is a horizontally scrolling shooter arcade video game by Japanese developer Cave, released in late 2007. It has heavy occult and gothic influences. It is the second Cave shooter to be played using a horizontally-oriented monitor (the first being Progear, followed by Akai Katana). It was the first Cave shooter released in North America on a console, and the first one in Europe. Cave has also released it for iOS. A sequel, Deathsmiles II, was released to Japanese arcades on May 14, 2009. A compilation of both Deathsmiles I and Deathsmiles II was released for PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Nintendo Switch in Japan on December 16, 2021.

Gameplay

Deathsmiles is a horizontal side-scrolling bullet hell where the players and must stop monsters from invading the world of Gilverado. There are 5 playable characters: Windia (Wind Magic), Follett (Fire Magic), Casper (Death Magic), Rosa (Spirit Magic) and Sakura (Magician).

There are 8 stages in total, with one being optional. After selecting a character, you can choose from one set of three stages: the Port Town, The Forest of the Lost, and the Lake Shore. After completing any level from the first set, a second set of levels, the Graveyard, the Swamp Wastes, and the Volcano, appears, and a level must be completed there in order to access a level from the first set again. After all 6 initial levels are completed, players can either play a difficult extra level, the Gorge, or head straight to the final level, Hades Castle. There is also a unique approach to difficulty in this game. Before a stage starts, you must pick between 3 levels of difficulty. Level 1 difficulty features easier patterns and gives players 3 bombs per life while Level 3 difficulty features suicide bullets that are fired toward you after defeating an enemy, as well as one bomb being given per life. On arcade mode, a difficulty level will be locked out if 2 stages are played on that difficulty level. on Xbox 360 and Version 1.1 mode difficulty levels can be chosen more than twice, so players have to strategize on whether or not they will play all the levels on Level 1 difficulty for a more comfortable experience, or play the levels on Level 3 difficulty for more scoring opportunities. In addition, items hidden in the environment such as life-restoring parfaits and extra bombs can be found on levels selecting with higher difficulty levels.

Players have 3 main attacks: a standard shot, a more focused shot, and a "Targeting Area" that locks onto enemies that enter the area. Tapping the shot buttons will produce a standard shot. Holding either shot buttons will slow down your character for more accurate dodging, and your companion fighter will fire projectiles that will pierce enemies, dealing more damage. Holding down both shot buttons will create a "Targeting Area", and any enemy that enters the area will be destroyed. The Targeting Area will decrease your item counter on the bottom left side of the screen. Unlike other shoot 'em ups, you are given 2 shot buttons to fire either to your left or your right, as enemies can arrive from either direction of the screen.

This game also uses a life bar instead of a traditional lives system. When the game begins, the player has a maximum of 3 life bars. Colliding with an enemy will remove one half of the life bar, and colliding with a bullet will remove 1 life bar. When all 3 life bars are depleted, the game ends and the continue screen is shown. Life-restoring parfaits can be found in levels on higher difficulties and extra life bars are obtained at 20 and 40 million points (this number changes depending on the game mode).

Releases

Mega Black Label
Mega Black Label is a limited (200 copies total) arcade edition of the game released in Japan. It added Sakura as playable character, as well as the Crystal Shrine stage, and Level 999 difficulty level. There are other scoring changes.

Xbox 360 and PC release
An Xbox 360 port was released in Japan on April 23, 2009, in both regular and limited editions. The Limited Edition includes a Manabu Namiki Selection Deathsmiles Premium Arrange Album soundtrack CD. New game modes include an Xbox 360 mode and Ver 1.1 mode. The player can also adjust the screen brightness, background frame, game screen position and zoom level.

Hori produced a controller for the Xbox 360 game that was an Amazon Japan exclusive.

On April 8, 2010, the Platinum Collection re-release came out in Japan, containing both the main game and the Mega Black Label downloadable content on the disc.

Aksys Games has released the game in North America on June 28, 2010. A Limited Edition was released that includes, along with the game, an exclusive Xbox 360 faceplate and a "Premium Arrange Album" soundtrack CD. As with the Japanese Platinum Collection re-release, the North American port integrates the Mega Black Label (MBL) content, providing a total of 6 game versions selectable from the front-end menu: Arcade, Ver 1.1, Xbox 360, MBL Ver 1.1, MBL Arcade, MBL Xbox 360. The additional playable character, Sakura, is available in the MBL versions.

Rising Star Games released the game in Europe on February 18, 2011, as "Deathsmiles: Deluxe Edition". This contained a soundtrack CD and a CD intended for use on the PC including desktop themes. Originally the soundtrack CD was misprinted and was released as a data CD including the music as .wav files.

iOS/Android release
Cave released a port of Deathsmiles on the Apple iOS App Store in 2011. On July 22, 2013, the game was released for Android devices. On September 9, 2019, Cave updated the game's port for compatibility with recent iOS versions, along with the other games that have said ports.

PS4, XB1, and Switch release
A compilation of both Deathsmiles I and Deathsmiles II is set to release for PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Nintendo Switch in Japan in 2021.

Development
After the release of Progear, Tsuneki Ikeda believed that horizontally scrolling shooters weren't a good fit with the idea of dodging bullets, hinting a potential development switch to vertically scrolling projects instead. A few years later, he decided to revisit the concept, but with an aim to appeal to a broader audience, deterred by hardcore shoot-em-ups. Ikeda pitched a concept for the game that would later become Deathsmiles, explicitly instructing the lead programmer Takashi Ichimura to break out from the usual style of the previous developed games.

Cave modeled the characters around the gothic lolita theme, trying to make use of a then popular Japanese fashion style. The team's idea was to apply a new artistic take to a shooting game, while lending itself to creating "cute" designs at the same time.

Media
On the back of the arcade game poster, there is a template for a skirt blowing game. In the game, the player attempts to blow up the skirt or petticoat of the model to see her underwear. The player scores 30 points for blowing up a skirt and 50 points for blowing up a petticoat. Points are deducted if a pumpkin or tombstone is knocked over.

Adaptations
A series of 3 drama CDs were published by Cave.
Official guide book includes comic drawn by game designer Junya Inoue.

Music
Deathsmiles original sound track includes 23-track soundtrack CD with music from the video game (including voices, image song), Windows-compatible data CD including desktop accessories, 8-page booklet.
The title track, Burning Halloween Town, contains uncredited excerpts from an edited-for-content version of the 1966 movie Mondo Keyhole. These excerpts were also used in the track Brain Freeze from Command & Conquer: Red Alert 2.
Manabu Namiki Selection Deathsmiles Premium Arrange Album is a 15-song soundtrack CD based on the video game, included with the limited edition of Xbox 360 game.
Deathsmiles Arrange Album includes 16 tracks with musical arrangements of the original soundtrack from the game, the last 2 tracks being part of the soundtrack that was not included before. It also contains an arranged version of Toccata and Fugue in D minor by Bach, which serves as the game's Final Boss theme.

Reception

The game received "favorable" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave the X360 version a score of three sevens and one eight, for a total of 29 out of 40, while Famitsu Xbox 360 Monthly gave it one eight, one nine, one seven, and one eight, for a total of 32 out of 40.

References

External links

Deathsmiles Official Homepage
Deathsmiles Mega Black Label Official Homepage
Deathsmiles Drama CD Official Homepage
Strategy wiki
Famitsu preview

2007 video games
Android (operating system) games
Arcade video games
Cave (company) games
Dark fantasy video games
IOS games
Horizontally scrolling shooters
Video games developed in Japan
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games scored by Manabu Namiki
Windows games
Xbox 360 games
Multiplayer and single-player video games


Regina Mundi High School is a school in Chicalim, Goa, India, run by the Congregation of Christian Brothers.

History
Regina Mundi was established in the 1970s as an all-boys school. From 1991, the school adopted Konkani language as the medium of instruction for all students up to grade 4 (last year of primary school). After the turn of the century, the school started admitting girls and is now a co-ed school.

Order founder
Edmund Ignatius Rice (1762–1844) was a Catholic missionary and educationalist. He was born in Callan, County Kilkenny, Ireland, in 1762 and died in Waterford, Ireland in 1844.

In 1802, he opened a school for the poor and marginalised but the children were so difficult to manage that the teachers resigned. He to devoted himself to training teachers who would dedicate their lives to prayer and to teaching the children free of charge.

He is the founder of two orders of religious brothers: the Congregation of Christian Brothers and the Presentation Brothers. The Christian Brothers grew throughout Ireland, England, southern Africa, India, America, and Australia. Today many schools owe their existence to his vision. His mission is continued by more than 1,900 Brothers in over 350 communities educating more than 200,000 students.

In his honour, the school holds an annual All Goa Quiz competition: Edmund Rice Quiz Competition.

Location
The school is off Airport Road, quite close to the Vivus SMRC Heart Centre. It is 5 kilometres from the Mormugao harbour and a two-minute drive from Dabolim Airport.

Vasco da Gama is the nearest city, about 3 kilometres from the campus.

Facilities
The main school building holds all the classrooms, staff rooms, library, and the science and computer labs. The assembly hall separates the primary and secondary sections.

The school has two full-size football pitches, known as the Brother Slattery sports field (named after one of the most loved Brothers and one who was at the school when it opened). There is a basketball court. There is a sports room in which students can play table tennis and chess. There is an art room in which students can do their art works in peace. There is also a craft room. There is a beautiful garden behind the school with a pond and many different flowers and plants. There is a prayer room in which the Brothers pray. The house of the brother is behind the school building.

The school is recognised by the statue of the Queen Mary, Virgin Mary, in the form of the statue of Regina Mundi greeting the visitors as they enter the compound.

Staff
The current principal of the school is Br. Sebastian George. It is one of the oldest schools in Goa.

External links
 Regina Mundi High School website

Congregation of Christian Brothers secondary schools
Catholic secondary schools in India
High schools and secondary schools in Goa
Buildings and structures in South Goa district
Education in South Goa district
1970s establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu
Educational institutions established in the 1970s


The Devon Ice Cap is an ice cap on eastern Devon Island, Nunavut, Canada, covering an area of over . The highest point on Devon Island is found at the summit of the ice cap, with an elevation of . The ice cap has a maximum thickness of , and has been steadily shrinking since 1985.

The first ascent of the Devon Ice Cap was by Alfred Herbert Joy and his Inuit companions in 1926.

Geology
The Devon Ice Cap and the Agassiz Ice Cap on the neighboring Ellesmere Island are two of the largest ice caps in the Arctic Cordillera in the Canadian Arctic, and consist of a substantial fraction of ice not locked away in the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets. As such, should the entire Devon Ice Cap melt due to global warming, the ice will contribute approximately 1 centimeter to global sea level rise.

The Devon Ice Cap has a dome-like structure and a maximum elevation of 1921 m above sea level at its summit, and the maximum ice thickness is 880 m. There are two distinct regions in the Devon Ice Cap: a  ice cap and a  ice-covered region in the west that is geologically inactive. Beneath the ice, two hypersaline subglacial lakes have been identified via RES in bedrock troughs. Subglacial valleys have also been found, and such structures are thought to control the outflow of ice.

See also
Retreat of glaciers since 1850
List of Ultras of North America

References

External links
 "Devon Ice Cap" on Mountain-forecast.com

Ice caps of Canada
Bodies of ice of Qikiqtaaluk Region
Arctic Cordillera
Devon Island


WWLY (100.1 FM, "Wild Willie 100.1"),  is a radio station airing a classic country format. Licensed to Panama City Beach, Florida, United States, the station serves the Panama City area. The station is currently owned by Magic Broadcasting II, and features programming from Westwood One.

History
WPCF-FM was founded by Charles K. and Carlie B. Winstanley. The Winstanleys had a history in radio, founding WQXY in Baton Rouge in 1966, selling it in 1970, and moving their headquarters to Florida. During the Winstanley's tenure in Florida, they had purchased Christian station WPCF and decided to construct an FM simulcast. The station was assigned the call letters WPCF-FM on December 3, 1987, and it began airing less than a week later.  (After the Winstanleys sold the WPCF cluster in the mid-1990s, they left Florida for Louisiana in the mid-1990s, and became the owners of WYLA and WYLK in New Orleans' Northshore area from 1996 to 1999. Charles also had ownership interest in KJIN and KCIL in Houma.)

On March 10, 2000, the station changed its call sign to WQJM, under the "Jammin' Hits 100.1" moniker. They dropped this format for variety hits in 2001, calling themselves "Wave 100.1", causing them to change their signs again accordingly on 2002-06-25 to WVVE.[2] This format transitioned to include some classic hits staples, as well. In 2010, the format was spun to female-oriented Hot AC, under the new name "V-100".

On April 15, 2014, at 10 AM, WVVE dropped its Hot AC format and began stunting with a loop of the song "Let's Groove" by Earth, Wind & Fire. The station and its website were promoting that on the 17th, at 10am, "Panama City will find its groove". The station flipped at that time to Rhythmic Oldies as Groove 100.1". The first song on Groove 100.1 was "Fantastic Voyage" by Lakeside. The new Facebook page for the station promotes Groove 100.1 as "Feel good old school from the 70s, 80s, and 90s".

On August 8, 2016, WVVE changed their format from rhythmic oldies to active rock, branded as "97X", as WYYX's 97.7 FM frequency went silent.

On November 2, 2016, WVVE changed their call letters to WYYX.

On March 17, 2017, WYYX dropped the "97X" active rock format (the WYYX calls and format moved back to 97.7 FM Bonifay) and began stunting with Christmas music as "100.1 Santa FM" under new WWLY calls.

As of 8am on March 23, 2017, this station is now playing classic country, under the "Wild Willie 100.1" branding.

The station has been programmed by Jason Taylor since January, 2022.

Former logos

References

External links

WLY
Radio stations established in 1989
1989 establishments in Florida
Classic country radio stations in the United States


A health risk assessment (also referred to as a health risk appraisal and health & well-being assessment) is a questionnaire about a person's medical history, demographic characteristics and lifestyle. It is one of the most widely used screening tools in the field of health promotion and is often the first step in multi-component health promotion programs.

Definition
A health risk assessment (HRA) is a health questionnaire, used to provide individuals with an evaluation of their health risks and quality of life. Commonly a HRA incorporates three key elementsan extended questionnaire, a risk calculation or score, and some form of feedback, i.e. face-to-face with a health advisor or an automatic online report.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention define a HRA as: "a systematic approach to collecting information from individuals that identifies risk factors, provides individualised feedback, and links the person with at least one intervention to promote health, sustain function and/or prevent disease".

There is a range of different HRAs available for adults and children. Some target specific populations. For example, in the US, Medicare HRAs ask seniors about their ability to perform daily activities. Medicaid assessments ask questions about health-care access, availability of food, and living conditions. Most HRAs capture information relating to:
 Demographic characteristicsage, sex
 Lifestyleexercise, smoking, alcohol intake, diet
 Personal and family medical history (in the US, due to the current interpretation of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, questions regarding family medical history are not permitted if there is any incentive attached to taking a HRA)
 Physiological dataweight, height, blood pressure, cholesterol
 Attitudes and willingness to change behaviour in order to improve health

The main objectives of a HRA are to:
 Assess health status
 Estimate the level of health risk
 Inform and provide feedback to participants to motivate behaviour change to reduce health risks

In the US, HRAs used as part of the Medicare Annual Wellness Visit help identify issues important to a senior's health and well-being. HRAs used as part of Medicaid enrollment help identify individuals with health problems that need immediate attention. The Community Preventive Services Task Force (CPSTF) recommends the use of HRAs in workplace settings when used in combination with health education, having found there is strong or satisfactory evidence that they help improve the following behaviors among employees:
 Tobacco
 Consuming too much alcohol
 Seat belts
 Fat consumption
 Blood pressure
 Absenteeism
 Healthcare services use
 Summary health risk estimates

History
The original concept of the HRA can be traced back to the decision by the assistant Surgeon General of the United States to conduct a study to determine the probable 10-year lifespan of individuals based on lifestyles and predisposed conditions. The project, led by Lewis C. Robbins, MD, of the Public Health Service, was the Framingham study. The study was based on in-depth longitudinal studies of 5,000 families in Framingham, Massachusetts, that continues to this day under funding from the National Institutes of Health.

Dr. Robbins left the Public Health Service and joined Methodist Hospital in Indianapolis where, working with Jack Hall, M.D., he developed the first set of health hazard tables. This culminated in the publication of How to Practice Prospective Medicine in 1970 – a guide for practising physicians, which outlined the health risk assessment questionnaire, risk computations and patient feedback strategies. During the 1960s, some researchers in California formed the Human Population Laboratory (HPL) to investigate factors contributing to quality of life. Inspired by a research article reporting on the HPL's Alameda County Study on the best lifestyle practices for good health, Don R. Hall, DrPH, developed a Health Age Assessment algorithm on a calculator while a masters student at Loma Linda University in 1972. In 1977, Hall coded his longevity calculations on a TRS-80, creating the first computerized health risk assessment. Within a year, he had programmed 12 health assessments on single topics such as nutrition, fitness, weight, and stress. In 1979, when personal desktop computers became readily available, he packaged all 12 assessments together on a floppy disk and marketed it as a comprehensive health risk assessment.

It wasn't until 1980, when the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released a publicly available version, that the HRA became widely used, particularly in workplace settings. Health and Welfare Canada reviewed How to Practice Prospective Medicine and created a mainframe version of the book. The Centers for Disease Control became aware of this product and adapted it to the newly available personal computer.  When Prudential Life Insurance also took an interest and asked to fund an update of the program, the CDC, which could not accept private project funding at the time, transferred ownership to the Carter Center at Emory University where it was updated from 1986 to 1987. The transfer and subsequent program were managed by Dr. Ed Hutchins, who had worked on the HRA in positions at the University of Pennsylvania and Charlotte-Mecklenburg Hospital. At Charlotte Mecklenburg, he secured a contract with the World Health Organization to create a mainframe product that could be used on an international basis. The HRA was managed as a not-for-profit product. Copies were distributed to every state health department, and liaisons were assigned to each to work with their staffs to evaluate related data.  Over 2,000 copies of the software were distributed to users who requested it, and approximately 70 copies of the code were provided to for-profit companies that were interested in developing proprietary products. This proliferation coincided with the rapid growth in interest in corporate health promotion programs as awareness developed on health risks and for-profit vendors monetized the programs.

The Carter Center's interest shifted to Africa and Dr. Hutchins founded the Healthier People Network (HPN) in 1991 to continue the work. HPN raised funds to support the HRA, but additional funding was not forthcoming from government sources. As a result, the Carter Center and HPN could not underwrite basic supporting activities such as annual conferences and, over time, the State-based liaison network and associated intellectual capital atrophied as programs lost funding and liaisons moved on.

The use of HRAs and corporate wellness programs has been most prevalent in the United States, with comparatively slower growth elsewhere. However, there has been recent strong growth in corporate wellness outside the US, particularly in Europe and Asia.

Usage
Once an individual completes a HRA, they usually receive a report, detailing their health rating or score, often broken down into specific sub scores and areas such as stress, nutrition and fitness. The report can also provide recommendations on how individuals can reduce their health risks by changing their lifestyle.

In addition to individual feedback, HRAs are also used to provide aggregated data reporting for employers and organizations. These reports include demographic data of participants, highlight health risk areas and often include cost projections and savings in terms of increased healthcare, absence and productivity. Organization-level reports can then be used to provide a first step by which organizations can target and monitor appropriate health interventions within their workforce.

HRA delivery
The delivery of HRAs has changed over the years in conjunction with advances in technology. Initially distributed as paper-based, self-scoring questionnaires through on-site workplace health promotion sessions, HRAs are now most commonly implemented online. Other delivery methods include telephone, mail and face-to-face.

The advantages of online HRAs include:
 Tailoring – online HRAs can adapt content based on an individual's answers to the HRA questionnaire to provide a personalised, relevant and interactive user experience.
 Improved data management
 Reduced administrative costs
 Instant feedback

Efficacy
Extensive research has shown that HRAs can be used effectively to:
 Identify health risk factors
 Predict health-related costs
 Measure absenteeism and presenteeism
 Evaluate the efficacy and return on investment of health promotion strategies

There is also recent evidence to suggest that taking a HRA alone can have a positive effect on health behavior change and health status. However, it is generally accepted that HRAs are most effective at promoting behavior change when they form part of an integrated, multi-component health promotion program. Applied in this way, the HRA is used primarily as a tool to identify health risks within a population and then target health interventions and behavior change programs to address these areas.

Limitations
The limitations of a HRA are largely related to its usage and it is important to recognise that a HRA highlights health risks but does not diagnose disease and should not replace consultation with a medical or health practitioner.

Providers
There are reportedly over 50 different HRA providers in the market, offering a variety of versions and formats. Major vendors generally have National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) Wellness and Health Promotion (WHP) Certification or Health Information Products (HIP) Certification.

References

External links

Health promotion

Research methods


WFCX (100.5 FM) is a radio station in Apalachicola, Florida, United States. The station serves Franklin, Gulf, Liberty, and Wakulla Counties in northern Florida and is currently owned by Michael and Lena Allen through licensee East Bay Broadcasting Inc.

Long known as Oyster Radio, in 2022, East Bay Broadcasting acquired the higher-power WOCY (106.5 FM) in 2022 and moved Oyster Radio there on April 1; the two stations swapped the WOCY and WOYS call signs the same day. A new "trop-rock" format is slated to debut on the 100.5 frequency. The station changed its call sign again on August 29, 2022, to WFCX.

References

External links

FCX
1989 establishments in Florida
Radio stations established in 1989


American Community School may refer to:
American Community School at Beirut
American Community School in Amman, a private, preparatory, international school in Amman
ACS International Schools, a group of four private schools, three in England and one in Qatar

See also
ACS (disambiguation)


Lee Anthony Warren (born 28 February 1969) is an English footballer who played as a defender and midfielder.

He started his career as a trainee for Leeds United before moving onto Rochdale and then Hull City where he spent some time on loan to Lincoln City.

Warren then went to Doncaster Rovers where he played during the ill-fated 1997–98 season in which they were relegated but went on to win the supporters' player of the year award in both that season and the following season in the Conference.

At the end of the 1999–2000 season he moved to Barrow with a couple of other Doncaster players. He was appointed assistant manager to Lee Turnbull there in April 2003 until he left in 2005.

He later played for Goole, Brigg Town, Stocksbridge Park Steels and AFC Blackburn Leisure.

References

External links

 doncasterrovers.co.uk profile
 On Cloud Seven (Brigg Town) profile

1969 births
Living people
Footballers from Manchester
English men's footballers
Leeds United F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Hull City A.F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C. players
Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Barrow A.F.C. players
Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. players
Brigg Town F.C. players
Goole A.F.C. players
English Football League players
Men's association football defenders
Men's association football midfielders


WKNK (103.5 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Callaway, Florida, United States, the station serves the Panama City area. The station is currently owned by Roberta Fagan, through licensee RoRo Investments, LLC.

Until 2018, WKNK featured "The Gulf Coast Morning Show with Flip & Streeter". Personalities included Melissa Miller, Brad McKay and Jay Arthur, with additional programming from Premiere Radio Networks and Westwood One.

History
WKNK first signed on on 12 October 1989 as WXDZ. On 5 December of the same year, its call sign was changed to WBKL. WBKL, known as "Cool 103.5", was an oldies station. On 6 December 1991, WBKL became WDRK, and billed itself as "Rock 103". It was a modern- and alternative-rock oriented station.

This lasted until 21 November 1997, when its call sign was again changed, this time to WMXP, and was known as "Mix 103". In 2000, the station changed its format to Soft Rock, and its branding to "Lite Rock 103.5". In 2002, WAKT (then a country station) and WMXP traded formats, WMXP rebranding itself to "Max Country 103.5".

On 10 Mar 2004, Max Country 103 became Kat Country and its call sign was changed to WAKT-FM. In 2009, WAKT-FM switched over to Hank FM branding, which lasted until 2012.

On 9 October 2012, its call sign was changed to WKNK and its branding to "Kick'n Country 103.5". On 10 October 2018, Hurricane Michael destroyed the facilities of Powell Broadcasting, then-owner of WKNK, WASJ, WPFM, and WRBA. After WKNK, WASJ, and WRBA were purchased by Gulf Coast Broadcasting in December 2018 (WPFM was sold to EMF), WKNK was the first to go back on the air on 23 January 2019, under the Hank FM moniker. The sale to Gulf Coast Broadcasting was consummated on April 30, 2019, at a price of $325,000.

On July 3, 2019, Gulf Coast Broadcasting sold WKNK, WASJ, and WRBA to Great American Media for $700,000. The sale was consummated on September 26, 2019.

In February 2020, the Hank FM name was dropped and it was once again rebranded to "Kickin' Country 103.5".

Effective July 1, 2022, Great American Media sold WKNK, WASJ, and WRBA to Roberta Fagan's RoRo Investments for $180,000.

References

External links
Kick'n 103.5 Facebook

KNK
Radio stations established in 1989
Country radio stations in the United States
1989 establishments in Florida


WAKT may refer to:

 Tanah Merah Airport in Tanahmerah, Indonesia
 Wake Island Time Zone, WAKT
 WAKT-LP, a local low-power FM radio station (106.1 FM) licensed to serve Toledo, Ohio, United States
 WKNK, a radio station (103.5 FM) licensed to Callaway, Florida, United States, formerly known as WAKT-FM from 2004 until 2012


WGSX (104.3 FM) is a radio station licensed to Lynn Haven, Florida, United States. The station serves the Panama City area. The station is owned by Gold Standard  Broadcasting, Inc.

History
Previously licensed to Bayamon, Puerto Rico from April, 1980 to August 1995, the station went dark on November 16, 2012. It was operational in 2013 as "Power 104.3", a black gospel station. The station changed its call sign to WGSX on June 8, 2017.

On June 26, 2017, WGSX returned to the air with ESPN sports, branded as "104.3 ESPN Panama City".

References

External links

GSX
Radio stations established in 2009
2009 establishments in Florida
Sports radio stations in the United States
ESPN Radio stations


In Ghost Colours is the second studio album by Australian electronic music band Cut Copy, released on 22 March 2008 by Modular Recordings. It comprises 15 tracks, including a re-recorded version of the single "Hearts on Fire". The album was originally planned as an Australian release for 2007, but was delayed until 2008 to accommodate a simultaneous international release of the recording.

At the J Awards of 2008, the album was nominated for Australian Album of the Year.

The album was produced in New York by Tim Goldsworthy, although the band's US label Interscope initially suggested they work with Timbaland. As of June 2008, the album had sold 24,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan.

Structure and style
The album's sound has been mostly noticed for its positive, uptempo melodies, and its juxtaposition of numerous styles. The Australian website FasterLouder called In Ghost Colours "an album that draws together the sweaty live energy of an indie rock gig with the synths and bleeps of house and electronica, along with the ever-present 80s influence and now, even a dash of 60s psychedelia thrown in for good measure." The lead vocalist, Dan Whitford, said that the sound of In Ghost Colours is the closest the band has come to the sound they are after: The album is a lot more realised than the first one. I think all of us, when we think of the first one, we agree we sort of got half way there. But on the new one we got a lot closer to the sort of sounds we're after. There are some different aspects to it – more layered, more dynamic, as well as some more loud, dance-y sections to it. And with the guitar there were many-layered sections as well. It got the real highs and lows, the real floaty bits, which I think is sort of a secret to our sound, with a lot of segues so that it just sort of flows together. And I think it's a lot more, kind of... complete.

Pitchfork review said, "If the pastichey Bright Like Neon Love felt more like an opportunistic patchwork quilt of other people's sounds and ideas, the hugely enjoyable In Ghost Colours feels light, confident, and unencumbered by the dictates of fashion."

Release and reception

In Ghost Colours was released in Australia on 22 March 2008, in the United Kingdom on 5 May 2008 and in the United States on 8 April 2008. It was the band's first entry into the Australian ARIA Albums Chart, reaching number one on 30 March 2008, and the band's first entry on the Billboard 200, where it debuted at number 167.

In Ghost Colours receives generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 79, based on 17 reviews. K. Ross Hoffman at AllMusic praised the album, writing, "To be sure, In Ghost Colours is a triumph of craftsmanship rather than vision – a synthesis and refinement of existing sounds rather than anything dramatically new and original – but it is an unalloyed triumph nonetheless, and one of the finest albums of its kind." Mark Pytlik of Pitchfork found In Ghost Colours enjoyable and praised the album's cheerfulness, calling it "a hard record not to love" and assigning it a "Best New Music" designation. Pitchfork later named it the fourth best record of 2008.

Robert Christgau gave In Ghost Colours a two-star honourable mention rating, indicating a "likable effort consumers attuned to its overriding aesthetic or individual vision may well enjoy", and cited "Out There on the Ice" and "Hearts on Fire" as highlights. In a less positive review, Dave Hughes of Slant Magazine criticised the album for being unfocused. Youyoung Lee of Entertainment Weekly called the album "uneven", writing that "for every pump-your-fist gem like 'Hearts on Fire,' there's a lifeless cut like the clanky 'Silver Thoughts,' which feels like a sonic hangover."

Accolades

Track listing

Personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of In Ghost Colours.

 Cut Copy – production
 Tim Goldsworthy – production, mixing
 Eric Broucek – production assistance
 John Fields – production assistance, mixing
 Atom – mixing assistance
 Dan Whitford – additional mixing
 Tim Hoey – additional mixing
 Warwick Baker – cover concept, art direction, layout

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

2008 albums
Albums produced by Guy Sigsworth
Cut Copy albums
Modular Recordings albums


Chaussoy-Epagny(Picard: L’Queuchoy-Épagny) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is situated on the D193 road, in the valley of the river Noye some  south of Amiens.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department
Réseau des Bains de Mer

References

Communes of Somme (department)


The environmental impacts of animal agriculture vary because of the wide variety of agricultural practices employed around the world. Despite this, all agricultural practices have been found to have a variety of effects on the environment to some extent. Animal agriculture, in particular meat production, can cause pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss, disease, and significant consumption of land, food, and water. Meat is obtained through a variety of methods, including organic farming, free-range farming, intensive livestock production, and subsistence agriculture. The livestock sector also includes wool, egg and dairy production, the livestock used for tillage, and fish farming.

Animal agriculture is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. Cows, sheep, and other ruminants digest their food by enteric fermentation, and their burps are the main source of methane emissions from land use, land-use change, and forestry. Together with methane and nitrous oxide from manure, this makes livestock the main source of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. A significant reduction in meat consumption is essential to mitigate climate change, especially as the human population increases by a projected 2.3 billion by the middle of the century.

Consumption and production trends

Multiple studies have found that increases in meat consumption are currently associated with human population growth and rising individual incomes or GDP, and therefore, the environmental impacts of meat production and consumption will increase unless current behaviours change.

Changes in demand for meat will influence how much is produced, thus changing the environmental impact of meat production. It has been estimated that global meat consumption may double from 2000 to 2050, mostly as a consequence of the increasing world population, but also partly because of increased per capita meat consumption (with much of the per capita consumption increase occurring in the developing world). The human population is projected to grow to 9 billion by 2050, and meat production is expected to increase by 40%. Global production and consumption of poultry meat have been growing recently at more than 5% annually. Meat consumption typically increases as people and countries get richer. Trends also vary among livestock sectors. For example, global pork consumption per capita has increased recently (almost entirely due to changes in consumption within China), while global consumption per capita of ruminant meats has been declining.

Resource use

Food consumption
About 85% of the world's soybean crop is processed into meal and vegetable oil, and virtually all of that meal is used in animal feed. Approximately 6% of soybeans are used directly as human food, mostly in Asia.

For every 100 kilograms of food made for humans from crops, 37 kilograms byproducts unsuitable for direct human consumption are generated.  Many countries then repurpose these human-inedible crop byproducts as livestock feed for cattle. Raising animals for human consumption accounts for approximately 40% of total agricultural output in industrialized nations. Moreover, the efficiency of meat production varies depending on the specific production system, as well as the type of feed. It may require anywhere from 0.9 and 7.9 kilograms of grain to produce 1 kilogram of beef, between 0.1 to 4.3 kilograms of grain to produce 1 kilogram of pork, and 0 to 3.5 kilograms of grains to produce 1 kilogram of chicken.
FAO estimates, however, that about 2 thirds of the pasture area used by livestock is not convertible to crop-land.

Major corporations purchase land in different developing nations in Latin America and Asia to support large-scale production of animal feed crops, mainly corn and soybeans. This practice reduces the amount of land available for growing crops that are fit for human consumption in these countries, putting the local population at risk of food security.

According to a study conducted in Jiangsu, China, individuals with higher incomes tend to consume more food than those with lower incomes and larger families. Consequently, it is unlikely that those employed in animal feed production in these regions do not consume the animals that eat the crops they produce. The lack of space for growing crops for consumption, coupled with the need to feed larger families, only exacerbates their food insecurity.

A 2023 study published in Nature Food found that a vegan diet vastly decreases the impact on the environment from food production, such as reducing emissions, water pollution and land use by 75%, reducing the destruction of wildlife by 66% and the usage of water by 54%.

Land use
Permanent meadows and pastures, grazed or not, occupy 26% of the earth's ice-free terrestrial surface. Feed crop production uses about one-third of all arable land. More than one-third of U.S. land is used for pasture, making it the largest land-use type in the contiguous United States.In many countries, livestock graze from the land which mostly cannot be used for growing human-edible crops, as seen by the fact that there is three times as much agricultural land as arable land.

Free-range animal production, particularly beef production, has also caused tropical deforestation because it requires land for grazing. The livestock sector is also the primary driver of deforestation in the Amazon, with around 80% of all deforested land being used for cattle farming. Additionally, 91% of deforested land since 1970 has been used for cattle farming. Research has argued that a shift to meat-free diets could provide a safe option to feed a growing population without further deforestation, and for different yields scenarios. However, according to FAO, grazing livestock in drylands “removes vegetation, including dry and flammable plants, and mobilizes stored biomass through depositions, which is partly transferred to the soil, improving fertility. Livestock is key to creating and maintaining specific habitats and green infrastructures, providing resources for other species and dispersing seeds”.

Water use
Globally, the amount of water used for agricultural purposes exceeds any other industrialized purpose of water consumption. About 80% of water resources globally are used for agricultural ecosystems. In developed countries, up to 60% of total water consumption can be used for irrigation; in developing countries, it can be up to 90%, depending on the region's economic status and climate. According to the projected increase in food production by 2050, water consumption would need to increase by 53% to satisfy the world population's demands for meat and agricultural production.

Groundwater depletion is a concern in some areas because of sustainability issues (and in some cases, land subsidence and/or saltwater intrusion). A particularly important North American example of depletion is the High Plains (Ogallala) Aquifer, which underlies about 174,000 square miles in parts of eight states of the USA and supplies 30 percent of the groundwater withdrawn for irrigation there. Some irrigated livestock feed production is not hydrologically sustainable in the long run because of aquifer depletion. Rainfed agriculture, which cannot deplete its water source, produces much of the livestock feed in North America. Corn (maize) is of particular interest, accounting for about 91.8% of the grain fed to US livestock and poultry in 2010. About 14 percent of US corn-for-grain land is irrigated, accounting for about 17% of US corn-for-grain production and 13% of US irrigation water use, but only about 40% of US corn grain is fed to US livestock and poultry. Irrigation accounts for about 37% of US withdrawn freshwater use, and groundwater provides about 42% of US irrigation water. Irrigation water applied in the production of livestock feed and forage has been estimated to account for about 9 percent of withdrawn freshwater use in the United States.

Almost one-third of the water used in the western United States goes to crops that feed cattle. This is despite the claim that withdrawn surface water and groundwater used for crop irrigation in the US exceeds that for livestock by about a ratio of 60:1.  This excessive use of river water distresses ecosystems and communities, and drives scores of species of fish closer to extinction during times of drought.

A study in 2019 focused on linkages between water usage and animal agricultural practices in China. The results of the study showed that water resources were being used primarily for animal agriculture; the highest categories were animal husbandry, agriculture, slaughtering and processing of meat, fisheries, and other foods. Together they accounted for the consumption of 2408.10 billion m3 embodied water, roughly equating to 39.98% of total embodied water by the whole system. This means that more than one-third of China's entire water consumption is being used for food processing purposes, and mostly for animal agricultural practices.

Water pollution
Water pollution due to animal waste is a common problem in both developed and developing nations. The USA, Canada, India, Greece, Switzerland and several other countries are experiencing major environmental degradation due to water pollution via animal waste. Concerns about such problems are particularly acute in the case of CAFOs (concentrated animal feeding operations). In the US, a permit for a CAFO requires the implementation of a plan for the management of manure nutrients, contaminants, wastewater, etc., as applicable, to meet requirements under the Clean Water Act. There were about 19,000 CAFOs in the US as of 2008. In fiscal 2014, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) concluded 26 enforcement actions for various violations by CAFOs. Environmental performance of the US livestock industry can be compared with several other industries. The EPA has published 5-year and 1-year data for 32 industries on their ratios of enforcement orders to inspections, a measure of non-compliance with environmental regulations: principally, those under the Clean Water Act and Clean Air Act. For the livestock industry, inspections focused primarily on CAFOs. Of the 32 other industries, (including crop production) had a better 5-year environmental record than the livestock industry, 2 had a similar record, and 25 had a worse record in this respect. For the most recent year of the five-year compilation, livestock production and dry cleaning had the best environmental records of the 32 industries, each with an enforcement order/inspection ratio of 0.01. For crop production, the ratio was 0.02. Of the 32 industries, oil and gas extraction, and the livestock industry had the lowest percentages of facilities with violations.Effective use of fertilizer is crucial to accelerate the growth of animal feed production, which in turn increases the amount of feed available for livestock. However, excess fertilizer can enter water bodies via runoff after rainfall, resulting in eutrophication. The addition of nitrogen and phosphorus can cause the rapid growth of algae, also known as an algae bloom. The reduction of oxygen and nutrients in the water caused by the growth of algae ultimately leads to the death of other species in the ecosystem. This ecological harm has consequences not only for the native animals in the affected water body but also for the water supply for people.

Air pollution

Meat production is a leading cause of harmful particulate matter pollution in the atmosphere. This type of production chain produces copious byproducts; endotoxin, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, and particulate matter (PM), such as dust, all of which can negatively impact human respiratory health. Furthermore, methane and —the primary greenhouse gas emissions associated with meat production—have also been associated with respiratory diseases like asthma, bronchitis, and COPD.

Farmers are not the only ones at risk for exposure to these harmful byproducts. In fact, concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) in proximity to residential areas adversely affect these individuals' respiratory health similarly seen in the farmers. Concentrated hog feeding operations release air pollutants from confinement buildings, manure holding pits, and land application of waste. Air pollutants from these operations have caused acute physical symptoms, such as respiratory illnesses, wheezing, increased breath rate, and irritation of the eyes and nose. That prolonged exposure to airborne animal particulate, such as swine dust, induces a large influx of inflammatory cells into the airways. Those in close proximity to CAFOs could be exposed to elevated levels of these byproducts, which may lead to poor health and respiratory outcomes.

Especially when modified by high temperatures, air pollution can harm all regions, socioeconomic groups, sexes, and age groups. Approximately seven million people die from air pollution exposure every year. Air pollution often exacerbates respiratory disease by permeating into the lung tissue and damaging the lungs.

Climate change aspects

Energy consumption

An important aspect of energy use in livestock production is the energy consumption that the animals contribute. Feed Conversion Ratio is an animal's ability to convert feed into meat. The Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) is calculated by taking the energy, protein, or mass input of the feed divided by the output of meat provided by the animal. A lower FCR corresponds with a smaller requirement of feed per meat output, and therefore the animal contributes less GHG emissions. Chickens and pigs usually have a lower FCR compared to ruminants.

Intensification and other changes in the livestock industries influence energy use, emissions, and other environmental effects of meat production.

Manure can also have environmental benefits as a renewable energy source, in digester systems yielding biogas for heating and/or electricity generation. Manure biogas operations can be found in Asia, Europe, North America, and elsewhere. System cost is substantial, relative to US energy values, which may be a deterrent to more widespread use. Additional factors, such as odour control and carbon credits, may improve benefit-to-cost ratios. Manure can be mixed with other organic wastes in anaerobic digesters to take advantage of economies of scale. Digested waste is more uniform in consistency than untreated organic wastes, and can have higher proportions of nutrients that are more available to plants, which enhances the utility of digestate as a fertiliser product. This encourages circularity in meat production, which is typically difficult to achieve due to environmental and food safety concerns.

Greenhouse gas emissions

Cows, sheep and other ruminants digest their food by enteric fermentation, and their burps are the main methane emissions from land use, land-use change, and forestry: together with methane and nitrous oxide from manure this makes livestock the main source of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture.

The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report in 2022 stated that: "Diets high in plant protein and low in meat and dairy are associated with lower GHG emissions. [...] Where appropriate, a shift to diets with a higher share of plant protein, moderate intake of animal-source foods and reduced intake of saturated fats could lead to substantial decreases in GHG emissions. Benefits would also include reduced land occupation and nutrient losses to the surrounding environment, while at the same time providing health benefits and reducing mortality from diet-related non-communicable diseases."

According to a 2022 study quickly stopping animal agriculture would provide half the GHG emission reduction needed to meet the Paris Agreement goal of limiting global warming to 2 °C.

The global food system is responsible for one-third of the global anthropogenic GHG emissions, of which meat accounts for nearly 60%.

Mitigation options

Mitigation options for reducing methane emission from livestock include a change in diet, that is consuming less meat and dairy. A significant reduction in meat consumption will be essential to mitigate climate change, especially as the human population increases by a projected 2.3 billion by the middle of the century. A 2019 report in The Lancet recommended that global meat consumption be reduced by 50 percent to mitigate climate change. A study quantified climate change mitigation potentials of 'high-income' nations shifting diets – away from meat-consumption – and restoration of the spared land, finding that if these were combined they could "reduce annual agricultural production emissions of high-income nations' diets by 61%".

In addition to reduced consumption, emissions can also be reduced by changes in practice. One study found that shifting compositions of current feeds, production areas, and informed land restoration could enable greenhouse gas emissions reductions of 34–85% annually (612–1,506 MtCO2e yr−1) without increasing costs or changing diets.

Producers can reduce ruminant enteric fermentation using genetic selection, immunization, rumen defaunation, competition of methanogenic archaea with acetogens, introduction of methanotrophic bacteria into the rumen, diet modification and grazing management, among others. The principal mitigation strategies identified for reduction of agricultural nitrous oxide emissions are avoiding over-application of nitrogen fertilizers and adopting suitable manure management practices. Mitigation strategies for reducing carbon dioxide emissions in the livestock sector include adopting more efficient production practices to reduce agricultural pressure for deforestation (such as in Latin America), reducing fossil fuel consumption, and increasing carbon sequestration in soils.

Measures that increase state revenues from meat consumption/production could enable the use of these funds for related research and development and "to cushion social hardships among low-income consumers". Meat and livestock are important sectors of the contemporary socioeconomic system, with livestock value chains employing an estimated >1.3 billion people.

Effects on ecosystems

Soils
Grazing can have positive or negative effects on rangeland health, depending on management quality, and grazing can have different effects on different soils and different plant communities. Grazing can sometimes reduce, and other times increase, biodiversity of grassland ecosystems. In beef production, cattle ranching helps preserve and improve the natural environment by maintaining habitats that are well-suited for grazing animals. Lightly grazed grasslands also tend to have higher biodiversity than overgrazed or non-grazed grasslands.

Overgrazing can decrease soil quality by constantly depleting it of necessary nutrients. By the end of 2002, the US Bureau of Land Management (BLM) found that 16% of the evaluated 7,437 grazing allotments had failed to meet rangeland health standards because of their excessive grazing use. Overgrazing appears to cause soil erosion in many dry regions of the world. However, on US farmland, soil erosion is much less on land used for livestock grazing than on land used for crop production. According to the US Natural Resources Conservation Service, on 95.1% of US pastureland, sheet and rill erosion are within the estimated soil loss tolerance, and on 99.4% of US pastureland, wind erosion is within the estimated soil loss tolerance.

Grazing can affect the sequestration of carbon and nitrogen in the soil. This sequestration helps mitigate the effects of greenhouse gas emissions, and in some cases, increases ecosystem productivity by affecting nutrient cycling. A study found that grazing in US virgin grasslands causes the soil to have lower soil organic carbon but higher soil nitrogen content. In contrast, at the High Plains Grasslands Research Station in Wyoming, the soil in the grazed pastures had more organic carbon and nitrogen in the top 30 cm than the soil in non-grazed pastures. Additionally, in the Piedmont region of the US, well-managed grazing of livestock on previously eroded soil resulted in high rates of beneficial carbon and nitrogen sequestration compared to non-grazed grass.

In Canada, a review highlighted that the methane and nitrous oxide emitted from manure management comprised 17% of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, while nitrous oxide emitted from soils after application of manure, accounted for 50% of total emissions.

Manure provides environmental benefits when properly managed. Manure that is deposited on pastures by grazing animals is an effective way to preserve soil fertility. Many nutrients are recycled in crop cultivation by collecting animal manure from barns and concentrated feeding sites, sometimes after composting. For many areas with high livestock density, manure application substantially replaces the application of synthetic fertilizers on surrounding cropland. Manure is also spread on forage-producing land that is grazed, rather than cropped.

Biodiversity

Meat production is considered one of the prime factors contributing to the current biodiversity loss crisis. The 2019 IPBES Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services found that industrial agriculture and overfishing are the primary drivers of the extinction, with the meat and dairy industries having a substantial impact. The global livestock sector contributes a significant share to anthropogenic GHG emissions, but it can also deliver a significant share of the necessary mitigation effort. FAO estimates that the adoption of already available best practices can reduce emissions by up to 30%.

Grazing (especially overgrazing) may detrimentally affect certain wildlife species, e.g. by altering cover and food supplies. The growing demand for meat is contributing to significant biodiversity loss as it is a significant driver of deforestation and habitat destruction; species-rich habitats, such as significant portions of the Amazon region, are being converted to agriculture for meat production.  World Resource Institute (WRI) website mentions that "30 percent of global forest cover has been cleared, while another 20 percent has been degraded. Most of the rest has been fragmented, leaving only about 15 percent intact." WRI also states that around the world there is "an estimated 1.5 billion hectares (3.7 billion acres) of once-productive croplands and pasturelands – an area nearly the size of Russia – are degraded. Restoring productivity can improve food supplies, water security, and the ability to fight climate change." Around 25% to nearly 40% of global land surface is being used for livestock farming.

A 2022 report from World Animal Protection and the Center for Biological Diversity found that, based on 2018 data, some 235 million pounds (or 117,500 tons) of pesticides are used for animal feed purposes annually in the United States alone, in particular glyphosate and atrazine. The report emphasizes that 100,000 pounds of glyphosate has the potential to harm or kill some 93% of species listed under the Endangered Species Act. Atrazine, which is banned in 35 countries, could harm or kill at least 1,000 listed species. Both groups involved in the report advocate for consumers to reduce their consumption of animal products and to transition towards plant-based diets in order to reduce the growth of factory farming and protect endangered species of wildlife.

In North America, various studies have found that grazing sometimes improves habitat for elk,
blacktailed prairie dogs,
sage grouse,
and mule deer. A survey of refuge managers on 123 National Wildlife Refuges in the US tallied 86 species of wildlife considered positively affected and 82 considered negatively affected by refuge cattle grazing or haying. The kind of grazing system employed (e.g. rest-rotation, deferred grazing, HILF grazing) is often important in achieving grazing benefits for particular wildlife species.

The biologists Rodolfo Dirzo, Gerardo Ceballos, and Paul R. Ehrlich write in an opinion piece for Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B that reductions in meat consumption "can translate not only into less heat, but also more space for biodiversity." They insist that it is the "massive planetary monopoly of industrial meat production that needs to be curbed" while respecting the cultural traditions of indigenous peoples, for whom meat is an important source of protein.

Aquatic ecosystems

Global agricultural practices are known to be one of the main reasons for environmental degradation. Animal agriculture worldwide encompasses 83% of farmland (however, only accounts for 18% of the global calorie intake), and the direct consumption of animals as well as over-harvesting them is causing environmental degradation through habitat alteration, biodiversity loss, climate change, pollution, and trophic interactions. These pressures are enough to drive biodiversity loss in any habitat, however freshwater ecosystems are showing to be more sensitive and less protected than others and show a very high effect on biodiversity loss when faced with these impacts.

In the Western United States, many stream and riparian habitats have been negatively affected by livestock grazing. This has resulted in increased phosphates, nitrates, decreased dissolved oxygen, increased temperature, turbidity, and eutrophication events, and reduced species diversity. Livestock management options for riparian protection include salt and mineral placement, limiting seasonal access, use of alternative water sources, provision of "hardened" stream crossings, herding, and fencing. In the Eastern United States, a 1997 study found that waste release from pork farms has also been shown to cause large-scale eutrophication of bodies of water, including the Mississippi River and Atlantic Ocean (Palmquist, et al., 1997). In North Carolina, where the study was done, measures have since been taken to reduce the risk of accidental discharges from manure lagoons, and since then there has been evidence of improved environmental management in US hog production. Implementation of manure and wastewater management planning can help assure low risk of problematic discharge into aquatic systems.

In Central-Eastern Argentina, a 2017 study found large quantities of metal pollutants (chromium, copper, arsenic and lead) in their freshwater streams, disrupting the aquatic biota. The level of chromium in the freshwater systems exceeded 181.5x the recommended guidelines necessary for survival of aquatic life, while Pb was 41.6x, Cu was 57.5x, and As exceeded 12.9x. The results showed excess metal accumulation due to agricultural runoff, the use of pesticides, and poor mitigation efforts to stop the excess runoff.

Animal agriculture contributes to global warming, which leads to ocean acidification. This occurs because as carbon emissions increase, a chemical reaction occurs between carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and ocean water, causing seawater acidification. The process is also known as the dissolution of inorganic carbon in seawater. This chemical reaction creates an environment that makes it difficult for calcifying organisms to produce protective shells and causes seagrass overpopulation. A reduction in marine life can have an adverse effect on people’s way of life, since limited sea life may reduce food availability and reduce coastal protection against storms.

Effects on antibiotic resistance
There are concerns about meat production's potential to spread diseases as an environmental impact.

Alternatives to meat production and consumption

A study shows that novel foods such as cultured meat and dairy, algae, existing microbial foods, and ground-up insects are shown to have the potential to reduce environmental impacts – by over 80%. Various combinations may further reduce the environmental impacts of these alternatives – for example, a study explored solar-energy-driven production of microbial foods from direct air capture. Alternatives are not only relevant for human consumption but also for pet food and other animal feed.

Meat reduction and health

Meat can be substituted in most diets with a wide variety of foods such as fungi or special "meat substitutes".

However, substantially reducing meat intake could result in nutritional deficiencies if done inadequately, especially for children, adolescents, and pregnant and lactating women "in low-income countries". A review suggests that the reduction of meat in people's diets should be accompanied by an increase in alternative sources of protein and micronutrients to avoid nutritional deficiencies for healthy diets such as iron and zinc. Meats notably also contain vitamin B12, collagen and creatine. This could be achieved with specific types of foods such as iron-rich beans and a diverse variety of protein-rich foods like red lentils, plant-based protein powders and high-protein wraps, and/or dietary supplements. Dairy and fish and/or specific types of other foods and/or supplements contain omega 3, vitamin K2, vitamin D3, iodine, magnesium and calcium many of which were generally lower in people consuming types of plant-based diets in studies.

Nevertheless, reviews find beneficial effects of plant-based diets versus people who consume meat products on health and lifespan or mortality.

Meat-reduction strategies
Strategies for implementing meat-reduction among populations include large-scale education and awareness building to promote more sustainable consumption styles. Other types of policy interventions could accelerate these shifts and might include "restrictions or fiscal mechanisms such as [meat] taxes". In the case of fiscal mechanisms, these could be based on forms of scientific calculation of external costs (externalities currently not reflected in any way in the monetary price) to make the polluter pay, e.g. for the damage done by excess nitrogen. In the case of restrictions, this could be based on limited domestic supply or Personal (Carbon) Allowances (certificates and credits which would reward sustainable behavior).

Relevant to such a strategy, estimating the environmental impacts of food products in a standardized way – as has been done with a dataset of more than 57,000 food products in supermarkets – could also be used to inform consumers or in policy, making consumers more aware of the environmental impacts of animal-based products (or requiring them to take such into consideration).

Young adults that are faced with new physical or social environments (for example, moving away from home) are also more likely to make dietary changes and reduce their meat intake. Another strategy includes increasing the prices of meat while also reducing the prices of plant-based products, which could show a significant impact on meat-reduction. A reduction in meat portion sizes could potentially be more beneficial than cutting out meat entirely from ones diet, according to a 2022 study. This study revolved around young Dutch adults, and showed that the adults were more reluctant to cut out meat entirely to make the change to plant-based diets due to habitual behaviours. Increasing and improving plant-based alternatives, as well as the education about plant-based alternatives, proved to be one of the most effective ways to combat these behaviours. The lack of education about plant-based alternatives is a road-block for most people - most adults do not know how to properly cook plant-based meals or know the health risks/benefits associated with a vegetarian diet - which is why education among adults is important in meat-reduction strategies.
In the Netherlands, a meat tax of 15% to 30% could show a reduction of meat consumption by 8% to 16%. as well as reducing the amount of livestock by buying out farmers. In 2022, the city of Haarlem, Netherlands announced that advertisements for factory-farmed meat will be banned in public places, starting in 2024.

A review concluded that "low and moderate meat consumption levels are compatible with the climate targets and broader sustainable development, even for 10 billion people".

In , the European Commission's Scientific Advice Mechanism published a review of all available evidence and accompanying policy recommendations to promote sustainable food consumption and reducing meat intake. They reported that the evidence supports policy interventions on pricing (including "meat taxes, and pricing products according to their environmental impacts, as well as lower taxes on healthy and sustainable alternatives"), availability and visibility, food composition, labelling and the social environment. They also stated:
People choose food not just through rational reflection, but also based on many other factors: food availability, habits and routines, emotional and impulsive reactions, and their financial and social situation. So we should consider ways to unburden the consumer and make sustainable, healthy food an easy and affordable choice.

Beneficial environmental effects
According to FAO, crop-residues and by-products account for 24% of the total dry matter intake of the global livestock sector. A 2018 study found that, "Currently, 70 % of the feedstock used in the Dutch feed industry originates from the food processing industry." Examples of grain-based waste conversion in the United States include feeding livestock the distillers grains (with solubles) remaining from ethanol production. For the marketing year 2009–2010, dried distillers grains used as livestock feed (and residual) in the US was estimated at 25.5 million metric tons. Examples of waste roughages include straw from barley and wheat crops (edible especially to large-ruminant breeding stock when on maintenance diets), and corn stover. Also, small-ruminant flocks in North America (and elsewhere) are sometimes used on fields for removal of various crop residues inedible by humans, converting them to food.

Small ruminants, such as sheep and goats, can control some invasive or noxious weeds (such as spotted knapweed, tansy ragwort, leafy spurge, yellow starthistle, tall larkspur, etc.) on rangeland. Small ruminants are also useful for vegetation management in forest plantations and for clearing brush on rights-of-way. Other ruminants, like Nublang cattle, are used in Bhutan to help of a species of bamboo, Yushania microphylla, which tends to crowd out indigenous plant species. These represent alternatives to herbicide use.

Examples

Pigs

See also

Agroecology
Animal-free agriculture
Animal–industrial complex
Carbon tax
Meat price
Cultured meat
Economic vegetarianism
Factory farming divestment
Environmental impact of agriculture
Environmental impact of fishing
Environmental vegetarianism
Food vs. feed
Stranded assets in the agriculture and forestry sector
Sustainable agriculture
Sustainable diet
Veganism

References

Meat
Environmental impact of agriculture
Meat
Climate change and agriculture


Skerton is an area in the north of Lancaster, Lancashire, England, on the other side of the River Lune to the castle. It was formerly a township, but in the late 1800s it was incorporated into Lancaster and the neighbouring townships. Skerton Bridge takes the A6 southwards towards the city centre.

Origin of the name
The origin of the name is based on Old Norse  sker, Skerton meaning the tun by the reefs (i.e. sand banks in the River Lune which ran through the original Township).
The history of the Township to 1914 is shown in the Victoria County History.

Neighbouring Lancaster annexed parts of Skerton in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when the Township was divided between Lancaster and adjacent parishes.
The records, show variants the name over time, 'Skerton' (1200), 'Skereton' (1292), 'Storton' (1201), and 'Sherton' (1292). Of those evolutions of the original Norse name Skerton is the modern version.

History
After the Conquest of 1066, which saw control of the 'realm of England' transferred from the Saxon kings to William the Conqueror, the town of Lancaster was seized as the personal fiefdom of the Norman King. The historic hill that now plays host to the castle had previously been the site of a Roman fort and, following the Norman Conquest, was designated as the site upon which to build what is now Lancaster Castle.

The land being carved up by the Norman aristocracy, the land playing host to 'Schertune' was granted to the Halton fee, of which Earl Tostig, (See Tostig Godwinson), was a member. Tostig, having been loyal to the Norman King was rewarded in this instance with personal possession of Skerton, (Amongst other rewards of land). During his possession, the Skerton was assessed as being 'six-plough lands'.

After Tostig's possession, Skerton was retained in demesne by the Lords of Lancaster; in 1094, demesne tithes from Skerton were granted to St Martin's at Sees by Count Roger of Poitou. The land surrounding Skerton remained more or less 'Virgo intacta', an exception being made when half a Plough-land was granted to William De Skerton, (Reeve from 1201 to 1202), to be held by this Serjeanty.

In 1297, it has been recorded that there were three free tenants, these being Alan de Paries, the Abbot of Furness and Lawrence, the son of Thomas De Lancaster.

During the course of the 18th century, three charities arose in connection with the settlement of Skerton...and that two of them should be geared towards the endowment of education. A school is known to have existed in Skerton since 1734, (making Skerton the second-oldest provider of education in Lancaster, after the establishment of the Lancaster Royal Grammar School in 1235, some five hundred years earlier), when the trust deed of one Jane Jepson, (dated 25 March 1734), confirmed that £100 was delivered into the hands of John Housman for the fulfilment of a number of purposes; particularly, that £60 should be earmarked for either the purchase of construction of a schoolhouse, and that any remainder or surplus should be lent out at interest...and the return from this latter investment used to employ a schoolmaster for the teaching of poor children.

A later endowment came in the form of Henry Williamson's trust deed, (dated 10 February 1767), when he bequeathed £100 to be used for investments that would yield a sufficient rate of return: "...towards teaching young children belonging to the township to read the Bible, write, knit or sew, and if any overplus should be, that the same should be laid out in clothing such children as would be indigent".

Intervening between these two noble patronages, we are also aware of an apparently-anonymous endowment, referred to only as 'Money's Charity'...which, (we learn from Cross Fleury's 1891 history of Lancaster), had emerged under an indenture dated 13 December 1760, (in recitation of an earlier indenture of mortgage, dating from 2 November 1750), whereby 'two messuages and a garden situate in Skerton', had been mortgaged to James Rigmaiden and Peter Cook, (referred to in contemporary documentation as 'Sidesmen' of the parish), as trustees on behalf of the residents of Skerton in the interests of securing support for those poor inhabitants of the same, requiring relief...as per agreement between the aforesaid trustees and John Money, who undertook to demise same premises in pursuance thereof, for a period of one thousand years.

Whilst the archaic language of 18th century land-conveyances and trust deeds would appear to ensure that much of this complex arrangement remains incomprehensible to the modern reader, it is with the careful paraphrasing of Cross Fleury that we are able to determine that the 'Money's Charity' thus primarily entailed the effective transfer of four dwellinghouses and a cattleshed to the care of the parish of Skerton; with a view to the sub-leasing of the same and the use of the rents therefrom, in relief of the poor.

In the intervening years leading up to Incorporation of the Township of Skerton in 1888, we read of the two 'National Schools' attached to the parish church of St Luke, brought under government inspection following the Education Act 1870, and enlarged in 1877 at the cost of around £900; with a subsequent annuity of £27 paid from the endowment of the historic Williamson and Jepson Charities. At that time administered by the Vicar and Church Wardens of St Luke's Church, as named trustees.

The 1888 Incorporation of Skerton as a township brought with it a flurry of new buildings inclined towards the civic advancement of the people. A new county police station was completed in 1889 and still stands today on Owen Road. Referred to by Cross Fleury in 1891 as having cost £5,000.

Tramways are also known to have run through Skerton; served by the Lancaster Corporation Tramways, which were in operation from 14 January 1903, until 4 April 1930 when services ceased. As around 3 miles of tramline are known to have been laid down and mention is made in contemporary sources dating from 1914 of a route having passed through Skerton on its way to Morecambe.

References

Geography of Lancaster, Lancashire
Former civil parishes in Lancashire


Marine Corps Communication-Electronics School (MCCES) is the Marine Corps training ground for the majority of the communications and air/ground electronic maintenance Military Occupational Specialties (MOS). MCCES is based at the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms, California.

Mission
To train Marines in ground electronics maintenance, tactical communications, and air control/anti-air warfare operations and maintenance in order to ensure commanders at all levels within the Marine Corps have the ability to exercise command and control throughout the operational environment; and to participate in technical and logistical evaluations for new communication, electronic maintenance, air control, and anti-air warfare systems in support of fielding and training.

Tasks
Conduct formal, MOS qualification and sentiment training in Communication-Electronics Maintenance, Operational Communications, Air Control and Anti-Air Warfare Operations
Act as C4 Training and Education Center of Excellence in order to coordinate solutions to training requirements for the C4 occupational fields.
Participate in technical and logistical evaluations of new communications, electronic maintenance, Air Control and Anti-Air Warfare systems in order to develop formal training to support the fielding of these systems throughout the Marine Corps.

History

Beginnings
MCCES began as the Pigeon and Flag Handler Platoon in 1932.  On October 5, 1942, it was activated as the Signal School under the Signal Battalion in Quantico, VA.  In 1943 they moved to Camp Lejeune, NC; remained there until the end of WWII and eventually offered 15 courses in the communications field. In August 1946, the school was relocated to Camp Del Mar on Camp Pendleton, CA. In December 1949, Signal School was re-designated as Signal and Tracked Vehicle School Battalion. In 1950, coinciding with the Korean War, the school was moved to MCRD San Diego, CA and was renamed to Signal School Battalion in September. During this time, the school added technician and repairmen training.  In 1953, the school was re designated to Communication-Electronics School Battalion.

Modern Day
In 1963 the school began to move to Marine Corps Base, Twentynine Palms, CA with the move of C and E Companies.  In February  1971 the school was redesignated as to it current title of Marine Corps Communication-Electronics School and A and D Companies moved to Twentynine Palms at this time.  Also during this time an Officer Training course was developed for Air Defense Officer and the school trained over 5000 Marines Annually.  In 1975, B Company moved from Camp Pendleton, completing the move of the school and establishing the largest formal school in the Marine Corps.  In 2002 the MOS redesignation of Data Systems Marines from the 40 occupational fields into the 06 occupational field was completed.  In 2003 D Company merged into B Company then D Company was dissolved.  In 2005 The average student population was 1,240.  The School conducts 44 separate courses producing 37 MOS's.  303 classes are scheduled annually varying from 2 to 54 weeks in duration.  This represents upwards of 25,000 academic days.  MCCES graduates nearly 6,500 personnel annually.  C&E (our local/colloquial term) has played a vital role in the Corps' combat- readiness; recognized as such in the form of unit awards to include; American Campaign Streamer, World War II Victory Streamer, National Defense Service Streamer w/3 Bronze Stars, Meritorious Unit Commendation w/3 Bronze Stars, Global War on Terrorism Service Streamer.   MCCES currently consist of a Headquarters Company and 3 training companies/schools which are: Company A/CEMS (Communication-Electronics Maintenance School, Company B/TCTS (Tactical Communications Training School), Company C/Air School).  2006 The onboard average student population was 1042.  The School conducted 56 separate courses producing 35 MOS's.  51 of these courses were conducted at the Formal Learning Center (FLC) and 5 by Mobile Training Teams.   2011 In August the Commanding Officer of MCCES officially became the reporting senior for; CO, Communication School, MCB, Quantico, Virginia; CO, Marine Detachment Fort Gordon, Georgia; CO, Low Altitude Air Defense School, Fort Bliss, Texas and Marine Corps Representative, Sheppard AFB, Texas.  MCCES continues to carry out its primary mission to train personnel in the fields of operational communications, communications-electronics maintenance, and air control/anti-air warfare operations.
On 5 April 2013 Air Control Training Squadron (ACTS) was activated under MCCES.  The former Charlie Company has been redesignated as Detachment Bravo and the former Alpha Company has been designated as Detachment Alpha under the Air Control Training Squadron which is reportable to the Commanding Officer, MCCES.

Schools

Communication Electronics Maintenance School (ACTS-Company A)

The Communication-Electronics Maintenance School (CEMS) is responsible for training the 2800 MOS field.

Radio Maintenance Training Section (RMTS)

Ground Radio Repair Course (GRRC)
The Ground Radio Repair Course teaches analysis, troubleshooting, maintenance, restoration, and repair of ground transmission systems line-replaceable units to the shop replaceable unit and chassis-mounted component-level to entry-level Marines.

Digital Wideband Repair Course (DWRC)
The Digital Wideband Repair Course teaches principles of digital and microwave communications, multi-channel transmission principles, FM transceivers, satellite communications theory, and component level troubleshooting to entry-level Marines.

Tactical Remote Sensor System Maintenance Course (TRSSMC)
The Tactical Remote Sensor System Maintenance Course teaches installation, testing, circuit analysis, and troubleshooting of the Tactical Remote Sensor System to Marines who already have a required Military Occupational Specialty

Electronic Fundamentals Training Section (EFTS)

Basic Electronics Course
The Basic Electronics Course teaches basic electricity, electronics, digital logic, computer operation, circuit principles, troubleshooting, and soldering. It prepares entry-level Marines to attend follow-on electronic equipment repair courses specific to their MOS (Military Occupational Specialty).

Advanced Electronics Course
The Advanced  Electronics Course teaches advanced electronics and circuit theory, circuit simulation and analysis, and advanced logical troubleshooting. It prepares career-level Marines to attend a follow-on advanced electronic equipment repair course.

Miniature/Microminiature/Automated Test Equipment Repair Course (MM/ATEC)
The Micro-Miniature Automated Test Equipment Course teaches entry-level and Fleet Marines to use automated test equipment to isolate faults on circuit card assemblies, develop test routines for various circuit card assemblies, and then repair them using advanced soldering techniques including miniature and microminiature surface mount, plated-through hole, and wire termination techniques and fundamentals. The "2M" Technicians produced in this course will also have the ability to repair, reconstruct, and resurface laminates and other various surface types that are used in circuit cards.

Terminal Equipment Training Section (TETS)

Telephone Systems / Personal Computer Repair Course (TSPCRC)
The Telephone Systems/Personal Computer Repair Course provides instruction on circuit theory and analysis, the operation, troubleshooting, modification, restoration, and maintenance of Telecommunications Systems, IT Networking Systems, Personal Computers and peripheral devices, as well as Fiber Optic cables and systems to entry-level Marines. Marines completing this course earn the military occupational specialty of 2847 (Ground Electronics Telecommunications and Information Technology Systems Maintainer).

Technical Controller Course (TCC)
The Technical Control Course teaches theory of telecommunication networks, planning, installation, integration, operation, troubleshooting, and restoration of communication networks to entry-level Marines  a Digital Technical Control Facility.

Electronics Maintenance Technicians Course (EMTC)
The Electronics Maintenance Technicians Course provides career progression training for SNCO's and NCO's in the 28XX field on performing complex diagnosis, field level repairs, and modifications to ground electronics communications systems, as well as the supervision of maintenance activities, coordination of equipment evacuation for repair, requisitioning of parts, and monitoring of maintenance production.

Electronics Maintenance Supervisors Course (EMSC)
The Electronics Maintenance Supervisors Course is career progression training for Master Sergeants in the 28XX field and for Warrant Officer 1's seeking to become 2805's. EMTC provides instruction on the development of policies and procedures for ground electronics systems maintainers to perform inspection and classification; servicing, adjustment, and tuning; repair; modification; recovery and evacuation; overhauling and rebuilding; testing and calibration of Ground Electronics Systems Equipment and miscellaneous electronics systems used by Marine Corps Ground Forces.

Tactical Communications Training School (Company B)

TCTS is responsible for training communications systems operators. TCTS trains Marines in the 06xx MOS field such as 0621 Field Radio Operators, 0631 Network Administrators, etc.

Data Training Platoon (DTP)
To train Marines to support the Marine Corps mission to install, operate, maintain, and secure cyber network systems including computer hardware and software.

Switching Training Section (STS)
The section provides instruction on installation, operation, and maintenance on command and control switching systems that provide classified and unclassified voice communication. During this course the students will be taught basic installation and maintenance.

Transmission Training Platoon (TTP)
To provide instruction for the installation and operation of various tactical FMF radio equipment.

Air Control Training Squadron (ACTS)

AIRS trains Marines in the 5900 and 7200 MOS fields.

Air Command and Control Training Section (AC2TS)
AC2TS focuses on net/radio operator training and info/data flow throughout the Marine Air Command and Control System (MACCS) related to offensive air support and assault support and medical evacuation operations by performing as operators for information flow and controllers of fixed and rotary wing aircraft.  The mission is to train operations operators and control officers to a certain military occupational specialty (MOS). Their task being to safely and efficiently receive and pass on request from friendly forces and delegate the airspace as efficiently as possible to provide deep air support as part of their operations center the Direct Air Support Center (DASC) works with a procedural control system. Readiness percentage and end-state is to provide Direct Air Support Center (DASC) Marines to the Fleet Marine Forces (FMF).  Operator MOS's are identified by the numbers 7200.  Air support operator Marines have the MOS of 7242.

Air Defense Training Section (ADTS)
ADTS focuses on Anti-Air Warfare operations as well as fundamental Tactical Air Operations Center (TAOC) operations.  Air defense operator Marines have the MOS of 7234 and 7236. Air Defense Officers have the MOS of 7210.

Low Altitude Air Defense Training (LAAD) Section
The LAAD Training Sections focuses the on the employment of the Stinger Missile. LAAD Marines hold the MOS 7212 and 7204

Radar Maintenance Training Section (RDRMTS)
This course instructs current radar repairman in the advance fundamental concepts of radar theory and the foundational building blocks of radars in preparation for advanced training in ground or aviation radar systems. Radar repairmen hold the MOS 5948.

Tactical Data Systems Training Section (TDSTS)
TDSTS is built of three main MOS producing courses; Aviation Communications Systems Technician Course (5939), Tactical Data Systems Administrators Course (5974), and Air Defense Systems Technician Course (ADSTU - 5979). Each course trains entry-level Marines that recently graduated from the 5900 Commons Course.

Unit awards
A unit citation or commendation is an award bestowed upon an organization for the action cited. Members of the unit who participated in said actions are allowed to wear on their uniforms the awarded unit citation. The unit is authorized to fly the appropriate streamer on its organizational flag.  The Marine Corps Communications-Electronics School has been presented with the following awards:

External links
MCCES Official Homepage
Mass 3 Camp Pendleton

See also

Quantico, VA
Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms
06xx MOS Field
28xx MOS Field
59xx MOS Field
72xx MOS Field

References

United States Marine Corps schools
Maintenance


WFCT (105.5 FM) is a radio station broadcasting an adult contemporary format, playing songs from the 1960s - early 2000s. Licensed to Apalachicola, Florida, United States, the station serves the Panama City area.  The station is currently owned by Williams Communications, Inc. In October 2018, after being knocked off the air during Hurricane Michael, WFCT began offering news updates twice an hour. WFCT is voiced by actress Susan Mazel.

History
The station went on the air as WXGJ on 1996-03-15.  on 2001-04-20, the station changed its call sign to the current WFCT.

References

External links

FCT
Radio stations established in 1996
Mainstream adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
1996 establishments in Florida


WPCU-LP (106.9 FM, "Faith FM") was a radio station broadcasting a Contemporary Christian format. Licensed to Panama City, Florida, United States, the station served the Panama City area. The station was owned by Covenant Presbyterian Church in Panama City, Inc.

The station went silent on September 2, 2016, due to transmitter, staffing, tower relocation and financial issues. The station did not return to the air within a year of going silent; its license was cancelled on October 4, 2017.

References

External links

PCU-LP
PCU-LP
Defunct radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 2004
2004 establishments in Florida
Radio stations disestablished in 2017
2017 disestablishments in Florida
Defunct religious radio stations in the United States
PCU-LP


Jonathan Thaxton (born 10 September 1974) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 1992 to 2009. He held the British lightweight title from 2006 and 2007, and the EBU European title from 2008 to 2009.

Professional career
He had his first professional fight in December 1992, beating Scott Smith on points over six rounds in Stoke on Trent. In his early career he fought as a light-welterweight. His first fight for a major title was in September 1996, when he won the WBO Intercontinental Light-Welterweight title, beating Bernard Paul of Mauritius on points. In November 1997, he won the IBF Intercontinental Light-Welterweight title, beating Rimvidas Bilius of Lithuania on points. In September 1998, he lost both titles, when he lost to the American, Emanuel Augustus, being knocked out in the seventh.

In November 1999, he fought Jason Rowland for the British light-welterweight title, losing when the fight was stopped in the fifth. In October 2000, he had another shot at the now vacant British light-welterweight title when he fought Ricky Hatton. Despite Hatton being cut badly in the first round, he went on to defeat Thaxton on points. In February 2002, he fought Eamonn Magee for the Commonwealth light-welterweight title, losing when the fight was stopped in the sixth.

Between 2002 and 2004, Thaxton spent two years out of the ring with a shoulder injury after a road accident.

WBF title
In April 2005, he knocked out Frenchman Christophe De Busillet in the fourth, to take the vacant World Boxing Foundation (WBFo) world lightweight title. In September 2005, he defended the title against Romanian Vasile Dragomir, scoring a knockout in the fourth round.

British title
In December 2006, he fought Lee Meager, the holder of the British lightweight title. Thaxton scored a unanimous points victory to take the title. In March 2007, he defended the British lightweight title against Scott Lawton, winning by a technical knockout in the seventh. In October 2007, he defended the British lightweight title again, this time against Dave Stewart, winning by a technical knockout in the twelfth round.

European title challenge
In April 2008, he challenged Yuri Romanov, of Belarus, for his European lightweight title. The fight was stopped at the start of the sixth when Thaxton's corner refused to let him come out due to bad cuts. This was Thaxton's first defeat after twelve straight wins. On 4 October 2008, Thaxton captured the vacated European lightweight title in the third round of the contest against Spaniard Juan Carlos Melero Diaz.

Titles
IBF Inter-Continental light-welterweight champion
WBO Inter-Continental light welterweight champion
WBF World Lightweight champion
British Lightweight champion
European Lightweight champion

Professional boxing record

See also
List of British lightweight boxing champions

References

External links
 Fight stats
 The Official Website of Jon Thaxton

1974 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Norwich
English male boxers
Lightweight boxers