Isaac ben Abraham of Troki, Karaite scholar and polemical writer (b. Trakai, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, c. 1533; d. Trakai, c. 1594 (or eight years earlier for both dates, according to Jacob Mann's hypothesis. Since the formation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569, still during Isaac ben Abraham's own lifetime, the city was also known in Polish as Troki).

Works
Isaac's learning earned him the respect and deference of his fellow Karaites, and his knowledge of the Latin and Polish languages and of Christian dogmatics enabled him to engage in amicable conversations on religious subjects not only with Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Greek Orthodox clergymen, but also with Socinian and other sectarian elders. The fruit of these personal contacts, and of Isaac Troki's concurrent extensive reading in the New Testament and the Christian theological and anti-Jewish literature, was his famous apology of Judaism entitled Hizzuk Emunah (Hebrew חזוק אמונה, "The Strengthening of Faith"). Among his radical Christian sources, though Isaac considered them adversaries still, he made reference to the works of Belarusian "Psilanthropist" Symon Budny who was excommunicated from the Unitarian community for opposing prayer to Christ and denying the virgin birth. Though he himself did not live to complete the Hizzuk Emunah, his pupil, Joseph Malinovski Troki, completed it by adding the preface and an index that was compiled from Isaac's own written notes and oral remarks.

The work at once won extensive popularity both because of its powerful defense of the Jewish faith and because of its calm and reasonable emphasis of the perceived-to-be-vulnerable points in Christian tradition and dogmatics. It was studiously copied by interested Jewish readers, some of whom inevitably felt called upon to modify the work in the light of their own views and beliefs. A suggestion, made about 1629 by Zerah ben Nathan Troki to Manasseh ben Israel at Amsterdam, to print the work was rejected by that rabbi, intellectual, and printer. But one manuscript copy, modified and amplified by a Rabbinite copyist, came into the hands of the Hebraist Johann Christoph Wagenseil, who published it, with a Latin translation and an extensive refutation, under the sensational title of Tela ignea Satanae (The Fiery Darts of Satan; Altorf, 1681). Far from squelching Isaac's work, Wagenseil's violent refutation of it merely publicized it and gave rise to numerous debates and controversies in Christian circles, while Isaac's anti-Christian arguments were eventually taken over by the non-Jewish anti-clerical and liberal writers and philosophers of the 18th century. No less an expert in polemics than Monsieur de Voltaire characterized the Hizzuk Emunah as a masterpiece in the treatment of its subject.

Wagenseil's text of Hizzuk Emunah was reprinted for Jewish use at Amsterdam in 1705; a Yiddish translation appeared in the same place in 1717; an English translation by Moses Mocatta was printed for private circulation at London in 1851; a German translation, accompanied by a revised Hebrew text, was published by David Deutsch (2nd ed., Sohrau, 1873).

Two hymns by Isaac Troki are incorporated in the Karaite liturgy; he is also said to have composed works on Karaite ritual law.

References

Sources
Graetz, Heinrich, History of Jews, The Jewish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia, 1894, vol. IV.
Ben-Sasson, H. H., (ed.), A History of the Jewish People, English translation, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1976.
Nemoy, Leon, "Troki, Isaac ben Abraham," in Encyclopaedia Judaica, Second Edition, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 2007, vol. 20, pp. 155–156.

External links
 (Faith Strengthened)
 Copies of 2 Bios

The text of this article was taken from The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, New York Vol. 10 pp. 311–312.

1530s births
1590s deaths
People from Trakai
Karaite Jews
Critics of Christianity
Lithuanian writers
Karaite rabbis
Lithuanian religious leaders
Lithuanian Jews
16th-century Jewish theologians
Jewish writers
Jewish apologists
Anti-Christian sentiment in Europe


Camp Parapet was a Civil War fortification at Shrewsbury, Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, a bit more than a mile upriver from the current city limits of New Orleans.

History

The fortification consisted of a Confederate defensive line about a mile and 3/4 long stretching from the Mississippi River northward to Metairie Ridge. (The area farther north from the ridge to Lake Pontchartrain was at the time swampland.) This was intended to protect the city of New Orleans from Union attack from upriver. As the Union fleet took the city by sailing in from below, the fortification was never used. After the capture of New Orleans, U.S. forces garrisoned and expanded the fortifications to defend against a Confederate counter-attack, which never came.

Under Union control, the Camp lay in the district of Brigadier General Thomas W. Sherman. In late-September 1862, Halbert E. Paine, captain of the 4th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment, assumed command of the camp. George H. Hanks, a lieutenant in the 12th Connecticut Infantry Regiment was detailed as aide-de-camp for Sherman for the superintendence of the many contraband arriving at the camp. He organized six colonies at Camp Parapet each led by a non-commissioned officer and directed black labor in the repair and fortification of the camp and surroundings. This scheme was expanded under Hanks to become the Bureau of Negro Labor, which was one of the organizations which would eventually become the Freedmen's Bureau. Companies C and H of the 42nd Regiment Infantry Massachusetts Volunteers, serving on engineer service, were assigned to Camp Parapet on January 15, 1863 under Senior-Captain Leonard and Major D. C. Houston, chief engineer, Department of the Gulf (XIX Corps). Steps were taken in March to begin organizing and enlisting men from Camp Parapet to form the 1st Regiment Louisiana Engineers. The regiment was mustered into service April 28, 1863 and consisted of 12 companies of sixty men each in three battalions under command of Colonel Justin Hodge. Thirteen enlisted men of the 42nd Mass. Vols. were promoted to officers a month later after receiving their commissions. The 1st Regiment Louisiana Engineers would later be split in two to form the 1st and 3rd Regiment Engineers, Corps d'Afrique (95th and 97th U.S.C.T.).

Remains

Powder magazine
The only remaining structure of the fortification is the powder magazine, of brick enclosed in an earth mound. It is located off Causeway Boulevard near the American Legion Post 267, preserved in a small park and added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 24, 1977.

Cemetery site
Nearby is the historic Shrewsbury (Camp Parapet) Cemetery, the site of the camp's cemetery, where 7,000 Union bodies were once interred before being moved to Chalmette National Cemetery.

See also
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana
 New Orleans in the American Civil War

References

External links

 New Orleans area Forts with information on Camp Parapet.

Buildings and structures in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana
Louisiana in the American Civil War
American Civil War army posts
Gunpowder magazines
Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in Louisiana
National Register of Historic Places in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana
American Civil War on the National Register of Historic Places
Freedmen's Bureau


KSLE (104.7 FM, "Planet 104.7") is a radio station licensed to serve Wewoka, Oklahoma.  The station is owned by One Ten Broadcasting Group, Inc.  It airs an Oldies music format.

The station has been assigned these call letters by the Federal Communications Commission since October 1, 1999.

Office Location
KSLE-FM phone number is 405-273-5753 & 405- 382–0186.
KSLE-FM office address is located in the KIRC/ One Ten Broadcasting building at 2 East Main Street in Shawnee, Oklahoma 74804.

References

Also known in the late 80's as K105+Country, KSLE changed calls and moved up the dial to 105.9 KIRC

External links

SLE
Oldies radio stations in the United States


Dorje Lopon Ngawang Jigdral Rinpoche, is a Nyingma tulku of Sherpa decent.

References

 Pema Namding Monastery, Regd No.31. AFF No. 17989
 Dzambhala Puja on Sunday, September 6, 2015 at Chùa Quan Âm Phổ Chiếu Ni Viện in New Carrollton, MD flyer

1982 births
Nyingma tulkus
Nyingma lamas
Tibetan Buddhists from Nepal
20th-century lamas
Living people
Sherpa people


The Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series is one of the awards given by the Screen Actors Guild. The award was awarded for the first time in 2007.

There is a corresponding SAG Award for work in film.

Winners and nominees

2000s

2010s

2020s

Multiple awards
8 awards
Game of Thrones (7 consecutive)

2 awards
24

References

External links
 SAG Awards official site

Stunt Ensemble Television Series
Stunt awards


The 2002 season was the Houston Texans' debut season in the National Football League and the first NFL season for the city of Houston since the Oilers moved to Tennessee to become the Titans in 1997. Their coaching staff was headed by Dom Capers, who previously coached the expansion Carolina Panthers when they debuted in 1995. The divisional realignment also placed the Texans and Titans in the same division.

The Texans won their inaugural regular season game against the Dallas Cowboys 19–10 on Sunday Night Football. They were the first to do this since the 1961 Minnesota Vikings won their inaugural game. The Texans finished their debut season with a 4–12 record.

Due to being an expansion franchise, the Texans were given the first overall pick in the 2002 NFL Draft. Houston used the selection on Fresno State quarterback David Carr. Carr finished the season with 2,592 passing yards, setting the franchise record for most passing yards by a rookie in a single season. Carr's record would not be broken until 2021, when Davis Mills finished that season with 2,664 passing yards.

NFL returns to Houston

In June 1997, Bob McNair and Chuck Watson's plans for a National Hockey League expansion team fell apart due to the lack of an arena in the Houston area. Afterward, the Houston Oilers moved to Nashville to become the Tennessee Titans. The discussion eventually began to create a new NFL expansion team, with the 31st being awarded to the reformed Cleveland Browns. Houston and Los Angeles were the two finalists, and on October 6, 1999, the league's owners voted unanimously to award Houston the 32nd franchise. In 2000, the new team, tentatively known as "Houston NFL 2002", decided on five potential team names: Apollos, Bobcats, Stallions, Texans and Wildcatters. This shortlist was eventually reduced to Apollos, Stallions and Texans. On September 6, the team name was officially revealed as the Houston Texans.

On January 19, 2000, the team hired former Washington Redskins general manager Charley Casserly to serve in the same position. In the search for a head coach, Miami coach Butch Davis was involved in discussions with McNair, but elected to stay with the university. In January 2001, the Texans hired Jacksonville Jaguars defensive coordinator Dom Capers as head coach; Capers had previously worked with the expansion Carolina Panthers as their HC. On January 20, Indianapolis Colts defensive coordinator Vic Fangio joined the staff in the same role, followed by former Cleveland Browns head coach Chris Palmer as offensive coordinator on February 3.

Offseason

Free agency
On November 5, 2001, the Texans held workouts for defensive backs at the Reliant Astrodome. On December 29, the team signed ten players: running back Michael Basnight, safety Leomont Evans, tackles Robert Hicks and Jerry Wisne, defensive tackle Jason Nikolao, quarterback Mike Quinn, fullback Matt Snider, cornerback Jason Suttle, linebacker Casey Tisdale and safety Kevin Williams. On March 6, 2002, Colts offensive lineman Steve McKinney became the first unrestricted free agent to be signed by the Texans.

Expansion draft

To fill the Texans roster, the NFL held an expansion draft on February 18. The team was permitted to select 42 players from the other 31 teams, each of which allowed five players to be drafted. Houston were required to select 30 players or spend 38 percent ($27.24 million) of the $71.7 million salary cap.

The first player that the Texans selected was Jacksonville Jaguars offensive tackle Tony Boselli; however, the five-time Pro Bowler had been suffering from shoulder injuries during the 2001 season and never played a snap for the Texans. Houston also selected 18 more players.

On February 26, quarterback Danny Wuerffel was traded to the Washington Redskins for defensive tackle Jerry DeLoach. The Texans had intended to draft DeLoach, but the Redskins replaced him with Matt Campbell.

^ Made roster.

NFL draft

Undrafted free agents

Staff

Roster

Preseason

Regular season

Schedule

Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

Game summaries

Week 1: vs. Dallas Cowboys

Week 2: at San Diego Chargers

Week 3: vs. Indianapolis Colts

Week 4: at Philadelphia Eagles

Week 6: vs. Buffalo Bills

Week 7: at Cleveland Browns

Week 8: at Jacksonville Jaguars
{{Americanfootballbox
 |titlestyle=;text-align:center;
 |state=autocollapse
 |title=Week 8: Houston Texans at Jacksonville Jaguars – Game summary
 |date=October 27, 2002
 |time=3:15 p.m. CST
 |road=Texans
 |R1=0|R2=7|R3=3|R4=11
 |home=Jaguars
 |H1=0|H2=9|H3=3|H4=7
 |stadium=Alltel Stadium, Jacksonville, Florida
 |attendance=53,721
 |weather=
 |referee=Ron Blum
 |TV=CBS
 |TVAnnouncers=Ian Eagle and Solomon Wilcots
 |reference=Recap
 |scoring=
First quarter
No scoring plays
Second quarter
JAX – Jimmy Smith 25-yard pass from Mark Brunell (Tim Seder kick), 12:11. Jaguars 7–0. Drive: 7 plays, 74 yards, 2:39.
HOU – Jonathan Wells 3-yard run (Kris Brown kick), 8:31. Tied 7–7. Drive: 4 plays, 44 yards, 2:08.
JAX – Chad Stanley tackled in end zone, 5:15. Jaguars 9–7.
Third quarter
HOU – Kris Brown 43-yard field goal, 11:55. Texans 10–9. Drive: 6 plays, 46 yards, 3:39.
JAX – Tim Seder 34-yard field goal, 6:31. Jaguars 12–10. Drive: 4 plays, 7 yards, 0:43.
Fourth quarter
HOU – Billy Miller 1-yard pass from David Carr (Carr pass to Gaffney), 18–12. Drive: 10 plays, 80 yards, 4:12.JAX – Stacey Mack 2-yard run (Tim Seder kick), 7:58. Jaguars 19–18. Drive: 7 plays, 70 yards, 3:22.HOU – Kris Brown 45-yard field goal, 2:24. Texans 21–19. Drive: 4 plays, 50 yards, 0:28. |stats=
Top passers
HOU – David Carr – 11/18, 184 yards, TD
JAX – Mark Brunell – 16/34, 202 yards, TD
Top rushers
HOU – James Allen – 10 rushes, 40 yards
JAX – Fred Taylor – 25 rushes, 85 yards
Top receivers
HOU – Billy Miller – 3 receptions, 78 yards, TD
JAX – Jimmy Smith – 4 receptions, 80 yards, TD
Texans win their first road game in franchise history.
}}

Week 9: vs. Cincinnati Bengals

Week 10: at Tennessee Titans

Week 11: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars

Week 12: vs. New York Giants

The Giants entered the game at 6–4 looking for an easy victory over the expansion Texans. The first quarter was scoreless with miscues from both teams. Houston received the opening kickoff, but went three-and-out, punting the ball to end the drive. On the second play of the following drive, New York running back Tiki Barber fumbled the ball at the Giants 27-yard line with the ball being recovered by Houston linebacker Jamie Sharper. On the next drive, Texans' running back James Allen fumbled the ball and it was recovered at the New York 30-yard line by linebacker Dhani Jones for the Giants. The two teams would trade punts with the first points being scored by Houston kicker Kris Brown on a 40-yard field goal in the second quarter. The Giants would respond a few drives later with Barber scoring on a 1-yard touchdown run. The game's next scoring play would come late in the second quarter. New York long snapper Bob Jones fumbled the snap with the ball being recovered by punter Matt Allen, who was tackled in his own end zone for a safety with the Texans trailing 5–7 at halftime.

Houston's first touchdown of the game came in the 3rd quarter, with a 1-yard run from Jonathan Wells. The Texans went for two, with Allen catching a pass from David Carr to put Houston up 13–7 with 6:57 left in the 3rd quarter. The Giants' following drive ended with Matt Bryant missing a 33-yard field goal. New York would score on its next possession with a 31-yard pass from Kerry Collins to receiver Amani Toomer to the Giants up 14–13 with 13:18 left in the game. Houston responded on the next drive with a 50-yard field goal to take a 16–14 lead with 6:57 left. The Giants had three drives to respond, but Collins was picked off twice on back-to-back possessions with the last play of the game being a failed Hail Mary to give the Texans a 16–14 upset victory.

Week 13: at Indianapolis Colts

Week 14: at Pittsburgh Steelers

The Texans had one of the worst offensive performances ever in an NFL game, only having 47 total yards of offense while the Steelers had 422 yards. The Texans' defense forced five turnovers and scored three touchdowns. Pittsburgh quarterback Tommy Maddox threw two interceptions, both of which were returned for touchdowns by Houston cornerback Aaron Glenn; Maddox also lost a fumble that was recovered by Texans cornerback Kenny Wright for a touchdown.

Week 15: vs. Baltimore Ravens

Week 16: at Washington Redskins

Week 17: vs. Tennessee Titans

This was the Titans' first game to be played in Houston since December 15, 1996 when the team was known as the Houston Oilers.

Standings

Statistics
Despite being in their first season, Football Outsiders calculated that the Texans were, play-for-play, the least successful team in the NFL in 2002. FO'' also stated that the 2002 Texans had the worst offense and third-worst run offense they have ever tracked.

Team

Individual

Source:

References

Houston Texans seasons
Houston


Psychological therapies for dementia are starting to gain some momentum. Improved clinical assessment in early stages of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia, increased cognitive stimulation of the elderly, and the prescription of drugs to slow cognitive decline have resulted in increased detection in the early stages. Although the opinions of the medical community are still apprehensive to support cognitive therapies in dementia patients, recent international studies have started to create optimism.

Classification
Psychological therapies which are considered as potential treatments for dementia include music therapy, reminiscence therapy, cognitive reframing for caretakers, validation therapy, and mental exercise. Interventions may be used in conjunction with pharmaceutical treatment and can be classified within behavior, emotion, cognition or stimulation oriented approaches.  Research on efficacy is reduced.

Behavioral interventions
Behavioral interventions attempt to identify and reduce the antecedents and consequences of problem behaviors. This approach has not shown success in the overall functioning of patients,
but can help to reduce some specific problem behaviors, such as incontinence. There is still a lack of high quality data on the effectiveness of these techniques in other behavior problems such as wandering.

Emotion-oriented interventions
Emotion-oriented interventions include reminiscence therapy, validation therapy, supportive psychotherapy, sensory integration or snoezelen, and simulated presence therapy.  Supportive psychotherapy has received little or no formal scientific study, but some clinicians find it useful in helping mildly impaired patients adjust to their illness.
Reminiscence therapy (RT) involves the discussion of past experiences individually or in group, many times with the aid of photographs, household items, music and sound recordings, or other familiar items from the past. Although there are few quality studies on the effectiveness of RT it may be beneficial for cognition and mood.
Simulated presence therapy (SPT) is based on attachment theories and is normally carried out playing a recording with voices of the closest relatives of the patient. There is preliminary evidence indicating that SPT may reduce anxiety and challenging behaviors.
Finally, validation therapy is based on acceptance of the reality and personal truth of another's experience, while sensory integration is based on exercises aimed to stimulate senses.  There is little evidence to support the usefulness of these therapies.

Cognition-oriented treatments

The aim of cognition-oriented treatments, which include reality orientation and cognitive retraining is the restoration of cognitive deficits. Reality orientation consists in the presentation of information about time, place or person in order to ease the understanding of the person about its surroundings and his place in them, for example using an orientation board. On the other hand, cognitive retraining tries to improve impaired capacities by exercitation of mental abilities. Both have shown some efficacy improving cognitive capacities, although in some works these effects were transient and negative effects, such as frustration, have also been reported. Most of the programs inside this approach are fully or partially computerized and others are fully paper based such as the Cognitive Retention Therapy method.

Stimulation-oriented treatments
Stimulation-oriented treatments include art, music and pet therapies, exercise, and any other kind of recreational activities for patients. Stimulation has modest support for improving behavior, mood, and, to a lesser extent, function. Nevertheless, as important as these effects are, the main support for the use of stimulation therapies is the improvement in the patient daily life routine they suppose.

A study published in 2006 tested the effects of Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) on the demented elderly's quality of life.  The researchers looked at the effect of CST on cognitive function, the effect of improved cognitive function on quality of life, then the link between the three (CST, cognition, and QoL). The study found an improvement in cognitive function from the CST treatment, as measured by the mini–mental state examination (MMSE) and the Alzheimer's disease assessment scale (ADAS-Cog), as well as an improvement in quality of life self-reported by the participants using the Quality of Life-AD measure.  The study then used regression models to explain the correlation between the CST therapy and quality of life to see if the improved cognitive function was the primary mediating factor for the improved quality of life.  The models supported the correlation and proposed that it was the improved cognition more than other factors (such as reduced depression symptoms and less anxiety) that led to the participants reporting back that they had a better quality of life (with significant improvements especially in energy level, memory, relationship with significant other, and ability to do chores.)

Another study that was done in 2010 by London College that tested the efficacy of the Cognitive Stimulation Therapy. Participants were tested using an MMSE to test their level of cognitive ability and see if they qualified as a demented patient to be included in the study.  The participants had to have no other health problems allowing for the experiment to have accurate internal validity.  The results clearly showed that those who were given the Cognitive Stimulation Therapy did significantly better on all memory tasks than those that did not receive the therapy. Out of the eleven memory tasks that were given ten of the memory tasks were improved by the therapeutic group. This is another study that supports the efficacy of CST, demonstrating that the elderly that have dementia greatly benefit from this treatment.. Just like it was tested in the 2006 study, the improvement of the participants' cognitive abilities can ultimately improve their daily lives since it helps with social influences being able to speak, remember words etc.

In July 2015 UK NHS trials were reported of a robot seal from Japan being in the management of distressed and disturbed behaviour in dementia patients. "Paro", which has some artificial intelligence has the ability to "learn" and remember its own name. It can also learn the behaviour that results in a pleasing stroking response and repeat it. The robot was being evaluated in a joint project involving Sheffield Health and Social Care NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Sheffield.

Psychological approaches to neuropsychiatric symptoms

Out of a number of psychological therapies examined, only behavior management therapy has demonstrated effectiveness in treating dementia-associated neuropsychiatric symptoms.

References

Cognitive therapy


"A Question of Honour" is a 1995 single by soprano Sarah Brightman, from her album Fly. It peaked at No. 15 on the German Singles Chart in the last week of 1995, even though it was released over five months earlier. "A Question of Honour" was also the official song of the championship boxing match between Henry Maske and Graciano Rocchigiani in Germany. In Japan, TV Asahi adopted the song as the theme music of FIFA World Cup broadcasting since 2002 and plays it in related television programs. The Sisters of Mercy front man, Andrew Eldritch provides backing vocals in the song.

"A Question of Honour" features an excerpt of Alfredo Catalani's aria "Ebben? Ne andrò lontana" from La Wally, a piece which Brightman later recorded in full for her album Time to Say Goodbye. The extended mix of the song, released on the standard CD single and Harem Tour album, was mastered differently from the album version and features additional instrumentation. B-side "On the Nile", a rendition of "My Own Home" from Disney's The Jungle Book with original lyrics by Brightman, was later made available on the limited edition Fly II. The "A Whiter Shade of Pale" US single featured all of the "A Question of Honour" remixes from the remix CD.

In 2011 the song was certified by the Recording Industry Association of Japan as a Gold single for more than 100,000 digital downloads.

Track listing

CD single
"A Question of Honour" (radio edit)
"A Question of Honour" (extended mix)
"On the Nile"

Remix CD

"A Question of Honour" (radio edit)
"A Question of Honour" (PeCh remix)
"A Question of Honour" (Knock Out remix)
"A Question of Honour" (Damage Control mix)
"A Question of Honour" (Tom Lord-Alge mix)

A Whiter Shade of Pale/A Question of Honour

Sarah Brightman released her cover of the Procol Harum song "A Whiter Shade of Pale" as a single with "A Question of Honour" in 2001. "A Whiter Shade of Pale" is from her 2000 album La Luna.

Track listing
"A Whiter Shade of Pale" (Radio edit)
"A Whiter Shade of Pale" (ATB remix)
"A Whiter Shade of Pale" (Delerium remix)
"A Whiter Shade of Pale" (Paralyzer remix)
"A Whiter Shade of Pale" (ATB radio edit)
"A Question of Honour" (Radio edit)
"A Question of Honour" (Pech remix)
"A Question of Honour" (Knock out mix)
"A Question of Honour" (Damage control mix)
"A Question of Honour" (Tom Lord-Alge mix)

Charts

Certifications

References

1995 singles
2001 singles
Sarah Brightman songs
1995 songs
Song recordings produced by Frank Peterson
East West Records singles
Songs written by Frank Peterson


Load-loss factor (also loss load factor,  LLF, or simply loss factor) is a dimensionless ratio between average and peak values of load loss (loss of electric power between the generator and the consumer in electricity distribution). Since the losses in the wires are proportional to the square of the current (and thus the square of the power), the LLF can be calculated by measuring the square of delivered power over a short interval of time (typically half an hour), calculating an average of these values over a long period (a year), and dividing by the square of the peak power exhibited during the same long period:

, where

  is the total number of short intervals (there are 8760 hours or 17,520 half-hours in a year);
  is the load experienced during the short interval ;
  is the peak load  within the long interval (typically a year).

The LLF value naturally depends on the load profile. For electricity utilities, numbers about 0.2-0.3 are typical (cf. 0.22 for Toronto Hydro, 0.33 for New Zealand). Multiple empirical formulae exist that relate the loss factor to the load factor (Dickert et al. in 2009 listed nine).

Similarly, the ratio between the average and the peak current is called form coefficient k or peak responsibility factor k, its typical value is between 0.2 to 0.8 for distribution networks and 0.8 to 0.95 for transmission networks. Coefficient k describes the losses as an additional load carried by the system, and is named loss equivalent load factor in Japan.

See also
 Line Loss Factor, a regulatory definition of the line loss in UK

References

Sources

Electric power conversion


The 2003 Houston Texans season was the franchise's second season in the National Football League and the second under head coach Dom Capers. It saw the Texans make a one-game improvement on its initial season's record.

Offseason

NFL draft

Staff

Roster

Preseason

Regular season

Schedule

Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.

Game summaries

Week 1: at Miami Dolphins

Week 2: at New Orleans Saints

Week 3: vs. Kansas City Chiefs

Week 4: vs. Jacksonville Jaguars

Week 6: at Tennessee Titans

David Carr threw for 371 yards and two touchdowns, but also threw three interceptions, including a pick six.

Week 7: vs. New York Jets

Week 8: at Indianapolis Colts

Week 9: vs. Carolina Panthers

Week 10: at Cincinnati Bengals

Week 11: at Buffalo Bills

On the Texans' third offensive drive, David Carr was sacked in his own end zone by Jeff Posey and fumbled the ball. The ball eventually went out of bounds in the end zone, resulting in a safety, giving the Bills a 2–0 lead. Carr was injured on the play and would be replaced by Tony Banks for the rest of the game. On the final play of the game, the Texans were facing a 4th and 14 at their own 34-yard line with 0:03 left to play up 12–8. The team lined up in a punt formation and Andre Johnson took the ball, intentionally running backwards to his own end zone and ran out of bounds for a safety with 0:00 on the clock, securing a 12–10 victory for the Texans.

Week 12: vs. New England Patriots

Week 13: vs. Atlanta Falcons

Week 14: at Jacksonville Jaguars

Week 15: at Tampa Bay Buccaneers

Week 16: vs. Tennessee Titans

Week 17: Indianapolis Colts

Standings

Statistics

Team

Individual

Source:

References

Houston Texans seasons
Houston


Ouvrage Rohrbach (or Fort Casso) is a petit ouvrage of the Maginot Line located in the community of Bettvillier, near Rohrbach-lès-Bitche in the Moselle département, facing Germany. The Fortified Sector of Rohrbach was built somewhat later than its neighbors to the east and west, and in company with positions on the extreme western end of the Maginot Line, became one of the "New Fronts."

Design and construction
Early designs contemplated a powerful fortification of thirteen blocks.  However, the scale of works in the Rohrbach sector was reduced in 1933 to two gros ouvrages, one petit ouvrage (Rohrbach), fifteen casemates and eight shelters (abris). The fortifications center around the military camp at Bitche and the village of Petit-Réderching.  No works were constructed in Rohrbach itself.  As a result of the decision of Marshal Pétain in 1929, priority was given to the Vosges and the defense of the plain of Alsace.  Aware of the weakness of the area between the rivers Sarre and Lauter, three gros ouvrages were proposed, to be completed between 1929 and 1933.  However, in 1934, due to budget restrictions, plans were deferred for artillery blocks at Rohrbach, and only the infantry blocks were ultimately constructed. As the project progressed, it was distributed among Rohrbach and its neighbors.

The site was surveyed by CORF (Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency, and was approved for construction in June 1934. The petit ouvrage was to be expanded in a second phase to a gros ouvrage with separate munitions and personnel entries, an "M1" magazine, full underground caserne, two 75mm gun turrets, a 135 mm gun turret, a casemate block with three 75mm guns and a long-range 145mm gun turret.

Description
The town of Rohrbach-lès-Bitche is located on a shelf between the Vosges mountains and the valley of the Sarre, tunneled beneath by plaster mines.  The valley extends into Germany and forms a natural axis of attack. The constructed portions of Rohrbach are on the edge of an escarpment, while most of the proposed additional blocks, as well as the entries, were to be located several hundred meters to the rear in a ravine, tunneled under the village.

The ouvrage itself comprises one entrance block and two infantry blocks.
 Block 1: Infantry block with one machine gun (JM)/47mm anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC47), two machine gun embrasure (JM), one retractable mixed arms turret and two automatic rifle cloches (GFM).
 Block 2: Infantry block with three automatic rifle embrasures, one mixed arms cloche (AM) and one GFM cloche
 Block 3: Infantry block with two twin machine gun embrasures, one JM/AC437 embrasure, one retractable twin machine gun turret and two GFM cloches.

Casemates and shelters
A series of detached casemates and infantry shelters are in the vicinity of Rohrbach, including
 Casemate de la Station-de-Rohrbach: Double block with two JM/AC47 embrasures, one twin machine gun embrasure, one AM cloche and two GFM-B cloches.
 Abri de Rohrbach: Surface shelter or abri with two GFM-B cloches

Manning
In 1939 the garrison comprised 173 men and 3 officers of the 166th Fortress Infantry Regiment under the command of Captain de Saint-Ferjeux. The units were under the umbrella of the 4th Army, Army Group 2. The Casernement de Bining provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Rohrbach and other positions in the area.

History
See Fortified Sector of Rohrbach for a broader discussion of the Rohrbach sector of the Maginot Line.

1940
The garrison at Rohrbach made its first direct contact with German forces on 15 June 1940, when a patrol from the ouvrage ran into German troops of the 262nd Infantry Division, resulting in the death of Lieutenant Damour, in charge of the patrol, and one other French soldier. Later in the day the sector's positions were ordered to prepare to withdraw, sabotaging their equipment before leaving. On the 16th the Germans sent large formations through the gap they had exploited in the Sarre valley, moving behind the Maginot Line. By the 17th Rohrbach was surrounded. On 19 June infiltrators in the vicinity of Rohrbach were fired upon by Simserhof.

On the 21st a large-scale attack was opened against Welschhof, which was interrupted by fire from Simserhof. Haut-Poirier, farther to the west and out of range of Simserhof, was forced to surrender. Further firing occurred on the 22nd and 23rd, while individual casemates were assaulted by the Germans and taken. Both Rohrbach and Simserhof continued to fire back at the Germans on the 24th, ceasing fire at midnight in accordance with the terms of the Second Armistice at Compiègne. The garrison formally surrendered on 30 June.

1944
Rohrbach was liberated by advancing American forces on 10 December 1944, after the German evacuated, sabotaging the installation.

Post-War
By 1951 work was proceeding on renovation of many of the northeastern ouvrages, including Rohrbach, with the aim of restoring their combat capability to block a potential advance by the Warsaw Pact. Rohrbach and its neighbors were designated the môle de  Bitche, a fortified strongpoint. After the establishment of the French nuclear strike force, the importance of the Line declined. Rohrbach was among the first positions to be deactivated in 1970.

Preservation
From 1987 local residents worked to restore to ouvrage with support from the town of Rohrbach-lès-Bitche. The Association Fort Casso was established in 1989 to support the work. The association presently operates Rohrbach as a museum. The present name memorializes Rohrbach's engineering officer, Lieutenant Casso.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Degon, André; Zylberyng, Didier, La Ligne Maginot: Guide des Forts à Visiter, Editions Ouest-France, 2014.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Website
 Ouvrage de Rohrbach-les-Bitche, Fort Casso
 Ouvrage de Rohbach at Chemins de mémoire
 Petit Ouvrage de Rochbach - Fort Casso at wikimaginot.eu
 L'ouvrage de Rohrbach at alsacemaginot.com
 Petit ouvrage de Rohrbach at lignemaginot.com

Maginot Line
World War II museums in France
Môle de Bitche
Fortified sector of Rohrbach


Harijs Vītoliņš (Harijs Vitolinsh; born April 30, 1968) is a Latvian former professional ice hockey centre.  After being selected twice in the NHL Entry Draft, Vītoliņš played eight games in the National Hockey League with the Winnipeg Jets during the 1993–94 season, going scoreless. Since 2021, he has been the Head Coach of Latvia men's national ice hockey.

Vītoliņš was promoted to head coach of Dynamo Moscow after Oleg Znaroks was named as Zinetula Bilyaletdinov's successor as Russia's head coach. Vītoliņš also served as an assistant to Znaroks. In May 2014, the Russian national team coached by Znaroks and Vītoliņš won the world ice hockey championship in Minsk, Belarus.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

References

External links

1968 births
Living people
Dinamo Riga players
ECH Chur players
HC Ambrì-Piotta players
HC Thurgau players
Ice hockey players at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Latvian ice hockey coaches
Latvian ice hockey centres
Latvian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Moncton Hawks players
Montreal Canadiens draft picks
New Haven Senators players
Olympic ice hockey players for Latvia
Russia men's national ice hockey team coaches
SC Rapperswil-Jona Lakers players
Rögle BK players
SC Langnau players
Soviet ice hockey centres
Ice hockey people from Riga
Thunder Bay Thunder Hawks players
Winnipeg Jets (1979–1996) draft picks
Winnipeg Jets (1979–1996) players
Latvian expatriate sportspeople in Canada
Latvian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Latvian expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Latvian expatriate sportspeople in Sweden
Expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Expatriate ice hockey players in Canada
Expatriate ice hockey players in Switzerland
Expatriate ice hockey players in Sweden
Latvia men's national ice hockey team coaches
Ice hockey coaches at the 2022 Winter Olympics
Latvian expatriate ice hockey people


Jesse Alfred Wallingford (25 January 1872 – 6 June 1944) was a British sport shooter, who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics.

In the 1908 Olympics he won a bronze medal in the team pistol event. He was also fifth in the individual pistol event, sixth in team free rifle event and tenth in 300 m free rifle event. The same year he set a mad minute record, scoring 36 hits in one minute on a 48-inch target at 300 yards. He was a sniper when the Great War broke out and taught numerous soldiers how to shoot.

At the 1899 International Shooting Sport Federation World Championships in Loosdoinen, Belgium, he won the Gold Medal in 300 metres free rifle prone 40 shots, men.

Military service and Gallipoli
Prior to 1915 as Assistant Adjutant, Auckland Infantry Battalion, he supervised the work of training the Expeditionary Force in rifle practice at Penrose, Auckland, and left for Europe with the main body of the force. He was brought to NZ by the Government in 1911 direct from the School of Musketry, Hythe, England, to act as instructor to the New Zealand territorial forces. He was six times the rifle champion of the British Empire, twice revolver champion and five times was second in the revolver championship. He was twice the winner of the Prince of Wales’ £100 prize, one of the biggest shooting trophies in the world. [Auckland Weekly News 10.06.1915, p. 21]

He won a Military Cross for his actions at Gallipoli in 1915.  Officially his citation of 3 July 1915, p6541 states:
"On 25th and 26th April, 1915, during operations near Gaba Tepe, for exceptionally good service with the New Zealand Brigade machine-gun and sharpshooters, and for conspicuous coolness and resource on several critical occasions."

The action for which he received the award were recorded in The Auckland Regiment by OE Burn in 1922:
On the afternoon of the 27th, Wallingford greatly distinguished himself. The position above Walker's was obscure, doubtful and dangerous. Arriving on the scene, he found that the casualties had been very heavy, that the Turks had obtained complete superiority of fire and were apparently massing, ready to storm over the disheartened few who were still holding on. No one was in charge. In perilous times the boldest measures are always the best. Wallingford saw that to attack, to get on the offensive, was the only thing that could save the situation. He told the men around that he was going forward. It seemed certain death, but he made the venture, not knowing whether any would follow. Twenty yards for-ward, thirty yards—and the Turkish fire was very hot for-ward still, and then down in a little patch of partially dead ground. Here, between the lines was a machine-gun. It was jammed and out of order; belt and spare parts were lying around in confusion. The crew had been killed, with the exception of Preston, who, wounded as he was, stayed by his gun, although he could not put it to rights. For the master gunner it was but a moment's work, and the gun was rattling away, "Rat-tat-tat, rat-tat-tat," and the Turks who were a moment ago insolently showing themselves were shot down. For hours Wallingford and Preston held on, despite every effort of the Turks to dislodge them. The deadly rifle of the great marksman, and the still more deadly bursts of machine-gun fire made short work of any venturesome Turks who dared to show themselves. Their fire slackened. Then the worn-out men behind took fresh courage, and came round the machine-gun. The position was once more secure. It was characteristic of Captain Wallingford that his next business was to get the wounded clear. With the exception of Dr. Craig, no man was ever keener on salvaging the poor broken sufferers on the battlefield than this fighting soldier, of whom it is literally true to say that, like Saul of old, "he had slain his thousands." In those early critical days the fiery enthusiasm, the tireless energy, the stark valour of this man were invaluable. It was he "who gave us the courage."
And at The Apex, Gallipoli 10 August 1915:

As darkness fell on the 9th, the hope of victory had almost vanished. If the remnant of the crest of Chunuk could still be held...first it was necessary to obtain more men and more ammunition. It was now four days since the beginning of the struggle. The Turks had called up all their reserves. Thousands had crossed from Asia, and other thousands had come down from Bulair. All night they were massing behind Sari Bair, and on the morning of the 10th the whole mass was in motion, moving with the power of an avalanche and the speed of a landslide.... The Turks came on. The hill-side was brown with their charging battalions.... For a moment it seemed that no power on earth could stop the moving mass, but the target they made was a good one. Aucklanders on Cheshire Ridge were firing—firing as fast as they could load and fire—and with them now were the Fifth Reinforcements. The Turks came on, three hundred men in a line, and twenty lines, following at a little space one behind the other. ... Wallingford had ten machine-guns in action....They were trained across the line of the Turkish advance. The men behind, cool and resolute, set up a zone of death. The first line of Turks charged into it and went down to a man. The next line melted away on the same spot. But still they came on, line after line, and the leaden sweep reaped them in swathes. No hesitation; no faltering; the last line charged on with the same high courage. They also fall.

Captain Wallingford "I have stated they were 20 yards distance at one pace intervals and the lines were 300yards long and that we were firing for 30 minutes, the last line arriving and suffering in the death zone exactly similar to the first..it has been stated that thousands came down and hundreds walked back.  None walked back.  A fair number crawled back but in no case did the guns molest them.  I gave permission to shoot any that may walk but it was unnecessary as the only men to move crawled" and estimated that 5,000 Turks were killed in the charge. (Stowers, Richard, Bloody Gallipoli: The New Zealanders' Story. David Bateman: Auckland, 2005)

A Poverty Bay Herald article on 16 September 1915 stated:

CAPTAIN WALLINGFORD SHOOTS OVER 700 TURKS.  Most people have heard already of the prowess of Captain Wallingford, who was, and probably still is, the finest shot in the British Army. The British Army claims that he is the greatest shot in the world. A member of his company, who has come back to New Zealand with a wound which almost proved mortal, relates with pride some of Captain Wallingford's exploits. In a letter home, it may be remembered that this officer wrote that after several weeks at the front, that day was the first on which he had not killed a Turk. This mail left the front on June 27th and he claims that Captain. Wallingford's 'tally' up to that time with the rifle alone, leaving out of account altogether the terrible machine-gun, was over 700. As a marksman he is a wizard. One incident this, soldier related; "Do you see that bush there?" said Captain Wallingford one day, pointing to a harmless looking bush about 60 yards away. "Well watch it." They watched, and saw that it moved very slowly. "I think we'll give him a chance" said Captain Wallingford, which meant that instead of using his rifle, he would use a revolver. He drew his revolver and fired quick as a flash. The animated bush collapsed, and the Turk that it hid rolled over quite dead. On another occasion Captain Wallingford played one of his practical jokes on the Turks in the opposing trenches. "I think "we'll make the beggars waste some ammunition presently", he said. Then he passed the word that when he shouted an order the company was to fire five rounds rapid, and then stop. As the narrator tells: 'We fired our five rounds rapid in five seconds or so, and they kept on firing for an hour and a-quarter expecting us to attack. We stayed snug in our trench of course. Afterwards Captain Wallingford said 'I guess" we've got more ammunition left than they aye' This joke was practised very often with good effect in the first months, but now the Turk is more wary, and probably ammunition is more scarce."

Family
Jessie Alfred Wallingford born 25 June 1871 and was the second of ten children born to Frederick Plumroy Wallingford- born 27 Jan 1839, and Phoebe Holloway, born 1846. Jessie died on 6 June 1944 (coincidentally, on D-Day). He married Alice Bishopp - born 1871, in 1897 and they had four children:
Sidney, born in 1898 in England, died 1978 in Whitianga New Zealand (2 children),
Cecil, born 1901 and died 1902 in Hythe, England,
Ena, born 1 Jan 1903, died 14 Feb 1972 in Auckland, New Zealand (2 children), and Roland born 12 November 1906, died 12 November 1980 (5 children).
(www.clanmacfarlanegenealogy.info)

References

External links
profile
Gallipoli, 1915 photograph, Alexander Turnbull Library
Burn, OE, The Auckland Regiment 1922 at NZETC
Poverty Bay Herald 16 Sept 1915

1872 births
1944 deaths
British male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
ISSF pistol shooters
Olympic shooters for Great Britain
Shooters at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics
British Army personnel of World War I
Recipients of the Military Cross


Daniel David Ntanda Nsereko (born 1941) is a Ugandan judge and legal scholar. He was a member of the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Court (ICC) from 2008 to 2012, and currently serves as a judge on the Special Tribunal for Lebanon.

Early life and education
Nsereko comes from a family of nine children. His father Obadiah Busulwa was a former teacher and lay preacher in the Anglican Church, until he became a Seventh-day Adventist in 1950. Nsereko was baptized into the Seventh-day Adventist Church in 1960, during secondary school.

Nsereko received his LLB from the University of East Africa, an MCJ from Howard University School of Law, and an LLM and JSD from New York University School of Law.

Legal career
Nsereko was nominated to the ICC in 2007. In 2009, he presided over an appeal of a criminal case against Germain Katanga. In 2012, he was part of the majority panel in an ICC case regarding the 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis. He became a judge of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon in March 2012.  He is currently a member of the Advisory Committee on nominations of judges to the ICC.

Nsereko is a member of the Crimes Against Humanity Initiative Advisory Council, a project of the Whitney R. Harris World Law Institute at  Washington University School of Law in St. Louis to establish the world’s first treaty on the prevention and punishment of crimes against humanity.

References

External links
 Curriculum vitae

1941 births
Living people
International Criminal Court judges
The Hague Academy of International Law people
Academic staff of the University of Botswana
Ugandan judges of international courts and tribunals
Special Tribunal for Lebanon judges
Ugandan Seventh-day Adventists
University of East Africa alumni
New York University School of Law alumni
Howard University School of Law alumni


Shawn Terry Cox (born December 26, 1974) is a Barbadian former professional boxer who competed from 2007 to 2015. As an amateur, he competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics and a gold medal at the 2002 Central American and Caribbean Games at light heavyweight. As a professional, he challenged once for the WBA world cruiserweight title in 2012.

Amateur career
1.84/6'0' southpaw Cox competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney but ran right into one of the favorites in Frenchman John Dovi and lost 10:14. He also represented Barbados at the Commonwealth Games in 1998, 2002 and 2006 and at the Pan American Games in 1999, 2003 and 2007.

He won the 2002 Caribbean Games defeating Ramiro Reducindo (15:14), benefitting from the absence of Cuban boxers. At the 2006 Central American Games he reached the final where he lost to Cuba's Yusiel Napoles.

Professional career
He turned pro as a cruiser at the advanced age of 32. Showing big power he beat 16 of his first 17 opponents, the loss was on points to an undefeated Italian. Then he even knocked out ex champ Wayne Braithwaite in round 1. After this career best win, however, he fell to his vulnerable chin and age and lost four of his next five bouts within the first three rounds.

Professional boxing record

|-
|align="center" colspan=8|18 Wins (17 knockouts, 1 decision), 6 Losses (5 knockout, 1 decision)
|-
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Result
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Record
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Round
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location
| align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes
|-align=center
|Loss
|18-7-0
|align=left| Michał Cieślak
|KO
|1
|26/09/2015
|align=left| Atlas Arena, Łódź
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|18-6-0
|align=left| Zhang Junlong
|TKO
|2
|29/05/2015
|align=left| Beijing, China
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|18-5-0
|align=left| Santander Silgado
|TKO
|3
|19/12/2014
|align=left| Coliseo Farid Arana Delgadillo, Magangue
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|17-5-0
|align=left| Oscar Rivas
|TKO
|3
|18/01/2014
|align=left| Bell Centre, Montreal, Quebec
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|17-4-0
|align=left| Dmitry Kudryashov
|KO
|2
|26/10/2013
|align=left| Express, Rostov-na-Donu
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|17-3-0
|align=left| Danie Venter
|KO
|1
|21/09/2013
|align=left| Heartfelt Arena, Thaba Tshwane, Pretoria, Gauteng
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|17-2-0
|align=left| Kwesi Jones
|TKO
|4
|24/02/2013
|align=left| Cliff Anderson Sports Hall, Georgetown
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|16-2-0
|align=left| Denis Lebedev
|KO
|2
|04/04/2012
|align=left| Crocus City Hall, Myakinino
|align=left|
|-
|Win
||16-1-0
|align=left| Wayne Braithwaite
|KO
|1
|25/02/2012
|align=left| Cliff Anderson Sports Hall, Georgetown, Guyana
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|15-1-0
|align=left| Kurt Bess
|TKO
|1
|17/12/2011
|align=left| Cliff Anderson Sports Hall, Georgetown, Guyana
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|14-1-0
|align=left| Francisco Alvarez Ramos
|TKO
|3
|02/04/2011
|align=left| Playa Mamita's, Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|13-1-0
|align=left| Carlton Shane Bayley
|TKO
|1
|12/02/2011
|align=left| Jean Pierre Sports Complex, Port of Spain
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|12-1-0
|align=left| Anthony Agustin
|TKO
|1
|29/10/2010
|align=left| Cliff Anderson Sports Hall, Georgetown, Guyana
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|11-1-0
|align=left| Leon Gilkes
|UD
|4
|24/09/2010
|align=left| Cliff Anderson Sports Hall, Georgetown, Guyana
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|10-1-0
|align=left| Curtis Murray
|TKO
|2
|24/04/2010
|align=left| Central Indoor Regional Auditorium, Chaguanas
|align=left|
|-
|Loss
|9-1-0
|align=left| Salvatore Erittu
|UD
|12
|11/12/2009
|align=left| Palasport, Porto Torres, Sardinia
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|9-0-0
|align=left| Ricardo Kellman
|TKO
|2
|18/09/2009
|align=left| Copper Sands, Saint Lawrence Gap
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|8-0-0
|align=left| Patrick "The Destroyer" Wilson
|TKO
|2
|22/05/2009
|align=left| George Street Auditorium, Saint Michael, Barbados
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|7-0-0
|align=left| Clyde Williams
|KO
|1
|26/12/2008
|align=left| Jean Pierre Sports Complex, Mucurapo
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|6-0-0
|align=left| Tadius Francis
|KO
|1
|28/11/2008
|align=left| Gaiety Theatre, Rodney Bay
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|5-0-0
|align=left| Ricardo Kellman
|TKO
|1
|01/06/2008
|align=left| Garfield Sobers Gymnasium, Wildey, Barbados
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|4-0-0
|align=left| Leon Gilkes
|TKO
|2
|29/03/2008
|align=left| Dr. João Havelange Centre of Excellence
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|3-0-0
|align=left| Mark Sealy
|TKO
|1
|23/12/2007
|align=left| Garfield Sobers Gymnasium, Wildey, Barbados
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|2-0-0
|align=left| Winston Pompey
|RTD
|2
|30/11/2007
|align=left| Jean Pierre Sports Complex
|align=left|
|-
|Win
|1-0-0
|align=left| Julian Tannis
|TKO
|1
|23/09/2007
|align=left| Tim's On De Hiway, Bridgetown
|align=left|
|}

References

External links
Bio
Caribbean Games 2002
Caribbeans 2006

1974 births
Living people
Light-heavyweight boxers
Barbadian male boxers
Olympic boxers for Barbados
Commonwealth Games competitors for Barbados
Pan American Games competitors for Barbados
Boxers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Boxers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Boxers at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Boxers at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Boxers at the 1999 Pan American Games
Boxers at the 2003 Pan American Games
Boxers at the 2007 Pan American Games
Central American and Caribbean Games gold medalists for Barbados
Central American and Caribbean Games silver medalists for Barbados
Central American and Caribbean Games bronze medalists for Barbados
Competitors at the 1998 Central American and Caribbean Games
Competitors at the 2002 Central American and Caribbean Games
Competitors at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in boxing


A domatium (plural: domatia, from the Latin "domus", meaning home) is a tiny chamber that houses arthropods, produced by a plant.

Ideally domatia differ from galls in that they are produced by the plant rather than being induced by their inhabitants, but the distinction is not sharp; the development of many types of domatia is influenced and promoted by the inhabitants. Most domatia are inhabited either by mites or ants, in what can be a mutualist relationship, but other arthropods such as thrips may take parasitic advantage of the protection offered by this structure.

Domatia occupied by ants are called myrmecodomatia. An important class of myrmecodomatia comprise large, hollow spines of certain acacias such as Acacia sphaerocephala, in which ants of the genera Pseudomyrmex and Tetraponera make their nests. Plants that provide myrmecodomatia are called myrmecophytes. The variety of the plants that provide myrmecodomatia, and the ranges of forms of such domatia are considerable. Some plants, such as Myrmecodia, grow large bulbous structures riddled with channels in which their ants may establish themselves, both for mutual protection and for the nutritive benefit of the ants' wastes.

Often domatia are formed on the lower surface of leaves, at the juncture of the midrib and the veins.  They usually consist of small depressions partly enclosed by leaf tissue or hairs.  Many members of the family Lauraceae develop leaf domatia.  Domatia are also found in some rainforest tree species in the families Alangiaceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Fabaceae, Icacinaceae, Meliaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae and Simaroubaceae.

See also
 Acarodomatia

External links
 A video showing ants living inside a domatium

References

Myrmecology
Mutualism (biology)
Plant morphology


WJJR (98.1 FM, "98.1 JJR") is an American radio station broadcasting an adult contemporary music format. Licensed to Rutland, Vermont, United States, the station serves the Lebanon-Rutland-White River Junction area. The station is currently owned by Pamal Broadcasting.

History
The station was assigned call sign WHWB-FM on March 18, 1969; it signed on March 25, 1971, and was licensed on May 4. On August 24, 1984, the station changed its call sign to the current WJJR.

In 1991, some scenes for the science fiction movie Time Chasers were filmed at the WJJR studios.

Previous logos

References

External links
WJJR official website

WJJR live stream

JJR
Mainstream adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
Pamal Broadcasting
Radio stations established in 1971
1971 establishments in Vermont


John Hill Wheeler (1806–1882) was an American attorney, politician, historian, planter and slaveowner. He served as North Carolina State Treasurer (1843–1845), and as United States Minister to Nicaragua (1855–1856).

Wheeler gained national attention as a central figure in an 1855 legal case that tested the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Pennsylvania was a free state, and enslaved Jane Johnson and her two sons walked away from Wheeler in Philadelphia, while he and his family were en route to New York City and a voyage to Nicaragua. Passmore Williamson, the abolitionist who aided her in claiming her freedom, was charged with a federal crime and held indefinitely in prison. Johnson was hidden in Pennsylvania and Boston, and returned to Philadelphia to testify at trial.

Hannah Bond escaped from Wheeler's North Carolina plantation about 1857, and settled in New Jersey. She came to prominence in 2001–2002, when historian Henry Louis Gates authenticated a novel she wrote under the pseudonym "Hannah Crafts," revealing her connection to Wheeler. Her actual name was documented in 2013.

Early life and education
John Hill Wheeler was born in 1806 in Murfreesboro, North Carolina, where his family were planters.  His birthplace, the John Wheeler House, is included in the Murfreesboro Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places. Wheeler earned a bachelor's degree at Columbian College (now George Washington University). He read law under John Louis Taylor and was admitted to the bar in 1827. The following year he continued his studies and received a master's degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Personal life and political career
Wheeler was first elected to the North Carolina House of Commons in 1827, from Hertford County at age 21, and served four years. Years later he was elected to the House again, but from Lincoln County. He gained a patronage position under President Andrew Jackson, who appointed Wheeler as superintendent of the federal mint in Charlotte, North Carolina (1837–1841).

Wheeler's first wife was the well educated and literary Mary Elizabeth Brown (1804–1836). They had two daughters and a son. In 1838 he married Ellen Oldmixon Sully, daughter of the painter Thomas Sully.

In 1842, Wheeler was elected state treasurer by the North Carolina General Assembly, but he was defeated for re-election in 1844.

Wheeler moved to Washington, DC about 1853 to be more active in national politics. President Franklin Pierce appointed him as an assistant secretary in 1854. Shortly thereafter Wheeler was appointed as US Minister to Nicaragua. There, he officially recognized the government of William Walker, an American adventurer who had invaded the country with a small force, intending to take it over.

After returning to North Carolina, Wheeler served in a variety of minor federal government patronage posts.

Literary interests
Wheeler read widely and had a large library in his plantation house, containing works by prominent English writers, such as Jane Austen, Charles Dickens, Charlotte Brontë, and others. His library has been studied in the 21st century for evidence of what a literate slave might have read there. Hannah Bond, documented as a woman who escaped from his plantation to the North about 1857, later wrote a novel that included many quotes from these authors. After the manuscript was found in the early 21st century and authenticated, her work was published for the first time in 2002; it is believed to be the first novel by an African-American woman.

Henry Louis Gates Jr., a professor of African-American literature and history, who studied the 1882 catalog of Wheeler's library, has written that he was surprised to find it included many slave narratives, in addition to works by the 18th-century African-born poet Phillis Wheatley and abolitionist Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave.

It turns out that Wheeler's library included a large section of works devoted to slavery, including works by fugitive slaves themselves. Few libraries in the United States before 1860 would have included more works by African-American authors than Wheeler's. A partial listing includes Wheatley's Memoir and Poems; Martin R. Delany's Official Report of the Niger River Valley Exploring Party; The Life of Noah Davis, a Colored Man; The Refugee, or Narrative of Fugitive Slaves in Canada; Narrative of the Suffering of Lewis and Milton Clarke; Austin Steward's Twenty-Two Years a Slave, and Forty Years a Freeman; The Life of John Thompson, a Fugitive Slave; Douglass's My Bondage and My Freedom and Narrative of a Life.

Gates adds that Wheeler had Harriet Beecher Stowe's bestseller, Uncle Tom's Cabin. That might be expected, given its notoriety and status as a bestseller. Gates writes that:

In addition, Wheeler's library contained several significant abolitionist texts by white authors, like Scenes in the Life of Harriet Tubman and Lydia Maria Child's Freedman's Book, alongside racist texts like Negrophobia 'On the Brain' in White Men, by J. R. Hayes, and John Campbell's Negromania, the Falsely Assumed Equality of the Various Races of Man. (As we might expect, Wheeler's library contained a much larger section of these sorts of books than antislavery ones.) It was as if he read the works of fugitive slaves to study the mind of the enemy, perhaps better to master and control his slaves, and to prevent them from escaping.

In his own work, Wheeler wrote or edited several books on North Carolina state history and its prominent European-American men, which are listed below.

Works
Historical Sketches of North Carolina, from 1584 to 1851
The Narrative of Colonel David Fanning
Legislative Manual and Political Register of the State of North Carolina for the Year 1874
 , published posthumously

Slave challenges

Wheeler had at least two slaves evade his control and gain freedom: Jane Johnson escaped with her two sons in July 1855, while traveling with Wheeler and his family in Philadelphia, en route to Nicaragua. He was taking her to serve his family while he was posted as US Minister to Nicaragua. Pennsylvania was a free state; if masters voluntarily brought slaves to the state, its law considered them to be free. The Vigilance Committee of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society acted to advise slaves of their rights and assist them to freedom.

Johnson got word to local members of the Vigilance Committee that she wanted to leave her master. They contacted her and Wheeler on the ship before their departure. Johnson and her children quickly left with William Still, chairman of the committee, and were hidden. At the time, one of Wheeler's home state papers, the Fayetteville Observer, wrote: "No man who carries his Negroes into a Free State is deserving of any sympathy in his loss. He invites it, with an assurance that the invitation will be accepted." The case attracted national attention after white abolitionist Passmore Williamson, an officer of the Society, was jailed for contempt of court for refusing to tell where Johnson was hidden. He did not know, as the Committee kept such information secret.

The next month, local and state officials protected Johnson after she testified in court against Wheeler in his prosecution of assault charges of six African-American men who had aided Johnson to leave him. (Four, including William Still, were acquitted and two had charges reduced and minor sentences.) Johnson moved to Boston, and she and her sons lived free.

Hannah Bond, a literate slave who served Wheeler's wife Ellen as a lady's maid, escaped about 1857 from their North Carolina plantation in Lincoln County. She reached New York State and settled in New Jersey. She wrote The Bondwoman's Narrative, under the pseudonym of Hannah Crafts. The manuscript was rediscovered in 2001 and published for the first time in 2002; it is believed to be the first novel by an African-American woman, and certainly the first by a fugitive slave woman. Her references in her novel to the Wheeler family, and to Jane Johnson's gaining freedom in Philadelphia, provided details that helped historians establish Bond's identity. Published under her pseudonym of Hannah Crafts, the novel became a bestseller.

See also
Jane Johnson (slave)
William Still
Passmore Williamson

References

"John Hill Wheeler", Dictionary of North Carolina Biography
John H. Wheeler, Reminiscences and Memoirs of North Carolina and Eminent North Carolinians, text available online at Documenting the American South, University of North Carolina

1806 births
1882 deaths
People from Murfreesboro, North Carolina
Democratic Party members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
North Carolina lawyers
State treasurers of North Carolina
Ambassadors of the United States to Nicaragua
American slave owners
19th-century American diplomats
19th-century American politicians
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
19th-century American lawyers


Salisbury Cathedral School is a co-educational independent school in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England, which was founded in 1091 by Saint Osmund. The choristers of Salisbury Cathedral are educated at the school.

History
The school was founded in 1091 at Old Sarum by Saint Osmund, the Bishop of Salisbury and Earl of Dorset, who was canonised in 1456. Osmund was born in Normandy and was a first cousin of William the Conqueror, King of England: William's father, Robert the Magnificent, Duke of Normandy, was the brother of Isabella, Countess of Séez, the mother of Osmund.

The first notable pupil of the school was John of Salisbury, who served Archbishop Thomas Becket until the latter was murdered in 1170. John was quoted by Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine.

In the 12th century, the school was no doubt housed near the cathedral at Old Sarum. At the start of the 13th century, the centre of the Diocese of Salisbury was moved from Old Sarum to its present site, and the choristers must have lodged with canons in the new Cathedral Close. After 1319, a house was built in the Close to accommodate the school (known as 'The Choristers' House'), and the school remained here for the next 300 years. The choristers were educated in the Chancellor's Grammar School nearby.

In 1335, most of the students of the College of the Valley Scholars near the cathedral transferred to Salisbury Hall, Oxford, and after that the College was "practically a nursery for a few scholars attending the Cathedral Grammar School" until the Reformation, when it was dissolved.

In 1714, the school moved to a new School House built for it on the northwest side of The Close. This became known as Wren Hall. The house connected to it, Braybrooke House, was the home of the Chancellor's Grammar School.

In 1818, as reported by Nicholas Carlisle, the school was known as the Close School, distinguishing it from the City School. He understood that it had been founded by Bishop Herbert Poore.

In 1847, Bishop Hamilton combined the Cathedral School, or Choristers' School, with the Chancellor's Grammar School, and the school was thereafter known as the Cathedral School.

As the site in the Close could not keep pace with the growing number of pupils, in 1946 the school was relocated to the former Bishop's Palace in the grounds of the cathedral. The building is designated as Grade I listed by English Heritage.

In 1987, the first girls were admitted. The cathedral became the first in England to have female choristers when it opened its choristership programme to girls in 1991.

A library partly funded by the former bookshop chain Ottakar's was opened in October 2002. Two members of the Heneage family, who owned the company, were former pupils.

Leaden Hall School
In 2016, Leaden Hall School, a nearby independent school for girls aged 2 to 13, was merged into Salisbury Cathedral School. At first, the Leaden Hall site was to be for younger pupils at the enlarged school.

The Leaden Hall site, owned by the dean and chapter, is west of the former Bishop's Palace, on West Walk, and is bounded to the west by the River Avon. Its buildings include Leaden Hall (or Leadenhall), which has its origins in one of the first stone houses constructed in the new cathedral close, as a canon's residence. The present house is a 1717 rebuilding to the north, reusing some of the older stonework. Of two storeys under a tiled roof, the west front has four bays (including a later northern bay) and a 19th-century Gothic porch. The building was designated as Grade I listed in 1952.

Occupants of Leaden Hall include Henry Chichele (d. 1443), archdeacon, chancellor, and later Archbishop of Canterbury; Gilbert Kymer (d. 1463), Dean of Salisbury and twice Chancellor of Oxford University; and (after the rebuilding), John Fisher (1748–1825), Bishop of Salisbury.

There was a school on the site from at least 1953. A charity was linked to the school from 1963 to 2018. In 2003 there were 261 pupils, including 40 boarders, and around the time of the merger there were 130.

Location

The school's 27-acre campus is next to Bishop Wordsworth's School, in the southern part of Salisbury Cathedral Close, which at  is the largest Cathedral Close in Britain. The main school building is the former Bishop's Palace, parts of which date from the building of the cathedral in the 13th century. The pre-preparatory part of the school is located in newer buildings adjacent to the palace, but uses some of the main school facilities. The boarding house is also in The Close. Sports facilities include football, rugby and cricket pitches, an athletics track, tennis courts/hockey pitches (Astro Turf) and an outdoor swimming pool.

Academics
Scholarships are offered on entry to the school at Years 3 and 6, with choral scholarships offered at Years 4 and 5. An exchange programme with pupils from Union High School, South Africa, is available to Year 7 students.

Pupils generally take the Common Entrance Exam at the end of Year 8 and many progress to senior private schools. Some also leave at Year 6 for local grammar schools, or other independent schools.

Choir
The school continues to serve its original function of educating choristers of the cathedral choir. Every year auditions are held for children between ages 7 and 9 and successful applicants receive scholarships to attend the school. It was the first English cathedral to allow girls to become choristers, and is unique in that the girls have equal duties with the boys. Many choristers board in a large boarding house located near the school.

In media
The school featured in a BBC television documentary entitled Angelic Voices: The Choristers of Salisbury Cathedral, which was first broadcast in March 2012.

Notable former pupils

John of Salisbury (c. 1120–1180): Author, diplomat and Bishop of Chartres
Henry Lawes (1595–1662): Musician and composer. A Gentleman of the Chapel Royal in the reigns of King Charles I & King Charles II. He was appointed Musician in the 'Private Musick for the Voices' to King Charles II. (Buried in Westminster Abbey).
William Lawes (1602–1645): Brother of Henry Lawes (above). Composer and musician. Appointed as 'Musician in Ordinary for Lutes and Voices' to King Charles I. He was killed during the rout of the Royalists at the Battle of Rowton Heath.
Edward Lowe (c.1602–1682):  Composer, author & organist. Professor of Music at Oxford University (1671–1682).
Sir Stephen Fox (1627–1716): [Noted in John Evelyn's Diary as ‘…a poore boy from the quire of Salisbury’]. Founder of The Royal Hospital, Chelsea; Commissioner of the Treasury.
Thomas Wyndham, 1st Baron Wyndham of Finglass (1681–1745): Lawyer; Lord Chancellor of Ireland (1728); Lord High Steward of Ireland (1739).
John Greenhill (1644?–1676): English portrait painter and draughtsman (Associated with 24 major portraits). Pupil of Sir Peter Lely.
Henry Greenhill (1646–1708): (Brother of John Greenhill, above) As a Commissioner of the Admiralty, directed the building of Plymouth Dockyard.
James Harris (1709–1780): Grammarian and politician.
James Harris, 1st Earl of Malmesbury GCB (1746–1820): Son of the above and noted diplomat.
William Benson Earle (1740–1796): Author & composer.
Sir George Ridout Bingham, KCB (1777–1833): Army Officer in the Peninsular War. Commanded the garrison of St.Helena guarding the Emperor Napoleon.
Bernard George Ellis (1890–1979): Winner of the George Cross in 1918.
Walter Kendall Stanton (1891–1978): Organist & composer. Director of BBC Midland Radio Music. Editor of the BBC Hymn Book. First Professor of Music at Bristol University.
Stephen Clissold (1913–1982): Author: subjects include mediæval mystics, Latin America & Yugoslavia. In 2nd World War, worked with the British Mission to Yugoslavia. He was the interpreter between Sir Winston Churchill & Marshal Tito at their first meeting.
Doctor Bernard Rose (1916–1996): Don, organist and master of the choristers, Magdalen College, Oxford.
Professor John Blacking (1928–1990): Anthropologist and ethnomusicologist.
Professor Nicholas Daniel (born 1962): Oboist & conductor.
David Gascoyne (1916–2001): Surrealist poet.
Air Vice-Marshal David Hills CB OBE (born 1925)
Robert Key MP (born 1945): Conservative politician.
Michael Mates MP (born 1934): Conservative politician.
Martin Woodhouse (1932–2011): Author and scriptwriter.
Jonathan Meades (born 1947): Writer and television film-maker.
Mike Wedgwood (born 1950): Bass guitarist, formerly a member of The Overlanders, Curved Air and Caravan.
Robert Wilkie (born 1962): Former United Secretary of Veterans Affairs.

References

External links

Independent Schools Inspectorate reports
Wiltshire Council, Wiltshire Community History – The Cathedral School, Salisbury

People educated at Salisbury Cathedral School
Boarding schools in Wiltshire
Choir schools in England
Educational institutions established in the 11th century
1091 establishments in England
Grade I listed buildings in Wiltshire
Private schools in Wiltshire
Preparatory schools in Wiltshire
Schools in Salisbury
School
Salisbury
Church of England private schools in the Diocese of Salisbury


Archidike (also transliterated Archidice, ) was a celebrated hetaera of Naucratis in Egypt. Her fame spread throughout Greece, and was recorded by Herodotus  (ii. 136) and Claudius Aelianus (Varia Historia, xii. 63).  Herodotus claims that Archidike "became a notorious subject of song throughout Greece", and she is one of only two hetaera mentioned by name in his discussion of the occupation (the other was Rhodopis).

She was reputed to be arrogant and avaricious, and to have charged high prices for her favors.  One anecdote told about Archidike is when a young Egyptian became infatuated with her, offering her all his possessions for a night of love. When Archidike refused the offer, the lover asked Venus to give him in dream what Archidike had refused in reality. The prayer was answered, but Archidike heard of it, and had the young man arrested and taken before the judges to make him pay for the voluptuous dream. The judges decided that Archidike should, in turn, pray to Venus for a dream of silver in repayment for a fictitious lover.

References

Hetairai
Naucratians
Greek female prostitutes
6th-century BC Greek women


WNTK-FM (99.7 MHz) is a commercial radio station broadcasting a news/talk radio format. Licensed to New London, New Hampshire, the station serves the Lebanon-Hanover-White River Junction area of New Hampshire and Vermont. The station is currently owned by Robert and John Landry, through licensee Sugar River Media, LLC, and features local morning programs, as well as nationally syndicated conservative talk shows.  Much of the programming is also simulcast on co-owned WUVR (1490 AM) and its FM translator at 98.9 MHz in Lebanon, New Hampshire.

Programming
Weekdays begin with a local wake up news and information show. Afternoons feature two Boston-based shows, Grace Curley and Howie Carr.  The rest of the schedule comes from national hosts from the Westwood One network:  Chris Plante, Mark Levin, Jim Bohannon, "Red Eye Radio" and "America in the Morning."

Weekends feature shows on money, health, home repair, cars, the law, travel, the outdoors, gardening, guns and pets.  Weekend syndicated hosts include Dan Bongino, Ben Shapiro, Bruce DuMont and Bill Cunningham.  The station carries Boston Red Sox baseball.  Most hours begin with updates from Fox News Radio.

History
The station was assigned the call sign WRJE on October 9, 1992, and went on the air November 28.

On December 28, 1992, the station changed its call sign to WNTK-FM. It was carried on WCNL (then known as WNTK, on 1010 AM) before WCNL changed to its current country music format.

References

External links

NTK-FM
Radio stations established in 1993
News and talk radio stations in the United States
Merrimack County, New Hampshire
1993 establishments in New Hampshire


Gunvor Hofmo (30 June 1921 – 17 October 1995) was a Norwegian writer, often considered one of Norway's most influential modernist poets.

Background
Gunvor Hofmo was born in Oslo, Norway.  Her parents were Erling Hofmo (1893–1959) and Bertha Birkedal (1891–1969). She was raised in a working-class family
among socialists, communists and anti-Nazis. Her father's brother  Rolf Hofmo (1898–1966) was a sports official who was arrested during  World War II and imprisoned  at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.

Literary career

Hofmo started her literary career submitting poems for publication to a wide variety of presses, including the communist newspaper Friheten and weekly magazines such as Hjemmet. One of her first published poems was dedicated to her close friend and Jewish refugee Ruth Maier (1920-1942).
It was published in Magasinet for Alle, opening with the lines:

Ruth Maier was an Austrian native who had  found refuge in Norway in 1939.  During the Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany,  Maier was arrested by German officials in Norway during 1942. She was deported and murdered during the Holocaust at Auschwitz. This event became by all accounts the central tragedy in Hofmo's life. She was hospitalized in 1943 for depression, starting a lifelong struggle with mental illness.

Following the liberation of Norway in 1945, Hofmo traveled extensively. She was in Paris in the autumn of 1947 and in Brittany in the spring of 1950. She also made several trips to Copenhagen and also traveled to Stockholm, Amsterdam and London. She also wrote essays for publication, primarily in the daily newspaper Dagbladet. The topics included travel, Nordic poetry, and philosophical topics. Among her most noted contributions are a lengthy debate on the minimal daily cost of living a life barely out of penury in Paris and a treatise in defense of her poet colleague Olav Kaste (1902-1991).
In 1953, she stopped publishing essays and instead concentrated on her poetry. Dagbladet published seven of her poems between 1952 and 1956. She published five poetry collections between 1946 and 1955.

She was institutionalized at Gaustad Hospital, suffering from mental illness, characterized as schizophrenia, paranoid type, from 1955 to 1971, leading to what was known as her "16 years of silence." Following her discharge, she went into a period of considerable productivity, publishing fifteen poetry collections between 1971 and 1994. From 1977 to her death she never left her apartment at Simensbråten in Oslo.

Personal life

Gunvor Hofmo and Ruth Maier both characterized their relationship as unusually close and intimate. In her diary, Ruth Maier describes Gunvor Hofmo as her lover.

In 1947, Hofmo moved in with another writer, Astrid Tollefsen (1897-1973) became one of the first Norwegians living in an openly lesbian relationship.  They continued to live and travel together until Hofmo was incapacitated and committed for her mental illness.

Works

Jeg vil hjem til menneskene – (1946) ("I want to go home to the humans")
Fra en annen virkelighet – (1948) ("From another reality")
Blinde nattergaler – (1951) ("Blind nightingales")
I en våkenatt – (1954) ("In a waking night")
Testamente til en evighet – (1955) ("A will to an eternity")
Treklang – dikt i utvalg (1963) (published with Astrid Hjertenæs Andersen and Astrid Tollefsen) ("Triad")
Gjest på jorden – (1971) ("Guest on Earth")
November – (1972)
Veisperringer – (1973) ("Road barriers")
Mellomspill – (1974) ("Interlude")
Hva fanger natten – (1976) ("What the night captures")
Det er sent – (1978) ("It is late")
Nå har hendene rørt meg – (1981) ("Now the hands have touched me")
Gi meg til berget – (1984) ("Give me to the mountain")
Stjernene og barndommen – (1986) ("The stars and the childhood")
Nabot – (1987)
Ord til bilder – (1989) ("Words to pictures")
Fuglen – (1990) ("The bird")
Epilog – (1994) ("Epilogue")
Samlede dikt – collected poems(1996)
Etterlatte dikt – poems (1997) (posthumously, edited by Jan Erik Vold)
Jeg glemmer ingen – poems (1999) (edited by Jan Erik Vold, illustrated with water color paintings by Ruth Maier) ("I forget no one")

Prizes and awards
Gyldendal's Endowment - 1951
Kritikerprisen  for Gjest på jorden - 1971
Gyldendal's Endowment - 1974
Dobloug Prize - 1982
Riksmålsforbundets litteraturpris - 1989

References

External links
Gunvor Hofmo (Gyldendal Norsk Forlag)

Related reading

1921 births
1995 deaths
Writers from Oslo
Lesbian poets
Modernist women writers
Norwegian women poets
Norwegian lesbian writers
Norwegian LGBT poets
20th-century Norwegian women writers
20th-century Norwegian poets
Dobloug Prize winners
Norwegian Critics Prize for Literature winners
Burials at Vestre gravlund
20th-century Norwegian LGBT people


The battle of Beroia () took place in June 1208 near the city of Stara Zagora, Bulgaria between the Bulgarians and the Latin Empire. It resulted in a Bulgarian victory.

Origins of the conflict

In the summer of 1208 the new Emperor of Bulgaria Boril who continued the war of his predecessor Kaloyan against the Latin Empire invaded Eastern Thrace. The Latin Emperor Henry gathered an army in Selymbria (Silivri) and headed to Adrianople (Odrin).

The battle

Upon the news of the Crusaders' march, the Bulgarians retreated to better positions in the area of Beroia (Stara Zagora). At night, they sent the Byzantine captives and the spoil to the north of the Balkan Mountains and moved in a battle formation to the Latin camp, which was not fortified. At dawn, they suddenly attacked and the soldiers on duty put up a fierce fight to gain some time for the rest to prepare for battle. While the Latins were still forming their squads, they suffered heavy casualties, specially by the hands of the numerous and well-experienced Bulgarian archers, who shot those still without their armour. In the meantime the Bulgarian cavalry managed to go round the Latin flanks and managed to attack their main forces. In the battle that ensued, the Crusaders lost many men and the Emperor himself was lariated, barely escaping from captivity - a knight managed to cut the rope with his sword and protected Henry from the Bulgarian arrows with his heavy armour. In the end the Crusaders, forced by Bulgarian cavalry, pulled back and retreated to Philippopolis (Plovdiv) in battle formation.

Aftermath
The retreat continued for twelve days, in which the Bulgarians closely followed and harassed their opponents inflicting casualties mainly to the Latin rear-guard which was saved several times from complete collapse by the main Crusader forces. However, near Plovdiv the Crusaders finally accepted the battle and the Bulgarians were defeated.

References

Йордан Андреев, Милчо Лалков, Българските ханове и царе, Велико Търново, 1996.

1208 in Europe
Battles involving the Second Bulgarian Empire
Battles involving the Latin Empire
Stara Zagora
13th century in Bulgaria
Bulgarian–Latin Wars
Conflicts in 1208


Risanamento (literally, making healthy again) is a name given to the large scale re-planning of Italian cities following unification.  Particular examples are the Risanamento of Florence and Naples.

Italian unification
19th century in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany
19th century in Naples
History of Florence


WXXK (100.5 FM; "Kixx 100.5") is a radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States, the station serves the Lebanon-Rutland-White River Junction area.  The station is owned by Great Eastern Radio, LLC and features programming from Westwood One and the Premiere Radio Networks.

History

The station went on the air as WNTK-FM on December 18, 1990. On November 30, 1992, the station changed its call sign to WNBX; on December 19, 1994, to WUVR; on March 11, 1996, back to WNBX; on February 15, 1997, to WVRR; and on March 31, 1997, to the current WXXK.

Until March 16, 2015, WXXK was simulcast in the Keene area on WKKN 101.9 FM. It had also been simulcast in southern Vermont on WTHK at 100.7 MHz in Wilmington.

References

External links

XXK
Radio stations established in 1990
Lebanon, New Hampshire
Country radio stations in the United States
1990 establishments in New Hampshire


The district-based Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education in Bangladesh manage the country's three-tiered education system at the primary and secondary level. They are responsible for conducting the examinations for the Secondary School Certificate (S.S.C), the Higher Secondary (School) Certificate (H.S.C) level public examinations. The boards are also responsible for the recognition of private sector educational institutes.

 Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Barisal
 Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Chattogram
 Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Cumilla
 Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Dhaka
 Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Dinajpur
 Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education , Jashore
 Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Mymensingh
 Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Rajshahi
 Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education, Sylhet

Two alternative education boards:
 Bangladesh Madrasah Education Board
 Bangladesh Technical Education Board.

References

Education Board in Bangladesh
Bangladesh education-related lists
Government boards of Bangladesh
Secondary education-related lists


WUVR (1490 AM) is a radio station licensed to Lebanon, New Hampshire and serves the Lebanon-Hanover-White River Junction area. It broadcasts a news/talk format and is owned by Robert and John Landry, through licensee Sugar River Media, LLC.

History
This station received its original construction permit from the Federal Communications Commission on September 2, 2004. The new station was assigned the WUVR call sign by the FCC on September 20, 2004; it signed on November 19 as a simulcast of WNTK-FM (99.7). The station received its license to cover from the FCC on January 26, 2005.

References

External links

UVR
Radio stations established in 2004
News and talk radio stations in the United States
Lebanon, New Hampshire
2004 establishments in New Hampshire


Anzacs (named for members of the all volunteer army formations) is a 1985 Australian five-part television miniseries set in World War I. The series follows the lives of a group of young Australian men who enlist in the 8th Battalion (Australia) of the First Australian Imperial Force in 1914, fighting first at Gallipoli in 1915, and then on the Western Front for the remainder of the war.

It follows in the wake of Australian New Wave war films such as Breaker Morant (1980), Gallipoli (1981), and precedes The Lighthorsemen (1987). Recurring themes of these films include the Australian identity, such as mateship and larrikinism, the loss of innocence in war, and also the continued coming of age of the Australian nation and its soldiers (the Anzac spirit).

Production
The series was the idea of John Dixon who originally wanted to make a documentary. In 1979 he approached Geoff Burrowes and they decided to make a drama of 16 one hour episodes.  Patsy Adams Smith was brought in as consultant. It was decided to pull back to 13 hours, and then Burrowes hired James Mitchell and John Clark to work on scripts with Dixon. By 1983 they had 13 scripts but Burrowes was dissatisfied and decided to make it into five two-hour scripts.

Episodes

Cast

Main

 Andrew Clarke as Martin Barrington
 Jon Blake as Robert Flanagan
 Paul Hogan as Pat Cleary
 Christopher Cummins as Roly Collins
 Jonathan Sweet as Bill Harris
 Megan Williams as Kate Baker
 Shane Briant as "Kaiser" Schmidt
 Alec Wilson as "Pudden" Parsons
 Peter Finlay as "Bluey"
 Bill Kerr as General Monash

Supporting
 Tony Bonner as Harold Armstrong
 David Lynch as Max Earnshaw
 Ilona Rodgers as Lady Thea Barrington
 Elaine Lee as Madame
 Robert Coleby as Reverend Lonsdale
 Peter Browne as Carter

Additional
 David Bradshaw as Keith Murdoch
 Mark Hembrow as Dick Baker
 Jim Holt as Dinny "Dingo" Gordon
 Patrick Ward as Tom McArthur
 Edmund Pegge as Captain Young
 Wayne Jarratt as Private Upton
 Karl Hansen as Erik Johansen
 Tony Cornwill as Karl Johansen
 Terry Brittingham as Private Morrissey
 James Wright as 'Edward Kelly'
 Vincent Ball as Rupert Barrington
 Sheila Kennelly as Mrs Baker
 Howard Bell as Cyril Earnshaw
 Diana Greentree as Mrs Collins
 Leah Steventon as Marie

 Vivean Gray as Matron
 Mark Mitchell as a dying German soldier
 Bruce Kerr as Lancashire Colonel
 Gareth Wilding-Forbes as Buffs Officer
 Chris Gregory as German Sergeant
 Noel Trevarthen as Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig
 Michael Adams as General Kiggell
 Rhys McConnochie as Lloyd George
 Malcolm Robertson as General Bridges
 Sean Myers as Lt General Walker
 Reg Evans as General Birdwood
 Chris Waters as General White
 Francis Bell as Major-General Elliott
 Geoff Parry as General Blamey
 Terry Gill as Colonel

Production
The series was produced by Geoff Burrowes for Nine Network, Australia. The episodes were directed by Pino Amenta, John Dixon, or George Miller (of The Man from Snowy River fame). The story consultant was Patsy Adam-Smith and the filming took place over 20 weeks.

The actors playing British officers and politicians were almost all New Zealanders. Many of the extras playing the roles of Allied, American, and German soldiers were serving members of the Australian Army. This was done to keep costs down so that actors did not have to learn how to act as soldiers or to have to teach them how to use the weapons. Many of the actors would also appear on the US TV series Mission Impossible which was filmed mostly in Australia.

In one episode, an Australian soldier remarks how much the French countryside reminds him of Daylesford back home in Victoria, Australia. This was an in-joke as some scenes were filmed near Daylesford, including the German counter-attack scene in episode 4.

Music
Australian composer Bruce Rowland composed the original music for the series which also popularised many old marching songs of the period. The classic Australian song 'Waltzing Matilda' is heard at several points as is 'It's a Long Way to Tipperary'. Several songs from the satirical musical 'Oh, What a Lovely War!' were also used, including the title song, 'I wore a tunic', 'The bells of Hell' and other period numbers, like 'If you were the only girl' and 'keep the home fires burning' – which were performed by various actors.

A 45-minute cassette tape of the soundtrack, entitled ANZACS : original soundtrack from the television mini series, was released in 1985.

Reception
Well noted for its humour and historical accuracy, the series was "a huge rating success for the Nine Network when it aired". According to the review by James Anthony: "The battle scenes are terrific and the muddy trenches of the Western Front look acceptably cold and horrible. [Then again] Some of the acting goes a bit astray and there is sometimes a bit too much play on larrikinism and ockerness, but overall it sits well as a quality drama with good characters." In the 2003 book German Anzacs and the First World War by John F. Williams, even more contextual detail is provided: "'Anzacs' is essentially a very long buddy movie in the form of television soap. While much care, research and funding obviously went into making the battle scenes and historical ambience as realistic as possible, the characters are two dimensional and clichéd. Even so, on occasion 'Anzacs' does offer insights that are unexpected and subtle"

International release
The series was first aired in the UK on 12–16 January 1987 during weekday afternoons.

It was also repeated on Sunday evenings during June and July 1987 on BBC1 in primetime.

Media

The complete series was released on VHS in the late 1990s in Australia. A 3-disc set of DVDs is available. The DVD breaks down the content of the episodes as follows:
The Great Adventure – Australia in 1914; Outbreak of war; Recruitment; Training; Gallipoli: Landing/stalemate/withdrawal. [96:43]
The Big Push – Arrival in France (1916); Nursery Sector; The Battle of the Somme; Pozières. [96:36]
The Devils Arithmetic – The Somme Winter (1916–17); The Hindenburg Line; Bullecourt; Blighty Leave; Third Battle of Ypres begins (July 1917); Menin Road; Broodseinde Ridge. [97:08]
Fields of Fire – Third Battle of Ypres bogs down (November 1917); The German Offensive (March 1918); The Battle of Amiens; Hazebrouk; Battle of Nieppe Forest. [94:52]
Now There was a Day – The Yanks are coming; "peaceful penetration"; Monash appointed Commander of the 5 Australian Divisions; Battle of Hamel; The "Jack ups" Monash's Big Push (8 August 1918)... Armistice (11 November 1918); Back Home. [95:08]

The total running time is 513 minutes (episodes plus bonus material), or 520 mins (episodes plus bonus material) for Region 2, and rated "M". The DVD also includes a featurette – Making Of: History in the Making – The Making of Anzacs. This was narrated by well known Australian actor Charles "Bud" Tingwell who had served in the Royal Australian Air Force during World War II and included interviews (from the time of filming) with Geoff Burrowes and John Dixon as well as the actors who appeared in the series.

A condensed movie-length version, cut down to two hours and 45 minutes from the original eight, was released on VHS in the United States. The series has yet to be released on DVD in other regions. A Region 2 3-disc DVD set is now available from Source1 Media in the Netherlands. While the box set has Dutch text on the back on the cover and optional Dutch subtitles on the discs it does provide a viable option for British or other English speaking viewers in Europe.

See also
 ANZAC Girls

References

External links

Napoleonic Guide – ANZACs

History in the Media: Film and Television

1980s Australian television miniseries
1980s Australian drama television series
World War I television drama series
1985 Australian television series debuts
1985 Australian television series endings
ANZAC (Australia)
Films about the Gallipoli campaign
Cultural depictions of Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig
Cultural depictions of David Lloyd George
Films directed by George T. Miller


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 Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II (Rome)
Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II (Rome Metro), a station on the Rome Metro
 Piazza Vittorio Emanuele II (Florence) in Florence, now known as Piazza della Repubblica