The 1884 New York Metropolitans finished with a 75–32 record, first place in the American Association. After the season, they played the National League champion Providence Grays in the 1884 World Series and lost three games to zero.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Opening Day lineup

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

The World Series of 1884

Providence Grays (NL) (84–28) vs New York Metropolitans (AA) (75–32)

Game 1
Friday, October 23, at the Polo Grounds

Providence defeats New York 6–0

Game 2
Saturday, October 24, at the Polo Grounds

Providence defeats New York 3–1 (7 innings)

Game 3
Sunday, October 25, at the Polo Grounds

Providence defeats New York 12–2 (6 innings)

References
 1884 New York Metropolitans team page at Baseball Reference

New York Metropolitans seasons
New York Metropolitans season
New York Metropolitans season
19th century in Manhattan
Washington Heights, Manhattan


Carrier Ethernet is a marketing term for extensions to Ethernet for communications service providers that utilize Ethernet technology in their networks.

Background
Ethernet has a long history. It has become dominant in enterprise networks. This dominance has led to high production-volume components, which in turn have allowed extremely low cost per bit. Likewise, Ethernet has a long history of re-inventing itself. From the original copper coaxial cable format ("thicknet") it has extended its scope to nearly all copper, optical fiber and wireless physical media. Bit rates have continued to increase, traditionally growing tenfold each time a new rate is defined. Gigabit Ethernet interfaces are widely deployed in PCs and servers, and 10 Gbit/s in local area network (LAN) backbones.
Rates up to 100 Gigabit Ethernet were standardized in 2010 and 2011.

Ethernet's dominance is partly attributed to the simple advantages for the industry of adopting a single standard to drive up volumes and drive down prices. In part, it is also due to ease of deployment, using its ability to self-configure based on the key concepts of "learning bridge" (flooding, and associating learned destination addresses with bridge ports) and "spanning tree protocol" (the protocol used for avoiding bridging loops).

Historically, competing protocols and cabling have been created in order to access higher speed devices than contemporary Ethernet-connected devices handled at an affordable price. Examples include FireWire and Light Peak. One motive to create competing standards has been to drive down the price of comparable-speed Ethernet devices. Once this purpose is achieved, competing standards tend to disappear or be confined to very specialized niches.

Ethernet is a fairly simple protocol which has scaled to hundreds of thousands of times faster speeds and consistently been able to adapt to meet the needs and demands of new markets. For example, time domain capabilities are being added to IEEE 802.3 Ethernet to support IEEE 802.1 Audio Video Bridging (AVB), and these capabilities will be applicable to time sensitive carrier applications likewise IEEE 1588.

Customer LAN networks are increasingly connected to wide-area telecommunications networks over Ethernet interfaces or to devices that bridge digital subscriber line (DSL) or wireless to these. Moreover, customers are familiar with the capabilities of Ethernet networks, and would like to extend these capabilities to multi-site networks. Meanwhile, the needs of such networks have expanded to include many services previously handled only on the LAN or by specialized connections, notably video and backup. It is not practical to expand most small networks beyond 1G or at most 2G (dual teaming gigabit) capacity per segment, since the bottleneck remains in the wide area links to other offices and online services.

Carrier constraints
Thus wide area network (WAN) and metropolitan area network (MAN) providers find themselves with three needs:
To provide their customers with Ethernet services
To make use of the volume and cost advantages of Ethernet technologies in their networks
To replace non-Ethernet technologies with Ethernet competitors that have sufficient capacity for storage, backup and HD video and guarantee features (transfer certainty, low latency) needed to support these services

They are also constrained as services cannot be migrated from local to wide area services too fast lest they exceed the total provisioning available and result in unacceptable quality. Services that try to expand too fast lose money while those that wait too long lose customers. Accordingly, carriers must expand their services conservatively and pay close attention to quality of service (QoS).

The Beginning: Metro Ethernet
The  MEF was formed in 2001 in order to develop ubiquitous business services for Enterprise users principally accessed over optical metropolitan networks in order to connect their Enterprise LANs. The principal concept was to bring the simplicity and cost model of Ethernet to the wide area network.

Expansion to Carrier Ethernet
The success of Metro Ethernet Services caught the imagination of the world when the concept expanded to include worldwide services traversing national and global networks:

    Access networks to provide availability to a much wider class of user over fiber, copper, cable, passive optical network (PON), and wireless
    Economy of scale from the resulting converged business, residential and wireless networks sharing the same infrastructure and services
    Scalability & rapid deployment of business applications
    Adoption of the certification program
    All while retaining the cost model and simplicity of Ethernet

Carrier Ethernet services
To create a market in Ethernet services, it is necessary to clarify and standardise the services to be provided. Recognising this, the industry created the MEF. This played a key role in defining:
 Ethernet Virtual Private Line or E-Line: a service connecting two customer Ethernet ports over a WAN.
 Ethernet Virtual Private LAN or E-LAN: a multipoint service connecting a set of customer endpoints, giving the appearance to the customer of a bridged Ethernet network connecting the sites.
 Ethernet Virtual Private Tree or E-Tree: a multipoint service connecting one or more roots and a set of leaves, but preventing inter-leaf communication.

All these services provide standard definitions of such characteristics as bandwidth, resilience and service multiplexing, allowing customers to compare service offerings and facilitating service level agreements (SLAs).  Analogous definitions for wireless networks are defined in IEEE 802.21 and IEEE 802.11u, though these are intended for much shorter time commitments and services appropriate for mobile users only.

Ethernet Virtual Private Tree
Ethernet Virtual Private Tree or E-Tree is a point-to-multipoint Ethernet Virtual Connection defined by the MEF — an Ethernet VLAN configuration suitable for multicast services.

Ethernet private line
Ethernet private line (EPL) and Ethernet virtual private line (EVPL) are data services defined by the MEF. EPL provides a point-to-point Ethernet virtual connection (EVC) between a pair of dedicated user–network interfaces (UNIs), with a high degree of transparency. EVPL provides a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint connection between a pair of UNIs.

The services are categorized as an E-line service type, with an expectation of low frame delay, frame delay variation and frame loss ratio. EPL is implemented using a point-to-point EVC with no service multiplexing at each UNI (physical interface), i.e., all service frames at the UNI are mapped to a single EVC (a.k.a. all-to-one bundling).

Due to a high degree of transparency, EPL is often used to provide point-to-point transparent LAN service (TLS), where the service frame's header and payload are identical at both the source and destination UNI. Some implementations tunnel most Ethernet Layer 2 control protocols (L2CPs) except for some link-layer L2CPs such as IEEE 802.3x pause frames.

Unlike EPL, EVPL allows for service multiplexing, i.e., multiple EVCs or Ethernet services per UNI. The other difference between the EVPL and EPL is the degree of transparency: while EPL is highly transparent, filtering only the pause frames, EVPL is required to either peer or drop most of the Layer 2 control protocols.

Ethernet Virtual Private LAN
Ethernet Virtual Private LAN (EVP-LAN) is a multipoint-to-multipoint Ethernet Virtual Connection defined by the MEF — a Carrier Ethernet equivalent of Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) or Transparent LAN Services.  EVP-LAN enables any-to-any communication between all customer locations associated with the customer's Ethernet Virtual Connections (EVC).   It is categorized as an E-LAN service type, with an expectation of low Frame Delay, Frame Delay Variation and Frame Loss Ratio.   Service multiplexing is allowed at the UNI and EVPL and EVP-LAN service types may share the same port.   CE-VLAN IDs are maintained across the network.

Transport of Ethernet services
The MEF does not specify how Ethernet services are to be provided in a carrier network. Despite the advantages described above, Ethernet has traditionally had a number of limitations in the WAN application. The "bridge" and "spanning tree" concepts described above do not scale to large international networks. Moreover, Ethernet has lacked some of the dependability features necessary in this application (in particular, mechanisms to isolate one customer's traffic from another, to measure performance of a customer service instance, and to rapidly detect and repair failures in large networks).
Because of these limitations, and because of the need to make use of pre-existing equipment, Ethernet services have been carried across wide area networks using other technologies. Two types of technology have been widely used, while a third (Carrier-Ethernet transport) is rapidly emerging as a viable and logical option for Carrier-Ethernet services.

Ethernet over SDH/SONET
Point-to-point Ethernet links are carried over SDH/SONET networks, making use of virtual concatenation (ITU-T G.707) and LCAS (Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme - ITU-T G.7042) to create an appropriate size carrier bundle, of the Generic Framing Procedure of SDH equipment, and takes advantage of the management and recovery features of SDH to provide high availability and resilience to failures.

Ethernet over MPLS
Ethernet services are carried over IP/MPLS networks making use of a wide range of IP-related protocols (see IETF pseudowire standards, e.g. RFC 3985, RFC 4448). Ethernet links are transported as "pseudowires" using MPLS label-switched paths (LSPs) inside an outer MPLS "tunnel". This strategy can support both point-to-point (Virtual Private Wire Service - VPWS) and multipoint (Virtual Private LAN service - VPLS) services, and has recently achieved significant deployment in routed networks. It makes use of a number of basic transport protocols, including SDH and (increasingly) Ethernet.

Ethernet over Carrier-Ethernet Transport (CET)
Proponents of Carrier-Class Ethernet argue Ethernet is the best for Metro Area Networks because all data traffic originates as Ethernet. Ethernet's ubiquitous presence in the LANs worldwide drives down the cost of Ethernet as a technology. Thus, the use of Ethernet in a metro network allows service providers to take advantage of volumes that a much larger enterprise segment commands. Carrier-Ethernet Transport (CET) usually involves an evolution of conventional Ethernet and comprises multiple technology components. Provider Backbone Bridges (PBB) provides the scalability and a secure demarcation, while Provider Backbone Bridge Traffic Engineering (PBB-TE, commonly called PBT) provides for traffic-engineering and an effective transport for protected Ethernet services. Connectivity-Fault Management (CFM-OAM) provides the much-required OAM that makes Ethernet carrier grade.

Carrier Ethernet demarcation

Carrier Ethernet demarcation is a key element in Carrier Ethernet services and transport networks for business, wholesale and mobile backhaul applications, as it enables service providers to extend their control over the entire service path, starting from the hand off points. This is achieved by connecting customer premises equipment (CPE) to the network with provider-owned demarcation devices that are deployed at customer locations, thereby enabling a clear separation between the user and provider networks.

Carrier Ethernet demarcation devices (EDD) are required to support services, such as Ethernet Private Line (EPL), Ethernet Virtual Private Line (EVPL or E-LAN), and Ethernet Virtual Private Tree (E-Tree), as specified by the MEF. Such support needs to include service level agreement (SLA) management capabilities, with consistent performance over fiber, DSL, bonded PDH, and SDH/SONET access lines. As a result, must-have Carrier Ethernet demarcation features include sophisticated traffic management and hierarchical quality of service (QoS) mechanisms, standard end-to-end operations, administration and maintenance (OAM) and performance monitoring, extensive fault management and diagnostics, and SDH/SONET-like resiliency to reduce service provider operating costs and capital expenses.

Carrier Ethernet technologies
The industry has made a concerted effort to resolve the limitations of Ethernet in the WAN described above, so as to allow the use of "native" Ethernet technologies by network providers.
The key roles have been played by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.1 and 802.3 standards committees. IEEE 802.1 has addressed the scalability and management issues in the standards for Provider Bridges (802.1ad) and Provider Backbone Bridges (802.1ah). These standards allow for Ethernet networks of planetary scale. Associated standards (IEEE 802.1ag, and related ITU-T standard Y.1731) provide Operations and Maintenance (OAM) capabilities allowing connectivity verification, rapid recovery, and performance measurement. Current work on PBB-TE (802.1Qay: Provider Backbone Bridging-Traffic Engineering) is allowing such an Ethernet to be controlled by an external control or management application (for example, a network management application or a transport control plane such as GMPLS (IETF RFC 3945)), so as to allow the full range of traffic engineering policies and strategies to a network provider.

The IEEE 802.3 Working Group in close cooperation with the ITU have been working to simplify the transport of 40G and 100G technologies being developed by both bodies: 802.3 for LAN and ITU for the OTN.  The OIF and the Ethernet Alliance have also been working cooperatively with their members to enable future enhancements to Ethernet for the WAN while looking to the future speed of Ethernet technologies and services.

See also
 10PASS-TS (Ethernet over VDSL)
 Connection-oriented Ethernet
 Ethernet in the First Mile (EFM)
 IEEE 802.1ad VLAN stacking or Q-in-Q
 IEEE 802.1ah-2008 Provider Backbone Bridges
 IEEE 802.1AX Link Aggregation
 Metro Ethernet
 Provider Backbone Bridge Traffic Engineering
 Provider Backbone Bridges

References

External links
 Metro Ethernet Forum, Carrier Ethernet & CE 2.0

   - Metro Ethernet Services Definitions Phase 2)
   - Metro Ethernet Services Definitions Phase I - superseded by MEF 6.1)
   - Ethernet Services Attributes Phase 2

 Metro Ethernet Forum
 https://www.mef.net/Assets/Technical_Specifications/PDF/MEF_6.1.pdf

Telecommunication services
Ethernet


Ousse (; ) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.

See also
Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department

References

Communes of Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Pyrénées-Atlantiques communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Heaven on Earth is an ancient and active tenet for a possible world to come.
The phrase may also refer to:

Film, television and theatre
 Heaven on Earth (1927 American film), a film starring Conrad Nagel
 Heaven on Earth (1927 German film), a comedy film directed by Alfred Schirokauer and Reinhold Schünzel
 Heaven on Earth (1931 film), a film based on the 1929 novel Mississippi by Ben Lucien Burman
 Heaven on Earth (1935 film), an Austrian film
 Heaven on Earth (musical), a 1948 Broadway musical by Jay Gorney
 Heaven on Earth (1960 film), an Italian film of 1960
 Heaven on Earth (1987 film), a UK TV drama written by Margaret Atwood
 Heaven on Earth (play), a 1989 play by Robert Schenkkan
 Heaven on Earth: The Rise and Fall of Socialism, a 2005 PBS documentary
 Heaven on Earth (2008 film), a 2008 Canadian film by Deepa Mehta

Music
 Heaven on Earth (duo), an English husband and wife duo formed in 1983
 Heaven on Earth (Belinda Carlisle album), 1987
 "Heaven Is a Place on Earth", a 1987 single from the aforementioned album
 Heaven on Earth (James Carter album), 2009
 Heaven on Earth (Larry Young album), 1968
 Heaven on Earth, an album by Donna Allen, 1988
 "Heaven on Earth", the album's title track
 "Heaven on Earth", a song by Britney Spears from Blackout, 2007
 "Heaven on Earth", a song by George and Ira Gershwin from the stage musical Oh, Kay!, 1926
 "Heaven on Earth", a song by Keith LeBlanc from Major Malfunction, 1986
 "Heaven on Earth", a song by the Platters, 1956
 "Heaven on Earth", a song by Stars Go Dim, 2018
 "Heaven on Earth (The Things We've Got to Do)", a song by Alphaville from Catching Rays on Giant, 2010
 "H.O.E. (Heaven on Earth)", a song by Yo Gotti from Untrapped, 2020
 "Hvn on Earth", a song by Lil Tecca and Kodak Black, 2023

Literature
 Heaven on Earth: A Treatise on Christian Assurance, a 1654 book by Thomas Brooks
 Heaven on Earth: Dispatches From America's Spiritual Frontier, a 1992 book by Michael D'Antonio
 Heaven on Earth: The Varieties of the Millennial Experience, a 2011 book by Richard Landes
 Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law, a 2012 book by Sadakat Kadri

Other
 Maharishi Heaven on Earth Development, a for-profit real estate developer founded in 1988


John O'Donohue (1 January 1956 – 4 January 2008) was an Irish poet, author, priest, and Hegelian philosopher. He was a native Irish speaker, and as an author is best known for popularising Celtic spirituality.

Early life and education
Eldest of four siblings, O'Donohue was reared in west Ireland in the area of Connemara and County Clare, where his father Patrick O'Donohue was a stonemason, while his mother Josie O'Donohue was a housewife.

O'Donohue became a novice at Maynooth, in north County Kildare, at age of 18, where he earned degrees in English, philosophy, and theology at St Patrick's College in County Kildare. He was ordained as Catholic priest on 6 June 1979. O'Donohue moved to Tübingen, Germany in 1986, and completed his dissertation in 1990 on German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel for his PhD in philosophical theology from University of Tübingen. In 1990, he returned to Ireland to continue his priestly duties, and began his post-doctoral work on the 13th-century mystic, Meister Eckhart.

Career
O'Donohue's first published work of prose, Anam cara (1997), catapulted him into a more public life as an author, speaker and teacher, particularly in the United States. O'Donohue left the priesthood in 2000. O'Donohue also devoted his energies to environmental activism, and is credited with helping spearhead the Burren Action Group, which opposed government development plans and ultimately preserved the area of Mullaghmore and the Burren, a karst landscape in County Clare.

Later in life, O’Donohue became a prominent speaker on creativity in the workplace. He consulted executives in the corporate sector "on integrating a sense of soul and of beauty into their leadership and their imagination about the people with whom they work."

Just two days after his 52nd birthday and two months after the publication of his final complete work, Benedictus: A Book of Blessings, O'Donohue died suddenly in his sleep on 4 January 2008 while on holiday near Avignon, France. The exact cause of death has not been released by his family, leaving writers of non-fiction to speculation regarding the cause. Articles and posts have listed an aneurysm, heart problem, and aspiration as possible causes. He was survived by his partner Kristine Fleck, his mother Josephine (Josie) O'Donohue, his brothers, Patrick (Pat) and Peter (PJ) O'Donohue, and his sister, Mary O'Donohue.

Posthumous publications include a reprinting of The Four Elements, a book of essays, in 2010 and Echoes of Memory (2011), an early work of poetry originally collected in 1994. In March 2015, a series of radio conversations he had recorded with close friend and former RTÉ broadcaster John Quinn was collated and published as Walking on the Pastures of Wonder.

Litigation regarding his will
O'Donohue's last will was held to be invalid by the High Court in December 2011, Justice Gilligan holding that "As a piece of English, the Will is unclear on its face" and that the will was void for uncertainty. The will did not leave anything to his partner Kristine Fleck. In the absence of a valid will his estate devolved on his mother, Josie O'Donohue.

Quotations
 "When you cease to fear your solitude, a new creativity awakens in you. Your forgotten or neglected wealth begins to reveal itself. You come home to yourself and learn to rest within. Thoughts are our inner senses. Infused with silence and solitude, they bring out the mystery of inner landscape."
- Anam Cara, p. 17

"Part of understanding the notion of Justice is to recognize the disproportions among which we live...it takes an awful lot of living with the powerless to really understand what it is like to be powerless, to have your voice, thoughts, ideas and concerns count for very little. We, who have been given much, whose voices can be heard, have a great duty and responsibility to make our voices heard with absolute integrity for those who are powerless."

 "Music is what language would love to be if it could."

Works
Anam Cara (1996)
Eternal Echoes (1998)
Conamara Blues: Poems (2000)
Divine Beauty: The Invisible Embrace (2003)
Published in the US as Beauty: The Invisible Embrace (2003)
Benedictus: A Book of Blessings (2007)
Published in the US as To Bless the Space Between Us (2008)
The Four Elements: Reflections on Nature (2010)
Echoes of Memory (1994; reprinted 1997 and 2011)
Walking on the Pastures of Wonder (2015)
Published in the US as Walking in Wonder (2018)

References

External links
 John O'Donohue Official Website.

Talks & Interviews
 The Inner Landscape of Beauty from American Public Media "Speaking of Faith", the last interview (Fall 2007) with O'Donohue before his death.

 The Presence of Compassion: An Interview with John O'Donohue
 Tapestry at 25: Irish poet John O'Donohue CBC Radio interview November 2004

Irish poets
People from County Clare
Alumni of St Patrick's College, Maynooth
1956 births
2008 deaths
University of Tübingen alumni
20th-century Irish Roman Catholic priests
Hegelian philosophers
20th-century Christian mystics
Irish spiritual writers
Irish environmentalists
Roman Catholic mystics


Fernando Leal Fonseca  (born 24 October 1981), known as Fernando Leal or simply Fernando, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper.

Career
Fernando joined Cianorte in 2005, for 2005 Campeonato Brasileiro Série C. In January 2006 he was signed by state league first level newcomer EC Democrata of Governador Valadares, until the end of 2006 Minas Gerais state championship. In April, he was signed by Ríver Atlético Clube in 3-month deal, which Fernando extended his contract in July 2006, until the end of calendar year.

In August 2007 he was signed by Ipatinga in a -year contract. In the first season he was the backup of Rodrigo Posso and Fred. Fernando did not play any game in 2007 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B, which the team finished as the runner-up. In the next season he played half of the matches of 2008 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, ahead Fred in the second half of season.

In January 2009 Fernando signed a two-year contract with Bahia. He was the first choice of the team, except in 2010 Campeonato do Nordeste, which he only played once. Fernando made 31 appearances for Bahia in 2009 and 2010 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B.

He joined Vitória, city rival of EC Bahia on 3 May 2011. In January 2012 he was re-signed by Mirassol. The club also borrowed Vitória teammate Xuxa. Fernando was the first choice of the team, ahead his successor Veloso.

Honours
 América-MG
 Campeonato Mineiro: 2016
 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B: 2017

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
People from Uberaba
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série C players
Cruzeiro Esporte Clube players
Ipatinga Futebol Clube players
Criciúma Esporte Clube players
Esporte Clube Democrata players
Esporte Clube Bahia players
Mirassol Futebol Clube players
Esporte Clube Vitória players
Grêmio Barueri Futebol players
Oeste Futebol Clube players
Fortaleza Esporte Clube players
América Futebol Clube (MG) players
Footballers from Minas Gerais


Anchorage, Alaska  (Dena'ina: Dgheyay Kaq'; Dgheyaytnu) has a subarctic climate with the code Dfc according to the Köppen climate classification due to its short, cool summers.  The weather on any given day is very unpredictable. Some winters feature several feet of snow and cold temperatures, while the summers are typically mild but are cool compared to the contiguous US and interior Alaska. Because of Anchorage's high latitude, summer days are very long and winter daylight hours are very short. The longest day of sunlight being 18hrs and 21 minutes, and shortest being 5 hours and 28 minutes. Anchorage is often cloudy during the winter, which decreases the amount of sunlight experienced by residents.

Temperature

Averages

Average daytime summer temperatures range from approximately 55 to 78 °F (12.8 to 25.6 °C); average daytime winter temperatures are about 5 to 30 °F (−15.0 to −1.1 °C). Anchorage has a frost-free growing season that averages slightly over one hundred days.  Average January low and high temperatures at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (PANC) are 11 / 23 °F (−11.7 / −5.0 °C) with an average winter snowfall of 75.59 inches, or 1.92 meters. Farther afield at the Campbell Airstrip is another weather station recording colder night temperatures in both summer and winter.

Average July low and high temperatures are 52 / 66 °F (11.1 / 18.9 °C) and the hottest reading ever recorded was 90 °F or 32.2 °C on July 4, 2019.

Highest daily temperatures

Lowest daily temperatures

Daily record warm minima

Daily record cold maxima

Precipitation

Rainfall
Between 2000 and 2022 the annual rainfall in Anchorage was 16.7 inches. The months with the highest average mean of rain were August and September, each having an annual mean of 2.75 inches (August) and 3.24 inches (September).

Snowfall

For snowfall, the annual mean average for 2000 to 2022 was 76.4 inches; the highest snowfall season being 2011 - 2012 with 134.5 inches, and the lowest season being 25.1 inches in 2015.

Climate change
Based on the ERA5 data published by ECMWF, the annual mean temperature of Anchorage has increased from 0.8 °C in 1940 to 3.8 °C in 2022, an increase of 3 °C.
The mayor and the assembly of Anchorage in 2019 issued a climate action plan for the anticipated effects that climate change will have on its city and people.  The action plan includes all of the municipality of Anchorage, as far north as Eklutna and as south as Portage. One of the major goals of the climate action plan is to reduce green house gas emissions by 80% by the year 2050 from its 2008 emission levels. The first annual report on this came out in 2021. For its near term plans, the city also introduced a plan called the "Municipality of Anchorage Climate Action Strategy." This appears to be a document for a broader audience of people so it is easier for them to understand what will go into these climate action plans. In comparison, the Anchorage Climate Action plan is 108 pages long, whereas the Municipality of Anchorage Climate Action Strategy is just 12 pages.

Notable climate events
Due to its proximity to active volcanoes, ash hazards are a significant, though infrequent, occurrence. The most recent notable incident was an August 1992 eruption of Mt. Spurr, which is located 78 mi (126 km) west of the city. The eruption deposited about 3 mm (0.12 in) of volcanic ash on the city. The cleanup of ash resulted in excessive demands for water and caused major problems for the Anchorage Water and Wastewater Utility.

On March 17, 2002, there was a storm that caused 28.6 in of snow to close schools for two days. The storm broke the city record for the most snowfall in a single day. The storm beat the previous record from 1955 on March 16, which was just 15.6 inches. The National Weather Service also recorded this same snow data.

Classifications

Trends in temperature, precipitation, and daylight hours

NWS office/international airport

Campbell airstrip

Merrill Field

Notes

References

Anchorage, Alaska
Anchorage
Geography of Anchorage, Alaska


Livron (; ) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.

See also
Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department

References

External links

Communes of Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Pyrénées-Atlantiques communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Julio Ángel Fernández Alves (born 5 April 1946) is a Uruguayan astronomer and teacher, member of the department of astronomy at the Universidad de la República in Montevideo. He is also a member of PEDECIBA, (the program for development of basic sciences in Uruguay), and the Uruguayan Society of Astronomy. From 2005 to 2010, he was the Dean of the Universidad de la Republica's Faculty of Sciences. The asteroid 5996 Julioangel, discovered in 1983, was named after him.

He is an active researcher of the Researchers National System of Uruguay.

Fernandez is member of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States.

Kuiper belt
In 1980, in his paper On the existence of a comet belt beyond Neptune, Fernández proposed that periodic comets arrived too frequently into the inner Solar System to be accounted for solely by having arrived from the Oort cloud, and that a trans-Neptunian belt of comets at around 50 AU would be required to explain them.  Subsequent computer models by Martin Duncan, Tom Quinn and Scott Tremaine in Canada supported the view, and led eventually to the discovery of the Kuiper belt. David Jewitt, who discovered the belt, believes that Fernández deserves more credit than anyone else, including Gerard Kuiper, for predicting its existence.   He has subsequently published many papers on the trans-Neptunian population.

Definition of planet
In 2006, Fernández was one of a number of dissenters at the IAU's meeting to establish the first definition of "planet." As an alternative to the IAU's draft proposal, which had included Pluto, its moon Charon and Ceres among the planets, Fernández with his Uruguayan colleague Gonzalo Tancredi proposed a definition where they reserved the term "planet" only for those objects in the Solar System which had cleared their neighbourhoods of planetesimals, describing those objects which had not cleared their orbits yet retained a spherical shape as "planetoids." The IAU's final definition incorporated much of Fernández and Tancredi's proposal, though the objects were christened "dwarf planets."
The event originated the word "Plutoed," which was selected as the "word of the year 2006" by the American Dialect Society.

Books

References

Uruguayan astronomers
Uruguayan scientists
Uruguayan people of Spanish descent
1946 births
Living people
Academic staff of the University of the Republic (Uruguay)
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences


Frederico Luís Ladeira Campos  (born 27 April 1984), known as just Fred, is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Santa Cruz.

Biography
Fred, born in Cajuri, Minas Gerais started his career at Cruzeiro. He then left for another team inside the state, for Ipatinga. In 2005, he was loaned to another minor team Valeriodoce. He was the understudy of Rodrigo Posso in 2007 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B. However, he obtained the starting role in mid-season, made 21 appearances. The team promoted as the runner-up. Fred remained as the first choice in 2008 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, made 19 appearances. In mid-season Fernando took the starting role. Ipatinga relegated at the end of season. Fred shared the starting role with Marcelo Cruz in 2009 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B, which Fred played 14 times.

In January 2010 he was signed by Americano. In 2011 season he left for Guarani (MG) until the end of state league, and then signed by Villa Nova for 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série D.

In 2012, he was signed by Araxá for Campeonato Mineiro Módulo II.

References

External links

 CBF

Brazilian men's footballers
Ipatinga Futebol Clube players
Americano FC players
Villa Nova Atlético Clube players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Footballers from Minas Gerais
1984 births
Living people


The 1885 New York Metropolitans were hard hit as manager/co-owner Jim Mutrie moved over to manage the New York Giants and took several of the team's stars with him. The Metropolitans finished with a 44–64 record, seventh place in the American Association.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Opening Day lineup

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References

 1885 New York Metropolitans team page at Baseball Reference

New York Metropolitans seasons
New York Metropolitans season
New York Metropolitans season
19th century in Manhattan
Washington Heights, Manhattan


Rodrigo Posso Moreno  (born May 16, 1976), known as Rodrigo Posso, is a retired Brazilian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper. He currently plays for Ermis Aradippou.

Early life
Posso was born in Moreira Sales, Paraná, Brazil on May 16, 1976. As a child, he played mostly indoor football; his first experience on a field was with his grandfather's amateur league. His father wanted him to be a midfielder initially. Posso only ever wanted to be a soccer player and started working selling tickets at 14 to try something new, but left home at 15 to join Cruzeiro's youth team. His first club was Comercial.

Career
After playing on their youth squad, Posso signed a professional contract with Cruzeiro in 1996. He won the Copa Libertadores with them in 1997 but only appeared four times before being loaned to Desportiva-ES and Ipatinga in 1999. He was eventually traded permanently to Ipatinga and played there every year between 2004 and 2007 except for 2002. During this time, he was loaned to Remo, ABC, Gama, Uberaba, and Mirassol. In 2004, Ipatinga won the Minas Gerais Cup and were state vice and semifinalists at the Copa do Brasil in 2006.

In 2009, he retired from goaltending to act as Ipatinga's Executive Director of Football. He learned quickly that he missed playing and signed on with Ermis Aradippou in Cyprus the same year. He played for a few months before returning to Brazil; he retired again briefly then signed with Uberlândia in 2010. In 2013, he retired for a third time after playing the 2012–2013 season with Nacional-MG. He remained retired until 2017, when he signed on with São Sebastião before retiring for his fourth and final time.

Posso occasionally plays on alumni teams. In 2015, he joined other former Cruzeiro players in a game against current Cruzeiros to celebrate Alex's retirement. In 2017, he competed in the Master category of the Minas Gerais Cup with other former Cruzeiros.

After retiring, he established a football school called the Rodrigo Passo Sports (RPS) Escola de Futebol in the municipality of Ipatinga. He coaches youth teams and in 2019 brought his U-15 team to the Disney Youth Soccer Cup, which was held in Orlando, Florida, USA. He also served as the president of the Sports and Education Association in Vale do Aço.

Personal life
Posso has spent more time in Minas Gerais than he has in Paraná and feels more at home in Ipatinga, particularly because he was married and raised his children there. He has a degree in physical education from Unileste, a university in nearby Coronel Fabriciano.

References

1976 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Cruzeiro Esporte Clube players
ABC Futebol Clube players
Sociedade Esportiva do Gama players
Uberaba Sport Club players
Ipatinga Futebol Clube players
Cypriot First Division players
Ermis Aradippou FC players
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Footballers from Paraná (state)
People from Minas Gerais
Footballers from Minas Gerais
People from Ipatinga
Uberlândia Esporte Clube players
Nacional Futebol Clube players
Tuna Luso Brasileira players
Clube do Remo players


The Belle of the Anna-ball is a Hungarian beauty pageant, in which the winner is chosen from among the paying guests of the ball. It is the only pageant that was held under the communist era. The ball is always held on the Saturday in July nearest to 26 July, the name day of Anna.

History
The first Anna-ball was held on July 26, 1825 in Balatonfüred, a town near the Lake Balaton by Fülöp János Szentgyörgyi-Horváth for his daughter Anna-Krisztina. It was here that Anna met her husband, Ernő Kiss (later one of the Thirteen Martyrs of Arad who were executed in 1849 as the leaders of the revolution and war of independence against the Habsburg Dynasty).

In the 1800s it was the most aristocratic ball, and was visited by many artists and politicians, too, including Mihály Vörösmarty, Mór Jókai and Lujza Blaha. After World War I the ball lost its importance, but it was still held until World War II. After the war Hungary became a communist country where aristocratic balls were discouraged, but despite this the Anna ball was held again. The first one after the war was held on July 31, 1954.

Since the 1950s the title Belle of the Anna ball has been given to the most beautiful girl visiting the ball. The winner gets a Victorian style vase and the Apple of Eris, the first runner-up gets a Rotschild style vase and the second runner-up gets an Apponyi-style vase from the world-famous porcelain Manufacture of Herend. The next day the winner and the runners-up make a tour in the host city of the ball in chaise.

See also

 Miss Universe Hungary
 Miss World Hungary
 Miss Hungary

References

External links
 Official website

Beauty pageants in Hungary
Hungarian awards


Leonardo Lins de Oliveira  or simply  Leo Oliveira  (born 28 May 1980) is a Brazilian defender who plays for Ipatinga.

See also
Football in Brazil

References

 CBF
 Profile at Sambafoot

1980 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Ipatinga Futebol Clube players
Criciúma Esporte Clube players
Men's association football defenders


The 1886 New York Metropolitans (under new management) finished with a 53–82 record, seventh place in the American Association.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References
 1886 New York Metropolitans team page at Baseball Reference

New York Metropolitans seasons
New York Metropolitans season
New York Metropolitans season
History of Staten Island
Sports in Staten Island
St. George, Staten Island


The Manhattan Building, also known as the Phoenix Building or the Phoenix-Manhattan Building, is a historic skyscraper in Muskogee, Oklahoma. The building has eight stories, containing  of floor space, and was initially intended as the home of the Manhattan Construction Company, reportedly Oklahoma's first incorporated business. It was built in 1911 with a reinforced concrete frame and gray brick cladding. These walls were lined with windows to provide light and ventilation, the latter were essential to cope with torrid Oklahoma summers in an era when hardly any large buildings had air conditioning. It was built in Sullivanesque architectural style, with two-story columns flanking the entrance and a second floor cornice with dentils. The entry opened into a two-story lobby whose walls were covered with tile. A rooftop penthouse was added in 1957. The Manhattan Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places for architectural significance in 1983.

By 1911, Manhattan Construction was already 15 years old, and had completed several notable buildings in Oklahoma, including:
 Guthrie Convention Hall;
 Oklahoma City's First National Bank Tower;
 Oral Roberts University (Tulsa) Prayer Tower.

It is one of five skyscraper buildings, ranging from five to ten stories tall, built in 1910–1912 and included in the Pre-Depression Muskogee Skyscrapers Thematic Resources study. The others are:
Railroad Exchange Building
Severs Hotel
Surety Building
Baltimore Hotel

Design features
The building was designed by Charles H. Sudhaelter and Co. whose work echoed the style of famous architect, Louis Henri Sullivan.

Manhattan Construction Company founder, Laurence H. Rooney, instead of making the building his own company's headquarters, decided to sell it to a popular retailer, Phoenix Clothing Company. He not only enlarged the first floor, but also topped the structure with a rotating electric sign that reached three stories above the roof.

Notes

See also
 Manhattan Construction Company
 Francis Rooney
 BOK Financial Corporation

References

Manhattan Building, Oklahoma Historical Society Listing

External links

Skyscrapers in Oklahoma
Skyscrapers in Muskogee, Oklahoma
Buildings and structures completed in 1911
1911 establishments in Oklahoma


Mário Donizete Oliveira Ferreira, known as Marinho Donizete, (born July 31, 1980), is a Brazilian defender who currently plays for Sergipe.

Honours
 Vila Nova
 Campeonato Goiano Série B: 2015
 Campeonato Brasileiro Série C: 2015

References

1980 births
Brazilian men's footballers
Living people
Sportspeople from Uberlândia
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série C players
Uberlândia Esporte Clube players
Ipatinga Futebol Clube players
Boa Esporte Clube players
Criciúma Esporte Clube players
Red Bull Bragantino II players
Fortaleza Esporte Clube players
Vila Nova Futebol Clube players
Anápolis Futebol Clube players
União Recreativa dos Trabalhadores players
Club Sportivo Sergipe players
Men's association football fullbacks
Footballers from Minas Gerais


Peter Shockey (born 1955) is an American filmmaker and screenwriter.

He has received a New York City Film Festival award for his television film Life After Life (1992). In addition, both he and his works have appeared on talk shows and television shows such as Oprah and the 700 Club.

Peter co-wrote the book Journey of Light with Stowe D. Shockey and its focus is to implement her experience as an abused child in order to help others. Peter and Stowe both live in Nashville, Tennessee.

Currently, he is working as a professor of Media Production & Writing classes at Webster University in Tashkent.

Books
Journey of Light: Stories of Dawn after Darkness (co-wrote with Stowe D. Shockey, Doubleday, 2007.

References

Living people
American film directors
1955 births


The 1887 New York Metropolitans finished with a 44–89 record, seventh place in the American Association. The team folded operations at the conclusion of the season. What was left of the team was purchased by the Brooklyn Grays, who were interested in several of the Metropolitans' players. The Kansas City Cowboys inherited the Metropolitans' place in the American Association for the 1888 season.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References
 1887 New York Metropolitans team page at Baseball Reference

New York Metropolitans seasons
New York Metropolitans season
New York Metropolitans season
History of Staten Island
Sports in Staten Island
St. George, Staten Island


The Anchorage Police Department (APD) is the police department of the Municipality of Anchorage in Alaska. Functioning as a service area of the Municipality, its patrol area includes the core "Anchorage bowl", the Seward Highway corridor from Potter Creek south to McHugh Creek, and the Glenn Highway corridor north of the Anchorage bowl to the municipality's border with the Matanuska-Susitna Borough, including the communities of Eagle River, Chugiak and Eklutna. Through a memorandum of understanding, APD also handles calls on Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson which involve civilian suspects or victims. Serving Alaska's largest city, APD is also the only metropolitan agency and the largest municipal police force in Alaska.

Unlike other Alaska police agencies except the Alaska State Troopers, APD is large enough that it is able to be the only municipal police agency that operates its own internal police academy, which is accredited by the Alaska Police Standards Council (APSC), the Alaska state law enforcement officer credentialing and regulatory agency. Applicants are also accepted as entry-level officers who have graduated from the other two police academies in the state, the paramilitary AK Trooper Academy in Sitka in SE Alaska, which trains the majority of officers in the state and the Tannana Valley Academy, which is affiliated with University of Alaska-Fairbanks (UAF). Out of state police officers are also often accepted as lateral entry candidates based on their backgrounds and training. APD Basic recruit classes are conducted as needed when sufficient vacancies arise. In-service and specialized training is also offered to APD officers and to other agency guest officers.

History
The city of Anchorage had a modest beginning as a tent city on the banks of Ship Creek and was originally called Ship Creek Landing. Law enforcement for the Alaska Territory had been in the hands of the United States Marshals. On November 23, 1920, Anchorage was incorporated as a first class city.

On December 22, 1920, the city council appointed John J. Sturgus to begin as Chief of Police on January 1, 1921, at a salary of $200 a month. He was a one-man police department until his death just six weeks later. He was shot and killed with his own gun on February 20, 1921. Sturgus's murderer was never apprehended. The city council voted to offer a $1,000 reward, the mayor pledged an additional $250, and all other council members and clerk pledged $100 each, bringing the total reward to $1,950. His death was to be APD's first unsolved homicide. Many men served as chief during Anchorage's violent territorial years. In 1926, the council began hiring night watchmen during the long winter months of October through March. On June 19, 1935, the council received a petition signed by seven property owners to provide a 24-hour police force.

The department got along on foot with the occasional use of a citizen's borrowed car and the use of taxis until the city decided to purchase a vehicle. In August 1930, APD got its first police vehicle: a used Ford for $63.75. It wasn't until April 1941 that the council voted to purchase the department's first new police car—a 1941 Dodge 4-door sedan, completely equipped with siren and spotlight, for $1,401.80.

In the late 1930s and early 1940s, the military began building bases and the population of Anchorage began to grow, jumping from 4,229 in 1939 to 30,060 in 1950.

In 1975, the City of Anchorage merged with the Greater Anchorage Area Borough (GAAB) to form the Municipality of Anchorage. Though APD contracted police services to the Borough, "Spenard officers" had to use separate ordinances and accounting systems in their duties. APD's service area increased from  to .

Today, the Anchorage Police Department is the largest police department in Alaska, serving a population of approximately 275,000 in a service area encompassing ,  most of the populated portions of the municipality's . The main exceptions are the Turnagain Arm communities of (from north to south) Rainbow, Indian, Bird, Girdwood, and portage.

There are several specialized units including Canine, Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT), Homicide Response Team, Hostage Negotiations Team, Bomb Team, School Resource Officer (SRO), Crisis Intervention Team (CIT), Identification Section, Data System Section, Records Section, Traffic and Crime Prevention Unit. APD's Homicide Response Team has been nationally recognized for their techniques and solvability rate. APD operates high-profile undercover and sting-type counter-vice operations throughout Anchorage to suppress and deter vice, narcotics, prostitution, organized crime and quality of life crimes.

The department works closely with Alaska DOT Airport Police at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport, the University of Alaska Police, and the Alaska State Troopers, who are headquartered in Anchorage. Due to the unique nature of Alaska, with massive tracts of federal lands and its proximity to foreign nations like Russia which shares a nautical border, APD also works closely with various federal law enforcement agencies, such as the FBI, US Customs and Border Protection and US Secret Service. With a large joint US Army-Air Force Base (Joint Base Elemendorf-Richardson) in its boundaries, APD works closely with the US Army and Air Force military police, Security Police, Defense Dept Police and the criminal investigation agencies, Criminal Investigation Division (CID) of the US Army and Office of Special Investigations (OSI) of the Air Force. The US Coast Guard also patrols waterways in the city limits which are popular with boaters. The US Forest Service law enforcement division also patrols USFS lands that abut Anchorage.

The department's current chief is an alumnus of West Anchorage High School, the University of Alaska and the U.S. Marines. Justin Doll ascended to the office in June 2017. Since his appointment he has opened a new Anchorage Police Department Headquarters Building in downtown Anchorage and secured Federal Grant funding to increase patrol units and secure the main highway corridor between the Matanuska Susitna Valley and Anchorage. The Anchorage Police Department's website claims that "APD has come a long way since those early Territorial years" and then states that, nevertheless, "the men and women of the Anchorage Police Department are proud of their heritage and remain dedicated to protect and serve their community."

Equipment

Officers are issued either the Glock 21 or Glock 22 depending on grip size or officer's preference. APD officers are allowed to qualify and carry personally purchased firearms to include 1911's, Sigs, Springfield XDm and S&W M&P. Officers are issued a Remington 870 shotgun and many officers are also authorized to carry a semi-auto patrol rifle chambered in 5.56mm.

Patrol officers are issued pepper spray, and straight stick baton.  Axon Taser X2's are carried by some officers on all shifts and the department has made it a priority to acquire and issue tasers to all patrol officers.

Beginning in 2011, the department began a transition to a digital trunked radio system from its old UHF analog system. This new system will allow APD officers to communicate directly with other officers across the state.

Chevrolet Impalas, equipped for police duty, make up a majority of the APD fleet. However, Ford Crown Victorias with police interceptors are still used. SWAT and K9 Officers are issued Ford Expeditions.

See also

 List of law enforcement agencies in Alaska

References

External links

1920 establishments in Alaska
Government agencies established in 1920
Municipal police departments of Alaska
Organizations based in Anchorage, Alaska


Sanctifica was a Swedish unblack metal band, formed in 1996, and disbanded in 2003. After releasing their EP, In the Bleak Midwinter, in 1997, they were considered to be one of the leading modern Christian black metal bands in the early 2000s with their album Spirit of Purity. Signed to Swedish Rivel Records and Finnish Little Rose Productions, the band played progressive death metal on their second and last album Negative B. They did a tour through Scandinavia to support that album, performing at some of the best known rock clubs in big cities. Hubertus Liljegren went to join Crimson Moonlight, while the rest formed a rock group called As a Reminder.

History
In 1996 Hubertus Liljegren (guitars) and Daniel Thelin (drums) formed Sanctifica, and the band were joined by Alexander Orest (bass). Initially, the band played death metal, until Alexander left the bass guitar for Jonathan Jansson and began playing keyboards, taking the sound more towards black metal.

During late 1997, Sanctifica recorded a demo tape titled In the Bleak Midwinter, which presented Scandinavian black metal and was released in early 1998. Afterwards Henrik Georgsson joined the band as a second guitar player.

By 1999 Alexander was replaced by Aron Engberg. The band's sound changed from atmospheric black metal to chaotic black metal. Sanctifica went to Studio Berghen to records its first full-length, produced by engineer Mick Nordström.

The debut album, Spirit of Purity, was released in March 2000 through Little Rose Productions and Rivel Records (then known as C.L. Music & Publishing). Following the release, Sanctifica played concerts in Sweden, Norway and Finland.

By 2001 the band left black metal and evolved to a more experimental, progressive death metal act. Later that year, Sanctifica entered a studio to record Negative B, a concept album produced by the guitar virtuoso Carl Johan Grimmark. The band recorded the album in four months and released it in March 2002.

During the concerts following the album's release, Björn Isacsson played all guitar parts for a while, letting Hubertus perform vocals. In May, David Sieving of Crimson Moonlight joined as a vocalist, and Hubertus concentrated on playing guitar. Sanctifica played a number of concerts at different festivals in Scandinavia during the summer 2002. Some concerts included a performance by the dancer Lovisa Lindström.

In 2002, the band was part of a sampler for Tarantula Promotions, titled Arachnid Terror Sampler, which featured bands such as Soul Embraced, Tortured Conscience, Frosthardr and Frost Like Ashes.

In the beginning of October, Sanctifica played a tour in Finland, performing at rock clubs of Turku, Helsinki and Jyväskylä. Afterwards. Hubertus left the band.

Sanctifica disbanded in 2003. Hubertus Liljegren went to join Crimson Moonlight, while the rest formed a group called As a Reminder.

Style
Evolving from their death metal roots to black metal, their early music is characterized by technical, melodic tremolo riffs, mid-range shrieks or high-pitched growls, symphonic keyboards, cold, chaotic yet tight controlled soundscapes, obscurely mixed drum sounds and slow to fast-paced tempo arrangements. The style heard on Negative B contains unconventional song structures, experimental sound samples of clapping hands, cellphone ringtones and cable sounds to name a few, and technical and elaborate riffing. The vocals on that album were dominated by the clean voice while incorporating some death growls of Hubertus as well. Sanctifica did not adapt the visual side of black metal, preferring the more everyday look.

Reception
The first EP, In the Bleak Midwinter received positive reviews. Spirit of Purity was mostly well-received, gaining rave reviews and some calling it a "masterpiece." However, the band was also quickly dubbed as an "Emperor clone" because of the similarities in their sound. The album was criticized for too chaotic output, lacking memorability, and bad drum mixing. Negative B got mixed reviews for its bizarre entity: Several critics considered it to be unique, at parts even "brilliant," but some reviewers called the style unbalanced and unfocused, claiming that the songs on the second half of the album lacked a proper structure. However, it was praised for its technically proficient musicianship.

Discography
Demo
In the Bleak Midwinter (1998)

Splits
In the Bleak Midwinter / Songs of Solomon (2001; Split w/ Pantokrator)

Studio albums
Spirit of Purity (2000)
Negative B (2002)

Members
Last Known Lineup

Former members

References

External links
Sanctifica - Encyclopaedia Metallum: The Metal Archives

Musical groups established in 1996
Musical groups disestablished in 2003
Swedish black metal musical groups
Swedish Christian metal musical groups
Unblack metal musical groups


The Flat Iron Building is located in the Wicker Park district of West Town, Chicago, Illinois.  The building is located at the intersection of Milwaukee Avenue, North Avenue, and Damen Avenue. Since the 1980s, it has served as an artists colony, and features visual artists and musicians of all disciplines.

The building was the historic centerpiece of the annual Around the Coyote arts festival held in the neighborhood each summer. It is located across the street from the Northwest Tower.

Notes

External links
 Flat Iron Artists
Night Over Wicker Park, featuring Flatiron Arts Building

American artist groups and collectives
Office buildings in Chicago
Art museums and galleries in Chicago
Flatiron buildings


Luciano Pazzini Prado, known as Luciano Sorriso, (born 8 September 1983 in Guaratinguetá) is a Brazilian footballer. He currently plays for Santa Cruz.

Honours
Figueirense
Campeonato Catarinense: 2003, 2004, 2006

Santa Cruz
Campeonato Pernambucano: 2013
Campeonato Brasileiro Série C: 2013

Botafogo-SP
Campeonato Brasileiro Série D: 2015

References

External links
 Profile & Statistics at Guardian's Stats Centre
 CBF

Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
1983 births
People from Guaratinguetá
Brazilian people of Italian descent
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série C players
Figueirense FC players
Ipatinga Futebol Clube players
Mirassol Futebol Clube players
Associação Atlética Ponte Preta players
Clube Atlético Bragantino players
Fortaleza Esporte Clube players
Red Bull Bragantino II players
Santa Cruz Futebol Clube players
Atlético Clube Goianiense players
Botafogo Futebol Clube (SP) players
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from São Paulo (state)


Luis Cedeño (born August 11, 1961), more commonly known as DJ Disco Wiz  is an American DJ.

He is noted as being the first Latino DJ in Hip-Hop.

Old School
He was born in the Bronx, New York City, United States, to a Puerto Rican father and a mother from Cuba.

After being inspired at a Kool Herc jam by the emerging hip hop movement taking place in The Bronx, DJ Disco Wiz collaborated with his best friend, Casanova Fly (Grandmaster Caz), to form a group called the Mighty Force crew. Mighty Force is noted as being one of the first Hip-Hop DJ crews in the mid-to-late 1970s. Noted for their DJ battles in the streets of the South Bronx, the Mighty Force crew was also responsible for presenting the first Latino rapper to the world, Prince Whipper Whip, who is also of Puerto Rican descent. DJ Disco Wiz is also credited for being the first DJ to create a "mixed plate" in 1977 (Hip-Hop's first mixed dub recording) when he and Grandmaster Caz, combined sound bites, special effects and paused beats.

New School
The grandson of the late Puerto Rican artist and Santero Norberto Cedeño; (La Mano Poderosa, 1950), Wiz is the creator of "The Hip-Hop Meets Spoken Wordz" series, a hip hop and poetry performance series that gives a voice to up-and-coming Latino talent in New York City. As a poet, DJ Disco Wiz has performed at the Apollo Theater and the landmark Nuyorican Poets Cafe and his poetry can be seen in the upcoming book Born in the Bronx. Wiz also appears in a few documentaries on hip-hop history including 1 LOVE, a film produced by noted hip-hop historian James "Koe" Rodriguez about the lives of Joe Conzo, Ernie Paniccioli, and Jamel Shabazz—hip-hop's first photographers.

Wiz has openly contributed to the community education of the formative years of hip-hop. In the millennium issue of The Source Magazine he candidly shared his experience in being the first Latino during the culture's evolution. He was also a major contributor in the opening of the Experience Music Project in Seattle, Washington in 2000. His contribution and donation of original hip-hop flyers, solely for the preservation of hip-hop can be seen as part of the archives. He was also instrumental in the making of Jim Fricke and Charlie Ahearn's rendition of the early years of hip-hop entitled Yes, Yes Y’all; sharing numerous original flyers and first-hand accounts of the early years of hip-hop including an account of the historical New York City blackout of 1977.

He is also a board member of the Universal Federation for the Preservation of Hip Hop Culture, chaired by Afrika Bambaataa of the Universal Zulu Nation. The Federation also includes on its board; Grandmaster Caz, DJ Tony Tone, Kurtis Blow, GrandMaster Melle Mel, KRS-One, Lovebug Starski, Jorge “PopMaster Fabel” Pabon, and photographer Joe Conzo.

Wiz co-authored his memoirs with Simon & Schuster author Ivan Sanchez. The book is titled It’s Just Begun: The Epic Journey of DJ Disco Wiz, Hip-Hop’s First Latino DJ. The book was released on the Miss Rosen imprint of powerHouse Books in 2009.

Television
 The Emmy Nominated Vh1 Rock Doc ny77: the Coolest year in hell Developed by Nanette Burstein and Firehouse Films for Vh1.

References

Further reading

It's Just Begun: The Epic Journey of DJ Disco Wiz, Hip Hop's First Latino DJ By Ivan Sanchez and Luis "DJ Disco Wiz" Cedeño, Miss Rosen Editions, (2009) Powerhouse Books
 Yes Yes Y'All: Oral History of Hip Hop's First Decade. Fricke, Jim and Charlie Ahearn (eds). Experience Music Project. Perseus Books Group.
 Born in the Bronx: A Visual Record of the Early Days of Hip Hop. Joe Conzo, Johan Kugelberg, Afrika Bambaataa, Buddy Esquire and Jeff Change. (2007) - Rizzoli International Publications, Inc.
 Freedom of Expression: Overzealous Copyright Bozos and Other Enemies of Creativity. Kembrew McLeod (2005) - Doubleday
 Hip Hop Decoded. The Black Dot (2005) - MOME Publishing Inc.
 Turn the Beat Around: The Secret History of Disco. Peter Shapiro (2005) - Faber & Faber
 Rap Music and Street Consciousness (Music in American Life). Cheryl L. Keyes (2004) - University of Illinois Press
 Rap Whoz Who. Steven Stancel (1996) - Schrirmer Books
 U.net, Bigger than hip hop 2006, Agenzia X, Cox 18 Books,

External links

1961 births
American hip hop DJs
American musicians of Puerto Rican descent
American people of Cuban descent
East Coast hip hop musicians
Living people
Musicians from the Bronx


Adeílson Pereira de Mello (born 7 October 1985 in Nova União), known simply as Adeílson, is a Brazilian professional football striker who plays for Al Dhaid.

Career
Adeílson previously played for Guarani and Ipatinga.

In January 2009 he signed for Nice in a -year deal and on 8 July 2009 Fluminense have loaned the forward from French side OGC Nice.

After two years out on loan, he returned to Nice but left France to join Criciúma Esporte Clube on 9 July 2011.

References

External links

 CBF

Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Guarani FC players
Tombense Futebol Clube players
Ipatinga Futebol Clube players
Fluminense FC players
OGC Nice players
FC Istres players
Criciúma Esporte Clube players
América Futebol Clube (MG) players
Clube Náutico Capibaribe players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Ajman Club players
Al Urooba Club players
Al Shabab Al Arabi Club (Dubai) players
Dibba Al Fujairah FC players
Al Dhaid SC players
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in the United Arab Emirates
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
1985 births
Living people
Men's association football forwards
UAE First Division League players
UAE Pro League players
Esporte Clube Mamoré players


Équeurdreville-Hainneville () is a former commune in the Manche department in Normandy in north-western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Cherbourg-en-Cotentin. Its population was 16,313 in 2019.

It was formed when Équeurdreville and Hainneville merged on 1 January 1965.

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Manche department

References and notes

Equeurdrevillehainneville


Équeurdreville may mean or refer to:

 Équeurdreville-Hainneville, a commune in the Manche department of the Normandy region of northern France
 Équeurdreville, the community that merged with Hainneville on January 1, 1965 to form Équeurdreville-Hainneville
 Brécourt, a World War II V-weapon bunker built near Équeurdreville


Paul Romanuk (born October 31, 1961) is a Toronto sportscaster and writer. He was born in Oshawa, Ontario, Canada.

Romanuk did television play-by-play for the Toronto Maple Leafs and the NHL on Sportsnet.

Early life
Raised in Oshawa, Romanuk grew up a hockey fan, playing road hockey and watching Hockey Night in Canada. He would simultaneously develop a fondness for sportscasting by watching hockey games called by HNIC'''s play-by-play announcer Danny Gallivan. Furthermore, the youngster also followed Bill Hewitt's announcing work as well as Dan Kelly's whose broadcasts he listened to on KMOX out of St. Louis.

Despite growing up  from Toronto, in the 1970s, young Romanuk became a fan of the Montreal Canadiens whom he took a liking to by watching CBC's Peterborough-based CHEX-TV channel 12 affiliate, which usually carried HNIC`s national feed that often featured Canadiens games called by his broadcasting hero Gallivan, alongside colour commentator Dick Irvin Jr., while, in contrast, CBLT-TV channel 6, the CBC's flagship station in Toronto, carried Toronto Maple Leafs games called by Bill Hewitt and Brian McFarlane. Stating to have been "as much in love with Gallivan as I was with the Habs", Romanuk considers the broadcaster to be as much a part of the 1970s Canadiens as their star players Guy Lafleur, Steve Shutt, Ken Dryden, Serge Savard, etc.

In 1981, Romanuk moved to Toronto in order to study at Ryerson Polytechnical Institute's radio and television arts program.

Career
Early years
From 1981 until 1984, in parallel with attending classes at Ryerson, Romanuk did unpaid work on Toronto Marlboros Sunday broadcasts on CKLN-FM, Ryerson's campus radio station. He began as a stats and technical equipment associate for play-by-play announcer Michael Landsberg before taking over the play-by-play duties following Landsberg's departure.

In 1983, Romanuk, still a student at Ryerson, got his first paid job in broadcasting, getting hired to provide radio colour commentary for the Ontario Hockey League's  Oshawa Generals on CKAR alongside play-by-play man Mike Inglis. By 1984, Inglis moved on and Romanuk took over the play-by-play duties. He continued on the job even after graduating, performing it until 1987.

Early freelance work
Upon graduating from Ryerson in 1984, in addition to continuing as the radio voice of the Ontario Hockey League's Oshawa Generals, Romanuk added a few more freelance gigs.

First on Hockey Night in Canada as stats assistant and runner for the CBC Sports on-air hockey personnel—play-by-play announcer Bob Cole, colour commentator Harry Neale, and studio host Dave Hodge—a job he did until 1987. While working behind the scenes at HNIC, on March 14, 1987, Romanuk was among the first hand witnesses of Dave Hodge's pen flip, an incident where the host—irritated over the network's insistence on cutting to local news at 11 pm rather than sticking with coverage of an exciting conclusion to Canadiens vs. Flyers game that had been headed into overtime—criticized the CBC live on air while signing off to throw to local news.

Additionally, fresh graduate Romanuk freelanced for the new all-sports cable channel TSN, starting there as a newsroom editorial assistant in February 1985, months after the channel's September 1984 launch. Aside from working in the fledgling network's newsroom, he soon got the opportunity to contribute field pieces and file on-camera reports, even doing the occasional update on TSN's central nightly sports newscast SportsDesk.

With his television profile raised as a result of the TSN on-camera appearances, Romanuk got hired to host the OHL Game of the Week presentation during the 1986–87 season on Global Television Network. This further television exposure led to Calgary's CFAC-TV station (at the time still nominally unaffiliated though increasingly reliant on Global's programming) offering him C$50,000, an amount Romanuk in a later interview described as "more money than I had been making from all my freelance gigs put together", for a full-time job of reporting and anchoring their Newsfirst news show. The 25-year-old took the generous offer, bringing his girlfriend along across the country in 1987. However, mere months after moving to Calgary, Romanuk received a full-time reporter position offer for TSN's SportsDesk back in Toronto and decided to take it to the displeasure of his Calgary employers.

TSN
In October 1987, Romanuk began at TSN as a full-time commentator and reporter.

NHL and IIHF play-by-play
He did National Hockey League play-by-play for the NHL on TSN from 1989 until 2001.  Prior to 1994, Romanuk was the secondary TSN hockey play-by-play voice behind Jim Hughson. Hughson left TSN and from the 1994–95 season to the 1997–98 season (when the network lost national NHL rights) Romanuk was the network's lead NHL play-by-play announcer. From 1998 to 2001 he was the English-language television voice of the Montreal Canadiens' regional broadcasts on TSN.

He was best known in Canada for his play-by-play work of international hockey on TSN, where he called virtually every major IIHF tournament from 1990 until he left the network in early 2001. He covered the NHL Entry Draft from 1987 to '93 and 1997 as a reporter, and from 1994 to '96 and 1998 as a co-host. He also co-hosted the program Baseball Tonight.

In November 1992, while covering the Vanier Cup with TSN as a sideline reporter, he was literally picked up and carried around the field in good-natured celebration by Queen's fans after the game had ended, shortly after interviewing MVP Brad Elberg.  He has not covered a Vanier Cup since then.

Romanuk has also shared a production credit on CHL Sunday Night on TSN and also on Rogers Sportsnet's presentation of the Spengler Cup hockey tournament. He has also worked at six Olympic Games (Sydney, Salt Lake City, Athens, Beijing, Vancouver and London), covering a variety of sports for CBC, TSN and CTV.

The Team 1050
In spring 2001, Romanuk left TSN after fourteen years at the network, accepting the offer of hosting a morning drive show on The Team 1050, newly re-branded AM station in Toronto. In a later interview, Romanuk cited the fact that the job didn't entail regular travel as well as CHUM's superior financial offer to his TSN compensation as two reasons he decided to leave his established post at TSN. Previously operating for decades as 1050 CHUM in the oldies format, the struggling station looked to turn its financial fortunes around with an all-sports format. Simultaneously, the station's corporate owner CHUM Limited launched The Team Radio Network, an ambitious grouping of sports format AM radio stations throughout Canada.

Romanuk wasn't the only prominent Toronto-based sportscaster on board for the launch of The Team 1050; CHUM Ltd. also brought in Mike Richards to be Romanuk's co-host in the morning while further managing a bit of a coup by luring one of TSN's most prominent personalities Jim Van Horne away from television and pairing him in the afternoon drive slot with The Globe and Mails sports writer Stephen Brunt who had prior been appearing as pundit and guest host on Bob McCown's Prime Time Sports, the established afternoon drive show the newly assembled Team 1050 afternoon duo were now trying to compete with.

Romanuk's morning show with Mike Richards as well as the entire station turned out to be short-lived, however, getting dismantled in late summer 2002 due to poor ratings as they were unable to attract any of the audience from The Fan 590, the legacy sports AM station in town.

2002—2005
After the Team 1050 job went away, Romanuk began freelancing again, doing hosting work for Leafs TV among other gigs.

Owing to his friendship and past business collaboration with the Toronto Argonauts president and CEO Keith Pelley, Romanuk got hired to call radio play-by-play alongside colour commentator Pete Martin for the Argonauts games during the 2004 season. As Romanuk left after only a season, the radio play-by-play job got taken over by Mike Hogan.

In fall 2004, Romanuk got hired by the Telemedia-owned Fan 590 AM station management—consisting of John Shannon and Nelson Millman—as the radio play-by-play voice of the Toronto Raptors broadcasts alongside colour commentator Paul Jones. Romanuk ended up completing only the 2004–05 season before quitting.

Move to England

In spring 2005, Romanuk quit his Raptors radio play-by-play job at The Fan 590 and moved to London, England, following his wife who took an executive job at The Coca-Cola Company's European division based in the city. Moving to London, Romanuk had nothing lined up professionally, initially just hoping to continue a career in sports broadcasting.

Settling in the Battersea area of London, Romanuk found work as a freelance sportscaster, performing various one-off jobs such as calling different sports (including hockey) on Eurosport. In the lead-up to the 2007 Asian Indoor Games in Macau, China, Romanuk got hired by a contract publishing company to edit a magazine for the games, a full-time job that had him commuting between London and Macau for about six months.

He additionally freelanced on the Canadian networks CBC, CTV, TSN, and Sportsnet coverage (either individual or consortium) of various international sporting events such as play-by-play announcing of triathlon and weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. Other such events included IIHF World Championships, Spengler Cups, and the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

He also did voice-over work for the International Ice Hockey Federation, did play-by-play commentary for the Champions Hockey League in 2008–09, and emceed the 2012 Hockey Forum in Barcelona and the draw of the re-launched CHL in 2014 in Minsk.

By the early 2010s, Romanuk and his wife moved to West London while she also switched from a marketing executive job at Coca-Cola to one with L'Oréal.

In 2014, the couple decided to move back to Toronto as Romanuk accepted an offer from Hockey Night in Canada.

Return to Canada
In November 2013, Rogers Media's $5.2 billion, twelve-year deal with the NHL for the national and regional broadcasting rights in Canada got announced. Approached by Rogers Media sports executives Keith Pelley and Scott Moore about being part of the broadcast team, Romanuk accepted and, after signing in June 2014 followed by arranging a move back to Canada in September 2014, re-joined Sportsnet as a play-by-play announcer for its national NHL coverage. He thus further became one of the new Hockey Night in Canada'' voices and personalities, a group that included new studio host George Stroumboulopoulos whose hiring received plenty of Canadian press coverage. Alongside analyst Greg Millen, Romanuk additionally became part of the regional Toronto Maple Leafs television package airing on Sportsnet Ontario.

In 2015, Romanuk was assigned to his first conference final. Until 2018, he was the number two play-by-play announcer for Rogers' NHL coverage (behind Jim Hughson). However, he did not call a single 2016 NHL conference final game for unknown reasons (Jim Hughson called that year's Eastern Conference Final while Bob Cole called that year's Western Conference Final). In 2017, he called his second conference final.
He would go on to call three conference finals in four years.

In August 2018, Romanuk left Rogers NHL to pursue other challenges.

Other work
He has also produced corporate films and television commercials. His most notable writing work is a series of children's books – Hockey Superstars – for Scholastic Publishing, Canada. He has written many newspaper and magazine articles and continues to create projects for various clients. in 2010 he produced a "Behind The Scenes" documentary of Canadian recording artist Tomi Swick's record, which was recorded in London.

References

External links

1961 births
Association football commentators
Canadian colour commentators
Canadian expatriate ice hockey people
Canadian expatriate sportspeople in England
Canadian Football League announcers
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
Canadian sports journalists
Canadian radio sportscasters
Canadian television sportscasters
Living people
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Montreal Canadiens announcers
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Hockey League broadcasters
Olympic Games broadcasters
People from Oshawa
Toronto Metropolitan University alumni
Toronto Argonauts personnel
Toronto Raptors announcers
St. Louis Blues announcers


Felipe Reinaldo da Silva  (born April 17, 1978) is a Brazilian football striker who plays for Passo Fundo.

Club career
Felipe previously played for Vitória and Náutico in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.

He scored twice in the opening of Brasileirao 2009 against his former club Nautico, the match ended 3-3.

Honours
Top scorer Campeonato Gaúcho: 2
 2000, 2005

References

 CBF

1978 births
Living people
Brazilian men's footballers
Clube Náutico Capibaribe players
Esporte Clube Vitória players
Goiás Esporte Clube players
Atlético Clube Goianiense players
América Futebol Clube (MG) players
Ituano FC players
Figueirense FC players
Sociedade Esportiva e Recreativa Caxias do Sul players
América Futebol Clube (SP) players
Joinville Esporte Clube players
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from Rio Grande do Sul


Klaus Dodds is executive dean of the School of Life Sciences and Environment and professor of geopolitics at Royal Holloway, University of London. He is a visiting professor at the College of Europe in Natolin Warsaw Poland.

Academia
After taking up a position at the University of Edinburgh, he was appointed to a lectureship at Royal Holloway in 1994.  Since 1994, he has worked at the Department of Geography at Royal Holloway and served in the past as dean of the graduate school for the university and director of research for the School of Life Sciences and Environment.
He has held visiting fellowships at University of Canterbury in New Zealand, Loughborough University and St Cross College and St Johns College University of Oxford.
He is a former editor of The Geographical Journal, current editor of Chief Territory Politics Governance and the co-editor of the Routledge Geopolitics Book Series with Reece Jones.

Recognition
In 2005 Klaus Dodds was awarded the annual Philip Leverhulme Prize by the Leverhulme Trust for "an outstanding contribution to political geography and ‘critical
geopolitics'" In 2008 he was awarded the Richard Morrill Public Outreach Award by the Political Geography Speciality Group of the AAG. In 2012 he was elected to the UK’s Academy of Social Sciences as Fellow. In 2017 he was awarded a Major Research Fellowship by the Leverhulme Trust for his work on polar geopolitics. Beyond academia he has worked as a specialist adviser to the House of Lords select committee on the Arctic and the House of Commons Environment Audit Committee. He is a former Trustee of the Royal Geographical Society (2019-2022) and continues as an Honorary Fellow of British Antarctic Survey.

Selected publications
His books which have been translated into multiple languages include Border Wars (Ebury Press, 2021), Geographies, Genders and Geopolitics of James Bond (Palgrave 2017, with Lisa Funnell), Geopolitics: A Very Short Introduction (OUP 2007, 2014,2019) and Pink Ice: Britain and the South Atlantic Empire (I B Tauris 2002).

References

External links
Klaus Dodds' Faculty Profile at the University of London
Read an interview with Klaus Dodds by Theory Talks (May 2008)
Radio interview with Klaus Dodds regarding the implications of an ice-free Arctic for geopolitics and security (November 2009)
Google Books search on Klaus Dodds

Living people
Academics of Royal Holloway, University of London
Geopoliticians
Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
Year of birth missing (living people)


The American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA) is the largest national United States organization representing the professional interests of more than 185,000 dental hygienists across the country. Dental hygienists are preventive oral health professionals, licensed in dental hygiene, who provide educational, clinical and therapeutic services that support total health through the promotion of oral health. Its headquarters are in the Near North Side, Chicago.

Two major publications are produced by ADHA—a national magazine and a scientific journal—as well as a number of specialty newsletters.

Overview
The ADHA was formed in 1923 to develop communication and mutual cooperation among dental hygienists.

In 1964 the ADHA deleted the word "female" from its constitution and bylaws.

Today the ADHA has 51 constituent (state) and more than 350 component (local) organizations.

The association has more than 40 employees at its headquarters in Chicago. The Board of Trustees, the administrative body of the Association, is composed of the President, the President-elect, the Vice President, the Immediate Past-president, the Treasurer, and the 12 trustees from each of the 12 trustee districts in the United States.

The House of Delegates is the legislative body of the American Dental Hygienists' Association. Composed of 151 delegates, the House adopts policy statements and elects the officers of the association during its annual session each June.

The Board of Trustees is the administrative body of the American Dental Hygienists' Association which adopts the strategic plan, annual budget and position papers. The 17 members of the board include the officers and 12 trustees, each representing a district.

The ADHA has seven councils, each composed of four voting members, a board advisor and in some cases an ex officio member.  The councils are:
 Council on Education
 Council on Member Services
 Council on Policy & Bylaws
 Council on Public Health
 Council on Public Relations
 Council on Regulation and Practice
 Council on Research

The ADHA also has a number of standing committees and task forces.

Institute for Oral Health
The ADHA Institute for Oral Health (IOH) is a charitable foundation created by dental hygienists for dental hygienists to provide funding for educational scholarships, fellowships, research grants, and community service grants throughout the United States.

Publications
Access is a magazine that focuses on health and practice news, professional issues, and legislative developments.

The Journal of Dental Hygiene is the refereed, scientific publication of the American Dental Hygienists' Association. It promotes the publication of original research related to the practice and education of dental hygiene. It supports the development and dissemination of a dental hygiene body of knowledge through scientific inquiry in basic, applied, and clinical research. Starting with the Summer 2004 issue, the Journal is published exclusively online, and is distributed six times a year. A printed supplement issue is distributed each year onsite during the association's Center for Lifelong Learning at the Annual Session.

See also

Further reading

References

External links
 Official ADHA website

Dental organizations based in the United States
Medical and health professional associations in Chicago
1923 establishments in the United States


In probability and statistics, the log-logistic distribution (known as the Fisk distribution in economics) is a continuous probability distribution for a non-negative random variable. It is used in survival analysis as a parametric model for events whose rate increases initially and decreases later, as, for example, mortality rate from cancer following diagnosis or treatment. It has also been used in hydrology to model stream flow and precipitation, in economics as a simple model of the distribution of wealth or income, and in networking to model the transmission times of data considering both the network and the software.

The log-logistic distribution is the probability distribution of a random variable whose logarithm has a logistic distribution.
It is similar in shape to the log-normal distribution but has heavier tails. Unlike the log-normal, its cumulative distribution function can be written in closed form.

Characterization
There are several different parameterizations of the distribution in use. The one shown here gives reasonably interpretable parameters and a simple form for the cumulative distribution function.
The parameter  is a scale parameter and is also the median of the distribution. The parameter  is a shape parameter. The distribution is unimodal when  and its dispersion decreases as  increases.

The cumulative distribution function is

where , ,

The probability density function is

Alternative parameterization
An alternative parametrization is given by the pair  in analogy with the logistic distribution:

Properties

Moments

The th raw moment exists only when  when it is given by

where B is the beta function.
Expressions for the mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis can be derived from this. Writing  for convenience, the mean is

and the variance is

Explicit expressions for the skewness and kurtosis are lengthy.
As  tends to infinity the mean tends to , the variance and skewness tend to zero and the excess kurtosis tends to 6/5 (see also related distributions below).

Quantiles

The quantile function (inverse cumulative distribution function) is :

It follows that the median is ,
the lower quartile is
and the upper quartile is .

Applications

Survival analysis

The log-logistic distribution provides one parametric model for survival analysis. Unlike the more commonly used Weibull distribution, it can have a non-monotonic hazard function: when  the hazard function is unimodal (when  ≤ 1, the hazard decreases monotonically). The fact that the cumulative distribution function can be written in closed form is particularly useful for analysis of survival data with censoring.
The log-logistic distribution can be used as the basis of an accelerated failure time model by allowing  to differ between groups, or more generally by introducing covariates that affect  but not  by modelling  as a linear function of the covariates.

The survival function is

and so the hazard function is

The log-logistic distribution with shape parameter  is the marginal distribution of the inter-times in a geometric-distributed counting process.

Hydrology

The log-logistic distribution has been used in hydrology for modelling stream flow rates and precipitation.

Extreme values like maximum one-day rainfall and river discharge per month or per year often follow a log-normal distribution. The log-normal distribution, however, needs a numeric approximation. As the log-logistic distribution, which can be solved analytically, is similar to the log-normal distribution, it can be used instead.

The blue picture illustrates an example of fitting the log-logistic distribution to ranked maximum one-day October rainfalls and it shows the 90% confidence belt based on the binomial distribution. The rainfall data are represented by the plotting position r/(n+1) as part of the cumulative frequency analysis.

Economics

The log-logistic has been used as a simple model of the distribution of wealth or income in economics, where it is known as the Fisk distribution.
Its Gini coefficient is .

The Gini coefficient for a continuous probability distribution takes the form:

where  is the CDF of the distribution and  is the expected value. For the log-logistic distribution, the formula for the Gini coefficient becomes:

Defining the substitution  leads to the simpler equation:

And making the substitution  further simplifies the Gini coefficient formula to:

The integral component is equivalent to the standard beta function . The beta function may also be written as:

where  is the gamma function. Using the properties of the gamma function, it can be shown that:

From Euler's reflection formula, the expression can be simplified further:

Finally, we may conclude that the Gini coefficient for the log-logistic distribution .

Networking

The log-logistic has been used as a model for the period of time beginning when some data leaves a software user application in a computer and the response is received by the same application after travelling through and being processed by other computers, applications, and network segments, most or all of them without hard real-time guarantees (for example, when an application is displaying data coming from a remote sensor connected to the Internet). It has been shown to be a more accurate probabilistic model for that than the log-normal distribution or others, as long as abrupt changes of regime in the sequences of those times are properly detected.

Related distributions

 If  then
 If  then
  (Dagum distribution).
  (Singh–Maddala distribution).
  (Beta prime distribution).
If X has a log-logistic distribution with scale parameter  and shape parameter  then Y = log(X) has a logistic distribution with location parameter  and scale parameter
As the shape parameter  of the log-logistic distribution increases, its shape increasingly resembles that of a (very narrow) logistic distribution. Informally:

The log-logistic distribution with shape parameter  and scale parameter  is the same as the generalized Pareto distribution with location parameter , shape parameter  and scale parameter

The addition of another parameter (a shift parameter) formally results in a shifted log-logistic distribution, but this is usually considered in a different parameterization so that the distribution can be bounded above or bounded below.

Generalizations
Several different distributions are sometimes referred to as the generalized log-logistic distribution, as they contain the log-logistic as a special case. These include the Burr Type XII distribution (also known as the Singh–Maddala distribution) and the Dagum distribution, both of which include a second shape parameter. Both are in turn special cases of the even more general generalized beta distribution of the second kind. Another more straightforward generalization of the log-logistic is the shifted log-logistic distribution.

Another generalized log-logistic distribution is the log-transform of the metalog distribution, in which power series expansions in terms of  are substituted for logistic distribution parameters  and . The resulting log-metalog distribution is highly shape flexible, has simple closed form PDF and quantile function, can be fit to data with linear least squares, and subsumes the log-logistic distribution is special case.

See also

Probability distributions: List of important distributions supported on semi-infinite intervals

References

Continuous distributions
Survival analysis
Probability distributions with non-finite variance
Economic inequality