Richard Wayne Robertson (born September 15, 1968) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played during six seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Minnesota Twins, and Anaheim Angels.

Career
Robertson was drafted by the Pirates in the 9th round of the 1990 Major League Baseball Draft. Robertson played his first professional season with their Class A (Short Season) Welland Pirates in 1990, and his last with the Colorado Rockies' Double-A Carolina Mudcats and the Triple-A units of the Texas Rangers (Oklahoma RedHawks), Pittsburgh Pirates (Nashville Sounds), and Cincinnati Reds (Indianapolis Indians) in 1999.

External links
, or Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League)

1968 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Anaheim Angels players
Augusta Pirates players
Baseball players from Texas
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Carolina Mudcats players
Indianapolis Indians players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Minnesota Twins players
Nashville Sounds players
Oklahoma RedHawks players
People from Nacogdoches, Texas
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Salem Buccaneers players
Salt Lake Buzz players
San Jacinto Central Ravens baseball players
San Jacinto College alumni
Somerset Patriots players
Texas A&M Aggies baseball players
Texas A&M University alumni
Tiburones de La Guaira players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Vancouver Canadians players
Welland Pirates players


Randy Minkoff is a partner in The Speaking Specialists, a communications company in Chicago, United States.  Minkoff is also a reporter, writer and editor, with more than three decades of journalism experience in both print and broadcasting. He is the co-author of the book `Ron Santo: For Love of Ivy.'

Biography

Randy Minkoff was born in St. Louis, Mo, and grew up in Clayton, Mo. He attended Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa, where he graduated with a bachelor’s degree in journalism in 1971. He immediately joined United Press International. Minkoff spent nearly 20 years with UPI, including a decade as the Midwest Sports Editor in Chicago. Minkoff has covered the Olympics, numerous Super Bowls, the Final Four, the World Series, and other major events. Minkoff has also served as state news editor of the UPI bureaus Iowa and Kentucky. He has interviewed thousands of personalities and newsmakers and has won several regional awards for outstanding reporting.

Minkoff also served as an official scorer for Major League Baseball and was President of the Chicago chapter of the Baseball Writers of America.

In 1988, Minkoff became the sports anchor and reporter at WGN Radio in Chicago.  As a broadcaster he hosted programs with the Chicago Cubs and Chicago Bears and covered sporting events.  Minkoff was anchor and host of Sports Central., and ports anchor and host of Sports Central also hosted Score 720 sports trivia game show.

In 1993 he co-authored the autobiography “Ron Santo:  For Love of Ivy”, the story of the former Cub third baseman Ron Santo, his life, and his battle with diabetes.

Minkoff was a regular on “The Sportswriters” weekly radio program and also served as play-by-play announcer for DePaul University men's basketball with the late Hall of Fame coach, Ray Meyer.

In 1983, Minkoff married Sue Castorino, who was then a broadcaster at WBBM in Chicago.   Castorino subsequently founded The Speaking Specialists, a communications company in Chicago specializing in public speaking and media training.  At that time, the company primarily served business and corporate clients around the world.

In 1996, Minkoff joined his wife at The Speaking Specialists, where he started the sports division of the company.  He and Castorino provide services for the NFL, NBA, Major League Baseball, American Olympians, and colleges and universities.  Since 2009 he has served as professor on the faculty of Loyola University Chicago where he teaches sports broadcasting, broadcast journalism, ethics & communication, and news research & editing.

References

Sources

 Santo, Ron & Minkoff, Randy, 1993. For Love of Ivy The Autobiography of Ron Santo, Bonus Books,,
 UAB Blazers, Aug. 2007, The Speaking Specialists Meet With UAB Student-Athletes
 Johns Hopkins Magazine, November 1998. When Academics Meet the Press
 Zobel, Alex, Aug. 2006, More athletes get media training to protect team image   TCU Daily Skiff
 Haugh, David, Jun 25, 2006; Advice from the pros: Experts in human relations say it's wrong for Ozzie Guillen to blame his outbursts on cultural differences. Chicago Tribune pg. 8;
 Bell, Taylor, Oct 6, 2006; Tongue-tied? Speaking Specialists can help. Chicago Sun-Times.
 Mawicke, Megan, Dec 4, 2007; Speaking Specialists Give Athletes Media Skills, CBS2Chicago
 New York Times, February 25, 2008; NBC Trying Its Best to Be Cool
 2007 USA Track & Field Elite Athlete Handbook

Articles

 Minkoff, Randy - December 23, 1999. Looking Back — Top 100 Sports Events of the 20th Century
 Minkoff, Randy  - December 17, 1999. Collectors Universe Ranks the Top 100 Athletes of the Century'

External links
 The Speaking Specialist Company website

Living people
American biographers
American male non-fiction writers
American sports journalists
DePaul University people
Drake University alumni
Loyola University Chicago faculty
Writers from St. Louis
Year of birth missing (living people)


The Leftwich Trophy, also known as the Leftwich Award, is a trophy given for outstanding leadership and is an award presented annually in memory of Lieutenant Colonel William Groom Leftwich, United States Marine Corps, who was killed in action during the Vietnam War in November 1970.

Eligible nominees are Marine Captains in the ground combat element serving on active duty as a company or battery commander with the ground forces of the Fleet Marine Force at the time of nomination. Posthumous awards can be made of this award providing nomination complies with all the criteria for receiving the award. Selection is done by a board of senior officers chaired by the Deputy Commandant of Plans, Policy and Operations (DC, PP&O), who then after reviewing the applicants, makes recommendation to the Commandant of the Marine Corps for his final approval.

The trophy is provided to the Marine Corps through an endowment by the H. Ross Perot Foundation; Leftwich and Perot were classmates at the United States Naval Academy. The trophy itself was designed by Felix de Weldon, designer of the Marine Corps War Memorial in Washington, D.C. The Leftwich Trophy, a replica of the statue commemorating the service and leadership of LtCol Leftwich, was first presented in June 1979 at the commissioning ceremony for the .

The Marine Corps bestowed the first posthumous Leftwich Trophy to Captain John W. Maloney, who was killed on 16 June 2005 when the unit he was leading was ambushed in a small town south of Ramadi, Iraq.

Recipients

References

External links

1979 establishments in the United States
Awards and decorations of the United States Marine Corps
Awards established in 1979
Ross Perot
Trophies


Elaeocarpus angustifolius is a species of flowering plant in the family Elaeocarpaceae and occurs from India to New Caledonia and northern Australia. Common synonyms are E. ganitrus and E. sphaericus. It is a large evergreen tree, often with buttress roots, and has leaves with wavy serrations, creamy white flowers and more or less spherical bright blue drupe fruit. In English, the tree is known as utrasum bean tree in India. In Sri Lanka recorded names are woodenbegar and Indian bead tree. It is simply known as elaeocarpus in the Northern Territory of Australia. Other names used for this tree in Australia are Indian oil fruit and genitri. In Hawaii it (or the possible synonym E. grandis) is known as a blue marble tree.

In India, the cleaned pits of the fruit of this tree are known as rudraksha in the Hindi language (from Sanskrit: , meaning "Rudra's teardrops" or "eyes") and are widely used as prayer beads, particularly in Hinduism. Rudraksha might be produced by more than one species of Elaeocarpus, however E. angustifolius is the principal species used in the making of mala (garlands).

Description
According to M.J.E. Coode, Elaeocarpus angustifolius is a tree that typically grows to a height of  and usually has buttress roots at the base of the trunk. The leaves are about  long,  wide with wavy serrations on the edges and tapering to a petiole  long, but lacking a pulvinus. Old leaves often turn bright red before falling. The flowers are arranged in racemes up to  long, each flower on a pedicel  long. The five sepals are  long and  wide. The five petals are creamy white, egg-shaped to oblong,  long and  wide, the tip with linear lobes. There are between thirty-five and sixty stamens and the style is  long and glabrous. The fruit is a more or less spherical, bright blue or purple drupe  in diameter. Note, however, that Coode considered E. grandis to be the same species as E. angustifolius,  and the above description applies to both taxa.

Mature trees will grow massive buttresses which generally completely encircle the base of the trunk. This may be an adaptation to becoming emergents in some habitats, or often growing in secondary woodland -buttress roots can better distribute tensile stress in the base of the tree transmitted down from wind in the crown. In E. angustifolius the buttresses are thought to develop in response to stresses experienced by the tree during comparatively brief periods of fast development. The buttress wood has a partially different composition than the wood of the trunk.

Fruit
It is an evergreen tree that grows quickly. The tree starts bearing fruit in three to four years.

The blue-coloured drupes of the tree contain large stones or pits, which are covered by an outer husk of fruit flesh. This blue colour is not derived from a pigment, but is caused by structural colouration. The fruit weigh 7g on average, but range from 10 to 4g. The stone at the centre of the fruit, technically a pyrena, is typically divided into multiple segments, which are locules, each usually bearing a seed.

Infraspecific variability
No infraspecific forms are recognised. Populations in the periphery of the distribution exhibit a range of morphological characters which do not betray much biogeographical structuring, i.e. individuals can be found in New South Wales which may look almost identical to individuals in Malaysia or Fiji. However, in the centre of the distribution, the islands of Indonesia and in the Malay Peninsula, there are a number of confusingly divergent populations. In general, populations in this area can be divided into two main groups, larger leafed and flowered, and smaller leafed and flowered.

A long history of use by man may have confused the issue further. It is possible the long-distance trade has mixed lineages, or influenced the distribution of specific types. The species is often cultivated as an urban street tree in Indonesia and Malaysia. It appears that the larger leafed form is more often selected for planting as a street tree here. This appears to already be the case on Java over a century ago, based on the collection notes accompanying herbarium specimens.

A closer look at the stones used in classic mala garlands also reveals some interesting issues. It is the smaller stones which are traditionally worth the most, and many of the stones in the garlands are only 7mm in diameter, while known stones in museums collected by botanical collectors are all larger, 10mm and up. Not only that, special powers are ascribed to stones with more than the usual five facets, with those having more facets commanding a higher price. Prayer beads with up to 20 facets are known, but botanists have always collected ones with 5-7 facets, rarely 4 or 8. The small size may be due to a special cultivation technique (see section on Uses below) or an as yet unknown race or species, and it is possible there has been some limited selection by people involved in the trade -it is possible that there are, or once were, special cultivars grown for their superior stones. A study of the fruit and stones in Sri Lanka found that variation in characteristics such as size and colour were highly influenced by the individual trees, as opposed to season or location. The authors opine that it is indeed possible that specific individual trees are cultivated for their fruit and stone qualities.

Similar species
It is a widespread and variable species, and many regional populations of E. angustifolius were considered to be different species in the past, but these are at present all considered the same species. An exception is the taxon E. grandis, although it cannot reliably be told apart from the  E. angustifolius and was considered the same species by the last Elaeocarpus expert taxonomist, it remains recognised in parts of Australia: plants in Queensland and New South Wales are considered E. grandis, those found growing elsewhere are E. angustifolius. A 2013 PhD thesis by Yumiko Baba which compared a number of genetic sequences of different taxa found that E. grandis was indistinguishable from E. angustifolius in most studied sequences, but that in one sequence with more variety, her two E. grandis samples (one from Hawaii as E. sphaericus) were found to be within the diversity of E. angustifolius, with the two samples in fact more divergent from each other than from other samples within the E. angustifolius synonymy.

E. grandis/angustifolius can, however, be told apart from other species of Elaeocarpus by having petals much divided at the apex; small, round fruit; 5-7 locules per stone; straight embryos; and glabrous leaves with even and fine serrations along their margins. The most similar species in Northern Territory is E. arnhemicus; this species has leaves which are less long and more wide, stamens without bristles, and fruit which are ellipsoid in shape as opposed to round.

Overal, Coode found E. ptilanthus to be the most similar species, and very difficult to tell apart without the fruit. Whereas E. angustifolius is largely a lowland species, E. ptilanthus is found in highlands and cloud forests. Coode notes that the crowns are different, that of E. ptilanthus being dark, dense and umbrella-like, as opposed to light and spreading. The leaves are leathery, darker and shinier on top. The most important difference is seen in the fruit; E. ptilanthus has twice-as-large fruit with fibrous flesh, E. angustifolius is more juicy. The stone is very different in E. ptilanthus, the ornamentation having developed into numerous holes and arches, through which the strong fibres run, making cleaning a stone difficult. These arches are usually flattened and long, and curve towards the apex of the stone. The stone is also shaped differently, it is ellipsoid or ovoid, not round. A study comparing a number of gene sequences, however, found that a E. ptilanthus sample was largely indistinguishable from E. angustifolius, with the exception of one more variable sequence, where it was nested within different E. angustifolius samples.

Taxonomy
Writing from the island of Ambon in the Moluccas in the mid-16th century, the German-Dutch soldier, merchant and botanist Georg Eberhard Rumphius provided the first modern binomial description of the species in his work Herbarium Amboniense, in which he introduced the species to European science as Ganitrus Ganitri. Few ever read the work at the time, as it was considered a trade secret by the V.O.C., and published long after Rumphius had died. When Carl Linnaeus introduced his new standard of taxonomic nomenclature, he missed out on using this work, as he only received his copy after having worked on the 1753 edition of his Species Plantarum. The specific epithet ganitrus was derived from ganitri, the name for this species in Sundanese and Malay.

When Linnaeus published his Species Plantarum, he listed only one species of Elaeocarpus, referring it to the 1747 formal description, as well as an illustration, of "Elaiocarpus serrata" given by Johannes Burman in his book Thesaurus zeylanicus. which Linnaeus used as reference in his work.

In 1791, long before the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) rules had been formalised, in his book on the fruits and seeds of plants Joseph Gaertner renamed the genus from Elaeocarpus to Ganitrus again, arguing that as Rumphius had been the first to formally describe the species, his name should have taxonomic priority. The only species he placed in this genus was G. sphaerica. This is not what is known as 'good species'; it is a frankenstein, composed of the description of Johannes Burman's 1747 Elaiocarpus serrata and an illustration of the fruit and the seeds of Rumphius's Ganitrus Ganitri. Gaertner also cites Linnaeus's Elaeocarpus serratus in the synonymy, which according to the ICBN rules is the only valid taxon name. Some taxonomists believed this invalidates the name altogether, in 1980 the French botanists Christiane Tirel and Jean Raynal stated that because Gaertner had cited Linnaeus's Elaeocarpus serrata, that means that the type was automatically that of Linnaeus's E. serrata (collected in Sri Lanka in the 1670s by the German-Dutch botanist Paul Hermann for his 'Ceylon Herbarium', bound volumes of actual plant specimens, also later published as a list). Nonetheless, the International Plant Names Index cites ICBN Melbourne Code Article 52.2 and emphasise that Gaertner "did not cite E. serratus nor its type", although he did cite E. serratus. Because it was built up using at least two species, this name is a synonym pro parte of both species, according to the botanist M.J.E. Coode, an Elaeocarpus expert. Gaertner was not followed in his idea to move the genus to a pre-Linnaean name by most botanists, in the next century a newer crop of botanists described new species of the genus using Linnaeus's name.

For example, the name Elaeocarpus angustifolius was first introduced in 1825 by the again German-Dutch Carl Ludwig Blume in his book Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indie from material collected in the "mountains of Buitenzorg Province". This name was accompanied by an adequate species description, and a reference to an extant type (kept today in Leiden). As this is the first valid name, i.e. correctly described and effectively published name in the correct genus available in the Linnaean system, this name takes priority as the correct name for the species.

Synonymy
Other nations in Europe were beginning to build empires of their own, and where their fleets went, their botanists soon followed. As such the species was described numerous times throughout its vast distribution. The first (true) synonym, Elaeocarpus ganitrus, was coined in 1814 by the superintendent of the Calcutta Botanical Garden, William Roxburgh, in a simple list of names of he intended to give to plants found growing in the garden, titled Hortus Bengalensis. Because Roxburgh did not add any descriptions to this bare list, it is impossible to know what he was talking about. These names should thus all have been considered to be invalid nomina nuda, and should have been ignored, but at least as far as this species is concerned the 1832 version of the posthumous publication of Roxburgh's manuscript for a Flora Indica validated this name, i.e. E. ganitrus Roxb. ex. Roxb.. Nonetheless, it was generally rendered E. ganitrus Roxb. for most of the 19th century and later.

Around the turn of the century the editors of the Index Kewensis had begun to realise that many old names from taxonomists in other European countries had not been registered, and many of the names of certain British scientists were not actually validly published, such as those of Roxburgh. In 1925 George Don's rather unscientific, but quite complete, 1831 gardening dictionary A General History of the Dichlamydeous Plants was rediscovered, and Roxburgh's name is now considered first validated in this work. Of the nine Elaeocarpus names Roxburgh invented for the plants in the Calcutta garden, Don dismissed all of them as impossible to identify and probably just synonyms of species which had been described before by others, except for E. rugosus and E. ganitrus, for in the last case he recognised that the specific epithet meant it must be same plant as that of Rumphius almost two centuries earlier, supplied a summary description of it in his work and gave Ganitrus Ganitri as a synonym of Roxburgh's name. Although the description is not in Latin and would also fail as a validation according to the rules of the ICBN, it is published before these rules were promulgated, and therefore still 'counts' as a valid publication. However, Tirel and Raynal pointed out in 1980 that Roxburgh's E. ganitrus is doubly invalid: although it was first published in 1814, it was only effectively published in 1831 with Don, six years after Blume's E. angustifolius, and the taxon which the name describes is ambiguous, because it is based on Gaertner.

In the 1895 issue of the influential series Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Karl Moritz Schumann classified the genus Elaeocarpus into four sections. In section Ganitrus he describes E. angustifolius/ganitrus as the type species, which he considers to actually be a synonym of Gaertner's 1791 name Ganitrus sphaerica, which he recombined as E. sphaericus. Schumann had written the work in or before 1890 already, and he was unaware at the time, like most other people, that Constantin von Ettingshausen had already recombined Ganitrus sphaerica two years before Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien had finally been published, in rather summary mention in a work on the fossil species of Tasmania. E. sphaericus thus has two authors, rendered auctorum multorum in taxonomic jargon. Because Ettingshausen had simply recombined the name, his version retains the synonym pro parte aspect of Gaertner's original name, but in Schumann's case he clearly identifies his name with the species E. angustifolius. Perhaps as a consequence of Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, the species became known as E. sphaericus (Gaertn.) Schum. for almost the century in some regional floras, i.e. Indonesia and Australia.

In 1984 Coode regarded the taxon E. grandis as a synonym of E. angustifolius in his work Elaeocarpus in Australia and New Zealand, as it does not differ morphologically from the widespread and quite variable E. angustifolius. This was never entered into databases of native plants in Queensland, and in 2010 it was accepted as a valid species again by the Australian Plant Census. It was thus entered into the 2014 Atlas of Living Australia, which led it to be recognised again by the Plants of the World Online website as of 2022, despite Rafaël Govaerts noting the synonymy in 2001. Coode wrote again in 2010 in his study of E. angustifolius and its immediate relatives that as far as he can tell E. grandis is the same plant as the normal common and widespread form of E. angustifolius as found throughout the region. There is no difference between E. grandis from New South Wales and E. angustifolius from Malaysia, the Solomon Islands or the Philippines.

E. hebridarum was described in 1941 by Reinhard Gustav Paul Knuth from specimens collected in Vanuatu, known at the time as the 'New Hebrides'. In 1982 the French botanist Christiane Tirel moved it, as well as E. polyschistus and E. persicifolius  which had both been described from New Caledonia, into synonymy with E. angustifolius. E. macdonaldii is another possible synonym from Vanuatu described by Ferdinand von Mueller in 1893, which is/was missing from the Index Kewensis, but it may no longer be identifiable.

Classification
It is classified in the Ganitrus group of the genus Elaeocarpus, along with E. altisectus, E. avium, E. buderi, E. dolichostylus, E. fulvus, E. kaniensis, E. ornatus, E. osiae, E. ptilanthus, E. ramiflorus and E. trichopetalus. It is the only species within the section which has spread beyond the Malay Archipelago.

Distribution
This species has a wide distribution stretching from the Himalayas in Nepal and India east to China and the Philippines, and south to Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Australia.

China
It occurs in the wild in the provinces of Yunnan, Guangxi and Hainan.

Indian subcontinent
In the Indian subcontinent it grows in the Gangetic plain in the foothills of the Himalayas. It grows on Sri Lanka, but it is not particularly common.

Pacific Islands
It is native to New Caledonia, Vanuatu, and the Santa Cruz Islands. It occurs on Fiji.

In New Caledonia it occurs across Grande Terre (from Prony Bay to Poum), the Isle of Pines (île des Pins) and the Loyalty Islands (Lifou, Maré, Ouvéa). Note that E. angustifolius has often been imported from Australia to New Caledonia as an ornamental plant, and according to the Australians these plants may technically actually be E. grandis, although this is a moot point if these two names are synonyms.

Specimens of E. angustifolius were planted in Oahu in the 1930s and have subsequently become naturalised in nearby forests. Note that the plants in Hawaii were introduced from Australia and may technically actually be E. grandis, although this is a moot point if these two names are synonyms.

The species is also reported to have been introduced from Australia and to invade intact and secondary forests in Samoa, although it may actually be native, and the report likely technically refers to E. grandis.

Although some sources state the species is native to Guam, this is a mistake. In the 1971 article The Flora of Guam, B. C. Stone recorded E. sphaericus (sensu Schum.) as being native to Guam. In a 1979 article in the same journal updating the wider flora of the region, A geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae, Fosberg et al. stated Stone's E. sphaericus (updated to E. angustifolius) was in fact E. joga. Confusingly, Fosberg et al. also state that E. grandis has been introduced to Palau. Coode writes in 2010 that E. joga, and its pro parte synonym E. carolinensis, needs to be re-examined (it falls outside the purview of his paper) to see if it truly is an independent species and not a synonym, and to which section of the genus Elaeocarpus it belongs -like E. grandis, if it belongs to section Ganitrus this is a biogeographic oddity, all other species appear to have evolved in the Malay Archipelago. If it is a synonym, this would expand the native distribution to throughout the Mariana Islands and in the nation of Palau.

Australia
In the Northern Territory of Australia it is predominantly found on the Tiwi Islands and from Channel Point to Wadeye on the Northern Territory mainland where it grows to a height of about . It was also formerly thought to occur in Queensland, but the Australian Plant Census states that the trees from this area were in fact E. grandis, according to them the name E. angustifolius  was misapplied pro parte.

West Africa
It has been introduced to West Africa, at least to Sierra Leone.

Ecology
It is typical of second-growth forest, large individuals found in what appears to be primary rainforest are believed to probably be elderly remnants of a time when the rainforest was less 'primary', i.e. when fires, storms or humankind disturbed it. It also is sometimes found in somewhat swampy sites, or at least along watercourses, and in more cultivated or even urban settings. In New Caledonia the property of growing in disturbed sites has been used in archaeology to look at the influence of humankind in the species composition of the rainforests. The long-term presence of humans increases the population of this species.

Writing from Ambon Island in the mid 17th century, Rumphius described that the fruits are gladly eaten by large birds, mentioning that especially wreathed hornbills can be found feeding upon them. Fruit bats also do so. E. angustifolius was found to be one among a few dozen species of relatively large-fruited rainforest plants eaten by double-wattled cassowaries in northern Australia. These trees are at present called E. grandis, but it is almost certain that these flightless birds feed on the fruit and likely disperse the seeds, whatever the taxonomic position -they have been found to eat all types of Elaeocarpus fruit, as well as fruit of this genus on Seram and the Aru Islands, where E. angustifolius is present. Although seeds which are dispersed in cassowary dung do germinate, the percentage is quite low in Elaeocarpus as compared to other rainforest species eaten by the giant birds. A similar situation exists for tree-kangaroos (Dendrolagus spp.). A three-year study of the faeces of dwarf cassowaries in Papua New Guinea found that despite offering fruit continuously year-round, E. angustifolius (as E. sphaericus) was only really consumed in November, just before a 'lean' period with few plants in fruit in the rainforest, with some fruit taken in January. It was an unimportant part of the diet, possibly only eaten in times of low availability of more preferred fruit.

The flowers have been recorded to be visited by various beetles, flies and wasps.

Chemical constituents
Chemicals present in E. angustifolius are elaeocarpidine, isoelaeocarpine, epiisoelaeocarpiline, rudrakine, flavonoids, quercetin, phytosterols, fat, alkaloids, carbohydrates, ethanol, proteins, tannins, gallic acid and ellagic acid. The alkaloid rudrakine was discovered in the E. angustifolius fruit in 1979.

Uses

Hundreds of years ago this plant was an important article of international commerce, specifically, the burl-like stones containing the seeds. Rumphius describes that it was common practice across the islands of the Indonesian archipelago to trade in the stones, known as ganiter or ganitris in Malay, Javanese and Balinese -words known across the East Indies. Not all stones were valuable, the best were of a smaller size and were coloured deep brown. The stones often were collected from the defecations of cattle, for it was during the passage through the various stomachs of the cow that the stones gained the preferred colour, although less scrupulous dealers were wont to drown the stones in seawater to achieve a similar effect. Stones which had lain on the ground became a less appealing grey colour and thus had no value. A trader could collect some 3,000 Dutch pounds of the unsorted stones at a port in Java, Madura or Bali for only some 60 silver real, the merchant must then sort his cargo, retaining only the small and medium stones, and throwing out the rest. The middle-sized stones were not worth much, but for the small stones Hindus and Arab traders would pay good money, some 10 real for a handful of the stones, using them to make religious objects for their priests. A hole could be bored through them, and the stones could then be stringed up into chains, which were worn around the body in the same manner as European people do with corals in rosaries. Especially the Hindu priests were customers, but Muslim imams would also use the chains as prayer beads to recite Tasbih. The richest of the priests would string a golden nugget after every two ganiters, thus the Chinese called the stones kimkungtsi -'gold hard seeds'. Such was the worth of a good stone, that counterfeits were carved from hard wood, thus the Codjas were usually very savvy in telling apart the good stones from the false.

In some parts of Java, the local population used a special method of cultivation to ensure themselves of a harvest of the good stones. When the trees were just beginning the process of fructification, and the young fruit were just beginning to develop, long strips of he bark were pried off the main branches and some off the trunk -this forced the fruit to be stunted, which caused the stones to be smaller and more grooved.

Horticulture
In the USA the cultivar 'Prima Donna' has been available, it has pink flowers. It may actually be E. reticulatus.

Common names and folklore
The Hindi vernacular name of both the tree and the stones is "rudraksha", from Sanskrit: , a compound word consisting of the name Rudra ("Shiva") and  ("teardrops" or "eyes"). The stones are widely used in Hinduism as prayer beads in the making of mala (garlands).

Gallery

References

External links

angustifolius
Bushfood
Australian Aboriginal bushcraft
Flora of tropical Asia
Flora of the Northern Territory
Plants described in 1825
Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Blume
Plants in Hinduism
Decorative fruits and seeds


The 1964 Arab Cup was the second edition of the Arab Cup hosted by Kuwait. In Iraq's first appearance, they won the title for the 1st time.

Participated teams
The 5 participated teams are:

Venues

Squads

Final tournament

Tournament classification
Iraq wins the tournament, Libya second.

Matches

Goalscorers
4 goals
  Ahmed Ben Soueid

3 goals
  Hisham Atta

References

External links
 1964 Kuwait (November 13–20) - rsssf.com
 Arab Cup 1964 - International Football

Arab Cup
International association football competitions hosted by Kuwait
Arab
Arab
November 1964 sports events in Asia


Richard Daniel Sauveur (born November 23, 1963) is an American professional baseball pitcher and pitching coach. He is the pitching coach for the Arizona League Diamondbacks. He played in Major League Baseball across six seasons for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Montreal Expos, New York Mets, Kansas City Royals, Chicago White Sox, and Oakland Athletics.

Career
Sauveur is from Falls Church, Virginia. He played for the local Falls Church Babe Ruth League team. He attended Falls Church High School and the State College of Florida, Manatee–Sarasota, where he played college baseball for one year. The Pittsburgh Pirates selected Sauveur in the 11th round, with the 253rd overall selection, of the 1983 Major League Baseball draft. He received a $5,000 signing bonus.

Sauveur pitched in Minor League Baseball and learned to throw a knuckleball in 1986. He made his major league debut on July 1, 1986, as a starting pitcher against the Philadelphia Phillies. In  innings pitched, Sauveur allowed two runs. Sauveur then made two more starts for the Pirates, his only major league starts, before being demoted to the minor leagues. He broke his foot late in the 1986 season, and was not invited to spring training by the Pirates in 1987. He pitched in the minor leagues in 1987, and was selected by the Montreal Expos in the Rule 5 draft after the 1987 season. He pitched in four major league games for the Expos as a relief pitcher in 1988. During the 1989 season, he required surgery to remove a bone spur. During the 1990 season, he suffered a broken finger when he was hit by a line drive off of the bat of Vinny Castilla.

In 1991, Sauveur returned to major leagues, making six relief appearances for the New York Mets. He also played in eight games for the Kansas City Royals in 1992, earning his only decision (a loss) during that time. In 1993, Sauveur played in the Mexican League. He became a replacement player during the 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike, when the Cincinnati Reds guaranteed him a $105,000 salary, after he typically earned $35,000 per year. He played in the major leagues for the Chicago White Sox in 1996, but was released by the Los Angeles Dodgers organization in spring training in 1997. He caught on with the Chicago Cubs weeks later, pitching in the minor leagues for the season. He also pitched for the Oakland Athletics in 2000. Sauveur retired after the 2000 season with a 0–1 win–loss record, a 6.07 earned run average, a 1.78 walks plus hits per inning pitched ratio, and 21 strikeouts in 24 appearances at the major league level. He is the only major league pitcher to pitch for six teams without earning a win.

In 2003, Sauveur returned to professional baseball as the pitching coach for the Milwaukee Brewers organization. He coached the Beloit Snappers of the Class A Midwest League in 2003 and 2004, and then coached the Huntsville Stars of the Class AA Southern League for three years. In 2008, Sauveur joined the Boston Red Sox' organization as the pitching coach for the Pawtucket Red Sox of the Class AAA International League. He also coached the Águilas Cibaeñas of the Dominican Professional Baseball League during the winter. The Red Sox passed over Sauveur for the pitching coach position with the major league team in three consecutive seasons, and he left the Red Sox organization. He did not coach in 2015, but joined the Arizona Diamondbacks' organization to coach the Kane County Cougars of the Midwest League from 2016 through 2018. He joined the Arizona League Diamondbacks coaching staff for the 2019 season.

Personal life
Sauveur has been married and divorced twice. He has a son with his first wife. Sauveur's father, Dan, worked as an auto mechanic after passing on an opportunity to try out for the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1940s.

See also
List of Major League Baseball replacement players

References

External links

Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League)

1963 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Baseball coaches from Virginia
Baseball players from Virginia
Chicago White Sox players
Harrisburg Senators players
Hawaii Islanders players
Indianapolis Indians players
Iowa Cubs players
Jacksonville Expos players
Kansas City Royals players
Knuckleball pitchers
Major League Baseball pitchers
Mexican League baseball pitchers
Miami Miracle players
Minor league baseball coaches
Montreal Expos players
Nashua Pirates players
Nashville Sounds players
Navegantes del Magallanes players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
New York Mets players
Oakland Athletics players
Olmecas de Tabasco players
Omaha Royals players
People from Falls Church, Virginia
Sportspeople from Fairfax County, Virginia
Petroleros de Minatitlán players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Prince William Pirates players
Sacramento River Cats players
SCF Manatees baseball players
Sportspeople from Arlington County, Virginia
State College of Florida, Manatee–Sarasota alumni
Tiburones de La Guaira players
Tidewater Tides players
Tigres de Aragua players
Watertown Pirates players


Alexander Turnbull may refer to:

Alexander Turnbull (lacrosse) (1872–1956), Canadian lacrosse player
Alexander Turnbull (bibliophile) (1868–1918), founder of the Alexander Turnbull Library, now held as part of the National Library of New Zealand
Alexander Douglas Turnbull (1903–1993), politician in British Columbia, Canada
Sandy Turnbull (Alexander Turnbull, 1884–1917), Scottish football player


Northern High School is a public secondary school located in Owings, Calvert County, Maryland, United States. In 2023 it had 1553 students attending the school.

History
Northern High School opened halfway through the 1973-1974 school year.

On July 26, 2016, the Calvert County Board of Education awarded a replacement contract to J.A. Scheibel Construction Inc. of Huntingtown, Maryland, for the total replacement of Northern High School. This project was expected to cost $69,382,000, and be completed in December 2018. The phased construction was to implement a  building that could house up to 1,500 students. The contract also approved of renovations and changes to the Mary D. Harrison Cultural Arts Center, which is attached to Northern High. Construction of the main building was completed during December 2018, and classes moved to the new building in January 2019, while the administration wing was completed during the 2019-2020 school year.

Demographics
The demographic breakdown of the 1,467 students enrolled for the 2016-17 was:
Male - 50.4%
Female - 49.6%
Native American/Alaskan - >0.1%
Asian - 1.9%
Black - 11.4%
Hispanic - 4.3%
Native Hawaiian/Pacific islander - 0.2%
White - 76.8%
Multiracial - 5.3%

Figures for students receiving financial assistance with meals were not reported to NCES for 2016-17.

Notable alumni
 Ryan Meisinger, baseball player
 Jaelyn Duncan, football player

References

External links

 School district website

Public high schools in Maryland
Educational institutions established in 1973
1973 establishments in Maryland
Schools in Calvert County, Maryland


Kuu is the Finnish word for the Moon. In Finnish mythology it is a Moon goddess. According to the Kalevala, the daughter of the air Ilmatar allowed a teal to lay its egg on her knee as she floated in the abyss. The egg fell and its parts formed the universe: the white of the egg became the Moon, and the yolk the Sun.

See also
 Kuutar
 List of lunar deities

References

External links

Finnish goddesses
Lunar goddesses


Karl Sebastian von Pfeufer (22 December 1806 – 13 September 1869) was a German physician who was a native of Bamberg.

He studied at Erlangen and Würzburg, and afterwards served as an assistant to Johann Lukas Schönlein (1793–1864). In 1840 he became a professor and director at the medical clinic in Zurich, and from 1844 worked at the university clinic in Heidelberg. In 1852 he was named clinical professor in the second medical division at the general hospital in Munich. Some of his better known students and assistants were Friedrich Albert von Zenker (1825–1898), Adolf Kussmaul (1822–1902), Theodor von Dusch (1824-1890) and Otto Leichtenstern (1845–1900).

Karl Pfeufer is remembered for his collaboration with anatomist Friedrich Gustav Jacob Henle (1809–1885), an association that began in the early 1840s at Zurich. The two doctors are credited as forerunners of German scientific medicine, and were pioneers in their attempts to create a synthesis between laboratory and clinic. In 1844 they founded a journal on "rational medicine" called Zeitschrift für rationelle Medizin, which was to become one of the more important medical journals in the German language. Pfeufer would maintain written correspondence with Henle until his death in 1869.

Another publication by Pfeufer was an 1837 treatise on the cholera epidemic at Mittenwald, titled Bericht über die Cholera-Epidemie in Mittenwald.

Works about Karl von Pfeufer
 Der Briefwechsel zwischen Jakob Henle und Karl Pfeufer, 1843-1890, edited and revised by Hermann Hoepke. (Sudhoffs archive supplements, Issue 11.) Wiesbaden: Steiner, 1970 - The correspondence between Jakob Henle and Karl Pfeufer 1843–1869.

References
 This article is based on a translation of an equivalent article from the German Wikipedia that includes:
 Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie

External links

German internists
1869 deaths
1806 births
People from Bamberg
Academic staff of Heidelberg University
Academic staff of the University of Zurich


The Dartmouth Medal of the American Library Association is awarded annually to a reference work of outstanding quality and significance, published during the previous calendar year.

History
Dartmouth College sponsored the establishment of the award in 1974, acting on the recommendation of Dean Lathem,  Dartmouth College librarian, who had noted that no special honor existed in the United States for distinguished achievement relating to the creation of works of reference resources centrally important to libraries and to the pursuit of learning. Dartmouth College gave the American Library Association complete control in making the award and commissioned the artist Rudolph Ruzicka to design an oval bronze medal that features Athena, goddess of wisdom.

Dartmouth Medal recipients

Sources
 American Library Association Reference and User Services Association

External links
ALA RUSA Dartmouth Medal
 American Library Association, Reference and Users Services Association

Awards established in 1974
American Library Association awards
American non-fiction literary awards
Dartmouth College
English-language literary awards


The Abbott Farm Historic District is a National Historic Landmark archaeological site in New Jersey. It is the largest known Middle Woodland village of its type on the East Coast of the United States. Significant evidence suggests that the Delaware River floodplain was occupied by Paleoindian people for a long period. It was inhabited between 500 BC and 500 AD. It has been a source of controversy and debate around early development.

The district encompasses some  of marshlands and bluffs in southern Mercer County and northern Burlington County, in the communities of Hamilton Township, Bordentown, and Bordentown Township. The John A. Roebling Memorial Park, part of the Abbott Marshlands, provides access to both historic sites and nature habitats in the area. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Abbott Farm Archeological Site on December 8, 1976 for its significance in prehistory and science.

The importance of this site was established in the late 19th century by Charles Conrad Abbott, an archaeologist whose farm was located on one of the bluffs overlooking the marshlands.  Abbott's finds on his farm, published in 1876, sparked a debate about when humans first arrived in the area, and consequently had significant influence on the direction of later archaeological work.  Many finds from the site are at Harvard University's Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, for which Abbott served as assistant curator for many years.

Historic sites
In addition to its archaeological importance, the area includes historically important buildings and transportation-related structures, such as:

 Bow Hill – Hamilton Township
 Isaac Watson House – Hamilton Township
 Point Breeze – Bordentown

Gallery

See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in New Jersey
Assunpink Trail
Lenape Trail
Minisink Archeological Site
National Register of Historic Places listings in Burlington County, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places listings in Mercer County, New Jersey

References

External links

Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
National Historic Landmarks in New Jersey
History of Trenton, New Jersey
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Native American history of New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Mercer County, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Burlington County, New Jersey
Bordentown, New Jersey
Bordentown Township, New Jersey
Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey
Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places


Knik may refer to the following entities in Alaska:

Landforms and natural phenomena
 Knik Arm, the northernmost extension of Cook Inlet
 Knik Glacier, a glacier in the Chugach Mountains
 Knik River, which runs from Knik Glacier to Knik Arm
 Knik wind

Media
 KMVN, a radio station at 105.7 FM, licensed to Anchorage, known by the call letters KNIK-FM from 1961 to 2009
 KNIK-LD, a low-power television station on channel 6, licensed to Anchorage
 Knik TV Mast, a guyed mast located between Anchorage and Wasilla which transmits multiple Anchorage-area radio and television stations

Populated places in Matanuska-Susitna Borough
 Knik-Fairview, Alaska, a census-designated place (CDP) south of Wasilla
 Knik River, Alaska, a CDP southeast of Butte and Palmer
 Knik Site (Old Knik), a former settlement and museum listed on the National Register of Historic Places

Proposed development projects
 Knik Arm Bridge, a proposal for a bridge across Knik Arm
 Knik Arm ferry, a proposal to make the same crossing of Knik Arm with a ferry

Other
 Knik Tribal Council, see


Jean-Baptiste "Auguste" Chauveau ForMemRS (23 November 1827 – 4 January 1917) was a French professor and veterinarian.

Life
Born in Villeneuve-la-Guyard, he received his education at the École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort and the École Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon. At the age of 21 he joined the staff at the latter institution, where in 1875 he became the school's director. In 1886, he was appointed professor of comparative pathology at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris.

Throughout his career Chauveau conducted investigations in the fields of microbiology, virology, biochemistry, muscle thermodynamics and cardiology. With Étienne-Jules Marey (1830–1904), he performed important studies involving the different phases of the cardiac cycle and intracardiac pressure.

In 1867 he made decisive experiments on the transmission of tuberculosis and his work affected public health regulations. He had a role in the invention of cardiac catheterization.

He attracted the ire of a number of anti-vivisection writers for his experiments on animals at the turn of the twentieth century.

The bacterial species Clostridium chauvoei is named after him.

He was the author of Traité d'anatomie comparée des animaux domestiques, a work that was published in English as The comparative anatomy of the domesticated animals. Also, he collaborated with Charles-Joseph Bouchard (1837–1915) in the founding of the Journal de Physiologie et de Pathologie Générale.

Works

References

External links
 Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association- 1917 (biography)
  List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature, Clostridium chauvoei

1827 births
1917 deaths
French veterinarians
French physiologists
People from Yonne
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the Royal Society


Gray is an inner-city suburb of Palmerston. It is 23 km southeast of the Darwin CBD. Its local government area is the City of Palmerston, and it is bounded to the north and west by Temple Terrace, to the east is Chung Wah Terrace, and to the south and east is Emery Avenue. Gray is named after William Henry Gray who was born in London in 1808 and who after becoming interested in the scheme of colonising South Australia in 1834.

References

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20110629040718/http://www.nt.gov.au/lands/lis/placenames/origins/greaterdarwin.shtml#g

Suburbs of Darwin, Northern Territory


This partial list of city nicknames in Indiana compiles the aliases, sobriquets and slogans that cities and towns in Indiana are known by (or have been known by historically), officially and unofficially, to municipal governments, local people, outsiders or their tourism boards or chambers of commerce. City nicknames can help in establishing a civic identity, helping outsiders recognize a community or attracting people to a community because of its nickname; promote civic pride; and build community unity. Nicknames and slogans that successfully create a new community "ideology or myth" are also believed to have economic value. Their economic value is difficult to measure, but there are anecdotal reports of cities that have achieved substantial economic benefits by "branding" themselves by adopting new slogans.

Some unofficial nicknames are positive, while others are derisive. The unofficial nicknames listed here have been in use for a long time or have gained wide currency.
 Albion – Gateway to the Chain O' Lakes
 Auburn - Home of the Classics
Bedford – Stoner City
Bloomington
B-Town
University City
Bloom
Bluffton
Asphalt City
Parlor City
Carmel – Roundabout Capital of the World
Chesterton – Gateway to the Dunes
Churubusco – Turtle Town, U.S.A.
Clay City – Mayberry of the Midwest
Columbus – Athens of the PrairieU.S. City Monikers, Tagline Guru website, accessed January 5, 2008
Crawfordsville – Athens of Indiana
Elkhart
 City of Musical Doings
 RV Capital of the World
Elwood – Gem City of the Gas Belt or Buckle of the Gas Belt
Evansville
Crescent City
Pocket CityCatherine Traylor Gregory, Evansville, Indiana Business Magazine, Sunday, June 1, 1997. Nickname refers to city's location on "a horseshoe-shaped section of the Ohio River."
River City
Stoplight City
Heavensville
Evansvegas
Fort Wayne
City of Churches
City That Saved Itself
Magnet Wire Capital of the World
Summit City
Gary
City of the Century
Magic City
Steel City
Goshen – Maple City
Greensburg – Tree City
Hobart - The Friendly City
Huntington – Lime City
Indianapolis
Amateur Sports Capital of the World
Circle City
Crossroads of America
Indy
India-no-place
Naptown
Railroad City
Jeffersonville – Jeff
Kokomo – City of Firsts
LaFayette - Star City
La Porte
City of Lakes
Maple City
Logansport
 City of Bridges
 City of Churches
Marion – Queen City or Queen City of the Gas Belt
Martinsville
 City of Mineral Water
 Goldfish Capitol of the World
Medaryville
Tatertown
Mudville
Mishawaka
Peppermint Capital of the World
Princess City
Muncie
Funcie
 Middletown
 Little Chicago
Peru
 Barbecue City
 Circus Capital of the World
Richmond
 Quaker City of the West
 Rose City
Rockville – Covered Bridge Capital of the World
Roselawn – Naked City
South Bend
 Lotion City
 Metropolis of Northern Indiana
 Wagon City
Speedway – Racing Capital of the World
Terre Haute
Queen City of the Wabash
Crossroads of America (National Road/U.S. Route 40 and Dixie Bee Rd/U.S. Route 41 met in downtown)
Prairie City (eastern edge of the Great Plains/prairies)
Pittsburgh of the West (historical: city was an early steel center)
Valparaiso
Vale of Paradise
Valpo
Van Buren – Popcorn Capital of the World
Vincennes – Indiana's First City
Warsaw
Lake City
Orthopedic Capital of the World

See also
List of city nicknames in the United States
List of cities in Indiana

References

External links
a list of American and a few Canadian nicknames
U.S. cities list

Indiana cities
Populated places in Indiana


Scheila Gonzalez (born August 5, 1971 in Los Angeles, California) is an American Grammy winning multi-instrumentalist and music educator.
She is best known for playing the saxophone and other instruments in the all-female DIVA Jazz Orchestra and with artists such as Dweezil Zappa, Alex Acuña, Ray Parker Jr. and many others. Formerly a full-time member of the Zappa Plays Zappa world tour, since 2019 Gonzalez has been touring with Colin Hay as part of a revived and revamped Men at Work lineup, where she sings and plays the alto saxophone as well as several other instruments.

Biography
Gonzalez took piano lessons from the age of four and changed to the saxophone at age twelve. After graduating from Anaheim High School in 1989, she attended Fullerton College in the early 1990s and recorded on the Downbeat critically acclaimed CD Mainstream. She later transferred to California State University, Northridge to complete her undergraduate degree in music. She sings and plays several woodwind instruments and keyboards.

Gonzalez is the Director of Jazz Combos at Santa Susana Performing Arts High School in Simi Valley, California, gives private lessons, and does freelance work in addition to her album, tour, and concert appearances. She was the co-founder of the jazz group Dekajaz which existed from 1999 - 2013.

Notable performances

From 2018 to the present, Gonzalez has played as a member of the backing band for Colin Hay. In 2019, Hay revived the Men at Work name and Gonzalez has continued to perform under that moniker ever since. Numerous reviews of the band's recent performances highlight her saxophone play on many of Hay's and Men at Work's signature hit songs.

Gonzalez also performed on the Zappa Plays Zappa tour with Dweezil Zappa, beginning with its 2006 inception. She received praise in the media for her instrumental performance and skill during those tours. The show toured the United States, Canada, Europe, Japan, and Australia.

Gonzalez has appeared on television shows such as The Tonight Show backing Garth Brooks and at the BET Music Awards. Scheila Gonzalez has also done film work, appearing in the Christopher Guest film For Your Consideration.

Awards
Gonzalez won the Shelly Manne Memorial New Talent Award, a prestigious jazz music recognition awarded in the Los Angeles area. As a member of the Zappa Plays Zappa ensemble, Gonzalez won a 2009 Best Rock Instrumental Performance Grammy Award for the group's recording of "Peaches en Regalia".

References

1971 births
American jazz saxophonists
American multi-instrumentalists
Living people
Musicians from Los Angeles
Women jazz saxophonists
Jazz musicians from California
21st-century American saxophonists
21st-century American women musicians
Dreamcar members
Men at Work members
Missing Persons (band) members
Zappa Plays Zappa members


State Route 158 (SR 158) is a major east–west state highway in the city of Knoxville in the U.S. state of Tennessee. It runs  from Kingston Pike (US 11/US 70) along the Tennessee River to Interstate 40. The western portion of the highway is a surface street known as Neyland Drive and the eastern part is a controlled-access highway called James White Parkway. The entire highway serves as a bypass of downtown Knoxville and as a direct connector to the University of Tennessee (UT) campus and athletic facilities. Serving as the primary means of access to facilities such as Neyland Stadium and Thompson–Boling Arena, the route experiences congestion on game days, with a contraflow lane reversal implemented to mitigate this. It also serves as a spur into downtown and provides access to a number of local landmarks and historic sites, including the Blount Mansion and James White's Fort.

The highway that is now SR 158 has its origins in the original plat for Knoxville from 1791, which included a road along the riverfront. An extension of this road was completed in 1951 to serve Neyland Stadium, and a freeway loop around Downtown Knoxville was proposed that same year. The eastern portion of this freeway loop, which was initially known as the Downtown Loop, became the controlled-access part of SR 158, and was constructed in three segments between 1963 and 1973. This section of SR 158 was extensively reconstructed between 2005 and 2007 in a major project known as "SmartFix 40", which also involved a major reconstruction and widening of the connecting segment of I-40.

Route description

The entire highway is a part of the National Highway System, a national network of roads identified as important to the national economy, defense, and mobility. In 2022, annual average daily traffic volumes ranged from 11,555 vehicles through the interchange with SR 71 to 26,487 vehicles between I-40 and Summit Hill Drive. During football games, a contraflow lane reversal is implemented, which allows only westbound traffic between Lake Loudoun Boulevard and US 11/US 70 (Kingston Pike), and eastbound-only traffic between Lake Loudoun Boulevard and I-40. This allows for better management of congestion caused by patrons entering and leaving Neyland Stadium. Neyland Greenway, a multi-use trail, parallels most of Neyland Drive.

SR 158 begins as a secondary highway known as Neyland Drive at an intersection with Kingston Pike on the western edge of the University of Tennessee (UT) campus. The road passes by the UTK Sorority Village before meeting the north bank of the Tennessee River and running alongside a Norfolk Southern Railway track. The route then turns southeast and passes underneath the J. E. "Buck" Carnes Bridge, which carries US 129 (Alcoa Highway), a major freeway in Knoxville, across the river. This highway is accessed via a partial cloverleaf interchange with SR 158, with only the northbound lanes accessible from the latter. The route then has a signalized intersection with Joe Johnson Drive (unsigned SR 450). The road passes by a number of other UT facilities, including the university's veterinary school, before gradually turning east along the State Botanical Garden of Tennessee and crossing Third Creek. SR 158 then has an at-grade crossing with a railroad spur. Turning north-northeast, the road passes under a Norfolk Southern crossing of the Tennessee River, and has a signalized intersection with Lake Loudoun Boulevard. It then passes by Thompson–Boling Arena, the home of the Tennessee Volunteers basketball team, and Neyland Stadium, the home of the Tennessee Volunteers football team, before crossing another railroad at-grade. Turning eastward, SR 158 next passes underneath a CSX railroad bridge. Immediately afterward, the highway passes under the Henley Street Bridge, which carries US 441 across the river, with no direct access between the two. The route then has a signalized intersection with Walnut Street next to the Knoxville City-County Building, which houses the main offices of the City of Knoxville and Knox County. Here a pedestrian bridge across the road provides access to a parking lot along the river. SR 158 then passes directly under the Gay Street Bridge, where the controlled-access portion begins at an eastbound-only exit for Volunteer Landing, a public park.

Turning sharply north, the highway transitions away from the riverbank, passes by the Blount Mansion and James White's Fort, and underneath the Hill Avenue Bridge. SR 158 then has a complex partial interchange with Hall of Fame Drive, which US 11 and US 70 split off onto, and SR 71 (James White Parkway). Partial access to Cumberland Avenue and Main Street is also provided from the westbound lanes. The Neyland Drive designation ends here and SR 158 picks up James White Parkway for the remainder of its length. Through this interchange, the highway passes underneath Knoxville Station Transit Center, the main hub for Knoxville Area Transit. Also at this interchange, the highway expands to six lanes, before reaching a partial interchange that contains a westbound exit to Summit Hill Drive and an eastbound entrance from Hall of Fame Drive, the latter of which parallels SR 158 at this point. Here the freeway expands to eight lanes and then crosses a long viaduct over a railroad and several city streets. SR 158 then reaches its eastern terminus at a semi-directional T interchange with I-40 south of the Fourth and Gill neighborhood. At this interchange, the ramp to I-40 eastbound continues past the nearby I-40 interchange with Hall of Fame Drive, and SR 158 westbound is accessed from I-40 westbound via a slip ramp which also provides access to Hall of Fame Drive.

Namesake
Neyland Drive is named for Robert Neyland, who served three stints as the Tennessee Volunteers football coach between 1926 and 1952. He also served as an officer in the United States Army, reaching the rank of brigadier general. The road was named Neyland Drive by an act of the Knoxville City Council on September 25, 1951. James White Parkway is named in honor of James White, a general in the American Revolutionary War who constructed White's Fort in 1786, which grew into the city of Knoxville. White is widely considered the founder of Knoxville. The highway was officially named James White Parkway by the Knoxville Metropolitan Planning Commission on May 9, 1991.

History

Background and early history

The original plat of Knoxville drawn out by Charles McClung in 1791 included a street along the riverfront called Front Street, which later came to be known as Front Avenue. This street was subsequently extended to the west in a plan created by General James White four years later.

In 1945, the city of Knoxville commissioned a plan which recommended that a series of freeways be constructed throughout the city to relieve traffic congestion on surface streets. These freeways were intended to be integrated into the then-proposed nationwide network of freeways that later became the Interstate Highway System, which at the time, was expected to eventually be authorized by Congress. At the same time, the University of Tennessee and the city of Knoxville were looking to relieve game-day traffic congestion around Neyland Stadium, which was then called Shields–Watkins Field. On October 23, 1950, Tennessee Governor Gordon Browning instructed state highway commissioner Charles F. Wayland Jr. to begin work on a two-lane extension of Front Street, initially known as Lakefront Drive, to Kingston Pike. This road, which was renamed Neyland Drive along with Front Avenue, was constructed the following year, opening to traffic on September 29, 1951. A wooden bridge on the original Front Avenue portion of Neyland Drive over Second Creek was replaced with a corrugated steel-structured bridge with an asphalt deck between February and March 1955.

In 1951, a preliminary concept was drawn up for a freeway loop around downtown, which included upgrading part of Neyland Drive. The northern portion of this loop included part of the Magnolia Avenue Expressway, which became part of Interstate 40 after the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 was passed. On January 10, 1957, a proposal for a square-shaped freeway loop called the Downtown Loop was presented to the Knoxville Metropolitan Planning Commission. Engineering work began in August 1957, and the design for this freeway was jointly approved on July 17, 1958, by the Bureau of Public Roads, predecessor to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA); and the Tennessee Department of Highways, now the Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT).

Work on the first section, located between Vine Street and Magnolia Avenue, began on January 22, 1963, and was opened to traffic on June 23, 1964, in a ceremony officiated by Knoxville Mayor John Duncan Sr. The section between Magnolia Avenue and I-40, along with the interchange with I-40 and a short section of this route, opened on April 11, 1967. Preliminary work on the section between Riverside Drive and Vine Avenue began on June 18, 1970, with the construction of a long culvert over First Creek. Major construction on this section was delayed on September 8, 1970, due to the need to acquire  from the Blount Mansion Property, which required additional studies under legislation designed to protect historic properties. After this issue was resolved, the routing was approved by U.S. Secretary of Transportation John A. Volpe on April 14, 1971, and construction began on July 20. After multiple weather-related delays, this section opened to traffic on September 15, 1973, and was dedicated in a ceremony by Governor Winfield Dunn and Knoxville Mayor Kyle Testerman four days later. The University of Tennessee provided TDOT with the necessary right of way to widen Neyland Drive to four lanes in 1972. This project took place between February 1973 and August 1974, and required small artificial fills in the river and a relocation of the railroad tracks. A dedication ceremony for the completion of this project was led by Governor Dunn on September 6, 1974.

Later history
By the time the last stretch of the controlled-access section of SR 158 was under construction, the city's commercial center had already begun to shift towards the west, due to the completion of the concurrent stretch of I-40 and I-75 in the earlier 1960s. As a result of this, the original plans for the Downtown Loop were essentially rendered obsolete and never realized, and this section would be the last part of SR 158 to be constructed. By this time, portions of the original freeway network in Knoxville were also starting to suffer from congestion, rendering the original designs dangerous and outdated. The eastern terminus of SR 158 with I-40 quickly developed a high crash rate, largely due to left-hand entrance and exit ramps on I-40 westbound. Reconstruction of this interchange to eliminate this hazard was suggested as early as 1971. By 1977, UT officials requested the signalization of the junction between Neyland Drive and Lake Loudoun Boulevard. A signal was installed in 1980 following funding from UT, local, state, and federal aid. In preparation for the 1982 World's Fair, the Knoxville area received $250 million (equivalent to $ in ) to accelerate a number of needed transportation projects. These included reconstruction of the infamous "Malfunction Junction" between I-40 and I-75 (now I-275), which had also been planned as the terminus for the western leg of the Downtown Loop; widening parts of I-40; and completion of I-640, a northern bypass around downtown. The connecting section of I-40 and the SR 158 interchange were not included in this project, but nevertheless, TDOT began tentative plans for improvements to these problematic spots.

Concepts for proposed improvements to the controlled-access section of SR 158 and the connecting section of I-40 were presented to the public on December 11, 1989, and April 5 and 6, 1990. Preliminary engineering began in 1995, with the final design settled on that year. Additional public hearings were held between November 1995 and January 2000, and the environmental impact statement for the project was approved by the FHWA on February 28, 2002. On June 14, 2004, the details of the project were revealed to the public, and the name was announced as "SmartFix 40". The project was divided into two phases, each of which were divided into two smaller phases.

The first part of the first phase began on July 6, 2005. Hall of Fame Drive was extended from I-40 to SR 71 on an alignment parallel to SR 158, which eliminated an off-ramp from SR 158 eastbound to Hall of Fame Drive and Magnolia Avenue. The interchange on I-40 with Hall of Fame Drive was reconstructed, and new collector-distributor ramps between this interchange and the SR 158 interchange were built. The Summit Hill Drive bridge over SR 158 was also replaced. The first part of the first phase was completed on December 14, 2006, when the Hall of Fame Drive extension was dedicated and opened. For the next part of the first phase, the James White Parkway portion of SR 158 was closed to all traffic between December 17, 2006, and September 21, 2007, to accelerate the reconstruction of this segment. The northern portion of this stretch was widened, the Church Avenue bridge was replaced with the transit center viaduct, and a new ramp from I-40 eastbound to SR 158 westbound was constructed. For the second phase, I-40 between SR 158 and Hall of Fame Drive was completely closed to all traffic between May 1, 2008, and June 12, 2009. This allowed for this stretch of I-40 to be widened to six lanes and for the SR 158 interchange to be reconstructed on an accelerated basis. During this closure, through traffic was required to use I-640 or surface streets, and local traffic was required to exit I-40 onto SR 158 from the eastbound lanes and Hall of Fame Drive from the westbound lanes. The Knoxville Station Transit Center atop the highway opened the following year. Both phases of SmartFix 40 won an America's Transportation Award from the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials in 2008 and 2010, respectively. At a cost of $203.7 million (equivalent to $ in ), SmartFix 40 was at the time the largest project ever undertaken by TDOT, and the second of its kind attempted in the US.

From March 1997 to January 2000, a connector between SR 158 and the South Knoxville Bridge was constructed, requiring expansion of the interchange with Hall of Fame Drive and Cumberland Avenue. Initially known as the South Knoxville Boulevard, this route was later renamed as an extension of James White Parkway. Between the fall of 2000 and the summer of 2002, a connector from SR 158 and Volunteer Boulevard on UT's main campus was constructed to provide access from UT's agricultural campus to its main campus. Named Joe Johnson Drive, the road is designated as SR 450. Between April 2015 and August 2017, the city of Knoxville undertook a streetscaping project which transformed a short stretch of Cumberland Avenue east of the western terminus of SR 158 from an urban thoroughfare into a pedestrian and bike friendly corridor. As part of this project, US 11/70 were rerouted onto the stretch of SR 158 between the eastern terminus and the interchange with SR 71, as well as onto Hall of Fame Drive between SR 71 and Magnolia Avenue.

Major intersections

References

External links

Short documentary produced by TDOT about SmartFix 40

158
Transportation in Knox County, Tennessee
Transportation in Knoxville, Tennessee
Freeways in Tennessee


Kasey Beirnes (born June 17, 1980, in Elora, Ontario) is a Canadian former professional lacrosse player in the National Lacrosse League. He was drafted in the third round, the 28th overall pick, by the Columbus Landsharks. He retired after 16 seasons. He played for the Columbus Landsharks, Arizona Sting, Minnesota Swarm and Toronto Rock.

Early years
Beirnes was born on June 17, 1980, in Elora, Ontario. He grew up playing baseball and hockey until he was about 12, when he fell in love with lacrosse. He attended Fanshawe College.

Professional career

NLL
Beirnes was drafted 28th overall by the Columbus Landsharks. As a rookie, Beirnes made the 2002 National Lacrosse League all-rookie team as a member of the Landsharks. In 2003, Beirnes had his most career assists with 35. After the 2004 season, the Landsharks moved to Arizona and become the Arizona Sting. He had his most career points that year with 62. On June 23, 2005, Beirnes and Darryl Gibson were traded to the Minnesota Swarm in exchange for two first round draft picks.  In 2006, Beirnes led the Swarm in goals with 24. Beirnes was traded from the Swarm to the Toronto Rock in exchange for two picks during the 2008 draft. During the 2010 Champions Cup, Beirnes scored four goals. In 2011, Beirnes was a member of the Champions Cup winning Rock. He had 2 goals and 2 assists in the game. In 2015, Beirnes had his most career goals with 35. He retired in 2017 after 16 seasons in the NLL.

Not NLL
While with the Wellington Aces, Beirnes won the Presidents Cup. In 2013 and 2014, Beirnes was a member of the Six Nations Chiefs, who won the Mann Cup.

Statistics

NLL
Reference:

References

1980 births
Living people
Lacrosse forwards
Arizona Sting players
Canadian expatriate lacrosse people in the United States
Canadian lacrosse players
Lacrosse people from Ontario
Minnesota Swarm players
People from Centre Wellington
Toronto Rock players


News at 6:30 (), is the flagship evening Cantonese news programme that is broadcast nightly at 6:30pm in Hong Kong on TVB Jade. This programme first aired on TVB Jade on 19 November 1967. News at 6:30 can also be watched for free on TVB News' website.

News at 6:30 has aired in high definition every day since 18 March 2013. The  channel aired an extra bulletin, News at 7 instead of News at 6:30 from 2009 to 2015. The bulletin is simulcast on both SD and HD versions of Jade on Saturday and Sunday.

TVB News axed the sports bulletin on the weekday version of News at 6:30 on 3 May 2010.

Broadcasting length
News at 6:30 usually broadcasts for approximately an hour on weeknights and 25 minutes on weekends, followed by Weather Report. On special occasions such as the Handover of Hong Kong, opening of the Hong Kong International Airport, Jiji earthquake, September 11 attacks and 2008 Sichuan earthquake, the show was extended to one hour.

Notable presenters
Former presenters:
Stanley So, Keith Yuen, Leung Ka-Wing, Chung-Ming Chui, Claudia Mo, Anite Yip, Kit-Ching Ho, Carmen Luk, Eric Chau, Li-Chan Wing, Hing-Chau Wong, Ivan Yau, Lee Man Jing, Mimi Yeung, Leung Kit Ngo, Lee Shui Bing, Jo Ngai, Peri Chow, Bonnie Chiu, Wong Shuk Ming, Shuk-Fong Teng, Oscar Lee, Winnie Chui, Sharon Ng, Alison Chiu, Ella Ng, Ruby Lam, Raymond Yi, Ng Fong Wing, Lau Yun-Ching, Kwok Chi Long, Mei Ling Sze, Akina Fong, Kaman Lee, Jordi Lau, Elsa Kwok, Kendrew Wong, Wing-ki Kwok, Hui Fong Fai, Julia Poon, Venus Chow, Vincent Ng, Andrew Lau, Tiffani Lau, Yyonne Law, Jordi Lau, Fung Kin-Shing, Karen Cheng, Kenneth Ng, Christy Nam, Connie Lee, Wendy Cheung, Maggie Leung, Anthony Fong, Lilian Lai, Jeffrey Siu
Incumbent presenters:
Pun Wai Lam, Trevor Lee, Melvin Pang, Vinky Wong, Toni Wong, Kennie Chan

References

External links
Official website

TVB
TVB original programming
1967 Hong Kong television series debuts
1960s Hong Kong television series
Hong Kong television news shows
Cantonese-language television shows


Radisson Substation is a large electrical substation located near Radisson on the Route de la Baie James highway. The switching station, owned by Hydro-Québec, is the largest substation in its power grid, covering an area of a massive 100 football fields. Electrical power heading into the switchyard is collected via several relatively short alternating current (AC) 735 kilovolt (kV) and  AC 315 kV power lines coming from hydroelectric plants like the Robert-Bourassa power station, part of the James Bay Project, located  away. The power from these lines is either raised to AC 735 kV from AC 315 kV, statically inverted to high-voltage direct current (HVDC) +/- 450 kV, or unchanged (735 kV to 735 kV). The amount of electrical energy passing through the substation is 6,600 megawatts (MW). Two AC 735 kV lines and one HVDC +/- 450 kV line, part of the James Bay transmission system, transfer this electrical energy over a distance of  to Montreal and Northeast United States.

See also
Hydro-Québec
Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system
Quebec - New England Transmission

References

Converter stations
James Bay Project


Usinsk (; , Uskar) is a town in the Komi Republic, Russia, located  east of the republic's capital city of Syktyvkar and  north of the town of Pechora, on the northern bank of the Usa River,  before its confluence with the Pechora River. Population:

History
Usinsk was founded in 1966 as a settlement at the newly discovered deposits of petroleum in the north of the Komi Republic. Town status was granted to it in 1984.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, together with the urban-type settlement of Parma and eighteen rural localities, incorporated as the town of republic significance of Usinsk—It is an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the town of republic significance of Usinsk is incorporated as Usinsk Urban Okrug.

Economy
The town is the center for the production of oil and gas in the Komi Republic. Three quarters of all the oil produced in the republic comes from the fields in the territory around Usinsk. In 1980, the town was connected to the Pechora Railway by a  long sidetrack.

References

Notes

Sources

External links
Official website of Usinsk
Usinsk. History. Nature

Cities and towns in the Komi Republic


Baker's Chocolate is a brand name for the line of baking chocolates owned by Kraft Heinz. Products include a variety of bulk chocolates, including white and unsweetened, and sweetened coconut flakes. It is one of the largest national brands of chocolate in the United States. The company was originally named Walter Baker & Company.

History
In 1764, John Hannon (or alternatively spelled "Hannan" in some sources) and the American physician Dr. James Baker started importing beans and producing chocolate in the Lower Mills section of Dorchester, Massachusetts.

After Hannon never returned from a 1779 sailing trip to the West Indies to purchase cocoa beans, his wife sold the company to Baker in 1780, and the company was renamed to the Baker Chocolate Company.  His first product was a cake of chocolate for making a sweetened chocolate drink. Distribution was mainly in the Northeastern United States until 1804, when James Baker's son, Edmund Baker, inherited the family business and increased production with a state-of-the-art mill.

The original brand name was "Hannon’s Best Chocolate", which was "manufactured for almost fifteen years" and was sold with a money-back guarantee if the consumer was unsatisfied with the product. The name was changed in 1780 after Hannon's wife, Elizabeth Gore Hannon, sold the company to Baker in 1780, after Hannon never returned from a 1779 sailing trip to the West Indies to purchase cocoa beans. At the time, it was rumored that Hannon intended to leave his wife, and thus deserted her.  Original versions of the brand were not prepared for baking, and before 1865, the company purveyed three grades of drinking chocolate, which were "Best Chocolate", "Common Chocolate" and "Inferior Chocolate". The inferior grade was mostly sold to West Indian and American slaves.

By 1849, under Walter Baker, the Baker's Chocolate brand had spread to California, during the Gold Rush era. Production was limited to one kind of chocolate until 1852, when employee Samuel German created "German's Sweet Chocolate" that had a higher sugar content than previous baking chocolates.  In 1957 a Dallas, Texas newspaper printed a cake recipe for "German's Chocolate Cake" based on this chocolate, which was reprinted by the company's owner General Foods under the "German chocolate cake", becoming the accepted name.

Production steadily increased through the century. The trademark logo of La Belle Chocolatière was adopted in 1883 by the fourth-generation familial owner, Henry L. Pierce, step-nephew of Walter Baker. Pierce began advertising Baker's Chocolate heavily in newspapers to increase sales. In 1896, Baker's Chocolate was advertising in around 8,000 newspapers in the United States. The company also advertised using signage and cards in grocery stores, in novels, in street cars and using billboards. Promotional offers of tableware and logo pins helped attract customers. Around the late 1800s, the company began promoting the notion of using chocolate as an ingredient in desserts and for baking.

Following Pierce's death in 1896, the Forbes Syndicate bought the company, which they sold  In 1927 to the Postum Cereal Company, later known as General Foods.  In 1966 production moved from Dorchester, Massachusetts to Dover, Delaware.  The company was passed onto Kraft Foods in 1989 when they acquired General Foods. Baker's is now owned by Kraft Heinz, a company formed by the merger between Kraft Foods and Heinz.

Products
Baker's continues to expand its line of products, focusing on conveniences for the home baker. Some products, such as vanilla extract and cocoa powder, have been discontinued with company turnovers. Other products are available to food service professionals in bulk, considerably different kinds of coconut, cocoa drinks, and bulk chocolate.

Baker's most common products:

German's Sweet Chocolate 'Bar' (48% cacao)
Semi-sweet chocolate (56% cacao)
Bittersweet chocolate (66% cacao)
Unsweetened chocolate (100% cacao)
Premium white chocolate (0% cacao)
Dipping chocolate (milk or dark)
Sweetened Angel Flake coconut

References

Further reading
   Includes historic photos of Baker Chocolate facilities.
 Boston Globe
 "Walter Baker Chocolate Company"  - Dorchester Atheneum
 Cf. also: "Walter Baker & Co. General History"  - Dorchester Atheneum
 Committee of the Dorchester Antiquarian and Historical Society, "History of the Town of Dorchester, Massachusetts", Boston : E. Clapp, Jr., 1859. Cf. p. 627.
 Stevens, Peter F., "It Happened in Dorchester: Dr. Baker and the Chocolate Factory", Dorchester Reporter, History of Dorchester.
 The Bostonian Society, "Sweet History: Dorchester and the Chocolate Factory", in conjunction with Kraft Foods, the Dorchester Historical Society, and the Milton Historical Society.

External links

Brand name chocolate


The Horneophytopsida, informally called horneophytes, are a class of extinct plants which consisted of branched stems without leaves, true roots or vascular tissue, found from the Late Silurian to the Early Devonian (around  ). They are the simplest known polysporangiophytes, i.e. plants with sporophytes bearing many spore-forming organs (sporangia) on branched stems. They were formerly classified among the rhyniophytes, but it was later found that some of the original members of the group had simple vascular tissue and others did not. The group has also been treated as the division Horneophyta.

In 2004, Crane et al. published a cladogram for the polysporangiophytes in which the Horneophytopsida are shown as the sister group of all other polysporangiophytes. One other former rhyniophyte, Aglaophyton, is also placed outside the tracheophyte clade, as it did not possess true vascular tissue (in particular did not have tracheids), although its conducting tissue is more complex than that of the Horneophytopsida.

Phylogeny
Partial cladogram by Crane, Herendeen & Friis 2004, with emphasis on horneophytes.

(See the Polysporangiophyte article for the expanded cladogram.)

Genera
Genera that have been placed in the horneophytes include:
 †Caia Fanning, Edwards & Richardson (1990)
 †Horneophyton Barghoorn & Darrah (1938) (Hornea Kidston & Lang (1920) non Baker (1877); Langiophyton Remy & Hass (1991) form taxon – female gametophyte)
 †Tortilicaulis Edwards (1979)

Other sources place only Horneophyton in this group, treating Caia and Tortilicaulis as actual or possible rhyniophytes.

References

External links
 Horneophyton at the University of Aberdeen
 Cladogram from

Early Devonian plants
Silurian plants
Plant classes
Wenlock first appearances
Early Devonian extinctions
Prehistoric plant taxa


Thomas Cuming Hall (born 1858, died on May 27, 1936, at Göttingen, Germany) was an American Presbyterian theologian, son of the Rev. John Hall (1829-98). He was born at Armagh, Ireland and arrived in America in 1867 with his parents when his father took up the post of pastor at the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church; he was naturalized on May 8, 1882.  He graduated from Princeton University in 1879 and from Union Theological Seminary in 1882, and studied at Berlin and Göttingen 1882–83.  Ordained in 1883, he held pastorates at Omaha, Neb. (1883–86), and Chicago (1886–97), and in 1898 became professor of Christian ethics at Union Seminary.  In 1884 he married German Jennie Elizabeth Louise Bartling in London, England.  In 1914 he was chosen to be Roosevelt professor at the University of Berlin during 1915–16.  During World War I he championed the German cause and was implicated in the conspiracy, masterminded by Franz von Rintelen, to sabotage supplies to the Allies.   He was later decorated with the Order of the Crown by the German Emperor.

His writings include:
 The Power of an Endless Life (1893)
 The Social Meaning of the Modern Religious Movements in England (1900)
 The Messages of Jesus According to the Synoptists (1901; 1908)
 John Hall, Pastor and Preacher: A Biography by his Son (1901)
 Social Solutions in the Light of Christian Ethics (1910)
 The History of Ethics within Organized Christianity (1910)
 Historical Setting of the Early Gospel (1912)
 Religion and Life (1913)

References

Princeton University alumni
Clergy from Omaha, Nebraska
People from Chicago
American theologians
1858 births
People from Armagh (city)
1936 deaths


Phenylglyoxylic acid is the organic compound with the formula C6H5C(O)CO2H. The conjugate base, known as benzoylformate is the substrate of benzoylformate decarboxylase, a thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzyme:
benzoylformate + H+  benzaldehyde + CO2
It is a colourless solid with a melting point of 64–66 °C and is moderately acidic (pKa = 2.15).

Phenylglyoxylic acid can be synthesized by oxidation of mandelic acid with potassium permanganate. An alternative synthesis involves hydrolysis of benzoyl cyanide.

References

Carboxylic acids
Phenyl compounds


Frisco is an unincorporated community located in Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana, United States.

History
The area was once known as Friscoville.  The town received its name from the Frisco Gulf Coast Lines' New Orleans-Houston rail line that was built nearby in 1904.  In 1912, a post office was built in the community, but it was closed in 1916 and moved to Livonia.

Geography
Frisco is situated north of Livonia, in the area of the intersection between Louisiana Highway 78 and Louisiana Highway 979. A body of water known as Bayou George flows through the area.

References

Unincorporated communities in Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana
Baton Rouge metropolitan area
Unincorporated communities in Louisiana