Belsat (; ; stylised as B☰LSAT) is a Polish free-to-air satellite television channel aimed at Belarus. The channel is a subsidiary of TVP S.A. From the outset, it has been co-funded by the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and international donors.

Broadcasting platforms

Satellite and cable networks
Belsat broadcasts from the Astra 4A satellite, which covers the European region of the former USSR.  In Ukraine, it is available on most cable networks. In Poland, it is carried by approximately 20% of cable networks. In Belarus, however, it is unavailable on cable or digital networks due to a ban by the authorities.

Internet
The channel's programming is broadcast live via the belsat.eu website, YouTube, and the BelsatSmart app for Smart TVs. Meanwhile, the БелсатТВ app for Android and iOS tablets and smartphones allows viewers to watch live, and read the latest news with embedded videos. Belsat also operates ten thematic YouTube channels: Belsat News, Belsat Life, Belsat Now, Belsat History, Belsat Music, Belsat Doc, The Way It Is, Hardcore Cartoons, Belsat in Polish and Belsat in English. It also hosts the Belsat Music channel on Soundcloud, featuring tracks from Belsat's music programmes.

Audience

Television

According to sociological polls conducted for Belsat by Mia Research from April to May 2019 (with a sample of 1,515 people aged 18 to 64), Belsat is watched by 13% of adult Belarusians. The brand's recognisability rose from 27% to 40% between 2015 and 2019.

There have also been major changes in how the channel's output is watched. The traditional method, via satellite receivers, has been replaced by new technology. In May 2019, 85% of the Mia Research poll respondents declared that they watch the channel's programmes online, compared to only 18% via satellite dishes, 55% on computers and laptops, and 40% on smartphones. 8% of viewers were using Smart TV technology, even though the channel's app had only just been launched at time of polling.

Website

Compared to former years, there was a steep rise in the activity of Internet users on the channel's website, which has five language versions: Belarusian, Russian, Ukrainian, English and Polish. According to Google Analytics, the site garnered 1,290,042 unique visitors and 12,083,368 views in May 2019, putting it on a par with Western government-funded media in Belarus, such as Radio Svaboda, or independent media such as the Belarusian-language online newspaper Nasha Niva. The average number of daily users on the site was 68,153 during that period.

Social media

Like the website, there are five language versions of all the channel's social media profiles on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, TikTok, Telegram, Odnoklassniki, VKontakte and Linkedin. In April 2021, they had 775,000 subscribers in total. Belsat's ten thematic YouTube channels had a total of one million subscribers. Belsat News is the only Belarusian-language news channel on YouTube with more than 100,000 subscribers (in April 2019). The Russian-language The Way It Is, which targets viewers from the former USSR, passed the 100,000-subscriber mark in June 2019. Both channels won a Silver Button award from YouTube.

Audience profile

25% of Belsat's viewers were in favour of European integration in May 2019. The minority – 17% – opted for further integration with Russia. Over half named Belarusian citizenship as the most important factor for determining identity, and 20% – local patriotism. 85% of Belsat's audience had a positive attitude towards Poland, while 50% associated Poland with Europe, 25% with prosperity, 22% with democracy, and 55% with shopping.

Airtime

Belsat broadcasts programmes for 19 hours a day, on average. Broadcasting begins at 7.00 a.m. Minsk time (UTC +3) and closes down at 2.00 a.m. depending on length of programming. Online transmissions can also be watched via belsat.eu and YouTube. Previously, its daily broadcasting time was temporarily reduced occasionally, due to funding shortages.

History

Beginnings
The creation of a satellite channel as part of Telewizja Polska, aimed at viewers in Belarus, was the initiative of journalist Agnieszka Romaszewska-Guzy. It was designed in response to demand expressed in Belarusian democratic circles for a television channel independent of the Minsk authorities. The idea found support from the Polish government and a wide spectrum of political forces in parliament. As a result, the project became a priority area for Polish policy governing international cooperation to develop democracy and civil society. On June 20, 2006, Telewizja Polska's board formed a commission of media professionals from Poland and Belarus to draft plans for a Belarusian-language channel. Initially, the channel was due to be launched in January 2007. On April 23, 2007, Telewizja Polska and the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs signed an agreement to create a channel named TV Bialorus. Telewizja Polska's board formally approved the new channel as a subsidiary on July 17, 2007. TVP S.A. was allocated 16 million zlotys from public funds to set up the new channel, finally christened “Belsat”. Belsat began broadcasting on December 10, 2007 (International Human Rights Day) and since then its director has been Agnieszka Romaszewska-Guzy.

In 2008 Belsat received 20.9 million zloty ($8.5 million) of financial support from the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with reducing support in subsequent years. In 2012 the support level was 17.6 million zloty ($5.1 million). Additional support came from the governments of Sweden, Netherlands, Norway, and other countries.

Threat of closure
In August 2017, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its then-head Witold Waszczykowski reduced Belsat's subsidy and terminated the agreement to fund the channel. As a result, Jacek Kurski, the head of TVP, addressed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, requesting confirmation of whether the government intended to continue funding the channel. Receiving no answer, he addressed the same question to premier Beata Szydlo. Members of the governmental coalition declared support for the channel, and the Ministry of Development became involved. In February 2018, the government pledged to finance the channel's activity from the ministry's reserve fund until the end of the year. It was also declared that, starting in 2019, the channel would be eligible for regular funding from the ministerial budget.

Imprisonment of journalists
In February 2021, two Belsat journalists, Katsyaryna Andreeva and Darya Chultsova, were sentenced to two years in prison by a court in Minsk after reporting from an anti-government rally held in November 2020. The arrest and subsequent sentencing was criticised by the European and International Federations of Journalists, as well as their Belarusian affiliate, the Belarusian Association of Journalists.

Institutional cooperation

Belsat TV is a subsidiary of TVP S.A., which co-finances it with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and also provides production facilities. From the outset, the channel has been co-funded by a range of institutions, including the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), the Nordic Council of Ministers, the foreign ministries of Norway, the Netherlands, Canada and Lithuania, the British and Irish governments, and the US State Department.

Media institutions such as Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (active on the Belarusian market as Radio Svaboda) and Deutsche Welle have licensed selected programmes to Belsat for free.

Belsat's current strategic institutional partners:

 The Royal Netherlands Embassy in Warsaw, which has sponsored training for Belsat employees and audience-measurement research;
 The British Broadcasting Corporation, which makes certain entertainment and educational series available free of charge, produces exclusive material for Belsat's Russian-language channel The Way It Is, and provides training for Belsat employees and management personnel;
 The European Endowment for Democracy, which funds several of Belsat's programmes;
 The National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI), which co-funded the series of debates The Territory of Truth;
 The Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project, an association of investigative journalists which cooperates with the makers of the Let Us Handle It programme;
 Thomson Reuters, which has assisted in reorganising Belsat TV, offered training for channel employees, and co-funded The Territory of Truth and special editions of The World and Us.

As part of the Belaruskamouny (“Belarusian Speaker”) social campaign to promote the Belarusian language, Belsat cooperates with organisations and institutions such as Art-Siadziba cultural centre, Belarusian PEN-Centre (a member of PEN International), and World Association of Belarusians “Backauščyna”.

Staff
In June 2008, the channel had around 100 employees in Poland and Belarus. The team currently numbers around 350 staff and contributors from Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan and others. The channel has two registered branch offices in Minsk and Kyiv, as well as a network of correspondents in Berlin, Brussels, Vilnius, Prague and Yerevan.

Reception

Belarus

On April 26, 2007, Belarusian president Alexander Lukashenko dubbed the project “stupid and uncongenial”. The Belarusian authorities’ subsequent actions confirmed the political trend set by Lukashenko, resulting in four official refusals to register Belsat in Belarus. Since the channel has no accreditation, its journalists face constant persecution while working in the country. To date, they have spent a total of 125 days in detention and been fined $94,296 US, simply for doing their jobs.

In 2017, the channel's Minsk office was searched and computer equipment was confiscated. The same year, Belsat TV was prohibited from using its trademark, following a Minsk court ruling that it infringed the rights of entrepreneur Andrey Belyakov, who had registered a firm named Belsat Plus. Since then, Belsat's reporters have used equipment bearing an alternative logo that contains consonants from the channel's name – the Cyrillic “BLS” (БЛС) and “tv”.

The most recent search of Belsat's Minsk offices was carried out in 2019, in connection with a case in which the channel's journalists had allegedly slandered Andrey Shved, chairman of the State Forensic Examination Committee.

In 2020 Belsat journalists were 162 times detained; detentions regularly involve the confiscation of all equipment. 26 journalists arrested, out of which 6 journalists were convicted to arrests twice and 1 journalist – thrice, giving 34 cases of administrative arrests. They had been sentenced to a total of 392 days behind bars. 7 of arrested journalists were treated brutally and beaten by law enforcers. 7 journalist following detention were hospitalised. During the crackdown on the protests of August 9–12, Belsat journalists were putting their lives on the line, and 2 of them were injured. Belsat journalists paid fines amounting to 26 353,44 USD.

On February 18, 2021, Belsat TV journalist Katsyaryna Andreeva and camerawoman Darya Chultsova were sentenced to two years of imprisonment in a minimum-security penal colony. They were accused of ‘organisation and preparation of actions that grossly violate public order’ (Art. 342 of the Criminal Code) on the back of their livestreaming a rally in Minsk. The investigators claim the Belsat crew ‘coordinated protesters and called for further actions’, but the two media workers were just performing their professional duties by reporting from the scene.

In July 2021, Belsat's content was declared extremist, meaning disseminating it can be punished by a 30-day detention. On November 3, 2021, the Ministry of Internal Affairs declared the channel an extremist group. Creation of an extremist group or participation in it is a criminal offence in Belarus.

In the fall of 2022, a criminal case for an interview with the channel was opened against Natalya Suslova, the mother of Belarusian volunteer Pavel “Volat” Suslov, who was killed in action in Ukraine. In January 2023, Daria Losik, the wife of Ihar Losik, was sentenced to two years in prison for an interview with the channel under a criminal article on promoting extremist activity.

European Union and others
The European Parliament has urged the European Union to support Belsat in several resolutions. On January 20, 2011, the Parliament stressed the need to support Belarusian independent media, including Belsat TV. MEPs called on the European Commission “to support, with all financial and political means, the efforts of Belarusian civil society […] and non-governmental organisations in Belarus to promote democracy and oppose the regime”. The resolution also called on the commission to halt ongoing cooperation and to withdraw its assistance provided to Belarusian state-owned media. On July 31, 2023, the European Parliament passed a resolution in which it asks the European Commission and the Member States, to strengthen Belarusian media outlets, including Belsat TV.

On October 20, 2004 US president George W. Bush signed into law the Belarus Democracy Act, which authorized sanctions against the Belarusian government and its leaders, while allowing for support of and financing to groups, NGOs, and individuals who supported and worked towards democratic and free press goals.

In January 2012, US president Barack Obama signed the Belarus Human Rights and Democracy Act, which amended the 2004 Act and outlined the main priorities for American foreign policy on Belarus, as well as support for independent media, including Belsat TV.

In April 2019, the OSCE condemned the search of Belsat's Minsk offices. In May 2019, Harlem Désir, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, expressed his disappointment and concern regarding the ongoing practice of imposing penalties on journalists working without accreditation in Belarus. This came in reaction to six Belsat journalists who had been sentenced to hefty fines.

Programmes

Belarusian World (): A programme presenting the lives of Belarusians resident abroad, focusing particularly on the Belarusian ethnic minority in Podlasie. Produced by Belsat TV's Białystok office.
Belsat Music Live: A review of the most interesting bands on the contemporary Belarusian music scene. Popular presenters Mira Shulc and Siarhei Budkin talk to artists about their work and listen to songs live, together with the studio audience.
By the River Nioman (): The channel's only Polish-language programme, broadcast with Belarusian subtitles. The presenters report on events in the life of the Polish minority in Belarus, visiting places linked to Polish history and culture. Produced by TVP Polonia.
Dates of Truth (): A series of programmes by Viachaslau Rakicki on the centenary of Belarusian statehood, which began with the formation of the Belarusian People's Republic in 1918. Each episode contains previously unseen footage and photographs from private archives.
Each of Us (): Belsat's flagship talk show, hosted by well-known Belarusian social activist Hleb Labadzienka. In each episode, invited studio guests discuss a burning topical issue in Belarus.
I'm Not Eating This (): Popular chefs Olga Prigarova and Alaksandr Chikileuski apply their professional skills to the full while helping Belarusian showbiz celebrity guests overcome their childhood culinary traumas.
In Focus (): Belsat's flagship live news programme has been on the air every day since the channel was launched, presenting current affairs, mostly from Belarus and Central and Eastern Europe.
Intermarium: Pavel Mazhejka's programme invites historians and writers to discuss painful chapters of the shared history of Central and Eastern European countries, and ponder their impact on international relations today.
Interview (): A show that goes out every evening from Monday to Friday, presented by well-known political commentators Svetlana Kalinkina, Uladzimir Mackievich and Vital Cyhankou, who discuss the most crucial events taking place in Belarus with their guests.
Labyrinths (): A series of history programmes in mockumentary style. Each episode unearths little-known episodes from the lives of prominent Belarusian writers and intellectuals who lived in the first half of the 20th century.
Language Learned Anew (): A televised version of the well-liked courses to popularise the Belarusian language among people who normally speak Russian in Belarus. Each episode presents vocabulary on a specific topic, and is presented by Alesia Litvinouska and Hleb Labadzienka.
Let Us Handle It (): Programe of Stanislau Ivashkievich's Belarusian Investigative Center on corruption in Belarus is produced in conjunction with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, which exposed the Panama Papers scandal.
Ministry of Truth (): A satirical animated series by Yuriy Khashchevatskiy, lampooning the internal workings of the Belarusian state and the way Alexander Lukashenko's administration deals with neighbouring countries.
Mysteries of Belarusian History (): Writer and presenter Alaksandr Kraucevich is a historian who popularises Belarusian history for our viewers, travelling around the country and describing little-known events which are often intentionally left out of the Belarusian school curriculum.
Rambling in and around Hrodna (): Together with presenter Alaksiej Shota, the audience can visit little-known historical sites in the Hrodna region: former estates of the local aristocracy and nobility, Catholic and Orthodox churches, and remnants of Jewish culture.
So Be It TV (): A satirical show set in a fictional underground television channel. The three presenters comment on current events, and invite famous Belarusians into the studio to discuss unusual topics.
Studio Belsat (): A live news bulletin that goes out from Monday to Friday. Regular segments include headline news, weather, sports news, a Belarusian media roundup, plus presentations of cultural events and state-of-the-art technology.
The Evening Stiletto (): A satirical roundup of the week's events in Community of Independent States member-countries. Presenter Ales Karnienka selects the funniest, most ridiculous stories and provides his own merciless commentaries.
The Territory of Truth (): Two series of international debates involving experts. In 2018, the first one covered the Russian presidential elections, while in 2019 the second focused on the twentieth anniversary of NATO’s expansion to include Central and Eastern European countries.
The Way It Is (): A daily live news show in Russian, aimed at residents of the post-Soviet region. The programme has a network of correspondents in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Armenia.
The World and Us (): An analytical programme edited by Alina Koushyk and Siarhiej Pialiasa. Filmed editorials zoom in on the week’s major world events, while experts in the studio discuss them from the viewpoint of Belarus and its people.
Welcome to Belarus (): Broadcast during the summer months, this programme is about foreigners who, finding themselves in Belarus for a variety of reasons, discover the country and contrast what they knew about it before with their real-life experiences.
Witnesses (): A documentary series by Viachaslau Rakicki on the struggle for Belarusian independence during the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. Social and political activists describe historic events in which they took part.

Awards

The work of the Belsat team and management has been regularly acknowledged by NGOs, media and journalists’ associations. Agnieszka Romaszewska-Guzy and her staff were awarded Rzeczpospolita’s Jerzy Giedroyc prize for promoting good relations with neighbouring countries. She was also named Manager of the Year by business magazine Home & Market, as well as European of the Year 2013 by the European edition of international monthly Reader's Digest, whose winners have acted to improve the lives of others.

In March 2021, the Center for Belarusian Solidarity awarded Belsat TV the Global Belarusian Solidarity Award in the category "Without Borders".

A full list of awards won by Belsat TV programmes.

References

Television stations in Belarus
Television channels in Poland
Satellite television
International broadcasters
Television channels and stations established in 2007
Belarusian-language mass media


Kent Life (formerly the Museum of Kent Life) is an English open-air museum located at Sandling, next to Allington Locks, on the east bank of the River Medway.

History
Sir Garrard Tyrwhitt-Drake bequeathed the Cobtree Manor Estate to Maidstone Borough Council in 1966. A part of the estate was Sandling Farm, on the banks of the Medway. In 1984 a decision was made to restore the derelict farm as part of a rural life museum. The museum opened to the public on July 6, 1985.

Farming

At the museum, various aspects of farming are recreated. There are two small hop gardens, growing Fuggles and Goldings hops. Apple and plum orchards, a herb garden, a soft fruit garden and various livestock.

Buildings
The museum has a variety of buildings, most of which have been dismantled and re-erected at the museum.

Barn

A five bay barn dating from the eighteenth century and originally at Vale Farm, Calcott, near Sturry. The barn has an oak frame and a thatched roof. It was dismantled in 1984 and re-erected at the museum in 1989.

Chapel

The chapel is a timber-framed building clad in corrugated iron (a tin tabernacle). It was originally built in 1897 in Cuxton and was donated to the museum in 2000 when a new chapel was built.

Lenham Cottages

Originally called Old Cottage and Water Street Cottage, these cottages stood at Lenham. The Grade II listed building were threatened by the building of the Channel Tunnel rail link. The builder of the link offered the cottages to the museum, along with the funding for their removal and re-erection. They were dismantled in June 1999, and re-erected between January 2000 and March 2001, opening to the public in July 2001.

Petts Farmhouse

A late-eighteenth-century farmhouse. Petts Farmhouse is a Grade II* listed building.

Sandling Farmhouse

Sandling farmhouse is one of the original farm buildings. It was the home of George Brundle, the last tenant of the farm until his death at 98 in 2001. The building dates to the sixteenth century, and has links to Sir Thomas Wyatt.

Forge

A blacksmith's forge has been recreated at the museum.

Granary

A nineteenth-century granary from Boxley Grange Farm, Boxley, was dismantled in March 1993 and has been re-erected at the museum.

Hopper Huts

A set of Hopper huts from North Frith Farm, Hadlow was dismantled and re-erected at the museum. These huts are built of brick, with internal fireplaces. A set of hopper huts with a wood frame clad in corrugated iron has been constructed, along with a cookhouse and privy.

Oast

One of the original farm buildings. The oast originally had four kilns, two round and two square. Hops had last been dried here some time before 1925. The two square kilns were demolished in 1935 and the stowage was damaged in a fire in 1951. The oast was restored in 1984, both round kilns and one square kiln being restored with cowls. The oast houses a reconstruction of a village store, being the interior fittings of a general store in Hawkhurst.

Shepherd's Hut

A shepherd's hut from Acton Farm, Charing was presented to the museum in 1994.

Tack Room

A tack room has been recreated at the museum.

Tearooms

The tearooms are housed in one of the original farm houses.

Village Hall

Of similar construction to the chapel.  The old village hall from Ulcombe was donated to the museum in 1997.  It was dismantled in October 1997 and re-erected, opening to the public in June 2000.

Wagon Store

The wagon store building was purpose built at the museum in 1993.  The re-created forge is at one end.

References

Sources

External links
 Museum of Kent Life homepage

Open-air museums in England
Museums in the Borough of Maidstone
Houses in Kent
Rural history museums in England
Local museums in Kent
Farm museums in England
Agricultural museums in England
Boxley


426 Transport Training Squadron is a unit of the Canadian Forces under Royal Canadian Air Force, located at CFB Trenton in Trenton, Ontario. It originated as a squadron in the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) that fought during the Second World War as a bomber squadron.

The motto of the squadron is "On Wings of Fire" and the squadron's badge contains a Thunderbird. The badge refers to the squadron's Thunderbird designation.

History

Second World War
No. 426 Squadron RCAF was created during the Second World War as a result of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan to supply aircrew for the war in Europe. It first formed at RAF Dishforth, England on 15 October 1942, with Vickers Wellington Mk IIIs and Mk Xs. The squadron was used as bomber unit in No. 4 Group RAF, RAF Bomber Command. Its first operational mission occurred on the night of the 14th and 15 January  1943, when seven Wellingtons bombed Lorient. The squadron used to fly by night, principally over Germany. Unlike the other RCAF Wellington squadrons it did not go to Tunisia in that year, but remained operating over Germany. That year the squadron transferred to No. 6 Group RCAF. In June of that year it moved to RAF Linton-on-Ouse, where it re-equipped with the Bristol Hercules-engined Avro Lancaster II. With this type it soon resumed the offensive, and continued with the night campaign from Linton for the next ten months. In April 1944 it began to re-equip with Handley Page Halifax IIIs and VIIs, and for the next year continued to operate with these types as part of No. 6 Group.

During the war it flew 261 operational missions (242 bombing missions and 19 mining excursions) involving 3,213 sorties, and in doing so lost 88 aircraft. Its last operation took place on April 25, 1945, when 20 Halifaxes bombed gun batteries on island of Wangerooge. On May 25, 1945, the squadron was renamed to 426 Transport Squadron.

Possibly, the most heroic act realized by a member of the squadron during the war took place on October 20, 1943, when Flight Sergeant Stuart (the pilot) and his crew were sent to bomb Leipzig. During the mission he was engaged by enemy fighters, Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Junkers Ju 88, initially managing to shake them off but not before having his aircraft rendered almost unfit to fly, leaving it with shattered cockpits and gun turrets; holes in the fuel tanks, damaged hydraulics and no navigation instruments. Against all odds Stuart decided to continue the mission and successfully bombed his target before guiding his crippled aircraft home. He was awarded the Conspicuous Gallantry Medal.

Peacetime
The squadron was disbanded on January 1, 1946. It reformed at RCAF Station Dartmouth on August 1, 1946, as a transport squadron. They moved to RCAF Station Lachine, Quebec, in March 1947, where it began using the North Star.

On March 8, 1948, a North Star of the squadron was used to make 426 Squadron's first flight to the Arctic with a flight from Dorval, Quebec, to Lansdowne House by way of Rockliffe, Resolute, and Trout Lake. Later, in January 1949, a 426 Squadron North Star made Canada's first coast-to-coast non-stop flight.

Korean War
During the Korean War, between 1950 and 1952, the squadron transported supplies and troops to Japan in support of United Nations operations. In July 1950, a few days after the start of the war, 426 Squadron was detached to McChord Air Force Base in Washington where it came under the operational control of the Military Air Transport Service of the United States. A typical Korean Air Lift route for 426 Squadron aeroplanes was a physically and mentally demanding fifty-hour round trip flight from McChord to Japan and back with stops at Elmendorf Air Force Base (Alaska), Shemya (Aleutian Islands), Handed and Misawa Air Base (Japan).

Post-Korean War to present day
On September 1, 1959, the squadron was moved to Trenton, Ontario. It was moved to Saint-Hubert in January 1962. It was disbanded at Saint-Hubert on 1 September of that year. It reformed again as 426 Transport Training Squadron on May 3, 1971, at Uplands. The squadron moved to Trenton in August 1971 where it remains today, conducting training on the CC-130 Hercules.

The squadron has carried out many tasks since the end of Korean War, including casualty evacuations, Royal tours and other VIP transport, and United Nations air lift operations. Thunderbird has worked in many places: the Arctic, the Middle East and Europe, the Congo and Japan.

Aircraft

Battle honours
The squadron has been awarded a number of battle honours during its operational history:
 English Channel and North Sea 1943
 Baltic 1944–1945
 Fortress Europe 1943–1944
 France and Germany 1944–1945
 Biscay Ports 1943–1944
 Ruhr 1943–1945
 Berlin 1943–1944
 German Ports 1943–1945
 Normandy 1944
 Rhine
 Biscay 1943

Activities related to the squadron
During one attack in Belgium during the Second World War, one Halifax (serial LW682) crashed near Geraardsbergen. The entire crew perished. The remains of only five airmen, four Canadians and one British were recovered by the German authorities; the corpses of three other crewmen could not be retrieved because it had crashed in the boggy ground near the Dender river. In the late 1990s a group of Canadian and Belgian volunteers recovered the remains of the three Canadian airmen and brought them to Canada.
They were later interred with their crewmates in Geraardsbergen Communal Cemetery. A great deal of the recovered Halifax was smelted into ingots and have since been used for memorials, including the ceiling of the Bomber Command Memorial in London, UK. Former members of the 426 Squadron have held biennial Thunderbird veteran reunions since the end of the Second World War.
In recognition of his bravery, a new building of RAF Linton-on-Ouse was named after Flight Sergeant Frederick Stuart. The place was visited by relatives of the airman, amongst them, his daughter, whom he wasn't ever able to meet because he was shot down and killed in December 1943, one month before his child's birth.

Notes and references
Notes

Bibliography

 Halley, James J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth 1918–1988. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1988. .
 Jefford, C.G. RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912. Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1988 (second edition 2001). .
 Motiuk, Laurence. Thunderbirds at War: Diary of a Bomber Squadron. Nepean, Ontario, Canada: Larmot Associates, 1998. .
 Moyes, Philip J.R. Bomber Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft. London: Macdonald and Jane's (Publishers) Ltd., 1964 (2nd edition 1976). .

External links

 426 Transport Training Squadron official website
 426 "Thunderbird" Squadron Association
 426 squadron on RCAF website

Military units and formations of Ontario
Military units and formations of Canada in World War II
Royal Canadian Air Force squadrons
Military units and formations established in 1942
RCAF training units
Military education and training in Canada
Canadian Armed Forces


The Song of Ceylon is a 1934 British documentary film directed by Basil Wright and produced by John Grierson for the Ceylon Tea Propaganda Board.

The film was shot on location in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) at the start of 1934 and completed at the GPO film studios in Blackheath, London.

Plot
Ambitious documentary chronicling the cultural life and religious customs of the Sinhalese and the effects of advanced industrialism on such customs.

The first part of the film depicts the religious life of the Sinhalese, interlinking the Buddhist rituals with the natural beauty of Ceylon. Opening with a series of pans over palm leaves, we then gradually see people journey to Adam's Peak, a center of Buddhist pilgrimage for over two hundred years. This is continually inter-cut with images of surrounding natural beauty and a series of pans of a Buddhist statue.

Part two focuses on the working life of the Sinhalese, again continually stressing their intimate connection to the surrounding environment. We see people engaging in pottery, woodcarving and the building of houses, whilst children play.

The third part of the film introduces the arrival of modern communications systems into the fabric of this 'natural' lifestyle, heralded by experimental sounds and shots of industrial working practices.

Finally, in the last part of the film, we return to the cultural life of the Sinhalese, where people perform a traditional Kandyan dance. The film ends as it began, panning over palm trees.

Cast
Lionel Wendt as Narrator (voice)

Critical response
Writing for The Spectator in 1935, Graham Greene described the film as "an example to all directors of perfect construction and the perfect application of montage", and noted that it "moves with the air of absolute certainty in its object and assurance in its method".

References

Colonial Film: Moving Images of the British Empire Entry for Song of Ceylon.
Screenonline Entry for Song of Ceylon.

External links
Watch The Film Online at the Colonial Film: Moving Images of the British Empire  Website

Article on Basil Wright & Walter Leigh's use of sound in the film

1934 films
1934 short films
British short documentary films
British black-and-white films
Sri Lankan black-and-white films
Films directed by Basil Wright
1930s short documentary films
Sponsored films
1934 documentary films
Black-and-white documentary films
GPO Film Unit films
1930s English-language films
1930s British films


This article contains a list of named passenger trains in Australia. It includes both historic and current train services.

Australia is the only continent to offer both east–west and north–south transcontinental trains: The Indian Pacific from Sydney on the Pacific to Perth on the Indian Oceans, and The Ghan from Adelaide on the southern shores of the continent to Darwin on the northern shore.

See also
List of named trains in Victoria

References

Named passenger trains
Australia


Musée de Manega or Manega Museum is a museum located 55 km (34 mi) northwest of the city Ouagadougou, in the village of Manega, Burkina Faso. It was established by Frédéric Pacéré Titinga.

The museums contains the "Boura flutes," around 40 funeral pieces, tubes, terracota jars, bracelets and elements that were used for rituals in the Niger Valley, dating from the 2nd to the 11th century. It is also known for its 200-year-old Mossi rifles.

References

See also
 List of museums in Burkina Faso

Museums in Burkina Faso
African art museums
Musical instrument museums
Music organisations based in Burkina Faso


The Gward is the name of a series of .38-caliber Polish revolvers designed by engineers from the state-run Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna (H. Głowicki, W. Koperski, S. Ciepielski) and Kombinat Maszyn Włókienniczych "Wifama" factory (R. Chełmicki, T. Podgórski, J. Dudek) for the Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs.

A pre production trial series of Gward revolvers were manufactured in 1992. Series production of the Guard revolver was never launched due to financial problems of the "Wifima" factory.

References

Revolvers of Poland
.38 Special firearms


The Malibu-Newton Canyon Valley AVA is an American Viticultural Area in Los Angeles County, California.  The boundaries of the AVA include Newton Canyon, located about  from the Pacific Ocean within the city limits of Malibu.  George Rosenthal planted the first vineyards planted in the area since Prohibition in 1987, and was successful in his petition for the creation of the AVA in 1996.  The canyon varies in elevation from  to  above sea level.  Coastal fog and wind can influence the microclimate of the canyon, providing a cooler climate than the surrounding areas.

References

American Viticultural Areas of California
Geography of Los Angeles County, California
Santa Monica Mountains
American Viticultural Areas of Southern California
American Viticultural Areas
1996 establishments in California


Piski  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Czerwin, within Ostrołęka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Czerwin,  south-east of Ostrołęka, and  north-east of Warsaw.

References

Piski
Łomża Governorate
Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)
Belastok Region


The California Academy of Distinguished Neutrals is the Californian chapter of the National Academy of Distinguished Neutrals.

Membership is limited to California neutrals who have substantial experience in the resolution of commercial & civil disputes, and who have been recognized for their accomplishments through the Academy's peer-nomination and extensive attorney client review process.

, only 120 such attorneys have been recognized by the group, less than 5% of the state's neutrals.

References

External links

National Academy of Distinguished Neutrals

Dispute resolution
Law-related professional associations
Organizations based in California


Lili Golestan Taghavi Shirazi (; born 14 July 1944 in Tehran) is an Iranian translator, and owner and artistic director of the Golestan Gallery in Tehran.  She is the daughter of the filmmaker and writer Ebrahim Golestan and Fakhri Golestan ,the sister of the late photojournalist Kaveh Golestan and the mother of filmmaker Mani Haghighi. She spent a number of her formative years in Abadan, where her father worked as a filmmaker.

Translations
 How Babies are Made, Andrew Andry
 Life, War and Nothing Else, Oriana Fallaci
 The Strange Story of Spermato…
 Story Number 3, Eugène Ionesco
 Mira, Christopher Frank
 Tistou of the Green Thumbs, Maurice Druon
 Two Plays from Ancient China
 Chronicle of a Death Foretold, Gabriel Garcia Marquez
 The Man Who Had Everything, Everything, Everything, Miguel Angel Asturias
 The Fragrance of Guava, Gabriel Garcia Marquez
 Hellenism, Yiannis Ritsos
 Citizen Pigeon, Romain Gary
 Stories and Myths, Leonardo da Vinci
 Ondine, Jean Giraudoux
 If on a Winter's Night a Traveler, Italo Calvino
 The Story of My Condition Now, a long interview with Ahmad Mahmoud
 Six Memos for the Next Millenium, Italo Calvino
 A two volume book about Ali Hatami and his works
 Interview with Marcel Duchamp	Pierre Cabanne
 About Colours, Wittgenstein
 Life with Picasso, Françoise Gilot
 Picasso, David Hockney
 Mark Rothko, Sean Scully
 Van Gogh, Gauguin
 Marcel Duchamp speaks about Readymades

Author
 Majmooaye Honarhaye Tajasomi Moaser

References

External links

 A photo of her in Golestan Gallery

1944 births
Iranian translators
Living people
Iranian Writers Association members


Stephen Kraftcheck (March 3, 1929 – August 10, 1997) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman and coach, born in Tinturn, Ontario. He played parts of four seasons in the National Hockey League between 1950 and 1959 with the Boston Bruins, New York Rangers, and Toronto Maple Leafs. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1948 to 1964, was mainly spent in the American Hockey League (AHL)., and he was inducted into the AHL's Hall of Fame in 2008,

Playing career
His first National Hockey League (NHL) season was 1950–51, where he played 27 games for the Boston Bruins; 5 of these were in the playoffs versus the Toronto Maple Leafs, who went on to win the Stanley Cup that year. The next two seasons Kraftcheck played with the New York Rangers (1951-1953), netting 10 goals and 18 assists. After this stint, Kraftcheck remained a perennial all-star, but in the American Hockey League (AHL). The only other ice-time he saw in the NHL was for 8 games during the 1958–59 season for the Toronto Maple Leafs.

Kraftcheck played 13 productive seasons in the AHL, where he scored 73 goals and added 417 assists. In two separate seasons, Kraftcheck scored 41 assists, and during three other seasons he scored 37.

Kraftcheck also held the head coach/player role during 3 seasons for the AHL's Rochester Americans (1958-1961). His team made the playoffs two of these years, with Kraftcheck remaining an integral presence on the ice. In 1959–60, his Rochester Americans were defeated in the Calder Cup finals by the Springfield Indians. Of his 3 coaching years, this was the only season Kraftcheck was the head coach for the entire year.

He also played in 5 AHL All-Star games throughout the 1950s. He was posthumously inducted to the AHL Hall of Fame in 2008. Kraftcheck was the first recipient of the Eddie Shore Award, awarded to the player chosen as the AHL's best defenceman.

During his AHL career, Kraftcheck also played for the Cleveland Barons, Indianapolis Capitals, and the Providence Reds.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

References

External links

AHL Hall of Fame Bio

1929 births
1997 deaths
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Cleveland Barons (1937–1973) players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Indianapolis Capitals players
New York Rangers players
Providence Reds players
Rochester Americans coaches
Rochester Americans players
San Francisco Shamrocks (PCHL) players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Canadian ice hockey coaches


This article contains lists of named passenger trains in Europe, listed by country.  Listing by country does eliminate some EuroCity services from the list, but they are listed on the relevant EuroCity page for daytime trains and the EuroNight page for nighttime trains. Also separately listed are the named City Night Line services.

Austria

Belarus

Belgium

Bulgaria

Croatia
source

Czech Republic

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Status as from December 2022

*:not served by all trains

Italy

List of named passenger trains of Italy

Kazakhstan

Netherlands

Norway

Poland

Majority of Polish long-distance trains, as well as some regional and local trains, are named. Their names may be connected with station terminus (e.g. "Berolinum" or "Łodzianin"), famous people (e.g. "Reymont" or "Sobieski") or some literary figures (e.g. "Oleńka" or "Wokulski"). Some can be also more abstract, like "Pirat" ("Pirate") or "Swarożyc" ("Svarozhits")
Train numbers may change every year, they depend from many things, like station terminus or railway lines.

Portugal
Since 1990, with the opening of the LGV Atlantique, the Sud Express only runs between Lisbon and Hendaye and between Irún and Lisbon and it is no longer operated by SNCF. There is a connecting TGV service between Hendaye and Paris and between Paris and Irún. From October 2012, the Sud Express is upgraded to Trenhotel and runs together with the Lusitânia between Lisbon and Medina del Campo via Coimbra and Salamanca. Also, from this date on, the Sud Express is only operated by CP.

Romania

Russia

List of named passenger trains of Russia

Slovakia

Spain

There have been up to 125 named trains in Spain.

Sweden

Before 1980 there were several more named trains in Sweden

Switzerland

List of named passenger trains of Switzerland

Ukraine

United Kingdom

List of named passenger trains of the United Kingdom

References

Europe
Named passenger trains
Rail transport in Europe


Persepolis Football Club is an Iranian professional association football club based in Tehran. The club was formed in 1963, and played its first competitive match against Rah Ahan F.C. Persepolis currently plays in the Persian Gulf Pro League. Persepolis is the only club, never to have been relegated from the league. They have also been involved in Asian football, winning the Asian Cup Winners' Cup.

This list encompasses the major honours won by Persepolis and records set by the club, their managers and their players. The player records section includes details of the club's leading goalscorers and those who have made most appearances in first-team competitions. It also records the highest transfer fees paid and received by the club.

This page details Persepolis Football Club records.

Statistics

Statistics in IPL

Seasons in IPL: 20 (all)
Best position in IPL: First (2001-02), (2007-08), (2016-17), (2017-18), (2018-19), (2019-20), (2020-21), (2022-23)
Worst position in IPL: 12 (2011-12)
Most goals scored in a season: 56 (Azadegan League 1998-99),55 (IPL 2007-08)
Most goals scored in a match: 8 against Pegah F.C. (IPL 2003-04)
Most goals conceded in a match: 4 against Esteghlal Ahvaz F.C. (IPL 2007-08), TractorSazi (2011-12)

Statistics in AFC Champions League

Most goals scored in a match: 6 against Al-Shabab (UAE)
Most goals conceded in a match: 5 against Al-Gharafa (2009) (21 April 2009)

Player records

Appearances

 Most Appearances:341 Ali Parvin
 Most League Appearances: Afshin Peyrovani (209)
 Most Goalkeeper Appearances: Vahid Ghelich (185)
 Youngest first-team player : Mehdi Mahdavikia (17 years and 206 days old)
 Youngest first-team player in a league match : Mehdi Mahdavikia (17 years and 206 days old)
 Oldest first-team player : Ali Parvin (41 years and ? days old)
Player who has won most league titles: Kamal Kamyabinia (6 titles), Afshin Peyrovani, Behrouz Rahbarifard, Esmaeil Halali, Jalal Hosseini and Božidar Radošević (5 Titles)

Goalscorers
 All-time top scorer: Farshad Pious with 153 goals
 First Goalscorer : Nazem Ganjapour
 First Goalscorer in Tehran derby: Nazem Ganjapour
 Most Goalscorer in Tehran derby: 7 (Safar Iranpak)
 Most goals in a season : 26 (Ali Alipour', 2017–18)
 Most League goals in a season : 20 (Farshad Pious, 1994–95)
 Most goals in a single match at home : 4 goals (Ali Daei, 2003–04)
 Most goals in an AFC Champions League match : 3 Emon Zayed (Al-Shabab), Mehdi Taremi (Al Wahda )
 Fastest recorded goal : 00:07 Gholamreza Rezaei vs Fajr Sepasi (2012-13 Pro League)
 Latest recorded goal : 90+10:24 Vahid Amiri vs Machine Sazi (2019-20 Hazfi Cup)
 Youngest goalscorer : Mehdi Mahdavikia against Polyacryl Esfahan F.C. (17 years and 300 days old)

 Players statistics

Most appearances

 Top goalscorers

Most goals scored in official competitions: 153– Farshad Pious 1985–1988 & 1989–1997.

Most appearances Foreigners

 Top Foreigners goalscorers

 Persepolis top flight top goalscorer
This is the list of Persepolis top league goalscorers in a single season.

 Transfers

Record transfer feesRecord transfer fee received:
The club's record sale came in July 2001, when they sold Ali Karimi to Al-Ahli Dubai for a fee of €2.5 million.

€ 2.500.000 from  Al-Ahli Dubai for  Ali Karimi, July 2001
€ 2.250.000 from  Hamburger SV for  Mehdi Mahdavikia 2001
€ 1.250.000 from  Hamburger SV for  Mehdi Mahdavikia, 1999
€ 1.150.000 from  SK Sturm Graz for  Mehrdad Minavand, 1998
€ 950.000† from  Rubin Kazan for  Alireza Haghighi, January 2012
€ 550.000‡ from  Charlton Athletic for  Karim Bagheri, 2000
€ 500.000 from  Al-Shaab for  Mehrzad Madanchi, 2006
† about $ 1.400.000
‡ about £ 400,000

 World Cup players
The following World Cup players, played at Persepolis at some point during their career. Highlighted players played for Persepolis while playing at the World Cup.

  Javad Allahverdi (Argentina 1978)
  Ali Parvin (Argentina 1978)
  Mohammad Sadeghi (Argentina 1978)
  Bahram Mavaddat (Argentina 1978)
  Nasser Nouraei (Argentina 1978)
  Hossein Faraki (Argentina 1978)
  Ahmad Reza Abedzadeh (France 1998)
  Mehdi Mahdavikia (France 1998)
  Naeim Saadavi (France 1998)
  Mohammad Khakpour (France 1998)
  Afshin Peyrovani (France 1998)
  Karim Bagheri (France 1998)
  Hamid Estili (France 1998)
  Ali Daei (France 1998)
  Khodadad Azizi (France 1998)
  Nima Nakisa (France 1998)
  Nader Mohammadkhani (France 1998)
  Reza Shahroudi (France 1998)
  Behnam Seraj (France 1998)
  Mehrdad Minavand (France 1998)
  Mehdi Mahdavikia (Germany 2006)
  Yahya Golmohammadi (Germany 2006)
  Rahman Rezaei (Germany 2006)

  Ali Karimi (Germany 2006)
  Ali Daei (Germany 2006)
  Vahid Hashemian (Germany 2006)
  Hassan Roudbarian (Germany 2006)
  Hossein Kaebi (Germany 2006)
  Javad Kazemian (Germany 2006)
  Mehrzad Madanchi (Germany 2006)
  Mohammad Nosrati (Germany 2006)
  Franck Atsou (Germany 2006)
  Michael Umaña (Brazil 2014)
  Rahman Ahmadi (Brazil 2014)
  Jalal Hosseini (Brazil 2014)
  Reza Haghighi (Brazil 2014)
  Karim Ansarifard (Brazil 2014)
  Alireza Haghighi (Brazil 2014)
  Hossein Mahini (Brazil 2014)
  Mehrdad Pooladi (Brazil 2014)
  Alireza Beiranvand (Russia 2018) (Qatar 2022)
  Vahid Amiri' (Russia 2018) (Qatar 2022)
 Mehdi Taremi (Russia 2018)
 Ramin Rezaeian (Russia 2018)
 Mohammad Reza Khanzadeh (Russia 2018)
 Morteza Pouraliganji (Qatar 2022)
 Mehdi Torabi (Qatar 2022)

References

External links
 Club records

Statistics
Iranian football club statistics


Penn-North station is an underground Metro SubwayLink station and transit hub serving many buses in West Baltimore, Maryland. Its name comes from its location and neighborhood it serves Penn-North, at the corner of Pennsylvania and North Avenues. It is the deepest underground station, eighth most northern and western station on the line, and the first station when starting from Owings Mills that does not have free parking.

Station layout

Artwork

In September 2021, the Maryland Transit Administration (MTA) announced the installation of a new mural project at Penn-North station painted by Baltimore artist Megan Lewis on a $60,000 commission. This is the first new artwork commissioned for the Baltimore Metro subway system in many years.

History

Excavation and construction

Penn-North station was referred to as North Avenue station during its planning and construction, in reference to just North Avenue and not including Pennsylvania Avenue in the name.

The station is the deepest in the Baltimore Metro subway system, with its platform 120 feet below street level. Penn-North station, like the other underground stations of the Baltimore Metro subway system, was constructed using the cut-and-cover method. The excavation for the station mostly occurred in schist-derived residual materials. The underlying geology consists of the crystalline metamorphic rocks and their derivatives which are characteristic of the Piedmont physiographic region which contacts Cretaceous sedimentary formations along the diagonal Fall Line in Baltimore. Mondawmin station and Upton station, the other subway stops built in the northwestern portion of the underground alignment, are also underlain by metamorphic Piedmont material. The excavation for Penn-North station was supported by soldier piles anchored in the earth beneath it; extending through soil up to 50 feet below street level and through rock at greater depths.

References points were installed and monitored to survey the impact of structural settlement on the buildings adjacent to the excavation. The area around Penn-North station at the time of excavation included two-story residential rowhouses two- to three-story warehouse-type buildings. 0.14 feet of settlement was measured and attributed to gradual groundwater drawdown which occurred during the excavation, resulting in deep-seated lateral movements which caused little observable distress on the overlying structures.

Penn-North station opened in November 1983 when trains started running on the Baltimore Metro subway line. While investments occurred in the areas around many of the Baltimore Metro stations, initial plans for development around Penn-North station in the 1980s fell through.

2015 protests

In April 2015, riots broke out around the station protesting the death of Freddie Gray.

References

External links
North Avenue entrance from Google Maps Street View

Metro SubwayLink stations
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1983
1983 establishments in Maryland
Railway stations in Baltimore
Penn-North, Baltimore
Druid Heights, Baltimore
Railway stations located underground in Maryland


Eliphas "Safile" Shivute (born 27 September 1974) is a Namibian retired international footballer.

He retired from football due to a knee injury in 2002 after a career spent in Chinese and European football, as well as domestically. Shivute became the first Namibian to play for a top-level side in Europe, and also, is the man who scored the first international goal for the Brave Warriors.

Club career
Born in Olukonda, Shivute grew up in Kuisebmond, Walvis Bay and, affectionately known as Safile (Elifas spelled backwards), started playing in 1989 for local side Blue Waters, and later Eleven Arrows He then played for German Fifth Division Schwarz-Weiß Düren in 1996, a non-professional side for which he scored over 13 goals in a short spell. When he scored a hat trick for Düren in one of the league matches that the Alemannia Aachen scouts spotted him and immediately entered into negotiations for a contract. This negotiations ended into Safile signing a one-year-contract with Third Division Aachen. Then he had several trials in Scotland, according to the Daily Record Staff, Safile has had trials with Dundee United and Hearts earlier, but Shivute decided to sign for Motherwell

Motherwell
He scored twice in his trial match for and impressed Motherwell manager Alex McLeish, which Shivute admired because as youngster he followed English and Scottish football through TV and books. His first full match debut in the Scottish Premier League match in a one-all draw against league leaders Hibernians earned him the “Player of the Match” award. Safile had been playing more as a schemer-striker, drifting in and around the box.

He played with Motherwell until 1999 when he moved to China signing with Jia-A League club Dalian Wanda FC in the costliest signing ever by then, £350,000. After one season in 2000 he shortly returned to Namibia playing for half season for his former club Eleven Arrows before moving to another Chinese top league club Shenzhen Ping'an Kejian where he will played on loan until December 2001. That winter he returned to Europe having an 8-months spell with Serbian club FK Čukarički playing in the First League of FR Yugoslavia, just before retiring. Later he played a major role in the transfer of Namibian Rudolph Bester to that club. He became the agent of Bester in 2008.

In 2006, he became assistant manager of Namibian Second Division club Invincible FC.

International career
Shivute has been part of the national team since 1992 having earned 49 caps and scored 9 times. With Namibia he was runner-up at 1997 and 1999 COSAFA Cup. He also represented Namibia at the 1998 African Cup of Nations where he scored two goals in a 3-4 loss to Ivory Coast. He made his debut for the Brave Warriors in an October 1992 World Cup qualification match against Madagascar and he totalled 9 goals in 49 games for them.

Playing style
Namibia Today Sport describe him as striker with much improvisation and audacity, a great finisher, and with flair, speed, and shooting power in both foot and he was a good header.

Personal life
Shivute abandoned his education and the prospect of a good job in the mining industry to follow his dream of becoming professional footballer.

Born in Olukonda, Shivute married Justine in 2003 and is a father of four children, two daughters and two sons. The eldest daughter is Monica, followed by Kwashi, Anastasia and Andrew. After retiring as a player, he became a businessman with interests in the fishing and construction industries.

Honours
Namibia
COSAFA Cup runner-up: 1997, 1999.

Individual
Namibian Sportsman of the Year: 1997 (award attributed by Namibia National Sport Council)

References

External links

 Eliphas Shivute speaks his mind - The Namibian, 4 September 1998
 Eliphas - A Rising Star In China - The Namibian, 4 June 1999
 Chinese to sign young Cameroon players - BBC Sport, 17 February 2001

1974 births
Living people
People from Oshikoto Region
Men's association football forwards
Namibian men's footballers
Namibia men's international footballers
1998 African Cup of Nations players
Blue Waters F.C. players
Eleven Arrows F.C. players
Motherwell F.C. players
Dalian Shide F.C. players
Shenzhen F.C. players
FK Čukarički players
Scottish Football League players
Scottish Premier League players
Namibian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Namibian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Scotland
Namibian expatriate sportspeople in Scotland
Expatriate men's footballers in China
Namibian expatriate sportspeople in China
Expatriate men's footballers in Serbia and Montenegro


Mary S. Hartman (born 1941) joined the Douglass History Department in 1968 and served as director of the Women’s Studies Institute from 1975 to 1977.

She was named acting dean in 1981, and named dean in 1982. As dean, she instituted a number of nationally acclaimed programs for women, including the Douglass Project for Rutgers Women in Math, Science, and Engineering; the Center for Women's Global Leadership; the Laurie New Jersey Chair in Women's Studies; and the Institute for Women's Leadership. Further, she gathered the first organization of Faculty Fellows committed to the Douglass College mission within the context of the reorganized University. She resigned 1995 in order to become director of the Institute for Women's Leadership at Rutgers University.

Books
Mary S. Hartman is the author of several books including Household and the Making of History: A Subversive View of the Western Past, (Cambridge University Press, 2004); her first book,  Victorian Murderesses:  A True History of Thirteen Respectable French and English Women Accused of Unspeakable Crimes (Schocken, 1977) was a selection of the Literary Guild book club.

Education
B.A., Swarthmore College, 1963;
M.A., 1964, Columbia University and
Ph.D., 1969, Columbia University.

References

1941 births
Rutgers University faculty
Living people
Gender studies academics


Titinga Frédéric Pacéré (born 1943) is a Burkinabé solicitor, writer, poet and griot and founder and curator of the Musée de Manega museum in Burkina Faso. He studied in Abidjan. He has written over twenty books and published 60 volumes and has been awarded the medal of honour of the Association of French speaking writers (A.D.E.L.F.).

He was awarded the 1982 Grand Prix Littéraire d'Afrique Noire for two of his works, Poèmes pour l'Angola (1982) and La Poésie des griots (1982). Other works include Refrains sous le Sahel (1976), Quand s'envolent les grues couronnées (1976), and Du lait pour une tombe (1984).

Works

Literature
 Ça tire sous le Sahel 1976
 Refrains sous le Sahel 1976
 Quand s'envolent les grues couronnées 1976
 La poésie des griots 1983
 Poème pour l'Angola 1983
 Poème pour Koryo 1986
 Livre, culture et développement 1989
 Des entrailles de la terre 1990
 Dim-Dolobsom
 La Bendrologie ou la science du langage tambouriné
 Bendr'N Gomdé
 Le langage des tam-tams et des masques en Afrique 1992
 Saglego, la poésie du tam-tam 1994

Essays and art related publications
 Problématique de l'aide aux pays sous-développés 1976
 Ainsi on a assassiné tous les Mossé 1979
 L'artisan du Burkina 1987
 Les Yakouga ou pierre tombales du Burkina 1993

Sociology and laws
 La famille voltaïque en crise 1976
 L'avortement et la loi 1983
 Les enfants abandonnés 1990
 Les personnes handicapées 1990

Ainsi on a assassiné tous les Mossé
The English translation of the book's title is So they murdered all Mossi people. It was first edited in 1979 by Naaman Editions (Canada) and re-edited in 1994 by Edition Fondation Pacere.

This essay describes the "anti-history" principle, one of the main ones guiding the design of Mossi people's society and the destruction of their civilization along with colonization.

Simply stated, anti-history consists of acknowledging that human societies' goal is to make people live happily. When a society can use acquired resources to perpetuate a steady state of fulfillment, it must stop trying to get more (because that would result in disequilibrium) and perpetuate the means and forces that maintain that society in that steady state. Then, the society will have to work against changes and against time to maintain the equilibrium over generations: That is the origin of the term "anti-history".

Anti-history and equilibrium are the very core principles of the Mossi civilization which as said in Ainsi on a assassiné tous les Mossé no longer effectively exists.

References

Burkinabé lawyers
Burkinabé writers
Burkinabé poets
Burkinabé historians
1943 births
Living people
20th-century poets
20th-century historians
21st-century Burkinabé people


Wyandott may refer to:

Wyandot (disambiguation)
Wyandotte (disambiguation)


Styloichthys (Greek: stylo "pillar" and ichthys "fish"; "Pillar fish") is a prehistoric sarcopterygian, lobe-finned fish which lived during the Early Devonian (Lochkovian) period of East Yunnan, South China.

Because it is clear that the jaws and skull of Styloichthys share many derived features with coelacanthiformes it is placed as the oldest coelacanth.

Description
Styloichthys is characterized by large pores on the cosmine surface. These pores are often spoon-shaped and arranged in parallel grooves. There is a jagged margin between ethmosphenoid and otoccipital shields, an otoccipital with a wide flat surface carrying no vestibular fontanelle.

The snout bends sharply downward and is slightly concave. The lower jaw has a ventrally protruding flange formed by prearticular and meckelian bone.

Also characteristic of Styloichthys is the lyre-shaped trajectory of the supraorbital canal, a fenestra ventralis, small internasal cavities, three coronoids in the lower jaw, an eyestalk and a slender postorbital pila which connects the basipterygoid process and the side of the braincase wall.

Anatomical characteristics

Orbit region
The feature exceptional of Styloichthys is the recessed teardrop-shaped eyestalk area behind the optic canal.

The well defined natural margin of this unfinished area is indicated by surrounding periosteal lining which dips slightly into the unfinished recess. This corresponds to the eyestalk attachment reported in basal bony fishes.

A small depression serves for eye muscle attachment ventral to the eyestalk area.

Lower Jaw
Indication of three semilunar pockets along a shallow groove between the dentary and the prearticular shows that the lower jaw has three coronoids. It is unique in that it has a very large adductor fossa, a convex ventral flange, and a prearticular of minute denticles dorsally and undulating parallel ridges ventrally.

References

External links
 Styloichthys at Palaeos
 A primitive fish close to the common ancestor of tetrapods and lungfish

Prehistoric animals of China
Prehistoric lobe-finned fish genera
Early Devonian fish
Devonian bony fish
Fossil taxa described in 2001


Marvin Chester Stone ( – ) was an American inventor. He is best known for inventing the modern drinking straw.

Early life
Stone was born in Portage County, Ohio in 1842. The son of an inventor, Stone made many useful articles in his boyhood. He was a graduate of Oberlin College, although his course of study was interrupted by his service in the Civil War. During the Civil War, Stone served in the 7th Ohio Regiment. He was injured in the Battle of Lookout Mountain, and sent to Washington D.C. on special duty with the Veteran Reserve Corps.

After college, Stone began a theological course, but abandoned it to go to Washington, D.C. where he was employed as a newspaper correspondent for several years.

Career

Stone began his career as an inventor by creating a machine to make paper cigarette holders. Stone secured a contract with the W. Duke Sons & Co. and opened a factory in Washington, D.C. to produce cigarette holders for the company's Cameo brand of cigarettes.

Later, Stone developed the modern drinking straw. Prior to Stone's invention, people used natural rye grass straws, which imparted an undesirable grassy flavor in beverages. To combat the problem, Stone made the first drinking straw prototypes by spiraling a strip of paper around a pencil and gluing it at the ends. Next he experimented with paraffin wax-coated manila paper, so that the straw would not get soggy when used. Stone's straws were 8 ½ inches long and had a diameter just wide enough to prevent things like fruit pips from getting lodged in the tube.

Stone received the patent of the "artificial straw" on January 3, 1888. It was made out of paper.
By 1890, Stone's factory was producing more drinking straws than cigarette holders.

Stone invented a number of other items during his career, including a kind of fountain pen and an umbrella.

Personal life
Stone was married to Jane "Jennie" Platt.

Later life and death
Stone used the newfound wealth from his straw business for a variety of philanthropic causes. He furnished lodging for his female employees, including a large library, music room, meeting room, and dancing floor. In addition, he and several others built two blocks of tenement houses for African American residents of Washington, D.C.

Stone died in his home in Columbia Road, Washington, D.C., on  after a long illness.

References

19th-century American inventors
1842 births
1899 deaths
People of Ohio in the American Civil War
People from Portage County, Ohio


Ferrante Imperato (1525?  – 1615?), an apothecary of Naples, published Dell'Historia Naturale (Naples 1599) and illustrated it with his own cabinet of curiosities displayed at Palazzo Gravina in Naples; the engraving became the first pictorial representation of a Renaissance humanist's displayed natural history research collection. The collection, which the published catalogue made as famous in the seventeenth century as that of that other famous apothecary and virtuoso, Francesco Calceolari of Verona, ranged widely; it embraced a herbarium, shells, birds, sea creatures, in addition to the fossils, clays, minerals and metallic ores, marble and gem species. It was maintained by his son Francesco, who assisted him in writing up his observations, and who may be seen in the engraving pointing out details of the specimens to two visitors as Ferrante looks on.

Ferrante Imperato, who ranged southern Italy making geological observations, took as his motto In dies auctior. He was in correspondence with a network of scholars in Italy. He was among the first correctly to identify the processes through which fossils were formed, subjecting them to empirical tests. His pupil, schooled in the collection, was the jurist Fabio Colonna (1567–1640) who carried further his work on fossils. Ferrante had a small garden and corresponded with botanists, but historians of botany discount his interest in plants as "curiosa".

The book was so sought after that a second edition was issued in Venice, 1672, edited by Giovanni Maria Ferro, who added new material and new illustrations to the concluding chapter.

The catalogue is presented in twenty-eight books, which include nine books devoted to alchemy, a wholly reputable science at the time, which towards the end of the following century would give birth to chemistry. Other books are devoted to mining, animals and plant specimens.

Commentary on Imperato
Charles Lyell wrote the following in Principles of geology, Vol.1 (1830), pp. 26–27.
Cesalpino, a celebrated botanist, conceived that fossil shells had been left on the land by the retiring sea, and had concreted into stone during the consolidation the soil; and in the following year (1597), Simeone Majoli went still farther, and, coinciding for the most part with the views of Cesalpino, suggested that the shells and submarine matter of the Veronese, and other districts, might have been cast up, upon the land, by volcanic explosions, like those which gave rise, in 1588, to Monte Nuovo, near Puzzuoli. This hint was the first imperfect attempt to connect the position fossil shells with the agency of volcanoes, a system more fully developed by Hooke, Lazzaro Moro, Hutton, and other writers.

Two years afterwards, Imperati advocated the animal origin of fossilized shells, yet admitted that stones could vegetate by force of "an internal principle;" and, as evidence of this, he referred to the teeth of fish, and spines of echini found petrified.

Legacy
The Plantae genus Imperata is named after Ferrante Imperato.

Further reading
Wilson, Wendell E, "Ferrante Imperato (1550–1625). (The History of Mineral Collecting: 1530–1799)" The Mineralogical Record November 1994.

Notes

External links

Italian Renaissance humanists
Italian naturalists
16th-century births
1625 deaths
16th-century Italian scientists


TemaHome is a furniture exporter based in Lisbon, Portugal.

The company's main markets are Germany, Switzerland, Portugal, Spain, Denmark and the United States. , the company exports to 40 countries.

Company history

Founded as Norema Portuguesa in 1981 by the marriage of the Norwegian Norema SA and the Portuguese Mendes Godinho SA, it was meant to
combine the Norway's high technology with the Portuguese  affordable costs to produce furniture.

Between 1984 and 1994, the company manufactured a line of modular furniture for IKEA.

In 1995, the Norwegian partners took complete ownership of the company and started to produce kitchen, bathroom and living furniture exclusively to the Norwegian market where it maintained its own flagship stores.

In 2000, TemaHome was created through the leadership of its new major shareholder, 3i. From this point on, the ownership of the company was composed by four different stockholders, 3i  (41.50%), the Spanish MCH (25.25%), the Portuguese ESCAPITAL (25.25%) and its management team (8%).

Later in 2006, a new ownership structure was defined by a Management buy-in headed by a new management team and ownership was divided as follows: Management team (30%), Lead Capital management fund (60%) and an individual investor, Miguel Calado (10%).

By the end of 2007, the company employed over 170 workers in its staff, distribute between its Lisbon headquarters and a 16.500 Sq meters production plant in the city of Tomar.

TemaHome produces contemporary furniture and decorative accents combining modern lines and designs by some Portuguese designers such as  Filipe Alarcão.

Product range

The range of products is composed by 3 distinct lines: essence, style and trends.
 Essence: Basic essential furnishing, ready to assembly similar to the IKEA style.
 Style: A more detailed, design oriented line of products superior in quality of materials.
 Trends: furnishing by international designers.

Design team

The company has relied in Portuguese designer Filipe Alarcão to lead its team of in house designers. Besides Filipe, the company works independently with names like Miguel Vieira Baptista, Fernando Brizio and Jette Fyhn.

The in house team is composed by Maria Joao Maia, Délio Vicente, and Nádia Soares.

The company also works in cooperation on external designers like Marco Sousa Santos, Fernando Brizio and Miguel Vieira Batista.

Awards

 2009 Design Management Europe Award - Medium-sized Company
 2007 Mobis award - Best contemporary manufacturer
 2007 Leader company status - IAPMEI (Portugal institution for small and medium businesses)
 2002 Portugal Best Small and Medium businesses award
 2000 Portugal Best Small and Medium businesses award

References

Furniture companies of Portugal
Companies based in Lisbon
Design companies established in 1981
Portuguese companies established in 1981
Design companies
Firms
3i Group companies
Portuguese brands


Dublin is the largest city and capital of Ireland, and is the country's economic hub. As well as being the location of the national parliament and most of the civil service, Dublin is also the focal point of media in the country. Much of Ireland's transportation network radiates from the city, and Dublin Port is responsible for a large proportion of Ireland's import and export trade.

Dublin is home to a number of multinational corporations, including in "hi tech" sectors such as information technology, digital media, financial services and the pharmaceutical industry. Dublin is also the location of the headquarters of several large Irish public companies including Bank of Ireland, DCC plc, AIB Group, Ardagh Group, CRH plc, Ryanair, Smurfit Kappa and Flutter Entertainment (formerly Paddy Power Betfair). Many of Ireland's public sector and state owned employers are based in Dublin including utility companies such as ESB Group, educational institutions such as Trinity College Dublin, University College Dublin, Dublin City University and Technological University Dublin and most of Ireland's higher courts, RTÉ (Irelands national public service broadcaster), and several teaching hospitals. Other employers service the tourism and retail markets.

Analysis

Rankings
In 2017 Dublin ranked 1st in Ireland by disposable income per person, at 110% of the State average.

In 2008, it was the city with the 2nd highest wages in the world, dropping to 10th place in 2009, and, according to a Brookings Institution report in 2012, had the 14th highest income per capita in the world at $55,578 (€42,960).

As of 2011, Mercer's 2011 Worldwide Cost of Living Survey listed Dublin as the 13th most expensive city in the European Union (down from 10th in 2010), and the 58th most expensive place to live in the world (down from 42nd in 2010). Similar surveys of ex-pats in 2015 and 2017 ranked the city as the 49th and 47th most expensive city respectively.

GDP
According to 2022 figures, the GDP of Greater Dublin was approximately $244 billion, representing over 40% of Irish GDP, and ranking 6th among European metropolitan areas by Gross metropolitan product. County Dublin alone had a GDP of €157.2 billion and a GDP per capita of €108,000.

According to 2022 figures, Greater Dublin had a GDP per capita of $115,100, making it the richest city in Europe by GDP per capita.

Other indicators
Dublin was at the centre of Ireland's rapid economic growth from 1995 to 2007 when both the standards and the cost of living in the city rose dramatically. By 2018, the Economic and Social Research Institute reported that the concentration of population and economic activity in Dublin (accounting for approximately 50% of all economic activity in the country) was "unsustainable". The Irish Times also queried whether the lack of available rental accommodation in the capital would impact Dublin's economic growth.

Government
Dublin is the capital of Ireland, and many of the jobs in the Irish Civil Service are based in the central Dublin 1 and Dublin 2 postal districts.

In 1994, County Dublin, which excluded the city, was divided into three local government areas: Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown, South Dublin and Fingal.

Transport

Canals and ports
Ireland's two longest canals, the Royal Canal and the Grand Canal, meet in Dublin Bay. The Irish railway system radiates from Dublin run by Irish Rail. Similarly, a number of routes in the Irish road system spread outwards from Dublin. Dublin Port is Ireland's largest port facility. The port of Dún Laoghaire is also located within the county.

Dublin Airport
Dublin Airport is the biggest and busiest in Ireland, with two terminals, handling almost 33 million passengers annually (as of 2019). The Irish airlines Aer Lingus, CityJet and Ryanair have their own head offices in Dublin.

Rail
Heuston and Connolly stations are the two main railway stations in Dublin. Operated by Iarnród Éireann, the Dublin Suburban Rail network consists of five railway lines serving the Greater Dublin Area and commuter towns such as Drogheda and Dundalk in County Louth. One of these lines is the electrified Dublin Area Rapid Transit (DART) line, which runs primarily along the coast from Malahide and Howth southwards as far as Greystones. Commuter rail operates on the other four lines using Irish Rail diesel multiple units. In 2016, passengers journeys for DART and Dublin Suburban lines were nearly 19 million and 11.9 million, respectively (around 64% of all Irish Rail passengers).

The Luas is an electrified light rail system which has been operating since 2004 and carried over 34 million passengers annually (as of 2016). The network consists of two tram lines; the Red Line links the Docklands and city centre with the south-western suburbs, while the Green Line connects the city centre with suburbs to the south of the city.

Economic sectors
As of mid-2017, approximately 874,400 people were employed in the Greater Dublin Area (which includes counties Meath, Kildare and Wicklow). Around 60% of people who are employed in Ireland's financial, Information and Communications Technology (ICT), and professional services sectors are located in this area.

Media
Dublin is home to a number of national newspapers, radio stations, television stations and telephone companies. RTÉ is Ireland's national state broadcaster, and is based in Donnybrook. Virgin Media One, MTV Ireland and Sky News are also based in the city. The headquarters of An Post and telecommunications companies such as Eir, as well as mobile operators Meteor, Vodafone and 3 are all located in the Dublin area. Dublin is also the headquarters of national newspapers such as The Irish Times, Irish Independent and The Herald.

Food and drink
One of Ireland's most widely known alcoholic drinks, Guinness, has been brewed at the St. James's Gate Brewery since 1759. Dublin also profited from the role of the beef industry.

Information and communications technology

A number of IT companies are located in the city, including in the south inner area of Dublin 2, and the adjacent counties. Among these are Amazon, eBay, Dell, Facebook, Zynga, Dropbox, LinkedIn, Indeed, Twitter, Google, EMC, Microsoft, Oracle, PayPal, SAP, Symantec, and Yahoo!. A number of these organisations have premises in the Silicon Docks area of the city.

The area surrounding Ireland's capital city has the largest concentration of large-scale data centre operations in the country, including global operations run by Google, Microsoft and Amazon. Companies involved in the cloud computing sector include Citrix, EMC2, Dropbox, Salesforce and Zendesk.

Financial
In 2017 and 2018 respectively, Dublin was ranked 5th in Europe and 31st globally in the Global Financial Centres Index (GFCI). Many of the jobs in Dublin's financial services sector are based at the International Financial Services Centre in the Dublin Docklands area. Also located in Dublin is the Irish Stock Exchange (ISEQ).

Retail
Ireland's largest retail and shopping centres are located in the Dublin area, including Dundrum Town Centre (140,000 square metres, 160 stores) and Blanchardstown Centre (120,000 square metres, 180 stores). Within the city centre, the "prime retail streets" include Henry Street and Grafton Street. A 2013 report, for Ibec and Retail Ireland, indicated that Dublin was the "main national hub of retail activity", accounting for 25% of the country's retail entities, and approximately 50% of national employment in the sector.

Tourism
Several of Ireland's most visited tourist attractions are in the Dublin area, including the Guinness Storehouse (nearly 1.8 million visitors in 2017), Dublin Zoo (1.2m visitors in 2017), and the National Gallery of Ireland (more than 1 million visitors). As of 2016, Dublin attracted over 5.6 million overseas visitors, generating over €1.9 in revenue.

Higher education
Higher education institutions contributed €10.6 billion to the national economy in 2011. This included nearly €1 billion from international students, where 57% of these international students are based in the Dublin region. As a university city, several of the largest universities and colleges are located in the capital, including the largest (University College Dublin - UCD), and one of the oldest (Trinity College Dublin). A 2014 study indicated that the three universities in Dublin (Dublin City University, Trinity College, and UCD) were among the top institutions for economic impact nationally.

See also
 Dublin-Belfast corridor
 Transport in Dublin
 Economy of Cork
 Economy of Belfast
 Economy of Limerick

References

Economy of the Republic of Ireland


Why Things Bite Back: Technology and the Revenge of Unintended Consequences is a 1997 book by former executive editor for physical science and history at Princeton University Press Edward Tenner that is an account and geography of modern technology.

Edward Tenner's book describes how technology has had unintended effects on society.

See also
Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology

References

Further reading

 Basson, M.S. (1995) South African Water Transfer Schemes and their Impact on the Southern African Region, in Matiza, T., Craft, S. & Dale, P. (Eds.) Water Resource Use in the Zambezi Basin. Proceedings of a Workshop held in Kasane, Botswana, 28 April - 2 May 1993. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
 Blanchon, D. & Turton, A.R. (2005) Les Transferts Massifs d’Eau en Afrique du Sud. In Lasserre, F. (Ed.) Transferts Massifs d’Eau: Outils de Development ou Instruments de Pouvoir? (In French). Sainte-Foy, Quebec: Presses de l’Université du Québec. (Pp 247 – 283).

 Heyns, P. (2002) Interbasin Transfer of Water Between SADC Countries: A Development Challenge for the Future. In Turton, A.R. & Henwood, R. (Eds.) Hydropolitics in the Developing World: A Southern African Perspective. Pretoria: African Water Issues Research Unit (AWIRU). pp157–176.

External links
 Why Things Bite Back at Randomhouse.com
 Why Things Bite Back's Author Interview by AmericanHeritage.com

1997 non-fiction books
Social sciences books


David Hack (born April 22, 1972) is a former Canadian Football League (CFL) offensive lineman who played ten seasons in the CFL for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. He was named Eastern All-Star five times and was a part of the Grey Cup championship-winning Tiger-Cats in 1999. He was the head coach of the Niagara Wheatfield Senior High School Falcons Varsity football team from  2009-2010. Hack is currently the athletic director for Orchard Park High School located in Western New York. Hack also helps with the coaching of the school's varsity football team.

External links
Career bio

1972 births
Living people
American players of Canadian football
Canadian football offensive linemen
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
Maryland Terrapins football players
Players of American football from Erie County, New York
Players of Canadian football from New York (state)


Hungarian-American businessman and philanthropist George Soros has funded a variety of political projects in recent years.

Political organizations

Founded or helped to found
Open Society Foundations
New America

Supported
Best for Britain
 European Movement UK
 Scientists for EU
 Media Matters for America
 Center for Public Integrity
 Human Rights Watch
 Priorities USA Action
 American Bridge 21st Century
 America Votes
 Millennium Promise
 Tides Center and Foundation
Wikimedia Endowment
 MoveOn
 America Coming Together
 Wikipedia

Studies
 Lancet surveys of Iraq War casualties

References

External links
 Open Society Foundations (formerly Open Society Institute, OSI)

Soros projects
Projects


Ouvrage Aumetz is a small work, or petit ouvrage of the Maginot Line. It is part of the Fortified Sector of the Crusnes and is located near the community of Aumetz in the Moselle département of France.  The petit ouvrage flanked by the gros ouvrages Bréhain and Rochonvillers, all facing the France-Luxembourg border. Aumetz was initially planned as a gros ouvrage of six combat blocks, but only three infantry blocks were built.  Aumetz saw limited action during the Battle of France. In the 1970s it was the first Maginot position to be offered for sale to the public.

Design and construction
Aumetz was planned as part of the second series of Maginot fortifications, with planning beginning in 1930 and construction in 1931. Initially planned as a gros ouvrage with three infantry blocks and three artillery blocks, the project was scaled back to just the infantry blocks, with entry blocks and artillery to come at a later date. Construction cost was 9.5 million francs. The contractor was Verdun-Fortifications.

Description
Aumetz is a compact ouvrage with three closely grouped infantry blocks with underground galleries converging on a central underground barracks. The entry is immediately behind the junction, with no special degree of fortification, as it was intended to be extended some hundreds of meters to the south in the second phase.

 Block 1: Entry block with one automatic rifle cloche (GFM) and one machine gun cloche (JM).
 Block 2: Infantry block with one machine gun turret and two GFM cloches.
 Block 3: Infantry block with one machine gun/anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC47), one machine gun embrasure (JM) and two GFM cloches.

Three additional blocks were planned for one 135mm and two 75mm retracting gun turrets, to be placed behind the infantry combat blocks as part of a compact ensemble of positions. A long gallery was planned to extend to the rear to open into a personnel entry and a munitions entry, with an underground barracks and a magazine. The completed gros ouvrage would have resembled its neighbor Bréhain.

Casemates and shelters

A series of detached casemates and infantry shelters extend in the direction of Rochonvillers, including
 Casemate de Tressange: Single block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one JM embrasure, one mortar turret and one GFM cloche.
 Casemate de Bure: Single block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one JM embrasure, two mortar cloches and one GFM cloche.
 Casemate de la Fond-d'Havange: Single block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one JM embrasure, one 50mm mortar embrasure on the lower level, oneo mortar cloche and two GFM cloches.
 Casemate du Gros-Bois: Single block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one JM embrasure, one mortar cloche and one GFM cloche.
Abri du Gros-Bois: Shelter for two infantry sections, two GFM cloches, sector command post.

None of these are connected to the ouvrage or to each other. The Casernement de Ludelange provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Aumetz and other fortifications in the area.

Manning
The 1940 manning of the ouvrage under the command of Lieutenant Braun comprised 112 men and 2 officers of the 128th Fortress Infantry Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of the 42nd Fortress Corps of the 3rd Army, Army Group 2.

History
See Fortified Sector of the Crusnes for a broader discussion of the events of 1940 in the Crusnes sector of the Maginot Line.
Aumetz did not see significant action until June 1940, when German forces kept up a series of harassing attacks. On 19 June, the Germans set up a 37mm anti-tank gun on a mine spoil mound and opened fire against Block 3, without much effect. Bréhain's artillery replied with counter-battery fire. An advance along the nearby rail line was repelled with machine gun fire from Aumetz. Steady advances by the Germans isolated Aumetz by 23 June. The 22 June 1940 armistice brought an end to fighting. However, the Maginot fortifications to the west of the Moselle did not surrender immediately, maintaining their garrisons through a series of negotiations. Aumetz, along with Mauvais-Bois, Bois-du-Four and Bréhain surrendered on 27 June.

Aumetz appears to have been ignored by the Germans during the Occupation. With the 1944 advance of the American army through the area, the Americans used some of the ouvrages for experiments in tactics and weapons. The cloches of the Casemate du Gros Bois was used as firing targets and were pierced by artillery fire.

After the war, Aumetz remained government property. On 23 June 1970 Aumetz was the first Maginot ouvrage to be offered for sale to the public. The buyers stripped the position of all materials and equipment, leaving only bare concrete.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Aumetz (petit ouvrage A7 de) at fortiff.be
 X1 (Abri du Gros Bois) at fortiff.be
 Petit ouvrage d'Aumetz at wikimaginot.eu
 Petit ouvrage d'Aumetz at lignemaginot.com
 Ouvrage d'Aumetz at alsacemaginot.com

Maginot Line
Buildings and structures in Moselle (department)
AUME


George Anthony Canale (born August 11, 1965) is a retired Major League Baseball first baseman. He played Major League Baseball for three seasons with the Milwaukee Brewers.

George Canale graduated from Cave Spring High School (Roanoke, Virginia) in 1983 and attended Virginia Tech. from 1984 to 1986.  George hit 76 home runs during his collegiate career, currently 1st all-time at Virginia Tech and 7th all-time in Division I NCAA baseball.   During the 1986 season, George Canale hit the most home runs in Division I baseball with 29 home runs.  The same year, George was chosen as an All-American first baseman on the 1986 College Baseball All-America Team.  His accomplishment led to his induction to the Virginia Tech Sports Hall of Fame.

George was drafted by the Brewers in the 6th round of the 1986 amateur draft. Canale played his first professional season with their rookie league Helena Gold Sox in 1986, and his last with the Pittsburgh Pirates' Triple-A Nashville Sounds in 1998.

See also
1986 College Baseball All-America Team

References

External links
"George Canale Statistics". The Baseball Cube. 23 January 2008.
"George Canale Statistics". Baseball-Reference. 23 January 2008.
Career statistics and player information from Korea Baseball Organization

1965 births
Living people
All-American college baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in South Korea
Baseball players from Memphis, Tennessee
Canton-Akron Indians players
Charlotte Knights players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Helena Gold Sox players
Hyundai Unicorns players
KBO League infielders
Milwaukee Brewers players
Major League Baseball first basemen
Nashville Sounds players
Virginia Tech Hokies baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Taiwan
American expatriate baseball players in Italy
Carolina Mudcats players
Denver Zephyrs players
El Paso Diablos players
Leones de Yucatán players
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Memphis Chicks players
Stockton Ports players
Wei Chuan Dragons players


Kępiński (femine: Kępińska) is a Polish surname meaning 'related to Kępno County'. Notable people with the surname include:

 Antoni Kępiński (1918–1972), Polish psychiatrist and philosopher
 Elżbieta Kępińska (born 1937), Polish film actress
 Józef Kępiński (disambiguation), multiple people
 Lydia Képinski, Québécoise indie pop singer
 Miro Kepinski (born 1980), Polish film composer

Other
 Kepínski (crater)
 Powiat kępiński, unit of territorial administration in Greater Poland Voivodeship
 Umowa kępińska, 1282 agreement between Wielkopolska and Pomerania

See also
 Kempinski (surname)

Polish-language surnames


William Westcott Boddington (November 22, 1910 – November 15, 1996) was an American field hockey player who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics and 1936 Summer Olympics.

In 1932 he was a member of the American field hockey team, which won the bronze medal. He played two matches as forward.  His goal for the United States in the 1932 match against India was the first goal given up by India in six Olympic competitions. Four years later he was a member of the American field hockey team, which lost all three matches in the preliminary round in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany and did not advance. He played three matches as forward. Adolf Hitler signed his visa. Following World War II, Boddington continued his love of sports by coaching soccer at Colorado College. In 1990, he was recognized as the "Father" of Colorado College soccer. In 1995, he was among the first group of athletes to be inducted into the Colorado College Athletic Hall of Fame.

He was born in Jersey City, New Jersey and died in Colorado Springs, Colorado after having built a successful career in the lumber industry. He died on November 15, 1996, and he is survived by his sons, John and Tim. Boddington served in the United States Army from 1941 to 1945. He joined the 10th Mountain Division in 1942 and remained with the Division until 1945. During the Division's training at Camp Hale, Colorado, he commanded A of the 86th Regiment. The United States Army awarded him the Bronze Star for his valor while serving with the 10th Mountain Division in the Italian Campaign.

Boddington's passion for the 10th Mountain Division continued throughout his life. As one of the founders of the Tenth Mountain Division Foundation, he served as President and President Emeritus. He also dedicated time to community service. He was trustee of the Colorado Springs School and a trustee of the Colorado Springs School Foundation. He also served as a Trustee of the 10th Mountain Division Trail Hut System. He served on the board of the Colorado Opera Festival and was an early founder of the SOXY program in Colorado Springs. In 1987, he was the honoree of the Mountain States Retail Lumber Association, of which only 14 other men have received a Life Membership by this Association.

External links

William Boddington's profile at databaseOlympics.com
William Boddington's profile at Sports Reference.com

1910 births
1996 deaths
Sportspeople from Jersey City, New Jersey
United States Army personnel of World War II
American male field hockey players
Field hockey players at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1936 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in field hockey
Colorado College Tigers men's soccer coaches
College men's soccer coaches in the United States
Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics
American soccer coaches


Gregory Frers (born August 4, 1971) is a former professional Canadian football player who played ten years in the Canadian Football League. Frers played defensive back for the Calgary Stampeders, Winnipeg Blue Bombers and BC Lions from 1993 to 2002. He was part of the Stampeders 1998 and 2001 Grey Cup winning teams. Frers was an All-Star in 2000 and he also won the Tom Pate Memorial Award in 2002. He played CIS football at Simon Fraser University.

After playing, he became a CFL analyst for the CBC.

External links
CBC bio

1971 births
Living people
BC Lions players
Calgary Stampeders players
Canadian football defensive backs
Canadian Football League announcers
Players of Canadian football from Ontario
Simon Fraser Red Leafs football players
Simon Fraser University alumni
Sportspeople from Mississauga
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players


This article contains lists of named passenger trains in the United Kingdom. These are specific regular journeys identified by a special name in the timetable, not to be confused with the names of engines or individual physical train rakes. One-off charter and sporadic special trains are not included.

The National Railway Museum, York, has a wall in the Great Hall where the headboards of a number of named trains are displayed. These include:

ANGLO-SCOTTISH CAR CARRIER, BRISTOLIAN*, BROADSMAN*, CALEDONIAN*, CAMBRIAN RADIO CRUISE, CAPITALS LIMITED*+, CAPITALS UNITED EXPRESS, CHELTENHAM FLYER, COMET*, CONDOR (a named freight train, derived from CONtainer DOoR-to-Door), CORNISH RIVIERA EXPRESS, CORNISHMAN*, CTAC SCOTTISH TOURS EXPRESS+, CUNARD SPECIAL+, DAY CONTINENTAL*, DEVONIAN*, EAST ANGLIAN*, EMERALD ISLE EXPRESS, EMPRESS VOYAGER+, FAIR MAID*+, FENMAN*, HARROGATE SUNDAY PULLMAN*, HEART OF MIDLOTHIAN*, INTER-CITY*, IRISH MAIL*, LAKES EXPRESS*, LANCASTRIAN*, MANXMAN*+, MASTER CUTLER*, MAYFLOWER*, MERSEYSIDE EXPRESS*+, MID-DAY SCOT*+, MIDLANDER*, NIGHT SCOTSMAN*, NORFOLKMAN*, NORSEMAN*, NORTH BRITON*, NORTH YORKSHIREMAN*, NORTHERN IRISHMAN*+, NORTHUMBRIAN*+, PALATINE*, PEMBROKE COAST EXPRESS+, QUEEN OF SCOTS*, RED DRAGON*, RED ROSE*, ROBIN HOOD*+, ROYAL DUCHY*, ROYAL HIGHLANDER*+, SCARBOROUGH FLIER, SCARBOROUGH FLYER*, SHAMROCK*+, SOUTH WALES PULLMAN*, TEES-THAMES*, THAMES-CLYDE EXPRESS*, TORBAY EXPRESS, ULSTER EXPRESS, WELSH CHIEFTAIN*, WELSHMAN*, WEST RIDING*

* indicates that the name is prefixed by "THE".

+ indicates that more than one version is on display.

See also railwaybritain.co.uk for a description of a number of Boat Trains, some of which are included in the lists above.

Notes

Works cited

United Kingdom
 List
Named passenger trains