The Museu de les Ciències Príncipe Felipe (, , anglicised as "Science Museum Príncipe Felipe") is a science museum in Valencia, Spain. It is part of the City of Arts and Sciences, an architectural complex within the city and can be found at the end of Luis García Berlanga Street. Its director is Manuel Toharia, a Spanish science writer and television personality.

The building is over , has a height of , and it resembles the skeleton of a whale, a façade that was designed by Santiago Calatrava and was built by a joint venture of Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas and Necso. Its construction started around 1994, it was symbolically inaugurated in March 2000 by Felipe VI, and it opened on 13 November 2000 with an investment of 26 million pesetas.

The purpose of the museum is to have interactive exhibitions and temporary collections related to science and technology without valuable items. Some scenes from the film Tomorrowland (2015) were filmed at the City of Arts and Sciences, including some shots on the museum's cantilever.

Gallery

References

External links

Museu de les Ciencies Principe Felipe
Museums in Valencia
Science museums in Spain
Museu de les Ciencies Principe Felipe
Museums established in 2000
Museu de les Ciencies Principe Felipe


Sainte-Soline () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department, New Aquitaine, western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Étienne-la-Cigogne () is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the new commune of Plaine-d'Argenson.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Former communes of Deux-Sèvres
Populated places disestablished in 2018


Sainte-Verge is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres
Deux-Sèvres communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Mission City is the eastern terminus station on the West Coast Express commuter rail line connecting Vancouver to Mission, British Columbia, Canada. The station is located on the north side of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) tracks in Mission on North Railway Avenue. The station opened in 1995, when the West Coast Express began operating. 254 park and ride spaces are available at the station.

History
The first Mission City CPR station was built in 1882, at a site near St. Mary's Mission, further to the east. Subsequent railway stations were located at Mission City Junction on the western end of Railway Avenue, at the foot of Grand Street, slightly to the west of the current commuter rail station. First station at the junction was in 1885 and a second railway station was built in 1892 in the "Y" of the tracks. The most recent 1909 CPR station building, which had been recognized as a municipal historic site in 1982, was destroyed by fire in 1999.

Canadian National Railway and Canadian Pacific Railway have a track sharing agreement, with all freight trains operating eastbound through the station on the CPR tracks.

Services
Mission City is served by five West Coast Express trains per day in each direction: five in the morning to Vancouver, and five in the evening to Mission. In addition, rail service is supplemented by TransLink's 701 bus route. Eight of its daily trips (two in the morning, two in the afternoon, and four in the evening), are extended between Coquitlam Central station and Mission City station, running non-stop between Haney Place Exchange and Mission City station. Service does not run on weekends.

Bus routes

Bus bay assignments are as follows:

References

External links

Mission, British Columbia
Railway stations in Canada opened in 1995
West Coast Express stations
1995 establishments in British Columbia


Saint-Gelais is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres
Deux-Sèvres communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Génard is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Marcillé. The 20th-century French archaeologist Pierre de La Coste-Messelière (1894–1975) was born in Saint-Génard.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Former communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Généroux () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

It is situated on the river Thouet some 15 km upstream from the town of Thouars.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Bernard () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saint-Georges-de-Noisné () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Georges-de-Rex is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Hilaire-la-Palud () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres
Aunis


Saint-Germain-de-Longue-Chaume () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Germier () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Jacques-de-Thouars (, literally Saint-Jacques of Thouars) is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Jean-de-Thouars (, literally Saint-Jean of Thouars) is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Jouin-de-Marnes (, literally Saint-Jouin of Marnes) is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Plaine-et-Vallées.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Former communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Jouin-de-Milly is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Moncoutant-sur-Sèvre.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Former communes of Deux-Sèvres
Deux-Sèvres communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Laurs is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Léger-de-la-Martinière () is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Melle.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Former communes of Deux-Sèvres
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Unborn in the USA: Inside the War on Abortion is a 2007 documentary film containing interviews with anti-abortion activists across the United States. Its tagline is, "How the pro-lifers are winning". The film was started as a thesis project by Stephen Fell and Will Thompson, students at Rice University.

The film chronicles major events such as the annual March for Life and the 2004 March for Women's Lives, and has interviews with members of the Army of God and other anti-abortion activists.

References

External links

 Official web page - First Run Features

2007 films
Documentary films about abortion
Abortion in the United States


Saint-Léger-de-Montbrun () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Lin () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Loup-Lamairé () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

The commune was formed in 1974 by the merger of two former communes: Saint-Loup-sur-Thouet and Lamairé.

As indicated by its name, the village of Saint-Loup-sur-Thouet is situated on the River Thouet. The long-distance walking route GR 36 also passes through, en route from Ouistreham, on the coast of the English Channel, to Bourg-Madame, on the border with Spain.

See also
 Théophane Vénard, born in Saint-Loup-sur-Thouet
 Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


The Advance-Design is a light and medium duty truck series by Chevrolet, their first major redesign after WWII. It was bigger, bolder, and featured a horizontal 5 bar grille which is recognized to many as one of the most iconic designs in all of automotive history. Its GMC counterpart was the GMC New Design. It was billed as a larger, stronger, and sleeker design in comparison to the earlier AK Series. First available on Saturday, June 28, 1947, these trucks were sold with various minor changes over the years until March 25, 1955, when the Task Force Series trucks replaced the Advance-Design model.

The same basic design family was used for all of its trucks including the Suburban, panel trucks, canopy express, and cab overs. The cab overs used the same basic cab configuration and similar grille but used a shorter and taller hood and different fenders. The unique cab over fenders and hood required a custom cowl area which makes the cab over engine cabs and normal truck cabs incompatible with one another while all truck cabs of all weights interchange.  The primary exterior change on the 1954 model year of the medium light duty trucks was a new front grille resembles the iconic Dodge intersecting cross bar grille and a updated bed design which remained unchanged from the previous years from 1948 to 1953.

From 1947 until 1955, Chevrolet trucks were number one in sales in the United States, with rebranded versions sold at GMC locations.

While General Motors used this front end sheet metal, and to a slightly lesser extent the cab, on all of its trucks except for the cab overs, there are three main sizes of this truck: the half-, three-quarter-, and full-ton capacities in short and long wheelbase.

Differences

1947 - Gasoline tank filler neck on passenger side of bed. No vent windows in doors. Hood side emblems read "Chevrolet" with "Thriftmaster" or "Loadmaster" underneath. Serial numbers: EP  ton, ER  ton, & ES 1 ton. Radios were first available in Chevrolet trucks as an "in dash" option on the "Advance-Design" body style.

1948 - Manual transmission shifter now mounted on column instead of floor. Serial numbers codes: FP  ton, FR  ton, & FS 1 ton.

Early 1949 - Gasoline tank now mounted upright behind seat in cab; filler neck aft of passenger door handle. New serial number codes: GP  ton, GR  ton, & GS 1 ton.

Late 1949 - Hood side emblems no longer read "Thriftmaster" or "Loadmaster", but are now numbers that designate cargo capacity: 3100 on  ton, 3600 on  ton, 3800 on 1 ton. Serial number codes remain the same as on early 1949.

1950 - Telescopic shock absorbers replace lever-action type. Last year for driver's side cowl vent, its handle is now flat steel, not maroon knob as in previous years.  New serial number codes: HP  ton, HR  ton, & HS 1 ton.

1951 - Doors now have vent windows. Mid-year change from 9-board bed to 8 boards per bed. Last year for 80 mph speedometer, chrome window handle knobs, and chrome wiper knob. New serial number codes: JP  ton, JR  ton, & JS 1 ton.

1952 - Outer door handles are now push button type as opposed to the previous turn down style. Speedometer now reads 90 mph instead of 80 and dashboard trim is color-matched instead of chrome. Mid-year, Chevrolet no longer uses the 3100-6400 designation on the hood and changes to maroon window and wiper knobs. New serial number codes: KP  ton, KR  ton, & KS 1 ton.

1953 - Last year for the 216 in3 inline-six. Hood side emblems now only read 3100, 3600, 3800, 4400, or 6400 in large print. Door post ID plate now blue with silver letters (previous models used black with silver letters). Last year to use wooden blocks as bed supports. New serial number codes: H  ton, J  ton, & L 1 ton.

1954 - Only year for significant design changes. Windshield now curved one-piece glass without center vertical dividing strip. Revised steering wheel. Revised dashboard. Cargo bed rails, previously angled, now horizontal. Tail lights round instead of rectangular. Grille changed from five horizontal slats to crossbar design commonly referred to as a "bull nose" grille, similar to modern Dodge truck grilles. New engines are now 235-cubic inch straight-6 and 261-cubic inch straight-6. Serial number codes unchanged from 1953. Hydramatic automatic transmission is available for the first time as a paid for option.

1955 First Series - Similar to the 1954 model year, except redesigned hood-side emblems and modern open driveshaft in place of enclosed torque tube. Serial number codes unchanged from 1953 and 1954.

GMC HC-Series

The GMC HC-Series is a medium/heavy-duty version of the Chevrolet Advance Design truck. The HC was mostly used as a semi-truck although smaller platform truck versions were also made and were available. These trucks had a narrower hood and fenders compared to their lighter counterparts.

Air brakes were a feature included in this truck. The HC could carry  GVW or   GCW depending on the version of the truck. A cab-over version based on the HC-Series was also produced, under the HF-Series name, although it was popularly nicknamed the Cannonball, after a TV series featuring it. It continued until 1958, when it was replaced by the GMC F/D "Crackerbox".

Styling legacy
With the truck proving to be very popular in the United States, the same "Advance-Design" styling was used on other trucks made overseas by General Motors' divisions such as Opel and Vauxhall. Both the redesigned 1952 Opel Blitz and 1953 Bedford A-Type were stylistically heavily based on the Advance Design truck.

During the retro-craze of the 2000s, the style of the Advance Design was used for the Chevrolet SSR roadster pickup and later for the Chevrolet HHR crossover SUV, the latter of which lasted in production until 2012.

The styling legacy resurfaced in 2022 with the Chevrolet Silverado High Country trim, having two headlights instead of the usual four. A bolder chrome four bar grille with a brushed aluminum bar running through the top of the headlights gives a retro-style look similar to the original-five bar grille from the Advanced Design trucks from 1947 to 1953.

References

External links

Pickup trucks
Advance Design
1940s cars
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
1950s cars
Motor vehicles manufactured in the United States
Vans
Panel trucks


Saint-Marc-la-Lande () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Martin-de-Bernegoue () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Martin-de-Mâcon () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Martin-de-Saint-Maixent (, literally Saint-Martin of Saint-Maixent) is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Martin-de-Sanzay () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Martin-du-Fouilloux () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Martin-lès-Melle (, literally Saint-Martin near Melle) is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Melle.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Former communes of Deux-Sèvres
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Saint-Maurice-la-Fougereuse () is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Saint-Maurice-Étusson.

Geography
The Layon has its source in the commune.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Former communes of Deux-Sèvres
Populated places disestablished in 2016


Saint-Maxire () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Médard () is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Celles-sur-Belle.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Former communes of Deux-Sèvres


The Kossoy Sisters are identical twin sisters (Irene Saletan and Ellen Christenson) who performed American folk and old-time music. Irene sang mezzo-soprano vocal, and Ellen supplied soprano harmony, with Irene on guitar and Ellen playing the five-string banjo in a traditional up-picking technique. Their performances were notable examples of close harmony singing. They began performing professionally in their mid-teens and are esteemed as a significant part of the popular folk music movement that started in the mid-1950s.

Career
When they were 17, the Kossoy Sisters recorded the album Bowling Green, which features close harmonies, with instrumental accompaniment by Erik Darling. The two were introduced to a new audience when their version of "I'll Fly Away" from this album was used in the 2000 film O Brother, Where Art Thou?. Another song from the same album, the Kossoys' version of "Single Girl, Married Girl", is heard on the soundtrack of the 2014 film release Obvious Child.

The sisters performed at the first Newport Folk Festival in July 1959 and returned to Newport to perform again in 2012, over 50 years later. Producer Harold Leventhal included them in the March 17, 1956 Bound for Glory tribute/benefit concert at New York's Pythian Hall for the hospitalized Woody Guthrie and his children. For an overflow audience of more than a thousand, they sang three of Guthrie's songs, exhibiting "sweet harmonizing," as Pete Seeger later recounted. In 1971 and other occasions they performed at the Fox Hollow Folk Festival in Petersburgh, New York.

Irene and her former husband Tony Saletan performed together, during their marriage, as Tony and Irene Saletan. In 1964, the couple also joined with Jackie Washington Landrón to form the Boston Folk Trio, to present school concerts through the non-profit Young Audiences Arts for Learning. The Saletans released an album together, Folk Songs and Ballads, in 1970 on Folk-Legacy Records. Irene and Tony also released a seven-inch vinyl recording of four songs for the Boston Mutual Life Insurance Company, titled The Ballad of Boston and Other New England Folk Tunes, and Revolutionary Tea (with Irene listed as one of the Yankee Tunesmiths), on Old North Bridge Records, 1975.

A second Kossoy Sisters CD, Hop on Pretty Girls, appeared in 2002 on the Living Folk label. A noncommercial CD, Kossoy Sisters, is available from Public Radio Station WBUR in Boston. It is a recording of an interview with the twins on February 23, 2003, during their promotional tour for "Hop on Pretty Girls." Over the years, the sisters also made live appearances together from time to time. They toured California in 1981 and have appeared in the Boston area, Washington DC, New York, Pinewoods Camp, various venues in the St. Louis area, and numerous other locations.

Personal lives
Irene and Ellen Kossoy were born on May 11, 1938, in New York City. The twins began singing together at about the age of six, in imitation of harmonies created in the home by their mother and aunt. At 15, they attended a summer camp at which Pete Seeger and other well-known folk singers often performed, and they developed a life-long attachment to the genre. They quickly discovered the bustling folk music scene in the Greenwich Village section of New York City and mingled with the people who congregated in Washington Square Park.

The Kossoys attended local schools in New York City and went on to graduate from Blackburn College in Carlinville, Illinois. Soon after completion of their formal studies, each of the sisters married. Ellen moved to St. Louis and Irene settled in the Boston area. Ellen has a son and a daughter, and Irene has a son and a daughter. Each of the sisters later divorced, after which they again became housemates. As of 2022, they were retired and living together in Guatemala.

Discography
 Bowling Green, Tradition 1956 – rereleased by Rykodisc in 1996, released again by Rykodisc as part of the three-disc set The Best of the Bluegrass Tradition (although the music on the Kossoys' recording is not bluegrass)
 Hop on Pretty Girls, Living Folk 2002
 Kossoy Sisters – recording of an interview from the National Public Radio program "On Point", February 23, 2003
 Banjo Music of the Southern Appalachians, Erik Darling, Olympic (date unknown) (The Kossoy Sisters appear on this record.)
 Instrumental Music and Songs of Southern Appalachians, Erik Darling (The last 10 tracks of this CD, uncredited but all sung by the Kossoy Sisters, appear to be copied from Banjo Music of the Southern Appalachians.)

References

External links
 Official website
 "The Kossoy Sisters" – Linda Seida, AllMusic
 "O Kossoy Sisters Where Art Thou Been?" – Jon Johnson, Country Standard Time (January 2003)

Living people
1938 births
20th-century American women singers
American folk singers
Folk musicians from Chicago
Old Town School of Folk musicians
Family musical groups
Tradition Records artists
Singers from Illinois
21st-century American women singers
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers


The Karrick Building is a historic U.S. building located at 1490 Highland Avenue, Eau Gallie, Florida.  The building was constructed in 1924 by Jesse Karrick and it was used as a general merchandise and grocery store until 1963.  Jesse Karrick was the first proprietor of the store and also served as the first fire chief of Eau Gallie.

Notes

Gallery

Buildings and structures in Melbourne, Florida
Eau Gallie, Florida
Commercial buildings in Florida
Commercial buildings completed in 1924
1924 establishments in Florida


Saint-Hélier () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saint-Pardoux () is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Saint-Pardoux-Soutiers.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Former communes of Deux-Sèvres
Deux-Sèvres communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Saint-Pierre-des-Échaubrognes () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


General elections were held in the Gambia on 28 and 29 March 1972. They were won by the ruling party, the People's Progressive Party, which took 28 of the 32 elected seats (including five in which its candidates were unopposed).

Results

References

Parliamentary elections in the Gambia
1972 in the Gambia
Gambia
March 1972 events in Africa
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results


Saint-Pompain () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Rémy () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Martin-du-Mont () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Geography

Climate
Saint-Martin-du-Mont has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Saint-Martin-du-Mont is . The average annual rainfall is  with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Saint-Martin-du-Mont was  on 12 August 2003; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 20 December 2009.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saint-Romans-des-Champs is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Hope was an unincorporated community, now a neighborhood, located in the former town of Blooming Grove and Cottage Grove in Dane County, Wisconsin, United States. Hope, as of 2020, now lies partially within the city of Madison making it a neighborhood rather than an unincorporated community. Hope does still extend into the unincorporated town of Cottage Grove.

Notes

Unincorporated communities in Wisconsin
Unincorporated communities in Dane County, Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin, metropolitan statistical area


Saint-Romans-lès-Melle (, literally Saint-Romans near Melle) is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Symphorien () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Claverdon is a village and civil parish in the Stratford-on-Avon district of Warwickshire, England, about  west of the county town of Warwick. Claverdon's toponym comes from the Old English for "clover hill". The hill is near the centre of the scattered parish which included the township of Langley to the south, and formerly comprised the manors of Claverdon, Langley, Kington (to the south-west), and Songar (in the south-east).

There are hamlets near the church and at Yarningale, Kington, Lye Green, and Gannaway; and there is also a group of houses near the school. It includes modern development along with historic buildings: the forge; The Stone Building; St Michael's Church; and 16th and 17th century half-timbered cottages.

History
The Manor of Claverdon is recorded in the Domesday Book as part of the lands of the Count of Meulan, Robert of Beaumont who had inherited Meulan through his mother. It states; "In Ferncombe Hundred, (Clavendone) Claverdon, Bovi held it; he was a free man. 3 hides. Land for 5 ploughs. In lordship 1. 12 villages with a priest and 14 smallholders have 5 ploughs. 3 slaves. Meadow, 16 acres; woodland, 1 league; when exploited, value 10s. The value was 40s; now £4." The estate passed to the Earls of Warwick when Robert's brother, Henry, keeper of Warwick Castle since 1068, was created Earl of Warwick soon after 1086 and was granted Robert's Warwickshire lands, supplemented again by those of Thorkell of Arden. It was forfeited in 1397 by Thomas de Beauchamp, for treason and granted, to Thomas, Earl of Kent, but restored to the Earl on the accession of Henry IV.

In 1487 it came to the Crown and passed through various hands, being leased in 1517 for 21 years to Thomas Sherwyn, and its demesnes to Roger Walford. In, December 1547, the lordship was granted to John Dudley, Earl of Warwick, after whose execution the manor, in June 1554, was assigned to his widow Joan for life. Ambrose Dudley, fourth son of the Duke of Northumberland, was created Earl of Warwick in 1561 and received the Warwick estates, including the manor of Claverdon, which he sold in 1568 to Sir John Spencer, a member of a branch of the Spencer family, from whom Diana Princess of Wales was descended. They remained Lord of the Manor until 1716. Sir John died on 8 November 1586, having settled the manor on his second son Thomas, who died in 1630 and Claverdon passed, to his great-nephew Sir William Spencer of Yarnton, in Oxfordshire.

Sir William Spencer in 1635 married Constance daughter of Sir Thomas Lucy and Alice Lucy (née Spencer) of Charlecote Park, and dying in 1647 was succeeded by his son Sir Thomas Spencer, MP. Sir Thomas died on 6 March 1685 at the age of 46 years without surviving male issue, his widow Jane survived till 20 April 1712 as lady of the manor, but after her death the manor was sold about the year 1716 by the four surviving daughters, to Andrew Archer of Tanworth. Upon the death of Andrew Archer in 1741 the larger portion of his estate including the manor of Claverdon and the chief farms therein known as Park, Lodge, Breach, Gannaway, and the Reddings descended to his eldest son Thomas, created first Baron Archer of Umberslade in 1747.

Economy
Whilst there are no large employers in the area, most residents commute to larger towns nearby, there are a number of small businesses locally. Claverdon Cartridges, supplying shooting equipment and clothing and the 4 star Ardencote Manor Hotel Country Club & Spa. The village shop was closed in 2007 and the butcher's shop, which also houses the Post Office, broadened its range of items, however it could not offer newspapers. Eventually, after a long wait, the community shop was created replacing the village shop but not housed in the former premises. It was originally housed in a steel hut next to the Dorothea Mitchell Hall, the Surgery and the Tennis Club. A permanent structure has now been built for it in the same place. The aforementioned butchers shop closed down, and remains boarded up.

Governance
Claverdon is part of Stratford-on-Avon District Council and represented by Councillor John Horner, Conservative . Nationally it is part of Stratford-on-Avon, whose current MP is Nadhim Zahawi of the Conservative Party. Prior to Brexit in 2020 it was part of the West Midlands electoral region of the European Parliament.

Notable buildings

The reference to a priest in the Domesday Book may indicate that the village had a church at that time. However, Claverdon has had a parish church of Saint Michael and All Angels since the 1150s with the oldest parts of the present structure dating from the 14th century. The English Gothic architecture bell tower is 15th century and was restored in either 1830 or 1930. The church was rebuilt in 1877–78 to designs by the Gothic Revival architect Ewan Christian. The tower has a ring of six bells. Three including the treble were cast by Lester and Pack of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry in east London in 1757, two including the tenor were cast by John Warner and Sons of Cripplegate in London in 1892, and one was cast by John Taylor & Co of Loughborough in 1914.

The vicar at the time of the Puritan Survei of the Ministrie in Warwickshire of 1586 was described thus Edward Miller, vicar a dumbe & vnlearned hirelling a verie disordered person. A common Jester & alehouse-haunter, a shifter, a buier & seller of lande. He once laied the communion cup to pawne. He serueth at two cures cursorie, videlicet, at Norton & Claredon. The valew of both is knowen to be well worth xxv" by the yeare. What other composition is betweene Mr Bucke and him who placed him there that is vnknowen. Edward Miller was instituted to the vicarage on 29 July 1574 and was vicar until his resignation in 1586.

Stone Building, 3/4-mile north east of the village, is probably of the 17th century and is of a type very rare in the Midlands being a tower house in the North English sense, not fortified but defensible within bounds. It is said to have been the north-western of the four angle-towers of the great house begun by Thomas Spencer, who died in 1630 and whose monument stands in the church. There are no traces whatever of the remainder of any great house above ground, nor are there any indications where this tower joined up with the ranges of the house. Claverdon Hall is a Grade II listed part half-timbered country house. Nikolaus Pevsner makes no reference to the Hall which may be a 17th-century house, perhaps earlier, but which was restored in the 20th century and much altered, its walls are rough-cast and the roof tiled.

Claverdon Hall is recorded in 1485, though it is possible that its origins were even older than that, having roots which go all the way back to Anglo-Saxon times, pre-Norman Conquest, the earliest fabric of the existing hall would be 400 years or so later. The hall is noted for the fine oak panelling, of 15th century date and added in 1939 to the reception hall, dining room and the deep oak framed leaded light windows. The large panelled oak door in the Hall opens into an under stairs store, reputed to be a former priest's hole during the Reformation period and from which, many years ago, it is said there was an underground passage which may have led to Stone Building in Manor Lane. The list of important family names associated with the manor are described in the section under history, most notably a branch of the Spencers of Althorp, Northamptonshire from whom Diana Princess of Wales was descended.

Community facilities
The village has a GP Surgery located on Station Road.

Transport
The village is served by Claverdon railway station with trains operated by Chiltern Railways and West Midlands Trains giving access to , ,  and . The M40 motorway is located nearby giving access to Birmingham, Warwick and London. Birmingham Airport is situated  to the North, with flights to Europe, Asia and America.

Sports and leisure
There are many sports clubs in the village which are well supported by parishioners. They also attract a much wider population which sustain the clubs through membership but also, as a consequence, maintain the venues aesthetically. The Rugby Club run two teams on a Saturday and on a Sunday have a thriving mini / junior section which is very successful. The village supports the club through players and through use of the clubhouse for social events. The Football Club run Saturday and Sunday adult teams and junior teams. On Saturday 7 April 2017, Claverdon FC clinched the Birmingham FA Saturday Amateur Cup with a thrilling 2-1 victory over Tamworth Under-21s. The Recreation Field is vital to the club with its maintenance and upkeep being crucial. The Recreation Field is shared in the summer by the cricket team who maintain the wicket and outfield through limited club funds.

The Cricket Club is important to the village as its actions ensure a well kept Recreation Field to all parishioners. The Tennis Club is active with a good membership. The sustainability of the tennis club is important to the village from the point of presentation due to its central location. Other sports clubs and fitness classes, such as badminton use the Church Centre and Dorothea Mitchell Hall. There are two public houses, The Crown on Henley Street and the Red Lion on Station Road, ¼ mile west of the church. It may be one of the oldest buildings in the village, as it has some close set studding of the 16th century and a wide fireplace with a moulded lintel and the roof is tiled.

Education
Claverdon Primary School is an English mixed primary school located in Breach Lane in the village of Claverdon. It is within the Warwickshire Local Education Authority (LEA) area and has 187 students. The school's house system is named after the surrounding areas (Kington, Gannaway and Yarningale).

Geography
The village lies chiefly at a height of about 400 ft. above sea-level, the soil being Red Keuper Marl overlaid with pockets of clay, gravel, and sand. With the exception of Yarningale Common, the whole parish is now under cultivation.

References

Sources

External links

 Claverdon Church

Villages in Warwickshire
Civil parishes in Warwickshire
Stratford-on-Avon District


Saint-Varent () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Vincent-la-Châtre () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Mesmin () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Saivres () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Salles () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Sansais () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department and Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of western France.

It is twinned with the municipality of Crisnée, Wallonia in Belgium.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Sciecq () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saurais () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Sauzé-Vaussais () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. The surrounding area is strongly agricultural, with many business relating to agriculture and wood / forestry management. The weekly market is popular, with a range of stalls selling local produce. The market is visited by English stallholders, serving the local expat population.

The residents shorten its name to Sauzé. The area surrounding the village is a popular location for British expats, the village featuring an English speaking cafe and many local businesses.

Features
Local features
Sauzé-Vaussais has an old town centre with a clock tower standing outside the town hall (mairie). It has a church with a high vaulted roof, several little bars (one with PMU)and other little shops, such as bakeries. Just outside the town is a supermarket, as well as a dovecote tower (pictured at right) with picnic tables and a water body nearby which is famous throughout the region as the "Plan d'eau de Sauzé".

Nearby features
Sauzé is an hour and a half's drive away from the beaches of La Rochelle and several small touristic islands such as Île-d'Aix, Île de Ré (Isle of Rhé), and the Fouras peninsula; popular summer locations for locals and tourists alike. Not far away, westward of Niort, starts the Poitevin Marsh, a large network of canals and rivers also known as the "Green Venice", for punting or cycling day trips. Also close, is the theme park and science park, the Futuroscope, in Poitiers.

See also
 Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Scillé is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Secondigné-sur-Belle () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Secondigny () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

It is situated about 14 km west of the town of Parthenay and 35 km north of Niort.

Secondigny is the source of the Thouet, a river that flows east and then north before joining the Loire near Saumur. Just to the west of Secondigny is the source of the Sèvre Nantaise, which flows west and north to join the Loire in Nantes.

Notable people
Michel Menu, engineer and author

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Séligné () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

Geography
The commune is traversed by the river Boutonne.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Sepvret () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Sompt is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Fontivillié.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Former communes of Deux-Sèvres
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Soudan () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Soutiers () is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Saint-Pardoux-Soutiers.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Former communes of Deux-Sèvres


Surin () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


The Anne Arundel Medical Center (AAMC) is a regional health system headquartered in Annapolis, Maryland. In addition to the main campus in Annapolis, the group has outpatient pavilions in Bowie, Kent Island, Odenton, Easton, and Waugh Chapel.

History
At the turn of the 20th century, the growth of Annapolis as an educational and government center spurred the need for better health care. On February 17, 1902, papers were filed with the Anne Arundel County Circuit Court by the Annapolis Emergency Hospital Association to establish a local hospital. Land was purchased on March 31 of that year at the corner of Franklin and Cathedral Streets in downtown Annapolis, Maryland. On July 18, 1902, the Annapolis Emergency Hospital opened.

In 1959, the hospital, now known as Anne Arundel General Hospital, achieved full accreditation from The Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Hospitals in July 1958, an honor that only around half of the hospitals in the country enjoyed at that time.

Over the years, the hospital outgrew the original building and plans were developed to start building the hospitals current Medical Park location. In 1984, 104 acres of land were purchased, and, in 1987, ground broke on the building of an MRI center, an oncology center, and an outpatient surgery center. Construction on the Rebecca M. Clatanoff Pavilion, the hospital's women's services and birth center, began in 1993.

The hospital officially changed its name to Anne Arundel Medical Center and housed all buildings and campuses under the name Anne Arundel Health System.

Plans moved forward in 1998 to consolidate all services at Medical Park with the commencement of construction of the Acute Care Pavilion. After it opened on December 2, 2001, patients were moved from the downtown Annapolis campus to the new location on Jennifer Road.

In 2007, expansion began at the Medical Park campus with the building of several new garages and the Health Sciences Pavilion. In 2009, the pavilion opened, offering an expanded Breast Center, outpatient rehab programs, and doctor's offices.

In 2008, construction began on an expanded acute care tower and emergency department. The newest tower opened in April 2011. Due to its concentration on green construction, at the time the tower was the only LEED Certified Gold patient care tower in Maryland.

Additionally, during 2014, the hospital announced it would no longer hire people that used nicotine.

Services

Women’s and Children’s Services
Services offered include all-inclusive maternity, newborn and pediatric care; advanced treatments for health challenges women and their families may encounter; and extensive screening, prevention and wellness programs.

The Breast Center
The Breast Center is an affiliate of Anne Arundel Medical Center.

The Geaton and JoAnn DeCesaris Cancer Institute
The Geaton and JoAnn DeCesaris Cancer Institute encompasses a large array of services ranging from prevention, screening, diagnosis and treatment through survivorship. Many different types of professionals contribute to the care of patients. The center offers support services for patients and families, including nurse navigation, education, genetic counseling, support groups, social work and psychology services.

AAMC was the first hospital in Maryland to offer minimally invasive robotic surgery using the da Vinci robotic surgery system. This machine enables physicians to perform the most complex procedures using very small incisions. The robotic arm optimizes hand movements, providing exceptional dexterity and control. In addition, the surgical team is able to view 3D images magnified 10 times, which allows them to manipulate tiny instruments in spaces that are otherwise beyond their reach.

Cancers are effectively treated by utilizing technologies such as Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT), high dose radiation (HDR) and Novalis stereotactic radiosurgery and radiotherapy. Noninvasive Novalis is especially useful for treating tumors in places too difficult to reach using conventional surgical methods.

Using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) combined with Computed Tomography (CT) physicians can search for the distinct metabolic signature of cancer cells, plot the exact location, shape and size of a tumor, and recommend the best treatment.

The Patient and Family Services program streamlines patient access to information and people who can help with psychosocial, emotional and spiritual issues.

Heart and Vascular Institute
In 1966, the Coronary Care Unit (CCU) opened.

Over the last decade, the heart and vascular program has grown dramatically. The Heart & Vascular Institute features a dedicated Heart and Vascular Unit, vascular screening programs, vascular surgery and treatment, cardiac-catheterization, interventional medicine, emergency and elective angioplasty, cardiopulmonary rehabilitation and interventional radiology. AAMC is also a designated cardiac intervention center (CIC), and participates in the C-PORT E program, offering elective angioplasty services to the community.

The Joint Center
The AAMC Joint Center is a unit solely focused on joint replacement surgery.

The Spine Center
The multidisciplinary team includes physicians, and clinical and support staff who specialize in neurosurgery, orthopedic surgery, physiatry (physical medicine and rehabilitation), and interventional radiology.

Conditions Treated (cervical and lumbar):

Degenerative Disorders
Disc disease
Sciatica
Radiculopathy
Disc herniation
Spinal stenosis
Spondylolisthesis
Myelopathies
Kyphosis
Tumors, & fractures
Spinal Deformities
Kyphosis
Spondylolisthesis
Spinal Tumors
Spinal Fractures
Failed fusions / revisions

Surgical Services
AAMC offers sub-specialty care in every area of surgery, from Breast and Vascular to Urogynecologic incontinence surgery to the busiest joint replacement program in Maryland and the District of Columbia. Minimally invasive techniques are in use throughout the full range of surgical care, from spinal surgery to laparoscopic abdominal techniques to DaVinci robotic surgery for prostate and gynecological surgery.

The surgical staff features a group of full-time in-house abdominal surgeons.

References

Hospital buildings completed in 1902
Hospital buildings completed in 2001
Hospitals in Maryland
1902 establishments in Maryland
Annapolis, Maryland


Taizé-Maulais (; before 2016: Taizé) is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Plaine-et-Vallées.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Former communes of Deux-Sèvres


Paul Anthony Evans (born 28 December 1973) is a South African retired professional footballer.

Career
Son of Welsh parents, Evans started his career at his homeland with Wits University at the age of 18. After 140 league appearances for the South African club, he joined Leeds United on 1 August 1995, for £50,000.

Mainly a backup for John Lukic, Mark Beeney and Nigel Martyn, Evans made no appearances for Leeds United before being released at the end of the 1996–97 season. During his tenure at
Elland Road, he had short-term loans to Crystal Palace and Bradford City, also without any playing time.

Evans then returned to South Africa and played for Supersport United, Mamelodi Sundowns and Jomo Cosmos before returning to English football in 2002, after joining Huddersfield Town in March. Four months later, Sheffield Wednesday signed Evans on a free transfer on 12 July 2002 as backup to Kevin Pressman. He made his debut for Wednesday against Derby County on 15 February 2003. Despite conceding two goals in his debut game, Evans had a decent spell at Hillsborough and went on to keep three clean sheets and concede just three goals in his next six games. At the end of the 2002–03 season, however, he fractured his pelvis. His new contract offer was withdrawn and he was released at the end of the season whilst still recovering from his injuries. Several months later he joined Division Two side Rushden & Diamonds where he made five appearances in all competitions before leaving the club on 1 December 2003. Evans then joined Southern League side Bath City in 2004. He retired in 2009 at Bath City F.C.

International career
Evans played eight matches for South Africa under-23. He was called to replace injured Andre Arendse in South Africa's squad before the start of 1998 FIFA World Cup, but had to withdraw with a snapped cruciate ligament to his right knee and was himself replaced by Simon Gopane.

He made two senior appearances, against Mali and Gambia in 2001, in a friendly tournament. Although South Africa did not send their first team players, both matches were counted as full internationals.

References

External links

Leeds United Player Profiles: Paul Evans

1973 births
Living people
People from Newcastle, KwaZulu-Natal
South African people of British descent
South African men's soccer players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Leeds United F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Jomo Cosmos F.C. players
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players
Rushden & Diamonds F.C. players
Bath City F.C. players
English Football League players
Expatriate men's footballers in England
White South African people
Soccer players from KwaZulu-Natal


Le Tallud () is a village and commune in the Deux-Sèvres department of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. It is situated on the River Thouet some 5 km west of the town of Parthenay.

The commune of Le Tallud has joined together with 38 neighbouring communes to establish the Communauté de communes de Parthenay-Gâtine which provides a framework within which local tasks are carried out together.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Tessonnière () is a former commune in the department of Deux-Sèvres in western France. On 1 January 2019 it was merged into the commune of Airvault.

Population

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Former communes of Deux-Sèvres


Thénezay () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Thorigné () is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the short-lived commune Mougon-Thorigné, that was merged into the new commune Aigondigné on 1 January 2019.

Population

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Former communes of Deux-Sèvres
Populated places disestablished in 2017


Thorigny-sur-le-Mignon () is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Val-du-Mignon.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Former communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Thibault () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in France.

As part of the canton of Semur-en-Auxois, it is located at an altitude of some  in the vicinity of the communes of Beurizot and of Normier. Its population is 162 (2018). The river Armançon and the Canal de Bourgogne pass through the commune.

The parish church, Église Saint-Thibault, dates from the 13th-17th century. The church was part of the Priory of Saint-Thibault, that once held the relics of Saint Theobald of Provins.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Tillou () is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Chef-Boutonne.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Former communes of Deux-Sèvres
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Tourtenay () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Trayes is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Ulcot () is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Argentonnay.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Former communes of Deux-Sèvres
Populated places disestablished in 2016


is a rally racing game developed by MTO and published by THQ for the Game Boy Advance, as a sequel to GT Advance Championship Racing. The game features cars from several real Japanese car manufacturers. The player can race on fourteen different courses located in various parts of the world or act as the co-driver. The game was released in Japan on the on December 7, 2001, and in North America and Europe in June 2002. It received generally favorable reviews from critics.

Gameplay

GT Advance 2: Rally Racing is a racing game and the cars and environments hold true to a rally racing format. The game contains fifteen cars from Japanese companies such as Subaru, Suzuki, and Mitsubishi. Upgrades are not available for the cars, but it is possible to fine-tune them to fit personal preference.

Game modes
The game has several different modes. The main part of the game, "world rally", moves the player through fourteen courses found in various locations in the world. The game also has a head-to-head mode against a friend with a system link, 15 different license tests that familiarize the player with the controls of the game, a time trial mode, a single race mode, a practice mode, and a navigator mode, in which the player directs the driver of the car through button and d-pad presses instead of driving themselves.

Save system
The game includes a major enhancement in the save system from the previous installment. In GT Advance Championship Racing, as a cost-saving measure, the battery RAM was pulled from the game and was replaced with a password system instead of the one included in the Japanese version of the game. Critics cited this as the chief problem with the North American release of the game. GT Advance 2: Rally Racing addressed the problem by including a standard save system.

Reception

GT Advance 2: Rally Racing received "generally favorable reviews", albeit a little less favorable than the first game, according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. IGN complimented THQ for addressing the previous game's mistakes. GameSpy praised GT Advance 2, pointing out the refreshing realism aspect of the weather conditions that pop up from time to time in the game and require the player to tune their car before a race. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 28 out of 40.

Notes

References

External links

2001 video games
Game Boy Advance games
Game Boy Advance-only games
MTO (video game company) games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Racing video games
THQ games
Video games developed in Japan


Usseau is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Val-du-Mignon.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Former communes of Deux-Sèvres


Vallans is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Usage may refer to the following places in France:

Saint-Usage, Aube, a commune in the department of Aube
Saint-Usage, Côte-d'Or, a commune in the department of Côte-d'Or


Le Vanneau-Irleau () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Talo or Talau () is a typical food of the Basque Country, similar to the traditional corn tortilla of Mesoamerica, made of corn flour, water and a bit of salt. It is round and is cooked in a warm metal plank, named a talo burni ("talo iron"). It can be eaten alone, with various toppings, and is also used as a wrap for various foods.

History
After corn was introduced from America to Basque agriculture in 1520, talo was subsequently prepared. Talo was used as bread in Basque houses, and the remainings were sometimes mixed with milk making something similar to soup, which was eaten for dinner. In the 20th century the generalization of wheat bread reduced the consumption of talo, which started to only be eaten in special occasions.  In Bilbao and Donostia it is an essential element at Saint Thomas''' fair, celebrated annually on December 21.
In the 1930s, workers would wrap foods within talo and take this to the fields. During the 1930s, miners also consumed talo, and it was also eaten by factory workers after this time.

Nowadays it is eaten with txistorra (a type of thin chorizo) while drinking txakoli. It is sometimes accompanied with milk, eaten with fried egg, fried pancetta (in Basque xingar, in French ventrèche'') or fried Bayonne Ham, cheese like Ossau-Iraty, chocolate or honey. In Bayonne, France, street vendors purvey talo during its annual Bayonne Ham Fair.

See also

 List of maize dishes

References

External links
  Euskaltalo.com
  Talos of Segura

Basque cuisine
Maize dishes


Villiers-en-Plaine () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

Demographic evolution

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Vouillé () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. It sits about ten kilometers east from Niort on the banks of the Lambon, where that small river empties into the Sèvre Niortaise.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Vançais () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


A variety of models for understanding insurgency and planning the counterinsurgency (COIN) response have been developed. One model that has become respected both in academic and military context is the "Magic Diamond" model developed by Gordon McCormick of the RAND Corporation.  The model involved four key elements or players, with mirrored strategies for their interactions. Each element will have a "mirrored" strategy, in which the way in which it imposes or aids insurgency is one image, and where the way that it interacts with counterinsurgency is the reflection.

This model develops a symmetrical view of the required actions for both the Insurgent and COIN forces to achieve success. In this way the counterinsurgency model can demonstrate how both the insurgent and COIN forces succeed or fail. The model's strategies and principle apply to both forces, therefore the degree the forces follow the model should have a direct correlation to the success or failure of either the Insurgent or COIN force.

Elements
In each specific situation, the components and culture of the elements will vary, but the four will always be present.

Insurgent Force (IF)

This is composed of the group (or groups in a multipolar situation such as Iraq) that is operating to oust the government or occupation force. In addition to fighters, it includes auxiliaries in the support network, leadership, and foreign assistants. When the IF acts as a shadow government, collecting taxes, it can be hard to tell when an individual is truly a supporter, or coerced into payment. Distinguishing between the voluntary insurgent, the coerced supporter, and the innocent bystander is one of the most difficult obstacles (if not the most difficult) for the COIN force.  They [insurgents] typically have sources of support among the local populace of the same ethnicity with whom their separatist goals (or appeals to blood links) may resonate.

As in Iraq, multiple organizations can be both IF and competitors with one another. In Cuba and Vietnam, the IF still generally believed in a single-state solution, but Iraq is unpredictable. As part of Sudan's power-sharing agreement, there will be a referendum on whether to stay one nation or split on a north–south boundary.

The Counterinsurgency Force
The counterinsurgency force (CF) is the current government [i.e., Host Nation (HN)] or occupying force in the region. These are the forces on the ground that are in direct combat with the IF. There is normally a single force that is the lead in the COIN effort, but other troops, organizations, or countries can provide additional forces to augment the CF. The CF must integrate all elements of national power: civil, military, diplomatic, informational, economic, and financial capabilities. These forces include, but are not limited to: military, police, security forces, intelligence infrastructure, and trainers/advisors.

The CF is defined by the insurgent's perceptions; if forces are present that believe they are not taking an active role in the COIN effort (i.e. peacekeepers or observers), but are perceived by the IF as influencing the situation, then those forces have become part of the CF. The corollary is true of the CF defining the IF, but the CF normally has a greater "burden of proof" dictated by the media and international oversight.

The CF must clearly identify legitimate targets among insurgents that can often blend in with the local populace, while the IF can easily identify conventional COIN Forces by their large and obvious signature (uniforms, bases, vehicles...).

The Population
The Population consists of the non-combatants in the disputed region. While support may be coerced out of the Population they are not considered insurgents until they provide additional support beyond that required to avoid reprisals. For example, during the War in El Salvador the insurgents (and often government forces too) required water and tortillas from the Population. Failure to provide this subsistence support was deemed to indicate affiliation with the opponent and would result in immediate reprisals.

The people that provided this support were not considered combatants (pro-insurgent or pro-government) until support was provided above (more than water and tortillas) or below (not even water and tortillas) the base level. When the people provide information, early warning, take up arms, or any other form of active or passive support, they are choosing a side and are no longer non-combatants or members of the population.

The International Community
McCormick defines this as the set of nation states, international organizations, and nongovernmental organizations that are not perceived as biased either to the IF or CF.

"The International Community can introduce troops into a region without choosing sides, for example peacekeeping forces, and thus retain non-combatant status as long as their presence does not construe support for the IF or CF. Maintaining the perception of neutrality can be a difficult task and members of the International Community can transition from external supporter to participant either intentionally or unknowingly.

For example, the Pakistani Military in Somalia was under the auspices of UN Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Assistance; while providing food to starving Somalis. The UN forces viewed this as a neutral act which provided them sanctuary from attack. The Somali warlord, Mohamed Farrah Aidid, viewed the distribution of food as a threat to his control over the population and ordered an ambush of a UN convoy killing 18 Pakistani soldiers. The IF perception of the UN had shifted. The UN Peacekeepers (i.e., UNISOM II) showed an influence that was not directed against the IF, but did have the indirect effect of undermining the IF authority and control. This perceived influence in the eyes of the IF made the peacekeepers members of the CF and legitimate targets.

Interactions
Each of the elements will have a basic set of interactions with the other elements:

Gaining Support of the Population
Disrupt Opponent's Control Over the Population
Direct Action Against Opponent
Disrupt Opponent's Relations with the International Community
Establish Relationships with the International Community

Each element will receive feedback from the others.

Other Models
There are multiple models of the strength and stability of nation-states, and several are useful here.
FID is never a quick process.  The major power(s) uses nonmilitary and military means to increase the capability of the host nation (HN) to resist insurgency. FID includes the economic stabilization of host countries.

Some well-known models, which can be complementary to McCormick, come from Kilcullen, Barnett and Eizenstat.

Much focus today is on transnational terrorism, principally with an extreme Islamic motivation. On a worldwide basis, however, there are conflicts involving terrorism that has no significant Islamic component, such as the LTTE Tamil insurgency in Sri Lanka. Other transnational concerns include drug and diamond trafficking, piracy, and epidemic disease. The term Global War on Terror has been criticized, but there may be utility in examining a war not specifically on the tactic of terror, but in one or more, potentially cooperating insurgencies. "the utility of analyzing the war on terrorism using an insurgency/counterinsurgency conceptual framework. Additionally, the recommendations can be applied to the strategic campaign, even if it is politically unfeasible to address the war as an insurgency."

References

Special forces


Vanzay () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Dual containment was an official US foreign policy aimed at containing Ba'athist Iraq and Revolutionary Iran. The term was first officially used in May 1993 by Martin Indyk at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy and officially announced on February 24, 1994 at a symposium of the Middle East Policy Council by Indyk, who was the senior director for Middle East Affairs of the National Security Council (NSC).

It represented a continuation of US foreign policy toward Iran and Iraq during the Cold War and Bill Clinton's attempt to revise a Persian Gulf strategy after the Gulf War.

Rationale
The United States had a longstanding strategic doctrine in the Middle East not to let any country become so powerful that it could control the entire Gulf Region's oil supply. For that reason, the US looked to both Saudi Arabia and Iran, under the Shah, as "twin pillars" of regional security. (See offshore balancing.)

Clinton wanted to make the Israeli–Palestinian peace process a major priority in his foreign policy and so he wanted to ensure Iraq and Iran would not be in a position to interfere with that agenda. Iraq was already under containment by the US and its allies in the form of the Iraqi no-fly zones. Iran had been cut off from the US ever since the Iranian Revolution in 1979. Although Clinton held out hope for eventual changes in regime policy from those countries, containment seemed to be the only viable option for the near future.

Although the US had planned in the 1980s to balance Iraq and Iran against each other directly, that had become untenable and unnecessary by the early 1990s. Both countries had been exhausted militarily and financially from the Iran–Iraq War. Also, the Soviet Union was no longer around to be a security benefactor for either country.

Clinton tasked his national security advisor, Tony Lake, with crafting a new strategy.

Policy vision and implementation

Iraq
The Joint Chiefs of Staff favored exploring dialogue with Saddam, but US Secretary of Defense Les Aspin, the CIA, and the US State Department wanted a harder line. The State Department, however, was concerned about the possibility of a sectarian war if Saddam was overthrown. It settled on an approach that was called "aggressive containment," a strategy of containment "through sanctions and the occasional resort to force."

Lake rejected giving the CIA immediate authority to begin exploring options of a potential officer-led coup against Saddam. However, it was agreed that the administration would give political to support to the Iraqi National Congress and would continue the no-fly zones protecting Kurdish and Shia populations in Iraq.

Clinton authorized the use of punitive military force against Saddam's regime as part of this strategy, such as in 1993, when it was discovered that the Iraqi leader had plotted to assassinate George H. W. Bush, and in 1998 when Saddam expelled United Nations weapons inspectors.

Iran
Clinton's team saw Iran as a "rogue state" that was fundamentally opposed to American interests in the Middle East.

Overthrow was not a viable policy option because of the lack of organized opposition or American intelligence assets on the ground. Positive inducement to behavioral changes was also dismissed because of the Iranian regime's deep distrust of the US. Finally, punitive military action was ruled out on the grounds that Iran's retaliatory capabilities were considered too great, and the benefits of the strikes were too uncertain. Thus, it was decided to continue American efforts to prevent Iran's acquisition of ballistic missiles and access to international finance.

That approach, known as "active containment," was designed to convince the Iranian elite to pursue rapprochement with the West over time.

On May 6, 1995, Clinton signed an executive order to bolster the Iranian containment. It banned arms sales to Iran, such as dual-use technologies, and imports of Iranian goods. It also established a diplomatic position of blocking Iran from all international lending.

Reception
According to Indyk, King Fahd of Saudi Arabia tried to show support for the policy by promising to buy dozens of Boeing and McDonnell Douglas civilian airliners in mid-1993 to ensure that US industries could count on financial support from Saudi Arabia even without the opportunities that would have been afforded them with a rapprochement with Iran.

However, the United Arab Emirates by the late 1990s told US officials that they thought that Saddam was meeting his international obligations and that containment of Iraq was no longer necessary. The policy became increasingly unpopular internationally, and the sanctions had weakened significantly by 2000.

Daniel Pipes supported the policy in a testimony to the US Congress in March 1995 and gave praise for its strategy and policy but criticized the tactics of its implementation. He said that US policy should not be forced to engage Iran or Iraq unless either acted responsibly.

Articles in Foreign Affairs and for the Cato Institute in 1994 criticized dual containment as "shot through with logical flaws and practical inconsistencies and is based on faulty geopolitical premises" and one that required "a prolonged U.S. military presence in the Persian Gulf region."

Resemblance to Kennan's containment of Soviet Union
The idea was inspired by George F. Kennan's ideas of containment of the Soviet Union during the Cold War, but critics have argued that it did not respect Kennan's key demand for containment to succeed: the principle of power-balancing.

According to Kennan, the United States and the Soviet Union should respect the other's spheres of interest. That way the two could get along, build themselves up, and develop their societies. However, they must under no circumstances go to war with each other. To be sure, with two diametrically opposed systems, relations would never be warm, or even co-operative. However, as long as neither tried to destroy each other, catastrophe could be avoided.

What Kennan was expressing was the concept of balancing, the idea that in the world of international politics, a proper balance could be struck between potential adversaries, which would produce a stable situation that could be prolonged indefinitely.

In the case of Iraq and Iran in the 1990s, US policymakers confronted them with what amounted to a diktat since both had to remake themselves according to US desires, or the US would simply keep up the sanctions until they did.

Consequences
As a consequence of the policy, the U.S. had to station large number of troops nearby. Troops were stationed in Saudi Arabia, an area that many in the region regard as "holy soil," which offended many locals and is cited by Osama bin Laden as one reason for his hatred against the United States policies and part of his motivation for the September 11 attacks.

Traditional American policies had been not to engage with troops on the ground in the Middle East, but to stay "over the horizon", ready to move in at short notice. The only time the U.S. had deviated from this policy was during its intervention in the civil war in Lebanon, and that led to the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing.

By the mid-1990s there was considerable dissatisfaction with dual containment, because it made the United States the mortal enemy of two countries that hated each other, and forced Washington to bear the burden of containing both. Pressed by the American Israel Public Affairs Committee and other pro-Israel forces, Clinton toughened up the policy in the spring of 1995 by imposing an economic embargo on Iran. But AIPAC and the others wanted more. The result was the Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996, which imposed sanctions on any foreign company investing more than $40 million to develop petroleum resources in Iran or Libya.

The sanctions against Iraq came to be criticized domestically in the United States and in other countries because of the humanitarian toll that they took on civilian Iraqis. The figure of 500,000 child deaths was for a long period widely cited, but recent research has shown that that figure was the result of survey data manipulated by the Saddam Hussein regime and that "there was no major rise in child mortality in Iraq after 1990 and during the period of the sanctions."

End
By the late 1990s, however, neoconservatives were arguing that dual containment was not enough and that regime change in Iraq was essential. By toppling Saddam and turning Iraq into a vibrant democracy, they argued that the US would trigger a far-reaching process of change throughout the Middle East. The same line of thinking was evident in the study "A Clean Break," which was written by neoconservatives for Benjamin Netanyahu although he rejected it.

See also
 Axis of evil
 Iran–United States relations
 Iraq–United States relations
 U.S. sanctions against Iran
 United States foreign policy in the Middle East

References

External links
 America's Misguided Policy of Dual Containment in the Persian Gulf - Cato Foreign Policy Briefing No. 33, by Barbara Convay, Cato Institute, November 10, 1994

History of the foreign relations of the United States
Iraq–United States relations
Iran–United States relations


Vasles () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Vausseroux () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Saint-Usage () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Vautebis is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Vernoux-en-Gâtine () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Vernoux-sur-Boutonne (, literally Vernoux on Boutonne) is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

Geography
The commune is traversed by the river Boutonne.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Verruyes () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


The Barry Engine first appeared in 1904 when it was exhibited at the Stanley Exhibition in London's Burners Hall. Designed by Charles Benjamin Redrup and manufactured in partnership with Alban Williams by the Barry Motor Company, the engine was a two-cylinder supercharged rotary engine. The prototype motorcycle retained the pedals of a conventional cycle, and the engine rotated on the pedal shaft between the driver's knees. The driver was protected by a colander-type perforated cage, which enabled cooling air to reach the cylinders.

The engine was reviewed by a number of journals at the time.

Later models of the motorcycle dispensed with the pedals and the engine was lowered to improve the centre of gravity. No known models of the engine exist, but a similar Redrup 1912 rotary aircraft engine is in the Manchester Museum of Science and Industry and later Redrup Radial engines designed and built by Redrup are still in existence.

References

Motorcycle engines
Motorcycles powered by rotary engines


Le Vert () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. It is around 25 km south of Niort.

There are no shops in the village. The nearest pâtisserie is in Chizé.

Geography
The commune is traversed by the river Boutonne.
To the south of the village is the border between Deux-Sèvres and Charente-Maritime.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Viennay () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Villefollet () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

Geography
The commune is traversed by the river Boutonne.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Villemain is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Time Breakers is a five-issue comic book limited series published in 1997 under the short-lived DC Comics imprint Helix. It was written by Rachel Pollack and illustrated by Chris Weston.

Time Breakers narrates the exploits of a self-recruited team of time travellers dedicated to the creation of time paradoxes in the belief that this is the only method to prevent the destruction of time itself. Contrary to the performance of most other Helix titles, Time Breakers gained a loyal readership yet the overall poor sales figures of the Helix line dissuaded DC from renewing the title for an additional series.

Plot synopsis
In the late 1950s, Angela Attenborough is a young bored housewife living a comfortable but tedious existence married to Phillip, her doctor husband. Three strangely dressed personages appear to her in the wood one day and confer upon her a rare disk capable of altering probability waves through the power of thought alone. Following a series of misadventures over the next several years, Angela rids herself of Phillip and embarks upon a career as a Parisian jewel thief. When a heist goes awry she is rescued and transported out of time itself by the same motley garbed crew she encountered previously, including a woman she identifies as a future version of herself.

Angela finds herself in Paradox Pond the sanctuary and headquarters of her saviours, a disparate group which call themselves Time Breakers and include Leo Kharshovsky her future soul-mate. It is explained to Angela that the raison d'être of the Breakers is to unite various episodes in history through deliberate acts of paradox which thereby strengthen life and the very nature of reality. Indeed all members of the team have been recruited from random periods of human history through acts of paradoxical intervention orchestrated by elder versions of themselves.

Opposed to the Breakers are the Heroes of Knowledge or Knowers, whose actions in resisting paradox foment the destruction of time and the release of all souls from 'the prison of life'. This destruction manifests itself in the form of a time storm which has been sweeping from the far future backwards in time eradicating all history back as far as the twenty-first century and which is shortly to converge on the present.

As the story arc proceeds, the Breakers seek to influence various incidents in human history such as the collaboration in Cambridge in the early part of the twentieth century between Srinivasa Ramanujan and G. H. Hardy and to keep one step ahead of the Knowers.  The narrative concludes with the implementation of a meta-paradox which gives meaning to the origins of the two factions of time travellers and simultaneously both destroys yet preserves the continuity of history itself.

Themes
In her introduction to the title Pollack stated that her motivation in writing the series was to exploit a new angle on the time travel cliché as a literary device. Rather than to challenge the logic behind the traditional time travel paradoxes, a ground which had been comprehensively covered by the likes of Heinlein and others, she seeks to show that a robust self-perpetuating paradox can give meaning to the structure of the universe itself. She therefore sought to compose a narrative where the creation rather than the prevention of paradox would be the goal of the leading protagonists.

References

1997 comics debuts
Helix (comics) titles
Science fiction comics
Comics about time travel


Villiers-en-Bois () is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Villiers-sur-Chizé is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

Geography
The commune is traversed by the river Boutonne.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Vitré () is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France. It merged into the new commune of Beaussais-Vitré on 1 January 2013.

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Former communes of Deux-Sèvres
Populated places disestablished in 2013


Ian Karkull is a supervillain in comic books published by DC Comics. He first appeared in More Fun Comics #69 (August 1941) as a foe of the sorcerer Doctor Fate. He later became a recurring foe of the All-Star Squadron and the Justice Society of America, beginning in All-Star Squadron Annual #3.

Publication history
Ian Karkull first appeared in More Fun Comics #69 and was created by Gardner Fox and Howard Sherman.

Fictional character biography
In the late 1930s, Ian Karkull was a scientist and archaeologist working in the Sahara Desert with partner Everett Dahlen. The two sought the lost city of Ragnor, a mystic city rumored to possess great wealth and a knowledge of dark powers. Having found it, the two came upon a ruby of incredible size and value and immediately began to quarrel over it. Dahlen stunned Karkull with a savage blow and left him to die in the hidden city. Abandoned in the lost city for days, Karkull learned an undisclosed array of secrets and magics that he carried with him back to America when he was finally rescued by nomadic Arabs.

Arriving in New York, Karkull built a machine based on what he had learned. With it, he could turn men into intangible shadows. His initial goals were twofold: to avenge himself on Everett Dahlen and build a cache of wealth to launch the next phase of his criminal career. His first goal was easily met, slaying Dahlen with the aide of a shadowy assassin. Karkull's plans were complicated however, when the murder attracted the attention of Doctor Fate. Fate pursued the shadow-men on their next outing at a local bank and confronted Karkull in his lair. To elude the mage, Karkull transformed himself into a shadow. The criminal had outsmarted himself, since Dr. Fate then promptly destroyed the machine that would return him to human form. After lecturing Karkull on the penalties of an evil life, Fate left the shadow to his own devices.

For an undetermined period, Karkull wandered the Earth, plotting his revenge. At some point he was contacted by the astral form of the arch-mage Wotan, another enemy of Dr. Fate. Wotan educated Karkull on the magicks needed to free his body from the deep tomb in which Fate had trapped him. The two then relocated to a hidden city in the Arctic to gather their strength. Their plans came to the attention of Dr. Fate when they destroyed an expedition of U.S. Navy scientists who came too close to their lair. Tracking the villains across the frozen wasteland, Fate confronted his two foes only to be captured. His release was accomplished via a surprise assault by the Navy, led by the sole survivor of the doomed expedition. The men were no match for the powerful weaponry employed by Karkull and Wotan but distracted them long enough for the mage to escape. After ensuring the safety of the sailors, Fate turned his full wrath on the villains, reflecting their own device against them. Seeing them apparently destroyed, Fate left the Arctic city to burn to the ground.

Karkull was last seen manipulating Obsidian to gain access to, and subsequently rule the shadow lands; the same story revealed that, during a World War II era confrontation between Karkull and the rest of the Justice Society, exposure to Karkull's shadow energies slowed down the aging processes of much of the JSA, accounting for their good physical health despite their advanced chronological ages. Karkull had seemingly been corrupting Obsidian for months in an effort to get revenge on his enemies in the Justice Society. Obsidian then killed Karkull, using his energy to grow to massive size and combat Alan Scott.

In other media
Karkull appears in the Superman: The Animated Series episode "The Hand of Fate", voiced by Ted Levine. This version is a powerful Cthulhu-like demon who was imprisoned in a tablet by Doctor Fate.

References

DC Comics supervillains
DC Comics metahumans
DC Comics scientists
Fictional archaeologists
DC Comics characters who use magic
Comics characters introduced in 1941
Characters created by Gardner Fox
Fictional characters who can manipulate darkness or shadows
Fictional characters with slowed ageing
Golden Age supervillains


Voultegon () is a former commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in Poitou-Charentes region in western France.

On 1 January 2013, Voultegon and Saint-Clémentin merged becoming one commune called Voulmentin.

References

2013 disestablishments in France
Former communes of Deux-Sèvres
States and territories disestablished in 2013
Populated places disestablished in 2013


Xaintray is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

References

Communes of Deux-Sèvres


Spoy may refer to the following places in France:

Spoy, Aube, a commune in the department of Aube
Spoy, Côte-d'Or, a commune in the department of Côte-d'Or