. Crime continues at high levels, and is repeatedly marked by violence, especially in the cities of Tijuana and Ciudad Juárez, and the states of Baja California, Durango, Sinaloa, Guerrero, Chihuahua, Michoacán, Tamaulipas, and Nuevo León. Other metropolitan areas have lower, yet still serious, levels of crime. Low apprehension and conviction rates contribute to the high crime rate.

Before the drug war in Mexico, there were roughly 300 murders in the border city of Ciudad Juarez in 2007. In 2010, state officials reported a peak of 3,622 homicides in the city. With a rate of 272 murders per 100,000 residents, Ciudad Juarez alone had the highest murder rate in the world, although the rate has steadily decreased since then to reach only 300 murders in 2015.

Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico has become a major transshipment point for illegal drugs that are smuggled from source countries like Colombia and Peru into the U.S. mainland.  Most of it is transported to and through the island from drug trafficking organizations in the Dominican Republic, Colombia, Florida, and criminal organizations in Puerto Rico. One of the most common ways drugs are smuggled into the island is through commercial and private maritime vessels, and container terminals such as the Port of San Juan.  It is the busiest port in the Caribbean and the second busiest in Latin America.

Because drugs are trafficked directly into the island from other source countries, they are less expensive than in any other place in the United States. Thus, it is cheap and easy for street gangs to buy and deal to the public mostly in, and from, housing projects, leading to turf wars and the second highest homicide rate in the United States. Police undermining in the drug trade and corruption are also common. Between 1993 and 2000, 1,000 police officers in Puerto Rico lost their jobs from the department due to criminal charges and between 2003 and 2007, 75 officers were convicted under federal court for police corruption. 2011 was marked as the most violent year for Puerto Rico with approximately 1,120 murders recorded, 30.5 homicides per 100,000 residents.

Venezuela

Venezuela is among the most violent places in Latin America. Class tension has long been a part of life in the South American country, where armed robberies, carjackings and kidnappings are frequent. Venezuela was ranked the most insecure nation in the world by Gallup in 2013 with the United Nations stating that such crime is due to the poor political and economic environment in the country. As a result of the high levels of crime, Venezuelans were forced to change their ways of life due to the large insecurities they continuously experienced.

Crime rates are higher in 'barrios' or 'ranchos' (slum areas) after dark. Petty crime such as pick-pocketing is prevalent, particularly on public transport in Caracas. The government in 2009 created a security force, the Bolivarian National Police, which has supposedly lowered crime rates in the areas in which it is so far deployed according to the Venezuelan government, and a new Experimental Security University was created. However, many statistics have shown an increase of crime even after such measures were taken, with the 2014 murder rate showing an increase to 82 per 100,000, more than quadrupling since 1998. The capital Caracas has one of the greatest homicide rates of any large city in the world, with 122 homicides per 100,000 residents. Venezuela has also ranked high internationally among countries with high kidnapping rates, with consulting firm Control Risk ranking Venezuela 5th in the world for kidnappings in 2013 and News.com.au calling Venezuela's capital city of Caracas "the kidnap capital of the world" in 2013, noting that Venezuela had the highest kidnapping rate in the world and that 5 people were kidnapped for a ransom every day.

Foreign governments have also advised tourists of safety concerns while visiting the country. The United States State Department and Government of Canada has warned foreign visitors that they may be subjected to robbery, kidnapping for a ransom or sale to terrorist organizations and murder, and that their own diplomatic travelers are required to travel in armored vehicles. The United Kingdom's Foreign and Commonwealth Office has advised against all travel to Venezuela.

See also

 Crime in Mexico
 Homicide in world cities
 Illegal drug trade in Latin America
 List of Brazilian states by murder rate
 List of cities by murder rate
 List of countries by firearm-related death rate
 List of countries by incarceration rate
 List of countries by intentional death rate - homicide plus suicide.
 List of countries by intentional homicide rate by decade
 List of countries by intentional homicide rate
 List of countries by life expectancy
 List of countries by suicide rate
 List of federal subjects of Russia by murder rate
 List of Mexican states by homicides
 List of U.S. states and territories by violent crime rate
 List of U.S. states and territories by intentional homicide rate
 List of United States cities by crime rate (2012)
 Social cleansing
 United States cities by crime rate (100,000–250,000)
 United States cities by crime rate (60,000-100,000)

Notes and references

External links
 Black Markets in the Americas
 InsightCrime - Research, analysis and investigation on organized crime in Latin America

Violence
Latin America
Crime in Latin America


The 1933 college football season saw the Michigan Wolverines repeat as winners of the Knute Rockne Memorial Trophy as national champion under the Dickinson System.

The unofficial east–west championship game, the Rose Bowl, was between Stanford (8–1–1) who was ranked behind USC and unranked Columbia (7–1). The Columbia Lions won the Rose Bowl game 7–0.

Conference and program changes

Conference changes
Two new conferences began play in 1933:
 Chesapeake Conference – active through the 1936 season
 Southeastern Conference (SEC) – active NCAA Division I FBS conference; formed after its thirteen members broke away from the Southern Conference in 1932.

Membership changes

September
September 23 USC opened its season with a doubleheader against Occidental College, and Whittier College.  Using a combination of varsity and reserves, the Trojans won 39–0 and 51–0, respectively.  Although future President Richard M. Nixon had been on the freshman football team at Whittier, he was not part of the varsity squad that played against USC.  Oregon defeated Linfield College 53–0.  Stanford beat San Jose State 27–0

September 30  Stanford narrowly defeated UCLA 3–0,  USC beat Loyola Marymount 18–0, and Oregon won at Gonzaga 14–0.  Army opened with a 19–6 win over Mercer College.  Minnesota beat visiting South Dakota State 19–6.  Pittsburgh beat Washington & Jefferson 9–0.

October

October 7  USC defeated Washington State 33–0, Stanford beat Santa Clara 7–0, and Oregon got past Portland College 14–7.  Minnesota and Indiana tied 6–6.  Michigan (whose team included Gerald Ford as a center) beat Michigan State 20–6, Purdue beat Ohio University 13–6, and Ohio State rolled over Virginia 75–0.  Army beat Virginia Military Institute (VMI) 32–0 Pittsburgh beat West Virginia 21–0.  Nebraska beat visiting Texas 26–0.  Princeton opened its season with a shutout (40–0) over Amherst.

October 14 In Minneapolis, Minnesota and Purdue played to a 7–7 tie.
In Chicago, Stanford and Northwestern played to a 0–0 tie.  Oregon won at Washington 6–0, and USC beat St. Mary's 14–7.  Army defeated Delaware 52–0 and Pittsburgh beat Navy 34–6.  Ohio State defeated Vanderbilt 20–0.  Michigan beat Cornell 40–0.  Nebraska won at Iowa State 20–0.  Princeton recorded its second shutout, a 45–0 win over Williams.  Tennessee suffered its first defeat since 1930, losing 10–2 against Duke.

October 21 Michigan beat visiting Ohio State 13–0.
Minnesota (1–0–2) hosted  Pittsburgh (3–0–0), with the home team Gophers winning, 7–3.  Purdue won at Chicago 14–0.  In Portland, USC and Oregon State played to a 0–0 tie.  Stanford won at the University of San Francisco, 20–13.  In Cleveland Army beat Illinois 6–0.  Nebraska won at Kansas State 9–0.  Oregon beat Idaho 19–0 in a Friday Night game.  Princeton beat Columbia, 20–0, to stay unscored upon.

October 28 USC narrowly won at California, 6–3, Oregon won at UCLA 7–0, and Stanford lost at Washington 6–0.  Michigan won at Chicago 28–0, Ohio State beat Northwestern 12–0, Minnesota beat Iowa 19–7, and Purdue won at Wisconsin 14–0. Army won at Yale 21–0.  Pittsburgh won at Notre Dame 14–0.  Nebraska beat Oklahoma 16–7.  Princeton narrowly won, but stayed unscored upon, with a 6–0 win over Washington & Lee.

November
November 4 Oregon beat Utah 26–7.  Stanford beat the Olympic Club 21–0 and Army beat Coe College 34–0.  Purdue beat Carnegie Tech 17–7.  Michigan won at Illinois, 7–6, Ohio State beat Indiana 21–0.
Minnesota and Northwestern played to a 0–0 tie.  Pittsburgh beat Centre College 37–0.  Nebraska stayed unbeaten with a 26–0 win over Missouri.  Princeton extended its shutout streak to five with a 33–0 win at Brown.

November 11  In Los Angeles, USC (6–0–1) hosted Stanford (5–1–1).   The Trojans suffered their first defeat in 27 games, losing 13–7, in a game that ultimately decided the Pacific Coast championship.
Michigan defeated Iowa 5–3.  At Portland, Oregon beat Oregon State, 13–3 to extend its record to 8–0–0.  Army won at Harvard 27–0.  In Phildadelphia, Ohio State beat Penn 20–7 and Purdue won at Notre Dame 19–0.
Pittsburgh beat Duquesne 7–0 and Nebraska defeated Kansas 12–0
Princeton beat Dartmouth, 7–0, for its sixth straight shutout.

November 18 USC (6–1–1) handed visiting Oregon (8–0–0) its first defeat, 26–0.  Michigan (6–0–0) and Minnesota (3–0–3), both unbeaten,  played to a scoreless tie.  Pittsburgh (6–1–0) hosted Nebraska (5–0–0) and won 6–0.  Princeton beat visiting Navy 13–0.  In seven games, it had outscored its opponents 164–0.  Stanford beat Montana 33–7.  Army defeated Pennsylvania Military Institute, 12–0.  Ohio State won at Wisconsin 6–0.   Purdue suffered its first loss of the season, falling 14–6 to visiting Iowa.

November 25 Princeton was finally scored upon, after holding its first seven opponents scoreless.  The streak was broken by Rutgers, which lost 26–6.  USC won at Notre Dame, 19–0 and Stanford beat California 7–3.  The annual Army–Navy Game took place in Philadelphia, and Army won 12–7.  Ohio State closed its season with a 7–6 win over Illinois and Michigan won at Northwestern 13–0, Minnesota beat Wisconsin 6–3, and Purdue won at Indiana 19–3.  Nebraska beat Iowa 7–6

Thanksgiving Day fell on November 30 in 1933.  Nebraska defeated Oregon State 22–0 to close its season at 8–1–0.  Oregon won at St. Mary's, 13–7.  Pittsburgh beat Carnegie Tech 16–0.

December
December 2 In Los Angeles, USC (8–1–1) hosted Georgia (8–1–0) and won 31–0
Army (9–0–0) and Notre Dame (2–5–1) met at Yankee Stadium.  The Fighting Irish pulled off a 13–12 upset.  Princeton, no longer having to maintain a streak of shutouts, won at Yale 27–2 to finish as the nation's only unbeaten and untied team.

1934 Rose Bowl

The Columbia Lions defeated the Stanford Indians (now Cardinal) 7–0. Cliff Montgomery, the Columbia quarterback, was named the Rose Bowl Player Of The Game when the award was created in 1953 and selections were made retroactively.

Other bowls
 Dixie Classic

Conference standings
For this article, major conferences defined as those including multiple state flagship public universities.

Major conference standings

Independents

Minor conferences

Minor conference standings

Dickinson System
The AP sportswriters' poll would not begin continuously until 1936. (although, the first time was a one instance publishing in 1934) Frank G. Dickinson, an economics professor at the University of Illinois, had invented the Dickinson System to rank colleges based upon their records and the strength of their opposition.  The system was originally designed to rank teams in the Big Nine (later the Big Ten) conference.  Chicago clothing manufacturer Jack Rissman then persuaded Dickinson to rank the nation's teams under the system, and the Rockne Memorial Trophy was awarded to the winning university.

In an AP story with the caption "Figure This Out!", the system was explained:
"For each victory of a first division team over another first division team, the winner gets 30 points and the loser 15 points.  For each tie between two first
division teams, each team gets 12.5 points.  For each victory of a first division team over a second division team, the first division winner gets 20 points and the second division loser 10 points.  For each tie between two second division teams, each gets 15 points.  For each tie between a first division team and a second division team, the first division team gets 15 points and the second division team gets 20 points.  Then, after each team has been given its quota of points its final "score" is tabulated by taking an average on the number of games played."

Final Dickinson rankings
Michigan (7–0–1), Minnesota (4–0–4) and Princeton (9–0) were all unbeaten, and Princeton was untied as well.  Based on its schedule, Michigan was ranked highest by Professor Dickinson.  As in 1932, Dickinson, an economics professor at the University of Illinois, included four Big Ten Conference teams among the best in the US.  In 1933, they were Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio State, and Purdue.

Awards and honors

All-Americans

The consensus All-America team included:

Statistical leaders
Player scoring most points: Beattie Feathers, Tennessee, 78

References


USS Dauphin (APA-97) was a Windsor-class attack transport that served with the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946. She was sold into commercial service in 1948 and was scrapped in 1979.

History
Dauphin (APA-97) was named after Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. Dauphin (APA-97) was launched 10 June 1944 by Bethlehem Sparrows Point Shipyard, Sparrows Point, Maryland, under a Maritime Commission contract; transferred to the Navy 23 September 1944; and commissioned the same day.

Pacific War
Dauphin reported to Newport, Rhode Island 29 October 1944 for duty training precommissioning crews of transport and cargo ships, so serving 36 ships. Clearing Newport 20 January 1945 she arrived at Norfolk, Virginia the next day to load cargo, and on 13 February got underway for the Pacific.

She embarked troops and combat cargo at Pearl Harbor between 5 and 29 March, and arrived at Ulithi staging point for the Okinawa operation 15 April. She sailed from Ulithi on the 22d to land reinforcements at Hagushi Beach, Okinawa, from 26 to 30 April. Carrying casualties, she called at Saipan and arrived at San Francisco 22 May.

A week later Dauphin was underway for the Philippines. From 27 June until the end of the war she carried troops from New Guinea to the Philippines.

Operation Magic Carpet
On 26 August, Dauphin sailed from Batangas Bay, Luzon, with occupation troops. She anchored in Tokyo Bay the day of surrender, 2 September, and from 4 September to 27 October made four similar voyages carrying troops from the Philippines to Japan. Assigned to the Operation Magic Carpet fleet she made two voyages carrying home veterans from Sasebo, Japan, and San Pedro Bay, Leyte, between 6 November 1945 and 17 January 1946.

Decommissioning and fate
On the last day of January she put out for the east coast, arriving at Norfolk 17 February. Dauphin was decommissioned there 3 April 1946 and delivered to the War Shipping Administration the next day for disposal. Dauphin was sold for commercial service in 1948, being refurbished as passenger-cargo ship SS Exochorda, and later becoming SS Stevens, a floating dormitory for Stevens Institute of Technology. She was scrapped in 1979.

Awards
Dauphin earned one battle star for World War II service.

References

APA-97 Dauphin, Navsource Online.

Windsor-class attack transports
Type C3-S-A3 ships of the United States Navy
Ships built in Sparrows Point, Maryland
1944 ships
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
USS Dauphin APA-97
Ships of American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines


Mesaia Milia () is a village of the Katerini municipality. Before the 2011 local government reform it was part of the municipality of Petra, of which it was the seat. The 2011 census recorded 352 inhabitants in the village. Kato Milia is a part of the community of Milia.

See also
 List of settlements in the Pieria regional unit

References

Populated places in Pieria (regional unit)


Lee Embree (July 9, 1915 – January 24, 2008) was an American Army staff sergeant and photographer who took the first American air-to-air photographs of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. Embree took the pictures of the attack from on board an Army Air Corps B-17 which he happened to be flying on from California to Hawaii on December 7, 1941, as the Japanese attacked the Pacific Fleet stationed at Pearl Harbor.

Personal life
Lee Embree was born and raised in Iowa. He married his first wife, Elizabeth Gene "Betty" Lain on February 22, 1941. Betty died in 1998, and he married his second wife, Violet "Vi" Timm McRoberts, in 2001.

Pearl Harbor photographs

Embree first enlisted in the Army Air Corps in 1936. By 1941, the year of the Attack on Pearl Harbor, Embree had become a staff sergeant.

Embree snapped a number of pictures of the attack, but eventually stopped. In a 2001 interview, he explained "Many people have asked me why I didn't take more photos from the air... I can only answer that I was so flabbergasted at what I saw that I forgot about the camera that was in my hand."

Later life
Embree enlisted in the Air Force Reserve in 1945. He officially retired as a major from the military in 1957. He and his family lived and worked in Southern California for many years.  Embree moved to Port Angeles, Washington, in 1988.

Embree was interviewed in 2003 by a production crew for the Discovery Channel for a documentary on the Pearl Harbor attacks. He also appeared in the KCTS series Stories of the Northwest in 2007.  The locally produced series, which focused on the lives of World War II veterans in the Pacific Northwest, was aired as a complement to PBS' The War.

Embree's photographs, as well as his Speed Graphic camera, goggles and dog tags, were placed on display at the Museum of Flight at Boeing Field in Seattle, Washington, in 2007.

Death
Lee Embree died at his home in Port Angeles on January 24, 2008, of a kidney infection at the age of 92. He was buried at Mount Angeles Memorial Park. He was survived by his second wife, and by two children, three grandchildren, three stepchildren and five step-grandchildren.

References

External Links
Lee Embree Collection at The Museum of Flight Digital Collections

1915 births
2008 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
Attack on Pearl Harbor
American war photographers
20th-century American photographers
Photographers from Iowa
Military personnel from Iowa
People from Port Angeles, Washington
Photography in the Philippines
United States Army Air Forces soldiers
United States Air Force officers