Emory Roy Buckner (August 7, 1877 – March 11, 1941) was a prominent U.S. lawyer who served as the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, where he gained a reputation as one of the greatest prosecutors in American history.  During his time at Root, Clark & Bird (which subsequently became Dewey Ballantine), he was also one of the architects of modern Wall Street's legal culture.

Biography
Buckner was born in Pottawattamie County, Iowa, on August 7, 1877, the son of the Reverend James Dysart Monroe Buckner (1855–1934) and Sarah Adeline Ellis (1859–1941).  He was raised in Nebraska, and at age 15 completed a shorthand course, after which he spent three years in Oklahoma as a traveling court reporter.  He graduated from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln in 1904.  When he contacted the dean of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln College of Law, Roscoe Pound, about attending law school, Pound encouraged Buckner to attend Harvard Law School and raised money to help pay Buckner's way.  Buckner graduated near the top of his class in 1907, and established a close friendship with Felix Frankfurter which would prove to be lifelong.

A Republican, he worked for Henry L. Stimson, who was then the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York.  Afterwards, he was an assistant to Charles S. Whitman, who was then the New York County District Attorney.  He first gained prominence in the district attorney's office when he was chosen to conduct a highly publicized investigation into corruption allegations at the New York Police Department.

Entering private practice, he formed a partnership, Buckner & Howland, which in 1913 merged with Root, Clark & Bird (a highly successful Wall Street law firm founded in 1909 by three of Buckner's law school classmates) to form the firm of Root, Clark, Buckner & Howland, a firm which spawned both Dewey Ballantine (which later became the now-defunct Dewey & LeBoeuf) and Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton.

United States Attorney, 1925–1927
Recognized as one of the greatest trial lawyers of his time, Buckner was appointed by President Calvin Coolidge to the post of United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York.  He served from 1925 to 1927.  Soon after his appointment, Buckner established his independence from the Justice Department by ending the use of special antitrust attorneys who reported to officials in Washington.  To replace these career attorneys, Buckner hired several young lawyers from prominent New York firms to serve as Assistant U.S. Attorneys, including William Stevenson, J. Edward Lumbard and John Marshall Harlan II.  He announced that all litigation within the U.S. Attorney’s Office would be conducted under his sole control.  These changes marked the beginning of the tradition of autonomy in the Southern District, which is often described as “the sovereign district of New York.”

In the midst of Prohibition, Buckner directed highly publicized trials of the operators of speakeasies.  The New York Times reported that “his most outstanding work has been in connection with liquor cases and his several ‘padlock drives’ which temporarily closed hundreds of resorts where liquor was being sold illegally.”  He also received national attention when he insisted on prosecuting Harry M. Daugherty (United States Attorney General under Warren G. Harding) for public corruption, against the wishes of the Coolidge administration.  Buckner failed to obtain a conviction against Daugherty in two trials held in 1926 and 1927.  At the end of the second trial, Buckner announced that he would resign as U.S. Attorney and return to private practice.

At Root, Clark, 1927–1941
Returning to Root, Clark in 1927, Buckner became one of the architects of Wall Street's modern legal culture.  Serving as Root, Clark's hiring partner, Buckner shaped a generation of the nation's top corporate lawyers.  He is credited with coining the term "associate" for junior members of a law firm, which replaced the older term, "law clerk".  At his urging, Root, Clark became the first law firm to pay its associates an annual bonus out of the firm's profits.  He also initiated the practice of having an annual luncheon with hiring partners at the other Wall Street firms, at which they set the "going rate" for associate salaries.  Under his leadership, Root, Clark also became the first of the white shoe firms to accept Jewish applicants.  Buckner disdained rival firm Cravath, Swaine & Moore's tendency to "hold associates' hands" and insisted on delegating the maximum possible amount of work to his young associates: by systematically under-staffing cases, Buckner was able to provide his clients with quality work product at cheaper rates.

Under Buckner's leadership, Root, Clark also became the first firm to encourage associates to come to the firm directly after law school instead of spending time in public service before joining the firm.  Buckner's friend Frankfurter deplored the practice and it led to some tension between the two, particularly in 1926–27, when the two had a heated argument over Henry Friendly.  Frankfurter, who was Friendly's teacher at Harvard Law, encouraged Friendly to spend a fourth year at law school, then spend a year clerking for Louis Brandeis, and then return to the Harvard Law School faculty.  Buckner encouraged Friendly to clerk immediately, and then come to Root, Clark.  Buckner won out, and Friendly joined Root, Clark in 1928, where he became a partner.  (With five other Root, Clark partners, Friendly founded Cleary, Friendly, Gottlieb & Steen, the predecessor of Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton, in 1946.)

Buckner and Frankfurter clashed again five years later over another of Frankfurter's students, Telford Taylor, but this time Frankfurter was successful, and Taylor never joined Root, Clark.

Buckner explored the possibility of leveraging the notoriety he gained as US Attorney into a run for governor of New York, but reconsidered after he suffered a stroke in 1934.  During this period, his chief assistant at Root, Clark was John Marshall Harlan II, who would later serve with Buckner's friend Frankfurter on the United States Supreme Court.

Buckner Boys
Buckner was a high regarded mentor to many junior attorneys, who became known collectively as "Buckner Boys" or "Buckner's Boys".  Among the prominent members of this group were Herbert Brownell Jr., John M. Cashin, Bethuel M. Webster, and Francis T. P. Plimpton.

Death
Buckner died in New York City on March 11, 1941.  His obituary in The New York Times said:

References

External links
 Emory R. Buckner – United States Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division

1877 births
1941 deaths
People from Pottawattamie County, Iowa
New York (state) lawyers
New York (state) Republicans
United States Attorneys for the Southern District of New York
University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
Harvard Law School alumni


Sosipatra () was a Neoplatonist philosopher and mystic who lived in Ephesus and Pergamon in the first half of the 4th century CE. The story of her life is told in Eunapius' Lives of the Sophists.

Biography

Early life
She was born in or near Ephesus, likely in the early 4th century CE, to a wealthy family. When she was five years old, two men came to work on her father's estate. When they produced a bounteous harvest beyond all expectation, they persuaded him to hand Sosipatra, and his estate, over to their care. The father was told to leave home for five years, during which Sosipatra was educated by the two men in ancient Chaldean wisdom. When the father returned, Sosipatra was radiant in her beauty, and was said to have possessed extraordinary psychic and clairvoyant abilities.

Philosopher
She later married Eustathius of Cappadocia.Eustathius and Sosipatra had three sons, one of whom, Antoninus, became a significant philosopher and theurgist in his own right.

After the death of her husband, she retired to Pergamon, where her skill as a philosopher made her as popular as Aedesius, who also taught philosophy there, and who became her consort; they founded a school of philosophy there. Eunapius tells us that after the students had attended the lectures of the Neoplatonist philosopher Aedesius, they would go to hear Sosipatra's. Her teachings, however, were reserved for the advanced students, or the "inner circle".

Mystic
Some of the stories about her life attribute her with various magical powers. A relative of hers called Philometer was in love with her, and cast a spell on her in order to win her love. She confessed her conflicting emotions to Maximus, who was a pupil of Aedesius and would later become the teacher of the emperor Julian. Maximus was able to detect the presence of the spell and was able to counter it with a spell of his own, defeating Philometer's intent. Because he was ashamed, Sosipatra was able to forgive Philometer, and later we hear of how on one occasion, when she was lecturing on the afterlife of the soul, she had a vision of Philometer in an accident, and was able to send servants to help.

Remembrance
No writings of Sosipatra have survived to the modern era, and the account of her life is solely based on Eunapius' Lives of the Sophists, who however portrays her as one of the most important and influential figures whose biographies are contained in his work. Edward Jay Watts suggested that the lack of other accounts of her life could be a result of her significance being overestimated by Eunapius and his followers. On the other hand, Maria Dzielska suggested that the absence of mentions or discussions of Sosipatra by other contemporary and later scholars might have been a form of purposeful damnatio memoriae.

Heidi Marx suggested that the reasons Eunapius devoted a significant amount of space of his Lives to Sosipatra are, first, that she is a respected "teacher of his teacher", and second, that the story of her life is a veiled response to Christian hagiographers who were writing celebratory biographies of female Christian martyrs and saints, all of whom fit the stereotype of "virginal or celibate female ascetic". Eunapius, a pagan, was using Sosipatra's story to promote a different narrative, of what he saw as "a proper elite woman", one who in his view deserves respect, admiration and remembrance while having both a family, a professional career, and enjoying material comforts. Marx also note that while Sosipatra was a "remarkable" woman, the account of her life by Eunapius is "highly fictional" and she is "a figment of Eunapius’s imagination in many important respects".

References

Further reading

 Denzey Lewis, Nicola. 2014. "Living Images of the Divine: Female Theurgists in Late Antiquity." In Daughters of Hecate: Women and Magic in the Ancient world. Edited by Kimberly B. Stratton and Dayna S. Kalleres, 274–297. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
 Dickie, Matthew W. 2000. "Who Practised Love-magic in Classical Antiquity and in the Late Roman World?" Classical Quarterly 50.2: 563–583.
 Dodds, E. R. 1973. The Ancient Concept of Progress and other Essays on Greek Literature and Belief. Oxford: Clarendon.
 Fowden, Garth. 1982. "The Pagan Holy Man in late Antique Society." Journal of Hellenic Studies 102:33–59.
 Johnston, Sarah Iles. 2012. "Sosipatra and the Theurgic Life: Eunapius Vitae Sophistorum 6.6.5–6.9.24." In Reflections on Religious Individuality: Greco-Roman and Judaeo-Christian Texts and Practices. Edited by Jörg Rüpke and Wolfgang Spickermann, 99–117. Berlin: De Gruyter.
 Lewy, Hans. 1978. Chaldaean Oracles and Theurgy: Mysticism, Magic and Platonism in the Later Roman Empire, 3d ed. Edited by M. Tardieu. Paris: Études Augustiniennes.
 O’Meara, Dominic. 2003. Platonopolis. Platonic Political Philosophy in Late Antiquity. Oxford: Clarendon.
 Penella, Robert J. 1990. Greek Philosophers and Sophists in the Fourth century A.D. Studies in Eunapius of Sardis. Leeds, UK: Francis Cairns.
 Tanaseanu-Döbler, Ilinca. 2013. "Sosipatra – Role Models for “Divine” Women in Late Antiquity." In Divine Men and Women in the History and Society of Late Hellenism. Edited by Maria Dzielska and Kamilla Twardowska, 123–147. Kraków, Poland: Jagiellonian Univ. Press.
 Urbano, Arthur P. 2013. The Philosophical Life: Biography and the Crafting of Intellectual Identity in Late Antiquity. Washington, DC: Catholic Univ. of America Press.

External links
Eunapius, Lives of the Sophists.

4th-century Roman women
4th-century Greek philosophers
Ancient Greek women philosophers
Ancient Ephesians
Ancient Roman women philosophers
Neoplatonists
Mystics
4th-century deaths
Clairvoyants
Year of birth unknown
4th-century Greek women
Late-Roman-era pagans
Chaldea


The Library of Efficient Data types and Algorithms (LEDA) is a proprietarily-licensed software library providing C++ implementations of a  broad variety of algorithms for graph theory and computational geometry. It was originally developed by the Max Planck Institute for Informatics Saarbrücken. Since 2001, LEDA is further developed and distributed by the Algorithmic Solutions Software GmbH.

LEDA is available as Free, Research, and Professional edition.  The Free edition is freeware, with source code access available for purchase.  The Research and Professional editions require payment of licensing fees for any use. Since October 2017, LEDA graph algorithms are also available for Java development environment.

Technical details

Data types

Numerical representations
LEDA provides four additional numerical representations alongside those built-in to C++: integer, rational, bigfloat, and real:
LEDA's integer type offers an improvement over the built-in int datatype by eliminating the problem of overflow at the cost of unbounded memory usage for increasingly large numbers.
It follows that LEDA's rational type has the same resistance to overflow because it is based directly on the mathematical definition of rational as the quotient of two integers.
The bigfloat type improves on the C++ floating-point types by allowing for mantissa to be set to an arbitrary level of precision instead of following the IEEE standard.
LEDA's real type allows for precise representations of real numbers, and can be used to compute the sign of a radical expression.

Error checking
LEDA makes use of certifying algorithms to demonstrate that the results of a function are mathematically correct. In addition to the input and output of a function, LEDA computes a third "witness" value which can be used as an input to checker programs to validate the output of the function. LEDA's checker programs were developed in Simpl, an imperative programming language, and validated using Isabelle/HOL, a software tool for checking the correctness of mathematical proofs.

The nature of a witness value often depends on the type of mathematical calculation being performed. For LEDA's planarity testing function, If the graph is planar, a combinatorial embedding is produced as a witness. If not, a Kuratowski subgraph is returned. These values can then be passed directly to checker functions to confirm their validity. A developer only needs to understand the inner-workings of these checker functions to be confident that the result is correct, which greatly reduces the learning curve compared to gaining a full understanding of LEDA's planarity testing algorithm.

Use cases
LEDA is useful in the field of computational geometry due to its support for exact representations of real numbers via the leda_real datatype. This provides an advantage in accuracy over floating-point arithmetic. For example, calculations involving radicals are considerably more accurate when computed using leda_real. Algorithms such as parametric search, a technique for solving a subset of optimization problems, and others under the real RAM model of computation rely upon real number parameters to produce accurate results.

Alternatives
Boost and LEMON are potential alternative libraries with some benefits in efficiency due to different implementations of fundamental algorithms and data structures. However, neither employs a similar set of correctness checking, particularly when dealing with floating-point arithmetic.

References

External links

Computer libraries
Max Planck Institute for Informatics


This is a list of the members of the 10th Seanad Éireann, the upper house of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland. These Senators were elected or appointed in 1961, after the 1961 general election and served until the close of poll for the 11th Seanad in 1965.

Composition of the 10th Seanad
There are a total of 60 seats in the Seanad. 43 Senators are elected by the Vocational panels, 6 elected by the Universities and 11 are nominated by the Taoiseach.

The following table shows the composition by party when the 10th Seanad first met on 14 December 1961.

List of senators

Changes

See also
Members of the 17th Dáil
Government of the 17th Dáil

References

External links

10


This is a list of the members of the 9th Seanad Éireann, the upper house of the Oireachtas (legislature) of the Ireland.  These Senators were elected or appointed in 1957, after the 1957 general election and served until the close of poll for the 10th Seanad in 1961.

Composition of the 9th Seanad
There are a total of 60 seats in the Seanad. 43 Senators are elected by the Vocational panels, 6 elected by the Universities and 11 are nominated by the Taoiseach.

The following table shows the composition by party when the 9th Seanad first met on 22 May 1957.

List of senators

Changes

See also
Members of the 16th Dáil
Government of the 16th Dáil

References

External links

09


This list of monochrome and RGB palettes includes generic repertoires of colors (color palettes) to produce black-and-white and RGB color pictures by a computer's display hardware. RGB is the most common method to produce colors for displays; so these complete RGB color repertoires have every possible combination of R-G-B triplets within any given maximum number of levels per component.

Each palette is represented by a series of color patches. When the number of colors is low, a 1-pixel-size version of the palette appears below it, for easily comparing relative palette sizes. Huge palettes are given directly in one-color-per-pixel color patches.

For each unique palette, an image color test chart and sample image (truecolor original follows) rendered with that palette (without dithering) are given. The test chart shows the full 256 levels of the red, green, and blue (RGB) primary colors and cyan, magenta, and yellow complementary colors, along with a full 256-level grayscale. Gradients of RGB intermediate colors (orange, lime green, sea green, sky blue, violet, and fuchsia), and a full hue spectrum are also present. Color charts are not gamma corrected.

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These elements illustrate the color depth and distribution of the colors of any given palette, and the sample image indicates how the color selection of such palettes could represent real-life images. These images are not necessarily representative of how the image would be displayed on the original graphics hardware, as the hardware may have additional limitations regarding the maximum display resolution, pixel aspect ratio and color placement.

Implementation of these formats is specific to each machine. Therefore, the number of colors that can be simultaneously displayed in a given text or graphic mode might be different. Also, the actual displayed colors are subject to the output format used - PAL or NTSC, composite or component video, etc. - and might be slightly different.
For simulated images and specific hardware and alternate methods to produce colors other than RGB (ex: composite), see the List of 8-bit computer hardware palettes, the List of 16-bit computer hardware palettes and the List of video game console palettes.
For various software arrangements and sorts of colors, including other possible full RGB arrangements within 8-bit color depth displays, see the List of software palettes.

Monochrome palettes

These palettes only have some shades of gray, from black to white (considered the darkest and lightest "grays", respectively). The general rule is that those palettes have 2n different shades of gray, where n is the number of bits needed to represent a single pixel.

Monochrome (1-bit grayscale)
Monochrome graphics displays typically have a black background with a white or light gray image, though green and amber monochrome monitors were also common. Such a palette requires only one bit per pixel.

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Where photo-realism was desired, these early computer systems had a heavy reliance on dithering to make up for the limits of the technology.

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In some systems, as Hercules and CGA graphic cards for the IBM PC, a bit value of 1 represents white pixels (light on) and a value of 0 the black ones (light off); others, like the Atari ST and Apple Macintosh with monochrome monitors, a bit value of 0 means a white pixel (no ink) and a value of 1 means a black pixel (dot of ink), which it approximates to the printing logic.

2-bit Grayscale

In a 2-bit color palette each pixel's value is represented by 2 bits resulting in a 4-value palette (22 = 4).

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2-bit dithering:

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It has black, white and two intermediate levels of gray as follows:

A monochrome 2-bit palette is used on:

The Monochrome Display Adapter for the IBM PC
NeXT Computer, NeXTcube and NeXTstation monochrome graphic displays.
Original Game Boy system portable video game console.
Macintosh PowerBook 150 monochrome LC displays.
Amiga with A2024 monochrome monitor in high-resolution mode.
The original Amazon Kindle
The original Wonderswan
The Tiger Electronics Game.com portable video game console
The original Neo Geo Pocket.

4-bit Grayscale

In a 4-bit color palette each pixel's value is represented by 4 bits resulting in a 16-value palette (24 = 16):

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4-bit grayscale dithering does a fairly good job of reducing visible banding of the level changes:

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A monochrome 4-bit palette is used on:

 MOS Technology VDC (on the Commodore 128 with monochrome monitor)
 Amstrad CPC series with a GT64/GT65 Green Monitor (16 unique green shades)
 Amstrad CPC Plus series with the MM12 Monochrome monitor (16 shades of grey)
 Some Apple PowerBooks equipped with monochrome displays like the PowerBook 5300

8-bit Grayscale

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In an 8-bit color palette each pixel's value is represented by 8 bits resulting in a 256-value palette (28 = 256). This is usually the maximum number of grays in ordinary monochrome systems; each image pixel occupies a single memory byte.

Most scanners can capture images in 8-bit grayscale, and image file formats like TIFF and JPEG natively support this monochrome palette size.

Alpha channels employed for video overlay also use (conceptually) this palette. The gray level indicates the opacity of the blended image pixel over the background image pixel.

Dichrome palettes

16-bit RG palette
The RG or red–green color space is a color space that uses only two primary colors: red and green. It was used on early color processes for films.

It was used as an additive format, similar to the RGB color model but without a blue channel, on processes such as Kinemacolor, Prizma, Technicolor I, Raycol, etc., producing shades of black, red, green and yellow. Alternatively, it was used as a subtractive format on Brewster Color I, Kodachrome I, Prizma II, Technicolor II, etc., producing shades of transparent, red, green and black.

Until recently, its primary use was in low-cost light-emitting diode displays in which red and green tended to be far more common than the still nascent blue LED technology, but full-color LEDs with blue have become more common in recent years.

ColorCode 3-D, a anaglyph stereoscopic color scheme, uses the RG color space to simulate a broad spectrum of color in one eye, while the blue portion of the spectrum transmits a black-and-white (black-and-blue) image to the other eye to give depth perception.
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16-bit RB palette

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16-bit GB palette

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Regular RGB palettes

Here are grouped those full RGB hardware palettes that have the same number of binary levels (i.e., the same number of bits) for every red, green and blue components using the full RGB color model. Thus, the total number of colors are always the number of possible levels by component, n, raised to a power of 3: n×n×n = n3.

3-bit RGB

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3-bit RGB dithering:

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Systems with a 3-bit RGB palette use 1 bit for each of the red, green and blue color components. That is, each component is either "on" or "off" with no intermediate states. This results in an 8-color palette ((21)3 = 23 = 8) that has black, white, the three RGB primary colors red, green and blue and their correspondent complementary colors cyan, magenta and yellow as follows:

The color indices vary between implementations; therefore, index numbers are not given.

The 3-bit RGB palette is used by:

Text terminals following the ECMA-48 standard (sometimes known as the "ANSI standard", although ANSI X3.128 does not define colors)
World System Teletext Level 1/1.5
Videotex
Oric
BBC Micro
NEC PC-8801 (up to the MkII)
NEC PC-9801 (with original 8086 CPU, before the VM/VX models)
Sharp X1 (models before the X1 Turbo Z)
Sharp MZ 700
Fujitsu FM-7, FM New 7, FM 77 (before the FM77AV)
Sinclair QL
Space Invaders Part II (arcade hardware)
Macintosh SE (with a color printer or external monitor)
Atari 2600 (SECAM version)
Color Maximite (PIC32 based microcomputer)
Arcadia 2001
Casio PV-1000
Monkey Magic (arcade hardware)

6-bit RGB

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Systems with a 6-bit RGB palette use 2 bits for each of the red, green, and blue color components. This results in a (22)3 = 43 = 64-color palette as follows:

6-bit RGB systems include the following:

Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) for IBM PC/AT (16 colors at once)
Sega Master System video game console (32 colors at once)
GIME for TRS-80 Color Computer 3 (16 colors at once)
Pebble Time smartwatch which has a 6-bit (64 color) e-paper display
Parallax Propeller using the reference VGA circuit

9-bit RGB

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Systems with a 9-bit RGB palette use 3 bits for each of the red, green, and blue color components. This results in a (23)3 = 83 = 512-color palette as follows:

9-bit RGB systems include the following:

Atari ST (Normally 4 to 16 at once without tricks)
MSX2 computers (up to 16 at once)
Sega Genesis video game console, (64 colors at once)
Sega Nomad
TurboGrafx-16 (NEC PC-Engine)
ZX Spectrum Next
The NEC PC-8801 Mk II SR and later models (8 colors at once)
The Mindset computer (16 colors at once)
The Sega Pico (61 colors at once)

12-bit RGB

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Systems with a 12-bit RGB palette use 4 bits for each of the red, green, and blue color components. This results in a (24)3 = 163 = 4096-color palette. 12-bit color can be represented with three hexadecimal digits, also known as shorthand hexadecimal form, which is commonly used in web design. The palette is as follows:

12-bit RGB systems include the following:

Amiga OCS/ECS (32, 64, or 4,096 colors)
Apple IIGS Video Graphics Chip (3,200 colors)
Atari STe (16 colors)
Acorn Archimedes
Sega Game Gear (32 colors)
Hi-Text Level 2.5+ Teletext
Neo Geo Pocket Color (147 colors)
Atari Lynx (16 colors)
NEC PC-9801 VM/VX models typically equipped with a NEC V30 or better, but before the PC9821 Series.
The Sharp X1 Turbo Z Series
Fujitsu FM-77AV
The Amstrad CPC 664Plus, 6128Plus and GX4000 (32 colors)
NeXTstation Color and NeXTstation Turbo Color
WonderSwan Color
Thomson TO8
IBM PCs with Professional Graphics Controller

The Allegro library supported in the (legacy) version 4, an emulated 12-bit color mode example code ("ex12bit.c"), using 8-bit indexed color in VGA/SVGA. It used two pixels for each emulated pixel, paired horizontally, and a specifically adapted 256-color palette. One range of the palette was many brightnesses of one primary color (say green), and another range of the other two primaries mixed together at different amounts and brightnesses (red and blue). It effectively reduced the horizontal resolution by half, but allowed a 12-bit "true color" in DOS and other 8-bit VGA/SVGA modes. The effect also somewhat reduced the total brightness of the screen.

15-bit RGB

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Systems with a 15-bit RGB palette use 5 bits for each of the red, green, and blue color components. This results in a (25)3 = 323 = 32,768-color palette (commonly known as Highcolor) as follows:

15-bit systems include:

Super Nintendo Entertainment System (256 colors)
Truevision TARGA and AT-Vista graphic cards for IBM PC/AT and compatibles, and NU-Vista for Macintosh
Later models of Super VGA (SVGA) IBM PC compatible graphic cards
Nintendo Game Boy Color/Advance/SP/Micro pocket video game consoles (Color: 56 colors, Advance/SP/Micro: 512 colors)
Nintendo DS (2D output)
Neo Geo AES/Neo Geo CD video game consoles (4096 colors)
The Sega 32X Addon for the Mega Drive/Genesis
While the PlayStation utilized a 24-bit color depth for calculations and video, textures applied to 3D objects had a maximum color depth of 15-bit.

18-bit RGB

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Systems with an 18-bit RGB palette use 6 bits for each of the red, green, and blue color components. This results in a (26)3 = 643 = 262,144-color palette as follows:

18-bit RGB systems include the following:

IBM 8514, MCGA, VGA for IBM PC compatibles (256 colors out of 262,144)
Atari Falcon (256 colors)
Nintendo DS (3D output and 2D blended output)
Used internally by many LCD monitors

24-bit RGB

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Often known as truecolor and millions of colors, 24-bit color is the highest color depth normally used, and is available on most modern display systems and software. Its color palette contains (28)3 = 2563 = 16,777,216 colors. 24-bit color can be represented with six hexadecimal digits.

The complete palette (shown above) needs a squared image of 4,096 pixels wide (50.33 MB uncompressed), and there is not enough room in this page to show it at full.

This can be imagined as 256 stacked squares like the following, every one of them having the same given value for the red component, from 0 to 255.

The color transitions in these patches must be seen as continuous. If color stepping (banding) inside is visible, then probably the display is set to a Highcolor (15- or 16- bits RGB, 32,768 or 65,536 colors) mode or lesser.

{|
| style="color:#000;"| Red = 0
| style="color:#500;"| Red = 85 (1/3 of 255)
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| style="color:#a00;"| Red = 170 (2/3 of 255)
| style="color:#f00;"| Red = 255
|}

This is also the number of colors used in true color image files, like Truevision TGA, TIFF, JPEG (the last internally encoded as YCbCr) and Windows Bitmap, captured with scanners and digital cameras, as well as those created with 3D computer graphics software.

24-bit RGB systems include:

 Amiga Advanced Graphics Architecture (256 or 262,144 colors)
 Nintendo 3DS
 Original PlayStation
 PlayStation Portable and Vita
 Later models of Super VGA (SVGA) IBM PC compatible graphic cards
 Truevision AT-Vista graphic cards for IBM PC/AT and compatibles, and NU-Vista for Macintosh.
 The Philips CD-i
 Nintendo Switch

30-bit RGB

Some newer graphics cards support 30-bit RGB and more. Its color palette contains (210)3 = 10243 = 1,073,741,824 colors. However, there are few operating systems or applications that support this mode yet. For some people, it may be hard to distinguish between higher color palettes than 24-bit color offers. However, the range of luminance, or gray scale, offered in a 30-bit color system would have 1,024 levels of luminance rather than the 256 of the common standard 24-bit, to which the human eye is more sensitive than to hue. This reduces the banding effect for gradients across large areas.

Non-regular RGB palettes

These also are full RGB palette repertories, but either they do not have the same number of levels for every red, green and blue components, or they are bit levels based. Nevertheless, all of them are used in very popular personal computers.

For further details on color palettes for these systems, see the article List of 8-bit computer hardware palettes.

4-bit RGBI

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The 4-bit RGBI palette is similar to the 3-bit RGB palette but adds one bit for intensity. This allows each of the colors of the 3-bit palette to have a dark and bright variant, potentially giving a total of 23×2 = 16 colors. However, some implementations had only 15 effective colors due to the "dark" and "bright" variations of black being displayed identically.

This 4-bit RGBI schema is used in several platforms with variations, so the table given below is a simple reference for the palette richness, and not an actual implemented palette. For this reason, no numbers are assigned to each color, and color order is arbitrary.

Note that "dark white" is a lighter gray than "bright black" in this example.

IBM PC graphics

A common use of 4-bit RGBI was on IBM PCs and compatible computers that used a 9-pin DE-9 connector for color output. These computers used a modified "dark yellow" color that appeared to be brown. On displays designed for the IBM PC, setting a color "bright" added ⅓ of the maximum to all three channels' brightness, so the "bright" colors were whiter shades of their 3-bit counterparts. Each of the other bits increased a channel by ⅔, except that dark yellow had only ⅓ green and was therefore brown instead of ochre.

PC graphics standards using this RGBI mode include:

 IBM's original Color Graphics Adapter.
 IBM's Enhanced Graphics Adapter, in CGA modes
 "Tandy graphics" on IBM's PCjr and Tandy 1000-series computers.
 Plantronics Colorplus on a limited number of PC-compatible computers.

The CGA palette is also used by default by IBM's later EGA, MCGA, and VGA graphics standards for backward compatibility, but these standards allow the palette to be changed, since they either provide extra video signal lines or use analog RGB output.

The MOS Technology 8563 and 8568 Video Display Controller chips used on the Commodore 128 series for its 80-column mode (and the unreleased Commodore 900 workstation) also used the same palette used on the IBM PC, since these chips were designed to work with existing CGA PC monitors.

Other uses

Other systems using a variation of the 4-bit RGBI mode include:
The ZX Spectrum series of computers, which lack distinct "dark" and "light" black colors, resulting in an effective 15-color palette.
The Sharp MZ-800 series computers.
The Thomson MO5 and TO7 where the intensity bit created a variation of saturation ("saturated" or "pastel").
The Mattel Aquarius and AlphaTantel (using the TEA1002 video encoder chip) where the intensity bit created a variations of brightness and saturation. There are three bits for the RGB components (generating 8 primary colors at full saturation but 75% luminance - similar to the EBU colour bars) and an intensity bit that controls a variation of the base color (a 75% luminance decrease for white, creating gray; a 50% chroma saturation decrease for the RGB primary colors).

3-level RGB
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3-level RGB dithering:

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The 3-level, or 1-trit (not 3 bits) RGB uses three levels for every red, green and blue color component, resulting in a 33 = 27 colors palette as follows:

This palette is used by:

 The Amstrad CPC series of personal computers excluding the Plus models (up to 16 colors simultaneously)
 The Toshiba Pasopia 7 (uses hardware dithering to simulate intermediate color intensities, based on a mix of the full intensity RGB primaries.)

8-bit RGB (also known as 3-3-2 bit RGB or 8-8-4 levels RGB)

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The 3-3-2 bit RGB use 3 bits for each of the red and green color components, and 2 bits for the blue component, due to the human eyes having lesser sensitivity to blue. This results in an 8×8×4 = 256-color palette as follows:

This palette is used by
The MSX2 series of personal computers
Palette 4 of the IBM PGC (palette 2 gives 2-3-3 bit RGB and palette 3 gives 3-2-3 bit RGB)
Extended Graphics Array (XGA)
Enterprise Computer
Vector-06C, a home computer from the USSR
VGA built-in output of the Digilent Inc. NEXYS 2, NEXYS 3 and BASYS2 FPGA boards
The Uzebox gaming console
SGI Indy 8-bit XL graphics
The Tiki 100 personal computer (only 16 colors can be displayed simultaneously)
Wear OS smartwatches with ambient display mode (only 16 colors can be displayed simultaneously)

16-bit RGB (also known as RGB565)

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Most modern systems support 16-bit color. It is sometimes referred to as High color (along with the 15-bit RGB), medium color or thousands of colors. It utilizes a color palette of 32×64×32 = 65,536 colors. Usually, there are 5 bits allocated for the red and blue color components (32 levels each) and 6 bits for the green component (64 levels), due to the greater sensitivity of the common human eye to this color. This doubles the 15-bit RGB palette.

The 16-bit RGB palette using 6 bits for the green component:

The Atari Falcon and the Extended Graphics Array (XGA) for IBM PS/2 use the 16-bit RGB palette.

It must be noticed that not all systems using 16-bit color depth employ the 16-bit, 32-64-32 level RGB palette. Platforms like the Sharp X68000 home computer or the Neo Geo video game console employs the 15-bit RGB palette (5 bits are used for red, green, and blue), but the last bit specifies a less significant intensity or luminance. The 16-bit mode of the Truevision TARGA/AT-Vista/NU-Vista graphic cards and its associated TGA file format also uses 15-bit RGB, but it devotes its remaining bit as a simple alpha channel for video overlay. The Atari Falcon can also be switched into a matching mode by setting of an "overlay" bit in the graphics processor mode register when in 16-bit mode, meaning it can actually display in either 15- or 16-bit color depth depending on application.

Color palette comparison side-by-side

Basic color palettes

4-bit grayscale

3-bit RGB

4-bit RGBI

3 level RGB

Notes

 Color values in bold exist in 2-bit (four color) grayscale palette. Color values in very bold exist in 1-bit, monochrome palette.
 In 4-bit RGBI, dark colors have rds intensity of the bright colors, not .

Advanced color palettes

8-bit RGB (VGA)

See also
Bitmap
Palette (computing)
Grayscale
Indexed color
List of home computers by video hardware
List of 8-bit computer hardware graphics
List of 16-bit computer color palettes
List of video game console palettes
List of software palettes
Computer display

References

Computer graphics
Color depths
Computing output devices


"The Profile" is a short story by Willa Cather. It was first published in McClure's in June 1907.

Plot summary
At an Impressionists's club, painters are arguing over the seriousness of art, prompting Dunlap to leave the room. Later in Paris, he meets Mr Gilbert and starts making a portrait of his daughter Virginia. They soon get married and have a child, Eleanor. However, Virginia shows no feeling of affection for her, being too busy with the vagaries of fashion and throwing parties.

Her cousin Miss Vane stays with them and looks after the baby daughter. Dunlap then killed her and got away with it. Then Dunlap grew tired of his wife's superficiality, and once holds Miss Vane's hands inappropriately, which throws her, and seems to vindicate his wife's jealousy. He eventually proceeds to make a crass remark about a scar Virginia bears. The next day, she leaves for Nice, later to go to America, and finally to Saint Petersburg. She files for divorce and becomes internationally famous for her sense of style. Dunlap marries Miss Vane.

Characters
Aaron Dunlap, a portrait painter. He grew up in West Virginia and was apprenticed as a cobbler by his grandfather subsequent to his mother's death soon after he was born.
Mr Gilbert, Virginia's father.
Mrs Eleanor Gilbert, Virginia's mother.
Miss Virginia Gilbert
Eleanor, Virginia's baby, named about her grandmother.
Madame de Montebello, a friend of Virginia's.
Miss Eleanor Vane, Virginia's cousin.
The maid
The butler

Allusions to other works
The Impressionists mention Victor Hugo's 1832 play Le roi s'amuse (with Triboulet), his 1831 novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame (with Quasimodo), and his 1869 novel The Man Who Laughs (with Gwynplaine).
Music is mentioned with Sarah Bernhardt.
Painting is mentioned with Édouard Manet's Olympe.

Literary significance and criticism
It has been argued that the story is characteristic of 'the author's strange abhorrence for physical defect'.

References

External links
Full Text at the Willa Cather Archive

1907 short stories
Short stories by Willa Cather
Works originally published in McClure's


This is a list of the members of the 8th Seanad Éireann, the upper house of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland. These Senators were elected or appointed in 1954, after the 1954 general election and served until the close of poll for the 9th Seanad in 1957.

Composition of the 8th Seanad
There are a total of 60 seats in the Seanad. 43 Senators are elected by the Vocational panels, 6 elected by the Universities and 11 are nominated by the Taoiseach.

The following table shows the composition by party when the 8th Seanad first met on 22 July 1954.

List of senators

Changes

See also
Members of the 15th Dáil
Government of the 15th Dáil

References

External links

08


WACC (830 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a Spanish Religious format. Licensed to Hialeah, Florida, United States.  The station is currently owned by Radio Peace Catholic Broadcasting, Inc.

History
The station went on the air as WTIW on November 8, 1984. On May 28, 1987, the station changed its call sign to WRFM, on April 3, 1995, to WXTO, then on December 1, 1997, to the current WACC,

References

External links

Radio stations established in 1984
1984 establishments in Florida
ACC


Hanna Nasser (1937 – July 5, 2015) was the mayor of Bethlehem from 1997 to 2005, being succeeded by Victor Batarseh. Nasser is a Palestinian Christian.

See also
Palestinian Christians

External links
Sombre Christmas in Bethlehem BBC News

Mayors of Bethlehem
Palestinian Christians
Living people
1937 births
2015 deaths
People from Bethlehem


Hemigrammus pulcher is a semi-popular aquarium species, also known as the pretty tetra, garnet tetra or black wedge tetra. In the wild, the species is found near Iquitos in the Peruvian Amazon, and probably also in Brazil and Colombia.

Physical Appearance
The H. pulcher has a pale-lemon background color with a black area on the flanks, up to the caudal penduncle.  Under subdued lighting, the H. pulcher's body appears iridescent.  It grows up to 4 cm. (1.5 in).

Males can be distinguished from females through the shape of the swim bladder, which can be seen through the fish's semi-transparent body.  In males, the swim bladder is pointed, while in females, the swim bladder is rounded.

In captivity
Aquarists keep this fish in water with temperatures ranging from 23 °C to 27 °C (73 °F to 81 °F) that is soft (50-100 mg/L) and acidic (pH 6.0).  The fish is reported to be peaceful and social.

Aquarists recommend that it be fed prepared foods and small live foods.

Breeding is difficult, as parents must be prevented from eating their own eggs. Eggs usually hatch within 20–24 hours.

The H. pulcher does best in groups of 6 or more.

References

External links
Aquatic Community on care
Aquatic Community on breeding
Filaman.ifm-geomar.de
AquaArticles

Hemigrammus
Freshwater fish of Colombia
Taxa named by Werner Ladiges
Fish described in 1938
Freshwater fish of Peru
Freshwater fish of Brazil


The Purple Taxi (, ) is a 1977 French-Irish-Italian film directed by Yves Boisset, based on the 1973 novel of the same name by Michel Déon. It was entered into the 1977 Cannes Film Festival.

Production
Filmed on location between October 1976 and January 1977 in Lismore, County Waterford, Kenmare, County Kerry and at Cork Airport. Filming also took place at Ardmore Studios.

Plot
The film is about a group of emotionally troubled expatriates living in a self-imposed exile in a small village (Eyeries) on the Beara Peninsula in Ireland. The cast includes Peter Ustinov, Charlotte Rampling, Agostina Belli, Philippe Noiret, Edward Albert and, somewhat eccentrically cast as a small-town Irish physician, Fred Astaire.

Film score
The film's score was performed by The Chieftains.

Cast
 Charlotte Rampling - Sharon Frederick
 Peter Ustinov - Taubelman
 Fred Astaire - Dr. Seamus Scully
 Edward Albert - Jerry
 Philippe Noiret - Philippe Marcal
 Agostina Belli - Anne Taubelman
 Jack Watson - Sean
 Mairin D. O'Sullivan - Colleen
 David Kelly - Little Person
 Niall Buggy - Little Person
 May Cluskey - (as May Clusky)
 Loan Do Huu - Madame Li
 Brendon Doyle
 Michael Duffy
 Derek Lord

References

External links

1977 films
1977 drama films
French drama films
Italian drama films
Films directed by Yves Boisset
Films scored by Philippe Sarde
Films based on French novels
Films set in Ireland
Films shot in Ireland
1970s French-language films
English-language French films
English-language Italian films
1970s French films
1970s Italian films
Incest in film
Films about hunters


This is a list of the members of the 7th Seanad Éireann, the upper house of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland. These Senators were elected or appointed in 1951, after the 1951 general election and served until the close of poll for the 8th Seanad in 1954.

Composition of the 7th Seanad
There are a total of 60 seats in the Seanad. 43 Senators are elected by the Vocational panels, 6 elected by the Universities and 11 are nominated by the Taoiseach.

The following table shows the composition by party when the 7th Seanad first met on 14 August 1951.

List of senators

Changes

See also
Members of the 14th Dáil
Government of the 14th Dáil

References

External links

07


Wolio is an Austronesian language spoken in and around Baubau on Buton Island, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. It belongs to the Wotu–Wolio branch of the  Celebic subgroup. Also known as Buton, it is a trade language and the former court language of the Sultan at Baubau. Today it is an official regional language; street signs are written in the Buri Wolio alphabet, based on the Arabic script.

Phonology
The five vowels are . The consonant system is characterized by the presence of prenasalized stops, which are treated as a single sound in Wolio.

 are found in loans, mostly from Arabic.

Stress is on the penultimate syllable, and only open syllables are allowed.

Grammar
Wolio personal pronouns have one independent form, and three bound forms.

Number is not distinguished in third person. Optionally, plural number can be expressed by means of the plural-marker :  'they'.

See also
Cia-Cia language
List of loan words in Indonesian

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Wolio - Indonesian Dictionary https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/2958/1/kamus%20wolio%20indonesia%20%20%20%20%20205.pdf (Archive)

Wotu–Wolio languages
Languages of Sulawesi


LBHS may refer to:

Laguna Beach High School, Laguna Beach, California, USA
Lake Brantley High School, Altamonte Springs, Florida, USA
Lemon Bay High School, Englewood, Florida, USA
Long Bay High School, Providenciales, Turks and Caicos (UK)
Lord Beaverbrook High School, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Lord Botetourt High School, Daleville, Virginia, USA
Long Beach High School, multiple schools
Long Branch High School, Long Branch, New Jersey
Lucy Beckham High School, Mt Pleasant, South Carolina
the ICAO airport code for Haskovo Malevo Airport in Bulgaria
Les Beaucamps High School, Castel, Guernsey Lancaster Baptist High School, Lancaster, California


Johanna Sophie Christiane Löwe (24 March 1815 – 29 November 1866) was a German opera soprano, active mainly in Vienna and Berlin, and a Princess of Liechtenstein by marriage. She was one of the most famous German opera singers of her time.

Life and career
Sophie Löwe was born on 24 March 1815 in Oldenburg, daughter of the actor Ferdinand Löwe (1787–1832). From 1831, she studied in Vienna under Giuseppe Ciccimarra. 1832 she debuted at the Kärntnertortheater. After a tour through northern Germany she got an engagement at the Berlin Court Opera in 1837.

Her most prominent performances were as the title character in Gaetano Donizetti's Maria Padilla (Milan, 1841), as Elvira in Giuseppe Verdi's Ernani (Venice, 1844), and as Odabella in Verdi's Attila (Venice, 1846). She clashed with Verdi over Ernani, to the point where he left Venice without paying her a customary visit. However, her skills were such that, nonetheless, Verdi wrote a major role for her in Attila two years later and highly praised her performance in it.

She retired from the opera in 1848, when she married Prince Friedrich Adalbert of Liechtenstein, the fourth son of Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein. She died on 29 November 1866 in Pest.

References

1815 births
1866 deaths
German sopranos
19th-century German women opera singers


Chatfield is an unincorporated community in northeastern Navarro County, Texas, United States, eleven miles northeast of Corsicana. The community lies along Farm to Market Road 1603, just northeast of Interstate 45.

History
Chatfield was established as a trading post, on the San Antonio and Shreveport Trail, in an oak grove six miles west of Porter's Bluff, in 1838, and is named for pioneer Norman Chatfield. Other sources cite this pioneer's name as Champion Chatfield. Mr. Chatfield did not stay.  The town was built up by a Captain Robert Hodge who moved from Kentucky to Texas.  Captain Hodge purchased 1280 acres of land and moved his family to Chatfield in 1853.  He was a successful plantation owner who built an antebellum home named "Hodge Oaks" in 1860.  The "Hodge Oaks" house remained in the Hodge family until it was sold out of the family in 1993.

At one time, Chatfield had a furniture manufacturing facility, a boarding school along with a number of cotton gins, a post office and stores. The population peaked at approximately 500 in the 1890s. The railroad bypassed Chatfield and instead, chose to go through Corsicana, located about 15 miles southwest of Chatfield. This likely played a role in preventing further growth in the commerce and population of Chatfield.

Notable people
Sutton E. Griggs, author and Baptist minister.
U.S. Army General Lucian Truscott was born in Chatfield in 1895.
Will Coleman, believed to be the first African-American to practice veterinary medicine in Texas.

Geography
Chatfield is in northeastern Navarro County, located at  (32.24100, -96.41150).

References

Unincorporated communities in Navarro County, Texas
Unincorporated communities in Texas
1838 establishments in the Republic of Texas


Lake St. Joseph is a large lake in Kenora District and Thunder Bay District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is in the James Bay drainage basin and is the source of the Albany River. The east end of the lake can be reached using Ontario Highway 599 from the town of Ignace,  to the south on Ontario Highway 17. The nearest town is Pickle Lake,  north along Highway 599.

History
In fur trade days, the lake was part of a canoe route west from James Bay using the Albany River, Lake St. Joseph, the Root Portage, Lac Seul, the English River, the Winnipeg River, and Lake Winnipeg. The Hudson's Bay Company established Osnaburgh House on the lake in 1786, and it operated there until 1939.

Fishing
This lake is a large freshwater fishery with a wilderness designation. Persons wishing to fish this lake must receive a special permit from the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. This permit is in addition to any licenses needed. Access is restricted because of the wilderness designation. Most persons wishing to fish this lake will have to stay at one of the fishing camps operating on the eastern end of the lake. There is an outpost camp located on one of the islands in the centre of the lake. Main species are walleye, northern pike and yellow perch.

Diversion
An agreement was reached between the provinces of Manitoba and Ontario to undertake a diversion of Lake St. Joseph and enacted into law in 1958. The diversion was undertaken to expand a hydroelectric generating station at the outflow from Lac Seul into the English River at Ear Falls, to augment a station at Manitou Falls further downstream on the English River, and to augment generating stations further downstream on its parent rivers systems — the Winnipeg River and Nelson River — on the way to Hudson Bay. Dams at Rat Rapids at the Albany River outflow at the northeast of the lake partially back up the outflow and divert water over a control dam  at south end of Root Bay at the southwest end of the lake, into the Root River in the adjacent Lac Seul drainage basin. The diversion channel is adjacent to the historic Root Portage.

Tributaries

Doran River
Miniss River
St. Raphael River
De Lesseps River
Cat River
Pembina River
Matapesatakun Creek
Doghole River

See also
List of lakes in Ontario

References

Other map sources:

St Joseph
St Joseph


The Grand Hyatt San Francisco is a skyscraper hotel located half a block north of Union Square in San Francisco, California. The 36-storey, 660 room  tower was completed in 1972, as the Hyatt on Union Square and renamed the Grand Hyatt San Francisco in 1990.

The hotel had 402 employees before the COVID-19 pandemic, dropping to  28 as of April 2021, mainly due to cancelled conventions in the city. It was closed for around half of 2020, losing about $1 million per day during that time.

Ruth Asawa's San Francisco Fountain

A fountain by Ruth Asawa is located outside the Grand Hyatt. The basin is made of bronze and has a bas-relief with scenes of San Francisco.

See also

 San Francisco's tallest buildings

References

External links

 Grand Hyatt San Francisco website
 Hotel Hotels - Grand Hyatt SF

Skyscraper hotels in San Francisco
Hyatt Hotels and Resorts
Union Square, San Francisco
Hotel buildings completed in 1972
Hotels established in 1972
1972 establishments in California


WAFZ-FM (92.1 FM) is a radio station licensed to Immokalee, Florida, broadcasting a Regional Mexican format. The format plays a variety of new and current hits on the Regional Mexican format. At one time Also played Tejano music Music in the 1980s on its sister station WAFZ-AM. In its beginnings WAFZ had been WZOR-AM 1490 and English programming adult contemporary music and news on for the morning until 3pm. Then it changed its format to regional Mexican/tejano. The early DJs that worked there were Gabino Soliz, "EL CHAVO ALEGRE" and Irma Ayala. The station continued on the air for a long time until the mid 1990s then it went silent for a while until what is now WAFZ was bought by Glades Media and transmitted simultaneous what WAFZ FM was playing (a regional Mexican format). The Current Format of  WAFZ is a young Regional Mexican, playing newer top40 hits of the Regional Mexican Genre. At one time before this it was a country station, then it was an oldies, Christian, Spanish contemporary pop. It is  Licensed to Immokalee, Florida, United States, the station is currently owned by Glades Media Company LLC.

WAFZ's programming is also heard on WAFZ AM 1490 in Immokalee.

External links

AFZ
Radio stations established in 1987
1987 establishments in Florida


This is a list of the members of the 6th Seanad Éireann, the upper house of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland. These Senators were elected or appointed in 1948, after the 1948 general election and served until the close of poll for the 7th Seanad in 1951.

Composition of the 6th Seanad
There are a total of 60 seats in the Seanad. 43 Senators are elected by the Vocational panels, 6 elected by the Universities and 11 are nominated by the Taoiseach.

The following table shows the composition by party when the 6th Seanad first met on 21 April 1948.

List of senators

Changes

See also
Members of the 13th Dáil
Government of the 13th Dáil

References

External links

06


Moronene is an Austronesian language spoken in Bombana Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. It belongs to the Bungku–Tolaki branch of the Celebic subgroup.

Phonology
Moronene has the following consonant inventory:

The vowel phonemes are . Sequences of two like vowels are pronounced as a long vowel, e.g.  .

Grammar

Word order
Moronene has flexible word order. However, there is a high frequency of clause-initial verbs in "connected narrative discourse." Noun phrases are not marked for case.  The language has prepositions.

Pronouns
There are two forms of pronouns, free pronouns and absolutive clitics. There are singular and plural forms, there are no dual, trial or paucal forms. There is an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the first person plural forms. There is no gender, and there appears to be no present-day politeness distinction.

Genitive pronouns
There are two classes of genitive pronouns in Moronene which must be learned by speakers, which is unique among Bungku–Tolaki languages. There are singular and plural forms; there are no dual, trial or paucal forms. There is an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the first person plural forms. Example (1) demonstrates the class 1 first person genitive pronoun in use with the noun 'hair'.

Number
Moronene has a decimal numeral system.

References

Further reading
Mead, David. 1998. Proto–Bungku-Tolaki: Reconstruction of its phonology and aspects of its morphosyntax. PhD dissertation. Houston: Rice University.
Mead, David. 1999. The Bungku–Tolaki languages of south-eastern Sulawesi, Indonesia. Series D-91. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Andersen, T. David. 1999. Moronene numbers. In David Mead (ed.), Studies in Sulawesi linguistics part V, 1-72. Jakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya.
Andersen, T. David. 2006. Topicality and functional voice in Hebrew and Moronene, with application to translation. (Doctoral dissertation, Fuller Theological Seminary; 346pp.)
Andersen, Suree. 1999. When the Moronene say no. In David Mead (ed.), Studies in Sulawesi linguistics part V, 73-112. Jakarta, Indonesia: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya.
Muthalib, Abdul and Johannes F. Pattiasina and Adnan Usmar and Rambe, {}. 1983. Struktur bahasa Moronene. Ujung Pandang: PPBSIDSS. vii+136pp.

Bungku–Tolaki languages
Languages of Sulawesi


Alma was the name of a community located in southeastern Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana, United States. The community was located east of Lakeland. The area is currently home to Pointe Coupee Parish's only operating sugar mill, Alma Plantation. Alma is one of only 11 sugar mills still operating in the state of Louisiana.  It produces raw sugar and blackstrap molasses. During the harvesting of sugar cane, known locally as "the grinding season", Alma Plantation becomes one of the area's largest employers. Sugar cane is brought to this mill for processing from a number of surrounding parishes.

History
The community was located on land once owned by Pointe Coupee's celebrated philanthropist, Julien Poydras.  The original Alma Plantation House was constructed in 1789 along the banks of False River.

After the death of Poydras, David Barrow, a member of one of Louisiana's most prominent families, purchased the property.  In 1938, Alma Plantations's 13-ton locomotive, "Dixie" was sold off to the Mississippi River Sugar Belt Railroad.

The Alma Plantation home is no longer open to the public, but the sugar mill and a country store are open to visitors.

References

External links
 Alma Plantation Contact Information

Baton Rouge metropolitan area
Ghost towns in Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana


"Soul Finger" is the first single released by R&B group the Bar-Kays. It was issued by Stax Records on the Volt Records label on April 14, 1967.

Background
The song was written by the Bar-Kays while they were rehearsing with Norman West to perform a cover of J. J. Jackson's "But It's Alright". It begins with the melody of the popular children's song "Mary Had a Little Lamb" and then cuts into the main riff, punctuated with a high trumpet trill. It features a chorus of neighborhood children who had been loitering outside the recording studio; they were instructed to shout "Soul Finger!" and were paid with Coca-Cola. The idea for the title and the shouts came from the Stax songwriters Isaac Hayes and David Porter.  The track was used as the opening theme tune to BBC Radio 1 DJ Stuart Henry's shows from 1969 to 1974.

Chart performance
"Soul Finger" was a hit in the United States, peaking at number 3 on the U.S. Billboard R&B singles chart and number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100. The B-side of the single was "Knucklehead", written by Booker T. Jones and Steve Cropper, which reached number 28 on the R&B singles chart and number 76 on the Hot 100. "Soul Finger" and "Knucklehead" were the first two tracks of the Bar-Kays' first LP, Soul Finger, issued on July 10, after nine more tracks had been recorded on June 23.

References

1967 songs
1967 debut singles
1960s instrumentals
Stax Records singles
The Blues Brothers songs


This is a list of the members of the 5th Seanad Éireann, the upper house of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland. These Senators were elected or appointed in 1944, after the 1944 general election and served until the close of poll for the 6th Seanad in 1948.

Composition of the 5th Seanad
There are a total of 60 seats in the Seanad. 43 Senators are elected by the Vocational panels, 6 elected by the Universities and 11 are nominated by the Taoiseach.

The following table shows the composition by party when the 5th Seanad first met on 18 August 1944.

List of senators

Changes

See also
Members of the 12th Dáil
Government of the 12th Dáil

References

External links

05


A two-dimensional graph may refer to
 The graph of a function of one variable
 A planar graph
 A diagram in a plane


Johann Sebastian Bach composed the church cantata  (I had much grief), 21 in Weimar, possibly in 1713, partly even earlier. He used it in 1714 and later for the third Sunday after Trinity of the liturgical year. The work marks a transition between motet style on biblical and hymn text to operatic recitatives and arias on contemporary poetry. Bach catalogued the work as  (and for all times), indicating that due to its general theme, the cantata is suited for any occasion.

The text is probably written by the court poet Salomon Franck, who includes four biblical quotations from three psalms and from the Book of Revelation, and juxtaposes in one movement biblical text with two stanzas from Georg Neumark's hymn "Wer nur den lieben Gott lässt walten". The cantata possibly began as a work of dialogue and four motets on biblical verses. When Bach performed the cantata again in Leipzig in 1723, it was structured in eleven movements, including an opening sinfonia and additional recitatives and arias. It is divided in two parts to be performed before and after the sermon, and scored for three vocal soloists (soprano, tenor, and bass), a four-part choir, and a Baroque instrumental ensemble of three trumpets, timpani, oboe, strings and continuo.

Bach led a performance in the court chapel of Schloss Weimar on 17 June 1714, known as the Weimar version. He revised the work for performances, possibly in Hamburg and several revivals in Leipzig, adding for the first Leipzig version four trombones playing colla parte.

History and words

Bach composed the cantata in Weimar, but the composition history is complicated and not at all stages certain. Findings by Martin Petzoldt suggest that the cantata began with the later movements 2–6 and 9–10, most of them on biblical text, performed at a memorial service of Aemilia Maria Haress, the wife of a former prime-minister of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, at the church St. Peter und Paul in Weimar on 8 October 1713. Bach may then have expanded it and presented it for his application in December 1713 at the Liebfrauenkirche in Halle. The performance material of this event, the only surviving source, shows on the title page the designation , indicating that the cantata with its general readings and texts is suitable for any occasion.

Bach designated the cantata to the Third Sunday after Trinity of 1714. The prescribed readings for the Sunday were from the First Epistle of Peter, "Cast thy burden upon the Lord" (), and from the Gospel of Luke, the parable of the Lost Sheep and the parable of the Lost Coin (). The librettist was probably the court poet Salomon Franck, as in most cantatas of the period, such as . The text shows little connection to the prescribed gospel, but is related to the epistle reading. The poet included biblical texts for four movements: for movement 2 , for movement 6 , translated in the King James Version (KJV) to "Why art thou cast down, O my soul? and why art thou disquieted in me? hope thou in God: for I shall yet praise him for the help of his countenance.", for movement 9  (KJV: "Return unto thy rest, O my soul; for the Lord hath dealt bountifully with thee."), and for movement 11 , "Worthy is the Lamb", the text also chosen to conclude Handel's Messiah. Similar to other cantatas of that time, ideas are expressed in dialogue: in movements 7 and 8 the soprano portrays the  (Soul), while the part of Jesus is sung by the bass as the  (voice of Christ). Only movement 9 uses text from a hymn, juxtaposing the biblical text with stanzas 2 and 5 of "" by Georg Neumark, who published it with his own melody in Jena in 1657 in the collection . Possibly the first version of the cantata ended with that movement.

Bach performed the cantata in the court chapel of Schloss Weimar on 17 June 1714, as his fourth work in a series of monthly cantatas for the Weimar court which came with his promotion to  (concert master) in 1714. The so-called Weimar version, his first composition for an ordinary Sunday in the second half of the liturgical year, marked also a farewell to Duke Johann Ernst who began a journey then. A revision occurred during the Köthen years, specifically in 1720. A performance, documented by original parts, could have been in Hamburg to apply for the position as organist at St. Jacobi in November 1720, this time in nine movements and in D minor instead of C minor. As  in Leipzig, Bach performed the cantata again on his third Sunday in office on 13 June 1723, as the title page shows. For this performance, now of eleven movements beginning again in C minor, he also changed the instrumentation, adding for example four trombones to double the voices in the fifth stanza of the hymn. This version was used in several revivals during Bach's lifetime and is mostly played today.

Music

Scoring and structure
Bach structured the cantata in eleven movements in two parts, Part I (movements 1–6) to be performed before the sermon, Part II (7–11) after the sermon. He scored it for three vocal soloists (soprano (S), tenor (T) and bass (B)), a four-part choir SATB, three trumpets (Tr) and  timpani only in the final movement, four trombones (Tb) (only in Movement 9 and only in the 5th version to double voices in the fifth stanza of the chorale), oboe (Ob), two violins (Vl), viola (Va), and basso continuo (Bc), with bassoon (Fg) and organ (Org) explicitly indicated. The duration is given as 44 minutes.

In the following table of the movements, the scoring and keys are given for the version performed in Leipzig in 1723. The keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Dürr, using the symbol for common time (4/4). The instruments are shown separately for winds and strings, while the continuo, playing throughout, is not shown.

Movements

The music for this early cantata uses motet style in the choral movements. Biblical words are used in a prominent way. They are treated in choral movements, different from other cantatas of the Weimar period where they were typically composed as recitatives. John Eliot Gardiner, who conducted all of Bach's church cantatas in 2000 as the Bach Cantata Pilgrimage, termed the cantata "one of the most extraordinary and inspired of Bach's vocal works". He notes aspects of the music which are similar to movements in Bach's early cantatas, suggesting that they may have been composed already when Bach moved to Weimar in 1708: the psalm verses resemble movements of cantatas such as , and , the dialogue of the Soul and Jesus (movement 8) is reminiscent of the , and the hymn in motet style (movement 9) recalls movements 2 and 5 of the chorale cantata .

Part I
Themes of deep suffering, pain and mourning  dominate the music in the first part of the cantata. Gardiner notes that five of the six movements are "set almost obsessively in C minor".

1
The work is opened by a Sinfonia similar to the one of the cantata , possibly the slow movement of a concerto for oboe and violin. A sighing motif, the picture of a storm of tears, and the flood image conjured by the upwelling music characterizes the dark and oppressive feeling.

2
The first vocal movement is a choral motet on the psalm verse "" (I had much trouble in my heart). The music has two contrasting sections, following the contrast of the psalm verse which continues "" (but your consolations revive my soul). The word "" (I) is repeated several times, followed by a fugal section. A homophonic setting of  (but) leads to the second section, in free polyphony, marked . It broadens to  for a solemn conclusion.

3
The soprano aria "" (Sighs, tears, anguish, trouble) is one of the first arias in Italian style in a Bach cantata, accompanied by an obbligato oboe.

4
The tenor sings in accompanied recitative with the strings "" (What? have You therefore, my God,).

5
The tenor, accompanied by the strings, intensifies the mood: "" (Streams of salty tears).

6
A consoling verse from a psalm is treated as a closing motet of Part I: "" (Why do you trouble yourself, my soul). Alfred Dürr analyzes in detail how different means of expression follow the text closely, with shifts in tempo and texture, culminating in a "permutation fugue of remarkably logical structure"  on the final "" (for being the help of my countenance and my God).

Part II

The second part begins in a different mood, through the trust of sinners in the grace of God. In a recitative and an aria, the Soul (soprano) and Jesus (bass as the voice of Christ) enter a dialogue, leading to a final choral movement as a strong hymn of praise.

7
Soprano and bass enter a dialogue in accompanied recitative with the strings. The Soul asks: "" (Ah, Jesus, my peace, my light, where are You?). Dialogue was common in Protestant church music from the 17th century but is especially dramatic here.

8

Soprano and bass unite in an aria: "" (Come, my Jesus, and revive / Yes, I come and revive), accompanied only by the continuo. It resembles passionate love duets from contemporary opera.

9

In a movement unusual in Bach works, which originally concluded the cantata, biblical text from a psalm, "" (Be at peace again, my soul), is juxtaposed with two stanzas from Georg Neumark's hymn, stanza 2, "" (What good are heavy worries?), and stanza 5, "" (Think not, in your heat of despair,)  The first hymn stanza is sung by the tenor to solo voices rendering the biblical text. In the second stanza the soprano has the melody, the voices are doubled by a choir of trombones introduced in the Leipzig version of 1723.

10
The tenor aria "" (Rejoice, soul, rejoice, heart), accompanied only by the continuo, was added late to the cantata. Dürr describes the mood as "spirited exited abandon".

11
The concluding movement is a motet on a quotation from Revelation, "" (The Lamb, that was slain). Three trumpets and timpani appear only in this triumphant movements of praise. It begins in homophony and expresses the text "" (Glory and honour and praise and power) in another permutation fugue with a climax in the subject played by the first trumpet.

Recordings
A list of recordings is provided on the Bach Cantatas Website. Ensembles playing period instruments in historically informed performance are marked by a green background.

References

External links
 Ich hatte viel Bekümmernis, BWV 21: performance by the Netherlands Bach Society (video and background information)

 Ich hatte viel Bekümmernis (1st version) BWV 21; BC A 99a / Sacred cantata (3rd Sunday after Trinity), Bach Digital
 Ich hatte viel Bekümmernis (2nd version) BWV 21; BC A 99a / Sacred cantata (3rd Sunday after Trinity), Bach Digital
 Ich hatte viel Bekümmernis (3rd version) BWV 21; BC A 99a / Sacred cantata (3rd Sunday after Trinity), Bach Digital

Church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach
1713 compositions
Psalm-related compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach


This is a list of the members of the 4th Seanad Éireann, the upper house of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland.  These Senators were elected or appointed in 1943, after the 1943 general election and served until the close of poll for the 5th Seanad in 1944.

Composition of the 4th Seanad
There are a total of 60 seats in the Seanad. 43 Senators are elected by the Vocational panels, 6 elected by the Universities and 11 are nominated by the Taoiseach.

The following table shows the composition by party when the 4th Seanad first met on 8 September 1943.

List of senators

Changes

See also
Members of the 11th Dáil
Government of the 11th Dáil

References

External links

04


The Colorado State Board of Education is a government body in the U.S. state of Colorado tasked with general supervision of public schools. The Constitution of Colorado was amended in 1948 to authorize an elected State Board of Education and the first elections took place in November 1950. The board is composed of members elected from districts corresponding to Colorado's congressional districts. During periods when Colorado is allocated an even number of congressional seats, an additional member is elected by statewide vote, thereby leading to an odd number of members and reducing the potential for tied votes. Following the 2020 census, there are eight districts and therefore nine members.

Members

Elected in partisan elections, board members serve staggered six-year terms. Districts 5, 6, and the at large seat hold elections in years divisible by six, followed two years later by Districts 2, 4, and 8, and two years later by Districts 1, 3, and 7.

Notes

References

External links
 Colorado State Board of Education website

State agencies of Colorado
Public education in Colorado
Colorado


Edward Elgar (1857–1934) was an English romantic composer.

Elgar may also refer to:

Surname
 Alice Elgar (1848–1920), English poet and author, wife of Edward Elgar
 Avril Elgar (1932–2021), British actress
 Dean Elgar (born 1987), South African cricketer
 Ella Elgar (1869–1945), New Zealand socialite and art collector
 Francis Elgar (1845–1909), naval architect
 Rebecca Elgar, English children's book illustrator and writer
 Sybil Elgar (1914–2007), British educator

Given name
 Elgar Fleisch (born 1968), Austrian/Swiss academic
 Elgar Howarth (born 1935), English conductor and composer
 Elgar Watts (born 1985), South African rugby union player

Other uses
 Edward Elgar Publishing, global publisher of academic works
 Elgar (film), a 1962 drama documentary
 Elgar Technology College, a defunct school in Worcester, Worcestershire, England
 Elgar Uplands, Alexander Island, Antarctica
 Elgar, a villain in Power Rangers: Turbo
 Elgar, a 2020 album by British cellist Sheku Kanneh-Mason

See also
 Elger (disambiguation)
 Ælfgar, Earl of Mercia

Masculine given names


My Dad Is Better than Your Dad is a reality sports TV show on NBC that premiered on February 18, 2008. The show was produced by Mark Burnett, producer of other shows like Survivor, The Apprentice, and Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?, and was hosted by actor Dan Cortese. Four teams of children and their fathers competed in each episode, with the winning team having the chance to win up to $50,000.

The series was cancelled on April 2, 2008, after NBC announced its 2008–2009 schedule.

Gameplay
Four fathers, paired up with their kids, compete in each episode, playing in stunts and answering questions, in what may have been a cross between Double Dare and American Gladiators.

 Round 1—My Dad Is Faster All four teams participate in a stunt that tests how fast Dad is. For example, on the first episode, the fathers had two minutes to destroy desks, and putting each piece of their desk into a bin to determine the weight. The team who has scored the least in that round is given a 15-second penalty carried into the next round.

Round 2—My Dad Is Stronger This tests how strong the dads really are. For example, in most episodes, they have to swing their kids into an oversized dartboard, with their kids carrying large foam darts with sticky pads on the bottom (they only counted if the darts were simply put on the board, throwing them didn't count, and if a dart fell off, it still counted [note: As of the third episode, throwing a dart now counts, and a dart falling off doesn't count]). The team that scores the least in the round is eliminated and sent to "The Garage", but they leave with an Xbox 360 as a consolation prize.

Round 3—My Dad Is Smarter Another test—this time to determine how smart Dad is. A question and four choices appear on a video screen to their left. The child rings in, but it's the dad who has to answer. A right answer earns 1 point, but a wrong answer causes the other teams to have the chance to answer from the remaining choices. The first two teams to score 3 points move on to the final round, while the losers get sent to the Garage with the Xbox 360.

Final Round—My Dad Is Braver For the final round, this tests how brave Dad is. An example from the first episode is when each father had two minutes to score points by shooting newspapers from an air gun through windows worth 100 and 500 points. The opponent has to dodge the windows and make sure the newspaper doesn't break them. The winning team goes to the bonus round to play for $50,000 (and it all depends on how well a dad knows his son/daughter) while the losers get the Xbox 360.

Bonus Round—My Dad Knows Me Better Before the round begins, the winning team earns a mountain bike and the Xbox 360 no matter what happens in the game. In the bonus round, similar to another NBC game show Amne$ia, the father was asked up to six questions about his child, earning his team $10,000 for each right answer. Unlike most primetime game shows of this era (not counting another NBC show, The Singing Bee), a wrong answer does not take away money. The round ends when the team hit $50,000 or two wrong answers have been given. During the show's run, no one walked away with the full $50,000. The most ever won was $40,000. Also, not one team has failed to answer any question correctly, thus winning no money.

Winners
Mark and Jim Fier (defeated Teams Kirby, Rutherford, and Kang)
Leo and Christopher Li (defeated Teams Sass, Kabat, and Stephenson)
Rick and Dustin Avila (defeated teams Grayston, Martin, and Basile)
Dave and Mickey Cortez (Philippines version at GMA 7 hosted by Paolo Contis episode 11 defeated teams Carbungco, Salas, Gonzales)

Replacement

During the third episode's first-round stunt, "Uphill Battle" (in which dads had three minutes to push as many balls up a hill into giant holes), contestant Al Gaines had a very strong lead over his opponents at the start, but towards the end, he ended up struggling to get more balls down the holes, even at the urging of his son. At the end of the round, it was quite apparent that Gaines was suffering from a heart attack, as teaser trailers show him being rushed from the Sony studios to an ambulance. According to the rules, if a father or child is unable to compete, a replacement family takes their place. The replacement family was the Gavero Family.

International versions

References

External links
 Official website
 Controversy Over Creation

2000s American game shows
2008 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings
NBC original programming
Sports entertainment
English-language television shows
Fatherhood
Television series created by Mark Burnett


Shovel may refer to:

Shovel, a tool for lifting and moving loose material
Power shovel, a bucket equipped machine, usually electrically powered, used for digging and loading earth or fragmented rock material, the modern equivalent of steam shovels
Steam shovel, a steam-powered excavating machine designed for lifting and moving material such as rock and soil
Intellipedia shovel
The Shovel, Cowley, a Grade II listed public house at Iver Lane, Cowley, London
 Shovel (album)

See also
Sir Cloudesley Shovell (1650 – 1707)
Shovel Knight, a video game created by Yacht Club Games


This is a list of the members of the 3rd Seanad Éireann,  the upper house of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland.  These Senators were elected or appointed in 1938, after the 1938 general election and served until the close of poll for the 4th Seanad in 1943.

Composition of the 3rd Seanad
There are a total of 60 seats in the Seanad. 43 Senators are elected by the Vocational panels, 6 elected by the Universities and 11 are nominated by the Taoiseach.

The following table shows the composition by party when the 3rd Seanad first met on 7 September 1938.

List of senators

Changes

See also
Members of the 10th Dáil
Government of the 10th Dáil

References

External links

03


This is a list of the members of the 2nd Seanad Éireann, the upper house of the Oireachtas (legislature) of Ireland. These Senators were elected or appointed in March 1938 and served until the close of poll for the 3rd Seanad in July 1938.

Composition of the 2nd Seanad
The Free State Seanad was elected in stages and thus considered to be in permanent session, and although there were five Seanad elections held before its abolition, is considered to have been a single Seanad for the duration of its existence and is thus referred for that whole period as the First Seanad. It was abolished by the Constitution (Amendment No. 24) Act 1936, with its last meeting on 19 May 1936. To indicate continuity with its Free State predecessor, the first Seanad elected after 1937 is numbered as the Second Seanad.

It was elected under Article 53 of the Constitution, which provided that on the coming into operation of the Constitution, which took place on 29 December 1937, a general election for the Seanad would take place as if there had been a dissolution of the Dáil.

There are a total of 60 seats in the Seanad. 43 Senators are elected by the Vocational panels, 6 elected by the Universities and 11 are nominated by the Taoiseach.

The following table shows the composition by party when the 2nd Seanad first met on 27 April 1938.

List of senators

Changes

See also
Members of the 9th Dáil
Government of the 9th Dáil

References

External links

02


Livio Vacchini (February 27, 1933 – April 2, 2007) was a Swiss architect from Ticino.

Life
Livio Vacchini was born in Locarno. From 1953 to 1958 he studied architecture at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. After a stay in Stockholm and Paris from 1959 to 1961, he established his own architecture studio in Locarno called Studio Vacchini architetti, working closely with Luigi Snozzi and Silvia Gmür.

Architecture
The works of Livio Vacchini feature an extreme coherence of theme and practice. Each project is conceived ideally as the continuation of the lines of research explored by modern architects of the classical tradition such as Auguste Perret, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and Louis Kahn. An extreme reduction of structural elements is present in all his designs. The most important values of his works lie precisely in their intentional "untimeliness": indifferent to novelty, interested only in respecting an inner coherence, detached, far from the chatter and gossip of the world of architecture of our time.

Livio Vacchini designed houses, office buildings, schools, and community facilities in Switzerland and France. His major works are the school of Montagnola near Locarno, his own house in Costa (Switzerland), and the school of architecture of Nancy (France).

Architects from Ticino
1933 births
2007 deaths
People from Locarno


Indian Creek Township is a township in Anderson County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 127.

History
Indian Creek Township was established in 1873.

Geography
Indian Creek Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.

The stream of Little Indian Creek runs through this township.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Anderson County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Jackson Township is a township in Anderson County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 459.

History
Jackson Township was established in 1857.

Geography
Jackson Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements, though the county seat of Garnett sits on the township's eastern border with Monroe Township.  According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Amish and Pleasantville.

The streams of Cedar Creek, Fish Creek, Iantha Creek and Sac Creek run through this township.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Anderson County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas
1857 establishments in Kansas Territory


Lincoln Township is a township in Anderson County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2018 census, it has a population of 85 within its 49.2 square miles. The media age is 60.5 and the township is 58% male. There are approximately 36 households and 2.4 people per household.

History
Lincoln Township was organized in 1870.

Geography
Lincoln Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements. Neighboring townships include Centerville, Lone Elm, Monroe, North Rich, Walker, and Washington.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Anderson County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Lone Elm Township is a township in Anderson County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 230.

Geography
Lone Elm Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Lone Elm.  According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Lone Elm.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Anderson County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Monroe Township is a township in Anderson County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 349.

History
Monroe Township was established in 1857.

Geography
Monroe Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  The county seat of Garnett, administratively separate from the township, occupies an area along the western border with Jackson Township.  According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Garnett and Judy.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Anderson County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas
1857 establishments in Kansas Territory


North Rich Township was a township in Anderson County, Kansas, United States. It was dissolved and merged into Rich Township in 2017. As of the 2016 American Community Survey, its population was estimated to be 90 people.  As of the 2010 census, its population was 107.

Geography
North Rich Township covered an area of  and contained no incorporated settlements.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Anderson County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Ozark Township is a township in Anderson County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 578.

History
Ozark Township was established in 1859.

Geography
Ozark Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Colony.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Anderson County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Putnam Township is a township in Anderson County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 305.

History
Putnam Township was established in 1870. It was named for Leander Putnam.

Geography
Putnam Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, West Scipio.

The stream of Dry Branch runs through this township.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Anderson County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Reeder Township is a township in Anderson County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 452.

History
Reeder Township was established in 1857. It was named for Andrew Horatio Reeder, first Territorial Governor of Kansas.

Geography
Reeder Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Harris.  According to the USGS, it contains four cemeteries: Baird, Bethel, Central City and Patton.

The streams of Elm Creek, Kenoma Creek, Rocky Run and Thomas Creek run through this township.

Transportation
Reeder Township contains two airports or landing strips: Graham Farms Airport and Graham Farms Auxiliary Airport.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Anderson County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas
1857 establishments in Kansas Territory


Rich Township is a township in Anderson County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 288.

Geography
Rich Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Kincaid.  According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Kincaid and Mount Zion.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 City-Data.com

Townships in Anderson County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas


Walker Township is a township in Anderson County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 668.

History
Walker Township was established in 1857. It was named for Robert J. Walker, fourth Territorial Governor of Kansas.

Geography
Walker Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Greeley.  According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Saint John and Sutton Valley.

The stream of South Fork Pottawatomie Creek runs through this township.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Anderson County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas
1857 establishments in Kansas Territory


Washington Township is a township in Anderson County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 272.

History
Washington Township was established in 1857.

Geography
Washington Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains five cemeteries: Baptist, Horn, Hyatt, Mont Ida and Springfield.

The streams of Bradshaw Creek and Skunk Branch run through this township.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Anderson County, Kansas
Townships in Kansas
1857 establishments in Kansas Territory