was a Japanese daimyō of the Sengoku period. He was the 10th head of the Imagawa clan of Suruga Province.
Ujichika was the son of Imagawa Yoshitada.
He was the husband of Jukei-ni.

Biography
In 1476, Ujichika father, Yoshitada, invaded Tōtōmi Province and defeated the Katsumada and Yokota clans. On the return to Suruga, however, he was waylaid at Shiokaizaka and was attacked and killed by the remnants of the two families.

A succession dispute between supporters of Yoshitada's infant son, Ujichika, and Yoshitada cousin Oshika Norimitsu developed. Uesugi Sadamasa and Ashikaga Masatomo became involved. Hōjō Sōun proposed that until Ujichika had his coming of age ceremony, Oshika Norimitsu act as regent in his name. This averted armed conflict within the Imagawa, at least temporarily.

However, when Ujichika turned 17, Norimitsu would not turn over control of the Imagawa clan to him, and hostilities resumed. Hōjō Sōun attacked Norimitsu's mansion on Ujichika's behalf and once Norimitsu was defeated, Ujichika assumed his position as head of the clan. He gave asylum to Ashikaga Yoshizumi after the latter fled Kyoto in 1491 and afterwards escorted him back.

Ujichika was a capable leader, he spent much time campaigning in Tōtōmi and Mikawa, strengthening the position of the Imagawa on the Tokai Coast.

His general, Fukushima Hyōgo, was defeated by Takeda Nobutora at 'Battle of Iidagawara' in 1521.

He died of illness in 1526 and was succeeded by his eldest son Imagawa Ujiteru. Ujichika is remembered for sending three of his six sons to various temples to become monks and for building Nagoya Castle in Owari in 1525 – both of which were considered somewhat unusual, the latter because the Imagawa had only the most tenuous of holds over Owari Province.

Legislative Acts
Ujichika composed the Imagawa house code, the Imagawa Kana Mokuroku, in 1526. Clauses included such stipulations as the punishment for unlawful entry of another's residence (article 7), the imposition of capital punishment in violent quarrels between retainers (article 8), the accountability of the parents of children (of retainers) involved in fights (article 11), regulations concerning the private sale and leasing of land (articles 13–15), debt repayment (article 17), and forbidding retainers of the Imagawa to arrange marriages with houses outside the Imagawa domain (article 30).

Family
 Father: Imagawa Yoshitada
 Mother: Lady Kitagawa
 Wife: Jukei-ni (d. 1568)
 Concubine: Fukushima Masanari’s daughter
 Children:
 Imagawa Ujiteru by Jukei-ni
 Imagawa Hikogoro (d.1536) by Jukei-ni
 Genkō Etan (1517–1536) by Fukushima Masanari’s daughter
 Shōji Senjō (1518–1588)
 Imagawa Yoshimoto by Jukei-ni
 Imagawa Ujitoyo (b. 1522)
 Tokuzo-in married Kira Yoshitaka
 Zuikei-in married Hojo Ujiyasu
 daughter married Ogasawara Haruyoshi
 daughter married Matsudaira Chikayoshi later married Udono Nagamochi
 daughter married Nakamikado Nobutsuna
 daughter married Sena Ujitoshi
 daughter married Sekiguchi Chikanaga (Sena Yoshihiro)
 daughter married Otani Yoshihide

References

Daimyo
1473 births
1526 deaths
Imagawa clan
Military engineers


Charolais or Charollais may refer to:

 Charolais, France, a region and historic county of Burgundy, France
 Charolais cattle, a breed of cattle
 Charolais horse, an extinct horse breed
 Charollais sheep, a breed of sheep
 , a French goat cheese


"A Nursery Tale" () is a short story by Vladimir Nabokov first published in the expatriate Russian newspaper Rul on 27 and 29 June 1926 and in the book form in The Return of Chorb in 1930. The English translation by the author and his son, Dmitri Nabokov has appeared in 1975 in collection Tyrants Destroyed and Other Stories.

Plot summary
Erwin, the protagonist, is shy and “collects” an imaginary harem of women by tagging them mentally when looking from the streetcar. One day, he encounters the Devil in the shape of a German middle-aged women, Frau Monde, who tells him he can have all the women he can “collect” before midnight provided their number is uneven. Erwin tries to do so but ultimately fails.

Comments
The story makes reference to a teenage girl as one of the women Erwin tries to make part of his collection, an early reference to the theme of hebephilia that is later spun  out in Lolita. This may be the earliest reference in Nabokov’s work to the attraction of pubescent girls.

Notes

References
Fantasy, Folklore, and Finite Numbers in Nabokov's "A Nursery Tale" by Susan Sweeney, The Slavic and East European Journal, Vol. 43, No. 3 (Autumn, 1999), pp. 511–529.

1926 short stories
Short stories by Vladimir Nabokov
Works originally published in German newspapers


Workmate may refer to:

Co-worker
Workbench
Black & Decker Workmate, a portable sawhorse and general carpentry tool.


C'est du propre ! (It's Clean!) is a French reality television programme on M6.

Broadcast since 2005, the show is hosted by Danièle Odin and Béatrice de Malembert. The show is based on the popular UK show How Clean is Your House?, in which the hosts visit people with filthy homes and then clean them.

External links
  Official Site

2005 French television series debuts
2000s TV shows in France
French reality television series


Karen Julia Josephson (born January 10, 1964) is an American Olympic champion and former competitor in synchronized swimming.

Biography
Karen Josephson partnered with her twin sister Sarah Josephson to win a silver medal in the women's duet at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul and then a gold medal in the same event with at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.

She won silver medals in the duet and team events at the 1986 World Championships in Madrid. At the 1991 World Championships in Perth she won gold medals in same events.

Josephson also competed at the 1987 Pan American Game in Indianapolis, winning gold medals in duet and team events.

See also
 List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
American synchronized swimmers
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in synchronized swimming
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in synchronized swimming
Synchronized swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Synchronized swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
World Aquatics Championships medalists in synchronised swimming
Synchronized swimmers at the 1986 World Aquatics Championships
Synchronized swimmers at the 1991 World Aquatics Championships
Pan American Games medalists in synchronized swimming
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Synchronized swimmers at the 1987 Pan American Games
People from Bristol, Connecticut
Sportspeople from Hartford County, Connecticut
American twins
Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games
20th-century American women


Cuci (Malay: "Wash") is a 2008 Malaysian Malay-language comedy film directed by actor Hans Isaac. The film was released on 28 January 2008.

Plot
The story is about four brothers who are window washers from Kuala Selangor who strive for something more in their lives. They find out the existence of a Window Washing Olympics with the grand prize of a contract to wash the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur. As they fight through the Olympics along with other more organised and professional teams, they realise that nothing is more important than their brotherhood and friendship.

Cast
 Awie
 Afdlin Shauki
 AC Mizal
 Hans Isaac
 Erra Fazira
 Umie Aida
 Rahim Razali
 Yusni Jaafar
 Harith Iskander
 Harun Salim Bachik

Reception
The film performed well at the box office, being second in Malaysia behind John Rambo.

References

External links

2008 films
Malaysian comedy films
2008 comedy films
Malay-language films
Grand Brilliance films


Porter Cornelius Bliss (December 28, 1838 – February 1, 1885), was an American journalist, linguist, historian and diplomat. Bliss was a volunteer in defense of the capital, served in various government positions and traveled extensively; he was once accused of treason and conspiracy, and imprisoned before being rescued by a United States Navy Squadron.

He served as an editor of the Washington Chronicle from 1869 to 1870 and as an editor and biographer at the New York Herald from 1878 through 1881. Bliss also spent three years working on Johnson's Cyclopedia and edited a weekly called The Literary Table.

Biography
Bliss was born to parents, Reverend Asher (1801–1881) and Cassandra (Hooper) Bliss, on the Cattaraugus Reservation, Erie County, New York of Seneca Indians on December 28, 1838. His father was a minister to the Seneca Indians.

He studied at Hamilton College and Yale College, then traveled in Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia (1860–61), investigating the condition of the Indian tribes in behalf of societies at Boston. Bliss was employed for some months as clerk in the Indian Bureau, and subsequently in the post-office department at Washington in 1861. He was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1861.

Bliss took part in volunteer organizations for the defense of the capital, visited England the same year, and accompanied General James Watson Webb as private secretary on his mission to Brazil (1861–63). He was commissioner of the Government of the Argentine Republic for the exploration of the Indian country called the Gran Chaco 1863 and edited at Buenos Aires a monthly periodical, The River Platte Magazine in 1864.

Bliss was appointed by President Francisco Solano López, as historiographer of Paraguay and became secretary to Hon. Charles Ames Washburn, U.S. minister to Paraguay in 1866; he aided him in collecting materials for his History of Paraguay (2 vols., 1871). He was imprisoned by the command of López on a charge of treason and conspiracy for his assassination September 10, 1868 and while imprisoned wrote, under duress, a deliberately falsified account of the U.S. legation's plan, retracted after his rescue by a U.S. Navy squadron December 10, 1868. Bliss was later appointed as translator to the State Department at Washington, March, 1869 and served as editor of the Washington Chronicle (1869–70).

President Grant appointed him secretary of legation in Mexico (1870–74), and acting minister for several months, (1872–73). He afterward resided in New York, and was vice-president of the American Philological Society and an editor of the New York Herald from 1878 through 1881.  he also did editing work for the New Haven News in 1883. Bliss died in New York, February 1, 1885. He is buried at the family plot at Randolph Cemetery, in Cattaraugus County, New York.

Bibliography
A collection of the Porter Cornelius Bliss Papers are available at the Latin American Library at Tulane University. A selection of his works are listed below.

 The Ethnography of the Gran Chaco, Buenos Aires, 1864.
 The conquest of Turkey, co-author with L.P. Brockett, Hubbard Bros., 1878.
Causes and consequences of the Paraguayan war, place and date of publication unknown.
Correspondence and other documents concerning the relations of the United States with Paraguay, the Argentine Republic, Uruguay and Brazil during the Paraguayan War (papers), Washington, Government Printing Office, 1868–69.
 Catalogue of the library of the late Porter C. Bliss, Taylor, 1885.

References
This article incorporates text from the Universal Cyclopædia & Atlas, 1902, New York, D. Appleton & Co., a publication now in the public domain.

1838 births
1885 deaths
People from Erie County, New York
19th-century American diplomats
Hamilton College (New York) alumni
19th-century American journalists
American male journalists
19th-century American male writers
Members of the American Antiquarian Society
Journalists from New York (state)
Yale College alumni


Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian is a didactic text, providing the reader with religious and moralistic rules, prescriptions and lessons. The title means something like “the book of rules with guidance to be a resi (wise or holy man)”. This text is preserved in the National Library in Jakarta and identified as kropak 630; it consist of 30 gebang leaves (formerly identified as nipah) and in the lontar manuscript L624.

The gebang manuscript is dated in a chronogram nora catur sagara wulan (0-4-4-1), that is Saka 1440 or 1518 AD. It had already been referred to in earlier publications by Holle and Noorduyn. A complete edition with translation, introduction, commentary and glossary was presented in a stenciled work by Atja and Danasasmita (1981a). It has been republished in book-form in Danasasmita et al. (1987:73-118).
Text edition of the lontar manuscript has been done by Nurwansah, published in journal of Sundalana (2013).  The text is from Galuh (a capital city of the Sunda Kingdom).

See also

 Sunda Wiwitan
 Hinduism in Java

References

External links
 Sanghyang Siksakandang Karesian original text from Indonesian Wikisource

16th-century manuscripts
Indonesian manuscripts
Sundanese literature


Sarah Gay Josephson (born January 10, 1964) is an American Olympic champion and former competitor in synchronized swimming.

Biography
Sarah Josephson competed in the women's solo event at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. She partnered with her twin sister Karen Josephson to win a silver medal in the women's duet at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul and then a gold medal in the same event with at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.

She won silver medals in the solo, duet, and team events at the 1986 World Championships in Madrid. At the 1991 World Championships in Perth she won gold medals in the duet and team events.

Josephson also competed at the 1987 Pan American Game in Indianapolis, winning gold medals in duet and team events.

See also
 List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame

References

External links

1964 births
Living people
American synchronized swimmers
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in synchronized swimming
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in synchronized swimming
Synchronized swimmers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Synchronized swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Synchronized swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
World Aquatics Championships medalists in synchronised swimming
Synchronized swimmers at the 1986 World Aquatics Championships
Synchronized swimmers at the 1991 World Aquatics Championships
Pan American Games medalists in synchronized swimming
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Synchronized swimmers at the 1987 Pan American Games
People from Bristol, Connecticut
Sportspeople from Hartford County, Connecticut
American twins
Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games
20th-century American women


Active was the French ship Alsace that the Royal Navy captured in 1803. William Bennett purchased her and named her  Active, in place of a  previous Active that had been lost in January 1803. She then made one whaling voyage for him. Bennett sold her to Robins & Co., and she sailed between London and Buenos Aires. She then sailed on a second sealing voyage. She was lost in 1810.

Career
 captured the French ship Alsace in 1803.

Active is first listed in Lloyd's Register in 1804, and in the Register of Shipping in 1805. Both show her master as L. Blair, her owner as Bennett, and her trade as London to the South Seas Fishery.

Captain Lewis Blair acquired a letter of marque on 28 April 1804. He sailed from England on 10 May 1804, bound for the Island of Desolation. Active was reported to be at Portsmouth on 22 June, still outward bound. She was reported to have been at the Island in March 1805. She returned to England on 17 September 1805.

Bennett sold Active to Robins & Co. Lloyd's Register for 1806 shows Actives master changing from Blair to T. Paylor, and her owner from Bennett to Robins & Co.

Lloyd's Register for 1807 shows Active, with T. Paylor, master, Robins & Co., owner, and trade London—Buenos Aires. The next year her captain changed from T. Paylor to Oates. Owner and trade remained unchanged.

Captain John Baden (or Baker, or Bader), sailed from England on 27 September 1808. The Register of Shipping for 1809 shows Actives master as J. Bader and her trade as London to the Fishery.

Loss
Active was under the command of Captain John Bader when she was driven ashore in Westernport Bay, Australia on 11 June 1809. No crew were lost, but the 1300 skins she had gathered were lost. She was refloated and sailed to Sydney, arriving on 24 July. There she underwent repairs, including receiving new masts.

On 11 December 1809 Active, again under the command of Bader and with a sealing party aboard, headed for the Open Bay Islands on the west coast of New Zealand. Bader landed a sealing party on a small island on 16 February 1810. Active then set sail for Sydney; she was never seen again.

The sealing party remained stranded until in 1813 Governor Bligh rescued them. The survivors returned to Sydney on 15 December 1813.

Post script
During 1847, a Nelson newspaper reported that a sealing party had discovered the hull of a brig surrounded by bushes near Bluff Point in Southland. Items found nearby suggested that it was likely to be the wreck of Active, possibly run ashore with sails set during a period of limited visibility.

The song, Davy Low'ston, tells the story of the sealing party's ordeal.

Registers
Lloyd's Register and the Register of Shipping carry inconsistent information that indicates the possibility there was a third Active operating at the time that the registers conflated with the other two.

See also
List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea

Notes

Citations

References

Bateson, Charles (1972) Australian Shipwrecks - vol 1 1622-1850. (Sydney:AH and AW Reed).

Ingram, C. W. N., and Wheatley, P. O., (1936) Shipwrecks: New Zealand disasters 1795–1936. (Dunedin, NZ: Dunedin Book Publishing Association)

1788–1850 ships of Australia
1800s missing person cases
1803 ships
1810s missing person cases
Brigantines of Australia
Individual sailing vessels
Maritime incidents in 1810
Merchant ships of Australia
Missing person cases in Australia
Missing ships of Australia
People lost at sea
Sealing ships
Shipwrecks of New South Wales
Shipwrecks of New Zealand


Nice Air Base (Base Aérienne 943 Nice "Capitaine Auber") of the French Air Force is divided between two sites: one at the summit of Mont Agel near Nice in the Alpes-Maritimes département, and the other at Gardanne barracks in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin. The Mont Agel base uses the facilities of the former Ouvrage Mont Agel of the Alpine Line.  Its mission is the surveillance of aviation movements in southeastern France, operating as Centre de Détection et de Contrôle (CDC) 05.943, tactical call sign “Rhodia radar”.  A similar facility is located at Drachenbronn Air Base in northeastern France. The Gardanne base houses administrative functions and personnel housing in a former Chasseur Alpins barracks.

BA943 is responsible for the identification of all aircraft in its zone of responsibility, and for the coordination of military air traffic in the southeastern airspace of France. The facility has the capacity to interact with E-3F and E-2C airborne control aircraft. It is equipped with a 23 cm two-dimensional search radar and a three-dimensional "PALMIER" radar on the site. Data is integrated by a VISU IV system.

See also
 Alpine Line
 French air defense radar systems

References

External links
 Base Aérienne 943, official site

French Air and Space Force bases
Bunkers in France


South Carolina Highway 245 (SC 245) is a  state highway in the U.S. state of South Carolina. The highway was built and paved in 1932 as a short spur of SC 24 passing north through Leesville to connect with SC 391.  Since being built, that section of SC 24 was redesignated as US 178 in 1933, and Leesville merged in 1992 with Batesburg, where US 1 and SC 391 intersect, to form the town of Batesburg-Leesville. It is known locally as North Lee Street north of the railroad tracks, and as South Lee Street south of the railroad tracks. There are two traffic lights along SC 245.

Major intersections

See also

References

External links

SC 245 at Virginia Highways' South Carolina Highways Annex

245
Transportation in Lexington County, South Carolina


Simon Malley (May 25, 1923 – September 7, 2006), was a prominent Syrian Egyptian francophone journalist and a strong supporter of Third World independence movements.

Malley was "one of the best known francophone journalists of his generation" and a "partisan, fearless and controversial" writer who spoke and wrote easily in both French and English as well as his native Arabic, according to his obituary in The Guardian of London.

Life and career
Simon Malley was born in Cairo to a Jewish Syrian family of modest circumstances. After graduating from high school, he joined the Egyptian Communist Party, became a journalist and was sent by an Egyptian newspaper to cover the United Nations. In New York City, he met his wife, Barbara, an American, when she worked for the United Nations delegation of the National Liberation Front (FLN), the Algerian independence group. Malley took up the cause of the FLN and was important in publicizing its cause.

Malley supported Gamal Abdul Nasser's revolution in Egypt in 1952, and Nasser made him the representative of the Egyptian daily newspaper Al Gomhuria in New York City. The Jewish-born Malley was virulently anti-Israel.

He moved to France in 1969, where he founded the journal "Africasia" (its name was changed to "Afrique Asie" later on; he also began a second magazine called L'Economiste du Tiers Monde and also then edited an English version which was called Africasia) and was led by his wife, Barbara Malley . The journal published reports from Third World areas which received relatively little coverage elsewhere.  Its contributors included Third World economists and academics.

Malley became the "best known voice" of Third World anti-colonialist movements. He conducted a 20-hour interview with Fidel Castro, and long interviews with Yasser Arafat, (a close family friend. Arafat was Robert Malley's "godfather") and Oliver Tambo. "At Non-Aligned Movement meetings other journalists had press passes; he had a delegate's pass", according to his obituary in The Guardian. One of the Third World movements that the magazine was friendly toward was the Palestine Liberation Organization.

Afrique Asie became a longtime critic of the regimes of King Hassan II of Morocco and Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaire, among others. Malley was a strong critic of French foreign policy and alleged intelligence activities in Africa. In October 1980, at the end of the administration of French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, French special services police pulled Malley from a taxi and put him on a plane to New York City without his passport. In the airport at New York, an airline employee helped him avoid customs in order to take another flight, and he spent eight months in Geneva, Switzerland editing his journal until the election of President François Mitterrand, then returned to France with the assent of the new administration.

Family
Simon and Barbara Malley's son, Robert Malley, was a national security advisor in the Clinton administration and foreign policy advisor in the Barack Obama presidential campaign. Robert Malley wrote about Third Worldism and its decline in his book, The Call From Algeria: Third Worldism, Revolution, and the Turn to Islam, described in a Times Literary Supplement review as "a personal perspective on the movement in which his father played a notable part, and an epitaph of sorts."

See also
 Third-worldism

Notes

French editors
Egyptian writers
Egyptian Jews
1923 births
2006 deaths
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
French male non-fiction writers
20th-century French male writers
Egyptian people of Jewish descent
French people of Egyptian-Jewish descent
Egyptian expatriates in the United States
Egyptian emigrants to France


Erna Nixon Park is a public park located on 1200 Evans Road, Melbourne, Florida.  It contains a  elevated boardwalk through a natural Florida hammock.  The park contains ferns and old live oaks with hanging Spanish moss.  It provides a natural habitat for several species of birds and small animals, such as the gopher tortoise and indigo snake.  The park also hosts frequent events, such as the semi-annual Moonlight Stroll that takes place in the evening and includes live music.  The park is named after Melbourne Village naturalist Erna Nixon (B: November 3, 1891).

The Erna Nixon Park Nature Center features exhibits of animal mounts and live small animals.

Notes

Gallery

External links
"Erna Nixon Park".  Official webpage from Brevard County Parks and Recreation website.

Melbourne, Florida
Parks in Brevard County, Florida
Nature centers in Florida


Night of Light is a science fiction novel by American writer Philip José Farmer. A shorter version was published in June 1957 in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction. The expanded version was first published in 1966 by Berkley Medallion with copyright reserved to the author.  It has been recently reprinted by Subterranean Press in the collection The Other in the Mirror. It has been cited as an influence on the Jimi Hendrix psychedelic rock song "Purple Haze" (1967).

Plot summary
Once every seven years, a world in orbit around a binary star is bathed in a bizarre radiance that rearranges physical reality.  Most of the planet's inhabitants choose to sleep for the entire two-week period, often using a special medicine to do so.  Only mystics, newcomers, and devotees to the planet's bizarre religion are willing to stay awake and endure the two weeks of brilliance, where things materialize out of thin air.  According to their religion, people undergo an unpredictable change, and many actually die.  The good become better, and the bad become worse.  One woman's husband metamorphosed into a tree.  Another person was chased down streets by statues that came to life.  But facing the brilliance is also a rite of passage if you must develop as a being inclined towards acts of goodness, or a being inclined towards acts of evil.  It is during those two weeks that the good are pitted against the bad, and it is also a time when their living god must face his successor.

To help in the conversion effort, Catholic missionaries have been sent to the planet to help reconcile the planet's religion with their own universal faith.  The only problem is that the planet's religion appears to be spreading across the stars.

References

Novels by Philip José Farmer
1966 science fiction novels
American science fiction novels
1966 American novels
Religion in science fiction
Works originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction
Berkley Books books


The region of Semna is 15 miles south of Wadi Halfa and is situated where rocks cross the Nile narrowing its flow—the Semna Cataract.

Semna was a fortified area established in the reign of Senusret I (1965–1920 BC) on the west bank of the Nile at the southern end of a series of Middle Kingdom fortresses founded during the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt (1985–1795 BC) in the Second-Cataract area of Lower Nubia. There are three forts at Semna: Semna West (Semna Gharb), Semna East (Semna Sherq, also called Kummeh or Kumma), and Semna South (Semna Gubli). The forts to the east and west of the Semna Cataract are Semna East and West, respectively; Semna South is approximately one kilometer south of Semna West on the west bank of the Nile.

The Semna gorge, at the southern edge of ancient Egypt, was the narrowest part of the Nile valley.  It was here, at this strategic location, that the 12th Dynasty pharaohs built a cluster of four mud-brick fortresses: Semna, Kumma, Semna South and Uronarti — all covered by the waters of Lake Nasser since the completion of the Aswan Dam in 1971. Many of its monuments were relocated as part of the International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia.

Archaeology of Semna
The rectangular Kumma fortress, the L-shaped Semna fortress (on the opposite bank) and the smaller square fortress of Semna South were each investigated by the American archaeologist George Reisner in 1924 and 1928. Semna and Kumma also included the remains of temples, houses and cemeteries dating to the New Kingdom (1550–1069 BC), which would have been roughly contemporary with such lower Nubian towns as Amara West and Sesebisudla, when the second cataract region had become part of an Egyptian 'empire', rather than simply a frontier zone.

The fort had several advanced features – the mudbrick walls were reinforced with logs, there were doubly fortified gates, there was a fortified corridor down to the Nile allowing ready access to water supplies. The logs increased the vulnerability to fire and traces of fires can be seen in the walls.

Semna South Fort
As a 12th Dynasty fort, Semna South is one of 17 Middle Kingdom Egyptian forts in Nubia built for the purpose of controlling trade traffic along the Nile. The Egyptian state placed great importance on control of Nubia and its goods. As Reisner (1929) notes, “the southern products, the ebony, the ivory, the pelts, the incense and resin, the ostrich feathers, the black slaves, were as much desired by the kings of the Middle Kingdom as by their forebears”. Thus, forts were built along the Nile to protect the waterway from nomadic tribes and to facilitate the flow of Nubian goods into Egypt.

Forts surrounding Semna South were excavated by the Joint Egyptian Expedition of Harvard University and the Boston Museum of Fine Arts in the 1920s, but Semna South was not formally excavated until the late 1950s.  The initial excavation of the fort was directed by Jean Vercoutter and Sayed Thabit Hassan Thabit with the Sudan Antiquities Service in 1956-1957. Further excavations of the fort and an adjacent cemetery were conducted by the Oriental Institute Expedition to Sudanese Nubia, under the direction of Dr. Louis Vico Žabkar, in 1966-1968. Today, the human remains from Semna South are curated at Arizona State University and the archaeological artifacts are curated at the University of Chicago Oriental Institute.(H. McDonald, personal communication, October 22, 2012).

Site geology and geography
Semna South is located in the Batn-El-Hajar (“Belly of the Rock”) region of Nubia between the second and third cataracts. As its name implies, the Batn-El-Hajar is “characterized by ‘bare granite ridges and gullies’, a narrowed Nile run, and heavy deposits of wind-blown sand". Semna is situated above a geological formation known as the Basement Complex; this complex is a deposit of Precambrian sedimentary rock and later igneous rock. There is only a thin layer of fertile alluvial soil overlying this complex which results in poor agricultural potential.

Archaeological excavations of Semna South

While the fort at Semna South was described by Reisner (1929), it was not formally excavated until 1956–1957 by the Sudan Antiquities Service under the direction of Jean Vercoutter and Sayed Thabit Hassan Thabit. This excavation explored the majority (four-fifths) of the fort and “made a limited trial digging” in the adjacent Meroitic cemetery.

Vercoutter (1966) notes that their work was preliminary and by no means complete. He encouraged further investigation of the site: “it seems of the utmost importance for the history of the site that new excavations are undertaken at Semna South before its flooding under the waters of the new Aswan Dam”. Beginning in 1966 the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago continued excavating where Vercoutter and colleagues had ended.

Between 1966 and 1968 the University of Chicago Oriental Institute Expedition to Sudanese Nubia excavated the remainder of the Semna South fort and the adjacent cemetery. Detailed excavations were conducted of the fort walls, a church, a dump site, and the cemetery. To the author’s knowledge, this was the final archaeological excavation conducted at Semna South.

Results and significance of the excavations

Results from the 1950s
During the 1956–1957 field season, Vercoutter and colleagues were able to interpret the building plan of the fort. The building is composed of the following features: a glacis, outer girdle wall, an inner ditch, a main wall, and an open inner space. They concluded that the fort was never inhabited permanently; rather, it was occupied for limited periods of time by men of the garrison coming from the fort at Semna West.

They found little evidence of Middle Kingdom occupation, but did discover ruins of a Christian settlement at Semna South. The Christian settlement was not fully excavated by the Sudan Antiquities Service expedition, but they did note that the houses had been reconstructed by the Christian inhabitants and that they had built a new stone girdle wall around the west side of the fort. They concluded that the Christian settlement had been inhabited by a fairly poor community.

Results from the 1960s

Architectural findings

The 1966–1968 excavations at Semna South determined, contrary to Vercoutter, that the fort was permanently occupied from the reign of Senusret I to the first few years of reign of Amenemhat III of the 12th Dynasty. Excavations of the church, sometimes called the “Sheik’s tomb,” revealed that only a portion of the original structure still remained. As of 1982 when Žabkar and Žabkar published their report, they were not able to date the church due to the paucity of pottery within the church or nearby. However, they did provide a hypothetical estimate: “the church in its final, that is apsidal, form would date to the classic Christian period in Nubia, somewhere between the ninth and the first part of the eleventh century A.D.".

This expedition unearthed a great wall which connected the forts at Semna South and Semna West. This wall strengthened the view that the military fortifications in the Semna region were built by the Egyptians in response to the “strong pressures and infiltration attempts on the part of southerners during the 12th Dynasty, allusions to which are found in the well-known Semna Stela and Semna Dispatches”. Žabkar and Žabkar (1982) speculate that perhaps there was a complex of fortifications which embraced Semna South and West, and perhaps other forts in the region, but there is no definitive evidence for such a complex.

Artefactual findings
An area located on the fort’s north-west side previously called a ‘graveyard,’ ‘occupation site,’ or an ‘encampment,’ and covered in pot sherds was also excavated during the 1966–1968 field seasons. Upon excavation, it was revealed to be a 12th Dynasty dump site, and was “the most significant [find] for the study of the history of the Semna South fort, particularly for the study of its communications with the other forts of the first and second cataract regions”. The dump site was a series of holes which were initially clay quarries and later utilized as a dumping place for discarded fort objects.  Some of the holes were deep and some were shallow; the two deepest were K-1 and K-4. Within these holes, the discarded objects and pottery sherds were mixed into a loose mass of debris with no discernible stratigraphic layers.

The finds within these holes are of great significance. The first is a well-preserved 12th Dynasty axe, which according to Žabkar and Žabkar (1982), is a rare occurrence in Sudanese and Egyptian Nubia. Second, pottery sherds of the C-Group type (indigenous Nubian inhabitants from ca. 2000 – 1500 BC) were found which suggests a peaceful coexistence between the C-Group individuals and the Egyptians. Third, and most importantly, were seal impressions on numerous pieces of pottery. The most significant seals are those which bore the name of the fort, which until this discovery was only partially known.

Prior to this seal being found, the Egyptian name of the fort at Semna South was written in hieratic as “Repressing the…” on a fragmentary piece of papyrus discovered in 1896 by James Quibell near the Ramesseum. After studying these seals, Dr. Žabkar translated the hieroglyphics as “Subduer of the Setiu-Nubians” or “Subduer of the Seti-land”. This find is important because it officially confirms the Egyptian name of the fort at Semna South and clarifies the fragmentary name written on the Ramesseum papyrus. Additionally it signifies the role of Egypt in Nubia: ruler.

Bioarchaeological findings
The Oriental Institute Expedition also excavated the large cemetery to the north of the fort. This cemetery contained approximately 560 graves—representing over 800 individuals—of which about 494 were from the Meroitic period (4th century BC – 4th century AD), 50 from the X-Group period (4th – 6th century AD), and 16 from the Christian period (550 – 1500 AD). The Meroitic period through the Christian period is a span of approximately 2,000 years, which indicates that the fort was used for an extended period of time during Egyptian and Nubian history.

The Meroitic graves were oriented east to west and were of several styles: rectangular pit graves with superstructures resembling mastabas, oblong pits without superstructures, and rectangular pits with mud-brick burial vaults. For those remains found in situ, the heads were oriented to the west and the bodies were extended on their backs with hands over the pelvis. Numerous artifacts were found within the Meroitic graves: black and brown wear pottery; copper and bronze bowls; a finely carved wooden bowl; a glass ointment jar; bronze mirrors; copper, iron, and bronze jewelry; beads and pendants; hunting equipment; leather; and fragments of shrouds.

The graves of the X-Group were oriented north to south and most were deep pits with a lateral chamber. Most of the graves, according to Žabkar and Žabkar (1982), “had a shelf, composed of earth, mud-brick, or stones, running alongside the chamber, which supported the blocking material”. For the remains found in situ, the bodies were in a flexed position on their sides with the heads facing towards the north, northwest, or south. In most cases a burial shroud was present, although it was often fragmentary. Objects recovered from these graves are as follows: red ware pottery; jewelry; personal grooming tools; hunting equipment; leather sandals; and clothing.

The Christian period graves were oriented east to west and most were deep, narrow, oblong shaft tombs. Only one grave had a superstructure. Of the remains in situ, the bodies were usually extended and supine with the hands over the pelvis with the heads oriented towards the west. One body was found on its side in a flexed position facing north. Most of the bodies were wrapped in a linen or wool shroud which had been secured by a chord.

Additional analysis of Semna South material
The human remains recovered from Semna South have been studied by numerous anthropologists and other specialists. Hrdy (1978) analyzed hair samples from Semna South mummies. He concluded that the hair color of these individuals was lighter than previously thought in ancient Nubia and the hair of the X-Group males was curlier than the Meroitic males. In 1993, Arriaza, Merbs, and Rothschild published a study evaluating the prevalence of a pathological condition known as diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). They found that approximately 13% of the individuals from the Meroitic cemetery were afflicted with this condition and that it was more common among males. Alvrus (1999) assessed the skeletal fracture patterns for almost 600 individuals from the Semna South site. She analyzed healed fractures of the skull and appendicular skeleton and found that almost 21% of adults had at least one healed fracture and that the skull was the most frequently injured region of the body. She attributes much of the trauma to the rocky physical environment, but also notes that craniofacial trauma may be the result of interpersonal violence.

Dissertations and theses which used the Semna South remains are numerous. They include topics such as the sexual dimorphism of dental pathology, the presence of schistosomiasis in ancient Nubia, non-metric biological distance analysis, and a craniometric analysis.

Conclusions

Excavated between 1956–57 and 1966–68, Semna South is a 12th Dynasty fort located in Nubia—the present Republic of Sudan—on the west bank of the Nile.  These excavations revealed the building plan of the fort, a church, a cemetery, and numerous other settlement-related features. Some of the most important discoveries were found within dumps near the fort. In particular, Žabkar recovered pottery seals which provided the Egyptian name of the fort (“Subduer of the Setiu-Nubians” or “Subduer of the Seti-land”) which was unknown until the 1966-1968 field seasons.

The artifacts recovered from these excavations, including pottery sherds, textiles, jewelry, an axe, and additional seals, indicate that the fort at Semna South was utilized during the Middle Kingdom. The adjacent cemetery with burials from the Meroitic, X-Group, and Christian periods suggests a much longer habitation of the region: from the Middle Kingdom until the Middle Ages.

Archaeological excavations of Semna South have contributed to the overall understanding of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt fort system. These forts established military control over Upper and Lower Nubia and the Nile river transport of commodities, and were integral parts of the Egyptian empire.

The temples of Dedwen and Sesostris III were moved to the National Museum of Sudan in Khartoum prior to the flooding of Lake Nasser.

References

Bibliography

 Retrieved from ProQuest. (3210094)

 Retrieved from ProQuest. (8216427)

 (unpublished).

 (unpublished).

History of Nubia
Archaeological sites in Sudan
Former populated places in Egypt


KXGT (98.3 FM, "Thunder 106.1 & 98.3") is a radio station broadcasting a gold-based country music format. Licensed to Carrington, North Dakota, United States, the station serves the Jamestown area. The station is currently owned by Ingstad Family Media.

The station was assigned the KXGT call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on October 20, 2005.

History

98.3 FM signed on in 1996 with the KYNU call letters as the original home for "Big Dog Country".  In 2005, Big Dog Country moved to 95.5 FM as the oldies format was swapped to 98.3 as "Oldies 98.3".  In 2008, KXGT flipped to adult contemporary as "Sunny 98.3". On August 9, 2012, the station flipped to classic hits as "Ted FM". In February 2018 KXGT changed their format from classic hits to a simulcast of classic country formatted KQLX-FM 106.1 FM Lisbon.

References

External links
KXGT website

Country radio stations in the United States
XGT
Radio stations established in 1996
1996 establishments in North Dakota
Carrington, North Dakota


Thieme Medical Publishers is a German medical and science publisher in the Thieme Publishing Group. It produces professional journals, textbooks, atlases, monographs and reference books in both German and English covering a variety of medical specialties, including neurosurgery, orthopaedics, endocrinology, urology, radiology, anatomy, chemistry, otolaryngology, ophthalmology, audiology and speech-language pathology, complementary and alternative medicine. Thieme has more than 1,000 employees and maintains offices in seven cities worldwide, including New York City, Beijing, Delhi, Stuttgart, and three other cities in Germany.

History
Georg Thieme Verlag was founded in 1886 in Leipzig, Germany, by Georg Thieme when he was 26 years old. Thieme remains privately held and family-owned. The company received some early success in 1896 by publishing Wilhelm Röntgen's famous picture of his wife's hand in what is still one of Thieme's  and  Germany's oldest journals, the Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift. In 1919, Georg Thieme partnered with Bruno Hauff, a young publisher from Leipzig. When Thieme died in 1925, ownership of the company passed to Hauff. Members of the Hauff family have been the proprietors of the business ever since.

In 1946, two years after Thieme had been bombed and forced to close completely during World War II, the Allies relocated the company from Leipzig in the eastern sector to Stuttgart in the west where it was provided with a license to publish and distribute journals, brochures, and books.

Guenther Hauff, son of Bruno, acquired Stratton International Medical Book of New York in 1979, and several years later, in 1984, the two companies merged to become Thieme Medical Publishers New York.

References

External links

 Thieme Publishing Group (German)

Book publishing companies of Germany
Academic publishing companies
Publishing companies of Germany
1886 establishments in Germany
Publishing companies established in 1886


Bernardino Maffei (Bergamo, 27 January 1514 – Rome, 16 July 1553) was an Italian archbishop and cardinal.

He studied jurisprudence at Padua, and during the frequent absence of Dandino acted as secretary to Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, and later to Pope Paul III.

On 12 March 1547, he was made Bishop of Massa Marittima, Bishop of Caserta (June 1549), and then Archbishop of Chieti (November 1549), and on 8 April 1549, raised to the purple. He was on intimate terms with St. Ignatius Loyola and was highly esteemed by pope Julius III. His commentary on the "Letters of Cicero" is one of the best. He also wrote: "De inscriptionibus et imaginibus veterum numismatum".

References

Specific

Archbishops of Chieti
Bishops of Massa
16th-century Italian cardinals
16th-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops
1514 births
1549 deaths
Clergy from Bergamo
Italian Renaissance humanists


Co-worker or coworker may refer to:

 A fellow employee at the same workplace or company
 A person working at a place of coworking (common working space shared with unrelated companies)
 Coworker (company), an online marketplace for coworking spaces

See also

 Worker cooperative
 Coworker backstabbing
 Worker (disambiguation)
 CO (disambiguation)


Broadwood is a town about 25 km to the north of the north side of the Hokianga harbour, in Northland, New Zealand. Herekino is 21 km to the west, and Mangamuka Bridge is the same distance to the east.

The Broadwood area was first settled by Pakeha in the 1880s, and an access road was constructed through the area from Takahue to Motukaraka on the Hokianga harbour. An unmetalled road through the Te Karae Valley to Kohukohu was constructed in 1908.

Demographics
The SA1 statistical area which includes Broadwood covers . The SA1 area is part of the larger Kohukohu-Broadwood statistical area.

The SA1 statistical area had a population of 135 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 15 people (12.5%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 27 people (−16.7%) since the 2006 census. There were 48 households, comprising 75 males and 57 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.32 males per female. The median age was 45.5 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 21 people (15.6%) aged under 15 years, 24 (17.8%) aged 15 to 29, 66 (48.9%) aged 30 to 64, and 27 (20.0%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 57.8% European/Pākehā, 57.8% Māori, 6.7% Pacific peoples, and 4.4% Asian. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Of those people who chose to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 35.6% had no religion, 48.9% were Christian and 4.4% had Māori religious beliefs.

Of those at least 15 years old, 12 (10.5%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 33 (28.9%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $19,300, compared with $31,800 nationally. 9 people (7.9%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 39 (34.2%) people were employed full-time, 12 (10.5%) were part-time, and 9 (7.9%) were unemployed.

Kohukohu-Broadwood statistical area
Kohukohu-Broadwood statistical area covers the area north of the Hokianga Harbour between Kohukohu and Broadwood. It has an area of  and had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Kohukohu-Broadwood had a population of 726 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 102 people (16.3%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 21 people (−2.8%) since the 2006 census. There were 285 households, comprising 378 males and 345 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.1 males per female. The median age was 50.7 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 135 people (18.6%) aged under 15 years, 84 (11.6%) aged 15 to 29, 336 (46.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 168 (23.1%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 62.0% European/Pākehā, 53.3% Māori, 7.9% Pacific peoples, 3.3% Asian, and 1.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 14.5, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Of those people who chose to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 40.9% had no religion, 40.1% were Christian and 8.3% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 87 (14.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 144 (24.4%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $18,700, compared with $31,800 nationally. 33 people (5.6%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 180 (30.5%) people were employed full-time, 75 (12.7%) were part-time, and 51 (8.6%) were unemployed.

Education
Broadwood Area School is a coeducational composite (years 1-15) school with a roll of  students as of  It was founded in 1908, and became a District High School in 1952, and an Area School in 1973. A state aided school functioned at Broadwood from 1895–1904.

Notes

External links
Broadwood Area School website

Far North District
Populated places in the Northland Region


Roberto Succo is a 2001 French film directed by Cédric Kahn and based on the true story of the eponymous Italian serial killer Roberto Succo. The film was adapted from the book Je te tue. Histoire vraie de Roberto Succo assassin sans raison by Pascale Froment. The film was entered into the 2001 Cannes Film Festival.

Cast
 Stefano Cassetti as Roberto Succo
 Isild Le Besco as Léa
 Patrick Dell'Isola as Thomas
 Viviana Aliberti as Swiss teacher
 Estelle Perron as Céline
 Leyla Sassi as Cathy
 Catherine Decastel as Patricia
 Olivia Carbonini as Girl at the Etna
 Basile Vuillemin as L'enfant
 Brigitte Raul as Child's mother
 Marius Bertram as Cab driver
 Aymeric Chauffert as Aelaunay
 Vincent Dénériaz as Denis
 Yelda Reynaud as Mylène
 Philippe Bossard as Magistrate

References

External links

2001 films
2000s biographical films
Biographical films about serial killers
Films based on non-fiction books
Films directed by Cédric Kahn
French crime films
2000s French-language films
Cultural depictions of Italian men
Cultural depictions of male serial killers
Cultural depictions of kidnappers
Cultural depictions of rapists
2000s French films


Jason Wood may refer to:

Jason Wood (baseball) (born 1969), former Major League Baseball player
Jason Wood (comedian) (1972–2010), British comedian
Jason Wood (musician), lead singer of metalcore band It Dies Today
Jason Wood (politician) (born 1968), Australian politician
Jason Wood (writer), British writer


Jean III de Schulemberg, comte de Montejeu[x] (ca 1597/98 – 25 March 1671), of distant Prussian origin, was born at the château de Guincourt, son of Jean, seigneur de Montejeu and his wife Anne, daughter of Jean d'Averhoult, seigneur de La Lobe.

Life
He attended a course of studies at the Academy of Sedan, but at the age of sixteen served as cornet (standard-bearer) to the Protestant Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, sovereign prince of Sedan, whom he followed at the siege of Vercelli in Piedmont (1614), and then at the battle of Prague, 8 November 1620. In 1621 he proclaimed himself a Roman Catholic though still serving under Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne. With the formal outbreak of hostilities in the Thirty Years' War, he participated at the sieges of Saint-Jean d'Angely and Montauban, then commanded troops repelling the siege of Coblenz; he fought under the maréchal de La Force, commanded troops in Berry and in Artois, was made a field marshal (1639), a lieutenant-general (1650), and then, called from Coblenz to be governor of Arras, made a name for himself at the defense of Arras (1654), facing down and counterattacking the prince de Condé, at the head of Spanish troops; the Great Condé was forced to retire, 25 August. In consequence of this success he was made marquis de Montejeu and a Marshal of France, 16 June 1658. He was made a Chevalier du Saint-Esprit, 31 December 1661. He died in 1671 at his château of Montejeu, Attigny.

He married Madeleine de Roure, daughter of the seigneur de Basancourt; she died in 1674. They left no children.

Sources
A brief biographical sketch was published by Suzanne Renée Briet,  "Un Maréchal de France inconnu : Jean de Schulemberg, comte de Mont-de-Jeux (1598–1671)", Les cahiers d’études ardennais  4 (1959:38–40) Mezières: Editions de la Société d'Études Ardennaises, Archives departmentales; it was expanded in book form as Le maréchal de Schulemberg (Mezières: Editions de la Société d'Études Ardennaises) 1960.

Notes

External links
Savigny: Historique: Familles: Schulemberg

Marshals of France
1671 deaths
1590s births


Wessyngton may refer to:

Washington, Tyne and Wear, in England, which might have been termed "Wessyngton" sometime
Wessyngton (Cedar Hill, Tennessee), a historic mansion listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places

See also
Wessington, Derbyshire, England, a village and civil parish
Wessington, South Dakota, a town


Trevor Foster Grimwood (born 8 November 1948) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with Port Adelaide and West Adelaide in the SANFL.

Grimwood's first attempt at a career in the SANFL was unsuccessful, he was on the books for Norwood in both 1965 and 1966 but didn't play a senior game. A rover, he got his second chance in 1971 when he was picked up by Port Adelaide with whom he would play 33 games over three years. In 1974 he crossed to West Adelaide and won their best and fairest award in 1976. His best season came the following season when he won the 1977 Magarey Medal by ten votes. Grimwood finished with 101 games for West Adelaide; he would have played more if he had not suffered from constant hamstring problems.

On 28 November 2011, Grimwood was sentenced to six years imprisonment with a non-parole period of two-and-a-half years for having sexual intercourse with a 14-year-old girl in 1985 and 1986.

References

External links

1948 births
Living people
Port Adelaide Football Club (SANFL) players
Port Adelaide Football Club players (all competitions)
West Adelaide Football Club players
Magarey Medal winners
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
Australian people convicted of child sexual abuse


Eli Banana, officially known as the Mystic Order of Eli Banana, is a secret society at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia. Founded in 1878, it was the first and the oldest secret society at the university.

History

Earlier groups
A secret political society of the same name existed in the nearby Shenandoah Valley in September 1877. This early group was led by Major R. J. Hunter of the Winchester Times and the Hon. Peter Magill, a politician of Rockingham County. In July 1879, the Ricmond Dispatch reported that a secret society called Eli Banana had formed at the Virginia Military Instiute and consisted of "very influential members."

Another group called Eli Banana existed at Yale University in the 1870s. When students from Yale and the University of Virginia spent the summer at a hotel in western Virginia as dance partners for the daughters of wealthy guests, the Yale students initiated the Virginia students into Eli Banana. When the students returned to Charlottesville in the fall, they formed a Virginia chapter of Eli Banana. The Yale group went defunct a few years later.

University of Virginia
The Mystic Order of Eli Banana was founded at the University of Virginia on November 30, 1878. Its purpose was to make its members leaders in the university community and to "create an association of congenial spirits among the students." Its founders wanted a "social leadership club" that was not the typical Greek letter fraternity. It was considered an honorary social society.

The Washington Star reported, "There was a big crowd of devil-may-care young men  [at the University of Virginia], most of them with plenty of money, and they made Charlottesville and Albemarle fairly hum. These kindred spirits formed a society, which took the name of 'Eli Banana.'" In April 1874, Eli Banana had a boat crew that was training for the state competition.

By 1887, Eli Banana was the most powerful student organization on campus. It dominated the Jefferson Society and the Football Board and their semiformal affairs were reported to "outclass" those of the fraternities". Although noted for recruiting the best students on campus, the society also became infamous for its "drunken revelry", "bacchanalian" Easter dance, and pranks, including its members interrupting a church service with a drunken performance of their drinking song.

In 1894, the university's faculty required Eli Banana's members to sever their ties with the organization in writing before matriculating; this action was in response to complaints from both on and off the campus. However, the society simply changed its name to Peter Magill and continued its operations with the same membership structure. The university's board of visitors allowed it to reconstitute as Eli Banana in 1897.

Symbols and traditions
Eli Banana is known as a ribbon society because its members wore organizational ribbons on their lapels. Its apocryphal lore says that its name came from "the Japanese Order of Eli Banana, to which only citizens of the highest rank were admitted." It student leader is called the Grand Banana.

In the 1970s, the society's initiation included hooded men on campus who placed a cape over the shoulders and head of the initiate, followed by placing a bottle of wine to his lips and chanting:Eli! Eli! I yell like hell – Eli!

Eli Banana! Starry banner! We are drunk boys,

Every one! 'Tis not the first time, nor yet the last time,

That together we have been on one hell of a bum.

Activities
Eli Society's activities are rarely seen or known. It installed a plaque in honor of member and former faculty member, William Holding Echols, on Pavilion VIII in 1949. It established the Eli Banana Fund in 2003, consisting of more than $400,000 ($ in today's money) for university projects. As of June 2021, the fund includes more than $2.5 million ($ in today's money).

Notable members
Notable members of Eli Banana include:

 Richard Evelyn Byrd Sr. (1880–1881), United States Attorney and Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates
 William Holding Echols, mathematics professor  at the University of Virginia
 George Fawcett (1878–1879), stage and film actor of the silent era
 Armistead C. Gordon, lawyer, writer of prose and poetry, and mayor of Staunton, Virginia
 W. Douglas Gordon, editor of The Norfolk Ledger-Dispatch
 Thomas W. Harrison (1878–1879),  Senate of Virginia and in the United States House of Representatives
 Eppa Hunton IV, lawyer
 Paul Tudor Jones (1976), hedge fund billionaire
 Lawrence Lewis Jr., businessman, hotelier, and founder of Flagler College
 Richard Carter Scott (1879–1880), Attorney General of Virginia

See also

 Collegiate secret societies in North America
 Secret societies at the University of Virginia

References

External links
 Eli Banana website

University of Virginia
Collegiate secret societies
Student societies in the United States
1878 establishments in Virginia
Student organizations established in 1878


The Oregon Music Hall of Fame is an award honoring musicians from the U.S. state of Oregon.  The first induction ceremony took place on October 13, 2007.

History
The Oregon Music Hall of Fame was conceived of in the 1990s by a group called the Oregon Music Coalition. Over the years they elected 50 Oregon musicians and bands to the hall of fame. The group eventually disbanded, but in 2004, the hall of fame was revitalized and a group reformed as the Oregon Music Hall of Fame non-profit organization.

The original inductees will continue to be honored, while new nominees will include musicians, producers, disc jockeys, and promoters. The group plans to build an Oregon Music Hall of Fame building that will house music exhibits and memorabilia and host music education seminars. The group's current activities include collecting Oregon music memorabilia, providing music scholarships to college-bound musicians, and promoting music education in Oregon elementary and middle schools.

2007 inductees
Along with the original 50 inductees, six new honorees were inducted into the hall of fame in 2007: Elliott Smith, Oregon, Obo Addy, The Crazy 8's, Roger Hart, DJ and manager of Paul Revere & the Raiders, and club promoter and band manager Tony DeMicoli.

Performers at the ceremony included The Kingsmen, Mason Williams, Mark Lindsay, and Everclear.

See also
Music of Oregon

References

External links
Oregon Music Hall of Fame honorees (original 50)

Organizations based in Oregon
Music halls of fame
American music awards
Music education in the United States

State halls of fame in the United States
Halls of fame in Oregon
2004 establishments in Oregon


John McCaa (born in Rantoul, Illinois) is a news anchor who is known for working for WFAA-TV in Dallas, Texas. He worked for WFAA from 1984 until his retirement on March 1, 2019.

Early life and education
McCaa was raised in an Air Force family that moved frequently. McCaa attended high school in Madrid, Spain. He then moved back to Nebraska, where he had lived before Spain, for a Jesuit education, and a degree in journalism and mass communication from Creighton University in Omaha, Nebraska. He later earned a master's degree in politics from the University of Dallas and a PhD in Humanities-History of Ideas from The University of Texas at Dallas.

Journalism career
After graduating, McCaa worked in Omaha for more than seven years in anchoring and reporting, with WOWT-TV, an NBC affiliate. In 1984, he came to WFAA to work in the Fort Worth newsroom as a reporter. He was later promoted to chief of the newsroom. He then transferred to the Dallas newsroom. He became the weekend news anchor, then news manager. At one time, he also served as co-anchor for the 5 p.m. newscast. During the 2000 presidential primaries, McCaa hosted a series of webcasts from the Republican convention.

In 1992, McCaa became the co-anchor of the 5:00 p.m., 6:00 p.m., and 10:00 p.m. weekday newscasts, mostly anchoring alongside Gloria Campos until her retirement in 2014. Cynthia Izaguirre replaced Campos and co-anchored with McCaa until his retirement. During the 10 p.m. newscast on August 6, 2018, McCaa announced his retirement. His last day in the WFAA newsroom was March 1, 2019, where he did his final broadcast, ending his 35 year career at WFAA. Chris Lawrence has replaced McCaa in the co-anchor’s chair.

Personal life
McCaa is married to his wife Nora McCaa and has one grown son Collin McCaa. He enjoys playing the drums in his spare time.

References

Living people
People from Rantoul, Illinois
American television journalists
Journalists from Texas
University of Dallas alumni
Creighton University alumni
People from Irving, Texas
1954 births
American male journalists
Journalists from Illinois


I'm Not Here is a 2017 American drama film, directed, edited, and produced by Michelle Schumacher, from a screenplay by Schumacher and Tony Cummings. It stars J.K. Simmons, Sebastian Stan, Maika Monroe, Mandy Moore, Max Greenfield and Iain Armitage. It had its world premiere at the Raindance Film Festival on September 21, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 8, 2019, by Gravitas Ventures.

Plot
Struggling with tragic memories of his past, Steve has cut himself off from the world.  But now, with his own world coming apart, he re-connects with the events of his life to discover how he ended up alone and broken, while still nurturing hope.

Cast
 J.K. Simmons as Old Steve
 Sebastian Stan as Young Steve
 Iain Armitage as Baby Steve
 Maika Monroe as Karen
 Mandy Moore as Mom
 Max Greenfield as Dad
 Jeremy Maguire as Trevor
 Harold Perrineau as Santana
 David Koechner as Dad's Attorney
 Heather Mazur as Mom's Attorney
 David Wexler as Adam
 Tony Cummings as Judge

Production
In May 2016, it was announced J.K. Simmons, Sebastian Stan, Maika Monroe, Max Greenfield, Mandy Moore, David Koechner, Harold Perrineau, Iain Armitage and Jeremy Maguire had joined the cast of the film, with Michelle Schumacher directing the film, from a screenplay by Schumacher and Tony Cummings. Schumacher, Randle Schumacher and Eric Radzan producing the film, under their Rubber Tree Productions banner. Filming took place  over 23 days in Los Angeles. In February 2017, it was announced Nima Fakhrara had composed the film's score.

Release
The film had its world premiere at the Raindance Film Festival on September 21, 2017. It also screened at the San Diego Film Festival on April 25, 2018. It was released on March 8, 2019.

Reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 38% based on 16 reviews, with an average rating of 4.97/10. Metacritic gave the film a weighted average score of 45 out of 100, based on 9 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

References

External links

2017 films
2017 independent films
American drama films
American independent films
Films shot in Los Angeles
2017 drama films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films


Michelle de Kretser (born 1957) is an Australian novelist who was born in Sri Lanka (then Ceylon), and moved to Australia in 1972 when she was 14.

Education and literary career
De Kretser was educated at Methodist College, Colombo, in Melbourne at Elwood College, and in Paris.

She worked as an editor for travel guides company Lonely Planet, and while on a sabbatical in 1999, wrote and published her first novel, The Rose Grower. Her second novel, published in 2003, The Hamilton Case was the winner of the Tasmania Pacific Prize, the Encore Award (UK) and the Commonwealth Writers Prize (Southeast Asia and Pacific). Her third novel, The Lost Dog, was published in 2007. It was one of 13 books on the long list for the 2008 Man Booker Prize for fiction. From 1989 to 1992 she was a founding editor of the Australian Women's Book Review. Her fourth novel, Questions of Travel, won several awards, including the 2013 Miles Franklin Award, the Australian Literature Society Gold Medal (ALS Gold Medal), and the 2013 Prime Minister's Literary Awards for fiction. It was also shortlisted for the 2014 Dublin Impac Literary Award. Her 2017 novel, The Life to Come, was shortlisted for the 2018 Stella Prize, and won both the Miles Franklin Award and the Christina Stead Prize for Fiction.  This is the third time Michelle de Kretser has won this prize and equals Peter Carey's record of wins.

Awards
2004 – Encore Prize for The Hamilton Case
2004 – Commonwealth Writers' Prize, South-East Asia and the Pacific for The Hamilton Case
2005 – Tasmania Pacific Award for The Hamilton Case
2007 – Liberatur Award for The Hamilton Case
2008 – New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards – Christina Stead Prize for fiction and Book of the Year for The Lost Dog
2008 – ALS Gold Medal for The Lost Dog
2013 – Miles Franklin Award for Questions of Travel
2013 – ALS Gold Medal for Questions of Travel
2013 – Prime Minister's Literary Awards Fiction Prize for Questions of Travel
2013 – Western Australian Premier's Book Awards Fiction Prize and Premier's Prize for Questions of Travel
2014 – New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards – Christina Stead Prize for fiction and Book of the Year for Questions of Travel
2018 – Miles Franklin Award for The Life to Come
2019 – New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards – Christina Stead Prize for fiction for The Life to Come
2023 – Folio Prize for fiction for Scary Monsters

Works

 The Rose Grower (1999)
 The Hamilton Case (2003)
 The Lost Dog (2007)
 Questions of Travel (2012)
 Springtime (2014)
 The Life to Come (2017)
 On Shirley Hazzard (2019)
 Scary Monsters (2021)

References

External links
 Interview
 Interview
 Man Booker longlist announced

1957 births
Living people
Sri Lankan emigrants to Australia
Miles Franklin Award winners
ALS Gold Medal winners
University of Melbourne alumni
Academic staff of the University of Melbourne
University of Melbourne women
Alumni of Methodist College, Colombo
20th-century Australian novelists
21st-century Australian novelists
20th-century Australian women writers
21st-century Australian women writers
Australian women novelists
Burgher people


The Rhode Island Patient Advocacy Coalition (RIPAC) is Rhode Island's non-profit grassroots medical marijuana community. Patients, caregivers, doctors, nurses, health care providers, advocates, lawyers, organizations, and residents all make up a part of the coalition. RIPAC advances discourse, research, and policy related to medical marijuana in four main areas: patient advocacy, professional education, research, and policy development. RIPAC works to protect the medical use of marijuana under state law by facilitating dialogue among patients, medical professionals, law enforcement, and policymakers.

History
RIPAC began organizing in 2003 to protect Rhode Island citizens who were using cannabis for medical reasons. In 2006, the General Assembly overwhelmingly approved the Medical Marijuana Act and established the Rhode Island Medical Marijuana Program.

The Edward O. Hawkins and Thomas C. Slater Medical Marijuana Act
The Edward O. Hawkins and Thomas C. Slater Medical Marijuana Act allows licensed patients to legally possess up to 2.5 ounces of marijuana and 12 plants and 12 seedlings. The Act also allows licensed patients to appoint up to two caregivers to assist them in obtaining and cultivating medical cannabis within the limits set forth in law. In 2009, the law was amended to include the licensing of compassion centers to provide patients with increased access to medical marijuana.

The Act allows any Rhode Island citizen/resident who suffers from one of the qualifying conditions and whose physician is supportive of their use of cannabis to treat that condition. The qualifying conditions include cancer, glaucoma, positive status for human immunodeficiency virus, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and hepatitis C, as well as the treatment of a chronic or debilitating disease or medical condition or its treatment that produces one or more of the following:

 cachexia or wasting syndrome
 severe, debilitating chronic pain
 severe nausea
 seizures, including but not limited to those characteristic of epilepsy
 severe and persistent muscle spasms, including but not limited to those characteristic of multiple sclerosis or Crohn's disease; or agitation related to Alzheimer's disease.

On March 28, 2017, the "Legislative Oversight Commission of the Edward O. Hawkins and Thomas C. Slater Medical Marijuana Act" met for the first time, to have six meetings a year.

Current members
Current organizational members of the coalition include:
 Rhode Island Medical Society,
 Rhode Island State Nurses Association,
 Students for Sensible Drug Policy chapters at Brown University, Rhode Island College, and the University of Rhode Island (URI).

See also
Thomas C. Slater

References

External links

Medicinal use of cannabis organizations based in the United States
Organizations based in Rhode Island
Cannabis in Rhode Island
2003 in cannabis


Peter Mikami Rouse (born April 15, 1946) is an American political consultant who served as interim White House Chief of Staff to U.S. President Barack Obama. Rouse previously spent many years on Capitol Hill, becoming known as the "101st senator" during his tenure as Chief of Staff to Senate Democratic leader Tom Daschle.

When Daschle lost his seat in 2004, Rouse was persuaded to stay in Congress as Chief of Staff to then-freshman Senator Barack Obama. Rouse followed Obama to the White House as a senior advisor in 2008 and became interim Chief of Staff there for several months following the departure of Rahm Emanuel in October 2010, and subsequent appointment of William M. Daley the following January. Rouse remained with the White House until late 2013 as Counselor to the President.

Early life

Rouse was born in New Haven, Connecticut, the son of Mary Uta (née Mikami) and Irving Rouse. His father was of English and some Bohemian (Czech) descent, and his mother was of Japanese ancestry (Rouse is a sansei (third generation)). Rouse's mother grew up as a child only speaking Japanese. Rouse's maternal grandfather emigrated from Tokyo to San Francisco in 1885. He returned to Japan in 1910 to marry his wife, before they then moved back to the U.S., eventually settling in Alaska in 1915. The Mikamis retired to Los Angeles shortly before World War II began. They were later sent to an internment camp in Arizona during the War.

Rouse received a B.A. from Colby College in 1968, an M.A. from the London School of Economics in 1970, and an M.P.A. from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University in 1977.

Career
Overall, Rouse worked on Capitol Hill for more than 40 years, since 1971. According to Amy Sullivan of Washington Monthly Rouse came to be known as "the 101st Senator" thanks to his knowledge and skills.

With Daschle
Rouse had worked since 1985 for Daschle, whom he met as a fellow legislative assistant for Senator James Abourezk (D-SD).

On October 15, 2001, Rouse was the Daschle staff member to call the police about a letter that contained anthrax powder. Twenty of Daschle's staff subsequently tested positive for exposure to anthrax spores; it is not known if Rouse was exposed along with his workmates.

With Obama in Senate
Rouse had been chief of staff to South Dakota Senator Tom Daschle, the former majority leader, and was planning to retire after Daschle lost in 2004. However, in 2004, Rouse was contacted by a law school friend of then-Illinois Senator Obama and chose to work for him as his chief of staff.

Rouse helped prepare a memo, "The Strategic Plan," for Obama's first year in the Senate. Helping Obama navigate Senate politics, Rouse worked with Obama and Senator Russ Feingold (D-WI) on strengthening ethics reform legislation. Similarly, he suggested that Obama speak with Senators Ted Kennedy and Joe Lieberman in the early stages of exploring his presidential candidacy. Rouse also is credited with persuading Obama to vote against the nomination of John G. Roberts, who was nevertheless confirmed and is now Chief Justice of the United States (Bacon 2007).

As with all congressional staff, Rouse's compensation is public information. He has received salary payments above $140,000 during his years with Senator Obama.

As the Obama Presidential Campaign picked up, Rouse was named Chief of Staff of Obama for America. After Obama's victory, Rouse became Co-Chair of the Obama-Biden Transition Project.

Role as Senior Advisor
During the first two years of the Obama Presidency, Rouse was one of three White House officials with the title Senior Adviser to the President, along with David Axelrod and Valerie Jarrett. In an interview, Rouse said that he "basically does the inside, organizational stuff and strategic stuff internally," adding that he had no desire to be the "outside person" but preferred to leave external relations to Axelrod, Jarrett and Chief of Staff Rahm Emanuel. Rouse said the Deputy Chiefs of Staff, Jim Messina and Mona Sutphen, "who run the place from day to day," report to him. Asked about his overall portfolio, he said "I fix things." He described himself as one of several problem fixers in a collaborative environment.

The Rolling Stone described Rouse as a low profile, calm and legislatively connected manager, quoting one "top Democratic strategist" as saying that "Rouse's the one who brought 'no drama' to Obama. His enforcement makes it work."

In September 2009, the Washington Post reported that Rouse was heading the White House's efforts to close the Guantanamo Bay prison.

White House Chief of Staff

When Rahm Emanuel left the White House in October 2010 to run for Mayor of Chicago, Rouse became the "interim" Chief of Staff at the White House. Rouse is the first Asian American Chief of Staff in U.S. history.

Counselor to the President
On January 6, 2011, it was announced that William M. Daley would succeed Rouse as permanent Chief of Staff. Rouse was promoted to the role of Counselor to the President and remained with the White House through the end of 2013.

Post White House
After leaving the White House, Rouse went to work for the law firm Perkins Coie, where he advises clients on navigating the federal government.

Personal life

Rouse was born and raised in Connecticut.  He has an interest in Maine Coon cats.

References

External links

Boyer, Dave Daschle office receives anthrax: Aide opens letter; powder positive The Washington Times, October 16, 2001
Lannan, Maura Kelly "Obama gets committee assignments, hires Daschle aide." Associated Press, December 6, 2004
Basnight, Elisa Pete Rouse: A Career on the Hill John F. Kennedy School of Government, June 26, 2007

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|-

1946 births
21st-century American politicians
Alumni of the London School of Economics
American people of Czech descent
American people of English descent
American politicians of Japanese descent
Colby College alumni
Counselors to the President
United States congressional aides
Japanese-American members of the Cabinet of the United States
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Living people
Obama administration cabinet members
Senior Advisors to the President of the United States
South Dakota Democrats
United States presidential advisors
White House Chiefs of Staff
People associated with Perkins Coie


Stupid Girl may refer to:

"Stupid Girl" (Rolling Stones song), a 1966 song by The Rolling Stones from the album Aftermath
"Stupid Girl", a 1975 song by Neil Young & Crazy Horse from the album Zuma
"Stupid Girl" (Garbage song), a 1996 single by Garbage from their self-titled album
"Stupid Girl" (Cold song), a 2003 single by Cold, from the album Year of the Spider
"Stupid Girls",  a 2006 single by Pink from the album I'm Not Dead
"Stupid Girl (Only In Hollywood)", a 2010 single by Saving Abel from the album Miss America
"You Stupid Girl", a 2010 single by Framing Hanley from the album A Promise to Burn


Fryerstown is a town in the Goldfields region of Victoria, Australia.

At the , Fryerstown and the surrounding area had a population of 228, which peaked at 15,000 during the Victorian gold rush.

The Post Office opened on 19 April 1854 as Fryer's Creek, was renamed Fryerstown in 1856, and closed in 1975. Fryerstown Court House opened in 1879 and closed in 1930.

Fryerstown formerly had a police station, court, churches, school, hotels and various stores.  All are now closed and the nearest general store, church or petrol station is now at Chewton, Campbells Creek or Castlemaine.  There is a public hall.

References

External links
 Fryerstown - Maldon Castlemaine Victoria, Australia

Mining towns in Victoria (state)


Medinet Madi is a site in the southwestern Faiyum region of Egypt with the remains of a Greco-Roman town where a temple of the cobra-goddess Renenutet (a harvest deity) was founded during the reigns of Amenemhat III and Amenemhat IV (1855–1799 BC). It was later expanded and embellished during the Greco-Roman period. In the Middle Kingdom the town was called Dja, later the town was known as Narmouti (), Narmouthis () and Narmuda ().

The town
In the Middle Kingdom the town was called Dja, but not much is known about the town in this period apart from the well preserved temple. The temple still functioned in the New Kingdom. King Merenptah placed a statue of himself into the temple. After the New Kingdom the place was abandoned. People settled here again in Ptolemaic times. The Ptolemaic town was laid out on a grid pattern and is about 1000 × 600 m big. The main temples are in the Western part of the town. There is a long processional way going north to South. The town never had walls. However under emperor Diocletian there was built a castrum north east of the town. The fortress (50 × 50 m) is square with the main entrance in the South. At each corner there was a tower. Here was stationed the Cohors IV Numidarum. In Byzantine Times the population moved to the southern part of the town. Several churches were erected. The town was still occupied after the Muslim conquest of Egypt, but was abandoned after the ninth century.

The Renenutet temple (temple A)
The dark sandstone inner part of the temple consists of a small papyrus-columned hall leading to a sanctuary comprising three chapels, each containing statues of deities. One column bears the name of Amenemhat III, the other with the name of Amenemhat IV. Both naming also Renenutet. The central chapel incorporated a large statue of Renenutet, with Amenemhat III and Amenemhat IV standing on either side of her. In the inscriptions, the temple is simply called temple of Renenutet. Renenutet is called The living Renenutet of Dja.

The reliefs in the first hall are not well preserved, but they include a scene showing a king and the goddess Seshat, founding the temple. Behind the entrance room there follows another one, that is also all around decorated with reliefs. On the South side there is a scene showing Amenemhat III in front of Renenutet. The latter is depicted as standing women with a snake head. Between both is shown in a much smaller scale the king's daughter Neferuptah. At the back of this room, on the North side, there are the three chapels. The first one, on the West side, is dedicated to Renenutet. She appears as the main deity at the back of the chapel. On the side walls are shown on the West side Sobek, and on the East side Renenutet. The second chapel was dedicated to Renenutet and Sobek. Renenutet appears on the West wall and on the back (North) wall, standing  behind king Amenemhat III. The king is standing in front of Sobek, who also appears on the East wall in front of the same king. On the East wall appears Sobek again. The last chapel was again mainly dedicated to Renenutet. She appears on the West and on the back wall in front of Amenemhat III, while on the East wall Sobek is standing in front of a king.

The Ptolemaic parts of the temple comprise a paved processional way passing through an eight-columned kiosk leading to a portico and transverse vestibule. It has been suggested that the unusually good preservation of this temple complex, excavated by a team of archaeologists from the University of Milan in the 1930s, may have been due simply to its relative seclusion.

Temple B
Temple B was built at the back of temple A with the main entrance facing to the North. The plan of this building is similar to that of temple A. There is an open broad courtyard at the front. There follows a hall and at the back there are three chapels. The central chapel has a niche at the back. The temple was dedicated to Isis-Thermouthis (Thermouthis is the Greek name for Renenutet). The temple's decoration is unfinished. There are some figures carved as reliefs on the temple walls. Two badly preserved figures flanking the entrance. On the leftside of the facade was carved a sitting figure, that was never finished.

Temple C

Temple C was so called by the excavators. It was dedicated to the cult of two crocodile mummies. The temple complex was excavated from 1995 to 1999. The temple lies east of the Renenutet temple with the main entrance facing the latter temple complex. It dates to the Ptolemaic Period and was found well preserved. The walls are still up to four meters high. The temple proper consists of a small courtyard  with a chapel behind it. The chapel contains two naoi. In each of them was found the mummy of a crocodile. In front of the temple is a bigger courtyard and there are on both sides buildings. They were perhaps for economical use. North of the temple was excavated a vaulted chamber. The interior is divided into two parts by a stone wall. Attached to the wall there is a basin. In the basin where found more than thirty crocodile eggs. This might indicate that this vaulted room was once a nursery for crocodiles. The temple complex was in use till the Fourth century AD and then abounded.

2006 excavations
Medinet Madi is "the only intact temple still existing from the Middle Kingdom" according to Zahi Hawass, a former Secretary-General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA). The temple's foundations, administrative buildings, granaries and residences were recently uncovered by an Egyptian archaeological expedition in early 2006.

Ostraca: A glimpse at the everyday life of the Egyptian priests of Medinet Madi
In a house on the temple district, thousands of inscribed potsherds, so-called ostraca, were found during archaeological excavations in 1938. The majority of notes on these ostraca date from the late second and early third centuries. They are written in Demotic, Greek and Demotic-Greek script. In regard to the history of writing, these ostraca are thus evidence of how Coptic script developed from the Egyptian and Greek written languages.

In terms of content, the texts can be assigned to the milieu of priests and provide insights into various facets of their everyday life in the temple district: preserved are, for instance, notes on the calculation of personal horoscopes, school texts and a guide for archivists. Particularly personal insights into life behind the temple walls are provided by a dossier of more than one hundred ostraca, on which the priest Phatres compiled notes for a petition to the authorities. In these texts, he reports on corruption, cult-related misconduct, and disputes in the local temple college.

In the late second century AD, the priests of Narmouthis drafted a petition to the authorities asking to be assisted in the performance of cult services by the priests from Soknopaiou Nesos (in the northern Faiyum). The draft was written on one of the ostraca that were found in the temple district. The text is thus an important document for understanding how temples cooperated with each other when there was a shortage of staff.

Coptic texts
Coptic texts were uncovered near Medinet Maadi in 1928. Among them was the Manichaean Psalm-book that includes the Psalms of Thomas.

Notes

Further reading
 Edda Bresciani, Antonio Giammarusti: I templi di Medinet Madi nel Fayum, Pisa 2015,
Angiolo Menchetti, Rosario Pintaudi: "Ostraka greci e bilingui da Narmuthis (I)". Chronique d'Egypte 82 (2007), 227–280.
R. Naumann, "Der Tempel des Mittleren Reiches in Medinet Madi", MDAIK 8 (1939), 185–9.
Micah Ross: "An Introduction to the Horoscopic Ostraca of Medînet Mâdi". Egitto e Vicinte Oriente 29 (2006), 147–180.
Ian Shaw and Paul Nicholson, The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, 178
Benjamin Sippel, Gottesdiener und Kamelzüchter: Das Alltags- und Sozialleben der Sobek-Priester im kaiserzeitlichen Fayum, Wiesbaden, 2020,
Achille Vogliano, Primo (e secondo) rapporto degli scavi condotti dalla missione archeologica d'Egitto della R. Università di Milano nella zona di Madinet Maadi, 1935–6 (Milan, 1936–7).
Medinet Madi website: https://web.archive.org/web/20140227140432/http://www.medinetmadi.org/

Egyptian temples


Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, commonly known as pine wood nematode or pine wilt nematode (PWN), is a species of nematode that infects trees in the Pinus genus of coniferous trees and causes the disease pine wilt. While native to North America, it spread in the early 20th century to Japan and in the latter half of the century to other areas of Asia, including China, Taiwan, and Korea, as well as to Europe, including Portugal and Spain.

History
Pine mortality in Japan was first reported by Munemoto Yano (矢野宗幹) in Nagasaki prefecture in 1905.

The nematode was first discovered in the timber of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) in Louisiana, United States. Steiner and Burhrer reported that the nematode was a new species, and they named it Aphelenchoides xylophilus in 1934. In 1969, Japanese plant pathologists Tomoya Kiyohara (清原友也) and Yozan Tokushige (徳重陽山) discovered many unfamiliar nematodes on dead pine trees around the Kyushu islands in Japan. Then, they experimentally inoculated the nematode to healthy pine and other conifer trees and observed them. The healthy pine trees were killed—especially Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) and Japanese Black pine (P. thunbergii). However, Jack pine (P. banksiana), Loblolly pine (P. taeda), Sugi redwood (Cryptomeria japonica), and Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) trees were able to survive. In 1971, the researchers concluded that the nematode was the pathogen was the primary contributor to the high mortality of Japanese pine trees.

In 1972, Yasuharu Mamiya (真宮靖治) and Kiyohara incorrectly claimed that the nematode was a new species, which they named Bursaphelenchus lignicolous. A 1981 reclassification united the American and Japanese forms as B. xylophilus.

Pine wilt nematode epidemics have occurred in Japan, particularly during warm, dry summers.

In the late 1970s and 1980s, the nematode was observed to have spread to other countries of Asia outside of Japan, including China, Taiwan, and Korea, and later observed in Europe, including Portugal and Spain. The forests of Portugal have been particularly impacted, as the most abundant species, the maritime pine, comprising almost two-thirds of all trees, is susceptible to the nematode. In the 1990s, further spread of the nematode was reported in Mexico and Nigeria.

Many factors have contributed to the global spread of the nematode, including human activities, in particular infested timber exports, as well as climate change and ecological disturbance.

Morphology
Species of the genus Bursaphelenchus are difficult to distinguish because they are similar in morphology. A positive identification can be made with molecular analyses such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).

B. xylophilus is distinguished by three characteristics: the spicule is flattened into a disc-shaped cucullus at the tip, the front vulval lip is flap-like, and the tail of the female is rounded.

Life cycle
The pine wilt nematode has a typical nematode life cycle, with four juvenile stages and an adult stage with both male and female individuals that reproduce sexually. The mycophagous phase of the life cycle takes place in dead or dying wood, where the nematodes live and feed upon fungi, rather than the wood itself. The nematode cannot travel outside of the wood independently; it must be transported by an insect vector.

B. xylophilus has the shortest life cycle of any known parasitic nematode. In laboratory studies in which it is cultured on fungal media, its life cycle is completed in four days. In nature it reproduces most rapidly in the summer, producing large numbers of individuals that spread throughout the resin canal system of susceptible pines, into the trunk, the branches, and the roots. If living tree cells are no longer available the parasite feeds and reproduces on the fungal hyphae growing in the resin canals. While the nematode becomes inactive during the fall and winter, they survive in pine trees through overwintering.

Digestion
Several cellulose binding proteins are predicted by Kikuchi et al 2009. These are similar to the hosts' own expansins.

Vectors
When the nematode was detected, the sawyer beetle was frequently found on dead pine trees, proving an important vector of the nematode, and that the nematode infected healthy pine trees. The nematodes drop off the beetle, and infect healthy pine trees when the adult beetles eat the young pine branches.

The pine wilt nematode is spread by a number of bark beetles and wood borers, typically associated with the genus Monochamus of pine sawyers. Pine sawyers lay their eggs in the bark of dead timber. The growing larva feeds on the wood and pupates in the resulting cavity. Nematodes of the third juvenile stage congregate in the cavity around the pupa, molt into the fourth juvenile stage, and invade the trachea of the adult beetle. During this dispersive stage, the beetle transports the nematode to other trees.

Mechanism of wilt and spread
The mechanism from initial nematode infection to the resultant death of the pine tree is not fully understood. The ultimate death of the tree is caused by the nematode's inhibition of the uptake of water. Small air pockets created by the nematode lead to air embolisms in the xylem tissue which prevents water movement. The embolism does not make tylose or clog the nematode or pine cell. The cause of cavitation and non-reversible embolism is not fully understood. In primary transmission, when the beetle feeds on a susceptible host pine, the pine wilt nematode enters the tree and feeds on the epithelial cells which line the resin ducts. This is referred to as the phytophagous phase of the nematode, and it results in pine wilt disease. Water transport in the tissues of the infested tree is disrupted, and the disease can manifest within as little as a few weeks. Signs include browning of the needles or yellowing of the leaves, and the tree may die within two to three months.

Grade of resistance
Furuno(1982) observed standing pine trees in Japanese forest and ranked their resistance to pine wood nematode. The "high resistance" pines are rarely killed by the nematode, but young saplings or trees in weakened condition may succumb.

High resistance
Pinus taeda, P. elliottii, P. palustris, P. rigida, P. taiwanensis

Moderate resistance
P. strobus, P. massoniana, P. resinosa, P. tabulaeformis, P. banksiana, P. contorta, P. thumb×P. masso

Moderate susceptibility
P. bungeana, P. monticola, P. parviflora, P. strobiformis, P. densiflora, P. pinaster, P. sylvestris, P. ponderosa, P. rudis, P. pseudostrobus, P. oocarpa, [[Pinus radiata|P. radiata]], P. greggii

High susceptibility
P. koraiensis, P. leiophylla, P. luchuensis, P. thunbergii, P. nigra, P. mugo, P. khasya, P. muricata

 Ongoing initiatives in Europe
The European Commission has enacted protective measures against species harmful to plants. Specific policies targeting B. xylophilus'' in Portugal were enacted in 2006 before a 2012 expansion to all European Union member states. In 2015, emergency measures further expanded the definition of susceptible wood.

Management in the field
In Japan, scientists and forestry officials believe the most effective preventative technique is the removal of sawyer beetles, the vector of the nematode. The sawyers like to spawn near dying or dead pine trees, so it is advised to cut down these trees until next spring. The timber is subsequently chipped, burned or sprayed with insecticide to kill the sawyer larvae and pupae in the wood. The adult sawyers go out from the timber in late spring or early summer. They start eating young pine growth and spread the nematodes to the tree. Consequently, it is beneficial to kill the adult sawyers at this time to prevent the nematode infection to other trees. In Japan, organophosphorus compounds and neonicotinoids like fenitrothion, malathion, acetamiprid, and thiacloprid are typically used to treat the adult sawyers. However, many environmentalists are opposed to the use of neonicotinoid-based insecticides.

Bioinsecticides are another potential method to treat the sawyers that is currently being researched. Entomopathogenic fungus, woodpeckers, and some parasitoid or prey insects are being investigated.

Embargoes have been placed on untreated lumber from the United States and Canada to prevent the unintentional spread of this disease. Management practices have concentrated on preventing the spread of the nematode. Infected trees are cut and either burned or chipped, soft wood timber is stripped of its bark to prevent oviposition by vectors, and all lumber shipped overseas is either fumigated or kiln-dried. Despite these preventative measures the nematode has been confirmed in Portugal, and may yet spread further in Europe.

In Japan, some nematocides are used to prevent the disease. For example, morantel, mesulfenfos, levamisole, emamectin, milbemectin, and thionazin. Some biopesticides are also being studied, but they remain in the experimental stage. Inoculating infected trees with nematophagous fungus may be a potential treatment for the disease.

Gallery

References

External links
 Forest living things 00154 Pine wilt nematode  (Japanese)
 Forest living things 00155 Monochamus alternatus (Japanese)
 Forest living things 00253 Monochamus satuluarius (Japanese)
 Forest living things 00264 Trogossita japonica prey beetle, hope to decrease sawyers
 Forest living things 00284 Dastarcus helophoroides Parasitoid beetle, hope to decrease sawyers

Aphelenchida