Major Archibald John Arthur Wavell, 2nd Earl Wavell, MC (11 May 1916 – 24 December 1953) was a British Army officer and peer. He was educated at Winchester College and succeeded his father as Earl Wavell and Viscount Keren of Eritrea in 1950. Wavell was killed in the Mau Mau Uprising, and the titles became extinct on his death.

Military career
Commissioned a second lieutenant in the Black Watch on 30 January 1936, Wavell's first posting was in the British Mandate for Palestine from 1936 to 1939. Promoted to lieutenant on 30 January 1939, he then fought in the Second World War. He lost his left hand fighting the Japanese in Burma in June 1944 in Operation Thursday where he fought with the Chindits. Evacuated to India he served on his father's staff, his father Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell being the then Viceroy of India.

Wavell was promoted to captain on 28 January 1944, and awarded the Military Cross (MC) on 23 January 1947.

Wavell was promoted to major on 30 January 1949, and succeeded to the Wavell earldom on the death of his father on 24 May 1950.

Death
On 23 December 1953, Major Wavell led a patrol of the Black Watch and Kenyan police in pursuit of a sixty-strong Mau Mau gang that had beheaded a loyal Kikuyu tribesman and then fled. Twenty of them were surrounded in a copse at Thika, 25 miles north of Nairobi. Wavell was shot and killed in the first contact of a 10-hour battle.

Earl Wavell is buried in the City Park Cemetery, Nairobi, Block 12, grave 10. His headstone is inscribed with the epitaph: "He found the poetry of Man's endeavour". He is also commemorated by an inscription in the War Cloister at Winchester College, next to the School Cadet Corps Armoury. The 2nd Earl Wavell died unmarried and without issue. The earldom and the viscounty therefore became extinct on his death.

References

1916 births
1953 deaths
Burials in Kenya
Black Watch officers
British military personnel killed in action
British military personnel of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
British military personnel of the Mau Mau Uprising
British Army personnel of World War II
Earls in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
People educated at Winchester College
Recipients of the Military Cross
English amputees


Ralph Galloway (born August 27, 1946) is a former professional Canadian football offensive lineman who played eleven seasons in the Canadian Football League for the Saskatchewan Roughriders. He was a CFL All-Star in 1976 and 1977, and named to five consecutive Western Conference All-Star Teams from 1973 to 1977.

References

1946 births
Living people
American players of Canadian football
Canadian football offensive linemen
Sportspeople from Aurora, Illinois
Saskatchewan Roughriders players
Southern Illinois Salukis football players


Istanbul Center is non profit organization headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia, and has branches in several cities in the Southeastern United States. Istanbul Center is inspired by the works and actions of scholars, thinkers and activists like, among others, Fethullah Gülen, Rumi and Martin Luther King Jr. Established to promote better understanding and closer relations among the communities in Metro Atlanta and the Southeastern United States, the center focuses on four major areas: education, culture, dialogue and humanitarian works. It is a volunteer-driven, locally funded civic organization.

Overview
Since its inception Istanbul Center has served the society through many successful activities that are varied in size and scope. It was first established as Istanbul Cultural Center, a unit of Global Spectrum Foundation, to serve the Turkish-American community in Metro Atlanta. The size of the Turkish community in Metro Atlanta is estimated to be over ten thousand which is expected to grow in the coming years. The general public's attendance and participation in its events has shown that there is a great interest in Atlanta community for Turkish culture. Later, the center changed its name to Istanbul Center for Culture and Dialogue as it embraced the whole community and involved in dialogue activities. As its activities and scope went beyond cultural and dialogue related activities its name was finalized as Istanbul Center. Istanbul Center is "a tangible symbol of Atlanta's international growth; its programs are indicative of one culture's attempts to bring about greater understanding of its lifestyle and faith traditions".

Education
The center provides learning opportunities for K-12 students on a variety of subjects such as language, science and art classes during school periods as well as summer times through summer schools and camps. The center also organizes seminars and lectures for adults through partnership with departments and student organizations in universities. Istanbul Center organizes Annual Art and Essay Contests that addresses all the middle and high school students in Metro Atlanta with the partnership of educational institutions and civic organizations.

Dialogue

Istanbul Center also has been in dialogue with faith and community leaders in Atlanta and the surrounding areas. One of the significant dialogue events is Istanbul Dialogue Night which is a monthly get-together organized to create a relaxed social environment where members of different communities can develop friendships with each other. For these nights the center invites community leaders and professors as speakers to share their opinions about various issues that are related to our society. Istanbul Center's Annual Dialogue Dinners are becoming a tradition for prominent leaders of Atlanta to meet on common grounds. Also, the center organizes dialogue trips to Turkey for community leaders and university professors.

Some of the dialogue principles of the center are:
 Focus on similarities while acknowledging genuine differences.
 Respect everyone's God-given right to choose what they believe. It is possible to respect someone while not agreeing with them on every issue.
 Work hard to remove misunderstandings and take the first step when necessary.
 Do not engage in debates because a debate implies a winning and a losing side. Dialogue should result in both sides winning by improving their understanding.
 Do not engage in political discourse since political differences often result in highlighting dissimilarities and feelings of anger. Instead, focus on universal and timeless human values.

Culture

Istanbul Center has been very active in promoting Turkish culture in Atlanta and in facilitating understanding and interaction between the Turkish and American communities. Atlanta Turkish Festival annually organized in fall, food festivals, cooking classes, art and handcraft exhibits, music and dance performances are some of its most popular activities which attract thousands of people. The center organizes Rumi Nights in several southeastern cities.

Humanitarian works
The center organizes relief programs for disaster victims such as victims of Katrina and Rita hurricanes, tornadoes in Americus, GA and Enterprise, Alabama. Donations and food drives are organized besides volunteering at Atlanta Community Food Bank and several homeless shelters.

Choice of name
Istanbul is a city where more than 15 million people with various backgrounds, languages, religions and cultures live together in peace. It is a city that connects the continents of Europe and Asia via its many bridges. It is a meeting place where new ideas and concepts from both continents intermingle on a stage provided by the beautiful historic hills of a city decorated with monuments of bygone super-powers. Most importantly, Istanbul is a city that represents civilization, peaceful coexistence and beauty. Istanbul Center was established to live up to the ideals its name represents.

Notes

External links
https://www.gulenmovement.com/

Culture of Atlanta
Non-profit organizations based in Georgia (U.S. state)
Organizations based in Atlanta
Turkish-American history
Turkish organizations and associations in the United States


Rajanala Kaleswara Rao, known mononymously by his surname as Rajanala, was an Indian actor known for his works predominantly in Telugu cinema, Telugu theatre, and a few Tamil, Kannada, and Hindi films. In a film career spanning more than four decades, Rajanala acted in more than 1400 feature films in a variety of characters. Regarded as one of the finest method actors, Rajanala was known for his gruesome portrayals of lead antagonist roles during the Golden age of Telugu cinema. The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the film industry felicitated him for his achievements and contribution to Indian Film Industry. He won several Filmfare Awards South and Nandi Award.

Early life and characteristics
Rajanala was born on January 3, 1925, in Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India. While working as a revenue inspector in Nellore from 1944 to 1951 he made his entry into theatre. A post graduate in philosophy from University of Lucknow and a voracious reader of English literature. Before coming to Cinema, he won several awards and accolades for his acting in Theatre. He was a noted villain against N.T.Rama Rao, a versatile actor of Telugu filmdom at that time. Rajanala had well proportioned body, he also won MR. Madras for his Physique. Rajanala iconic acting was mostly through the movement of his eyes, he evince the cruelty by widening his eyes to various levels and his maniacal laughter was very famous. Rajanala played many villainous roles, but in real life he was an intellectual and spiritual man. Rajanala Kaleswara Rao, the first actor to star alongside three chief ministers, i.e. NT Rama Rao, M. G. Ramachandran and J Jayalalithaa, he also had good friends in other film industry Kollywood and Bollywood.

Death
Being a diabetic, his right leg could not withstand the rigours of outdoor shooting in Araku valley in 1995 when he was playing a full-fledged role in Telugu Veera Levara. His leg which was injured during the shooting had to be amputated at Nizams Institute of Medical Sciences. Later Rajanala shifted to Chennai taken cared by his daughter and son-in-law who was a businessman. Rajanala had severe cardiac arrest and was admitted in Vijaya Hospital in Chennai. He died on 21 May 1998 in Chennai, aged 73.

Filmography

Pratigya (1953)
 Vaddante Dabbu (1954)
Jayasimha (1955) as Mahaveerudu
Suvarna Sundari (1957)
Dongallo Dora (1957)
Kutumba Gowravam (1957)
Vinayaka Chaviti (1957)
Vaddante Pelli (1957) as Raghunath
Sati Anasuya (1957)
Raja Nandini (1958) as Tirumala Nayak
Sri Krishna Maya (1958) as Indra
Karthavarayuni Katha (1958)
Dongalunnaru Jagratha (1958)
Manchi Manasuku Manchi Rojulu (1958)
Pelli Sandadi (1959)
Raja Malaya Simha (1959)
Raja Makutam (1959)
Banda Ramudu (1959)
Rechukka Pagatichukka (1959)
Vachina Kodalu Nachindi (1959)
Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam (1960)
Runanubandham (1960)
Anna Chellelu (1960) as Aggi Pidugu Jaggadu
Sahasra Siracheda Apoorva Chinthamani (1960)
Vimala (1960) as Ugrasimha
 Kanaka Durga Pooja Mahima (1960) as Meghanathudu
Pillalu Techina Challani Rajyam (1960)
Usha Parinayam (1961)
Jagadeka Veeruni Katha (1961) as Threesokanandudu
Taxi Ramudu (1961)
Khaidi Kannaiah (1962)
Siri Sampadalu (1962) as Bhujangam
Gulebakavali Katha (1962) as Vakraketu
Gaali Medalu (1962)
Chitti Tammudu (1962)
Dakshayagnam (1962)
Gundamma Katha (1962)
Swarna Manjari (1962)
Madana Kamaraju Katha (1962) as Bhoothapathi
Paruvu Prathishta (1963) as Narendra
Bandipotu (1963) as Soorasimha
Valmiki (1963)
Guruvunu Minchina Sishyudu (1963) as Keertisena
Ramudu Bheemudu (1964) as Panakala Rao
Vaarasatwam (1964)
Devatha (1964)
Sabhash Suri (1964)
Thotalo Pilla Kotalo Rani (1964) as Durjaya
Desa Drohulu (1964)
Aggi Pidugu (1964) as Veerendrudu
Bobbili Yudham (1964) as Vijayaramaraju
 Pratigna Palana (1965) as Arindhava
Pandava Vanavasam (1965) as Saindhava
Mangamma Sapadham (1965)
Aakasaramanna (1965) as Narasinga Rayulu
C.I.D. (1965)
Sri Simhachala Kshetra Mahima (1965)
 Vijaya Simha (1965) as Prathap
Dorikithe Dongalu (1965) as Sudarsanam
Satya Harishchandra (1965)
Jwala Dweepa Rahasyam (1965) as Bhallataka Varma
Veerabhimanyu (1965) as Duryodhana
Aada Brathuku (1965)
Sri Krishna Pandaviyam (1966)
Pidugu Ramudu (1966) as Gajendra Varma
Palnati Yudham (1966)
Goodachari 116 (1966)
Sri Krishna Tulabharam (1966) as Indra
Aame Evaru? (1966)
Gopaludu Bhoopaludu (1967) as Veerabahu
Kanchu Kota (1967)
Bhama Vijayam (1967) as Kalinga Bhupati Kamavardhanudu
Nindu Manasulu (1967) as Seshu
Sri Sri Sri Maryada Ramanna (1967)
Sri Krishnavataram (1967) as Sisupala
Ave Kallu (1967) as Rajasekhar
Farz (1967)
Apoorva Piravaigal (1967)
Rahasyam (1967)
Niluvu Dopidi (1968)
Ranabheri (1968) as Ranamallu
 Aggi Meeda Guggilam (1968)
Bandhavyalu (1968)
Tikka Sankaraiah (1968)
Nene Monaganni (1968) as Bhadrayya
Deva kanya (1968) as Kamapala, Maharaja of Kamarupa
Baghdad Gajadonga (1968)
Ramu (1968)
Bhagya Chakramu (1968)
Pedarasi Peddamma Katha (1968)
 Devudicchina Bharta (1969) as Ghantasura
 Ukku Pidugu (1969) as Jwalabhairava
 Jarigina Katha (1969) as Bhujangam
Varakatnam (1969)
 Raja Simha (1969) as Udayanamaha Maharaju
 Gandara Gandadu (1969) as Ranjith
Gandikota Rahasyam (1969) as Pratapa Rudrudu
Mooga Nomu (1969)
Bhale Tammudu (1969) as  Gun / Ganapathi
Saptaswaralu (1969)
Takkari Donga Chakkani Chukka (1969)
Basti Kiladilu (1970)
Ananda Nilayam (1971)
Sri Krishna Vijayamu (1971) as Lord Shiva
Raitu Bidda (1971) as Pullayya
Pagabattina Paduchu (1971) as Sekharam
Sati Anasuya (1971)
Kathiki Kankanam (1971) as Durjaya
Andam Kosam Pandem (1971) as Sambharudu
Suputhrudu (1971) as Nagabhushanam
Mattilo Manikyam (1971)
Pavitra Hrudayalu (1971)
Chinnanati Snehitulu (1971) as Nagabhushanam
Debbaku tha Dongala Mutha (1971) as Phool Shah
Sri Krishnanjaneya Yuddham (1972) as Anjaneya
Attanu Diddina Kodalu (1972) as Jagapati
Sri Krishna Satya (1972) as Satrajit
Inspector Bharya (1972) as Nagabhushanam
Oka Naari Vandha Thupakulu (1973) as Bhujangam
Desoddharakulu (1973) as Tata Rao
Doctor Babu (1973) as Pothuraju
Jeevana Tarangalu (1973) as Pundarikakshaiah
Alluri Seetarama Raju (1974)
Nippulanti Manishi (1974)
Galipatalu (1974)
Kotha Kapuram (1975)
Annadammula Anubandham (1975) as Jailor
Yashoda Krishna (1975) as Indra
Andharu Bagundali (1976) as Businessman soliciting company
Magaadu (1976)
Maa Daivam (1976)
Aradhana (1976)
Muthyala Pallaki (1976) as Meesala Rosi Reddy
Daana Veera Soora Karna (1977) as Drona
Chanakya Chandragupta (1977)
 Agent Gopi (1978)
Yuga Purushudu (1978) as Benerjee
Mugguru Muggure (1978)
Dudu Basavanna (1978) as Bangaraiah
Lawyer Viswanath (1978)
Rajaputra Rahasyam (1978)
Pottelu Punnamma (1978) as Judge
Dongala Veta   (1978) as Balwantha Rao
Devadasu Malli Puttadu (1978) as Raja Ranga Raju
 Dongalaku Saval (1979) as Major Chandrasekhar
 Seethe Ramudaithe (1979) as Bhairavaiah
Evadabba Sommu (1979) as Nalla Trachu Nagu
 Gandharva Kanya (1979) as Vikrama Varma
Maa Voori Devatha (1979)
Sri Madvirata Parvam (1979) as Drona
Nakili Manishi (1980)
Sivamethina Satyam  (1980) as Singh
Kiladi Krishnudu (1980) as Manager
Mama Allulla Saval (1980) as Judge
Srirasthu Subhamasthu (1981)
Pagabattina Simham (1982) as Ramapuram Zamindar
Bobbili Puli (1982)
Nijam Chepithe Nerama (1983) as Govt. Official
Chattaniki Veyi Kallu (1983)
Bhale Thammudu (1985)
Surya Chandra (1985)
Vishakanya (1985) as Maharaju
Kashmora (1986) as Vishachi
Number One (1994)
Hello Brother (1994) as Rajanala
Jailor Gaari Abbayi (1994)
 Telugu Veera Levara (1995)
 Puttinti Gowravam (1996) as Party Leader

Gallery

References

Telugu male actors
Date of death missing
1925 births
1998 deaths
People from Nellore
Indian male stage actors
20th-century Indian male actors
Andhra University alumni
Indian male film actors
Telugu film producers
Male actors in Telugu cinema
Male actors from Andhra Pradesh
Male actors in Tamil cinema
Recipients of the Rashtrapati Award
Nandi Award winners
Film producers from Andhra Pradesh
Indian male dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Indian male writers


Eriogonum ovalifolium is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name cushion buckwheat. It is native to western North America from California to Alberta, where it is a member of many plant communities in varied habitats, including the sagebrush steppe and alpine regions.

Description
In general, the species is a tough perennial herb which forms mats in gravelly soil or amongst rocks and produces erect inflorescences up to 35 centimeters in height, blooming from early to mid-summer. The flowering stems are leafless. The pale green to gray leaves at the base of the plant are rounded and woolly and have petioles.

The clumps of flowers are yellow, light red or pink, purple, or white.

Varieties
There are four to eleven varieties of this species. They include:
Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum, the Cushenbury buckwheat, is endemic to the San Bernardino Mountains of San Bernardino County, California. It is federally listed as an endangered species of the United States, and the main threat to its existence is mining.
Eriogonum ovalifolium var. williamsiae, the steamboat buckwheat, is known only from the Steamboat Hills near Reno, Nevada. It is also a federally listed endangered species, and threats to it have been reduced but the populations are still quite small.

References

External links

Jepson Manual Treatment
USDA Plants Profile
The Nature Conservancy

ovalifolium
Flora of the Northwestern United States
Flora of the Southwestern United States
Flora of Western Canada
Flora of California
Flora of the Rocky Mountains
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Flora of the California desert regions


The Mirabella Portland, also known as simply the Mirabella, is a high-rise building in the South Waterfront District in Portland, Oregon, United States. Architecture and interior design for the Mirabella was performed by Ankrom Moisan Architects. Construction began in 2008 on the  tall residential tower. It joined both the John Ross Tower and 3720 Tower as the seventh-tallest building in Portland when it was completed in 2010. The Mirabella consists of 30 floors and features 284 senior citizen housing units. The building is the first senior living community in the South Waterfront District. Mirabella received a platinum certification under LEED guidelines in October 2010.

See also
List of tallest buildings in Portland, Oregon

References

External links

Ankrom Moisan Architects official site, Mirabella Portland

Residential skyscrapers in Portland, Oregon
2010 establishments in Oregon
Retirement communities in the United States
South Portland, Portland, Oregon
Buildings and structures completed in 2010


The Wineville Chicken Coop murders, also known as the Wineville Chicken murders, were a series of abductions and murders of young boys that occurred in the city of Los Angeles and in Riverside County, California between 1926 and 1928. The murders were carried out by Gordon Stewart Northcott, a 19-year-old farmer who had moved to California from Canada two years prior, as well as his mother, Sarah Louise Northcott, and his nephew, Sanford Clark.

Northcott was arrested while visiting his sister in Canada in November 1928. The case received national attention due to one of the assumed victims being Walter Collins, the nine-year-old son of Christine Collins, who had gone missing in March of that year. While authorities initially considered the possibility that the total number of boys killed on the farm might have been as high as 20, this theory was eliminated as the investigation began to unfold. Northcott was found guilty of three of the murders in February 1929, and was executed at San Quentin State Prison in October 1930.

Murders
Gordon Stewart Northcott was born in Bladworth, Saskatchewan, Canada, and raised in British Columbia. He moved to Los Angeles, California, with his parents in 1924. Two years later, at the age of 19, Northcott asked his father to purchase a plot of land in the community of Wineville, located in Riverside County, where he built a chicken ranch and a house with the help of his father and his nephew, 11-year-old Sanford Clark. It was under this pretext that Northcott brought Clark from Bladworth to the U.S. Upon the boy's arrival at the Wineville ranch, Northcott began to physically and sexually abuse Clark.

In August 1928, out of concern for his welfare, Clark's 19-year-old older sister Jessie visited him at the Wineville ranch. At that time, Clark told her that he feared for his life. One night, while Northcott was asleep, Jessie learned from Clark that Northcott had murdered four boys at his ranch. Once she returned to Canada a week later, Jessie informed an American consul there of Northcott's crimes. The consul then wrote a letter to the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) detailing Jessie's sworn complaint. Because there was initially some concern over an immigration issue, the LAPD contacted the United States Immigration Service to determine facts relating to the complaint.

On August 31, 1928, Immigration Service inspectors Judson F. Shaw and George W. Scallorn visited the ranch. Northcott, having seen the agents driving up the long road to his ranch, fled into the treeline at the edge of his property, telling Clark to stall them and threatening to shoot him from the treeline with a rifle if he didn't comply. For the next two hours, while Clark stalled, Northcott kept running. Finally, when Clark felt that the agents could protect him, he told them that Northcott had fled.

Northcott and his mother, Sarah Louise, fled to Canada but were arrested near Vernon, British Columbia, on September 19, 1928. Clark testified at Sarah Louise's sentencing that Northcott had kidnapped, molested, beaten, and killed three young boys with the help of his mother and Clark himself. Clark also testified about the murder of a fourth young man, a Mexican citizen (possibly Alvin Gothea), whose decapitated head Northcott had forced Clark to dispose of by burning it in a fire pit and then crushing the skull. Northcott stated that he "left the headless body by the side of the road near [La] Puente because he had no other place to put it." He stated that quicklime was used to dispose of the remains and that the bodies were buried on the ranch.

Body parts found
Authorities found three shallow graves at the ranch exactly where Clark had stated they were. These graves did not contain complete bodies, but only parts. Clark and his sister Jessie testified that Northcott and his mother had exhumed the bodies on the evening of August 4, 1928, a few weeks before Clark was taken into protective custody. They had taken the bodies to a deserted area, where they were most likely burned in the night. The complete bodies were never recovered.

The evidence found in the graves consisted of "51 parts of human anatomy... those silent bits of evidence, of human bones and blood, have spoken and corroborated the testimony of living witnesses". This evidence enabled the authorities to conclude that Walter Collins, two brothers named Lewis and Nelson Winslow (aged 12 and 10, respectively), and the unidentified fourth victim had all been murdered. The body parts and Clark's testimony resulted in a death sentence for Gordon Northcott and life imprisonment for Sarah Louise Northcott, who was paroled in 1940. She died in 1944.

Aftermath
Wineville changed its name to Mira Loma on November 1, 1930, in large part because of the negative publicity surrounding the murders. The new cities of Eastvale and Jurupa Valley took different parts of the area of Mira Loma in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Wineville Avenue, Wineville Road, Wineville Park, and other geographic references provide reminders of the community's former name.

Clark returned to Saskatoon, where city records indicate that he died on June 20, 1991.

Imprisonment and execution
Canadian police arrested Northcott and his mother on September 19, 1928. Due to errors in the extradition paperwork, they were not returned to Los Angeles until November 30, 1928.

While the two were being held in British Columbia awaiting extradition to California, Sarah confessed to the murders, including the murder of nine-year-old Walter Collins. But before being extradited to California, she retracted her confession, as did Northcott, who had confessed to killing more than five boys.

After Sarah and her son had been extradited from British Columbia to California, she once again confessed and pleaded guilty to killing Walter Collins. She was not tried; upon her plea of guilty, Superior Court Judge Morton sentenced her to life imprisonment on December 31, 1928, sparing her a death sentence because she was a woman. During her sentencing hearing, she claimed that her son was innocent and made a variety of claims about his parentage, including that he was an illegitimate son of an English nobleman, that she was Gordon's grandmother, and that he was the result of incest between her husband, Cyrus George Northcott, and their daughter. She also stated that as a child, Gordon was sexually abused by the entire family. After being sentenced, Sarah attempted to commit suicide and begged the authorities not to execute her son. "I got a square deal," she said. "If they'll just be good to my boy if they just won’t hang him!" After learning that her son would be hanged, Sarah begged the authorities to hang her as well. Sarah served her sentence at Tehachapi State Prison and was paroled in 1940. She died in 1944.

Gordon Northcott was implicated in the murder of Walter Collins, but because his mother had already confessed and been sentenced for it, the state chose to not prosecute Gordon for that murder.

It was speculated that Gordon may have killed as many as 20 boys, but the State of California could not produce evidence to support that speculation. Ultimately, the state only brought an indictment against Gordon for the murders of an unidentified underage Mexican national (known as the "headless Mexican") and the brothers Lewis and Nelson Winslow (aged 12 and 10, respectively). The brothers had been reported missing from Pomona on May 16, 1928.

In early 1929, Gordon Northcott's trial was held before Judge George R. Freeman in Riverside County, California. The jury heard that he kidnapped, molested, tortured, and murdered the Winslow brothers and the "headless Mexican" in 1928. On February 8, 1929, the 27-day trial ended with Gordon being convicted of those murders.

On February 13, 1929, Freeman sentenced him to death and he was hanged on October 2, 1930 at San Quentin State Prison. He was 23 years old.

Involved people

Gordon Stewart Northcott (November 9, 1906 – October 2, 1930)

Christine Collins (December 14, 1888 – December 8, 1964)

Sanford Clark (March 1, 1913 – June 20, 1991)

Sanford's older sister, Jessie, became suspicious of the letters Sanford was forced to send home from Northcott's ranch. These letters assured the family that Sanford was well.

Jessie traveled to the ranch in Wineville and stayed there for several days. At night, Clark told his sister about the crimes that had been committed at the Ranch. Jessie became terrified of Northcott, left the ranch, and returned to Canada. There, she told the American consul about the crimes that had occurred at Wineville.

Sanford was not tried for murder because Assistant District Attorney Loyal C. Kelley believed very strongly that the boy was innocent. He said that Sanford had been a victim of Northcott's death threats and sexual abuse and was not a willing participant in the crimes committed at the chicken ranch.

Kelley told Sanford that he had secured an entirely unique settlement of Sanford's legal situation by having him taken to the nearby Whittier State School, where an experimental program for delinquent youths was under way. He assured Sanford that the Whittier school was unique because of its compassionate mission of genuine rehabilitation.

Sanford was sentenced to five years at the Whittier State School (later renamed the Fred C. Nelles Youth Correctional Facility). His sentence was later commuted to 23 months, as he "had impressed the Trustees with his temperament, job skills and his personal desire to live a productive life during his nearly two years there."

He died in 1991 at the age of 78, and was buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan in 1993.

Walter Collins (September 23, 1918 – 1928)
Nine-year-old Walter Collins was abducted when he went to the movies and never came back, on March 10, 1928. He lived in Lincoln Heights, Los Angeles.

Initially, his mother, Christine Collins, and the police believed that enemies of Walter Collins, Sr. had abducted Walter. Walter Collins, Sr. had been convicted of eight armed robberies and was an inmate at Folsom State Prison.

Walter Collins' disappearance received nationwide attention and the Los Angeles Police Department followed up hundreds of leads without success. The police faced negative publicity and increasing public pressure to solve the case.

Five months after Walter's disappearance, a boy claiming to be Walter was found in DeKalb, Illinois. Letters and photographs were exchanged before Walter's mother, Christine Collins, eventually paid for the boy to be brought to Los Angeles. A public reunion was organized by the police, who hoped to negate the bad publicity they had received for their failure to solve this case and others. The police also hoped that the uplifting story would deflect attention from a series of corruption scandals that had sullied the department's reputation. At the reunion, Christine stated that the boy was not her son. She was told by the officer in charge of the case, police Captain J. J. Jones, to take the boy home to "try him out for a couple of weeks". Christine hesitantly agreed to do that.

Three weeks later, Christine returned to see Captain Jones and persisted in her claim that the boy was not Walter. Even though she had dental records proving it, Jones had her committed to the psychiatric ward at Los Angeles County Hospital under a "Code 12", a term used to jail or commit someone who was deemed difficult or inconvenient.

During Christine's incarceration, Jones questioned the boy, who admitted to being 12-year-old Arthur Hutchens, Jr., a runaway originally from Iowa. A drifter at a roadside café in Illinois had told Hutchens of his resemblance to the missing Walter, so Hutchens came up with a plan to impersonate Walter. His motive was to get to Hollywood so that he could meet his favorite actor, Tom Mix.

Christine was released 10 days after Hutchens admitted that he was not her son. She then filed a lawsuit against the Los Angeles Police Department.

On September 13, 1930, Christine won a lawsuit against Jones and was awarded $10,800 (), which Jones never paid. The last newspaper account of Christine is from 1941, when she attempted to collect a $15,562 judgment against then-retired Captain Jones in the Superior Court.

Christine became hopeful that her son, Walter, might still be alive after her first interview with Gordon Stewart Northcott. She asked Northcott if he had killed her son, and after listening to his repeated lies, confessions, and recantations, she concluded that Northcott was insane. Because Northcott did not seem to know whether he had even met Walter, much less killed him, she clung to the hope that Walter was still alive.

Northcott sent Christine a telegram shortly before his execution, saying he had lied when he denied that Walter was among his victims. He promised to tell the truth, if she came in person to hear it. Just a few hours before the execution, Christine visited Northcott. But upon her arrival, he balked. "I don't want to see you," he said when she confronted him. "I don't know anything about it. I'm innocent."

A news account said, "The distraught woman was outraged by Northcott's conduct... but was also comforted by it. Northcott's ambiguous replies and his seeming refusal to remember such details as Walter's clothing and the color of his eyes gave her continued hope that her son still lived."

Lewis and Nelson Winslow
Lewis, 12, and Nelson, 10, were the sons of Nelson Winslow, Sr. and his wife. The boys were abducted on May 16, 1928, from Pomona, California on their way home from a yacht club meeting. Northcott was convicted of kidnapping and killing them.

Mr. Winslow led a lynch mob to the Riverside County Jail, where Northcott was temporarily being held, with the intent of hanging Northcott after the completion of his trial but before his sentencing. Police convinced the mob to disband.

Arthur J. Hutchens, Jr., the imposter
In 1933, Arthur J. Hutchens, Jr. wrote about how and why he impersonated the missing boy, Walter Collins. Hutchens' biological mother had died in 1925 when he was nine years old, and he had been living with his stepmother, Violet Hutchens.

Hutchens pretended to be Walter Collins to get as far away as possible from his stepmother. After living on the road for a month, he arrived in DeKalb, Illinois. When police brought him in, they began to ask him questions about Walter Collins. Initially he stated that he did not know about Walter, but changed his story when he saw a chance of getting to California.

He died in 1954.

Reverend Gustav Briegleb
Briegleb was a Presbyterian minister and an early radio evangelist. He was the pastor of St. Paul's Presbyterian Church on Jefferson Boulevard at Third Avenue in Los Angeles, California.

He took up many important causes in the City of Los Angeles in the 1920s and 1930s, most notably the poor handling of the Walter Collins kidnapping case in 1928. He fought to have Christine Collins released from a mental hospital after she was committed there in retaliation for disagreeing with the Los Angeles Police Department's version of events. He died in 1943 at the age of 61.

The boy who came forward
In 1935, five years after Northcott's execution, a boy and his parents came forward and spoke to authorities. Seven years earlier, the boy had gone missing, and the parents had reported his disappearance to the police. At the time of the boy's disappearance, authorities speculated that he might have been a murder victim at Wineville.

Sanford Clark, however, never told authorities that a boy had escaped from the chicken coop. The historical record and Sanford Clark's own testimony indicate that only three boys were ever held in the chicken coop. These were Walter Collins and the two Winslow brothers, all of whom were murdered.

In popular culture

 The 2008 Clint Eastwood directed film Changeling, starring John Malkovich and Angelina Jolie, is partly based on the Wineville Chicken Coop Murders. The film centers around Christine Collins, her struggles against the LAPD, and her search to find Walter. In the film, Northcott was portrayed by Jason Butler Harner.
 "The Big Imposter" — episode #104 of the radio series Dragnet — was based upon these events. It aired on June 7, 1951. When the series was moved to television, the radio script was made into a teleplay. It aired on December 4, 1952.
 One of the plotlines of American Horror Story: Hotel centers around the murders. In a flashback, the son of Ms. Evers, maid of the Hotel Cortez, is abducted by a man on Halloween. The surrounding events imply her son was one of Gordon Northcott's unidentified victims.
 "Body Farm", episode 12 of season 3 of the Investigation Discovery series Evil Kin, focuses on the Wineville Chicken Coop Murders, and examines early warning signs of Northcott's pedophilia, his abusive relationship with Sanford, Jessie's rescue of Sanford, and Sarah Louise's obsessive love for her son. It aired on October 6, 2015.
 The 2009 Criminal Minds episode "Haunted" features a character based on Gordon Stewart Northcott called the Hollow Creek Killer.

See also

 List of murdered American children
 List of people who disappeared
 Disappearance of Bobby Dunbar, missing person case in which a non-related child was returned to the family of the missing boy.

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
 Northcott  A collection of 121 photographs associated with the Wineville case in the Los Angeles Public Library.
 Riverside Public Library, Northcott Murders: James Jeffrey Paul's Research Materials. A collection of materials donated by James Jeffrey Paul, which were used in the research for his book, Nothing is Strange with You: The Life and Crimes of Gordon Stewart Northcott.
Wineville Chicken Coop Murders at Crime Museum

1920s kidnappings in the United States
1926 in California
1926 murders in the United States
1927 in California
1928 in California
American murder victims
Axe murder
Child sexual abuse in the United States
Formerly missing people
History of Los Angeles
Incidents of violence against boys
Jurupa Valley, California
Kidnappings in the United States
Missing people
Missing person cases in California
Murder in Riverside County, California
Child murder in the United States
People murdered in California
Serial murders in the United States
Sexual assaults in the United States
Torture in the United States
Unidentified American children
Unidentified murder victims in California
Violence against men in North America


The Vulcanus in Japan programme is an industry-oriented student exchange program for EU students. It was established in 1997 by the EU-Japan Centre for Industrial Cooperation, a joint venture between the European Commission and the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. Its main objective is to promote industrial cooperation between European and Japanese companies.

Goals

The Vulcanus in Japan programme consists of industrial placements for EU students. The participants are selected from among the best applicants (on average 700 per year). To be eligible, students must be in between the 4th official year of university studies (3 undergraduate + 1) and the penultimate year of PhD in the fields of Engineering, Science or Architecture. The final objective is to train a pool of future executives capable of interacting socially and professionally with Japanese people, by familiarizing them with the Japanese corporate culture.

Host companies

Requirements

To be eligible, students must meet the following requirements:
 be an EU citizen;
 be registered at an EU university on a postgraduate or undergraduate course in at least the fourth year;
 be able to take a year out;
 be a student in one of the following fields:
 Engineering;
 Sciences;
 Architecture.

High proficiency in the English language is a sine qua non-requirement for applicants.

None of the work performed by a participant in a hosting company, even related to research activities, can be used as thesis material.

Application and selection

The selection of participants is performed in two steps:

First, shortlisted students will be chosen based on the documents provided (see below). In the second phase, the final decisions are taken by the host companies.

The first selection is performed by judging the following documents, which are required for the application:
 Application form
 Curriculum Vitae
 motivation letter
 Recommendation letter (written by a university professor)
 All the grades obtained at the university
 University grading system
 Attitude towards Japan and EU-Japan relations

Students' international profiles, motivation and technical skills will be the critical information in the above list of documents.

After the first selection is performed, the students are given a list of host companies from which they may pick one or two — one being already chosen by the judging board. Then the applicants must write a dedicated motivation letter for each of the host companies, which will be sent directly to the human resource department of the company. These companies perform the final selection.

Content of the programme

All the participants in the Vulcanus in Japan programme follow:
 A four-month intensive Japanese language course, which is supplemented by
 seminars related to Japan (culture, society, economy, history, etc.)
 company and factory visits
 cultural activities
 an eight-month internship in a Japanese company

Japanese language course

As Japanese language proficiency is not a requirement for the applicants (even if appreciated), the first part of the Vulcanus in Japan programme consists of a four-month intensive Japanese language course, at the rate of 5–6 hours per day, five days a week, taught by the teachers of a private Japanese language school. Participants who have never learned Japanese are provided with the basic knowledge useful for daily life in Japan and basic communication in a Japanese company. During the language course, students learn about the language and Japanese culture, history, living habits, etc.

Participants with some Japanese language skills follow classes adapted to their level.

Seminars
During the first four months of the program, participants follow seminars of about 3 hours each, led by teachers from renowned universities or companies. These seminars are related to Japanese culture, society, economy and history, and help the participants to understand the country better.

Company and factory visits

Depending on the programme year, visits to leading companies are organized by the program for the participants to study and learn about the Japanese industry. Here is a non-exhaustive list of the companies and factories visited in the past:
 Hitachi
 Panasonic
 Sanyo
 Toppan Printing
 Toyota
 Komatsu Spring
 Nissan
 Yamatake Corporation (:ja:山武 (企業))
 Fujitsu Ltd.

Cultural activities

Some of the cultural activities are organized by the EU-Japan Centre, and some by the schools organizing the language courses. They include:
 Calligraphy
 soba, tempura cooking, preparation of sushi, etc.
 Wind chime (fūrin) making
 Tea ceremony
 Sumo tournament watching
 Indigo dye
 Zazen

Activities vary depending on the year of participation, but they are intended for participants to learn more about Japanese culture.

Internship
The internships start in January and last till August. Placement, accommodation, tasks and schedules vary greatly and depend on the hosting company. During the internship students are required to write monthly reports to keep track of their records.

All participants receive information on local Japanese language schools, but the continuation of language studies is voluntary.

Scholarship

The participants are awarded a pro-rata grant of around Yen 1.900.000, that may vary over the years, to cover the cost of travel to and from Japan and living expenses in Japan. The language course, the seminar, the accommodation in Japan for the entire stay are provided free of charge.

Accommodation is provided and financed by the hosting company for the whole duration of the program.

See also

Student exchange
European Commission
Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade & Industry

External links
Vulcanus in Japan on the EU-Japan website (English and Japanese).
Vulcanus in Japan alumni website

Student exchange


Ed Gataveckas (born December 29, 1957) was a linebacker who played ten seasons in the Canadian Football League for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. He was a part of the Tiger-Cats 1986 Grey Cup winning team. He was a teacher at Meadowvale Secondary School until his retirement in 2016.

References

External links
CFL Bio

1957 births
Acadia Axemen football players
Canadian football linebackers
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
Living people
Players of Canadian football from Ontario
Canadian football people from Toronto


Smithgall Woods Conservation Area and Lodge is a  Georgia state park, lodge and protected wilderness area near Helen, Georgia. It contains old growth forests, 12 miles of trout streams, and populations of wild turkeys, bears and deer.

The area is named for Charles A. Smithgall Jr., a Georgia publisher, broadcaster and philanthropist who sold the property to the state in 1994 for half its appraised value. He had assembled the acreage in the 1970s and had a team clear trash, restock streams and plant thousands of trees. In a 1988 interview Smithgall was quoted, "At some point, a man has to put something back. I hate to see people just take from the land and never put something back."

Facilities

Picnic Shelters
Campground - for youth groups only
Hiking Trails
Visitor Center
The Lodge at Smithgall Woods

References

External links

   Smithgall Woods Conservation Area and Lodge

State parks of Georgia (U.S. state)
Protected areas of White County, Georgia


Almog (, lit. Coral)  is an Israeli settlement in the West Bank, near the northwestern shores of the Dead Sea, in the Jordan Rift Valley, organized as a kibbutz. It is under the jurisdiction of the Megilot Regional Council. In  its population was . The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.

History
According to ARIJ, in 1977 Israel confiscated   524 dunams of land from the Palestinian site of Nabi Musa in order to construct Almog.

Initially established as a Nahal settlement in 1977, Almog became a kibbutz in 1979. It was named after Yehuda Kopolevitz Almog, a Third Aliyah pioneer who founded the potash mining industry which developed into the Dead Sea Works in Sodom. In the 1930s, Almog was one of the founders of the nearby kibbutz Beit HaArava.

Economy
The kibbutz runs a guesthouse and spa. On the grounds of the kibbutz is a small museum displaying copies of the scrolls found in Qumran. The kibbutz grows a variety of experimental crops for export.

References

Kibbutzim
Populated places established in 1977
Kibbutz Movement
Nahal settlements
Non-religious Israeli settlements
1977 establishments in the Israeli Military Governorate
Israeli settlements in the West Bank


A helping hand, also known as a third hand, soldering hand, or X-tra Hands, is a type of extremely adjustable jig used in soldering and craftwork to hold materials near each other so that the user can work on them.

Description
A commonly produced version consists of a weighted base, a pair of twice-adjustable arms ending in crocodile clips, and optionally a magnifying glass, held together by flexible joints. It is usual to work with an additional table lamp and there are also some third-hand models, with light already incorporated.

Purpose

The clips are used to hold a light workpiece in place while the joints allow the user to change the position or angle. Sometimes helping hands are augmented with modules from the adjustable coolant hose systems used with machine tools.

Similar instruments

There are various types of hand tools and similar instruments for assistance or temporary support for work, crafts and even for other tools, such as:

 Clamp
 Retort stand
 Band clamp
 Tie down strap
 Cable tie
 Rubber band
 Clothespin
 Tourniquet
 Neodymium magnet
 Vise
 Pipe clamp
 Utility clamp
 Locking pliers

Bibliography

 Odendahl, Manuel - Finn, Julian - Wenger, Alex: Arduino. Physical Computing für Bastler, Designer und Geeks. (Microcontroller-Programmierung für alle. Rapid Prototyping. Mit kompletter Programmiersprachenreferenz.). 2. Auflage. O'Reilly, Köln. 2010, , P. 69
 Millán Gómez, Simón (2006). Procedimientos de Mecanizado. Madrid: Editorial Paraninfo.
 Henning Ahlers: Spannmittel in: Taschenbuch der Werkzeugmaschinen, Carl Hanser Verlag, 2015.
 Perovic, Bozina. Vorrichtungen im Werkzeugmaschinenbau – Grundlagen, Berechnung und Konstruktion, Springer, 2013
 Bohne, René. Making things wearable: intelligente Kleidung selber schneidern. O'Reilly. 2012. , P. 121

See also

 Ergonomics
 User-centered design
 Degrees of freedom (engineering)
 Apparatus
 Easel
 Soldering station
 Volume animation (Stop motion)

References

Tools
Brazing and soldering


Ouvrage Restefond is a work (gros ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line.  The ouvrage consists of one artillery block and three observation blocks at the summit of the Col de la Bonette. The entry block and an artillery block were not completed, and a further block was never built. At , Restefond is the highest Maginot ouvrage.

Description
Block 1 (unfinished entry): one machine gun cloche and one heavy twin  machine gun embrasure. A 47mm anti-tank gun was planned.
Block 2 (infantry block): one machine gun cloche and two 81mm mortar embrasures.
Block 3 (infantry block): one machine gun cloche and one heavy twin machine gun embrasure.
Block 4 (infantry block): one observation cloche, one machine gun cloche and one heavy twin machine gun embrasure.
Block 5 (uncompleted artillery block): three 75mm gun embrasures.
Block 6 (artillery block): three 75mm gun embrasures, intended primarily for indirect fire.
Block 7 (unbuilt): three 75mm gun embrasures, later proposed to be armed with a twin 75mm gun turret.

Restefond includes 668 meters of underground galleries at a depth of 64 meters. The position remains the property of the French military, with much of its equipment intact. Some of the uninstalled equipment remains at the Restefond barracks nearby.

1940
See Fortified Sector of the Dauphiné for a broader discussion of the Dauphiné sector of the Alpine Line.
Block 6 fired on Italian forces in June 1940 as they advanced toward the Col des Fourches.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links

 Rimplas (gros ouvrage du) at fortiff.be
 Patrimoine XXeme, Ouvrage Restefond

REST
Maginot Line
Alpine Line


is a passenger railway station  located in the city of  Nishinomiya Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the private transportation company Hankyu Railway. It is located near Kwansei Gakuin University and highschools so many students use this station.

Lines
Kōtōen  Station is served by the Hankyu Imazu Line, and is located 5.4 kilometers from the terminus of the line at  and 17.9 kilometers from .

Layout
The station consists of two opposed ground-level side platforms connected by an elevated station building. The effective length of the platform is 6 cars for Track 1 and 8 cars for Track 2.

Platforms

Adjacent stations

History
Kōtōen Station opened on June 1, 1922.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 26,007 passengers daily

Surrounding area
Kwansei Gakuin University
Kwansei Gakuin Junior High School
Kwansei Galuin Senior High School
Hōtoku Gakuen High School
Nigawa Gakuin

See also
List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links

Kōtōen Station (Hankyu Railway)

Railway stations in Hyōgo Prefecture
Hankyu Railway Imazu Line
Stations of Hankyu Railway
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1922
Nishinomiya


Joseph Thomas Del Pesco is a contemporary art curator and arts writer. He is currently the International Director of Kadist.

Biography
He holds a 2005 Masters of Arts degree in Curatorial Practice from the California College of the Arts.

He was co-founder of The Waiting Room with Jay Heikes and Jen Murphy in Minneapolis and was program director at the Soap Factory in 2002, and assistant curator of the Nelson Gallery at UC Davis.

In 2006 he was awarded a curatorial residency at the Banff Centre. Along with artist Scott Oliver, del Pesco founded the San Francisco Bay Area-based Shotgun Review, which was later taken over by Patricia Maloney and developed into Art Practical. The Shotgun Review was part of a larger exhibition project at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts called the Collective Foundation, a "research and development organization offering services to artists and arts organizations".

Del Pesco is currently the Director of the Kadist Art Foundation in San Francisco, and previously worked as adjunct curator for Artists Space in New York City. He has curated exhibitions at Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, the Nelson Gallery and Fine Arts Collection at the University of California, Davis with curator Renny Pritikin, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and the de Young Art Center.

In 2009 he organized an experimental school-without-walls called the Pickpocket Almanack with the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. As an artist, del Pesco was chosen to participate in the Renaissance Society's 2002 group show, Watery, Domestic. and was the recipient of a Jerome Foundation Fellowship.

Publications
Del Pesco has had his writing published in Flash Art, Manifesta Journal, Fillip, X-Tra, Proximity, NERO, Mousse, and TENbyTEN Magazines.
In 2018, his book of short stories "The Museum Took a Few Minutes to Collect Itself" was published by Art Metropole (Toronto, Canada).

External links
Official Website
SFMOMA Blog
The Collective Foundation
Interview with Fillip

References

American art curators
California College of the Arts alumni
1975 births
Living people


Jean Robert Beaulé (June 17, 1927 – January 9, 2005) was a Canadian politician, electrician, insurance broker and railway employee. He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1962 federal election as a Member of the Social Credit Party to represent the riding of Quebec East. He was re-elected in the 1963 election and resigned from the party with other Quebec Social credit MPs to form the Ralliement Créditiste. He was defeated in the 1965 election. He died in 2005 in Quebec City.

References

External links

1927 births
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Politicians from Greater Sudbury
Politicians from Quebec City
Social Credit Party of Canada MPs
Franco-Ontarian people
2005 deaths


Eriogonum plumatella is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name yucca buckwheat. It is native to the desert southwest of the United States.

Description
This is an erect shrub reaching a maximum of about 60 centimeters in height and having a narrow, nonspreading profile. Its branching inflorescence has small, woolly, oval-shaped leaves each about a centimeter long.

The top of the plant is occupied by flower clusters which sometimes appear as though arranged in horizontal layers. The flowers are generally pale yellow or white.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment - Eriogonum plumatella
Eriogonum plumatella - Photo gallery

plumatella
Flora of Arizona
Flora of Nevada
Flora of the Sonoran Deserts
Flora of the California desert regions
Flora of the Great Basin
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Ouvrage Col de Restefond is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line.  The ouvrage consists of three infantry blocks. It is located directly adjacent to the Col de Restefond road at an altitude of . Construction work was completed in 1934, but the ouvrage was not armed until 1938.

Description
See Fortified Sector of the Dauphiné for a broader discussion of the Dauphiné sector of the Alpine Line.
Block 1 (entry): one machine gun cloche and one heavy twin machine gun embrasure.
Block 2 (south entry): one machine gun embrasure.
Block 3 (south entry): one machine gun cloche and one heavy twin machine gun embrasure.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Restefond (petit ouvrage du col de) at fortiff.be

COLR
Maginot Line
Alpine Line


"Damaged" is a song by American girl group Danity Kane. It was written by Justin Walker, Sean Combs, Mario Winans, Jonathan Yip, Edward Logan, Jeremy Reeves, Micayle McKinney, Ray Romulos, Shannon "Slam" Lawrence, Rose Marie Tan, and James Smith. The song was produced by the Stereotypes, with additional production from Combs and Winans, for the band's second studio album, Welcome to the Dollhouse (2008).

Released as the album's lead single on November 20, 2007, in the United States, the song reached number 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100, where it became the band's second top-10 hit. In addition, "Damaged" reached the top 30 on the Canadian Hot 100, their first song to chart there. In 2017, Billboard ranked the song number 38 on their list of the "100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time".

Commercial performance
The song was released to legal digital download sites on November 27, 2007, in the United States. It reached the top ten in the US and Ukraine.

Music video
The music video for "Damaged" was directed by Syndrome and premiered on March 11, 2008, on MTV's TRL, where it peaked at number 3 on its countdown. In its entirety it premiered  on MTV.com. The video also premiered as the 'New Joint' on BET's 106 & Park on March 20, 2008. The song peaked at No. 6.

The video features the members of Danity Kane in a futuristic theme. The pink special effects are used to represent the setting of being within an actual heart. Throughout the video, choreography is done along with the music and the girls are shown in a futuristic room with screens of them performing the choreography, which they see while laying down on a futuristic bed. Towards the end of the music video, the beds that the girls are lying on close to form a heart, which happens to be the heart of a man on a stretcher in a hospital. Medical staff, who turn out to be the members of Danity Kane, try to revive him. The music video then transitions to a setting where the man is in his bedroom with a note on him saying "Tired of the damage – DK".

Awards

Formats and track listings
Australian single
 "Damaged" (album version) – 4:06
 "Damaged" (Global Factory Radio Edit) – 3:25
 "Damaged" (DJ Richie Rich X-Mix Remix) – 4:21

US "Dance Mixes" digital release
 "Damaged" (Friscia & Lamboy Club Mix) – 9:05
 "Damaged" (Global Factory Mix Club Mix) – 7:49
 "Damaged" (DJ Richie Rich X-Mix Remix) – 4:21
 "Damaged" (Friscia & Lamboy Radio Edit) – 4:44
 "Damaged" (Global Factory Radio Edit) – 3:25
 "Damaged" (Friscia & Lamboy Dub) – 8:55
 "Damaged" (Friscia & Lamboy Club Mix No. 2) – 6:33

US "Urban Remixes" digital release
 "Damaged" (Remix featuring Fabolous) – 4:07
 "Damaged" (Remix featuring Gorilla Zoe) – 4:08
 "Damaged" (Remix featuring Fabolous) (clean version) – 4:07
 "Damaged" (Remix featuring Gorilla Zoe) (clean version) – 4:08

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Release history

References

2008 singles
2008 songs
Danity Kane songs
Bad Boy Records singles
Songs written by Sean Combs
Songs written by Mario Winans
Songs written by Micayle McKinney
Song recordings produced by the Stereotypes
Songs written by Jonathan Yip
Songs written by Ray Romulus
Songs written by Jeremy Reeves


Ouvrage Granges Communes is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line.  The ouvrage consists of one infantry block facing Italy.  Additional blocks were planned but not built. Granges Communes is located about four kilometers northeast of Ouvrage Restefond on the Col de Raspaillon (or the Col de Granges Communes) at an altitude of .

The position was placed to control the Col de Raspaillon road descending from the Camp des Fourches toward Bousiéyas. Construction  began in 1931 and proceeded slowly due to design changes. By 1940 the entrance block remained uncompleted. The entrance block that presently exists was built in 1956 as part of a NATO policy of upgrading certain fortifications to block an advance by Warsaw Pact forces through northern Italy.

Description
See Fortified Sector of the Dauphiné for a broader discussion of the Dauphiné sector of the Alpine Line.
Block 1 (entry): one machine gun port, planned block largely unbuilt.
Block 2 (infantry block): two machine gun cloches, two heavy twin machine gun cloches and two machine gun embrasures.

Additional blocks were planned but not built. The underground portions of the ouvrage consist of two parallel galleries containing the garrison's living quarters, magazine and supporting utilities. The fortifications are presently abandoned and open to the elements.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Granges Communes (petit ouvrage des) at fortiff.be

GRAN
Maginot Line
Alpine Line


Bhagchandra (Bhaskar) Jain (born on 11 September 1936) is an Indian scholar, renowned for his knowledge of Jainism and Buddhism, and of classical Indian languages including Pali and Sanskrit. His career has spanned more than five decades. He is the recipient of the 2004 "Presidential Award" for his contribution to Pali-Prakrit languages and Buddhism & Jainism religions.

Bhagchandraji received his Ph.D. from Vidyodaya (University of Ceylon) in 1966. His dissertation was later published as Jainism in Buddhist Literature in 1972, which has since emerged as a major reference on the topic.

He was Head of Department of Pali and Prakrit at Nagpur University from 1965 to 1996, and he served as the director of Parshvanath Vidyapith at Varanasi from 1999 to 2001. He is currently working as a Professor Emeritus in JAIN Vishwabharti (Deemed University), Ladnun in Rajasthan.  Previously, he worked at JRRS University, Jaipur as Professor & Head of Jain Philosophy as well.

Mr. Bhagchandra Jain’s scholarly contributions include more than 60 books and 300 research papers, and he has been a visiting Professor at universities in the United States, Canada, and Europe. He is a recipient of three Doctor of Literature (D.Litt.) degrees viz. D.Litt. (Sanskrit), D.Litt. (Pali – Prakrit) and D.Litt. (Hindi) which has not been achieved by anyone else in the world and is a world record. In addition, he is a holder of M.A. (Ancient Indian History, Culture, and Archaeology), M.A. (Pali), and M.A. (Sanskrit, Shastracharya (Prakrit and Jain Darshan), Acharya (Sanskrit Sahitya)). Bhagchandra has received several awards and honors, including the Presidential Certificate of Honour in Pali/Prakrit in 2004.

Mr. Bhagchandra Jain served as an editor of several periodicals including Jain Milan, Ratnatraya, Suddharma, Shramana, Nagpur University Journal, and Prachin Tirth Jirnoddhar; and has represented Jainism, Buddhism and Indology at World Religious Conferences (including Harvard University)  and chaired the sessions in the U.S., U.K., Canada and European countries.

He is married to Dr. Pushpalata Jain, former head of the Department of Hindi at St. Francis de Sales College, Nagpur.

References

External links
  Jain Pracheen Teerth Jeernodhar Journal

 Jain Samaj Online Directory

 National Library of Australia Catalogue

 List of selected books

1939 births
Living people
Indian Indologists
20th-century Indian Jain writers
Indian Sanskrit scholars


Howard Fields (born March 15, 1958 in Chickasha, Oklahoma) is a former Gridiron football player in the Canadian Football League for nine years. Fields played cornerback for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats and the Calgary Stampeders from 1981-1989. He was a CFL All-Star in 1985 and 1988,  and also won the Grey Cup with the Tiger-Cats in 1986.  He played college football at Baylor University. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the twelfth round of the 1980 NFL Draft.

References

1958 births
Living people
People from Chickasha, Oklahoma
American football cornerbacks
Baylor Bears football players
American players of Canadian football
Canadian football defensive backs
Hamilton Tiger-Cats players
Calgary Stampeders players
Players of American football from Oklahoma


Ouvrage La Moutière is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line at an altitude of 2440 meters.  The ouvrage consists of one entry block, one infantry block and one observation block, with an unarmed exit block. The ouvrage supported the Ouvrage Restefond on the crest of the pass, guarding its southern flank. It also covered the Col de la Barcelonnette to the north. The position was built between 1931 and 1935.

Description
See Fortified Sector of the Dauphiné for a broader discussion of the Dauphiné sector of the Alpine Line.
Block 1 (entry): two machine gun embrasures. The block is equipped with a metal housing that functions as an access point when the winter snows cover the entrance.
Block 2 (infantry block): one heavy twin machine gun embrasure.
Block 3 (observation block): one machine gun cloche.
Block 4 (emergency exit/exhaust): no armament.

The underground section of the ouvrage consists of three parallel galleries linked by a smaller passage.

A fortified barracks for La Moutière's garrison was established at a lower altitude inside a semi-buried abri or shelter. The area around the position retains the vestiges of firing positions constructed of dry stone masonry pierced by embrasures for guns. The fortification saw no action in either 1940 or 1944.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928–45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 La Moutière (petit ouvrage de) at fortiff.be
 Map of the Col de la Bonette and La Moutiere

LAMO
Maginot Line
Alpine Line


Ouvrage Rimplas is a work (gros ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line, known also as the Little Maginot Line.  The ouvrage consists of one entry block, two infantry blocks and three artillery blocks at an altitude of .  It was the first ouvrage of any portion of the Maginot Line to be completed, in 1928. The ouvrage features an aerial tram entrance.

Located on a height to the southwest of Rimplas, the position was originally called Ouvrage de la Madeleine. While it was a prototype for later work, it is not entirely typical of Maginot fortifications, with large expanses of wall armored with 20 cm steel plate and other sections overlaid with stone masonry. The construction encountered problems with soil consistency and water infiltration. The underground portion of the ouvrage, containing the ammunition magazines, living quarters, command spaces, generating plant and communication galleries between the combat blocks covers three levels.  Rimplas stands on a prominent height above the Tinée and Valdeblore valleys before their streams join to form the river Var. It is supported by the petits ouvrages of Fressinéa and Valdeblore, all planned to control the approaches to Nice along the Var.

Work began in November 1930 and was completed in April 1934, initially performed by a contractor named Faraut and completed by Contesso, at a cost of 34.2 million francs, including 1.7 million francs for the aerial tram. The final cost was four times the initial estimate, making Rimplas the second most expensive position (after Monte Grosso) in the Alpine Line. Difficulties with the friable nature of the rock required that some rock faces be concreted or covered with masonry to stabilize them. The project went through three major design changes before completion.  The ouvrage was fully equipped and operational in August 1937. In 1940 the position was commanded by Captain Toussaint.

Description
Block 1 (artillery): one grenade launcher cloche, two heavy twin machine gun embrasures and one 81mm mortar embrasure.
Block 2 (infantry): one machine gun embrasure.
Block 3 (infantry): one machine gun cloche and one heavy twin machine gun embrasure.
Block 4 (artillery): one observation cloche, one heavy twin machine gun cloche and three 75mm gun embrasures, covering the Tinée valley.
Block 5 (artillery): one observation cloche, one machine gun cloche and three 75mm gun embrasures, covering the Valdeblore valley.

Rimplas was accessed by a single-cable aerial tram with a length of  and a rise of , leading directly into its own entrance block. The underground galleries were unusually laid out on two levels, with ammunition on the lower level and accommodations on the upper.

Rimplas was associated with the following avant-postes:
 Valabres Nord (Principal), built 1932 along the Tinée road beyond Fressinéa  with three blocks and 20 men. Block 1, entry, Block 2, along the road with one Parmat cloche containing a machine gun, and Block 3, a machine gun casemate. Small galleries extend under the road, and a small, separate block called Valabres Sud covers what was once a side road (now the main road) with a garrison of 17 men and a machine gun.
Seven small observation posts reported to Rimplas, including Caire-Gros, Pinéa, Fraccia-Roure Haut and Fraccia-Roure Bas.

History
Rimplas took a small part in France's resistance to the Italian invasion of France in June 1940 against the Italian Livorno Division, which crossed the frontier at Isola.  The Italians were stopped at Doanes, and Rimplas took no direct part in the fighting. Some of Rimplas' armament was confiscated by Italian forces following the armistice of 25 June 1940. It was partly re-armed in 1947 and maintained until 1972, when it was sold to the commune of Rimplas.  It was then used to grow mushrooms, the resultant humidity causing moisture damage. Ownership was transferred to the General Council of the Alpes-Maritimes with plans to make Rimplas a "place of memory."  "Les Amis de l’Ouvrage Maginot de la Madeleine" undertook restoration work and the ouvrage is open during summer months,

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928–45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 – La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Rimplas (gros ouvrage du) at fortiff.be
 Les Amis de l’Ouvrage Maginot de la Madeleine
 Ouvrage de Rimplas  at Chemins de mémoire

RIMP
Maginot Line
Alpine Line
World War II museums in France


Eriogonum pusillum is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name yellowturbans. It is native to the western United States where it grows in sandy soils in a number of habitats, especially in the Mojave Desert and Great Basin.

Description
This is a small annual herb reaching heights of anywhere from 5 to 30 centimeters. The woolly leaves are located at the base of the plant and are about a centimeter long and rounded.

The spindly naked branches of the inflorescence rise and branch, producing cup-shaped flower clusters at each node along the branches. Each tiny, glandular flower is about three millimeters wide at its maximum and turns from bright yellow to orange-red to red.

Desert tortoise
This is a food plant for the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii).

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment - Eriogonum pusillum
Eriogonum pusillum - Photo gallery

pusillum
Flora of the Southwestern United States
Flora of Oregon
Flora of Nevada
Flora of the California desert regions
Flora of the Great Basin
Flora of the Sonoran Deserts
Flora of California
Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Trout Lake is a lake in the municipalities of East Ferris and North Bay, Nipissing District, Northeastern Ontario, Canada. It lies approximately  east of the much larger Lake Nipissing, with the city of North Bay in between them. Trout Lake is the source of the Mattawa River and a significant body of water on a well-known historic North American voyageur (fur-trading) route. It is about  long and  wide and exits eastward into the Mattawa River, which flows via the Ottawa River to the St. Lawrence River. Some of the most difficult portages are found on this part of the voyageur route between Trout Lake and the end of the Mattawa River, e.g., Portage de Mauvaise Musique, located at the Talon Chute (named after explorer and voyageur Jean Talon).

History

Due to the short overland distance to Lake Nipissing, Trout Lake became a natural waypoint for Voyageurs en route to and from Mattawa.

A train derailment in the 1980's resulted in a significant toxic spill, which ended up wiping out the lake's population of landlocked Atlantic salmon.

Ecology & fishing

Although Atlantic salmon was successfully introduced into the lake in the past, spawning in Four Mile Creek, they did not survive the 1980's zinc spill. The lake has since been cleaned up and salmon has been re-introduced. The most common fish species today are; lake trout, largemouth bass, and northern pike, though several other species are present.

Water reservoir

The City of North Bay (population approx 54,000) draws its drinking water from Trout Lake. While the urban core of North Bay is located primarily between Trout Lake and Lake Nipissing, the city limits contain the lake's entire northern shore. Much of the lake's southern shore is located within the township of East Ferris.

Beaches & recreation

The City of North Bay maintains two lifeguard-staffed swimming beaches on the western shores of the lake.

Seaplane base

North Bay Water Aerodrome (CNH7) is a seaplane base located on the north shore of Delaney Bay, on the north-western end of the lake.

Bays

 Delaney Bay
 Dugas Bay
 Four Mile Bay
 Milnes Bay
 One Mile Bay

Islands

 Camp Island
 Cedar Island
 Dave Island
 Dellview Island
 Dunn Island
 Falconbridge Island
 Fitzsimmons Island
 Hemlock Island
 Hughes Island
 Joe Island
 Little Joe Island
 Louisville Island
 Murdoch Island
 Payne Island
 Poplar Island
 Rolph Island
 Shaftesbury Island
 Sunset Island
 Three Sisters Islands
 Trout Island

Tributaries

 Doran Creek
 Four Mile Creek
 Hogan Creek
 Lees Creek

See also

List of lakes in Ontario

References

Landforms of North Bay, Ontario
Hudson's Bay Company trading posts
Lakes of Nipissing District


is a passenger railway station  located in the city of  Nishinomiya Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the private transportation company Hankyu Railway. It is located near Mondo-Yakujin (Tōkōji), a famous tailsman temple and the station name is after the temple. In addition, Kobe College and Seiwa College are near the station.

Lines
Mondo-Yakujin Station is served by the Hankyu Imazu Line, and is located 6.4 kilometers from the terminus of the line at  and 16.9 kilometers from .

Layout
The station consists of two opposed ground-level side platforms, connected by an underground passage.

Platforms

Adjacent stations

History
The station opened on September 2, 1921 when the line between Nishinomiya-Kitaguchi and Takarazuka (then called the Saihō Line) started operation.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 20,452 passengers daily

Surrounding area
Nishinomiya Municipal Central Hospital
Mondo-Yakujin Tōkō-ji
Kobe College
Seiwa College
Nishinomiya Municipal Koto Elementary School

See also
List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links

 Mondo-Yakujin Station (Hankyu Railway)

Railway stations in Hyōgo Prefecture
Hankyu Railway Imazu Line
Stations of Hankyu Railway
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1921
Nishinomiya


U.S. Route 97 (US 97) is a United States Numbered Highway, stretching from Weed, California to the Canadian border in Oroville, Washington. The California portion of US 97 runs north from I-5 in Weed to the Oregon state line. This is the majority of a shortcut between I-5 and Klamath Falls, Oregon, added to both states' state highway systems in 1931. It was designated as US 97 in 1935, replacing an east–west section in southern Oregon.

Route description
US 97 begins in Weed at an interchange with Interstate 5. It runs on Weed's Business Loop of Interstate 5, which all of the loop used to be U.S. Route 99. At the junction with California State Route 265, U.S. Route 97 ends its concurrency with the Business Loop and turns right, heading to the northeast into the Shasta-Trinity National Forest, and later the Klamath National Forest. US 97 passes by Grass Lake as it travels through the mountains before descending into the community of Macdoel. The route continues into the city of Dorris before intersecting with California State Route 161 near Indian Tom Lake before it crosses the Oregon state border and leaves California.

US 97 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System, and is part of the National Highway System, a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration. US 97 is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System, but it is not officially designated as a scenic highway by the California Department of Transportation. US 97 is also part of the Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway, an All-American Road.

History

US 97 was created in 1926 and originally terminated near Ashland, Oregon, but was extended from Klamath Falls to Weed in 1935.

In 2002, Caltrans allocated $23.7 million to construct a  bypass of Dorris to carry US 97 traffic, replacing a set of city streets with three turns that caused tractor trailers to flip over. The proposal was rejected by the city government in 2003 due to fears it would affect business traffic, which had already been struggling in Dorris.

Major intersections

See also

References

External links

California @ AARoads.com - U.S. Route 97
California Highways: US 97

 California
97
U.S. Route 97


Ouvrage Col de Crous is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line.  The ouvrage consists of one infantry block at an altitude of .  Additional blocks were planned but not built.

Description

Block 1 (incomplete).
Block 2 (not built).
Block 3 (incomplete).
Block 4 (infantry): two machine gun embrasures.

Two proposed petits ouvrages were proposed for the same ridge to the north, the Ouvrage du Col-de-Pal and the ''Ouvrage du col-de-Jallorgues, neither of which were started.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928–45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E. , Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Col de Crous (petit ouvrage du) at fortiff.be

COLC
Maginot Line
Alpine Line


(; full title in ) was a decretal and bull of Pope Lucius III, written at Verona and issued 4 November 1184. It was issued after the Council of Verona settled some jurisdictional differences between the Papacy and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor. The document prescribes measures to uproot heresy and sparked the efforts which culminated in the Albigensian Crusade and the Inquisitions. Its chief aim was the complete abolition of Christian heresy.

Historical origins

The historical context for the issuing of Ad abolendam was papal reassertion of its authority in Europe following the Investiture Dispute with the Emperor, and its discovery of what has been called a 'legislative' means of doing so. The Third Lateran Council of 1179 had already resolved to prevent schisms of the kind that the Investiture Dispute had created, and decretals such as Ad abolendam were intended to enforce this; Fisher has suggested that it was no coincidence that the decree followed the Peace of Constance of the previous year, at which the Emperor was in effect compelled to acknowledge defeat.

Heretics
The list of proscribed heretical sects was originally decreed at the Third Lateran Council (March 1179), and was retained and expanded at Verona in 1184. Pope Lucius condemned all heretical sects and persons who preached without the authorisation of the Roman Church, whether publicly or privately, and placed them under excommunication. Among the particular sects mentioned in Ad abolendam were the Cathars, Humiliati, Waldensians, Arnoldists, and Josephines. More important than the direct attack on heresy, however, was the stipulation of equal measures for those who supported heretics, overtly or indirectly, and modern historians have noted that, these groups being primarily based around Lombardy and the Languedoc, Papal motivation in condemning them was probably as politically motivated as it was theological. All associated with heresy would be placed under excommunication, too; but the heretics themselves were an ill-defined grouping, some of which hardly existed by 1184, and some of whom had never been previously established as heretics. All except the Cathars and the anti-authority Milanese group of the 1130s, the Arnoldists, have been ascertained as heretics. Of the others, the Patarenes were originally reformers (albeit against the so-called Papal Monarchy); the Humiliati, ‘their only error was apparently failing to observe the prescription of lay preaching rather than the teaching of false doctrines;’  The Poor of Lyon- the Waldensians- have been compared to the Cistercians as merely searching for the vita apostolica; of the Passagines, nothing is known, and the Josephines are not even associated with any doctrine at all.

Penalty
Those accused of heresy, if they could not prove their innocence or forswear their errors, or if they backslid into error subsequently, were to be handed over to the lay authorities to receive their animadversio debita ("due penalty"). All those who supported heresy were deprived of many rights: the right to hold public office, the right to trial, the right to draft a will, and the hereditability of their fiefs and offices.

For the enforcement of the measures demanded by the decretal, Lucius obligated all patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops to re-announce the excommunication on certain feasts and holidays. Those who did not observe this for three years consecutively would be deprived of their ecclesiastical offices. The bishops were furthermore obligated to "seek out" heretics. They were to make bi- or triannual rounds of their dioceses, visiting locations of suspicion and questioning the people about the existence of heresy. The people would be required to swear under oath (compurgation) anything they knew about heretical activity. All oath-breakers were to be treated as heretics.

Canon 3
The bull was incorporated as Canon 3 of the Fourth Council of the Lateran of 1215 under Pope Innocent III. Contrary to what is often said, Lucius did not institute the Inquisition, which was not created until the reign of Pope Gregory IX in 1234.

References

External links
Canons of the Fourth Lateran Council, 1215
Digitised online Latin text.

Heresy in Christianity in the Middle Ages
Inquisition
Albigensian Crusade
1184 works
12th-century papal bulls
Documents of Pope Lucius III


Srihari (15 August 1964 – 9 October 2013) was an Indian actor who was active mainly in Telugu cinema. He appeared in a few Tamil, Kannada and Hindi films as well. He won seven Nandi Awards and one Filmfare Award.

Early life
Srihari was born in 1964 in Elamarru near Gudivada in Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh. His parents moved to Hyderabad and settled in Balanagar, when he was still a child. He started his career as a stunt fighter. He was also an athlete in gymnastics. He was offered jobs such as sub-inspector of police and railway officer, but he rejected those offers because he was interested in pursuing an acting career.

Srihari completed his degree in 1986. He was introduced into movies by Dasari Narayana Rao with a role in the movie Brahma Nayudu (1987).

Personal life
Srihari married South Indian actress Shanti, popularly known as Disco Shanti, in 1996. The couple has two sons and a daughter. Their daughter, Akshara, died when she was just four months old. The family started the Akshara Foundation in her memory, which aims to supply fluoride - free drinking water for three villages he adopted in the Ranga Reddy district. He donated over 50% of his earnings for the cause of this foundation. He also adopted four villages in Medchal.

Death
While shooting for the movie R... Rajkumar, he complained of giddiness and was rushed to Lilavati Hospital. On 9 October 2013, he died in Lilavati Hospital in Mumbai, aged 49, after suffering a liver ailment. He was buried next to his daughter.

Awards and nominations
Filmfare Awards
 Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award (Telugu) - Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana (2005)

Nandi Awards
Best Villain - Taj Mahal (1995)
Special Jury Award - Sri Ramulayya (1998)
Special Jury Award - Police, Ramasakkanodu (1999)
Special Jury Award - Vijaya Rama Raju (2000)
Best Supporting Actor -  Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana (2005)
Best Film on National Integration - Hanumanthu (2006)

Filmography
Actor

References

1964 births
2013 deaths
Male actors from Andhra Pradesh
Indian male film actors
Male actors in Telugu cinema
Male actors in Tamil cinema
Male actors in Hindi cinema
Male actors in Kannada cinema
People from Krishna district
20th-century Indian male actors
21st-century Indian male actors


"The Barber" is an early short story by the American author Flannery O'Connor. It is one of the six stories included in O'Connor's 1947 master's thesis The Geranium: A Collection of Short Stories and was first published in New Signatures I: A Selection of College Writing in 1948. It later appeared in the 1971 collection The Complete Stories. The story involves a professor who feels a need to explain his liberal political views to a conservative barbershop.

Critical Reception
Tim Lieder notes that a story about a man trying to argue racists out of their racism lands differently after 8 years of Trump. "A story about a guy who thinks that he can argue with racists and argue racists out of their racism or at least into a slightly less racist stance is not going to land the same as it might in a better era." Warren Emerson declares that this story is O'Connor at her best in terms of irony. " Throughout the story, its the college professor (and not the Barber and his companions) that plays the fool.  He finds himself arguing with an audience that won’t listen.  He is corrected by his audience who seem to understand the economic stakes he has up for grabs with the election better than he does."

References

Short stories by Flannery O'Connor
1947 short stories


Ouvrage Fressinéa, also known as Fraisinéa or Frassinéa is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line.  The ouvrage consists of one entry block, one infantry block and one observation block at an altitude of . It is associated with the gros ouvrage of Rimplas, the first Maginot fortification to be constructed anywhere. Fressinéa was built between November 1930 and April 1934, accommodating 30 soldiers under a lieutenant with two months of provisions. The initial contractor was Pioljeux.  Construction was finished by Thorrand et Cie for 1.7 million francs.

Description
Block 1 (entry): one machine gun embrasure.
Block 2 (observation): one machine gun embrasure.
Block 3 (infantry): one heavy twin machine gun embrasure and one heavy machine gun/47mm anti-tank gun embrasure.

Fressinéa is located on the D2205 road along the Tinée river.  The post controls movement along the road and valley towards Nice.

Fressinéa was held by the French Army until 1970 when it was sold to the commune of Rimplas. The fort is under the care of Les amis de l'ouvrage Maginot de la Frassiné. It is open to the public in spring, summer and fall months.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Amis de l'Ouvrage Maginot de la Frassninéa
 Fressinéa (petit ouvrage de) at fortiff.be
 Ouvrage de la Frassinea at Les Sentinelles des Alpes
 Informations, location and photos of Ouvrage de Frassinea at wikimaginot.eu

FRES
Maginot Line
Alpine Line
World War II museums in France


Ouvrage Valdeblore is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line.  The ouvrage consists of one entry block, one infantry artillery block and one observation  block at an altitude of . Valdeblore was built  starting in November 1930 by Poiljeux contractors, and was completed by Thorrand et Cie in April 1933 at a cost of 1.6 million francs.

Description
Block 1 (entry): one machine gun embrasure.
Block 2 (infantry): one machine gun embrasure.
Block 3 (infantry): one twin heavy machine gun embrasure and one heavy machine gun/47mm anti-tank gun embrasure.

Valdeblore covers the D2565 road and the valley of the Valdeblore stream in conjunction with the petit ouvrage Fressinéa and the gros ouvrage Rimplas.

See also
 List of Alpine Line ouvrages

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 4 - La fortification alpine. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Valdeblore (petit ouvrage du) at fortiff.be
 Valdeblore - Map, infos and pictures about the Petit Ouvrage at wikimaginot.eu

VALD
Maginot Line
Alpine Line