Regulation of acupuncture is done by governmental bodies to ensure safe practice.

Australia
In 2000, the Chinese Medicine Registration Board of Victoria, Australia (CMBV) was established as an independent government agency to oversee the practice of Chinese Herbal Medicine and Acupuncture in the state.  In 2005 the Parliamentary Committee on the Health Care Complaints Commission in the Australian state of New South Wales commissioned a report investigating Traditional Chinese medicine practice.  They recommended the introduction of a government-appointed registration board that would regulate the profession by restricting use of the titles "acupuncturist", "Chinese herbal medicine practitioner" and "Chinese medicine practitioner".  The aim of registration was to protect the public from the risks of acupuncture by ensuring a high baseline level of competency and education of registered acupuncturists, enforcing guidelines regarding continuing professional education and investigating complaints of practitioner conduct.  Currently acupuncturists in NSW are bound by the guidelines in the Public Health (Skin Penetration) Regulation 2000 which is enforced at local council level.  In 2012 the CMBV became the Chinese Medicine Board of Australia, and in 2013 established an interim accreditation standard for the profession in partnership with the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency.  The legislation put in place stipulates that only practitioners who are state-registered may use the following titles: Acupuncture, Chinese Medicine, Chinese Herbal Medicine, Registered Acupuncturist, Registered Chinese Medicine Practitioner, and Registered Chinese Herbal Medicine Practitioner.

Brazil

In Brazil, acupuncturists are not required to have any college level education. Currently, biomedicians, biologists, pharmacists, among other health professionals, have regulated acupuncture.

While some medical doctors defend that practicing acupuncture is exclusive to medical doctors, the National Council of Health came in public to clarify the matter

The Parliament is on their way to pass a law that will definitely stablish who can practice acupuncture.

Canada
In Canada the provinces of British Columbia, Ontario, Alberta and Quebec have acupuncture licensing programs. In many provinces that are not subject to government regulation, employers will require candidates qualify for membership at the local chapter of the Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture Association of Canada. The province of Ontario, Canada, created the Traditional Chinese Medicine Act in 2006, which created the College of Traditional Chinese Practitioners and Acupuncturists. To be licensed in Ontario, acupuncturists need to register with the college, pass a series of tests and demonstrate an experience-equivalent of having seen more than 2,000 patients over five years.

In Quebec, the practice of acupuncture has been regulated since 1995 by the Ordre des acupuncteurs du Québec (OAQ).

Europe
At least 28 countries in Europe have professional associations for acupuncturists.

France
Since 1955, the French advisory body Académie Nationale de Médecine (National Academy of Medicine) has accepted acupuncture as part of medical practice. Acupuncture is also routinely reimbursed by social security when performed or prescribed by a  doctor or practitioner.

Germany
Following the German acupuncture trials from 2006 to 2007, the Federal Joint Committee (an agency similar to the National Institutes of Health in the United States) passed a law which allows the reimbursement of acupuncture treatment by the public health insurance system for the following ailments: chronic lower back pain and chronic knee pain caused by osteoarthritis. In 2006, German researchers published the results of one of the first and largest randomized controlled clinical trials. As a result of the trial's conclusions, some insurance corporations in Germany no longer reimburse acupuncture treatments. The trials also had a negative impact on acupuncture in the international community.

Japan
In Japan, acupuncture practitioners are licensed by the Minister of Health, Labour and Welfare after passing an examination and graduating from a technical school or university.

New Zealand
Traditional/lay acupuncture is not a regulated health profession. Osteopaths have a scope of practice for Western Medical Acupuncture and Related Needling Techniques. The state-owned Accident Compensation Corporation reimburses for acupuncture treatment by registered health care practitioners and some traditional/lay acupuncturists that belong to voluntary professional associations.

Sri Lanka
In 2022, the Ceylon Association of Medical Acupuncturists (CAMA) was established as a self-regulatory body for the practice of Acupuncture and TCM in Sri Lanka.

Background

Medical acupuncture was introduced to Sri Lanka by Professor Anton Jayasuriya. In 1974, Professor Jayasuriya was granted a scholarship by the Government of Sri Lanka and the World Health Organization (WHO) to study acupuncture in the People's Republic of China. After receiving his certification to practice, Professor Jayasuriya embarked on a mission to teach the art of acupuncture and traditional medicine. His teachings attracted a wide range of individuals from over 140 countries who were interested in complementary medicine. However, it is worth noting that these teachings or individuals who completed the training did not have a government-authorized regulatory body to be registered, nor were they registered in the Sri Lanka Medical Council (SLMC) or the Ayurvedic Medical Council as acupuncture practitioners. As a result, there was an increase in malpractice of acupuncture in Sri Lanka.

To address the issue of unregulated acupuncture and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) malpractice, a group of medical acupuncturists who graduated from the acupuncture program at Kaatsu International University (KIU) took the initiative to form a self-regulatory body. Their aim was to gather professionals in the field of acupuncture and TCM to maintain high professional standards in the practice of acupuncture in Sri Lanka.

On June 22, 2022, this self-regulatory body, known as the Ceylon Association of Medical Acupuncturists (CAMA), was initiated by Dr. Vimukthi Asahara, Dr. Adheesha D. Dayarathna, and Dr. Imesha Hemasinghe. The inaugural general meeting of CAMA was held on July 21, 2022, with the participation of 17 members. Dr. Vimukthi Asahara was elected as the first president of the association, Dr. Imesha Hemasinghe as the vice president, and Dr. Kaveesha D. Ranasinghe as the secretary. Dr. C. Indrapala was appointed as the chief advisor.

It is important to note that on January 7, 2015, the Kaatsu International University (KIU) initiated a bachelor's degree program in acupuncture, which was the first recognized program of its kind by the University Grants Commission and the Ministry of Higher Education in Sri Lanka. This program aimed to establish a solid academic foundation for acupuncture practitioners in Sri Lanka.

The formation of the CAMA and the recognition of the acupuncture program at KIU signify significant steps towards ensuring the safe practice of acupuncture and maintaining high professional standards in Sri Lanka.

United Kingdom
Acupuncturists are not a nationally regulated profession in the United Kingdom. Acupuncture practice is regulated by law in England and Wales for health and safety criteria under The Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1982, which has been recently amended by the Local Government Act 2003. Each local authority implements its own policy in accordance with the Act. For example, the London boroughs use the London Local Authorities Act, 1991/2000. Premises and each practitioner offering acupuncture must be licensed. As there is no formal certification of acupuncture, practitioners are exempted from licensing by virtue of being current members of approved acupuncture associations such as the British Acupuncture Council. Physiotherapists are also required to be current members of an approved acupuncture association as body piercing is not part of the entry level curriculum for state registered physiotherapists regulated by the Health Professions Council. The approved acupuncture organisations have rigorous codes of practice and educational requirements and members are covered by the appropriate indemnity insurance.  An estimated 7,500 practitioners practise acupuncture to some extent and belong to a relevant professional or regulatory body. About 2,400 are traditional acupuncturists who mostly belong to the British Acupuncture Council, which requires its members to be trained in both traditional acupuncture and relevant biomedical sciences. Approximately 2,200 registered doctors and other statutorily regulated health professionals belong to the British Medical Acupuncture Society. Some 6,000 physiotherapists belong to the Acupuncture Association of Chartered Physiotherapists and 250 nurses belong to the British Academy of Western Acupuncture. There are also practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine who belong to one or more associations.

The principal body for professional standards in traditional/lay acupuncture is the British Acupuncture Council, The British Medical Acupuncture Society an inter-disciplinary professional body for regulated health professional using acupuncture as a modality.  The Acupuncture Association of Chartered Physiotherapists.

United States

Acupuncturists in the United States are trained and licensed according to criteria set by three professional organizations, all founded in the early 1980s:
 The Accreditation Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (ACAOM), which accredits acupuncture schools and programs; it is recognized by the United States Department of Education for this purpose.
 The Council of Colleges of Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (CCAOM), a voluntary-membership organization for acupuncture schools and programs; its "primary mission is to support member institutions to deliver educational excellence and quality patient care."  It also administers the Clean Needle Technique (CNT) course, which trains acupuncturists in safe, sterile needling technique.
 The National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (NCCAOM), which certifies acupuncturists nationally; its programs are certified by the National Commission for Certification Agencies (NCCA).  NCCAOM certification is contingent on completion of an approved educational program, completing the Clean Needle Technique (CNT) course, and passing the NCCAOM certification exams.  NCCAOM certification, or in some cases passing the NCCAOM exams, suffices to demonstrate competency for licensure as an acupuncturist in 43 of the 44 states (plus the District of Columbia) that regulate acupuncture.  (California has its own examination and certification process.).

Acupuncture regulation in the US began in the 1970s, prompted by an article by New York Times reporter James Reston.  In 1973, Nevada became the first US state in the nation to authorizing the practice of acupuncture, and many states thereafter followed suit.

The Food and Drug Administration first regulated acupuncture needles in 1972 as "investigational devices" and later recognized needles for acupuncture uses in 1996. In 1996, the Food and Drug Administration changed the status of acupuncture needles from Class III to Class II medical devices, meaning that needles are regarded as safe and effective when used appropriately by licensed practitioners.

As of 2004, nearly 50% of Americans who were enrolled in employer health insurance plans were covered for acupuncture treatments.

Physical therapists (PTs) in New Jersey must end their use of dry needling by the end of August, after the State Attorney General's office ruled that it was not part of a PT's legal scope of practice.

References

Acupuncture
Acupuncture


The Chornaya tubenose goby (Proterorhinus tataricus) is a species of goby endemic to Crimea, Ukraine where it is only found in a short stretch of River Chornaya.  Water is extracted in large quantities for irrigation could cause the stream to completely dry out in summer and thus poses a critical risk of extinction in a near future.

References

External links
Photograph at Arkive

Chornaya tubenose goby
Endemic fauna of Crimea
Freshwater fish of Europe
Chornaya tubenose goby
Chornaya tubenose goby
Taxa named by Alexander Mikhailovich Naseka


Temur Babluani () (born 20 March 1948) is a Georgian film director, script writer, and actor.

Biography
Bebluani was born in the mountainous Svanetian village of Chaguri in the Georgian SSR. He graduated from Tbilisi State Theater Institute in 1979, being tutored by Tengiz Abuladze and Irakli Kvirikadze. He performed in the Soviet-era movies Our Youth (ღიმილის ბიჭები, 1969), Earth, This Is Your Son (მშობლიურო ჩემო მიწავ, 1980), and Cucaracha (კუკარაჩა, 1982); and directed The Flight of Sparrows (ბეღურების გადაფრენა, 1980), and The Brother (ძმა, 1981). His The Sun of the Sleepless (უძინართა მზე, 1992), for which he was also a composer, became a cult film in Georgia and won grand prizes at the festivals in Tbilisi (Georgia) and Sochi (Georgia) as well as a Silver Bear for an outstanding artistic contribution at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival. In 1996, he was one of the producers of A Chef in Love directed by Nana Jorjadze, which became the first Georgian film to be nominated for the Academy Award.

His elder son, Géla Babluani, is also a filmmaker; the younger, Giorgi, is an actor.

References

External links

 Temur Babluani. Geocinema.Org.Ge
  თემურ ბაბლუანი. Geocinema.Ge

1948 births
Living people
People from Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti
Svan people
Film directors from Georgia (country)
Soviet film directors


Thomas Seward (1708 – 4 March 1790) was an English Anglican clergyman, author and editor who was part of the Lichfield intellectual circle that included Samuel Johnson, Erasmus Darwin and his own daughter Anna Seward, amongst others.

Life
Thomas Seward was the son of John Seward of Badsey, Worcestershire. He married Elizabeth, daughter of the Rev. John Hunter, headmaster of Lichfield grammar school, and was the father of Anna Seward the author.

Education and career
He was admitted a foundation scholar of Westminster school in 1723. He was elected by the school to scholarships at Christ Church, Oxford, and Trinity College, Cambridge in 1727; but after his rejection by both universities he became a pensioner of St John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1730 and M.A. in 1734.

Seward became travelling tutor to Lord Charles FitzRoy, third son of Charles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of Grafton, who died while on the tour in Italy in 1739. The Duke promised some preferment for Seward: he became rector of Eyam in Derbyshire, and Kingsley, Staffordshire. He also obtained the prebend of Bubbenhall in Lichfield Cathedral, though the date of his admission does not appear, and on 30 April 1755 he was collated to the prebend of Pipa Parva in the same church. He was installed in the prebend of Lyme and Halstock in Salisbury Cathedral on 5 June 1755.

Seward resided at Lichfield from 1749, moving into the Bishop's Palace in 1754, and was acquainted with Samuel Johnson, whom he used to entertain on his visits to Lichfield. James Boswell described him as a great valetudinarian. Seward died at the Bishop's Palace, Lichfield, on 4 March 1790.

Work
His progressive ideas on female education, authoring "The Female Right to Literature" (1748), facilitated his daughter's career, although he was later to regret this. The Female Right to Literature and four other poems by Seward were printed in Robert Dodsley's Collection of Poems. Seward also edited, with Thomas Sympson, the Works of Beaumont and Fletcher, and wrote the preface, 10 vols. London, 1750.

Selected publications
 , in , Volume 2, pp.  309–315
 The Conformity between Popery and Paganism, London, 1746.
 A sermon, preached at Lichfield in 1756, entitled The late dreadful Earthquakes no proof of God's particular Wrath against the Portuguese.

Legacy
Anna Seward caused a monument to be erected to her parents in Lichfield Cathedral. The monument was executed by John Bacon, and the verses which form part of the epitaph were the composition of Sir Walter Scott. In 1779 he was portrayed as the Canon in the novel Columella by Richard Graves.

References

Bibliography

 Thompson Cooper, rev. Bancroft, P. (2004) "Seward, Thomas (1708–1790)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, accessed 5 February 2008

 Letter from Thomas Gray to Horace Walpole, 1748, regarding Seward and the Dodsley collection

External links
 Thomas Seward at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)

1708 births
1790 deaths
18th-century English Anglican priests
English writers
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge


"Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow" is a short story by Kurt Vonnegut originally written in 1953. It was first published in Galaxy Science Fiction magazine in January 1954, where the story was titled "The Big Trip Up Yonder", which is the protagonist's euphemism for dying. A revised version bearing the title "Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow" appeared in Vonnegut's collection of short stories, Canary in a Cat House (1961), and was reprinted in Welcome to the Monkey House (1968). The new title comes from the famous line in Shakespeare's play Macbeth starting "Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow".

Setting
The original story is set in 2185 A.D., 102 years after the invention of a medicine called anti-gerasone, which halts the aging process and prevents people from dying of old age as long as they keep taking it. Anti-gerasone is cheap and plentiful, made from mud and dandelions. As a result, the world now suffers from severe overpopulation and shortages of food and resources. With the exception of the wealthy, most of the population appears to survive on a diet of foods made from processed seaweed and sawdust. An outside authority figure within the story, a cautionary tale, admonishes the population that "most of the world's ills can be traced to the fact that Man's knowledge of himself has not kept pace with his knowledge of the physical world".

Plot
The Schwartz family, headed by 172-year-old Harold ("Gramps"), inhabits a three-room apartment in New York City, which has grown so large due to overpopulation that it now spills into the state of Connecticut. Gramps' grandson Louis, his wife Emerald, and 20 other descendants are crowded into the space, perpetually jockeying for Gramps' favor. Gramps gets the best food and the only private bedroom, and controls everyone's life by constantly revising his will to disinherit anyone who earns his displeasure.

An offhand remark by Lou prompts Gramps to disinherit him and exile Lou and Em to the worst sleeping space in the apartment, near the bathroom. Lou then catches his great-grandnephew, newly wed Mortimer, diluting Gramps' anti-gerasone in the bathroom. Fearing Gramps' reaction to such a scheme, Lou tries to empty the bottle and refill it with the full-strength medicine, but accidentally breaks the bottle and is caught by Gramps, who only tells him to clean up the mess. The next morning, the family finds Gramps' bed empty and a note informing them that he is gone; the note also contains a revised will that bequeaths his entire estate to be held in common by his descendants, with no stipulations as to who receives what property.

A riot breaks out as the family members start fighting over who gets the bedroom, leading to everyone being arrested and jailed at the police station. Lou and Em find the cells to be comfortable and spacious compared to the apartment, and hope that they will be sentenced to prison so they can keep these living arrangements. Meanwhile, Gramps has returned to the now-empty apartment, having watched the events unfold from a tavern across the plaza.  He has hired the best lawyer in town in order to get everyone convicted, so that he can have the apartment to himself and they can enjoy the relative comfort of jail for a while. Gramps sees a television commercial for a new product called Super-anti-gerasone, which can reverse the aging process instead of just halting it, and starts thinking about being able to enjoy life again.

Variations between the two versions
The main difference between the first and later version of the story is the addition of a long expository section at the beginning, consisting of a conversation between Lou and Em. This prologue makes explicit certain facts that were only implied in the original. Other alterations include changing the year from 2185 to 2158, and changing the family name from Ford to Schwartz.

References

External links

Short stories by Kurt Vonnegut
1954 short stories
Works originally published in Galaxy Science Fiction


Adolf Wiklund (5 June 1879 in Långserud, Värmland – 2 April 1950 in Stockholm) was a Swedish composer and conductor. His father was an organist. After graduating from the Royal College of Music, Stockholm as an organist and music teacher, Wiklund was awarded scholarships to study piano in Sweden and then in Paris. His debut as a piano soloist came in 1902 playing his own Konsertstycke in C major, Op 1.

After 1911 he worked mainly as a conductor. He conducted the Swedish Royal Orchestra from 1911 to 1924, he was director of the Royal Swedish Opera in 1923, and he served as principal conductor of the Stockholm Concert Society until 1938.

Wiklund's compositions are Romantic and nationalistic in style. His later works show the influence of Impressionism. His compositions have had a great impact on Swedish music. His output includes two piano concertos, a symphonic poem Sommarnatt och soluppgång ("Summer night and sunrise"), a symphony, and a violin sonata.

References

1879 births
1950 deaths
19th-century male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century conductors (music)
20th-century Swedish composers
20th-century Swedish male musicians
Male conductors (music)
People from Säffle Municipality
People from Värmland
Romantic composers
Royal College of Music, Stockholm alumni
Swedish classical composers
Swedish conductors (music)
Swedish male classical composers


The King George VI Reservoir sits between Stanwell Moor and Staines upon Thames, south-west of Heathrow, England. It is between Staines Moor and a north–south road abutting the Staines Reservoirs. The reservoir was opened in November 1947 and named after the then reigning monarch George VI. It is owned by Thames Water.

Construction and statistics
It occupies  and holds 3,493 million gallons (15,880,000 m3) or, per The Times, 4,466 million gallons. The top of its banks are  above the surrounds. The enclosing bank crest measures 5.23 km. Like its Lower Thames siblings, it is of earthen dam build: a puddled clay lining and embankments from materials excavated on site, particularly ballast (heavier aggregates). It has been built-up from dry land as the eastern Thames Basin lacked sufficiently watered, largely unpopulated, agriculturally unprized vales to be dammed near to which conveniently coal-supplied treatment works and pipes to London could be built.

A tendered bid for the work – at £1,292,000,  – was accepted in July 1937. The contractor was John Mowlem and Co. Limited.

World War II use when empty
The reservoir was completed in 1939 but was left empty due to the outbreak of the Second World War. It is reputed that a mock Clapham Junction railway station was built inside to confuse the Luftwaffe. The reservoir was used for fog dispersal experiments for an aircraft landing in fog or smog technique, FIDO. It was formally opened by King George VI on 7 November 1947.

Local economic history
The land purchase was likely connected with gravel extraction locally. Four such firms were digging for aggregates in Stanwell in 1956, employing nearly 100 people.

Operation, sheep and notable birds
This and the Staines Reservoirs, built 1902, receive their input from the Thames at Hythe End, Wraysbury above Bell Weir Lock and the mouth of the Colne Brook. The reservoir's inlet valve tower is south, north of a pumping station; the outlet one is east, being gravity-fed. Input and output are to and from the Staines Reservoirs Aqueduct, feeding the Water Treatment Works at Kempton Park and another at Hampton.

To ease inspection of banks, a flock of sheep is kept on them which keeps them close-cropped.

It is part of the Staines Moor Site of Special Scientific Interest. The reservoirs carry (are habitats for) nationally large wintering populations of tufted ducks, pochard, goosander and goldeneye.

See also
London water supply infrastructure
List of SSSIs in Surrey

References

External links
 Surrey County Council map

Reservoirs in Surrey
Thames Water reservoirs
Drinking water reservoirs in England


Morocco national under-20 football team, represents Morocco in association football at an under-20 age level and is controlled by the Royal Moroccan Football Federation, the governing body for football in Morocco. The current coach is Zakaria Aboub.

Honours
 African Youth Championship:
 Winners (1): 1997
 Arab Cup U-20:
 Winners (2): 1989, 2011
 UNAF U-20 Tournament:
 Winners (2): 2015, 2020
Islamic Solidarity Games
Gold Medalists (1): 2013
Mediterranean Games
Gold Medalists (1): 2013
Jeux de la Francophonie
Gold Medalists (2): 2017,2001

Palestine Cup of Nations for Youth
Winner (1): 1989

FIFA World Cup U-20

Africa U-20 Cup of Nations

Tournament Records

UNAF U-20 Tournament record

Arab Cup U-20 record

Mediterranean Games

UNAF U-18 Tournament

Jeux de la Francophonie

Players

Current squad
The following players were named in the squad for the 2023 Maurice Revello Tournament between 5 and 18 June 2023.

Caps and goals are correct as of 16 May 2023, after the match against Burkina Faso.

Recent call-ups
The following players have been called up for the Morocco U-20 squad in the last 12 months and remain eligible.

Previous squads

FIFA World Youth Championship squads
 1977 FIFA WYC
 1997 FIFA WYC
 2005 FIFA WYC

Africa U-20 Cup of Nations squads
 2005 AYC squad
 2021 CAN U-20 squad

References

African national under-20 association football teams
under-20
Youth football in Morocco


Ïnanch Sonqur (Turkic) (in ) or Husam al-Din Sunqur Inanj (in ) (died 1169) was the Seljuk amir of Ray from 1160 at the latest until his death. During his eight years in power he played a major role in the events that occurred in northern Iran.

Career

Before the decline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Merv, the city of Ray had been part of Sultan Sanjar's territories. After Sanjar's capture in 1153 by bands of rebellious Oghuz Turks, his empire fell into chaos. In the midst of this confused situation, Ïnanch Sonqur was able to take Ray with assistance from the Bavandids.

Ïnanch soon began meddling in the affairs of the Seljuks of Hamadan. After the death of Sultan Muhammad ibn Mahmud in 1159, the amirs of the surrounding provinces disagreed on who should succeed him. In the end, Ïnanch's candidate Suleiman-Shah won out. For the duration of Suleiman Shah's reign Ïnanch lent him support, but the sultan's incompetence eventually led the amirs to overthrow him and ask the Atabeg of Azerbaijan, Shams al-Din Eldigüz, to replace him with Arslan.

Arslan was accordingly installed in Hamadan in 1161. Eldigüz was able to gain Ïnanch's approval of the affair after arranging a marriage between his son Pahlavan and Ïnanch's daughter, Ïnanch Khatun. Arslan, however, ran into problems of his own, and eventually Ïnanch and a coalition of other amirs revolted and marched against Hamadan. Arslan, Eldigüz and Gird-Bazu defeated them in battle, forcing Ïnanch to flee.

After his defeat, Ïnanch made his way to the territories of the Bavandids. He then went to the court of the Shah of Khwarezm, Il-Arslan, who supplied him with an army and sent him back to northern Iran. Ïnanch invaded the area around Qazvin and Zanjan in 1166/7, but was unable to make any headway against the Seljuks or Eldigüz, and the loosely disciplined Khwarezmian troops were hated by the local people. Ïnanch retreated to Gurgan, but was able to enlist the support of the Bavandids and with their help managed to regain Ray.<ref>'Ala'-al-Dawla Hasan</ref>

Ïnanch's victory in reasserting his position was short lived. In 1169 Eldigüz invaded and besieged Ïnanch. Soon afterwards, he convinced some of Ïnanch's ghulams to murder him. Ray was taken by Eldigüz, who granted it to his son Pahlavan and left his vizier to administer the city.

Notes

References
"Al-E Bavand." Encyclopaedia Iranica Online. Encyclopædia Iranica. 2 February 2008. <http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/al-e-bavand>
"'Ala'-al-Dawla Hasan." Encyclopaedia Iranica Online. Encyclopædia Iranica. 2 February 2008. <http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ala-al-dawla-hasan-b>
Bosworth, C.E. "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000-1217)." The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods.'' Edited by J.A. Boyle. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press, 1968.

1169 deaths
Year of birth unknown
People of the Nizari–Seljuk wars
Ray County, Iran
Government officials of the Seljuk Empire


Robotech is an 85-episode adaptation of three different Japanese anime science fiction television series, Super Dimension Fortress Macross, Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross and Genesis Climber Mospeada, under the direction of Carl Macek. Robotech was originally aired in syndication starting in 1985 and has been seen in North America, Australia, the Philippines, Hong Kong, South Africa and Europe. Within the combined and edited story, Robotechnology refers to the scientific advances discovered in an alien starship that crashed on a South Pacific island.  With this technology, Earth developed giant robotic machines (many of which were capable of transforming into vehicles) to fight three successive extraterrestrial invasions.

Episode list

Part 1: The Macross Saga

Part 2: The Masters

Part 3: The New Generation

Bibliography
Robotech Art I: The Official Guide to the Robotech Universe by Kay Reynolds and Ardith Carlton. The Donning Company, 1986.

References

External links

Robotech
Robotech


Where In The World was an early evening quiz programme shown on Channel 4 in the UK. The quiz tested contestants' knowledge of geography and was produced by HTV West from about 1983 until 1985. The programme was hosted by Ray Alan. Alan previously hosted a version that was shown on BBC1 in the early 1970s, replacing original host Michael Parkinson.

References

External links

1970s British game shows
1983 British television series debuts
1985 British television series endings
BBC television game shows
Channel 4 game shows
1980s British game shows
English-language television shows
Television shows produced by Harlech Television
Television series by ITV Studios


Barry Eaton (30 September 1973) is a Welsh former international rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s, and coached in the 2000s and 2010s. He played at representative level for Wales, and at club level for Doncaster, Wakefield Trinity, Dewsbury Rams, Castleford Tigers, Widnes Vikings, Batley Bulldogs and the Keighley Cougars, as a  or , and coached at club level for Keighley Cougars and Hunslet Hawks.

Background
Eaton was born Wakefield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. He is the uncle of the rugby league footballer; Danny Ansell.

International honours
Eaton won caps for Wales while at Dewsbury in the 17-24 defeat by Ireland at Vetch Field, Swansea on Friday 15 October 1999, the 16-36 defeat by Scotland at Firhill Stadium, Glasgow on Friday 22 October 1999, the 40-8 victory over South Africa at Loftus Versfeld Stadium, Pretoria on Thursday 19 October 2000, and the 33-42 defeat by England at the Racecourse Ground, Wrexham on Sunday 29 July 2001.

Playing career
As a schoolboy, Barry Eaton played rugby league for Stanley Rangers, and both rugby league, and football (soccer) for both Wakefield district, and Yorkshire county, this was followed by an apprenticeship with football club Barnsley from 1990 to 1992, in 1993 he joined rugby league club Doncaster, gaining promotion to the First Division in that year, he was briefly at Wakefield Trinity from August 1995 to November 1995, after which he joined Dewsbury, in 1997 he was the "Supporters' Player of the Year", in 1999 he was a Trans-Pennine Cup and First Division title winner, and a First Division Grand Final runner-up, he set both of Dewsbury's "goals in a season" and "points in a season" records, and was "Supporters' Player of the Year" again, in 2000 he played and scored in every game, and was a First Division title, and First Division Grand Final winner. In 2000 he had a loan spell with Castleford in 2000's Super League V.

In 2001 he joined Widnes, and played in all but three of their 28 matches in 2002's Super League VII. In October 2002 he joined Northern Ford Premiership club Batley, he played and scored in all 35-games first team games in season 2003, and in all 30-games in season 2004, he established a new world record by landing 38 consecutive successful goal kicks between 29 June 2003 and 24 August 2003, and set Batley's "goals in a season" record, he was "Supporters' Player of the Year", and "Coaches' Player of the Year", between 2002 and 2005 he played and scored in 70 consecutive games, and equalled record for fastest century of goals from start of season in 17-games.

Coaching career

Barry Eaton moved to Keighley as player-coach in 2005. He retired from playing and was given full control of the team when Peter Roe became Director of Rugby in 2007, although he continued to make sporadic on-field appearances during that season. In both 2008 and 2009 he was nominated for Championship 1 coach of the year. After leading Keighley to promotion, he was unable to keep them in the Co-operative Championship, he then moved to Crusaders to become assistant to Iestyn Harris for 2011's Super League XVI, he then moved to Hunslet Hawks in late 2011.

References

External links
Leeds Rhinos profile
Statistics at rugby.widnes.tv
Barry Eaton Testimonial 2011 at facebook.com
Career at Barry Eaton testimonial website
Honours at Barry Eaton testimonial website
(archived by web.archive.org) Statistics at thecastlefordtigers.co.uk

1973 births
Living people
Batley Bulldogs players
Castleford Tigers players
Dewsbury Rams players
Doncaster R.L.F.C. players
English rugby league coaches
English rugby league players
Hunslet R.L.F.C. coaches
Keighley Cougars coaches
Keighley Cougars players
Rugby league five-eighths
Rugby league halfbacks
Rugby league hookers
Rugby league players from Wakefield
Wakefield Trinity players
Wales national rugby league team players
Welsh rugby league players
Widnes Vikings players


Yellow mariposa is the common name for a couple of species of California mariposa lilies including:

Calochortus luteus
Calochortus superbus


Bhopay Wal (chak 23) is a village in the southwest of Pattoki, Pakistan and centre of union council. It has about 520 households and population of about 3,500. It comes under Tehsil administration of Pattoki and District administration of Kasur.

Education
There are two schools in Bhopay Wal:

Government High School for Boys
Government Elementary School for Girls

Health
Government Hospital

Culture
Bhopay Wal is a centre of cultural activities of the area. There is a regular fair at the end of summer to honour local sufi Baba Gainday Shah.

Economy
Like many villages of Punjab, Bhopay Wal depends on agriculture.

Populated places in Kasur District


Oru na Nneude (alternately Oru na Lude) is a village in Ahiara, Imo State, Nigeria. It is divided into two sections, Oru and Nneude, the division between which was apparent as early as the late 1950s. The population of Oru is over 5,200, and Lude over 4,700.

Oru
The Oru section has the hamlets of Amaawa, Ebo na Ikuku, Owasi Njoku, Umudim Igwe, Umuidi, Umuiroaku, Umuiwe, Umumkpade, Umuogologo, Umuokorocha, Ogbor, Umuibeleche and Umuosi. Six of these hamlets - Owasi Njoku, Umudim Igwe, Umumkpade, Ogbor, Umuibeleche and Umuogologo - are collectively called Oru Ama. The village market, Afo Oru, is one of the largest in Igboland, occurring on the Afo day of the eight-day Igbo calendar.

The Eze of Oru is Eze Joe Oleka.

Nneude
The Nneude section has seven hamlets, namely: Nneude Ama, Umuezeala, Umuloghocha, Umunwaaja, Umuokoro, Umuoriaku, and Umuukpo. The market is called Nkwo Lude.

The Eze of Nneude is Igwe J. S. Anyamele. He is titled the Ude I of Nneude Ahiara.

References

Towns in Imo State
Villages in Igboland


John Henry Willcox (1827 in Savannah, Georgia – 1875 in Boston, Massachusetts) was an organist and organ maker educated at Trinity College (Connecticut). He spent the rest of his life as an organist in Boston.
 While there, he was a partner in the organ building firm run by William Benjamin Dearborn Simmons. He was succeeded as organist and choir master at the Church of the Immaculate Conception by George Whiting.

Web sources

1827 births
1875 deaths
American classical organists
American male organists
19th-century American musicians
19th-century American male musicians
19th-century classical musicians
Male classical organists
19th-century organists


John S. Koliopoulos () (Ioannis Koliopoulos in modern transliteration) was a Greek historian, born in the village of Votani, Kastoria in 1942.

He was the author of Plundered loyalties: Axis occupation and civil strife in Greek West Macedonia, 1941-1949, Brigands with a Cause and other books on Greek history, and co-author of Greece: A Modern Sequel with Thanos Veremis, Professor of Political History at Athens University and President of the board of ELIAMEP.

He was Professor Emeritus of Modern Greek History at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.

References

1942 births
20th-century Greek historians
Living people
Academic staff of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
21st-century Greek historians
People from Argos Orestiko
Greek Macedonians


The Garib Rath ("Poor's Chariot") trains are a series of no-frills trains operated by Indian Railways to provide air-conditioned train travel at a cheaper rate compared to regular trains.

Active routes

Defunct routes

 12255/56 Yesvantpur–Puducherry Garib Rath Express service converted to ordinary service

 02709 Gudur Secunderabad Garibrath Express special Rake Sharing With Secunderabad Yesvantpur Garibrath Express

 0655/0656 Chennai CST Garibrath special & Chennai Central Tirunelveli Garibrath Special Rake Sharing With Chennai Hazarth Nizzamudin Garibrath Express.

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Garibrath & Yuva Train Names (archived from Indian Railways website)

2005 establishments in India
Railway services introduced in 2005


Stefan Prein (born 27 October 1965 in Wuppertal) is a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from Germany. His best year was in 1990 when he won the 125cc Yugoslavian Grand Prix and finished the season in third place in the 125cc world championship, behind Loris Capirossi and Hans Spaan.

References

1965 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Wuppertal
German motorcycle racers
125cc World Championship riders
250cc World Championship riders
80cc World Championship riders


Felix Woyrsch (8 October 1860 – 20 March 1944) was a German composer and choir director.

Life
Woyrsch was born in Troppau, just over the Prussian border in Austrian Silesia (now Opava in the Czech Republic). He was raised in Dresden and later Altona, a suburb of Hamburg, in a lower middle class family of limited means. Largely self-taught in music, he did study for some time with Ernst August Heinrich Chevallier.

He became director of the "Altonaer Liedertafel" in 1887 and director of the Altona Church Choir in 1893. In 1895, he took over the direction of the Altona "Singakademie", and became organist at the Friedenskirche and then at the Johanniskirche. From 1903, he created municipal symphonic and folk music concerts.

Already a music professor since 1901, he was elected into the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin in 1917. He worked as a conductor and as Altona's city music director until 1931. In 1936, he was given the Goethe Medal, followed by the Beethoven Prize in Berlin upon his retirement in 1937.

He died in Altona.

Style and legacy
His main influences included his friend Brahms as well as Bach, Palestrina, Lassus, and Heinrich Schütz. Although Woyrsch quite valued the music of his contemporaries such as Stravinsky, Schoenberg and Hindemith, he felt less committed to musical innovation as a composer. Rather, he devoted himself to the development of a personal style in the classical-romantic tradition. After his death, he quickly fell into oblivion.

Woyrsch's compositions include seven symphonies, five further works for orchestra, three operas, 100 songs, and a violin concerto. His music was widely performed in Germany until 1933, with his oratorio works in particular receiving attention and recognition. Works of his were also performed in the USA, England, Netherlands and Russia. After the seizure of power by the national socialists, interest in his works began to wane.

The Pfohl-Woyrsch-Gesellschaft in Hamburg, founded in 1993, has set itself the goal of preserving the musical heritage of Felix Woyrsch and making it accessible to a wider public.

Works

Operas
 Der Pfarrer von Meudon (The Priest of Meudon), Op. 20 (1886)
 Der Weiberkriege (Women at War), Op. 27 (1890)
 Wikingerfahrt (Journey of the Vikings) (1896)

Orchestral
 Study Symphony in B flat (1884)
 Symphonic Prologue to Dante's Divina commedia, for large orchestra, Op. 40 (1891)
 Skaldic Rhapsody (Saga of Heroes – Lamentation of the Dead – Coming Home), Violin Concerto in D minor, Op. 50 (1904)
 Symphony No. 1 in C minor, Op. 52 (1908)
 3 Böcklin Phantasies (Die Toteninsel, Der Eremit, Im Spiel der Wellen), Op. 53 (1910)
 Overture to Shakespeare's Hamlet, Op. 56
 Symphony No. 2 in C major, Op. 60 (1914)
 Symphony No. 3 in E-flat minor, Op. 70 (1921)
 Symphony No. 4 in F major, Op. 71 (1921)
 Symphony No. 5 in D major, Op. 75 (1927)
 Theme and Variations, Op. 76
 Symphony No. 6 in C major, Sinfonia Sacra, Op. 77 (1939)

Chamber music
 Albumblatt for Violin and Piano, Op. 22
 String Quartet No. 1 in A minor, Op. 55 (1909)
 Mors triumphans!, quartet on the sacred folk song Es ist ein Schnitter, der heißt Tod, for four trombones, Op. 58
 String Quartet No. 2 in C minor, Op. 63 (1916)
 String Quartet No. 3 in E flat, Op. 64 (1918)
 Piano Trio in E minor, Op. 65 (1924)
 Piano Quintet in C minor, Op. 66 (1927)
 String Sextet in B flat, Op. 72 (1926)
 String Quartet No. 4 in B flat, Op. 74 (1926)
 String Quartet No. 5 in C minor, Op. 78 (1938–40)

Piano
 3 Nocturnes, Op. 1
 2 Waltzes, Op. 8
 Waltz in E-flat for Piano Four Hands, Op. 13
 Theme and Variations, Op. 17
 4 Impromptus, op. 23
 Improvisations for Piano, Op. 44
 Metamorphosen, Op. 48

Organ
 Festival Preludium on the Chorale Nun danket alle Gott, Op. 43
 10 Chorale Chorale Preludes, Op. 59
 Passacaglia on the Dies irae, Op. 62

Vocal and choral
 4 Lieder for Voice and Piano and Violin (or Cello), Op. 2 (Heine)
 3 Lieder for Baritone and Piano, Op. 3 (1884)
 Schnitter Tod (Grim Reaper), old traditional German song, for male chorus, Op. 4
 Serenade for Tenor, Op. 5
 3 Persian Songs for Baritone and Piano, Op. 6
 2 Songs for Mixed Choir, Op. 7
 Wollt' er nur fragen (Jamie, Come Try Me), song for soprano and small orchestra, Op. 9 (Burns)
 4 Songs for Mixed Chorus, Op. 10
 2 Songs for Male Chorus, Op. 11
 Edwardian ballad, Dein Schwert, wie ist's von Blut so rot; Old Scottish ballad (from Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, translated Herder), for baritone and orchestra, Op. 12
 Spanisches Liederbuch for Voice and Piano, Op. 14
 3 Lieder for Soprano and Piano, Op. 15
 10 Rattenfängerlieder (Rat-Catcher Songs) for Baritone and Piano, Op. 16, 1886 (Wolff)
 Die Geburt Jesu, Christmas cantata with words from the Bible, for soloists, choir and orchestra, Op. 18 (1885)
 4 Lieder for Male Chorus, Op. 19
 Wedding Motet 'Wo du hingehst, for mixed choir, Op. 21
 3 Lieder for Male Chorus, Op. 24
 4 Lieder for Mixed Choir, Op. 25
 Lieder, Op. 26
 4 Men's Choruses (Pfau, Uhland, Kastropp), Op. 28
 Motet Sei getreu bis in den Tod, for mixed choir, Op. 29
 3 Songs for Men's Voices, Op. 30
 5 Lieder with piano, Op. 31
 Deutscher Heerbann, cantata for soloists, male-voice choir and orchestra, Op. 32
 Deutsche Volkslieder for mixed choir, Op. 33
 6 Songs for Women's Chorus, Op. 34
 2 Lieder for Voice and Piano, Op. 35
 3 Songs for Male Chorus, Op. 36
 2 Lieder for Men's Voices, Op. 37
 3 Men's Choruses, Op. 38
 Der Vandalen Auszug, ballad for men's voices and orchestra, Op. 39
 4 Lieder for Men's Voices, Op. 41
 Die Bernsteinhexe, ballade for mixed choir (or male-voice choir) and piano, Op. 42 (Dahn)
 Passion Oratorio on words from the Bible, for soloists, choir, organ and orchestra, Op. 45 (1895)
 3 Sacred Folk Songs for Mixed Choir, Op. 46
 3 Lieder for Voice and Piano, Op. 47
 Sapphic Ode to Aphrodite, for soprano, women's chorus and orchestra, Op. 49 (1901)
 Totentanz, a mysterium for soloists, choir and orchestra, Op. 51 (1905)
 Da lachte Schön-Sigrid, ballad for choir and orchestra, Op. 54
 Ode an den Tod (Ode to Death), for male chorus and orchestra, Op. 57 (Hölderlin)
 Da Jesus auf Erden ging, mysterium for soloists, choir, children's chorus, organ and orchestra, Op. 61 (1916)
 10 Lieder und Gesänge for Voice and Piano, Op. 67 (Heine, Kerner)
 Wie glänzt der helle Mond (Kerner), for male chorus a cappella, Op. 68
 3 Eight-part Motets for Mixed Choir, Op. 69
 Das deutsche Sanktus (Martin Luther) for Choir and Orchestra, Op. 73
 Zum neuen Jahr (To the New Year) for Chorus and Orchestra, Op. 79

References

External links

1860 births
1944 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century German composers
19th-century German male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century German composers
20th-century German conductors (music)
20th-century German male musicians
German Romantic composers
German male classical composers
German opera composers
German choral conductors
German male conductors (music)
German people of Czech descent
Male opera composers
People from Opava
People from Austrian Silesia


Weatherly or Weatherley may refer to:

Weatherly
Weatherly, Pennsylvania, a borough in Carbon County, Pennsylvania, USA
Weatherly Area School District, a public school district in Carbon County, Pennsylvania, USA
Weatherly, in sailing, (of a boat), able to sail close to the wind without drifting leeward
Weatherly Building, a 12-story office building in Portland, Oregon built in 1926 by George Warren Weatherly
Weatherly (yacht), designed by Philip Rhodes, which successfully defended the America's Cup in 1962.
Weatherly 201, Weatherly 620, American agricultural monoplanes (since 1960) designed and built by John Weatherly and the Weatherly Aviation Company

Weatherly as a surname
 Amelia Heinle (also used married name: "Amelia Weatherly") (born 1973), American actress known for daytime soap operas
 Andrew Earl Weatherly (1895–1981), a philatelist of North Carolina,
 Bones Weatherly (1928–2004), American football player
 Clay Weatherly (1910–1935) American racecar driver
 Frederick Weatherly (1848–1929), English lawyer, author, songwriter and radio entertainer
 Jim Weatherly (1943–2021), American singer-songwriter
 Joe Weatherly (1922–1964), American NASCAR championship driver
 L.A. Weatherly or Lee Weatherly (born 1967), American author
 Mark Weatherly (born 1958), English retired football (soccer) player
 Michael Weatherly (born 1968), American actor
 Richard Weatherly (born 1947), Australian artist
 Roy Weatherly (1915–1991) an American professional baseball player
 Shawn Weatherly (born 1959), American beauty queen and entertainer
 Stephen Weatherly (born 1994), American football player

Weatherley
 David Weatherley (actor) (born 1939), British actor
 Joe Weatherley English cricketer
 Laurence Weatherley, British-American engineer
 Mike Weatherley (1957–2021), British Conservative politician and Member of Parliament for Hove, elected in the 2010 general election
 Steve Weatherley (born 1957), English former motorcycle speedway rider

See also
 Weston under Wetherley


Bologna is a city in Italy.

Bologna may also refer to:

Places
the Province of Bologna
Bologne, Haute-Marne, France

Surname
 Andrea da Bologna, Italian painter
 Antonio Beccadelli di Bologna (1475–1513), Italian aristocrat
 Bartolomeo da Bologna (1405–1427), Italian composer
 Cristoforo da Bologna, Italian painter
 David Bologna (born 1994), American actor
 Domenico Bologna (1845–1885), Italian painter
 Enrique Bologna (born 1982), Argentina football player
 Ferdinando Bologna (1925–2019), Italian art critic
 Giambologna (1529–1608), Italian sculptor otherwise (incorrectly) known as Giovanni da Bologna
 Giuseppe Bologna (1634–1697), Italian archbishop
 Jack Bologna (1775–1846), Italian actor
 Jacopo da Bologna (fl 1340–1360), Italian composer
 Joseph Bologna (1934–2017), American actor
 Julie Bologna, American television meteorologist
 Maria Beccadelli di Bologna (1848–1929), Italian salon-holder
 Michele di Matteo da Bologna (died 1469), Italian painter
 Niccolò da Bologna (1325–1403), Italian illuminator
 Orazio Antonio Bologna (born 1945), Italian author
 Paola Bologna (born 1889), Italian tennis player
 Ugo Bologna (1917–1998), Italian actor
 Vitale da Bologna (1289–1361), Italian painter

Other
 the 1980 Bologna massacre
Bologna declaration
Bologna Process in European higher education, named for the declaration
Bologna sausage
Bologna (Rome Metro)
Bologna F.C. 1909, a major association football club based in Bologna, Italy
25 Motorised Division Bologna an infantry division of Italy during World War II

See also
Baloney (disambiguation)
Bologne (disambiguation)
Bolognese (disambiguation)
Bologa
Balogna


Iván Bolado Palacios (born 3 July 1989) is an Equatoguinean retired footballer who played as a striker.

Club career
Born in Santander, Cantabria, Bolado made his professional debut with hometown club Racing de Santander's first team in 2007–08 and scored three league goals during the season, one of them in the dying minutes of the final matchday as the team defeated CA Osasuna 1–0 at home to secure a first-ever qualification to the UEFA Cup. His La Liga debut came on 26 August 2007, in a 0–0 home draw against FC Barcelona.

In August 2008, Bolado was loaned for a season to second division club Elche CF, with a clause which permitted his return to Racing in the January transfer window if requested. He returned to the Cantabrians in June 2009, going on to spend the vast majority of the 2009–10 campaign in the sidelines, with a severe knee injury he sustained in pre-season.

In one of his first games upon his return to action, Bolado netted twice – once through a bicycle kick – but Racing lost 3–4 at Athletic Bilbao on 29 March 2010. In 2010–11, barred by the likes of Ariel Nahuelpan and Markus Rosenberg (and Giovani dos Santos from January 2011 onwards), he could only appear in 19 games (seven starts, 728 minutes of action, one goal, again against the Basques and in another away defeat (1–2)).

In February 2012, after starting off with FC Cartagena in the second level, Bolado moved to Bulgaria and signed with PFC CSKA Sofia. In only his first match, a 0–2 away defeat against PSFC Chernomorets Burgas, he tore the ligaments in his knee and missed the rest of the season.

Bolado had fully recovered from his injury by mid-September 2012. In March 2014 he returned to his country of birth, joining Real Avilés from Segunda División B.

In the summer of 2014, Bolado joined FC Pune City in the newly formed Indian Super League.

International career
Born to a mixed-race Equatoguinean father of Cantabrian and Fang descent, Bolado was called by the Equatorial Guinea team for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations tournament. He made his debut on 6 January 2012, in a friendly with South Africa.

Club statistics

Honours
Spain U20
Mediterranean Games: 2009

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Spanish sportspeople of Equatoguinean descent
Citizens of Equatorial Guinea through descent
Equatoguinean sportspeople of Spanish descent
Footballers from Santander, Spain
Spanish men's footballers
Equatoguinean men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
Rayo Cantabria players
Racing de Santander players
Elche CF players
FC Cartagena footballers
Real Avilés CF footballers
Deportivo Rayo Cantabria players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
PFC CSKA Sofia players
Indian Super League players
FC Pune City players
Spain men's youth international footballers
Spain men's under-21 international footballers
Equatorial Guinea men's international footballers
2012 Africa Cup of Nations players
2015 Africa Cup of Nations players
Competitors at the 2009 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games medalists in football
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Spain
Spanish expatriate men's footballers
Equatoguinean expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Bulgaria
Expatriate men's footballers in India
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in India
Equatoguinean expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria
Equatoguinean expatriate sportspeople in India
20th-century Spanish people
21st-century Spanish people
21st-century Equatoguinean people


Wells Municipal Airport may refer to:

 Wells Municipal Airport (Minnesota) in Wells, Minnesota, United States (FAA: 68Y)
 Wells Municipal Airport (Nevada) in Wells, Nevada, United States (FAA/IATA: LWL)

See also
 Wells Airport in Rockford, Michigan, United States (FAA: 35C)


The 13th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly represented New Brunswick between December 28, 1843, and September 16, 1846.

The assembly sat at the pleasure of the Governor of New Brunswick William MacBean George Colebrooke.

John Wesley Weldon was chosen as speaker for the house.

History

Members

Notes

References
Journal of the House of Assembly of ... New Brunswick from ... January to ... April, 1843 ... (1843)

Terms of the New Brunswick Legislature
1843 in Canada
1844 in Canada
1845 in Canada
1846 in Canada
1843 establishments in New Brunswick
1846 disestablishments in New Brunswick


The Salt Lake City metropolitan area is the metropolitan area centered on the city of Salt Lake City, Utah. The Office of Management and Budget and the United States Census Bureau currently define the Salt Lake City, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area as comprising two counties: Salt Lake and Tooele. As of the 2020 census, the MSA had a population of 1,257,936. The Salt Lake City Metropolitan Area and the Ogden-Clearfield Metropolitan Area were a single metropolitan area known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden Metropolitan Area until being separated in 2005.

The metropolitan area is part of the Salt Lake City–Provo–Ogden, UT Combined Statistical Area, which also includes the Ogden–Clearfield metropolitan area, the Provo–Orem metropolitan area, and the Heber City, Utah micropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, this CSA had a population of 2,701,129, comprising 82.6 percent of Utah's then 3,271,616 residents.

Counties
Salt Lake
Tooele

Communities

Incorporated places

Alta
Bluffdale (partial)
Cottonwood Heights
Draper (partial)
Erda
Grantsville
Herriman
Holladay
Midvale
Millcreek
Murray
Ophir
Riverton
Rush Valley

Salt Lake City
Sandy
South Jordan
South Salt Lake
Stockton
Taylorsville
Tooele
Vernon
Wendover
West Jordan
West Valley City

Unincorporated places

Copperton (township)
Dugway (census-designated place)
Emigration Canyon (township)
Erda (census-designated place)
Granite (census-designated place)
Kearns (township)

Magna (township)
Pine Canyon
Snowbird
Stansbury Park (census-designated place)
White City (census-designated place)

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 968,858 people, 318,150 households, and 231,606 families residing within the MSA. The racial makeup of the MSA was 86.63% White, 1.04% African American, 0.90% Native American, 2.43% Asian, 1.15% Pacific Islander, 5.33% from other races, and 2.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11.71% of the population.

The median income for a household in the MSA was $53,036, and the median income for a family was $59,139. Males had a median income of $40,683 versus $26,302 for females. The per capita income for the MSA was $23,426.

Combined Statistical Area
The Salt Lake City–Provo–Ogden Combined Statistical Area is made up of ten counties in northern Utah. The statistical area includes three metropolitan areas and one micropolitan area.

Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs)
Salt Lake City MSA (Salt Lake and Tooele counties)
Ogden–Clearfield MSA (Box Elder, Davis, Morgan, and Weber counties)
Provo–Orem MSA (Juab and Utah counties)
Micropolitan Statistical Areas (μSAs)
Heber City (Summit and Wasatch counties)

See also
Utah census statistical areas
Wasatch Front

References

Salt Lake County, Utah
Summit County, Utah
Tooele County, Utah
Metropolitan areas of Utah


Superheated water is liquid water under pressure at temperatures between the usual boiling point,  and the critical temperature, . It is also known as "subcritical water" or "pressurized hot water". Superheated water is stable because of overpressure that raises the boiling point, or by heating it in a sealed vessel with a headspace, where the liquid water is in equilibrium with vapour at the saturated vapor pressure. This is distinct from the use of the term superheating to refer to water at atmospheric pressure above its normal boiling point, which has not boiled due to a lack of nucleation sites (sometimes experienced by heating liquids in a microwave).

Many of water's anomalous properties are due to very strong hydrogen bonding. Over the superheated temperature range the hydrogen bonds break, changing the properties more than usually expected by increasing temperature alone. Water becomes less polar and behaves more like an organic solvent such as methanol or ethanol. Solubility of organic materials and gases increases by several orders of magnitude and the water itself can act as a solvent, reagent, and catalyst in industrial and analytical applications, including extraction, chemical reactions and cleaning.

Change of properties with temperature
All materials change with temperature, but superheated water exhibits greater changes than would be expected from temperature considerations alone. Viscosity and surface tension of water drop and diffusivity increases with increasing temperature.

Self-ionization of water increases with temperature, and the pKw of water at 250 °C is closer to 11 than the more familiar 14 at 25 °C. This means the concentration of hydronium ion () and the concentration of hydroxide () are increased while the pH remains neutral. Specific heat capacity at constant pressure also increases with temperature, from 4.187 kJ/kg at 25 °C to 8.138 kJ/kg at 350 °C. A significant effect on the behaviour of water at high temperatures is decreased dielectric constant (relative permittivity).

Explanation of anomalous behaviour

Water is a polar molecule, where the centers of positive and negative charge are separated; so molecules will align with an electric field. The extensive hydrogen bonded network in water tends to oppose this alignment, and the degree of alignment is measured by the relative permittivity. Water has a high relative permittivity of about 80 at room temperature; because polarity shifts are rapidly transmitted through shifts in orientation of the linked hydrogen bonds. This allows water to dissolve salts, as the attractive electric field between ions is reduced by about 80–fold. Thermal motion of the molecules disrupts the hydrogen bonding network as temperature increases; so relative permittivity decreases with temperature to about 7 at the critical temperature. At 205 °C the relative permittivity falls to 33, the same as methanol at room temperature. Thus water behaves like a water–methanol mixture between 100 °C and 200 °C. Disruption of extended hydrogen bonding allows molecules to move more freely (viscosity, diffusion and surface tension effects), and extra energy must be supplied to break the bonds (increased heat capacity).

Solubility

Organic compounds
Organic molecules often show a dramatic increase in solubility with temperature, partly because of the polarity changes described above, and also because the solubility of sparingly soluble materials tends to increase with temperature as they have a high enthalpy of solution. Thus materials generally considered "insoluble" can become soluble in superheated water. E.g., the solubility of PAHs is increased by 5 orders of magnitude from 25 °C to 225 °C and naphthalene, for example, forms a 10% wt solution in water at 270 °C, and the solubility of the pesticide chlorothalonil with temperature is shown in the table below.

Thus superheated water can be used to process many organic compounds with significant environmental benefits compared to the use of conventional organic solvents.

Salts
Despite the reduction in relative permittivity, many salts remain soluble in superheated water until the critical point is approached. Sodium chloride, for example, dissolves at 37 wt% at 300 °C
As the critical point is approached, solubility drops markedly to a few ppm, and salts are hardly soluble in supercritical water. Some salts show a reduction in solubility with temperature, but this behaviour is less common.

Gases
The solubility of gases in water is usually thought to decrease with temperature, but this only occurs to a certain temperature, before increasing again. For nitrogen, this minimum is 74 °C and for oxygen it is 94 °C
Gases are soluble in superheated water at elevated pressures. Above the critical temperature, water is completely miscible with all gasses. The increasing solubility of oxygen in particular allows superheated water to be used for wet oxidation processes.

Corrosion
Superheated water can be more corrosive than water at ordinary temperatures, and at temperatures above 300 °C special corrosion resistant alloys may be required, depending on other dissolved components. Continuous use of carbon steel pipes for 20 years at 282 °C has been reported without significant corrosion,
and stainless steel cells showed only slight deterioration after 40–50 uses at temperatures up to 350 °C.
The degree of corrosion that can be tolerated depends on the use, and even corrosion resistant alloys can fail eventually. Corrosion of an Inconel U-tube in a heat exchanger was blamed for an accident at a nuclear power station.
Therefore, for occasional or experimental use, ordinary grades of stainless steel are probably adequate with continuous monitoring, but for critical applications and difficult to service parts, extra care needs to be taken in materials selection.

Effect of pressure
At temperatures below 300 °C water is fairly incompressible, which means that pressure has little effect on the physical properties of water, provided it is sufficient to maintain a liquid state. This pressure is given by the saturated vapour pressure, and can be looked up in steam tables, or calculated. As a guide, the saturated vapour pressure at 121 °C is 200 kPa, 150 °C is 470 kPa, and 200 °C is 1,550 kPa. The critical point is 21.7 MPa at a temperature of 374 °C, above which water is supercritical rather than superheated. Above about 300 °C, water starts to behave as a near-critical liquid, and physical properties such as density start to change more significantly with pressure. However, higher pressures increase the rate of extractions using superheated water below 300 °C. This could be due to effects on the substrate, particularly plant materials, rather than changing water properties.

Energy requirements
The energy required to heat water is significantly lower than that needed to vaporize it, for example for steam distillation
and the energy is easier to recycle using heat exchangers. The energy requirements can be calculated from steam tables. For example, to heat water from 25 °C to steam at 250 °C at 1 atm requires 2869 kJ/kg. To heat water at 25 °C to liquid water at 250 °C at 5 MPa requires only 976 kJ/kg. It is also possible to recover much of the heat (say 75%) from superheated water, and therefore energy use for superheated water extraction is less than one sixth that needed for steam distillation. This also means that the energy contained in superheated water is insufficient to vaporise the water on decompression. In the above example, only 30% of the water would be converted to vapour on decompression from 5 MPa to atmospheric pressure.

Extraction
Extraction using superheated water tends to be fast because diffusion rates increase with temperature. Organic materials tend to increase in solubility with temperature, but not all at the same rate. For example, in extraction of essential oils from rosemary
and coriander,
the more valuable oxygenated terpenes were extracted much faster than the hydrocarbons. Therefore, extraction with superheated water can be both selective and rapid, and has been used to fractionate diesel and woodsmoke particulates.
Superheated water is being used commercially to extract starch material from marsh mallow root for skincare applications
and to remove low levels of metals from a high-temperature resistant polymer.

For analytical purposes, superheated water can replace organic solvents in many applications, for example extraction of PAHs from soils
and can also be used on a large scale to remediate contaminated soils, by either extraction alone or extraction linked to supercritical or wet oxidation.

Reactions
Superheated water, along with supercritical water, has been used to oxidise hazardous material in the wet oxidation process. Organic compounds are rapidly oxidised without the production of toxic materials sometimes produced by combustion. However, when the oxygen levels are lower, organic compounds can be quite stable in superheated water. As the concentration of hydronium () and hydroxide () ions are 100 times larger than in water at 25 °C, superheated water can act as a stronger acid and a stronger base, and many different types of reaction can be carried out. An example of a selective reaction is oxidation of ethylbenzene to acetophenone, with no evidence of formation of phenylethanoic acid, or of pyrolysis products. Several different types of reaction in which water was behaving as reactant, catalyst and solvent were described by Katritzky et al.
Triglycerides can be hydrolysed to free fatty acids and glycerol by superheated water at 275 °C,
which can be the first in a two-stage process to make biodiesel.

Superheated water can be used to chemically convert organic material into fuel products. This is known by several terms, including direct hydrothermal liquefaction, and hydrous pyrolysis. A few commercial scale applications exist. Thermal depolymerization or thermal conversion (TCC) uses superheated water at about 250 °C to convert turkey waste into a light fuel oil and is said to process 200 tons of low grade waste into fuel oil a day.

The initial product from the hydrolysis reaction is de-watered and further processed by dry cracking at 500 °C. The "SlurryCarb" process operated by EnerTech uses similar technology to decarboxylate wet solid biowaste, which can then be physically dewatered and used as a solid fuel called E-Fuel. The plant at Rialto is said to be able to process 683 tons of waste per day.

The HTU or Hydro Thermal Upgrading process appears similar to the first stage of the TCC process. A demonstration plant is due to start up in The Netherlands said to be capable of processing 64 tons of biomass (dry basis) per day into oil.

Chromatography
Reverse phased HPLC often uses methanol–water mixtures as the mobile phase. Since the polarity of water spans the same range from 25 to 205 °C, a temperature gradient can be used to effect similar separations, for example of phenols.

The use of water allows the use of the flame ionisation detector (FID), which gives mass sensitive output for nearly all organic compounds.

The maximum temperature is limited to that at which the stationary phase is stable. C18 bonded phases which are common in HPLC seem to be stable at temperatures up to 200 °C, far above that of pure silica, and polymeric styrene–divinylbenzene phases offer similar temperature stability.

Water is also compatible with use of an ultraviolet detector down to a wavelength of 190 nm.

See also
Pressurized water reactor
Steam cracking
Supercritical carbon dioxide
Superheated steam
Water heating

References

External links
The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam
Calculator for vapour pressure and enthalpy of superheated water.

Water physics


Tracy Municipal Airport may refer to:

 Tracy Municipal Airport (California) in Tracy, California, United States (FAA: TCY)
 Tracy Municipal Airport (Minnesota) in Tracy, Minnesota, United States (FAA: TKC)


Oroluk Island is one of the islets of Oroluk Atoll, part of the State of Pohnpei (Federated States of Micronesia).
Oroluk is currently uninhabited and is 0.13 km2 in size. It was formerly inhabited. The main industry was agriculture and fishing.

History
The Oroluk Atoll was discovered by Spanish navigator Alonso de Arellano in 1565 on board of the patache San Lucas, who charted it as Mira Cómo Vas (Look how you're going in Spanish). It was also later visited by the Spanish naval officer Felipe Tompson on 7 April 1773, who charted it as the Bajo Triste (the Sad Shoal in Spanish) due to its "horrible aspect" in his own words. Oroluk Island was charted by Tompson as San Agustín.

See also

 Desert island
 List of islands

References

Islands of Pohnpei
Uninhabited islands of the Federated States of Micronesia


The Maudslay Motor Company was a British vehicle maker based in Coventry.  It was founded in 1901 and continued until 1948 when it was  taken over by the Associated Equipment Company (AEC) and along with Crossley Motors the new group was renamed Associated Commercial Vehicles (ACV) Ltd.

Early history

The Maudslay Motor Company was founded in 1901 by Walter Henry Maudslay, grandson of the eminent engineer Henry Maudslay to make marine internal combustion engines at a factory in Parkside, Coventry. He was joined by his son Cyril Charles Maudslay and his nephew Reginald Walter Maudslay, who left in 1903 to found the Standard Motor Company.

The marine engines did not sell very well, and in 1902 they made their first engine intended for a car which was fitted to chain-drive chassis. The three-cylinder engine, designed by Alexander Craig, was an advanced unit with a single overhead camshaft and pressure lubrication. Also In 1902, Maudslay Motors made a petrol railway locomotive for the City of London Corporation to draw trucks from the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway to the Corporation meat market at Deptford, this requiring 50 tons to be drawn up a gradient of 1 in 36. It was fitted with a three-cylinder engine developing 85 bhp at 450 rpm, with cylinders of 9inch bore and stroke. Transmission was via a 2-speed change gear. The locomotive weighed 12 tons, and was provided with an 8 hp auxiliary engine which was used to start the main engine. This was the first commercially successful petrol locomotive in the world.

The three-cylinder engine was followed in 1903 by a six-cylinder version, possibly the first overhead-camshaft six to go into production.  For 1904 a range of cars was on offer from 25hp to 60hp, including one with a 9.6-litre version of the six-cylinder engine.  The cars were among the most expensive on the British market, with the range and engine types continuing to evolve during this time.

In addition to cars, the company expanded into manufacture of commercial vehicles, ranging from small two-cylinder delivery vans to six ton lorries. The first Maudslay double decker buses were produced in 1905, being used by Scottish Motor Traction and the London Road Car Company. The Great Western Railway operated Maudslay buses and lorries in this period. In 1912 Maudslay supplied a  engine to power an early petrol-electric railcar.

World War I

Private car production stopped with the outbreak of war. Five- and six-ton "A Type" lorries had been supplied to the British War Office in 1913, and these, along with a three-ton model, became the main product during hostilities. In addition, aircraft undercarriages were made, as well as reconditioning work carried out on radial engines. Production of complete engines was started in 1918, but the contract was cut short by the Armistice.

Inter-War Years

Despite the advent of peace in 1918, private car building was not resumed, apart from a solitary example of an advanced sports car, shown at the 1923 London Motor Show. A new forward control chassis (designated as "CP") was launched in 1923, being used for lorries and buses, with various other models being introduced over the following years.  Despite this, sales gradually fell during the 1930s, with total sales of only 21 chassis in 1937.  By 1939 a total of just over 2,000 Maudslay commercial vehicles had been manufactured.

World War II and after

All civilian vehicle production stopped in 1939, and the company turned out general service vehicles, tank and aircraft components.  In 1941, virtually all production was transferred to a new works at Great Alne, near Alcester to escape air raids.

However, some production remained in Coventry, and when the factory was bombed in the Coventry Blitz several people were killed there.

The Great Alne works would be known as Castle Maudslay. Automotive production remained at this site for many years. During the 1990s brakes and axles for automotive manufactures like Volvo and Renault heavy vehicles were produced there, and ArvinMeritor, the company that once owned the Castle Maudslay site, maintained a small office and manufacturing facility there until the site was eventually demolished and became 'Great Alne Park', a retirement housing development, in 2017.

A completely new range of heavy vehicles with 4, 6 and 8 wheel chassis as well as luxury coaches was introduced. Castle Maudslay at Alcester would make components, and these would be taken to the Parkside, Coventry works for vehicle assembly.

Merger

In 1948, Maudslay joined AEC and Crossley in the new Associated Commercial Vehicles (ACV) Ltd.  The name was kept on at first, but in 1950 it was phased out. The Maudslay plants continued to assemble AEC-designed models in the 1950s and there were some badge-engineered Maudslays to give AEC extra space at Motor Shows. After the formation of Leyland Motor Corporation the Castle Maudlsay plant produced axles; Rockwell bought it in the late 1970s.

In 1942, three of Henry Maudslay's grandsons commemorated their grandfather's name by forming the Maudslay Society, an organisation to encourage young engineers.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

External links

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Defunct bus manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Defunct truck manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Coventry motor companies


Bruno Casanova (born 1 June 1964 in Cervia) is a former Italian Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. His best year was in 1987 when he finished second to Fausto Gresini in the 125cc world championship. Casanova won one Grand Prix race during his career.

References

1964 births
Sportspeople from the Province of Ravenna
Living people
Italian motorcycle racers
125cc World Championship riders
250cc World Championship riders


Johannes Werner Pichler (born July 1, 1947 in Linz, Austria) is an Austrian law professor for European legal development at the University of Graz, Austria and director of the Austrian Institute of Legal Policy in Salzburg.

Education
Pichler studied law at the Universities of Vienna and Salzburg, where he earned his doctorate degree in 1971.

Career
After his studies, Pichler worked as assistant professor for legal history at the University of Salzburg, before he became full professor for European legal development at the University of Graz in 1994, where he holds the chair for Development of European law at the University of Graz. Since 1986, he leads the independent research institute Austrian Institute for European Law and Policy in Salzburg, which focuses on European legal policy since 2008. In these capacities, his research focused on acceptance of law, certainty of justice on the internet, family and marriage law, healthcare law, industrial law, youth law and patients' rights.

Pichler is chairman of the association Europe needs initiative and member of the advisory council of the Initiative and Referendum Institute Europe'. Both associations were instrumental for the introduction of the European Citizens' Initiative in 2012. Johannes Pichler is also a member of the advisory council for the law symposium of the European Forum Alpbach.

Until 1999, he was a member of the Austrian Peoples' Party (ÖVP), but left the party out of protest against the coalition with the Freedom Party of Austria(FPÖ).

Personal life
He is married, has three children, and lives in Graz and Salzburg.

Monographs and published books
The Former Rural Property Ownership of Salzburg. (= Grundfragen von Staat und Recht, Vol. 15), Salzburg-Munich 1979. (in German)
Necessitas. An Element of Medieval and Modern Law. Portrayed on the Example of Austrian Legal Sources. (= Schriften zur Rechtsgeschichte, Heft 27), Berlin 1983. (in German)
The Swedish Tenancy Law. A legal dogmatic comparison with regard to developments in the Austrian Tenancy Law. Salzburg 1984. (in German)
International Developments in Patients’ Rights. (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 4), Vienna-Cologne-Weimar 1992. (in German)
The Austrian Patients’ Rights Charta. A Discussion Draft. Salzburg 1992. (in German)
Legal Acceptance. An Empirical Study of the Legal Culture from the Perspective of Ideas, Values and Convictions. Portrayed at the Example of the Austrian Opinion Poll (together with Karim J. Giese),  (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 6/I and Vol. 6/II), Vienna-Cologne-Weimar 1993. (in German)
Law Developments to Fault-Independent Compensation in the Medical Field. Vol. 1: Patient Insurance Rights in Sweden, Finland und Denmark (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Bd. 7), Vienna-Cologne-Weimar 1994. (in German)
Legal Acceptance. Are Findings Sufficient or are also Tasks Required? (= Kleine Arbeitsreihe zur europäischen und vergleichenden Rechtsgeschichte, H 22), Graz 1996. (in German)
European Legal Development of Environmental Damage Insurance: The Models of Sweden and the Netherlands. An Introduction based on the “White Paper on Environmental Liability” of the European Commission. With Comments of the Austrian Association of Insurance Companies. (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 15), Vienna 2001. (in German)

Edited volumes
Pichler, J. and T. Mayer-Maly, Housing and Law (= Recht und Wirklichkeit Vol. 1), Salzburg 1983. (in German)
Pichler, J., Mell, W.-R., Miehlser, H. and K.J.P. Parisot, The HDG of 1985. An Alternative Draft for a ‚Hochschullehrerdienstrecht’. Salzburg 1984, 40 p. (in German)
Pichler, J., T. Mayer-Maly, Schick, P.J., Penalty and Justice (= Recht und Wirklichkeit Vol. 2), Salzburg 1986. (in German)
Pichler, J. and Oberläuter, B., Participation and Involvement in Social Housing (= Korrekturen Vol. 3) Salzburg 1988. (in German)
Pichler, J. and Quené, T., Social Partnership and Legal Policy. Change Opportunities Based on the Dutch Social Economic Council (SER) Model (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol 2, Vienna-Cologne 1990. (in German)
Pichler, J., Introduction to the Patient Rights Policy (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 3), Vienna-Cologne 1990. (in German)
Pichler, J., What's the Impact of Scientific Legal Policy? Symposion on the Occasion of the Opening of the Austrian Institute for Legal Policy (June 15, 1989) (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol.1), Vienna-Cologne 1991. (in German)
Pichler, J., Bydlinski, F., Mayer-Maly,T., The Renaissance of Codification: The Novel Dutch Civil Code 1992 (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 5), Vienna-Cologne-Weimar 1991. (in German)
Pichler, J., Rauch-Kallat, M., Developments in the Children Rights’ Laws with Regard to the UN-Convention on Children's’ Rights. (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 8), Vienna-Cologne-Weimar 1994. (in German)
Pichler, J., Harmonization Demand of Youth (Protection) Legislation by the Austrian Federal States. A Comparison. (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 9), Vienna-Cologne-Weimar 1997. (in German)
Pichler, J., Legal Acceptance and Action Orientation (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 10), Vienna-Cologne-Weimar 1998. (in German)
Pichler, J., “New” Employment. The Legal Challenges (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 11), Vienna 1999. (in German)
Pichler, J., Ziegerhofer A., Likar, R., The “United States of Europe“. Documents of a Genesis, Vienna 1999. (in German)
Pichler, J., Aichhorn, U., Gamper, T., Youth Development Rights. A European Law Comparison (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 12), Vienna 2000. (in German)
Pichler, J., Legal Strategies for Coping with the Changing Face of Working Life (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 13), Vienna 2000. (in German)
Pichler, J., Compulsory Insurance and Health Insurance Affairs (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 14), Vienna 2001. (in German)
Pichler, J., Embryonic Stem-Cell Therapy versus „alternative“ Stem-Cell Therapy (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 16), Vienna 2002. (in German)
Pichler, J., eBusiness versus Laws. Is Law Constraining eCommerce without Serving as an Urgently Needed Protection? (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 17), Vienna 2002. (in German)
Pichler, J., and Ferz, S., Mediation in the Public Domain (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 19), Vienna 2003. (in German)
Pichler, J., Smoking & Law (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 20), Vienna 2004. (in German)
Pichler, J., and Grillberger, K., Deductibles in the Statutory Health Insurance from an Economical and Legal Perspective (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 23), Vienna-Graz 2005. (in German)
Pichler, J., and Gruber, M., Business Mediation between Theory and Practice (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 24), Vienna-Graz 2005. (in German)
Pichler, J. and Stolz, V, Consumer protection law for online auctions (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 25), Vienna-Graz 2006. (in German)
Pichler, J., eAuction business versus legal certainty (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 26), Vienna-Graz 2007. (in German)
Pichler, J., Let's change Europe! The European Initiative Art 11(4) EU Treaty / Treaty of Lisbon (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 27/28), Vienna-Graz 2008. (in German and English)
Pichler, J., Direct Democracy in the European Union/Direkte Demokratie in der Europäischen Union (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 29), Vienna-Graz 2009. (in German and English)
Picher J. and Kaufmann, B., The European Citizens’ Initiatives – into new democratic territory (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 30), Vienna-Graz 2010. (in English)
Pichler J., Reflections on improving democratic participation - provocations and options (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 31), Vienna-Graz 2010. (in German)
Picher J. and Kaufmann, B., The next big thing – Making Europe ready for the Citizens’ Initiative (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 32), Vienna-Graz 2010. (in English)
Picher J. and Kaufmann, B., Modern Transnational Democracy – How the 2012 launch of the European Citizens’ Initiative can change the world (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 33), Vienna-Graz 2011. (in English)
Picher J. and Balthasar, A., Open Dialogue between EU Institutions and Citizens – Chances and Challenges (= Schriften zur Rechtspolitik, Vol. 35), Vienna-Graz 2013. (in English)

References

External links
 University of Graz Homepage
 List of publications
 Website of Johannes Pichler's association

Living people
1947 births
Academic staff of the University of Graz
Legal historians
People from Linz


Luis Manuel Villa López (born 11 August 1989), commonly known as Luisma, is a Spanish footballer who plays as a midfielder for SD Leioa.

Club career
Born in Noja, Cantabria, Luisma came through the youth system at Racing de Santander. He was mainly registered with the B team during his three-year spell with the club, appearing in three La Liga matches as a substitute in three different seasons; his debut in the competition came on 1 September 2007, when he played five minutes after replacing Gonzalo Colsa in a 1–1 away draw against Real Zaragoza.

Released in 2010, Luisma took his game to Segunda División B, where he represented in quick succession Real Unión, Deportivo Alavés, SD Amorebieta and SD Noja. He reached the promotion playoffs to Segunda División with the first and third sides, but consecutively fell short.

In late July 2013, Luisma went on trial at Barnet in the Conference Premier alongside compatriot Roberto Casabella. Both players had their signings confirmed on 3 August, and the former's first goal came on 2 November 2013 when he scored the game's only in a home win over Kidderminster Harriers, being also later sent off for two bookable offences.

Across his two seasons at Barnet, Luisma scored 17 goals in 67 games in all competitions. In his second season, he finished as the team's second top scorer and helped them win promotion to The Football League as champions. On 2 July 2015, he left by mutual consent as he wanted to move back to Spain, writing a farewell letter to fans on his departure.

Luisma joined Arenas Club de Getxo on 15 July 2015. After three seasons, he then had a short spell with SD Ponferradina also of the third tier.

In January 2019, Luisma signed with Indian Super League club Bengaluru FC until the end of the season. He returned to Spain one year later, agreeing to a deal at amateurs Sestao River Club.

Luisma continued competing in the Spanish lower leagues until his retirement, with Gernika Club and SD Leioa.

Career statistics

Honours
Barnet
Conference Premier: 2014–15

Bengaluru
Indian Super League: 2018–19

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
Spanish men's footballers
Footballers from Cantabria
Men's association football midfielders
La Liga players
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
Tercera Federación players
Rayo Cantabria players
Racing de Santander players
Real Unión footballers
Deportivo Alavés players
SD Amorebieta footballers
Arenas Club de Getxo footballers
SD Ponferradina players
Sestao River Club footballers
Gernika Club footballers
SD Leioa players
National League (English football) players
Barnet F.C. players
Indian Super League players
Bengaluru FC players
Spanish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in India
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in England
Spanish expatriate sportspeople in India


The adaptive participatory integrated approach (APIA) is a method of developing and managing water irrigation in developing regions.  It attempts to balance multiple competing needs for water among various users.

Overview
The prevailing sectoral approach to irrigation management has tended to prevent the optimal use of water for agriculture and fisheries. Adoption of an adaptive, participatory and integrated assessment (APIA) of the impacts of irrigation on fisheries can ensure that poverty is alleviated, and food security and livelihoods are enhanced rather than hurt by irrigation development. It also provides an opportunity to decrease conflicts between fishers and farmers, and to increase overall benefits of irrigation systems at little additional cost.

The approach has been designed in interaction with a multidisciplinary team of researchers, as part the production of the "Guidance Manual for the Management of Impacts of Irrigation Development on Fisheries" (Lorenzen, Smith et al. 2004). The proposed APIA approach was tested through an ex-ante impact assessment in Laos and an ex-post assessment in Sri Lanka.

In Laos, the ex-ante appraisal of the damming of a small river predicted a modest positive impact on production and livelihoods, with creation of a reservoir fishery outweighing degradation of the pre-existing river fishery. The outcome was contingent on continuation of rainfed wet season rice production and traditional farming practices, as adoption of practices involving reduced water storage in paddy fields was likely to reduce fish production considerably. Since maintaining connectivity of paddy fields and perennial water bodies is likewise important, cross-drainage culverts need to be passable to fish and the harvesting at these concentration points should be restricted. The creation of a reservoir would improve access to and convenience of fishing for those within reach, particularly in the dry season, and it would increase opportunities for specialisation in fishing. New income opportunities in irrigated agriculture are likely to reduce the overall level of fishing effort and increase returns, with the greatest benefits to the households most reliant on fishing.

In Sri Lanka, an ex-post evaluation of reservoir construction and the expansion of irrigated command areas revealed a complex picture of both positive and negative impacts at different points in the watershed. Over the catchment as a whole (including upper reaches, floodplain, coastal lagoons, and new and pre-existing reservoirs), the net effect on the value of aggregate production was estimated to have been positive. Sustaining this benefit was contingent on adoption of improved regimes for the management of reservoir water levels and fish stocks. Improvements in the management of the hydrological regime of coastal lagoons would also further raise aggregate production. Although practiced by a minority of rural households, fishing was found to perform a wide range of livelihood functions, including: livelihood of last resort (landless fishers); part of a diversified subsistence or accumulation strategy; or a specialist occupation. Disaggregated analysis of the impacts on the livelihoods of households who practiced fishing showed different effects, depending on where the household fished, and the functions performed by fishing in their livelihood strategy.

In both cases, irrigation development was deemed to have positive net impacts on local fisheries production and to provide livelihood opportunities related to fisheries, in particular to the poor. These gains and opportunities arise from specific local conditions, and can only be realized through the use of appropriate water management, agricultural practices and possibly fisheries regulations.

APIA facilitated the appraisal of gross production and livelihoods impacts, and opportunities for mitigation of negative or enhancement of positive impacts. Testing and systematic evaluation validated the approach and also revealed the following benefits and limitations.

The benefits of APIA compared to a conventional narrow technical assessment have been shown to include the following:
 The ability to study inland fisheries in a larger context of multiple competing uses for water and alternative livelihood opportunities, with explicit identification of conflicts within a sequential, structured and management oriented process;
 The aim for addressing the most important issues and solutions to be sought;
 The emphasis on existing opportunities and the need for workable and cost effective mitigation and enhancement measures, with avoidance where possible of costly modifications to the irrigation infrastructure or other engineering solutions;
 The strong motivation for stakeholders to seek out complementarities between irrigation and fisheries and to minimize trade-offs, with the potential to determine "win-win" solutions from resolution of conflicts between farmers and fishers.

However, use of APIA approach can be demanding of time, expertise for its implementation and in requirements for its support. In particular adequate awareness and strong institutional support are essential at all relevant levels of governance. Participatory processes can be biased if the representation and influence of competing groups is unbalanced, and there is risk that undue emphasis is given to conflicts that are difficult to resolve. Participation and local knowledge can be of great value, but should not be a substitute for rigorous technical assessment where this is necessary. Finally cumulative and synergistic impacts on fisheries of multiple irrigation schemes and other water resource developments within a river basin need to be further investigated.

References

External links
 IWMI Working Paper 89
 Lorenzan Lab @ Imperial College London (Nguyen Khoa et al. 2005. Journal of Applied Ecology)

Irrigation


MAHLE GmbH is a German automotive parts manufacturer based in Stuttgart, Germany. It is one of the largest automotive suppliers worldwide. As a manufacturer of components and systems for the combustion engine and its periphery, the company is one of the three largest systems suppliers worldwide for engine systems, filtration, electrics, mechatronics, and thermal management. In 2018, Mahle GmbH sales amounted to over €12.5 billion.

, its approx. 72,000 employees work in 152 production plants and 12 major research and development centers in  Germany, Great Britain, United States, Brazil, Japan, China, India, Poland, Spain, Slovenia. Worldwide, over 6000 development engineers and technicians work as partners for MAHLE's customers on new products and systems.

History

Formation
In 1920 the engineer and pilot Hellmuth Hirth established together with others a small workshop in Cannstatt, where he developed and constructed a two-stroke engine.

26-year-old Hermann Mahle started working for Hellmuth Hirth on 1 December 1920 as the company's seventh employee. The workshop was then called "Versuchsbau Hellmuth Hirth". 1 December 1920 is acknowledged as the birthday of today's MAHLE Group. It soon became clear that the workshop would not survive by only conducting engine tests. So the need arose to build a profitable line of production in order to finance ongoing engine tests. At that time, in the automobile production, pistons were generally made of cast iron. Versuchsbau Hellmuth Hirth decided to attempt to build light alloy pistons for combustion engines.

On 1 November 1922 Hermann Mahle's brother, Ernst Mahle, joined the factory as Head of Engineering. In 1924 the company merged with Chemische Fabrik Griesheim-Elektron, the inventors of the magnesium alloy Elektron, and was renamed Elektronmetall GmbH.

In 1927, the company developed the first controlled-expansion piston in Germany and in 1931, the world's first aluminium ring carrier piston for Diesel engines. Following this, piston technology was steadily improved.

In 1931, aero engine manufacturing was split off as a separate company, Hirth-Moroten GmbH.

In 1938 the conversion into MAHLE KG took place and the new company logo was introduced. The company expanded, and before WW2 it was the only company in Germany manufacturing die-cast magnesium alloy products. During the war, the Bad Cannstatt company made alloy pistons ranging from those for small cars to pistons with a 40 cm bore for submarine engines (such as the 522 litre diesel MAN M9V 40/46). The Fellbach plant accounted for 70% of Germany's output of magnesium, aluminium and zinc alloy pressure die castings.

After 1945 new products were developed and produced (e.g., aluminium cylinders with Cromal (chrome plating) surface coatings in 1951).

In 1964, the company founders Hermann and Ernst Mahle decided to waive private ownership in their companies and make the companies part of a foundation for public benefit. They renounced the largest part of their personal property and transferred the company shares to the MAHLE Foundation.

Aluminium engines
In 1976 MAHLE placed the first European aluminium engine blocks made in low-pressure die casting ready for series production. In 1988 the composite camshaft is enhanced to production standard, and in 2001 MAHLE presented a cooling concept for pistons in high-speed passenger car Diesel engines. The first all-plastic oil filter in the world followed in 2003. MAHLE developed and constructed its first complete engine in the same year, which was applied in the Formula Student.

Today, MAHLE is a predominant system supplier for components of piston systems, cylinder components, valve train systems, air management systems, and liquid management systems, for all well-known automobile manufacturers. In 2010, the MAHLE Group generated sales in excess of €5.2 billion. In 2017, the MAHLE Group generated sales in excess of €12.8 billion.

Organization
, MAHLE GmbH consists of five business units and four profit centers.

Business units consist of:
 Engine Systems and Components: Produces pistons, cylinders, and related parts
 Filtration and Engine Peripherals: Produces filters, oil coolers and pumps
 Thermal Management: Produces cooling systems for batteries and powertrain components of electric cars
 Electronics and Mechatronics: electric drives, actuators and auxiliaries, and control and power electronics product groups
 Aftermarket: As its name suggest, produces spare parts and accessories for the automotive aftermarket sector

Management Board
The Mahle Management Board consists of the following members:
 Arnd Franz (since 2022)
 Dr. Beate Bungartz (since 2023)
 Jumana Al-Sibai (since 2021)
 Martin Wellhoeffer (since 2023)
 Georg Dietz (since 2018)
 Markus Kapaun (since 2022)
 Martin Weidlich (since 2020)

See also
 MAHLE Powertrain

References

Auto parts suppliers of Germany
Automotive transmission makers
Manufacturing companies established in 1920
Manufacturing companies based in Stuttgart
German brands
1920 establishments in Germany