The Archdiocese of Glasgow () is the metropolitan see of the Latin Church Province of Glasgow in the Catholic Church central Scotland. The episcopal seat of the developing diocese was established by Saint Kentigern in the 6th century AD. It is one of two catholic metropolitan archdioceses of the Catholic Church in Scotland: the only archdioceses in Scotland. It is the elder of the two bishoprics. Innocent VIII first raised Glasgow a metropolitan archbishopric in 1492. The Metropolis has the dioceses of Motherwell and Paisley as suffragans within the Ecclesiastical Province.

The modern archdiocese of Glasgow was re-established in 1878 and currently consists of 106 parishes served by 228 priests (2003 figures) covering an area of  in the West of Scotland. It includes the city of Glasgow and extends to the town of Cumbernauld in the east, northwards to Bearsden, Bishopbriggs and Milngavie and westwards to Dumbarton, Balloch and Garelochhead. The Catholic population of the diocese is 224,344 (28.8%) out of a total population of 779,490 (2003 figures). Membership dropped to 215,000 (26,5 % out of the total population) by 2016.

Archbishop emeritus Mario Joseph Conti was appointed in 2002 by Pope John Paul II. Upon Conti's resignation in July 2012, having passed the required age of 75, Pope Benedict XVI appointed Philip Tartaglia, the Bishop of Paisley, to succeed him. Tartaglia was installed as archbishop in September 2012. He died in office on 13 January 2021: Saint Kentigern's feast day.

Not far from St. Enoch Square, and directly adjacent the St. Enoch Centre (the site of an early church of Glasgow's co-founding patron Saint Teneu on the River Clyde) , the seat of the archbishop is St Andrew's Cathedral, Glasgow.

History
Originally established by Saint Mungo, the diocese of Glasgow became important in the 12th century. It was organized by King David I of Scotland and John the Chaplain, Bishop of Glasgow. The bishopric became one of the largest and wealthiest in the Kingdom of Scotland, bringing wealth and status to the town. Somewhere between 1175 and 1178 this position was strengthened even further when Bishop Jocelin obtained for the episcopal settlement the status of burgh from King William I of Scotland, allowing the settlement to expand with the benefits of trading monopolies and other legal guarantees. Sometime between 1189 and 1195 this status was supplemented by an annual fair, which survives to this day as the Glasgow Fair.

Until 1560, when practice of the Roman Catholic Faith was suppressed by act of the Parliament of Scotland nearly all the bishops of Glasgow took an active share in the government of the country, whether as chancellors or treasurers of the kingdom or as members of regency during the minority of a sovereign. Robert Wishart (consecrated 1272, died 1316) was conspicuous for his patriotism during the Scottish War of Independence from England, and was the close friend of William Wallace and Robert Bruce. William Turnbull (consecrated 1447, died 1454) obtained in 1450 from Pope Nicholas V the charter of foundation for the University of Glasgow.

On 9 January 1492, Pope Innocent VIII raised the see to metropolitan rank, attaching to it the suffragan dioceses of Argyle, Dunblane, Dunkeld, and Galloway. James Beaton, nephew of the celebrated cardinal of the same surname, was the fourth and last archbishop of the old hierarchy.

In 1560, eight years after his nomination, he was forced to retire to France, where he acted as confidential agent of Mary, Queen of Scots, and later openly as ambassador for James VI, until his death in Paris, 25 April 1603. He carried away with him the diocesan records, "Registrum Vetus Ecclesiae Cathedralis Glasguensis", in handwriting of the 12th and 13th centuries, and "Liber Ruber Ecclesiae Glasguensis", with entries from about 1400 to 1476. These, along with other records, were in 1843 printed in a volume for the Maitland Club under the title: "Registrum Episcopatus Glasguensis: Munimenta Ecclesiae Metropolitanae Glasguensis a sede restauratâ saeculo ineunte XII ad reformatam religionem". A memorial of those times still remains in the old cathedral of St. Mungo, which was begun by Jocelin (consecrated 1175, died 1199) and received its last additions from Robert Blackadder (consecrated 1484, died 1508).

Glasgow did not again become a centre of Roman Catholic life until about the beginning of the 19th century during the process of Catholic Emancipation. The progress of the Industrial Revolution also began to draw to the city and its neighbourhood Roman Catholics from the Scottish Highlands and later, in far greater numbers, from Ireland. The arrival of the Irish necessitated Rev Andrew Scott, the sole Priest in Glasgow to begin the erection of the Catholic Cathedral in Clyde St in 1814 'for his vast Irish flock'.

Before 1795 the majority of the Catholics in Glasgow were from the Highlands. Mass had been celebrated from 1776 onwards by Bishop Hay and Bishop Geddes in a clandestine manner, first in High St, and later at the foot of the Saltmarket. In the 1780s a large colony of MacDonalds of Glengarry, on their way to America were forced to seek shelter from inclement weather, stayed on to work in the Glasgow Mills of the Monteith family. A priest from their native area joined them in 1792. In 1794 many of the MacDonalds left the city to join the regiment of Glengarry Fencibles. In 1795 the remainder of this group along with clan members from Glengarry sailed for America. They were accompanied by their pastor, Father Alexander MacDonald. Later, in the nineteenth century Irish Catholics arrived in greater numbers and had an effect on the city of Glasgow.

In 1827, the Holy See erected the Vicariate Apostolic of the Western District of Scotland. It was headed by a vicar apostolic, who was a consecrated bishop and who held a titular see. On the resignation of John Gray in 1869, archbishop Charles Petre Eyre was appointed the Apostolic Administrator of the Western District. On the Restoration of the Scottish hierarchy by Pope Leo XIII, 4 March 1878, the district was divided into the archdiocese of Glasgow, the Diocese of Argyll and the Isles and the Diocese of Galloway. archbishop Eyre was appointed the first Roman Catholic archbishop of Glasgow since the Scottish Reformation.

By 1877, a year prior to the institution of the current Roman Catholic archdiocese, Charles Eyre could record that in Glasgow city there were nineteen parishes, served by fifty-two priests, and in the county of Dunbarton, five parishes and seven priests.

Lanarkshire, which became Motherwell diocese in 1947–48, had seventeen parishes and twenty-two priests, while Renfrewshire, which became Paisley diocese in 1947–48, had eleven parishes and sixteen priests.

To train clergy, Eyre founded St Peter's College at Partickhill in 1874, and also encouraged the opening at Dowanhill in 1894 of Notre Dame teacher-training college. He was also committed to creating new parishes and breaking up over-large ones which he felt 'were almost dioceses in themselves'.

During the episcopate of his successor, John Aloysius Maguire, the Education (Scotland) Act 1918 was passed. Financial difficulties, including the triple burden of salaries, building costs, and rising educational expectations necessitated a settlement.

Maguire supported the War effort of 1914–18. In 1917, soldier-students, among them James Black, the future Bishop of Paisley, went to the front from St Peter's College, and two of the military chaplains from the archdiocese were killed. Although the seminary never closed during the First World War, at one point it housed only a single student and the rector.

Archbishop emeritus Mario Joseph Conti was appointed in 2002 by Pope John Paul II, and on Tuesday, 24 July 2012, Pope Benedict XVI accepted Conti's resignation and appointed Philip Tartaglia, the bishop of Paisley, to succeed Conti and be formally installed in September 2012.

Bishops

Past and present ordinaries

The following is a list of the modern archbishops of Glasgow and its precursor office:

Vicars Apostolic of the Western District
 Ranald MacDonald (appointed 13 February 1827 – died 20 September 1832)
 Andrew Scott (succeeded 20 September 1832 – resigned 15 October 1845)
 John Murdoch (succeeded 15 October 1845 – died 15 December 1865)
 John Gray (succeeded 15 December 1865 – resigned 4 March 1869)
 Charles Petre Eyre (appointed Apostolic Administrator 16 April 1869 – elevated archbishop of Glasgow 15 March 1878); see below

Archbishops of Glasgow
 Charles Petre Eyre (appointed 15 March 1878 – died 27 March 1902); see above
 John Aloysius Maguire (appointed 4 August 1902 – died 14 October 1920)
 (Sede vacante, 14 October 1920 – 24 February 1922)
 Donald Mackintosh (appointed 24 February 1922 – died 8 December 1943)
 Donald Alphonsus Campbell (appointed 6 January 1945 – died 22 July 1963)
 James Donald Scanlan (appointed 29 January 1964 – retired 23 April 1974)
 Thomas Winning (appointed 23 April 1974 – died 17 June 2001) (Cardinal in 1994)
 Mario Conti (installed 22 February 2002 – retired 24 July 2012)
 Philip Tartaglia (installed 8 September 2012 – died 13 January 2021)
 William Nolan (installed February 2022)

Coadjutor Vicars Apostolic
John Gray (1862–1865)
James Lynch, C.M. (1866–1869), did not succeed to see; appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Kildare and Leighlin, Ireland
John Murdoch (1833–1846)
Andrew Scott (1827–1832)
Alexander Smith (1847–1861), died without succeeding to see

Coadjutor archbishop
Donald Aloysius Mackintosh (1912–1919), died without succeeding to see

Auxiliary Bishops
John Aloysius Maguire (1894–1902), appointed archbishop here
James Ward (1960–1973)
Joseph Devine (1977–1983), appointed Bishop of Motherwell
Charles McDonald Renfrew (1977–1992)
John Aloysius Mone (1984–1988), appointed Bishop of Paisley
Thomas Joseph Winning (1971–1974), appointed archbishop here; future Cardinal

Other priests of this diocese who became bishops
James Black, appointed Bishop of Paisley in 1948
Edward Wilson Douglas, appointed Bishop of Motherwell in 1948
Henry Grey Graham, appointed auxiliary bishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh in 1917
Kenneth Grant, appointed Bishop of Argyll and The Isles in 1945
John Keenan, appointed Bishop of Paisley in 2014
Peter Antony Moran (priest here, 1959–1992), appointed Bishop of Aberdeen in 2003
William Andrew Hart, appointed Bishop of Dunkeld in 1955
Angus MacDonald, appointed Bishop of Argyll and The Isles in 1878
Hugh MacDonald, C.SS.R. (priest here, 1867–1871), appointed Bishop of Aberdeen in 1890
Angus MacFarlane, appointed Bishop of Dunkeld in 1901
James William McCarthy, appointed Bishop of Galloway in 1914
Stephen McGill, P.S.S. (priest here, 1936), appointed Bishop of Argyll and The Isles in 1960
John McLachlan, appointed Bishop of Galloway in 1878
George John Smith, appointed Bishop of Argyll and The Isles in 1892
Philip Tartaglia, appointed Bishop of Paisley in 2005; later returned here as archbishop
John Toner, appointed Bishop of Dunkeld in 1914
Roderick Wright (priest here, 1964–1974), appointed Bishop of Argyll and The Isles in 1990

Parishes
Parishes within Glasgow

 St Andrew's Cathedral, Glasgow
 St. Agnes' – Lambhill
 St. Albert's – Pollokshields
 St. Aloysius – Garnethill
 St. Aloysius – Springburn
 St. Alphonsus – Calton
 St. Anne's – Denniston
 St. Anthony's – Govan
 St. Augustine's – Milton
 St. Barnabas' – Shettleston
 St. Bartholomew's – Castlemilk
 St. Benedict's – Drumchapel
 St. Bernadette's – Carntyne
 St. Bernard's – South Nitshill
 St. Brendan's – Yoker
 St. Brigid's – Toryglen
 St. Catherine's – North Balornock
 St. Charles' – North Kelvinside
 Christ the King – Kings Park
 St. Columba's – Woodside
 St. Constantine's – Govan
 St. Conval's – Pollok
 Corpus Christi – Scotstounhill
 St. Gabriel's – Merrylee
 St. Gregory's – Wyndford
 St. Helen's – Langside
 Holy Cross – Crosshill
 Holy Name – Mansewood
 Immaculate Conception – Maryhill
 Immaculate Heart of Mary – Balornock
 St. James' – Crookston
 St. Joachim's – Carmyle
 Blessed John Duns Scotus – Gorbals
 St. Joseph's – Tollcross
 St. Jude's and St John Ogilvie – Barlanark
 St. Laurence's – Drumchapel
 St. Leo's – Dumbreck
 St. Louise's – Deaconsbank
 St. Margaret Mary's – Castlemilk
 St. Maria Goretti's – Cranhill
 St. Mary's – Calton
 St. Mary Immaculate – Pollokshaws
 St. Michael's – Parkhead
 St. Mungo's – Townhead
 St. Ninian's – Knightswood
 Our Lady of Good Counsel – Denniston
 Our Lady of Lourdes – Cardonald
 Our Lady of Perpetual Succour – Broomhill
 Our Lady & St. George's – Penilee
 St. Patrick's – Anderston
 St. Paul's – Shettleston
 St. Paul's – Whiteinch
 St Peter's – Partick
 St. Philomena's – Provanmill
 St. Robert's – Househilwood
 St. Roch's – Garngad
 Sacred Heart – Bridgeton
 St. Simon's – Partick
 St. Teresa of Lisieux – Possilpark
 St. Thomas Apostle – Riddrie
 St. Vincent de Paul – Thornliebank
 Glasgow University – Turnbull Hall
 Strathclyde University Chaplaincy

Parishes outwith the Glasgow area

 Our Lady & St. Mark's – Alexandria
 Ss Peter and Paul – Arrochar
 St. Kessog's – Balloch
 St. Andrew's – Bearsden
 St. Dominic's – Bishopbriggs
 St. Matthew's – Bishopbriggs
 St. Ronan's – Bonhill
 St. Mahew's – Cardross
 St. Eunan's – Clydebank
 St. Margaret's – Clydebank
 Our Holy Redeemer's – Clydebank
 Our Lady & St. Helen's – Condorrat
 Holy Cross – Croy
 St. Joseph's – Cumbernauld
 St. Lucy's – Cumbernauld
 Sacred Heart – Cumbernauld
 St. Stephen's – Dalmuir
 St. Michael's – Dumbarton
 St. Patrick's – Dumbarton
 St. Peter's – Dumbarton
 St. Mary's – Duntocher
 St. Joseph's – Faifley
 St. Joseph's – Helensburgh
 St. Flannan's – Kirkintilloch
 Holy Family and St. Ninian – Kirkintilloch
 St. Joseph's – Milngavie
 St. Patrick's – Old Kilpatrick
 St. Martin of Tours – Renton
 St. Gildas' – Rosneath
 St. John of the Cross – TwecharFormer Parishes'''

 All Saints – Barmulloch (1971: closed 2014)
 St Bonaventure – Oatlands (1953: closed 1993 and demolished)
 St. Francis' – Gorbals (1868, 1881: community centre 1996)
 Good Shepherd – Dalbeth (church built 1902, parish founded 1949; closed 1975 and demolished 1996)
 St. John the Evangelist – Gorbals (1846: closed 1982 and demolished)
 St. John Ogilvie – Easterhouse (1957, 1960: closed 2008 and demolished)
 St. Joseph's – Woodside (1850: closed 1984 and demolished)
 St. Martin's – Castlemilk (1957, 1961: closed 2010)
 St. Monica's – Milton (1974: closed)
 St. Nicholas' – Bellgrove (built 1899 as St Anne's, parish founded 1949: demolished 1979)
 Our Lady of the Assumption – Ruchill (1956: closed 2000s)
 Our Lady of Consolation – Govanhill (1966, 1971: closed 2004)
 Our Lady of Fatima – Dalmarnock (1950: closed 2004 and demolished)
 Our Lady & St. Margaret's – Kinning Park (1876, 1882: destroyed by fire and demolished)
 Our Lady Queen of Peace – Glasgow (1978: closed 1987)
 Our Lady Star of the Sea – Garelochhead (1964, 1968: closed 2005)
 St. Philip's – Ruchazie (1958: closed 2014)
 St. Pius X – Drumchapel (1954, 1957: closed 2000s)
 St. Stephen's - Sighthill (1970, 1972: demolished)
 St. Vincent's – Calton (1859: closed 1902 and demolished)

See also

Presbytery of Glasgow (Church of Scotland)
Diocese of Glasgow and Galloway (Scottish Episcopal Church)

Notes

References

External links
Archdiocese of Glasgow
GCatholic.org

Glasgow Cathedral Precinct –  Provides an extensive history of the pre-Reformation diocese.

Christianity in Glasgow
Glasgow
1878 establishments in Scotland
1878 in Christianity
Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Glasgow


The World Figure Skating Championships is an annual senior figure skating event awarding medals in four disciplines: men's and women's singles, pairs and ice dance. The world title is considered the most important competitive achievement in figure skating after the Olympic gold medal and the most prestigious title at ISU Figure Skating Championships.

Men's singles
The men's event was first held in 1896 in Saint Petersburg and is the oldest discipline at the World Championships. Until 1902 men and women were allowed to compete in the same event (open singles). Since 1903 only men can attend the event.

Ulrich Salchow from Sweden has won the most gold medals in the men's singles discipline and also the most medals in total (thirteen). He won ten golds in a row, however, this feat was not achieved at back-to-back events, as he didn't compete at the World Championships 1906 in Munich. The record for most back-to-back titles is held by Austrian Karl Schäfer with seven gold medals. Most silver medals were won by James Grogan from the United States and Brian Orser from Canada (four each). Andor Szende from Hungary, Alexander Fadeev from the Soviet Union and Jan Hoffmann from East Germany share the record for most bronze medals (three each).

Total medal count by nation

 Countries that no longer participate highlighted in italic
 Small medals of the single competition segments are not included in the list.
 At the 1900 and 1901 World Championships only two competitors participated in the men's singles event, no bronze medals were awarded.
 In 1902 female skater Madge Syers from Great Britain won a silver medal in the open singles event, which counts for the men's singles medal table.

Most gold medals by skater

 Number of gold medals highlighted in bold. If the number of gold medals is identical, the silver and bronze medals are used as tie-breakers (in that order). If all numbers are the same, the skaters get the same placement and are sorted by the alphabetic order.
 The table only shows the period from the first to the last won medal, not all participations at the World Championships.

Most total medals by skater

 Total number of medals highlighted in bold. If the total number of medals is identical, the gold, silver and bronze medals are used as tie-breakers (in that order). If all numbers are the same, the skaters get the same placement and are sorted by the alphabetic order.
 The table only shows the period from the first to the last won medal, not all participations at the World Championships.

Women's singles
After the exclusion of female skaters from the open singles event at the World Championships in 1902, the International Skating Union established a separate second-class competition for women called the ISU Championships, which was first held 1906 in Davos. The first combined World Championships for men, women and pairs took place in 1930 in New York City.

Sonja Henie from Norway holds the records in women's singles for the most won medals (eleven) and most golds (ten), which is also the longest winning streak at back-to-back events in this discipline. Six skaters share the record of most won silver medals (three) – Megan Taylor from Great Britain, Regine Heitzer from Austria, Gabriele Seyfert from East Germany, Surya Bonaly from France, Irina Slutskaya from Russia and Michelle Kwan from the United States. Vivi-Anne Hultén from Sweden and Carolina Kostner from Italy hold the record for the most bronze medals (three each).

Total medal count by nation

 Countries that no longer participate highlighted in italic
 Small medals of the single competition segments are not included in the list.
 At the 1908 and 1910 World Championships only two competitors participated in the women's singles event, no bronze medals were awarded.
 At the 1909 World Championships Lily Kronberger from Hungary was the only competitor and winner of the gold medal. No silver or bronze medal was awarded.

Most gold medals by skater

 Number of gold medals highlighted in bold. If the number of gold medals is identical, the silver and bronze medals are used as tie-breakers (in that order). If all numbers are the same, the skaters get the same placement and are sorted by the alphabetic order.
 The table only shows the period from the first to the last won medal, not all participations at the World Championships.

Most total medals by skater

 Total number of medals highlighted in bold. If the total number of medals is identical, the gold, silver and bronze medals are used as tie-breakers (in that order). If all numbers are the same, the skaters get the same placement and are sorted by the alphabetic order.
 The table only shows the period from the first to the last won medal, not all participations at the World Championships.

Pairs
The first separate pairs event was held in 1908 in Saint Petersburg. The first combined World Championships for men, women and pairs took place in 1930 in New York City.

Irina Rodnina and Alexander Zaitsev from the Soviet Union hold the pair record for most won gold medals and the longest winning streak at back-to-back events (six). Rodnina won another four gold medals with her first partner Alexei Ulanov and was undefeated at ten World Championships in a row. The record of most medals in total is shared by two pairs (eight each): Aljona Savchenko and Robin Szolkowy from Germany, and Ludmila Belousova and Oleg Protopopov from the Soviet Union. Savchenko won another three medals with Bruno Massot and holds the record of most medals by a skater in the pairs discipline (eleven). The siblings Ilse and Erik Pausin won the most silver medals (five), representing Austria and Nazi Germany in their last competition in 1939. Lyudmila Smirnova from the Soviet Union won five silvers as well, but with two different partners. Three pairs share the record for the most bronze medals (three each): the siblings Marianna and László Nagy from Hungary, Cynthia and Ronald Kauffman from the United States and the pair Pang Qing and Tong Jian from China. Todd Sand from the United States and Eric Radford from Canada also won three bronze medals, but each of them achieved it with two different partners.

Total medal count by nation

 Countries that no longer participate highlighted in italic
 Small medals of the single competition segments are not included in the list.
 At the 1910 and 1911 World Championships Ludowika Eilers and Walter Jakobsson competed as a pair representing two different countries (Eilers for Germany and Jakobsson for Finland). Their results count individually for each country in the total medal table.
 At the 1911 World Championships Eilers and Jakobsson were the only competitors in the pairs event, no silver or bronze medal was awarded.

Most gold medals by pair

 Only pair results are included in the list. Individual results in case of partner changes are marked with a note or listed separately below the table.
 Number of gold medals highlighted in bold. If the number of gold medals is identical, the silver and bronze medals are used as tie-breakers (in that order). If all numbers are the same, the pairs get the same placement and are sorted by the alphabetic order by female partner's last name.
 The table only shows the period from the first to the last won medal, not all participations at the World Championships.
 If a skater or pair has competed for multiple countries, all these countries are listed in chronological order based by the period of the competing (from first to last).

Most total medals by pair

 Only pair results are included in the list. Individual results in case of partner changes are marked with a note or listed separately below the table.
 Total number of medals highlighted in bold. If the total number of medals is identical, the gold, silver and bronze medals are used as tie-breakers (in that order). If all numbers are the same, the pairs get the same placement and are sorted by the alphabetic order by female partner's last name.
 The table only shows the period from the first to the last won medal, not all participations at the World Championships.
 If a skater or pair has competed for multiple countries, all these countries are listed in chronological order based by the period of the competing (from first to last).

Four more figure skaters won a total of 6 medals in the pairs event, but with different partners:
 Alexei Ulanov from the Soviet Union has won 4 gold and 2 silver medals: four gold medals partnering with Irina Rodnina (1969–1972) and another two silver medals partnering with Lyudmila Smirnova (1973–1974).
 Marika Kilius from West Germany has won 2 gold, 2 silver and 2 bronze medals: silver and a bronze medal with Franz Ningel (1956–1957) and another two gold, a silver and a bronze with Hans-Jürgen Bäumler (1959–1964).
 Ludwig Wrede from Austria has also won 2 gold, 2 silver and 2 bronze medals: two gold and a bronze medal with Herma Szabo (1925–1927) and another two silver and a bronze with Melitta Brunner (1928–1930).
 Lloyd Eisler from Canada has won 1 gold, 3 silver and 2 bronze medals: bronze medal with Katherina Matousek (1985) and another one gold, three silver and a bronze with Isabelle Brasseur (1990–1994).

Ice dance
Ice dance is the youngest of all four disciplines at the World Figure Skating Championships. It was first held in 1952 in Paris.

Lyudmila Pakhomova and Alexandr Gorshkov from the Soviet Union hold the record for most won gold medals (six) and the longest winning streak at back-to-back events with five (they did not compete in 1975). The record of most medals in total is shared by three ice dance duos (eight each): Natalia Bestemianova and Andrei Bukin, Marina Klimova and Sergei Ponomarenko, and Irina Moiseeva and Andrei Minenkov, all competed for the Soviet Union (although Klimova and Ponomarenko represented CIS in their last competition in 1992). Most silvers were won by Klimova and Ponomarenko as well (five), the record for most bronze medals is held by Shae-Lynn Bourne and Victor Kraatz from Canada (four).

Total medal count by nation

 Countries that no longer participate highlighted in italic
 Small medals of the single competition segments are not included in the list.

Most gold medals by ice dance duo

 (A) – Active skater
 Only duos' results are included in the list. Individual results in case of partner changes are listed separately below the table.
 Number of gold medals highlighted in bold. If the number of gold medals is identical, the silver and bronze medals are used as tie-breakers (in that order). If all numbers are the same, the duos get the same placement and are sorted by the alphabetic order by female partner's last name.
 The table only shows the period from the first to the last won medal, not all participations at the World Championships.
 If a skater or duo has competed for multiple countries, all these countries are listed in chronological order based by the period of the competing (from first to last).

One more figure skater has won 4 gold and 1 silver medal in the ice dance event, but with two different partners:
 Courtney Jones from Great Britain has won two gold and one silver medal with his partner June Markham (1956–1958) and another two gold medals partnering with Doreen Denny (1959–1960).

Most total medals by ice dance duo

 (A) – Active skater
 Only duos' results are included in the list. Individual results in case of partner changes are listed separately below the table.
 Total number of medals highlighted in bold. If the total number of medals is identical, the gold, silver and bronze medals are used as tie-breakers (in that order). If all numbers are the same, the duo get the same placement and are sorted by the alphabetic order by female partner's last name.
 The table only shows the period from the first to the last won medal, not all participations at the World Championships.
 If a skater or duo has competed for multiple countries, all these countries are listed in chronological order based by the period of the competing (from first to last).

Three more figure skaters won a total of 5 medals in the ice dance event, but with different partners:
 Courtney Jones from Great Britain has won 4 gold and 1 silver medals: two gold and one silver medal with June Markham (1956–1958) and another two gold medals with Doreen Denny (1959–1960).
 Anjelika Krylova from Russia has won 2 gold, 2 silver and 1 bronze medals: bronze medal with Vladimir Fedorov (1993) and another two gold and two silver medals with Oleg Ovsyannikov (1996–1999).
 William McLachlan from Canada has won 3 silver and 2 bronze medals: two silver and a bronze medal with Geraldine Fenton (1957–1959) and another one silver and a bronze with Virginia Thompson (1960–1962).

Overall
 The table only shows the period of the achievement, not all participations at the World Championships.
 If a skater or team has competed for multiple countries, all these countries are listed in chronological order based by the period of the competing (from first to last).

Total medal count by nation

 Countries that no longer participate highlighted in italic
 Small medals of the single competition segments are not included in the list.

Most gold medals by skater

 Number of gold medals highlighted in bold. If the number of gold medals is identical, the silver and bronze medals are used as tie-breakers (in that order). If all numbers are the same, the skaters get the same placement and are sorted by the alphabetic order.
 The table only shows the period from the first to the last won medal, not all participations at the World Championships.

Most total medals by skater

 Total number of medals highlighted in bold. If the total number of medals is identical, the gold, silver and bronze medals are used as tie-breakers (in that order). If all numbers are the same, the skaters get the same placement and are sorted by the alphabetic order.
 The table only shows the period from the first to the last won medal, not all participations at the World Championships.

See also
 Major achievements in figure skating by nation
 List of Olympic medalists in figure skating
 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships cumulative medal count
 All-time European Figure Skating Championships medal table

Notes

References

External links
 International Skating Union

World Championships
Medalists
Figure skating


The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1962 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 6, 1962. California gained eight districts as a result of the 1960 Census, seven of which were won by Democrats and one by a Republican. Of California's existing districts, Democrats picked up three and lost one.

Overview

Results
Final results from the Clerk of the House of Representatives:

District 1

District 2

District 3

District 4

District 5

District 6

District 7

District 8

District 9

District 10

District 11

District 12

District 13

District 14

District 15

District 16

District 17

District 18

District 19

District 20

District 21

District 22

District 23

District 24

District 25

District 26

District 27

District 28

District 29

District 30

District 31

District 32

District 33

District 34

District 35

District 36

District 37

District 38

See also
88th United States Congress
Political party strength in California
Political party strength in U.S. states
1962 United States House of Representatives elections

References
California Elections Page
Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives

External links
California Legislative District Maps (1911-Present)
RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions

1962
California
United States House of Representatives


The Blackwell, Enid and Southwestern Railway (BES) was built as a short line railroad operating in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.

It was founded in March 1900 to link the Frisco Beaumont, Kansas subdivision and Vernon, Texas. When the government opened the Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Indian Reservation for settlement on August 6, 1901, Choctaw Construction Company (later part of the Bee Line Construction Company) began construction of 251 miles of track from Vernon, Texas north to Blackwell and Enid in Indian Territory.  The line was built in sections, starting from Blackwell, Oklahoma to Darrow, Oklahoma (84.3 mi.) in 1900–01. Then from Darrow to the Red River (154.3 mi) in 1901–03.  On July 20, 1907, the railroad was purchased by the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway (the "Frisco"), who operated it until November 21, 1980, when the Frisco was acquired by Burlington Northern.

Passenger Service
The Western Division operated the Texas Express passenger train between Enid, Oklahoma and Vernon, Texas in each direction. The timetable from the 1930s shows that southbound train 609 departed from Enid at 12:20 p.m. and arrived at Vernon at 7:45 p.m.. The northbound train 610 departed Vernon at 6:30 a.m. and arrived at Enid at 1:45 p.m.

Freight Service
The Western Division ran a freight train daily between Enid, Oklahoma and Vernon, Texas in each direction. The timetable used to operate the layout shows that southbound local 667 departed Snyder at 7:45 a.m. and arrived at Vernon at 10:40 a.m.. The northbound local 668 departed Vernon at 1:30 p.m. and arrived at Snyder at 4:45 p.m.

Geography
The line running southwest from Enid, Oklahoma to Vernon, Texas became known as the Hobart Subdivision of the Frisco's Western Division. The topography is flat prairie with a few granite outcroppings located near Snyder, Oklahoma. Another topographical feature of the Hobart Subdivision was the long timber bridge over the Red River that runs east and west between Oklahoma and Texas.

The line between Enid, Oklahoma to Beaumont, Kansas traversed the central Great Plains in the heart of North America's winter wheat belt.

Current operations
Enid, Oklahoma to Frederick, Oklahoma is now Grainbelt since 1987 (177.7 mi.).  The principal commodities handled by Farmrail are wheat, crude and processed gypsum, feed ingredients, crushed stone, oilfield drilling fluids, petroleum products, fertilizers and agricultural machinery.

Abandonments

Davidson, Oklahoma to Vernon, Texas - 1957 (15.32 mi.)
Winfield, Kansas to Beaumont, Kansas - 1977 (42.0 mi.)
Arkansas City, Kansas to Winfield, Kansas - 1982 (20.2 mi.)
Enid, Oklahoma to Arkansas City, Kansas - 1982 (71.1 mi.)
Davidson, Oklahoma to Frederick, Oklahoma - unknown, likely post-1982
Last train from Enid to Arkansas City 5/29/1982

References

Defunct Oklahoma railroads
Predecessors of the St. Louis–San Francisco Railway
Railway companies established in 1900
Railway companies disestablished in 1907
Railway companies in Enid, Oklahoma


Svitlana Halyuk (; born 19 November 1987, Luhansk) is a Ukrainian professional racing cyclist. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she competed in the Women's team pursuit for the national team.

Career highlights

2007
1st, World Cup, Track, Team Pursuit, Beijing (with Lesya Kalytovska & Lyubov Shulika)
 European U23 Pursuit Championship, Cottbus (GER)
 European U23 Time Trial Championship, Sofia (BUL)
3rd, World Cup, Track, Team Pursuit, Sydney (with Lesya Kalytovska & Lyubov Shulika)
2008
1st, World Cup, Track, Team Pursuit, Los Angeles (with Lesya Kalytovska & Yelyzaveta Bochkaryova)
4th, European Track Championships, individual pursuit, Under 23
8th, European Track Championships, points race, Under 23
2nd, European championships, time trial, Under 23
2009
2nd Tour of Chongming Island Time trial
1st  Team Pursuit, UEC European U23 Track Championships (with Lesya Kalytovska and Anna Nagirna
2012
9th Olympic Games, team pursuit

References

External links

1987 births
People from Sievierodonetsk
Living people
Ukrainian female cyclists
Ukrainian track cyclists
Cyclists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists for Ukraine
Universiade medalists in cycling
Universiade bronze medalists for Ukraine
Medalists at the 2011 Summer Universiade
Sportspeople from Luhansk Oblast
21st-century Ukrainian women


Georgiana was a propeller-driven steamboat that operated on the Columbia River from 1914 to 1940.  Georgiana was built of wood, and specially designed for the Harkins Transportation Company, a steamboat line in which the wealthy Henry L. Pittock was a shareholder.

Construction and launching
Georgiana was built at Joseph Supple's yard in Portland, Oregon just as railroads and highways would end the days of steamboats on the Columbia river and all other inland waterways of the Pacific Northwest. Her name honored three women, Georgiana Pittock, wife of Henry L., and her granddaughters, Georgiana Leadbetter and Georgiana Gantenbein. L.O. (Lyle Owen) Hosford was the first captain of Georgiana, and his sister Cora christened the vessel at her launching on June 20, 1914.

Georgiana was small (242 tons displacement, 145' length, 22.5' beam) compared to some of the other ships that ran on the river in those days, such as the aging T.J. Potter and the magnificent (and recently rebuilt) Bailey Gatzert. Those larger boats had reached the end of their time, as river travel declined in popularity. Georgiana was considered a "day boat"  on which passengers were encouraged to carry their own lunch. Still she was popular with passengers and her fare of one dollar for the Portland to Astoria run was cheaper than the railway.

Operations on Columbia River

Georgiana was considered to be a fast boat, and in 1920, made the 110 mile Portland-Astoria run in five hours and forty-five minutes, with five landings. Her principal competitor in the early 1920s was a similarly designed steam propeller Astorian (ex Nisqually), built in 1911 to serve the Tacoma-Olympia route, and brought around to the Columbia River in 1918. The big paddle-wheelers had all disappeared by then, but the smaller Georgiana and Astorian continued to service the small towns along the Columbia that had no road or rail access, like Cathlamet, Pillar Rock, Eureka, Skamokawa, and Brookfield, often racing each other on the same schedule between Portland and Astoria.

In 1921, Astorian broke her shaft at full speed, sustaining serious damage which took her out of service until she was returned to Puget Sound for repair. This left Georgiana and the other Harkins Transportation Company boats (Undine, Lurline, and Madeline (ex Joseph Kellogg) as the only major steamboats on the Columbia River, although Iralda, a lighter steam propeller, was placed on the Astoria run in 1921 to compete with Georgiana. From 1918 to 1932, Georgiana'''s captain was John L. Starr, who logged over 650,000 miles on board.

Late revival of business
In 1935, Portland businessman Ralph J. Staehli organized a small revival of the steamboat business, buying the old sternwheeler Cascades of the Columbia from Shaver Transportation Company and organizing weekend excursions from Portland up the Columbia to the construction site of the Bonneville Dam. Tickets were $1.00 per person, and the trip was so successful that the next summer, 1936, Staehli was able to buy the old sternwheeler Northwestern which he likewise filled to capacity each weekend. In 1937 Staehli bought Georgiana (Harkins Transportation had gone bankrupt in that year).

Last route and abandonment
When Bonneville Dam was complete, and the tamed river filled into a lake, Staehli took Georgiana off the lower river, renamed her Lake Bonneville, and used her on excursions from Portland to The Dalles on the lake through the new lock at the dam. The Second World War ended the excursion business, and Georgiana ended up abandoned near Post Office Bar on Sauvie Island and her hull sank into the sand.

LegacyGeorgiana was one of the last steamboats on the historic Portland-Astoria run. Her last captain on the run was Arthur H. Riggs, (1870-1941) whose own life spanned the great days of steamboating on the Columbia and Willamette rivers. Captain Riggs had begun in steamboating in 1887 on the Isabel on the Willamette and Yamhill rivers, and later served on many famous boats throughout the Pacific Northwest, including Multnomah, Telegraph and Telephone. Georgiana'' had been an interim boat between the flamboyant old paddlewheelers and the modern steel excursion boats, and her trade might have continued had it not been disrupted by World War II.

See also
 Steamboats of the Columbia River

References

External links
Lurline and Georgiana, 1925
Georgiana, August 5, 1929

Steamboats of Oregon
Steamboats of the Columbia River
Harkins Transportation Company


Samuel Most (December 16, 1930 – June 13, 2013) was an American jazz flutist, clarinetist and tenor saxophonist, based in Los Angeles. He was "probably the first great jazz flutist", according to jazz historian Leonard Feather.

Biography
He was born in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and began his career in music at the age of 18 with the bands of Tommy Dorsey, Shep Fields, Boyd Raeburn and Don Redman.  He also performed many times with his older brother, clarinetist Abe Most.

His first recording was at age 23, a single called "Undercurrent Blues". The next year he was awarded DownBeat magazine's "Critic's New Star Award".  Between 1953 and 1958 Most led and recorded sessions for the Prestige, Debut, Vanguard and Bethlehem labels.  He also did session work for Chris Connor, Paul Quinichette and Teddy Wilson.   He was a member of the Buddy Rich band from 1959 to 1961.

Most resurfaced in the late 1970s recording six albums on the Xanadu label.

From 1987 Most, with producer Fernando Gelbard of Liquidjazz.com, recorded four albums, including Solo Flute.

He was the guest of and played for the King of Thailand three times.  He was the subject of Edmond Goff's documentary film Sam Most, Jazz Flutist (2001).

Sam Most died on June 13, 2013, from cancer, at Woodland Hills, Los Angeles. He was 82.

Discography

As leader
 I'm Nuts About the Most...Sam That Is! (Bethlehem, 1955)
 The Herbie Mann-Sam Most Quintet (Bethlehem, 1955)
 Musically Yours (Bethlehem, 1956)
 Plays Bird, Monk, and Miles (Bethlehem, 1957)
 The Amazing Mr. Sam Most (Bethlehem, 1957)
 Mostly Flute (Xanadu, 1976)
 But Beautiful (Catalyst, 1976)
 Flute Flight (Xanadu, 1977)
 Flute Talk (Xanadu, 1979)
 From the Attic of My Mind (Xanadu, 1980)
 Any Time, Any Season (Innovation, 1987)
 New Jazz Standards (Summit, 2014)

As sideman
 Louis Bellson, Thunderbird (Impulse!, 1965)
 Clare Fischer, Extension (Pacific Jazz, 1963)
 Stan Kenton, Hair (Capitol, 1969)
 Paul Quinichette, Moods (EmArcy, 1954)
 Lalo Schifrin, There's a Whole Lalo Schifrin Goin' On (Dot, 1968)
 Lalo Schifrin, Ins and Outs (Palo Alto, 1982)

References

External links

[ Sam Most biography at allmusic.com]
IMDB site for documentary on Sam Most
sammost.com
Sam Most at bebopflute.com

1930 births
2013 deaths
Jazz tenor saxophonists
Big band saxophonists
American jazz saxophonists
American male saxophonists
American jazz flautists
Musicians from Atlantic City, New Jersey
American Bahá'ís
Xanadu Records artists
Prestige Records artists
20th-century Bahá'ís
21st-century Bahá'ís
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
American male jazz musicians
20th-century American saxophonists
20th-century flautists


Jiang Ying (; August 11, 1919 – February 5, 2012) was a Chinese opera singer and music teacher. She was the wife of Chinese rocket scientist Qian Xuesen, to whom she was married from 1947 until 2009 (his death).

Early life
On 11 Aug 1919, Jiang was born in Haining, Jiaxing, Zhejiang province. Jiang was of Chinese and Japanese descent. She was the third daughter of Jiang Baili, a leading military strategist of Chiang Kai-shek, and his Japanese wife, . She was a distant relative of the wuxia novelist Louis Cha.

Education
In 1936 Jiang went to Europe with her father and studied music in Berlin. Jiang graduated from Universität der Künste Berlin in 1941. When World War II broke out in Europe, Jiang had to move and further studied opera in Switzerland. Jiang graduated from Musikhochschule Luzern in 1944.

Career

Jiang went back to China (at that time the Republic of China). On 31 May 1947, as a Chinese opera singer, Jiang first performed in Shanghai.

In 1947, Jiang moved to the United States. In 1955, when her husband Qian was deported by the United States government, Jiang went to the People's Republic of China together with him. Qian and Jiang entered China through Kowloon, Hong Kong.

Jiang became a professor of music and opera, and head of the department of Western Vocal Music at the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing.

Personal
In 1947 in Shanghai, Jiang married Qian Xuesen. He was a rocket scientist and engineer who co-founded the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology and later led the space program of the People's Republic of China.

Jiang died on 5 February 2012 in Beijing, China.

References

External links
 Memory of Jiang Yin and Tsien Hsue-sen (from Sohu)
 Famous singer and professor: Jiang Yin  (from www.gmw.cn)

1919 births
2012 deaths
20th-century Chinese women opera singers
Chinese people of Japanese descent
Musicians from Jiaxing
Singers from Zhejiang
Tsien family
Qian Xuesen
Educators from Jiaxing


Doru Claudiu Buican (born 17 June 1982 in Romania) is a Romanian football defender who plays for the Romanian Liga I team CSU Voinţa Sibiu.

Career
In July 2006, he was transferred to UTA Arad, in the Romanian first division. However, he never appeared in the Arad line-up until the next season, when UTA was relegated. He played for the Arad outfit for the first half of the season 2008–09 in Liga II, but in February 2009 he became free agent because UTA did not paid his wages and subsequently signed with the Liga I club Gaz Metan Mediaş. In August 2009, he was loaned back to his old club UTA Arad for the 2009–2010 season.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
CSU Voința Sibiu players
Footballers from Sibiu County
Men's association football defenders
Romanian men's footballers
Sportspeople from Sibiu


Jack Parry (29 July 1931 – 19 July 2022) was an English footballer who spent 20 seasons of his career with Derby County. Parry played for Derby Boys and signed for the Rams in July 1948, a time when Raich Carter and Billy Steel were at the club. A one-club man, Parry remained at The Baseball Ground for 20 years and set a club record 482 League appearances up to the 1965–66 season (517 in total) until Kevin Hector overtook it. Parry is also the Rams ninth highest goalscorer in all competitions with 110 goals, and fifth highest League goalscorer (105 goals).

An inside forward, Parry made his debut aged 17, and scored, in a 2–2 draw at home to Aston Villa in April 1949. He played sporadically until the last four games of the 1950–51 season and was leading scorer in 1951–52 with 11 goals in 28 League games. Parry's best scoring season was 24 goals in 34 League games in 1955–56 but was injured by Ray de Gruchy's challenge playing Grimsby Town at The Baseball Ground in March 1956. The back injury sustained in the game meant Parry was sidelined for the rest of the season and without his goals, Grimsby went on to win the Third Division North and take the only promotion place. The injury limited Parry's contribution the following season and he made 18 appearances, scoring seven goals, as Derby won the title. In the Second Division Parry became club captain and converted to wing-half but eventually lost his place in the 1965–66 season before moving on to Boston United.

Parry was a popular member of the dressing room. One well-known tale is when trainer Ralph Hann was treating him in a match for suspected concussion. Hann asked Parry where he was. "I'm at Wembley" said Parry. "We're beating Brazil 2–0 – and I've scored both."

His four brothers were also footballers: Cyril played for Notts County, Ray for Bolton Wanderers and England, and Reg and Glynn, who both played in non-league.

On 19 July 2022, Derby County announced that Parry had died.

References

External links
Profile
Boston United Roll Call

1931 births
2022 deaths
Footballers from Derby
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
English Football League players
Derby County F.C. players
Boston United F.C. players


The following is the cumulative medal count for countries at the European Figure Skating Championships. It includes countries that no longer exist.

Men

European Championships 1893 (annulled by the ISU) included

Multiple gold medalists
Boldface denotes active skaters and highest medal count among all skaters (including these who not included in these tables) per type.

Women

Multiple gold medalists
Boldface denotes active skaters and highest medal count among all skaters (including these who not included in these tables) per type.

Pairs

Multiple gold medalists
Boldface denotes active skaters and highest medal count among all pairs or separate partners (including these who not included in these tables) per type. Italic denotes statistics of performances of separate skaters with different partners.

* In 1973 and 1974, Alexei Ulanov won one silver medal and one bronze medal partnering with Lyudmila Smirnova

Ice dance

Multiple gold medalists
Boldface denotes active skaters and highest medal count among all duos or separate dancers (including these who not included in these tables) per type. Italic denotes statistics of performances of separate dancers with different partners.

Overall

Multiple gold medalists
Boldface denotes active skaters and highest medal count among all skaters (including these who not included in these tables) per type.

References
http://www.isuresults.com/events/EC10_MediaGuide.pdf

See also
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships cumulative medal count

European Figure Skating Championships
Europeans
Lists of figure skating medalists


The Black Thunder Coal Mine is a surface coal mine in the U.S. state of Wyoming, located in the Powder River Basin which contains one of the largest deposits of coal in the world. Black Thunder is the second most productive mine in the United States, providing the US with 8% of its coal supply. In 2007, the mine produced 86,196,275 short tons (78.2 million metric tonnes) of coal, nearly 20% of Wyoming's total coal production, and higher than 23 other individual coal producing states.

Black Thunder's dragline excavator Ursa Major is the biggest working dragline in North America and the third largest ever made.  It produces enough coal to load up to 20-25 trains per day. Draglines are not used to dig coal, but only strip overburden. Black Thunder operates six draglines.  Coal is excavated by power shovels and loaded into haul trucks.
In 1974, exploration geologist Lewis R. Ladwig drilled exploratory holes on the Jacob sheep ranch.  He was working for ARCO.  He discovered the coal reserves of the basin.
In 2009, the America's Power Factuality Tour stopped at the Black Thunder Coal Mine to report on its role in generating electricity in the US.

In 2010, the Black Thunder Mine produced an estimated 115 million tons of coal, an increase of 34 million tons over 2009. The increase was a result of merging the Jacobs Ranch Mine - and its average 38 million tons per year - into the Black Thunder's annual production. With the acquisition of Jacobs Ranch Mine, Black Thunder is now the world's top coal producer.

In 2011, the America Revealed "Electric Nation" episode aired on PBS and features Thunder Basin's Black Thunder coal mine.

Black Thunder was reported to have mined 101.2 million tons of coal in 2014.

The mine produced 99.45 million tons of coal in 2015, it is actually the second-largest (after North Antelope Rochelle Mine) producer of coal in the US.

History
The mine was opened in 1977, and operated by ARCO Coal until it was acquired in 1998 by Arch Coal. For most of its existence, Black Thunder has been the largest mine in the country (by production), but it was surpassed by the nearby North Antelope Rochelle Mine. North Antelope Rochelle was created after Peabody Energy purchased the Rochelle mine adjacent to their North Antelope Mine, and consolidated operations. Arch Coal, Inc. announced on March 9, 2009 that it has agreed to purchase Rio Tinto's Jacobs Ranch mine adjoining Black Thunder, which resulted in Black Thunder once again becoming the largest mine in the world.

The operator claims that "Black Thunder's active mine footprint comprises less than 1/4000th of Wyoming's land area", i.e. up to approximately 25 square miles (60 square km), but reclaimed land and as yet undisturbed areas are not included in this figure and much larger.

Environmental impact
In 2022, a team of researchers in a paper published in Energy Policy identified the Black Thunder coal mine as a "carbon bomb," a fossil fuel project that would result in more than one gigaton of carbon dioxide emissions if fully extracted and burnt.

References

External links

Virtual Tour of Black Thunder

Mines in Campbell County, Wyoming
Coal mines in the United States
Surface mines in the United States
Mines in Wyoming


AtariAge is a website focusing on classic Atari video games. The site features gaming news, historical archives, discussion forums, and an online store. It was founded in 1998.

Taking its name from the 1982–84 Atari Age magazine, the site also houses a comprehensive, searchable database of Atari video games, including manuals, packaging art, estimated rarity, screenshots, reviews, and other details, as well as an Atari Age magazine archive. The site is also home to a community of homebrew developers for Atari and other classic video game systems. Some of the homebrew games originally published by AtariAge have been included in official video game compilations such as Activision Anthology.

AtariAge was acquired by Atari in September 2023. The site will remain under control of its co-founder Albert Yarusso, and his support team.

References

External links
 AtariAge.com
 Interview with Albert Yarusso about AtariAge

Internet properties established in 1998


Eriogonum gracillimum is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name rose and white buckwheat. It is endemic to California but is common and widespread in many areas there. This is a spindly annual herb reaching anywhere from 5 to 50 centimeters in height. Most of the leaves are basal with a few scattered on the thin branched stem and are generally one to four centimeters long and somewhat woolly, with edges rolled under. Along the thread-thin branches of the stem appear small clusters of flowers which hang on short stalks in bell-shaped involucres. The two-millimeter-wide flowers are bright rose and white in color.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

Flora of California
gracillimum
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


The University of Tokyo, Komaba Campus is one of five university campuses comprising the University of Tokyo. It is home to the College of Arts and Sciences, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the Graduate School of Mathematical Sciences, and to campus services and advanced research facilities like the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST) and the Institute of Industrial Science (IIS). It is the campus for all freshmen and sophomore undergraduates.

Currently, over 7,000 students are studying at Komaba who are in their freshman or sophomore years; about 450 students are in the senior division, and about 1,400 attendees are graduate students. Students receive two years of general education before they choose their majors, a unique concept among universities in Japan.

History
The Komaba Campus is in Komaba, Meguro district, Tokyo. This area was called Komaba Meadows, which served as a hunting ground for the Tokugawa family. In 1878, the Komaba School of Agriculture was founded. In 1919, the school became the Faculty of Agriculture of Tokyo Imperial University, the predecessor of the University of Tokyo.

During World War II, many of the school buildings were destroyed. New buildings were not erected until the Faculty of Agriculture was transferred to Hongo Campus, at which time Komaba became Dai-ichi KotoGakko. The new buildings were constructed in the architectural style of the Hongo Campus. The Komaba Campus became the university's College of General Education after being incorporated into the postwar University of Tokyo, and was later renamed as the College of Arts and Sciences.

References

University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Art and Science
UT-Life
()

University of Tokyo


Jeckyll & Hyde is the stage name of the Dutch producer Maarten Vorwerk. His first commercial hit, "Frozen Flame", reached #11 on the Dutch Top 40 charts. The second single from The Album, "Freefall", reached #1 in the Dutch Top 40 charts, making it the first instrumental #1 hit in the Netherlands since 1995. "Time Flies", the third single, has also been receiving major airplay on Dutch TV and radio stations.

Discography
 Kick This One (Vinyl, 2005)
 Precious Dreamer (Vinyl, 2005)
 Frozen Flame (EP, 2006)
 Freefall (EP, 2007)
 Time Flies (EP, 2007)
 The Album (Album, 2007)
 Spring Break / Break It Down'' (EP, 2009)

Reception
Jeckyll & Hyde received two TMF Award nominations in 2007 - the TMF Party Award and the TMF Radio Hit Award - winning the TMF Party Award.

The origin of the name Jeckyll & Hyde comes from the book Strange Case of Dr Jeckyll & Mister Hyde from Robert Louis Stevenson published in 1886.

References

External links
 Jeckyll & Hyde's Official Site
 Official Biography

Techno music groups
Dutch electronic music groups
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Hazelbury Manor is a Grade I listed manor house, parts of which date back to the 15th century, in the hamlet of Hazelbury in the parish of Box, Wiltshire, England.

House
The house has two storeys, with attics, and is built around four sides of a courtyard. The oldest part is the great hall, c. 1500, which may incorporate an earlier hall; the four sides were completed in stages during the 16th century. In 1920–1925 the west and north sides were rebuilt, and additions made which include a two-story south porch and a service range which links the house to a formerly detached 17th-century dower house.

The manor was purchased by the Speke family in the early 17th century and passed to the Northey family in the early 18th century. In the early 20th century, George Jardine Kidston bought it and restored it with the help of the architect Harold Brakspear. They enlarged the house considerably, completing the rear courtyard, in an architecturally sensitive fashion with reference to excavated foundations. Kidston wrote a book on its history, published in 1936. Julian Orbach calls the house "another early C20 re-creation of the manorial dream", like those nearby at Great Chalfield and Westwood.

The house was recorded as Grade I listed in 1960. From 1943 to 1971 the buildings were used by a girls' school, then in 1973 returned to private ownership. The house is approached down a straight tree-lined drive, some 600m in length, and is not open to the public.

A separate building to the south-east, known as the Granary, was built as a granary and cart-shed in the 17th century. It was converted into a garage, cottages and workshop by Brakspear in 1922–1925, and is now a private house. The coach house and stable block are also from the 17th century.

Gardens
The house is set in  of land, 8 of which are landscaped gardens. The gardens are Edwardian-style and were laid out by George Kidston in the 1920s. They contain topiary, and colourful herbaceous borders. Later (1980s) additions include a circle of menhirs and a laburnum walk. In 1990, the gardens were recorded as Grade II on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

Between 1993 and 2010, the gardens were an annual summer venue for plays by Shakespeare Live, a regional theatre company which raises money for charity.

Sale
As of 22 May 2023, the manor is for sale for £9,750,000.

References

Further reading

Grade I listed buildings in Wiltshire
Grade I listed houses
Country houses in Wiltshire
Box, Wiltshire


St. Martin Island is located off the Garden Peninsula in Delta County in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is the southernmost island in Michigan that is part of a line of islands at the mouth of the bay of Green Bay and is part of the Niagara Escarpment.

Geography
Gravelly Island, Gull Island, and Little Gull Island are approximately two miles to the north and east across the St. Martin Island Passage. Rock Island in Wisconsin is approximately six miles south-southwest, across the Rock Island Passage.  It is  from the Door County Peninsula.

History
In 1864 the Peninsula Railroad was completed to connect Escanaba, Michigan to Negaunee iron mines. Escanaba's maritime commerce "exploded as vessels loaded with ore left the growing port headed for the hungry steel mills along the shores of the eastern lakes." The island and the surrounding reefs are a hazard to navigation, and as early as 1891, the United States Lighthouse Board asked Congress for appropriations to build a light there.

The request for a lighthouse was necessitated by the existence of a shoal that extends out for a mile each way from the island. It took the U.S. Congress eight years to appropriate the funds. St. Martin Island Light was constructed in 1905.

Robert W. Warner of Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin was the first pilot to land on St. Martin Island in the early 1950s. To this day, no one else has traveled to the island by air.

The Fred Luber family bought roughly 94% of the island (1,244 acres) in the 1980s, intending to build a resort. The remote location made development difficult and the island was left unimproved. The Nature Conservancy bought the island in 2013, intending to donate it to the Green Bay National Wildlife Refuge as it is an important bird stopover point. St. Martin Island and the lighthouse are off limits to the public.

Note
"St. Martin Island" may also refer to islands in Mackinac County, Michigan. There is the St. Martin Island at , which along with Little Saint Martin Island at  and Big St. Martin Island at  form the St. Martin Islands group in the St. Martin Bay.

In popular culture
The 1982 Canadian slasher film Humongous is set on St. Martin Island.

References

Islands of Delta County, Michigan
Niagara Escarpment
Islands of Lake Michigan in Michigan


This is a list of notable Batak people.

Academicians and Educators
 Amany Lubis, rector Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University
 Bakri Siregar, teacher, lecturer, and writer
 Harun Nasution, Islamic thought
 Lafran Pane, academician and Indonesian national hero
 Likas Tarigan, teacher and politician
 Melanchton Siregar, teacher and politician
 Pantur Silaban, lecturer and physicist
 Willem Iskander or Sati Nasution, teacher, founded Kweekschool Voor inlandsche onderwijzer in 1862 in Tano Bato, Mandailing Natal Regency.

Architects
 Friedrich Silaban, designed the Istiqlal Mosque and Gelora Bung Karno Stadium among others.

Athletes
 Akbar, football player
 Alamsyah Nasution, football player
 Alvin Abdul Halim, football player
 Ansyari Lubis, football player
 Anthony Sinisuka Ginting, badminton player
 Elsa Manora Nasution, swimmer
 Ferdinand Sinaga, football player
 Habib Nasution, swimmer
 Jesse Hutagalung, Dutch tennis player
 Mahyadi Panggabean, football player
 Muhammad Akbar Nasution, swimmer
 Radja Nainggolan, Belgian footballer
 Riko Simanjuntak, football player
 Rizky Yusuf Nasution, football player
 Saktiawan Sinaga, football player
 Samuel Christianson Simanjuntak, football player
 Sorie Enda Nasution, weightlifter
 Zakaria Nasution, swimmer

Attorneys
 Adnan Buyung Nasution
 Hotman Paris Hutapea
 Ruhut Sitompul
 Tommy Sihotang
 Todung Mulya Lubis

Authors
 Armijn Pane
 Dewi Lestari
 Iwan Simatupang
 Mochtar Lubis
 Merari Siregar, author of the first novel written in Indonesian.
 Muhammad Kasim Dalimunte, author of the first short story collection in the Indonesian literary canon.
 Soeman Hasiboean, author of first detective novel in Indonesian.
 Sitor Situmorang

Businesspeople
 Manampin Girsang

Economists
 Arifin Siregar, governor of Indonesian central bank, Bank of Indonesia
 Darmin Nasution, governor of Indonesian central bank, Bank of Indonesia

Entertainers
 Ahmad Zulkifli Lubis, actor
 Amir Pasaribu, pianist, composer and critic
 Anneth Delliecia, singer-songwriter
 Atiqah Hasiholan, model and actress
 Bill Saragih, jazz musician
 Cas Alfonso, singer-songwriter
 Charles Bonar Sirait, television presenter
 Diana Nasution, singer
 Fatin Shidqia, singer
 Gloria Jessica, singer
 Joy Destiny Tobing, singer
 Judika, singer
 Lyodra Ginting, singer
 Nadya Hutagalung, actress
 Novita Dewi, singer
 Prisia Nasution, martial artist
 Putri Ayu Silaen, singer
 Sari Simorangkir, singer
 Sharena, model and actress
 Umar Lubis, actor
 Wafda Saifan, singer
 Zivanna Letisha Siregar, model

Historical figures
 Sisingamangaraja XII, the last Batak priest-king and a National Hero of Indonesia

Journalists
 Mochtar Lubis, journalist, writer
 Putra Nababan, journalist, news presenter, politician
 Rosianna Silalahi, journalist, news presenter
 Sanusi Pane, journalist, writer

Military
 Abdul Haris Nasution, five-star general, leader of Indonesian army forces
 Feisal Tanjung, leader of Indonesian army forces
 Maraden Panggabean, leader of Indonesian army forces
 T.B. Simatupang, leader of Indonesian army forces
 Donald Izacus Panjaitan, Indonesian revolutionary hero
 Zulkifli Lubis, first chairman of Intelligence Agency in Indonesia

Politicians
 Abdul Rasjid, Volksraad member and physician
 Adam Malik, former Indonesian vice president and 26th President of the United Nations General Assembly
 Akhyar Nasution, former mayor of Medan
 Amir Sjarifuddin, former Indonesian prime minister
 Bobby Nasution, mayor of Medan
 Burhanuddin Harahap, former Indonesian prime minister
 Oloan Hutapea, briefly head of the Communist Party (PKI)
 Ferdinand Lumbantobing, former Indonesian minister of Manpower and Transmigration
 Kaharuddin Nasution, governor of Riau
 Malam Sambat Kaban, Indonesian government minister
 Mangaradja Soeangkoepon, Volksraad member
 Raja Inal Siregar, former North Sumatera Province Governor
 Sabam Sirait, member of the People's Representative Council
 Sutan Mohammad Amin Nasution, governor of North Sumatra and Riau
 Lintong Mulia Sitorus, writer and general secretary of Socialist Party of Indonesia
 Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan, Indonesian minister
 Saifuddin Nasution Ismail, a member of the Malaysian Parliament and People's Justice Party
 Zainul Arifin, former Deputy Prime Minister of Indonesia

Religious leaders
 Alfred Gonti Pius Datubara, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Medan
 Anicetus Bongsu Antonius Sinaga, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Medan
 Martinus Dogma Situmorang, Roman Catholic Bishop of Padang
 Ludovikus Simanullang, Roman Catholic Bishop of Sibolga
 Darwin Lumbantobing, 16th Ephorus of the Batak Christian Protestant Church
 Ramlan Hutahaean, 9th General Secretary of the Batak Christian Protestant Church
 S.A.E. Nababan, Lutheran theologian, Ephorus of the Batak Christian Protestant Church
 Sholeh Mahmoed Nasution, Islamic preacher

Visual artists
 Dolorosa Sinaga, sculptor

See also
Batak
North Sumatera
List of Acehnese people
List of Bugis people
List of Chinese Indonesians
List of Javanese
List of Minangkabau people
List of Moluccan people
List of Sundanese people

References

Sources

Batak
Batak


Eriogonum heermannii is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name Heermann's buckwheat. It is native to the southwestern United States from California to Utah where it grows on rocky slopes, desert flats, and dry washes.

Description
This shrub is quite variable in appearance, and there are a number of varieties. It may be a small, rounded patch ten centimeters wide or a sprawling bush up to two meters tall. It is an intricately branched, brambly plant having small woolly leaves scattered along its green to brown stems. The leaves do not persist long and leave behind a naked weedy form bearing very tiny flower clusters at nodes along the thin stems. Each cluster is less than three millimeters wide and holds white, yellow, or pink flowers.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment - Eriogonum heermannii
Eriogonum heermannii - Photo gallery

heermannii
Flora of California
Flora of Nevada
Flora of Arizona
Flora of Utah
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Olga Anatolyevna Slyusareva () (born 28 April 1969 in Chervonyi Donets, Ukrainian SSR) is a Russian professional racing cyclist. She won a gold medal at the 2004 Olympic Games in the points race, bronze medal at the 2000 Olympic Games in the points race, and at the 2004 Olympic Games in the road race. Since 2019, she is the Mayor of Tula, a city about 193km (120mi) South of Moscow.

Career highlights

1995
2nd, World Championship, Track, Sprint, Elite, Bogotá
1998
1st, European Championship, Track Omnium
3rd, World Championship, Track, Points race, Elite, Bordeaux
2nd, World Cup, Track, Points race, Victoria, British Columbia
1999
1st, European Championship, Track Omnium
3rd, National Championship, Road, Elite, Russia
3rd, World Cup, Track, Points race, Mexico City
1st, World Cup, Track, Points race, Frisco, Texas
2000
3rd, Olympic Summer Games, Track, Points race, Sydney
3rd, World Championship, Track, Points race, Elite, Manchester
2001
1st, European Championship, Track Omnium
1st, Stage 4, Tour de l'Aude Cycliste Féminin
1st, Stage 10, Tour de l'Aude Cycliste Féminin
2nd, World Championship, Track, Pursuit, Elite, Antwerp
1st, World Championship, Track, Points race, Elite, Antwerp
1st, Trophée International
2002
3rd, National Championship, Road, Elite, Russia
2nd, World Championship, Track, Pursuit, Elite, Copenhagen
1st, World Championship, Track, Points race, Elite, Copenhagen
3rd, World Championship, Track, Scratch, Elite, Copenhagen
1st, World Cup, Track, Scratch, Moscow
2nd, World Cup, Track, Pursuit, Moscow
1st, World Cup, Track, Points race, Moscow
2003
1st, Stage 3, Eko Tour Dookola Polski
1st, Stage 4, Eko Tour Dookola Polski
3rd, General Classification, Eko Tour Dookola Polski
1st, European Championship, Track Omnium
3rd, World Championship, Track, Pursuit, Elite, Stuttgart
1st, World Championship, Track, Points race, Elite, Stuttgart
1st, World Championship, Track, Scratch, Elite, Stuttgart
2004
1st, World Championship, Track, Points race, Elite, Melbourne
3rd, World Championship, Track, Scratch, Elite, Melbourne
1st, World Cup, Track, Points race, Moscow
2nd, World Cup, Track, Pursuit, Moscow
1st, World Cup, Track, Scratch, Moscow
1st, GP Liberazione
1st, Stage 7, Giro d'Italia Femminile, Oggiono
3rd, Olympic Summer Games, Road, Athens
1st, Olympic Summer Games, Track, Points race, Athens
2005
2nd, World Championship, Track, Points race, Elite, Los Angeles
1st, World Championship, Track, Scratch, Elite, Los Angeles
2nd, National Championship, Road, Elite, Russia, Moscow
1st, European Championship, Track Omnium, Fiorenzuola
1st, World Cup, Track, Points race, Moscow
3rd, World Cup, Track, Pursuit, Moscow
2006
2nd, World Championship, Track, Pursuit, Elite, Bordeaux
2nd, World Championship, Track, Points race, Elite, Bordeaux
3rd, World Championship, Track, Scratch, Elite, Bordeaux
3rd, Berner Rundfahrt, Bern
3rd, GP Liberazione
1st, Trofeo Riviera Della Versilia
2nd, Giro del Friuli
1st, National Championship, Road, ITT, Elite, Russia, Penza
1st, National Championship, Road, Elite, Russia, Penza
1st, Stage 3, Giro d'Italia Femminile, Marciano
1st, Stage 4, Giro d'Italia Femminile, Arezzo
1st, Stage 6, Giro d'Italia Femminile, Novi Ligure
2007
1st, World Cup, Track, Team Pursuit, Sydney
2nd, World Cup, Track, Team Pursuit, Beijing
2008
2nd, World Cup, Track, Team Pursuit, Los Angeles

External links

Profile at ''infosport.ru (russisch)

1969 births
Living people
People from Chervony Donets, Kharkiv Oblast
Russian female cyclists
Cyclists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Cyclists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic cyclists for Russia
Olympic gold medalists for Russia
Olympic bronze medalists for Russia
Olympic medalists in cycling
UCI Track Cycling World Champions (women)
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Russian track cyclists


Anastasia Aleksandrovna Chulkova (; born 7 March 1985) is a Russian professional racing cyclist.

Major results

Track

2002
 3rd  Keirin, UCI Junior Track Cycling World Championships
2003
 UEC European Junior Track Championships
1st  Points race
3rd  500m time trial
 3rd  Sprint, UCI Junior Track Cycling World Championships
2004
 3rd  Team sprint, 2004 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics, Sydney (with Oksana Grishina)
2005
 3rd  Keirin, UEC European Under-23 Track Championships
2006
 2nd  Sprint, UEC European Under-23 Track Championships
2007
 2007–08 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics
1st  Team pursuit, Sydney
2nd  Team pursuit, Beijing
3rd  Scratch, Sydney
 3rd  Points race, UEC European Under-23 Track Championships
2008
 2007–08 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics
2nd  Team pursuit, Los Angeles
3rd  Scratch, Copenhagen
 3rd  Omnium, UEC European Track Championships
2011
 1st  Scratch, 2010–11 UCI Track Cycling World Cup Classics, Manchester
 2nd  Points race, Summer Universiade
2012
 1st  Points race, UCI Track Cycling World Championships
2013
 2nd Points race, Revolution – Round 1, Manchester
2014
 3rd Points race, Memorial of Alexander Lesnikov
2017
 2nd Points race, Grand Prix of Moscow
2019
 2nd  Scratch, 2019–20 UCI Track Cycling World Cup, Glasgow
 3rd Points race, Grand Prix of Moscow
 3rd Omnium, Grand Prix of Saint Petersburg

Road

2012
 1st Grand Prix of Maykop
 10th Omloop van Borsele
2013
 1st Stage 3 Tour of Adygeya
 1st Stage 3 Trophée d'Or Féminin
 2nd Grand Prix of Maykop
2014
 2nd Grand Prix of Maykop
2015
 6th Overall Tour of Zhoushan Island
1st Mountains classification
1st Stage 3
 7th Overall Tour de Bretagne Féminin
 10th Grand Prix of Maykop

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Russian female cyclists
Cyclists from Moscow
UCI Track Cycling World Champions (women)
Doping cases in cycling
Russian sportspeople in doping cases
Universiade medalists in cycling
Russian track cyclists
Universiade silver medalists for Russia
Medalists at the 2011 Summer Universiade


Eriogonum hirtellum is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name Klamath Mountain buckwheat. It is endemic to the Klamath Mountains of far northern California, where it is known from only a few occurrences.

Description
This is a perennial herb forming thick, woody mats up to 40 centimeters high and wide on serpentine soils. It has light green, hairless leaves each up to two centimeters long and it blooms in spherical clusters of bright yellow or pink flowers.

While this plant has a very small distribution, it is not currently considered threatened.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment

hirtellum
Endemic flora of California
Flora of the Klamath Mountains


The prefrontal bone is a bone separating the lacrimal and frontal bones in many tetrapod skulls. It first evolved in the sarcopterygian clade Rhipidistia, which includes lungfish and the Tetrapodomorpha. The prefrontal is found in most modern and extinct lungfish, amphibians and reptiles.  The prefrontal is lost in early mammaliaforms and so is not present in modern mammals either.

In dinosaurs
The prefrontal bone is a very small bone near the top of the skull, which is lost in many groups of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs and is completely absent in their modern descendants, the birds.  Conversely, a well developed prefrontal is considered to be a primitive feature in dinosaurs.  The prefrontal makes contact with several other bones in the skull.  The anterior part of the bone articulates with the nasal bone and the lacrimal bone. The posterior part of the bone articulates with the frontal bone and more rarely the palpebral bone.  The prefrontal bone sometimes forms part of the upper margin of the orbit.  This bone is part of the skull roof, which is a set of bones that cover the brain, eyes and nostrils.

References

Vertebrate anatomy
Skull


The Cawthron Institute is New Zealand's largest independent science organisation, specialising in science that supports the environment and development within primary industries. Cawthron has its main facilities in Nelson. It works with regional councils, government departments, major industries, private companies, and other research organisations throughout New Zealand and around the world. Cawthron employs approximately 300 scientists, laboratory technicians, researchers and specialist staff from 26 countries. It has both chemistry and microbiology labs, and has a major focus on food related testing for food safety and export certification. Cawthron holds IANZ accreditation for a wide range of tests. Its scientists include experts in aquaculture, marine and freshwater resources, food safety and quality, algal technologies, biosecurity and analytical testing.

History

Origin
Nelson businessman and philanthropist Thomas Cawthron made substantial contributions to the Nelson community. When he died in 1915 he left £231,000, the bulk of his estate, for the creation of an "industrial and technical school institute and museum to be called the Cawthron Institute". Seven local public officials were appointed as trustees to execute his will, and they in turn set up an advisory commission (four prominent scientists plus the chairman of the Board of Agriculture). The commission's report in 1916, which was adopted by the trustees, set out the principles for such an institute. In 1917, the New Zealand government insisted that £40,000 in stamp duty was owed on the bequest; this decision was disputed and was subject to repeated legal challenges over the following 18 years. Thomas Easterfield, the founder and head of the Chemistry Department at VIctoria University, was appointed in 1919 as the Cawthron Institute's first director and the first staff member hired.

1920s

Fellworth House was purchased in 1920 as the institute's temporary premises. It remained the home of Cawthron Institute for the following fifty years. On 21 April 1921, the institute was officially opened by New Zealand's Governor General, Lord Jellicoe. The Thomas Cawthron Trust Act 1924, formally establishing the Cawthron Institute Trust Board, came into force in early 1925. That year saw a visit by Ernest Rutherford who presented the Thomas Cawthron Memorial Lecture.

In 1920, Robin Tillyard was appointed chief of the department of biology at Cawthron, and his 1926 book Insects of Australia and New Zealand became a reference for many decades. In 1927, Tillyard, then assistant director, left Cawthron to take up the position of chief of the Entomology Division at the CSIR, Australia.

1930s
Foundation staff member Theodore Rigg was appointed director of a DSIR survey of volcanic ash soils in central North Island. Thomas Easterfield retired in 1933 and Rigg became Director. Finally, in 1936, the government approved compensation for the £40,000 death duties paid in 1917: an annual subsidy of £2000 for entomological, fruit, soil and tobacco research.

In 1936, Cawthron scientists confirmed cobalt deficiency as the cause of “bush sickness” in New Zealand. The Cawthron Institute Trust Board Rating Exemption Act 1937 was enacted, granting the Cawthron Institute freedom from paying local rates. In that year, the Entomological Branch of the Department of Agriculture was transferred to Nelson: a joint venture between the DSIR and Cawthron.

Theodore Rigg was knighted in 1937 for his services to New Zealand. In 1938, Thomas Easterfield also received a knighthood.

1940s
The Knapp Collection of Māori taonga, comprising more than 8000 artifacts and the largest private collection in New Zealand, was bequeathed in 1940 to the Cawthron's museum. A Silver Jubilee commemorated 25 years of Cawthron's operation.

Cawthron's soil science activities including the National Soil Survey were relocated to the DSIR Soil Bureau, Wellington, along with staff.

1950s
This was a difficult decade for Cawthron. All entomology activities and collections were transferred to the DSIR Entomology Division, Auckland in 1956. That same year Sir Theodore Rigg retired, and David Miller assumed the role of Director. Cawthron's Department of Mycology was transferred to the DSIR Plant Diseases Division, along with the reference collections and library. In 1959, Miller retired as Director and was replaced by C. R. Barnicoat, Associate Professor of Biochemistry at Massey Agricultural College.

1960s

To address long standing concerns about a lack of scientific expertise on the Cawthron Instuture Trust Board, the Cawthron Institute Trust Act 1924 was amended to enable 3 additional trustees with scientific backgrounds to be added to the board by the Minister of Science. In 1967, Barnicoat retired as Director. and was replaced in 1968 by E. B. (Barrie) Cousins, Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Otago.

The Chemical Services Group was established under the leadership of Alan Cooke, for the first time offering commercial chemical and microbiological analyses. This provided an important source of revenue over the next decade.

1970s
The decade began with the opening of new laboratories and offices (now named the Rigg building) by Governor-General Sir Arthur Porritt. Celebrations were marred by the sudden death of Director Barrie Cousins a few days before. Royd Thornton, manager of the DSIR's Agriculture and Biology Group, was appointed Director in 1971. In 1972, the national accreditation body TELARC was created, enabling other laboratories to gain accreditation and compete with Cawthron's highly regarded analytical laboratories. The Cawthron Museum was closed in 1976 and its contents redistributed to the Nelson Provincial Museum, other organisations, and the general public.

An Environmental and Feasibility Services group was established in 1976, offering commercial consultant services. The move from Fellworth House was completed in 1977 and the property sold.

1980s

The 1980s were a difficult decade for the Cawthron's finances; the Environmental and Feasibility Services group was shut down in 1984 after proving unprofitable. In 1987, Royd Thornton retired. Staff numbers declined to 33, from a decade peak of 74. Graeme Robertson, a chemical engineer with a background in the pulp and paper industry, was named chief executive officer in 1988. He appointed senior Cawthron scientist Henry Kaspar as Research Leader.

1990s
A bipartisan agreement in 1990 led to a major restructuring of New Zealand's science system: the separation of policy, funding, and operations, and the creation of MoRST and FRST. This introduced competitive bidding for government funded research programmes. The Thomas Cawthron Memorial Lecture series was restarted in 1990 after a 10-year hiatus. In 1992, Government research in MAF, DSIR, and Forestry was restructured into Crown Research Institutes.

In the summer of 1992–93 the first harmful algae bloom to close marine farms and create widespread public attention sparked interest in marine biotoxins. The Glenhaven Aquaculture Centre Ltd, now known as the Cawthron Aquaculture Park, was formed in 1993 as a joint venture with landowners, and a small research facility was built on the site of a former oyster hatchery.

Cawthron's Culture Collection of Micro-Algae was registered in 1996 as a nationally significant living collection. That year the New Zealand aquaculture industry introduced regular phytoplankton monitoring of harvest areas as an early warning of the presence of toxic algae. In 1998, a new office building known as the Easterfield Wing was opened by the Minister of Science, Maurice Williamson. Cawthron hosted the first national workshop on marine biosecurity in 1999.

2000s

HABTech 2000, an international workshop on technology for the monitoring of harmful algal blooms and biotoxins, was launched by Cawthron. That year LC-MS chemical analysis methods developed by Cawthron were introduced for routine marine biotoxin monitoring of farmed shellfish throughout New Zealand. Graeme Robertson resigned as CEO in 2005 and was replaced in 2006 by Gillian Wratt.

2010s
Charles Eason joined the Cawthron Institute as CEO in June 2012.

2020s
Charles Eason stepped down as CEO of the Cawthron Institute in December 2020, and was replaced by Volker Kuntzsch in March 2021.

Staff numbers

Current research
Cawthron has a number of research programmes supported by various government contestable funds, in particular the Endeavour Fund, focused in the following areas:

Seafood sector

An international team led by Cawthron is developing farming systems enabling multiple shellfish species to be grown in open ocean sites, with sustainable production efficiencies and maintenance costs. Research is underway to increase the sustainability and efficiency of the wild scampi capture fishery and explore new techniques for a land-based production of this high-value species. A study of the factors influencing the feed conversion efficiency of farmed Chinook salmon aims to improve husbandry, health and fish quality, while reducing environmental impacts.

Cawthron currently receives $5M annually  as "capability funding" from the New Zealand Government's Strategic Science Investment Fund for 2 science platforms. The Shellfish Aquaculture Platform aims to enhance the sustainable growth of New Zealand's shellfish aquaculture industry through reliable seed supply, improved genetics, precision farming methods, new products and species and improved shellfish health.

The Seafood Safety Platform is led by Cawthron in partnership with AgResearch,  Plant and Food Research and the Institute of Environmental Science and Research, to safeguard New Zealand's seafood export industry. It builds on relationships between researchers, regulators and the seafood sector.  The research covers factors that drive harmful algal bloom events, molecular technologies for detection, marine biotoxin analysis, and threats from pathogenic bacteria and viruses.

Emerging organic contaminants pose a risk to New Zealand aquatic ecosystems, have the potential to induce antimicrobial resistance and may be present in food.  Cawthron scientists lead a research programme to enhance management of these risks, in partnership with other science providers,  iwi, key community stakeholders, environmental managers and policy makers.

Marine bioactives and nutrition

In a programme funded through the government's "High Value Nutrition" National Science Challenge, Cawthron and Sanford Limited have joined forces to identify and validate the health benefits of Greenshell mussels. The programme will assist the development of high value functional food products.

To tap into the growing interest worldwide in pharmaceuticals based on natural compounds of algal origin, a new programme “Natural compound manipulation for therapeutic applications” began in 2019.  This builds on Cawthron's long experience in algae research and the extraction of bioactive compounds, the Cawthron Institute Culture Collection of Microalgae and the new National Algae Research Centre.

Freshwater ecosystem health

LAWA, "Land Air Water Aotearoa", a partnership between Regional Councils, Cawthron Institute and the Ministry for the Environment , is one of New Zealand's largest environmental online data platforms, connecting New Zealanders with their environment through sharing scientific data.

Lakes380, "Our lakes’ health: past, present and future" an international effort jointly led by GNS Science and Cawthron Institute, aims to obtain a nationwide health overview for 10% of New Zealand's 3800 lakes. As well as characterising present biodiversity and water quality, the team is exploring how and why the lakes have changed over the past 1000 years by collecting and analysing sediment cores. The information is interwoven with traditional Māori knowledge to provide a richer understanding about the value and health of New Zealand's lakes, as well as the impact of natural and human activity.

The health of our oceans

In a new research programme Cawthron leads a multidisciplinary team to develop a new “marine biosecurity toolbox”. Their aim is to prevent marine pests getting a foothold by developing molecular tools to detect them at low densities, and with simulation models assist managers achieve better resource allocation.  The project team has participants from over 20 organisations: government, Maori, industry, and education providers.

The design and synthesis of a “smart” antifouling biocide is the aim of another project.  Antifouling compounds must be potent against problematic biofouling organisms when applied to artificial surfaces in the sea but benign against marine life if released into the environment, as well as cost-effective to synthesize at an industrial scale.

Knowledge and toolsets to support co-management of estuaries

Cawthron Aquaculture Park
This national centre for shellfish aquaculture research began in 1993 as a collection of recycled huts and a tunnel house.  Earlier decades had seen many unsuccessful attempts by New Zealand scientists to grow Greenshell mussels in a hatchery.  A government-backed research project provided the funding for a small research hatchery and success was achieved in 1999.  Eighteen years later, a new company, SPATnz Ltd, was formed by three major mussel producers to breed Greenshell mussels on a commercial scale.

Achievements, awards and recognition

Species named after the Cawthron Institute

The moth species Reductoderces cawthronella was named in honour of the Cawthron Institute, commemorating it being the first new species to be reared at the Cawthron Institute insectarium.

See also
Lesley Rhodes
Susie Wood

Sources
"Cawthron Institute", from Tuatara: Volume 02, Issue 1, March 1949
"Cawthron Institute", from An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, edited by A. H. McLintock, originally published in 1966.

References

External links

 Cawthron Institute website
 Cawthron Lectures (in PDF or video format)

Science and technology in New Zealand
Nelson, New Zealand
Research institutes in New Zealand


Anthony Van Corlaer is a fictional trumpeter of New Amsterdam, appearing in Washington Irving's 1809 A History of New York, as well as derivative lore.

The trumpeter is portrayed as a loyal follower to the real historical Peter Stuyvesant, with a contrasting boisterous temperament to the stern colonial governor. In a mock-heroic concluding episode, the character curses (and so gives a name to) Spuyten Duyvil Creek before diving in to cross it, then drowns while giving a final triumphant blast of warning about the English invasion.

The character and incident were sometimes later described as fact or "legend", but Washington seems to have only drawn from an account by David Pietersz. de Vries of an unnamed boisterous and pugilistic trumpeter in the colony.

Factual basis
Although the Spuyten Duyvil Creek episode is sometimes repeated as fact or "legend", the character of Anthony Van Corlaer is a fictional one, and there is no historical record of such an occurrence preceding the novel's publication.

The factual basis of the character was an account by David Pietersz. de Vries of an unnamed boisterous and pugilistic trumpeter who interrupted the banquet dinner celebrating his August 1636 departure from Fort Amsterdam, physically fighting with both Andries Hudde and Jacobus van Corlaer when they protested his playing.

There was a "Manuel Trumpeter" in the colony about this time, who later owned property in the Land of the Blacks; any connection is unknown. The story may also have been inspired by the drowning of Arent van Corlaer. The character's first name was taken from Anthony's Nose Mountain.

In Washington Irving

In Irving's story, Peter Stuyvesant, having learned of an English expedition on its way to seize the colony, ordered Van Corlaer to rouse the villages along the Hudson River with a trumpet call to war. "It was a dark and stormy night" when Van Corlaer arrived at the upper end of the island, and as no ferryman was available Van Corlaer vowed to swim across the Harlem River "in spite of the devil", but drowned in the attempt. Before at last going under, he blows a last heroic blast like the chivalric Orlando. Some sources state that Spuyten Duyvil, an inlet between Manhattan and the Bronx, is named after this incident.

Van Corlaer was famous for his enormous, shiny red nose.  One story tells of a sturgeon killed by a ray of sunlight reflected off its surface. Anthony's Nose Mountain along the Hudson is said by Irving to be named for this event.

Van Corlaer's prior endeavors on behalf of Stuyvesant are mentioned several times in Washington Irving's book A History of New York. Irving also wrote the most popular account of the trumpeter's last deed, including the witness statement (which he claims to disbelieve) of Van Corlaer being seized by "the duyvel, in the shape of a huge mossbonker". This has led some modern readers, unaware that Irving's work was a parody of history, to suggest that Van Corlaer was killed by a bull shark.

In popular culture

The 1838 painting Dance on the Battery in the Presence of Peter Stuyvesant by Asher B. Durand depicts Van Corlaer with his trumpet.

In 1893 Howard Pyle painted a picture of Anthony Van Corlaer to serve as the basis for a stained glass window commissioned by the Colonial Club of New York from Tiffany Glass and Decorating Company.  The window was removed at some point and on March 30, 1984, was auctioned by Christie's in New York and purchased by the Delaware Art Museum.

Kamala Sankaram wrote a musical composition in 2016, "The Last Blast of Anthony the Trumpeter".

References
Notes

Sources

Myths and Legends of Our Own Land – Volume 1: the Hudson and its hills (at gutenberg.org), Skinner, Charles M. (Charles Montgomery), 1852–1907

External links
, a longer, more fanciful version of the story

American folklore
Spuyten Duyvil, Bronx
Washington Irving
Fictional musicians
Literary characters introduced in 1809
Sidekicks in literature
Fictional characters from New York City