Hugo Eberhardt (2 May 1874, Furtwangen im Schwarzwald − 8 April 1959) was a German Architect.

Biography
Eberhardt started his career as a ship interior architect for Norddeutscher Lloyd, After working in Kos as an archeologist for a German ministry and as an inspector of construction in Frankfurt he became manager of the School of Technology and Design (today HfG Offenbach design school) in Offenbach in 1907. Ten years later he founded the German Leather Museum.

Most buildings Eberhardt designed were public buildings or luxurious mansions. In Offenbach survived three buildings: the office building of the Heyne factory, the AOK insurance and the main building of the HfG Offenbach.

References

External links

Website of the HfG Offenbach
Website of the German Leather Museum

1874 births
1959 deaths
People from Furtwangen im Schwarzwald
19th-century German architects
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
20th-century German architects


Deep River is a census-designated place (CDP) in Wahkiakum County, Washington, northwest of the town of Cathlamet and east of the city of Long Beach. In 2020, the population was estimated to be 159. The CDP includes the Svensens Landing community. The Deep River community is part of the Naselle-Grays River Valley School District, a K-12 school district of about 670 students.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 13.54 square miles (35.06 km2), of which, 13.31 square miles (34.47 km2) of it is land and 0.23 square miles (0.60 km2) of it (1.70%) is water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 204 people, 92 households, and 63 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 15.07 people per square mile (5.82/km2). There were 114 housing units at an average density of 8.42/sq mi (3.25/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.1% White, 0.0% African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.0% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.5% from other races, and 3.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population.

There were 92 households, out of which 15.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.4% were married couples living together, 5.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.5% were non-families. 25.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.56.

The median household income is $46,250. The poverty rate is 8.2% in Deep River.

94.6% of Deep Riverians have graduated from high school or higher. For 37.2% of residents, their highest educational attainment is high school or an equivalent degree; 31.8% have some college, and no degree; 17.6% have an associate's degree; 4.1% each have a bachelor's degree or a graduate and professional degree.

In the CDP, the age distribution of the population shows 15.2% under the age of 18, 3.9% from 18 to 24, 17.2% from 25 to 44, 36.8% from 45 to 64, and 27.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 55.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.4 males.

Notable people
Krist Novoselic, the bassist for early 1990s grunge rock band, Nirvana, was recorded as being a resident of Deep River.

External links
Naselle-Grays River Valley School District website

References

Census-designated places in Wahkiakum County, Washington
Census-designated places in Washington (state)


The Shrine of St. Joseph is a Catholic church in St. Louis, Missouri in Columbus Square. The church began in 1843 when the Jesuits founded the parish to serve the residential community consisting mostly of German immigrants. The church is the site of the only authenticated miracle in the Midwestern United States.

History

1846–1866

After founding the parish in 1843, the Jesuits immediately instituted to build a church. Mrs. Ann Biddle a wealthy widow, known for her many philanthropic deeds, donated the land for the new church. The cornerstone for the new church was blessed by Bishop Kenrick on April 14, 1844. The completed building was a modest building which faced west toward 11th Street and was dedicated on the first Sunday in August, 1846 with Father James Van de Velde, later Bishop of Chicago, officiating.

Soon St. Joseph parish was a very active community. In 1862 a large parish school was built nearby, to care for the many children of the area. The School Sisters of Notre Dame staffed the school.

1866–1880

Just at this time a Jesuit missionary, Father Francis Xavier Weninger, came to St. Joseph's to preach.

Over the years the parish grew, it became obvious that the original church was no longer large enough to serve the congregation. It was decided to build a large addition to the old building and to revise the structure so that the entrance faced Biddle Street. Bishop Kenrick laid the cornerstone for this second St. Joseph in 1865.

Bueschers of Chicago, famous for their religious art work, were employed to carve an elaborate altar, which is designed as a replica of the Altar of St. Ignatius in the Jesuit Gesu Church in Rome, except that the figure of St. Joseph and the Christ Child are substituted for the figure of St. Ignatius. Beneath the central figures appear the words: "Ite ad Joseph", Go to Joseph.

Known as "The Altar of Answered Prayers" because of its origin, this beautiful work can still be seen at St. Joseph's Shrine, where it serves as the central altar. It was installed early in 1867, at a total cost of $6,131. The grateful parishioners raised the additional funds above their original pledge in recognition of their deliverance from the cholera epidemic.

The primary remodeling was completed in 1866. Father Pierre Jean De Smet, noted missionary to the Indians, officiated at the dedication services on December 30, 1866.

1880–1954

In 1880 the church was once again enlarged and remodeled. This work, which included the addition of an elaborate Romanesque face and twin towers surmounted with delicate cupolas, was completed in 1881.

Further alterations had to be made in 1954, under the supervision of the shrine's pastor, Father Anthony Corey. At this time, for reasons of safety, the beautiful original towers were shortened, and the cupolas replaced by heavier, hexagonal caps, thus considerably altering the exterior of the building, and detracting from its former beauty. This was after the Jesuits left the parish and was staffed by priest of the Archdiocese.

While owned by the Archdiocese of St. Louis the now Shrine of St. Joseph is leased to The Friends of The Shrine of St. Joseph, Inc. a not for profit 501(c)(3) corporation. All donations are tax deductible to the extent allowable by law.

Restoration

The church continued to flourish until after World War II. As the neighborhood began to decline, and parishioners were moving to the newer suburbs, attendance at Mass fell greatly.  The church fell into a state of disrepair. The roof leaked, birds had occupied the belfries where droppings were feet deep. Water stained the paintings and the underlying plaster became cracked. For reasons not understood, many of the beautiful objects had been covered in gray paint, including the Stations of the Cross and the ornate carved pulpit.

Because of the dwindling parish and the extensive damage to the building, the Archdiocese had planned to tear it down.
In 1979, the elderly pastor, Father Edward Filipiak, refused to retire saying, “If I leave, they will close it. I would die for this church.”  Three teenagers broke into the rectory to steal wine  and murdered Filipiak. A small group of men were then determined to try to save the church. Slowly they raised money from donations. At the cost of hundreds of thousands of dollars and many man-hours, the church was fully restored. It is considered one of the most beautiful churches in St. Louis.

It is not a parish in the ordinary sense. While the building remains the property of the St. Louis Archdiocese, the operation and maintenance of the church are by The Friends of the Shrine of St. Joseph, a 501.c.3 non-profit organization. Masses are celebrated each Sunday and on First Fridays of each month.

Devotions

Novena to St. Joseph
After the 11 a.m. Mass nine weeks before the feast of St. Joseph.(March 19)

The Rosary is recited before 11:00 a.m. Sunday Mass.

After Sunday Mass, a relic of St. Peter Claver, a bone chip, is displayed for veneration. It is in a reliquary in the form of a cross.

Gallery

See also
 List of Jesuit sites

References

External links

 Shrine of St. Joseph Official Website
 Church of Miracles official documentary video (2000) alternate1, alternate2, from the Shrine of St. Joseph's Friends
 Photos of the Shrine of Saint Joseph

Roman Catholic churches in St. Louis
German-American culture in St. Louis
Jesuit churches in the United States
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
Landmarks of St. Louis
1843 establishments in Missouri
National Register of Historic Places in St. Louis
Roman Catholic shrines in the United States
Buildings and structures in St. Louis
Tourist attractions in St. Louis
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1844
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States
Society of Jesus in Missouri


Stanislav Vasilyevich Tarasenko (; born July 23, 1966, in Zhukov, Rostov-na-Donu) is a retired long jumper from Russia, best known for winning the silver medal in the men's long jump event at the 1993 World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany.

References

1966 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Rostov-on-Don
Russian male long jumpers
World Athletics Championships medalists
Russian Athletics Championships winners


The Central Nazarene College was a junior college located in Hamlin, Texas. It closed in 1929.

History
The school opened as a grammar school, academy, and junior college in 1909 under the leadership of Reverend W. E. Fisher, superintendent of the Abilene and Hamlin districts of the Church of the Nazarene to serve the Hamlin, San Antonio, and New Mexico Districts, with J.E.L. Moore as its first president. Central became the only Nazarene college in Texas when the Nazarene Bible Institute at Pilot Point, Texas was merged with it in 1911. President B.F. Neeley later agreed to a consolidation with Bethany-Peniel College at Bethany, Oklahoma in 1929.

Campus
The college was located southwest of downtown Hamlin and consisted of a grey stone administration building and two wooden dormitories on a  campus. Library and laboratory facilities were inadequate for standard work, however. After the college merged with the school at Bethany, the former administration building was used as a church by the local Nazarene congregation. It burned in 1934, and a new church was built to replace it in 1936.

Academics
The curriculum was primarily for the education of ministers. As a "holiness" school, the charter required faculty to meet church requirements for the teaching of "sanctification."

Notes and references

Universities and colleges established in 1909
Defunct private universities and colleges in Texas
1929 disestablishments in Texas
Defunct Nazarene universities and colleges
Educational institutions disestablished in 1929
1909 establishments in Texas


The Pănicel is a right tributary of the river Sohodol in Romania. It flows into the Sohodol near Râșnov. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Brașov County


The Alameda County Fairgrounds is a  facility located in Pleasanton, California. It is home to the annual Alameda County Fair, held since 1912, as well as numerous trade shows and community events. Located on its grounds, the Pleasanton Fairgrounds Racetrack was built in 1858, making it the oldest  horse racing track in the United States. There is a 3,000 seat amphitheater, as well as a 9-hole golf course located within the track's infield.

The Alameda County Central Railroad Society has maintained a model train exhibit at the fairgrounds since 1959, which has grown to two  layouts in O scale and HO scale.

Building J, also known as the Amador Pavilion, is a multi-purpose arena and livestock event facility at the fairgrounds. It was briefly home to the Tri-Valley Ranchers of the National Indoor Football League.

Fair cancellations happened in 1917–1918, 1942–1944 and 2020.

Heathcote-MacKenzie House

The Heathcote-MacKenzie House, also known as The Heritage House, was built on the site of the fairgrounds around 1905, to host wealthy harness racers from Canada who wintered their horses in Pleasanton.  It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.

Notable events
Besides the annual fair, events regularly held at the fairgrounds include:
 The Scottish Highland Gathering and Games, which dates back to the 1860s and is reported to be the largest two-day Scottish gathering in North America, celebrating its 150th anniversary in 2015.
 The Pirates Of Emerson Haunted House
 Several annual automobile shows managed by the Goodguys Rod & Custom Association
 Night to Shine prom hosted by Cornerstone Fellowship

See also
 List of convention centers in the United States

References

External links

Pleasanton, California
Fairgrounds in California
National Register of Historic Places in Alameda County, California
Buildings and structures in Alameda County, California
Convention centers in California
Horse racing venues in California
Amador Valley
Government of Alameda County, California
Sports venues in Alameda County, California
Tourist attractions in Alameda County, California


Nesting behavior refers to an instinct in animals during reproduction to prepare a place with optimal conditions for offspring. The nesting place provides protection against predators and competitors that mean to exploit or kill offspring. It also provides protection against the physical environment.

Nest building is important in family structure and is therefore influenced by different mating behaviours and social settings. It is found in a variety of animals such as birds, fish, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles.

In mammals
Female dogs may show signs of nesting behaviour about one week before they are due that include pacing and building a nest with items from around the house such as blankets, clothing, and stuffed animals. (They also sometimes do this in cases of false pregnancy, or pseudocyesis). Domestic cats often make nests by bringing straw, cloth scraps, and other soft materials to a selected nook or box; they particularly are attracted to haylofts as nest sites. Commercial whelping and queening boxes are available however, children's wading pools (dogs) and plastic dishpans (cats) work just as well. In birds it is known as "going broody", and is characterized by the insistence to stay on the nest as much as possible, and by cessation of laying new eggs. Marsupials do not exhibit a nesting instinct per se, because the mother's pouch fulfills the function of housing the newborns. Nest building is performed in order to provide sufficient shelter and comfort to the arriving offspring. Threats, such as predators, that decrease the chance of survival will increase care of offspring.

Pigs
Under natural conditions, sows will leave the herd and travel up to 6.5 km a day prior to parturition in order to find the appropriate spot for a nest. The sows will use their forelimbs and snouts in order to create excavated depressions within the ground and to gather/transport nesting materials. Although the nests vary in radius dependent on the age of the sow, the nests are generally a round to oval shape and are usually located near trees, uprooted stumps or logs. The shelter provided by the nest built in sows is of utmost importance to thermoregulation. For the first two weeks of the piglets life their physiological thermoregulation is still developing, and due to a lack of amount of brown fat tissue, piglets require an increased surrounding temperature. Without the protection of the nest, the piglets will be subjected to climatic influences causing their internal temperature to drop to life-threatening levels.

Farrowing crates have been widely implemented into modern pig husbandry in order to reduce piglet mortality via crushing. However, this type of housing disturbs the sows natural instinct to nest build due to lack of space. Thus, it is necessary for the sows to farrow without the performance of this natural pre-partum activity which results in high stress for the animal.

Rodents

In rodents and lagomorphs, the nesting instinct is typically characterized by the urge to seek the lowest sheltered spot available; this is where these mammals give birth. Rats, for example, prefer to burrow amongst dense areas of vegetation or around human settlements which they come into contact with often. Often some rodent species create burrows that develop microclimates. This is another way that nesting instinct aids in thermoregulation. Alzheimer's disease in rats has been observed to impair the nesting ability, especially in females. These impairments become exaggerated with age and progression of disease.

Particularly among burrowing animals, such as groundhogs and prairie dogs nesting is used all across the burrows for uses such as insulation, bedding, litter chambers, transportation, comfort and various other uses. Marmot species such as groundhogs, and alpine marmots nest their borrows with thick grasses in advance of winter, this keeps a thermoregulated insulated comfortable environment for the marmots as they undergo hibernation.

Hormones and nesting behavior
Maternal nest-building is regulated by the hormonal actions of estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin. Given the importance of shelter to offspring survival and reproductive success, it is no wonder that a set of common hormonal signals has evolved. However, the exact timing and features of nest building vary among species, depending on endocrine and external factors.

The initial drive to perform this behavior is stimulated internally via hormones, specifically a rise in prolactin levels. This increase is driven by an increase in prostaglandin and a decrease in progesterone. The second phase of nest building is driven by external stimuli, this phase is also known as the material-oriented phase. In this stage it is said that external stimuli such as the proper nest building materials must be present. Both internal and external stimuli must exist in conjunction with one another for nest building to commence. The cessation of the nest building is correlated with a rise in oxytocin which is the hormone responsible for the contraction of the uterus. Shortly after this, parturition will commence.

In rabbits, nest building occurs towards the last third of pregnancy. The mother digs and builds a nest of straw and grass, which she lines with hair plucked from her body. This sequential motor pattern is produced by changes in estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin levels. Six to eight days pre-partum, high levels of estradiol and progesterone lead to a peak in digging behavior. Both estradiol and progesterone are produced and released by the ovaries. One to three days pre-partum, straw-carrying behavior is expressed as a function of decreasing progesterone levels, maintenance of high estradiol levels, and increasing prolactin levels. This release of prolactin (from the anterior pituitary) is likely caused by the increase in estrogen-to-progesterone ratio. One day pre-partum to four days post-partum, hair loosening and plucking occur as a result of low progesterone and high prolactin levels, together with a decrease in testosterone. In house mice and golden hamsters, nest-building takes place earlier, at the start or middle of pregnancy. For these species, nest-building coincides with high levels of estrogen and progestin.

External factors also interact with hormones to influence maternal nest-building behavior. Pregnant rabbits that have been shaved will line their straw nest with available alternatives, such as male rabbit hair or synthetic hair. If given both straw and hair, mothers prefer straw during the straw-carrying period, and prefer hair during the nest-lining period. If given hair as the only material, shaved mothers collect the hair even when it is the straw-carrying period.

In birds
Research on avian paternal behavior shows that nest-building is triggered by different stimuli in the two sexes. Unlike the case for females, male nest-building among ring doves depends on the behavior of the prospective mate rather than on hormonal mechanisms. Males that are castrated and injected daily with testosterone either court females or build nests, depending purely on the behavior of the female. Hence, the male avian transition from courtship to nest-building is prompted by social cues and not by changes in hormone levels.

In fish
In sand goby (Pomatoschistus minutus) the males are the ones who build the nests. When males exhibit increased paternal care to eggs, they build nests with smaller entrances in comparison to males who provide less parental care. This helps prevent predators from entering the nest and consuming the offspring or developing eggs.

In insects

Nesting behavior is also present in many invertebrates. The best known example of nesting behavior in insects is that of the domestic honey bee. Most bees build nests. Solitary bees, like honey bees, make nests. However, solitary bees make individual nests for larvae and are not always in colonies. Solitary bees will burrow into the ground, dead wood and plants.

See also
Genetic memory
Broodiness
Parental brain

References

Human pregnancy
Zoology


Miss República Dominicana 1995 was held on December 2, 1994. There were 30 candidates, representing provinces and municipalities, who entered. The winner would represent the Dominican Republic at Miss Universe 1995 and Miss International 1995. The first runner up would enter Miss World 1995. The second runner up would enter in Reina Mundial del Banano 1995. The rest of finalist entered different pageants.

Results

Delegates

Miss Dominican Republic
1995 beauty pageants
1995 in the Dominican Republic


Mitja Nikisch was a classical pianist and dance band leader, born in Leipzig, Germany on 21 May 1899 and died in Venice, Italy on 5 August 1936.

Career
Mitja Nikisch was the son of the celebrated Hungarian orchestral conductor Arthur Nikisch and the Belgian singer and composer Amélie Nikisch. Like his parents, he became a fine interpreter of classical works.  Nonetheless, while respected in that literature — he made his debut as piano soloist with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra on 22 April 1918, performed with classical conductors including Wilhelm Furtwängler and Sir Henry J. Wood — he was most celebrated as leader of a popular jazz band in Berlin during the Weimar Republic era.  The Mitja Nikisch Dance Orchestra played in fashionable clubs and included some of the most admired popular performers in Germany of the day; prominent guitarist Otto Sachsenhauer described it as "the best dance band ever heard in Berlin”. Due to the Nazi dictatorship he had to give up the band, which he had founded in 1925.

Mitja returned to playing the piano, hoping to pick up where he had left off with his career as a concert performer. He was on summer holiday in northern Italy when he was diagnosed with lymphatic cancer. He had recently fallen in love with a woman from Moscow, Alexandra Mironova. She was twelve years his junior and was a well-known soubrette in Berlin's Schillertheater under the pseudonym Barbara Diu. Mitja called her Barbara as he did not like her Russian name. The two were planning to get married when his diagnosis of cancer came. Knowing he did not have long left to live, he feverishly began to compose a piano concerto. He dedicated several hours a day to his magnum opus as his illness released enormous amounts of energy. On Wednesday 5 August 1936, Nikisch finished the concerto and died at age 37. Barbara was in London on business when her fiancé died. The handwritten score she found upon her return to Venice was a recollection of an all-too-brief life. Nikisch dedicated it to his second wife, Barbara.

He had been married to and divorced from stage and film actress Nora Gregor.

Recordings
As a classical performer, Mitja Nikisch left some reproducing piano rolls and one commercial recording, a 1934 account of Mozart's Piano Concerto no. 20 in D Minor, K. 466, with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra under Rudolf Schulz-Dornburg.  The Tahra label reissued it in 2007 as part of a set of 4 compact discs (TAHRA 595-598).

Recordings by the Mitja Nikisch Tanz Orchester included one in 1931 of the Nacio Herb Brown-Arthur Freed tune for the MGM film Lord Byron of Broadway, Should I (Reveal Exactly How I Feel), in German as Ich kann, ich will with vocalist Paul Dorn.

His Concerto for Piano was recorded by Howard Shelley (piano) with the Graunke Symphony Orchestra conducted by Kurt Graunke, issued on Edition Sedina E.S. 107 CD.

References

Sources
 Furtwangler.net
 The Music Sack

1899 births
1936 deaths
Musicians from Leipzig
Musicians from the Kingdom of Saxony
German classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Hungarian classical pianists
Hungarian male musicians
German male pianists
German jazz bandleaders
German people of Hungarian descent
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century classical pianists
20th-century German musicians
20th-century German male musicians
German male jazz musicians


SMS   was the lead ship of the s;  was her sister ship. Named for the title "Kaiser" (), held by the leader of the then newly created German Empire, the ship was laid down in the Samuda Brothers shipyard in London in 1871. The ship was launched in March 1874 and commissioned into the German fleet in February 1875.  mounted a main battery of eight  guns in a central battery amidships.

 served with the fleet from her commissioning until 1896, though she was frequently placed in reserve throughout her career. The ship was a regular participant in the annual fleet training maneuvers conducted with the exception of the mid-1880s, when she was temporarily replaced by newer vessels. She participated in several cruises in the Baltic and Mediterranean, often escorting Kaiser Wilhelm II on official state visits.  was rebuilt in the early 1890s as an armored cruiser, though she was too slow to perform satisfactorily in this role. Nevertheless, she spent several years as the flagship of the East Asia Squadron before returning to Germany in 1899. She was used in secondary roles after 1904, until after the end of World War I in 1919, when she was broken up for scrap.

Design

The two -class ironclads were authorized under the naval program of 1867, which had been approved by the  (Imperial Diet) to strengthen the North German Federal Navy in the wake of the Second Schleswig War, when the weak, then-Prussian Navy had been unable to break the blockade imposed by the Danish Navy. Designed by Edward James Reed in 1869, the ships were among the most powerful casemate ships built by any navy, though they were rendered obsolescent by the time they were completed by the advent of the turret ship.

The ship was  long overall and had a beam of  and a draft of  forward. She displaced  normally and up to  at full load.  was powered by one 2-cylinder single-expansion steam engine, which was supplied with steam by eight coal-fired trunk boilers. The boilers were vented into two widely spaced funnels. The propulsion system was rated at  from . She was also equipped with a full ship rig to supplement the steam engines. Her standard complement consisted of 32 officers and 568 enlisted men.

She was armed with a main battery of eight  L/20 guns mounted in a central casemate amidships. As built, the ship was also equipped with a single  L/22 gun. After being rebuilt in 1891–1895, her armament was increased by six  L/22 guns and one 8.8 cm L/30 gun, four and later twelve  auto-cannons for defense against torpedo boats. She also received five  torpedo tubes, all mounted in the ship's hull above the waterline.

s armor consisted of wrought iron; her armor belt was  thick, above which a strake of armor that was  thick protected the main battery guns. Her main armor deck was  thick.

Service history
 was ordered by the Imperial Navy from the Samuda Brothers shipyard in London; her keel was laid in 1871.  and her sister  were ordered shortly after the end of the Franco-Prussian War, under the assumption that the French would quickly attempt a war of revenge. The ship was launched on 19 March 1874 and commissioned into the German fleet on 13 February 1875.

After commissioning in February 1875,  spent the spring working up her engines to be ready for the annual summer training cruise. She joined the older ironclads  and  and the new , under the command of Vice Admiral Ludwig von Henk. The four-ship squadron remained in German waters for the entirety of the cruise, which finished with a review of the flotilla in Rostock by Kaiser Wilhelm I in September. The squadron was reactivated the next spring; Rear Admiral Carl Ferdinand Batsch replaced Henk as the squadron commander.  served as the flagship of Batsch's squadron, which also included s sister , , and .

At around the time Batch's squadron was working up for the summer cruise, Henry Abbott, the German consul in Salonika, then in the Ottoman Empire, was murdered. Further attacks on German citizens living in the area were feared, and so Batsch was ordered to sail to the Mediterranean Sea to stage a naval demonstration in June 1876. After arriving with the four ironclads, he was reinforced by three unarmored vessels. After the threat of violence subsided in August, Batsch departed with  and ; the other two ironclads remained in the Mediterranean for the rest of the summer.

 joined the 1877 summer squadron, composed of , , and the new turret ironclad . The squadron was again sent to the Mediterranean, in response to unrest in the Ottoman Empire related to the Russo-Turkish War; the violence threatened German citizens living there. The squadron, again under the command of Batsch, steamed to the ports of Haifa and Jaffa in July 1877, but found no significant tensions ashore. Batsch then departed and cruised the Mediterranean for the remainder of the summer, returning to Germany in October. The newly commissioned  and , sister ships of , replaced  and  in the 1878 maneuvers, during which  was accidentally rammed and sank with great loss of life.

 and her sister  remained in reserve for the next six years. They were reactivated in the spring of 1883 for the summer maneuvers under the command of Wilhelm von Wickede. Due to their long period out of service, their engines proved troublesome during the training cruise. Regardless, the 1883 cruise was the first year the German navy completely abandoned the use of sails on its large ironclads.  went into reserve during the 1884 maneuvers, which were conducted by a homogenous squadron composed of the four s. The ship did not see active duty again until August 1887, when she joined  and  as the I Squadron for three weeks of maneuvers with the rest of the fleet.

In May 1888,  represented Germany at Barcelona's World Fair, which held a naval review. During the summer of 1889,  joined the fleet that steamed to Great Britain to celebrate the coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm II; the ship joined her sister  and the turret ships  and  in II Division. The fleet then held training maneuvers in the North Sea under command of Rear Admiral Friedrich von Hollmann.  and the rest of II Division became the training squadron for the fleet in 1889–1890, the first year the Kaiserliche Marine maintained a year-round ironclad force. The squadron escorted Wilhelm II's imperial yacht to the Mediterranean; the voyage included state visits to Italy and the Ottoman Empire. The squadron remained in the Mediterranean until April 1890, when it returned to Germany.

 participated in the ceremonial transfer of the island of Helgoland from British to German control in the summer of 1890. She was present during the fleet maneuvers in September, where the entire eight-ship armored squadron simulated a Russian fleet blockading Kiel. II Division, including , served as the training squadron in the winter of 1890–1891. The squadron again cruised the Mediterranean, under the command of Rear Admiral Wilhelm Schröder. Between 1891 and 1895,  was rebuilt in the Imperial Dockyard in Wilhelmshaven. The ship was converted into an armored cruiser; her heavy guns were removed and replaced with lighter weapons, including one , six , and nine  guns. Her entire rigging equipment was removed and two heavy military masts were installed in place of the rigging. Despite the modernization, she remained quite slow.  and  were similarly converted.

Service in East Asia
In 1895, commanded by Paul Jaeschke,  reinforced the East Asia Division, which also included the protected cruisers  and  and several smaller vessels. During the period of diplomatic tension between Britain and Germany caused by the Kruger telegram sent by Wilhelm II,  and several other overseas cruisers were ordered to return to German waters. This order was quickly reversed, as it was decided it would be seen as an act of weakness by Britain. In April 1896, while entering the port of Amoy,  struck an uncharted rock. Only minor damage was done to the hull, but the ship was still out of service for twenty-two days for repairs in Hong Kong.  served as the flagship of Rear Admiral Otto von Diederichs during his tenure as the division commander. Diederichs was tasked with locating a suitable concession to be used as the main port of the East Asia Division; after surveying a number of sites aboard , Diederichs settled on Jiaozhou Bay. In the wake of two violent incidents against Germans in China, Wilhelm II gave Diederichs permission to seize Jiaozhou by force in November 1897.

After dusk on 10 November,  left Shanghai and headed toward Jiaozhou.  and the unprotected cruiser  were to leave the following day to allay suspicion. The three ships rendezvoused on the 12th at sea; Diederichs intended to steam into Jiaozhou on the 14th and seize the port. At 06:00 on the 14th,  steamed into the bay to bring the Chinese forts under fire, while  and  sent a landing force of some 700 men ashore. In the span of two hours, Diederichs's forces had captured the central and outlying forts and destroyed the Chinese telegraph, preventing them from notifying their superiors of the German attack. After negotiating with General Chang, the commander of the Jiaozhou garrison, Diederichs succeeded in forcing the Chinese concession of Jiaozhou to Germany, which he proclaimed at 14:20. Diederichs was promoted to vice admiral following the successful seizure of the port, and the division became enlarged to squadron size with the addition of several warships, including s sister .

In May 1898, Diederichs sent  to Nagasaki for periodic maintenance. The Spanish–American War, which saw action in the Philippines at the Battle of Manila Bay, necessitated a German naval presence in the area to protect German nationals.  was still in Nagasaki undergoing repairs, so Diederichs ordered her and , also in dock for maintenance, to meet him in Manila as soon as was possible. Crew transfers during the repair process necessitated  and  to meet in Manila as well; this concentration of five warships in the Philippines caused a serious crisis with the American Navy. Rear Admiral George Dewey objected to the size of the German force and to a meeting between Diederichs and Governor General Augustin, the Spanish governor of the Philippines. The German naval forces left the Philippines after the fall of Manila in August, though tensions with the United States continued for some time after.

Following his departure from Manila in August 1898, Diederichs took  south to the Dutch East Indies. There, the ship represented Germany during celebrations for the coronation of Queen Wilhelmina. The ship then returned to Hong Kong via Singapore, before proceeding to Fuchow for gunnery practice. While steaming into the bay, however, the ship ran aground on an uncharted rock. The screw corvette  and  arrived to tow  off the rocks, after which Diederichs sent her back to Hong Kong for repairs.  remained overseas until 1899, when she returned to Germany. She was reduced to a harbor ship on 3 May 1904 and renamed  on 12 October 1905. The ship was stricken from the naval register on 21 May 1906 and used as a barracks ship for  in Flensburg.  was broken up in 1920 in Harburg.

Footnotes

Notes

Citations

References

Kaiser-class ironclads
1874 ships


Vitaliy Kyrylenko (, also known as , Vitaliy Kirilenko; April 25, 1968) is a retired long jumper from Ukraine, best known for winning the bronze medal in the men's long jump event at the 1993 World Championships in Stuttgart, Germany.

References

 Vitaliy Kyrylenko at Sports-Reference.com

1968 births
Living people
Ukrainian male long jumpers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Ukraine
World Athletics Championships medalists
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Universiade bronze medalists for Ukraine
Medalists at the 1993 Summer Universiade
Place of birth missing (living people)


The Shrewsbury and Wellington Joint Railway (S&WJR) was operated by the London North Western Railway and the Great Western Railway. Its line ran from Shrewsbury (Abbey Foregate station,  not to be confused with Abbey station, also in Shrewsbury) to Wellington. Abbey Foregate also acted as a junction, with chords to Shrewsbury station and to the direct line to Wales.

Construction
Construction, between 1846 and 1849, was a joint effort between the Shropshire Union Railways (SUR) and the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway (S&BR). The line was  long.

Opening
The line opened on 1 June 1849, simultaneously with the SUR line from  and the first section of the S&BR, which was between Wellington and  (the latter was extended to Wolverhampton on 12 November that year). The three companies met at Stafford Junction, Wellington.

Ownership and leasing
Upon completion of the SUR line, that company was leased to the London and North Western Railway (LNWR), and so passed to the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) on 1 January 1923; in the meantime, the S&BR was absorbed by the Great Western Railway (GWR) on 1 September 1854, and so from 1 January 1923 the S&WJR was joint GWR/LMS property.

Stations
Of the five stations of the joint line (Abbey Foregate, Upton Magna, Walcot, Admaston and Wellington) only Wellington is still open.

References

British joint railway companies
Great Western Railway constituents
London and North Western Railway
Railway lines opened in 1849
1849 establishments in England
British companies established in 1849


A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman , which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions outside Italy. The term province has since been adopted by many countries. In some countries with no actual provinces, "the provinces" is a metaphorical term meaning "outside the capital city".

While some provinces were produced artificially by colonial powers, others were formed around local groups with their own ethnic identities. Many have their own powers independent of central or federal authority, especially in Canada and Pakistan. In other countries, like China or France, provinces are the creation of central government, with very little autonomy.

Etymology
The English word province is attested since about 1330 and derives from the 13th-century Old French , which itself comes from the Latin word , which referred to the sphere of authority of a magistrate, in particular, to a foreign territory.

A popular etymology is from Latin  ("on behalf of") and  ("to triumph" or "to take control of"). Thus a "province" would be a territory or function that a Roman magistrate held control of on behalf of his government. In fact, the word province is an ancient term from public law, which means: "office belonging to a magistrate". This agrees with the Latin term's earlier usage as a generic term for a jurisdiction under Roman law.

History and culture

In France, the expression  still means "outside the Paris region". Equivalent expressions are used in Peru (, "outside the city of Lima"), Mexico (, "lands outside Mexico City"), Romania (, "outside the Bucharest region"), Poland (, "provincial"), Bulgaria (, , "in the provinces" and , , "provincial") and the Philippines (, "from outside Metro Manila", , "in the provinces", or "in the countryside"). Similarly, in Australia "provincial" refers to parts of a state outside of the state capital.

Before the French Revolution, France comprised a variety of jurisdictions (built around the early Capetian royal demesne), some being considered "provinces", though the term was also used colloquially for territories as small as a manor (). Most commonly referred to as "provinces", however, were the , generally former medieval feudal principalities, or agglomerations of such. Today the expression  is regularly replaced in the media by the more politically correct ,  now being the term officially used for the secondary level of government.

In Italy,  generally means "outside the biggest regional capitals" (like Rome, Milan, Naples, etc.).

For the United Kingdom use of the word is often pejorative, assuming a stereotype of the denizens of the provinces to be less culturally aware than those in the capital.

The historic European provinces—built up of many small regions, called  by the French and "cantons" by the Swiss, each with a local cultural identity and focused upon a market town—have been depicted by Fernand Braudel as the optimum-size political unit in pre-industrial Early Modern Europe. He asks, "Was the province not its inhabitants' true 'fatherland'?" Even centrally-organized France, an early nation-state, could collapse into autonomous provincial worlds under pressure, as during the sustained crisis of the French Wars of Religion (1562–98).

The British colonies in North America were often named provinces. Most (but not all) of the Thirteen Colonies that eventually formed the United States were called provinces. All declared themselves "states" when they became independent. The Connecticut Colony, the Delaware Colony, Rhode Island and the Colony of Virginia never used the title "province". The British colonies further north, which remained loyal to Britain and later confederated to form the original Canada, retained the title of "province" and are still known as such to the present day.

To 19th- and 20th-century historians, in Europe, centralized government was a sign of modernity and political maturity. In the late 20th century, as the European Union drew nation-states closer together, centripetal forces seemed simultaneously to move countries toward more flexible systems of more localized, provincial governing entities under the overall European Union umbrella. Spain after Francisco Franco has been a "State of Autonomies", formally unitary but in fact functioning as a federation of Autonomous Communities, each exercising different powers. (See Politics of Spain.)

While Serbia, the rump of former Yugoslavia, fought the separatists in the province of Kosovo, the United Kingdom, under the political principle of "devolution", produced (1998) local parliaments in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. In ancient India, unlike the Mauryas, the Gupta Empire gave local areas a great deal of independence and divided the empire into 26 large provinces, styled as Bhukti, Pradesha and Bhoga.

Legal aspects
In many federations and confederations, the province or state is not clearly subordinate to the national or central government. Rather, it is considered to be sovereign in regard to its particular set of constitutional functions. The central- and provincial-government functions, or areas of jurisdiction, are identified in a constitution. Those that are not specifically identified are called "residual powers". In a decentralized federal system (such as the United States and Australia) these residual powers lie at the provincial or state level, whereas in a centralized federal system (such as Canada) they are retained at the federal level.

Some of the enumerated powers can be quite important. For example, Canadian provinces are sovereign in regard to such important matters as property, civil rights, education, social welfare and medical services. The growth of the modern welfare state has resulted in these functions, assigned to the provinces, becoming more important compared to those assigned to the federal government and thus provincial governments have become more important than the Fathers of Confederation originally intended.

Canada's status as a federation of provinces under the Dominion of the British Empire rather than an independent country also had certain legal implications. Provinces could appeal court rulings over the heads of the Supreme Court of Canada to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London. As well, provinces could bypass the Supreme Court and go directly to London from any Provincial Court. The Canadian Supreme Court tended to support the view that the Canadian Constitution was intended to create a powerful central government, but the Privy Council in London held the distinctly opposite view that the Constitution provided for stronger provincial powers. This provided an opportunity for forum shopping for provinces who opposed federal laws. Until appeals from Canada to the Privy Council were abolished in 1949, in legal disputes the provincial governments tended to win powers at the expense of the federal government.

In addition, while the Canadian federal government has unlimited taxing power while province governments are restricted to imposing direct taxes, the Canadian government introduced an income tax during World War I, and since it is a direct tax it also became a major revenue generator for provinces. In most provinces, the federal government now collects income tax for both levels of government and transfers to the provincial governments whatever surcharge they ask for. The sales tax also become a major revenue generator for provinces, so in 1991 the Canadian government introduced a Goods and Services Tax (GST) to share the revenues, which proved unpopular both with provincial governments and taxpayers. The Canadian government has tried to harmonize the two levels of sales taxes, but three provinces continue to impose a separate sales tax (British Columbia after harmonizing it, and shortly thereafter de-harmonizing it after it was struck down by a referendum), while the province of Alberta still does not impose a provincial sales tax.

The evolution of federations has created an inevitable tug-of-war between concepts of federal supremacy versus states' and provinces' rights. The historic division of responsibility in federal constitutions is inevitably subject to multiple overlaps. For example, when central governments, responsible for foreign policy, enter into international agreements in areas where the state or province is sovereign, such as the environment or health standards, agreements made at the national level can create jurisdictional overlap and conflicting laws. This overlap creates the potential for internal disputes that lead to constitutional amendments and judicial decisions that alter the balance of powers.

Though foreign affairs do not usually fall under a province's or a federal state's competency, some states allow them to legally conduct international relations on their own in matters of their constitutional prerogative and essential interest. Sub-national authorities have a growing interest in paradiplomacy, be it performed under a legal framework or as a trend informally admitted as legitimate by the central authorities.

In unitary states such as France and China, provinces are subordinate to the national, central government. In theory, the central government can create or abolish provinces within its jurisdiction. On the other hand, although Canada is now considered a federal state and not a confederation, in practice it is among the world's more decentralized federations. Canadian Confederation and the Constitution Act, 1867 conferred considerable power on the provincial governments which they often use to pursue their own goals independently of the federal government.

In Canada, local governments have been called "creatures of the province" because the authority of a local government derives solely from the provincial government. Provinces can create, merge, and dissolve local governments without the consent of the federal government or the people in the affected locality. Alberta in particular dissolved and merged hundreds of local governments during the 1940s and 1950s as a consequence of the Great Depression. Other provinces have arbitrarily merged and annexed independent suburbs to major Canadian cities such as Toronto or Montreal without the approval of local voters.

Current provinces

Not all first-level political entities are termed "provinces." In Arab countries, the first administrative level of government—called a muhafazah—is usually translated as a "governorate." In Poland, the equivalent of "province" is "województwo," sometimes rendered in English as "voivodeship."

Historically, New Zealand was divided into provinces, each with its own Superintendent and Provincial Council, and with considerable responsibilities conferred on them. However, the colony (as it then was) never developed into a federation; instead, the provinces were abolished in 1876. The old provincial boundaries continue to be used to determine the application of certain public holidays. Over the years, when the central Government has created special-purpose agencies at a sub-national level, these have often tended to follow or approximate the old provincial boundaries. Current examples include the 16 Regions into which New Zealand is divided, and also the 21 District Health Boards. Sometimes the term the provinces is used to refer collectively to rural and regional parts of New Zealand, that is, those parts of the country lying outside some or all of the "main centres"—Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Hamilton and Dunedin.

Modern provinces

In many countries, a province is a relatively small non-constituent level of sub-national government, such as a county in the United Kingdom. In China, a province is a sub-national region within a unitary state; this means that a province can be created or abolished by the national people's congress.

In some nations, a province (or its equivalent) is a first-level administrative unit of sub-national government—as in the Netherlands—and a large constituent autonomous area, as in Argentina, Canada, South Africa, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It can also be a constituent element of a federation, confederation, or republic. For example, in the United States, no state may secede from the federal Union without the permission of the federal government.

In other nations—such as Belgium, Chile, Italy, Peru, the Philippines, and Spain—a province is a second-level administrative sub-division of a region (which is the first-order administrative sub-division of the nation). Italian provinces are mainly named after their principal town and comprise several administrative sub-divisions called comuni (communes). In Chile, they are referred to as comunas. Chile has 15 regions, subdivided into 53 provinces, of which each is run by a governor appointed by the president. Italy has 20 regions, subdivided into 14 metropolitan cities and 96 provinces. Peru has 25 regions, subdivided into 194 provinces. Spain has 17 autonomous communities and 2 autonomous cities, subdivided into 50 provinces.

The island of Ireland is divided into four historic provinces (see Provinces of Ireland), each of which is sub-divided into counties. These provinces are Connacht (in the west), Leinster (in the east), Munster (in the south) and, Ulster (in the north). Nowadays these provinces have little or no administrative function, though they do have sporting significance.

From the 19th century, the Portuguese colonies were considered overseas provinces of Portugal.

Similarly, some overseas parts of the British Empire bore the colonial title of "province" (in a more Roman sense), such as the Province of Canada and the Province of South Australia (the latter, to distinguish it from the penal "colonies" elsewhere in Australia). Likewise, prior to the American Revolution, most of the original Thirteen Colonies in British America were provinces as well, such as the Province of Georgia and the Province of New Hampshire.

Canada
The constituent entities of Canada are known as provinces. Prior to confederation, the term province was used in reference to several British colonies situated in Canada; such as the colonial Province of Quebec. In 1791, Quebec split into two separate colonies, the provinces of Lower Canada, and Upper Canada. The two colonies were later merged in 1841 to form the Province of Canada. From its separation from Nova Scotia in the 18th century, New Brunswick was known as His/Her Majesty's Province of New Brunswick. After Canadian confederation in 1867, the term provinces continued to be used, in reference to the sub-national governments of Canada.

Because Canada is the second-largest country in the world by area, but has only 10 provinces, most Canadian provinces are very large—six of its ten provinces are larger than any country in Europe except Russia, and its largest province Quebec——is almost two and a half times as large as France—. Six provinces, including five of the oldest Canadian provinces—Alberta, Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island—have "counties" as administrative sub-divisions. The actual local government form can vary widely. In New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and in 9 of the 18 counties of Nova Scotia, county government has been abolished and has been superseded by another form of local government. New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island also have parishes within counties. Since the Canadian Constitution assigns local government to provincial jurisdiction, the various provinces can create, dissolve, and reorganize local governments freely and they have been described as "creatures of the province".

The Western provinces have more varied types of administrative sub-divisions than the Eastern provinces. The province of British Columbia has "regional districts" which function as county-equivalents. Manitoba and Saskatchewan are divided into rural municipalities.

Alberta is also divided into counties, albeit they are officially classified as "municipal districts" by the province, though in regular everyday parlance these entities are referred to as a "county". The province of Alberta has some unique local governance schemes formed in response to local conditions. For instance, Sherwood Park is an unincorporated "urban service area" of 72,017 within Strathcona County, which has most of the oil refining capacity in Western Canada; Fort McMurray was once a city but dissolved itself and became an "urban service area" of 70,964 people within the Regional Municipality (R.M.) of Wood Buffalo, which has several multibillion-dollar oil sands plants; and Lloydminster, a city of 31,483 which sits directly astride the provincial border between Alberta and Saskatchewan. Unlike most such cases, Lloydminster is not a pair of twin cities on opposite sides of a border, but is actually incorporated by both provinces as a single city with a single municipal administration. The residents objected to the federal government splitting the city in two when it created the two provinces, so the two provinces reunified it by declaring it to be a single city in two provinces, thereby bypassing the limitations of federal boundaries.

Pakistan

Pakistan is administratively divided into four provinces, which are:
Punjab
Sindh
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Balochistan
It also has two autonomous territories:
Azad Jammu and Kashmir
Gilgit Baltistan

Russia
The term "province" is sometimes used to refer to the historic governorates (guberniyas) of Russia. This terms also refers to the provinces (), which were introduced as the subdivisions of the governorates in 1719 and existed until 1775. In modern parlance, the term is commonly used to refer to the oblasts and krais of Russia.

Polities translated

Historic provinces

Ancient, medieval and feudal
 The Roman Empire was divided into provinces (provinciae); this is from which the term originated. Later Eastern Half: see Exarchate, thema
 Caliphate and subsequent sultanates: see Emirate
 Khanate can also mean a province as well as an independent state, as either can be headed by a Khan
 Pharaonic Egypt: see nome (Egypt)
 Frankish (Carolingian) 're-founded' Holy Roman Empire: see gau and county
 In the Habsburg territories, the traditional provinces are partly expressed in the Länder of 19th-century Austria-Hungary.
 Mughal Empire: subah
 The provinces of the Ottoman Empire had various types of governors (generally a pasha), but mostly styled vali, hence the predominant term vilayet, generally subdivided (often in beyliks or sanjaks), sometimes grouped under a governor-general (styled beylerbey).
 Achaemenid Persia (and probably before in Media, again after conquest and further extension by Alexander the Great, and in the larger Hellenistic successor states: see satrapy
 In the Tartar Khanate of Kazan: the five daruğa ('direction')

Colonial and early modern
 Spanish empire, at several echelons:
 viceroyalty above
 intendencia
 The former Republic of the Seven United Provinces (The Netherlands)
 British colonies:
 American Southern Colonies
 Province of Carolina (1629–1712)
 Province of North Carolina (1712–1776)
 Province of South Carolina (1712–1776)
 Province of Maryland (1632–1776)
 Province of Georgia (1732–1777)
 American Middle Colonies
 Province of New Jersey (1664–1776)
 Province of New York (1664–1783)
 Province of Pennsylvania (1681–1783)
 American New England Colonies
 Province of New Hampshire (1680–1686, 1692–1783)
 Province of Massachusetts Bay (1692–1776)
 Province of Maine (various dates)
 Canada (New France)
 Province of Quebec (1763–1791)
 Province of Lower Canada (1791–1841)
 Province of Upper Canada (1791–1841)
 United Province of Canada (1841–1867)
 Provinces of India
 Provinces of the Philippines
 Provinces of New Zealand (1841–1876)
 Provinces of Nigeria
 Province of South Australia (now an Australian state)
 The former provinces of Brazil
 The former provinces of France
 The former provinces of Ireland
 The former provinces of Japan
 The former provinces of Portugal
 The provinces of Prussia, a former German kingdom/republic
 The provinces of the Republic of New Granada
 The former provinces of Sweden
 The former United Provinces of Central America
 The former United Provinces of the Río de la Plata

See also
 Governor
 Region
 Provincialism
 Regionalism (politics)
 Rise: The Vieneo Province
 Pradesh
 -stan

References

External links
 Etymology Online

Types of administrative division


Company.com is an online company that provides services and resources to business owners. The company was founded in 2009 and is based in Atlanta, Georgia.

Services provided by Company.com include websites, email, tech support, job postings, small business insurance, business listing reports, team collaboration, equipment protection plans. payment processing, directory listings, business listing managers, hiring, and business funding. The founder and CEO of Company.com is Bill Wade. In 2015, the company was ranked the tenth on the Inc. 5000, which is a list of the 5,000 fastest growing private companies in the United States. In 2016, they were ranked fifth on the Inc. 5000.

References

Companies based in Atlanta
Privately held companies based in Georgia (U.S. state)
2009 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)


Blue Men, or The Blue Men, may refer to:

 The Blue Men (Playhouse 90), a 1959 television play directed by John Frankenheimer
 Blue men of the Minch, mythological creatures also known as storm kelpies
 "Blue Men" of the Sahara, name used by early visitors to describe the men of the Tuareg people
 The Blue Men, performers of Joe Meek's 1960 album I Hear a New World

See also
 Blue Man Group, U.S.-American performance art company
 Men in blue, nickname given to the India national cricket team


"I Can Do Without You" is a popular song, with music by Sammy Fain and lyrics by Paul Francis Webster.

The song was included in the 1953 film, Calamity Jane. It was performed by Doris Day and Howard Keel. Doris Day played the lead in the film as Calamity Jane, while Howard Keel played her nemesis and eventual love interest, Bill Hickok.

The song proceeds from a scene in which Calamity is thrown off-kilter by apparent praise from Hickok after she promises to bring the actress Adelaid Adams from Chicago to Deadwood City. It turns out that Hickok was being sarcastic and that he trusts her "about as much as I do a blind rattlesnake with a new button on its tail."  The song is a comical male-female quarrel, with Calamity and Hickok exchanging comic insults, somewhat reminiscent of "Anything You Can Do" from Annie Get Your Gun.

External links

 IMDB

1953 songs
Doris Day songs
Songs with music by Sammy Fain
Songs with lyrics by Paul Francis Webster
Songs written for films


Stephen H. A. Shepherd is a Canadian professor of English literature in Bellarmine College of Liberal Arts at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, CA. The primary focus of Shepherd's research is on the critical, codicological, and historical contexts of medieval English literature, especially romance and the work of William Langland. He has published essays on these topics in collections and in Archive and Medium Ævum. To support himself during his early college years, Shepherd worked as a zoo keeper in Canada. After completing his PhD, Shepherd began a teaching career while furthering his research on Middle English texts and Arthurian works.

Academic Career
Shepherd attended Queen's University at Kingston in Ontario, Canada, from 1979 to 1984 and received a bachelors of arts with honors as well as a masters of arts. His thesis is "A Characterization of The Middle English Breton Lay", and his supervisor was John Finlayson.

He attended the University of Oxford from 1984 to 1988 through its Hertford College and St. Cross College, obtaining a doctorate of philosophy. His doctoral thesis is Four Middle English Charlemagne Romances: A Revaluation of the Non-Cyclic Verse Texts and the Holograph "Sir Ferumbras" His thesis supervisor was Douglas Gray.

Shepherd began teaching at Southern Methodist University in 1989 and left in 2005 as the Director of Graduate Studies. He moved to LMU in 2006 and has taught there since. He also directed their graduate program for a year.

Published works
Shepherd has published numerous scholarly works including three Norton Critical Editions:
Middle English Romances: A Norton Critical Edition (1995)
Sir Thomas Malory, Le Morte Darthur: A Norton Critical Edition (2004)
William Langland, Piers Plowman: A Norton Critical Edition (2006) (with Elizabeth Robertson)

He also edited the Early English Text Society edition of Turpines Story (Oxford University Press, 2004) and has published numerous essays.

Hobbies
He is an avid photographer and has supplied some of the illustrations for his Norton Critical Editions, as well as having online galleries of his work.

Shepherd played the saxophone throughout his childhood and earned money by performing in jazz bands in his twenties, however he claims he has not "played in over a decade."

References

Sources

Canadian academics
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Loyola Marymount University faculty


Björn Erik Johansson (born January 15, 1956) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey defenceman.  He was drafted in the first round of both the 1976 NHL Amateur Draft and the 1976 WHA Amateur Draft, by the California Golden Seals and Toronto Toros, respectively.  He played 15 games in the National Hockey League with the Cleveland Barons, scoring one goal and one assist.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Totals do not include numbers from the 1975 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.

External links

1956 births
Binghamton Dusters players
California Golden Seals draft picks
Cleveland Barons (NHL) players
Frölunda HC players
Living people
National Hockey League first-round draft picks
Ice hockey people from Örebro
Phoenix Roadrunners (CHL) players
Rochester Americans players
Salt Lake Golden Eagles (CHL) players
Swedish ice hockey defencemen
Toronto Toros draft picks
World Hockey Association first round draft picks


Margarita Anatolyevna Ponomaryova (; 19 June 1963 – 16 September 2021), also known as Margarita Khromova, was a hurdler from Russia, best known for setting the world record in the women's 400 metres hurdles in 1984 with 53.58 secs.

Ponomaryova was known by her married name of Khromova from 1985 to 1989, before reverting to her maiden name from 1990 onward.

Career
Ponomaryova was born in Balkhash, Kazakh SSR in the former Soviet Union. She began her international career by winning two medals at the 1981 European Junior Championships.

In 1984, she made a dramatic improvement in the 400 metres hurdles to break the world record with 53.58 secs on 22 June in Kiev, to become the first woman to run below 54 seconds for the event. She was prevented from competing in that years Los Angeles Olympics due to the Soviet boycott.

1984 proved to be the only year where Ponomaryova would be the world's number one 400 m hurdler, however her international career would continue for another decade. In 1985, now competing as Margarita Khromova, she finished sixth in the World Cup in Canberra. In 1986, she reached the European Championship final in Stuttgart, placing eighth. The following year she was a semi-finalist at the World Championships in Rome, narrowly missing the final.

Having failed to make the 1988 Seoul Olympics, she won her biggest individual title when winning at the 1989 World Student Games (Universiade). In 1990, (as Margarita Ponomaryova), she finished fifth in the European Championship final in Split. She won the 1991 European Cup ahead of Sally Gunnell, before finishing eighth later that year in the World Championship final in Tokyo.

Ponomaryova represented the Unified team at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. In the semi-finals she ran 53.98 sec, to qualify for the final as the third fastest. However, in the final she only managed 54.83 to finish sixth. At the following years World Championships in Stuttgart, she reached her peak running 53.48 sec to win the bronze medal. This was her first (and only) individual medal at Olympic or World Championship level. The race was won by Sally Gunnell in a then world record of 52.74. Ponomaryova also won a silver medal in the 4x400 metres relay.

International competitions

References

1963 births
2021 deaths
Sportspeople from Karaganda Region
Soviet female hurdlers
Russian female hurdlers
Kazakhstani female hurdlers
Olympic female hurdlers
Olympic athletes for the Unified Team
Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics
FISU World University Games gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
FISU World University Games gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Universiade bronze medalists for the Soviet Union
Medalists at the 1989 Summer Universiade
Competitors at the 1986 Goodwill Games
World Athletics Championships athletes for the Soviet Union
World Athletics Championships athletes for Russia
World Athletics Championships medalists
World Athletics Indoor Championships medalists
CIS Athletics Championships winners
Russian Athletics Championships winners
World record setters in athletics (track and field)
Friendship Games medalists in athletics


Invermay (2016 population: ) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Invermay No. 305 and Census Division No. 9. Invermay is about 50 km west of Canora or about 50 km east of Wadena on Highway 5.

History
Invermay incorporated as a village on September 1, 1908.

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Invermay had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

In the 2016 Census of Population, the Village of Invermay recorded a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a  change from its 2011 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2016.

Notable people
Ken Krawetz, served as a Saskatchewan MLA for the riding of Canora-Pelly from 1995 to 2016

See also

 List of communities in Saskatchewan
 Villages of Saskatchewan

References

Villages in Saskatchewan
Invermay No. 305, Saskatchewan
Division No. 9, Saskatchewan


The Complete Opera Book is a guide to operas by American music critic and author Gustav Kobbé first published (posthumously) in the United States in 1919 and the United Kingdom in 1922.  A revised edition from 1954 by the Earl of Harewood is known as Kobbé's Complete Opera Book. The 1997 revision, edited by Harewood and Antony Peattie, is titled The New Kobbé's Opera Book.

The original Complete Opera Book
Gustav Kobbé was on the point of completing the book which was afterwards published as The Complete Opera Book when he died. Various additions were made to it before publication, and also in subsequent editions or reprints, as the subject demands constant revision and renewal, both through new works and through the discovery or revival of lesser known existing ones. The work in its original form was first finally edited and brought together for publication by Katharine Wright, who at the same time included some additional operas in sections that bear her initials.  Its full title was The Complete Opera Book : the Stories of the Operas, Together with 400 of the Leading Airs and Motives in Musical Notation.  The early American editions were copyrighted in 1919 (first), and then in 1922 and 1924, by C. W. Kobbé.

Much of the additional material first appeared in a supplement or appendix to the main work. The last opera of the main text is the Goyescas of Enrique Granados, and the Supplement is still (in the English edition, p. 851 ff.) described as such in 1929, but in other editions called "Recent and Revised Operas." This continued to evolve, and incorporated additional material written by Ferruccio Bonavia (signed F.B.). The earlier supplement included works by Maeterlinck, Reginald de Koven, Ravel, Henry Hadley, Andre Messager, Holst, Rutland Boughton, Ethel Smyth, Rimsky-Korsakov, Mussorgsky and Stravinsky, and Mozart's Il Seraglio, occupying pp. 851–901. After 1929 it was enlarged to include Verdi's Simone Boccanegra, Boito's Nerone, Alban Berg's Wozzeck, Puccini's Turandot, Rossini's La Cenerentola, Mozart's Così fan tutte, Jaromir Weinberger's Schwanda the Bagpiper and Vaughan Williams's Hugh the Drover (pp. 901–930). The English 1935 imprint included Bonavia's notes on Rossini's L'Italiana in Algeri, Rimsky-Korsakov's Snegourochka and two operas of Ildebrando Pizzetti: parts of the former supplement had by now been incorporated into the main text, and the overall page-count before index was now 945 pages.

While no amount of enlargement could possibly have made the work literally complete, these additions supplied gaps in Kobbé's unfinished manuscript, some works of importance which appeared after his death, and others (such as Simone Boccanegra) which had important revivals.

The pre–World War II editions were enriched by a superb series of sixty-four photographs of singers in operatic roles. In general these did not change, though the frontispiece of Nellie Melba as Juliet was substituted by an engraved bust of Jenny Lind in other editions. The illustrations reflected exactly the singers of Kobbé's time, (including Winckelmann and Materna in the first Parsifal), and many of the famous international artists who sang at the Met from the 1890s to around 1920. They are typically the singers of the acoustic (i.e. pre electric-microphone) recording period c.1898-1925, so that the book remained popular with collectors of operatic 78 rpm records well after the real-life careers of these singers had been superseded by others. Hence in early editions the illustrations are listed in the sequence in which they appear, following the operas, but in later editions the illustrations table is alphabetical by singer.

Kobbé's Complete Opera Book
The final (11th) impression (in fact variant editions) of the English edition was in September 1949. This constant revision reflected the fact that the book, with all its shortcomings, was the best encyclopedic account of operas from Gluck to Mascagni in existence. It was therefore this work which was chosen by the distinguished operatic patron the Earl of Harewood to form the basis of his complete new revision, retaining Kobbé's plan and a good deal of his text, but bringing the whole work up to date under the title of Kobbé's Complete Opera Book. Details of specific productions were supplied by Harold Rosenthal. The text was now arranged in three main sections. In Part 1, "Before 1800", sections on Monteverdi, Purcell, The Beggar's Opera and Pergolesi were added, Gluck was enlarged, and the Mozart operas systematized. The great body of Kobbé's work was maintained and enlarged in Part 2, "The Nineteenth Century" (beginning with Beethoven), preserved the original format of the various national "schools", with specific sections on Wagner and Verdi. Composers and synopses were similarly grouped by nationality in Part 3, "The Twentieth Century", treating the period 1900-1950 as a separate coherent whole, including an American section for Thomson, George Gershwin and Gian-Carlo Menotti, and a substantial English section culminating in Benjamin Britten. The illustrations were completely replaced with forty new photographs of post-War operatic productions and singers. Further reprints (with revisions) appeared in 1956 and 1958. The convention of noting authorship of different sections was retained by the initial "K" for Kobbé and "H" for Harewood. The resultant edition, while preserving and paying due homage to Kobbé's original work, was a newly authoritative work in its own right.

References
G. Kobbé, The Complete Opera Book. Putnam and Sons: New York, 1919; London, 1922. View 1919 edition at Google Books.
The Earl of Harewood (Ed.), Kobbé's Complete Opera Book. Putnam: London and New York, 1954.
 Harewood, The Earl of; Peattie, Antony, editors (1997). The New Kobbé's Opera Book. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. London: Ebury Press. .

External links

Books about opera
1919 books


La Cañada is a town located in the city of Alaquines, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.

Populated places in San Luis Potosí


The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1924 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 4, 1924. California's delegation remained unchanged at 9 Republicans and 2 Democrats.

Overview

Results
Final results from the Clerk of the House of Representatives:

District 1

District 2

District 3

District 4

District 5

District 6

District 7

District 8

District 9

District 10

District 11

See also
69th United States Congress
Political party strength in California
Political party strength in U.S. states
1924 United States House of Representatives elections

References
California Elections Page
Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives

External links
California Legislative District Maps (1911-Present)
RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions

1924 California elections
1924
California United States House of Representatives


Bình Chánh may refer to several places in Vietnam, including:

Bình Chánh District, an urban district of Ho Chi Minh City
Bình Chánh, Bình Chánh District, a ward of Bình Chánh District
Bình Chánh, An Giang, a commune of Châu Phú District
Bình Chánh, Quảng Ngãi, a commune of Bình Sơn District
Bình Chánh, Quảng Nam, a commune of Thăng Bình District


Six ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Astraea, HMS Astree or HMS Astrea, after the figure of Astraea in Greek mythology:

 was a storeship, formerly a Spanish ship captured in 1739.  She was burnt by accident in 1743.
 was a 32-gun fifth rate launched in 1781 and wrecked on the Anegada Reefs in the Virgin Islands in 1808.
 was a 36-gun fifth rate launched in 1810, on harbour service from 1823 and broken up in 1851.
 was a 38-gun fifth rate, formerly a French ship captured in 1810.  She was renamed HMS Pomone in 1811 and was broken up in 1816.
HMS Astrea was a wooden screw frigate ordered in 1861, but canceled in 1863.
 was an  launched in 1893 and sold in 1920.  She was then resold and finally broken up in Germany.

Battle honours
Ships named Astraea have earned the following battle honours:
Groix Island, 1795
Gloire, 1795
St Lucia, 1796
Egypt, 1801
Tamatave, 1811
Cameroons, 1914

See also

Royal Navy ship names


John D'Amico Jr. (born January 24, 1941) is an American Democratic Party politician from New Jersey, who served on the Monmouth County, New Jersey Board of Chosen Freeholders and served in the New Jersey Senate in 1988 and 1989.

Born in Long Branch on January 24, 1941, D'Amico attended Red Bank Regional High School. He graduated from Harvard College in 1963 and from Harvard Law School in 1966.

D’Amico served as a Councilman in Oceanport, New Jersey from 1979 to 1984 and was elected to a three-year term as a Monmouth County Freeholder in 1983. He was reelected in 1986. As Freeholder, he helped found the Monmouth County Department of Transportation and the Office of Recycling.

Following the death of Representative James J. Howard, State Senator Frank Pallone was elected to fill the vacancy. On December 10, 1988, John D'Amico was elected to Pallone's senate vacancy by the Democratic County Party Committee members in the 11th Legislative District; he was the first of the state's legislators to be chosen by a political caucus and not popularly elected. Eleven months later, he was defeated in the 1989 general election by Republican Assemblyman Joseph A. Palaia.

During his tenure in the New Jersey Senate, D'Amico sponsored bills on transportation and the environment, including a Green Acres Bond Act and the Clean Water Enforcement Act.

In 1992, he was appointed as a Judge of the New Jersey Superior Court. During his tenure, he developed a streamlined trial procedure called an "Expedited Jury Trial" that is in use statewide and has been emulated in other states. In 2003, he was appointed Chairman of the New Jersey State Parole Board.  As Chairman, he implemented a system of graduated sanctions for technical violations of conditions of parole with a focus on rehabilitation.  To enhance re-entry programs, he established re-entry task forces to work with individual volunteers, faith-based entities, and nonprofit agencies to address the issues of housing, employment, addiction, gang activity, family reunification, and transportation.  He retired from his position as Chairman in 2007.

He was elected to a third three-year term as Freeholder in November 2007. As a freeholder, D'Amico oversaw Planning, Commerce and Education, which includes Brookdale Community College, Economic Development & Tourism, Planning Board, Superintendent of Schools and the Vocational Board of Education.

He served as Deputy Director of the board in 2009. At the January 7, 2010, annual reorganization, he was succeeded as Deputy Director by Robert D. Clifton.

D'Amico, after the election and short of his 70th birthday, announced his retirement from politics. He was the recipient of the 2016 New Jersey Law Journal Lifetime Achievement Award based on his career in public service, including serving as a superior court judge, chairman of the state parole board, a state senator, a Monmouth County Freeholder during three different decades at two different times and as an Oceanport councilman.

D'Amico currently serves as Chairman of the Board of Trustees of NY/NJ Baykeeper, a non-profit environmental organization. NY/NJ Baykeeper's mission is to protect, preserve, and restore the ecological integrity and productivity of the Hudson-Raritan Estuary.  He is also a member of the Board of Directors of the Friends of the Monmouth County Parks.

His article, "Does the Tea Party Understand the Constitution?", appeared in Salon Magazine in May 2013.

References

Living people
1941 births
Harvard College alumni
Harvard Law School alumni
County commissioners in New Jersey
New Jersey city council members
Democratic Party New Jersey state senators
New Jersey state court judges
Politicians from Long Branch, New Jersey
People from Oceanport, New Jersey
Politicians from Monmouth County, New Jersey
Red Bank Regional High School alumni


Ängelsberg () is a village situated in Fagersta Municipality, Västmanland County, Sweden with 144 inhabitants in 2005. It is famous for the Engelsberg Ironworks and the oldest preserved oil refinery in the world, Engelsberg Refinery.

References

Populated places in Västmanland County
Populated places in Fagersta Municipality


Ronald James Pickering  (4 May 1930 – 13 February 1991) was an athletics coach and BBC sports commentator.

Biography
Pickering was born in Hackney. His father was a sign fixer. He became head boy at West Ham Secondary School (later to become Stratford Grammar School and now Stratford School) when the head girl was future wife Jean Desforges. She won a gold medal in the 4 x 100 metres relay at the 1950 European Athletics Championships, a bronze medal in the 4 x 100 metres relay at the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki (and was fifth in the 80 metres hurdles), a gold medal in the long jump at the 1954 European Athletics Championships, and bronze medals in both the long jump and 80 metres hurdles at the 1954 Commonwealth Games in Vancouver. She married Pickering in 1954.

He did national service in the King's Own Royal Regiment, and studied for a diploma in physical education at Carnegie College of Physical Education in Leeds and then a master's degree in education at Leicester University. He became a teacher of physical education at Stratford Grammar School and then Wanstead County High School

Pickering moved to Cardiff to become national athletics coach for Wales from 1961 to 1966.  In July 1962, he and Barney Mulrenan were co-commentators for the Home Service in Wales on the Welsh Games, a weekend athletics meeting trying to rekindle the spirit of the Empire Games

Pickering was a coach with the British team at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo and with the Welsh team at the 1966 Commonwealth Games in Jamaica.  He coached several Olympic athletes, including Lynn Davies, who won gold medals in the long jump at the 1964 Olympics, the 1966 European Athletics Championships and the 1966 Commonwealth Games, and also represented Britain in the 4 × 100 metres relay in Tokyo.

He was recreational manager at Lee Valley Regional Park for two years before becoming an independent consultant in recreational planning management. He was a television commentator at the 1968 Summer Olympic Games in Mexico City and continued in broadcasting for over 20 years.  He was the first host of the BBC1 children's sports programme We Are the Champions, a show he presented from 1973 until his death. He was known for his catchphrase, "Away you go!", at the end of each show, at which point all the teams would jump into the swimming pool (pool events always made up the final phase of the competition).  He also co-presented the programme Superstars from 1973 to 1985 with David Vine.

He was a leading proponent of a scheme to use a disused banana warehouse on the Isle of Dogs as an indoor training centre, which later became the London Arena (demolished in 2006).  He was president of Haringey Athletic Club, whose members included Seb Coe and Mike McFarlane. Linford Christie dedicated his gold medal in the 100 metres at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona to Pickering. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1986 Birthday Honours, for services to athletics.

Pickering died at home in Digswell a few weeks after a heart bypass operation. He was survived by his wife, and their son and daughter. His son, Shaun Pickering, represented Great Britain in the shot put at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, and won a bronze medal for Wales in the shot put at the 1998 Commonwealth Games.

The Ron Pickering Memorial Fund was founded in 1991, and supports hundreds of young athletes each year. Shaun's death, at the age of 61, was announced on 11th May 2023.

References

External links
Ron Pickering Memorial Fund website
UK Athletics on Ron Pickering Memorial Fund
 Wray Vamplew, ‘Pickering, Ronald James (1930–1991)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 30 July 2012
 Profile from Welsh Athletics
 Profile from the Ron Pickering Memorial Fund

1930 births
1991 deaths
English athletics coaches
BBC sports presenters and reporters
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People from Hackney Central


Bruchidius villosus is a species of bean weevil known by the common names broom seed beetle and Scotch broom bruchid. This beetle is used as an agent of biological pest control against the noxious weed known as Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius).

This is a dark gray weevil about two millimeters long. The female lays about ten eggs on the seed pod of the plant. The larva hatches from the egg at the point it is attached to the pod and burrows into the pod, where it develops and feeds on the seeds. The larva is one to two millimeters long and gelatinous white. It pupates in the seed coat. When the seed pod ripens and splits open, adult weevils emerge.

This beetle is native to Europe. It was introduced to the United States by accident but was found to drastically reduce seed production in Scotch broom, its host plant. It became one of the newest insects to be deliberately released for the control of the plant in the 1990s. Its viability as a biocontrol agent is under study. It is used less often in New Zealand because it was found to attack plants other than its target when introduced there.

References

 Coombs, E. M., et al., Eds. (2004). Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the United States. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 162.
 Sheppard, A., M. Haines & T. Thomann. (2006). Native-range research assists risk analysis for non-targets in weed biological control: the cautionary tale of the broom seed beetle. Aust J Entom 45:4 292–97.

Bruchinae
Insects used for control of invasive plants
Biological pest control beetles
Beetles of Europe
Beetles described in 1792
Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius


Passing Through or Passin' Thru may refer to:

Music
 Passing Through (Owen Temple album), 1999
 Passing Through (Randy Travis album), 2004
 Passin' Thru (James Gang album), 1972
 Passin' Thru (Chico Hamilton album), 1962
 "Passing Through", a 1948 folk song written by Dick Blakeslee and recorded by Pete Seeger, The Highwaymen, Cisco Houston, Earl Scruggs, Leonard Cohen (on Live Songs), Valdy, The Waterboys and Kind of Like Spitting.
 "Passing Through", a song by The Walls
 "Passing Through", a song by The Boomtown Rats

Film and theatre
 Passing Through (1921 film), American film
 Passing Through (1977 film), American film
 Passing Through, a 1991 play by Mervyn Thompson


Hearing Dogs for Deaf People is a UK charity which trains dogs to alert deaf people to a variety of sounds.

The Charity's dogs provide emotional support through companionship, and practical support by alerting deaf people to life-saving sounds like the smoke alarm, and important sounds such as the oven timer, baby monitor and text messages. Their burgundy coats also signal to the public that they are with a deaf person.

Since its inception in 1982 the Charity – which was co-founded by vet Dr. Bruce Fogle (father of Ben Fogle) – has created nearly 2,500 hearing dogs partnerships. There are currently around 1,000 hearing dog partnerships across the UK.

In August 2017, Hearing Dogs for Deaf People merged with Hearing Link, another leading hearing loss charity.

Service
Hearing Dogs for Deaf People helps people with hearing loss, by providing them with Assistance Dogs that can accompany them wherever they want to go. Their dogs are distinctive in that they wear burgundy coats with the Hearing Dogs logo, which also signals to other people that the person they're with is deaf.

For the first year of their lives, their dogs live with volunteers, who look after the dogs, introduce them to new experiences, and give them basic training, a process called 'socialising'.

After around a year, the dogs go on to advanced training, in which they are taught to alert people to sounds, called 'soundwork'. They do this by nudging the deaf person with their nose, then leading them to the source of the sound. An exception to this is when they alert to fire sirens or smoke alarms: the dogs lie down instead, telling the deaf person that there is an alarm, but not leading them into danger.

Since the merger with Hearing Link, the Charity has also been able to help people with a wider range of hearing loss, who might not want or need a dog in their lives, but who would benefit from assistive technologies, support and practical advice.

History
Hearing Dogs for the Deaf (as it was initially known) was officially launched at Crufts in 1982, as a three-year pilot scheme by Dr. Bruce Fogle and Lady Beatrice Wright.

In 1986 Hearing Dogs was granted full charitable status and bought its first property in Lewknor, Oxfordshire.

In 1992 Anne, Princess Royal became Royal Patron, a title she holds to this day, both for Hearing Dogs and Hearing Link.

In 1994 the Charity opened its northern training centre, and five years later established its southern training centre and offices at The Grange, in Saunderton, Buckinghamshire, UK.

In 1996 the Charity rebranded as Hearing Dogs for Deaf People.

References

External links

1982 establishments in the United Kingdom
Guide
Animal charities based in the United Kingdom
Assistance dogs
Organizations established in 1982
Deaf culture in the United Kingdom
Dogs in the United Kingdom
Deafness charities


For Vejby Strand in Denmark, see Vejby, Gribskov Municipality

Vejbystrand was previously a bimunicipal locality situated in Skåne County, Sweden with 2,721 inhabitants in 2010. The majority of its population lived in Ängelholm Municipality and a minority in Båstad Municipality. It is included in Ängelholm from 2015 on.

The most famous building in Vejbystrand was the kitchen/admin building of Kronprinsessan Victorias kustsanatorium, built in 1903. The building was taken down in May 2010 and will be replaced by apartments. Throughout the early and middle twentieth century Vejbystrand was a popular spot for patients with lung disease, especially tuberculosis, as Vejbystrand was known for its clean air coming from the coast.

Vejbystrand is a popular vacation area for Swedes and people visiting Sweden. There is one hotel (Vejby Strand Hotel) and one hostel and also many summer houses for rent.

References

Populated places in Båstad Municipality
Populated places in Ängelholm Municipality
Populated places in Skåne County


District 1 () is the central urban district of Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon), the largest city in Vietnam. With a total area of  the district has a population of 204,899 people as of 2010. The district is divided into 10 small subsets which are called wards (phường). District 1 contains most of the city's administrative offices, consulates, and large buildings. District 1 is the busiest district in the city with the highest living standards. Đồng Khởi Street and Nguyễn Huệ Boulevard in District 1 are the city's two main commercial centers. Đồng Khởi street is an area in high demand for real estate, hitting a record price of $50,000 per square meter in 2007.

History
District 1 and the other seven districts of Ho Chi Minh City were founded on May 27, 1959. Before 1975, the first district only had four small subsets (wards) which were Bến Nghé, Hòa Bình, Trần Quang Khải and Tự Đức (named after major historical characters), and the second district had seven different wards which were Bến Thành, Bùi Viện, Cầu Kho, Cầu Ông Lãnh, Huyện Sĩ, Nguyễn Cảnh Chân and Nguyễn Cư Trinh. In May 1976 the first and second districts were combined into the District 1 of today.

Administration
District 1 is subdivided into ten wards, namely Bến Nghé, Bến Thành, Cô Giang, Cầu Kho, Cầu Ông Lãnh, Đa Kao, Nguyễn Thái Bình, Nguyễn Cư Trinh, Phạm Ngũ Lão and Tân Định. Each ward has its own People's Committee, subordinate to the People's Committee of District 1.

Demographic and geographical features
District 1 has a population of 204,899 people over the total of 7,162,864 in Ho Chi Minh City. The total area of the district is . The district's density is , very high compared to Ho Chi Minh City () and Vietnam () respectively.

District 1 is located towards the center of Ho Chi Minh City. The district is bordered to the north by Bình Thạnh District and Phú Nhuận District with the Thị Nghè canal as the border, District 3 to the west with Hai Bà Trưng street and Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai street as the border, Thủ Đức city to the east with the Saigon River as the border, District 5 to the southwest with Nguyễn Văn Cừ street as the border, and District 4 to the south, with the Bến Nghé canal as a border.

Economy
When Saigon was governed by South Vietnam, Air Vietnam's head office was located in District 1.

District 1 is considered the financial center of Saigon and Vietnam. It is home to the Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange and Vietnamese headquarters of international banks such as HSBC, ANZ, Standard Chartered, Citi, JPMorgan Chase, Bank of China, and Maybank. District 1 also known as the best spot for shopping in Vietnam, with a high concentration of shopping centres and luxury brands.

District 1 was effectively shutdown for tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam, causing many restaurants, bars, clubs, and hotels, to suffer major financial distress.

Consulates
Ho Chi Minh City is Vietnam's biggest and busiest city, with a large population of immigrants from around the world living and working there. Because District 1 is the city's central district, many foreign consulates are located there.

Notes

Education
Many of the best public schools in the city are located in District 1. Vietnam's system of private schools is relatively new and is still in the developing stage.

Kindergarten

Primary School

High school

University

Office buildings
Many grade A office towers are located in District 1, HCMC.

Tourist sights

Historical sights
Buildings such as the Saigon Notre-Dame Basilica, the Saigon Opera House, the Central Post Office, the City Hall, Phạm Ngũ Lão Street, the former Republic of Vietnam President's Reunification Palace, Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts, Hotel Majestic, Tao Dan Park, and Rex Hotel are some of the most famous historical sights in District 1. Besides these places, most streets in District 1 built and designed since 1946 were completed by the French. Most of the buildings constructed since the French colonial era are still standing, with most having been recently renovated.

Other Attractions
The Bitexco Financial Tower is the tallest building in the city as of the beginning of 2016, and a symbol of modernity mixed with cultural influences. In addition, the Bùi Viện and Nguyễn Huệ districts are also interesting places for visitors.

Nowadays, the Landmark 81 has also become another attractions since 2018. Additionally, it has become the tallest building in the city.

References

External links

 From A To Z Experience Ho Chi Minh City District 1 [Review]

Districts of Ho Chi Minh City