John Alfred Marcum (September 9, 1909 – September 10, 1984), nicknamed "Footsie" and "Moose", was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played for seven seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) with the Philadelphia Athletics, Boston Red Sox, St. Louis Browns, and Chicago White Sox. Over seven seasons, he had a 65–63 record and a 4.66 earned run average (ERA).

Growing up in Kentucky, Marcum's professional career started after Bill Neal, the manager of the Louisville Colonels, saw him pitching and signed him to a contract. Marcum entered the major leagues late in the 1933 season with the Athletics, compiling a record of 3–2 in five appearances. He spent the next two years with the Athletics as one of their main starting pitchers, posting records of 14–11 in 1934 and 17–12 in 1935, a season in which he received votes for the American League Most Valuable Player. Before the 1936 season, Marcum was traded to the Red Sox, who were spending a great deal of money in hopes of improving. Marcum spent 1936–1938 with Boston, but he and other acquisitions failed to live up to expectations. After splitting 1939 between the Browns and the White Sox, Marcum pitched in the minor leagues for several more seasons before retiring. Following his baseball career, he returned to Kentucky, tending a 165-acre farm in Eminence.

Early life
John Alfred Marcum was born on September 9, 1909, in Campbellsburg, Kentucky. His parents, Ben and Grace, were of American and Irish descent, the athlete later recalled. In addition to a brother, Tillman, who was seven years his senior, Johnny eventually had three younger siblings as well. His first home was his family's Campbellsburg farm, but when he was three, the Marcums moved closer to Eminence to work on a tenant farm.

Ben had a local reputation as a standout baseball pitcher in semipro ball. Sometimes on weekends, he would give his sons time off from their tasks to play a contest. "As a pitcher I don’t mind saying that I could always fool the kids around the farm," Marcum recollected in 1935. "Maybe that’s why they made me go to the outfield now and then."

Early minor league career

Dayton Aviators (1929–1930)
In 1927, Bill Neal, who managed the Louisville Colonels of the Class AA American Association, saw Marcum pitching and signed him to a contract. Reports indicate that Marcum spent much of the 1928 season pitching batting practice for Louisville and playing occasional games as an outfielder. Statistics for him are unrecorded. A March article by The Courier-Journal said that his delivery of a baseball "strongly resembles the throwing of a corncob at a cow by a rheumatic woman in December", though the article also noted that he was a hard thrower. Louisville optioned him to the Dayton Aviators, a Class B team, in 1929. In 39 games for the Aviators, Marcum had a 9–19 record, a 5.37 earned run average (ERA), 109 strikeouts, 83 walks, and 326 hits allowed in 285 innings pitched. His 19 losses led the Central League, and his 326 hits allowed ranked second to Alex McColl's 339.

Marcum spent most of the 1930 season with Dayton. In 22 games as a pitcher, he had a 6–9 record, a 5.75 ERA, and 179 hits allowed in 130 innings pitched. However, he also played 55 games in the outfield. As a hitter, he batted .421 with 114 hits and 17 home runs. Promoted to Louisville late in the year, he won four of the five games he pitched, while also batting .395. Used as a right fielder in the Little World Series, Marcum had at least one hit in all eight games, though the Colonels lost the series to the Rochester Red Wings.

Louisville Colonels (1931–1933)
In 1931, Marcum spent the whole season with Louisville, again playing the outfield on days he was not pitching. In 35 games pitched, he had an 8–14 record, a 5.63 ERA, and 229 hits allowed in 168 innings pitched. Though his batting totals were lower than what they had been in Dayton, he still hit .296 with seven home runs. Despite this, manager Allen Sothoron thought Marcum was too slow to reach the major leagues as an outfielder, and he used him strictly as a pitcher the following season.

Pitching 34 games in 1932, Marcum posted an 8–9 record and 154 hits allowed in 130 innings. However, he had what biographer Bill Nowlin termed a "breakout year" in 1933. Making 37 appearances, Marcum posted a 20–13 record and a 3.74 ERA, allowing 278 hits in 272 innings. Though the Colonels finished last in the American Association's East Division, Marcum's 20 wins were third in the league, behind only Paul Dean's 22 and Bill Lee's 21.

Major league career

Philadelphia Athletics

1933
During the 1933 season, Earle Mack, a scout for the Philadelphia Athletics, attended a series between Louisville and the St. Paul Saints, attempting to find his team another pitcher. The hurler he went to see had just injured his foot and was not throwing as hard as normal, but Mack was impressed with Marcum and returned a favorable report. Around this time, the Colonels mailed a letter to all 16 of the major league teams, offering Marcum's contract to the highest bidder. Philadelphia won the bidding on August 20 with an offer of either $25,000 or $30,000, later sending Jim Peterson to the Saints to complete the transaction on September 30.

Marcum made his major league debut on September 7 at Philadelphia's Shibe Park, holding the Cleveland Indians to five hits and pitching a shutout in a 6–0 victory. His second start was a five-hit shutout as well, against the Chicago White Sox. In five starts, Marcum had a 3–2 record, a 1.95 ERA, 14 strikeouts, 20 walks, and 28 hits allowed in 37 innings pitched.

1934
By 1934, Marcum had acquired nicknames. The New York World-Telegram reported in April that he was commonly called "Footsie" because his feet were supposed to be among baseball's largest. "Moose" was another nickname of his. His season got off to an unsuccessful start, as he lost six decisions before picking up his first win on June 17, posting a 6.01 ERA in that span. Beginning with the win, he posted a 14–5 record and a 3.66 ERA over the remainder of the season. On August 18, he allowed eight hits but no runs in a 9–0 shutout of the Washington Senators. A second shutout came in the second game of a doubleheader on September 16, in which he allowed seven hits in a 2–0 victory over the St. Louis Browns. In 37 games (31 starts), he had a 14–11 record, a 4.50 ERA, 92 strikeouts, 88 walks, and 257 hits in 232 innings pitched. Despite his slow start, he ended the year with more wins than any other Athletic. His 92 strikeouts were the ninth-best total in the American League (AL).

1935
Marcum waited a while to sign his contract for 1935, hoping for more money. He began the season as the number two starter for the Athletics, behind Sugar Cain in the rotation. In Marcum's fourth start of the year, on May 17, he held the Browns to four hits in an 8–0 shutout victory. He had a busy day on June 20. Slated to pitch the second game of a doubleheader against the White Sox at Comiskey Park, he was relaxing in the clubhouse during the first game, when a teammate informed him that his manager wanted him to pinch hit in that contest. Marcum made the long journey from the clubhouse to home plate, where he was handed a bat to save time. He hit a game-tying single against John Whitehead, left the game in favor of a pinch runner, and returned to the clubhouse as Philadelphia rallied to win 5–3. Then, Marcum pitched  innings in the second game, his longest outing of the year, suffering the loss in a 2–1 defeat. On July 23, he was "invincible with men on base", according to the Associated Press, as he threw an eight-hit shutout in a 2–0 victory over the White Sox. During the season, Marcum set career bests in many categories, including wins (17), ERA (4.08), strikeouts (99), and innings pitched (). His 17 wins were the seventh-best total in the AL, and they easily led the last-place Athletics, as no other Philadelphia pitcher won more than nine games. His 99 strikeouts were also the eighth-best total in the AL. With 4% of the votes, Marcum and teammate Pinky Higgins tied for 20th in AL Most Valuable Player (MVP) voting. Following the season, on December 6, he was traded to the Boston Red Sox for Gordon Rhodes, George Savino, and $150,000.

Boston Red Sox

1936

W.P. Dozier Jr., sports editor of the Sarasota Herald, wrote before the 1936 season that the Red Sox would be "bolstered by the purchase of such stars as Jimmy Foxx, Heinie Manush, and Johnny Marcum." Marcum again delayed signing his contract, hoping for a $10,000 salary, though he settled for $7,500. The start of his season was delayed slightly due to a sore arm, treated by a tonsillectomy, a common remedy of the period. A win over the Browns on July 28 evened Marcum's record at 6–6, but he won only two of his final nine decisions. After Marcum failed to hold the lead in the first game of a doubleheader against the Athletics on August 19, The Telegraph wrote that "the Yawkey bankroll seems to have produced a set of elbowers that have failed so completely that [the] Red Sox are playing exactly .500 ball today ... and have sunk to sixth place [out of eight teams]." He did throw one shutout, limiting the White Sox to seven hits in the second game of a September 3 doubleheader as Boston prevailed 5–0. In 31 games (23 starts), he had an 8–13 record, a 4.81 ERA, 57 strikeouts, 52 walks, and 194 hits allowed in 174 innings pitched.

1937
Marcum won his first four decisions of 1937. On May 27, he threw a six-hit shutout in a 7–0 victory over the Senators. A wrist sprain cost him three weeks of action in June. He pitched 11 innings in the second game of a doubleheader on July 10, besting his old team by a 5–2 score. In 37 games (23 starts), he had a 13–11 record, a 4.85 ERA, 59 strikeouts, 47 walks, and 230 hits allowed in  innings. Nowlin noted that while his ERA was similar to the previous year, his win–loss record was much improved. Following the season, in its assessment of Marcum and several other veterans the Red Sox had acquired over the years, the Courier-Post reported that "none has set the world on fire since going to Boston".

1938
Before the 1938 season, manager Joe Cronin anticipated that Marcum would have a better season. The pitcher speculated that he might win 20 games. He won three of his first four decisions, posting a 3–1 record and a 2.75 ERA through May 6. However, his ERA rose after that, ascending to 4.57 in his next three games. By the end of June, his record was 5–6. He did not pitch for the Red Sox after July 15, sidelined by arm trouble. In 15 games (11 starts), he had posted a 5–6 record, a 4.09 ERA, 25 strikeouts, 25 walks, and 113 hits allowed in  innings. On August 2, the Red Sox sent him and $20,000 to the Buffalo Bisons of the Class AA International League for Bill Harris. In 10 starts for the Bisons, Marcum had a 6–3 record, a 4.28 ERA, 24 strikeouts, nine walks, and 72 hits allowed in 61 innings. Following the season, the Red Sox regained his contract, only to trade him to the St. Louis Browns on December 6 for Tom Carey.

St. Louis Browns/Chicago White Sox
Nowlin wrote that Marcum "struggled badly" with the Browns. In 12 games (six starts), he had a 2–5 record, a 7.74 ERA, 14 strikeouts, 10 walks, and 66 hits allowed in  innings. On June 2, in an exchange of two pitchers in the midst of poor seasons, Marcum was traded to the White Sox for John Whitehead.

After allowing one run in  innings of relief in his first game with the White Sox, Marcum won three appearances in a row, from June 23 through July 4. Thereafter, he would not win another game. In a relief outing against the Detroit Tigers on August 9, he was hit above the right eye by a line drive off the bat of Hank Greenberg. The injury required four stitches, and he did not pitch again until August 22. His final appearance came against the Browns in the first game of a September 30 doubleheader; he pitched five scoreless innings of relief but had a no decision in a 5–1 loss. In 19 games for Chicago (six starts), he had a 3–3 record, a 6.00 ERA, 32 strikeouts, 19 walks, and 125 hits allowed in 90 innings. His combined totals between the teams were a 5–8 record, a 6.60 ERA, 46 strikeouts, 29 walks, and 191 hits allowed in  innings pitched over 31 games (12 starts).

Later minor league career

Toledo Mud Hens (1940–1942)
The Browns reacquired Marcum's contract on December 15, 1939, but they assigned him to their top affiliate, the American Association's Toledo Mud Hens, for the next three seasons. In 36 games (29 starts) for Toledo in 1940, he had a 13–12 record and a 5.21 ERA, ranking fifth in the American Association in innings pitched. The following year, in 30 games (25 starts), he had a 17–7 record with 61 strikeouts and 40 walks. His 17 wins ranked fifth in the American Association, his 2.97 ERA was topped only by Johnny Grodzicki's 2.58, and his 215 innings pitched ranked seventh. For 1942, he made 34 appearances (29 starts), ranking seventh with 237 innings pitched. His 2.96 ERA ranked ninth, but his record was only 14–16, those 16 losses tying with Owen Scheetz for second in the league, and behind Mickey Haefner's 17.

Farming, last two seasons (1943–1947)
Marcum did not pitch from 1943 through 1945, in the midst of World War II. Though he was not in the United States military, he supported the war effort by tending his farm in Kentucky. He returned to the Mud Hens in 1946 but was sent to the San Antonio Missions of the Class AA Texas League after just one appearance. With San Antonio, Marcum batted more often, making 18 appearances as a pinch hitter. In 12 games (two starts) as a pitcher, he had a 3–2 record, a 1.54 ERA, 15 strikeouts, four walks, and 38 hits allowed in 41 innings pitched. However, arm soreness was bothering him, and he departed the team on July 29. He pitched for the Borger Gassers of the Class C West Texas-New Mexico League in 1947, but after posting a 1–4 record and an 8.23 ERA, he retired in May.

Career statistics
Over seven seasons in the major leagues, pitching exclusively in the AL, Marcum had a 65–63 career record. He posted a 4.66 ERA, striking out 392 hitters, walking 344, and allowing 1,269 to get hits in  innings pitched. Of his 195 games, 132 were starts, and he completed 69 of them, recording eight shutouts.

As a hitter in the major leagues, Marcum compiled a .265 average (141-for-533) with 56 runs scored, five home runs and 70 runs batted in (RBIs). He batted .311 (37-for-119) for the Athletics in 1935 and hit .329 (26-for-79) for the Browns and White Sox in 1939. He recorded 17 RBIs apiece in 1935 and 1939 and 13 RBIs in both 1934 and 1937. The St. Louis Globe-Democrat once called him "one of the hardest hitting pitchers in the league". Eddie Brietz of the Associated Press reported that his fellow players considered him the "laziest guy in the American League", due partly to his habit of picking up his teammate's bat at the plate rather than carrying one out from the dugout when it was time for him to hit.

Pitching philosophy
While Marcum was with the Missions in 1946, he described to Ned Garver how he pitched against one of the Texas League's best hitters (unnamed by Garver in the account). "He's primarily a fastball hitter, so I deliberately throw him two fastballs out of the strike zone, to get behind in the count. Now he will look for the next pitch to be a fastball, but instead I throw him a changeup. That ball looks real nice and big to him, and he will swing at it, but he will usually just hit a weak fly or an easy grounder to short."

Personal life
Marcum married Eminence resident Mary Elizabeth Wilson on December 30, 1936. Following his career, he returned to Eminence, where he operated his family's farm. The Marcums cultivated dairy and tobacco products on the property, which totaled . In 1976, Marcum experienced a stroke; though he survived, his memory was permanently affected. Hospitalized at the Jewish Memorial Hospital in Louisville in 1984, he died on September 10.

References

External links

1909 births
1984 deaths
People from Henry County, Kentucky
Sportspeople from the Louisville metropolitan area
Major League Baseball pitchers
Philadelphia Athletics players
Boston Red Sox players
St. Louis Browns players
Chicago White Sox players
Baseball players from Kentucky
Dayton Aviators players
Louisville Colonels (minor league) players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Toledo Mud Hens players
San Antonio Missions players
Borger Gassers players


The Grind () is a left tributary of the river Unirea in Transylvania, Romania. It flows into the Unirea in the village Unirea. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Cluj County
Rivers of Alba County


The Arctic Basin (also North Polar Basin) is an oceanic basin in the Arctic Ocean, consisting of two main parts separated by the Lomonosov Ridge, a mid-ocean ridge between north Greenland and the New Siberian Islands. It is bordered by the continental shelves of Eurasia and North America.
 The Eurasian Basin (also Norwegian Basin) consists of the Nansen Basin (formerly: Fram Basin) and the Amundsen Basin
 The Amerasia Basin consists of the Canada Basin and the Makarov Basin

Exploration
Fridtjof Nansen and Otto Sverdrup sailed the basin in the Fram from 1893 to 1896. Between 1922 and 1924, Roald Amundsen followed in the Maud.

References

 Herman, Yvonne (July 1970) "Arctic Paleo-Oceanography in Late Cenozoic Time" Science (New Series) 169(3944): pp. 474–477.
 Olsson, Kristina, et al. (January 1999) "Carbon Utilization in the Eurasian Sector of the Arctic Ocean" Limnology and Oceanography 44(1): pp. 95–105.
"Featured Explorers", World Book, retrieved 17 August 2005.

Oceanic basins of the Arctic Ocean
Abyssal plains


The Simon Cameron House, also known as John Harris Mansion and the Harris–Cameron Mansion, is a historic house museum at 219 South Front Street in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Built in 1766 and frequently extended and altered, it is one of Harrisburg's oldest buildings, and is nationally notable as the summer residence of Simon Cameron (1799–1889), an influential Republican Party politician during and after the American Civil War. The house and family items were donated to the Historical Society of Dauphin County in 1941, which now operates it as a museum. The mansion was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975, and is located in the Harrisburg Historic District.

Description and history
The Simon Cameron House stands south of the central business district of Harrisburg, overlooking the Susquehanna River from the north side of South Front Street between Washington and Mary Streets. Its main block is a -story stone structure, with a side gable roof. It is built out of mortared limestone, and is fronted by a single-story porch with fluted columns and arched Victorian valances. The main facade is four bays wide, with the main entrance in the center-left bay, topped by a tall transom window. Three gabled dormers pierce the front roof face. A long two-story ell extends the main block to the rear, giving the house an overall off-center T shape.

The house was built about 1766 by John Harris Jr., son of one of the first settlers of the region, and for whose father Harrisburg is named. The house remained in the Harris family until 1835. In 1853 it was adapted for use as the Pennsylvania Female College, which was forced into bankruptcy in 1861, due to turmoil caused by the American Civil War. It was then purchased by Simon Cameron, who had been on the college's board of directors. Cameron had recently resigned as United States Secretary of War, over a scandal involving fraudulent supply contracts. Cameron had entered politics in 1829, and the taint of corruption had followed him through many of his offices. He won election to the United States Senate in 1867, which helped consolidate his control over federal patronage money in Pennsylvania. In this role he was successful in purging reform-oriented Radical Republican elements from the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant, and became an influential member of Grant's "kitchen cabinet." Cameron was responsible for transforming the existing house to give its present Victorian character. Cameron's heirs donated the house to the Historical Society of Dauphin County in 1941.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania
 List of the oldest buildings in Pennsylvania
 List of National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania

References

External links
 Mansion: Information and hours for tours
 Alexander Family Research Library and Archives: Visiting information and hours
 Historical Society of Dauphin County: John Harris-Simon Cameron Mansion
 Simon Cameron

National Historic Landmarks in Pennsylvania
Houses completed in 1766
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Museums in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Historic house museums in Pennsylvania
Houses in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania


Henry I of Montfaucon (before 1318–1367) was Lord of Montfaucon, who became Count of Montbéliard through his marriage to Agnes, the daughter of Reginald of Burgundy, Count of Montbéliard. He ruled after the death of his brother-in-law Othenin the Mad, who was mentally handicapped and whose uncle, Hugh of Chalon, brother of Reginald of Burgundy, provided both the regency council and guardianship of his nephew.

In March 1340, he faced a revolt of the people of Montbéliard. The revolt was serious, but instead of bloodshed, he managed to calm the insurgency with soothing words and promises of forgiveness.

Like most of his predecessors, he participated in many battles. He joined the King of France, Philip VI the Fortunate in the war against the Flemings at the Battle of Mont Cassel in 1328. Later, he fought with the French against the English, and Prussia, with the Teutonic Knights, against the Lithuanians.

With Agnes, he had a son, Stephen of Montfaucon, who succeeded him.

House of Montfaucon
Counts of Montbéliard
1367 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Year of birth uncertain


Hoke Hayden Warner (May 22, 1894 – February 19, 1947) was a baseball player for the Chicago Cubs and the Pittsburgh Pirates. He was 170 pounds and batted left and threw right. He started his career on August 21, 1916. His final game was on June 17, 1921. He was born on May 22, 1894, in Del Rio, Texas. He died on February 19, 1947, in San Francisco, California.

References
Baseball-Reference

People from Del Rio, Texas
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Chicago Cubs players
1894 births
1947 deaths
Jackson Convicts players
Jackson Chiefs players
Dayton Veterans players
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
Major League Baseball third basemen
Baseball players from Texas


Kedma () may refer to:

 Kedma (film), a film directed by Amos Gitai
 Kedma, Israel, a village in south-central Israel
 KEDMA, an Orthodox Jewish student group
 Kedma School, an alternative secondary school in Jerusalem

he:קדמה (פירושונים)


A Beckmann thermometer is a device used to measure small differences of temperature, but not absolute temperature values.  It was invented by Ernst Otto Beckmann (1853 – 1923), a German chemist, for his measurements of colligative properties in 1905. Today its use has largely been superseded by platinum PT100 resistance thermometers and thermocouples.

A Beckmann thermometer's length is usually 40 – 50 cm.  The temperature scale typically covers about 5 °C and it is divided into hundredths of a degree.  With a magnifier it is possible to estimate temperature changes to 0.001 °C.  The peculiarity of Beckmann's thermometer design is a reservoir (R on diagram) at the upper end of the tube, by means of which the quantity of mercury in the bulb can be increased or diminished so that the instrument can be set to measure temperature differences at either high or low temperature values.  In contrast, the range of a typical mercury-in-glass thermometer is fixed, being set by the calibration marks etched on the glass or the marks on the printed scale.

Calibration
In setting the thermometer, a sufficient amount of mercury must be left in the bulb and stem to give readings between the required temperatures. First, the thermometer is inverted and gently tapped so that the mercury in the reservoir lodges in the bend (B) at the end of the stem. Next, the bulb is heated until the mercury in the stem joins the mercury in the reservoir. The thermometer is then placed in a bath one or two degrees above the upper limit of temperatures to be measured.

The upper end of the tube is gently tapped with the finger, and the mercury suspended in the upper part of the reservoir will be jarred down, thus separating it from the thread at the bend (B). The thermometer will then be set for readings between the required temperatures.

See also
 Thermometer

References

Further reading

 - From which much of this article was taken

Thermometers
1905 introductions
1905 in Germany
1905 in science


KFAN-FM (107.9 FM) is a radio station broadcasting an adult album alternative format. Licensed to Johnson City, Texas, United States, the station is owned by J. & J. Fritz Media, Ltd.

History
The station went on the air as KBKK on May 21, 1990. On February 8, 1991, the station changed its call sign to KFAN, and on July 16, 1991, to the current KFAN-FM.

The station is often referred to simply as "The Fan."

Some of the past KFAN DJs/Hosts include:

Steve Coffman (deceased)
Ron Houston (deceased)
Rod Herbert.

References

External links

Official website

FAN-FM
Radio stations established in 1990
Adult album alternative radio stations in the United States
1990 establishments in Texas


Associated Motorways was a consortium of motor coach operators in the south and Midlands of England, which was active from 1934 to 1974.

History

Associated Motorways was formed as a result of the Road Traffic Act 1930, which encouraged competing coach operators to co-ordinate their services. In 1934, six coach operators came together to form Associated Motorways, to pool their services between the Midlands and the south and west of England and between London and South Wales. The founder members were: Black & White Motorways of Cheltenham, Red & White of Chepstow, Royal Blue, Greyhound (by then owned by Bristol Tramways), Midland Red and United Counties of Northampton.

Associated Motorways did not own or operate any coaches. Each member company committed itself to providing an agreed mileage of coach journeys for Associated Motorways and took an agreed share of the profits. The pool mainly operated the hub and spoke model, the hub being Cheltenham where Black & White had opened a new coach station in 1931.

The consortium had to suspend operations during World War II from 1942 to 1946, but prospered after the war. New members joined: Lincolnshire Road Car and Eastern Counties in 1956, Crosville in 1965 and finally Southdown in 1972. All of the members except Black & White also operated their own coach services outside the consortium.

At a peak summer weekend the consortium could have over 800 coaches on the road. Every day, coaches from all over England and Wales converged on Cheltenham, where most passengers changed coaches to continue their journey. At 14:00 sharp an inspector blew his whistle, and the coaches departed en masse.

Two things killed Associated Motorways. One was the spread of the motorway network. Although motorways were good for coach services generally, they made Associated Motorways' hub and spoke model uncompetitive and obsolete. The other was the government's desire to rebrand and rationalise the coach services under its control.

Although most of the consortium members had been state-owned since 1947, nationalisation did not greatly affect Associated Motorways until the government acquired the remaining members though its acquisition of British Electric Traction in 1968. All of the members became subsidiaries of the state-owned National Bus Company in 1969. In 1973 the National Bus Company formed National Travel (later National Express) to run coach services, and all Associated Motorways' services were transferred to National Express in 1974.

Like Associated Motorways before it, National Express was a marketing operation which relied mostly on coaches supplied by other companies. But unlike Associated Motorways, National Express imposed its own National brand on the operating companies' coaches. The Cheltenham coach station finally closed in 1984.

External links

References
Healey, K (2002) Associated Motorways Venture Publications

Former coach operators in England
1934 establishments in England
1974 disestablishments in England
British companies disestablished in 1974
British companies established in 1934


The 1962 United States House of Representatives elections in South Carolina were held on November 6, 1962 to select six Representatives for two-year terms from the state of South Carolina.  The primary elections were held on June 12 and the runoff elections were held two weeks later on June 26.  All five incumbents who ran were re-elected and the open seat in the 2nd congressional district was retained by the Democrats.  The composition of the state delegation thus remained solely Democratic.

1st congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman L. Mendel Rivers of the 1st congressional district, in office since 1941, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.

General election results

|-
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| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
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2nd congressional district special election
Incumbent Democratic Congressman John J. Riley of the 2nd congressional district died on January 1, 1962.  A special election was called and his widow, Corinne Boyd Riley, won the Democratic primary on February 13 and the special election on April 10 to serve out the remainder of the term.

Democratic primary

General election results

|-
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| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

2nd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congresswoman Corinne Boyd Riley of the 2nd congressional district succeeded her husband, John J. Riley, in office upon his death in 1962.  She did not seek re-election and Democratic state Representative Albert Watson won the open seat against Republican Floyd Spence.

Democratic primary

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

3rd congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman William Jennings Bryan Dorn of the 3rd congressional district, in office since 1951, was unopposed in his bid for re-election.

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

4th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Robert T. Ashmore of the 4th congressional district, in office since 1953, won the Democratic primary was unopposed in the general election.

Democratic primary

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

5th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman Robert W. Hemphill of the 5th congressional district, in office since 1957, defeated Republican challenger Robert M. Doster.

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

6th congressional district
Incumbent Democratic Congressman John L. McMillan of the 6th congressional district, in office since 1939, defeated G. Stanley Bryant in the Democratic primary and was unopposed in the general election.

Democratic primary

General election results

|-
|
| colspan=5 |Democratic hold
|-

See also
1962 United States House of Representatives elections
1962 United States Senate election in South Carolina
1962 South Carolina gubernatorial election
South Carolina's congressional districts

References

"Report of the Secretary of State to the General Assembly of South Carolina." Reports and Resolutions of South Carolina to the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina. Volume II. Columbia, SC: 1963, p. 149.
"Supplemental Report of the Secretary of State to the General Assembly of South Carolina." Reports and Resolutions of South Carolina to the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina. Volume II. Columbia, SC: 1963, pp. 16–17.

South Carolina
United States House of Representatives
1962


Aguts is a commune in the Tarn department and Occitanie region of southern France.

The name comes from the Latin accutis, meaning "pointed (summit)".

Population

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

Communes of Tarn (department)


is a railway station on the Chūō-Sōbu Line in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

Station layout
Ōkubo has a single island platform serving two tracks. Westbound trains to Mitaka stop at track 1, while eastbound trains to central Tokyo and Chiba use track 2. In addition, there are two express tracks east of track 2; these are used by Chūō Line (Rapid) trains that bypass the station.

Platforms

History
Ōkubo station opened on 5 May 1895 as part of the Kinoe railway with both passenger and freight rail services. On 1 October 1906, the station and all trains serving were nationalised into Japanese National Railways (JNR). Twenty-five years later in 1931, freight services were discontinued at Ōkubo station. Upon the privatisation of JNR on 1 April 1989, Ōkubo station became part of JR East, which comprises all trains serving the eastern and northern sections of Honshu. Beginning in November 2001, the Suica RFID-based electronic ticketing system has been accepted at Ōkubo station.

Surrounding area
Ōkubo station is located in the northern section of Shinjuku in the neighbourhood of the same name. One of Tokyo's largest Korean areas, Ōkubo is to the northwest of the centre of Shinjuku. Specifically, the station lies to the south of  and west of the Yamanote Line-enclosed city centre, making it the first stop westbound outside of central Tokyo.

About  to the east lies Shin-Ōkubo Station on the Yamanote Line. Despite their proximity as well as being owned by JR East, the two stations are not connected. Passengers wishing to change from the Chūō-Sōbu Line to the Yamanote Line must do so at the next eastbound stop, Shinjuku.

Near the station, Okubo-dori (Okubo street) and surrounding side streets are lined with shops selling Korean food and pop-culture items. Also in the vicinity are Korean-themed bars, nightclubs, and restaurants.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2011, the station was used by an average of 23,997 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

References

External links

 JR East Ōkubo Station

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1895
Chūō-Sōbu Line
Chūō Main Line
Stations of East Japan Railway Company
Railway stations in Tokyo


Coal Creek is a tributary of the Elk River.  Their confluence is in the city of Fernie, British Columbia.  Coal Creek passes through its namesake, Coal Creek, British Columbia, today a ghost town.

See also
List of rivers of British Columbia
Coal Creek (disambiguation)

References

Elk Valley (British Columbia)
Rivers of the Canadian Rockies
Rivers of British Columbia


The Kiss My Ass Tour was a concert tour by American rock band Kiss. It was the last tour to feature drummer Eric Singer as a member until 2004, and the last tour with guitarist Bruce Kulick.

Background
Kiss opened the tour with a performance at the WWBZ 103.5 Blazefest in Villa Park. In late August and early September 1994, Kiss toured South America as headliners on the touring Monsters of Rock festival alongside Slayer and Black Sabbath.

Following the Monsters of Rock tour, the band toured Japan in January 1995 on their own, and in February 1995 they toured Australia for the first time since 1980. During the Japan leg, the band had established the "Kiss Aid Save The City Fund", raising more than $10,000 for the survivors of the Great Hanshin earthquake in Kobe, Japan. The tour featured props like the Sphinx which returned from the Hot in the Shade Tour, fireworks, lasers, strippers and the giant logo with the band's name. During this tour, Kiss would also go on to host a tour of "Kiss conventions" at various hotels and convention centers to do what other fan-created Kiss conventions had done before. Following the tour, there was an exclusive performance in which the band performed an acoustic set on MTV for their live album Kiss Unplugged, joined by Ace Frehley and Peter Criss.

In the tour program for the band's final tour, Stanley reflected on the tour:

Setlist
This is an example setlist performed at a show, but may not represent the majority of the shows on this tour.
"Creatures of the Night"
"Deuce"
"Parasite"
"Unholy"
"I Stole Your Love"
"Cold Gin"
"Got To Choose"
"Firehouse"
"Calling Dr. Love"
"Makin' Love"
"I Was Made for Lovin' You"
"I Want You"
"Domino"
"Love Gun"
"Lick It Up"
"God of Thunder"
"I Love It Loud"
"Detroit Rock City"
"Black Diamond"
"Heaven's on Fire"
"Rock and Roll All Nite"

 "King of the Night Time World" opened shows on certain dates of the tour.
 "Goin' Blind" was played at the beginning of the tour but was abandoned by the set list.
 "Strutter" and "100,000 Years" were played occasionally.
 "She", "Forever", "Take It Off" and "God Gave Rock 'n' Roll to You II" were played occasionally on the tour.

Tour dates

Personnel
 Paul Stanley – vocals, rhythm guitar
 Gene Simmons – vocals, bass
 Bruce Kulick – lead guitar, backing vocals
 Eric Singer – drums, backing vocals

References

Sources

1994 concert tours
1995 concert tours
Kiss (band) concert tours


The Ciugud () is a right tributary of the river Mureș in Transylvania, Romania. It discharges into the Mureș in Inoc. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Alba County


Manaia may refer to:

Manaia (mythological creature), a bird-headed mythological creature and symbol of protection in Māori mythology

Places
Manaia, Taranaki, a town in the South Taranaki District of New Zealand
Manaia, Waikato, a town on the Coromandel Peninsula of New Zealand
Manaia River, a river of the Coromandel Peninsula, New Zealand
Mount Manaia is a landmark on the Whangarei Heads, Northland, New Zealand
Manaia View School, Whangarei, Northland, New Zealand

People
Manaia (legendary chief), a chief of Hawaiki in Māori mythology
Wiremu Hukunui Manaia (died 1892), New Zealand tribal leader
Manaia Cherrington (born 1994), New Zealand rugby league footballer
Manaia Salavea (born 1986), Samoan rugby union footballer


Andouque (; ) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

Geography
The commune is traversed by the Cérou river.

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

Communes of Tarn (department)


Scientists Without Borders is an initiative that aims to mobilize and coordinate science-based, capacity-building efforts in the developing world. Its founders and partners believe that the scientific community has tremendous potential for promoting global health, agricultural progress, environmental well-being, energy needs, and other crucial advances, yet it lacks a way to mobilize its members for these benefits. Motivation to create such a body has intensified with the growing realization that integrated rather than narrow approaches are crucial for addressing key challenges such as extreme poverty and the glaring health problems that accompany it.

Overview
Guided by the UN Millennium Development Goals and co-conceived by the New York Academy of Sciences (NYAS) and the UN Millennium Development Project, Scientists Without Borders first goal is to build a Web portal. The portal's cornerstone will be a database that aims to:

 Foster cross communication among the many capacity-building efforts that take place in close physical proximity to one another, but without meaningful contact—and foster innovative activities among them.
 Register needs and available resources, thus allowing scientists and organizations to connect and direct their energies for maximum impact.
 Link scientists who wish to work on global health, environmental challenges, and other vital issues with institutions and projects that would welcome their expertise.
 Provide a system by which organizations can build on one another's progress.
 Offer funding agencies the opportunity to quickly assess local needs and resources as well as qualifications of potential grantees.

The Web site launched May 12, 2008 and is accepting database submissions.

Scientists Without Borders is a global partnership, led by the New York Academy of Sciences. Organizational partners include the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa, the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World (Third World Academy of Sciences), Health Sciences Online, The Earth Institute, the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, the University of Ghana, Seeding Labs, the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, the Pasteur Institute, Duke University Health System, Science and Development Network, Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative, the Sabin Vaccine Institute, Universities Allied for Essential Medicines, the African Centre for Technology Studies, the Science Initiative Group, the Information Training and Outreach Centre for Africa, International Foundation for Science, the Nigeria Higher Education Foundation, the American Society for Cell Biology, the Partnership for Quality Medical Donations, Sustainable Sciences Institute, BioMed Central, African Green Revolution Conference, World Academy of Young Scientists, PharmExperts.com, Millennium Development Goals Monitor, United Nations Development Programme, the INDEPTH Network, American Physiological Society, American Society of Agronomy, Association of Nigerian Physicians in the Americas, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America and Toxipedia.

See also
 AuthorAID
 Without Borders

References

Further reading
  Eva Aguilar, New network seeks to break down science barriers. SciDevNet, February 6, 2008.
  Edyta Zielinska, Scientists Without Borders. The Scientist.com, February 21, 2008.
  Corinna Wu, Scientists Without Borders. Cell, May 16, 2008.
  Linking up Development: An initiative to link scientists in the poorest nations with colleagues around the world. Nature, May 28, 2008.
  Revkin, Andrew C., New Portals Exploring How We Survive. The New York Times. June 3, 2008.
  Scientists Without Borders - Global. The Communication Initiative Network - The Drum Beat. June 30, 2008.
  Sharing Across Borders. July 1, 2008.
  Revkin, Andrew C., Segway Inventor Turns Mind to the Poor. The New York Times. October 22, 2008.

External links
  Scientists Without Borders

International charities
Scientific societies based in the United States
Development charities based in the United States


Missècle (; ) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

Communes of Tarn (department)


Bout-du-Pont-de-Larn () is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

Geography
The Thoré forms the commune's southern border. The Arn, a tributary of the Thoré, forms its northern border.

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

Communes of Tarn (department)


Kedma () is a youth village in south-central Israel. Located in the southern Shephelah, it falls under the jurisdiction of Yoav Regional Council.

History
Kedma was founded as a kibbutz as part of the 11 points in the Negev campaign in 1946. It was founded on land traditionally belonging to the Palestinian village of Summil. After 1948, it also started to farm some of the land belonging to Bil'in.

Because of social and economic difficulties the kibbutz was abandoned at the end of the 1960s, and it became later on a youth village thanks to Reuben and Sara Mandell, who took in the youths of families who had been expelled by their parents for drug use or religious differences.  The group that founded the community planned originally to locate it near Netanya or the northwest shores of the Dead Sea, but after the latter was captured by the Jordanian army, they moved to the present-day location.

References

Youth villages in Israel
Populated places in Southern District (Israel)
1946 establishments in Mandatory Palestine
Populated places established in 1946


Beauvais-sur-Tescou (, literally Beauvais on Tescou; ) is a commune in the Tarn department of southern France.

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

Communes of Tarn (department)


Appelle (; ) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

Communes of Tarn (department)


Sainte-Cécile-du-Cayrou (; Languedocien: Santa Ceselha del Cairon) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

Geography
The Vère forms part of the commune's southern border.

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

Communes of Tarn (department)


Saint-Antonin-de-Lacalm (Languedocien: Sent Antonin de la Calm) is a former commune in the Tarn department in southern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Terre-de-Bancalié.

Geography
The commune is traversed by the river Dadou.

Population

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

Former communes of Tarn (department)
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Saint-Benoît-de-Carmaux (, literally Saint-Benoît of Carmaux; Languedocien: Sant Benesech de Carmauç) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

Geography
The commune is traversed by the Cérou river.

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

Communes of Tarn (department)


In the United States, most universities and colleges that sponsor athletics programs have adopted an official nickname for its associated teams. Often, these nicknames have changed for any number of reasons, which might include a change in the name of the school itself, a term becoming dated or otherwise changing meaning, or changes in racial perceptions and sensitivities. In the case of the latter, many schools have recently deprecated nicknames that some might consider offensive to American Indians, a group that has been a traditional inspiration for athletic teams.

Changes
 Adams State Grizzlies, formerly the "Indians"
 Akron Zips, called the "Zippers" from 1927 to 1950; this was changed when the term became most associated with the type of clothing fastener.
 Alabama–Huntsville Chargers, changed from "Uhlan Chargers" to "Chargers" over time
 Alaska Nanooks, changed from the "Polar Bears" to "Nanooks" (the Inupiaq word for polar bear) in 1963.
 Alvernia Golden Wolves, changed from "Crusaders" ahead of the 2017–18 season
 Amherst Mammoths, adopted in 2017 after "Lord Jeffs" was dropped in 2016
 Arizona State Sun Devils, formerly the "Owls", then the "Bulldogs" from 1922 to 1946
 Arkansas Razorbacks, changed from the "Cardinals" in 1909.
 Arkansas State Red Wolves, formerly the "Indians" (1931–2008), "Warriors" (1930–1931), "Gorillas" (1925–1930), and "Aggies" (1911–1925).
 Arkansas Tech Wonder Boys — Originally nicknamed "Aggies"; the term "Wonder Boys" was first attached to the school's football team in an Arkansas Gazette story on November 17, 1920, and was soon officially adopted. The women's nickname of "Golden Suns" was adopted once Tech added women's sports.
 Army Black Knights, the current nickname was derived from newspapers calling the team the "Black Knights of the Hudson" in the 1930s. It was changed from the "Cadets" in 1999. Cadets is still considered an acceptable use, however.
 Auburn–Montgomery Warhawks — Changed from "Senators" in 2011.
 Ball State Cardinals, changed from the "Hoosieroons" in 1929.
 Baruch Bearcats, formerly the "Statesmen"
 Belmont Bruins, changed from "Rebels" in 1995
 Bethel Threshers, changed from "Graymaroons" in 1960
 Binghamton Bearcats, changed from "Colonials" in 2000. The school has had two previous nickname changes, but both coincided with changes of the school name. For those changes, see below.
 Bloomfield Bears, changed from "Deacons" in 2014
 Bloomsburg Huskies, adopted "Huskies" in 1933; previously known as the "Maroon and Gold"
 Bowling Green Falcons, changed from the "Normals" in 1927.
 Bradley Braves, changed from "Indians" in the 1930s
 Brewton–Parker Barons, formerly the "Wildcats"
 Brooklyn Bulldogs, known as the "Kingsmen" from 1932 to 1994 and then the "Bridges" until 2010
 Brown Bears, Senator Theodore F. Green suggested the nickname "Bears" in 1904, but the unofficial nickname "Bruins" became more prevalent starting in the 1930s. It was formerly used interchangeably with the official nickname, although some media disused "Bruins" after a minor league hockey team, the Providence Bruins, was established nearby in 1992.
 Buffalo Bulls, formerly known as the "Bisons" (1915–1930), changed to distinguish from the city of Buffalo's identically named professional teams.
 Butler Bulldogs — First known as "Christians", alluding to the school's original name of North Western Christian University (though it had become Butler University in 1877, before the school had an athletic program). The "Bulldogs" nickname was first used in 1919 by a cartoonist for Butler's student newspaper, and was soon officially adopted.
 Cal State Los Angeles Golden Eagles, changed from "Diablos" in January 1981
 Campbell Fighting Camels — Officially adopted near the start of 1934; originated from a misunderstood conversation early in the 20th century between university founder James Archibald Campbell and a visitor trying to encourage him after a fire destroyed almost all of the school's original buildings. Before the official adoption of "Camels" (with "Fighting" added later), "Hornets", "Campbells", and "Campbellites" were variously used.
 Capital Comets, changed from the "Crusaders" in 2021; formerly the "Fighting Lutherans"
 Carthage Firebirds — Known as "Redmen" before 2005; changed to "Red Men" and "Lady Reds" due to the NCAA's ruling on Native American-related nicknames. These nicknames were retired after the 2019–20 school year; the current nickname of "Firebirds" was adopted for all teams in February 2021.
 Case Western Reserve Spartans, formed from the combination of Western Reserve and Case Institute of Technology. Western Reserve's nicknames were the Pioneers (1921—1927) and Red Cats (1928—1971). Case Institute of Technology's nicknames were the Scientists (1918—1938) and Rough Riders (1930—1971). In the 1930s, both of those names were used.
 Cedar Crest Falcons, formerly the "Classics"
 UCF Knights, reverted from "Golden Knights" from 1993 to 2007.
 Central Michigan Chippewas, formerly the "Bearcats" (1927–1942), "Dragons" (1925–1927), and the "Normalites" (until 1925). The current name was chosen in honor of the local Saginaw tribe, and has remained in use with the tribe's consent.
 Charleston Cougars, changed from "Maroons" in 1971. The school used its full name of "College of Charleston" in its athletic branding until the mid-2010s.
 Chowan Hawks, reverted from "Braves" in 2006
 Cincinnati Christian Eagles, formerly the "Golden Eagles". The school closed during the 2019 fall academic term.
 Colgate Raiders, changed from "Red Raiders" in 2001
 Colorado Buffaloes, changed from the "Silver and Gold" in 1934. They had also been known informally as the "Arapahoes", "Big Horns", "Frontiersmen", "Grizzlies", "Hornets", "Yellow Jackets", and (the football team) "Silver Helmets".
 Colorado State Rams, referred to as "Aggies" before 1957
 CSU–Pueblo ThunderWolves, changed from the "Indians" in 1995. The school name was changed from University of Southern Colorado in 2003.
 Crossroads Knights, formerly the "Royals"
 Cumberland Phoenix, changed from Bulldogs in 2016
 Cumberlands Patriots, changed from the Cumberland "Indians" (note the singular "Cumberland") in 2002, when the school was known as Cumberland College. The school adopted its current name of the University of the Cumberlands in 2005.
 Dartmouth Big Green, formerly "Indians" which was disused since the 1970s in favor of an existing nickname, "Big Green".
 Davis & Elkins Senators, formerly the "Scarlet Hurricane"
 Dean Bulldogs, formerly the "Red Devils"
 Detroit Mercy Titans, originally the "Tigers"; changed in 1919 or 1924, depending on the source. The school was then known as the University of Detroit, and the change was presumably made to avoid confusion with Major League Baseball's Detroit Tigers. While the school became the University of Detroit Mercy after a 1990 merger, the "Mercy" name was not added to the athletic branding until 2017.
 Dickinson Red Devils, adopted the "Red Devils" nickname in 1930 after they were dubbed such by a writer from the Public Ledger; Dickinson was previously known as the "Red and White".
 Dickinson State Blue Hawks, changed from "Savages" in 1972
 Duke Blue Devils, changed from "Blue and White" ; often called the "Blue Imps" in earliest years after change.
 D'Youville Saints, changed from "Spartans" in 2020
 East Carolina Pirates, changed from the "Teachers" in 1934. The school was a teachers college until the 1940s.
 Eastern Michigan Eagles, changed from the "Hurons" (1929–1991) due to pressure from the Michigan Department of Civil Rights; the teams had previously been known as the "Normalites" and the "Men from Ypsi".
 Eastern Nazarene Lions, changed from the "Crusaders" in 2009
 Eastern Washington Eagles, changed from "Savages" in 1973
 Elon Phoenix, formerly the "Fighting Christians"
 Endicott Gulls, formerly the "Power Gulls"
 Evangel Valor, changed from "Crusaders" in 2021
 FIU Panthers, changed from "Sunblazers" to "Golden Panthers" in 1987 and "Panthers" in 2010.
 Fort Lewis Skyhawks, known first as the "Beavers", changed to "Aggies" in the early 1930s, changed to "Raiders" in 1963, and adopted current nickname in 1994
 Furman Paladins, football team changed from "Hurricane" in 1961, baseball team changed from "Hornets" in 1961, basketball team has been "Paladins" all along.
 George Washington Revolutionaries, changed from "Hatchetites" in 1928 and from "Colonials" in 2023
 Georgia Southern Eagles, formerly the Blue Tide (1924–1941) and Professors (1941–1959)
 Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets, "Yellowjackets" (as one word) first came into use after it appeared in the Atlanta Constitution in 1905; other nicknames included "Techs" (discontinued c. 1910), "Engineers", "Blacksmiths" (1902–1904), and "Golden Tornado" (1917–1929)
 Hampton Pirates and Lady Pirates, known as the "Seasiders" from 1916 to 1932
 Hanover Panthers, formerly the "Hilltoppers"
 Hawaii Rainbow Warriors and Rainbow Wahine, known as "Fighting Deans" before 1923; the school's nickname was "Rainbows" from 1923 through 2000, when the university allowed all of its athletic teams to adopt their own individual nicknames: the baseball team retained the "Rainbows" nickname; the men's basketball, swimming and diving, and tennis teams adopted "Rainbow Warriors"; the football, men's golf, and men's volleyball teams adopted "Warriors"; and all women's teams adopted the nickname "Rainbow Wahine". In 2013, the university announced that all men's teams would become "Rainbow Warriors" effective with the start of the 2013–14 school year. In one more recently added women's sport, beach volleyball, the official nickname remains "Rainbow Wahine", but that team has mostly deprecated it in favor of "SandBows".
 Hawaii Pacific Sharks, changed from "Sea Warriors" in 2014
 Hillsdale Chargers, changed from "Dales" in 1968
 Hofstra Pride, formerly the "Flying Dutchmen"
 Huron Screaming Eagles, known as the "Scalpers", which was unofficially dropped in 1973; the "Tribe" then came into usage, was officially adopted in 1975, and remained until about 1997
 Husson Eagles, formerly the "Braves"
 Ithaca Bombers, formerly the "Blue Team", "Blues", "Blue and Gold", "Collegians" and "Seneca Streeters." The name was changed to the "Cayugas" by a student vote in 1937. The origin of the nickname "Bombers" is unclear, but the first known reference was in a December 17, 1938 issue of the Rochester Times-Union article on the basketball team. Some faculty have expressed reservations of the current nickname's martial connotations.
 IUP Crimson Hawks, changed from the "Indians" in 2006
 IUPUI Jaguars, changed from the "Metros" in 1997 upon moving to NCAA Division I.
 Iowa State Cyclones, changed from "Cardinals" in 1895
 Jacksonville State Gamecocks – When the school was known as Jacksonville State Normal School, the nickname was Eagle Owls. In 1946, by which time the school had become Jacksonville State Teachers College, a group of fans wanted a mascot more emblematic of Southern American culture. Another group of fans supposedly wanted a change in school colors from the original blue and gold. According to local lore, both camps got their wish; Jacksonville State's nickname became Gamecocks in 1947, with teams wearing the red and white still in use today.
 Johnson Royals, changed from the "Preachers" and "Lady Evangels" to the "Royals" in 2013
 Juniata Eagles, changed from "Indians" in 1994
 Kansas City Roos – As part of the 2019 rebranding of the University of Missouri–Kansas City athletic program from "UMKC" to "Kansas City", the nickname was shortened from the historic "Kangaroos" to "Roos" (which had been in use alongside "Kangaroos" for many years). Only the athletic program was rebranded; the university name remains unchanged, and "UMKC" is still used for academic branding purposes.
 Kansas State Wildcats, changed from the "Aggies" and the "Farmers" in 1915, before reverting to the old nicknames that same year, when the school was known as the Kansas State Agricultural College. It was changed permanently in 1920. The school changed its name to Kansas State University later.
 Kent State Golden Flashes, changed from the "Silver Foxes" in 1927
 Kentucky Wildcats, formerly "Blue and White" through 1909
 Keuka Wolves, known as the "Storm" until 2014 and as the "Wolfpack" from 2014 to 2016, a nickname changed upon threat of legal action from North Carolina State University
 Knox Prairie Fire, known as the "Old Siwash" or "Siwash" until 1993
 Lander Bearcats, formerly the "Senators"
 Lehigh Mountain Hawks, changed from the "Engineers" in 1995; also previously known as the "Brown and White"
 Lincoln Christian Red Lions, formerly "Preachers" (men) and "Angels" (women).
 Long Beach State Beach (or "The Beach"), officially known as 49ers before 2020–21, although the school had been transitioning to "The Beach" for several years. The baseball team continues to use Dirtbags.
 Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns, changed from the "Bulldogs" to Raging Cajuns in the early 1960s. The "g" was dropped from the end of the first word later.
 Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks, changed from the "Indians" in 2006
 Loyola Ramblers, changed from "Grandees" around 1926; the earlier nickname was selected in a contest held by the student newspaper but failed to catch on.
 Maranatha Baptist Sabercats – Changed from "Crusaders" in 2014.
 Marquette Golden Eagles, changed from the "Warriors" in 1994, which had been used at least since 1960. Earlier nicknames included "Hilltoppers" and "Avalanche".
 Marshall Thundering Herd, made official in the mid-1960s, although it was in unofficial use since the 1930s alongside the nickname the "Big Green".
 Maryland Terrapins, made official in 1932, although in unofficial use earlier; formerly the "Old Liners", and before that, the "Aggies" and "Farmers" when the school was known as Maryland Agricultural College.
 Maryville Scots, formerly the "Highlanders"
 MCLA Trailblazers, formerly the "Mohawks"
 McMurry War Hawks, known as the "Indians" until that nickname was dropped in 2006
 Memphis Tigers, originally adopted in 1915 when the school was known as the West Tennessee State Normal School, but changed to "Teachers" and "Tutors" when the school name was changed to West Tennessee State Teachers College. In 1939, the Tigers nickname was reintroduced. The school later changed its name to Memphis State College and then the University of Memphis.
 Miami RedHawks, changed from the "Redskins" in 1997, the team had previously been known as the "Big Reds", the "Reds and Whites", the "Red-Skinned Warriors", and the "Miami Boys".
 Michigan State Spartans, changed from "Aggies" in 1925, which had been used contemporaneously with the unofficial nicknames of the "Fighting Farmers" and "Farmers".
 Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders, adopted in 1934 to replace a "wide range of names"
 Midwestern State Mustangs, changed from "Indians" in November 2005
 Milwaukee Panthers, changed from "Cardinals" in 1964, when the school was branded athletically as "Wisconsin–Milwaukee". There was an earlier nickname change, but that coincided with a merger that resulted in a change of the school name. For that change, see below.
 Minnesota State Mavericks, changed from "Indians" on July 1, 1977, when the school was known as "Mankato State".
 Mississippi State Bulldogs, changed from "Maroons" in 1961, they were known as the "Aggies" under the school changed its name from Mississippi A&M in 1932.
 Montclair State Red Hawks, changed from "Indians" in 1989
 Morningside Mustangs, changed from "Chiefs" in 1998; known as the "Maroons" from about 1910 until the late 1950s
 Multnomah Lions, formerly the "Ambassadors"
 Murray State Racers, changed from "Thoroughbreds" in 1961. However, the baseball team, which had just bought new uniforms before the change was announced, asked to defer its nickname change for a year. Reaction to this move was favorable enough that the baseball team continued to use "Thoroughbreds" until adopting "Racers" in 2014.
 Nebraska Cornhuskers, adopted in 1900, the teams had formerly been known as the "Antelopes", "Bugeaters", "Old Gold Knights", "Rattlesnake Boys", and "Treeplanters"
 Nebraska Wesleyan Prairie Wolves, changed from the "Plainsmen" in 2000
 Nevada Wolf Pack, adopted in 1923, they had previously been known as the "Sagebrushers" and "Sage Hens"
 Newberry Wolves, adopted in 2010 to replace "Indians", which had been dropped two years earlier. The teams had competed without a nickname in the interim.
 North Carolina State Wolfpack, adopted in 1922, previous nicknames had included the "Aggies", "Farmers", "Techs", and "Red Terrors"
 North Dakota Fighting Hawks – First known as the "Flickertails" until 1930, at which time "Fighting Sioux" was adopted. After major controversy over this nickname in the early 21st century, "Fighting Sioux" was retired in 2012. The school then went without a nickname for three years, as the state passed a law prohibiting the selection of a new nickname until 2015. In November of that year, following two rounds of fan voting, a new nickname of "Fighting Hawks" was chosen and immediately adopted.
 North Georgia Saints and Lady Saints — The first sports teams at what was then North Georgia College & State University were men's teams known as "Cadets", a nod to the school's status as a senior military college. When basketball became the first women's sport, that team was initially known as the "Golddiggers", referencing the school's location in the old gold-mining town of Dahlonega. By the late 1970s, the athletic program had settled on "Saints" and "Lady Saints". NGCSU no longer exists under that name, as it was merged into the University of North Georgia in 2013 with the new nickname of "Nighthawks" (see below).
 North Greenville Crusaders, formerly the "Mounties"
 North Texas Mean Green, formerly known as the "Eagles" (1922–1966), there are conflicting accounts on the origin of the nickname.
 Northeastern State RiverHawks, dropped Redmen in May 2006, adopted RiverHawks on November 14, 2006
 Northern Illinois Huskies, adopted in 1940, previous names had included "Cardinals", "Evansmen", "Northerners", "Profs", and "Teachers"
 Northwest Christian Beacons, formerly the "Crusaders"
 Northwest Nazarene Nighthawks, changed from "Crusaders" in 2017.
 Northwestern Wildcats, changed from the "Purple" in 1924
 Notre Dame Fighting Irish, officially adopted in 1927, although it had been in use much earlier. Other nicknames included the "Catholics" in the 1880s and 1890s, and the "Ramblers" in the 1920s.
 Ohio Bobcats, replaced the "Green and White" in 1925
 Oklahoma Sooners, replaced the "Rough Riders" and "Boomers" in 1908
 Oklahoma City Stars, formerly "Goldbugs" prior to 1946 and the "Chiefs" thereafter
 Oklahoma State Cowboys and Cowgirls — Oklahoma A&M used the nickname of the "Agriculturalists" in the 1890s, which was shortened to "Aggies" and "Farmers". "Tigers" was briefly used as well, but proved unpopular. In 1924, the media began referring to the teams as the "Cowboys" and it was later officially adopted.
 Ole Miss Rebels, changed from the "Flood" in 1935 because of the negative association with natural disasters, most notably the 1927 flood that devastated the state's Delta region.
 Omaha Mavericks, adopted in the summer of 1971, previously known as "Indians" from 1939 to 1971 and "Cardinals" before 1939.
 Oral Roberts Golden Eagles, formerly the "Titans"
 Oregon Ducks, formerly the "Webfoots." "Ducks" introduced in the 1940s and nicknames were used interchangeably until the 1970s; "Ducks" officially adopted in 1978.
 Oregon State Beavers, previously known as the "Aggies" and then the "Orangemen". The yearbook was named The Beaver in 1916, which later led to the athletics teams' adoption of the nickname.
 Pacific Boxers, changed from "Badgers" in 1968
 Pacific Lutheran Lutes, formerly the "Gladiators"
 Presbyterian Blue Hose — Officially changed from "Blue Stockings" c. 1954, though sportswriters had used "Hose" interchangeably with "Stockings" since the turn of the 20th century.
 Quinnipiac Bobcats, changed from the "Braves" in 2002
 RPI Engineers, formerly the "Bachelors" and, from 1995 to 2009, the "Red Hawks"
 Richmond Spiders, changed from the "Colts" in 1894.
 Rio Grande RedStorm, changed from the "Redmen" and "Redwomen" in 2008.
 Ripon Red Hawks, changed from "Redmen" in 1994
 Rutgers Scarlet Knights, changed from the "Queensmen" in 1955
 St. Bonaventure Bonnies, changed from the "Brown Indians" and "Brown Squaws" in 1979
 St. John's Red Storm, changed from the "Redmen" in 1995 for gender and cultural considerations. The university claims the old name did not refer to American Indians, but to the school color, a bright cardinal red.
 Saint Leo Lions, formerly the "Monarchs"
 Saint Mary's Cardinals, changed from "Redmen" during the 1989–90 season
 San Diego State Aztecs, replaced the "Staters" and "Professors" in 1925
 San Jose State Spartans, adopted in 1925; prior nicknames included the "Daniels", the "Teachers", the "Pedagogues", the "Normals", and the "Normalites"
 Santa Clara Broncos, adopted in 1923; prior nicknames included the "Missionites", the "Prunepickers", the "Friars", the "Missions", and the "Padres" The school changed its name from the "University of Santa Clara" to "Santa Clara University" in 1985.
 Seattle Redhawks, formerly the "Chieftains"
 Seton Hill Griffins, formerly the "Spirit"
 Simpson Storm, changed from the "Redmen and Lady Reds" in 1992
 Sioux Falls Cougars, changed from "Braves" in 1978
 Sonoma State Seawolves, changed from "Cossacks" in 1978
 Southeast Missouri State Redhawks, known as the "Indians" and "Otahkians" before 2004
 Southeastern Oklahoma State Savage Storm, changed from "Savages" in 2006
 Southeastern Fire, formerly the "Crusaders"
 South Florida Bulls, shortened from "Brahman Bulls" in the mid-1980s
 Southern Miss Golden Eagles, adopted in 1972, the school had several previous nicknames, including "Normalites", "Yellow Jackets", "Confederates", and "Southerners"
 Southwestern Christian Eagles, formerly the "Moundbuilders"
 Southern Illinois Salukis, formerly known at the "Maroons" from 1913 to 1951
 Southern Nazarene Crimson Storm, formerly the "Redskins"
 Spalding Golden Eagles, formerly the "Pelicans"
 Springfield Pride, changed from "Chiefs" in 1996
 Susquehanna River Hawks, changed from "Crusaders" in 2016
 Stanford Cardinal, adopted in 1981, formerly known as the "Indians" (1930–1972) and the plural "Cardinals" (1972–1981)
 Stonehill Skyhawks, changed from the "Chieftains"
 Stony Brook Seawolves, adopted in 1994; previously known as "Soundmen" or "Baymen" (1950s), Warriors (1960–1966), and "Patriots"/"Lady Patriots" (1966–1994)
 SUNY Canton Kangaroos, formerly the "Northmen" and "Northstars"
 Syracuse Orange, changed from the "Orangemen" and "Orangewomen" in 2004
 Tennessee at Chattanooga Mocs, changed from Moccasins in 1997.
 TCU Horned Frogs, adopted in 1915, formerly known as the "Christians"
 Texas Tech Red Raiders, changed from "Matadors" (1925–1932), which had been inspired by the campus's Spanish architecture.
 Toledo Rockets, adopted in 1923 by sportswriters who shortened it from "Skyrockets", coined by a student in the press box for a football game. Writers had previously called the football team the "Blue and Gold" and "Munies".
 Troy Trojans, reverted from "Red Wave" in 1973. Troy had been known as first the Bulldogs" and then the "Teachers" between 1909 and 1920, the "Trojans" from 1920 to 1931, and the "Red Wave" from 1931 to 1973.
 Tulane Green Wave, known as the "Olive and Blue" from 1893 to 1919, and referred to as the "Greenbacks" by the student-run The Tulane Weekly in 1919. Became known as the "Green Wave" from 1920 after the song "The Rolling Green Wave" published in the Tulane Hullabaloo.
 Tulsa Golden Hurricane, adopted in 1922, formerly known as the "Orange and Black", "Kendallites", "Presbyterians", "Tigers", "Tulsans", and "Yellow Jackets".
 UCLA Bruins, adopted in 1928, formerly known as the "Cubs" until 1923, in reference to the school's connection to the University of California Golden Bears. Known as the "Grizzlies" from 1923 until 1928, when UCLA joined the Pacific Coast Conference, which already included the Montana Grizzlies.
 UC Santa Barbara Gauchos, changed in 1936 from Roadrunners. Football coach Theodore "Spud" Harder requested a new name when he took over in 1934. A student vote settled on "Gauchos" in 1936, based on the 1927 film The Gaucho)
 UC Santa Cruz Banana Slugs, changed in 1986 by student referendum from "Sea Lions", which had been used since the school began sponsoring NCAA athletics in 1981.
 UConn Huskies, officially adopted as the nickname in 1934; they had previous been unofficially known as the "Aggies" and the "Statesmen". "UConn", long used as a short form for the school's formal name of "University of Connecticut", became the official athletic brand in 2013–14.
 UMass Minutemen, changed from the "Redmen" and "Redwomen" in 1972. According to the university, the old nickname referred to the uniforms worn by the athletic teams, but it was changed nonetheless out of sensitivity to American Indians.
 Union Garnet Chargers, changes from "Dutchmen" and "Dutchwomen" in 2023
 USC Trojans, replaced the "Methodists" and "Wesleyans" in 1912
 USP Devils, formerly the "Red Devils"
 UT Martin Skyhawks, changed from "Pacers" in 1995
 Utah Utes, formerly used "Redskins" nickname simultaneously with "Utes" nickname but discontinued using "Redskins" in 1972
 Utah Tech Trailblazers, formerly known as Dixie State University(before 2022), changed their nickname from "Rebels" to "Red Storm" in 2009, and to "Trailblazers" in 2016.
 UVA Wise Cavaliers – Formerly nicknamed "Highland Cavaliers"; dropped "Highland" in 2017.
 Valparaiso Beacons – Dropped the longtime "Crusaders" nickname in February 2021 due to negative associations with violence, as well as use of "crusader" imagery by certain hate groups. The new nickname of "Beacons" was announced on August 10 of that year.
 VCU Rams – The "Rams" nickname was inherited from Richmond Professional Institute, one of the two institutions that merged in 1968 to form the current Virginia Commonwealth University. From 1948 to 1963, RPI's nickname was "Green Devils", reflecting the school's affiliation with The College of William & Mary. RPI and several other institutions were separated from W&M in 1962, and RPI adopted "Rams" a year later.
 Virginia Tech Hokies, gradually transitioned from the original nickname of the "Fighting Gobblers"
 Washington Huskies, adopted February 3, 1922; formerly the "Sun Dodgers" (1919–1921) and very briefly the "Vikings" in December 1921
 Wayne State Warriors, known as the "Tartars" from 1927 to 1999
 Western Connecticut Wolves, changed from "Indians" to "Colonials" in December 1974 and then to "Wolves" in April 2022
 Western Michigan Broncos, changed from "Hilltoppers" in 1939
 Westminster Griffins, formerly the "Parsons"
 Wheaton Thunder, changed from "Crusaders" in 2000
 Widener Pride, changed from "Pioneers" in 2006
 William & Mary Tribe, formerly the "Indians" (1917–1977) and "Orange and White" (1893–1916)
 Wisconsin–La Crosse Eagles, known as Indians from 1937 to 1989
 Wisconsin–Whitewater Warhawks, changed from Quakers in 1958

Changes of women's team nicknames only
 Austin Peay Governors – Historically, women's teams had been "Lady Govs", but all teams became "Governors" no later than the 2015–16 school year.
 Baylor Bears – Historically, women's teams had been "Lady Bears". By the end of the 2010s, most teams had dropped "Lady" from the nickname, and the last three holdouts of basketball, soccer, and volleyball did the same for the 2021–22 school year.
 Colorado Buffaloes — Women's teams were the "Lady Buffs" until 1993, when the school announced it would adopt the men's nickname for all teams.
 Eastern New Mexico Greyhounds — Women's teams were the "Zias" from the establishment of women's sports at the school in the 1970s until 2015, when the school announced it would adopt the men's nickname for all teams.
 Kentucky Wildcats — Women's teams, except for gymnastics, were the "Lady Kats" until 1995, when the school announced it would adopt the men's nickname for all teams. The gymnastics team continued to use its historic nickname of "Gym Kats" for a number of years before abandoning it in favor of Wildcats.
 New Mexico State Aggies — Women's athletic teams were known as the "Roadrunners" until 2000, following a vote by female athletes to adopt the same nickname as the men's teams.
 Tarleton Texans — The school's first varsity women's teams played under the men's nickname of "Texans" in the 1968–69 school year, but female athletes expressed a desire for a distinctive nickname, and the women's nickname was changed the following year—although the spellings of "Texanns", "Tex-Anns", and "TexAnns" were all used before the "TexAnns" spelling was adopted in 1972. During the 2018–19 school year, two players and a student manager in the women's basketball program began a campaign to return the women's nickname to "Texans", and after receiving overwhelming support from other female athletes, the school approved the change effective in 2019–20.
 Tennessee Volunteers — In November 2014, the university announced that after the 2014–15 school year, only women's basketball would retain the Lady Volunteers nickname. At that time, all other women's teams became simply Volunteers. This change was reversed during the 2017–18 school year, with all women's teams once again allowed to use "Lady Volunteers" if they so wish.
 University of Utah Gymnastics team no longer uses "Utes", instead as "Utah Red Rocks"
 Washburn Ichabods — Women's teams were known as "Lady Blues" until 2013, when the school announced that women's teams would adopt the men's nickname.
 Western Illinois Leathernecks —Women's teams were known as "Westerwinds" until 2009, when they adopted the men's nickname of Leathernecks.
 A number of schools historically used the "Lady" prefix for all women's teams, but now have a policy of using "Lady" only in sports that have both men's and women's teams. Schools that have this policy include:
 LSU Tigers and Lady Tigers
 Texas Tech Red Raiders and Lady Raiders

As a result of a school name change or merger
 Binghamton Bearcats – Before adopting its current nickname in 2000, the school now legally known as the State University of New York at Binghamton and branded since 1992 as Binghamton University changed its nickname twice, each time corresponding with a change in the school's name:
 Originally, the school was a satellite of Syracuse University known as Triple Cities College, and had no nickname. When it became independent from Syracuse in 1950, it adopted the name of Harpur College and the nickname "Donkeys".
 When Harpur joined the State University of New York system in 1965 and adopted its current legal name, the school nickname changed to "Colonials".
 Case Western Reserve Spartans – Before the schools merged, Case Institute of Technology used the nicknames of the "Scientists" (1918–1938) and the "Rough Riders (1930–1971). Western Reserve was known as the "Pioneers" (1921–1928) and the "Red Cats" (1928–1971). While the schools merged in 1967, the undergraduate student bodies (and athletic departments) were separate until 1971, and during the transition, Western Reserve used the athletic identity of its undergraduate arm, Adelbert College.
 Cleveland State Vikings – Fenn College used the nickname of the "Foxes" until the school was renamed in 1965.
 Coastal Carolina Chanticleers – When Coastal was founded in 1954 as a junior college, the school's nickname was "Trojans". It adopted its current nickname shortly after becoming a part of the University of South Carolina in 1960, due to a desire for a nickname more compatible with the "Gamecocks" of its parent. The nickname remained even after Coastal became an independent institution in 1993.
 Colorado State Rams – Colorado A&M used the nickname of the "Aggies".
 Lewis & Clark Pioneers – used the nickname "Pirates" from 1919 to 1938 when the school was known as Albany College.
 LIU Sharks – Established in 2019 when Long Island University merged its two previous NCAA athletic programs—the Division I LIU Brooklyn Blackbirds and Division II LIU Post Pioneers. Only the athletic programs merged; the Brooklyn and Post campuses are separately accredited and remain in operation. The Sharks inherited the Division I membership of the Brooklyn campus.
 Maryland Terrapins – Maryland Agricultural College used the nickname of the "Aggies" and the "Farmers". The school was renamed Maryland State College in 1916 and the University of Maryland in 1920.
 Michigan State Spartans – Michigan Agricultural College used the nickname of the "Aggies" alongside unofficial nicknames of the "Fighting Farmers" and "Farmers" until 1925.
 Milwaukee Panthers – The institution through which the current University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee traces its history, originally the Wisconsin State Normal School and after several name changes Wisconsin State College–Milwaukee, used "Green Gulls" as its nickname until 1956. At that time, it merged with the University of Wisconsin's graduate extension campus in Milwaukee to form UW–Milwaukee, with the nickname changing to "Cardinals".
 Mississippi State Bulldogs – Mississippi A&M changed its nickname from the "Aggies" to the "Maroons" when the school was renamed Mississippi State College in 1932. In 1961, the school was renamed Mississippi State University and the nickname was changed to the "Bulldogs".
 NC State Wolfpack – North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts (North Carolina A&M) was known as the "Aggies" or "Farmers". The school changed its name to the current North Carolina State University in 1917.
 North Georgia Nighthawks – In January 2013, North Georgia College & State University, nicknamed "Saints" and "Lady Saints", was merged with Gainesville State College, a two-year technical school with no athletic program, to create the University of North Georgia. The new school adopted the nickname of "Nighthawks" for all teams.
 UConn Huskies – Connecticut Agricultural College used the nickname "Aggies". The school was renamed Connecticut State College in 1933, and the following year, the "Huskies" nickname was adopted.
 UMass Lowell River Hawks – The University of Lowell, itself the product of a 1971 merger between Lowell State College and the Lowell Technological Institute, used "Chiefs" as its nickname before it was absorbed into the University of Massachusetts system in 1991.
 UT Southern FireHawks – In 2021, Martin Methodist College, nicknamed "RedHawks", sold its campus to the University of Tennessee system, becoming the University of Tennessee Southern.
 UTRGV Vaqueros – In November 2014, the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, which began full operation in July 2015 with the merger of the University of Texas–Pan American (UTPA) and University of Texas at Brownsville, announced that the nickname of the new school would be Vaqueros. The pre-merger UTPA Broncs became the UTRGV athletic program after the merger.

See also
 List of college sports team nicknames
 Native American mascot controversy

References

Nickname changes
Nickname changes
College Sports
United S


Saint-Genest-de-Contest (Languedocien: Sent Guinièis) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

Geography
The Dadou forms the commune's northern border.

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

Communes of Tarn (department)


Ali Aliyev may refer to:

Ali Aliev (physicist) (born 1955), American and Uzbekistani physicist of Crimean Tatar descent.
Ali Aliyev (boxer) (born 1983), Russian amateur boxer
Ali Aliyev (footballer) (born 1980), Kazakh footballer
Ali Aliyev (wrestler) (1937–1995), Soviet wrestler


Saint-Amans-Soult (; Languedocien: Sant Amanç de Solt) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

The commune was formerly called Saint-Amans-la-Bastide. It was renamed in 1851, after Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult, who was born there in 1769. Marshal-General Soult, under the Emperor Napoleon, was later named as Duke of Dalmatia, and following the Emperor's permanent exile to St. Helena, enjoyed a long and fruitful career as a politician and diplomant under several early 19th century royalist and republican regimes in France. His son, Napoleon H. de Soult, arranged for the posthumous publication of his father's Memoires after 1851.

Geography
The Thoré forms the commune's northern border.

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

Communes of Tarn (department)


is a railway station on the Chūō Main Line in Suginami, Tokyo, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).

Lines
Asagaya Station is served by Chūō-Sōbu Line local and Chūō Line (Rapid) services (not including special rapid services and other fast trains) of the Chūō Main Line on weekdays. On weekends, only local trains stop at this station.

Platforms

History
The station opened on July 15, 1922.

References

Chūō Main Line
Chūō-Sōbu Line
Stations of East Japan Railway Company
Railway stations in Tokyo
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1922


This is a list of seasons completed by the Seattle SuperSonics, a former professional basketball team from Seattle. They played in the Pacific and Northwest Divisions of the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1967 until 2008. After the 2007–08 season ended, the team relocated to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and now plays as the Oklahoma City Thunder. In 41 seasons, they reached the postseason 22 times, where they reached the NBA Finals three times and won it once.

Table key

Seasons

All-time records
Note: Statistics are correct as of the conclusion of the 2007–08 NBA season.

See also
 List of Oklahoma City Thunder seasons

Notes

References
General

Specific

Seattle SuperSonics
Seattle SuperSonics


Saint-Salvi-de-Carcavès (; ) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

Geography
The river Dadou has its source in the commune.

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

Communes of Tarn (department)


The Hour We Knew Nothing of Each Other () is a one-act play without words written by Peter Handke. The play has 450 characters and focuses on a day in the life of an unspecified town square. It was first performed in 1992.

Plot
In an interview with Sigrid Löffler for Profil in May 1992, Handke described the idea behind the play:
The trigger for the play was an afternoon several years ago. I'd spent the entire day on a little square in Muggia near Trieste. I sat on the terrace of a café and watched life pass by. I got into a real state of observation, perhaps this was helped along a bit by the wine. Every little thing became significant (without being symbolic). The tiniest procedures seemed significant of the world. After three or four hours a hearse drew up in front of a house, men entered and came out with a coffin, onlookers assembled and then dispersed, the hearse drove away. After that the hustle and bustle continued - the milling of tourists, natives and workers. Those who came after this occurrence didn't know what had gone on before. But for me, who had seen it, everything that happened after the incident with the hearse seemed somewhat coloured by it. None of the people on the square knew anything of each other - hence the title. But we,the onlookers see them as sculptures who sculpt each other through what goes on before and after. Only through what comes after does that which has gone before gain contours; and what went on before sculpts what is to come.

Productions
The play was first staged in Vienna in 1992. It was first performed in the UK at the Edinburgh Festival in 1994.

It was produced with a new translation by Meredith Oakes at the Lyttelton Theatre, National Theatre, London, opening on 13 February 2008. The production ran until 12 April. It was directed by James Macdonald with Jonathan Burrows as associate director and featured the following ensemble cast:
 Susan Brown
 Jessie Burton
 Pip Carter
 Paul Chesterton
 Lisa Dillon
 Callum Dixon
 Noma Dumezweni
 Susan Engel
 Susannah Fielding
 Mark Hadfield
 Amy Hall
 Daniel Hawksford
 Tom Hickey
 Richard Hope
 Mairead McKinley
 Nick Malinowski
 Shereen Martineau
 Justine Mitchell
 Daniel Poyser
 Adrian Schiller
 Amit Shah
 Sara Stewart
 Giles Terera
 Jason Thorpe
 Harry Towb
 Simon Wilson
 Sarah Woodward

The technical crew were as follows:
 Set Designer - Hildegard Bechtler
 Costume Designer - Moritz Junge
 Lighting Designer - Jean Kalman
 Music - Mel Mercier
 Sound Designer - Christopher Shutt

In 2009, Tantrum Theatre performed The Hour We Knew Nothing Of Each Other in the open-air of Wheeler Place, Newcastle, Australia.

The play was staged at the Royal Lyceum Theatre in Edinburgh in the Meredith Oakes translation from 31 May to 2 June 2018. It was directed by Wils Wilson and Janice Parker. The 450 characters were played by a community cast of more than 90 non-professional Edinburgh residents.

References

External links
, remotegoat.co.uk review

1992 plays
One-act plays
Plays by Peter Handke


Saint-Lieux-Lafenasse (Languedocien: Sant Lionç e La Fenassa) is a former commune in the Tarn department in southern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Terre-de-Bancalié.

Geography
The commune is traversed by the river Dadou.

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

Former communes of Tarn (department)
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Saint-Julien-Gaulène (; Languedocien: Sent Julian e Gaulena) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

Ernest Nègre (born 11 October 1907 in Saint-Julien-Gaulène, died 15 April 2000 in Toulouse) was a French toponymist.

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

Communes of Tarn (department)


Saint-Paul-Cap-de-Joux (; Languedocien: Sant Pau del Cabdal Jòus) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

Communes of Tarn (department)


Viviers-lès-Lavaur (, literally Viviers near Lavaur; ) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

Communes of Tarn (department)


Jil Caplan (born Valentine Guilen; 23 October 1965 in Paris, France) is a French singer and songwriter.

Biography
Paris-born Valentine Guilen studied modern literature at the Sorbonne and theatre at the Cours Florent, where she met Jay Alanski, producer and composer of the most influential pop songs of the 1980s. In August 1986, she met her friends Les Innocents, then unknown by the general public, in a recording studio, where the group recorded their first single "Jodie", under the leadership of Alanski, who quickly offered her the chance to sing.

Success and consecration
Valentine Guilen, who adopted the pseudonym "Jil Caplan", accepted and released in 1987 her first album, À peine 21. Its single "Oh! Tous les soirs" was a success, entering the French Top 40. Other singles from this album, like "Comme sur une balançoire", "Cette fille n'est pas pour toi", etc. received public attention and radio airplay in 1988/89.
Jil and Jay will make three albums together; directing most of the videoclips, as well as designing the CD covers.

In 1990 was released the Caplan's second album (la Charmeuse de serpents), from which three singles entered the French Top 40 in 1991/92, notably "Natalie Wood" which reached n°13 and "Tout c'qui nous sépare", a Top 10 hit (n°6). The album itself was a major success, earning a double Gold certification, just missing the French Top 10 (n°11).

In 1992, Jil won a Victoire de la Musique for Female revelation of the year. Then Alanski decided to turn to electronic music.

New directions
Caplan wrote her own songs then, and chose Jean-Philippe Nataf (ex-member of Les Innocents), to produce her album Toute crue (2001, Warner). Alongside her musical activities, Caplan, always fascinated by the filmmaking, produced and directed a 45-minute film for the group Lilicub. She wrote articles for the independent magazine Brazil.

In 2004, she released "Comme elle vient", a single made with another ex-member of Les Innocents, Jean-Christophe Urbain. Together they went on an acoustic tour of Burma. In 2006, she directed the making-of the recording of French singer Patxi Garat's debut album (S'embrasser), directed by Urbain. In 2007, after a decade's absence, Caplan joined up with Alanski again. She wrote most of the lyrics, while he composed all the music of her seventh album, entitled Derrière la porte. The first single was "Des toutes petites choses".

In 2013, Caplan collaborated with producer Dub Mentor on the single "Want You More", a rendition of a Robert Palmer song. A year later they collaborated again on a version of "The Crying Game". Both singles were part of Dub Mentor's Versions project (released on the alternative/minimalist label EnT-T) and she directed both video clips for the songs.

Discography

Singles
 "Oh! Tous les soirs" (1987) – No. 36
 "Comme sur une balançoire" (1987)
 "Cette Fille n'est pas pour toi" (1988)
 "Tard dans la nuit" (1989)
 "Tout c'qui nous sépare" (1991) – No. 6
 "Natalie Wood" (1991) – #13
 "As-tu déjà oublié?" (1992) – #40
 "Parle-moi (entre les tombes)" (1992)
 "La Frontière" (1993)
 "La Grande Malle" (1994)
 "Les Deux Bras arrachés" (1994)
 "L'Âge de raison" (1996)
 "La Passerelle" (1997)
 "Tu Verras" (1998)
 "Le Lac" (2001)
 "Toute la journée je reste au lit" (2001)
 "La Maison abandonnée" (2002)
 "Toi et Moi" (2004)
 "Assise au-dessus de l'Europe" (2005)
 "Des toutes petites choses" (2007)
 "Want You More" (EnT-T, 2012)
 "The Crying Game" (EnT-T, 2013)

Albums
 À peine 21 (1987)
 La Charmeuse de serpents (1990) – #11 in France
 Avant qu'il ne soit trop tard (1993) – No. 38 in France
 Jil Caplan (1996)
 Jours de fête (compilation, 1998)
 Toute crue (2001) – No. 113 in France
 Comme elle vient (2004) – No. 90 in France,  No. 68 in Belgium
 Derrière la porte (2007) – No. 119 in France

EP
 Gueule d'amour (Jil Caplan and Doc Pilot, 2002)

Other
 "Les Mots" on the album Urgence – 27 artistes pour la recherche contre le sida (1992)
 "Les Eaux de mars" (with Christophe J) on the album A tribute to Carlos Jobim (1997)
 "Un Autre Monde", theme from the soundtrack of the film La Petite Sirène, by Walt Disney (1998)
 "Un Train ce soir" (avec Rob) on the album Tribute to Polnareff (1999)

References

1965 births
University of Paris alumni
French singer-songwriters
Living people
Musicians from Paris
Caplan, Jil
French women singer-songwriters


Viviers-lès-Montagnes (; ) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

Communes of Tarn (department)


Donald Blessing Rice (born June 4, 1939) is a California businessman and senior government official.  He has been president and chief executive officer of several large companies including RAND Corporation, and has sat on numerous boards of directors, including Wells Fargo & Company.  Rice also served as the 17th Secretary of the Air Force, from 1989 to 1993.

Early life
Rice was born in 1939 in Frederick, Maryland, the son of Donald B. Rice, Sr., and Mary C. Rice. His father operated a service station, and later started a tire business, eventually becoming mayor of Frederick, while his mother kept the books for the family business. Both parents stressed the need for a good education. Business, public service and education were all important influences on Rice as he grew up.

Rice earned a BS degree in chemical engineering from the University of Notre Dame in 1961, a MS in industrial management from Purdue University in 1962, and a Ph.D. in economics also from Purdue University in 1965. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Army Ordnance Corps upon graduation from Notre Dame in June 1961. On August 25, 1962, Rice married Susan Fitzgerald. The couple are the parents of three sons, Donald B. Rice III, Joseph J. Rice, and Matthew F. Rice.

Public service
After 4 years of graduate school while in the U. S. Army Reserves, from 1965 to 1967, he served on active duty as a lieutenant and then captain of ordnance. During that time, he was assistant professor of management and acting deputy director for academics at the Navy Management Systems Center in the Naval Postgraduate School at Monterey, California.

In 1967, Rice became director of cost analysis in the Office of the Secretary of Defense in Washington, D.C. Two years later, he was appointed as deputy assistant secretary of defense for resource analysis where he was responsible for cost analysis, manpower and logistics requirements, and budget planning for defense programs. From 1970 to 1972, he served as assistant director in the Office of Management and Budget. In this position, he managed Federal Government budget activities for agriculture, atomic energy, commerce, energy, environment, natural resources, public works, science and technology, space, and transportation.

In 1972, Rice became president and chief executive officer of RAND Corporation, an independent, nonprofit, public service think tank in Santa Monica, California. RAND conducts research and strategic analysis on national security and other public policy issues and offers a doctoral degree program in public policy analysis. During this time, Rice also was appointed by President Ford to serve as chairman of the National Commission on Supplies and Shortages and by Presidents Nixon and Carter to two terms on the National Science Board. At the request of President Carter, he directed a comprehensive study of the resources management process within the United States Department of Defense.

He remained at RAND until May 1989 when President George H. W. Bush appointed him Secretary of the Air Force. As the Air Force Secretary, Rice reorganized the Air Force and reduced its budget. The first Gulf War, also known as "Desert Storm", was fought while he was secretary. Rice served for four years, from May 22, 1989, until he left the Department of the Air Force on January 20, 1993.

Rice has been president of the Institute of Management Sciences, a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Economic Association, and a fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration. He was appointed by President Clinton to the United States Commission on National Strategy in the 21st Century.

He has contributed to McCain 2000, George W. Bush for President, Bush-Cheney '04, John McCain 2008, the National Republican Congressional Committee, and the National Republican Senatorial Committee.

Businessman
After he left the Air Force, Rice became president and chief operating officer of Teledyne in March 1993, serving until August 1996. After helping lead a restructuring of the company and a negotiated merger with Allegheny Ludlum, he left Teledyne to become founding president and chief executive officer of Agensys Corporation (founded in 1997 and formerly called Urogenesys), a Santa Monica-based biotechnology company. In 2002, he became chairman of the Agensys board of directors. In 2007, he negotiated the sale of Agensys to Astellas, Inc., continuing as its CEO until his retirement in 2010.

Rice has served on numerous corporate boards. These include Chevron Corporation, Pacific Enterprises, Scios, Teledyne, Wells Fargo & Company, Unocal, Amgen, and Vulcan Materials Company. He was chairman of the board of directors of Scios from 1998 until its sale to Johnson & Johnson in 2003. Rice is a member of RAND board of trustees, and chaired the board of governors for the Pardee RAND Graduate School for 10 years. He is also a member of the equipment advisory committee for the PGA Tour.

Awards
Rice has received five honorary doctorates degrees. His first honorary degree was a doctorate in Engineering from Notre Dame in 1975; his second, in Management, was from Purdue in 1985; he received a third, in Laws, from Pepperdine in 1989; the fourth, was in Humane Letters, from West Coast University in 1993; and the most recent, in Public Policy, from the RAND graduate school in 1995.

In 1999, Rice received the Wanner Award from the Military Operations Research Society. Other awards include the Citation Award from the University of California at Los Angeles School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, the Air Force Association’s Symington Award, and the Jaycees’ Ten Outstanding Young Men recognition. He is a Ford Foundation doctoral fellow. Rice was also awarded Distinguished Civilian Service Medal and the Meritorious Service Medal from the Secretary of the Defense.

He was elected to the 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences.

References

External links

U.S. Air Force
RAND Corporation
Biography of Donald Rice from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences

1939 births
Living people
United States Secretaries of the Air Force
RAND Corporation people
United States Army officers
Wells Fargo
University of Notre Dame alumni
Krannert School of Management alumni
People from Santa Monica, California
People from Frederick, Maryland
Directors of Chevron Corporation
Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences


The Gârbova () is a right tributary of the river Mureș in Transylvania, Romania. It discharges into the Mureș in Țifra, south of Aiud. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Alba County


Cuq-Toulza (; , meaning dark of Toulouse) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

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Communes of the Tarn department

References

Communes of Tarn (department)


Labastide-Saint-Georges (; ) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

Communes of Tarn (department)


Lacougotte-Cadoul (; ) is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.

See also
Communes of the Tarn department

References

Communes of Tarn (department)