Leo Shuken (born December 8, 1906, Los Angeles, California - d. July 24, 1976, Santa Monica, California) was an American film music composer, arranger, and musical director.

Shuken composed for the music industry from the end of the 1930s until shortly before his death, contributing music to over 100 films (many of which were uncredited). His first, uncredited, score was for Go West, Young Man in 1937. He won an Academy Award for his work on the 1939 film Stagecoach, and was nominated in 1964 for the Academy Award for Best Original Score for The Unsinkable Molly Brown. He is interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.

Further reading
 Jürgen Wölfer & Roland Löper: "Das grosse Lexikon der Filmkomponisten. Die Magier der cineastischen Akustik - von Ennio Morricone bis Hans Zimmer". Schwarzkopf&Schwarzkopf, Berlin 2003, .

References

External links
Biography

1906 births
1976 deaths
Musicians from Los Angeles
American film score composers
American male film score composers
Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians


Genaro León (born 10 August 1960) is a Mexican former professional boxer who competed from 1984 to 2001. He held the WBO welterweight title in 1989. As an amateur, he competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

Amateur career
León represented Mexico at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games, as a welterweight. His results were:
Defeated Daniel Omar Dominguez (Argentina) 5-0
Defeated Akinobu Hiranaka (Japan) 5-0
Defeated Khemais Refai (Tunisia) 3-2
Lost to Mark Breland (United States) KO by 1

Professional career
León turned pro in 1984 and in 1989 captured the inaugural and vacant WBO welterweight title with a KO win over Danny Garcia. He vacated the title without defending it. In 1993 he challenged WBC welterweight title holder James McGirt, but lost a decision.

See also
List of welterweight boxing champions
List of WBO world champions
List of Mexican boxing world champions

References

External links

|-

1960 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Culiacán
Boxers from Sinaloa
World Boxing Organization champions
Boxers at the 1983 Pan American Games
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Mexico
Mexican male boxers
Boxers at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxers for Mexico
Welterweight boxers
Pan American Games medalists in boxing
Medalists at the 1983 Pan American Games


Peter Jansen (born 1938) was educated as a painter at the Royal Academy of Art in The Hague, the Netherlands. He taught art at the Academy of Art in Rotterdam and the Utrecht School of the Arts. He was a pioneer in the use of computers in art education in the Netherlands and in 1988 he became Managing Director of the Utrecht School of the Arts, Faculty of Art, Media & Technology. At the moment he travels non-stop over the world, creating his 'Panoramic Works'.

He uses a large variety of shot types and then manipulates them together. He then places them together in one image so that he can create sculptures of movement to represent what happens over a period of time.

His sculptures are mainly based on human movement.

References

External links

1938 births
Living people
Dutch artists
Artists from Amsterdam
Academic staff of the Utrecht School of the Arts
Academic staff of Willem de Kooning Academy


For the Castle of Wewelsburg see Wewelsburg

The German Wewelsburg town  is part of the Büren (Westphalia) city in Paderborn district since a local government reform in 1975. The village is placed above the Alme brook and surrounds the "Wewelsburg" castle (the same name as the village) from north, east and south.

External links
 The town of Wewelsburg

Villages in North Rhine-Westphalia
Paderborn (district)


Operation Perch was a British offensive of the Second World War which took place from 7 to 14 June 1944, during the early stages of the Battle of Normandy. The operation was intended to encircle and seize the German occupied city of Caen, which was a D-Day objective for the British 3rd Infantry Division in the early phases of Operation Overlord. Operation Perch was to begin immediately after the British beach landings with an advance to the south-east of Caen by XXX Corps. Three days after the invasion the city was still in German hands and the operation was amended. The operation was expanded to include I Corps for a pincer attack on Caen.

On the next day, XXX Corps in the west pushed south to Tilly-sur-Seulles, which was occupied by the ; the village was captured and re-captured several times. I Corps began the eastern thrust two days later from the Orne bridgehead, which had been secured in Operation Tonga on D-Day. I Corps was also delayed by constant counter-attacks of the 21st Panzer Division. With mounting casualties and no sign of a German collapse, the offensive east of Caen was suspended on 13 June.

Further west in the US First Army area, American attacks forced a gap in the German defences. Part of the 7th Armoured Division was diverted from Tilly-sur-Seulles, to advance through the gap in a flanking manoeuvre and force the Panzer Lehr Division to fall back, to avoid encirclement. On 14 June, after two days of battle including the Battle of Villers-Bocage, the 7th Armoured Division was ordered to withdraw towards Caumont. Plans were made to resume the offensive once the 7th Armoured Division had been reinforced but the plans came to nothing when a storm in the English Channel seriously delayed the landing of supplies and reinforcements.

The battle is controversial because many historians and writers have concluded that it was failures by British divisional and corps commanders that squandered an opportunity to capture Caen, rather than the Germans achieving a defensive success. To resist the offensive, the Germans had committed their most powerful armoured reserves, which deprived them of the fighting power for a counter-offensive and forfeited the initiative to the Allies.

Background

Operation Overlord

The Norman town of Caen was a D-Day objective for the 3rd Infantry Division, which landed on Sword Beach on 6 June 1944. The capture of Caen was the most ambitious objective of I Corps (Lieutenant-General John Crocker). The Overlord plan called for the Second Army (Lieutenant-General Miles Dempsey) to secure the city and then form a front line from Caumont-l'Éventé to the south-east of Caen, acquiring airfields and protecting the left flank of the US First Army while it moved on Cherbourg. Possession of Caen and its surroundings would give the Second Army a suitable staging area for a push south to capture Falaise, which could be used as the pivot for a swing left of the Allied front to advance on Argentan and then towards the Touques River. The terrain between Caen and Vimont was especially promising, being open, dry and conducive to swift offensive operations. The Allies greatly outnumbered the Germans in tanks and mobile units and a battle of manoeuvre would be to their advantage.

Operation Perch

Operation Perch was intended to create the threat of a British break-out to the south-east of Caen by XXX Corps. The 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division landed on Gold Beach on 6 June and was to rapidly move inland and capture Bayeux and the road to Tilly-sur-Seulles. The 7th Armoured Division and the 8th Armoured Brigade would then take over from the 50th Northumbrian Division and advance from Tilly-sur-Seulles to Mont Pinçon. XXX Corps landed on Gold Beach at 07:30 on 6 June, cleared seven exits off the beach and advanced  inland. German resistance at Le Hamel delayed the division and prevented the achievement of all of the D-Day objectives before dark. Patrols had reached Bayeux and made contact with the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, which had landed on Juno Beach to the east. The 47 Royal Marine Commando advanced westwards along the coast, to link up with the American forces moving inland from Omaha Beach but fell short of Port-en-Bessin-Huppain by .

During the afternoon, the German LXXXIV Corps ordered its reserve, 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend (Kampfgruppe Meyer), to strike into the flank of the 50th Division north of Bayeux. While advancing to the attack, a battalion was ordered towards Omaha beach, weakening the counter-attack which was a costly failure. On 7 June, the bulk of the 7th Armoured Division landed on schedule and XXX Corps secured its remaining D-Day objectives, including Bayeux and Port-en-Bessin-Huppain. The German LXXXIV Corps sent its last reserve unit, Mobile Brigade 30, towards Gold Beach to repeat the counter-attack, which also failed and the brigade was destroyed north of Bayeux. The survivors of the two counter-attacks were driven into a pocket north of the city by the Anglo-American advance, although the Americans did not discover that this had happened. From Sword Beach, the 3rd Infantry Division of I Corps had advanced towards Caen but diverted units to capture German positions along the  route, which reduced the strength of the infantry attack and the accompanying 27th Armoured Brigade was delayed by congestion in the beachhead. The division was stopped short of Caen by the 21st Panzer Division.

Prelude

Operation Wild Oats

On 9 June the Allied ground forces commander, General Bernard Montgomery, met Dempsey and Omar Bradley (US First Army commander) and it was decided that Caen would be taken by a pincer movement, Operation Wild Oats. From the east the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division and the 4th Armoured Brigade of I Corps, would cross east into the 6th Airborne Division bridgehead over the Orne and attack towards Cagny,  to the south-east of Caen. XXX Corps to the west would send the 7th Armoured Division across the Odon River to take Évrecy and Hill 112. The 1st Airborne Division would then drop between the pincers but Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory, the Allied air commander exercised a veto of the airborne plan as too risky for the transport aircraft.

German preparations
Late on 7 June, the I SS-Panzer Corps was transferred from the command of the 7th Army to Panzergruppe West (Armoured Group West, General Geyr von Schweppenburg). Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, the supreme commander in the west (OB West), ordered  to plan a counter-attack for 10 June. This attack was cancelled by Field Marshal Erwin Rommel the commander of Army Group B, due to lack of troops. German units were rushed to Normandy to contain the invasion. The I SS-Panzer Corps consisted of the Panzer-Lehr-Division, one of the strongest divisions in the German army, the 12th SS-Panzer Division Hitlerjugend and the 21st Panzer Division. The leading elements of the Panzer-Lehr Division arrived during the night of 9 June at the Tilly-sur-Seulles, having lost up to 200 vehicles to aerial attacks during its  drive from Chartres, having been diverted from facing the British I Corps north of Caen due to the success of the 50th Northumbrian Division. Parts of the 12th SS-Panzer Division, the 21st Panzer Division and the remains of the 716th Static Infantry Division were moved to Caen, facing I Corps. Several attacks were launched against the Anglo-Canadian beachhead north of Caen. In the early hours of 9 June, the survivors of  and Mobile Brigade 30 broke out of the pocket north of Bayeux. Later in the day, XXX Corps linked with the Americans while the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division reached the north-east outskirts of Tilly-sur-Seulles and encountered the tanks of the Panzer-Lehr Division. During the evening, Panzer-Lehr and the 12th SS-Panzer Division counter-attacked and overran a British infantry company, before being forced back the next morning.

Battle

XXX Corps
On 10 June, the 7th Armoured Division took over parts of the 50th Northumbrian Division front with the 56th Infantry Brigade under command. By nightfall, the 7th Armoured Division had reached the north-western fringe of Tilly-sur-Seulles and next day penetrated the village, capturing the central crossroads. The Panzer-Lehr Division made several counter-attacks, which forced the British out and attacks by the 50th (Northumbrian) Division bogged down in the bocage. Army Group B planned to relieve the armoured divisions facing the Second Army from 11 June and replace them with infantry divisions, to concentrate the tanks in the Carentan area and avert the danger to Cherbourg. Adolf Hitler over-ruled Rommel and the next day ordered him not to retreat and instead to roll up the Allied beachhead from east to west, starting with the Orne bridgehead.

I Corps

While XXX Corps attacked Tilly-sur-Seulles, an attack by I Corps was postponed until 12 June, because of weather delays, which slowed the landing of the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division and the 4th Armoured Brigade. On 10 June, German tanks and infantry made several attacks on the 6th Airborne Division in the Orne bridgehead, which forestalled the British attack. The Germans were repulsed with the help of naval gunfire and then counter-attacked; a captured German officer remarked that his "battalion had been virtually wiped out" during twelve hours of fighting. In the evening, a German attack on Ranville was repulsed with many German casualties. The vanguard of the 51st Highland Division arrived during the evening and attacked Bréville at dawn, which was also a costly failure; other elements of the division quickly secured Touffréville. During the afternoon of 11 June, The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada and 1st Hussars attacked Le Mesnil-Patry to assist the advance of the 69th Brigade of the 50th Northumbrian Division but the attack was another costly failure. On 12 June, German attacks were launched from the Bréville area against the Orne bridgehead. Fighting lasted all day and casualties were severe on both sides but during the evening the Germans pulled back. To close the gap in the British perimeter, the decision was made to secure Bréville and the 12th Battalion the Parachute Regiment captured the village by midnight but had 141 casualties among 160 men in the attack. The 51st Highland Division was opposed by the 21st Panzer Division in its efforts to push south to Saint Honorine and with the Highlanders contained, the offensive east of Caen was called off on 13 June.

Caumont Gap

Although the attempt to envelop Caen had been repulsed, on the right flank of XXX Corps (the junction of the British Second and First US armies) the possibility for a flanking manoeuvre had developed. Since D-Day, the British and Americans had destroyed five German battle groups in this area, including the reserves of LXXXIV Corps, leaving only remnants of the 352nd Infantry Division in the Trévières–Agy sector. The 352nd Division had been in action since its defence of Omaha, on 6 June, and had received few replacements. The 1st US Infantry Division and the 2nd US Infantry Division had forced the collapse of the left flank of the 352nd Division. On the night of 9/10 June, the 352nd Division received permission to retire to Saint-Lô, which created a  gap in the German lines near Caumont-l'Éventé. Only the reconnaissance battalion of the 17th SS-Panzergrenadier Division, which had been detached when the division was moved west ready for a counter-offensive at Carentan, remained in the area.

The Germans planned to use the 2nd Panzer Division to plug the gap but on 10 June, the bulk of the 2nd Panzer Division was strung out between Amiens and Alençon and was not expected to arrive in strength for another three days. General Hans Freiherr von Funck of XLVII Panzer Corps rushed the divisional reconnaissance battalion to Caumont, with orders to hold the high ground. The I SS-Panzer Corps commander, Sepp Dietrich, ordered his only reserve Schwere SS-Panzerabteilung 101, to move behind the Panzer-Lehr and 12th SS-Panzer divisions to cover the open left flank. The 2nd Company, , under the command of Michael Wittmann and with five operational Tiger tanks, was ordered to a position south of Point 213 on the Villers-Bocage ridge and arrived on 12 June, after a five-day drive from Beauvais.

On 12 June, Dempsey met with Lieutenant-General Gerard Bucknall (XXX Corps) and Major-General George Erskine (7th Armoured Division) and ordered Erskine to disengage the division from the fighting around Tilly-sur-Seulles. The 7th Armoured Division was to exploit the gap to seize Villers-Bocage and advance behind the left flank of the Panzer-Lehr Division, to a ridge about  east of the town. It was believed that the appearance of British tanks behind the Panzer-Lehr Division on high ground astride German supply-lines would compel the Panzer-Lehr Division to withdraw or be trapped. To support the flanking move of the 7th Armoured Division, the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division was to continue its attack against the Panzer-Lehr Division around Tilly-sur-Seulles. The US V Corps would push forward at the same time, the 1st US Infantry Division to capture Caumont and the high ground nearby and the 2nd US Infantry Division to advance towards Saint-Lô.

The 7th Armoured Division was slow to redeploy and spent the morning of 12 June continuing the attack on Tilly-sur-Seulles, according to its original orders. At 12:00, Erskine ordered Brigadier Robert "Looney" Hinde (commander of the 22nd Armoured Brigade) to move through the gap at once. With the 131st Infantry Brigade ready for action, the 56th Infantry Brigade was returned to the control of the 50th Northumbrian Division. The 7th Armoured Division armoured reconnaissance regiment, the 8th King's Royal Irish Hussars, began to reconnoitre the route and the rest of the division departed from Trungy at around 16:00. Four hours later, the main body approached Livry after an unopposed advance of , the last  of which were though German-held territory.

North of Livry, the leading 8th Hussar Cromwell tanks were knocked out by an anti-tank gun of the Panzer-Lehr Division Escort Company; infantry and tanks were brought forward and cleared the position after two hours. On reaching the vicinity of La Mulotiere, Hinde halted for the night, to disguise the objective of the advance. The Cromwells of the 8th Hussar and the 11th (Prince Albert's Own) Hussar (the XXX Corps armoured car regiment) reconnoitred the flanks. The 11th Hussars found no resistance on the right, linking with the 1st US Infantry Division near Caumont; on the left flank, the 8th Hussars located elements of the Panzer-Lehr Division just under  away.

Battle of Villers-Bocage

The British advance resumed at 05:30, and at about 08:30 the vanguard of the 22nd Armoured Brigade group entered the west end of Villers-Bocage. A squadron of the 4th County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters), moved through the town and occupied Point 213, an area of high ground to the east on the Caen road. The regimental headquarters and a company of infantry occupied the eastern end of the town along the main road.

At about 09:00, the foremost British tanks were engaged by  tanks of the 2nd Company, . A Tiger under the command of Michael Wittmann, entered Villers-Bocage and destroyed several tanks of the 4th County of London Yeomanry regimental headquarters and reconnaissance troop, then attacked British tanks entering the town from the west, before attempting to withdraw. The Tiger was immobilised by British return fire and was abandoned by the crew who fled towards Château Orbois to report to the Panzer-Lehr Division. In fewer than 15 minutes,  two anti-tank guns and  vehicles had been destroyed, many by Wittmann. During the rest of the morning, an infantry battalion from the 22nd Armoured Brigade group took up defensive positions in the town; the troops at Point 213 had been cut off and a force was assembled to extricate them. The relief force was unable to advance on the ridge and when more German forces arrived between 11:00 and 13:00, the trapped squadron surrendered. More German troops had arrived, and engaged the 22nd Armoured Brigade group along the road back to Livry.

Tanks of the Panzer-Lehr Division arrived to seal off the north and west exits from Villers-Bocage but were ambushed by British anti-tank guns and several were disabled before the British position was silenced. The  was ambushed in the town centre. Several Tigers and a Panzer IV were knocked out by anti-tank guns, a Sherman Firefly and British infantry. The disabled tanks were later set on fire and British and German infantry fought throughout the afternoon. The British positions were bombarded by heavy artillery and several German attacks were repulsed by British field artillery firing over open sights. A British company was overrun, a platoon taken prisoner and the battalion headquarters came under fire. Hinde decided that the brigade group should withdraw until morning to Point 174, an area of high ground to the west of Villers-Bocage near Amayé-sur-Seulles. At 20:00, the withdrawal began under cover of an artillery bombardment and was accomplished largely unmolested.

14 June

50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division

On the morning of 14 June, Montgomery abandoned the pincer attack on Caen, because he lacked "sufficient strength to act offensively on both flanks". XXX Corps was ordered to continue in a "concentrated single blow" while in the I Corps area, the attack by the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division was "piped down". The 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division continued the attack southwards, to pin down German forces. On 14 June, supported by the divisional artillery and the Royal Air Force, the division attacked with two brigades towards la Senaudière, la Belle Epine, Lingèvres and Verrières. If the attack succeeded, it was to be exploited to capture Hottot-les-Bagues. To prepare the route of the attack, a reconnaissance-in-force was conducted the evening before but the panzergrenadiers of the Panzer-Lehr Division inflicted many casualties on the British troops; German casualties are unknown, although one tank was destroyed.

The main attack began at 10:15 the next morning, when the 151st (Durham) Infantry Brigade and tanks of the 4th/7th Royal Dragoon Guards, advanced towards Lingèvres and Verrières. The German defenders held their fire until the British were less than  from their position. The fighting culminated with an assault by the 6th Durham Light Infantry (DLI), with much artillery support, that captured the German positions. Two companies advanced to Verrières, which was found to be unoccupied but further advances were checked by German infantry and tanks. The 9th DLI was also held up by German machine-gun fire and needed their reserve companies, to break through the German positions. At about 13:30, the battalion captured Lingèvres and moved anti-tank guns into the village, although most of these were put out of action by the first German counter-attack.

Two Panthers were spotted approaching Lingèvres by Sergeant Wilfred Harris, commander of a Sherman Firefly, who engaged at , destroying the first and disabling the second. While Harris moved, an infantry tank-hunting party, led by Major John Mogg (acting battalion commander of the 9th DLI) finished off the damaged Panther. Other tank-hunting parties drove off another Panther, a British M4 Sherman was destroyed and a third Panther was knocked out by a Sherman. Three more Panthers moved towards the village and Harris destroyed the lead vehicle outside the village and the other two inside, including one in the centre of Lingèvres. The 231st Infantry Brigade reached its objectives by nightfall and linked with the 151st Infantry Brigade. A 6th DLI officer said that the attack was the best one launched by the battalion during the campaign. Nine German tanks were knocked out during the day but the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division had been unable to break through the Panzer-Lehr defences and the DLI suffered

Battle of the Island

The 22nd Armoured Brigade group had completed their withdrawal by 14 June and formed a brigade box for all-round defence [with an area of fewer than ] near Hill 174. The fighting became known as the Battle of the Island or Island Position as named in the 22nd Armoured Brigade group after action report. Other names given to the action are the Battle of the Brigade Box and the Battle of Amayé-sur-Seulles.

The Panzer-Lehr Division had defended against the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division attack and to counter-attack the 7th Armoured Division penetration, with the support of the 1st Company . The 2nd Panzer Division reconnaissance battalion and other small infantry units also faced the brigade box but the tanks of the 2nd Panzer Division were en route. The British 131st Infantry Brigade (one infantry battalion and an armoured regiment) had moved up to Livry. During the morning, the 131st Infantry Brigade kept the road from the brigade box to the Livry–Briquessard area open and Typhoon fighter bombers attacked German positions near the box.

German infantry spotted advancing towards the brigade box were bombarded by heavy artillery and repulsed. Around 09:00, more infantry attacked the box and came too close for artillery fire. Hand-to-hand fighting began and a British platoon was overrun; a British counter-attack by infantry and tanks repulsed the German infantry and restored the position. The Germans resorted to harassing fire, sniping, mortar bombardments and heavy artillery fire. After a long artillery bombardment, simultaneous attacks from the north and south by tanks and infantry were made at 19:00, which broke into the box and closed on the brigade headquarters, before being driven back around 22:30.

Operation Aniseed
The 7th Armoured Division commander was confident that the box was secure but the failure of the 50th Northumbrian Infantry Division to break through the Panzer-Lehr Division and reach the 7th Armoured Division, led to orders for the brigade group to retire to straighten the front line. The retirement, codenamed Operation Aniseed, began just after midnight. Decoy raids by Bomber Command on Aunay-sur-Odon and Evrecy, caused 29 casualties, destroyed a Tiger tank and damaged three more. Artillery harassing fire was maintained north and south of the withdrawal route but the Germans did little to intervene. Germans losses included  and  including several Tigers; British casualties were light and only three tanks were lost. Reynolds called the German casualty figures "exaggerated" and in his report, Hinde wrote "It is questionable whether the expenditure of artillery and small arms ammunition was justified by the scale of the enemy's efforts".

Aftermath

Analysis
The failure of the operation led Dempsey to write that there was "no chance now of a snap operation with airborne troops either to seize Caen or to deepen the bridgehead on XXX Corps front. It is clear now that Caen can be taken only by set-piece assault and we do not have the men or ammunition for that at this time". After the war he wrote that the attack by the 7th Armoured Division should have succeeded and that his doubts about the suitability of Bucknall and Erskine increased. Dempsey called the handling of the battle a disgrace and said that the decision to withdraw from Villers-Bocage was made by the corps commander and Erskine. Carlo D'Este called Dempsey's comments "excessively harsh" but historians generally support them, suggesting that a great opportunity swiftly to capture Caen had been squandered by Bucknall. John Buckley wrote that Bucknall was not ready to support the attack once problems developed and that Erskine was not capable of mastering the situation. The British official historian, Lionel Ellis, wrote that the result was "disappointing" but that the fighting power of the Panzer-Lehr Division and with the unexpected arrival of the 2nd Panzer Division, the 7th Armoured Division "could hardly have achieved full success". In 2001, Michael Reynolds wrote that the 2nd Panzer Division tanks were nowhere near Villers-Bocage. Hubert Meyer wrote that Operation Perch failed because the 50th Northumbrian Division and its armoured brigade could not overcome the Panzer-Lehr-Division, the 51st (Highland) Infantry Division attack in the east end of the bridgehead failed and because of the rapid counter-attack by advanced elements of the 2nd Panzer Division.

The allocation of insufficient infantry to the attack has been criticised, because there were two infantry battalions and most of the 1st Battalion the Rifle Brigade available to the 7th Armoured Division on 13 June and three fresh infantry brigades in the bridgehead. Reynolds wrote that Bucknall was at fault for failing to concentrate his forces. D'Este concurred but Bucknall defended his decision claiming the "49 [Division] ... [had] no recent battle experience and it was important to launch them nicely into their first fighting in a properly coordinated battle, and not bundle them helter-skelter into hot armoured scrapping like that around V[illers]-B[ocage] and Amaye". Buckley wrote that the operation was a failure of command. Terry Copp wrote that Dempsey continued to underestimate the German strength and commitment to defending the ground they held. Mungo Melvin wrote that Dempsey and the Second Army handled subordinate formations poorly, by not giving subordinates definite tasks, clear intentions and allowing discretion in the implementation of orders.

Chester Wilmot called Operation Perch a strategic success, "By the premature commitment of his armour, Rommel had delayed the British advance, but in the process he had played into Montgomery's hands for, once the panzer divisions were locked into battle with Second Army, they could not be used for their proper offensive task". Stephen Badsey wrote that Montgomery's message to Bradley, "Caen is the key to Cherbourg" was true. The risk of a break-out past Caen immobilised the German armoured divisions at the east end of front, unable mount a counter-offensive against the First US Army. Hitler's interference saved Rommel's military reputation because the unsuitability of the Cotentin for armoured operations, the difficulties involved in movement and supply in the area and the strength of the Anglo-Canadian force, would have led to a more rapid and complete defeat of the German army in Normandy. By his order of 12 June, Hitler made the rest of the campaign a battle of attrition.

Casualties

During Operation Perch,  suffered 27 casualties, had nine tanks destroyed and a further 21 damaged; leaving the battalion with only 15 operational tanks by 16 June. For most of the formations involved in the fighting, casualty data are unavailable. By the end of June, the Panzer-Lehr Division had suffered 2,972 casualties and reported the loss of 51 tanks and assault guns, 82 half tracks and 294 other vehicles. By 16 June, the 12th SS-Panzer Division had reported 1,417 casualties and by 26 June the division had lost 41 tanks. By 16 June, the 21st Panzer Division had suffered 1,864 casualties; before the invasion, the division had 112 tanks and by 16 June the division reported 85 tanks operational. By the end of June, the 7th Armoured Division had suffered 1,149 casualties and lost at least 38 tanks during Operation Perch. By the end of the month, the 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division had suffered 4,476 casualties.

Battle honours
The British and Commonwealth system of battle honours recognised participation in the expansion of the bridgehead during the period of Operation Perch in 1956, 1957 and in 1958. One unit was awarded the honour Port En Bessin, one formation the honour Sully, four units the honour Breville, and 11 regiments the honour Villers-Bocage. Additionally, for participating in the expansion of the bridgehead between 14 and 19 June, ten units were awarded the honour Tilly Sur Seulles.

Subsequent operations

The battle between 50th Northumbrian Division and Panzer-Lehr Division continued for several days and by 15 June, XXX Corps claimed to have destroyed at least 70 German tanks. On 18 June, the British re-entered Tilly-sur-Seulles and consolidated the village next day against light opposition; it had changed hands 23 times. The British attacked towards Hottot-les-Bagues against the Panzer-Lehr Division and gained a foothold in the village, until forced out by German counter-attacks by tanks and infantry. The British retook the village and then withdrew during the night. The 7th Armoured Division was withdrawn to be reinforced by the 33rd Armoured Brigade, which was landing in the beachhead. The reinforced division was intended to attack again but on 19 June a storm began in the English Channel, which delayed the landing of supplies and British attacks were postponed. Caen north of the Orne was captured during Operation Charnwood (8–9 July) and the north bank suburbs were taken during Operation Atlantic (18–20 July).

Notes

Citations

References

Books

Further reading

Journals

Websites
 Tilly-sur-Seulles, museum and the British cemetery

External links

Attack on Caen

Conflicts in 1944
1944 in France
Battle for Caen
Perch
Battles of World War II involving Germany
June 1944 events


The Little Metropolis (), formally the Church of St. Eleutherios () or Panagia Gorgoepikoos (, "Panagia Who Grants Requests Quickly"), is a Byzantine church located at the Mitropoleos Square (Cathedral of Athens), next to the Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens (the "Great Metropolis").

History and dating
The church is built on top of the ruins of an ancient temple dedicated to the goddess Eileithyia. Various dates for its construction have been proposed in the past, from the 9th century under Empress Irene of Athens to the 13th century. Until recently, the common view among scholars, especially in Greece, ascribed it to the tenure of Michael Choniates as Metropolitan of Athens, at the turn of the 13th century. However, the Little Metropolis differs considerably from other Byzantine churches of the same period in Athens, and indeed elsewhere; although it follows the typical cross-in-square style, it is, uniquely, almost entirely built of reused spolia from earlier buildings, ranging from Classical Antiquity to the 12th or even 13th centuries, thus precluding an earlier date of construction. The historian Bente Kiilerich further pointed out that during his visit to Athens in 1436, the antiquarian Cyriacus of Ancona mentions one of the inscriptions from the spolia of the church as lying in the Ancient Agora of Athens, i.e., far from its present location. This suggests that the church was built after 1436. Kiilerich suggested an early Ottoman-era date for the church, perhaps connected with the takeover of the city's old cathedral—the Theotokos Atheniotissa in the Parthenon—by the Turks and its conversion into a mosque.

Originally dedicated to the Panagia Gorgoepikoos after a miraculous icon of the Virgin Mary housed there, it acquired the name "Little Metropolis" because it was located within the bounds of the residence of the Metropolitan of Athens. Following the Greek War of Independence, the church was abandoned. From 1841 it housed the public library of Athens until 1863, when it was re-dedicated as a church, first to Christ the Saviour, and then to Saint Eleutherios. In 1856, the church underwent restoration to its original state, in which its more recent additions, such as its bell-tower, were removed.

Description
The church has a typical Byzantine layout, being cross-in-square, with a three-aisled nave with the central aisle higher than the flanking ones. The octagonal dome was originally supported by four columns, but these were replaced in the 19th century by piers. It is a small structure, just  long and  wide. The walls are built exclusively of reused marble spolia, comprising undecorated masonry up to the height of the windows, and featuring a total of ninety sculptures above that; this feature makes the church unique among Byzantine sacred architecture. Unlike common practice in contemporary Byzantine architecture, no bricks have been used, except for the dome. Its interior was originally decorated entirely with frescoes, but only one of these survives today: an image of the Panagia over the entrance apse.

Gallery

References

Sources

Byzantine church buildings in Athens
15th-century Eastern Orthodox church buildings
Eastern Orthodox church buildings in Greece
15th-century churches in Greece


Warboys Town Football Club is a football club based in Warboys, near Ramsey in Cambridgeshire, England. The club are currently members of the  and play at Forge Way.

History
The club were established in 1885 and initially played in local leagues before joining the Huntingdonshire League. In 1926 they moved up to the Peterborough & District League. In 1926–27 they won the Huntingdonshire Senior Cup, a feat repeated in 1928–29, 1931–32 and 1932–33. In 1946–47 the club finished bottom of the league and dropped back into the Huntingdonshire League. In 1950 they joined Division Two of the United Counties Football League, before returning to the Peterborough & District League in 1956.

The club entered the FA Cup for four seasons in the late 1950s, but on each occasion failed to win a match. In 1988 the club were founder members of Division One of the Eastern Counties League. They finished bottom in 1989–90 and 1990–91, but improved to finish third in both 1993–94 and 1994–95. The following season they finished second after winning nine matches in a row at the end of the season, and were promoted to the Premier Division. They were relegated back to Division One at the end of the 2000–01 season. In 2002–03 they finished bottom of the division, and suffering from player and official shortages, they withdrew from the league in November the following season. The first team took over the fixtures of the reserves in Division 2B of the Cambridgeshire League. The following season they entered a team in Senior Division A, but finished bottom of the table on −4 points due to a six-point deduction. In 2005 they transferred back to the Peterborough & District League, joining Division Two. After finishing third in 2007–08 they were promoted to Division One but have since been relegated back to Division Two and then promoted back to Division One.

Ground
The club have played at the Sports Field on Forge Way for their entire history. The players initially changed in a nearby pub, but after World War II a war department hut taken from a local airfield was obtained for use as changing rooms. The ground is shared with the local cricket club. The record attendance is 500 for a Hunts Senior Cup match against Ramsey Town.

Honours
Huntingdonshire Senior Cup
Winners 1926–27, 1928–29, 1931–32, 1932–33
Peterborough Senior Cup
Winners 1963–64

Records
Highest league position: 15th, Eastern Counties League Premier Division, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000
Best FA Cup performance: Second qualifying round, 1999–2000
Best FA Vase performance: Second round, 1994–95
Attendance: 500 vs Ramsey Town, Hunts Senior Cup semi-final

References

Association football clubs established in 1885
Football clubs in Cambridgeshire
1885 establishments in England
Football clubs in England
Peterborough and District Football League
United Counties League
Eastern Counties Football League
Cambridgeshire County Football League


The Centre for Public Inquiry () was established in February 2005 as a non-governmental body to "...investigate matters of public importance in Irish political, public and corporate life". Its board was made up of Mr Justice Feargus Flood the former chairman of the Planning and Payments (corruption) Tribunal and former High Court Judge, Enda McDonagh the chairman of the board of University College, Cork, broadcaster and former editor of the Sunday Business Post Damien Kiberd and solicitor, writer and human rights campaigner Greg O'Neill. Investigative journalist Frank Connolly was named executive director. His investigations into payments to former government minister Ray Burke, contributed to the establishment of the Planning and Payments tribunal and the Morris Tribunal. It was to have been funded by Atlantic Philanthropies to the amount of €4 million over five years. It closed in April 2006 following the withdrawal of this funding and a critical article by the then Minister for Justice Michael McDowell in the Sunday Independent newspaper.

Mission
The mission of the Centre for Public Inquiry was to independently promote the highest standards of integrity, ethics and accountability across Irish public and business life and to investigate and publicise breaches of those standards where they arise. Artist Robert Ballagh designed the logo for the organisation.

Reports

Trim Castle, A monument to bad planning

The first report, issued in September 2005, concerned the construction of a hotel in the shadow of Trim Castle, Trim, County Meath, a national monument in State care. It raised important issues of public concern including the manner in which the objections of the most senior officials charged with protecting the State's heritage were over-ruled by a former Minister.
[]
The report was also highly critical of former minister for the environment Martin Cullen who was advised that Dúchas, the department's heritage section, consistently expressed concern regarding the scale of the hotel, which was described as insensitive to a national monument in the State's Care. But the minister recommended only that the development be scaled back and the report claimed that "as a result of the instructions from the minister's office no objection was submitted by the department or Dúchas officials to the planning application". Following the grant of planning permission, the report claimed, two officials from the department prepared an objection but "an intervention by the minister's office put a halt to these efforts to lodge an appeal"

The Great Corrib gas controversy
The second report, issued in November 2005, was about the controversy surrounding the Corrib gas project and the associated pipeline and processing plant proposed for the Erris peninsula in north west County Mayo.
 It revealed that the disputed pipeline carries a real and substantial risk of failure because of its potential to operate at extremely high pressures. The likelihood of system failure is increased also because of the unknown gas compositions it is required to carry, and the probability of internal corrosion. As a result of these findings the report concludes that the current proposed route is unacceptable because of its close proximity to people and dwellings.

Allegations against Frank Connolly
In December 2005 the Executive Director of the CPI, Frank Connolly was subject to allegations that he had used a fake passport to gain entry to Colombia, although he was never charged with the offence. The allegations were published in the Irish Independent after then Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform Michael McDowell leaked them to journalist Sam Smyth. Connolly denied the allegations, describing them as "false and malicious". He was backed by the CPI's board which stated that: "The Board of the Centre for Public Inquiry reiterates its full confidence in its Executive Director, Frank Connolly and his integrity" and said "...the claim made in Dáil Éireann by the Minister for Justice, Michael McDowell, that either Frank Connolly or the CPI, or both, could pose a threat to the security of the State is entirely without evidential basis, unsustainable, and totally untrue."  The Director of Public Prosecutions DPP decided not to prosecute Connolly in 2003. It further went on to say that "a private and public blackening of his character has been unleashed by the Minister. This shows a signal departure from principles of fair dealing and respect for justice to the individual citizen by the State which are absolute, save in the most exceptional cases and where legislated upon by the Oireachtas. The methods adopted by the Minister may well have undermined the status, authority and the statutory independence of the DPP."

Closure
The CPI was a short-lived body.  The criticism against Frank Connolly by McDowell and the Sunday Independent under the editorship of Aengus Fanning meant funding for the body from its financial backer Chuck Feeney's Atlantic Philanthropies was withdrawn. Feeney met Taoiseach Bertie Ahern in August. The meeting was not arranged to specifically discuss the work of the CPI, but while the work of the centre was discussed, there was a discussion of Connolly. He also conducted a meeting with McDowell at which Connolly was again discussed. McDowell presented Feeney with documentation pertaining to the allegations. The final straw was the threat of legal action by Treasury Holdings in Dublin in connection with its third report which was under preparation. The government has already come under pressure to explain why the state-owned Dublin Port Company, chaired by former councillor Joe Burke, a political associate of Bertie Ahern, the taoiseach, did not go through a tender procedure before entering into a joint venture with private operators to develop a  site Without the necessary funding the CPI ceased to function.

Tim Pat Coogan, a historian and journalist, stated in 2010 at the Parnell Summer School that it was lamentable that the Centre for Public Inquiry was forced to close.

References

Corrib gas controversy
Defunct organisations based in Ireland
Public inquiries in Ireland


Alexander Osipovich Drankov (; 18 January 1886 – 3 January 1949) was a Russian Empire and Soviet photographer, cameraman, film producer, and one of the pioneers of the Russian pre-revolutionary cinematography.

Early years
The exact date of birth and birthplace of Alexander (originally Abram) Drankov are unknown. According to some accounts, he was born in southern parts of Russia in 1886. His brother Lev, who also became a cinematographer, was born in 1880 in Elisavetgrad. In the early 20th century, Drankov owned a dancing school in Sevastopol, which fed all of his family. Later on, he took interest in photography and soon became a professional in this craft. Drankov moved to Saint Petersburg, where he would earn fame for his photographic talent and be awarded the title of the Purveyor of the Royal Court of His Imperial Highness for his quality photographs of Nicholas II. Also, Drankov managed to make photographic work much cheaper and open a chain of no less than 50 studios, where they took photos under amplified electric lighting, thus reducing the cost of the whole photographing process. Subsequently, Drankov became a press photographer for The Times and Parisian L'Illustration and obtained a journalist accreditation at the State Duma.

Film industry career
In 1907, Alexander Drankov decided to start his own film-making business and opened "A. Drankov's Atelier" (), which would soon transform into a joint-stock company "A. Drankov & Co". Drankov and his team began to shoot newsreels, him and his cameramen being habitual frequenters of every major event in both Saint Petersburg and Moscow until the October Revolution of 1917. Also, he started shooting feature shorts, such as Boris Godunov. This motion picture was never finished, though some of the materials shot for this movie were shown at cinemas in that same 1907 under the title Scenes from a Boyar Life. Drankov’s first ever filming of Leo Tolstoy (1908) was a sensational success. After having failed to obtain the writer’s permission to film him, Drankov hid himself with a camera in a wooden outhouse in the garden of Tolstoy’s estate and shot the promenading writer through a small ornamental window.

The first motion picture produced by Drankov and released into movie theaters was a film called Stenka Razin. The first performance took place on October 15 (28) of 1908. For the first time in Russia, the movie was accompanied by the original sound (movie theaters would acquire the film together with the phonograph recording of music). The music score was written by a Russian composer Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov for the eponymous play by Vasily Goncharov to be staged at the "Aquarium Theater". The release of this film was also the first case of copyright infringement by a filmmaker in Russian history (Drankov never signed a formal contract with the screenplay writer and the composer).

Alexander Drankov’s next film was the first Russian comedy called Userdniy denshchik (Усердный денщик; 1908). At the same time, Drankov came up with a new type of movie advertising by publishing postcards with snapshots from his movies and also placing them on posters, which had never been done before. In 1908 he also directed The Big Man, The Marriage of Krechinsky and produced The Diligent Batman. In 1909 he directed film Taras Bulba, based on the novel by Nikolai Gogol.

With the onset of Alexander Khanzhonkov’s activities in the movie industry, Drankov became quite unsettled. Upon making his acquaintance with Khanzhonkov and finding out about his plans to produce a film called Pesn’ pro kuptsa Kalashnikova, Drankov decided to sabotage the release of this film by making a pre-emptive release of an eponymous deliberate box office failure. When Khanzhonkov found out about Drankov’s intentions, he sped up the making of his film and then managed to release it before Drankov was able to finish his competing film. After this incident, the rivalry between Khanzhonkov and Drankov soon became one of the main intrigues of the Russian cinematographic life, occasionally leading to the release of almost identical films, e.g. Votsareniye Doma Romanovykh (1913; produced by Khanzhonkov) and Tryoksotletiye tsarstvovaniya doma Romanovykh (1913; produced by Drankov).

Alexander Drankov was the first one in Russia to start producing crime films, which had only recently come into fashion in France. His serial film called Son’ka – Zolotaya Ruchka (1914–1915) was an unprecedented success in Russia. In 1917, Drankov tried to make a market of the revolutionary events in Russia by releasing a few "revolutionary" movies, such as Georgy Gapon and Babushka russkoy revolutsii (both 1917), but after the October Revolution he decided to leave Saint Petersburg.

Later years
We know about this period of Drankov’s life from contradictory accounts of his acquaintances. He first tried to make profit by selling jewellery in Kiev, then moved to Yalta and began shooting pornographic films. In November 1920, he emigrated to Constantinople, where he made his living by either organizing cockroach racing events, according to one account, or by film distribution and maintaining an amusement park, according to another account. In 1922, Drankov moved to the United States of America, where he would buy a mobile cinema projector and show films to Russian immigrants. In 1927, he made an attempt to return to film-making business, but his intention to shoot a major film about a love affair between Nicholas II and ballerina Mathilde Kschessinska turned out to be a failure. After his unsuccessful attempt to gain a foothold in Hollywood, Alexander Drankov opened a café in Venice, California, but soon moved to San Francisco, where he would work in his own photo company until his death on 3 January 1949 in San Francisco. He is buried in Colma, California.

References

External links

Cinematographers from the Russian Empire
Film producers from the Russian Empire
Photographers from the Russian Empire
Soviet photographers
1886 births
1949 deaths
Jews from the Russian Empire
Soviet Jews
Articles containing video clips


In probability and statistics, the Irwin–Hall distribution, named after Joseph Oscar Irwin and Philip Hall, is a probability distribution for a random variable defined as the sum of a number of independent random variables, each having a uniform distribution. For this reason it is also known as the uniform sum distribution.

The generation of pseudo-random numbers having an approximately normal distribution is sometimes accomplished by computing the sum of a number of pseudo-random numbers having a uniform distribution; usually for the sake of simplicity of programming. Rescaling the Irwin–Hall distribution provides the exact distribution of the random variates being generated.

This distribution is sometimes confused with the Bates distribution, which is the mean (not sum) of n independent random variables uniformly distributed from 0 to 1.

Definition
The Irwin–Hall distribution is the continuous probability distribution for the sum of n independent and identically distributed U(0, 1) random variables:

The probability density function (pdf) for  is given by

where  denotes the positive part of the expression:

Thus the pdf is a spline (piecewise polynomial function) of degree n − 1 over the knots 0, 1, ..., n. In fact, for x between the knots located at k and k + 1, the pdf is equal to

where the coefficients aj(k,n) may be found from a recurrence relation over k

The coefficients are also A188816 in OEIS. The coefficients for the cumulative distribution is A188668.

The mean and variance are n/2 and n/12, respectively.

Special cases

 For n = 1, X follows a uniform distribution:

 For n = 2, X follows a triangular distribution:

 For n = 3,

 For n = 4,

 For n = 5,

Approximating a Normal distribution
By the Central Limit Theorem, as n increases, the Irwin–Hall distribution more and more strongly approximates a Normal distribution with mean  and variance . To approximate the standard Normal distribution , the Irwin–Hall distribution can be centered by shifting it by its mean of n/2, and scaling the result by the square root of its variance:

This derivation leads to a computationally simple heuristic that removes the square root, whereby a standard Normal distribution can be approximated with the sum of 12 uniform U(0,1) draws like so:

Similar and related distributions
The Irwin–Hall distribution is similar to the Bates distribution, but still featuring only integers as parameter. An extension to real-valued parameters is possible by adding also a random uniform variable with N − trunc(N) as width.

Extensions to the Irwin–Hall distribution
When using the Irwin–Hall for data fitting purposes one problem is that the IH is not very flexible because the parameter n needs to be an integer. However, instead of summing n equal uniform distributions, we could also add e.g. U + 0.5U to address also the case n = 1.5 (giving a trapezoidal distribution).

The Irwin–Hall distribution has an application to beamforming and pattern synthesis in Figure 1 of reference

See also
 Bates distribution
 Normal distribution
 Central limit theorem
 Uniform distribution (continuous)
 Triangular distribution

Notes

References
 Hall, Philip. (1927) "The Distribution of Means for Samples of Size N Drawn from a Population in which the Variate Takes Values Between 0 and 1, All Such Values Being Equally Probable". Biometrika, Vol. 19, No. 3/4., pp. 240–245.
 Irwin, J.O. (1927) "On the Frequency Distribution of the Means of Samples from a Population Having any Law of Frequency with Finite Moments, with Special Reference to Pearson's Type II". Biometrika, Vol. 19, No. 3/4., pp. 225–239.

Continuous distributions


Jewel Shepard (born January 3, 1958) is an American writer, photographer, and actress, best known for her roles in movies such as Party Camp (1987) and Return of the Living Dead (1985).

Life and career
Shepard arrived in California in the early 80s, where she supported herself by working as a stripper in various Los Angeles strip clubs and modeling for car shoots. It was during her time stripping that she met genre filmmaker Dan O'Bannon. After a number of small television roles, Shepard broke into film with H. B. Halicki's The Junkman (1982). Roles in over a dozen B movies followed; including 1985's The Return of the Living Dead, which was directed and written by O'Bannon. In 1992 she capitalized on her "B-girl" status by penning Invasion of the B-Girls, a book of interviews with cult actresses such as Kitten Natividad, Linnea Quigley, Yvette Vickers, Haji, and Mary Woronov.  She has also written for such publications as Premiere, Cosmopolitan, Details, and The Associated Press.

Her autobiography, If I'm So Famous, How Come Nobody's Ever Heard of Me?, detailing some of the less glamorous aspects of film making and her experiences working in adult entertainment, was published in 1996.

Personal life
Shepard has been struggling with invasive breast cancer since 2011, and has been treated with chemotherapy, lymph node removal and a double mastectomy.

Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos

References

External links

American magazine writers
Actors from Flatbush, Brooklyn
Actresses from New York City
American film actresses
American women writers
American television actresses
American voice actresses
1958 births
Living people
21st-century American women


EMS Recordings was founded in 1949 by Jack Skurnick in New York City. The company won first prize at the Audio Fair of 1950 for the high quality and interest of its recordings. It issued the first recording of works of Edgard Varese.

Skurnick's parents, Max and Anna Skurnick, owned a record store on 42nd street, named the Elaine Music Shop after the wife of a previous owner. Skurnick, a musicologist and amateur violinist, helped out there. When he started his record company, he named it after the store. He died in 1952.

During his short lifetime, Skurnick produced three series for EMS, Pro Musica Antiqua, Forecasts in Music, and Survey of the Art Song. These were all released as long-playing records only.

Discography

Beethoven, Octet in E flat major, opus 103 and Rondino in E flat major, grove 146, Little Orchestra Society, Thomas Scherman, conductor (EMS 1)

Joseph Hayden, Partita in F Major, EMS Chamber Orchestra, Edvard Fendler, conductor; Sonatas in D Major and A Flat Major, Charles Rosen, Piano (EMS 3)

Farnaby Canzonets and Virginals, Oriana Singers conducted by Charles M. Hobbs (EMS 5)

Pro Musica Antiqua

EMS presents music composed before the eighteenth century, performed authentically.

 Sacred and Secular Music of the 12th and 13th Centuries. Pro Musica Antiqua of Brussels, conducted by Safford Cape. A collection of works by Adam de la Halle, Leoninus, Perotin, and others. (EMS 201)
 Dufay, Guillaume: Secular Works. Safford Cape. 13 Chansons and instrumental pieces by the greatest composer of the first half of the 15th century. (EMS 206)
 Des Prez, Josquin: Secular Works. Safford Cape. 14 Chansons and instrumental pieces by the late 15th century "Prince of Music." (EMS 213)
 Spanish Music from the Court of Ferdinand and Isabella. Safford Cape. Nineteen vocal and instrumental pieces by Juan del Enrico and contemporaries. (EMS 219)
 Byrd, William: The Four and Five Part Masses. Safford Cape. Two major works by the "Parent of British Music." (EMS 234)
 Prezel, Johann: Tower and Festive Music for Brass. EMS Brass Ensemble conducted by Gunther Schuller. (EMS 7)
 Marais, Marin: Suites for Viola Da Gamba and Harpsichord. Eve Heinitz, viola da gamba; Ernst Victor Wolff, harpsichord. Suites IV and V in A minor and A major respectively, plus a prelude in D minor. (EMS 8)
 Dowland, John: Lachrimae or Seaven Teares. Geneva Chamber Ensemble conducted by Franz Walter. "Seaven passionate pavana, with divers other pavans, galiards, and almands, set forth for the lute, viols or violins, in five parts." Dowland's only purely instrumental composition, much of it based on his beautiful songs. (EMS 12)

Forecasts in Music

 Varese, Edgard: Integrales/Density 21.5/Ionization/Octandre. Rene le Roy, flute; Juilliard Percussion Orchestra and New York Wind Ensemble conducted by Frederic Waldman. EMS went out on a limb with this record, but music lovers, hi-fi addicts, composers, and EMS never regretted it. Frank Zappa has said he was influenced by this music. (EMS 401)
 Overton, Hall: Sonata for Viola and Piano (1960)/ Sonatoa for Cello and Piano (1960). Walter Trampler, viola; Charles McCracken, cello; Lucy Greene, piano. (EMS 403)
 Martinu, Bohuslav: Sonata for Flute and Piano; Two Polkas/Tree Etudes/Les Ritournelles for Piano. Rene Le Roy, flute, George Reeves, piano; Charles Rosen, piano. (EMS 2)
 Hindemith, Paul: Sonata for Trumpet and Piano / Sonata for Bassoon and Piano / Sonata for Trombone and Piano. Alex Wilson, trumpet; Bernard Garfield, bassoon; Roger Smith, Trombone; Theodore Lettvin, piano. These sonatas may be defined as Gebrauchmusik, but they are not mere utilitarian pieces but works of emotional and dramatic impact.
 Milhaud, Darius: Sonata for Flute, Oboe, Clarinet, and Piano/La Cheminee Du Roi Tene/Pastorale for Oboe, Clarinet, and Bassoon. Samuel Baron, flute; Ralph Gombert, oboe; Wallace Shapiro, clarinet; Bernard Garfield, bassoon; Milton Kaye, piano.
 Villa-Lobos, Heitor: The Baby's Family Suite (also known as The Children's Doll Suite / The Three Maries / Rudepoêma. Jacques Abrams, piano. (EMS 10)

Survey of the Art Song

 Griffes, Charles Tomlinson: Eight Songs. Grieg, Edvard: Nine Songs. Norman Myrvik, tenor; Emanuel Levenson, piano. (EMS 501)
 Piano Sonatas of Franz Schubert performed by Webster Aitken:
Sonata in A Minor, Opus 42 (EMS 107)
Sonata in D Major, Opus 53 (EMS 108)
Sonata in G Major, Opus 78 (EMS 109)
Sonata in G Minor, Opus Posth (EMS 110)
Sonata in A Major, Opus Posth (EMS 111)
Sonata in B Flat Major, Opus Posth (EMS 112)

References

External links
 Safford Cape: A Discography
 Biography of Charles Rosen, pianist
 Stereophile magazine names the best recordings, including "EDGARD VARÈSE: The Varèse Record Ionisation, Density 21.5, Interpolations from Déserts, Octandre, Intégrales" and notes Frank Zappa's interest in EMS.

Classical music record labels
Experimental music record labels
Electronic music record labels
Record labels established in 1949
American independent record labels


The term staple financing describes a form of investment banks pre-arranged financing package offered to potential bidders during an acquisition.

References

Financial economics
Mergers and acquisitions


The Ružica Meglaj-Rimac Cup is the national women's basketball cup of Croatia. It has been played for since 1992. It is named after Ružica Meglaj-Rimac, a noted Croatian female basketball player.

History

Cup winners

Performance by club
 Including titles in SFR Yugoslavia and Croatia

References

External links

Women's basketball competitions in Croatia
Women's basketball cup competitions in Europe
Recurring sporting events established in 1992
1992 establishments in Croatia


Cadillac Centre was a proposed contemporary complex to be constructed in downtown Detroit, Michigan on the Monroe block of Campus Martius. In January 2008, the city announced that the complex was approved for construction with groundbreaking planned for September 2009, but the project was placed on hold indefinitely due to an economic recession. Expected to cost $150-million, the mixed-use development called for two 24-story towers to rise from a 12-story base which would connect to the 40-story Cadillac Tower. The upscale residential high-rise was slated to include a retail and entertainment complex. The architect was Anthony Caradonna,  an associate professor with Pratt Institute School of Architecture in New York City and a principal with the AC/2 Studio firm, whose recent projects have included the Hotel Duomo in Molfetta, Italy and the Bar Solex in New York City.

The Detroit Free Press reported in early October 2008 that the New York–based developers were having trouble meeting their deadline, and the Detroit Economic Growth Corp rejected a revised $40 million proposal described as a "dressed-up parking garage" by DEGC President George W. Jackson.  Failing to meet the standards of the DEGC, the project was put on hold indefinitely.

Impact
Styled in the postmodern architectural genre known as deconstructivism, the $150-million Cadillac Center was expected to have a profound impact on development in downtown Detroit as a mixed-use residential and commercial complex. Anthony Caradonna's steel-glass design for Cadillac Centre, reminiscent of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, was slated to face Campus Martius Park, a central gathering place in downtown Detroit. Developer Northern Group was the then owner of Detroit's Penobscot Building, First National Building, and Cadillac Tower. The existing Gothic-Revival Cadillac Tower would have connected with and incorporated the new Cadillac Centre.  The futuristic Cadillac Centre would have been constructed on Detroit's historic Monroe block, once a collection of eight antebellum commercial buildings demolished in 1989.

Architect
The architect of record is Anthony Caradonna, a faculty member at the Pratt Institute School of Architecture and a principal with the firm of OPUS Architecture and Design Studios based in New York City and Rome, Italy.  He is a graduate of the Pratt Institute and the Harvard University Graduate School of Design. His recent projects include the Hotel Duomo in Molfetta, Italy and the Bar Solex in New York City He earned a medal of merit from the American Institute of Architects in 1986.

See also
Cadillac Tower
Campus Martius Park

References

Further reading

External links
Northern Group Inc., corporate website
Northern Group Inc., Downtown Collection

Skyscrapers in Detroit


The Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH) is a set of initiatives for providing accelerated patent prosecution procedures by sharing information between some patent offices. It also permits each participating patent office to benefit from the work previously done by the other patent office, with the goal of reducing examination workload and improving patent quality.

An updated "PPH 2.0" system under the program name "Mottainai" (a Japanese word meaning "wasteful") began among several national patent offices in mid-2011.

Cooperations (examples)
A number of patent offices are participating to PPH schemes. The following are examples of cooperations:

 Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO) - United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO): A one-year pilot program commenced on January 28, 2008. The trial period has been extended for a period of two years ending on January 28, 2011, "[in] order to adequately assess the feasibility of the PPH pilot program".
 Danish Patent and Trademark Office (DKPTO) - Japan Patent Office (JPO): Implemented since 1 July 2008.
 DKPTO - USPTO: A trial period started on 3 November 2008 and is set to expire 3 November 2009.)
 European Patent Office (EPO) - USPTO: A one-year trial cooperation program ("PPH Pilot Programme") commenced on 29 September 2008, for a period of one year ending on 29 September 2009. It was then extended for an additional period of 12 months, effective as of 30 September 2009.
 EPO - JPO: Launch of a bilateral PPH pilot with effect on 29 January 2010.
 IP Australia (IPAU) - USPTO: A one-year pilot program under PPH 2.0 commenced on January 29, 2012, and was extended indefinitely in July 2012.
 JPO - USPTO: The pilot program started in July 2006. The trial period was originally scheduled to last for one year, but was extended until January 3, 2008. The program has been implemented on a full-time basis since January 4, 2008.
 JPO - Korean Intellectual Property Office (KIPO): The pilot program started in April 2007.
 JPO - UK-IPO: A one-year pilot program commenced on July 1, 2007.  Following the pilot program it was announced that the PPH program would be made permanent.
 JPO - German Patent and Trade Mark Office (GPTO): A pilot program was announced in March 2008.
 JPO - Malaysian Intellectual Property Office (MYIPO): With effect from 1 October 2014, MyIPO started a pilot PPH/PCT-PPH programs with the Japan Patent Office (JPO).
 JPO - National Board of Patents and Registration of Finland (PRH): The pilot began on 20 April 2009 and initially ran for two years (until the end of March 2011). It was announced that a decision on extending the pilot would be made at the end of the second year.
 KIPO - USPTO: A one-year pilot program commenced on January 28, 2008 and ended on January 28, 2009. The Patent Prosecution Highway is implemented on a full-time basis since January 29, 2009.
 Taiwan Intellectual Property Office (TIPO) - USPTO: A pilot program was scheduled for September 1, 2011 - August 31, 2012.
 UK-IPO - USPTO: A one-year pilot program commenced on September 4, 2007. The USPTO has decided to extend the PPH pilot program until further notice.
 Israel Patent Office (ILPO) - USPTO: A one-year pilot program commenced on July 1, 2011.
 IPO - JPO: A three-year pilot program commenced on November 21, 2019 between India and Japan.
 Eurasian Patent Organization (EAPO): implements a PPH program in cooperation with the Japan Patent Office, European Patent Office, China National Intellectual Property Administration, Korean Intellectual Property Office, and the Finnish Patent and Registration Office.

Trilateral PCT-Patent Prosecution Highway (PCT-PPH)
A Patent Cooperation Treaty/Patent Prosecution Highway (PCT/PPH) pilot program was also started on 29 January 2010 for a planned period of two years. This pilot program enables to "[fast-track] patent examination procedures for PCT applications that have received a positive written opinion of either the International Searching Authority or the International Preliminary Examining Authority, or an international preliminary examination report from the European Patent Office (EPO), the Japan Patent Office (JPO) or the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)."

IP5 patent prosecution highway (IP5-PPH)
On 6 January 2016, a patent prosecution highway program was launched between the five intellectual property offices
 European Patent Office,
 Japan Patent Office,
 Korean Intellectual Property Office,
 China National Intellectual Property Administration of China, and
 United States Patent and Trademark Office.
A decision was made in 2016 to extend the duration of the programme by three years. The European Patent Office published in its official journal that the program is going to available from 6 January 2017 until 5 January 2020. Participation in the program before the European Patent Office requires that substantive examination of the European patent application has not started yet. The starting date of substantive examination of a European patent application is publicly available from the European Patent Register via file inspection.

See also
 Patent application
 Patent prosecution
 Public participation in patent examination
 Trilateral Patent Offices
 Backlog of unexamined patent applications

References

External links
 Patent Prosecution Highway Portal Site, maintained by the Japan Patent Office (JPO)
 PCT-Patent Prosecution Highway Pilot (PCT-PPH) at the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
 IP5 Patent Prosecution Highway (IP5 PPH)

Specific patent offices
 Patent Prosecution Highway at the Austrian Patent Office
 Patent Prosecution Highway at the Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO)
 Patent Prosecution Highway at the Japan Patent Office (JPO)

Prosecution Highway, patent


Francis Leigh, 1st Earl of Chichester ( 28 April 1598 – 21 December 1653) was a Royalist politician and courtier around the period of the English Civil War.

His father was Sir Francis Leigh; his mother was Mary, daughter of Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley. He was born, and eventually buried, on the family estate at Newnham Regis, Warwickshire. In 1613 Leigh attended Oxford University and was admitted to Lincoln's Inn two years later.

Coinciding with his fortuitous second marriage, he was knighted by 1618, and was created a baronet by the King on 24 December 1618. In 1625-6 parliament he was elected MP for Warwick. He remained close to Lord Brooke and, under King Charles I, was himself raised to the peerage as Baron Dunsmore in the County of Warwick on 31 July 1628, with remainder failing heirs male to grantee's body, to his stepson John Anderson, PC.

He opposed the King during the 1640 Short Parliament and actively campaigned for the summoning of the second (Long) parliament later that year. Despite this, he was appointed to meet the Scottish commissioners at Ripon in autumn 1640 and his opposition was further softened by both the militancy of the King's enemies and personal encouragement from Charles. His appointment as a privy councillor confirmed to all his defection to Charles' side. In March 1642 he was one of five lords to protest against the Militia Ordinance. At the commencement of the First English Civil War, he financed a Royalist troop of forty horse, and was Colonel of the Royalist Cavalry.

In August 1642 his Warwickshire estate was looted by Parliament forces from Coventry (ironically, under the command of the new Lord Brooke). In 1643 he succeeded The Earl of Salisbury as Captain of the Honourable Band of Gentlemen Pensioners.  On 3 June 1644 the King further rewarded his loyalty creating him Earl of Chichester, with remainder to his son-in-law, Thomas Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton. He was Captain of the Gentleman Pensioners, 1644–46.

He was a negotiator for Charles with the Parliamentary side at Uxbridge in February 1645. Later that year he was on the commission appointed to govern Oxford during the king's absence.

In November 1645 he was assessed to contribute £3,000 ( a figure comparable to his pre-war yearly income) by the Committee for the Advance of Money and given a year to pay. By January 1647 he had paid £1,000 and given security for £1847 more so his sequestration was suspended. Under the Ordnance of 30 October 1646 parliament annulled the honours granted to him from 20 May 1642. And finally, in 1650, the committee for compounding assessed a fine of £3,594 on him. Leigh died at Apps Court in Walton on Thames, Surrey in 1653.

Family
He married twice, and within a year his first wife, July 1617, Susan Banning née Northam, died childless. His second marriage on 31 July 1617 was to the widow Audrey, daughter of John Boteler, 1st Baron Boteler of Bramfield by Elizabeth Villiers, and niece of James I's favourite, George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham. The couple had two daughters.

His eldest daughter, Lady Elizabeth Leigh, married Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton who inherited the Earldom of Chichester on Leigh's death. Their only child, Lady Elizabeth Wriothesley, would marry Joceline Percy, 11th Earl of Northumberland.

His second daughter, Mary married George Villiers, 4th Viscount Grandison. Their granddaughter, Harriet Villiers, was the mother of Pitt the Elder.

Notes

References
thepeerage. Retrieved 23 June 2008

|-

1598 births
1653 deaths
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Cavaliers
Earls of Chichester
Leigh, Francis
Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms


The Chattanooga School for the Arts & Sciences is a K–12 magnet school in Chattanooga, Tennessee. It was opened in 1986 in the former Wyatt Hall building which was used as a high school until 1983. The building was designed in Georgian Revival style by Reuben H. Hunt, a Chattanooga architect.

The building was constructed in 1920–1921 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 as Wyatt Hall. It was named for Professor Henry D. Wyatt, founder of the public school system in Chattanooga, a teacher and the first Superintendent of Schools.

Its liberal-arts curriculum is patterned on Mortimer Adler's Paideia philosophy. The physical building has been a school in several incarnations, and was once attended by Samuel L. Jackson (as Riverside High School).

It was also known as Chattanooga High School.

References

National Register of Historic Places in Hamilton County, Tennessee
Colonial Revival architecture in Tennessee

Public middle schools in Tennessee
Public high schools in Tennessee
Magnet schools in Tennessee
Educational institutions established in 1986
Schools in Chattanooga, Tennessee
Public elementary schools in Tennessee
1986 establishments in Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places in Chattanooga, Tennessee
School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee


In comics, Night Thrasher may refer to:

 Night Thrasher (Dwayne Taylor), the first Night Thrasher, a fictional superhero appearing in books published by Marvel Comics
 Donyell Taylor, brother of Dwayne, the second Marvel Comics superhero to take on the identity of Night Thrasher


Jesse Daniel Williams (born December 27, 1983 in Modesto, California) is an American high jumper and the 2011 World Champion. He was ranked the #2 jumper in the world, outdoors, in 2010 and #1 in the world in 2011.  He has jumped 53 centimeters above his height, a differential which places him among the top 20 jumpers of all time.

Williams attended high school at Broughton High School in Raleigh, North Carolina and attended North Carolina State University for one year (2003) before transferring and finishing his student-athlete career at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles where he won the NCAA track and field championships indoors 2005 and 2006 and outdoors in 2005 and 2006 becoming one of the few people to ever do so in the history of NCAA track and field.  He is the school and Pac-10 record holder with a leap of 2.32 meters (7' 7 1/4").

He won three North Carolina state high school 4A titles while attending Needham Broughton High School.  He held the North Carolina high school state record in the High Jump with a jump of 2.21 meters (7' 3") until Tanner Anderson (East Burke High School/Duke University) jumped 2.22 (7'3.25").

Personal Details
Jesse Williams was born December 27, 1983. As of 2010 he is 81 kg and his height is 1.84m  (6 feet 1/2 inch, and 179 pounds). He jumps off his right foot.  His personal best, indoors, is 2.36m (7' 8 3/4"), achieved at Banska Bystrica, Slovakia, on February 11, 2009. His outdoor best is 2.37m (7' 9 1/4") which he cleared to win the 2011 US Track & Field Championships in Eugene, Oregon on June 26, 2011: that mark places Williams "equal third" on the all-time US list outdoors.

Nationally Ranked Junior in 2002
Williams finished fourth at the 2002 World Junior Championships, eighth at the 2006 World Athletics Final and 2007 World Athletics Final and  third at the 2008 World Athletics Final sixth at the 2008 World Indoor Championships.  His personal best jump is 2.36 metres, achieved in February 2009 in Banská Bystrica.  He was the 2008 Olympic Trials champion in the high jump and competed for the United States in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. He did not progress beyond the qualifying rounds.

Hitting the Heights in 2009
During the 2009 indoor season he validated his off-season training at the elite Europa SC High Jump invitational, held at Banska Bystrica, Slovakia, on February 9, 2009. Williams set a personal best of 2.36m, but finished 2nd (on misses) to Swedish jumper Linus Thornblad (also 2.36). This was a significant improvement on William's previous indoor best, 2.32, set at the Banska Bystrica meet in 2008.

Unhappy with his failure to qualify for the Olympic final, Williams set his sights on the 2009 US Championships, saying "this year is a redemption year. I really feel like I can win a medal".  In that meet Jesse jumped 2.28 meters on his third attempt to earn fourth place. At the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships in Doha, he claimed fifth place in the final (2.28m) while fellow American Dusty Jonas won the bronze.

At the Karlstad Grand Prix meet in Karlstad, Sweden on July 15, 2010 – also known as the "Stefan Holm Invitational" – Williams outdueled Linus Thornblad (the crowd favorite). The two were then the top two jumpers in 2010 and were tied through 2.22m, but Williams pulled ahead with a first try clearance of 2.25, and won with another first attempt clearance at 2.28m (7' 6", which Thornblad failed to clear). Williams finished the meet with three tries at 2.31.
At in the 2010 USA Outdoor Championships, Williams jumped 2.26 meters on his first attempt, with no misses in the competition at any height, for the gold medal. Later that year he took second place in the inaugural Diamond League, having 13 points against Russia's Ivan Ukhov who had 20 points.

2011
Jumping for Team Nike/Oregon Track Club, Williams broke Hollis Conway's long-standing meet record at the Mt. SAC Relays in Walnut, California on April 16, 2011. Video of his jumps shows Williams used a 10-step, classic "J" approach. After needing all three tries to clear 2.31m (7' 7") – keeping him in second place – he cleared 2.34m (7' 8 1/4") on his first attempt (and ninth jump overall) to win the competition: his mark also improved the stadium record. He then made two attempts at a new personal best 2.37m (7' 9 1/4") before retiring. The 7' 8" jump ties his personal best outdoors, a height he first achieved on May 9, 2009 in Eugene, OR.

Williams won the first Diamond League meet of the year, at Doha, Qatar, on Friday May 6, setting a new meet record of 2.33 (7' 8"). Three men jumped 2.31, but Williams was the leader on the basis of clearing that height on his first attempt. Kyriakos Ioannou (Cyprus) put the pressure on by clearing 2.33 on his third effort, but Williams responded immediately with his third try clearance, thereby retaining the lead on the count-back at 2.31: both then failed at 2.35.

Williams had his best meet at the US Track & Field Championships, held at Hayward Field, Eugene, Oregon, on Sunday June 26, 2011. Jumping in the green singlet of the Oregon Track Club Elite, he won the event with a Personal Best of 2.37 (7' 9 1/4"), which moved him to "equal third" on the all-time US outdoor list, behind only Charles Austin and Hollis Conway. The mark was a new record for the Championship meet, a record for Hayward Field and the highest jump in the world, to date, outdoors in 2011 (trailing only the 2.38 cleared – 3 times – by Ivan Ukhov during the 2011 indoor season.) In the Championship, Williams opened at 2.20 and cleared every height on his first attempt. At 2.31 (7' 7") he was tied for first with Dustin Jonas (also no misses), but Williams locked-up the win at 2.34 (7' 8") on his first try. With no one else remaining in competition he cleared a PR 2.37 on his third try, and made three attempts to set a new American Record of 2.41 (7' 10 3/4") but failed to break the 2.40 mark set by Charles Austin in 1991. It was William's first-ever attempt to break the American Record and afterwards he said his third try at 2.41 was "decent" (his 11th jump overall).

At the 2011 World Championships in Daegu, South Korea, Williams won the high jump title with a clean round to the height of 2.35 m to edge Aleksey Dmitrik and Trevor Barry while year leading Ukhov didn't make the medal stand.  It was the first high jump world title for an American in twenty years.

Olympic Year 2012
Williams won the 2012 USA Indoor Championships in Albuquerque, NM, on February 25, with a jump of 2.29m (7' 6"). He trailed	Jamie Nieto, who cleared 2.26 on his first attempt and then elected to pass at 2.29. Williams cleared on his third attempt, and then both men failed at 2.31 (7' 7").
On June 9 Williams won the Adidas Grand Prix New York Diamond League Meeting.  He won with a meeting record 2.36m (7-8.75).

Williams finished fourth in the U.S. Olympic Trials, but the third-place finisher — Nick Ross — had not made an Olympic 'A' standard, unlike Williams, so the world champion earned a spot on the Olympic team through reprieve.

At the games Williams qualified for the final round with a height of 2.29m, and finished 9th overall.

Achievements

References

External links

 Team USA Bio
 USC Player Bio
 USA Track and Field Bio
 50 Centimeter Height Differential Club

1983 births
Living people
American male high jumpers
Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
USC Trojans men's track and field athletes
Olympic track and field athletes for the United States
Use mdy dates from August 2011
Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 2015 Pan American Games
World Athletics Championships medalists
Track and field athletes from California
World Athletics Championships athletes for the United States
Needham B. Broughton High School alumni
NC State Wolfpack men's track and field athletes
Diamond League winners
USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships winners
USA Indoor Track and Field Championships winners
World Athletics Championships winners
Pan American Games track and field athletes for the United States


Jennifer Ciochetti (born December 2, 1984) is a Canadian bobsledder who has competed since 2006. Ciochetti was a world champion in 2012 in the two-woman event and also won a bronze medal in the team event that year as well.

Career
Despite being a driver for much of the 2011–12 season, Ciochetti finished the last half of the year as the brakeman for Kaillie Humphries. Together, partnering with her, they won the world championship at the 2012 World Championships, leading the entire way. They also partnered up to help the Canadians win the bronze in the team event that same year. Ciochetti is currently competing as a driver with Humphries's former brakeman Chelsea Valois.

Career highlights

World Championships
2007 – St. Moritz, 6th with Helen Upperton
2008 – Altenberg, 4th with Upperton
2012 – Lake Placid,  with Kaillie Humphries
World Cup
2006 – Park City,  3rd with Helen Upperton
2007 – Cortina d'Ampezzo,  3rd with Helen Upperton
2007 – Calgary,  1st with Helen Upperton
2007 – Lake Placid,  2nd with Helen Upperton
2008 – Cesana,  1st with Helen Upperton

Personal life
Jennifer Ciochetti Korol is married to Christopher Korol

References

External links
 FIBT profile

1984 births
Bobsledders at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Canadian female bobsledders
Living people
Olympic bobsledders for Canada
Sportspeople from Edmonton
21st-century Canadian women


Michael Kohlhase (born 13 September 1964, in Erlangen) is a German computer scientist and professor at University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, where he is head of the KWARC research group (Knowledge Adaptation and Reasoning for Content).

Academic Positions
Michael Kohlhase is president of the OpenMath Society and a trustee of the Interest Group for Mathematical Knowledge Management (MKM). He was a trustee of the Conference on Automated Deduction and the CALCULEMUS Interest Group. He has been Conference Chair of CADE-21 and Program Chair of the KI-2006, MKM-2005, and CALCULEMUS-2000 conferences and has served on the Programme Committees of more than three dozen international conferences.
Kohlhase holds an adjunct associate professorship at Carnegie Mellon University and  was (2006–2008) vice director of the Department of Safe and Secure Cognitive Systems at German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) Lab Bremen.

In 2014, he became a member of the Global Digital Mathematics Library Working Group of the IMU.

Academic career
Michael Kohlhase obtained a degree in Mathematics (1989) from University of Bonn, a doctorate (1994) and habilitation (1999) in Computer Science at Saarland University. He has pursued his doctoral and post-doctoral research in extended research visits at Carnegie Mellon University,
University of Amsterdam, the University of Edinburgh, and SRI International. From 2000–2003, he has conducted research and taught at the School of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, where he was appointed to an adjunct associate professor. In September 2003 he was appointed as Professor of Computer Science at Jacobs University Bremen (International University Bremen until 2007), and 2006–2008 he was vice director of the Department of Safe and Secure Cognitive Systems of the German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI) Bremen. Since September 2016 he holds the Professorship for Knowledge Representation and Processing at University of Erlangen–Nuremberg.

He has authored or edited four books and published almost 100 peer-reviewed papers.

Awards and Scholarships
20003-year Heisenberg-Stipend of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG).
1996AKI-prize, dissertation prize of the "Arbeitsgemeinschaft deutscher KI-Institute (AKI)"
1991dissertation stipend of the Studienstiftung (German National Academic Foundation)
1986masters stipend of Studienstiftung

Research interests

Michael Kohlhase's current research interests include Automated theorem proving and knowledge representation for mathematics, inference-based techniques for natural language processing and semantics, and computer-supported education.

Much of his concrete work is based on web-based content markup formats like MathML, OpenMath, and OMDoc and systems for managing this data, e.g. semantic search engines for mathematical formulae, semantic extensions to LaTeX, or converting legacy LaTeX documents from the arXiv.

Bibliography
see a more complete bibliography
 Michael Kohlhase OMDoc: Open Mathematical Documents [Version 1.2], Springer Verlag, LNAI 4180, 2006.
 Christian Freksa, Michael Kohlhase, Kerstin Schill (eds.): The 29th Annual German Conference on Artificial Intelligence, KI 2006, LNAI 4314, Springer Verlag, 2006.
 Michael Kohlhase (ed.): Mathematical Knowledge Management, 4th International Conference, MKM 2005, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 3863, Springer Verlag, 2005.
 Manfred Kerber, Michael Kohlhase: Symbolic Computation and Automated Reasoning, Proceedings of the CALCULEMUS-2000 Symposium, AKPeters, Boston 2001.

In 2006, Michael Kohlhase ranked #8126 in CiteSeer's list of most cited computer science authors, having 305 citations.

References

External links
 Michael Kohlhase's website at the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg
 Knowledge Adaptation and Reasoning for Content
 DFKI Lab Bremen, Safe and Secure Cognitive Systems
 OpenMath Society
 MathWeb, a site for MKM-related projects
 Michael Kohlhase at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
 Publications ar DBLP

1964 births
Artificial intelligence researchers
German computer scientists
Academic staff of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
Living people
Studienstiftung alumni
Natural language processing researchers


The US 77 James C. Nance Memorial Bridge  connecting Purcell and Lexington was originally built as a circa 1938 deck truss two-lane bridge and in 2019 rebuilt as a concrete pier four-lane bridge  crossing the Canadian River between Purcell and Lexington, Oklahoma. The bridge designated on the list of state highways in Oklahoma carries U.S. Route 77 (US-77) and Oklahoma State Highway 39 (SH-39) from McClain County to Cleveland County. The bridge is named for James C. Nance, longtime community newspaper chain publisher and Speaker of the Oklahoma House of Representatives, President pro tempore of the Oklahoma Senate and member of U.S Uniform Law Commission.

The Nance bridge allows travel time from Purcell (west side of the Canadian River) to Lexington (east side of the river) to be only 3 minutes by car, according to google maps. When the bridge was closed (Emergency Closure, below), the same trip was 43 minutes when re-routed North to the nearest bridge, or 1 hour and 4 minutes when re-routed Southeast to the nearest bridge. The Nance bridge features a scenic pedestrian walkway with sweeping views of the South Canadian River valley.

The 1938 construction of this bridge enabled communities from West and Southwest (Byars, Cole, Dibble, Paoli, Pauls Valley, Purcell, Rosedale, and Wayne) side of the river to reach the communities on the east side of the river (Lexington, Slaughterville, and Wanette). Traffic using the bridge allows trade and commerce to freely flow in this retail trade area of southern McClain County, southern Cleveland County, Southern Pottawatomie County, and northern area of Garvin County, and eastern portion of Grady county. The 2019 rebuilt bridge features the same design elements with concrete post and original circa 1938 design wrought iron railings.

History

In 1982, the James C. Nance bridge was structurally reinforced and a large elevated pipeline was attached underneath to carry the bulk of Purcell's water supply which comes from deep water wells that tap into an aquifer east of Lexington. The pipeline was later bored under the river during bridge reconstruction

The James C. Nance Memorial Bridge was officially named by House Joint Resolution 525, Okla. Session Laws 1967, pg. 709; 69 O.S. 1981, Section 1612 to enable the State Highway Commission name the Purcell/Lexington US-77/SH-39 bridge the James C. Nance Bridge, to honor his legislative service, under OK title 69, Chapter 1, Article 16 Section 1612 established the James C. Nance Bridge which is 1,110.1 meters (3,642 ft) long, making it among the longest in the state.

The James C. Nance Memorial Bridge was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on 09-02-2003.

The two year project to rebuild the bridge in 2 sections used 20,000 Cubic Yards of Concrete, 6 million pounds of rebar and is 3,726 feet long taking 325,000 man hours to build at a cost $38 million. The project met with numerous challenges including inclement weather and local protected wildlife living on or under the historical bridge and delayed work. Despite the challenges, the James C. Nance Memorial Bridge project was finished 5 months early.

In 2019, the US 77 Purcell/Lexington James C. Nance bridge was re-opened by Oklahoma Department of Transportation
According to the Oklahoma Department of Transportation, "History was made Friday July 26, 2019  in Purcell and Lexington, just as it was more than 80 years ago when the two cities celebrated the grand opening of a new bridge connecting their communities. The new US 77 Purcell/Lexington James C. Nance Bridge that links the cities, located less than one mile apart, fully opened to traffic with much fanfare on Friday, July 26, 2019, the culmination of a major two-year, expedited reconstruction project.
The 2 lane state owned bridge built in 1938 was the first bridge in the area to be on the list of state highways in Oklahoma and installed at the site by Oklahoma Department of Transportation and replaced a bridge in nearby vicinity within several blocks north which was a 1 lane privately owned toll bridge built in 1911, which in turn had replaced a wooden constructed 1 lane Cleveland County bridge over the river, according to historic records.

See also

References

Truss bridges in the United States
Bridges completed in 1938
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Oklahoma
Buildings and structures in McClain County, Oklahoma
Buildings and structures in Cleveland County, Oklahoma
Bridges of the United States Numbered Highway System
U.S. Route 77
National Register of Historic Places in McClain County, Oklahoma
National Register of Historic Places in Cleveland County, Oklahoma


Noos may refer to

 Nous or noos, concept in Greek philosophy
 Noos, French cable operator and ISP now merged with Numericable
 North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System (NOOS)
 Nóos case, corruption case in Spain
 Joseph François Noos (1766 – 1826), French army officer


New York State Route 239 (NY 239) was a state highway in eastern Erie County, New York, United States. The southern terminus of the route was at an intersection with NY 354 in Marilla. Its northern terminus was at a junction with U.S. Route 20 (US 20) in the village of Alden. NY 239 was about  in length and named Exchange Street. When NY 239 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York, it extended eastward to the Wyoming County village of Attica. NY 239 was truncated to Marilla in 1949 and removed from the state highway system completely in September 1980 as a result of a highway maintenance swap between the state of New York and Erie County earlier that year. The roadway is now County Route 578 (CR 578).

Route description

NY 239 began at an intersection with NY 354 just west of the Erie–Wyoming county line in the town of Marilla. The route then traveled to the northeast, climbing in elevation as it proceeded onward. It then made a turn to the north, descending in elevation. Running at about a height of  above sea level, NY 239 crossed into the town of Alden and continued toward downtown. NY 239 continued northward, passing nearby Henskee Road, a connector between NY 239 and County Line Road, which ran parallel to NY 239 along the Erie–Genesee county line. The route dipped further in elevation, entering the village of Alden. Inside the village, it passed the Buffalo Water Filtration Plant to the west and crossed the Conrail-owned Southern Tier Line. NY 239 passed through a primarily residential area of the village just before terminating at US 20 in the village center.

History
NY 239 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York to an alignment extending from NY 35 in the village of Alden to NY 98 in the village of Attica by way of the hamlet of Cowlesville. The east–west road linking NY 239 near Cowlesville to Two Rod Road (then NY 358) north of Marilla was initially unnumbered. It became part of a realigned NY 354 . NY 354 was extended eastward on January 1, 1949, over NY 239's alignment to a new terminus in Attica. As a result, NY 239 was truncated to its junction with NY 354 in the town of Marilla.

On April 1, 1980, ownership and maintenance of NY 239 was transferred from the state of New York to Erie County as part of a larger highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government. The NY 239 designation was removed on September 25 of that year. The highway is now designated by Erie County as CR 578.

Major intersections

See also

List of county routes in Erie County, New York (545–580)

References

External links

239
Transportation in Erie County, New York


A door tenant is a barrister who has been granted permission to join a set of chambers and work with them from premises outside the chambers themselves. Those members who work on the premises are simply 'tenants' while 'squatters' are those who make legitimate use of the premises without belonging to the set.

References

Practice of law


The Krishnan Medal is an Indian geology award given annually by the Indian Geophysical Union. The award is named after M. S. Krishnan, an eminent geologist.

Overview
The Indian Geophysical Union instituted the Krishnan Medal to be awarded each year to an outstanding geophysicist/geologist whose age does not exceed 40 years (on 1 January of the year) for outstanding work in specific branches of geophysics/geology and related geosciences.

Nomination
Nominations each year are called from the members of the Executive Council, past recipients of the medal and past Presidents for the award of the Krishnan Medal and constitute an Expert Committee to make the selection for each year. The medallist is presented with the award at the next annual meeting. Since 1993 a Gold Medal has been awarded to the recipient.

Nominations, along with the bio-data, accompanied by 4 copies of the reprints of 3 important publications of the candidates should be sent to the Secretary, Indian Geophysical Union, by 31 July, of the year.

Recipients
Source: IGU

See also

 List of geology awards
 List of geophysics awards
 List of earth sciences awards

References

Geology awards
Indian awards
Awards established in 1964
Geophysics awards
Earth sciences awards