Television in Romania started in August 1955. State television started to broadcast on December 31, 1956. The second television channel followed in 1968, but between 1985 and 1990, there was only one Romanian channel before the return of the second channel. Private broadcasters arrived in December 1991, with SOTI which was the first private nationwide television station in Central and Eastern Europe. Romania has the highest penetration rates for pay television in the world, with over 98% of all households watching television through cable or satellite.

Television market
Romanian market is dominated by two large groups: Central European Media Enterprises Ltd.  and Intact Media Group, with PRO TV and Antena 1 as main channels and Kanal D also gain audience starting 2014 as the third channel. There are over 50 channels running ads, as of 2015 television being the best type of advertising in Romania. Over 80% of revenue advertising is earned by three players: 35% (48% GRP) PRO TV Group, 26% ANTENA TV Group, 10% Kanal D and 29% (15% GRP) rest of the channels.

Terrestrial television
Romania is the only EU state that didn't end analogue broadcasting because of low interest in terrestrial television. Tests began DVB-T in 2005 with two channels in Bucharest and one in Sibiu using MPEG 2 for SD Channels and MPEG 4 for HD Channels. It broadcast public channels (including one in HD) and a for a limited time a few commercial television channel (general, news and music) until September 2016.
On July 23, 2013 PRO TV, the largest television channel, changed from free to pay television.

ANCOM cancelled the auction for multiplexes in 2011, and postponed the switching-off to June 17, 2015.
Since June 2015 only TVR 1 continue to broadcast analogue until 31 December 2016, later again postponed until 31 December 2018. The rest of analogue broadcasts were shut down.

The absence and lack of implementation of DVB-T in Romania is somehow controversial, as many people are suspecting that this delay and the adoption of DVB-T2 is forced just to sustain the interest of cable and DTH providers, also the lack of interest of the must carry broadcasters in providing channels in terrestrial is very criticized, however the main DVB-T operator in Romania is SNR, which is said to be responsible for this.

In September 2016, Romania turned off DVB-T broadcasts which were experimental, and shifted on DVB-T2 technology.
Criticism has appeared in the press about delays, suggesting that this will be a reason for the 20% of households who were receiving free terrestrial television to migrate towards cable and satellite operators. TVR remained the only broadcaster on DVB-T2. It is sent in Free To Air, as it is a public station.

On 23 November 2022, TVR, the only broadcaster on terrestrial in Romania, removed the HD broadcasts for TVR-1 and TVR-2 on DVB-T2, leaving terrestrial broadcasting only with the SD broadcasts of TVR. TVR 1 HD and TVR 2 HD will be available solely on Satellite, Cable and IPTV. This happened mainly because of low demand of the terrestrial services, and to make room for the newly relaunched TVR Cultural.

Cable television

Romania has a high penetration rates for cable television in Europe, with over 79% of all households watching television through a CATV network in 2007. The market is extremely dynamic, and dominated by two giant companies – Romanian-based RCS&RDS (DIGI) and U.K.-based (UPC). Both offer internet broadband and fixed telephony (VOIP), while DIGI offer also mobile telephony services. The national CATV network is being improved, and most households are being migrated towards digital cable solutions.

The reasons for this appeal started in the early 1990s. After the fall of the communist regime, in 1989, there was only one state-owned TVR 1, a second channel, TVR 2 being reopen in February 1990. Nationwide private TV channels were slow to appear, because of lack of experience and high start-up costs (most startups were radio stations or newspapers). Thus, for the first three years, over the air, one would get one or two state channels and one or two local, amateurish private channels, broadcasting only a few hours a day. Atlantic Television, headed by Robin Edwards and Peter Thomas, which included US broadcaster Capital Cities/ABC and Canadian broadcaster CanWest International, partnered with TVR, the state broadcaster, to form Canalul 2 Television using TVR's existing terrestrial transmission capability overing 30% of the country and feeding urban cable systems. Following a move whereby CanWest became the main shareholder and caused upset with TVR, the arrangements fell to pieces, to the consternation of Romanian reformers many of whom believed that Canwest's incompetence set Romanian civil society back ten years. Edwards and Atlantic later sued CanWest International in Barbados and won the case and CanWest's subsequent appeal, before suing CanWest Global in Canada where CanWest settled out of court. Both Edwards and Thomas worked successfully at high level in the country for many years, Edwards in a political capacity whilst founding the 100,000 weekly circulation Business Digest, Thomas in agriculture. After this many cable[4] companies appeared and thrived, providing 15–20 foreign channels, taken freely from the satellite, for a very low price (at the time US$2 or less), offering high-quality news, entertainment and especially movies or cartoons (one of the ways cable companies advertised was the availability of a cartoon channel, Cartoon Network, appealing to children, which in turn would appeal to their parents). Channels which was broadcast in 1990s are: general channels from France, Germany, Italy, Eurosport (start in Romanian in 1997), Duna, DSF, VIVA, VIVA Zwei, MTV, MCM, CMT Europe, Cartoon Network, TNT, Discovery Channel (subtitles in Romanian since 1997), TLC, Animal Planet (subtitles in Romanian), Sky News, Sky One, FilmNet, TV1000, NBC Europe, Fox Kids (in Romanian). The first two companies to provide CATV were Multicanal in Bucharest and Timiş Cablu in Timișoara, both out of business today. Many small, startup firms gradually grew, and coverage increased (coverage wars were frequent in the early period, with many cable boxes smashed, and new cable networks offering "half off for twice the channels" and immediately wiring the building for any willing persons).

However, this period soon ended, with consolidation around 1995–96. Some large companies emerged: Kappa and RCS in Bucharest, Astral in Cluj, UPC in Timișoara, TourImex in Râmnicu Vâlcea. This consolidation came with gentlemen's agreements over areas of control and pricing, with claims of monopoly abounding. This process of consolidation was completed around 2005–06, when only two big suppliers of cable remained: UPC and RCS&RDS (DIGI). Internet over coaxial cable has been available since around 2000, and IP telephony (over the CATV infrastructure) since the deregulation of the market in 2003. As of 2016, cable TV is available in most of the country, including most rural areas (where nearly 50% of the population live). Satellite digital TV appeared in 2004, providing coverage for the rest of the country, with both RCS&RDS and UPC having a stake in these companies. However, beside RCS&RDS and UPC, there are many other smaller CATV providers in Romania, operating locally or regionally. In early 2010s most of them began providing Internet access, to make their offers more attractive and increase their appeal to their customers already subscribed to CATV service. Also many of them began providing digital cable television, although analogue cable TV is their basic offer.

Cable TV is very cheap for all standards, the standard or basic service, offering about 100–140 channels, is around 24–39 RON/month including VAT (about €5–€9), depending by the provider as DIGI offer almost all channels in one pack at 28 RON. Premium HBO and Cinemax cost no more than 14–20 RON/month (around €3–€4). Cable television is also attractive because today, all CATV operators in Romania are also providing Internet access at various speeds (ranging from 50 MBPS to 1000 MBPS – depending on the provider and region), in many cases subscribers are contracting an Internet and TV package, at a fairly low price (as low as 60–70 lei/month). Internet access is, in many cases, granted by cable TV operators, as it was cheaper to implement it over the existent CATV networks in some cases. As of 2018, more than half of households in Romania is subscribed to cable television.

Satellite television

After cable, satellite subscriptions hold second place, and are mainly popular in rural areas, where cable television and optical fiber networks were not widely available in the second half of the 2000s. The main operators are: Telekom TV, DIGI, Focus Sat operated by UPC Romania (the first DTH platform in Romania), FreeSat, and Orange operated by Orange Romania. Most of providers offer a small number of HD channels (10 channels), except Focus Sat (20 channels) and Orange, which is mainly dedicated to HD broadcasting with 50 channels. Focus Sat and FreeSat are prepaid services and can be also used with a CAM and a smart card. Defunct DTH Platforms are: Boom TV and AKTA Satelit, which were acquired by Romtelecom, now Telekom Romania.

IPTV

IP television in Romania is not very popular. Romtelecom (now Telekom) started to upgrade slowly ADSL network with VDSL very lately in 2008, and launched IPTV on December 8, 2009. It is popular in business (companies, corporations etc.) sector rather than consumer. It is provided by Telekom (formerly Romtelecom), INES. RCS RDS tried unsuccessfully to implement IPTV being available to a limited number of subscribers since 2010.

Internet television channel
Antena Monden
Bairam TV
Comedy Play
Cook&Play
Dibi Tv
Disco Mix
Info TV România
Mireasa (internet tv channel)
Mireasa+
Partymania (internet tv channel)
Pro TV News
Tele 7 ABC
TSTV (România)

List of channels
The following is a list of television channels broadcast in Romania.

A&E Networks UK
Channels operated by A&E Networks UK, a joint-venture with Sky plc:
 Crime & Investigation
 History

AMC Networks International
 AMC
 CBS Reality (a joint-venture with CBS Studios International)
 Extreme Sports
 Film Cafe
 JimJam
 Minimax
 TV Paprika

Antenna Group
 AXN
 AXN Black
 AXN Spin
 AXN White
 Epic Drama
 Kiss TV
 Magic TV
 Rock TV
 TV1000
 Viasat Explore
 Viasat History
 Viasat Nature

BBC Worldwide
 BBC Earth
 BBC First''
 BBC News

Central European Media Enterprises
 Acasă
 Acasă Gold
 Pro Arena
 Pro Cinema
 Pro TV
 Pro TV Internațional

Centrul Naţional Media
 Favorit TV
 Național 24 Plus
 Național TV

Clever Media Broadcasting
 Agro TV
 Cinema Est
 Cinemaraton
 Medika TV
 Prima 4K
 Prima Comedy
 Prima News
 Profit News
 Prima Sport 1
 Prima Sport 2
 Prima Sport 3
 Prima Sport 4
 Prima Sport 5
 Prima TV

DIGI
Digi24
Digi 4K
Digi Animal World
Digi Life
Digi Sport 1
Digi Sport 2
Digi Sport 3
Digi Sport 4
Digi World
Film Now
HIT Music Channel (50%)
Hora TV
Music Channel (50%)
UTV

Doğan Media İnternational SA
 Kanal D
 Kanal D2

Warner Bros. Discovery
 Animal Planet
 Cinemax
 Cinemax 2
 Discovery Channel
 Discovery Science
 DTX
 Eurosport 1
 Eurosport 2
 Eurosport 4K
 Food Network (joint-venture with Tribune Media)
 HBO
 HBO 2
 HBO 3
 HGTV
 Investigation Discovery
 TLC
 Travel Channel

Disney Channels Worldwide EMEA
 Baby TV
 Disney Channel
 Disney Junior
 Nat Geo People
 National Geographic
 National Geographic Wild

Intact Media Group
 Antena 1
 Antena 3 CNN
 Antena Stars
 Antena Internațional
 Happy Channel
 ZU TV

ISG Media
 Bollywood Classic
 Bollywood Film
 Bollywood TV

Kino Polska
 360 TuneBox
 DocuBox
 Erox
 Eroxxx
 FashionBox
 Fast&FunBox
 Filmbox
 Filmbox Arthouse
 Filmbox Extra (HD)
 Filmbox Family
 Filmbox Plus
 Filmbox Premium
 FightBox
 FunBox UHD
 GameToon
 Timeless Drama Channel

Mooz TV
 Mooz Dance
 Mooz Hits
 Mooz RO
 Sport Extra

NBCUniversal International Networks
 CNBC
 Diva
 E!

Orange
 Orange Sport 1
 Orange Sport 2
 Orange Sport 3
 Orange Sport 4

Tematic Media
 Duck TV
 The Fishing & Hunting Channel
 Shorts TV

Turner Broadcasting System Europe
 Cartoonito
 Cartoon Network
 CNN International
 Euronews (25%) (in English)
 Warner TV

TVR
 TVR 1
 TVR 2
 TVR 3
 TVR Cultural
 TVR Info
 TVR Internațional

Paramount Networks EMEAA

 Comedy Central
Channels operated by Nickelodeon UK, a joint venture with Sky plc:
 Nickelodeon
 Nick Jr.
 Nicktoons
Channels wholly operated by Viacom International Media Networks Europe:
 MTV 00s
 MTV 80s
 MTV 90s
 Club MTV
 MTV
 MTV Hits
 MTV Live HD
 TeenNick

Main single-channel broadcasters
 B1
 Realitatea Plus
 România TV

Other channels
 Aleph Business
 Aleph News
 Alfa Omega TV
 Credo TV
 Da Vinci
 Etno TV (HD)
 IDA TV
 Inedit TV
 Speranța TV
 Smart TV
 Taraf TV (HD)
 Telestar
 Top Shop TV
 Trinitas TV
 Travel Mix
 Maria TV
 Nasul TV
 Zoom TV

International channels
 Arte
 Al Jazeera
 Auto Motor & Sport
 Balkanika TV
 Bloomberg
 CGTN
 Deutsche Welle
 Duna TV
 Fashion TV
 France 24
 KBS World
 Mezzo
 Motorvision
 Myzen.tv
 Nautical Channel
 ProSieben
 Rai 1
 Rai 3
 Russia Today
 RTL
 Sat.1
 Sky News
 Super RTL
 TV5Monde (partially with subtitles)
 TVE Internacional
 Trace Urban
 Trace Sport Stars
 Trace Tropical

Most viewed channels

Most viewed channels, January 2023

Given Romania's extensive cable coverage, many channels receive considerable viewing shares. Pro TV is the most viewed channel. Ratings data is measured by TNS-AGB International (2005–2007) and GfK Romania (2008–2011) on behalf of ARMADATA S.R.L.

See also
 Media of Romania
 List of Romanian language television channels
 List of television stations in Romania
 List of Romanian television series

References


Chernihiv (U310) was a  of the Ukrainian Navy captured by the Russian Navy when the Black Sea Fleet seized Ukraine's Southern Naval Base, during the 2014 Crimean crisis.

History
Minesweeper Zenitchik was built in the Sredne-Nevskiy SS3 shipbuilding yard in Leningrad in 1974. The ship was deployed on combat tours in Persian Gulf, Red Sea and the Atlantic between 1977 and 1988.

During the partition of the Black Sea Fleet, the minesweeper was transferred to Ukrainian Navy on July 25, 1997. It was renamed Zhovti Vody (U310), in honor of the Battle of Zhovti Vody. On June 18, 2004 the minesweeper was renamed Chernihiv.

References

Chernihiv
1974 ships
Cold War minesweepers of the Soviet Union
Ships built in the Soviet Union
Minesweepers of the Ukrainian Navy
Captured ships
Natya-class minesweepers
Vessels captured from the Ukrainian Navy
Minesweepers of the Russian Navy
Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
Ships involved in the Russo-Ukrainian War


Wychnor Hall (or Wychnor Park, ) is Grade II Listed early 18th-century country house near Burton on Trent, Staffordshire, formerly owned by the Levett Family.  The hall has been converted to a Country Club.

History

Wychnor takes its name from the Old English meaning 'village on a bank.' Its earliest spelling was Hwiccenofre. Ofre was the Anglo-Saxon word for "edge or bank". Hwicce was a provence comprising Gloucestershire, Worcestershire and a part of Warwickshire and the people were called Hwiccas or Hwicii. It is thought  that some of these people came to settle in Wychnor and so gave their name to the place they settled in.

King James I reportedly stayed at the hall in 1621 and 1624.

The present hall dates from the time of Queen Anne but was much altered and extended in the mid 19th century.

There are a number of curious customs associated with Wychnor, at least one of which was said to have begun with Sir Philip de Somerville, who owned the manor of Wychnor in 1338. A flitch of bacon was kept in the hall  that could be claimed by anyone who had been married "for a year and a day without quarrelling or repenting; and that if they were then single, and wished to be married again, the demandant would take the same party before any other in the world." Valid claimants being few and far between, the flitch was replaced by a wooden effigy of same, which continued to hang in the hall for many centuries.

Offley family

In 1661 Wychnor manor was purchased by Mary Offley, widow of John Offley of Madeley. The estate was inherited by her grandson Crewe Offley. He is said to have rebuilt the hall, but died in 1739. He left his real estate to pay all his debts, apart from a property in Chelsea which his elder son John inherited for three years before it reverted to his younger son.  The will also contained provisions to protect the younger son's inheritance from his elder brother. .  John Offley had been one of the pupils of Samuel Johnson at Edial Hall near Lichfield, and continued to live at Wychnor after his father's death. By 1756 was keeper of his majesty's private roads, gates and bridges, and conductor or guide to his majesty in his royal progresses.  In 1765, he sold Wychnor with every article in the house and on the estate, as it was to John Levett.

Levett family

John Levett, the son of Lichfield politician Theophilus Levett, purchased Wychnor in 1765. John, a landowner, investor and sometime member of the Lunar Society), was Member of Parliament for Lichfield.
Though he died childless, Wychnor remained for many years the home of the Levett family.

John' s nephew Theophilus Levett was Recorder of Lichfield and High Sheriff of Staffordshire in 1809.  His friend General William Dyott, Aide-de-camp to King George III, attended Levett's simple funeral at Wychnor and noted that Levett "has left great riches to his younger children with the exception of his son Arthur, to whom he has bequeathed £4,000."

A second John Levett was High Sheriff of Staffordshire in 1846.

Theophilus John Levett, grandson of the Sheriff of the same name, was M.P. for Lichfield from 1880 to 1885.

Later history

The Levett family held Wychnor Hall until 1913, when it was sold to Lt.-Col. W.E. Harrison, of a family who had mining interests around Cannock, in the West Midlands. The estate was broken up and sold piecemeal in 1976 and the Hall and its immediate grounds passed through various owners, being converted into the Wychnor Park Country Club after 1981.

See also
Listed buildings in Wychnor

References

External links

 Burkes Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain and Ireland, Part 2 (1863) p. 869.
 Levett Family Papers. Staffordshire Archive Service, Lichfield Record Office
Mansions and Country Seats of Staffordshire and Warwickshire, Alfred Williams, 1899 Wichnor Park
John Levett, Wychnor Park, The Scots Peerage, James Balfour Paul, Edinburgh, 1905

Further reading
The Lunar Men: Five Friends Whose Curiosity Changed the World, Jenny Uglow, Farrar, Straus & Giroux, New York, 2002 (see John Levett, MP)

Grade II listed buildings in Staffordshire
Country houses in Staffordshire
Architecture in the United Kingdom


Paul Manuel Cominges Mayorca (born 24 July 1975) is a Peruvian retired footballer who played as a striker. His last season as a footballer was in the 2010 Descentralizado season with José Gálvez FBC. He is nicknamed 'Papacito' ('Little Daddy') and is the older brother of midfielder Juan Cominges.

Club career
Cominges previously played for Coronel Bolognesi, where his nine goals helped guide the club to the Clausura 2007 title. He also played for PAOK and OFI Crete in the Greek Super League.

International career
Cominges has made seven appearances for the Peru national football team, including playing at the Copa América 1997.

Honours

Club
Alianza Lima
 Clausura: 1999

Coronel Bolognesi
 Clausura: 2007

References

External links

1975 births
Living people
Footballers from Lima
Peruvian men's footballers
Peru men's international footballers
Club Universitario de Deportes footballers
Cienciano footballers
FBC Melgar footballers
PAOK FC players
OFI Crete F.C. players
Club Alianza Lima footballers
Estudiantes de Medicina footballers
Panachaiki F.C. players
Caracas FC players
Club Deportivo Universidad de San Martín de Porres players
Atlético Universidad footballers
Coronel Bolognesi footballers
Sporting Cristal footballers
José Gálvez FBC footballers
Colegio Nacional Iquitos footballers
1997 Copa América players
Peruvian Primera División players
Peruvian Segunda División players
Super League Greece players
Peruvian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Venezuela
Men's association football forwards
Coronel Bolognesi managers
Cienciano managers


Mauro "Blond Herring" or "Goose" Gozzo (born March 7, 1966) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher and current manager of the Gastonia Honey Hunters. He played all or parts of six seasons in the majors, from  until .

Career

Playing
He was selected in the 13th round of the 1984 Major League Baseball Draft by the New York Mets, and was traded to the Kansas City Royals in 1987 as part of the package for David Cone. Two seasons later, he was selected by the Toronto Blue Jays in the minor league draft, and he debuted in the majors for the Jays on August 8, 1989. After his rookie season, Gozzo played two years for the Cleveland Indians and one for the Minnesota Twins. During his two games with the Twins, he had a blond mustache with brown hair, earning him the nickname of Blond Herring. He played his final two seasons for the Mets, playing his final game on August 11, 1994. (That was the last day of the 1994 season.  The players' strike began the next day, and continued into 1995.

Coaching
Gozzo  served as the director of the Goose's Gamers AAU baseball league in 2010. In 2018, Gozzo served as the pitching coach for the New Britain Bees of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. He was promoted to manager for the 2019 season following Wally Backman's departure. In 2020, he became pitching coach under manager Wally Backman for the Long Island Ducks.

On February 18, 2021, Gozzo was announced as manager of the new Gastonia Honey Hunters franchise in the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.

Personal life
Gozzo was born in New Britain, Connecticut and graduated from Berlin High School, he moved to Wallingford, Connecticut after his playing career ended. Gozzo has twin sons, Paul and Sal both of whom have played college baseball.

References

Sources

1966 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball coaches from Connecticut
Baseball players from Connecticut
Cleveland Indians players
Columbia Mets players
Colorado Springs Sky Sox players
Iowa Cubs players
Knoxville Blue Jays players
Little Falls Mets players
Lynchburg Mets players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Memphis Chicks players
Minnesota Twins players
New York Mets players
Norfolk Tides players
Portland Beavers players
Sportspeople from New Britain, Connecticut
Syracuse Chiefs players
Toronto Blue Jays players
New Britain Bees


Neptune is the second studio album by the London-based band The Duke Spirit. It was the last with the original lead guitarist, Dan Higgins. The album was released on 4 February 2008 on the independent label You Are Here.

The song "Lassoo" is used in the game Guitar Hero On Tour: Modern Hits for North America and the UK, and "Send a Little Love Token" is on the main set list for Guitar Hero 5 and Forza Motorsport 3.

Critical reception
The Independent praised Liela Moss, writing that she possesses "not just a powerful set of pipes but also the spirit to duke it out (so to speak) with a rock band playing full-tilt at full volume." Spin wrote that "these Brits move with purpose from girl-group-inspired pop ('My Sunken Treasure') to fully loaded Jesus and Mary Chain–fried fuzz ('Lassoo') in remarkably short steps." The Times wrote that "well-crafted pop songs with an art-rock bent are the mainstay."

Track listing

References

2008 albums
The Duke Spirit albums
Albums produced by Chris Goss


Ahmed Saraku (born 1986) is a Ghanaian amateur boxer who won silver at the Light Heavyweight 81kg at the African Championship Madagascar 2007.At the 2007 All-Africa Games he drop down to middleweight and won Silver. He qualified for the Olympics by winning two fights and won Silver early 2008.Married to Ghanaian born Australian lady Sabina Saraku the couple welcome their first daughter Renee Saraku born 11 November 2019.

Career
He became national welterweight champion in 2005 and went to the Commonwealth Games 2006 where he lost his first bout 7:13 to Neil Perkins.

At the African Championships he competed at light heavy and won silver.

At the AllAfrica Games he dropped down to middleweight and lost the final only 8:9 to local hero Nabil Kassel, at the world championships he lost his first bout to Bosco Draskovic.

He qualified for the Olympics by winning two bouts in a qualifier, one against Daniel Shishia.

External links
 Bio
 All Africa games 2007

1986 births
Living people
Middleweight boxers
Welterweight boxers
Boxers at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers for Ghana
Ghanaian male boxers
African Games silver medalists for Ghana
African Games medalists in boxing
Competitors at the 2007 All-Africa Games
Commonwealth Games competitors for Ghana
Place of birth missing (living people)


Camberwell is a closed railway station in Camberwell, South London, England. It opened in 1862 but was closed to passengers in 1916 and closed to all traffic in 1964. The possibility of the station's re-opening has been raised in recent years.

Opening and closure
Camberwell station was opened on 6 October 1862 by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LC&DR) as part of the company's ambitious "City Branch" from Herne Hill to Blackfriars. It was constructed on a viaduct with entry at street level. On 1 May 1863 the name was changed to Camberwell New Road. The station initially had two facing platforms, but was expanded to four lines with the addition of a central island lines with the additional lines opening on 1 January 1866. The signal box built at the northern end of the island in the late 1890s is Grade II listed.

In October 1908, following its 1899 change of management to the merged South Eastern and Chatham Railway, its name reverted to Camberwell. As with many other London stations during World War I, wartime restraints forced it to close to passenger traffic on 3 April 1916. Before the outbreak of war, the station had suffered dwindling passenger usage following the introduction of electric tram services in the area. It remained in use for goods traffic until 18 April 1964.

Modern use
Today, the original station building located on the west side of Camberwell Station Road is in converted use as a mechanic's garage. At track level, nothing of the two side platforms remain but small fragments of the degraded island platform are still visible. The goods yard is now occupied by a residential development.

Camberwell station was mentioned in the 1956 film Private's Progress as a good place to get off a train and avoid paying a fare. It was made to sound like a working station, despite the fact that it had closed nearly 40 years before the film was set.

Possible re-opening
The station was considered by British Rail for reopening as part of the Thameslink route in the 1980s, along with  and .

In 2002, a study undertaken by a rail expert, Nick Alexander, concluded that a "station located at the old Camberwell station site should be considered if the option were to be considered in future".

In June 2014, Transport for London (TfL) commissioned Steer Davies Gleave to undertake a feasibility study to consider the possibility of re-opening Camberwell and Walworth railway stations on the line where trains run non-stop between Loughborough Junction or Denmark Hill and Elephant & Castle. The study concluded that a re-opened Camberwell station could cater for 8- or 12-car trains, but that complete reconstruction might be required. The cost of a 12-car station would be £27.5m (£20.7m cheaper than Walworth). 40% of the cost was the cost of rebuilding four bridges.

In December 2015, TfL announced that its proposed Bakerloo line extension would follow a route via the Old Kent Road to Lewisham, rather than through a new underground station in Camberwell and Peckham to the same destination. In March 2016, it was reported that Mayor of London Boris Johnson understood the Bakerloo line extension did not solve Camberwell's poor rail connectivity, adding that TfL were investigating the re-opening of Camberwell railway station in consultation with stakeholders, including the London Borough of Southwark and the London Borough of Lambeth, and that initial feasibility studies indicate it would be possible to construct a modern station on the site if timetables could be modified to accommodate Camberwell as an additional stop.

In June 2017, Steer Davies Gleave produced a TfL-commissioned report discussing the possibility of the station's re-opening in 2026 in three future land use densities across three levels of operational use (four 8-car trains per hour, six 8-car trains per hour and six 12-car trains per hour) to give a total of nine scenarios. It estimated the capital cost of an 8-car station at £36.74m and a 12-car station at £38.50m. Its transport user analysis concluded that no scenario produced a net benefit, because Camberwell station users' journey time benefit would be more than offset by those travelling into London from further afield. It also concluded the wider economic impact would be negative and that the increase to land value in the area would be modest. SDG's journey time benefit analysis was based on a Mott MacDonald report that reached similar conclusions, but that the journey time cost would be unlikely to be noticed by users, and that the overall impact of the opening of the station would be minimal.

The Labour Party included a promise to campaign for the station's re-opening in its manifesto ahead of the 2018 Southwark London Borough Council election held in May.

In September 2018, TfL published a strategic business case to explore the station's reinstatement. It acknowledged the area's poor transport connectivity and that the reopening of the National Rail station was the best of eight options examined. While it concluded the local area would benefit from the station's re-opening, its conclusions were similar to Steer Davies Gleave's 2017 report.

In July 2020, the station was included in a shortlist of stations under consideration for reopening as part of the third round of the New Stations Fund scheme, but ultimately was not successful.

See also
Bakerloo line extension to Camberwell

References

External links
 Blackfriars Bridge - Loughborough Junction

Disused railway stations in the London Borough of Southwark
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1862
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1916
Camberwell
Former London, Chatham and Dover Railway stations
1862 establishments in England


John Poole may refer to:

Politicians
John Poole (Canadian politician) (1872–1963), member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba
John Poole (died 1601), MP for Liverpool
Sir John Poole, in 1593, MP for Much Wenlock (UK Parliament constituency)

Others
H. John Poole, military author
Jack Poole (1933–2009), Canadian businessman
John Poole (footballer, born 1892) (1892–1967), English football defender and manager
John Poole (footballer, born 1932) (1932–2020), English football goalkeeper for Port Vale
John Poole (playwright) (1786–1872), English playwright
John Poole (sculptor) (1926–2009), British sculptor
John C. Poole (1887–1926), American etcher and wood engraver
Jon Poole (born 1969), British singer-songwriter

See also
John Pool (1826–1884), US Senator
John Pool (MP) for Wycombe (UK Parliament constituency)


The Farmer Boys were an American country music duo consisting of Bobby Adamson (born September 20, 1933) and Woodie Wayne Murray (September 29, 1933 – August 14, 2002).

Adamson and Murray were both natives of Arkansas who met in California when they sang a song together around a jukebox. In 1952 they started working together, singing at local dances with Adamson on lead vocals and Murray on harmony and guitar. Herb Henson gave them a spot on his television show, which broadcast out of Bakersfield, California on KERO. They eventually became nightly performers on the show, and Henson gave them the name The Farmer Boys, since they lived in Farmersville.

The Farmer Boys auditioned for MGM Records and were turned down, but Ken Nelson at Capitol Records liked them enough to sign them late in 1954, and they first recorded for Capitol on January 12, 1955. Their novelty songs became their most popular numbers, and their overall sound resembled that of Homer & Jethro. They appeared on the Grand Ole Opry and supported Webb Pierce, Hank Locklin, Carl Smith, and Elvis Presley on tour. They recorded a rockabilly single in 1956, "Cool Down Mame" b/w "My Baby Done Left Me", but soon returned to country. Roy Nichols, who played with Merle Haggard, played guitar on most of their records, and their 1957 sides featured The Desert Stars, who included Buck Owens among their members.

In 1957, their contract with Capitol expired, and they never issued another recording. They continued performing until 1964. In subsequent decades, their music has been the subject of interest by early rock and roll historians.

Discography

References

[ The Farmer Boys] at AllMusic

Country music groups from California
Capitol Records artists
Musical groups established in 1952
Musical groups disestablished in 1964
1952 establishments in California


In Chile, the National Prize for Literature (Premio Nacional de Literatura) was created by Law No. 7,368 during the presidency of Juan Antonio Ríos on 8 November 1942. It consists of a lump-sum monetary prize (16 million Chilean pesos, about US$30K) and a lifetime monthly stipend (20 UTM, about US$17K/year). It was originally awarded every year until the amendments introduced by Law No. 17,595 of 1972, when it became biennial. It's regarded as one of the National Prizes in their homeland.

Winners are selected on the overall quality of their works, regardless of genre.

Winners of the National Prize for Literature

 1942: Augusto d'Halmar
 1943: Joaquín Edwards Bello
 1944: Mariano Latorre
 1945: Pablo Neruda
 1946: Eduardo Barrios
 1947: Samuel Lillo
 1948: Angel Cruchaga
 1949: Pedro Prado
 1950: José Santos González Vera
 1951: Gabriela Mistral
 1952: Fernando Santiván
 1953: Daniel de la Vega
 1954: Víctor Domingo Silva
 1955: Francisco Antonio Encina
 1956: Max Jara
 1957: Manuel Rojas
 1958: Diego Dublé Urrutia
 1959: Hernán Díaz Arrieta
 1960: Julio Barrenechea
 1961: Marta Brunet
 1962: Juan Guzmán Cruchaga
 1963: Benjamín Subercaseaux
 1964: Francisco Coloane
 1965: Pablo de Rokha
 1966: Juvencio Valle
 1967: Salvador Reyes Figueroa
 1968: Hernán del Solar
 1969: Nicanor Parra
 1970: Carlos Droguett
 1971: Humberto Díaz Casanueva
 1972: Edgardo Garrido
 1974: Sady Zañartu
 1976: Arturo Aldunate Phillips
 1978: Rodolfo Oroz
 1980: Roque Esteban Scarpa
 1982: Marcela Paz
 1984: Braulio Arenas
 1986: Enrique Campos Menéndez
 1988: Eduardo Anguita
 1990: José Donoso
 1992: Gonzalo Rojas
 1994: Jorge Edwards
 1996: Miguel Arteche
 1998: Alfonso Calderón
 2000: Raúl Zurita
 2002: Volodia Teitelboim
 2004: Armando Uribe
 2006: José Miguel Varas
 2008: Efraín Barquero
 2010: Isabel Allende
 2012: Óscar Hahn
 2014: Antonio Skármeta
 2016: Manuel Silva Acevedo
 2018: Diamela Eltit
 2020: Elicura Chihuailaf
 2022: Hernán Rivera Letelier

External links
Dirección de Bibliotecas, Archivos y Museos (DIBAM) - Premio Nacional de Literatura: Presentación
Dirección de Bibliotecas, Archivos y Museos (DIBAM) - Past Winners

Chilean literary awards
Awards established in 1942

Spanish-language literary awards
1942 establishments in Chile


Alexander Ivanovich Mikhailov (; 6 December 1905, Zemetchino – 6 February 1988, Moscow) was a Soviet and Russian engineer and information scientist. He was one of the most influential thinkers related to the field of information science in the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc.

Biography
Mikhailov graduated in 1931 in mechanical engineering from the Mendeleev Institute and had a successful career in plane and aircraft engineering in the 1930s and 1940s. At the beginning of the 1950s, he participated in the creation and development of VINITI, an institute devoted to the study and practice of Scientific Information in Russia. The institute opened in 1952, and Mikhailov became director from October 1956 until his death.

From the 1960s to the 1980s, Mikhailov had considerable participation in the International Federation for Information and Documentation, became two times vice-director of the institute (1969 to 1976 - 1981 to 1988), coordinating the Study Committee Research on Theoretical Basis of Information, or FID/RI and became the editor-in-chief of the institute periodical, International Forum for Information and Documentation, between 1975 and 1988.

In the 1960s, he developed, with other authors, the concept of Informatics (Informatika in Russian), related to the study, organization and the dissemination of scientific information. His principal works in this field are the books Fundamentals of Scientific Information (1965), Fundamentals Of Informatics (1968) and Scientific Communications and Informatics (1976), all of them written with  and .

References
 (1975) On The Occasion of the Seventieth Birthday Of Professor A. I. Mikhailov, Scientific and Technical Information Processing, volume 2, nº6, pgs. 67–73.
 (1988) Alexander Ivanovich Mikhailov, Fid News Bulletin, Volume 38, issue 2.

1905 births
1988 deaths
20th-century Russian engineers
People from Morshansky Uyezd
D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia alumni
Recipients of the Order of the Badge of Honour
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the October Revolution
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Russian computer scientists
Russian engineers
Soviet computer scientists
Soviet engineers
Burials at Kuntsevo Cemetery
Russian scientists


St. Mary's Assumption Church is a National Historic Landmark church at Constance and Josephine Streets in New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S. The church was completed in 1860, built for the swelling German Catholic immigrant population in the Lower Garden District section of the city (the church across the street, Saint Alphonsus Church, was built at the same time for the swelling Irish Catholic immigrant population in the same area). Both churches are extremely beautiful and ornate.

Description
St.  Mary's  Assumption is home to a shrine and museum for Blessed Francis Xavier Seelos, a German priest who came to the United States to minister to German-speaking immigrants. Fr. Seelos died while serving as the pastor at St. Mary's Assumption:  after visiting and caring for the victims of yellow fever, he succumbed to the disease himself in 1867. In recognition of his virtuous life, Fr. Seelos was beatified by the Roman Catholic Church in 2000.

It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974, significant as a rare and elaborate example German Baroque Revival architecture.

In 1965, the church was heavily damaged by Hurricane Betsy, which resulted in the church being temporarily closed, and almost resulted in the church being demolished. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina caused heavy rain and wind damage, and water infiltration damaged interior plaster and ceiling, according to the National Park Service.

Best-selling novelist Anne Rice had her marriage convalidated at St. Mary's Assumption with her husband Stan. In addition, Anne Rice included the church in her fictional work. For example, in The Witching Hour, two of the main characters, Rowan and Michael, were married at St. Mary's Assumption. Also, in Blackwood Farm, the church is the setting of Aunt Queen's funeral. In 2005, Rice added text and pictures on her website that encouraged donations to St. Mary's Assumption to help repair the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina.

The church has two pipe organs.  The grand organ in the 2nd balcony was constructed in 1861 by the firm of Simmons & Willcox of Boston.  It was rebuilt with new tubular pneumatic chests in 1900 by William Schuelke.  It was partially electrified ca. 1920.  The choir organ was constructed by Pels & VanLeeuwen of Alkmaar, The Netherlands, in 1971 for the chapel of First Presbyterian Church of Royal Oak, MI, as that firm's Op. 775.  It was relocated to St. Mary's Assumption Church in 2015 by Redman Organ Co. of Forth Worth, TX, with the assistance of Renaissance Pipe Organ Co. of Ann Arbor, MI.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Louisiana
National Register of Historic Places listings in Orleans Parish, Louisiana

References

External links
 Seelos Shrine - information about St. Mary's Assumption Church, Seelos Shrine and Museum

German-American culture in Louisiana
National Historic Landmarks in Louisiana
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1860
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana
Roman Catholic churches in New Orleans
Baroque Revival architecture in the United States
Redemptorist churches in the United States
1860 establishments in Louisiana
Museums in New Orleans
Religious museums in Louisiana
National Register of Historic Places in New Orleans
19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in the United States


Hermann Ludwig Kutzschbach (30 August 1875, Meissen – 9 February 1938, Dresden) was a German conductor whose career was principally at Dresden.

The son of a music-master, he studied at the Dresden Conservatory under Adolf Kluge, Eugen Krantz and Felix Draeseke. In 1895 he became répétiteur at the Dresden Court Theatre, and he remained there, though with short absences (notably in 1898 at Cologne and at the New Royal Opera House in Berlin), until 1906. In 1898 he became 3rd conductor at Dresden, with Ernst von Schuch and Bernhard Joachim Hagen. From 1906 to 1909 he went to Mannheim as 1st conductor, and then returned to Dresden as successor to Hagen. In 1913 he became 2nd conductor, and after Schuch's death in 1914 he acted as 1st conductor with Fritz Reiner. Later he co-operated with Fritz Busch there.

Sources
Arthur Eaglefield Hull, A Dictionary of Modern Music and Musicians (Dent, London 1924).

1875 births
German conductors (music)
German male conductors (music)
Hochschule für Musik Carl Maria von Weber alumni
People from Meissen
1938 deaths


William Gibson (born 1 August 1981) is a Scottish footballer who plays as a defender or a midfielder for Kilbirnie Ladeside in the Scottish Junior Football Association, West Region. He has previously played in the Scottish Premier League for Partick Thistle.

Club career

He started his career with Rangers, before moving to fellow Glasgow club Partick Thistle on loan for the first half of 2004. He was released by Rangers that summer, and joined Thistle on a permanent transfer in July 2004. This spell lasted 3 years, before he moved to Ireland to play for St Patrick's Athletic in June 2007.

Gibson moved back to Scotland in January 2008, and signed for Partick Thistle's rivals, Clyde. He was signed by John Brown, who coached him during his spell with Rangers. He made his debut in a 3–1 defeat by Stirling Albion on 2 February 2008. Gibson's contract was terminated in June 2009, following Clyde's relegation and financial troubles.

Gibson went on to sign for First Division newcomers Ayr United, before joining Alloa Athletic for the 2010–11 season. He then spent almost a year out of football before joining Junior side Linlithgow Rose in the summer of 2012. Gibson moved on to Kilbirnie Ladeside in August 2014.

See also
Clyde F.C. season 2007-08 | 2008–09

References

External links
 (Rangers to Alloa)
 (Clyde and Ayr)

Living people
Footballers from Bellshill
Scottish men's footballers
Rangers F.C. players
Partick Thistle F.C. players
St Patrick's Athletic F.C. players
League of Ireland players
Clyde F.C. players
Ayr United F.C. players
Alloa Athletic F.C. players
Linlithgow Rose F.C. players
Kilbirnie Ladeside F.C. players
Scottish Junior Football Association players
Scottish Football League players
1981 births
Men's association football defenders
Expatriate men's association footballers in the Republic of Ireland
Men's association football midfielders


Cappy (; Picard: Capin) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Cappy is situated on the D1 road, some  east of Amiens, by the banks of the river Somme.

History
 Two Roman villas have been found within the boundaries of the commune.
 Known as "Capiacum" in 887, from the earlier name "Caput Loci" which suggests a fortress was built to defend the passage of the Somme.
 In the 10th century, the village had a priory.  Robert I of Péronne was the seigneur.
 In 1260, Cappy was one of 25 Picardie towns to receive its charter from Louis IX.
 In 1373, The priory, the village and the château were destroyed by the Earl of Warwick.
 The village was also pillaged during the wars with Spain.

Population

Monuments
 Saint-Nicolas church, built in the lower village. The tower dates from 1654. Partially rebuilt in 1920, after the battles of 1916.
 The railway museum 'Chemin de fer Froissy-Dompierre'.

See also
 Froissy Dompierre Light Railway
 Communes of the Somme department

References

External links

 Cappy historical website

Communes of Somme (department)


Persons with the surname Peele include:
 Amanda E. Peele (1903–1978), American biologist
Beverly Peele (b. 1975), fashion model
 George Peele (1556-1596), the English dramatist
 John Thomas Peele (1822-1897), British painter
 Jordan Peele (b. 1979), filmmaker, comedian, and actor
 Randy Peele (b. 1957), basketball coach
 Stanton Peele (b. 1946), author of books about addiction
 William Walter Peele (1881-1959), American Methodist Bishop

See also
 Pele (name), given name and surname
 Peel (disambiguation)
 Peale (disambiguation)


Gabriel Teixeira Machado (born 2 September 1989) is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a forward for FC Regensdorf.

Career

Juventude

Machado started his career at Juventude, signed a 3-year contract in December 2005. He made his debut in Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 2007.

Grasshopper

In January 2008, at age of 18, he signed a contract until June 2009 with Grasshopper.

Nyon

In January 2009, he joined Nyon of Swiss Challenge League.

Universitatea Cluj
In August 2009, he joined Universitatea Cluj. In his first year with the team he scored 9 goals and helped U Cluj to promote to the Liga I. This also made him team top scorer. On 9 February 2011, Machado signed a new three-year contract, holding him at the Romanian side until the Summer of 2014.

Steaua București

In January 2012, he joined Steaua București of Liga I.

Syrianska FC

In August 2013, he joined Syrianska FC of 2013 Allsvenskan.

Universitatea Cluj

In January 2014, he returned to Universitatea Cluj of Liga I but six months later the club announced that the player has been dismissed.

Career statistics
(Correct as of 22 November 2011)

References

External links
Official FCSB profile
Profile at Golbo.com's Futpedia

Profile at Swiss Football League

Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Swiss Super League players
Esporte Clube Juventude players
Grasshopper Club Zürich players
FC Stade Nyonnais players
FC Universitatea Cluj players
FC Steaua București players
Syrianska FC players
Liga I players
Allsvenskan players
Men's association football forwards
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
Expatriate men's footballers in Sweden
Footballers from Porto Alegre
1989 births
Living people


Bushy Park () is a large, , suburban public park in Terenure, Dublin, Ireland.

Location
Although situated mainly in Terenure, and listed by the city council with that address, it stretches to the borders of Rathfarnham and Templeogue. It is across the road from Terenure College boys' school and has several entrances. The River Dodder passes alongside it, within the Dodder Valley Linear Park, and the high wall of Bushy Park has several access points to the riverside.

Attractions and activities

There is a children's playground, an extensive wooded area, with walks to the banks of the Dodder (with access over a footbridge to the Rathfarnham area), a woodland pond, a duck pond, and a recently reopened kiosk. In front of the duck pond is a high hill, and east of the pond is a starting point for the woodland walk, beside a small cascade. The park is a good place for birdwatching - among the species which may be seen are sparrowhawk, treecreeper and kingfisher.

The park has football fields, a skateboarding area and 11 tennis courts. Many sporting clubs and schools in the area use the park for recreational activities such as the Football Association of Ireland, Terenure Football Club (with schoolgirls, schoolboys, adult male and female teams), and Gaelic football club Templeogue Synge Street. Sportsworld running club are also based in the park, with their clubhouse located at the Terenure road entrance to the park. The Terenure Village Market operates in Bushy Park each Saturday afternoon. The market consists of a variety of stalls selling artisan foods, confectionery and more, along with occasional music performances.

History

Bushy Park House was originally owned by Arthur Bushe of Dangan, County Kilkenny. He was a secretary to the Revenue Commissioners who built the house. The house was originally known as "Bushe's House" in 1700, and was situated on a site of four hectares. John Hobson became the owner in 1772 and changed the name of the house to Bushy Park, possibly after Bushy Park in London. The third owner was Abraham Wilkinson who in 1791 added almost 40 extra hectares to this estate when his only daughter Maria married Robert Shaw who was first baronet, Member of Parliament and Lord Mayor of Dublin. In 1796 he gave the house and estate as a dowry to the couple. Bushy Park House became the seat of Sir Robert Shaw when he left nearby Terenure House.

The Shaw family was connected with Bushy Park until they sold the house and grounds to Dublin City Council (formerly Dublin Corporation) in 1953. The house and eight hectares of the grounds were then sold in 1955 by Dublin City Council to the Religious of Christian Education (an order of teaching Sisters founded in Normandy in 1817), where they established Our Lady's School for girls. Dublin City Council re-acquired  of woodland in 1992.

As of early 2008, there are plans to refurbish Bushy Park House.

References

External links
 Dublin City Council - Bushy Park
 Three minute video about Bushy Park House by Dublin City Public Libraries

Parks in Dublin (city)


Peter Murray may refer to:
Peter Murray (architectural writer) (born 1944), British architectural journalist
Peter Murray (art historian) (1920–1992), professor of history of art
Peter Murray (Harvard Law School), lecturer at Harvard Law School
Pete Murray (born 1969), Australian singer-songwriter
Pete Murray (DJ) (born 1925), British radio and television presenter
Pete Murray (American musician), American musician and singer-songwriter
Peter Murray (Yorkshire Sculpture Park), founding director of Yorkshire Sculpture Park
Peter J. Murray (born 1951), retired mathematics teacher and children's author
Peter Marshall Murray (1888–1969), president of the National Medical Association, 1932–1933
Peter Murray (rugby union) (1884–1968), New Zealand rugby union player and politician

See also
Peter Murray-Rust (born 1941), chemist
Peter Murray-Willis (1910–1995), English cricketer


Radio Bemerton is a community radio station in Wiltshire, England. The station was established in 2000 in order to provide training and learning opportunities for adults in the Bemerton Heath area of the city of Salisbury. It is operated by Wiltshire Community Media Foundation, a not-for-profit company.

The project regularly recruits members from the local area and provides training in broadcast skills. The wider aim, however, is to provide an opportunity for its members to gain better skills in all forms of communication including, reading, writing and general conversational skills.

Training is ongoing, however, each year the radio station stages a live broadcast period ranging from 1 to 28 days in duration. The broadcast is essentially a showcase for the work prepared in previous months by its members and allows the project to reach the wider community.

When broadcasting, Radio Bemerton covers an area of approximately 8 miles from its purpose-built studios on Bemerton Heath. The station broadcasts on the FM waveband under the Restricted Service Licence scheme operated by Ofcom.

In recent years, the station has operated a number of projects aimed at a younger age group, typically 13- to 18-year-olds. Whilst the primary aims of the project remain unchanged, the station now has a more modern feel and broadcasts under the name WicKID fm to reflect its younger members and target audience.

Broadcasts

2008

Radio Bemerton's broadcast starts on 14 April and runs until 19 April 2008.  As with previous years the organisation will be broadcasting under the name WicKID fm on 87.8 FM.

External links
Wiltshire Community Media Foundation

Radio stations in Wiltshire
Radio stations established in 2000


Images is a cycle of piano pieces composed by Howard Skempton in 1989. This work and a variations set, The Durham Strike, are the only large-scale piano works by Skempton, although he has been composing piano music since the beginning of his career.

The work was commissioned by Channel 4's HTV West for "Images", a six-part television series of documentaries dealing with various aspects of photography. The series was created to mark the 150th anniversary of the invention of photography. The producer, Barrie Gavin, wanted the music to be similar in concept to Erik Satie's Gymnopedies: in the words of the composer, the pieces were to be "like a sculpture viewed from different angles in a changing light." The pianist who performed Images for the TV series was Michael Finnissy.

Images comprises eight preludes, two "songs" (The Cockfight: a traditional song and Song 2), a set of variations, eight interludes and a postlude (Postlude: The Keel Row). In concert, the order of the pieces is not fixed and is left for the performer to determine. The eight preludes contain the pieces that directly correspond to Gavin's request. Preludes 1–3, all written on three staves and in 3/8 time, share identical rhythmic and melodic structure of all melodic lines, with just some of the notes and the key changed. Prelude 4 is also in 3/8 time and has a somewhat similar rhythmic structure, slightly simplified and written on two staves. The other four preludes form two pairs of such almost identical pieces. Preludes 5 and 6 are both in 7/16 time, and 7 and 8 are in 6/16.

The eight interludes were composed with specific scenes in mind and range from 18 to just 8 bars. Numbers 3, 5 and 8 employ free notation: there are no barlines, and the notes have no stems; note values are uniform throughout.

References
 Howard Skempton's programme notes for Images
 Howard Skempton: "Images" (score).  Published by Oxford University Press. (3736985),
 Maurice Hinson. Guide to the Pianist's Repertoire, p. 737. Indiana University Press, 2000.

Compositions by Howard Skempton
Compositions for solo piano


The law of New Zealand uses the English common law system, inherited from being a part of the British Empire.

There are several sources of law, the primary ones being acts enacted by the New Zealand Parliament and case law made by decisions of the courts of New Zealand. At a more fundamental level, the law of New Zealand is based on three related principles: parliamentary sovereignty; the rule of law; and the separation of powers.

History

Pre-European law
Before colonisation by the British, Māori customary law (tikanga) would have served as rule of law for most tribes.

The first mention of New Zealand in British statutes is in the Murders Abroad Act of 1817, which clarified that New Zealand was not a British colony (despite being claimed by Captain Cook) and "not within His Majesty's dominions".

Treaty of Waitangi

The Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840. Although the Treaty had never been incorporated into New Zealand municipal law, its provisions were first incorporated into legislation as early as the Land Claims Ordinance 1841 and the Native Rights Act 1865. However, in the 1877 Wi Parata v Bishop of Wellington judgement, Judge Prendergast argued that the Treaty was a "simple nullity" in terms of transferring sovereignty from Māori to the United Kingdom. This remained the legal orthodoxy until at least the 1970s. Māori have since argued that Prendergast's decision, as well as laws later based on it were a politically convenient and deliberate ploy to legitimise the seizure of Māori land and other resources.

In 1975, the Treaty of Waitangi Act became law. It established the Waitangi Tribunal. The tribunal had authority to investigate post-1975 Māori grievances; to make findings of fact; and to make non-binding recommendations.  The act was amended in 1985 to enable the tribunal to consider grievances back to 1840 and to increase the tribunal's membership.

The Treaty was incorporated in a limited way into New Zealand law by the State Owned Enterprises Act 1986. Section 9 of the act said "Nothing in this Act shall permit the Crown to act in a manner that is inconsistent with the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi". The government had proposed a transfer of assets from former Government departments to state-owned enterprises, but because the state-owned enterprises were essentially private firms owned by the government, there was an argument that they would prevent assets which had been given by Māori for use by the state from being returned to Māori by the Waitangi Tribunal and through Treaty settlements. The Act was challenged in court in 1987, and the judgement of New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney-General
defined the "Principles of the Treaty" and the proposed sale of government assets was found to be in breach of this proviso. This allowed the courts to consider the Crown's actions in terms of compliance with the Treaty and established the principle that if the Treaty is mentioned in strong terms in a piece of legislation, it takes precedence over other parts of that legislation should they come into conflict. The "Principles of the Treaty" became a common topic in contemporary New Zealand politics, and in 1989, the Fourth Labour Government responded by adopting the "Principles for Crown Action on the Treaty of Waitangi" a similar list of principles to that established in the 1987 court case.

Court system

A Supreme Court was first established in 1841 (it was renamed the High Court in 1980, and is different from the current Supreme Court), and various lower courts subsequently established. Its establishment followed the arrival in New Zealand of the first chief justice, William Martin, and it heard its first case in January 1842. The magistrates' courts came into being in 1846 (replaced by district courts in 1980). The Court of Appeal was set up in 1862 and originally consisted of panels of judges from the Supreme Court. The Court of Appeal was the highest court in New Zealand, although appeals could be taken from this to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London. In 1957 the Court of Appeal was reconstituted to become separate from the Supreme Court, having its own judges. In 2004 a new Supreme Court was established, becoming New Zealand's court of last resort following the simultaneous abolition of the right to appeal to the Privy Council.

In 1865 a Native Land Court was established to "define the land rights of Māori people under Māori custom and to translate those rights or customary titles into land titles recognisable under European law". It has since been heavily criticised for acting as a device for removing Māori from their land. Some of the problems were with the court itself – holding proceedings in English and in cities far from Māori settlements, judges with inadequate knowledge of Māori custom – while others were more to do with the laws it enforced. For example, for many decades land law did not recognise that an entire hapu owned its land, and land ownership was put in the hands of a few people. In 1954 it was renamed the Māori Land Court, and has been substantially reformed since the nineteenth century. Until the mid-twentieth century it also dealt with Māori adoptions.

The New Zealand judiciary have generally been seen as independent and non-corrupt, although not always non-biased. Until recent years they have played a very minor role in developing the law, and as late as 1966 it was said that they "usually follow English decisions scrupulously". In the 1980s the judiciary played a major role in redefining the constitutional position of the Treaty of Waitangi.

New Zealand Bill of Rights Act

The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act was enacted in 1990 to affirm fundamental rights and freedoms set out in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. While the Bill of Rights Act is not a superior law to which all other laws are subject, judges are required to interpret other statutes to be consistent with it if at all possible. If there is an inconsistency, the attorney-general must inform Parliament.

Legal tradition
The New Zealand legal system is heavily based on the English law, and remains similar in many respects. As with all common law countries, English law is organised around the doctrines of precedent (like cases should be decided alike) and stare decisis. These principles dictate that lower courts must follow the decisions of the more senior courts in the judicial hierarchy. This encourages consistency of decision-making.

Contract law
New Zealand contract law was initially derived from the English model. Since 1969, however, a series of Acts of Parliament altered this, and New Zealand contract law is now 'largely... distinct from other jurisdictions'. The main distinction of New Zealand contract law is the wide discretionary power given to courts in granting relief. Although these changes were initially opposed due to fears that they would make the remedy of contractual disputes unpredictable and increase levels of litigation, it is generally agreed that this has not
happened, and that the laws are working satisfactorily.

Trusts
The Trusts Act 2019 (No 38) came into force on 30 January 2021, so far as it was not already in force. It repealed the Trustee Act 1956 (No 61).

As to charitable trusts, see the Charitable Trusts Act 1957.

See also
 Constitution of New Zealand
 The Laws of New Zealand, an encyclopaedia of law
 List of national legal systems

References

External links

New Zealand Legislation, Parliamentary Counsel Office – up-to-date versions of legislation
Early New Zealand Statutes – assent versions of New Zealand ordinances and statutes passed from 1841 to 1940
NZLII, New Zealand Legal Information Institute – includes databases of court decisions


The trestle of a post mill is the arrangement of the main post, crosstrees and quarterbars that form the substructure of this type of windmill. It may or may not be surrounded by a roundhouse. Post mills without a roundhouse are known as open trestle post mills.

A trestle mill is a variety of smock mill, usually without weatherboards, formerly used for drainage in the Norfolk Broads. Examples can be found at Horning, Ludham and St Olaves.

A well preserved example of a timber crosstree, from the trestle of a medieval windmill, was excavated by archaeologists at Humberstone, near Leicester, in 2007.

References

Sources

Post mills
Smock mills


Ralph Pomeroy may refer to:
Ralph Pomeroy (gynecologist) (1867–1925), American gynecologist
Ralph Pomeroy (poet) (1926–1999), American poet
Ralph E. Pomeroy (1930–1952), recipient of the Medal of Honor


BDN or Bdn may refer to:

Baldemu language, spoken in northern Cameroon (ISO 639-3 code: bdn)
Bangor Daily News
Bend Municipal Airport, Oregon, United States (IATA airport code: BDN)
Benefit dependency network
Black Disciples, a street gang in Chicago, United States
Blue Dot Network
Brading railway station, Isle of Wight, United Kingdom (National Rail code: BDN)
BDN, sister station of BKN
Big Dick Nick, nickname for NFL Quarterback Nick Foles


John of Constantinople (died 839) was an abbot of the Cathares Monastery, in Constantinople. He clashed with Emperor Leo the Armenian, who was instituting a policy of iconoclasm. John survived torture. He is considered a saint by the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches, and is celebrated by them respectively on April 18 and April 27.

References

813 deaths
9th-century Christian saints
9th-century Byzantine monks
Byzantine Iconoclasm
Year of birth unknown


KBDN (96.5 FM, "Real Country 96.5") is a radio station licensed to serve Bandon, Oregon, United States.  The station is owned by Bicoastal Media and the broadcast license is held by Bicoastal Media Licenses III, LLC.

Programming
KBDN broadcasts a country music format featuring the satellite-delivered "Real Country" format from Citadel Media. In addition to its usual music programming, KBDN airs news updates from CNN Radio.

History
This station received its original construction permit from the Federal Communications Commission on November 17, 1994.  The new station was assigned the call letters KAJT by the FCC on January 13, 1995.  This was short-lived the station was assigned the current KBDN call letters on March 10, 1995.  After a modification and one extension, KBDN received its license to cover from the FCC on January 24, 1997.

In April 2003, Coquille River Broadcasters, Inc., reached an agreement to sell this station and three others to Bicoastal Media through their Bicoastal CB, LLC, subsidiary for a total sale price of $1.5 million.  The four-station deal was approved by the FCC on August 22, 2003, and the transaction was consummated on October 16, 2003. At the time of the sale, KBDN broadcast a classic rock music format branded as "B96".

As part of an internal corporate re-organization by the Bicoastal Media parent company, Bicoastal CB, LLC, applied in October 2007 to transfer the broadcast license for KBDN to Bicoastal Media Licenses III, LLC.  The transfer was approved by the FCC on October 29, 2007, and the transaction was consummated on the same day.

References

External links
KBDN official website

BDN
Country radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1996
Coos County, Oregon
1996 establishments in Oregon


HMS Mutine was a turbine-powered  of the Royal Navy.  She served during the Second World War, and was adopted by the civil community of Mitcham, Surrey following a successful Warship Week National Savings campaign held in February 1942.

Design and description
The turbine-powered group displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. The ships measured  long overall with a beam of . They had a draught of . The ships' complement consisted of 85 officers and ratings.

The ships had two Parsons geared steam turbines,, each driving one shaft, using steam provided by two Admiralty three-drum boilers. The engines produced a total of  and gave a maximum speed of . They carried a maximum of  of fuel oil that gave them a range of  at .

The Algerine class was armed with a QF  Mk V anti-aircraft gun and four twin-gun mounts for Oerlikon 20 mm cannon. The latter guns were in short supply when the first ships were being completed and they often got a proportion of single mounts. By 1944, single-barrel Bofors 40 mm mounts began replacing the twin 20 mm mounts on a one for one basis. All of the ships were fitted for four throwers and two rails for depth charges.

Career

Construction and early career
Mutine was built by Harland and Wolff, in Belfast, Northern Ireland and launched on 10 October 1942.  After completing her working up trials she was assigned to the 12th Minesweeping Flotilla and was deployed in Home waters.  She only spent a couple of months here before travelling to the Mediterranean in May 1943 to join the minesweeping flotilla at Bizerta.

The Mediterranean
Here she cleared passages through the Galita and Sicilian channels to allow the passage of convoys to and from the eastern Mediterranean.  Mutine was also nominated to carry out minesweeping and escort duties for the Allied landings in Sicily.  For these operations she was detached from the flotilla and carried out these duties in mid July in company with her sisters ,  and .  She returned to her normal duties in August.

In September Mutine supported the Allied landings at Salerno. She was slightly damaged by a near miss from shore fire on 8 September whilst sweeping for mines off the beachhead. On 16 September she carried out sweeping operations in the Bay of Naples with her flotilla. Together they managed to clear 135 mines in the Salerno area.  At the end of September she sailed for Capri. On 1 October Mutine was deployed in support of operations off the west coast of Sicily. These duties included mine clearance of positions to be used by Allied warships for bombardments prior to military advances. During these activities, the minesweepers often came under fire from shore batteries and air attacks. She carried out these duties into December, when she was moved to the Anzio area to support Operation Shingle, the planned allied landings.  She carried out sweeping duties in January, in company with  and  of the 19th Flotilla and  and  of the 13th Flotilla. Mutine carried out these duties until March, followed by sweeping duties off Malta.

June was spent clearing the entrance to the port of Civitavecchia and elsewhere off the Italian coast to clear passages for ships supporting the military advance.  In July she cleared a passage into Livorno.  Altogether 250 mines were cleared from the various minesweepers engaged in these operations, often while under fire from the shore.  The later part of the year saw Mutine carrying out sweeping duties off Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean.  In October the ships of Mutine’s flotilla were congratulated by the Supreme Commander, Mediterranean, for having swept 1013 mines.  Further work in the Aegean Sea followed, where Mutine suffered slight damage while sweeping one of the new German 'Oboe' mines.  On 17 December Mutine, Fly and  swept a passage through the Dardanelles to ensure safe passage for the warships taking Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt to the Yalta Conference to meet Joseph Stalin.  Mutine spent Christmas 1944 in Mudros.

In January 1945 Mutine returned to Malta with Fly and then moved on to resume mine clearance off the Greek mainland with the rest of her Flotilla.  She carried out these duties until March, moving to the Italian coast in April to continue sweeping duties.  In May she swept the port of Genoa and on 9 May Mutine became the first major warship to enter Genoa.  She spent the rest of the war in the Gulf of Genoa carrying out sweeping operations.

Post war
Mutine remained in the Mediterranean sweeping mines until 1946, when she returned to the UK with the rest of her flotilla.  She was paid off at Sheerness and reduced to the reserve, being laid up at Harwich.  She was recommissioned in April 1956 to replace  for minesweeping training at Portsmouth. After this requirement ended, Mutine was used as a ship target for aircraft training and returned to the reserve at Chatham. She was refitted for use as an anti-submarine escort in 1958-9 but was never recommissioned, and was put up for disposal in 1966. She was sold for scrapping on 13 December 1966, and was towed to Barrow-in-Furness, arriving on 7 April 1967 to be broken up.

Notes

References

External links
HMS Mutine at Uboat.net
HMS Mutine at naval-history.net

Algerine-class minesweepers of the Royal Navy
Ships built in Belfast
1942 ships
World War II minesweepers of the United Kingdom
Ships built by Harland and Wolff


The Magón National Prize for Culture (Premio Nacional de Cultura Magón) is an award given by the government of Costa Rica, through its Ministry of Youth, Culture, and Sport, to a Costa Rican citizen in recognition of their life's work in the cultural field. It was created in 1961 by Law  2901 and amended in 1993 by Law 7345.

The prize's name is in homage to writer Manuel González Zeledón (1864–1936), who wrote under the nom-de-plume "Magón". It has been awarded annually since 1962.

Magón Prize winners

References

External links
Premios Magón

Costa Rican awards


Epic Communications Limited (formerly Vodafone Malta Limited) is a Maltese mobile network operator, and the second largest mobile network in Malta by number of customers. The company offers a full range of Voice, SMS and mobile Data services over 2G, 3G, 4G and 4G+ networks. The company adopted the current brand name in November 2020 after its acquisition by Monaco Telecom.

History
Telecell Limited was established in 1989 as the first mobile network provider in Malta. The first call was made on the Telecell network in 1990 whilst the first GSM call was made in 1997. Vodafone Malta's international gateway was launched in 2004 making it the first company in Malta to offer resilience and backup on international connectivity to the local business community. The international gateway spans approximately 250 km between Malta and Catania carrying three main types of traffic: Internet, Voice and Data. During August 2006, Vodafone was the first mobile network operator to deploy 3G followed by the launch of HSDPA for high speed data transmission in December 2006. In June 2007, Vodafone Malta launched fixed broadband based on WiMax technologies.

In 2008, Vodafone opened its Mobile Network to Virtual Network Operators. This was made possible through an agreement with ASPIDER Solutions. One of the virtual operators using the Vodafone network is Redtouch Fone. In 2010, Vodafone added another first when it announced the launch of an even faster mobile data service with nationwide download speeds of 14.4Mbit/s. In 2012, another first for Malta was launched by Vodafone. The new 21.6Mbit/s HSPA capability was launched live across all of Vodafone's coverage area. Vodafone started also rolling out the very latest 42Mbit/s capability across key areas and high traffic sites on its network. Vodafone Malta announced its roll out of a 4G network in October 2013. It is the first mobile operator in Malta with an operating 4G network and in June 2017 Vodafone Malta has announced 4G+.

In 2017, Vodafone became the first network to introduce superfast 4.5G to the Maltese islands, making it the country's fastest network. The new technology allows for the downloading of data at unprecedented speeds – 33 per cent faster than any other network available in Malta and Gozo – at 300Mbit/s.

In October 2018, Vodafone Malta introduced NB-IoT (narrow band IoT) to Malta bringing the next generation IoT technology to the local market.

On 19 December 2019, Vodafone Group Plc announced that it has entered into an agreement to sell 100% of Vodafone Malta to Monaco Telecom SAM for a cash consideration equivalent to an Enterprise Value of €250 million; the sale was accomplished on 31 March 2020.

On November 17, 2020, the company changed its name into Epic Malta (stylised 'epic'), and announced that it would be the first company in Malta that would not rely on lock-in contracts.

Head Office
Epic Communications Limited's head office is located in SkyParks Business Centre, at the Malta International Airport. The company also operates a number of retail outlets across the Maltese Islands offering a range of customer services. On 11 November 2014, the company opened its first destination store in Malta. The store occupies 417 sq metres and is situated on the Birkirkara Bypass.

Foundation
The Foundation was set up in 2003 and is a separate entity from epic's commercial organisation. The Foundation focuses on supporting projects that make a difference to the Maltese community. Its prime objective is to partner up with NGOs and co-create, support and fund projects that fall under the Connecting for Good Programme. The aim of this programme is to harness the power of innovative mobile technology to bring about social change. Gemma Mifsud Bonnici was chairperson of the foundation until 2015. Michel Macelli replaced Bonnici as chairperson.

References

Mobile phone companies of Malta
Telecommunications companies established in 1989
Luqa
1989 establishments in Malta
Vodafone
2020 mergers and acquisitions


The Ashbourne line was a  railway from Buxton via Ashbourne to Uttoxeter. It was built by the London and North Western Railway using a section of the Cromford and High Peak Railway (C&HPR) and it joined the North Staffordshire Railway at Ashbourne, proceeding to Uttoxeter with a junction onto the main line at Rocester.

Origins
Although the country between Buxton and Ashbourne was sparsely populated, and the terrain immensely difficult, there were a number of motivations for its construction. Ashbourne was one of the few large settlements in the area without a railway connection until the North Staffordshire Railway built its branch from the Churnet Valley line in 1852. Meanwhile, a lucrative trade in limestone was building up and the LNWR's only route southwards was through the Manchester area. Finally, and not least, the Midland Railway was threatening to take over the Derbyshire business through its attempts to reach Manchester from Derby via Buxton.

The LNWR sought to consolidate its position by building a line southwards across the Midland's path. Both railways had arrived at Buxton almost simultaneously in 1863, with termini adjacent to each other (and Buxton lost its chance to be served by a mainline railway).

The LNWR had leased the Cromford and High Peak in 1861 and in 1874 it gained permission to link Buxton with the C&HPR at Hindlow Junction just south of Harpur Hill, which it reached in 1892. At the other end, it would build High Peak Junction near Cromford. After some delay, a further bill was sought in 1887 which, in addition, allowed the complete takeover of the High Peak line. Services began to Parsley Hay on 1 June 1894.

The  section from Parsley Hay to Ashbourne was authorised by the LNWR Act of 4 August 1890, the building contract awarded to Naylor Brothers on 10 December 1895, and it was opened on 4 August 1899. A new Ashbourne station was built jointly by the NSR and the LNWR. The Station Hotel (known as The Beresford Arms for some time, but which has now reverted to its original name) dates from this time.

Construction

Buxton station having been built as a terminus facing north it was first necessary to proceed around a tight 180 degree curve over the 15-arch Hogshaw Viaduct, with a gradient as steep as 1 in 62, to the station at Higher Buxton. On leaving the town the line passed over 13-arch Dukes Drive Viaduct, and then climbed steadily at 1 in 62 to Beswick's Sidings. The gradient eased from there to Hindlow, where the line joined the CHPR. It then climbed once more at 1 in 60, through the  Hindlow Tunnel, to the summit of the line at Dowlow, a height of  above sea level, making it the highest public line in England at that time. This section still exists, serving various lime works at Hindlow and Dowlow.

From there the line fell at 1 in 60 to Hurdlow (for Longnor and Monyash), but then the gradient eased considerably to Parsley Hay, where it left the CH&PR. From there to Ashbourne the line was single, with passing loops at all stations except Thorpe Cloud, and although the line was initially fairly level it included a number of tight curves. The next stop was Hartington, where after about a couple of miles the line began to fall steeply again at 1 in 60 through Alsop en le Dale, Tissington, Fenny Bentley, where there was a goods depot, and Thorpe Cloud, and finally through  Church St tunnel to Ashbourne.

It can be seen that the gradients and curves meant that it was always a difficult line to work, particularly during winter when it was exposed to the elements on the high moors. By contrast, the line from Ashbourne southwards was relatively easy, following river valleys as it did, first the Henmore Brook and then the River Dove.

History
There were regular trains from Ashbourne to Derby.

Baedeker for 1890 gives the following information: Railway from Ashbourne to Derby, 30 M., in 1¼-2 hours (fares 2s.6d., 2s., 1s. 3d.) – 5M Norbury with a highly interesting church (14-15cent; fine stained-glass) and an ancient manor house – At 7M Rocester( rail, refreshment rooms) the pretty 'Churnet Valley line' diverges to the right; the first station on it is (3½M) Alton – 11M Uttoxeter 19M Tutbury – 30M Derby

Once the line to Parsley Hay was open in 1899, there were six trains a day between Buxton and Ashbourne, but the expected expresses were no more than through coaches being attached to London trains. Until 1914 it was possible to travel the  from Euston to Buxton in 4hr 24min. Nevertheless, it was valuable for freight, not only minerals, but milk and other farm produce. Moreover, it became a lifeline during the winter snowstorms: two years after the line opened, a train of six-wheeled carriages became derailed by the snow and was marooned for three days, during which time the crew were given hot food and drinks by local farmers.  This camaraderie ensured that the trains would always get through somehow.

Throughout its existence It served townsfolk who wished to explore the countryside, and country folk who wanted to visit town. Regular passenger services finished on 30 October 1954, but specials and excursions of various kinds continued until 1963. in its last years the line was worked by a LMS Fowler 2-6-2T and 2 coaches.

In the same year, freight traffic finished between Ashbourne and Hartington, to Rocester in 1964, from Hartington to Parsley Hay in October 1967, and to Hindlow the following month.

Preservation
Although all trace of the old NSR lines has practically disappeared, the track bed from Ashbourne to Parsley Hay was acquired by Derbyshire County Council and the Peak National Park for a cycle and walking route. This, the Tissington Trail, was one of the first of such ventures in the country. Later, Ashbourne Tunnel was acquired by Sustrans.

The line is still open from Buxton to Hindlow for stone traffic from the Buxton lime industry and Lafarge Dowlow.

References

External links
One inch to one mile 1947 map
1947 timetable
Geograph photo of Hindlow Tunnel
Geograph photo of 1990 limestone train at Hindlow

Bibliography
 Kingscott, G., (2007) Lost Railways of Derbyshire, Newbury: Countryside Books
 Bentley, J.M., Fox, G.K., (1997) Railways of the High Peak: Buxton to Ashbourne (Scenes From The Past series 32), Romiley: Foxline Publishing

London and North Western Railway
Peak District
Rail transport in Derbyshire
Rail trails in England
Closed railway lines in the East Midlands
Railway lines closed in 1967


Cardonnette () is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Cardonette is situated on the D11 and D247 crossroads, just  northwest of Amiens.

Population

Points of interest
 The church, rebuilt after World War I.

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

External links

 Official website

Communes of Somme (department)


Linisa is a genus (or a subgenus under Polygyra) of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Polygyrinae of the family Polygyridae.

Species
This genus includes the following species and subspecies:
 Linisa acutedentata (W. G. Binney, 1858)
 † Linisa adamnis (Dall, 1890)
 Linisa albicostulata (Pilsbry, 1896)
 Linisa anilis (Gabb, 1865)
 Linisa ariadnae (L. Pfeiffer, 1848)
 Linisa aulacomphala (Pilsbry & Hinkley, 1907)
 Linisa behri (Gabb, 1865)
 Linisa bicruris (L. Pfeiffer, 1857)
 Linisa cantralli (Solem, 1957)
 Linisa euglypta (Pilsbry, 1896)
 Linisa hertleini (Haas, 1961)
 Linisa hindsi (L. Pfeiffer, 1846)
 Linisa implicata (E. von Martens, 1865)
 Linisa matermontana (Pilsbry, 1896)
 Linisa nelsoni (Dall, 1897)
 Linisa oppilata (Morelet, 1849)
 Linisa pergrandis (Solem, 1959)
 Linisa polita (Pilsbry & Hinkley, 1907)
 Linisa ponsonbyi (Pilsbry, 1896)
 Linisa rhoadsi (Pilsbry, 1899)
 Linisa richardsoni (E. von Martens, 1892)
 Linisa suprazonata (Pilsbry, 1899)
 Linisa tamaulipasensis (I. Lea, 1857)
 Linisa texasiana (Moricand, 1833)
 Linisa ventrosula (L. Pfeiffer, 1846)

References

 Pilsbry, H. A. (1956). Inland Mollusca of Northern Mexico. III. Polygyridae and Potadominae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 108: 19–40.
 Bank, R. A. (2017). Classification of the Recent terrestrial Gastropoda of the World. Last update: July 16, 2017

Polygyridae


KZYP (1310 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Malvern, Arkansas, United States. The station, which began broadcasting in 1951, is currently owned by Arkansas Rocks Radio Stations Network.  It was owned by Noalmark Broadcasting Corporation until 2014.

Until 2015, KBOK/KZYP broadcast a classic country format.  After losing ratings to US Stations, LLC's 104.5 The Bull, KZYP changed their format to regional Mexican.  On July 7, 2016, KZYP went silent.  On February 13, 2017, KZYP went back on the air with a sports radio format.  On April 29, 2017, KZYP went silent again.

The station was assigned the KBOK call sign by the Federal Communications Commission. The station changed to the current KZYP call sign on June 1, 2014.

Former logos

References

External links

ZYP
Radio stations established in 1951
Hot Spring County, Arkansas
ZYP
1951 establishments in Arkansas
Classic rock radio stations in the United States


KBNO may refer to:

 KBNO (AM), a radio station (1280 AM) licensed to serve Denver, Colorado, United States
 KBNO-FM, a defunct radio station (89.3 FM) formerly licensed to serve White Salmon, Washington, United States
 The ICAO code for Burns Municipal Airport in Burns, Oregon, United States


Talis or TALIS may refer to:

People
 Talis J. Colberg, attorney general of Alaska, appointed 2006
 Talis Kitsing, Estonian kickboxer and politician
 Talis Kimberley, English folk singer-songwriter

Places
 Talis, Pakistan, a village in Ghanche District, Pakistan
 Talış (disambiguation), any of several places in Azerbaijan and Iran

Other uses
 Talis (moth), a genus of moths of the family Crambidae
 Talis Group, a software company in Birmingham, England
 Tallit, a Jewish prayer shawl
 Metaclazepam, an anxiolytic drug (trade name Talis)
 Teaching and Learning International Survey, an OECD survey

See also
 Tallis (disambiguation)
 Thales (disambiguation)
 Thalys, a train service between Paris, Brussels, Cologne and Amsterdam


Thomas Swann (1809–1883) was the governor of Maryland, U.S.A.

Thomas Swann may also refer to:
Thomas Swann (attorney), lawyer who served as United States Attorney for the District of Columbia from 1821 to 1833
Thomas Swann (councillor), planter and tavernkeeper who served in both houses of the colonial Virginia General Assembly
Thomas Burnett Swann (1928–1976), American poet, critic and fantasy author
Thomas Swann (rower) (born 1987), Australian rower

See also
Thomas Walter Swan (1877–1975),  U.S. Court of Appeals judge
Thomas Swan, a chemicals company in England


The Shreveport Waterworks Pumping Station, also known as the McNeil Street Pump Station, is a historic water pumping station at 142 North Common Street in Shreveport, Louisiana.  Now hosting the Shreveport Water Works Museum, it exhibits in situ a century's worth of water pumping equipment, and was the nation's last steam-powered waterworks facility when it was shut down in 1980.

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, declared a National Historic Landmark in 1982, and designated as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1999.

Description and history
The Shreveport Water Works Museum is located west of Shreveport's downtown, between North Common Avenue and Twelve Mile Bayou, which feeds into the Red River just north of downtown.  The complex consists of a group of predominantly brick buildings, which house in them a variety of pumping equipment, dating from 1892 to about 1921.  The oldest buildings date to 1887, when the city contracted for the construction of a waterworks facility to replace a combination of cisterns and wells that had become inadequate to meet the city's needs.  As the technology for pumping and filtering water changed, either the existing buildings were altered, or new ones built, in many cases leaving some of the older equipment in place.  It saw significant changes to the plant in the first decade of the 20th century, and again after the city purchased the plant from its private operator in 1917.  The city continued to operate the steam pumps through the 1970s, even as they were becoming obsolete due to advances in electric pumping engines.

The station was closed in 1980.  The property was afterward converted to a museum, featuring displays of the restored steam machinery, including pumps, filters and other equipment.

The Shreveport Railroad Museum is located on the grounds of the Shreveport Water Works Museum. Both museums are open to the public.

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Louisiana
National Register of Historic Places listings in Caddo Parish, Louisiana

References

External links

Shreveport Water Works Museum - Official site
McNeill Street Pumping Station Preservation Society

Buildings and structures in Shreveport, Louisiana
Museums in Shreveport, Louisiana
Water supply pumping stations on the National Register of Historic Places
Historic American Engineering Record in Louisiana
National Historic Landmarks in Louisiana
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana
Buildings and structures completed in 1887
Steam museums in the United States
Former pumping stations
National Register of Historic Places in Caddo Parish, Louisiana
Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks


Walter Boughton Chambers, AIA (September 15, 1866 – April 19, 1945) was a successful New York City architect whose buildings continue to be landmarks in the city’s skyline and whose contributions to architectural education were far-reaching.

Childhood and education

Chambers was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of attorney William P. Chambers and Caroline Smith Boughton, both of whom were New York natives.

As a child both Walter and his brother, author, Robert William Chambers, attended Brooklyn Polytechnic School, from there he was accepted into the class of 1887 at Yale University,  At Yale he served on the fifteenth editorial board of The Yale Record and was a member of the Scroll and Key Society.

Following his graduation Chambers was unsure of his career path when his brother,Robert,  suggested that he come to Paris to study architecture. In order to convince his parents that Walter doing so was a practical idea he noted Walter's proficiency in drawing buildings. Robert reminded his parents of one particular drawing Walter had made at the age of four. The image was rough picture of their church. Anyone who had been showed the drawing was surprised at the accuracy. [Pencil Points, 1928]  His skeptical father took Walter to see family friend, Richard Morris Hunt, a New York architect to ask him what he thought about Walter pursuing a career in architecture.  Mr Hunt's response?  "That is a splendid idea "(Pencil Points 1928).

For reasons that are unknown his parents were still uncomfortable with the idea of Walter studying abroad. Caroline, who was in Munich at the time, suggested that instead of going to Paris Walter stay with her and attend the University of Munich. That summer both boys went to Munich and attended classes. Robert to courses in general art, Walter began his study of architecture   One of their professors was Franz Reber  who believed that art should be experienced. He put this theory into practice by taking his students on field trips whenever he was introducing a new concept.[Pencil Point, September 1928]. It is during this time that Robert wrote his first novel, "In the Quarter" which chronicled the life a student in Paris during the late 1800s (New York Times, 1932)  After Munich, both young men went to Paris. Walter entered the Ecole des Beaux Arts, where he studied at the atelier of Paul Blondel, it was here he met his future architectural partner Ernest Flagg (1857-1947), a cousin of Cornelius Vanderbilt II.

Practice in New York

Returning to New York, Chambers had planned on forming a practice with Ernest Flagg and others. However, he was engaged and it was decided that it would best for him to be gainfully employed. He went to work for Richard M. Hunt in the draft room where he worked with "Warrington Lawrence, Frank E Walllis, Anthony Hollond, and E.L. Masqueray." . [Pencil Points September 1928]  His partnership would be with formed with Ernest Flagg in 1894. In 1897 they moved into the Mills Building at 35 Wall Street, where they remained until 1919 when they moved to 111 East 40th Street. Usually, Ernest Flagg is credited with some of the work that emerged from their partnership, including, the Singer Building (the world’s tallest building from 1908-1909), the Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., the Washington State Capitol and the Sheldon Library at St. Paul's School (Concord, New Hampshire).  Both Walter and Ernest Flagg were favorites of the Clark family of Cooperstown, New York

Work attributed to Walter B. Chambers

Partial listing:
 St. Nicholas Skating Rink, 69 West 66th Street, New York – 1896
 Oliver Gould Jennings home, East 72nd Street, New York City, with Flagg 1897-1898 [WorldCat Walter B Chambers]
 Fire Engine Company No 67 - 514 West 170th Street, New York – 1897
 The Oaks Plantation - Goose Creek, South Carolina - 1897
 Fire Engine Company No. 33 at 44 Great Jones Street, New York – 1899
 Lawrence Library, Pepperell, Massachusetts - 1901, Ernest Flagg and W. B. Chambers
 Mills House – 1902
 Apartment House - 563 Park Avenue, New York – 1908
 James R. Sheffield Residence (Gloria Vanderbilt Cooper Residence) at 45 East 67th Street, New York - 1913
 Furness House, Whitehall and Pearl Street, New York 1918
 International Mercantile Marine Company Building, 1 Broadway, New York - reconstruction - 1919-1921
 1148 Fifth Avenue, New York (apartment house) - 1920
 2 East 96th Street, New York  (apartment house) - 1922-23
 McClellan Hall, Old Campus, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut – 1925
 Bingham Hall, Old Campus, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut – 1928
 135 West 58th Street, New York (apartment house) - 1911
 Lucinda Memorial Chapel, Rockville Connecticut
 Home of Charles P Notman Esq' "Three Waters" Gloucester, MA
Lawrence Hall, Colgate University  New York
 James C. Colgate Student Union, Colgate University New York - 1937

Atelier Masqueray-Chambers
In 1893, Walter B. Chambers joined with Franco-American architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray to establish the first atelier for architectural studies in the United States based on the French Ecole des Beaux Arts system. Located at 123 East 23rd Street in New York, the Atelier Masqueray-Chambers helped educate many outstanding architects, including Leonard B. Schultze (architect of The Pierre, Sherry-Netherland and Waldorf Astoria Hotel) and William Van Alen (architect of the Chrysler Building).

Chambers was a member of the New York Chapter of the American Institute of Architects. He resided at 7 West 43rd Street, New York, and died in New York City, aged seventy-eight. His brother Robert W. Chambers, born 1865, was a noted artist, illustrator and writer.

References

1866 births
1945 deaths
Artists from Brooklyn
Architects from New York City
Yale University alumni
American alumni of the École des Beaux-Arts


Texcaltitlán is a town and a municipality of the State of Mexico in Mexico. It is located 65 km from Toluca on the high plains south of the Nevado de Toluca volcano. The name Texcaltitlán comes from the Nahuatl: texcalli = “rock”; titla= "among", with the complete meaning as “among rocks”.

The town

The area now known as Texcaltitlán was settled at least as early as 800 AD, possibly as early as 300AD. It was dominated by the Teotihuacán civilization, then by the Toltecs and lastly, between 1250 and 1520 it was dominated by the Aztecs. During the late Aztec Empire, Texcaltitlán was an important town and was the head of the towns of Temascaltepec, Tejupilco, and Tuzantla, as well as a number of communities that no longer exist such as Ciutepeque, Ocelotequepue, Yexvaca, Cuahtepeque, Oztotitipac, Tlapatlapan and Melamamaloya. After the Spanish Conquest, the area came under the governorship of Don Antonio de Caicedo.  In the 18th century, the town suffered from outbreaks of the black plague leading the Franciscans to build their church in nearby San Francisco Coaxusco, rather than in the town itself in 1775. The first church built in the town was built in 1789. During the Mexican Revolution, the town was sacked various times, with the principal targets being businesses, esp. those tied to the nearby city of Toluca. Texcaltitlán's history for the rest of the 20th century consists of modernization of its infrastructure and increasing economic ties with Toluca, the state capital.

As of 2005, the town had a population of 2,361 people and is situation at an altitude of 2,400 meters above sea level. The church in the town of Texcaltitlán is surrounded by black battlements dating from the eighteenth century and wooden baroque-style altarpieces that are in the chapels of the communities of Santa Maria and San Francisco. Tuesday is market day in Texcaltitlán and is one of the oldest traditions of the municipality, which has been preserved from the time of the first settlers. Now is one of the biggest in the State of Mexico.

The municipality
As municipal seat, the town of Texcaltitlán has governing jurisdiction over the following communities: Acatitlán, Arroyo Seco, Carbajal, El Chapaneal, Chiquiuntepec (El Rincón, Rincón Castañeda), Gavia Chica, Hueyatenco, Jesús del Monte, Llano Grande, Noxtepec, Palmillas, San Agustín, San Francisco, San Miguel, Santa María, Texcapilla, Tlacotepec, Venta Morales (El Pedregal), Ejido Venta Morales (La Laguna), Yuytepec, Palo Amarillo, Las Tablas (Las Tablas San José), Rastrojo Largo, Las Paredes, Agua del Trébol, Ojo de Agua, Nueva Santa María, San José, Las Lágrimas, El Agostadero, Los Lirios and La Angostura.

The current municipality was founded in 1861 and borders the municipalities of Temascaltepec, Sultepec, Almoloya de Alquisiras, Coatepec Harinas, Tejupilco and San Simón de Guerrero. It has a territory of 142.45 km2. The total municipal population was 15,824 as of 2005.

Climate

References

Populated places in the State of Mexico
Municipalities of the State of Mexico