Carbon emission trading (also called emission trading scheme (ETS) or cap and trade) is a type of emission trading scheme designed for carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases (GHG). It is a form of carbon pricing. Its purpose is to limit climate change by creating a market with limited allowances for emissions. This can lower competitiveness of fossil fuels and accelerate investments into low carbon sources of energy such as wind power and photovoltaics. Fossil fuels are the main driver for climate change. They account for 89% of all CO2 emissions and 68% of all GHG emissions.

Emissions trading works by setting a quantitative total limit on the emissions produced by all participating emitters. As a result, the price automatically adjusts to this target. This is the main advantage compared to a fixed carbon tax. Under emission trading, a polluter having more emissions than their quota has to purchase the right to emit more. The entity having fewer emissions sells the right to emit carbon to other entities. As a result, the most cost-effective carbon reduction methods would be exploited first. Carbon emissions trading and carbon taxes are a common method for countries in their attempts to meet their pledges under the Paris Agreement.

Carbon emissions trading schemes are in operation in China, the European Union, and other countries. However, they are usually not harmonized with any defined carbon budgets, which are required to maintain global warming below the critical thresholds of 1.5 °C or "well below" 2 °C. The existing schemes only cover a limited scope of emissions. The EU-ETS focuses on industry and large power generation, leaving the introduction of additional schemes for transport and private consumption to the member states. Though units are counted in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, other potent GHGs such as methane () or nitrous oxide () from agriculture are usually not part these schemes yet. Apart from that, an oversupply leads to low prices of allowances with almost no effect on fossil fuel combustion. In September 2021, emission trade allowances (ETAs) covered a wide price range from €7/tCO2 in China's new national carbon market to €63/tCO2 in the EU-ETS. Latest models of the social cost of carbon calculate a damage of more than $3000 per ton CO2 as a result of economy feedbacks and falling global GDP growth rates, while policy recommendations range from about $50 to $200.

Market mechanisms overview

The economic problem with climate change is that the emitters of greenhouse gases (GHGs) do not face the full cost implications of their actions. These other costs are called external costs. External costs may affect the welfare of others. In the case of climate change, GHG emissions affect the welfare of people now and in the future, as well as affecting the natural environment. The social cost of carbon depends on the future development of emissions. This can be addressed with the dynamic price model of emissions trading.

An emissions trading scheme for greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) works by establishing property rights for the atmosphere. The atmosphere is a global public good, and GHG emissions are an international externality. The emissions from all sources of GHGs contribute to the overall stock of GHGs in the atmosphere. In the cap-and-trade variant of emissions trading, a limit on access to a resource (the cap) is defined and then allocated among users in the form of permits. Compliance is established by comparing actual emissions with permits surrendered including any permits traded within the cap. The environmental integrity of emissions trading depends on the setting of the cap, not the decision to allow trading.

For emissions trading where greenhouse gases are regulated, one emissions permit is considered equivalent to one tonne of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Other emissions permits are carbon credits, Kyoto units, assigned amount units, and Certified Emission Reduction units (CER). These permits can be sold privately or in the international market at the prevailing market price. These trade and settle internationally, and hence allow permits to be transferred between countries. Each international transfer is validated by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Each transfer of ownership within the European Union is additionally validated by the European Commission.

Emissions trading programmes such as the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS) complement the country-to-country trading stipulated in the Kyoto Protocol by allowing private trading of permits. Under such programmes – which are generally co-ordinated with the national emissions targets provided within the framework of the Kyoto Protocol – a national or international authority allocates permits to individual companies based on established criteria, with a view to meeting national and/or regional Kyoto targets at the lowest overall economic cost.

Other greenhouse gases can also be traded, but are quoted as standard multiples of carbon dioxide with respect to their global warming potential. These features reduce the quota's financial impact on business, while ensuring that the quotas are met at a national and international level.

Exchanges trading in UNFCCC related carbon credits include the European Climate Exchange, NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe, PowerNext, Commodity Exchange Bratislava and the European Energy Exchange. The Chicago Climate Exchange participated until 2010. NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe listed a contract to trade offsets generated by a CDM carbon project called Certified Emission Reductions. Many companies now engage in emissions abatement, offsetting, and sequestration programs to generate credits that can be sold on one of the exchanges. At least one private electronic market has been established in 2008: CantorCO2e. Carbon credits at Commodity Exchange Bratislava are traded at special platform called Carbon place.
Various proposals for linking international systems across markets are being investigated. This is being coordinated by the International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP).

Economics

Efficiency and equity
For the purposes of analysis, it is possible to separate efficiency (achieving a given objective at lowest cost) and equity (fairness). Economists generally agree that to regulate emissions efficiently, all polluters need to face the full costs of their actions (that is, the full marginal social costs of their actions). Regulation of emissions that is applied only to one economic sector or region drastically reduces the efficiency of efforts to reduce global emissions. There is, however, no scientific consensus over how to share the costs and benefits of reducing future climate change (mitigation of climate change), or the costs and benefits of adapting to any future climate change (see also economics of global warming).

Carbon leakage
A domestic carbon emissions trading scheme can only regulate the emissions of the country having the trading scheme. In this case, GHG emissions can "leak" (carbon leakage) to another region or sector with less regulation (p. 21). Leakages may be positive, where they reduce the effectiveness of domestic emission abatement efforts. Leakages may also be negative, and increase the effectiveness of domestic abatement efforts (negative leakages are sometimes called spillover) (IPCC, 2007). For example, a carbon tax applied only to developed countries might lead to a positive leakage to developing countries (Goldemberg et al., 1996, pp. 27–28). However, a negative leakage might also occur due to technological developments driven by domestic regulation of GHGs. This can help to reduce emissions even in less regulated regions.

Competitiveness risks
One way of addressing carbon leakage is to give sectors vulnerable to international competition free emission permits (Carbon Trust, 2009). This acts as a subsidy for the sector in question. Free allocation of permits was opposed by the Garnaut Climate Change Review as it considered there were no circumstances that justify it and that governments could deal with market failure or claims for compensation more transparently with the revenue from full auctioning of permits. The economically efficient option would, however, be border adjustments (Neuhoff, 2009; Newbery, 2009). Border adjustments work by setting a tariff on imported goods from less regulated countries. A problem with border adjustments is that they might be used as a disguise for trade protectionism. Some types of border adjustment may also not prevent emissions leakage.

Issuing the permits: 'grandfathering' versus auctions
Tradable emissions permits can be issued to firms within an ETS by two main ways: by free allocation of permits to existing emitters or by auction. Allocating permits based on past emissions is called "grandfathering" (Goldemberg et al., 1996, p. 38). Grandfathering permits, just like the other option of selling (auctioning) permits, sets a price on emissions. This gives permit-liable polluters an incentive to reduce their emissions. However, grandfathering permits can lead to perverse incentives, e.g., a firm that aimed to cut emissions drastically would then be given fewer permits in the future. Allocation may also slow down technological development towards less polluting technologies. The Garnaut Climate Change Review noted that 'grandfathered' permits are not 'free'. As the permits are scarce they have value and the benefit of that value is acquired in full by the emitter. The cost is imposed elsewhere in the economy, typically on consumers who cannot pass on the costs. However, profit-maximising firms receiving free permits will raise prices to customers because of the new, non-zero cost of emissions.

A second method of "grandfathering" is to base allocations on current production of economic goods, rather than historical emissions. Under this method of allocation, government will set a benchmark level of emissions for each good deemed to be sufficiently trade exposed and allocate firms units based on their production of this good. However, allocating permits in proportion to output implicitly subsidises production. The Garnaut Report noted that any method for free permit allocation will have the disadvantages of high complexity, high transaction costs, value-based judgements, and the use of arbitrary emissions baselines.

On the other hand, auctioning permits provides the government with revenues. These revenues could be used to fund low-carbon investment, and also fund cuts in distortionary taxes. Auctioning permits can therefore be more efficient and equitable than allocating permits (Hepburn, 2006, pp. 236–237). Ross Garnaut stated that full auctioning will provide greater transparency and accountability and lower implementation and transaction costs as governments retain control over the permit revenue.

Recycling of revenue from permit auctions could offset a significant proportion of the economy-wide social costs of a cap and trade scheme. As well as reducing tax distortions, Kerr and Cramton (1998) note that auctions of units are more flexible in distributing costs, they provide more incentives for innovation, and they lessen the political arguments over the allocation of economic rents.

Lobbying for free allocation
According to Hepburn, "it should be expected that industry will lobby furiously against any auctioning". Hepburn et al. (2006) state that it is an empirical fact that while businesses tend to oppose auctioning of emissions permits, economists almost uniformly recommend auctioning permits. Garnaut notes that the complexity of free allocation, and the large amounts of money involved, encourage non-productive rent-seeking behaviour and lobbying of governments, activities that dissipate economic value.

Distribution of allowances

Emission allowances may be given away for free or auctioned. In the first case, the government receives no carbon revenue and in the second it receives (on average) the full value of the permits. In either case, permits will be equally scarce and just as valuable to market participants. Since the private market (for trading permits) determines the final price of permits (at the time they must be used to cover emissions), the price will be the same in either case (free or auctioned). This is generally understood.

A second point about free permits (usually "grandfathered", i.e. given out in proportion to past emissions) has often been misunderstood. Companies that receive free permits, treat them as if they had paid full price for them. This is because using carbon in production has the same cost under both arrangements. With auctioned permits, the cost is obvious. With free permits, the cost is the cost of not selling the permit at full value—this is termed an "opportunity cost". Since the cost of emissions is generally a marginal cost (increasing with output), the cost is passed on by raising the cost of output (e.g. raising the cost of gasoline or electricity).

Windfall profits
A company that receives permits for free will pass on its opportunity cost in the form of higher product prices. Hence, if it sells the same amount of output as before that cap, with no change in production technology, the full value (at the market price) of permits received for free becomes windfall profits. However, since the cap reduces output and often causes the company to incur costs to increase efficiency, windfall profits will be less than the full value of its free permits.

Generally speaking, if permits are allocated to emitters for free, they will profit from them. But if they must pay full price, or if carbon is taxed, their profits will be reduced. If the carbon price exactly equals the true social cost of carbon, then long-run profit reduction will simply reflect the consequences of paying this new cost. If having to pay this cost is unexpected, then there will likely be a one-time loss that is due to the change in regulations and not simply due to paying the real cost of carbon. However, if there is advanced notice of this change, or if the carbon price is introduced gradually, this one-time regulatory cost will be minimized. There has now been enough advance notice of carbon pricing that this effect should be negligible on average.

Market trends

Carbon emissions trading increased rapidly in 2021 with the start of the Chinese national carbon trading scheme. The increasing costs of permits on the EU ETS have had the effect of increasing costs of coal power.

A 2019 study by the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE) finds that efforts to put a price on greenhouse gas emissions are growing in North America.  "In addition to carbon taxes in effect in Alberta, British Columbia and Boulder, Colorado,  cap and trade programs are in effect in California, Quebec, Nova Scotia and the nine northeastern states that form the Regional Greenhouse gas Initiative (RGGI).  Several other states and provinces are currently considering putting a price on emissions."

Business reaction
The International Air Transport Association, whose 230 member airlines comprise 93% of all international traffic, position is that trading should be based on "benchmarking", setting emissions levels based on industry averages, rather than "grandfathering", which would use individual companies' previous emissions levels to set their future permit allowances. They argue grandfathering "would penalise airlines that took early action to modernise their fleets, while a benchmarking approach, if designed properly, would reward more efficient operations".

In 2021 shipowners said they are against being included in the EU ETS.

Criticisms

Emissions trading has been criticized for a variety of reasons. For example, in the popular science magazine New Scientist, Lohmann (2006) argued that trading pollution allowances should be avoided as a climate stabilization policy for several reasons. First, climate change requires more radical changes than previous pollution trading schemes such as the US SO2 market. It requires reorganizing society and technology to "leave most remaining fossil fuels safely underground". Carbon trading schemes have tended to reward the heaviest polluters with 'windfall profits' when they are granted enough carbon credits to match historic production. Expensive long-term structural changes will not be made if there are cheaper sources of carbon credits which are often available from less developed countries, where they may be generated by local polluters at the expense of local communities.

Critics of carbon trading, such as Carbon Trade Watch, argue that it places disproportionate emphasis on individual lifestyles and carbon footprints, distracting attention from the wider, systemic changes and collective political action that needs to be taken to tackle climate change. Groups such as the Corner House have argued that the market will choose the easiest means to save a given quantity of carbon in the short term, which may be different from the pathway required to obtain sustained and sizable reductions over a longer period, and so a market-led approach is likely to reinforce technological lock-in. For instance, small cuts may often be achieved cheaply through investment in making a technology more efficient, where larger cuts would require scrapping the technology and using a different one. They also argue that emissions trading is undermining alternative approaches to pollution control with which it does not combine well, and so the overall effect it is having is to actually stall significant change to less polluting technologies. In September 2010, campaigning group FERN released "Trading Carbon: How it works and why it is controversial"which compiles many of the arguments against carbon trading.

The Financial Times published an article about cap-and-trade systems which argued that "Carbon markets create a muddle" and "...leave much room for unverifiable manipulation". Lohmann (2009) pointed out that emissions trading schemes create new uncertainties and risks, which can be commodified by means of derivatives, thereby creating a new speculative market.

In China some companies started artificial production of greenhouse gases with sole purpose of their recycling and gaining carbon credits. Similar practices happened in India. Earned credit were then sold to companies in US and Europe.

Proposals for alternative schemes to avoid the problems of cap-and-trade schemes include Cap and Share, which was considered by the Irish Parliament in 2008, and the Sky Trust schemes. These schemes stated that cap-and-trade schemes inherently impact the poor and those in rural areas, who have less choice in energy consumption options.

Carbon trading has been criticised as a form of colonialism, in which rich countries maintain their levels of consumption while getting credit for carbon savings in inefficient industrial projects. Nations that have fewer financial resources may find that they cannot afford the permits necessary for developing an industrial infrastructure, thus inhibiting these countries economic development.

The Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism has been criticised for not promoting enough sustainable development.

Another criticism is the claimed possibility of non-existent emission reductions being recorded under the Kyoto Protocol due to the surplus of allowances that some countries possess. For example, Russia had a surplus of allowances due to its economic collapse following the end of the Soviet Union. Other countries could have bought these allowances from Russia, but this would not have reduced emissions. Rather, it would have been simply be a redistribution of emissions allowances. In practice, Kyoto Parties have as yet chosen not to buy these surplus allowances.

Flexibility, and thus complexity, inherent in cap and trade schemes has resulted in a great deal of policy uncertainty surrounding these schemes. Such uncertainty has beset such schemes in Australia, Canada, China, the EU, India, Japan, New Zealand, and the US. As a result of this uncertainty, organizations have little incentive to innovate and comply, resulting in an ongoing battle of stakeholder contestation for the past two decades.

Lohmann (2006b) supported conventional regulation, green taxes, and energy policies that are "justice-based" and "community-driven". According to Carbon Trade Watch (2009), carbon trading has had a "disastrous track record". The effectiveness of the EU ETS was criticized, and it was argued that the CDM had routinely favoured "environmentally ineffective and socially unjust projects".

Annie Leonard's 2009 documentary The Story of Cap and Trade criticized carbon emissions trading for the free permits to major polluters giving them unjust advantages, cheating in connection with carbon offsets, and as a distraction from the search for other solutions.

Offsets

Forest campaigner Jutta Kill (2006) of European environmental group FERN argued that offsets for emission reductions were not substitute for actual cuts in emissions. Kill stated that "[carbon] in trees is temporary: Trees can easily release carbon into the atmosphere through fire, disease, climatic changes, natural decay and timber harvesting."

Permit supply level
Regulatory agencies run the risk of issuing too many emission credits, which can result in a very low price on emission permits. This reduces the incentive that permit-liable firms have to cut back their emissions. On the other hand, issuing too few permits can result in an excessively high permit price. This is an argument for a hybrid instrument having a price-floor, i.e., a minimum permit price, and a price-ceiling, i.e., a limit on the permit price. However, a price-ceiling (safety value) removes the certainty of a particular quantity limit of emissions.

Permit allocation versus auctioning
If polluters receive emission permits for free ("grandfathering"), this may be a reason for them not to cut their emissions because if they do they will receive fewer permits in the future.

This perverse incentive can be alleviated if permits are auctioned, i.e., sold to polluters, rather than giving them the permits for free. Auctioning is a method for distributing emission allowances in a cap-and-trade system whereby allowances are sold to the highest bidder. Revenues from auctioning go to the government and can be used for development of sustainable technology or to cut distortionary taxes, thus improving the efficiency of the overall cap policy.

On the other hand, allocating permits can be used as a measure to protect domestic firms who are internationally exposed to competition. This happens when domestic firms compete against other firms that are not subject to the same regulation. This argument in favor of allocation of permits has been used in the EU ETS, where industries that have been judged to be internationally exposed, e.g., cement and steel production, have been given permits for free).

Structuring issues
Corporate and governmental carbon emission trading schemes have been modified in ways that have been attributed to permitting money laundering to take place. The principal point here is that financial system innovations (outside banking) open up the possibility for unregulated (non-banking) transactions to take place in relativity unsupervised markets.

Carbon leakage
The current state of carbon emissions trading shows that roughly 22% of global greenhouse emissions are covered by 64 carbon taxes and emission trading systems as of 2021. This means that there are still several member states that have not ratified the Kyoto Protocol. This is a cause of concern for energy intensive industries that are covered by such instruments that claim that there is a loss of competitiveness. Such corporations are thereby forced to take strategic production decisions that contribute to the issue of carbon leakage. To mitigate carbon leakage and its effects on the environment, policymakers need to harmonize international climate policies and provide incentives to prevent companies from relocating production to regions with more lenient environmental regulations. A level playing field for businesses across the globe is essential for maintaining competitiveness while effectively combating climate change.

History

The process began in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, when 160 countries agreed the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The necessary detail was left to be settled by the UN Conference of Parties (COP).

In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was the first major agreement to reduce greenhouse gases. 38 developed countries (Annex 1 countries) committed themselves to targets and timetables. The resulting inflexible limitations on GHG growth could entail substantial costs if countries have to solely rely on their own domestic measures.

Examples by country

Australia

In 2003 the New South Wales (NSW) state government unilaterally established the New South Wales Greenhouse Gas Abatement Scheme to reduce emissions by requiring electricity generators and large consumers to purchase NSW Greenhouse Abatement Certificates (NGACs). This has prompted the rollout of free energy-efficient compact fluorescent lightbulbs and other energy-efficiency measures, funded by the credits. This scheme has been criticised by the Centre for Energy and Environmental Markets (CEEM) of the UNSW because of its lack of effectiveness in reducing emissions, its lack of transparency and its lack of verification of the additionality of emission reductions.

Both the incumbent Howard Coalition government and the Rudd Labor opposition promised to implement an emissions trading scheme (ETS) before the 2007 federal election. Labor won the election, with the new government proceeding to implement an ETS. The government introduced the Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which the Liberals supported with Malcolm Turnbull as leader. Tony Abbott questioned an ETS, saying the best way to reduce emissions is with a "simple tax". Shortly before the carbon vote, Abbott defeated Turnbull in a leadership challenge, and from there on the Liberals opposed the ETS. This left the government unable to secure passage of the bill and it was subsequently withdrawn.

Julia Gillard defeated Rudd in a leadership challenge and promised not to introduce a carbon tax, but would look to legislate a price on carbon when taking the government to the 2010 election. In the first hung parliament result in 70 years, the government required the support of crossbenchers including the Greens. One requirement for Greens support was a carbon price, which Gillard proceeded with in forming a minority government. A fixed carbon price would proceed to a floating-price ETS within a few years under the plan. The fixed price lent itself to characterisation as a carbon tax and when the government proposed the Clean Energy Bill in February 2011, the opposition claimed it to be a broken election promise.

The bill was passed by the Lower House in October 2011 and the Upper House in November 2011. The Liberal Party vowed to overturn the bill if elected. The bill thus resulted in passage of the Clean Energy Act, which possessed a great deal of flexibility in its design and uncertainty over its future.

The Liberal/National coalition government elected in September 2013 has promised to reverse the climate legislation of the previous government. In July 2014, the carbon tax was repealed as well as the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) that was to start in 2015.

Canada
The Canadian provinces of Quebec and Nova Scotia operate an emissions trading scheme. Quebec links its program with the US state of California through the Western Climate Initiative.

China
The Chinese national carbon trading scheme is the largest in the world. It is an intensity-based trading system for carbon dioxide emissions by China, which started operating in 2021. The initial design of the system targets a scope of 3.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions that come from 1700 installations. It has made a voluntary pledge under the UNFCCC to lower CO2 per unit of GDP by 40–45% in 2020 when comparing to the 2005 levels.

In November 2011, China approved pilot tests of carbon trading in seven provinces and cities—Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Tianjin, as well as Guangdong Province and Hubei Province, with different prices in each region. The pilot is intended to test the waters and provide valuable lessons for the design of a national system in the near future. Their successes or failures will, therefore, have far-reaching implications for carbon market development in China in terms of trust in a national carbon trading market. Some of the pilot regions can start trading as early as 2013/2014. National trading is expected to start in 2017, latest in 2020.

The effort to start a national trading system has faced some problems that took longer than expected to solve, mainly in the complicated process of initial data collection to determine the base level of pollution emission. According to the initial design, there will be eight sectors that are first included in the trading system: chemicals, petrochemicals, iron and steel, non-ferrous metals, building materials, paper, power and aviation, but many of the companies involved lacked consistent data. Therefore, by the end of 2017, the allocation of emission quotas have started but it has been limited to only the power sector and will gradually expand, although the operation of the market is yet to begin. In this system, Companies that are involved will be asked to meet target level of reduction and the level will contract gradually.

European Union

India
Trading is set to begin in 2014 after a three-year rollout period. It is a mandatory energy efficiency trading scheme covering eight sectors responsible for 54 per cent of India's industrial energy consumption. India has pledged a 20 to 25 per cent reduction in emission intensity from 2005 levels by 2020. Under the scheme, annual efficiency targets will be allocated to firms. Tradable energy-saving permits will be issued depending on the amount of energy saved during a target year.

Japan
Japan as a country does not have a compulsory emissions trading scheme. The government in 2010 (the Hatoyama cabinet) had planned to introduce one, but the plan lost momentum after Hatoyama resigned as prime minister, due partly from industrial opposition, and was eventually shelved. Japan has a voluntary scheme. Furthermore, the Kyoto Prefecture has a voluntary emissions trading scheme.

Two regional mandatory schemes exist however, in Tokyo and Saitama Prefecture. The city of Tokyo consumes as much energy as "entire countries in Northern Europe, and its production matches the GNP of the world's 16th largest country". A cap-and-trade carbon trading scheme launched in April 2010 covers the top 1,400 emitters in Tokyo, and is enforced and overseen by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Phase 1, which was similar to Japan's voluntary scheme, ran until 2015. Emitters had to cut their emissions by 6% or 8% depending on the type of organization; from 2011, those who exceed their limits were required to buy matching allowances, or invest in renewable-energy certificates, or offset credits issued by smaller businesses or branch offices.  Polluters that failed to comply were liable up to 500,000 yen in fines plus credits for 1.3 times excess emissions. In its fourth year, emissions were reduced by 23% compared to base-year emissions. In phase 2 (FY2015–FY2019), the target was expected to increase to 15–17%. The aim was to cut Tokyo's carbon emissions by 25% from 2000 levels by 2020.

One year after Tokyo launched its cap-and-trade scheme, the neighbouring Saitama Prefecture launched a highly similar scheme. The two schemes are connected.

New Zealand

South Korea
South Korea's national emissions trading scheme officially launched on January 1, 2015, covering 525 entities from 23 sectors. With a three-year cap of 1.8687 billion tCO2e, it now forms the second largest carbon market in the world following the EU ETS. This amounts to roughly two-thirds of the country's emissions. The Korean emissions trading scheme is part of the Republic of Korea's efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 30% compared to the business-as-usual scenario by 2020.

United Kingdom

US

As of 2017, there is no national emissions trading scheme in the United States.  Failing to get Congressional approval for such a scheme, President Barack Obama instead acted through the United States Environmental Protection Agency to attempt to adopt through rulemaking the Clean Power Plan, which does not feature emissions trading.  The plan was subsequently challenged by the administration of President Donald Trump.

Concerned at the lack of federal action, several states on the east and west coasts have created sub-national cap-and-trade programs.

President Barack Obama in his proposed 2010 United States federal budget wanted to support clean energy development with a 10-year investment of US$15 billion per year, generated from the sale of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions credits. Under the proposed cap-and-trade program, all GHG emissions credits would have been auctioned off, generating an estimated $78.7 billion in additional revenue in FY 2012, steadily increasing to $83 billion by FY 2019.  The proposal was never made law.

The American Clean Energy and Security Act (H.R. 2454), a greenhouse gas cap-and-trade bill, was passed on 26 June 2009, in the House of Representatives by a vote of 219–212. The bill originated in the House Energy and Commerce Committee and was introduced by Representatives Henry A. Waxman and Edward J. Markey. The political advocacy organizations FreedomWorks and Americans for Prosperity, funded by brothers David and Charles Koch of Koch Industries, encouraged the Tea Party movement to focus on defeating the legislation. Although cap and trade also gained a significant foothold in the Senate via the efforts of Republican Lindsey Graham, Independent and former Democrat Joe Lieberman, and Democrat John Kerry, the legislation died in the Senate.

Society and culture

Public opinion
In the United States, most polling shows large support for emissions trading (often referred to as cap-and-trade). This majority support can be seen in polls conducted by The Washington Post/ABC News, Zogby International and Yale University. According to PolitiFact, it is a misconception that emissions trading is unpopular in the United States because of earlier polls from Zogby International and Rasmussen which misleadingly include "new taxes" in the questions (taxes are not part of emissions trading) or high energy cost estimates.

See also

Business action on climate change
Carbon tax
Low carbon power generation
Personal carbon trading

References

Further reading

External links
C. Haug, M. Frerk and M. Santikarn: Towards a global price on carbon: Pathways for linking carbon pricing instruments. Berlin: adelphi 2015
 Emissions Trading Worldwide: International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP) Status Report 2015
 "The Making of a Market-Minded Environmentalist", article by Fred Krupp in Strategy+Business (registration req''d) that articulates some of the reasoning and history behind emissions trading in California
 The Stern Review on the economics of climate change – Chapters 14 and 15 have extensive discussions on emission trading schemes and carbon taxes
 Carbon Trading – How it works and why it fails, published November 2009 by Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation: A booklet on various Emissions Trading Schemes (CDM, REDD, ETS) with case studies from Indonesia, Brazil, Thailand and India.
 Chandler: More Flexibility Needed for Effective Emissions Cap-and-Trade Policy Council on Foreign Relations
 Green Structured Products are likely to Proliferate piece by Edmund Parker and Nicole Purin, Mayer Brown, published in Financial News, 3 December 2007
 Emissions Trading and CDM – International Energy Agency

Emissions trading
Carbon finance


Lepidium puberulum is an annual herb in the family Brassicaceae, endemic to the west coast of Western Australia. The species has white or green flowers that appear from July to November (mid winter to late spring) in its native range.

References

puberulum
Rosids of Western Australia
Plants described in 1845
Taxa named by Alexander von Bunge


Malva preissiana, the  Australian hollyhock or native hollyhock, is a herbaceous perennial in the family Malvaceae, found in all Australian states.

It is a large herb, growing up to 3 metres high and up to 3 metres wide, depending on the number of stalks or branches, that the bush has. It is a short lived perennial living around 3–5 years.

The plant was once common on the banks of waterways in southern Australia, especially those on the plain where the city of Adelaide now stands. It was greatly admired by the early settlers of the Adelaide region as it reminded them of the hollyhocks back in their home country of England. This did not stop them destroying most of the areas where native hollyhock occurred, and today it is a rare species. It still occurs in small populations on the banks of the River Torrens. Recently it has also been included in several revegetation projects in parks across the city.

The leaves are hairy and typical of most mallows. They have five pointed lobes, and large prominent veins.
In spring, native hollyhock breaks out into masses of large showy flowers. This makes it an extremely ecologically valuable plant for the local bees and butterflies. Flowers range in colour from the common white to pale pink and mauve. The flowers have five petals which tinge slightly yellow as they reach the centre of the flower. The flowers die back in early summer to reveal a small cup shaped fruit containing clusters of small black seeds with unusual shapes. During summer the plant dies down and goes into a period of little or no growth until the rains arrive in autumn.

Human uses
The plant's large, tuberous root has important medicinal properties, and was also mashed and eaten by the local Aboriginal people. Native hollyhock is easily propagated from its complex black seeds.

Characteristics

The name Malva has its origins in the Greek word  ("malakos"), which can be roughly translated to mean "soft" and/or "smooth", and preissiana is derived from the name Joann August Ludwig Preiss, who was a well-known German botanist who spent up to four years in Australia studying native plants during the late 1800s.

The Malva family is quite large, with over one thousand known recordings of different species. It originates from North Africa and some parts of Asia but has since been spread to places such as Australia, the United States and Europe, and even some parts of Canada. However, Malva preissiana, which occurs naturally in some parts of Australia, is listed as endangered in Victoria.

Malva preissiana is ornithocoprophilic, meaning that it thrives in environments that have an abundant source of bird faeces or guano. This is because the plant gains essential nutrients that are found within the bird faeces due to the fact that the birds' diet mainly consists of nutrient-rich small fish and other sea creatures; this consumption of fish also increases the levels of phosphorus and nitrogen in the soil, which is beneficial to the plant's fertilisation. As such, this plant can typically be found in coastal areas of Australia that are heavily populated by gulls or seabirds, and particularly flourishes during breeding season when the birds are not migrating.

Malva preissiana also belongs to the sclerophyllous leaf type, whereby the plant is characterised by shorter leaves and more robust structures; this unique anatomy makes it a very durable plant, which in turn has made it a much relied upon shrub for birds to make nests for their young.

Another unique feature of Malva preissiana is its xeromorphic qualities, which means that it can survive with very little water because of the way it stores water in its leaves and stems. This allows Malva preissiana to endure the warm and dry climates that are typical of Australia. Because of its versatile and durable qualities, this plant can often be found in great numbers after flooding, and/or heavy rain.

Malva preissiana is also characterised by white flowers. It has previously been believed that Malva preissiana can have pink and white flowers, however, a study conducted in 2012 has shown that the pink-flowered hollyhock is a different taxa, and so was given its own name, Malva Weinmanniana. This can be used to differentiate between the native Australian plant and its other relatives of the same species that are not native to Australia, but that are introduced.

Historical significance
Malva preissiana was the first of the Malva genus to be officially recorded in Australia by a foreign botanist, with it appearing in 1845. Historically, it has been used for medicinal purposes due to its supposed anti-fungal and anti-bacterial properties. Variations of this plant have also been consumed due to the mucilaginous nature of its roots, meaning that it is sticky and gelatinous. Because of this quality, variations of this plant have also been used as a soothing balm or treatment to apply to wounds or injuries. It was also typically made into a paste or a tea that was used to help with the common cold—at one point believed to be a good cure for asthma or respiratory issues. This quality is also known to produce a laxative effect, so has been consumed to promote good digestion and relief from stomach problems.

According to the oral stories of the Paakantyi people of New South Wales, Malva preissiana had many uses. It was used to make string to bind objects together, and also to make important items such as emu nets for hunting. To make the string, the plant was often cooked, scraped, dried and chewed. This plant was also used by the Paakantyi people as a medicine, and used to cure burns, blisters and even was supposed to help with conditions such as arthritis.

Other species belonging to the Malva family have also been historically used for food or for medicinal purposes. It is believed that many different species of Malva were used in various parts of Europe in the early 1800s, for food, often used in many different dishes, such as soups, salads and even brewed as a tea. There is also evidence of some species of the Malva being crushed up and used as a yellow/orange dye, so it is possible that it had some minimal use in textiles and fabric making.

Threats
Currently, there are a number of threats to this species, and Malva preissiana has been categorized as “vulnerable” on a state-to-state basis within Australia, according to a biodiversity report conducted in 2016 and "becoming locally extinct" according to a report published in 2001. The first threat is general human activity that disturbs the growth of this vegetation, particularly along beaches or in coastal areas. Secondly, gulls and other common species of bird can harm Malva preissiana'''s growth by constant activity such as picking at plants to make nests, trampling over seedlings, and also polluting the soil with too many faeces. A 2017 study found that in some areas, gulls actively removed Malva preissiana seeds that were deposited in the soil to build up the land's native vegetation, causing very low germination rates. In addition to this, an introduced species of the same weed, Malva arborea, is disrupting and replacing the growth of Malva preissiana in some areas in Australia.

Restoration projects
The most recent restoration project occurred on Penguin Island, in Western Australia in 2014. Malva preissiana is an essential native plant due to its almost symbiotic relationship with the local seabirds such as the bridled tern and the little penguin. The study had two main aims: "to determine if native vegetation cover could be re-established around bridled tern nesting boxes by planting tubestock of berry salt bush (Rhagodia baccata) and bower spinach (Tetragonia implexicoma)", and "to determine if the Australian hollyhock could be grown from seeds around bridled tern nesting boxes”.

Berry saltbush (Atriplex semibaccata) is also known as "creeping saltbush"; it was an important plant in this study because it is also an Australian native plant much like Malva preissiana and so can be used to help rebuild the habitat that allows Malva preissiana to grow. It also produces flowers in the form of red berries, which help to sustain a number of native animals and birds, and is typically described as a dense shrub-like bush. The other plant that was used to promote the population of the bridled terns by growing more native plants is the bower spinach plant, Tetragonia implexicoma. It is also an Australian native plant that is common to Australian coastlines, so it flourished in conditions that also benefit Malva preissiana. Bridled terns are native to Penguin Island and frequent the area during breeding seasons—which is usually from late September and then lasting until the middle of October when they arrive from their annual migration. They rely on Malva preissiana to build their nests and prefer to nest on exposed and/or open areas that are close to water so that they can easily hunt for food and watch out for predators. For a large portion of the year, the birds are absent from Penguin Island due to their migration patterns and nomadic nature.

For the method of this study, a group of volunteers planted and propagated seedlings of Malva preissiana in some of the key bird breeding areas on the island, and subsequently monitored the growth over a period of two years, also recording the presence of native seabirds and noting down over eleven different bird species. The volunteers planted over fifty "nest-tubes" that were designed to support seedling-growth and thus, create a comfortable nesting site for the native birds during breeding season. To create these tubes, PVC pipes were cut and painted so that they would blend in with the surrounding environment and were then inserted into the ground. When the study began, a large portion of the island had been taken over by introduced species of weeds, and like the project on Seal Island and Middle Shag Island, was also plagued by an introduced Tree Mallow species.

A similar project took place on Seal Island and Middle Shag Island in 2000, whereby the eradication of the introduced tree mallow species was found to help promote the growth of Malva pressiana on the islands, thus simultaneously helping support the local bird populations. There was concern that the habitat that allows the native Malva preissiana to flourish was being negatively impacted by the presence of "thickets of European Tree Mallow" (Malva dendromorpha), which was introduced to Australia. This  Malva dendromorpha originated in the coastal regions of the Mediterranean, where it relied on the salty water, "high levels of phosphorus", and consistent winds to grow and propagate. Thus, it is well suited to grow on areas such as Seal Island and Middle Shag Island, which both have similar climates and habitats as Penguin Island.  The main concern with the large population and high rate of growth of the European tree mallow was that when this plant died, it left the soil in a damaged state, and also left the ground largely exposed, meaning that the native Malva preissiana were exposed to the elements and as such, had less chance of successful growth. The report also found that the presence of the native Malva preissiana'' played a key role in protecting other native shrubs that also sustain the soil quality: "the loss of native perennial shrubs which are constantly green and stabilise and maintain the shallow sandy topsoil".

References

External links
VicFlora: Malva preissiana
NT Flora factsheet: Malva preissiana
PlantNet: Malva preissiana Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney.
Florabase: Malva preissiana

preissiana
Malvales of Australia
Flora of New South Wales
Flora of Queensland
Rosids of Western Australia
Flora of the Northern Territory
Flora of Tasmania
Plants described in 1845
Taxa named by Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel


The 1966 Rothman's 12-Hour was an international sports car race held at the Surfers Paradise International Motor Circuit in Queensland, Australia on 21 August 1966. It was the first of four annual sports car endurance races held at the Queensland circuit between 1966 and 1969.

The race was won by Jackie Stewart and Andrew Buchanan driving a Ferrari 250LM.

Classes
Cars competed in three classes:
 Class A – For Group 7 Two-Seater Racing Cars and Group A Sports Racing cars, divided into two sections, Under 2000cc and Over 2000cc
 Class B – For Group B Improved Production cars divided into two sections, Under 2000cc and Over 2000cc
 Class C – For Group D Series Production cars divided into two sections, Under 2000cc and Over 2000cc

Results

References

Further reading
 2 drive 976m. In big race, The Courier Mail, Monday, 22 August 1966
 Barry Cooke, The longest day, Modern Motor, October 1966, pages 16 to 19
 Scoreboard, Australian Motor Racing Annual, 1967, page 47
 Ford or Ferrari? – 12 hours at Surfers, Australian Motor Manual, November 1966, pages 42 to 45

External links
 Surfers Paradise 12 Hours, www.racingsportscars.com

Motorsport at Surfers Paradise International Raceway
Rothman's 12-Hour


Swedish temperance societies are of a wide variety.

In 1933 these included:
 IOGT-NTO (the Swedish branch of IOGT International)
 Nykterhetsorden Verdandi (NOV, socialist, established 1896)
Öfverås Blåbandsförening, founded by Beatrice Dickson in 1884
 Sveriges Blåbandsförbund (SBF, Christian, the blue ribbon association, established in Sweden in 1883)
 Vita Bandet (for women, the white ribbon, established in Sweden in 1900)
 Motorförararnas Helnykterhetsförbund (MHF, for motorists, founded 1926)
 Sveriges Lärares Nykterhetsförbund (SLN, for teachers, founded 1906)
 Sveriges Studerande Ungdoms Helnykterhetsförbund (SSUH, for students)
 Järnvägsmännens Helnykterhetsförbund (JHF, for railroad workers)
 Sveriges Polismäns Helnykterhetsförbund (SPHF, for policemen, founded 1905)
 Svenska Tullpersonalens Helnykterhetsförbund (STHF, for customs staff)
 Svenska Läkarnas Nykterhetsförening (for physicians).

Sweden's first central temperance society was Svenska Sällskapet för Nykterhet och Folkuppfostran, established on April 11, 1837. It still existed in 1933, but only had 149 members.  Peter Wieselgren had formed an earlier society for high school students in Växjö.

See also

 Temperance movement
 List of Temperance organizations

References

Temperance
Temperance movement by country
Temperance


"Cry Tough" is the debut single by the American glam metal band Poison. It was featured on the group's first album Look What the Cat Dragged In.

Background
"Cry Tough" was released as a single in 1986 on Capitol Records' Enigma label. It is about believing in oneself to make one's dreams come true.

The B-side is the title track "Look What The Cat Dragged In".

The song failed to chart in the US but charted at number 97 on the UK Singles Chart.

Music video
The song's video was placed on New York Times list of the 15 Essential Hair-Metal Videos.

Albums
"Cry Tough" is on the following albums:

 Look What the Cat Dragged In
 Poison's Greatest Hits: 1986-1996
 The Best of Poison: 20 Years of Rock
 Look What the Cat Dragged In - 20th Anniversary Edition
 Double Dose: Ultimate Hits

Chart performance

References

1986 debut singles
Poison (American band) songs
1986 songs
Songs written by Bobby Dall
Songs written by Bret Michaels
Songs written by Rikki Rockett
Songs written by C.C. DeVille
Enigma Records singles
Capitol Records singles


Soekarno M. Noor (Perfected Spelling: Sukarno M. Noor; 13 September 1931 – 26 July 1986) was an Indonesian actor and film producer. He acted in 118 films and dramas.

Biography
His parents, M. Noer and Djanimah, came from Bonjol, West Sumatra. In 1953, he started his career in theater with the work Runtuhan. He was chosen best actor at the Indonesian Film Festival for his roles Anakku Sajang (1960), Dibalik Tjahaja Gemerlapan (1967), and Kemelut Hidup (1979). In 1970, he founded PT Kartika Binaprama but produced only one title, Honey Money and Djakarta Fair. In 1974, he was selected as chairman of the Association of Indonesian Film Artists (Parfi).

He was married to Lily Istiarti Sukarno and they had six children. Three of the six children followed in his footsteps and became actors: Rano Karno, Suti Karno and Tino Karno. He and his children founded Karno's Film which launched Si Doel Anak Sekolahan.

Filmography
 Sri Asih (1954)
 Tjorak Dunia (1955)
 Sri Kustinah (1956)
 Air Mata Ibu (1957)
 Tjambuk Api (1958)
 Korban Fitnah (1959)
 Istana yang Hilang (1960)
 Pagar Kawat Berduri (1961)
 Anak-anak Revolusi (1964)
 Liburan Seniman (1965)
 Jampang Mencari Naga Hitam (1969)
 Si Gondrong (1970)
 Lewat Tengah Malam (1971)
 Mama (1972)
 Lingkaran Setan (1973)
 Senyum Di Pagi Bulan Desember (1974)
 Tengkorak Hitam (1978)
 Oma Irama Santai (1979)

References

External links

1931 births
1986 deaths
Indonesian male film actors
Minangkabau people
20th-century Indonesian male actors


A Nation of Sheep may refer to books by
William Lederer in 1961
Andrew Napolitano in 2007


This is a list of nations, as represented by National Olympic Committees (NOCs), that have participated in the Winter Olympic Games between 1924 and 2022. The Winter Olympic Games have been held every four years (once during each Olympiad) since 1924, except for the cancelled Games of 1940 and 1944, and in 1994 when the Winter Games were moved to the middle of the Olympiad, two years after the previous Games.

129 NOCs (118 of the current 206 NOCs and 11 obsolete NOCs) have participated in at least one Winter Games, and twelve nations (Austria, Canada, Finland, France, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States) have participated in all twenty-three Winter Games to date. Including continuity from Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia have also been represented in every edition.

History

Origin and early Games
The first winter sport to be contested at the modern Olympic Games was figure skating at the 1908 Games in London. A total of 21 skaters from six countries (Argentina, Germany, Great Britain, Sweden, Russia, and the United States) competed in four events on 28–29 October.
Skating was not in the program of the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, but returned for the 1920 Games in Antwerp. Ice hockey was also part of the 1920 program of events, with seven teams competing.

The first Winter Games were held in 1924, in Chamonix, France. They were originally called International Winter Sports Week and held in association with the 1924 Summer Olympics, but were in retrospect designated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as the I Olympic Winter Games.
Sixteen nations participated in these Games: fourteen from Europe and two from North America.
Four years later, 25 nations were represented at the 1928 Winter Olympics, in St. Moritz, Switzerland, including Argentina (the first nation from the Southern Hemisphere), Japan (the first Asian nation), and Mexico.
The 1932 Games, held in Lake Placid, United States, saw the participation of 17 nations.
The 1936 Winter Games, in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, had 28 participating nations, the largest number to that date.
These would be the last Winter Games for twelve years, as the planned 1940 Games and 1944 Games were cancelled due to World War II.

Post-war years and Cold War era
After the war, 28 nations would return to St. Moritz for the 1948 Winter Olympics, but not Germany or Japan, who were not invited because of their roles in the war.
The 1952 Winter Games in Oslo, Norway, featured 30 participating nations.
The 1956 Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, marked the Winter Games debut of the Soviet Union, along with 31 other nations.
The NOCs of East Germany and West Germany would be represented by a single German team, an arrangement that would continue until 1964.
Thirty nations would participate at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, United States, including South Africa, the first African nation to participate in the Winter Games.
Thirty-six nations were represented in Innsbruck, Austria, in 1964.

The 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, France, marked the first time that East Germany and West Germany competed as independent teams, two of the 37 nations that took part.
The Games of 1972 were held in Sapporo, Japan, the first time the Winter Games were held outside of Europe or North America. A total of 35 nations were represented, including the Philippines, the first appearance by a southeast Asian nation.
The Winter Games returned to Innsbruck, in 1976, with 37 participating nations.

Lake Placid was the site of the Winter Games in 1980, with 37 competing nations.
The People's Republic of China made their Olympic debut but, in response, the Republic of China boycotted the Games, protesting their inability to use the name "China" after the decision by the IOC. Sarajevo, SFR Yugoslavia was host to the 1984 Winter Olympics, which welcomed 49 nations.
Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands were the first two Caribbean NOCs to compete in the Winter Games.
Several more tropical nations would participate at the 1988 Winter Olympics, in Calgary, Canada, including the famed Jamaica national bobsleigh team.

Recent Games
The post-Cold War events of the early 1990s led to a large increase in participating nations at the Olympics. At the 1992 Games, in Albertville, France, a total of 64 NOCs were represented, including a single Germany team—following the German reunification in 1990—and a Unified Team composed of six of the ex-republics of the Soviet Union.
The Baltic states competed independently for the first time since 1936, and some of the ex-Yugoslav nations started to compete independently in 1992.

In October 1986, the IOC had voted to hold the Olympic Winter Games halfway through the four-year Olympiad, rather than in the same year as the summer Games, and this change started with the XVIIth Olympic Winter Games in 1994 in Lillehammer, Norway. A total of 67 nations took part, including the Czech Republic and Slovakia as independent teams, and each of the ex-Soviet nations. Pakistan debuted in the Winter Olympics in 2010. Nigeria debuted in the Winter Olympics several years later, in 2018.

The Winter Games continued to grow in the recent past, with 72 nations at the 1998 Winter Olympics, in Nagano, Japan, 77 nations at the 2002 Winter Olympics, in Salt Lake City, United States, 80 nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics, in Turin, Italy, 82 nations at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, Canada, 88 nations at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, and a record 93 nations at the 2018 Games.

List of nations

Description
This list includes 129 NOCs (118 of the current 206 NOCs and 11 obsolete NOCs), arranged alphabetically. The three-letter country code is also listed for each NOC. Since the 1960s, these codes have been frequently used by the IOC and each Games organizing committee to identify NOCs, such as within the official report of each Games. However, in this section, several countries which have long-form names designated by the United Nations are referred to by their common names, such as Laos (Lao People's Democratic Republic), North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea), and Moldova (Republic of Moldova).

Several nations have changed during their Olympic history. Name changes due to geographical renaming are explained by footnotes after the nation's name, and other changes are explained by footnotes links within the table itself.

Obsolete nations
Obsolete nations are included in the table to more clearly illustrate past Olympic appearances for their successor nations.
TCH. Czechoslovakia (TCH) participated in 1924–1992, from 1994 represented by two successor NOCs of Czech Republic (CZE) and Slovakia (SVK).
EUA, FRG, GDR. For the Games of 1956–1964, Germany participated as a United Team of Germany (GER), representing the National Olympic Committees of both West Germany and East Germany. Retrospectively, the IOC uses the country code EUA for this team. After the NOC for the German Democratic Republic was granted full recognition by the IOC in 1968, East Germany (GDR) and West Germany (FRG) participated as two distinct teams at the Games of 1968–1988.
AHO. The NOC of the Netherlands Antilles (AHO) was recognized by the IOC from 1950 until 2011 upon the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles.
URS, EUN, OAR/ROC. Soviet Union (URS) participated at the Games of 1956–1988. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, nine of the fifteen ex-republics of the Soviet Union were represented at the 1992 Winter Olympics as a combined Unified Team (EUN). Since 1994 ex-republics of the Soviet Union are represented by fifteen successor NOCs, fourteen of which have participated in the Winter Games. At the 2018 and 2022 Winter Olympics, athletes from Russia competed as Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) and Russian Olympic Committee (ROC), respectively.
YUG, SCG. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (officially the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until 1929) participated as Yugoslavia (YUG) in three Games before the World War II. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia also participated using the Yugoslavia designation, for all but one Games between 1948–1992, and hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro), consisting of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro, participated at the Games of 1998 and the Games of 2002 as Yugoslavia (YUG) and at the Games of 2006 as Serbia and Montenegro (SCG). Now the six ex-republics and one ex-province of the former Yugoslavia represented by seven successor NOCs, of which all have participated in the Winter Games.
COR. The Korea (COR) designates the united Korean women's ice hockey team at 2018 Games.

Table legend

Alphabetical list

Nations that have never competed
88 of the 206 active NOCs have yet to compete in a Winter Olympics.

Notes

Name changes notes

Participation notes

See also

 Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics
 List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games
 List of participating nations at the Winter Paralympic Games
 List of IOC country codes
 Lists of National Olympic Committees by continental association:
 Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa
 European Olympic Committees
 Oceania National Olympic Committees
 Olympic Council of Asia
 Pan American Sports Organization

References

External links
 Olympic Games. International Olympic Committee
 Olympic Review and Revue Olympique. library.la84.org
 Official Reports. library.la84.org

Participating Nations At The Winter Olympic Games


Phansidewa is a community development block (CD block) that forms an administrative division in the Siliguri subdivision of the Darjeeling district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

Geography
Phansidewa is located at . It has an average elevation of .

Phansidewa CD block is a part of the Western Dooars, a physiographic region spread over the foothills of the Himalayas. It is a plain land gently sloping from north to south, with an elevation varying from 80 m to 300 m. The Mahananda forms the eastern boundary of Phansidewa CD block with Bangladesh and a portion of the block is part of the Mahananda Tract physiographic region.

Phansidewa CD block is bounded by the Naxalbari and Matigara CD blocks on the north, Rajganj CD block in Jalpaiguri district and Panchagarh Sadar Upazila in Panchagarh district of Bangladesh on the east, Chopra CD block in Uttar Dinajpur district and Puthia CD block in Kishanganj district of Bihar on the south and Kharibari CD block on the west.

The Phansidewa CD block has an area of . It has one panchayat samity, seven gram panchayats, 139 gram sansads (village councils), 113 mouzas and 103 inhabited villages. Phansidewa police station serves this block Headquarters of this CD block is at Phansidewa. As per map of Phansidewa CD block in the District Census Handbook, Phansidewa is shown in Bandar Gachh mouza.

Gram panchayats in Phansidewa CD block are: Bidhannagar I, Bidhannagar II, Chathat-Bansgaon, Ghoshpukur, Hetmuri, Jalas-Nijamtara and Phansidewa.

Demographics

Population
According to the 2011 Census of India, the Phansidewa CD block had a total population of 204,522, all of which were rural. There were 103,79 (51%) males and 100,803 (49%) females. There were 28,345 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The Scheduled Castes numbered 60,704 (29.68%) and the Scheduled Tribes numbered 62,595 (30.61%).

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in the Phansidewa CD block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Pathar Hirhirar Chhat (4,039), Liusipukuri (5,185), Uttar Bansgaon Kismat (5,064), Madhya Bansgaon (9,132), Paschim Madati (13,523), Mandila Jhar (6,642), Bara Paikpara Arazi (6,899), Lahugaon (12,710), Budharugaon (6,841), Purba Madati (6,424) and Bansgaon (5,958).

Other villages in the Phansidewa CD block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Hetmuri (2,124) and Bandar Gachh (3,891).

Literacy
According to the 2011 census the total number of literate persons in the Phansidewa CD block was 113,572 (64.46% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 64,890 (72.63% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 48,682 (56.06% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 16.57%.

See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate

Language and religion

In the 2011 census, Hinduism is the major religion of Phansidewa CD Block which is followed by 59.68% of the total population ,Islam is the second major religion of Phansidewa CD Block which is followed by 23.57% of the total population, Christianity is the third major religion of Phansidewa CD Block which is followed by 16.18% of the total population, Sikhs and Buddhists also have a smaller presence in this Block.

At the time of the 2011 census, 39.03% of the population spoke Bengali, 14.18% Sadri, 13.45% Kurukh, 11.99% Rajbongshi, 4.69% Hindi, 3.56% Santali, 2.53% Nepali, 1.41% Mundari and 1.04% Bhojpuri as their first language. 4.96% were recorded as speaking 'Others' under Bengali.

Rural poverty
According to the Rural Household Survey in 2005, 24.40% of the total number of families were BPL families in the Darjeeling district. According to a World Bank report, as of 2012, 4-9% of the population in Darjeeling, North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas districts were below poverty level, the lowest among the districts of West Bengal, which had an average 20% of the population below poverty line.

Economy

Livelihood

In the Phansidewa CD block in 2011, among the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 8.792 and formed 11.48%, agricultural labourers numbered 12.865 and formed 16.80%, household industry workers numbered 1,571 formed 2.05% and other workers numbered 53,333 and formed 69.66%. Total workers numbered 76,561 and formed 37.43% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 127,961 and formed 62.57% of the population.

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers.  It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.

Infrastructure
There are 103 inhabited villages in the Phansidewa CD block, as per the District Census Handbook, Darjiling, 2011. 100% villages have power supply. 100% villages have drinking water supply. 26 villages (25.24%) have post offices. 97 villages (94.17%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 83 villages (80.58%) have pucca (paved) approach roads and 39 villages (37.86%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 3 villages (2.91%) have agricultural credit societies and 15 villages (14.56%) have banks.

Agriculture
In 2012–2013, there were 12 fertiliser depots, 12 seed stores and 31 fair price shops in Phansidewa CD block.

In 2013–14, Phansidewa CD block produced 9,949 tonnes of Aman paddy, the main winter crop, from 1.257 hectares, 2,212 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 1,759 hectares, 2,340 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 1,017 hectares, 771 tonnes of wheat from 871 hectares, 214 tonnes of maize from 93 hectares, 17,722 tonnes of jute from 1,218 hectares, 24,197 tonnes of potatoes from 801 hectares and 523 tonnes of sugar cane from 5 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.

Tea gardens
Darjeeling tea “received the iconic status due to its significant aroma, taste and colour… the first Indian product to be marked with the Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2003… As per the definition, “Darjeeling Tea” can only refer to tea that has been cultivated, grown, produced, manufactured and processed in tea gardens in few specific hilly areas of the district.” Apart from the hill areas, tea is also grown in the plain areas of the terai and dooars, but such gardens are not covered under the GI tag.

As of 2009–2010, there were 87 tea gardens covered under the GI tag, employing 51,091 persons. Total land under cultivation was 17,828.38 hectares and total production was 7.36 million kg. A much larger population is indirectly dependent on the tea industry in the district. The average annual production including those from the plain areas, exceeds 10 million kg.

As of 2013, Darjeeling subdivision had 46 tea estates, Kalimpong subdivision had 29 tea estates and Kurseong subdivision had 6 tea gardens. This added up to 81 tea estates in the hill areas. Bannackburn Tea Estate and Lingia Tea Estate in Darjeeling were the first to come up in 1835. Siliguri subdivision in the terai region had 45 tea estates.

Banking
In 2012–2013, Phansidewa CD block had offices of 5 commercial banks and 3 gramin banks.

Transport
Phansidewa CD block is well connected with the other parts of the country by all modern modes of transport. This Block is very adjacent to the Major Railway Station ,Bus Terminus and Airport,which enable the population of this Block to use necessary transportation to move to any part of the country .Daily thousands of heavy goods vehicles from various parts of the country move to the North-Eastern States. Of the seven Gram Panchayats under Phansidewa block, four Gram Panchayats viz., Bidhannagar-1, Bidhnnagar-2, Ghoshpukur and Hetmuri Singhijhora are located on both the sides of the National Highway 31 (N.H 31 ). It provides a natural advantage of better road transportation to the villagers of those 27 Gram Panchayats.

Among the others sources of transportation the block has three railway stations within its jurisdiction.New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station,  the main railway station in North Bengal, is also very adjacent to the block. Tenzing Norgay Bus Terminus, the biggest bus 28 terminus in North Bengal, is just a few kilometres from the block. The nearest airport is  Bagdogra Airport, which is also adjacent to the block, In fact certain portion of the Bagdogra Airport falls under the Turibhita Mouza of this Block.

Education
In 2012–2013, Phansidewa CD block had 153 primary schools with 17,884 students, 5 middle schools with 2,350 students, 6 high schools with 2,354 students and 12 higher secondary schools with 20,987 students. Phansidewa CD block had 593 institutions for special and non-formal education with 31,356 students

See also – Education in India

According to the 2011 census, in Phansidewa CD block, among the 103 inhabited villages, 15 villages did not have a school, 42 villages had two or more  primary schools, 27 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 15 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.

Healthcare
In 2013, Phansidewa CD block had 1 rural hospital, 1 primary health centre and 2 private nursing homes with total 40 beds and 14 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 22 family welfare subcentres. 3,264 patients were treated indoor and 96,850 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.

Phansidewa Rural Hospital at Phansidewa, with 30 beds, is the major government medical facility in the Phansidewa CD block. There is a primary health centre at Bidhannagar (with 10 beds).

References

External links

Community development blocks in Darjeeling district


Svojkovice () is a municipality and village in Rokycany District in the Plzeň Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.

Geography
Svojkovice is located about  northeast of Rokycany and  east of Plzeň. The western part of the municipality lies in the Švihov Highlands, the eastern parts extends into the Křivoklát Highlands. The highest point is the Vydřiduch hill at  above sea level. The Holoubkovský Stream flows through the municipality.

History
The first written mention of Svojkovice is from 1379 under the name Svejkovice. It was then owned by the Rosenberg family as a part of the Strašice estate. The settlement was located a trade route leading from Prague to Rokycany. In 1422, it was sold to Zdeněk of Rožmitál and joined to the Zbiroh estate. Since then Svejkovice has shared the owners and destinies with this estate.

The Thirty Years' War left Svejkovice completely abandoned. It was not until 1712 that resettlement of the village was documented. In 1860, the railway near the village was built, but the local railway station was not built until 1923. In 1886, a school was opened and Svejkovice became an independent municipality. In 1901, the village was severely damaged by fire. In 1924, the name of the village was officially changed to Svojkovice.

In May 1945, Svojkovice was liberated by the Soviet army. In 1959 a public swimming pool opened. In 1960 Svojkovice with Hůrky were incorporated into the municipality of Volduchy; in 1970, however, Svojkovice separated. From 1980 to 1990, Svojkovice was an administrative part of Rokycany. Since 1990, it has been a separate municipality.

Demographics

Transport
The municipality is located next to the D5 motorway leading from Prague to Plzeň. The old Prague–Plzeň road runs through the village.

Svojkovice is located on the railway line heading from Přeštice and Plzeň to Beroun.

Sights
Svojkovice is poor in monuments. The only protected cultural monument is the rural house No. 8.

References

External links

Populated places in Rokycany District


A literate environment may include written materials (newspapers, books and posters), electronic and broadcast media (radios and TVs) and information and communications technology (phones, computers and Internet access), which encourage literacy acquisition, a reading culture, improved literacy retention and access to information.

Literate environments can be found in both public and private spheres, including home, school, workplace, local community, and the nation as a whole. Developing rich literate environments therefore includes language policies, book publishing, media, and access to information and reading materials.

A rich literate environment is essential for encouraging individuals to become literate and sustain and integrate their newly acquired skills in their everyday lives. The social and cultural environments in which people live and work can be characterized as being either more or less supportive of the acquisition and practice of literacy. In certain developing country contexts, the lack of written material in whatever form is a serious constraint on the practice of literacy.

Self-directed learning

Sudbury schools

Sudbury Valley School claims that in their school there are plentiful ways to learn to read, and that students rarely ask staff for help.

Unschooling

Carlo Ricci, Professor of Education and editor of the Journal of Unschooling and Alternative Learning, asserts that kids will become motivated to read because they live in a literate environment.

References

Educational environment
Educational psychology
Literacy
ar:اختبار خطي سريع


Jaana is a feminine given name which is the short from of Marianne and a pet form of Johanna. It is common in Estonia and Finland; the feminine version of Jaan.

People
 Jaana Padrik (born 1958), Estonian journalist and politician
 Jaana Pelkonen (born 1977), Finnish politician and television host
 Jaana Kunitz (born 1972), Finnish ballroom dancer
 Jaana Saarinen (born  1955), Finnish actress
 Jaana Savolainen (born 1964), Finnish, cross-country skier

In fiction
 Jaana the druid, fictional character in Ultima game series.

References

Estonian feminine given names
Feminine given names
Finnish feminine given names


Carrépuis () is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is situated on the D1930 road, just outside Roye and some  southeast of Amiens.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


In fluid dynamics, Görtler vortices are secondary flows that appear in a boundary layer flow along a concave wall. If the boundary layer is thin compared to the radius of curvature of the wall, the pressure remains constant across the boundary layer. On the other hand, if the boundary layer thickness is comparable to the radius of curvature, the centrifugal action creates a pressure variation across the boundary layer. This leads to the centrifugal instability (Görtler instability) of the boundary layer and consequent formation of Görtler vortices.

Görtler number
The onset of Görtler vortices can be predicted using the dimensionless number called Görtler number (G). It is the ratio of centrifugal effects to the viscous effects in the boundary layer and is defined as

where
  = external velocity
  = momentum thickness
  = kinematic viscosity
  = radius of curvature of the wall

Görtler instability occurs when G exceeds about 0.3.

Other instances
A similar phenomenon arising from the same centrifugal action is sometimes observed in rotational flows which do not follow a curved wall, such as the rib vortices seen in the wakes of cylinders and generated behind moving structures.

References

Boundary layers
Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics
Fluid dynamics
Fluid dynamic instabilities


EML Kalev (M414) was a  of the Estonian Navy, which belonged to the Mineships Division.

Introduction
The minesweeper Kalev was a vessel in the Estonian Navy Mineships Division and also the first modernized Frauenlob-class minesweeper. At the beginning of 2004 the, Kalev was discharged from service and transferred to the Estonian Maritime Museum.

History
The EML Kalev (M414) was built in West Germany, in the Krögerwerft shipyard in Rendsburg. The vessel was launched on 25 August 1966 and entered service on 16 June 1967. It was one of ten ships of class 394 with the home port of Neustadt in Holstein. The German Navy decommissioned five of these ships in 1995; Minerva (Kalev) and her sister Diana (Olev) were given to the Estonian Navy to operate. At the handing over ceremony the vessel received the Estonian name Kalev. The third sister Undine was handed over to the Estonian Navy in 2001 as Vaindlo. In 2004 the Estonian Navy decommissioned the ships and Kalev was handed to the Estonian Maritime Museum in Tallinn.

See also
Baltic Naval Squadron

References

External links
Estonian Navy

Frauenlob-class minesweepers
Ships built in Rendsburg
1966 ships
Cold War minesweepers of Germany
Frauenlob-class minesweepers of the Estonian Navy
Estonian Mineships Division
Museum ships in Estonia


Panagbenga Festival (Ilocano pronunciation: ) () is a month-long annual flower occasion in Baguio, Philippines. The term is of Kankanaey origin, meaning "season of blooming". The festival, held in February, was created as a tribute to the city's flowers and as a way to rise from the devastation of the 1990 Luzon earthquake. The festival includes floats that are covered mostly with flowers, not unlike those used in Pasadena's Rose Parade. The festival also includes street dancing, presented by dancers clad in flower-inspired costumes, that is inspired by the Bendian, an Ibaloi dance of celebration that came from the Cordilleras.

The Bases Conversion Development Authority (BCDA), in collaboration with the John Hay Poro Point Development Corporation's (JPDC) annual Camp John Hay Art Contest, gave its official logo from one of the entries: a spray of indigenous sunflowers from an artwork submitted by Trisha Tabangin, a student of the Baguio City National High School. The festival was set in February to boost tourism as it was considered as a time of inactivity between the busy days of Christmas season and the Holy Week and the summer season.

In 1996, archivist and curator Ike Picpican suggested that the festival be renamed Panagbenga, a Kankanaey term that means "a season of blossoming, a time for flowering".

Panagbenga festivities were cancelled in 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Celebrations returned in March 2022 with limited events that were exclusively funded by private donors, as government funds were directed towards ongoing COVID relief. All festival events, including street dancing and float parades, resumed in full in 2023.

Activities

The month-long festival starts at the first day of February, with opening activities organized by the city government and the private sector. Activities celebrated throughout the month include a landscape competition and cultural shows; street dancing and float parades during the last week of the festival draw huge crowds. After the parade, Session Road is closed for a week for the Session Road in Bloom activity which hosts a variety of stalls showcasing products locally and from other provinces.

References

External links
 Official website of Baguio

Tourist attractions in Baguio
Culture of Benguet
Flower festivals in the Philippines


Cartigny (; Picard: Quèrtgny) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Cartigny is situated on the D194 road, some  east-northeast of Amiens.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


The Ostend Science Park is a business incubator and science park of located on the Plassendale site in Ostend (Belgium). The site is aimed towards research and development in the Blue Economy.

History
Due to the expansion of the incubator at the Zwijnaarde science park in Zwijnaarde a new location was needed, which would become the Greenbridge-incubator. Together with the University of Ghent several organisations participated in the new incubator, such as the Katholieke Hogeschool Brugge-Oostende, POM West-Vlaanderen,  Plassendale nv. and ADMB. In addition the project received support of the European Community ('5B Phasing out EFRO') and the Flemish Community.

See also
 Science and technology in Flanders
 Science Parks of Wallonia

Further reading
 UGent bouwt haar incubator in Oostende
 Wetenschapspark geopend op Plassendale
 Wetenschapspark Plassendale - RUG Gent

External links
 Ostend Science Park

Science parks in Belgium
Flanders


Ramesh Singh Matiyani 'Shailesh', popularly known as Shailesh Matiyani (14 October 1931 – 24 April 2001), was a Hindi writer, poet, essayist from Uttarakhand, India.

He became most known for his short stories, depicting the struggles and the fighting spirit of the Indian lower and lower-middle class, which he embodied himself and expressed through his writings all through his life, and which gave him the title – People's Writer or 'Jankathakar'. And as, Hindi Littérateur, Pankaj Bisht puts it, "how intimate was his depiction of the displaced people from the villages in the urban slums, and those compelled to live and die on footpaths. You won't find this kind of intimacy in any other language. Matiyani's protagonists are beggars, pick-pockets, lumpens, drop-outs, marginalised characters. Fatedness – the lopsided policies of progress – they were its victims; and yet, their inner life was so full of humanism and faith.". Today, many writers view his work, second to none other than Premchand himself, though some like Giriraj Kishore, even consider his story writing, beyond him as well.

He wrote over 30 novels, including Ramkali and Suryaasth Kosi, over 17 collections of stories including his most popular stories Maimood, Yada Kada and Ardhangini, 28 collections of stories, seven collections of folk tales, apart from writing numerous essays and over 16 books for children.

In 1994, he was awarded an honorary degree of D.Litt. by Kumaun University, Nainital.

Biography

Ramesh Singh Matiyani 'Shailesh' was born on 14 October 1931, in Barechhina, Almora district, Uttarakhand, it was here and later at Almora, that he studied up to High School.

His first novel, Borivilli se Boribander tak was published in 1959, and in his career spanning five decades, he wrote numerous short stories, novels and published many collections of stories and essays. He was also known for his stories for children. He remained the editor of two publications, Janpaksh and Vikalp, for many years . Thereafter, he moved to Haldwani, where he spent the rest of his years, though suffering a depression attack in July 1995, he often travelled to Delhi and Lucknow, for treatment, despite that he continued writing prolifically. He was awarded Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan Award for his contribution to Hindi Literature in 2000.

He died on 24 April 2001, in Delhi and was cremated at Haldwani. After his death, 'Shailesh Matiyani Smriti Katha Puraskar' was established by the Madhya Pradesh Government.

'किसके राम कैसे राम' was written by him
 Kumaoni language
 Kumauni People

Bibliography

 Shailesh Matiyani Ki Sampurna Kahaniyan 5 Vols.
 Shailesh Matiyani ki Ikkyavan Kahaniyan (Hindi), Vibhor Prakashan, Allahabad
 Bhage hue log, (Hindi). Ashu Prakasan,1143/31 old katra, Allahabad 1994.
 Suhagini tatha Anya kahaniyan (Hindi). Ashu Prakasan,1143/31 old katra, Allahabad
 Kise pata hai rashtriy sharm ka matlab (Hindi-Lekh). Ashu Prakasan,1143/31 old katra, Allahabad
 Ugte suraj ki Kiran (Hindi -Novel). Ashu Prakasan,1143/31 old katra, Allahabad
 10 Pratinidhi Kahaniyan. .
 Kanya Tatha Anya Kahaniyan (Hindi). .
 Shreshtha Anchalik Kahaniya (Hindi), 2001, Kadamabari Prakashan. .
 Parvat Se Sagar Tak. .
 Aakash Kitna Anant Hai. .
 Trijya. .
 Rastrbhasha ka Sawal (Hindi- Lekh). Ashu Prakasan,1143/31 old katra, Allahabad 1994. .
 Kagaz ki Naav (Collection of essays) Ashu Prakasan,1143/31 old katra, Allahabad.
 Koi Ajnabi Nahin, Manjil Sar Manjil (Hindi), Delhi, Granth Academy, 2006. .
 Yada Kada, (Hindi), 1992.
 Kohra (Novel)
 Uthaigir, (Play)
 Chhote-Chhote Pakshi (Novel).
 Gopuli Gafooran (Novel).
  Maimood, Modern Hindi Short Stories; translated by Jai Ratan. New Delhi, Srishti, 2003, Chapter 11. .
 Choti machali Badi machali, AtmaRam & Sons. 2002.
 Parvat Se Sagar Tak, Rajpal & Sons, .
 Billi ke Bachche (Hindi-Bal sahitya). Ashu Prakasan,1143/31 old katra, Allahabad
 Maa ki wapsi (Hindi-Bal sahitya). Ashu Prakasan,1143/31 old katra, Allahabad
 Kali paar ki lokkathaen (Hindi-Bal sahitya). Ashu Prakasan,1143/31 old katra, Allahabad

See also

List of Indian writers
Shekhar Joshi
शैलेश मटियानी, अर्धांगिनी और दाम्पत्य-प्रेम संजय राय

References

Works online
 Yada Kada by Shailesh Matiyani (1992) at Digital Library of India – Hindi.
 A collection of Essays. by Shailesh Matiyani – Hindi
 Bhasha aur Desh, an essay by Shailesh Matiyani – Hindi
 Maimood, a story by Shailesh Matiyani – Hindi
 Ardhangini, a story by Shailesh Matiyani – Hindi

Further reading
 Shailesh Matiyani ke Maynay, PAHAR Vol. 13, 2001.  Issue devoted to life and literature of great Hindi writer Sailesh Matiyani People's Association for Himalaya Area Research (PAHAR). pp 116.- Quote; pp 262–265 – Complete Bibliography.
 Jankathakar Shailesh Matiyani (Biography), Publications Division, Ministry of Communication and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, 1992.

1931 births
2001 deaths
Hindi-language writers from India
Hindi-language poets
Indian editors
Indian male essayists
Indian children's writers
Writers from Uttarakhand
Literature of Kumaon
People from Almora district
20th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian essayists
20th-century Indian male writers


Pierre-Yves Trémois (8 January 1921 – 16 August 2020) was a French visual artist and sculptor, known for evocative works drawing in equal proportions on surrealism and science illustration, and for combining graphic precision and rigor with flamboyant fantasy. He was born in Paris.

He held seat #2 in the engraving section at the Académie des Beaux-Arts.

Decorations
 Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters (2015)

References

External links
 Pierre-Yves Trémois website

1921 births
2020 deaths
20th-century engravers
French engravers
French etchers
20th-century French painters
20th-century French male artists
French male painters
21st-century French painters
Modern printmakers
Prix de Rome for painting
Members of the Académie des beaux-arts
20th-century French sculptors
French male sculptors
Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
20th-century French printmakers


Tomáš Okleštěk (born 21 February 1987) is a Czech football player who currently plays for 1. SC Znojmo.

Career
Ahead of the 2019-20 season, Okleštěk returned to 1. SC Znojmo.

Honours
Czech Rupublic U-21
FIFA U-20 World Cup runner-up (1) 2007

References

External links

 Guardian Football

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Brno
Czech men's footballers
Czech expatriate men's footballers
Czech First League players
Czech National Football League players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
FC Zbrojovka Brno players
FK Čáslav players
1. SC Znojmo FK players
FC Minyor Pernik players
FK Jablonec players
MFK Karviná players
MFK Vítkovice players
Czech expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria
Expatriate men's footballers in Bulgaria
Men's association football midfielders
Czech Republic men's youth international footballers
SK Hanácká Slavia Kroměříž players


East Barsham is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Barsham, in the North Norfolk district, in the English county of Norfolk. In 1931 the parish had a population of 144. On 1 April 1935 the parish was abolished to form Barsham.

The village is one of four settlements within the parish of Barsham. The other villages are North Barsham, West Barsham and Houghton St Giles. East Barsham is 3 miles north of the town of Fakenham, 23.8 miles west of Cromer and 117 miles north of London.

The nearest railway station is at Sheringham for the Bittern Line which runs between Sheringham, Cromer and Norwich. The nearest airport is Norwich International Airport.

East Barsham Manor
East Barsham Manor is an early Tudor manor house built in 1520. The house is constructed from red brick and tile. The roof is adorned with chimneys, some with twists and finials built in a mellow brick. Some of the brickwork is thought not to be original being from restoration work carried out in 1919 and 1938. The gatehouse dates from a later period. The house was built between 1520 and 1530 for Sir Henry Fermor. Henry VIII was once a guest at the manor house on his way to a pilgrimage at Walsingham. Henry VIII walked the two miles from the manor, barefoot, to the shrine at Walsingham.

The Parish Church
All Saints church is now only the remnant of a once larger church. The tower dates from the 17th century and is truncated to a little above the roofline of the nave. It now serves as the porch on the north side of the nave. This arrangement is very unusual in north Norfolk. The porch probably stands on the north side because that is where the manor house is. The church is Grade II* listed. The war memorial, opposite the church, is Grade II listed.

The 18th Baron Hastings, Fr Delaval Loftus Astley, was Rector (priest) of East Barsham. He died in 1872.

The White Horse Inn
The White Horse Inn is situated next to East Barsham Manor. The inn originates from the 17th century and is Grade II listed. It is a free house and has limited and basic accommodation.

References

External links

Villages in Norfolk
Former civil parishes in Norfolk
North Norfolk


Samuel Kern Alexander Jr. is Professor of Excellence at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, where he is endowed by the O'Leary Endowment and Editor of the Journal of Education Finance, published by the University of Illinois Press and Project MUSE of Johns Hopkins University.

Personal life
Samuel Kern Alexander Jr. was born in Marrowbone, Kentucky in 1939. Kern earned his Bachelor of Arts degree with a double major in English and History from Centre College in 1961. While at Centre, Alexander was quarterback and captain of Centre's football team and was initiated into Delta Kappa Epsilon. In 1960, he was named Honorable Mention All-American. While a senior at Centre, Kern Alexander met his first wife, Ruth Hammack. Hammack was a native of Paint Lick, Kentucky, and she graduated from Milligan College in 1960. Hammack moved to Danville, Kentucky for a teaching job after graduating from college. They married in 1961. The Alexanders moved to Bowling Green, Kentucky, where Kern earned a master's degree from Western Kentucky University in 1962. Kern and Ruth Alexander had two children Samuel Kern Alexander III and Fieldon King Alexander, and then the Alexanders moved to Indiana, where Kern completed his Ed.D. in Educational Administration from Indiana University in 1965, and a Diploma in Educational Studies from Oxford University, with distinction, 1977. The Alexanders went on to have two more children: Klinton West Alexander and Wesley Kane Alexander.

Academic career
Prior to coming to the University of Illinois he served as President of two American state universities (Western Kentucky University and Murray State University), was a tenured distinguished professor at the University of Florida, Gainesville, University Distinguished Professor at Virginia Tech and held the Robinson Eminent Scholar Chair at the University of North Florida, Jacksonville. As President of Western Kentucky University, 1985–88, he founded the institutions community college and opened the Glasgow, Kentucky, branch of the university. As President of Murray State, Alexander began a residential college system and founded the Hopkinsville, Paducah, and Henderson campuses of Murray State. Alexander Hall at Murray State is named after him and his presidency at that institution. He is the author or co-author of 25 books on education finance and law and has served as finance expert in state school finance litigation in 22 American states.

Alexander founded the Oxford Round Table, a series of interdisciplinary conferences held at various colleges in the University of Oxford, in 1989.  He has been closely involved with the Round Table ever since, often serving as its president.

In his autobiography, My Life, President Bill Clinton quoted Alexander and described him as a nationally recognized expert on education policy.

Alexander holds a graduate diploma (with distinction) from the University of Oxford and an Ed.D. from Indiana University Bloomington.

Books
2019. Alexander, K. and M. D. Alexander, American Public School Law, 9th Edition. West Academic Publisher: St. Paul, MN
2018. Alexander, S., Alexander, w., David, M. The Law of Schools, Students and Teachers in a Nutshell, 6th Edition. West Publishing Company: St. Paul, MN.
2017. Alexander, K. Higher Education Law: Policy and Perspectives, 2nd Edition. Routledge/Taylor & Francis: New York, NY.
2015. Alexander, K., Salmon, D., and F. King Alexander, Financing Public Schools: Theory, Policy, and Practice.. Routledge/Taylor & Francis: New York, NY.
2012. Alexander, S., Alexander, M. American Public School Law, 8th Edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning: Belmont, CA.
2008. Alexander, S. Education and Economic Growth: Investment and Distribution of Financial Resources. Linton Atlantic Books, Ltd: Yarnton, Oxon. United Kingdom.
2004. Alexander, S., Hunter, R. Administering Special Education : in pursuit of dignity and autonomy. Elsevier: Amsterdam.
1995. Alexander, S. Public School Finance. Allyn and Bacon: Boston, MA.
1972. Alexander, S., Solomon, E. College and University Law. Michie Co: Charlottesville, VA.

References

1939 births
Living people
American educational theorists
University of Florida faculty
Presidents of Western Kentucky University
Presidents of Murray State University
People from Cumberland County, Kentucky
Writers from Kentucky
Centre College alumni
Indiana University Bloomington alumni
Western Kentucky University alumni