Ted Purves (1964 – July 4, 2017)  was an American artist, educator, and independent curator living in Oakland, California. He was the chair of the first Social Practice graduate program in the US, at the California College of the Arts in San Francisco, California. Central to Purves' interests were the gift economy, and the distribution of free goods and services by artists.

Publications
Purves edited What We Want Is Free: Generosity and Exchange in Recent Art, published by SUNY Press in 2005. It includes essays by curators   Bill Arning, Kate Fowle and Lars Bang Larsen, Mary Jane Jacob and artists Ben Kinmont, Jörgen Svensson, Guy Overfelt, Jeanne van Heeswijk, and an interview with Cesare Pietroiusi by Shane Aslan Selzer. It also includes a Projects Histories section with short descriptions of dozens of related projects.

The Momentary Academy
The Momentary Academy was a temporary school realized at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, during the Bay Area Now 4 exhibition. It offered free classes to the public led by artists in the exhibition. Classes involved practical as well as experimental subjects, and ranged from single workshop sessions to weekly meetings.

Classes offered included Marco Polo's Favorite Potstickers: A Cross Cultural Cooking Lesson by Edie Tsong; The Lost & Found Society by Joseph del Pesco and Alex Burke; The Power of Breath by Helena Keeffe; Changing Patterns: Contemporary Clothing Construction and Design Innovation by Scatha G Allison; Paper Parlour by Christine Shields; Paper, 8.5" x 11", White. by Tommy Becker; The Medium is the Message by Josh Greene; Mindscapes by Fred Loomis; Spoken Word Spoken by Chris Kubick; Sacred Geometry by Ezra Li Eismont; and finally Perfect Models: Inventing Schools as Works of Art by Ted Purves with special guest Jon Rubin.

Temescal Amity Works
Temescal Amity Works is a public project in Oakland, California involving the free distribution of locally grown fruit, and the exchange of information and services in a neighborhood diverse in race and class that is in the process of redefining itself amidst the pressures of gentrification and development.

References

External links
 AmityWorks Project information
 Social Practice at CCA.edu
 Ted Purves at CCA.edu
 What We Want is Free
 Creative Capital - Amity Works Page
 Shadow Cabinets in a Bright Country (at Apex Art (art space), NY)
Ted Purves' Interview with Bad At Sports

1964 births
American art curators
American contemporary artists
Artists from the San Francisco Bay Area
2017 deaths


Ringeldorf (; ) is a former commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Val-de-Moder.

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 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Former communes of Bas-Rhin
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Ringendorf (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Notable people
André Maurois, French academic

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 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Rittershoffen is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
The commune was the scene of fierce fighting during Operation Nordwind in January 1945.

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 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Rœschwoog (; ; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

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References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Breynton is an English surname. Famous people with this surname are:

 Rev Dr John Breynton, DD (1719-1799) - rector of St Paul's Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia during the 18th century

Other
 Gypsy Breynton, fiction series of books by author Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward

Variants include:
 Brinton (disambiguation)

Surnames


Rohr () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Between 1 February 1973 and 1 January 1986 Rohr was merged with Gougenheim.

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 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department
 Kochersberg

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Rohrwiller (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

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 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Stacy Adams (born June 21, 1966) is a former American football coach.  He served the head football coach at Valparaiso University from 2005 to 2009, compiling a record of 15–40. He was the first black head football coach and the second documented black head coach at Valparaiso.

Early years and playing career
Adams was born in Gary, Indiana and grew up in Glen Park. He graduated from Lew Wallace High School in 1984.

Adams played quarterback for Tom Horne at Joliet Junior College. After graduating from Joliet in 1987, he played at Northwest Missouri State University. In addition to quarterback, he played running back and outside linebacker. He earned a bachelor's degree from Northwest Missouri State in 1990. In 1997, he earned a master's degree from Valparaiso.

Coaching career
In 1991, Horne added Adams to the coaching staff at Valparaiso. Adams was named the offensive coordinator and running backs coach in 1997. Adams also served as the quarterbacks coach while on the coaching staff.

In 2005, he was hired to replace Horne. He became the sixth coach of the Crusaders football team since 1946. When he was hired, he was the only Division I black head football coach in Indiana  In 2006, Adams was one of only ten black head coaches in Division I. In his first game as head coach on September 3, 2005, Jeff Horton set Valparaiso's single-game rushing record with 253 yards in a game against Wisconsin Lutheran College. The Crusaders extended Adams's contract in 2006. The Crusaders have won all of their conference championships since 1968 while Adams has been on the coaching staff.

Adams resigned after the 2009 season. He was replaced by Dale Carlson.

Personal life
Adams was born to Jimmie and Shirley Adams. He is married and has one son and two stepsons. He is now working as the athletic director at Valparaiso High School.

Head coaching record

References

Living people
1966 births
American football linebackers
American football quarterbacks
American football running backs
Joliet Wolves football players
Northwest Missouri State Bearcats football players
Valparaiso Beacons football coaches
Valparaiso University alumni
Players of American football from Gary, Indiana
African-American coaches of American football
African-American players of American football
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople


Romanswiller () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Roppenheim (, ; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department, in the cultural region of Alsace, administrative region of Grand Est, northeastern France.

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 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rosenwiller (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

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 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rossfeld () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

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 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rosteig () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Rothau () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

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References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Rothbach is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

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References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Kanneganti Hanumanthu (also spelled as Kaneganti Hanumanthu; 1870–1922) was an Indian freedom fighter and farmer leader who rebelled against British rule and spearheaded the Palnadu Rebellion.

The British imposed a tax called 'Pullari' on farmers for using the forest produce and grazing their cattle in the forest. As a part of the non-cooperation movement, Pullari Satyagraha was organized in the Palnadu region and Hanumanthu mobilised people to not pay the tax. Under his leadership, people organised a social boycott of Revenue and Forest department officials. All goods and services were denied to the officials including food, laundry, barbering.

Hanumanthu was arrested multiple times by the police. British colonial administrator T. G. Rutherford tried bribing Hanumanthu. Rutherford offered to make Hanumanthu a Zamindar for 45 villages in the Durgi region, but he refused. The village Karanam betrayed Hanumanthu. On 22 February 1922, the police besieged the village and shot him 24 to 26 times and even prevented the villagers from offering him water. Hanumanthu shouted the Vande Mataram slogan for nearly six hours and died.

Life
Kanneganti Hanumanthu was born in a Kapu family in 1870 in Minchalapadu village (Kolagatla), in Durgi Mandal of Palnadu district of modern-day Andhra Pradesh. He was the second son of Achamma, and Venkatappayya. Growing up, he was enraged by the conditions and humiliation suffered by Indians under British rule.

Pullari was a tax imposed by the British on farmers of the forest villages for using the forest produce. Tax was imposed on gathering wood and even for grazing cattle in the forests. As a part of the non-cooperation movement, Pullari Satyagraha was organized in the Palnadu region. Hanumanthu mobilised the people to not pay the tax. Hanumanthu was supported by local leaders such as Konda Venkatappayya during the no-tax movement. Under the leadership of Hanumanthu, people organised a social boycott of Revenue and Forest department officials. People denied all goods and services to the officials including food, laundry, barbering.

Hanumanthu was arrested multiple times by the British. Under the leadership of Hanumanthu, the Chenchus of Nallamalla Hills fought against the British as a part of Palnadu forest satyagraha in 1921-22. The people came out in full support of Hanumanthu. All the strategies planned by the British against the people, were defended by him. The support of these masses was too strong to cause any impact. So, British colonial administrator T. G. Rutherford tried bribing Hanumanthu. Rutherford offered to make Hanumanthu a Zamindar for 45 villages in the Durgi region, but he refused.

The following rebellion cry is attributed to Hanumanthu:Neeru pettava, Naatu vesava? Kotha kosava, Kuppa nurchava? Endhuku kattali ra sisthu? ()

Death
On 22 February 1922, some British officials came to Minchalapadu village, and warned Hanumanthu of severe consequences if the Pullari tax was not paid. As Gandhi had called-off the non-cooperation movement already, Hanumanthu agreed to pay the tax. He planned to continue the struggle later in other ways. On the day of Maha Sivaratri at Kotappakonda, Hanumanthu and his followers left to take part in the procession, leaving only women and children. Taking advantage of his absence, district collector Warner gave some police troops to Inspector Raghavayya. The police surrounded the village and began to take away the cattle, forcibly beating up the elder and women with their rifle butts when they tried to protest.

Hanumanthu rushed to his village and pleaded with the British to stop harassing the residents. The village karanam betrayed Hanumanthu. The British treated him with cruelty by shooting him 24 to 26 times and preventing the villagers from even offering him water. He shouted the Vandemataram slogan for nearly six hours and died. After four days, Hanumanthu’s last rites were performed by his wife and relatives at Minchalapadu.

In popular culture

 Gurram Jashuva penned a poem about the valour of Hanumanthu.
 Hanumanthu was referred to in a song from the 1974 biographical action film Alluri Seetarama Raju.

References

Indian independence activists from Andhra Pradesh
People from Guntur district
Indian revolutionaries

1922 deaths


Rottelsheim is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

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References

Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Communes of Bas-Rhin


Rountzenheim (; ; ) is a former commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Rountzenheim-Auenheim.

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 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Former communes of Bas-Rhin
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Russ () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

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References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Saasenheim () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

Population

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 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Blaise-la-Roche (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

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 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Martin (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

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References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Botsa Jhansi Lakshmi (also spelled as Botcha Jhansi Lakshmi) is an Indian politician and past member of the Lok Sabha from Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh.

Personal life
Jhansi Lakshmi born on 11 April 1964 in Rajahmundry to Majji Rama Rao and Kalavathi.She studied	M.A. (Philosophy), Ph.D., B.L.(C.L). She	married Botsa Satyanarayana, Minister and former PCC of Andhra Pradesh. She has 1 Son and 1 daughter.

Career
Jhansi represented Vizianagaram Zilla Parishad Chairperson from 2001-2006.  During 2007–09, she represented the Bobbili constituency in the Lok Sabha. She   won second time Member of Loksabha from Vizianagaram Loksabha Constituency in 2009. She belongs to the Indian National Congress.

Positions Held
 2005 Member (Nominated), All India Congress Committee
 2010 Executive Member, Indian Parliamentary Group
 2010 Chairman, MGNREGA Sub-Committee, Working Group on Specific Needs of Specific Category
 2010	Chairman, India-Azerbaijan Parliamentary Friendship Group
 2010 Executive Committee Member, Congress Parliamentary Party

Awards
Awarded, Won Uttam Mahila Award, 2002-2003 (Visakha Samacharam, a Journal)

References

Living people
India MPs 2004–2009
India MPs 2009–2014
Politicians from Rajahmundry
People from Vizianagaram
Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh
United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election
Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh
Year of birth missing (living people)


Saint-Maurice (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Lepidodendrales (from the Greek for "scale tree") or arborescent lycophytes are an extinct group of primitive, vascular, heterosporous, arborescent (tree-like) plants belonging to Lycopodiopsida. Members of Lepidodendrales are the best understood of the fossil lycopsids due to the vast diversity of Lepidodendrales specimens and the diversity in which they were preserved; the extensive distribution of Lepidodendrales specimens as well as their well-preservedness lends paleobotanists exceptionally detailed knowledge of the coal-swamp giants’ reproductive biology, vegetative development, and role in their paleoecosystem.
The defining characteristics of the Lepidodendrales are their secondary xylem, extensive periderm development, three-zoned cortex, rootlike appendages known as stigmarian rootlets arranged in a spiralling pattern, and megasporangium each containing a single functional megaspore that germinates inside the sporangium. Many of these different plant organs have been assigned both generic and specific names as relatively few have been found organically attached to each other.
Some specimens have been discovered which indicate heights of 40 and even 50 meters and diameters of over 2 meters at the base. The massive trunks of some species branched profusely, producing large crowns of leafy twigs; though some leaves were up to 1 meter long, most were much shorter, and when leaves dropped from branches their conspicuous leaf bases remained on the surface of branches. Strobili could be found at the tips of distal branches or in an area at the top of the main trunk. The underground organs of Lepidodendrales typically consisted of dichotomizing axes bearing helically arranged, lateral appendages serving an equivalent function to roots.
Sometimes called "giant club mosses", they are believed to be more closely related to extant quillworts based on xylem, although fossil specimens of extinct Selaginellales from the Late Carboniferous also had secondary xylem.

Morphology
Lepidodendrales had tall, thick trunks that rarely branched and were topped with a crown of bifurcating branches bearing clusters of leaves. These leaves were long and narrow, similar to large blades of grass, and were spirally-arranged. The vascular system of the erect trunk was unusual in that it switched its morphological development as the plant grew.  The young trunk began as a protostele in which the outer xylem matured first (exarch), but the later and higher portion of the trunk developed as an ectophloic siphonostele in which the xylem was flanked by phloem tissue on both its inner and outer side.

Stem structure

The most common fossil specimens of Lepidodendrales, as well as the most recognizable, are the compressions of stem surfaces marked with constant, though partially asymmetric, rhomboidal leaf cushions. These fossils look much like tire tracks or alligator skin, lending the Greek name "Lepidodendrales," meaning "scale trees." These leaf cushions are actually the expanded leaf base which remained after the leaves fell, as the abscission of the leaf was not flush to the stem surface. The rhomboidal shape arises from the acute angle of the top and bottom of the cushions, known as leaf bolsters, and the rounded angle of the side. The actual leaf scar is present slightly above the midpoint of the cushion and is roughly elliptical in shape. On the leaf scar, three small pitted impressions can sometimes be found. The central and always present pit results from a vascular bundle that extended into the leaf from the stem, known as “parichnos,” a system of aerating tissues. Two other parichnos channels can be found on Lepidodendron stem surfaces, though these do not occur in the Diaphorodendraceae. Above the leaf scar is a mark from a former ligule. A waxy cuticle covered the stem surface, including leaf cushions but not including the stem scars. The simple epidermis lacks specialized cells like trichomes or epidermal glands. Stomata are frequent and sunken in shallow depressions.

Stems of Lepidodendrales could be protostelic, as in Diaphorodendron, have a mixed pith, or be siphonostelic, as in Diaphorodendron and Lepidodendron. In mixed pith stems, parenchyma cells are scattered while tracheids are placed in the middle, though the tracheids exist in a short, squat, parenchymatous shape; this is cited as evidence that the pith in Lepidodendrales originated as immature parenchymatous cells which failed to properly differentiate into tracheids. Around the primary xylem of Lepidodendrales may be a secondary xylem, which can be several centimeters thick. Unlike modern woody trees, the secondary xylem of Lepidodendrales is only a small portion of the diameter of the stem, as the extensively developed periderm is responsible for the large trunks. The primary and secondary xylem tracheids are scalariform and have Williamson striations, or fimbrils, between these scalariform lines. The fimbrils characterize wood in arborescent lycopsids, though similar structures occur in modern club and spike mosses, and these fimbrils are a shared structure for all lycopsids.
Bordering outside the secondary xylem is a section of cells with thin walls, representing the vascular cambium. Though modern seed plants have a bifacial cambium, the Lepidodendrids have a unifacial cambium, producing a secondary xylem only on their inner face.
The phloem zone is separated from this secondary xylem by a section of thin-walled cells known as the “parenchyma sheath.” Current evidence suggests that there was no secondary phloem present within arborescent lycopsids.
The cortex of Lepidodendrids typically consisted of the inner, middle, and outer cortex, distinguished by their cell types. The inner cortex is the narrowest and consists of small parenchyma cells; secretory cells, lacunae, and various sclerotic cells also can be found in this section. The middle cortex is larger and in turn consists of larger parenchyma cells. This section is characterized by radially extending lacunae in young stems, while in older stems the middle cortex is usually not preserved save for a few parenchyma cells. The outer cortex has no definite arrangement, but its cells have slightly thicker walls. The periderm is produced in the outer cortex.
The periderm is bizonate in Diaphorodendron, where the inner zone consists of alternatingly thick and thin walled cells, and the outer zone contains dark, “resinous” cells. The homogenous or bizonate periderm is massive in Lepidodendron.
The loose construction of the cortex and the large amounts of thin-walled periderm contributed to the sloughing of tissue layers during the fossilization process. This led to a variety of decorticated fossils often presumed to be external stem and trunk features but lacking leaf cushions and other features. Various generic names have been given to decorticated specimens, including Knorria, a name for stems with nearly all tissues outside the xylem absent.

The pattern of stem growth in Lepidodendrales can be reconstructed by analyzing their cortical growth patterns. When plants are immature, the cortex is extensive and the outer stem surface is covered with many rows of leaf bases. As the tree continues to grow, the secondary xylem and periderm originate from the vascular cambium and phellogen. This increase in stem tissue and stem diameter results in the sloughing off of outer tissues including leaf bases; hence, in older areas of the plant the outer surface of the trunk is protected by the periderm. Many older drawings of Lepidodendron incorrectly illustrate leaf bases extending to the ground in older trees. At higher, younger levels of the tree, the branches have fewer rows of smaller leaves. In these sections less secondary xylem and periderm are produced. This reduction in stele size and secondary tissue production continues to taper towards the most distal branches, where only a tiny protostele, no secondary tissues, and few rows of leaves exist; this distal stage of development is known as “apoxogenesis.” These small, distal twigs cannot develop into larger branches over time, a growth pattern known as determinate growth; this contrasts with the modern indeterminate growth pattern of most modern woody plants.

Leaf structure

Leaves of Lepidodendrales plants are linear, with some  long. Stems with the largest diameters have the longest leaves, a pattern correlated with the determinate growth of the plants. Many organ taxa established for detached Lepidodendrales leaves were likely produced by the same kind of plant and differ in morphology only because of their position on the plant. The generic name Lepidophyllum is the original name for preserved Lepidodendrid leaves, but as this name had already been used for a separate flowering plant, the name Lepidophylloides is used today instead. Along the entire lamina of Lepidophylloides, a single vascular bundle is bordered by shallow grooves on the abaxial surface. Stomata are sunken in pits aligned in rows parallel to these grooves. A hypodermal zone of fibers surrounds the vascular bundle of the leaf.

Underground organs

The underground organs of the Lepidodendrales are assigned the generic name Stigmaria. These structures are one of the most common lycopsid fossils and are the main organ found in the clay layer beneath most Carboniferous coal deposits; this clay layer represents the soil layer which the plants were rooted in. Despite the existence of multiple species of Stigmaria, our understanding of the underground organs is based primarily on the widespread species Stigmaria ficoides. The stigmarian organs originate from the base of the trunk as four major axes extending horizontally, leading to a relatively shallow rooting system. Lateral appendages are attached to each axis in a helical pattern. These appendages would abscise as the plant grew, resulting in the characteristic circular external scars of Stigmaria fossil specimens. Although these appendages are often called “stigmarian rootlets,” their helical arrangement and growth abscission are actually more characteristic of leaves than modern lateral roots. The four primary axes of Stigmaria dichotomize often, forming an extensive underground system possibly ranging up to  in radius. The rootlets range in size, being up to  long and  wide, and typically taper distally and do not dichotomize. A small monarch vascular strand is present in each rootlet, surrounded by a compact inner cortex. Outside this inner cortex is a hollow middle cortex and a thin outer cortex; sometimes a connection extends from the inner cortex to the outer cortex.
The primary xylem of Stigmaria is endarch and arranged in a series of bands surrounded by vascular cambium. The secondary xylem tracheids are arranged in radial lines and contain scalariform wall thickenings with fimbrils identical to those in the aerial branches. No secondary phloem has been found in Stigmaria fossil specimens, and the vascular cambium was unifacial with translocation enabled by the primary phloem. The radially aligned tracheids in most Stigmaria axes were produced by a thickening meristem rather than a vascular cambium.

The development of underground organs of Lepidodendrales was likely similar to the development of the aerial stems. However, some features of these organs have yet to be identified in function and some modern features of roots are absent in Stigmaria. The helical arrangement of the rootlet appendages is unlike the irregular arrangement of modern roots. No root hairs have been identified, though fungi in some cortical parenchyma cells may have functioned as mycorrhizae. The monarch vascular bundle in the rootlets is bilaterally symmetrical, but modern roots have radially symmetrical vascular tissue, though vascular bundles in leaves are bilaterally symmetrical. In addition, the rootlets underwent abscission from the axis regularly as the plant grew in a similar fashion to the process of foliar abscission. However, root abscission is unknown in modern plants. These features of the rootlets suggest that they are homologous to the aerial leaves of Lepidodendrales but modified to serve anchoring and absorbing functions. This implies that the underground organs of the plants arose as evolutionary modification of the aerial organs.

Despite the towering  height of some Lepidodendrales plants, their stigmarian system was typically shallow, and therefore it is dubious how the underground organs could support the huge trees, especially since many plants grew in supersaturated, watery soil that was largely unstable. Different suggestions have arisen to explain their stature and root system: it may be that the extensive horizontal growth of the root axes provided enough support, or that the crowns of adjacent trees could entangle and provide mutual support. The nature of the wood and density of the crown of modern trees can have a large effect on tree uprooting, and since arborescent lycopsids had little secondary xylem and bushy crowns they may have been better suited to standing upright.

Reproductive organs

The reproductive organs of the Lepidodendrids consisted of strobili or cones on distal branches in the crown. In Synchysidendron the cones occur on late-formed crown branches, while in Diaphorodendron the cones occur on deciduous lateral branches. The cones could grow to be considerably large, as in Lepidostrobus goldernbergii specimens are over  long. The cones consist of a central axis with sporophylls arranged helically; sporangia are on the adaxial surface of the sporophylls and are upturned distally to overlap sporophylls above. Part of the sporophyll typically extends downward to create a heel or other distal extension. A ligule can be found in a small pit distal to the sporangium. Though Lepidostrubus is the most common name for Lepidodendrales cones, the name has been used for specimens of any form of preservation and for both monosporangiate and bisporangiate forms, so taxonomic problems often ensue.
Attempts to dissuade these taxonomic confusions have been made. Some have suggested the name Lepidostrobus should only describe monosporangiate cones and the name Flemingites describe bisporangiate cones, while others have used cone morphology to attempt to better differentiate species within Lepidostrobus.

Embryo specimens have been found in the cone Bothrodendrostrobus. The embryo begins as an unvascularized globular structure found within megagametophyte tissue, and in more mature specimens two vascularized appendages extend through the trilete suture, representing the first shoot and first root.
Gametophyte generation of Lepidodendrales is poorly understood and based on few specimens, but the Flemingites schopfii cones exhibit well-preserved signs of the micro and megametophyte phases. Compared to gametophytes of modern lycopsids, F. schopfii has microgametophytes most similar to extant Selaginella, while the megagametophytes are more similar to Isoetes. Other well-preserved Lepidodendrid gametophytes have been found in spores of Lepidodendron rhodumnense fossilized in chert from the late Viséan.

Growth

During the early stages of growth, arborescent lycophytes grew as unbranched trunks, with the leaves growing directly out of the leaf cushions/bases. Later in the growth cycle, depending on the species, the trunk produced either a series of laterally (perpendicular to the trunk) growing branches with a dichotomizing growth pattern, or a crown of dichotomising branches. Some Sigillaria species are suggested to not have branched at all. During the later stages of growth, the leaf laminae on the lower portions of the trunk were shed, though the rate of shedding was not rapid, as large stems have been found with the leaves remaining attached. The leaf bases remained on the trunk until in the largest stems they were sloughed off to expose the periderm. The rate of growth of arborescent lycophytes is disputed, some authors contend that they had a rapid life cycle, growing to their maximum size, reproducing and then dying in only 10 to 15 years, while other authors argue that these growth rates are overestimated. It has been proposed that arborescent lycophytes had a similar carbon fixation mechanism to modern quillworts, where carbon was uptaken from the surrounding sediment, and enriched carbon dioxide concentrations within internal gas spaces allowed increased carbon absorption. Most parts of the plant, including the leaves, stems and parts of the rooting rhizophore structures, were likely photosynthetic.

Ecology

Arborescent lycophytes are suggested to have had a preference for disturbed habitats. The large quantities of biomass that were responsible for the formation of globally widespread Carboniferous coal seams were predominantly produced by arborescent lycophytes. Lepidodendrales are suggested to be responsible for almost 70% of the plant material in the Westphalian coal-swamp forests of America, though at the end of the Westphalian period Lepidodendrales members were in decline and had become responsible for only 5% of coal biomass.
Arborescent lycopsids were largely becoming extinct in North America and Europe by the end of the Carboniferous as tree ferns began to rise to prominence, though arborescent lycopsids persisted in China until the Middle Permian. Some scientists have suggested that the decline of lepidodendrids during this period was a result of Variscan tectonic activity creating unstable conditions by reducing the size of the coal-swamp ecosystems, while others suggest that their decline was due to climate change; some scientists suggest a combination of these theories, that tectonic activity caused changes in floral composition which triggered climate change, in turn resulting in this decline.

Taxonomy
Amongst Lycopodiopsida, Lepidodendrales are considered to be more closely related to Isoetales (which includes modern quillworts) than to club mosses or spikemosses. Some authors do not use Lepidodendrales, and instead include arborescent lycophytes within Isoetales.

Species
Various specimens of Lepidodendrales have been historically categorized as members of Lepidodendron, a genus defined by morphology of leaf cushions. DiMichele established Diaphorodendron to dissuade ambiguity over these widely ranging specimens, which includes some structurally preserved specimens which were previously members of Lepidodendron. Diaphorodendron was later divided into the two genera Diaphorodendron and Synchysidendron, and the genera were placed in the new family Diaphorodendraceae.
Synamorphies of this new family are a medullated protostele and a dorsiventrally flattened megasporangium. Synamorphies of the family Lepidodendraceae are a bilaterally flattened megasporangium and infrafoliar parichnos which extend below the leaf scar.
The generic names Lepidodendron and Diaphorodendron today describe both cellularly preserved stem segments and entire plants, including their foliar organs, underground organs, and reproductive organs. Specifically, the generic name Lepidodendron is typically used to describe compression specimens which feature a particular type of leaf cushion morphology.

In addition, many "organ taxa" have been identified to the Lepidodendrales: roots (Stigmaria), leaves, and cones (Lepidostrobus) were originally given a different genus and species name before it could be shown that they belonged to the same organism.

See also
 Glossopteris
 Archaeopteris

References

Further reading
 Davis, Paul and Kenrick, Paul. Fossil Plants. Smithsonian Books, Washington D.C. (2004).
 Morran, Robin, C.; A Natural History of Ferns. Timber Press (2004).

Carboniferous plants
Prehistoric plant orders
Prehistoric lycophytes
Carboniferous first appearances
Carboniferous extinctions


The surname Finn has several origins. In some cases it is derived from the Irish Ó Finn, meaning "descendant of Fionn"; the byname means "white" or "fair-haired". In other cases it is derived from the Old Norse Finnr, a personal name sometimes derived from a byname, or else from compound names beginning with this word element. In other cases Finn is a German surname derived from an ethnic name referring to people from Finland. Notable people sharing the surname are listed below.

Academics
 Chester E. Finn Jr. (born 1944) American professor of education, policy analyst and US Assistant Secretary of Education
 Frank Finn (1868–1932), English ornithologist
 Jeremy Finn, American psychologist
 Robert Finn (mathematician) (1922–2022), American mathematician
 Ronald Finn (1930–2004), English medical researcher

Arts and entertainment
 Alec Finn (1944–2018), British-born musician
 Charlie Finn (born 1981), American actor and voice actor
 Chris Finn, Canadian stand-up comedian and writer
 Christine Finn (1929/30–2007), English actress
 Craig Finn (born 1971), American musician
 Henry J. Finn (1787–1840), American actor and writer
 Jason Finn (musician) (born 1967), American musician
 Jeffrey Finn (born 1970), American theatrical producer
 Jerry Finn (1969–2008), American record producer
 John Finn (born 1952), American actor
 Jon Finn (born 1958), American musician and guitarist
 Liam Finn (born 1983), Australian-New Zealand musician
 Mali Finn (1938–2007), American Hollywood casting director and drama teacher
 Mark Finn (born 1969), American fantasy and science fiction writer
 Mickey Finn (drummer) (1947–2003), English percussionist
 Mickey Finn (guitarist) (1947–2013), British rock guitarist
 Mickey Finn (Irish fiddler) (1951–1987), Irish fiddler
 Neil Finn (born 1958), New Zealand singer-songwriter
 Pat Finn (game show host) (born 1956), American television presenter, game show host and entrepreneur
 Pat Finn (actor) (born 1965), American actor
 Paul Anthony Finn, Irish singer-songwriter, member of the 2000s indie rock quartet The Flaws
 Sean Finn (DJ) (), German DJ and electronic musician
 Simon Finn (musician) (born 1951), English musician
 Terry Finn (born 1955), American actor
 Tim Finn (born 1952), New Zealand singer-songwriter
 Tom Finn (), American musician, a founding member of the 1960s pop group The Left Banke
 Veronica Finn (born 1981), American singer
 Will Finn (born 1958), American animator, voice actor and director
 William Finn (born 1952), American composer and lyricist
 James Finn Garner (born 1960), American author and satirist; "Finn" was his mother's maiden name, added to avoid confusion with James Garner.

Business and politics
 Bernie Finn (born 1961), Australian politician
 Daniel E. Finn Sr. (1845–1910), American politician, lawyer and judge
 David Finn (1921–2021), American public relations executive, photographer, and historian of sculpture.
 Gilbert Finn (1920–2015), Canadian businessman and politician
 Howard Finn (1917–1986), American politician
 James Finn (1806–1872), British Consul in Jerusalem
 Elizabeth Anne Finn; wife of the above, James Finn
 Robert Finn (diplomat) (born 1945), former American ambassador to Afghanistan
 Robert Emmett Finn (1877–1951), Canadian lawyer and politician
 Simon Finn (politician) (born 1965), Australian politician
 Skip Finn (1948–2018), American politician
 Ted Finn (c. 1930–2007), Canadian lawyer and government official; first director of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS)
 Walter L. Finn (1875–1936), American physician and politician
 William Francis Finn (1784–1862),Irish politician

Military
 James Fynn (1893–1917), English recipient of the Victoria Cross
 John William Finn (1909–2010), American naval officer and recipient of the Medal of Honor
 Mickey Finn (inventor) (1938–2007), American inventor and designer of military weapons systems
 Sean C. Finn (1889–1921), Irish Republican Army commander

Religion
 Francis J. Finn (1859–1928), American Catholic priest and author
 Richard Finn (born 1963), English priest, academic and theologian
 Robert Finn (bishop) (born 1953), American Roman Catholic prelate, former bishop of Kansas City, Missouri

Sports
 Charles Finn (water polo) (1899–1974), American Olympic water polo player
 Danny Finn (born 1987), Candlepin Bowler
 Hubert Finn (1900-1952), Australian rugby league footballer and physician
 Jim Finn (born 1976), American professional football player
 Jimmy Finn (born 1931), Irish hurler
 Kate Belinda Finn (1864–1932), British chess player
 Kenny Finn (), Irish-American soccer and Gaelic football player
 Micky Finn (footballer) (born 1954), English footballer
 Mike Finn (born 1981), Irish Australian rules footballer and basketball player
 Ron Finn (born 1940), Canadian ice hockey linesman
 Sean Finn (footballer) (born 1978), Irish retired footballer
 Steven Finn (born 1989), English cricketer
 Steven Finn (ice hockey) (born 1966), Canadian hockey player
 Tommy Finn, rugby league footballer who played in the 1950s and 1960s

Other
 Alfred C. Finn (1883–1964), American architect
 Camila Finn (born 1991), Brazilian fashion model
 Edmund Finn (1819–1898), Australian journalist and author
 Shirley Finn (1941–1975), Australian brothel owner who was murdered

See also
Henri Fin (born 1950), French cyclist

English-language surnames
Germanic-language surnames
Surnames of Irish origin
Scottish surnames
Ethnonymic surnames
Surnames from given names

de:Finn


Titurel is a fragmentary Middle High German romance written by Wolfram von Eschenbach after 1217. The fragments which survive indicate that the story would have served as a prequel to Wolfram's earlier work, Parzival, expanding on the stories of characters from that work and on the theme of the Holy Grail. Titurel was continued by a later poet named Albrecht, who tied the story together in a work generally known as Jüngere Titurel ("Younger Titurel").

History

Wolfram's Parzival was an adaptation of the unfinished French romance Perceval, the Story of the Grail, by Chrétien de Troyes. Titurel provides the back-stories of Wolfram's characters, principally the wounded Grail-king Titurel and the tragic lovers Sigune and Schionatulander. Titurel was written some time after 1217, as indicated by its mention of the death of Hermann I, Landgrave of Thuringia, which occurred that year. It survives in three fragments and in Albrecht's Jüngere Titurel. The fragments primarily deal with the love between the young knight Schionatulander and the princess Sigune, the granddaughter of Titurel and a cousin of Parzival. Like Parzival the poems focus on the relationship between secular and spiritual obligations.

Jüngere Titurel

The Albrecht who wrote Jüngere Titurel is generally presumed to be Albrecht von Scharfenberg. He completed his continuation around 1272. Albrecht synthesized the fragments into a cohesive narrative and expanded it to over 6300 lines. He adopts Wolfram's narrative persona, and due to this the work was assumed to be Wolfram's own for many years.

In Wagner
In Wagner's 1882 opera Parsifal, Titurel is the former leader of the Knights of the Grail, and the father of Amfortas, the current leader. He is an aged offstage presence in Act I, and has today died in Act III.

References
 Christoph, Siegfried Richard, "Wolfram Von Eschenbach's Couples," 1981, .
 Jeep, John M., ""Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia", 2001, .
 Wolfram von Eschenbach: Titurel. Mit der gesamten Parallelübersetzung des Jüngeren Titurel. Niemeyer, Tübingen 2006, .
 Andrea Lorenz: Der Jüngere Titurel als Wolfram-Fortsetzung. Eine Reise zum Mittelpunkt des Werkes. Lang, Frankfurt/M. 2002, .
 Thomas Neukirchen: Die ganze "aventure" und ihre "lere". Der "Jüngere Titurel" Albrechts als Kritik und Vervollkommnung des "Parzifal" Wolfram von Eschenbachs. Winter, Heidelberg 2006, .
 Sager, Alexander. Minne von mæren: on Wolfram's "Titurel." Göttingen: V&R, 2006.

13th-century books
13th-century poems
Arthurian literature in German
Medieval German poems
Middle High German literature
Parzival
Poetry based on works by Chrétien de Troyes
Works based on Perceval, the Story of the Grail


The Stibbert Museum () is located on via Frederick Stibbert on the hill of Montughi in Florence, Italy. The museum contains over 36,000 artifacts, including a vast collection of armour from Eastern and Western civilizations.

History of the family and museum
The museum was founded by Frederick Stibbert (1838–1906). His father was English and his mother Italian; he received his education in England. The Stibbert family's extreme wealth came from Frederick's grandfather, Giles Stibbert, who was the commander in chief for the British East India Company in Bengal at the end of the 18th century and ruled as governor for many years.

Frederick Stibbert inherited the entire estate from his grandfather and did not work for the rest of his life. Instead, he dedicated his life to collecting objects, antiques, and artifacts and turned his villa into a museum. When the size of the collections outgrew the villa, Stibbert hired architect Giuseppe Poggi, painter Gaetano Bianchi and sculptor Passaglia to add on rooms.

In 1906, when Stibbert died, his collection was given to the city of Florence and was opened to the public. Stibbert and his family are buried at Cimitero Evangelico agli Allori, Florence.

The museum
The villa, which was once Stibbert's home, has 57 rooms that exhibit all of his collections from around the world. Most of the walls are covered in leather and tapestries and the rooms are crowded with artifacts. Paintings are displayed throughout every room, including still lifes and portraits.  There is also valuable furniture, porcelains, Tuscan crucifixes, Etruscan artifacts, and an outfit worn by Napoleon I of France.

The museum contains a cafe and a bookstore.

Arms and armour
The most extensive collection is around 16,000 pieces of European, Oriental, Islamic, Japanese arms and armour from the 15th century through the 19th century.  The cavalcade room is a grand hall filled with 14 16th century knights on horseback and 14 foot-soldiers dressed in armour and holding weapons. The collection of Samurai armour contains over 80 suits and hundreds of swords.

References

External links

Art museums and galleries in Florence
Museums in Florence
Military and war museums in Italy


"So Happy" is a single by Theory of a Deadman, and the first to be released from their third album Scars & Souvenirs. It was officially released to radio on February 11, 2008, although many rock stations in the United States added it to their rotations earlier. "So Happy" debuted on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Tracks chart on February 9, 2008, and peaked at #2 on April 5, 2008. The song needed only three weeks to become a top-10 hit on the Mainstream Rock chart, making it their fastest top-10 entry to date. It is also the band's first top-20 hit on the Modern Rock Tracks chart. In Canada, it debuted (and peaked) at #58 on the Canadian Hot 100 on March 8, 2008.

The song features Shinedown vocalist Brent Smith performing backing vocals.

Music video
The music video first aired on MuchMusic in the middle of April 2008. It peaked on the MuchMusic Countdown at #10.

The video features alternating cuts of the band performing on a mansion porch and Serinda Swan as a disgruntled girlfriend who murders her boyfriend, subsequently steals his property, forges his will, and eventually cleans the murder scene before leaving with a mischievous smile on her face. The video was directed by Colin Minihan.

Chart positions

References

Theory of a Deadman songs
2007 songs
2008 singles
604 Records singles
Songs written by Tyler Connolly
Song recordings produced by Howard Benson


Pacé (; ; Gallo: Paczaé) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Geography
Pacé is on the banks of the River Flûme, itself a tributary of the River Vilaine.   Neighbouring municipalities include Gévezé to the north, La Mézière to the north-east, with La Chapelle-des-Fougeretz and Montgermont in the east.   The capital of Brittany, Rennes lies to the south-east of Pacé.

The little town is positioned along the main road linking the coastal resort of Saint-Brieuc with Rennes.   The road has recently (2013) been upgraded, which has significantly improved access.

Population

Inhabitants of Pacé are called in French Pacéens and Pacéennes .

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Official website

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Saint-Nabor (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Pierre (; ; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department, Alsace, north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Saint-Pierre-Bois (; ; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Salenthal (; ; Alsatian: Sàledàl) is a former commune in the Bas-Rhin department in north-eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Sommerau.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Former communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2016


Salmbach is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Gallery

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Sand is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


The 1991 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation () was held in January 1992. It is part of the Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation series held in Hong Kong.

Top 10 song awards
The top 10 songs (十大勁歌金曲) of 1991 are as follows.

Additional awards

References
 Top ten songs award 1991, Tvcity.tvb.com
 Additional awards 1991, Tvcity.tvb.com

Cantopop
Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation, 1991
Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards


Sarrewerden (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

The localities of Bischtroff-sur-Sarre and Zollingen are incorporated in the commune since 1972.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Schaeffersheim () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


The trench boot, sometimes known as the "Pershing boot," was an American combat boot used in the latter stages of World War I, made for the cold mud of trench warfare.

Introduction
The 1917 Trench Boot was an adaptation of the boots American manufacturers were selling to the French and Belgian armies at the beginning of World War I. In American service, it replaced the 1912 Russet Marching Shoe. The boot was made of tanned cowhide with a half middle sole covered by a full sole, studded with five rows of hobnails. Iron plates were fixed to the heel. Although it was a great improvement, it lacked waterproofing, leading to trench foot.

Improvements
In January 1918, Harry Lovejoy Rogers, Quartermaster General of the United States Army, met with a board of officers at American Expeditionary Forces Headquarters to make recommendations in order to improve the footwear of soldiers. The findings of the board were sent to General of the Armies John J. Pershing, who approved the proposed changes. He cabled the study to the War Department for action. Shortly thereafter, the improved 1918 trench boot, also called the "Pershing boot", was first issued to personnel. It used heavier leather in its construction and had several minor changes from the 1917 Boot, including a thicker sole and improved waterproofing. Due to the boots' greater size, they were known as "little tanks" by the soldiers who received them.

References

Military equipment of World War I
United States military uniforms
Military boots


Schaffhouse-près-Seltz (, literally Schaffhouse near Seltz; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

The residents are called the "Schaffhousois" .

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Schaffhouse-sur-Zorn (, Alsatian: Schàffhüse) is a former commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the commune Hochfelden.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Former communes of Bas-Rhin
Populated places disestablished in 2017


Schalkendorf () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Dynamo is a play in three acts, written by Eugene O'Neill in 1927 and 1928; after its premiere in 1929, O'Neill revised the text for publication.

Production history
The play, starring Glenn Anders and Claudette Colbert, opened on Broadway on February 11, 1929, and closed in March, after 50 performances. The play was considered a failure for O'Neill, whose other plays of the 1920s played for much longer runs, and the play is rarely revived.

Plot
The characters comprise two families and one extra:
 Reverend Hutchins Light
 Amelia, his wife, and
 Reuben, their son

Who live next door to:
 Ramsay Fife, superintendent of a hydro-electric plant (and staunch atheist)
 May, his wife
 Ada, their daughter.

Jennings, who does not appear until the final act, is an operator at the plant.

In the first act, O'Neill establishes a conflict between the Lights and the Fifes that is marked by their religious differences and has soured into personal hatred. Reuben, however, loves Ada. And Ada, described as a flapper or 'modern woman,' likes Reuben enough to run around with him, but teases him for being weak. Throughout the play, however, she affectionately calls him "Rube," which means 'dunce.'

The Lights are superstitious and shudder at lightning. On a stormy night, Fife tricks Reuben and his father into falling for a joke because they hadn't read the newspaper.

Angry at having been fooled, Reuben runs away from home. He only corresponds with his parents by sending mocking postcards that he has electrocuted their god. When he does return, he is stronger, colder, and sharply rational. He ravages Ada unemotionally and repeatedly claims that electricity is the god of everything.

Upon returning home, he is distraught to learn that his mother had died just before he arrived. Guilty and somewhat disillusioned, he turns to the dynamos in the hydro-electric plant for answers. He sees them as motherly, and tries to get them to forgive him. Eventually, he brings Ada to the dynamos to convert her. When he feels the dynamos have rejected her (remembering that his own mother called Ada a harlot) he shoots Ada, climbs up to the dynamo's brushes, and electrocutes himself. The play closes in Mrs. Fife's helpless expression of distress at the dynamo's treatment of them all.

References

External links
Dynamo at Internet Broadway Database
The Eugene O'Neill newsletter
Perspectives in American literature

Plays by Eugene O'Neill
1929 plays


Scharrachbergheim-Irmstett is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Schillersdorf is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

History

1208: First mention of "Schiltolfesdorf"......
1358: Becomes schillersdorf which veient Schilter, which means village on a hill......
1400: Construction of the Tower the Bell Tower of fortified ' Church whose base is ours......
1405: The Emperor Ruprecht confirms Schillersdorf as stronghold of imperial aus Lichtenberg.......
1554: Johann Volk, first pastor, the Protestant parish (introduction of the reform Protestant in County of Hanau-Lichtenberg.) .....
1631: The village has 61 subjects due to various conflicts, the paste and the famine......
1686: Seal of the Schillersdorf community, representing Saint-Martin......
1720: The population of the town is 200 people......
1725: First terrier, the first cadastre reported 53 houses.....
1759: First clover crop for rotation in Alsace, an initiative deu Pastor Christian Schroeder - promotes agricultural experiments.....
1831: cadastre of the municipality.....
1851-1854: Construction of the new church with the Bell Tower conservation gold choir and the current Town Hall, primary school, at 20 rue Pasteur Schroeder.....

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

External links

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Schirrhein () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The kirikoketa ( or ) is a specialized Basque music wooden device akin to the txalaparta and closely related to working activities. It is classified as an idiophone (a percussion instrument). It has lately caught on with cultural circles from the Basque Country at a local level.

Instrument
The kirikoketa, named after the sound it emits, consists of a single board some 1.5m long and two or three strikers the height of a person, one per person, with a cone shaped wide base. Hammers may be used too by hitting them against the board. But for a small elevation, the board stands almost at the ground level sustained on two low and soft mounds at both ends.

Origin and development

Like many other Basque sound instruments and sport activities, the kirikoketa stems from and/or is linked to working activities. This specific instrument comes directly from the apple pressing process in which the fruits are ground down for making cider. Men used to work for some 8 days in this process and on the day, they gathered together in the village market square and celebrated with the tools employed in their work, playing the kirikoketa while singing the following tune along:  (accompanying each syllable with a beat).

The inhabitants from the region of the river Bidasoa and Baztan (to the north of Navarre) continued the custom for centuries until it almost died out in the 1920s. Yet thanks to the Basque culture revival and field research carried out by Basque scholars and culture activists, especially since the 1960s, it has enhanced its public profile out of the limbo during the last years, like the renaissance of the txalaparta, though to a far lesser extent.

Operation
The cider-makers originally beat the strikers alternatingly on the cider press in order to crush apples, adopting a playful and rhythmic pattern as a means to enlivening the long process. The pattern remains similar: two or three people standing in front of the board beat it each with a striker, they may move along the board in search of different sounds and try faster/slower and harder/softer beats on it. When there are three people playing, the rhythmic pattern is a ternary one (3/8 time or simple triple). Optionally, a player may choose not to strike on the board on their turn (rest). Alongside the beating performance, the players may engage in singing.

Festivals and social events
Nowadays the festival Kirikoketa Besta is held in Arizkun (Baztan, Navarre) since approx. 2001 and is organized by the Society Jo Ala Jo Elkartea, aimed both at showcasing old cider practices by staging a re-enactment of the cider making process and encouraging the use of the kirikoketa as a musical instrument.

References

External links
 Kirikoketa performance in Hendaye/Bayonne
 Advanced kirikoketa exhibition in Hernani
 Explanatory clip on txalaparta and kirikoketa Site in French

Idiophones
Basque musical instruments
Basque cider


Schirrhoffen (; German: Schirrhofen) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Schleithal () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. Located in the northern Lower Rhine just steps from the French-German border. This boundary is defined by the Lauter which gives its name to the small town of Lauterbourg located at the mouth of the river Rhine. Schleithal is a linear settlement.

History
The first writings of Schleithal date from 1145, but some believe that the village dates from 631 (year of establishment of the abbey of Wissembourg). The village became French after the Treaty or otherwise known as Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Schnersheim () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

On 1 May 1972, Schnersheim merged with the associated communes of Avenheim and Kleinfrankenheim.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department
 Kochersberg

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Schœnau ( or ; ; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Schœnbourg (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Schœnenbourg (; ; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. It had a population of 696 inhabitants as of 2019. It contains Schœnenbourg fort, a defensive structure making up part of the Maginot Line.

See also
 Ouvrage Schoenenbourg, a Maginot Line fortification
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

External links

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Schopperten is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Schweighouse-sur-Moder (, literally Schweighouse on Moder; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

Prior to 8 September 1949, the commune was known as Schweighausen.

Twin towns
Schweighouse-sur-Moder is twinned with:

  Marano Lagunare, Italy

See also
Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Jane Kivlin is an American ophthalmologist who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatrics genetics and strabismus.  A longstanding member of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, she served as President of this organization.  She is well known for her contributions to the understanding of amblyopia and the ophthalmologic manifestations of shaken baby syndrome.

Education and training
MD, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Internship, Medical Center Hospital of Vermont
Residency in ophthalmology, The Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute at Johns Hopkins Hospital
Fellowship in pediatric ophthalmology, University of Miami
Fellowship in ophthalmic genetics, Johns Hopkins University

Offices held and honors
President American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 2001-2002
Specialty Fellow, American Academy of Pediatrics
Member, International Strabismological Association
Member, Program Advisory Board, American Academy of Ophthalmology
Honor Award, American Academy of Ophthalmology
Honor Award, American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
Professor, Medical College of Wisconsin

Published works (partial list)
 Kivlin, JD. A 12-year ophthalmologic experience with the shaken baby syndrome at a regional children's hospital. Tr Am Ophth Soc XCVII:545-581, 1999.
 Kivlin JD., Simons KB., Lazoritz S., Ruttum MS., Shaken baby syndrome. Ophthalmology 107:1246-1254, 2000.
 Quinn GE., Dobson, V., Siatkowski RM., Hardy RJ., Kivlin JD., Palmer EA., Phelps DL., Repka MX., Summers CG.,
Tung B., Chan W., Does cryotherapy affect refractive error? Ophthalmology 108:343-347, 2001.

See also
pediatric ophthalmology
shaken baby syndrome

References

External links

Living people
American ophthalmologists
Pediatric ophthalmologists
American pediatricians
Women pediatricians
Medical College of Wisconsin faculty
Women ophthalmologists
Year of birth missing (living people)


Fred Etchen (September 25, 1884 – November 6, 1961) was an American sport shooter who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics.

In 1924, he won the gold medal as member of the American team in the team clay pigeons competition. He also participated in the Individual trap and finished 24th.

He was born in Coffeyville, Kansas.

References

External links

Fred Etchen at US Trapshooting Hall of Fame

1884 births
1961 deaths
People from Coffeyville, Kansas
American male sport shooters
Shooters at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in shooting
Trap and double trap shooters
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1924 Summer Olympics
20th-century American people


Louis XIV is the first album made by the band Louis XIV. Released in November 2003, it was recorded and released independently through the band's record label, Pineapple Recording Group. Selling only a thousand copies, the album was discontinued after the band's signing to major label Atlantic Records in 2004.

Track listing
 "New Murder At The Old Chateau"
 "Louis XIV"
 "The Grand Apartment"
 "The Hunt"
 "Hall Of Mirrors"
 "It's The Girl That Makes Him Happy"
 "It's The Girl That Makes Him Sad"
 "The Accident"
 "The Ghost Of Chapel Royal"
 "God Killed The Queen"
 "Louis XIV Reprise"

Personnel
 Alex Albrecht – assistant engineer
 James Edwards Armbrust – bass, group member
 Sam Buffa – collage
 Clayton Bulock – violin
 Louis Caverly – violin
 Smith Darby – photography
 Robert Arthur Dodds – guitar
 Jason Hill – bass, guitar, piano, vocals, producer, engineer, string arrangements, mixing
 John Hofstetter – artwork
 Matt Hyde – mixing
 Brian Karscig – bass, guitar, piano, vocals, string arrangements, group member
 Mark Anders Maigaard – drums, group member
 Phil Mucci – photography
 Michelle Negele – viola
 Frank Palumbo – trumpet
 John Rubeli - A&R
 Dave Schultz – mastering
 Andrew Shulman – cello
 Lindsey Troy – vocals

2003 debut albums
Louis XIV (band) albums


The Tuckerton Railroad  was a railroad that operated in New Jersey from 1871 to 1936. The Southern New Jersey Railroad operated part of the line from 1937 to 1940.

History

19th Century
In 1871, The railroad was brought to Tuckerton largely thanks to Tuckerton natives Archelaus Pharo and Tehophilus T. Price. The train initially ran a short track including West Creek, Manahawkin, Barnegat, Beach Haven and Whitings. It later was expanded on with tracks connecting to New York, Trenton and Philadelphia.

Tuckerton Railroad (TRR) was built from Whitings to Tuckerton with 50 lb. rail. Two 4-4-0 wood burning engines were ordered. Track was built past Tuckerton station to the waterfront at Edge Cove for connections to steamships that took vacationers to Long Beach Island during summer months. Connections with the Pemberton and New York Railroad, later part of the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR), and the New Jersey Southern Railroad (NJS), later part of the Central Railroad of New Jersey, (CNJ) were made at Whitings. The route from Whitings toward the coast traverses part of the Pine Barrens region.

In 1872, Toms River and Waretown Railroad (TR&W) was built and physically connected with the TRR at Waretown Jct. and was leased to the NJS.

From 1872 to 1874, Tuckerton RR ran through trains 55 miles from Tuckerton to Toms River via rights over the TR&W.

In 1874, TRR officials discussed options of building track to Trenton.

In 1879, TR&W built an extension to Barnegat, running parallel with the TRR for about 2 miles.

In 1881, PRR built a line from Whitings to Toms River and across the bay to Seaside Park and Bay Head Jct. to connect with the NY&LB. This opened up resorts north of Long Beach Island to Philadelphia traffic.

In 1884, Engine No. 3, coal burning instead of wood, was ordered from Baldwin to handle the planned construction of the Long Beach Railroad.

From 1885 to 1886, Long Beach Railroad was graded and a trestle was built from Manahawkin to Long Beach Island. It was built with 60 lb rail on the island connecting Barnegat City to Beach Haven, and leased to the PRR.

In 1887, dissatisfaction with the long route via Whitings lead to planning for a 32-mile shortcut from Medford to Manahawkin to shorten the time to Long Beach Island, but the line was not built. During the same year, TRR purchased a caboose.

In 1889, Locomotive No. 4 was ordered, another 4-4-0 coal burning engine. Engine No. 1 has been converted to coal. No. 2 needed to be rebuilt and got sidelined. No. 3 was reported overworked. Combine No. 5 and Coach No. 6 were purchased used from the PRR.

In 1891, Engine No. 2 was not rebuilt, and instead the TRR purchased another 4-4-0, No. 5

In 1892, TRR owned 9 box cars and 11 flat cars. LBI traffic was noted as being less than expected and caused a drain on resources for the TRR.

In 1893, a shortcut was planned again. The panic of 1893 terminated any future discussions regarding new routes. The Barnegat City branch was foreclosed by the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR), and all train service on it was terminated.

In 1894, Long Beach Railroad was officially dissolved and broken into two pieces.

The connecting track from Manahawkin to Barnegat City Junction and the southern section to Beach Haven was reorganized as the Philadelphia and Beach Haven Railroad. This line was then leased to the PRR.

The northern portion was reorganized as the Barnegat Railroad. The PRR owns all the rolling stock.

The Manahawkin and Long Beach Transportation Company was created to run trains from Barnegat City Junction to Barnegat City, since the PRR (and thus TRR) would not run trains to Barnegat City anymore.

In 1894, TRR Engines No. 1 and 2 were scrapped.

In 1895, a fire in Tuckerton damaged Engines No. 3 and 4, leaving only Engine No. 5 in service.

In 1900, through passenger service was established by the PRR between Camden and Beach Haven. Fare was set at $2 for a round-trip ticket. Among the people riding the train to Beach Haven in subsequent years was the family of author Catherine Drinker Bowen. She described her family's annual June trip to their summer house as "... the trip down began for us in a ferryboat from Philadelphia to Camden, then the dusty, cindery cars, very stuffy until we reached the bridge and the bay, when a life-giving air came suddenly, as if someone opened a door."

Twentieth century

In 1908, PRR canceled the Manahawkin & Long Beach Transportation Company's lease of Barnegat Railroad due to track conditions. The TRR will now operate this line again.

In 1910, a new engine No. 6, 4-4-0 American style, replaced 25-year-old Engine No. 3.

In 1912, freight receipts began to outpace passenger receipts.

In 1913, there were now three round trips scheduled between Whitings and Beach Haven as passenger traffic slowly increased.  PRR cooperated with the TRR and installed a block signal system between Whitings and Beach Haven for the summer months. In winter months, the equipment was removed and stored for the next season. The track in Whitings was reconfigured and the wye was eliminated.  A turntable was installed to be able to turn engines. Speed limits on the line from Whitings to Manahawkin were set at 60 MPH to match the PRR's line from Camden.

In 1914, the first automobile bridge was completed from the mainland to Long Beach Island.

In 1915, TRR purchased a steel suburban MP54 coach from PRR, which becomes No. 7.

In 1917, World War I caused a major drop in passengers to the shore.

In 1918, federal control of all railroads in America due to World War I affected the Tuckerton Railroad. Engine No. 7, a 4-6-0, was ordered. Engine No. 4 was sold.

In 1923, Barnegat Railroad was officially abandoned. Tracks were quickly removed. Passenger volume slowly fell.

In 1925, freight tonnage was almost doubled with moving cement, sand, fill, and stone for the new NJ State Highway No. 9 which is parallel to the TRR.

In 1926, passenger volumes declined rapidly.

In 1927, Coach No. 7 returned to PRR to become PRR No. 389.

In 1929, passenger totals for the year were only 20% of 1920 figures. The TRR had higher than average freight tonnage due to building of the automobile causeway to Long Beach Island. A second hand engine was purchased, No. 14, a 4-4-0 type. Remaining passengers were accommodated on borrowed PRR MPBM54 passenger-baggage-mail combine, usually No. 5208.

1930 was the last year of TRR profitability.

In 1931, bus service was coordinated with the PRR for trains at Manahawkin to Beach Haven. TRR combine No. 5 was dismantled. Coach No. 6 was used as a caboose but eventually got sidelined and never used again. Engine No. 14 flipped on her side but got repaired, only to have a grade crossing accident which put her out of service for good. Scheduled freight train service ended; all movements on the line were now by train order only.

In 1932, some TRR passenger trains only recorded an average of 2 passengers per day.

In 1933, the TRR was mortgaged and the banks’ name "Camden Safe Deposit & Trust Company" was painted under the railroad's name on most equipment. Weekday passenger service to Long Beach Island was terminated.  Weekend service continued.

On November 16, 1935, a nor'easter storm struck the Long Beach Island area. Engine No. 7, with a freight train made its way from Beach Haven across the bridge to the mainland despite waves breaking over the rails. The next day, a tidal swell washed away the bridge to Long Beach Island, effectively ending all service, and stranding a lone, empty gondola car on the island. The gondola car was retrieved by truck, one trip for the body and a second trip for the trucks.

In 1936, Tuckerton Railroad requested abandonment proceedings. Alternatives to TRR operations were considered by the on-line businesses. The most likely carrier would have been the Central Railroad of New Jersey , operating the line from its Toms River branch which terminated in Barnegat. The CNJ declined, stating the time to get to Barnegat was already 8 hours, and a trip further to Tuckerton and back would have required overtime hours, and that would have not been profitable for the little traffic moved.

On January 31, 1936, the last train ran on the TRR.

On March 26, 1936, H. E. Salzberg Co, a salvage firm bought the assets of the TRR with intent to operate or salvage the line.

In 1937, the new operator was named as Southern New Jersey Railroad Company, Inc. (SNJ), as repairs to Engines No. 5 and 6 stored in Tuckerton began. The connection at Barnegat with the CNJ was used, enabling abandonment of the Barnegat to Whitings part of the line. Rails were removed from Long Beach Island. In 1938, SNJ showed a small profit of $616.

There was a NRHS railfan trip on the SNJ on April 16, 1939. CNJ Blue Comet equipment showed up in Barnegat and SNJ Engine No. 5 and 6 took the coaches to Tuckerton.

In 1940, due to minimal traffic, and expected traffic that had converted to trucks, an application for abandonment of SNJ was submitted. The last revenue box car for Tuckerton on SNJ was shipped August 20. Scrapping of the line began. Engine No. 5 pulled the scrapping train towards the CNJ's Barnegat interchange. When the scrapping was finished, old Engine No. 5, 50 years old at this point, was cut up on site in Barnegat.

In 1941, the last shipment from SNJ, consisting of three cars of scrap, left Barnegat January 16.

In 1973, the last piece of TRR track, used in Barnegat as a siding by the CNJ, was taken up in the spring.

21st century
In 2007, the Jersey Shore Live Steam Organization, a 501c non profit organization, planned to rebuild the Tuckerton Railroad in 1/8 scale in a 64-acre park in New Gretna, New Jersey.

References

Railway lines opened in 1871
1936 disestablishments in the United States
Railway lines closed in 1940
Defunct New Jersey railroads
Standard gauge railways in the United States
1871 establishments in New Jersey


Radio DeeJay is an Italian radio station. It was founded on 1 February 1982 by the Italian radio and television personality Claudio Cecchetto and was acquired by the Gruppo Editoriale L'Espresso (GEDI) in 1989. In 2020, Exor (belonging to the Agnelli family) became the owner of GEDI and consequently of Radio DeeJay.

TV channel

From the end of 2000, on the satellite platform began broadcasting DeeJay TV.

The TV channel, under the artistic guidance of Linus, was visible from all over Europe until 2003, the year in which the issuer becomes part of the Sky package and coding their own programs.
In October 2009, the channel broadcasts in plain-text, replacing the All Music channel on its frequency. On the Sky platform, the MyDeejay channel is broadcast instead.

See also
Kataweb
Carlo De Benedetti

References

External links
  Radio DeeJay Official Website
  Radio DeeJay on YouTube

Free-to-air
Mass media in Milan
Radio stations in Italy
Radio stations established in 1982
GEDI Gruppo Editoriale
1982 establishments in Italy


Schwenheim (; ; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. Before 19 July 1953, it was called "Schweinheim".

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Juan Manuel Pérez Bernal (born May 5, 1985), also known simply as Kichi, is a Mexican football player who played as a forward for the North County Battalion of the National Premier Soccer League in San Diego, California.

References

 Tatabanyafc.hu Profile (Hungarian)
 Noroeste.com (es)
 NC Battalion Profile

1985 births
Living people
Mexican expatriate men's footballers
Mexican men's footballers
Footballers from Tijuana
Expatriate men's footballers in Hungary
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Dorados de Sinaloa footballers
Tatabányai SC players
Orange County SC players
San Diego Flash players
SoCal Surf players
Ascenso MX players
USL Championship players
National Premier Soccer League players
Men's association football forwards
Mexican expatriate sportspeople in Hungary


Schwindratzheim (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Cara Williams Show is an American situation comedy starring Cara Williams which centers on a married couple who try to conceal their marriage from their employer. Original episodes aired from September 23, 1964, until April 21, 1965 on CBS.

Cast
Cara Williams....Cara Bridges/Cara Wilton
Frank Aletter....Frank Bridges
Paul Reed...Damon Burkhardt
Reta Shaw....Mrs. Burkhardt
Jack Sheldon....Fletcher Kincaid
Jeanne Arnold....Mary Hammilmeyer
Audrey Christie....Agnes

Synopsis

Cara and Frank Bridges were both divorced and co-workers at Fenwick Diversified Industries, Inc. — where Cara is a file clerk and Frank holds a management position as an efficiency expert — when they met, fell in love, and secretly got married. Although Cara's boss, Mr. Burkhardt, finds the scatterbrained Cara indispensable because only she can find anything in her incredibly complicated filing system, Fenwick Industries strictly prohibits its employees from marrying one another, so to keep their jobs the newlyweds conceal their marriage from Mr. Burkhardt. As part of the subterfuge, Cara uses her maiden name, Cara Wilton, in the office, but the couple also has to conceal the fact that they live at the same address, leading to many complicated and amusing situations for the Bridges both at work and at home. Mary Hammilmeyer is Mr. Burkhardt′s secretary. Fletcher Kincaid is a jazz trumpeter who is Cara and Frank′s next-door neighbor and friend.

Cara eventually tells Mr. Burkhardt that she and Frank are married. She convinces him that married couples are keeping Fenwick Industries in business, and he lets Cara and Frank keep their jobs.

Production

Film and television actress Cara Williams had co-starred on television with Harry Morgan as Gladys Porter in the situation comedy Pete and Gladys from 1960 to 1962 and impressed CBS executives with her comic timing. Touting her as the next wacky redhead in the mold of Lucille Ball — a November 1964 TV Guide article described her as having a "feminine" comedy style like Ball′s that contrasted with the “masculine mannerisms” of Carol Burnett and Martha Raye, although Williams did not acknowledge any similarity to Ball — CBS returned her to prime-time television to star in her own show, the eponymous The Cara Williams Show, for the 1964–1965 season. In depicting a previously divorced, childless, two-income married couple, the show was ahead of its time when it premiered in September 1964.

Keefe Brasselle created and developed The Cara Williams Show and co-produced it with Phil Sharpe. Kenyon Hopkins wrote the show's theme song, "Cara's Theme."

Broadcast history

The Cara Williams Show ran for a single season, airing on Wednesdays at 9:30 p.m. throughout its original September 1964–April 1965 run. Prime-time reruns of the show were broadcast on Fridays at 8:30 p.m. beginning in May 1965, the last of them airing on September 10, 1965.

Episodes
Sources

References

External links
The Cara Williams Show 60-second promo on YouTube
The Cara Williams Show opening credits on YouTube
The Cara Williams Show closing credits on YouTube
The Cara Williams Show episode "Will Cara's Success Spoil Frank Bridges?" on YouTube

1960s American sitcoms
1964 American television series debuts
1965 American television series endings
Black-and-white American television shows
CBS original programming
Television series about marriage
Television shows set in the United States


Schwobsheim is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Alsace in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


The 14th BRDC International Trophy was a motor race, run for cars complying with the Formula One rules, held on 12 May 1962 at the Silverstone Circuit, England. The race was run over 52 laps of the Silverstone Grand Prix circuit, and was won by British driver Graham Hill in a BRM P57.

Results

References
 "The Grand Prix Who's Who", Steve Small, 1995.
 "The Formula One Record Book", John Thompson, 1974.

BRDC International Trophy
BRDC International Trophy
BRDC
BRDC International Trophy


Seebach is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. It was formed in 1974 by the merger of the former communes Oberseebach and Niederseebach.

Timber framed houses in Seebach

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

External links

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Sermersheim is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Sessenheim (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in northeastern France.

Culture
Sessemheim was the setting for Johann Wolfgang Goethe's first love affair with Friederike Brion, a priest's daughter, which he immortalized in his Sesenheimer Lieder. This collection of poems was the foundation of his reputation as a poet.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Siegen () is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Grecian Echoes is a variety show geared to the Greek American community of the Greater Boston area. The show includes both new and old music, community and social event announcements, and news from Greece. It operates six days a week in the mornings on WNTN AM 1550 and is streamed 24 hours on its website.

History

Grecian Echoes was established and began in Boston in the mid-1940s, under the direction of George Panagiotopoulos. Shortly after, he was assisted by John A. Booras.  When Panagiotopoulos passed on, John Booras and Orestes Demetriades formed a partnership and continued Grecian Echoes. At the time, the program was aired over WILD, a popular Boston radio station. Throughout the years the program aired over other popular AM and FM Boston radio stations. In the late 1960s John and Orestes made WNTN their radio home. Grecian Echoes continues over the same station and frequency, 1550AM, in Newton Massachusetts.  The current show host is Orestes' son Ted Demetriades.

Grecian Echoes and Greek organizations

Grecian Echoes supports the Hellenic Cardiac Fund for Children at Children's Hospital as well as the Hellenic Nursing Home of Canton, Massachusetts with its annual radio telethons. Through their listeners' support and contributions, several million dollars have been raised for both funds.

References

External links
Official Website

American radio programs
European-American culture in Boston
Non-English-language radio stations in Massachusetts
Greek-American culture in Massachusetts
Greek-language radio stations


Siewiller (; ; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Siltzheim (; ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Berry's Wood is an Iron Age hill fort situated close to Newton Abbot in Devon, England. The fort is situated at about 75 metres above sea level on a commanding promontory above the River Lemon with views down the Teign Estuary. It lies on the hilltop above Bradley Manor.

The fort was first described in print in 1950 by Aileen Fox, who said that its defences consist of a single limestone rampart and a ditch. Its main entrance at the south-eastern end is approached by a sunken lane, and at the north-western end there is a postern. It encloses an area of about 11 acres and the remains of huts can be seen inside.

References

Hill forts in Devon
Newton Abbot


Singrist () is a former commune in the Bas-Rhin department in north-eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Sommerau.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Former communes of Bas-Rhin
Populated places disestablished in 2016


De Lancey's Brigade, also known as De Lancey's Volunteers, De Lancey's Corps, De Lancey's Provincial Corps, De Lancey's Refugees, and the "Cowboys" or "Cow-boys", was a Loyalist British provincial military unit, raised for service during the American War of Independence. Its commanders were  Brigadier General Oliver De Lancey and his nephew James De Lancey.

History
De Lancey's Brigade was raised in September 1776 on Long Island, New York, after the Patriot forces had lost the Battle of Brooklyn during the British New York Campaign.  The Brigade consisted of three battalions of five hundred men each, with De Lancey serving both as brigadier general and colonel of the 1st Battalion.

In the winter of 1776–1777, De Lancey's three battalions were stationed (one each) at Oyster Bay, Huntington, Brookhaven, Long Island, and Kingsbridge, Bronx.  In May 1777, the 1st and 2nd Battalions moved to the Kingsbridge area, north of Manhattan. The following month, the 1st returned to Long Island, while the 2nd remained at Kingsbridge. In the spring of 1778, the forts that had been erected at Huntington and Brookhaven were abandoned, and the 1st and 3rd Battalions removed to encamp near New Town.

Brigadier General Oliver De Lancy conducted regular operations in the region north of New York City, in Westchester County, New York, between Morrisania and the Croton Rivers, which was known as the "Neutral Ground". Lawlessness and guerrilla warfare were carried out by De Lancey's "Cowboys" and their compatriots, the New Jersey Volunteers, known by their nickname, the "Skinners." Both were British loyalist marauders who stole cattle, looted, and gathered military intelligence in the New York countryside.

In November 1778, although the Brigade had originally been formed "for the defense of Long Island", the 1st and 2nd Battalions were ordered South, where they served under Lt. Col. Archibald Campbell.  The 1st and 2nd Battalions fought successfully in the Siege of Ninety-Six and at the Battle of Eutaw Springs and other battles in the Carolinas. The 3rd Battalion remained on Long Island for the entire war, as did De Lancey himself.

The entire brigade was disbanded in Woodstock, New Brunswick in 1783. Many of the regiment settled in Nova Scotia after the war. The 2nd regiment were in a ship wreck off Nova Scotia, killing 99 of 174 men.

References

Further reading
Gue, Belle Willey and John D. Felter.  The Neutral Ground.  Boston:  Stratford Company, 1922.
Johnson, James M., Christopher Pryslopski, Andrew Villani  Eds. Key to the Northern Country: The Hudson River Valley in the American Revolution.  Albany, NY:  SUNY Press, 2013.
Kemble, Lieut. Col. Stephen.  Journals of Lieut. Col. Stephen Kemble, 1773-1789: And British Army Orders: Gen. Sir William Howe, 1775-1778; Gen. Sir Henry Clinton, 1778; and Gen. Daniel Jones, 1778, American Revolutionary series: British accounts of the American Revolution, British accounts of the American Revolution, Volume 16 of Collections of the New-York Historical Society for the year ...  New York:  Ardent Media, 1972.
Ward, Harry M.  Between the Lines: Banditti of the American Revolution.  Santa Barbara, CA:  Praeger, 2002.

External links
 Index to DeLancey's Brigade History - The On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies
 DeLancey's Brigade, Second Battalion, Captain Allison's Company, recreated unit

Loyalist military units in the American Revolution
Kingsbridge, Bronx
History of the Bronx


Solbach is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin


Our Gang Follies of 1938 (later reissued as simply Follies of 1938) is a 1937 American musical short subject, the 161st short subject entry in Hal Roach's Our Gang (Little Rascals) series. Directed by Gordon Douglas as a sequel to 1935's Our Gang Follies of 1936, the two-reel short was released to theaters on December 18, 1937 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Deriving its title from the concurrent MGM feature film The Broadway Melody of 1938, Our Gang Follies of 1938 is a spoof of the Broadway Melody films and other movie musicals of the time. In the film, Alfalfa (Carl Switzer) decides to quit a pop music revue put on by Spanky (George McFarland) and become an opera singer, famously singing a pastiche song entitled "The Barber of Seville" several times throughout the film. The bulk of the film is made up of a dream sequence, in which Alfalfa imagines himself twenty years later failing as an opera singer, while Spanky owns a Broadway nightclub with a lavish floor show.

Plot
The gang is putting on another big show in Spanky's cellar, complete with an orchestra led by Buckwheat (Billie Thomas), and performances by Darla (Darla Hood) and many of the other neighborhood kids. However, "King of Crooners" Alfalfa (Carl Switzer), the star of the show, crashes the swing music based show with his off-key rendition of "The Barber of Seville", having secretly decided he is going to sing opera from now on. Spanky closes the curtain on Alfalfa and sends out another act to replace him, causing Alfalfa to walk out and take his voice "where it'll be appreciated!"

With Porky (Eugene Lee) accompanying him, Alfalfa turns up at the Cosmopolitan Opera House, wanting to appear in their next opera. Barnaby (Henry Brandon), the Cosmopolitan's impresario, jokingly offers the young boy a contract — provided he come back in twenty years. Elated, Alfalfa returns to Spanky's cellar with Porky, gloating about his presumed good fortune. Spanky tears into him, telling him that "someday I'll be a big producer on Broadway, and you'll be singing your opera in the streets with a tin cup in your hand!"

Alfalfa brushes off Spanky's warnings and falls asleep backstage, dreaming that the twenty years have elapsed and the public is awaiting his debut at Barnaby's opera house. However, Alfalfa is quickly booed by the audience and pelted with rotten vegetables. An angry Barnaby, now a wizened old man, throws Alfalfa out into the New York streets and forces him to sing for pennies in the snow. Hungry and broke, Alfalfa and Porky happen upon Club Spanky, an ornate nightclub on Broadway, owned by a now-rich Spanky and headlined by the also rich Darla and "Cab Buckwheat".

Inviting them in to see the show, Spanky offers to let Alfalfa and Porky work for him again. Porky immediately accepts, but Alfalfa stubbornly refuses. However, after seeing the floor show starring Darla, Buckwheat, Porky, and a few other performers, Alfalfa is won over and changes his mind. Just as he begins to sing, however, Barnaby appears to drag him back out by the arm to sing in the snow. Alfalfa struggles to release himself from Barnaby's grip while the children chant "We want Alfalfa! We want Alfalfa!"

Alfalfa then awakens to find himself back in Spanky's cellar with the audience continuing to chant in the background. Spanky begs him to join in the last act, and Alfalfa, needing no further convincing and fed up with opera, tears up his contract and rushes onstage to sing Bing Crosby's "Learn to Croon" for the show's finale.

Cast

The Gang
 Carl Switzer as Alfalfa
 Darla Hood as Darla
 Eugene Lee as Porky
 George McFarland as Spanky
 Billie Thomas as Buckwheat

Additional cast
 Annabelle Logan as Girl singing "The Bonnie Banks o' Loch Lomond"
 Georgia Jean LaRue as Girl singing
 Philip MacMahon as Boy singing
 Ada Lynn as Blues singer (scenes deleted)
 Gloria Brown as Hula girl/Chorus girl/Bowery girl
 Jana Ekelund as Check room girl
 Betsy Gay as Eccentric girl
 Gloria Hurst as Hula girl/Dancer in nightclub
 Sylvia Johnson as Porky's girlfriend
 Dickie Jones as Dickie
 Henry Lee as Spike
 Gloria Mackey as Eccentric girl
 Patsy May as Check room girl
 Tommy McFarland as Tommy
 Trina Morris as Eccentric girl
 Clifford Severn, Jr. as Richard
 Harold Switzer as Harold
 Laura June Williams as Hula girl
 The Ben Carter Kids as Orchestra members
 The Bud Murray Kids as Dancers

Adults
 Henry Brandon as "Barnaby", opera impresario
 Gino Corrado as Opera singer
 Wilma Cox as Miss Jones, Barnaby's secretary
 Doodles Weaver as Piano player

Production

Often pointed out as one of the best entries in the series, Follies of 1938 was produced as a special one-shot return to the series' original two-reel (twenty-minute) format, after a season and a half of shorter one-reel films. In addition, Follies of 1938, particularly its extended dream sequence, features lavish production design and filmmaking typical of feature length MGM musicals. MGM in fact helped finance the short beyond its usual contributions to the Roach shorts; as a result its opening titles read "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer presents Our Gang Follies of 1938, A Hal Roach Production," as opposed to the usual "Hal Roach Presents Our Gang in..." At a cost of $58,000, Follies of 1938 was the most expensive Our Gang short ever produced.

The short's cast includes over one hundred children, as nearly all of the parts in the film (even the "adults" in Alfalfa's dream sequence) are played by kids. The lone exceptions are Henry Brandon's "Barnaby" character (not named onscreen, but named as such in the script), and the other three adults seen at the Cosmopolitan Opera House. Brandon's villainous Barnaby character was re-purposed from another Hal Roach production, Laurel and Hardy's 1934 feature Babes in Toyland. One of the featured singers in Spanky's cellar show is Annabelle Logan, a girl who sings a swing rendition of the traditional Scottish song "The Bonnie Banks o' Loch Lomond". Logan would grow up to become Annie Ross, a successful jazz singer and actress.

Rights
Our Gang Follies of 1938 is one of four sound Our Gang shorts that fell into the public domain after the copyright lapsed in the 1960s (the other three being School's Out, Bear Shooters, and Waldo's Last Stand). As such, these films frequently appear on inexpensive video and/or DVD compilations.

Songs
Songwriters are listed in italics.
 "Stagecoach Conversation" (Marvin Hatley) - Buckwheat and His Orchestra (instrumental)
 "Follies Introduction/King Alfalfa" (Hatley) - Spanky, Darla, and "Follies" chorus girls
 "The Barber of Seville" (Gioacchino Rossini) - Alfalfa
 "Pick a Star" (R. Alex. Anderson) - Harmonica Players (Henry Lee and Harold Switzer)
 "The Barber of Seville" (Reprise #1) - Gino Corrado and Alfalfa
 "Loch Lomond" - Annabelle Logan
 "Honolulu Baby" (Hatley) - Buckwheat and his Band (instrumental)
 "The Barber of Seville" (Reprise #2) - Alfalfa
 "Follow the Leader" (Arthur Morton) - "Cab Buckwheat" and His Orchestra
 "The Love Bug Will Get You (If You Don't Watch Out)" (Pinky Tomlin) - Darla, Spanky, Porky, Buckwheat and Georgia Jean LaRue
 "That Foolish Feeling" (Harold Adamson, Jimmy McHugh) - Georgia Jean LaRue
 "There's No Two Ways About It)" (Harold Adamson, Jimmy McHugh) - Philip MacMahon and Ensemble
 "Learn to Croon" (Arthur Johnston, Sam Coslow) - Alfalfa
 "Follies Conclusion" (Hatley) - Alfalfa, Spanky, Darla, Porky, Harold Switzer, Henry Lee, Gloria Browne, Gloria Hurst, and Laura June Williams

See also
 Our Gang filmography

References
Notes

External links

1937 films
1937 musical comedy films
American musical comedy films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Gordon Douglas
Hal Roach Studios short films
Our Gang films
Works based on The Barber of Seville
1930s American films


Soultz-les-Bains (; historical , ) is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est, France.

In 1682, the famous military engineer Vauban constructed the Canal de la Bruche between Soultz and Strasbourg. The canal was needed in order to transport sandstone from the quarries of Soultz for use in his fortification of Strasbourg. The canal carried its last commercial load in 1939 and was formally closed in 1957.

See also
 Église Saint-Maurice, Soultz-les-Bains
 Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

References

Communes of Bas-Rhin
Bas-Rhin communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia