Sidaway v Board of Governors of the Bethlem Royal Hospital [1985] AC 871 is an important House of Lords case in English tort law, specifically medical negligence, concerning the duty of a surgeon to inform a patient of the risks before undergoing an operation.

It has largely been overturned by Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board, which determined that there is a duty on doctors to take reasonable care to ensure that a patient is aware of material risks inherent in treatment.

Facts
The claimant suffered from pain in her neck, right shoulder, and arms. Her neurosurgeon took her consent for cervical cord decompression, but did not include in his explanation the fact that in less than 1% of the cases, the said decompression caused paraplegia. She developed paraplegia after the spinal operation.

Judgment
Rejecting her claim for damages, the court held that consent did not require an elaborate explanation of remote side effects. In dissent, Lord Scarman said that the Bolam test should not apply to the issue of informed consent and that a doctor should have a duty to tell the patient of the inherent and material risk of the treatment proposed.

Lord Diplock stated "we are concerned here with volunteering unsought information about risks of the proposed treatment failing to achieve the result sought or making the patient’s physical or mental condition worse rather than better. The only effect that mention of risks can have on the patient’s mind, if it has any at all, can be in the direction of deterring the patient from undergoing the treatment which in the expert opinion of the doctor it is in the patient’s interest to undergo. To decide what risks the existence of which a patient should be voluntarily warned and the terms in which such warning, if any, should be given, having regard to the effect that the warning may have, is as much an exercise of professional skill and judgment as any other part of the doctor’s comprehensive duty of care to the individual patient, and expert medical evidence on this matter should be treated in just the same way. The Bolam test should be applied.’ and ‘a doctor’s duty of care, whether he be general practitioner or consulting surgeon or physician is owed to that patient and none other, idiosyncrasies and all.’ .’

Subsequent Development

In Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board [2015] UKSC 11, the UK Supreme Court has overturned the decision, stating that Bolam test is not applicable on risk disclosure to patient, and that the doctor should not only disclose sufficient information regarding the risk to the patient, they should also consider the risk from patient's situation.

See also
Bolam v. Friern Hospital Management Committee
Chester v. Afshar
Gillick v West Norfolk Area Health Authority
Maynard v West Midlands Regional HA
Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board
Negligence
Whitehouse v Jordan

External links
 AIREDALE NHS TRUST V BLAND

Notes

English tort case law
House of Lords cases
1985 in United Kingdom case law


Thorey-en-Plaine () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Thorey-sous-Charny (, literally Thorey under Charny) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Thorey-sur-Ouche (, literally Thorey on Ouche) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Thoste () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Thury () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Tichey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Tillenay is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Torcy-et-Pouligny () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Touillon () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Toutry () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Doyle Township is a township in Clarke County, Iowa, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 200.

Geography
Doyle Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains three cemeteries: Gregg, Hopeville and Sanders.

The streams of East Long Creek and West Long Creek run through this township.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Clarke County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa


Tréclun () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Trochères () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Trouhans () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It is located on the Ouche river, about 35 km south east of Dijon.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


F v R, is a tort law case. It is a seminal case on what information medical professionals have a duty to inform patients of at common law.

It pre-dates the decision in Rogers v Whitaker which substantially followed F v R by departing from the Bolam test, at common law in regards to the duty of medical professionals to disclose risks to a patient.

Background

Facts

A woman went to her gynaecologist and asked to be sterilised by tubal ligation. The doctor did not warn the woman that there was a less than 1% chance that she would fall pregnant after the operation. The woman had the procedure, but then a process known as recanalisation occurred and she fell pregnant. The woman and her husband sued her gynaecologist  for negligence, alleging that the failure to inform them of the risk of pregnancy was a breach of the doctors duty of care.

Prior actions
In the Supreme Court Mohr J held that "the dominant and overriding desire of the plaintiffs was to avoid future pregnancies. This being the case it was in my opinion a breach of duty on the part of the defendant not to have informed them that there was a chance of failure". He awarded the woman damages of $10,250 and the man $250 for loss of consortium.

Judgment
The doctor appealed to the Full Court. One of the issues was the standard of care expected of a careful and reasonable doctor. Chief Justice King said:

"In many cases an approved professional practice as to disclosure will be decisive. But professions may adopt unreasonable practices. Practices may develop in professions, particularly as to disclosure, not because they serve the interests of the clients, but because they protect the interests or convenience of members of the profession. The court has an obligation to scrutinize professional practices to ensure that they accord with the standard of reasonableness imposed by the law. A practice as to disclosure approved and adopted by a profession or section of it may be in many cases the determining consideration as to what is reasonable. On the facts of a particular case the answer to the question whether the defendant’s conduct conformed to approved professional practice may decide the issue of negligence, and the test has been posed in such terms in a number of cases. The ultimate question, however, is not whether the defendant’s conduct accords with the practices of his profession or some part of it, but whether it conforms to the standard of reasonable care demanded by the law. That is a question for the court and the duty of deciding it cannot be delegated to any profession or group in the community."

In separate judgments, each of the Judges, King CJ, Legoe & Bollen JJ, held that the risk of failure was so low, particularly in the experience of the three doctors that gave evidence, that the a careful and reasonable doctor would not have advised the woman of the statistical failure rates in the absence of a question from the patient.

See also
Negligence
Albrighton v RPA Hospital
Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee
Chester v Afshar

Notes

South Australia case law
1984 in case law
1984 in Australian law


Trouhaut () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Trugny () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Turcey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Uncey-le-Franc () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Urcy () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Val-Suzon () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Vandenesse-en-Auxois () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Vannaire () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Vanvey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Varanges () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Franklin Township is a township in Clarke County, Iowa, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 193.

Geography
Franklin Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains four cemeteries: Blair, Clarke, Horton and Smyrna.

The stream of South White Breast Creek runs through this township.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Clarke County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa


Varois-et-Chaignot () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Vauchignon () is a former commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Cormot-Vauchignon.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Former communes of Côte-d'Or
Populated places disestablished in 2017


Vaux-Saules () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Abdulaziz Al-Anberi, also spelled Abdul-Aziz Al-Anbari (born 3 January 1954 in Kaifan), is a Kuwaiti former professional footballer.

Career
Al-Anberi began his sporting career as a basketball and volleyball player. However, in 1976, he decided to focus on football, his favourite sport. He began playing for Kuwait SC as a youth player and until he was promoted to the first team.

He was included in the Kuwait squad that won the 1980 AFC Asian Cup and the squad that qualified to the 1982 World Cup.

References

1954 births
Kuwaiti men's footballers
1976 AFC Asian Cup players
1980 AFC Asian Cup players
1982 FIFA World Cup players
AFC Asian Cup-winning players
Living people
Asian Games medalists in football
Footballers at the 1982 Asian Games
Asian Games silver medalists for Kuwait

Men's association football forwards
Medalists at the 1982 Asian Games
Kuwait SC players
Kuwait men's international footballers
Kuwait Premier League players


Fremont Township is a township in Clarke County, Iowa, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 507.

Geography
Fremont Township covers an area of 36.29 square miles (93.99 km) and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains four cemeteries: Fremont, Green, Jamison and Union Chapel.

The streams of South Squaw Creek and Walnut Creek run through this township.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Clarke County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa


Veilly () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. It is a remote farming village in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Velars-sur-Ouche (, literally Velars on Ouche) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. The composer Pierre Desvignes (1764 – 1827) was born in this village.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


The 1996 FIVB Volleyball World League was the seventh edition of the annual men's international volleyball tournament, played by 11 countries from 10 May to 29 June 1996. The Final Round was held in Rotterdam, Netherlands.

Pools composition

Intercontinental round

Pool A

Pool B

Pool C

Final round
Venue:  Rotterdam Ahoy, Rotterdam, Netherlands

Pool play
Teams from the same pool of Intercontinental Round will not play.

Finals

3rd place match

Final

Final standing

Awards
 Most valuable player
  Lorenzo Bernardi
 Best scorer
  Lorenzo Bernardi
 Best spiker
  Stanislav Dineykin
 Best server
  Alain Roca
 Best blocker
  Ihosvany Hernández

External links
 1996 World League results
 Sports123

1996
FIVB World League
Volleyball
1996 in Dutch sport


Velogny () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Venarey-les-Laumes () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Hurst Wickham is a village in the Mid Sussex District of West Sussex, England. It lies just off the B2116 road, 2.1 miles (3.4 km) southeast of Burgess Hill. It is in the civil parish of Hurstpierpoint and Sayers Common.

External links

Villages in West Sussex
Mid Sussex District


Albrighton v RPA Hospital, is a tort law case concerning the application of the Bolam test for professional negligence.

Background

Facts
Ms Albrighton () was born with kyphoscoliosis and spina bifida which seriously impaired her respiratory function and shortened her life expectancy. In July 1971 she was admitted to Royal Prince Alfred Hospital for corrective surgery intended to straighten and lengthen her spine in a procedure known as halo-pelvic traction. At the hospital she was treated by Dr Harry Tyer, an orthopaedic surgeon. The hospital's consultation sheet recorded on 23 July 1971 that "Dr Tyer would appreciate advice regarding significance of her hairy naevus with respect to spinal pathology and possible dangers to cord of correction of scoliosis by halo-pelvic traction." The frame was attached to her skull and pelvis on 26 July 1971. On that day Professor Richard Gye, a neuro-surgeon, wrote on the consultation sheet "As she has had (just) traction I will see her later in the week." A myelogram was not carried out prior to applying traction, which commenced on 28 July. On 30 July Ms Albrighton  started showing signs of spinal cord involvement. By 1 August Ms Albrighton became unable to walk. All traction was stopped on 2 August, however her spinal cord was totally severed leaving her a paraplegic. Professor Gye saw Ms Albrighton on 2 August however the paraplegia was irrevocable.

Prior actions

In 1977 Ms Albrighton commenced proceedings in the Supreme Court of NSW, claiming that either or both of the doctors were negligent and the hospital was vicariously liable for their negligence. The case was heard before Yeldham J and a jury. Yeldham J had allowed only part of the hospital medical records to be tendered. Neither Dr Tyer nor Professor Gye gave evidence. After 11 days of hearing Yeldham J directed the jury to return a verdict for the defendants. Yeldham J held that :
 A hospital in NSW is only vicariously liable for the negligence of a doctor if it can direct the doctor as to the manner in which he can do his work. It is not enough if the hospital can direct the doctor as to what work he can do.
 Having regard to the decision in Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee, negligence required proof of proper medical practice in Sydney in 1971.
 There was no evidence on which the jury could find the hospital could direct the doctors as to the manner in which they did their work.
 There was no evidence Professor Gye had seen Ms Albrighton nor given advice to Dr Tyer.
 There was no evidence Dr Tyer was negligent in:
 failing to obtain neurological advice from Professor Gye;
 failing to have myelography carried out before traction was applied;
 applying traction when there was a likelihood of tethering of the spine.

Judgment

Standard of care
Reynolds JA rejected the proposition that doctors could not be negligent if they acted in accordance with the usual and customary practice and procedure in their “medical community”, holding that "it is not the law that, if all or most of the medical practitioners in Sydney habitually fail to take an available precaution to avoid foreseeable risk of injury to their patients, then none can be found guilty of negligence".

Claim against the hospital

Reynolds JA held that the hospital had undertaken to provide for Ms Albrighton's complete medical care and to provide that service through staff chosen by the hospital. On that evidence a jury could find that the hospital had undertaken to take reasonable care to provide for her medical needs and that there was an overriding and continuing duty of care owed by the hospital, regardless of the legal duties imposed on the doctors.

Admissibility of hospital records
Hutley JA held that the evidence of the hospital's Deputy Medical Records Administrator established that the whole of the hospital's records were written for the purposes of the hospital and that those records were "kept for the information of the staff and treating doctors. They are not likely repositories of the speculations of the inexpert; and this is a fact to be considered on their admissibility". Accordingly, the documents should have been admitted. Similarly Hope JA held that the records were made by people who intended them to be as accurately as possible. While mistakes could occur they were likely to be far more reliable than human memory.

Claim against Dr Tyer

Reynolds JA held that on the evidence a jury could have found that Dr Tyer had some reservations about applying traction and knew that traction could endanger the integrity of Ms Albrighton's spinal cord. Despite those reservations Dr Tyer had applied traction without receiving any advice or any further diagnostic investigations. On this basis the jury could have found that Dr Tyer had been negligent.

Claim against Professor Gye

Reynolds JA held that on 26 July 1971 Professor Gye ought to have been alerted to the possibility that the spinal cord had not developed properly and knew and accepted that the danger to her spinal cord would depend on his advice. This was enough to impose a duty of care on Professor Gye and the jury may have found that his failure to intervene was a breach of his duty of care.

Aftermath
The Court of Appeal did not decide whether or not the hospital or doctors had been negligent and instead ordered that there be a new trial. There is, however, no record of whether such a trial occurred nor its outcome.

Subsequent consideration

The approach of the Court of Appeal was subsequently approved by the High Court in Rogers v Whitaker

See also
Negligence
Bolam v Friern Hospital Management Committee
F v R

Notes

Australian tort case law
1980 in case law
1980 in Australian law
New South Wales case law


Verdonnet () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Lingones


Green Bay Township is a township in Clarke County, Iowa, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 232.

Geography
Green Bay Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains four cemeteries: Chaney, Ellis, Green Bay and Hebron.

The streams of Hoosier Creek and North Hoosier Creek run through this township.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Clarke County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa


Vernois-lès-Vesvres (, literally Vernois near Vesvres) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Vernot () is a commune in the eastern French department of Côte-d'Or.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Véronnes () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Jackson Township is a township in Clarke County, Iowa, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 577.

Geography
Jackson Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Woodburn.  According to the USGS, it contains four cemeteries: Lewis, Ottawa, Saint Marys and Woodburn.

The stream of Brush Creek runs through this township.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Clarke County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa


Verrey-sous-Drée (, literally Verrey under Drée) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Verrey-sous-Salmaise (, literally Verrey under Salmaise) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Vertault () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
The ancient Gallo-Roman settlement of Vertillum lies just west of the village. Of particular note is its Vertault relief.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Lingones


Knox Township is a township in Clarke County, Iowa, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 202.

Geography
Knox Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Lacelle.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Clarke County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa


Vesvres () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Liberty Township is a township in Clarke County, Iowa, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 373.

Geography
Liberty Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains five cemeteries: Bethel Chapel, Harrison, Liberty, Rhodes and Twyford.

The streams of Middle Otter Creek, North Otter Creek and Victory Creek run through this township.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Clarke County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa


Bolitho v. City and Hackney Health Authority [1996] 4 All ER 771 is an important English tort law case, on the standard of care required by medical specialists. It follows the Bolam test for professional negligence, and addresses the interaction with the concept of causation.

Facts
Patrick Bolitho, a two-year-old boy, was suffering from croup. He was admitted into St Bartholomew's Hospital and was placed under the care of Dr Horn (the senior registrar) and Dr Rodger. Dr Rodger was concerned and arranged for him to be nursed by a special nurse on a one-to-one basis. Patrick had two respiratory episodes where he went pale and his breathing became "noisy". Dr Horn was notified but did not attend to Patrick. However, following each episode Patrick seemed well and was 'jumping' around. Half an hour after the second episode, Patrick suffered both a respiratory arrest and a cardiac arrest. Although he was revived, he suffered severe brain damage and later died.

Patrick's mother, as administratrix of his estate, sued the local health authority for negligence. She argued that Patrick would have lived if he had been intubated. On the health authority's side, it was admitted that Dr Horn had breached her duty of care in not coming to see Patrick. But Dr Horn argued that even if she had come to see Patrick, she would not have intubated him, and such a decision would have been consistent with a respectable body of professional opinion. Therefore, Dr. Horn's argument was that her breach of duty did not cause Patrick's death.

Judgment
The House of Lords held that "a defendant cannot escape liability by saying that the damage would have occurred in any event because he would have committed some other breach of duty thereafter". So there was a need to decide if the hypothetical decision not to intubate Patrick would have been a breach of duty. The Bolam test says that an action cannot be a breach of duty if it conforms with a reasonable body of professional opinion. The professional opinion relied upon cannot be unreasonable or illogical. If the opinion were illogical, then the action would still be a breach of duty. Only in "a rare case" would the courts find that the body of opinion is unreasonable.

A group of eight medical experts testified in the case at first instance. Five of them said they would have intubated Patrick after the second episode, let alone the first. Three of them said they would not have. All the experts agreed that intubation is not a routine, risk-free process. Especially on a young child as they must be anaesthetised and ventilated. Dr. Roberton described it as "a major undertaking--an invasive procedure with mortality and morbidity attached".  "A young child does not tolerate a tube easily and the child unless sedated tends to remove it." One of the experts stated that Patrick's recovery after each episode did not show a progressive respiratory collapse and that there was only a small risk of total respiratory failure.

Mr Justice Hutchinson, the judge in the original trial, said that as a "layman" he would have thought intubation was the correct procedure (as did five of the experts). However, he did not think the testimony of the other three experts was "unreasonable" or "illogical" therefore he could not dismiss them.

The original judge also concluded that Dr Horn failing to go and attend to Patrick did not cause his death. If Dr Horn had come to see Patrick, she would not have intubated him. That decision would have been supported by a body of professional opinion. Therefore she was not negligent.

The claim was dismissed as causation must be proved to bring a claim in negligence and there was no causation here.

Commentary

The House of Lords decision in Bolitho seems to be a departure from the old Bolam test established by the Queen's Bench Division in a 1957 case Bolam v. Friern Hospital Management Committee. According to that test, which has been criticised by academic commentators, a doctor would not have acted negligently if his actions conformed to a practice supported by a body of professional opinion. However, the court in Bolitho did not specify in what circumstances it would be prepared to hold that the doctor has breached his duty of care by following a practice supported by a body of professional opinion, other than stating that such a case will be "rare".

See also
Negligence
Bolam test

External links
 Bolitho v. City and Hackney Health Authority

Notes

English tort case law
House of Lords cases
1997 in United Kingdom case law


Madison Township is a township in Clarke County, Iowa, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 176.

Geography
Madison Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Union.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Clarke County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa


Veuvey-sur-Ouche (, literally Veuvey on Ouche) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Veuxhaulles-sur-Aube (, literally Veuxhaulles on Aube) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Osceola Township is a township in Clarke County, Iowa, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 481.

Geography
Osceola Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Maple Hill.

Transportation
Osceola Township contains one airport or landing strip, Osceola Municipal Airport.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Clarke County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa


Vianges () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
Parc naturel régional du Morvan

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Vic-de-Chassenay () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Vic-des-Prés is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Vic-sous-Thil (, literally Vic under Thil) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or département in eastern France.

Population

Sights
 Château de Thil, ruined mediaeval castle, listed since 1905 as a historic site by the French Ministry of Culture.

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
Parc naturel régional du Morvan

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Vieilmoulin () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Vielverge () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Vieux-Château () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Viévigne () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Viévy () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Vignoles () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Anna Catharina Materna (née von der Lühe) (1731–1757) was a Danish actor and playwright. She belonged to the first pioneer-troupe of actors at the Royal Danish Theatre, and later became one of the first female playwrights to have her plays performed there.

Life and career
Materna was the child of the noble but poor Lieutenant Friedrich Siegfried Johann Hans von der Lühe (1705–50) and Mechtilde Siegfriede Jullern (d. 1763), and joined the theatre in 1748 when it advertised for female actors, which were in short supply for the newly opened national stage in Copenhagen. It was unusual, and considered a great shame, for a member of nobility to perform on stage, and she took the stage name Materna to hide her identity.

Anna Catharina Materna was not in reality considered to have much talent as an actor, but she knew how to portray a noblewoman, and was considered perfect for this on the stage, and she became a primadonna of the theatre in such parts, used much as a stage-ornament, and sometimes considered the first to interpret the soubrette role on the Danish stage. She was also the subject of many rumors and intrigues among her colleagues, especially from her great rival Anna Dorothea Lund. She was also regarded and talked about as a courtesan, and had a long list of lovers; in 1753, she was offered an allowance to become a kept woman, negotiations being handled by her mother, and in the same year, she retired from the stage. In her farewell letter to Ludvig Holberg, which she sent to him when she left the theatre, she said that her colleagues had never let a moment pass which they did not take to embarrass her; she also wrote about them; "I Know I have been more of a burden for them than an asset", but she also thanked Holberg; "For the always towards me directed kindness", and tells him, that: "I have you to thank for a great deal of my happiness, a memory which will always remain with me." The same year, Holberg wrote a code of behaviour for the theatre and lectured those who mistreated their colleagues.

In that year, she instead married the nobleman Christian Albrecht von Passow (1732–1777) (but keeping the surname Materna), a marriage that produced a child, which was kept a secret. Passow then left Denmark for Tranquebar in India, and, although Materna was meant to follow him, this never came about. Instead, she began a new career as a translator and writer of plays. She became one of the first writers in Europe to use the old Nordic gods of her own country, rather than the Roman gods and goddesses, in her plays; she stated that she did not see the reason to use Roman or Greek gods, when Denmark had so many of their own. Three of her plays were performed on the stage at the Royal Danish Theatre; she was one of the first native female writers to have her plays performed there.

References

1731 births
18th-century Danish actresses
Danish courtesans
18th-century Danish translators
Danish stage actresses
1757 deaths
Danish nobility
Danish women dramatists and playwrights
18th-century Danish dramatists and playwrights
18th-century Danish women writers


is a single by the pop vocalist Kimeru and was used as the fourth and final closing theme for the Japanese dub of the 2003 Ninja Turtles series. It was written and composed by "ROLLY". It was released by Nippon Crown Records in maxi and CD/DVD combo formats on January 23, 2008 in Japan only and is coupled with the song "Love Touch". The song would peak at 80 on Oricon.

Track listing
恋してキメル!Koishite Kimeru!/Kimeru is in Love!
ラブタッチRabu Tacchi/Love Touch
恋してキメル!(instrumental)Koishite Kimeru! (instrumental)/Kimeru is in Love! (Instrumental)
ラブタッチ(instrumental)Rabu Tacchi (instrumental)/Love Touch (Instrumental)

References

External links
A type Page at Official Site
B type Page at Official Site

2008 singles
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles music
2008 songs


Villaines-en-Duesmois is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Villaines-les-Prévôtes () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Villargoix () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
Parc naturel régional du Morvan

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Villars-et-Villenotte () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Villars-Fontaine () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Villeberny () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Villebichot () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Villecomte () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Jill Paice is an American actress best known for her musical theatre roles. She originated the roles of Laura Fairlie in the musical The Woman in White in the West End (2004) and on Broadway (2005); Niki in Curtains on Broadway (2006); Scarlett in London's Gone With The Wind (2008); and Grazia Off-Broadway in Death Takes a Holiday (2011).  Among other roles, she appeared in the Broadway play The 39 Steps (2009).

Education
Paice attended Beavercreek High School in Beavercreek, Ohio, graduating in 1998.  She then attended Baldwin-Wallace College, graduating with a bachelor of musical theater in 2002. There, she starred as Maria in West Side Story and as Mabel in The Pirates of Penzance at Baldwin-Wallace. She also starred as Violet, the title character of a new musical.

Career
In 2001, while still in school, Paice appeared in a production of Gypsy at the Great Lakes Theater Festival in Cleveland, Ohio, earning her Equity card. Upon graduating from college she appeared in the national tour of Les Misérables and in 2003 the Las Vegas production of Mamma Mia! as Sophie.

In 2004, she created the role of Laura Fairle in Andrew Lloyd Webber's new musical The Woman in White at the Palace Theatre, London. Lloyd Webber was required to hire two "unknown American actors" in order to satisfy Actors Equity union rules for the future transfer of the production to Broadway to include the British actors Michael Crawford and Maria Friedman. Paice reprised her role in the Broadway production in 2005 at the Marquis Theatre in New York. She received good notices, but the show closed after only 109 performances on Broadway.

Off-Broadway, Paice appeared in the York Theatre Company productions of Weird Romance (2004) and The Gig (2006).

In 2006 she originated the role of Nikki Harris in Curtains in the pre-Broadway try-out at the Ahmanson Theatre, Los Angeles and, in 2007, on Broadway at the Al Hirschfeld Theatre, opposite David Hyde Pierce.<ref>Brantley, Ben. "Theater Review|'Curtains'" 'The New York Times, March 23, 2007</ref> She left Curtains in February 2008, and returned to London's West End to originate the role of Scarlett in Trevor Nunn's musical adaption of Gone With The Wind (2008). Nunn had been working on the project while Paice was still working on The Woman in White, and so she was able to do several readings and workshops for Nunn's project. The large-scale production of Gone With The Wind ran over three hours long and closed after 79 performances.

Later in 2008 she appeared as Elizabeth Lucas in Ace at the Signature Theater in Arlington, Virginia and as Betty Haynes in White Christmas in Detroit late in 2008 and at the Paper Mill Playhouse, New Jersey in November 2011. In January 2009, she played the role of Anne in a gala concert of A Little Night Music presented by the Roundabout Theatre Company.

In 2009, Paice appeared in her first non-musical play on Broadway, The 39 Steps, at the Helen Hayes Theatre as a replacement in the role of "Annabella Schmidt", among others.

She next starred as Florence in Chess the Musical at the Signature Theater in 2010. In 2011, she created the role of Grazia in Maury Yeston's Death Takes a Holiday in the original Off-Broadway production by Roundabout Theatre Company.

She was cast in the leading role of  "I" in the musical Rebecca, which had been scheduled to open on Broadway in November 2012. The production of Rebecca on Broadway has been postponed.

On September 3, 2013, she took over the role of "Miss Honey" in the Broadway musical Matilda The Musical.

In April, 2015, Paice opened as Milo Davenport in the Broadway musical An American in Paris.

Paice's television work has included two guest starring appearances as Molly Benedict in the series Unforgettable.

 Awards
2009: Helen Hayes Award for Outstanding Lead Actress, Resident Musical - Elizabeth in Ace (Nominated)
2010: Helen Hayes Award for Outstanding Lead Actress, Resident Musical - Florence in "Chess" (Nominated)

 Recordings The Woman in White: A New Musical - Original London Cast RecordingCurtains - Original Broadway Cast RecordingThe Gig - Original Off-Broadway Cast RecordingAndrew Lloyd Webber on Broadway (Released with Jay Records)Death Takes A Holiday - Original Off-Broadway Cast RecordingAn American In Paris'' - Original Broadway Cast Recording

References

External links

Jill Paice Listing Internet Off-Broadway Database
Jill Paice Official site
Encyclopedia of Baldwin Wallace History: Jill Paice

Year of birth missing (living people)
Baldwin Wallace University alumni
Living people
People from Beavercreek, Ohio
Place of birth missing (living people)
American actresses
21st-century American women


Villedieu () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Hotson v East Berkshire Area Health Authority [1987] 2 All ER 909 is an English tort law case, about the nature of causation. It rejects the idea that people can sue doctors for the loss of a chance to get better, when doctors fail to do as good a job as they could have done.

Facts
A 13-year-old boy fell out of a tree. He went to hospital where his hip was examined, but an incorrect diagnosis was made. After 5 days it was found that he was suffering from avascular necrosis. This was more advanced and serious than if it had been spotted straight away. By the age of 20 years, there was deformity of the hip joint, restricted mobility and permanent disability. The judge found that even if the diagnosis had made correctly, there was still a 75% risk of the plaintiff's disability developing, but that the medical staff's breach of duty had turned that risk into an inevitability, thereby denying the plaintiff a 25% chance of a good recovery. At first instance, damages were quantified at £11,500 representing 25% of the full value of the damages awardable for the plaintiff's disability.

The issue was whether the claimant had satisfied the burden of proof in establishing that the defendant's actions had probably factually caused his injury.

Judgment
On appeal to the Lords, the question was whether the cause of the injury was the fall or the health authority's negligence in delaying treatment, since if the fall had caused the injury the negligence of the authority was irrelevant in regard to the plaintiff's disability. In the House of Lords, Lord Bridge of Harwich considered the evidence presented by the plaintiff's medical expert, who concluded that: '[s]tatistically, on reports published, he had a marginally better chance of escaping it than having avascular necrosis had it been treated expeditiously.' Consequently, Lord Bridge rejected the trial judge's position on damages, finding that on the balance of probabilities, even correct diagnosis and treatment would not have prevented the disability from occurring. It followed that the plaintiff had failed on the issue of factual causation, as they were unable to meet the legal standard of proof:

'The authority's evidence was that the sole cause was the original traumatic injury to the hip. The plaintiff's evidence, at its highest, was that the delay in treatment was a material contributory cause. This was a conflict, like any other about some relevant past event, which the judge could not avoid resolving on a balance of probabilities. Unless the plaintiff proved on a balance of probabilities that the delayed treatment was at least a material contributory cause of the avascular necrosis he failed on the issue of causation and no question of quantification could arise. But the judge's findings of fact [...] are unmistakably to the effect that on the balance of probabilities the injury caused by the plaintiff's fall left insufficient blood vessels intact to keep the epiphysis alive. This amounts to a finding of fact that the fall was the sole care of the avascular necrosis.'

This finding relies on the principle outlined by Lord Diplock in Mallett v McMonagle, as expressly applied by Lord Mackay in this case, that '[in] determining what did happen in the past the court decides on the balance of probabilities. Anything that is more probable than not it treats as certain.' It became a legal certainty that there was no causal relationship between the defendant's negligence and the plaintiff's lost chance of recovery, as this was not established as a probability. Consequently, the defendant's appeal was allowed and the plaintiff's damages were revoked.

See also
 Gregg v Scott, a recent case affirming this view of loss of a chance
Philp v Ryan: Irish case giving effect to the loss of a chance doctrine in a medical negligence (not binding as UK precedent)
 Negligence
Tort
Loss of chance

References

English tort case law
English causation case law
House of Lords cases
1987 in United Kingdom case law


Villeferry () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


La Villeneuve-les-Convers () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Troy Township is a township in Clarke County, Iowa, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 1,021.

Geography
Troy Township covers an area of  and contains one incorporated settlement, Murray.  According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Murray and Troy.

The stream of West Long Creek runs through this township.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Clarke County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa


Villeneuve-sous-Charigny () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Villers-la-Faye () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Ward Township is a township in Clarke County, Iowa, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 228.

Geography
Ward Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Cox.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Clarke County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa


Villers-les-Pots () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

Transportation
The commune has a railway station, , on the Dijon–Vallorbe line.

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Villers-Patras is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Washington Township is a township in Clarke County, Iowa, USA.  As of the 2000 census, its population was 284.

Geography
Washington Township covers an area of  and contains no incorporated settlements.  According to the USGS, it contains one cemetery, Field.

References
 USGS Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)

External links
 US-Counties.com
 City-Data.com

Townships in Clarke County, Iowa
Townships in Iowa


Villers-Rotin () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Maynard v. West Midlands Regional Health Authority [1985] 1 All ER 635 is an English tort law case concerning the Bolam test for professional negligence.

The patient presented with symptoms of tuberculosis but both the consultant physician and the consultant surgeon took the view that Hodgkin's disease, carcinoma, and sarcoidosis were also possibilities, the first of which if present would have required remedial steps to be taken in its early stages. Instead of waiting for the results of the sputum tests, the consultants carried out a mediastinoscopy to get a biopsy. The inherent risk of damage was to the left laryngeal recurrent nerve, even if the operation was properly done. In the event, only tuberculosis was confirmed. Unfortunately, the risk became a reality and the patient suffered a paralysis of the left vocal cord. The decision of the physician and the surgeon to proceed was said by their expert peers to be reasonable in all the circumstances.

The trial judge initially held that the surgeon had been negligent for failing to use a different surgical technique that was advocated by one group of medical experts. However, the House of Lords reversed the decision, stating that differences of opinion and practice within the medical profession are inevitable, and that a court's preference for one medical opinion over another is not a basis for finding negligence. This decision reaffirmed the Bolam principle, which holds that a doctor will not be considered negligent if they have acted in accordance with a responsible body of medical opinion.

See also
Negligence

Notes

English tort case law
1985 in United Kingdom case law


Villey-sur-Tille (, literally Villey on Tille) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Villiers-en-Morvan is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
Parc naturel régional du Morvan

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Villiers-le-Duc () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Lingones


Villotte-Saint-Seine () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Louis Ken-Kwofie (6 February 1969 – 25 June 2022) was a Ghanaian professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

Early life
Ken-Kwofie attended Hudson Catholic High School.

Career

College career
Ken-Kwofie played college soccer with Montclair State.

Professional career
Ken-Kwofie played one game for the MetroStars, on loan from the New Jersey Stallions, during the 1996 season of Major League Soccer. During that same season, Ken-Kwofie also played for the Pennsylvania Natives, ironically against the MetroStars. Ken-Kwofie was still playing for the Stallions during the 1999 season. Ken-Kwofie also played in the Netherlands with Sparta Rotterdam.

Coaching career
Ken-Kwofie coached Ramapo College. He also coached youth soccer in New Jersey, including the North Cadwell Soccer Club.

He later coached at Hudson Catholic Regional High School in Jersey City.

Personal life and death
Ken-Kwofie died on 25 June 2022 following a battle with pancreatic cancer, aged 53.

References

External links
Player profile at Metro Fanatic

1969 births
2022 deaths
Men's association football midfielders
Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Expatriate men's footballers in the Netherlands
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Ghanaian expatriate men's footballers
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands
Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Ghanaian men's footballers
Major League Soccer players
Montclair State University alumni
New Jersey Stallions players
New York Red Bulls players
Sparta Rotterdam players


Villotte-sur-Ource (, literally Villotte on Ource) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Villy-en-Auxois is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Villy-le-Moutier is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Viserny () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Vitteaux () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

External links

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Vonges () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

The commune is known for the Poudrerie nationale de Vonges (Vonges National Powder Mill), a powder mill established in 1691 and still operating as of 2012.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Voudenay () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Voulaines-les-Templiers () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France, Europe.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


The MASTAR (Model for Analog Simulation of subThreshold, saturation and weak Avalanche Regions)
is an analytical model of Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors, developed using the voltage-doping transformation (VDT) technique. MASTAR offers good accuracy and continuity in current and its derivatives in all operation regimes of the MOSFET devices. The model has been successfully used in CAD/EDA simulation tools.

The official ITRS definition of the acronym MASTAR is Model for Assessment of CMOS Technologies And Roadmaps. This software is developed by STMicroelectronics and is freely distributed on ITRS organization web site.

See also
 Transistor models
 SPICE

References

Transistor modeling


Jules Augustin Frédéric Regnault (; 1 February 1834, Béthencourt – 9 December 1894, Paris) was a French stock broker's assistant who first suggested a modern theory of stock price changes in Calcul des Chances et Philosophie de la Bourse (1863), using a random walk model. A key conclusion appears on Page 50: "l'écart des cours est en raison directe de la racine carrée des temps", in English: "the deviation of prices is directly proportional to the square root of time". He is also one of the first authors who tried to create a "stock exchange science" based on statistical and probabilistic analysis. His hypotheses were used by Louis Bachelier.

Biography

During the first years of his life, Jules Regnault lived in the département du Nord (France) where his father worked. When his father died on 16 January 1846 in Paris, his family moved to Brussels, where Odilon, Jules’ brother, became a writer and a student at the Université Libre de Bruxelles in advanced mathematics. Jules’ family was not rich, and consequently, Odilon was exempted from serving in the military service and from paying his University registration. At the beginning of the 1860s, the two brothers moved to Paris and became brokers. In all likelihood, when Jules and Odilon arrived in Paris, their financial resources were limited, forcing them to live in one (or two) garret room(s), for which no tax had to be paid. However, Jules Regnault became a millionaire later in life.

In 1881, he stopped being a broker and became a . He died on 9 December 1894. At the time of death, his fortune was estimated at 1,026,510.03 francs (that is more than 3.8 million euros 2004). The inventory of Regnault's goods shows that the most important part of his fortune was invested in bonds (around 706,500 francs, that is around 70% of his fortune), primarily in the French 3.5% rente (166,216.80 francs), and in shares (around 104,565 francs, that is about 10%). This inventory suggests that he applied financial theory to establish his fortune. According to his Calcul des chances et philosophie de la bourse, the only valid investment should be bonds, which is precisely what his inventory shows.

Common mistake
There is a mistake in the Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle published by Pierre Larousse. In the Jules Regnault bibliographical note, he wrote “Regnault (Jules), French learned, dead in 1866”. This note attributes several books to Jules. However, with the exception of the Calcul des chances et philosophie de la bourse, all the other books were written by Jean-Joseph Regnault (1797-1863) who signed some of his books “J. Regnault”. This signature can explain the mistake. However, these two authors have no family relationship. The Catalogue général de la librairie française published in 1871 made the same mistake.

See also
Econometrics
Louis Bachelier
Vinzenz Bronzin

Notes

References
 Jules Regnault 1863 Calcul des chances et philosophie de la bourse, Paris : Mallet-Bachelier and Castel.
 Franck Jovanovic 2004 "Éléments biographiques inédits sur Jules Regnault (1834-1894), inventeur du modèle de marché aléatoire pour représenter les variations boursières", Revue d'Histoire des Sciences Humaines 11: 215-230.
 Franck Jovanovic 2006 "Jules Regnault and the origins of scientific financial economics" in Pioneers of financial economics (vol. 1) edited by Geoffrey Poitras: Edward Elgar.
 Philippe Le Gall 2007 A History of Econometrics in France: Routledge
 Franck Jovanovic and Philippe Le Gall 2001 "Does God practice a random walk ? The " financial physics " of a 19th century forerunner, Jules Regnault", European Journal for the History of Economic Thought 8.3: 323-362.
 Murad Taqqu 2001 "Bachelier and his Times: A Conversation with Bernard Bru", Finance and Stochastics 5: 3-32.
 Franck Jovanovic, "Éléments biographiques inédits sur Jules Regnault (1834-1894), inventeur du modèle de marché aléatoire pour représenter les variations boursières"

Further reading
 Regnault's birth certificate can be found at the Archives départementales du Nord.
 Jules Regnault's death certificate comes from the Archives de la ville de Paris.
 His burial vault is number 2 in div. 25, i.1/26, (on the left side of Molière's and de La Fontaine's graves).
 The Centre des archives contemporaines holds Jules’ testament and the inventory of his wealth after death (call numbers: 19860 351 art. 156 and 19860 351 art. 157). There is a copy of it in the donations file in the Archives départementales de l’Oise.
 "A History of Econometrics in France: From Nature to Models"

1834 births
1894 deaths
French economists
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery