Ouvrage Einseling is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line.  Located in the Fortified Sector of Faulquemont, the ouvrage consists of one infantry block (béton armé), and is located between petits ouvrages Bambesch and Laudrefang, facing Germany. Einseling faced a determined German attack on 21 June 1940, during the Battle of France.  Unlike its less fortunate neighbors to the west, Einseling was able to resist the attack with help from Laudrefang, its neighbor to the east. The ouvrage survives in a heavily battered state, with its lower levels flooded.

Design and construction
The site was surveyed by CORF (Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency, and was approved for construction in April 1932. It was completed at a cost of 7 million francs by the contractor Borie of Paris. The petit ouvrage was planned for construction in two phases. The second phase was to add an 81mm mortar turret block and a separate entrance block.

Description
Einseling is built as a single infantry block. The casemate-like ouvrage is armed with two automatic rifle cloches (GFM), two machine gun cloches (JM), one retractable machine gun turret, and one machine gun/anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC47).

Work for the unbuilt second phase included a separate entry blocks and an 81mm mortar turret block. The gallery system was to include underground barracks, ammunition storage and a utility area at a depth of about .

Casemates and shelters
In addition to the connected combat blocks, a series of detached casemates and infantry shelters surround Bambesch, including
 Casemate d'Einseling Nord: Armored block with one 81mm mortar, one GFM-A and one GFM-A/B cloche.
 Casemate d'Einseling Sud: Armored block with one 81mm mortar and two GFM cloches.

The two casemates flank the main block a few hundred meters to either side. A project to link the casemates to the central block was never started.

 Casemate de Stocken: Artillery casemate with two 75mm guns and one GFM cloche, located well to the rear.

Manning
The 1940 manning of the ouvrage under the command of Lieutenant Vaillant comprised 68 men and 1 officer of the 156th Fortress Infantry Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of both the 3rd and 4th Armies, Army Group 2. The Casernement de Zimming provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Kerfent and other positions in the area.

History
See Fortified Sector of Faulquemont for a broader discussion of the Faulquemont sector of the Maginot Line.

Following the 15 June 1940 breakthrough by German forces through the Saar gap, the Germans advanced along the rear of the Maginot Line.  The German 167th Infantry Division approached Kerfent, Bambesch, Einseling and Téting on 19 June. On the 20th the Germans successfully assaulted Bambesch, which was not within the reach of heavy French artillery.  The following day the Wehrmacht attacked Einseling, which was more fortunate, as it was within range of Laudrefang's 81mm mortars. Laudrefang's fire, along with accurate fire from Einseling's lighter weapons, broke up a German artillery attack. The ouvrage survived until the Second Armistice at Compiègne took effect on 25 June, when it surrendered.
After World War II, Einseling was in poor condition and was not chosen for renovation.

The surface of the ouvrage has been cleaned up by local residents and may be visited. The lower levels are flooded with water.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Article on Einseling at Cahiers du Pays Naborien
 Einseling at wikimaginot.eu

EINS
Maginot Line
World War II museums in France


Ouvrage Laudrefang is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line.  Located in the Fortified Sector of Faulquemont, the ouvrage consists of one infantry block, and is located between petits ouvrages Einseling and Teting, facing Germany.  Laudrefang was originally planned as a gros ouvrage. With a heavy armament for a petit ouvrage it successfully defended its neighbors against German attack during the Battle of France. Laudrefang is abandoned and flooded, and was heavily damaged by German bombardment in 1940.

Design and construction
The site was surveyed by CORF (Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency, and was approved for construction in August 1931. It was completed at a cost of 24 million francs by the contractor Générale des Travaux Publics. The petit ouvrage was originally planned as a gros ouvrage with fourteen blocks The project was scaled back, and Block 3 was not connected to the main ouvrage. A second phase was to connect it, and to provide a separate entrance block. Even as a petit ouvrage it mounted the heaviest armament in its sector, with 81mm mortars.

Description
Laudrefang comprises five infantry blocks. Blocks 1, 2 4 and 5 are linked by deep underground galleries, which also provide space for barracks, utilities and ammunition storage. The galleries are excavated at an average depth of up to .
Block 1: Infantry block with two automatic rifle cloches (GFM), one twin machine gun embrasure (JM), two 81mm mortar embrasures and one machine gun/anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC47). The two-level block was heavily damaged by German shellfire.
Block 2: Infantry block with two GFM cloches and one retractable twin machine gun turret.
Block 3: Infantry block with two GFM cloches, one retractable twin machine gun turret, one twin machine gun embrasure, two 81mm mortar embrasures and one JM/AC47 anti-tank gun embrasure. The mortars are on a lower level, firing out of the ditch in front of the embrasures.
Block 4: Infantry/emergency exit block with two GFM cloches and one grenade launcher cloche (LG).
Block 5: Infantry block with one GFM cloche and one observation cloche (VDP). The block and cloches show the marks of German attack.

The unbuilt blocks of the gros ouvrage would have included  separate personnel and munitions entries, two 75mm gun turrets and a 135mm gun turret.

Casemates and shelters
In addition to the connected combat blocks, a series of detached casemates and infantry shelters surround Laudrefang, including
 Casemate des Quatre-Vents Nord: Armored block with one mortar cloche and one mortar cloche modified to AM standard.
 Casemate des Quatre-Vents Sud: SIngle block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one JM embrasure, one GFM-A cloche and one GFM-A/B cloche.

Manning
The 1940 manning of the ouvrage under the command of Captain Gustave Cattiaux comprised 267 men and 8 officers of the 156th Fortress Infantry Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of both the 3rd and 4th Armies, Army Group 2. The Casernement de Zimming provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Laudrefang and other positions in the area.

History
See Fortified Sector of Faulquemont for a broader discussion of the Faulquemont sector of the Maginot Line.

Following the 15 June 1940 breakthrough by German forces through the Saar gap, the Germans advanced along the rear of the Maginot Line.  The German 167th Infantry Division approached Kerfent, Bambesch, Einseling  and Téting on 19 June. On 21 June 1940 Laudrefang supported neighboring ouvrages Einseling and Teting as they came under attack with an estimated 5000 81mm mortar rounds. The covering fire prevented the Germans from taking either. The German infantry attacks were suspended in favor of an artillery barrage at Laudrefang, firing between 3000 and 3500 rounds at the ouvrage. Compared to other German attacks on other ouvrages, the bombardment of Laudrefang was relatively ineffectual.  While the concrete structure was badly damaged, it was not perforated, and the mortar turrets and cloches were not hit. The ouvrage survived until the Second Armistice at Compiègne took effect on 25 June, when it surrendered. The machine gun turret at Block 3 was used for testing of shaped-charge munitions.

After World War II, Laudrefang was in poor condition and was not chosen for renovation.

Current condition
The lower levels of Laudrefang are flooded by groundwater, and the entire ouvrage is abandoned.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Association de Sauvegarde des Petits Ouvrages de Laudrefang et Téting
 L'ouvrage du Laudrefang at alsacemaginot.com
 ouvrage de Laudrefang at lignemaginot.com
 Laudrefang (petit ouvrage A37 de) at fortiff.be
 L'ouvrage de Laudrefang at wikimaginot.eu

LAUD
Maginot Line


Saskatoon City may refer to:
 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
 Saskatoon City (federal electoral district), a Canadian federal riding from 1935 to 1949
 Saskatoon City (provincial electoral district), a Saskatchewan provincial riding from 1908 to 1969


The Phenomenon of Man () is an essay by the French geologist, paleontologist, philosopher, and Jesuit priest Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. In this work, Teilhard describes evolution as a process that leads to increasing complexity, culminating in the unification of consciousness. The text was written in the 1930s, but it achieved publication only posthumously, in 1955.

In depth, the work seeks to unify multiple scientific fields, as per the author's multidisciplinary approach in his own career, with the principles of religion and broader human understandings of existence into a coherent whole. Centering upon biological evolution, Chardin articulates a vision of the universe itself as gradually increasing in complexity and unity from early chaos into ever greater oneness. Drawing upon his devout Christianity, the author argues for a morally idealistic understanding of human nature through which social advancement under the watchful eye of God will eventually lead to a total reconciliation of all things and a final state of absolute collective consciousness, which Chardin titled the "Omega Point". Thus, history's final state will take place such that all of the creatures of the universe exist together with Jesus Christ as the "Logos" or sacred "Word".

The book was initially published to scathing reviews by scientists. The Roman Catholic Church as an institution also distanced itself from Chardin's viewpoints. However, more recent commentary by religious figures such as Pope Benedict XVI have been supportive. Positive reviews have also appeared from popular press such as The New York Times.

Publication history
The essay was written in the 1930s, growing out of a shorter essay with the same title published in 1930. Teilhard prepared it for publication, but he died, on 10 April 1955, before the book appeared. It was published still in the year of his death, with Éditions du Seuil, the publishing house of Catholic intellectual Jean Plaquevent (1901–1965). The essay was printed as prepared by Teilhard, without an introduction by an editor, but with a short preface or avertissement and a short appendix by Teilhard himself, dated March 1947 and October 1948, respectively.

An English translation by Bernard Wall was published in 1959. The foreword to the English version was written by one of the key advocates for natural selection and evolution of the 20th century, and a co-developer of the modern synthesis in biology, Julian Huxley.

A new English edition and translation was published in 1999.

Summary
Teilhard views evolution as a process that leads to increasing complexity. From the cell to the thinking animal, a process of psychical concentration leads to greater consciousness. The emergence of Homo sapiens marks the beginning of a new age, as the power acquired by consciousness to turn in upon itself raises mankind to a new sphere. Borrowing Huxley's expression, Teilhard describes humankind as evolution becoming conscious of itself.

In Teilhard's conception of the evolution of the species, a collective identity begins to develop as trade and the transmission of ideas increases. Knowledge accumulates and is transmitted in increasing levels of depth and complexity. This leads to a further augmentation of consciousness and the emergence of a thinking layer that envelops the Earth. Teilhard calls the new membrane the "noosphere" (from the Greek "nous", meaning mind). The noosphere is the collective consciousness of humanity, the networks of thought and emotion in which all are immersed.

The development of science and technology causes an expansion of the human sphere of influence, allowing a person to be simultaneously present in every corner of the world. Teilhard argues that humanity has thus become cosmopolitan, stretching a single organized membrane over the Earth. Teilhard describes the process by which this happens as a "gigantic psychobiological operation, a sort of mega-synthesis, the ‘super-arrangement’ to which all the thinking elements of the Earth find themselves today individually and collectively subject". The rapid expansion of the noosphere requires a new domain of psychical expansion, which "is staring us in the face if we would only raise our heads to look at it".

In Teilhard's view, evolution will culminate in the Omega Point, a sort of supreme consciousness. Layers of consciousness will converge in Omega, fusing and consuming them in itself. The concentration of a conscious universe will reassemble in itself all consciousnesses as well as all that we are conscious of. Teilhard emphasizes that each individual facet of consciousness will remain conscious of itself at the end of the process.

Fellow scientist and supporter of Teilhard's thought Julian Huxley summarized Teilhard's approach as:

Reception
Julian Huxley in his introduction, dated December 1958, compares Teilhard's idea to his own attempts, published in The Uniqueness of Man (1941) but pursued since before World War I, of unifying humanism and biological evolution as a single process, but separated by a "critical point".

In 1961, Peter Medawar, a British immunologist and Nobel Prize-winner, wrote a scornful review of the book for the journal Mind, calling it "a bag of tricks" and saying that the author had shown "an active willingness to be deceived": "the greater part of it, I shall show, is nonsense, tricked out with a variety of metaphysical conceits, and its author can be excused of dishonesty only on the grounds that before deceiving others he has taken great pains to deceive himself". Richard Dawkins in Unweaving the Rainbow (1998) references Medawar's review as "devastating", and characterises The Phenomenon of Man as "the quintessence of bad poetic science".

Teilhard's publications were viewed with scepticism by the church authorities during his lifetime, and while the Holy Office did not place any of Teilhard's writings on the Index of Forbidden Books at any point, it did publish a monitum or "warning" in 1962, specifically against the then-recent popularity of the posthumously published works by Teilhard:

Thus, Teilhard's work in the 1960s saw condemnation both on the part of scientists and of church authorities. In an apparent inversion of this, the work has been reviewed approvingly both from the scientific and the theological point of view in more recent years: For the church, Pope Benedict XVI made an approving reference to Teilhard's concept of the Omega Point, in a reflection on the Epistle to the Romans during a vespers service in Aosta Cathedral in 2009. Saying "St. Paul writes that the world itself will one day become a form of living worship", the pope commented on Teilhard:
It's the great vision that later Teilhard de Chardin also had: At the end we will have a true cosmic liturgy, where the cosmos becomes a living host. Let's pray to the Lord that he help us be priests in this sense, to help in the transformation of the world in adoration of God, beginning with ourselves.

Since then, observers have speculated on a possible rescission of the 1962 monitum on the part of Pope Francis.

Teihard's description of consciousness and of the Omega Point has been characterised as prophetic of the information age and the concept of the technological singularity. As early as in 1995, an article in Wired commented that "Teilhard saw the Net coming more than half a century before it arrived":
Teilhard imagined a stage of evolution characterized by a complex membrane of information enveloping the globe and fueled by human consciousness. It sounds a little off-the-wall, until you think about the Net, that vast electronic web encircling the Earth, running point to point through a nerve-like constellation of wires.
Evolutionary biologist David Sloan Wilson in his 2019 This View of Life: Completing the Darwinian Revolution praises Teilhard's book as "scientifically prophetic in many ways", and considers his own work as "an updated version of The Phenomenon of Man.":

See also

1955 in literature
Biological evolution
Moral idealism

References

External links

Le phénomène humain (pdf), Les classiques des sciences sociales

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
1955 non-fiction books
Phenomene Humain, Le
Philosophy books
Books about evolution
Biological evolution
Philosophical anthropology
Éditions du Seuil books
Harper & Brothers books


Ouvrage Téting is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line.  Located in the Fortified Sector of Faulquemont, the ouvrage consists of one infantry block and two observation blocks, and is located facing Germany between petits ouvrages Laudrefang and the Saar valley, which was to be inundated in times of emergency. With artillery support from its neighbor Laudrefang, Téting held out against German bombardment during the Battle of France in 1940.  It is now abandoned.

Design and construction
The site was surveyed by the Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées (CORF), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency, and was approved for construction in January 1931. Téting was completed at a cost of 11 million francs by the contractor Générale des Travaux Publics. The petit ouvrage was to be expanded in a second phase with an 81mm mortar turret and a separate entrance block.

Description
Téting comprises three infantry blocks. Blocks 1 and 2 are linked by deep underground galleries, which also provide modest space for barracks, utilities and ammunition storage. The galleries are excavated at an average depth of up to . Block 3 is not connected. A plan to provide gallery access to the block in Phase 2 was not undertaken.
Block 1: Infantry block with one automatic rifle cloche (GFM) and two twin machine gun cloches (JM).
Block 2: Infantry block with one GFM cloche, one grenade launcher cloche (LG) and one retractable twin machine gun turret, one twin machine gun embrasure and one machine gun/anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC47).
Block 3: Infantry/entry block with two GFM cloches, one twin machine gun embrasure and one machine gun/anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC47). The block was heavily damaged by German bombardment in 1940.

Casemates and shelters
In addition to the connected combat blocks and Block 3, two small blockhouses mounting light arms are mixed among the combat blocks. A series of detached casemates and infantry shelters surround Téting, including
 Casemate du Bois-de-Laudrefang Nord: SIngle block with one mortar cloche, one GFM-A cloche and one GFM-A/B cloche.
 Casemate du Bois-de-Laudrefang Sud: SIngle block with one mortar cloche, one GFM-A cloche and one GFM-A/B cloche.
 Casemate de Téting: SIngle artillery block with two 75mm gun embrasures and a GFM cloche, located well to the rear.

Manning
The 1940 manning of the ouvrage under the command of Lieutenant Marchelli comprised 125 men and 2 officers of the 146th Fortress Infantry Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of both the 3rd and 4th Armies, Army Group 2. The Casernement de Téting provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Téting and other positions in the area.

History
See Fortified Sector of Faulquemont for a broader discussion of the Faulquemont sector of the Maginot Line.
Following the 15 June 1940 breakthrough by German forces through the Saar gap, the Germans advanced along the rear of the Maginot Line.  The German 167th Infantry Division approached Kerfent, Bambesch, Einseling  and Téting on 19 June. On 21 June 1940 Téting came under attack  from 8.8cm guns. Covering fire from the 81mm mortars of Laudrefang prevented the Germans from directly assaulting Téting. The ouvrage survived until the Second Armistice at Compiègne took effect on 25 June, when it surrendered.

After World War II, Téting was in poor condition and was not chosen for renovation.

Current condition
Téting is abandoned and vandalized, but retains some of its equipment.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Association de Sauvegarde des Petits Ouvrages de Laudrefang et Téting
 L'ouvrage de Téting at alsacemaginot.com
 Teting (petit ouvrage A38 de) at fortiff.be
 Petit ouvrage de Téting at lignemaginot.com
 PO de TETING (A.38) at kerfent.com
 Petit Ouvrage de TETING (A38) at la-ligne-maginot.com

TETI
Maginot Line


The Cleveland Youth Wind Symphony is an instrumental performing ensemble based in Cleveland, Ohio.  The ensemble is selected regularly to perform on the international level.  Their latest international tour was in June 2018, when the wind ensemble travelled to Italy to perform in the Florence Festival of Youth Orchestras. In summer 2020, the group traveled to Ireland. The group has also traveled to Australia where they performed in the Sydney Opera House, combining with three other ensembles to premier a new David Gillingham piece, "The Sails of Time."

Origins

Founding
The Cleveland Youth Wind Symphony (CYWS) was founded in 1989 by Dr. Gary M. Ciepluch and Robert McAllister.  The group was created as a joint venture between Case Western Reserve University and The Cleveland Institute of Music.  In 1995, the group became too large, and was thus split into upper and lower parts, The Cleveland Youth Wind Symphony Group I and II, respectively.  Both groups are full ensembles, the former being conducted by Dr. Ciepluch, and the latter by Melissa Lichter.  As of November 1, 2009 another group has been added to CYWS.  According to the announcement by Dr. Ciepluch at the concert on November 1, 2009, there are so many talented young people in the area schools, he and the other directors decided to start this third group. While there are three groups, there are only two levels, as both Group II Symphonic Winds and Concert Winds play the same level of music. The groups are intended to provide talented high school students the opportunity to play exceptionally difficult high school pieces, college literature, and "Grade 6" professional works.  Members come from about 75 area high schools.  Cleveland Youth Wind Symphony, both groups I and II, is in residence at Cleveland State University.

Directors
After Cleveland Youth Wind Symphony's 2016 European tour, Dr. Ciepluch retired from his post as director of Cleveland Youth Wind Symphony. Melissa Lichtler, Dan Crain, and Darren Allen became co-directors of the group, with Crain directing Group I, Lichtler directing Group II Symphonic Winds, and Allen directing Group II Concert Winds. In 2022, CYWS officially became a 501-(c) 3 organization.

Orchestration
Both Group I and II are standard large wind symphonies.  This orchestration includes flutes, piccolos, clarinets, bass clarinets, oboes, bassoons, alto, tenor, and baritone saxophones, horns in F, trumpets, trombones, euphoniums, tubas, and a myriad of percussion.  However, the advanced literature that both groups perform often calls for a more diverse orchestration.  Thus, an English Horn is not uncommon, nor is a soprano sax during solo sections.  More uncommonly, Group I required a member to play contrabassoon while premiering Christopher Tucker's "A Light in the Deep."  Piano accompaniments to pieces are fairly common, and the group membership almost certainly contains an accomplished pianist. According to an archived Case article.

References

        4.Horn concerto http://www.case.edu/pubs/casemagazine/spring2004/downloads/Faculty.pdf (PDF) Article retrieved 2022-5-02

External links
Cleveland Youth Wind Symphony

Musical groups from Cleveland
Concert bands
1989 establishments in Ohio
Musical groups established in 1989
Youth organizations based in Ohio


Wheatstone is a locality in the Canterbury region of New Zealand's South Island.  It is located on the Canterbury Plains south of Ashburton, on the banks of the Ashburton River / Hakatere.  Other nearby settlements include Huntingdon to the north, Eiffelton and Flemington to the west, Ashton and Waterton to the south, and Riverside and Wakanui to the east on the opposite side of the Ashburton River / Hakatere.  Wheatstone is slightly inland from the coastline of the Pacific Ocean.

References

Ashburton District
Populated places in Canterbury, New Zealand


Harry Edward Scott (22 March 1929 – 21 June 2012) was a Scottish footballer and coach, who served Aberdeen in a number of capacities between joining the club in 1954 and his retirement in 2003.

Although he only ever made one first-team appearance for the club, Scott is a founder member of the Aberdeen Hall of Fame thanks to his more than five decades of work behind the scenes at Pittodrie.

Personal life
Scott was born on 22 March 1929, and lived in Ellon. He died on 21 June 2012, at the age of 83.

Career
Scott played for Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic during his National service at the end of World War II, and returned to Aberdeen upon being demobbed. He played junior football for Sunnybank in Aberdeen, with whom he won the Scottish Junior Cup at Hampden Park in 1954. He was signed by Aberdeen manager Dave Halliday following that victory. Scott faced strong competition for a place in the senior side, and only played one first-team game for Aberdeen. In a search for first-team football, Scott then played for Brechin City and Elgin City, but returned to Aberdeen to work as trainer, or coach.

Scott's coaching duties were mainly with the youth and reserve sides, and he was regarded by many of the young players who later became first-team regulars, and in some cases, household names, as a mentor or father figure. Scott himself explained his philosophy of the game:

Scott's duties at Pittodrie were many and varied; the club's official history recounts the tale of arriving for an away European match under the management of Sir Alex Ferguson; when it was discovered that the wrong shorts had been brought, Ferguson threatened to sack Scott, only for Gordon Strachan, one of Aberdeen's players, to ask:

Scott was held in sufficient high regard by the club that he was awarded a testimonial match - an honour normally reserved for long-serving players - in January 1999. Alex Ferguson sent along a full strength Manchester United side. In 2013, the Europa Lounge at Pittodrie Stadium was renamed the Teddy Scott Lounge and redecorated to commemorate his contributions to the club.

Aberdeen's iconic captain Willie Miller also credited Scott, who was then reserve team coach, as having advised him to switch positions from forward to defender, to great effect.

References

1929 births
2012 deaths
People from Ellon, Aberdeenshire
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football central defenders
AFC Bournemouth wartime guest players
Aberdeen F.C. players
Brechin City F.C. players
Elgin City F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
Aberdeen F.C. non-playing staff
Footballers from Aberdeenshire
Scottish Junior Football Association players
Highland Football League players


Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation that designs and manufactures consumer electronics and software products. It was established in Cupertino, California, on April 1, 1976, by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne, and was incorporated on January 3, 1977. The company's hardware products include the Macintosh line of personal computers, the iPod line of portable media players, the iPad line of tablets, the iPhone line of smartphones, the Apple TV line of digital media players, and the Apple Watch line of smartwatches. Apple's software products include the macOS, iOS, iPadOS, tvOS, and watchOS operating systems, the iTunes media player, the Safari web browser, and the iLife suite of multimedia and creativity software. , Apple is publicly known to have acquired more than 100 companies. The actual number of acquisitions is possibly larger as Apple does not reveal the majority of its acquisitions unless discovered by the press. Apple has cofounded two half-equity partnerships and purchased equity stakes in three preexisting companies, and has made three divestments. Apple has not released the financial details for the majority of its mergers and acquisitions.

Apple's business philosophy is to acquire small companies that can be easily integrated into existing company projects. For instance, Apple acquired Emagic and its professional music software, Logic Pro, in 2002. The acquisition was incorporated in the creation of the digital audio workstation software GarageBand, an integral part of the iLife software suite, and now one of the leading digital audio workstations on iOS and MacOS.

The company made its first acquisition on March 2, 1988, with its purchase of Network Innovations. In 2013, Apple acquired thirteen companies. Apple's largest acquisition was that of Beats Electronics in August 2014 for $3 billion. Of the companies Apple has acquired, 71 were based in the United States.

In early-May 2019, Apple CEO Tim Cook said to CNBC that Apple acquires a company every two to three weeks on average, having acquired 20 to 25 companies in the past six months alone.

Acquisitions

Stakes

Divestments

Significant investments in Apple

Institutional ownership
Apple Inc. is a public, joint-stock company registered with the SEC. , it has 4,715,280,000 outstanding shares. These are mainly held by institutional investors and funds. The top 16 institutional shareholders (and eight related, notable funds with over 25 million shares) are:
  (338,533,988): The Vanguard Group, Inc.
 (110,521,153): Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund
 (85,435,882): Vanguard 500 Index Fund
 (43,783,603): Vanguard Institutional Index Fund-Institutional Index Fund
 (30,726,434): Vanguard Growth Index Fund
  (296,598,349): BlackRock Inc.
 (30,589,798): BlackRock iShares Core S&P 500 ETF
  (249,589,329): Berkshire Hathaway, Inc.
  (185,419,773): State Street Corporation
 (49,752,710): SPDR S&P 500 Trust ETF
  (112,369,787): FMR, LLC
 (33,772,877): Fidelity 500 Index Fund
  (59,311,465): Northern Trust Corporation
  (58,414,412): Geode Capital Management, LLC
  (47,548,838): Norges Bank Investment Management incorporated
  (44,444,899): Bank of New York Mellon Corporation
  (43,431,586): Invesco Ltd.
 (37,375,269): Invesco QQQ Series 1 ETF
  (39,648,345): Bank of America Corp.
  (38,105,167): Morgan Stanley
  (37,679,873): JP Morgan Chase and Co.
  (33,304,696): Goldman Sachs Group Inc.
  (27,564,370): T. Rowe Price Associates Inc.
  (25,527,026): Wells Fargo & Company

Subsidiaries of Apple
 Anobit
 Apple Energy
 Apple IMC
 Apple Sales International
 Apple Services
 Apple Worldwide Video
 Beats Electronics
 Beddit
 Braeburn Capital
 Claris International (formerly FileMaker Inc)
 Shazam

See also
 List of largest mergers and acquisitions
 Lists of corporate acquisitions and mergers

Notes

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links
  – official website

Apple
Mergers and acquisitions


Vietnam: The Ten Thousand Day War, a 26-part half-hour Canadian television documentary about the Vietnam War, was produced in 1980 by Michael Maclear. The series aired in Canada on CBC Television, in the United States on NBC, and the United Kingdom on Channel 4.

Maclear visited Vietnam during the production of the series and while he was there, he was granted access to film material. He was the first Western journalist to be allowed to visit Vietnam since the end of the war.

The documentary series was consolidated into 13 hour-long episodes for American television syndication. The series was released on videocassette format by Embassy and won a National Education Association award for best world documentary.

Series writer Peter Arnett was an Associated Press reporter in Vietnam from 1962 to 1975.

CBC only aired 18 of the 26 episodes during the 1980–81 season because the production of the series was incomplete. The remaining 8 episodes were broadcast during CBC's 1981–82 season. British audiences saw the series during Channel 4's 1984–85 season.

Episodes

References

External links
 Queen's University Directory of CBC Television Series  (The Ten Thousand Day War archived listing link via archive.org)
 BFI: Vietnam: The Ten Thousand Day War episode list
 TVArchive.ca: The Ten Thousand Day War (archived at the Wayback Machine)

 Michael Maclear website

CBC Television original programming
Channel 4 original programming
1980s Canadian documentary television series
Documentary films about the Vietnam War
Documentary television series about the Cold War


Advanced process monitor (APMonitor) is a modeling language for differential algebraic (DAE) equations.  It is a free web-service or local server for solving representations of physical systems in the form of implicit DAE models.  APMonitor is suited for large-scale problems and solves linear programming, integer programming, nonlinear programming, nonlinear mixed integer programming, dynamic simulation, moving horizon estimation, and nonlinear model predictive control.  APMonitor does not solve the problems directly, but calls nonlinear programming solvers such as APOPT, BPOPT, IPOPT, MINOS, and SNOPT. The APMonitor API provides exact first and second derivatives of continuous functions to the solvers through automatic differentiation and in sparse matrix form.

Programming language integration

Julia, MATLAB, Python are mathematical programming languages that have APMonitor integration through web-service APIs. The GEKKO Optimization Suite is a recent extension of APMonitor with complete Python integration. The interfaces are built-in optimization toolboxes or modules to both load and process solutions of optimization problems. APMonitor is an object-oriented modeling language and optimization suite that relies on programming languages to load, run, and retrieve solutions. APMonitor models and data are compiled at run-time and translated into objects that are solved by an optimization engine such as APOPT or IPOPT. The optimization engine is not specified by APMonitor, allowing several different optimization engines to be switched out. The simulation or optimization mode is also configurable to reconfigure the model for dynamic simulation, nonlinear model predictive control, moving horizon estimation or general problems in mathematical optimization.

As a first step in solving the problem, a mathematical model is expressed in terms of variables and equations such as the Hock & Schittkowski Benchmark Problem #71 used to test the performance of nonlinear programming solvers. This particular optimization problem has an objective function  and subject to the inequality constraint  and equality constraint . The four variables must be between a lower bound of 1 and an upper bound of 5. The initial guess values are . This mathematical model is translated into the APMonitor modeling language in the following text file.

! file saved as hs71.apm
Variables
  x1 = 1, >=1, <=5
  x2 = 5, >=1, <=5
  x3 = 5, >=1, <=5
  x4 = 1, >=1, <=5
End Variables

Equations
  minimize x1*x4*(x1+x2+x3) + x3

  x1*x2*x3*x4 > 25
  x1^2 + x2^2 + x3^2 + x4^2 = 40
End Equations

The problem is then solved in Python by first installing the APMonitor package with pip install APMonitor or from the following Python code.

# Install APMonitor
import pip
pip.main(['install','APMonitor'])

Installing a Python is only required once for any module. Once the APMonitor package is installed, it is imported and the apm_solve function solves the optimization problem. The solution is returned to the programming language for further processing and analysis.

# Python example for solving an optimization problem
from APMonitor.apm import *

# Solve optimization problem
sol = apm_solve('hs71', 3)

# Access solution
x1 = sol['x1']
x2 = sol['x2']

Similar interfaces are available for MATLAB and Julia with minor differences from the above syntax. Extending the capability of a modeling language is important because significant pre- or post-processing of data or solutions is often required when solving complex optimization, dynamic simulation, estimation, or control problems.

High Index DAEs

The highest order of a derivative that is necessary to return a DAE to ODE form is called the differentiation index. A standard way for dealing with high-index DAEs is to differentiate the equations to put them in index-1 DAE or ODE form (see Pantelides algorithm). However, this approach can cause a number of undesirable numerical issues such as instability.  While the syntax is similar to other modeling languages such as gProms, APMonitor solves DAEs of any index without rearrangement or differentiation.  As an example, an index-3 DAE is shown below for the pendulum motion equations and lower index rearrangements can return this system of equations to ODE form (see Index 0 to 3 Pendulum example).

Pendulum motion (index-3 DAE form)
Model pendulum
  Parameters
    m = 1
    g = 9.81
    s = 1
  End Parameters

  Variables
    x = 0
    y = -s
    v = 1
    w = 0
    lam = m*(1+s*g)/2*s^2
  End Variables

  Equations
    x^2 + y^2 = s^2
    $x = v
    $y = w
    m*$v = -2*x*lam
    m*$w = -m*g - 2*y*lam
  End Equations
End Model

Applications in APMonitor Modeling Language

Many physical systems are naturally expressed by differential algebraic equation.  Some of these include:

 cell cultures
 chemical reactors
 cogeneration (power and heat)
 distillation columns
 drilling automation
 essential oil steam distillation
 friction stir welding
 hydrate formation in deep-sea pipelines
 infectious disease spread
 oscillators
 severe slugging control
 solar thermal energy production
 solid oxide fuel cells
 space shuttle launch simulation
 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)

Models for a direct current (DC) motor and blood glucose response of an insulin dependent patient are listed below. They are representative of differential and algebraic equations encountered in many branches of science and engineering.

Direct current (DC) motor
Parameters
  ! motor parameters (dc motor)
  v   = 36        ! input voltage to the motor (volts)
  rm  = 0.1       ! motor resistance (ohms)
  lm  = 0.01      ! motor inductance (henrys)
  kb  = 6.5e-4    ! back emf constant (volt·s/rad)
  kt  = 0.1       ! torque constant (N·m/a)
  jm  = 1.0e-4    ! rotor inertia (kg m²)
  bm  = 1.0e-5    ! mechanical damping (linear model of friction: bm * dth)

  ! load parameters
  jl = 1000*jm    ! load inertia (1000 times the rotor)
  bl = 1.0e-3     ! load damping (friction)
  k = 1.0e2       ! spring constant for motor shaft to load
  b = 0.1         ! spring damping for motor shaft to load
End Parameters

Variables
  i     = 0       ! motor electric current (amperes)
  dth_m = 0       ! rotor angular velocity sometimes called omega (radians/sec)
  th_m  = 0       ! rotor angle, theta (radians)
  dth_l = 0       ! wheel angular velocity (rad/s)
  th_l  = 0       ! wheel angle (radians)
End Variables

Equations
  lm*$i - v = -rm*i -    kb *$th_m
  jm*$dth_m =  kt*i - (bm+b)*$th_m - k*th_m +     b *$th_l + k*th_l
  jl*$dth_l =             b *$th_m + k*th_m - (b+bl)*$th_l - k*th_l
  dth_m = $th_m
  dth_l = $th_l
End Equations

Blood glucose response of an insulin dependent patient
! Model source:
! A. Roy and R.S. Parker. “Dynamic Modeling of Free Fatty
!   Acids, Glucose, and Insulin: An Extended Minimal Model,”
!   Diabetes Technology and Therapeutics 8(6), 617-626, 2006.
Parameters
  p1 = 0.068       ! 1/min
  p2 = 0.037       ! 1/min
  p3 = 0.000012    ! 1/min
  p4 = 1.3         ! mL/(min·µU)
  p5 = 0.000568    ! 1/mL
  p6 = 0.00006     ! 1/(min·µmol)
  p7 = 0.03        ! 1/min
  p8 = 4.5         ! mL/(min·µU)
  k1 = 0.02        ! 1/min
  k2 = 0.03        ! 1/min
  pF2 = 0.17       ! 1/min
  pF3 = 0.00001    ! 1/min
  n = 0.142        ! 1/min
  VolG = 117       ! dL
  VolF = 11.7      ! L
  ! basal parameters for Type-I diabetic
  Ib = 0           ! Insulin (µU/mL)
  Xb = 0           ! Remote insulin (µU/mL)
  Gb = 98          ! Blood Glucose (mg/dL)
  Yb = 0           ! Insulin for Lipogenesis (µU/mL)
  Fb = 380         ! Plasma Free Fatty Acid (µmol/L)
  Zb = 380         ! Remote Free Fatty Acid (µmol/L)
  ! insulin infusion rate
  u1 = 3           ! µU/min
  ! glucose uptake rate
  u2 = 300         ! mg/min
  ! external lipid infusion
  u3 = 0           ! mg/min
End parameters

Intermediates
  p9 = 0.00021 * exp(-0.0055*G)  ! dL/(min*mg)
End Intermediates

Variables
  I = Ib
  X = Xb
  G = Gb
  Y = Yb
  F = Fb
  Z = Zb
End variables

Equations
  ! Insulin dynamics
  $I = -n*I  + p5*u1
  ! Remote insulin compartment dynamics
  $X = -p2*X + p3*I
  ! Glucose dynamics
  $G = -p1*G - p4*X*G + p6*G*Z + p1*Gb - p6*Gb*Zb + u2/VolG
  ! Insulin dynamics for lipogenesis
  $Y = -pF2*Y + pF3*I
  ! Plasma-free fatty acid (FFA) dynamics
  $F = -p7*(F-Fb) - p8*Y*F + p9 * (F*G-Fb*Gb) + u3/VolF
  ! Remote FFA dynamics
  $Z = -k2*(Z-Zb) + k1*(F-Fb)
End Equations

See also
 APOPT
 ASCEND
 EMSO
 GEKKO
 MATLAB
 Modelica

References

External links
 APMonitor home page
 Dynamic optimization course with APMonitor
 APMonitor documentation
 APMonitor citations
 Online solution engine with IPOPT
 Comparison of popular modeling language syntax
 Download APM MATLAB, APM Python, or APM Julia client for APMonitor
 Download APMonitor Server (Windows)
 Download APMonitor Server (Linux)

Numerical programming languages
Mathematical optimization software


Ashton is a lightly populated locality in the Canterbury region of New Zealand's South Island.  It is situated on the Canterbury Plains south of Ashburton, on the Pacific Ocean coastline.  It is on the southern side of the Ashburton River / Hakatere's mouth.  Nearby settlements include Huntingdon and Wheatstone to the north, Waterton to the southwest, and across the Ashburton River / Hakatere, Riverside to the northeast.

Demographics
Ashton is part of the Eiffelton statistical area.

References

Ashburton District
Populated places in Canterbury, New Zealand


Gerald Lester Byrd (March 9, 1920 – April 11, 2005) was an American musician who played the lap steel guitar in country and Hawaiian music, as well as a singer-songwriter and the head of a music publishing firm. He appeared on numerous radio programs.

Career
Byrd was born in Lima, Ohio, United States, one of five siblings, his interest in the instrument began after a "tent show" when he was 12 and by 15 he was playing in bars. Although his initial interest was Hawaiian music much of his work was country. In 1944/1945 he joined the Grand Ole Opry. He was important to the early career of Dolly Parton being one of the first to sign her. He also was an educator of the steel guitar giving lessons to Jimmie Vaughan and Jerry Garcia among others. The list of artists that Byrd played or recorded with included Hank Williams, Ernest Tubb, Patsy Cline and Red Foley and countless others. With Hank Williams he played songs such as "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry", "Lovesick Blues" and "A Mansion on the Hill." In the early 1970s, he moved to Hawaii and worked on reviving Hawaiian steel guitar music, taking a great delight in giving lap steel lessons to the young musicians who showed interest in ensuring that the lap steel remained an important instrument in Hawaiian music. While living in Hawaii, Byrd had a regular weekly gig with his trio at the Royal Hawaiian Hotel that lasted until his death. Though Byrd often joked about pedal steel guitar players, he had nothing but the highest of praise for Buddy Emmons, saying he had taken the steel guitar to new places with his playing.

Personal life and death
He published his autobiography It Was a Trip: On The Wings of Music. Byrd died of Parkinson's disease at 85 in Honolulu, Hawaii, where he had resided for 30 years; he was survived by wife Kaleo Wood and two daughters.

Awards and recognition
He was inducted into the Steel Guitar Hall of Fame in 1978 as its first member; his Rickenbacker lap steel is housed at the Country Music Hall of Fame

Discography

Studio albums
 Nani Hawaii (1953) Mercury
Byrd's Exhibition (1954) Mercury
Guitar Magic (1954) Mercury
Steel Guitar Favorites (1958) Mercury
Hi-Fi Guitar (1958) Decca
On the Shores of Waikiki (1960) Decca
Byrd of Paradise (1961) Monument
Memories of Maria (1962) Monument
Blue Hawaiian Steel Guitar (1963) Mercury
Man of Steel (1964) Mercury
Satin Strings of Steel (1965) Monument
Potpourri (1966) Monument
Burning Sands, Pearly Shells, & Steel Guitars (1967) MonumentCountry Steel Guitar Greats (1966) WingSteel Guitar Hawaiian Style (1976) LehuaPolynesian Suite (1995) Sony Music DistributionChristmas in Hawaii (2003) Lehua

CompilationsJerry Byrd: By Request (2002) Mountain AppleSteel Guitar (2002) Mountain AppleThe Master of Touch and Tone (2005) Mountain AppleMaster of the Steel Guitar, Vol. 1 (2005) Hana Ola—Rsi

As sideman

Other players on Hank's recordings include Dale "Smokey" Lohman (Early recordings), also Don Davis played one or two sessions with Hank. From 1950 on it was Don Helms."

With Jack McDuffGin and Orange (Cadet, 1969)
With Don PattersonSatisfaction!'' (Prestige, 1965)

Further reading

References

External links
 [ AllMusic]

1920 births
2005 deaths
Steel guitarists
Neurological disease deaths in Hawaii
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
People from Lima, Ohio
American country singer-songwriters
Monument Records artists
Decca Records artists
Mercury Records artists
20th-century American guitarists
Singer-songwriters from Ohio
Guitarists from Hawaii
Guitarists from Ohio
American male guitarists
Country musicians from Ohio
Country musicians from Hawaii
20th-century American singer-songwriters
20th-century American male musicians
American male singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Hawaii


Ponte 16 Resort Macau () is located in Santo António, Macau, is a hotel and casino resort co-developed by SJM Investment Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of Sociedade de Jogos de Macau (in turn, a subsidiary of Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau, which owns 51% of the project, and Macau Success Limited which owns 49% of the project. The resort opened on 1 February 2008.

Shows
Shows are staged there including international groups from South Africa, Taiwan and more. In 2009 a South African group performed a lovely show with performers like singer Monique Magerstein, who praised the Ponte 16 and Macau after performing there.

Exhibits
There are numerous Michael Jackson items on exhibition in Ponte 16, including the glove he wore when he first performed his moonwalk on television. Jackson's glove was sold to the casino at New York's Julien's Auctions at a price of US$350,000, eight times the auctioneer's minimum estimated price.

History
Ponte 16 was the first fisherman's port, resplendent in the colonial architecture of the day, a hub of diverse cultural influences. In the mid 1900s, Chinese triads and gangs moved in and the area became known for gambling. The Inner Harbor reigned as the city's economic center up until the 1970s, when commercial activities began to decline with the relocation of the Hong Kong - Macau Ferry Terminal.

Location
Ponte 16 takes it place at the center of the Inner Harbor on the west side of Macau, right at the waters edge. This development is easily accessible by all modes of transportation.

Casino
The casino will offer a selection of gaming machines, gaming tables and endless amusement in an estimated area of .

Hotel
Accor has teamed with Pier 16 - Property Development Limited to bring the "Sofitel Macau At Ponte 16" to Macau. As planned the 20-storey hotel will offer 408 rooms, restaurants and bars, swimming pools, gym, wellness center and business center with multi-function conference room.

Restaurants and buffets
 Le Mistral Buffet is a large buffet with Japanese, French, Chinese and Swiss dishes

Bars
 Le Rendezvous
 Pool Bar

See also
 Gambling in Macau

References

External links

 Official website
 Macau Success Ponte 16 webpage
 Accor Hotels's official Sofitel at Ponte 16 website
 Hong Kong Standard article on Ponte 16
 Macau Government Tourist Office Ponte 16 introduction webpage.

Casinos completed in 2008
Casinos in Macau
Hotels in Macau
2008 establishments in Macau


Ronald E. Manahan is an author, lecturer, and educator. From 1993 to 2013, he was the president of Grace College and Theological Seminary in Winona Lake, Indiana, United States.

Manahan was the fifth president of Grace College and Seminary and served Grace for more than 25 years. From 1977 to 1986, he held the position of professor of biblical studies. From 1987 to 1990, he served as vice president of college academic affairs, from 1990 to 1993, as provost, and from 1993 to January 1994, as acting president. He was appointed president by the board of trustees in January, 1994 and retired May 2013. He currently holds the position of Senior Advisor to the current president, William J. Katip.

He holds a Diploma from Grand Rapids School of Bible and Music, a B.A. from Shelton College, and an M.Div., Th.M., and Th.D. from Grace Theological Seminary. He has completed post-doctoral research at Union Theological Seminary.

Manahan served as pastor of Orland Congregational Church in Orland, Indiana, and has filled several interim pastorates including two in Grace Brethren Churches. He is a member of the Community of Hope Grace Brethren Church, Columbia City, Indiana.

He has served on the board of directors of the Kosciusko County Chapter of the American Red Cross, Grand Rapids School of Bible and Music, the Committee to Commemorate Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc., and Lakeland Christian Academy.

He is married to Barbara and is the father of two children: Kelly and Nathan.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Heads of universities and colleges in the United States
Seminary presidents


Route 124 is a state highway in southwestern Connecticut running from downtown Darien through the center of New Canaan to the state line in Scotts Corners, New York.

Route description
Route 124 begins as Mansfield Avenue at an intersection with US 1 in downtown Darien near the Darien train station. It proceeds north for about  towards New Canaan. In New Canaan, the road becomes South Avenue and soon meets with the Merritt Parkway at Exit 37. After passing by Saxe Middle School, Route 124 enters the town center of New Canaan, where it has a  overlap with Route 106. After running briefly on Main Street, Route 124 heads out of the town center as Oenoke Ridge. Route 124 runs for another  in the rural part of New Canaan until the New York state line. Across the state line, the road becomes Westchester Avenue in Pound Ridge, a local road. Route 124 is classified as a principal arterial road between US 1 and Route 15 and as a minor arterial road north of Route 15. It carries an average traffic volume of about 7,600 vehicles per day.

History
In the 1920s, the road connecting the town centers of Darien and New Canaan was known as State Highway 302. Another road from Norwalk through New Canaan center and continuing to Pound Ridge in New York was State Highway 184. In the 1932 state highway renumbering, Route 29 was created as a renumbering of old Highway 184. At the same time, Route 123 was created as a renumbering of old Highway 302. Two years later, however, Route 29 south of New Canaan center and Route 123 were swapped and Route 29 now corresponded to the modern Route 124 alignment. At that time, Route 29 continued across the state line as New York Route 137A, which was renumbered to Route 394 by 1947. In 1966, New York State Route 124 was extended southward along old New York Route 394 via an overlap with New York State Route 137. Connecticut renumbered Route 29 to Route 124 to match the number in New York. By 1990, New York shortened its Route 124 to its current southern terminus and the portion corresponding to old New York Route 394 is now a local road.

Major intersections

References

Transportation in Fairfield County, Connecticut
124
Darien, Connecticut
New Canaan, Connecticut


Guilhem Peire Cazals de Caortz or Guilhem Peire de Cazals was a troubadour of the first half of the thirteenth century. He was born or lived in Cahors, Quercy, from which his name "de Caortz". Eleven of his works, including one tenso, survive.

The only sure way to date Guilhem Peire's life and work is by his tenso with Bernart de la Barta, who was alive in 1229, and by a sirventes of Guilhem Figueira, Un nou sirventes ai en cor que trameta, composed in 1240, which mirrors D'una leu chanso ai cor que m'entremeta, a canso by Guilhem Peire, in metre and rhyme and therefore gives a terminus ante quem for the tenso'''s composition.

Nine of Guilhem Peire's poems are dedicated to a certain friend and jongleur known only by the affectionate senhal Ardit. Generally he wrote in the trobar ric genre, and in his leu chanso (canso in the trobar leu, referred to above) he mentions using words are opposite to the courtly norm to describe the lover that abandoned him that. Guilhem Peire was also one of the earliest poets to adopt the sestina form of Arnaut Daniel: his Eras, pus vey mon benastruc imitates the Arnaut's mots-refranh. In it the poet is rather optimistic because his lady has shown him favour.

Notes

Sources
Riquer, Martín de. Los trovadores: historia literaria y textos''. 3 vol. Barcelona: Planeta, 1975.

13th-century French troubadours
People from Cahors


Yanshuei District (), alternatively spelled Yanshui, is a district in Tainan, Taiwan, which is famous for its notoriously dangerous fireworks festival. The annual event commemorates a cholera epidemic more than a century ago, the fireworks symbolizing the exorcism of demons associated with the plague. The festival, known as Fengpao (), is celebrated on the 15th day after the beginning of the Lunar New Year, also called Shang Yuan Festival.

History
Formerly known as Goat-tin-kang (). In 1901 during Japanese rule,  was one of twenty local administrative offices established. In 1909, this unit was divided among  and . In 1920, after reorganization,  was placed under  of Tainan Prefecture.

Yanshuei used to be one of the five most important maritime towns in Taiwan, but it has declined since the harbor was closed in 1900. These days it is best known for the fireworks festival held 15 days after Lunar New Year.

Republic of China
After the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China in 1945, Yanshuei was organized as an urban township of Tainan County. On 25 December 2010, Tainan County was merged with Tainan City and Yanshuei was upgraded to a district of the city.

Presently, there are no rail links to Yanshuei. In the past, however, the Taiwan Sugar Corporation operated passenger services to Yanshuei station, which has been preserved.

Geography
 Area: 52.25 km²
 Population: 24,447 people (January 2023)

Administrative divisions

Shuixiu, Fude, Sansheng, Wumiao, Zhongjing, Shuixian, Shuizheng, Qiaonan, Jiuying, Jingshui, Annei, Yichou, Xiazhong, Huanya, Dazhuang, Tongliao, Houzhai, Xuncuo, Zhupu, Xialin, Tianliao, Dafeng, Fandian, Henan and Nangang Village.

Transportation
Yanshuei is easy to reach by National Highway No.1, which passes through this town and Sinying. And, Yanshuei which is by Provincial Highway No.9.

Tourist attractions
 Ciaonan Street

Festival
It is said that the Fireworks Festival originated from a cholera epidemic which broke out in the late Qing rule (around 1875) and lasted for more than twenty years.

In order to drive out the evil spirits and ward off the disease, the survivors invited the spirit of Guan Yu (Kuan Kung), the Chinese god of war. Kuan Kung is worshipped as the God of War; since he was adept at managing finances, he is also worshipped as the patron saint of businessmen.

The deities of Heaven are able to inspect the land on the day of Lantern Festival by carrying the statue of Kuan Kung in palanquins and paraded around Yanshuei and letting off masses of firecrackers, and the epidemic soon receded.

"Beehive" Fireworks
The most important of Yanshuei's prominent fireworks are the so-called "bee hives", essentially multiple launchers of bottle rockets. These rocket forts are actually thousands of bottle rockets arranged row atop row in an iron-and-wooden framework. The setup looks like a beehive full of unleashed gunpowder. When the contraption is ignited, rockets shoot out rapidly in all directions. Dazzling explosives whiz and whirl across the sky and often into the crowd itself, both thrilling and intimidating the spectators.

Amongst local adherents being hit by a rocket is an indication of good luck in the year to come, with the greater the number of hits the greater the luck. Locals will therefore dress in multiple layers on top of which they wear homemade fireproofs (fireproofing the back of a jacket and pair of trousers, and wearing a cape of fire resistant material) and stand with their backs to the launchers. However, unless so prepared spectators are not allowed in the vicinity of the platforms.

Spectators have been wounded by rocketing fireworks while standing too close to the erupting hive. However, the festival is still held, despite moves to ban it.

To protect against injury, heavy clothing, a helmet with a full visor, and protective gloves are recommended for all spectators. Local residents modify motorcycle helmets by riveting fire retardant material to create an aventail at the back and a flexible gorget at the front. If this is not done a towel is advised to be worn around the neck because many can temporarily lose their hearing if a stray rocket goes inside their helmet.

Notable natives
 Ang It-hong, former singer
 Chao Chien-ming, surgeon

See also
 Hwacha

References

External links

Districts of Tainan


Paul Blake is the current Chairman of the British Basketball League, succeeding Vince Macaulay-Razaq in 2005, as well as working as the current Managing Director of the Newcastle Eagles basketball franchise.

He attended Northumbria University in Newcastle upon Tyne.

References

Living people
Alumni of Northumbria University
Basketball in England
Year of birth missing (living people)
Newcastle Eagles
English sports executives and administrators
Basketball executives


The Crater, or Vulcan's Peak: a Tale of the Pacific is a novel by James Fenimore Cooper first published in 1847. Cooper incorporated knowledge of ship construction he had acquired while working as a U.S. Navy midshipman in the 1810s.

From merely surviving the loss of his shipmates and the embayment of his ship within The Reef, protagonist and role-model Mark Woolston goes on to thrive by his own industry.  Following a regional volcanic upheaval which raises new land, he founds a similarly industrious and thriving colony after escaping from, then returning to, The Reef.  The outnumbered colonists must defend their new homes and possessions against natives who covet the new land. The novel concludes with the apocalyptic annihilation of the island colony by another natural disaster.

See also
 The Coral Island
 Lord of the Flies

References

External links

1847 American novels
Novels by James Fenimore Cooper
Novels set on fictional islands
Novels set in Oceania


The Oberliga Nord was the fourth tier of the German football league system in the north of Germany. It covered the states of Lower Saxony, Bremen, Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein. With the introduction of the 3. Liga, the league ceased to exist from 2008.

Overview

The first Oberliga Nord: 1947–1963
The original league of this name existed from 1947 to 1963 and was then the first tier of German football, covering the same region as the "new" Oberliga Nord. For its history, see here.

The second Oberliga Nord: 1974–1994
The league was formed in 1974 as a continuation of the Regionalliga Nord, the then second tier of German football. With the introduction of the 2nd Bundesliga Nord in that year, the Regionalliga was disbanded and its clubs spread among the new 2nd Bundesliga, Oberliga and Amateurligas.

The new Oberliga Nord however was only the third tier of the German football league system, replacing at this level the four Landes- and Amateurligas of Niedersachsen, Hamburg, Bremen and Schleswig-Holstein, who now slipped to the fourth tier of the league system.

Below the Oberliga were originally four leagues, one for each of the four states of the region. The Amateurliga of Niedersachsen changed its name to Landesliga from 1974 and after 1979 to Verbandsliga. The leagues in Bremen and Hamburg changed their name to Verbandsliga straight away in 1974. Schleswig-Holstein changed from Landesliga to Verbandsliga in 1978. In 1994, Niedersachsen, the largest of the four states, split its league into an eastern and a western group, a system already in place until 1964.

Due to the difference in playing strength of the Verbandsligas, champions were not directly promoted but had to go through a play-off system. Eight teams in two divisions were qualified for this competition, with three clubs from Niedersachsen, two each from Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein and one from Bremen, to balance out the difference between the leagues.

In 1975 and 1976, the two first placed teams of the Oberliga took part in the promotion play-off to determine the promoted teams to the 2nd Bundesliga Nord. In 1977 and 1978, the top four teams from the Oberliga Nord went to this competition. With the reduction of the number of Oberligas in 1978, the winner and runners-up of the Oberliga Nord were directly promoted in 1979 and 1980.

No promotion was available in 1981 because the 2nd Bundesliga was reduced to one league only. From 1982, the top two teams in the league had to play-off for promotion again.

The Oberliga Nord was disbanded in 1994, with the re-introduction of the Regionalliga Nord, this time as the third tier of German football. Fourteen of its sixteen clubs went to the new Regionalliga, the bottom two teams were relegated to the two new Oberligas of Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein and Niedersachsen/Bremen.

The third Oberliga Nord: 2004–2008
In 2004, after ten seasons, the Oberliga Nord was reformed, as the league below the Regionalliga Nord, being the fourth tier of football now. The two Oberligas that replaced it in 1994 were disbanded.

With the introduction of the 3. Liga and of a third Regionalliga in 2008, the Oberliga Nord again ceased to exist, being replaced by the five Verbandsligas in its stead. The top five clubs of the Oberliga in the 2007-08 season gained promotion to the Regionalliga Nord, the sixth placed team had to play-off with the Verbandsliga champions for another Regionalliga spot and the rest of the clubs were relegated to the Verbandsligas. The northern region therefore became the only region in Germany without an Oberliga after 2008. In future, the five Verbandsliga champions will have to play-off for two promotion spots to the Regionalliga Nord.

Champions of the Oberliga Nord
The league champions:

Placings in the Oberliga Nord 1975 to 2008
The clubs in the league and their final placings:

For final placings of Oberliga clubs from this region from 1994 to 2004, see Oberliga Niedersachsen/Bremen and Oberliga Hamburg/Schleswig-Holstein.
 1 In 2007 Holstein Kiel II was relegated due to the relegation of its first team.
 2 In 2007 VfR Neumünster was refused a licence and relegated.

Key

Founding members of the Oberliga Nord
The league started in 1974 with eighteen clubs from four German states:

From the Regionalliga Nord:
VfB Oldenburg
SV Meppen
Arminia Hannover
Concordia Hamburg
OSV Hannover
Holstein Kiel
TuS Bremerhaven 93
Heider SV
Itzehoer SV
Phönix Lübeck

From the Landesliga Hamburg:
SC Victoria Hamburg
SC Poppenbüttel

From the Amateurliga Bremen:
Blumenthaler SV
Bremer SV

From the Landesliga Schleswig-Holstein:
SpVgg Flensburg 08

From the Amateurliga Niedersachsen:
Preußen Hameln
SpVgg Bad Pyrmont
Union Salzgitter

Disbanding of the Oberliga in 2008
At the end of its last season, 2007–08, the last round having been played on 30 May 2008, the clubs of the league were spread over various other divisions, according to their final league position. The 6th placed team, TuS Heeslingen, was not granted a Regionalliga licence and the 7th placed club, VfB Oldenburg, qualified for the play-offs instead. The Bremen champion, FC Bremerhaven, was also not granted a licence and the best place club from Bremen in the Oberliga, the FC Oberneuland, qualified instead. Its eighteen clubs went to the following leagues:

To the Regionalliga Nord:
Holstein Kiel
SV Wilhelmshaven
FC Altona 93
BV Cloppenburg
Hannover 96 II
FC Oberneuland

To the Verbandsliga Bremen:
 no club relegated to this league

To the Verbandsliga Hamburg:
FC St. Pauli II
ASV Bergedorf 85
SV Lurup

To the Verbandsligas Niedersachsen:
VfB Oldenburg
TuS Heeslingen
SV Meppen
Eintracht Braunschweig II
VfL Osnabrück II
Eintracht Nordhorn
VSK Osterholz-Scharmbeck

To the Verbandsliga Schleswig-Holstein:
VfB Lübeck II
SV Henstedt-Rhen

References

Sources
 Deutschlands Fußball in Zahlen,  An annual publication with tables and results from the Bundesliga to Verbandsliga/Landesliga. DSFS.
 Kicker Almanach,  The yearbook on German football from Bundesliga to Oberliga, since 1937. Kicker Sports Magazine.
 Die Deutsche Liga-Chronik 1945-2005  History of German football from 1945 to 2005 in tables. DSFS. 2006.

External links
  Das deutsche Fussball Archiv Historic German league tables
  Northern German Football Association (NFV)

Nord
Football competitions in Bremen (state)
Football competitions in Hamburg
Football competitions in Lower Saxony
Football competitions in Schleswig-Holstein
1974 establishments in West Germany
2008 disestablishments in Germany
Sports leagues established in 1974
Sports leagues disestablished in 2008
Ger


Erigeron clokeyi is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name Clokey's fleabane, or Clokey's daisy.

Erigeron clokeyiis native to the sage scrub of Nevada and far eastern California, and it can also be found in the talus of the eastern flank of Sierra Nevada. There are a few additional populations reported from Beaver County in Utah.

Erigeron clokeyiis a small perennial herb with leaves mostly around the base of the plant. The hairy, unbranching erect stems each hold an inflorescence of a single flower head which is about a centimeter (0.4 inches) wide. The head has a center of golden yellow disc florets and a fringe of sometimes as many as 55 very light to medium purple (occasionally white or pink) ray florets which are usually reflexed (bent away from the center).

Varieties
Erigeron clokeyi var. clokeyi - Charleston Mountains in Clark County in southern Nevada
Erigeron clokeyi var. pinzliae G.L.Nesom - California, Nevada, Utah

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile
Calphotos Photo gallery, University of California
Photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected in Nevada in 1937, isotype of Erigeron clokeyi

clokeyi
Flora of California
Flora of Nevada
Plants described in 1947
Flora of Utah
Flora without expected TNC conservation status
Taxa named by Arthur Cronquist


Dreams have been credited as the inspiration for several creative works and scientific discoveries.

Books and poetry

Kubla Khan
Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote Kubla Khan (completed in 1797 and published in 1816) upon awakening from an opium-influenced dream. In a preface to the work, he described having the poem come to him, fully formed, in his dream. When he woke, he immediately set to writing it down, but was interrupted by a visitor and could not remember the final lines. For this reason, he kept it unpublished for many years.

Frankenstein
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818) was inspired by a dream:

Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
Robert Louis Stevenson dreamed the plot for his famous novel Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886).

Tintin in Tibet
The Belgian comics artist Hergé was plagued by nightmares in which he was chased by a white skeleton, whereupon the entire environment turned white. A psychiatrist advised him to stop making comics and take a rest, but Hergé drew an entire story set in a white environment: the snowy mountaintops of Tibet. Tintin in Tibet (1960) not only stopped his nightmares and worked as a therapeutic experience, but the work is also regarded as one of his masterpieces.

Twilight
Inspiration for Stephenie Meyer's Twilight (2005) came by a dream:

The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane
The seeds to the plot of The Miraculous Journey of Edward Tulane (2006) came to Kate DiCamillo in a dream: "One Christmas, I received an elegantly dressed toy rabbit as a gift.  A few days later, I dreamed that the rabbit was face down on the ocean floor - lost and waiting to be found."

Music

Devil's Trill Sonata

Giuseppe Tartini recounted that his most famous work, his Violin Sonata in G minor, more commonly known as the Devil's Trill Sonata, came to him in a dream in 1713. According to Tartini's account given to the French astronomer Jérôme Lalande, he dreamed that he had made a pact with the devil, to whom he had handed a violin after a music lesson, in order to assess whether the devil could play. The devil then proceeded to play "with such great art and intelligence, as I had never even conceived in my boldest flights of fantasy".

Tartini said that on waking he "immediately grasped my violin in order to retain, in part at least, the impression of my dream".

"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"
Keith Richards claimed to have dreamed the riff to the 1965 song "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction". He ran through it once before falling asleep. He said when he listened back to it in the morning, there was about two minutes of acoustic guitar before you could hear him drop the pick and "then me snoring for the next forty minutes".

"Yesterday"
Paul McCartney claimed to have dreamed the melody to his song "Yesterday" (1965). After he woke up, he thought it was just a vague memory of some song he heard when he was younger. As it turned out that he had completely thought up this song all by himself, he recorded it and it became the most often covered pop song in the world.

"Let It Be"
Paul McCartney has also claimed that the idea of "Let It Be" came to him after a dream he had about his mother during the tense period surrounding the sessions for The Beatles ("the White Album") in 1968. McCartney later said: "It was great to visit with her again. I felt very blessed to have that dream. So that got me writing 'Let It Be'." In a later interview, McCartney said that in the dream his mother had told him, "It will be all right, just let it be."

"The Prophet's Song"
Brian May said that he was inspired to write the 1975 Queen track "The Prophet's Song" after a hepatitis-induced fever dream he had about an apocalyptic flood. It is the longest Queen song with vocals.

Selected Ambient Works Volume II

Richard James, who performs as Aphex Twin, has written several ambient tracks while lucid dreaming, saying that:

James says that seventy per cent of his 1994 album Selected Ambient Works Volume II was written while lucid dreaming.

The Dark Carnival
Violent J, a member of Insane Clown Posse, claimed to have dreamed the concept of The Dark Carnival, which is described in much of their discography. The concept was inspired by a dream of Insane Clown Posse member Violent J where spirits in a traveling carnival appeared to him.

Film and television

3 Women
Director Robert Altman conceived of his 1977 film 3 Women during a restless sleep while his wife was in the hospital. He dreamt that he was directing a film starring Shelley Duvall and Sissy Spacek in an identity theft story, against a desert backdrop. He based the film on this dream, although additional story details were added later.

The Terminator

Director James Cameron said the titular character in The Terminator (1984) was inspired by a dream he had under the influence of a soaring fever he suffered while was "sick and dead broke" in Rome, Italy, during the final cut of Piranha II. He dreamed of "a chrome skeleton emerging from a fire", and made some sketches on hotel stationery upon waking:

Over the Garden Wall
Chapter 5 of the miniseries Over the Garden Wall (2014), "Mad Love", was inspired by a dream that show creator Patrick McHale had. In the events of the dream, Pat was house hunting and came across a secret library in one of the houses. As he explored further, he realized that he had entered someone else's home. In the episode, the character Quincy Endicott explores his mansion, and discovers that he has entered the mansion of his neighbor.

Video games

Deltarune
In an interview conducted a few months after the release of its first chapter, Toby Fox stated that the idea for Deltarune (2018) came from a dream he experienced while bedridden from a fever seven years prior. According to Fox, the dream depicted the emotionally-moving ending to a game that didn't exist; upon waking up, he was determined to make the game into a reality.

Omori
In a video discussing the creation of the 2020 game Omori, developer Omocat describes the game's liminal space area - White Space - as being inspired by a dream they experienced when in high school of "standing in a white room with nothing in it... Something red and blurry appeared in front of me... a giant floating rectangular button with the word 'Live' written across it, just like a video game interface. And... when I pressed it, I woke up."

Other aspects of the game were influenced by lucid dreams the developer had experienced. They said that "I would try to escape them through death, by for instance, jumping into a lake. It's all pretty creepy stuff that probably influenced the game quite a bit."

Science

Descartes' new science
Descartes claimed that the dreams that he had on November 10, 1619, revealed to him the basis of a new philosophy, the scientific method.

The sewing machine

There is a possibly apocryphal account of Elias Howe inventing the needle of the modern lockstitch sewing machine in a dream. A traditional needle has its eye at its base, but Howe was supposedly inspired by a dream to instead position the eye at the point, as recorded in the history of his mother's family:

Benzene

The scientist Friedrich August Kekulé discovered the seemingly impossible chemical structure of benzene (C6H6) when he had a dream of a group of snakes swallowing their tails.

Mendeleev's Periodic Table
Dmitri Mendeleev, who created the periodic table foundational to current understanding of chemistry, claimed to have envisioned the complete arrangement of the elements in a dream. While struggling to correctly orient the elements he recalls seeing them in a dream a table where all elements fell into place as required. Awakening, he immediately wrote them down on a piece of paper. Only in one place did a correction later seem necessary.

Niels Bohr's structure of the atom
Niels Bohr won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1922 for his discovery of the structure of the atom. He recalled that the electrons revolving around the nucleus, like the solar system, came to him in a dream. Upon testing his "dream" hypothesis, he was able to discover that the atomic structure was, in fact, similar to it.

Srinivasa Ramanujan's divine revelations
Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan, known for his substantial contributions to number theory, analysis and other areas of pure mathematics, claimed that Hindu goddess Namagiri Thayar would bestow him with mathematical insights in his dreams and that in these visions, "scrolls containing the most complicated mathematics used to unfold before his eyes"

Otto Loewi and neurotransmission
Before Otto Loewi's work, there was debate on whether neurotransmission was primarily chemical or electrical. On a night before Easter Sunday, Loewi had dreamed of the perfect experimental setup: two chambers with beating hearts - one with its nerves intact and the other without. These chambers would be filled with solution and connected with a tube. The experimenter would electrically stimulate the first heart, causing it to beat slower. If neurotransmission was primarily electrical, there would be no reason for the second heart to slow down. However, if neurotransmission was chemical, then the chemicals could theoretically float down the tube and slow down the second heart in the other chamber as well.

Loewi wrote this idea down but could not decipher his own writing when he awoke in the morning. The next night, the dream came to him again. Working with Henry Dale, Loewi would go on to use this experimental setup to demonstrate chemical neurotransmission and win the Nobel Prize for it in 1936.

Food

King's Hand

King's Hand is a dessert made of M&M's and cookie dough, molded into the shape of a hollow hand and baked, before being filled with Greek salad. It was invented by a 28-year-old data analyst, who says the idea for the dish came to her in a dream in which it was the main course of a festival feast. After a week of experimentation, she posted a series of photos on Twitter on December 6, 2020. Later that day, she shared her recipe. As of December 15, 2020, the tweet had garnered over 166,000 likes and was featured in a diverse array of media and print publications, including Fox News, TODAY, and BuzzFeed News. The original post inspired people to make their own versions, as well as descriptions of foods that had appeared in others' dreams.

See also
 Tetris effect
 Dream art#Notable works directly based on dreams

References

External links
 On Divination in Sleep
 The Dreams of Descartes: Notes on the Origins of Scientific Thinking

Dream
Dreams


Robert Hall Clothes, Inc., popularly known as Robert Hall, was an American retailer that flourished circa 1938–1977. Based in Connecticut, its warehouse-like stores were mostly concentrated in the New York, Chicago  and Los Angeles metropolitan areas. According to a Time magazine story in 1949, the corporate name was an invention. The founder and head was garment merchant Jacob Schwab, who "plucked the name out of the air." It started as a single store in Waterbury, Connecticut in 1937. Schwab had been treasurer of United Merchants and Manufacturers, the parent company of Robert Hall, since 1922.  By 1946 Schwab was among the highest-paid executives in America, earning more than $440,000 a year.

History
In 1937, the company opened as a single store in Waterbury, Connecticut. It gradually expanded to over 350 warehouse-like outlets, based in 36 states. All through the mid-1950s, the Robert Hall shop launched on 2725 5th St. Ave. in Huntington. The company already has retail facilities in Portsmouth, Ohio and Morgantown.

Robert Hall produced its clothing in the U.S. mostly the lower Hudson Valley near Poughkeepsie and in North Carolina. Ultimately the offshoring of clothing production in the 1970s doomed the company when it failed to follow suit and was undercut by retailers like K-Mart and other similar department stores. These competitors offered only “ready to wear” garments (made in various sizes), whereas Robert Hall offered tailoring and customer services to assure customers that the affordable garments they purchased actually fit them and could last a lifetime.

In July 1977, after losing more than $100 million in three years, the company entered bankruptcy proceedings. In summer 1977, all 367 Robert Hall stores were sold for $35 million. In 1982, Jacob Schwab died at the age of 90 in Manhattan.

Sales
Robert Hall pioneered low-overhead, large-facility ("big box") merchandising, and combined inexpensively made goods with extensive radio and television advertising. Many Americans who grew up in the 1950s and '60s recall the commercial jingles. ("When the values go up up up/And the prices go down down down/Robert Hall this season/Will show you the reason/High quality - economy." Another jingle had the last line replaced with "Low overhead... low overhead.")

The company also operated outlets of Robert Hall Village, where Robert Hall clothing was sold alongside other merchandise in stores of approximately 120,000 ft² in what's considered one of the forerunners of the discount superstore concept. Non-clothing retail areas were leased to other companies.

Bankruptcy
In July 1977, Robert Hall's parent company, United Merchants and Manufacturers, filed for bankruptcy citing losses in the Robert Hall chain. All 366 Robert Hall stores were closed and inventory was auctioned off. The Robert Hall business was purchased from the UMM bankruptcy by Steven Watstein, who managed to do it with its own assets then liquidated it.

A recent story in the January 24, 2022 New Yorker, "What's the Deal, Hummingbird?" by Arthur Krystal includes the jingle for Robert Hall.

References

Clothing retailers of the United States
American companies established in 1937
Clothing companies established in 1937
Retail companies established in 1937
Retail companies disestablished in 1977
Defunct retail companies of the United States
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1977
1937 establishments in Connecticut


Engles (fl. 1253), also spelled Englés, was a Navarrese jongleur and troubadour of the mid 13th century. His lone tenso survives only in fragments and is chiefly of interest to historians for its commentary on court life in Pamplona under Theobald I.

The jongleur with whom Engles is debating is anonymous. The poem has been dated to 1253. First, Engles accuses Theobald of avarice and thriftiness, to which the anonymous replies that Engles—whose name implies that he was English—is anti-French (since Theobald was a Frenchman). Engles finishes the poem by indicating that he is leaving Pamplona for the court of Aragon. Engles makes humorous use of a pun on the words cort (court) and corta (short):

Peire Guilhem de Tolosa also attacked Theobald I of Navarres, who was a prolific trouvère and commissioner of the chansonnier du roi, which includes many troubadour poems.

Sources
Riquer, Martín de. Los trovadores: historia literaria y textos. 3 vol. Barcelona: Planeta, 1975.

13th-century Spanish troubadours
People from Navarre


Ralf Rothmann (born 10 May 1953 in Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein) is a German novelist, poet, and dramatist. His novels have been translated into several languages, with Knife Edge (Messers Schneide) and Young Light (Junges Licht) being translated into English.
The main subjects of his work are the bourgeois and proletarian realities of life in the Ruhr area (e.g., Stier, Wäldernacht, Milch und Kohle) as well as Berlin (Flieh mein Freund, Hitze, Feuer brennt nicht), with an autobiographically colored focus on alienation, the attempt to escape these situations, and common solitude. Feuer brennt nicht (2009) is a moving portrait of an artist-writer torn between two women paying a high price for infidelity. It is now (2012) available in English translation as Fire doesn't burn, published by Seagull Books.

Works
 Messers Schneide (stories). 1986.  - engl. edition as Knife Edge. 1992
 Kratzer und andere Gedichte (poems). 1987.
 Der Windfisch (story). 1988.
 Stier (novel). 1991.
 Wäldernacht (novel). 1994.
 Berlin Blues. Ein Schauspiel (play).
 Flieh, mein Freund! (novel). 1998.
 Milch und Kohle (novel). 2000.
 Gebet in Ruinen (poems). 2000.
 Ein Winter unter Hirschen (stories). 2001.
 Hitze (novel). 2003.
 Junges Licht (novel). 2004.  - engl. edition Young Light. 2010
 Rehe am Meer (stories). 2006.
 Feuer brennt nicht (novel). 2009.  - engl. edition Fire Doesn't Burn. Seagull Books, , 2012
 Im Frühling sterben (novel). 2015.  - engl. edition To Die in Spring. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, , 2017
 Der Gott jenes Sommers (novel). 2018.

Awards

1986:  for Kratzer
1992:
1992/1993: Stadtschreiber von Bergen
1996:
2001: Hermann-Lenz-Preis
2002: Kranichsteiner Literaturpreis
2003: Evangelischer Buchpreis
2004: Wilhelm-Raabe-Literaturpreis
2004: Rheingau Literatur Preis, Wilhelm Raabe Literature Prize
2005: Heinrich-Böll-Preis
2006: Max Frisch Prize of the City of Zürich
2007: Erik-Reger-Preis
2008: Literaturpreis der Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung
2008: Hans Fallada Prize
2010:
2013: Friedrich-Hölderlin-Preis of the City of Bad Homburg
2014:
2016: Stefan-Andres-Preis
2017: Kleist Prize
2017: Gerty-Spies-Literaturpreis
2018: Premio San Clemente (Spain)
2018: Uwe Johnson Prize
2018: HWA Gold Crown for Historical Fiction (England)

External links
 Ralf Rothmann in: NRW Literatur im Netz

Web sources

1953 births
Living people
People from Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein
German male writers
Kleist Prize winners


Acoustic Control Induction System, or ACIS, is an implementation of a variable-length intake manifold system designed by Toyota.

Simply put, the ACIS system uses a single intake air control valve located in the intake to vary the length of the intake tract in order to optimize power and torque, as well as provide better fuel efficiency and reduce intake "roar".

The engine control unit (ECU) controls the position of one or more air control valves based on input signals from throttle angle and engine RPM. The vacuum switching valve (VSV) which controls the vacuum supply to the actuator is normally closed and passes vacuum to the actuator when it is energized by the ECU. By energizing the VSV vacuum is passed to the actuator, closing the air control valve. This effectively lengthens the intake manifold run. By de-energizing the VSV, vacuum to the actuator is blocked and trapped vacuum is bled off of the actuator diaphragm. Toyota ACIS is an On/Off system. The valve (or valves in newer models with multiple valves to create more than 2 lengths) is either fully opened or fully closed.
An example of early single-valve ACIS programming would be the 3.0L 3VZ-FE engine. The ECU actuates the VSV to close the valve when the throttle position is 60% or greater and engine speed is 3,900 RPM or more.

Applications:
 5E-FHE
 1G-FE (VVT-i)
 1GR-FE (Single VVT-i variants only)
 1GZ-FE
 2JZ-GE
 7M-GE
 3S-GE
 1S-iLu
 1MZ-FE
 3UR-FE
 1UZ-FE (VVT-i)
 3VZ-FE

See also
T-VIS

External links
Lexus ACIS

References

Engine technology
Toyota


Erigeron compactus is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common names cushion daisy, fernleaf fleabane, and compact daisy.

Distribution
Erigeron compactus is native to the woodlands and slopes of the western United States. It has been found in Nevada, western Utah, and eastern California (El Dorado, Mono, Inyo, San Bernardino Counties, and extreme eastern Fresno County).

Description
Erigeron compactus is a small perennial herb rarely reaching a maximum height of 10 centimeters (4 inches). It grows in fuzzy patches and clumps of fleshy leaves, each no more than 2.5 centimeters (1 inche) long and somewhat rounded in cross-section. It erects short, hairy stems each holding a single flower head about a centimeter (0.4 inches) wide. The head has a yellow center of disc florets surrounded by white, pink, or bicolored (white with lilac stripe) ray florets.

References

External links
NatureServe Explorer
The Jepson eFlora 2013
United States Department of Agriculture plants profile
CalPhotos photo gallery, University of California

compactus
Flora of California
Flora of the Great Basin
Plants described in 1917


Motorvision is a home video by the American grunge band Soundgarden. It was released on November 17, 1992.

Overview
It features eight songs performed live at the Paramount Theatre in Seattle, Washington on March 5 and 6, 1992, during the Badmotorfinger tour. AllMusic gave it three out of a possible five stars. AllMusic staff writer Greg Prato said, "Motorvision is an excellent sample of Soundgarden in concert." Motorvision was originally released on VHS only.

An official DVD version was finally made available, with various live videos added as extras, in November 2016 as part of the Badmotorfinger 25th anniversary Super Deluxe edition box set.

The video features candid footage of the band and people associated with it, including Sub Pop co-founders Bruce Pavitt and Jonathan Poneman. Before the first song begins, the band is introduced on stage by a clown, J. P. Patches. The performance of "Slaves & Bulldozers" includes lyrics from Pearl Jam's "Alive" and The Doobie Brothers' "Jesus Is Just Alright".

Track listing
 "Searching with My Good Eye Closed"
 "Rusty Cage"
 "Outshined"
 "Little Joe"
 "Mind Riot"
 "Room a Thousand Years Wide"
 "Jesus Christ Pose"
 "Slaves & Bulldozers"

Personnel
Soundgarden
 Matt Cameron – drums
 Chris Cornell – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (2, 4, 5, 7 & 8)
 Ben Shepherd – bass
 Kim Thayil – lead guitar
 Scott Granlund – tenor saxophone
 Denney Goodhew – baritone saxophone
Production
 Kevin Kerslake – film director

Chart positions

References

External links

Soundgarden video albums
1992 live albums
1992 video albums
Live video albums
Soundgarden live albums
A&M Records live albums
A&M Records video albums


Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1 (1964), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States deemed defendants' Fifth Amendment privilege not to be compelled to be witnesses against themselves was applicable within state courts as well as federal courts, overruling the decision in Twining v. New Jersey (1908). The majority decision holds that the Fourteenth Amendment allows the federal government to enforce the first eight amendments on state governments.

The test for voluntariness used in the Malloy decision was later abrogated by Arizona v. Fulminante (1991).

Background
Malloy, a petitioner, was sentenced to a year in jail for unlawful gambling. After three months, he was released from jail and put on probation for two years and was asked to testify to a state inquiry into gambling and other criminal activities in which Malloy was involved.

He refused to answer the questions to avoid incriminating himself. The court put him back in jail until he testified.

Question
Is a state witness's Fifth Amendment guarantee against self-incrimination protected by the Fourteenth Amendment?

Decision
In a 5–4 decision, Justice Brennan wrote the majority of the court in support of Malloy. The court noted that "the American judicial system is accusatorial, not inquisitorial" and the Fourteenth Amendment protects a witness against self-incrimination. Therefore, both state and federal officials must "establish guilt by evidence that is free and independent of a suspect's or witnesses' statements."

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 378

References

Further reading

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
United States Supreme Court decisions that overrule a prior Supreme Court decision
United States Fifth Amendment self-incrimination case law
Incorporation case law
1964 in United States case law
Gambling in the United States


In hotel accounting, the city ledger is the collection of accounts belonging to non-registered guests.  This is distinct from the transient ledger (or front-office ledger, or guest ledger), which is the collection of accounts receivable for guests who are currently registered.

Overview

Accounts receivable
The vast majority of accounts in the city ledger are accounts receivable (one notable exception is the advance deposit account discussed below, which is an account payable).

Included in the city ledger are accounts belonging to various companies that utilize the hotel for meeting space and for lodging travelling executives. Instead of billing separately for each individual service that the hotel provides, the charges are accumulated in the company's city ledger account.  The hotel then periodically sends the bill to the company.

Credit card accounts
The second major component of the city ledger are credit card accounts. When a guest uses a credit card, this transaction creates an account receivable for the hotel to be collected from the credit card company. This account receivable is recorded in the credit card company's city ledger account.

Advance deposits are an example of an account payable found in the city ledger. When a guest pays a deposit prior to registration, the hotel incurs an account payable to the guest for services to be rendered in the future. Advance deposits from all guests are collected in a common advance deposit account. This amount is then transferred back to the guest's front-office account (folio) upon check-in.

In smaller business also used as category to keep unpaid bills under general manager responsibility until it settled by the guest.

Hospitality management.


The Pechell, later Brooke-Pechell, later Pechell Baronetcy, of Paglesham in the County of Essex, was a title in the Baronetage of Great Britain.

The Pechell’s were a noble Huguenot family from Montauban in the Languedoc province of France, and in the late 17th century after severe persecution Samuel Pechell (b.1644) was arrested and his family fled their home for Geneva. After Samuel’s later epic escape from French captivity in the Caribbean that was aided by the British, he joined his family at Owenstown in County Kildare and received a pension from King William III. The family later moved to England and on 21 November 1705, a petition was made to Queen Anne’s parliament for the naturalisation of Samuel’s son, Jacob Pechell, which was granted.

Jacob’s son, Paul Pechell (1724-1800), joined the army and had a notable military career initially with the 1st Royal Dragoons. He served in Spain and was wounded in action in Flanders at the Battle of Lafeldt in 1747, with him later retiring with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. On 1 March 1797 King George III made him 1st Baronet Pechell of Pagglesham, and from this point on the family had a long tradition of distinguished military service in both the Army and Royal Navy as well as in parliament.

The second baronet, whose mother was the only daughter and heir of Thomas Brooke of Paglesham, Essex, took by royal licence the additional surname of Brooke. The first and second baronets were army officers, the third and fourth rose to flag rank in the Royal Navy, and the second through fourth baronets were also Member of Parliament.

The seventh Baronet was a qualified doctor and surgeon and served as a Lieutenant-Colonel with the Royal Army Medical Corps and during the Great War at the Royal Hospital Chelsea. He saw service in the 1885-87 Burma campaign as a Surgeon with the Upper Burma Field Force.

The eighth baronet served as a Major with the Essex Regiment and was awarded the Military Cross for gallantry during the Great War.

The eighth and ninth Baronets used the surname Pechell only. On the death of the ninth Baronet on 29 January 1984 the baronetcy became extinct.

Pechell, later Brooke-Pechell, later Pechell baronets, of Paglesham (1797)
Sir Paul Pechell, 1st Baronet (1724–1800)
Sir Thomas Brooke-Pechell, 2nd Baronet (1753–1826)
Sir Samuel John Brooke-Pechell, 3rd Baronet (1785–1849)
Sir George Richard Brooke-Pechell, 4th Baronet (1789–1860)
Sir George Samuel Brooke-Pechell, 5th Baronet (1819–1897)
Sir Samuel George Brooke-Pechell, 6th Baronet (1852–1904)
Sir Augustus Alexander Brooke-Pechell, 7th Baronet (1857–1937)
Sir Paul Pechell, 8th Baronet (1889–1972)
Sir Ronald Horace Pechell, 9th Baronet (1918–1984)

References

Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of Great Britain


Osteomeles is a genus of plants in the rose family, Rosaceae. They are shrubs native to eastern Asia, with compound leaves, opposite leaf arrangement, and small pome fruit. The fruits of all species in this genus are edible.

Taxonomy
The genus has sometimes been considered to include South American species of Hesperomeles which, like Osteomeles, have only one ovule per locule and hard pyrenes. But Hesperomeles notably have simple leaves, and recent molecular phylogenetics suggest that the two genera are only distantly related.

Selected species
 Osteomeles anthyllidifolia (Sm.) Lindl.
 Osteomeles schwerinae C.K.Schneid. (China)
 Osteomeles subrotunda K.Koch (China and Ryukyu islands)

References

Rosaceae genera