This article lists airline mergers and acquisitions, with a brief history of each:

 Air India
2007 - Merged with Indian Airlines. Kept Air India name.

 Air Berlin
2006 - Acquired dba
2007 - Acquired LTU International
2009 - Acquired LGW
2009 - Acquired Belair
2011 - Acquired flyNiki
2017 - Filed for insolvency

 Air New Zealand
2000 - Acquired Ansett Australia, Ansett collapsed, proving to be more of a drain than asset.

 Air Canada
2000 - Acquired Canadian Airlines

 Air France
1990 - Acquired Air Inter, fully absorbing it into Air France in April, 1997.
2004 - Merged with KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, changing the company name to Air France KLM, although the two airlines still operate as separate airlines.

 Air Jamaica
2010 - Acquired by Caribbean Airlines

 Avianca
1919 - Begins as SCADTA
1940 - Merged with SACO, retains Avianca name
1994 - Merged with SAM and Helicol
2003 - Acquired ACES Colombia' routes
2003 - Acquired OceanAir and VIP Ecuador
2008 - Acquired Tampa Cargo
2009 - Merged with TACA Airlines
2009 - Acquired AeroGal
2014 - Acquired AeroUnion, which continues to operate as a separate airline

 Aurora
2013 - Formed by merger of Aeroflot subsidiaries SAT Airlines and Vladivostok Air

 Austrian Airlines
1957 Air Austria and Austrian Airways form Austrian Airlines
2002 Merged Rheintalflug and Tyrolean Airways to Austrian Arrows
2013 Merged with Lauda Air kept name

 Bulgaria Air
2010 - Merged with Hemus Air kept the name Bulgaria Air

 Canadian Airlines
1987 - Formed by merger of Canadian Pacific Airlines, Eastern Provincial Airways, Nordair, and Pacific Western Airlines
1989 - Acquired Wardair
2001 - Canadian Airlines acquired by Air Canada

 Caribbean Airlines
2010 - Acquired Air Jamaica

Cathay Pacific
2006 - Acquired full ownership over Dragonair, which continues to operate as a separate airline (rebranded to Cathay Dragon in 2016).

 Cimber Air
2008 - Acquired bankrupt Sterling Airlines to form Cimber Sterling.

 KLM Royal Dutch Airlines
2004 - Acquired by Air France, which changed its company name to Air France KLM, although the two airlines still operate as separate airlines.

 Loftleidir-Icelandic
1979 - Flugfélag Íslands and Loftleiðir merged, and the airline became known as Icelandair.

 LOT Polish Airlines
1929 - Aero and Aerolot merged to form LOT Polish Airlines

 LAN Airlines
1995 - Purchased Ladeco
2012 - Merged with TAM Linhas Aéreas to form LATAM Airlines Group

Rossiya Airlines
2006 - Increases by merger with Pulkovo Aviation Enterprise
2016 - Increases by merger with Donavia and Orenair and re-brands

S7 Airlines (Siberia Airlines)
2001 - Acquired Vnukovo Airlines and Baikal Airlines
2004 - Acquired Enkor
2005 - Re-brands from Siberia Airlines to S7 Airlines and makes Moscow-Domodedovo as the main hub
2008 - Acquired Perm Airlines

 TAM Linhas Aéreas
1996 - Acquired Helisul Linhas Aéreas
1996 - Acquired LAPSA
1998 - Acquired Itapemirim Transportes Aéreos
2012 - Merged with LAN Airlines to form LATAM Airlines Group

  United States
 AirTran Airways
 1997 - Bought by the holding company for ValuJet Airlines, the holding company merged their ValuJet airline into AirTran thus keeping the AirTran name.
 2010 - Bought by Southwest Airlines, AirTran fleet transferred to Southwest and thereby AirTran becomes an inactive subsidiary.
 Alaska Airlines
 1986 - Acquired Jet America Airlines
 1986 - Acquired Horizon Air, which continues to operate as a separate airline.
 2018 - Acquired Virgin America.  The merger made Alaska a dominant U.S. carrier in the West Coast.
 America West Airlines
 2005 - Acquired US Airways
 American Airlines
 1971 - Acquired Trans Caribbean Airways
 1987 - Acquired Air California
 1990 - Acquired the Eastern Air Lines' route network from Miami to Latin America and the Caribbean
 1997 - Acquired Reno Air
 2001 - Acquired Trans World Airlines
 2013 - Acquired US Airways.  Currently the world's largest carrier.
 2019 - Purchased a 3% stake in China Southern Airlines.
 Braniff International Airways
 1982 -  South American routes was purchased by Eastern Air Lines
 Continental Airlines
 1934 - Begins as Varney Speed Lines
 1982 - Acquired Texas International Airlines
 1987 - Acquired People Express, Frontier, and New York Air
 1987 - Acquired PBA and Britt Airways from People Express merger / created Continental Express
 2010 - Merged into United Airlines
 Delta Air Lines
 1924 - Started as Huff Daland Dusters
 1928 - Huff Daland Dusters was purchased by C.E. Woolman and renamed Delta Air Service after the Mississippi Delta
 1953 - Purchased the Chicago and Southern Air Lines, and flew under the name Delta C&S for the next two years
 1972 - Purchased Northeast Airlines
 1984 - Established the Delta Connection (ASA, Comair, Skywest, ...)
 1987 - Merged with Western Airlines
 1991 - Purchase of Pan Am's European routes, and acquired Pan Am's shuttle, forming what is today Delta Shuttle
 1996 - Delta Express began service, ended November 2003
 2003 - Song began service, ended May 2006
 2010 - Merged with Northwest Airlines, was world's largest carrier at time of merger, keeping the Delta Air Lines brand.
 2017 - Bought 10% of Air France–KLM
 2017 - Bought 32% of Aeromexico to total a stake of 49% ownership
 2020 - Bought 20% of LATAM Airlines Group
 Eastern Air Lines
 1956 - merges with Colonial Airlines
 1986 - Purchased by Texas International, but continues to operate separately as Eastern Airlines
 1990 - American Airlines purchased Eastern's routes from Miami to Latin America and the Caribbean
 Frontier Airlines
 2007 - Entered service agreement with Republic Airways
 2008 - Declared bankruptcy, then purchased by Republic
 2009 - Still under the Frontier name, Republic mandates a merger between Frontier and Midwest Airlines
 2013 - Enter a contract with Indigo, beginning a transition into an ULCC
 Hughes Airwest
 1968 -  Pacific Air Lines (originally Southwest Airways), Bonanza Air Lines, and West Coast Airlines merged to form Air West
 1970 - Howard Hughes purchased Air West and renamed it Hughes Airwest
 1980 - Merged into Republic Airlines
 National Airlines
 1979 - Merged with Pan Am
 Northeast Airlines
 1972 - Merged into Delta Air Lines
 Northwest Airlines
 1916 - Founded by Col. Lewis Patenaude, under the name Northwest Airways
 1927 - Began flying passengers
 1949 - With its new routes to the far east, re-branded itself as Northwest Orient Airlines
 1986 - Purchased Republic Airlines, and dropped the word Orient from its brand name
 1993 - Began transatlantic partnership with KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, dubbed as "Wings Alliance".
 2008 - Merged into Delta Air Lines.  Became world's largest airline by passenger traffic in 2008 under the Delta name.
 Ozark Airlines
 1943 - Ozark Air Lines is founded, then ceases operations in late 1940s
 1944 - Parks Air Transport (Parks Air Lines) is founded
 1950 - Ozark Air Lines resumes operations
 1950 - Purchased Parks Air Transport (Parks Air Lines)
 1986 - Merged into Trans World Airlines
  Pan Am
 1928 - Merged with Aviation Corporation of the Americas/American International Airways
 1928 - Founded and formed by the merger of Atlantic, Gulf, and Caribbean Airways
 1929 - Acquired majority of Mexicana de Aviación
 1950 - Merged with American Overseas Airlines
 1979 - Merged with National Airlines
 1985 - United Airlines Purchased Pan Am's entire Pacific Division
 1990 - United Airlines Purchased Pan Am routes to London Heathrow Airport
 1991 - United Airlines Purchased Pan Am's entire Latin American Division
 1991 - Delta Air Lines purchased Pan Am's European routes, and acquired Pan Am's Shuttle
 Republic Airlines (Republic Airlines 1979-1986)
 1979 - Founded and formed by the merger of North Central Airlines and Southern Airways
 1944 - Southern Airways is founded
 1944 - Wisconsin Central Airlines is founded
 1952 - Wisconsin Central Airlines changes name to North Central Airlines
 1980 - Acquired Hughes Airwest
 1986 - Merged into Northwest Orient to form Northwest Airlines
 Republic Airways Holdings
 2005 - Acquired Shuttle America.
 2009 - Acquired Midwest Airlines.
 2009 - Acquired Frontier Airlines.
 Southwest Airlines
 1985 - Acquired Muse Air
 1993 - Acquired Morris Air
 2008 - Acquired certain assets of bankrupt ATA Airlines
 2010 - Acquired AirTran Airways
 Trans World Airlines
 1925 - First Incorporate as Western Air Express
 1927 - Maddux Air Lines is founded
 1927 - Standard Air Lines is founded
 1928 - Transcontinental Air Transport is founded
 1929 - Maddux Air Lines merges with Transcontinental Air Transport
 1930 - Standard Air Lines merges with Western Air Express
 1930 - Western Air Express merges with Transcontinental Air Transport, rebranded itself as Transcontinental & Western Air, T&WA, later changed name to Trans World Airlines, TWA
 1934 - Western Air Express broke off from Transcontinental & Western Air, T&WA and briefly changed its name to General Air Lines, returning to the name Western Air Express after several months
 1986 - Purchased Ozark Air Lines
 2001 - Merged into American Airlines
 United Airlines
 1926 - Founded as Varney Air Lines
 1931 - Purchased National Air Transport and Pacific Air Transport
 1961 - Merged with Capital Airlines
 1985 - Purchased Pan Am's entire Pacific Division
 1990 - Purchased Pan Am routes to London Heathrow Airport
 1991 - Purchased Pan Am's entire Latin American Division
 2012 - Acquired Continental Airlines.  Was the world's largest carrier at the time of merger.
 2014 - After taking over Continental, United closed the hub at Cleveland Hopkins International Airport for the second time.
 US Airways
 1938 - Started as All American Aviation Company, renamed All American Airlines and then Allegheny Airlines
 1957 - Changed name to Allegheny Airlines
 1968 - Purchased Lake Central Airlines
 1972 - Purchased Mohawk Airlines
 1979 - Changed name to USAir
 1988 - Purchased Pacific Southwest Airlines
 1989 - Purchased Piedmont Airlines
 1992 - Operates former Trump Shuttle for banks, renamed by banks as Shuttle, Inc, dba USAir Shuttle
 1997 - Changed name to US Airways
 1997 - Purchased former Trump Shuttle, now Shuttle, Inc from Banks, dba US Airways Shuttle
 1998 - Launches low-fare carrier MetroJet
 2000 - Merges US Airways Shuttle into US Airways
 2001 - Dissolves low-fare carrier MetroJet
 2005 - Acquired America West Airlines
 2013 - Merged into American Airlines
 Virgin America
 2016 - Merged into Alaska Airlines.  The merger made Alaska a dominant U.S. carrier in the West Coast.
 Western Airlines
 1925 - First incorporated as Western Air Express by Harris Hanshue
 1926 - Western's first flight took place
 1928 - Reincorporated as Western Air Express Corp.
 1930 - Purchased Standard Airlines (subsidiary of Aero Corp. of Ca. founded in 1926). WAE with Fokker aircraft merged with Transcontinental Air Transport T-A-T to form Transcontinental & Western Air T&WA.
 1934 - Western Air Express broke off from Transcontinental & Western Air T&WA and briefly changed its name to General Air Lines, returning to the name Western Air Express after several months
 1941 - Western Air Express changed its name to Western Air Lines, which was later altered to Western Airlines
 1967 - merged with Pacific Northern Airlines
 1987 - Merged into Delta Air Lines

 Lufthansa
1955 - Created Deutsche Flugdienst GmbH in conjunction with other companies and subsequently owned 25.81% of it
1959 - Increased its shares in Deutsche Flugdienst to 95.5%. In 1961 Deutsche Flugdienst bought "Condor-Luftreederei“ renaming itself then "Condor Flugdienst GmbH"
1989 - Created SunExpress Airlines as a joint venture with Turkish Airlines
1995 - Transferred SunExpress shares over to Condor
1999 - Purchased 26% of Air Dolomiti
2003 - upped its stake to 51.9% (April) and then 100% (November) of Air Dolomiti
2006 - Lufthansa sold its remaining 50% stake in Condor to KarstadtQuelle AG
2007 - In conjunction with the sale of Condor, LH took back its shares of SunExpress
2005-2007 - Purchased Swiss Int'l Airlines
2008 - Purchased Austrian Airlines
2008 - Purchased BMI (Sold in 2011 to IAG (British Airways))
2008 - Acquired 45% of Brussels Airlines
2008 - Purchased 19% of Jetblue
2009 - Acquired 100% of Germanwings
2016 - Acquired remaining 55% of Brussels Airlines
2017 - Acquired Air Berlin

 British Airways and Iberia
 2010 - International Airlines Group was formed by the merger of two airlines. Both carriers continued to operate under separate brand.

See also
List of airline holding companies - the actual enterprises and business entities which do the acquisitions and mergers.

References

Mergers
Airline mergers
Merger


Stephanotis floribunda syn. S. jasminoides, the Madagascar jasmine, waxflower, Hawaiian wedding flower, or bridal wreath is a species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae, native to Madagascar. It is a twining, sparsely branched liana that can measure up to 6 m in length.

Despite its common name, the species is not a "true jasmine" and not of the genus Jasminum.

Description

Growing to  or more, it is an evergreen woody climber with oval leaves and clusters of pure white, waxy, intensely fragrant tubular flowers. The leather-like leaves are up to about 5 × 9 cm in size; they are glossy dark green.

The flowers are waxy, star-shaped and highly scented, about 3 cm long, in clusters and are produced in summer. This vine flowers only on new growth, and thus pruning should be kept to a minimum, especially during the growth season. Flowers fade to yellow after several days and the deep, rich fragrance turns sour in smell. The flowers are in axillary umbels. The flowering period is from spring to fall.

The wreath loop forms large plum-like fruits, which, however, rarely set in specimens cultivated as indoor plants. The ovoid-shaped fruits contain numerous seeds with pappus.

Cultivation
Madagascar's climate, with its moderate temperatures, high humidity and seasonal cycles of hot, wet summers and cool, dry winters provides the optimal growing conditions for Stephanotis.  Grown commercially, the trumpet-shaped blooms are in season year-round, provided they are given enough light and water, and are a popular component of bridal bouquets. It grows best in sunny, tropical conditions, or inside.

In areas where the outside winter temperature drops below , Stephanotis floribunda can be wintered over in greenhouse or household settings. During the summer growth season, this vine requires full sun, abundant water, high humidity and a balanced fertilizer. As temperatures begin to cool, pots should be brought indoors and placed in the sunniest location available. Stephanotis floribunda appears to do best if root bound. The soil mixture used should have a high content of loam and peat moss with generous drainage material such as perlite or coarse sand. Although Stephanotis do not technically go dormant, their growth is slowed and flowering is infrequent if kept in a cool, dry condition.

This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Propagation is by cuttings or by the seeds, which are produced irregularly.

Gallery

References

Asclepiadoideae
Endemic flora of Madagascar
House plants


The 2002 SEC men's basketball tournament took place on March 7–10, 2002 in Atlanta, Georgia at the Georgia Dome. The first, quarterfinal, and semifinal rounds were televised by Jefferson Pilot Sports, and the SEC Championship Game was televised by CBS.

Bracket

References

SEC men's basketball tournament
2001–02 Southeastern Conference men's basketball season
SEC men's basketball tournament
SEC men's basketball tournament
SEC men's basketball tournament
College sports in Georgia (U.S. state)
Basketball in Georgia (U.S. state)


Sun Chengzong (; 1563–1638) was a Grand Secretary of the late Ming dynasty. He was also made Minister of War in 1629. Sun favoured a forward defence strategy in the northeast frontier. He was one of the most important figures in the war against the Manchus, with one of his pupils Qian Qianyi noting that "the famous generals of the past 20 years were all pupils of Sun Chengzong". He also succeeded in revitalizing the troops of Liaodong after taking his post in 1622, recapturing 400 li of territory from the Manchu ruler Nurhaci during his four years in command in Liaodong.

Notes

References

Ming dynasty government officials
1563 births
1638 deaths
Grand Secretaries of the Ming dynasty


The Piaggio Ciao (ciao means "hi" or "bye" in Italian) is a family of moped produced by Piaggio from 1967 through 2006.

Specification
It has a rigid rear, and a leading-link front suspension. Some models include a sprung seat-post. The engine and drive-train are cleanly enclosed, similar to Piaggio's scooters. The Ciao uses a belt drive, unlike most other mopeds which are chain driven. Some models have an automatic continuously variable transmission. Braking is by front and rear drums. Power for the lamps, horn, and ignition is from a magneto; there is no battery. However, models with turning signal lights were equipped with a 6-volt battery for the blinkers to function. On newer models, the plastic fuel cap also serves as a measuring cup for the 2% oil-fuel mixture.

In some countries, such as Canada in the 1970s, it was branded as the Vespa Ciao.

Model variants include:
 Ciao SC (round saddle rack, saddle and suspension seatpost; light at the rear fender; racks are not removable; chrome fenders)
 Ciao L (square saddle rack, and only semi-suspension; light at the rear fender; racks removable)
 Ciao P (square saddle rack, and only semi-suspension; light at the rear rack; racks removable)
 Ciao Px (round saddle rack, saddle and suspension seatpost; light at the rear rack; luggage racks are not removable)
 Ciao Mix (round saddle rack, saddle and suspension seatpost; light at the rear rack; luggage racks are not removable; oil tank in the luggage racks)

Derivatives
Piaggio also produced some stablemates to the Ciao: The Piaggio Si, with a telescopic front fork suspension, the Piaggio Grillo, with 14-inch wheel, Piaggio Boxer, the Si's ancestor, the Piaggio Boss, with kick starter, mass button and speedometer and the Piaggio Bravo with a telescopic front fork and a shock absorber rear suspension.

References

 Infobox specifications from:
 Vintage Model Repair Manual - Ciao, Bravo, Si - Multiple Languages

External links

 Gallery of 1967 - 1979 Ciao

Motorcycles introduced in 1967
Mopeds
Ciao
Two-stroke motorcycles
Single-cylinder_motorcycles


"Henry James, This One’s For You" is a 2005 science fiction short story by American writer Jack McDevitt.

It was a finalist for the 2006 Nebula Award for Best Short Story.

Plot summary
The story is narrated by Jerry, an editor at a smaller publisher. After receiving an amazing manuscript he contacts the author - only to discover an even more amazing secret.

External links
 Text of the story at SFWA.org

Science fiction short stories
2005 short stories
Works originally published in Subterranean Magazine


Feroz Abbas Khan is an Indian theatre and film director, playwright and screenwriter, who is most known for directing plays like Mughal-e-Azam, Saalgirah, Tumhari Amrita (1992), Salesman Ramlal and Gandhi Viruddh Gandhi.

Career
He was the first artistic director of the Prithvi Theatre in Mumbai and in 1983 was head of the Prithvi Theatre Festival with Jennifer Kapoor and Akash Khurana. He started with productions like the early comedy All the Best and Saalgirah (1993), written by playwright Javed Siddiqui with Anupam Kher and Kirron Kher, which incidentally became her first acting performance during her comeback after a sabbatical. In 1992, American playwright and novelist, A. R. Gurney's play Love Letters was adapted to Urdu as Tumhari Amrita and given an Indian context by Javed Siddiqi. It was performed by veteran actors Shabana Azmi and Farooq Sheikh at the Jennifer Kapoor Festival in Prithvi theatre in February 1992 for the first time. For one-and-a-half hours, the actors read the letters describing the relationship between two friends Amrita and Zulfikar over a period of 35 years. For the next 21 years till Farooque Shaikh's death in December 2013, this immensely successful play went on to tour many parts of the world including US, Europe and Pakistan.

Khan's production of Peter Shaffer's satirical comedy, The Royal Hunt of the Sun and the contemporary Indian adaptation of Arthur Miller's classic Death of a Salesman, 'Salesman Ramlal' (1997), starring actor-director Satish Kaushik are important plays of Indian theatre. Next came English theatre production of Mahatma v/s Gandhi, based on relationship between Mahatma Gandhi and his son, Harilal Gandhi.

In 2007, he made his film debut with Gandhi, My Father, based on his one previous play, Mahatma vs Gandhi, and opened to critical acclaim. At the National Film Award, actor Darshan Zariwala won the Best Supporting Actor Award, for his role of Gandhi, while the film itself won the Special Jury Award and Best Screenplay and the Best Screenplay Award at the Asia Pacific Screen Awards and nominated for Grand Prix at Tokyo Film Festival.

Also in 2007, he added Abbas as his middle name to avoid confusion with Bollywood actor-director, Feroze Khan.

While, his play, Salesman Ramlal was revived in 2009, with a more contemporary version, another classic, Tumhari Amrita was performed for no less than 21 years till December 2013 when main actor Farooque Shaikh died. The last show was held in the Taj Mahal, Agra.

In 2016, he directed Mughal-e-Azam, a Broadway-style musical based on the 1960 Bollywood film Mughal-e-Azam, which was directed by K. Asif and produced by Shapoorji Pallonji.  The musical was produced jointly by Shapoorji Pallonji Group and the National Centre for the Performing Arts (India).

In March 2023, Khan will open his Civilization to Nation: The Journey of Our Nation in the new 2,000-seat Grand Theatre at Mumbai's Jio World Centre.

Plays
 Raunaq & Jassi
 All the Best
 Eva Mumbai Ma Chaal Jaiye
 Saalgirah – Anupam Kher & Kirron Kher
 The Royal Hunt of the Sun
 Tumhari Amrita (1992) – Shabana Azmi & Farooq Sheikh
 Mahatma vs Gandhi (1998)
 Salesman Ramlal (1999) – Satish Kaushik
 Kuch Bhi Ho Sakta Hai – Anupam Kher
 Dinner With Friends (2011) (Tisca Chopra, Vinay Jain, Joy Sengupta & Perizaad Zorabian Irani)

Filmography
Gandhi, My Father (2007)
Dekh Tamasha Dekh(2014)

References

External links
 Feroz Khan, Official Webpage

1959 births
Living people
Film directors from Mumbai
Indian theatre directors
Indian male dramatists and playwrights
Hindi-language film directors
Indian male screenwriters
20th-century Indian film directors
Best Original Screenplay National Film Award winners


The HP Blackbird 002 was a gaming and high-performance PC built by HP’s Voodoo Business Unit. It launched in September 2007 and won over 10 Editor’s Choice awards, including one from C-NET which gave it a 9.3 out of 10. The chassis was made out of brushed aluminum and it sat on a cast aluminum foot. The elevation provided by the foot opened a sixth side for additional ventilation.

History

The HP Blackbird 002 was originally a side project of an HP engineer named Tom Szolyga, who requisitioned components together to form a high-performance gaming system. At the time, HP had no immediate plans for the gaming PC business.

Szolyga mentioned his project to HP executives Phil McKinney, Todd Bradley, and Paul Campbell during a flight to San Diego for business meetings. The company planned to secure funding and a support team to further develop the system and eventually bring it to market.

The first iteration of the system was scrapped.  The Compaq team in Houston, Texas acquired by HP helped create a new design.  During this time, HP acquired VoodooPC.  With additional input from VoodooPC founder Rahul Sood, the HP Blackbird 002 with Voodoo DNA was launched in September 2007.

The HP Blackbird 002 was replaced by the HP Firebird 803.

Performance and design

The Blackbird 002 featured an all-aluminum chassis. Every unit was shipped configured to the individual’s preference, and with an open BIOS to allow for user-controlled overclocking.

The Blackbird had performance similar to the Falcon Northwest Mach V.  "VoodooDNA" branding was visible inside the case.  The original version featured an ASUS Striker Extreme 680i motherboard which supports Intel processors.  It had four slots of DDR2 RAM, in basic configurations of 2 or 4 GB 1066 MHz. Another version featured an EVGA 780i SLI motherboard instead of the Asus Striker 680i.

The unit used Nvidia or ATI graphics cards, including Nvidia's SLI.  Both Nvidia and ATI options were available with liquid cooling.  The Blackbird 002 features flexible RAID capabilities, with five hard drive bays.  The system also featured two multi-drives, with a single bay for a Blu-ray and HD DVD-ROM.

There were three basic cooling configurations: fan cooled, CPU liquid cooled, and both CPU and GPU liquid cooled.

Aluminum chassis and foot

The system's wedge-shaped aluminum chassis and cast aluminum foot was capable of supporting up to 600 lbs. The wedge-shaped design and fins that lined the top and front of the chassis acted as a heat sink.  The cast aluminum foot allowed airflow to pass under the HP Blackbird 002, for more efficient cooling to the 1.1 kW power supply seated at the base of the chassis.

The HP Blackbird 002 used liquid cooling to draw heat away from the CPU, motherboard, and GPUs. It was also designed with three thermal chambers that isolated key heat sources, which was designed to ensuring that cool air reached the main heat-generating components.

All of the internal components of the HP Blackbird 002 can be removed and installed without tools via a removable side panel which allows quick and easy access to the interior of the system.

Reviews and awards

 C-NET Editors choice
 PC Magazine gave it a 5/5
 Computer Shopper gave it 8.5 out of 10
 Wired Magazine gave it "Best of Test"
 Maximum PC gave it 7 out of 10
 CPU Magazine gave it 4 out of 5

References

Blackbird 002


Peter Perkins Pitchlynn (, ) (January 30, 1806 – January 17, 1881) was a Choctaw chief of mixed Native and European heritage (Choctaw and Scots-Anglo-American ancestry). He was principal chief of the Choctaw Republic from 1864-1866 and surrendered to the Union on behalf of the nation at the end of the Civil War.

Educated in Choctaw culture and American schools, in 1825 Pitchlynn helped found a school for Choctaw boys: the Choctaw Academy in Kentucky. He also worked to reduce the sale of alcohol in their territory. After the forced removal to Indian Territory in the 1830s, he was appointed by the National Council in 1845 as the Choctaw Delegate (akin to an ambassadorship) to Washington, D.C. At the time, the Nation was proposing to be recognized by the US Congress as a territory.

After the war, Pitchlynn returned to Washington, D.C., to represent Choctaw interests and work for concessions from the government for the Choctaw lands sold under pressure to the United States in 1830 during Indian removal. He died in Washington, D.C., and is buried there.

Early life and education
Peter P. Pitchlynn was born in Noxubee County, Mississippi, January 30, 1806 as the first son of Sophia Folsom, a Choctaw of partly Anglo-American descent; her mother Natika was Choctaw and her father was Ebenezer Folsom, an Anglo-American trader. Sophia's Choctaw name was Lk-lo-ha-wah (Loved but lost). Sophia Folsom and John Pitchlynn had married in 1804. As the Choctaw had a matrilineal kinship system of property and hereditary leadership, Peter was born into his mother's clan and people; through her family, he gained status in the tribe.

His father was Major John Pitchlynn, a man of Scots descent. The father was raised from childhood by the Choctaw after the death of his father Isaac, a widower. John Pitchlynn served George Washington as an interpreter for negotiations with the Choctaw.

One of ten children born to the Pitchlynns, after several years at home, Peter was sent to a Tennessee boarding school about 200 miles from Mississippi. Later he attended an academy in Columbia, Tennessee. To complete his education, he studied at and graduated from the University of Nashville, considered one of the finest institutions of the time. It started small like many colleges; its 1827 graduating class held 12 students.

After he obtained his degree, Pitchlynn returned to his family home in Mississippi, where he became a farmer. The Choctaw were among the Southeast tribes that used enslaved African Americans as workers on their farms.

In 1824, Peter Pitchlynn was made the head of the Lighthorse, the Choctaw Nation's mounted police, and among other duties, supervised the removal of whiskey from tribal lands.

Marriage and family
He soon married Rhoda Folsom, a first cousin. As part of changing practices, they were married by a missionary, Reverend Cyrus Kingsbury. They had several children: Lycurgus, Peter P. Jr., Leonidas, Rhoda Mary (married D.L. Kannedy), Malvinia (married Loring S.W. Folsom). After his wife's death, Pitchlynn corresponded regularly with his older children while they were away at school, trying to give them guidance. Lycurgus attended a school in Tennessee and Peter Jr. one in Oxford, Georgia.

The Pitchlynn sons had difficulties as youths and adults: Lycurgus and Leonidas were convicted of assault in 1857 and sentenced to prison. The father gained a pardon for them from President James Buchanan. In 1860, Peter Jr. shot and killed his uncle, Lorenzo Harris, who was married to his father's sister Elizabeth Pitchlynn. Some said it was self-defense.

After Rhoda's death, Peter married a widow, Caroline Lombardy. They had a daughter together, Sophia. She never married and continued to live with her father after her mother's death.

While Pitchlynn was a slaveholder, unlike other Choctaw leaders he felt an indifference towards the institution, and following the Emancipation Proclamation, he cast it aside without protest.

Career

Pitchlynn was well educated in both Choctaw and European-American culture. He began working on ways to improve Choctaw life. He worked to ban the sale of alcohol in Choctaw territory. Believing that education was important, he persuaded the National Council to found the Choctaw Academy, located in Blue Springs, Scott County, Kentucky in 1825. It sometimes accepted students of other American Indian tribes as well as Choctaw, such as Omaha and Sioux boys. Pitchlynn stayed closely involved with the school, receiving quarterly reports.

In 1830 Pitchlynn was elected to the National Council of Choctaw. Because of his education, he served as an interpreter and effective liaison between the Choctaw and the US federal government. He moved with the Choctaw to Indian Territory in the 1830s, where they resettled. Pitchlynn's widowed mother, Sophia Folsom Pitchlynn, moved with her son. After her death, she was buried there, and hers is the oldest known grave in Oklahoma.

English author Charles Dickens was touring the United States when he met Pitchlynn on a steamboat on the Ohio River. He described the Choctaw leader at length:

In 1840 the Council appointed Pitchlynn as a teacher and superintendent of the Choctaw Academy. The following year, they decided to relocate the school to the Choctaw Nation (located in Indian Territory.) Pitchlynn's correspondence shows they were also discussing the need for a girls' school.

Pitchlynn continued to take on more responsibilities for the Nation; in 1845 he was appointed as the Choctaw Delegate to Washington, DC to represent the nation there. That year both the Choctaw and Cherokee proposed to the US Congress that their respective nations should be recognized as independent United States territories, but this was not supported. In 1847, he helped arrange the removal of further Choctaw from Mississippi to the Choctaw Nation by steamboat.

Civil War and Final Years

In 1861, Pitchlynn was in Washington, D.C., to address national affairs of the Choctaw when the American Civil War started, and immediately returned to the Choctaw Nation, hoping to escape the expected strife. He advocated loyalty to the Union or at the very least neutrality in the conflict, (with himself holding pro-Union sympathies) and then-Chief George Hudson sought to maintain Choctaw neutrality. Despite wanting to avoid the war, the Choctaw were not permitted to remain neutral. Following an invasion of Choctaw territory in May 1861 by Texan forces, pro-Confederate elements in the government let by Robert McDonald Jones, the President Pro-Tempore of the Choctaw Senate, threatened Chief Hudson and strongarmed the tribe into an alliance with the Confederacy. The tribal populace was divided by this action: some allied with the Confederacy and others with the Union. All suffered in the aftermath of the war.

Pitchlynn was elected Principal Chief of the Choctaws in 1864 and served until 1866. While in Washington in 1866 to reestablish diplomatic relations with the United States, as well as stave off government-sponsored attempts to colonize Indian Territory, Pitchlynn met with Queen Emma of Hawaii, introduced her to his family and conducted diplomatic cultural exchange. This remains, to date, the only instance of bilateral relations between the Choctaw Republic and the Hawaiian Kingdom.

After he was succeeded as chief by Allen Wright, Pitchlynn returned to Washington, DC as the Choctaw Delegate, where he worked to press Choctaw claims for lands in Mississippi sold under pressure to the United States in 1830. He had been collecting information on this issue since the 1850s from officials involved in the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek,  and later joined the Lutheran Church. Pitchlynn addressed the President and several congressional committees in defense of Choctaw claims.

After his death in Washington in 1881, Pitchlynn was buried there in Congressional Cemetery. He was the third Native American to be buried there, after his fellow Choctaw chief Pushmataha and the Apache chief Taza.

Pitchlynn was reported to have told of the origin of the Choctaw:
according to the traditions of the Choctaws, the first of their race came from the bosom of a magnificent sea. Even when they first made their appearance upon the earth they were so numerous as to cover the sloping and sandy shore of the ocean ... in the process of time, however, the multitude was visited by sickness ... their journey lay across streams, over hills and mountains, through tangled forests, and over immense prairies ... so pleased were they with all that they saw that they built mounds in all the more beautiful valleys they passed through, so the Master of Life might know that they were not an ungrateful people.

Legacy and honors
The Choctaw Nation placed a monument at his gravesite in Congressional Cemetery in his honor.
His papers are held by the University of Oklahoma, in the Western Histories Collection.

See also
Apuckshunubbee
Pushmataha
Mosholatubbee
Greenwood LeFlore
List of Choctaw Treaties
Choctaw in the American Civil War

References

Further reading
W. David Baird, Peter Pitchlynn: Chief of the Choctaws, Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1972; reprint 1986

External links
"Peter P. Pitchlynn Collection" , Western Histories Collection, University of Oklahoma Libraries
Congressional Cemetery: Native Americans List

1806 births
1881 deaths
19th-century Native American politicians
19th-century American politicians
American people of English descent
American people of Scottish descent
Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma politicians
Chiefs of the Choctaw
Lawmen of the American Old West
Native American Christians
Native American leaders
Choctaw slave owners
Native Americans in the American Civil War
People from Noxubee County, Mississippi
People of Indian Territory


The Diocese of Kagoshima (, ) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in the Ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Archbishop of Nagasaki 長崎, in southern Japan.

Its episcopal see is the Cathedral of St. Francis Xavier (Xavier Church), in the city of Kagoshima.

History
 Established on March 18, 1927, as Apostolic Prefecture of Kagoshima, an exempt missionary pre-diocesan jurisdiction, on territory split off from the then Diocese of Nagasaki (now its Metropolitan)
 On 27 March 1927 it lost territory to establish the Mission sui juris of Miyazaki 宮崎
 In 1947 it lost territory (the Ryukyu Islands) to establish the Apostolic Administration of Okinawa and the Southern Islands 琉球列島
 Promoted on February 25, 1955, as Diocese of Kagoshima, hence no longer directly subject to the Holy See

Ordinaries
(all Roman Rite)

Apostolic Prefects of Kagoshima
 Egide Marie Roy (エジド・ロア), Friars Minor (O.F.M.) (1929.05.11 – death 1936)
 Francis Xavier Ichitaro Ideguchi (フランシスコ出口一太郎) (1940.06.10 – death 1955), previously Apostolic Administrator of Apostolic Prefecture of Miyazaki 宮崎 (Japan) (1940 – 1945.11.18)

Suffragan Bishops of Kagoshima
 ? Paul Aijirô Yamaguchi † (9 November 1936 - 15 September 1937)
Joseph Asjiro Satowaki † (25 February 1955 - 19 December 1968), later Metropolitan Archbishop of Nagasaki 長崎 (Japan) (1968.12.19 – 1990.02.08), President of Catholic Bishops’ Conference of Japan (1978 – 1983), created Cardinal-Priest of S. Maria della Pace (1979.06.30 – death 1996.08.08)
Paul Shinichi Itonaga (15 November 1969 - 3 December 2005)
Paul Kenjiro Koriyama (3 December 2005 - 7 July 2018)
Francis Xavier Hiroaki Nakano (7-July 2018 – Present)

See also
 Roman Catholicism in Japan

Sources and external links
 GCatholic.org with incumbent biography links
 Catholic Hierarchy

Other External links
 Diocese website (Japanese)
 Diocese at the website of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of Japan (Japanese)

Roman Catholic dioceses in Japan
Christian organizations established in 1927
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century


Johann Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand Tiemann (June 10, 1848 – November 14, 1899) was a German chemist and together with Karl Reimer discoverer of the Reimer-Tiemann reaction.

Beginning in 1866, Tiemann studied pharmacy at the TU Braunschweig where he graduated in 1869. His professor in Brunswick wrote a letter of recommendation to August Wilhelm von Hofmann at the University of Berlin where Tiemann started as assistant of von Hofmann in 1869. In 1874 Wilhelm Haarmann and Tiemann started a company, after they discovered the synthesis of vanillin from coniferyl alcohol. The vanillin plant Holzminden was not very successful before Karl Reimer discovered the Reimer-Tiemann reaction which opened an alternative synthesis route to vanillin. In 1882 Tiemann became a professor at the University of Berlin.

He was involved in the first synthesis of Jonon a compound of the sweet violet (Viola odorata), which became a huge success for Harmann & Reimer company.

August Wilhelm von Hofmann married Berta the younger sister of Ferdinand Tiemann.

Works
 Tiemann-Gärtner's Handbuch der Untersuchung und Beurtheilung der Wässer : zum Gebrauch für Apotheker, Ärzte, Chemiker, Fabrikanten, Medicinalbeamte und Techniker ; mit 40 Holzstichen u. 10 Taf. . Vieweg, Braunschweig 4. Aufl. / bearb. von Georg Walter und August Gärtner 1895 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf

1848 births
1899 deaths
19th-century German chemists
Technical University of Braunschweig alumni
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
People from the Kingdom of Hanover
People from Oberharz am Brocken


The David Sears House is a historic house located along Beacon Street in the Beacon Hill neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The three story house was built in several stages between 1816 and 1875. Now a National Historic Landmark, it was one of the first houses built of granite in the city, and was designed by Alexander Parris for David Sears, a prominent merchant, philanthropist, and landowner. The carved granite panels that adorn the facade were carved by Solomon Willard.

The original 1816 house was a two-story L-shaped structure with a hip roof, with a facade that was seven bays wide. In c. 1824 Sears had the building nearly doubled in size, adding three bays to the facade, and moving the front door to its present location. In 1875, after the building was acquired by the Somerset Club, the third floor was added, changing the roof from a hip to a gable. This work also included renovations to the interior of the first two floors. The building was again enlarged to the rear in 1900, adding additional space for servants.

The house is still owned by Somerset Club, and is not open to the general public. It was designated a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.

See also
 List of National Historic Landmarks in Boston
 National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston, Massachusetts

References

External links

 Boston History & Architecture: David Sears House / Somerset Club
 The Massachusetts Cultural Resource Information System

Houses completed in 1816
Houses in Boston
National Historic Landmarks in Boston
Beacon Hill, Boston
Federal architecture in Massachusetts
1816 establishments in Massachusetts
Historic district contributing properties in Massachusetts
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Suffolk County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Boston


Clint Eastwood (born Robert Brammer) is a Jamaican reggae deejay, who recorded as a solo artist in the late 1970s and early 1980s before teaming up with UK deejay General Saint as the duo Clint Eastwood & General Saint.

Biography
The younger brother of Trinity, Brammer took the trend of adopting the names of characters from Spaghetti Westerns as stage names a step further by recording and performing under the name of one of the genre's most successful actors, Clint Eastwood. Eastwood recorded three albums in 1978 - African Youth and Step It In a Zion for producer Bunny Lee, and Death In The Arena for Channel One. Further albums followed in 1979 and 1980, including Sex Education for Greensleeves Records, Eastwood one of a group of deejays who led the move from 'cultural' chants to dancehall chat and 'slackness'. 1981 saw the release of a live album recorded with Dillinger and the start of a partnership with General Saint. The duo's first release, "Tribute to General Echo" remembered the recently killed slack deejay, and they would later hit the UK chart with their version of "Stop That Train". Both of the duo's albums made the top 5 of the UK Independent Chart.

Albums
African Youth (1978) Third World/Gorgon
Death In The Arena (1978) Cha Cha
Step It In a Zion (1978) Live & Love
Jah Lights Shining (1979) Jamaica Sound
Love & Happiness (1979) Burning Vibrations
Clint Eastwood (Jamaica Sun) (1980) Amo
Sex Education (1980) Greensleeves
Live at London (1981) Vista (Dillinger & Clint Eastwood)
Two Bad D.J. (1981) Greensleeves (Clint Eastwood & General Saint)
Stop That Train (1983) Greensleeves (Clint Eastwood & General Saint)
BBC Radio 1 In Concert (199?) Windsong (Clint Eastwood & General Saint)
The Best of Clint Eastwood (1984) Culture Press
The Real Clint Eastwood (199?) Culture Press/Lagoon

References

External links
Clint Eastwood at Roots Archives
[ AllMusic biography]

Jamaican reggae musicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Cultural depictions of Clint Eastwood
Greensleeves Records artists


The Magnetic Prandtl number (Prm) is a dimensionless quantity occurring in magnetohydrodynamics which approximates the ratio of momentum diffusivity (viscosity) and magnetic diffusivity.  It is defined as:

where:
 Rem is the magnetic Reynolds number
 Re is the Reynolds number
 ν is the momentum diffusivity (kinematic viscosity)
 η is the magnetic diffusivity

At the base of the Sun's convection zone the Magnetic Prandtl number is approximately 10−2, and in the interiors of planets and in liquid-metal laboratory dynamos is approximately 10−5.

See also
 Prandtl number

References

Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics
Fluid dynamics
Magnetohydrodynamics


Upper Sind Frontier District was a district of the Bombay Presidency during British Rule in colonial India. The district was the northernmost portion of Sind and lay between 27°56' and 28° 27' N. and 68° and 69° 44' E, with an area of . It was bounded on the north and west by the Dera Ghazi Khan District of the Punjab and by Baluchistan; on the south by Sukkur District; and on the east by the river Indus.

It was formerly known as Upper Sindh Frontier district, being the northern most area of the Sindh province with the Frontier Crimes Regulations as the law of the land. The Frontier Crimes Regulations were repealed in the year 1952 where-after it was named as Jacobabad district. Nasirabad sub-division of Sibi agency was added to the Jacobabad district on 1st May, 1961, which as present no more in the district.

Terrain
The district was described by the Imperial Gazetteer of India as follows:
The District consists of a narrow strip of level plain covered in parts with dense jungle, which, prior to the construction of the Kashmor embankment in 1879-80, was exposed to annual
inundations. The embankment now keeps out the physical aspects. flood-water, and cultivation is general. The greatest length from east to west is , and the maximum breadth from
north to south . The land itself lies from 170 to  above sea-level, being highest on its eastern side near the river Indus, whence it slopes downwards to the west. The south-east extremity of the District consists of high mountains, part of the Kirthar range, the highest peak being Miangun (5,100 ft). These hills and the adjacent flood-swept plain are sparsely inhabited. The northern border of the District is skirted by the Bugti hills, part of the Sulaiman Mountains. Geologically, the District consists of alluvial deposits and desert.

Climate
The climate is remarkable for its intense heat, the greatest in colonial India, its variations in temperature, and the smallness of the rainfall. The hot season extends from April to October. For the remainder of the year the weather is cold and agreeable. In November and March the temperature rises considerably in the daytime, but in the winter nights cold is severe and frost. is frequent. Cool nights are experienced
in April and May, after which the full force of the heat is felt, the nights being oppressive and the humidity generally over 70 per cent.

During the five years 1900-4, the maximum temperature recorded was , the minimum on the same day being . Shade temperatures over  are frequently recorded, and sometimes the thermometer does not fall below  for several successive days. After August the nights become cooler, the north-west wind sets in, and by the middle of October the temperature falls considerably. The annual rainfall averages about 3 inches.

Demography
The District contained one town, Jacobabad and 390 villages, according to the 1872 census it has a population of 115,050, in 1881 145,180., in 1891 174,548 - according to the 1901 census the population was 232,045 (89 persons per square mile). The increase was due to immigration from Baluchistan and the Punjab, to fresh lands having been brought under cultivation, and to changes in the area of the District amounting to an addition of about . According to the 1901 census, the chief language was Sindhi, which was spoken by 165,110 persons, or 71% of the total majority of the district. Siraiki and Balochi were also spoken in all parts of the District. Muslims formed 90 per cent of the total population and Hindus 9 per cent.

Administration
The district, headquartered at the city of Jacobabad, was subdivided into 6 talukas:

 Jacobabad Taluka
 Thul
 Kandhkot
 Kashmor
 Shahdadkot
 Nasirabad

References

Further reading

Jacobabad District
Historical Indian regions

History of Sindh

Geography of Sindh


Radical politics denotes the intent to transform or replace the  principles of a society or political system, often through social change, structural change, revolution or radical reform. The process of adopting radical views is termed radicalisation.

The word  derives from the Latin  ("root") and Late Latin  ("of or pertaining to the root, radical"). Historically, political use of the term referred exclusively to a form of progressive electoral reformism, known as Radicalism, that had developed in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries. However, the denotation has changed since its 18th century coinage to comprehend the entire political spectrum, though retaining the connotation of "change at the root".

History
The Oxford English Dictionary traces usage of 'radical' in a political context to 1783. The Encyclopædia Britannica records the first political usage of 'radical' as ascribed to Charles James Fox, a British Whig Party parliamentarian who in 1797 proposed a 'radical reform' of the electoral system to provide universal manhood suffrage, thereby idiomatically establishing the term 'Radicals' as a label denoting supporters of the reformation of British Parliament.

Throughout the 19th century, the concept of radical politics broadened into a variety of political notions and doctrines. Party politics in England began to favour moderate positions, marginalising other movements into more politically aggressive factions. As open advocacy of republicanism was illegal in France following the Napoleonic Wars, Radicals emerged under similar reformist ideals as their British counterparts, though they later branched out to form the Radical-Socialist movement with a focus on proletarian solidarity. With the rise of Marxism, the notion of radical politics shifted away from reformism and became more associated with revolutionary politics. In United States politics, the term is used pejoratively among conservatives and moderates to denote political extremism, with the 19th-century Cyclopaedia of Political Science describing it as "characterized less by its principles than by the manner of their application".

During the 20th century, radical politicians took power in many countries across the world. Such radical leaders included Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin in Russia, Mao Zedong in China, Adolf Hitler in Germany, as well as more mainstream radicals such as Ronald Reagan in the United States and Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom.

Positions

Status quo change
The common feature to all radical political forms is a view that some fundamental change is required of the status quo. For an array of anti-capitalist forms, this manifests in anti-establishment reactions to modern neoliberal regimes.

Concept of ideology
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy describes the radical concept of ideology to be that:
 While social conditions exist "that are vulnerable to criticism and protest; ideology exists to protect these social conditions from attack by those who are disadvantaged by them."
 "Ideology conserves by camouflaging flawed social conditions, giving an illusory account of their rationale or function, in order to legitimate and win acceptance of them."

This view reflects "a consensus among radicals of all stripes on the role of law as a  force to safeguard the unjust relations of the status quo." This radical critique of ideology is especially prominent within post-leftism. In addressing specific issues, some radical politics may completely forgo any overarching ideological plan.

Difference from extremism
Astrid Bötticher identifies several differences between radicalism and extremism, among them in goals (idealistic vs. restorative, emancipatory vs. anti-democratic), morals (particular vs. universal), approach towards diversity (acceptance vs. disdain), and use of violence (pragmatic and selective vs. legitimate and acceptable).

See also

 Anarchism
 Communism
 Populism
 Radical centrism
 Radical feminism
 Radical left (disambiguation)
 Radical right (disambiguation)
 Reactionary
 Revolutionary
 Rules for Radicals

References

External links
 The M and S Collection at the Library of Congress contains materials on radical movements.

Political spectrum
Political terminology


The Diocese of Naha(, ) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in the Ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Nagasaki 長崎, in southern Japan.

Its cathedral episcopal see is the Cathedral of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (Kainan Church), located in the city of Naha (on and administrative capital of Okinawa).

History
 Established in 1947 as Apostolic Administration of Okinawa and the Southern Islands alias of (the) Ryukyus, an exempt missionary pre-diocesan jurisdiction, on territory split off from the then Apostolic Prefecture of Kagoshima 鹿児島 (now a diocese in the same province).
 Promoted on December 18, 1972 as Diocese of Naha, after its see.

Ordinaries
All Roman Rite, members of a Latin congregation

Apostolic Administrators of Okinawa and the Southern Islands
 Apollinaris William Baumgartner (アポリナリス・バウムガートナー), OFMCap (1947 – 1949), titular bishop of Joppe (Jaffa) (1945.08.25 – 1965.10.14) and apostolic vicar of Guam (1945.08.25 – 1965.10.14), later Bishop of Agaña (Guam) (1965.10.14 – 1970.12.18)
 Felix Ley, OFMCap (1949 – 23 January 1972), titular bishop of Caput Cilla (12 March 1968 – 23 January 1972)

Suffragan Bishops of Naha
 Peter Baptist Tadamaro Ishigami, (ペトロ・バプティスタ石神忠真郎), OFMCap (18 December 1972 – 24 January 1997 retired)
 Berard Toshio Oshikawa, (ベラルド押川壽夫), OFMConv (24 January 1997 – 9 December 2017 retired)
 Wayne Francis Berndt, OFMCap (9 December 2017 - )

See also
 Roman Catholicism in Japan

References

Sources and external links
 Diocesan website
 GCatholic.org, with incumbent biography links
 Catholic Bishop's Conference of Japan

Roman Catholic dioceses in Japan
Christian organizations established in 1947
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century
1947 establishments in Japan
Religion in the Ryukyu Islands


In 2005, Team Dynamics took advantage of a loophole in the British Touring Car Championship regulations that allowed cars to enter, whether they were on sale in the United Kingdom or not. They converted a pair of Honda Integra Japanese imports into BTC Touring spec racing cars, using the internals from the moderately successful Honda Civic Type R that had been competing in the BTCC since 2002. The car was an instant hit, winning its debut race at Donington Park despite only having a limited amount of testing. Matt Neal scored points in every single race to take his first BTCC title - the first for a privateer driver in the modern era. He repeated the feat in 2006 and by that point, five cars had been built, all of them race winners in the hands of the Dynamics drivers, before being passed into the hands of various independent teams. The cars remained in the championship until 2011, in the hands of Lea Wood, even finishing 7th at Oulton Park in that final season  - an impressive result for a car that had been built 6 years previously. Indeed, it was the last of the BTC-Touring spec cars to be used in the BTCC; and was only finally retired as cars built to these regulations could no longer compete in 2012.

Chassis History
Car 1
2005 - Matt Neal
2006 - Mike Jordan
2007 - Mike Jordan
2008 - Andrew Jordan
2009 - Martyn Bell
2010 - John George
Car 2
2005 - Dan Eaves
2006 - David Pinkney
2007 - Unused
2008 - Unused
2009 - John George
2010 - James Kaye
2011 - Dubai 24h - WRC Developments with Barwell

Car 3
2005 - Gareth Howell (Rounds 22-30)
2006 - Gareth Howell (Rounds 19-30)
2007 - Simon Blanckley (Rounds 1-21)/Alan Taylor (Rounds 25-30)
2008 - Alan Taylor
2009 - Unused
2010 - Lea Wood
2011 - Lea Wood

Car 4
2006 - Matt Neal
2007 - John George
2008 - John George - Written off in an accident at Brands Hatch in the final round of the season.

Car 5
2006 - Gordon Shedden
2007 - Unused
2008 - Mike Jordan
2009 - Paul O'Neill
2010 - Paul O'Neill

References

British Touring Car Championship
Touring cars
Cars introduced in 2005
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Integra Type-R BTC-T


Gionata Mingozzi (29 December 1984 – 15 July 2008) was an Italian footballer. He last played for Treviso in Serie B.

Career
Mingozzi started his career at Ravenna. He followed the team promoted from Eccellenza to Serie C2 within 2 years. He was signed by Perugia in summer 2004.

In summer 2005, he was signed by Sampdoria and made his Serie A debut on 26 February 2006 against Siena.

He was successively loaned to Lecce, and sold half of contractual rights to Treviso in summer 2007.

Mingozzi died in a car accident when his Porsche hit directly a lorry in Campagna Lupia on 15 July 2008.

References

External links
 His career profile (from La Gazzetta dello Sport)

1984 births
2008 deaths
Italian men's footballers
Footballers from Ravenna
Serie A players
Ravenna FC players
AC Perugia Calcio players
UC Sampdoria players
US Lecce players
Treviso FBC 1993 players
Men's association football midfielders
Road incident deaths in Italy


The Lancaster Valley AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in Lancaster and Chester counties of southeastern Pennsylvania, centered on the city of Lancaster.  The wine region includes  in a valley that is roughly  long and  wide, although only  are planted to grapevines.  The Lancaster Valley area is one of the most fertile agricultural areas in Pennsylvania, and features rich topsoil over limestone bedrock. It has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa) and is located in hardiness zones 6b and 7a.

References

American Viticultural Areas
Geography of Chester County, Pennsylvania
Geography of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania wine
1984 establishments in Pennsylvania


Rolf Griebel (born September 15, 1949) is a German librarian, library administrator, and prominent figure in German and international library associations.  He was the Director General of the Bavarian State Library (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek or BSB) from 2004 to 2014.

Griebel is the BSB's Partner Representative in OCLC (Online Computer Library Center), which is a nonprofit, membership, computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the world's information and reducing information costs. OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog.

Griebel was ultimately responsible for BSB's participation in the Google Books Library Project, which involves a series of agreements between Google and major international libraries through which a  collection of its public domain books will be scanned in their entirety and made available for free to the public online.

Published work
Griebel, Rolf. (2002). Etatbedarf universitärer Bibliothekssysteme. Ein Modell zur Sicherung der Literatur- und Informationsversorgung an den Universitäten. Frankfurt-am-Main: Kostermans.  (cloth)
Griebel, Rolf, Andreas Werner, and Sigrid Hornei. (1994). Bestandsaufbau und Erwerbungspolitik in universitären Bibliothekssystemen. Versuch einer Standortbestimmung. Berlin: Deutsches Bibliotheksinst.  (cloth)
Dörpinghaus, Hermann Josef and Rolf Griebel. (1992). Checkliste für die Auswahl von Lieferanten ausländischer Monographien. Berlin: Deutsches Bibliotheksinstitut.  (cloth)

See also
National libraries

References

External links
Riding, Alan.  "France Detects a Cultural Threat in Google", NYT, April 11, 2005.

1949 births
Living people
German librarians
German male writers


The Diocese of Oita (, ) is a suffragan Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in the Ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Nagasaki in southern Japan.

Its cathedral episcopal see is the Cathedral of St. Francis Xavier (Oita Church), in the city of Ōita.

Diocese of Funai
The first Catholic jurisdiction of Otai's territory was established on 19 February 1588, during Portuguese colonial prominence and missionary efforts in the Far East, as the Diocese of Funai (or Funay), on territory split off from the colonial Roman Catholic Diocese of Macau.

It was suppressed around 1660, having had the following incumbents (all Portuguese missionary members of Latin Congregations):
 Sebastião de Morais de Funchal, Jesuits (S.J.) (1588.02.19 – death 1588.08.19)
 Pedro Martins, S.J. (1592.02.17 –death  1598.02.18)
 Luis Cerqueira, S.J. (1598.02.18 – death 1614.02.15), succeeding as former Coadjutor Bishop of Funai 府内 (1593.01.29 – 1598.02.18) &  Titular Bishop of Tiberias (1593.01.29 – 1598.02.18)
 Diogo Correia Valente (華), S.J. (1618.01.08 – death 1633.10.28), also Apostolic Administrator of mother diocese Macau 澳門 (Macau, Portuguese China) (1626.08.27 – 1633.10.28)
 Apostolic Administrator (1638.02.26 – 1653) Francesco Antonio Frascella, Conventual Franciscans (O.F.M. Conv.), Titular Archbishop of Myra (1637.11.14 – 1653)

History
 Established (restoring its above predecessor at a much lower level) on March 27, 1927 as Mission sui iuris of Miyazaki, on territory split off from the Diocese of Fukuoka
 January 28, 1935: Promoted as Apostolic Prefecture of Miyazaki
 December 22, 1961: Promoted and renamed after its see as Diocese of Oita

Ordinaries
Ecclesiastical Superior of Miyazaki
 Fr. Vincenzo Cimatti (ヴィンチェンツォ・チマッチ), Salesians (S.D.B.) (1928 – 1935.01.28 see below)

Apostolic Prefects of Miyazaki
 Fr. Vincenzo Cimatti (ヴィンチェンツォ・チマッチ), S.D.B. (see above 1935.01.28 – 1940.11.21)
Apostolic Administrator (1940 – 1945.11.18) Francis Xavier Ichitaro Ideguchi (フランシスコ出口一太郎) while Apostolic Prefect of Kagoshima 鹿児島 (Japan) (1940.06.10 – 1955)
Apostolic Administrator (1945.11.18 – 1961.12.22) Dominic Senyemon Fukahori (ドミニコ深堀仙右衛門), while Bishop of Fukuoka 福岡 (Japan) (1944.03.09 – 1969.11.15), emeritate as Titular Bishop of Crepedula (1969.11.15 – 1976.08.09)

Suffragan Bishops of Oita
 Peter Saburo Hirata, Sulpicians (P.S.S.) † (22 December 1961 - 15 November 1969 ), later Bishop of Fukuoka 福岡 (Japan) (1969.11.15 – 1990.10.06)
 Peter Takaaki Hirayama (15 November 1969 - 10 May 2000)
 Dominic Ryoji Miyahara (10 May 2000 - 19 March 2008), later Bishop of Fukuoka 福岡 (Japan) (2008.03.19 – 2019.04.27)
 Paul Sueo Hamaguchi (26 June 2011 - 28 December 2020)
 Sulpizio Shinzo Moriyama (5 April 2022 – present)

See also
 Roman Catholicism in Japan

Sources
 GCatholic.org with incumbent biography links
 Catholic Hierarchy

External links
 http://www.cbcj.catholic.jp/jpn/diocese/oita.htm

Roman Catholic dioceses in Japan
Christian organizations established in 1927
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century
1927 establishments in Japan


The Alpine Wall (Vallo Alpino) was an Italian system of fortifications along the  of Italy's northern frontier. Built in the years leading up to World War II at the direction of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, the defensive line faced France, Switzerland, Austria, and Yugoslavia. It was defended by the "Guardia alla Frontiera" (GaF), Italian special troops.

Characteristics

The Alpine line was similar in concept to other fortifications of the same era, including the Maginot Line of France, the Siegfried Line of Germany, and the National Redoubt of Switzerland.

Italy's land frontiers were in most places mountainous and easily defended, but in the years leading up to World War II, Italy's relations with its neighbours were uneasy.  Even in its dealings with its German ally, Italy was concerned about German ambitions towards the province of South Tyrol, inhabited by a German majority.

Due to the rugged nature of the Alpine frontier, defences were confined to passes and observation posts in accessible locations.

History

Work on the Alpine Wall began in 1931, intended to cover an arc from the Mediterranean coast at Ventimiglia in the west to Fiume on the Adriatic coast in the east. Three zones were designated at increasing distances from the frontier:
 "Zone of Security": Initial contact with the enemy.
 "Zone of Resistance": Heavier fortifications capable of resistance in isolation.
 "Zone of Alignment": Assembly area for counterattack, into which the enemy was to be directed.
Three types of fortifications were provided:
 "Type A": The largest fortifications, generally built into mountainsides.
 "Type B": Smaller point-defence fortifications.
 "Type C": Widely distributed shelters and rallying points

The work, which was carried out in secrecy using Italian labor, was a significant economic burden, resulting in 208 installations with 647 machine guns and fifty artillery pieces. Construction continued until 1942; a report by General Vittorio Ambrosio on 3 October 1942 recorded that 1,475 bunkers had been completed and 450 more were under construction. The forts were armed with a mixture of new weaponry and older equipment from World War I. Provisions were made to deal with the use of poison gas. Much of the armour was obtained from Germany in compensation for Italian military ventures on behalf of the Axis.

The Alpine Wall during World War II
Little use was made of the Alpine Wall during World War II. During the Italian invasion of France in 1940, some western forts such as Fort Chaberton exchanged fire with their French counterparts of the Alpine Line. Chaberton was hit by French 280mm field mortars and suffered disabling damage. In addition, some Alpine Wall fortifications were used defensively by Italian and German forces during the Second Battle of the Alps in 1944.

After World War II
At the end of the conflict, some of the western fortifications were destroyed. In the east former Austro-Hungarian territories that Italy acquired with the London treaty of 1915 were in 1947 awarded to Yugoslavia. Consequently, the entire eastern part of the pre-WW2 fortifications were thus on the Yugoslav side and are now on Slovenian territory.  The 1947 Paris Peace Treaty forbade the construction or expansion of fortifications within twenty kilometers of the border.

However, with Italy's membership in NATO, construction began on a new defensive line from Austria to the Adriatic along the Yugoslavian border along the Natisone and Tagliamento rivers. The new line used tank turrets in a manner similar to German defences during the previous conflict, allowing 360-degree traverse and a high rate of fire. By 1976 this system was still considered useful in any type of conflict short of a nuclear war.

Abandonment
The end of the Cold War brought an end to the usefulness of the Alpine Wall. The emplacements were partially stripped and sealed in 1991-1992.  Only some active fortifications have been preserved.

Arrangement

The fortifications were primarily constructed in the flanking heights of the valleys, with works within the valleys only where they were sufficiently wide. Anti-tank guns, artillery and machine guns were trained on prepared fields of fire, with observation stations at higher points. Shelters for infantry were located rearwards. A system of communications links and roads, or for higher locations, ropeways were provided for communication and supply.

Fortifications
The individual fortifications were typically built in rock on valley sides.  Where this was not suitable, concrete was used for protection, with a minimum of openings and three to five metres of concrete thickness.  Combat blocks were to the front, with ammunition rooms behind.  Underground galleries connected the combat blocks and their support areas, such as the utility rooms, barracks, storage and command centres, with the main entry farthest to the rear. Combat areas were isolated from the rest of the structure by gas-tight doorways.  Units built after 1939 were designed to operate independently, cut off from utilities and supplies.

Fortifications were camouflaged so that they appeared to blend with the surroundings, whether doors or embrasures were open or closed.  Emergency escape routes were also provided.

Armament
Armament typically included an anti-tank gun and a number of machine guns.  Post-war units used tank turrets.

Usual armament included:
 Machine gun, Fiat 35 in casemate or metal turret
 Machine gun, Breda 30 and Breda M37, for defense of entries to the fortifications
 Gun 57/43 RM mod. 887 on naval mounts
 Gun 75/43, ball mount in 10 cm steel slab
 Gun 47/32
 Mortar 81mm mod. 35
 Flamethrower

Fortifications were usually surrounded by minefields and barbed wire.  Where feasible, an anti-tank ditch was provided.

Guardia alla Frontiera
The Vallo Alpino was mainly defended by the 21,000 strong "Guardia alla Frontiera" (G.A.F.), a special Italian corps created in 1937. They defended the  of northern Italian frontiers with the so-called "Vallo Alpino Occidentale" ( with France), "Vallo Alpino Settentrionale" ( with Switzerland and  with Austria) and "Vallo Alpino Orientale" ( with Yugoslavia).

See also
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

Bibliography
 Marco Boglione, Le Strade dei Cannoni Blu Edizioni, Torino 2005,
Kauffmann, J.E., Jurga, Robert M. Fortress Europe: European Fortifications of World War II, 1999.
 Alessandro Bernasconi; Giovanni Muran. Le fortificazioni del Vallo Alpino Littorio in Alto Adige Trento, editore Temi [maggio 1999], 328 pagine.
 Alessandro Bernasconi; Giovanni Muran. Il testimone di cemento - Le fortificazioni del "Vallo Alpino Littorio" in Cadore, Carnia e Tarvisiano, Udine editore La Nuova Base Editrice [maggio 2009], 498 pagine + CD con allegati storici e tecnici.
 Malte Koenig, Vallo del littorio. Die italienischen Verteidigungsanlagen an der Nordfront, in fortifikation. Fachblatt des Studienkreises für Internationales Festungs-, Militaer- und Schutzbauwesen 22 (2008), pp. 87–92.
 Malte Koenig, Kooperation als Machtkampf. Das faschistische Achsenbuendnis Berlin-Rom im Krieg 1940/41, Cologne 2007, pp. 238–249.
 Josef Urthaler; Christina Niederkofler; Andrea Pozza. Bunker 2a ed., editore Athesia [2005], 2006, 244 pagine.

External links

The Underground Fortifications of the Alpine Wall
Bunkermuzeum
Le fortificazioni del Vallo Alpino in provincia di Cuneo
 http://www.vecio.it
Eastern Vallo Alpino
Vallo alpino del Littorio nelle attuali Slovenia e Croazia (1920-1943)
Endangered Italian fortifications in actual Slovenia

World War II defensive lines
Italian fascist architecture
World War II sites in Italy
Yugoslavia in World War II
World War II sites in Slovenia
National redoubts


Arkansas Railroad Museum is located on Port Road in Pine Bluff, Arkansas at the former Cotton Belt (SSW) yard.

The former SSW shops are occupied by the historic collection of railroad equipment. This museum is about an hour's drive from Little Rock, AR, and is one of the largest displays of historic railroad equipment in Arkansas. The Museum is operated by the Cotton Belt Rail Historical Society and local volunteers. The Museum is open Monday through Saturday from 9 AM to 2 PM and on Sunday afternoon by appointment.

Specific equipment

Arkansas Railroad Museum is most famous for stabling SSW #819, the last steam locomotive built by the Cotton Belt. The 819 was restored to operation in 1986. It operated on 13 excursions between 1986 and 1993, but is currently out of service pending completion of an overhaul mandated by the Federal Railroad Administration. A collection of historical passenger cars, mostly lightweight Pullman-Standard equipment, is also kept for use behind 819. The 819 is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The following equipment is at the museum:

Cotton Belt 336, a D3 Mogul built by Baldwin in 1909, is in poor condition and will be cosmetically restored. This locomotive is also listed on the National Register.

The following cars are part of the St. Louis Southwestern Railway (Cotton Belt Route) Relief Train, also listed on the National Register:
 SSW 96005 a 200 Ton Industrial Brownhoist Steam Relief Crane.
 SSWMW 5682 Boom Car
 SSWMW 98501 Generator Flat Car
 SSWMW 94129 Kitchen Car
 SSWMW 96216 Tool Car
 SSWMW 96209 Crew Sleeper

Other equipment at the museum includes:
Union Pacific 2907 – Alco C-630
Lake Superior and Ishpeming 2300 – GE U23C
Cotton Belt 5006 – EMD GP30
Little Rock and Western #102 (ex L&N #1306) - Alco C420
KLIX #2003 (ex SSW #815) EMD GP20
Rescar GE 25-tonner
West Tennessee #2054 (ex-SP 7012) – ALCO RSD-12
AT&SF 843 – Alco RSD-15
Wabash Alloys GE 25-tonner, listed on the National Register (reference number 07000444)
The tender of SSW 814 sister engine to SSW 819
1942 Tool Car ex-SP Baggage car St. Louis Car Co.
1944 Power Car ex-SP Baggage 6616
G56 Guard Car ACF hospital car from WW2, listed on the National Register (reference number 07000441)
SN87 Jordan Snow Plow U S Army, listed on the National Register (reference number 06001273)
1947 Apple Blossom ex-GN 1121
SSW 2214 – Wood Cupola Caboose
SSW 83 – Bay Window Caboose
SP 125 – Bay Window Caboose built November 1966
AM 1410 – 60-ft Mechanical Reefer ex-EL
3480 Pegasus Baggage Dorm ex-AT&SF Budd 1938 Transition Car
CBHS 819336 Tank Car

Facility
The equipment is mostly housed in the former SSW shops, which was the main heavy repair and erection shop for SSW during the steam era. The shop has such heavy repair equipment as pits, massive overhead cranes, and tools for servicing large railroad equipment. On the east side of the former shops is a transfer table that is still operable. The transfer table is used to move exhibits from time to time. The best time to see the exhibits outside is the first weekend in April (unless that weekend is Easter) when the Museum has its annual show. Many of the exhibits are taken outside so that tables can be set up inside the museum for vendors.

References

External links

 Museum information

Buildings and structures in Pine Bluff, Arkansas
Model railway shows and exhibitions
Museums in Jefferson County, Arkansas
National Register of Historic Places in Pine Bluff, Arkansas
Rail infrastructure on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Railroad museums in Arkansas
Railway locomotives on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
St. Louis Southwestern Railway
Tourist attractions in Pine Bluff, Arkansas


Pride Divide is a 1997 documentary film directed by Paris Poirier. It examines the issues within the LGBT community relating to apparent divisions between lesbians and gay men.

Participants
Joan Jett Blakk
Kate Clinton
Martin Duberman
Lillian Faderman
Barbara Gittings
Michael Goff
Harry Hay
Simon LeVay
JoAnn Loulan
Michael Musto
Joan Nestle
Ann Northropp
Camille Paglia
Sarah Pettit
Catherine Saalfield
Sarah Schulman
Michelangelo Signorile
Rose Troche

Reception
Pride Divide won the aGLIFF Award at the 1997 Austin Gay & Lesbian International Film Festival. In 1999, it won the Gold Apple award from the National Educational Media Network. Writing for Variety, Ken Eisner called the film brave and entertaining.

References

External links
Official site

1997 films
1997 LGBT-related films
1997 documentary films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
English-language documentary films
American LGBT-related documentary films


University Square Madison is a  urban infill development in the City of Madison, Wisconsin.

The planning for the University Square Project was started in 1999 by Greg Rice, owner of Executive Management, Inc.  Greg chose Potter Lawson, Inc., in 1999 as the architect for the project.  After years of planning, construction began on June 2, 2006 and was completed in August, 2008.  The developer and majority owner of the project is Executive Management, Inc, a Madison based development firm, with Steve Brown Apartments and the University of Wisconsin as part owners.

University Square consists of three main parts: a 2-story retail mall owned by Executive Management, Inc; a 10-story apartment tower, Lucky, owned by Steve Brown Apartments; and a 9-story office tower owned by the University of Wisconsin–Madison. It is located off of Johnson Street and University Avenue, and is within a block from Witte Hall and Sellery Hall.

The USquare Food Court previously occupied a large portion of the 2nd floor of University Square and held the National Food Court Eating Championship and the Wisconsin Collegiate Eating Championship. The USquare Food Court closed the following summer. A Buffalo Wild Wings restaurant moved from its State Street location into University Square and opened on August 15, 2011.

The University tower portion of the project contains a new Student Activities Center for University student groups, a new home for University Health Services, as well as the Bursar's Office, Registrar's Office, Office of Student Financial Aid, student radio station WSUM, a DoIT Tech Store (where students, faculty, and staff can buy computers, tablets, accessories, and receive service for any university-related technology questions) and other university functions.

References

Buildings and structures in Madison, Wisconsin
Tourist attractions in Madison, Wisconsin
Squares in the United States
Skyscrapers in Madison, Wisconsin
Skyscraper office buildings in Wisconsin
2008 establishments in Wisconsin
Office buildings completed in 2008


Albele River may refer to the following rivers in Romania:

 Albele, a tributary of the Jaleș in Gorj County
 Albele, an alternative name for Lupul River (Tazlău) in Bacău County

See also
 Albac River (disambiguation)
 Albești River (disambiguation)
 Râul Alb (disambiguation)
 Izvorul Alb River (disambiguation)


John Whetten Ehninger (July 22, 1827 New York City - January 22, 1889 Saratoga, New York) was a United States painter and etcher.

Biography
He graduated from Columbia University in 1847. He was a pupil of Couture in Paris 1848–1849, and afterward studied at Düsseldorf and other art centres 1851–1852.

Ehninger moved to Europe after graduating from Columbia University. There, he pursued his academic training in France, Germany, and Italy. A budding artist, he was eager to learn more about the old masters and to hone his skills. He spent some time in Germany. During his time there he developed a penchant for drawing scenes of daily life, a trait that was to remain for the rest of his career.

Return to New York
After nearly three years in Europe, Ehninger returned to the U.S. and began living in New York City. Six years of working and exhibiting in the city followed. In 1860, he became a member of the National Academy of Design. Ehninger took another trip to Europe. After returning from that trip he settled in Newport, Rhode Island. A few years after, in 1872, he moved to Saratoga, New York, where he spent the rest of his life.

Among his paintings, which include landscape and figure subjects, are:

 "Peter Stuyvesant" (1850)
 "Autumn Landscape" (1867)
 "Monk" (1871)
 "Vintage in the Valtella" (1877)
 "Twilight from the Bridge of Pau" (1878)
 "Death and the Gambler" (Saratoga, 1895)
 "New England Farmyard"
 "Yankee Peddler"
 "Love me, Love my Horse"
 "The Foray"
 "The Sword"
 "Lady Jane Grey"
 "Christ Healing the Sick"

He was a clever and versatile draftsman and is perhaps best known for his illustrations of Longfellow's Miles Standish (1858) and Irving's Dolph Heylinger and Ye Legend of St. Gwendolyn (1867).  The drawings for the latter were considered so delicate that they were reproduced by photography — an unusual method in that day.

References

Attribution

19th-century American painters
American male painters
1827 births
1889 deaths
Kunstakademie Düsseldorf alumni
Painters from New York City
19th-century American male artists


You're Not Alone is an EP by American rock band OK Go and brass funk rock band Bonerama, released on February 5, 2008. It was recorded to raise money for New Orleans musicians displaced in 2005 by Hurricane Katrina, with the proceeds being split between Sweet Home New Orleans and a fund for a new house for New Orleans musician Al "Carnival Time" Johnson, who sings on the last track of the EP. It was only released as a download on Amazon MP3 and the iTunes Store, who have agreed to donate the full sale price to the cause.

The EP was recorded in August 2007 in New Orleans, Bonerama's home city. The first track is a cover of "Rock 'n' Roll Suicide" by David Bowie and the last track a cover of Bob Dylan's "I Shall Be Released", in which Johnson performs the lead vocals. The remaining three are arrangements of songs from OK Go's album Oh No, performed together by OK Go and Bonerama.

Track listing
"Rock 'n' Roll Suicide" – 3:19
"A Million Ways" – 3:52
"Oh Lately It's So Quiet" – 3:21
"It's a Disaster" – 3:35
"I Shall Be Released" – 4:36

References

2008 EPs
OK Go EPs
Hurricane Katrina disaster relief charity albums
Bonerama albums
Collaborative albums


SpaceTurk, founded in 1998 as the Turkish Space Research Group, is a non-profit and volunteer group dedicated to work on space research. The group's activities so far are:

 Execution of the Middle East and Turkey representative of the United Nations Space Generation Advisory Council (SGAC).
 Establishment of Space Association of Turkic States (SATS).
 Yuri's Night organizations in several cities including Ankara and Istanbul.
 World Space Week organizations in several cities with a high participation rate of primary schools.
 Detection of environmental pollution due to the oil spills from the tankers with satellite views.
 Detection of the deforestation in Burundi with remote sensing.
 System design for a civilian, peace and science aimed launcher (ATA1 project).

See also
 List of astronomical societies

References

External links
 SpaceTurk official website
 UNSGAC 2002-2003 Annual Report
 World Space Week 2001 Annual Report

Space organizations
Astronomy organizations
1998 establishments in Turkey
Scientific organizations established in 1998


The 2001 SEC Men’s Basketball Tournament took place on March 8–11, 2001 in Nashville, Tennessee at the Gaylord Entertainment Center.

The Kentucky Wildcats won the tournament and received the SEC’s automatic bid to the NCAA tournament by defeating the Ole Miss Rebels by a score of 77–55.

Television coverage
The first, quarterfinal, and semifinal rounds were televised by Jefferson Pilot Sports, in its 15th season as the SEC's regional syndicated rightsholder. The SEC Championship Game was televised by CBS.

Tournament notes
This tournament marks the first time the SEC Tournament was played at Gaylord Entertainment Center (now Bridgestone Arena), and the third time that Nashville was the host city of the event with Vanderbilt University's Memorial Gymnasium having hosted the tournament in 1984 and 1991.

Bracket

SEC men's basketball tournament
2000–01 Southeastern Conference men's basketball season
Basketball competitions in Nashville, Tennessee
2001 in sports in Tennessee
College sports tournaments in Tennessee


The  Geography of Oklahoma encompasses terrain and ecosystems ranging from arid plains to subtropical forests and mountains. Oklahoma contains 10 distinct ecological regions, more per square mile than in any other state by a wide margin. It is situated in the Great Plains and U.S. Interior Highlands region near the geographical center of the 48 contiguous states. Usually considered part of the South Central United States, Oklahoma is bounded on the east by Arkansas and Missouri, on the north by Kansas, on the northwest by Colorado, on the far west by New Mexico, and on the south and near-west by Texas.

The state has four primary mountain ranges: the Arbuckle Mountains, the Wichita Mountains, the Ozark Mountains and the Ouachita Mountains. Part of the U.S. Interior Highlands region, the Ozarks and Ouachitas form one of the only major highland regions between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians.

A portion of the Flint Hills stretches into north-central Oklahoma, and in the state's southeastern corner, Cavanal Hill is officially regarded as the world's tallest hill; at 1,999 feet (609 m), it fails the definition of a mountain by one foot. More than 500 named creeks and rivers make up Oklahoma's waterways, and with 200 lakes created by dams, it holds the highest number of reservoirs in the nation.
Oklahoma covers an area of , with  of land and  of water, making it the 20th-largest state in the United States. Generally, it is divided into seven geographical regions: Green Country, or Northeast Oklahoma, Southeastern Oklahoma, Central Oklahoma, South Central Oklahoma, Southwest Oklahoma, Northwest Oklahoma, and the Oklahoma Panhandle.

Topography

Situated between the Great Plains and the Ozark Plateau in the Gulf of Mexico watershed, Oklahoma tends to slope gradually downward from its western to eastern boundaries. Its highest and lowest points follow this trend, with its highest peak, Black Mesa, at 4,368 feet (1,516 m) above sea level, situated near the far northwest corner of the Oklahoma Panhandle. The state's lowest point is on the Little River near its far southeastern boundary, which dips to 289 feet (88 m) above sea level.

Most of the state lies in two primary drainage basins belonging to the Red and Arkansas rivers, though the Lee and Little rivers also contain significant drainage basins. In the state's northwestern corner, semi-arid high plains harbor few natural forests and rolling to flat landscape with intermittent canyons and mesa ranges like the Glass Mountains. Partial plains interrupted by small mountain ranges like the Antelope Hills and the Wichita Mountains dot southwestern Oklahoma, and transitional prairie and woodlands cover the central portion of the state. The Ozark and Ouachita (pronounced Oh-Wa-Sheet-ah) Mountains rise from west to east over the state's eastern third, gradually increasing in elevation in an eastward direction.

Oklahoma had few natural lakes. Those that did exist were either oxbow or playa  lakes. Oklahoma has sixty-two oxbow lakes above  in size.  The largest, near the Red River in McCurtain County is . The prolonged drought that started in 1930 and created the condition called the "Dust Bowl",  led to the construction of a great many reservoirs throughout the state. Now, Oklahoma has the largest number of lakes created by dams of any state in the United States, with more than 200.

Flora and fauna

Forests cover 24 percent of Oklahoma, and prairie grasslands, composed of shortgrass, mixed-grass, and tallgrass prairie, harbor expansive ecosystems in the state's central and western portions. Where rainfall is sparse in the western regions of the state, shortgrass prairie and shrublands are the most prominent ecosystems, though pinyon pines, junipers, and ponderosa pines grow near rivers and creek beds in the far western reaches of the panhandle. Marshlands, cypress forests and mixtures of shortleaf pine, loblolly pine, sabal minor, and deciduous forests dominate the state's southeastern quarter, while mixtures of largely post oak,  elm, cedar and pine forests cover the Ozark Mountains in northeastern Oklahoma. Many rare, relic species such as sugar maple, bigtooth maple, southern live oak, and nolina inhabit Southwestern Oklahoma and the Wichita Mountains.

The state holds large populations of white-tailed deer, coyotes, bobcats, elk, and birds such as quail, doves, cardinals, bald eagles, red-tailed hawks, and pheasants. In prairie ecosystems, american bison, greater prairie-chickens, badgers, and armadillo are common, and some of the nation's largest prairie dog towns inhabit shortgrass prairie in the state's panhandle. The Cross Timbers, a region transitioning from prairie to woodlands in Central Oklahoma, harbors 351 vertebrate species. The Ouachita Mountains are home to black bear, red fox, grey fox, and river otter populations, which coexist with a total of 328 vertebrate species in southeastern Oklahoma.

Protected lands

Oklahoma has 41 state parks, two national protected forests or grasslands, and a network of wildlife preserves and conservation areas. Six percent of the state's 10 million acres (40,000 km2) of forest is public land, including the western portions of the Ouachita National Forest, the largest and oldest national forest in the southern United States. With , the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in north-central Oklahoma is the largest protected area of tallgrass prairie in the world and is part of an ecosystem that encompasses only 10 percent of its former land area, once covering 14 states. In addition, the Black Kettle National Grassland covers  of prairie in southwestern Oklahoma. The Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge is the oldest and largest of nine national wildlife refuges in the state and was founded in 1901, encompassing . Of Oklahoma's federally protected park or recreational sites, the Chickasaw National Recreation Area is the largest, with . Other federal protected sites include the Santa Fe and Trail of Tears national historic trails, the Fort Smith and Washita Battlefield national historic sites, and the Oklahoma City National Memorial.

Climate

Oklahoma sits at a frequent crossroads between three different air masses: warm, humid air from the Gulf of Mexico; warm to hot, dry air from Mexico and the Southwestern U.S.; and cold, dry air from Canada. Especially from fall to spring, Oklahoma sees frequent air mass changes, which can produce drastic swings in both temperature and humidity. Much of the state is often subjected to extremes in temperature, wind, drought, and rainfall. Most of the state lies in an area known as Tornado Alley characterized by frequent interaction between cold and warm air masses, producing severe weather, with the highest-risk months from April to June. An average of 62 tornadoes strike the state per year, making that one of the highest rates in the world. Due to its position between zones of differing prevailing temperature and winds, weather patterns within the state can vary widely between relatively short distances.  Precipitation occurs year-round, but average monthly precipitation is generally lowest in the winter months, rising dramatically to a peak in May (the year's wettest month virtually statewide, owing to frequent, and not uncommonly severe, thunderstorm activity), and decreases again by mid-summer, when long stretches of hot, dry weather are common in July and August many years. Early to mid-fall (September and October) often sees a secondary precipitation maximum. From late October to December, precipitation generally decreases again.

Eastern Oklahoma has a temperate humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) heavily influenced by southerly winds bringing moisture from the Gulf of Mexico and has hot, humid summers and generally cold winters, but with cold spells, accompanied by snow, sleet or freezing rain. This transitions progressively to a semi-arid zone (Köppen BSk) in the high plains of the Panhandle, where a drier climate prevails, with somewhat-colder winters and similarly-hot summers but much lower humidity. Other central to western areas of the state, including Lawton and Enid in the transition zone, are also less affected by moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. They also tend to be drier than Oklahoma's eastern counties. Precipitation and temperatures fall from east to west accordingly, with areas in the southeast averaging an annual temperature of 62 °F (17 °C) and an annual rainfall of over 40 and as high as , while areas of the panhandle average 58 °F (14 °C), with an annual rainfall under . All of the state frequently experiences temperatures above 100 °F (38 °C), or below 0 °F (−18 °C) (though subzero temperatures are rare in southeastern Oklahoma), and snowfall ranges from an average of less than  in the far south to just over  on the border of Colorado in the panhandle. The state is home to the National Storm Prediction Center of the National Weather Service located in Norman. Winter and spring weather often are influenced by the El Niño Southern Oscillation. Winters during El Niño are cooler than average and wetter across the western portion of the state due to an amplified southern jet stream. During La Niña, the storm track is further north, therefore winters are warmer than average and drier in the western part of the state.

Climate data

See also
2009–19 Oklahoma earthquake swarms
Geology of Oklahoma
List of Oklahoma tri-points

Notes

Further reading
  Robert Lowitt, "Environment and cultural ecology", Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture

References


The BTC-T Peugeot 307 is a BTC-Touring class racing car that was built for the 2003 British Touring Car Championship season by Vic Lee Racing.

Team Halfords
After two unsuccessful seasons of running the BTC-T Peugeot 406 Coupe, Team Halfords took the decision to switch to the Peugeot 307. Designed by renowned Formula One designer Sergio Rinland, the 307 was the second BTC Touring spec car built by the Coventry-based firm. Two cars were built, and both appeared for the first rounds of 2003 at Mondello Park, initially driven by Dan Eaves and Carl Breeze, although Breeze was replaced by Daniel Buxton halfway through the season. The 307 struggled at the start of the season, but became slightly more competitive as the season went on, Eaves eventually finishing 4th in the Independents championship. However, in 2004, Eaves moved to Team Dynamics, taking the Halfords sponsorship with him.

Later career
Initially unused in 2004, one of the cars was used by Richard Marsh in round 8 and 9, after struggling in a Super 2000-spec Honda Civic. The car did not reappear again in 2005, but in 2006, Marsh once again drove the car, this time for Team Farécla in the last 4 rounds of the championship. Marsh was plagued by problems in the underdeveloped 307, suffering many mechanical issues that prevented him from finishing races, or even starting them. The car did not appear again in 2007.

Chassis History
Car 1
2003 - Dan Eaves
2004 - Richard Marsh | Marsh: Rounds 21-27
2006 - Richard Marsh | Marsh: Rounds 16-24/28-30
2008 - Nick Beaumont/Mark Clynes - Britcar Production S1

Car 2
2003 - Carl Breeze/Daniel Buxton | Breeze: Rounds 1-10, Buxton: Rounds 11-20
2004 onwards - Hillclimbing and sprinting
2007 onwards - Peugeot Ecosse trackday car

References

British Touring Car Championship
Touring cars
307 BTC-T
Cars introduced in 2003
Front-wheel-drive vehicles


The Cumberland Valley AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in Washington County in west-central Maryland and Franklin and Cumberland counties in south-central Pennsylvania.  Only  of the  included in the wine appellation are planted to grapevines, predominantly on high terraces over the Potomac River and on the slopes of South Mountain.  The soil in the area is alkaline limestone. The Cumberland Valley mainly has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa) and is mainly in hardiness zone 6b with 7a at the ends. The AVA extends from the Potomac to the Susquehanna River.

References

American Viticultural Areas
Geography of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
Geography of Franklin County, Pennsylvania
Maryland wine
Pennsylvania wine
Geography of Washington County, Maryland
1985 establishments in Maryland
1985 establishments in Pennsylvania