Surgères () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department, southwestern France. It is the home of the Surgères 48 Hour Race.

History

Middle ages
The site of Surgères was occupied in Neolithic times, but the earliest recorded history comes from the Middle Ages. The Duke of Aquitaine wanted to guard his lands in Aunis against Norman invasion, so he built a stone and wood defence on the marshes, a bridgehead against the invaders which was known as . At the end of the 10th century, the Counts of Poitiers started to acquire power in Aunis and appointed Guillaume Maingot to take charge of the fortress and part of the lands around it.

In the 12th century this defence had become a small city, whose lords entertained the grandees of the parliament of Saintonge. During this time a large castle was built on the ramparts, as was the Romanesque church of Notre-Dame. In 1152 Eleanor of Aquitaine married Henry II of England, thus putting her lands including Surgères into English hands.

Coming back under French rule with Saint Louis IX of France, the English took the town in a surprise raid in 1332 during the Hundred Years' War.

Renaissance and modern times (up to the French Revolution)
The history of Surgères is equally marked by Hélène de Fonsèque (1546 – 1618), Pierre de Ronsard's muse, whose beauty he celebrated in his Sonnets pour Hélène. Queen Catherine de' Medici encouraged the affair between the fifty-year-old Ronsard and the beautiful Hélène, so that she could be part of the royal court as one of the ladies-in-waiting.

Hélène was the daughter of Louis de Clermont and Roderic de Fonsèque, a Spanish family from Monterey. She married Philippe de Barbezières.

Surgères regained some prosperity during the 16th century before the French Wars of Religion. A coveted stronghold, it was occupied by Calvinists and then by Catholic troops after the fall of La Rochelle in 1628, when Cardinal Richelieu knocked down its ramparts.

19th and 20th centuries
After the French Revolution of 1789, life in this little village became feudal with the domination of a rural bourgeoisie who took, as in all of France, a good deal of the lands of the Dukes of Rochefoucauld-Doudeauville, later Lords of Surgères.

Winemaking and the distillery contributed to a "Golden Age" for the town, but phylloxera brought it to an end in 1878. Afterwards, the dairy college (, "National College of Dairy and Agricultural Food Industries") contributed to the revival of Surgères.

In 1850 Surgères absorbed part of the old commune of Saint-Pierre-de-Surgères, the other part being reattached to the neighbouring commune of Saint-Germain-de-Marencennes.

Heritage

Places and monuments
Romanesque church of Notre-Dame, built in the 16th and 17th centuries, classified as a Monument historique (Historic Monument) since 1862.

The 16th-century ramparts, which have been an Historic Monument since 1925. With the separate tower in the Town Hall gardens and the Renaissance gate, the ramparts make up the remainder of the old castle. The tower is named "Tour Hélène" in homage to Hélène de Fonsèque

The old castle's grounds have been a classified site since 1828
The town hall
The city gate
The 17th century Chapel of Saint Giles, a Monument Historique since 2004.

Industrial heritage
The automotive factory of the Surgères Engineering Society (), built in 1918. This factory saw the development of the Poyaud business until it decamped to la Combe outside the town in 1974. It is near the station and had a branch line to the railway
 ("The Caseinery") of the Caseineries Co-operative (, built in 1914. This factory produced casein. It is near the station and had a branch line to the railway
 ("The creamery") built in 1894, with many additions as it expanded. It is in the direction of La Rochelle.

High street

Geography

Surrounding communes
To the north lies the town of Saint-Georges-du-Bois, to the northwest Puyravault and Vouhé, to the west Péré, to the southwest Saint-Germain-de-Marencennes, to the south Vandré, to the southeast Breuil-la-Réorte, to the east Saint-Mard, and to the northeast Saint-Saturnin-du-Bois.

Location
Surgères is in the north of the department of Charente-Maritime, equidistant from the towns of Niort, La Rochelle, Rochefort and Saint-Jean-d'Angély. The village is south of the Marais Poitevin and east of the ancient province of Aunis.

Hydrography
The town's name came from the Gères, the stream that runs through it. It empties into the Devise, which flows into the Charente.

Climate
Surgères has a temperate climate but in December 1999, like all of the department, was hit by the second European windstorm of the season, codenamed Martin.

Transport
 The A10 autoroute gives access at Exit 33 (Niort-La Rochelle) to the northeast of the town and Exit 34 (Saint-Jean-d'Angély) to the southeast.

The old Route nationale 11 (RN11) passes through the town. This road, reclassified to Route Départementale 911, connects Mauzé-sur-le-Mignon to Rochefort. Route nationale 139, running from La Rochelle to Périgueux, passed through Surgères and Angoulême and has been declassified to Route Départementale 939.

Surgères railway station connects the capital by TGV, and is also on the TER Nouvelle-Aquitaine regional railway network. It is part of the program of , which aims to modernise the largest stations of the SNCF (French National Railway Company).

The railway arrived in Surgères in 1857 thanks to the Chemin de fer de Paris à Orléans. The Poitiers–La Rochelle line was electrified in 1993 to allow the TGV to run up to La Rochelle railway station. The line from Surgères to Marans which was part of the Freycinet Plan can also be traced.

The closest airports are La Rochelle – Île de Ré Airport and Rochefort – Saint-Agnant Airport.

Administration

The Canton of Surgères is part of the Charente-Maritime's 2nd constituency where the delegate is Frédérique Tuffnell.

Population

Economy
The town of Surgères is known for its activities in the food farming industry, especially milk processing. Of equal promininence is boilermaking and engineering.

Dairy industry

The town is principally known for its butter which has AOC designation "Beurre des Charentes" or "Beurre Charentes-Poitou". The "Glac" (, "Group of Dairy Co-operatives") distribute many brands of butter, milk and cheese such as Bougon, Saint-Loup, Lescure, Surgères, Le Petit Vendéen and Mottin charentais.

With its brand Saint-Loup, the Glac is the shirt sponsor of the Chamois Niortais when they play at home, and has been a partner in the club for many years.

The town is also home to the , a syndicate that developed at the end of the 19th Century to get Charentes-Poitou butter to the shops of Paris in under 48 hours. The syndicate is a partner of the Surgères 48 Hour Race and appears on the shirt of the best climber.

The dairy industry was started by Eugène Biraud after the Phylloxera crisis, with the first co-operative created in 1888 in an old distillery at Chaillé, to the northwest of Surgères. In 1907, a dairy college completed the picture.

Training in the food industry is under the control of the  ("Training policy of the National College of the Dairy and Food Industries and Higher National College of Milling and Cereals"). These groups provide training from granting new licences (theory and apprenticeship) onwards, with the aim of meeting the needs of employers. The college takes students from all over France, and foreigners. Research activities are conducted on behalf of companies. The college works with 2,500 companies in 80 countries.

Metallurgy industry
The engineering sector with Poyaud diesel engines became Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques, then Wärtsilä Diesel. The Surgères site produced Char Leclerc engines but also engines for railcars and locomotives, and marine engines. This technology is also used in the production of large electric generators for hospitals, industry and offices of large companies.

There are many other companies at this site, such as Sassaro (specialising in stainless steel for the dairy and pharmaceutical industries) and Saro (specialising in precision engineering).

Other sectors
The Sibcas slaughterhouse employs around fifty people and is near the creamery. Every October Surgères hosts a livestock show.

Despite there being a carpentry school there is no furniture industry. In the neighbouring commune of Saint-Germain-de-Marencennes there is the Sofec factory, owned by Teissa the kitchen designer.

Media
The town has two major media for the north of Charente-Maritime:
Radio Hélène FM (Surgères 89 FM, Saint-Jean d'Angély 102.9 FM), a general radio station with local information. It is the organiser of the singing competition  ("Milky Voices").
The newspaper  ("Charente-Maritime Weekly"), published by Groupe Sud Ouest, which has many regional correspondents. It prints local information for the northern cantons of Charente-Maritime.

Culture

Music
The  ("Academy of brass and percussion") organises a festival each summer which lets artists get together in Surgères and the surrounding communes.

Since 2005, the summer Sérénade festival has been promoting stringed instruments with open-air concerts. This event is directed by Pierre Lénert, a violist and soloist in the orchestra of the Opéra national de Paris at the Opéra Bastille.

The band  ("The Shiny Glasses") was champion of France in 2007 and 2008. This band won a Palme d'Or in the 2008 festival at Condom, Gers and have long accompanied the town's rugby team.

Facilities

Training
The  is a professional school specialising in woodworking. There are also the School of the Pays d'Aunis and the dairy college of ENILIA-ENSMIC.

Research
As mentioned above, near to Saint-Pierre-d'Amilly is INRA's site for bird farming, snail farming and beekeeping.

Sport
The town was named the Most Sporting Village in France (of fewer than 10,000 inhabitants) in 1987. The most popular sport is rugby.

Rugby
The Sporting Club Surgèrien was founded in 1912 and is in the Poitou-Charentes league. It is now in the French Championship, Federal Division 3. The club was champion of this division in 1997. The final took place in Graulhet against Solliès-Pont.

Athletics
The Surgères 48 Hour Race is an ultrarunning competition created in 1985. In 2009 it was won by Australian Martin Fryer, the 2008 world champion of 24-hour racing, and in 2008 by Ryoichi Sekiya. The 25th race, in 2010, took place from Friday 21 May to Sunday 23 May.

Showjumping
Showjumping in Surgères takes place every August. For the fifteenth meeting in 2008, it was one of the stages of Showjumping Grand National, with the best French showjumpers. Unfortunately the 2009 event was cancelled but it will return in 2010.

Motorsport
The Rallye d'Automne regularly has a show of its private collection on the Place du Château. In 2000 Yvan Muller won. He had previously trained to win the Andros Trophy which he won after a season in BTCC on British circuits.

International relations
Surgères is twinned with:
 – Wipperfürth, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

Personalities
Ernest Bersot, moral philosopher and French journalist, was born in Surgères.
Jean Baptiste Cacault, a brigadier-general, was born at Surgères, injured in battle at Juterbock, and died after having an arm amputated.
Raymond Couraud, gangster and WW2 hero
Edmond de Fonsèques, Baron of Surgères, married to Hardouine, daughter of Pierre de Laval-Montmorency
Jacques-Charles-François de La Perrière de Roiffé (1694 – 1776), doctor.
Hervé Michelet, French trumpeter, conductor of the Académie de Cuivres et Percussions at Surgères.
Clément Saunier, French trumpeter, student of the Académie de Cuivres et Percussions at Surgères.

See also
Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Surgères Official Website
info-surgères: Information website
Tourist Office of Surgères
Some photographs of the church on the "Western and Religious Architecture" webstite
surgeres.org, interactive site for Surgères

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Aunis


Taillant () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Tanzac () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Taugon () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Arrondissement of La Rochelle


Ternant () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Geography
The Boutonne forms all of the commune's northern border.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Tesson () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Toponymy

According to a widespread theory, that name, which is not unique to this particular commune, is a distortion, in the medieval period, from the Late Latin taxo, ionis, itself of Celtic origin, meaning “the badger”. In Old French, it became Taisson. The first settlements were allegedly built in a place where badgers used to dig their burrows.

But the name Tesson could also very well be a reference to a Gallo-Roman villa belonging to a certain Tessius or Thessius, hence in Latin Tessionem (Tessius estate and Tessianus, a, um as an adjective (applied to villa or fundus) and, alternatively, Tessiacum, with the suffix of Gallic origin acum, also meaning "belonging to".

In fact, in some ancient documents, including the lists of parishes of the archpriest of Pons (diocese of Saintes) contained in two “pouillés” (a “pouillé” being an inventory of ecclesiastical benefices) of 1648 and 1683, the village seems to be called Thessac, which clearly originates from Tessiacum.

History

Located on the Bronze road linking Merpins (near Cognac) with the Atlantic coast, the current territory of the municipality of Tesson has been inhabited for a long period. In the hamlet "Le Maine" in particular, prehistoric tools and weapons have been discovered, including a ceremonial anthropoid dagger (the top of the handle is shaped like a human body) dating back to 150 BC. It is being kept at the National Museum of Archaeology in Saint-Germain-en-Laye.

In the Middle Ages, the village happens to be situated on the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela. On both sides of the pediment of the Romanesque church of the village (built in the second half of the twelfth century), two strange sculptures in high relief depicting, one a pilgrim, the other a robber armed with an ax, recall that time.

In the early sixteenth century, the seigneury of Tesson belonged to the Gombaud family. Then they were succeeded by the Bremond, thereafter the Guinot. Tesson got some fame of its own in the eighteenth century when Étienne Guinot, Lord of Tesson and Marquis of Monconseil, Lieutenant General of the King’s armies, decided in 1760 to retire to his estate, after a successful military career. This is the single celebrity of the village. He (re)built there one of the most beautiful castles in the region, later demolished in the nineteenth century. In the village he had a covered market built ( the “Halles”), still visible, so that his cherished Tesson could host fairs and markets, as well as a hospice.

Quarrying also began in Tesson in the eighteenth century. The beautiful (dressed) stone of Tesson, renowned and used for construction, including for saintongeais style houses in the village and elsewhere in the department happened to be a lasting flourishing business. The operation of the quarries ended in 1960. The “route des carrières” street allows to trace the entrances.

Tesson benefited in the nineteenth century from the development of the production of Cognac brandy, especially under the Second Empire. Several beautiful mansions of the village and of some outlying farms date back to this period. In parallel to this, the area devoted to the exploitation of cereals decreased. Also due, of course, to the competition from industrial mills, the many windmills (14 counted in 1820), whose location is still reflected in the names of several hamlets, were abandoned or, for most of them, destroyed. Only two remain.

At the beginning of the Third Republic, Tesson, which had reached a peak population in 1866 (762 inhabitants against 573 in 1806), suffered like other wine-producing towns of Charentes and France from the impact of the crisis of phylloxera (1875). Also affected in its young population through the victims of World War I, Tesson did not exceed again this level until the late 1980s.

The opening in 1894 of the railway line between Saintes and Mortagne-sur-Gironde, which ran through the village - with a stop which was still visible until the 2000s (opposite the present bakery) - was nevertheless a positive development bringing it closer (in time) to the town of Saintes. The line was closed in 1947.

The Government's decree of 13 January 1938 included Tesson in the production area of Cognac brandy called "Fins Bois", one of the six authorized areas based on soil characteristics. It was a comparative advantage for Tesson vis-à-vis some neighboring municipalities (to the west or south) which belong to the slightly least valued area called "Bons Bois."

Since the early 1980s, the municipality’s population is experiencing a resurgence thanks to the maintenance or creation of services and shops (bakery, butcher shop, restaurant, multi-services grocery store ...) and new housing estates or individual buildings that allow it to take advantage of its proximity to the town of Saintes. In 2008, population crossed the threshold of 1000 inhabitants.

Population

Personalities
There was only one notable resident in the commune of Tesson. But Marquis Etienne Louis Antoine Guinot de Monconseil   (1695-1782), lord of Tesson, as well as of neighboring Thénac, Courcoury and Rioux, was one of the most famous characters of Saintonge in the eighteenth century.

He was born, depending on sources, either on September 16, 1695 in the parish of St. Peter in Saintes, or more probably in the castle of Tesson on September 13 (or 15), 1695. In 1708, at age 13, he made his debut at the Court of Louis XIV in Versailles, where he was appointed (May 9, 1708) page to the “Petite Ecurie du Roi” (literally “King’s Little Stable”). It was tactless for him one evening to set fire to the wig of the King with a candlestick, while the latter was leaving the apartment of Madame de Maintenon, the King had married secretly in 1683. Louis XIV forgave him but Etienne Guinot kept lifetime memories of this event.

In 1713, at age 18, he joined the King's Musketeers and was appointed, November 30, 1717, lieutenant in the regiment of “Gardes Françaises” (French Guards). During the French Régence, Monconseil played and won quite a lot at roulette and biribi, which enabled him to buy in 1722 for 40,000 livres (also partially through debt) the office of colonel of the regiment of Lyonne (the name of his predecessor), which officially took the name of its new colonel in 1723, but also the nickname of "Royal Biribi", as a reference to the way he had paid for it .

He was placed with his men to the service of former King of Poland, Stanislas Leszczynski, later Duke of Lorraine and father in law of Louis XV, who granted him the title of Master of the Royal Hunt. There he met Therese Cecile Pauline de Rioult de Curzay (1707-1787), then a prominent woman and lady in waiting to the former Queen of Poland. He married her in November 1725. She was cousin of Marquise de Prie, who was then the mistress of the Duke of Bourbon, a sort of Prime Minister of Louis XV. He was later appointed in November 1725 (the month of his marriage) Introducer of ambassadors and foreign princes to the King of France, a position he resigned in 1730.

He thereafter pursued a successful military career and participated in many campaigns, interspersed with long stays in Saintonge, in his castle of Tesson. Brigadier of Infantry in 1734, he was appointed in 1748 Lieutenant-General of the King’s and Commander for His Majesty in Upper Alsace in Colmar. In addition to his personal qualities, friendly relationships and sometimes amorous intrigues of his wife were likely no strangers to his brilliant career. She remained all along at the Court and in Ile de France: she basked in a joyful life and was hosting many well-attended feasts in her pavilion at Bagatelle. She was extremely close to (or maybe sometimes of the closest intimacy with) several ministers and senior characters at the Royal Court. Among her "friendships" featured Count d'Argenson ( Marc Pierre de Voyer d'Argenson of Paulmy, Secretary of State for War from 1743 to 1757) and Marshal of Richelieu ( Louis François Armand du Plessis, Duke of Fronsac, also Prince of Mortagne, Baron of Cozes, Saujon and Barbezieux in terms of areas near Tesson). She succeeded in having her husband titled in 1729 “Marquis” (of Monconseil) by Louis de Lorraine, Prince of Pons, who had consolidated the three seigneuries of Courcoury, Tesson and Monconseil (in Thenac) into a marquisate with the King’s sanction.

However the Marquis of Monconseil, Governor of Colmar, got into trouble with some notables in Alsace and even caused a scandal in 1763 by condemning a maidservant he had accused of having stolen silverware to the "wooden horse" (medieval torture rack). He had to sell his regiment (75,000 livres) and, at the age of 68, to retire in Saintonge and thus give up the perspective of being appointed Marshal, a hope his wife was certainly nourishing for him and herself.

Before settling in his native region and in Tesson permanently, he had expanded his estates by purchasing land and already begun major works, including the construction of his “hôtel particulier” (town-mansion) in Saintes in 1738 (currently the Musée Dupuy-Mestreau, 4 rue Monconseil ), he later enlarged in 1767, and from 1735 onwards, the reconstruction of the castle of Tesson, which, according to the records, reflected the influence of architect Boffrand Germain, who had practiced in Lorraine (castle of Lunéville).

The prestigious new castle of Tesson, considered then as one of the most beautiful of the region, consisted of three one-story pavilions connected by wings set back. The roof of the largest central pavilion was covered with a dome and the centerpiece was a vast lounge which occupied the whole height. The ground floor also contained two large fireplaces and a circular gallery which could be reached by a stone staircase with double revolution surrounded the lounge at the first floor level.

The castle was demolished in the nineteenth century. Only plans, drawings and descriptions remain of what it looked like. At its location, in the axis of the tree-lined road which connected the castle to the village church, stands now a mansion (1920)  of two stores.

In the former castle's outbuildings, a saintongeais style house was also built in 1848 (it is a private estate called “Chateau Guynot”). It has a vaulted cellar dating from the eighteenth century. In what remains of the castle’s park in this estate, is a “glacière” (underground cooler room) from the same period. Étienne Guinot had discovered its usefulness at Versailles for refreshed drinks, sorbets and food preservation. But the ice was also used in medicine at the hospice of the village.

In his nearby property of Thénac, the Marquis had only the “Grand Logis” (main building) repaired. It also was demolished in the nineteenth century.

In 1773, the Marquis decided the establishment of fairs and markets in Tesson. They were to take place inside the covered market (“Halles”) he had ordered to be built with his own money. He also bought a house to serve as a parsonage house for the (catholic) vicar. In 1777, besides a donation of 3,000 livres to buy the house and garden on which was built the Surgery School of Saintes (rue Saint-Vivien), Monconseil founded in Tesson a hospice to provide the poor inhabitants of his parishes Tesson, Rioux, Thenac and Courcoury, with "the assistance they need in their diseases." The house whose façade is home to the current village notary office, was entrusted to the nuns of the Congregation of Wisdom, to which he granted an annuity for this purpose. The nuns were also meant to be responsible for education and instruction of children of the parishes.

He died on 14 October 1782 in his castle of Tesson. His wife went into an ostentatious mourning in Paris but never came to Saintonge. It was up to his son in law, Count "de la Tour du Pin", to settle the succession and to his second daughter to have a plaque of white marble engraved in his memory and placed on the wall of the transept of the church. The wording mentions his kindness and good deeds towards the community during his edifying old age. But it never names him, "because his will prohibited it”. Under a black cross, this plaque is still to be seen.

Sights

The St. Grégoire (Saint Gregory) church

Illustrating the transition between the Romanesque and Gothic styles in Saintonge, it is dedicated to St. Gregory the Great (pope) . Registered as a "historic monument" since  1910, the Church of St. Gregory of Tesson  was built during the second half of the twelfth century.

The front (west side) has a semicircular portal flanked by two blind arches. The arches are decorated with diamond shaped motifs. At the upper level, an elegant colonnade ends with a triangular pediment. At the two corners of the pediment, two strange high relief sculptures allegedly depict an attack on a pilgrim of Santiago of Compostela: one is a pilgrim (on the left), and the other a robber armed with an ax (on the right).

At the crossing of the transept, clustered columns are set at the different corners in order to support the basis of a ribbed vault (early thirteenth century), at the location where a dome was originally scheduled or may have existed. The south wall of the nave was pierced, under two arches, with two openings, one clover-shaped, the other moon-shaped. The current bell tower is an addition to the original church (1892). The bronze bell, donated by Jean de Bremond, lord of Tesson, dates from 1583. Inside, on the east wall of the transept (on the right), a marble plaque (100 x 50 cm) recalls the benefits extended by Marquis of Monconseil (1695-1782), the celebrity of the village.

The stepped cross or calvary cross ("Croix Hosannière")

Next to the church, where the entrance to the former cemetery was, stands a Calvary cross of the fifteenth century. Quite simple, this small stone cross rests on a three-level support decorated with geometric patterns, set on a molded quatrefoil column. The column itself stands on a two-tier base.

The covered market (Les Halles)

In 1773, the Marquis de Monconseil, Lord of Tesson, decided the establishment of fairs and markets. He entrusted the construction of a covered space, a passage, linking the main road to the church square, to a local carpenter, Pierre Fabvre. The "Halles"  are very well preserved. They consist of a gallery based on a low wall to the south and on a full wall to the north, surmounted by a wooden framework based on ten pillars. They are covered with curved roof tiles. Until the early 1960s, a fair was held on the fourth Monday of each month. They are still used during the annual flea market (in June), organized by the Foyer Rural (rural club) of Tesson.

The former hospice

Located at 24 Avenue Saint Grégoire, it was until recently (2019) the local notary office. Its entrance is separated from the main road (Avenue Saint Grégoire) by a small garden adjacent to the covered market. Built in 1777  at the end of the driveway leading to the castle, this building was originally the hospice built by the Marquis de Monconseil for the "poor sick" of his four parishes. He had secured an annuity of 1000 livres to the nuns of the Congregation of Wisdom for them to take care of it. For an estimated total of 17,000 livres in an agreement with the Congregation of Wisdom (approved by letters patent of Louis XVI in November 1776), he financed, in addition to the cost of the construction, furniture, clothes, medical equipment for four beds, in the hospice whose capacity was sixteen. The nuns were also responsible for religious education and instruction of children. The hospice was closed during the French Revolution.

The “Souci” of Chadennes
“Souci” is an old term which refers to a depression or cavity natural karst that drains and absorbs rainwater. The souci of Chadennes opens north of the commune, after the hamlet of Chadennes, west of the road to Saintes. The sinkhole of the “souci”, almost 10 m in diameter, leads to underground galleries and caves. This curiosity is the source of a legend which portrays a Lord of Tesson in love with the Lady of the Manor of Rioux. The latter drowned in the Charente river on their wedding day and her body could not be found. After having obtained, with a purse of golden coins, the assistance of the witch of Chadennes to find his beloved, he descended into the fault. He was equipped by the witch with two nuts that were supposed, when struck against each other, to produce a bright light. According to the witch, the souci was an entrance to the underworld. After some time, he heard his wife calling him and she followed him backwards. But it was actually a vampire. Using the two magic nuts, he managed to dazzle the monster who took refuge in the depths of the underworld. Thereafter the Lord of Tesson ordered rocks to be thrown into the fault, which allegedly explains why, even if you are a speleologist, you cannot go that deep now.

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Thaims () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth Sciences) is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet. There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth science. There are four major disciplines in earth sciences, namely geography, geology, geophysics and geodesy. These major disciplines use physics, chemistry, biology, chronology and mathematics to build a quantitative understanding of the principal areas or spheres of the Earth system.

Articles related to Earth science include:

A
 Antarctic convergence
 Atmospheric chemistry
 Atmospheric physics
 Atmospheric sciences

B
 Biosphere
 Biogeography

C
 Cartography
 Chemical oceanography
 Climatology
 Crust
 Cryosphere
 Crystallography (mineralogy)

D
 Dynamo theory

E
 Earth's core
 Earth's magnetic field
 Earth's mantle
 Economic geology
 Edaphology (soil science)
 Engineering geology
 Environmental geology
 Environmental science
 Erosion
 Exosphere (Atmospheric sciences)

G
 Gaia hypothesis
 Gemology (mineralogy)
 Geochemistry
 Geochronology (Geophysics)
 Geodesy (see Surveying)
 Geodynamics (Geophysics and Tectonics)
 Geographical Information System
 Geography
 Geoinformatics (GIS)
 Geology
 Geomagnetics (Geophysics)
 Geomicrobiology
 Geomorphology
 Geophysics
 Geosphere
 Geostatistics
 Glaciology (Geology and Hydrology)
 Gravimetry (Geophysics)

H
 Historical geology
 Human geography
 Hydrogeology
 Hydrology
 Hydrometeorology
 Hydrosphere

I
 Intertropical Convergence Zone

L
 Limnology (Hydrology)
 Lithosphere (Geology)

M
 Magma (Volcanology)
 Magnetosphere
 Marine biology (Oceanography)
 Marine geology (Oceanography)
 Meridional flow
 Mesosphere (Atmospheric sciences)
 Meteorology
 Micropaleontology
 Mineralogy

O
 Oceanography

P
 Paleoceanography
 Paleoclimatology
 Pedology (Soil science)
 Pedosphere (Soil science)
 Petrology (Geology)
 Physical geography
 Physical oceanography
 Planetary geology
 Plate tectonics

Q
 Quaternary geology

R
 Remote Sensing and GIS

S
 Sedimentology (Geology)
 Seismology (Geophysics)
 Soil science
 Stratigraphy (Geology)
 Stratosphere (Atmospheric sciences)
 Structural geology
 Surveying (see Geodesy)

T
 Thermosphere (Atmospheric sciences)
 Tropopause
 Troposphere (Atmospheric sciences)
 Tornadoes

V
 Volcanology

Z
 Zonal flow

References

.
Science-related lists
Earth science topics (alphabetical)


Thénac () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Tonnay-Boutonne () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

Geography
The village lies on the right bank of the Boutonne, which flows southwest through the southern part of the commune.

Population

Sights
 The door of Saint-Pierre

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
County of Saintonge


Tonnay-Charente () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department, administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France.

In the 18th century, it was the home town of prominent Irish physician Dr. Theobald Jennings and his son, Irish-born French General Charles Edward Jennings de Kilmaine who fought in the  American War of Independence and, more significantly, in the French revolutionary wars with Napoleon I of France. There is a personal portrait of General Kilmaine in the Hôtel de Ville (City Hall) of Tonnay-Charente. Rue Kilmaine, a street in Tonnay-Charente was named in his honour.

Population

See also
Charles Edward Jennings de Kilmaine
Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


La Tremblade () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department and Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of southwestern France.

Toponymy
The name of the town probably derives from the presence of aspen trees (French: tremblers) in the forests of the region during the Middle Ages

Environment

Perfumed by the smell of resin, the forest is in spring all fragrant with the scent of broom and gorse whose bright yellow form with green trees a symphony of colors. What a charming hiking, tasting long solitary walks than winning Ronce-les-Bains by La Coubre forest, Louis Desgraves, Saintonge.

La Tremblade consists of 78% forest and semi-natural areas (forest of La Coubre essentially), with the rest of the territory being divided between wetlands (9%), agricultural land (6%) and artificialized (6%).

Bastion of Protestantism
In the 16th century, Protestantism took hold in the provinces of Aunis and Saintonge. Men like Philibert Hamelin (founder of the Reformed Churches in the municipalities of Arvert and Oléron) organised the nascent communities.

The authorities reacted inconsistently. There were periods of relative tolerance and successive waves of persecution. Philibert Hamelin was arrested in 1557, strangled and burned. During the religious wars, terror changed sides and Catholics came under attack. The monasteries of La Garde and the Crown were ransacked, the monks dispersed and monastic lands leased. These fratricidal wars ended with the enactment of the Edict of Nantes. After the series of conflicts, village populations were almost entirely Protestant.

In the 17th century and 18th century, La Tremblade 's port was a hub for the provisioning of ships bound for New France. It was also the base for ships fishing the Newfoundland banks" (Colbert album). Several shipyards were located there, including those of the French Royal Navy. Ships such as "La Renommé" of Commondant Foran (1662) or "Le Grand" of Captain Jehan Lestrille (1675) were refitted there, and François de Vendôme, Duke of Beaufort, prepared his ships for his expeditions to Africa at La Tremablade.

Louis XIV wanted to establish an arsenal in the area, but dangerous currents at Oléron caused Colbert to choose another site: a small village in the middle of the marsh, about twenty kilometres to the north, which ultimately became the city of Rochefort.

Oyster farming was established in 1650 by Charles and Blanche Chapeleine. Green oysters from the Isles of Arvert became a delicacy. Eaten raw or marinated, they were prized by King Louis XIV and the French nobility. This activity remains restricted to the port and salt marshes.

An order in 1681 to close Protestant temples (churches) opened the way for further persecution of Protestants. Solemn processions were held in the presence of local officials (and the Intendant of Aunis, that same year). The faithful of the "RPR" (Reformed Religion) were urged to convert to the "true faith." Many refused and were exiled. The exodus was such that Fenelon was sent to the area to try to reason with the "lost sheep". His mission, which began on 6 February 1686, ended in total failure. The authorities decided to employ a more radical tactic: sending dragoons (Dragonnades) to harass and intimidate Protestants into converting to Catholicism or leaving France.

Development

In the 18th century, due to a reversal of the demographic trend, the village, which was not even a full-fledged parish, had a larger population than the capital of the Barony on which it depended, Arvert. The village was emancipated in 1749 by becoming an independent parish, and in 1758, Jean Charles de Saint-Nectaire, Baron of Arvert, transferred his stately home, La Tremblade. The way was paved for the village, which has about 2000 inhabitants at the eve of the Revolution, to become capital of the newly created district in 1790. A section of the patriotic society of "Friends of the Constitution" (official name of Jacobins), was organised there as in many towns and villages of France. It opened a "Temple of Freedom" the  27 December 1791. In 1794, during the Terror, the Marquis de Conflans, last lord of Arvert and La Tremblade, was forced to give his estate to the Republic.

During the 19th century, the city gained a church, temple, covered market and railway, and became an important economic centre of the department. The oyster revolutionised the local economy based on fishing, agriculture (production of wheat, maize and rye), wine (white wine production, brandy and vinegar) and it was also turning more and more towards tourism. In 1876, La Tremblade was classified as the fifth-largest port in France after La Rochelle, with an estimated traffic of 8300 tonnes (oysters, salt, fish products ).

Many villas were built on the edge of the ocean, west of the town, in a grid pattern established by Joseph Edward Perraudeau of Beaufief, one of the first being the Villa "Stork", built in 1860, the genesis of the future seaside district of .
In 1862, a Parisian physician, Dr. Brochard, publishes a brochure entitled The sea baths in La Tremblade contributing to the development of the resort.

In 1940, the city was occupied by German troops. During their withdrawal in February 1945, they burned the city centre, before retreating to a redoubt in the forest of Coubre. The Allies (158th Infantry Regiment) landed at the Mus-de-loup on 14 April 1945 and liberated the city,

Lighthouse

Several temporary lighthouses were established during the 19th century, all undermined by the sea. An imperial decree of 12 May 1860 ordered the establishment of a lighthouse on the north bank of the Gironde estuary, because of the many shipwrecks, although it was not until 1895 that a stone lighthouse 57 metres high was erected. The building collapsed in May 1907 due to erosion by the sea.

The La Coubre Lighthouse, whose construction was decided in October 1904, was commissioned in 1905. Purposely built 1800 meters from the shore, the rapid erosion of the sandbanks in the estuary meant that by 2010 it was only 150 meters from the high-tide mark. It has many cracks and leaks.

It was decorated for the celebration of its centenary in 2005, and included a display tracing the history of lighthouses in the estuary of the Gironde. The La Coubre lighthouse was registered as an historic monument on 15 April 2015.

Economy
The geographical location of the municipality is responsible for the balance of two economic sectors, tourism (mostly coastal) and oyster farming.

Its coastline, its some twenty kilometres of beach, a protected forest area and its proximity to the beach resorts of La Côte de beauté (Royan, but also its main satellites: Saint-Palais-sur-Mer, La Palmyre ...) or the Oléron island give tourism a considerable weight, and two tourism offices are present in the common (in the city center and the place Brochard at Ronce-les-Bains) to welcome visitors.
The seaside neighborhood of Ronce-les-Bains is equipped with several campsites, guesthouses, hotels, holiday villages, shops and also a casino, one of only two of the agglomeration royannaise with that of Pontaillac. Established in 2007, it is the property of Partouche group, and employed 22 people at that date. It is a significant source of revenue for the city: 15% of casino winnings are donated directly to the commune. Different land use projects are also being studied, including the creation of a deepwater port at "Mus de Loup" in Ronce-les-Bains.

The position of the town in the heart of the oyster basin of Marennes fact that production and refining oysters are an important part of the economy, agriculture and oyster gathering 17.7% of assets (more than average county, established at 15.2%). In fact, La Tremblade is not only the first port of Marennes-Oléron basin, but also the whole of France. This privileged position explains a research center of the IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea) is located in the town: it is responsible for conducting research on the marine environment of bringing a track in the development of oysters, to preserve the health of livestock but also to work on genetic improvements.

Sport

La Tremblade organise every year since 2001 the Supercross Tremblade , a test of the SX Tour, European competition motocross "freestyle" of international level.
The municipality has also provided a framework for cutting multiglisse France in 2008, organized by the French Federation of Surf. Five disciplines were on the program of this national level competition (surfing, longboard, bodyboard, bodysurfing and stand up paddle). In May 2010, France Championships qualification surf casting took place on the beach of Embellie.
The wild coast is home to several famous surfing spots, including here, at La Pointe de la Coubre.

On 25 and 26 April 2015, the spot 46 of the wild coast hosts the first step in surfing France cut (longboard categories and stand up paddle). Smaller surf competitions are organized occasionally, mainly at the spot of La Pointe de la Coubre.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Populated coastal places in France


Lotusphere was an American annual conference hosted by Lotus Software (which later became an IBM software brand) from 1993 to 2017. In 2013, Lotusphere was re-branded as IBM Connect.

Except for the first conference, which took place in December 1993, Lotusphere was held in late January. It started with a reception party on Sunday night and continued on through the closing session on Thursday afternoon.  The conference was held at the Walt Disney World Swan and Dolphin hotels.  Most years it has used the additional space at Disney's Yacht and Beach Clubs.

In addition to the annual conference in Florida, between 1997 and 2000 there was also an annual Lotusphere Europe conference, first in Nice (1997) and then in Berlin (1999).

"Lotusphere Comes to You" (LCTY) events were for a few years held by local IBM Business Partners, where some of the information presented at conference was presented and business partners could connect with local users who were not able to attend the big event. LCTY was held in over 50 countries around the world. Since 2007, LCTY in Sofia, Bulgaria was organized by IBS Bulgaria with the support of IBM Bulgaria. The event covered news around Lotus Software as well as sessions emphasizing on local business needs and Lotus Domino development. These events were later replaced by local LUG (Lotus User Group) events like IamLUG (later Icon US), MWLUG, ILUG, UKLUG (later Icon UK) and many others.

Toward the end of 2012, IBM stopped using the Lotus brand and renamed the conference to IBM Connect.  It was renamed again in 2015 to IBM ConnectED, but changed back to IBM Connect in 2016.  The venue changed from the Disney Swan and Dolphin to the Hilton in Orlando. In 2017 the conference was moved to the Moscone Centre in San Francisco, and the date of the conference moved to the third week of February. In 2018, IBM Connect, along with several other IBM conferences, was merged into the IBM Think conference.

Agenda
The typical agenda started with an opening general session on Monday, followed by breakout sessions through the rest of the morning and afternoon where different presentations occur simultaneously in different conference rooms, allowing attendees to choose which one they want to go to.  Each breakout session was typically an hour long, with pauses in the schedule to allow attendees to mingle and walk to their next choice of breakout session.  Tuesday and Wednesday also had six or seven of these breakout sessions throughout the day.

Originally, Thursday was the last day of the conference, with a few breakout sessions in the morning, then a large "Ask the Developers" session where attendees are allowed to ask questions directly to a panel of IBM/Lotus employees involved in making the software. The last event of the conference is a closing session.
Starting in 2014 the conference was shortened one day, ending on Wednesday instead.

The opening and closing sessions typically had a form of entertainment and a guest speaker, as well as executives and key employees sharing news and demonstrations of what was planned for the near future.

Breakout Sessions
In 2008, there were 197 different presentations scheduled during the breakout sessions, scheduled across 18 slots, giving attendees an average of eleven choices per session slot.  Each breakout session lasted about an hour.  Breakouts were split into several categories called "tracks".  Common tracks were:
 1) Futures and Innovations  Glimpses of technologies and innovations coming out of IBM and Lotus Research Labs.
 2) Application Development  Presentations on custom application development, ranging from paper prototyping to application development techniques specific to Lotus software products.
 3) Planning and Managing Your Collaboration Infrastructure  Information for administrators and decision makers on architecture, features and capabilities, deployment, and system management.
 4) Best Practices  Tips and tricks for developers, administrators, usually technical and tactical.

In addition to these four tracks, there was sometimes a fifth track with a title and content around "Customer References" or "Sponsor Sessions".  There were also "Hands-on" and "JumpStart" sessions.
 Hands-on  These were hands-on classes lasting 1¾ hours, taking place in rooms set up in a classroom style with tables and computers.  Attendance was limited such that there are one to two attendees per computer.
 JumpStart  JumpStart sessions were offered during the day on Sunday, usually lasting about 1½ hours, giving an in-depth presentation on a topic.

History and Statistics

References

External links
 Spreadsheet of Lotusphere Events
 Video: Lotusphere 2008 in 60 Seconds, a 68-second recap of major announcements made during the Opening General Session at Lotusphere 2008

Computer conferences


Vaux-sur-Mer () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Populated coastal places in France


Sick-Love is the debut remix album by V/Vm, an alias of English musician Leyland Kirby. Released in 2000, it samples and distorts several 1980s pop songs about love, distorting them to create a sinister atmosphere. The album is mostly unavailable physically because of copyright laws; V/Vm later released the similar album The Green Door. Met with a positive reception from music critics, the album and its single received airplay on various radio stations, achieving the NME title of single of the week.

Composition
Sick-Love comprises several covers of 1980s pop songs about love that are put through various sound effects, such as pitch shifting. Most of the songs are recognizable for those who have listened to them before; however, they are distorted to an extreme noise, though not as much as V/Vm's other album The Green Door. Artists and bands sampled include East 17, Bobby Brown, Billy Joel, Berlin, the Bee Gees, Elton John, Robbie Williams, the Beatles, John Lennon, Boyzone, and Yazoo. Other dance and disco tracks of the record feature new vocals or distortions of existing ones that make the original samples nearly unrecognizable. There are sound effects such as background buzz noises, saxophones with distorted notes, and growling vocals.

The third track, "The Lady in Red (Is Dancing With Meat)", samples the song of same name by singer Chris de Burgh and distorts it with the intent of rendering it sinister. Its vocal drone is pitched down and distorted so as to sound akin to releases of the Raster-Noton record label. The following track, "I Need Lard" loops several lyrics of its original sample, "I Need Love" by rapper LL Cool J. In "Just the Way You Are XX", the sample is modified in order to become more mutant, while "A Perfect Moment" remakes the style of the English band Portishead. By "Take My Beef Away", sampling "Take My Breath Away" (June 1986) by Berlin, Kirby slows down the synth, making the chorus sound akin to a death wish.

Release
Sick-Love was released in the year of 2000 by Kirby's self-operated label V/Vm Test. In a 2008 interview, Kirby said Sick-Love and his other work with pop under the V/Vm alias already explored memory; his later releases under the Caretaker alias would explore memory loss. The musician said most people dismissed Sick-Love as a joke when, according to him, it "was about recontextualisation and memory just as much as any Caretaker album was." The record is mostly unavailable physically because of copyright laws, which may be the reason as to why the most recent samples are the ones with most distortion.

The Green Door

The Green Door, V/Vm's next release, is very similar to Sick-Love, distorting several disco and pop songs. Like Sick-Love, it does not acknowledge copyright issues. In addition to artists already sampled by Sick-Love, The Green Door has the work of Wham!, Falco, Lionel Richie, and Michael Jackson. In addition to pitch shifting, it also features glitch effects; some are unaltered, whereas others are distorted to an extreme.

"I'd Rather Jack Than Fleetwood Mac" presents the adrenaline of the album, while tracks such as "A Day Up North" and "He Ain't Heavy He's My Butcher" are more noise-like, akin to Merzbow. However, some of the unaltered tracks, such as "This Ole House", as well as the title track, feature normal kids songs. Mark Weddle's review of The Green Door for Brainwashed said its silly sound is what one would except released from V/Vm. Weddle felt that, while the music's nature is questionable, it is still done well, concluding: "why bother?"

The artwork features the character 'Shakey', which is named after Shakys single "Green Door" by Welsh singer Shakin' Stevens. The character speaks:

Reception

Sick-Love was met with a positive reception from music critics, who praised its distortion of pop songs. AllMusic critic Tim DiGravina felt that, while it may be "first-class sonic thievery and manipulation," it would not be a record that listeners "would want to return to with great frequency." Paul Simpson of the same website argued that, for the public that has "a downright evil sense of humor, this is simply one of the best albums ever made." Writing for NME, Stephen Dalton called Sick-Love "a brutally disturbing treatise on pop and our love/hate relationship with it." The Igloo Magazine said the album was fantastic, along with V/Vm's albums of commemorative dates. However, Mark Weddle's more negative review for Brainwashed opined that the album "is fun and funny but the theme and gimmick get a bit old after awhile", and that The Green Door is more varied.

Sick-Love received airplay from several radio stations. This includes ABC, WPRB, WFMU, RTRFM, KFJC, and BBC Radio 1. The single "The Lady In Red (Is Dancing With Meat)" was later named by NME as single of the week. The song was also included in the Rewired program of The Wire.

Track listing
Adapted from Brainwashed. Note and total length adapted from AllMusic. Samples adapted from Brainwashed, AllMusic, NME, and Freaky Trigger, as well as from the names of the songs themselves.

References

External links

2000 debut albums
James Leyland Kirby albums


Torxé () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.

Geography
The river Boutonne forms most of the commune's southern border.

Population

 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Les Touches-de-Périgny () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Trizay () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Jeremiah C. Sullivan (July 21, 1794 – December 6, 1870) was a justice of the Indiana Supreme Court from 1837 to 1846 and coined the name "Indianapolis" for the new state capital.

Jeremiah Sullivan's father, Thomas Littleton Sullivan, was the son of an Irish barrister and emigrated from Charleville, County Cork, Ireland, in 1791 to Augusta County, Virginia. Jeremiah began his studies at The College of William & Mary in Virginia. After serving in the War of 1812, during which he rose to the rank of major, he returned to Virginia to study law. He was admitted to the Virginia bar in 1816. Believing that there was more opportunity in the newly opened West, he ventured out to Louisville, Kentucky. On his way, he was told of the opportunities offered by Madison, Indiana, a new and growing town on the banks of the Ohio River.

He built his home in 1818 and from this base went on to carve a career as state legislator, state supreme court judge, county judge, Presbyterian elder, and Mason. He helped found nearby Hanover College and the Indiana Historical Society. Sullivan’s public career was immediately successful. Jonathan Jennings, the first Governor of Indiana, quickly appointed him prosecuting attorney in Madison and within three years of his arrival he was elected a member of the state legislature. While in the General Assembly, he gave Indianapolis its name. He was a member of the Indiana Supreme Court from 1837 to 1846. In 1869, a criminal court was created for Jefferson County, and he was appointed judge.

Judge Sullivan's house, the Jeremiah Sullivan House, in Madison, is acknowledged to have been the first brick mansion built in the Northwest Territory. It is now on tour and is a component of the Madison Historic District.

Among his sons were Algernon Sydney Sullivan, founder of the Sullivan & Cromwell law firm in New York, and Jeremiah C. Sullivan and Thomas Crook Sullivan, Civil War generals.

References

Indiana Magazine of History, "Jeremiah C. Sullivan, Hoosier Jurist"
Indiana Supreme Court biography
The Jeremiah Sullivan House (Madison, Indiana) website

See also

List of justices of the Indiana Supreme Court

1794 births
1870 deaths
Indiana Historical Society
Justices of the Indiana Supreme Court
Members of the Indiana House of Representatives
American Presbyterians
American people of Irish descent
19th-century American politicians
19th-century American judges
19th-century American lawyers


Tugéras-Saint-Maurice is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


La Vallée () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Frank Edward Burnham Hughes, N.E.A.C (1905–1987) was an English painter and member of the New English Art Club.

Life and work

Frank Hughes was born at St Pancras, London. He studied at St Martin's School of Art in the 1920s and served in the British Army in WW2. In order to support himself he worked in administration for the London water board.  He had an important friendship with the painter, Edward Bishop RBA, NEAC. Other contemporaries were Francis Gower, Brian Blow and Ronald Horton. He also worked with Marjorie Jenkins at and around Goosberry Cottage, Lindsey Tye, near Hadleigh Suffolk.

His partner in later years was Kathleen Haacke, MBE. He travelled with her in Italy and France, producing on their travels drawings and watercolours of landscapes and cafés: these formed the basis of subsequent paintings, often, like his portraits, dark and small.

He had a hatred of the Establishment and was very left wing in his outlook.  He spent most of his life in Hampstead and North London, working from a studio in Muswell Hill for 25 years. He suffered from emphysema as a result of heavy smoking, when he worked his way from a cigarette through a cigar to a pipe. He died in Hampstead in 1987.

Exhibitions
He exhibited Winter Landscape at the Royal Academy in 1954 (Gallery #4); Landscape from a Window in 1955 (Gallery #1 alongside Sir Winston Churchill, Sir Alfred Munnings, Sir Gerald Kelly, Sr William Russell Flint, James Fitton, Stanley Spencer and Henry Lamb). Additionally, Dorset Landscape was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1961.

References

1905 births
1987 deaths
20th-century English painters
English male painters
English portrait painters
Landscape artists
English illustrators
20th-century English male artists


Vanzac () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Varaize () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Varzay () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Operation Reindeer, which took place on 4 May 1978, was South Africa's second major military operation in Angola during the South African Border War.

Operation Reindeer may also refer to:

Operation Rentier (Reindeer) was a German operation during World War II
Operation Poro (Reindeer), was a planned invasion of the north Scandinavian peninsula by the Soviets, during the 1930s


Vénérand () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Vergeroux () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department, southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Arthur Perceval Purey-Cust (born Cust; 21 February 1828 – 23 December 1916) was a Church of England cleric and author who served as Dean of York from 1880 to 1916.

Biography
He was born as Arthur Perceval Cust, the younger son of the Honourable William Cust who was the younger son of Brownlow Cust, 1st Baron Brownlow. His mother was Sophia, daughter of Thomas Newnham. He was educated at Brasenose College, and later became a fellow of All Souls' College, Oxford. He was ordained deacon 1851 and priest 1852.

His early posts were: a curacy at Northchurch, Hertfordshire; incumbencies at  Cheddington and Reading; Honorary Canon of Oxford; and Rural Dean of Oxford. He married Lady Emma Bess Bligh, a daughter of Edward Bligh, 5th Earl of Darnley.

He became the Archdeacon of Buckingham in June 1875, and installed Vicar of Aylesbury in the same year. His final appointment was as Dean of York from 1880 to 1916.

For the next 36 years he meticulously catalogued York Minster's heritage and was the author of Heraldry of York Minster, 1890. He died in office in his 88th year and is commemorated by a mural monument in York Minster and by the adjacent Purey-Cust Lodge.

List of works
Works written by Purey-Cust include:
Parochial Organization (1877);
The Heraldry of York Minster (1890);
Picturesque Old York (1896);
Our English Minsters (1897);
The Crowning of Monarchs (1907)

References

External links

1828 births
1916 deaths
Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford
Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford
19th-century English Anglican priests
Archdeacons of Buckingham
Deans of York
Arthur Purey


Vergné () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Villars-en-Pons () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


La Vergne () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

Geography
The river Boutonne forms all of the commune's southern border.

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Villars-les-Bois () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Villemorin () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Villeneuve-la-Comtesse () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Villiers-Couture () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Vinax is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Virollet () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Voissay () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Geography
The river Boutonne forms all of the commune's northern border.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Vouhé () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


Speaker of the House of Assembly may refer to any of the following presiding officers ("speakers") of legislative bodies styled Houses of Assembly:

 Anguilla
Speaker of the Anguilla House of Assembly
 Australia
Speaker of South Australian House of Assembly
Speaker of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
 Bahamas
Speaker of the Bahamas House of Assembly
 Barbados
Speaker of the Barbados House of Assembly
 Bermuda
Speaker of the House of Assembly of Bermuda
 Canada
Speaker of the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly
Speaker of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly
 Dominica
Speaker of the House of Assembly of Dominica
 Gibraltar
Speaker of the Gibraltar House of Assembly (renamed Gibraltar Parliament in 2006)
 Kiribati
Speaker of the House of Assembly of Kiribati
 Nigeria
Nigeria's state legislatures are styled "houses of assembly", each chaired by a speaker:
Speaker of the Anambra State House of Assembly
Speaker of the Edo State House of Assembly
Speaker of the Kano State House of Assembly
Speaker of the Lagos State House of Assembly
Speaker of the Rivers State House of Assembly
 Saint Lucia
Speaker of the House of Assembly of Saint Lucia
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Speaker of the House of Assembly of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 Eswatini
Speaker of the House of Assembly of Eswatini
 Zimbabwe
Speaker of the House of Assembly of Zimbabwe


Yves () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department, southwestern France.

Places and hamlets include:
 Le Marouillet
 Les Trois Canons
 Voutron

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime
Charente-Maritime communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Patrick Hegarty (26 December 1926 – 31 October 2002) was an Irish Fine Gael politician and farmer. He was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fine Gael Teachta Dála (TD) for the Cork North-East constituency at the 1973 general election, and was re-elected in 1977. In 1981 he was elected for the Cork East constituency, and was re-elected there at each subsequent election until he was defeated at the 1989 general election.

He also stood unsuccessfully as a candidate at the 1992 general election. He was appointed a Minister of State by the Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald, serving as Minister of State at the Department of Agriculture from 1982 to 1987 and Minister of State at the Department of Industry and Commerce from 1986 to 1987.

References

1926 births
2002 deaths
Fine Gael TDs
Members of the 20th Dáil
Members of the 21st Dáil
Members of the 22nd Dáil
Members of the 23rd Dáil
Members of the 24th Dáil
Members of the 25th Dáil
Politicians from County Cork
20th-century Irish farmers
Ministers of State of the 24th Dáil


Thézac () is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Charente-Maritime department

References

External links

Communes of Charente-Maritime


A total lunar eclipse occurred on February 20 and February 21, 2008. It was visible in the eastern evening sky on February 20 for all of North and South America, and on February 21 in the predawn western sky from most of Africa and Europe. Greatest Eclipse occurring on Thursday, February 21, 2008, at 03:26:03 UTC, totality lasting 49 minutes and 45.6 seconds.

Occurring 7.1 days after perigee (Perigee on February 14, 2008) and 6.9 days before apogee (Apogee on February 28, 2008), the Moon's apparent diameter was near the average diameter.

The total lunar eclipse was the first of the two lunar eclipses in 2008, with the second, the August 16, 2008 event being partial. The next total lunar eclipse occurred on December 21, 2010. The tables below contain detailed predictions and additional information on the Total Lunar Eclipse of 21 February 2008.

The Moon's apparent diameter was 26.2 arcseconds larger than the August 16, 2008 partial lunar eclipse.

Eclipse season

This is the second eclipse this season.

First eclipse this season: 7 February 2008 Annular Solar Eclipse

Date = 21 February 2008
Penumbral Magnitude = 2.14507
Umbral Magnitude = 1.10618
Gamma: -0.39923
Greatest Eclipse: 21 Feb 2008 03:26:03.3 UTC (03:27:08.8 TD)
Ecliptic Opposition: 21 Feb 2008 03:30:30.8 UTC (03:31:36.3 TD)
Equatorial Opposition: 21 Feb 2008 03:48:25.7 UTC (03:49:31.2 TD)
Sun right ascension: 22 hours, 15 minutes, 30.0 seconds
Moon right ascension: 10 hours, 14 minutes, 48.5 seconds
Earth's shadow right ascension: 10 hours, 15 minutes, 30.0 seconds
Sun declination: 10 degrees, 48 minutes, 31.3 seconds south of Celestial Equator
Moon declination: 10 degrees, 28 minutes, 7.6 seconds north of Celestial Equator
Earth's shadow declination: 10 degrees, 48 minutes, 31.3 seconds north of Celestial Equator
Sun diameter: 1941.0 arcseconds
Moon diameter: 1868.4 arcseconds
Penumbra diameter: 2 degrees, 1684.08 arcseconds (8884.08 arcseconds)
Umbra diameter: 1 degree, 1402.56 arcseconds (5002.56 arcseconds)
Saros Series: 133rd (26 of 71)
Node: Descending Node

Viewing

The eclipse was visible in the eastern evening sky on February 20 for all of North and South America, and on February 21 in the predawn western sky from most of Africa and Europe.

The penumbral eclipse began at 00:35 UTC (February 21), and ended at 6:17. A partial eclipse existed from 1:43 until 3:00, followed by 51 minutes of totality (3:00 - 3:51), and then partial again from 3:51 until 5:09. (For local times, see Timing.)

It is possible to mistake the appearance of partial eclipse as the Moon being in a different phase, but the shadow from the eclipse changes much more rapidly.

The bright star Regulus of Leo and the planet Saturn were prominent very near the Moon during the total eclipse portion. Shortly before the eclipse began, Regulus was occulted by the Moon in parts of the far Southern Atlantic Ocean and Antarctica.

Map

Relation to other lunar eclipses

Eclipses of 2008
 An annular solar eclipse on February 7.
 A total lunar eclipse on February 21.
 A total solar eclipse on August 1.
 A partial lunar eclipse on August 16.

Lunar year series

Saros series

This lunar eclipse is part of series 133 of the Saros cycle, which repeats every 18 years and 11 days. Series 133 runs from the year 1557 until 2819. The previous eclipse of this series occurred on February 9, 1990, and the next will occur on March 3, 2026.

It is the 6th of 21 total lunar eclipses in series 133. The first was on December 28, 1917. The last (21st) will be on August 3, 2278. The longest two occurrences of this series (14th and 15th) will last for a total of 1 hour and 42 minutes on May 18, 2152, and May 30, 2170. Solar saros 140 interleaves with this lunar saros with an event occurring every 9 years 5 days alternating between each saros series.

Metonic cycle (19 years)

This is the fourth of five Metonic lunar eclipses.

Half-Saros cycle
A lunar eclipse will be preceded and followed by solar eclipses by 9 years and 5.5 days (a half saros). This lunar eclipse is related to two annular solar eclipses of Solar Saros 140.

Timing
The Moon entered the penumbral shadow at 0:36 UTC, and the umbral shadow at 1:43. Totality lasted for 50 minutes, between 3:01 and 3:51. The Moon left the umbra shadow at 5:09 and left the penumbra shadow at 6:16.

Photo gallery

Composites

North America

Canada

USA (west)

USA (east)

South America

Europe and Africa

See also
 List of lunar eclipses in the 21st century
 Lists of lunar eclipses
 Solar eclipse
 :File:2008-02-21 Lunar Eclipse Sketch.gif Chart

Notes

External links

 NASA: Total Lunar Eclipse: February 20, 2008
 NASA Saros series 133

 Hermit eclipse (Ian Cameron Smith) Total Lunar Eclipse: February 21, 2008
 Photos
 Astronet: Information and live webcasts of the February 20-21 total lunar eclipse from the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Spain and Argentina
 NASA Astronomy Picture of the Day: February 20, 2008, February 22, 2008 March 1, 2008
 Sky&Telescope, Eclipses of 2008
 Example Images from Dr. Eric S. Ackerman - Fort Lauderdale, Florida
 Various Animations of the Eclipse Astronight Observatory - Billerica MA
 SpaceWeather Lunar Eclipse Photo Gallery: February 20, 2008
 Philadelphia, PA: A timelapse of the total lunar eclipse on February 20th, 2008. Recorded with still images.
 Feature No Longer Available | Weather Underground

2008-02
2008 in science
February 2008 events


Achères () is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France.

Geography
A farming area comprising the village and a hamlet situated some  north of Bourges, near the junction of the D20 and the D940 roads.

Population

Places of interest
 The church of Notre-Dame, dating from the twelfth century.

See also
Communes of the Cher department

References

External links

A photo link to the war memorial

Communes of Cher (department)


Hastings is an unincorporated community in Wetzel County, West Virginia, United States. It lies at an elevation of 755 feet (230 m).

History

Hastings was established as a company town by the Hope Natural Gas Company in the early part of the 20th century.  With a population of several hundred people who lived in as many as fifty company houses, the community also had a church, a school, a company store, an athletic field, a post office, and a community hall. The community had indoor athletic facilities for basketball, table tennis and billiards, and it also served as a theater.  A hotel in the community was used by company employees who traveled to the site to perform maintenance and other tasks.  Hastings was named for Dennis Hastings, the first superintendent of the original natural gas processing plant on site.  It was a thriving community into the late 1960s when they baby boomers began to graduate from high school and their parents and grandparents began retiring and moving away.  Nowadays it is a virtual ghost town with only two company houses remaining.

During the 1920s and 1930s the company fielded a baseball team that travelled around the Ohio Valley and also played home games in Hastings.  Entertainment being at a premium, the Sunday afternoon games were attended by hundreds of people as the field was located adjacent to the railroad tracks.  Future major leaguer Floyd Giebell pitched here prior to becoming a Detroit Tiger in the late 1930s.

Former residents of Hastings returned to the area for reunions well into the 1980s after which time they became too few and too elderly to maintain the tradition.

After undergoing a long series of name changes, from Hope Natural Gas Company to Consolidated Gas Supply Corporation and finally to CNG, the company was acquired by Dominion Resources of Virginia in 2000.  Dominion continues to operate a natural gas processing site and a group of loading stations at Hastings and at Galmish three miles downstream.

Climate
The climate in this area is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year.  According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Hastings has a Humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

References

Unincorporated communities in Wetzel County, West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia


Lepenica is a region in Serbia, roughly between 44°10'00.0"N 20°45'00.0"E and 44°15'00.0"N 21°00'00.0"E.

References

Geographical regions of Serbia
Geography of Šumadija and Western Serbia
Šumadija


Ainay-le-Vieil is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France.

Geography
A farming village bordered to the north and east by the river Cher, some  south of Bourges at the junction of the D1 with the D118 and D97e roads.

Population

Places of interest
 The church, dating from the thirteenth century.
 Château d'Ainay-le-Vieil, dating from the twelfth century.

See also
 Communes of the Cher department

References

Communes of Cher (department)


Jacksonburg is a census-designated place (CDP) in Wetzel County, West Virginia, United States. It lies at an elevation of 748 feet (228 m). As of the 2010 census, its population was 182.

References

Census-designated places in Wetzel County, West Virginia
Census-designated places in West Virginia


Porters Falls (also Little Morgantown, Morgantown, or Porter's Falls) is an unincorporated community in Wetzel County, West Virginia, United States. It lies at an elevation of 682 feet (208 m).

The first settlement at Porters Falls was made in 1818.

References

Unincorporated communities in Wetzel County, West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia


Shepody Bay () is a tidal embayment, an extension of the Bay of Fundy in New Brunswick, Canada, which consists of  of open water and  of mudflats, with  of saline marsh on the west, and eroding sand and gravel beaches covering an area of approximately  on the eastern shore. The intertidal mudflats "support internationally important numbers of the crustacean Corophium volutator, the principal food source for millions of fall migrating shorebirds".

The surrounding area of  of coastal wetland was designated a Ramsar wetland of international importance on May 27, 1987, is a globally significant Important Bird Area, and is part of the Western Hemisphere Shorebird Reserve Network.

It is located about  south of Moncton. The nearest population centre is Riverside-Albert with a population of about 320. The Trans Canada Trail passes across part of Shepody Marsh.

Major streams feeding into the bay are the Shepody River, Petitcodiac River and Memramcook River. These three rivers gave the area its name under Acadian occupation in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, Trois Rivieres.

See also
Notable landforms and features nearby:
 Cape Enrage
 Hopewell Rocks
 Mary's Point
 Maringouin Peninsula
 Grindstone Island

References

Bays of New Brunswick
Ramsar sites in Canada
Important Bird Areas of New Brunswick
Landforms of Westmorland County, New Brunswick
Landforms of Albert County, New Brunswick
Wetlands of New Brunswick


The Gray Ghost is a 1917 American crime-drama film serial directed by Stuart Paton. It is presumed to be lost.

Cast
 Harry Carter as The Gray Ghost
 Priscilla Dean as Morn Light
 Emory Johnson as Wade Hildreth
 Eddie Polo as Jean Marco
 Gypsy Hart as Cecilia
 Wilton Taylor as Ashby
 Gertrude Astor as Lady Gwendolyn
 Lew Short as Jerry Tyron (credited as Lou Short)
 Richard La Reno as Mr. Olmstead
 John Cook as John Reis
 T. D. Crittenden as Brenner Carlow
 J. Morris Foster as Fred Olmstead
 Francis McDonald as Williams
 Howard Crampton as William Arabin
 Sydney Deane as The Commissioner
 Charles Dorian as Jimmie Pelham of The Star
 Nigel De Brulier as Jacques
Frank Tokunaga as Mora
 Burton Law as Bludso
 Dan Leighton as Brant

Episodes
 The Bank Mystery
 The Mysterious Message
 The Warning
 The Fight
 Plunder
 The House of Mystery
 Caught In The Web
 The Double Floor
 The Pearl Necklace
 Shadows
 The Flaming Meteor
 The Poisoned Ring
 The Tightening Snare
 At Bay
 The Duel
 From Out of The Past

Reception
Like many American films of the time, The Gray Ghost was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards. The Chicago Board of Censors refused to issue a permit for Chapter 5 of the serial because it portrayed the methods of an organized band of criminals used in the robbery of a large jewelry store.

See also
 List of film serials
 List of film serials by studio
 List of lost films

References

External links

1917 films
1917 crime drama films
1917 lost films
Lost drama films
American crime drama films
American silent serial films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Stuart Paton
Lost American films
Universal Pictures film serials
1910s American films
Silent American drama films


Ivan Stoyanov (; born 24 July 1983) is a Bulgarian football coach and a former player who played as a winger or attacking midfielder. He is the manager of Sliven.

Career

Sliven & Stuttgart
Stoyanov started his career in his home town Sliven in local team OFC Sliven 2000. In 2005, he signed a contract with German side VfB Stuttgart, but only played one league game for the club before returning to Sliven in May 2006. In 2007–08 season with his goals Stoyanov helped the team gain promotion to the first division in Bulgaria. He scored 16 goals in 15 matches. In September 2007, Stoyanov was banned for one year from football after an incident with a linesman in a match against Kaliakra Kavarna following his dismissal from the field by the main official. He subsequently reestablished himself as a key player for Sliven.

CSKA Sofia
After an impressive 2008–09 season with the newly promoted Sliven, on 24 June 2009 Stoyanov signed a 3-year contract with CSKA Sofia. On 30 July 2009, Stoyanov marked his official debut for the armymen by scoring the goal for the 1:0 home win against Northern Irish side Derry City F.C. in the third qualifying round of the UEFA Europa League. On 9 August 2009, he scored a brace in the 5:0 away win against Lokomotiv Plovdiv in a league game. On 30 August 2009, he scored another double, this time against Lokomotiv Mezdra, in a league game. On 20 September 2009, Stoyanov scored the opening goal in the 2:0 home win against Levski Sofia in The Eternal Derby.

Alania
On 25 February 2010 Russian side Alania Vladikavkaz signed the Bulgarian international from CSKA Sofia, the midfielder agreed to a three-year deal for $1.2 million. Stoyanov scored his first goal for Alania in their 1–0 home win against Rostov in the Russian Premier League on 25 April 2010.

Ludogorets Razgrad
On 29 August 2011, Stoyanov signed a contract with newly promoted A PFG club Ludogorets Razgrad. His debut for the team came on 11 September 2011, in the 6:0 home win against Slavia Sofia. On 30 September 2011, he scored a last-minute goal against Botev Vratsa to temporarily propel the team to the top of the A PFG table. On 28 November 2011, Stoyanov scored another last-minute goal, this time against former club CSKA Sofia, to help Ludogorets secure a 2:2 away draw and enable the team from Razgrad to finish the first half of the A PFG season in first place in the standings. On 2 April 2012, he netted the only goal for his team in the 1:0 away win over Levski Sofia, helping Ludogorets put an end to a three-game losing streak. Stoyanov eventually
finished the 2011–12 A PFG season as joint top scorer with Junior Moraes, while Ludogorets won its first A PFG title. On 24 July 2013, he opened the scoring in the 3:0 home win over Slovak side Slovan Bratislava in a 2nd qualifying round UEFA Champions League match. On 21 August 2013, Stoyanov scored a goal early in the second half to give Ludogorets a 2:1 lead over Swiss club FC Basel in a first leg match of the playoff round, but the team from Razgrad eventually lost by a score of 2:4. Stoyanov saw less first team action during the 2013/2014 A PFG season due to the strong performance of the other forwards and rejoined CSKA Sofia in February 2014.

Botev Plovdiv

On 15 June Ivan Stoyanov joined Botev Plovdiv. During the preseason friendly games Stoyanov scored twice against FC Eurocollege and once against FC Oborishte. Stoyanov scored twice in the final preseason friendly against FC Vereya.

On 30 July 2016 Ivan Stoyanov made an official debut for Botev Plovdiv and scored for the 1–1 draw with the local rivals Lokomotiv Plovdiv. He also picked up the man of the match award. Ivan Stoyanov made assists in the games against Slavia Sofia on 15 August and against PFC Neftochimic Burgas on 27 August. He was released in January 2017.

Etar
On 16 January 2017, Stoyanov joined Etar Veliko Tarnovo.

Career statistics

Honours
 Ludogorets
 A Group (2): 2011–12, 2012–13
 Bulgarian Cup (1):  2012
 Bulgarian Supercup (1): 2012

International career
Between 2004 and 2005 Stoyanov played in Bulgaria national under-21 football team. In 2004, he made his debut for the senior side.

Personal life
Stoyanov is the nephew of footballer Yordan Lechkov, who also serves as his agent.

References

External links

1983 births
Sportspeople from Sliven
Living people
Bulgarian men's footballers
Bulgaria men's under-21 international footballers
Bulgaria men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
OFC Sliven 2000 players
VfB Stuttgart players
VfB Stuttgart II players
PFC CSKA Sofia players
FC Spartak Vladikavkaz players
PFC Ludogorets Razgrad players
FC Vereya players
FC Montana players
Botev Plovdiv players
SFC Etar Veliko Tarnovo players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Russian Premier League players
Russian First League players
Second Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Bulgarian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany
Bulgarian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia
Bulgarian expatriate sportspeople in Russia


Knob Fork is a diffuse, unincorporated hamlet in Wetzel County, West Virginia, United States. It lies at an elevation of 1050 feet (320 m).  Its only business or service is a wholesale nursery.  Other names for the community have included Geaneytown, Jolliff, Jolliffe, Jolliffes Store, Knobfork Store, Sugar Run, and Uniontown. The present name is derived from the nearby Knob Fork creek.

References

Unincorporated communities in Wetzel County, West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia


Joe Hastings may refer to:

 Joe R. Hastings (1925–1945), United States Army soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
 Joe Hastings (American football) (born 1987), American football wide receiver


Coburn is an unincorporated community in Wetzel County, West Virginia, United States. It lies at an elevation of 978 feet (298 m).

Coburn bears the name of an early settler.

References

Unincorporated communities in Wetzel County, West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia


Earnshaw (also Lewistown) is an unincorporated community in Wetzel County, West Virginia, United States. It lies at an elevation of 1,070 feet (326 m).

References

Unincorporated communities in Wetzel County, West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia


Folsom is an unincorporated community in Wetzel County, West Virginia, United States. It lies at an elevation of 925 feet (282 m).

Folsom used to be called Robinson, named after the Robinson Improvement Company, and was later changed to Folsom, after Francis Folsom, the maiden name of Grover Cleveland's wife.

Chinese worked alongside West Virginians on the construction of the railroad in Folsom and through the rest of the Shortline area.  Folsom Grade School was consolidated into Smithfield School which was later consolidated into Reader's Shortline School.  There also used to be a sawmill in Folsom, but when Route 20 came through, this mill and also a few houses were displaced.

References

Unincorporated communities in Wetzel County, West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia


Aiyu jelly (; or ; or simply ), known in Amoy Hokkien as ogio (), and as ice jelly in Singapore (), is a jelly made from the gel from the seeds of the awkeotsang creeping fig found in Taiwan and East Asian countries of the same climates and latitudes. The jelly is not commonly made or found outside of Taiwan, Malaysia, and Singapore, though it can be bought fresh in specialty stores in Japan and canned in Chinatowns. It is also used in Taiwanese cuisine.

In Cantonese, it is also known as man tau long (文頭郎). It is commonly served with a slice of lime.

Origin

According to oral history, the plant and the jelly were named after the daughter of a Taiwanese tea businessman in the 1800s. The gelling property of the seeds was discovered by the businessman as he drank from a creek in Chiayi. He found a clear yellowish jelly in the water he was drinking and was refreshed upon trying it. Looking above the creek he noticed fruits on hanging vines. The fruits contained seeds that exuded a sticky gel when rubbed.

Upon this discovery, he gathered some of the fruits and served them at home with honeyed lemon juice or sweetened beverages. Finding the jelly-containing beverage delicious and thirst-quenching, the enterprising businessman delegated the task of selling it to his 15-year-old daughter, Aiyu. The snack was very well received and became highly popular. So, the businessman eventually named the jelly and the vines after his daughter.

However, the Austronesian name igos, coming from Spanish higo, hints at a possible Austronesian origin for this food.

Harvesting
Fruits of the creeping fig plant resemble large fig fruits the size of small mangos. The figs grow from flowers pollinated by the Wiebesia pumilae. and are harvested from September through January just before the fruit ripens to a dark purple. The fruits are then halved and turned inside out to dry over the course of several days. The dry fruits can be sold as is, or dried aiyu seeds () can then be pulled off the skin and sold separately.

Jelly making

The aiyu seeds are placed in a cotton cloth bag, and the bag and its contents are submerged in cold water and rubbed. A slimy gel will be extracted from the bag of aiyu seeds as it is squeezed and massaged. This is known as "washing aiyu" in Chinese (洗愛玉). After several minutes of massaging and washing, no more of the yellowish tea-coloured gel will be extracted, and the contents of the bag are discarded. The washed gel is then allowed to set into a jelly either in a cool location or in the refrigerator. One must keep in mind certain things when making aiyu jelly or else the gel may not set:
There must not be any grease in the container or water used to wash or set the gel,
Sugar must not be added to the aiyu prior to the setting of the gel,
Distilled water must not be used since the gelling depends on the presence of minerals in the water,
During washing, the seeds must not be rubbed so hard as to rupture their shells.
Water will slowly seep out of the jelly some time after it sets, and it will turn back to a liquid over the course of several days.

The jelly is usually served with honey and lemon juice but can also be included in other sweetened beverages or shaved ice and is particularly popular as a cool drink in hot summers.

Chemistry
The gelling agent in aiyu seeds is pectin. Pectines are located in the transparent layer on the surface of seeds and not the inside of seeds, which is why they are extracted by washing and rubbing instead of grinding to a powder. The main component of the water extract was found to be LMP (low methoxy pectin), as opposed to high metoxy pectins prevalent in commercially used sources such as apples or citrus peels. LMP gels in presence of divalent cations, which are found in sufficient amount in water (when undistilled), thus causing a creation of jelly.

See also
 Taiwanese cuisine
 List of Taiwanese desserts and snacks
 Night markets in Taiwan
Grass jelly
Gelatin dessert
O-aew, a variant of aiyu jelly found in Phuket, Thailand
Bingfen

References

External links
Video of a family making Aiyu jelly
The harvest of the fruit its processing and its nutritional content
Precise making of the jelly

Fig dishes
Edible gels
Taiwanese cuisine
Taiwanese desserts