Alexander Graham Bell honors and tributes include honors bestowed upon him and awards named for him.

Alexander Graham Bell received numerous tributes during his life, and new awards were subsequently named for him posthumously.

Alexander Graham Bell was born on March 16, 1847.

Major awards and tributes

Among those tributes:

 Chief George Henry Martin Johnson (Onwanonsyshon) of the aboriginal Six Nations Mohawk Reserve, near Bell's home in Brantford, Ontario, awarded him the title of Honorary Chief for his work in translating the unwritten Mohawk language into Visible Speech symbols (c. 1870);

 The National Association of Teachers of the Deaf elects Bell its president (1874);
 The United States Patent and Trademark Office awarded Bell the master telephone patent, No. 174,465, dated March 7, 1876. It becomes the foundation asset of the Bell Telephone Company, which later evolved into AT&T, at times the world's largest telephone company. The patent is considered by many to be the most valuable ever issued in history (1876);
 The U.S. Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in June 1876,  made Bell's newly created telephone a featured headline worldwide just a few months after it had been patented.  Among the exhibition's judges were the notable Emperor Dom Pedro II of the Empire of Brazil and the eminent British physicist William Thomson (later made Lord Kelvin). Upon hearing Bell's voice through the telephone's receiver, the emperor reputedly exclaimed: "My God! It talks!" Thomson described the telephone as "the greatest by far of all the marvels of the electric telegraph". Thomson and Emperor Pedro, who was equally amazed that the telephone could 'speak' in Portuguese, later recommended the device to the Committee of Electrical Awards, which voted Bell its Gold Medal for Electrical Equipment. Bell also won a second Gold Medal for his additional display of Visible Speech at the exposition, and further won an order of 100 telephones from Emperor Pedro for his country. Ironically, Bell—then occupied full-time as both a private teacher and as a professor at Boston University—hadn't planned on attending the exhibition due to his heavy work schedule, and left Boston only at the last moment to attend the exposition at the stern insistence of his then-fiance and future wife Mabel Hubbard, aged 18. Dom Pedro's chance viewing of the invention at the fair was pivotal to the awards and world headlines Bell earned, helping the telephone gain public acceptance (1876);
 The American Academy of Arts and Sciences elected Bell a Fellow of the Academy (1877);
 Bell received the James Watt silver medal for the telephone from the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society (1877);
 The Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association (a.k.a. the Association of the Mechanics of Boston) awarded two gold medals to Bell, as exhibitor #626 registered to the New England Telephone Company of Boston, MA, for both the telephone and Visible Speech, twinning the results of the Centennial Exposition held in Philadelphia two years earlier (1878);
 The Society of Arts in London awards him his first Royal Albert medal, a silver, for his paper on the telephone (1878);
 The Third Paris World's Fair, called the Exposition Universelle, awarded Bell (along with Elisha Gray and Thomas Edison) a Grand Prize for the telephone (1878);
 Gallaudet College, earlier chartered as the Columbia Institution Of The Deaf, and at the time called the National Deaf-Mute College, of Washington, D.C., awarded Bell an Honorary Ph.D. 'in recognition of his work for the Deaf' (1880).
 The French Academy, representing the French government, awarded Bell the Volta Prize with a purse of 50,000 francs (approximately $10,000) for the invention of the telephone (1880). Since Bell was becoming increasingly affluent, he used his prize money to create endowment funds (the 'Volta Fund') and institutions in and around the United States capital of Washington, D.C. They included the prestigious 'Volta Laboratory Association' (1880), also known as the 'Volta Laboratory' and as the 'Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory', as well as creating the Volta Bureau (1887) as a center for studies on deafness. The Volta Laboratory became a permanently funded experimental facility devoted to scientific discovery, and the very next year invented a wax phonograph cylinder that was later used by Thomas Edison;
 The President of the Third French Republic, Jules Grévy, on the recommendation of his Minister of Foreign Affairs Jules Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire and with the presentations of the Minister of Posts and Telegraphs Louis Cochery, designated Bell with the distinction of an 'Officer Of The Legion of Honour' (Légion d'honneur) by decree on 10 November 1881, in recognition of his inventions (1881);

 The Society of Arts issues their second Royal Albert silver medal to him for his paper on his proudest achievement, the Photophone, invented a year earlier (1881);

 The University of Würzburg, Bavaria granted Bell an honorary (Ph.D.) (1882).
 The American Philosophical Society elected Bell as a member (1882).
 The National Academy of Sciences elected Bell as a member (1883);
 The American Institute of Electrical Engineers, predecessor of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers elected Bell as one of its founding vice presidents, and later elevated him to its president (1884, and president 1891–1892);
 The Rupert Charles University of Heidelberg, Germany awarded him an Honorary Doctor of Medicine degree, for Bell's invention of an ultrasound metal detector, used in a bid to save the life of President James Abram Garfield (1886).
 The American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) appointed Bell its president (1891–1892);
 Harvard University granted him an honorary Doctor of Laws degrees (LL.D.) (1896);
 Illinois College awarded him an LL.D. degree (1896): N.B.: there are two different years cited for this degree –the college's data is shown.
 The National Geographic Society appointed him President (1898–1903).
 The United States Senate granted him several appointments as a regent of the world famous Smithsonian Institution (1898–1924);
 The Washington Academy of Sciences, founded by a group of scientists which included Samuel Langley, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, elected Bell its President (c.1900);
 The U.S. Census Bureau appointed him a special agent to the bureau in order to determine the extent of the Twelfth Census that applied to the deaf of the United States (1900);
 The Society of Arts of London, England, awarded him the Albert Medal for his invention of the telephone (1902).
 St Andrew's University awarded Bell a Doctor of Philosophy degree (Ph. D.) (1902).
 The University of Edinburgh granted him an honorary Doctor of Laws degree (1906);
 Oxford University granted him an honorary Doctor of Science degree (D.Sc./Sc.D.) (1906).
 The American Association of Engineering Societies awarded him the John Fritz Medal (1907).
 Bell and the other four members of the Aerial Experiment Association are awarded the Scientific American Prize for the First public airplane flight greater than one kilometer in the United States (1908);
 Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, presented an honorary Doctor of Laws degrees (LL.D.) to him (1909).
 The Bell Homestead Museum, part of the Bell Homestead National Historic Site in Brantford, Ontario, was the Bell family's first home in North America and the site where Bell invented the telephone in the July 1874. Bell's parents and extended family lived on the 10 acre site for 11 years, with the homestead being sold when his parents moved to Washington, D.C., to join their son. The museum was opened to the public in 1910. The farm, carriage house and its principal building, Melville House were earlier obtained from its last private owner by the Bell Telephone Memorial Association in 1909. Its rooms were restored to their original condition and many of its furnishings are original Bell possessions.  The site also later added the Henderson Home, Canada's first telephone company office opened in 1877 and a predecessor of Bell Canada, which was moved to the museum from its original location in downtown Brantford. In the present day the museum is operated by the Bell Homestead Society, and has been designated a National Historic Site of Canada (1910).
 Upon its inception at its first meeting on November 2, 1911, in Boston, the fraternal Telephone Pioneers of America organization made Bell its first charter member. The organization has since grown to more than 600,000 individuals (1911).
 The Franklin Institute awarded Bell the Elliott Cresson Medal in the field of Engineering for "Electrical Transmission of Articulate Speech" (1912).
 George Washington University awarded him an Honorary Degree (1913).
 The Royal Society awarded him the David Edward Hughes Medal for 'an original discovery in the physical sciences, particularly electricity and magnetism or their applications', citing Bell "...for his share in the invention of the telephone, and more especially the construction of the telephone receiver" (1913).
 Dartmouth College awarded Bell an honorary Doctor of Laws degree (1913);
 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers awarded him the Thomas Alva Edison Medal "for a career of meritorious achievement in electrical science, electrical engineering or the electrical arts" (1914).
 Bell, the celebrity, in New York, ceremonially inaugurated the United States' first transcontinental telephone system with a widely reported telephone call to his former assistant Thomas Watson in San Francisco, during which Watson quipped to Bell that he could hear him "much better now" (1915);
 Dr. John H. Finley, founder of the Junior American Red Cross and New York State Commissioner of Education, presented Bell with the Civic Forum Medal of Honor for Distinguished Public Service at Carnegie Hall (1917);
 The Governor General of Canada, Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire, unveiled the Bell Telephone Memorial (photo below) erected in Bell's honor in The Telephone City's (Brantford, ON) Alexander Graham Bell Gardens as part of the City of Brantford's public parks system (1917).

 Bell inaugurates the Alexander Graham Bell School in Chicago, Illinois. The elementary school was founded in 1917 with 24 classrooms for hearing students and 15 classrooms for deaf students, after the Chicago School Board allocated US$285,000 for it in 1915 (approximately $ in current dollars). The school, one of the largest built in the Chicago Public School system at the time, was opened one year earlier. (1918);
 The City of Edinburgh made him a Burgess and honored Bell with its Freedom of The City award during his final "farewell visit" to Europe (1920).  He was being accompanied by his wife Mabel, and his granddaughter and secretary Mabel H. Grosvenor.

Other citations, honours and awards

 Bell received numerous other awards and honorary degrees during his life. Among them were:
Doctor of Philosophy degree (Ph. D.) from Illinois College in recognition for his work for the deaf. Note that this may be an erroneous item, as the College's website only lists a single degree to Bell ––his LL.D  in 1896. ;
 Doctor of Laws degree (LL.D.) from Amherst College;
 Bell additionally received the Karl Koenig von Württemberg gold medal;
 At the age of eighteen, Bell was nominated for membership in the scholarly London Philological Society, by linguist and mathematician Alexander Ellis, on the basis of a study Bell had written on overtones. Ellis also lent him a work by German scientist Hermann von Helmholtz, with Bell's incorrect translation of that work becoming the basis of his enduring research into transmitting speech telephonic-ally (1865);
 Bell was also nominated as a Resident Member of the Boston Society of Natural History (1876).

Other posthumous tributes
 Upon Bell's death, during his burial, "....every phone on the continent of North America was silenced in honor of the man who had given to mankind the means for direct communication at a distance" ;
 When he heard of his death, Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King cabled Mrs. Bell, saying:
"[The Government expresses] to you our sense of the world's loss in the death of your distinguished husband. It will ever be a source of pride to our country that the great invention, with which his name is immortally associated, is a part of its history. On the behalf of the citizens of Canada, may I extend to you an expression of our combined gratitude and sympathy."
 U.S. President Warren Harding also telegram Mrs. Bell, saying:
"The announcement of your eminent husband’s death comes a great shock to me. In common with all of his countrymen, I have learned to revere him as one of the great benefactors.... and among the foremost Americans of all generations. He will be mourned and honored by human kind everywhere as one who served it greatly, untiringly and usefully"

 A large number of Bell's writings, notebooks, papers and other documents were established at the United States Library of Congress Manuscript Division, as the Alexander Graham Bell Family Papers. The collection is currently available for online viewing;
 Another large collection of Bell's documents reside at the Alexander Graham Bell Institute at Cape Breton University, Nova Scotia;
 The US Patent Office declared Bell first on its list of the country's greatest inventors (1936);
 The bel (B), and the smaller decibel (dB), units of measure of sound intensity were invented by the Bell Labs, and were named in his honor. The units are widely used in science, technology and engineering (1937);
 The United States Post Office Department issued a 10 cent commemorative postage stamp of Bell, part of its 'Famous Americans Series' of 1940. This particular stamp was so popular it sold out in little time and became, and is to this day, the most valuable stamp in that series.
 The US Merchant Marine ship S.S. Alexander Graham Bell (hull #583) was launched and commissioned for service in the Second World War (18 October 1942);
 The Telephone Pioneers of America dedicated a plaque on the wall of the  Franklin School at 13th & K Streets NW in Washington, D.C., honoring Bell's invention of the Photophone, the precursor of fibre-optical communications, and which he referred to as his 'greatest invention'.  The plaque read:
"From the top floor of this building • Was sent on June 3, 1880 • Over a beam of light to 1325 'L' Street • The first wireless telephone message • In the history of the world. • The apparatus used in sending the message • Was the Photophone invented by • Alexander Graham Bell • inventor of the telephone • This plaque was placed here by • Alexander Graham Bell Chapter • Telephone Pioneers of America..."; (1947)
 The Charles Fleetford Sise Chapter of the Telephone Pioneers of America commissioned and dedicated a large statue of Bell in the front portico of Brantford, Ontario's new Bell Telephone Building plant on Market Street. The Pioneers raised over $5,000 across North America for the work in 1948–1949 (more than $ in current dollars). Attending the formal ceremony were Bell's daughter, Mrs. Gillbert Grosvenor, Frederick Johnson, President of the Bell Telephone Company of Canada, T.N. Lacy, President of the Telephone Pioneers, and Brantford Mayor Walter J. Dowden. The statue had been designed and crafted by A.E. Cleeve Horne in his Toronto studio in the style of the Lincoln Memorial, and cast in bronze in New York. Pioneers president T.N. Lacy spoke at the unveiling comparing the Cleeve Horne work to the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, saying that sculptor "....has accomplished in this memorial to Alexander Graham Bell what Daniel Chester French created for the Lincoln Memorial... ...he has caught and reflected the conviction that Bell, like Lincoln, was an emancipator...  [He] gave freedom and range to the human voice." On each side of the monument is the engraved inscription, "In Grateful Recognition of  the Inventor of the Telephone".  Its dedication was broadcast nationally by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (17 June 1949)
 The Hall of Fame for Great Americans inducted Bell by 70 votes (1950);
 The Canadian Government also established the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site of Canada, which also includes the Alexander Graham Bell Museum, in Baddeck, Nova Scotia (1952);
 The Salem, MA Essex Institute presented a plaque (originally dedicated in 1922) honoring Alexander Graham Bell and his financial supporters Thomas and Mary Ann Brown Sanders to the New England Telephone and Telegraph Company, located on Essex Street on the YMCA Building (1958);
 At the age of 19, Bell wrote a report on his studies of tuning fork resonance and sent it to philologist Alexander Ellis, a colleague of his father.  Ellis would later be portrayed as Professor Henry Higgins in George Bernard Shaw's famous play, Pygmalion, in 1913. Pygmalion was later adapted into the Oscar Award-winning movie My Fair Lady, where in hommage to Bell's work teaching the deaf to speak, the movie's central character, Prof. Higgins (played by famed actor Rex Harrison) refers to the use of "Bell's Visible Speech" (1964).
 The National Aviation Hall of Fame (NAHF) enshrined him as a member for his extensive pioneering research in aeronautics (1965);
 The International Astronomical Union (IAU) named a crater on the moon Bell, in his honor (1970);
 Canada Post released an eight cent commemorative issue stamp on July 26, 1974, honouring the centenary of the invention of the telephone at Bell's parent's home, Melville House, now called the Bell Homestead National Historic Site. The stamp feature's three phones: a (then) modern Contempra telephone by Nortel, a much earlier daffodil phone, plus Bell's very earliest experimental model of 1875, the Gallows telephone (1974);
 The National Inventors Hall of Fame (NIHF) inducted Bell as a member, describing his works: ...Bell's inventive genius is represented only in part by the 18 patents granted in his name alone and the 12 he shared with his collaborators. These included 14 for the telephone and telegraph, four for the photophone, one for the phonograph, five for aerial vehicles, four for hydroairplanes, and two for a selenium cell (1974);
 The IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal was created in his honor by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (currently sponsored by Alcatel-Lucent's Bell Labs), to annually award outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications (1976);
 Parks Canada dedicates the a park as part of the  Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site in Baddeck, Nova Scotia, which contains the Alexander Graham Bell Museum opened earlier in 1956, not far from Bell's estate, Beinn Bhreagh (1976);
 The Royal Bank of Scotland issued a £1 commemorative banknote to mark the 150th Anniversary of the birth of Alexander Graham Bell. The illustrations on the reverse of the note include Bell's face in profile, his signature, and objects from Bell's life and career: users of the telephone over the ages; an audio wave signal; a diagram of a telephone receiver; geometric shapes from engineering structures; representations of sign language and the phonetic alphabet; the geese which helped him to understand flight; and the sheep which he studied to understand genetics (3 March 1997);
 Canada honored Bell with a $100CAD gold coin in tribute to the 150th anniversary of his birth (1997), and with a silver dollar coin celebrating the 100th anniversary of flight in Canada (2009);
 Canada's Walk of Fame in Toronto, Ontario, awarded a special star to Bell as part of its new "Innovators' Category". The star (photo at right), with an early model telephone engraved in its very center, is located on Simcoe Street in Toronto (2001);

 The Ontario Government's Member of Parliament, MPP Dave Levac, along with Bell's descendants, dedicated the Brant County section of Provincial Highway 403 as "The Alexander Graham Bell Parkway", as well as an outdoor stage named the "Bell Heritage Stage" in Brantford, Ontario  (2005);
 Google created a special web page on his birthday, with links to informational websites on him (2008);
 The Aegis School of Business in India established the Aegis Graham Bell Awards in 2010, covering the fields of Telecom, Internet, Media, and Edutainment (TIME). The awards are held in association with the Cellular Operator Association of India (COAI) and Convergence India, and were created in tribute to Bell (2010);
 Numerous other countries also issued coins, of both nominal and high value, as well as stamps dedicated to him and his inventions. Among the stamp releases are multiple definitive and commemorative issues by both Canada and the United States.

Honorary names of schools, organizations, awards, and placenames

A number of schools, institutes, organizations, academic scholarships, awards, and places have been named in honour of Bell. A number of historic sites and other marks also commemorate both him and the first telephone company buildings. Among them are:

International
 Bell Crater, a large crater on the moon, named in his honor by the International Astronomical Union in 1970;
 The IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal, created by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers to annually honor outstanding contributions in the field of telecommunications (since 1976);

Canada
 The City of Brantford, Ontario, dedicated a major monument to Bell in 1917, the Bell Telephone Memorial within its Alexander Graham Bell Gardens, its inscription reading:  "This Monument, the work of Walter S. Allward, R.C.A., Sculptor, was placed here through International subscription by the Bell Telephone Memorial Association to mark the invention of the Telephone at Brantford by Alexander Graham Bell in 1874".  Additionally a large monument of a seated Bell is found at the entrance to Brantford's newer Bell Telephone Company of Canada building;
 The Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships for Masters and Doctoral studies in engineering and the natural sciences is awarded annually by Canada's Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Ottawa, Ontario (note the double usage of "Bell" in the award name);
 The Canadian Acoustical Association (CAA) annually awards the Alexander Graham Bell Student Prize in Speech Communication and Behavioral Acoustics for graduate research, named in tribute of Bell's lifelong research of speech and deafness;
 Alexander Graham Bell Institute, a part of Cape Breton University in Nova Scotia -and searchable on its website here;
 Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site, maintained by Parks Canada, which incorporates the Alexander Graham Bell Museum, in Baddeck, Nova Scotia.  The site is close to Bell's original Beinn Bhreagh estate.  The National Historic Site in Baddeck, in conjunction with the Bell Museum are open to visitation;
 The Bell Homestead, also known as Melville House, overlooking Brantford, Ontario and the Grand River, was Bell's first home in North America. Both the Bell Homestead and the historic Bell Telephone Company Building (see below) are open to visitors;
 The Bell Homestead Society maintains two historic buildings related to the extended Bell family: the first being their private residence (see item above) and the other one being The Henderson Home, Canada's first telephone company building of the nascent Bell Telephone Company of Canada. The Henderson Home was originally built on Sheridan Street within the city of Brantford, Ontario, and was then carefully relocated in 1969 to its current site at the historic Bell Homestead site. Both the Bell Homestead and the Bell Telephone Company Building are open to visitation;
 The Alexander Graham Bell Memorial Park, featuring a broad neoclassical monument depicting mankind's ability to communicate across the globe instantly;
 The Alexander Graham Bell Museum (opened in 1956), which is part of the Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Site (completed in 1978) in Baddeck, Nova Scotia.  Numerous museum artifacts were contributed by Bell's daughters;
 The Alexander Graham Bell Club (founded 1891), Canada's oldest continuing women's club, which grew out of a social organization started at Beinn Bhreagh, Nova Scotia, by Mabel Bell, Alexander's wife. Bell's granddaughter and former secretary, Dr. Mabel Harlakenden Grosvenor, was its former Honorary President, until her death in 2006. The club, originally created as The Young Ladies Of Baddeck Club, was renamed in 1922 after Bell's death, and after Mabel Bell declined the use of her name.
 Graham Bell-Victoria School, a public school in Brantford, ON (an amalgamation of two different public schools);
 Alexander Graham Bell Public School, in Ajax, ON;
 Alexander Graham Bell High School, in Halifax, Nova Scotia;
 Graham Bell Court, in Milton, Ontario;
 Alexander Graham Bell Drive in Sydney, Nova Scotia, which intersects two other historically named streets associated with Bell: Douglas McCurdy Drive and Silver Dart Way, adjacent to J.A. Douglas McCurdy Sydney Airport;
 rue Graham-Bell (street), in the city of Boucherville; and in Sainte-Foy, Quebec City; in Saint-Bruno; in Chicoutimi plus also in St-Hubert, Quebec;
 The Graham Bell Museum Gift Shop & Tea Room, on Big Baddeck Road, Baddeck, Nova Scotia, B0E 1B0.
 A statue of Alexander and Mabel Bell by Peter Buston was unveiled on the waterfront in Baddeck, Nova Scotia, in 2008.

China
 Bei'er Road (street and Metro station), in the Longgang district of Shenzhen City. Note that the name was using pinyin notation and not the original surname.

France
 rue Graham Bell (street), in the city of Metz, Lorraine; and in La Roche-sur-Yon in western France; and in the town of Mérignac, Gironde, Aquitaine; plus also in the community of Noisy-le-Grand, Marne-la-Vallée, Paris;
 avenue Alexander Graham Bell, in Parc Léonard de Vinci, Marne La Vallee, Paris.

India
 Alexander Graham Bell Road, in Malabar Hill, Mumbai.

Germany
 Alexander Graham Bell Straße, in Bonn;
 Graham-Bell Weg, in Garbsen, Hannover;
 Graham-Bell Straße, in Augsburg.

Mexico
 Graham Bell Street, in Residencial Los Robles, Apodaca.

New Zealand
 Graham Bell Avenue, in Mount Roskill, Auckland.

Russia
 Graham Bell Island, in the Franz Josef Archipelago.

South Africa
 Graham Bell Street, in Despatch, Eastern Cape, a small town near Port Elizabeth.

Switzerland
 Graham Bell Strasse, in Reinach.

Spain
 Graham Bell Street, in Campanillas, Málaga.

The Netherlands
 Graham Bell Straat, in Amsterdam;
 Graham Bell Straat, in Heerlen.

United Kingdom

 Alexander Graham Bell Birthplace, at a house on 14 South Charlotte Street in Edinburgh, Scotland, where there's an inscribed stone beside the doorway of his birth home, and additionally one within its entrance way;
 The Alexander Graham Bell Building, at the University of Edinburgh, which was named after him;
 The Alexander Graham Bell Apartment, an apartment-hotel also in Edinburgh.

United States
 The Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory in Washington, D.C., the informal name of the Volta Laboratory established by the Volta Associates in 1881;
 Two historic tablets plus a minor monument near Exeter Place in Boston, MA mark the location of the Alexander Graham Bell's first successful telephone and the words he first transmitted to his assistant, Thomas Augustus Watson. The monument's inscription reads: "• Birthplace of the Telephone • Here, on June 2, 1875, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson first transmitted sound over wires. This successful experiment was completed in a fifth floor garret at what was 109 Court Street and marked the beginning of world-wide telephone service • The First Telephone •"'''. The separate historic markers were erected by The Bostonian Society and the New England Telephone and Telegraph Company in 1916, and by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 2006;
 The Alexander Graham Bell Professorship of Health Care Entrepreneurship was established by Boston University in his memory;
 The Alexander Graham Bell Scholarship is awarded to Boston University College of Engineering students;
 Alexander Graham Bell School, a public grammar (K–8) school on the north side of Chicago, Illinois, providing programs to deaf, blind, mentally disabled, gifted as well as standard students;
 Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, headquartered in Washington, D.C., and with chapters across the United States, as well as internationally. The Association also sponsors the AG Bell College Scholarship Awards Program for a number of deaf or hard of hearing full-time students pursuing undergraduate or graduate degrees. In 2010, 18 awards were granted ranging from $1,000 to $10,000;
 Alexander Graham Bell School PS 205Q, a public (K–5) school in Bayside, Queens, New York;
 Alexander Graham Bell Elementary School Academy, a (PK-8) public school on Larchmere Blvd. in Cleveland, Ohio, serving regular and hearing-impaired students;
 Alexander Graham Bell School, a preschool and kindergarten center for the Columbus Public Schools Hearing Impaired Program (CHIP) in Columbus, Ohio;
 Alexander Graham Bell Elementary School, a (K–1) public school in Columbus, OH;
 Alexander Graham Bell Elementary School, a (PK–1) public school for regular, gifted and deaf students in Chicago, IL;
 Alexander Graham Bell Montessori School, in Wheeling, IL. N.B.: Both Alexander and his wife Mabel Gardiner Hubbard were significant supporters of the Italian Montessori early childhood teaching method and helped established early Montessori schools in North America;
 Alexander Graham Bell Elementary School, in Detroit, MI;
 AG Bell Accelerated Academy, a school in Milwaukee, Wisconsin;
 Alexander Graham Bell Middle School, in San Diego, California
 AG Bell Academy for Listening and Spoken Language, at 3417 Volta Place, NW, Washington, D.C., an independently governed, subsidiary corporation of the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing, which provides certification of listening, verbal and spoken language therapists, specialists and educators;
 Alexander Graham Bell Hall, one of the residences at Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), adjacent to the National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID) building, was named in honor of Bell and dedicated in 1979 (Bell had spent significant amounts of his personal fortune creating institutions for the deaf). A brass plaque mounted at the entrance noted that Bell was "a brilliant and innovative teacher of the deaf who dedicated a great portion of his life to help deaf children develop the potential for listening, speaking and lipreading. Today, NTID emulates the ideals for which Alexander Graham Bell worked". However those opposed to Bell's sole reliance on oralism, as well as his advocacy in the prevention of deafness via eugenics, protested the use of his name for the institutes's residence. In July 2008, the RIT president and its board of trustees approved the removal of the "Alexander Graham Bell Hall" name, along with its plaque. The RIT action is apparently the only known instance of a removal of Bell's name for ideological reasons;
 Alexander Graham Bell Boulevard, in Lehigh Acres, Lee County, Florida;
 Alexander Graham Bell Drive, in Columbia, Maryland, and in Reston, Virginia.

 Alexander Graham Bell in popular culture

 In fiction

 Eric Walters' The Hydrofoil Mystery (1999) sets a novel in Alexander Graham Bell's workshops, casting the hydrofoil as a new weapon of war being readied for use against German U-boats during the First World War.Walters, Eric (1999) The Hydrofoil Mystery, Viking/Allen Lane, February 1999, , ;

 In music

 In the early 1970s, the UK rock group The Sweet recorded a tribute to Bell and the telephone, suitably titled "Alexander Graham Bell". The song gives a fictional account of the invention, in which Bell devises the telephone so he can talk to his girlfriend who lives on the other side of the United States. The song reached the top 40 in the UK and went on to sell over one million recordings worldwide.
 Another musical tribute to Bell, Alexander Graham Bell (2006) was written by the British songwriter and guitarist Richard Thompson. The chorus reminds the listener that "of course there was the telephone, he'd be famous for that alone, but there's 50 other things as well from Alexander Graham Bell".

 In film and TV

 The Story of Alexander Graham Bell, (reformatted for VCR) Don Ameche playing Bell,  (1939);
 Biography –Alexander Graham Bell, A&E DVD biography based on historical footage and still pictures of Bell, (2005);
 The Sound and the Silence: The Story of Alexander Graham Bell (TV miniseries) with John Bach as Bell; Vanessa Vaughan and Elizabeth Quinn portrayed Bell's fiancé and wife respectively; Canada / New Zealand / Ireland (1992) ;
 .
 Bell has been honoured on numerous television programs, including programs in three different countries to determine their "greatest citizens": #57 on The 100 Greatest Britons (2002), #9 on The Greatest Canadians (2004), and The 100 Greatest Americans (2005) (only the Top 25 on American list were numbered). The nominees and rankings of these programs were determined by popular vote.

 Other references to Bell's corporate namesakes

 Corporate namesakes

The "Bell" trademark has been used, and is still in use, with a variety of telephone companies in North America and around the world, including:

 Alcatel-Lucent Shanghai Bell, which since 2009 is the new name of the former  (since 2001), which was originally created as the Shanghai Bell Manufacturing Co. in 1983;
 American Bell Telephone Company, the new name of the former National Bell Telephone Company. It obtained its new name on March 20, 1880, and was then later absorbed into its own subsidiary American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) on December 30, 1899;
 Bell Atlantic Corporation, the former name of Verizon Communications Inc., which is still currently part of the Regional Bell Operating Companies;
 Bell Canada, the new name of the Bell Telephone Company of Canada;
 Bell Communications Research, or Bellcore, the name formerly used by today's Telcordia Technologies prior to 1997. The Bellcore lab was a consortium established by the Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOC) upon their separation from AT&T in 1984;
 Bell Patent Association, technically not a corporation but a trusteeship and a partnership first established verbally in 1874 to be the holders of the patents produced by Bell and his assistant Thomas Watson. Approximately 30% interests were to be held by Gardiner Greene Hubbard, a lawyer and Bell's future father-in-law, Thomas Sanders, the well-to-do leather merchant father of one of Bell's deaf students, and finally Bell himself.  The last 10% interest of the association was assigned to Bell's assistant Thomas Watson, in lieu of salary. The verbal Patent Association agreement was first formalized in a memorandum of agreement on February 27, 1875. The Patent Association's assets later became the foundation of the Bell Telephone Company, a common law joint stock company  created in July 1877 by Gardiner Hubbard;Pizer 2009, pp. 120–124
 Bell Telephone Company founded on July 9, 1877, by Alexander Graham Bell's father-in-law Gardiner Greene Hubbard and a partner. It was renamed the National Bell Telephone Company on February 17, 1879;
 Bell Telephone Company of Canada, the forerunner of today's Bell Canada which owns its 'Bell' trademark outright in Canada;
 Bell Telephone Company of Illinois;
 Bell Telephone Company of Michigan;
 Bell Telephone Company of New Jersey;
 Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania;
 Bell Telephone Laboratories, the former name of the Bell Laboratories, the research and development arm of the Bell System, and also formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories. Bell Laboratories is now the research organization of Alcatel-Lucent;
 Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company of Belgium, created as a subsidiary of the International Bell Telephone Company in 1882, and which was sold to International Telephone & Telegraph (ITT) in 1925. ITT later divested all its international telecommunication assets to Alcatel-Lucent in 1989;
 Bell System, which referred to a popular name used to describe the group of companies which operated initial telephone services in the United States and Canada;
 BellSouth Advertising & Publishing Corporation, publishes telephone directories for AT&T customers served by BellSouth Telecommunications. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of AT&T founded in 1984 to undertake the operations of the Bell System Yellow Pages owned by Southern Bell and South Central Bell. BAPCO published its directories under the "Real Pages" name;
 BellSouth Telecommunications, Inc., currently part of the Regional Bell Operating Companies of AT&T, serves the southeastern United States (Alabama/Florida/Georgia/Kentucky/Louisiana/Mississippi/North Carolina/South Carolina/Southeast/Tennessee). BellSouth Telecommunications was formed on January 1, 1992, when BellSouth merged its operating companies, Southern Bell and South Central Bell, into one entity;
 Cincinnati Bell, Inc., a former independent Bell System franchise Cincinnati Bell, which was not part of the 1984 divestiture from AT&T;
 Compagnie Belge du Telephone Bell, of Antwerp, Belgium, formed in 1882  as a subsidiary of the International Bell Telephone Company;
 Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe, Ltd., which held telephone patents for Bell, Edison and Frederic Gower (see next item below) in Europe, and was responsible for sales to all European countries outside Britain, France, Turkey and Greece;
 Gower Bell Telephone Company was a European company created by Frederic Allan Gower of the United States, who previously had a Bell franchise in New England in the early 1880s. In the UK he created a telephone of his own design, free of Bell's patents, that became the common British Post Office telephone;  In 1881 Gower Bell joined with the United Telephone Company (an amalgamation of the Edison and Bell companies in London) and created the Consolidated Telephone Construction and Maintenance Co. Ltd., to manufacture telephones;
 Illinois Bell Telephone Company, operating as AT&T Illinois;
 Indiana Bell Telephone Company, Inc., operating as AT&T Indiana;
 International Bell Telephone Company, formed in 1880 to help promote Bell's business outside of North America;
 Japan Bell Telephone, as well as Japan Bell Telephone Laboratories;
 Malheur Bell, the common name of the Malheur Home Telephone Company, a rural telephone company operating in Oregon that is a wholly owned subsidiary of Qwest Corporation;
 Michigan Bell Telephone Company, operating as AT&T Michigan;
 National Bell Telephone Company, the new name of the former Bell Telephone Company. It obtained its new name in March 1979, and was then later renamed to the American Bell Telephone Company in March 1880;
 Nederlandsche Bell Telefoon Maatschappij of the Netherlands, formed in 1881 as a subsidiary of the International Bell Telephone Company;
 New England Telephone and Telegraph Company, which merged with the Bell Telephone Company in 1877 to become the National Bell Telephone Company;
 New Jersey Bell Telephone Company, a currently existing regional LEC;
 Northwestern Bell Telephone Company, which provides services just north of the Southwestern Bell area, including: Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Nebraska;
 Nevada Bell Telephone Company, operating as AT&T Nevada;
 Ohio Bell Telephone Company,  operating as AT&T Ohio;
 Oriental Bell Telephone Company of New York, which later became the Oriental Telephone Company which itself was established on January 25, 1881, as the result of an agreement between Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison, and the Anglo-Indian Telephone Company, Ltd.. The company was licensed to sell telephones in Greece, Turkey, South Africa, India, Japan, China, and other Asian countries;
 Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Company was the name of the Bell System's telephone operations in California;
 Pacific Northwest Bell Telephone Company, which provides telephone service in the states of Oregon, Washington, and northern Idaho;
 Regional Bell Operating Companies (RBOC), which after 1984 included Southwestern Bell Corporation, BellSouth Corporation, and Bell Atlantic Corporation (which later evolved into Verizon Communications Inc.), along with several other non-"Bell" companies;
 Shanghai Bell Telephone Equipment Mfg Co., in Shanghai, China, formed with ITT's Belgium subsidiary BTM in 1983. In 1987 Alcatel purchased BTM and subsequently changed the Shanghai Bell Telephone name to Alcatel Shanghai Bell in 2001, and then Alcatel-Lucent Shanghai Bell in 2009;
 South Central Bell Telephone Company, headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama, was the name of the Bell System's operations in Alabama, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee. South Central Bell was created in July 1968 when the Bell telephone operations in those states were split off from Southern Bell;
 Southern New England Telephone, started operations on January 27, 1878, as the District Telephone Company of New Haven. It was the founder of the first telephone exchange, as well as the world's first telephone book. It currently does business as AT&T Connecticut;
 Southwestern Bell Corporation, currently part of the Regional Bell Operating Companies;
 The Telephone Company (Bell's Patents) Ltd was registered in London, England on 4 June 1878. It opened in London 21 August 1879, becoming Europe's first telephone exchange.
 Wisconsin Bell Inc., operating as AT&T Wisconsin;

 References
Notes

Bibliography

 Bruce, Robert V. Bell: Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1990. .
 Grosvenor, Edwin S. & Wesson, Morgan. Alexander Graham Bell: The Life and Times of the Man Who Invented the Telephone, Harry Abrams, 1997, , .
 Pizer, Russell A.  The Tangled Web of Patent #174465, AuthorHouse, 2009, , .

 Further reading

 Alexander Graham Bell (booklet). Halifax, Nova Scotia: Maritime Telegraph & Telephone Limited, 1979.
 Bruce, Robert V. Bell: Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1990. .
 Black, Harry. Canadian Scientists and Inventors: Biographies of People who made a Difference. Markham, Ontario: Pembroke Publishers Limited, 1997. .
 Dunn, Andrew. Alexander Graham Bell (Pioneers of Science series). East Sussex, UK: Wayland (Publishers) Limited, 1990. .
 Eber, Dorothy Harley. Genius at Work: Images of Alexander Graham Bell. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1982. .
 Grosvenor, Edwin S. and Morgan Wesson. Alexander Graham Bell: The Life and Times of the Man Who Invented the Telephone. New York: Harry N. Abrahms, Inc., 1997. .
 Groundwater, Jennifer. Alexander Graham Bell: The Spirit of Invention. Calgary: Altitude Publishing, 2005. .
 Mackay, James. Sounds Out of Silence: A life of Alexander Graham Bell. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing Company, 1997. .
 MacKenzie, Catherine. Alexander Graham Bell. Boston: Grosset and Dunlap, 1928. .
 Matthews, Tom L. Always Inventing: A Photobiography of Alexander Graham Bell. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 1999. .
 Micklos, John Jr. Alexander Graham Bell: Inventor of the Telephone. New York: Harper Collins Publishers Ltd., 2006. .
 Parker, Steve. Alexander Graham Bell and the Telephone(Science Discoveries series). New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1995. .
 Petrie, A. Roy. Alexander Graham Bell. Don Mills, Ontario: Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, 1975. .
 Phillips, Allan. Into the 20th Century: 1900/1910 (Canada's Illustrated Heritage). Toronto: Natural Science of Canada Limited, 1977. .
 Ross, Stewart. Alexander Graham Bell (Scientists who Made History series). New York: Raintree Steck-Vaughn Publishers, 2001. .
 Shulman, Seth. The Telephone Gambit: Chasing Alexander Bell's Secret. New York: Norton & Company, 2008. .
 Town, Florida. Alexander Graham Bell. Toronto: Grolier Limited, 1988. .
 Tulloch, Judith. The Bell Family in Baddeck: Alexander Graham Bell and Mabel Bell in Cape Breton. Halifax: Formac Publishing Company Limited, 2006. .
 Walters, Eric. The Hydrofoil Mystery. Toronto: Puffin Books, 1999. .
 Webb, Michael, ed. Alexander Graham Bell: Inventor of the Telephone. Mississauga, Ontario, Canada: Copp Clark Pitman Ltd., 1991. .
 Wing, Chris. Alexander Graham Bell at Baddeck''. Baddeck, Nova Scotia: Christopher King, 1980.

External links

 Alexander Graham Bell National Historic Park, in Baddeck, Victoria County, Nova Scotia;
 The Bell Homestead Society which maintains two historic buildings in Brantford, Ontario, related to the extended Bell family;
 Alexander Graham Bell Institute at Cape Breton University
 Alexander Graham Bell Family Collection at the United States Library of Congress Manuscript Division, containing approximately 140,000 documents and photographs.

Alexander Graham Bell


Homar Rojas Villarreal (born February 16, 1964 in Santiago, Nuevo León, Mexico) is a former player and a manager in Minor League Baseball. He batted and threw right-handed.

Rojas spent 23 years in the minor leagues as a catcher before becoming a manager. From 1982 through 2004, he played for nine different teams both in the Mexican Baseball and Mexican Pacific leagues. A fine defensive catcher and good-contact hitter, he batted .300 or more nine times and hit 150 home runs, while collecting a career .291 batting average. His most productive season came in 1998, when he posted career-highs in average (.352) and RBI (92).

Following his playing career, Rojas has managed both in the LMB (2005–2006) and LMP (2007–08).

Playing career
LMB

Managerial career

 Led the Yaquis to the 2007-08 LMP title for their first pennant in 27 years of franchise history.

References

1964 births
Living people
Albuquerque Dukes players
Bakersfield Dodgers players
Baseball players from Nuevo León
Caribbean Series managers
Guerreros de Oaxaca players
Industriales de Monterrey players
Leones de Yucatán players
Mayos de Navojoa players
Mexican expatriate baseball players in the United States
Mexican League baseball catchers
Mexican League baseball first basemen
Mexican League baseball managers
Minor league baseball managers
Naranjeros de Hermosillo players
People from Santiago, Nuevo León
San Antonio Missions players
Sultanes de Monterrey players
Tigres del México players
Vero Beach Dodgers players
Yaquis de Obregón players


Kendal Green station is an MBTA Commuter Rail station in Weston, Massachusetts, US, served by the Fitchburg Line. The station has a single platform serving two tracks; it is not accessible. It originally opened with the Fitchburg Railroad in 1844 as "Weston"; it was renamed Kendal Green after the green cloth around 1886. A new station building was constructed in 1896. Service passed to the Boston and Maine Railroad in 1900, and to the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) in the 1970s. The former station building, reused as a private residence, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 as a contributing property to the Kendal Green Historic District.

Station design
Kendal Green station is located on the north side of the Church Street grade crossing in Weston, about  away from North Avenue (Route 117). The station has a single asphalt side platform on the north side of the two tracks of the Fitchburg Route, with a small paved crossing allowing passengers to board trains on the opposite track. The low-level platform is not accessible. Parking spaces for 57 vehicles are located along Lower Field Road south of Church Street.

The former station building is located adjacent to the platform. It is a single-story hip-roofed clapboard building measuring , with a polygonal bay in the southern corner. The structure is privately owned and used as a residence, though the MBTA owns the land; the trackside eaves still offer shelter for passengers. The trackside windows and doors have been covered for the privacy of the residents.

History

Early history

The Fitchburg Railroad opened along the Stony Brook valley through Weston on June 17, 1844, with stops at Weston and . New residential development occurred around Weston station, but not around Silver Hill. The original Weston station building, constructed around 1843, was a two-story wooden structure with an apartment for the station master on the second floor. A freight house, no longer extant, was constructed nearby in 1875.

The Central Massachusetts Railroad was constructed through Weston in 1881, with its own Weston station closer to the town center. In 1885–86, a post office was opened to serve the North Avenue area. It was named "Kendal Green" at the suggestion of General James F.B. Marshall, co-founder of the Hampton Institute, who had previously used it as the name of his nearby estate. The name was taken from the Kendal green cloth produced in Kendal, England; Kendal was also the surname of Marshall's grandfather. The railroad station also took the name Kendal Green around 1886, possibly to avoid confusion with the two Weston stations.

The railroad built a new station building at Kendal Green in 1896. A single-story wooden structure, it resembled a simpler version of the Central Massachusetts Railroad's stick style Weston station. The Fitchburg Railroad was acquired by the Boston and Maine Railroad (B&M) in 1900.

MBTA era
The B&M sold off disused station buildings in the mid 20th century; by 1962, Kendal Green and Weston stations both belonged to the same private owner. The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) was formed in 1964 to subsidize suburban commuter rail service. On January 18, 1965, the MBTA began subsidizing some B&M service, including as far as West Concord on the Fitchburg Route. The MBTA bought most B&M commuter rail assets, including the Fitchburg Route, on December 27, 1976.

In 1989, the MBTA considered moving the station to the south to create a park and ride "superstation" for Route 128, similar to Route 128 station. The station was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 as a contributing property to the Kendal Green Historic District.

A February 2005 study for the Fitchburg Line Improvement Project recommended consolidation of the three Weston stations (Silver Hill, , and Kendal Green) into a single expanded Kendal Green station to reduce travel times, as did a September 2005 preliminary implementation plan. However, by 2007, the preferred alternative did not include station consolidation. Silver Hill and Hastings were temporarily closed in December 2020 due to low ridership, with permanent closure scheduled for April 2021, but Kendal Green station was not modified.

References

External links

MBTA – Kendal Green

Former Boston and Maine Railroad stations
MBTA Commuter Rail stations in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Railway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Historic district contributing properties in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Weston, Massachusetts


Onur Şipal (born March 17, 1989) is a Turkish amateur boxer who competed at the 2008 and 2016 Summer Olympics. He is a southpaw and competes in the welterweight division. His brother Önder Şipal is also an amateur boxer.

Career
Şipal became the 2005 Cadet World silver medalist at featherweight when he lost to Yordan Frometa 21:30.

He beat in 2007 senior world champion Yordenis Ugás in Turkey at 60 kg/lightweight (final of the Ahmet Comert International Tournament).

At the 2007 World Amateur Boxing Championships, he lost to southpaw surprise winner Frankie Gavin (boxer) from England in the quarterfinal but qualified for the Olympics in Beijing. There he lost his debut to Jose Pedraza (boxer). He won the silver medal in lightweight division at the 2010 World University Boxing Championship held in Ulan Bator, Mongolia. At the 2013 Summer Universiade in Kazan, Russia, he won the bronze medal in the welterweight division.

In 2016, prior to the Rio 2016 Olympics, Onur Şipal won a gold medal in the Eindhoven Box Cup 2016 in the Netherlands. In the quarterfinals he won against Rio qualified Arajik Marutyan (Germany) by split decision. The semi-finals he saw a unanimous win over Abdul Ibrahim (England). In the final Şipal won by split decision over the Netherlands' Delano James.

References

External links

 World cadets 2005
 Comert Cup

Living people
Lightweight boxers
1989 births
Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers for Turkey
Fenerbahçe boxers
Welterweight boxers
Turkish male boxers
Boxers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Universiade medalists in boxing
Competitors at the 2018 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games bronze medalists for Turkey
Mediterranean Games medalists in boxing
Universiade bronze medalists for Turkey
Medalists at the 2013 Summer Universiade
21st-century Turkish people
Place of birth missing (living people)


María Martín-Romero, 5th Countess of Castillo Fiel (in full, ) (13 May 1856 – 26 November 1904), was a Spanish noblewoman.

María Martín-Romero was born in Madrid, the daughter of don Felix Martín y Romero (Superior Chief of Civil Administration [a high-level civil servant], Commander of the Order of Charles III, Secretary of HCM [Her Catholic Majesty]) and of Matilde de Godoy di Bassano y Crowe, 4th Countess of Castillo Fiel (Paris, 1830 – Madrid, 1901).

Marriage and children
On 7 December 1871, in Málaga, she married don Eduardo Antonio Crespo y Gálvez del Postigo (18 December 1838 - 8 November 1893), Alcalde of Málaga and Gentleman of the Chamber of HCM [His Catholic Majesty], and had three sons and one daughter:

Alfonso Isabel Crespo y Martín-Romero, 6th Count of Castillo Fiel (18 February 1873 - ?), married in Madrid, on 8 May 1905 doña Isabel Gil-Delgado y Pineda (6 July 1870 - 24 January 1917), daughter of the Counts of Berberana, and they had an only son:
Carlos Crespo, 7th Count of Castillo Fiel (1 June 1911 – 8 November 1963)
Fernando Isabel Crespo y Martín-Romero (Málaga, 13 September 1874 - ?), married at Constantina, Seville, on 13 September 1903 doña María del Carmen García-Castrillón:
Eduardo Crespo y García-Castrillón, 8th Count of Castillo Fiel (? – Madrid, 29 May 1989)
María del Carmen Crespo y García-Castrillón
María Serafina Crespo y Martín-Romero (Madrid, 26 February 1883 - ?), married in Madrid, on 25 April 1904 don Nicolás de Medina y Pardo de Donlebún:
Cecilia de Medina y Crespo
Luis de Medina y Crespo
Luis María Crespo y Martín-Romero (Madrid, 16 July 1885 - ?), married doña María de la Cámara:
Fernando Crespo y de la Cámara

Sources

1856 births
1904 deaths
Spanish countesses
Maria 05
Maria 05


Hastings station was an MBTA Commuter Rail Fitchburg Line station in Weston, Massachusetts. The station had a small parking area but no platforms; passengers boarded trains from the Viles Street grade crossing. It was originally opened in the 1890s to serve the adjacent Hook & Hastings organ factory. The factory closed in 1935, but the station remained open with limited service. It was temporarily closed by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) in December 2020 due to its low ridership and lack of accessibility; indefinite closure became effective in April 2021.

Station design
Hastings station was located at the Viles Street grade crossing in Weston, about  away from North Avenue (Route 117). Unlike other MBTA Commuter Rail stations, Hastings did not have platforms; passengers boarded and alighted trains on the Viles Street grade crossing. The station was not accessible. It was one of just three commuter rail stations on the system, along with  and , without any shelter available for passengers. A dirt parking lot on the south side of the tracks provided space for just six to seven vehicles.

History

Early history

The Fitchburg Railroad opened along the Stony Brook valley through Weston on June 17, 1844, with stops at Weston (later renamed Kendal Green) and . In 1889, Hook & Hastings opened its new organ factory on the north side of the tracks east of Viles Street, near the home of owner Frank Hastings. Although Hastings built nearby housing for factory workers, a flag stop at Viles Street was opened in the early 1890s for workers commuting from Boston and visitors to the factory. The stop, which had a small station building across the tracks from the factory, was soon named for Hastings.

The Fitchburg Railroad was acquired by the Boston and Maine Railroad (B&M) in 1900. The factory closed in 1935 and was demolished in 1936. Hastings remained as a limited-service stop to serve the nearby residents; by 1946, it was served by five inbound and four outbound trains on weekdays, with several additional Saturday stops but no Sunday service. The station building was demolished by 1977.

MBTA era

The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) was formed in 1964 to subsidize suburban commuter rail service. On January 18, 1965, the MBTA began subsidizing some B&M service, including as far as  on the Fitchburg Route. The MBTA bought most B&M commuter rail assets, including the Fitchburg Route, on December 27, 1976. On September 2, 1979, Hastings became the outer terminal for several round trips, using newly installed crossovers near the stop. It was only used as a turnback point until May 1981.

A February 2005 study for the Fitchburg Line Improvement Project recommended consolidation of the three Weston stations into a single expanded Kendal Green station to reduce travel times, as did a September 2005 preliminary implementation plan. However, by 2007, the preferred alternative did not include station consolidation. The crossovers at Hastings were replaced by a new interlocking in Lincoln and removed around 2013 as part of the improvement project.

Closure
With 18 weekday daily boardings by a 2018 count, Hastings was the fourth-lowest-ridership station in the MBTA Commuter Rail system. By that time, the station was served by only five peak-hour round trips out of nineteen weekday round trips operated on the Fitchburg Line; weekend service did not stop at the station. Reduced schedules based on existing Saturday schedules were in effect from March 16 to June 23, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. These schedules did not include Hastings and five other limited-service stations not normally served on Saturdays.

In November 2020, as part of service cuts during the pandemic, the MBTA proposed to close Hastings, Silver Hill, and four other low-ridership stations. Hastings was nominated for closure because of its low ridership and lack of accessibility; Kendal Green station is roughly  to the southeast. On December 14, reduced schedules went into effect due to limited employee availability. Again based on the existing Saturday service, these temporary schedules did not include service to Hastings and four other stations. That day, the MBTA Board voted to enact a more limited set of cuts, including indefinitely closing Hastings, Silver Hill, and three of the other four stations. The indefinite closure of the five stations was effective with schedule changes on April 5, 2021.

References

External links

MBTA – Hastings
Station from Viles Street from Google Maps Street View

Former Boston and Maine Railroad stations
MBTA Commuter Rail stations in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Railway stations closed in 2020
Former MBTA stations in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Weston, Massachusetts


Alfonso Crespo, 6th Count of Castillo Fiel, (in full, ), (18 February 1873 – ?), was a Spanish nobleman.

Crespo was born in Málaga, the son of don Eduardo Antonio Crespo y Gálvez del Postigo, and of María Martín-Romero y Godoy di Bassano, 5th Countess of Castillo Fiel. He succeeded to his mother titles in 1904, and was given the Coat of Arms of Tudó by Royal Order of 29 October 1906. He was Governor of Ávila, Gentleman of the Chamber of HM with exercise and Grand Cross of the Order of Agricultural Merit.

He married in Madrid, on 8 May 1905 Doña Isabel Gil-Delgado y Pineda (6 July 1870 - 24 January 1917), daughter of the Counts of Berberana, and they had an only son: Carlos Crespo, 7th Count of Castillo Fiel

Sources

1873 births
Alfonso 06
Year of death unknown


Onofre is a genus of Brazilian jumping spiders that was first described by G. R. S. Ruiz & Antônio Domingos Brescovit in 2007.  it contains only three species, found in the Amazon basin of Brazil: O. carnifex, O. necator, and O. sibilans. They are related to members of Chira, and the three species were described from the states of Mato Grosso and Pará. The generic name is a common man's name in Brazil.

References

Salticidae genera
Endemic fauna of Brazil
Salticidae
Spiders of Brazil


Mardian is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Robert Mardian (1923–2006), American government official
Sam Mardian (1919–2015), American businessman and politician

See also
Amardi


Gulf of Finland Naval Command (, ) was a Finnish Navy unit headquartered in Upinniemi, Kirkkonummi.

The main duty of the Gulf of Finland Naval Command during normal condition was the surveillance of Finnish territorial waters and maintaining territorial integrity. In addition, the Command trained conscripts to fulfill duties in the war-time organisation of the Finnish Defence Forces. The readiness fortresses and particular other units of the Command were permanently in a state of high readiness. The Command was succeeded in 2015 by the Coastal Brigade.

Organisation
 7th Missile Squadron (7. Ohjuslaivue), operating Hamina class fast attack craft and Kiisla class patrol vessels.
 5th Mine Warfare Squadron (5. Miinalaivue), operating Pohjanmaa and Pansio class minelayers. The squadron also includes the Finnish Navy Diving School, training conscripts and career personnel as combat and work divers.
 Suomenlinna Coastal Regiment, responsible for continuously keeping Isosaari fortress in state of readiness.
 Kotka Coast Battalion, responsible for the surveillance and defence of Kymenlaakso coast, including the major ports of Hamina and Kotka. The Battalion mans the Haapasaari Marine Surveillance Station and the maintains the fortress of Kirkonmaa at high readiness.
 Porkkala Coast Battalion (Porkkalan Rannikkopataljoona), responsible for providing logistics, force protection and coastal artillery support for the command headquarters in Upinniemi. In conscript training, the Battalion specializes in producing marine reconnaissance units of the Finnish Navy
Navy Training Center (Merivoimien Koulutuskeskus), a unit responsible for the induction and basic training of most Finnish Navy conscripts. The Center also operates a large NCO school and provides training for rank-and-file logistics specialists. From time to time, the Center produced coastal infantry units.
 Logistics Centre (Huoltokeskus)

External links
Command site

References

Naval units and formations of Finland
Military units and formations established in 1998
Military units and formations disestablished in 2015


Lincoln station is an MBTA Commuter Rail in Lincoln, Massachusetts, served by the Fitchburg Line. The station has two side platforms, both adjacent to the outbound track but on opposite sides of the Lincoln Road grade crossing. Outbound trains stop at the north platform, while inbound trains stop opposite the south platform and passengers use two asphalt crossings to board. The configuration was made to minimize the number of stopped trains that block Lincoln Road, as the town emergency services are based nearby and Lincoln Road is the most direct route to the town center. Both platforms are low-level; Lincoln station is not accessible.

There has been continuous commuter service to Lincoln since the station stop was established before 1850. A station building formerly stood on the outbound side; it was demolished by 1962.

References

External links

MBTA - Lincoln

Former Boston and Maine Railroad stations
MBTA Commuter Rail stations in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Lincoln, Massachusetts


The National Fossil Wood Park, Tiruvakkarai is a notified National Geo-heritage Monument located in the Villupuram District in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and is maintained by the Geological Survey of India. The park was established in 1940 and is located 1 km east of Thiruvakkarai village on the road between Tindivanam and Pondicherry.

Wood fossils

The park contains petrified wood fossils approximately 20 million years old, scattered throughout the park,  which covers about . The park consists of nine enclaves, but only a small portion of the 247 acres (approx 1 square km) is open to the public. Officials of the GSI believe the fossils were formed during massive flooding that occurred millions of years ago.

The park hosts about 200 fossilized trees. They range in size from  meters in length, some of which are up to 5 meters in width. They are strewn and partially buried in the park grounds. No branches or leaves remain on the fossilised trunks.

Scientists speculate that the trees did not originally grow at the site, but were transported before they had petrified. M. Sonneret, a European naturalist, gave the first detailed account of the fossils in 1781.

Quality of the fossils
The fossils are well preserved due to extensive petrifaction. The trees' annular rings and pit structures are clearly visible, allowing their age to be determined by counting the rings.

Gallery

See also
Mandla Plant Fossils National Park
Shivalik Fossil Park
Ghughua Fossil Park

References

External links

 Official Government Website

National Geological Monuments in India
Protected areas of Tamil Nadu
Petrified forests
Cenozoic paleontological sites of Asia
Fossil parks in India
Paleontology in India
1940 establishments in British India
Protected areas established in 1940


Al-Gosaibi, Al Gosaibi or Algosaibi () is a Peninsular Arabic surname.
Notable people with this family name include:
 Ghazi Abdul Rahman Al Gosaibi (1940–2010), Saudi Arabian politician, diplomat and technocrat
 Saud Abdul Aziz Al Gosaibi (1963–2003), Saudi Arabian businessman and managing director of Ahmad Hamad Al Gosaibi & Brothers
 Sulaiman Hamad Al Gosaibi (died 2009), Saudi Arabian businessman

Arabic-language surnames


Siva may refer to:

Film and television
Siva (director), Indian cinematographer and director
Siva (1989 Tamil film), a film starring Rajinikanth as the title character
Siva (1989 Telugu film), an action film

Music and dance
"Siva" (song), a song by the Smashing Pumpkins
Siva Samoa, a type of Samoan dance often performed at weddings

Companies
Siva Power, a Californian solar power startup

Science
Siva (protein), a pro-apoptotic signaling protein
Siva (rebreather), an oxygen rebreather
Siva, the monotypic bird genus of the blue-winged minla

People with the name
Peyton Siva (born 1990), American basketball player
Siva Chinnatamby (c.1921/3 – 2000), Sri Lankan obstetrician
Siva Kaneswaran, member of boy band The Wanted
Ambalavaner Sivanandan, commonly known as Siva (1923–2018), Sri Lankan writer and activist

Other uses
Siva (river), a tributary of the Kama in Russia
Siva (rural locality), a list of rural localities in Russia
1170 Siva, an asteroid named after the Hindu god
Shanghai Institute of Visual Art, a public university in China
Simplified individual voluntary arrangement, a pending UK insolvency process
SIVA or the Industrial Development Corporation of Norway
Śiva or Shiva, a Hindu god
Šiva or Živa (goddess), a Slavic goddess of fertility
SIVA, the main threat in Destiny: Rise of Iron, an expansion pack for the Destiny video game

See also

 Ezhava Siva, a caste of Kerala, India
 Sivan (disambiguation)
 Shiva (disambiguation)
 Shiv (disambiguation)
 Siwa (disambiguation)
 Seva (disambiguation)
 Sieve (disambiguation)
 Živa (disambiguation)
 Shivering
 Yeshiva, Jewish religious schools


William Arthur Law (22 March 1844 – 2 April 1913), better known as Arthur Law, was an English playwright, actor and scenic designer.

Life and career
Law was born in Northrepps, Norfolk, England, to Rev. Patrick Comerford Law and his wife, Frances nee Arbuthnot.  He was educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.  From 1864 to 1872, he served in the Royal Scots Fusiliers.

Early career
Law began to act, making his professional stage debut in 1872 at the Theatre Royal, Edinburgh.  He then toured the British provinces and played at London's Surrey Theatre for two years, after which joined the German Reed Entertainments in London in 1874.  While performing with the German Reeds, he wrote nineteen short comic theatre works performed by the company.  In 1877, Law married actress Fanny Holland, with whom he appeared with the German Reeds at the Gallery of Illustration and St. George's Hall.  The couple had a son named Hamilton Patrick John Holland Law (born 1879).

Some of Law's plays for the German Reeds include A Night Surprise in 1877 (under the pseudonym, "West Cromer"), A Happy Bungalow (1877), with music by Charles King Hall; Cherry Tree Farm (1881) and Nobody’s Fault (1882), both with music by Hamilton Clarke.  In 1881, he wrote Uncle Samuel, a curtain raiser for the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company played at the Opera Comique, with music by George Grossmith.  It played, together with Patience, in 1881, and Law appeared in the role of John Bird.  Law later appeared on stage at the Savoy Theatre as Mr. Wranglebury in the companion piece Mock Turtles in 1882, and as Major Murgatroyd in Patience in 1882, filling in for Frank Thornton.

During a two-year period, from 1879 to 1881, Law and Holland performed on tour as "Mr. & Mrs. Arthur Law's Entertainment," but the venture proved unsuccessful.  He retired from acting following a final engagement at Savoy Theatre, in 1881, to turn his attention completely to writing.

Later years
His first "serious" drama, Hope, was produced at London's Standard Theatre in 1882.  That year he also wrote a musical farce, Mr. Guffin's Elopement, in collaboration with George Grossmith, for Toole's Theatre, starring J. L. Toole.  In 1885, Grossmith and Law wrote The Great Tay-Kin, produced at Toole's.

Law wrote dozens of other plays.  His best known include an adaptation of The Mystery of a Hansom Cab, produced at the Princess's Theatre in 1888; The Judge, produced at Terry's Theatre in 1890; The Magic Opal (an operetta with music by Isaac Albéniz) played at the Lyric Theatre and the Prince of Wales's Theatre in 1893; The New Boy at Terry's and the Vaudeville Theatre in 1894; The Sea Flower at the Comedy Theatre in 1898, A Country Mouse at the Prince of Wales's in 1902; The Bride and Bridegroom at the New Theatre in 1904; and Artful Miss Dearing at Terry's in 1909.

A few of Law's plays were also produced on Broadway, including The New Boy in 1894 at the Standard Theatre and A Country Mouse in 1902 at New York's Savoy Theatre. He also created the scenic design for The Bachelor, by Clyde Fitch, in 1909 at the Maxine Elliott Theatre.

Law died in Parkstone, a suburb of Poole, Dorset, England at the age of 69. His brother was the cricketer Alexander Law.

Notes

References

Gänzl, Kurt.  The British Musical Theatre (1986) Macmillan, vol.I, London.

External links

People associated with Gilbert and Sullivan
English male stage actors
1844 births
1913 deaths
People from Parkstone
English male dramatists and playwrights
People from Northrepps


Don Carlos Crespo y Gil-Delgado, Martín-Romero y Piñeda (1 June 1911 – 8 November 1963) was a Spanish aristocrat, son of Alfonso Isabel Crespo y Martín-Romero, 6th Count of Castillo Fiel, and wife dona Isabel Gil-Delgado y Piñeda.

He was 7th Conde de Castillo Fiel with a Coat of Arms of de Tudó. He married María Teresa Tricio y Echeguren. He was succeeded by his first cousin, Eduardo Crespo y García-Castrillón, 8th Count of Castillo Fiel (8 November 1963).

Sources

1911 births
1963 deaths
Carlos 07
Year of death unknown


Fontaine-la-Rivière () is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.

Inhabitants of Fontaine-la-Rivière are known as Fontainiens.

See also
Communes of the Essonne department

References

External links

Mayors of Essonne Association

Communes of Essonne


WTRO may refer to

 WTRO (AM), a radio station (1450 AM) licensed to Dyersburg, Tennessee, United States
 W.T.R.O., song by Paul Gilbert
 World Trade Organization


Fontenay-lès-Briis (, literally Fontenay near Briis) is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.

Inhabitants of Fontenay-lès-Briis are known as Fontenois.

History
The village of Fontenay-lès-Briis is mentioned in the charter of Clotilde, dated to 10 March 673, founding a nunnery at Bruyères-le-Châtel.

Geography

Climate

Fontenay-lès-Briis has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Fontenay-lès-Briis is . The average annual rainfall is  with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Fontenay-lès-Briis was  on 25 July 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 17 January 1985.

See also
Communes of the Essonne department

References

External links
Official website
Mayors of Essonne Association

Communes of Essonne


Fontenay-le-Vicomte () is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.

Inhabitants of Fontenay-le-Vicomte are known as Fontenaysiens.

See also
Communes of the Essonne department

References

External links

Official website

Mayors of Essonne Association

Communes of Essonne


Jeffery M. Leving (born July 2, 1951) is an American divorce attorney and author who specializes in matrimonial and family law. He is known primarily for his vocal advocacy of fathers' rights and hosts two radio shows. His television and radio commercials are well known in the Chicago area.

Early life and education
Leving was born in Chicago and raised on its South Side. His father worked as a bartender and tailor while pursuing success as an artist. Leving was deeply affected by the divorce of his parents in 1967, when he was 16.

Leving attended Senn High School on Chicago's North Side then graduated from Southern Illinois University in 1974 with a Bachelor of Science in Radio and Television. He received his Juris Doctor from the Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago-Kent College of Law in 1979.

Legal career
Leving is licensed to practice in Illinois, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, the U.S. 7th Circuit Court of Appeals, and the U.S. Supreme Court.

Leving helped pioneer the Fathers' Rights Movement when he discovered a gap in the judicial system. He started seeking equality and due process for fathers everywhere.  In 1979, Leving became a staff attorney for the Chicago Volunteer Legal Services Foundation, and in 1981 joined a firm that allowed him to use their offices to start his own practice during his spare hours, "focusing on family law, divorce, paternity, and child custody". Leving's accomplishments include the co-authorship of the Illinois Joint Custody Law, Illinois Virtual Visitation, Right to DNA Testing Notice, and Unlawful Visitation or Parenting time Interference Laws. He also delivered testimony before both branches of the Illinois Legislature on Joint Custody, Grandparent's Visitation and Child Support Accountability bills.

Leving and father's rights activist Glenn Sacks have argued that parenting time interference can result from the custodial parent's relocation beyond a practical distance from the noncustodial parent, and have campaigned for a rebuttable presumption prohibiting such relocations. In 1985, Leving helped draft the Illinois Joint Custody Law, allowing judges to assign divorcing parents equal responsibility for raising their children. Leving worked for its passage in the Illinois General Assembly, and "is credited with generating much of the pressure that got the bill passed". By 1991, Leving was described as "one of the most recognizable names among Chicago lawyers".

In 2000, Leving was a lawyer in the case of 6-year-old Elián González, who was rescued after being found tied to an inner tube off the coast of Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. Gonzalez's mother drowned in her attempt to flee Cuba to the United States, and the child's presence in the U.S. involved contentious court proceedings. When the case was considered by the U.S. Supreme Court, Leving had previously spearheaded the amicus brief, which set the foundation of the custody case to reunite Elian Gonzalez with his father, Juan Miguel, in Cuba. Manuel Gonzalez, Elian Gonzalez’s great uncle, later retained Leving to reunite Elian with his father. Leving appeared as an expert on CNN, CNBC, MSNBC, Fox National News and Court TV to analyze the Elian Gonzalez case.

In 2011 Leving represented 20-year-old Mariah Yeater in a paternity claim against singer Justin Bieber, accused by Yeater of impregnating her following a reported brief sexual encounter after one of his Los Angeles concerts. Leving actively pushed for Bieber's legal team to arrange a DNA test.

Leving has frequently espoused legal reforms on radio and television shows, such as the Oprah Winfrey Show.

In 2023 Leving was honored with the President’s Lifetime Achievement Award from President Biden.

In March of 2023, the Illinois State's Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission accused attorney Jeffery M. Leving of charging unreasonable fees to clients and failing to refund unearned fees, in violation of the Illinois Rules of Professional Conduct. This could result in fines, penalties and a loss of Leving's law license. A Class Action Lawsuit is expected to be filed on behalf of the many victims of Leving and his firm.

Writing and artistry
Leving is the author of three books:

Fathers' Rights (Basic Books, 1997) presents advice for fathers involved in a custody dispute.
Divorce Wars: A Field Guide to Winning Tactics, Preemptive Strikes, and Top Maneuvers When Divorce Gets Ugly  (HarperCollins, 1998), provides a step-by-step guide for people going through a difficult divorce.
How to Be a Good Divorced Dad (Jossey-Bass, 2012), advises fathers who were either divorced or going through a divorce, and included real-life anecdotes from dads who successfully navigated their way through a divorce while maintaining strong, loving relationships with their children. The book "received an endorsement from Francis Cardinal George of the Archdiocese of Chicago and garnered praise from President Barack Obama".

Leving is also the publisher of Leving's Divorce Magazine, a new magazine for divorced men that focuses on parenting and men's legal issues.

In addition to his writing, Leving is a painter, and showcases his artwork in an online gallery. In 2013, Leving sold an abstract piece memorializing the Elián González case.

References

External links
  Dad's Rights
 Illinois Council on Responsible Fatherhood
 Fatherhood Educational Institute

Lawyers from Chicago
1951 births
Living people
Fathers' rights activists
Chicago-Kent College of Law alumni
Southern Illinois University alumni


Forges-les-Bains () is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France. Inhabitants of Forges-les-Bains are known as Forgeois.

See also
Communes of the Essonne department

References

External links

Mayors of Essonne Association

Communes of Essonne


Augusta Preparatory Day School (APDS) is a non-sectarian, independent school in Augusta, Georgia, United States. It accepts students from age two through twelfth grade.

History
Augusta Preparatory School began with 38 students in grades 7–12 on September 5, 1961. Augusta Country Day School was founded in 1972, and accepted students from kindergarten through fifth grade. The schools were merged to form Augusta Preparatory Day School in 1988.

Today, Augusta Prep is organized into three divisions: The Lower School enrolls students age two through grade 4, the Middle School enrolls students in grades 5 through 8, and the Upper School enrolls students in grades 9 through 12. Augusta Prep features Spanish introduced in kindergarten, chess starting in first grade, a world fair (global education) in fourth grade, fine arts introduced in Lower School, cyber and robotics in Middle and Upper School, French and Spanish in Middle School, performing arts in Middle and Upper School, athletics in Middle and Upper School. The Upper School offers 36 AP and Honors courses in engaging and challenging environment. Niche.com ranks Augusta Prep as one of the top private schools in Georgia, as well as the top school for STEM in the Augusta area.

Augusta Prep is the only school in the state of Georgia that is a member of the Malone Family Foundation. In 2009, Augusta Prep was selected as one of just 48 schools nationwide to receive a $2 million endowment from the Malone Foundation. Augusta Prep uses interest from the endowment to fund the annual Malone Scholarship program, which offers renewable scholarships to help further provide educational opportunities for new students in the top five percent of their class who demonstrate academic achievement, exemplary citizenship, and leadership potential, as well as financial need. On June 13, 2023, Augusta Prep received an additional $500,000 grant from the Malone Family Foundation.

On Nov. 6, 2020, Middle School math teacher Ryan Kho was named the Georgia Independent Schools Association (GISA) Middle School Teacher of the Year.

On Jan. 24, 2023, Augusta Prep held a groundbreaking ceremony for the $11.2 million, state-of-the-art W. Rodger Giles Institute for Inquiry. This one-of-a-kind STEM building in the Augusta area.is expected to open in 2024.

During the 2022-2023 school year, seven seniors were recognized in the National Merit Scholarship program, while two students earned National Merit scholarships.

Augusta Prep is known for its strong science and engineering program. Prep also offers a Motorsports Engineering led by faculty member Eric Member. The Motorsports Engineering team builds and races its own cars in various competitions.

Athletics

At the varsity level, Augusta Prep is a member of the Georgia Independent School Association competes in Region 4-AA. Prep has 19 varsity sports, to include baseball, basketball, clay target shooting, cheerleading, cross country, football, golf, soccer, swimming, tennis, track and field and volleyball.

Augusta Prep has one of the best athletics programs in the Augusta area with 57 State Championships, 55 State Runner-up Championships and 159 Region Championships in our 61-year school history. In the 2018–19 school year, Augusta Prep featured 85 percent of all students competing in at least one sports in grades 6–12, with 59 percent playing two sports and 28 percent playing three sports. Middle School teams won seven championships and added three-up titles. The Upper School varsity sports teams won three GISA championships (girls cross country, girls track and field, girls soccer), added four state runner-up finishes (boys swimming, girls swimming, boys cross country, boys track and field) and took home eight GISA region championships. Augusta Prep won the GISA Class AAA All-Sports Trophy for 2018–19.

The varsity girls soccer program captured its seventh state championship since 2014 with a 3-0 victory over Holy Spirit Prep in the GISA Class AA championship match on May 10 at Mercer University.

On April 26, 2023, five Augusta Prep football players signed college offers with Sewanee, Tuskegee and LaGrange. Earlier in the school year, another senior football player signed with Culver-Stockton.

Larry Mize, the 1987 Masters Tournament champion, graduated from Augusta Prep in 1976. Mize defeated two of the top players in golf at the time, Seve Ballesteros and Greg Norman, in a sudden-death playoff. Mize famously chipped in from off the green for birdie at No. 11 to win the green jacket.

References

External links

High schools in Columbia County, Georgia
Private high schools in Georgia (U.S. state)
Private middle schools in Georgia (U.S. state)
Private elementary schools in Georgia (U.S. state)
Educational institutions established in 1960
1960 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)


Shirley station is an MBTA Commuter Rail station in Shirley, Massachusetts. It serves the Fitchburg Line, and is located in the village center. The station consists of a short low-level platform with an asphalt patch for passengers to cross the tracks, plus a small wooden shelter on the inbound side. Shirley station is not accessible.

History

The Fitchburg Railroad opened to Shirley on December 30, 1844. The station was located near Davis Street. Service - later operated by the Boston and Maine Railroad - lasted until the newly formed Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority began to subsidize service in 1965. The section of the line from West Concord to Fitchburg was outside the MBTA's funding district, and service was cut back to West Concord on January 18, 1965. The mid-sized station building was torn down around this time.

The line was re-extended as far as Ayer (one stop inbound of Shirley) later in 1965 and cut back to South Acton in 1975. Service was extended out to Gardner in January 1980, but the stops at Shirley and West Acton were not restored. Shirley reopened in May 1981 at Phoenix Street,  east of the former site, with a small plexiglass bus stop shelter on the inbound side. The bus shelter was replaced by a hip-roofed wooden structure - its style based on the original Shirley station - in 1993.

References

External links

 MBTA - Shirley

Former Boston and Maine Railroad stations
MBTA Commuter Rail stations in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
1844 establishments in Massachusetts
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1844
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1981
Shirley, Massachusetts


Don Eduardo Crespo y García-Castrillón (? – 29 May 1989 in Madrid) was a Spanish aristocrat, son of Don Fernando Isabel Crespo y Martín-Romero and wife Doña María del Carmen García-Castrillón y ..., and paternal grandson of Don Eduardo Antonio Crespo y Gálvez del Postigo  and wife Doña María Martín-Romero y Godoy di Bassano, 5th Countess of Castillo Fiel.

He was 8th Conde de Castillo Fiel with a Coat of Arms of de Tudó (8 November 1963). He married María Luisa Sampere Marzal (member of the rural landowning Marzal family of Olivenza, Province of Badajoz). It is not known if he had children. The title ended upon his death.

Sources

1989 deaths
Eduardo 08
Year of birth unknown


Seru is a town in southeastern Ethiopia.

Seru may also refer to:
Seru (name)
Seru (Dragon Ball) or Cell, a character in Dragon Ball media
Seru (Legend of Legaia), a race of creatures in the Legend of Legaia universe
Seru (woreda), in Ethiopia

See also
Serú Girán, an Argentine rock band
Cero (disambiguation)


Gironville-sur-Essonne (, literally Gironville on Essonne) is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.

Inhabitants of Gironville-sur-Essonne are known as Gironvillois.

See also
Communes of the Essonne department

References

External links

Official website

Mayors of Essonne Association

Communes of Essonne


Guibeville () is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.

Inhabitants of Guibeville are known as Guibevillois.

Painter Marie-Victoire Davril died at her country house in Guibeville.

See also
Communes of the Essonne department

References

External links

Mayors of Essonne Association

Communes of Essonne


Guigneville-sur-Essonne (, literally Guigneville on Essonne) is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.

Inhabitants of Guigneville-sur-Essonne are known as Guignevillois.

See also
Communes of the Essonne department

References

External links

Mayors of Essonne Association

Communes of Essonne


Guillerval () is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France. Guillerval station has rail connections to Orléans, Étampes and Paris.

Inhabitants of Guillerval are known as Guillervallois.

See also
Communes of the Essonne department

References

External links

Mayors of Essonne Association

Communes of Essonne


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Wacker Chemie AG is a  German multinational chemical company which was founded in 1914 by Alexander Wacker. The company is controlled by the Wacker family holding more than 50 percent of the shares. The corporation is operating more than 25 production sites in Europe, Asia, and the Americas.

The product range includes silicone rubbers, polymer products like ethylene vinyl acetate redispersible polymer powder, chemical materials, polysilicon and wafers for the semiconductor industry. The company sells its products in more than 100 countries. As of 31 December 2015, 16,972 employees have been with Wacker. Corporate annual sales in 2015, were about 5,3 billion Euros, up 10% compared to 2014.

The biggest production site of Wacker Chemie is the Burghausen plant in the south-east of Bavaria, Germany, with about 10,000 employees. The US headquarters was previously located in Adrian, Michigan. In 2022, Wacker opened a new US headquarters in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Business activity
Wacker Chemie AG – divided into 5 divisions – derives most of its products from two main raw materials: silicon and ethylene. Siltronic supplies the semi-conductor market with wafers.

Wacker Polysilicon produces hyper-pure electronic-grade polysilicon for use in electronic and solar wafers. Wacker Silicones serves end markets like construction, automobile, paints, textiles, and paper.

Wacker Polymers starting with ethylene serves mainly the construction industry with redispersible powders and several other industries with dispersions. Wacker Biosolutions focuses on using bio-technological processes to serve its customers. Wacker Polymers, a division of Wacker Chemie AG has appointed Peter Summo (48) as its next president, effective 1 October. Summo previously headed the engineering silicones business unit at Wacker Silicones. He is succeeding Arno von der Eltz, who is retiring on this date.

Wacker Chemie in the United States

Tennessee polysilicon operations
In early 2009, Wacker announced plans to construct a new solar-grade polysilicon production facility in Charleston, a small city in Bradley County, Tennessee. Groundbreaking occurred on April 8, 2011, and the plant became operational in April 2016, costing approximately US$2.5 billion and making it the largest-ever single private investment in the state of Tennessee. In June 2017, a US$150 million secondary expansion was announced that would allow the plant to manufacture pyrogenic silica. This expansion was completed in October 2019, adding 50 new jobs to the plant.

Safety issues and incidents
In October 2012, two subcontract workers fell to their death resulting in a temporary suspension of construction activities. The subcontracting company was later found to be at fault.
A Tennessee Occupational and Safety Administration (TOSHA) inspection conducted in March 2016 resulted in a fine of US$3,500 for regulatory violations over the control of hazardous energy.
A second TOSHA inspection conducted in August 2016, resulted in a fine of US$4,000 for issues stemming from process safety and respiratory equipment.
On August 30, 2017, 5 workers were hospitalized with chemical burns following a discharge of Silane gas within the plant.
On November 13, 2020, at approximately 10:15 am, five workers were injured in an incident described as an "industrial accident" involving a small release of hydrochloric acid and steam. One of the workers died from his injuries later that day.

2017 explosion and aftermath
On September 7, 2017, a massive explosion in the plant's hydrogen recovery unit resulted in the release of a steam cloud which could be seen for several miles, as well as the environmental release of low-concentration hydrochloric acid. Due to initial concerns about the composition of the cloud, local officials closed a section of I-75 between nearby Cleveland and Calhoun, as well as nearby State Route 308 in Charleston. During the event, seven local residents, and a plant worker were transported to a local hospital with unspecified injuries. A firefighter and four sheriff's deputies were also treated for heat-related symptoms and later released. The following day, officials from TOSHA announced a temporary shutdown of the plant pending investigation. Five days later, an environmental sensor detected elevated levels of an unnamed substance prompting a shelter-in-place order for emergency workers involved in cleanup efforts within the facility.

During the explosion event, local officials instructed residents to shelter indoors with their windows closed and HVAC systems turned off. Nearby residents complained of respiratory distress, as well as an odd taste in their mouths. This led to speculation in both local and social media that the cloud contained high-concentration hydrochloric acid, despite media reports to the contrary. For the week following the event, there was little-to-no communication from Wacker management or government officials, resulting in further speculation about hazardous chemicals being released into the environment. Wacker management later issued a full-page letter stating that no hazardous chemicals were released. One and a half weeks later, Bradley County Emergency Management Agency Director Troy Spence held a press-conference attempting to allay fears, and urging residents to sign up for the county's non-emergency text-messaging service.

Plastics manufacturing
At the end of 2007, Wacker took over vinyl acetate/ethylene operations from Air Products Polymers. Consequently, it took full ownership of the activities in Allentown, Pennsylvania, and Calvert City, Kentucky.

Headquarters

Wacker's US headquarters are located in Adrian, Michigan – where Wacker Chemical Corporation is producing Silicon materials.

Awards

In 2020 Wacker won an Adhesives and Sealants Council (ASC) Innovation Award for "GENIOSIL XB 502 Silane-Modified Polymers for High-Performance Adhesives for use with strong bonding adhesives."

Wacker global
The regions which Wacker has distributors and sale offices are as below:
 Middle East and Africa
 Greater China
 South Korea
 North America
 Russia and CIS
 India
 South America
 Southeast Asia
 Turkey
 Europe
 Japan

Wacker production sites
Wacker has many production sites across the world in the Americas, Europe, and Asia. There are directly 13,500 employees in these continents which work for Wacker productions network.

Europe sites
 Burghausen
 Cologne
 Halle
 Holla
 Jena
 León
 Nuenchritz
 Pilsen
 Stetten
 Amsterdam

America sites
 Adrian
 Calvert City
 Charleston
 Chino
 Eddyville
 Jandira
 North Canton

Asia sites
 Jincheon
 Kolkata
 Nanjing
 Shunde
 Ulsan
 Tsukuba
 Zhangjiagang

References

External links

Chemical companies of Germany
German companies established in 1914
Chemical companies established in 1914
German brands
IG Farben
Manufacturing companies based in Munich
Silicon wafer producers
Multinational companies headquartered in Germany


9912 Donizetti, provisional designation , is a stony Rafita asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 km in diameter. It was discovered during the third Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey in 1977, and named after Italian composer Gaetano Donizetti.

Discovery

Donizetti was discovered on 16 October 1977, by the Dutch astronomers Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten, on photographic plates taken by Dutch–American astronomer Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory in California, United States.

Trojan survey

The survey designation "T-3" stands for the third and last Palomar–Leiden Trojan survey, named after the fruitful collaboration of the Palomar and Leiden Observatory in the 1960s and 1970s. Gehrels used Palomar's Samuel Oschin telescope (also known as the 48-inch Schmidt Telescope), and shipped the photographic plates to Ingrid and Cornelis van Houten at Leiden Observatory where astrometry was carried out. The trio are credited with the discovery of several thousand asteroids.

Orbit and classification

It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2–2.9 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,499 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.15 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic.

The body's observation arc begins at the discovering Palomar Observatory on 7 October 1977, just 9 days prior to its official discovery observation.

Rafita family

Donizetti is a stony member of the Rafita family, which is located in the central main-belt just beyond the 3:1 mean-motion orbital resonance with Jupiter. The family consists of more than a thousand members, the largest being 1658 Innes and 1587 Kahrstedt, approximately 14 and 15 km in diameter, respectively. The family's namesake, 1644 Rafita, is considered an interloper to the family itself.

Physical characteristics

Donizetti has been characterized as a stony S-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey.

Rotation period

In October 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Donizetti was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band at the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 6.228 hours with a brightness variation of 0.19 magnitude ().

In December 2011, PTF obtained a second lightcurve, also in the R-band, that gave a concurring period of 6.230 hours and a higher amplitude of 0.32 magnitude.().

Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Donizetti measures 6.922 km in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.255.

The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 6.54 km based on an absolute magnitude of 13.29.

Naming

This minor planet was named for Italian composer of symphonies, church and chamber music and operas, Gaetano Donizetti (1797–1848). The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 2 April 1999 ().

References

External links
 Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
 Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
 Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
 Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (5001)-(10000) – Minor Planet Center

009912
Discoveries by Cornelis Johannes van Houten
Discoveries by Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld
Discoveries by Tom Gehrels
2078
Named minor planets
009912
19771016
Gaetano Donizetti


Igny () is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.

Population

Inhabitants of Igny are known as Ignissois in French.

See also
Communes of the Essonne department

References

External links

Official website

Mayors of Essonne Association

Communes of Essonne