Highway Patrol 2 (shown on the title screen as Highway Patrol II) is a racing video game published by Microïds in 1991 for Atari ST, Amiga, and MS-DOS compatible operating systems. The player is a police officer trying to capture criminals before they reach the border of the state. The game begins with choosing a target, each one with different rewards: the tougher the criminal, the higher the reward will be. The game is played in a first-person view, with a map and a compass to help in locating the criminal. To arrest him, players may choose to use the soft way (siren), or the hard way (shotgun).

Screenshots

Reviews
The Games Machine (Jun, 1990)
CU Amiga (Apr, 1990)
Amiga Joker (Mar, 1990)
Amiga Format (May, 1990)
Amiga Power (May, 1991)
Amiga Power (Jun, 1992)

References

External links
Highway Patrol 2 at Atari Mania
Microids

1991 video games
Amiga games
Atari ST games
DOS games
Microïds games
Racing video games
Video games about police officers
Video games developed in France


The United States Air Force's 267th Combat Communications Squadron (267 CBCS) is an Air National Guard combat communications unit located at Otis Air National Guard Base, Massachusetts.

Mission
To be prepared for the challenges of providing global communications in constantly changing environments.

History

Origins
The 267th Combat Communications Squadron's lineage begins as a part of the Army Air Corps, as the 301st Signal Company, Wing, on 1 December 1942 at Pinedale California. The 301st Signal Company was subsequently assigned to the Fourth Air Force for training, and later transferred to Foreign Service on 21 August 1943. The 301st arrived in North Africa on 4 September 1943 and redeployed to Italy on 25 April 1944. The unit was assigned to the 304th Bombardment Wing, Heavy, on 21 June 1945. During this period, the 301st's mission was providing reliable communications to fighters and bombers. After the war, the 301st was transferred back to the United States and was inactivated on 13 October 1945 at Camp Shanks, New York.

Post World War II
On 24 May 1946, the 301st Signal Company, Wing, was redesignated as the 101st Communications Squadron and assigned to the newly created United States Air Force and Air National Guard. The squadron was extended federal recognition on 8 December 1947 at the Commonwealth Armory, Boston, Massachusetts.

Cold War
Once established as a Massachusetts National Guard unit, the 101st Communications Squadron was assigned to the 67th Fighter Wing to provide the necessary communications link between Wing Headquarters and its subordinate flying units during annual field training. Its mission involved the technical training of assigned personnel at various Air Force installations in the Northeast. During this period, the unit moved from Commonwealth Armory to the Somerville Armory (1 January 1952) and was redesignated as the 267th Communications Squadron (Operations) (1 July 1952).

With the return of Air National Guard units from the Korean War, the Headquarters 253rd Communications Group (Mobile) was organized and collocated with the 267th Communications Squadron. The 253rd remains the 267th's Group Headquarters to this day. Exercises planned by the 253rd Communications Group continued to improve the 267ths capabilities with expanding communications resources. Both the Headquarters and Squadron were relocated from Somerville to Logan International Airport, East Boston (20 August 1954), and then from Logan to Fiske School, Cedar Street Wellesley, Massachusetts (1 September 1955).

A milestone in 267th and 253rd history was June 1960 when both units moved to the Wellesley Air National Guard Station. Wellesley Air National Guard Station would be home to the 267th for 36 years.

In October 1960 the 267th's capabilities increased with the arrival of the new Technical Control and Relay Center facilities. The 267th Communications Squadron was the first Air National Guard unit to join the Air Force Space Surveillance Team with the acquisition of a Doppler Satellite Tracking System in December 1960. The unit functioned as a Doppler Tracking Station until 1963. In 1963, a new wing was added to the Wellesley Air National Guard Station to accommodate its growing mission and training requirements in support of tactical operations.

The 1970s saw the 267th build on past experience and expand its role as a communications unit. Updated equipment and a focus on training helped develop the 267th into a modern mobile communications unit. The 267th received numerous equipment updates during this time period and personnel strength increased along with the mission.

The force modernization concept of the 1980s provided many new challenges to the 267th. Under force modernization, the 267th had the capability to deploy anywhere in the world within 72 hours by air, sea, or land in order to provide tactical communications for a Theater Force Commander. During this time, participation in Joint Chief of Staff Exercises deployed the 267th to various parts of the United States and overseas.

The late 1980s saw change come once more – this time in the form of high-speed digital equipment. The Air Force had upgraded the tactical communications equipment from old analog systems to newer, more reliable digital systems. This change brought high-tech equipment into the Air Guard and once again the 267th led the way. In the Operational Readiness Inspection of 1990, the 267th was the first Air National Guard unit to deploy newly assigned digital equipment for a command inspection.

Post Cold War
In the early 1990s the 267th was called upon to support Desert Shield/Desert Storm. Numerous personnel were deployed to South West Asia. Throughout this mission, many members volunteered for duty in theater and were placed on augmentee listings, but due to the short nature of the war these members were never called upon to deploy.

During the late 1980s and early 1990s, numerous command changes occurred. For more than two decades the 267th had been under Air Force Communications Command. Changes within the Air Force, however, eliminated AFCC, and the 267th banner was moved to Tactical Air Command (TAC). Growth continued under TAC. Training with Active Duty counterparts allowed the 267th to continue supporting the Joint Chief of Staff exercises worldwide. Changes came again with the reorganization of the Air Force. TAC merged with Strategic Air Command (SAC) to form Air Combat Command (ACC), carrying the 267th to its third major command in as many years.

The end of the cold war and collapse of the Soviet Union generated a call for a major downsizing within the Department of Defense. The entire defense community was faced with dramatic departure from what had become the traditional mission. This brought about a new concept of operations. A prime example of the departure from the "old ways" was Operation Joint Endeavor, to which the 267th deployed personnel and equipment to Tazar, Hungary.

The 267th was downsized and restructured as a result of the Reduction in Force and new operational concepts. The 267th celebrated these changes by leaving its three and a half decade home Wellesley ANGS for its current station, a 7.1 million dollar, custom built facility on the Massachusetts Military Reservation (Otis Air National Guard Base) on Cape Cod.

Global War on Terror
Closed June 2016.

Previous designations
 267th Combat Communications Squadron ()
 267th Communications Squadron (19xx-???)

Bases stationed
Otis ANGB, Massachusetts (1996–2016)
Wellesley ANGS, Massachusetts (1960–1996)

References

External links
 267th Combat Communications Squadron Homepage

Combat Communications 0267
Military units and formations in Massachusetts
Combat Communications 0267


Powiat krośnieński may refer to either of two counties (powiat) in Poland:
Krosno County, in Subcarpathian Voivodeship (SE Poland)
Krosno Odrzańskie County, in Lubusz Voivodeship (W Poland)


Billy Murcia (October 9, 1951 – November 6, 1972) was the original drummer for the New York Dolls.

Biography
Murcia was born in Bogotá, Colombia, and raised in Jackson Heights, New York, United States.

He and Sylvain Sylvain both attended Quintano's School for Young Professionals, in the late sixties. It was at Quintano's that they met Johnny Thunders, also a student there. They made their musical debut in 1967, in a band called "The Pox". They owned and co-managed a clothing business called "Truth and Soul". Murcia was a fundamental ingredient of the original New York Dolls sound and played during their now-legendary series of weekly shows at the Mercer Arts Center.

While on a brief tour of England in 1972, Murcia was invited to a party where he passed out from an accidental heroin overdose. In an attempt to revive him he was put in a bathtub and force-fed coffee, which resulted in asphyxiation and death. He died before the New York Dolls recorded their first album and was later replaced by Jerry Nolan in 1973. The final gig of their tour, at the Manchester Hardrock, was canceled, and the band flew back to New York City. Murcia can be heard playing live with the New York Dolls on Lipstick Killers: The Mercer Street Sessions.

Johnny Thunders wrote a song called "Billy Boy", in honor of his friend and former band member. It was recorded on Que Sera Sera in 1985.

The song "Time", from David Bowie's Aladdin Sane album, references Murcia and his untimely demise.

References

1951 births
1972 deaths
Musicians from Bogotá
Colombian rock musicians
American punk rock drummers
American male drummers
Colombian emigrants to the United States
People from Jackson Heights, Queens
New York Dolls members
20th-century American drummers
Accidental deaths in London
Deaths from asphyxiation
20th-century American male musicians


Béhencourt (; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is situated at the junction of the D78 and D115 roads, about  northeast of Amiens

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Powiat brzeski may refer to either of two counties (powiats) in Poland:
Brzeg County, in Opole Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
Brzesko County, in Lesser Poland Voivodeship (south Poland)


The Bradenton Marauders are a Minor League Baseball team of the Florida State League and the Single-A affiliate of the Pittsburgh Pirates. They are located in Bradenton, Florida, and play their home games at LECOM Park, which also serves as the Pirates' spring training facility.

Previous franchise history
The franchise can be directly traced to 1957 as the Tampa Tarpons, a team in the Florida State League, then a Class D minor league, based in Tampa. From their inception, the Tarpons played all their home games at Al Lopez Field, built in 1955 and located at the current site of Raymond James Stadium.

The Tarpons were affiliated with the Philadelphia Phillies from 1957 to 1960. In 1961 they began a long affiliation with the Cincinnati Reds. During the 1970s several Tarpon alumni went on to be part of Cincinnati's "Big Red Machine". Future Reds star Pete Rose led the first place Tarpons in 1961 with a .331 batting average and 30 triples, still an FSL record. Other Reds players of the era who started with the Tarpons include Ken Griffey, Sr., Johnny Bench, Dan Driessen, Rawly Eastwick, and Dave Concepción. Later, the 1990 World Series Champion Reds roster included former Tarpons such as Tom Browning, Rob Dibble, and Paul O'Neill. Randy Poffo, who later became famous as professional wrestler "Macho Man" Randy Savage, finished a minor league baseball career with the Tarpons in 1974. The Tampa Tarpons won three league championships, in 1957, 1959 and 1961.

In the 1980s rumors arose that a major league team would come to Tampa, which would threaten the viability of the Tarpons and other minor league teams in the Tampa Bay Area. In 1988 the Chicago White Sox replaced Cincinnati as the Tarpons' affiliate, launching murmurs that the White Sox would themselves relocate to the area. Fearing his team would soon be displaced, in 1989 Tarpons owner Mitchell Mick sold his franchise to the White Sox, who moved it to Sarasota as the Sarasota White Sox.

The team started play in Sarasota as the Sarasota White Sox in the 1989 season. They remained in the city for the next 21 seasons, going through a series of name changes due to their affiliation changes. They were known as the White Sox from 1989 to 1993, as the Sarasota Red Sox from 1994 to 2004, and the Sarasota Reds from 2004 to 2009. In Sarasota, the team played in Payne Park (1989) and then Ed Smith Stadium (1990–2009). They won two division championships, in 1989 and 1992, and made playoff appearances in 1989, 1991, 1992, 1994, and 2007.

History
The Pittsburgh Pirates have had their spring training facilities in Bradenton, Florida, since in 1969, when the city met with Pirates' general manager Joe Brown and owner John W. Galbreath and both sides agreed to a lease of 40 years, with an option for another 40 years.

After the Reds' spring-training departure from Florida's Grapefruit League to Arizona's Cactus League in 2009, the Reds and Pirates did an "affiliate-swap". The Pirates took over the Sarasota Reds, while the Reds became the parent club of the Pirates' former Class A-Advanced affiliate, the Lynchburg Hillcats of the Carolina League. On November 10, 2009, baseball officials voted to allow the Pirates to purchase and uproot the Sarasota Reds. The Pirates moved the team to Bradenton, where they were renamed the Bradenton Marauders. The Marauders became the first Florida State League team located in Bradenton since the Bradenton Growers folded in 1926. The Marauders are also the Pirates' first affiliate in the Florida State League since the Leesburg Pirates ended play in 1948.

2010–2011: Franchise firsts and early success

Inaugural season
On April 8, 2010, the Marauders played their first game in front of 2,396 spectators at McKechnie Field. The inaugural game ended in 18–3 Bradenton victory over the Fort Myers Miracle. Pittsburgh Pirates prospect, Bryan Morris, was the team's starting pitcher. The team's first hit came off its first batter, Greg Picart. Meanwhile, Quincy Latimore registered the team's first home run and run scored. In the fourth inning of the game, Jeremy Farrell registered the team's first grand slam. Calvin Anderson, Eric Fryer, Robbie Grossman, Joel Hanrahan, Starling Marte, and Tony Sanchez also played for the Marauders in their first game.

A few nights later on April 12, 2010, the Marauders completed their first ever four-game series sweep at McKechnie Field. The team capped off their first ever, four-game series sweep with a final score of 6–2 over Fort Myers. The team's first loss came on Thursday April 15, 2010, when they were defeated 3–2 by the Jupiter Hammerheads at Roger Dean Stadium. The Marauders' first home loss came on Saturday April 17, 2010, by a score of 10–7, to the St. Lucie Mets.

On May 16, 2010, Bryan Morris became the very first Marauder to be promoted, when he was called up to the Pirates' Double A affiliate, the Altoona Curve.

The Marauders finished their 2010 inaugural season with a 76–62 record and led the league in runs, batting average, on-base percentage and on-base plus slugging, and they also finished fifth (out of 12 teams) in runs allowed and fourth in ERA. They also finished third in the league in overall winning percentage. The team lost the Southern Division Championship to the Charlotte Stone Crabs 2 games to 1.

In March 2011, Nathan Adcock became the first player from the Marauders to make a major league team's 25-man roster. Adcock was added to the Kansas City Royals roster after he was chosen by the team in the Rule 5 draft.

Establishing a fanbase
The Marauders play struggled during the first half of the 2011 FSL season. The team finished the first half of the season with a 30–40 record and never really contending for the South Division title. At the start of the season's second half, the Marauders posted a 7–5 record. Two scheduled home games were also moved to Port Charlotte's Sports Park while McKechnie Field's roof underwent construction earlier in the season.

However one of the biggest stories involving the team came in the form of improved attendance. After 40 homes, the Marauders drew 56,718 fans to their home games in 2011, with a game average of 1,418 fans. The team ranks eighth in attendance in the Florida State League. In all of 2010, the team drew 51,856 fans in 70 home dates, only the Dunedin Blue Jays drew fewer fans. According to team officials, the turn-around attendance is believed to be a result of the team having a full season to market itself and establish a fanbase. By the season's end, the team drew a total regular season attendance of 103,978 fans, doubling the previous year's attendance.

On August 18, 2011, Bradenton's Robbie Grossman became the first minor league player to score 100 runs and walk 100 times in a season since Nick Swisher did so in 2004. He is also the first player in the Florida State League to walk 100 times since 1998. Ramon Cabrera was also awarded the Florida State League batting title on September 5 by finishing the 2011 season with a .343 batting average. Three of the FSL's top four hitters were members of the Marauders: Cabrera (1st), Eleyvs Gonzalez (2nd) and Adalberto Santos (4th).

On August 30, 2011, the Marauders defeated the Palm Beach Cardinals, 6–3, to clinch the Florida State League's second half title, for the second time in two years, and playoff berth. However the team would go on to lose the Southern Division Championship, 2 games to 1, for the second straight year.

2012–present
The 2012 campaign was the first in which the Marauders failed to make the playoffs. However the year still was memorable for having the Pirates' top prospect in the line-up, Gerrit Cole. It was also the first in which the team used their alternate logo which features two crossed bats behind a skull wearing an eye patch.

Bradenton missed the playoffs again in 2013, however the line-up once again featured the top prospect for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Gregory Polanco. Shortstop Alen Hanson, Polanco, and starting pitcher Nick Kingham represented Bradenton at the 52nd Annual FSL All-Star Game. Jeff Locke also became the first Marauders player to make the roster for the Major League Baseball All-Star Game.

'Million Dollar' recognition and an all-star season
In 2014 the journey of current Marauders' player Rinku Singh from India to professional baseball was portrayed in the movie Million Dollar Arm. The film starred Jon Hamm and was produced by Walt Disney Pictures. The Marauders recognized Singh with a commemorative bobblehead that was given away at the gates to the first 1,000 fans on Saturday, May 17 against Dunedin.

The club's 2014 roster consisted of three of  the Pirates top 20 prospects, as comprised by MLB.com: pitcher Tyler Glasnow, outfielder Josh Bell and catcher Jin De-Jhang. The club also hosted the 2014 Florida State League All-Star Game on Saturday, June 14 at McKechnie Field. The Marauders were represented in the game by outfielder Josh Bell and left-handed pitcher Orlando Castro. The Marauders returned to the playoffs in 2014 by clinching Second Half South Division Championship for the third time in five years. However the team was eliminated by Fort Myers in the first round. Still the club won, a franchise-best, 78 games in the regular season and swept the Florida State League Pitcher of the Year (Tyler Glasnow), and the Player of the Year (Josh Bell) awards.

First championship season
Despite a late season surge, the 2015 Marauders were eliminated from playoff contention with a 4–1 loss to the St. Lucie Mets on September 4. However the following season proved much better for the Marauders. On June 20, 2016, the Marauders’ clinched a first-half division title for the first time in franchise history. On September 7, 2016, the Marauders defeated the St. Lucie Mets with a 4–1 win in Game 2 of the FSL South Division Series at McKechnie Field. The win advanced the Marauders to the Florida State League Championship Series for the first time in franchise history. A week later on September 12, 2016, the Marauders defeated the Tampa Yankees, 3 games to 1, at McKechnie Field to win their first Florida State League title.

Logos and uniforms
The Pirates do not call the club the Bradenton Pirates, which has been used in the past by the Gulf Coast League Pirates, the team was given an original name and logo. According to Pittsburgh Pirates President Frank Coonelly; the Marauders' uniforms are closely associated with the Pirates brand, but also allows for the team to have its own unique identity. The Marauders uniforms incorporate the Marauders logo and letter script, while the colors mirror the Pirates' black and gold colors. White uniforms are worn for games played at McKechnie Field. These white uniforms feature the "Marauders" team name across the chest of the sleeved jersey, as well as the Marauders logo on the cap. During the Marauders 2010 inaugural season, the home jerseys also featured a commemorative patch on the sleeve. Gray uniforms are worn for Marauders road games. These gray uniforms feature the name "Bradenton" across the chest of the sleeved jersey and a styled "B" logo on the cap. Meanwhile, batting practice jerseys are worn during home and road batting practice, as well as during select games throughout the year. These jersey are black and feature the Marauders logo on the left chest, along with yellow and red accents along the sides.

The Marauders also have an alternate gold cap with a black bill and the uniquely styled "B" logo on the cap representing the City of Bradenton. The gold cap is reminiscent of the one worn by the Pirates of the early 1970s. A second alternate black cap with the styled "B" logo is also in use. In December 2011, the team unveiled an alternate logo, that is used for select games, for use on their caps during the 2012 season.  The logo features a pair of crossed bats and a smiling skull with a patch over its right eye.

On May 31, 2012, the Marauders dressed in Bradenton Growers' uniforms during a 2–1 win over the Fort Myers Miracle for Turn Back the Clock Night at McKechnie Field. The team took the opportunity to honor the Growers, who last played in 1926 and were the last Florida State League team to be based in Bradenton prior to the Marauders' arrival in 2010.

Roster

Marauders Award winners
MiLBY Awards
 Mitch Keller (2016: Breakout Prospect)

Florida State League Hall of Fame
 Evan Chambers (2017)

Florida State League Player of the Year
 Alex Dickerson (2012)
 Josh Bell (2014)

Florida State League Pitcher of the Year
 Tyler Glasnow (2014)

Florida State League All-Star Game selections
The following players were named to the Florida State All-Star team in each particular season. A name in Bold indicates the player later participated in the MLB All-Star Game. A cross (†) indicates the player was named FSL All-Star Game MVP.

2010
Nate Adcock (RHP)
Jeremy Farrell (3B)
Brock Holt (INF)
Noah Krol (RHP)
Quincy Latimore (OF)
Jeff Locke (LHP)
Bryan Morris (RHP)
Tony Sanchez (C)

2011
Aaron Baker (1B)†
Jarek Cunningham (INF)
Ramón Cabrera (C)
Brett Lorin (RHP)
Kyle McPherson (LHP)

2012
Gerrit Cole (RHP)
Jameson Taillon (RHP)
Stefan Welch (1B/3B)

2013
Alen Hanson (SS)†
Nick Kingham (RHP)
Gregory Polanco (OF)

2014
Josh Bell (OF)
Orlando Castro (LHP)

2015
Jin-De Jhang (C)
JaCoby Jones (SS)
Reese McGuire (C)
Austin Meadows (OF)
José Osuna (1B)

2016
Taylor Gushue (C)
Luis Heredia (RHP)
Connor Joe (3B)
Kevin Newman (SS)

2017
Darío Agrazal (RHP)
Jake Brentz (LHP)
Logan Hill (OF)
Casey Hughston (OF)
Mitch Keller (RHP)
Christian Kelley (C)
Seth McGarry (RHP)
Yunior Montero (RHP)
Cole Tucker (SS)

2018
Matt Eckelman (RHP)
Alfredo Reyes (2B)
Eduardo Vera (RHP)

Season-by-season record

All-time records

Notable alumni
Former Marauders players

See also
Baseball in the Tampa Bay area

References

External links

 Statistics from Baseball-Reference

2010 establishments in Florida
Pittsburgh Pirates minor league affiliates
Baseball teams established in 2010
Baseball teams in Bradenton, Florida
Professional baseball teams in Florida
Florida State League teams


AFS Trinity Power Corporation is an American corporation headquartered in Medina, WA with an engineering center in Livermore, CA that develops technology for plug-in hybrids. The company has developed PHEV technology that actively combines batteries with ultracapacitors. The company asserts that the combination of high-power ultracapacitors, which prefer to discharge and recharge quickly, and high-energy lithium-ion batteries, which prefer to discharge and recharge slowly, makes for a system with both long-life and high energy-density storage.

Prototype

AFS Trinity claims that this "Extreme Hybrid" technology makes it possible for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles to achieve the equivalent of , travel  per charge in all-electric mode and use gasoline for additional range (limited by gasoline tank size) in hybrid mode.  The company also reports that its prototype "XH-150S" modified Saturn Vue SUVs demonstrated 11.6 second 0-60 performance in electric-only mode and 6.9 second 0-60 performance in full hybrid mode, which would be comparable to a Porsche Cayenne.

AFS Trinity's Extreme Hybrid prototypes have been test-driven by journalists from The New York Times, The Washington Post, ABC World News, CBS Evening News, CNN, and Salon.

History
AFS Trinity was formed on December 5, 2000, through the combination of two predecessor companies, American Flywheel Systems, Inc. (AFS), incorporated in 1991, and Trinity Flywheel Power (Trinity) which was incorporated in 1993.  Since 1991, AFS Trinity has conducted programs with private and government organizations including DARPA, NASA, the U.S. Navy, U.S. Army, U.S. DOT, California Energy Commission, Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Lawrence Livermore National Labs, Honeywell, Lockheed, and Ricardo plc.

On January 24, 2006, AFS Trinity and Ricardo signed a Technology Partnership Agreement for Ricardo to help integrate AFS Trinity's Extreme Hybrid drive train technology into passenger cars and SUVs. On January 27, 2008, the company unveiled two modified Saturn Vue SUVs (called XH-150 SUV) at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit.

On January 26, 2010, AFS Trinity demonstrated its prototypes for Delaware officials including Governor Jack Markell, suggesting that Delaware's idled factories and workforce could potentially mass-produce the vehicle.

Technology

The powertrain using two forms of energy storage is disclosed in US patent application 11/519,350.

The application describes a family of architectures where a battery is used in conjunction with a second energy storage device which may be an ultracapacitor, a flywheel, or a second battery.  The purpose of the second energy  storage device is to protect the battery from high current during high power operation.

References

External links

Plug-in hybrid vehicle industry


The Valley View Bridge is a trio of steel multi-stringer highway girder bridges that carry Interstate 480 over the Cuyahoga River valley in Valley View and Independence, Ohio.  They are  high and  long.

History
 The bridges opened in 1977 providing access to the nearby Willow Freeway (I-77).

In 1999, the Ohio Department of Transportation painted the bridge a red-primer color, replacing the original gray.

In 2010, the bridge received the honorary name "Union Workers Memorial Bridge".

In 2011, ODOT began a project to retrofit the bridge's parapets. The work includes installing new fences and moving the overhead lighting to the outside of the structures. The estimated cost of construction was $4.4 million.

In 2016, ODOT announced that a third bridge would be built in between the two outer bridges, which then would undergo extended repairs. The third bridge, whose construction was from 2018 to 2020, was retained after the bridge replacement phase ended in 2022, creating a bypass of the interchanges on each end of the bridge, functioning as express lanes; the project as a whole is expected to run until 2024. The ribbon cutting for the middle bridge occurred on June 12, 2023.

A pair of peregrine falcons nests under the bridge.

Accidents
The city of Valley View has jurisdiction over the bridge, and they have been assisted by the police and fire departments from Garfield Heights and Independence.

On February 17, 1986, a driver was rescued when his semi-truck partially left the bridge.
In February 1996, a car fell from the bridge, killing the driver.
In March 1997, police and the fire department responded to a dangling semi-truck. The driver was safely rescued.
On February 22, 2011, a semi-truck driver was killed when his cab fell off the bridge.
On June 25, 2013, during a severe storm, a couple of highway signs fell down hitting two cars and injuring one person.
On December 14, 2017, while attempting to elude police, a man drove down the steep embankment that separates the two spans of the bridge.

See also

 List of crossings of the Cuyahoga River
 List of bridges in the United States by height

References

External links

Bridges on the Interstate Highway System
Bridges over the Cuyahoga River
Road bridges in Ohio
Interstate 80
Steel bridges in the United States
Girder bridges in the United States
Transportation buildings and structures in Cuyahoga County, Ohio


Rockferry is the debut studio album by Welsh singer Duffy, released on 3 March 2008 in the United Kingdom by A&M Records. It was released in the United States by Mercury Records. Taking four years to record the album, Duffy worked with several producers and writers including Bernard Butler, Steve Booker, Jimmy Hogarth, and Eg White. Primarily a soul recording musically, Rockferry is composed of ballads, torch songs, and up tempo songs in the style of 1960s pop music. It was well received by music critics, who praised the record's musical and lyrical depth and occasional darkness, Duffy's vocal performance, and the record's contemporary instrumentation and production which created a warm sound. Music critics favourably compared Duffy's work on Rockferry to the music of Dusty Springfield and Duffy's contemporary Amy Winehouse.

Rockferry was a commercial success, reaching number-one in several music markets. It was the fourth best-selling album of 2008 worldwide according to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry and the highest of that year in the United Kingdom. The album was still in the top five of the UK Albums Chart a full year after its release, spending most of those weeks in the top ten albums, and a significant amount in the top three. In 2010, it was ranked as the 22nd best-selling album of the 2000s in the UK. The album has won a number of awards since its release, including the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 51st annual ceremony (2009). Duffy also won three awards at the 2009 BRIT Awards for her work on Rockferry including Best British Album, whilst Butler was given the Producer's Award. It was also among ten albums nominated for the best British album of the previous 30 years by the Brit Awards in 2010.

A total of five singles were released from the album. The first single, "Rockferry", introduced Duffy's music to European music industries, whilst the second and lead single internationally, "Mercy", was an international hit, topping over twelve music charts and becoming the third-best-selling single of 2008 in the UK. Follow-up single "Warwick Avenue" was another successful single, whilst "Stepping Stone" did not replicate this earlier success. Rockferry was re-released as a deluxe edition on 24 November 2008, preceded by the lead single "Rain on Your Parade" which became the fifth overall single from the album.

Background
In 2004, following success on Wawffactor, a Welsh language televised singing contest in which Duffy, then performing under her birth name Aimeé Duffy, the singer recorded a three-song Welsh extended play, titled Aimée Duffy, while working part-time in two jobs as waitress and in a fishmonger's. The EP later achieved chart success in Wales, charting at number one on the "Siart C2" music chart The following year, Duffy appeared on Mint Royale's See You in the Morning as a back-up singer. Duffy was introduced to Jeanette Lee of Rough Trade Records in August 2004, after singing Richard J. Parfitt's "Oh Boy"; the song was later released as a B-side to the single "Rockferry". Lee moved Duffy to Crouch End in London, orchestrating a meeting between Duffy and Suede's ex-guitar player Bernard Butler. Lee, with independent record label Rough Trade Records, would eventually manage Duffy. After Butler had given Duffy a soul music "education" by downloading tracks on to her iPod that she could listen to while around London or travelling back to Wales, the pair co-wrote with her and helped create a new retro sound. The music included tracks by Al Green, Bettye Swann, Ann Peebles, Doris Duke, Scott Walker, Phil Spector and Burt Bacharach. Duffy later told The Guardian that Bettye Swann became one of her "biggest inspirations", with Duffy being particularly influenced by her song "Cover Me" because "it marks the time I got interested in physical contact. I was 19, and here was a woman singing 'Cover me, spread your precious love all over me.' It's very tender, but it's also, hilariously, quite crude."

Duffy was contracted to A&M Records (UK) on 23 November 2007. By this time, she was finalising her debut album, to be titled Rockferry, after Rock Ferry, a suburb of Birkenhead, on the Wirral Peninsula, where her grandmother lives. She performed on the BBC Two television show Later with Jools Holland, which resulted in a second appearance on the related broadcast Hootenanny, where Duffy performed with Eddie Floyd. On 22 February 2008, she appeared on Later with Jools Holland for a third time and performed "Rockferry", "Mercy", and "Stepping Stone". Duffy also made appearances on the BBC Two television programme The Culture Show on 23 February 2008, performing "Mercy". In January 2008, Duffy came second to Adele in the annual BBC News Online poll of industry experts "Sound of... 2008", which ranks acts about to emerge in the coming year.

Recording
According to Duffy, "The album took nearly four years to make. We had to hire cheap, tiny studios and sometimes there would be three-week periods between writing and recording." Bernard Butler, who was not initially paid, produced four songs for the album, including the single, "Rockferry". The singles "Mercy" and "Stepping Stone", were co-written and produced by Steve Booker, and the second single "Warwick Avenue", by Jimmy Hogarth and Eg White. "Mercy" was the last song written for the album.

Music and lyrics
Duffy revealed that both "Mercy" and "Stepping Stone" are autobiographical; "Mercy" is about "sexual liberty" and "not doing something somebody else wants you to do", and "Stepping Stone" is about not expressing her feelings to a person she fell in love with. "Warwick Avenue" was the second single released from the album. The song occurred when Duffy, then 19 years old, was familiarising herself with the London Underground and accidentally found herself at the Warwick Avenue station. The following day the song "just sort of came out".

Release and artwork

The album art and video for the title track were shot on and around the Ffestiniog Railway in Porthmadog, which was renamed 'Rockferry' for the occasion. The timing of the photoshoot was somewhat before the release of the album, when Duffy was still a relatively unknown performer.

Her first American performances took place at the SXSW conference, and the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival was her first festival gig. The Coachella performance delighted the crowd with 'Rockferry', 'Serious', 'Warwick Avenue' and 'Mercy'. To coincide with the release of Rockferry, Duffy performed at the Apollo Theater in New York City. Duffy received the honour of performing at the Royal Variety Performance 2008. In 2008, Duffy played many festivals in Europe. This included visits to French, Swedish and Irish summer festivals, amongst others. In the United Kingdom, Duffy visited venues such as Glastonbury and the Evolution Festival. She also toured the American summer festivals in 2008, such as a visit to Lollapalooza in Chicago.

Duffy toured the United Kingdom and Ireland during November and December 2008.
To promote Rockferry, Duffy made many visits to American television, including Late Night with Conan O'Brien, and Saturday Night Live. Duffy played a fourteen-city North American tour. Plans had called for her to open for Coldplay on six of the dates. During a concert in Cleveland, Duffy accidentally set the left side of her hair on fire. In New York, Duffy was left apologising to an audience after briefly crying. She explained to the audience that this happens in one out of every 15 of her shows when she feels exposed for reasons she does not fully understand. Duffy also made a recording for British broadcaster BBC, performing at the LSO St. Luke's. The performance was televised in 2009 on the British television station BBC One.

Singles
The album's title track was released as its first single in the United Kingdom. Originally released as a limited 500 copy 7" vinyl, the song was made available for digital download on the UK iTunes Store on 19 November 2007. The song was critically acclaimed, with many noting the song was the highlight of the album.

In February 2008 the Aimée Duffy EP reached the number one spot on Siart C2.
When the single "Mercy" hit the top of the charts in February 2008, Duffy became the first Welsh female to top the UK Singles Chart in 25 years, since Bonnie Tyler with "Total Eclipse of the Heart". It remained at number one for five weeks. The second single from the album, "Warwick Avenue" reached number three in the UK Singles Chart. The subsequent single "Stepping Stone" peaked at number 21 and the title track at number 45. The single "Rain on Your Parade" debuted at number twenty-two on 10 November and rose to a peak of number fifteen the following week.

B-sides

Critical reception

Aside from a largely unenthusiastic review by NME, the album has generally received positive reviews from critics. The Observer, for example, gave the album a 5 out of 5, describing it as "a fantastic album of burning blue soul" and drawing comparisons to Amy Winehouse and The Supremes.
Review aggregator site Metacritic gave the album a score of 71 out of 100, based solely on reviews by professional critics. Entertainment Weekly gave the album an A− grade and compared the album to one of Dusty Springfield's, saying "Once the Dusty Springfield-flecked closer, 'Distant Dreamer,' comes round, you'll be wishin' and hopin' for more". In 2018, the BBC included it in their list of "the acclaimed albums that nobody listens to any more"

Accolades
The track "Serious" was included in Robert Christgau's list of Best Singles of 2008 (24th out of 25 listed songs), notwithstanding the fact that the said recording was not released as a single. At the 2008 MOJO Awards, Duffy won the "Song of the Year" award for "Mercy" and was nominated also for "Album of the Year" and "Breakthrough Act". These three nominations were the largest number of nominations for any one act. She also received a 2008 Q Award in the category of Breakthrough Act, a nomination for the Q category of Best Track for "Mercy", a Music of Black Origin Award nomination for Best UK Female. At the MTV Europe Music Awards, she received nominations in the categories of Album of the Year, Most Addictive Track, and New Act. She performed at the EMA show.

At the 51st Grammy Awards held in February 2009, Duffy won a Grammy Award in the category of Best Pop Vocal Album for Rockferry. Earlier she had been nominated for awards in the categories of Best New Artist and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for her single "Mercy". Duffy equalled Coldplay with four 2009 Brit Awards nominations. She eventually won three awards, including Best Album for Rockferry, one behind the record held by Blur for the most won in one night. "I cannot tell you what this means after five years of hard work," Duffy said. At the awards ceremony she performed "Warwick Avenue". Record producers & songwriters Steve Booker & Bernard Butler gained awards for their work on the Rockferry album. She shared a 2009 Ivor Novello Award in the category "Most Performed Work" with Steve Booker for their work on Mercy. Songwriter Eg White won the award for "Songwriter of the Year" in part for Warwick Avenue, which he co-wrote with Duffy. "Mercy" was played on United States radio and television more than 3 million times earning Duffy a 2009 Broadcast Music Incorporated award. The album was nominated and shortlisted for the Album of 30 Years category at the 2010 Brit Awards.

Top ten lists, 2008:
4th – Michael Hollett, NOW Toronto
6th – Q
9th – Billboard
10th – Josh Tyrangiel, Time

Commercial performance

The album sold 180,000 copies in the UK alone in its first week, and spent four weeks at the top spot. The albums sales received a boost after the 2009 Brit Awards where Rockferry won the award for Best British Album and where Duffy won a further two awards. Sales of the album increased by 66%
On 26 December 2008, in its 43rd week on the charts, Rockferry rose to the No. 6 position from No. 10 the previous week. In the week following Duffy's three Brit Award victories in February 2009 the album rose from No. 19 to No. 4.
With a total of 1,685,000 physical and digital sales, Rockferry was the best selling album in the United Kingdom in 2008.

In the United States, the album peaked at the number 4 on the Billboard 200. The singles "Mercy" and "Warwick Avenue" peaked at number 27 and 96 respectively. By November 2008, 500,000 copies of Rockferry had been sold and had been certified Gold by the RIAA. "Mercy" has also been certified Platinum by the RIAA for sales of more than one million copies in the US. In America, the album sold 16,000 copies in its first day, and sold 72,000 in its first week, debuting at number four on the Billboard 200. Universal Music Group stated that Rockferry is the best American debut for one of its UK acts. Total U.S. sales stand at 848,000.

In France, Rockferry entered the charts at number four selling 21,862 copies. The next week, it reached number two selling 22,259 copies. Rockferry stayed at number two selling 18,187 copies the third week. So far the album sold 420,000 copies in France. Rockferry topped the Pan-European Album Chart, and "Mercy" topped the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles chart on 21 April 2008. On 12 June the album topped the European albums charts with Mercy at number 2 on the European singles chart. By 21 August Rockferry had reached number one in 11 markets. On 30 October Rockferry had been in the top 100 on Billboard's Euro Albums chart for 34 straight weeks and was residing at the number 10 position. In the first quarter of 2009 Rockferry sold 107,000 copies ranking it 13th among international artists and 73rd overall.

Rockferry was the world's fourth best-selling album in 2008. By September 2010 the album had sold 6.5 million copies, and has sold over 9 million as of May 2016.

Track listing

Personnel

Aimée Duffy – vocals, backing vocals, glockenspiel
Bernard Butler – producer, guitars, piano, keyboards, drums
Makoto Sakamoto – drums
David McAlmont – backing vocals
Jimmy Hogarth – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, guitar, percussion, hammond organ, bass
Eg White – acoustic guitar, bass, drums, piano, backing vocals

Sam Dixon – bass
Steve Booker – guitars, bass, keyboards
Martin Slatterly – live drums, drums, piano, Wurlitzer, rhodes piano, hammond organ
Jim Hunt – saxophone
Nichol Thomson – trombone
The Wrecking Crew – strings

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

All-time charts

Certifications and sales

Release history

Standard edition

Deluxe edition

References

2008 debut albums
Albums produced by Bernard Butler
Albums produced by Steve Booker (producer)
Brit Award for British Album of the Year
Duffy (singer) albums
Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album
Articles containing video clips
JoJo's Bizarre Adventure songs


Powiat nowodworski may refer to either of two counties (powiats) in Poland:
Nowy Dwór Gdański County, in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)
Nowy Dwór County, Masovian Voivodeship, in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)


Laugardælir  () is a small settlement in southwest Iceland, near the town of Selfoss.  The town gained international attention when former 1972 World Chess Champion Bobby Fischer was buried at the Laugardælir Church in 2008.

References

See also
Bobby Fischer Center, within 300 metres of cemetery.
List of cities in Iceland

Bobby Fischer
Populated places in Iceland
Selfoss


Diego Hidalgo may refer to:

 Diego Hidalgo (tennis) (born 1993), Ecuadorian tennis player
 Diego Hidalgo y Durán (1886–1961), Spanish intellectual, entrepreneur, and politician during the Spanish Second Republic
 Diego Hidalgo Schnur (born 1942), his son, Spanish intellectual, philanthropist, and businessman


Haralds Silovs (born 7 April 1986) is a Latvian long track and former short track speed skater, who became the 2008 and 2011 European champion in short track. He has participated in three Winter Olympics. In 2018, he finished fourth at speed skating 1500 metres event.

During the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, he gained worldwide media attention after competing in the 1500 m short track, and 5000 m long track speed skating events in the same day, 13 February. He is the first athlete in the history of the Winter Olympics to compete in both short track and long track events at the same Games and the only athlete to compete in two different disciplines on the same day.

Biography
Silovs was born in Riga, Latvia, on 7 April 1986. His mother, Signe, was a figure skater, his father, Edvins, was a track cyclist for the USSR, and his older brother was involved in athletics. In addition to speed skating, Silovs became involved in mountain biking, and in 2001 at age 15, he won the Latvian Junior Championship in that sport.

He first became interested in speed skating in 1996, but interest in the sport across Latvia was relatively low, and there were few training or competition opportunities. Both Silovs and his brother were invited in 2001 to a training camp in Slovakia, where they were given instruction in speed skating by Hungarian coaches. By 2003, he was competing successfully in regional events across eastern Europe, and he trained with several Belgian and French athletes over the next few years. In 2006, he began working with a personal coach, Jeroen Otter, from the Netherlands. While he continued to train in speed skating, he also began attending Ventspils University College.

In 2007, Silovs had his first major success at the World Cup level of competition, winning a bronze medal in a 1000 m race and placing fifth in two World Championship events. The following year, in 2008, he won the gold medal at the European Championship in short track when the competition was held in his home territory, in Ventspils, Latvia. On his road to the title won both the 1500 and 3000 m distances in the competition. In 2009, he attempted to defend the title but instead won the silver, losing to four-time champion Nicola Rodigari of Italy.

Silovs holds several national records in both disciplines. For example, in August 2008, he reached new Latvian records of 37.05 (500 m) and 3:45.13 (3000 m), followed in February 2009 by 6:17.14 (5000 m). These national records were all set in Calgary and Salt Lake City.

2010 Olympics
At the 2010 Winter Olympics, he became the first athlete in Olympic history to participate in both short track (1500 m) and long track (5000 m) speed skating and the first to compete in two different disciplines on the same day. Only one other athlete in recent memory had attempted to compete in both sports at the same Games, American Shani Davis, but Davis did not make his country's short track team. However, with no other Latvian athletes participating in the 2010 Olympic speed skating competitions, Silovs was able to make both teams for his country. It was his first Olympic Games, and he hoped that being able to compete in multiple events would allow him to acclimate to the level of competition in the Olympics more readily. He also hoped that differences in the two disciplines, between long track which is more demanding of aerobic fitness, and short track, which is more tactically and technically demanding, would mean that he would not be too physically exhausted to be competitive in both events. On 13 February 2010, after competing in the long track event and placing 20th, he skated a warm down lap and took a car across the city from Richmond to the Pacific Coliseum for the short track qualifying event. He qualified for the semifinal race but later failed to qualify for the medal round. In the classification round, he finished in 10th place. Despite his disappointing finishes, Silovs expressed excitement about having the opportunity to compete at all and having set a record as the first person to compete in both speed skating disciplines. However, he admitted that competing in both events on the same day was "a little crazy." He was encouraged by other speed skaters, like Apolo Anton Ohno, who recognized the feat. On 17 February, he began his third Olympic career event, qualifying for the short track 1000 m event.

Silovs currently lives in Inzell, Germany.

References

External links
  (speed skating)
  (short track)

1986 births
Living people
Latvian male speed skaters
Latvian male short track speed skaters
Olympic speed skaters for Latvia
Olympic short track speed skaters for Latvia
Speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Speed skaters at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Short track speed skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Riga


Sir Peter Chalmers Mitchell  (23 November 1864 – 2 July 1945) was a Scottish zoologist who was Secretary of the Zoological Society of London from 1903 to 1935. During this time, he directed the policy of the Zoological Gardens of London and created the world's first open zoological park, ZSL Whipsnade Zoo.

Early life
Peter Chalmers Mitchell was the son of the Rev. Alexander Mitchell, a Presbyterian minister in Dunfermline, Scotland, and Marion Chalmers. Mitchell gained an MA at the University of Aberdeen, and moved to Christ Church, Oxford, where he read for natural science, specialising in zoology. After success in the honours examination of 1888, he was appointed University Demonstrator in Zoology.

In 1896, he was the anonymous author of an article in the Saturday Review entitled "A Biological View of English Foreign Policy" which proposed the inevitability of a final battle between Britain and Germany, in which one would have to be destroyed. (Having acknowledged his authorship during World War I, he still declared himself "unrepentant" about it in a letter to The Times in May 1939, describing the article as "prophetic").

In April 1916, now an army Captain, he was responsible for setting up a specialist department MI7(B)4 to oversee the production of military propaganda to be dropped from the air over enemy lines.

Zoo
Despite a tenure of 32 years, Mitchell was not the longest-serving Secretary of the Zoological Society. His predecessor, Philip Lutley Sclater, had been in office over forty years, from 1860 to 1902. Mitchell was succeeded by Julian Huxley.

Mitchell's brainchild, Whipsnade Park, was opened in 1931 on the Dunstable Downs, in the heart of Bedfordshire. Whipsnade is an open air zoo in the countryside, where animals occupy large enclosures rather than cages. The park is involved in a variety of conservation activities.

In 1933 he was one of eleven people involved in the appeal that led to the foundation of the British Trust for Ornithology (BTO), an organisation for the study of birds in the British Isles.

Lectures
In 1911, Mitchell delivered the Royal Institution Christmas Lecture on The Childhood of Animals.

In February 1915, Mitchell gave three lectures on the subject of evolution and foreign policy at the Royal Institution that expanded upon his 1896 article. These were combined and published in the form of a book entitled Evolution and the War in May 1915.

Málaga
On retiring from the zoo, Mitchell moved to Málaga, staying there during the first six months or so of the Spanish Civil War, until the city was taken on behalf of the rebels by Italian troops. An account of his last days in Málaga, including his arrest along with Arthur Koestler, is included in Koestler's book Spanish Testament and in Mitchell's own memoir, , published in 1938.

Politics
Mitchell stood as an independent candidate at the 1938 Combined Scottish Universities by-election, but took last position, with 13.5% of the votes cast.

Death
Mitchell died on 2 July 1945, aged 80, after being injured in an accident on 29 June outside the London Zoo. After stepping off a bus, he was struck by a taxicab. A jury ruled the death accidental.

Legacy
A species of South American worm lizard, Amphisbaena mitchelli, is named in his honour.  He also proved, in a now classic treatise, namely, “On the Intestinal Tract of Mammals,” that the caecum of Mammals is directly homologous with the paired caeca of Birds; that is to say, a pair being the original state.

Publications

As author
1900. Thomas Henry Huxley: a Sketch of his Life and Work. Putnam's, London & N.Y; 2nd ed. Methuen, London 1913.
1911. Official Guide to the Gardens of the Zoological Society of London, Zoological Society of London, London.
1912. The Childhood of Animals. Heinemann; Penguin.
1915. Evolution and the War. J. Murray, London.
1930. Materialism and Vitalism in Biology. Oxford.
1931. A Centenary History of the London Zoo.
1937. My Fill of Days. Faber & Faber, London.
1938. My House in Málaga. Faber & Faber, London. (Republished 2019, The Clapton Press, London).

As Translator
1903. The Nature of Man: Studies in Optimistic Philosophy, by Élie Metchnikoff, G.P. Putnam's Sons, London. The original title in French was Études sur la nature humaine, (1903).
1935. Mr Witt Among the Rebels: The Story of a Reluctant Revolutionist in the Days of Victoria, by Ramón J. Sender, Faber and Faber, London. The original title in Spanish was Mr. Witt en el cantón, (1935).
1936. Seven Red Sundays, by Ramón J. Sender, Faber & Faber, London. The original title in Spanish was Siete domingos rojos, (1932).
1937. The War in Spain: a personal narrative, by Ramón J. Sender, Faber & Faber, London. The original title in Spanish was Contraataque (1937).
1944. The Forge, by Arturo Barea, Faber and Faber, London. The original title in Spanish was La Forja (1941).

In addition, like Henry Scherren FZS, Chalmers Mitchell made a number of contributions to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica under the initials "P.C.M.". Chalmers Mitchell was critical of Scherren's history of the ZSL, but was in turn criticised by John Bastin for his work on the same subject.

Bibliography

Notes

References

External links

1864 births
1945 deaths
People from Dunfermline
Scottish zoologists
Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Zoological Society of London
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Knights Bachelor
Secretaries of the Zoological Society of London
Zoo directors
Road incident deaths in London
Pedestrian road incident deaths


William Butler Hornblower (May 13, 1851 – June 16, 1914) was a New York jurist who served on the New York Court of Appeals. He was unsuccessfully nominated to the United States Supreme Court by President Grover Cleveland in 1893.

Early life and education
William Butler Hornblower was born in Paterson, New Jersey, in 1851. He was the son of William Henry Hornblower, a Presbyterian minister, and his wife, Mathilda Butler. Hornblower was the descendant of an old American family; his grandfather, Joseph Coerten Hornblower, was chief justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court and his great-grandfather, Josiah Hornblower, was a member of the Continental Congress. In 1882 he married Sandra C. Sanford, with whom he had three children. After Sandra died, Hornblower married her sister, Emily Sanford Nelson, who was herself a widow. Hornblower graduated from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1871 and Columbia Law School in 1875.

Legal and political career
After graduating from Columbia, he practiced law with the New York bankruptcy law firm of Carter & Eaton until 1888, when he and two partners formed their own firm. A lifelong member of the Democratic Party, in 1890 he was appointed by New York governor David B. Hill to a commission on state constitutional amendments. Hornblower worked to defeat Isaac H. Maynard, Hill's preferred candidate for a seat on the New York Court of Appeals, in 1891, earning Hill's enmity.

On September 19, 1893, President Grover Cleveland nominated Hornblower as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, following the death of Samuel Blatchford. The United States Senate Judiciary Committee considered the nomination, but took no recorded action. The president again nominated Hornblower on December 5, 1893, and this time, the committee reported the nomination to the full Senate with a recommendation against confirmation on January 8, 1894. Both of New York's senators, one of whom was Hill, opposed the nomination, as did several pro-silver Democratic senators. The Senate rejected Hornblower's nomination on January 15, 1894, by a vote of 30 to 24.

Following his defeat, Hornblower returned to his successful New York law practice. In 1904, he was elected President of the New York State Bar Association. That same year, Hornblower served on a committee charged with consolidating the state's laws. In 1907 he formed a new law firm, Hornblower, Miller and Potter, a predecessor to the modern firm of Willkie Farr & Gallagher. In 1913, he was appointed president of the New York City Bar Association. Shortly before his death, Hornblower was appointed to a seat on the New York Court of Appeals, but served for just ten weeks.

Notes

External links

1851 births
1914 deaths
Columbia Law School alumni
Judges of the New York Court of Appeals
Politicians from Paterson, New Jersey
Presidents of the New York City Bar Association
Princeton University alumni
Unsuccessful nominees to the United States Supreme Court
People associated with Willkie Farr & Gallagher
19th-century American judges


Private Collection is the third album released by Jon and Vangelis, released in May 1983 on Polydor Records.

Track listing
All tracks composed by Jon Anderson and Vangelis
"Italian Song" (2:53)
"And When the Night Comes" (4:35)
"Deborah" (4:54)
"Polonaise" (5:24)
"He Is Sailing" (6:49)
"Horizon" (22:53)

Personnel
Jon Anderson - vocals
Vangelis - keyboards, synthesisers, programming
with:
Dick Morrissey - saxophone on "And When the Night Comes"

Credits
Music composed by Vangelis
Lyrics written by Jon Anderson
Arranged and produced by Vangelis

Charts

References

External links

1983 albums
Jon and Vangelis albums
Polydor Records albums


Grechetto () or Grechetto bianco is a white Italian wine grape variety of Greek origins. The grape is planted throughout central Italy, particularly in the Umbria region where it is used in the Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) wine Orvieto and  Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) wine Valdichiana Toscana. It is primarily a blending grape, though some varietal wine is also produced. Grechetto is commonly blended with Chardonnay, Malvasia, Trebbiano and Verdello. The grape's thick skin provides good resistance to downy mildew which  can attack the grape late in the harvest season. This makes Grechetto a suitable blending grape in the production of Vin Santo.

Wine regions
In Italy, the Grechetto grape is found in DOCs of the central region-most notably Umbria's Orvieto and Tuscany Foiano region as well as the DOCs Valdichiana Toscana, DOCs of Torgiano and Colli Martani. The grape has been developing more of a presence in the area as winemakers are finding more potential in the grape than in the other main Umbria white grape varieties-Drupeggio and Trebbiano. In Lazio, the grape is found in the Cervaro region where the Antinori family has actively promoted its Cervaro blend of Grechetto and Chardonnay.

Viticulture and winemaking
The thick skin of Grechetto grapes allows the grape to be harvested late with high sugar levels. This works well in the production of dessert wines. There are at least two sub-varieties of Grechetto-Grechetto di Todi and Grechetto Spoletino with the former being more widely planted in the area. The Grechetto vine is low yielding and able to produce concentrated flavors. The grape is primarily used as a blending grape where it adds richness and structure to the wines. It is most often blended with Chardonnay, Trebbiano, Malvasia and Verdello. In Umbria, Grechetto can add herbal and nutty flavors to the wine.

Synonyms
Grechetto is also known under the synonyms Greca del Piemonte, Grecherello, Grechetto bianco, Grechetto di Todi, Grechetto Nostrale, Greco, Greco bianco di Perugia, Greco Gentile, Greco Spoletino, Montanarino Bianco, Montanaro, Occhietto, Pignoletto, Pistillo, Pizzinculo, Pocinculo, Pulce, Pulcincolo, Pulcinculo bianco, Pulcinculu, Pulcinella, Stroppa Volpe, Strozza Volpe, Strozzavolpe, and Uva di San Marino.

Despite having a synonym with a similar name, the grape is of no relation to the Greco bianco grape of the Calabria region.

References

White wine grape varieties
Wine grapes of Italy
Grape varieties of Greece


Tebo Yacht Basin was an amateur U.S. soccer team sponsored by the Tebo Yacht Basin company of Brooklyn, New York.  It had a brief impact on the U.S. soccer scene from 1918 to 1921.

In the fall of 1918, Tebo was drawn with Vikings in the first round of the National Challenge Cup.  At the time, they played in the Metropolitan League in New York City.  In 1920, they moved to the New York State Football League and gained national prominence with a series of cup and league titles.  In 1921, they won the Southern New York State Football Association cup, the La Sultana Cup and the New York State League titles. They also lost in the semi-finals of the 1921 National Challenge Cup.  One of the strongest clubs in the region, the team initially intended to enter the American Soccer League which was established in 1921.  However, the Tebo Yacht Basin company was a subsidiary of the Todd Shipyard company which decided to enter its own team in the new league.  Therefore, Todd Shipyards merged Tebo Yacht Basin F.C. with another club sponsored by a corporate subsidiary Brooklyn Robins Dry Dock to form the Todd Shipyards club.  This led the disbandment of Tebo Yacht Basin F.C.

References

Defunct soccer clubs in New York City
Men's soccer clubs in New York (state)
1918 establishments in New York (state)
1921 disestablishments in New York (state)
Association football clubs established in 1918
Association football clubs disestablished in 1921
Sports in Brooklyn
Works soccer clubs in the United States


Crime in Russia refers to the multivalent issues of organized crime, extensive political and police corruption, and all aspects of criminality at play in Russia. Violent crime in Siberia is much more apparent than in Western Russia.

Crime by type

Murder

In 2016, the murder rate in Russia was 7 per 100,000 people, according to Rosstat (the Russian Federal State Statistics Service). According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the homicide rate was 7.3 in 2020 compared to 10.9 in 2016, a significant decrease over the previous 20 years (in 2000, the homicide rate was 28.1), and only slightly higher than the United States (6.3).  In 2017, Moscow recorded the lowest crime rate in over a decade.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Russia had a higher homicide rate – nearly ten per 100,000 people per year. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the rate remained stable and it was lower than in the United States. There was a rise in the homicide rate in the mid-1960s and 1970s which peaked in 1980, and then slowly declined in until 1985, and then it fell rapidly in 1986–1987.

Until the late 1980s, homicide rates in Russia were nearly similar to that in the United States. The increase in homicide rate in Russia began slightly earlier than 1990, and rose throughout the 1990s. Homicides were more common in Russia than in the Baltic states in 1991 and nearly doubled in frequency by 1994–1995. In 2003, the homicide rate in Russia was among the highest in the world. However, by 2017, homicide rate in Russia had fallen by 75%.

In the early 1980s, an estimated "two-thirds of murders and violent crimes were committed by intoxicated persons". In 1995, about three quarters of those arrested for homicide were under the influence of alcohol. According to Russia's health minister, alcohol consumption fell by 80% from 2013 to 2018.

Statistics

Below is a comparison of the homicide rate in Russia from 1990 to 2018:

The age pattern of homicide victimization rates in Russia is different compared to that of the United States. In 2001, 32% of the homicide victims in Russia were under the age of thirty-five, and 30% of the victims were fifty years or older. There is a wide range of variation in homicide rates throughout Russia. The homicide rate is relatively high in Siberia and Russian Far East compared to European Russia.

Drug trafficking
Drug trafficking and illicit drug use is a significant problem in Russia. The disintegration of the Soviet Union, the civil war in Afghanistan, the civil war in Tajikistan, and the conflicts in the North Caucasus have made the favorable conditions for the development of illegal drug trade. In the early 1990s, use of cocaine was increasingly noted among the young population of the nation.

In the mid-1990s, the growing drug abuse that appeared in Russia was caused by lack of border controls, and the country became one of the world's major transit corridors of drug trafficking. The entrance of producers of cocaine of South America in the Russian market was proved by intercepting cocaine shipments in Saint Petersburg in 1993. As of 1996 internal production of narcotic substances was also rising in Russia.

A limited quantity of illicit cannabis is cultivated in the country. Opium poppies and marijuana are cultivated illegally in the Southern Federal District. Russia is one of the two major drug producers along with Morocco, and one of the five major drug trafficking entry points along with
Iran, Turkey, Italy and Spain in the Mediterranean region. The drug trafficking also involves the supply of opium, heroin and marijuana from Central Asia and the Golden Crescent, comprising Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran.

Russian drug rings work with the Sicilian Mafia and the Colombian drug traffickers to import and distribute cocaine. Many local Russian distributors have connections with criminal organizations in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Ukraine. According to the Moscow State Institute of International Relations, a regular trafficking route exists from Tajikistan to Rostov-on-Don via Turkmenistan, and from there to Western Europe. Below are some drug-trafficking routes through the Russian Federation:

Between 1993 and 1995, the annual amount of seized narcotic substances increased from thirty-five tons to ninety tons. At present approximately 5 million people use illicit drugs in Russia.  Russia has the biggest heroin problem along with
Iran and Estonia.

Several measures have been taken by the government to combat drug trafficking. Russia is a party of the 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. In 1994, when Boris Yeltsin was the President of Russia, a committee was founded for coordination of drug policy. In 1995, a three-year counternarcotics program was approved for establishing drug treatment facilities, criminalization of drug abuse, extensions of sentences for drug trafficking, and establishment of pharmaceuticals-monitoring process.

In two major anti-drug operations in 1997, fifty metric tons of narcotic substances were seized and approximately 1,400 criminal organizations engaged in drug trafficking were disrupted or destroyed. In March 2003, Russian President Vladimir Putin established the Russian State Committee for Control over the
Illegal Trafficking of Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances for combating drug trafficking with more coordinated manner.

Human trafficking

Russia is a supply, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children being trafficked for various purposes. The trafficking is multidimensional and it involves both commercial sexual exploitation and labor exploitation. Russia is a significant source of women trafficked to over 50 nations. Internal trafficking is a problem in the country; women are trafficked from rural areas to urban settlements for commercial sexual exploitation. Men are trafficked internally and from Central Asia for forced labor in the construction and agricultural industries. Debt bondage is common among the trafficking victims.

Arms trafficking
Arms trafficking has become a significant problem in the Russian Federation following the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The former Eastern Bloc countries (including Russia) are the source of the majority of illegal weapons in circulation around the world. Illegal arms possession is a problem in many regions in the nation, especially in the areas suffering from insurgency such as Chechnya and Dagestan.

Because of the general weakening of the government control and the decentralization of power in the nation in the first half of the 1990s, small arms from several military units and arsenals made their way into the hands of civilians and local unofficial armed formations. Gunrunning in Russia stemmed from corruption in the armed forces and the illegal sale of military equipment. It has been suggested that parts of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation and arms industry were engaged in arms trafficking with the Chechen separatists.

Russian troops play an important role in arms trafficking especially in the war zones. Poor salary for service persons coupled with lack of control over weapon storage resulted in troop involvement in illegal arms trade. The Chief of the General Staff Anatoly Kvashnin publicly stated in 2003 that increasing corruption left the Russian military in a "post-critical state".

There have been accusations and counter-accusations between Russia and Georgia regarding illegal arms selling to Chechen separatists. Russia alleged that Chechen separatists received weapons through illegal networks going to Chechnya through Georgia and Azerbaijan. On the other hand, Georgia accused Russia of corruption on military bases, poor security infrastructure and low professionalism among Russian troops as the reasons behind the spread of illegal weapons.

The types of firearms in illegal possession varies throughout the nation: in Siberia unregistered hunting rifles are the primarily found illegal weapons while in Chechnya the predominant illicit arms are illegally held military weapons. Small arms are illegally proliferated from the main centers of small arms manufacturing, Tula and Izhevsk. In 2003 an estimated 300,000 to 1.5 million illegal arms were in circulation within Russia.

According to the statistics from the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, 1.5 times more people were arrested for gunrunning in 2001 than in 2000; in total 26,113 arrests were made and 65,000 crimes were committed using illegal arms. In 2000, the number of seized unregistered firearms was 300,000, which was a 37% increase compared with 1999. Many Russian criminal organizations, aside from arms trafficking in Russia, provide weapons to the separatists groups in Chechnya.

However several attempts were made to combat arms trafficking. Small arms manufacturers in the country have tightened their security systems. Special prosecutors’ offices, which were originally set up in the 1950s for supervising secrecy in nuclear facilities, have been given the responsibility of the security of defense plants and curbing the theft of small arms from the plants. The Government of Russia has undertaken a program to increase security at arms storage facilities at military bases.

Poaching
Poaching was extremely uncommon in the Soviet Union, but has recently become a significant problem in the country. The main cause for poaching in Russia is the consequence of the social and political changes since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. State-controlled farms stopped functioning due to the fall of the previous system resulting in high unemployment. Unemployment, poverty, inflation, shortage of food and demand for foreign currency have major impact on the wildlife in the country.

Between 1992 and 1996, law enforcement agencies in Russia mainly focused on drug trafficking, arms trafficking, money laundering and
the First Chechen War. Environmental crimes like poaching and illegal timber smuggling were generally not treated as national security issues. During the post-perestroika transition, the government agencies for environment and wildlife protection experienced severe budget cuts which led to layoffs and salary reductions for wildlife rangers in places like Primorski Krai and it reduced the resources of the rangers to fight against the poachers. Animals being poached in the country are bear, musk deer, tiger etc. Approximately 50,000 cases of poaching are registered annually. According to the tiger experts and enforcement officers in Russia, the characteristics of tiger poaching in Russia are:
Tiger poaching is carried out by two sets of poachers: organized poaching gangs and opportunistic poachers.

Poaching of the tiger's prey base (i.e. wild pig and deer) occur for the consumption of the local population.
The poachers generally sell the tiger parts to middlemen operating out of the cities like Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, Ussuriysk, Nakhodka and Plastun.
The middlemen who buy or sell tiger parts are generally Russians, ethnic Koreans, or Chinese.
Most tiger parts are being smuggled to the People's Republic of China, South Korea and Japan.

It is believed that sharp increase in poaching in the first half of the 1990s resulted in rapid decrease of the Siberian tiger population. According to estimation, there were 330 to 371 adult Siberian tigers in the Russian Far East in 1996 while the number was 600 at the end of the 1980s. During the communist rule, borders were closed and access to the Asian demand for tiger products was almost non-existent. Due to this, from 1972 to 1992, poaching was not reported.

The collapse of the Soviet Union resulted in easing of border controls and gun laws, and it became an urgent need for the villagers to earn income in a destroyed economy with high inflation. Almost immediately tigers became similar to a profitable cash crop at a time when there was huge demand for tiger parts for Traditional Chinese medicine. Data obtained from field examinations, skin confiscations and from radio-collared animals indicated that 58%-73% tiger deaths were related to poaching. Poaching of tigers apparently peaked in the early 1990s.

The collapse of the Marxist–Leninist government in the country had a significant influence on the average Russian's economic ability to maintain his or her family. Because of the large population of bears in Russia and an increasing demand for bear parts, especially bile, poaching of bears became increasingly popular. Its main trade partners in bear parts are primarily nearby Asian countries like South Korea and the People's Republic of China. Poaching of the snow leopard is also a serious problem in Russia along with Afghanistan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, People's Republic of China, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The situation for antelopes has deteriorated significantly since the collapse of the Soviet system. There has been increase in poaching of the saiga antelope which reduced the saiga population in the country.

However several attempts were made to combat commercial poaching of animals. Operation Amba, started to curtail the poaching of Siberian tigers in the Russian Far East, is credited for bringing the Amur tiger back from the brink of extinction in the mid-1990s.

Major General Vitaly Ivanovich Gamov, a Deputy Commander of the Pacific Regional Directorate of the Border Guard Service of Russia, was killed in 2002 in his house after refusing to take bribes and allow poachers to outsource their recourse to Japan.

In January 2009, the Altaigate Scandal developed after the Plenipotentiary of the Russian President in the State Duma was killed along with 6 other officials in the helicopter crash accident (poaching for legally protected argali mountain sheep) and an entire investigation was concealed from the public.

Corruption

In Russia's criminal legislation, "corruption" is not defined as a specific crime, but a collective term which include bribery, abuse of office and others. It is accepted in both inside and outside the country that corruption is widespread in Russia. Corruption is often considered as a major factor behind economic problems in the nation. According to a survey conducted by the Economist Intelligence Unit in 1997, the Commonwealth of Independent States was the most corrupt region in the world, with Russia (along with the other four CIS countries surveyed) received the maximum rating for corruption among public officials.

In the Corruption Perceptions Index 2007, Russia was ranked 143rd out of 179 countries for corruption (least corrupt countries are at the top of the list). On a scale of 0 to 10 with 0 the most corrupt and 10 the most transparent, Transparency International rated Russia 2.3. Corruption in Russia is often divided into two broad categories: "petty" corruption, where low-ranking government officials are engaged in bribery, and "high-level" corruption involving political and business elite. Below are selected official data on corruption in Russia from 1997 to 2003:

Corruption in the police force is a significant problem in the country. First Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs Vladimir Vasilev claimed that 1,700 police persons were convicted of bribery or abuse of office in 2001 and the problem of corruption was under control. But according to most observers, in reality the level of police corruption is much higher and state officials like to downplay the problem of corruption.

Political analyst Andrei Piontkovsky said in an article written in early 2000 that the then current political system in Russia was "the highest stage of robber capitalism”. He believes that "Russia is not corrupt. Corruption is what happens in all countries when businessmen offer officials large bribes for favors. Today's Russia is unique. The businessmen, the politicians, and the bureaucrats are the same people. They have privatized the country's wealth and taken control of its financial flows."

Such views are also shared by former CIA director James Woolsey who said in a 1999 Congressional Statement: "I have been particularly concerned for some years, beginning during my tenure, with the interpenetration of Russian organized crime, Russian intelligence and law enforcement, and Russian business. I have often illustrated this point with the following hypothetical: If you should chance to strike up a conversation with an articulate, English-speaking Russian in, say, the restaurant of one of the luxury hotels along Lake Geneva, and he is wearing a $3,000 suit and a pair of Gucci loafers, and he tells you that he is an executive of a Russian trading company and wants to talk to you about a joint venture, then there are four possibilities. He may be what he says he is. He may be a Russian intelligence officer working under commercial cover. He may be part of a Russian organized crime group. But the really interesting possibility is that he may be all three and that none of those three institutions have any problem with the arrangement."

According to Transparency International, bribery in Russia is worth $300 billion. There have been two high-profile bribery scandals in Russia involving international companies. There was an agreement signed at an official ceremony in Moscow in which Foreign companies made a commitment not to give bribes in Russia.

Historical trends

Comparison of the crime rates of the Soviet Union with those of other nations is considered difficult, because the Soviet Union did not publish comprehensive crime statistics. According to Western experts, robberies, homicide and other violent crimes were less prevalent in the Soviet Union than in the United States because the Soviet Union had a larger police force, strict gun controls, and had a low occurrence of drug abuse. However, white-collar crime was prevalent in the Soviet system. Corruption in the form of bribery was common, primarily due to the paucity of goods and services on the open market.

Theft of state property (embezzlement) by state employees was also common. When Mikhail Gorbachev was the General Secretary of the CPSU, an effort was made to stop white-collar crime. Revelations of corruption scandals involving high-level employees of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union were published regularly in the news media of the Soviet Union, and many arrests and prosecutions resulted from such discoveries. An article published in the Izvestia in 1994 described the difference between the situation of crime in the Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia:

The crime rate in Russia sharply increased during the late 1980s. The fall of Marxist-Leninist governments in Eastern Europe had tremendous influence on the political economy of organized crime.

Post Soviet

The collapse of the Soviet Union destroyed much of the systems and infrastructures
that provided social security and a minimal standard of living for the population, and law and order across the country broke down resulting in outbreak of crime. In the transition to a free market economy, production fell and there was huge capital flight coupled with low foreign investment.

Due to these factors, economic instability increased and a newly impoverished population emerged, accompanied by unemployment and unpaid wages. Extreme poverty as well as unpaid wages resulted in an increase in theft and counterfeiting. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, organized criminal groups in Russia and other former Soviet republics have been involved in different illegal activities such as drug trafficking, arms trafficking, car theft, human trafficking and money laundering being the most common.

From 1991 to 1992, the number of both officially reported crimes and the overall crime rate increased by 27%. By the early 1990s, theft, burglary, and other property crimes accounted for nearly two-thirds of all crime in the country. There was a rapid growth of violent crime, including homicides. There was the burgeoning black market of firearms, many of them were pilfered from stockpiles of the former Soviet Army.

In the 1990s in Russia, as well as in other post-Soviet countries, vast deposits of natural resources and businesses that the state had owned for decades were privatised. Former Soviet bureaucrats, factory directors, aggressive businessmen and criminal organizations used insider deals, bribery and simple brute force in order to grab lucrative assets. Russia's new capitalists spent millions of dollars for protection. However, almost every business in Russia, from curbside vendors to huge oil and gas companies, made payments to the organized crime for protection ("krysha"). Businessmen said that they needed the "krysha" because the laws and the court system were not functioning properly in Russia. The only way for them to enforce a contract was to turn to a criminal "krysha". They also used it to intimidate competitors, enforce contracts, collect debts or take over new markets. It was also becoming increasingly common for Russian businesses to turn to the "red krysha" (the corrupt police who doubled as a paid protection racket). Contract killings were common.

The internationalization of the Russian Mafia along with the Sicilian Mafia, the Camorra, the Triads and the Yakuza played a vital role in the development of transnational crime involving Russia.

After the economic situation improved since the beginning of the 2000s, the crime in Russia has taken a sharp decline.

Crime dynamics

1990s
Russia's economy experienced a 40% GDP decline in the 1990s, [3] and this led to an explosion of crime. In 1990, the number of registered crime was 1.84 million. This figure increased to 2.8 million in 1993, then fell slightly. In 1996, there were a total of 2.63 million officially registered crimes, which was more than 40% higher than in 1990. In 1999, total reported crime was 3 million, and it continued to increase in 2000 and 2001, and then fell in 2002.

Among white-collar crimes, swindling increased 67.2 percent, and extortion 37.5 percent, in 1995. Among the conventional crimes reported in 1995, homicide and attempted murder increased 1.5%, rape 6.5%, burglaries 6.6%. Serious crimes by teenagers increased by 2.2 percent in 1995.

In the first four months in 1994, Russia averaged eighty-four murders per day. Many of those crimes were contract killings by criminal organizations. The 1995 national crime total exceeded 1.3 million, including 30,600 cases of homicide.

Recent years
Recently, from 2001, the number of murders and suicides in Russia have dropped by 80%.

By region

2017 was a very good year for Moscow, which saw the lowest number of crimes (140,000) in a decade. [1] Theft, burglary and armed robbery dropped up to 38 percent since the previous year, while the murder rate dropped by 10 percent. Crime statistics of Moscow for 1995 included a total of 93,560 cases of crime, of which 18,500 were white-collar crimes, an increase of 8.3% over 1994.

The majority of car thefts were reported from Moscow and Saint Petersburg, which increased through the first half of the 1990s. In Moscow an estimated fifty cars were stolen per day, with the estimated yearly total for Russia between 100,000 and 150,000.

Alcohol and crime

In the early 1980s, an estimated "two-thirds of murders and violent crimes were committed by intoxicated persons; and drunk drivers were responsible for 14,000 traffic deaths and 60,000 serious traffic injuries". In 1995, about three quarters of those arrested for homicide were under the influence of alcohol.

A 1997 report published in the Journal of Family Violence, found that among male perpetrators of spousal homicide, 60–75% of offenders had been drinking before the incident. In a 2004 study of domestic violence in the Central Black Earth Region of Russia, 77% of offenders of violent crime towards family members were frequent drinkers - 12% engaged in regular binge drinking three or four times a month, 30% three times a week or more, and 35% every day or almost every day.

International comparison
Homicide/murder rate in Russia has fallen dramatically in the last two decades. The homicide rate in Russia more than tripled between 1988 and 1994 and was among the highest in the world. However, by 2017, the murder rate in Russia was only slightly higher than in the US (6 versus 5.6).

Crime and scams against foreigners
The main crime for tourists to watch out for in Russia is pickpockets, which can be found at multiple places in Moscow (e.g. St. Basil's Cathedral, Red Square, Moscow Metro) and St. Petersburg (e.g. The State Hermitage Museum, Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood, Peterhof Grand Palace). Another that may affect tourists include fake alcohol which have been ongoing for years.

As for scams, the main ones to watch out for include taxi scams, fake amber, fake ballet tickets, and "Would you like a drink" bar scam.

Migrant crime
Russian Minister of Internal Affairs Vladimir Kolokoltsev said that 80% of all criminal acts of migrants are related to drugs. According to him, involvement in criminal activity is growing in the migrant environment. The minister stressed that all Russian departments using migrant labor should tighten control over their activities.

See also
Anti-organized crime institutions in Russia
Gopniki
Kazan phenomenon
Domestic violence in Russia
 History of Russia (1991–present)#"Shock therapy"
Illegal immigration in Russia
Novgorod case
Russian Mafia
 Shock Doctrine
Terrorism in Russia
Thieves in law

References

Sources
EU Presses Russia on Human Trafficking BusinessWeek
Russian Organized Crime Strategic Forecasting, Inc.
Anti-poaching squads tackle caviar crisis BBC News
Black Markets in Russia Havocscope Black Market

Further reading
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Nigel Richards may refer to:

Nigel Richards (actor), English actor and singer
Nigel Richards (Scrabble player), New Zealand Scrabble player
Nigel Richards (British Army officer) (1945–2019), British general


Ashfield Giants were a motorcycle speedway team based at Saracen Park, Glasgow, Scotland between 1949 and 1953.  The track operated on an open licence in 1953 and were reformed for a one of season during the 2000 Speedway Conference League.

History
The original Giants team were the majority of the Newcastle Diamonds team of 1948. Tuesday nights 1949 to 1951 were "Giants Night" and arguably their most famous rider was Ken Le Breton, known as 'The White Ghost'. Ken (real name Francis) was the star man in his white painted leathers and led the Giants 1949 and 1950. Ken was the first of three Scottish-based riders to compete in a Final of the World Championship (1949). Sadly, he was killed in a track crash in his native Australia in early 1951; this prompted massive scenes of public grief at the stadium.

Co-promoters Johnnie Hoskins and Norrie Isbister presided over a colourful team with a rider in red leathers - Aussie Merv Harding, a rider in blue leathers - Aussie Keith Gurtner and a rider who rode in yellow and black - Scotsman Willie (the wasp) Wilson. Eric Liddell joined the fun with silver leathers. All this in a time when most riders wore the standard black leathers. The team finished 11th in their inaugural 1949 Speedway National League Division Two season and then finished 11th, 8th and 7th respectively during the next three seasons.

The Giants were never very successful and the change of race night to a Saturday in 1952 saw a significant decline. Norrie Isbister soldiered on in 1953 but could not prevent the demise of the Giants.

A greyhound racing track replaced the shale for many years before speedway returned in 1999, with Saracen Park now the home of both the Glasgow Tigers speedway team and Ashfield F. C.

Season summary

Notable riders
 Cyril Cooper
 Gruff Garland
 Jack Gates
 Alec (Farmer) Grant
 Merv Harding
 Ron Johnson
 Larry (John) Lazarus
 Ken Le Breton
 Ron Phillips
 Bruce Semmens
 Chum Taylor
 Willie Wilson

See also
 List of defunct motorcycle speedway teams in the United Kingdom

References

Defunct speedway teams in the United Kingdom
Sports clubs and teams in Glasgow
History of Glasgow


This page is a list of diplomatic missions of Kosovo. Kosovo maintains 33 embassies abroad. Since Kosovo's declaration of independence, it has been recognized by 101 UN member states, as well as the  Sovereign Military Order of Malta, the Cook Islands and Niue.

Africa

Dakar (Embassy)

Americas

Ottawa (Embassy)
Toronto (Consulate General)

Panama City (Embassy)

Washington, D.C. (Embassy)
Des Moines (Consulate General)
New York City (Consulate General)

Asia

 Dhaka (Embassy)

 Jerusalem (Embassy)

Tokyo (Embassy)

 Doha (Embassy)

Riyadh (Embassy)

 Bangkok (Embassy)

Ankara (Embassy)
Istanbul (Consulate General)

Abu Dhabi (Embassy)

Europe

Tirana (Embassy)

Vienna (Embassy)

Brussels (Embassy)

Sofia (Embassy)

Zagreb (Embassy)

Prague (Embassy)

Copenhagen (Consulate)

Paris (Embassy)
Strasbourg (Consulate General)

Berlin (Embassy)
Frankfurt am Main (Consulate)
Düsseldorf (Consulate General)
Munich (Consulate General)
Stuttgart (Consulate)

Budapest (Embassy)

Rome (Embassy)
Milan (Consulate General)
Bari (Consular Office)

 Podgorica (Embassy)

The Hague (Embassy)

Skopje (Embassy)
Struga (Consulate General)

Oslo (Embassy)

Lisbon (Embassy)

 Belgrade (Liaison office)

Ljubljana (Embassy)

Stockholm (Embassy)

Bern (Embassy)
Geneva (Consulate General)
Zurich (Consulate)

London (Embassy)

Oceania

Canberra (Embassy)

Embassies to open

 Bogotá (Embassy)

 Dodoma (Embassy)

 Warsaw (Embassy)

 Bratislava (Liaison Office)

Non-resident accredited embassies

 (Paris)
 (Riyadh)
 (Panama City)
 (Dakar)
 (Canberra)
 (Panama City)
 (Berlin)
 (Brussels)
 (Tokyo)
 (Canberra)
 (Stockholm)
 (Dakar)
 (Panama City)
 (Stockholm)
 (London)
 (Ankara)
 (Stockholm)
 (Dakar)
 (Bern)
 (Stockholm)
 (Brussels)
 (Riyadh)
 (Rome)
 (Tokyo)
 (Paris)
 (Canberra)
 (Ankara)
 (Tokyo)
 (Panama City)
 (Panama City)
 (Canberra)
 (Rome)
 (Canberra)
 (Canberra)
 (Tokyo)
 (Canberra)

See also
 List of diplomatic missions in Kosovo
 Foreign relations of Kosovo

References

External links
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Kosovo
Kosovo missions abroad

Kosovo
Diplomatic missions
Diplomatic missions
Diplomatic missions


Airfield rubber removal, also known as runway rubber removal, is the use of high pressure water, abrasives, chemicals and other mechanical means to remove the rubber from tires that builds up on airport runways. In the United States, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) specifies friction levels for safe operation of planes and measures friction coefficients for the evaluation of appropriate friction levels. Individual airports incorporate rubber removal into their maintenance schedules based on the number of take offs and landings that each airport experiences.

Source of airfield rubber build-up
When a plane lands, the tires are not spinning. The time it takes for the tires to get up to speed is referred to as "spin up time" (Speidel, 2002). During this time the tires are effectively dragging on the runway as well as being put under pressure by the weight of the airplane. This can be seen in the slight puff of smoke that comes from a landing aircraft's tires as they first touch the runway surface. The friction built up causes the rubber to polymerize and harden to the runway surface.

Effects of rubber buildup
The buildup of rubber affects the level of friction of the runway, most noticeably as a reduction in braking and ground handling performance. This can lead to incidents such as runway overrun or a lateral slide off the runway.
The contributing factors for viscous hydroplaning are a damp or wet pavement,
medium to high speed, poor pavement texture, and worn tire tread. If a runway
has good microtexture and grooving and the aircraft tires have a good tread
design, viscous hydroplaning could be alleviated.(NTSB, p.92)
Macrotexture is visible to the naked eye.  Without the aid of a microscope, microtexture can only be felt. The buildup of rubber directly affects these variables and therefore reduces the friction available for landing which increase the possibility of hydroplaning of the landing airplane.

Methods

High pressure water and ultra high pressure water
Sometimes referred to as hydrocleaning, high pressure and ultra high pressure work on the same principle of applying a spinning jet or set of jets to the surface to break the hardened rubber free from the runway surface. The main difference between the two is the pressure and flow. High pressure removal uses water at  at up to  while ultra high pressure removal uses up to  with a water usage between   (Speidel, 2002, p. 4). High pressure and ultra high pressure water operations rely on the impact of water alone, with no other chemicals used. High pressure and ultra high pressure water operations are known for destroying the integrity of the airfield and break down the surface of the runway after multiple uses.

Chemical removal
Cleaning the runway using chemicals involves the application of proprietary cleaners that are brushed into the surface of the runway and then washed off using low pressure water. There is a time between applying the chemicals and washing the runway when the chemicals are allowed to react with and break down the rubber. During this time the runway is unusable for landing operations and therefore could not be used safely in an emergency situation. The chemicals used can be expensive and require special handling. There are currently a newer generation of non-caustic rubber removal chemicals that are also environmentally superior, non-corrosive, non-toxic and relatively inexpensive to use. Some runway maintenance crews like the ability to do their rubber removal in-house using existing or lower cost machinery with a more regular, preventive maintenance program. Chemicals for rubber removal have proven to have no long-term effect on either asphalt or concrete runways. Using equipment to recover waste water/chemical/rubber allows control and safety of disposal with no runoff.

High velocity impact removal
This method employs the principle of throwing abrasive particles at a very high velocity at the runway pavement surface, thus blasting the contaminants from the surface (Speidel, 2002). Also known as sandblasting, this method can introduce foreign object debris to the runway if not contained and cleaned up properly.

Mechanical removal
This type of removal involves the milling of the first  off the runway surface.

References

US. Department of Transportation.(1997). Measurement, Construction, and Maintenance of Skid-Resistand Airport Surfaces. Federal Aviation Administration Advisory Circular.
Speidel, Donna J., (2002, February). Airfield Rubber Removal Paper presented at the 2002 Federal Aviation Administration Technology Transfer Conference.
National Transportation Safety Board. 2001. Runway Overrun During Landing, American Airlines Flight 1420, McDonnell Douglas MD-82, N215AA, Little Rock, Arkansas, June 1, 1999. Aircraft Accident Report NTSB-AAR-01-02. Washington, DC.

Airport infrastructure


Powiat bielski may refer to either of two counties (powiats) in Poland:
Bielsk County, in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
Bielsko County, in Silesian Voivodeship (south Poland), the county seat being Bielsko-Biała