Newspapers in the United States have traditionally endorsed candidates for party nomination prior to their final endorsements for president. Below is the list of endorsements in 2008, by candidate, for each primary race.

Democrats

Dennis Kucinich
The Nation Magazine (after a poll of visitors on its website)

Joe Biden

The Storm Lake Times Storm Lake, Iowa

Hillary Clinton

Akron Beacon Journal
Anniston Star
Bend Bulletin newspaper in Bend, Oregon
Buffalo NewsBurlington Hawk Eye newspaper in Burlington, Iowa
Cabinet Press group of weekly newspapers in New Hampshire which includes: The Milford Cabinet, Bedford Journal, Hollis Brookline Journal and Merrimack JournalThe Citizen (Laconia, NH)Cape Cod Times newspaper in Cape Cod MassachusettsColumbus DispatchThe Commercial Appeal (Memphis, TN)Concord Monitor newspaper in Concord, New Hampshire
 The New York Blade, an LGBT newspaper in New York City, New YorkThe Daily Texan college newspaper at University of TexasThe Daily Pennsylvanian college newspaper at the University of PennsylvaniaDenver Post The Des Moines Register El Mundo, Spanish-language newspaper in NevadaEl Mundo, Spanish-language newspaper group in San Francisco, CaliforniaFoster's Daily Democrat newspaper in Dover, New HampshireThe Hartford CourantIndianapolis Star (Indianapolis, Indiana)Irish Voice Irish American Newspaper in the United States
The Jersey Journal
Kansas City Star newspaper in Kansas City, Missouri
Keene Sentinel newspaper in Keene, New Hampshire
Laconia Citizen newspaper in Laconia, New Hampshire
Laredo Morning Times newspaper in Laredo, Texas
Las Vegas Sun newspaper in Las Vegas, Nevada
The Montgomery Advertiser
The Sun News, newspaper in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
 The New York Amsterdam News
 Newsday
New York Times
Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
Orlando Sentinel newspaper in Orlando, Florida
Plymouth Record Enterprise newspaper in Plymouth, New Hampshire
Post News Group newspaper group family in Berkeley, California, Oakland, California, Richmond, California, San Francisco, California and San Jose, California Quad City Times, newspaper in the Quad Cities in Iowa
Salmon Press group of weekly newspapers in New Hampshire which includes: The Littleton Courier, Coos County Democrat (Lancaster, NH), Berlin Reporter, Granite State News (Wolfeboro, NH), Carroll County Independent (Conway, NH), Meredith News, Record Enterprise (Plymouth, NH), Winnisquam Echo (Tilton, NH), Gilford Steamer, Baysider (Alton, NH), and The Mountain EarThe Salt Lake Tribune, newspaper in Salt Lake City, UtahStatesman Journal, newspaper in Salem, OregonThe Times Union (Albany, NY)The Vinton Eagle weekly newspaper in Benton County, IowaWashington Blade, an LGBT newspaper in Washington, D.C.The Zanesville Times Recorder, a newspaper in Zanesville, Ohio

John Edwards

The Fresno Bee, daily newspaper of Fresno, California
 Valley News Today, Shenandoah, Iowa

Barack ObamaAlbuquerque Journal newspaper in Albuquerque, New MexicoAmes Iowa State Daily newspaper in Ames, IowaThe Arizona Republic newspaper in Phoenix, ArizonaThe Aspen Times newspaper in Aspen, ColoradoAsianWeek magazineAtlanta Daily World newspaper in Atlanta, GeorgiaAtlanta Journal-Constitution newspaper in Atlanta, GeorgiaAustin American StatesmanThe Baltimore Sun newspaper in Baltimore, MarylandTHE SUN ENDORSES. The Baltimore Sun. February 12, 2008. p. 10A. ISSN 2165-1752.Belleville News-Democrat newspaper in Belleville, IllinoisThe Bergen County Record newspaper in Hackensack, New JerseyThe Birmingham News newspaper in Birmingham, AlabamaBlack Voice News newspaperThe Boston Bay State Banner newspaper in Boston, MassachusettsBoston Globe newspaper in Boston, MassachusettsThe Boston Phoenix newspaper in Boston, MassachusettsThe Charlotte Observer newspaper in Charlotte, North CarolinaChicago Defender newspaper in Chicago, IllinoisChicago Sun Times newspaper in Chicago, IllinoisWhy Obama gets our vote Chicago Sun Times, February 1, 2008.Chicago Tribune newspaper in Chicago, IllinoisIndiana, Go with Obama, Chicago Tribune, May 4, 2008.Chico News & Review newspaper in Chico, CaliforniaColorado Springs Independent newspaper in Colorado Springs, ColoradoThe Columbian newspaper in Vancouver, Washington Connecticut Post newspaper in Bridgeport, ConnecticutContra Costa Times newspaper in Walnut Creek, CaliforniaCorpus Christi Caller-Times newspaper in Corpus Christi, TexasThe Courier-Journal newspaper in Louisville, KentuckyDaily Herald newspaper in Arlington Heights, IllinoisThe Daily News Tribune newspaper in Waltham, MassachusettsThe Daily Star newspaper in Oneonta, New YorkDallas Morning News newspaper in Dallas, TexasThe Day newspaper in New London, ConnecticutThe Desert Sun newspaper in Palm Springs, CaliforniaEl Latino, Spanish-language newspaper in Des Moines, IowaEl Paso Times newspaper in El Paso, TexasAdair, Bill (February 22, 2008). They like him in Texas. PolitiFact. Elko Daily Free Press newspaper in Elko, NevadaFinancial Times newspaper in London, EnglandFort Worth Star-Telegram newspaper in Fort Worth, TexasThe Free Lance-Star newspaper in Fredericksburg, VirginiaFresno Bee newspaper in Fresno, CaliforniaThe Gainesville Sun newspaper in Gainesville, FloridaGay City News LGBT newspaper in New York CityThe Greenville News newspaper in Greenville, South CarolinaHobbs News-Sun newspaper in Hobbs, New MexicoThe Honolulu Advertiser newspaper in Honolulu, HawaiiHouston Chronicle newspaper in Houston, TexasHoy Spanish-language newspaper in Chicago, IllinoisInland Valley Daily Bulletin newspaper in Pomona ValleyIowa City Daily Iowan newspaper in Iowa City, IowaIowa City Press-Citizen newspaper in Iowa City, IowaJewish News of Greater Phoenix newspaper in Phoenix, ArizonaJoplin Globe newspaper in Joplin, MissouriJuneau Empire newspaper in Juneau, AlaskaKnoxville News Sentinel newspaper in Knoxville, TennesseeLas Vegas Review-Journal newspaper in Las Vegas, NevadaThe Littleton Courier newspaper in Littleton, MaineLittle India magazineLogan Herald-Observer newspaper in Logan, IowaLos Alamos Monitor newspaper in Los Alamos County, New MexicoLos Angeles Daily News newspaper in Los Angeles, CaliforniaLos Angeles Sentinel newspaper in Los Angeles, CaliforniaLos Angeles Times newspaper in Los Angeles, CaliforniaLos Angeles Wave newspaper in Los Angeles, CaliforniaMarin Independent Journal newspaper in Marin County, CaliforniaMemphis Tri-State Defender newspaper in Memphis, TennesseeMerced Sun-Star newspaper in Merced, CaliforniaMilwaukee Journal Sentinel newspaper in Milwaukee, WisconsinMinnesota Daily newspaper in Minneapolis, MinnesotaThe Modesto Bee newspaper in Modesto, California The Morning Call newspaper in Allentown, PennsylvaniaMundo Latino, Spanish language newspaper in Sioux City, IowaThe Nashua Telegraph newspaper in Nashua, New HampshireNative American Times newspaperNew Haven Register newspaper in New Haven, Connecticut The New York Observer newspaper in New York CityNew York Post newspaper in New York, New YorkNorth Bay Bohemian newspaper in North Bay, CaliforniaNorth Coast Journal newspaper in Humboldt County, CaliforniaNorwich Bulletin newspaper in Norwich, ConnecticutThe Oakland Tribune newspaper in Oakland, CaliforniaLa Opinión Spanish language newspaper in Los Angeles, CaliforniaThe Orange County Register newspaper in Santa Ana, CaliforniaThe Oregonian newspaper in Portland, OregonOttumwa Courier newspaper in Ottumwa, IowaPacific Sun newspaper in Marin County, CaliforniaThe Palm Beach Post newspaper in Palm Beach County, FloridaParadise Post newspaper in Paradise, CaliforniaPasadena Star-News newspaper in Pasadena, CaliforniaPensacola News Journal newspaper in Pensacola, FloridaPeoria Journal Star newspaper in Peoria, IllinoisPhiladelphia City Paper, newspaper in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia Daily News, newspaper in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaThe Philadelphia Inquirer, newspaper in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia Tribune, newspaper in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia Weekly, newspaper in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaPittsburgh Post-Gazette, newspaper in Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaThe Plain Dealer newspaper in Cleveland, OhioPortland Press Herald newspaper in Portland, MaineThe Portsmouth Herald newspaper in Portsmouth, New HampshirePost-Tribune newspaper in Gary, IndianaThe Press Democrat newspaper in Santa Rosa, CaliforniaThe Press-Enterprise newspaper in Inland Empire, CaliforniaThe Record newspaper in Stockton, CaliforniaReno Gazette-Journal newspaper in Reno, NevadaRochester City Newspaper newspaper in Rochester, New YorkThe Rock Hill Herald newspaper in Rock Hill, South CarolinaThe Rockford Register Star newspaper in Rockford, IllinoisSacramento Bee newspaper in Sacramento, CaliforniaSan Francisco Bay Guardian newspaper in San Francisco, CaliforniaSan Francisco Chronicle newspaper in San Francisco, CaliforniaSan Jose Mercury News newspaper in San Jose, CaliforniaSanta Barbara Independent newspaper in Santa Barbara, CaliforniaSanta Cruz Sentinel newspaper in Santa Cruz, CaliforniaSanta Fe New Mexican newspaper in Santa Fe, New MexicoSacramento News & Review newspaper in Sacramento, CaliforniaSan Antonio Express-News newspaper in San Antonio, TexasSan Diego CityBeat newspaper in San Diego, CaliforniaSan Francisco Bay View newspaper in San Francisco, CaliforniaSanta Fe Reporter newspaper in Santa Fe, New MexicoSC Black News newspaper in South CarolinaSeattle Post-Intelligencer newspaper in Seattle, WashingtonThe Seattle Times newspaper in Seattle, WashingtonSelma Times-Journal newspaper in Selma, AlabamaSioux City Journal newspaper in Sioux City, IowaSouth Florida Sun-Sentinel newspaper in Fort Lauderdale, FloridaSouthern Voice LGBT newspaper in Atlanta, GeorgiaThe Springfield Republican newspaper in Springfield, MassachusettsSt. Louis Post-Dispatch newspaper in St. Louis, MissouriSt. Petersburg Times newspaper in St. Petersburg, FloridaThe Star-Ledger newspaper in Newark, New Jersey The Star Press newspaper in Muncie, Indiana<ref>After much discussion, we like Barack Obama The Star Press', May 4, 2008.</ref>
The State newspaper in Columbia, South Carolina
The Stranger newspaper in Seattle, Washington
TimesDaily newspaper in Florence, Alabama
Times-Republican, newspaper in Marshalltown, IowaTimes-Standard newspaper in Eureka, CaliforniaThe Times-Tribune newspaper in Scranton, PennsylvaniaThe Toledo Blade newspaper in Toledo, OhioThe Trenton Times newspaper in Trenton, New JerseyTuscaloosa News newspaper in Tuscaloosa, AlabamaValley News newspaper in Lebanon, New HampshireWoodbine Twiner newspaper in Woodbine, Iowa

Republicans

Rudy Giuliani

Mike HuckabeeDallas Morning NewsAdel Dallas Co. NewsAlbia Union-RepublicanChariton LeaderIowa City Press-CitizenSheldon N'West Iowa ReviewShenandoah Valley News TodayJohn McCainAustin American StatesmanThe Arizona RepublicBradenton Herald (FL)Boston Herald (MA)Boston GlobeDaytona Beach News-JournalDetroit NewsGainesville Sun (FL)Kansas City StarLos Angeles Daily NewsThe Modesto BeeNew Hampshire Union LeaderThe New York TimesThe Oregonian newspaper in Portland, OregonOrlando SentinelThe Palm Beach PostPensacola News Journal (FL)Philadelphia Inquirer newspaper in Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaThe Polk County Democrat (FL)The Press-EnterpriseThe Springfield RepublicanSacramento BeeSt. Louis Post-Dispatch newspaper in St. Louis, MissouriSt. Petersburg Times San Jose Mercury NewsSanta Cruz Sentinel newspaper in Santa Cruz, CaliforniaThe Seattle Post-Intelligencer newspaper in Seattle, WashingtonThe South Florida Sun-Sentinel (FL)The Star-Ledger (NJ)Tampa TribuneTuscaloosa News newspaper in Tuscaloosa, AlabamaWaltham (MA) Daily News TribuneRon Paul

The Arab American News
The American ConservativeThe Muslim Observer - national newspaper
San Francisco Bay Guardian

Mitt Romney

 National Review The Daily Nonpareil (IA)
 The Times-Republican (IA)
 Sioux City Journal (IA)
 The Grand Rapids Press (MI)
 The Oakland Press (MI)
 Las Vegas Review-Journal (NV)
 Reno Gazette-Journal (NV)
 Elko Daily Free Press (NV)
 The Atlanta Journal-Constitution (GA)
 Hartford Courant (CT)
 Salt Lake Tribune (UT)
 The Denver Post (CO)
 Long Beach Press-Telegram (CA)

Fred ThompsonHuman Events''

References

2008 United States presidential election endorsements
2008
2008 in mass media


The Best Science Fiction Stories: 1954 is a 1954 anthology of science fiction short stories edited by Everett F. Bleiler and T. E. Dikty.  An abridged edition was published in the UK by Grayson in 1956 under the title The Best Science Fiction Stories: Fifth Series. The stories had originally appeared in 1953 in the magazines Avon Science Fiction and Fantasy Reader, Fantasy and Science Fiction, Amazing Stories, Fantastic, Astounding and Galaxy Science Fiction.

Contents

 Editors’ Preface, by Everett F. Bleiler & T. E. Dikty
 Icon of the Imagination, by Fritz Leiber
 "DP!", by Jack Vance
 "The Big Holiday", by Fritz Leiber
 "phttps://archive.org/stream/Amazing_Stories_v27n05_1953-06-07#page/n45/mode/2up The Collectors]", by G. Gordon Dewey & Max Dancey
 "One in Three Hundred", by J. T. McIntosh
 "Wonder Child", by Joseph Shallit
 "Crucifixus Etiam", by Walter M. Miller, Jr.
 "The Model of a Judge", by William Morrison
 "The Last Day", by Richard Matheson
 "Time Is the Traitor", by Alfred Bester
 "Lot", by Ward Moore
 "Yankee Exodus", by Ruth M. Goldsmith
 "What Thin Partitions", by Mark Clifton & Alex Apostolides
 "A Bad Day for Sales", by Fritz Leiber
 About the Authors
 Index, the Best Science-Fiction Stories: 1949-1954

Reception
P. Schuyler Miller found the volume to be "no exception to the excellence of previous years." Groff Conklin said that "It is certainly not the 'best' of the 1953 output by a long shot, but it does contain some of the year's best", with Fritz Leiber's introduction "by far the best part".

References

Sources

1954 anthologies
Best Science Fiction Stories 1954


The Northern Subdivision is a railroad line owned and operated by the Buffalo and Pittsburgh Railroad (BPRR), which is owned by Genesee and Wyoming Industries, in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.  The line is one of the oldest in Pennsylvania, and at one time, stretched all the way from Callery, to Mount Jewett, Pennsylvania.  Today, more than half the line is gone.

History

Callery Junction
The line was originally a  narrow gauge railway line built by the Pittsburgh and Western Railroad, which later became part of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.  At the turn of the 20th century, a junction was built in Callery Junction (present-day Callery).  The mainline headed northwest towards New Castle, while a small branch headed northeast towards Butler.  The branch was eventually abandoned, and Callery Junction was no more.  A new junction was built just north of Callery in the small village of Eidenau.  The junction was named Harmony Junction, and it still exists today.  The junction is now used to connect the Northern Subdivision with the P&W Subdivision.  The P&W runs from the southeast to the northwest of Pittsburgh by way of Rankin to West Pittsburg near New Castle, while the Northern heads northeast towards Butler.

Harmony Junction to Bruin
From Harmony Junction, the line (operated by the B&P) runs along the scenic Connoquenessing Creek past Buhl's Station and Renfrew, Pennsylvania.  Just past Renfrew, the B&P runs parallel with the Canadian National Railway (originally the Bessemer and Lake Erie Railroad) into Butler.  Just north of the city is Calvin Yard where the B&P and CN share right-of-ways with each other.  The B&P also has a large shop located at Calvin, and many of the railroad's locomotives are located at the site.  Just outside East Butler, the line splits.  The mainline continues east towards Punxsutawney, while a branch (original Northern Subdivision) heads north towards Petrolia.  This part of the line is very popular among railfans for its old wooden trestles near the borough of Chicora.  In Karns City and Petrolia, the B&P delivers and hauls chemicals from the large chemical plants located in the boroughs.  The official end of the line is in Petrolia, but an abandoned section of track continues on to Bruin.  The line and tracks end here, but there is still a mile long section of track between Bruin and Parker that has not seen service for decades.

Parker to Clarion Jct.
The section of the line between Parker and Knox was abandoned by the B&O in 1964, but the tracks were not removed until 1982.  The railroad ran north along the Allegheny River for about four miles until it reached the small borough of Foxburg where it crossed over the river, and the Allegheny Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad on the old Foxburg Bridge.  The Pennsylvania RR in downtown Foxburg has been gone for many years, but a new rail trail is in development along the old right-of-way.  The B&O's Foxburg Bridge was demolished on July 24, 2008.  The Northern continued northeast of Foxburg, passing through the communities of St. Petersburg, Turkey City, and Knox.  Before 2001, the Northern had tracks in the borough of Knox, which were used by the Knox and Kane Railroad.  The main customer of the line was the Knox Glass Bottle Company, but once the company shut down, the line was abandoned.  Attempts were made to create a tourist railroad to Knox, but this plan was not successful.  The tracks were eventually removed and more of the Northern Subdivision was lost to history.  The K&K made the southwest end of the line at Clarion Junction, just past Shippenville.

Clarion Jct. to Mount Jewett
From Clarion Jct., the K&K wound its way through fields and woods just outside Clarion, and then passed through the village of Lucinda. Between 1987 and 2005, the K&K had its rolling stock and locomotives located in the small village Marienville. The trains were eventually moved to Kane in early 2006.  Between 1987 and 2004, the railroad ran a tourist railroad from Marienville to Kane, then passed through the borough of Mount Jewett to Kinzua Bridge State Park. The Northern Sub. had its official north end of the line located in Mount Jewett, but the K&K decided to extend the line to the Kinzua Bridge (that was once owned by the Erie Railroad) where the train would take tourists over the viaduct. In 2003, half the viaduct was toppled over by a tornado. The K&K ran the train to the park for another year, but service was ultimately cut, due to the loss of riders wanting to go over the bridge. Another tragedy struck in March 2008. Arsonists set fire to the enginehouse where the locomotives were kept after being moved from Marienville.  Later that year, the Knox and Kane was sold at auction, but the stretch of rails operated by the K&K were left in place. Most of the tracks dated back to the 1920s when most of the original  gauge rail was replaced with  rail on the Northern Subdivision.  In the spring of 2010, the Kovalchick Corporation began the long process of removing the rail crossings along state roads between Clarion and McKean counties.

References

External links
 Rails and Trails Northern Sub page

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad lines
Rail infrastructure in Pennsylvania


The following is a list of people associated with the former city of Königsberg (Duchy of Prussia, Kingdom of Prussia, Germany) which was renamed to Kaliningrad, Soviet Union in 1946.

Writing and public thinking

 Stanislovas Rapalionis (14851545), at Königsberg Albertina University first translator of the Bible into Lithuanian
 Abraomas Kulvietis (15091545), religious reformer at Königsberg Albertina University
 Stanisław Murzynowski (15271553), Polish writer, translator and a Lutheran activist during the Protestant Reformation.
 Caspar Schütz (1540 Eisleben 1594 Danzig), historian at Königsberg and Danzig, interest in the history of Prussia.
 Martynas Mažvydas (15101563), priest, writer and translator
 Jan Kochanowski (1530 in Sycyna – 1584)  Polish poet, attended the University of Königsberg after 1547
 Simon Dach (1605 in Memel – 1659) a lyrical poet and hymnwriter.
 Frederick I of Prussia (16571713), Elector of Brandenburg & Duke of Prussia
 John Ernest Grabe (1666–1711) an Anglican divine.
 Johann Christoph Gottsched (1700–1766) philosopher, author and critic of the Age of Enlightenment.
 Immanuel Kant (17241804), philosopher
 Johann Georg Hamann (17301788), philosopher
 Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel the Elder (1741–1796) a satirical and humorous writer.
 Zacharias Werner (1768–1823) a poet, dramatist and preacher.
 E. T. A. Hoffmann (17761822), author
 Karl Lehrs (1802–1878) a classical scholar.
 Karl Rosenkranz (1805–1879) a philosopher and pedagogue.
 Wincenty Pol (1807 in Lublin – 1872)  Polish poet; was interned in Königsberg  after the fall of the November Uprising in Russian partition of Poland.
 Abraham Mapu (18081867), Hebrew novelist
 Ferdinand Nesselmann  (1811 Fürstenau1881 Königsberg), mathematician, historian, orientalist and philologist
 Fanny Lewald (18111889), feminist and author
 Theodor Goldstücker (1821–1872) a German Sanskrit scholar.
 August Wilhelm Zumpt (18151877) a German classical scholar
 Bernhard Weiss (1827–1918) a Protestant New Testament scholar.
 Emma Goldman (18691940), author and political theorist
 Friedrich Radszuweit (18761932), author and publisher
 Agnes Miegel (18791964), author
 Walter Liebenthal (18861982), sinologist and philosopher
 Hannah Arendt (19061975), political theorist and philosopher
 Leah Goldberg (19111970), Israeli poet
 Annemarie Bostroem (1922-2015), author
 Hans-Joachim Newiger, (1925–2011), philologist
 Leah Rabin (née Schloßberg) (19282000), author and wife of Yitzhak Rabin

Scientists

 Johann Bartsch (17091738), physician, botanist, and collaborator with Carl Linnaeus
 Johann Christoph Bohl (1703–1785), physician, professor, and sponsor of Kant
 Friedrich Bessel (1784–1846) an astronomer, mathematician, physicist, and geodesist.
 Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach (1792–1847), surgeon
 Karl Gottfried Hagen (17491829), chemist, opened first German chemistry lab at Königsberg's Albertina University
 Gotthilf Hagen (17971884), physicist, contributed to fluid dynamics
 Philipp Johann Ferdinand Schur (17991878) a German-Austrian pharmacist and botanist
 Adolph Eduard Grube (18121880), zoologist
 Hermann August Hagen (18171893) Cambridge, U.S., German entomologist
 Erich von Drygalski (18651949) geographer, geophysicist and polar scientist
 Hermann Eichhorst (18491921), physician
 Emanuel Kayser (18451927) geologist and palaeontologist
 Gustav Kirchhoff (18241887), physicist and spectroscopist
 Karl Rudolf König (18321901), physicist
 Fritz Albert Lipmann (18991986), biochemist, shared the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 Arno Motulsky 1923-2018.  medical geneticist
 Franz Ernst Christian Neumann (18341918), pathologist
 Friedrich Adolf Paneth (18871958), chemist
 Siegfried Passarge (18661958), geographer
 Ernst Hugo Heinrich Pfitzer (18461906), botanist
 Arnold Sommerfeld (18681951), physicist, pioneered atomic and quantum physics
 Otto Wallach (18471931), chemist, recipient of the 1910 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
 Max Wien (18661938), physicist

Mathematicians

 Christian Goldbach (16901764), mathematician, developed Goldbach's conjecture
 Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi (18041851), mathematician, worked on elliptic functions, dynamics, differential equations
 Otto Hesse (18111874), mathematician, worked on algebraic invariants
 Carl Neumann (18321925), mathematician, worked on the Dirichlet principle
 Rudolf Lipschitz (18321903), mathematician, named the Lipschitz continuity condition
 Alfred Clebsch (18331872), mathematician, contributed to algebraic geometry
 Ludwig Scheeffer (18591885), mathematician, contributed to calculus
 Kurt Hensel (18611941) mathematician, introduced p-adic number
 David Hilbert (18621943), mathematician, developed invariant theory
 Hermann Minkowski (18641909), mathematician, developed the geometry of numbers

Arts and music

 Anton Möller (15631611), painter active mostly in Danzig (Gdańsk)
 August Kohn (17321801/2), violinist and composer active at the courts in Berlin
 Otto Nicolai (18101849), composer and conductor
 Rudolf Siemering (18351905) German sculptor
 Hermann Goetz (1840–1876) a composer of the 1872 opera Der Widerspänstigen Zähmung.
 Pavel Pabst (18541897), pianist/composer and professor at the Moscow Conservatory
 Käthe Kollwitz (18671945), painter and sculptor
 Ernst Behmer (18751938) a prolific German stage and film actor
 Werner Funck (18811951), actor, singer, and film director
 Harry Liedtke (18821945), actor
 Heinz Tiessen (18871971), composer
 Emy von Stetten (1898–1980), soprano
 Max Colpet (19051998), popular song lyricist
 Michael Wieck (19282021), musician and author
 Veruschka von Lehndorff (born 1939), model, actress and artist
 Eberhard Feltz (born 1937), German classical violinist
 Wilfried Gruhn (born 1939), German violinist, musicologist, music educator and emeritus professor

Military

 Erhard Ernst von Röder (1665–1743), Prussian field marshal
 Peter August, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck (16971775) Field Marshal in the Russian Imperial Army
 Friedrich von der Trenck (17261794), Prussian officer and adventurer.
 Leopold von Rauch (1787-1860), Prussiand general
 Prince Albert of Prussia (18091872) Generaloberst
 Max von der Goltz (1838-1906), Prussian admiral
 Ernst von Below (1863-1955), German general
 Hans Feige, (18801953), Wehrmacht general
 Oskar von Hindenburg  (18831960) a German Generalleutnant
 Wolff von Stutterheim (18931940) a German Generalmajor
 Werner Ostendorff (19031945), German SS Major General (Gruppenführer) of the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich
 Gerhard Barkhorn (19191983), second-highest-ranking Luftwaffe fighter ace (301 victories).

Politicians

 Johann Jacoby (18051877), politician
 Eduard von Simson (18101899), jurist and politician
 Otto Stellter (1823-1894), politician, member of German Reichstag
 Philipp, Prince of Eulenburg (1847–1921) diplomat and close friend of Wilhelm II
 Robert Rasch (1852–1938), a German settler in Nauru & first resident Administrator
 Otto Braun, (18721955), statesman and politician, Minister President of Prussia
 Carl Friedrich Goerdeler (18841945), a monarchist conservative politician
 Wilhelm von Gayl (18791945), politician of the German National People's Party
 Karl-Hermann Flach (19291973) journalist at the Frankfurter Rundschau and FDP politician

Sport
 Eugen Sandow (18671925), first modern bodybuilder
 Lilli Henoch (18991942), world record holder in the discus, shot put, and 4 × 100 meters relay, shot as a Jew by a  Nazi Einsatzgruppen death squad
 brothers Kraft Schepke (born 1934) & Frank Schepke (19352017) German Olympic rowers

Others

 brothers Bruno Taut (18801938) & Max Taut (18841967), architects
 Moshe Smoira (18881961), first President of the Supreme Court of Israel
 Ehrenfried Günther Freiherr von Hünefeld (18921929) aviator, made the first east-west transatlantic flight in 1928
 Rabbi Josef Hirsch Dunner (19132007), Chief Rabbi of East Prussia 1936-1938
 Immanuel Jakobovits, Baron Jakobovits (19211999) Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth, from 1967 to 1991
 Ulrich Schnaft (born 1923) Waffen-SS man in WWII, emigrated to Israel where he spied for Egypt
 Gerda Munsinger (19291998) an East German prostitute and alleged Soviet spy
 Thomas Eichelbaum (19312018), former Chief Justice of New Zealand
 Heinrich August Winkler (born 1938), historian, academic and author
 Reinhard Bonnke (19402019), televangelist, missionary in Africa from 1967
 Heinrich Wilhelm Nehrenheim (18751939), military and provincial official in the Landeshaus Königsberg, married to Olga Wagner

See also
 List of Poles from Königsberg

References

Königsberg
Konigsberg


Antelope Wells is a small unincorporated community in Hidalgo County, New Mexico, United States. The community is located along the Mexico-United States border, in the New Mexico Bootheel region, located across the border from the small settlement of El Berrendo, Chihuahua, Mexico. Despite its name, there are neither antelope nor wells in the area. The name comes from an old ranch, located  north of the current community. The only inhabitants of the community are U.S. Customs and Border Protection employees.

Antelope Wells is the southernmost settlement of New Mexico, situated in the region commonly known as the Bootheel of New Mexico. It is the smallest and least-used border crossing of the 43 ports of entry along the border with Mexico. The crossing, which is open solely for non-commercial traffic, is open every day from 10:00 AM to 4:00 PM.

The port was established by Ulysses S. Grant in 1872 and has been staffed since 1928. In 1981, the community had a population of two, living in trailers behind the customs station, and averaged three people entering per day. In 2005, 93 pedestrians crossed over the border in the community, which consisted of just four buildings: the port of entry building, two houses and a trailer. Including domestic and international travelers, fewer than 500 buses and privately owned vehicles pass through the community each month, though traffic has been increasing as of 2006 with more international shuttle van service. Despite its low usage, there is no move to close the port, which is the only port between Douglas, Arizona, and Columbus, New Mexico, and provides the most direct route from the United States to the Sierra Madre Occidental.

Recreation

Antelope Wells is located on New Mexico State Road 81, which links it with Interstate 10 and New Mexico State Road 9. Antelope Wells was the official southern terminus of the  long Continental Divide Trail until it was relocated to Crazy Cook, east of the nearby Hatchet Mountains in the mid-1990s and remains the location of the  long Great Divide Mountain Bike Route.

Climate

According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Antelope Wells has a cold semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Antelope Wells was  on June 27, 1994, while the coldest temperature recorded was  on February 3, 2011.

See also
Antelope Wells Port of Entry

Notes

External links
Map of port of entry on the New Mexico Border Authority website

New Mexico Bootheel
Unincorporated communities in New Mexico
Populated places established in 1872
Unincorporated communities in Hidalgo County, New Mexico
1872 establishments in New Mexico Territory


William Tremblay (August 10, 1877 – November 15, 1973) was a politician in Quebec, Canada and a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (MLA).

Early life

He was born on August 10, 1877, in Chicoutimi.

First Attempt in Federal Politics

Tremblay ran as a Labour candidate in the district of Maisonneuve in the 1925 federal election and finished a distant third against Liberal incumbent Clément Robitaille.

Member of the legislature

He ran as a Labor candidate in the district of Maisonneuve in the 1927 provincial election and won. He finished a distant third in the 1931 election and was defeated by Liberal candidate Charles-Joseph Arcand.

Tremblay was re-elected as a Conservative candidate in the 1935 election. He joined Maurice Duplessis's Union Nationale and was re-elected in the 1936 election.

Cabinet Member

He served as Minister of Labour from 1936 until the 1939 election, when he was defeated by Liberal incumbent Joseph-Georges Caron.

Last Attempt in Federal Politics

Tremblay ran as a Progressive Conservative candidate in the district of Maisonneuve—Rosemont in the 1945 federal election. He finished third against Liberal candidate Sarto Fournier.

Death

He died on November 15, 1973.

References

1877 births
1973 deaths
Labour Party (Quebec) MNAs
Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs
Union Nationale (Quebec) MNAs
Politicians from Saguenay, Quebec
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada candidates for the Canadian House of Commons
Candidates in the 1945 Canadian federal election


Eaves is a hamlet in Lancashire, England, six miles north of Preston. It is part of the Fylde, a flat area of land between the Forest of Bowland and the Lancashire coast. The village has a school, St. Mary and St. Andrew's Catholic Primary School, and a pub, the Plough at Eaves, which is the oldest in the Fylde. It was originally called the Cheadle Plough Inn.

Eaves is in the parish of Woodplumpton.

See also

Listed buildings in Woodplumpton

References

External links

Villages in Lancashire
Geography of the City of Preston
The Fylde


John Thomas Dumbell (1859 – 31 December 1936) was a New Zealand rugby union player. A utility, who played as a halfback, wing and forward, he was a member of the first national team in 1884.

Early life and family
Born in Bacup, Lancashire in 1859, Dumbell was the son of Primitive Methodist preacher John Dumbell. The family moved to New Zealand, arriving in Wellington on board the Hydaspes in October 1870 and lived for six years in New Plymouth before returning to Wellington.

Rugby union
Dumbell played for the Athletic club in Wellington and made his representative debut for Wellington in 1877. At that time provincial fixtures were infrequent and he played only five matches for Wellington between 1877 and 1883.

In 1884 Dumbell was included in the first New Zealand team, which toured New South Wales and played five matches. His first match came before they left for Australia, when they played a Wellington XV. Dumbell played at halfback in this match that they won 9–0. On 28 May they played against Cumberland County in Sydney. Dumbell played on the wing as they eased to a convincing 33–0 victory. The next match again in Sydney saw them up against Combined Suburbs XV, with Dumbell again on the wing. He landed a conversion to give him his first points for the All Blacks and help them to a 23–5 win. The next venue was the Newcastle Sports Ground where they played the Northern Districts. With poor weather conditions the New Zealand team battled on securing the game 29–0. The last game of the tour was against Western Districts in Bathurst. This was one of the tougher matches of the tour and at halftime it was only 4–0. They eventually won the match 11–0. Dumbell had ended up with nine points for the tour, scoring a try and a drop goal in the last match.

Weighing around 50 kg, Dumbell was one of the smallest men to play for New Zealand, if not the smallest, but despite his size he was admired for his speed, courage and willingness to tackle much bigger opponents.

After his retirement from playing Dumbell served the Wellington union as a management committee member, selector and representative referee.

Later life and death
Dumbell worked for the government audit department for 44 years, retiring in 1921.

Following the death of Edwin Davy in 1935, Dumbell was the oldest living All Black. He died in New Plymouth in 1936 and was buried at Te Henui Cemetery.

References

1859 births
1936 deaths
People from Bacup
British emigrants to the Colony of New Zealand
New Zealand rugby union players
New Zealand international rugby union players
Wellington rugby union players
Rugby union scrum-halves
Rugby union wings
Rugby union forwards
New Zealand rugby union referees
New Zealand public servants
New Zealand referees and umpires
Burials at Te Henui Cemetery
Sportspeople from the Colony of New Zealand


The Hames Valley AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in Monterey County, California at about 35°52'N 120°52'W, about 2 km west of US Route 101. It became an AVA in 1994. It is part of the larger Monterey AVA, and is located at the southern end of the Salinas Valley in the foothills of the Santa Lucia Range.  The soil in the valley is shale and loam, and the climate is slightly warmer than other regions of Monterey.  In addition to Bordeaux varietals, traditional Port grapes such as Tinta Cao and Touriga Nacional are grown in the valley. One recent significant wine is the 2008 Nybakken "IV Amici" Petite Syrah.

Venoco has drilled exploratory fracking wells in the region (near San Ardo to drill for petroleum in the shale in the area, as well as in Los Alamos, California in Santa Barbara County.

References

External links
Monterey County Vintners and Growers Association

American Viticultural Areas
American Viticultural Areas of California
Geography of Monterey County, California
1994 establishments in California


All-number calling (ANC) is a telephone numbering plan that was introduced into the North American Numbering Plan by the Bell System in the United States starting in 1958 to replace the previous system of using a telephone exchange name as the first part of a telephone number. The plan prescribed the format of a telephone number assigned to subscriber telephones to consist of ten digits, composed from a three-digit area code, a three-digit central office code, and a four-digit station number. This increased the number of effectively available central office codes in each numbering plan area (NPA) from 540 to 792, thereby staving off the threat of exhausting the number pool, which was forecast to occur by the late 20th century.

History

Until the 1950s, a typical telephone number in the United States and many other countries consisted of a telephone exchange name and a four- or five-digit subscriber number. The first two or three letters of the exchange name translated into digits given by a mapping typically displayed on the telephone's rotary dial by grouping the letters around the associated digit. The table (right) shows the typical assignment in the Bell System in use at the time. The letter Q was not used, and Z was translated to 0 (zero) on some dials, albeit never used in the name system. For example, a New Yorker's telephone number might have been CHelsea 2-5034, which a calling telephone subscriber would dial as the digit sequence 2425034, translating C to 2, and H to 4.

After World War II, the newly conceived nationwide numbering plan of 1947 sought to unify all local numbering plans by using a system of two central office letters and one digit to complete the office prefix, and four digits for line number. This system was referred to as 2L-5N, or simply 2-5. This plan was projected to be usable beyond the year 2000. However, with increasing demand for telephone service in the post-war decades, it became apparent by the late 1950s, that the system would be outgrown by about 1975. The limitations for the usable leading digits of central office codes, imposed by using common names for central office names, and their leading two characters as guides for customer dialing could no longer be maintained when opening new central offices. By 1962 it was forecast that in 1985 the number of telephones in the nation would equal its population of 280 million and increase to 600 million telephones for 340 million people in 2000. As a result, the North American telephone administrations first introduced letter combinations that could not be linked to a familiar pronounceable central office name in some highly populated states, such as New York.

The final solution to the growing threat of numbering exhaustion was decided by AT&T engineers and administrators from in-depth studies of all alternative methods. It was decided to eliminate the restrictions of using names and lettered prefixes.

This goal had been envisioned internally within AT&T for some time. In 1954, John Karlin directed a research project that investigated the memory capacity and dialing accuracy of employees when using seven-digit telephone numbers comprising only digits. At that time, some directory publishing departments also began removing the entire central office name from telephone directories, preferring to only list the dialed letters of the prefix. The practice did not produce any adverse effects, and opened the path for listing telephone numbers in the 2-5 style, where the two letters were unrelated to any pronounceable name.

Under all-number calling, the number of permissible central office prefixes increased from 540 to potentially 800, but the first two digits of the central office code were still restricted to the range 2 to 9, and the eight combinations that ended in 11 were reserved as special calling codes. This increased the numbering pool for central office codes to 640, and resulted in the partitioning of the prefix space (000—999) according to the table at the right.

All-number calling was first field-tested in Wichita Falls, Texas starting on January 19, 1958, with the installation of a new dial exchange. The results indicated a substantial reduction of dialing errors over new system installations that used the 2-5 numbering system.

In small communities the new system was met with little resistance. In Council Bluffs, Iowa with roughly 26,000 telephone subscribers, it also caused no major resistance in March 1960. During larger scale introductions in California in 1962, this change sparked an intense outcry among urban users who considered all-digit dialing to be dehumanizing.

Karlin, the inventor of the all-number system, stated that he had been approached by a woman at a cocktail party, "Are you the John Karlin who is responsible for all-number dialing?"  He proudly replied, "Yes, I am."  She then asked him, "How does it feel to be the most hated man in America?" Opponents created a variety of organizations to oppose all-number calling, including the Anti-Digit Dialing League and the Committee of Ten Million to Oppose All-Number Calling to pressure AT&T to drop the plan.

Other countries introduced similar transitions for eliminating exchange names. In the United Kingdom, the new system was known as  all-figure dialling.

See also
Rotary dial
E.161 ITU-T recommendation

References

External links
A Capsule of History of the Bell System

Telephone numbers
Telephone numbers in the United States


Jonathan Freeman may refer to:

Jonathan Freeman (actor) (born 1950), Tony-nominated American actor known for voicing the villainous Jafar in Disney's Aladdin
Jonathan Freeman (representative) (1745–1808), United States Representative from New Hampshire
Jonathan Freeman-Attwood, Principal of the Royal Academy of Music in London, United Kingdom
Jonathan Freeman (cinematographer), Canadian cinematographer working primarily in America
Jonathan Freeman (footballer) (born 1994), Australian rules footballer for Brisbane Lions

See also
Jon Freeman, computer game industry figure
Jonny Freeman, British actor and comedian
John Freeman (disambiguation)


Dennis Hayden (born April 7, 1952) is an American actor, producer and writer, most famous for his role as Eddie, one of the main terrorists in the popular 1988 action film Die Hard.

Early life
Dennis Hayden was one of five brothers and one sister born in Girard, Kansas on a pig and soybean farm. He worked the wheat harvest during summers off from high school, graduating in 1970. He worked the summer wheat harvests and played football, becoming the number one tackle in Kansas. He attended Fort Scott Junior College for the game, but then, when he was nineteen, decided to head to the West Coast and try out acting. At this point, he got involved in theater, commercials, TV and films.

In popular culture
Since his appearance in Die Hard, Hayden's resemblance to singer Huey Lewis has been often noted. In The Cleveland Show'''s parody episode "Die Semi-Hard", Lewis voiced a character which stood in for Hayden's "Eddie", but was referred to only as "the guy who looks like Huey Lewis".

Dennis Hayden is the white coach in the new Von Miller Old Spice Commercials 2017.

Filmography

 1985 Tomboy as Bartender
 1986 Murphy's Law as Sonny
 1986 Jo Jo Dancer, Your Life Is Calling as Policeman #1
 1987 Slam Dance as Mean Drunk
 1988 Action Jackson as Shaker
 1988 Die Hard as Eddie
 1990 Another 48 Hrs. as Barroom Tough
 1993 Midnight Witness as Cowboy
 1994 One Man Army as Eddie Taylor
 1995 Beyond Desire as Lieutenant Davis
 1995 Wild Bill as Phil Coe
 1995 The Random Factor as Senator James Lockholt
 1995 Fatal Choice as Jim Kale
 1997 George B. as Tom
 1997 Wishmaster as Security Guard
 2000 Stageghost as Merrill
 2001 Knight Club as Cowboy
 2001 Echos of Enlightenment as Frank Savage
 2002 Sniper 2 as Klete
 2003 The Negative Pick-Up as T (Tall Man)
 2003 The Librarians as Bouncer (uncredited)
 2005 Purple Hearth as Earl
 2007 Carts as Ted
 2008 Trucker as Trucker
 2008 Light Years Away as Launch Guard #1
 2009 Race to Witch Mountain as Ray
 2009 A Way with Murder as T
 2009 Dead in Love as 'Slim' Sheppard
 2012 Night of the Living Dead 3D: Re-Animation as Tall Zombie
 2016 A Journey to a Journey'' as President Warren Benchley

References

External links

 http://www.dennishayden.com/index.html

1952 births
Male actors from Kansas
American male film actors
Living people
People from Girard, Kansas
American male television actors
20th-century American male actors
21st-century American male actors


The Proctophyllodidae are a family of the Acarina (mite) order Astigmata. They contain many feather mites. The Alloptidae and Trouessartiidae were in earlier times included here as subfamilies.

Proctophyllodidae females are extremely similar among species and sometimes even hard to assign to a genus, while males vary much more. Two subfamilies are generally recognized, the Proctophyllodinae and the Pterodectinae. The main difference is that the female pregenital apodeme and epimerites IV are separated, while in the latter they are connected and form a distinct structure.

General
Feather mites (subclass Acarina, family Proctophyllodinae) are ectoparasites that live in between the barbs of feathers and are found on nearly every bird species currently described. It was previously believed that these mites had a parasitic relationship with their hosts but it is now thought that most species are more commensal with their hosts. Morphological studies have provided strong evidence for this with feather mite mouthparts being identified as unstructured for biting on solid material. Instead it is suggested that they feed on oils and fats secreted from the uropygial gland as well as pollen, fungus and dead epidermis tissue that is trapped within it.

Morphology
Feather mites are streamlined; strongly dorsoventrally flattened with short legs and well-developed ambulacra that act as a hold-fast organ. Being of the order Astigmata, they have biting mouhtparts with a very small gnathosoma compared to body size.

Transmission
Morphological constraints suggest that adult mites are nearly immobile. Transmission of mites has been shown to occur largely between direct interactions between parents and offspring and possibly during gregarious interactions between flock individuals. Observations of restricted species contamination on Falconiformes have supported this observation. Birds of prey have the greatest chance of cross contamination through interactions with their prey and yet have very stable acarofauna groups are found exclusively on those species. The European cuckoo, a brood parasite, has also been found to have their own species of mite even though the parents and offspring never interact (but see Lindholm et al., 1998)

Selected genera

Proctophyllodinae
 Allodectes Gaud & Berla, 1963 – tentatively placed here
 Anisophyllodes Atyeo, 1967
 Bradyphyllodes Atyeo and Gaud, 1970
 Diproctophyllodes Atyeo and Gaud, 1968
 Favettea Trouessart, 1915
 Hemipterodectes Berla, 1959
 Joubertophyllodes Atyeo & Gaud, 1971
 Monojoubertia Radford, 1950
 Nycteridocaulus Atyeo, 1966
 Philepittalges Atyeo, 1966
 Proctophyllodes Robin, 1868
 Ptyctophyllodes Atyeo, 1967
 Tanyphyllodes Atyeo, 1966

Pterodectinae
 Afroproterothrix Mironov & Wauthy, 2010
 Amerodectes Valim & Hernandes, 2010
 Anisodiscus Gaud & Mouchet, 1957
 Dolichodectes
 Megalodectes
 Montesauria Oudemans, 1905
 Neodectes
 Pedanodectes
 Proterothrix Gaud, 1968
 Pterodectes Robin, 1877 – possibly not monophyletic
 Syntomodectes
 Toxerodectes
 Trochilodectes
 Xynonodectes

References

Further reading

Sarcoptiformes
Acari families


John W. Fischer (March 10, 1912 – May 25, 1984) was an American amateur golfer in the 1930s.

Fischer was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He won the 1932 NCAA individual golf championship and the Big Ten Conference individual championship in 1932, 1933 and 1935 while playing at the University of Michigan. He also won the 1936 U.S. Amateur.

Fischer played on the Walker Cup team in 1934, 1936, and 1938, and captained the team in 1965.

Fischer was inducted into the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor in 1980 as part of the third induction class.  Only one Michigan golfer (Chuck Kocsis) was inducted into the Hall of Honor before Fischer.

Tournament wins
this list may be incomplete
1932 NCAA Championship
1932 Big Ten Championship
1933 Big Ten Championship
1935 Big Ten Championship
1936 U.S. Amateur

Major championships

Amateur wins (1)

Results timeline

Source for U.S. Open and U.S. Amateur: USGA Championship Database

Source for 1934 British Amateur:  The Glasgow Herald, May 24, 1934, pg. 12.

Source for 1938 British Amateur:  The Glasgow Herald, May 25, 1938, pg. 21.

M = Medalist
NT = No tournament
DNP = Did not play
DNQ = Did not qualify for match play portion
R128, R64, R32, R16, QF, SF = Round in which player lost in match play
"T" indicates a tie for a place
Green background for wins. Yellow background for top-10

U.S. national team appearances
Amateur
Walker Cup: 1934 (winners), 1936 (winners), 1938, 1965 (non-playing captain, tied, cup retained)

References

American male golfers
Amateur golfers
Michigan Wolverines men's golfers
Golfers from Ohio
Sportspeople from Cincinnati
1912 births
1984 deaths


Eriogonum diclinum is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name Jaynes Canyon buckwheat. It is native to the Klamath Mountains of northern California and southern Oregon, where it is an uncommon member of  plant communities on serpentine soils. This is a small dioecious shrub forming low, thick mats rarely exceeding 20 centimeters in height. The curving, oval-shaped leaves are woolly and greenish gray in color, growing up to two centimeters long. The plant flowers in yellow to reddish rounded inflorescences, male plants producing clusters of staminate flowers, and female plants producing larger clusters of pistillate flowers.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

Flora of California
Flora of Oregon
diclinum
Dioecious plants
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


is a Japanese animator, director, and producer. He has worked in a number of  science fiction anime series, especially mecha-themed ones. He created several original video animations including Angel Cop, and Battle Royal High School. He directed on Megazone 23. He also directed on a number of episodes and films related to Macross.  He also directed Gantz, and worked on series composition and direction for Blassreiter.

Publicizing Blassreiter in 2008, He belongs to  that the CG team was independent from GONZO. He teaches younger generation as an adviser in the company.
 Since retiring a studio of Crusher Joe and joined Macross, he lost touch with Yoshikazu Yasuhiko, his instructor. However, they reunited again after nearly 30 years in a project relating to artbooks of Gundam, and have worked together on production of Mobile Suit Gundam: The Origin.

Itano Circus
Itano is best known among anime fans for a style of action scene that he developed, usually nicknamed  or "Macross missile massacre" by fans; it refers to a highly stylized and acrobatic method of depicting aerial combat and dogfights in many anime, particularly the Macross series.

The production in Space Runaway Ideon became a hot topic in the anime industry, and it came to be called this by comparing the brisk movement of mechanics to the air acrobatics of the circus. The name first appeared in the 1982 November issue of My Anime, Kazutaka Miyatake of mechanic designer said "Although we call it Itano Circus, ..." in the interview, and the featured article was published in the next month issue. The circus is named after the acrobatic flight of a 3-plane formation by Minoru Genda, a pilot of Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service at a dedication ceremony, which was called "Genda Circus".

The battle scenes of the conventional mecha animation took the style of "duel" using guns and swords such as Western (genre) and Jidaigeki and there were many staging which emphasized the heaviness and posing (decision pose) of the robot. A good example of this is sword fight in battle scenes such as Gundam.
He created new scenes with the acrobatic moves.

The animated action sequence technique became more famous when Itano used it for the "dogfights" depicted in The Super Dimension Fortress Macross anime TV series from 1982. The Itano Circus is characterized by detailed, fluid shading of the mecha, the close-range acrobatic moves the dueling fighters make in combat, as well as twisting contrails left by fighters and missiles. It is also commonly used in specific reference to an attack where a mecha or spaceship launches a large swarm of guided missiles with meticulously animated spiraling smoke trails and erratic trajectories and its target is repeatedly dodging those missiles at a high speed.

The origin is the scene where a rocket is fired from a Saburo/Hakaider's motorcycle in Android Kikaider which he saw in his childhood. When he was a student, he imitated this and played a game in which he attached rocket fireworks to the front fork of his beloved car and shot them all at once while chasing each other on the seashore. He talked "The chase was more interesting than the attack when I played this." Applying the experience of running side by side with the fireworks to the anime expression is the screen composition of the three-dimensional sense. In addition, the speed is emphasized more by the contrivance of the camera work such as the change of the photographing lens and the frame.

Characteristic rendition
According to "Sci-Fi anime is interesting―from Gundam to Evangelion―", these are mentioned as follows:

Firing missiles in unison
A synonym for Itano Circus born from rocket fireworks. Focusing on missiles, which have been treated as subweapons in conventional mecha anime, Itano made an appeal of "large number of bullets" and "movement of missiles". The missiles take intricate, intertwined tracks and draw three-dimensional, artistic wakes with white smoke. Because of this, it is also called "Natto missile". Even if they are the same missile, the characters are divided into "honor student type" which flies in a straight line to a target, "bright type" which predicts the target's mobility and makes a forehead, and "inferior grade type" which flies in a zigzag pattern to be conspicuous. Besides the maneuvering of the target aircraft to avoid them in an emergency is also a highlight, and in some cases, missiles passing through the screen without heading toward the target is depicted. According to Itano, "The orbit is the most important for a missile" and "Itano Circus if the flow is clear, even with one or two missiles."

Lens effect
Depending on the position of the subject in the shooting camera, the picture is drawn so that it switches to a telephoto lens at a long distance, a standard lens in the middle, and a fisheye lens at the front, giving an impression of the depth and speed of the screen. For example, a missile launched at the back of the screen changes to a wider curved image as it approaches the viewer from a telephoto image. Itano calls it "Angle Animation".

Moving body perspective
It is camera work moving freely like aerial photography of skydiving. It follows the subject from a subjective point of view, and adds frame-in and frame-out to give a sense of reality. To be more extreme, it can also be defined as the concept of tracking an object with minimal camera work. Since the adoption of 3DCG, this trend has been particularly conspicuous, and the movement of the camera, which is delayed for a moment, is the most remarkable. Therefore, Itano's three-dimensional battle scene is more impressive to viewers. In the 3D shooter games of Macross, he supervises a "variable view" that makes the player's fuselage look like it's being shot with a camera.

Explosion and collapse effect
Considering the structure of the object to be destroyed, processes such as internal detonation by the hit (for example, a scene in which an enemy ship was destroyed in a Daedalus attack.) and collapse by the shock wave are depicted separately. It is also characterized by numerous explosive lights that flicker from circular to crescent-shaped.

Cruel description
Since his days as an original painter, he has often been depicted as an extreme splatter, such as a character's head flying or head crushing. The scene of Char Aznable shooting Kycilia Zabi at Gundam also obscures what was clearly depicted in the original. Although it was ripped off in TV series, there were quite cruel scenes in movies and OVAs, and in some cases, they were cut entirely in the overseas export version.

Impact
At the end of the 1970s, young animators called "Kaneda followers" appeared among anime fans who were fascinated by Yoshinori Kanada's effects scenes and opening animations. Itano, who was also inspired by Kanada, stated, "Itano Circus was born because I wanted to absorb Mr.Kanada's good points and find a way to express myself. I think he has made Itano Circus what it is". Influenced by dynamic perspective and explosion of "Kanada Action", the acrobatic circus technique was analyzed by frame advance on VCRs, which were becoming popular at that time, and inspired younger animators.

This trend has continued since the 2000s, Makoto Shinkai, produced personally Voices of a Distant Star, said, "I watched Macross Plus and Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: Stardust Memory by frame and referred to the mechanical action." Moreover, as a fan of Itano, , an animator, showed similar works in Magical Shopping Arcade Abenobashi(ep. 3), Gurren Lagann(ep. 14), and Space Dandy(ep. 23).

Action staging such as missile shooting is common, but Shōji Kawamori said, "Although some animators can draw beautiful and speedy missiles, few can draw "a painful missile" like him."

Besides there is also a theory that people involved in Hollywood movies who saw Itano Circus in the video of Macross: Do You Remember Love? used it as a hint for aerial photography in the movie Top Gun. Neill Blomkamp, an avid fan of Macross, included "Natto missile" in the scene in his film District 9 in which a powered suit fired a missile.

As an homage to Itano Circus, digital art collective  created Crows are chased and the chasing crows are destined to be chased as well, Division in Perspective which is a three-dimensional reproduction of "Deformed Space" drawn in a two-dimensional animation.

Fostering the next generation
According to Itano, only the three animators who have fully mastered Itano Circus are Hideaki Anno,  and . Anno mentioned his name as the first master  in the animation world and said, "I was taught an uncompromising creative attitude." "It's hard to get there though I'm trying. I tried to cross, but I can't."
, and Cutie Honey, a live-action film by him, also has a kind of homage. Gotō and Muraki were influenced by Ideon and Macross and drew speedy aerial battles in Cowboy Bebop and Eureka Seven respectively.

Although Itano himself did not participate in the work Macross after the completion of Macross Zero, the creators of Satelight, unknownCASE and Graphinica, who were in charge of Macross Frontier Sayonara no Tsubasa's CG, are disciples who received guidance from him. Regarding Hiroshi Yaghishita (Macross Frontier) and Jō Harada (Basquash!) of Satelight, Itano said, "Harada is conferred first and full mastership of Itano Circus of CG, and Yagishita is the best student among the graduates."

When he was participating from Ultraman Nexus to Ultraman Mebius, he taught the CGI team of Tsuburaya Productions and influenced later tokusatsu productions. In 2011, he announced the dissolution of the D.A.S.T. which he presided over, saying, "All the people I need to grow have already graduated, so I'm going to do what I like."

Anecdote
In terms of practical application, Itano is a distinct physical person in the anime industry. He was nicknamed "battle animator" and left many episodes.
Motorcycle
 He rode his motorcycle through gaps in trucks and buses, claiming to improve his dynamic vision. When he appeared on  of NHK, he introduced himself and said, "I think I improved the dynamic eyesight of Japanese children."
 Inspired by Mad Max 2, he ran up the pedestrian bridge on his motorcycle.
 When he was riding a motorbike, he got angry at being pushed to the side of a truck and turned back. He fell down as a result, but continued to abuse the truck driver even though he fell down.
 At the time of production of Megazone 23 he attached photographic equipment to a motorcycle and did location scouting on the Tokyo metropolitan area. His black Honda VT250F was adorned with a skull and crossbones reminiscent of the Roy Focker.
 According to Gen Urobuchi, he retired from painting after a motorcycle accident with a wrist injury and began to concentrate on his job as a director.
Works
 He became an animator because he happened to see a recruitment ad while he was suspended from high school, and also to reassure his parents by getting a job.
 He temporarily worked in a stunt office (didn't stunt work).
 When he produced Gundam, the director complained "This move is too fast." but he was not satisfied and changed the timesheet to move Bit of Elmeth while the director was out. His sense was recognized by Yoshiyuki Tomino who saw this scene in a preview.
 Due to murderous schedule of Macross, he was hospitalized twice for hematemesis and hematuria. Although his doctor told him he would be hospitalized immediately, he participated in an eight-hour endurance race on Honda Super Cub.
 He is also a creator of Perfect Gundam in Plamo-Kyoshiro. As he was participating in Mobile Suit Gundam anime TV series, he thought of it as a fighting equipment against Zeong, and he drew it between the original drawing works. He was so busy that forgot to design it, but he knew it was commercialized when he saw the plastic model at the model store.
 When he created Macross Plus, he went to the United States with Kawamori and experienced a mock air battle. To experience the extreme conditions of the pilot, he pulled the control stick straight up without the instructor's permission and experienced blackouts and G-LOC.
 At the wrap-up party, the president of a finishing company hit him and said, "How many people do you think quit because of you?"

Filmography

See also

Shirobako - A 2014 anime television series set in the anime industry. An animator named "Saburō Kitano" modeled after Itano appears.

References

External links

 Ichiro Itano in Macross Compendium

1959 births
Japanese animators
Japanese animated film directors
Japanese animated film producers
Living people
People from Yokohama


The Mid-Ohio Christian Athletic League (MOCAL) is a middle and high school athletic league consisting of schools and teams in the Columbus, Ohio metro area.  All six current league members are also members of the Ohio High School Athletic Association (OHSAA).

Members

References

Ohio high school sports conferences
Christian sports organizations


9936 Al-Biruni, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 24 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 August 1986, by Belgian and Bulgarian astronomers Eric Elst and Violeta Ivanova at the Rozhen Observatory, located in Bulgaria's Smolyan province near the border to Greece. It was named for Persian medieval scholar Al-Biruni.

Orbit and classification

Al-Biruni orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5–3.7 AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,976 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.19 and an inclination of 15° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as  at Crimea-Nauchnij in 1981, extending the body's observation arc by 5 years prior to its official discovery at Rozhen.

Lightcurve

A rotational lightcurve of Al-Biruni was obtained from photometric observations made at the U.S. Goodsell Observatory (), Minnesota, in August 2002. The lightcurve gave a rotation period of  hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.14 in magnitude ()

Diameter and albedo

According to the space-based surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Al-Biruni measures between 23.9 and 27.8 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has a corresponding albedo of 0.048 to 0.065. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 22.2 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 12.0.

Naming

The minor planet was named after the Persian scholar and polymath Al-Biruni (973–1048). Regarded as the founder of Indology and the father of geodesy, he made important contributions to anthropology, mathematics and astronomy. In particular, he is known for developing a method for the summation of series, for solving algebraic equations, and for the triangulation of distances on Earth's surface. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 26 September 2007 (). The lunar crater Al-Biruni is also named in his honour.

References

External links
 Rozhen Observatory, Smolyan, Bulgaria
 Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
 Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
 Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
 Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (5001)-(10000) – Minor Planet Center

009936
Discoveries by Eric Walter Elst
Discoveries by Violeta G. Ivanova
Named minor planets
19860808


Captain America and the Falcon is a title used by multiple American comic books published by Marvel Comics featuring the superheroes Captain America and Falcon. It was used as the cover title for Captain America's ongoing comic book series from 1971 to 1978, and was the title of a limited series written by Christopher Priest that ran from 2004 to 2005.

1971 ongoing series

Although never the official title, the ongoing comic series Captain America was cover titled Captain America and the Falcon from issue #134 (dated February 1971) to issue #222 (dated June 1978).

2004 limited series

A fourteen issue limited series titled Captain America and the Falcon was published by Marvel from 2004 to 2005. All fourteen issues were all written by Christopher Priest, with the artwork duties passing to a number of different groupings. The artists with the two most prominent runs were Bart Sears and Joe Bennett.

Publication history
The idea to begin publishing Captain America and the Falcon began with Marvel editor Tom Brevoort. Captain America's solo title had been restarted in 2002 as a part of the Marvel Knights imprint. This resulted in a situation in which the character's then current solo stories were no longer taking place within Marvel's main shared universe, the Marvel Universe. Captain America and the Falcon was meant to fill the gap created by this situation.

Problems began almost immediately, problems Priest would later admit were created by both himself and Bart Sears:

The death blow for Captain America and the Falcon came when Captain America's solo series was once again relaunched in 2005. With sales dropping and the series very reason for existing now gone, Marvel canceled Captain America and the Falcon with issue #14.

The fourteen issues of Captain America and the Falcon were broken up into various storyarcs. The first storyarc, titled "Two Americas" was contained within the first four issues. The next three issues (numbered #5, 6 and 7) were tie-in issues for the Avengers Disassembled crossover. The Avengers Disassembled crossover issues were followed by the five part (issues #8 - 12) "Brothers & Keepers" storyarc and the two part ( issues #13 and 14) "American Psycho" storyarc.

The "Anti-Cap"
The main supporting character around which most of the storylines in Captain America and the Falcon revolved was known as the "Anti-Cap." The name "Anti-Cap" for this character comes from a line in issue #2:

No official in-universe real name or code name was ever revealed and this nickname became the character's de facto name.

The "Anti-Cap" is a Navy SEAL operative of the Office of Naval Intelligence. He first attempted to join the United States armed forces after his girlfriend was killed in the Oklahoma City bombing, but was rejected for health reasons. After this failure he was recruited by the O.N.I. in order to take part in a black op program designed to create a secret super operative to be used exclusively by the O.N.I.

His superhuman strength and endurance comes from a drug named acetovaxidol which is regulated in his system via a computer grafted to his spine. Acetovaxidol is a drug that had appeared previously in the Marvel Universe, as the source of Luke Cage's powers. Unlike Cage's constant internal supply, the "Anti-Cap" gets his acetovaxidol via skin patches. Without the fixes these patches give him, the "Anti-Cap" would lapse in possibly fatal withdrawal symptoms.

Plot synopsis

The first issue opens in the middle of a crisis. The Falcon has broken Leila Davis, an American journalist he has a past relationship with, out of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. A figure the reader later learns to be the "Anti-Cap" is in Cuba searching for the Falcon. He eventually finds him, taking shelter in the compound of the Rivas Family, an infamous drug cartel with CIA connections. While this is happening, Captain America attempts to find out why Leila Davis was arrested. Not finding any answers, he leaves for Cuba to help his partner.

Having captured Leila Davis and the Falcon, the "Anti-Cap" steals a cargo plane from the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and begins to fly it back to the United States. Somewhere over the Straits of Florida this plane collides with the plane that has Captain America and the Scarlet Witch aboard. The occupants of the two planes escape unharmed and make their way back to dry land. The Falcon, Leila Davis and the "Anti-Cap" end up in Florida. Captain America is teleported to Cuba by the Scarlet Witch who then leaves to return to the United States. Captain America then rendezvous with S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Ali Morales who gives him all of S.H. I.E.L.D.'s known information on the "Anti-Cap".

The "Anti-Cap" is found washed up in Miami Beach by two rescue workers. He kills them and takes their vehicle. In Cuba, Captain America and Agent Morales journey to the Rivas Family compound. There they discover what Leila Davis found and what caused her to be locked up in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp taped to the back of the Falcon's Avengers ID and hidden behind a toilet. Its true nature isn't revealed to the reader, but it is described as "World War III in a petri dish." It is also mentioned that "by itself, its harmless." The Captain and Agent Morales then fly to Miami. In that city, the Falcon and Leila take refuge with some of the Falcon's old gang associates. The "Anti-Cap" quickly finds them and attacks. Just as he is about to kill the Falcon, Captain America rushes in to save his partner.

After a brief confrontation in which the "Anti-Cap" holds the Falcon hostage, the "Anti-Cap" flees. Captain America tracks the "Anti-Cap" through a hurricane now raging over Miami. At this point information on the analysis of a DNA sample from the "Anti-Cap" obtained in Cuba arrives. With the discovery of acetovaxidol as the source of the "Anti-Cap"'s powers, a plan to stop him is made. This plan turn out to be successful.

Days later Captain America meets with Nick Fury and Admiral Jimmy Westbrook - the man behind the project that created the "Anti-Cap." At this meeting Captain America refuses to reveal where he has hidden either the "Anti-Cap," or "WWIII in a petri dish."

Captain America and the Falcon battle a group of armed men, hired by the Rivas for revenge, outside of Captain America's civilian apartment. They are rescued by the Scarlet Witch in a taxi. While this is happening Admiral Westbrook and Nick Fury meet to discuss recent events surrounding Captain America, the Falcon and the "Anti-Cap." Meanwhile, Captain America and the Falcon journey to Luke Cage's Harlem apartment in order to obtain a sample of the acetovaxidol from his blood stream. They wish to use this to synthesize acetovaxidol in order to stave off the withdrawal the "Anti-Cap" is facing. Having obtained this they go to the Wakandan consulate in New York where they have hidden the "Anti-Cap." After this they go to confront Fury and Westbrook.

Chaos erupts at the meeting after the Falcon shoots Westbrook, who is saved by the bulletproof vest he is wearing. This chaos is briefly stopped when the Scarlet Witch arrives with Henry Pym to reveal his final analysis of "WWIII in a Petri dish." He says that it isn't a bio-weapon, but is instead DNA, his exact word being, "It's... an old friend of yours..." The scene obviously continues after this, but the reader is left to wonder what these words mean. Captain America and the Falcon flee with the Falcon leading Westbrook's forces away to allow his partner to make his way back to the Wakandan consulate and the "Anti-Cap." While the two main characters make their way through the streets of New York, a man named Damocles Rivas arrives offering a deal to Westbrook.

The Falcon confronts Leila Davis in order to warn her that the Rivas might be coming for her. As they talk, Captain America confronts feelings he is having for the Scarlet Witch, feelings which are a direct connection to events in the Avengers Disassembled crossover. Issue #7 ends with a man waking up in the Rivas family compound in Montclair, New Jersey. He puts on an AIM helmet, opens a secret door and steps into a room containing MODOK.

People in various places around the world begin to see visions of MODOK, visions that prove to be fatal for the observer. As this is happening Captain America and the Falcon are confronting the Rivas directly. Captain America fights with agents of the DEA in Colombia. Among the Rivas, he encounters a Navy SEAL on a secret mission for Westbrook. Meanwhile, the Falcon confronts money launderers working for the Rivas in New York's Chinatown. They return from these missions to the Wakandan consulate to talk with the "Anti-Cap." After they leave, the "Anti-Cap" finds a note on the floor of his cell that says "Bite Me." He later collapses with the consulate staff declaring him dead from a stroke.

Captain America and Admiral Westbrook meet for the "Anti-Cap"'s burial at sea aboard the aircraft carrier, U.S.S. Kirby. Afterward, divers appear to retrieve the coffin. They are fought off by the Falcon who raises to the surface with the "Anti-Cap" and flies away. Hours later the "Anti-Cap" wakes up in a Harlem apartment. His conversation with the Falcon reveals to the reader that the "Bite Me" note contained a paralytic enzyme that helped to fake the "Anti-Cap"'s death. With help from Nick Fury and Agent Ali Morales, Cap, the Falcon and the "Anti-Cap" make plans for an infiltration and attack on the U.S.S. Saisha, Westbrook's personal yacht where he and Damocles Rivas are having a meeting as well as Damocles Rivas' Montclair compound.

In the Rivas Compound, Captain America discovers MODOK. After a brief confrontation MODOK stands down, allowing Captain America to put on a nearby AIM helmet he thinks is a controlling unit. This guess proves to be correct and he soon discovers that the people MODOK has killed around the world are all ex-agents of AIM and that MODOK has been doing this instinctively—the majority of his mind being elsewhere. Meanwhile, the "Anti-Cap" finds and confronts Westbrook aboard the Saisha, but Westbrook reveals a device by which he can shut down the "Anti-Cap"'s ability to move via the computer grafted to his spine. The Falcon arrives just in time to knock out Westbrook and save the "Anti-Cap." They are both then mentally rendered unconscious by Damocles Rivas whose head now looks similar to MODOK.

Conversations in issue #11 reveal to the reader that "WWIII in a petri dish" is made of modified DNA taken from MODOK, that this was designed to kill him, that Westbrook was using this to control MODOK and that the mind and sentience of MODOK now resides within the body of Damocles Rivas. From a secret AIM base MODOK in Damocles Rives' body holds the Falcon and the "Anti-Cap" hostage. Before he can make his demands fully known Captain America manipulates the conversation in such a way that brings Damocles Rivas' mind partially to the surface to fight MODOK. The resulting mental fight allows the Falcon and the "Anti-Cap" to free themselves. The "Anti-Cap" then shoots and kills Damocles Rivas' body shunting both minds into MODOK's body where the fight for control continues. During this fight MODOK's body is injected with the modified DNA. MODOK reveals at this point that he mentally manipulated Westbrook's people into creating DNA strands that would mutate within his blood to form a deadly virus. Gaining control, Damocles Rivas transports MODOK's body and Captain America into the middle of one of the Hulk's rampages.

Now in Singapore and still controlling MODOK's body, Damocles Rives does little to defend himself against the Hulk in an attempt to commit suicide. Captain America manages to convince Rivas that a solution to his situation can be found. Rivas uses MODOK's mental powers to bring Bruce Banner's personality to the surface of the Hulk's mind. After contacting Henry Pym and Reed Richards via satellite, the three scientists begin to work on a way to neutralize the virus within MODOK's blood. They succeed just as MODOK regains control of his body. MODOK unleashes the Hulk to rage again and cuts off the satellite link to Pym and Richards. Without the knowledge of how to administer the cure Captain America relies on the Falcon and Agent Morales back in the Rivas Compound. These two find the transportation device Rivas used to get to Singapore and jury rig it to put MODOK in stasis after transporting him back.

At the Falcon's apartment he and Captain America find themselves in a heated argument that ends with the Falcon proclaiming "Captain America and the Falcon are finished!" Captain America sadly walks away just as an enraged ex-associate of the Falcon appears with a gun and shoots at the Falcon. The bullet misses its target but hits Captain America in the head. The Falcon rushes his partner to the hospital where Captain America begins to fight for his life. While this is happening, the "Anti-Cap" attacks the embassy of Baud Olan, a middle eastern country he accuses of harboring terrorists. In the wake of this the Falcon seeks out the "Anti-Cap" and confronts him.

After recovering in the hospital Captain America seeks out the "Anti-Cap" in an effort to find the now missing Falcon. He tracks him to Paris. The "Anti-Cap" refuses to reveal the Falcon's whereabouts and instead decides to attack Captain America. Their long fight ends when a defeated "Anti-Cap" allows himself to be run over by a subway train.

References
Grand Comics Database Project

Footnotes

Captain America titles
2004 comics debuts
2005 comics endings
Comics set in New York City
Team-up comics


The American Society of Music Arrangers and Composers is an organization whose mission is to promote the arts of Music Arranging, Composition and Orchestration within the entertainment industry community and the general public. The ASMAC was founded in 1938.

ASMAC
The American Society of Music Arrangers and Composers (ASMAC) was founded in 1938. It welcomes all composers as either associate or full members.
The creation of ASMAC started with a various amount of composers and arrangers who were writing music for films, they were not getting the appreciation that they deserved and they decided to join together to make a group to promote their work and to educate the masses in their field of study.
Members originally dubbed their group "The American Society of Music Arrangers" (ASMA), the predecessor to ASMAC.
With eight studios hiring orchestras at the time of their creation, one of the group's first goals was to be fully employed. Another one of their early goals was to get royalties for their orchestrations, a goal that has still not been achieved in the year 2008.

Other areas, where they have had more success, include: screen credit, better working conditions, improved union scales, even parking privileges, and anything they could think of to improve their lot.

Robert Russell Bennett was ASMA's first president. ASMA became ASMAC in 1987 recognizing the fact that most members were also practicing composers.

The membership now numbers over 500 and has expanded to those who are, or have been, active in the preparation of music for movies, theatre, recording, television and live performances.

ASMAC also holds workshops, seminars and gives scholarships to deserving students.

The biggest event of the year for ASMAC is the Golden Score Awards Dinner, which features the Golden Score Award (Composing), the Irwin Kostal Award (Arranging) and/or the President's Award (Non-composing).

Scholarships

The ASMAC organization offers two scholarship competitions for young composers/arrangers. One competition is for a Big Band where the participant writes an arrangement or a new composition for a big band and the second is for a Chamber ensemble, where the participant will write a composition for a Chamber group.
Each competition offers numerous cash prizes plus a rehearsal reading and recording by some of Los Angeles’ finest musicians. Each contestant must be a member of ASMAC or join ASMAC at the time of entry.

75th Anniversary

In 2013, ASMAC had its 75th birthday as an organization and had a massive anniversary celebration up which almost 400 people attended. Leading the group at this celebration was notable film composer Michael Giacchino.

Many members of the group gave their own testament at this festival including members such as Van Alexander (composer of the Ella Fitzgerald standard "A Tisket, A Tasket") Johnny Mandel (Mash and The SandPiper) Laurence Rosentha (The Miracle Worker, Becket) Doug Bsterman (Broadway Orchestrator), and many others.

At the event there were many tributes to the members which included Videos and Live Bands performing works by the members.

References

External links
 Official Site of ASMAC

1938 establishments in the United States
Music industry associations
Music organizations based in the United States
Organizations established in 1938


The Estudillo family is a prominent Californio family of Southern California. Members of the family held extensive ranchos and numerous important positions, including California State Treasurer, Mayor of San Diego, and Commandant of the Presidio of San Diego.

Notable members

José María Estudillo
José María Estudillo is the founder of the family. He was one of the first settlers of San Diego and a celebrated military officer. He served twice as Commandant of the Presidio of San Diego (1820-1821 and 1827-1830). He built the Casa de Estudillo of San Diego, a National Historical Landmark. During an 1823 expedition through the Coachella Valley, he first recorded the existence of thermal springs near modern-day Palm Springs, California.

José Joaquín Estudillo
José Joaquín Estudillo was born in Monterey in 1800. He enlisted as an officer at aged 15 and served at the Presidio of Monterey. He later served one term as Alcalde of San Francisco (mayor) from 1835 to 1836. He was in charge of the secularization of Mission San Francisco de Asís at the beginning of 1835. He was granted Rancho San Leandro in Contra Costa in 1837 and later founded the city of San Leandro. There he built the Casa de Estudillo of San Leandro, a Californian Historic Landmark.

José Antonio Estudillo
José Antonio Estudillo was born in Monterey in 1803. He enlisted as a soldier at the Presidio of San Diego. He served one term as Alcalde of San Diego (mayor), from 1837 to 1839, and twice as acting mayor, in 1845 and 1846. He was granted Rancho Janal in 1829 and Rancho San Jacinto Viejo in 1842. He served as the first San Diego County Assessor in 1850.

José Guadalupe Estudillo
José Guadalupe Estudillo was born in San Diego in 1838. He served as 10th California State Treasurer (1875 to 1880) and as 13th Mayor of San Diego (1868 to 1869). He also served as Treasurer of San Diego County from 1864 to 1875.

Other members
Miguel Estudillo served in the California Senate (1908-1910) and the California State Assembly (1904-1908). While in the Assembly he authored the legislation giving Yosemite to the federal government for the establishment of a national park. He also served twice as City Attorney of Riverside, California (1918-1924 and 1941-1949).

Legacy

The Casa de Estudillo in San Diego is a National Historical Landmark. The Casa de Estudillo in San Leandro is a California Historic Landmark. The Estudillo Mansion in San Jacinto is open to the public as a museum. The Estudillo House in Riverside is a city landmark.

José Joaquin Estudillo founded the city of San Leandro, which is named after his Rancho San Leandro. Similarly, José Antonio Estudillo founded the town of San Jacinto, California, which is named after his Rancho San Jacinto.

Estudillo Elementary School in San Jacinto is named after José Antonio Estudillo.

Estudillo Street in Martinez and San Diego, as well as Estudillo Avenue in San Leandro, are named after the family.

See also

References

Californios
Families from California


John Frederick "Jake" Townsend Sr. (September 20, 1916 – December 4, 2001) was an American basketball forward and center.  He was an All-Big Ten player for the University of Michigan from 1935 to 1938.  In 1938, he was named an All-American.  He later played professional basketball for the Indianapolis Kautskys, Oshkosh All-Stars and Rochester Royals.

High school basketball in Indiana
A native of Indiana, Townsend played for Arsenal Technical High School in Indianapolis.  He led Arsenal Tech to the state finals in 1934, losing to Logansport.  He was the leading scorer in the State Finals and was named All-State in basketball in Indiana twice and won the Dyer Medal, Indianapolis' top athletic award.

University of Michigan
He played collegiately for the University of Michigan from 1936 to 1938.  Townsend was named to the All-Big Ten team and led Michigan in scoring each year from 1936 to 1938. Considered the greatest Michigan basketball player in the era before Cazzie Russell, Townsend was six feet, four inches (102 mm)  tall.

Known as the "Houdini of the Hardwood", Townsend scored 108 points in 1936 and was the only sophomore selected for the All-Big Ten team.  The Associated Press chose Townsend as the All-Big Ten center in 1936 even though he played regularly at forward throughout the season.  He was joined on the team by his older brother, Earl Townsend; who was the team captain.  Earl had earlier led DePauw University to the 1934 Indiana Intercollegiate Conference title before transferring to Michigan.

In 1937, Townsend was again selected on the All-Big Ten team and finished second in conference in scoring.  He had 40 field goals and made 43 out of 59 free throws for 123 points.  Described by the AP as "the great Wolverine ball-handler", he was "generally credited with being the best ball handler in the Big Ten."

In 12 games in 1938, Townsend had 45 field goals, converted 45 of 64 free throws, and finished fourth in the conference with 135 points. He was named an All-Big Ten player by both the United Press and the Associated Press for the third straight year.  The United Press noted that Townsend was a unanimous choice for the second consecutive year.  Though Purdue's Jewell Young was the Big Ten scoring leader in 1938, Townsend excelled as a scorer, rebounder, and ball-handler.  The United Press said: "It was Townsend's third year on the all-star team.  He won his first recognition as a center, twice more as a forward.  Players, especially, conceded Townsend was the greatest all-around man in the conference."  The Associated Press said: "John (Jake) Townsend of Michigan won the center assignment by a big margin and in 'making' the team for the third consecutive year, accomplished a rare feat in Big Ten basketball.  Rated as the greatest player in Michigan hardwood history, Townsend received first place votes, either at forward or center, from nine coaches.  The other one picked him for the second five."

In 1938, he became the fourth consensus All-American in school history.  Townsend also competed for Michigan in the shot put and discus.  He was ranked fifth in the country in the discus.  He earned five varsity letters at Michigan – three in basketball and two in track.

Professional ball
Immediately after graduating, Townsend played baseball in 1938 in the Bush-Feezle State League for the Indianapolis team.  The Kokomo Tribune noted in late August: "The Indianapolis aggregation is led by Johnny Townsend, former Technical high basketball star and an All-American cage player at The University of Michigan.  Latest statistics . . . show Townsend, a center fielder, is the loop's leading slugger.  Townsend showed his prowess with the war club Wednesday when he tripled with the bags loaded to defeat the Muncie Acme-Lees team, 6-4."

In October 1938, Ed Ciesar, owner of the Hammond Ciesers announced he had signed Townsend to a professional basketball contract.  Townsend played professional basketball in the NBL as a member of the Indianapolis Kautskys, Oshkosh All-Stars and Rochester Royals.

Later years
Townsend later became a lawyer in Indianapolis.  He also officiated basketball games in the 1940s for the Big Ten Conference, as well as four Indiana-Kentucky all-star games.  He later worked as a broadcaster and coach.

Honors and awards
He was inducted into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame in 1972; the 11th class to be honored; in 1980 he was named to the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor as part of the third induction class.  Only two basketball players, Cazzie Russell and Rudy Tomjanovich were inducted into the Hall of Honor before Townsend.  In 2000, The Sporting News picked Townsend as a member of its Michigan all-time basketball team; he was one of only two players from before 1974 named to the team.

Family
Townsend's grandson, Eric Montross, played basketball at the University of North Carolina and in the NBA.

See also
 List of second-generation NBA players

References

External links
 Bentley Historical Library: John Townsend
 Bruce Madej, Champions of the West, p. 85
The Sporting News Michigan all-time basketball team

1916 births
2001 deaths
All-American college men's basketball players
American men's basketball players
Basketball players from Indianapolis
Centers (basketball)
Forwards (basketball)
Hammond Ciesar All-Americans players
Indianapolis Kautskys players
Michigan Wolverines men's basketball players
Michigan Wolverines men's track and field athletes
Oshkosh All-Stars players
Rochester Royals players
Track and field athletes from Indianapolis
Toledo Jim White Chevrolets players


Eriogonum elatum is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name tall woolly buckwheat. It is native to the western United States from California to Idaho. It is a perennial herb varying in size from one half to 1.5 meters in height. Its long leaves are located at the base of the plant and can be quite long for a buckwheat, over 20 centimeters in maximum length. The erect, branching stems are thin and naked and occasionally hollow. The plant produces small to large inflorescences with clusters of tiny flowers in shades of white to dark pink.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

elatum
Plants described in 1836


Tongariro may refer to these features in New Zealand:

Mount Tongariro
Tongariro (New Zealand electorate)
Tongariro (village)
Tongariro National Park
Tongariro River


The San Benito AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in San Benito County, California. It is part of the larger Central Coast AVA.  San Benito has a moderate climate with cooling breezes from the Pacific Ocean arriving via gaps between the Gabilan Range and the Santa Lucia Mountains.  The region was once the principal source of grapes for Almaden Vineyards before the business was acquired by Constellation Brands in 1984.

References

American Viticultural Areas
American Viticultural Areas of California
Geography of San Benito County, California
1987 establishments in California


The Egher is a left tributary of the river Batar in Romania and Ukraine. It discharges into the Batar near Nevetlenfolu, Vynohradiv Raion.

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Zakarpattia Oblast
Rivers of Satu Mare County


Pewee Valley Confederate Cemetery is one mile from the old Kentucky Confederate Home site. The National Register of Historic Places lists the cemetery and separately an individual monument within it, the Confederate Memorial in Pewee Valley, as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky MPS. It is the only cemetery for Confederate veterans, 313 in total, that is an official state burying ground in Kentucky.

History
In May 1871, several local citizens of Pewee Valley, Kentucky,  northeast of Louisville, Kentucky, decided they wanted a local public cemetery. By August 1871, the land was purchased. The following spring, in 1872, the cemetery was organized, and plants were placed to beautify the area. When they were finished, they asked for a charter from the Kentucky state government.

Close to the cemetery, the Villa Ridge Inn was built in 1889. The site was a four-story summer resort that was to be popular with Louisville entrepreneurs and their families. However, despite a $90,000 construction with "majestic architecture", it never attracted enough visitors to stay in business. Between the inn's closure and 1902, it temporarily became a private high school, the successor to the Kentucky College for Young Ladies.

When the Confederate home was approved in 1904, the cemetery was segregated into three parts: one for Confederate veterans, one for whites, and one for blacks.

In 1902, the Kentucky General Assembly unanimously approved the building of a veterans home specifically for Confederate veterans of the American Civil War by the cemetery. It was done at the behest of former Confederate officer Bennett H. Young, who had long desired such a facility as he saw many former Confederate veterans could no longer take care of themselves. After Young's group acquired $16,000, the legislation was approved. Young's group of Confederate veterans and the Daughters of the Confederacy chose the Villa Ridge site just outside the cemetery, as it was well-sited and inexpensive compared to what it had cost to build in 1889. The cemetery was established shortly after the hospital was opened, with the special monument built soon afterward. The total area of the home and cemetery was 11,275 square feet.

In the years it was an active veterans facility, it provided a hospital, nursing care, food, entertainment, and religious services for up to 350 veterans at a time, providing a home for 700 former Confederate soldiers in its years of operations. The requirements to be a resident of the home were to not only be a former Confederate soldier but to have been a resident of Kentucky for the past six months, be mentally stable, and have no problems with alcoholism. Many veterans once served under John Hunt Morgan. A fire on March 25, 1920, destroyed the main building, an infirmary ward, and laundry. There were no deaths, and the rest of the facility was enough to house those residents still using the home. Eventually, the number of veterans who could be served dwindled, and by 1934 the hospital was no more, with the remaining five residents being transferred to the nearby Pewee Valley Sanitorium.

Present day
All that remains of the hospital is its main gate, which was moved to become the entrance arch for the cemetery one mile away and part of the walkway from the house to the railroad. A sign is placed along the pathway to mark it. The source of fresh water for the facility, a reservoir, was filled in during the 1990s.

The monument is unique for Kentucky Civil War monuments in that it is built of zinc, whereas most are made of marble or limestone. Another oddity is that the obelisk and base are separated by an inscribed Gothic altar that acts as an arch on the face of the monument. Confederate flags are also crafted on the monument.

See also
 Alabama Confederate Soldiers Home

Gallery

References

External links

Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Kentucky
Civil War Monuments of Kentucky MPS
National Register of Historic Places in Oldham County, Kentucky
Tourist attractions in Oldham County, Kentucky
1904 sculptures
Zinc sculptures in the United States
Obelisks in the United States
United Daughters of the Confederacy monuments and memorials in Kentucky
1904 establishments in Kentucky
Buildings and structures in Pewee Valley, Kentucky


In Ancient Rome, the Aqua Alsietina (sometimes called Aqua Augusta) was the earlier of the two western Roman aqueducts (with the aqua Traiana), erected sometime around 2 BC, during the reign of emperor Augustus. It was the only water supply for the Transtiberine region, on the right bank of the river Tiber until the Aqua Traiana was built.

The length of this mainly subterranean aqueduct was 22000 paces (about 32.8 km) and it had arches over 358 paces (about 0.53 km).

This aqueduct acquired water mainly from Lacus Alsietinus (a small lake in southern Etruria, currently known as Lago di Martignano) and some from Lacus Sabatinus (Lago di Bracciano). This water was not suitable for drinking, however, and Augustus used it to fill his naumachia in Trastevere to allow the public to enjoy sham naval battles. The water surplus was used for the irrigation of Caesar's horti (gardens) and for the irrigation of fields.

Sextus Julius Frontinus ascribes only a meager volume to the Aqua Alsietina in about 97.

It was joined by the aqua Traiana, probably in 109 AD, to share a common lower path into Rome, though their routes are uncertain.

Some traces of this aqueduct were discovered in 1720. An inscribed stone slab was found in 1887 near the Via Claudia, the only ancient written record of the Aqua Alsietina.

The fountain of the Acqua Paola in Rome, built under Pope Paul V announces on its triumphal arch that "Paul V restored the ancient ducts of the Aqua Alsietina". But this was wrong, in fact it was a reconstruction of the Aqua Traiana. But that was unknown by that time.

See also
List of aqueducts in the city of Rome
List of aqueducts in the Roman Empire
List of Roman aqueducts by date
Parco degli Acquedotti
Ancient Roman technology
Roman engineering

References

 Samuel Ball Platner - A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome, London: Oxford University Press, 1929

External links

 Aqua Alsietina
Photo of the ruins

Alsietina