The Damoiselle, or the New Ordinary is a Caroline era stage play, a comedy by Richard Brome that was first published in the 1653 Brome collection Five New Plays, issued by Humphrey Moseley, Richard Marriot, and Thomas Dring.

Date and performance
No firm evidence for the original date of The Damoiselle has survived. The play is generally dated to 1637–38 on the basis of internal evidence, especially the Prologue's reference to poets who want to be called "Sir Laureate." After the death of Ben Jonson in 1637, there was competition among literary men (Sir William Davenant and Thomas May were prime candidates) for the honour of poet laureate. The Damoiselle was first acted by Queen Henrietta's Men at the Salisbury Court Theatre.

Genre
Like most of Brome's comic works, The Damoiselle can be placed in the broad category of "city comedy." Again like most of Brome's comedies, the influence of Ben Jonson is readily detectable. In the view of one critic, "Brome's Damoiselle seems to be deliberately constructed as a mirror image" of Jonson's 1629 play The New Inn.

The subject of usury is crucial to Brome's The Damoiselle, and links the play to a group of anti-usury plays that appeared in the 1630s. Though usury had been treated onstage many times previously — consider Robert Wilson's The Three Ladies of London, Marlowe's The Jew of Malta, and Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice — John Blaxton's book The English Usurer, published in 1634, made the subject topical at the time.

Place realism
Like other Brome plays of the 1630s — The Weeding of Covent Garden, The New Academy, and The Sparagus Garden  — The Damoiselle takes part in the trend toward "place realism" that was fashionable at the time, as evidenced by Shackerley Marmion's Holland's Leaguer (1631), James Shirley's Hyde Park (1632), and Thomas Nabbes's Covent Garden (1633) and Tottenham Court (1634).

Brome sets some scenes in The Damoiselle in the "Temple Walks" of the Middle Temple, one of the Inns of Court. Brome exploits the legal atmosphere of the Walks to make points of satire and social criticism, and shows familiarity with the peculiarities of the place. (Phillis, for instance, can beg without fear of arrest, because she's in the Temple Walks and not in the public streets of London.)

"Ordinaries"
In the sense that the word is used in The Damoiselle and in English Renaissance drama generally, an "ordinary" is a public eating establishment, comparable to modern restaurants and cafeterias. One source defines ordinaries as "Eating-houses with table d'hôtes" [sic]. Ordinaries were generally classed with taverns as similar institutions, though taverns were primarily purveyors of alcoholic drinks and only secondarily of food, while ordinaries reversed that priority. (Like taverns, ordinaries could serve as venues for other activities as well; in his play Brome refers to "gaming" and "bawdry" and "other by-way[s] of expense.")

The ordinary was a relatively new and developing institution in the English Renaissance, and reflected the general social evolution away from medieval and rural social forms toward modern and urban alternatives. Many younger sons of gentlemen, left with limited incomes due to the rules of primogeniture, fled the countryside for London, where they faced the challenge of maintaining a genteel lifestyle (or the appearance of it) with limited funds. The ordinaries catered to their needs, along a scale of prices charged and services provided.

References in the plays of the era (like this one) offer hints at the social atmosphere and ambience of the ordinaries. In one view, "Amongst the promiscuous associates of the ordinaries and the taverns – men of quality and poets upon the town, rich citizens and swaggering adventurers – there must unquestionably have been a constant collision of manners, which was sure to end in blows...."

Brome was not the only dramatist of his generation to notice the ordinary as an institution; William Cartwright wrote his play The Ordinary around 1635.

Synopsis
The play's opening scene shows Sir Humphrey Dryground, a member of the landed gentry, mortgaging his last estate to an old usurer called Vermine. The exchanges between the two are far from cordial: Sir Humphrey reproaches Vermine for his greed and ruthlessness, especially for his role in bankrupting a gentleman named Brookall. Vermine in turn notes that Sir Humphrey himself wronged Brookall in a more personal way, seducing, impregnating, and then abandoning the man's sister. Dryground expresses his remorse over his past actions; he says that his "project" in mortgaging his estate involves reparations to Brookall, and he proposes an arranged marriage between the ruined Brookall's son and Vermine's daughter Alice. Vermine rejects the idea; as they part he reminds Dryground not to miss payment on the mortgage, or Dryground will follow Brookall into financial ruin.

Vermine is shown conversing with his "sober discreet daughter" Alice; their conversation reveals that Vermine also has a son, a "riotous reprobate" called Wat who languishes in the Counter prison. Vermine is attempting to arrange a marriage between Alice and a Cornish knight called Sir Amphilus, who is quickly shown to be old, crude, foolish, and ignorant; Alice calls him "a dunghill scarab, / A water-dog knight." (Cornishmen appear as figures of fun in other plays of the era; Chough in Middleton and Rowley's A Fair Quarrel is one obvious example.) Alice's deliverance from this unwanted match suddenly appears: Sir Amphilus's servant reveals himself to be her brother Wat in a false beard. Sprung from prison, Wat offers to spirit Alice away; he claims to have a plan for her relief. Alice has little choice but to trust her brother and to follow him away from her father's house.

Sir Humphrey's son, Valentine Dryground, had just married Jane, the daughter of a successful London tradesman named Bumpsey and his wife Magdalen. Bumpsey is not happy over the match, since the Drygrounds' finances are precarious. Magdalen is expert at manipulating her capricious and eccentric husband: knowing that he will oppose whatever she says or does, she counsels him to do the opposite of whatever she wants. Bumpsey comes around to accepting the marriage of Valentine and Jane, and even bestows half his wealth, a sum of £500, on the young couple — with the provision that he will treat his share of the wealth as Valentine does his. If Valentine is prudent with the money, Bumpsey will be too, thus leaving his heirs a greater sum in the end; but if Valentine is prodigal, Bumpsey will imitate him, even to bankruptcy. When Valentine buys a new gown for Jane, Bumpsey immediately does the same for Magdalen.

The Bumpseys provide one portion of the play's comic relief; Sir Amphilus provides another. The Cornish knight appears after Alice has absconded — but he is more concerned about the death of his mare and the theft of his dog than the loss of his intended spouse.

In disguise, Sir Humphrey Dryground opens a new ordinary in London (the source of the play's subtitle); for its first three days in business, the ordinary offers free meals to its clientele, thus winning an enthusiastic following among the young gentlemen of the city. News spreads that "Osbright," the manager of the ordinary, is raffling off the virginity of his daughter Frances; a hundred gentlemen invest £20 each for chances in the raffle. Frances has been raised in France, and speaks broken English; she is the "damoiselle" of the title. She gives lessons in French deportment to other ladies; Magdalen and Jane Bumpsey become her students, allowing for comedy on the contrasts of French and English manners. Wat Vermine is working for "Osbright," helping him to arrange his raffle (it was Dryground/Osbright who bailed Wat from the Counter). But the young gentlemen investing in the raffle become an unruly "rabble," abusing Wat and threatening to duck him or throw him in the Thames.

The bankrupt Brookall haunts the Temple Walks, encountering various denizens of the legal world there. A lawyer wants him to serve as a witness to a legal document, which Brookall denounces as a solicitation of perjury for a fee. He meets Vermine, who is busy looking for his daughter Alice, and castigates the usurer until Vermine flees. A young beggar girl named Phillis is shown pursuing her trade among the Walks. Valentine Dryground pretends to be a friend of Brookall's son, and claims that the son has sent his father forty pieces of gold prior to leaving the city on mysterious travels. Brookall, instantly suspicious, rejects the money and jumps to the conclusion that his son is dead. When Valentine denies this, Brookall challenges him to a duel.

The duel is called off, however, when Brookall overhears Valentine abusing Vermine and realises that they are in sympathy. Osbright/Dryground exposes his raffle as a scheme designed to restore Brookall's fortunes, and appeals to the "rabble" for their approval and aid. Some acquiesce; for those who do not, Dryground refunds their £20 fees, and is left with a profit of £500 for Brookall. Phillis the beggar girl is shown to be the long-lost daughter of Dryground and Brookall's sister; Drygound is re-united with both mother and daughter. And "Osbright's" daughter "Frances" is revealed to be Brookall's son Frank is drag disguise; he and Alice have fallen in love and are to be married. Wat Vermine, now repentant for past misdeeds, is to marry Phillis, and Vermine comes around to accepting and blessing the marriages of his children. Brookall is restored to his fortune, and the three families, Brookalls, Drygrounds, and Vermines, are united in their offspring's marriages.

References

External links

Richard Brome Online  contains a scholarly edition of this play, including textual and critical introductions.

English Renaissance plays
Plays by Richard Brome
1630s plays


"Lluvia Cae" ("Rain is Falling") is the title of the fifth single released by Spanish singer-songwriter Enrique Iglesias from his second studio album, Vivir (1997), It was released on 13 October 1997 (see 1997 in music).

Song information
The track was written and produced by Rafael Pérez-Botija, and co-written by Enrique Iglesias, and became the second single in a row not to peak at number one in the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks, after "Revolución" reached only number six.

Chart performance
The track debuted on the United States Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart at number 29 on 20 December 1997 and peaked at number 3 on 7 February 1998 for two weeks. The single was blocked from the top spot, in the first week by "En El Jardín" by Alejandro Fernández featuring Gloria Estefan (#1) and "Contigo (Estar Contigo)" by Luis Miguel (#2), and in the second week by "Por Qué Te Conocí" by Los Temerarios (#1) and "En El Jardín" (#2).

References

1997 singles
1997 songs
Enrique Iglesias songs
Spanish-language songs
Songs written by Rafael Pérez-Botija
Songs written by Enrique Iglesias
Fonovisa Records singles


Lung cancer staging is the assessment of the extent to which a lung cancer has spread from its original source. As with most cancers, staging is an important determinant of treatment and prognosis. In general, more advanced stages of cancer are less amenable to treatment and have a worse prognosis.

The initial evaluation of non-small cell lung cancer staging uses the TNM classification. This is based on the size of the primary tumor, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis. After this, using the TNM descriptors, a group is assigned, ranging from occult cancer, through stage 0, IA (one-A), IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB to IV (four). This stage group assists with the choice of treatment and estimate of prognosis.

There are several methods by which this assessment is made. They are broadly classified into non-invasive techniques, which generally involve medical imaging of the lungs such as computer tomography (CT) scans and PET scans, and invasive techniques such as biopsy and surgery. Invasive techniques provide additional information because tissue samples can be seen microscopically to confirm presence of cancer cells (as opposed to enlargement of tissues due to other causes such as infection) and to determine the type of lung cancer and its grade.

Staging may also be categorized as either clinical or as pathological/surgical staging. Clinical staging is performed prior to definitive surgery. It is based on the results of imaging studies (such as CT scans ) and biopsy results (i.e. clinical staging does include the results of biopsy, an "invasive technique.")  Pathological staging is also called surgical staging and reflects not only the results of non-surgical biopsy, but is evaluated either intra- or post-operatively and is based on the combined results of surgical and clinical findings, including surgical sampling of thoracic lymph nodes.

Lung cancer

Lung cancer is responsible for 1.3 million deaths worldwide annually, and is the most common cause of cancer-related death in men and the second most common in women. The most common cause of lung cancer is long-term exposure to tobacco smoke. Lung cancer in non-smokers, who account for approximately 15% of cases, is often attributed to a combination of genetic factors, radon gas, asbestos, and air pollution.
The main types of lung cancer are non-small cell lung carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma, the two being distinguished histologically as well as by how they are treated; non-small cell lung carcinoma is primarily treated with surgery if feasible, while small cell lung carcinoma is more frequently treated with chemotherapy and radiation.

The diagnosis of lung cancer is based on chest radiograph and computer tomography (CT) scans, and is confirmed by biopsy.  Biopsy is usually performed via bronchoscopy or CT-guided biopsy. Treatment and prognosis depend upon the histological type of cancer, the stage, and the patient's performance status. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.

Pattern of progression

Lung cancer can start in various portions of the lung. From there it spreads in fairly predictable pattern. Typically, if lung cancer spreads, it first goes to close by lymph nodes, followed by lymph nodes further away located between the lungs in a space called the mediastinum. In the mediastinum, the lung cancer tends at first to stay on the side where the original tumor started.  Once it crosses the mediastinal midline, it denotes more advanced, surgically unresectable disease. Lung cancer can also spread to distant organs, for example, the liver or adrenal glands, which constitutes the most advanced stage of the disease called stage IV.

Staging
Staging is the process of determining how much cancer there is in the body and where it is located.  Staging of lung cancer is of paramount importance as treatment choices are often highly complex, even for physicians with much experience in the field, and the options largely depend on the stage of the disease.  The underlying purpose is to describe the extent or severity of an individual's cancer, and to bring together cancers that have similar prognosis and treatment.

Staging information which is obtained prior to surgery, for example by x-rays and endoscopic ultrasound, is called clinical staging and staging by surgery is known as pathological staging.

Clinical staging is done by a combination of imaging and sampling (biopsies), or stated differently, non-invasive (radiological) and invasive (biopsy) methods.

Pathologic staging is more accurate than clinical staging, but clinical staging is the first and sometimes the only staging type. For example, if clinical staging reveals stage IIIB or IV disease, surgery is not helpful and no pathological staging information will be obtained (appropriately).

Lung cancer biopsies can be taken for two different reasons:
Diagnosis: To find out whether an abnormality seen on a chest x-ray or CT scan is indeed lung cancer, and what histological type it is (small cell or non-small cell).
Staging: To find out whether a structure, such as a lymph node in the mediastinum, has already been invaded by cancer or not.
However, it is often possible, with proper planning, to obtain both diagnostic and staging information with a single biopsy procedure.

There is an extensive array of staging methods available, each with advantages and disadvantages. Many cancer treatment centers review newly diagnosed patients at an inter-disciplinary chest tumor board where radiologists, oncologists, surgeons, pulmonologists, pathologists and EUS specialists (endosonographers) discuss the relative merits of the available modalities and make a choice by consensus.

TNM classification

The TNM staging system of lung cancer is:
 T Tumor
 T1a: Primary tumor is ≤1 cm in greatest dimension.
 T1b: Primary tumor is >1 but ≤2 cm in greatest dimension.
 T1c: Primary tumor is >2 but ≤3 cm in greatest dimension.
 T2a: Primary tumor is >3 and ≤5 cm in greatest dimension.
 T2b: Primary tumor is >5 and ≤7 cm in greatest dimension.
 T3size: Primary tumor is >7 cm in greatest dimension;
 T3inv: Primary tumor invades the chest wall, diaphragm, phrenic nerve, mediastinal pleura, or pericardium;
 T3centr: Primary tumor is <2 cm to the carina or there is atelectasis of the entire lung;
 T3satell: Primary tumor is associated with separate tumor nodule(s) in same pulmonary lobe;
 T4inv: Tumor invading the heart, great vessels, trachea, recurrent laryngeal nerve, esophagus, or spine;
 T4ipsi: Tumor of any size with additional tumor nodule(s) in a different ipsilateral lobe;
 N Lymph node
 N1 : Nodal metastasis in ipsilateral pulmonary or hilar lymph nodes;
 N2 : Nodal metastasis in ipsilateral mediastinal/subcarinal lymph nodes;

Methods

The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) as well as the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) recommend TNM staging, which is a two step procedure. Their TNM system, which they now develop jointly, first classifies cancer by several factors, T for tumor, N for nodes, M for metastasis, and then groups these TNM factors into overall stages as shown in their table.

AJCC has provided web accessible poster versions of these copyrighted TNM descriptors and stage groups, to which readers are directed for accurate, detailed, up to date information; additionally, both the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)  reprint these descriptors and grouping tables with AJCC permission, and extensively discuss staging modalities and treatment options, providing expert clear assistance in decisions about the best treatments. The NCCN pathways "outline the step-by-step treatment decisions from diagnosis through all phases of treatment and survivorship."

Although TNM classification is an internationally agreed system, it has gradually evolved through its different editions; the dates of publication and of adoption for use of AJCC editions is summarized in the table in this article; past editions are available from AJCC for web download.
Therefore, it is important when reviewing reports of treatment or prognosis to be aware that the criteria used in the TNM system have varied over time, sometimes fairly substantially, according to the different editions. Literature reports usually reflect the staging that was in use while the study was initiated and performed, rather than when it was eventually published. The dates of publication and adoption for use of AJCC editions is summarized here to assist readers in understanding which era is being used by the literature.

As in each edition of the TNM staging system, that used from 2010 January 1 (7 edition) made significant changes to the schema that is used for non-small cell lung carcinoma, small-cell lung carcinoma and broncho-pulmonary carcinoid tumors.
The revisions were based on a detailed analysis and consensus process by AJCC and UICC that looked at the overall survival of 81,015 patients. The changes have been reviewed in detail, including an extensive presentation (with multiple tables and detailed discussion) of prognostic data for both 6th and 7th edition, looking at both individual T, N and M descriptors, and at overall stage groups. The table uses limited excerpts from the copyrighted TNM system to demonstrate the concept that there are changes, as well as similarilities, between editions.

As a result, a given stage may have quite a different prognosis depending on which staging edition is used, independent of any changes in diagnostic methods or treatments, an effect that has been termed "stage migration." The technologies used to assign patients to particular categories have changed also, and it can be seen that increasingly sensitive methods tend to cause individual cancers to be reassigned to higher stages, making it improper to compare that cancer's prognosis to the historical expectations for that stage.

Finally, of course, a further important consideration is the effect of improving treatments over time as well.

Of considerable historical importance, Dr. Clifton Mountain, a surgeon in Texas, made significant contributions to the TNM staging system, particularly in non-small cell lung carcinoma, and the literature thus often refers to "Mountain" staging.

VA classification
In small-cell lung carcinoma, the TNM classification is often used along with an additional categorization, the Veterans Administration Lung Cancer Study Group system.  The VA scheme has two stages. Limited-stage disease is confined to an area that is tolerably treated by one radiotherapy area ("port"), but excludes cancers with pleural and pericardial effusions. All other small-cell lung cancers are extensive-stage in this scheme. There has been some drift over time in what this definition means.

Staging modalities

CT and PET scans
The mainstay of non-invasive staging is a CT scan of the chest followed by metabolic imaging with a PET scan. The CT scan shows abnormalities such as a lung nodule or enlarged lymph nodes whereas the PET scan reveals increased metabolism such as occurs in structures which contain rapidly growing cancer cells. PET/CT combined the benefits of functional assessment with PET and anatomic assessment with CT. PET/CT represents a significant advance for staging of patients with lung cancer with management impact in the order of 40% and discordant findings compared with conventional imaging in half of patients. PET/CT also has high inter- and intra-reporter agreement. The main benefit of PET is to identify distant metastatic disease, thereby indicating futility of locoregional approaches such as surgery or curative intent radiotherapy.

According to the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) Non-Invasive Staging Guidelines for Lung Cancer (2007), the pooled sensitivity and specificity of CT scanning for identifying mediastinal lymph node metastasis are 51% and 85%, respectively and for PET scanning 74% (95% CI, 69 to 79%) and 85% (95% CI, 82 to 88%), respectively. In other words, were one to rely on the results of non-invasive staging alone, between 21 and 31 percent of patients would be understaged (the cancer is more advanced than it seems) and between 12 and 18 percent of patients would be overstaged ( the cancer is in fact in an earlier stage than it seems). In selected clinical situations confirmation of the results of the status of the mediastinal nodes by sampling will therefore be necessary.

PFTs
Pulmonary function tests (PFT) are not a formal part of staging but can be useful in treatment decisions. Patients with lung cancer resulting from air pollution (occupational or cigarette smoking-related) are more likely to have other lung disorders such as COPD, which limit their respiratory reserve. Patients with limited respiratory reserve are at higher risk for postoperative complications should surgical treatment be pursued; they may not be able to tolerate the diminished lung capacity remaining after the removal of a portion of the lung.

Brain MRI
PET scans need to be specifically modulated to detect metastases within the brain, which otherwise shows fairly uniformly active uptake from normal brain activity.  In practice, CT or MRI scans are used to detect brain metastases. Although MRI has a modestly higher detection rate and can find smaller metastases, contrast-enhanced CT scan can be a suitable choice due to many factors such as MRI-incompatible metal prosthetics, claustrophobia, or noise-intolerance.

Mediastinal staging
Nearly half of lung cancers have mediastinal disease at diagnosis. If cancer involves any of the mediastinal lymph nodes, these lymph nodes are designated N2 if they are on the same side as the original tumor, and N3 if they are on the other. N2, and particularly N3 lymph nodes, affect the clinical stage very significantly.   The American Thoracic Society has standardized the nomenclature of lymph nodes in the chest. There are fourteen numbered nodal stations. Lymph nodes considered to be in the mediastinum are stations 1–9, which are thus potential N2 or N3 locations, while stations 10-14 are hilar and peripheral nodes, and thus potential N1 locations.

There are numerous modalities which allow staging of mediastinal lymph nodes. In the following table they are arranged from the most to the least invasive.

Endoscopic ultrasound

Background
This section focuses on the emerging role various types of endoscopic ultrasound and biopsy are playing in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer, with an emphasis on the most common type of lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). These techniques have been reviewed extensively and have attained substantial consensus in guidelines such as from the NCCN.

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is an endoscopic technique where a miniaturized ultrasound probe is passed through the mouth into the upper gastrointestinal tract to investigate organs and structures close to the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum, such as the lung. In 1993, Wiersema published the first description of EUS to diagnose and stage lung cancer, done by advancing a fine needle through the esophagus into adjacent lymph nodes. Numerous subsequent studies have shown this general methodology to be effective, very safe, minimally invasive, and very well tolerated. Given these advantages, many authorities think that EUS together with endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) enhances lung cancer diagnosis and staging.

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)
A metaanalysis published in 2007, based on 1,201 cancers in 18 high-quality clinical trials carefully selected by predefined criteria from the literature, systematically examined the performance of EUS-guided FNA in NSCLC staging. Two scenarios were considered: the setting of enlarged lymph nodes on CT (suggestive but not diagnostic of cancer), and the obverse scenario of an absence of lymph node enlargement on CT (suggestive but not diagnostic of no cancer). Overall, in both settings, minor complications were reported in 0.8% of procedures; no major complications were recorded. EUS-FNA in enlarged discrete mediastinal lymph nodes  had an excellent pooled sensitivity (8 studies) of 90% (95% CI, 84 to 94%) and specificity of 97% (95% CI, 95 to 98%).  EUS-FNA in the setting of no enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes on CT had a pooled sensitivity (4 studies) of 58% (95% CI, 39 to 75%) and specificity of 98% (95% CI, 96 to 99%).  Although this sensitivity (58% in CT-negative disease) might on first consideration seem disappointing, if EUS is performed as a staging test it can help avoid more invasive staging procedures, or surgery, if positive (for the presence of cancer). In other words, an EUS that has a positive result (shows cancer) will avoid further needless surgery, whereas a result not showing cancer may be false-negative, and probably requires an excisional biopsy technique for confirmation, such as VATS or mediastinoscopy.

The ACCP guidelines recommend invasive staging for patients with or without mediastinal lymph node enlargement on CT regardless of the PET scan findings. If needle techniques are used (such as EUS-NA, TBNA, EBUS-NA, or TTNA) a non-malignant result should be further confirmed by mediastinoscopy as explained above.

EUS can reliably reach the lymph node stations 5, 7, 8 and 9. In the superior mediastinum the trachea is somewhat to the right of the esophagus which makes it often possible to reach left-sided area 2 and 4 lymph nodes and, less often, right sided paratracheal lymph nodes. In general, EUS is most appropriate for evaluation of the posterior inferior mediastinum while mediastinoscopy or EBUS are best for the anterior superior mediastinum. The feasibility of EUS-FNA of aorto-pulmonary space (subaortic) lymph nodes (station 5) is a major advantage of EUS. Evaluation of this station has traditionally required a paramedian mediastinotomy (Chamberlain procedure). EUS can easily sample celiac lymph nodes, which cannot be reached by the other mediastinal staging methods. In one recent study an unexpectedly high incidence of celiac lymph node metastasis (11%) was noted.  EUS can also be used to biopsy potential left adrenal metastases, whereas the right adrenal gland is mostly inaccessible.

The potential utility of EUS-FNA in restaging of the mediastinum in patients who have undergone chemotherapy and radiotherapy for N2 or N3 disease is under investigation. The underlying idea is that initially advanced cancers, previously too extensive for surgery, may have responded to chemotherapy and radiation so much that they now may be operative candidates. Rather than immediately proceeding to thoracotomy based on CT or PET results, which could lead to an "open and close" thorax surgery, restaging, including invasive staging, may deselect non-responders, missed on imaging tests alone.  If the initial mediastinal staging included a mediastinoscopy, most surgeons try to avoid a repeat mediastinoscopy after radiation treatment because of scarring. Although restaging by PET and CT scanning may help to provide targets for biopsies, the concept is that even PET-negative mediastinums need to be sampled. In N2 disease, EUS-FNA and EBUS-FNA appear to offer the best risk-benefit ratio in these patients.

Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)
As mentioned in the table, EUS cannot reliably access right sided paratracheal lymph node stations 2R and 4R and may not be optimal for the left sided paratracheal lymph node stations either. An adaptation of the endoscopic ultrasound scope originally designed for the gastrointestinal tract is known as endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS). The instrument is inserted into the trachea rather than the esophagus. There are two types of EBUS bronchoscopes available: radial catheter probe and convex probe EBUS (CP-EBUS), but only the latter concerns us here. Early experience with mediastinal staging by CP-EBUS appears very promising with sensitivities ranging from 92 to 96 percent in 4 series comprising 70 to 502 patients.

Combined ultrasound
Many patients will, if given a choice, prefer an instrument which is inserted into the esophagus (EUS) over one which is inserted into the trachea (EBUS). Furthermore, many patients with suspected lung cancer will have other smoking related illnesses, such as emphysema or COPD, which makes a bronchoscopy-like procedure (EBUS) a higher risk than an upper endoscopy through the esophagus (EUS).  An area of active and emerging research concerns the value of combining EUS and EBUS in a single session, one specialist following the other, or -even more convenient- a dual trained operator doing one or the other – or both- as needed.

EUS-FNA and EBUS-FNA are complementary techniques. EUS has the highest yield in the posterior inferior mediastinum, and EBUS is strongest for the superior anterior mediastinum. Some lymph node stations can only be accessed by one method and not the other (for example, station 2 and 4 L and 3 are hard or impossible to see by EUS, stations 5 and 8 cannot be biopsied by EBUS). Together, EBUS and EUS cover the entire mediastinum (except possibly station 6) and complete mediastinal staging should be possible with a combination of these two procedures. This combination could conceptually eliminate the need for most surgical mediastinoscopies and in fact be more comprehensive.

When combined, this approach has been termed "complete medical mediastinoscopy." EUS-FNA with EBUS may allow near-complete, minimally invasive mediastinal staging in patients with suspected lung cancer

References

External links
 Vilmann P, Larsen SS. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsy in the chest: little to lose, much to gain. Eur Respir J. 2005 Mar;25(3):400-1. Review
  Endoscopic Ultrasound Resources

Lung cancer


Soldier On is an EP by American musician Andrew Bird.

Track listing

Other appearances
 "The Water Jet Cilice" appears as a bonus track on Armchair Apocrypha with the name "Self-Torture"
 A version of "Heretics" also appears on Armchair Apocrypha
 "How You Gonna Keep 'Em Down on the Farm" is a cover of the World War I-era song, How Ya Gonna Keep 'em Down on the Farm (After They've Seen Paree)?. The lyrics are the same, but the melody, chords, and tone have been changed.
 "Oh Sister" is a Bob Dylan cover, originally from the album Desire
 A live version of "Sic of Elephants" was recorded for 30 Days, 50 Songs

References

Andrew Bird albums
2007 EPs


Áed mac Echach Tirmcharna (died 575) was a King of Connacht from the Uí Briúin branch of the Connachta. He was the son of Echu Tirmcharna mac Fergusso (died ca. 556). He came to the throne in the year 557 and ruled until 575.

The slaying of one of his sons was the cause of a war with the high-king Diarmait mac Cerbaill (died 563). Geoffrey Keating states that Diarmait held a feast at Tara at which Áed's son Curnán mac Áedo (died 559) slew a nobleman. Curnán then put himself under the protection of Forguss and Domnall mac Muichertaig of the Cenél nEógain of the northern Uí Néill who placed him under the protection of their kinsman Saint Columba. However Diarmait had Curnán executed for violating laws of Tara in 559. According to the Annals of the Four Masters, Curnán was torn from the hands of Columba. As a result Columba organized a confederacy of the northern Uí Néill including the Cenél Conaill with Áed of Connacht against Diarmait.

In 560 the Battle of Cúl Dreimne (in County Sligo) was fought by this alliance against Diarmait. The Annals of the Four Masters mention that the prayers of Columba prevailed over the druids of Diarmait and he was defeated. T.M. Charles-Edwards places this battle in later Cenel Caipre Droma Cliab territory in the region between the Northern Uí Néill and the Connachta stating that Diarmait was on the offensive and tried to cut the allies off. He also states that the true cause of this battle was probably a dispute over the succession to Diarmait.

Byrne doubts the legitimacy of the early Uí Briúin genealogies and even goes so far as to doubt that these early kings of Connacht were even of the Uí Briúin. He cites the reference in the annals to the death of Áed in 575 who is said to be killed by the Uí Briúin and to a reference in the Annals of Innisfallen that he gave Enach Dúin (Annaghdown on Lough Corrib) to Saint Brendan of Clonfert. He doubts that a ruler from the Mag nAí region would be able to make this gift. However, Hubert Knox believed the Uí Briúin in fact originated near Annaghdown, which would explain this situation. Charles-Edwards on the other hand believes that the Uí Briúin were set up in Connacht by Diarmait mac Cerbaill as a balance to the Uí Fiachrach before Áed joined the alliance against him.

He was succeeded by his son Uatu mac Áedo (died 600).

Notes

See also
Kings of Connacht

References

Annals of Tigernach
Annals of the Four Masters
Annals of Innisfallen
G. Keating, History of Ireland
T.M. Charles-Edwards, Early Christian Ireland
Francis J. Byrne, Irish Kings and High-Kings
The Chronology of the Irish Annals, Daniel P. McCarthy

External links
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork

575 deaths
Kings of Connacht
Nobility from County Roscommon
6th-century Irish monarchs
Year of birth unknown


George Nicol (1740? – 25 June 1828) was a bookseller and publisher in 18th-century London. In 1781, he became bookseller to George III, a position he held until 1820. In 1785, he published an improved edition of James Cook's third voyage. In 1786, he became involved with John Boydell's Shakespeare Gallery and bore responsibility for the letterpress. He and the others in the project wanted to create a type that would be both utilitarian and beautiful.

Early life and work
Nicol was born in Scotland, probably in May 1740 (or perhaps in 1741). Around 1769, he moved to London and began working for his uncle, David Wilson at his shop in the Strand. Later, the two men became partners. By spring 1773, Nicol had already become sufficiently successful to receive the king's informal commission to purchase books on his behalf. At the sale of the library of James West, president of the Royal Society, fellow booksellers such as John Almon were surprised when Nicol bought almost all available books printed by William Caxton. One remarked that "a Scotchman had lavished away the king's money in buying old black-letter books." In fact, Nicol had instructions from George III not to bid against any buyers who wanted "books of science and belles lettres for their own progressive or literary pursuits".

As Nicol's business prospered there were changes to his business partners and premises over time. Initially the business was styled Wilson and Nicol. Both names appeared on the catalogue issued in 1773 to sell the library of Henry Sacheverell. David Wilson died in 1777, and by 1781 Nicol was trading under his own name alone. His shop appears to have operated at 441 The Strand from 1778 to 1788. After Wilson's death, Nicol inherited his share in The Gazetteer and took a close interest in the operation of the newspaper, which published until 1797. In 1779, Nicol was appointed Bookseller to the Great Wardrobe, a royal title he held for three years until the abolition of the Great Wardrobe in 1782.

In 1787, Nicol moved his operations west to Pall Mall, purchasing 51 Pall Mall on 26 February 1787 and 58 Pall Mall the same year. He appears to have used No. 51 as his house, and No. 58 as his bookshop. (Later in 1787, John and Josiah Boydell took a lease on 52 Pall Mall for their Shakespeare Gallery.) In 1800, the business was renamed George and William Nicol, presumably to reflect the involvement of George's son. In about 1821, the business operations moved from 58 to 51 Pall Mall. After his father retired in 1825, William continued the business under both names until 1837, and under the name William Nicol alone from 1838 to 1855. From 1839 to 1855, William's business operated from premises at 60 Pall Mall.

Among Nicol's many publications were official accounts of government-funded expeditions. These included A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean (1784), James Cook's log of his explorations, published four years after Cook's death, and the official account in 1795 of George, Earl Macartney's ill-fated Embassy to China.

Association with Boydell family
Nicol was married twice. Little is known of his first marriage, except that it produced a son, William. By the mid-1780s Nicol had developed a close friendship with the family of the engraver and publisher John Boydell. In November 1786, Nicol and John Boydell were among the dinner guests at the West Hampstead home of the engraver's nephew Josiah Boydell. This dinner was the genesis for the Boydells' Shakespeare Gallery project, in which Nicol became heavily involved. By Nicol's account (published many years later) the idea of an illustrated Shakespeare edition was at least partly his own, and something he had proposed unsuccessfully in his youth to David Garrick. Others, including the painter George Romney also later claimed to have proposed the idea.

It is undisputed, however, that Nicol was an enthusiastic participant in the Shakespeare venture. It appears to have been Nicol who recruited William Martin, a typefounder from Birmingham, to cut the type for the new edition, and Martin worked at first from Nicol's home in Pall Mall. While Martin was working on the typeface, Nicol and Boydell met the printer William Bulmer by chance, resulting in the agreement to establish Bulmer and Nicol's Shakespeare Press at 3 Russell Court, off Cleveland Row at the western end of Pall Mall. With input from Nicol and Bulmer, Martin created a typeface that so successfully combined utility with beauty that experts took it to be the work of the continental master Giambattista Bodoni. Today, a revived version of this font is known as Bulmer.

The bibliographer Thomas Frognall Dibdin reports that despite Nicol and Bulmer's satisfaction with the typeface, they were irked by continuing unfavorable comparisons to Bodoni's output. To demonstrate the quality of their new typeface they concocted a "pretty cheat" that they called the "Bodoni Hum". Bulmer set and printed Cicero's De Officiis on four large octavo pages in a style mimicking Bodoni's output. Implying that the type was Bodoni's, Nicol showed the sample to various customers, who were so impressed by its beauty that they were anxious to buy copies. Nicol told them "that Mr. Bodoni had an agent in town; and if they would turn to the bottom of the last page of the specimen, they would find his address". The customers turned the page to find printed: "W. Bulmer and Co. Shakspeare Press." (Nicol denied Dibdin's initial assertion that the name "Bodoni Hum" derived from an exchange between Nicol and George III.) The new typeface helped build the reputation of Bulmer and Nicol's printing office, and the high quality of his output in turn helped build the reputation and popularity of British-produced books in the late-18th century. The association with William Bulmer was continued by Nicol's son William, who ran Bulmer's press from 1819 to 1835. George Nicol's partnership with Bulmer was formally dissolved on 31 December 1819.

As well as Nicol's substantial involvement with Boydell's developing Shakespeare Gallery, he also embarked on a romance with Mary Boydell, niece of John and sister of the painter Josiah Boydell. Mary had previously toured Europe with her uncle and written an illustrated memoir of the trip. She was described as a beauty at the time and was sought after by several suitors.

On 9 July 1787 as Nicol and Mary Boydell were walking up Prince's Street (now the southern section of Wardour Street) near Leicester Square, Mary Boydell was shot by Dr. John Elliot with a pair of pistols tied together. Although the shots had been close enough to burn half her cloak, Mary was only bruised by the attack. Elliot was a former suitor of Mary's who had become convinced that she had reneged on a promise to marry him, and that he had thereby lost a share in what he believed to be John Boydell's £30,000 fortune. Elliot was also the developer of the idea that different elements of the retina respond to different portions of the spectrum of light, a theory advanced in a posthumously published medical textbook.

At Elliot's subsequent Old Bailey trial, it was argued that he may have failed to load his pistols with shot, or have intentionally used unloaded weapons. Elliot's counsel unsuccessfully attempted also to argue a defense of insanity, based largely on the supposedly evident insanity of Elliot's theories of solar radiation. The jury nevertheless acquitted Elliott of attempted murder as they did not accept that the pistols had been loaded. Elliot remained charged with assault and was remanded to Newgate Gaol, where he refused food and water and died on 22 July 1787. George Nicol and Mary Boydell were married on 8 September 1787. Mary became a print collector and writer in her own right. She died on 21 December 1820 and her prints were bought by the Duke of Buckingham. Her 'valuable collection of prints and portraits, splendid books of prints, and illustrated works' were sold at auction by R. H. Evans on 1 July 1822 and seven following days; Evans sold her 'books and books of prints, natural history, &c.' on 9 July 1822. Copies of both catalogues are at Cambridge University Library (shelfmark Munby.c.125(2-3)). Nicol and his son accompanied Josiah and John North Boydell in the funeral procession for John Boydell on 19 December 1804.

Librarian and auctioneer

In addition to publishing and selling books, Nicol also served as a librarian to several aristocrats. He was a friend of George III, John Ker, 3rd Duke of Roxburghe and Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton. In 1812, after the Duke of Roxburghe's death he worked with a fellow bookseller, Robert Harding Evans, on the sale of the duke's extensive library. Nicol wrote the catalogue and organised the auction. The sale went on for 42 days, garnered £23,341 (the books had been purchased for £5,000), and started a "bibliomania" and the Roxburghe Club. It was Evans's first experience as an auctioneer, and the huge success of the sale spurred him to become the leading book auctioneer in early 19th-century London. Nicol and Evans collaborated again in 1815, on the sale of the library of the Duke of Grafton.

Later life
George Nicol retired in 1825 and Evans conducted a sale of Nicol's library the same year. Among the works sold was the copy of the Gutenberg Bible on vellum that is now in The Huntington Library. After a long illness, Nicol died at his home in Pall Mall on 25 June 1828. Both he and his wife are buried at St. Olave Old Jewry.

Notes

Bibliography

—. Narrative of the Life and Death of John Elliot, M.D. London, 1787.
—. "John Elliot, M.D.". The Newgate Calendar, Vol. IV, 164–168. London: Navarre Society Ltd., 1926.
Burke, Edmund. The Annual Register, or a View of the History, Politics, and Literature of the Year 1828. London: J. Dodsley, 1829.
Dibdin, Rev. Thomas Frognall. The Bibliographical Decameron. 3 vols. (Vol I, Vol II, Vol III). London: W. Bulmer and Co. (Shakspeare Press), 1817.
Dibdin, Rev. Thomas Frognall. Reminiscences of a Literary Life. 2 vols. (Vol I, Vol II). London: John Major, 1836.
Elliot, John. Elements of Natural Philosophy. London, 1792.
Maxted, Ian. "The London book trades 1775-1800: a preliminary checklist of members. Names N-O." Exeter Working Papers in British Book Trade History. Retrieved on 29 January 2008.
Mollon, J.D. "The Origins of Modern Color Science". The Science of Color. London: Elsevier Ltd, 2003. . Retrieved on 29 January 2008.
Painting, Vivienne W. "George Nicol". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. 2004. Retrieved on 29 January 2008.
Roberts, William. The Book-Hunter in London. London: Elliot Stock, 1895.
Wheatley, Henry B. Round About Piccadilly and Pall Mall. London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1870.

English booksellers
1740s births
1828 deaths


The Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering  (APG) is a FATF style regional inter-governmental (international) body, the members of which are committed to effectively implementing the international standards against money laundering (AML), the financing of terrorism (CTF) and financing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. APG was founded in 1997 in Bangkok, Thailand, and currently consists of 42 member jurisdictions in the Asia-Pacific region and a number of observer jurisdictions and international/regional observer organisations.

The year 2022 marked the 25th anniversary of the formal establishment of APG. The annual meeting in July 2022 was convened in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Jurisdictions that join the APG, either as members or as observers, commit to effectively implement, in law and regulation, the 40 Recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). These standards, originally issued in 1990, were substantially updated in 2001 and then again in 2012, and were supplemented by a complex assessment methodology in 2013 which forms the benchmark for mutual evaluations. Both of these documents are under review by the FATF to be completed by 2024 to take into account a number of issues both technical and effectiveness related as a result of the FATF's fourth round of evaluations that commenced in 2014. Their improved content will form the basis of a further round of country evaluations commencing after 2024.

Role
APG has a number of roles as set out in its strategic plan, including:
 Assessing APG members' compliance with the international anti-money laundering/combating the financing of terrorism (AML/CFT) standards through a programme of mutual evaluations;
 Supporting implementation of the international AML/CFT standards, including coordinating multi-lateral and bi-lateral technical assistance and training with donor countries and agencies;
 Conducting research and analysis into money laundering and terrorist financing trends and methods;
 Participating in, and co-operating with, the international AML/CFT network and contributing to global policy development of the standards through associate membership in the FATF; and
  Engaging with the private sector to raise awareness in the region on AML/CFT issues. Private sector engagement includes interacting with financial and non-financial institutions, academia and the media.

The APG conducts mutual evaluations of its members to determine whether they comply, or to what extent they comply, with their obligations to implement the global anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing standards. Some of these reports are conducted jointly with other AML/CFT bodies such as the FATF, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the Group of International Financial Centre Supervisors.  The final reports are considered at the APG annual meeting each year and upon completion of that examination are adopted then published on the APG website in accordance with internal policy.

The APG also has an extensive technical assistance and training function in the region.  The APG was the first FATF-style regional body to have formal institutionalised processes for technical assistance and training relating to AML/CFT issues.  Each year a number of activities are conducted in the region to assess technical and training needs of APG members after which the secretariat coordinates assistance from multi-lateral and bi-lateral donors. The APG, jointly with the World Bank, developed a "Strategic Implementation Planning Framework" to assist APG members to prioritise and implement the recommendations made in APG mutual evaluation reports.

The APG's typologies work programme examines trends in money laundering and terrorist financing in the Asia-Pacific region. Typologies reports are published on the APG website and provide case studies from APG members which in turn assist policy makers and law enforcement agencies in understanding how to target resources to prevent these crimes both at the domestic and the international level. Some of the reports published by the APG include money laundering trends in the gambling and casino sector; the risks of money laundering and terrorist financing through alternative remittance systems and underground banking; trade-based money laundering; and money laundering risks associated with gold.  Recent projects include examinations of terrorist financing through social media, and money laundering and terrorist financing through human trafficking and human smuggling.

The APG also has a multi-year technical assistance programme for Pacific countries and jurisdictions funded solely by the government of New Zealand. The programme involves intensive assistance and training in legal drafting, law enforcement training and capacity building, and enhancement of financial and non-financial sector AML/CFT supervision.

Co-Chairs

The APG has a permanent and a rotating Co-Chair. The permanent chair is held by Australia, as host and supporting member jurisdiction of the Secretariat, and the rotating chair is appointed for a two-year term by the membership. The Co-Chairs are responsible for setting the strategic objectives of the organisation, usually through a set of Chairs' Priorities every two years, and for Chairing significant APG meetings, including the annual meeting every year (in July usually) and Governance Committee meetings held five times per year consisting of sub-regional representatives of each of the five regions in the Asia-Pacific.

The permanent Co-Chair is Australia, represented by Deputy Commissioner Ian McCartney (2019), Australian Federal Police, and the current rotating Co-Chair is Canada (2022-2024), represented by Mr. Julien Brazeau, the Associate Assistant Deputy Minister of Finance in the Department of Finance Canada.

Previous rotating Co-Chairs have come from the following APG members:

 Philippines, Department of Foreign Affairs, 1998-2000;
 Malaysia, Central Bank of Malaysia, 2000-2002;
 Korea, Korea Financial Intelligence Unit, 2002-2004;
 Japan, Japan Financial Intelligence Office, Financial Services Agency, 2004-2006;
 Indonesia, Indonesian Financial Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre, 2006-2008;
 Singapore, Commercial Affairs Department, 2008-2010;
 India, Directorate of Enforcement, 2010-2012;
 China, Anti-Money Laundering Bureau of the People’s Bank of China, 2012-2014;
 New Zealand, Ministry of Justice, 2014-2016;
 Sri Lanka, Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 2016-2018;
 Bangladesh, Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit, 2018-2020;
 Malaysia, Bank Negara Malaysia, 2020-2022.

APG Secretariat
The APG Secretariat is located in Sydney, Australia. The Secretariat supports the governance framework of the APG and provides policy and administrative support to the APG membership including coordinating and leading AML/CFT mutual evaluations; implementing the APG's technical assistance and training strategy; and providing expertise and research on money laundering, terrorist financing and proliferation financing in relation to weapons of mass destruction as well as other emerging issues to members and interested persons and organisations. The Secretariat participates in FATF plenary and working group meetings on behalf of the APG membership and, in doing so, provides input into global AML/CFT policy.

The Executive Secretary is Dr Gordon Hook, a lawyer who has practiced private and public law in both Canada and New Zealand before his appointment to the APG.

APG Members
Under APG's Terms of Reference 1997 (revised in July 2023) membership is available for jurisdictions with a presence in the Asia-Pacific region who commit to the policy objectives of the organisation including undergoing a mutual evaluation (peer review) to determine the level of compliance of the member with the international standards against money laundering and terrorist financing.

The 42 member countries and jurisdictions in the APG are the following:

Of these, 11 are also members of the FATF, namely: Australia, Canada, India, China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, and the United States.

There are now very few jurisdictions in the Asia-Pacific region that do not participate with the APG as members or observers (including some independent jurisdictions in the Pacific region such as Northern Marianas Islands).  French Polynesia and New Caledonia as well as the Wallis and Futuna Islands are dependencies of France and included within the French AML/CFT system – France is an active APG observer jurisdiction.

The APG is an associate member of the Financial Action Task Force which enables individual APG member-delegates to attend FATF meetings as APG delegates and intervene on policy and operational issues. The APG also conducts joint meetings with the FATF and other FATF regional bodies.

APG Committees
The APG conducts a large amount of business between its annual general meetings. For this purpose, three core committees move APG business forward between annual meetings:

  Governance  Committee: This committee is chaired by the APG Co-Chairs and manages a variety of issues of strategic importance to the membership including confidential membership issues, financial issues and the structure and functioning of the APG as an organisation. It meets at least five times per year.
  Mutual Evaluations Committee: this committee manages the APG's mutual evaluation (ME) programme and considers draft reports and policy issues. This committee meets a minimum of five times per year and is chaired by two APG member countries.
   Operations Committee: the Operations Committee was formed in mid-2017 (amalgamating the previous Typologies Working Group and Implementation Issues Working Group). The committee has two Co-Chairs and manages the APG's risk and trends research and its implementation of the Strategic Implementation Planning Framework. It also meets a minimum of five times per year including one face-to-face meeting at the APG's annual meeting each year.

APG Observers
Observer status is available to any jurisdiction in the Asia-Pacific region interested in becoming a member or any other jurisdiction which supports the goals and work of the APG. International organisations which support the work of the APG may also join as supporting observers.

APG observers include jurisdictions and organisations that cooperate with the APG to support regional efforts to implement the international standards for AML/CFT. Of the observer jurisdictions, some are "supporting observers" (including France, Germany and the UK) which are not considering APG membership – they are members of either the FATF or a FATF-style regional body (or both).

The following eight jurisdictions are APG observers:

 Democratic People's Republic of Korea
 France
 Germany
 Kazakhstan
 Kiribati
 Federated States of Micronesia
 United Arab Emirates
 United Kingdom

The following international and regional organisations are observers in the APG:

 Alliance for Financial Inclusion (AFI)
 Asset Recovery Interagency Network Asia Pacific (ARIN-AP)
 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Secretariat
 Asian Development Bank (ADB)
 ADB/OECD Anti-Corruption Initiative for Asia/Pacific
 Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) (Secretariat)
 Caribbean Financial Action Task Force (CFATF)
 Moneyval (Council of Europe's Committee of Experts on Anti-money Laundering)
 Commonwealth Secretariat
 Eastern and Southern Africa Anti-Money Laundering Group (ESAAMLG)
 Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units (Egmont)
 Eurasian Group (EAG)
 European Commission
 Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
 Financial Services Volunteer Corps (FSVC)
 Global Center on Cooperative Security
 Groupe d'Action contre le Blanchiment d'Argent en Afrique Centrale (GABAC)
 Grupo de Acción Financiera de Latinoamérica (GAFILAT) (formerly GAFISUD)
 Groupe Inter-Gouvernemental d’Action Contre le Blanchiment de l'Argent en Afrique (GIABA)
 Group of International Finance Centre Supervisors (GIFCS)
 International Monetary Fund (IMF)
 Interpol
 Islamic Development Bank (IsDB)
 Middle East & North Africa FATF (MENAFATF)
 Oceania Customs Organisation (OCO)
 Pacific Financial Technical Assistance Centre (PFTAC)
 Pacific Islands Chiefs of Police (PICP)
 Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat (PIFS)
 Pacific Islands Law Officers' Network (PILON)
 United Nations
 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
 World Bank
 World Customs Organization (WCO)

References

External links
 Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering
 Caribbean Financial Action Task Force
 Financial Action Task Force
 MONEYVAL
 UNODC on money-laundering and countering the financing of terrorism: profile from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
 Financial Market Integrity Unit of the World Bank

1997 establishments in Thailand
Organizations established in 1997
Anti-money laundering organizations


Poul Carl Bjerre (24 May 1876 – 15 July 1964) was a Swedish psychiatrist who was a native of Gothenburg. In 1907 he succeeded hypnotist Otto Georg Wetterstrand (1845–1907) at the latter's medical practice in Stockholm. He was the brother of Andreas Bjerre.

Bjerre is credited for introducing psychoanalysis and Freudian psychiatric concepts into Swedish medicine, which he presented to a 1911 gathering of the "Order of Swedish Physicians". He would later distance himself from a number of Freudian ideas. Bjerre believed that the workings of the conscious mind were more important than those of the unconscious, and felt that Freud placed too much emphasis on an individual's sex life. He believed that it was important for the psychiatrist to "be human", and to view and treat his patient in an holistic manner. Bjerre was also a major advocate of hypnosis.

Among his written works was an influential book which theorized on the recurring cycle of "psychic death and renewal" called Död och Förnyelse.
He wrote a biography on Friedrich Nietzsche, and is remembered for his written correspondence with Freud and Carl Jung.
He died in Vårsta.

Personal life
In 1905 Poul Bjerre married Gunhild Wennerberg, who was the mother of his sister-in-law Amelie Posse. They remained married until Wennerberg's death in 1925.

Portrayal in Bära bud
The relationship between the Poul and Andreas Bjerre was the subject of the 2008 historical novel Bära bud by Norwegian author Håkan Bravinger, which was based on the diaries kept by the two brothers as well as other historical documents. In the novel Bravinger portrays Andreas Bjerre's death from suicide, leaving a note for his wife Madeleine and for his mother. His brother Poul, for whom Andreas had often expressed great hatred in his diaries, is portrayed as refusing to accept that it was suicide.

Published works
 In English:
 "The history and practice of psychoanalysis", 1916
 "Death and renewal", 1929
 "The remaking of marriage; a contribution to the psychology of sex relationship", 1931
 In German:
 Der geniale Wahnsinn. Eine Studie zum Gedächtnisse Nietzsches, 1904
 Wie deine Seele geheilt wird. Der Weg zur Lösung seelischer Konflikte, 1920
 Unruhe, Zwang, Angst, 1955
 Psychosynthese, 1971 - (Psychosynthesis, part of the series- "Schriftenreihe zur Theorie und Praxis der medizinischen Psychologie", Volume 20.

References
 Answers.com, Poul Bjerre

Swedish psychiatrists
1876 births
1964 deaths
Physicians from Gothenburg


John Percival Droop (4 October 1882 – 26 September 1963, in Vence, France) was a British classical archaeologist of Dutch descent.

After attending Marlborough College and Trinity College, Cambridge, Droop became a student of the British School at Athens, where he excavated at Sparta, in Thessaly, on Milos and on Crete. He later became a full member of the BSA.

In 1911, Droop joined T. Eric Peet's Egypt Exploration Fund at Abydos, where he and Peet developed a system for dating pre-dynastic Egyptian ceramics. During the First World War, Droop worked for the Admiralty, and remained in post until 1921, when he was appointed the Charles W. Jones Professor of Classical Archaeology in the University of Liverpool, a position he held until 1948.

He excavated widely: at Chester, Bainbridge and Lancaster in Britain, and at Niebla in Spain. He edited the scholarly journal Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology from 1937 until 1948.

Droop gives his name to an Ancient Greek bowl form, dating from the 6th century BC, which he studied and categorised. Droop also researched the temple of Artemis Orthia at Sparta.

He was the son of Henry Richmond Droop (1832–1884), the mathematician, and Clara Baily ( 1841 – 7 September 1921). In 1916, he married Ita Bride Moloney; they had three children.

Works

1908. "Two Cyrenaic Kylikes", Journal of Hellenic Studies 28:175–179.
1910. "The dates of the vases called 'Cyrenaic", Journal of Hellenic Studies 30:1–34.
1932. "Droop Cups and the Dating of Laconian Pottery", Journal of Hellenic Studies 52:303–304.

References

Sources

Classical archaeologists
Academics of the University of Liverpool
1882 births
1963 deaths
20th-century British archaeologists


The Tagalog Wikipedia () is the Tagalog language edition of Wikipedia, which was launched on December 1, 2003. It has  articles and is the  largest Wikipedia according to the number of articles as of .

History
The Tagalog Wikipedia was launched on December 1, 2003, as the first Wikipedia in a language of the Philippines.

As of February 3, 2011, it has more than 50,000 articles. Bantayan, Cebu became the 10,000th article on October 20, 2007, while Pasko sa Pilipinas (Christmas in the Philippines) became the 15,000th article on December 24, 2007. Localization of software messages through the Betawiki (or translatewiki.net) was finished on February 6, 2009.

In 2011, the Tagalog Wikipedia was part of the WikiHistories fellowship research project of the Wikimedia Foundation. The project tries to capture the triumphs, failures, and daily struggles of the editors working to make the dream of globally shared knowledge a reality.

Statistics
March 11, 2008: Pandaka pygmaea – 16,000th article
June 30, 2008: Silindro (Harmonica) – 17,000th article
August 5, 2008: Unang Aklat ng mga Macabeo (1 Maccabees) – 18,000th article
October 2, 2008: Heriyatriko (Geriatrics) – 19,000th article
November 1, 2008: Anak ng Tao (Son of man) – 20,000th article
March 22, 2010: Sky Girls – 25,000th article
July 20, 2010: Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf – 30,000th article
October 25, 2010: 1714 Sy – 40,000th article
Nobyembre 9, 2010: Ekonometriks (Econometrics) – 45,000th article
January 15, 2011: Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal – 50,000th article
February 4, 2013: Lalaking Vitruvio (Vitruvian Man) – 60,000th article

Due to the mass deletion of very short articles, as of July 2021, the total number of articles is below 50,000.

First steps of Tagalog Wikipedia
The first article created in the Tagalog Wikipedia (aside from Unang Pahina or the main page) is about Wikipedia. It was created on March 25, 2004. During the times when Tagalog Wikipedia's standards on articles were not strict, the first featured article was Livestrong wristband, but this was replaced by the article kimika (chemistry) in line with the revised standards. But kimika along with the second featured article wiki were eventually replaced by a review process. Technically, the very first featured article that survived the review process is about keso (cheese).

The File:Flutterbye.jpg was the first featured picture for the article paru-parong Viceroy (Viceroy butterfly). Because the file was deleted, it was replaced by File:St Vitus stained glass.jpg for the article Katedral ng San Vitus (St. Vitus Cathedral). Although the featured picture archive lists File:Viceroy Butterfly.jpg as the first featured picture.

The first three articles that appeared in Alam Ba Ninyo? (Did you know?) were web browser (en), Wikang Bulgaro (Bulgarian language) and Pilipinas (Philippines). There was a section entitled On This Day at the main page on April 2, 2008, but this was hidden on May 3, 2008, because of lack of contributors of this section.

Characteristics
The Tagalog Wikipedia has several characteristics which define it differently from other language editions of Wikipedia. According to Michael Tan, a Filipino anthropologist and Philippine Daily Inquirer columnist, the Tagalog Wikipedia greatly depends on the UP Diksyonaryong Filipino for basic definitions. Though focused on the Tagalog language, it has pages that helps non-Tagalog speakers on anything related about the online project.

Coverage
The Tagalog Wikipedia has significant coverage of topics related to the Philippines, as well as anime and manga-related topics. In 2010, GMA News and Public Affairs released a report criticizing the Tagalog Wikipedia's lack of science-related articles.

Project name
According to Wikipedians from the Tagalog and English Wikipedias, the Tagalog Wikipedia also represents the Filipino language. According to the Vibal Foundation, a foundation that started WikiPilipinas, the Tagalog Wikipedia is different from WikiFilipino, the wiki that they manage because WikiFilipino uses Filipino language while Tagalog Wikipedia uses Tagalog language. The difference or sameness of Tagalog and Filipino sparked a debate among Tagalog Wikipedians about the name of the project. This debate was mentioned in an article by DILA (Defenders of the Indigenous Languages of the Archipelago), an organization that defends indigenous languages of the Philippines.

Comparison with other Philippine-based language editions
Compared to the other Philippine-based language editions of Wikipedia, it has significantly fewer articles than the Cebuano Wikipedia, which currently has more than  articles, and the Waray Wikipedia, which has more than  articles, as the majority of the articles in those two languages were initially created by the Lsjbot.

The Tagalog Wikipedia has an article depth of , compared to  for the Waray Wikipedia and  for the Cebuano Wikipedia, as of , . By active users, it has , compared to  for the Cebuano Wikipedia and  for the Waray language edition.

References

External links

 Wikipedias in Philippine languages

 Wikibooks in Philippine languages

 Wiktionaries in Philippine languages

Philippine Wikipedias (Incubator Status)
Aklan language (:incubator:Wp/akl)
Miraya Bikol language (:incubator:Wp/rbl)
Pandan Bikol language (:incubator:Wp/cts)
Rinconada Bikol language (:incubator:Wp/bto)
Capiznon language (:incubator:Wp/cps)
Hiligaynon language (:incubator:Wp/hil)
Kinaray-a language (:incubator:Wp/krj)
Maranao language (:incubator:Wp/mrw)
Tausug language (:incubator:Wp/tsg)

Philippine Wikimedia (Incubator Status)
Cebuano Wiktionary
Kapampangan Wiktionary
Pangasinan Wiktionary
Tagalog Wikinews
Tagalog Wikivoyage
Waray Wiktionary

Philippine encyclopedias
Wikipedias by language
Internet properties established in 2003
Tagalog-language websites


Polymorphida are an order of thorny-headed worms (phylum Acanthocephala). The adults of these parasitic platyzoans feed mainly on fish and aquatic birds.

This order contains 5 families:

Centrorhynchidae Van Cleave, 1916
Isthomosacanthidae Smales, 2012
Plagiorhynchidae Meyer, 1931
Pyriprobosicidae
Polymorphidae Meyer, 1931

References

Palaeacanthocephala


The thorny-headed worm family Polymorphidae contains endoparasites which as adults feed mainly in fish and aquatic birds. When this taxon was erected by Meyer in 1931, a subfamily Polymorphinae was established in it. As the Polymorphidae as presently understood would then be monotypic, with no basal genera outside the Polymorphinae, the proposed subfamily is redundant for the time being and therefore most modern treatments simply omit it. Polymorphus minutus is an economically significant parasite in goose and duck farming.

Species

Polymorphidae contains the following species:

Andracantha Schmidt, 1975

Andracantha baylisi (Zdzitowiecki, 1986) Zdzitowiecki, 1989
Andracantha clavata (Goss, 1940)
Andracantha gravida (Alegret, 1941) Schmidt, 1975
Andracantha mergi Lundström, 1942
Andracantha phalacrocoracis (Yamaguti, 1939)
Andracantha tandemtesticulata Monteiro, Amato & Amato, 2006
Andracantha tunitae (Weiss, 1914)

Ardeirhynchus Dimitrova and Georgiev, 1994

Ardeirhynchus spiralis (Rudolphi, 1809)

Arhythmorhynchus Lühe, 1911

Arhythmorhynchus capellae (Yamaguti, 1935)
Arhythmorhynchus comptus Van Cleave & Rausch, 1950
Arhythmorhynchus distinctus Baer, 1956
Arhythmorhynchus eroliae (Yamaguti, 1939)
Arhythmorhynchus frassoni (Molin, 1858)
Arhythmorhynchus frontospinosus (Tubangui, 1935)
Arhythmorhynchus jeffreyi Schmidt, 1973
Arhythmorhynchus johnstoni Golvan, 1960
Arhythmorhynchus limosae Edmonds, 1971
Arhythmorhynchus petrochenkoi (Schmidt, 1969)
Arhythmorhynchus plicatus (von Linstow, 1883)
Arhythmorhynchus pumiliorostris Van Cleave, 1916
Arhythmorhynchus rubicundus (Molin, 1859)
Arhythmorhynchus siluricola Dollfus, 1929
Arhythmorhynchus suecicus Lundström, 1942
Arhythmorhynchus teres Van Cleave, 1920
Arhythmorhynchus tigrinus Moghe and Das, 1953
Arhythmorhynchus trichocephalus (Leuckart, 1876)
Arhythmorhynchus tringi Gubanov, 1952
Arhythmorhynchus turbidus (Van Cleave, 1937)
Arhythmorhynchus uncinatus (Kaiser, 1893) Lühe, 1912
Arhythmorhynchus villoti Golvan, 1994
Arhythmorhynchus xeni Atrashkevich, 1978

Bolbosoma Porta, 1908

Bolbosoma australis Skrjabin, 1972
Bolbosoma balaenae (Gmelin, 1790)
Bolbosoma brevicolle (Malm, 1867)
Bolbosoma caenoforme Heitz, 1920
Bolbosoma capitatum (Linstow, 1880)
Bolbosoma hamiltoni Baylis, 1929
Bolbosoma heteracanthis (Heitz, 1917)
Bolbosoma nipponicum Yamaguti, 1939
Bolbosoma scomberomori Wang, 1981
Bolbosoma tuberculata Skrjabin, 1970
Bolbosoma turbinella (Diesing, 1851)
Bolbosoma vasculosum (Rudolphi, 1819)

Corynosoma Lühe, 1904

Corynosoma alaskense Golvan, 1958
Corynosoma australe Johnston, 1937
Corynosoma beaglense Laskowski, Jeżewski & Zdzitowiecki, 2008
Corynosoma bullosum (Linstow, 1892)
Corynosoma cameroni Van Cleave, 1953
Corynosoma capsicum Golvan and Mokhayer, 1973
Corynosoma cetaceum Johnston & Best, 1942
Corynosoma curilense Gubanov, 1942
Corynosoma enhydri Morozov, 1940
Corynosoma eperlani (Linstow, 1884)
Corynosoma erignathi Stryukov, 2000
Corynosoma evae Zdzitowiecki, 1984
Corynosoma falcatum Van Cleave, 1953
Corynosoma gibsoni Zdzitowiecki, 1986
Corynosoma hadweni Van Cleave, 1953
Corynosoma hamanni (Linstow, 1892)
Corynosoma hannae Zdzitowiecki, 1984
Corynosoma longilemniscatus Machado-Filho, 1961
Corynosoma macrosomum Neiland, 1962
Corynosoma magdaleni Montreuil, 1958
Corynosoma mandarinca Oshmarin, 1963
Corynosoma obtuscens Lincicome, 1943
Corynosoma osmeri Fujita, 1921
Corynosoma otariae Morini and Boero, 1961
Corynosoma pseudohamanni Zdzitowiecki, 1984
Corynosoma pyriforme (Bremser, 1824)
Corynosoma rauschi Golvan, 1958
Corynosoma reductum (Linstow, 1905)
Corynosoma semerme (Forssell, 1904)
Corynosoma septentrionale Treshchev, 1966
Corynosoma seropedicus Machado-Filho, 1970
Corynosoma shackletoni Zdzitowiecki, 1978
Corynosoma simile Neiland, 1962
Corynosoma stanleyi Smales, 1986
Corynosoma strumosum (Rudolphi, 1802) Lühe, 1904
Corynosoma sudsuche Belopolskaia, 1958
Corynosoma validum Van Cleave, 1953
Corynosoma ventronudum Skrjabin, 1959
Corynosoma villosum Van Cleave, 1953
Corynosoma wegeneri Heinze, 1934

Diplospinifer Fukui, 1929

Diplospinifer serpenticola Fukui, 1929

Filicollis Lühe, 1911

Filicollis anatis (Schrank, 1788)
Filicollis trophimenkoi Atrashkevich, 1982

Ibirhynchus García-Valera, Pérez-Ponce de León, Aznar and Nadler, 2011

Ibirhynchus dimorpha (Schmidt, 1973)

Neoandracantha Amin & Heckmann, 2017

Neoandracantha peruensis Amin & Heckmann, 2017

Polymorphus Lühe, 1911

The genus polymorphus uses amphipod crustaceans as intermediate hosts and various birds as final hosts. The genus used to be a larger group, but species that were formerly placed in the genus have now been placed in the genus Profilicollis based on morphological characteristics and the use of decapod crustaceans as intermediate hosts.

 Polymorphus actuganensis Petrochenko, 1949
 Polymorphus acutis Van Cleave and Starrett, 1940
 Polymorphus arctocephali Smales, 1986
 Polymorphus ariusis (Bilqees, 1971)
 Polymorphus biziurae Johnston and Edmonds, 1948
 Polymorphus boschadis (Schrank, 1788)
 Polymorphus brevis (Van Cleave, 1916)
 Polymorphus chongqingensis Liu, Zhang and Zhang, 1990
 Polymorphus cincli Belopolskaya, 1959
 Polymorphus contortus (Bremser in Westrumb, 1821)
 Polymorphus corynoides Skrjabin, 1913
 Polymorphus corynosoma Travassos, 1915
 Polymorphus crassus Van Cleave, 1924
 Polymorphus cucullatus Van Cleave and Starrett, 1940
 Polymorphus diploinflatus Lundström, 1942
 Polymorphus fatimaae Khan, Dharejo, Birmani and Bilqees, 2008
 Polymorphus fulicai Birmani, Dharejo and Khan, 2011
 Polymorphus gavii Hokhlova, 1965
 Polymorphus inermis Travassos, 1923
 Polymorphus karachiensis (Bilqees, 1971)
 Polymorphus kostylewi Petrochenko, 1949
 Polymorphus magnus Skrjabin, 1913
 Polymorphus marchii (Porta, 1910)
 Polymorphus marilis Van Cleave, 1939
 Polymorphus mathevossianae Petrochenko, 1949
 Polymorphus meyeri Lundström, 1942
 Polymorphus miniatus (von Linstow, 1896)
 Polymorphus minutus (Goeze, 1782)
 Polymorphus mohiuddini Muti-ur-Rahman, Khan, Bilqees and Khatoon, 2008
 Polymorphus mutabilis (Rudolphi, 1819)
 Polymorphus nickoli Khan and Bilqees, 1998
 Polymorphus obtusus Van Cleave, 1918
 Polymorphus paradoxus Connell and Corner, 1957
 Polymorphus paucihamatus Heinze, 1936
 Polymorphus phippsi Kostylew, 1922
 Polymorphus piriformis (Bremser in Rudolphi, 1819)
 Polymorphus pupa (von Linstow, 1905)
 Polymorphus sichuanensis Wang and Zhang, 1987
 Polymorphus sindensis Khan, Ghazi and Bilqees, 2002
 Polymorphus spindlatus Amin and Heckmann, 1991
 Polymorphus striatus (Goeze, 1782)
 Polymorphus strumosoides Lundström, 1942
 Polymorphus swartzi Schmidt, 1965
 Polymorphus trochus Van Cleave, 1945

Profilicollis Meyer, 1931

Profilicollis altmani (Perry, 1942) Van Cleave, 1947
Profilicollis antarcticus (Zdzitowiecki, 1985)
Profilicollis arcticus (Van Cleave, 1920)
Profilicollis botulus (Van Cleave, 1916)
Profilicollis chasmagnathi (Holcman-Spector, Mañé-Garzón & Dei-Cas, 1977) Golvan, 1994
Profilicollis formosus (Schmidt & Kuntz, 1967)
Profilicollis major (Lundström, 1942)
Profilicollis novaezelandensis Brockerhoff & Smales, 2002
Profilicollis sphaerocephalus (Bremser in Rudolphi, 1819)

Pseudocorynosoma Aznar, Pérez-Ponce de León & Raga, 2006
Pseudocorynosoma anatarium (Van Cleave, 1945) Aznar, Pérez-Ponce de León & Raga, 2006
Pseudocorynosoma constrictum (Van Cleave, 1918) Aznar, Pérez-Ponce de León & Raga, 2006
Pseudocorynosoma enrietti (Molfi & Fernandes, 1953) Aznar, Pérez-Ponce de León & Raga, 2006
Pseudocorynosoma iheringi (Machado-Filho, 1961) Aznar, Pérez-Ponce de León & Raga, 2006
Pseudocorynosoma peposacae (Porta, 1914) Aznar, Pérez-Ponce de León & Raga, 2006
Pseudocorynosoma tepehuanesi García-Varela, Henández-Orts & Pinacho-Pinacho, 2017

Southwellina Witenberg, 1932

Southwellina hispida (Van Cleave, 1925)
Southwellina macracanthus (Ward and Winter, 1952)
Southwellina sacra Bhattacharya, Pande & Srivastaca, 2002

Tenuisoma

Tenuisoma tarapungi

T. tarapungi was found in the intestines of the red-billed gull (Chroicocephalus scopulinus) on the coast of Otago, New Zealand.

Notes

References

External links

Polymorphidae taxon list
Genera of Polymorphidae at the World Register of Marine Species web-site

Polymorphida
Acanthocephala families


Legat is a small town in southern Mauritania near the Senegal River.

Transport

It is a station on a proposed railway to carry phosphate from mines near Kaedi.

See also
 Legat (surname)
 Transport in Mauritania

References

Populated places in Mauritania


Dean Marney may refer to:
Dean Marney (author) (born 1952), children's book author
Dean Marney (footballer) (born 1984), English footballer


John M. Thompson (born 1942) is the non-executive chairman of the board of Toronto-Dominion Bank Financial Corporation (TDBFC). He has held the position of Director at TDBFC since 1988 and has been chairman of the board since 2003.

Education
Thompson holds an undergraduate degree in engineering science from the University of Western Ontario where he joined the Kappa Alpha Society, and has completed the Executive Management programs at the Richard Ivey School, at the University of Western Ontario and the Kellogg Graduate School of Business at Northwestern University. In March 2008, he was named as the 20th Chancellor of The University of Western Ontario. He was officially installed as Chancellor at the Fall Convocation in 2008 and served a four-year term through 2012.

Career

Thompson began his IBM career in Canada as a systems engineer in 1966. There, he held a variety of management jobs, before being elected president and Chief Executive Officer of IBM Canada, Ltd. in 1986. In January 1991, Thompson moved to the United States to become Corporate Vice President of Marketing, charged with developing IBM's strategy for entering the services business, now a $60 billion operation for IBM. In October 1993, he became Senior Vice President of IBM's Server Group, responsible for mainframe and midrange computers. From January 1995 until August 2002, he was the Senior Vice President responsible for forming IBM's Software Group, after which time he was elected Vice Chairman of the IBM Board.

He is also the retired Vice Chairman of the Board of IBM Corporation, a position he held from 2000 to 2002. Thompson is also a board member at Royal Philips Electronics N.V. (NYSE:PHG) and The Thomson Corporation (NYSE:TOC). He is also Vice Chairman of the Board of Trustees for the Hospital for Sick Children and a director of the Atlantic Salmon Federation. He is a past director of the Hertz Corporation, the Robert Mondavi Corporation, the European Finance Foundation, the Conference Board of Canada and the Canadian Business Council for National Issues. He served on three Ontario Government Councils for education reform, human resources reform and industrial policy.

Personal life
Thompson lives in Toronto and is married with three grown children.

References

External links
 Chancellor of Western
 Thomson Reuters Biography
 TD Bank Chairman

1942 births
Living people
Canadian bankers
IBM employees
University of Western Ontario alumni
Chancellors of the University of Western Ontario
Kellogg School of Management alumni
Businesspeople from Montreal
Directors of Toronto-Dominion Bank
Canadian chairpersons of corporations


The Royal Anthropological Society of Australasia was established in 1885 as the Anthropological Society of Australasia by the Australian physician Alan Carroll.  The prefix 'Royal' was added in 1901. The society published the journal Science of Man.

According to a 2003 article published by the National Library of Australia, the society is "nowadays seen as forming part of the ‘lunatic fringe’."

References

Organizations established in 1885
Organizations disestablished in 1913
Rongorongo
Organisations based in Australia with royal patronage
Learned societies of Australia
1885 establishments in Australia
1913 disestablishments in Australia


Paulet de Marselha (fl. 1262–1268) was a Provençal troubadour from Marseille. Three of his eight surviving works are dedicated to Barral dels Baus, the viscount of Marseille. Three were love songs composed in Marseille during an era of peace. While his patron Barral eventually came to support Charles of Anjou as Count of Provence and followed him into wars in Italy, where he died, Paulet was opposed  Angevin dominance of Provence and was deprived of his possessions and forced to flee, becoming a faidit (dispossessed exile) in Catalonia.

In Catalonia he turned up at the court of Peter III of Aragon, then heir and infante of James I, at Barcelona in April–May 1262. From 1262 to 1266 he was at the court of Alfonso X of Castile. By October 1267 he had returned to Peter and a Paulet joglar (Paulet the jongleur) appears in the infante'''s entourage, undoubtedly Paulet de Marselha.

Like other poets (Cerverí de Girona and Folquet de Lunel) associated with the Angevin domination of Provence and the court culture of Peter of Aragon (who waged the War of the Sicilian Vespers against the Angevins) and Alfonso of Castile (who contested the rule of Italy with them), Paulet was a staunch Ghibelline. His poem  is customarily dated to 1268 or 1269, when he is last heard of. It was written to encourage the liberation of Henry of Castile, then a captive of Charles of Anjou in Italy.

Paulet had a connexion with James, Peter's younger brother and heir of Montpellier and Majorca. Sometime before 1262 he wrote a love song in the refrain of which he charges that because Charles of Anjou had separated him from his lover he would not, for that alone, honour him. Instead he dedicated his poem to James:

Perhaps as a result of this diplomacy James intervened in favour of Marseille when the city rebelled in 1262. The rebellion, led by Barral and Bonifaci VI de Castellana, was eventually put down, but it was the cause of Paulet's exile. Despite the fact that Barral eventually reconciled with Charles, Paulet nevertheless mourned his death (in 1268) in a planh entitled Razos no es que hom deja chantar ("There are no reasons left for men to sing").

Sometime between April 1265 and February 1266 Paulet composed L'autrier m'anav'ab cor pensiu, a unique pastorela in which he and a pastora (shepherdess) discuss the merits of Peter III as the saviour of Provence. This pastorela is dated based on a reference to rei Marfre (evidently Manfred of Sicily). Paulet also expresses a desire to see an alliance with N'Audoart (Edward I of England) against Charles of Anjou.

Paulet also contributed one cobla to Senh'en Jorda, sie·us manda Livernos, a four-way tenso (called a torneyamen) between himself, Guiraut Riquier, Jordan IV of L'Isle-Jourdain, and Raimon Izarn.

Sources
Riquer, Martín de. Los trovadores: historia literaria y textos''. 3 vol. Barcelona: Planeta, 1975.

External links
Complete works at trobar.org
Senh'en Jorda, sie·us manda Livernos at Rialto.

Troubadours from Marseille
13th-century French troubadours


USS Paul G. Baker (DE-642) was a Buckley-class destroyer escort in service with the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946. She was scrapped in 1970.

Namesake
Paul Gerald Baker was born on 20 February 1910 in Joy, Illinois. He enlisted in the Navy on 12 December 1929. From 1935, he served with aviation activities and units, and rose through the enlisted ranks to Aviation Chief Radioman. On 14 April 1942, while serving with Fighting Squadron Two (VF-2) on board the aircraft carrier , he was appointed Lieutenant (junior grade) for temporary service. During the Battle of the Coral Sea he downed three Imperial Japanese Navy planes and badly damaged a fourth in the engagements on 7 May 1942, but failed to return from his last mission. He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross.

Construction and commissioning
Paul G. Baker was laid down on 26 September 1943 by Bethlehem Steel Co., San Francisco, California; launched on 12 March 1944; sponsored by Mrs. Katherine E. Baker; and commissioned on 25 May 1944.

History
Steaming to San Diego on 18 June 1944 for shakedown, Paul G. Baker returned to San Francisco on 20 July for post-shakedown repairs and alterations. She departed 11 August for Seattle, Washington, arriving two days later. After picking up a convoy at Port Angeles, she set course for Pearl Harbor on the 19th and arrived on the 27th.

Paul G. Baker cleared Pearl Harbor on 8 September 1944 as part of an escort carrier task unit which called at Emirau Island en route to Manus Island, Admiralties, where she arrived on 19 September for escort duty under Task Force 11 (TF 11). On the 24th she headed for Port Purvis on Florida Island in the Solomons, arriving three days later.

Her duty in the Solomons was largely escort work. She steamed from Purvis Bay 11 October to pick up merchantman Mormacsea at Empress Augusta Bay, Bougainville, for escort to Munda, returning to her base on the 15th. She made a similar voyage 19–24 October, escorting SS Santa Monica from Lunga Point, Guadalcanal, to Treasury Island and Sasavelle Harbor, Munda, before returning alone to Purvis Bay. From late November through most of December, she shuttled from Purvis Bay to Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides. From 12 January 1945 she trained for the invasion of the Ryukyus. Departing the Russell Islands, 15 March, she steamed via Saipan to Ulithi departing that port 27 March to escort troop-laden transports for the landings on Okinawa.

The task unit arrived off Okinawa on the day of the initial landings, 1 April 1945, and Paul G. Baker took station on the inner transport screen off Hagushi Beach. Her first taste of enemy air activity came at dusk that day when she opened fire on a plane which crossed astern. She protected the transports during unloading by day and retirement by night until she departed the invasion area 5 April guarding empty transports to Guam, arriving on the 9th thence to Ulithi to join a convoy for Okinawa.

Arriving off Okinawa 18 April 1945, Paul G. Baker joined the dangerous but vital patrol screen which protected Allied forces fighting to capture the island stronghold. On the 22nd, at 17:45, enemy planes attacked without warning. One aircraft crashed into nearby Isherwood (DD-520) and at 18:47 another closed Paul G. Baker. The plane swerved away and crashed into Swallow (AM-65) which capsized in about four minutes. Baker picked up nine officers and 69 men. Other ships also steamed to aid the stricken minesweeper, rescuing all but one of Swallow'''s crew.

The air attacks continued to be heavy and frequent for patrol vessels off Okinawa. On 12 May 1945 Paul G. Baker opened fire on two suicide planes attacking New Mexico (BB-40) and although she aided in splashing one of the kamikazes the other hit the battleship. On the 24th Baker joined the fire on a single plane which had wandered into the area. On 11 June, a low-flying airplane made a dive on Lindenwald (LSD-6), shifted the attack to Paul G. Baker, then swerved toward a merchant ship. Baker's gunners splashed this enemy fifty feet from its intended target.

On 20 June 1945 Paul G. Baker sailed in the screen of a battleship and cruiser force to patrol southeast of Okinawa. She returned to Kerama Retto 1 July to commence a series of five escort voyages between Okinawa and Saipan, lasting till 30 August.Paul G. Baker steamed from Saipan 11 September 1945 to escort Malabar (AF-37) to Tokyo Bay, arriving at Yokosuka Naval Base on the 17th. Five days later she sailed singly for Saipan, arriving on the 25th. On 4 November 1945 she got underway for the United States arriving at Astoria, Oregon, on the 21st. After overhaul at Portland, Oregon and Bremerton, Washington, she returned to Guam, arriving 23 May 1946.

Departing Guam 26 June, Paul G. Baker sailed to Buckner Bay, Okinawa before arriving in Qingdao, China, 2 July. She exercised off the China coast with destroyers, then sailed on 3 August to visit Hong Kong. Baker paid another visit to Sasebo, Japan before departing 10 September. She returned to Qingdao on 12 September, and for the next month conducted exercises with a small hunter-killer training group in the area.

Homeward bound for good, Paul G. Baker departed Qingdao 12 October, called at Guam 18 October, visited Pearl Harbor 27–28 October, and arrived San Diego 4 November. She decommissioned on 3 February 1947, and was placed in reserve at San Diego. She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 December 1969.Paul G. Baker'' received one battle star for World War II service.

References
 https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/paul-g-baker.html

External links

   navsource.org: USS Paul G. Baker

Buckley-class destroyer escorts
Ships built in San Francisco
1944 ships


Jacques Lanxade (born 8 September 1934) is a French admiral and former navy chief, and co-author of a proposed reform of NATO.

He was a private chief of staff of François Mitterrand, President of the French Republic, from 1989 to 1991, and became chief of defense of the French Armed Forces from 1991 to 1995. It was during this period that the Rwandan genocide took place in 1994.

Lanxade is also a former ambassador to Tunisia. As of 2008, he is the chairman of the Académie de Marine, and President of the Mediterranean Foundation for Strategic Research. He is also a member of the international committee of patronage of the French journal Politique américaine, dedicated to the study of internal and international stratagems of the United States.

References

1934 births
Living people
French Navy admirals
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
Officers of the Ordre national du Mérite
Recipients of the Cross for Military Valour
Commanders of the Legion of Merit
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Grand Officers of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)
Grand Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star
Grand Officers of the Order of Merit (Portugal)
Recipients of orders, decorations, and medals of Senegal


USS Paul G. Baker has been the name of more than one United States Navy ship, and may refer to:

 , a destroyer escort cancelled in 1944
 , a destroyer escort in commission from 1944 to 1947

United States Navy ship names


Brenton Phillips (born 5 November 1962) is a former Australian rules footballer who played mainly for the Brisbane Bears in the VFL/AFL and North Adelaide in the SANFL.

Phillips spent most of his time on the field playing as wing, half forward or ruck-rover. He first played with North Adelaide in 1981 and remained with them until after the 1985 season when he joined Essendon. The Bombers were coming off successive premierships and Phillips got just 10 games in 1986 due to the strength of the side. The following year he joined the Brisbane Bears for their inaugural season in the VFL and spent five seasons at the club.

In 1992 Phillips returned to South Australia and in 1993 won the Magarey Medal. He won his first North Adelaide "best and fairest" award in 1993 and retained it in 1994. By the time he retired in 1998, he had played 222 games for North Adelaide. He was later named on the interchange bench in the club's official 'Team of the Century'.

He became coach of Sturt in 2002 and led them to the premiership in his debut season in charge, ending a 26-year drought for the club.

In 2016 was an inductee into the South Australian Football Hall of Fame

External links

Brisbane Bears players
Essendon Football Club players
North Adelaide Football Club players
Sturt Football Club coaches
Magarey Medal winners
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
Living people
1962 births
South Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees


Elkhart Airport may refer to:

 Elkhart Municipal Airport, in Elkhart, Indiana, United States
 Elkhart-Morton County Airport, in Elkhart, Kansas, United States


Michael Ernest Smith (born 1953) is an American archaeologist working primarily with Aztec and general Mesoamerican archaeology. He has written numerous scholarly articles about central Mexican archaeology as well as several books about the Aztecs, among them a widely used textbook (Smith 2003). He is currently Professor of Anthropology in the School of Human Evolution and Social Change at Arizona State University. He is known for stressing the importance of assessing archaeological evidence independently of the ethnohistorical sources, and advocating its use as a source of knowledge about the Aztecs.

Published works
Smith's publications include:

Notes

External links
 Publishing Archaeology – Smith's blog

1953 births
American archaeologists
Mesoamerican archaeologists
Aztec scholars
Living people
20th-century Mesoamericanists
21st-century Mesoamericanists


The König Ludwig GmbH & Co. KG Schlossbrauerei Kaltenberg is a brewery in Fürstenfeldbruck, Upper Bavaria, Germany.  Their slogan, "Bier von königlicher Hoheit", or "Beer of royal highness", refers to the brewery's heritage which can be traced back through the Kingdom of Bavaria, long associated with beer and brewing.  The current proprietor, Prince Luitpold of the House of Wittelsbach, is the great-grandson of the last King of Bavaria, Ludwig III, and by extent a descendant of the original signatories of the 1516 Bavarian Purity Law, and Ludwig I, whose wedding celebration marked the first Oktoberfest.

History

The House of Wittelsbach is known to have owned a brewery by 1260. 32 years later, Rudolf I, Duke of Bavaria built Schloss Kaltenberg, which houses part of the brewery's facilities today. The brewery as it exists today was opened in 1870.

In 1980, Marthabräu brewery in Fürstenfeldbruck was purchased, where the company administration is now located and where a large part of its production takes place. In 2001, Prince Luitpold entered into a 50/50 joint partnership with Warsteiner. A smaller brewery in Holzkirchen was also integrated into the company in 2007, and a joint-venture established with Postbrauerei in Thannhausen.

As of 2004, production was up to 340,000 hectoliters annually, of which 100,000 are produced at the brewery's Schloss Kaltenberg facilities. Much of the international production takes place under licence in the United Kingdom, Sweden, India, Indonesia and Croatia under the Kaltenberg brand.

Beers
König Ludwig brand

 König Ludwig Weissbier Hell
 König Ludwig Weissbier Dunkel
 König Ludwig Weissbier Kristall
 König Ludwig Weissbier Leicht
 König Ludwig Weissbier Alkoholfrei
 König Ludwig Dunkel
 König Ludwig Hell

Kaltenberg brand

 Kaltenberg Spezial
 Kaltenberg Schloss-Keller Naturtrüb
 Kaltenberg 3,8
 Kaltenberg Leicht
 Kaltenberg Ritterbock
 Kaltenberg Pils (Croatia)
 Kaltenberg Royal Lager (India)
 Königliches Festtagsbier
 Prinzregent Luitpold Weizenbock

References

Article by Michael Jackson

External links

Beer and breweries in Bavaria
Breweries in Germany
Beer brands of Germany
Companies based in Bavaria


Keith O'Neill may refer to:
Keith O'Neill (drummer), drummer with the band Cast
Keith O'Neill (footballer) (born 1976), footballer who represented the Republic of Ireland
Keith O'Neill (fiddler), Irish-American fiddler

See also
Keith O'Neil (born 1980), American football linebacker


"Al Despertar" (English: Waking Up) is the title of the sixth single released by Spanish singer-songwriter Enrique Iglesias from his second studio album, Vivir (1997), It was released on 8 December 1997 (see 1997 in music).

Song information
The track was written by Enrique Iglesias and Roberto Morales and became the less successful of his singles in United States at the time, peaking only at number 11.

Chart performance
The track debuted on the United States Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart at number 18 on 7 March 1998 and peaked at number 11 three weeks later on 28 March 1998.

References

1997 singles
1997 songs
Enrique Iglesias songs
Spanish songs
Songs written by Enrique Iglesias
Songs written by Roberto Morales
Fonovisa Records singles