Piazza della Repubblica (, Republic Square) is a city square in Florence, Italy.  It was originally the site of the city's forum; then of its old ghetto, which was swept away during the improvement works, or Risanamento, initiated during the brief period when Florence was the capital of a reunited Italy—work that also created the city's avenues and boulevards. At that time, the Loggia del Pesce from the Mercato Vecchio was also moved to Piazza Ciompi.  The square's Giubbe Rosse cafe has long been a meeting place for famous artists and writers, notably those of Futurism.

History

Roman forum

Piazza della Repubblica marks the site of the forum, the centre of the  Roman city.  The exact present site of the Colonna dell'Abbondanza marks the intersection of the axes of the cardo (now via Roma and via Calimala) and decumanus (now via degli Strozzi, via degli Speziali, and via del Corso).   Foundations of a thermae complex on the south side and a religious building were found in the 19th-century demolition of the warren of medieval streets that had encroached upon the site. Via del Campidoglio and Via delle Terme, for example, were named after the archaeological remains beneath them.

The chronicler Giovanni Villani reported an oral tradition that there was a temple to Mars on or near this site, and that Mars was the city's patron god, which determined the city's warlike character. According to Villani, in the Middle Ages a statue of Mars was placed on the predecessor to the Ponte Vecchio, which, along with the bridge, was swept away in the flood of 1333.

Piazza del Mercato Vecchio and the Ghetto

In the early medieval period the forum area was densely inhabited. Before the closure of the fifth circle of city walls, chroniclers record that there was no longer a single garden or pasture in the city, and that urban crowding led to tenements with ever-rising floors, including case-torri (tower houses).

The area retained its function as a meeting place and market, which was institutionalised after 1000.  As in other Italian towns, Florence came to define public space intended for commerce, with its complementary spaces nearby, the piazza del Duomo for religious affairs and a piazza del Comune, now Piazza della Signoria, for political and civil affairs. The construction of the Loggia del Mercato Nuovo near Ponte Vecchio in the 16th century led to the renaming of the market here to the Mercato Vecchio. The actual marketplace here was a long, low building in an oval rectilinear plan, with an overhanging roof to shelter the customers and the stalls placed on either side. Other shops and stalls were sited in the piazzetta.

The area was a maze tightly packed streets and buildings in addition to the marketplace. The Mercato Vecchio had numerous shrines and churches razed in the mid-18th century. On the piazzetta del Mercato were the churches of San Tommaso, and Santa Maria in Campidoglio. There was also the shrine of Santa Maria della Tromba, rebuilt in the north angle of Palazzo dell'Arte della Lana behind the Orsanmichele. The Jewish Ghetto imposed by Cosimo I collected the city's Jews into a portion of this space. The ghetto contained both an Italian and a Spanish or Levantine synagogue.

The sole surviving witness to the old piazza del Mercato is the Colonna della Dovizia or Colonna dell'Abbondanza (Column of Abundance, re-positioned in 1956) on a stepped base. Once considered to be the centre of the city, this column was erected at the crossing of the cardo and decumanus of the ancient Roman city. The present column dates to 1431, and is surmounted by a grey sandstone statue of Dovizia (or  Abbondanza), by Giovan Battista Foggini, replacing an original by Donatello (found to be irreparably eroded in 1721. Today Foggini's original statue is in Palazzo della Cassa di Risparmio in via dell'Oriuolo, whilst on the column is a 1956 replica.

The piazza "risanata"
The present appearance of the square is the result of the city planning announced and carried out on the proclamation of Florence as the capital of Italy (1865–71), with particularly intense activity in this Piazza between 1885 and 1895.  In this period, known as the Risanamento in the commemorative nineteenth-century terminology (or, by its detractors, the sventramento or ruining), large parts of the city centre were demolished.

The decision to broaden the square allowed the total destruction of buildings of great importance: medieval towers, churches, the corporate seats of the Arti, some palaces of noble families, as well as craftsmen's shops and residences.  The demolition was presented as a necessity if the area's insanitary conditions were to be improved, but was in reality led above all to building speculation and to legitimization of the will of the emerging middle-class emergente, protagonist in the events immediately prior to unification.

The town in fact underwent an enormous loss, minimally compensated for by the rescue of monuments like Vasari's Loggia del Pesce that was dismantled and reassembled in Piazza dei Ciompi.  The appearance of the square before the nineteenth-century demolitions is documented in prints, paintings and drawings in the Museo di Firenze com'era in Via dell'Oriuolo.  A plentiful supply of works of art and architectural fragments fed the antiquarian market, and only some of them could be saved for the Museo nazionale di San Marco, whilst others were returned to the town as donations such as those that allowed the founding of the Museo Bardini and Museo Horne.  Artists like Telemaco Signorini depicted with melancholy this disappearing part of town.

In 1888, after the demolition of the hovels in the center of the Mercato, the old piazza del Mercato Vecchio reappeared, with the Loggia, the Colonna dell'Abbondanza and the church of San Tommaso, but the shrewd restorers preferred to proceed with a more radical demolition yet.

On 20 September 1890, with the building-sites still open to rebuild the palazzoni in the square, the Equestrian Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II was inaugurated.  This monument gave the piazza its original name.  An old photograph taken on the day of the inauguration show the buildings of the square still incomplete and covered for the civil ceremony in scenery representing good luck. The statue, a commemorative and rather rhetorical work which did not please the Florentines, was mocked in a biting sonnet by Vamba, entitled Emanuele a corpo sciolto.  Today the sculpture is in a Piazzale of the Parco delle Cascine.

The palaces that rose in the new square, painted bitterly by the young Telemaco Signorini, followed the eclectic fashion of the time and had been planned by already well-known architects:  Vincenzo Micheli, Luigi Buonamici, Giuseppe Boccini. Following this transformation, the square became a kind of "lounge" for the town; since then refined palaces, luxury hotels, department stores and elegant cafes have sprung up around it, among which the known Caffè delle Giubbe Rosse, where famous scholars and artists met and clashed.

The porticos with the triumphal arch, called the "Arcone", was designed by Micheli and was inspired by the most courtly Florentine Renaissance architecture, even if its additions to that style seem to be distant from the true ancient style.  The pompous inscription that dominates the square was dictated, it seems, from Isidoro del Lungo, or another literary source:

On top of the Arcone is an allegorical group of three women in plaster, representing Italy, Art and Science.  The Florentines instead nicknamed them after three famous prostitutes of the era, la Starnotti, la Cipischioni e la Trattienghi.  Having deteriorated, the group was removed in 1904.

The piazza today
The statue of Vittorio Emanuele II was removed in 1932 and moved to the Cascine.  In the postwar period the name of the piazza was changed from Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II to piazza della Repubblica. In 1956 the Colonna dell'Abbondanza was re-sited. The piazza is today a theatre of street-artists and impromptu exhibitions.

The Cafès
Today piazza della Repubblica houses three caffès: Caffè Gilli, Paszkowski and Caffè Giubbe Rosse.

Description

North side
The north side is about 75 metres long and is made up of a single large building.  On its ground floor are Caffè Gilli (to the right) and of the Caffè Paszkowski (on the left).  Its east end is the connection between the piazza and via Roma, and at its west end is the piazza's connection with via Brunelleschi.

South side
The south side is made up of a single long building, containing the historical Caffè delle Giubbe Rosse.  Entirely covered with photographs, drawings and memories of its famous patrons, the Caffè was the location for the brawl between the Milanese Futurists of Marinetti and the Florentine artists centred on the magazine La Voce di Ardengo Soffici.

At its two ends, it meets via Calimala (to the east) and via Pellicceria (to the west).

East side
The east side is made up of two buildings, between which via degli Speziali runs into the piazza.

The building on the left is the Savoy Hotel, built by Vincenzo Micheli.  It has been a hotel ever since its inception and its facade is marked by an eclectic style based on the renewal of classical motifs in Florentine architecture.  The Palazzo was the model for other palaces on the square which were constructed a few decades afterwards.

Along this side runs a road roadway that to the north is a continuation of via Roma and to the south runs into via Calimala.

West side

The west side is delimited by the porticos that run north along via Brunelleschi and south along via Pellicceria.

These two lengths of portico are united by a large triumphal arch of I triumph (Arcone) facing via degli Speziali, under which is via degli Strozzi's entrance onto the piazza.

The arcone and the portico Gambrinus, where Cafe Gambrinus (an important meeting place in nineteenth and twentieth century Florence) and Cinema Gambrinus used to be located, were planned and realized by Vincenzo Micheli; the building is designed as a monument sealing the nineteenth-century broadening of the square, as is celebrated by an inscription (quoting Isidoro del Lungo) above the arch.

At the sides of the central arcone the porticos are looser in design, typical of the building of the period, connecting on one side to Palazzo delle Poste (1917).

Festivals
With the piazza's demolition and reconstruction, the continuity of the area's festivals was broken.  For example, the Palio dei barberi ceased in the 19th century, as did the two Easter day processions that led up to the Scoppio del Carro (the Brindellone procession drawn by oxen from near Porta al Prato, and the procession with the fire, solemnly lit in the church of the holy apostles.  Its centrality in city life did not diminish, however, particularly in the first years of the twentieth century, when the cafes facing onto the piazza became a meeting-place for artists and men of letters.

Notes

Bibliography
 Francesco Cesati, La grande guida delle strade di Firenze, Newton Compton Editori, Roma 2003.
 Piero Bargellini, Com'era Firenze 100 anni fa, Bonechi editore, Firenze 1998.

Sources
This page is a translation of its foreign language equivalents.

External links

  Comune di Firenze site, with this article's original GFDL version (authorisation for use of this text on Wikipedia here).
  Another page on the Comune site from which another part of the text comes.
  Places of the Faith in the care of the Regione Toscana

Repubblica


was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period, who served the Ryūzōji clan.

References

Samurai
1584 deaths
Year of birth unknown
Ryūzōji clan


Martin Luther Smith (September 9, 1819 – July 29, 1866) was an American soldier and civil engineer, serving as a major general in the Confederate States Army. Smith was one of the few Northern-born generals to fight for the Confederacy, as he had served most of his early military career in the South with the United States Army's topographical engineers, marrying a native of Athens, Georgia. He planned and constructed the defenses of Vicksburg.

Early life
Smith was born in Danby, New York, where his father had settled after moving from Maine. In 1842, he graduated 16th in his West Point class of 56, which included twenty-two future Civil War generals including James Longstreet, D. H. Hill, and Abner Doubleday. His initial assignment was in Florida, where he surveyed the terrain and drew maps for army usage. In 1846, he married a Georgia woman and subsequently raised a family.

He served as an engineer during the Mexican–American War, and was brevetted for his performance in mapping the valley of Mexico City prior to Winfield Scott's assaults. He returned to Florida after the war. He was promoted from second lieutenant to first lieutenant in 1853. Three years later, he was elevated to captain. He resigned from the army on April 1, 1861, to side with the Confederacy.

Civil War
After resigning, he was commissioned as a major of engineers. In February 1862, Smith was appointed colonel of the 21st Louisiana. He served under General David Twiggs at New Orleans and commanded a brigade of infantry while helping plan the defenses of the city. On April 11, 1862, Smith was promoted to brigadier general and transferred back to the engineers. In May, he took charge of constructing the defenses of Vicksburg, Mississippi, as well as leading a division. Indeed, the multi-volume Official History of the Civil War, entitled War of the Rebellion, credits 'Brigadier General M.L. Smith' with giving the Official Confederate Response to the Union's May 18, 1862 demand that Vicksburg surrender to the Union. After the town finally fell in July 1863, he was captured and was held as a prisoner of war for seven months.

He was exchanged in early 1864 and briefly was the head of the Engineer Corps for the entire Confederate Army from March until April, when he became the chief engineer for the Army of Northern Virginia. Later, he held the same position for the Army of Tennessee. As chief engineer of the Department of Alabama, Mississippi, and East Louisiana at the end of the war, he prepared the defenses of Mobile, Alabama, under the command of P.G.T. Beauregard. He remained in Mobile until the city fell to Union forces, and then returned home to Athens, where he surrendered in May 1865.

Postbellum life
Smith moved to Savannah, Georgia, soon after the war ended and established a civil engineering company. He died less than a year later. At the time of his death, he was chief engineer of the railroad system that linked Selma, Alabama, with Dalton, Georgia (the Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad). He is buried in Oconee Hill Cemetery in Athens, Georgia.

A bust of General Smith stands at the Vicksburg National Military Park. It was sculpted in 1911 by Henry Hudson Kitson.

See also

 List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

Notes

References
 Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
 Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. .
 Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. .
 Welsh, Jack D., Medical Histories of Confederate Generals, Kent State University Press, Kent OH, 1995.
Attribution

External links
 Confederate Generals
 Generals of the Confederacy

1819 births
1866 deaths
Confederate States Army major generals
People of Georgia (U.S. state) in the American Civil War
American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
Members of the Aztec Club of 1847
Northern-born Confederates
United States Military Academy alumni
American Civil War prisoners of war held by the United States


John Willett Payne (23 April 1752 – 17 November 1803) was an officer of the Royal Navy who also served as a close friend, advisor and courtier to Prince George before and during his first regency. Payne was notorious as a rake and scoundrel, but was also a Member of Parliament and noted for his bravery in several military actions during the American Revolutionary War and the French Revolutionary Wars. Out of favour in his later years, Payne was reconciled with the Prince in 1799, but died whilst still in the service aged 51, from an illness which developed during blockade operations in the Western Approaches.

Early career
Payne was born in 1752, son of Ralph Payne, Chief Justice of St Kitts and his wife Margaret née Gallwey. His elder brother Ralph Payne would later become Baron Lavington. Payne was educated at Dr. Bracken's Academy in Greenwich and later attended the Royal Naval Academy at Portsmouth to train as an officer. During this time he became friends with Hugh Seymour Conway, with whom he had a lifelong friendship and close naval partnership. In 1769 he left the academy to join HMS Quebec.

Quebec served in the West Indies but after only a few months Payne moved to the ship of the line HMS Montagu before returning to Britain in 1773 aboard the sloop HMS Falcon. Payne briefly joined HMS Egmont but soon was attached to the large frigate HMS Rainbow for a cruise to the Guinea Coast. In 1775 he was back in England, where he passed for lieutenant aboard Egmont.

American Revolutionary War
With the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in 1775, Payne joined HMS Bristol and participated in the Battle of Sullivan's Island under the command of Sir Peter Parker. Shortly afterward, Payne joined HMS Eagle in New York City to serve as Lord Howe's aide-de-camp. In 1777, Payne joined HMS Brune and the following year transferred to HMS Phoenix in which he participated in numerous coastal operations on the Eastern Seaboard.

Payne returned to Britain aboard HMS Roebuck and in Britain served aboard HMS Romney. He impressed Commodore George Johnstone in this duty and in 1779 was made commander of the sloop HMS Cormorant. The following year, Payne was promoted to post captain and took over the prize frigate HMS Artois which he commanded in European waters. He was also embroiled in a scandal when he was accused of impressing Portuguese citizens out of merchant ships in the Tagus.

In 1781, Payne sailed to the Jamaica station in HMS Enterprize and the following year took over HMS Leander. In Leander, Payne fought a duel with a much larger enemy ship in which both vessels were severely damaged. The identity of the other ship was never established, but Payne was given the 80-gun HMS Princess Amelia as a reward. At the war's conclusion, Payne returned to Europe and Princess Amelia was paid off.

Royal service
During the early 1780s, Payne had formed a friendship with the rakish heir to the throne, George, Prince of Wales. After acting as companion to Lord Northington on a Grand Tour of Europe in 1785, Payne returned to the service of the Prince as his private secretary and Keeper of the Privy Seal. Payne also ran the Prince's household and lent money to Lord Sandwich, who was obliged to obtain for Payne the parliamentary seat of Huntingdon, which he held from 1787 to 1796. During this period he was appointed captain of HMS Phoenix but never served at sea, drawing the pay whilst pursuing his other duties.

Following the succession crisis of 1788 when King George III was struck down by porphyria, Payne was an active supporter of the Prince of Wales's regency. Payne corresponded closely with other supporters but also participated in the Prince's frequent and extravagant masques and entertainments. He also helped conspire in the Prince's illegal marriage to Maria Fitzherbert and was once rebuked by the Duchess of Gordon in the terms "You little, insignificant, good-for-nothing, upstart, pert chattering puppy" after being overheard making insulting comments about the Queen, Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.

French Revolutionary Wars
The King's recovery, combined with the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars, called Payne to sea once more. Taking command of HMS Russell in 1793, Payne joined the Channel Fleet under Lord Howe and the following year participated in the Atlantic campaign of May 1794. Howe was attempting to chase down a French fleet guarding a grain convoy in the mid-Atlantic and after a month of sparring, caught the French on 28 May. Payne's ship was with the flying squadron under Thomas Pasley sent to engage the French and Russell fought well in this action and the following day. In the culminating engagement, the Glorious First of June, Payne's ship was heavily engaged and fought a succession of French ships, inflicting severe damage and making a great contribution to the eventual victory.

In the aftermath of the action, Payne was rewarded with a gold medal and in 1795 was tasked with escorting the Prince of Wales's official wife, Caroline of Brunswick to Britain. Payne became friends with Caroline, and the bitter marriage between her and the Prince angered Payne. In addition, Payne had earned the enmity of Frances Villiers, Countess of Jersey and these factors combined to alienate him from the Prince, who dismissed Payne from all his offices in 1796.

The same year, Payne took command of HMS Impetueux, one of the ships he had captured at the Glorious First of June two years before. In her Payne led a squadron the blockade of Brest until 1799, seeing no significant action and suffering from increasing ill-health as a result of the arduous service. In January 1799, Payne retired ashore and was reconciled with the Prince, who described their relationship as "an old and steady friendship of upwards of twenty years standing". In February Payne was made rear-admiral, but it was becoming clear that he was no longer fit for sea service.

Retiring to the prestige post of treasurer of the Royal Naval Hospital at Greenwich, Payne was actually a patient at the hospital for his last years, and plans for him to move into one of the Prince's residences at Carlton House came to nothing. Payne died in 1803 at the hospital from the strain of his long-service, and was buried at the Church of St. Margaret, Westminster. He never married and had no children, however had been one of the lovers of Emma Lyons who later became Lady Hamilton.

Notes

References

1752 births
1803 deaths
Royal Navy admirals
Royal Navy personnel of the American Revolutionary War
Royal Navy personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies
British MPs 1784–1790
British MPs 1790–1796
Burials at St Margaret's, Westminster


Eliza Ruhamah Scidmore () (1856–1928) was an American journalist and travel writer who authored books on Alaska, Japan, Java, China and India. Her legacy includes serving as the first woman on the board of the National Geographic Society and introducing the idea of planting Japanese cherry trees in Washington, D.C., a vision that became a reality in 1912.

Life
Scidmore was born October 14, 1856, in Clinton, Iowa. She was the daughter of George B. Scidmore and Eliza Catherine Sweeney Scidmore, who settled among family in Madison, Wisconsin, after an itinerant period early in their marriage, when their two children were born. The future writer Eliza spent several years of her early childhood in Madison, before moving to Washington, D.C., with her mother and brother during the Civil War. She later attended Oberlin College, though she never completed a degree. She broke into newspaper work in the 1870s and started her career as a "society writer" in Washington.

A keen interest in geography led her to became a writer of travel "letters" for newspapers. Accounts of her voyages to the territory of Alaska in the summers of 1883 and 1884 resulted in her first book, Alaska, Its Southern Coast and the Sitkan Archipelago (1885). She later wrote a second, more comprehensive book on Alaska, issued in 1893 by the guidebook company Appleton's.

The professional position of her brother, George Hawthorne Scidmore, a career diplomat who served in the Far East from 1884 to 1922, prompted Eliza's frequent travels to Japan, beginning in 1885. His diplomatic position gave her advantages in reporting on areas and subjects not generally accessible to ordinary travelers. Jinrikisha Days in Japan, published in 1891, became one of her best-known books and made her a recognized U.S. expert on Japan. It was followed by a short guidebook, Westward to the Far East (1892), written for the Canadian Pacific Railway.

Influenced by her experiences in Japan, Eliza entertained visions of creating a cherry blossom park in Washington, D.C. She first approached the city's park overseers about the idea in the 1880s, but they showed no interest. More than two decades passed before Eliza found an ally in First Lady Helen Taft, who took up the project with enthusiasm in 1909.

With the first lady's active support, plans moved quickly. But the first effort was aborted when an initial shipment of several thousand trees sent as a gift from Tokyo were found to be infested and had to be destroyed. A second attempt proved successful, leading to the planting of the first cherry trees in West Potomac Park in 1912. Today, more than a million visitors a year flock to Washington to enjoy the sakura surrounding the Tidal Basin, the Jefferson Memorial, and in other areas of the capital, particularly during the National Cherry Blossom Festival.

Scidmore's affiliations in Washington included membership in the National Geographic Society. In 1892 she was elected secretary of the organization, making her the first woman to serve on its governing board. Eliza contributed about a dozen articles to the magazine as well as many photographs taken by herself and others. Today the National Geographic Society gives an Eliza Scidmore Award annually to a photographer "whose work combines scientific rigor and immersive storytelling to advance our understanding of the environmental and conservation issues we face".

As a colleague of leading scientists and naturalists in Washington, Scidmore took an active role in the burgeoning U.S. conservation movement. An article she published in The Century Magazine in September 1893, titled "Our New National Forest Reserves," described the country's new wilderness preservation policy and its importance for the public good.

Scidmore's continued travels across the Far East resulted in several more books, including Java, the Garden of the East (1897); China, the Long-Lived Empire (1900); and Winter India (1903). In a review of Winter India, a writer for Town & Country praised Scidmore for avoiding areas primarily settled by British colonial authorities, and spending substantial time and effort writing about parts of India that were not in popular Western imagination at the time. These included historical cities such as Madurai, Tanjore (now Thanjavur), and Madras (now Chennai).

Another stay in Japan during the Russo-Japanese War became the basis for Scidmore's only known work of fiction, As the Hague Ordains (1907). The novel purports to be the account of the wife of a Russian prisoner, who joins her husband at a prison hospital in Matsuyama. After As the Hague Ordains, Scidmore published no new books and a dwindling number of articles for National Geographic, the last being a 1914 article titled "Young Japan".

Tributes to Eliza R. Scidmore during her lifetime included a medal of honor from the Emperor of Japan for her service to the Japanese people.

She died in Geneva, Switzerland, on November 3, 1928, at the age of 72. Her ashes were interred in the Yokohama Foreign Cemetery, Yokohama, Japan, at the gravesite of her mother and her brother George Hawthorne Scidmore, US consul to Japan.

See also
 Appletons' travel guides
 Sakura (cherry blossoms)

References

Bibliography

External links

 Biography and Research on Eliza Scidmore
 Eliza Scidmore Children's Biography

1856 births
1928 deaths
American travel writers
American women travel writers
American geographers
American photographers
Writers from Clinton, Iowa
Artists from Washington, D.C.
American women photographers
Oberlin College alumni
National Geographic people


Taxa Innocentiana was a decree of Pope Innocent XI of 1 October 1678 that regulated the fees that episcopal chancery offices might demand or accept for various acts, instruments, and writings. According to the decree, bishops or their officials were proscribed from accepting anything, though voluntarily offered, for:

Ordinations or anything connected therewith, e.g., dimissorial letters;
Institutions to benefices; or
Matrimonial dispensations.

In the last case, however, alms to be applied for religious uses could be demanded. The chancellor may exact a moderate charge, determined by Innocent XI, for expediting necessary documents, except those granting permission to offer Mass, administer the sacraments, preach, etc. The Taxa Innocentiana was silent regarding contentious matters, e.g. the charge for copies of acts of ecclesiastical trials. Some maintained that Innocent XI's legislation was promulgated only for Italy, but it evidenced the will of the Church and at least in substance was of universal application.

On 10 June 1896 the Sacred Congregation of the Council modified the prescriptions of Innocent XI, decreeing that while taxes or fees may be imposed according to justice and prudence in matters pertaining to benefices and sacraments, especially matrimony; yet the sacraments themselves must be conferred without charge and pious customs connected therewith observed. In other matters not directly affecting the administration of the sacraments, e.g. dispensations from the banns of marriage, it is decreed that:

Laudable customs must be followed and allowances made for various circumstances of time, place, and persons;
The indigent are not to be taxed;
In all cases, the amount demanded must be moderate, so that persons are not deterred thereby from receiving the sacraments;
Regarding matrimony, the exaction is to be remitted if otherwise there would be danger of concubinage;
Regarding benefices, the tax must be in proportion to the fruits or income of the benefice in question; and
All such fees are to be determined not by individual bishops, but by provincial council or at least in a special meeting of the ordinaries of the province for this purpose.

The approbation of the Holy See is required for the fees determined upon. Rome's sanction is given tentatively for 5 years to Italy and for 10 years to other nations.

References
 cites:
LUCIDI, De visitat. ss. liminum, doc. XX, III, 144.

Catholic canonical documents
Documents of Pope Innocent XI
1678 works


Llandaff Rowing Club is a sport rowing club based on the River Taff in Llandaff, a district in the city of Cardiff, Wales. The club was founded in 1946 and is affiliated to the Welsh Amateur Rowing Association and to British Rowing.

Location

The boathouse and facilities  are based on the River Taff, in Llandaff. The stretch of the Taff rowed by the club is approximately 1,200 metres long with two obtuse bends and runs upstream from a weir, under the road bridge linking Llandaff to Llandaff North, ending where the river becomes too shallow.

Rowing
The club includes of all levels of rowing, from a novice squad to top senior level crews of all stages. This includes a large junior squad, which has produced national level competitors, notably in recent history Zak Lee-Green (2010 GBR squad rower) and Hannah Patterson (2011 GBR junior squad rower).

The club's racing kit comprises black shorts and white singlet with a black hoop around the middle of the chest with the club logo in the centre of the band. Llandaff rowing blade spoons are painted white with a black vertical stripe.

The annual Llandaff Regatta is usually held over the second weekend in July. The club endeavours to draw new athletes to rowing both through an annual event known as the 'Pub and Club Regatta', and through 'Learn-to-Row' courses.

History
The club was formed after World War II when members of Taff and Cardiff Rowing Clubs found their boathouses destroyed and their boats and memorabilia missing. Rowing started at the end of 1946 with the first regatta held in 1947.

In 1998 a land training facility was official opened by Rhodri Morgan, MP.  The facility was supported by local business and by members of the club's social committee.

The Cardiff University Rowing Club (formerly the University College Cardiff Rowing Club) was based at Llandaff Rowing Club until 2006, when it relocated downriver to the Cardiff Bay Water Activity Centre in Grangetown.

Notable members
Some famous members / alumni include:
 Jeremy Luke  (silver medallist 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games)
 Timothy Luke  (silver medallist 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games)
 Charlie Wiggin  (GBR squad rower; bronze medallist 1980 Moscow Olympic Games)
 David Luke  (GBR squad rower; World Championship events)
 Robert Luke  (GBR squad rower; World Championship events)
 Dave Currie  (GBR squad rower; bronze medallist 2007 World Championships)
 Zak Lee-Green (GBR squad rower; bronze medallist 2010 World Rowing U23 Championships)
 Hannah Patterson (GBR Junior squad rower; silver and bronze medallist 2011 Junior European Rowing Championships (Coupe de la Jeunesse))

Honours

Henley Royal Regatta

British champions

References

External links

 Welsh Rowing, formerly the Welsh Amateur Rowing Association (WARA)
 British Rowing, formerly the Amateur Rowing Association (ARA)

Rowing clubs in Wales
Sport in Cardiff
1946 establishments in Wales
Llandaff
Sports clubs and teams established in 1946


Wayne Roderick Walters II (born February 27, 1954) is a former American football offensive lineman for the National Football League (NFL). Walters was drafted fourteenth overall by the Kansas City Chiefs in the 1976 NFL Draft from the University of Iowa and played with the team until the middle of the 1980 season. Walters played for the Detroit Lions and Miami Dolphins for the remainder of that 1980 season.

References

1954 births
Living people
Players of American football from Lansing, Michigan
American football offensive guards
American football offensive tackles
Iowa Hawkeyes football players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Detroit Lions players
Miami Dolphins players


The Ordnance QF 6-pounder 6 cwt Hotchkiss Mk I and Mk II was a shortened version of the original QF 6 pounder Hotchkiss naval gun, and was developed specifically for use in the sponsons of the later marks of British tanks in World War I, from Mark IV onwards.

History

World War I

The original QF 6 pounder naval gun had turned out to be too long for practical use with the current British heavy tank designs, which mounted guns in sponsons on the side rather than turrets on top as modern tanks do. The muzzles of the long barrels sometimes dug into the mud or struck obstacles when the vehicle crossed trenches or shell craters. The shortened QF 6 pounder 6 cwt Mk I of single tube construction was introduced in January 1917 in the Mark IV tank, and may be considered the world's first specialised tank gun.

The shortened barrel incurred a reduction in muzzle velocity, but as tank guns in World War I were used against unarmoured or lightly armoured targets such as machine gun nests and artillery pieces at relatively short ranges of a few hundred yards, this was not a major disadvantage.

The Mk II gun was developed at the same time, having a built-up barrel construction.

World War II

The gun was reused in the Second World War, being fitted to the 12 Armoured Trains operated in the United Kingdom. Just as with the tank mounting, the short barrel was an advantage, preventing fouling of line-side structures and bridges. The last British armoured trains (in Scotland) were decommissioned in 1944.

In 1940 as part of the British anti-invasion preparations, a large number of pillboxes were built to a design, known as Type 28 or FW3/28, intended for the modern 2-pounder anti-tank gun. However, as these were in desperately short supply, 6-pounder Hotchkiss guns firing solid shot were used instead. Unlike the 2-pounder which could be wheeled into the pillbox on its carriage, a holdfast was incorporated into the floor to which a pedestal mounting could be bolted. It is unlikely that many of these emplacements were permanently armed, but the guns were held in reserve until required.

See also
List of tank main guns

Notes and references

Bibliography
 I.V. Hogg and L.F. Thurston, British Artillery Weapons & Ammunition 1914-1918. London: Ian Allan, 1972.

External links

World War I artillery of the United Kingdom
Tank guns of the United Kingdom
57 mm artillery


The Diocese of Sandomierz ()  is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church located in the city of Sandomierz in the Ecclesiastical province of Lublin in Poland.

History
The Diocese of Sandomierz was created on 30 June 1818 by Pope Pius VII in accordance with the Bull Ex imposita nobis. In 1981, its name was changed to the Diocese of Sandomierz-Radom but on 25 March 1992 the diocese of Radom was split off as part of a reorganization of the church in Poland by Pope John Paul II which added to Sandomierz 7 deaneries from Przemysl, two from Lublin and one from Tarnow.

Leadership
 Bishops of Sandomierz (Roman rite)
 Bishop Krzysztof Nitkiewicz (2009.06.13 – ...)
 Bishop Andrzej Dzięga (2002.10.07 – 2009.02.21)
 Bishop Wacław Świerzawski ( 1992.03.25 – 2002.10.07)
 Bishops of Sandomierz – Radom (Roman rite)
 Bishop Edward Henryk Materski (1981.03.06 – 1992.03.25)
 Bishops of Sandomierz (Roman rite)
 Bishop Piotr Gołębiewski (Apostolic Administrator 1968.02.20 – 1980.11.02)
 Bishop Jan Kanty Lorek, C.M. (1946.03.12 – 1967.01.04)
 Bishop Jan Kanty Lorek, C.M. (Apostolic Administrator 1936.04.26 – 1946.03.12)
 Archbishop Włodzimierz Bronisław Jasiński (1930.08.21 – 1934.11.30)
 Bishop Marian Józef Ryx (1910.04.07 – 1930.06.03)
 Bishop Stefan Aleksander Zwierowicz (1902.09.02 – 1908.01.04)
 Bishop Antoni Ksawery Sotkiewicz (1883.03.15 – 1901.05.03)
 Bishop Józef Michał Juszyński (1859.04.16 – 1880.11.24)
 Bishop Józef Goldtmann (1844.01.25 – 1852.03.27)
 Bishop-elect (died before consecration) Klemens Bąkiewicz (1840.08.09 – 1842.01.02)
 Fr. Klemens Bąkiewicz (Apostolic Administrator 1831 – 1840.08.09)
 Bishop Adam Prosper Burzyński (1819.10.05 – 1830.09.09)
 Archbishop Szczepan Hołowczyc (1819.07.06 – 1819.12.17)
 Auxiliary bishops (Roman rite)
 Bishop Adam Odzimek

See also
Roman Catholicism in Poland
The Lesser Polish Way

References

 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy

External links

Diocese of Sandomierz
Religious organizations established in 1818
Roman Catholic dioceses in Poland
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 19th century
1818 establishments in Poland


Len Saunders is a retired physical education teacher who is currently a childhood health, fitness, and wellness advocate. He is known for creating Project ACES, a day in which children around the world exercise simultaneously on the first Wednesday of May. He created a new program called PACES Day, which motivates parents and children to exercise together over the weekends. In 2009, Len created another program called Exercise US (United States), which motivated children in the United States to exercise for 10 continuous hours, starting on the east coast of the US, ending 10 hours later on the west coast. Saunders is also the author of 9 books, all on the topic of children's health and fitness.  His most recent book came out in August 2022 called Coach Lenny's School Tips. After 40 years in education, Saunders retired as a P.E. teacher from the Valley View Elementary School in Montville, New Jersey. Valley View was the first school to participate in Project ACES Day and continues to participate every year. He served as a consultant to The President's Council On Physical Fitness & Sports. Most recently, he became an American Heart Association expert spokesperson on the issue of childhood obesity and childhood fitness.

Authored articles and books
Len Saunders is a regular contributor to online publications, including U.S. News & World Report, Fox News, PBS Parents and Yahoo Shine Healthy Living.

References

External links

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Schoolteachers from New Jersey
20th-century births


Alfred (Alf) Gomer Swahn (20 August 1879 – 16 March 1931) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed at the 1908, 1912, 1920 and 1924 Summer Olympics. He won nine medals: three gold, three silver and three bronze. He is the son of Oscar Swahn, an Olympic shooter who competed alongside his son at the 1908, 1912 and 1920 Olympics and won six medals.

1908 London

In 1908 Swahn was a member of the Swedish team which won the gold medal in the team running deer, single shots competition. He also participated in the individual trap event and finished 25th.

1912 Stockholm

At the 1912 Summer Olympics he won two gold medals in running deer, single shots event. One in the individual and one in the team competition. He also participated in the following events:

 running deer, double shots – fourth place
 team clay pigeons – fourth place
 trap – 21st place

1920 Antwerp

In 1920 he won two silver and one bronze medal. He also participated in the following events:

 team running deer, single shots – fourth place
 running deer, double shots – fourth place
 trap – result unknown

1924 Paris

In 1924 he won one silver and two bronze medals. He also participated in the following events:

 team clay pigeons – fifth place
 running deer, single shots – sixth place

See also
List of multiple Olympic medalists

References

External links

Alfred Swahn at databaseOlympics.com

1879 births
1931 deaths
People from Uddevalla Municipality
Swedish male sport shooters
Running target shooters
Olympic shooters for Sweden
Shooters at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Sweden
Olympic silver medalists for Sweden
Olympic bronze medalists for Sweden
Trap and double trap shooters
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Västra Götaland County
19th-century Swedish people
20th-century Swedish people


Thomas Baker Knight Jr. (July 4, 1933 – October 12, 2005) was an American songwriter and musician. His best known compositions were "Lonesome Town", "The Wonder of You", and "Don't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time". His songs have been recorded by Ricky Nelson, Paul McCartney, Dean Martin, The Cramps, Elvis Presley, Frank Sinatra, Perry Como, Mickey Gilley, Sammy Davis Jr. and Jerry Lee Lewis.

Life and career
He was born in Birmingham, Alabama, to Thomas Baker Knight Sr. and his wife Mary (Obear) Knight. His father died in 1939 at the age of 32, and because of his mother's poor health Knight was raised mainly by relatives. He learned to play guitar while serving in the Air Force, and after his discharge entered the University of Alabama, where he wrote music in his spare time. In 1956 he founded a rockabilly group, Baker Knight and the Knightmares, with Shuler Brown (bass), A.D. Derby (keyboards), Bill Weinstein (drums), Glenn Lane (sax), and Nat Tortorici (sax). Their debut single, "Bop Boogie to the Blues", was released on Kit Records that year. The next release, "Bring My Cadillac Back", was a local hit and was picked up for national distribution by Decca Records, but radio stations refused to play it as it served as unpaid advertising for Cadillac cars. Decca held on to Knight and had him release three solo records featuring arrangements by Ray Ellis: "Reelin' and Rockin' (Bippin' and Boppin' Over You)", "Just a Little Bit More", and "Love-A Love-A Love-A". None sold well, and Decca dropped his contract soon afterwards.

Knight moved to Hollywood in 1958 in hopes of pursuing a career in acting, but was unsuccessful. He became friends with Eddie Cochran and Cochran's girlfriend, songwriter Sharon Sheeley, who had written "Poor Little Fool" for Ricky Nelson, and they helped him find work as a songwriter. Knight wrote "Lonesome Town", which became a hit for Nelson in 1958, as did the B-side, Knight's "I Got a Feeling". Nelson continued to record Knight's songs, many of which became hits, including "Never Be Anyone Else But You", "Sweeter Than You", and "I Wanna Be Loved". However, he refused to let Nelson record his tune "Just Relax", which he instead released himself as a solo single in 1959, with Cochran on guitar, for Coral Records. Neither this nor the next, "Pretty Little Girl", sold well and Coral dropped his contract.

Knight then wrote "The Wonder of You" for Perry Como, but Ray Peterson recorded it instead at the behest of Como's arranger Dick Pierce, and the song became a hit in both the U.S. and UK. Elvis Presley later recorded it with even greater success. Knight continued to record solo with RCA, Chess, Reprise, and Challenge, but never with much luck. He pursued his movie career, but he only appeared on screen once, in the 1966 B-movie, Swamp Country. He had a small part as a strolling minstrel and sang several of his own songs.

In 1966, Dean Martin picked up "Somewhere There's a Someone", the first of eleven of Knight's songs he would cover. Frank Sinatra recorded a handful of Knight tunes, including "Anytime at All". Knight also wrote psychedelic music for the West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band in the late 1960s.

In 1971, he teamed with producer Jimmy Bowen and singers Kim Carnes and Mike Settle to create the bubblegum pop studio group The Sugar Bears. An album, Presenting the Sugar Bears, and three singles were released with one song, Knight's "You Are The One", reaching #51 on the Billboard charts.

Knight turned to country music in the 1970s, writing songs for Ernest Ashworth, Hank Williams, Jr., Jerry Lee Lewis, Dave & Sugar, and Mickey Gilley, whose No. 1 hit "Don't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time" won Knight the Academy of Country Music's Song of the Year in 1976.

In 1985, Knight returned to Birmingham, suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome and agoraphobia, and his output decreased considerably. In the 1990s, he set up his own home studio and self-released several solo albums through his website, including The Way I Hear It, Music Is My Woman, and Music for Romantic Dreamers, the last one all instrumental. Knight published a memoir entitled A Piece of the Big-Time (my songs - my success - my struggle for survival) in 2005 just before his death.

Thomas Baker Knight Jr. died in Birmingham, Alabama, in 2005 at the age of 72. He was survived by his daughter, singer-actress Tuesday Knight, and his son, Dr. Thomas Baker Knight III.

Discography

Singles

Albums

Compilations

References

External resources
 Label scans at www.45cat.com
 Discography at wangdangdula.com
 Sessionography and discography at Prague Frank's Country Music Discographies

1933 births
2005 deaths
People with chronic fatigue syndrome
Writers from Birmingham, Alabama
Musicians from Birmingham, Alabama
Songwriters from Alabama
American rockabilly musicians
Jubilee Records artists
Challenge Records artists
RCA Victor artists
Chess Records artists
20th-century American musicians
Country musicians from Alabama
Ramsay High School alumni


Dan Meyerstein FRSC (, born in 1938 in Jerusalem) is an Israeli academic and former president of Ariel University.

Biography
Meyerstein was born in Jerusalem in Mandatory Palestine.  He earned an M.Sc. from The Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Physical Chemistry (1961), and a Ph.D. in chemistry from the school as well (1965).

Meyerstein is Professor Emeritus of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev a member of the Academia Europaea, the American Chemical Society, and the Royal Society of Chemistry.

In 2004, Meyerstein opened the third annual David Bar-Illan Conference on the Media. Concerning the demographics of Israel, Meyerstein has stated that the birthrate in the Judea and Samaria District is "crazily higher than the rest of Israel."

Views and opinions
On academic boycotts of Israel, Meyerstein stated in The Jerusalem Post that, "I feel that many of the people involved in this boycott have little knowledge of the system here and those that do have knowledge also have the desire to abolish the state of Israel. I have always felt boycotts were a bit like burning books. This happened in Europe 70 years ago and it is part of the reason I live in Israel".

References

External links
Curriculum Vitae

1938 births
Ariel University
Academic staff of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Members of Academia Europaea
Fellows of the American Chemical Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Chemistry
Israeli Jews
Living people
Israeli scientists
Jewish scientists
Israeli chemists
Jewish chemists
Presidents of universities in Israel


Walter Bowers Pillsbury (July 21, 1872 – June 3, 1960) was an American psychologist, born at Burlington, Iowa. He studied for two years at Penn College, Oskaloosa, Iowa, graduated from the University of Nebraska (1892), and subsequently completed a Ph.D. at Cornell University (1896). Pillsbury taught at the University of Michigan after 1897, in 1905–1910 as junior professor of philosophy and director of the psychological laboratory and afterward as professor of psychology. In 1908–1909 he lectured at Columbia. He served as president of the Western Philosophical Association in 1907 and of the American Psychological Association in 1910. Besides contributing to the American Journal of Psychology and to The Philosophical Review, he translated, with Edward B. Titchener, Külpe's Introduction to Philosophy (1897) and published:
 L'Attention (1906; English edition, as Attention, 1908; Spanish translation, 1910)
 The Psychology of Reasoning (1910)
 The Essentials of Psychology (1911)
 A History of Psychology (1929)

Sources

External links

Raphelson 1980, "Psychology at Michigan: The Pillsbury years, 1897-1947"

1872 births
1960 deaths
American science writers
Presidents of the American Psychological Association
People from Burlington, Iowa
William Penn University alumni
Cornell University alumni
University of Nebraska alumni
Columbia University faculty
University of Michigan faculty


Orlando Pizzolato (born 30 July 1958) is a retired long-distance runner from Italy.

Biography
He represented his native country in the men's marathon at the 1988 Summer Olympics, finishing in 16th place (2:15:20). His biggest success was twice winning the New York City Marathon (1984 and 1985), and the silver medal in the men's marathon at the 1986 European Championships in Stuttgart, West Germany.

Achievements
All results regarding marathon, unless stated otherwise

References

 1988 Year Ranking

External links

1958 births
Living people
Italian male long-distance runners
Italian male marathon runners
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Italy
New York City Marathon male winners
European Athletics Championships medalists
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
World Athletics Championships athletes for Italy
People from Thiene
FISU World University Games gold medalists for Italy
Sportspeople from the Province of Vicenza


Ilse Bing (23 March 1899 – 10 March 1998) was a German avant-garde and commercial photographer who produced pioneering monochrome images during the inter-war era.

Biography

Background and early life
Bing was born to a wealthy Jewish family of Frankfurt merchants as the daughter of Louis Bing and his wife Johanna Elli Bing, nee. Katz. At the age of 14, she was given a Kodak box camera, which she used to take her first self-portrait. Bing began studying mathematics and physics at Frankfurt University in 1920, but shortly afterwards turned to art history and the history of architecture. She spent the winter semester of 1923/1924 at the Kunsthistorisches Institut Vienna.

In 1924, Bing began a dissertation on the architect Friedrich Gilly (1772-1800). The first photo works were created as part of this work after she bought her first camera, a Voigtländer (9x12cm), for documentation purposes. It was during her time  that Bing developed her lifelong interest in photography. When she finished her studies in the summer of 1929 and gave up her dissertation, she turned entirely to photography, bought a newly launched Leica (35mm camera) and began working in photojournalism. For the next two decades, the Leica would remain the basis of Bing's artistic work.

Paris
At the end of 1930 Ilse Bing moved to Paris and continued her photographic work there. She received reportage assignments through the mediation of the Hungarian journalist Heinrich Guttmann. To develop her photos, Guttmann provided her with a garage that Bing used as a darkroom.

Her move from Frankfurt to the burgeoning avant-garde and surrealist scene in Paris marked the start of the most notable period of her career. She produced images in the fields of photojournalism, architectural photography, advertising and fashion, and her work was published in magazines such as Le Monde Illustre, Harper's Bazaar, and Vogue. After initially living in the Hotel Londres on Rue Bonaparte, she moved to Avenue de Maine, 146 in 1931. In the same year, Bing's work was exhibited in both France and Germany. Her rapid success as a photographer and her position as the only professional in Paris to use an advanced Leica camera earned her the title "Queen of the Leica" from the critic and photographer Emmanuel Sougez, whom she met in 1931. In 1933, Bing left Avenue de Maine and moved to Rue de Varenne, No. 8. With the pianist and music teacher Konrad Wolff, who lived in the same house, she was initially only known through his piano playing, which could be heard through the courtyard. A little later they would get to know each other personally and become a couple.

When Bing visited New York in 1936, she received the offer to work as a photographer for Life magazine, which she turned down in order not to be separated from Wolff, who lived in Paris. In the same year, her work was included in the first modern photography exhibition held at the Louvre, and in 1937 she traveled to New York City where her images were included in the landmark exhibition "Photography 1839–1937" at the Museum of Modern Art.  Bing and Wolff married in November of the same year and moved to Boulevard Jourdan together in 1938.

Bing remained in Paris for ten years, but in 1940, when Paris was taken by the Germans during World War II, she and her husband who were both Jews, were expelled and interned in separate camps in the South of France. Bing spent six weeks in a camp in Gurs, in the Pyrenees, where she met Hannah Arendt.

In an interview with the German photographer Herlinde Koelbl, Bing later said: “A lot of people just call it internment camps because we weren't mistreated. I felt it was a concentration camp. To be separated from my husband, not knowing where he is, not knowing what is going on out in the world. (...) This bondage, the absolute lack of freedom and degradation. I always had a razor blade with me. I was determined not to let the Nazis intern me. Then I would have taken my life. But you can take a lot more than you think. It was worse than you could imagine and you could endure more than you thought possible.”After Wolff stood up for Bing's release at great expense, they managed to reach Marseille together. There they waited nine months for their visa to enter the USA. The Affidavit of Sponsorship required for this was issued by the author and journalist Hendrik Willem van Loon, whom Bing had already met in 1930. In 1941, Bing and Wolff finally emigrated and settled in New York.

New York
In New York, Bing had to re-establish her reputation, and although she got steady work in advertising and portrait photography, she failed to receive important commissions as in Paris.

When Bing and her husband fled Paris, she was unable to bring her prints and left them with a friend for safekeeping. Following the war, her friend shipped Bing's prints to her in New York, but Bing could not afford the custom fees to claim them all. Some of her original prints were lost when Bing had to choose which prints to keep.

In the 1940s and 50s, Bing was best known for her portraits of children, but also photographed personalities such as Dwight D. Eisenhower and his wife Mamie.

By 1947, Bing came to the realization that New York had revitalized her art. Her style was very different; the softness that characterized her work in the 1930s gave way to hard forms and clear lines, with a sense of harshness and isolation. This was indicative of how Bing’s life and worldview had been changed by her move to New York and the war-related events of the 1940s.

Also in 1947, she went on a trip to Germany and France for the first time after the end of the war, visiting a.o. the war-torn Frankfurt and stayed in Paris for three months. From 1950 Bing worked with a Rolleiflex, which she used in alternation with the Leica for the next two years, but in 1952 decided to work exclusively with the medium format of the Rolleiflex.

In 1951 and 1952 she visited Paris again and always had her camera with her. In 1957 she turned away from black-and-white photography and concentrated on working with color negatives. In 1959, Bing decided to give up photography altogether. She felt the medium was no longer adequate for her, and seemed to have tired of it. As a result, texts, collages, and drawings were created. She later said: “I couldn't say anything new with this medium. I stopped working with the camera at the height of my photographic developments. I couldn't use it to express what I was experiencing. Of course, I could have taken nice pictures, but it no longer came from within. The character of the work changed with my development and has now been given a new face."In the mid-1970s, the Museum of Modern Art purchased and showed several of her photographs. This show sparked renewed interest in Bing's work, and subsequent exhibitions included a solo show at the Witkins Gallery in 1976, and a traveling retrospective entitled, ''Ilse Bing: Three Decades of Photography,'' organized by the New Orleans Museum of Art. Numerous solo exhibitions followed in New York, Las Vegas, Chicago, San Francisco, Frankfurt, and many more.  Bing's photographs were also featured in multitudinous group exhibitions.

Bing published her first book in 1976 under the title Words as Visions at Ilkon. Press. Another publication with the title Numbers in Images followed in 1978 by the same publisher. In 1982 Bing published the illustrated book Women from Cradle to Old Age – 1929-1955, which contains numerous monochrome as well as color photographic portraits of women. The foreword was written by Gisèle Freund.

The emerging attention that Bing has enjoyed from the 1970s through the 1980s can be traced back to the growing fascination and interest in European photography of the 1920s and 1930s.

From 1984 onwards, Ilse Bing made a number of appearances in the USA and Germany as a speaker on the development of modern art, especially photography. In the course of this activity she held i.a. Lectures in Frankfurt, Essen, Cologne, New Orleans and New York.

In the last few decades of her life, she wrote poetry, made drawings and collages, and occasionally incorporated bits of photos. She was interested in combining mathematics, words, and images.

Bing died on March 10, 1998, shortly before her ninety-ninth birthday, in New York.

Artistic practice and subjects

Artistic practice
Ilse Bing always took photos from a very individual point of view, both for portraits and for countless architectural photos. What they work best characterizes enlargement of fragments of 35mm film her Leica and the resulting idiosyncratic cropping. Although Bing experimented a lot, her photographs often seem characterized by a natural perfection. While the photographer's access to her craft was often spontaneous and intuitive, it was also characterized by great care and precision. Her work was shaped by contemporary abstract and non-representational painting as well as by New Vision and Surrealism. Since working in the darkroom had a significant impact on the results and appearance of Bing's photography, she always developed her negatives herself. She also discovered a type of solarisation for negatives independently of a similar process developed by the artist Man Ray.

Subjects
In addition to numerous portraits, Ilse Bing was primarily interested in urban motifs. They were fascinated by architectural elements and structures as well as urban hustle and bustle. Her way of working repeatedly explores the tracing of symmetry and rhythm in the experience of everyday situations. Bing always worked without additional lighting and operated exclusively with the existing lighting conditions. She used both artificial light sources such as illuminated windows, lanterns, street lamps, spotlights or the Eiffel Tower, as well as natural light from the sun and moon. Reflections can often be found in her work, e.g. in rain puddles, rivers and seas. Bing developed a feeling for movement and standstill, which she expressed in the photographs of water as well as of people and objects.

Words as Visions and Numbers in Images

Words as Visions: Logograms (1974)
In the book dedicated to Konrad Wolff, Ilse Bing presents 111 associated words, which are listed in three languages (German, English and French) and illustrated by her own drawings:“to be, to have, words, yes, no, why, because, good, bad, crime, pain, envy, mine, i, you, they, identity, reality, illusion, hope, expectation, inspiration, awe, hate, love, ideal, sleep, death, mourning, (to) remember, forgotten, lost, missing, alone, lonely, bored, alive, happy, (to) smile, when, time, timeless, now, yesterday, tomorrow, ever, never, final, endless, no more, eternity, where, here, nowhere, probable, perhaps, sure, obvious, enough, absolute, old, new, discovery, invention, noise, silence, sound, ugly, beautiful, warm, hot, cold, slow, fast, ready, alert, very, and, by, if, so, but, please, thanks, (to) begin, (to) wait, good-bye, something, everything, nothing, this, demonic, true, lie, error, mistake, doubt, trusting, success, bravo, must, chance, hazard, happening, epilogue“Bing explains the choice of words in the book's epilogue:“– i picked the words like flowers in a field. the ones which signalled me the strongest were taken first.

there is no apparent systems in the choice or order of words, and yet they may stand for, and unveil, the hidden body of my thoughts –”

Numbers in Images: Illuminations of Numerical Meanings (1976)
In this work, published in 1976, Ilse Bing dedicates herself to numbers and thus returns to a certain extent to the origins of her academic training when she was still studying mathematics and physics. As in the previously published Words as Visions, the book is fully illustrated with Bing's drawings.

She introduces her thoughts and poems about numbers as follows: „this limited selection does not touch on all facets of numbers, because its function is to illuminate, and not to explain. it deals with the very lowest numbers, those which we still can count on our fingers. for these are the base of the entire numerical row, and also the fundament for all mathematical constructions.“

Awards

 1990: Women’s Caucus for Art Award, New York.
 1993: First Gold Medal Award for Photography vom National Arts Club, New York.

Exhibitions

 1948: „Ilse Bing Photographs”, The Brookly Museum
 1985: „Ilse Bing: Three Decades of Photography“, New Orleans Museum of Art
 1986: „Ilse Bing“, International Center of Photography, New York
 1995: „Ilse Bing – Marta Hoepffner – Abisag Tüllmann. Drei Fotografinnen in Frankfurt“, Historical Museum, Frankfurt
 1996: „Ilse Bing – Fotografien 1929–1956“, Suermondt-Ludwig-Museum, Aachen
 2004: „Ilse Bing: Queen of the Leica“, Victoria & Albert Museum, London
 2019: “Ilse Bing (1899-1998): Fotografien”, Galerie Berinson, Berlin
 2020: “Ilse Bing: Paris and Beyond”, F11 Foto Museum, Hong Kong
 2020: “Ilse Bing: Queen of the Leica”, The Cleveland Museum of Art
 2021: in "The New Woman Behind the Camera", The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Documentary
Bing was one of three female photographers portrayed in Drei Fotografinnen: Ilse Bing, Grete Stern, Ellen Auerbach, a 1993 documentary by Berlin  filmmaker Antonia Lerch.

Public collections
 Art Institute of Chicago
 New Orleans Museum of Art
 Glyndebourne
 Jewish Museum, Berlin
 Jewish Museum (Manhattan)
 Los Angeles County Museum of Art
 MOCA Grand Avenue
 Museum Folkwang
 Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)
 National Gallery of Canada
 Rijksmuseum Amsterdam
 San Francisco Museum of Modern Art
 Victoria & Albert Museum

References

Further reading

External links
Selection of photographs and information
Ilse Bing fonds at the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario
Lerch, Antonia. Drei Fotografinnen: Ilse Bing, Grete Stern, Ellen Auerbach. 1993

1899 births
1998 deaths
German women photographers
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
German expatriates in France
Humanist photographers
20th-century German women
National Arts Club Medal of Honor Recipients


Bowesfield Works was a railway locomotive manufacturing plant in Stockton-on-Tees. The works was operated by a joint venture company called  Metropolitan Vickers-Beyer Peacock from 1949 until 1960.

Works history
Metropolitan-Vickers and Beyer, Peacock & Co. formed a joint venture company in November 1949 to design and manufacture diesel, electric and gas turbine locomotives. Because Beyer, Peacock's  Gorton works was still busy producing steam locomotives, an alternative site for the new locomotives to be built had to be found. A factory at Yarm Road, Stockton-on-Tees, on which Metrovicks had acquired a lease in 1947, was chosen as the location. The factory which had been built in 1946 for the American construction machinery company LeTourneau, was almost brand new, and covered an area of around , later extended to over  by Metrovicks. The works had its own railway siding running from Bowesfield Junction to the north east of the works. Initially the factory was used by Metrovicks for steel fabrication work before locomotive manufacture began in 1949.

Locomotives built

Brazil
The first locomotives built at the works were fourteen electric locomotives for the Rede Mineira de Viação railway company of Brazil. They were , Bo-Bo,   gauge locomotives. This was followed by another order for ten similar locomotives for Rede de Viação Paraná-Santa Catarina, Brazil.

Australia
In 1954–55, the works built forty New South Wales 46 class electric locomotives for New South Wales Railways in Australia, along with the forty-eight WAGR X class diesel electric locomotives built for Western Australian Government Railways, during 1953–56.

British Railways
The only locomotives built for British Railways at the works, were the twenty BR Class 28 diesel electrics during 1958–59, and the experimental 25 kV AC locomotive E1000 which was built by converting the gas turbine locomotive 18100. Work commenced in January 1958 when 18100 was brought to Bowesfield Works from storage at Dukinfield Works. The conversion of 18100 involved the removal of the gas turbine unit, generator and the middle traction motor from each bogie, which changed the locomotive from a Co-Co to an A1A-A1A wheel arrangement. The necessary electrical equipment such as the transformer, mercury arc rectifiers and pantograph etc. was installed, with the work completed by October 1958.

National Coal Board
In addition to building mainline locomotives, the works also constructed twelve Metropolitan-Vickers DBF type,  gauge, battery powered under ground mining locomotives for the National Coal Board during 1959.

South Africa
The last locomotives built at the works was a batch of 135, SAR Class 5E1, Series 1 electric, , 3000V d.c., Bo-Bo,  gauge locomotives for South African Railways and Harbours during 1958–60.

Closure
In December 1960, it was announced  that the works  was facing closure due to a lack of orders, and in February 1961, the Metropolitan-Vickers-Beyer Peacock joint company was placed  into voluntary liquidation. The works was closed shortly afterwards and  the workforce made redundant.

The site today
The factory building was taken over by  the Visqueen company, a manufacturer of polythene films, which is now part of the British Polythene Industries group. The factory closed, and from 2011 the site was taken over by Bellway Homes who developed the site as their Queensgate development which features 2,3, and 4 bedroom homes.

See also
Billingham Manufacturing Plant
Darlington Works
Teesside Steelworks
Hopetown Carriage Works
Darlington TMD
Billingham Manufacturing Plant
Teesside Steelworks

Reference sources
 Industrial Railway Record 148, March 1997, article by R.D. Darvill (ISSN 0537-5347)
 Electric Railways 1880-1990 by Michael C. Duffy ()
 Evening Gazette Article http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/teesside-news/2009/12/18/stockton-homes-plan-is-given-the-green-light-84229-25421451/

Chemical plants of the United Kingdom
Engineering companies of the United Kingdom
Locomotive manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Metropolitan-Vickers
Stockton-on-Tees


Domenico Grasso (born 1955) is an American engineer, professor and the sixth chancellor of the University of Michigan–Dearborn. He has previously served as provost of the University of Delaware, vice president for research and dean of two different colleges at the University of Vermont. Grasso is Smith College's Picker Engineering Program's founding director.

Early life and education
Grasso was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, on November 16, 1955, to Ciriaco Grasso, who immigrated from Ariano Irpino (Italy) and Tommasina Grasso who immigrated from Vieste (Italy).

He attended college on an Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps scholarship and holds a Bachelor of Science from Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Master of Science in civil engineering from Purdue University, and a Ph.D. from the University of Michigan.

Grasso is a veteran of the United States Army, serving from 1977 to 1990, and resigned his commission as a major. He received awards that included the Army Service Ribbon, Army Overseas Reserve Components Training Ribbon, Army Commendation Medal and Army Parachutist Badge. He deployed as part of two REFORGERS, Certain Sentinel (1986) and Certain Challenge (1988).

Academic career
Grasso joined the faculty of the University of Connecticut's Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering in 1989. He later served as department head from 1998 to 2000. During 1996, Grasso was a visiting scholar at UC Berkeley.

In 2000, he declined a chair position at Columbia University to become the Smith College's Rosemary Bradford Hewlett Professor, where he became the Picker Engineering Program's first director, the United States' first women's college engineering program. While there, he collaborated with astronaut Sally Ride on TOYChallenge, a nationwide toy design event that encouraged STEM learning for middle school students.

In 2005, Grasso was named the University of Vermont's dean of the College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences and later served as vice president for research and dean of the Graduate College. While at UVM, he established the university-wide Complex Systems Center and initiated efforts to broaden engineering education to more intentionally include the liberal arts and social sciences, including the creation of a B.A. program in engineering and a B.S. in engineering science.

Grasso began his appointment as provost at the University of Delaware in 2013. While in office, he created the Division of Enrollment Management and Institute for Financial Services Analytics. He also played a major role in new university programs in the humanities, arts, social sciences and entrepreneurship.

On February 15, 2018, Grasso was named the University of Michigan–Dearborn's sixth chancellor, beginning August 1, 2018. On February 16, 2023, The Board of Regents voted unanimously to reappoint him to a second term.  He is the first University of Michigan alum to lead the university and is also a professor of public policy and sustainable engineering. In addition to being chief executive officer of the UM-Dearborn campus, he is an executive officer of the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor | Dearborn | Flint).

Among the honors and awards received by Grasso are the AWWA National Doctoral Dissertation Award; being elected Fellow of the Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors; the Association for Environmental Health and Sciences Foundation
Career Achievement Award; the John Cabot University Education Excellence Award; the Robert H. Goddard Alumni Award for Outstanding Professional Achievement, WPI; the Water Environment Federation Disinfection Pioneer Award.

Scholarship and research
Grasso's research focuses on how contaminants change and move in the environment over time, as well as processes to reduce their impacts on nature and human health. He has also written extensively on the intersection of engineering education with the liberal arts and social sciences.

He has authored or co-authored hundreds of journal articles, essays and reports, and was editor-in-chief of the journal Environmental Engineering Science. He is the co-editor and chief contributor to the book Holistic Engineering Education: Beyond Technology (Springer 2010). He has also authored the book Hazardous Waste Site Remediation (Routledge 1993) and co-edited the book Hazardous Waste Management (UNESCO-ELOSS 2009).

Grasso has held a variety of distinguished posts in the environmental engineering and science fields, including fellow on the NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society, technical expert to the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, vice chair of the Science Advisory Board for the United States Environmental Protection Agency and president of the AEESP.

Grasso, a member of a World Bank-funded international team that started the first environmental engineering program in Argentina, also chaired the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine committee that authored Environmental Engineering for the 21st Century: Addressing Grand Challenges and testified before the Congress of the Republic of Peru on sustainable development in Latin America.

Personal life
Grasso is married to the former Susan Jean Hull, a University of Michigan engineering alumna who also has a Ph.D. from the Biden School of Public Policy at the University of Delaware, with whom he has four adult children: Benjamin, Jacob, Elspeth and Caitlin.

References

External links
 UM–Dearborn biography

1955 births
Living people
Purdue University College of Engineering alumni
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
Smith College faculty
University of California, Berkeley staff
University of Vermont faculty
University of Delaware faculty
21st-century American engineers
Fellows of the Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors


"Just Like a Woman" is a 1966 song by Bob Dylan.

Just Like a Woman may also refer to:

, by Gilbert M. Anderson
Just Like a Woman (1912 film)
Just like a Woman (1923 film)
Just like a Woman (1939 film)
Just like a Woman (1967 film)
Just like a Woman (1992 film)
Just like a Woman (2012 film)
Just Like a Woman (Kikki Danielsson album), a 1981 album by Kikki Danielsson
Just Like a Woman (Barb Jungr album), a 2008 album by Barb Jungr


Thomas Sgovio (7 October 1916 – 3 July 1997) was an American artist, ex-Communist, and former inmate of a Soviet Union GULAG camp in Kolyma.  His father was an Italian American communist, deported by the US authorities to the USSR because of his political activities.

Biography
He was born in Buffalo, New York on 7 October 1916.

Sgovio moved to the USSR at the age of 19 with his father Joseph "...who the United States deported as a communist agitator in 1935."  On arrival in the USSR he gave up his US passport. He became disillusioned after three years living in Moscow, tried to reclaim his passport at the US embassy there and was arrested by the NKVD on 12 March 1938 as he left the embassy. After his arrest, he was first taken to Moscow's Lubyanka Prison and later transported to Taganka Prison in a Black Raven. After a perfunctory and routine inquiry in which the Soviet authorities seem mainly to have been concerned with his attendance at the embassy, he was sentenced by a troika of three officials to forced labour as a "socially dangerous element". Some years later Sgovio sought to have his case reviewed; the prosecutor who dealt with the application concluded that, "Sgovio does not deny that he did make an application at the American Embassy.  Therefore I believe that there is no reason to review Sgovio's case.

Sgovio was transported in a prison train to Vladivostok.  Sgovio wrote, "Our train left Moscow on the evening of 24 June. It was the beginning of an eastward journey which was to last a month. I can never forget the moment. Seventy men ... began to cry."  From Vladivostok he was shipped aboard the  to the Kolyma camps.

Within the camps the professional criminal classes were often kept alongside and dominated the other prisoners including the political prisoners.  Tattoos of various types were one of the hallmarks of the professional criminal and as a professional artist, Sgovio became part of the tattoo trade.  For a while Sgovio was also personal orderly to a senior guard in the camp.   At another time he was part of a tree-felling brigade. During the Second World War, Sgovio learned of the conflict in the Pacific when machine parts wrapped in old newspapers arrived in the Gulag having been diverted from the US Lend-Lease program with the USSR.  He witnessed and later wrote about the starvation and deaths of countless Gulag prisoners and victims of the Soviet authorities.

Sgovio survived his ordeal.  After a 16-year sentence in labor camps, he was released but initially had to remain in the USSR where he was stigmatised as a former prisoner.  Eventually he was permitted to return to the United States in 1960.  He related his experiences and the lethal nature of the camps in his memoir, Dear America! Why I Turned Against Communism, published in 1972.

His fate is also recounted in Tim Tzouliadis' book The Forsaken.

See also
 The Forsaken: An American Tragedy in Stalin’s Russia
 The Ghost of the Executed Engineer
 John H. Noble (1923–2007) American survivor of the Gulags
 Alexander Dolgun (1926-1986) survivor of the Soviet Gulag who returned to his native United States.
 Robert Robinson (engineer) (1907-1994) Jamaican-born toolmaker who initially worked in the US auto industry in the United States but spent 44 years in the Soviet Union.
 Victor Herman (1915-1985) Jewish-American initially known as the 'Lindbergh of Russia', who then spent 18 years in the Gulags of Siberia.

Notes

Further reading

 Introduction online

External links
Sgovio family Reference Page
Thomas Sgovio's Prisoner Transport Journeys Map

1916 births
1997 deaths
Prisoners and detainees of the Soviet Union
American people of Italian descent
American expatriates in Russia
American people imprisoned in the Soviet Union
American expatriates in the Soviet Union
American emigrants to the Soviet Union
Foreign Gulag detainees


Isabel (French variation, Isabelle) is a feminine given name. It is also a surname.

Isabel or Isabelle may also refer to:

People
 Isabel, a figure in the Book of Mormon
 Isabel of Gloucester (c. 1173 – 1217)
 Saint Isabelle of France (1225–1270)
 Isabella of Aragon, Queen of France (1247–1271)
 Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Germany (1305–1330)
 Isabel of Majorca (1337–1406)
 Infanta Isabel, Duchess of Burgundy (1397–1471)
 Isabel of Coimbra (1432–1455), Queen Consort of Alphonse V of Portugal
 Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil (1846–1921)
 Isabel Cristina (1962–1982), Brazilian martyr of chastity and blessed
 Isabel Perón (born 1931), president of Argentina
 Thibault Isabel (born 1978), French writer and publisher
 Isabel of Portugal (disambiguation)

Fictional characters
 Isabel (The Office), a character in The Office

Places
 Isabel (crater), a lunar crater

Philippines
 Isabel, Leyte
 Isabel Island (Philippines)

Solomon Islands
 Isabel Province

United States
 Isabel, Illinois
 Isabel, Kansas
 Isabel, North Dakota
 Isabel, South Dakota
 Point Isabel (disambiguation)
 Port Isabel, Texas

Lists of places
 Port Isabel (disambiguation)
 Isabel Island (disambiguation)

Arts, entertainment, media
 Isabel (film), a 1968 Canadian film
 Isabel (TV series), a Spanish historical fiction TV series based upon Queen Isabella I of Castile
 "Isabel" (Il Divo song), a 2005 song by Il Divo from Ancora

Ships
 Isabel (1850 ship), a British Arctic-exploration vessel launched in 1850
 USS Isabel, a 1917 patrol boat in the U.S. Navy during World War I
 USS Falcon (1846) or Isabel, a Mexican gunboat captured by the U.S. Navy in 1846

Other uses
 Isabel (bug), a genus of insects
 Isabel naked-tailed rat, a rodent found in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands

See also

 List of storms named Isabel, several named storms
 Saint Isabel (disambiguation)
 Santa Isabel (disambiguation)

 Queen Isabella (disambiguation)
 Isabela (disambiguation)
 Isabelita (disambiguation)
 Isabella (disambiguation)
 Isabelle (disambiguation)
 Isobel (disambiguation)


Arendal Station () is the terminus railway station of the Arendal Line, located in Arendal, Norway. The station opened on 23 November 1908 and is served by the Go-Ahead Norge.

History

Planning

The decision to build the Arendal–Treungen Line was made by Parliament in 1894, although this did not include which route to follow. In 1902, the Norwegian State Railways made six proposals for a route between Arendal and Solbergvann, each with a slightly different station location within Arendal.

The Strømsbu Line would give a station at Strømsbusletten, the Kittelsbukt Line would give a station at Kittelsbukt, the Barbu Line would give a station at Barbudalen, the Gaardal Line would give a station both at Strømsbubukten and Svinodden, the Langsæ Line would also give a station in Barbudalen, and the Holmesland and Lysgaard Line would give a station in the town center for passengers and port and freight station in Barbudalen and Koviken.

The town is surrounded by several hills, which made it difficult to find an ideal route for the Arendal–Treungen Line into town. The first proposal was to build the station outside the town limits, at Strømsbusletten. This was met by strong local opposition and local politicians quickly demanded that the terminus be located within the town borders. The municipal council hired Engineer Sam Eyde to plan a suitable route into town. He proposed filling in Kittelsbukt, a small bay in the town center, which would place the station next to the town square. The alternative would require  of earthwork and would be 313,000 Norwegian krone (NOK) more expensive than the Stømsbusletten alternative.

A consensus was not reached for any alternative, and when Parliament voted on the proposal on 8 June 1903, no decision was made. Arendal's member of parliament, Johan Frøstrup, supported the Barbudalen alternative. He argued that this would make it easy to expand the line, give good transshipment to ships and be advantageous for future industry. After the parliamentarian rejection, the plans were sent back to the Ministry of Labour. In general, engineers and railway officials supported the Barbudalen alternative, while the town and surrounding area's population wanted Kittelsbukt. In 1904, the ministry supported the latter, but by then there was a majority in the Standing Committee on Railways for the Bardbudalen alternative.

In the meantime, Nikolai Prebensen won the parliamentary election in 1903 largely on the grounds that he supported the Kittelsbukt alternative. At the same time, the municipality had agreed to pay NOK 420,000 in local grants for the line, on condition that a station be built at Kittelsbukt. However, such a location would be NOK 238,000 more expensive than in Barbudalen.

In the proposal to parliament, the ministry presented five alternatives: the Barbu Line with stations in Barbudalen and a freight terminal in Barbubukta; the Strømsbu Line, with stations in Strømsbusletten and the port facilities on Svinodden; an alternative Strømsbu Line with stations in Kittelsbukt and Strømsbusletten with the port facilities at Svinodden; and two Kittelsbukt Line proposals with a station at Kittelsbukt and port facilities at Svinodden, one of which was Eyde's proposal.

Prebensen and Minister Hans Christian Albert Hansen supported the Kittelsbukt alternative, while the railway authorities supported the Barbu alternative. The debate in Parliament took place on 13 May with the voting taking place the following day. First the Kittelsbukt alternative lost with 40 against 77 votes. Then a proposal was made whereby Arendal Municipality would have to cover half the extra cost of a station at Kittelsbukt—52 representatives supported this, 65 opposed it. Finally, the Barbu alternative was unanimously supported.

Construction

The station building and most of the auxiliary buildings were designed in jugendstil by Paul Armin Due, who also designed the stations in Rise, Blakstad and Froland. The station building at Arendal was equipped with a waiting room, a dispatching room and offices in the ground floor and a residential area for the station master in the upper floor. The station also received a freight house, an out building with a workshop, carriage shed, a roundhouse with roof for four locomotives, a coal shed, a turntable and a water tower. NSB also bought a residence for the district manager in 1919, but this was sold after the position was moved to Kristiansand.

The roundhouse began use in 1910 and the workshop in 1912. Following the expansion of the line to Treungen in 1912, the freight house was made  longer, another outhouse was built and the workshop expanded. Two additional tracks were also laid at the station. The original station building had an insufficient foundation, as a log raft had been used. By the late 1920s, the building had sunk . In 1929 and 1930, the station building and the outhouse was demolished and rebuilt with a new foundation, this time using piles to create a deep foundation. The new station building was designed by Gudmund Hoel of NSB Arkitektselskap. It used the old building's materials as much as possible and had the same dimensions.

From 20 October 1935, the narrow gauge track was converted to standard gauge. From 9 November, Arendal Station became a temporary terminus for the Sørland Line, as the line was completed to Nelaug and connected the Arendal Line. While terminus for the Sørland Line, Arendal experienced a larger increase in traffic, as all transport to the South Coast went through the town. On 21 June 1938, the Sørland Line between Nelaug and Grovane opened, and the Arendal Line became a branch.

The turntable had a  radius and was equipped with an electric motor at the end of the 1940s. It later also received a wooden decking which covered the pit. The freight house was rebuilt in 1952 and the tracks around it relaid. However, it was destroyed in a fire on 10 April 1970, caused by a package of firecrackers going off. The building was rebuilt and leased to Linjegods.  After they started using a new building, the freight house was torn down in 1986.

The line was converted to electric traction, which came into use on 15 June 1995. From July 1997, NSB terminated the night train from Arendal because of lack of rolling stock. From 20 October, the service was terminated on the Arendal Line and the Bratsberg Line. NSB had a serious shortage of motormen, and chose to close operations on the lines with least traffic to allocate sufficient personnel to areas with higher ridership. Traffic resumed on 24 June 2001.

References

Bibliography

Notes

Railway stations in Arendal
Railway stations on the Arendal Line
Railway stations opened in 1908
1908 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1900s


Avolution is a global provider of Enterprise Architecture, Enterprise Modeling and Process Modeling software with offices based in Sydney, Singapore, London, Dubai, Washington Metropolitan Area and New Brunswick.  Avolution was spun-out from the University of Technology, Sydney in 2001.

The company's product, ABACUS, is a software package used for Enterprise Architecture (EA), Enterprise Modeling, Process Modeling and Roadmapping and supports over 100 frameworks and notations including TOGAF, ArchiMate, BPMN, UML, UPDM, ITIL, FEAF, Zachman and Frameworx.

The name ABACUS stands for the "Algorithm-Based Analysis, Communication and Understanding of Systems".

See also
 Enterprise Architecture
 Enterprise Modeling
 Process Modeling
 Project Portfolio Management
 Service-Oriented Architecture

References

External links

 YouTube channel
 The Open Group

Enterprise modelling
Software companies of Australia


The 1948 Polish Speedway season was the 1948 season of motorcycle speedway in Poland.

Individual

Polish Individual Speedway Championship
The individual event was cancelled.

Start list
Kraków, October 24

First league
Jan Wąsikowski – PKM Warszawa (35)
Józef Olejniczak – LKM Leszno (32)
Jan Najdrowski – Olimpia Grudziądz (31)
Jerzy Dąbrowski – PKM Warszawa (30)
Alfred Smoczyk – LKM Leszno (29)
Jan Krakowiak – DKS Łódź (28)
Tadeusz Zwoliński – Olimpia Grudziądz (26)
Marian Rejek – KM Ostrów Wlkp. (26)
Tadeusz Kołeczek – Tramwajarz Łódź (25)
Stefan Maciejewski – KM Ostrów Wlkp. (24)
Czesław Szałkowski – Olimpia Grudziądz (24)
Władysław Kamrowski – GKM Gdańsk (21)
Second league
Jerzy Jankowski – Polonia Bytom (35)
Jan Filipczak – Legia Warszawa (26)
Bogusław Osowiecki – Legia Warszawa (25)
Jan Paluch – Polonia Bytom (24)

Points in League events

Team

Team Speedway Polish Championship
The 1948 Team Speedway Polish Championship season was the first season of the contest used to determine the Polish team champions. PKM Warszawa were crowned the first winners of the competition.

Rules

Composition First and Second Leagues were established after qualifications with three rounds. Every team consisted of three riders, but only one were exposed to every round. Every event consisted of 20 races. Score was 4–3–2–1 and 0 it no-completion heat. Engine capacity was not considered.

First, Second and Third League included 9 teams. Matches were played with part three teams. Terms were made up of six drivers plus reserve. Game consisted with 9 races. In one day were played 3 three-cornered matches. For winning match team received 3 points, for second place 2 points and for third 1 point. The drivers with the main squad of a team started in the match three times. The quantity of small points was added up.

First and Second Leagues

Medalists

Third League (Local)
Only teams from Greater Poland (Poznań district) participated in Poznań District League. (Poznańska Liga Okręgowa). ZZK Poznań played only in first round and was replaced by Unia Zielona Góra.

References

Poland Individual and Poland Team
Speedway


October File were a British post-punk band, named after the die Kreuzen album. Their debut album was released in 2004; subsequent releases followed on the labels Golf Records and Candlelight Records. Their music uses elements of punk, hardcore and industrial metal, often with political overtones. Jaz Coleman of Killing Joke guests on 2007's Holy Armour from the Jaws of God. The group was scheduled to tour with Prong in January 2008 but pulled out due to illness. The band toured in February 2010 with American band Fear Factory and British band Sylosis, followed closely by an appearance at Hammerfest II in Prestatyn, Wales on the second stage.  Additionally, the band appeared as themselves in the zombie comedy Zombie Driftwood, set in the Caymen Isles.  The movie soundtrack comprises a selection of heavy metal songs and includes the tracks Falter and Isolation by October File.

The band called it quits on 6 October 2016

Discography
A Long Walk on a Short Pier (Abstract Sounds, 2004)
How to Lose Friends and Alienate People EP (Golf Records, 2004)
Monuments EP(Golf Records, 2005)
Hallowed By Thy Army EP (Candlelight Records, 2006)
Holy Armour from the Jaws of God (Candlelight Records, 2007)
Our Souls to You (Candlelight Records, 2010)
The Application of Loneliness, Ignorance, Misery, Love and Despair – An Introspective of the Human Condition (Candlelight Records, 2014)

References

External links
Official Website
Official Myspace Page
Interview on Musikreviews.de (German)

British heavy metal musical groups
British musical quartets
Candlelight Records artists
Golf Records artists