Blu (Bidu) is a character in the Brazilian comic strip Monica's Gang, created in 1959. He was the first character created by Maurício de Sousa, along with his owner Franklin (Franjinha). The character appears in the logo and is the mascot of Mauricio de Sousa Produções, the company founded by Sousa to release his works.

Blu is the only character who appears in two different kinds of stories. In one, he is a normal dog, owned by Franklin, who fears taking baths (but is invariably forced to take them by Franklin), does anything in exchange for a bone, and plays around with the other dogs from the neighborhood. In the other type of stories, he is a director-actor of his own stories, is highly personified walking with two feet behind the sets (and walking like a normal dog when acting), and is famous for the strips in which he talks to objects, especially the rock called Mrs. Stone.

History

Mauricio says he has based both Blu and Franklin on himself and Cuíca, the dog he had when he was a child. His first appearance was in 1959 in the comic strip Bidu e Franjinha published in the newspaper Folha da Manhã. The very first stories had the boy Franklin (Blu's owner) and his friends Bucky, Jeremiah, Manezinho and Hummer as protagonists. In 1960, through a partnership with the publisher Editora Outubro, Mauricio de Sousa collaborated making stories of his characters to children's  magazine Zaz Traz, while in the same year he created Blu and Franklin's own magazine, titled Bidu by Continental. But the comic was canceled in the same year after only eight issues.

In 1961 he and Franklin became supporting characters for Jimmy Five after he became the protagonist, however stories with him and Franklin kept being published for many years. In 1963, when Mauricio founded his own studio, the project was originally called Bidulândia Serviços de Empresa (now known as Mauricio de Sousa Produções) in tribute to the character. In the 1970s and '80s the Blu and Franklin stories became less and less frequent. Franklin went on to be a recurring character for Monica, Jimmy Five, Smudge and Maggy, while Blu went on to starring in both solos stories and stories with Franklin.

Since the 1960s, Blu doesn't have his own printed comics, but when he celebrated his 40th anniversary, a special edition was released in remembrance, titled Bidu – Especial 40 Anos (Blu – 40 Years Special). Blu also had an almanac with classic stories that was published by Panini Comics between 2008 and 2014 (returning in 2020) called Almanaque Bidu & Mingau, in this almanac Blu stories were published along with stories focused in Vanilla, Maggy's pet cat.

Related characters
 Franklin  (Franjinha) – Blu's owner and the brains of the gang. The only character who is closely related both to Blu and to Monica and her friends, apart from Duke. He keeps a personal laboratory attached to his house. In there, he concocts all sorts of things, including complex machines such as time machines, teleporters, robots, etc.,  not always with success. He is in love with Marina, the artist of the gang, even though she has no interest in him.
 Duke (Duque) – Blu's best friend, appears mostly on the stories in which Blu is a normal dog.
 Glu (Bugu) – Glu is not an enemy, but usually annoys Blu by doing almost everything to take part of his strips. Blu never accepts, so Glu sees himself forced to perform his famous "imitations", even against Blu's wills. However, in the end he is always kicked off the strip (literally). He always says "Alô, mamãe!" (Hello, mommy!) when he enters the strip, and "Tchau, mamãe!" (Bye, mommy!), when he is kicked off. He has also appeared as Mister B (a reference to the magician Mr. M), a great magician who everybody thought to be Blu. Glu was one of the few characters not conceived by de Sousa himself, but by his brother Márcio, who describes him as his "self-prortrait" for always trying to "steal his famous brother's show".
 Manfred (Manfredo) - Blu's main assistant, appears almost exclusively on the strips in which Blu is a director/actor. He is a secretary, producer, and arranger and is always carrying a clipboard.
 Mrs. Stone (Dona Pedra) – The most famous object that talks to Blu. A single grey stone, which cannot move. She mostly engages in philosophical conversations with Blu, or just talks about daily issues.
 Fog (Zé Esquecido) – As his Portuguese name suggests (roughly translated as Forgetful Joe), this character was introduced in 2003 and suffers from amnesia, affecting his short-term memory.

Reception and legacy
Blu is considered an iconic character in Brazil, especially when it comes to his creator Mauricio de Sousa. In 2014 a graphic novel starring the character entitled Bidu - Caminhos was published by Eduardo Damasceno and Luis Felipe Garrocho being part of the Graphic MSP collection. This graphic novel had a sequel in 2016 titled Bidu - Juntos.

References

 Blu's page at Monica's Gang official website
 Duke's page at Monica's Gang official website
 Glu's page at Monica's Gang official website
 Manfred's page at Monica's Gang official website
 Fog's page at Monica's Gang official website

External links
Official Monica's Gang website

Fictional dogs
Monica and Friends
Fictional Brazilian people
Brazilian comic strips
Comics characters introduced in 1959
Mascots introduced in 1959
Male characters in comics
Male characters in advertising
Dog mascots
Magazine mascots
Talking animals in fiction


CNDP may refer to:

 National Congress for the Defence of the People, a political armed militia in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
 National Convention of Progressive Democrats, a political party in Burkina Faso
 Centre national de documentation pédagogique, the former name of the publisher of the Ministry of National Education of France, known as Réseau Canopé since 2014
 Châteauneuf-du-Pape AOC, a French wine appellation in the Rhône wine region in southeastern France, and the wine produced therein


This is a list of viceroys in Nevis from the island's settlement by English in 1628 until its union with Saint Kitts and Anguilla to form Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla in 1883.

Governors of Nevis (1628–1685)
 Anthony Hilton, 1628–1629
 George Hay, 1629–1630
 Anthony Hilton, 1630–1631, second time
 Thomas Littleton, 1631–1634
 Luke Stokes, 1634–1635, first time
 Thomas Sparrow, 1635–1637
 Henry Huncks, 1637–1638
 John Jennings, 1639
 Jenkin Lloyd, 1640
 John Meakem, 1640–1641
 John Kettleby, 1641
 Jacob Lake, 1641–1649
 Luke Stokes, 1649–1657, second time
 James Russell, 1657–1671
 Sir William Stapleton, 1672–1685

Deputy Governors of Nevis (1672–1737)
 Randall Russell, 1672–1676
 William Burt, 1685
 James Russell, 1685–1687
 John Netheway, 1687–1691
 Samuel Gardner, 1692–1699
 Roger Elrington, 1699–1702
 John Johnson, 1703–1706
 Walter Hamilton, 1706–1712
 Daniel Smith, 1712–1722
 Charles Sibourg, 1722–1732
 William Hanmer, 1733–1737

Presidents of Nevis (1737–1882)
 Michael Smith, 1731–1744
 James Symonds, 1745–1756
 William Maynard, 1756–1761
 James Johnston, 1761–1771
 Joseph Richardson Herbert, 1771–1782
 François Claude Amour, Marquis de Bouille, 1782–1783 Governor (French occupation)
 Joseph Richardson Herbert, 1784–1793, restored
 James Daniell, 1807–1841
 Josiah Webbe Maynard, 1841–1842
 Lawrence Graeme, 1842–1844
 Willoughby J. Shortland, 1845–1854
 Frederick Seymour, 1854–1857
 Sir Arthur Rumbold, 1857–1860
 George Cavell Webbe, 1860–1864
 James Watson Sheriff, 1864–1866
 Charles Monroe Eldridge, 1872–1873
 Alexander Augustus Melfort Campbell, 1873–1876
 Roger Tuckfield Goldsworthy, 1876–1877
 Arthur Elibank Havelock, 1877–1878
 Charles Spencer Salmon, 1879–1882

In 1883 Nevis formed part of Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla, with a president on Saint Christopher (Saint Kitts).  For a list of viceroys in Nevis following this, see List of colonial heads of Saint Christopher.

See also

References
 Rulers.org: Saint Kitts and Nevis
 Worldstatesmen.org: Saint Kitts and Nevis

L01
British Saint Christopher and Nevis people
Nevis
governors


Everything Is Everything is the debut studio album by American soul artist Donny Hathaway, which was released on July 1, 1970 on the Atlantic Records' subsidiary, Atco.

The album was Hathaway's first release after being signed to Atlantic in 1969. Hathaway had already built a reputation early in his life, first as a gospel singer as a child under the name Donny Pitts. Raised in St. Louis, with religious influences, his grandmother Martha Crumwell was herself an accomplished gospel singer and guitarist. After dropping out of Howard University in 1967, Hathaway moved to Chicago, his birthplace, and started working on music for Curtis Mayfield's Curtom Records label where he was a songwriter, producer, arranger, composer, conductor and session player.

Everything Is Everything was produced by Hathaway and Ric Powell, who plays drums and percussion on the album; Hathaway wrote or co-wrote five of the album's nine songs. Hathaway had met Powell while at Howard University, as well as the future Impressions lead singer, Leroy Hutson, who jointly wrote the hit song that would eventually make it on the album, "The Ghetto". The track was mostly an instrumental, except for Hathaway's vocal ad-libs and his singing of the chorus. Hathaway and Hutson composed another socially conscious song for the album, titled "Tryin' Times". Other songs were split between covers (Ray Charles's "I Believe to My Soul" and Nina Simone's "To Be Young, Gifted and Black"), spiritual affairs ("Thank You Master for My Soul") and love songs ("Je Vous Aime (I Love You)").

Released in July 1970, the album peaked at #73 on the Billboard Top 200 Albums chart and #33 on the Billboard R&B Albums chart.

Critics have since called Hathaway's debut his finest album.  Joel Dorn wrote that the album was the artist's best and that it had, "a certain innocence to it. Afterwards, he was a genius, but right then, he was just another guy tryin'" It would be one of four solo studio albums, including the soundtrack for Come Back, Charleston Blue, that Hathaway released in his lifetime.

Track listing

Side one
"Voices Inside (Everything Is Everything)" (Richard Evans, Ric Powell, Phil Upchurch) – 3:28 - 'especially dedicated  to Herb Kent of WVON' - according to Ric Powell
"Je Vous Aime (I Love You)" (Donny Hathaway, Leroy Hutson, Edward Kennedy) – 3:31 - 'dedicated to Mrs. Eulaulah Hathaway, Donny's wife and the background voice in addition to the three parts that Donny sang himself to create the background voices'
"I Believe to My Soul" (Ray Charles) – 3:51
"Misty" (Johnny Burke, Erroll Garner) – 3:38
"Sugar Lee" (Hathaway, Powell) – 4:05
"Tryin' Times" (Hathaway, Hutson) – 3:15 - ' a message song already recorded by both Roberta Flack and "Pops" Staples

Side two
"Thank You Master (For My Soul)" (Hathaway) – 5:50
"The Ghetto" (Hathaway, Hutson) – 6:50
"To Be Young, Gifted and Black" (Weldon Irvine, Nina Simone) – 6:43 'to the proud and defiant lyrics of Nina Simone's  tribute  to Lorraine Hansberry, Donny has added a new message - a lament for the many young, gifted and blacks who are trapped by lack of opportunity'- Ric Powell
Bonus track on CD reissue
"A Dream" (Robert Ayers, Hathaway) – 4:14

Personnel
Donny Hathaway – lead vocals (All tracks), background vocals (tracks 1-8), pianos (including electric) (All tracks), organ (track 9), additional bass (8), keyboard bass (9), arranger, conductor
Willie Weeks - bass (track 1)
Master Henry Gibson – conga (track 8)
King Curtis – guitar (track 3)
Phil Upchurch – bass guitar (3-4, 6-7), guitar (1-4, 6-8)
John Littlejohn – guitar, vocals
John Avant – trombone
Johnny Board – tenor saxophone
Lenard Druss – tenor saxophone
Oscar Brashear – trumpet
Clifford P. Davis – alto saxophone
Aaron Dodd – tuba
Morris Ellis – trombone
Marshall Hawkins – bass (tracks 5, 8)
Willie Henderson – baritone saxophone
John Howell – trumpet
Morris Jennings – drums (tracks 1-4, 6-8)
Robert A. Lewis – trumpet
Cyril Touff – bass trumpet
John Lounsberry – French horn
Ethel Merker – French horn
Paul A. Teryett – French horn
Don Myrick – alto saxophone
Ric Powell – drums (tracks 5, 9), percussion (1-4, 6-8)
Louis Satterfield – bass (tracks 1-3)
The Vashonettes – backing vocals (track 9)
Technical
Murray Allen, Roger Anfinsen – recording engineer
Haig Adishian – cover design
Jim Taylor – cover photography
"Donny Hathaway and Atco Records would like to thank Dave Franklin and Eleanor Steele for their gracious assistance in the preparation of this album"

References

1970 debut albums
Donny Hathaway albums
Atco Records albums
Albums produced by Donny Hathaway


Jérémy Taravel (born 17 April 1987) is a French professional footballer who plays as a centre-back.

Career
Jérémy Taravel began his career as a professional footballer at the second team of Lille after working his way up from the youth academy. A loan spell at Troyes AC in 2008 was unsuccessful as he did not manage a single appearance but the next year, on 2 January 2009, he was loaned to Belgian side S.V. Zulte Waregem. For a period while on loan, Taravel was consistently a starter in the first team; Zulte Waregem exercised their buy option included in the deal and signed him on a permanent basis from Lille.

On 24 June 2010, Taravel signed a three-year contract with Belgian side K.S.C. Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen, transferring from Zulte Waregem. Over the next three and a half years at Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen, he amassed 125 appearances and scored 25 goals.

His consistent performances at Lokeren persuaded Croatian side Dinamo Zagreb to acquire Taravel for €1.6 million in January 2014. Taravel made just one appearance for Dinamo Zagreb that season, in a 2–1 home win over RNK Split due to a severe knee ligaments injury in training which ruled him out for the rest of the season.

With dwindling performances due to injuries, Taravel transferred to Belgian side Gent in August 2016 for €500,000 fee. He failed to meet the expectations during the 2016–17 season which prompted a loan move to Swiss side FC Sion in February 2017.

Taravel joined Cercle Brugge in August 2017; on 13 August 2021, he joined Mouscron on a one-year deal with an option for extension.

Personal life
Taravel is the older brother of Nicolas Taravel, who is also a professional footballer.

Honours
Lokeren
Belgian Cup: 2011–12

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
French men's footballers
French expatriate men's footballers
K.S.C. Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen players
US Créteil-Lusitanos players
Lille OSC players
S.V. Zulte Waregem players
GNK Dinamo Zagreb players
K.A.A. Gent players
FC Sion players
Cercle Brugge K.S.V. players
Royal Excel Mouscron players
Belgian Pro League players
Challenger Pro League players
Croatian Football League players
Swiss Super League players
INF Clairefontaine players
French expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Expatriate men's footballers in Croatia
Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland
Men's association football defenders
People from Vincennes
Footballers from Val-de-Marne


Al Jalahma () is an Arab clan, based primarily in the Arab States of the Persian Gulf. They are derived from the `Anizzah tribe of Northern Central Arabia. They were one of the four Utub clans who founded the modern state of Kuwait in 1716, along with Al Bin Ali, Al Sabah and Al Khalifa.

Rahmah Ibn Jabir Al Jalahma was a notable member of the clan.

History
They were expelled from Umm Qasr by the Ottomans due to their predatory habits of preying on caravans in Basra and trading ships in Shatt al-Arab. They migrated to Kuwait thereafter. Around the 1760s, the Jalahimas, along with the Al Khalifas, migrated to Zubarah in modern-day Qatar, leaving Al Sabah as the sole proprietors of Kuwait. The two tribes established a free-trade port at Zubarah's harbor, but the Al Khalifas refused to share the economic gains with the Al Jalahmah, and so the latter migrated to Al Ruwais. The Al Khalifa went on to monopolize the pearl banks around Qatar.

Putting aside their grievances, the Utub tribes of Al Jalahma and Al Khalifa, along with some Arab tribes, drove out the Persians from Bahrain in 1783 in an expedition which was launched in part due to Persian aggression towards Zubarah in 1782. Al Jalahma seceded from the Utub alliance sometime before the Utub annexed Bahrain in 1783, and the Al Jalahma returned to Zubarah as they considered themselves treated unfairly by the Al Khalifas as they were betrayed by them. AlKhalifa did not share their political or territorial gains. This left Al Khalifa in undisputed possession of Bahrain.

The Al Jalahma tribe allied itself with the Wahhabis of Arabia, who assumed control over much of the territory encompassing the Persian Gulf. Conversely, the Al Khalifas aligned itself with the Wahhabis' main opposition; the Omanis. In 1811, Said bin Sultan of Muscat capitalized on an opportunity to attack the Wahhabi garrisons in Bahrain and Zubarah and the Al Khalifas were returned to power. The same year, Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalahimah fought a naval battle against the Al Khalifas, to which the result was favorable to the Al Khalifas. The heated confrontations between the Al Jalahmas and Al Khalifas came to a head when a naval battle ensued between the aforementioned in 1826, which resulted in the deaths of many, including famous pilot Ahmad ibn Salman Al Khalifa,  after Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalahimah blew up his own ship in close quarters.

Present day
Even after its secession from Bani Utbah, the Al Jalahma clan is still widely regarded by many to be a part of the tribal confederation.

Members of the clan are scattered in all over the Arabian Peninsula, Most Al Jalahmas are found in Kuwait, Qatar, Ksa and Bahrain.

References

External links
Al Jalahma website
Saudi Aramco World article: Rahmah of the Gulf

Bedouin groups
Tribes of Arabia
Tribes of Saudi Arabia


In coding theory, a zigzag code is a type of linear error-correcting code introduced by . They are defined by partitioning the input data into segments of fixed size, and adding sequence of check bits to the data, where each check bit is the exclusive or of the bits in a single segment and of the previous check bit in the sequence.

The code rate is high:  where  is the number of bits per segment. Its worst-case ability to correct transmission errors is very limited: in the worst case it can only detect a single bit error and cannot correct any errors. However, it works better in the soft-decision model of decoding: its regular structure allows the task of finding a maximum-likelihood decoding or a posteriori probability decoding to be performed in constant time per input bit.

References

Coding theory
Error detection and correction


Harjo is a surname, derived from the Muscogee word Hadcho meaning "Crazy" or "So Brave as to Seem crazy".

Notable people with the name include:

 Albert Harjo (1937-2019), Muscogee artist
 Benjamin Harjo, Jr. (born 1945), Absentee Shawnee/Seminole painter and printmaker
 Chitto Harjo (Crazy Snake, 1846-1911), Muscogee warrior and activist
 Edmond Harjo (1917–2014), American Seminole Code Talker during World War II
 Joy Harjo (born 1951), Muscogee/Cherokee poet, musician, author, and U.S. Poet Laureate
 Osvald Harjo (born 1910), Norwegian resistance member
 Sharron Ahtone Harjo (born 1945), Kiowa painter
 Sterlin Harjo (born 1979), Seminole/Muscogee filmmaker and comedian
 Suzan Shown Harjo (born 1945), Muscogee/Cheyenne activist and policymaker

As middle name

 Lois Harjo Ball (1906–1982), was a Muscogee painter
 William Harjo LoneFight (born 1966), is president and CEO of American Native Services

See also
 Harjo, Oklahoma, unincorporated community in the United States
 Tahnee Ahtoneharjo-Growingthunder, Kiowa beadwork artist, regalia maker, curator, and museum professional of Muscogee and Seminole descent
 Harju, a Finno–Norwegian surname

Notes

Surnames of Native American origin


The John Hancock Student Village or (StuVi) is a large residential and recreational complex at Boston University, covering  between Buick Street and Nickerson Field, ground formerly occupied by a National Guard Armory, which had been used by the University primarily (but not exclusively) as a storage facility prior to its demolition and the start of construction. The John Hancock Student Village was designed with the intention of fostering community and bridging the divide between East and West campuses.

The student residences at 10 Buick Street (often abbreviated to "StuVi" by students) opened to juniors and seniors in the fall of 2000. 10 Buick Street houses 817 residents in apartment-style living. In 2002, John Hancock Insurance announced its sponsorship of the multimillion-dollar project. The Agganis Arena, named after Harry Agganis, was opened to concerts and hockey games in January 2005. The 7,200-seat arena replaced the smaller Walter Brown Arena for Terrier hockey games and has also been used for concerts, shows, and events.

In March 2005 the final element of phase II of the Student Village complex, the Fitness and Recreation (FitRec) Center, was opened, drawing large crowds from the student body. The center incorporates 6 racquetball and squash courts, a competition pool, a recreational pool, two gymnasia, a jogging track, a lazy river, and a  rock climbing wall, among other sports-related areas.

A 26 and 19-story dorm tower which houses 960 students was finished in late 2009 (often abbreviated  "StuVi2" or "StuVii" by students). The Boston Globe ran a cover-page article about it, describing it as "perhaps the most opulent residence hall to ever grace the local college landscape." The student residences and others like it have created somewhat of a controversy, with detractors saying it represents a step further of coddling the younger generation. BU's president, Robert Brown, said the tower will allow the entirety of the 80% of 16,000 undergrads who want to live on campus to be able to do so. Because the school guarantees on-campus housing, freshmen were often shunted into nearby hotels, a practice long criticized by the student newspaper. Brown also said it assuages town and gown relations with local Allston residents in response to studentification.

Plans were made for an additional residence located between the student residences at 33 Harry Agganis Way and 10 Buick Street. The project, known as Student Village III (StuVi3 or StuViii), are currently on hold as a result of the global economic recession of the late 2000s.

Notes

Buildings at Boston University
Student quarters


Nowheremen is an alternate reality game and web video series that is centered on the fictional disappearance of Derek Francis Border. Players must solve interactive puzzles and treasure hunts across various mediums, including clues that are embedded within the video series. As users discover more about Derek's disappearance, the story becomes commentary about modern U.S. security efforts, recruiting techniques and the nature of modern surveillance.

Started in September 2007, clues were delivered to users approximately on a weekly basis.  The series, however, did not premiere until January 22, 2008.

Though a title card for "X12 Productions" appears before the series trailer (released January 8, 2008), it is still unclear if there is a larger company or other interest behind the game.

References

External links

 X12 Productions

Alternate reality games


Northland Mall was a shopping mall located on the north side of Columbus, Ohio, at the intersection of Morse Road and Karl Road. It opened in 1964 as an open-air shopping center. Northland was the first of the four directionally-named shopping hubs in Columbus, along with Eastland, Westland, and Southland (a small strip center, now closed). Though popular through the 1990s, three new shopping centers were completed in the late 1990s and early 2000s that took businesses and shoppers away from Northland. It closed in 2002 and was demolished in 2004. The site has subsequently been redeveloped as Northland Village, a multi-use complex containing government offices, retail stores and the Franklin County Dog Shelter and Adoption Center.

History
Northland was one of the first large-scale shopping malls to open in the Columbus metropolitan area, and remained the only one until 1967, when Eastland was constructed near the suburb of Whitehall. Its original two anchors were Lazarus and Sears, plus junior anchors F. W. Woolworth Co. and The Union. From the time of its opening through the decade of the 1980s, it was one of the most popular and upscale shopping destinations in Columbus, drawing in customers from the affluent northern suburbs of the city.

Jacobs, Visconsi & Jacobs Co. enclosed the Northland Mall between March 20, 1974 and June 1, 1975; the mall held a grand enclosure celebration on June 12, 1975. A south concourse was added in fall 1979, leading towards a JCPenney which opened in January 1980, replacing a smaller location at the Northern Lights Shopping Center. The Union was converted to Halle's in 1980, then closed in 1982; Casa Gallardo (closed in 1986 and replaced by Foot Locker), Limited Express, and a few other stores were built in the former Halle's space.

An 8-screen General Cinema movie theater opened outside the mall on December 11, 1985; American Eagle Outfitters and Gantos were built in the previous Northland Cinema location. The main mall's facade was updated in late 1988, adding a new entrance. A food court was added in the spring of 1995, replacing the Woolworths that had vacated the previous year.

Decline
During the 1990s, however, the mall began a steady decline caused by the introduction of newer shopping options in the Greater Columbus area. The first new mall in the area in 20 years, the downtown Columbus City Center, opened in 1989 and included several tenants that were unique in the Columbus area (among them Marshall Field's and Jacobson's), which took some business from Northland. However, it remained popular with shoppers in the northern half of Columbus and continued to be an attractive destination for those who found City Center's downtown location (and paid parking) a hindrance.

The opening of The Mall at Tuttle Crossing in 1997 was the first major hit to Northland. It could not match the capacity of Tuttle, which was a larger two-level mall with four anchor stores (including all three of Northland's anchors, plus a Marshall Field's). The opening of Tuttle was far more devastating to Westland Mall, as JCPenney moved from Westland to Tuttle, but nonetheless attracted shoppers from the nearby suburbs of Powell and Dublin who would have otherwise gone to Northland.  Two years later, Easton Town Center opened in northeastern Columbus—just five miles away from Northland—as a mixed-use "lifestyle center" that further drew shoppers and businesses away, and the older facility (along with the Morse Road corridor itself) began to go into sharp decline.

The most severe blow to Northland's fortunes occurred in Fall 2001 when all three anchors (Lazarus, Sears, and JCPenney) pulled out of the dying mall and relocated to the newly constructed Polaris Fashion Place. Although Northland would remain open, it had been reduced to the status of a bazaar-type mall with only a small handful of specialty shops in operation.  Finally, on October 31, 2002, after 38 years of service in Columbus, Northland Mall closed permanently. The mall concourse and the vacant Sears anchor were demolished in February 2004.

After redevelopment as what is now known as Northland Village, the only parts of Northland Mall that remain are two of its anchor stores: the former Lazarus, which was converted to offices for the Ohio Department of Taxation; and the former JCPenney, which was extensively rebuilt to contain the headquarters of the Franklin County Department of Job and Family Services as well as the Northland Performing Arts Center, home to a local theater group (Vaud-Villities) and other events and activities.  A Menards home improvement store now lies on the site of the former Sears, and the Franklin County Dog Shelter and Adoption Center moved to the former location of a multiplex movie theater on the site.  A new  Kroger grocery store was built in the area that was formerly the central concourse of the mall; it was completed in October 2016.

References

External links
Internet Archive of website

2002 disestablishments in Ohio
Shopping malls in Columbus, Ohio
Demolished shopping malls in the United States
Shopping malls established in 1964
1964 establishments in Ohio
Demolished buildings and structures in Columbus, Ohio
Buildings and structures demolished in 2004


Dolno Sonje () is a village in the municipality of Sopište, North Macedonia. It is located on the other side of Mount Vodno from Skopje, but a road running around the mountain connects the two communities.

Dolno Sonje is a popular vacation spot for its clean air, beautiful surroundings, and medieval churches.

Demographics
As of the 2021 census, Dolno Sonje had 793 residents with the following ethnic composition:
Macedonians 689
Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources 82
Serbs 9
Vlachs 7
Others 6

According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 689 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:
Macedonians 678
Serbs 4
Aromanians 2
Others 5

Most residents work in Skopje.

References

Villages in Sopište Municipality


Warming may  refer to:

People
Eugenius Warming, (1841–1924), Danish botanist
Thomas Warming, (b. 1969), Danish illustrator, painter and author

See also
Global warming
Warming up
Warming Land
Warming stripes, a data visualization technique for global warming


Henry "Hammerin' Hank" Milligan (born September 16, 1958, in Camden, New Jersey) is an American former professional boxer. His highest achievement came in amateur boxing, when he was ranked #9 heavyweight in the world by the AIBA in February 1984 (being the only American to get into the dozen,) prior to his knockout loss at the hands of young Mike Tyson, then a relatively unknown to the world boxer from Catskill, New York.

School sports
Milligan was a 1981 graduate of Princeton University.  He was a defensive back in football, a third baseman in baseball and a wrestler who often wrestled in the highest weight class, despite being only about 5 feet 11 inches, 185 pounds (he would frequently wrestle and defeat 250-pounders, and once wrestled and defeated a 325-pounder in the NCAAs). Milligan earned ten varsity letters, an all-time university record. He was an All-American in wrestling and was Princeton's 1981 Senior Scholar-Athlete of the Year, which is the university's highest undergraduate honor. He later earned an M.B.A. degree from New York University.

In a game against St. John's University, Henry broke up the no-hitter of future Cy Young Award winner Frank Viola, who pitched in the major leagues for 15 years. The New York Mets offered him a minor league contract after his college graduation from Princeton.

Prior to his college graduation, he never boxed competitively, nor did he even train as a boxer.  He claims that the only boxing he did before graduating from college was with his brother Mike in their parents' basement when growing up, in which they used rags to cover their hands.

He went to A.I. du Pont High School in Greenville, Delaware.
Milligan is now the head coach of the Varsity wrestling team at Wilmington Christian School in Hockessin, Delaware.

Amateur career
After college, Milligan worked as an engineer at the Edgemoor Power Plant of Delmarva Power and Light Company in Wilmington, Delaware, not far from where he grew up. At that time, he decided to try his hand at boxing. For that reason he came to Wilmington's West Center City Warriors, where he was trained by John Thornton.

Despite having no prior background in boxing, Milligan had an outstanding amateur career, and in 1983 he won the National AAU Heavyweight Championship. Being a white, Ivy League-educated boxer attracted a lot of attention to him, and he was featured in numerous newspaper and magazine articles nationwide, including People Magazine and Sports Illustrated.  He also defeated Henry Tillman, the 1984 Olympic Heavyweight Gold Medalist, in the 1983 National finals in Colorado Springs, Colorado.

He entered the 1984 U.S. Olympic trials seeded first in the 201 pound class, despite weighing only 184 pounds, but lost in the semi-finals to 17-year-old Mike Tyson on June 9, 1984.  Milligan was leading on points when Tyson stopped him in the second round.

His manager was Charlie Messina.

Wesley Watson, who lived on Washington Street before joining the Army, came to the West Center City Community Center one night and sparred against Milligan," Messina said.

Highlights

Local match-up (201 lbs), October 1981 (debut):
Defeated Gary Wright KO 1
Local match-up (201 lbs), March 1982:
Defeated Tyrone Armstrong RSC 3
Pennsylvania Golden Gloves (201 lbs), Zembo Mosque, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, March 1982:
Defeated Clinton Barnes RSC 1
National Golden Gloves (201 lbs), Kansas City, Missouri, March 1982:
1/16: Defeated Michael Arms RSC
1/8: Defeated Bryan Westmoreland RSC
1/4: Defeated Orlin Norris
1/2: Lost to Mike Dennard by split decision, 2–3
Local match-up (201 lbs), Resorts International Hotel & Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey, 1982:
Defeated Ernie Singleton by decision
Mid-Atlantic ABF Championships (201 lbs), Brandywine Club, Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, October 1982:
1/2: Defeated Sam Green (4 rds)
Finals: Defeated Ernie Singleton RSC 3
AAU Region #2 Championships (201 lbs), Hazlet, New Jersey, November 1982:
Finals: Defeated n/a
United States National Championships (201 lbs), Indianapolis, Indiana, December 1982:
1/8: Defeated Loi Faateete RSC 2
1/4: Defeated Joey Christjohn KO 3
1/2: Lost to Richard Johnson by split decision, 2–3
Sweden–USA Duals (201 lbs), Stockholm, Sweden, January 1983:
Defeated Jack Johnsen (Sweden) RSC 2

Sweden–USA Duals (201 lbs), Gothenburg, Sweden, January 1983:
Defeated Nasser Hassanzadeh (Sweden) RSC 1
Norway–USA Duals (201 lbs), 1983:
Defeated Magne Havnaa in Oslo. Havnaa would later be WBO Cruiserweight world champion as a pro.
National Sports Festival (201 lbs), U.S. Olympic Training Center, Colorado Springs, Colorado, June 1983:
1/2: Lost to Henry Tillman RSC 2
AAU Region #2 Championships (201 lbs), Radisson Hotel, Wilmington, Delaware, October 1983:
Defeated Michael Bentt by split decision, 3–2
 United States National Championships (201 lbs), Colorado Springs, Colorado, November 1983:
1/8: Defeated Henry Tillman by split decision, 3–2
1/4: Defeated Al Evans KO 1
1/2: Defeated Avery Rawls by unanimous decision, 5–0
Finals: Defeated Olian Alexander by unanimous decision, 5–0
USA–Yugoslavia Duals (201 lbs), Shreveport, Louisiana, January 1984:
Defeated n/a
Yugoslavia–USA Duals (201 lbs), Rijeka, Yugoslavia, February 1983:
Lost to Dževdet Peci (Yugoslavia) DQ 2
Yugoslavia–USA Duals (201 lbs), Borovo, Yugoslavia, February 1983:
Defeated Milenko Andrić (Yugoslavia) KO 1
National Olympic Trials (201 lbs), Tarrant County Convention Center, Fort Worth, Texas, June 1984:
1/4: Defeated Charles Dread RSC 1
1/2: Lost to Michael Tyson RSC 2

He ended his amateur career with a record of 41 wins (31 knockouts,) 6 losses.

Professional career
Milligan turned pro in 1985 and began his career with a promising string of 11 victories, but then lost a couple of bouts, retiring in 1986.  He launched two comebacks in which he fought in local bouts, and fought for the WBO Cruiserweight Championship of the World in December, 1993 in Aspen, Colorado, losing on a cut in the eighth round, and retired permanently in 1998.

Professional boxing record

Outside the ring
Milligan has appeared in ten national television commercials and a feature film with Robert De Niro and Jessica Lange, titled Night and the City. He is the president of the Elsmere, Delaware, Boxing Club, a civic member of the Mary Campbell Center for Disabled Adults and the Delaware Foundation for Retarded Children.  In 1993, Milligan was inducted into the Delaware Sports Museum and Hall of Fame. Milligan is now the head coach of the varsity wrestling team at Wilmington Christian School in Hockessin, Delaware.

He is a member of Mensa International, which requires that all members have IQs that place them in the top 2% of the population, and the Triple Nine Society (99.9% IQ).

References

External links

Boxers from New Jersey
Heavyweight boxers
Sportspeople from Camden, New Jersey
Sportspeople from Wilmington, Delaware
Boxers from Delaware
Winners of the United States Championship for amateur boxers
1958 births
Living people
Mensans
Princeton University alumni
New York University Stern School of Business alumni
American male boxers
Alexis I. duPont High School alumni


Donny Hathaway is the second studio album by American soul artist Donny Hathaway, released on April 2, 1971, on Atco.

The majority of songs featured on the collection were covers of pop, gospel and soul songs that were released around the same time. The most prominent of the covers were Hathaway's rendition of Leon Russell's "A Song for You" and a gospel-inflected cover of Gladys Knight & the Pips' "Giving Up", written by Van McCoy. This was the second of three solo studio albums that Hathaway released during his lifetime before his suicide in 1979. Atlantic producer Jerry Wexler took over most of the production duties, with Hathaway producing one track, the self-penned "Take a Love Song".

Track listing
"Giving Up" (Van McCoy) (6:20)
"A Song for You" (Leon Russell) (5:25)
"Little Girl" (Billy Preston) (4:47)
"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother" (Bob Russell, Bobby Scott) (5:55)
"Magnificent Sanctuary Band" (Dorsey Burnette) (4:24)
"She Is My Lady" (George S. Clinton) (5:33)
"I Believe in Music" (Mac Davis) (3:38)
"Take a Love Song" (Hathaway, Nadine McKinnor) (4:53)
"Put Your Hand in the Hand" (Gene MacLellan) (3:49)

Bonus tracks on CD
"Be There" (Donny Hathaway, Charles Ostiguy) (3:02)
"This Christmas" (Hathaway, Nadine McKinnor) (3:51)

Personnel
Donny Hathaway – lead vocals, keyboards (all tracks)
Myrna Summers – background vocals (tracks 1-7, 9)
Sammy Turner – background vocals (tracks 1-7, 9)
King Curtis – tenor saxophone solo (track 1)
Joe Newman – trumpet solo (track 6)
Chuck Rainey – all bass guitars (tracks 1-7, 9)
Phil Upchurch – electric bass guitar (8)
J.R. Bailey – background vocals (tracks 1-7, 9)
John Littlejohn – guitar, vocals
Cissy Houston – background vocals (tracks 1-7, 9)
Judy Clay – background vocals (tracks 1-7, 9)
Cornell Dupree – guitar (tracks 1-7, 9)
Interdenominational singers – background vocals (tracks 1-7, 9)
Jack Jennings – percussion
Morris Jennings – drums (track 8)
Steve Novosel – additional bass guitar (track 8)
Sylvia Shemwell – background vocals (tracks 1-7, 9)
Myrna Smith – background vocals (tracks 1-7, 9)
Ivory Stone – background vocals (track 8)
Deirdre Tuck Corley – background vocals (tracks 1-7, 9)
Lillian Tynes – background vocals (track 8)
Ronnie Bright – background vocals (tracks 1-7, 9)
Al Jackson Jr. – drums (tracks 1-7, 9)
Arif Mardin, Donny Hathaway – string, horn and choral arrangements
Technical
Howard Albert, Murray Allen, Ron Albert, Gene Paul, Jimmy Douglass – engineer
Loring Eutemey – cover
Michael Woodlon – cover photography

References

1971 albums
Donny Hathaway albums
Albums produced by Donny Hathaway
Albums produced by Arif Mardin
Albums produced by Jerry Wexler
Atco Records albums


WQSO (96.7 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Rochester, New Hampshire, United States. The station is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. and airs a news/talk format serving the Portsmouth-Dover-Rochester media market which also includes part of Southern Maine.

The transmitter is on Rochester Hill Road (New Hampshire Route 108) in Rochester. It has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 3,000 watts. WQSO broadcasts in the HD Radio hybrid format. The HD2 subchannel carries an adult hits format known as "The River."

Programming
Nearly all programming heard on WQSO comes from sister station WGIR in Manchester, New Hampshire. WQSO separates from WGIR for its own local commercials and some weekend paid brokered programming. Weekdays begin with a news and interview show, New Hampshire Today, hosted by Chris Ryan, also heard on several other stations in the state. The rest of the schedule consists of nationally syndicated shows, including The Glenn Beck Program, The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show, The Sean Hannity Show, The Dave Ramsey Show, Ground Zero Radio with Clyde Lewis, Coast to Coast AM with George Noory and This Morning, America's First News with Gordon Deal.

Weekend feature programs on money, health, law, technology and the Paul Parent Garden Club, as well as best-of editions of weekday programming. Some weekend shows are paid brokered programming. Syndicated weekend shows include The Tech Guy with Leo Laporte, Sunday Night Live with Bill Cunningham and Somewhere in Time with Art Bell. Most hours begin with world and national news from Fox News Radio, followed by New Hampshire news from local reporters.

WQSO is co-flagship of the Wildcat Sports Network along with sister stations WPKX and WGIR.  The network airs college football, hockey and basketball from the University of New Hampshire.

History
On October 29, 1979, the station signed on as WWNH-FM. It changed its call sign to WXKZ in 1983, to WCYT in 1986, to WKOS-FM on December 18, 1987, and to WWEM on December 17, 1990.

In March 1994, the station adjusted its format slightly from adult contemporary to "The Perfect Mix of Soft Rock", playing soft rock and Americana music. The call sign was changed to WSRI on April 3, 1995, coinciding with a format flip to adult album alternative. The call letters were then changed to WQSO on September 29, 1997, coinciding with a format flip to oldies, mirroring sister station WQSR in Baltimore, also owned by American Radio Systems at that time. In the two weeks prior, the station had stunted by simulcasting its sister stations in Boston at different times of the day. The following spring, the stations of Precision Media were sold to Capstar Broadcasting.

On April 1, 2009, Clear Channel (now iHeartMedia) flipped WQSO from oldies to talk radio while keeping the “Wave” name. Most programs heard on WQSO were previously heard on WGIP (1540 AM) in Exeter, New Hampshire (a simulcast of WGIR in Manchester), before it was spun off by Clear Channel. On February 27, 2013, WQSO was rebranded as "News Radio 96.7" and began carrying a nearly identical schedule to WGIR.

References

External links

QSO
Radio stations established in 1979
Rochester, New Hampshire
News and talk radio stations in the United States
1979 establishments in New Hampshire
IHeartMedia radio stations


Sidari () is a settlement in the northern part of the island of Corfu, Greece. It is a community of the municipal unit of Esperies. In 2011, its population was 386.

Population

See also

List of settlements in the Corfu regional unit

References

Populated places in Corfu (regional unit)


The Tank and Armoured Cars Group (Agrupación de carros de asalto y autos blindados in Spanish) was the first armoured formation of the Corps of Volunteer Troops (Corpo Truppe Volontarie, or CTV) involved in the Spanish Civil War.  Between 3 February and 8 February 1937, Italian armour played a successful part during the Battle of Málaga.  But, between 8 March and 23 March 1937, this group was involved in the Battle of Guadalajara which turned out to be a Republican victory.

Order of battle March 1937
Tank and Armoured Cars Group - Major Lohengrin Giraud
 1st Tank Company - Capitán Oreste Fortuna
 2nd Tank Company - Capitán Paolo Paladini
 3rd Tank Company - Capitán Miduri
 4th Tank Company - Capitán Carcio
 1st Armoured Car Company
 1st Motorized Machinegun Company - Capitán Ricci
 47mm Antitank Gun Section
 Chemical - Flamethrower Company

See also
 L3/35
 Cannone da 47/32 M35

Sources
de Mesa, José Luis, El regreso de las legiones: la ayuda militar italiana a la España nacional, 1936-1939,  García Hispán, Granada:España, 1994

Military units and formations of Italy in the Spanish Civil War
Armoured units and formations of Italy


Chromophobia is the debut album by Brazilian producer Gui Boratto. It was released in February 2007 on the Kompakt label. Boratto plays guitar and piano on the album, and all vocals are by Luciana Villanova. It was named the 43rd best album of the decade by Resident Advisor.

Regarding the name Chromophobia, Boratto said: "The same meaning as monochromatism in architecture, which means simplicity. That's all. I don’t have a morbid fear of colors at all. But also, I was ironic. My music is really colorful."

Track listing
All tracks by Gui Boratto, except where noted.

 "Scene 1" – 3:55
 "Mr. Decay" – 6:58
 "Terminal" – 5:57
 "Gate 7" – 6:41
 "Shebang" – 7:28
 "Chromophobia" – 7:12
 "The Blessing" – 5:40
 "Malá Strana" – 2:31
 "Acróstico" – 4:25
 "Xilo" – 3:55
 "Beautiful Life" (Boratto, Luciana Villanova) – 8:31
 "Hera" – 3:59
 "The Verdict" – 3:37

Personnel
 Gui Boratto – guitar, piano, production, engineering, mastering, mixing
 Luciana Villanova – vocals

References

External links

2007 debut albums
Gui Boratto albums
Kompakt albums


WBYY (98.7 FM; "Frank FM") is a radio station broadcasting a classic hits format. Licensed to Somersworth, New Hampshire, United States, with studios in Dover, the station serves the Seacoast Region of New Hampshire and Southern Maine.  The station is owned by Binnie Media.

History

The station was assigned the call letters WTSN-FM on September 6, 1991.  The call sign was changed to WRZY on October 15, 1993, and to WRGW on April 18, 1994;  under that call sign, the station took to the air January 25, 1995, with an adult contemporary format branded as "The Rock Garden." The station changed its call letters to WRDX on April 15, 1996, concurrent with a switch to an adult standards format branded "Radio Deluxe"; however, the AC format returned a month later, and the station became WBYY on June 14, 1996, to reflect its "98.7 The Bay" branding.

On August 31, 2015, WBYY and its sister station WTSN announced plans to merge with Port Broadcasting's WNBP and WWSF and Aruba Capital Holdings' WXEX and WXEX-FM to form Coastal Radio Partners. The three-way merger was not completed; on September 29, 2016, WBYY and WTSN were instead sold to Binnie Media for $2.1 million.

On May 24, 2019, WBYY changed its format from adult contemporary to classic hits, branded as "Frank FM"; the programming is largely simulcast with Nashua sister station WFNQ, though WBYY breaks away for local commercials and station identifications. The "Frank FM" network, which also includes WLNH-FM in Laconia, transitioned to a hot adult contemporary format during 2021.

After morning host Marc Nazzaro (who used the air name "DJ Nazzy") was laid off from "Frank FM" in January 2023 as part of a refocus of Binnie Media's resources on its news and talk programming, vice president of programming Heath Cole told the Concord Monitor that "the music format that we do will change." On February 1, 2023, WBYY, along with the rest of the "Frank FM" network, returned to a classic hits format; the stations also dropped their remaining on-air staff, who were reassigned to other positions within the company.

References

External links

BYY
Radio stations established in 1995
Classic hits radio stations in the United States
Strafford County, New Hampshire
1995 establishments in New Hampshire


Richard Berggren (born May 27, 1942) is a motorsports announcer and magazine editor from Manchester, Connecticut in the United States. He is commonly seen wearing a trademark flat cap.

Academia
Berggren described himself as "the worst student" in high school. No college accepted him, so he accepted a job as an office boy at United Aircraft. He later was accepted at Quinnipiac College. Berggren transferred to Southern Connecticut State University, where his girlfriend Kathy was a student. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1965. Berggren earned a doctorate in psychology from Tufts University in 1970. His dissertation focused on sleep deprivation. He was a psychology professor at Emmanuel College in Boston for nine years.

One day, the only vehicle available in his driveway was his truck, which was still attached to his race trailer.  He drove the truck to the college and parked it in the faculty parking lot.  The racecar was covered in mud, but his name and sponsor decals were visible.  Berggren was called to the university president's office and told to remove it immediately. "I knew right then and there that my academic career and my racing didn't go together anymore," says Berggren. "At the time, my racing was going incredibly well and I needed to do it while I was still young. I felt I could always go back to academia."

Driving career
Berggren began racing in 1967 and won 26 events before his driving career ended in 1981. He raced SuperModifieds, Modifieds, stock cars, and sprint cars. He stopped racing after his racecar climbed a dirt bank at Boone Speedway, causing over 200 people to scatter to avoid being hit. "The very thought that I had written so many stories about racing safety, and had the chance to literally kill or maim a lot of people, I think 'til the day I die when I tell that story, it'll be emotional. It was one of the most important moments of my life. I'm just forever thankful that nobody got hurt."

Editing
Berggren wrote for local newspapers early in his career. He worked for Stock Car Racing magazine while he taught at Emmanuel College and raced on the weekends. He later became the magazine's editor. After 22 years with the magazine, he left in 1999 to start Speedway Illustrated in partnership with the owners of Down East, The Magazine of Maine.  The National Motorsport Press Association named Berggren the 1999 Writer of the Year. Both magazines cater to short track motor racing fans.

Announcing
Berggren began his announcing career at Arundel Speedway in Maine. He has announced in many genres of motorsports over the course of his career. He announced the 1979 Daytona 500 for the Motor Racing Network radio network. He began his television career at NASCAR races in 1981 as a pit road reporter for ESPN. He has announced for NASCAR races at CBS, TBS, and TNN. He worked the pits for the Busch Series and Craftsman Truck Series, as well as the World of Outlaws sprint cars. He also hosted the Speed Channel show NASCAR Performance.

Berggren was the lead pit reporter for NASCAR on Fox from 2001-2012. He covered events in NASCAR's Sprint Cup Series from Daytona to Dover. In May 2012, Berggren announced he would retire after Fox's broadcast of the 2012 FedEx 400 at Dover International Speedway. Afterward he commented, "After the Fox portion of the year ends, I've always traveled to local tracks where I still enjoy sitting in the stands with a hot dog in one hand and a beer in the other, watching the local heroes. I can’t get enough of local-level racing so I'll do more of that now."

However, Berggren did return to CBS (where he had previously worked until 2000) for a limited schedule of pit reporting ARCA telecasts during the 2014 season. Berggren ended up working the three races for which CBS held the broadcast rights.

Acting
He appeared as himself in the movie Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby.

Awards
Berggren was inducted into the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame in 2002. He was inducted in the New England Auto Racers Hall of Fame in 2008. Berggren received the 2007 Bobby Isaac Memorial Award for his outstanding contributions to short track racing.

Personal
Born in Westerly, Rhode Island, he now lives in Ipswich, Massachusetts with his wife Kathy.

References

External links
Speedway Illustrated website

1942 births
American television sports announcers
Living people
Motorsport announcers
People from Ipswich, Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Manchester, Connecticut
People from Westerly, Rhode Island
Racing drivers from Connecticut
Racing drivers from Rhode Island
Sportspeople from Essex County, Massachusetts
Sportspeople from Washington County, Rhode Island
Tufts University School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Racing drivers from Massachusetts


WXGR-LP (103.5 FM) is a non-profit low-power FM radio station licensed to serve Dover, New Hampshire.  The station is owned by Seacoast Community Radio, which acquired the broadcasting license in September 2019.

The station was assigned the WXGR call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on July 31, 2003. The station broadcasts from its tower site in Eliot, Maine, with an office and studio in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.  WXGR serves the Seacoast area of New Hampshire and southern Maine.

Programming
WXGR-LP airs an eclectic format that includes a variety of musical styles from all over the world.

See also
List of community radio stations in the United States

References

External links

XGR-LP
XGR-LP
Community radio stations in the United States
Dover, New Hampshire
Radio stations established in 2003
2003 establishments in New Hampshire


The Edict of Torda (, , ) was a decree that authorized local communities to freely elect their preachers in the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom of John Sigismund Zápolya. The delegates of the Three Nations of Transylvaniathe Hungarian nobles, Transylvanian Saxons, and Székelysadopted it at the request of the monarch's Antitrinitarian court preacher, Ferenc Dávid, in Torda (, ) on 28January 1568. Though it did not acknowledge an individual's right to religious freedom, in sanctioning the existence of a radical Christian religion in a European state, the decree was an unprecedented act of religious tolerance.

The Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches had coexisted in the southern and eastern territories of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary for centuries. However, ideas that the Catholic Church regarded as heresy were not tolerated: the Hungarian Hussites were expelled from the country in the 1430s and the 1523 Diet of Hungary passed a decree that ordered the persecution of Lutherans. The latter decree was in practice ignored during the civil war that followed the Ottoman victory against the Hungarian army in the Battle of Mohács in 1526. After the Ottomans occupied the central regions of the medieval kingdom in 1541, they allowed the infant John Sigismund to rule the lands to the east of the river Tisza under the regency of his mother, Isabella Jagiellon. In the early 1540s the Diets acknowledged the right of the Three Nations to freely regulate their internal affairs. The Saxons regarded religion as an internal affair and ordered the introduction of the Lutheran Reformation in their settlements in 1544–1545. The Diet sanctioned the coexistence of the Catholic and Lutheran denominations only in 1557.

John Sigismund started to rule personally after his mother died in 1559. He was interested in religious affairs and organized a series of debates between the representatives of the different Protestant theologies. He converted from Catholicism to Lutheranism in 1562, and from Lutheranism to Calvinism in 1564. His court physician, Giorgio Biandrata, and Ferenc Dávid jointly persuaded him to also allow the public discussion of the doctrine of the Trinity. Sigismund accepted Dávid and Biandrata's Antitrinitarian views in 1567. The Edict of Torda was adopted at the following Diet. It stated that "faith is the gift of God" and prohibited the persecution of individuals on religious grounds. In practice, the edict only sanctioned the existence of four "received" denominationsthe Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist, and Unitarian Churches. Further religious innovations were prohibited during the reign of John Sigismund's successor, Stephen Báthory, but religious tolerance remained a distinguishing feature of the Principality of Transylvania (the successor state to John Sigismund's realm) in Early modern Europe.

Background

The Catholic Church was facing a profound crisis in the Kingdom of Hungary at the end of the Middle Ages. Ideas that the Catholic Church regarded as heretical appeared in the late 14thcentury, primarily in the small towns. In the 1430s, young burghers who had studied at the University of Prague began teaching the theology of the Czech Jan Hus, despite his having been condemned to death for heresy at the Council of Constance. Two Hussite preachers completed the first Hungarian translation of the Bible in the early 1430s. Pope Eugene IV appointed the Franciscan James of the Marches to eradicate Hussitism in Hungary in 1436. The Hussites who survived the purge fled to Moldavia in 1439.

German burghers of Upper Hungary (now mostly in Slovakia) were the first to adopt Martin Luther's views in the early 1520s. Dozens of the German courtiers of Mary of Habsburg (the wife of Louis II of Hungary) also supported the ideas of the Reformation. However, the Hungarian noblemen remained hostile towards Lutheran theology, primarily because they wanted to secure the support of the Holy See against the Ottoman Empire. On 24April 1523, the Diet of Hungary passed a decree that ordered the persecution and execution of Luther's followers in the entire kingdom.

The Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent annihilated the Hungarian army in the Battle of Mohács in 1526. LouisII drowned in a nearby stream while fleeing from the battlefield. The majority of the Hungarian noblemen elected as king one of their number, John Zápolya, but the most powerful noblemen proclaimed LouisII's brother-in-law, Ferdinand of Habsburg, the lawful monarch, leading to a civil war that lasted nearly two decades.

Ferdinand and John reached a compromise in 1538. Each acknowledged the other's right to rule, but they also agreed that the kingdom was to be reunited under the rule of the one who survived the other. However, the childless John married Isabella Jagiellon, who gave birth to a son, John Sigismund, in 1540. Two weeks later, John died, but only after persuading his supporters to pledge that they would secure his infant son's rule. Keeping their word, they elected John Sigismund king in Buda in clear contradiction to the 1538 compromise. The royal election provoked a new invasion by Ferdinand's troops.

Taking advantage of the new conflict, Suleiman again invaded Hungary in 1541. He occupied the central region, but confirmed John Sigismund's rule in the lands to the east of the river Tisza as his vassal, creating an Eastern Hungarian Kingdom. The Estates of John Sigismund's realm acknowledged the situation and swore fealty to the child king and his mother.

Towards tolerance

The Kingdom of Hungary, especially its eastern territory, had been a borderland between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. The two churches co-existed without major conflicts, although the monarchs occasionally took (mostly marginal) measures against Eastern Orthodox believers in the 14thcentury. Eastern Orthodox lords established Basilite monasteries in the southern and northeastern regions; Eastern Orthodox bishops residing in Transylvanian monasteries were documented from the late 14thcentury.

The civil war that followed the Battle of Mohács made the enforcement of anti-Lutheran legislation difficult after 1526. The popular interpretation of the Ottomans' victory at Mohács as a sign of the wrath of God facilitated the spread of the ideas of the Reformation. John Zápolya became especially reluctant to persecute the Lutherans after the Pope excommunicated him for his alliance with the Ottomans in 1529. He organized a public debate between Catholic prelates and a Lutheran preacher in Schässburg (, ) in 1538.

Between 1541 and 1545, the Diets (or legislative assemblies) in the eastern Hungarian Kingdom re-affirmed the agreement that the Hungarian noblemen, Transylvanian Saxons, and Székelys had signed during the Transylvanian peasant revolt in 1437, making this "Union of the Three Nations" a fundamental law. The Diets decreed that each nation could freely regulate its internal affairs at its own assemblies. The Saxons regarded religious issues as an internal affair, and their general assembly ordered the introduction of the Reformation in their towns and villages in 1544–1545. Lutheran ideas also spread among the noblemen from the 1540s. Twenty-nine Hungarian preachers from the region of Várad (, ) adopted a creed similar to the Augsburg Confession at their synod in Erdőd (, ) in 1545.

The Ottoman authorities always acknowledged the co-existence of multiple monotheist religions in line with Islamic traditions, although Christians and Jews were obliged to pay a special tax, known as jizya, in the Ottoman Empire. In 1548 the Ottoman pasha (or governor) of Buda forbade the Catholic authorities of Tolna to persecute the local Lutheran preacher, stating that all locals "should be able to listen to and receive the word of God without any danger". Historian Susan J. Ritchie says that the pasha's order may have influenced the Edict of Torda, although "no direct evidence exists" that the compilers of the edict knew of the order.

Isabella was forced to surrender her son's realm to Ferdinand of Habsburg in 1551. In the same year, the Lutheran members of the town council of Debrecen accused the town pastor, Márton Kálmáncsehi, of heresy because he denied the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. He was forced to flee from the town, but the wealthy Péter Petrovics put him under his protection.

After Ferdinand of Habsburg proved unable to secure the defence of the eastern territories, the Diet persuaded Isabella and John Sigismund to return in 1556. Petrovics, who had always been their principal supporter, soon initiated new religious debates between Lutheran and Calvinist clergymen. In 1557 the Diet passed a decree that historian Krista Zach describes as "the founding document of the so-called religious tolerance" in John Sigismund's realm. Actually, the decree only acknowledged the existence of a separate Lutheran Church, urging the Catholic and Lutheran believers to avoid violent acts against each other. In the same year, Hungarian clerics of the region of Várad confirmed their adherence to the Calvinist view of the Eucharist, for which the Lutherans labelled them "Sacramentarians". The following Diet confirmed the decree that had been passed in 1557, but it also outlawed the Sacramentarians in 1558.

John Sigismund, Dávid and Biandrata

John Sigismund became the actual ruler of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom after the death of his mother on 15November 1559. He had grown up as a Catholic, but he was curious about theological issues. He organized new religious debates between representatives of the Lutheran and Calvinist theologies in Mediasch (, ) in January 1560 and February 1561. His Lutheran chancellor, Mihály Csáky, persuaded him to order the two parties to summarize their views in writing. The summaries were sent for review to Wittenberg, Leipzig, and two other centers of theological studies in the Holy Roman Empire. The four German academies responded in early 1562, and their opinions were taken into account when the synod of the Lutheran clergy adopted a new creed in the same year. John Sigismund soon converted from Catholicism to Lutheranism.

A clergyman from Kolozsvár (, ), Ferenc Dávid, had meanwhile become a key figure in the development of Protestant ideas in John Sigismund's realm. Historian István Keul says Dávid's career displays his extraordinary "denominational flexibility". He was elected the superintendent of the Church of the Hungarian Lutherans in 1557. He made attempts to reconcile the Lutheran and Calvinist clerics, but their views of the Eucharist were incompatible. Dávid's studies of the works of Erasmus of Rotterdam and Michael Servetus contributed to his critical attitude towards dogmas and the development of his conviction of the free choice of religion.

In the early 16th century Erasmus had urged commoners to regularly read the Bible. When publishing a Greek version of the New Testament in 1516, he ignored the eighth verse of the fifth chapter of the First Epistle of John. Its text had always been regarded as the principal evidence of the Trinity (or the doctrine of the existence of three persons of God). Servetus read the critical studies of Joseph Kimhi and other Jewish scholars about the Trinity, and concluded that this dogma was the principal doctrine that separated Christianity from Judaism and Islam. He was forced to leave his native Spain for his Antitrinitarian views. He was executed with John Calvin's consent in Geneva in 1553.

Dávid was elected the superintendent of the newly formed Reformed Diocese of Transylvania, which adhered to Calvin's theology, in 1564. In the same year, John Sigismund converted from Lutheranism to Calvinism and made Dávid his court preacher. The Diet also acknowledged the existence of a separate Calvinist Church. Two years later the Diet made a Romanian Calvinist pastor, Gheorghe of Sîngeorgiu, the head of the Church of the Romanians. The Diet also ordered the expulsion of the Eastern Orthodox clerics who were unwilling to adhere to Calvinism, but the decree was never implemented.

John Sigismund made the Italian Giorgio Biandrata his court physician in 1563. Biandrata had fled Italy in the wake of the Collegia Vicentina, and had questioned the deity of Jesus Christ in the late 1550s, for which Calvin regarded him as a "monster". Under Biandrata's influence, Dávid adopted an Antitrinitarian theology in 1565. Péter Melius Juhász, the Calvinist bishop of Debrecen, sharply criticized him, but the most influential burghers of Kolozsvár remained Dávid's staunch supporters. They prohibited the preaching of doctrines that differed from his views.

John Sigismund initially supported Juhász, but his Antitrinitarian court physician strongly influenced him. He did not prevent Biandrata and Dávid from holding a synod in early 1567. The synod adopted an Antitrinitarian creed, declaring that God the Father was the single God. Gáspár Heltai, Péter Károlyi, and other Calvinist priests left Kolozsvár, but more and more Hungarian noblemen and burghers were willing to accept Dávid's views. Melius Juhász held a synod at Debrecen that adopted a Trinitarian creed. His supporters demanded that Dávid should be stoned for his heresy.

The edict

Dávid published a series of books in Latin and Hungarian to defend his views in 1567 and 1568. His first Hungarian book, entitled A Short Explanation of How the Antichrist Beclouded the Knowledge of the True God, states that the abandonment of the doctrine of the Trinity is required to secure the realization of the Kingdom of God. He emphasizes that no peasant can receive salvation if that requires an understanding of theological terms such as person and substance, stating that a peasant "is unable [to] understand them in his entire life". To defend the idea of religious freedom, he quotes Gamaliel's advice about the imprisoned Apostles to the judges of the Sanhedrin from the Acts of the Apostles: Gamaliel suggests that the Apostles should be released without a punishment because if their work is "of human origin, it will fail", but if their work "is of God", the judges "will not be able to stop" the Apostles. Dávid also refers to the Parable of the Tares, in which Jesus states that tares that appear in a field of wheat should only be gathered up and burnt at the harvest.

Biandrata and Dávid convinced John Sigismund to accept their Antitrinitarian theology by the end of 1567. The king convoked a Diet, which assembled in Torda (, ) on 6January 1568. At Dávid's fervent demand, the delegates of the Three Nations confirmed on 28January the toleration edicts that had been adopted in 1557 and 1563. A new edict was passed that ensured that both Anti-Trinitarian and Trinitarian theologies could be freely preached in the country. Repeating a text from the eighth verse of the second chapter of the Epistle to the Ephesians, the edict declares that "faith is the gift of God". The edict also refers to the seventeenth verse of the tenth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans, stating that faith "comes from hearing the message, and the message is heard through the word about Christ". The edict forbids people from mistreating each other on religious grounds.

The Edict of Torda does not acknowledge the individuals' right to religious freedom. Instead, it emphasizes the local communities' right to freely choose their pastors. Furthermore, it does not cover the Eastern Orthodox Romanians, the Jews, and the Muslims. Nevertheless, the Edict of Torda was an extraordinary achievement of religious tolerance by the standards of 16th-century Europe. It was the first law to officially sanction the existence of a radicalAntitrinitarianChristian community in a European state. A series of religious debates between the representatives of Trinitarian and Antitrinitarian views followed the adoption of the edict. John Sigismund was biased towards the Antitrinitarian preachers, but on 25October 1569 he stated that religion could always be freely discussed in his realm.

Afterwards

John Sigismund died on 14 March 1571. He had already renounced the title of king of Hungary and begun styling himself as prince of Transylvania. The Diet elected the powerful Roman Catholic nobleman, Stephen Báthory, voivode (or ruler) of Transylvania. Although decrees prohibited clergymen from attacking the priests of another religion for their teaching, Báthory urged the Saxon preachers to condemn Calvinist and Antitrinitarian theologies. The Saxons did not obey his demand.

Báthory also wanted to stop the spread of the Reformation among the Romanians in Transylvania. He made an Eastern Orthodox monk from Moldavia, Eftimie, their bishop on 5October 1571, but without restricting the activities of the Calvinist superintendent of the Romanians. The Diet urged Báthory to respect the decrees that had been adopted regarding the Church of the Romanians during John Sigismund's reign, but the Serbian Patriarch of Peć ordained Eftimie bishop in 1572 with Báthory's consent. The Diet passed a new decree that prohibited religious innovations in May 1572. The decree authorized the prince to initiate investigations together with the competent church authorities against those who broke the law.

Dávid continued to preach new ideas, which brought him into conflict with Biandrata. Dávid rejected infant baptism and rejected the adoration of Christ, for which he was imprisoned in 1579. Nevertheless, religious tolerance remained a distinctive feature of the Principality of Transylvania. In 1588 the Diet even decreed that serfs could not be forced to convert to their lords' faith. The co-existence of the four received (or officially recognized) denominationsthe Trinitarian Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist, and the Antitrinitarian Unitarian Churcheswas not questioned.

The Eastern Orthodox Church was not regarded as a received religion, but its existence was also officially recognized. Gabriel Báthory, who ruled from 1608 to 1613, exempted the Eastern Orthodox priests from all feudal obligations and secured their right to free movement. His successor, Gabriel Bethlen, confirmed this decree in 1614. He also allowed the Jesuits to return to Transylvania and settled about 200 Anabaptist Hutterites (who were persecuted in all of Europe) in the principality. He also granted special privileges to the Jews, including relieving them of the requirement of wearing the Star of David or other distinctive signs.

The Edict of Torda influenced legislation in the multi-religious Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. On 28January 1573 the Sejm (or general assembly) passed the so-called Warsaw Confederation, which contained an article on religious freedom. The article remained in force until the middle of the 17thcentury.

See also
 Edict of Milan
 Edict of toleration
 Letter of Majesty
 Pál Bornemissza

References

Sources

Eastern Hungarian Kingdom
Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)
Religion in Transylvania
History of Christianity in Hungary
Legal history of Hungary
History of religion in Romania
Christianity and law in the 16th century
Turda
Edicts of toleration
1568 in Christianity
1568 in Europe
1568 in law


Audio Fidelity Records, was a record company based in New York City, most active during the 1950s and 1960s. They are best known for having produced the first mass-produced American stereophonic long-playing record in November 1957 (although this was not available to the general public until March of the following year). The Audio Fidelity label was acquired by 43 North Broadway, LLC, a global rights management company focused on acquiring iconic heritage entertainment-based intellectual property assets including master recordings, music copyrights and songwriter royalties.

History
Audio Fidelity, Inc. was founded in 1954. A British branch, A-F England, Ltd., was established in 1959. Sidney Frey sold the company in 1965 to Herman Gimbel (né Herman Levy; 1913–1978). Audio Fidelity Records, Inc., changed its name to Audiofidelity Enterprises, Inc., in May 1971. The last known releases under the Audio Fidelity label were circa 1984. In 1997, Audio Fidelity Records was purchased out of bankruptcy by Colliers Media Company. The Audio Fidelity label was acquired by 43 North Broadway, LLC, a global rights management company focused on acquiring iconic heritage entertainment-based intellectual property assets including master recordings, music copyrights and songwriter royalties.

Background
Sidney Frey (1920–68), founder and president of Audio Fidelity, had Westrex, owner of one of the two rival stereo disk-cutting systems, cut a stereo LP disk for release before any of the major record labels, several of which had the Westrex equipment but had not yet produced a stereo disk. Side 1 was the Dukes of Dixieland; Side 2 was railroad sound effects. This demonstration disc was introduced to the public on December 13, 1957, at the Times Auditorium in New York City. 500 copies of this initial demonstration record were pressed. On December 16, 1957, Frey advertised in the trade magazine Billboard that he would send a free copy to anyone in the industry who wrote to him on company letterhead. Frey became known as "Mr. Stereo" during that era.

Stereophonic sound was not entirely new to the public. In 1952 sound engineer Emory Cook developed a "Binaural" disk that used two separate grooves and playback needles to produce stereophonic sound; the following year he had a catalog of about 25 disks available for audiophiles. Multi-channel sound was integral to the widescreen motion picture processes Cinerama (1952) and CinemaScope (1953). Stereophonic audio tapes had been commercially available to audiophiles, although expensive, since the early-1950s. After the release of the Audio Fidelity demonstration disks, the other spur to the popularity of stereo disks was the reduction in price of a stereo magnetic cartridge, for playing the disks, from $250 to $29.95 in June 1958. The first four stereo discs available to the general public were released by Audio Fidelity in March, 1958--Johnny Puleo and his Harmonica Gang Volume 1 (AFSD 5830), Railroad - Sounds of a Vanishing Era (AFSD 5843), Lionel - Lionel Hampton and his Orchestra (AFSD 5849) and Marching Along with the Dukes of Dixieland Volume 3 (AFSD 5851). By the end of March the company had four more stereo LPs available.

In the summer of 1958, Audio Fidelity recorded 13 classical LPs in London's Walthamstow Town Hall. The orchestra was the specially-formed Virtuoso Symphony of London, which consisted of London orchestral players and leading instrumentalists including Anthony Pini, Frederick Riddle, Reginald Kell and Marie Goosens. Six of the LPs were conducted by Alfred Wallenstein, who concentrated on the symphonic repertoire (including Brahms's 4th Symphony, Tchaikovsky's Pathetique, and Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique) and six by Arthur Winograd (both conductors were ex-cellists) who recorded lighter fare, such as operatic marches and popular overtures. The 13th LP (Strauss Waltzes) was conducted by Emanuel Vardi.

Archives
Collector Don W. Reichle compiled a comprehensive database and collection of Audio Fidelity recordings which are now housed at the Syracuse University Library. The collection consists of:

 1,404 different catalog numbers
 1,176 different artists identified and cross-linked with album details.
 5,857 different track titles identified and cross-linked with album details.
 640 different pictures of album jackets cross-linked with album details.

See also

References

External links
Discography of Audio Fidelity Recordings at Syracuse University compiled by Don W. Reichle

American record labels
Record labels established in 1957
Defunct record labels of the United States
Jazz record labels


Isis was an American post-metal band, active from 1997 until their disbandment in 2010. They released five full-length albums, five extended plays (EPs), seven live albums, two singles, and have collaborated with other artists on numerous other projects.

Isis was formed in Boston, Massachusetts in late 1997 by Aaron Turner (guitar/vocals; also the owner of Hydra Head Records), Jeff Caxide (bass guitar), Chris Mereschuk (electronics/vocals) and Aaron Harris (drums). In 1998, they released a demo and their first EP, Mosquito Control, with this lineup. The band replaced Mereschuk with Jay Randall and added former Cast Iron Hike guitarist Michael Gallagher before releasing the 1999 EP The Red Sea. Bryant Clifford Meyer of The Gersch replaced Jay Randall in late 1999, and Isis remained with this lineup until their dissolution. Isis' debut full-length, Celestial, and its sister EP, SGNL>05, were released in 2000 and 2001, respectively.

In 2002, Oceanic was released to critical acclaim, and was the subject of a series of four vinyl reinterpretations by various contemporary artists; the series was consolidated into an Ipecac Recordings release, entitled Oceanic: Remixes & Reinterpretations. Growth in stature necessitated relocation to Los Angeles in 2003.  Panopticon was released in 2004, to further critical plaudits and an album of the year award from Rock Sound. It was also the band's first entry into the charts, peaking at number 47 in the Billboard Top Independent Albums chart.

Their next record, In the Absence of Truth, was released by Ipecac on October 31, 2006. This full-length charted more successfully, peaking at number six in Billboard's Top Heatseekers chart; however, critical reception was not particularly warm and the band themselves have expressed disappointment with the album. "Holy Tears" and "Not in Rivers, but in Drops" were released from the album as singles in 2008, along with a limited-edition vinyl compilation box set entitled Shades of the Swarm later in the year. Their final full-length, Wavering Radiant, was released in 2009 and marked the band's first entry in the Billboard 200, peaking at 98; it also saw international commercial exposure, seeing entry into the charts of the United Kingdom, Germany and Norway. Isis split up in June 2010, just before the release of a split EP with Melvins. Their entire back-catalogue of live releases saw digital re-release in mid-2011, and a compilation of demos and alternative versions of songs, called Temporal, was released on November 6, 2012 by Ipecac Recordings.

Albums

Studio albums

Live albums

Extended plays

Solo

Collaborative

Splits

Remixes

Compilations / box sets

Singles

Videography

Music videos

DVD

Other appearances

See also
Hydra Head Records discography
Ipecac Recordings discography

References

General

External links
Isis at Discogs

Heavy metal group discographies
Discographies of American artists


WSCA-LP (106.1 FM) is a low-power community radio station in Portsmouth, New Hampshire; the mission of Portsmouth Community Radio is to operate a nonprofit, listener supported, volunteer driven, non-commercial FM community radio station dedicated to serving the greater Portsmouth community.

History

WSCA-LP began broadcasting on September 12, 2004. Its launch came at the end of a three-day Prometheus Radio Project "barnraising" event during which time a vacant factory space was converted into a fully functional radio station. More than 200 volunteers attended the event from several distant states as well as Canada and England.

The station's parent organization is the Seacoast Arts and Cultural Alliance.

Political significance

Judd Gregg, then-senator and former governor of New Hampshire, led the opposition to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission's plans to license low-power radio stations, most notably by sponsoring the Radio Broadcasting Preservation Act. Prometheus Technical Director Pete Tridish said the group "wanted to help build a station right in the state of the man in the Senate, Senator Judd Gregg, who has done the most to oppose community radio." Gregg's senatorial challenger, Doris "Granny D" Haddock was invited to speak at the barnraising.

Programming

Portsmouth Community Radio is a mixed format station. Like many community stations it broadcasts diverse and alternative programming, most of which is produced locally and reflects the cultural, educational, artistic, civic, and business fabric of the listening community. It has become known for its original public affairs programs, which number more than those of the local NPR affiliate.

See also
List of community radio stations in the United States

References

External links

SCA-LP
SCA-LP
Community radio stations in the United States
Portsmouth, New Hampshire
Radio stations established in 2004


WNHI (106.5 FM) is a Christian worship formatted radio station. Licensed to Farmington, New Hampshire, the station's transmitter is located in New Durham, and studios are located in Rochester. The station serves the Lakes and Seacoast Regions of New Hampshire, and is currently owned by Educational Media Foundation.

The station signed on in 1999 with a deep oldies format as WZEN, competing with WQSO. WZEN adopted the WMEX letters shortly after they were dropped by what is now WQOM (1060 AM) in 2001. The WMEX call letters, which were also used during the 1980s on what is now WWDJ (1150 AM) in Boston as well as WCLX in Westport, NY in the Burlington, VT market, refer to a popular top-40 station of the 1960s and 1970s on 1510 AM in Boston, Massachusetts (which has since reclaimed the WMEX call sign). In 2005, the station adjusted to hot AC as "X106", but returned to a more mainstream oldies format as "106.5 WMEX".

On January 28, 2008, AllAccess.com reported that the station was in the process of being sold to the Educational Media Foundation for $1 million. When the sale was finalized, the station had been expected to change call letters and become the first New Hampshire affiliate of EMF's K-LOVE Christian contemporary music network.

On June 2, 2008, the station went out with the Righteous Brothers' "Rock n Roll Heaven" as its last tune. While the station changed its call letters to WKHL, implying that it would join K-LOVE, the station ended up joining sister network Air 1 instead. A few weeks later, the call sign was again changed, this time to the current WNHI.

The WMEX call sign was subsequently assigned to a construction permit for a station at 88.7 MHz in Edgartown, MA (now WMVY), and is now used on WMEX-LP (105.9 FM) in Rochester and WMEX (1510 AM) in Boston.

Personalities

Former Rochester, NH
Gary James - General Manager and WMEX Morning Personality from 2002–2008.
Gene Vallee - 2002 Sales Manager and a D.J. voice of WMEX
DJ Shadow Walker - On Air Personality from 2005– 2008

Former Burlington, VT
Dennis Jackson - 1994, Owner (station is now WCLX)

Former Boston
Gary James, Program Director of 1150/WMEX in Boston during the 1980s
Jack Armstrong - 1968
Larry Caringer - 1988
Jim Connors - Music Director & AM Drive Host, Early to mid 1970s aka:JC.
Mark Davis - 1969
Dan Donovan I - 1959 a.k.a. Johnny Dark
Dan Donovan II - 1960 a.k.a. Arthur Mctague
Dan Donovan III - 1965 a.k.a. Dan Donovan
Jack Gale - 1963
Arnie 'Woo-Woo' Ginsburg - 1959
Larry Glick - 1963
Jim Harrington - 1973
Bobby Holiday - 1967 a.k.a.Robert Stoehr
Johnny Lujack - 1967 a.k.a. Larry Lujack
Melvin X. Melvin - 1958 a.k.a. Tom Shovan
Maury Parent
Bill Rock - 1972, Now on Sirius Satellite Radio (Prime Country, '60s Vibrations, Elvis Radio)
Brad Shepard - 1987
Dick Summer - 1969
Charlie Tuna - 1967, Now at KRTH.
Little Walter - 1986
Jerry Williams - 1961
Rick Williams - 1972 a.k.a. Russ Oasis
J. Michael Wilson - 1972

References

External links

Air1 radio stations
Radio stations established in 1999
Strafford County, New Hampshire
1999 establishments in New Hampshire
Educational Media Foundation radio stations
NHI


Zsolnay, or formally Zsolnay Porcelánmanufaktúra Zrt (Zsolnay Porcelain Manufactory Private Limited) is a Hungarian manufacturer of porcelain, tiles, and stoneware. The company introduced the eosin glazing process and pyrogranite ceramics.

History
The Zsolnay factory was established by Miklós Zsolnay (1800–1880) in Pécs, Hungary, to produce stoneware and other ceramics in 1853. In 1863, his son, Vilmos Zsolnay (1828–1900) joined the company and became its manager and director after several years. He led the factory to worldwide recognition by demonstrating its innovative products at world fairs and international exhibitions, including the 1873 World Fair in Vienna, then at the 1878 World Fair in Paris, where Zsolnay received a Grand Prix. In 1893, Zsolnay introduced porcelain pieces made of eosin. Tádé Sikorski (1852–1940) married Vilmos’ daughter Júlia and became the chief designer. In 1900 Vilmos’ son Miklós took over. Frost-resisting Zsolnay building decorations were used in numerous buildings specifically during the Art Nouveau movement. By 1914, Zsolnay was the largest company in Austro-Hungary. During World War I, production of pottery and building materials were curtailed, and the factory produced for military use, for instance insulators. After World War I, the fortunes of the factory declined due to the Serbian occupation, loss of markets, and difficulty to secure raw materials. However, after the depression, conditions improved.

During World War II, its site of production in Budapest was bombed. With the rule of communism the factory was nationalized in 1948. Eventually, the Zsolnay name was dropped. The Pécsi Porcelángyár (Pécs Porcelain Factory) was used primarily to produce common tableware goods. However, in 1982 with the resumption of a market economy, the company regained its operational independence, was reorganized, and the Zsolnay name returned. In 1991, the Zsolnay Porcelain Manufacture became a stock company, and five years later it was bought by a private equity enterprise.

In 2012, a Swiss-Syrian businessman called Bachar Najari bought the company from the city of Pécs.

Beside the factory, there is also the Zsolnay Museum in Pécs.

Eosin

Many Zsolnay ceramics are noted for the use of the eosin process that was introduced in 1893. The process results in a light red iridescence of the first prepared hue, hence the term eosin (Greek eos, flush of dawn). Different eosin colours and processes were developed over time. The eosin-based iridescence became a favourite of art nouveau and Jugendstil artists, among them Sándor Apáti Abt, Lajos Mack, Géza Nikelszky, and József Rippl-Rónai.

The secret eosin glaze renders porcelain to appear iridescent metallic, in different colours that change with the angle of reflection. Typical colours include shades of green, red, blue, and purple.

Pyrogranite

Pyrogranite refers to a type of ornamental ceramics that were developed by Zsolnay and placed in production by 1886. Fired at high temperature, this durable material remains acid and frost-resistant making it suitable for use as roof tiles, indoor and outdoor decorative ceramics, and fireplaces. Architects that used the material in their buildings include Miklós Ybl, Ödön Lechner, Béla Lajta, Samu Pecz, and Imre Steindl. It can be seen in buildings such as Matthias Church, the Hungarian Parliament Building, the Museum of Applied Art, the Geological Institute, the Kőbánya Church, the Gellért Baths (all these buildings are in Budapest), the Párizsi Udvar Hotel, Four Season Hotel (in Budapest), the Castle Garden Bazaar, the ELTE University, the Budapest Technical University, the Central Market Hall, the Town Hall in Kecskemét and many beautiful buildings across Hungary, like the Post Office Palace, in Pécs.

See also
 Glazed architectural terra-cotta
 Porcelain manufacturing companies in Europe

References

External links
 Official site
 Zsolnay art tiles
 Zsolnay.hu
 Zsolnay Porcelain Factory Architecture
 Zsolnay Museum
 Golden Age of Zsolnay
 Pécs Zsolnay Cultural Complex at funiq.hu

Ceramics manufacturers of Hungary
Porcelain
Hungarian pottery
Hungarian brands
Companies established in 1853
Art Nouveau
Companies based in Pécs
Hungary


WMYF (1380 AM) was the call sign assigned from 1998 to 2016, and the last call sign used on the air, for radio station WPLA in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, United States. The station, which was established in 1960 as WBBX and operated until 2015, served the Seacoast Region. The station was last owned by iHeartMedia. Following call sign changes to WMGE and WPLA—both transferred other iHeartMedia stations, and never used on the air—the station's license was canceled in June 2017.

History
Seacoast Broadcasting Corporation was granted a construction permit for a new station on 1380 kHz in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, on June 15, 1960, and was assigned the call sign WBBX on June 27. WBBX went on the air December 5, 1960. The station affiliated with ABC Radio in April 1963; in January 1965, WBBX became part of the New Hampshire State Network, which also included WKBK in Keene, WEMJ in Laconia, and WFEA in Manchester.

Sportscaster Curt Gowdy bought WBBX for $316,000 in 1969, adding it to a broadcast group that already included WCCM AM-FM in Lawrence, Massachusetts; KOWB in Laramie, Wyoming; and a minority interest in KFBC AM-TV in Cheyenne, Wyoming, KSTF in Scottsbluff, Nebraska, and KTVS in Sterling, Colorado. Under Gowdy, the station programmed contemporary music, with national news supplied by ABC's Information network. Gowdy sold WBBX to J. Harrison Holman's Kressman Broadcasting for $590,000 in 1977; Kressman, in turn, sold it to Earl and Lois Goldstein's Seacoast Broadcasting Company three years later in a $550,000 deal. By 1983, WBBX had moved to an adult contemporary format, with news now being supplied by ABC's Contemporary network.

The Goldsteins sold WBBX to Portsmouth Broadcasting Corporation for $485,000 in 1985; principals David and Robert Sassler owned WARE in Ware, Massachusetts. The new owners changed the call sign to WAVI on May 17, 1985, and moved the station to an oldies format; its network affiliation shifted to the ABC Direction Network.

WAVI was silent by 1987, when Ware Communications—by this point owned by Richard L. Sadowsky, who also held a stake in the Precht Communications television station group—sold the station to Windward Communications for $325,000; principal Richard Walsh owned WQMI in York Center, Maine; WQZN and WABK-FM in Gardiner, Maine; and WPNH AM-FM in Plymouth. Windward changed the call sign to WQMI on July 23, 1987, again programming an oldies format. WQMI and WQMI-FM were sold to Sunshine Group Broadcasting, owner of WGAN and WMGX in Portland, Maine; WFEA and WZID in Manchester; and WIXY and WAQY in Springfield, Massachusetts, for $3.1 million in 1989; Sunshine renamed the station WCQL on March 13, 1989, with oldies being supplemented with NBC Talknet programming. Talk programming was dropped in October 1991 in favor of a full-time simulcast of WCQL-FM's oldies programming; in January 1992, the station broke from this simulcast to become a sports radio station. That November, WCQL and WCQL-FM turned their ad sales over to WZNN and WWEM, effectively becoming part of a five-station group in the Portsmouth market that also included the newly-launched WXBB.

Sunshine Group Broadcasting sold WCQL and WCQL-FM to Knight Quality Stations for $16 million in 1994; the deal added the stations to an eight-station group that included WHEB in Portsmouth. Knight changed WCQL's call sign to WTMN on February 19, 1995. Knight Quality Stations announced the sale of its eight New England radio stations, including WTMN, to Capstar Broadcasting Partners in April 1997; upon assuming control in January 1998, the stations were operated by Capstar's Atlantic Star Communications subsidiary.  Capstar replaced WTMN's One-on-One Sports programming with Christmas music in December 1998, as part of a transition to the adult standards programming that had recently been dropped by WMYF (1540 AM); the WMYF call sign, for "Music of Your Life", moved to this station on December 1.

Capstar and Chancellor Media announced in August 1998 that they would merge (Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst was a major shareholder in both companies); upon the merger's completion in July 1999, the combined company was named AMFM Inc. AMFM was in turn acquired by Clear Channel Communications (forerunner to iHeartMedia) in a deal announced on October 4, 1999, and completed in August 2000.

On November 22, 2010, WMYF changed its format from adult standards to sports, branded as "The Sports Animal" and featuring ESPN Radio programming. WMYF's lineup also included Portland Sea Dogs baseball games. As of October 1, 2013, WMYF had returned to a standards format, with sports programming continuing on sister station WPKX (the former WZNN); by 2015, the station was playing classic country music.

WMYF went silent on December 9, 2015, after losing its transmitter site. The station's programming continued to be available online at its website.

The call sign was changed to WMGE on September 16, 2016, taking on the former call sign of an iHeart station in Miami, and to WPLA on December 14, 2016, swapping with a sister station in Georgia. On May 17, 2017, the Federal Communications Commission informed WPLA that it was in the process of cancelling the station's license for not returning to the air within a year of going silent; the license was canceled on June 29, 2017. The closure of the station, following the 1991 shutdown of WHEB (750 AM), left the city of Portsmouth without any AM radio stations.

References

External links
FCC Station Search Details: DWPLA (Facility ID: 35217)
 (covering 1958-1980 as WBBX)

MYF
Radio stations established in 1960
1960 establishments in New Hampshire
Radio stations disestablished in 2015
2015 disestablishments in New Hampshire
Portsmouth, New Hampshire
IHeartMedia radio stations
Defunct radio stations in the United States
MYF