Erigeron peregrinus is a North American species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae known by the common name wandering fleabane.

Erigeron peregrinus is native to northwestern North America from Alaska to Oregon. Some populations from farther south (California, Colorado, etc.) were formerly considered as belonging to this species, but they have now either been moved to other taxa or recognized as distinct species.

Erigeron peregrinus is a perennial herb up to 70 centimeters (28 inches) in height, spreading by means of underground rhizomes. It has hairless to hairy leaves reaching up to 10 centimeters long at the base of the branching stem, getting smaller higher up on the stem. The plant usually produces only one flower head per stem, each with 30–80 blue, purple, pink, or white ray florets surrounding numerous disc florets. Flowers bloom July to August. Its habitats include stream banks, bogs, and moist mountain meadows.

Varieties
Erigeron peregrinus var. peregrinus - Alaska, Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta
Erigeron peregrinus var. thompsonii (S.F.Blake ex J.W. Thompson) Cronquist - Washington

References

External links

peregrinus
Flora of the Northwestern United States
Flora of Western Canada
Flora of Alaska
Plants described in 1813
Taxa named by Edward Lee Greene
Taxa named by Frederick Traugott Pursh
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Phenidone (1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone) is an organic compound that is primarily used as a photographic developer. It has five to ten times the developing power as Metol. It also has low toxicity and unlike some other developers, does not cause dermatitis upon skin contact.

Phenidone is Ilford's trademark for this material, which was first prepared in 1890. It was not until 1940 that J. D. Kendall, in the laboratories of Ilford Limited, discovered the reducing properties of this compound. Large scale production did not become feasible until 1951.

Phenidone functions as a reducing agent.  It converts to the N-phenyl-hydroxypyrazole:

Preparation
Phenidone can be prepared by heating phenyl hydrazine with 3-chloropropanoic acid.

References

Photographic chemicals
Pyrazolidines
Lactams
Phenyl compounds


Dragon Cliff is a basaltic monolith located on western Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada. It is the most striking feature of Expedition Fiord and rises several hundred metres out of the fiord. Dragon Cliff is made of flood basalt lava flows that contain more than 10 flow units totalling over  of stratigraphic thickness. It is part of the Albian Strand Fiord Formation, which in turn forms part of the High Arctic Large Igneous Province. The Strand Fiord Formation is interpreted to represent the cratonward extension of the Alpha Ridge.

See also
Volcanism in Canada

References

Stratigraphy of Nunavut
Cliffs of Canada


Neptunia may refer to:

 Neptunia (plant), a genus of plants within the subfamily Mimoseae
 Neptunia (gastropod), an emendation of Neptunea, a genus of sea snails
 Neptunia (Darkwing Duck), a cartoon character in the television series Darkwing Duck
 Neptunia, Uruguay, a resort location in Canelones Department, Uruguay
, an Italian liner launched in 1931
, an Italian tanker launched in 1945
 Hyperdimension Neptunia, a video game series
 Neptunia, a Roman colony at Taranto, Italy


Alice Raingo Hoschedé Monet (February 19, 1844 – May 19, 1911) was the wife of department store magnate and art collector Ernest Hoschedé and later of the Impressionist painter Claude Monet.

Early life
According to unsourced genealogical data reported by Michael Legrand, she was born Angélique Émilie Alice Raingo on February 19, 1844, in Paris to Denis Lucien Alphonse Raingo and his wife Jeanne Coralie Boulade.

Marriage to Ernest Hoschedé
After meeting her future daughter-in-law in 1863, Ernest Hoschedé's mother wrote of Alice:

Her children (by Ernest Hoschedé) were Blanche (who married Claude's son, Jean Monet), Germaine, Suzanne, Marthe, Jean-Pierre, and Jacques.

Life with the Monet family
In 1876, Ernest Hoschedé commissioned Monet to paint decorative panels for the Château de Rottembourg and several landscape paintings. According to the Nineteenth-century European Art: A Topical Dictionary, it may have been during this visit that Monet began a relationship with Alice and her youngest son, Jean-Pierre, may have been fathered by Monet.

Ernest Hoschedé went bankrupt in 1877. Ernest, Alice, and their children moved into a house in Vétheuil with Monet, Monet's first wife Camille, and the Monets' two sons, Jean and Michel. Ernest spent increasing lengths of time in Paris. He then lived in Paris and worked at le Voltaire.

There are times when Ernest Hoschedé returns to visit his wife and children at the successive Monet households of Vetheuil, Poissy and Giverny. During those times Monet leaves the household. The separation from Alice, though, leaves Monet greatly distressed, experiencing nightmares, and generally unable to paint.

Before the Monet and Hoschedé families had moved to Poissy, Ernest Hoschedé had refused to pay his share of the upkeep for Alice and the children. In 1886 he showed up and demanded that his wife and children return with him to Paris, but Alice remained with Monet.

Relationship with Claude Monet

After Camille Monet's death in 1879, Monet and Alice (along with the children from the two respective families) continued living together at Poissy and later at Giverny. Still married to Ernest Hoschedé and living with Claude Monet, the Le Gaulois newspaper in Paris declared that she was Monet's "charming wife" in 1880.

Ernest Hoschedé died in 1891 and Alice agreed to marry Monet in 1892.

Alice died on 19 May 1911. Her disappearance deeply affected the  painter. On the night of her death, he wrote to his friend, Gustave Geffroy, a French art historian and novelist:  This letter is on display in one of the rooms of Fondation Monet in Giverny.

Paintings of Alice
Some of the paintings of Alice Hoschedé Monet are:
 Claude Monet, Breakfast under the Tent, Giverny, 1888
 John Singer Sargent, Mme Hoschedé and Her Son in Monet's Garden, Giverny
 John Singer Sargent, Claude Monet PaintingIn popular culture
Amanda Root portrayed Hoschedé in the 2006 BBC docudrama The Impressionists''.

See also
Claude Monet
The Monet's home in Giverny

Notes

References

1844 births
1911 deaths
People from Paris
Claude Monet
French artists' models


KZFW-LD, VHF digital and virtual channel 6, is a low-powered Aliento-affiliated television station licensed to Dallas, Texas, United States. The station transmits a directional signal towards Dallas, so as to not interfere with nearby KBFW-LD (also on channel 6), which covers Fort Worth.

The station is what is colloquially known as a "Franken-FM" station - a television station that is used as an FM radio station. This is due to the FM broadcast band being located adjacent to the VHF spectrum. As such, television stations that broadcast analog audio on channel 6 can be picked up by FM radios that tune to 87.7 MHz.

External links

Spanish-language television stations in Texas
Television channels and stations established in 1986
ZFW-LP
1986 establishments in Texas
Low-power television stations in Texas


West Natick station is a commuter rail station on the MBTA Commuter Rail Framingham/Worcester Line, located off West Central Street (MA-135) in Natick, Massachusetts. It was opened in 1982 as a park and ride station.

History

The Boston and Albany Railroad opened through Natick in September 1834. In the late 1800s, Walkerville station was briefly open at Speen Street, midway between Natick Center and the modern station site.

On August 23, 1982, the MBTA opened West Natick station to ease demand at Natick and Framingham stations. The $500,000 station included a 200-space park and ride lot.  The station should have been built accessible (state accessibility laws date from the 1970s, long before the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act), but it was not due to a budget shortfall. Accessible mini-high sections were installed around 1993.

In early 2016, the mini-high accessible platforms were closed because the folding platform edges were deteriorated, risking a dangerous collapse like one that happened at North Billerica station in 2015. The MBTA earmarked $4 million to replace them and brought a portable lift to the station to maintain accessibility. The mini-high platforms were demolished in March 2017; new composite platforms opened that November.

The adjacent Boden Lane bridge was closed on October 31, 2019, after it was damaged by brush-clearing equipment. On November 5, MassDOT announced that the bridge would be permanently closed and replaced. The bridge was removed in December 2019; a temporary pedestrian span opened on January 27, 2020. Solar panels over the parking lots were added in 2021.

In June 2021, the MBTA issued a $28 million design contract for a project to add a third track from Weston to Framingham, including reconstruction of the three Wellesley stations and West Natick station. The project was expected to cost around $400 million, of which rebuilding West Natick station would be $37 million, with completion in 2030.

References

External links

MBTA - West Natick

MBTA Commuter Rail stations in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Natick, Massachusetts


There have been nine business routes for Interstate 75 in the US state of Michigan. Numbered either Business Loop Interstate 75 (BL I-75) or Business Spur Interstate 75 (BS I-75) depending if they are a full business loop or a business spur, these highways are former routings of I-75's predecessor highways in the state. They were designated as I-75 was completed through the various areas of Michigan. The business loop in Pontiac runs through that city's downtown along a section of Woodward Avenue and a segment of roadway formerly used by M-24. The former Saginaw business loop was once a part of US Highway 23 (US 23), as was most of the original Bay City business loop (that one has been converted into a business spur). The roadways that make up the business loops in West Branch and Roscommon were previously part of M-76, I-75's predecessor through that part of the state. In Northern Michigan, the Grayling and Gaylord BL I-75s were part of US 27, and the two business routes in St. Ignace and Sault Ste. Marie in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan were part of US 2. A tenth business route, a loop through Indian River has been proposed. Each of the business loops connects to I-75 on both ends and runs through their respective cities' downtown areas. The two business spurs only connect to I-75 on one end and run into the appropriate downtown.

Pontiac

Business Loop I-75 (BL I-75) is a business loop serving Pontiac and Auburn Hills. It uses portions of former Business M-24 (Bus. M-24) through town. The highway starts as an eight-lane freeway at an interchange on I-75 in Bloomfield Township running westerly. The freeway continues past an interchange with Opdyke Road to end at Square Lake Road, dropping to six lanes. BL I-75 continues to M-1 at Woodward Avenue. Square Lake Road continues to the west as Bus. US 24, and BL I-75 turns northwesterly along the eight-lane divided Woodward Avenue, running concurrently with Bus. US 24 into downtown Pontiac. At the south side of downtown, Woodward drops to six lanes as the two directions of Woodward Avenue split and form a four-lane loop. The Woodward Avenue Loop encircles downtown Pontiac, and it is crossed by the eastbound direction of M-59 running on Huron Street. One block north, the westbound direction of M-59 runs along University Drive and turns to follow BL I-75/Bus. US 24 (Woodward Avenue Loop). The loop intersects Perry Street another block further north, and BL I-75 turns northeasterly onto the two-way Perry Street. (The southbound direction from Perry Street continues around the Woodward Avenue Loop back to Woodward Avenue.) BL I-75 passes through residential areas and a minor business area along the four-lane Perry Street. Outside of the downtown area, Perry Street widens to include a center turn lane. North of Walton Boulevard in Auburn Hills, the street name changes to Lapeer Road. BL I-75 intersects Opdyke Road a couple hundred feet west of I-75 before crossing the freeway. Lapeer Road continues as a six-lane, divided roadway to the ramps of a double trumpet interchange, where the BL I-75 designation ends. The roadway however, continues as M-24. On average each day in 2013, 9,829 vehicles use the business loop between the two M-59 junctions, and 73,795 vehicles do so on the freeway stub east of Opdyke Road, the lowest and highest traffic counts.

In 1919 when the state highway system was first numbered, the main north–south highway through Pontiac was numbered M-10, and it was renumbered to US 10 seven years later when the United States Numbered Highway System was created. By the next year, M-24 was designated from downtown Pontiac northward to Lapeer. M-24 was moved to an eastern bypass of town in 1936, and the former routing in town became M-24A. This was redesignated Bus M-24 in 1940.

A number of highway designation and routing changes in the Pontiac were made when US 10 was shifted out of downtown to replace M-58 along Telegraph Road west of downtown by the middle of 1961. Before the change, US 10 followed Dixie Highway and Oakland Avenue southeast into Pontiac to Perry Street and then Perry to Saginaw Street to Woodward while M-58 was routed along Telegraph and Square Lake roads. After the change, US 10 turned south from Dixie Highway onto Telegraph and then east onto Square Lake to connect back to Woodward. The old route through downtown was assigned the Bus. US 10 moniker and M-58 was decommissioned as a highway designation. Two years later, I-75 was completed to the east of Pontiac, and the M-24 bypass of the city was turned over to local control. The former Bus. M-24 through downtown was renumbered BL I-75 along with a connection along Square Lake Road out to the freeway. The next year, the streets downtown Pontiac were reconfigured and a loop called Wide Track Drive was created to route traffic around the downtown area. The former routing of BL I-75 on Perry Street in the downtown core was replaced by routing the business loops on Wide Track Drive. Then in 1966, an interchange was built to replace the intersection at Opdyke Road and Square Lake Road.

In 1985, the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) received permission from the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials to truncate US 10 to Bay City, and when the change was made the following year, US 24 replaced US 10 on Telegraph Road north of Square Lake Road, and Bus. US 10 through downtown was redesignated Bus. US 24, including the segment concurrent with BL I-75. Saginaw Street south of downtown was renamed as a northern extension of Woodward Avenue, while Wide Track Drive through downtown was renamed as the Woodward Avenue Loop, both in 2000.

The section of BL I-75 that follows Woodward Avenue has a pair of special designations attached to it. In 1999, it was designated by MDOT as what is now called a Pure Michigan Byway. Three years later, it was named a National Scenic Byway by the Federal Highway Administration National Scenic Byways Program on June 13, 2002, the only urban road at the time with that classification. It was later upgraded to All-American Road status on October 16, 2009. In 2017, MDOT reconstructed the southern terminus, by replacing the left exit and entrance ramps by right exit and entrance ramps from northbound I-75.

Major intersections

Saginaw

Business Loop I-75 (BL I-75) was a business loop in Saginaw that was previously Business US Highway 23 (Bus. US 23). It started at an interchange between I-75/US 23 and M-46 (Holland Road) in Buena Vista Township. From there, it ran concurrently with M-46 westward into Saginaw. East of 17th Street, the highway split to form a one-way pairing with Remington Street, which carried westbound traffic. About three blocks farther west, BL I-75 split from M-46 to follow Genesee Avenue northwesterly into the downtown area. At an intersection between Genesee Avenue, Janes Street and 2nd Avenue, the northbound BL I-75 followed 2nd Avenue while southbound continued on Genesee Avenue. Northbound traffic traveled along 2nd Avenue and Johnson Street to Washington Avenue near the Saginaw River, where the two directions of traffic reunited. Washington Avenue also carried M-13/M-81, and the three designations ran concurrently together northward and parallel to the river. BL I-75/M-13/M-81 curved northeasterly north of downtown, and M-81 left the business loop at an intersection with Veterans Memorial Parkway; BL I-75/M-13 turned north on the parkway and M-81 continued easterly on Washington Avenue. The business loop proceeded northward running parallel to the river and ended at an interchange with I-75/US 23 in Zilwaukee Township; M-13 continued along Bay City Road north of the interchange.

When the state highway system was signposted in 1919, the north–south highway through Saginaw was part of the original M-10. This highway was later redesignated as part of US 23 when the United States Numbered Highway System was created in 1926. US 23 was initially routed on the western side of the Saginaw River through the city, but it was moved in 1929 to run along the eastern side. In 1953, the initial eastern bypass of Saginaw was built as a two-lane highway, and the former routing through downtown was redesignated Bus. US 23. This bypass was upgraded in 1961 to a full freeway as part of I-75/US 23, and the business loop through downtown was redesignated BL I-75. In 1971, I-675 was completed, and BL I-75 was decommissioned through Saginaw. The segments of the business loop that were concurrent with M-13, M-46 or M-81 remained part of those state highways, but the rest of BL I-75 was returned to local control.

Major intersections

Bay City

Business Spur Interstate 75 (BS I-75) is a business spur running through Bay City following a section of the current routing of M-25 through town. Formerly a full business loop numbered Business Loop Interstate 75 (BL I-75), it followed what is now M-84 back to end at I-75/US 23 at exit 160 south of downtown. The business route also follows streets that previously were numbered Business US Highway 23 (Bus. US 23). The spur starts at exit 162 on I-75/US 23 at the same interchange where M-25 and US 10 end. BS I-75 runs concurrently along M-25, and for about the first , the spur is a four-lane freeway bounded by residential subdivisions on either side. In Bangor Township, the freeway ends and BS I-75/M-25 splits into a one-way pairing of Thomas Street (eastbound) and Jenny Street (westbound). These two three-lane streets continue along a residential area on the west side of Bay City. East of intersections with Henry Street, the opposing sides of traffic merge back together near Veterans Memorial Park to cross the Saginaw River on the four-lane Veterans Memorial Bridge. On the eastern side of the river, BS I-75/M-25 splits again into the one-way pairing of the three-lane McKinley Street (westbound) and 7th Street (eastbound). Just three blocks east of the river, BS I-75 ends at the intersections with M-84 (Washington Avenue) in downtown Bay City. On average each day in 2013, 11,678 vehicles use the business loop east of the M-13 junction, and 29,391 vehicles do so west of the M-84 junction, the lowest and highest traffic counts.

When the state highway system was first signposted in 1919, the north–south highway through Bay City was part of the original M-10, and the east–west highway was numbered as part of M-20. When the United States Numbered Highway System was created in 1926, M-10 became part of US 23, although it was routed on the western side of the Saginaw River. The highway was rerouted to the eastern side of the river in 1929. By early 1941, US 23 was rerouted to cross the Saginaw River on the southern side of Bay City, and the former routing along Washington Avenue and Midland Street through downtown was renumbered Bus. US 23. When the I-75/US 10/US 23 freeway bypass west of Bay City opened in late 1961, the former routing of US 23 was replaced by M-13 and the former Bus. US 23, including connections along the former routing of M-47 southwest and M-20 west of Bay City, were redesignated as BL I-75. The BL I-75 designation lasted until 1971 when southern half of BL I-75 was removed, converting the business loop into a business spur; the southern section was renumbered as part of an M-84 extension, and BS I-75 would then run along the section concurrent with M-25 only.

Major Intersections

West Branch

Business Loop Interstate 75 (BL I-75) is a business loop running through West Branch that was originally numbered Business M-76 (Bus. M-76). It starts at exit 212 south on I-75 south of West Branch. From that interchange, BL I-75 runs northward along Cook Road in Horton and West Branch townships past an outlet mall. North of the mall, the roadway has two lanes, one in each direction plus an intermittent center turn lane, and it curves first to the northeast through a rural section of the townships, and then after intersecting Old 76 Road, it turns northwesterly through a commercial area. On the eastern city limits, BL I-75 turns due west and runs concurrently with M-55 on the four-lane Houghton Avenue through downtown West Branch. On the western side of downtown, the business loop intersects the northern end of M-30 and narrows to two lanes. BL I-75/M-55 continues out of town, running past more businesses before meeting I-75 at exit  215. At that interchange, BL I-75 ends, and M-55 merges onto the freeway. On average each day in 2013, 10,682 vehicles use the business loop near the southern I-75 interchange, and 15,399 vehicles do so between the M-55 junction and 5th Street in downtown West Branch, the lowest and highest traffic counts.

When the state highway system was signposted in 1919, the highway running northwest–southeast through West Branch was numbered M-76 and the east–west highway was M-55. In the early 1970s, M-76 was being converted into a freeway between Standish and the Grayling area. In 1970, the freeway was built as far as the present-day exit 212, and the connection along Cook Road was built to allow M-76 to connect between the new freeway and its former routing. The next year, this freeway was completed to bypass West Branch to the south and west. The former route of M-76 through town with the connection along Cook Road was renumbered Bus. M-76. Two years later, I-75 was finished in the state, and the M-76 designation was decommissioned. The former Bus. M-76 was redesignated as BL I-75 at the same time.

Major intersections

Roscommon

Business Loop Interstate 75 (BL I-75) is a business loop running through Roscommon. Starting at exit 239 along I-75, the business loop runs concurrently with M-18 northward along the two-lane Roscommon Road through rural Northern Michigan woodlands. When BL I-75/M-18 enters the village of Roscommon, it follows Lake Street northeasterly into downtown. At the intersection with 5th Street, BL I-75 turns northwesterly and separates from M-18. In the village, the business loop has three lanes, one in each direction with a center turn lane. The business loop continues past several businesses and exits the village as a two-lane road. BL I-75 curves to run due west along the Roscommon–Crawford county line on Federal Highway. At exit 244 on I-75, the business loop terminates while following the county line. On average each day in 2013, 1,531 vehicles use the business loop near the northern I-75 interchange, and 5,987 vehicles do so in downtown Roscommon south of the M-18 junction, the lowest and highest traffic counts.

When the state highway system was originally signposted in 1919, the highway running northwest–southeast through Roscommon was numbered M-76. In 1949, M-18 was extended north into Roscommon and then west along M-76. During the early 1970s, M-76 was being converted into a freeway to be used as part of I-75. In 1971, I-75 was completed southward from the Grayling area to what is now exit 239. Two years later, I-75 was completed between Roscommon and West Branch, and M-76 between the two communities was decommissioned. At the same time, M-18 was realigned to northeasterly out of Roscommon instead of following M-76 toward Grayling. BL I-75 was commissioned at this time to overlap M-18 from the freeway north into Roscommon and to replace the former M-18/M-76 west of the village to the new freeway.

Major intersections

Grayling

Business Loop Interstate 75 (BL I-75) is a business loop running through Grayling. The southern end is at a partial interchange at exit 254 on I-75; only northbound I-75 traffic can access northbound BL I-75, and southbound BL I-75 traffic can only access southbound I-75. From this interchange, the business loop runs northward as a five-lane divided roadway through a commercial area and past the Grayling Golf Club. At the intersection with Huron Street (South Down River Road), BL I-75 merges with M-72. The two highways run concurrently and turn northwesterly along the five-lane undivided James Street. BL I-75/M-72 narrows to three lanes and crosses the Au Sable River and runs for about  before intersecting Lake Street in downtown Grayling. There, M-72 turns southwesterly onto Lake Street, separating from the business loop. At the same intersection, M-93 turns north and merges with BL I-75 as the two run concurrently on the three-lane McClellan Street. BL I-75/M-93 intersects County Road F-32 (North Down River Road) and then passes the Camp Grayling Airfield. North of the airfield, the highway narrows to two lanes and curves to the northwest, exiting the city. At the intersection with Old 27 and Hartwick Pines Road, BL I-75/M-93 turns northeasterly onto the latter. They continue running concurrently to exit 259 on I-75 where the BL I-75 designation terminates. M-93 continues along Hartwick Pines Road north of the interchange. All of BL I-75 through Grayling is a part of the Strategic Highway Network, a component of the National Highway System, a network of roads important to the country's economy, defense, and mobility. On average each day in 2013, 1,407 vehicles use the business loop between Old 27 and I-75, and 18,467 vehicles do so in downtown Grayling south of the M-72 junction, the lowest and highest traffic counts, respectively.

When the state highway system was originally signposted in 1919, the north–south highway through Grayling was part of the original M-14. At that time, M-93 was only a spur from downtown Grayling to the future Camp Grayling. M-14 was later redesignated as part of US Highway 27 (US 27) in 1926. By 1932, M-93 was extended northward through Grayling to the state park. In 1940, M-72 was extended through the Grayling area. I-75 in the Grayling area opened in 1961 and, the former routing of US 27 through Grayling northward to Hartwick Pines Road back to I-75 was redesignated BL I-75.

Major intersections

Gaylord

Business Loop Interstate 75, or BL I-75 is a business loop running through Gaylord. The loop starts at exit 279 on I-75 in Bagley Township south of Gaylord. The highway follows the five-lane Otsego Avenue northward from the freeway into the city and though a commercial area. Otsego Avenue jogs eastward slightly south of 2nd Street, and then intersects M-32 (Main Street) in downtown Gaylord. BL I-75 turns west onto the five-lane Main Street and runs concurrently with M-32 through downtown. About five blocks each of that turn, BL I-75/M-32 meets I-75 at exit 282; BL I-75 ends while M-32 continues westward. On average each day in 2013, 8,289 vehicles use the business loop south of the M-32 junction, and 23,436 vehicles do so in downtown Gaylord along the M-32 concurrency, the lowest and highest traffic counts.

When the state highway system was first signposted in 1919, the main highway running north–south through Gaylord was part of the original M-14. This was renumbered as part of US Highway 27 (US 27) in 1926 after the United States Numbered Highway System was formed. I-75 was completed and US 27 was removed through the Gaylord area in 1962. The business loop was not created at that time, however. Instead, it was created in 1986.

Major intersections

Indian River

Business Loop Interstate 75 (BL I-75) is a proposed business loop that would run through Indian River. It would start at exit 310 on I-75 in Tuscarora Township and follow M-68 across the North Central State Trail near the Sturgeon River. In the community of Indian River, M-68 turns southwesterly on South Straits Highway, and BL I-75 would turn northward into downtown. The business loop would run through downtown, passing several businesses, and cross the Indian River on the north side of the business district. North of the river, South Straits Highway continues to parallel the North Central State Trail and passes the Indian River Golf Club. North of the club, the roadway runs through forest land and past the occasional business before meeting I-75 at exit 310. This interchange is the southern terminus of M-27, and it would serve as the future northern terminus of BL I-75.

Prior to the construction of the I-75 freeway, South Straits Highway was the route of US Highway 27 (US 27) through the Indian River area. In November 1960, sections of I-75 freeway opened from Indian River north to the southern Mackinac Bridge approaches in Mackinaw City, By the end of the following year, I-75 was completed between Gaylord and Grayling. US 27 was truncated to terminate south of Grayling, and the former route through Indian River and Gaylord was redesignated "To I-75" on maps. In 1962, the remaining freeway bypass of Indian River was completed. At that time, South Straits Highway through Indian River between M-68 and M-27 was turned over to local control as a county road. M-68 was first designated between Indian River and Alanson by 1936, and eastward by 1946 toward Afton.

A business loop for Indian River was first proposed to the Cheboygan County Road Commission (CCRC) in June 2015. At the time, the road commission had recently placed the bridge on South Straits Highway over the Indian River with a new structure up to Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) standards and was repaving the roadway north of the river to the I-75 interchange. The CCRC held a community forum in June 2016, and many local residents and businesses supported the designation at the time. The Tuscarora Township Board and Downtown Development Authority have expressed interesting in paying for the necessary signage should MDOT and the CCRC move forward to apply for the designation from the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. The township board has passed a resolution in support of the BL I-75 designation.

Major intersections

St. Ignace

Business Loop Interstate 75 (BL I-75) is a business loop running through St. Ignace. The loop starts at exit 344 on I-75 as the continuation of US Highway 2 (US 2) into downtown. The highway carries the Lake Huron Circle Tour (LHCT). It runs along a four-lane roadway on the north side of Straits State Park and curves northward into downtown St. Ignace along State Street. BL I-75 has three lanes and runs along the lakefront past the marina and docks for Mackinac Island ferry services. It widens back to four lanes to follow the curve of East Moran Bay and then turns inland past several hotels situated on a point jutting into the bay. North of the point, BL I-75 follows the Lake Huron shoreline past the Mackinac County Airport. North of the airport, the adjacent properties are primarily residential with a few tourist-oriented businesses. The business loop intersects County Road H-63 (Mackinac Trail) and comes to an end near Castle Rock at exit 348 on I-75 in St. Ignace Township. On average each day in 2013, 4,327 vehicles use the business loop near the northern I-75 interchange, and 8,819 vehicles do so near the southern I-75 interchange, the lowest and highest traffic counts.

The first state highway through St. Ignace was an extension of US 31 that was added by the end of 1927. In 1936, US 2 was realigned to run into downtown St. Ignace from the west and replaced US 31 through town. The business loop was commissioned in 1960 when the I-75/US 2 freeway opened, and the former route of US 2 through downtown was renumbered BL I-75.

Major intersections

Sault Ste. Marie

Business Spur Interstate 75 (BS I-75) is a business spur running through Sault Ste. Marie. It starts at exit 392 on I-75 on the south side of the city. From that interchange, it runs eastward along the five-lane-wide 3 Mile Road and intersects the northern end of County Road H-63 (Mackinac Trail) before curving northeasterly. The spur runs through commercial areas and intersects the northern end of M-129 (Dixie Highway) before turning due north along Ashmun Street near the Sault Ste. Marie Municipal Airport. Ashmun Street narrows to four lanes north of 10th Avenue and regains a center turn lane at Adams Avenue. BS I-75 turns northeasterly past Easterday Avenue and runs to the east of the campus of Lake Superior State University, crossing the Edison Sault Power Canal. At Portage Avenue south of the Soo Locks, BS I-75 turns southeasterly to follow Portage Avenue along the St. Marys River. The business spur crosses the canal again just upstream from its mouth. Portage Avenue continues through residential neighborhoods on the east side of Sault Ste. Marie, following the river. BS I-75 ends at the entrance to the Sugar Island Ferry Dock across from the Sault Ste. Marie Country Club. On average each day in 2013, 1,433 vehicles used the business spur near the I-75 interchange, and 19,962 vehicles do so north of the M-129 junction, the lowest and highest traffic counts.

When the state highway system was first signposted in 1919, the north–south state highway in Sault Ste. Marie was numbered M-12 in 1919. It was renumbered as part of US 2 in 1926. In 1962, the I-75/US 2 freeway was completed, and the former route of US 2 through downtown along with a connection to I-75/US 2 and the International Bridge was redesignated BS I-75. In 1989, the designation was extended along Portage Avenue to the Sugar Island Ferry Dock.

Major intersections

See also

References

External links

BL I-75 in Pontiac at Michigan Highways

BL I-75 in Bay City at Michigan Highways

BL I-75 in West Branch at Michigan Highways

BL I-75 in Roscommon at Michigan Highways

BL I-75 in Grayling at Michigan Highways

BL I-75/M-72 Au Sable River Bridge at Michigan's Historic Bridges (MDOT)

BL I-75 in Gaylord at Michigan Highways

BL I-75 in St. Ignace at Michigan Highways

BS I-75 in Sault Ste. Marie at Michigan Highways

Ashmun St. Power Canal Bridge at Michigan's Historic Bridges (MDOT)

Business Michigan
75 Business
75 Business Michigan


Rampart Search and Rescue (RSAR) serves the communities within Adams County, Colorado. Its name is derived from the '70's TV show Emergency! where Rampart was the name of the hospital. Rampart search and rescue has been in operation since 1973. The mission of Rampart Search & Rescue is to provide search and rescue assistance, free of charge, to local, county, state and federal agencies during missing person searches, both man-made and natural disaster related emergencies.

Role in the community
Rampart Search and Rescue, Inc. has been organized for the purpose of providing traditional search and rescue resources along with urban search and rescue (USAR) for the county. Rampart search and rescue works under the supervision of the Adam's County Sheriff's Department in Colorado. They have 40 adult members and 12 cadets. Their work does not confine them to just Colorado, they have responded to disasters like Hurricane Katrina. Adams County Sheriff's Office relies on RSAR to provide emergency services with the county. They also are responsible for searching for stranded motorist along I-70 when close east of Denver to the Kansas state line. Rampart Search and Rescue serves Adams, Morgan and Lincoln Counties in Colorado. The team spent over a week working in Boulder County during the flood of Sept 10-18 2013. They rescued several from their homes before the flood waters washed their house down stream. The summer of 2013 Morgan County, Colorado added Rampart as the county's search and rescue ground team. Then in the fall of 2014 Lincoln County, Colorado became the third county served by the Rampart search and rescue agency.

The team also supports local fire departments and law enforcement agencies by providing: Traffic management, scene security, perimeter control, evidence search and other non-hazardous services.

The team trains for extensively in many areas of: Land search, severe weather, road closures, emergency care, tornado spotter, Colorado Life Track, missing person, walk-a-ways like Alzheimer's, etc.

Search Dogs
Rampart Search and Rescue (K-9) search dogs respond to search and rescue (SAR) incidents. That are training search dogs year round (weekly) to respond on calls related to missing and/or lost people in the county's urban, suburban and mutual aid "mountain" country. Their training covers; trailing, tracking, air scenting and cadaver recovery searches. They currently have seven bloodhounds, that's more than most search and rescue teams in the United States.

Cadet Program
Their Cadets train alongside the adult members in all aspects of search and rescue and public safety. The Cadets (10 to 20 years old) are trained people to assist local law enforcement in the conduct of search and rescue operations in wilderness and urban settings, and provide valuable community service during disasters and support community events such as parades and celebrations. They also help the Adams County in their Citizens Police Academy as victims in field training. The 12 or so young men and women participating in the program experience a strict disciplined approach to becoming mature young adults. They learn about the importance of education, teamwork, leadership, and community service. Since its conception in 2002, the Rampart Cadet program had successfully graduated over 60 young men and women. The Cadet program keeps kids off the streets, encourages youth in the community to look at Public Safety officers as role models, and instills in them discipline and purpose in life. Several have joined the ranks of Public Safety in Law Enforcement and as Firefighters.

Community Safety Talks
Rampart search and rescue also provides public training and community safety talks free of charge.

As to their funding - there are absolutely no Federal, State, County or City funds provided for this worthwhile search & rescue team, and their community programs – all funds are raised by the participants and other community fund raising events.

External links
 Rampart Search and Rescue web site
 Adams County, Colorado Office of Emergency Management Partners
 Denver Post Article - Westminster woman with Alzheimer's
 CW Ch 2 Jessica Ridgeway Search
 Denver Post Article - e470 Grant
 Denver Post Article - Operation Free Bird

Organizations based in Colorado
1973 establishments in Colorado
Adams County, Colorado


Alfred Billings Street (December 18, 1811 – June 2, 1881) was an American author and poet.

Biography
Street was born in Poughkeepsie (city), New York. His family moved to Monticello in Sullivan County when he was young, and he was educated at the Dutchess county academy. He studied law with his father, Randall S. Street, and practiced in Monticello. In 1839 he moved to Albany and edited the Northern Light from 1843 to 1844. He wrote poetry that was published in literary magazines.  In 1848 he was appointed New York State Librarian, a position he held until his death. His poems deal with the sights and sounds of the woodland and the life of the more primitive days of the settlement of America.

List of works
Among his books of verse are:
 The Burning of Schenectady, and Other Poems (1842)
 Drawings and Tintings (1844)
 Fugitive Poems (1846)
 Frontenac: or The Atotarho of the Iroquois (1849)

His chief prose works are:
 Woods and Waters, or the Saranacs and the Racket (1860)
 The Indian Pass (1869)
 Lake and Mountain; or, Autumn in the Adirondacks (1870)
 Eagle Pine; or, Sketches of a New York Frontier Village (1871)

He also wrote A Digest of Taxation in the United States (1863).
His words were used for the song Our Own Robbie Burns by Henry Tucker.

References

External links
 Quotes by Alfred Billings Street
Works by Alfred Billings Street at Project Gutenberg

Writers from Poughkeepsie, New York
19th-century American poets
American male poets
Street, Street, Alfred Billings
Street, Alfred Billingd
1881 deaths
19th-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers
Historians from New York (state)


The Group on International Perspectives on Governmental Aggression and Peace (GIPGAP) is an international multi-disciplinary team of academics and researchers. The group has been undertaking extensive research into social attitudes to peace and war, using the Personal and Institutional Rights to Aggression and Peace Scale, or PAIRTAPS. There is no shortage of critical literature on peace and war. However this is the first-ever global study of the attitudes of ordinary citizens to peace and war. GIPGAP is co-ordinated by Kathleen Malley-Morrison of Boston University, and has its origins in an earlier group that investigated domestic violence within a project entitled International Perspectives on Family Violence and Abuse. The GIPGAP project involves surveying and analysis of the views of citizens from more than 30 countries —covering North America, South America, Central America, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Asia Pacific, South Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands.

GIGAP membership
The GIPGAP website indicates the membership as follows:

Research instrument
The basic research instrument, the Personal and Institutional Rights to Aggression and Peace Scale, is an online survey, utilizing aspects of both qualitative research and quantitative research. Respondents are encouraged to indicate the degree to which they agree or disagree with certain propositions and the instrument also encourages respondents to make specific comment upon issues. The survey is available to respondents in a range of language versions, including English, French, German, Greek, Icelandic, Italian, Japanese, and Portuguese.

Research findings
Preliminary findings for individual countries can be found in the publications list and especially the 4-volume publication in 2009 by Praeger International. In general, there was disapproval for the notion that nations should have a right to invade other nations, disapproval for the use of torture, disapproval for the killing of civilians, approval for the right to protest war, and tentative approval for the notion of a right to peace.  Women were very much in support of the notion of the right of children to grow up in a world of peace. Further research, analysis and scholarly publication is planned for the future.

GIPGAP research publications

Books
 GIPGAP (2009) State Violence and the Right to Peace. Ed. K. Malley-Morrison. 4 Volumes. Westport: Praeger Security International.
 GIPGAP (2013) International Handbook on War, Torture and Terrorism. Ed. K. Malley-Morrison. New York: Springer.
 GIPGAP (2013) International Handbook on Peace and Reconciliation. Ed. K. Malley-Morrison. New York: Springer.

Journal articles
Ashy, M.A. & Malley-Morrison, K. (2007). Attitudes towards war in the Middle East from an extremism model perspective. International Psychology Bulletin,11, 8–11.
Castanheira, H., Corgan, M. & Malley-Morrison, K. (2007). Is peace possible? Citizens´ views. Peace Psychology
Corgan, M., & Malley-Morrison, K. (2008, Spring). Operation Urgent Folly. International Psychology Bulletin, 28–30.
Corgan, M., Malley-Morrison, K., & Castanheira, H. (2008). Peace restoration: An ecological formulation. Peace Psychology. 16(2): 8–9.
Daskalopoulos, M., Zaveri, T., & Malley-Morrison, K. (2006). Greek, Spanish and American perspectives on the right of a country to invade. Peace Psychology, 15(2), 12–14.
Hashim, K. & Malley-Morrison, K. (2007. Summer). Attitudes toward international treaties and human rights agreements, Peace Psychology, 16, 1
Lee, Y., Jang, M., Malley-Morrison, K. (2008, Summer). Perceptions of Child Maltreatment in European Americans, Korean Americans, and Koreans. International Psychology Bulletin, 12, 13–16.
Malley-Morrison, K., & Castanheira, H. (2008). Can governmental aggression be acceptable? Views from the United States and Spain. International Psychology Bulletin, 12(1), 16–21.
Malley-Morrison, K., Corgan,M., & Castanheira, H.(2007, Fall). Security as an individual and international Issue, International Psychology Bulletin, 11, 30–32.
Malley-Morrison, K., Daskalopoulos, M., & You, H-S. (2006, winter). International perspectives on governmental aggression, International Psychology Reporter, 19–20.
Malley-Morrison, K. et al. (2006, spring). International perspectives on war and peace. Peace Psychology, 15(1), 6–7.
Mercurio, A. E., You, H. S., & Malley-Morrison, K. (2006, Spring). Reasoning about parental rights to physically discipline children in the United States and Korea. International Psychology Bulletin, 10, 12–13.

External links
GIPGAP
Personal and Institutional Rights to Aggression and Peace Scale
APO online information

Boston University
International research institutes
Peace organizations


John Brian Conrey (23 June 1955) is an American mathematician and the executive director of the American Institute of Mathematics. His research interests are in number theory, specifically analysis of L-functions and the Riemann zeta function.

Education
Conrey received his B.S. from Santa Clara University in 1976 and received his Ph.D. at the University of Michigan in 1980 under the supervision of Hugh Lowell Montgomery.

Career
Conrey is the founding executive director of the American Institute of Mathematics, a position he has held since 1997. Since 2005, he has been part-time professor at the University of Bristol, England.

He is on the editorial board of the Journal of Number Theory.

Research
With Bui and Young, Conrey proved in 2011 that more than 41 percent of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function are on the critical line.

With Jonathan Keating, Nina Snaith, and others, Conrey researched correlations of eigenvalues of random unitary matrices and Riemann zeta zeros.

Awards and honors
The American Mathematical Society jointly awarded him the eighth annual Levi L. Conant Prize for expository writing in 2008 for The Riemann Hypothesis.  In 2015 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

References

External links

20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Number theorists
Academics of the University of Bristol
Living people
Santa Clara University alumni
University of Michigan alumni
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
1955 births
Albuquerque Academy Alumni


A caravan (from Persian  ) or cafila (from Arabic   ) is a group of people traveling together, often on a trade expedition. Caravans were used mainly in desert areas and throughout the Silk Road, where traveling in groups aided in defense against bandits as well as helped to improve economies of scale in trade. Some of the first caravans on the Silk Road were sent out by Emperor Wu of Han in the 2nd century BCE when this vast network of roads was 'born', and as China began exporting large quantities of silk and other goods west, particularly destined for the Roman Empire.

Description
In historical times, caravans connecting East Asia and Europe often carried luxurious and lucrative goods, such as silks or jewelry. Caravans could therefore require considerable investment and were a lucrative target for bandits. The profits from a successfully undertaken journey could be enormous, comparable to the later European spice trade. The luxurious goods brought by caravans attracted many rulers along important trade routes to construct caravanserais. These were roadside stations which supported the flow of commerce, information, and people across the network of trade routes covering Asia, North Africa, and southeastern Europe, especially along the Silk Road. Caravanserais provided water for human and animal consumption, washing, and ritual ablutions. Sometimes they had elaborate baths. They kept fodder for animals and had shops for travelers where they could acquire new supplies. Some shops bought goods from the traveling merchants.

However, the volume a caravan could transport was limited even by Classical or Medieval standards. For example, a caravan of 500 camels could only transport as much as a third or half of the goods carried by a regular Byzantine merchant sailing ship.

Present-day caravans in less-developed areas of the world often still transport important goods through badly passable areas, such as seeds required for agriculture in arid regions. An example are the camel trains traversing the southern edges of the Sahara Desert.

See also
Convoy
Camel train
Wagon train
Central American migrant caravans of 2017–22

References

Further reading
Kevin Shillington (ed), "Tuareg: Takedda and trans-Saharan trade" in: Encyclopaedia of African History, Fitzroy Dearborn, 2004,
T. Lewicki, "The Role of the Sahara and Saharians in Relationships between North and South", in: UNESCO General History of Africa: Volume 3, University of California Press, 1994,
Fernand Braudel, The Perspective of the World, vol III of Civilization and Capitalism 1984 (translated from the French)

Antiquity and Middle Ages
The Trans-Saharan Gold Trade 7th-14th Century; Metropolitan Museum of Art
René Mouterde, André Poidebard, « La voie antique des caravanes entre Palmyre et Hît, au IIe siècle après Jésus-Christ, d'après une inscription retrouvée au Sud-Est de Palmyre (1930) », Syria, vol. 12, No. 12–22, 1931, pp. 101–115 (available online at: Persee.fr)
Ernest Will, « Marchands et chefs de caravanes à Palmyre », Syria, vol. 34, No. 34-3-4, 1957, pp. 262–277 (available online at: Persee.fr)

17th century
René Caillié Journal d'un voyage à Temboctou et à Jenné, dans l'Afrique centrale, précédé d'observations faites chez les Maures Braknas, les Nalous et autres peuples ; pendant les années 1824, 1825, 1826, 1827, 1828: par René Caillié. Avec une carte itinéraire, et des remarques géographiques, par M. Jomard, membre de l'institut. Imprimé à Paris en mars 1830, par l'imprimerie royale, en trois tomes et un atlas. Une réédition en fac-similé a été réalisée par les éditions Anthropos en 1965. downloadable version
 modern edition: Voyage à Tombouctou. 2 vols. Paris: La Découverte, 1996

20th century
Lattimore, Owen (1928/9) The Desert Road to Turkestan. London, Methuen and Co; & various later editions. Caravan logistics and organization is discussed in Chap. VIII, "Camel-Men All"
 Tuladhar, Kamal Ratna (2011). Caravan to Lhasa: A Merchant of Kathmandu in Traditional Tibet. Kathmandu: Lijala & Tisa. .

Contemporary caravans
Julien Brachet, « Le négoce caravanier au Sahara central: histoire, évolution des pratiques et enjeux chez les Touaregs Kel Aïr (Niger) », Les Cahiers d'outre-mer, No. 226–227, 2004, pp. 117–136 (available online at: Com.revues )
Michel Museur, « Un exemple spécifique d'économie caravanière : l'échange sel-mil », Journal des africanistes, vol. 47, No. 2, 1977, pp. 49–80 (available online at: Persee.fr)
M'hammad Sabour and Knut S. Vikør (eds), Ethnic Encounter and Culture Change, Bergen, 1997,  Google Cache Last Retrieved Jan. 2005.

External links

Trade routes


Isaiah Mloyiswa Mdliwamafa Shembe (c. 1865 – 2 May 1935), was a self-proclaimed prophet and the founder of the Ibandla lamaNazaretha, South Africa, which was the largest African-initiated church in Africa during his lifetime. Shembe started his religious career as an itinerant evangelist and faith healer in 1910. Within ten years, he had built up a large following in Natal with dozens of congregations across the province.

Birth and early life

He was born in 1865, at Ntabamhlophe (Estcourt Area), in the Drakensberg region of Natal. He had pure Zulu descent. His father, Mayekisa, relocated them to Ntabazwe before his adolescence. His mother Sitheya, the daughter of Malindi Hadebe, was born at Mtimkulu.

Shembe's family left Natal for the adjacent Harrismith district of the Orange Free State in the 1880s, ending up there as tenants for an Afrikaner family named the Grabes. His Master was Conrad Grabes, the owner of Buwelshoek Farm  The young Shembe appears to have laboured for this Boer family as well, and spent considerable time working with the farm's horses. There is a considerable lore of hagiographic tradition concerned with the young Shembe. It was alleged he died and was resurrected at the age of three when a bull suddenly died, "buying his soul". He was also allegedly visited by God on many occasions during these years.

Shembe claimed that the voice of God taught him how to pray. Thereafter it commanded him to find a place to pray to God on regularly basis. He started visiting the Wesleyan Church that was nearby. He did not spend much time there, however, because the laws that he was taught in vision by the Word, were not followed in the church. For example, baptism by immersion was not practised, this was one of the key laws that made him desert the church. By the time of the South African War, Shembe was married and was working for the Graabes as a tenant in his own right. The war disrupted his situation, however. After abandoning his wives, he spent some time on the Rand as a migrant. During this time, he met the African Native Baptist Church (in Boksburg), which was led by Reverend William Leshega, who later baptized him on 22 July 1906.

Early years as an evangelist

Between 1906 and 1910, Shembe was a minor evangelist in Leshega's church. The latter visited him in Harrismith in 1906 and baptized him there (by immersion). For the following two years he worked as an itinerant evangelist, and was then given an official preacher's certificate by Leshega in 1908. It appeared that Shembe then led a congregation for Leshega in Witzieshoek until 1909, when Leshega affiliated with John G. Lake's Apostolic Faith Mission.

Shembe claimed that the Word ordered him to leave his wives and family and go to Natal. Initially he resisted separating from his wives; nine of his children died after that resistance. This was followed by him being struck by lightning after ascending a mountaintop. The lightning strike injured his thigh and he took two weeks to recover. Eventually, he agreed to follow the word to Natal. He arrived in Durban on 10 March 1910. Messengers preceded his arrival into various parts of Natal, proclaiming that "A Man of Heaven" had been sent by God to preach to the African people. These messengers were called Johan Zandile Nkabinde and Mfazwe.

Leader of the Church of Nazareth, 1910–1935

By all accounts, Shembe had an electric effect and was able to rapidly build congregations in a number of areas. He formed the Ibandla lamaNazaretha (the Nazaretha Baptist Church) in 1913, with his converts consisting primarily of poverty-stricken migrants living at the margins of Natal's urban areas. In 1911, he purchased a freehold farm and established a holy city at eKuphakameni that sought in part to keep his people on the land free of white control. He also established a yearly pilgrimage to the Holy Mountain of Nhlangakazi, an event that was central to the Nazarites. As his following grew and he could not provide land for everyone, Shembe began training his followers to be exemplary workers. His exhortation and strict religious regimens turned his followers into a distinctive group known for their honesty, punctuality, and work ethic.

In addition to his preaching and healing, Shembe was known for composing numerous Zulu hymns and sacred dances, for creating sacred costumes that combined Zulu and European clothing styles, for developing a new liturgical calendar (that omitted Christmas, Easter, and Sunday worshipping), and for dietary laws that included a restriction against eating chicken, pork and other unclean foods as found in the Old Testament of the Bible. He advocated worship on the biblical Sabbath, rather than on Sunday. He chose to identify instead with the Sabbath of God, Jehovah. He saw the Sabbath as essential to the wholeness and well-being of Africans.

In the 1930s, Shembe (who was an autodidact in terms of literacy and theology) commissioned his neighbour, John Dube, to write his biography. This book, uShembe, appeared shortly after its subject's death. This biography contains much of the essential Shembe lore and hagiography. Because Dube was an ordained minister and not a Nazarite, he does not always present Shembe in flattering terms. His bona fides as a prophet are questioned, while his ability to extract financial contributions from his membership is highlighted. Shembe's followers, though, wrote down many of his teachings. As a result, the Nazarite church has an extensive written theological corpus, perhaps the largest of any African-initiated church.

Shembe's legacy has created some controversy. In a 1967 book, G.C. Oosthuizen argued that the movement was "a new religion that sees Isaiah Shembe as 'the manifestation of God. On the one hand, Oosthuizen was attacked by Bengt Sundkler and Absolom Vilakazi as being too westernized to understand Zulu culture, and claimed that the movement remained Christian. On the other hand, Oosthuizen's view has been embraced by two of Shembe's successors, his younger son Amos Shembe and his grandson Londa Shembe, who (although they fought with each other over who was the legitimate successor and eventually formed two separate branches of the church), both of whom believe that Shembe did indeed create something new.

According to the members of the Ebuhleni faction today, Shembe by definition is God in flesh. Ibandla lamaNazaretha is no longer recognized as a church that affiliates under Christianity; rather it is an independent religion, the religion of AmaNazaretha.

References

Bibliography
H.L. Pretorius (1995) Historiography and historical sources regarding African indigenous churches, Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press
Oosthuizen, G.C., ed. (1986) Religion Alive: Studies in New Movements and Indigenous Churches in Southern Africa, Hodder and Stoughton, Johannesburg

1865 births
1935 deaths
South African Charismatics
People from Ulundi Local Municipality
Zulu people


The 4th Maine Infantry Regiment was assembled in Rockland, Maine, on By May 20, 1861, with Colonel Hiram G. Berry as its commanding officer. He received four Knox County companies, one from Searsport, Winterport, Wiscasset, and Damariscotta, and two from Belfast. In all, 1,085 men, including a regimental band, were mustered. The regiment was mustered out of service July 19, 1864, with the expiration of their term. The veteran volunteers and recruits were transferred to 19th Maine Infantry. Of the 1440 men that served in the regiment during the war 170 men were killed in action or died of wounds received in battle. An additional 443 were wounded, 137 men perished of disease, and 40 men expired in Confederate prisons.

Detailed History
This regiment was organized for active service May 8, 1861, and was mustered into the United States service on June 15 at Rockland.  Co. A (Belfast Artillery), Co. K (Belfast City (Grays), and Co. F (Brooks Light Infantry), had formed part of the state militia, but the other companies were without previous experience.  The regiment left Rockland for Washington on June 17, and was armed with the Springfield smooth-bore musket.  Passing through New York, it was presented with two beautiful flags.  It participated in all the important battles of the Army of the Potomac during its three years' term of service.  Gen. Kearney wrote as follows of the conduct of its gallant colonel at Bull Run: "Col. Berry manifested such a genius for war, and such a pertinacity in the fight, as proved him fit for high command."  It is stated that the 4th Me. saved the day at Williamsburg, while at Fair Oaks, White Oak Swamp, Gaines' Mill, Glendale, Gettysburg, the Wilderness, and on many other bloody fields it rendered magnificent service.  The heroic commander of the regiment, Hiram G. Berry, was killed amid the awful carnage of the Battle of Chancellorsville, having attained to the rank of major-general and being esteemed one of the most brilliant officers in the service.  On June 25, 1864, the regiment arrived in Rockland, its term of service having expired on the 15th, and after being furloughed were mustered out on July 19.  It returned under the command of Elijah Walker, who had gone out as captain of Co. B.  There were 46 officers in the regiment, including 10 recruits; privates of the original organization, 966; recruits, 513; total, 1,525.  Number of officers mustered out, 17; prisoners of war, 2; privates mustered out, 224; prisoners, 37; officers discharged, 5; resigned, 41; privates discharged for disability, 366; privates transferred to other commands, 435; officers died of wounds, 14; of disease, 2; privates died of wounds, 139; of disease, 112; privates deserted, 131.  Total, 1,525.  The number of officers lost by casualties during the service of the regiment was 65; mustered out July 19, 1864, 17; prisoners of war, 2.  Total, 84.  Thirty-eight officers were promoted from the ranks.

Engagements
 First Bull Run, VA - July 21, 1861
 Peninsular Campaign
 Siege of Yorktown, VA - April 5-May 4, 1862
 Williamsburg, VA - May 4, 1862
 Seven Pines, VA - May 31, 1862
 Gaines Mill, VA - June 27-29, 1862
 White Oak Swamp, VA - June 30, 1862
 Malvern Hill, VA - July 1, 1862
 Northern Virginia Campaign
 Second Bull Run, VA - August 29-30, 1862
 Chantilly, VA - September 1, 1862
 Fredericksburg, VA - December 13, 1862
 Chancellorsville, VA - May 1-4, 1863
 Gettysburg, PA - July 1-3, 1863
 Bristoe Campaign
 Wapping Heights, VA - July 21-23, 1863
 Kelly's Ford, VA - November 7, 1863
 Mine Run, VA - November 26-December 1, 1863
 Wilderness, VA - May 5-7, 1864
 Spotsylvania, VA - May 7-20, 1864
 Po River, VA - May 11, 1864
 North Anna, VA - May 23-27, 1864
 Totopotomy, VA - May 26-30, 1864
 Cold Harbor, VA - May 31-June 12, 1864

Casualties and total strength
The 4th Maine enrolled 1,440 men during its existence. 170 men were killed in action or died of wounds received in battle, with another 443 wounded. An additional 137 men died of disease, and 40 men died in Confederate prisons.

Militia Units
 Company A - Belfast Artillery
 Company F - Brooks Light Infantry
 Company K - Belfast City Grays

See also

 List of Maine Civil War units
 Maine in the American Civil War

Notes and references

Units and formations of the Union Army from Maine
1861 establishments in Maine
Military units and formations established in 1861
Military units and formations disestablished in 1864


Millie Kirkham (born Mildred Eakes; June 24, 1923 – December 14, 2014) was an American singer who was featured on many classic hit recordings from the mid-1950s through the 1980s.

Early life

Kirkham was born Mildred Eakes in Hermitage, Tennessee. She performed in high school bands in the early 1940s before graduating to session work.

Millie was known as the "Nashville soprano" on numerous hit records and became affectionately known as the fifth member of the Jordanaires. She worked with Patsy Cline, Roy Orbison, Brenda Lee, Eddie Arnold, Elvis Presley, and George Jones ("He Stopped Loving Her Today").

Millie first became noticed in 1957 on Ferlin Husky's #1 country and #4 cross-over hit recording of "Gone", in which Millie sang the angelic background harmony. Elvis asked the Jordanaires, "Who is that lady that sang on 'Gone'?", to which the Jordanaires replied, "That's Millie, Millie Kirkham." They called her and she accepted.

It was Elvis Presley's 1957 recording of  "Blue Christmas" that catapulted Millie to icon status. She was six months pregnant, which was unknown to Elvis, and immediately upon her arrival Elvis said: "someone please get that lady a chair". Their relationship, which included a mutual friendship and love of music, continued for a period of fifteen years and was showcased as part of the highly acclaimed 1970 documentary Elvis, That's The Way It Is.  When Millie left, she was replaced by Kathy Westmoreland.

Her soprano was heard on many of Elvis Presley's recordings such as "My Wish Came True", "The Wonder Of You", "Surrender", "How Great Thou Art", "Polk Salad Annie", "Bridge Over Troubled Water", "Don't", "Just Pretend", "(You're the) Devil in Disguise", "C.C. Rider", “Suspicious Minds” and many others. She also sang with Elvis on many of his movie soundtracks and performed with him on stage in the 1970 documentary, Elvis: That's the Way It Is in Las Vegas.

Along with Sonny James vocal group, The Southern Gentlemen, Millie was a staple on his recordings. Sonny had an unprecedented string of 16 #1 singles in a row and Millie was on a good number of them. She particularly stood out on his hit recordings of "Running Bear", "Take Good Care of Her", "Heaven Says Hello" and "It's Just a Matter of Time".

A longtime fixture in the music community, her credits include numerous radio and television appearances, collaborations with the Jordanaires and the Anita Kerr Singers along with her countless recording sessions in Los Angeles, New York City, Las Vegas and Nashville.

In February 2008 she appeared in "Nashville celebrates Elvis at the Ryman" alongside George Klein (Emcee), Pat Boone, David Briggs, Vince Gill, Amy Grant, Wanda Jackson, Wynonna Judd, Ray Walker of the Jordanaires, Ronnie McDowell, TG Sheppard, BJ Thomas
and former members of J.D. Sumner & the Stamps.

Personal life and death
Kirkham married drummer Doug Kirkham. He died in 1986. She died on December 14, 2014, at the age of 91 in Nashville, Tennessee following a stroke earlier in the week.

Partial discography

References

External links

1923 births
2014 deaths
American women singers
American session musicians
American sopranos
Singers from Nashville, Tennessee
People from Hermitage, Tennessee
21st-century American women


Ashland station is an MBTA Commuter Rail station in Ashland, Massachusetts. It serves the Framingham/Worcester Line. It has a long driveway leading from the south parking lot to the intersection of West Union Street (Route 135) and Voyagers Lane. Like the other stations on the line west of Framingham, Ashland serves as a park-and-ride station with 678 parking spots.

History

A station at Unionville (later Ashland, after the town separated from Hopkinton in 1846) was in use by 1838. Passenger service to the old Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge–built downtown station ended on April 24, 1960, when Boston and Albany Railroad service west of Framingham was cut to stops at , Palmer, , and  only. Service to Worcester ended entirely in 1975, but resumed in 1994.

In 1994, service to Worcester was restored as mitigation for delays with reopening the Old Colony Lines. Service initially ran nonstop from Framingham to Worcester, but intermediate park and ride stops were added later as mitigation for delays in reopening the Greenbush Line. After the opening of  in 2000 caused traffic congestion in the town, officials from Ashland, Southborough, and Westborough asked that their three stations open within a 90-day span to avoid overwhelming any one town with traffic. The three stations, which together cost $14.2 million, were originally scheduled to open on December 31, 2001. However, they were delayed by several factors, including a debate on whether to build full-length high-level platforms. Those were ruled out because they interfere with freight traffic; instead, smaller "mini-high" platforms plus long low platforms were built.

 and  opened on June 22, 2002, followed by Ashland on August 24. Construction of the station cost $7.4 million. The new station was built to the west of the town center, where land was available for large parking lots. The downtown station still stands, and is currently used as a doctor's office.

A $2.5 million renovation including restoration of the footbridge and resurfacing of the platforms is taking place in 2023. The station wasAugust 26 and is planned to reopen later in 2023.

References

External links

 MBTA - Ashland

MBTA Commuter Rail stations in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Railway stations in the United States opened in 2002
2002 establishments in Massachusetts
Ashland, Massachusetts


The West Virginia Law Review is a triannual student-run law review published by the West Virginia University College of Law. It was established in 1894 and is the fourth oldest law review in the United States.

History

The journal underwent several name changes. It was established in 1894 as The West Virginia Bar by William P. Willey. The name was changed to The Bar in 1902. It was again changed in 1917 to the West Virginia Law Quarterly and The Bar and remained so until 1950 when it obtained its current title. As Willey was a prominent and active member of the West Virginia Bar Association, the early years of The Bar were closely associated with it. The Bar was at first funded by advertisements and subscriptions, and published monthly issues. Willey served as the editor-in-charge from 1894 until he retired in 1917. He began using the assistance of student editors in 1915.

In 1917, a faculty board took over the administration of the journal but increased the involvement of student editors by forming a Student Board of Editors in 1920. In 1951, Emanuel Magnuson became the first student editor-in-chief. Since then the law review has been run entirely by student editors. From 1979 to 2003 the journal issued an annual "National Coal Issue" devoted to coal law and policy.

In May 2013, the journal introduced its "Inaugural Energy Issue".

Former editors

Judges
 Robert B. King (United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit)
 Herbert Stephenson Boreman (United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit)
Stephanie Thacker (United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit)
Arthur M. Recht (West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals)
Thomas E. McHugh (West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals)
Menis E. Ketchum (West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals)
Thomas B. Miller (West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals)
Charles Harold Haden II (West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals)/(Chief District Court Judge of the (United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia)
Jon D. Levy (Maine Supreme Judicial Court)
John P. Bailey (United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia)
W. Craig Broadwater (United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia)
Irene Patricia Murphy Keeley (United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia)
Thomas E. Johnston (United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia)
Joseph Robert Goodwin (Chief District Court Judge of the (United States District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia)

Politicians
Chauncey H. Browning, Jr. West Virginia Attorney General (1969-1985.
Mike Callaghan Former Chairman of the West Virginia Democratic Party and former Secretary of the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection.
William C. Marland 24th governor of West Virginia (1953-1957) and West Virginia Attorney General (1949-1952)
Mario Palumbo West Virginia Attorney General (1990-1992) and former state senator.
Richard Thompson Former Speaker of the West Virginia House of Delegates

References

External links

American law journals
West Virginia University
Triannual journals
Academic journals established in 1894
English-language journals
1894 establishments in West Virginia


Southborough station is a commuter rail station on the MBTA Commuter Rail Framingham/Worcester Line, located near the intersection of Cordaville Street and River Street (MA 85) in the Cordaville section of Southborough, Massachusetts. The parking area is located off River Street adjacent to the inbound platform. Passengers use ramps and stairways to access the sidewalk along River Street to cross under the tracks.

History

A station at Southborough was in use by 1838; service lasted until 1960.

In 1994, service to Worcester was restored as mitigation for delays with reopening the Old Colony Lines. Service initially ran nonstop from Framingham to Worcester, but intermediate park and ride stops were added later as mitigation for delays in reopening the Greenbush Line. After the opening of  in 2000 caused traffic congestion in the town, officials from Ashland, Southborough, and Westborough asked that their three stations open within a 90-day span to avoid overwhelming any one town with traffic. The three stations, which together cost $14.2 million, were originally scheduled to open on December 31, 2001. However, they were delayed by several factors, including a debate on whether to build full-length high-level platforms. Those were ruled out because they interfere with freight traffic; instead, smaller "mini-high" platforms plus long low platforms were built. Southborough and  opened on June 22, 2002, followed by  on August 24.

A shuttle service connecting the station with two locations in Marlborough began on September 16, 2019.

References

External links

MBTA - Southborough
River Street entrance from Google Maps Street View

MBTA Commuter Rail stations in Worcester County, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Southborough, Massachusetts


Devon Alexander (born February 10, 1987) is an American professional boxer. He is a former world champion in two weight classes, having held the unified WBC and IBF light welterweight titles in 2010, and the IBF welterweight title from 2012 to 2013. Alexander was prescribed Tramadol after surgery in 2012, and thereafter had to battle opiate addiction, coming clean in 2018.

Early life
Alexander grew up in the Hyde Park neighborhood of north St. Louis, Missouri in an area described as rough, gang- and drug-infested. He would later join the boxing gym that Kevin Cunningham, a former police officer and security officer at Clay Community Center, turned trainer, founded in the basement of an old police station.

Thirty youngsters joined the boxing program of Cunningham, who had hoped to keep them out of trouble, off the streets, and in the ring. A stablemate of Alexander's, Cory Spinks would later become welterweight champion.

Devon Alexander is married to Cesily Alexander, in which he has 5 kids with. Devon and Cesily met in high school. They met in 2003 and ultimately started saying after Alexander dad died in 2005. 2014 Devon And Cesily Alexander got married. They have 5 kids which the names from oldest to youngest is Devon Alexander Jr, Cesily Alexander, Sevyn Leigh Alexander, Levon Alexander, Lesily Alexander. Devon Alexander now 36 years of age, is opening a gym in st.louis named Devon Alexander Multi Sports Complex. He is looking to give back to a community who has given him so much. On Nov 4th 2023, Alexander will be doing his first amateur boxing show called, Devon Alexander Amateur Boxing Invitational Classic. Alexander has signed a contract with Harris Stowe University, located in St.louis to do a seasonal show to help support, St.louis local boxers. The mission is to keep these kids busy and out of trouble! In this second part of Alexander career, he is looking to give back and become a promoter for the local st.louis pro boxers next summer. Alexander always wanted to give back in a major way, so this is a start.

Amateur career
Alexander had an outstanding amateur career, compiling a record of 300-10 under the tutelage of Cunningham. He was a four-time Silver Gloves champion from ages 10–14; three-time PAL national champion; Junior Golden Gloves and Junior Olympics national champion; 2003 United States national champion in the 19-and-under division; and 2004 United States light welterweight national champion. Alexander made it to the final round of the 2004 Olympic trials, where he battled Rock Allen to a draw and was knocked down once before losing on a tie-breaker.

Professional career

Light welterweight
At age 17, Alexander made his professional debut, defeating Vincent Torres by first round technical knockout in Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan.

He went up against former WBO junior welterweight champion DeMarcus Corley on January 19, 2008, at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Alexander easily defeated Corley by unanimous decision.

Light welterweight title
On August 1, 2009, Alexander defeated Junior Witter to claim the vacant WBC light welterweight championship. Witter gave up on his stool after the eighth round, claiming that he had re-injured his left hand. Alexander was hurt by a right hand in round 2. All three judges had Alexander ahead at the time of the stoppage 79-73, 79-73, 80-72.

Alexander vs. Urango
Alexander was next scheduled to face two-time champion Juan Urango of Colombia in a title unification bout. March 6, 2010 bout was held at the Mohegan Sun in Uncasville, Connecticut and was televised on HBO's "Boxing After Dark" telecast. To train for the fight, Alexander used a Las Vegas house lent by promoter Don King as training base.  Devon Alexander defeated Juan Urango by TKO in round 8.
Alexander threw an uppercut which dropped Urango. Urango made the count but Alexander resumed his attack and threw a hook to Urango's temple which again dropped him. Urango stood up but was clearly dazed, resulting in a stoppage by the referee. Urango, who suffered his first KO defeat, called out Timothy Bradley after the fight, but a fight was never made because Bradley just moved up to welterweight.

In his next fight he faced Andreas Kotelnik, the former WBA Light Welterweight champion, in his hometown of St. Louis Missouri on August 7 in front of members of the St. Louis Rams, Evander Holyfield and Floyd Mayweather. Alexander won the fight by a controversial unanimous decision with all judges scoring the fight 116-112.

On October 22, 2010, Alexander was stripped of the IBF Junior Welterweight title for not fighting the no. 1 contender, Kaizer Mabuza.

Alexander vs. Bradley

Alexander's next fight, on January 29, 2011, took place against Timothy Bradley, which he lost via 10th round TD after an unintentional head-butt forced a stop to the bout.

Alexander vs. Matthysse
On June 25, 2011, Alexander defeated Lucas Matthysse in a controversial split decision. The judges scored the fight 96-93 and 95-94 for Alexander and 96-93 for Matthysse.

Welterweight
On February 25, 2012 Alexander moved up to welterweight and put on a dominating performance against highly regarded and hard-charging Marcos Maidana. Alexander landed the right hook at will, catching Maidana with his left hand down throughout the contest. Maidana was seemingly surprised by both the speed and power Alexander displayed at his first fight at welterweight. Only one of the three judges had Maidana winning a round. The impressive nature of the win earned Alexander a title match with Randall Bailey in September 2012. Alexander was criticized by some however, for fighting illegally at some points during the fight.

Alexander was scheduled to fight titlest Randall Bailey as a main event on Showtime Championship Boxing on September 8, 2012, but Bailey withdrew due to injury. Their fight was replaced with the original undercard fight between Olusegun Ajose and Lucas Matthysse and an originally scheduled non-televised fight between J'Leon Love and Ramon Valenzuela was changed to a televised bout.

IBF welterweight champion
Alexander returned to action on October 20, 2012, at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, where he won the IBF Welterweight title by unanimous decision against Ring Top 10 Welterweight, Randall Bailey. The fight was fought at a comfortable pace for Alexander, with very little exchanges, as Bailey did not let his hands go very often. In a one sided fight, Alexander won his third world title in his second division.

Alexander vs. Brook cancellation
Alexander's next fight was originally supposed to happen on January 19, 2013 at the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles, California, against mandatory challenger and Ring No. 3 ranked Welterweight, Kell Brook. However, Brook suffered an ankle injury during training, and the fight was postponed for Feb 23rd with the fight taking place in Detroit, where undercard fighter Cornelius Bundrage would be a big draw. There were many venues up for consideration ranging from The Royal Oak Music Theater to The Joe Louis Arena, with the decision finally landing to the theater at Masonic Temple in Detroit, Michigan. Before the fight, this time Alexander suffered an injury from his bicep during training rescheduling the fight yet again for May 18, 2013 at the Boardwalk Hall In Atlantic City, New Jersey. Brook would later withdraw from the fight due to a foot injury, calling the fight off for a third time. Alexander would defend his title against replacement Lee Purdy with Purdy retiring on the stool in the end of the seventh round. Devon won easily but hurt his left hand.

Devon would go on to lose his next two biggest fights, losing his championship belt and status as a top contender after all boxing governing bodies removed Devon Alexander from their top rankings.

Shawn Porter loss
Alexander would lose the IBF Welterweight title to Shawn Porter on December 7, 2013 by unanimous decision with scores of 115-113, 116-112 and 116-112.

Alexander vs. Khan
Alexander lost  the WBC Silver Welterweight title to Amir Khan on December 13, 2014 by a lopsided unanimous decision with scores of 119-109, 118-110, 120-108.

Alexander vs. Martinez
Alexander took on gate keeper Aaron Martinez on October 14, 2015 and was dominated through 10 rounds, en route to ultimately losing a unanimous decision.

Alexander vs. Ortiz
On February 17, 2018, Alexander faced Victor Ortiz. Alexander started the fight well, and it looked like he built an early lead on the scorecards, as he was noticeably outlanding his opponent. Ortiz did better in the second part of the fight, which was enough in the eyes of one of the judges to score the fight 115-113 in favor of Ortiz, while the other two judges had it a draw, 114-114, ending the fight in a majority draw.

Alexander vs. Berto
On August 4, 2018, Alexander fought another former world champion in Andre Berto. Alexander, as in his previous fight fought great in the opening rounds and managed to drop Berto in the third round. Berto would, however, be the much better fighter in the later rounds, which earned him the split-decision win, 115-112, 115-12 and 113-114.

Alexander vs. Redkach
In his next fight, Alexander fought Ivan Redkach. Both fighters fought a solid fight in the opening rounds. In the sixth round, Redkach managed to drop Alexander with a stunning uppercut and left hand. Alexander beat the count, only to be dropped two more times, the second being the final one before the referee waved the fight off, awarding Redkach with the KO victory.

Controversy
In 2015, Alexander publicly took a strong stance against The Supreme Court of the United States of America legitimatizing same-sex marriage in the U.S. and tweeted homophobic statements that were later discussed on boxing articles the next day.

Professional boxing record

References

Further reading

External links

Devon Alexander - Profile, News Archive & Current Rankings at Box.Live

1987 births
African-American boxers
Living people
Boxers from Missouri
Winners of the United States Championship for amateur boxers
American male boxers
World Boxing Council champions
International Boxing Federation champions
World light-welterweight boxing champions
World welterweight boxing champions
21st-century African-American sportspeople


Freddy Homburger (8 February 1916 in Sankt Gallen, Switzerland- 25 September 2001 in Cambridge, Massachusetts) was a Swiss-born oncologist. In 1973, Homburger was studying the cause of cancer and its relation with cigarette smoking. He succeeded in inducing laryngeal cancer in hamsters who smoked; however, the Council for Tobacco Research, which was underwriting his research, forbid him to publish his research results as long as he referred to the growths as "cancerous", and threatened to ruin him financially.

Homburger, and his suppressed research, gained prominence in 1997 in tobacco-related lawsuits.

External links
Transcript of 1997 deposition of Freddy Homburger at TobaccoDocuments.org

1916 births
2001 deaths
Swiss oncologists
20th-century Swiss physicians
Swiss emigrants to the United States


Erigeron pygmaeus is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name pygmy fleabane, or pygmy daisy.

Erigeron pygmaeus is native to eastern California and western Nevada, in the Sierra Nevada, the White Mountains, and a few other nearby ranges. It grows in rocky soils at high elevations in subalpine forests, flats, and talus.

Erigeron pygmaeus is a very small daisy, rarely exceeding 6 centimeters (2.4 inches) in height. It forms clumps or small mats of hairy, glandular foliage with leaves under four centimeters (1.6 inches) in length. The inflorescence consists of a single small flower head with dark phyllaries. Each head contains 20–37 blue or purple (rarely white) ray florets surrounding many golden yellow disc florets .

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California

pygmaeus
Flora of California
Plants described in 1873
Flora of Nevada
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Westborough station is an MBTA Commuter Rail station in Westborough, Massachusetts. It serves the Framingham/Worcester Line. It is located off Smith Parkway, west of the Westborough town center. The station consists of two side platforms serving the line's two tracks. Each side has a small mini-high platform for accessibility; an overhead ramp structure connects the two platforms.

History

B&A station

The Boston and Worcester Railroad (B&W) opened from Boston to Westborough on November 17, 1834, and on to Worcester the next July. The line ran through the town center, with a station east of Main Street. Westborough was a station stop by 1838.

In 1898, the Boston and Albany Railroad, successor to the B&W, began a project to eliminate dangerous grade crossings in downtown Westborough.  of new tracks were built north of the downtown area along with a new station. The station was built in a Richardsonian Romanesque style, but designed by a B&A architect rather than the firm of Shepley, Rutan, and Coolidge which had designed stations for the B&A until 1894.

On April 24, 1960, the New York Central sharply cut services on the former B&A line. All local stops west of Framingham, including Westborough, were eliminated. Amtrak planned to stop its Bay State at Westborough in 1972, but the stop was never actually put in place. Commuter service to Worcester ended in 1975, replaced by a single daily Amtrak train which did not stop between Framingham and Worcester. The station building was purchased by an abrasives company but largely unused, and fell into disrepair. A local civil engineering firm purchased the station in January 2000 and restored it for use as their offices, which opened in February 2001.

MBTA station
In 1994, service to Worcester was restored as mitigation for delays with reopening the Old Colony Lines. Service initially ran nonstop from Framingham to Worcester, but intermediate park and ride stops were added later as mitigation for delays in reopening the Greenbush Line. After the opening of  in 2000 caused traffic congestion in the town, officials from Ashland, Southborough, and Westborough asked that their three stations open within a 90-day span to avoid overwhelming any one town with traffic. The three stations, which together cost $14.2 million, were originally scheduled to open on December 31, 2001. However, they were delayed by several factors, including a debate on whether to build full-length high-level platforms. Those were ruled out because they interfere with freight traffic; instead, smaller "mini-high" platforms plus long low platforms were built.  and Westborough opened on June 22, 2002, followed by  on August 24.

It is not located as the former station site, but instead to the west of downtown Westborough, closer to busy Route 9. The $4.9 million station originally included 311 parking spaces. Due to high demand, an additional 142-space lot costing $500,000 was opened on December 28, 2005.

References

External links

MBTA – Westborough

Former Boston and Albany Railroad stations
MBTA Commuter Rail stations in Worcester County, Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Westborough, Massachusetts


Two Rivers School District No. 10 is a public school district in Yell, Perry, and Conway counties, Arkansas, United States. Two Rivers, headquartered in an unincorporated area in Yell County near Ola, consists of two schools including Two Rivers Elementary and Two Rivers High; it previously operated Ola Elementary School/Ola High School, the Fourche Valley School, and Plainview–Rover Elementary School/Plainview–Rover High School.

The service area includes Ola, Plainview, Rover, Casa, Briggsville, and Centerville.

The school district and high school's name was chosen because of proximity to the Petit Jean River and Fourche La Fave River.

History
The district was formed on July 1, 2004 as a result of the consolidation of four former school districts:

 Fourche Valley School District
 Ola School District
 Perry–Casa School District
 Plainview–Rover School District

By 2004 new laws were passed requiring school districts with enrollments below 350 to consolidate with other school districts. As a result the Perry-Casa and Ola boards agreed to have a consolidation in which Perry-Casa absorbs Ola, and voters of those districts approved the consolidation. Ola and Perry-Casa then notified the Fourche Valley and Plainview-Rover districts that they were merging; the leaderships of these two districts wished to avoid consolidations ordered by the state, so they asked the Arkansas Board of Education if they could voluntarily consolidate with Ola.

In the 2010–11 school year, the district served more than 900 students.

There was a proposed millage to pay for a safe room at Two Rivers Elementary, but it was voted down in 2017 by 59% of the voters. Perry County voters accused the district of attempting to prevent their vote by putting polling locations only in Yell County.

Geography
Within Yell County the service area includes the municipalities of Ola and Plainview and the census-designated places of Centerville and Rover. The district also includes the unincorporated areas of Bluffton, Briggsville, Fourche Valley, Gravelly, and Wing in Yell County.

Within Perry County the service area includes Casa. The district also includes sections of Conway County, and Scott County.

Briggsville is the westernmost area in the district, while the easternmost area is Perry. The east-west width of the district is .

Schools
Current:
 Two Rivers High School – serving grades 7 through 12; based in unincorporated Yell County.
 Two Rivers Elementary School – serving prekindergarten through grade 6; based in unincorporated Yell County.

Former:
 Fourche Valley Elementary School/Fourche Valley High School
 Ola High School
 Plainview–Rover High School
 Ola Elementary School – serving prekindergarten through grade 6; based in Ola.
 Ola Elementary School had four buildings; the main building and gymnasium were made of natural rock and opened in 1941.
 Plainview–Rover Elementary School (later Plainview Elementary School) – serving prekindergarten through grade 6; based in Plainview.

In 2010 Ola High and Plainview-Rover High closed as Two Rivers High opened. In 2012 Ola Elementary and Plainview Elementary closed as Two Rivers Elementary opened.

The district previously operated the Fourche Valley School, which was K-12. In 2009 the majority of the members of the district board voted to close it. The Arkansas Board of Education and the Arkansas Supreme Court ultimately upheld the closure despite protests from Fourche Valley parents.

Demographics
 most district residents believe in Protestantism and are White Americans.

Mascots
The current mascot of Two Rivers is the Gators.

Previously each school has its own mascot that served as its athletic emblem:
 Ola Elementary = Mustangs
 Plainview–Rover = Panthers
 Fourche Valley = Indians

References

Further reading
Maps of the district and predecessor districts:
 2004-2005 School District Map
 Map of Arkansas School Districts pre-July 1, 2004
  (Download)
  (Download)
  (Download)

External links

 Decision from the  Arkansas Supreme Court regarding the closure of the Fourche Valley School
 Two Rivers School District No. 10 Yell County, Arkansas Regulatory Basis Financial Statements and Other Reports June 30, 2017

School districts in Arkansas
Education in Perry County, Arkansas
Education in Yell County, Arkansas
Education in Conway County, Arkansas
Education in Scott County, Arkansas
2004 establishments in Arkansas
School districts established in 2004