The Borgward Isabella is an automobile which was manufactured by the Bremen based auto-manufacturer Carl F. W. Borgward GmbH from 1954 to 1962.

The Isabella was to have been marketed as the Borgward Hansa 1500 but the Isabella name was used on test vehicles and proved popular with engineering staff and media. The production car was subsequently renamed and only the first few hundred examples were built without Isabella badging. Hansa badging was also used through to 1957.

Despite its aspirational positioning in the marketplace, the Isabella had a smaller engine (and was marginally shorter) than its immediate predecessor, the Borgward Hansa. Late in 1952, the firm had launched their six-cylinder Hansa 2400 model. The larger car never found many buyers; but in 1954, it made commercial sense to keep the two models from competing too directly with each other.

At launch
11,150 Isabellas were produced in 1954, an early indicator that commercially this would be the most successful Borgward ever. The early cars enjoyed an enthusiastic reception in the market place. Unfortunately, early models were afflicted by teething troubles, reflecting a rushed development schedule, and the marketplace would later prove unforgiving as Borgward's Stuttgart-based rival, Daimler-Benz demonstrated that new models did not have to involve customers experiencing such problems.

The advertised launch price of DM 7,265 was higher than that of competitor family sedans from Opel and Ford, but significantly less than Mercedes-Benz was asking for their 180 model. In view of the car's spacious cabin and impressive performance, the pricing was perceived as very competitive. A road test at launch reported a maximum speed of  and fuel consumption of 8.4 L/100 km. The testers described the modern structure of the car in some detail: they particularly liked the wide cabin with its large windows, and they commended the effectiveness of the brakes. The inclusion of a cigarette lighter and a clock also attracted favourable mention. Unlike the Mercedes 180 however, (and unlike its predecessor) the Isabella was only delivered with two doors.

The Isabella was constructed without a separate chassis, applying the monocoque technique which during the 1950s was becoming the norm. Like its predecessor, the car was designed with a modern ponton, three-box design, but the line of the Isabella was more curvaceous than that of the first Hansa, and the car’s body made greater use of chrome trim. Ground clearance was 6.9 inches.

The Isabella featured a swing axle at the back: it was supported by coil springs on all four wheels. The four-cylinder 1493 cc engine had a claimed power output of , and was connected by means of a then innovative hydraulic clutch to the four-speed full synchromesh gear box. Gear changes were effected by means of a column-mounted lever.

Variants
A year after presenting the sedan, Borgward presented the Isabella estate version.

Also introduced in 1955 was a two-door cabriolet, known as the Isabella TS and featuring a more powerful  motor. Production of the cabriolet was contracted to the firm Karl Deutsch in Cologne: converting an early monocoque design to a cabriolet necessitated considerable modification in order to achieve the necessary structural rigidity, and the resulting cost was reflected in a much higher selling price for this version.

Initial sales volumes were not maintained. Responding to a sales decline of almost a third in 1955 and 1956, Carl Borgward decided to produce a more beautiful Isabella with a shortened roof line. The Borgward Isabella Coupé was developed, and the four hand built prototypes were well received by the press.  Borgward gave one of these prototypes to his wife, Elisabeth, who would continue to drive it into the 1980s. Commercial production of the coupé, powered by the more powerful TS version of the engine first seen in the cabriolet, commenced in January 1957. The coupe appears to have achieved its marketing objective of further distancing the Isabella’s image from similarly sized competitors from Opel and Ford. By 1958, the more powerful  TS motor had also found its way into the more upmarket Isabella sedan and estate versions.

Vehicles were exported to several markets, including Australia, and New Zealand; ten were sold in Malaya.

In competition
English Racing driver and tuner Bill Blydenstein raced a Borgward Isabella in the 1950s with some success.

End of production
Borgward had many unsold Isabellas when it went bankrupt, controversially, in 1961. Nevertheless, the model's production at the Bremen plant continued until 1962, suggesting that overstocking had not been restricted to finished vehicles. By the end, 202,862 Isabellas had rolled off the Borgward production line which was nevertheless an impressive volume in the 1950s: overall, and despite being hit by falling demand in the economic slump that briefly hit Germany in the early 1960s, the car is believed to have been the firm's most lucrative model by a very considerable margin.

Borgward enjoyed a brief afterlife: the production line was sold and shipped to Mexico, where later during the 1960s the P100 (Big Six) was produced. The Isabella was never produced in Mexico. Back in the German market, BMW’s stylish new 1500, launched by the Bavarians in 1961, convincingly filled the niche vacated by the Isabella, and was credited by at least one commentator with having rescued BMW itself from insolvency. In Argentina, the Isabella was manufactured from 1960 to 1963 by Dinborg, a local subsidiary of Borgward. 999 Isabellas were made in Buenos Aires.

Concept (2017)

A Borgward Isabella Concept was presented by Borgward at IAA 2017 as a four-door, four seat electric coupe. It has been designed under the direction of Anders Warming.

References
Peter Kurze: „Autos aus Bremen“, Band 3, Verlag Peter Kurze, Bremen 2001,
Völker, Heinrich: Der Weg zur Borgward Isabella - Unbekanntes aus der Versuchsabteilung - Bremen: Verlag Peter Kurze 2003 –
Georg Schmidt: „Borgward“, Motorbuch Verlag, Stuttgart 1986,
„Motor-Klassik“, Heft 1/2004, Vereinigte Motor-Verlage, Stuttgart

Isabella
Executive cars
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Cars introduced in 1954


Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Piano Sonata No. 3 in B major, K. 281 / 189f, (1774) is a piano sonata in three movements:

A typical performance takes about 14 minutes.

This piano sonata is one of the most virtuosic pieces Mozart ever composed, written during the visit Mozart paid to Munich for the production of La finta giardiniera from late 1774 to the beginning of the following March.

External links

  (Alte Mozart-Ausgabe version)

Piano Sonata 03
Compositions in B-flat major
1774 compositions


Mérobert () is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.

Inhabitants of Mérobert are known as Mérobertois.

See also
Communes of the Essonne department

References

External links

Mayors of Essonne Association

Communes of Essonne


Data portability is a concept to protect users from having their data stored in "silos" or "walled gardens" that are incompatible with one another, i.e. closed platforms, thus subjecting them to vendor lock-in and making the creation of data backups or moving accounts between services difficult.

Data portability requires common technical standards to facilitate the transfer from one data controller to another, such as the ability to export user data into a user-accessible local file, thus promoting interoperability, as well as facilitate searchability with sophisticated tools such as grep.

Data portability applies to personal data. It involves access to the personal data without implying data ownership per se.

Development
At the global level there are proponents who see the protection of digital data as a human right. Thus, in an emerging civil society draft declaration, one finds mention of the following concepts and statutes: Right to Privacy on the Internet, Right to Digital Data Protection, Rights to Consumer Protection on the Internet – United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection.

At the regional level there are at least three main jurisdictions where data rights are seen differently: China and India, the United States and the European Union. In the latter, personal data was given special protection under the 2018 General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).

The GDPR thus became the fifth of the 24 types of legislation listed in Annex 1 Table of existing and proposed European Directives and Regulations in relation to data.

Personal data are the basis for behavioral advertising, and early in the 21st century their value began to grow exponentially, at least as measured in the market capitalization of the major platforms holding personal data on their respective users. European Union regulators reacted to this perceived power imbalance between platforms and users, although much still hinges on the terms of consent given by users to the platforms. The concept of data portability comprises an attempt to correct the perceived power imbalance by introducing an element of competition allowing users to choose among platforms.

Online platforms
With the advent of the General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR), social media platforms such as Twitter, Instagram and Snapchat have widely adapted the ability to export and download user data into a ZIP archive file. Other platforms such as Google and Facebook already were equipped with export options earlier.

However, some platforms restrict exports with time delays between each, such as once per 30 days on Twitter, and many platforms lack partial export options.

Other sites such as Quora or Bumble offer no automated request form, requiring the user to request a copy of their data through a personal support email.

Ratings and Reviews
Reputation portability refers to the ability of an individual to transfer their reputation or credibility from one context to another. This concept is becoming increasingly important in today's interconnected world, where individuals are involved in multiple online and offline communities.

The idea behind reputation portability is that an individual's reputation should not be tied solely to a single community or platform. Rather, it should be transferable across different contexts, such as professional networks, social media platforms, and online marketplaces. This enables individuals to maintain a consistent reputation across various contexts, which can be beneficial in terms of building trust, and overcoming the so-called "cold-start" problem, and hence mitigating platform lock-in.

Overall, reputation portability is an important concept in today's digital landscape, and research has shown that imported reputation can serve as viable signals for building trust. As technology continues to evolve, it is likely that reputation portability will become increasingly important in shaping how we interact with each other online and offline.

In consumer electronics

Mobile devices
Some mobile apps restrict data portability by storing user data in locked directories while lacking export options. Such may include configuration files, digital bookmarks, browsing history and sessions (e.g. list of open tabs and navigation histories), watch and search histories in multimedia streaming apps, custom playlists in multimedia player software, entries in note taking and memorandum software, digital phone books (contact lists), call logs from the telephone app, and conversations through SMS and instant messaging software.

Locked directories are inaccessible to an end-user without extraordinary measures such as so-called rooting (Android) or jailbreaking (iOS).

The former requires the so-called boot loader of the device to be in an unlocked state in advance, which it usually is not by default. Toggling that state involves a full erasure of all user data, known as the wipe, making it a vicious cycle if the user's aim were to access their locked data.

Other mobile apps only allow the creation of user data backups using proprietary software provided by the vendor, lacking the ability to directly export the data to a local file in the mobile device's common user data directory. Such said software requires an external host computer to run on.

Some device vendors offer cloud storage and synchronisation services for backing up data. Such services however require registration and depend on internet connection and preferably high internet speeds and data plan limits if used regularly. Some services may only allow moving parts of the data such as text messages and phone books between locked directories on devices of the same vendor (vendor lock-in), without the ability to export the information into local files directly accessible by the end user.

Restrictions added in more recent versions of operating systems, such as scoped storage, which is claimed to have been implemented with the aim to improve user privacy, compromise both backwards compatibility to established existing software such as file managers and FTP server applications, as well as legitimate uses such as cross-app communication and facilitating large file transfers and backup creation.

Further possible restraints on data portability are poor reliability, stability and performance of existing means of data transfer, such as described in .

Digital video recorders
Some digital video recorders (DVRs) which store recordings on an internal hard drive lack the ability to back up recordings, forcing a user to delete existing recordings upon exhausted disk space, which is an instance of poor data portability.

Some DVRs have an operating system that depends on an Internet connection to boot and operate, meaning that recordings stored locally are inaccessible if no internet connection is available. If service for the device gets deprecated by the television service provider, the existing recordings become inaccessible and thus considerably lost.

Other appliances
Cordless landline telephone units, as well as their associated base stations, which have firmwares with phone book and SMS messaging functionality, commonly lack an interface to connect to a computer for backing the data up.

In software
Some software such as the Discourse forum software offers a built-in ability for users to download their posts into an archive file.

Other software may operate locally, but store user data in a proprietary format, thus causing vendor lock-in until successfully reverse-engineered by third party developers.

By country

European Union
The right to data portability was laid down in the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) passed in April 2016. The regulation applies to data processors, whether inside or outside the EU, if they process data on individuals who are physically located within an EU member state.

Earlier the European Data Protection Supervisor had stated that data portability could "let individuals benefit from the value created by the use of their personal data".

The European-level Article 29 Data Protection Working Party held a consultation on this in English lasting until the end of January 2017.

Their guidelines and FAQ on the right to data portability contain this call for action:

The French national data supervisor CNIL hosted a discussion in French. Current participants offer opinions on how the legislation provides few benefits for companies, but many for users.

In April 2017, new guidelines were published on the Article 29 Working Party website.
In late 2019 the Data Governance Act was published by the Commission.

In 2021 researchers, many of them French and Finnish, published a 46-page report covering the state-of-the-art.

In 2022 the European Commission published the Data Act.

Although the United Kingdom voted to withdraw from the EU, it intends to incorporate much of the GDPR in its own legislation, which will include data portability, as "...the GDPR itself contains some noteworthy innovations – for instance… the introduction of a new right to data portability".
In November at the Internet Governance Forum 2019 in Berlin panelists reported that Article 20 GDPR is not actionable, neither legally nor technically. In the UK—ironically post-Brexit—researchers are monitoring developments.

Germany has called to strengthen the European Union's right to data portability using competition law. A commission was set up for the purpose of proposing improvements.

Switzerland
Likewise, in Switzerland, a nation-state that is related to the EU only on a bilateral basis and as an EFTA member state, there has been a trend moving in the same direction.  The Swiss view was officially published in March 2018 (as a document in PDF).

An association proposed to have a right to data portability anchored in the constitution of the Swiss Confederation. A law was passed that includes data portability; as described here in German
and here in French. The association partners with a cooperative called MIDATA.coop, which will offer users a place to store their data.

A second association has issued its guideline on the topic.

Over the longer term, the Swiss may have to consider that data portability is in the GDPR. Given that the GDPR will raise compliance costs for EU-based companies, it is unlikely that the EU would tolerate a situation with third-party countries in which Swiss companies would not be held to the same standard in order to keep competition fair. The legal terms involved are adequacy and reciprocity.

United States, California
California has a Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) of 2018, which introduces data portability to the USA.

Canada

Canada anticipates a law in that it shows  Transparency, Portability and Interoperability as Principle No. 4 of its Digital Charter.

India

Data portability is included in the Personal Data Protection Bill 2019 about to become law as section 26 in chapter VI.

Brazil

Data portability is included in the Privacy law#Brazil as its Article 18.

Australia

In Australia a Consumer Data Right has been proposed.

Thailand

Data portability is included in the new law.

Kenya

A right to data portability is enshrined in the new data protection law under clause 34. However, the intentions behind the new law, its enforcement and relation to the government's new Identity management system have already been contested.

Requirements for effective data interoperability
It is always tricky for legislators to regulate at the right level of precision, as everyone understands technology will evolve faster than the law. So far, only the European Union has formalized the expectations around data portability, requiring the data "in a structured, commonly used, machine-readable and interoperable format".

This touches on at least two distinct technical requirements for effective interoperability:
 the need to use file standards that allow for easy reuse (for instance CSV or JSON instead of PDF or even printed paper), encompassed by a "structured, commonly used, machine-readable" format.
 the need (hinging on "interoperable") to not only consider an individual's data release on its own, but also in conjunction with other systems and other individuals' data releases from the same company. This hints at requirements regarding data schemas, versioning and specification of those schemas in case of frequent changes, and generally the absence of efforts on the part of the source data controller to complicate the effective interoperability downstream.

Likewise, European researchers stress that there are both practical and legal gaps that the EU should fill.

Rights of data subjects under the European Union's new GDPR
The list of these rights has grown.

Data portability in relation to the right of access
The data portability right is slightly different from the Right of access to personal data; see GDPR and the seventh item in the list cited immediately above. The right of access only mandates that the data subject gets to see their personal data. The old EU Data Protection Directive used to require explicitly in such cases for the data to be provided in "intelligible" form, which has been interpreted so far as "human readable". This requirement is still somewhat present in the EU's General Data Protection Regulation, but only implicitly in conjunction with Recital (law). Since the right to portability is mostly concerned with reuse by other services (i.e. most likely automated), it could be that both "human readable" and "raw format" would be inappropriate for effective data portability. Some intermediate level might need to be sought.

In addition, the GDPR limits the scope of data portability to cases where the processing is made on the basis of either consent of the data subject, or the performance of a contract.

Data portability in relation to the right of explanation
The data portability right is related to the "right to explanation", i.e. when automated decisions are made that have legal effect or significant impact on individual data subjects. How to display an algorithm? One way is through a decision tree. This right, however, was found to be not very useful in an empirical study.
The right to explanation is related to the "Right to not be evaluated on the basis of automated processing" shown as the last item in the list shown in Gabel / Hickman. This includes decisions based on profiling. Such a right was included in the EU Data Protection Directive of 1995, but not much enforcement followed. An article in Wired emphasised the poignancy of the discussion. The issue has been discussed by Bygrave, and by Hildebrandt, who claimed this to be one of the most important transparency rights in the era of machine learning and big data. Contrary to Hildebrandt's high expectations in 2012, four years later, after many revisions to the GDPR, when the text has been finalized, three other well-known authors contest whether a right to explanation still exists in the GDPR (see below).

In the United States there was a description of related developments in a seminal book by law professor Frank Pasquale; the relevant passages were reviewed by the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC). Even the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA has an Explainable AI (XAI) program
cited critically by blogger Artur Kiulian.

Several papers have been published on these topics in 2016, the first of which, by Goodman / Flaxman, outlines the development of the right to explanation. Pasquale does not think the approach goes far enough, as he has stated in a blog entry at the London School of Economics (LSE). In fact at LSE there is a whole series on Algorithmic Accountability of which that was one entry in Feb. of 2016, and other notable ones were by Joshua Kroll and Mireille Hildebrandt.

Another 2016 paper, this one published by Katarinou et al., includes remarks on a right of appeal such that "individuals would have a right to appeal to a machine against a decision made by a human."

A third 2016 paper, one co-authored by Mittelstadt et al., maps the literature and relates it to the GDPR on its pages 13–14.

A fourth paper, one co-authored by Wachter, Mittelstadt and Floridi, refutes the idea that such a right might be included in the GDPR, proposes a limited 'right to be informed' instead and calls for the creation of an agency to implement the transparency requirement. A further paper by Edwards and Veale claims such a right is unlikely to apply in the cases of the 'algorithmic harms' attracting recent media attention, and that insufficient attention has been paid to both the computer science literature on explanation and how other GDPR provisions, such as data protection impact assessments and data portability, might help. Almost two years later a paper appeared that challenges earlier papers, especially Wachter / Mittelstadt / Floridi.

On both sides of the Atlantic there has been recent activity pertaining to this ongoing debate. Early in 2016 experts on artificial intelligence and UK government officials met during a number of meetings, and developed a Data Science Ethical Framework. On November 7, 2016 an event was held in Brussels, organized by MEP Marietje Schaake in the European Parliament and described by danah Boyd. Only eleven days later at New York University there was a conference on "Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency in Machine Learning " where Principles for Accountable Algorithms and a Social Impact Statement for Algorithms were articulated and placed online for discussion. By mid-December the IEEE came out with a document whose editing was backed up by public comments that were invited by March 2017 on "Ethically Aligned Design".
Later in 2017 data portability was analysed by professors of data protection as a central innovation of the new GDPR.

See also
 External wiki GDPR Hub maintained by Max Schrems et al.
 Data Transfer Project
 Ethics of artificial intelligence
 General Data Protection Regulation

Notes

References

Digital rights
Interoperability


Mespuits () is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.

Inhabitants of Mespuits are known as Mespuitsiens.

See also
Communes of the Essonne department

References

External links

Mayors of Essonne Association

Communes of Essonne


The ULPower UL260i is a family of aircraft engines, produced by ULPower in Belgium.

Design
The UL260i series are all lightweight, four-cylinder, four-stroke, horizontally-opposed, air-cooled, direct drive engine designs that feature FADEC with multipoint fuel injection and dual ignition systems.

Variants
UL260i
Base model, fuel injection, compression ratio of 8.16:1, producing
UL260iS
Model with a higher compression ratio of 9.10:1, fuel injection, producing
UL260iSA
Aerobatic model with a higher compression ratio of 9.10:1, fuel injection, producing
UL260iF
Model with a higher compression ratio of 9.10:1, fuel injection, producing , due to French regulatory requirements.

Applications

Specifications

See also
Related development
ULPower UL350i
Lists
 List of aircraft engines
Comparable engines
 HKS 700E
 Jabiru 2200
 KFM 112M
 Pegasus PAL 95
 Revmaster R-2300
 Rotax 912
 Sauer S 2200 UL
 Sauer S 2400 UL
 Sauer S 2100 ULT

References

External links

ULPower aircraft engines
2000s aircraft piston engines


Moigny-sur-École () is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.

Inhabitants of Moigny-sur-École are known as Moignacois.

See also
Communes of the Essonne department

References

External links

Official website

Mayors of Essonne Association

Communes of Essonne


Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Piano Sonata No. 4 in E-flat major, K. 282 / 189g, (1774) is a sonata in three movements:

A typical performance takes about 12 minutes.

Mozart wrote the work down during a visit paid to Munich for the production of La finta giardiniera from late 1774 to the beginning of the following March.

The first movement is in sonata form.The second movement is two minuets, and the first one is in B-flat major. The second one is in E flat major.The third movement is also in sonata form and returns to the home key in eflat major.

External links

  (Alte Mozart-Ausgabe version)

Piano Sonata 04
Compositions in E-flat major
1774 compositions


The Westar Institute, founded by Robert W. Funk in 1985, is a member-supported nonprofit educational institute with a twofold mission:
 To foster collaborative, cumulative research in religious studies
 To communicate the results of the scholarship of religion to a broad, non-specialist public
Westar is located in Salem, Oregon, on the campus of Willamette University. The institute has a publishing arm in the form of Polebridge Press, which publishes books, media, and two journals:

Forum, an academic journal which publishes scholarly articles on the historical Jesus, Christian origins, and related fields.
The Fourth R, a bimonthly magazine that publishes religious studies research in nontechnical language for at a general audience.

Organizational structure
Westar is managed by a Board of Directors and staff. Membership is divided into Associate Members, who are members of the public, and Westar Fellows, scholars in the field of religious studies or a cognate discipline. Associate membership provides ongoing support for the organization in the form of annual dues, and is open to anyone with an interest in religion. However, scholars must apply to become Fellows. To become a Fellow, a person must hold an "advanced academic degree (Ph.D. or equivalent) in religious studies or related disciplines with accredited universities worldwide." While there is no required religious affiliation, Fellows do commit to the Ethos & Protocol statement, which includes sharing historical-critical research with the public. The approach taken by the Westar Fellows to their research has drawn criticism from a number of directions.

Activities
Westar sponsors "large-scale, collaborative research projects" called seminars on various topics in early Christian history. The first and most famous of these was the Jesus Seminar on the historical Jesus, which lasted from 1985 to 1993. Other Westar seminars include the Paul Seminar, Acts of Apostles, Christian Origins, and, currently, the Christianity Seminar. While Scholars communicate throughout the year, twice annually they present papers at national meetings with a public audience. Meetings culminate in votes by both Fellows and Associate Members regarding specific historical assertions.

Voting system
The concept of voting on aspects of early Christian life and the accuracy of biblical sayings was not a unique innovation of Westar. Rather, it was based on "the disciplined work of Bible translation committees, a very traditional scholarly practice," based in turn on the more ancient Greek voting system that involved dropping colored beads into an urn. Westar Fellows vote as follows:
 RED: This information is virtually certain; it is supported by a preponderance of the evidence and is accepted as historical.
 PINK: This information is not certain but is probably reliable; it fits well with evidence that is verifiable and so is regarded as borderline historical.
 GRAY: This information is possible but unreliable; it is not a clear fabrication but lacks supporting evidence and so is regarded as dubious.
 BLACK: This information is improbable; it does not fit verifiable evidence or seems to be a fabrication and is regarded as nonhistorical.
Votes are weighted according to historicity. The higher the numerical value, the more historical weight is given to a piece of information. Examples from the Jesus Seminar, as recorded in seminar publication The Five Gospels, include:
 RED: Parable of the Leaven (Matt 13:33)
 PINK: Parable of the Mustard Seed (Matt 13:31-32)
 GRAY: Parable of the Sabotage of Weeds (Matt 13:24-30)
 BLACK: Meaning of the Weeds Parable (Matt 13:37-43a)

Reactions
Because of its emphasis on historical foundations over dogmatic faith, Westar Institute has been criticized by evangelical and fundamentalist-leaning organizations. This criticism has appeared "almost from the moment that they published their first paper on the life and death of Jesus Christ." Moderators of the faith-based site AllAboutReligion.org provide a relevant example: "Critics of the Jesus Seminar [cry] foul because they say that the Jesus Seminar is not subjective in their findings. This criticism is based on the knowledge that the Jesus Seminar eliminates any evidence they cannot explained [sic] using modern scientific principles." Indeed, as the Ethos & Protocol statement of Westar Fellows indicates, the approach of all seminars sponsored by the institute is historical-critical, by definition incongruous with faith-based assertions.

Beyond online forums, books have been published that criticize the work of the Westar Institute, particularly the Jesus Seminar, from the above perspective. Reasons for Our Hope: An Introduction to Christian Apologetics, published in 2011 by H. Wayne House and Dennis W. Jowers, serves as an example. As with the above-cited website, House and Jowers argue that the historical-critical approach of Fellows is problematic: "The starting point [of the Jesus Seminar] is a total rejection of the supernatural, a throwback to the first quest [of the historical Jesus]. ... Any miracle is considered a myth, added later to reflect later beliefs. Thus, there can be no virgin birth, walking on water, or resurrection. Before they even begin their work, the Jesus Seminar decided that anything in the Gospels that supports Jesus being more than just human cannot possibly be true."

House and Jowers describe Westar Institute as "a think tank set up by several liberal academics" and "radical critics of the Bible" among whom, House and Jowers claim on less credible terms, are "only a handful are well-known scholars in the field of New Testament studies" (319). In fact, most Westar Fellows are affiliated in some manner with leading organizations in the field of biblical studies and generally respected academic honors, as is evident in any survey of Fellow biographies on the Westar website. For example, publications and activities of the Fellows frequently include involvement with the leading organization of biblical research, the Society of Biblical Literature (SBL). The SBL published an obituary for Westar founder Robert W. Funk in 2005, in which Funk is credited for his service as the Executive Secretary for the SBL. Likewise another Westar Fellow, Daryl D. Schmidt, was remembered in an obituary on the site in 2006. Furthermore, an article by John Dart, originally a paper presented at the 2006 SBL International Meeting in Edinburgh published in Forum, also in 2006, is featured on the SBL website. As Dart explains: "Unfortunately, there is built-in resistance to popularizing biblical research findings for the general public. First, it is believed that complex, nuanced scholarly arguments tend to get 'lost in translation' to readers and audiences unfamiliar with the terminology and background."

This is not to say Westar has escaped criticism from other scholars. "The most bitter and outspoken critic of the Seminar, Luke Timothy Johnson, published The Real Jesus: The Misguided Quest for the Historical Jesus and the Truth of the Traditional Gospels in 1996." To clarify, Johnson does not come from a fundamentalist perspective; he critiques that perspective as neither modern nor self-critical enough. Nevertheless, he problematizes the deeply unsettling experience of viewing the Bible through an historical-critical lens: "First-year students, who often come to seminary with deeply conservative convictions concerning the inspiration and inerrancy of Scripture, are exposed at once to the 'shock therapy' of the historical critical method." In the spirit of earlier theological perspectives of the twentieth century, Johnson focuses on the Christ of faith over against the Jesus of history as an appropriate focus of studies of Christian life.

Bessler, himself a Westar Fellow, describes Johnson's position as largely dependent on the approach of theologian Martin Kähler, among others, and responds critically to Johnson's criticism of the first-year theology students' experience of the historical method: "Can one also imagine, I wonder, the gall of professors in other graduate departments, in physics for example, or psychology, or cultural anthropology, 'forcing' their students to learn a methodology: How outrageous!"

A more weighty criticism comes from feminist theologian Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza for "historical positivism." While Schüssler Fiorenza does not criticize the use of the historical-critical method, she does critique a lack of emphasis on the fact that all historical work is a form of re-construction which "must open up its historical models or patterns to public reflection and critical scrutiny." In other words, in spite of the highly public format of the Westar seminars, Schüssler Fiorenza advocates for greater involvement in explaining and opening methods up to public scrutiny.

References

External links
 Westar Institute website

1985 establishments in Oregon
Christian organizations established in 1985
Biblical criticism
Christian organizations based in the United States
Organizations based in Salem, Oregon
Willamette University


Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Piano Sonata No. 5 in G major, K. 283 / 189h, (1774) is a piano sonata in three movements:

This sonata is part of the earliest group of sonatas that Mozart published in the mid-1770s. The first movement is a sonata-allegro movement that is concise, with an economy of materials. The development section is a mere 18 measures long. The shorter length and moderate technical demands make it an ideal piece for early-advanced study and performance.

A typical performance takes twelve to eighteen (Richter) minutes.

The work was written down during the visit Mozart paid to Munich for the production of his La finta giardiniera from late 1774 to the beginning of the following March.

External links

  (Alte Mozart-Ausgabe version)
Recording by Paavali Jumppanen from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in MP3 format

Piano Sonata 05
Compositions in G major
1774 compositions


Monnerville () is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France. Monnerville station has rail connections to Orléans, Étampes and Paris.

Inhabitants of Monnerville are known as Monnervillois.

See also
 Communes of the Essonne department

References

External links

Mayors of Essonne Association

Communes of Essonne


The 2008 Illinois Democratic presidential primary took place on Super Tuesday, February 5, 2008, with 153 delegates at stake. Each of Illinois's 19 congressional districts was proportionally allocated to candidates who had received 15% or more of the vote in that district, totaling 100. Another 53 delegates were also proportionally allocated to candidates who had received 15% or more of the vote statewide. The 153 delegates represented Illinois at the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado. Thirty-two other unpledged delegates, known as superdelegates, also attended the convention and cast their votes as well.

Polls

Polls indicated that then-U.S. Senator Barack Obama was leading then-U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton by double digits in the days before the contest in his home state of Illinois.

Results

Chicago Public Radio reported on  March 13, 2008, that the delegate counts were recalculated and Obama won 106 delegates to 47 for
Clinton.

Analysis
It was no surprise that Barack Obama cruised to a landslide victory in Illinois, the state he had represented in the U.S. Senate since 2005. He enjoyed massive support in his state among all demographics. According to exit polls, 57 percent of voters in the Illinois Democratic Primary were white and they opted for Obama 57–41; 24 percent of voters were African American and they, too, backed Obama 93–5; and 17 percent of voters in the primary were Hispanic/Latino and they narrowly backed Obama 50–49. Obama won all age groups but tied Clinton among senior citizens aged 65 and over. He won all voters in the state of all educational attainment levels as well as income/socioeconomic classes. He won all ideological groups and voters from both parties as well as self-identified Independents. Regarding religion, Obama won every major denomination except Roman Catholics, who narrowly backed Clinton 50-48 percent. Obama won Protestants by a margin of 58–38, other Christians 79–19, other religions 82–17, and atheists/agnostics 78–21.

Obama performed extremely well statewide and racked up massive victories in his home city of Chicago as well as its suburbs and the metropolitan area. He also won Northern Illinois as well as the collar counties by substantial victories. Clinton's best performance was in Southern Illinois among the more rural and conservative counties that are majority white, although Obama still won the region as a whole.

See also
 2008 Illinois Republican presidential primary
 2008 United States presidential election in Illinois

References

Illinois
Democratic presidential primary
2008
2008 Super Tuesday


Morigny-Champigny () is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.

Inhabitants of Morigny-Champigny are known as Morignacois.

Geography
The village lies on the right bank of the Juine, which flows northward through the western part of the commune.

See also
Communes of the Essonne department
Thiou of Morigny, French chronicler

References

External links

Official website

Mayors of Essonne Association

Communes of Essonne


Carlos Gustave Spaht, I (August 2, 1906 – April 29, 2001), was a Louisiana judge best remembered for having lost the Democratic gubernatorial runoff election in January 1952 to fellow Judge Robert F. Kennon of Minden, the seat of Webster Parish in northwestern Louisiana. Spaht's unsuccessful running mate for lieutenant governor was future Governor John J. McKeithen of Columbia, the seat of Caldwell Parish in north Louisiana. McKeithen lost to then State Senator C.E. "Cap" Barham of Ruston, the seat of Lincoln Parish, also in north Louisiana. At the time, McKeithen was an outgoing member of the Louisiana House of Representatives.

Spaht was affiliated for years with the Baton Rouge law firm Kantrow, Spaht, Weaver & Blitzer.

Early years

Born to Gustave Beauregard Spaht and the former Flora Elizabeth Holden, Spaht was reared on a dairy farm in Gentry County in northwestern Missouri. The family moved to Louisiana in the middle 1920s.  Spaht graduated from Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, at which he joined the Reserve Officers' Training Corps. In 1931, he received his law degree from the Louisiana State University Law Center.

He served in the United States Army during World War II, having eventually earned the rank of colonel. He went on active duty in the summer of 1941 and was sent to China to work with the 8th Chinese Army. He became involved in the battle to free the Burma Road and was a commander under General Joseph Stilwell. He also met Lieutenant General Claire Lee Chennault of the Flying Tigers, who grew up near Ferriday, Louisiana.  At the Battle of Mount Song, Spadt, Peter S. Hopkins, and John C. Young were instrumental in planning and designing the explosive charges that destroyed that enemy stronghold.

After his military service, Spaht was elected district attorney of East Baton Rouge Parish. He was later appointed a judge for the 19th Judicial District but resigned in order to run for governor in the 1951–1952 election cycle.

Gubernatorial campaign

Supporting Nixon/Lodge ticket

Civic accomplishments

Spaht was a proponent of the desegregation of the Louisiana State University Law School and later worked to end segregation elsewhere. He promoted the creation of predominantly African American Southern University campuses in Shreveport and New Orleans.

When McKeithen became governor, he named Spaht to the prestigious LSU Board of Supervisors. Spaht worked with McKeithen in 1964 in drafting a code of ethics for elected officials and state employees.

Memberships
State Commission on Alcoholism
Baton Rouge Bi-Racial Committee
Committee on Emergency Allocations
State Ethics Board
Presbyterian Church
Boy Scouts of America
Veterans of Foreign Wars
American Legion
Young Men's Christian Association
American Red Cross
Young Men's Business Club

Death and burial

Spaht died in Baton Rouge and is interred at Greenoaks Memorial Park in East Baton Rouge Parish. Spaht's son, Carlos G. Spaht, II (born June 22, 1942), who is registered with no party, is a mathematics professor at Louisiana State University in Shreveport. Another son, Paul H. Spaht (born July 1946), a Republican, practices law at his father's former Baton Rouge firm.

On April 2, 2008, Spaht, former state senator J. D. DeBlieux, and former Register of the State Lands Ellen Bryan Moore, were honored posthumously by the annual Louisiana Governor's Prayer Breakfast.

References

1906 births
2001 deaths
Politicians from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Lawyers from Baton Rouge, Louisiana
People from Gentry County, Missouri
Louisiana state court judges
District attorneys in Louisiana
Louisiana State University alumni
United States Army colonels
United States Army personnel of World War II
American Presbyterians
Louisiana Democrats
20th-century American judges


"Three Steps to Heaven" is a song co-written and recorded by Eddie Cochran, released in 1960. The record topped the charts in the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom posthumously for Cochran following his death in a car accident in April 1960. In the US it did not reach the Billboard Hot 100.

"Three Steps To Heaven" was recorded in January 1960 and featured Buddy Holly's Crickets on instruments. The song was written by Eddie Cochran and his brother Bob Cochran.

David Bowie used the guitar chord riff in his 1971 song "Queen Bitch" on his album Hunky Dory. He later made reference to the song title in the lyrics of "It's No Game" on 1980's Scary Monsters (And Super Creeps).

Personnel
 Eddie Cochran: vocal and rhythm guitar
 Sonny Curtis: guitar
 Conrad 'Guybo' Smith: electric bass
 Jerry Allison: drums

Chart performance

Cover versions
Showaddywaddy's 1975 cover version of this song was also a hit, reaching No. 1 in Ireland and No. 2 in the UK Singles Chart.

See also
List of posthumous number-one singles (UK)

References

External links
[ Three Steps to Heaven] - review of the Showaddywaddy version on allmusic.com

1960 singles
1975 singles
Eddie Cochran songs
Showaddywaddy songs
Irish Singles Chart number-one singles
UK Singles Chart number-one singles
Songs written by Eddie Cochran
Song recordings produced by Snuff Garrett
1960 songs
Liberty Records singles
London Records singles


CD8a (Cluster of Differentiation 8a), is a human gene.

Function

The CD8 antigen is a cell surface glycoprotein found on most cytotoxic T lymphocytes that mediates efficient cell-cell interactions within the immune system. The CD8 antigen, acting as a coreceptor, and the T-cell receptor on the T lymphocyte recognize antigen displayed by an antigen-presenting cell (APC) in the context of class I MHC molecules. The functional coreceptor is either a homodimer composed of two alpha chains, or a heterodimer composed of one alpha and one beta chain. Both alpha and beta chains share significant homology to immunoglobulin variable light chains. This gene encodes the CD8 alpha chain isoforms. Two alternative transcripts encoding distinct isoforms, one membrane associated and one secreted, have been identified.

Interactions

CD8A has been shown to interact with:
 CD3D,
 HLA-A, and
 HLA-G.

See also
 Cluster of differentiation

References

Further reading

External links

Clusters of differentiation


Independents for a Europe of Nations was a Eurosceptic political group with seats in the European Parliament between 1996 and 1999.

History
"Group of Independents for a Europe of Nations" was founded on 20 December 1996, succeeding the Europe of Nations group. Following the 1999 European elections, the Group was reorganised into the "Group for a Europe of Democracies and Diversities" on 20 July 1999.

MEPs
MEPs in Independents for a Europe of Nations on 14 December 1998 were as follows:

MEPs in Independents for a Europe of Nations on 4 May 1999 were as follows:

Sources
Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung
European Parliament
Europe Politique
BBC News

References

Former European Parliament party groups
Euroscepticism


Morsang-sur-Seine (, literally Morsang on Seine) is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France. Inhabitants of Morsang-sur-Seine are known as Morsandiaux.

The orientalist Rubens Duval (1839–1911) was born in Morsang-sur-Seine.

Geography

Situation

Located right bank of the Seine, on a bend of the Seine and backed by the forest of Rougeau, Morsang-sur-seine is a rural Department of Essonne.

Although at least 40 kilometers from Paris, by a wise policy planning, it has preserved its original charm and offers quiet and residential comfort.

Village life as naturally turned toward the river (plant water production, shipbuilding, water sports, camping, fishing) to the forest (logging, sports, hunting).

Climate

Morsang-sur-Seine, situated in Île-de-France, benefit from an oceanic climate   fresh winters and soft summer, with regular precipitation on the whole year. On average annual, the temperature becomes established in 10,8 °C, with an annual maximal average of 15,2 °C and a minimal average of 6,4 °C. The record of the lowest temperature was established on January 17, 1985 with 19,8 °C. The slightest urban population density explains a constant negative difference from two to three degrees raised(found) between Auvernaux and Paris. The period of sunshine adding up 1 798 hours is comparable to all the regions in the North of the Loire but lesser than in the North of the department by the frequent presence of tablecloth of mist near the Seine, fields and vast forests. The precipitation become established in annual 598,3 millimeters, with a monthly average close to fifty millimeters and a point(headland) in sixty three millimeters in May.

See also
Communes of the Essonne department

References

External links

Official website

Communes of Essonne
Sénart


Gail Lewis may refer to:

 Gail Robinson (Neighbours), also Lewis, a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Neighbours
 Gail Lewis (academic) (born 1951), British writer, psychotherapist, researcher, and activist


Nainville-les-Roches () is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.

Inhabitants of Nainville-les-Roches are known as Nainvillois. The historian Jean Gagé (1902–1986) was born in Nainville-les-Roches.

Geography

Climate

Nainville-les-Roches has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb)). The average annual temperature in Nainville-les-Roches is . The average annual rainfall is  with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Nainville-les-Roches was  on 4 August 1990; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 9 January 1985.

See also
Communes of the Essonne department

References

External links

Mayors of Essonne Association

Communes of Essonne


The 2008 Georgia Democratic presidential primary took place on Super Tuesday, February 5, 2008, and had a total of 87 delegates at stake. The winner in each of Georgia's 13 congressional districts was awarded all of that district's delegates, totaling 57. Another 30 delegates were awarded to the statewide winner, Barack Obama. The 87 delegates represented Georgia at the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado. Sixteen other unpledged delegates, known as superdelegates, also attended the convention and cast their votes as well.

Polls

Results

Analysis
Georgia, with its heavily African American population, gave Barack Obama one of his largest victories in a primary during the course of the Democratic Presidential Primary as he solidly defeated Hillary Clinton by more than a two-to-one margin of victory. According to exit polls, 51 percent of voters in the Georgia Democratic Primary were African Americans and they opted for Obama by a margin of 88-11 compared to the 43 percent of Caucasian voters who backed Clinton by a margin of 53-43. Obama won all age groups, educational attainment levels and socioeconomic classes in Georgia except senior citizens aged 65 and over who backed Clinton by a margin of 55-45. Obama won all ideological groups and self-identified Democrats by a margin of 67-32 and Independents by a similar 63-33 percent margin of victory. Obama also swept every major religious denomination – Protestants went for Obama 52-46; Roman Catholics 56-44; other Christians 77-22; other religions 71-24; and atheists/agnostics 69-30.

Obama performed extremely well throughout the state of Georgia and won over three-quarters of its counties. He performed best in Atlanta where he won 76 percent of the vote as well as its suburbs which backed him 66-32. Central Georgia also strongly favored Obama by a margin of 69-31. Obama did best in the state’s major urban areas like Atlanta, Savannah, Columbus, Augusta, and Athens as well as a majority of the rural counties that were predominantly African American. Clinton performed extremely well in North Georgia, mostly in the more rural, white and conservative parts of the state which are considered to be an extreme part of Appalachia, a region where she consistently did well during the course of the primaries; she defeated Obama by a margin of 48-45 percent in North Georgia.

Obama received a major endorsement from U.S. Representative John Lewis of Atlanta, a former civil rights activist.

See also

2008 Georgia Republican presidential primary

References

Georgia
2008 Georgia (U.S. state) elections
2008
2008 Super Tuesday


The 16th Engineer Brigade is a combat engineer brigade of the United States Army National Guard of Ohio. The brigade is responsible for a number of units throughout Ohio, most of which are also combat engineer units.

Overview
Members of the brigade provide construction and design assistance for nations worldwide, both in aid to civilian authorities and traditional training environments. The HHC 16th Engineer Brigade, mobilized into federal active duty in June 2020 in support of Operation Spartan Shield, Task Force Iron Castle.

Honors

CAMPAIGN PARTICIPATION CREDIT

World War I

Lorraine 1918

World War II

Northern Solomons

Luzon (with arrowhead)

War on Terrorism

Iraq

Iraq Governance

National Resolution

Iraqi Sovereignty

DECORATIONS

Presidential Unit Citation (Army),
Streamer embroidered BOUGAINVILLE

Philippine Presidential Unit Citation, Streamer embroidered 17 OCTOBER 1944 TO 4 JULY 1945

Meritorious Unit Citation (Army), Streamer embroidered IRAQ 2005-2006

Meritorious Unit Commendation (Army), Streamer embroidered IRAQ 2009 - 2010

Organization

HHC, 16TH EN BDE

204th EN DET

HHC, 216TH EN BN

SPT CO

1194th EN CO

811th EN CO SAPPER

1191st EN CO

1137th SIG CO

HHC, 112th EN BN

SPT CO

812th EN CO SAPPER

945th EN CO

192nd EN CO

291st EN DET

292nd EN DET

5694th EN DET

295th EN DET

296th EN DET

HHC, 5th BN, 54th SFAB

A CO

B CO

C CO

D CO

Lineage
Parent unit constituted 29 August 1917 in the National Guard as Headquarters, 62d Field Artillery Brigade, an element of the 37th Division

Organized on 21 September 1917 at Camp Sherman, Ohio, with personnel from the Ohio National Guard

	Demobilized on 11 April 1919 at Camp Sherman, Ohio

	Expanded, reorganized, and Federally recognized in the Ohio National Guard as elements of the 37th Division as follows:

		Headquarters, 62d Field Artillery Brigade 26 July 1922 at Columbus
	(location changed on 1 June 1937 to Cleveland)
		Headquarters Battery, 62d Field Artillery Brigade, 26 April 1922 at
Dayton (hereafter, separate lineage)

	Inducted into Federal service on 15 October 1940 at Columbus

	Reorganized and redesignated 1 February 1942 as Headquarters, 37th Division Artillery

	Inactivated on 18 December 1945 at Camp Anza, California

	Consolidated 11 November 1946 with the 37th Reconnaissance Troop, Mechanized (see ANNEX); consolidated unit Federally recognized as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 37th Division Artillery

	Ordered into active Federal service on 15 January 1952 at Columbus

	(Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 37th Division Artillery [NGUS] organized and Federally recognized 15 January 1954)

	Released from active Federal service on 15 June 1954 and reverted to state control; Federal recognition was concurrently withdrawn from Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 37th Division Artillery (NGUS)

Redesignated 1 September 1959 as Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 37th Infantry Division Artillery

	Converted and redesignated 15 February 1968 as Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 16th Engineer Brigade and relieved from assignment to the 37th Infantry Division

	Ordered into active Federal service 10 September 2005 at Columbus; released from active Federal service 8 March 2007 and reverted to state control

	Ordered into active Federal service on 31 August 2009 at Columbus; released from active Federal service 4 October 2010 and reverted to state control

	Ordered into active Federal service on 25 June 2020 at Columbus

ANNEX

	Organized and Federally recognized on 29 April 1921 in the Ohio National Guard at Columbus as Headquarters Company, 2d Infantry Brigade

	Reorganized and redesignated 1 July 1921 as Headquarters Company, 74th Infantry Brigade an element of the 37th Division (later redesignated as the 37th Infantry Division)

	Inducted into Federal service on 15 October 1940 at Columbus

	Converted and redesignated on 1 February 1942 as the 37th Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop

	Reorganized and redesignated on 1 June 1944 as the 37th Reconnaissance Troop, Mechanized

	Inactivated on 13 December 1945 at Camp Stoneman, California

References
GlobalSecurity.org: 16th Engineer Brigade

Engineer 016
Ohio National Guard units


Haag is a village about four kilometers from Hemau in the Upper Palatinate, in Bavaria, Germany. It belongs administratively to the town of Hemau, Regensburg (district).

Geography of Bavaria


Ollainville () is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.

Inhabitants of Ollainville are known as Ollainvillois.

See also
 Communes of the Essonne department

References

External links

Official website

Mayors of Essonne Association

Communes of Essonne


Nehemiah Brown (born January 27, 1951 in Charlottesville, Virginia) is an American gospel music singer, songwriter, arranger, professional musician, teacher, vocal coach and choral director.

Musical career
Nehemiah Brown performed for Pope John-Paul II in the Sala Nervi at the Vatican and in the Olympic Stadium in Rome and at the first appearance of Pope Benedetto XVI outside of Vatican City in Bari, Italy; He has performed for "Children in Crisis" the charity organization of Sarah Ferguson, the Duchess of York; and at Pitti Immagine, the annual fashion Event in Florence, Italy, for which he wrote, " Save the Children". Mr. Brown directed the 100 elements of The Millennium Voices in the 2000 New Year's Eve Concert at the Parco Parterre, Florence, Italy. He is director and co-founder of the Florence Gospel Choir School in florence Italy. In 2001, The Florence Gospel Choir was featured at the Annual Choir Conference at the University of Porto in Porto, Portugal.

From August 2001 to January 2002, Mr. Brown together with Davide Zachariah, of the Assn Il Varco held six month gospel music workshops, in the Sollicciano Prison Complex, Florence Italy and the Women's Security Complex, Empoli, Italy. The workshops produced both a male and female vocal groups. The experiences culminated with joint concerts and singular concerts inside and outside of each complex.

In 1996, Mr. Brown co-founded with Eusebio De Cristofaro, the Florence Gospel Choir School, Italy's first Gospel Music School for the spread of authentic American music and music of the African American music tradition, specifically, Gospel. He performs nationally and internationally in churches, schools, in piazzas and theatres, on radio and on television. He has coordinated and collaborated on several recording projects which include a CD with the Coro San Leonardo, directed by Claudio Gnarini of Santo Stefano di Magra. He was given "honorary citizenship" in June of the year 2000 in Santo Stefano di Magra. He was consultant for the CD, "All Things Are Possible" with Joyful Gospel Ensemble of Livorno in November 2003. Since 2004 he has been director of the SeaSide Gospel Choir, formerly known as the Coro Filarmonica G. Verdi. In 2005, he performed in Piazza San Marco with Carlo Fumagalli and the Blues Brothers Band of Milano, directing a choir of 50 voices. He founded the Faith Gospel Choir of Carpi(MO), Italy in June 2005, with whom he performed with La Banda Cittidina di Carpi (MO) and the Filarmonica Cittadina G. Andreoli at their Annual Christmas Concert December 2008. Also in 2008, Mr. Brown performed with the Gospel Tree and the annual Christmas concert at the Teatro Orione in Rome with Maestro Maestro Catello Milo and his Orchestra.

Mr. Brown devoted more than 15 years to music education in Italy, teaching in the Italian Public School system at the Elementary, Middle School and High School levels and at the International School of Florence. In 2003, he began a collaboration with Laura Amati and the Association Steps, teaching at the annual, Musicando, Meeting dei Giovani held in Riccione, Italia. He held a seminar at the Annual Intl. Meeting, Rimini directing a choir of 100 plus voices, in which the audience of 5000 plus enthusiastically created a living Gospel train.

He began collaborating with Isabella Guidotti and Pierpaolo Marini of the Association Batukada Luciani, working for several years with students from Ascoli Piceno. Having taught African American Vocal Technique and performing together for several years, he co-founded "The Precious Gospel Singers" of Pescara, with mezzo-soprano, Giulia Martella in 2003. They have been featured in numerous concerts as a duo and with the Precious Gospel Singers with critical acclaim. They have worked for three years with the Pescara High School and Middle school students in a 3-month October - December Vocal Music experience culminating with a concert in favor of Relief for Children in Africa.

He was director for the Markette Gospel Choir, featured vocalist, pianist and Dancer on the Italian variety show Markette conducted by Piero Chiambretti. It aired every Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Saturday on Italian television station La7.Nehemiah Brown Markette Mr. Brown's composition, "Time to Heal" was among many songs used in the Obama presidential campaign. He released the CD All my Love in June 2008 with the Celebration Gospel Choir. He performed and was interviewed, with elements of the Celebration Gospel Choir on November 5, 2008, the day after the historic election of Barack Obama as the 44th president of the United States of America, on the Italian version of the Today Show called Uno Mattino. The show was seen by millions of viewers.

Mr. Brown directed the Celebration Gospel Choir in the "River to River", gospel concert on the Arno River. The concert, remembering the voyage of many slaves over the rivers and oceans to work in captivity and build the fortunes of the new Americas and the grand history of this great Florentine river, was an ante-prima of the annual Festa di San Giovanni Battista, the Patron Saint of Florence, Italy.

Following its historic performance on the Arno river in Florence, Italy sponsored by the Canottiere Firenze (Rowing Club of Florence) president, Massimo Cavallina. The Florence Gospel Choir will be performing in Stockholm, Sweden in August 2009 with a brief tour in Budapest, Hungary in the fall.
While continuing an almost 10 year schedule of Gospel Music Workshops that began at St. Augustine's Anglican Church then with Christ the King Anglican Church in Frankfurt, Germany, in 2011 he founded with Christine Melcher, The Rhine Main Community Inspirational Choir. The name was later shortened to the Rhine Main Community Choir with Christine Melcher responsible for Coordination/Public Relations, Eusebio De Cristofaro, Artistic Direction and Musical Direction by Nehemiah H. Brown. In May 2013, Mr. Brown and The Celebration Gospel Choir, a mass choir under his direction, combined with seven other Italian choir to perform, Maestro Detto Mariano's "Eccoci", an original composition written by Maestro Mariano for the Jubilee at the Vatican. Mr. Brown was soloist performing it in September 2014. It was scheduled to be performed when Pope Francesco makes his formal visit to Florence in late 2015. Mr. Brown will be performing on July 3, 2015. for the Ambassador to the United Nation's Annual Independence Day Celebration, held at his residence in Rome, Italy. He is currently working on new compositions and a new project with the Filarmonica of Mirandola to be performed at Christmas 2015.
Mr. Brown was ordained by the late, Rev. Charles H. Brown and licensed to preach by the Late Bishop Levy Willis in 1980. In September 2014, he was appointed as Senior Pastor of the Florence Gospel Fellowship International, Florence Italy.
Under Rev. Brown's leadership, The Florence Gospel Choir School and the Florence Gospel Fellowship International have joined in a joint venture with the Methodist Church to present their first Artist in Residence Program in June 2015.

Early years

Born in Charlottesville, Virginia (USA) singer, pianist, composer, arranger, choral director and voice teacher, Brown began singing at Holy Temple Church of God in Christ, the church where his father, the late Rev. Charles Hunter Brown was pastor. He was "...practically born" in church according to his mother, Mrs. Angie Brown, mother of his other 11 siblings. He sang his first solo at six years old, The Lord's Prayer, and began piano lessons at eleven, with the late Victoria Perkins. His most profound musical mentor was Sylvester Walton, a graduate student from the University of Virginia, who directed the Gospel choir at his father's church. His first official gospel performance piece was James Cleveland's, "Joy of My Salvation".

In Charlottesville, he directed, on occasion, The Lane High School Choir, The Trinity Episcopal Church Youth Choir, The Pilgrim Baptist Church Youth Choir, The First Baptist Church Gospel Choir, The HTYC of the Church of God in Christ. He founded The Interdenominational Gospel Choir (renamed the Dimensions of Gospel), co-founder and founding director of The Black Voices of The University Of Virginia. Mr. Brown also founded the Genesis Gospel Choir at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. He was accepted at Berklee School of Music in Boston, Massachusetts However, he decided to study African American vocal technique with noted author, ethnomusicologist, Professor Horace Clarence Boyer (editor of the Episcopal, African American Service Hymnal), at the University of Massachusetts.

He was mentored by his father, The Rev. Charles H. Brown, his sister, Mrs. Angie B. Jefferson, Dean William A. Elwood, UVa, the Dean Charles Vandersee, UVa., Professors of English and Thomas W. Lamb, MD., former Professor of Physiology at the University of Virginia and Prof. Horace C. Boyer, UMass, Amherst.

Thanks to the prayers, encouragement and support from the Brown Family, churches, choirs and his longtime friend, Neil S. Hunt, who encouraged him to return to college studies and to study abroad attending the California State University and the Università Degli Studi di Firenze. Mr. Brown continues to share his African American Heritage, Culture, culture and faith around the world.

Awards
 At 14 years old - University of Virginia - Program for Gifted Students
 Inducted into the International Thespian Society
 Scholarship for attendance at the University of Virginia
 Altrusa Club, Charlottesville, Virginia for the original composition, "Senior Citizen"
 Scholarship for attendance at National University, San Diego, California
 Scholarship for attendance at San Francisco State University, SF, California
 Honorary Citizenship awarded in Santo Stefano di Magra, (SP), Italy - 2000
 Numerous musical awards in USA, Italia, Germany, Switzerland, Portugal, The Netherlands, Finland, France
 Numerous awards from the International Lions Clubs, Rotary Clubs,Frecce Tre Colori

Broadcasting career
Trained, initially by his brother, John M. Brown, Nehemiah began his broadcasting career as an on-air radio personality and Program director at CGC - FM, one of the US's first full-time gospel music stations on Cox Cable network. Around 1976–1979 he re-located to Oakland California, and attended Love Center Church, pastored by Walter Hawkins, and he also managed the historic Cathedral Bldg. in downtown, Oakland, California.

In 1980, he returned to Charlottesville, Virginia, and CGC-FM, resuming his position as program director and training other young aspirant DJs. From 1982 to 1985, he worked as announcer and director of religious programming for the God Is Alive radio program on XHRM, a border station serving San Diego County and Baja California. Mr. Brown, concurrently, began as a local sales representative proceeding to sales manager and national sales executive, serving agencies in San Diego, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago and New York. Not only was he successful in attracting new clients, the Arbitron ratings for his radio shift from 6 am to 2 pm were the highest in the market. In December, Nehemiah, along with his brother John and colleague Eusebio De Cristofaro, returned to the radio airwaves in Florence, Italy, with a gospel music and information show called Shout Hallelujah, over NOVARADIO 101.5 FM.

Education
Brown studied Popular and Jazz Harmony, and music theory at the University of Virginia. He studied African American Vocal Technique at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where he also participated as singer and pianist in the Voices of New Africa House Choir founded by Max Roach, directed by Boyer. In San Diego, California, he studied piano and voice with the renowned vocal coach Martin Grusin, cousin of jazz pianist, Dave Grusin.

Brown did intensive Italian-language studies at the City College of San Francisco. He received an Italian Studies (Language and Literature) degree at San Francisco State University he concurrently attended the L'Università Degli Studi di Firenze, Florence, Italy.

Besides founding the Black Voices of the University of Virginia, Genesis at Smith College, the Dimensions of Gospel, Charlottesville, Virginia Mr. Brown founded the New Voices of Joy at St. James Episcopal Church, Florence, Italy. He and his groups have performed in the United States and Europe in concerts with such gospel greats as Edwin and Walter Hawkins, Andrae Crouch, Shirley Caesar and also opening for Ron Kenoly on his first visit to Italy. In December 2011- January 2012, he toured with the Faith Gospel Choir in San Francisco, California. culminating with a concert sponsored by the Leonardo da Vinci Society of San Francisco, presenting selections from their CD, "The Long Road To Freedom", featuring internationally known musicians from Modena and guest soloist, Sherry Sinkler Wright. The CD canfound on iTunes and CD Baby.

Selected discography
 It's All Right - Dimensions of Gospel
 Gospel Jubilee Festival - Gospel Explosion 2000
 Praise Him con Il Coro San Leonardo - 2001
 All Things Are Possible con il Joyful Gospel Ensemble - 2003
 Church Lady - 2008
 All My Love con The Celebration Gospel Choir - 2008

References

Jenkins, Maureen (December 19, 2004)."Gospel truth delivers a rainbow of songs // Italian choir proves soul has no color." Chicago Sun-Times
Paloscia, Fulvio (December 19, 2009). "Oh happy day,e' il tempo di gospel // A lezione dal guru Nehemiah H. Brown:Natale, che super lavoro" LA REPUBBLICA - FIRENZE (ITA) SEZIONE - ATTUALITA'

External links

MySpace page
Biography and further information
Faith Gospel Choir blog

1951 births
Living people
Musicians from Charlottesville, Virginia
American gospel singers
Singers from Virginia
University of Virginia people
Radio personalities from Virginia


The 2008 New York Democratic presidential primary took place on February 5, 2008, also known as Super Tuesday. Polls indicated that New York Senator Hillary Clinton was leading rival Senator Barack Obama by double digits in the weeks before the contest, and she ended up winning with roughly 57% of the vote.

Polls

Polls throughout the campaign indicated that Hillary Clinton, a Senator from New York, was clearly favored to win the New York primary. She won every poll conducted in the state by double digits except one, and got more than 40% in every poll conducted, even with various challengers. After the number of candidates dropped significantly in late January, Clinton won 50% or more in every poll but one.

Vote discrepancies

After the votes were initially counted on election night, certain districts near New York City were found to be missing their vote tallies for Obama.  The New York Times conducted a review of the unofficial results from the primary. They found that, among New York City's 6,106 election districts participating, 80 districts did not record a single vote for Obama, including heavily black districts like Harlem, as well as districts next to others where Obama had very favorable results. City election officials reviewed the vote tallies and found several inaccuracies. For example, in Harlem where Clinton led Obama 141 to 0, the recounted vote was counted as 261 to 136, Clinton. In Brooklyn the primary night vote was 118 to 0, Clinton, whereas the recounted vote went 118 to 116, Clinton.

Democratic leaders blamed the discrepancies on "human error" due to weary election officials on primary day. According to ABC News, however, other candidates such as John Edwards did not have this problem; it seemed to be almost exclusive to Obama.

The counting errors only occurred in the election night tallies, which are always unofficial.  Following normal procedures, the votes were re-tallied before being officially certified.  The final, official results left Clinton with 139 pledged delegates to the 2008 Democratic National Convention and Obama with 93.

Results

Results by county

See also
 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries
 2008 New York Republican presidential primary

References

New York
2008
2008 New York (state) elections
2008 Super Tuesday


Oncy-sur-École () is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.

Inhabitants of Oncy-sur-École are known as Oncéens.

Painter Simon Mathurin Lantara was a native of the commune.

See also
Communes of the Essonne department

References

External links

Mayors of Essonne Association

Communes of Essonne


The 2008 Massachusetts Democratic presidential primary was held on Super Tuesday, February 5, 2008, and had a total of 93 delegates at stake. The winner in each of Massachusetts's 10 congressional districts was awarded all of that district's delegates, totaling 61. Another 32 delegates were awarded to the statewide winner, Hillary Clinton. The 93 delegates represented Massachusetts at the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado. Twenty-six other unpledged delegates, known as superdelegates, also attended the convention and cast their votes as well. Hillary Clinton won despite Obama receiving endorsements from both senators, Ted Kennedy and John Kerry, and the Governor Deval Patrick.

Polls

Polls indicated that Hillary Clinton was leading Barack Obama in the days leading up to the contest in Massachusetts. Clinton won every pre-election poll except one, and of those she won, Clinton won all but one of them by double digits.

Results

Analysis

Hillary Clinton won a convincing victory in Massachusetts over Barack Obama due to a number of factors. According to exit polls, 85 percent of voters in the Massachusetts Democratic Primary were Caucasians and they opted for Clinton by a margin of 58-40 percent compared to the 6 percent of African American voters who backed Obama by a margin of 66-29. Hispanics/Latinos, which comprised 5 percent of the total voters, backed Clinton by a margin of 56-36 percent. Clinton narrowly won the youth vote (those ages 18–29) by a margin of 49-48 and tied the vote among voters ages 30–44; she also won all voters over the age of 45 by a margin of 60.5-38. Pertaining to socioeconomic class, Clinton won all levels of family income except highly affluent voters making $200,000 or more a year, as they backed Obama by a narrow margin of 53-47 percent. As for educational attainment levels, Clinton won all categories except those with postgraduate degrees who backed Obama by a margin of 51-47 percent. Among self-identified Democrats in the primary, which made up 65 percent of the total electorate, they went for Clinton by a 58-41 margin while Independents, which comprised a healthy 33 percent of the electorate, also went for Clinton by a 54-42 margin. She also won all ideological groups. Clinton also won all major religious denominations – Protestants 53-46; Roman Catholics 64-33; other Christians 51-47; and other religions 49-46. Obama won Jews by a margin of 52-48 as well as atheists/agnostics by a margin of 53-45.

Clinton performed extremely well statewide, carrying a majority of counties and sweeping most of the major urban areas and cities. Obama won Boston by fewer than 10,000 votes, while Clinton won other urban and conservative towns such as Springfield and Worcester.

Obama had picked up major endorsements from the Massachusetts Democratic establishment prior to Super Tuesday. Both U.S. Senators Ted Kennedy and John Kerry threw their support behind Obama, along with Governor Deval Patrick. Clinton also picked up a number of top-tier endorsements from Mayor Thomas Menino of Boston and Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives Salvatore DiMasi along with U.S. Representatives Richard Neal and Barney Frank, one of the three openly gay members of the U.S. Congress.

See also
 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries
 2008 Massachusetts Republican presidential primary

References

Massachusetts
2008
Presidential Democratic
2008 Super Tuesday


Aichkirchen may refer to:

Aichkirchen, Austria, a municipality in Upper Austria, Austria
Aichkirchen, Germany, a village in Bavaria, Germany


Thomas Ray Williams (born December 25, 1984) is a former American football linebacker. He was drafted by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the fifth round of the 2008 NFL Draft. He played college football at Southern California. Williams has been a member of the Seattle Seahawks, New England Patriots, Buffalo Bills, and Carolina Panthers. In 2011, he suffered a neck injury that ended his season. The next year, the same injury forced him to retire from his football career.

Williams is now a motivational speaker. He has traveled worldwide speaking to different corporations, athletes and students on how to "fully maximize their potential." In 2014 Thomas R. Williams became a published author after writing his autobiography, "Permission to DREAM." Williams is also a collegiate guest lecturer.

Thomas works close with the Wounded Warrior Project. He focuses on helping soldiers transitioning back from combat.

Early years
Williams played high school football at Vacaville High School. When it came to deciding where to attend college, his final choices were University of Notre Dame and the University of Southern California. Finding them equals in many areas; Williams decided on USC due in part to the diversity of the Los Angeles area as well as the career networking, as he was uncertain he would be able to eventually move on to the NFL.

College career
Thomas R. Williams entered USC in the 2003 recruiting class that included Reggie Bush and LenDale White. Williams started 14 games at 3 different positions (including fullback) while playing college football at USC. He was all-Pac-10 honorable mention in 2007 and was invited to the East West Shrine Game and the Hula Bowl. Williams career stats include, 74 tackles, 1 sack, 3 fumbles forced, 5 passes defensed, 5 tackles for loss, 3 interceptions, and 37 interception return yards. In 2007 Williams had 56 tackles. He had 6 tackles in the 2008 Rose Bowl.

During his time with the Trojans, Williams received guidance and feedback from veteran linebackers such as Lofa Tatupu, Matt Grootegoed, Dallas Sartz, Collin Ashton, and Oscar Lua. In order to see more playing time against the more experienced linebackers ahead of him, Williams focused and excelled at special teams play, particularly kickoff coverage. During his redshirt freshman year he was an active member of the 2004 National Championship team, where he played behind Sartz at the strong-side spot. Early in the 2004 season, Williams was nicknamed "The Hitman" by coach Pete Carroll for his performance on special teams; the name stuck with him for his career at USC.

During the 2005 season, Williams again backed up Sartz, but moved into the starting lineup for six games after Sartz suffered a shoulder injury; he also started twice in the middle and learned the weak-side responsibilities as well. During the 2006 season, when the Trojans fullbacks were decimated by injury, members of the offense such as Ryan Kalil, Sam Baker, and John David Booty, asked him to switch positions to fullback, a position he had played in high school. Thus Williams started twice at fullback and played several games that season on both offense and defense. Over the years, Williams played all three linebacker positions. Williams teammates voted him the team's most inspirational player in the 2007 season; he finished the regular season as the third-leading tackler among linebackers with 3½ tackles for losses, an interception and two forced fumbles on a defense that ranked second nationally.

Thomas R. Williams graduated from USC in May 2008 with a degree in sociology.

Professional career

Pre-draft
Williams was invited to the NFL Combine.

Jacksonville Jaguars
Williams was selected 155th overall by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the 2008 NFL draft; he was the first person from his high school to be drafted in the NFL since Vince Newsome was drafted 97th overall in the 1983. Williams signed a four-year contract with the Jaguars. He played in six games for the Jaguars in 2008, recording one tackle. He was waived on September 5, 2009.

Seattle Seahawks
Williams was signed to the Seattle Seahawks practice squad on September 8, 2009. He was released on September 30.

New England Patriots
Williams was signed to the New England Patriots practice squad on November 10, 2009. He was promoted to the Patriots' active roster on January 6, 2010, in advance of their playoff game against the Baltimore Ravens, for which he was inactive. He was waived during final cuts on September 4, 2010.

Buffalo Bills
Williams was signed to the Buffalo Bills practice squad on October 12, 2010 and later added to the active roster. He played in two games for the Bills before being waived on December 11, 2010.

Carolina Panthers
Williams was signed to the Carolina Panthers practice squad on December 15, 2010, and was released on March 13, 2012.

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
On July 26, 2012, Williams was signed to a 2-year deal by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

References

External links
 Thomas Williams at the NFL website
 Thomas Williams at the New England Patriots website
 Thomas Williams Official Blog on Yardbarker
 Thomas Williams at the USC Trojans website

1984 births
Living people
People from Vacaville, California
Players of American football from Solano County, California
American football linebackers
USC Trojans football players
Jacksonville Jaguars draft picks
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Seattle Seahawks players
New England Patriots players
Buffalo Bills players
Carolina Panthers players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players


The Isle St. George AVA is an American Viticultural Area located on North Bass Island, Ohio, an island in Lake Erie.  The only town on the Ottawa County island is also called Isle Saint George, although the "Saint" in the AVA name must be abbreviated as "St." to be used on wine labels.  Over half of the island used to be planted with grapevines. Now only 44% of the island has grapes. Lake Erie is warmer than the other Great Lakes, providing a moderating and warming effect on the local climate.  Temperatures on the island during the growing season can be warmer than on the mainland.  Cool climate varietals such as Catawba, Delaware, Gewürztraminer, Pinot noir, and Riesling are the most important in Isle St. George.

References

American Viticultural Areas
Ohio wine
Geography of Ottawa County, Ohio
1982 establishments in Ohio


Ormoy () is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.

Inhabitants of Ormoy are known as Ulméens.

See also
Communes of the Essonne department

References

External links

Mayors of Essonne Association

Communes of Essonne


Lou Bennett (May 18, 1926, Philadelphia – February 10, 1997, Paris) was an American jazz organist.

Bennett first played bebop on piano, but started playing organ in 1956 after hearing Jimmy Smith. Bennett toured the U.S. with an organ trio between 1957 and 1959, and then moved to Paris in 1960. There he recorded and performed at the Blue Note with Jimmy Gourley and Kenny Clarke (as well as Rene Thomas); he returned to America only once, for the 1964 Newport Jazz Festival. He also recorded in the 1960s with Philip Catherine, Shirley Bunnie Foy and Franco Manzecchi. In the 1980s he played in his own quintet with Gerard Badini, among others. During this period he also toured extensively throughout Spain, including, Almeria, Barcelona, La Coruna, Segovia, and Madrid.

Discography

As leader
 Amen (RCA Victor, 1960)
 Dansez et Rêvez (RCA Victor, 1960)
 Enfin! (RCA Victor, 1963)
 Echoes and Rhythms of My Church (Bel Air [France], 1964)
 Lou Bennett et Son Quintette avec Kenny Clarke [EP] (Bel Air, 1964)
 Pentacostal Feeling (Philips, 1966; Gitanes, 2001)
 Núria Feliu, Lou Bennett: I Els Seus Amics (Edigsa [Spain], 1966)
 La Vil Seducción (Sonoplay [Spain], 1968; Fonomusic [Spain], 1997)
 Plays For Clem (Clem [Germany], 1971)
 Live at Club Saint-Germain (Vogue, 1980)
 Blue Lou's Blues (Caravage [France], 1986)
 Now Hear My Meaning (Mas [Spain], 1993)

As sideman
 Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis, That's All (Music For Pleasure [France], 1983; EPM Musique, 1990)
 Johnny Griffin, Body and Soul (Moon [Italy], 1967 [rel. 1989])
 Brew Moore, Live in Europe 1961 (Sonorama [Germany], 2015)
 Jack Sels, Sax Appeal (Relax [Netherlands], 1966)
 Ximo Tebar, Hello Mr. Bennett (DM/Difusió Mediterranea, 1993; WEA, 1997)
 Ximo Tebar, Son Mediterraneo (WEA, 1995)
 Rene Thomas, Meeting Mister Thomas (Barclay, 1963; Gitanes, 2001)
 Leo Wright, It's All Wright (BASF, 1973)

References

[ Lou Bennett] at Allmusic

1926 births
1997 deaths
American jazz keyboardists
Jazz musicians from Philadelphia
20th-century American musicians


The 2008 New Jersey Democratic presidential primary took place February 5, 2008, also known as Super Tuesday. Hillary Clinton won this primary.

Polls

Results

See also
 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries
 2008 New Jersey Republican presidential primary

References

External links
 Official state totals (not yet fully updated)

New Jersey
2008 New Jersey elections
2008
2008 Super Tuesday


Ormoy-la-Rivière () is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.

Inhabitants of Ormoy-la-Rivière are known as Ormoisiens.

Geography
The village lies on the right bank of the Juine, which flows northward through the commune.

See also
Communes of the Essonne department

References

External links

Mayors of Essonne Association

Communes of Essonne


Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Piano Sonata No. 6 in D major, K. 284 / 205b, (1775) is a sonata in three movements:

A typical performance takes about 20 to 25 minutes.

This piano sonata is the last of the sonatas that Mozart published in Munich. The piece is subtitled "Dürnitz" as it was written for Baron von Dürnitz, an amateur bassoonist and keyboard-player, who failed to pay for the work. The work was written down during the visit Mozart paid to Munich for the production of La finta giardiniera from late 1774 to the beginning of the following March. The autograph and the first edition of the sonata have numerous inconsistencies.

Allegro
A first version of the beginning of the first movement, written on one and a half pages, was abandoned by Mozart. On the same page, he started anew to write the final version underneath. The thematic material of this opening movement (and to a lesser degree also that of the following movements) is laid out on a more ample, nearly orchestral scale, a departure from the intimacy of the early sonatas. The tremolo effect in measures 13-16 and the unison announcements of the first subject read very much like a piano reduction of an orchestral tutti. The second subject, a supple melodic line, unaccompanied in its opening bar, incorporates a descending chain of first inversions, a favourite harmonic formula of the baroque and classical periods. (There are analogous passages in the subsidiary themes in Gluck’s overture Iphigénie en Tauride and the first movements of J. S. Bach’s Italian Concerto). This functions as a solo passage in contrast to the ensuing tutti entries in m.30. The development moves through a circle of minor keys before the recapitulation begins in measure 72.

Rondeau en polonaise (Rondo and Polonaise)
Mozart called the second movement a Rondeau en Polonaise, and it is hence a dance. The opening four measures from a kind of dialogue (like the theme of the first movement of the preceding G Major Sonata), and Mozart subjects them to felicitous counter-statement is heightened by Mozart's meticulous dynamic markings.

Tema con variazione (Theme with variations)
The last movement of the Sonata is a theme followed by twelve variations, which, up to the tenth variation, has the character of a gavotte. The theme is marked 'Andante' in the first edition (published during Mozart's lifetime), but has no indication in the autograph. The theme and the first eleven variations are in cut time, with the first 10 in the tempo of the theme. The eleventh variation is marked Adagio cantabile in the first edition and the autograph. The twelfth and final variation is marked Allegro in the first edition only and is in 3/4 time. All variations except for the seventh are in D major; the seventh is in the parallel D minor.

This movement shows Mozart’s special gift for writing variations at its most brilliant. The superficial impression of a diffuse form does not stand up to a closer inspection: it would not be at all easy to omit one of the twelve variations, or to add an extra one. The eleventh variation is of special interest to Mozart scholars, for it gives us some insights into his concept of impromptu ornamentation. The autograph is only modestly ornamented, and Mozart presumably embellished it in performance as his fancy dictated. But a richly ornamented version survived in the first edition, and this embellished version is most likely Mozart’s own work.

External links

 (Alte Mozart-Ausgabe version)

http://imslp.org/wiki/Piano_Sonata_No.6_in_D_major,_K.284/205b_(Mozart,_Wolfgang_Amadeus)
http://www.henle.de/us/detail/index.html?Title=Piano+Sonata+D+major+K.+284+(205b)_1063

Piano Sonata 06
Compositions in D major
1775 compositions
Polonaises


Malloch is a surname. Notable people with the name include:

 Curtis Malloch ( 2010s), Canadian politician
 Douglas Malloch (1877–1938), American poet, writer and editor
 Edward Malloch (1801–1867), Canadian merchant and politician
 Elizabeth Malloch (1910–2000), Scottish educator and priest
 Gavin Malloch (1905–1974), Scottish footballer
 Jack Malloch (1920–1982), Rhodesian aircraft pilot
 Jock Malloch (1877–1935), Scottish footballer
 John Russell Malloch (1875–1963), Scottish entomologist
 Jordan Malloch (born 1978), American sprint canoer
 Kathy Malloch, American nursing scholar
 Katie Malloch, Canadian broadcaster
 Lance Malloch-Brown (born 1979), Zimbabwean cricketer
 Mark Malloch Brown, Baron Malloch-Brown (born 1953), British politician and journalist
 Ted Malloch (born 1952), American author and consultant


Orveau () is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.

Inhabitants of Orveau are known as Orvallois.

See also
Communes of the Essonne department

References

External links

Mayors of Essonne Association

Communes of Essonne


Class 270 (later reclassified as Class 70) locomotives were the first diesel shunters used by NMBS/SNCB. Three were initially ordered as prototypes of diesel-electric traction. Three diesel-hydraulic Class 271 locomotives were also ordered for comparison.

One loco, 7005, has been preserved by PFT at Saint Ghislain; the others were scrapped after being replaced by class 77s.

History
Built by Belgian locomotive manufacturers Baume & Marpent, the 6 class 270 locomotives were initially allocated to Ronet depot, near Namur. Their electric transmission was produced by ACEC, under licence from Westinghouse. During 1992, 7004 acquired a Cockerill diesel engine to replace its original Anglo Belgian Corporation unit.

After Ronet, during 1961 they were moved on to Antwerp to perform trip workings to and from places such as Boom, Mechelen, Mol and Turnhout.  When, at the start of 1971, NMBS/SNCB adopted their current numbering system they became Class 70.

References

Bo′Bo′ locomotives
National Railway Company of Belgium locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1954
Standard gauge locomotives of Belgium
Diesel-electric locomotives of Belgium
Shunting locomotives