Omega-3-acid ethyl esters are a mixture of ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid and ethyl docosahexaenoic acid, which are ethyl esters of the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) found in fish oil. Together with dietary changes, they are used to treat high blood triglycerides which may reduce the risk of pancreatitis. They are generally less preferred than statins, and use is not recommended by NHS Scotland as the evidence does not support a decreased risk of heart disease. Omega-3-acid ethyl esters are taken by mouth.

Common side effects include burping, nausea, and an upset abdomen. Serious side effects may include liver problems and anaphylaxis. While use in pregnancy has not been well studied, some omega-3 fatty acids appear beneficial. How it works is not entirely clear.

Omega-3-acid ethyl ester medicines were approved for medical use in the European Union in 2000 and in the United States in 2004. Beyond the branded prescription formulation, it is also available as a generic medication and over the counter. In 2020, it was the 199th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2million prescriptions.

Medical use
Omega-3 acid ethyl esters are used in addition to changes in diet to reduce triglyceride levels in adults with severe (≥ 500 mg/dL) hypertriglyceridemia. In the European Union and other major markets outside the US, omega-3 acid ethyl esters are indicated for hypertriglyceridemia by itself, or in combination with a statin for people with mixed dyslipidemia.

Intake of large doses (2.0 to 4.0 g/day) of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids as prescription drugs or dietary supplements are generally required to achieve significant (> 15%) lowering of triglycerides, and at those doses, the effects can be significant (from 20% to 35% and even up to 45% in individuals with levels greater than 500 mg/dL).  It appears that both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) lower triglycerides, but DHA appears to raise LDL cholesterol  more than EPA, while DHA raises HDL cholesterol while EPA does not.

Other fish-oil based drugs
Other omega-3 fish oil-based prescription drugs on the market have similar uses and mechanisms of action.

 Ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid (Vascepa). EPA-only ethyl esters.
 Omega-3 carboxylic acids (Epanova). This product contains free fatty acids, not ethyl esters. It is currently withdrawn from the market by the manufacturer (AstraZeneca) and is thus unavailable to patients. AstraZeneca voluntarily discontinued Phase III clinical trials for futility.

Dietary supplements
There are many fish oil dietary supplements on the market. There appears to be little difference in effect between dietary supplement and prescription forms of omega-3 fatty acids as to ability to lower triglycerides, but the ethyl ester products work less well when taken on an empty stomach or with a low-fat meal.  The ingredients of dietary supplements are not as carefully controlled as prescription products and have not been tested in clinical trials as such drugs have. Prescription omega-3 products are more concentrated, requiring fewer softgels for the same daily dose.

In people with CKD who require hemodialysis, there is a risk that vascular blockage due to clotting, may prevent dialysis therapy from being possible. Omega-3 fatty acids contribute to the production of eicosanoid molecules that reduce clotting. However, a Cochrane review in 2018 did not find clear evidence that omega-3 supplementation has any impact on the prevention of vascular blockage in people with CKD. There was also moderate certainty that supplementation did not prevent hospitalisation or death within a 12-month period.

Side effects
Special caution should be taken with people who have fish and shellfish allergies. In addition, as with other omega-3 fatty acids, taking omega-3 acid ethyl esters puts people who are on anticoagulants at risk for prolonged bleeding time.

Side effects include stomach ache, burping, and a bad taste; some people on very high doses (8g/day) in clinical trials had atrial fibrillation.

Omega-3 acid ethyl esters have not been tested in pregnant women and are rated pregnancy category C; it is excreted in breast milk and the effects on infants are not known.

Pharmacology
After ingestion, omega-3-acid ethyl esters are metabolized mostly in the liver like other dietary fatty acids.

Mechanism of action
Omega-3-acid ethyl esters, like other omega-3 fatty acid-based drugs, appears to reduce production of triglycerides in the liver and to enhance clearance of triglycerides from circulating very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles. The way it does that is not clear, but potential mechanisms include increased breakdown of fatty acids; inhibition of diglyceride acyltransferase, which is involved in biosynthesis of triglycerides in the liver; and increased activity of lipoprotein lipase in blood. The synthesis of triglycerides is reduced in the liver because EPA and DHA are poor substrates for the enzymes responsible for triglyceride synthesis.

Physical and chemical properties
The active ingredient is concentrated omega-3 acid ethyl esters that are made from fish body oils that are purified and esterified. For the Lovaza product, each 1000 mg softgel capsule contains 840 mg omega-3 fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (460 mg) and docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester (380 mg).

History
Pronova BioPharma ASA had its roots in Norway's codfish liver oil industry. The company was founded in 1991 as a spinout from the JC Martens company, which in turn was founded in 1838 in Bergen, Norway. Pronova developed the concentrated omega-3-acid ethyl esters formulation that is the active pharmaceutical ingredient of Lovaza.

Pronova won approvals to market the drug, called Omacor in Europe (and initially in the US), in several European countries in 2001 after conducting a three and a half year trial in 11,000 subjects; The company partnered with other companies like Pierre Fabre in France. In 2004, Pronova licensed the US and Puerto Rican rights to Reliant Therapeutics, whose business model was in-licensing of cardiovascular drugs. In that same year, Reliant and Pronova won FDA approval for the drug, and it was launched in the US and Europe in 2005. Global sales in 2005 were $144M, and by 2008, they were $778M.  In 2007 GlaxoSmithKline acquired Reliant for $1.65 billion in cash.

In 2009, generic companies Teva Pharmaceuticals and Par Pharmaceutical made clear their intentions to file Abbreviated New Drug Applications ("ANDAs") to bring generics to market, and in April 2009, Pronova sued them from infringing the key US patents covering Lovaza, US 5,656,667 (due to expire in April 2017), US 5,502,077 (exp March 2013). Subsequently, in May 2012, a district court ruled in Pronova's favor, saying that the patents were valid. The generic companies appealed, and in September 2013, the Federal Circuit reversed, saying that because more than one year before Pronova's predecessor company applied for a patent, it had sent samples of the fish oil used in Lovaza to a researcher for testing. This event thus constituted "public use" that invalidated the patent in question. Generic versions of Lovaza were introduced in America in April 2014.

Pronovo has continued to manufacture the ingredients in Lovaza, and in 2012, BASF announced it would acquire Pronova for $844 million. The deal closed in 2013.

Brand names
 Lovaza] (US)/Omacor (Europe). It was approved in the United States in 2004.
 Omtryg is another brand of omega-3-acid ethyl esters developed by Trygg Pharma, Inc. and was approved by the FDA in 2004.
 As of March 2016, there were four additional generic versions.

References

External links

Drugs acting on the cardiovascular system
Fatty acid esters
Fish products
GSK plc brands
Hypolipidemic agents
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate


Milo Township can refer to any of a number of places in the United States.
Milo Township, Bureau County, Illinois
Milo Township, Delaware County, Iowa
Milo Township, Mille Lacs County, Minnesota
Milo, New York, a town in Yates County, New York


Moulin-Neuf (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France. It is about 50 km northeast of Bordeaux.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Joe Earle is an author and curator. He was chair of the Asia, Oceania, and Africa department at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. He served as Vice President and Director for the Japan Society Gallery at Japan Society from 2007-2011.

Biography
Earle was educated at Westminster School and Oxford University, where he took a first in Chinese Language and Literature in 1974 and then joined the Far Eastern Department of the Victoria and Albert Museum, specializing in Japanese art and design. Between 1978 and 1981 he organized the contemporary design exhibition Japan Style and served as a member of the executive and academic committees of the Great Japan Exhibition (Royal Academy of Arts, 1981-2). During the same period he was responsible for the creation of a new temporary gallery of Japanese art at the V & A and an exhibition Modern Japanese Lacquer Art: A Family of Kyoto Craftsmen.

In 1983 he was appointed Keeper of the Far Eastern Department, the youngest person ever to hold such a post in a U.K. national museum, visited Japan for two months as a Japan Foundation Research Fellow and organized an exhibition of contemporary Japanese ceramics from the Kikuchi collection. For the next three years he led the project to establish a major permanent Japanese gallery at the V & A, including fund raising, supervision of design and construction and the writing and editing of the gallery book, Japanese Art and Design. The Toshiba Gallery of Japanese Art opened in December 1986.

In early 1987 he transferred at his own request to the new post of Head of Public Affairs at the V & A. During 1988 and 1989 he became increasingly involved in laying the groundwork for the Japan Festival 1991 and its flagship exhibition Visions of Japan, whose commissioning architect was Arata Isozaki. He left the employment of the museum at the beginning of 1990 and began work as a consultant both to the V & A and to Harrison/Parrott Ltd., one of the managing agents of the Japan Festival. In addition to assuming central responsibility for Visions of Japan, he acted as Exhibitions Coordinator for the whole Japan Festival, helping to fund, organize and find venues for shows including Mingei: The Living Tradition in Japanese Art; Metropolis: Tokyo Design Visions; and an exhibition of contemporary calligraphy at the University of Ulster, Coleraine.

In 1990 he co-organized the exhibition British Design 1790–1990, held at South Coast Plaza, Orange County, California. He was responsible for the 1992–94 European tour of Songs of My People, an exhibition, sponsored by TimeWarner Inc., of photographs of African-American life by African American photojournalists.

In 1997 he assisted the Courtauld Institute Galleries in their negotiations with Nihon Keizai Shimbun Inc. for the loan of impressionist paintings to Japan, curated an exhibition of the works of Shibata Zeshin at the National Museums of Scotland, and started work on a large-scale exhibition of Japanese decorative art of the Meiji period (1868–1912) from the collection of Dr. David Khalili which was shown first in Wilmington, Delaware in 1999 and then, in a revised form and with a new catalogue, at the Portland (Oregon) Museum of Art from June to September 2002. In 2001 he organized a major exhibition of the textile artist and Living National Treasure Serizawa Keisuke held at the National Museums of Scotland as part of the nationwide Japan 2001 season, and completed work on Netsuke: Fantasy and Reality in Japanese Miniature Sculpture which was shown at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston from September 2001 to November 2002.

In February 2002 he was commissioned by Lady Sainsbury to organize an exhibition in Japan of the work of the British contemporary potter Rupert Spira which opened on October 25 2003. Starting April 2002 he was tasked by Museum of Fine Arts, Boston to computer-catalogue the museum’s extensive collection of Japanese metalwork,  and  craftwork, as well as 50,000 pieces of ukiyo-e in the collection which were then made available for viewing on the web.

He also conducted initial research towards a possible exhibition of the ceramics of Tomimoto Kenkichi in the U.K. and U.S. and played a part in preliminary negotiations for the Khalili collection to tour in Japan. From 1998 to 2003 he was consultant to the Japanese Department of Christie, Manson & Woods Ltd. and wrote or edited a substantial part of Christie’s regular London catalogues as well as special catalogues including the Manno Collection (June 2001) and An Important European Collection of Netsuke (November 2001). He was a Trustee of the Design Museum, London from 1987 until 2002 and has been a member of the Advisory Panel of the National Art Collections Fund since 1996. He also served on the Steering Committee of Japan 2001.

In February 2003, Joe Earle was named as first Chair of the Department of Art of Asia, Oceania and Africa at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and took up his post in August of the same year. On September 4, 2007, Joe Earle took the post of Vice-President and Director of the Japan Society Gallery at Japan Society. He retired in 2011.

Articles & publications
Joe Earle has edited, written or contributed to many substantial publications on Japanese art, including:

 An Introduction to Netsuke (1980) (author)
 An Introduction to Japanese Prints (1980) (author)
 Japan Style (1980) (contributor and translator)
 The Great Japan Exhibition (1981) (contributor and editor)
 The Japanese Sword (1983) (translator and editor)
 “Genji Meets Yang Guifei: A Group of Japanese Export Lacquers,” Transactions of the Oriental Ceramic Society (1982 3), 45 75
 “The Taxonomic Obsession: British Collectors and Japanese Objects, 1852 1986,” Burlington Magazine, 1005 (Dec. 1986), 864 73
 Japanese Art and Design (1986) (author and editor)
 The Khalili Collection of Japanese Art: Lacquer (1995) (editor)
 Flower Bronzes of Japan (1995) (author)
 The Index of Inro Artists (1995) (editor)
 The Khalili Collection of Japanese Art: Masterpieces by Shibata Zeshin (1996) (author and editor)
 Shadows and Reflections: Japanese Lacquer Art from the Collection of Edmund J. Lewis (Honolulu, 1996) (author and editor)
 Japanese Inro and Lacquerware from a Private Swedish Collection (London, 1996) (contributor and editor)
 Flowers of the Chisel (London, 1997) (author and editor)
 Miyabi Transformed (London, 1997) (contributor and editor)
 Shibata Zeshin - Masterpieces of Japanese Lacquer from the Khalili Collection (London, 1997) (author)
 The Robert S. Huthart Collection of Non-Iwami Netsuke (London, 1998) (contributor and editor)
 Splendors of Meiji: Treasures of Imperial Japan, Masterpieces from the Khalili Collection (Wilmington, Delaware, 1999) (author)
 Infinite Spaces: The Art and Wisdom of the Japanese Garden (translations from the 11th-century Sakuteiki) (London, 2000) (author)
 Japanese Lacquer: The Chiddingstone Castle Collection (London, 2000) (author)
 The Robert S. Huthart Collection of Iwami Netsuke (Hong Kong, 2000) (author)
 Serizawa: Master of Japanese Textile Design (Sendai, 2001) (editor and translator)
 Netsuke: Fantasy and Reality in Japanese Miniature Sculpture (Boston, 2001) (author)
 Scooping The Clouds: Seven Centuries of Ink Painting (London, 2001) (compiler and author)
 Genji and Ōmi: Imperial Album Painting (London, 2001) (compiler and author)
 “Japanese Bronzes of the Early Meiji Period (1868–1912): Meaning and Motivation,” Apollo, vol. 154, no. 477 (Nov. 2001), pp. 36–41 (author)
 Splendors of Imperial Japan: Arts of the Meiji Period from the Khalili Collection (London, 2002) (author)
 Netsuke and Inrō from European Collections (London, 2002) (author)
 “Marketing the Marvellous: The Promotion of Textiles and Ceramics in the Later Meiji Era,” Orientations, 33/7 (Sept. 2002), pp. 63–70 (author)
 Lethal Elegance: The Art of Samurai Sword Fittings (Boston, 2004) (author)
 Contemporary Clay: Japanese Ceramics for the New Century (Boston, 2005) (author)
 Arts of Japan: The John C. Weber Collection (Berlin, 2006) (contributor)
 Zeshin: The Catherine and Thomas Edson Collection, San Antonio, 2007) (contributor)
 New Bamboo: Contemporary Japanese Masters (New York, 2008) (author)
 Buriki: Japanese Tin Toys from the Golden Age of the American Automobile (New York, 2009) (author)
 Serizawa: Master of Japanese Textile Design (New Haven, 2009) (editor and translator)
 "Melk's Golden Acres," by Nobuko Takagi, in Speculative Japan (Fukuoka, 2011) (translator, under the nom de plume Dink Tanaka)
 “Kurafuto, 'Good Design,' Sake, and Soy Sauce: Consumer Ceramics in Postwar Japan,” in Birds of Dawn: Pioneers of Japan's Sôdeisha Ceramic Movement (New York, 2011) (author)
 “Japanese Contemporary Art in the Heisei Era,” by Tetsuya Ozaki, in Bye Bye Kitty!!! Between Heaven and Hell in Contemporary Japanese Art (New Haven, 2011) (translator)
 Fiber Futures: Japan's Textile Pioneers (New York, 2011) (author and translator)

References

External links
Japan Society

alumni of the University of Oxford
year of birth missing (living people)
living people
British curators


Peaceful penetration was an infantry tactic used toward the end of the First World War by Australian troops, a cross between trench raiding and patrolling. The aim was similar to trench raiding (namely, to gather prisoners, conduct reconnaissance, and to dominate no man's land), with the additional purpose to occupy the enemy's outpost line (and so capture ground).

The term came most directly  from the pre-war British press's description of the advancing penetration of German trade into the British Empire as "peaceful penetration".

Description

Development
In mid-1918, with the ending of the German spring offensive, the Australian troops started to conduct offensive patrols into no man's land. As the front lines after the Spring Offensive lacked fortifications and were non-continuous, it was discovered that the patrols could infiltrate the German outpost line and approach the outposts from behind. In this manner, the outposts could be taken quickly, and with minimal force. This tactic was first reported as being used on 5 April 1918 by the Australian 58th Battalion, 15th Brigade, 5th Division. However, within a few weeks all five of the Australian divisions were using the tactic, with some units using the tactic more than others (for example, the 3rd Division conducted the tactic on three out of every five days in April). In some units, it was treated as a competition, with companies of the 41st Battalion competing to see who could capture the most prisoners.

A similar tactic was used in Messines in 1917, referred to as "prospecting". Likewise, an earlier trench raid was made near Messines on 16 November 1915 by the Canadians.

Effect on German morale
The effect on German morale was quite pronounced, with the effect of peaceful penetration being noticed by both the Allies and Germans. The chief of staff of the German 2nd Army issued the following report on 13 July 1918:

A captured German soldier is reported as saying:

General Herbert Plumer, commander of the British 2nd Army, stated:

Advancement of lines
As ground was continually being captured on an ongoing basis by the use of peaceful penetration, the front lines were constantly being advanced. After the Battle of Hamel, a second battle was ordered by Field Marshal Douglas Haig on 11 July to attack the Villers-Bretonneux Plateau. However, barely had the planning started, when it was realised that the area (a frontage of , to a depth of ) had already been captured by two brigades through peaceful penetration.  In addition, the 3rd Division forced the German front line back a mile at Morlancourt.

Requirements
Peaceful penetration relied on the patrols infiltrating the German outposts, and approaching them from behind. As a result, one of the main requirements for successful peaceful penetration is that the terrain provide good cover (e.g. covered approaches such as ditches), or have enough ground cover (trees, grasses, etc.). As a result, it was only after the German Spring Offensive forced the Allies out of the previously fought over terrain into terrain that had not been damaged by artillery that peaceful penetration became feasible.

As peaceful penetration worked best when the patrols approached the outposts from behind, a lack of continuous fortifications (trenches and wire emplacements) was also required for successful peaceful penetration. As a result, this tactic was limited to areas where there was a lack of well established defences. The last requirement for successful peaceful penetration is that the patrolling troops needed to have an aggressive "spirit", or elan, to display large amounts of initiative (as the patrols would often have fewer than a dozen members) and possess great daring (as it was not uncommon for single Australian soldiers to attack, successfully, outposts containing half a dozen German soldiers). Similarly, the tactic worked best when the German soldiers were more likely to surrender than fight when attacked.

Example of peaceful penetration
An example of peaceful penetration is a series of patrols carried out on 11 July 1918 that were led by lieutenants CR Morley and GE Gaskell (each patrol totalling just four men).  The patrol led by Lieutenant Gaskell captured 32 Germans and three machine guns. The patrol led by Lieutenant Morley captured 36 Germans and four machine guns. As a result of leading these patrols, both lieutenants Gaskell and Morley were awarded Military Crosses, and others on the patrols received Distinguished Conduct Medals.  As noted in the 1st Battalion War Diary:

Notes

References

External links

Assault tactics
Military history of Australia during World War I
Trench warfare


Tersanne () is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Plaisance (; ) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Teyssières () is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Nick Percival is a British graphic artist and graphic novelist primarily known for his published comic book, concept artwork and career in computer animation directing.

Biography
Percival's first published work was in the monthly British comic Judge Dredd Megazine with a horror 'strange cases' tale written by Dave Stone. After several similar stories in the Megazine, he then went on to paint a nine-part story set in Judge Dredd's world in the Cursed Earth with the series Sleeze 'n' Ryder, where Nick worked with acclaimed writer Garth Ennis.

The pair would later work together again for the British weekly comic 2000 AD on the Judge Dredd epic "Goodnight Kiss", another tale set in the radioactive wasteland of the Cursed Earth, where Judge Dredd is hunted by the assassin Jonni Kiss and the mutant Brotherhood of Marshalls.

Percival also painted the Sláine story "King of Hearts" for 2000 AD, where he worked with the co-creator of 2000 AD, Pat Mills.

Aside from his 2000 AD work on various stories and painted covers, including a Dredd one-off story "Crime Prevention" with acclaimed comic book author Mark Millar, Percival has also produced work for Marvel Comics, MTV, Wizards of the Coast, Upper Deck Entertainment, Boom! Studios, IDW Publishing, Electronic Arts, Sony, Warner Bros., Activision, Atari, Sci Fi Channel, History Channel, Microsoft, and Fantasy Flight Games.

He also became prolific in the video game and animation industries where he ran an animation studio in the UK. He directed computer generated cut-scenes for video game such as Men in Black II: Alien Escape, Z: Steel Soldiers, Carmageddon TDR 2000, and the Games Workshop licensed video game of Gorkamorka. His company also developed their own computer generated short films and Percival presented one of these successfully at the Cartoon Movie Festival 2002 in Berlin.

Percival is the author and illustrator of Legends: The Enchanted, an original graphic novel, to be adapted into a feature film by Ron Howard's Imagine Entertainment. Legends: The Enchanted won the HorrorNews Net award for Best Original Graphic Novel 2010. and was nominated for an Eagle Award for Favourite Single Story 2010.

In 2015, Percival won the 13th Annual Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Award for Best Cover Art for his painted Nightbreed cover for Fangoria magazine.

Percival's poster artwork for the independent horror film Female Werewolf won the Fantastic Cinema Excellence in Poster Design Award 2016.

In 2017, he won the Horror News Network's Comic Award for Best Cover Artwork of 2017 for the comic book Hook Jaw.

More recently, Percival has been painting the continuing saga of Judge Dredd's most famous nemesis, Judge Death and the Dark Judges, with the Dark Justice: Dominion and The Torture Garden series.

Percival has since completed four series in the Dark Judges saga for 2000AD and continues to illustrate Judge Dredd.

Bibliography

Comics
Interior comics artwork includes:

Strange Cases:
 "Monsters" (with writer Dave Stone, in Judge Dredd Megazine vol. 1 #18, 1992)
 "The Great Outdoors" (with writer Nicholas Barber, in Judge Dredd Megazine vol. 1 #19, 1992)
 "Where the Heart is!" (with writer Nicholas Barber, in Judge Dredd Mega Special, 1992)
Sleeze 'n' Ryder (with writer Garth Ennis, in Judge Dredd Megazine vol. 2 #19-26, 1993)
Brit-Cit Brute (with writer Robbie Morrison):
 "Brit-Cit Brute" (in Judge Dredd Megazine vol. 2 #31-33, 1993)
 "Trilogy" (in Judge Dredd Megazine vol. 3 #60, 1994)
 The Clown Book 2 (with writer Igor Goldkind and Robert Bliss in 2000 AD #886, 1994)
 Judge Dredd:
 "Judge Dredd: Crime Prevention" (with writer Mark Millar in 2000 AD #872, 1994)
 "Judge Dredd: Goodnight Kiss" (with writer Garth Ennis, in 2000 AD #940-948, 1995, collected in tpb Goodnight Kiss, 2001, )
 "Judge Dredd: When Judges Go Bad" (2012, US trade paperback collecting early Judge Dredd work. )
 "Judge Dredd: The Complete Case Files" Volume 20 (2013, UK trade paperback collecting early Judge Dredd work. )
 "Judge Dredd: The Complete Case Files" Volume 23 (2014, UK trade paperback collecting Judge Dredd: Goodnight Kiss.  )
 "Judge Dredd: Trauma Town" (with writer Michael Carroll in 2000 AD #1883-1887, 2014)
 "Judge Dredd: The Mega Collection" #7, 22, 68 (Hachette, 2015, 2016, 2017)
 "Judge Dredd: The Gyre" (with writer Michael Carroll in Judge Dredd Megazine #368-370, 2016)
 "Judge Dredd: The Harvest" (with writer Michael Carroll in 2000 AD #2158-2161, 2019)
 "Judge Dredd: The House On Bleaker Street" (with writer Kenneth Niemand in 2000 AD #2247-2249, 2021)
 "Judge Dredd: Return To Billy Carter" (with writer Kenneth Niemand in Judge Dredd Megazine #460, 2023)
 "Judge Dredd: The Darkest Judge" (2023, UK trade hardcover  )
Vector 13: "Case Five: Shadrach" (with writer Dan Abnett, in 2000 AD #969, 1995)
Marvel:Portraits of a Universe #1: (Hulk vs Thor interior painting for Marvel Comics, 1995)
 Sláine: "King of Hearts" (with writer Pat Mills, in 2000 AD #1033-1039, 1997, collected in a European Hardback volume, 1998)
 Slaine: "Demon Killer" (with writer Pat Mills, trade paperback, 2010, )
 Slaine: "The Grail War" (with writer Pat Mills, trade paperback, 2013, )
 Slaine: "2000AD The Ultimate Collection" Slaine Volume 5, trade hardback, 2019
 Dead of Night: Featuring Man-Thing (with writer Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa, 4-issue mini-series, Marvel Comics, 2008, trade paperback, )
 Legends: The Enchanted (script and art, original hardcover graphic novel, Radical Comics, 2010, )
 Legends: The Enchanted #0 (script and art, Radical Comics, 2010)
 Mean Machine Angel: Tales from the Black Museum (with writer Michael Carroll, in Judge Dredd Megazine #358, 2015)
 Dark Souls: Legends of the Flame #1: The Labyrinth (with writer Dan Watters, Titan Comics, 2016)
 Dark Souls: Legends of the Flame #2: Action Replay (with writer George Mann, Titan Comics, 2016)
 Hellraiser: Anthology Volume 1, 2 (Seraphim Comics, 2017)
 Dark Judges: Dominion (with writer John Wagner, in Judge Dredd Megazine #386-391, 2017)
 Dark Judges: The Torture Garden (with writer David Hine, in Judge Dredd Megazine #400-409, 2018, 2019)
 Dark Judges: Deliverance (with writer David Hine, in Judge Dredd Megazine #424-433, 2020, 2021)
 Dark Judges: Death Metal Planet (with writer David Hine, in Judge Dredd Megazine #449-458, 2022, 2023)
 Dark Justice: Dominion (with writer John Wagner, hardcover collection, 2018, )
 Dark Justice: The Torture Garden (with writer David Hine, hardcover collection, 2021)
 Dark Justice: Dominion: "2000AD The Ultimate Collection" Volume 94, trade hardback, 2021)

Covers
Cover artwork includes:
 2000AD #872, 881, 948, 962, 1410, 1472, 1494, 1507, 1545, 1568, 1582, 1601, 1647, 1708, 1723, 1756, 1806, 1827, 1883, 1887, 1901, 1923, 2068, 2158, 2160, 2247
 Classic 2000AD #2
 Complete Judge Dredd #34, 36
 Overkill #41, 49 (Marvel Comics, 1994)
 Punisher Kills the Marvel Universe (Marvel Comics, 1995)
 Untamed (Boom! Studios, 2008)
 Fall of Cthulhu: Godwar #2 (Boom! Studios, 2008)
 Marshal Law: Origins (Titan Books, 2008, )
 City of Dust #5 (Radical Comics, 2008)
 Clown Tales #1-2 (Boom! Studios, 2009)
 Hack/Slash #26 (Devil's Due Publishing, 2009)
 Stronghold (Abaddon Books, 2010)
 Legends: The Enchanted (Radical Publishing, 2010)
 Chiaroscuro Collected edition. Judge Dredd Megazine #303 (Rebellion, 2010)
 Clive Barker's Hellraiser #1-20 (Boom! Studios, 2011, 2012)
 Clive Barker's Hellraiser Vol.2 Trade Paperback (Boom! Studios, 2012)
 Clive Barker's Hellraiser: The Dark Watch Vol.3 Trade Paperback (Boom! Studios, 2014)
 Clive Barker's Hellraiser Annual #1 (Boom! Studios, 2012)
 Clive Barker's Hellraiser: The Road Below #1-4 (Boom! Studios, 2012, 2013)
 Clive Barker's Hellraiser: The Dark Watch #1, 2, 3 (Boom! Studios, 2013)
 Fangoria #303, 304, 330, 338
 H.P. Lovecraft's: The Dunwich Horror #1-4 (IDW Publishing, 2011, 2012)
 Mars Attacks #9 (IDW Publishing, 2013)
 The X-Files #4 (IDW Publishing, 2013)
 Slaine pin-up artwork, 2000AD #1848
 Judge Dredd Megazine #358, 368, 370, 386, 389, 401, 405, 409, 425, 427, 430, 433, 448, 449, 453, 456, 458
 Judge Dredd #2, 3, 4 (IDW Publishing, 2013)
 Judge Dredd: Mega-City Two #1 (IDW Publishing, 2014)
 Judge Dredd Vol 2 #5 (IDW Publishing, 2016)
 Judge Dredd: Blessed Earth #7 (IDW Publishing, 2017)
 Anderson: Psi Division #3 (IDW Publishing, 2014)
 John Carpenter's Asylum #9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 (Storm King Productions, 2014, 2015)
 The New York Ripper Original Soundtrack Album cover (Death Waltz Recording, 2013)
 Silent Night, Deadly Night Original Soundtrack Album cover (Death Waltz Recording, 2014)
 Christmas Evil Original Soundtrack Album cover (Death Waltz Recording, 2014)
 The Grievous Journey of Ichabod Azrael #2 (Rebellion, 2015)
 Society Blu-ray box art (Arrow Films, 2015)
 Aliens vs Zombies #1 (Zenescope Entertainment, 2015)
 Lobster Random Collected edition. Judge Dredd Megazine #363 (Rebellion, 2015)
 Inferno #1 (Zenescope Entertainment, 2015)
 Dark Souls: Legends of the Flame #1, 2, 4 (Titan Comics, 2016, 2017)
 Dark Souls: Winter's Spite #1, 2 (Titan Comics, 2016)
 Dark Souls: Tales of Ember #1, 2 (Titan Comics, 2017)
 Dark Souls: Omnibus (Titan Books, 2018)
 Assassin's Creed #13, (Titan Comics, 2016)
 Dead Signal Collected edition. Judge Dredd Megazine #383 (Rebellion, 2017)
 Warhammer 40,000 #1, 2, 3, 4, 7 (Titan Comics, 2016, 2017)
 Warhammer 40,000: Deathwatch the Lost Sons #2, 3 (Titan Comics, 2018)
 Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War III #3, 4 (Titan Comics, 2017)
 The Chimera Brigade #1, 4, 6 (Titan Comics, 2016, 2017)
 ROM #5 (IDW Publishing, 2016)
 World War X #1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (Titan Comics, 2016, 2017)
 The Guyver Blu-ray box art (Arrow Films, 2016)
 Torchwood #2.1 (Titan Comics, 2016)
 Masked: Anomalies #2 (Titan Comics, 2016)
 Samurai: Brothers in arms #4, 5 (Titan Comics, 2017)
 KHAAL #1, 2, 3, 4 (Titan Comics, 2017)
 Forever War #1, 3, 4, 6 (Titan Comics, 2017)
 Rivers of London #5 (Titan Comics, 2017)
 Hook Jaw #3, 5 (Titan Comics, 2017)
 The Mummy #4 (Titan Comics, 2017)
 Highlander #5 (IDW Publishing, 2017)
 Penny Dreadful Vol 2 #2, 6 (Titan Comics, 2017)
 Little Nightmares #1 (Titan Comics, 2017)
 Tekken #1 (Titan Comics, 2017)
 John Carpenter's Tales of Science Fiction: The Vault #1 (Storm King Productions, 2017)
 John Carpenter's Tales of Science Fiction: Vortex #1 (Storm King Productions, 2017)
 Penny Dreadful Vol 2: The Beauteous Evil (Titan Comics, 2018)
 Bloodborne #1 (Titan Comics, 2018)
 Imaginary Forces #1 (2018)
 The 77 Comic #1 (2020)
 Robin Hood: The Legend of Sherwood (Shift Magazine Presents, 2022)
 Conan the Barbarian #4 (Titan Comics, 2023)

Other
Other illustration work includes:
 B12 - Electro Soma CD cover and interior artwork (Warp Records, 1993)
 Fallout 2 Official promotional artwork (Interplay, 1998)
 Dungeons & Dragons: Races of Eberron: (Interior Artist for Wizards of the Coast, 2006, )
  The Art of H.P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos: (Interior Artist for Fantasy Flight Games, 2007, )
 Scrye Magazine #102-105: (FW Publications, 2006, 2007)
  Fantasy Art Magazine (Cover and Interiors, 2007)
  2D Artist Magazine (Interiors and Feature, 2008)
 Shakara: The Avenger (2000AD/Rebellion, 2009)
 Magic: The Gathering: (Artist on Set 9, 10, Coldsnap, Ravinca, Guildpact, Dissension)
 Magic: The Gathering: Commander Anthology, 2017
 Magic: The Gathering: Iconic Masters, 2017
 World of Warcraft: (Artist on Set 8 Fields of Strife, Set 9 Fields of Honor, Set 10)
 Call of Cthulhu: The Card Game: (Artist on Core Set F63)
 Anachronism:  (Artist on Set 6)
 Nikolai Dante - Hero of the Revolution (2000AD/Rebellion, 2011)
  The Zombook (Graffito Books Ltd, 2012, )
  The Art of BOOM! Studios: (BOOM! Studios, 2012, )
  Comic Heroes Magazine Vol 1 #18: Feature artwork (Future Publishing, 2013)
 Indigo Prime - Anthropocalypse (2000AD/Rebellion, 2013)
  The Book of Scars - 30 Years of Slaine (2000AD/Rebellion, 2013, )
  2000AD Winter Special 2014 2000AD Zombies pin-up artwork (2000AD/Rebellion, 2014)
  Queen of Blood (Film poster, 2014)
  Female Werewolf (Film poster, 2015)
  Girl With A Straight Razor (Film poster, 2020)
 Defoe: 1666 (2000AD/Rebellion, 2016)
  The Grievous Journey of Ichabod Azrael (2000AD/Rebellion, 2016)
 FANGORIA: Cover to Cover (Cemetery Dance Publications, 2015, )
  Voices of the Damned Interior artwork (SST Publications, 2015, )
 John Carpenter's Tales for a Halloween Night Volume 2 (Storm King Productions, 2016, )
 John Carpenter's Tales for a Halloween Night Volume 3 (Storm King Productions, 2017)
 John Carpenter's Tales for a Halloween Night Volume 4 (Storm King Productions, 2018)
 John Carpenter's Tales for a Halloween Night Volume 5 (Storm King Productions, 2019)
 John Carpenter's Tales for a Halloween Night Volume 6 (Storm King Productions, 2020)
 John Carpenter's Tales for a Halloween Night Volume 7 (Storm King Productions, 2021)
 John Carpenter's Tales for a Halloween Night Volume 8 (Storm King Productions, 2022)
 John Carpenter's Tales for a Halloween Night Volume 9 (Storm King Productions, 2023)
 Kustom Art Magazine #8 (Cover and Feature, 2016)
 Hellraiser: Blind Sadist (Seraphim Films, 2017)
 Hellraiser: The Watchers (Seraphim Films, 2017)
 Hellraiser: Nameless (Seraphim Films, 2017)
 Clive Barker: Hellraiser: Omnibus Vol 1 (BOOM! Studios, 2017)
 Clive Barker: Hellraiser: Omnibus Vol 2 (BOOM! Studios, 2018)
 Hellraiser: Anthology Vol 1 (Seraphim Comics, 2016)
 Hellraiser: Anthology Vol 2 (Seraphim Comics, 2017)
  Blood Dynasty (Film poster, 2017)
 Hook Jaw: Volume 1 (Titan Books, 2017)
 Dark Souls: The Covers Collection (Titan Books, 2018)
 Dark Souls: Omnibus (Titan Books, 2018)
 Dark Souls: The Complete Collection (Titan Books, 2021)
 Penny Dreadful: The Comic Covers Collection (Titan Books, 2018)
 Delirium Magazine #25 (Interview and Feature, Full Moon Features, 2021)
 2000AD: Covers Uncovered 2021 (2000AD/Rebellion, 2021)
 The Wrong Man (Musical release by Ross Golan. Poster artwork, 2022)
 Halftone Horrors: The History of Horror Movie Comic Books (Horrorhound, 2022)
 A Christmas Carol: The Shift Illustrated Edition (Shift Publishing, 2022)

Notes

References

Nick Percival at Barney
Nick Percival at Lambiek's Comiclopedia
Nick Percival at the RPG DB

Interviews

British graphic designers
British graphic novelists
Game artists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


La Touche (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Les Tourrettes (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Treschenu-Creyers (Vivaro-Alpine: Treschanuts e Creiers) is a former commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Châtillon-en-Diois.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department
Parc naturel régional du Vercors

References

Former communes of Drôme


Barrow boy is a British expression with two meanings, occupational and social. Street traders since the 19th century (and perhaps earlier) sold seasonal goods (especially vegetables) from two-wheeled barrows. London street traders were called costermongers (from costard, the mediaeval word for apple) and more generally barrow boys, since anything could be sold from a barrow (including clothes, crockery, etc.)

London's banks and investment brokerages were, since their foundation, privileged enclaves of wealth and high social standing. After modernisation in the 1980s they ceased to be preserves of class privilege, and Cockneys of proven ability were employed as traders; such staff might be sneered at as "barrow boys" by traditionalist bankers or brokers.

In British mountain rescue terminology, a barrow boy is the person who guides a stretcher during a crag (steep rugged mass of rock) rescue. Conventionally there are two barrow boys, one at each end of a horizontal stretcher (though it may be vertical) which may contain a casualty. The barrow boys may operate on fixed or moving ropes, and guide the progress of the stretcher to safer ground.

In more generic terms, a Barrow boy may also refer to a boy from a place called Barrow.

See also
Mountain rescue in England and Wales
Costermonger

References

Fire and rescue services of England
Mountain rescue


Triors is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Craig Harrison may refer to:
Craig Harrison (British Army soldier) (born 1975), British Army sniper
Craig Harrison (footballer) (born 1977), English football defender
Craig Harrison (writer) (born 1942), lecturer, author, playwright and scriptwriter
Craig Harrison (Neighbours), fictional character on the Australian soap opera Neighbours


Truinas is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Brian Lester Bohrer (born August 15, 1960) is a pastor and author.

History

Brian L. Bohrer was born in Grand Forks, North Dakota, on a military base. His father was in the United States Air Force and was from Paw Paw, West Virginia. His mother was from Magnolia, Arkansas.

He was led to the Lord in 1967 at a community park in Bossier City, Louisiana by a group called “Child Evangelism Fellowship” while his family was stationed at Barksdale Air Force Base, in Bossier City, LA, a neighboring city to Shreveport, Louisiana.

As a child, he was sick and delusional at night time. He would wander through his house in trance like state acting like a monkey in a panicked state of mind. During this time, at his elementary school he was attending special learning classes. His family and took him to a Kathryn Kuhlman meeting at Tulsa Civic Center in Tulsa, Oklahoma.  In his book, Winning On the Inside, claims he was healed at that meeting.

Although he had never meet Mrs. Kuhlman he often cited that she, Oral Roberts, and Kenneth E. Hagin were the greatest influences upon his life.

Brian Bohrer currently resides in Washington, Missouri and pastors Living Bread Church which has recently celebrated 30 years in the ministry. He has organized outreaches in the local community that have reached the attention of The Washington Missourian.

Ministry and Theology

Brian Bohrer attended Midwest Bible Institute in Houston, TX and is a graduate of RHEMA Bible Training Center of Broken Arrow, OK. which was founded by Kenneth E. Hagin. He holds a Bachelor of Arts in Christian Ministry from ICIB College, Alexandria, LA.

He has been a pastor and a traveling minister for more than 31 years, preaching his first sermon in November 1978 at Midwest Bible Institute.

His teaching is similar in many respects to the Word of Faith doctrine, with a particular emphasis on healing and victorious living.

Those of the Word of Faith movement that he associates with are, Jesse Duplantis, Mark Hankins, Kenneth Copeland, Crelfo Dollar, Joseph Prince, Joel Osteen, and the Trinity Broadcasting Network.

Achievements
He had a radio broadcast on KXEN 1010 AM Radio
Brian Bohrer is an affiliate minister on cfaith.com, an ISP and online media content provider. His articles and sermons have been featured in Cfaith's online magazine 12 times. (requires subscription to view actual content)
Speaker at Kenneth Hagin Jr.'s "A Call to Arms Men's Conference" in November 2006 and quoted in the February, 2007 edition of the Word of Faith Magazine (page 17).
Guest minister on Trinity Broadcasting Network alongside Jesse Duplantis who is a close and longtime friend.
Brian has written articles that have been featured in such magazines as: New Man eMagazine on the subject of “Healing the Cheating Heart” – a Strang Communications in Vol. 12 Number 24; June 12, 2008 an outreach of Charisma (magazine). Connections Magazine on the subject of, “Pornography,” – a ministry of Kenneth Hagin Ministries;  Vol. spring/summer 2009.
Guest speaker in 2011 at the Governor's Mansion of Arkansas, alongside Governor Mike Beebe on behalf of the Arkansas Ovarian Cancer Coalition.

Articles by Bohrer
The Virgin Birth, The Washington Missourian (2002)

Books by Bohrer

Eye-Wired Men: What Every Man Needs To Know About Himself (2008),
Forgiveness: 31 Days to Freedom (2000),
Think One Can: Taking Control of Your Life By Taking Control of Your Attitude (2008),
Winning On the Inside: Living Beyond Yesterday (1999, 2nd print 2009),
Wisdom & Money Workshop – Debt Free & Loving It! (2005),
Word Therapy : The creative power of your words, (2004),
Discover Your Identity: Who You Are and What You Have In Christ, (2002),

References

People from Grand Forks, North Dakota
1960 births
Living people
People from Washington, Missouri


Otto Glöckel (8 February 1874 in Pottendorf, Lower Austria – 23 July 1935 in Vienna) social-democratic politician and school-reformer during the First Austrian Republic. First Minister of Education during the First Austrian Republic from April 1919 to October 1920.

After training as a teacher, Glöckel started work as a teacher in Schmelz, Vienna. In 1894 he joined the Austrian Social Democratic Party.

Otto Glöckel's Achievements:

 Women were granted the right to enter university.
 Religious education was no longer compulsory ("Glöckel Erlass", 10th of April 1919)
 Schools started to be organized in a democratic way (introduction of form and school representatives (??))
 The first comprehensive schools were established in Austria

Glöckel developed a collaborative relationship with the Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsmuseum.

References

1874 births
1935 deaths
Austrian prisoners and detainees
People from Baden District, Austria
Social Democratic Party of Austria politicians
Government ministers of Austria
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1907–1911)
Members of the Austrian House of Deputies (1911–1918)
Members of the Provisional National Assembly
Members of the Constituent National Assembly (Austria)
Members of the National Council (Austria)

Prisoners and detainees of Austria


Upie () is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Snartemo Station () is a railway station of the Sørlandet Line situated in the village of Snartemo in Hægebostad municipality in Agder county, Norway. Located  from Oslo Central Station, the station is situated on a  embankment between the Hægebostad Tunnel and the Kvineshei Tunnel.

Snartemo is served by long-distance trains operated by Go-Ahead Norge. In addition to intercity services to Oslo and Stavanger, the eight daily trains in each direction serve as a commuter link to Kristiansand. The station features two side platforms and a station building designed by Gudmund Hoel.

The station was opened on 17 December 1943 as part of the segment of the Sørlandet Line between Kristiasand and Sira. The line past the station was electrified from 18 February 1944 and the station automated in 1969. The station has been unmanned since 1997. It received a renovation and new platform in 2009. Snartemo had 30,600 passengers in 2008.

History
Work on the Sørlandet Line through Hægebostad commenced in 1934 with work on the Hægebostad Tunnel. Unlike some of the other tunnels on the line, it was built by hand. The Kvineshei tunnel was drilled with machines, and these took over the last work on the Hægebostad Tunnel. The earthwork from the tunnels was used to build an embankment through Lyngdalen at Snartemo, on which the line and station was placed.

Snartemo Station was built during the Second World War under the German-administrated expansion of the Sørlandet Line west of Kristiansand. The station building was completed in 1942. It was originally proposed to be named Hægebostad, but this was changed to Snartemo. Irregular revenue traffic commenced on the line on 17 December 1943 and the station became operative from the same day. Electric traction was introduced on 18 February 1944, ahead of ordinary traffic commencing on 1 March 1944.

The station building annex was extended in 1964 to make way for a restaurant. The former telegraph room was converted to a kitchen and parts of the extension were converted to a staff room. An interlocking system became operational on 17 July 1969, allowing the station to become remotely controlled from 19 August 1969. The technical room for the interlocking was installed in the basement. The station retained ticket sales and in 1981 the staff room was renovated. The station became unmanned from 1 February 1997.

The short platforms have caused the Norwegian Railway Authority to demand that they be lengthened with 2019, or the station closed. The National Rail Administration determined in 2009 that Snartesmo would be one of eighteen prioritized stations which would have their platforms lengthened and heightened the same year. The work was completed in early 2010.

Facilities

Snartemo Station is a station on the Sørlandet Line, located  from Oslo Central Station at an elevation of  above mean sea level. The line runs through the valley on an embankment, about  long, about  tall and up to  wide. Just west of the station there is a  bridge across the river Lygna. The embankment runs between the Hægebostad Tunnel to the east and Kvineshei Tunnel to the west. These tunnels are  and  in length, respectively, and the fifth and fourth-longest railway tunnels on the railway network in Norway.

The station features a  passing loop. There is a main side platform serving track 1, which is  long and  tall, and a  long and  long and  tall island platform serving track 2. Most trains stop at track 1, and only when trains meet at Snartemo is track 2 in use.

Like the other stations along the Sørlandet Line, the station building received a standardized design. It was built in the overall Neoclassical architecture style adapted in the 1920s. By the 1940s the designs had been altered to include elements of functionalism. The station was designed by Gudmund Hoel at NSB Arkitektkontor. The yellow  building is wooden with a concrete foundation. It has siding in asbestos cement and a gable roof. The building consists of a main section, where the lower story originally featured a ticketing and waiting room, and an upper story with the station master's residence. Originally there was a gabled annex situated perpendicular to the main section. Since 1964 this has been lengthened and a second annex is located on the other side of the main section. The annex, which has wooden siding, was allocated cargo handling and a restaurant.

The station complex included two additional  residences and six various sheds and garages, the largest of which was a  tractor garage. Today the station building is universally accessible and features a waiting room and a washroom, open around the clock except from 21:00 on Saturday to 07:00 on Sunday. There is free parking for 30 cars at the station.

Services
The station is served by long-distance trains operated by Go-Ahead, counting eight daily services on weekdays, including a night train service. These operate from Oslo via Kristiansand to Stavanger. Snartemo is located within the outer catchment area for commuting to Kristiansand. The train uses fifty minutes to Kristiansand Station. This is less than half the time used to drive, which is further hampered by congestion during rush-hour. The station had 30,600 annual passengers in 2008.

Snartemo is the only railway station in Hægebostad, and is the closest railway stations for the municipalities of Hægebostad, Lyngdal and Farsund. Agder Kollektivtrafikk operates a feeder service from Farsund and Lyngdal in connection with train services. There is a similar service northwards to Eiken. The routes must be ordered two hours in advance.

References

Railway stations in Agder
Railway stations on the Sørlandet Line
Railway stations opened in 1943
1943 establishments in Norway
Hægebostad
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1940s


Vachères-en-Quint (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department
Parc naturel régional du Vercors

References

Communes of Drôme


The Portland Montreal Pipeline is a series of underground crude oil pipelines connecting South Portland, Maine, in the United States with Montreal, Quebec, in Canada. As of early 2016, the pipeline transports limited volumes, sufficient to keep the pipeline wet. The pipeline also supplied crude to the Suncor Montreal-Est refinery during supply interruptions due to the 2016 Fort McMurray wildfires.

History

The pipeline traces its history to the early years of World War II when oil shipments to Canada were severely disrupted by the Kriegsmarine during the Battle of the St. Lawrence and the larger Battle of the Atlantic. In order to safely transport oil to central Canada, a pipeline was proposed to connect the relatively secure Port of Portland in Maine with refineries in Montreal.

The marine terminal was built on the south side of the Fore River in the city of South Portland immediately downstream of the Portland Terminal Company's railroad bridge over the river. The pipeline route from Portland to Montreal was mostly built alongside the existing right of way for the Portland - Montreal rail line which was owned at that time by the Canadian National Railways (CNR) and called the CNR's Berlin Subdivision. This rail line was built in the 1850s by the Atlantic & St. Lawrence Railroad which was purchased by the Grand Trunk Railway shortly after completion. The Grand Trunk Railway encountered financial difficulties after World War I, and the company was nationalized by the Government of Canada in 1923 with its properties merged into the CNR.

Construction of the original pipeline was finished in 1941, and the transportation of oil to Montreal began. The pipeline originally consisted of three separate pipes, which crossed through the same common right-of-way. The third and smallest pipe was decommissioned in 1982. Up until 2016, two pipes operated after they underwent renovation. Since it has been in service, the pipeline has pumped over  of oil to Montreal refineries. The pipeline was the primary reason that the Port of Portland had the largest volume oil port on the Eastern Seaboard, as more than 200 tankers delivered oil to the pipeline marine terminal annually.

In January 2016, the pipeline flow was slowed to a trickle. Its volume had been decreasing for several years. The completion of a major pipeline project connecting the Montreal refineries to Alberta oil sands and Bakken light sweet crude sources and the closure of the Shell Montreal-Est refinery made oil transportation from Maine unnecessary. According to consulting firm Turner, Mason & Co., "there is no need to move crude oil from Portland to Montreal. That is a permanent change." Any future use of the pipeline would be in the other direction. The pipeline continues to see some use.

Details
Oil is transported by oil tankers to South Portland, where it was pumped ashore to a  tank farm along South Portland's waterfront. The facility includes 23 oil tanks and a capacity of  of crude oil. The oil was then pumped through two separate pipelines, one of which is  in diameter and the other of which is  in diameter. The pipeline extends ,  beneath the surface, and has several pump stations distributed throughout the line. The pipeline crosses into the mountains of New Hampshire and Vermont, eventually passing under the St. Lawrence River, extending into Montreal. From South Portland to Montreal, it took between 36 and 43 hours for the oil to reach its destination for refining.

There is a third decommissioned line,  in diameter. Lines not being used are filled with nitrogen, an inert gas.

Expansion and line reversal proposal
The Portland Pipe Line Corporation/Montreal Pipe Line Limited announced in February 2008 that it was studying a proposal to expand and/or reverse the flow of the Portland–Montreal Pipe Line. Crude oil reserves are undergoing increased development in western Canada, namely raw bitumen from the Athabasca oil sands deposit. The pipeline owner alleges that the proposed plan would open up international markets to Canadian petroleum companies and would require an estimated $100 million in modifications to the pipeline and South Portland marine terminal facilities.

South Portland Clear Skies Ordinance

A citizen-led initiative in August 2013 submitted a proposed city ordinance to the South Portland city council, via a petition. The "Waterfront Protection Ordinance" aimed to ban future Canadian oil sands products from a reversed pipeline from being exported through the city's port. The city council voted against enacting the ordinance, which forced it to a public referendum that November. Five of the seven councilors opposed the ordinance as being too broad. Despite the support of South Portland mayor Tom Blake, the measure was narrowly defeated in the ballot.

A revised version known as the "Clear Skies Ordinance" was created by a Draft Ordinance Committee, supported by citizen group Protect South Portland. It was passed by city council in July 2014. The ordinance prohibits the bulk loading of crude oil onto tankers in South Portland, where the pipeline terminates. Tom Hardison, vice-president of the Portland Pipe Line Corp., characterized it as a "biased process" and a "vote against jobs, energy and the waterfront".

The Bangor Daily News had reported that "while several cities and towns along the pipeline have adopted nonbinding resolutions protesting the movement of the bituminous oil through their communities, the South Portland ordinance is viewed as the only measure that could actually prevent it."

Danielle Droitsch, of the Natural Resources Defense Council, said the Clear Skies Ordinance would be "very significant" in the fight against oil sands bitumen. The city received a letter from the American Petroleum Institute, a major lobby group, indicating that vigorous legal challenges would be made to overturn it. The oil industry had spent approximately US$650,000 in the fight to defeat the original ordinance.

In February 2015, Portland Pipe Line Co. (PPLC) filed a lawsuit in U.S. District Court to overturn the ordinance as being unconstitutional, and interfering with interstate and international trade.  The District Court ruled against PPLC, and PPLC abandoned its appeal of that ruling in July 2021.  Since the transport of oil from Maine to Quebec has been stopped, the pipeline is likely to remain inoperational unless the ordinance is overturned.

References

Sources
"Portland-Montreal Pipe Line Honored for Maritime Protection", Association of Oil Pipe Lines/American Petroleum Institute, Dec. 2004

Energy infrastructure completed in 1941
Energy infrastructure in Maine
Crude oil pipelines in the United States
Oil pipelines in Canada
South Portland, Maine
Canada–United States relations
1941 establishments in North America
Pipelines in Maine
Pipelines in New Hampshire
Pipelines in Vermont


Dylan Rice (born 1976) is an American, San Francisco-based singer-songwriter and arts administrator, who grew up in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. In May 2007 his song "The Lie" was included in the Columbia Records compilation Music with a Twist: Revolutions, along with The Gossip, Sarah Bettens (K's Choice), and Ivri Lider. His debut album, Wandering Eyes, was produced by former Acme engineer Blaise Barton (Bob Dylan, Liz Phair). Styx bassist Chuck Panozzo collaborated with Rice on a demo tape in 2002.

Career
Rice spent his early career in Chicago performing at coffeehouses, clubs and street festivals with different acts. He has done musical collaborations with John Stirratt of Wilco, Grazyna Auguscik, Julie Wolf, and Johnny Iguana of the Claudettes. He has opened for Paula Cole, Shelby Lynne, Maps & Atlases, Garrison Starr, Alice Peacock, and Sarah Bettens of K's Choice. Also a published poet, he was included in the American Academy of Poets' New Voices Anthology (ed. Heather McHugh). He attended Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, where he received a BA in English and poetry writing.

His songs have received airplay on Sirius XM, Newsweek.com, Out.com, as well as in commercial radio markets in New York (WPLJ), Chicago (93 XRT, WCKG), Los Angeles (Star 98.7), San Francisco (Alice 97.3), Atlanta (Q100.5), Washington DC (Hot 99.5), Seattle (Kiss 106.1), and Houston (Mix 96.5), among others.

In July 2006, Rice, who is openly gay, performed his stadium-rock anthem "The Faces of Victory" for 20,000 people at the Gay Games Closing Ceremonies at Wrigley Field in Chicago, joined onstage by Styx bassist Chuck Panozzo, and backed by a chorus of Chicago LGBTQ rockers. Written especially for the Gay Games, the song was also recorded in the studio with Panozzo, released as a single, and was highlighted in the official Gay Games VII commemorative DVD in December 2006.

Critics have described his voice as "like Chris Isaak via Morrissey", and Rice himself has described his music as "folk-rock crooning" or "torch-song rock".

In 2010, Rice released the album, Electric Grids and Concrete Towers, recorded by Blaise Barton at Joyride Studios in Chicago. John Stirratt of Wilco played bass on Rice's track "Motel Daughters" from the album. The New Yorker illustrator Tom Bachtell designed the art work for Electric Grids and Concrete Towers.

From September 2012 to July 2016, Rice directed the City of Chicago’s music industry program at the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs and Special Events. He collaborated with many of the nation's leading music industry leaders and celebrities on industry promotion and education initiatives including Chance the Rapper, Common, Seymour Stein, Jimmy Chamberlain, and Martin Atkins.

From 2013 to 2015, Rice was lead singer of the Chicago synth-rock band Software Giant. The band released We Are Overcome in 2015. Their song, "The Collider," appeared in the short film "I Love You, Dad" (Dir. Eric Normington) which screened at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival.

Rice released the album, Fits and Fevers, in late 2019. Recorded by Adam Munoz, the album was one of the last projects to record at Fantasy Studios in Berkeley, California, before it closed its doors.

Since July 2016, Rice has been working as a Senior Analyst at the City and County of San Francisco Entertainment Commission.

Discography
 2004: Wandering Eyes (self-released)
 2006: "The Faces of Victory" – single featuring Styx bassist Chuck Panozzo (self-released)
 2010: Electric Grids and Concrete Towers (self-released)
 2015: We Are Overcome with Software Giant (self-released)
 2019: Fits and Fevers (self-released)

Compilations
 2006: Gay Games VII Vol. 2 Chicago 2006 (Centaur Records)
 2007: Music With A Twist: Revolutions (Columbia Records)

Awards and honors
 2005 Outmusic Award for "Best Debut Recording – Male"
 Voted "One of the Top 10 Indie CD's of 2005" by The Advocate

References

External links
 Dylan Rice official site

1976 births
Living people
Singers from Chicago
American LGBT musicians
Musicians from Salt Lake City
21st-century American singers
21st-century American male singers
21st-century American LGBT people


Saro may refer to:

Places
Saro, Cantabria, a municipality in Spain
Särö, a locality situated in Halland County, Sweden
Saro, Mali, a village in the Ségou Region of Mali
Saro, the ancient name for the Korean kingdom of Silla and its capital city, Gyeongju

Others
Saro people, freed slaves who migrated to Nigeria in the beginning of the 1830s
Sir Abdool Raman Osman State College, a secondary school in Phoenix, Mauritius
Saunders-Roe (SARO), a former British aero- and marine-engineering company
Servicios Aéreos Rutas Oriente, a defunct Mexican low-cost airline


Valaurie () is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France. One important landmark is the Church of St. Martin in Valaurie.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Valdrôme (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


The Corrib gas controversy was a social protest campaign against the Corrib gas project in north-western County Mayo, Ireland. The project involves the processing of gas onshore through Broadhaven and Sruth Fada Conn Bays in Kilcommon. Originally spearheaded by local advocacy groups Shell to Sea and Pobal Chill Chomáin, the protests later grew to national prominence due to the heavy-handed approach taken by the Garda Síochána and private security firms towards the protestors. The project was jointly managed by Shell E&P Ireland and Statoil Exploration Limited, and supported by the Irish government.

Despite the opposition, onshore gas production commenced in December 2015, albeit significantly behind schedule. Shell announced the sale of their stake to the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board in July 2017, and were fully divested from the project by November 2018. At the time of their departure, the losses incurred by Shell on the project were estimated to be around €1 billion.

While the original aims of the protests were unsuccessful, Shell to Sea and other environmental groups continue to operate and highlight related issues. These include renegotiating the generous tax agreements made between oil and gas companies and the Irish government, the death of environmental activists worldwide, corruption by multinational oil companies and the campaign against fracking, including opposing the import of fracked liquefied natural gas from the United States.

Background

The Corrib gas project entails the extraction of a natural gas deposit off the northwest coast of Ireland. The project includes extraction of the Corrib gas field and construction of the natural gas pipeline and a gas processing plant. The project is controlled by Shell E&P Ireland as operator of the project, in co-operation with Statoil Exploration (Ireland) Limited, and the Vermilion Energy Trust.

The deepwater exploration licence No. 2/93 for 11 years, covering four blocks in the Slyne Trough, was granted on 1 January 1993 to Enterprise Oil. The licence was issued under the licensing terms for offshore oil and gas exploration and development 1992. The Corrib natural gas field was discovered in 1996. It was the first reported commercial natural gas discovery in Ireland since the Kinsale Head gas field was discovered in 1973. The first appraisal well was drilled in 1997. A number of consents and approvals to develop the Corrib Project were issued in 2001.

In 2002, Enterprise Oil was acquired by Royal Dutch Shell who took over the operatorship of the project. Development of the project began in 2004.

Worries about the nature of the Corrib deal prompted calls for an inquiry as early as 2001.

Controversy
There have been several concerns put forward about the project, ranging from public opposition to environmental and political groups raising concerns. The controversy has stemmed from many points:

Local residents along the course of the proposed pipeline route felt they were not sufficiently consulted
The location of the pipeline and its proximity to houses caused concern
The transmission pressure and untreated nature of the gas in the pipeline
The location of the onshore processing facility on former forestry land within the local water supply catchment area
Jailing for civil contempt of protesters at the request of Shell
Concerns about the impact on marine ecology
Most people who live in County Mayo believe that the gas processing should be carried out at sea. Some are also concerned with irregularities in the policies and conduct regarding the project.

Planning problems
In November 2000, a planning application was submitted for an onshore terminal at Bellanaboy to Mayo County Council (MCC). In January 2001 MCC sought more information after local concerns were raised. In April 2001, a new planning application was submitted, and in June 2001, the MCC sought more information which was supplied to them in July. In July, the Minister for the Marine and Natural Resources, Frank Fahey hosted a public meeting on offshore licensing aspects of Corrib in Geesala, County Mayo. In August 2001, MCC granted planning permission for the onshore terminal, with conditions. This was immediately appealed to An Bord Pleanala by local residents and environmental groups.

The same month, Minister Fahey stated that the objectors were holding up progress in the region. The planning decision, according to a Channel Four documentary, resulted from "huge pressure" that had been exerted on it. This decision was immediately appealed to An Bord Pleanála (ABP) by local people and environmental groups. In 2002, planning permission for a proposed refinery in County Mayo was refused by the appeals board after Senior Planning Inspector Kevin Moore concluded that "From a strategic planning perspective, this is the wrong site; from the perspective of Government policy which seeks to foster balanced regional development, this is the wrong site; from the perspective of minimising environmental impact, this is the wrong site; and consequently, from the perspective of sustainable development, this is the wrong site".

Then Minister for Marine and Natural Resources Frank Fahey told the media that this refusal was "just a hitch". He was backed by local Fine Gael TD, now leader of that party, Enda Kenny, but opposed by another local Fine Gael TD, Michael Ring.
In 2002 a Rossport resident failed in a High Court challenge to halt the pipeline.

In 2003, senior executives from Shell acquired an interview with then Taoiseach Bertie Ahern and other Irish government ministers. Within a week, Ahern met with the board of An Bord Pleanála, who are appointed by the government. In December 2003, a new planning application was made for the same site, together with a peat storage site some 11 km away. This was subject to an appeal to An Bord Pleanála who granted permission in October 2004, attaching 42 conditions.
The board decided to ignore many of its own inspector's recommendations. Not long before, a huge landslide swept away the whole surface area of a mountain close to the intended pipeline route. Planning permission was not required for the onshore pipeline under the Gas Act 1976.

In November 2009, An Bord Pleanála ordered Shell to redesign the pipeline and move its route away from homes because it posed an "unacceptable risk".

Opponents and supporters

The Shell to Sea campaign, which is campaigning to have the gas processed at sea rather than inland, began during the imprisonment of the Rossport Five in 2005. It is an active group in the affected Kilcommon parish. Shell to Sea also has many supporters outside of the immediately affected area from across County Mayo and the rest of Ireland, as well as abroad. Shell to Sea have a website that is updated frequently. They refuse to be participants in the North West Development Forum (known as the Corrib Gas Forum or known locally as the 'Funny Forum') at which government ministers, Royal Dutch Shell and Mayo County Council hold occasional meetings, as the Forum refuses to consider the aspects of the project that people find most objectionable.

Pobal Chill Chomáin, a group of local residents who live in the affected area of Kilcommon parish and live on both sides of Sruwaddacon Bay, also oppose the current plans for the project, due to concerns about the health, safety and environmental impact of the onshore aspects of the scheme and cite Shell's record in similar projects. They also refuse to participate in the North West Development Forum.

Pobal Le Chéile is a local alliance of small and medium-sized local business people mainly from the Erris region who also oppose the current plans for the project. Unlike other local business people, they have refused to take money or gifts from Shell. They work closely with Pobal Chill Chomáin and have also refused to participate in the Forum.

The Pro Gas Mayo Group (PGMG) was a small pressure group based in County Mayo and successor to the Pro Erris Gas Group. It considered the Shell to Sea campaign to be threatening employment in Mayo. It had three known members, Pádraig Cosgrove (from Bangor Erris), Harry Walsh (from Kilmaine, some 100 miles from the affected area), a former non-party councillor on Mayo County Council, and Brendan Cafferty from Ballina (a former Garda). None of its known members reside in the affected community of Kilcommon Parish.

A poll conducted throughout the county by TNS/MRBI on behalf of RTÉ's Nuacht in September 2006 showed that 60% of respondents agreed the gas processing terminal should be located offshore, with 23% supporting Shell and the government's decision to build inland. The offshore alternative had strongest support amongst those aged under 49 years, and those residing in Castlebar/Ballinrobe/Claremorris and Westport/Belmullet areas.

Many environmental activists criticised the Green Party for joining Fianna Fáil in coalition after the 2007 general election, as the terms of the programme for government did not include a reversal or renegotiation of the proposed gas pipeline and refinery. Before being appointed as Minister for Communications, Energy and Natural Resources, Eamon Ryan publicly supported the aims of the Shell to Sea campaign and the Rossport Five, and also attended their protests. The Green Party was also criticised for failing to launch an independent review of the decision, as stipulated by the party in a motion passed at their annual convention in 2007. The motion, passed at the February 2007 annual conference in Galway, said that "...the Green Party in government will not approve a production pipeline consent being signed as part of the Corrib gas project until the completion of a full independent review of the best development concept for the concept."

Opposition (1998–2004)
In 1998 there were complaints from unions about the failure to employ Irish workers on the exploration rig SEDCO 711. Enterprise Oil contended that union wage rates offshore Ireland were two to three times higher than in the North Sea. The budget was £20 million for 2008 cumulatively £50 million.
A spokesman said "Everybody is on tight budgets and we have got to do it cost effectively. Just because there is a big job doesn't mean there is slush to be thrown around for good social causes".
Mike Cunningham, a gas and oil consultant based in Castlebar, said "It is now time for the companies to acknowledge that they have an ethical and moral duty not only to our local regulatory bodies but to the ordinary people of this region to come here and publicly debate all issues relating to their current and future exploration activities off our coastline".
Minister for the Marine and Natural Resources Frank Fahey warned that apart from the construction stages very few jobs would be created.
Sub-sea technology was to be used to bring the gas (which lies forty miles off the Mayo coast) to land, in contrast to the more commonly used production platforms. Strong objections were raised to the building of a gas refinery from the residents of Ballinaboy and Lenamore. The villagers said all sixteen of their households in the remote villages are within 1 km of the proposed refinery and that some houses are as close as 360 metres.
In 2001 Enda Kenny TD, speaking in the Dáil, raised the concerns of the Erris Inshore Fishermen's Association about the effect of the discharge pipe from the terminal at Ballinaboy.
In 2003 an offshore terminal was mooted as a solution to the Corrib gas planning crux.

Protests (2005–2008)

In January Shell sent registered letters to a number of land owners, who were denying the company access to their land, that they would take court action against them.
Following the granting of planning permission, local people started blockading the terminal site and compounds set up for pipeline construction. On 4 April 2005 Shell obtained a high court order restraining protesters from restricting access to its Rossport compound. In the week of 20 June it obtained a temporary injunction. On 29 June Shell sought a committal order against five people for breach of the temporary injunction. This led to the imprisonment of the five men who became known as the Rossport Five,. An Independent TD (member of Irish Parliament), Jerry Cowley liaised regularly with members of the Rossport Five while they were in jail. It is important, as a matter of historical record, that the Shell to Sea campaign did not arise following the jailing of the 5 men; the name Shell to Sea was adopted in January 2005 and therefore precedes the jailing later in that year. Shell to Sea, together with the Solidarity Camp, formed the backbone of resistance to and raising awareness of what was happening in north Mayo.A 300 km 'Long Walk' from Rossport, Co Mayo to Dublin took place in August 2006 to highlight opposition to the project. It took 12 days.

Integrated Risk Management Services (I-RMS), a security firm employed by Shell, began working in Glengad in the summer of 2008. Security men caused controversy when local journalists reported on them filming children swimming near Shell's Glengad compound in the summer of 2008. Local parish priest Fr. Michael Nallen told media that the security men made his parishioners prisoners in their own area.

On 9 September 2008, Maura Harrington began a hunger strike in protest at the arrival of the pipe-laying ship Solitaire into Broadhaven Bay, and stated she would refuse food until the vessel left Irish waters. She ended her protest on 19 September, after the ship was damaged and had to leave Ireland for repairs.

On the night of 15 September 2008, a suspect package consisting of a plastic bag containing a bottle of petrol, a clock and a can of paint was found outside the Dublin HQ of Shell.

Garda operation

After the Rossport Five were jailed for contempt of court in the summer of 2005 for refusing to allow Shell workers access to their lands, supporters illegally blockaded all project works around Kilcommon in protest. The recently formed Shell to Sea campaign took part in the campaign with the aim of having the gas refined offshore as is done in Kinsale Head gas field, although Shell state there are numerous technical and economic reasons why it should be processed onshore. These blockades were maintained until October 2006, when 170 Gardaí used force to remove protesters blockading the sites.

Previous to this, the Gardaí had not interfered with the blockades, which stayed in place for fifteen months. The decision to use physical force to break the blockades made national TV news in Ireland. Some Gardaí and protesters were hospitalised, and many protesters claimed the police used excessive force. Gardaí were also accused of operating a "no-arrest policy" to circumvent the judicial process (this was based on comments made by Superintendent Joe Gannon in an interview in Garda Review, in which he stated: "There were no arrests. That was part of our strategy; we did not want to facilitate anyone down there with a route to martyrdom.")

The Garda operation succeeded in its goal of breaking the blockades preventing work on the refinery site at Bellanaboy. Work there has continued (with brief pauses occasioned by site occupations and lock-ons) since. At times, hundreds of Gardaí have been deployed to facilitate the project. There have been many reports of intimidation of local people by Gardaí and Shell security. Allegations of intimidation by Shell to Sea supporters of Shell workers have also been made.

Glengad
In July 2008, preparatory work for the raw gas pipeline began in Glengad. Under Gilligan's superintendency over forty arrests were made in the summer of 2008. The Irish Navy were brought in to provide assistance in dealing with possible protests on water. Local businessman and fisherman Pat O'Donnell accused the Gardaí of selective policing, alleging that they made no answer to call for assistance in defending his private property, in the form of crab pots that were in the path of the pipe laying vessel, Solitaire. Gardaí arrested O'Donnell and his son twice in a 24-hour period from the sea on public order charges, but desisted when their solicitor requested they charge their clients or stop arresting them.

The Garda Water Unit were used to manage the actions of water-based protesters who sought to disrupt the Shell works. Shell's survey boats in Srahwuddacon Bay in Erris were accompanied at all times by several Gardaí in their own boat, when surveying feasible routes for the gas pipeline. In August and September 2008, members of the unit entered the sea to wrestle with Shell to Sea protesters near the Shell compound of Glengad beach.

By September 2008, the cost of the operation was €10 million and is estimated to have cost €13.5 million by the end of January 2009.

Pobal Chill Chomáin have also complained of Garda surveillance.

Involvement of the Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission
The Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission (GSOC) has recommended that disciplinary action be taken against an unnamed senior member of the Garda Síochána in relation to the handling of the protest. The GSOC investigation was undertaken under section 95 of the Garda Síochána Act, 2005, after receipt of complaints over Garda handling of a protest at Pollathomas pier in June 2007. Some 20 civilians and two gardaí were injured when a landowner objected to trespass on his property by contractors for Shell EP Ireland. The GSOC initially asked the Minister for Justice whether it could investigate the complaints under section 106 of the Garda Síochána Act. This was turned down by the Minister. Some 68 gardaí were contacted by the GSOC – a move criticised by the Association of Garda Sergeants and Inspectors.

Rape tape (2011)
In April 2011, a senior Garda officer was appointed to investigate the treatment of two women who were arrested during protests. Gardaí were recorded on a video camera they had earlier confiscated joking about threatening to deport and rape one of the women.

Opposition (2009–2010)
In April 2009, protesters removed sections of a fence they asserted were erected illegally. On 23 April, Willie Corduff, a Pobal Chill Chomáin member, was hospitalised in the early hours of the morning after an alleged assault by masked people during a protest at the Glengad Shell works. I-RMS later confirmed that employees had intended to remove Corduff, but found him standing up, and had him taken away by ambulance when he complained of chest pains. The recent Frontline report has found that the assault on Willie Corduff needs to be reinvestigated by Gardaí from outside of County Mayo as I-RMS claims are not corroborated by ambulance and hospital records which verify that his injuries are consistent with having been physically assaulted. Two films have been made in the locality: Pipe Down, which won the Best Feature Documentary at the Waterford Film Festival (2009) and The Pipe, which was released on 8 July 2010 at the Galway Film Festival film and winner at the Waterford Film Festival (2010).

In an effort to try and resolve the issues, the OECD is to host talks between Pobal Chill Chomáin and Shell Ireland, following a complaint from Pobal Chill Chomáin that the project violates OECD guidelines for multinational companies.

Following a prolonged oral hearing in the Broadhaven Bay Hotel in Belmullet in May and June 2009 chaired by An Bord Pleanala many discrepancies were uncovered in Shell & partners' plans for Kilcommon parish and their plans were rejected once again by the Board chairman. They were told to devise a new plan to be submitted by October 2009 and after several extensions of time, RPS Group on behalf of the Corrib Gas partners, eventually submitted a new Environmental Impact Statement to the Planning Board on 31 May 2010, a plan which this time, envisages laying the Corrib gas pipeline buried under the length of Sruwaddacon Bay. On 30 June 2010 the Corrib gas project placed three separate planning notices for the project in national and local newspapers giving one month in which submissions can be entered. They also incorporated Glengad into their latest planning application, which was omitted from previous applications. Their maps of the proposed Corrib Gas pipeline also omit most of this well populated townland in which Shell intends to place some of its most contentious components. It is expected that another oral hearing will then be held to discuss this variation in early autumn.

The Corrib Gas partners commenced the boring of 80 boreholes in Sruwaddacon Bay in 2010 to see what the substrate underlying Sruwaddacon Bay is like.

Operation (2015 and beyond)

Gas production at the project began in December 2015.

In 2018, Shell exited the project, selling its ownership stake to the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board and transferring operatorship to minority owner Vermilion Energy.

As of 2021 the scope of Shell to Sea in relation to the project has shifted to financial and tax issues. The Irish government has no state shareholding in the gas field and the project has been termed "The Great Gas Giveaway" by Shell to Sea, with activists Andy Storey and Michael McCaughan stating:

The various environmental groups involved in the protests continue to agitate for related issues, such as the death of Shell workers in developing countries, the banning of imported fracked-gas into Ireland as well as highlighting funding from "Big Oil" to corrupt and abusive governments worldwide.

Book
Transworld Ireland published Once Upon a Time in the West – The Corrib Gas Controversy by The Irish Times journalist Lorna Siggins in October 2010. Jon Michael Riley's novel Dream the Dawn (2014) is a fictionalized version of the protest as seen by an American photographer.

References

Sources

Citations

External links
 Trailer for The Pipe released 8 July 2010 – Galway Film Festival
 Pipe Down, prize winning documentary from Ireland (Vimeo, Flash 10)
 Centre For Public Inquiry's review of events surrounding the Corrib gas project
 Technical details of the Corrib project from Shell's offshore-technology.com
 Technical details of proposed pipeline from Accufacts Inc.
 Shell's page on Corrib project
 Mayo Gas Info
 Corrib Gas News and Analysis
 Shell To Sea Campaign
 Advantica's review of onshore pipeline
 "Bitter dispute over gas pipeline" — BBC news article on controversy
 "Gas Lads" , article from Magill on resources give-away
 "Giving our resources to Norway". The Irish Times column on controversy

County Mayo
Politics of the Republic of Ireland
Shell plc controversies


Sainte-Radegonde (; Languedocien: Senta Radegonda) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Communes of Dordogne


Useless Loop   is a town located on the Heirisson Prong on Denham Sound in the Southern Region of UNESCO World Heritage Site Shark Bay, Western Australia. The town of Denham is on the opposite shore of the sound and the more famous Monkey Mia near Denham.  Useless Loop is a closed company town, with 70 employees and their families servicing the Solar Salt Operation Shark Bay which was established in 1962 by Shark Bay Resources Ltd.   A joint venture was formed in 1973 with Mitsui & Co. Ltd which acquired full ownership in 2005, incorporated as Shark Bay Salt Pty Ltd.  In 2015, Useless Loop's salt exports were running at a rate of 1.4 million tonnes per annum.

Useless Loop received the 2001 Banksia Award for Community Group Achievement and the 2001 Banksia Gold Award for its initiation of the Heirisson Prong Project in 1989 to protect and relocate the burrowing bettong, western barred bandicoot, and greater stick-nest rat, all endangered Australian mammals.

The first half of Useless Loop's unusual name was bestowed upon it by French explorer Henri-Louis de Saulces de Freycinet, brother of the more famous Louis de Freycinet, during the Baudin expedition to Australia. Henri-Louis dubbed the area "" ("Useless Harbour"), because he believed the inviting harbour to be entirely blocked by a sandbar.

References

Further reading
 Western Australia. Environmental Protection Authority.(1999) Construction of additional crystalliser ponds, Useless Loop, Shark Bay, Shark Bay Salt Joint Venture : report and recommendations of the Environmental Protection Authority. Perth, W.A. : Environmental Protection Authority. Bulletin.Environmental Protection Authority, 1030-0120; 934

Shire of Shark Bay


Val-Maravel (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Praxagoras of Athens was a pagan historian in the early 4th century AD.

He was born in Athens and wrote three historical works, which are all lost: a history of the Kings of Athens, a history of Alexander the Great, and a panegyric biography of the emperor Constantine. A few fragments of the biography of Constantine are preserved in the Bibliotheca of Photius (cod. 62).

Dindorf's 1870 Minor Greek Historians Praxagoras' fragments start on page 438.

Bibliography
 Andrea Basile: Propaganda costantiniana e cultura ellenica in Prassagora di Atene, dissert. Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano 1990/91.
 Pawel Janiszewski: The Missing Link. Greek Pagan Historiography in the Second Half of the Third Century and in the Fourth Century AD., Warsaw 2006.

Late-Roman-era pagans
4th-century Byzantine historians
Late Antique writers
4th-century Romans
Ancient Athenian historians


WDCF (1350 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a talk radio/adult standards  format. Licensed to Dade City, Florida, United States, the station is currently owned by Wagenvoord Advertising Group, Inc.

WDCF is a part of the Tan Talk Radio Network, whose programming can also be heard on WTAN AM 1340 in Clearwater, Florida and translator station W272EH 102.3 FM Dade City.

External links
wdcf.tantalknetwork.com

DCF
DCF
1954 establishments in Florida
Radio stations established in 1954
DCF


The Kvineshei Tunnel () is the fourth-longest railway tunnel in Norway at a length of . It is located in Agder county along the Sørlandet Line. The tunnel runs between Snartemo Station in the village of Snartemo in Hægebostad municipality and the Kvinesdal valley about  northeast of Liknes in the municipality of Kvinesdal.

The tunnel was opened in 1943 when the Sørlandet Line was extended to Moi Station. The  long tunnel includes a  long straight stretch, the longest straight stretch on the entire Norwegian railway network and about  longer than the one in Romeriksporten.

References

Railway tunnels in Agder
Tunnels on the Sørlandet Line
1943 establishments in Norway
Tunnels completed in 1943
Hægebostad
Kvinesdal


Valouse (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


WZHR (1400 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a variety format licensed to Zephyrhills, Florida, United States. The station is currently owned by Ferris Waller, through licensee Walco Enterprises, Inc.

WZHR is a part of the Boss Hogg Radio Network, whose programming can also be heard on WHNR (1360 AM) in Cypress Gardens, WWAB (1330 AM) in Lakeland, WKFL (1170 AM) in Bushnell, WAVP (1390 AM) in Avon Park and translator stations W298BU 107.5 FM Avon Park and W282CC 104.3 FM Zephyr Hills.

History

WZRH and WPAS
WZRH began broadcasting May 9, 1962, nearly 18 months after receiving its construction permit on December 21, 1960. The 250-watt station was owned by the Zephyr Broadcasting Company and affiliated with station WORT of New Smyrna Beach until being sold the next year to Paul Lasobik, a building contractor from Toledo, Ohio. The call letters were changed to WPAS on October 2, 1963, coinciding with the sale.

The station was sold in early 1968 to the Art Advertising Company, owned by Robert, Joseph and Adam Artabasy; under Art, the station was approved to increase its power from 250 to 1,000 watts later that year. Two years after taking ownership, disaster struck. In the early morning hours of January 22, 1970, a fire tore through the station, destroying the newly installed transmitter, tape cartridges and office furniture; company paperwork was saved from the blaze. The fire started a spat with the local fire department, which billed the company for $246 in expenses incurred in fighting the blaze. Art would later file a suit against the Associated Press alleging that the fire was started by a defect in the station's Associated Press teletype machine; the station lost and was ordered to pay $3,500 to the news agency after breaching its contract.

A second event at the station that same year would spark additional legal disputes. In May 1970, three tape cartridge machines were stolen from WPAS. Artabasy notified the Federal Communications Commission that similar equipment had just been installed at WDCF,  away; the equipment was located three years later at WDCF, resulting in the arrest of its owner, Ray Webb, who published the Pasco East newspaper and called the arrest political retribution for editorials made in the newspaper. A former WDCF disc jockey, Tony Dexter, confessed to burglarizing WPAS. Charges against Webb were ultimately dismissed in 1975.

While the station grappled with the teletype fire lawsuit and the stolen equipment, Art Advertising was in financial trouble. In February 1972, former owner Lasobik won a judgment against Art for nonpayment, leading to the scheduling of a foreclosure sale for the station's license and assets. The sale was called off after Lasobik and Art reached a $29,000 settlement agreement. The FCC approved a sale of the station to Charles F. Wister in 1974; the sale was originally reported as not consummated before going through that August.

WPAS was sold to Mayo Communications of Plattsburgh, New York, in 1979. The new ownership, however, quickly turned sour. Wister filed a foreclosure lawsuit just six months after Mayo took over, alleging that the station was being so thoroughly mismanaged that he felt he would not get the money he was owed; it was behind on payroll taxes and payments to Wister. Mayo filed for bankruptcy protection, and David Ayres, former operations manager, was appointed as the station's receiver; Wister then went to work, at no cost, as a salesman to keep WPAS running. Wister emerged the owner again and held onto the station for another decade, moving it from its original location on U.S. Highway 301 to a shopping center in 1987. Wister was able to sell the station, this time for good, when Big Z Broadcasting, owned by the Zeplowitz family, purchased WPAS for $335,000 in 1989.

WZHR
In 1994, Zephyr Broadcasting, Inc., owner of WDCF, acquired WPAS for $200,000. The call letters were changed to WZHR on October 1, 1994, to symbolize the end of the bitter rivalry between the two outlets.

Wagenvoord Advertising Company, owner of WTAN (1340 AM) in Clearwater, acquired WDCF and WZHR in separate transactions in early 2002; the three stations began sharing programming, giving the three outlets a larger combined coverage area. His stations programmed a brokered talk format.

Dave Wagenvoord, owner of the group, died in 2014.

Effective May 12, 2023, Wagenvoord Advertising Group sold WZHR and translator W282CC to Ferris Waller's Walco Enterprises, Inc. for $150,000.

References

External links
wzhr.tantalknetwork.com

ZHR
1962 establishments in Florida
Radio stations established in 1962


Vaunaveys-la-Rochette () is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


WWJB (1450 AM, "103.9 The Boot") is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of Brooksville, Florida. The station, established in 1958 as WKTS, is currently owned and operated by Hernando Broadcasting Company, Inc. WWJB is also repeated on FM translators W222CI 92.3 FM Brooksville, Florida and W280DK 103.9 FM Spring Hill, Florida.

Programming
Until October 16, 2017, WWJB broadcast a full service news/talk radio format to the greater Hernando County, Florida, area. , weekday programming on the station included syndicated talk shows hosted by Jim Bohannon, Phil Hendrie, Neal Boortz, Sean Hannity, Clark Howard, and Michael Savage. Local weekday programming includes The Nature Coast Morning News, The Haywire Talk Show with Bob Haa, and The Bob Penrod Show. Weekend programming includes syndicated shows hosted by Larry Kudlow, Jerry Doyle, and Kim Komando. Local weekend programming includes a tradio program called Trading Post, a three-hour block of classic country music on Saturday, plus religious talk shows and local church services on Sunday morning.

On October 16, 2017, WWJB changed their format from news/talk to country, branded as "103.9 The Boot".

Station alumni
One of the station's notable alumni included George Lowe, who later became well known for his role as Space Ghost in Space Ghost Coast to Coast on Adult Swim. While living in Brooksville in the early-1970s, he began learning radio skills at WWJB. Mitch English from national television show The Daily Buzz started his broadcast career at the station in the early 1990s.

Previous logo

References

External links

WJB
Country radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1958
Hernando County, Florida
1958 establishments in Florida


Veaunes () is a former commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Mercurol-Veaunes.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Former communes of Drôme


Evoke is a 2005 album by the German industrial music project Wumpscut.

Track listing
 “Maiden” – 5:14
 “Churist Churist” – 3:46
 “Don’t Go” – 4:30
 “Evoke” – 5:31
 “Tomb” – 5:31
 “Hold” – 4:58
 “Krolok” – 4:37
 “Breathe” – 3:26
 “Rush” – 4:44
 “Perdition” – 4:40
 “Obsessio” – 4:42
 “Churist Churist” (Recently Deceased remix) – 4:42
 “Maiden” (Nersoton vs :w: remix) – 4:31

2005 albums
Wumpscut albums


Vercheny (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


WPSO (1500 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a Greek variety format. It is licensed to New Port Richey, Florida, United States, and is owned by Angelatos Broadcasting.

The station signed on in 1963 as WGUL. After that station relocated in 1985 to 860 AM, the call letters were changed to WPSO. The station began broadcasting in Greek in 1992.

External links

PSO
PSO
Greek-American culture in Florida
1963 establishments in Florida
Radio stations established in 1963
Tarpon Springs, Florida
PSO