This page details awards won by the Los Angeles Rams American football team. The Rams were formerly based in St. Louis (1995–2015) and Cleveland (1936–1942, 1944–1945), as well as Los Angeles (1946–1994, 2016–present).

Individual league awards

Coach of the Year: (6)
1945: Adam Walsh
1952: Hamp Pool
1967: George Allen
1973: Chuck Knox
1999: Dick Vermeil
2017:  Sean McVay

Most Valuable Player: (6)
1939: Parker Hall HB
1945: Bob Waterfield QB
1969: Roman Gabriel QB
1999: Kurt Warner QB
2000: Marshall Faulk RB
2001: Kurt Warner QB

Defensive Rookie of the Year: (3)
1962: Merlin Olsen DT
1971: Isiah Robertson LB
2014: Aaron Donald DT

Offensive Rookie of the Year: (4)
1983: Eric Dickerson RB
1993: Jerome Bettis RB
2010: Sam Bradford QB
2015: Todd Gurley RB

Defensive Player of the Year: (4)
1967: Deacon Jones DE NEA
1968: Deacon Jones DE, NEA
1975: Jack Youngblood DE, UPI,
2013: Robert Quinn DE, PFWA
2017: Aaron Donald DT, AP
2018: Aaron Donald DT, AP, PFWA, SN
2020: Aaron Donald DT, AP, PFWA, SN

Offensive Player of the Year: (4)
1986: Eric Dickerson RB
1999: Marshall Faulk RB
2000: Marshall Faulk RB
2001: Marshall Faulk RB
2017: Todd Gurley RB
2021: Cooper Kupp WR

Man of the Year Award: (1)
2021: Andrew Whitworth LT

Pete Rozelle Trophy (Super Bowl MVP): (2)

2000: Kurt Warner QB (XXXIV)

2022: Cooper Kupp WR (LVI)

Team award
1945 – Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy (NFL Champion)
1951 – Ed Thorp Memorial Trophy (NFL Champion)
1979 – George Halas Trophy (NFC Champion)
1999 – George Halas Trophy (NFC Champion)
1999 – Vince Lombardi Trophy (Super Bowl XXXIV)
2001 – George Halas Trophy (NFC Champion)
2018 – George Halas Trophy (NFC Champion)
2021 – George Halas Trophy (NFC Champion)
2021 – Vince Lombardi Trophy (Super Bowl LVI)

Individual team awards

Ed Block Courage Award

1984 Jack Youngblood
1985 Mike Guman
1986 Doug Smith
1987 Charles White
1988 Vince Newsome
1989 Mark Jerue
1990 Jerry Gray
1991 Michael Stewart
1992 Jackie Slater
1993 David Lang
1994 Roman Phifer
1995 Ron Wolfley
1996 Alexander Wright
1997 Mark Rypien
1998 Mike Jones
1999 Ernie Conwell
2000 Trent Green
2001 Isaac Bruce
2002 Andy McCollum
2003 Aeneas Williams

2004 Marshall Faulk
2005 Leonard Little
2006 Pisa Tinoisamoa
2007 Dane Looker
2008 Orlando Pace
2009 James Hall
2010 Bradley Fletcher
2011 Brit Miller
2012 Danny Amendola
2013 Lance Kendricks
2014 Scott Wells
2015 Brian Quick
2016 Alec Ogletree
2017 Darrell Williams
2018 Sam Shields
2019 Cooper Kupp
2020 Rob Havenstein
2021 Justin Lawler
2022 Jordan Fuller

Daniel F. Reeves Memorial Award
The Daniel F. Reeves Memorial Award is given to the Rams most valuable player of the year as determined by the players and coaches. It is named after Dan Reeves, the owner of the Rams from 1941 until 1971.

1969 Roman Gabriel
1970 Merlin Olsen
1971 Marlin McKeever
1972 Merlin Olsen
1973 John Hadl
1974 Lawrence McCutcheon
1975 Jack Youngblood
1976 Jack Youngblood
1977 Lawrence McCutcheon
1978 Jim Youngblood
1979 Jack Youngblood
1980 Vince Ferragamo
1981 Nolan Cromwell
1982 Vince Ferragamo
1983 Eric Dickerson
1984 Eric Dickerson
1985 LeRoy Irvin
1986 Eric Dickerson
1987 Charles White
1988 Henry Ellard
1989 Jim Everett
1990 Buford McGee
1991 Robert Delpino
1992 Jackie Slater
1993 Jerome Bettis
1994 Shane Conlan
1995 Isaac Bruce
1996 Isaac Bruce

1997 Amp Lee
1998 Kevin Carter
1999 Marshall Faulk
2000 Marshall Faulk
2001 Marshall Faulk
2002 Marc Bulger
2003 Torry Holt
2004 Marc Bulger
2005 Torry Holt
2006 Steven Jackson
2007 Will Witherspoon
2008 Oshiomogho Atogwe
2009 Steven Jackson
2010 Steven Jackson
2011 Steven Jackson
2012 Steven Jackson
2013 Robert Quinn
2014 Robert Quinn
2015 Aaron Donald
2016 Aaron Donald
2017 Todd Gurley
2018 Aaron Donald
2019 Aaron Donald
2020 Aaron Donald
2021 Cooper Kupp
2022 Bobby Wagner

Carroll Rosenbloom Memorial Award
The Carroll Rosenbloom Memorial Award is given to the Rams rookie of the year as determined by the players and coaches. The reward is named after the former owner of the Rams. Rosenbloom was the owner of the Rams from 1972 until 1978.

 1979 Kent Hill
 1980 Johnnie Johnson
 1981 Jairo Penaranda
 1982 Barry Redden
 1983 Eric Dickerson
 1984 Ron Brown
 1985 Dale Hatcher
 1986 Jim Everett
 1987 Cliff Hicks
 1988 Robert Delpino
 1989 Darryl Henley
 1990 Bern Brostek
 1991 Todd Lyght
 1992 Sean Gilbert
 1993 Jerome Bettis
 1994 Isaac Bruce
 1995 Kevin Carter
 1996 Eddie Kennison
 1997 David Thompson
 1998 London Fletcher
 1999 Torry Holt
 2000 Matt Bowen

 2001 Tommy Polley
 2002 Travis Fisher
 2003 Pisa Tinoisamoa
 2004 Steven Jackson
 2005 Alex Barron
 2006 Tye Hill
 2007 Adam Carriker
 2008 Donnie Avery
 2009 James Laurinaitis
 2010 Sam Bradford
 2011 Robert Quinn
 2012 Janoris Jenkins
 2013 Zac Stacy
 2014 Aaron Donald
 2015 Todd Gurley
 2016 Cory Littleton
 2017 Cooper Kupp
 2018 John Franklin-Myers
 2019 Taylor Rapp
 2020 Jordan Fuller
 2021  Ernest Jones
 2022 Cobie Durant

Carl Ekern Spirit Of The Game Award

1991 Buford McGee, FB
1992 Darryl Henley, CB
1993 Tim Lester, FB
1994 Jackie Slater, T
1995 D'Marco Farr, DT
1996 Harold Green, RB
1997 Mike A. Jones, LB
1998 Mike A. Jones, LB
1999 Mike A. Jones, LB
2000 Ray Agnew, DT
2001 Aeneas Williams, CB
2002 Ernie Conwell, TE
2003 Aeneas Williams, S
2004 Pisa Tinoisamoa, LB
2005 Pisa Tinoisamoa, LB

2006 Corey Chavous, S
2007 Corey Chavous, S
2008 Corey Chavous, S
2009 Leonard Little DE
2010 Oshiomogho Atogwe S
2011 James Laurinaitis, MLB
2012 Steven Jackson, RB
2013 James Laurinaitis, LB
2014 Cory Harkey, FB
2015 Cory Harkey, FB
2016 Cory Harkey, FB
2017 Andrew Whitworth, OT
2018 Andrew Whitworth, OT
2019 Eric Weddle, S
2020 Andrew Whitworth, OT
2021
2022 Rob Havenstein

Ye Olde Rams Awards
Ye Olde Rams is now known as the Rams Alumni. From 1952 to the present, they vote on position awards for the Los Angeles Rams. The MVP and Rookie of the Year Awards were discontinued because the current players began voting on those two awards. Ye Olde Rams were run by former Rams George Struger and now operate under the Los Angeles Rams Alumni relations manager.

Most Valuable Player
The Ye Olde Rams Most Valuable player is given to the Rams most valuable player of the year as determined by the Los Angeles Rams Alumni. The award differs from the Reeves Awards, voted on by current Rams players.

1960 Les Richter
1961 Jim Phillips
1962 Dick Bass
1963 Roman Gabriel
1964 Eddie Meador
1965 Eddie Meador
1966 Dick Bass
1967 Roman Gabriel
1968 Deacon Jones
1969 Roman Gabriel
1970 Merlin Olsen

1971 Roman Gabriel
1972 Merlin Olsen
1973 John Hadl
1974 James Harris
1975 Jack Youngblood
1976 Jack Youngblood
1977 Pat Haden
1978 Jim Youngblood & Jack Reynolds
1979 Jack Youngblood
1980 Vince Ferragamo

Outstanding Rookie
1952—Bob Carey; 1953—Frank Fuller; 1954—Les Richter; 1955—Don Burroughs; 1956—Hugh Pitts; 1957—Jon Arnett; 1958—Lou Michaels; 1959—John LoVetere; 1960—Charley Britt; 1961—David Jones; 1962—Merlin Olsen; 1963—Don Chuy; 1964—Bill Munson; 1965—Jack Snow; 1966—Tom Mack; 1967—Willie Ellison; 1968—Mike Dennis; 1969—Larry Smith; 1970—Rich Saul; 1971—Isiah Robertson; 1972—Jim Bertelsen; 1973—Eddie McMillan; 1974—John Cappelletti; 1975—Monte Jackson; 1976—Pat Haden; 1977—Billy Waddy; 1978—Frank Corral; 1979—Kent Hill; 1980—Johnnie Johnson.

Outstanding Lineman
Award included both offensive and defensive "linemen" until separate awards; (O)—Offense; (D)—Defense; emerged in 1960. Offense ends i.e. Tom Fears, were considered linemen. Additionally, linebackers could be considered "non backs" and therefore linemen.
1951—Jim Winkler; 1952—Andy Robustelli; 1953—Andy Robustelli; 1954—Tom Fears; 1955—Bud McFadin; 1956—Bud McFadin; 1957—Duane Putnam; 1958—Del Shofner; 1959—Bob Fry; 1960—Jim Phillips (O), John LoVetere (D); 1961—Frank Varrichione (O), Lamar Lundy (D);  1962—Frank Varrichione (O), Deacon Jones (D); 1963—Frank Varrichione (O), Jack Pardee (D); 1964—Marlin McKeever (O), Deacon Jones (D); 1965—Tommy McDonald (O), Deacon Jones (D); 1966—Charlie Cowan (O), Deacon Jones (D); 1967—Joe Scibelli  (O), Merlin Olsen (D); 1968—Joe Scibelli (O), Merlin Olsen (D); 1969—Ken Iman (O), Merlin Olsen (D) 1970—Tom Mack (O), Merlin Olsen (D); 1971—Joe Scibelli (O), Coy Bacon (D); 1972—Joe Scibelli (O), Coy Bacon (D); 1973—Joe Scibelli (O). Jack Youngblood (D); 1974—Charlie Cowan (O), Fred Dryer (D); 1975—Tom Mack (O), Jack Youngblood (D); 1976—Rich Saul (O), Jack Youngblood (D); 1977—Tom Mack (O), Larry Brooks (D); 1978—Tom Mack (O), Jack Youngblood (D); 1979—Rich Saul (O), Jack Youngblood (D); 1980—Rich Saul (O), Jack Youngblood (D); 1981—Rich Saul (O), Jack Youngblood (D); 1982—Kent Hill (O), Jack Youngblood (D); 1983—Jackie Slater (O), Jack Youngblood (D); 1984—Bill Bain (O), Jack Youngblood (D); 1985—Dennis Harrah (O), Gary Jeter (D); 1986—Jackie Slater (O), Gary Jeter (D); 1987—Jackie Slater (O), Gary Jeter (D); 1988—Tom Newberry (O), Gary Jeter (D).; 1989—Tom Newberry (O), Kevin Greene (D); 1990—Jackie Slater (O), Kevin Greene (D); 1991—Tom Newberry  (O), Kevin Greene (D); 1992—Gerald Perry (O), Sean Gilbert (D); 1993—Bern Brostek  (O), Sean Gilbert (D); 1994—Tom Newberry (O), Robert Young (D); 1995—Wayne Gandy (O), D'Marco Farr (D); 1996—Bern Brostek  (O), Kevin Carter (D); 1997—Wayne Gandy  (O), Bill Johnson (D); 1998—Wayne Gandy  (O), Kevin Carter (D); 1999—Orlando Pace (O), Kevin Carter (D); 2000—Orlando Pace (O), Grant Wistrom (D); 2001—Orlando Pace (O), Grant Wistrom (D); 2002—Adam Timmerman (O), Leonard Little (D); 2002—Adam Timmerman (O), Leonard Little (D); 2003—Orlando Pace (O), Leonard Little (D); 2004— Orlando Pace (O), Leonard Little (D); 2005— Orlando Pace (O), Leonard Little (D); 2006—Adam Timmerman (O), Leonard Little (D); 2007—Alex Barron  (O), La'Roi Glover (D); 2008—Richie Incognito (O), James Hall (D); 2009—Jason Brown (O), Chris Long (D); 2010—Rodger Saffold (O), Chris Long (D); 2011—Harvey Dahl (O), Chris Long (D); 2012—Harvey Dahl (O), Chris Long (D); 2013-Jake Long (O); Robert Quinn (D); 2014-Rodger Saffold (O); Robert Quinn (D);  2015-Rob Havenstein (O); Aaron Donald (D); 2016-Rodger Saffold (O);Aaron Donald (D) 2017-Rodger Saffold (O);Aaron Donald (D); 2018-Rob Havenstein (O); Aaron Donald (D); 2019-Andrew Whitworth (O); Aaron Donald (D); 2020-Rob Havenstein (O); Aaron Donald (D); 2021-Brian Allen (O); Aaron Donald (D)

Outstanding receiver
Created in 1967 to honor receivers only (ends and tight ends)
1967—Jack Snow; 1968—Bernie Casey; 1969—Billy Truax;  1970—Jack Snow; 1971 —Lance Rentzel; 1972—Jack Snow; 1973—Harold Jackson; 1974—Bob Klein; 1975—Ron Jessie;  1976—Ron Jessie; 1977—Terry Nelson; 1978—Ron Jessie; 1979—Preston Dennard; 1980—Preston Dennard, 1981—Preston Dennard; 1982—Preston Dennard; 1983—Mike Barber; 1984—Henry Ellard; 1985—Henry Ellard; 1986—Henry Ellard; 1987—Henry Ellard; 1988—Henry Ellard; 1989—Flipper Anderson; 1990—Henry Ellard; 1991—Henry Ellard; 1992—Flipper Anderson; 1993—Henry Ellard; 1994—Troy Drayton; 1995—Isaac Bruce; 1996—Isaac Bruce; 1997—Ernie Conwell; 1998—Ricky Proehl; 1999—Isaac Bruce; 2000—Isaac Bruce; 2001—Isaac Bruce & Torry Holt; 2002—Isaac Bruce; 2003—Torry Holt; 2004—Isaac Bruce & Torry Holt; 2005—Torry Holt; 2006—Torry Holt; 2007—Torry Holt; 2008—Torry Holt; 2009—Brandon Gibson; 2010—Brandon Gibson; 2011—Brandon Gibson; 2012—Danny Amendola; 2013- Tavon Austin; 2014- Kenny Britt; 2015-Tavon Austin; 2016- Kenny Britt; 2017- Sammy Watkins; 2018-Robert Woods; 2019-Cooper Kupp; 2020-Cooper Kupp; 2021-Cooper Kupp

Outstanding back
In 1960 separate awards emerged for both offensive and defensive backs. Linebackers were, at times, eligible for this award.
1951—Dan Towler; 1952—Paul Younger; 1953—Skeets Quinlan; 1954—Paul Younger; 1955—Ron Waller; 1956—Paul Younger; 1957—Tom Wilson; 1958—Jon Arnett; 1959—Jon Arnett; 1960—Jon Arnett (O), Eddie Meador (D); 1961—Dick Bass (O), Ed Meador (D); 1962—Dick Bass (O), Marlin McKeever (D); 1963—Dick Bass (O), Ed Meador (D); 1964-Les Josephson (O), Ed Meador (D); 1965—Dick Bass  (O), Ed Meador (D); 1966—Dick Bass (O), Maxie Baughan (D); 1967—Les Josephson (O), Ed Meador (D); 1968—Roman Gabriel (O), Jack Pardee (D);  1969—Les Josephson  (O), Ed Meador (D); 1970—Les Josephson (O), Jack Pardee (D); 1971—Willie Ellison (O), Marlin McKeever (D); 1972—Willie Ellison (O), Marlin McKeever (D); 1973—Lawrence McCutcheon (O),  Dave Elmendorf (D); 1974—Lawrence McCutcheon (O), Dave Elmendorf (D); 1975—Lawrence McCutcheon  (O), Bill Simpson  (D); 1976—Lawrence McCutcheon (O), Monte Jackson (D); 1977—Lawrence McCutcheon (O), Bill Simpson (D); 1978—John Cappelletti (O), Pat Thomas (D); 1979—Wendell Tyler (O), Jim Youngblood (D); 1980—Vince Ferragamo (O), Nolan Cromwell (D); 1981—Wendell Tyler (O), Rod Perry (D); 1982—Wendell Tyler (O), Nolan Cromwell (D); 1983—Eric Dickerson (O), Johnnie Johnson (D); 1984—Eric Dickerson (O), Jim Collins (D); 1985—Eric Dickerson (O), LeRoy Irvin (D); 1986—Eric Dickerson (O), LeRoy Irvin (D); 1987—Charles White (O), Jerry Gray (D); 1988—Greg Bell (O), LeRoy Irvin (D); 1989—Greg Bell  (O), Jerry Gray (D); 1990—Jim Everett (O), Vince Newsome (D); 1991—Robert Delpino (O), Michael Stewart (D); 1992—Cleveland Gary (O), Anthony Newman(D); 1993—Jerome Bettis (O), Roman Phifer (D); 1994—Jerome Bettis (O), Roman Phifer (D); 1995—Jerome Bettis (O), Toby Wright (D);  1996—Harold Green  (O), Keith Lyle (D);  1997—Amp Lee (O), Roman Phifer (D); 1998—Tony Banks  (O), Roman Phifer (D); 1999—Kurt Warner (O), Todd Lyght (D); 2000—Marshall Faulk (O), Dexter McCleon (D); 2001—Marshall Faulk (O), Aeneas Williams (D); 2002—Marshall Faulk (O), Dre' Bly (D); 2003—Marshall Faulk (O), Aeneas Williams (D); 2004—Marc Bulger  (O), Jerametrius Butler (D); 2005—Steven Jackson (O), Adam Archuleta (D); 2006—Steven Jackson (O), Oshiomogho Atogwe (D); 2007—Steven Jackson (O), Will Witherspoon  (D); 2008—Steven Jackson (O), Oshiomogho Atogwe  (D); 2009—Steven Jackson (O), Oshiomogho Atogwe  (D);2010—Sam Bradford (O), Oshiomogho Atogwe  (D); 2011—Steven Jackson (O), James Laurinaitis (D); (D); 2012—Sam Bradford (O), Cortland Finnegan (D); 2013- Zac Stacy (O); Janoris Jenkins (D); 2014- Tre Mason (O); Alec Ogletree (D); 2015- Todd Gurley (O); Trumaine Johnson; 2016- Todd Gurley (O); Alec Ogletree (D); 2017- Todd Gurley (O); Lamarcus Joyner (D); 2018- Todd Gurley (O); John Johnson III (D); 2019- Todd Gurley (O); Jalen Ramsey (D); 2020- Cam Akers (O); Jalen Ramsey (D); 2021- Matthew Stafford (O); Jalen Ramsey (D)

Outstanding Special Teams player
1969—Alvin Haymond 1970—Avlin Haymond; 1971—Alvin Haymond; 1972—Dave Chapple; 1973—David Ray; 1974—Jim Youngblood; 1975—Tom Dempsey; 1976—Cullen Bryant; 1977—Jim Jodat; 1978—Frank Corral; 1979—Ivory Sully; 1980—Ivory Sully; 1981—LeRoy Irvin; 1982—Ivory Sully; 1983—Ivory Sully; 1984—Norwood Vann and Ivory Sully; 1985—Dale Hatcher & Ron Brown;  1986—Vince Newsome; 1987—Ron Brown; 1988—Robert Delpino; 1989— Mike Lansford; 1990—Pat Terrell; 1991—Paul Butcher; 1992—Todd Kinchen; 1993—Thomas Homco; 1994—Todd Kinchen; 1995—Cedric Figaro; 1996—Todd Kinchen; 1997—Jeff Robinson; 1998—London Fletcher; 1999—Tony Horne; 2000—Az-Zahir Hakim; 2001—Jeff Wilkins; 2002— Nick Sorensen; 2003—Jeff Wilkins; 2004—Trev Faulk; 2005—Madison Hedgecock; 2006—Jeff Wilkins; 2007—Dante Hall; 2008—Donnie Jones; 2009—Donnie Jones & Chris Chamberlain;  2010—Danny Amendola; 2011—Dominique Curry; 2012—Greg Zuerlein; 2013-Johnny Hekker; 2014-Johnny Hekker; 2015-Johnny Hekker; 2016-Johnny Hekker; 2017—Greg Zuerlein; 2018-Cory Littleton; 2019-Johnny Hekker; 2020-Johnny Hekker; 2021-Matt Gay

NEA Third Down Trophy
The Rams MVP as determined by the Newspaper Enterprise Association, which gave the award beginning with the American Football League in 1960 and with the National Football League in 1970 and continued through 1979.
1970—Merlin Olsen; 1971—Willie Ellison; 1972—Ken Iman; 1973—John Hadl; 1974—Lawrence McCutcheon; 1975—Harold Jackson; 1976—Lawrence McCutcheon; 1977—Pat Haden; 1978—Jack Reynolds; 1979—Jim Youngblood

Other achievements

Pro Football Hall of Famers
Former Rams in the Pro Football Hall of Fame include Joe Namath (12), Ollie Matson (33), Andy Robustelli (84), Dick "Night Train" Lane (81), coach Earl "Dutch" Clark, and general manager Tex Schramm. GM and later NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle and coach Sid Gillman are also members of the Hall of Fame, but were elected on the basis of their performances with other teams or (in the case of Rozelle) NFL administration.

St. Louis Football Ring of Fame
Former Rams were included in the former Ring Of Fame in the Dome at America's Center. All players included were Hall of Famers, but there have been a few exceptions for team executives and coaches.

Retired numbers

Numbers that have been retired by the Rams.
 7 Bob Waterfield
 28 Marshall Faulk
 29 Eric Dickerson
 74 Merlin Olsen
 75 Deacon Jones
 78 Jackie Slater
 80 Isaac Bruce
 85 Jack Youngblood

Los Angeles Rams 40th Anniversary Team
Chosen by a fan vote of the Los Angeles Times in 1985.

St. Louis Rams 10th Anniversary Team
Chosen by a fan vote in 2005.

Rams 75th Anniversary Team
Chosen by stadium fan vote, 2012.

CSVA Sports Film and Video Hall of Famers

Mickey Dukitch (2011)

Statistical awards

Sacks
Note: Year-by-year sack totals. Sacks became an officially recognized statistic in 1982.

1960— Brito • 7
1961— Lundy • 11
1962— Jones • 12
1963— Lundy • 9
1964—  Jones • 22
1965—  Jones • 19
1966—  Jones • 18
1967—  Jones • 21
1968—  Jones • 22
1969—  Jones • 15
1970—  Jones • 12
1971— C. Bacon • 11
1972—  C. Bacon • 11½
1973—  Youngblood • 16½
1974— Youngblood • 15
1975—  Youngblood • 15
1976— (tie) Youngblood & Brooks • 14½
1977—  Youngblood • 8½
1978—  Brooks • 8
1979—  Youngblood • 18

1980—  Youngblood • 11½
1981— Youngblood • 12½
1982—  Fanning • 5
1983— Youngblood • 10½
1984— Youngblood • 9½
1985— Wilcher • 12½
1986— Jeter • 8
1987—  Jeter • 7
1988— Greene • 16½
1989— Greene • 16½
1990 — Greene • 13
1991—  (tie) Greene & Robinson • 3
1992—  Greene • 10
1993—  Gilbert • 10½
1994—  Young • 6.5½
1995—  Farr • 11
1996—  Carter • 9½
1997—  O’Neal • 10
1998—  Carter • 12
1999—  Carter • 17

2000—  Wistrom • 11
2001—  Little • 14½
2002—  Little • 12
2003—  Little • 12½
2004— Fisher • 8½
2005— Little • 9½
2006—  Little • 13
2007—  Witherspoon • 7
2008—  J. Hall • 6½
2009—  Little • 6½
2010—  J. Hall • 10½
2011—  Long • 13
2012—  Long • 11½
2013—  Quinn • 19
2014—  Quinn • 10½
2015—  Donald • 11
2016—  Donald • 8
2017—  Donald • 11
2018—  Donald • 20½

References

Awards
National Football League trophies and awards


Sahune (; Vivaro-Alpine: Saüna) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Alleyrat (; ) is a commune in the Creuse department of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in central France. The current mayor is Guy Brunet, in office since 2014 and re-elected in 2020.

Geography
Alleyrat is a farming village, some  north of Aubusson, at the junction of the D18 and the D942a roads and by the banks of the Creuse river.

Population

Sights
 A church dating from the 12th century
 The ruins of Laubard castle
 The chapel of St. Madeleine

See also
Communes of the Creuse department

References

Communes of Creuse


Saillans (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Saint-Agnan-en-Vercors (, literally Saint-Agnan in Vercors; Vivaro-Alpine: Sant Anhan de Vercòrs) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department
Parc naturel régional du Vercors

References

Communes of Drôme


KKAA (1560 AM, "Pure Country 107.1 & 99.9") was a radio station licensed to serve Aberdeen, South Dakota.  The station was last owned by Robert J. Ingstad, Todd Ingstad, and Tallie Colville, through licensee I3G Radio, LLC.

History

Country music
In the summer of 1974, KKAA's transmitter site was constructed  south of Aberdeen, next to the waste treatment plant. The  antenna site's ground conductivity was excellent for an AM radio station, as the Aberdeen area is a flood plain, with soil that provides excellent radio wave propagation, and an excellent ground plane. Extensive testing and measuring went into the fine-tuning of the 6 tower, directional antenna array.  The original equipment included a custom built antenna phasor built to specs provided by the Harold Munn Radio consulting group, and the original transmitter was a 5,000 watt Continental, phase-modulated, solid-state, which was state of the art at the tme.  The transmitter produced so much heat that it was used to warm the building in the winter. By summer's end 1974, the field measurements were done. At night KKAA operated with a highly directional signal that sent most of its signal almost due north at roughly 350 degrees, which provided a strong signal over-the-pole to Moscow, Russia, but also meant it could not be heard in Ipswich, South Dakota.

The FCC signed off for permission to begin normal broadcasting, and the first words heard on KKAA after the station I.D. were by President Gerald Ford welcoming KKAA to the airwaves.  The first song played was "Easy Lovin'" by Freddy Hart, followed by "Stand by your man" by Tammy Wynette.

The original on-air format was modern country music, and the station operated 24 hours a day. The staff was from all around the country and the average age was 24 years.  The line-up included:  David Laustsen, general manager; Jean Laustsen, operations manager; Bard Kallestad, chief engineer & D.J.; Telford Toffelmire, program director,& D.J.; Chuck Timanus, news director; Ray Smith, farm director; Bob Matson, sales director; Jay Jackson, D.J. (morning man); Jeff James, D.J. (drive-time); Jefferson Red (Merle Valness), D.J.(evenings); Lovely-Liz (Elizabeth Epstein), D.J.(grave-yard shift).

Under the mantle of Sunset Broadcasting, the owner of the FCC license was Dakota North Plains Corporation,  which owned and operated the Dakota Farmer magazine and other businesses.  Local acceptance of the new radio station was overwhelming and commercial sales were very successful.  In fact, the price of advertising tripled in just over one year's time.  Within three years, the general manager was elected to the South Dakota state legislature and most of the original crew were moving on to other opportunities.  One of the people who moved on, was Aberdeen's own Jerry Oster, who migrated to WNAX, where he has held almost every job at the station and is now the news director.

In June 1997, Roberts Radio of Pleasantville, New York, made a deal to acquire KSDN and KSDN-FM to accompany its previous still-pending deal to purchase of KKAA and KQAA-FM. The KKAA/KQAA deal was finalized on July 1, 1997. At the time, KKAA broadcast a country music format and a spokesman for Robert Radio stated they intended to maintain this programming.

In June 2000, Clear Channel purchased Roberts Radio in a deal valued at a reported $65.9 million. Aberdeen radio stations KKAA (1560 AM), KQAA (94.9 FM), KSDN (930 AM), KSDN (94.1 FM) and KBFO (106.7 FM) were part of that deal.

In May 2001, the station added "News and Views with Ed Schultz," a current affairs talk show based at KFGO in Fargo, North Dakota, to its weekday lineup.

News/talk
In early October 2002, Clear Channel juggled the lineups of KKAA and KSDN to give KKAA a current events talk focus and KSDN a sports talk focus. KKAA shifted from a full-service format mixing country music, agriculture news, and some talk programming to a news and information talk station. On KKAA, Dr. Laura Schlessinger's afternoon advice show was replaced by "The Rush Limbaugh Show", moved over from KSDN.  Local morning talk show "Aberdeen Today" was expanded from one to two hours, renamed "Talk of the Town," and moved from KSDN to KKAA. "Tradio," a locally popular show during which listeners call in to buy and sell goods, remained on the Saturday morning schedule. Syndicated commentator Paul Harvey also shifted from KSDN to KKAA. Before the shakeup there was a mix of news, sports, music, and talk shows on each station. KKAA became almost exclusively a news/talk station.

After the format change, the KKAA schedule as of October 2002 was "Coast to Coast AM" with Art Bell from midnight to 5 a.m., business news show "The Wall Street Journal This Morning," at 5 a.m., current events show "America in the Morning" at 6 a.m., Red River Farm Network news show "Country Morning" at 6:30 a.m., local talk show "Talk of the Town" at 7 a.m., "News and Views" with Fargo-based host Ed Schultz at 9 a.m., and local news show "KSDN Midday Report" at 11:30 a.m. This program included the Paul Harvey news and commentary. Afternoon programming began at 1 p.m. with "The Rush Limbaugh Show", continued at 4 p.m. with consumer advocacy show "Troubleshooter Tom Martino," and wrapped up at  6 p.m. with financial advice guru Bruce Williams. Satirical current events host Phil Hendrie completed the night from 9 p.m. to midnight.

Religious
In August 2004, KKAA was acquired by locally owned Aberdeen Radio Ranch as part of a group sale by Clear Channel Communications.  In November 2004, Aberdeen Radio Ranch reached separate agreements to sell KQAA-FM to the Educational Media Foundation, and KKAA (1560 AM) and KQKD (1380 AM) to Family Stations, Inc.

KKAA broadcast Family Radio Ministry programs preparing Aberdeen for the Rapture on May 21, 2011, which predicted that the world would end on October 21, 2011.

Final years
Effective October 31, 2017, Robert Ingstad's KKAA, LLC acquired KKAA and KQKD from Family Stations for $85,000. The stations immediately went silent after that. KKAA was then sold by KKAA, LLC to I3G Radio, LLC effective 31 January 2018 for $60,000.

On January 6, 2020, KKAA returned to the air with a classic country format, branded as "Pure Country 107.1 & 99.9". I3G Media surrendered the station's license on August 10, 2020. As a result, K296FW started simulcasting KSDN-FM.

References

External links
FCC Station Search Details: DKKAA (Facility ID: 15965)
FCC History Cards for KKAA (covering 1973-1981)

KAA
1974 establishments in South Dakota
Radio stations established in 1974
Radio stations disestablished in 2020
KAA
2020 disestablishments in South Dakota
Defunct radio stations in the United States


Saint-Andéol (; Vivaro-Alpine: Sant Andiòu) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department
Parc naturel régional du Vercors

References

Communes of Drôme
Drôme communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Barbara Coombs Lee (born 1947) is an American activist, author, former family nurse practitioner and physician assistant, and president emerita/senior adviser of Compassion & Choices, a national non-profit organization dedicated to expanding and protecting the rights of the terminally ill.

Staffing the Oregon Senate Healthcare and Bioethics committee in 1991, Coombs Lee helped Oregon State Senator Frank L. Roberts as he proposed one of the first aid in dying laws in the nation. When Coombs Lee read in her church bulletin that congregants wanted to draft a Death with Dignity bill and place it before Oregon voters, she volunteered to help. She joined the Oregon Right to Die Political Action Committee that had already been working on draft bills, and was later selected, together with Elven Sinnard and Dr. Peter Goodwin, to be a chief petitioner who filed the Oregon Death with Dignity Act as a citizens' initiative in 1994. Coombs Lee served as spokesperson for the group through two statewide campaigns and 10 years defending against attacks on the nation's first Death with Dignity law in both the judicial and legislative arenas. Senator Roberts' wife, Oregon Governor Barbara Roberts, became a good friend and a tireless and outspoken advocate for Death with Dignity.

Under Coombs Lee's leadership, since 1996 as president of Compassion in Dying (which became Compassion & Choices in 2005), the end-of-life choice movement has achieved many milestones. In 2008, Coombs Lee was a senior advisor for the Washington State Death with Dignity ballot initiative that voters approved by an 18-point margin, becoming the second state to legalize aid in dying. In 2009, the Montana Supreme Court ruled in the landmark case brought by Compassion & Choices (Baxter v. Montana) that it is not against the state's public policy for a physician to provide aid in dying to a mentally competent, terminally ill adult. As of January 2019, eight jurisdictions have authorized aid in dying, including Oregon, Washington, Montana, Vermont, California, Colorado, the District of Columbia, and Hawaii.

In January 2019, Coombs Lee published Finish Strong: Putting Your Priorities First at Life’s End, a 294-page memoir and guide for transforming the end-of-life experience by giving readers a sense of their own authority—empowering them to ask questions, test assumptions, and decide on a course of treatment that honors the character and meaning of their lives.

Coombs Lee has been interviewed by many of the nation's leading media outlets, including Bloomberg News, The New York Times, USA Today, The Washington Post, The Chicago Tribune, All Things Considered, The Diane Rehm Show, NBC News, Crossfire, 60 Minutes, The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour, The Today Show, On Our Own Terms: Moyers on Dying, and The Dr. Oz Show.

Coombs Lee has presented at TEDx Talks, Stanford MedicineX, CUSP Conference, Plato Society, American Bar Association, Older Women's League, American Pain Society, Oregon State Bar, Cleveland City Club, Americans for Better Care of the Dying, American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Pain Society, and the World Federation Right to Die Societies. Her audiences include the Oregon Gerontological Association and the California Nurse Assembly & Education Conference. Her 1999 debate Doctor Assisted Suicide: Compassionate Alternative or Murder with James Bopp, Jr., was produced the Annenberg Public Policy Center for Public Radio.

Coombs Lee studied literature at Vassar College and nursing at The New York Hospital-Cornell School of Nursing, and earned advanced certification in medicine from the School of Public Health Medex Program (Physician Assistant) and a JD from Lewis & Clark Law School. She is an inactive member of the Oregon State Bar.

Books
 Finish Strong: Putting Your Priorities First at Life’s End, (2019; Compassion & Choices)
 Compassion in Dying: Stories of Dignity and Choice, (2003; NewSage Press)

Publications
 "A Pioneer for Death With Dignity," The New York Times, (2015)
 Columnist for Huffington Post, 2011–2014
 "Oregon's Experience With Aid-in-Dying: Findings from the Death with Dignity Laboratory," Annals of New York Academy of Science, (2014)
 "Uninformed Consent, Unshared Decision-Making in the ICU," Huffington Post (2012)
 "Compassionate Advocacy Dedicated to Improving the Care and Expanding the Options of the Terminally Ill," Unitarian Universalist World Magazine (2004)

References

External links
 Compassion & Choices (official website)
 Finish Strong (book website)
 Barbara Coombs Lee speaking at CUSP Conference, 2012
 Barbara Coombs Lee speaking at TEDx Talks, 2015

Activists from Oregon
1947 births
Living people
Cornell University alumni
Euthanasia activists


Saint-Auban-sur-l'Ouvèze (, literally Saint Auban on the Ouvèze; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Saint-Avit is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.
Saint-Avit was detached from the municipality of Ratières on November 15, 1869 and is located 17 km east of Saint-Vallier (capital of the canton) and 10 km north of Saint-Donat-sur-l'Herbasse.

The surrounding communities are Ratières, Saint-Martin-d'Août, Bathernay, Châteauneuf-de-Galaure, Mureils and Claveyson.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Saint-Bardoux (; ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Location
Saint-Bardoux is located 8 km north-west of Romans-sur-Isère (capital of the canton) and 11 km east of Tain-l'Hermitage. The surrounding communities are Clérieux, Saint-Donat-sur-l'Herbasse and Granges-les-Beaumont.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Condé-Folie (; Picard: Conda-Folie) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is situated on the D3 road, on the banks of the river Somme, some  southeast of Abbeville.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Saint-Barthélemy-de-Vals () is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Geography
The Galaure forms most of the commune's northern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Ruan Lufei (; born October 2, 1987) is a Chinese chess player holding the title of Woman Grandmaster (WGM) and Women's World Championship runner-up in 2010.

Career
Ruan's natural talent for the game, hard work, and co-operation with her coach, Xu Jun, saw her break into the world's top 20 female chess players in January 2008. She had previously been in the FIDE Top 20 Girls List from 2004 to 2007, having reached a peak of 6th position on the October 2007 list.

Ruan was part of the Chinese women's team (with Zhao Xue, Hou Yifan, Shen Yang, Huang Qian) that won the First World Women's Team Chess Championship 2007 in Yekaterinburg. She had also won a silver medal (3rd board prize) with a score of 6/7.

In 2007, Ruan won second prize at the 12th Asian Women's Chess Championship.

During August and September 2008, at the Women's World Chess Championship she was knocked out in the third round 0.5-1.5 by Pia Cramling of Sweden.

In the 2008 World Mind Sports Games in Beijing, Ruan was part of the Chinese Women's team and won the gold medal, which was the second time she was on a team winning the World Team Championship.

In the 2010 Women's World Championship she reached the final, having won on tiebreaks in every round (eliminating previous champion Alexandra Kosteniuk in the process), and faced fellow Chinese Hou Yifan for the championship. Hou was firm favourite to win, especially since Ruan had an exhausting tournament, with all her matches going to the wire, while Hou had a comparatively easy ride to the final. In the 1st game of the 4 game final Ruan, having the black pieces, held Hou to a draw. However, when she lost the 2nd game with white, it seemed all over. Hou failed to deliver the knock out blow with the white pieces in round 3, though, which gave Ruan a window of opportunity in the 4th and final round of the classical games. Ruan, in a must win game, employed the Keres attack against the Sicilian defence, and in a very exciting game, recorded the win she needed for a spectacular come back, sending her into yet another set of tiebreak games. Having won all her previous tiebreaks, she was considered favourite to win by some commentators. As in the classical games, the 1st game was drawn, and Hou won the 2nd. Ruan drew the 3rd, ensuring the rapid tiebreaks go the distance, and was again in a must win situation, if she wanted the match to continue into the blitz tiebreaks. Unlike in the classical tiebreaks, however, she had the black pieces this time, and her much younger and better rested opponent, used the advantage of the white pieces to clinch the match and the title. Although Ruan finally ran out of gas, her run in the tournament showed what she's capable of, and her performance duly earned her a GM norm. In the final leg of the 2012 Women's Grand Prix she broke the 2500 rating barrier-a very rare achievement for female chess players. Ruan also made up her mind before the tournament that she would retire from chess after the event to focus on her academic career.

She plays for Jiangsu chess club in the China Chess League (CCL).

WGM title
In 2007, she was awarded the Woman Grandmaster (WGM) title. She achieved her WGM norms at:

 2004 China Women's Team Championship in Jinan, China (April 16–24, 2004); score 6.5/9
 China Zonal 3.5 Women's Championship in Beijing (October 20–25, 2005); score 5.0/9
 8th Russian Women's Team Championship in Sochi, Russia (May 1–11, 2007); score 7.5/10

Personal life

Ruan began studying at Tsinghua University in 2005, and is now a doctoral candidate in the field of Accounting at Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University in the United States.

Ruan Lufei's father, Ruan Miqing, is an associate professor at the Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. He trained her from her childhood.

See also
Chess in China

References

External links

1987 births
Living people
Chess woman grandmasters
Chinese female chess players
Chinese chess players
Chess players from Jiangsu
Sportspeople from Nanjing
Tsinghua University alumni


Saint-Benoit-en-Diois (; Vivaro-Alpine: Sant Benest de Diés) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


The Republic of Niger has had seven constitutions, two substantial constitutional revisions, and two periods of rule by decree since its independence from French colonial rule in 1960. The "Seventh Republic" operated under the Constitution of 2010 until its dissolution in 2023 by General Abdourahamane Tchiani in a coup d'état.

Constitution of 25 February 1959
The Constituent Assembly of Niger, a body created from the Territorial Assembly of Niger elected in December 1958, ratified the Constitution of 1959 by a vote of 44 to 8. The Constitution provided for a parliamentary system with limited internal self-government within the French Community. The former Governor of Niger, Don-Jean Colombani, remained the head of state, now titled High Commissioner of Niger. Powers including defense, foreign affairs, and currency were retained by France. On 12 March 1959 the Constituent Assembly became the Legislative Assembly of Niger, with the head of government, Hamani Diori, retaining the title of President of the Council. Executive powers were vested in the Assembly. The new Assembly was to have 60 deputies elected for 5-year terms. The constitution established elements, such as the Flag of Niger, the National anthem of Niger and the Coat of Arms of Niger, along with language on naming of political bodies, rights and powers which have been retained in subsequent texts.

Constitution of 8 November 1960 (First Republic)
The Constitution of 8 November 1960 marks the first fully independent constitutional system of the Republic of Niger: the Nigerien First Republic. With a constitutional revision in 1965, the system remained in place until the 1974 Nigerien coup d'état.

This constitution was revised on 7 September 1965.

1974 Military Rule
Following the 1974 Nigerien coup d'état, a military council governed the nation without recourse to a Constitution until 1989, or a defined civilian element until 1982. The leader of the 1974 coup, General Seyni Kountché ruled as head of state and President of the Supreme Military Council (CSM), an advisory body which after 1982, contained elements of a Council of Ministers, with an appointed Prime Minister, holding limited powers. A consultative National Council for Development (CND) replaced the National Assembly. Political parties were illegal. Following the General's death on 10 November 1987, General Ali Saïbou became President of the CSM and began a series of reforms which led to the Second Republic.

Constitution of September 1989 (Second Republic)
The Constitution of September 1989 established a single political party and a consultative assembly in place of a National Assembly.

Constitution of December 1992 (Third Republic)
The constitution of December 1992 was created over more than a year, following the formation of the civilian National Conference to supersede semi-Military rule. Ratified on 26 December 1992, approved by referendum and enacted 22 January 1993, the Constitution created a dual executive system. The President, as Head of State, was popularly elected to a five-year term, limited to two terms, and named the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister, as Head of Government, was chosen by an 83-person National Assembly, elected by proportional representation. Consequently, by 1994 Niger faced a President who was a political rival of his own Prime Minister. The National Conference also inserted strong constitutional provisions guarding Human Rights, a commission meant to guard freedom of the press, and explicitly tasked the Supreme Court with protecting these rights.

Constitution of May 1996 (Fourth Republic)
The constitution of December 1992 was suspended by a military coup led by Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara in January 1996. The Constitution of 12 May 1996 was approved by referendum as the Fourth Republic. Following an election disputed nationally and internationally, Maïnassara declared himself winner in the first round of presidential elections. The 1996 constitution was marked by a very strong executive and the ability to rule by decree. When less than three years later Maïnassara was himself killed in the coup of 9 April 1999, the military reappointed Ibrahim Hassane Mayaki as prime minister for a transition government and a transitional cabinet consisting of 20 members, most of whom were civilian to create a new constitution. Coup leader and head of the National Reconciliation Council (CRN) Major Daouda Malam Wanké quickly announced its intention to promulgate a new constitution and institute a return to civilian rule. The interim government also replaced 7 of Niger's regional military leaders. Wanké announced that he would not run for the presidency and disqualified all military and security personnel, as well as all members of the transitional government from standing for election. Wanké named a 60-member independent national election commission to oversee the establishment of the election roles and the polling. The CRN renounced any form of remuneration during the transition period and moved to reduce by half the salaries of future members of government.

A new constitution designed to spread power among the president, prime minister, and legislature was approved by referendum despite an extremely low voter turnout in July 1999.

Constitution of 18 July 1999 (Fifth Republic)

Niger's 1999 constitution restores the semi-presidential system of government of the December 1992 constitution (Third Republic) in which the President of the Republic is elected by universal suffrage for a five-year term, and a prime minister, named by the president, share executive power. As a reflection of Niger's increasing population, the unicameral National Assembly was expanded in 2004 to 113 deputies elected for a 5-year term under a majority system of representation. Political parties must attain at least 5% of the vote in order to gain a seat in the legislature.

Constitution of 18 August 2009 (Sixth Republic)

In 2009, President Mamadou Tandja organised a constitutional referendum. It offered a Sixth Republic, with a fully presidential system, the suspension of the 1999 Constitution and a 3 years interim government with Tandja for president. It was declared illegal by the Constitutional Court but Tandja dissolved the Court and assumed emergency powers. The opposition boycotted the referendum and the new constitution was adopted with 92.5% of voters and a 68% turnout, according to official results.

Constitution of 2010 (Seventh Republic)

President Mamadou Tandja was ousted on 18 February 2010 by a military coup d'état. The junta, called "Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy" and led by Salou Djibo, organised the transition. On 31 October 2010, a new constitution was adopted by referendum with 90.19% in favor and a 52.02% turnout (official results of 25 November).

References

External links
 Constitution of Niger
 Constitution of Niger

Politics of Niger
Niger


Boussac (; ) is a commune in the Creuse department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in central France. The famous Lady and the Unicorn Tapestries (c. 1500) were discovered in 1841 in Boussac castle. In 1844 the novelist George Sand saw them and brought public attention to the tapestries in her works at the time (most notably in her novel Jeanne), in which she correctly dated them to the end of the fifteenth century, using the ladies' costumes for reference. In 1863 they were bought by the Musée de Cluny in Paris where they are still on display.

Geography
A small light industrial town situated by the banks of the Petite Creuse river, some  northeast of Guéret, at the junction of the D11 and the D997 roads.

Population

Personalities
 Jean de Brosse, Marshal of France, lived and died here
 Pierre Leroux (1797–1871), philosopher, friend of George Sand was mayor here in 1848
 George Sand (1804–1878), set her romance Jeanne here in 1836

Sights
 The church of St. Anne, dating from the fifteenth century
 The twelfth-century castle
 The remains of the old town ramparts
 Several ancient houses and the river bridge, all from the fifteenth century

See also
Communes of the Creuse department

References

External links
Official website of the commune

Communes of Creuse
Berry, France


Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi (; 20 August 1959 – 10 September 2004), also spelled Hussein Badr Eddin al-Houthi, was a Yemeni Zaidi religious, political and military leader, as well as former member of the Yemeni parliament for the Al-Haqq party between 1993 and 1997. He was instrumental in the Houthi insurgency against the Yemeni government, which began in 2004. Al-Houthi, who was a one-time rising political aspirant in Yemen, had wide religious and tribal backing in northern Yemen's mountainous regions. The Houthi movement took his name after his assassination in 2004.

Early life
Al-Houthi was born in 1956 or 1959 in the Marran area of Sada'a region. His father, Badr al-Din, was a prominent Zaydi cleric who briefly took control of the Houthi movement after his son's death.

According to a disciple, al-Houthi lived part of his life with his family, including his father and his younger brother, Abd al-Malik, in Qom, Iran. The disciple also claimed that al-Houthi had close relationships with Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran, and Hassan Nasrallah, Hezbollah's leader.

Political career

Member of Al-Haqq
Al-Houthi was a member of the Yemeni Zaydi/Shafi'i political party Al-Haqq (The Truth). When the party supported South Yemeni separatism, it became a target of the government, and he fled, allegedly, to Syria and then to Iran. After his return to Yemen, he broke with Al-Haqq to form his own party.

Believing Youth movement
Al-Houthi founded the Believing Youth movement () in 1990 or 1992 to teach young persons about Zaidi and its history to revive Zaidism in Saada Governorate.

Forming Ansarallah
Al-Houthi was accused by the Ali Abdullah Saleh government of trying to set himself up as an imam, of setting up unlicensed religious centres, of creating an armed group called Ansarallah and of staging violent anti-American and anti-Israeli protests, as al-Houthi's followers felt Yemen's government was too closely allied with the United States.

Death
On 18 June 2004, Yemeni police arrested 640 of his followers, who were demonstrating in front of the Great Mosque of Sana'a. Two days later the Yemeni government offered a bounty of $55,000 for his capture, launching an operation aimed at ending his alleged rebellion.

In July, Yemen Army forces killed 25 of his Houthi supporters and increased the bounty to $75,500. After months of battles between Yemeni security forces and Houthis, on 10 September the Yemeni Interior and Defense Ministries released a statement declaring that he had been killed, along with 20 of his aides, in Marran province, Saada Governorate.

Legacy
On 5 June 2013, tens of thousands of Yemeni Shias attended the reburial of the remains of al-Houthi in Sa'dah, where armed rebels were deployed in large numbers. The new Yemeni government had turned over his remains to his family on 28 December 2012 as a goodwill gesture to bolster national reconciliation talks. The previous government of Ali Abdullah Saleh, who had stepped down in 2012 after the Yemeni Revolution, originally buried al-Houthi in 2004 at the Sana'a central prison to prevent his grave from becoming a shrine for the Zaidis. A representative of Yemeni President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi attended the funeral, but a Houthi spokesman accused the central government of refusing to give visas to several dignitaries who wanted to travel to Yemen to attend the ceremony and of tearing down pictures of al-Houthi put up in the Yemeni capital.

The Houthis take their name from the family name al-Houthi. His brothers Abdul-Malik, Yahia, and Abdul-Karim are leaders of the rebels as were his late brothers Ibrahim and Abdulkhalik.

References

1959 births
2004 deaths
20th-century Yemeni politicians
21st-century Yemeni politicians
Assassinated Yemeni politicians
Assassinations in Yemen
Burials in Yemen
Deaths by firearm in Yemen
Houthi members
Leaders of Islamic terror groups
Members of the House of Representatives (Yemen)
People from Saada Governorate
Yemeni expatriates in Iran
Yemeni military personnel killed in action
Yemeni Zaydis
Zaidiyyah scholars
Houthi family
2000s assassinated politicians in Asia


USS Greenwood (DE-679) was a Buckley-class destroyer escort in service with the United States Navy from 1943 to 1962. She was scrapped in 1968.

Namesake
Frank Greenwood was born on 10 January 1915 in Methuen, Massachusetts. He enlisted in the United States Naval Reserve on 17 July 1940. He was later appointed Midshipman, received training at the Naval Reserve Midshipman's School, and commissioned on 12 December 1940. Lieutenant (j.g.) Greenwood was killed 12 November 1942 when his ship  was torpedoed while on convoy duty in the Caribbean.

History

World War II
Greenwood was launched by the Fore River Shipyard, Quincy, Massachusetts, on 21 August 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Laura Greenwood, mother of Lt. (j.g.) Greenwood; and commissioned on 25 September 1943.

Greenwood sailed for the Pacific 29 November 1943, reaching Samoa, via the Panama Canal 26 December. She spent nearly a year in the South Pacific escorting transports and cargo ships through the New Hebrides and the Solomons, with side trips to Australia. On 30 December 1944 Greenwood sailed from New Guinea to join Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid's 7th Fleet at Leyte Gulf. After escorting 26 merchantmen and LSTs to the Philippines and screening them while there, Greenwood sailed for Ulithi. There she picked up a convoy of supply and troop ships bound for Iwo Jima, still the scene of bloody battle, and sailed 5 March. Departing the Iwo Jima area 27 March, Greenwood sailed to Eniwetok, where she conducted submarine and anti-submarine training exercises.

After war's end, Greenwood sailed for a much-needed overhaul at Mare Island Naval Shipyard, and on 4 September 1945 steamed under the Golden Gate Bridge to end 22 months continuous service in the Pacific.

Cold War
Following overhaul, Greenwood sailed for the East Coast via Panama on 2 January 1946. After exercises with the Atlantic Fleet at Panama, she continued to New London, Conn., arriving 10 April. The following three years saw Greenwood functioning as an escort along the East Coast from Maine to Key West. On 2 May 1949 she reported at Key West for duty as school ship for the Fleet Sonar School, and remained in that useful service for nearly six years. After tours of escort duty at Norfolk, Va. and Newport, R.I., 1954 through 1957, Greenwood returned to Key West in July 1957. Six months later she was designated Selected Reserve Training Ship for the 6th Naval District, based at Charleston, S.C.

Placed out of commission in service 2 September 1958, Greenwood served as a reserve training ship until 2 October 1961, when she recommissioned in response to the renewed Berlin crisis. After training along the coast, she reported to Key West for further duty with the Fleet Sonar School on 7 January 1962. As world tension eased, Greenwood decommissioned again 1 August 1962 but again stayed in service. Operating out of St. Petersburg, Florida, she continued to conduct reserve training cruises designed to keep the Navy's fighting strength and potential at their peak through the next five years.

Decommissioning and fate
Greenwood was placed out of service and struck from the Navy List on 20 February 1967. She was sold for scrapping on 6 September 1967 to the Lipsett Company (New York City) and was broken up at Kearny, New Jersey (USA).

Awards
Greenwood received 2 battle stars for World War II service.

References

External links

         navsource.org: USS Greenwood
      hazegray.org: USS Greenwood
 Greenwood veterans' website

Buckley-class destroyer escorts
Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts
1943 ships


Ida Ljungqvist (born September 27, 1981) is a Tanzanian-Swedish model and the first African-born person to be selected as a Playboy Playmate of the Month and the 50th Playmate of the Year.

Career

She was discovered by 2007 Playmate of the Year Sara Jean Underwood at a bebe store on Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills, California.
She was named Playboy's Playmate of the Month for March 2008 and the 2009 Playmate of the Year. She is the first African-born and second Swedish model to be named a Playmate of the Year. She is also the first Playmate of the Year to publicly dedicate her title to philanthropic work through non-profit charities and organizations. Ljungqvist co-hosted the Playboy New Year's Eve Party 2009 in Miami, Florida alongside several other playmates.

Since being named Playmate of the Year, Ljungqvist has worked with Empowerment Works, a non-profit, global sustainability think-tank. Her work includes raising awareness about the organization and fundraising.

Personal life
Ljungqvist was born in Tanzania to a Tanzanian mother and a Swedish father. Due to her father's work for UNICEF, Ljungqvist traveled a great deal.  She speaks English, Swedish, and Swahili. Ljungqvist has a degree in fashion design and marketing, and plans to study economics.

In December 2007, Ljungqvist married Joshua R. Lang. Lang filed for divorce in September 2008. In November 2008, MSNBC reported a custody struggle between them over their pet Chihuahua.

References

External links

1981 births
Living people
2000s Playboy Playmates
Playboy Playmates of the Year
Swedish female models
Swedish people of Tanzanian descent
American people of Tanzanian descent
American people of Swedish descent
African-American female models
Tanzanian female models
Tanzanian entertainers
Tanzanian people of Swedish descent
African-American Playboy Playmates
20th-century Swedish women
21st-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
20th-century African-American women


Charron may refer to:

People
 Charron (rapper), winner of the 2013 106 & Park "Freestyle Friday" competition.
 Al Charron (born 1966), Canadian rugby union rugby player
 Claude Charron (born 1946), Canadian politician
 Craig Charron (1967–2010), American ice hockey player
 Éric Charron (born 1970), Canadian ice hockey player
 Fernand Charron (1866–1928), French racing driver
 Guy Charron (born 1949), Canadian ice hockey player
 Joseph Charron (born 1939), American Catholic bishop
 Louise Charron (born 1951), Canadian jurist
 Pierre Charron (1541–1603), French philosopher
 Sanford E. Charron (1917–2008), American politician

Companies
 Charron (automobile), a French car maker operating from 1907 to 1930

Places

Canada
Charron Lake (Normandin River), Quebec

France
Charron, Charente-Maritime, a commune of the Charente-Maritime département
Charron, Creuse, a commune of the Creuse département

New Caledonia
Ile Charron, an islet of New Caledonia in Mont-Dore

See also
Charon (disambiguation)


Charron (; ) is a commune in the Creuse department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in central France.

Geography
An area of forestry and farming comprising the village and several hamlets, situated by the banks of the river Pampeluze, the border with the department of Allier, some  northeast of Aubusson at the junctions of the D4a, D511 and the D998 roads.

Population

Sights
 The church of St. Martin, dating from the nineteenth century.

See also
Communes of the Creuse department

References

Communes of Creuse


Genouillac may refer to the following places in France:

 Genouillac, Charente, a commune of the Charente département
 Genouillac, Creuse, a commune of the Creuse département


Contalmaison () is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Contalmaison is situated on the D147 and D20 crossroads, some  northeast of Amiens.

History
As with many towns in this part of France, Contalmaison saw a great deal of fighting during World War I and was one of the allied objectives in the first Battle of the Somme.

A high number of casualties fell on the first day: 1 July 1916. The advance from the British line in front of Albert, was led by the 34th Division, a New Army formation recruited in Edinburgh, Northumberland, Grimsby and Cambridge. Elements of the 16th Royal Scots ('McCrae's Battalion') and of Tyneside Irish battalions of the Northumberland Fusiliers succeeded in penetrating the village defences on 1 July before being outnumbered and forced to withdraw by stubborn German opposition.

The village is notable for its McCrae's Battalion Great War Memorial which honours the fallen of the 16th Royal Scots. Designed by the historian Jack Alexander, the 'Contalmaison Cairn' was unveiled in November 2004, completing a project first proposed by veterans of the battalion in 1919. As such, it remains the last of the 'original' Great War memorials to be built.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Genouillac (; ) is a commune in the Creuse department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in central France.

Geography
An area of farming and light industry comprising the village and several hamlets situated by the banks of the Petite Creuse river, some  north of Guéret at the junction of the D15, D940 and the D990 roads.

Population

Sights
 The church of St. Pierre, dating from the thirteenth century.
 A disused railway viaduct of 16 stone arches.
 Traces of an ancient château.

See also
 Communes of the Creuse department

References

Communes of Creuse


Three Steps to Heaven may refer to:

Three Steps to Heaven (TV series), a 1950s TV series
"Three Steps to Heaven" (song), a song by Eddie Cochran, later covered by Showaddywaddy


Saint-Bonnet-de-Valclérieux (; ) is a former commune in the Drôme department in the Rhône-Alpes region, southeastern France. The village of Saint-Bonnet-de-Valclérieux belongs to the district of Valence and the canton of Romans-sur-Isère 2nd Canton. The postal code of the village of Saint-Bonnet-de-Valclérieux is 26350 and its Insee code is 26297. The inhabitants of Saint-Bonnet-de-Valclérieux are called Saint-Bonnetaires.

On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Valherbasse.

Geography
The average altitude of Saint-Bonnet-de-Valclérieux is approximately 405 meters. Its area is 8.29 km². Its latitude is 45.196 degrees North and its longitude is 5.143 degrees East. The towns and villages close to Saint-Bonnet-de-Valclérieux are: Miribel (26350)  at 2.59 km, Montrigaud (26350)  at 2.89 km, Saint-Laurent-d'Onay (26350)  at 3.50 km, Montmiral (26750)  at 4.59 km, Saint-Christophe-et-le-Laris (26350)  at 5.79 km.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Former communes of Drôme


Dichroa febrifuga is a flowering plant in the family Hydrangeaceae.

National names

 Chinese: )
 Indonesian language: gigil, alternatively tataruman
 Sundanese: ramram
 Papua: Hom dong (ฮอมดง):
 Thai: Yai khlang yai (ยายคลังใหญ่), in Nakhon Sri Thammarat, Yai Krang (ยายกรัง) in the South, and Hom Kham (ฮอมคำ) in Lanna (Northern Thai).

Traditional Chinese medicine
Dichroa febrifuga is an important herb in traditional Chinese medicine, where it is considered one of the 50 fundamental herbs. The alkaloids febrifugine and isofebrifugine are believed to be responsible for its antimalarial effects. In traditional preparations, it is used in conjunction with other plants such as Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice), Ziziphus jujuba and Zingiber officinale (ginger).

Potential drug against autoimmune disease
Halofuginone, sold under the brand name Halocur, is a coccidiostat used in veterinary medicine. It is a synthetic halogenated derivative of febrifugine, a natural quinazolinone alkaloid which can be found in dichroa febrifuga.

Halofuginone inhibits the development of T helper 17 cells, immune cells that play an important role in autoimmune disease, but it does not affect other kinds of T cells which are involved in normal immune function. Halofuginone therefore has potential for the treatment of autoimmune disorders.

References

External links

Dichroa febrifuga (Google Images)
Dichroa febrifuga Lour ASEAN Tropical Plant DB

Hydrangeaceae
Flora of the Indian subcontinent
Flora of Indo-China
Medicinal plants of Asia
Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine


Saint-Christophe-et-le-Laris () is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


The Diocese of Sendai (, ) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church centered in the city of Sendai. It is within the ecclesiastical province of Archdiocese of Tokyo in Japan.

History
On April 17, 1891, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hakodate was carved out of the Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Japan.  On March 9, 1936 the diocese was renamed the Diocese of Sendai.

Leadership
Bishop of Sendai:
 Bishop Edgar Cuntapay Gacutan, C.I.C.M. (8 December 2021 – present)
 Bishop Martin Tetsuo Hiraga (マルチノ平賀徹夫) (10 December 2005 – 18 March 2020)
 Bishop Francis Xavier Osamu Mizobe (フランシスコ・ザビエル溝部脩), S.D.B. (2000.05.10 – 2004.05.14)
 Bishop Raymond Augustin Chihiro Sato (ライムンド佐藤千敬), O.P. (1976.01.24 – 1998.06.19)
 Bishop Petro Arikata Kobayashi (ペトロ小林有方) (1954.02.21 – 1976.01.24)
 Bishop Michael Wasaburo Urakawa (ミカエル浦川和三郎) (1941.11.20 – 1954)
 Archbishop Marie-Joseph Lemieux (マリー・ジョゼフ・ルミュー) (1935.12.03 – 1941.01.16)
 Bishop of Hakodate:
 Fr. Andre Dumas, O.P. (Apostolic Administrator 1931 – 1936)
 Bishop Alexandre Berlioz (アレキサンドル・ベルリオーズ), M.E.P. (1891.04.24 – 1927.07.25)

See also

Roman Catholicism in Japan

Sources

 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy
  Diocese website

External links

 http://www.cbcj.catholic.jp/jpn/diocese/sendai.htm

Roman Catholic dioceses in Japan
Religious organizations established in 1891
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 19th century
1891 establishments in Japan


Saint-Dizier-en-Diois (; Vivaro-Alpine: Sant Disier de Diés) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


Brig, officially Brig-Glis (; ), is a historic town and municipality in the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. The current municipality was formed in 1972 through the merger of Brig (city), Brigerbad and Glis.

Together with other Alpine towns, Brig-Glis engages in the Alpine Town of the Year Association for the implementation of the Alpine Convention to achieve sustainable development in the Alpine Arc. Brig-Glis was awarded Alpine Town of the Year 2008.

The official language of Brig is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.

History

The name Brig is derived from Briva, or "bridge". Its older houses are very Italian in appearance, while its most prominent buildings (Stockalper Palace, former Jesuits' college and Ursuline convent) all date from the 17th century, and are due to the generosity of a single member of the local Stockalper family, the baron Kaspar Stockalper.

The prosperity of Brig is bound up with the Simplon Pass, so that it gradually supplanted the more ancient village of Naters opposite, becoming a separate parish (the church is at Glis, a few minutes from the town) in 1517. Its medieval name was Briga dives. The opening of the carriage road across the Simplon (1807) and of the tunnel beneath the pass (1906), as well as the fact that above Brig is the steeper and less fertile portion of the Upper Valais (then much frequented by tourists), greatly increased the importance and size of the town.

Brig
Brig is first mentioned in 1215 as Briga. The first evidence of human habitation near Brig comes from a few Bronze Age objects, a bracelet and a dagger. The area remained inhabited through the Latène era with scattered Walser settlements. During the Roman era the Roman influence was strongest along the Roman road on the valley floor. The area remained settled during the Iron Age, Migration Period and Early Middle Ages.

The De Briga family is first mentioned in 1215. The family was probably a branch of the Mangoldi line which was first mentioned in 1181 and is probably identical to the De Curia (im Hof) family which appeared between 1308 and 1335. The family seat was the Höllenburg, which was a tower above Brig. By the 17th century, the tower had been demolished. It is likely that the city was founded by the Bishop of Sion, when they built a tower and curtain wall in the 12th century. The original tower was replaced with a new tower in the 13th century, which was demolished in 1970.

In the 14th century, Brig was first mentioned as a town. It grew in importance and in 1518 became the capital of the Zenden (a term for a district in Valais) of Brig. Together with the capital, it became the seat of the district court. The town hall is first mentioned in 1618. The city wall also served as a flood wall to help protect the town from the Saltina, which often flooded. The nearby Rhône caused floods in 1469, 1506, 1640, 1752, 1775, 1868 and 1920. In 1755 and again in 1855 an earthquake damaged the city. The plague decimated the population in 1465, 1475, 1485 and 1575. In 1799 French troops pillaged the city, burned the archives and inflicted great damage.

Starting in the middle of the 13th century, it was a storage, transhipment and customs station for transportation over the Simplon Pass. By the early modern era a number of families were wealthy from trade and built palatial homes and public buildings in the city. The Renaissance tower of the Provincial Governor Kaspar Metz Elten was built in 1526. Then, in 1658–1678, Kaspar Stockalper built the Stockalper Palace with three towers, an arcaded courtyard and a park. The early modern city also featured the old Stockalper house (ca. 1533), the Salzhof (16th century, demolished 1967) which served as a transhipment and storage point, the patrician houses of Wegener (17th century), Mannhaft (1709) and Fernanda de Stockalper (1727). Outside the city, in 1677, Kaspar Stockalper built the Matteni manor house for Georg Christoph Mannhaft.

Brig originally belonged to the large parish of Naters until 1642 when it became part of the parish of Glis. Brig became its own parish in 1957 and built a parish church in 1967–1970. In 1624–1627, the Jesuits established a branch in the town. Between 1662 and 1773 and again between 1814 and 1847, they ran a college in the town. The college was built from 1663 to 1673 followed by the college church from 1673 to 1687. Between 1773 and 1814 the college was administered by the Piarists. From 1848 it was operated by the canton of Valais; until 1990 the rector was a lay priest. The first Capuchin monastery was built between 1650 and 1660, but the existing monastery is from 1947 to 1948. An Ursuline convent was founded in 1661 with a girls' school and the Ursuline Church dates from 1732. Since 1937 it has been the mission house (and sometimes a seminary) of the Mariannhill Missionaries. The Anthony hospital was established in 1304. The gothic hospital church was built in the 14th century and the first hospital religious order was founded in 1399. It was later passed to the community and served the town until 1908. The citizenry built the Sebastian Chapel in 1636–1637 and restored it in 1972–1973. In 1951, Karl Schmid built the Wehrmann chapel.

The construction of the new road over the Simplon Pass in 1801–1805, the expansion of the old road between 1949 and 1960, as well as the construction of a national highway starting in 1960, have allowed increasing traffic through Brig. In 1890–1905 stagecoaches transported 152,816 persons to Domodossola over the pass. In 1906 the first car drove over the Simplon. Since 1919, postal buses have run over the pass into Brig. This service expanded from seasonal to year-round in 1970. The first rail line into Brig was finished in 1874 and connected the town to the west by the Rhône Valley. The Lötschberg Tunnel, which opened in 1913, connected Brig to Bern. When the Simplon Tunnel was built in 1906 and the second tunnel was added in 1921, it provided a year-round, reliable rail link with Italy. In 1926, the Furka-Oberalp rail line connected Brig with Disentis in Graubünden. The railway station was built in 1877–1878 and expanded in 1910 with a new building, which also serves as a freight station and border station. The 1910 station was expanded in 1957, 1961 and 1993. In 1859 a telegraph office was built in town, followed by a local telephone network in 1898.

As it became easier to travel to Brig, the tourism industry grew. The number of hotel beds in town rose from 120 in 1800, to 425 in 1912 and to 1,000 in 1993. By 2002 the number of beds had dropped to about 820. In 1858 a large sawmill was built in town. This was followed by other smaller industrial companies, including woodworking, pasta production, telephone apparatus, gloves and knitwear. The Brig-Naters power plant was built in 1900 to supply power to the towns and their growing industry. However, in the middle to late 20th century, most of the industrial plants left Brig. In 1990, 81% of the workforce worked in the services or tertiary sector of the economy. Only 18% worked in industry and 1% worked in agriculture. In 2001 there were 7,129 employees in Brig-Glis, working for 803 companies.

Glis
The oldest traces of human settlements around Glis were discovered in 1992 and included significant traces of settlements from the Bronze and Iron Ages. During the Middle Ages, Glis, Holz and Gamsen formed a municipality in the Zenden. Starting around 1320, the settlement of Wickert (now part of Glis) was a farming estate that belonged to the collegiate church of Sion. In the early 14th century, an earthen wall was built across the Rhône Valley at Gamsen. This wall, portions of which are still visible, was probably built to protect against invasions from Savoy. In 1596, an iron mine was opened near the village. This mine was acquired in 1636, by Kaspar Stockalper.

Until 1642, Glis belonged to the parish of Naters but had been relatively independent in religious matters since the 12th–13th century. The Church of Our Lady on the Glisacker has been a pilgrimage centre of the Upper Valais since the 14th century. Glis was raised to an independent parish in 1642. At that time, the parish included Brig, Brigerbad, Ried-Brig, Termen, Gamsen and Eggerberg. Excavations in and around the church in 1984 discovered an early Christian aisleless church from around 500. The excavations also discovered a baptistery and side rooms and parts of four other churches. The present church, which combines elements of both the Renaissance and the late Gothic period, owes its appearance to Prismell master builders Peter and Christian Bodmer. In the mid-17th century, they completed the plans drawn up in 1519 by Ulrich Ruffiner.

After the Second World War, Glis developed from a farming village into a residential area for Brig. In the merger with Brig, Glis brought a large amount of land and a large industrial company, the explosives factory Société suisse des explosifs which was founded in Gamsen in 1894.

Brigerbad
Very little is known about the early history of this small village located between the Rhone and the far north side of the valley. There are two buildings in the village that are from the Middle Ages: the tower of Junker von Baden, which may have been built in the 13th century, and the so-called bishops barn, which may date from the 15th century. Brigerbad was always part of the parish of Glis, though they did build a chapel in 1721. The village began to develop local government and law in the 16th and 17th century and the first statutes were written in 1671.

The floods of the Rhone, maintenance of Gamsner bridge (first mentioned in 1395) and the reclamation of the Eyen were commonplace activities from the 13th century until the Rhone Correction in 1873–82.

Brigerbad was known for its hot springs. The village's name literally means "Brig's baths."  They were discovered in 1471 by Anton Walker and flourished in the 16th century under Peter Owlig. The thermal hot spring baths began to decay in the 17th century, but were rebuilt in 1934–35 and again in 1956–60.

Geography

It is a picturesque small town in Upper Valais, situated at the foot of the northern slope of the Simplon Pass in the Alps, on the right bank of the Saltine stream, and a little above its junction with the Rhone. Brig is surrounded by many high Alpine summits. Within the municipality are the summits of the Glishorn, Spitzhorli and Tochuhorn. Brig is located close to the Swiss-Italian borders.

Brig-Glis had an area, (as of the 2004/09 survey) of .  Of this area, about 11.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while 48.6% is forested.  Of the rest of the land, 11.6% is settled (buildings or roads) and 27.9% is unproductive land.  Over the past two decades (1979/85-2004/09) the amount of land that is settled has increased by  and the agricultural land has decreased by .

Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or, an Eagle with dragon's tail displayed Sable, crowned, beaked, langued, membered and tailed Gules bearing an Escutcheon Gules three Mullets Or in pale.

Demographics

Brig-Glis has a population () of .  , 15.5% of the population are resident foreign nationals.  Over the last 3 years (2010–2013) the population has changed at a rate of 2.86%.  The birth rate in the municipality, in 2013, was 8.9 while the death rate was 10.3 per thousand residents.

Most of the population () speaks German (10,465 or 90.3%) as their first language, Italian is the second most common (221 or 1.9%) and French is the third (197 or 1.7%). There are 8 people who speak Romansh.  The language used in every day transactions is a unique German dialect, only used in this particular canton.

, the gender distribution of the population was 47.9% male and 52.1% female. The population was made up of 5,049 Swiss men (41.2% of the population) and 826 (6.7%) non-Swiss men. There were 5,477 Swiss women (44.7%) and 902 (7.4%) non-Swiss women.  Of the population in the municipality 4,456 or about 38.4% were born in Brig-Glis and lived there in 2000. There were 4,077 or 35.2% who were born in the same canton, while 1,154 or 10.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 1,479 or 12.8% were born outside of Switzerland.  , children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 17.5% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) are 63.8% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 18.7%.

, there were 5,111 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 5,331 married individuals, 678 widows or widowers and 470 individuals who are divorced.

, there were 4,494 private households in the municipality and an average of 2.4 persons per household.  There were 1,361 households that consist of only one person and 288 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 4,634 households that answered this question, 29.4% were households made up of just one person and there were 63 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 1,233 married couples without children, 1,495 married couples with children.  There were 263 single parents with a child or children. There were 79 households that were made up of unrelated people and 140 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.

 there were 700 single family homes (or 44.6% of the total) out of a total of 1,571 inhabited buildings. There were 590 multi-family buildings (37.6%), along with 143 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (9.1%) and 138 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (8.8%).

, a total of 4,296 apartments (87.6% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 453 apartments (9.2%) were seasonally occupied and 154 apartments (3.1%) were empty.  , the construction rate of new housing units was 11.6 new units per 1000 residents.  The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0.59%.

The historical population is given in the following chart:

Heritage sites of national significance

The Stockalperpalast, the Gamsenmauer and the Church of Mariä Himmelfahrt with ossuary  are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. The entire old town of Brig is part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.

Politics
In the 2015 federal election the most popular party was the CVP with 48.6% of the vote.  The next three most popular parties were the SVP (32.7%), the SP (10.3%) and the FDP (4.3%).  In the federal election, a total of 5,698 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 62.1%.  The 2015 election saw a large change in the voting when compared to 2011, with the percentage of the vote received by the SVP increasing from 25.9% in 2011 to 32.7% in 2015.

In the 2009 Conseil d'État/Staatsrat election a total of 4,340 votes were cast, of which 565 or about 13.0% were invalid. The voter participation was 50.1%, which is similar to the cantonal average of 54.67%.  In the 2007 Swiss Council of States election a total of 4,825 votes were cast, of which 350 or about 7.3% were invalid. The voter participation was 56.2%, which is similar to the cantonal average of 59.88%.

In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 55.37% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (19.18%), the SP (14.86%) and the FDP (7.63%). In the federal election, a total of 4,878 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 56.3%.

Economy
, Brig-Glis had an unemployment rate of 2.1%. , there were 83 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 46 businesses involved in this sector. 1,297 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 137 businesses in this sector. 6,755 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 663 businesses in this sector.  There were 5,400 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.7% of the workforce.

 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 6,752. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 33, of which 23 were in agriculture, 8 were in forestry or lumber production and 2 were in fishing or fisheries. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 1,242 of which 361 or (29.1%) were in manufacturing, 2 or (0.2%) were in mining and 798 (64.3%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 5,477. In the tertiary sector; 970 or 17.7% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 1,137 or 20.8% were in the movement and storage of goods, 436 or 8.0% were in a hotel or restaurant, 98 or 1.8% were in the information industry, 234 or 4.3% were the insurance or financial industry, 522 or 9.5% were technical professionals or scientists, 458 or 8.4% were in education and 1,042 or 19.0% were in health care.

, there were 4,531 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,880 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 2.4 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 8.7% of the workforce coming into Brig-Glis are coming from outside Switzerland.  Of the working population, 17.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 40.5% used a private car.

Transportation

Three standard gauge railway lines, namely the Simplon railway, the Milan–Domodossola railway, and the Bern-Lötschberg-Simplon railway, operated by either SBB CFF FFS or BLS AG, all meet at Brig railway station. Additionally, two metre gauge lines, both of them operated by Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn, and the metre gauge trains converging at Brig include the Glacier Express.

Religion
From the , 9,613 or 82.9% were Roman Catholic, while 634 or 5.5% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 173 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.49% of the population), and there were 224 individuals (or about 1.93% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 322 (or about 2.78% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 20 individuals who were Buddhist, 22 individuals who were Hindu and 5 individuals who belonged to another church. 281 (or about 2.42% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 406 individuals (or about 3.50% of the population) did not answer the question.

Education

In Brig-Glis about 4,245 or (36.6%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 1,344 or (11.6%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 1,344 who completed tertiary schooling, 61.8% were Swiss men, 21.4% were Swiss women, 10.2% were non-Swiss men and 6.6% were non-Swiss women.

During the 2010–2011 school year there were a total of 1,243 students in the Brig-Glis school system. The education system in the Canton of Valais allows young children to attend one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten.  During that school year, there 9 kindergarten classes (KG1 or KG2) and 192 kindergarten students. The canton's school system requires students to attend six years of primary school. In Brig-Glis there were a total of 41 classes and 802 students in the primary school.

The secondary school program consists of three lower, obligatory years of schooling (orientation classes), followed by three to five years of optional, advanced schools. There were 441 lower secondary students who attended school in Brig-Glis.  There were 1,451 upper secondary students in the municipality and 3 schools in the municipality  The first school, the Spiritus Sanctus has 941 students and 43 classes. The second school, the HSK Brig (with KSS) has 102 students and 9 classes. The final school, the HMS-FMS-SfB (Trade school-vocational school-school for vocational preparation) has 408 students and 19 classes.

, there were 1,177 students in Brig-Glis who came from another municipality, while 306 residents attended schools outside the municipality.

Brig-Glis is home to the Mediathek Wallis – Brig library. The library has () 95,906 books or other media and loaned out 195,233 items in the same year. It was open a total of 260 days with an average of 53 hours per week during that year.

Weather
Brig is popular among winter sports athletes since it is surrounded by many Alp summits. The town itself lies close to the Rhône. Due to the high altitude, the temperatures in winter often remain below zero, resulting in frost. During the summer season, heat can be intense.

Crime
In 2014 the crime rate, of the over 200 crimes listed in the Swiss Criminal Code (running from murder, robbery and assault to accepting bribes and election fraud), in Brig-Glis was 48.8 per thousand residents, slightly lower than the national average (64.6 per thousand).  During the same period, the rate of drug crimes was 17.2 per thousand residents.  This rate is 73.7% greater than the national rate.  The rate of violations of immigration, visa and work permit laws was 10.3 per thousand residents, which is over twice as high as the national rate (4.9 per thousand).

Notable people

 Ernest Guglielminetti (1862–1943), a medical doctor, lived and worked in Java, Sumatra, Borneo and Monaco.
 Willi Dreesen (1928–2013), painter and sculptor, lived in Brig from 1967
 Peter Stephan Zurbriggen (1943–2022) archbishop of the Catholic Church and papal diplomat
 Viola Amherd (born 1962), politician, elected to the Federal Council of Switzerland 2018
 Romed Wyder (born 1967), filmmaker, established in Geneva since 1989
 Gianni Infantino (born 1970), a Swiss–Italian football administrator, president of FIFA
 Manfred Elsig (born 1970), Professor of International Relations at the World Trade Institute of the University of Bern
 Rachel Harnisch (born 1973) operatic soprano.

Sport
 Charly In-Albon (born 1957), a retired footballer, over 300 club caps and 40 for Switzerland
 Lucia Näfen-Zehnder (born 1962), ski mountaineer, runner and politician; lives in Brig
 Silvan Zurbriggen (born 1981), a retired Swiss World Cup alpine ski racer
 Jeanine Cicognini (born 1986), a badminton player who now represents Italy
 Benjamin Weger (born 1989), biathlete, three-times olympian
 Nico Hischier (born 1999), ice hockey forward

References

External links

Brig-Glis municipal website

Municipalities of Valais
Populated places on the Rhône
Cultural property of national significance in Valais
Populated riverside places in Switzerland


Saint-Donat-sur-l'Herbasse (; Vivaro-Alpine: Sant Donat) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France. The writer and literary prizes winner Isabelle Hausser was born in Saint-Donat.

Population

Twin towns — sister cities
Saint-Donat-sur-l'Herbasse is twinned with:

  Oulx, Italy (1988)
  Ottobeuren, Germany (1994)

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


This is a list of airlines that have an air operator's certificate issued by the Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority.

Airlines of Nigeria

See also
 List of defunct airlines of Nigeria
 List of airports in Nigeria
 List of airlines

References

External links
 List of popular airlines In Nigeria

Nigeria
Airlines
Airlines
Nigeria


Saint-Pardoux-le-Neuf (; ) is a commune in the Creuse department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Creuse department

References

Communes of Creuse


Sainte-Croix (; Vivaro-Alpine: Santa Crotz) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department
Parc naturel régional du Vercors

References

External links

  Official site

Communes of Drôme


Contay () is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Contay is situated on the D23 and D919 crossroads, some  northeast of Amiens, (Amiens to Arras)

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


CPM S30V is a martensitic (hardened) powder-made (sintered) wear and corrosion-resistant stainless steel developed by Dick Barber of Crucible Industries in collaboration with knifemaker Chris Reeve.  Its chemistry promotes the formation and even distribution of vanadium carbides, which are harder and more resistant to abrasion than chromium carbides. The powdered metallurgy process reduces the size of the carbides and gives the steel a very refined grain, further improving toughness. It contains carbon 1.45%, chromium 14.00%, vanadium 4.00%, and molybdenum 2.00%. Barber received feedback from a number of other knife users and knifemakers such as Sal Glesser, Ernest Emerson, Tony Marfione, Phil Wilson, William Harsey Jr., Tom Mayo, Jerry Hossom, and Paul Bos in the development of CPM S30V.

CPM S30V is considered a premium-grade knife steel. Buck Knives calls it "the absolute best blade steel available".   Joe Talmadge claims it may be the ultimate high-end all-around stainless steel, for its high performance coupled with easier machinability than the other steels in this class.

Properties

Composition

Physical properties

Coefficient of thermal expansion

CPM-S35VN
In 2009, Crucible Steel introduced an update to CPM-S30V to meet the needs of renowned knife maker Chris Reeve that they called CPM-S35VN. The addition of 0.5% Niobium, and reductions in both Carbon from (1.45% to 1.40%) and Vanadium (from 4% to 3%) produced an alloy with 25% increase in measured Charpy V-notch toughness over S30V (Crucible claims 15-20% improvement). Working chefs and outdoor survivalists laud the improved toughness of S35VN, which greatly reduces the micro-bevel chipping that tends to plague S30V in rough use. In these kinds of applications the advantage of an S35VN blade over S30V is quick honing  with a strop or steel stick in lieu of needing to remove metal and reform the edge. In light use, edge-holding and stainless properties between S35VN versus S30V are thought to be roughly the same, and performance will often be affected nearly as much by the applied heat treatment, blade design, and the edge geometry as the differences in metal chemistry.

Around this same time period, Carpenter CTS-XHP and Uddeholm Elmax became more widely available for cutlery usage. These powdered steels use a different process than Crucible, but they are also high-end stainless steels (with high-chromium and high-vanadium levels similar to S30V and S35VN) intended to compete with CPM-S30V and CPM-S35VN.

References

Ferrous alloys
Stainless steel


Saint-Priest (; ) is a commune in the Creuse department in central France.

Geography
The river Tardes forms most of the commune's western border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Creuse department

References

Communes of Creuse


Kennedy Nagoli, also known as Nagoli Kennedy (born 24 May 1973 in Harare) is a former Zimbabwean footballer. He played as a midfielder.

Career
In career (1991–2006) has played for Jomo Cosmos, Santos FC, Aris Salonika, PAS Giannena, Enosis Neon Paralimni and AEK Larnaca. With Under-23 Zimbabwean national football team he played All-Africa Games in Egypt (1991), when Zimbabwe was 4th. He went to Santos F.C. (Brazil) after Pelé met Nelson Mandela in South Africa.

External links
Bio at AllaAdrica

Living people
1973 births
Footballers from Harare
Zimbabwean men's footballers
Jomo Cosmos F.C. players
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Sainte-Eulalie-en-Royans (; Vivaro-Alpine: Santa Eulàlia de Roians) is a commune in the Drôme department in the region Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes, southeastern France.

Population

Geography
Sainte-Eulalie-en-Royans is located 7 km northeast of Saint-Jean-en-Royans (capital of the canton) and 34 km east of Romans-sur-Isere.

The bordering communes are Pont-en-Royans, Saint-Laurent-en-Royans and Échevis.

Remarkable Geographical Sites
The "Réculée des Grands Goulets" is a remarkable geological site of 1,645.95 hectares, crossed by the Vernaison, which is located in the towns of Châtelus (in the place called Grands Goulets), La Chapelle-en-Vercors, Échevis, Sainte-Eulalie-en-Royans, Saint-Julien-en-Vercors, Saint-Laurent-en-Royans, Saint-Martin-en-Vercors and Pont-en-Royans. In 2014, it was classified in the "Inventory of Geological Heritage"».

History
January 9, 1965: "Sainte-Eulalie" was changed to the longer "Sainte-Eulalie-en-Royans."

See also
Communes of the Drôme department
Parc naturel régional du Vercors

References

Communes of Drôme


Howard Wolfson (born 1967) is an American Democratic political strategist. He served as a counselor to the former mayor of New York City Michael Bloomberg, replacing Kevin Sheekey as Deputy Mayor of New York City for governmental affairs. He currently directs the education program at Bloomberg Philanthropies.

Early life and education
He graduated from the University of Chicago and holds a Master of Arts in American History from Duke University.

Career
Wolfson began his career in politics working for Nita Lowey as her chief of staff and press secretary, and was executive director of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee from 1998 to 2000. He served as communications director for the U.S. Senate campaigns of Charles Schumer (1998), Hillary Clinton (2000, 2006), and Ned Lamont (2006).

Wolfson was co-chief strategist and communications director for the Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign, after which he became managing director at The Glover Park Group, a communications consulting firm based in Washington, D.C. He advised the campaign of Bill Thompson for New York City Comptroller in 2005. He was a senior strategist for New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg's 2009 re-election campaign. Wolfson served as a strategic adviser to News Corp. in its public relations campaign against Nielsen Holdings. He was a Fox News contributor, and advised Ned Lamont's campaign for governor of Connecticut. Wolfson is also the author of the music and politics blog Gotham Acme. From August to November 2008, Wolfson wrote a blog on The New Republic's website, called "The Flack", that covered the final months of the 2008 presidential campaign. He also sits on the board of directors for The 74, an education news website.

Wolfson served as a senior advisor to the Michael Bloomberg 2020 presidential campaign.

References

External links
Interview with Howard Wolfson from Crawdaddy!
What Did Celine Dion Do to Hillary Clinton? by Howard Wolfson. Retrieved Nov. 4, 2008.

1967 births
American public relations people
Deputy mayors of New York City
Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential campaign
Living people
People from Middletown, Orange County, New York


Vareilles (; ) is a commune in the Creuse department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in central France.

Geography
A farming area comprising the village and several hamlets situated some  northwest of Guéret at the junction of the D10, D1 and the D71 roads.

The Benaize river flows through the commune and forms part of its western border.

Population

Sights
 The church of St. Pardoux, dating from the twelfth century.
 The remains of a fifteenth-century manorhouse at Montlebeau.

See also
Communes of the Creuse department

References

Communes of Creuse


The Western Port Bay Trail is a shared use path for cyclists and pedestrians which follows the coastline of Western Port Bay through several towns on the eastern side of the Mornington Peninsula in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.  The trail begins in Somerville, travelling south through the towns of Tyabb, Hastings, Bittern, Somers and ending in the town of Balnarring.  Construction of the trail began in 1994, initially only as a 9 km path connecting the towns of Somerville, Tyabb and Hastings.

Following the path
 From the northern end, the trail begins adjacent to Somerville railway station on the west side of Frankston-Flinders Road in Somerville.
 Travelling south, after crossing Park Lane, the trail makes use of the two-way service road for a short distance.
 The trail continues to travel south, crossing Bungower Road, before reaching the town of Tyabb.  Here the Frankston-Flinders service road is used once again for about 300 metres.  This is followed by a right turn into Dalton Drive, heading west for 100 metres, then left into Gerald Street, heading due south for 400 metres.  The trail then crosses Mornington-Tyabb Road, running parallel to this road on the south side for 100 metres, before heading south through Tyabb Central Recreation Reserve.
 The trail crosses the Long Island branch line off the Stony Point railway line in Hastings, then Frankston-Flinders Road (Graydens Road), meeting with a gravel trail that joins Robertson Street.  Turn left into Robertson Street and head east for 100 metres, then turn right on to the trail on the west side of Marine Parade.
 Along Marine Parade, the trail continues to travel south, passing the intersection of the Long Island trail at Barclay Crescent, then crossing Lyall Street and Burke Street.  Near the entrance to Hastings Park, the trail crosses Marine Parade, winding its way through Hastings Foreshore Reserve, including a boardwalk section, passing Hastings Jetty and Western Port Marina.
 At the south end of Hastings Foreshore Reserve, the trail heads due west along the south side of Reid Parade for 900 metres, then turns left heading south on the east side of Frankston-Flinders Road.
 In Bittern, the trail crosses Stony Point Road and heads south-west, passing Bittern railway station and crossing Urquhart Crescent.
 After crossing Urquhart Crescent, the trail runs parallel to South Beach Road on its western side.
 At the intersection of South Beach Rd and Disney Street (still in Bittern), the trail crosses South Beach Road and Disney Street, and continues parallel to South Beach Road on its eastern side, now heading south east.  Also at the aforementioned intersection a branch of the trail splits off from the main trail and runs parallel to Disney Street.  It finishes adjacent to Morradoo railway station in Crib Point.
 In Somers, at the intersection of South Beach Road and Sandy Point Road, the trail crosses both of these roads, heading north-west parallel to Sandy Point Road, on its southern side.
 At the intersection of Lord Somers Road and Sandy Point Road the trail continues west along Sandy Point Road, finishing in Balnarring.  Also at the aforementioned intersection a branch of the trail splits off from the main trail and runs parallel to Lord Somers Road.  It finishes adjacent to the Coolart Wetlands and Homestead Reserve near Somers beach.

References

 Western Port Bay Trail in OpenStreetMap
 Bicycle Victoria – Western Port Secondary’s Quiet Neighbourhood Routes
 Photos of the trail

Bike paths in Melbourne
Transport in the Shire of Mornington Peninsula
Western Port


La Villedieu (; ) is a commune in the Creuse department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in central France.

Geography
A very small farming village situated some  southwest of Aubusson, at the junction of the D34 with the D992 road.

Population

Sights
 The twelfth-century church.

See also
Communes of the Creuse department

References

Communes of Creuse