His 12 Greatest Hits is a compilation album by Neil Diamond, issued in 1974 on the MCA record label. As the title suggests, it contains twelve songs from Neil's catalogue.

The album contains songs from his tenure with Uni Records, from 1968 to 1972. After Neil had returned to Columbia Records, his earlier works were reissued on MCA Records, which was the parent company of Uni Records which had folded in the early 1970s.

Track listing

All songs written and composed by Neil Diamond.

Side one

 "Sweet Caroline" (Live) - 4:15
 "Brother Love's Traveling Salvation Show" - 3:26
 "Shilo" - 2:59
 "Holly Holy" (Live) - 5:40
 "Brooklyn Roads" - 3:39
 "Cracklin' Rosie" - 3:00

Side two

 "Play Me" - 3:49
 "Done Too Soon" - 2:45
 "Stones" - 3:03
 "Song Sung Blue" - 3:15
 "Soolaimon" - 4:33
 "I Am...I Said" - 3:32

© 1974 MCA Records

Alternate versions

Of the album's twelve songs, only ten were presented in their original studio versions. "Holly Holy" and "Sweet Caroline" were live recordings, taken from the live album Hot August Night. On the 1985 CD release of His 12 Greatest Hits, the studio versions appeared instead (but both songs were remixed and "Holly Holy" was a different version with a different vocal for a good part of the song), but a later reissue in 1993 reinstated the live versions of these two tracks.

Follow up

In 1982, Columbia Records released 12 Greatest Hits, Volume II, a follow-up to this album. It contains songs from the years 1973-1981.

Charts & Certifications

The album reached number 29 on the Billboard 200 chart. It was certified gold by the RIAA in 1974 and earned quadruple platinum status in 1993 for sales of four million units in the US.

Album

Certifications

References

1974 greatest hits albums
Neil Diamond compilation albums
MCA Records compilation albums


Heath Common is a settlement in the Horsham District of West Sussex, England. It lies on the Storrington to Ashington road 1.5 miles (2.4 km) east of Storrington.

Horsham District
Villages in West Sussex


The Archdiocese of Monreale () is a Latin archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Sicily. As of 2000 it is no longer a metropolitan see, and is now a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Palermo.

History

In 1174 the abbey of Monreale was declared a prælatura nullius; two years later its abbot was vested with the title and jurisdiction of a bishop. On 2 February 1183, thanks to the Bull Licet Dominus of Pope Lucius III, Monreale became the metropolitan see for the diocese of Catania and the diocese of Siracusa. At first the archbishops were elected by the monks, but were not always Benedictines; since 1275 the election has been reserved to itself by the Holy See.

In time the diocese of Girgenti and diocese of Caltagirone also became suffragan to Monreale; but Siracusa, in 1844, and Catania, in 1860, became archiepiscopal sees. The former having become the metropolitan of Caltagirone, Monreale received the new diocese of Caltanisetta (1860), which see and Girgenti became its only suffragans.

From 1775 to 1802 Monreale and Palermo were united under a single archbishop.

Bishops and Archbishops

Diocese of Monreale
Erected: 1176
Latin Name: Montis Regalis
Theobaldus, O.S.B. (1176 – 14 May 1178)
Guillelmus, O.S.B. (1178 – 1183) (promoted archbishop)

Archdiocese of Monreale
Elevated: 5 February 1183
Latin Name: Montis Regalis

to 1500
Guillelmus, O.S.B. (4 February 1183 – 28 October 1191)
Carus, O.S.B. (23 May 1194 – after 3 August 1222)
 Sede vacante (by 10 October 1239 – after 25 November 1254)
Benevenutus (10 August 1258 – 24 July 1260)
Gaufridus de Bellomonte (1 October 1266 – 6 November 1271)
Trasmundus (by 10 May 1267 – 17 August 1269)
Sede vacante (17 August 1269 – 13 August 1278)
Giovanni Boccamazza (15 Aug 1278 – Aug 1286 Resigned)
 Pietro Gerra (20 Aug 1286 – 6 Jan 1298 Appointed, Archbishop of Capua)
Rogerius Donmusco (10 January 1304 – 1304)
Arnaldus de Rassaco (17 February 1306 – 1324).
Neapoleone Fortibracchia Orsini (26 July 1325 – 1337)
Manuel Spinola (4 November 1338 – April 1362)
Guilelmus Monstrius (1363 – 1380) (Avignon Obedience)
Franciscus Riguerii, O.Min. (19 November 1380 – 19 December 1384) (Avignon Obedience)
Paulus Francisci de Roma, O.Min. (3 February 1379 – April 1418) (Roman Obedience)
Giovanni Ventimiglia (2 April 1418 – 25 January 1450)
Alfonsus de Cuevasruvias (11 February 1450 – November 1454)
Joannes Soler (3 January 1455 – 1458)
Ausias Despuig (18 Sep 1458 – 2 Sep 1483 Died)
Juan de Borja Lanzol (13 Sep 1483 – 1 Aug 1503 Died)

1500 to 1700

Cardinal Juan Castellar y de Borja (9 Aug 1503 – 1 Jan 1505 Died)
Alfonso de Aragona (1505 – 1511) (Administrator)
Cardinal Enrique de Cardona y Enríquez (23 Jan 1512 – 7 Feb 1530 Died)
Cardinal Pompeo Colonna (14 Dec 1530 – 28 Jun 1532 Died)
Cardinal Ippolito de' Medici (26 Jul 1532 – 10 Aug 1535 Died) (Administrator)
Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (15 May 1536 – 9 Dec 1573 Resigned)
Ludovico de Torres (archbishop) (I) (9 Dec 1573 – 31 Dec 1583 Died)
Cardinal Ludovico de Torres (II) (22 Jan 1588 – 8 Jul 1609 Died)
Arcangelo Gualtieri, O.F.M. (18 Jun 1612 – 9 December 1617 Died)
Jerónimo Venero Leyva (17 Feb 1620 – Aug 1628 Died)"Archbishop Jerónimo Venero Leyva" Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
Cosimo de Torres (3 Apr 1634 – 1 May 1642 Died)
Giovanni Torresiglia (Torrecilla Manso) (13 Jul 1644 – 28 Jan 1648 Died)
Cardinal Francesco Peretti di Montalto (30 May 1650 – 3 May 1655 Died)
Luis Alfonso de Los Cameros (16 Oct 1656 – 14 May 1668)
 Cardinal Vitaliano Visconti (2 Jun 1670 – 7 Sep 1671 Died)

since 1700

Giovanni Roano e Corrionero (27 Nov 1673 – 4 Jul 1703 Died)
Cardinal Francesco del Giudice (14 Jan 1704 – 15 Feb 1725 Retired)
Cardinal Juan Álvaro Cienfuegos Villazón, S.J. (21 Feb 1725 – 24 Apr 1739 Resigned)
Troiano Acquaviva d’Aragona (4 May 1739 – 20 Mar 1747 Died)
Giacomo Bonanno, C.R. (28 May 1753 – 14 Jan 1754 Died)
Francesco Maria Testa (22 Apr 1754 – 17 May 1773 Died)
Francesco Ferdinando Sanseverino, C.P.O. (15 Apr 1776 – 31 Mar 1793 Died)Archbishop of Palermo and of Monreale
Filippo López y Rojo, C.R. (17 Jun 1793 – 4 Sep 1801 Resigned)Archbishop of Palermo and of Monreale
Mercurio Maria Teresi (24 May 1802 – 17 Apr 1805 Died)
Domenico Benedetto Balsamo, O.S.B. (23 Sep 1816 – 6 Apr 1844 Died)
Pier Francesco Brunaccini, O.S.B. (24 Nov 1845 – 14 Jun 1850 Died)
Benedetto D'Acquisto, O.F.M. (23 Dec 1858 – 7 Aug 1867 Died)
Giuseppe Maria Papardo del Pacco, C.R. (27 Oct 1871 – 3 Aug 1883 Died)
Domenico Gaspare Lancia di Brolo, O.S.B. (24 Mar 1884 – 31 Jul 1919 Died)
Ven. Antonio Augusto Intreccialagli, O.C.D. (31 Jul 1919 – 19 Sep 1924 Died)
Ernesto Eugenio Filippi (6 Apr 1925 – 23 Aug 1951 Died)
Francesco Carpino (23 Aug 1951 Succeeded – 19 Jan 1961 Appointed, Official of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation)
Corrado Mingo (28 Apr 1961 – 11 Mar 1978 Retired)
Salvatore Cassisa (11 Mar 1978 – 24 May 1997 Retired)
Pio Vittorio Vigo (24 May 1997 – 15 Oct 2002 Appointed, Archbishop (Personal Title) of Acireale)
Cataldo Naro (18 Oct 2002 – 29 Sep 2006 Died)
Salvatore Di Cristina (2 Dec 2006 – 8 Feb 2013 Retired)
Michele Pennisi (8 Feb 2013 – 28 April 2022 Retired)
Gualtiero Isacchi (28 April 2022 - )

Auxiliary bishops
Gian Antonio Fassano (4 Jun 1544 – 10 Sep 1568)
Giovanni Pietro Fortiguerra (4 Jun 1567 – 26 Apr 1574)
Blas Antonio Olóriz (2 Dec 1733 – )
Emanuele Romano (20 Jun 1973 – 24 Jan 1978)

References

Books
Reference Works
 (in Latin)
 (in Latin)

 pp. 950–951. (Use with caution; obsolete)
 (in Latin)
 (in Latin)
 (in Latin)

Studies

Kamp, Norbert (1975). Kirche und Monarchie im staufischen Königreich Sizilien: I. Prosopographische Grundlegung, Bistumer und Bischofe des Konigreichs 1194–1266: 3. Sizilien'' München: Wilhelm Fink 1975.

Acknowledgment

Monreale
Monreale


Rukometni klub Borac Banja Luka (Serbian Cyrillic: Рукометни клуб Бopaц Бања Лука) is a handball club from Banja Luka, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is part of the Borac sports society.

The federal league of Yugoslavia was founded in 1957. The handball club Borac became its member and since then was competing in the league until the disintegration of SFR Yugoslavia in 1992. Borac was the champion of SFR Yugoslavia seven times between 1959 and 1981.

In addition, RK Borac Banja Luka had won the Cup of Republika Srpska twelve times between 1993 and 2013. The Cup competition did not take place in 1995 because of war activities.

The following players were crowned the European Champions in 1976: Milorad Karalić, Zdravko Rađenović, Nedeljko Vujinović, Abas Arslanagić, Dobrivoje Selec, Momir Golić, Nebojša Popović, Miro Bjelić, Zoran Ravlić, Boro Golić, Rade Unčanin, Slobodan Vukša, Mile Kekerović, Zlatko Jančić. Coach: Pero Janjić.

Accomplishments

Domestic
Yugoslavia – 17
Yugoslav Handball Championship:
Winners (7): 1959, 1960, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1981
Yugoslav Handball Cup:
Winners (10): 1957, 1958, 1961, 1969, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1979, 1992

Bosnia and Herzegovina – 12
Handball Championship of Bosnia and Herzegovina:
Winners (6): 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020, 2022
Handball Cup of Bosnia and Herzegovina:
Winners (7): 2007, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018, 2019

Republika Srpska (Regional championship) – 21
First League of Republika Srpska:
Winners (8): 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001
Cup of Republika Srpska:
Winners (13): 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2018

European
European titles – 2
European Champions Cup:
Winners (1): 1975–76
Runner-up (1): 1974–75
EHF Cup:
Winners (1): 1990–91

Recent seasons

The recent season-by-season performance of the club:

References

External links
Official website

Handball clubs in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sport in Banja Luka


A pentacle  is an amulet used in magical evocation, generally made of parchment, paper or metal (although it can be of other materials), on which the symbol of a spirit or energy being evoked is drawn.

Pentacle may also refer to:

Suit of pentacles, a tarot card suit in the Minor Arcana
Pentacle (magazine), a Neopagan magazine
The Pentacle, a short-lived DC Comics supervillain team

See also
Pentagram (disambiguation)
Pentangle (disambiguation)


Cretan Republic can refer to:

the republic declared in 1362 during the Sfakian rebellion;
the Cretan State (1898–1913).


Tunjungan Plaza (TP) is a superblock in Surabaya and is the second-largest shopping center in Indonesia after Pakuwon Mall, both owned-and-operated by Pakuwon Jati which has its headquarters inside the superblock. Initially inaugurated in 1986, it has a net leaseable area of 253,187 m2, which houses more than 500 retail outlets including boutiques, restaurants, cafes, cinemas, bookstores, supermarkets, and children's arcade center. It is a part of Tunjungan City Superblock, an integrated multi-facilities venue, which includes the mall (Tunjungan Plaza), Menara Mandiri Office Tower at the top of TP 2, Regency Condominium and Sheraton Surabaya Hotel & Towers at the top of TP 3, Four Points by Sheraton at the top of TP 4, The Peak Residence and Pakuwon Center at the top of TP 5, One Icon Residence and Pakuwon Tower at the top of TP 6. First opened on 15 December 1986, it is divided into six buildings: TP 1, TP 2, TP 3, TP 4, TP 5 and TP 6.

History
Tunjungan Plaza (at that time called Plaza Tunjungan) continued to grow. Starting from the construction that began in 1985, the opening of Plaza Tunjungan I in 1986, changing the name of Plaza Tunjungan to Tunjungan Plaza and changing the mall logo and renovating Tunjungan Plaza I-II in 2007 to renovating Tunjungan Plaza I-IV, opening of Tunjungan Plaza V in 2015 and Tunjungan Plaza VI in 2017.

Plazas

Tunjungan Plaza has some anchor tenants such as Hero Supermarket, Matahari Department Store, Sogo Department Store, Gramedia, Ace Hardware, Electronic Solution, Planet Sports, Informa, Informa-Ashley, XXI Cinema, XXI Cinema (IMAX), Zara, Marks & Spencer, H&M, Uniqlo, LC Waikiki, Pasarame, Chipmunks, Toys Kingdom, Aeon Fantasy Kidzoona.

 Tunjungan Plaza 1, is the first mall in Surabaya opened in 1986 located at Jalan Basuki Rahmat no 8-12. Opened on May 7, but now Plaza East has become a fashionable part since renovations carried out in 2007. The renovation process also includes removing the capsule lift and remodeling the food court into Studio Foodcourt, which is adjacent to the Tunjungan 1 XXI cinema which is equipped with 4 studio.

 Tunjungan Plaza 2 is the first expansion of Plaza Tunjungan shopping district next to Tunjungan Plaza 1 on Jalan Basuki Rahmat no 8-12, which is located between Tunjungan Plaza I and Tunjungan Plaza III which began construction in July 1990 and opened in December 1991. There are Mandiri Tower at the above of this plaza, and the management office of the mall at the 5th Floor. Although it is not as big as its predecessor, Tunjungan Plaza 2 has become one of the most important parts. crowded in this business district. TAJ Tunjungan is an urban style of Muslim, a Muslim fashion center and has the largest prayer room in a mall in Surabaya, now it has become an inseparable part of other Tunjungan Plaza.

 Tunjungan Plaza 3 is the second and the biggest expansion and most extensive of Tunjungan Plaza shopping district located behind TP1 which was opened in 1996. Tunjungan Plaza 3 has a large atrium which is used to host national and regional events. It has a direct access to Sheraton Hotel & Towers as well as Regency Condominium from the TP3 lobby. It also has connections to TP1, TP4, and TP6 (only 1st and 2nd Floor). Apart from a world-class shopping experience, Tunjungan Plaza 3 also offers a classy restaurant (fine dining) which makes it the busiest part of Plaza Tunjungan. At the end of 2016, the Tunjungan 21 cinema was transformed into the Tunjungan 3 XXI cinema, after 20 years the cinema was opened.

 Tunjungan Plaza 4 is the third expansion in Tunjungan Plaza shopping districts which located on Jalan Embong Malang no 7-21 which was opened on November 23, 2001. This section of the Plaza is focused on pampering shoppers and culinary enthusiasts as various international boutiques and selected food outlets enliven the plaza targeting this high-end segment. Sogo Department Store was the biggest anchor tenant of this part of plaza. Four Points Hotel by Sheraton is located on the top of this plaza, which was built together with TP5 and already opened in 2015. This plaza connects to TP3, TP5, and TP6. In mid-2017, all tenants in TP 4 floors LG (except SOGO) were closed and filled by Uniqlo which opened on September 1, 2017.

 Tunjungan Plaza 5, is the fifth stage, above it is The Peak Residence which consists of 52 floors. Construction was carried out in 2012 and completed in 2015 with the opening in September 2015 and inauguration on October 9, 2015. This section of the shopping center has the nickname "Fashion Avenue" which has a variety of fashion outlets, which consist of shopping mall, offices (Pakuwon Center), condominium (The Peak Residences), located on Jalan Embong Malang no. 1-5 houses the "Fashion Avenue" which has many branded fashion retail outlets. It houses the IMAX which operated by XXI Cinema.

 Tunjungan Plaza 6 is the newest part of Tunjungan City Superblock and the new expansion of the mall.  Located on Jalan Embong Malang no 21-31, next to the Sheraton Hotel & Towers, has been operating since September 23, 2017. This shopping center is located next to TP 4. There are two towers at the top of TP 6: One Icon Residence and Pakuwon Tower. TP6 mostly consists of F&B retails and it has a connection bridge to TP3 at the 2nd Floor. This section of the shopping center surrounds the Grand Circle Tunjungan Plaza.

 Tunjungan Plaza 7 was announced during the Grand Opening of TP6 ceremony to be the upcoming project of Pakuwon Group. Pakuwon will expand their mall again for 40,000 m2.

Incident
On April 13 2022, Tunjungan Plaza 5 caught on fire due to a short-circuit. The fire was extinguished in less than an hour before it could spread to neighboring buildings, and it was confirmed that there were no casualties. Videos of the fire from an outside view surfaced and spread around Indonesian social media users. After the incident, Tunjungan Plaza stayed open while Tunjungan Plaza 5 stayed temporarily closed for repair and investigation.

See also

 Pakuwon Mall
 List of tallest buildings in Surabaya

References

External links
 Official Website

Buildings and structures in Surabaya
Shopping malls in Surabaya
Tourist attractions in East Java
Skyscraper office buildings in Indonesia
Skyscrapers in Surabaya


Peer Gynt Sculpture Park (Peer Gynt-parken) is a sculpture park located in Oslo, Norway. The sculpture park was created in honour of the Norwegian writer, Henrik Ibsen as a monumental presentation of one of his plays Peer Gynt, act by act.

The park was established in 2006 by Selvaag, the company behind the housing development in the Løren-area and most of the sculptures are the result of an international sculpture competition. Selvaag was founded by Olav Selvaag and is a family-owned company that has placed sculptures in residential areas for more than 50 years, with over 500 sculptures in total.

The competition
The sculptures placed in Peer Gynt Sculpture Park comes from an open, international competition of the designs for the best figurative sculptures depicting scenes from Henrik Ibsen's drama Peer Gynt. The host of the competition is Selvaag, the parent company of several subsidiaries. The members of the jury are: Director Ellen Horn from the Norwegian Riksteatret, sculptor Kirsten Kokkin, Prof. Vigdis Ystad from Senter for Ibsenstudier (The Centre for Ibsen Studies), Kim Brandstrup from Galleri Brandstrup, Peder Lund from Lund Fine Art, Artist Kristian Blystad, and Ole Gunnar Selvaag, one of Selvaags owners and the founder behind the Peer Gynt Sculpture park.

The sculptures
The Peer Gynt Sculpture Park is unique because famous sculptors from many countries have each interpreted a piece of a play. So far 20 sculptures have been placed in the park:
Peer Gynt, Man of the World by Nina Sundbye, Norway
The Wild Buck Ride by Andrea Bucci, Italy
The Devil in the Nut by Enzo Cucchi, Italy
The Abduction by  Jim Dine, USA
Peer and three girls by Sergey Eylanbekov, USA/Russia
Trolls with Pig Heads by Christine Aspelund, Norway
Peers kamp mot Bøygen by Fredrik Raddum, Norway
Solvejg at the newly-built hut by Wolf Bröll, Germany
Peer by Aase's deathbed by Kinga Smaczna-Lagowska, Poland
Peer and the Monkeys by Petter Hepsø, Norway
Peer at the Emperor's Horse, wearing the Emperor's clothes by Piotr Grzegorek, Poland
Anitras dance by Leopoldo Emperador, Spain
Peer and Anitra in the Desert by Elena Engelsen and Per Ung, Norway
Where the starting point is crazy minimal, the outcome is highly original by Anna Passakas and Radoslaw Kudlinski, Poland
Peer Meets Begriffenfeldt at the Mental Asylum by Harald Müller, Germany
Peer and the strange passenger by Mats Åberg, Sweden
The Onion - layer by layer by Ferdinand Wyller, Norway
The Button Moulder by Kamila Szejnoch, Poland
The thin Priest with a fowling net by Eamonn O'Doherty, Ireland
The meeting between Solvejg, Peer and the Button Moulder by Jan Kolasinski, Poland

References

External links
Peer Gynt Sculpture Park, official website
Peer Gynt Sculpture Park, official Facebook
Selvaag, official website

Sculpture gardens, trails and parks in Oslo
Parks in Oslo
Works based on Peer Gynt
Art museums established in 2006
2006 establishments in Norway


The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, also known as AACSB International, is an American professional organization. It was founded as the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business in 1916 to provide accreditation to schools of business, and was later known as the American Association of Collegiate Schools of Business and as the International Association for Management Education.

Not all members of the association are accredited; it does not accredit for-profit schools. In 2019 it obtained ISO 9001 certification.

It is one of the three component organizations of triple accreditation of business schools.

History

The American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business was founded as an accrediting body in 1916 by a group of seventeen American universities and colleges. The first accreditations took place in 1919. For many years, the association accredited only American business schools, but in the latter part of the twentieth century adopted a more international approach to business education. The first school it accredited outside the United States was the University of Alberta in 1968, and the first outside North America was the French business school ESSEC, in 1997. The present name of the association was adopted in 2001.

In January 2015 the Council for Higher Education Accreditation deferred recognition of the association pending satisfaction of its policy requirements, and in July its Committee on Recognition recommended that recognition be denied on the basis that the AACSB had consistently failed to document that it was routinely providing "reliable information to the public on their performance, including student achievement" as CHEA requires. The association withdrew from the council in September 2016. In 2019 it received ISO 9001 certification.

Since June 2023, the organization's president and chief executive officer has been Lily Bi, who was previously an executive at the Institute of Internal Auditors.

See also
 List of AACSB-accredited schools (accounting)

Notes

References

Further reading

 Andrea Everard, Jennifer Edmonds, Kent Pierre (2013). The Longitudinal Effects of the Mission – Driven Focus on the Credibility of the AACSB. Journal of Management Development 32 (9):995–1003
 W. Francisco, T.G. Noland, D.Sinclari (2008). AACSB Accreditation: Symbol of Excellence or march toward Mediocrity. Journal of College Teaching & Learning 5 (5):25–30
 Harold Hamilton (2000). AACSB Accreditation: Are the Benefits worth the Cost for a Small School? A Case Study. Proceedings of the American Society of Business and Behavioral Sciences Track Section of Management February 17–21, 2000, Las Vegas, Nevada: 205–206
 Anthony Lowrie, Hugh Willmott (2009). Accreditation Sickness in the Consumption of Business Education: The Vacuum in AACSB Standard Setting. Management Learning 40 (4):411–420
 N. Orwig, R.Z. Finney (2007). Analysis of the Mission Statements of AACSB – Accredited Schools. Competitiveness Review 17 (4):261–273
 E.J Romero (2008). AACSB Accreditation: Addressing Faculty Concerns. Academy of Management Learning and Education 7 (2):245~255
 J.A. Yunker (2000). Doing Things the Hard Way – Problems with Mission-Linked AACSB Accreditation Standards and Suggestions for Improvement. Journal of Education for Business'' 75 (6):348–353

Business education
International college and university associations and consortia
School accreditors
1916 establishments in the United States
Higher education accreditation
Accounting education


The Master of the World () is a German science fiction movie made in 1934 (released in the US in 1935). Its themes are the ethical replacement of human labor by robots, and the threat to humanity by robots used as war machines. It was directed by Harry Piel and made by Ariel production.

Synopsis
Wolf, as the half-crazy assistant to Dr. Heller, an inventor of robots, murders his master and attempts to take over the world with his death-ray equipped robots. He then proceeds to lend industrial robots all over the world for high fees. "Baumann", a mining engineer and friend of Dr. Heller, then visits Wolf in his entrenched laboratory of Heller's company and learns about his plan. Having witnessed the despair of his co-workers who lost their jobs due to being replaced by robots he explains to Wolf that the people will revolt when they lose their jobs en masse. Wolf, however, wants to crush down any revolts using his war machines and reach for world domination. He is then prevented from attaining this goal by Baumann and Dr. Heller's widow, as he gets killed by his own invention.

In the happy end of the movie, Baumann realizes Dr. Heller's vision in which robots improve the lives of everyone and are used to do "dangerous, unhealthy and intellectually suffocating" jobs. The workers replaced by the robots don't lose their jobs but are instead employed in other areas – such as for the maintenance of the robots. Preserving workers' jobs also becomes a condition for the customers of the company's robots and thus humans are freed for a more worthy and humane life.

Cast
 Walter Janssen as Dr. Heller
 Sybille Schmitz as Vilma, seine Frau
 Walter Franck as Prof. Wolf
 Aribert Wäscher as Ehrenberg, Geheimrat (privy council)
 Siegfried Schürenberg as Werner Baumann
 Willi Schur as Karl Schumacher, Steiger
 Gustav Püttjer as Becker, Bergmann
 Klaus Pohl as Stöppke, Bergmann
 Oskar Höcker as Luppe, Bergmann
 Max Gülstorff as Neumeier, Berginspektor
 Otto Wernicke as Wolter, Oberingenieur
 Hans Hermann Schaufuß as Fischer, Bürodirektor

References

External links

1934 films
Films of Nazi Germany
Robot films
German science fiction films
1930s science fiction films
Films directed by Harry Piel
Films about artificial intelligence
Films about technological impact
1930s German-language films
German black-and-white films
Works about automation
Unemployment in fiction
1930s German films


Crémery (; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is situated on the D139 road, some  southeast of Amiens.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


The National Party of Australia (WA) Inc, branded The Nationals WA, is a political party in Western Australia. It is affiliated with the National Party of Australia but maintains a separate structure and identity. Since the 2021 state election, the Nationals WA is the senior party in an opposition alliance with the WA Liberal Party in the WA Parliament. Prior to the election, the National Party was sitting in the crossbench and the Liberal Party was the sole opposition party. The election resulted in the National Party winning more seats than the Liberal Party and gaining official opposition status. Under the opposition alliance, the National Party leader and deputy leader would be the opposition leader and deputy opposition leader respectively, the first since 1947, and each party would maintain their independence from each other.

Founded in 1913 as the Country Party of Western Australia to represent the interests of farmers and pastoralists, it was the first agrarian party in Australia to contest and win seats at the 1914 state election. Since then, it has continuously held seats in the state's Legislative Assembly and Legislative Council, particularly in the state's Wheatbelt region, and for many years it also held federal seats. While the party had historically functioned as part of a two-party coalition with the centre-right Liberal Party (and its predecessors) for most of its existence, tensions have existed over the coalition arrangement, and on two occasions the party split over the issue. Since the passage of reforms to the electoral system initiated by the Labor Party reducing the number of non-metropolitan seats, the Nationals have refashioned themselves as an independent third party in Western Australian politics in an effort to ensure their survival and continued representation for agrarian interests in Parliament.

History and name
The party was formally established by the Farmers' and Settlers' Association (FSA) on 12 March 1913. It was the first established branch of what was called the Country Party, predating all other state branches, including the federal party established in 1920. Despite being founded by the Farmers' and Settlers' Association (FSA), it was known as the Country Party of Western Australia. It held the name for , changing to the “Country and Democratic League of Western Australia” (CDL) in 1944 following its severance from the Primary Producers' Association, changing the organisations constitution. The reported changes were put into place in an effort to reject all affiliations to other political organisations from the other states, and expansion of the party's platform. However, the name proved confusing, especially after the Liberals' decision to merge into the newly formed Liberal and Country League (LCL). Subsequently the parliamentary party reverted back to its former name, Country Party, at the 1949 federal election. The organisation followed suit at its 1961 conference.

The party in 1974, which had faced considerable political challenges for decades and a steady decline, entered into a political alliance with the Democratic Labor Party, called the National Alliance. A short-lived alliance, the party left the coalition following the 1975 federal election. The party again changed names, to the National Country Party of Western Australia, and briefly left the Charles Court Government. On 1 April 1985, upon its union with the breakaway National Party, it became the National Party of Western Australia, which was formally affiliated with the National Party of Australia. As with all National parties around Australia, in late 2003 the party was rebranded as The Nationals Western Australia, although the official name has not changed.

History

Background

The gold rush of the 1890s had seen tremendous growth in the state in terms of both capital and population. Between the discovery of gold at Halls Creek in 1885 and federation in 1901, the population increased from 35,959 to 184,124, and by 1911 had risen to 282,114—in all, an almost eightfold increase. The gold rush peaked in 1903 and, while gold still represented over 65% of the total exports of Western Australia, the industry had started to enter a period of decline. With this decline came a recognition by government that continued economic growth depended on the development of agriculture. Massive public loans from overseas together with assisted immigration from the United Kingdom saw large areas of land opened up—from 1900 to 1910, the area under crop rose from  to , while the railway network doubled in size and many public buildings were erected throughout the cultivated areas of the state. In addition, immigrants who had come in search of gold or work increasingly took on jobs as farm workers—the proportion of the population on the Goldfields had fallen from 32.2% of the State in 1901 to 22.3% by 1911, while the agricultural population had risen from 28.2% to 35.5% in the same period. Land was also given to unemployed labourers and retrenched public servants, which they could gain title on by making it productive. Following the pioneering work in 1903 by William Farrer in New South Wales on marginal-rainfall wheat varieties, wheat became by far the most important agricultural export, with the rate of expansion from 1904 to 1913 in wheat production and export surpassing all other states.

However, falling wheat prices after 1908 and a drought in 1911–1912 caused major hardship to the newly established farmers, especially in the eastern wheatbelt which had lower rainfall, less capital and less preparation. This led to some resentment towards the Liberal government then in power, and especially towards Minister for Lands James Mitchell, who had adopted a particularly enthusiastic attitude towards settlement in such areas. Two new events on the horizon brought things to a head—the 1911 state election which produced the first majority Labor government in Western Australia (including several members from agricultural areas); and an attempt by the Rural Workers Union to bring agricultural workers into the Commonwealth arbitration system to regulate their wages and working conditions. In March 1912, the Western Australian Farmers and Settlers' Association was formed to represent small employers' interests, and included primarily wheat farmers, but also small graziers, dairy farmers and orchardists. By 1914, it had 180 branches and 6,000 members, mostly located in the Wheatbelt region with some penetration of the South West region. It was inspired in part by the success of Canadian grain growers' associations from 1900 onwards.

Formation of the Country Party
At its second conference in June 1912, held at Perth Technical School, the FSA decided to adopt a political platform and elect members to Parliament who were pledged to support it. The FSA's leadership at this time was dominated by conservative established farmers, and particularly by its founding president Alexander Monger, a former member of the Liberal party. However, the association had also been highly successful in attracting Labor supporters, so the entire question of the platform was referred to a special conference held in March 1913. Strongly influenced by eastern Wheatbelt representatives, the conference was militant in tone and decided by a vote of 103 to 17 to form a country party in both State and Federal parliaments. By early 1914, the emergent Country Party of Western Australia had adopted some elements of Labor's political structure such as preselection ballots, a local branch structure, annual conferences and the observance of a pledge by party members, and saw their role as a balance of power capable of bargaining for concessions from the government of the day, clearly influenced by Labor's past practice before emerging as a major party in 1904.

These events took the Liberal party by surprise and caused some consternation amongst them. Their initial view of the FSA had been positive—federal member for Swan and former Premier (1890–1901), Sir John Forrest, believed the movement "would be of great use to the Producers, add to the strength of Liberalism and prove advantageous in every way". The FSA's first meetings were at the Liberal League's clubrooms in Perth, and its Executive was dominated by well-established families from the established farming districts around York and Beverley, epitomising the conservative values of pre-1890s Western Australian society. The Executive was staunchly opposed to the Labor party, and was concerned about the support Labor was able to attract in the newer districts, but at the same time wished for a more considered land settlement policy than the Liberals were offering, and opposed protectionism. The emergence of a three-party contest with a new Country Party remaining "entirely distinct from and not allied with any other Party" and representing the political interests of farmers, a compromise that both the Executive and the membership wholeheartedly supported, resulted in sharp criticism from key Liberals such as Forrest, who engaged in a two-month correspondence with Monger until April 1914 attempting to convince him to rejoin the FSA to the Liberal cause, and State opposition leader Frank Wilson. An invitation from the Liberal League for an exchange of preferences in the Legislative Council had been rejected by the Executive on the ground that "our constitution does not permit the council to comply with their request".

In May 1914, the Country Party won two of four contested seats in the Legislative Council—one in East Province and one in Central Province. At the Assembly elections on 21 October 1914, they contested 16 of the 50 seats in the Legislative Assembly, winning 8 of them. Five of these seats had Liberal incumbents (Beverley, Greenough, Irwin, Pingelly and York), while two had been held by Labor (Avon and Nelson). Alfred Piesse, the Liberal member for Toodyay, joined the Country Party and faced no contest for his seat. James Gardiner was selected as the first leader of the Country Party. The Labor government was returned with a one-seat majority, but could not always rely on its own members, and Gardiner told the Assembly on 8 December 1914 that there should be a "legitimate truce" and that the Country Party would support the government for the benefit of the state. During this time the government enacted a number of financial aid and other relief measures with Country Party support. However, Gardiner's willingness to work with Labor to achieve Country Party aims on the land alarmed conservatives on the FSA executive, and on 12 March 1915, at the first joint Country Party-FSA conference, the decision was made to appoint a new leader. Gardiner resigned six days later, and Francis Willmott became leader of the party, which became increasingly dominated by Monger. The party had to act carefully, as Labor had committed to an agricultural relief programme and the Executive was wary of upsetting the radical eastern wheatbelt branches. The status quo was cautiously backed at the party's August 1915 conference.

Coalition and division
Events in Western Australian politics assumed an unpredictable quality from late 1915 onwards. On 30 September 1915, the seat of Roebourne, previously held by Joseph Gardiner, was declared vacant and was won at a by-election two months later by the Liberal Party, leaving Labor with no majority in the Assembly. The FSA executive had tired of Gardiner and colleague Tom Harrison's continuing support for the government, writing in September 1915 accusing him of "always being the apologist for the bad administration of the present Government". In November, Country Party members were instructed to support a censure motion by the Liberal Party, but although all members did ultimately vote for the motion, it was defeated by the casting vote of the Speaker. On 18 December 1915, the Labor member for Williams-Narrogin, Edward Johnston, resigned from the party and was re-elected at a by-election as an Independent. For the first time since the Scaddan Government's election in 1911, non-Labor forces had a majority in the Assembly.

On 27 July 1916, the Liberal and Country parties cooperated to defeat the government in the Legislative Assembly. After being refused a dissolution of Parliament by the governor, the premier John Scaddan resigned, and Wilson became premier for the second time.

Although the Country Party cooperated with the Liberals in bringing down Scaddan's Labour government, they declined to form a coalition ministry, and they were inconsistent in their support of Wilson's government. At one point in February 1917, a dispute between the parties prompted Wilson to tender his resignation, but this was refused by the governor. During this period the Liberal Party was transformed into the Nationalist Party, mirroring changes at the federal level. After an initial minority Liberal/Nationalist ministry under Frank Wilson, on 28 June 1917 the Lefroy Ministry was formed, the first Coalition ministry in Western Australia. It combined the Nationalist Party, the Country Party and the National Labor Party (who, unlike their federal counterparts, were not subsumed into the Nationalists until 1924). The Country Party held three posts, and the Coalition would last under a succession of leaders until defeat at the 1924 election.

During the 1921–1924 term, the Country Party split into rival factions, the Ministerial Country Party (MCP) which comprised the bulk of the parliamentary party—many of whom had switched allegiance from other parties since 1919—and the Executive Country Party (ECP), which was loyal to the Primary Producers' Association, which the Country Party was intended to represent in Parliament. After the 1924 election, which significantly strengthened the latter at the expense of the former, the Ministerial arm merged with the Nationalist Party.

Official opposition

The Coalition returned to government at the 1930 election, with new Country Party leader Charles Latham serving as Deputy Premier, but lost power again at the 1933 election. In that election the Nationalists fell to third place in the Legislative Assembly and so the Country Party leader took the post of Leader of the Opposition until 1947, with Latham serving until 1942 and then being succeeded in both posts by Arthur Watts.

Demographic and political challenges

In 1944 came a significant shift in the party's fortunes when the Primary Producers' Association, of which the Party had been the political wing, passed a motion during negotiations with the Wheatgrowers' Union deleting the rule which authorised the Party's existence and its use of PPA branches and funds for party purposes. A new organisation was hastily set up by Watts and the member for Pingelly, Harrie Seward, who were very active in setting up branches to endorse local candidates and obtaining donations on which to run the 1947 campaign. This was the start of a significant decline in the Country Party's fortunes over the ensuing decades. In 1946 the party changed its name to the "Country and Democratic League". The party's total of seats would slowly decline at successive elections from the twelve won in 1947 to eight or nine in the elections of the 1950s and 1960s until by the mid-1970s onwards the party would win a maximum of six seats.

At the 1947 election the Coalition returned to power, with the Nationalists having now become the Liberals. Although Watts had led the Coalition into the election, the Liberals won one more seat than the Nationals, resulting in Liberal leader Ross McLarty becoming premier with Watts as his deputy. The McLarty–Watts Ministry would held power until the 1953 election. During this time in March 1949, James Mann, the member for Beverley, led a breakaway faction out of the Country Party, and initially sat as an Independent. His faction merged into the Liberal and Country League, formed in March 1939, which the Liberals merged into in May 1949.

The two parties regained power at the 1959 election forming the Brand–Watts Ministry. Watts retired in 1962, to be succeeded by Crawford Nalder. The reconstituted Brand–Nalder Ministry retained power until the 1971 election.

The National Alliance and coalition tensions

The party entered into a temporary merger with the Democratic Labor Party, standing on a centrist platform as the "National Alliance" in both the March 1974 state election and the May 1974 federal election. The Alliance contested most of the state seats and every single federal seat, standing in many metropolitan seats for the first time. However, in both elections the party lost votes and seats compared to the combined performance of its component parties in previous elections, losing its last seats in the federal House of Representatives and one of two senators. The National Alliance was dissolved soon afterwards and the now-renamed National Country Party reverted to its traditional approach of contesting just rural seats afterwards. In the 1977 federal election the party's last senator, Tom Drake-Brockman, retired and his seat was lost. The party would not win another federal seat until the 2010 federal election.

The 1974 state election saw the Liberals defeat Labor but they lacked a majority and so following negotiations a Liberal-National Country Coalition ministry was formed with the National Country Party holding three positions in the ministry, including leader Ray McPharlin as Deputy Premier under Sir Charles Court. However the National Country Party's reduced position led to public discussions about establishing a clear separate identity from the Liberals. Tensions grew over rural and education issues and, ultimately, milk quotas for dairy producers leading to a split. On 20 May 1975, McPharlin led the party out of the Coalition. The state party then came under pressure from the federal party to resume the coalition, with both federal leader Doug Anthony and Queensland Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen making visits to encourage this. In the negotiations which followed, McPharlin was replaced as leader by Dick Old and the Coalition was resumed on 31 May; however, Court insisted Old was too inexperienced to be Deputy Premier, and from this point until the Liberals' defeat in 1983, while the Coalition was maintained between the two parties, the Liberal Party got to name both leading positions in the Ministry despite Old gaining experience as a minister. At the 1977 state election the Liberals gained seats while the National Country Party stood still, resulting in the latter losing one of its three ministerial posts. The Coalition remained in office.

The split (1978–1985)

In July 1978 the tensions within the party came to the forefront once more. The schism was triggered over a political donation of $200,000 from mining entrepreneur Lang Hancock through the party president from which offers of campaign assistance were made to parliamentary officeholders to vote to oust Old. By August the party had completely fractured when Hendy Cowan, the vice president of the party and an MLA, and Jim Fletcher, the general president, walked out of a strategy planning meeting. The allegation of the campaign offer had been made against Fletcher. Court's strong domination of conservative politics had resulted in the National Country Party having only minor influence and the split galvanised demands for greater independence.

A separate party called the "National Party" was formed. The name was initially disallowed after objections from the National Party in Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania but later formalised as the National Party of Australia (WA). Disaffected members of the National Country Party joined including three Members of the Legislative Assembly, Cowan, McPharlin and Matt Stephens, and one Member of the Legislative Council, Thomas McNeil. The National Party operated as an independent force while the National Country Party remained in the Coalition. The two parties worked independently of one another while quietly (and occasionally, publicly) feuding. In the 1980 state election the National Country Party maintained the Coalition while the National Party agreed with the Labor Party not to contest each other's seats and Cowan publicly stated his party was willing to support a Labor minority government if it had the largest number of seats. The election saw each party return its three sitting MLAs, with the Coalition retaining power. On 12 May 1982, McPharlin resigned from the National Party and rejoined the National Country Party.

The Coalition lost power in the 1983 state election, in which McPharlin also lost his seat to the Liberals. All the other National Country and National MLAs retained their seats. The National Country Party was by this stage $1.25 million in debt, largely due to the failure of a grocery store it had entered to raise funds. This led to an unsuccessful motion to dissolve the party in May 1983.

There were renewed calls for the two rural parties to reunify. In August 1984 a seventeen-point plan was agreed by both parties and on 2 October 1984 the two party organisations formally unified under the name "National Party of Western Australia". However the two parliamentary parties remained as separate entities because the three sitting National Country Party MLAs (Dick Old, Bert Crane and Peter Jones) refused to work with Cowan and Stephens. On 29 January 1985 the parliamentary National Country Party was formally dissolved. The sitting MLCs joined the National party, however all three sitting MLAs refused to accept the merger and instead joined the Liberal Party.

The Cowan era

The conservative parties were in opposition through most of the 1980s with Labor yet to suffer from major fallout from the WA Inc fiasco and the 1987 stock market crash. In 1989 Liberal opposition leader Barry MacKinnon was pushing for the Nationals to help block supply in the Upper House to topple the Dowding government. Cowan refused to cooperate knowing that a small swing to the Liberals in the coming election could see them (the Liberals) gain as many as nine seats and an absolute majority in the Assembly, thus weakening the Nationals' position. In February the following year, Cowan and the Nationals had reversed their stance and decided to block supply in a bid to present themselves as a decisive and consistent conservative force.

In the 1993 state election, the conservative forces finally regained government, largely by just being able to finally present themselves as united.  This was despite what should have been a relatively easy ride given Labor's problems with WA Inc. and the findings of the associated Royal commission which had been handed down the year before.  The Liberals won a small, but absolute majority in both houses with the Nationals holding 6 seats in the lower house and 3 in the upper house.  Nevertheless, a Liberal-National Party coalition was formed and Cowan was Deputy Premier under Richard Court from 1993 to 2001, as well as holding ministerial portfolios of Commerce and Trade (16 February 1993 to 16 February 2001), Small Business and Regional Development (10 February 1995 to 16 February 2001).

21st century

The Coalition was defeated at the 2001 state election. Subsequently, Cowan resigned from both the party leadership and the state parliament to stand in the federal Senate election for the Nationals; however despite his profile and the party's belief that he was their best hope since Drake-Brockman's retirement, he was unsuccessful.

Cowan was succeeded as leader by Max Trenorden who led the party for the next four years in coalition with the Liberals. At the 2005 state election the Nationals retained the same number of seats but the Labor Party retained power and came close to a majority in the Legislative Council and successfully implemented the ending of a malapportionment that had given the non-metropolitan parts of the state fewer voters per electorate than in the metropolitan parts; the National Party had long benefited from this arrangement. In May 2005 legislation was passed to remove the malapportionment in the Legislative Assembly (though rural areas remain significantly overrepresented in the Legislative Council) and shift to a system of one vote one value. The change was widely expected to devastate the National Party, leading to many questioning whether it would survive the coming election.

In June 2005 Trenorden was challenged by Brendon Grylls for the leadership and stood down before a formal ballot was held. Grylls sought to reposition the Nationals, taking them beyond their traditional rural base and making a greater appeal to regional Western Australia. The party adopted the flagship policy of "Royalties for Regions", under which 25 per cent of mineral and oil royalty revenues would be spent in the regional areas of Western Australia to develop infrastructure. Grylls also moved the party away from the traditional Coalition with the Liberals. He repositioned the party as an independent force willing to form government with either the Liberals or Labor to push for National policies. In 2007, Grylls stated that the party had formally torn up the Coalition agreement, and would contest the next state election "as a stand-alone conservative party".

The 2008 state election resulted in an unexpected hung parliament. The Nationals won four lower house seats and held the balance of power in both houses of the legislature. Together with three independents, the Nationals ultimately supported the Liberals led by Colin Barnett to form an informal governing coalition after several days of negotiations. Unlike traditional non-Labor Coalition governments, however, the National members only had limited collective responsibility, and reserved "the right to exempt [themselves] from Cabinet and vote against an issue on the floor of the Parliament if it's against the wishes of the people [they] represent." Additionally, Grylls was not appointed Deputy Premier, a post that went to Liberal deputy leader Kim Hames.

The winning MLAs were party leader Brendon Grylls (Central Wheatbelt), Terry Redman (Blackwood-Stirling), Terry Waldron (Wagin) and Grant Woodhams (Moore). In the upper house, the party won five seats with the members being Mia Davies, Philip Gardiner and Max Trenorden (Agricultural Region), Colin Holt (South West Region) and Wendy Duncan (Mining and Pastoral Region). Grylls, Waldron and Redman would hold cabinet positions in the Barnett Ministry, while Duncan served as a Parliamentary Secretary.

Grylls and his partners negotiated the implementation of its Royalties for Regions policy. The policy is administered through the WA Department of Regional Development and provides for an additional $619 million (2009–10) in spending in regional communities above consolidated revenue allocations for the regions.

In the 2010 federal election, Tony Crook won the Australian House of Representatives seat of O'Connor for the National Party of Western Australia from long-term Liberal incumbent Wilson Tuckey. Crook campaigned on a policy of opposition to the Mineral Resource Rent Tax and support for a Royalties for Regions policy at a national level. He also declared his independence from the federal Nationals; indeed, the party declared during the campaign it would not take direction from federal Nationals leader Warren Truss. Although some media outlets initially claimed Crook was part of the Coalition, Crook declared he would sit as a crossbencher in the parliament. The election resulted in a four-seat deficit for both Liberals and Labor saw the first hung parliament since the 1940 federal election. Crook ultimately announced he would support the Liberal-National Coalition on confidence and supply, but would otherwise remain on the crossbench. In April 2012, however, he moved from the crossbench to sit with the Nationals. At times, Crook supported federal Labor government policies in parliament contrary to the official position of the federal Nationals. Crook retired at the 2013 federal election after a single term, and the seat of O'Connor was won by Liberal candidate Rick Wilson, who narrowly defeated Nationals WA candidate Chub Witham.

At the state level the party continued to grow in strength in the Mining and Pastoral region, having won its first elected member of the modern era there in 2008 when Wendy Duncan won a seat in the Legislative Council. In 2009 Vince Catania, the MLA for North West, defected to the Nationals in support of their regional policies. At the 2013 state election the party won seven Legislative Assembly seats in total, its largest total in over forty years, including three in the Mining and Pastoral region. Duncan successfully moved from the Legislative Council to the Legislative Assembly, winning the lower house seat of Kalgoorlie for the first time in the Nationals' history. Fellow Goldfields resident Dave Grills won a seat in the multi-member Mining and Pastoral Region upper house electorate, along with Jacqui Boydell. At that election, the Liberals won a majority in their own right, only the second time that the main non-Labor party in Western Australia had dones so since adopting the Liberal banner. However, Barnett kept the Nationals in his government.  According to ABC election analyst Antony Green, Barnett would have been forced to keep the Nationals in his cabinet in any event. As mentioned above, even after the 2008 electoral reforms, the Legislative Council still has a significant rural overweighting.  Green argued that this malapportionment is strong enough that a Liberal premier cannot govern without National support, even when the Liberals have enough support in the Legislative Assembly to govern alone.

In November 2013, Grylls stepped down as party leader and WA Minister for Regional Development. He was replaced in both roles by Terry Redman, while Davies was promoted to take the third Nationals' position in the Barnett Ministry. In August 2016, Grylls returned as party leader, after Redman resigned following a leadership challenge. Grylls announced a raft a new policy proposals, including an increase in an existing 25-cent per tonne production rental charge set in legacy state agreements between the state and Pilbara iron ore mining companies, BHP and Rio Tinto. Grylls lost his seat at the 2017 state election. Davies, his deputy, became acting leader until she was formally elected as leader on 21 March.

Opposition
At the 2021 election, the Nationals lost one seat in the Legislative Assembly. However, the Liberals were decimated, falling to just two seats. This allowed the Nationals to become the Opposition, making Davies the first Opposition Leader from the party since 1947. Although the Nationals were one seat short of official status in the Legislative Assembly, Premier Mark McGowan promised that the Nationals would be resourced as an opposition.

On 19 April 2021, the Liberals and Nationals formed a formal opposition alliance. The Nationals would be the senior partner, and Davies appointed three Liberals to her shadow cabinet. This was similar to the agreements between both parties when they were in government following the 2008 and 2013 elections. Under this arrangement, Liberal leader David Honey did not become Deputy Opposition Leader, deferring to Davies' deputy, Shane Love. Under the alliance, each party maintained their independence, and could speak out on issues when there was a disagreement with their partner.

On 27 January 2023, Davies announced she would resign as leader of the party, and that she would not stand for reelection for her Legislative Assembly seat in 2025.

Party leaders

Party performance

The following table records Country Party and National Party votes in the Western Australian Legislative Assembly as cast at state general elections. While the statistics reflect exact counts, it may not be possible to strictly compare vote percentages over time due to the number of uncontested seats prior to 1971.

References

Bibliography

 Appleyard, Reg (1981). "Economic and demographic growth, 1850–1914", in Stannage, C.T.: A New History of Western Australia. Nedlands: UWA Press, p. 211–236. .
 Black, David (1981a). "Party politics in turmoil", in Stannage, C.T.: A New History of Western Australia. Nedlands: UWA Press, p. 381–405. .
 Black, David (1981b). "The era of Labor ascendancy", in Stannage, C.T.: A New History of Western Australia. Nedlands: UWA Press, p. 406–440. .
 Black, David (1991). "Factionalism and stability, 1911–1947", in Black, D.W.: The house on the hill: A history of the Parliament of Western Australia 1832–1990. Perth: Parliamentary History Project, p. 97–152. .
 Black, David; Prescott, Valerie (1997). Election statistics, Legislative Assembly of Western Australia, 1890–1996. Perth: Parliamentary History Project and Western Australian Electoral Commission. .
 Bolton, Geoffrey (1972). A fine country to starve in. Nedlands: UWA Press. .
 Elphick, R. J. (1996). Coalition or Cross Bench: the Country Party dilemma. West Perth: National Party of Western Australia. .
 Gallop, Geoff; Layman, Lenore (1985), "Western Australia", in Costar, Brian and Woodward, Dennis: Country to National: Australian rural politics and beyond. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, p. 108–118. .
 Graham, B. D. (1966). The formation of the Australian country parties. Canberra: Australian National University.
 Hyams, B. K. (1965). "The Country Party in Western Australia: 1914–1944," University Studies in History, 4(3), p. 85–94.
 Layman, Lenore (1979). "The Country Party: rise and decline", in Pervan, Ralph and Sharman, Campbell: Essays on Western Australian politics. UWA Press, 159–189. .
 Mercer, F. R. (Frederick) (1955). On farmers' service : a short history of farmers' organisation in Western Australia. Perth: Farmers Union of Western Australia.
 Robertson, John R. (1958). The Scaddan government and the conscription crisis, 1911–17 : aspects of Western Australia's political history. M.A. thesis, University of Western Australia. Accessed at Reid Library.

External links
 Official website

Agrarian parties in Australia
Political parties established in 1913
Political parties in Western Australia
Western Australia
1913 establishments in Australia


Waseem Ahmed may refer to:
Waseem Ahmed (cricketer) (born 1993), Indian cricketer
Waseem Ahmed (artist) (born 1976), Pakistani artist
Waseem Ahmed (field hockey) (born 1977), Pakistani field hockey player


Jack Ettwell George Sexton (27 February 1907– 26 October 1935) was an Australian rules footballer who played in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) and for  in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

Sexton was a centreman and started his career in 1925 with Glenelg. In 1930, he crossed to West Adelaide after a dispute over his salary. He won a Magarey Medal in 1931 and in the following season, he moved to Victoria and joined Fitzroy. He captained Fitzroy in 1932 and 1933 and played a total of 29 VFL games before returning to South Australia in 1935. Now playing with Norwood as captain-coach, Sexton starting suffering from pleurisy and was forced to resign just six games into the season. He finished with a total of 101 senior games and in October that year, he died from his illness.

References

1907 births
1935 deaths
Fitzroy Football Club players
Glenelg Football Club players
West Adelaide Football Club players
Norwood Football Club players
Norwood Football Club coaches
Magarey Medal winners
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
Deaths from pleurisy


Cressy-Omencourt (; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Cressy-Omencourt is situated on the D227 and D15 crossroads, some  southwest of Saint-Quentin.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Steinar Bråten (born 17 September 1962) is a Norwegian former ski jumper.

Career
He had 27 participations in the World Cup between 1982 and 1988 with four podium positions and one victory, the latter in Holmenkollen in 1983. His only Olympic participation was in the 1984 Winter Olympics.

After his active career Bråten has worked as a coach for the national ski jumping team and is currently working at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology and Olympiatoppen where he conducts research related to technical jumping.

World Cup

Standings

Wins

References

External links

1962 births
Living people
People from Drangedal
Olympic ski jumpers for Norway
Ski jumpers at the 1984 Winter Olympics
Norwegian ski jumping coaches
Skiers from Vestfold og Telemark
20th-century Norwegian people


Ralph Thomas Butler (12 October 1886 – 8 April 1969) was a British songwriter, responsible for the lyrics of many popular songs of the 1930s and later, mostly with comic or novelty elements.

He was active as a songwriter from the late 1920s until the mid-1950s. Among his most famous songs were "All By Yourself In The Moonlight" (1929), published under the pseudonym Jay Wallis, which reportedly sold over a million copies; "Let’s Sing The Cuddly Song" (written with Julian Wright, 1929); "The Sun Has Got His Hat On" (1932), "Run, Rabbit, Run" (1939), and "Hey! Little Hen" (1941), all co-written with Noel Gay; "Let's All Go To The Music Hall" (1934), written with Harry Tilsley and Lawrence Wright; "There's A Lovely Lake In London" (1935), with Tolchard Evans and Stanley Damerell; "Horsey Horsey" (1938), with Paddy Roberts; "Come And Have A Drink At The Victory Arms" (1941), with Tolchard Evans; and "Nellie the Elephant" (1956), written with Peter Hart.  Another song, also co-written with Noel Gay, "We Don't Know Where We're Going" (1944), was used to great effect during war scenes in the movie Overlord.

He died in 1969 in a London hospital, at the age of 82.

References

1969 deaths
English lyricists
1886 births


The trucking industry serves the American economy by transporting large quantities of raw materials, works in process, and finished goods over land—typically from manufacturing plants to retail distribution centers. Trucks are also used in the construction industry, two of which require dump trucks and portable concrete mixers to move the large amounts of rocks, dirt, concrete, and other building materials used in construction. Trucks in America are responsible for the majority of freight movement over land and are tools in the manufacturing, transportation, and warehousing industries.

Driving large trucks and buses require a commercial driver's license (CDL) to operate. Obtaining a CDL requires extra education and training dealing with the special knowledge requirements and handling characteristics of such a large vehicle. Drivers of commercial motor vehicles (CMVs) must adhere to the hours of service, which are regulations governing the driving hours of commercial drivers. Drivers must be at least 21 years old to drive on the interstates, with efforts being made to reduce the age to 18. These and all other rules regarding the safety of interstate commercial driving are issued by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). The FMCSA is a division of the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT), which governs all transportation-related industries such as trucking, shipping, railroads, and airlines. Some other issues are handled by another branch of the USDOT, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA).

Developments in technology, such as computers, satellite communication, and the Internet, have contributed to many improvements within the industry. These developments have increased the productivity of company operations, saved the time and effort of drivers, and provided new, more accessible forms of entertainment to men and women who often spend long periods of time away from home. In 2006, the United States Environmental Protection Agency implemented revised emission standards for diesel trucks (reducing airborne pollutants emitted by diesel engines) which promises to improve air quality and public health.

History

The trucking industry has affected the political and economic history of the United States in the 20th century. Before the invention of automobiles, most freight was moved by train or horse-drawn vehicle.

Trucks were first used extensively by the military during World War I. With the increase in construction of paved roads, trucking began to achieve a significant foothold in the 1930s. Public safety concerns made it necessary to implement various government regulations (such as the 1965 hours of service rule; recently revised with a compliance date of July 1, 2012) of how long drivers were allowed to work and drive each day/week. In 1956, Taxpayers provided funds to build the Interstate Highway System, an extensive network of highways and freeways that linked major cities across the continent. The addition of Interstate Highway System also made it possible for the trucking industry to grow substantially in the late 1950s and early 1960s and trucking has come to dominate the freight industry in the latter portion of the 20th century.

Trucking achieved national attention during the 1960s and 70s, when songs and movies about truck driving were major hits. Truck drivers participated in widespread strikes against the rising cost of fuel, during the energy crises of 1973 and 1979. Congress deregulated the trucking industry with the passage of the Motor Carrier Act of 1980.

1990s-present
Advances in modern technology have enabled significant improvements within the trucking industry. Trucks are commonly equipped with satellite communication features, automatic transmissions are gaining in popularity, and truck stops featuring WiFi Internet access are now commonplace.

Exhaust emissions

Components of diesel exhaust were confirmed as an animal carcinogen in 1988 by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and by 2002, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considered it "likely to be carcinogenic to humans". The particulate matter of diesel exhaust has been linked to (among other health effects) lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, and aggravated asthma; it has also been identified as a greenhouse gas. " For these and other reasons, alternatives and improvements to standard diesel fuel have been developed.

Biodiesel (in its pure form) is a non-toxic, biodegradable form of diesel fuel made from vegetable oil, usually soybean oil or recycled restaurant grease. Biodiesel promises a reduction in some exhaust emissions, as well as reduced dependence on foreign petroleum supplies.

Starting in June 2006, petroleum refiners were required by the EPA to begin producing ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel, which has 97% less sulfur than the previous low sulfur diesel fuel. When fuel containing sulfur is burned, sulfur dioxide is produced, a main component of acid rain. ULSD, together with new air pollution control technologies required in trucks (starting with model year 2007), will reduce harmful emissions by 90%.

By the time the action is fully implemented, the EPA estimates that 2.6 million tons of smog-causing nitrogen oxide emissions will be eliminated each year. Soot or particulate matter will be reduced by an estimated 110,000 tons a year. The reduction in sulfur will also prevent an estimated 8,300 premature deaths, 5,500 cases of chronic bronchitis and 17,600 cases of acute bronchitis in children. In addition, an estimated 360,000 asthma attacks and 386,000 cases of respiratory symptoms in asthmatic children will also be avoided every year.

When not driving, truck drivers need to idle their engines to maintain climate control within the truck cab (interior), as well as provide electricity for appliances. Engine idling is inefficient and only adds to the problem of air pollution. This unnecessary idling can be remedied with shore power (which is a term and idea borrowed from the shipping industry), or Truck Stop Electrification. When ships are docked in a port, they connect to a land-based power supply to provide electricity and eliminate the need to idle their engines. The idea of shore power was transferred to the trucking industry, and now there are companies such as IdleAire and Shorepower which provide electricity to diesel trucks, which eliminates the need for the driver to idle the engine. IdleAire also provides access to the Internet, cable television, and land line phone services. IdleAire promises to eliminate one-eighth of nitrogen oxide pollution through "electrified parking", however, particulate pollution may increase in those areas where the electricity is provided by coal burning power plants. Some drivers are also experimenting with hydrogen fuel cells, which provide clean and silent power for appliances when trucks are not running.

Fuel efficiency
With the fuel price increases of the 2000s, the EPA and many companies have sought to increase diesel truck fuel economy. One such example is the hydraulic hybrid vehicle, which stores energy in hydraulic tanks and hydraulic motors (as opposed to the electric hybrid vehicle which uses batteries and regenerative brakes). Electric hybrid vehicles are another option, with savings of 35% to 60% over traditional vehicles. Drivers themselves may improve fuel efficiency by using a method called progressive shifting, in which the driver shifts through the gears (typical trucks may have between 10 and 18 gears) in such a manner as to optimize the power range of the engine.

Pure electric trucks that claim zero emissions are also being increasingly deployed in US fleets across industries. These trucks run purely on electric power without any dependence on fossil fuels. As of February 2022, there were over 1,000 all-electric trucks deployed in the United States from manufacturers such as Hyundai, Orange EV, MAN Truck & Bus, and E-FORCE ONE. The braking system in these trucks are designed to put the energy that is normally lost as heat in the brake pads and drum back into the battery by using the motor as a generator.

Fuel consumption
According to research from a survey conducted by students from the University of Michigan in cooperation with ATRI (American Transportation Research Institute), as of 2015 "54 billion gallons of fuel were consumed by trucks for business purposes—39 billion gallons of diesel fuel and 16 billion gallons of gasoline. Combination vehicles, which are powered nearly exclusively by diesel fuel, accounted for 75 percent of this diesel fuel consumption."

Technology
Like many other industries, the trucking industry has benefited from the use of computers and the Internet. The Internet helps firms explore new opportunities by aggressive sales and marketing. The incremental cost of conducting business transactions on the Internet is as little as one-fifteenth as expensive as paper transactions.

Given the limitations on truck weight and size, increased productivity in the industry comes from two sources: fewer empty miles and less time waiting between loads. U.S. Department of Transportation figures indicate that empty routes have continued to account for 29% of single-unit truck traffic; this has been equated to an annualized 15 billion gallons of gasoline, $30 billion cost, or 149 million tons of excess carbon emissions. Traditional freight brokers acted as intermediaries to manage the coordination of freight, helping independent drivers or companies match loads with available empty trucks. Increasingly, computerized brokers are threatening the future of traditional human brokers by offering increased efficiency. In addition, shipper-driven brokerage over the Internet enables shippers to post loads and solicit bids directly from carriers. Instead of relying upon traditional freight brokers, shippers function as their own brokers, dealing directly with freight companies.

Developments in satellite technology have fostered increased communication and productivity within the trucking industry. Drivers may input the information from a bill of lading into a simple text-only dot matrix display screen (commonly called a "Qualcomm", for their ubiquitous OmniTRACS system). This allows the driver to communicate with their dispatcher, who is normally responsible for determining and informing the driver of their pick-up and drop-off locations. Drivers are no longer required to find the nearest public phone in order to relay information regarding their load status, it can be done without leaving the truck cab.

The driver inputs the information, using a keyboard, into an automated system of pre-formatted messages known as macros. There are macros for each stage of the loading and unloading process, such as "loaded and leaving shipper" and "arrived at final destination". This system also allows the company to track the driver's fuel usage, speed, gear optimization, engine idle time, location, direction of travel, and amount of time spent driving. According to trucking industry technologist, Phil Callaghan, in the United States every truck is like "a note on the system" and this digital transparency is driving a standards change globally

Trucks equipped with GPS satellite navigation units have enabled drivers to forgo a traditional paper-based map, saving time and effort. Drivers willing to pay for satellite radio  or who work for a company that pays for it can listen to commercial-free music, sports, news, and talk radio coast-to-coast without interruption of signals between cities (as terrestrial radio signals are limited to a certain radius from the broadcasting tower). Digital satellite television allows smaller dish sizes, which means truck drivers are not limited to free terrestrial broadcast television and have more options about what they watch during their off-duty periods.

Automatic transmissions
Increasingly, companies have been equipping their trucks with automatic transmissions for a variety of reasons. Operating a manual transmission requires more skill and attention of the driver, partly due to the unsynchronized transmission found in heavy-duty trucks. Companies have found that automatic transmission has many benefits, including higher fuel efficiency, higher driver retention (drivers frustrated by a manual transmission may quit his/her job), lower wear of transmission gears (inexperienced drivers sometimes grind the gears if they do not follow proper shifting techniques), lower driver fatigue, and fewer accidents (manual transmissions require more attention from the driver, thus increasing the chances for an accident). All of these factors reduce costs for the company.

Top US trucking firms
As of May 2015, over 90.0% of companies in the United States long-distance freight trucking industry are owner-operators. Therefore, even the top corporate operators only hold a small share of the total market. According to the industry market research firm IBISWorld, J.B. Hunt Transport Services holds an estimated 2.5% market share, YRC Worldwide  holds 1.8%, FedEx holds 1.6%, United Parcel Service of America owns 1.5%, and Con-way holds 1.4%.

Top 10 trucking companies by revenue in 2015:

Economic impact
The importance of trucking is communicated by the industry adage: "If you bought it, a truck brought it." Retail stores, hospitals, gas stations, garbage disposal, construction sites, banks, and even a clean water supply depends entirely upon trucks to distribute vital cargo. Even before a product reaches store shelves, the raw materials and other stages of production materials that go into manufacturing any given product are moved by trucks.

Today, railroads are primarily used to haul bulk quantities of cargo over long distances. Unless a manufacturing or distribution facility has a direct connection to the railroad, the remainder of the trip must be handled by truck. Recent implementation of "just in time" strategies have resulted in the increased use of trucks to help satisfy businesses' fluid inventory needs. Using this strategy, businesses gain the ability to reduce the costs associated with excess inventory and larger warehousing facilities by requiring more frequent deliveries. According to an industry group, many retail, commercial, and government services require daily or weekly deliveries to keep supplies or merchandise on hand. Many hospitals have also moved to "just in time" inventory systems. The nation's busiest gas stations require deliveries of fuel several times per day, while the average station receives fuel every two to three days. Grocery stores require deliveries of perishable food items every two to three days.

Trucks are vitally important to U.S. industry, however, measuring the impact of trucking on the economy is more difficult, because trucking services are so intertwined with all sectors of the economy. According to the measurable share of the economy that trucking represents, the industry directly contributes about 5 percent to the gross domestic product annually. In addition, the industry plays a critical support role for other transportation modes and for other sectors of the economy such as the resource, manufacturing, construction, and wholesale and retail trade industries.

Within the energy industry, approximately 4 percent of crude oil and petroleum products were shipped by truck in 2012. These shipments are handled by oil and gas logistics firms, which are midstream service providers that also handle transport by pipeline, rail, and barge. Dominant companies in this space include Aux Sable, Bridger Group, DCP Midstream, Enbridge Energy Partners, Enterprise Products Partners, Genesis Energy, Gibson Energy, Inergy Midstream, Kinder Morgan Energy Partners, Oneok Partners, Sunoco Logistics, Targa Midstream Services, TransCanada, and Williams Companies.

Agricultural products totaling $118,832,000, or 82.7 percent, were shipped by truck in 2007 (excluding animal feed, cereal grains, and forage products). About half of that agricultural freight was shipped by for-hire trucks and half by private trucks. More than 92 percent of prepared foods, including dairy products and prepared fruit, vegetable, and nut products, were moved by truck in 2007.

Within the health care industry, trucking moved $501,445,000 worth, or 65 percent of the total value, of pharmaceutical products in 2007.

Lumber and other wood products totaling $168,913,000 were shipped by truck in 2007, accounting for 91.9 percent of this class of product.

Over 80 percent of all communities in the US rely exclusively on trucks to deliver all of their fuel, clothing, medicine, and other consumer goods. The trucking industry employs 10 million people (out of a total national population of 300 million) in jobs that relate directly to trucking. The trucking industry is the industry of small business, considering 93 percent of interstate motor carriers (over 500,000) operate 20 or fewer trucks.

Rules and regulations

A division of the U.S. Department of Transportation, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) regulates nearly all aspects of the trucking industry. In 2018, 885 large truck occupants died, while 4,678 people died in collisions with large trucks. Truck drivers are limited by the number of daily and weekly hours they may drive, the roads and highways they may drive upon, and a lower legal definition of drunkenness. The Federal Highway Administration has established 0.04 percent as the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) level at or above which a CMV driver is deemed to be driving under the influence of alcohol. States maintain a BAC level between 0.08 and 0.10 percent for non-CMV drivers. In some states, trucks also have special speed limits, in addition to restrictions on driving in certain lanes (normally the far right lanes of multi-lane highways).

Commercial driver's license

Trucks come in many different sizes, creating the need for a truck classification system. Truck drivers are required to have a commercial driver's license (CDL) to operate a CMV carrying more than 16 passengers, carrying a certain amount of hazardous materials, or weighing in excess of . Acquiring a CDL requires a skills test (driving test), and knowledge test (written test) covering the unique handling qualities of driving a large, heavily loaded 18-wheeler (e.g., backing maneuvers), and the mechanical systems required to operate such a vehicle (e.g., air brakes and vehicle inspection procedures). It costs thousands of dollars to attend a CDL school. One ATA survey found that 86% of truckload carriers had a formal relationship with a noncarrier CDL school; 88% of those had a relationship with a private, for-profit CDL school. Critics cite these relationships as evidence that CDL schools are driver mills for trucking companies.

Hours of service

The FMCSA defines a CMV as a single or combination (truck and trailer) vehicle with a gross weight of  or more, or a vehicle used to transport hazardous materials in quantities requiring the vehicle to be marked or placarded under the hazardous materials regulations. The length of time a driver may spend operating a CMV is limited by a set of rules known as the hours of service (HOS). These laws are designed to protect the general motoring public by reducing accidents caused by driver fatigue.

The first version of the HOS was enacted in 1938, and four revisions have been made since. The more recent revisions have relied on research into the human circadian rhythm (the tendency for humans to follow a natural 24-hour cycle with 8 hours of uninterrupted sleep). As of July 1, 2013, a driver operating under federal property carrying regulations is limited to 11 hours of actual driving within a 14-hour period, and requires a 30-minute break during the first 8 hours of on duty time. After which drivers must rest for 10 hours. The rules do not explicitly require that a driver must sleep, only that a driver must take a period of "rest" within the sleeper berth or off duty (i.e., at home). Distinct regulations exist for passenger carrying drivers as well as vehicles designed specifically for oilfield operations as well as construction related activities. Some US States also allow for special intrastate regulations to be followed if the vehicle is operating entirely within the bounds of the given state.

Keeping track of a driver's HOS requires the use of a log book. A truck driver's log book is a legally defined form containing a grid outlining the 24-hour day into 15-minute increments. Drivers must specify where and when stops occur between driving shifts, what duties were performed (if any), along with the driver's name, truck number, company info, and other information. The driver must also present his or her log book to authorities upon request, for inspection. In lieu of a log book, a motor carrier may substitute an electronic on-board recorder to record the driver's hours.

On December 16, 2019 a new (Electronic Logging Device) Mandate will come into full force. This new mandate requires that drivers utilize specifically designed electronic logging equipment which records driving time based upon a direct communication link with a vehicles engine. Once a vehicle reaches a speed of 5 mph it is considered to be "driving" and a vehicle must remain at a speed of zero mph in order for a driving event to be ended automatically.

Weight, size, and route restrictions

The FMCSA regulates the length, width, and weight limits of CMVs for interstate commercial traffic. Interstate commercial traffic is generally limited to a network of interstate freeways, U.S. highways and state highways known as the National Network (NN). Provided the truck remains on the NN, they are not subject to the state limits. State limits (which can be lower or higher than federal limits) come into effect for intrastate commercial traffic, provided the vehicle is not on the NN.

There is no federal height limit, and states may set their own limits which range from  (mostly on the east coast) to  (west coast)., As a result, the majority of trucks are somewhere between  and  high. Truck drivers are responsible for checking bridge height clearances (usually indicated by a warning sign) before passing underneath an overpass or entering a tunnel. Not having enough vertical clearance can result in a "top out" or "bridge hit," causing considerable traffic delays and costly repairs for the bridge or tunnel involved.

The federal gross weight limit for a Class 8 truck is  (combined weight of truck, trailer, and cargo) with axle weights limited to  (steering axle) and  (tandem axles). Truck drivers are responsible for checking their own vehicle's weight, usually by paying to be weighed at a truck stop scale. CMVs are subject to various state and federal laws regarding limitations on truck length (measured from bumper to bumper), and truck axle length (measured from axle to axle, or fifth wheel kingpin to axle for trailers). The relationship between axle weight and spacing, known as the Federal Bridge Gross Weight Formula, is designed to protect bridges. Truck weights and sizes are checked by state authorities at a weigh station or port-of-entry.

Types of vehicles used in trucking

Tractor
The cab and drive axle portion of a large capacity truck and trailer. Since the primary purpose of the Cab is to pull the trailer, it is rightly referred to as a tractor. The various kinds of tractors are Yard, Day, and Sleepers.

Bobtail
The bobtail is essentially the front of a tractor-trailer combo. The Bobtail has all the equipment typically seen on the truck of a tractor/trailer set up.

Flatbed
The flatbed is essentially a trailer without the enclosed portion on the back. The back or bed is flat and open. These are often referred to as Stake Beds.

Dry van

An enclosed trailer  long, although they can be shorter.

Reefer

A refrigerated container is an insulated enclosed trailer typically  in length. They have a stand-alone engine (usually ThermoKing or Carrier) unit mounted at the front or underside of the trailer to cool the cargo. They also have their own fuel tank as to not rely on a tractor for power. They can keep frozen down to

Panel van
The panel van comes in various sizes. As small as a mini-van and up to having a fairly large box on the bed of a truck. These are seen as box trucks.

Hotshot
Hotshot trucking is a more downsized version of Semi Trucking. In semi-trucking, most companies are larger sized companies with multiple trucks, trailers, drivers, etc., whereas, Hotshot trucking is typically single person companies run and operated by the driver themselves. Most Hotshots are run using larger 1 ton and heavier Pickup trucks (ex,Ram 3500, Ford F-350, Chevrolet Silverado 3500). These are typically paired with larger fifth wheel trailers such as made by Big-Tex, PJ Trailers, Gatormade and Diamond-C. Most Hotshots run mixed freight and or vehicles, as do Semi Trucks. One big upside to Hotshot trucking is a Commercial Drivers License (CDL) is not required by law, so long as the Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) does not exceed 26,000 total pounds (13 tons).

Truck drivers

Definition
Truck drivers are persons employed as the operator of a CMV. CMVs can be of varying shapes and sizes, from  pickup trucks assigned to haul specialized or small quantities of freight, all the way up to  semi-trailer trucks. Trucks are assigned a class rating based upon the gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR). The facts in this section refer to drivers of "heavy duty" trucks (with a GVWR of at least , which require a commercial driver's license to operate).

Working environment
Truck drivers spend up to 11 hours per day driving, and up to 14 hours per day in driving, fueling, paperwork, vehicle inspections and repairs. Long-haul drivers often spend weeks away from home, spending their time off and sleeping at truck stops or rest areas. Driving is relatively dangerous work, as truck drivers account for 12% and the highest total number of all work-related deaths, and are five times more likely to die on the job than the average worker. Drivers lead generally risk-prone lifestyles due to smoking, lack of exercise, unhealthy eating and work-related injuries. A survey by the National Institutes of Health found 67% of long-haul drivers were smokers or former smokers. A global meta-analysis found that a large proportion of long-haul truckers take amphetamines to get through long shifts. Results varied by country, but in one study 30% of long-haul truckers admitted to amphetamine use while driving. A study that employed drug-testing found that 8% of the drivers tested positive for amphetamine use.

Turnover
In 2006, the U.S. trucking industry employed 1.8 million drivers of heavy trucks. A major problem for the long-haul trucking industry is that a large percentage of these drivers are aging, and are expected to retire. Very few new hires are expected in the near future, resulting in a driver shortage. , within the long-haul sector, there is an estimated shortage of 20,000 drivers. That shortage was projected to increase to 111,000 by 2014, however the actual shortage of truck drivers in 2014 was around 38,000. The trucking industry (especially the long-haul sector) is also facing an image crisis due to the long working hours, long periods of time away from home, the dangerous nature of the work, and lower earnings than other labor (for example, 1% lower than construction in 2004).

Employee turnover in long-haul trucking is notorious for being high. In the 4th quarter of 2005, turnover for the largest carriers in the industry reached a record 136%, which means that for every 100 new employees hired, 136 quit their jobs. This results in a "revolving door" within most long-haul trucking companies, as drivers are constantly switching jobs or leaving the industry. In the short-haul and less-than-truckload (LTL) sectors, driver turnover is only around 15%, mainly due to the better working conditions, higher pay, and unionized workers. One study suggests that larger companies with irregular routes, longer average haul, and older equipment experience much higher rates of driver turnover. Some believe that the turnover benefits trucking companies by causing wages to be mostly entry-level.

Serial killings
In 2009, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) released the results of a five-year-long study (the Highway Serial Killings Initiative) investigating the unsolved murders of prostitutes, hitchhikers, and stranded motorists. Over 500 female victims have been compiled in a database, most of whom were killed or discarded at truck stops, hotels, and roadsides. The FBI has speculated that many of these victims were murdered by long-haul truck drivers, some of whom may be serial killers. Investigators speculate that the easy access to potential victims, mobility, and lack of supervision enjoyed by long-haul truck drivers have contributed to this phenomenon. The head of the initiative, Michael Harrigan, says most of the victims lead high-risk lifestyles (e.g., prostitution) which left them particularly vulnerable. In 2004, the FBI began investigating a string of murders in which the victims were found along the Interstate 40 corridor in Oklahoma and several other states, which sparked the creation of the Highway Serial Killings Initiative.

In response to the investigation, the executive vice president of the Owner-Operator Independent Drivers Association, Todd Spencer, said "Truckers are just absolutely outraged that various media sources or the FBI would draw the conclusion that truckers are over-represented in the ranks of serial killers".

Trade groups
Women In Trucking Association, Inc
 Owner-Operator Independent Drivers Association
NorthAmerican Transportation Association

Trucking organizations
 Teamsters Union
 National Motor Freight Traffic Association
 American Trucking Associations

See also

 Commercial driver's license
 DAT Solutions (a.k.a. Dial-a-truck)
 Glossary of trucking industry terms
 List of electric truck makers
 Long combination vehicle
 Oversize load
 Self-driving truck
 Semi trailer
 Semi-trailer truck
 Truck manufacturers in the United States

References

External links

 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
 National Freight Transportation Statistics and Maps

Logistics industry in the United States
Commercial vehicles


Mroczek is a Polish surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Czesław Mroczek (born 1964), Polish politician
 Marcin Mroczek (born 1982), Polish actor and dancer

Polish-language surnames


Croix-Moligneaux (; Picard: Cro-Moligneu) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is situated on the D937 road, 1.6 km from the banks of the river Somme,  west of Saint-Quentin.

The Seine-Nord canal will be dug near Croix-Moligneaux. As part of the preparatory  works more than one hundred archaeological sites were identified by some fifty archaeologists around Croix-Moligneaux. The finds range from the Middle Paleolithic to the Middle Ages. These include a Roman road and numerous villas as well as a funerary monument from the Bronze Age.

The village name derives from a gallows erected here in Gallo-Roman times. The gallows was called by the Latin term of cruces which then translates into "cruci" (cross).

The village already has the status of parish on a document from the tenth century. This is confirmed in 1015 when Hardouin de Croÿ donated the land and the altar (altaria de crucibus) to the canons of Noyon.

Land Marks
The church of Saint Médard, built in the 12th century is in a  Romanesque / Gothic transition style. The original tower collapsed and was rebuilt in the 17th century, then again, after the destruction of the First World War. The current choir dates from the 13th century. The remarkable Renaissance porch (sixteenth century) backs onto the second bay of the south aisle.  The south portal is listed as a historic monument.
The interior offers very beautiful stained-glass windows.
Monument dedicated to Lieutenant Georges Feltz, French aviator, and his radio, Second Master Albert Nelias, shot down in the town on May 20, 1940 by the German fighter during the Battle of France.
Old dovecote.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


The Diocese of Trapani () is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Sicily. It is a suffragan of the archdiocese of Palermo.

History

Trapani was subject to the see of Mazzara, from the Norman Conquest until 1844, when the diocese was created. Its first bishop was the Redemptorist Vincenzo M. Marolda.

Bishop Francesco Miccichè was removed on May 19, 2012 from the office of bishop of this diocese.Ad of 2021 the diocese Is held up by Pietro Maria Fragnelli, which in May 2015 has been appointed as responsible of the commission for family, life and youth within the Episcopal Conference of Italy.

Ordinaries
Vincenzo Maria Marolda, C.SS.R. (1844–1851 Resigned)
Vincenzo Ciccolo Rinaldi (1853–1874 Died)
Giovanni Battista Bongiorni (1874–1879 Appointed, Bishop of Caltagirone)
Francesco Ragusa (1879–1895 Died)
Stefano Gerbino di Cannitello, O.S.B. (1895–1906 Resigned)
Francesco Maria Raiti, O. Carm. (1906–1932 Died)
Ferdinando Ricca (1932–1947 Died)
Filippo Jacolino (1947–1950 Died)
Corrado Mingo (1950–1961 Appointed, Archbishop of Monreale)
Francesco Ricceri (1961–1978 Retired)
Emanuele Romano (1978–1988 Retired)
Domenico Amoroso, S.D.B. (1988–1997 Died)
Francesco Miccichè (1998 – 19 May 2012 Removed)
Pietro Maria Fragnelli (2013– )

Notes

External links
 Official page

Trapani
Trapani


Itchingfield is a small village and civil parish in the Horsham district of West Sussex, England. It lies on the Barns Green to Broadbridge Heath road  southwest of Horsham.

The main settlement in the parish is Barns Green.

The village's origins may lie with the Romans. This is suggested by the discovery of tiles in the parish.

Gallery

References

External links

Horsham District
Villages in West Sussex


Salkia Vikram Vidyalaya is a Higher Secondary School, situated at 37/1 Bhairab Dutta Lane, Salkia, Howrah-711106, West Bengal, India.
Salkia Vikram Vidyalaya was established on 5 January 1935.

About School
Vikramaditya Sharma and his brother Chandrika Prasad Sharma laid the foundation stones of the school. The students belonged to the Hindi speaking people of Howrah, mainly expats of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh in suburban Kolkata, West Bengal.

It provides education to all classes of people, from primary education to secondary, up to higher secondary level in Science, commerce and arts streams.

It has a branch school named Vikram Vidyalaya (Branch) situated near Tikiapara Railway Bridge.

The main branch has two large buildings, with three floors in each building.

A primary teachers training institute was also located in the school which has been shifted somewhere in Chatterjee Hat, Shibpur, Howrah.

See also
Education in India
List of schools in India
Education in West Bengal

References

External links

Primary schools in West Bengal
High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal
Schools in Howrah district
Education in Howrah
Educational institutions established in 1935
1935 establishments in India