The Woolly Worm is an artificial fly commonly categorized as a wet fly or nymph and is fished under the water surface.  It is a popular pattern for freshwater game fish and was a very popular fly in the 1950s–1970s in the west.  Charles Brooks in Nymph Fishing for Larger Trout recommends the Woolly Worm as a general purpose nymph pattern in most western trout waters in any fly box. Woolly Worms are typically fished in streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes for trout, bass, and panfish.  Today, Woolly Worms are tied in a variety of styles and colors to imitate a large aquatic nymphs such as stoneflies, dragonflies, damselflies or hellgrammites.

Origin
The original Woolly Worm pattern is said to have originated in the Ozarks as a bass fly. Its real popularity however came when Don Martinez, a West Yellowstone, Montana fly tier commercialized the pattern in the 1950s.

Imitates
The Woolly Worm, depending the specific material used and how it is fished can be assumed to resemble large nymphs, more specifically stoneflies, dragonflies, damselflies, riffle beetle larvae or hellgrammites.

Materials
The original Woolly Worm fly was constructed without a tail, but the contemporary pattern has a yarn tail or hackle fiber tail.  The body is a chenille or fur body with a hackle palmered from the tail to the head of the fly.  The underbody may be weighted with lead wire.  The popular colors are yellow, olives, browns, blacks.  The most common hackle used is grizzly.

Variations and sizes
Woolly Worm flies are typically tied on number 4 to 10 3X long hooks.  Variations include Woolly Worms weighted with lead underbodies or brass or tungsten beads.

Notes

Wet fly patterns


Santa Anna  (circa 1800 – 1849) was a Native American war chief of the Penateka tribe of the Comanche Indians.

Early life
Santa Anna was a member of the Penateka division of the Comanche tribe in the same area as the war chiefs Buffalo Hump and Yellow Wolf. Santa Anna, "a large, fine-looking man with an affable and lively countenance," rose to prominence in the years following the Texas Revolution. He was the father of Carne Muerto, later a war chief of the Quahadi tribe of Comanche.

Great Raid of 1840
Following the deadly Council House Fight, where the Comanche felt that the Whites had slaughtered their envoys despite the promise of the white treaty flag, conflict between Comanches and migrating Anglo-Texans had become increasingly frequent. Santa Anna advocated armed and bitter resistance to the white invasion of the Comancheria and gained prominence in San Antonio in 1840. For approximately the next five years he joined Buffalo Hump and a number of other war chiefs in conducting a series of raids and attacks on Anglo settlements, including the Great Raid of 1840, during which the Comanche burned two cities and raided all the way to the sea.

Though tracing his direct involvement with any sort of precision is today impossible, Santa Anna probably took part in the raids on Linnville and Victoria in 1840, and may have been present at the Battle of Plum Creek. Prior to 1845, he was firmly identified with the faction of his tribe that opposed accommodation with Whites.

After the Great Raid
Before 1845, Santa Anna was firmly identified with the militant faction of his tribe that opposed accommodation with Whites. No record has been found of his meeting with officials representing the government of the Republic of Texas. He appeared during this time to be even more militant than Buffalo Hump, who had met with Sam Houston in 1843–44, often taking sides with Yellow Wolf. In the latter part of 1845, though, he was convinced to attend treaty negotiations conducted by United States officials, where he was first exposed to the true numbers and weaponry of the Whites. Convinced that his people could simply not defeat or long resist the numbers and weapons of the Whites, he began advocating peace. In May 1846, he was one of the Comanche chiefs who signed a treaty promising peace between his people and American citizens in Texas.

Geologist Ferdinand von Roemer was present at those treaty talks, which resulted in the Meusebach-Comanche Treaty and left an enduring and vivid portrait of Santa Anna:

Santa Anna became a proponent of accommodation and peace with the Whites following his involvement with treaty talks with the U.S. Army. In early December 1847, Santa Anna and a party of chiefs from several tribes in Texas visited Washington, DC. The first of his tribe to make such a journey, Santa Anna was recorded to be overwhelmed by what he saw, especially the sheer numbers of the Whites. From that moment on, convinced that continued armed resistance against the United States was tantamount to suicide for his people, he began advocating accommodation and attempted to use his prestige as a noted war chief to secure a lasting peace, but among the still-warlike Comanche, Santa Anna's conversion reduced his prestige.

Death and legacy
Santa Anna apparently tired of his reduced position, and to regain his former glory, he led several raids into Mexico in 1848–49. These raids necessitated intervention by the Army and United States Indian agent Robert S. Neighbors, and Santa Anna was persuaded to halt the raids. In late December 1849, a cholera epidemic killed over 300 Penateka Comanche in a few weeks' time. Santa Anna was one of the victims, though Buffalo Hump, also ill, and Yellow Wolf survived. Following Santa Anna's death, those in the Penateka tribe, other than the division commanded by Buffalo Hump, disintegrated. Its surviving members joined other Comanche tribes.

References

Further reading

 Bial, Raymond. Lifeways: The Comanche. New York: Benchmark Books, 2000.
 Brice, Donaly E. The Great Comanche Raid: Boldest Indian Attack on the Texas Republic McGowan Book Co. 1987
 Fehrenbach, Theodore Reed The Comanches: The Destruction of a People. New York: Knopf, 1974, . Later (2003) republished under the title The Comanches: The History of a People
 Foster, Morris. Being Comanche.
 Frazier, Ian. Great Plains. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1989.
 John, Elizabeth and A.H. Storms Brewed in Other Men's Worlds: The Confrontation of the Indian, Spanish, and French in the Southwest, 1540–1795. College Station, TX: Texas A&M Press, 1975.
 Jones, David E. Sanapia: Comanche Medicine Woman. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1974.
 Lodge, Sally. Native American People: The Comanche. Vero Beach, Florida 32964: Rourke Publications, Inc., 1992.
 Lund, Bill. Native Peoples: The Comanche Indians. Mankato, Minnesota: Bridgestone Books, 1997.
 Mooney, Martin. The Junior Library of American Indians: The Comanche Indians. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1993.
 Richardson, Rupert N. The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement: A Century and a Half of Savage Resistance to the Advancing White Frontier. Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1933.
 Rollings, Willard. Indians of North America: The Comanche. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1989.
 Secoy, Frank. Changing Military Patterns on the Great Plains. Monograph of the American Ethnological Society, No. 21. Locust Valley, NY: J. J. Augustin, 1953.
 Schilz, Jodye Lynn Dickson and Thomas F.Schilz. Buffalo Hump and the Penateka Comanches, Texas Western Press, El Paso, 1989.
 Streissguth, Thomas. Indigenous Peoples of North America: The Comanche. San Diego: Lucent Books Incorporation, 2000.
 Wallace, Ernest, and E. Adamson Hoebel. The Comanches: Lords of the Southern Plains. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1952.

1800s births
1849 deaths
Native American leaders
1840 in the United States
Comanche people
Texas–Indian Wars
Native American history of Texas


Kotar was a male killer whale captured off the southeast coast of Iceland in October 1978. At the time of his capture, he was only 210 cm long and he is believed to be the youngest killer whale taken into captivity from the wild that survived.

Kotar was bought by SeaWorld and sent to SeaWorld San Diego where he spent his first couple of years of captive life. He originally stayed at Shamu Stadium but was later moved to SeaWorld's petting pool.

At some point in the 1980s, Kotar was transferred to SeaWorld Orlando. He played "Shamu" in JAWS 3-D in 1983. In 1987, Kanduke, a male killer whale bought by SeaWorld from Marineland of Canada, arrived in Orlando. Kotar and Kanduke did not get along and often fought, the aggression eventually getting serious. In 1988, following an incident in which Kotar bit Kanduke's penis and caused an infection and show cancellations, Kotar was moved to the newly opened SeaWorld San Antonio where he remained for the rest of his life.

Kotar died on 1 April 1995, after a gate he was playing with had closed onto his head and caused a fractured skull and severe blood loss.

During his time in captivity, Kotar sired six offspring; Takara, Keet, and Keto as well as three others that resulted in early deaths or stillbirths.

See also
 List of individual cetaceans

References

Individual orcas


Thomas Patrick O'Regan (born December 29, 1961) is an American former professional ice hockey forward. He played 61 games in the National Hockey League with the Pittsburgh Penguins from 1984 to 1985. He then played in the German Bundesliga and Deutsche Eishockey Liga from 1987 to 1998. Internationally O'Regan played for the American national team at four World Championships.

Career
O'Regan was a high school star at Matignon High School. O'Regan played 61 games for the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL) in the mid 1980s. The majority of his career was spent in Germany where he was a top scorer in the Bundesliga for many years.

O'Regan played four years at Boston University, and was signed as a free agent by the Pittsburgh Penguins following his senior year. He played 51 games for the floundering Penguins during the 1983–84 season but was used rarely thereafter. Between 1985 and 1987 he recorded three straight 20-goal seasons in the American Hockey League (AHL). He joined the EV Landshut club of Germany in 1987–88 and played two seasons there. He later skated for the Devils and Capitals clubs of Berlin. O'Regan played for the United States at the World Championships in 1989, 1990, 1995 and 1996, winning a bronze medal at the latter. In 61 NHL games O'Regan recorded 5 goals and 12 assists for 17 career points.

Family
His son Danny O'Regan was selected 138th overall by the San Jose Sharks in the 2012 NHL Entry Draft and currently plays for the Hartford Wolf Pack in the American Hockey League. Another son, Tommy O'Regan, played hockey for Harvard University and is now a stand-up comedian.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Transactions
 September 4, 1983 – Signed as a free agent by the Pittsburgh Penguins.
 September 29, 1986 – Signed as a free agent by the Detroit Red Wings.

References

External links

1961 births
Living people
Adirondack Red Wings players
American men's ice hockey forwards
Baltimore Skipjacks players
Berlin Capitals players
Boston University alumni
Boston University Terriers men's ice hockey players
BSC Preussen Berlin players
EV Landshut players
Ice hockey players from Massachusetts
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Sportspeople from Cambridge, Massachusetts
Ice hockey people from Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Undrafted National Hockey League players


The BMW N63 is a twin-turbocharged V8 petrol engine which has been in production from 2008 to present. The N63 is the world's first production car engine to use a "hot-vee" layout, with the turbochargers located inside the "V" of the engine. It is also BMW's first turbocharged petrol V8 engine. The engine has been widely noted for its mechanical issues, undergoing several recalls.

The N63 replaced the BMW N62 (a naturally aspirated V8 engine) and was first used in the 2008 X6 xDrive50i.

The S63 engine is the BMW M high-performance version of the N63.

Alpina versions of the N63 are used in various F01 7 Series, F10 5 Series, G11 7 Series, G15 8 Series and G30 5 Series models.

Design
The airflow path through the engine uses a "hot-vee" layout, where the exhaust manifolds and turbochargers are located between the cylinder banks (on the "inside" of the V8) and the intake manifolds are located on the outside of the engine. This is opposite to the traditional layout for a V8, where the intake is inside the "V" and the exhaust manifold is on the outside. The hot-vee layout reduces the width of the engine and decreases the exhaust runner length from the exhaust valves to the turbochargers. The engine uses air-to-water intercoolers, therefore improving throttle response.

Similar to the N54B30, the initial N63 (including the S63) did not use Valvetronic (variable valve lift) because its benefit of reducing of intake vacuum is not as important in turbocharged engines}. Due to the presence of turbocharging, the N63 does not use a variable-length intake manifold.

The N63 is BMW's first V8 engine to use direct injection.

The N63/S63 uses a bore of  and a stroke of  (except for the Chinese market 4.0 litre variant).

2012 technical update
In 2012, a "Technical Update" was applied to the N63, resulting in the N63TU variants (also known as N63B44O1). The main upgrade was the addition of Valvetronic. Other changes include revised turbochargers, removal of the blowoff valve, lighter pistons, forged connecting rods and crankshaft, addition of a  valve cover labyrinth oil catch/return system, new valve stem seals, revised fuel system and addition of a second coolant pump.

2016 technical update
A second Technical Update occurred in 2016, resulting in the N63TU2 variants (also known as N63B44O2). The major changes are the use of twin-scroll turbochargers, a wider powerband and the oil/coolant heat exchanger being moved to within the "V" of the engine.

2018 technical update
A third Technical Update was introduced in 2018. Two variants are offered: N63B44M3 and N63B44T3. N63B44M3 features improved thermal shielding for the crankcase and the cylinder head, and a new ignition system. The N63B44T3 gains higher pressure (5000psi) injectors, larger twin-scroll turbochargers, a redesigned intake manifold, and an upstream cooling radiator.

Models

N63B40A
This smaller variant was sold in the Chinese market. Due to a shorter stroke length of , the capacity is reduced to .

Applications:
 2012–2017 F12/F13 650i (China only,  version)
 2012–2017 F01/F02 750i/750Li (China only,  version)

N63B44O0
The initial version of the N63 produces  and .

Applications:
 2008– 2014 E71 X6
 2009– 2012 F01/F02 750i/750Li
 2010– 2012 F07 550i GT
 2010– 2013 F10/F11 550i
 2011– 2013 E70 X5
 2012– 2017 F12/F13 650i
 2011–2014 Wiesmann GT MF4

N63B44O1 (N63TU)
The first technical update resulted in an increase of  and .

Applications:
 2013–2015 F01/F02 750i/750Li
 2013–2017 F07 550i GT
 2014–2016 F10/F11 550i
 2014–2018 F15 X5
 2014–2019 F16 X6
 2013–2018 F12/F13 650i
 2013–2019 F06 650i

N63B44O2 (N63TU2)
The second technical update resulted in peak torque being produced over a 200 rpm wider band.

Applications:
 2016–2019 G11/G12 750i/750Li sDrive/xDrive
 2017–2020 G30/G31 M550i xDrive

N63B44M3 (N63TU3)
Applications:
 2018– G05 X5 xDrive50i
 2018– G07 X7 xDrive50i

N63B44T3 (N63TU3)
Applications:

 2018– G14/G15/G16 M850i xDrive
 2019-2022; G11/G12 750i/750Li sDrive/xDrive
 2020-2023; G30/G31 M550i xDrive
 2020-2023; G05 X5 M50i
 2020-2023; G06 X6 M50i
 2020-2022; G07 X7 M50i
 2021– G14/G15/G16 Alpina B8 Gran Coupe
 2022– Land Rover Range Rover (L460)
 2022– Land Rover Range Rover Sport (L461)

S63

The S63 is the BMW M version of the N63, which debuted in the BMW X6 M and was used in the BMW M5 models from 2011 to present. The S63 uses two twin-scroll turbochargers plus a pulse tuned, cross-engine exhaust manifold to keep constant exhaust pulses flowing to the turbos at every 180 degree rotation.

S63B44O0
Applications:
 2010–2013 E70 X5 M
 2010–2013 E71 X6 M
 2011–2014 Wiesman GT MF5

S63B44T1
A technical update to the S63, known as the S63B44T1, debuted on the F10 M5 sedan. This version uses Valvetronic, a 10:1 compression ratio (compared with 9.3:1 for the non-TU version) and 1.5 bar of boost (compared with 1.3). It is the first BMW M engine to use Valvetronic. The rev limit was increased from 6800 rpm to 7200 rpm.

Applications:
 2011–2017 F10 M5
 2012–2018 F12/13 M6
 2013–2018 F06 M6 Gran Coupe

S63B44T2
The S63B44T2 debuted on the 2015 X5 M and X6 M models.

Applications:
 2015–2019 F85 X5 M
 2015–2019 F86 X6 M

S63B44T4
The S63B44T4 debuted on the 2018 M5.

Applications:
 2018–2023 F90 M5
 2018–2023 F90 M5 Competition
 2019–present F91/92/93 M8
 2019–present F91/92/93 M8 Competition
 2020–present F95 X5 M
 2020–present F95 X5 M Competition
 2020–present F96 X6 M
 2020–present F96 X6 M Competition

P63

The P63 is the BMW Motorsport version of the N63, which debuted in the BMW M8 GTE.

Alpina
Alpina uses a variant of the N63 engine, which was hand-assembled at the Alpina plant in Buchloe before being transported to the BMW production line.

For the 2013 model year, the Alpina engine received Valvetronic like all other N63 engines.

M1
Applications:
2009–2012 Alpina B7 Bi-Turbo: based on the BMW F01 7 Series
2010–2011 Alpina B5 Bi-Turbo Sedan/Touring: based on the BMW F10/F11 5 Series.

M1/1
Applications:
2012–2014 Alpina B5 Bi-Turbo Sedan/Touring: based on the BMW F10/F11 5 Series

M1/2
Applications:
2011–2015 Alpina B6 Bi-Turbo Coupé/Cabrio: based on the BMW F12/F13 6 Series

M2, M2/1
Applications:
2014–2015 Alpina B6 Bi-Turbo Gran Coupé: based on the BMW F06 6 Series
2012–2015 Alpina B7 Bi-Turbo: based on the BMW F01 7 Series

M2/2
Applications:
2015 Alpina B5 Bi-Turbo Edition 50 Sedan/Touring: based on the BMW F10/F11 5 Series
2015–2016 Alpina B6 Bi-Turbo Edition 50 Coupé/Cabrio: based on the BMW F12/F13 6 Series
2016 Alpina B5 Bi-Turbo: based on the BMW F10/F11 5 Series
2016–present Alpina B6 Bi-Turbo: based on the BMW F06/F12/F13 6 Series

M5
The Alpina engine code is N63M30A.

Applications:
2016–2019 Alpina B7 Bi-Turbo: based on the BMW G12 7 Series
2017–present Alpina B5 Bi-Turbo: based on the BMW G30/G31 5 Series

An evolution of this engine, with better power delivery, is of the N63B44T3 type.

Applications:

 2019–present Alpina B7: based on the BMW G12 7 Series
 2021–present Alpina B8: based on the BMW G16 8 Series

North American recall
In December 2014, BMW North America released a voluntary recall ("Customer Care Package") relating to issues with timing chain stretch, fuel injectors, mass air flow sensors, crankcase vent lines, battery, engine vacuum pump, low pressure fuel sensor and revising the oil service interval.

In 2019 NHTSA addressed the multitude of issues with BMW N63 engines, various class action lawsuits in tow, and never officially declared a mass recall in regard to valve seal issues inherent in the N63 line.
https://static.nhtsa.gov/odi/tsbs/2019/MC-10163992-9999.pdf#:~:text=The%20lawsuit%20alleges%20that%20the%20Class%20Vehicles%E2%80%99%20N63,drain%20which%20can%20potentially%20cause%20premature%20battery%20failures.

See also
 BMW
 List of BMW engines

References

N63
V8 engines
Products introduced in 2008
Gasoline engines by model


The Archdiocese of Białystok () is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Podlaskie Voivodeship, Northeastern Poland. It is a metropolitan see with two suffragan dioceses.

Its cathedral archiepiscopal see is Bazylika Archikatedralna Wniebowzięcia NMP, a minor basilica in the episcopal see of Białystok. It also has a second minor basilica : Bazylika Ofiarowania Najświętszej Marii Panny, dedicated to the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, in Różanystok.

Ecclesiastical province
Its Suffragan sees are :
 Diocese of Drohiczyn
 Diocese of Łomża

Statistics
, it pastorally served 352,760 Catholics (80.5% of 438,200 total; however only 43,2% are active members) on 5,550 km² in 116 parishes and 25 missions with 411 priests (384 diocesan, 27 religious), 201 lay religious (31 brothers, 170 sisters) and 60 seminarians.

History
 Established June 5, 1991 as Diocese of Białystok on Polish territory split off from the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Vilnius in Lithuania
 Enjoyed a Papal visit from the Pope John Paul II in June 1991.
 Promoted on March 25, 1992 by the same as Archdiocese of Białystok

Episcopal ordinaries

Bishops of Białystok
 Edward Kisiel (1991.06.05 – retired 1992.03.25), died 1993; previously Titular Bishop of Limata (1976.05.03 – 1991.06.05) as Apostolic Administrator of Vilnius (Lithuania) (1976.05.03 – 1991.06.05)

Metropolitan Archbishops of Białystok
 Stanisław Szymecki (1993.05.15 – retired 2000.11.16), previously Bishop of Kielce (Poland) (1981.03.27 – 1993.05.15)
 Wojciech Ziemba (2000.11.16 – retired 2006.05.30); next Metropolitan Archbishop of Warmia (Poland) (2006.05.30 – 2016.10.15); previously Titular Bishop of Falerone (1982.06.19 – 1992.03.25) as Auxiliary Bishop of Warmia (Poland) (1982.06.19 – 1992.03.25), Bishop of Ełk (Poland) (1992.03.25 – 2000.11.16)
 Edward Ozorowski (2006.10.20 – retired 2017.04.12); previously Titular Bishop of Bitetto (1979.01.31 – 2006.10.20), first as Auxiliary Bishop of Vilnius (Lithuania) (1979.01.31 – 1991.06.05), then as Auxiliary Bishop of Białystok (1991.06.05 – succession 2006.10.20)
 Tadeusz Wojda, (S.A.C.) (2017.06.10 – 2021.03.02); next Metropolitan Archbishop of Gdańsk (Poland) (since 2021.03.25); previously Undersecretary of the Roman Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples (2012.07.24 – 2017.04.12).
 Józef Guzdek (3 September 2021 – present); previously Titular Bishop of Treba (2004.09.15 – 2010.12.04) as Auxiliary Bishop of the Kraków, Bishop of Military Ordinariate of Poland (Poland) (2010.12.19 – 2021.07.14)

See also
 List of Catholic dioceses in Poland
 Roman Catholicism in Poland

References

Sources and external links
 GCatholic.org, with Google map & satellite photo - data for all sections
 Catholic Hierarchy
 Diocese website (in Polish)

Roman Catholic dioceses in Poland
Roman Catholic dioceses established in 1991
Christianity in Białystok
Archdiocese
1991 establishments in Poland


Old Hindi, or Dehlavi was the earliest stage of the Hindustani language, based on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi, and so the ancestor of today's Modern Standard Hindi and Standard Urdu registers. It developed from Shauraseni Prakrit and was spoken by the peoples of the region around Delhi, in roughly the 13th–15th centuries during the Delhi Sultanate. It is attested in only a handful of works of literature, including some works by the poet Amir Khusrau, verses by the poet-saint Namdev, and some verses by the Sufi saint Baba Farid in the Adi Granth. The works of Kabir also may be included, as they use a Khariboli-like dialect. Old Hindi was originally written in a Nagari script (ancestor to the standardized Devanagari) and later in the Perso-Arabic script as well, in Nastaliq calligraphy.

Some scholars include Apabhraṃśa poetry as early as 769 AD (Dohakosh by Siddha Sarahapad) within Old Hindi, but this is not generally accepted.

With loanwords from Persian being added to Old Hindi's Prakritic base, the language evolved into Hindustani, which further developed into the present-day standardized varieties of Hindi and Urdu.

Etymology

The term Old Hindi is a retrospectively coined term, to indicate the ancestor language of Modern Standard Hindi, which is the official language in the Indian Republic. The term Hindi literally means Indian in Classical Persian, and was also referred as Hindustani to denote that it was the language of the Hindustan's capital, predominantly during the Delhi Sultanate.

References

Notes

Citations

Further reading

Languages attested from the 13th century
Languages extinct in the 15th century
Central Indo-Aryan languages
Indo-Aryan languages
Hindi


H. Gordon Barrett (August 20, 1915 – May 30, 1993) was a Canadian politician and safety director. He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a Member of the Liberal Party to represent the riding of Lincoln. During the 28th Parliament, he was a member of the Standing Committee on Agriculture. He was defeated in 1972. Prior to his federal political experience, he was a lieutenant in the Canadian Infantry in World War II between 1942 and 1945 and returned to Canada to become a councillor for Thorold, Ontario between 1946 and 1959.

External links

1915 births
1993 deaths
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
People from Thorold


Master Derby (April 24, 1972 – January 22, 1999) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse best known for winning the 1975 Preakness Stakes.

Background
He was bred by Robert E. Lehmann at his Golden Chance Farm in Paris, Kentucky. Master Derby was out of the mare Madam Jerry, and sired by Lehmann's 1970 Kentucky Derby winner, Dust Commander.

Racing career

1974: Two-year-old season
Conditioned for racing by trainer Smiley Adams, at age two Master Derby made twelve starts, finishing either first or second in all of them. His best stakes race results were wins in the Grade 3 Kindergarten Stakes, a sprint race at Keystone Racetrack, and a division of the Grade 3 Dragoon Stakes at Liberty Bell Park Racetrack. He also earned a second-place finish in the important 1974 Breeders' Futurity Stakes and the Kentucky Jockey Club Stakes.

1975: Three-year-old season
Racing as a three-year-old, Master Derby began his season with two straight losses in six-furlong sprints but then won the much longer 1 1/16 miles Louisiana Derby Trial Stakes and the 1⅛ miles Louisiana Derby. Aimed for the Kentucky Derby, from his base in Louisiana  his handlers shipped him to Keeneland Race Course in Kentucky, where jockey Darrel McHargue rode him to victory in the Calumet Purse and the Blue Grass Stakes.

With McHargue as his rider in the 1975 U.S. Triple Crown races, Master Derby ran fourth in the Kentucky Derby to the heavily favored winner Foolish Pleasure, then won the Preakness Stakes before finishing third in the Belmont Stakes to winner Avatar.

1976: Four-year-old season
At age four, Master Derby won the 1976 New Orleans, Louisiana, and Oaklawn Handicaps, and ran second in the Metropolitan Handicap to Hall of Fame inductee Forego.

Stud record
Retired to stud duty, Master Derby met with some success as a sire. The most notable of his progeny in racing was the Grade I winner Uptown Swell, who earned just under $1 million for owner Virginia Kraft Payson. However, his daughter Doff The Derby produced Generous, whose 1991 Group One victories in England and Ireland included the Epsom and Irish Derbys and whose earnings helped make Master Derby the 1991 Leading broodmare sire in Great Britain & Ireland.

In 1992, Master Derby was inducted into the Fair Grounds Racing Hall of Fame.

In January 1999, due to the infirmities of old age, the twenty-seven-year-old Master Derby was humanely euthanized at Notjustanother Farm in Chino, California.

Breeding

References

1972 racehorse births
1999 racehorse deaths
Racehorses bred in Kentucky
Racehorses trained in the United States
Preakness Stakes winners
British Champion Thoroughbred broodmare sires
American Grade 1 Stakes winners
Thoroughbred family 1-l


"The Last Thing on My Mind" is a song written by Al Anderson and Craig Wiseman, and recorded by American country music artist Patty Loveless. The song was released in December 2000 as the second single from her album Strong Heart.  Rebecca Lynn Howard and Ricky Skaggs join her in background harmony on the song.

Chart positions
The song charted for 22 weeks on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart, reaching number twenty during the week of April 14, 2001.

References

2000 singles
2000 songs
Patty Loveless songs
Songs written by Al Anderson (NRBQ)
Songs written by Craig Wiseman
Music videos directed by Trey Fanjoy
Song recordings produced by Emory Gordy Jr.
Epic Records singles


Dafydd Glyn Jones (born 1941) is a Welsh scholar and lexicographer, born in the village of Carmel, Gwynedd. He is a specialist in Middle Welsh prose, and his other interests include Welsh history, Robert Jones, Rhoslan, and the life and work of Emrys ap Iwan.

He was educated at Carmel Primary School and at Ysgol Dyffryn Nantlle, Penygroes, Gwynedd. He graduated from the University College of North Wales, Bangor and from Linacre College, Oxford.

He spent many years as a lecturer and senior lecturer in Welsh Language and Literature at the University of Wales, Bangor. With his co-editor Bruce Griffiths he edited the Welsh Academy English-Welsh Dictionary (Geiriadur yr Academi). He retired from the university in 2000.

Bibliography
Dafydd Glyn Jones has written a number of articles on subjects connected with Welsh literature and history, e.g.

 Drych yr Amseroedd (The Mirror of the Times) (1987)
 Gwlad y Brutiau (The Land of the Chronicles)) (1990)
 Cyfrinach Ynys Brydain (The Mystery of the Island of Britain) (BBC Wales Annual Lecture, 1992)

A collection of his writings on Welsh history is published in:
 Agoriad yr Oes (A Key to the Age) (Y Lolfa, 2001).

References

1941 births
Welsh scholars and academics
Alumni of Linacre College, Oxford
Welsh lexicographers
Welsh-speaking academics
Living people
People educated at Ysgol Dyffryn Nantlle
People from Llandwrog


Rafflesia azlanii is a parasitic flowering plant of the genus Rafflesia, endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. It is most similar to R. cantleyi, but differs in having larger perigone blotches.

The flower was first discovered in the Royal Belum Forest Reserve in the state of Perak in 2003, and is named after the Sultan of Perak, Sultan Azlan Shah.

References

External links
 Parasitic Plant Connection: Rafflesia azlanii

azlanii
Endemic flora of Peninsular Malaysia
Parasitic plants


Hermias (;  Hermeias) was a Neoplatonist philosopher who was born in Alexandria c. 410 AD.  He went to Athens and studied philosophy under Syrianus. He married Aedesia, who was a relative of Syrianus, and who had originally been betrothed to Proclus, but Proclus broke the engagement off after receiving a divine warning. Hermias brought Syrianus' teachings back to Alexandria, where he lectured in the school of Horapollo, receiving an income from the state. He died c. 450 AD (but before 470 AD), at a time when his children, Ammonius and Heliodorus, were still small. Aedesia, however, continued to receive an income from the state, in order to raise the children, enabling them to become philosophers.

A Commentary on the Phaedrus written by Hermias survives. It consists of notes based on the lectures conducted by Syrianus concerning Plato's Phaedrus.

References

 Gertz, S., (2019), "Hermias on the Argument for Immortality in Plato’s Phaedrus". In: Studies in Hermias’ Commentary on Plato’s Phaedrus. Brill: Leiden.
 Sorabji, R., (2005), The Philosophy of the Commentators, 200-600 AD, Cornell University Press.
 Uzdavinys, A., (2004), The Golden Chain: An Anthology of Pythagorean and Platonic Philosophy. World Wisdom, Inc.

5th-century Greek philosophers
Commentators on Plato
Neoplatonists in Alexandria
5th-century births
450 deaths
Roman-era students in Athens
5th-century Byzantine writers
Late-Roman-era pagans


J. C. Hutchins is the pseudonym for American podcast novelist and journalist Chris Hutchins. Hutchins is best known for his 7th Son series.

Background
Hutchins began podcasting in 2006 after receiving multiple rejections from various agents, with 7th Son being his first podcast release. Shortly thereafter in 2007, St. Martin's Press picked up the print rights to 7th Son and Dark Arts, an interactive novel. Hutchins, dubbed a "new media superstar," writes from home alongside his partner, novelist Eleanor Brown.

Bibliography

Books published in print
7th Son: Descent (2009)
Personal Effects: Dark Arts (2009)

Podcast novels
7th Son: Descent
7th Son: Deceit
7th Son: Destruction
Personal Effects: Sword of Blood

Reception
Critical reception to Hutchins' work has been mixed to positive, with Publishers Weekly praising both the first novel in the 7th Son series and Dark Arts and Kirkus Reviews panning both. The Celebrity Cafe reviewed Dark Arts, praising the story but stating that the extra elements detracted from the story instead of enhancing it.

References

External links
Official author site

American male writers
Living people
1975 births


The Alliance Premier League season of 1982–83 was the fourth season of the Alliance Premier League.

New teams in the league this season
 Bangor City (promoted 1981–82)
 Nuneaton Borough (promoted 1981–82)
 Wealdstone (promoted 1981–82)

Final table

Results

Promotion and relegation

Promoted
 Gateshead (from the Northern Premier League)
 Kidderminster Harriers (from the Southern Premier League)

Relegated
 Barrow (to the Northern Premier League)
 Stafford Rangers (to the Northern Premier League)

Election to the Football League
This year Enfield, the winners of the Alliance Premier League, could not apply for election because they did not meet Football League requirements, so 2nd placed Maidstone United won the right to apply for election to the Football League to replace one of the four bottom sides in the 1982–83 Football League Fourth Division. The vote went as follows:

As a result of this, Maidstone United did not gain membership of the Football League.

References

External links
 1982–83 Conference National Results
 Re-election Results – The Division Four final league table, including the results of the re-election vote.

National League (English football) seasons
5


A rheumatoid nodule is a lump of tissue, or an area of swelling, that appears on the exterior of the skin usually around the olecranon (tip of the elbow) or the interphalangeal joints (finger knuckles), but can appear in other areas. There are four different types of rheumatoid nodules: subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules, cardiac nodules, pulmonary nodules, and central nervous systems nodules. These nodules occur almost exclusively in association with rheumatoid arthritis. Very rarely do rheumatoid nodules occur as rheumatoid nodulosis (multiple nodules on the hands or other areas) in the absence of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid nodules can also appear in areas of the body other than the skin. Less commonly they occur in the lining of the lungs or other internal organs. The occurrence of nodules in the lungs of miners exposed to silica dust was known as Caplan’s syndrome. Rarely, the nodules occur at diverse sites on body (e.g., upper eyelid, distal region of the soles of the feet, vulva, and internally in the gallbladder, lung, heart valves, larynx, and spine).

Rheumatoid nodules can vary in size from 2 mm to 5 cm and are usually rather firm to the touch. Quite often they are associated with synovial pockets or bursae. About 5% of people with rheumatoid arthritis have such nodules within two years of disease onset, and the cumulative prevalence is about 20–30%. Risk factors of developing rheumatoid nodules include as smoking and trauma to small vessels.

In the majority of the time, nodules are not painful or disabling in any way. They are usually more of an unsightly nuisance. However, rheumatoid nodules can become painful when infection or ulcers occur on the skin of the nodule. Some nodules may disappear over time, but other may grow larger, making nodular size difficult to predict.

Treatment of rheumatoid nodules can be quite difficult, but both surgical removal and injection of corticosteroids have shown good results.

Pathophysiology
Although the exact process is unknown, there are a few hypotheses for the generation of rheumatoid nodules. It has been observed that rheumatoid nodules frequently form over extensor sites and areas vulnerable to trauma. The trauma causes inflammatory particles to build up and leads to a secondary inflammatory response which ultimately causes fibrin release and necrosis. Another hypothesis suggests that the inflammation of blood vessels activates complement components, which leads to the deposit of rheumatoid factors and fibrin.

The rheumatoid nodule is the most common cutaneous manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis involves chronic inflammation of synovial membranes, which leads to degradation of articular cartilage and the juxta-articular bone. Inflammation is caused by T cells, B cells, and monocytes when endothelial cells are activated. Neovascularization, the growth of new blood vessels, serves as an additional marker for rheumatoid arthritis. A hyperplastic synovial lining layer can be caused by the expansion of synovial fibroblast and macrophage cells. This expansion of the synovial membrane, sometimes referred to as "pannus", can lead to bony erosions and cartilage degradation at the site of the cartilage-bone junction in the periarticular bone.

The cause of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown. It is speculated that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Gene loci and antigens, such as HLA class II antigens, have been seen as closely associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Environmental risk factors include smoking, periodontitis, viral infections, and gut, mouth, and lung microbiomes. Researchers have noted that Prevotella species, which are expanded in the gastrointestinal tract in early RA, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, which is associated with periodontitis, may have a role in pathogenesis.

Pathology
Histological examination of nodules shows that they consist of a shell of fibrous tissue surrounding a center of fibrinoid necrosis. Pea-sized nodules have one center. Larger nodules tend to be multilocular, with many separate shells or with connections between the necrotic centers. Individual necrotic centers may contain a cleft or several centers of necrosis may all open on to a large bursal pocket containing synovial fluid.

The boundary between the necrotic center and the outer fibrous shell is made up of the characteristic feature of the nodule, which is known as a cellular palisade. The palisade is a densely packed layer of macrophages and fibroblasts which tend to be arranged radially, like the seeds of a kiwifruit or fig. Further out into the fibrous shell there is a zone that contains T cells and plasma cells in association with blood vessels. The histology of pulmonary nodules are similar to that of subcutaneous nodules, with central necrosis surrounded by palisading macrophages and inflammatory infiltrate.

Risk factors
Rheumatoid nodules develop if a person currently has rheumatoid arthritis. However, not all people with rheumatoid arthritis develop rheumatoid nodules. Some risk factors for rheumatoid nodules for people with rheumatoid arthritis may include:

 Smoking (strong association)
 Elevated levels of serum rheumatoid factors
 HLA-DRB1 gene (weak association)
 Trauma to small vessels
 Having severe rheumatoid arthritis
 Taking Methotrexate over other arthritis drugs

Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis of rheumatoid nodules can be classified from localization, depth pathology, age of onset, persistence, rheumatoid factor, concomitant joint disease, and bone erosions. Diagnosis is typically determined clinically by a rheumatologist. Rheumatoid arthritis associated rheumatoid nodules are typically subcutaneous and occur at extensor sites. The onset typically starts in adulthood and presents with rheumatoid factors and bone erosions, and concomitant joint diseases. The pathology is characterized by central necrosis, palisading mononuclear cells, and perivascular lymphocytic infiltrations.

Rheumatoid nodulosis is characterized by multiple subcutaneous nodules presenting with rheumatoid factors but an absence of joint complaints. The nodules are typically small and concentrated on the extensor sites of the hands and feet, sometimes accompanied by bone erosions. The onset typically starts in adulthood with a pathology similar to rheumatoid arthritis associated rheumatoid nodules.

Benign rheumatoid nodules are often not associated with rheumatoid factors or concomitant joint diseases. They are typically found on the feet, scalp, and pretibial regions.  Frequently seen in children before the age of 18, the pathology is similar to that of rheumatoid arthritis associated rheumatoid nodules. The nodules are non-tender and undergo rapid growth, but also resolve spontaneously. A similar presentation occurring more intracutaneously (superficial) is known as granuloma annulare.

Rheumatic fever nodules are typically associated with acute rheumatic fever in children. They are not accompanied by rheumatoid factors or bone erosions, but are associated with concomitant joint diseases. No larger than the size of peas, they are typically found at extensor sites and processus spinosi of the vertebrae. The pathology is characterized by central necrosis and little histiocytic/lymphocytic infiltration.

Prevalence
There are four different types of rheumatoid nodules: subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules, cardiac nodules, pulmonary nodules and central nervous system nodules.

Subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules

According to a study done by the BARFOT study group, 7% of individuals diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis reported the presence of subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules upon initial diagnosis. And about 30–40% of all those diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis reported developing these nodules throughout the course of the disease. Subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules is correlated with the increased risk of cardiovascular and respiratory disease, and those with detected subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules should be assessed for cardiovascular and respiratory risk factors.

Cardiac nodules

Rheumatoid nodules may also form in the heart. Specifically, it could develop in the myocardium, pericardium, and other valvular structures, and these nodules can be discovered through echocardiograms. There are little studies with minimal data on  the development of cardiac nodules in association with rheumatoid arthritis, but the general consensus is that such occurrences is relatively rare.

Pulmonary Nodules

The reported prevalence of pulmonary nodules has varying depending on the method of detection. In a 1984 study done on lung biopsies in rheumatoid arthritis, the reported prevalence was about 32% in a sample size of 40 individuals. However, another clinical study utilizing a different method of detection; plain film radiographs of the chest; showed that only 2 out of 516 people (~0.4%) diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis developed pulmonary nodules. Additionally, other clinical studies have reported increased pulmonary nodule growth following treatments with methotrexate, leflunomide, and etanercept.

Central nervous system nodules

Like cardiac nodules, nodules developing in the central nervous system is also relatively rare. Most reports of nodule growth on the central nervous system also presented with severe stages of erosive joint diseases. Generally, these nodules can be detected through MRI and confirmed through biopsies. As of right now, there are no known mediations that have been reported in reducing nodules in the central nervous systems.

Prevention
There are no methods as of right now to completely prevent the development of rheumatoid nodules, but for those diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, proper management of the disease could reduce the risk of nodule formation. Additionally, proper medication adherence, smoking cessation, increasing physical activity, and keeping up with doctor appointments are just some lifestyle changes that could "prevent" nodules.

Treatment
Treatment for rheumatoid nodules may be tricky as some treatments for rheumatoid arthritis can act against the nodules. Common drug therapies for rheumatoid arthritis may show no benefits towards the treatment for rheumatoid nodules. Common drug therapies, such as anti TNF treatment or other immunosuppressive drugs, for rheumatoid arthritis has shown little effect on the nodules. In fact, it has been shown that Methotrexate, a drug often used in rheumatoid arthritis, is actually correlated with the increased risk of nodule formation. Because rheumatoid nodules also cause pain or nerve entrapment, treatment for these symptoms with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be sufficient. Other drug therapies, such as corticosteroids, have shown to decrease nodular size, however, it can increase the risk of infection as well. Local corticosteroid injections seems to be the most studied treatment for rheumatoid nodules as of now.

Surgery to have the nodule removed is another option that can be done to treat rheumatoid nodules. However, usually these are usually only indicated in the case of eroding/ necrotising skin.

See also

 Rheumatoid nodulosis
 Rheumatoid arthritis

References

External links

Histopathology
Arthritis


Insect ecology is the scientific study of how insects, individually or as a community, interact with the surrounding environment or ecosystem.

Insects play significant roles in the ecology of the world due to their vast diversity of form, function and lifestyle; their considerable biomass; and their interaction with plant life, other organisms and the environment. Since they are the major contributor to biodiversity in the majority of habitats, except in the sea, they accordingly play a variety of extremely important ecological roles in the many functions of an ecosystem. Taking the case of nutrient recycling, insects contribute to this vital function by degrading or consuming leaf litter, wood, carrion and dung and by dispersal of fungi.

Insects form an important part of the food chain, especially for entomophagous vertebrates such as many mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles. Insects play an important role in maintaining community structure and composition; in the case of animals by transmission of diseases, predation and parasitism, and in the case of plants, through phytophagy and by plant propagation through pollination and seed dispersal. From an anthropocentric point of view, insects compete with humans; they consume as much as 10% of the food produced by man and infect one in six humans with a pathogen.

Community ecology

Community ecology is the process by which a group of organisms which live in the same location interact.  There is direct interaction, which takes the form of symbiosis, competition and predation, which are the most easily notable.  There is also indirect interaction, such as reproduction, foraging patterns and decaying.  Every organism at its most basic state could be a consumer in some situations, and a producer in others.  The culmination of all these interactions is what defines a community and what differentiates one from another.  Insects often play several roles in these communities, though these roles vary widely based on what species is present.

Decomposers

Decomposer insects are ones that feed on dead or rotten bodies of plant or animal life.  These insects are called saprophages and fall into three main categories: those that feed on dead or dying plant matter, those that feed on dead animals (carrion), and those that feed on excrement (feces) of other animals.  As dead plants are eaten away, more surface area is exposed, allowing the plants to decay faster due to an increase in microorganisms eating the plant. These insects are largely responsible for helping to create a layer of humus on the soil that provides an ideal environment for various fungi, microorganisms and bacteria.  These organisms produce much of the nitrogen, carbon, and minerals that plants need for growth.  Carrion feeders include several beetles, ants, mites, wasps, fly larvae (maggots), and others.  These insects occupy the dead body for a short period of time but rapidly consume and/or bury the carcass.  Typically, some species of fly are the first to eat the body, but the order of insects that follows is predictable and known as the faunal succession.  Many dung beetles and manure flies are attracted to the smell of animal feces.  The adults often lay eggs on fresh excrement and the larvae will feed on the organic matter.  Many species of dung-feeders have evolved so they will only feed on feces from a specific species.  There is even a type of dung-beetle that will roll feces into a ball, push it into a pre-dug hole, lay an egg in that dung and then cover it with fresh dirt to provide a perfect nursery for their larvae.

Carnivores

Carnivorous insects survive by eating other living animals, be it through hunting, sucking blood, or as an internal parasite.  These insects fall into three basic categories: predators, parasites, and parasitoids.

Predatory insects are typically larger as their survival is dependent upon their ability to hunt, kill/immobilize, and eat their prey. However, there are several exceptions, with ants being the most notable.  Ants, and other colony insects, can use their sheer numbers to overwhelm their prey even if the ants are significantly smaller.  They often have specialized mandibles (mouthparts) for this task, some causing excruciating pain, paralysis, or simply having a high bite force.  Conversely, insects that live on their own must be able to reliably bring down their prey and as such have developed a myriad of unique hunting methods.  Some actively travel, seeking out their prey, while others wait in an ambush.  Others may release chemicals to attract specific creatures and others still will eat anything they can.

Parasites infest the victim's body and eat it from the inside out.  The presence of the parasite is often not noticed by the host as the size discrepancy is typically so vast.  Parasites vary widely in how they survive in their host; some complete their full life cycle within the body while others may only stay in for the duration of their larval stage.  There is as great of variation in methodology and species in parasites as in any other type of insect.  The most threatening parasites to humans are ones that live outside the host and consume the host's blood.  These species transmit viruses, disease, and even other, smaller parasites to the host, spreading these throughout the populations of many third world countries with poor health care.

A subcategory of parasites, called parasitoids, is one that feeds on the host body so much so that the host is eventually eaten.  One species of wasp, the spider wasp, will paralyze spiders before bringing them back to their nest and injecting them with a wasp larvae.  The larvae will eat its way out, secreting a numbing and paralyzing agent until there is nothing left of the spider other than the exoskeleton, then go through a metamorphism and become an adult wasp.

Herbivores
Out of all described eukaryotes almost one third are herbivorous insects, about 500,000. They feed on living plant matter or the products of a plant. These insects may eat essential parts of the plant, such as the leaves or sap, or they may survive on the pollen and nectar produced by the plant.  Herbivorous insects often use olfactory or visual cues to determine a potential host plant.  A visual cue could simply be the outline of a certain type of leaf, or the high contrast between the petals of a flower and the leaves surrounding it.  These are typically associated with the olfactory signal an insect may receive from their intended meal.  The olfactory cue could be the scent of the nectar produced by a flower, a certain chemical excreted to repel unwanted predators, or the exposed sap of a cherry tree. Either of these two senses could be the driving force behind an insect choosing to consume a certain plant, but it is only after it takes the first bite, and the confirmation of this food is made by its sense of taste, that it truly feeds.  After a herbivorous insect is finished feeding on a plant, it will either wait there until hungry again, or move on to another task, be it finding more food, a mate, or shelter.  Herbivorous insects bring significantly more danger to a plant than that of consumption; they are among the most prominent disease-carrying creatures in the insect world.  There are numerous diseases, fungi, and parasites that can be carried by nearly any herbivorous insect, many of which fatal to the plant infected.  Some diseases even produce a sweet smelling, sticky secretion from the infected plant to attract more insects and spread farther. In return plants have their own defenses. Some of these defenses are toxic secondary metabolites to deter insects. These toxins limit the diet breadth of herbivores, and evolving mechanisms to nonetheless continue herbivory is an important part of maintaining diet breadth in insects, and so in their evolutionary history as a whole. Both pleiotropy and epistasis have complex effects in this regard, with the simulations of Griswold 2006 showing that more genes provide the benefit of more targets for adaptive mutations, while Fisher 1930 showed that a mutation can improve one trait while epistasis causes it to also trigger negative effects - slowing down adaptation.

Schoonhoven and associates, from Blaney et al 1985 to Schoonhoven et al 1992, illuminate the interplay between chemoreceptor stimuli in Lepidoptera and Orthoptera. They used Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera littoralis, S. frugiperda, Chloridea virescens, and grasshoppers. They find that most insects respond immediately and roughly equally to phagostimulant  indicating good food  and phagodeterrent  indicating a food to be avoided, or a material which is not food  substances. They also present some divergent examples, both delayed response  suggesting that food decisions were mediated by cognition and not just simple chemoreception  and unequal chemoreceptor stimulation  with gustatory cells firing equally when presented with any material, but deterrent cells firing to a greater degree for undesirable materials. (They also investigate similar questions of seeking/avoidance in common questions of dietary balance of protein and carbohydrate  i.e. less risky dietary choices where toxins are not the deciding factor  and find similar results, with some insects eating solely by chemoreception and some showing delayed decisions, suggesting cognition.) Both salicin and caffeine are antifeedants, and some of the Schoonhoven group's investigations test both the deterrence they produce and habituation to them. The Glendinning group has done some similar work. They find Manduca sextas habituation to salicin to be cognitively mediated because deterrent sensory cell stimulation barely decreases even when avoidance ceases. On the other hand Glendinning et al 1999 finds M. sexta habituation to caffeine to be due to change in chemoreceptor activation because it decreases significantly, and at the same time as cessation of feeding avoidance. The same work tests the cross-effects of habituation between the two chemicals, finding that they probably share a second messenger. For both phagostimulus and deterrence stimuli they find that the effects of multiple stimulations by multiple substances  upon the same cells, simultaneously  produce additive effects, up to the cell's firing rate ceiling.

Climate change is expected to change herbivory relationships. Liu et al 2011 finds no change in distribution in one example, but instead the same herbivore switched primary hosts due to altered flowering time. Gillespie et al 2012 found host mismatch due to temperature shift. (These methodologies in herbivory could be applied to study the same question in climate change + pollination.  however this remains to be tried.)

Coevolution
Coevolution is the ecological process by which two species exclusively affect each other’s evolution. This concept is essential to the study of insect ecology. Coevolution is particularly important in how it can lead to both micro- and macro-evolutionary changes. Micro-evolutionary changes include shifts in genome and alleles while macro-evolution is the emergence of a new species, also called speciation. Two species that coevolve experience reciprocal evolution and go through biological changes as a result of the other species. One example of this in insect ecology is the coevolution of Dasyscolia ciliata, a species of wasp, and Ophrys speculum, a species of orchid. These two species have both evolved in such a way that the wasp is the only known pollinator of the plant. This relationship can be seen in other species of flowering plants and pollinating insects, but a more distinct example is the coevolution of ants and acacias. The acacia ant (Pseudomyrmex ferruginea) is an insect that has been discovered to protect five different species of acacia trees. The ant provides protection to the plant while the acacias reciprocate by supplying food and shelter. Over generations, these two species have adapted to accommodate each other, an example of coevolution.

Interspecific relationships
Due to their diverse functions, diets, and lifestyles, insects are integral components of terrestrial ecological communities. Beyond functioning as decomposers, carnivores, and herbivores, insects often participate in other species interactions. These interactions can both positively and adversely affect plants, mammals, and other insects. More specifically, insects participate in mutualism, amensalism, commensalism, predation and parasitism.

Mutualism
Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship between two or more species in which each benefits. Common mutualistic relationships include cleaning symbiosis, animal induced pollination, or protection from predators. One example of insect mutualism is the pollination of flowering plants by insects, a field of study known as anthecology. Primarily, various bee species work as pollinators of flowering plants, feeding on their nectar and in turn picking up their pollen and spreading it to other flowers. Another example of insect mutualism is the process by which ants shelter and feed aphids in their anthills and feed off of their honeydew in return.

Amensalism
Amensalism is a non-symbiotic species interaction in which one organism negatively affects the other organism but is unaffected by that organism. This type of species interaction is common in nature, and an example in insect ecology is between goats and insects. The two individuals compete for the same food source, but goats will deprive the latter from feeding. The goat is completely unaffected by the interaction, but the insect is left hungry.

Commensalism
Commensalism is a different type of ecological interaction between species in which one species gains benefits while the other is neither harmed nor benefited. Two examples of commensalism that can be seen in insect ecology are phoresy, an interaction in which one attaches itself to another for transportation, and inquilinism, the use of another organism for shelter. Ticks and mites have adapted to latch onto beetles, flies, and bees (as well as other organisms) for transportation, an example of phoresy. In terms of inquilinism, insects commonly establish themselves in human garages or shelters of other animals for protection against predators and weather.

Parasitoid insects
Parasitoids are insects that live intimately with a host, feed off of the host like a parasite, but eventually kill the host. This specific type of species interaction is exclusive to insects and is employed most commonly by wasps. An example of this is when parasitoid wasps inject their eggs into aphids. The eggs will eventually hatch and produce wasp larvae that feed on and consume the organism. Additionally, some parasitoids chemically affect the host to propagate the development of parasitic offspring. Parasitoid wasps typically prey on a specific insect or spider species, and the host life-stage at which the wasp deposits its seed differs. In regard to humans, parasitoid insects are favored because they can be used as biological pest controls for farmers, preying on other insects that damage crops.

References

Bibliography

  (1999). Ecological Entomology. 2nd Edition (illustrated). John Wiley and Sons. , .Limited preview on Google Books. Accessed on 09 Jan 2010,

External links

Articles containing video clips


Erigeron karvinskianus, the Mexican fleabane, is a species of daisy-like flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to Mexico and parts of Central America.

Other common names include Latin American fleabane, Santa Barbara daisy, Spanish daisy, Karwinsky's fleabane, or bony-tip fleabane.

Description
It is a vigorous, spreading perennial plant growing from woody rhizomes to a maximum height of . Its leaves are located along the stem, the basal leaves dying off as the plant bolts. They are sometimes slightly toothed or lobed near the tips. The inflorescences hold one or more flower heads which are each about 1 cm (0.4 inches) wide. They have golden yellow disc florets in the center surrounded by a fringe of up to 80 white to pinkish ray florets.

Flowering
In the UK, it flowers from May to October.

Distribution
Erigeron karvinskianus is native to much of Mexico, Central America, Colombia and Venezuela. and is naturalized in many other places, including parts of Africa and Europe, Australia, Hong Kong, Chile and the west coast of the United States.

Taxonomy
The plant was first described in 1836 by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle. The specific epithet refers to Wilhelm Friedrich Karwinski von Karwin, who collected the plant in Mexico according to de Candolle.

Cultivation
Erigeron karvinskianus is also cultivated for its daisy-like blooms, and is often confused with the closely related true daisy Bellis perennis. It is frequently grown in crevices in walls or paving, where it rapidly spreads to provide a carpet of flowers. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.  It was used to colonise the concrete terraces of the football stadium (Estadio Azteca) built in Mexico City for the 1970 World Cup.

Gallery

References

External links

Jepson Manual Treatment
United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California

karvinskianus
Flora of Mexico
Flora of Central America
Flora of Southern America
Garden plants
Plants described in 1836


Žarko Olarević (; born 28 July 1950) is a Serbian former football manager and player.

Playing career
Olarević made his competitive debut for Partizan in the second half of the 1967–68 season. He later spent two seasons at Proleter Zrenjanin, before returning to Partizan. In the 1972 winter transfer window, Olarević was transferred to Radnički Kragujevac.

In 1976, Olarević went abroad to Belgium to play for Royal Antwerp. He subsequently moved to France and joined Lille, helping the club to promotion to the top flight in 1978. Between 1981 and 1983, Olarević spent two seasons at Le Havre. He retired after playing for Marseille in 1983–84.

Managerial career
Shortly after hanging up his boots, Olarević became manager of Marseille, leading them to the 1986 Coupe de France Final. He later served as manager of Bulgaria's Slavia Sofia, Morocco's Wydad Casablanca, and Poland's Zagłębie Lubin.

Honours
Proleter Zrenjanin
 Yugoslav Second League: 1970–71
Radnički Kragujevac
 Yugoslav Second League: 1973–74
Lille
 French Division 2: 1977–78
Marseille
 French Division 2: 1983–84

References

External links

1950 births
Living people
Footballers from Belgrade
Yugoslav men's footballers
Serbian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
FK Partizan players
FK Proleter Zrenjanin players
FK Radnički 1923 players
Royal Antwerp F.C. players
Lille OSC players
Le Havre AC players
Olympique de Marseille players
Yugoslav First League players
Yugoslav Second League players
Belgian Pro League players
Ligue 2 players
Ligue 1 players
Yugoslav expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Yugoslav expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Yugoslav expatriate sportspeople in France
Yugoslav football managers
Serbia and Montenegro football managers
Serbian football managers
Olympique de Marseille managers
FK Radnički 1923 managers
FK Sutjeska Nikšić managers
PFC Slavia Sofia managers
Wydad AC managers
Zagłębie Lubin managers
Ligue 1 managers
Botola managers
Yugoslav expatriate football managers
Serbia and Montenegro expatriate football managers
Expatriate football managers in France
Expatriate football managers in Bulgaria
Expatriate football managers in Morocco
Expatriate football managers in Poland
Serbia and Montenegro expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria
Serbia and Montenegro expatriate sportspeople in Poland


Andrew Reed may refer to:

Sports
Andrew Reed (baseball), American baseball third baseman
Andrew Joseph Reed or A. J. Reed (born 1993), American baseball first baseman
Andrew Reed (rower), American rower
Andy Reed (rugby union) (born 1969), former Cornish rugby union player who played for Scotland

Others
Andrew Reed (minister) (1787–1862), British Congregational minister and philanthropist
Andrew Reed (police officer) (1837–1914), inspector in the Irish policeforce
Andy Reed (politician) (born 1964), former British MP

See also
Andrew F. Read, biologist
Andy Reid (disambiguation)


OPRA can refer to:

 Options Price Reporting Authority an American financial markets data authority
 Occupational Pensions Regulatory Authority, a former UK government body
 Open Public Records Act


Nancy Nigrosh is the former head of The Gersh Agency Literary Department and team member of both the Literary and Talent Departments at Innovative Artists. Nigrosh's clients have included Chris Eyre, Academy Award-winner Kathryn Bigelow, Amanda Brown, Stuart Beattie, Leslye Headland and Barry Morrow.

Early life and education
During her time at NYU's Tisch School of the Arts, Nigrosh's mentor Terry Southern offered to co-write a script that she had pitched in class and subsequently after their collaboration, encouraged her to apply to UCLA's School of Theater Film & Television Department where she was accepted into the Masters Screenwriting Program.

Career
Nigrosh first worked as a script supervisor for Martin Scorsese's Mean Streets. Due to her ability to complexly discern levels of writing skills, this led her to work as a freelance reader for a number of production companies, which then launched her career as a literary agent in Hollywood.

Currently, she works as a writers' career consultant, often focusing on professional direction for aspiring people of color and women writers. She also teaches at UCLA Extension Writers' Program and frequently contributes to Indiewire's "Thompson on Hollywood" blog.

References

External links

 Read This Before You Write a Screenplay - The Daily Beast
 L.A. Affairs A little editing leads to happy ending for literary agent | LA Times
 Diversity in Hollywood | LA Times
 Comic-Con 2017: Saturday Schedule for TV-Related Events -- 'Once Upon a Time,' 'Supergirl' and More
 UCLA Extension Instructors Advise Aspiring Screenwriters On Breaking-In

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American talent agents
Tisch School of the Arts alumni
University of California, Los Angeles alumni
American media executives
American literary editors


Custom House is a Canadian foreign exchange and money transfers company based in Victoria, British Columbia. It was acquired by Western Union in 2009 and now forms part of that company's "Western Union Business Solutions" division. In 2022, Western Union sold its business to business foreign exchange division, which became Convera.

History
The company was founded in 1992 as a small tourist currency exchange kiosk titled "Custom House Currency Exchange" in Victoria's old waterfront customs house.  In 1993, the company opened its first corporate foreign exchange office.

After expanding in Canada, it began its US operations in 1997 and an Australian operation in 2000. The company was later renamed "Custom House Global Foreign Exchange", then renamed again to "Custom House". It provided small businesses and individuals with services that included wire transfers, foreign currency drafts, and forward exchange contracts.

In 2009, Western Union bought the company for $370 million USD. In 2015, Custom House's founder, Peter Gustavson, incorporated a new foreign exchange and global payment company which its assets were acquired by Global Reach Group in 2020 and subsequently Fleetcor in 2022.

References

Western Union
Financial services companies of Canada
Financial services companies established in 1992
2009 mergers and acquisitions
Foreign exchange companies

Financial services companies based in British Columbia


The Archdiocese of Częstochowa () is a Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church located in the city of Częstochowa in Poland.

History

 October 28, 1925: Established as Diocese of Częstochowa. Its serves as a suffragan diocese to the newly formed Archdiocese of Krakow
 March 25, 1992: Promoted as Metropolitan Archdiocese of Częstochowa

Special churches

 Minor Basilica, National Shrine:  Bazylika Jasnogórska Wniebowzięcia N.M.P. / Sanktuarium Najświętszej Maryi Panny Częstochowskiej (Jasna Góra Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary), Częstochowa
 Minor Basilica:  Bazylika pw. Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Maryi Panny (OO Dominikanów) (Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary), Gidle

Leadership
 Bishops of Częstochowa (Roman rite):
 Bishop Teodor Kubina (1925.12.14 – 1951.02.13)
 Bishop Zdzislaw Goliński (1951.04.22 – 1963.07.06)
 Bishop Stefan Bareła (1964.01.17 – 1984.02.12)
 Bishop Stanisław Nowak (1984.10.26 – 1992.03.25)
 Archbishops of Częstochowa (Roman rite):
 Archbishop Stanisław Nowak (1992.03.25 – 2011.12.29)
 Archbishop Wacław Depo (since 2011.12.29)

Suffragan dioceses
 Radom
 Sosnowiec

See also
Roman Catholicism in Poland
Minor Seminary of the Archdiocese of Częstochowa

Sources
 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy
  Diocese website

Roman Catholic dioceses in Poland
Christian organizations established in 1925
Częstochowa
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century


The Mylenium Tour was Mylène Farmer's 1999–2000 concert tour in support of her fifth studio album, Innamoramento.

Critical reception and commercial success
According to the French magazine Instant-Mag, the "Mylenium Tour is more beautiful [than the 1996 tour] by the originality of the selection of songs, the grandiose stage, an entry even more impressive, and especially an overwhelming and perfect end, perhaps more comparable to that of the 1989 tour."

More than 450,000 people attended the concert series that cost more than 20 million euros.

A musical channel of the Russian television, MUZ TV, elected "Mylenium Tour" as the best concert at that year.

Set list
Introduction
 "Mylenium" (opening)
 "L'Amour naissant"
Act I
 "L'Âme-stram-gram"
 "Beyond My Control" (replaced by "Que mon cœur lâche" in Russia)
 "Rêver"
 "Il n'y a pas d'ailleurs" (not performed in Russia)
 "Mylène Is Calling (Interlude)"
Act II
  "Optimistique-moi"
 "Medley" ("Pourvu qu'elles soient douces" / "Libertine" / "Maman a tort" / "Sans contrefaçon")
 "Regrets"
 "Désenchantée"
Act III
 "Méfie-toi"
 "Dessine-moi un mouton"
 "California"
 "Pas le temps de vivre" (replaced by "Je t'aime mélancolie" in Russia)
Act IV
 "Je te rends ton amour"
 "Souviens-toi du jour"
Encore
 "Dernier Sourire"
 "Innamoramento"
 "Mylenium" (closing)

Tour dates
There were a total of 43 shows, from September 21, 1999 to March 8, 2000, in four countries (France, Belgium, Switzerland and Russia):

Content

Credits and personnel

 Production: Tuxedo Tour
 Editions: Requiem Publishing
 Design entertainment: Mylène Farmer
 Set designer: Guy-Claude François
 Costumes designed by: Dominique Borg
 Make-up & hair: Pierre Vinuesa
 Lighting design: Fred Peveri
 Sound: Laurent Buisson
 Sound engineer: Thierry Rogen
 Production director: Paul Van Parys
 Musical direction: Yvan Cassar

 Musicians: Yvan Cassar, Eric Chevalier (keyboards), Jeff Dahlgren, Brian Ray (guitar), Jerry Watts Jr (bass), Abraham Laboriel Jr (drums)
 Choristers: Johana Manchec-Ferdinand, Esther Dobong' Na Essienne
 Choreography: Mylène Farmer ("L'Âme-Stram-Gram", "Optimistique-moi", "Désenchantée", "Souviens-toi du jour"); Christophe Danchaud ("Méfie-toi", "Dessine-moi un mouton") ; Mylène Farmer and Christophe Danchaud ("Pourvu qu'elles soient douces").
 Management: Thierry Suc
 Dancers: Christophe Danchaud, Valérie Bony, Augustin Madrid Ocampo Jr, Midori Anami, Lysander O. Abadia, Andrew Cheng, Richard Patten, Corey Smith
 Sponsors: NRJ, TF1, Coca-Cola
 Photos: Claude Gassian
 Design: Henry Neu / Com' N.B
 Tour Truck Drivers: Andy Barr, Davey Forbes, Mark Philips, Rob Bailey.

References

Further reading and press

 Julien Wagner, Jean-François Kowalski, Marianne Rosenstiehl, Claude Gassian, Mylène Farmer : Belle de scène (book on Farmer's tours), K&B Ed, 27 April 2007 ()

1999 concert tours
2000 concert tours
Mylène Farmer concert tours
Concert tours of Russia


There are a number of football clubs based in Potsdam, the capital of Brandenburg in Germany, but the most successful team is the women's football club 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam.

The following teams are ranked according to the league they play in (updated for the 2012–13 season):

Bundesliga (I)
none

2. Bundesliga (II)
none

3. Liga (III)
 SV Babelsberg 03

Regionalliga Nord (IV)
none

NOFV-Oberliga Nord (V)
none

Brandenburg-Liga (VI)
 SV Babelsberg 03 II
 Werderaner FC Viktoria 1920

Brandenburger Landesliga (Nord) (VII)
 RSV Eintracht Teltow 1949

Brandenburger Landesliga (Süd) (VII)
 SG Michendorf

Brandenburger Landesklasse-Mitte (VIII)
 Fortuna Babelsberg
 FSV Babelsberg 74
 SV Babelsberg 03 III
 Potsdamer Kickers
 Teltower FV 1913

Kreisliga (Havelland-Mitte) (IX)
 Eintracht 90 Babelsberg
 Fortuna Babelsberg II
 SG Blau-Weiß Beelitz
 SG Bornim
 Caputher SV
 Potsdamer Kickers II
 SV Ruhlsdorf 1893
 SG Saarmund
 RSV Eintracht Teltow 1949 II
 Werderaner FC Viktoria 1920 II

1. Kreisklasse (Havelland-Mitte) (X)
 FSV Babelsberg 74 II
 SG Blau-Weiß Beelitz II
 SG Bornim II
 Eintracht Glindow
 SG Grün-Weiß Golm
 SG Rot-Weiß Groß Glienicke
 FSV Groß Kreutz
 SG Michendorf II
 FV Turbine Potsdam 55
 SG Saarmund II
 ESV Lok Seddin

2. Kreisklasse (Havelland-Mitte) (XI)
 Caputher SV II
 SV 1948 Ferch
 Eintracht Glindow II
 SG Grün-Weiß Golm II
 Juventas Crew Alpha
 SG Michendorf III
 Eintracht Potsdam West
 ESV Lokomotiv Potsdam
 Potsdamer Kickers III
 UFK Potsdam
 Teltower FV 1913 II
 Werderaner FC Viktoria 1920 III

3. Kreisklasse Staffel A (Havelland-Mitte) (XII)
 FSV Groß Kreutz II
 SG Paaren

3. Kreisklasse Staffel B (Havelland-Mitte) (XII)
 Eintracht 90 Babelsberg II
 Fortuna Babelsberg III
 FSV Babelsberg 74 III
 Juventas Crew Alpha II
 Potsdamer FC 73
 Eintracht Potsdam West II
 ESV Lokomotiv Potsdam II
 FV Turbine Potsdam 55 II
 Potsdamer Sport-Union 04
 USV Potsdam
 SV 05 Rehbrücke
 SV Ruhlsdorf 1893 II
 SG Saarmund III
 SG Schenkenhorst
 FC Blau-Weiß Stücken
 RSV Eintracht Teltow 1949 III

References
 www.fussball.de

Football
Potsdam
Foo


The Serie B 1957–58 was the twenty-sixth tournament of this competition played in Italy since its creation.

Teams
Prato and Lecco had been promoted from Serie C, while Triestina and Palermo had been relegated from Serie A.

Events
Relegations were cancelled in March by new Football League’s chairman Giuseppe Pasquale in order to expand the number of participants from 18 to 20.
Moreover, Bari, the second ranked team, had to play a qualification match with Verona, that ranked 17th in 1957–58 Serie A.

Final classification

Results

Serie A qualification play-off
Bari had to play a qualification match against the team that ranked 17th in Serie A.

Bari promoted to Serie A.

References and sources
Almanacco Illustrato del Calcio - La Storia 1898-2004, Panini Edizioni, Modena, September 2005

Serie B seasons
2
Italy


KGHL (790 kHz) is an AM radio station broadcasting a classic country format licensed to Billings, Montana, United States. The station is currently owned by KGHL Radio LLC, which is owned by the Northern Broadcasting System and features programming from CBS News Radio, Compass Media Networks, and United Stations Radio Networks. KGHL's studios and offices are located in the Northern Broadcasting building on First Avenue North in downtown Billings; the transmitter is in Lockwood.

KGHL was the first radio station in Billings and remained dominant into the 1980s.

History

Billings's first, Billings's only
The Northwestern Auto Supply Company opened KGHL, broadcasting initially on 1350 kHz, on the evening of June 8, 1928; the first announcer heard over the station was Eric Thornton, who served as program director and was hired from KOIL in Council Bluffs, Iowa. The highlight of the inaugural program was a remote address by Governor John E. Erickson, speaking from the state capital of Helena; the equipment to enable the governor to deliver his remarks over the station was flown from Billings to Helena earlier that day in hazardous conditions, landing with an empty gasoline tank. Original studios for the station were located on the third floor of the auto supply company's building in downtown Billings; with limited room, some bands played on the roof. Northwestern had begun selling radios in 1924, but without a local station, they found sales and radio demonstrations difficult in the Billings area, where only one station was reliably received, KFKX at Hastings, Nebraska. KGHL was not the first radio station to operate in the state of Montana—that distinction belongs to KFBB (now KEIN) in Great Falls, Montana—but its arrival marked the beginning of a new era in broadcasting in the state with the 1928 commissioning of a new  self-supporting tower, one of the tallest in the United States at that time. The tower stood for 72 years until being demolished in 2020. In 1929 KGHL brought the first network radio programming to Montana when it aired the NBC broadcast of Herbert Hoover's inauguration.

Over the course of the 1930s and 1940s, KGHL grew substantially. After General Order 40 had assigned the station a new frequency of 950 kHz, it raised its power to 500 watts in 1929 and then to 1,000 watts in 1930. The second power increase also included a transmitter move to a site outside of the city. The next year, it became a full NBC affiliate, with the ability to air programming from NBC's Red and Blue networks or its then-separate Gold and Orange circuits on the West Coast. In 1934, the station was allowed to operate experimentally on 780 kHz, which was extended until becoming permanent in 1936. Further technical boosts came later in the 1930s with a final power increase to 5,000 watts in 1938. NARBA moved KGHL, and other stations on 780, to 790 kHz.

New competition, new owners

KGHL stood alone in Billings for the first 18 years of its existence. In 1946, station KBMY (1230 AM) was established by the Billings Broadcasting Corporation, and 1951 brought KOOK (970 AM), owned by the Montana Network. The new competition prompted original owner Campbell to quit, and he sold KGHL to the Walter Schott Company of Cincinnati in 1952, along with the auto supply company, a  farm at the KGHL transmitter site, and a  cattle ranch. Schott renamed the Northwestern Auto Supply Company to Northwestern Industries in 1953.

Northwestern sold KGHL in 1954 to the Midland Empire Broadcasting Company for $270,000; the four principals of Midland hailed from the oil and gas industry. Midland Empire immediately moved to apply for a television station; in November 1955, the Federal Communications Commission granted it a construction permit for channel 8, and after prevailing against court challenges to the grant, KGHL-TV signed on March 15, 1958. New quarters at 214 N. 30th Street were constructed for the combined radio-TV operation.

In 1962, Midland Empire sold KGHL radio and television to Crain-Snyder Television of Great Falls; KGHL-TV changed its call letters to KULR-TV upon Crain-Snyder taking over on January 1, 1963. As part of the deal, the new owners immediately spun off the radio station to the Copper Broadcasting Company, owned by George C. Hatch. The sale brought KGHL its first radio sister stations in the state, KOPR in Butte and KMON in Great Falls. Additionally, the station moved its studios to the transmitter site.

Hatch built and signed on an FM sister station to KGHL, KBMS (98.5 FM), in August 1977. In 1984, KGHL began broadcasting in AM stereo.

Sunrise Montana ownership
After more than 20 years, Hatch sold KGHL and the FM station, then known as KIDX, for $3 million in 1985 to Dick Elliot. Elliot had previously become general manager of the two stations in 1982 before stepping down to buy two stations in his hometown of Salt Lake City. By this time, KGHL had become a country music outlet, which dominated the ratings in Billings and earned national honors for stations in its market size.

Elliot moved the stations' studios and offices out of the transmitter site and to a business park along Interstate 90. During his ownership, KGHL ratings sank as music listening move to FM. In 1986, the station posted a 31.4 percent share of the market, nearly double the nearest competitor; three years later, however, Arbitron showed KGHL in a tie for second with just 12.2 percent share as three FM stations gained ground: contemporary stations KYYA (93.3 FM) and KZLS (97.1 FM) and country KCTR-FM 102.9.

KGHL in the 1990s

In 1991, Pegasus Broadcasting Company of Helena, whose CEO was Chris Brennan, purchased KGHL-KIDX from Elliot. The president of Pegasus, Dan Snyder, was the same Snyder that had purchased then-KGHL-TV in 1962. Pegasus also took over the operations of KKUL AM 1230/FM 95.5, which were at the time owned by the First Security Bank of Livingston. In March 1992, 95.5 became KGHL-FM and entered into a simulcast with 790 AM.

In early 1993, KGHL-FM dropped the call letters and rebranded as KDWG "The Dawg" in an attempt to go after KCTR "Cat Country". ("The Dawg" moved to 98.5 FM later in the year as part of a frequency swap between it and KIDX's long-running Magic adult contemporary format.)

As The Dawg established itself on FM, KGHL became a news/talk outlet by 1995, when Brennan placed his Montana radio holdings under the control of the One on One Sports network, which he headed. The next year, the station picked up play-by-play of the Colorado Rockies baseball team. Brennan sold his AM-FM pairs in Billings and Helena to American Cities Broadcasting in 1997 for $3 million, by which time KGHL had moved back to a classic country format. After acquiring KRSQ, then at 101.7 FM, American Cities sold its Billings cluster to New Northwest Broadcasters in 1999.

Northern Broadcasting ownership
New Northwest continued to own KGHL until 2009, when its entire five-station Billings cluster was spun off to company president and CEO Pete Benedetti. Benedetti sold KGHL, its lone AM, to KGHL Radio, LLC, in 2011, retaining a 30 percent stake in the new licensee; Benedetti retained the separately programmed KGHL-FM, which changed its call letters to KEWF as a condition of the sale. The majority owners of KGHL Radio, Taylor and Shannon Brown, integrated the station with the Northern Ag Network, a syndicator of farm news to stations, which they also owned; Brown grew up listening to KGHL as a child in Sand Springs.

FM translator
In 2016, Taylor Brown acquired K234CP, an FM translator at 94.7 FM, to rebroadcast KGHL on the FM band; it was moved to Billings from Columbus.

References

External links

FCC History Cards for KGHL

GHL (AM)
Radio stations established in 1928
1928 establishments in Montana


KHDN (1230 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a News Talk Information format. Licensed to Hardin, Montana, United States, the station serves the Billings metropolitan area. The station is currently owned by Chris Kortlander, through licensee Montana Radio Broadcasting Company LLC, and features programming from Salem Radio Network and Townhall News.

History
The station was assigned the call sign KHDN in 1963. The call sign changed to KYTY on August 10, 1984. On September 10, 1986, the station changed its call sign to KBSR, on March 28, 1989, to KKUL, and on June 1, 1995 to the current KHDN.

References

External links

FCC History Cards for KHDN

HDN
Radio stations established in 1963
News and talk radio stations in the United States
1963 establishments in Montana


The 1996 World Wrestling Championships were held in Sofia, Bulgaria.

Medal table

Team ranking

Medal summary

Women's freestyle

Participating nations
105 competitors from 20 nations participated.

 (3)
 (3)
 (2)
 (9)
 (9)
 (4)
 (9)
 (1)
 (1)
 (7)
 (4)
 (2)
 (4)
 (9)
 (5)
 (6)
 (9)
 (5)
 (5)
 (8)

See also
 Wrestling at the 1996 Summer Olympics

References

Results

External links
UWW Database

World Wrestling Championships
W
W
W


Erigeron lassenianus is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name Mount Lassen fleabane.

Erigeron lassenianus is endemic to the high mountains of northern California, from close to the Oregon border south as far as northeastern Mendocino County and El Dorado County.

Erigeron lassenianus is a member of the coniferous forest understory. It grows erect or in low patches on the ground, reaching a maximum height of about 35 centimeters (14 inches). Its blue-green hairy foliage grows in a basal patch and along the stem, the leaves long and straight to spoon-shaped and between 5 and 15 centimeters (2-6 inches) in length. Atop the few-branched stem is an inflorescence of one to several flower heads each 5 to 12 centimeters (2-5 inches) wide. The center of each head is packed with golden yellow to pinkish-orange disc florets. Some heads also have ray florets which may be lavender or pinkish.

References

External links
United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California

lassenianus
Flora of California
Plants described in 1897
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Miguel de Fuenllana (c.1500–1579) was a Spanish vihuelist and composer of the Renaissance.

Biography
Little is known of his life. It is assumed from his name that his roots lie in the municipality of Fuenllana, in the province of Ciudad Real, although he was born in Navalcarnero, Madrid. Blind from birth, he composed a Libro de música para vihuela intitulado Orphenica Lyra  (Seville, 1554), dedicated to Philip II of Spain. At the arrival of Isabel de Valois, third wife of Philip II, she brought with her a group of French instrumental musicians who wished to stay in the Spanish court; Fuenllana alternated with this group and his musical works were performed together with those of foreign artists. At the death of the queen in 1568, he continued serving in the Spanish court.  He later served Don Sebastian of Portugal in Lisbon starting in 1574.

Works
Orphénica Lyra comprises 182 pieces in six volumes. In the first three, the pieces are ordered ascending by the number of voices, passing through 2 and 3 in the first to 5 and 6 in the motets of the third volume. The book includes 51 fantasias newly composed by Fuenllanas alongside works of 17 other composers. His style is polyphonic with a texture similar to that of Cristobal de Morales. This work also contains arrangements of vocal pieces by Josquin, Morales, Francisco Guerrero, and Philippe Verdelot, musicians from both Spain and the Low Countries. Fuenllana preferred the voice accompanied by vihuela to the vihuela solo. The vocal parts are written in red ciphers, indicating which notes are to be sung while the black ones are to be played on the vihuela; alternatively, one can play the whole intabulation although it is often very demanding (e.g., Mateo Flecha's Ensalada 'La Bomba' in the Libro Sexto).

The merits of Fuenllana's work were known to his contemporaries; in the Declaración de instrumentos of Fray Juan Bermudo, he writes:

Fuenllana was adept at finding apt harmonies and counterpoint to popular melodies: some of these traditional pieces are De los alamos vengo, madre, used by Lope de Vega; Morenica, dame, Con que la lavare, De Antequera sale el moro, and the romance of the loss of Antequera; thus, he presaged the coming of the accompanied melody of the Italians at the beginning of the seventeenth century.

Further reading
 Neuman, Hans Federico, Introducción a la música española del Renacimiento
 Griffiths, John Anthony. “The ‘vihuela’ Fantasia: A Comparative Study of Forms and Styles” (Ph.D., Monash University, Australia, 1984).
 Ward, John Milton. "The Vihuela de Mano and its Music (1536-1576)" (Ph.D., New York University, New York, 1953).

External links
Libro de Mvsica para Vihuela, intitulado Orphenica lyra : enl ql se cotienen muchas y diuersas obras... / copuesto por Miguel de Fuenllana (Biblioteca Virtual de Andalucía)

Renaissance composers
Blind classical musicians
Spanish blind people
Spanish classical composers
Male classical composers
Spanish male classical composers
1500s births
1579 deaths
Vihuela players


The Island of Eternal Love is a 2006 novel by Cuban author Daína Chaviano.

The plot is a family saga that takes place along two parallel lines: one during our time and another that begins in the 1850s.

The modern story revolves around the paranormal investigations of Cecilia, a young journalist researching a phantom house that appears and disappears in different parts of Miami. Several witnesses claim to have seen the inhabitants of that house, whose behavior seems to hide a secret that she decides to find out.

Before starting her investigations into the house, Cecilia goes to a bar, where she meets an old woman whom she befriends. Night after night, Cecilia listens to the story of that woman, who returns to that spot each evening to await a mysterious visitor. And this account is the other part of the novel, which begins in the nineteenth century in three regions of the world: Africa (Kingdom of Ifé, currently Nigeria), China (Canton) and Spain (Cuenca).

Different magical or supernatural events conspire to make the three stories from the past begin to mix: an ancient god’s promise changes the future of a young woman in the mountains of Cuenca (Spain); a ritual in which the presence of a sensual deity is invoked is secretly witnessed by a young girl, who falls under the demonic spell of the goddess; a spirit that can only be seen by the women in a family triggers events that decide the fate of all; the sudden appearance of a ghost causes a widow’s ruin... All of these events culminate in the story of a love that must face the opposition of two families.

Part history, part romance, part gothic, part esoteric, the novel also pays homage to the bolero. Historical personages from the world of music mix with fictional characters and are part of the plot: the pianist Joaquín Nin (father of Anaïs Nin), Ernesto Lecuona, Rita Montaner, Beny Moré, La Lupe, singer Fredesvinda García and others are historical figures caught up in the story.

The novel was first published in Spain by Grijalbo (Random House Group) in 2006 as La isla de los amores infinitos.

The Island of Eternal Love, whose rights have been sold to 26 languages, has become the most translated Cuban novel of all time.

Its English edition was released by Riverhead Books-Penguin Group (translated by Andrea L. Labinger) in June 2008.

References

External links
Daína Chaviano's Official Web. In English and Spanish.
The Island of Eternal Love Official Book Trailer
Official Book Page
All editions of the novel.
Laura Dail Literary Agency.
Library Journal Review, June 1, 2008.
Gary K. Wolfe, "A Rich, Moving, Musical Novel" (review of The Island of Eternal Love), Locus Magazine, June 2008.
Yvette Fuentes, Ph.D., "A Fascinating Fusion of History and Fantasy" (an academic review], Anthurium: A Caribbean Journal Studies, Vol. 6, Issue 2, Fall 2008. .

2008 American novels
Cuban magic realism novels
Cuban-American literature
Family saga novels
Fiction set in the 1850s
Hispanic and Latino American novels
Literature by Hispanic and Latino American women
Novels by Daína Chaviano
Novels set in China
Novels set in Miami
Novels set in Nigeria
Novels set in Spain
Novels set in the Caribbean
Novels set on islands


The Archdiocese of Gdańsk () is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Poland. The diocese's episcopal see is Gdańsk.

According to the church statistics Sunday mass attendance was 38.1% in 2013 making it lower than the Polish average of weekly mass attendance (39.1%).

Its Archcathedral Basilica of The Holy Trinity, Blessed Virgin Mary and St Bernard in Gdańsk is listed as a Historic Monument of Poland.

History

After World War I and restoration of independent Poland, the city of Gdańsk (Danzig) was not restored to Poland from Germany, but rather turned into a free city according to the Treaty of Versailles. The Catholic congregation west of the Vistula belonged to the Diocese of Chełmno, which was restored to Poland and east of the Vistula to the Diocese of Warmia, which remained part of Weimar Germany in the interbellum. Germans within the administration of the Diocese of Chełmno were replaced by Polish priests and the Polish language was implemented as binding. While about 130,000 people in Danzig were Catholic, only about 10 percent of them were Polish-speaking and the first attempts to reorganize the ecclesiastical allocation were made in spring 1919, when members of the German congregation asked for an affiliation to the Diocese of Warmia.

While these attempts were supported by the German government, the Polish government tried to preserve the current situation. Pope Pius XI decided to establish an Apostolic Administrator of the Free City of Danzig on 24 April 1922, which was directly subordinated to the Pope. In 1925 a concordat between Poland and the Holy See was signed and the Apostolic Administrator was now supposed to be subordinated to the Nuncio of Warsaw, which caused protests among the local populace. Thus the Pope established the exempt Diocese of Danzig on  30 December 1925 and appointed Edward O'Rourke as the first Bishop on 2 January 1926.

The Diocese was promoted as Metropolitan Archdiocese of Gdańsk on 25 March 1992. On 17 November 1993, the Archbishop issued the instructions on the status of Kashubian as a language of liturgy.

Reports of sex abuse

In 2019, three protestors toppled a statue of Rev. Henryk Jankowski following revelations that he sexually Barbara Borowiecka when she was a girl. Jankowski, who also had a criminal investigation involving the sexual abuse of a boy dropped against him in 2004, had been defrocked in 2005. However, he died in 2010 without ever being convicted of sex abuse. It has also been acknowledged that Lech Walsea's personal chaplain Rev. Franciszek Cybula had been accused of committing acts of sex abuse while serving in the  as well. On 13 August 2020, Pope Francis removed Gdańsk Archbishop Sławoj Leszek Głódź, who was among those who covered up abuse committed by Jankowski and Cybula. Glodz had also presided over Cybula's funeral. Despite the fact that Glodz had just turned 75, the required age for Catholic Bishops to offer their resignation, the move was described as "cleaning house," as it is highly unusual for the Pope to accept such a resignation on a prelate's actual birthday.

Special churches

 Cathedral, Minor Basilica:
 Cathedral Basilica of The Holy Trinity
 Co-Cathedral, Minor Basilica:
 Co-Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary
 Minor Basilicas:
St. Nicholas Basilica, Gdańsk
St. Brigid Basilica, Gdańsk

Leadership
Diocesan bishops
 1926–1938 - Edward O'Rourke (2 June 1926 – 13 June 1938)
 Apostolic Administrator of the Free City of Danzig, 1922–1926
 Carl Maria Splett (Karol Maria Splett) (13 June 1938 – 5 March 1964)
 arrested by the Polish communist government in 1945 and imprisoned; emigrated to Germany in 1956
 1945–1951 - Andrzej Wronka, apostolic administrator
 1951–1956 - Jan Cymanowski, vicar
 Edmund Nowicki (7 March 1964– 10 March 1971)
 coadjutor bishop, 1956–1964
 Lech Kaczmarek (1 December 1971– 31 July 1984)
 Tadeusz Gocłowski (31 December 1984 – 25 March 1992)

Metropolitan bishops
 Tadeusz Gocłowski (25 March 1992 – 17 April 2008)
 Sławoj Leszek Głódź (17 April 2008 – 13 August 2020)
 Tadeusz Wojda (2 March 2021 – present)

Auxiliary bishops
 1958–1971 – Lech Kaczmarek
 1972–1982 – Kazimierz Kluz
 1983–1984 – Tadeusz Gocłowski
 1985–2005 – Zygmunt Pawłowicz (retired in 2005)
 2005–2012 – Ryszard Kasyna
 since 2014 – Wiesław Szlachetka
 2015–2022 – Zbigniew Zieliński
 since 2022 – Piotr Przyborek

Suffragan dioceses
 Pelplin
 Toruń

See also
Roman Catholicism in Poland

References

External links
 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy
  Diocese website

Roman Catholic dioceses in Poland
Christian organizations established in 1925
Archdiocese
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century