Bristol University's Radio Station (Burst) is a radio station run by students of the University of Bristol, UK. Its studios are located within the University of Bristol Students’ Union building and it broadcasts online. The station was initially known as ‘BURST FM’, but this name  was dropped as the station no longer broadcasts on FM frequencies. The station is off air during university vacations.

History
In 1995, students from Bristol University and the University of the West of England (UWE) co-operated to run Fresh FM. When Fresh FM closed, Burst FM was started by Bristol University students in 1997, awarded a one-month licence to broadcast on 106.6 FM awarded for March 1998.

However, the unavailability of further FM licences, due to the launch of a new full-time station The Eagle (now renamed Star), prevented further broadcasts. In early 2000 speakers were installed in the Bristol Union (now the University of Bristol Student Union) building, and broadcasts mounted during ‘Fresh’ (Bristol University's Freshers' Week) 2000. A grant from Bristol University's Alumni Foundation and fundraising through advertising and sponsorship allowed Burst to build new studios inside the Union, and to stream programming online.

An application was made for a further FM licence in Autumn 2000, giving Burst the rights to 106.6 FM with a Restricted Service Licence. An application was made for another one-month licence in Summer 2001. This licence was also awarded, as well as a subsequent licence in November 2001, promoted by club nights and coverage in student and local press. In 2003, Burst began broadcasting via the internet on a permanent basis.

In 2005, talks began to start using an AM signal. Broadcasting on 1134 AM commenced in October 2007 via a transmitter in Stoke Bishop. The start of AM broadcasting coincided with new management and re-branding of the station. Burst went from an orange/blue logo to a new orange/red/white colour scheme. This was replaced by a 'headphones' style logo and, in 2010/2011, the colours of Burst were changed again to red and white.

In September 2007, the station updated its systems in preparation for the AM launch. Under the flag of ‘Project Excalibur’, the on-air studio was refurbished and new equipment installed. This culminated in a live broadcast with BBC Radio 6 Music. In December 2007, Burst's production studio was also updated, bringing it in line with the changes in the on-air studio.

In 2008, Burst launched the first ever student radio soap, ‘The Arches’, in collaboration with Epigram (newspaper), the student newspaper. A new Union show was also launched. This was, however, cut short after a multiple computer breakdown in 2008.

Burst recommenced broadcasting in 2010, airing every day during term time. In 2019, specialist programming was combined with dedicated ‘Breakfast’ and ‘Hangover Brunch’ slots on weekdays, and 10am-12pm ‘Brunch’ shows at weekends. It fazed out overnight music at the end of 2019, with an hour's early music on 14 December. On 1 November 2021, off-schedule broadcasting returned during term times, with the station now joining BCfm overnight.

On 25 February 2018, Burst hosted the Student Radio Association’s ‘Student Chart Show’.

In September 2019, Oscar Edmondson and Rhiannon Du Cann took over as Station Manager and Operations Manager, implementing a podcast recording schedule to run in parallel with live shows.

The station went off air when the University of Bristol closed to manage the COVID-19 pandemic, but on 9 April 2020 it broadcast ‘The Bristol University Singalong’ for one hour over pop-up station Burst Radio Quarantine. It then offered a slimmed-down schedule the following term, returning to usual scheduling in September 2021 alongside a visual relaunch spearheaded by Station Manager George Ruskin, Operations Manager Fergal Maguire and Head of Commercial Octavia Hutchings.

Current Position

From 2019, news bulletins broadcast hourly from an external newsroom. Travel, sport and weather reports also recur during ‘Breakfast’, ‘Brunch’ and ‘Hangover Brunch‘ programmes. Burst's shows are all in-house, though some podcast series are independent student productions. The station does not carry advertising but may accept sponsorship deals.

The station's facilities consist of an on-air studio, from which most live programmes are presented, and a production studio, used for recording and editing. Additionally, music sessions may be recorded in the ‘Burst Music Room’, located on another floor of the Student Union building.

As of 2022, the Burst leadership team consists of Matt Knight (station manager), Flora Guildford (head of operations) and Sophie Linehan (head of commercial).

Alumni

Notable former broadcasters include the comedians Marcus Brigstocke and Danny Robins, magician Chris Cox, presenter Paris Troy and footballer Theofanis Gekas.

References

University of Bristol
Radio stations in Bristol
Student radio in the United Kingdom
Radio stations established in 1998


The 1984 South Carolina United States Senate election was held on November 6, 1984 to select the U.S. Senator from the state of South Carolina.  Popular incumbent Republican Senator Strom Thurmond cruised to re-election against Democratic challenger Melvin Purvis.

Democratic primary
The South Carolina Democratic Party held their primary on June 12, 1984.  Melvin Purvis, a minister and the son of famous FBI agent Melvin Purvis, won a close race against photographer Cecil J. Williams.  The closeness of the race and the fact that the black candidate did not win propelled Jesse Jackson to request a Justice Department investigation into the primary and he also considered an independent bid for the seat.  Governor Richard Riley and 3rd district Representative Butler Derrick flirted with running, but backed down when Thurmond received endorsements from prominent Democrats in South Carolina.

Republican primary
The South Carolina Republican Party held their primary on June 12, 1984.  Senator Strom Thurmond easily defeated Bob Cunningham to advance to the general election.

General election campaign
Thurmond received endorsements from former Democratic governor Robert Evander McNair, Charleston mayor Joseph P. Riley Jr., and an assortment of black mayors in the state.  He did not face a serious challenge and spent almost $1.5 million on the race whereas Purvis spent less than $10,000. An ironic footnote to the election is the fact that Purvis used Thurmond's age as an issue in the campaign. He claimed Thurmond was too old, yet Purvis died less than two years after the election of a heart attack at age 46.

Election results

|-
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| colspan=5 |Republican hold
|-

See also
 1984 United States Senate elections
 List of United States senators from South Carolina

References

South Carolina
1984
1984 South Carolina elections
Strom Thurmond


Patricio Alejandro Camps (born January 22, 1972 in Buenos Aires) is a former Argentine football player. He is of Ukrainian descent.

Club career
Camps joined Velez as a 14 years old in 1986, he made his breakthrough into the first team in 1991. He was part of four Argentine league championship campaigns and also won three international championships.

Camps also played for Banfield and Quilmes in Argentina, PAOK Thessaloniki FC in Greece, Tecos UAG in Mexico and Olimpia of Paraguay.

He played over 250 times for Velez Sarsfield in all competitions, winning seven major titles during the club's golden era in the 1990s.

Coaching career
After retiring, Camps joined the technical staff of José Pékerman at the Argentina national football team. The duo was there from 2004 to 2006. He followed Pékerman to Deportivo Toluca in July 2007 still as a part of his technical staff, until the next year. Camps continued alongside Pékerman to Tigres UANL in February 2008, but left already at the end of the season just four months later. In January 2012, Camps once again joined the technical staff of José Pékerman at the Colombia national football team.

With 12 years of experience as part of a technical team, Camps got his first ever manager job on 12 April 2019, when he was appointed as the manager of Santa Fe with Martín Posse as his assistant.

Titles

References

External links

 Argentine Primera statistics at Futbol XXI

1972 births
Footballers from Buenos Aires
Argentine men's footballers
Argentina men's international footballers
Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield footballers
Club Atlético Banfield footballers
Quilmes Atlético Club footballers
PAOK FC players
Club Olimpia footballers
Tecos F.C. footballers
Argentine Primera División players
Super League Greece players
Liga MX players
Argentine expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Mexico
Expatriate men's footballers in Paraguay
Argentine people of Ukrainian descent
Living people
Independiente Santa Fe managers
Men's association football forwards
Argentine football managers


Else-Marthe Sørlie Lybekk (née Sørlie; born 11 September 1978, in Gjøvik) is a retired Norwegian team handball player, world champion from 1999, gold medalist from the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, and bronze medalist from the 2000 Olympics. She is also a triple European champion with the Norwegian national team, which she previously captained prior to the reign of fellow Gjøvik handballer Gro Hammerseng. She is the only player on the Norwegian team that received all the first five gold medals that the national team won up to the 2008 Olympics.  Ending her career for Nordstrand in her second spell, she has previously played for Leipzig, Nordstrand, Snertingdal and Toten.

International career
2 November 1997, Sørlie Lybekk debuted in a friendly against Germany, marking the beginning of a long career for the Norwegian side.  She participated in consecutive international championships from her debut in the 1998 European Championships until the 2008 Olympics, except for the 2004 European Championships where she was dropped after having suffered injuries preventing her from a necessary build-up, and the World Championships the following year. At the 2004 European championship she was not included in the main team, but was listed as home reserve. When Isabel Blanco injured her thumb during the championship, Sørlie Lybekk was called to join the team, and received a gold medal from the championship without playing.  Before the 2000 Olympics, she was named vice-captain for Kjersti Grini, and when Grini withdrew from the 2000 European Championships she captained her national team at the age of 22 at a difficult moment when many experienced players had recently retired.  She remained in this position until the 2003 World Championship where Gro Hammerseng took over the captaincy.  The tournament was disappointing for both the squad and Sørlie Lybekk, as they finished 6th in the tournament keeping them out of the Olympic tournament the following year.

The first highpoint in her international career is the victory in the 1999 World Championships held on home turf (alongside Denmark) where she was contributing to her nation's win mostly in the defensive side of the game.  In the epic final against France her unforgiving defensive work cost her three two-minute suspensions meaning a red card, meaning she had to see her compatriots win the extra time playoffs from the bench.  It was the first World Championship won by her country, a natural highpoint, but since the Olympic tournaments carry higher status in the sport, the win from the 2008 Olympics was an even higher point. In the tournament Sørlie Lybekk, now 29, contributed with her international experience and calm, in both ends of the pitch.  Norway went undefeated through the tournament, and scoring 7 goals in the final against Russia as well as making a profound impression throughout the tournament, she was selected into the All Star Team of the tournament (as pivot/line player).  The success sparked speculation that she would retire from international duty when she was on top of her long career.

Playing style
As a line player, Sørlie Lybekk is known for secure finishing when she dispatches from the 6-meter line, often after relentless fighting for positions in the most crowded area of the defense.  Being a player used in both defense and attack, she applies the same hard-working style in defending her own goal.  The playing style is efficient, but not as spectacular as other notable players in her generation of Norwegian handballers.

References

External links
Else-Marthe Sørlie at databaseolympics.com

1978 births
Living people
Norwegian female handball players
Handball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Handball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic handball players for Norway
Olympic gold medalists for Norway
Olympic bronze medalists for Norway
Olympic medalists in handball
Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Gjøvik


Henry Letheby (1816 – 28 March 1876) was an English analytical chemist and public health officer.

Early life
Letheby was born at Plymouth, England, in 1816, and studied chemistry at the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society. In 1837 he commenced the study of medicine and became the assistant of Jonathan Pereira. He graduated M.B. at the University of London in 1842, and was also LSA (Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries) (1837) and PhD.

Career
He was a lecturer on chemistry at the London Hospital.  For some years Letheby was also medical officer of health and analyst of foods for the City of London. He was also appointed chief examiner of gas for the metropolis under the Board of Trade. Letheby was an extremely accurate technological chemist and contributed many papers to The Lancet and other scientific periodicals. He was a fellow of the Linnean Society and the Chemical Society. Letheby's chief work was the treatise On Food, Its Varieties, Chemical Composition,  Nutriitive Value, Comparative Digestibility, Physiological Functions  and Uses, Preparation, Culinary Treatment, Preservation, Adulteration &c., London, 1870. His official reports on the sanitary condition of London were published from time to time.

Letheby designed an interrupter circuit for use with induction coils for the medical application of electricity.  The function of an interrupter circuit is to continually make and break the supply to the induction coil, which causes the coil to generate a large back emf at its output each time it is switched.  Early interrupters were operated by hand, but Golding Bird introduced an automatic interrupter which worked electromagnetically in 1838.  The problem with Bird's interrupter, and the problem that Letheby wished to solve, was that the direction of flow of the electric current was in opposite directions during the make and the break operations.  Medical applications of electricity often required a unidirectional current, particularly when treating nervous disorders.  Letheby's design caused only either the make or the break current to flow to the patient by a mechanical arrangement of two spoked wheels.  Letherby proposed that a further advantage of his machine was that the pulses from the make contact provided a rather lesser shock to the patient than the pulses from the break contact.  This gave the physician some control in situation where large shocks were not needed.

Personal life
In 1848 he married Elizabeth Carter (1825-1881) of Holloway. He died on 28 March 1876 and is buried with Elizabeth on the east side of Highgate Cemetery.

Notes

References

1816 births
1876 deaths
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
Scientists from Plymouth, Devon
Alumni of the University of London
19th-century English chemists
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London


Great Colinet Island is an island of St. Mary's Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Both this island and Little Colinet Island makeup the Colinet Islands.

Great Colinet Island is approximately 8 km long and 2 km wide with the highest point called Topsails at approximately 305 m. The island first appeared on English maps in 1669 as Collinet and in 1671 as Colonet Isle. Then in 1698 it was labeled Collemot on French maps.

Two permanent settlements were recorded on the island Mosquito and Mother IXX which was originally called Regina. In 1951 it was proclamined Reginaville.

External links
 Colinet Islands

Islands of Newfoundland and Labrador


Perissone Cambio (c.1520 – c.1562) was a Franco-Flemish composer and singer of the Renaissance, active in Venice.  He was one of the most prominent students and colleagues of Adrian Willaert during the formative years of the Venetian School, and published several books of madrigals in the 1540s.

Life

Nothing is known about his early life except that he was either from Flanders or the immediately adjacent French-speaking areas.  Two competing mentions of his origin exist in the historical record, one naming him as French and one as Flemish, with the Flemish mention coming from the Venetian Senate; the latter is considered more reliable.  By the early 1540s he had come from his homeland to Venice, probably to study with Willaert, who was renowned as a teacher.  This was near the end of the period during which musicians who received their early training in the Netherlands and adjacent areas left their homelands, going to Italy and other locations where demand for composers and singers was greatest.  Perissone became one of Willaert's students, and part of a close group which included Girolamo Parabosco, Baldassare Donato, Jacques Buus, Jacques Du Pont, and Cipriano de Rore; in addition he acquired a reputation as an excellent singer, most likely of high vocal parts.

During the late 1540s he was the most prolific composer of the group around Willaert, publishing a total of four separate collections of secular music.  In 1548 he finally became a member of the chapel of San Marco di Venezia, on an unpaid basis, which was an extraordinary event; presumably this occurred because his singing was highly desired, but there were no formal job openings.  The doge of Venice, Francesco Donà, intervened on his behalf and made him a paid member of the chapel shortly thereafter.

While Perissone's last solo publication was in 1550, he continued as a singer at San Marco and presumably a composer throughout the decade.  He also sang in the Compagnia di San Marco, a group of musicians associated with San Marco who performed in other locations in Venice.  In 1557 he joined the brotherhood of the Scuola di San Marco.  Nothing specific is known about his further career, and he is believed to have died around 1562; after his death, poet Domenico Veniero wrote a sonnet indicating that he had died young, but the date is not known.

Music and influence

Perissone was one of the followers of Willaert in the early time of development of the Italian madrigal, the period referred to by Alfred Einstein as the "madrigal's age of innocence".  Even though he was a personal friend, he was not significantly influenced by fellow Willaert student Cipriano de Rore, the principal figure in madrigal composition in the 1550s, and whose style marked an extraordinary increase in expressive intensity of the secular vocal form.

In all, Perissone published four books of secular music by himself:  a book of villanellas for four voices in 1545, a book of madrigals for four voices in 1547, and two books of madrigals for five voices, in 1545 and 1550.  Some other individual madrigals appear in collections by others, particularly Cipriano de Rore, and Perissone wrote a dedicatory letter for one of Rore's books, but only in the alto part-book (Perissone was probably an alto).  If he wrote any sacred music aside from a single five-voice motet setting of Ad Te, Domine (1549), it has not survived.  While most of the composers who worked at San Marco in the 16th century left a substantial body of sacred music, Perissone was one of the few who did not.

Perissone was a versatile stylist, and wrote both light and serious madrigals, with a texture varying from the smooth polyphony of the Netherlanders to bright, largely chordal textures.  Sometimes he anticipated harmonic developments of the 17th century, such as when he used the bass voice as a harmonic support rather than as an equal participant in the motivic interplay of a composition.  He was also fond of false relations, as in his setting of Gottifredi's Deh, perchè com'è il vostro al nome mio, a madrigal which also contains deliberately mis-accented text setting, a characteristic which distinguishes him from his teacher Willaert, who was more inclined to follow Pietro Bembo's strict advice on text setting.

References

 James Haar: "Perissone Cambio", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed February 4, 2008), (subscription access)
 Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.
 Allan W. Atlas, Renaissance Music:  Music in Western Europe, 1400–1600. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1998.
 Alfred Einstein, The Italian Madrigal.  Three volumes.  Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1949.
 Feldman, Martha. City Culture and the Madrigal at Venice. Berkeley:  University of California Press, 1995. Available on the internet here

Notes

1520s births
1560s deaths
Renaissance composers
Italian classical composers
Italian male classical composers
Venetian School (music) composers
Madrigal composers


La Jolla Playhouse is an American not-for-profit, professional theatre-in-residence on the campus of the University of California, San Diego. It was founded in 1947 by Gregory Peck, Dorothy McGuire, and Mel Ferrer.

The following is a chronological list of the productions that have been staged since its inception.

1947
Angel Street by Patrick Hamilton
The Shining Hour by Keith Winter
Tonight at 8.30 ... The Astonished Heart, Fumed Oak, Still Life by Noël Coward
Biography by S. N. Behrman
The Guardsman by Ferenc Molnár
The Hasty Heart by John Patrick
Dear Ruth by Norman Krasna
Night Must Fall by Emlyn Williams

1948
The Male Animal by James Thurber and Elliott Nugent
Rope by Patrick Hamilton
Serena Blandish (The Difficulty of Getting Married) by S. N. Behrman
Ultra-Marine by Peter Blackmore
The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams
For Love or Money by F. Hugh Herbert
The First Mrs. Fraser by St. John Ervine
The Road to Rome by Robert E. Sherwood
Kind Lady by Edward Chodorov

1949
Petticoat Fever by Mark Reed
Command Decision by William Wister Haines
Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw
Art and Mrs. Bottle by Benn Levy
The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde
Light Up the Sky by Moss Hart
Arrangement for Strings by Michael Clayton Hutton and Samuel Rosen
Here Today by George Oppenheimer
Blithe Spirit by Noël Coward

1950
Goodbye Again by Allan Scott and George Haight
Clutterbuck by Benn Levy
The Silver Whistle by Robert E. McEnroe
Our Town by Thornton Wilder
The Front Page by Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur
Arsenic and Old Lace by Joseph Kesselring
Summer and Smoke by Tennessee Williams
Claudia by Rose Franken
Born Yesterday by Garson Kanin

1951
On Borrowed Time by Paul Osborn
The Petrified Forest by Robert E. Sherwood
Room Service by John Murray and Allen Boretz
Come Back, Little Sheba by William Inge
The Voice of the Turtle by John Van Druten
Susan and God by Rachel Crothers
Second Threshold by Philip Barry
Ring Round the Moon by Jean Anouilh, translation by Christopher Fry

1952
The Lady's Not for Burning by Christopher Fry
Strike a Match by Robert Smith
The Corn Is Green by Emlyn Williams
The Happy Time by Samuel A. Taylor
Affairs of State by Louis Verneuil
Season in the Sun by Wolcott Gibbs
Time for Elizabeth by Groucho Marx and Norman Krasna
Remains to be Seen by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse
The Moon Is Blue by F. Hugh Herbert

1953
Don Juan In Hell by George Bernard Shaw
Dial M for Murder by Frederick Knott
You Never Can Tell by George Bernard Shaw
Stalag 17 by Donald Bevan and Edmund Trzcinski
The Dazzling Hour by Anna Bonacci
My Three Angels by Sam and Bella Spewack
Jane by S. N. Behrman, based on an original story by W. Somerset Maugham
I Am a Camera by John Van Druten

1954
The Vacant Lot by Paul Streger and Berrilla Kerr
The Seven Year Itch by George Axelrod
Sabrina Fair by Samuel A. Taylor
Anniversary Waltz by Jerome Chodorov and Joseph Fields
The Winslow Boy by Terence Rattigan

1955
Oh, Men! Oh, Women! by Edward Chodorov
The Time of the Cuckoo by Arthur Laurents
Native Uprising by D. N. Roman
The Rainmaker by N. Richard Nash

1956
The Little Hut by André Roussin
Pal Joey by John O'Hara, music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Lorenz Hart
Miss Julie & The Stronger by August Strindberg
King of Hearts by Jean Kerr and Eleanor Brooke
Bus Stop by William Inge

1957
Androcles and the Lion / The Proposal by George Bernard Shaw / Anton Chekhov
Career by James Lee
The Potting Shed by Graham Greene
Paul and Constantine by Dario Bellini
The Reluctant Debutante by William Douglas-Home

1958
Visit to a Small Planet by Gore Vidal
A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller
Bell, Book and Candle by John Van Druten

1959
Too Many Husbands by W. Somerset Maugham
Once More, with Feeling! by Harry Kurnitz
Two for the Seesaw by William Gibson
Who Was That Lady I Saw You With? by Norman Krasna
Look Homeward, Angel by Ketti Frings, based on the novel by Thomas Wolfe

1983
Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare
A Mad World, My Masters by Barrie Keeffe
The Visions of Simone Machard by Bertolt Brecht

1984
As You Like It by William Shakespeare
War Babies by Robert C. Coe
Maybe I'm Doing It Wrong by Randy Newman
Big River: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by William Hauptman, music and lyrics by Roger Miller

1985
The Seagull by Anton Chekhov
Ghost on Fire by Michael Weller
A Man's a Man by Bertolt Brecht
Merrily We Roll Along by George Furth, music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim

1986
Ajax by Sophocles, adapted by Robert Auletta
Gillette by William Hauptman
Figaro Gets a Divorce  by Ödön von Horváth
The Three Cuckolds by Leon Katz
Shout Up a Morning by Paul Avila Mayer and George W. George, music by Julian Adderley and Nathaniel Adderley, lyrics by Diane Charlotte Lampert

1987
Silent Edward by Des McAnuff
The Tempest by William Shakespeare
The School for Wives by Molière, translation by Richard Wilbur
A Walk in the Woods by Lee Blessing
Hedda Gabler by Henrik Ibsen
The Matchmaker by Thornton Wilder

1988
80 Days by Snoo Wilson, music and lyrics by Ray Davies
The Fool Show by Geoff Hoyle
Lulu by Frank Wedekind
Two Rooms by Lee Blessing
Once in a Lifetime by Moss Hart and George S. Kaufman

1989
The Man Who Had No Story by Oana-Marie Hock
Macbeth by William Shakespeare
The Misanthrope by Molière
Down the Road by Lee Blessing
Dangerous Games - Two Tango Pieces by Jim Lewis and Graciela Daniele, lyrics by William Finn, music by Astor Piazzolla
Nebraska by Keith Reddin
The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck

1990
Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare
My Children! My Africa! by Athol Fugard
Don Quixote De La Jolla by Eric Overmyer
A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum by Burt Shevelove and Larry Gelbart, music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim
Life During Wartime by Keith Reddin
The Cherry Orchard by Anton Chekhov

1991
Elmer Gantry by John Bishop, music by Mel Marvin, lyrics by Bob Satuloff
A Lesson from Aloes by Athol Fugard
The Heliotrope Bouquet by Eric Overmyer
The Regard of Flight and The Clown Bagatelles by Bill Irwin
Fortinbras by Lee Blessing
Three Sisters by Anton Chekhov

1992
Much Ado About Nothing by William Shakespeare
The Swan by Elizabeth Egloff
Marisol by José Rivera
Playland by Athol Fugard
What the Butler Saw by Joe Orton
The Who's Tommy by Pete Townshend
Le Petomane - A Comedy of Airs by Paul Magid
The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams

1993
Sweet & Hot: The Songs of Harold Arlen, music by Harold Arlen, lyrics by Harold Arlen, Truman Capote, Ira Gershwin, Yip Harburg, Ted Koehler, Johnny Mercer, Leo Robin, Billy Rose and Jack Yellen
The Mission by Richard Montoya, Ric Salinas, and Herbert Siguenza
Luck, Pluck & Virtue by James Lapine
The Hairy Ape by Eugene O'Neill
Arms and the Man by George Bernard Shaw
Children of Paradise: Shooting a Dream by Steven Epp, Felicity Jones, Dominique Serrand and Paul Walsh

1994
How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying by Abe Burrows, Jack Weinstock, and Willie Gilbert, music and lyrics by Frank Loesser
Mump and Smoot in Ferno by Michael Kennard and John Turner
The Good Person of Setzuan by Bertolt Brecht
Thérèse Raquin by Neal Bell
The Triumph of Love by Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de Marivaux
Harvey by Mary Chase

1995
Randy Newman's Faust, book, music, lyrics by Randy Newman
An Almost Holy Picture by Heather McDonald
Slavs! Thinking about the Longstanding Problems of Virtue and Happiness by Tony Kushner
A Midsummer Night's Dream by William Shakespeare
Cloud Tectonics by José Rivera
The Invisible Circus/Le Cirque Invisible by Victoria Chaplin

1996
Valley Song by Athol Fugard
Boy by Diana Son
The Green Bird by Carlo Gozzi
Happy Days by Samuel Beckett
Yanks & Frogs by Theatre de la Jeune Lune
2.5 Minute Ride by Lisa Krion

1997
Harmony: A New Musical by Bruce Sussman, music by Barry Manilow
Having Our Say by Emily Mann
The Model Apartment by Donald Margulies
Rent by Jonathan Larson
The School for Wives by Molière
The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde

1998
Maricela De La Luz Lights the World by José Rivera
Dogeaters by Jessica Hagedorn
Light Up the Sky by Moss Hart
Improbable Theatre's 70 Hill Lane by Phelim McDermott
The Captain's Tiger: A Memoir for the Stage by Athol Fugard
Guitar Lessons: The Springhill Singing Disaster by Karen Trott
Nora by Henrik Ibsen, adapted by Ingmar Bergman

1999
The Flimflam Man by Melanie Marnich
Sweet Bird of Youth by Tennessee Williams
Wonderland by Chay Yew
Pretty Fire by Charlayne Woodard
Jane Eyre by John Caird and Paul Gordon
Loot by Joe Orton
Oo-Bla-Dee by Regina Taylor

2000
Alice's Wild Ride by Karen Hartman
Thoroughly Modern Millie by Richard Morris and Dick Scanlan, music by Jeanine Tesori
Going to St. Ives by Lee Blessing
The Cosmonaut's Last Message to the Woman He Once Loved in the Former Soviet Union by David Greig
Sheridan, or Schooled In Scandal by David Grimm
Lifegame by Keith Johnstone
Blood Wedding by Federico García Lorca, translation by David Johnston

2001
The Origin of Corn / El Origen De Maiz by Ralph Lee
Dracula, The Musical by Christopher Hampton and Don Black, music by Frank Wildhorn
Diva by Howard Gould
The Laramie Project by Moisés Kaufman and Leigh Fondakowski
Be Aggressive by Annie Weisman
I Am My Own Wife by Doug Wright
The Collected Works of Billy The Kid by Michael Ondaatje
Our Town by Thornton Wilder

2002
Ladybird: The Life and Time of a Roller Derby Queen by Luis Alfaro
Mabou Mines' Peter and Wendy by J. M. Barrie
Adoration of the Old Woman by José Rivera
I Think I Like Girls by Leigh Fondakowski
Wintertime by Charles L. Mee
When Grace Comes In by Heather McDonald
A Feast of Fools by Geoff Hoyle, music by Gina Leishman
Tartuffe by Molière, translation by Richard Wilbur

2003
The Breeze, the Gust, the Gale, and the Wind by Hilly Hicks
The Comedy of Errors by William Shakespeare
Beauty by Tina Landau
Eden Lane by Tom Donaghy
The Country by Martin Crimp
The Burning Deck by Sarah Schulman
Fräulein Else by Arthur Schnitzler
Uncle Vanya by Anton Chekhov

2004
Guitar by Julia Jordan
Private Fittings by Georges Feydeau, adapted by Mark O'Donnell
Jersey Boys by Marshall Brickman and Rick Elice, music by Bob Gaudio, lyrics by Bob Crewe
The Love of Three Oranges by Carlo Gozzi, adaptation by James Magruder
Paris Commune by Steve Cosson and Michael Friedman
Suitcase by Melissa James Gibson
Continental Divide: Mothers Against and Daughters of the Revolution by David Edgar
700 Sundays / Billy Crystal / A Life In Progress by Billy Crystal

2005
Pop Tour: Bay and the Spectacles of Doom by Julia Cho
Palm Beach, The Screwball Musical by Robert Cary and Benjamin Feldman, music by David Gursky
Zhivago by Michael Weller, music by Lucy Simon, lyrics by Michael Korie and Amy Powers
Current Nobody by Melissa James Gibson
I Am My Own Wife by Doug Wright
The Scottish Play by Lee Blessing
The Miser by Molière
Much Ado About Nothing by William Shakespeare
Pop Tour: West of the 5 by Sunil Kuruvilla

2006
Zhivago by Michael Weller, music by Lucy Simon, lyrics by Michael Korie and Amy Powers
Mother Courage and Her Children by Bertolt Brecht
All Wear Bowlers by Geoff Sobelle and Trey Lyford
Culture Clash's Zorro in Hell by Richard Montoya, Ric Salinas and Herbert Sigüenza
The Wiz by William F. Brown, music and lyrics by Charlie Smalls
The Farnsworth Invention by Aaron Sorkin, music by Andrew Lippa

2007/08
Carmen by Sarah Miles, music by John Ewbank
The Deception, adapted from La Fausse Suivante by Pierre Marivaux
After the Quake by Haruki Murakami
The Adding Machine by Elmer Rice
Cry-Baby by John Waters
The Seven by Will Power, music by Will Power, Will Hammond, Justin Ellington
Most Wanted by Jessica Hagedorn, music by Mark Bennett

2008/09
33 Variations by Moisés Kaufman
The Night Watcher by Charlayne Woodard
Memphis (musical) by Joe DiPietro
The Third Story by Charles Busch
Tobacco Road by Erskine Caldwell
Xanadu by Douglas Carter Beane
The Edge Series

2009/10
Unusual Acts of Devotion by Terrence McNally
Creditors, adapted and directed by Doug Wright
Restoration
Herringbone
The 39 Steps
Bonnie & Clyde by Frank Wildhorn, Don Black and Ivan Menchel
Aurélia's Oratorio by Aurélia Thierrée Chaplin
The Laramie Project: Ten Years Later, directed by Darko Tresnjak
The Edge Series: Dogugaeshi and HOOVER COMES ALIVE!

2010/11
Surf Report by Annie Weisman
A Midsummer Night's Dream by William Shakespeare
Limelight: The Story of Charlie Chaplin by Christopher Curtis and Thomas Meehan
Notes from Underground, adapted by Bill Camp and Robert Woodruff from the novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky
Ruined by Lynn Nottage
Little Miss Sunshine, music and lyrics by William Finn; Book and Direction by James Lapine

2011/12
A Dram of Drummhicit by Arthur Kopit and Anton Dudley
Peer Gynt by Henrik Ibsen and adapted by David Schweitzer
Sleeping Beauty Wakes, music and lyrics by Brendan Milburn and Valerie Vigoda Book by Rachel Sheinken
Milk Like Sugar by Kirsten Greenidge
Jesus Christ Superstar, music by Andrew Lloyd Webber, lyrics by Tim Rice
American Night: The Ballad of Juan José by Richard Montoya

2012/13
Hands on a Hardbody, music by Trey Anastasio and Amanda Green, lyrics by Amanda Green, book by Doug Wright
Blood and Gifts by J. T. Rogers
The Nightingale, music and lyrics by Duncan Sheik and Steven Sater, book by Steven Sater
An Iliad by Homer, adapted by Denis O'Hare and Lisa Peterson
Glengarry Glen Ross by David Mamet
Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots by Wayne Coyne and Des McAnuff

2013/14
His Girl Friday by Ben Hecht and Charles MacArthur, adapted by John Guare
Tribes by Nina Raine
Sideways, book by Rex Pickett
The Tallest Tree in the Forest by Daniel Beaty
Side Show, music by Henry Krieger, book and lyrics by Bill Russell
The Who & The What by Ayad Akhtar

2014/15
Chasing the Song, book by Joe DiPietro, music by David Bryan, lyrics by Joe DiPietro and David Bryan
The Orphan of Zhao, adapted by James Fenton
Ether Dome by Elizabeth Egloff
Kingdom City by Sheri Wilner
The Hunchback of Notre Dame, novel by Victor Hugo, music by Alan Menken, lyrics by Stephen Schwartz

2015/16
Come from Away, book, music, and lyrics by Irene Sankoff and David Hein
Up Here, book, music, and lyrics by Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez
Blueprints to Freedom by Michael Benjamin Washington
Healing Wars by Liz Lerman
Indecent by Paula Vogel
Guards at the Taj by Rajiv Joseph

2016/17
Latin History for Dummies, created and performed by John Leguizamo
Hollywood by Joe DiPietro
The Last Tiger in Haiti by Jeff Augustin
Junk: The Golden Age of Debt by Ayad Akhtar
Tiger Style! by Mike Lew
Miss You Like Hell, book by Quiara Alegría Hudes, music by Erin McKeown, lyrics by Quiara Alegría Hudes and Erin McKeown
Freaky Friday, book by Bridget Carpenter, music and lyrics by Tom Kitt and Brian Yorkey, based on the novel by Mary Rodgers

2017/18
Escape to Margaritaville – book by Greg Garcia and Mike O'Malley, music and lyrics by Jimmy Buffett
At the Old Place – by Rachel Bonds
Kill Local – by Mat Smart
Wild Goose Dreams – by Hansol Jung
SUMMER: The Donna Summer Musical – book by Colman Domingo, Robert Cary, and Des McAnuff
Mike Birbiglia: The New One – by Mike Birbiglia
The Cake – by Bekah Brunstetter
Home of the Brave – by Lee Cataluna

External links
La Jolla Playhouse official website
California Arts Council
Christopher Ashley, La Jolla Playhouse Artistic Director – Downstage Center interview at American Theatre Wing.org, October 2007

Theatre company production histories
Culture of San Diego


Hidden in America is a 1996 American television film about poverty in the United States. The film is directed by Martin Bell and stars Beau Bridges, Bruce Davison, and Alice Krige. Bridges plays Bill Januson, a father struggling to support his family and whose pride and optimism prevent him from seeking help until it is too late. Bridges was nominated for multiple awards, including a Screen Actors Guild Award and an Emmy Award. The film aired on December 1, 1996 on Showtime and was released to DVD on February 8, 2005.

Plot
The film tells the story of the Januson family: widowed father Bill and his two children, Willa and Robbie. After working as a welder at General Motors for 17 years, a robot took over Bill's job and the family is now struggling.

Bill's daughter Willa suffers from coughing fits and headaches due to malnutrition, so Bill takes her to see their doctor and next door neighbor, Michael Millerton. Dr. Millerton says that Willa's immune system is weakening for lack of iron. He tells Bill that Willa is now at the age when any period of time without adequate nutrition can have long lasting and irreversible implications. Over time, the two families become friends. The Millertons help their neighbors in various ways, either by lending them money or giving them food.

Son Robbie starts skipping school to find ways to earn money. At first, he helps people bring their groceries to their car and then he walks through the park looking for cans and bottles to recycle. He meets a female mechanic named Gus with whom he develops a friendship. Gus tells Robbie, "A man's not a man unless he pulls his weight." After spending some time together, Robbie and Gus enter into a partnership with each other to fix an old car so they can sell it.

After trying and failing to find a better job, Bill goes to apply for food stamps and is told that the earliest he can receive assistance will be in five days. Later, Bill happens to walk by a construction site and, feeling desperate, he joins in and starts working. By the end of the day, the supervisor decides to hire him.

Gus tells Robbie the car needs a new carburetor. Robbie steals Bill's rent money and buys the part that he needs. The next day, Gus tells him that she found a buyer willing to pay $1,855 for the car and that she's willing to split it with him because of all the help that he has given her. Unfortunately, Gus' coworker borrows the car to see her boyfriend and ends up in a car accident. Having lost hope completely, Robbie attempts to commit suicide by hanging himself in the shower. At the hospital, Robbie confesses to his father about stealing the money. Bill is just happy to see that Robbie will be alright. The film ends on an uncertain but hopeful note as the Millerton and Januson families visit together.

Cast

Production
The film was shot in Toronto. It was co-produced by the End Hunger Network, an organization that dedicates itself to fighting hunger.

Award nominations

References

External links

1996 films
Films shot in Toronto
Showtime (TV network) films
Films about poverty in the United States
Films scored by Mason Daring
1990s English-language films


The Blackwelder Mountains are a small mountain range on Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada. It is a subrange of the Arctic Cordillera.

See also
List of mountain ranges

References

Mountain ranges of Qikiqtaaluk Region
Arctic Cordillera


The EFDA Nations Cup, was a Country vs Country competition for Formula Opel cars between 1990 and 1998. It had always been Dan Partel's dream to stage a race that pitted drivers in equal cars racing for their country. The Formula Opel/Vauxhall one make racing series offered the best opportunity for such an event.

The 1995 EFDA Nations Cup (Nations Cup VI), was held at Magny-Cours, France (6–8 October 1995).

Final positions

References

External links
 Fastlines International
 Driver Database

EFDA Nations Cup
EFDA Nations Cup
EFDA Nations Cup seasons


The Boreal Plains Ecozone, as defined by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), is a terrestrial ecozone in the western Canadian provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. It also has minor extensions into northeastern British Columbia and south-central Northwest Territories. The region extends over 779,471 km2, of which 58,981 km2 is conserved (7.6 percent).

Wood Buffalo National Park, the largest national park in Canada, and Whooping Crane Summer Range, the only nesting and breeding area for the critically endangered whooping crane, are both located in the northern portion of this ecozone.

Industry in this ecozone once consisted primarily of forestry and agriculture, but in 1967 Great Canadian Oil Sands Limited began extracting bitumen from the Athabasca oil sands. Operations there have expanded significantly since 2003, and the oil sands are becoming an increasingly significant economic factor in the region.

Geography
Overlaying a bedrock of Cretaceous shale and Tertiary sediments are thick deposits of soil that form a flat terrain in the Interior Plains. It borders the Montane Cordillera to the west, closely following the border between Alberta and British Columbia. To its south is the Prairies ecozone for its entire extent, while to the north are the Taiga Plains, with its northeastern periphery adjacent to the Taiga Shield. 20 sub-region are located within the ecoregion.

Covering , it is a region of subdued relief with few lakes. However, meltwater from glacial retreat between 11,000 and 8,000 years ago resulted in extensive deltas and dunes, forming Lake Winnipegosis at the eastern end of this zone. It is a remnant of Lake Agassiz, a large glacial lake. Most rivers originate in the Rocky Mountains, flowing eastward through the zone.

Oil, Forestry, and agriculture are the largest industries. The region is  nearly covered by timber, about 84% of the region, The Athabasca oil sands area around  of land. Agriculture takes place mainly in the Peace River Country in Alberta and British Columbia. This can employ up to 20% of the land area, though it is typically less than that. Large communities include, Fort St. John, Grande Prairie, Fort McMurray, Hayriver,  La Ronge, and The Pas.

Ecoprovinces
This ecozone can be further subdivided into three ecoprovinces:
Boreal Foothills
Central Boreal Plains
Eastern Boreal Plains

Climate
Lying east of the Rocky Mountains, the region experiences low precipitation, averaging  annually, with  in the west and  in the east. However, this is greater than the rate of evaporation by over  in the south, and  in the north and at the foothills of the Rockies. The excess moisture promotes the development of wetlands and peat bogs, which account for between 25–50% of the ecozone's area.

Summers are moderately warm, with mean July temperatures of , whereas winters may be very cold, with mean January temperatures of .

EcoRegions
Each province continues to work on defining subregions within the larger
national ecozone system.

The Alberta Natural Subregion – Natural Regions (2006) found within this ecozone are:
 Peace River Parkland – Parkland
 Dry Mixedwood – Boreal Forest
 Central Mixedwood – Boreal Forest
 Peace-Athabasca Delta – Boreal Forest

The Manitoba Ecoregions within this ecozone are:
 Mid-Boreal Lowland Ecoregion
 Boreal Transition Ecoregion
 Mid-Boreal Uplands Ecoregion
 Interlake Plain Ecoregion

The Saskatchewan Ecoregions within this ecozone are:
 Mid-Boreal Upland
 Mid-Boreal Lowland
 Boreal Transition

Protected areas
A number of protected areas have been established to protect representative and/or significant portions of this ecozone. These include:

Alberta
 Cross Lake Provincial Park
 Dunvegan Provincial Park
 Elk Island National Park
 Lakeland Provincial Park
 Thunder Lake Provincial Park
 Wood Buffalo National Park including the Whooping Crane Summer Range

Manitoba
 Birch Island Provincial Park
 Birds Hill Provincial Park
 Brokenhead Wetland Ecological Reserve
 Clearwater Lake Provincial Park
 Chitek Lake Anishinaabe Provincial Park
 Duck Mountain Provincial Park
 Dog Lake Wildlife Management Area
 Elk Island Provincial Park
 Fisher Bay Provincial Park
 Grand Island Provincial Park
 Goose Islands Provincial Park
 Grass River Provincial Park
 Hecla-Grindstone Provincial Park
 Hilbre Wildlife Management Area
 Kinwow Bay Provincial Park
 Little Birch Wildlife Management Area
 Little Limestone Lake Provincial Park
 Long Point Ecological Reserve
 Mars Hill Wildlife Management Area
 Narcisse Wildlife Management Area
 Palsa Hazel Ecological Reserve
 Peonan Point Wildlife Management Area
 Proulx Lake Wildlife Management Area
 Red Deer Lake Wildlife Management Area
 Reindeer Island Ecological Reserve
 St. Malo Wildlife Management Area
 Ste. Anne Bog Ecological Reserve
 Sleeve Lake Wildlife Management Area
 Stuartburn Wildlife Management Area
 Rat River Wildlife Management Area
 Riding Mountain National Park
 Sturgeon Bay Provincial Park
 Walter Cook Caves Ecological Reserve
 Watson P. Davidson Wildlife Management Area

Saskatchewan
 Duck Mountain Provincial Park
 Greenwater Lake Provincial Park
 Meadow Lake Provincial Park
 Narrow Hills Provincial Park
 Prince Albert National Park

References

Ecozones of Canada
Ecozones and ecoregions of Manitoba
Ecozones and ecoregions of Saskatchewan
Ecozones and ecoregions of Alberta
Ecozones and ecoregions of British Columbia
Ecozones and ecoregions of the Northwest Territories


Matthew Lewis Pyken is an American television writer and producer.

Biography

Early life and education
Pyken was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Eugene Pyken, a fundraiser, and Rhoda Singer Pyken, a teacher. The oldest of three children, he has two sisters. At age nine his family moved to Van Nuys, California. He attended Claremont McKenna College, where he graduated with degrees in Literature and Political Science.

Career
Pyken has written for many television shows, including: The Invisible Man, D.C., Queer as Folk , John Doe and  Las Vegas. He has also produced episodes for John Doe, Queer as Folk, Las Vegas and the megahit Empire.  He is also listed as the consulting producer on a number of episodes of the first season of the critically acclaimed show Mr. Robot. He wrote and co-produced the video games National Lampoon's Blind Date and Fox Hunt.

References

American male screenwriters
American television producers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Prostitution in Ukraine is illegal but widespread and largely ignored by the government. In recent times, Ukraine has become a popular prostitution and sex trafficking destination. Ukraine is a source, transit, and destination country for women and children trafficked transnationally for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation. Ukraine's dissolution from the Soviet Union, saw the nation attempt to transition from a planned economy to a market economy. The transition process inflicted economic hardship in the nation, with nearly 80% of the population forced into poverty in the decade that followed its independence. Unemployment in Ukraine was growing at an increasing rate, with female unemployment rising to 64% by 1997. The economic decline in Ukraine made the nation vulnerable and forced many to depend on prostitution and trafficking as a source of income. Sex tourism rose as the country attracted greater numbers of foreign tourists.

Domestic prostitution
According to the Ukrainian Institute of Social Studies in 2011 there were 50,000 women working as prostitutes with every sixth prostitute being a minor. The organisation claimed the largest number of prostitutes were found (in 2011) in Kyiv (about 9,000 people), then in the Odesa area (about 6,000), about 3,000 could be found in Dnipropetrovsk and in Donetsk, in Kharkiv 2,500 and 2,000 were said to have worked in Crimea. Research by the State Institute for Family and Youth Issues indicates that, for many women, sex work has become the only adequate source of income: more than 50% of them support their children and parents. 10% of adolescents living on the streets (in 2011) were suspected to have provided sex to other men for food and clothing.

In regards to trafficking, Ukrainian citizens make up 80% of traffickers with 60% being women. Sexual trafficking victims tend to be women and girls between the ages of seventeen and twenty-six.

Exportation
Ukraine is now known to have a greater number of trafficking victims than any other Eastern European nation after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. In 1998, the Ukrainian Ministry of Interior estimated that 400,000 Ukrainian women were trafficked during the previous decade; other sources, such as non-governmental organizations, state the number was even higher. According to the International Organization for Migration over 500,000 Ukrainian women have been exploited with trafficking to the West since its independence in 1991 up to 1998.

Ukrainian women have been exported to countries across the world, such as Turkey, Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Spain, Hungary, United Arab Emirates, Syria etc. According to multiple reports the Ukrainian sex-workers are the largest group of foreign women in Turkey involved into prostitution and the second largest group of foreign women involved into prostitution outside the US military bases in Republic of Korea.

Of trafficking victims, 80% were unemployed prior to leaving Ukraine. Traffickers use this economic vulnerability to recruit women into prostitution. Many victims were convinced to leave Ukraine with the promise of profit by traffickers. The traffickers say they will work as dancers or in-store clerks. Victims are usually exported with legal documents such as travel visas. Ukrainian police say 70% of trafficked women travel with genuine documents obtained from corrupt officials. The majority of women cross the border with these genuine documents as opposed to being smuggled. Once they arrive in their destination country, they are frequently trapped by pimps taking away their visas, or by owing the pimps money to be paid off with prostitution. If they succeed in paying off their debt, some become recruiters, going back to Ukraine and telling friends and family they made a significant amount of money by going abroad. Approximately 60% of traffickers are Ukrainian women. While an IOM survey in 2011 says that 92% of Ukrainians were aware of sexual trafficking, trafficking continued to increase since then. Ukrainians working irregularly abroad increased from 28% to 41% from 2011 to 2015.

Child prostitution

In Ukraine, children are often the victims of forced labor and other kind of sexual exploitations. The group most prone to prostitution are ones belonging to poor families, homeless children and orphans; the exposure of living on the streets without protection makes them the most vulnerable.

Ukraine experiences between 7000 and 8000 cases of sexual children exploitation per year. According to the IOM data, 10% of the 1355 Ukrainian victims of trafficking, were adolescents.
Although child prostitution in Ukraine is illegal, a retrospective inquiry of adults shows that 20% of women and a 10% of men have experienced a sexual abuse by the age of 18.

Health effects
HIV and AIDS are prominent in Ukraine with 1% of people aged 15–49 having HIV as of 2003. This gives Ukraine the highest rate of infection in Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States.

HIV is contracted more frequently in people who do not use condoms during sex. In a study conducted in 2005, female sex workers knew sex without condoms increased the risk of HIV, but said they didn't always use condoms. Close to half of these workers said they would occasionally not use condoms if the client refused, if they were offered more money, and if the client was a frequent customer.

Female sex workers have less access to medical services which makes prevention and treatment more difficult to acquire. The social stigma and poverty that often accompany sex work also make it difficult to get prevention measures and treatment.

Legal status

By law prostitution is illegal in Ukraine. While individual prostitution is not classified as a criminal offense, engagement in prostitution is an administrative offence in Ukraine as of 12 June 1987, when it was forbidden by Supreme Court of Ukraine and individuals are susceptible to a fine of ₴255 (approximately $10). However, there are other laws in place that aim to control pimping and the organization and operation of brothels. Article 303 in The Criminal Code of Ukraine addresses pimping and involvement in employment prostitution. It states that "involving or compelling a person to prostitution by deceit, blackmail, distress of the person concerned, or using violence or threats, thereof pimping is punishable by imprisonment for a term of three to five years" If this act is committed in respect to a group of individuals, the sentence extends to a term of four to seven years. Based on article 303, pimping of a minor (below 18 years) is a crime that is punishable by imprisonment of five to ten years. Pimping an underage minor( below 14 years) makes the term eight to fifteen years. Under Article 149 in The Criminal Code of Ukraine, which concerns trafficking of human beings, trafficking of individuals is punishable by law with imprisonment for a term of three to eight years, if it is in respect to a group of individuals the term is five to twelve years and if it involves a minor then the term is extended to fifteen years. On 12 January 2005 the Ukrainian parliament passed tougher criminal penalties for human trafficking and coerced prostitution. Prior to 2004 previous laws criminalising organised prostitution had little effect. Since then laws criminalising organised prostitution and penalties for human trafficking have had little effect owing to the relaxed implementation of these laws in the nation, with nearly 70% of convicted traffickers acquitted from imprisonment.

On 23 September 2015, Ukrainian MP Andriy Nemirovsky proposed a draft law that would legalize prostitution in Ukraine and would consider individual and organization that provides sexual services for money as entrepreneurs. The draft law also introduced regulation on the service such as age restrictions and medical condition.

On 24 February 2016, the Government of Ukraine launched its first National Action Plan that set down a framework for the implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325, which addresses the importance of women in the prevention and resolution in conflict. The action plan aims attention at the prevention of domestic violence and trafficking of women.

Portrayal in media
The themes of prostitution and sex trafficking has been prominent in the Ukrainian media over the past few years. The UEFA Euro 2012 was heavily linked with prostitution and sex tourism in the country. There were efforts from the Ukrainian Ministry of Health and other political parties in favour of the legalization of prostitution in the lead up to the major sporting event, claiming that it would improve the prostitutes' working conditions, avoiding sexual transmitted diseases, and creating a new source of tax revenue.

Femen, the international movement of topless female activists, is an organization dedicated to feminism and sextremism. It originated in Ukraine and was the subject of Australian documentary Ukraine Is Not a Brothel. Their objective is to seek the extirpation of prostitution associated with exploitation of women and to create awareness against the act.

See also
 Poverty in Ukraine
 Corruption in Ukraine
 Crime in Ukraine
 Sex tourism in Ukraine
 HIV/AIDS in Ukraine
 Street children in Ukraine
 Child prostitution in Ukraine
 Gender inequality in Ukraine
 Human trafficking in Ukraine
 Women's rights in Ukraine
 Violence against women in Ukraine

References

External links
The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children


The Haddington Range is a mountain range on northeastern Devon Island, Nunavut, Canada. It is one of the northernmost mountain ranges in the world forming part of the Arctic Cordillera mountain system.

See also
List of mountain ranges

References

Arctic Cordillera
Mountain ranges of Qikiqtaaluk Region
Devon Island


The history of feminism in Canada has been a gradual struggle aimed at establishing equal rights. The history of Canadian feminism, like modern Western feminism in other countries, has been divided by scholars into four "waves", each describing a period of intense activism and social change. The use of "waves" has been critiqued for its failure to include feminist activism of Aboriginal and Québécois women who organized for changes in their own communities as well as for larger social change.

Waves of Canadian feminism

First wave

The first wave of feminism in Canada occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This early activism was focused on increasing women's role in public life, with goals including women's suffrage, increased property rights, increased access to education, and recognition as "persons" under the law. This early iteration of Canadian feminism was largely based in maternal feminism: the idea that women are natural caregivers and "mothers of the nation" who should participate in public life because of their perceived propensity for decisions that will result in good care of society. In this view, women were seen to be a civilizing force on society, which was a significant part of women's engagement in missionary work and in the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU).

The first wave in Canada was different in Québec. Although the first wave was developed at an earlier time, many women in Québec had to wait until April 1940 for their right to vote and run in elections.

Canadian women's social, political, and cultural roles and influence changed dramatically during WWII. Women had taken over many of the missing roles of men while they were off at war. Women worked in factories, took over farms, and proved their importance in society.

Early organizing and Activism

Religion was an important factor in the early stages of the Canadian women's movement. Some of the earliest groups of organized women came together for a religious purpose. When women were rejected as missionaries by their Churches and missionary societies, they started their own missionary societies and raised funds to send female missionaries abroad. Some of them raised enough to train some of their missionaries as teachers or doctors.

The first of these missionary societies was founded in Canso, Nova Scotia in 1870 by a group of Baptist women inspired by Hannah Norris, a teacher who wanted to be a missionary. Norris asked the women in her Church for help when her application to the Baptist Foreign Mission Board was rejected. They formed their own missionary society, and soon there were Presbyterian, Methodist, and Anglican women missionary societies forming across the western provinces, Quebec, Ontario, and the Maritimes. These new societies not only enabled women to work as missionaries, but they also gave women the opportunity to manage the funding, training, and employment of female missionaries in foreign countries.

Women's religious organizing was also a means through which women could advocate social change. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union, for example, was formed in 1874 by Letitia Youmans of Picton, Ontario, in order to raise awareness of the negative consequences of alcohol consumption on society, and ultimately to ban alcohol and promote evangelical family values. Inspired by its American counterpart, the WCTU grew to become one of the first organizations to fight for suffrage while also being a training ground for future suffrage leaders. The Hebrew Ladies Sewing Circle (founded 1860) also worked to promote social change through religion-inspired organizing. It was organized in Toronto in 1906 by Ida Siegel to provide girls in their community training in sewing skills and as a response to the conversion attempts of Jewish youth by Protestant Evangelicals. It grew to establish a Jewish Endeavour Sewing School where they taught girls sewing, Jewish religion and history. in Toronto grew to establish a Jewish Endeavour Sewing School where they taught girls sewing, Jewish religion and history. Other examples include the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) which provided (and continues to provide) services such as reception centres, shelters, and educational programs for single working class women along with The Girls’ Friendly Society (Anglican-based), the Catholic Women's League, and the Grey Nuns of Montreal who provided daycare centres for working women.

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries women in Canada were also making inroads into various professions including teaching, journalism, social work, and public health. Grace Annie Lockhart became the first woman in the British Empire to receive a bachelor's degree, providing clear evidence of the justice of women's claim to full rights in the field of higher education. Advances included the establishment of a Women's Medical College in Toronto (and in Kingston, Ontario) in 1883, attributed in part to the persistence of Emily Stowe, the first female doctor to practice in Canada. Stowe's daughter, Augusta Stowe-Gullen, became the first woman to graduate from a Canadian medical school.

Women also established and became involved with organizations to advance women's rights, including suffrage. In 1893, the National Council of Women of Canada was formed which was designed to bring together representatives of different women's groups across Canada, providing a network for women to communicate their concerns and ideas. When they endorsed suffrage, in 1910, the NCWC did so on the basis that women had an indispensable role in society which should give them the right to participate in public life by electing their government, in keeping with the maternal feminism prevalent in the period.

During World War I, women took on not only traditionally feminine jobs, but also heavy work such as in munitions factories. This changed role of women increased women's political prominence, and issues such as women's suffrage were raised.

During the 1920s, women adventurers pushed the boundaries of acceptable behavior for women. From 1922 until 1929, Aloha Wanderwell (born in Canada) became the first woman to travel around the world in a car, beginning her journey at the age of 16.

Women's right to vote in Canada

Organizing around women's suffrage in Canada peaked in the mid-1910s. Various franchise clubs were formed, and in Ontario, the Toronto Women's Literary Club was established in 1876 as a guise for suffrage activities, though by 1883 it was renamed the Toronto Women's Suffrage Association. Compared to other English speaking industrialized countries, Canada's suffrage movement gained success rather easily, and without violence. The tactics adopted by the movement in order to bring about reform included collecting petitions, staging mock parliaments and selling postcards.

Widows and unmarried women were granted the right to vote in municipal elections in Ontario in 1884. Such limited franchises were extended in other provinces at the end of the 19th century, but bills to enfranchise women in provincial elections failed to pass in any province until Manitoba, and Saskatchewan finally succeeded in early 1916. Alberta followed the same year and Emily Murphy became the first woman magistrate not just in Canada, but the entire British Empire. At the federal level it was a two step process. On September 20, 1917, women gained a limited right to vote: According to the Parliament of Canada website, the Military Voters Act established that "women who are British subjects and have close relatives in the armed forces can vote on behalf of their male relatives, in federal elections." About a year and a quarter later, at the beginning of 1919, the right to vote was extended to all women in the Act to confer the Electoral Franchise upon Women. The remaining provinces quickly followed suit, except for Quebec, which did not do so until 1940. Agnes Macphail became the first woman elected to Parliament in 1921.

Large numbers of women continued for many years to be excluded from the right to vote, based on race or indigeneity. British Columbia, for example, denied persons of Asian, Indian (Southeast Asian), and Indigenous origin the rights to universal adult suffrage that came about with the Dominion Elections Act of 1920.

First women elected in the British Empire were two Alberta women (Louise McKinney and Roberta MacAdams) elected in 1917.
 First woman elected to the House of Commons was Progressive candidate Agnes MacPhail, elected in 1921.

Women ruled legally to be "persons"

The Famous Five were a group of five women from Alberta who wanted courts to determine women were considered to be "persons" for the purposes of being called to the Senate under section 24 of the British North America Act, 1867, the main provision of Canada's constitution. The Senate was the body which at that time approved divorces in some provinces of Canada, among other decisions important to women. The Famous Five petitioned the Federal Cabinet to refer this issue to the Supreme Court. After some debate, the Cabinet did so. The Supreme Court, interpreting the Act in light of the times in which it was written, ruled in 1928 that women were not "persons" for the purposes of section 24 and could not be appointed to the Senate.

The five women, led by Emily Murphy, appealed the case to the Judicial Committee of the British Privy Council, at that time the highest court of appeal for the British Empire. In 1929, the five Lords of the Committee ruled unanimously that "the word ‘persons' in Section 24 includes both the male and female sex". They called the earlier interpretation "a relic of days more barbarous than ours".

Eastview Birth Control Trial
The Eastview Birth Control Trial of 1936–1937 was the first successful legal challenge to the dissemination of information and the possession of materials relating to birth control being illegal in Canada, and it marked the beginning of a shift in Canadian society's acceptance of such practices. In September 1936, Dorothea Palmer was arrested in Eastview (now Vanier, Ontario), and charged with possessing materials and pamphlets related to birth control, then highly illegal under Canadian law. As she was working for the Kitchener-based Parents' Information Bureau (PIB), her arrest could have led to the collapse of the organization and as many as two years' imprisonment for Palmer. However, the PIB was the brainchild of industrialist A. R. Kaufman, a eugenically-minded industrialist whose support eventually saw Palmer's charges dropped. The trial lasted from September 1936 to March 1937.

Ultimately, the case was dismissed by the presiding magistrate Lester Clayon, who ruled that, as Palmer's actions were "in the public good", no charges could be held against her. In his final ruling, he explained that:
The mothers are in poor health, pregnant nine months of the year... What chance do these children have to be properly fed, clothed and educated? They are a burden on the taxpayer. They crowd the juvenile court. They glut the competitive labour market.

Second wave
Though feminism in Canada continued after the work of the Famous Five, during the Depression and the Second World War, feminist activism in Canada was not as clear to see as it was during the fight for suffrage and thereafter. However, women's engagement in the workforce during the Second World War brought about a new consciousness in women with regards to their place in public life, which led to a public inquiry on the status of women, as well as new campaigns and organizing for equal rights. Whereas the first wave was organized around access to education and training, the second wave of Canadian feminism focused on women's role in the workforce, the need for equal pay for equal work, a desire to address violence against women, and concerns about women's reproductive rights.

Canadian women during and after World War II
During the Second World War, Canadian women were actively pursued by the Canadian government to contribute to the war effort. One of the ways in which women contributed to the war effort was by joining the workforce. Prior to the war, some young and unmarried women had already joined the workforce; however, during the war an increased need for female workers arose in many industries due to the depleted pool of male workers who had largely been mobilized to fight in the war. Although women continued to work in their pre-war traditional fields of employment such as textile manufacturing, retail, nursing, and homecare services, as the demand for labour intensified in all industries, women became employed in many non-traditional fields including: manufacturing, trade, finance, transportation, communication, and construction.

In response to the labour needs of many industries, the Canadian government created a special Women's Division of the National Selective Service to recruit women into the workforce. The first groups of women to be recruited were single women and childless married women. The National Selective Service then recruited women with home responsibilities and later women with children. By 1944, more than one million women worked full-time in Canada's paid labour force.

The inclusion of women with children into the workforce led the federal government to develop a program known as the Dominion-Provincial Wartime Day Nurseries Agreement in order to assist working mothers with childcare during the duration of the war. Under the Agreement, the federal government offered to help the provinces subsidize childcare programs. Quebec and Ontario took advantage of the agreement and developed childcare facilities such as nurseries and after school programs.

Women also contributed to the war effort by volunteering. As soon as the war broke out, many local women's volunteer societies quickly mobilized to contribute to the war effort. Women in these organizations engaged in a range of activities including: sewing clothes for the Red Cross, cultivating "victory" gardens, and collecting materials like rubber and metal scraps for wartime production. By the middle of the war the Canadian government established the Women's Voluntary Services to coordinate the wartime activities of the local women's societies across Canada.

Women also participated in the war by joining the military. Prior to the war, with the exception of the Nursing Service of the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps, the Canadian army was composed only of men. Yet, by 1942 women were recruited into the military, air force, and navy. In fact, by the end of the war 20,497 women were members of the army, 16,221 were members of the air force, and 6,665 were members of the navy. When women were first recruited they mostly worked in administrative and support positions such as stewardesses and clerical aides, but as the war carried on, women were promoted to more skilled positions such as motor vehicle mechanics, electricians, and sail-makers.

The Canadian government expected women to return to their roles in the home once the war ended. In 1941, the government created an Advisory Committee on Reconstruction to deal with the post-war reconstruction issues. Shortly after its creation, some Canadian women advocated for female representation within the Committee due to the vital contribution of women to the war effort. Consequently, in 1943, the government created a subcommittee to deal with issues women would encounter once the war ended. The subcommittee was headed by Margaret McWilliams, a journalist and notable women's organization activist and consisted of nine other women from across the country. The subcommittee produced a report with a number of recommendations including that women should be trained or retrained for jobs on the same basis as men and that household workers should receive labour benefits like unemployment insurance. The report received little public attention and ultimately failed to achieve any of its recommendations. However, many of its recommendations were discussed once again, decades later in the 1970 report of the Royal Commission on the Status of Women.

When the war finally ended many Canadian women did as the government expected of them and returned to their roles in the home. Additionally, when the war ended some of the services the government offered working women during the war, like childcare, were discontinued.

Yet, in the years following the war, the number of women joining the workforce steadily increased as women's contribution became more and more necessary to sustaining both the home and the economy - a fact addressed by a number of government initiatives. In 1951, the Ontario government passed the Female Employees Fair Remuneration Act, and by the end of the 1950s, all provinces except for Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador had passed similar legislation. In 1954, the Government of Canada created a specialized women's department within the Department of Labour, and in 1956, it also passed legislation providing pay equity for women working in the federal civil service.

Royal Commission on the Status of Women, 1970

The Royal Commission on the Status of Women was a Canadian Royal Commission that examined the status of women and recommended steps that might be taken by the federal government to ensure equal opportunities with men in all aspects of Canadian society. The Commission commenced on 16 February 1967 as an initiative of Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson. Public sessions were conducted the following year to accept public comment for the Commission to consider as it formulated its recommendations. Florence Bird was the Commission's chair. The Commissioners appointed were: Florence Bird (chairperson), Elsie MacGill, Lola M. Lange, Jeanne Lapointe, Doris Ogilvie, Donald R. Gordon, Jr (resigned from Commission), Jacques Henripin, John Peters Humphrey (appointed following Gordon's resignation).

The National Union of Students and the Women's Movement in the 1970s

The National Union of Students (Canada) (NUS) formed in 1972 and became the Canadian Federation of Students in 1981. While student aid, education cut-backs and, by the late 1970s, tuition fees may have been the primary policy concerns of the national student organization, there was a definite undercurrent of women student organizing in NUS and on local campuses. Women and some men supporters rallied around issues of sexism on student councils and in NUS, violence against women, abortion rights and the establishing women centres and daycare on campuses. By 1979, NUS established the Declaration of the Rights of the Woman Student. As Moses points out (p. 89), the "Declaration avoided discussion of other serious social inclusions — issues of race, physical ability, and aboriginal people were not included" which perhaps speaks to why issues of racism and ability caused much discordance in the women's movement of the 1980s.

Moses (2010, pp. 76–77) cites several key sources on the long history of women student organizing in Canada going back to the late 1800s and suggests that "NUS women's student activism of the 1970s should not be viewed as an entirely new phenomenon arising amidst the clamour and legacy of 1960s liberation struggles". "Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, women's participation in [the Canadian Union of Students and its predecessor, the National Federation of Canadian University Students stayed consistent: around the 15–17 percent mark." Moses (2010, p. 92, note 34).

The link between women students and late 1960s women's movements has been widely acknowledged. Yet, as Moses points out, this acknowledgement stops abruptly after 1971; the activism of youth and students was widely ignored in the historiography of women's movement in the 1970s. This is not something that Moses attempts to explain. It would seem likely that the gap in recognition has something to do with how young women and how women historiographers of the 1970s identified; that is, not as students or youth per se, but as women. While the women's movement of the 1970s was of course, multigenerational, it was also most certainly in many ways, a significant youth movement and this, as Moses (2010) suggests, has not been well understood and acknowledged.

Violence against women and the Battered Women's Movement
The Battered Women's Shelter Movement in Canada emerged predominantly during the late 1960s and early 1970s, within the framework of second wave feminism. Building on the oft-used second wave slogan, "the personal is political", second wave understandings of the state's role in regulating private life paved the road for a re-conceptualization of domestic violence as a social problem as opposed to a completely private matter. The movement was generated in large part because for women who had experienced domestic violence, "there was no place to go." However, several feminists have criticized the Battered Women's movement for its reliance on the battered woman-as-victim archetype.

National Action Committee on the Status of Women

The National Action Committee (NAC) was formed as a result of the frustration of women at the inaction of the federal government in regards to the recommendations of the Royal Commission. Beginning in 1972 as a coalition of 23 women's groups, by 1986 it had 350 organizational members, including the women's caucuses of the three biggest political parties. Partly funded by government grants, the NAC was widely regarded as the official expression of women's interests in Canada, and received a lot of attention from the media. In 1984 there was a televised debate on women's issues among the leaders of the contending political parties during the federal election campaign. The NAC and women's issues were receiving a lot of attention and the NAC was rapidly growing, although beginning in 1983 it had competition from REAL Women of Canada, a right-wing lobby group.

Canadian Human Rights Act, 1977
Passed by prime minister of the time, Pierre Trudeau, the Canadian Human Rights Act gave basic rights to all humans. There was no discrimination based on sex, race, religion etc.... It specified that there must be "equal pay for work of equal value". There had been significant disparity between the pay received by women and by men. However, by the mid-1980s there was still disparity: full-time female employees earned on average only 72% of what men earned.

The Charter of Rights and Freedoms
In 1980 Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau announced his plan repatriate the Canadian Constitution, and with it a new Charter of Rights and Freedoms to

With so much division in Canada on what should be included in a bill of rights the federal government decided to hold a Special Joint Committee of the House of Commons and the Senate, which allowed the public to submit amendments to the constitution. Women's organizations saw this as an opportunity for Canadian women's rights to be legally and equally represented through entrenchment in the charter.

On November 20 the National Action Committee on the Status of Women (NAC) had their opportunity to speak. The NAC saw the importance of equal recognition in the Charter for both men and women as a way to combat systematic discrimination.

In response to the Nation Action Committee's presentation Senator Harry Hays responded,

This statement exemplified the ignorance and discrimination Canadian women were facing.

In February 1981 the National Action Committee scheduled a conference for women on the constitution that was cancelled by the federal government. In response to the cancellation Doris Anderson, president of the Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women and prominent feminist resigned in protest, this act of protest galvanized Canadian women.

Feminist groups were angered at the cancellation of the conference and began to organize their own conference and a coalition was formed, which came to be known as the Ad Hoc Committee of Canadian Women on the Constitution.

On February 14, 1981, about 1,300 women exercised their democratic right and marched into Parliament to debate the charter. They were demanding a specific clause on equal rights between men and women.

This conference resulted in amendments to Section 15, which guarantees an equality of rights under the law, along with the creation of Section 28 which states:

Even though the Canadian Constitution was established in 1982, the sections on equality were under moratorium and did not come into effect until April 17, 1985.

Abortion

A significant concern of second wave feminists in Canada was access to abortion. Until 1969, abortion was a criminal offence under the Criminal Code, and women were dying from trying to procure abortions outside of the law. For these reasons, abortion was legalized by Parliament in 1969 under the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968–69. Abortion remained an offence, unless it was first approved by a Therapeutic Abortion Committee on the grounds that continuation of the pregnancy "would or would be likely to endanger her life or health". The abortion had to be performed in a hospital rather than in a clinic. Only one in five hospitals had the committee required to approve of the operation resulting in many women crossing the border to the United States to receive one. By 1970, women nationwide mobilized to organize a cross-country abortion caravan from Vancouver to Ottawa that called for increased reproductive freedom, through increased access to abortion and birth control.

The restrictive nature of the abortion law led others to challenge it, including Henry Morgantaler, a prominent Montreal doctor who attempted to establish abortion clinics. In 1973, Morgentaler was charged under the Criminal Code for providing abortions. The case went to the Supreme Court of Canada. In Morgentaler v R, the Court unanimously held that the criminal law provisions were within the constitutional jurisdiction of the federal Parliament. The Court also unanimously held that the provisions did not infringe the Canadian Bill of Rights. The Supreme Court upheld his conviction.

A decade later, after the passage of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Morgentaler was again convicted under the abortion provision. This time, when the case reached the Supreme Court, he was successful, in R. v. Morgentaler in 1988. The Court ruled, by a 5–2 majority, that the abortion provision of the Criminal Code infringed the Charter's guarantee of security of the person under section 7. There was no single majority decision. Justice Bertha Wilson, the first woman on the Supreme Court (appointed in 1982), wrote one of the strongest opinions striking down the provision.

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
Canada signed the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women in 1980, and ratified it in 1981.

Third wave
The third wave of Canadian feminism, which is largely perceived to have started in the early 1990s, is closely tied to notions of anti-racism, anti-colonialism, and anti-capitalism. The notion of a sisterhood among women prevalent in the second wave, is critiqued by third-wave feminists, who have perceived this seeming universalism to be dismissive of women's diverse experiences, and the ways that women can discriminate against and dominate one another. Third-wave feminism is associated with decentralized, grassroots organizing, as opposed to the national feminist organizations prevalent in the second wave.

Opposition to female genital mutilation
Canada recognized female genital mutilation as a form of persecution in July 1994, when it granted refugee status to Khadra Hassan Farah, who had fled Somalia to avoid her daughter being cut. In 1997 section 268 of its Criminal Code was amended to ban FGM, except where "the person is at least eighteen years of age and there is no resulting bodily harm".

Fourth wave
Fourth-wave feminism refers to a resurgence of interest in feminism that began around 2012 and is associated with the use of social media. According to feminist scholar Prudence Chamberlain, the focus of the fourth wave is justice for women and opposition to sexual harassment and violence against women. Its essence, she writes, is "incredulity that certain attitudes can still exist".

Fourth-wave feminism is "defined by technology", according to Kira Cochrane, and is characterized particularly by the use of Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, Tumblr, and blogs to challenge misogyny and further gender equality.

Issues that fourth-wave feminists focus on include street and workplace harassment, campus sexual assault and rape culture. Scandals involving the harassment, abuse, and/or murder of women and girls have galvanized the movement; one example of such a scandal in Canada was the 2016 trial of Jian Ghomeshi.

During the time of fourth-wave feminism, Canada removed its tampon tax in mid-2015 following an online petition signed by thousands.

Also during the time of fourth-wave feminism, in May 2016, in an attempt to make the Canadian national anthem gender-neutral by changing "thy sons" to "of us", Liberal MP Mauril Bélanger introduced a private member's Bill C-210. In June 2016, the bill passed its third reading with a vote of 225 to 74 in the House of Commons. In July 2017, the bill was in its third and final reading in the Senate; the bill was passed on January 31, 2018, and received royal assent on February 7, 2018.

Critiques of the "waves" view of Canadian feminist history

Feminism in Quebec
Feminism in Quebec has evolved differently from the rest of Canada, and its history does not necessarily match the idea of the four "waves" conventionally used to describe Canadian feminist history. After Confederation, the provincial government of Quebec continued to be closely associated with the Catholic Church, resulting in the preservation of traditional gender roles. The conservatism of the then-provincial government, and the privileging of Catholic values contributed to Quebec being the last province in which women received the provincial franchise. By the 1960s, during the Quiet Revolution, many women in Quebec linked the patriarchy that shaped their lives with the colonial domination of English Canada over Quebec's affairs. Equality between genders would amount to little if both men and women were subordinated and misrepresented through English values, culture and institutions. Though the Fédération des femmes du Québec was founded in 1966 to advance the rights of women in Quebec, and the organization worked closely with the National Action Committee on the Status of Women in the 1970s and 1980s, tensions between English Canadian and Québécois feminists were strong during the debates over the Meech Lake Accord and the Charlottetown Accord, and at the time of the 1995 Referendum.

Marie-Claire Belleau on "L'intersectionnalité" and Feminisms in Quebec–Canada

Belleau applies a feminist methodology and research framework to the inter-woven issues of national and cultural identity (what she terms "nat-cult"), both within Quebec and between the province and the rest of Canada (ROC). These conceptions of self, be they feminist, Québécois, or Canadian, in turn affect the identity politics of the region. She deploys "strategic intersectionality" in order to analyze how feminism is represented in Canada's two main legal systems. She cautions against eternalizing differences (essentialism) or erasing them (universalism). Quebec is a unique case study because of the problematic private–public divide, which is reinforced by the parallel civil–common law split in the province's legal system. Furthermore, the Québécois are historically situated as both colonizers and as colonized peoples, further lending complexity to their identities.

Belleau employs "tactical thinking" to negotiate among Québécois and ROC feminisms, engaging with identity politics and processes of subordination and dissolution in how Quebec feminists are represented in the legal world. She argues that Quebec feminism should (and does) have a "distinct face" (). This is manifest in the approach of intersectionality as embracing cultural distinctions, ensuring no fights for social justice are subordinate to each other, and the understanding of emancipatory confrontations as independent but still interrelated. "Distinct feminism" preserves this nat-cult individuality.

The author also details the mythic "confrontational" portrayal of Anglo-Saxon feminism, and that much of Québécois feminist identity stands in contrast to this perceived antagonistic Anglo-Saxon feminism. Quebec men, similarly, struggle with their own conceptions of self, particularly amid historical confrontations with English-Canadian men. Conquest has led to hierarchy, exemplified through the past relationship of the Quebec matriarch and her male consort, l'homme rose, or the "pink man". For women, many embrace their "Latin" heritage through an allegiance to their French past in order to assert their distinctiveness in a continent with competing cultural identities. Younger Québécois feminists wish to disassociate themselves from both Anglo-feminism and Latin-femininity to construct their own intersectional identity, and to remove themselves from the sexism inherent in some Latin cultures. In addition, as the author articulates, for First Nations women, this "French past" does not provide positive memories or cultural touchstones.

Ultimately, Belleau urges women to see projection, dissociation, and distinction as strategies used by both Quebec and ROC feminists to create constructive dialogues and coalitions among women.

Indigenous feminisms
Indigenous feminisms (Indigenous feminism) have also taken a different trajectory from the mainstream, white, Anglo-Canadian women's movement. Indigenous women have largely not participated in that movement, in part because Indigenous women's organizations have focused on issues related to colonialism and cultural discrimination. Further, some Indigenous women have explicitly rejected the label of "feminist" because, it is perceived to suggest "a strongly anti-natal and anti-family stance that is offensive [to Indigenous women] as they rebuild their nations". As well as this, it is important to understand that this resistance comes from a place of realizing that gender roles, the community and culture are deeply interconnected, therefore gender issues do not only effect Indigenous women, but effect the community as a whole. Others have viewed the universal sisterhood associated with the second wave with hostility, perceiving the idea that all women are the same as an erasure of difference and as an attempt at colonization. By and large, Indigenous women active in pursuing their rights, such as those belonging to the Native Women's Association of Canada, "do not see themselves as part of a separate feminist movement but rather one that will complement the aboriginal organizations, which tend to be male dominated".

Indigenous women have worked together to address gender and cultural discrimination as they experience it. One of the most notable instances of this activism was around the issue of who qualifies as a Status Indian under the Indian Act. The status of "Indian" was conferred to people whose father had the Indian status. According to an amendment to the Act made in 1951, a native man always passed on his status to his wife and children (whether she was Indigenous or not), while a native woman who married a non-native lost her own status and could not pass on her status to her children. These conditions for qualifying for status caused many women to be displaced from their communities. These amendments inspired activism on the part of the Tobique Women's Group, as well as the founding of the Native Women's Association of Canada in 1974, in order to enable women to achieve equality not only as women, but as Indigenous women. The struggle for women to receive equal status under the Indian Act was also clear in various challenges to the Act, first by Mary Two-Axe Earley, followed by the human rights challenges raised by Jeannette Lavell, Yvonne Bedard, and Sandra Lovelace in the 1970s. In 1985, the Indian Act was amended to address unequal treatment of native women with Bill C-31 which allowed the return of Native Status to those who had lost it. Having said that, there are still an abundance of discrimination aimed at Indigenous women and activism continues to be done to this day.

Black women in feminism
Other women have also contested the mainstream feminist history of "waves". In the case of Black Canadian women, the mainstream history of the first and second waves is problematic insofar as their struggles to enable women to leave their homes and partake in the labour force ignored that certain women had always worked to support their families. Most clear in American Black feminist Sojourner Truth's "Ain't I a Woman?" speech, the experiences of Black women in Canada have not been adequately addressed by conventional feminist histories. Like Aboriginal women, some Black feminists have articulated their experiences in terms of a racially disadvantaged struggle for equal treatment and that their struggle is not only against patriarchy but systemic racism as well.

Mary Ann Shadd Cary was a prominent member of Canada’s Black community who advocated in Ontario for a woman’s right to vote in the 1850s.
Black women saw a need to fund their own organizations, including missionary work in the late 19th century through the Women's Home Missionary Society of the Baptist Church. Furthermore, black women founded organizations like the Coloured Women's Club in Montreal (founded in 1902) to expand opportunities for people in the Black community through mutual support.

Though the "double burden" of work and household labour that would be an important element of feminism in its second wave had long been present for black women, they were also less likely to be paid fairly. While it was middle class white women's experiences during and after World War II, coupled with the emergence of Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique that led middle-class white women to consider engaging in the workforce, "by the time of World War Two at least 80 percent of Black women in Canada worked in the domestic-services sector and earned less than their white counterparts".

Black women in Canada established a national women's organization in the post-war years, with the founding of the Canadian Negro Women's Association in 1951. Though the organization started largely as a social organization, over several decades, it became more activist in orientation, and in 1980, after a national conference, it changed its name to the Congress of Black Women of Canada to reflect the changing structures and concerns of the organization.

See also

 Women in Canadian politics
 History of Canadian women
 Women's liberation movement in North America#Canada
Attorney General of Canada v. Lavell
Status Quo? The Unfinished Business of Feminism in Canada, a 2012 documentary film
Government of Canada's Gender-based Analysis Plus program
Indigenous feminist art responses: ReMatriate Collective

Notes

References

Claims-Making in Context: Forty Years of Canadian Feminist Activism on Violence Against Women  from the University of Ottawa Press

Further reading

 Marsden, Lorna R. Canadian Women and the Struggle for Equality (2008) excerpt and a text search
 Robbins, Wendy, et al. eds. Minds of Our Own: Inventing Feminist Scholarship and Women’s Studies in Canada and Québec, 1966–76 (2008) excerpt and text search

External links
“Kinesis” – The UBC Library Digital Collections offer a selection of digitized images of the Canadian feminist periodical that actively combated all forms of marginalization during almost 30 years

History of human rights in Canada
Social movements in Canada
Social history of Canada
Canada


Thomas William Murphy may refer to:

Thomas W. Murphy (American Samoa judge) (1935–1992)
Tom Murphy (English footballer) (born 1991), English footballer
Tomás Guilherme Murphy (1716–1995), American-born Catholic bishop
Torpedo Billy Murphy (1863–1939), New Zealand boxer


In cost accounting, target income sales are the sales necessary to achieve a given target income (or targeted income). It can be measured either in units or in currency (sales proceeds), and can be computed using contribution margin similarly to break-even point:

See also
 Break-even
 Cost–volume–profit analysis

Management accounting


The Grogan Morgan Range is a mountain range on the northern Bathurst Island, Nunavut, Canada. It is one of the northernmost mountain ranges in the world which in turn form part of the Arctic Cordillera mountain system.

See also
List of mountain ranges

References

Arctic Cordillera
Mountain ranges of Qikiqtaaluk Region


Dhana may refer to:
Dhana, a census town in Sagar district in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India
Dhana Nanda, last emperor of the Nanda dynasty of India, usurped by the Mauryan Empire
Jebel Dhana, an airport in the United Arab Emirates
dhana, or dhana lilia, another word for coriander leaves
dhana, or dhania, another word for coriander seeds
Dhana Taprogge, lead vocalist for Taxi Doll