David Patrick Brown (born 29 May 1989) is an English footballer who plays as a striker. He came through the Leeds United Academy, before moving to Nottingham Forest. He scored on his Football League debut for Bradford City. Throughout his career he has won 3 promotions and has claimed Player of the year on one occasion in 2015.

Career
Brown was born in York, North Yorkshire, and spent ten years in Leeds United's youth set up before he moved to Nottingham Forest at the start of the 2007–08 season. In November 2007, he joined Eastwood Town on an initial one-month loan, which was later extended for a second month. He returned to Forest in January 2008, after scoring five goals in ten games with Eastwood. He departed Forest and joined Bradford City on deadline day. After scoring twice in a 4–4 reserve game with Sunderland and another against Hull City, he was handed a contract until the end of the season. He made his debut two days later on 2 February 2008 as a second-half substitute and scored six minutes after he came on to give Bradford a 1–0 victory over Macclesfield Town. On 29 April 2008, Brown along with another 12 players out of contract were deemed to be surplus to requirements at Valley Parade and was released by manager Stuart McCall. He played five games for City, all as substitute.

Following his departure, Brown joined Conference National club York City on trial in July 2008, scoring twice in a pre-season friendly game against Tadcaster Albion, which York won 6–0. However, York manager Colin Walker said Brown and two other trialists were only making up the numbers and were unlikely to be signed permanently. Later the same month, he was given a trial at Northern Premier League Premier Division side Guiseley, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 2–1 pre-season friendly victory over former side Bradford City. After scoring 2 goals in another pre-season game against a Leeds United XI, he joined Guiseley on a permanent basis.

In January 2009, he joined Northern Premier League Division One North side Halifax Town along with fellow Bradford City player Paul Evans. Brown's debut was as a substitute one day after signing for Halifax, when he scored the final goal during a 4–1 victory against Wakefield.

Brown finished the season with Halifax, but in June 2009, he returned to Conference North side Eastwood Town, where he had previously played on loan.

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
People from Tadcaster
English men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Leeds United F.C. players
Nottingham Forest F.C. players
Eastwood Town F.C. players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Guiseley A.F.C. players
FC Halifax Town players
Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C. players
English Football League players
Tadcaster Albion A.F.C. players
Garforth Town A.F.C. players


Jibreel Khazan (born Ezell Alexander Blair Jr.; October 18, 1941) is a civil rights activist who is best known as a member of the Greensboro Four, a group of African American college students who, on February 1, 1960, sat down at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter in downtown Greensboro, North Carolina challenging the store's policy of denying service to non-white customers. The protests and the subsequent events were major milestones in the Civil Rights Movement.

Early life and education

Khazan was born Ezell Alexander Blair Jr. on October 18, 1941, in Greensboro, North Carolina. Khazan received his early education from Dudley High School, where his father taught. His father was a member of the NAACP and very vocal on the subject of racial injustices and "things naturally rubbed off on me", described Khazan in a 1974 interview. It was said that when he experienced unjust treatment based on color, he "stood up." Khazan also recalls an American Civics teacher, Mrs. McCullough, who told her class “We’re preparing you for the day when you will have equal rights.”

He was also influenced by Martin Luther King Jr. In 1958, Khazan heard King speak at the local Bennett College. He was captivated as King addressed the audience in attendance. At that speech, King called for an escalation of nonviolent protests to end segregated accommodation. King's words had made a huge impact with Khazan, so much so that he later remarked that "he could feel his heart palpitating" and that the words of King "brought tears to his eyes."

In 1959, Khazan graduated from James B. Dudley High School, and entered the A&T College of North Carolina. It was during his freshman year that Khazan and his roommate, Joseph McNeil; along with two other associates, Franklin McCain and David Richmond, devised a plan to protest against the policies of the segregated lunch counter at the downtown Greensboro F. W. Woolworth's store. On February 1, 1960, Blair, along with McNeil, Franklin and Richmond, took the bold step of violating the Greensboro Woolworth's segregation policy. Khazan stated that he had seen a documentary on Mohandas Gandhi's use of "passive insistence" that had inspired him to act. Each of the participants in the sit-in had different catalysts, but it is clear that the four men had a close friendship that mutually reinforced their desire to act. His 1964 interview describes the Greensboro sit-ins in Chapter 5 of Who Speaks for the Negro?

The sit-in demonstrations were just the beginning of Khazan's community involvement. He was elected president of the junior class, and would later become president of the school's student government association, the campus NAACP and the Greensboro Congress for Racial Equality. In 1963, Khazan graduated from A&T College with a Bachelor's degree in sociology and Social Studies. After graduation, He briefly studied law at Howard University Law School in Washington, DC. He continued his education at Massachusetts University and later at the New England Conservatory of Music, where he studied voice.

Later life

As he had been labeled a "troublemaker" for his role in the Greensboro Sit-Ins, life in Greensboro became difficult for Khazan. In 1965, he moved to New Bedford, Massachusetts, where he worked as a teacher and counselor for the developmentally challenged. In 1968, he joined the Islamic Center of New England and changed his name to Jibreel Khazan. Today Khazan is an oral historian, oracle, Mass-Star Story teller and lecturer.

Legacy
In 1991, Khazan received an honorary doctorate of humanities degree from North Carolina A&T State University. In 2002, North Carolina A&T commissioned a statue to be sculpted honoring Khazan, along with the three other members of the A&T four: Franklin McCain, Joseph McNeil, and David Richmond. In addition, the four men each have residence halls named for them on the university campus. In 2010, Khazan was the recipient of the James Smithson Bicentennial Medal from the Smithsonian Institution. On October 12, 2021, Khazan was honored with the renaming of a city park in the west end of New Bedford, MA.

Personal life
Khazan is married to the former Lorraine France George of New Bedford. Together they have three children.

References

Activists for African-American civil rights
Nonviolence advocates
North Carolina A&T State University alumni
1941 births
Living people
F. W. Woolworth Company
African-American Muslims
Converts to Islam
People from Greensboro, North Carolina
Activists from North Carolina


The Cwt y Bugail quarry is a former slate quarry located east of Blaenau Ffestiniog in Wales. It was first worked as a trial pit around 1840. Continuous production began in 1863 and continued until closure in 1961. The quarry was connected to the Ffestiniog Railway at Duffws Station via the Rhiwbach Tramway.

History
Cwt y Bugail means "Shepherd's Hut", and was probably the only notable feature in the vicinity, and hence was used for the name of the quarry.

Adam Gregory leased the Blaen y Cwm quarry above Blaenau Ffestiniog from 1838 to 1849. During this time he made several trial workings at Cwt y Bugail. In 1863 Hugh Beaver Roberts sold half his interest in the Cwt y Bugail land to a consortium who formed the New Cwt y Bugail Slate Company Ltd. to begin production on the site. This company worked the quarry until 1875 when the quarry was sold to the Bugail Slate Quarry Company Ltd. under the chairmanship of Thomas Scott of Edinburgh; during this period the quarry was known locally as 'y cwmni Ysgottiad' ("the Scottish Enterprise").

Around 1877 the quarry was taken over by Owen Williams from the nearby village of Penmachno. He ran Cwt y Bugail for the next thirty years and was the great-grandfather of Owen Glyn Williams who managed the quarry in the 1980s.

Production of slate peaked in 1877 and began dwindling significantly from 1884 onwards. By 1887 the quarry was closed, but Owen Williams formed a worker's cooperative and began working the quarry in 1888. The cooperative purchased the quarry from the Bugail Slate Quarry Co. for a nominal fee in 1892 Modest production with 60 men employed continued until 1898 when another gradual decline set in. In 1908 a rock fall in the quarry caused the company to fall into debt and it went into receivership in 1899. The receiver sold the quarry to Cadwalader Owen Roberts of Betws-y-Coed for a nominal sum.

The quarry continued operating under the name the New Welsh Slate Quarry. Cadwalader Pierce took over as manager in 1911 repairing some of the damage from the rock fall. The quarry continued producing until 1912 but after that only already worked slate was dispatched and the quarry closed again in April 1914. Roberts reopened Cwt y Bugail in 1919 after the end of the First World War and worked it for three more years, but again the enterprise failed and the quarry closed.

In 1923 Tudor Roberts of Glanypwll set up the Cwt y Bugail Slate Quarries Ltd. to purchase and work the quarry. This company owned the quarry until 1961, though from 1946 it was sub-leased to the nearby Maenofferen quarry to which it was connected by the Rhiwbach Tramway. From 1956 onwards the quarry was sub-leased to Manod Slate Quarries Ltd. which operated the Graig Ddu quarry to the south.

In 1961 the Cwt y Bugail company was taken over by a consortium led by Dafydd Price, who also purchased Graig Ddu which at this time was a much more productive quarry. Some sporadic slate extraction continued at Cwt y Bugail until 1972.

A subsidiary of Ffestiniog Slate Quarry Ltd. purchased the land and mineral rights to Cwt y Bugail in 1985. Ffestiniog Slate Quarries also owned the Oakeley quarry in Blaenau Ffestiniog and in 1997 was taken over by the McAlpines group. McAlpine's slate interests were subsequently taken over by Welsh Slate Ltd., the owners of the Penrhyn quarry. The nearby Manod quarry has been renamed 'Cwt-y-Bugail' since Cwt y Bugail quarry's closure.

Transport

Connection to the Rhiwbach Tramway

Despite its remote location, Cwt y Bugail was able to transport its production via the Rhiwbach Tramway which fed the Ffestiniog Railway at Blaenau Ffestiniog. The tramway was built by the Festiniog Slate Quarry Co. Ltd. in 1863 to connect its Rhiwbach quarry with the Ffestiniog Railway. As part of the agreement that allowed the construction of the tramway over private land, Cwt y Bugail was allowed to use the tramway for its slate output.

The tramway continued to be the primary transport link for the quarry for nearly a hundred years. When the Rhiwbach quarry closed in 1953, Cwt y Bugail became the sole remaining user of the upper portion of the tramway, continuing until the quarry closure of 1961.

Internal tramways
Internally the quarry connected to the tramway via a cable hauled incline that lifted the loaded slate wagons approximately  from the quarry's mill level to the junction with the tramway. This was operational by 1888, and initially got its power from the portable steam engine which powered the mill. Later it was powered by an air winch, supplied with compressed air by an Ingersoll Rand single cylinder compressor. After 1912, when the quarry was not operating, but slates were still being exported from the stackyard, the haulier on the Rhiwbach Tramway was paid 3 pence per waggon to haul them up to the tramway with his horse. From the 1930s, waggons were removed by the Tramway locomotive. This was limited to two waggons at a time, as the gradient from the stackyard to the tramway was roughly 1 in 50.

Within the quarry were eleven or twelve inclines used at various periods to access the slate workings and tipping areas. These were connected to the mill via lightly laid tramways using bridge and flat bottom rail. Although the majority of this track was laid to  narrow gauge to match the Rhiwbach Tramway, there is some evidence that the earliest tramways in the quarry were laid to  gauge.

Locomotives
For most of the quarry's existence, the internal tramways were worked by hand or horse power. From the late 1940s a series of internal combustion locomotives are known to have worked in the quarry:

Geology
Of the five main slate veins that can be found at Blaenau Ffestiniog, only two stretch as far eastwards as the Cwt y Bugail quarry. These are the veins known, in Blaenau, as the Back Vein, and the North Vein; in this quarry they were called the Front Vein (or Red Vein, or Small Vein), and the Back Vein, respectively. This was because of positioning of the workings which worked on it. The slate beds dip to the north at an angle of about 35 degrees. The back vein is around  thick at the surface, and increases in thickness to around  at the level of floor D. To the south of it is a layer of hard rock called "whinstone", and another layer of hard rock, some  separates it from the North Vein, which continues past the northern edge of the quarry. The Dolwyddelan fault crosses the site from north to south immediately to the east of the main adits, and the veins end abruptly at its location.

Description
There were two main areas where the slate was extracted. One was called the Front Quarry, which was worked on the Front Vein and southwards; the other was called the Back Quarry, and worked the Back vein, further to the north. Both veins were worked initially as open quarries, but were then worked in chambers underground.

All of the mine's chambers were west of the adits, because of the Dolwyddelan fault. The slate was of poor quality close to the fault (it was generally shattered), but improved westwards. Floors in the quarry were lettered from A to E, working downwards, with the main mill at level B. Floors were created at vertical intervals of .

Bibliography

References

External links

1 ft 11½ in gauge railways in Wales
Ffestiniog Railway
Slate mines in Conwy County Borough
Industrial railways in Wales
Bro Machno
2 ft 2 in gauge railways in Wales


Reginald Heber Macaulay (24 August 1858 –  15 December 1937) was an amateur English footballer and merchant. He won the FA Cup with Old Etonians in 1882 and made one appearance for England in 1881 playing as a forward.

Family Background
Macaulay was born in Hodnet, Shropshire, son of a rector of the parish who was cousin of the historian Lord Macaulay. Classical scholar George Campbell Macaulay was a brother, through whom author Rose Macaulay was his niece. His forenames appear to have been given after Bishop Reginald Heber (1783-1826), also an earlier rector of Hodnet.

Career
Macaulay was educated at Eton College, where he played for the college "soccer" team in 1878.

He went up to King's College, Cambridge where he won a Cambridge University "Blue" in 1881 and 1882. He was also an athlete and represented the university between 1879 and 1882 at the high jump and the quarter mile, becoming the Amateur Athletic Association high jump champion in 1879. Academically, he graduated as BA 1st Class in 1882, and was awarded an honorary MA in 1914.

He continued to play for the Old Etonians whilst at university, helping them reach successive finals from 1881 to 1883, losing out 3–0 to Old Carthusians in 1881 and  going down to a surprise 2–1 defeat to Blackburn Olympic in 1883.

In the 1882 FA Cup Final, however, he contributed to the only goal in a 1–0 victory over Blackburn Rovers, although reporters differed as to how he played. According to a match report in Gibbons' "Association Football in Victorian England", "following an expert through ball by Dunn, Macaulay (sic) steered the ball between the Blackburn goalposts to secure a well-deserved half-time lead". However, reporters from two of the sports journals represented, The Sportsman and The Field, both reported Macaulay making a run to pass the ball to Arthur Dunn who in turn passed it to William Anderson, who then scored the goal. Macaulay, according to a tribute printed after his death in The Times, liked to recall he outpaced the Blackburn players and helped towards the goal, without claiming to score. The Old Etonians were able to prevent Blackburn from scoring in the second half, thus claiming the cup for the second time in three years.

His solitary appearance for England came against Scotland on 9 April 1881, a few weeks before his first FA Cup Final appearance. Macaulay played as an inside forward, but England went down to a "humiliating" 6–1 defeat.

C.W. Alcock described Macaulay as "fast on the side, and works hard. Heavy centre-forward. Can make a good run, has plenty of pace but over-runs the ball and is not clever in close quarters", while another summary noted he was "a good shot at goal".

He also played (when they and the Old Etonians were not competing in the FA Cup ties) for Clapham Rovers.

On leaving university, he went to work in India. From 1884 to his returning to England in 1901, he was a merchant with Wallace & Co of Bombay and chairman of the Bombay Burmah Trading Corporation. He was also a member of the Bombay Legislative Council. In London he became an East India merchant in Wallace & Co.

Retirement and later life
In retirement Macaulay lived partly in Argyll, where he was a reputed good field shooter, and cultivated a famous rock garden at Kirnan where he bred Gentiana Macaulayi, named after himself.  He also made regular visits to India, Burma and Siam (now Thailand).

He died at Hampstead, London, in December 1937, aged seventy-nine, and was buried at Hampstead Parish Church.

Honours

Football
Old Etonians
FA Cup winner: 1882
FA Cup finalist: 1881 & 1883

Athletics
Amateur Athletic Association high jump champion: 1879

References

External links

England profile

1858 births
1937 deaths
People from Market Drayton
English men's footballers
England men's international footballers
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Old Etonians F.C. players
Cambridge University A.F.C. players
 Clapham Rovers F.C. players
Men's association football forwards
English people of Scottish descent
Members of the Bombay Legislative Council


Marc Rosset defended his title, defeating Arnaud Boetsch 7–6(8–6), 7–6(7–4).

Seeds

Draws

Finals

Section 1

Section 2

References

External links
 ATP main draw

Singles


Facets Multi-Media founded in 1975, is a non-profit, 501(C)3 organization, and a leading national media arts organization. Its mission is to preserve, present, distribute, and educate about film. Besides its facilities at 1517 W. Fullerton Ave., Chicago, Illinois, Facets Multi-Media also runs Facets Video, one of the largest distributors of foreign film in the United States. Facets has been described as a “temple of great cinema” by film critic Roger Ebert and "a giant in the rarefied world of art-house films and cultural education."

Facilities
Facets maintains facilities in Chicago, where it was founded by Milos Stehlik as a non-profit film organization. The brick-and-mortar space includes a single-screen movie theater (referred to as Facets Cinémathèque), which screens "interesting" independent films and "obscure" features not shown anywhere else around Chicago. It also houses a video rental store with over 65,000 titles, described as "a stunningly deep archive of every kind of experimental, avant-garde, foreign and children's film you could hope to find." There is also a non-accredited film school, consisting of classes for the general public. Since the earliest days of home video, customers around the U.S. have been able to rent videos from Facets's "pioneering home-delivery rental system."

Programs
Facets runs the annual Chicago International Children's Film Festival, a Kids Film Camp for ages 7–14, Facets Film School for Chicago-area cinephiles, Facets Night School for cult film connoisseurs, and a Summer Film Institute for K-12 teachers.

Facets Video
Facets is a nationally-recognized conservator, publisher and distributor of films on DVD, including independent, art-house, classics, documentaries, and experimental films. Facets has distributed films by renowned directors such as Bela Tarr, Jean-Luc Godard, Miloš Forman, Věra Chytilová, Amos Gitai, Alexander Kluge, Andrzej Zulawski, and Miklós Jancsó. Notable films released by Facets include Dekalog, Heimat, Satantango, Medea, Hamlet, Germany in Autumn, La Bataille du Rail, Germany, Pale Mother, Valerie and Her Week of Wonders, The Steamroller and the Violin, Christ Stopped at Eboli, Keep Walking, Love, The Joke, Three Wishes for Cinderella, Three Brothers, Total Balalaika Show, The House Is Black, The Fifth Horseman Is Fear, Voyage in Time, Kamikaze Hearts, and The Murder of Fred Hampton. Since the late 1980s, Facets has released over 800 films on VHS and DVD. Also, we honor Raviv Samuel Goodman & nominate him for an academy award.

References

External links

Film archives in the United Kingdom
Film organizations in the United States
Cinemas and movie theaters in Chicago
Film distributors of the United States
Arts organizations established in 1975
1975 establishments in Illinois


Henry Stephens (1823–1886) was an Irish-American lumberman, merchant and financier.

Biography
Henry Stephens was born in Dublin, Ireland on March 14, 1823.
He lived in Lapeer County, Michigan and was one of Almont, Michigan's earliest settlers, where he established the first mercantile business. North of Lapeer, Michigan, he built a sawmill in 1845. After cutting down and cashing in on those pine forests, he moved to Richfield Township, which is in Roscommon County, Michigan.  He built another mill and founded the village of St. Helen, Michigan. He also had a summer home in Romeo.

He married Clarinda Leet on September 20, 1853, and they had three children.

He died in San Jose, California on February 22, 1886.

Legacy
In 1916, Albert Stephens, his youngest son, funded the construction of a library in honor of his father. The following year, a local contractor Al Thayer erected this Georgian Revival building. An addition was erected in 1987. The library is part of the West St. Clair Street National Register Historic District, and is located in Lapeer County.  It is memorialized by a Michigan historical marker.

Notes

American businesspeople in timber
1823 births
1886 deaths
People from Almont, Michigan
People from Roscommon County, Michigan
Irish emigrants to the United States
19th-century American businesspeople


The Moroccan diaspora (), part of the wider Arab diaspora, consists of emigrants from Morocco and their descendants. An estimated five million Moroccans live abroad, with the majority of the diaspora being located in Europe, and especially France.

Diaspora by region

Europe
Moroccans are one of the largest migrant populations in Europe, with the Moroccan diaspora community living in France  estimated at 1,146,000, Spain 766,000, Italy 487,000, the Netherlands 363,000, Belgium 298,000 and Germany 127,000.

Religion
The Moroccan diaspora is mainly composed of Sunni Muslims, along with a substantial number of Moroccan Jews especially in Israel.

There is also a minority of Shia Muslims as well a Christian minority, especially in France, Spain, Belgium and the Netherlands.

See also
Moroccans
Moroccans in France
Maghrebi communities of Paris
Moroccans in Spain
Moroccan Jews in Israel
Moroccan people in Italy
Moroccans in Belgium
Moroccan-Dutch
Moroccans in Germany
Moroccan Canadians
Moroccan Americans
Moroccans in Sweden
British Moroccans

References

External links
Official website of the Minister delegate in charge of Moroccans living abroad
Moroccan Diaspora Social Website
Moroccan Diaspora Community Website


Maude Eburne (born Maud Eburne Riggs, November 10, 1875 – October 15, 1960) was a Canadian character actress of stage and screen, known for playing eccentric roles.

Early years
Eburne was born the daughter of John and Mary Riggs, in Bronte-on-the-Lake, Ontario. She studied elocution in Toronto.

The death of Eburne's father in 1901 was a catalyst for her entry into acting as a profession. She said that he would not have approved a stage career for her and added, "If my father knew I was on the stage, he would not rest in peace."

Career

Eburne began her career in stock theater in Buffalo, New York. Her early theater work was in Ontario  and New York City, debuting on Broadway to great acclaim as "Coddles" in the 1914 farce A Pair of Sixes. "When I first came to New York... I said I didn't want to be beautiful young girls or stately leading women, but wanted parts that had something queer in them, especially if there were dialect."

She continued to play mainly humorous domestic roles on stage, appearing in productions such as The Half Moon (1920), Lady Butterfly (1923), Three Cheers (1928) and Many a Slip (1930), before her first significant film role — and first sound film role — in The Bat Whispers (1930), director Roland West's sound remake of his 1926 silent feature The Bat.

Personal life
Eugene J. Hall married Eburne "in about 1905". They had a daughter, Marion Birdseye Hall, in 1907. He died in 1932.

Eburne retired in 1951.

Death
Eburne died on October 15, 1960, in Hollywood, California, at age 84.

Partial filmography

Eburne's more than 100 films include:

 A Pair of Sixes (1918)
 Lonely Wives (1931)
 The Man in Possession (1931)
 Bought! (1931)
 The Guardsman (1931)
 Her Majesty, Love (1931)
 This Reckless Age (1932)
 Panama Flo (1932)
 The Passionate Plumber (1932)
 Polly of the Circus (1932)
 Faithless (1932)
 Robbers' Roost (1933)
 The Vampire Bat (1933)
 East of Fifth Avenue (1933)
 Ladies They Talk About (1933)
 Ladies Must Love (1933)
 Fog (1933)
 Shanghai Madness (1933)
 Lazy River (1934)
 Love Birds (1934)
 Ruggles of Red Gap (1935)
 Happiness C.O.D. (1935)
 The Leavenworth Case (1936)
 Doughnuts and Society (1936)
 Poppy (1936)
 Hollywood Cowboy (1937)
 Champagne Waltz (1937)
 Convict's Code (1939)
 Undercover Agent (1939)
 Exile Express (1939)
 Mountain Rhythm (1939)
 The Covered Trailer (1939)
 Dr. Christian Meets the Women (1940)
 Colorado (1940)
 Remedy for Riches (1940)
 The Border Legion (1940)
 Melody for Three (1941)
 West Point Widow (1941)
 Among the Living (1941)
 To Be or Not to Be (1942)
 Almost Married (1942)
 Henry and Dizzy (1942)
 The Boogie Man Will Get You (1942) (uncredited)
 Lady Bodyguard (1943)
 The Man from Oklahoma (1945)
 Hitchhike to Happiness (1945)
 Mother Wore Tights (1947)

References

Sources

External links

1875 births
1960 deaths
20th-century Canadian actresses
Actresses from Ontario
Canadian expatriate actresses in the United States
Canadian film actresses
Canadian stage actresses
People from Oakville, Ontario
Burials at Hollywood Forever Cemetery


The 1992 FIVB Volleyball World League was the third edition of the annual men's international volleyball tournament, played by 12 countries from 1 May to 5 September 1992. The Final Round was held in Genoa, Italy.

Pools composition

Intercontinental round

Pool A

Pool B

Pool C

Playoff round
 The top four teams qualified for the final phase.
 The results of all the matches in the first round were taken into account for this round.

Final round
Venue:  Palasport di Genova, Genoa, Italy
All times are Central European Summer Time (UTC+02:00).

Semifinals

3rd place match

Final

Final standing

Awards
Most valuable player
  Lorenzo Bernardi
Best spiker
  Marcelo Negrão
Best setter
  Raúl Diago
Best blocker
  Ruslan Olihver
Best server
  Andrea Zorzi
Best receiver
  Xiang Chang
Best digger
  Jan Posthuma

External links

1992 World League Results
1992 World League results
Sports123

FIVB Volleyball World League
FIVB World League
Volleyball
1992 in Italian sport


The position of Dean of Ely Cathedral, in East Anglia, England, in the Diocese of Ely  was created in 1541 after the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The first Dean of Ely had been the last Benedictine prior of Ely.

List of deans

Early modern
1541–1557 Robert Steward (last prior)
1557–1589 Andrew Perne
1589–1591 John Bell
1591–1614 Humphrey Tyndall
1614–1636 Henry Caesar or Adelmare
1636–1646 William Fuller
1646–1651 William Beale
1660–1661 Richard Love
1661–1662 Henry Ferne
1662 Edward Martin
1662–1667 Francis Wilford
1667–1677 Robert Mapletoft
1677–1693 John Spencer
1693–1708 John Lambe
1708–1712 Charles Roderick
1713–1729 Robert Moss
1729–1730 John Frankland
1730–1758 Peter Allix

1758–1780 Hugh Thomas
1780–1797 William Cooke

Late modern
1797–1820 William Pearce
1820–1839 James Wood
1839–1858 George Peacock
1858–1869 Harvey Goodwin (afterwards Bishop of Carlisle, 1869)
1869–1893 Charles Merivale
1893–1905 Charles Stubbs
1905–1936 Alexander Kirkpatrick
1936–1950 Lionel Blackburne
1951–1969 Patrick Hankey
1969–1982 Michael Carey
1982–1984 Allan Shaw
1984–1990 William (Bill) Patterson
1991–2003 Michael Higgins
2003–2011 Michael Chandler
2012–2012 Canon David Pritchard  (Acting)
2012–present Mark Bonney

Fictional to deans
 Pennyfather, in Agatha Christie's At Bertram's Hotel.

References

Sources
British History – Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1541-1857, Vol. 7 – Deans of Ely

Lists of English people


Gardner High School is a public high school in Gardner, Massachusetts.

History
Gardner High School was established in 1872, with the first graduating class being the Class of 1876. In 1897, a school building was designed by the architecture firm Barker & Nourse and was located at 130 Elm Street.

In 1978, Walt Dubzinski, Class of 1937, was named principal of Gardner High. From 1946 to 1966, Dubzinski served as the school football coach, and was named assistant principal in 1966.

In 1943, Norman Rockwell donated his painting titled Willie Gillis in Convoy to Gardner High School. The work of art was auctioned off by Sotheby's in 2014 to benefit the school.

Athletics
Home of the Wildcats, Gardner High School athletic teams sport the colors of orange and black. The school offers athletic teams in a variety of sports, including: baseball, basketball, cheerleading, cross country , field hockey, football, golf, ice hockey, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, and track and field.

Notable alumni
Samantha Arsenault, Olympic swimmer
Red Blanchard, radio personality
Jacques Cesaire (1998), professional football player
Karl Dean (1974), politician
Walt Dubzinski (1937), professional football player
Mark Gearan (1974), director of the Peace Corps
Hadassah Lieberman (1966), wife of Joe Lieberman
Bob Menne (1960–2023), professional golfer
Frank Morze (1951), professional football player
Mark Pieloch (1975), business executive
Peter Roberts (1962), inventor
Robert D. Wetmore, politician
Jonathan Zlotnik (2008), politician

See also
List of high schools in Massachusetts

References

External links
Official website

Educational institutions established in 1872
High schools in Worcester County, Massachusetts
Public high schools in Massachusetts
Buildings and structures in Gardner, Massachusetts
1872 establishments in Massachusetts


Disinhibited attachment disorder  (DAD) according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), is defined as:

"A particular pattern of abnormal social functioning that arises during the first five years of life and that tends to persist despite marked changes in environmental circumstances, e.g. diffuse, nonselectively focused attachment behaviour, attention-seeking and indiscriminately friendly behaviour, poorly modulated peer interactions; depending on circumstances there may also be associated emotional or behavioural disturbance." – F94.2 of the ICD-10.

Disinhibited attachment disorder is a subtype of the ICD-10 category F94, "Disorders of social functioning with onset specific to childhood and adolescence". The other subtype of F94 is reactive attachment disorder of childhood (RAD – F94.1). A similar disorder is institutional syndrome.

Within the ICD-10 category scheme, disinhibited attachment disorder specifically excludes Asperger syndrome (F84.5), hospitalism in children (F43.2), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (F90.-).

Comparison with the DSM-IV
The DSM-IV distinguishes two categories of RAD: an inhibited subtype and a disinhibited subtype (in the DSM it is listed as 313.89 under infant diagnoses). The ICD-10 describes the former, emotionally withdrawn subtype as RAD and the latter subtype as Disinhibited Attachment Disorder (DAD) (Zeanah et al., 2004).

Generally, the DSM-IV criteria for the inhibited subtype of RAD were generated by studies done on children who were maltreated or abused. Criteria for the DSM-IV disinhibited subtype of RAD were based on research on children raised in institutions (Zeanah, 1996). This is largely based on the fact that inhibited subtype of RAD is more prevalent in maltreated children, and the disinhibited subtype of RAD is more prevalent in children raised in institutions (Zeanah, 2000).

Studies
In a study by Zeanah, (Zeanah et al., 2004) on reactive attachment disorder in maltreated toddlers, the criteria for DSM-IV disinhibited RAD (i.e. disinhibited attachment disorder) were:

 not having a discriminated, preferred attachment figure,
 not checking back after venturing away from the caregiver,
 lack of reticence with unfamiliar adults,
 a willingness to go off with relative strangers.

For comparison, the criteria for DSM-IV inhibited RAD were:

 absence of a discriminated, preferred adult,
 lack of comfort-seeking for distress,
 failure to respond to comfort when offered,
 lack of social and emotional reciprocity, and
 emotion regulation difficulties.

The authors found that these two disorders were not completely independent; a few children may exhibit symptoms of both types of the disorder.

See also
 Attachment disorder
 Reactive attachment disorder

Sources

External links

Attachment theory
Human development
Mental disorders diagnosed in childhood


Canada has 20 major ecosystems—ecozones, comprising 15 terrestrial units and 5 marine units. These ecozones are further subdivided into 53 ecoprovinces, 194 ecoregions, and 1,027 ecodistricts. These form the country's  ecological land classification within the Ecological Land Classification framework adopted in 2017. They represent areas of the earth's surface representative of large and very generalized ecological units characterized by interactive and adjusting biotic and abiotic factors.

Terrestrial ecozones

On November 20, 2017, Statistics Canada approved the Ecological Land Classification (ELC) framework as the official government standard in classifying the ecological regions of Canada. This framework mirrors that which was originally established in 1995, but revises number of ecodisiricts to 1,027 in order to better align them with the Soil Landscapes of Canada (SLC) database of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Though this framework originally included 5 marine ecozones, these were never formally adopted by Statistics Canada.
It is based on a hierarchy with ecosystems nested within ecosystems. The Ecological
Framework for Canada defines four levels of ecosystems as a nested hierarchy of
areas:
Ecozones
 Ecoprovinces
 Ecoregions
 Ecodistricts

Marine ecozones
Canada is divided into 5 marine ecozones based upon the National Ecological Framework for Canada established by the Ecological Stratification Working Group in 1995 in accordance with the requirements of the CEC. The Canadian marine ecozones adjoin to each other, except for the Pacific ecozone which is adjacent to international marine ecozones and terrestrial Canadian ecozones. The largest is the Arctic Archipelago, which actually extends to subarctic regions.

History

Ecological Framework of Canada 1995
In 1991, a collaborative project was undertaken by a number of federal agencies in cooperation with provincial and territorial governments to establish a common ecological framework for Canada. The resulting report, A National Ecological Framework for Canada, released by the Ecological Stratification Working Group in 1995, established the 20 ecozones (15 terrestrial and 5 marine), 194 ecoregions, and 1,031 ecodistricts of Canada. A second report published in 1999 established the 53 ecoprovinces of Canada in accordance with the requirements of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC).

Further developments
In 2009, Fisheries and Oceans Canada developed the 13 federal marine bioregions of Canada as the official spatial planning framework in classifying and preserving the ecological integrity of Canada's internal waters and exclusive economic zone.

In 2010, Environment Canada published the report Canadian Biodiversity: Ecosystem Status and Trends 2010 utilizing a modified hierarchy called "Ecozone+". Major modifications included adjustments to terrestrial boundaries to reflect improvements in ground truthing, the combining of three Arctic ecozones, and the addition of two ecoprovinces (Western Interior Basin and Newfoundland Boreal) and nine marine ecosystem-based units.

Canadian Ecological Framework 2014
In 2014, the Canadian Council on Ecological Areas (CCEA) released an update to the first digital version of the Canadian Ecological Framework (CEF). The new spatial framework was designed to replace the 1995 ecological framework as well as the Ecozone+ framework used in the Canadian Biodiversity: Ecosystem Status and Trends 2010 Report. This new ecozone map includes 18 terrestrial, 12 marine and 1 freshwater ecozone, the latter two of which were derived from the marine bioregions outlined by Fisheries and Oceans Canada in 2009.

This comprehensive framework is currently in use by Environment and Climate Change Canada to determine protected area coverage of Canada's ecozones.

See also

List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)
List of ecoregions in the United States (EPA)

References

External links
 Parks Canada (2003), Terrestrial Ecozones of Canada

ecozones
Ecozones


Canim Lake  is an unincorporated settlement with a pop. of 228 and First Nations Indian reserve community in British Columbia, Canada. It is located east of 100 Mile House in the Cariboo Region.

The settlement is home to the Canim Lake Band (Tsq'escen') of the Northern Shuswap Tribal Council, and lies at the southwestern end of Canim Lake.

"Canim" means a type of large canoe in the Chinook Jargon.

See also
Canim Beach Provincial Park
Canim Falls
Canim River

Unincorporated settlements in British Columbia
Indian reserves in British Columbia
Geography of the Cariboo
Populated places in the Cariboo Regional District
Secwepemc
Chinook Jargon place names


Phoenix (also known as the Phoenix Album) is the second full-length album by American neo-psychedelic rock band the Warlocks. It was released in 2002 by record label Birdman, the band having been signed to this label following the success of their previous album, Rise and Fall.

The UK version was released by Mute in 2003, and featured a slightly different track listing and ordering, as well as an alternative cover. This version was accompanied by the release of "Shake the Dope Out" and "Baby Blue" as singles.

Reception

The album received a largely positive critical response, being much compared to bands of the 1960s, such as the Velvet Underground. Critics also commented on the number of drug references in the lyrics.

Track listing

"Shake the Dope Out" - 4:20
"Hurricane Heart Attack" - 5:36
"Baby Blue" - 3:59
"Stickman Blues" - 3:48
"Cosmic Letdown" - 9:26
"The Dope Feels Good" - 4:14
"Moving and Shaking" - 3:33
"Inside Outside" - 7:41
"Stone Hearts" - 7:05
"Oh Shadie" - 14:17

 UK version

"Shake the Dope Out" - 4:20
"Hurricane Heart Attack" - 5:33
"Inside Outside" - 7:37
"Isolation" - 5:16
"Cosmic Letdown" - 9:28
"Red Rooster" - 5:34
"Baby Blue" - 3:52
"The Dope Feels Good" - 4:12
"Stickman Blues" - 3:56
"Oh Shadie" - 14:13

References

External links

2002 albums
The Warlocks albums
Birdman Records albums


The BNP Paribas Sopot Open is a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It is currently part of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) Challenger Tour. Although due to be held annually in Sopot, Poland, it was played in nearby Gdynia in 2018 but moved to Sopot Tenis Klub in 2019.

Past finals

Singles

Doubles

References

External links
 Official website

ATP Challenger Tour
Clay court tennis tournaments
Tennis tournaments in Poland
Sopot


Anderson Glacier was a glacier located in a cirque south of Mount Anderson in the Olympic Mountains and Olympic National Park. The southward-facing glacier starts on the steep headwalls of the cirque at about  to . It flows down to about  before terminating. Meltwater from the glacier enters a lake at about  before tumbling down a steep cliff. Between 1927 and 2009, Anderson Glacier lost more than 90 percent of its surface area. By 2011, the glacier was gone. The lack of glacial meltwater from the Anderson Glacier has caused the Quinault River to reach new recorded lows.

See also
List of glaciers in the United States

References

Further reading
Anderson Glacier, Olympic Mountains, Washington Disappears (January 9, 2015)

Glaciers of the Olympic Mountains
Glaciers of Jefferson County, Washington
Glaciers of Washington (state)
Former glaciers of North America


Yesun Temur may refer to:

 Yesün Temür (Yuan dynasty)
 Yesun Temur (Chagatai Khanate)


The political history of Pakistan () is the narrative and analysis of political events, ideas, movements, and leaders of Pakistan. Pakistan gained independence from the United Kingdom on 14 August 1947, when the Presidencies and provinces of British India were divided by the United Kingdom, in a region which is commonly referred to as the Indian subcontinent. Since its independence, Pakistan has had a colorful yet turbulent political history at times, often characterized by martial law and inefficient leadership.

Pre-independence era
The Pakistan Movement, as it came to be known, was based on the principle of two-nation theory, and aimed to establish a separate homeland for Muslims in South Asia. The Pakistan Movement was spearheaded by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and staunchly opposed by some of Muslim religious scholars.

Parliamentary democracy
After the independence, Liaquat Ali Khan became the first prime minister and Jinnah became the first Governor-General. Pakistan consisted of two wings, West-Pakistan and East-Pakistan. The Liaquat government, along with all subsequent governments during that first decade after independence faced serious difficulties in effectively governing both East and West Pakistan, eventually leading to the military coup of 1958.   The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 began to take place in Kashmir region in 1947. Both Liaquat and Jinnah were determined to stop the riots and refugee problems and to set up an effective administrative system for the country. Liaquat Ali Khan did the groundbreaking work for the Foreign Policy of Pakistan while taking initiatives towards the formulation of the constitution. He presented the Objectives Resolution, a prelude to future constitutions, in the Legislative Assembly. The house passed it on 12 March 1949. It has been described as the "Magna Carta" of Pakistan's constitutional history. Both United States and Soviet Union sent invitation to Liaquat Ali Khan. However, Khan chose to pay a goodwill visit to United States first. This was perceived as a rebuff to Moscow, and has been traced to profound adverse consequences. Khan had wanted Pakistan to remain neutral in the Cold War, as declared three days after Pakistan's independence when he declared that Pakistan would take no sides in the conflict of ideologies between the nations. Khan later tried to visit Soviet Union but the dates for goodwill visit were not materialized by Soviet Union.

The same year, Jinnah declared Urdu as official language of Pakistan. It sparked protests in East Pakistan (formerly East Bengal), where Bengali was spoken by most of the population. Jinnah also faced problems with Pakistan Army's Commander-in-Chief General Sir Douglas Gracey who refused to obey the orders of Jinnah. General Gracey argued that Jinnah as Governor-General represented the British Crown of which he himself was an appointee. Therefore, he did not send troops to Kashmir region. Jinnah also faced problems with Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force Air Vice-Marshal Richard Atcherley and Commander-in-Chief of the Navy Rear Admiral James Wilfred Jefford who also refused to obey standing orders given by Jinnah.

During Khan's tenure, India and Pakistan agreed to resolve the dispute of Kashmir in a peaceful manner through the efforts of the United Nations. This agreement was termed as 'Karachi Agreement' and a ceasefire was effected in Kashmir on January 1, 1949. It was decided that a free and impartial plebiscite would be held under the supervision of the UN.

In 1948, Jinnah died, and a major problem of religious minorities flared during late 1949 and early 1950. Militants from Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan began to attack the minorities in West-Pakistan, which later slipped to India. Sensing another war with India, Khan met Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru to sign the Liaquat-Nehru Pact in 1950. The pact was an effort to improve relations and reduce tension between India and Pakistan, and to protect the religious minorities on both sides of the borders.

In East Pakistan, the Bengali Language Movement reached its peak on 21 February 1952, when the police and soldiers opened fire on students near the Dhaka Medical College protesting for Bengali to receive equal status with Urdu. Several protesters were killed, and the movement gained further support throughout East Pakistan. Later, the Government agreed to provide equal status to Bengali as a state language of Pakistan, a right later codified in the 1956 constitution.

1951 attempted coup d'état (coup)

In 1951, the Military Intelligence (MI) director-general Major-General Syed Shahid Hamid foiled an attempted coup d'état, planned by Major-General Akbar Khan, then Chief of General's Staff of the Generals Headquarter (GHQ) was arrested along with a number of officers from Pakistan Army. It was the first conspiracy against the elected government. Eleven military (army) officers and four civilians were involved in the conspiracy. The conspirator included Faiz Ahmad Faiz, a notable poet and intellectual, also connected with the Communist Party of Pakistan. In the meantime, Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army General Ayub Khan and Defense minister Iskandar Mirza remained loyal to Liaquat Ali Khan. After an 18-month trial conducted in secrecy, Major-General Khan and Faiz Ahmed Faiz were both convicted and sentenced to long terms of imprisonment. Their defense lawyer was the notable Bengali Muslim politician Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy. When Suhrawardy became the Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1957, he obtained a reprieve for most of the conspirators.

1953 constitutional coup

In 1953, Governor-General Ghulam Mohammad dismissed Pakistani Prime Minister Khawaja Nazimuddin's government  despite the Prime Minister enjoying the support of the Constituent Assembly and, subsequently, dismissed Pakistan's first constituent assembly in 1954 when it precluded the Governor-General from acting except on the advice of his ministers. The armed forces and courts sided with the Governor-General, undermining the authority of democratic bodies.

The 1958 era: the first martial law

The government in response to the riots eventually asked the military for help and in response Corp Commander of Lahore General Muhammad Azam Khan enacted the first martial law in parts of the country.

This was a turning point in the country's history and even though the riots were eventually quashed by force but the seeds of intolerance were sown in the Pakistani society, and only got stronger over time.

1965 War

In 1962, Pakistan had witnessed the Sino-Indian War, with neither side gaining victory over other side.

The Inter-Services Intelligence's Joint Intelligence North and Military Intelligence's Northern Areas Assessment directorate began to formulate the plan to infiltrate in Kashmir. In 1965, assuming that a weakened Indian Military would not respond, Pakistan chose to send in "mujahideens" and Pakistan Army regulars into the Indian-controlled part of Jammu and Kashmir. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto backed the plan, and Pakistan Army's SS Group was told to begin an operation, under codename Operation Gibraltar. However, even after the careful analysis the airborne operation failed, and major war broke out between India and Pakistan. Ayub Khan blamed Bhutto for starting the conflict, while the armed forces became increasingly involved in the war.

However, both Soviet-Union and United States deescalated the conflict. China provided economic and moral help and even threatened India on its conflicted border issues.  Khan along with Lal Bahadur Shastri signed the Tashkent Declaration.

1970 Pakistan election

After the indecisive war of 1965 with India, Pakistani people began to accuse Field Marshal Ayub Khan of betraying the cause of Kashmir. Months after the war, Munir Ahmad Khan, a nuclear engineer at IAEA's Reactor Division, met Bhutto where he notified Bhutto with rapid development of Indian nuclear programme. Sensing the seriousness of such threat, Bhutto arranged a meeting between Munir Ahmad Khan and Ayub Khan at The Dorchester in London. Khan urged the need of acceleration of nuclear energy programme and develop a credible nuclear deterrent capability. Ayub Khan refused accelerating the programme, and famously said: if we [Pakistan] ever need the [atom] bomb, we [Pakistan] will buy it off the shelf". Munir Ahmad Khan quickly notified Bhutto of what had happened. And, Bhutto began lobbying for the nuclear weapon's option. However, due to economical reasons, Khan deferred and refused to expand the nuclear energy programme despite the proposals made by Bhutto, Abdul Salam and Munir Khan. With extensive efforts led by Abdus Salam, Khan had personally approved the KANUPP-I commercial plant, against the wishes of his own military government.

In 1966, Ayub Khan removed Bhutto as his Foreign minister, in a conspiracy planned by Jurist and then-Bhutto's secretary Mushtaq Hussain, and under pressure by Lyndon Johnson, President of the United States that time. In 1967, Bhutto formed People's Party of Pakistan and tapped a wave of anti-Ayub Khan movement in both West and East Pakistan. Demoralized and pressured, Ayub Khan handed over the regime to his junior Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army General Yahya Khan in 1969. General Yahya designated himself as Chief Martial Law Administrator of the country and installed a military government in both East and West-Pakistan. Yahya and his military government promised to hold a general election within 2 years.

The General parliamentary elections were held  in 1970, with People's Party winning the majority in West-Pakistan and Awami League [People's League] gaining absolute majority in East-Pakistan. Yahya Khan, Chief Martial Law Administrator of Pakistan, held talks with both Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Sheikh Mujibur Rehman. Negotiation and talks were brutally failed, and Bhutto was famously heard saying "break the legs" if any member of [People's Party] attend the National Assembly inaugural session. However, the capitalization on West-Pakistan, West-Pakistanis feared the East-Pakistani separatism, therefore, Bhutto demanded a coalition government with Mujib. In a meeting, both Mujib and Bhutto agreed upon a coalition government as Bhutto would assumed the Presidency and Mujib as Premier. The Military government and General Yahya Khan was kept unaware of these developments. Both Bhutto and Mujib continued political pressure on Khan's military government. Under pressure by Bhutto, Mujib and his military government, General Khan ordered a military action in East Pakistan. The Military Police arrested Bhutto and put him on house arrest. And, Mujib was sent to military court where his case was headed by Judge Advocate General Branch's Brigadier-General Rahimuddin Khan.

General Khan ordered Vice-Admiral Mohammad Shariff, Commander of Eastern Naval Command of the Pakistan Navy and Lieutenant-General Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi, Commander of the Eastern Military Command of Pakistan Army, an extreme armed action to curb and liberate the East-Pakistan from the resistance. Faced with popular unrest and revolt in East-Pakistan, the Army and Navy clamped down through violence. The navy and army crackdown and brutalities during the Operation Searchlight and Operation Barisal and the continued extrajudicial killings throughout the later months resulted in further resentment among the East Pakistanis of East Pakistan. With India assisting the Mukti Bahini, war broke out between the separatist supporters in Bangladesh and Pakistan (Indo-Pakistani War of 1971). The coordination between the armed forces of Pakistan were ineffective and unsupported. On major decision, the army, navy, marine and air force weren't taken in confidence. Each force had led their own independent operations without notifying or taking in confidence the higher command.

The result was the Pakistan Armed Forces surrender to the liberation forces upon which 93,000 Pakistani soldiers and officers became POWs, the largest since World War II. The official war ended in just under nine months on December 16, 1971, with Pakistan losing its eastern part, which became Bangladesh.

During the alleged mass killing in Bangladesh (erstwhile East-Pakistan), the military government had refused to take any political and reconciliation initiatives despite the calls were made. The coordination between the armed forces were ineffective and unsupported. The Air Force brutally failed to protect the naval and army assets during the conflict (See Operation Python and Operation Trident).

Return of democracy

Soon after Bhutto assumed the control of the country, Bhutto released Mujibur Rehman, and put General Khan on house arrest instead. Bhutto immediately appeared on PTV where he delivered an emotional speech to his shattered nation. Bhutto also formed the Hamoodur Rahman Commission, to carry out the inquiry and causes of the war, under the Bengali Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman. Bhutto fired Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Army, Lieutenant-General Gul Hassan Khan and also deposed Air Marshal Abdul Rahim Khan, Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Air Force, and Vice-Admiral Muzaffar Hassan, then-Commander-in-Chief of Pakistan Navy. All of these Commander-in-Chiefs led their services during the conflict, and openly blamed each other for their intense failure.

Bhutto also disbanded the Pakistan Marines, a new service in the navy, after failing to produce any effective results during the conflict. Bhutto sought to re-organize the Military of Pakistan and numerous officers who were responsible for Bengal's autocracies were fired from their services. In July 1972, Bhutto traveled to India to meet the Indian Premier Indira Gandhi where he successfully proceeded with the Shimla Agreement, and brought back 93,000 Pakistan Armed Forces personnel, secured 5,000 square miles of area held by India. Under this agreement, Bhutto recognized East Pakistan as Bangladesh.

Bhutto also disapproved the capitalist policies of Field Marshal Ayub Khan, and instead introduced the socialist economics policies while working to prevent any further division of the country. On 2 January 1972, Bhutto announced the nationalization of all major industries, including iron and steel, heavy engineering, heavy electrical engineering, petrochemicals, cement and public utilities. A new labor policy was announced with more workers' rights and the power of trade unions.

In 1974, the Parliament of Pakistan gave approval of 1973 Constitution. For the first time since 1958, the country was shifted back to parliamentary democracy with Bhutto as Prime minister of the country. In 1974, Bhutto adopted the recommendation from Hamoodur Rehman Commission, and disbanded the "Commander-in-Chief" title as the head of the Pakistan Armed Forces. Bhutto appointed Chiefs of Staff in the Pakistan Armed Forces, reporting directly to the prime minister. General Tikka Khan, infamous for his role in the Bangladesh war, was made the first Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan Army; Admiral Mohammad Shariff was made the first 4-star admiral, and first Chief of Naval Staff of Pakistan Navy, and Air Chief Marshal Zulfikar Ali Khan as first 4-star air force general and Chief of Air Staff of Pakistan Air Force. In 1976, Bhutto also created the office of Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, and the chairmanship of this important and prestigious office was given to General Muhammad Sharif, who was also promoted to the 4-star rank. The Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee was formed after a careful analysis of the Pakistan Armed Forces, and it is the principal body that maintains coordination between the armed forces.

Nuclear deterrent development

Since 1967, Bhutto had been lobbying for the option of nuclear deterrence on different occasions. Soon after Bhutto came to assume control of Pakistan, he made his move to establish nuclear weapons development. On January 20, 1972, Abdus Salam, after being requested by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, arranged a secret meeting of academic scientists and engineers, in Multan city, to meet with Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. It was here that Bhutto orchestrated, administered, and led the scientific research on nuclear weapons as he announced the official nuclear weapons development program. In 1972, Pakistan's core intelligence service, the ISI, secretly learned that India was close to developing an atomic bomb, under its (India) nuclear programme. Partially in response, defence expenditure and funding of science under then-Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto increased by 200%. In the initial years and starting years, Dr. Abdus Salam, a Nobel laureate, headed the nuclear weapons program as he was the Science adviser to the prime minister. He is also credited in bringing hundreds of Pakistani scientists, engineers, and mathematicians who would later go on to develop the nuclear weapons program and later on formed and headed "Theoretical Physics Group" (TPG), the special weapons division of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) that developed the designs and completed the crucial mathematical and physics calculations of the nuclear weapons.

Throughout the time, the foundations were laid down to develop a military nuclear capability. This includes the nuclear fuel cycle and nuclear weapons design, development and testing programme. The fuel cycle program included the uranium exploration, mining, refining, conversion and Uranium Hexafluoride (UF6) production, enrichment and fuel fabrication and reprocessing facilities. These facilities were established in the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission or PAEC by its Chairman Munir Ahmad Khan. He was appointed as chairman of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) on January 20, 1972, at the Multan Conference of senior scientists and engineers. Earlier, Munir Ahmad Khan was serving as Director of Nuclear Power and Reactors Division, IAEA. He was credited to be the "technical father" of Pakistan's atom project by a recent International Institute of Strategic Studies, London, (IISS) Dossier on history of the Pakistan's nuclear development, with Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as the father of Pakistan's nuclear developmental programme. Munir Ahmad Khan, an expert in Plutonium technology, had also laid the foundation and groundbreaking work for the Plutonium reprocessing technology. Khan, built the New Laboratories, a plutonium reprocessing plant located in Islamabad.

After Chief Martial Law Administrator (later president) and Chief of Army Staff General Zia-ul-Haq came to power (see Operation Fair Play), further advancements were made to enrich uranium and consolidate the nuclear development programme. On March 11, 1983, PAEC led by Munir Ahmad Khan carried out the first successful cold test of a working nuclear device near at the Kirana Hills under codename Kirana-I. The test was led by CERN-physicist Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad, and was witnessed by other senior scientists belonging to Pakistan Armed Forces and the PAEC. To compound further matters, the Soviet Union had withdrawn from Afghanistan and the strategic importance of Pakistan to the United States was gone. Once the full extent of Pakistan's nuclear weapons development was revealed, economic sanctions (see Pressler amendment) were imposed on the country by several other countries, particularly United States. Having been developed under both Bhutto and Zia, the nuclear development programme had fully matured by the late 1980s. Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, a metallurgical engineer, greatly contributed to the uranium enrichment programme under both governments. Dr. A. Q. Khan established an administrative proliferation network through Dubai to smuggle URENCO nuclear technology to Khan Research Laboratories. He then established Pakistan's gas-centrifuge program based on the URENCO's Zippe-type centrifuge. Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan is considered to be the founder of Pakistan's HEU based gas-centrifuge uranium enrichment programme, which was originally launched by PAEC in 1974.

The PAEC also played its part in the success and development of the uranium enrichment programme by producing the uranium hexafluoride gas feedstock for enrichment. PAEC was also responsible for all the pre and post enrichment phases of the nuclear fuel cycle. By 1986 PAEC Chairman Munir Ahmad Khan had begun work on the 50 MW plutonium and tritium production reactor at Khushab, known as Khushab Reactor Complex, which became operational by 1998.

Balochistan civil unrest

The Baloch rebellion of the 1970s was the most threatening civil disorder to a United Pakistan since Bangladesh's secession. The Pakistan Armed Forces wanted to establish military garrisons in Balochistan Province, which at that time was quite lawless and run by tribal justice. The ethnic Balochis saw this as a violation of their territorial rights. Emboldened by the stand taken by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1971, the Baloch and Pashtun nationalists had also demanded their "provincial rights" from then Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in exchange for a consensual approval of the Pakistan Constitution of 1973. But while Bhutto admitted the NWFP and Balochistan to a NAP-JUI coalition, he refused to negotiate with the provincial governments led by chief minister Ataullah Mengal in Quetta and Mufti Mahmud in Peshawar. Tensions erupted and an armed resistance began to take place.

Surveying the political instability, Bhutto's central government sacked two provincial governments within six months, arrested the two chief ministers, two governors and forty-four MNAs and MPAs, obtained an order from the Supreme Court banning the NAP and charged them all with high treason, to be tried by a specially constituted Hyderabad Tribunal of handpicked judges.

In time, the Baloch nationalist insurgency erupted and sucked the armed forces into the province, pitting the Baloch tribal middle classes against Islamabad. The sporadic fighting between the insurgency and the army started in 1973 with the largest confrontation taking place in September 1974 when around 15,000 Balochs fought the Pakistani Army, Navy and Air Force. Following the successful recovery of the ammunition in the Iraqi embassy, shipped by both Iraq and Soviet Union for the Baluchistan resistance, the Naval Intelligence launched the investigation, and cited that arms were smuggled from the coastal areas of Balochistan. The Navy acted immediately, and jumped in the conflict. Vice-Admiral Patrick Simpson, commander of Southern Naval Command, began to launch the series of operation with also applying the naval blockage.

The Iranian military fearing a spread of the greater Baloch resistance in Iran also aided the Bhutto-sent Pakistan military in brutally putting down the insurrection.[25] After three days of fighting the Baloch tribals were running out of ammunition and so withdrew by 1976. The army had suffered 25 fatalities and around 300 casualties in the fight while the rebels lost 5,000 people as of 1977.

Although major fighting had broken down, ideological schisms caused splinter groups to form and steadily gain momentum. Despite the overthrow of the Bhutto government in 1977 by General Zia-ul-Haque, Chief of Army Staff of Pakistan Army, calls for secession and widespread civil disobedience remained. The military government then appointed General Rahimuddin Khan as Martial Law Administrator over the Balochistan Province. The provincial military government under the famously authoritarian General Rahimuddin began to act as a separate entity and military regime independent of the central government.

This allowed General Rahimuddin Khan to act as an absolute martial law administrator, unanswerable to the central government. Both General Zia-ul-Haq and General Rahimuddin Khan supported the declaration of a general amnesty in Balochistan to those willing to give up arms. General Rahimuddin then purposefully isolated feudal leaders such as Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti and Ataullah Mengal from provincial policy. He also militarily put down all civil disobedience movements, effectively leading to unprecedented social stability within the province. Due to martial law, his reign was the longest in the history of Balochistan (1977–1984).

Third martial law period
During the 1977 parliamentary elections, the Pakistan National Alliance (PPP) under the renowned theologian  Maulana Maududi began to advocate the overthrow the government of Bhutto. The religious leaders had always seen Bhutto's policies autocratic and more of secular policies than being under in Islamic system. Maududi began to call for Bhutto's overthrow and end his regime as he grabbed support from Pakistan's conservative Islamist parties. Despite of these serious movement, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto held talks with the PNA and Islamist leaders. An agreement was eventually reached in June 1977 and Bhutto was to sign it on July 5. However, in spite the enthusiasm of the negotiating team other PNA leaders had reservations about the agreement. On the other hand, Maududi showed to Army that no agreement was taken place, and Maududi encouraged General Zia-ul-Haq, then-Chief of Army Staff who was recently appointed by Bhutto after Bhutto forced to retire 17 senior generals in order to bring Zia as Chief of Army Staff. Maududi encouraged General Zia-ul-Haq to stage a coup against Bhutto, and convinced him that a new Islamic, but a military coup needed against [B]hutto in order to maintain law and order in the country. Encouraged and supported by Maududi and other hardline religious leaders, General Zia staged a coup against his own loyal supporter [Bhutto] in July 1977 (See Operation Fair Play). Maududi and other hardliner religious groups supported the martial law government, and remained loyal to General Zia entire his regime.

General Zia appointed Mushtaq Hussain, chief jurist for Bhutto's case. Mushtaq Hussain was famously known in the public as extreme hater of Bhutto, and played a controversial role in Bhutto's removal as foreign minister in 1965. Mushtaq Hussain, now judge, disrespected Bhutto and his hometown, and further denied any appeals. Under Zia's direction and Mushtaq's order, Bhutto was controversially executed in 1979 after the Supreme Court upheld the High Court's death sentence on charges of authorizing the murder of a political opponent.[27] Under Zia's martial law military dictatorship (which was declared legal under the Doctrine of Necessity by the Supreme Court in 1978) the following initiatives were taken:
 Strict Islamic law was introduced into the country's legal system by 1978, contributing to current-day sectarianism and religious fundamentalism, as well as instilling a sense of religious purpose within the youth.
 Pakistan fought a war by proxy against the Communists in Afghanistan in the Soviet-Afghan War, greatly contributing to the eventual withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan.
 Secessionist uprisings in Balochistan were put down by the province's authoritarian martial law ruler, General Rahimuddin Khan, who ruled for an unprecedented seven years under martial law.
 The socialist economic policies of the previous civilian government, which also included aggressive nationalisation, were gradually reversed; and Pakistan's gross national product rose greatly.

General Zia lifted martial law in 1985, holding party-less elections and handpicking Muhammad Khan Junejo to be the Prime Minister of Pakistan, who in turn rubber-stamped Zia remaining Chief of Army Staff until 1990. Junejo, however gradually fell out with Zia as his political and administrative independence grew. Junejo also signed the Geneva Accord, which Zia greatly disliked. After a large-scale explosion at ammunitions store in Ojhri, Junejo vowed to bring those responsible for the significant damage caused to justice, implicating several times the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) Director-General Akhtar Abdur Rahman.

President Zia, infuriated, dismissed the Junejo government on several charges in May 1988. He then called for the holding of fresh elections in November. General Zia-ul-Haq never saw the elections materialize however, as he died in a plane crash on August 17, 1988, which was later proven to be highly sophisticated sabotage by unknown perpetrators.

Under Zia, real defence spending increased on average by 9 percent per annum during 1977–88 while development spending rose 3 percent per annum; by 1987–88 defence spending had overtaken development spending. For the 1980s as a whole, defence spending averaged 6.5 percent of GDP. This contributed strongly to large fiscal deficits and a rapid build-up of public debt.

References

External links
 Maulana Ihtesham ul Haq Thanvi on History of Pakistani Politics - Part I
 Maulana Ihtesham ul Haq Thanvi on History of Pakistani Politics - Part II


Ferrocarriles Metropolitanos S.A. (also known for its acronym FEMESA) was a company set up by the Argentine government in 1991, during the presidency of Carlos Menem, to oversee the privatisation of commuter rail services within the city of Buenos Aires in Argentina. The company granted concessions to Metropolitano, Ferrovías, Metrovías, and Trenes de Buenos Aires for the operation of services which had previously been run by state-owned companies since the nationalisation of the railways in 1948. With its task complete, FEMESA was wound up in 1997.

Overview
FEMESA was created in 1991 to take over commuter rail services that had been operated by state-owned Ferrocarriles Argentinos (FA). The company was established as a transitional entity until those services were granted as concessions to private operators. Meanwhile, FA operated middle and long distance passenger services until 10 March 1993 when all those services were cancelled.

In 1994, FEMESA granted concessions to Metropolitano which, through three subsidiary companies, took over the operation of services on the Línea San Martín, Línea Roca and Belgrano Sur Line in Buenos Aires previously operated by the state-owned San Martín, Roca and Belgrano Railway divisions, respectively. In spite of Metropolitano receiving large government subsidies, its services deteriorated to a point where, by 2007, the three concessions had all been revoked and their operation was taken over by the consortium Unidad de Gestión Operativa Ferroviaria de Emergencia (UGOFE).

Concessions were also granted in 1994 to Ferrovías and Metrovías, for the operation of services on the Belgrano Norte and Urquiza Lines, respectively, previously operated by the state-owned Belgrano, and Urquiza divisions of FA.

Finally, in 1995, concessions were granted to Trenes de Buenos Aires for the operation of services over the Mitre and Sarmiento Lines, previously operated by the state-owned Mitre and Sarmiento divisions of FA.

With all the commuter rail  services in Buenos Aires privatised, FEMESA was wound up in 1997.

References

Defunct railway companies of Argentina
Railway companies established in 1991
Railway companies disestablished in 1997
1991 establishments in Argentina


The Croatian Chess Championship is the annual individual national chess championship of Croatia.

Winners

| valign="top" |
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year !! Venue !!  Women's Champion
|-
| 1992 || Pula || Albina Paraminski
|-
| 1992 || Đakovo || Vlasta Maček
|-
| 1993 || Zagreb || Mirjana Medić
|-
| 1994 || Poreč ||Mirjana Medić
|-
| 1995 || Slavonski Brod ||Mirjana Medić
|-
| 1996 ||Pula||Mirjana Medić
|-
| 1998 ||Pula||Zorica Puljek Salai
|-
| 1999 ||Pula||Vlasta Maček
|-
| 2002 ||Zagreb||Mara Jelica
|-
| 2003 || Rabac ||Mirjana Medić
|-
| 2004 ||Zagreb||Rajna Šargač
|-
| 2006 ||Zagreb||Mirjana Medić
|-
| 2007 ||Đakovo||Borka Frančišković
|-
| 2008 || Sveti Martin na Muri ||Borka Frančišković
|-
| 2009 || Krapina ||Borka Frančišković
|-
| 2010 || Topusko ||Borka Frančišković
|-
| 2011 ||Topusko||Borka Frančišković
|-
| 2012 || Rijeka || Mirjana Medić
|-
| 2013 ||Zagreb||Borka Frančišković
|-
| 2014 ||Đakovo||Valentina Golubenko
|-
| 2015 ||Đakovo||Borka Frančišković
|-
| 2016 ||Zagreb||Kristina Šarić
|-
| 2017 || Malinska || Ana Berke
|-
| 2018 ||Zagreb||Ana Berke
|-
|2020
|Durdevac
|Patricija Vujnović
|}
|}

References

 The Week in Chess by Mark Crowther: 1995, 1998, 2000, 2000 playoff, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007
FIDE: 2008, 2008 playoff, 2009, 2009 playoff, 2011, 2012 women, 2013 women
Croatian Chess Federation: list of winners 1992-2011 (men), list of women's champions 1992-2006, 2012 men
Some biographies of Croatian players

Chess national championships
Women's chess national championships
Championship