During the occupation of Norway by Germany, the occupying powers imposed martial law in Trondheim and other surrounding areas, effective October 6, 1942 through October 12, 1942. During this time, 34 Norwegians were killed by extrajudicial execution. This also served as a pretext for the arrest and detention of all male Jewish inhabitants of the area as part of the Holocaust in Norway.

Background

There had been several incidents of sabotage and other acts of resistance in the months leading up to the introduction of martial law, but it is likely that the shooting of two German police officers at Majavatn on September 6 enraged Terboven enough to take this step. Preceding this, there had also been periods of martial law in Oslo, Asker, and Bærum from September 10 to September 16, 1941.

Some also speculate that news of the German military setbacks at the Battle of Stalingrad had reached the Norwegian resistance movement, and that German occupying powers were anxious to discourage more assertive bold moves by the resistance.

Martial law

Josef Terboven, the German Reichskommissar for the occupation of Norway, arrived by train in Trondheim on October 5. Starting on the morning of October 6, German soldiers posted red notices of "civilian martial law" all over the city. The area covered included the municipalities of Trondheim, Leinstrand, Strinda, Byneset, Orkdal, Orkanger, Orkland, Buvik, Børsa, Skaun, Geitastrand, Klæbu, Tiller, Malvik; the entire county of Nord-Trøndelag, and Grane in Nordland, where the Majavatn incident took place. In addition, surrounding municipalities, such as Melhus, were subject to curfew. The conditions of martial law included a general curfew from 8 PM to 5 AM; a general prohibition against using railroads and other long-distance transportation means; and a prohibition against assembly. Violations were to be punished with no less than ten years' imprisonment at hard labor or with capital punishment. To enforce martial law, Terboven mobilized nearly 13,000 police officers, Hirdmen, and soldiers with over 3,000 vehicles.

Terboven stopped the publication of all newspapers on October 6, convening a public meeting in the main square, addressing an audience that primarily consisted of German and Norwegian police officers. He warned against "inferior racial elements" that colluded with the "emigrant clique in London," promising that he would "seize the large...those that pull the strings," and that "this evening the public will become familiar with how this principle is put into action."

Extrajudicial executions

That evening, Terboven announced from a loudspeaker in the main square in Trondheim that 10 prominent residents of the area had been executed as "atonement sacrifices" (soneofre) at what became the killing grounds in Falstadskogen near Falstad concentration camp, north of Trondheim at 6 PM that evening, and all their financial assets confiscated.

Those executed were:

From Trondheim, attorney Otto Skirstad, theater director Henry Gleditsch, editor Harald Langhelle, merchant Hirsch Komissar, engineer Hans Konrad Ekornes, bank president Gunnar Sandberg Birch, captain Finn Berg, and shipowner Per Tangen Lykke; attorney Bull Aakran from Røros, and construction leader Peder Eggen from Klæbu.

Eight of these were still held at the Gestapo headquarters in Misjonshotellet one block from the square and heard the announcement of their deaths. These eight were later taken by car to Falstad concentration camp, where they were joined by the remaining two for the short drive to Falstadskogen. They were bound, blindfolded, and placed two and two in front of a mass grave that had been dug that day. They were shot at short range by a firing squad of ten.

Terboven also convened a tribunal in Falstad to try individuals "hostile to the state" on October 7. Chaired by Gerhard Flesch, this tribunal condemned 15 from the municipality of Grane to death, and these were shot the following morning. An additional 9 were condemned on October 8 and executed October 9, bringing the total number of extrajudicial executions to 34.

The additional 24 executed were:

Peder Stor-Tjønnli, Majavatn; Johan Audun, Bogfjellmo; Johan Øygård, Aursletta; Einar Øygård, Aursletta; Ole Sæter, Aursletta; Olaf Svebakk, Svebakk; Alf Stormo, Trofors; Oddvar Olsen Majavatn; Magnus Lien Stavasdalen; Edvard Sæter; Sæter; Peter Lund, Sæter; Arne Holmen, Holmen; Mikael Holmen, Holmen; Aksel Johansen, Østerfjorden; Ingvald Melingen, Majavatn; Tormod Tverland, Tverland; Leif Sjøfors, Holmen; Bjarne Lien, Stavassdalen; Nils Møllersen, Stavassdalen; Arne Moen, Majavatn; Agnar Blåfjellmo, Blåfjellmo; Emil Øylund, Majavatn; Peder Forbergskog, Majavatn; and Rasmus Skerpe, from Majavatn Of the 43 Norwegians executed at Falstad, 34 were killed during the martial law.

In addition to arresting a dozen or so Jewish men in the course of these days, the authorities raided 1,434 residential properties and arrested 93 individuals.

In a petty and unpopular gesture, the Norwegian county governor, Henrik Rogstad, also prohibited the sale of tobacco in Trondheim. Terboven invited to a celebratory party in his train car the evening martial law was imposed.

Martial law was lifted on October 12 when the occupying authorities determined that law and order had once again been established.

Effects and legacy

Imposition of martial law in Trondheim and surrounding areas was characteristic of Terboven's "iron fist" policy of governing Norway through fear, intimidation, and capricious violence. Within a few months, most of Norway's Jews would be murdered in Auschwitz, driven underground, or to Sweden, where they sought refuge until the war ended. The arrest and deportation of political leaders into the Nacht und Nebel camps in Germany also intensified after this.

In truth, Norway was already under martial law by any conventional standard. The legally elected government was chased into exile by the invading German forces; a front government led by Vidkun Quisling was for all practical purposes completely under the control of Terboven's dictatorship. There was no freedom of the press or expression; freedom of assembly was severely curtailed; Norwegians were not free to move; the courts had become politicized; all central institutions, ranging from the Church of Norway to teachers' unions, and athletic events, were compromised in one way or another by the German authorities or Nasjonal Samling. The imposition of Terboven's version of martial law added capricious, deadly violence to make a point that was already clear to the Norwegian public.

However, it is doubtful that Terboven's measures did anything to weaken the resolve of the Norwegian resistance movement. In the remaining 2½ years of the occupation, resistance groups became more organized and coordinated, their connection with the outside world was strengthened, and public opinion against both Norwegian and German Nazi authorities stiffened.

References

1942 in Norway
20th century in Trondheim
The Holocaust in Norway
Trondheim in 1942
Norway in World War II
History of Nordland
History of Trøndelag


A fault line war is one that takes place between two or more identity groups (usually religious or ethnic) from different civilizations. It is a communal conflict between states or groups from different civilizations that has become violent. These wars may take place between states, between nongovernmental groups, or between states and nongovernmental groups. Most often, the issue in a fault line war is often over territory, but it could also be over the control of people. Such wars within states may involve groups that are predominantly located in different territories or groups that are intermixed. In the latter, violence often erupts periodically.

The issue at stake in a fault line war is very symbolic for at least one of the groups involved.  Because the issue is one of fundamental identity, these wars are longer and more difficult to resolve than conventional warfare. And even when agreements are reached, the groups are rarely fully satisfied, and often the hatred is only dissolved through genocide.

See also
 Balkanization
 Protracted social conflict
 The Clash of Civilizations

References

Wars by type


Beto Carrero (born João Batista Sergio Murad; 9 September 1937 – 1 February 2008) was a Brazilian theme park owner and entertainer. He was the creator of the Beto Carrero World Park, in the municipality of Penha, on the northern coast of the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina, which is the largest theme park in Latin America and the third largest in the world.

Biography
Carrero was born into a poor family in São José do Rio Preto, a town in upstate São Paulo, on Thursday, 9 September 1937. His father was a Lebanese immigrant who worked on a farm, and his mother was from Minas Gerais.

He worked as a Sertanejo musician, radio announcer and ad salesman before starting an advertising agency and, later, a theme park.

He owned what has been called the largest theme park in Latin America, Beto Carrero World in Penha, which he owned from its opening in 1991 until his death. He also appeared in several acting roles under his stage persona, a vaqueiro.

On Wednesday, 30 January 2008, he was admitted to Hospital Sírio-Libanês, in São Paulo, with a cardiac problem and died around two days later. The official cause of death was endocarditis. He is survived by three sons.

In June 2008, journalist Alex Solnik released a biography of Beto Carrero. It was titled Domador de Sonhos - A Vida Mágica de Beto Carrero (which means, in Portuguese, Tamer of Dreams - The Magical Life of Beto Carrero).

Comics
In 1985, the As Aventuras de Beto Carrero comic book was published by Cluq Editorial, written by Gedeone Malagola and with art by Eugenio Colonnese. Although based on Bandeiras and Sertanejo periods, started in at the end of the 17th century. In the comics Beto did not use firearms, but instead his whip, to fight crime.

In November 2006, JB World Entertainment SA, Carrero's illustration and animation studio, launched the comic book The Adventures of Betinho Carrero. The title is about a young fan of Beto Carrero who dresses like him.

Death
Beto Carrero died of endocarditis during surgery at 12:05 AM (02:05 GMT) on Friday, 1 February 2008.

Filmography
 Os Trapalhões no Reino da Fantasia (1985)
 O Mistério de Robin Hood (1990)
 A História de Ana Raio e Zé Trovão (1990, TV series)

References

External links

1937 births
2008 deaths
People from São José do Rio Preto
Brazilian people of Lebanese descent
20th-century Brazilian businesspeople
Deaths from endocarditis


The discography of American country music singer-songwriter John Anderson consists of 22 studio albums and 68 singles. He recorded for Warner Bros. Records from 1980 to 1986, and again in 2007. Other labels to which he was signed include MCA, Capitol, BNA, Mercury, and Easy Eye Sound. His most commercially successful album, 1992's Seminole Wind, achieved double platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Anderson has charted five number 1 singles on the Hot Country Songs charts, and has had 15 other singles reach Top 10.

Studio albums

1980s

1990s

2000s–2020s

Compilation albums

Singles

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s–2020s

Other singles

Charted B-sides

Other charted songs

Featured singles

Music videos

References

Anderson, John
Discographies of American artists


Too Bad is the eighth studio album by dancehall artist Buju Banton, released on September 12, 2006.

Background and composition
Musically the album marks a comeback to straight hardcore dancehall music for Banton, that follows his departure to a more roots reggae direction. Critics defined the musical choice as "provocative" and a "screw you world" move following the controversy around his 1992 homophobic track "Boom Bye Bye" rearing its head again. He's dealt with the controversy for years, but the 2005 cancellations of some European shows seem to have been the "casus belli" for him, sparking in him the inspiration for Too Bad. According to Robert Christgau Banton on the album "skillfully skirts the crude sexism and gangsta-influenced posturing that are today's ragga norm. But that's not to say he's got a bunch of crossover smashes here -- fact is, he doesn't even have one".

Critical reception

David Jeffries of AllMusic commented on the album's musical direction saying that "So much dancehall will probably alienate the massive fanbase Banton earned with the versatile efforts 'Til Shiloh or Unchained Spirit, but longtime fans who miss the fire of his early work are going to go ape for this one." Robert Christgau said that "Banton's never released such a headlong album."

Track listing
"Your Night Tonight"
"Try Offa Yah"
"Nothing"
"Too Bad"
"Waistline"
"Jig"
"Me & Ounu"
"'Til It Bend"
"Hey Boy"
"Go Slow"
"Driver"
"Girl U Know"
"Lonely Night"
"Who Have It"
"Better Day Coming"
"Don & Dupes" (featuring Pinchers)
"Fast Lane"

Charts

References

External links

2006 albums
Buju Banton albums


Simona Škrabec (Ljubljana, Slovenia, 1968) is a Slovene literary critic, essayist and translator who lives and works in Barcelona. She spent her childhood in the small town of Ribnica in the region of Lower Carniola. She has lived in Barcelona since 1992. Skrabec has translated several books from Slovenian to Catalan and from Catalan to Slovenian. In addition to these two languages, she is fluent in Spanish, Serbo-Croatian, German, English and French.

Life and career
Simona Škrabec was born in Ljubljana, Slovenia. She has lived in Barcelona since 1992. At the University of Ljubljana, she received a BA in German philology and comparative literature. In 2002, she obtained a PhD in comparative literature at the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB). She is a professor at Open University of Catalonia (UOC) in Barcelona. Her main interests are the European literature of 20th century and the relation of literature with the construction of historic memory and identity. In 2014, she was elected chair of PEN International's Translation and Linguistic Rights Committee.

She is the author of the books L'estirp de la solitud (Lineage of Solitude, 2003), L'atzar de la lluita (Of Chance and Struggle, 2005) and Una Pàtria prestada (Borrowed Homeland, 2017). With Arnau Pons she directed an extensive project about cultural exchange between Germany and Catalonia in the 20th century (Grenzen sind Straßen, 2007–2008, 2 vols.).

She has translated more than thirty books; among the most notable are translations of several books of Serbian and Slovenian authors into Catalan and Spanish (Kiš, Jančar, Pahor, and Šalamun), as well the translation of most important Catalan authors (Moncada, Cabré, Ferrater, Marçal, etc.) into Slovenian.

In translation she also participated in the joint study To Be Translated or Not to Be (2007, directed by Esther Allen) about the situation of literary translation in the globalized world and in the volume Constel·lacions variables (Variable constellations, 2012, with Teresa Irribaren) about the impact of digital media in internationalization of literature. In 2016 she directed the PEN International report Culture's Oxygen about the publishing industry in minority languages, commissioned by UNESCO.

She contributes essays and articles about literature in academic and cultural journals and is also a regular literary critic with various Barcelona based newspapers. She has been a member of the editorial board at the humanities journal L'Espill of the University of Valencia since 2007. She has also acted as organizer of several cultural events and symposiums, as a result of which she edited the books Diàlegs sense fronteres (Dialogues without Borders, 2011), about foreign authors established in Barcelona and writing in Catalan, and Les distàncies d’Europa (The Distances in Europe, 2013), an interdisciplinary quest about Europe's future.

Publications

PhD in comparative literature

 Geografia imaginària. Els marcs identitaris en el cas de Centreeuropa(2002). Published 2004 by Afers, Valencia.

Authored books

Torno del bosc amb les mans tenyides. Barcelona: L'Avenç (2019)
Una patria prestada. Lectures de fragilitat en la literatura catalana. València: Publicacions de la Universitat de València (2017)
L’atzar de la lluita. El concepte d’Europa Central al segle XX, Catarroja; Barcelona; Palma: Afers (2005)
 Estirp de la solitud. Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans (2002). [Award Josep Carner for Literary Theory of Institut d’Estudis Catalans, 2001].

Research reports

 Culture’s Oxygen. Developing the Minority-language creative writing industry in Kenya, Haiti, Serbia and Nigeria. An inter-regional research, advocacy and development programme. London: PEN International; UNESCO (2016)
 To be translated or not to be, collective volume directed by Esther Allen. Barcelona: PEN and Institut Ramon Llull (2007)
 La literatura catalana i la traducció en un món globalitzat (Catalan Literature and Translation in a Globalized World). with Carme Arenas. Translated by per Sarah Yandell. Barcelona: Institució de les Lletres Catalanes; Institut Ramon Llull (2006)

Coordinator of collective volumes

Carrers de frontera, Passatges de la cultura alemanya a la cultura catalana, Volume II, curated with Arnau Pons. Barcelona: GenCat, Institut Ramon Llull (2008)
Carrers de frontera. Passatges de la cultura alemanya a la cultura catalana, Volume I, curated with Arnau Pons. Barcelona: GenCat, Institut Ramon Llull (2007)

Translations (selection)

Catalan translations

 Ernest Cassirer; Martin Heidegger. «La controvèrsia de Davos». L’Espill, 54-55, p. 191-210. (2017)
 Tomaž Šalamun. Balada per a la Metka Krašovec [Balada za Metko Krašovec, 1981]. Barcelona: LaBreu. (2016)
 Danilo Kiš. Una tomba per a Boris Davidovič [Grobnica Borisa Davidoviča, 1976]. Manresa: Angle (2016)
 Achille Mbembe. «Necropolítica». L’Espill, 53, p. 5-36. (2016)
 Snježana Kodrić. «El serbocroat avui, entre aspiracions polítiques I fets lingüístics». L’Espill, 49, p. 35-45. (2015)
 Brane Mozetič. El país de les bombes, el país dels prats [Dežela bomb, dežela trav, 2013]. Barcelona: Edicions Bellaterra. (2014)
 Drago Jančar. Aurora boreal. Barcelona: Edicions 1984. (2014)
 Franco Moretti. «Sobre l’evolució literària». L'Espill, 43, p. 151-167. (2013)
 Aleš Debeljak. «La república de les lletres». L’Espill, 41, p. 113-115. (2012)
 Fredric Jameson. «La literatura del Tercer Món». L’Espill, 35, p. 27-50. (2010)
 Brane Mozetič. Banalitats [Banalije, 2003; Še banalije, 2005, selecció]. Vic: Cafè Central; Eumo (Jardins de Samarcanda, 54). (2009)
 Aleš Debeljak. La neu de l’any passat [Somrak idolov, Lanski sneg, Evropa brez Evropejcev, selection] Palma: Lleonard Muntaner (Traus, 4). (2007)
 Svetlana Makarovič. El forn d’en Musaranya [Pekarna Mišmaš, 1974]. Illustrators by Mercè Arànega. Barcelona: Barcanova. (2006)
 Drago Jančar. Katarina, el paó i el jesuïta [Katarina, pav in jezuit, 2000]. Lleida: Pagès Editors. (2005)
 Boris Pahor. Necròpolis [Nekropola, 1997]. Lleida: Pagès Editors. (2004)
 Svetlana Makarovič; Brane Mozetič. He somniat que havies mort. Barcelona: ILC i Emboscall [with Vicent Alonso, Staša Briški, Aurora Calvet, Jaume Creus, Feliu Formosa, Txema Martínez, Melcion Mateu, Francesc Parcerisas, Tanja Pavlica and Iolanda Pelegrí]. (2004)
 Danilo Kiš. Una tomba per a Boris Davidovič [Grobnica Borisa Davidoviča, 1976]. Manresa: Angle. (2003)
 Drago Jančar. La mirada de l'àngel [Pogled angela, 1992; “Smrt pri Mariji Snežni”]. Manresa: Angle. (2003)

Spanish translations

 Goran Vojnović. Yugoslavia, mi tierra [Jugoslavija, moja dežela, 2012]. Barcelona: Asteroide. (2017)
 Daša Drndić. Trieste [Sonnenschein, 2007]. Madrid: Automática. (2015)
 Drago Jančar. Zumbidos en la cabeza [Zvenenje v glavi, 1998]. Madrid: Sexto Piso. (2015)
 Brane Mozetič. El país de les bombas, el país de los prados. Barcelona: Edicions Bellaterra. (2014)
 Svetlana Makarovič. La tia Magda [Teta Magda, 1999]. Barcelona: Alfaguara. (2005)

Slovenian translations

 Maria Barbal. Intimna dežela [País íntim, 2005]. Ljubljana: Študentska Založba. (2016)
 Manuel Molins. Abu Magrib [Abu Magrib, 2002]. Sodobna drama v Španiji. Maribor: Litera, 99-216. (2014)
 Blai Bonet. Morje [El mar, 1958]. Ljubljana: Center za slovensko književnost. (2014)
 Josep Maria Benet i Jornet . Želja [Desig, 1991]. Sodobna drama v Španiji. Maribor: Litera, 27-98. (2014)
 Llorenç Villalonga. Bearn ali sobana porcelanastih lutk [Bearn o la sala de nines, 1956]. Ljubljana: Študentska Založba (Beletrina, 329). (2012)
 Maria-Mercè Marçal. Pasijon po Renée Vivien [La passió de Renée Vivien, 1994]. Ljubljana: Škuc (Lambda; 91). (2011)
 Maria Mercè Marçal. Staljeni led [Desglaç, 1988]. Ljubljana: Škuc, (Lambda, 78). (2009)
 Maria Barbal. Kamen v melišču [Pedra de tartera, 1985]. Ljubljana: Študentska Založba (Beletrina, 210). (2008)
 Gabriel Ferrater. Ženske in dnevi [Les dones i els dies, selecció, 1968] Ljubljana: Center za slovensko književnost, (Aleph, 116). (2007)
 Jaume Cabré. Evnuhova senca [L’ombra de l’eunuc, 1996]. Ljubljana: Študenska Založba (Beletrina, 149). (2006)
 Lluís Maria Todó. Igra izmišljevanja [El joc del mentider, 1994]. Ljubljana: Center za slovensko književnost (Aleph, 41). (2005)
 Jesús Moncada. Proti toku [Camí de sirga, 1988]. Ljubljana: Študentska Založba (Beletrina, 110). (2004)
 J.V. Foix. Dnevnik iz leta 1918 [Darrer comunicat, 1970; Tocant a mà, 1972]. Ljubljana: Center za slovensko književnost (Aleph, 84). (2003)
 Pere Calders. Kronike prikrite resnice [Cròniques de la veritat oculta, 1955]. Ljubljana: Center za slovensko književnost (Aleph, 71). (2002)

Communications and presentations (selection)

#ProtectLinguists event at the UN Headquarters in New York. [with Linda Fitchett, H.E. Ambassador, Ms. María Bassols, Bill Miller, Dr. Maya Hess, Betsy Fisher, Lucio Bagnulo and Maître Caroline Decroix]. (New York, 2019)
Debat sobre [la] cultura catalana. [with Maria Bohigas, Najat El Hachmi, Àngels Margarit and Mercè Picornell]. Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona (CCCB). (Barcelona, 2019)
La traducción literaria como oxigeno para la cultura. ("The literary translation as highly for the culture"). Inaugural Conference of the degree in translation andapplied languages UOC/UVic-UCC, of the master of digital editing and master's degree intranslation. Open University of Catalonia (UOC), Sala Josep Laporta (Barcelona, 2017)
 Gravar el nom a l’escorça d’un arbre ("Record the name in the bark of a tree"). Inaugural Conference of the academic year. Pompeu Fabra University. Faculty of translation and interpreting, communication Campus Auditorium Poblenou (Barcelona, 2015)
 Importem cultura, exportem cultura ("We import culture, we export culture"). [with Francesc Parcerisas and Joaquim Gestí]. XXII Seminar on Translation in Catalonia "Translators, pioneers of the culture".Associació d'Escriptors en Llengua Catalana (AELC), Institució de les Lletres Catalanes (ILC), CCCB. (Barcelona, 2014)
 El país i la ficció ("The country and fiction") [with Sergi Belbel, Laura Borràs, Francesc Serés and Albert Serra]. III Critical Reflections "Changes in paradigm: challenges and opportunities of the culture". Arts Santa Mònica, Generalitat de Catalunya, Departament de Cultura (Barcelona, 2011)

References
Short biography
Airbeletrina
Páginas de espuma - Simona Škrabec
CCCB - Simona Škrabec
PEN INTERNATIONAL, Being a translator | Simona Škrabec
CV GETCC (UAB)
Academia.edu - Simona Škrabec
Dialnet - Simona Škrabec
PEN Català: Simona Škrabec, Presidenta del Comitè de Traduccions i Drets Lingüístics del PEN Internacional

Slovenian women writers
Slovenian translators
Writers from Ljubljana
Writers from Barcelona
Translators to Catalan
Translators to Slovene
Translators from Slovene
Translators from Catalan
1968 births
Living people
People from Ribnica, Ribnica
Autonomous University of Barcelona alumni
Slovenian people of Serbian descent
Slovenian emigrants
Immigrants to Spain
University of Ljubljana alumni


Opolis is an unincorporated community in Crawford County, Kansas, United States.  As of the 2020 census, the population of the community and nearby areas was 104.

History
Opolis was originally called Stateline (from the community's proximity to the Missouri state line), and under the latter name was laid out in 1868. Opolis is derived from the Greek polis, meaning "city".

The first post office in Opolis was established in December, 1868. The post office was also called Stevenstown, Steventown, and Olopolis for some time in its early history.  It has a zip code of 66760.

Geography
Opolis is located in the South Eastern corner of the state of Kansas close to the Missouri state line, approximately  .due south of Kansas City, KS at latitude 37.344 and longitude -94.621. It has an estimated population of 117 with 54 houses (based on a zipcode estimate from the year 2000) and covers  of land. The elevation is  above sea level. Opolis appears on the Asbury United States Geological Survey Map. It is in the Central time zone and observes Daylight Saving Time.,

Demographics

For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Opolis as a census-designated place (CDP).

Education
The community is served by Pittsburg USD 250 public school district.

References

Further reading

External links
 Crawford County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Unincorporated communities in Kansas
Unincorporated communities in Crawford County, Kansas


Nudity is sometimes used as a tactic during a protest to attract media and public attention to a cause, and sometimes promotion of public nudity is itself the objective of a nude protest. The practice was first documented in the 1650s with Quakers "naked as a sign" practice. Later the tactic was used by svobodniki in Canada in 1903, and photographs of their nude protests have been published. The tactic has been used by other groups later in the century, especially after the 1960s. Like public nudity in general, the cultural and legal acceptance of nudity as a tactic in protest also varies around the world. Some opponents of any public nudity claim that it is indecent, especially when it can be viewed by children; while others argue that it is a legitimate form of expression covered by the right to free speech.

Even in places where public nudity is tolerated, it is still unexpected enough that its use by activists as a deliberate tactic is often successful in attracting publicity from the media. For example, on July 19, 2020, a young woman wearing only a face mask and stocking cap, later dubbed "Naked Athena" by reporters, confronted police in Portland, Oregon, during George Floyd protests. Despite the deployment of pepper balls and tear gas, she posed for police for several minutes before they withdrew. Photographs of her action went viral.

Some nude activism is not to promote a particular cause, but rather to promote public nudity itself, or to change community perceptions of the naked human body, or as an expression of a personal desire to be nude in public.

Single issue protests

Anti-fur campaign
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has used nudity to draw attention to its anti-fur campaign. Between 1992 and 2020, PETA ran their "I'd rather go naked than wear fur" campaign featuring celebrities, actors and models. In 2020, PETA discontinued the campaign after a majority of fashion houses and high street stores stopped using fur.

Brexit
On 29 June 2016, Cambridge academic, Victoria Bateman walked into a meeting of the Faculty of Economics while naked in protest against the results of the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum. She had written on her breasts and stomach "Brexit leaves Britain naked".

Canada-US Free Trade
Two "Topless Disturbance" protests took place on Canada's Parliament Hill against the proposed (and then finalized) Canada-US Free Trade Agreement, in 1987 and 1988.

Land rights
Women in the Amuru district of Uganda protested about their loss of land for farming.

Peace and anti-war
Groups used nudity to protest the Iraq War. Groups using their bodies to form words and symbols to convey their message included Baring Witness.

The African curse of nakedness

In some parts of Africa, women have used stripping naked on purpose as a curse, both historically, and in modern times. The idea is that women give life and they can take it away. The curse initiates an extreme form of ostracism, which anthropologist Terisa Turner has likened to "social execution".  The curse extends to foreign men as well, and is believed to cause impotence, madness or other similar harm. The threat has been used successfully in mass protests against the petroleum industry in Nigeria, by Leymah Gbowee and Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace during the Second Liberian Civil War, and against President Laurent Gbagbo of the Ivory Coast. In 2002 in Nigeria, members of the Niger Delta Women for Justice occupied a platform for oil extraction run by ChevronTexaco in order to protest against negative consequences of oil extraction and missing labor rights. When the military arrived to remove the protestors, the women threatened the soldiers to naked curse them. The soldiers did not touch the women.

A group of about 16 women bared their buttocks and stormed into the offices of the African National Congress (ANC) in Tshwane. The women were protesting against the outcome of an ANC Tshwane branch general meeting. The women claimed bouncers, armed with pangas and firearms, stormed the meeting and stopped them from participating in the voting process to elect the new branch committee.

Equal facilities for female athletes
To demand fuller implementation of the United States legislation Title IX, the 1976 Yale University women's rowing team held a naked protest. Pointing attention to their inadequate training facilities were more than a dozen team members, including Christine Ernst, Anne Warner and Ginny Gilder.

Transgender rights
In November 2011, a transgender woman from Morristown, Tennessee was arrested and jailed for 21 days for indecent exposure after removing her top in the parking lot of her local department of motor vehicles after they refused to alter the gender designation on her driver's license from male to female. This was despite the fact that the U.S. federal government Social Security office already had done so. As it is legal for a man to go topless in public and since the Tennessee Department of Public Safety refused to recognise her as female, Ms. Jones decided to protest her treatment by going topless, stating "if I was a male, I had the right to, when I stepped out the door, take off my shirt... It's not right for the state to ask me to be both male and female. A choice needs to be made. They cannot hold me to both standards."

Femicide is Genocide
In June 2017 more than 100 women stripped naked in front of the president's palace, Casa Rosada, in Buenos Aires, Argentina to protest against violence against women.

Women's rights in Islamic countries

Following the Arab Spring in the early 2010s, women in Islamic counties made personal protests opposing the restrictions on their freedom by posting nude photographs of themselves on the internet. Aliaa Magda Elmahdy an Egyptian and Amina Tyler from Tunisia fled to Europe to escape legal and religious threats.

Human gene editing
On 8 February 2017 artist Rick Gibson walked naked in front of the Vancouver Law Courts in the middle of winter to protest Canada's ban of genetic engineering of the human genome.  He walked nude in downtown Vancouver for 11 minutes, 45.75 seconds in a light rain and a temperature of .

Public nudity movements

Not all people who engage in public nudity see themselves as  nudists or naturists or belong to traditional naturist or nudist organizations. Several activists, such as Vincent Bethell, claim that associations with naturism or nudism are unnecessary. Others will point out that many people who participate in events such as clothing-optional bike rides or visit clothing-optional beaches do so casually and without association or formal affiliation to groups or movements. Activist Daniel Johnson believes that labels and affiliations overly complicate a relatively simple phenomenon, alienate others from a fear of over-commitment or undesirable stereotypes, and thus get in the way of integrating nudity into everyday life.

Clothing-optional bike rides

World Naked Bike Ride (WNBR) is an international clothing-optional bike ride in which participants plan, meet and ride together en masse on human-powered transport (the vast majority on bicycles, and fewer on skateboards, rollerblades, roller skates) to "protest oil dependency and celebrate the power and individuality of our bodies". This represents one of the few events that combine elements that could be described as pro nudity and pro cycling (as well as environmental).

Many of the political rides have their roots from Critical Mass and are often described or categorized as a form of political protest, street theatre, party-on-wheels, streaking, public nudity and clothing-optional recreation and thus attracts a wide range of participants. Since 1996 Critical Tits has been hosting a "raucous topless bicycle joyride" on Friday afternoon at the annual Burning Man festival in Nevada.

The Spanish movement, Manifestación Ciclonudista Mundial has had rides predating WNBR (since 2001) and has since spread to other countries in Europe.

FEMEN

The protest group FEMEN (founded in 2008 in Ukraine) regularly stages topless protests against sex tourists, international marriage agencies, sexism and other social ills. These protests received worldwide press coverage in 2009. Since late 2011 FEMEN operations became not limited to Ukraine and they have demonstrated in other European countries including non-Ukrainian protesters. FEMEN justifies its provocative methods stating "If we staged simple protests with banners, then our claims would not have been noticed". FEMEN receives small financial backing by individuals. In January 2012, three members of the group staged a topless protest at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. In October 2013 FEMEN had its largest membership in France (30 FEMEN France local activists in January 2013). In October 2012 the organization claimed it had about 40 activists in Ukraine, and another 100 who had joined their protests abroad.

Naturist and nudist movements
There are a number of groups and individuals campaigning for the right to be naked in public.

Urbanudista
A group led by Avril X called UrbaNudismo has led several casual nudity excursions in high visibility public urban environments in Brazil as well as some Western European countries.

APNEL
APNEL is the prominent French nudity rights group.

NAKTIV
Naktiv.net is a generic Naked Activities site.

Denmark
In 1969, in Denmark, 300 individuals participated in a naked "wade-in" at a Danish beach, which helped push forward a reform of public policy. It is now allowable to be naked at any public beach in Denmark with only two major exceptions: Holmsland Klit and Hennestrand. The remaining 4,700 kilometers of Danish coast are clothing-optional.

United States
 Naturist Action Committee – NAC is a non-profit donor-supported organization that promotes and defends naturist interests in the courts, before legislative bodies, at universities, and to local business communities
 Friends of Disco Beach, Magnuson Beach Bares, Seattle Free Beach Campaign and Body Freedom Collaborative in Seattle
 Free Beach USA
 Barbara LaFleur walked nude into two stores in Saratoga Springs, NY in 2012 as a protest for naturist rights. "She is just a person who believes in the freedom of nudism. That was her explanation", said Saratoga County District Attorney James Murphy III.

Australia
The short-lived Naturist Lifestyle Party in New South Wales, Australia, aimed "to bring naturism into the public eye, and to get an equitable allocation of public resources to those who support the naturist lifestyle." Gerald Ganglbauer convened Free Beach Action NSW, a lobby group for naturism in New South Wales.

Netherlands
Robbert Broekstra (now deceased) was involved in a group called "Friends of Nature".  They would often go for naked excursions on public lands, sometimes in urban areas, often taking pictures. He was also involved in INIC (International Naturist Information Center). He authored the book Robbert Broekstra's Nude World and his group appeared in "Naked Travels 1", by Charles MacFarland.

Germany
 Wald-FKK – German movement for the liberalisation of public nudity. Founder Peter Niehenke was fined several times for indecent exposure because he went running nude in public spaces.
 Nacktwandern – German movement for the freedom to hike in the nude.
 Integral Nactiv –  Nacktiv is a combination of the German word "nackt" (naked) and "aktiv" (active).

The Freedom to be Yourself
The Freedom to be Yourself campaign (TFTBY or FTBY) was founded in 1998 by Vincent Bethell. The group, according to Bethell is about "the right to be naked in public". Supporters of TFTBY organized several grassroots naked protests in public in London; protests also took place in Brighton, Bristol, Birmingham, Coventry, and some in the United States.

Terri Sue Webb is an activist living in Bend, Oregon, who was one of few activists in the United States active in the TFTBY campaign. She has been imprisoned and released multiple times for public nudity. On several occasions she has remained nude while incarcerated, often resulting in a much longer jail sentence. There has been quite a bit of media coverage of her activities. Daniel Johnson went nude with her in public on two occasions in 2001 and 2002.

Vincent Bethell made legal history in January 2001 by being the first defendant to stand trial naked in a UK court. The trial was at Southwark Crown Court London. Vincent was naked throughout this court case, and was found not guilty. Stephen Gough, also known as "Steve Gough" and "the naked rambler", is an activist from Eastleigh, Hampshire, famous for walking the length of Great Britain from Land's End to John o' Groats in 2003–2004 and again in 2005–2006 (that year accompanied by his girlfriend Melanie Roberts), with nothing on except boots, socks, rucksack and sometimes a hat.  He has been arrested several times and put in prison in the course of his rambles. In his last walk he was only arrested twice in England, and released almost immediately, but due to the different legal system and laws in Scotland, he was arrested many more times after crossing the border and spent time in HMP Edinburgh, then moved to HMP Barlinnie Glasgow in June 2008.

Richard Collins has been cycling naked through his home town of Cambridge, England for some time. He has been organizing several protests on the TFTBY Stop Segregation discussion group (no longer in existence). Richard has been arrested numerous times and released, although he was convicted of an offence under section 5, Public Order Act 1986, in Bournemouth, England, on 13 June  after his nude cycling attracted complaints approximately 12 months earlier. Richard says: "My outings are NOT protests as such but 'activities'. Simply me having fun! And exercising my right to nude freedom!"

Topfreedom

The topfreedom movement has challenged the law in a number of countries, especially in North America and in Europe, on sex equality grounds arguing that the present public indecency laws discriminate against women. The movement advocates equal rights for women to be topfree in the same circumstances that a man is permitted to be bare-chested.

The Topfree Equal Rights Association (TERA) is a Canadian organization which endeavors to assist women who are having legal troubles exercising their rights to be topfree. Their website states that they serve both Canada and the United States. The organization also aims to inform and educate the public about topfreedom, and to change laws against topfreedom in North American jurisdictions. GoTopless goes further and organizes demonstrations to protest against the legal and public attitude to the inequality. In Sweden, Bara Bröst is active in advancing topfreedom, as is Topless Front in Denmark. In France, the feminist collective Les TumulTueuses has the slogan: "My body if I want, when I want, like it is" ("Mon corps si je veux, quand je veux, tel qu'il est").

See also
 Civil disobedience
 Lady Godiva
 List of social nudity organizations
 Nude recreation
 Timeline of social nudity
 Zevs Cosmos

References

Further reading

Articles
Nude & Natural Takin' It to the Streets: The Cutting Edge of Naturism by Mark Storey,  23.4: 73, Summer 2004. Mark claims "The future of naturism is on public lands. To gain naturist freedoms on public lands will require getting naked in public".
Nude & Natural The Offense of Public Nudity by Mark Storey
Nude & Natural Naturism and Civil Disobedience by Mark Storey
Nude & Natural The Bethell Approach: A Protest Colloquy/The Bethell Approach: Is the Time for Mass Nude Protests Upon Us? 21.2 Winter 2002. Includes statements by Vincent Bethell, Mark Nisbet, Cec Cinder, Paul Rapoport, Les Rootsey, Morley Schloss, T.A. Wyner, and Mark Storey.
Nude & Natural (N), Guerilla Nudity/Wave Makers: Introducing the Body Freedom Collaborative by Mark Storey. Issue 23.1, Autumn 2003.
Nude & Natural (N), Terri Sue Webb: An American Bethell/Beyond Safe Havens: Oregon's Terri Sue Webb  by Daniel Lorenz Johnson. San Francisco's Nude Skate Dude: How a naked roller put body freedom on wheels. Issue 21.3: pp. 24–28, Spring 2002.

Press coverage
Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Exposed and stark naked – on purpose: But not all nudists support 'guerrilla' plans for prominent public exposure, by P-I reporter Kathy George, April 7, 2003.
Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Trio behind the arts: Three activists put on an eye-opening display yesterday by taking most of their clothes off at the Fremont Fresh Art Festival, by P-I reporter Kathy George, 16 June 2003 Front page of local section, with color picture

Filmography
Being Human A film by Lisa Seidenberg, 31 minutes, 2003 Metro Video
Taboo – 40 Years of Censorship. Part 1 of 4: Shock of the Nude; BBC2 Television series ran at 9:50 pm (40 mins). Aired Wednesday, 21 November 2001.

Videos and pictures
30 minute documentary by Johnny Zapatos (High Altitude Films) of the first World Naked Bike Ride to take place on the streets of London (4 parts)
Pictures of the World Naked Bike Ride on Flickr
You Never Bike Alone – Feature documentary includes section on WNBR history

External links

Skin-Freedom activism – Stop Racist Human Skin Phobia.
Naked Protest blog
World Naked Bike Ride official site – general information and other resources
World Naked Bike Ride wiki site  – lists upcoming and past events, provides information for joining existing and creating new rides
BBC article about Steve Gough following his first successful walk.
BBC article about Steve Gough following his second successful walk.
University of Edinburgh, School of Law, Scots Law News has many references to Gough.

1903 establishments in Canada


Aston Pigott is a hamlet approximately 12 miles west of Shrewsbury within the parish of Worthen and Shelve. The current population stands at around 50.

The hamlet is situated on a small rise giving many of the properties an outstanding view across the Rea Brook valley to the Stiperstones.

It contains two working farms that are mainly dairy and lamb farms. The hamlet is served primarily by Worthen which is 1 mile to the west. It adjoins Aston Rogers.

The name Aston Pigott probably evolved from East Tun or Town and from the name of the Picot family of Norman descent. In 1180 Ralph Fitz Picot was granted lands by the Corbets, and it was Ralph's descendants, notably Robert Pigot in 1255 followed by Howel Pigot who established the modern village name.

Mains water arrived in 1947 and mains electricity in 1948.

See also
Listed buildings in Worthen with Shelve

References

External links
 Aston Pigott Scrapbook

Villages in Shropshire


Klaus-Dieter Petersen (born November 6, 1968) is a former German team handball player and current trainer for the German club Wilhelmshavener HV. He received a silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens with the German national team. He is European champion from 2004.

References

1968 births
Living people
German male handball players
Olympic handball players for Germany
Handball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Handball players at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Handball players at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Handball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Germany
Olympic medalists in handball
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics


A composite film is a feature film whose screenplay is composed of two or more distinct stories. More generally, composite structure refers to an aesthetic principle in which the narrative structure relies on contiguity and linking rather than linearity. In a composite text or film, individual pieces are complete within themselves, yet they form a whole work that is greater than the sum of its individual parts.

History
The history of composite films begins with composite novels. The composite novel is a literary work composed of shorter texts that—though individually complete and autonomous—are interrelated in a coherent whole according to one or more organizing principles.

Although the composite-text aesthetic can be traced back through framework-stories (such as the One Thousand and One Nights and The Canterbury Tales), story cycles (such as the Arthurian stories), and sacred composites (such as the Bible), composite texts had specific precursors in the village sketch of nineteenth century Europe and America. Reflecting its roots in the framework-story and/or the cycle, a typical village sketch may feature an introductory story and a summary story, with individually titled internal stories that do not necessarily depend upon specific sequencing.

Twentieth century experimentation with the composite whole-text aesthetic, i.e., combining individual short stories into a whole-text narrative, began with James Joyce's Dubliners and Sherwood Anderson's Winesburg, Ohio and accelerated thereafter, but the composite novel remained controversial among readers, reviewers, and critics. Some wanted to call these works "novels" while others wanted to call them "collections". To their authors, however, these works were clearly not just collections of stories. Joyce insisted that Dubliners was a planned, integrated whole text. William Faulkner fought both publishers and critics over the whole-text coherence of Go Down, Moses, refusing to append "And Other Stories" to the book's title. Later, Maxine Hong Kingston and Tim O'Brien would wage similar battles over The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Childhood Among Ghosts (1976) and The Things They Carried (1990), respectively. By the end of the twentieth century, authors were announcing their whole-text intentions by insisting on such sub-titles as "A Novel in Stories", or simply "A Novel".

Composite novels have been referred to as a number of other genre-names including short story cycle, framed miscellany, multi-faceted novel, story-novel, short story blend, double-novel, short story compound, short story composite, composite, anthology novel, para novel, triptych, mosaic novel, loose-leaf novel, and short story sequence.

Titles
Within a composite film, the individual stories may or may not be titled. Most highly integrated composite films, such as Love Actually, Traffic etc., do not have individually titled components while more traditional composite films, such as Paris, je t'aime, Coffee & Cigarettes, Things You Can Tell Just by Looking at Her, Pulp Fiction etc., do. Titling each component reinforces its autonomy and helps viewers experience it both individually and as part of the whole film.

Unifying elements
Many different devices are used to connect the individual stories to each other and to the film in its entirety. Unifying elements include repeated images (such as coffee cups and ash trays in Coffee & Cigarettes), recurring characters (the women within Things You Can Tell Just by Looking at Her appear in at least one story other than their own), shared incidents (drug addiction in Requiem for a Dream), common settings (the dark streets of Sin City), similar themes (the three women of The Hours), a single protagonist (Tommy in The Fountain), collective protagonists (a group of people like generations of a family, coworkers, a club etc.), etc.

Story sequencing
The sequence in which the individual stories unfold is often significant to the overall meaning of the film. Component pieces can be arranged in a number of different ways (chronologically, thematically, geographically etc.) and each method produces different results.

Composite film scores
In regards to issues with connectivity, it is important to consider the musical score of composite films. Much like visual repetition or thematic similarities, the score offers another medium through which stories can be linked. Rather than leaving viewers with content to process, decode, intellectualize and then react to, the film score can produce emotional reactions immediately, before viewers have a chance to analyze their own responses. There are three main categories of composite film scores:

Unified score
In a unified score, there is no discernible difference between the music playing during each story segment. For example, in Sin City, the highly stylized background music offers ambiance and contributes to the setting and does not vary between characters and stories.  In Love Actually, pop music blares through happy moments, ballads wail during morose moments, and triumphant strings swell when all things are as they should be.

Composite score
In a composite score, the music within each individual segment is independent and distinct from the music within other segments. For example, in Paris, je t'aime, each titled piece is accompanied by music that relates only to that single piece rather than the film as a whole. In this example, rather than linking the story lines, the music serves to further distinguish each neighborhood from the others.

Theme and variation
Theme and variation refers to a main theme that varies slightly by story segment. For example, in The Fountain, one main theme appears in each character's story, but there are also variations on that theme specific to those individual characters (tribal drums accompany the conquistador in Mayan territory, etc.). In Things You Can Tell Just by Looking at Her, the main theme throughout the film consists of somber classical guitar and accompanying piano, but within each individually titled segment, there are minor differences. Sultry horns are added to the banker's scenes, as she is having an affair, and as the detective investigates the death of her Hispanic friend, the music takes on a subtle Latin sound, etc.

List of composite films

 Aayitha Ezhuthu
 Amores Perros
 A River Named Titas
 Before The Rain
 City of God
 Cloud Atlas
 Coffee & Cigarettes
 Crash
 Darna Mana Hai
 Darna Zaroori Hai
 The Dress
 Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind
 Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask)
 Five Senses
 The Fountain
 Four Rooms
 Go
 Grindhouse
 The Hours
 Invitation to the Dance
 Kanchenjungha
 Ken Park
 Kids
 Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels
 Love Actually
 Magnolia
 Me and You and Everyone We Know
 Midaq Alley
 Mumbai Meri Jaan
 Mystery Train
 Nashville
 New York Stories
 Nine Lives
 Paris, je t'aime
 Personal Velocity
 Pulp Fiction
 The Red Violin
 Requiem for a Dream
 The Rules of Attraction
 A Scanner Darkly
 Sarvam
 Short Cuts
 Sin City
 Snatch
 Things You Can Tell Just by Looking at Her
 Thirteen Conversations About One Thing
 Thirty Two Short Films About Glenn Gould
 Three Colors trilogy
 Three Sisters
 Traffic
 Trio
 Twenty Bucks
 21 Grams
 Waking Life
 Vada Chennai
 The Yellow Rolls-Royce

See also
 Anthology film

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Maggie Dunn and Ann Morris, The Composite Novel: The Short Story Cycle in Transition (1995).

Further reading
 The Complete Film Dictionary, 2nd ed., Ed. Ira Konigsburg (1997).
 Maggie Dunn, "Composite Structure in Three Contemporary Composite Films", JAISA 5.1 (Autumn 1999): 75-85.
 The Norton Anthology of American Literature, Vol. C, 6th ed.

Film and video terminology
Film genres
Film styles
Film theory


"How I Met My Husband" is a short story written by Alice Munro, first published in 1974 as a part of her collection Something I've Been Meaning to Tell You.

Plot summary
The story is about a young girl, Edie, who is hired help for Dr. Peebles and his family. One afternoon while the family is away in town, Edie meets Chris Watters, a pilot who travels from town to town giving rides in his plane for a fee. Edie falls in love with him, but soon learns that he is engaged to another woman, Alice Kelling. Alice is crazy and has been following Chris everywhere in hopes of marrying him. One day while Alice, Mrs. Peebles and the children were away on a picnic, Edie goes to Chris's campsite to talk with him. He reveals to her that he plans on leaving, but promises to write her. They kiss, and he leaves town. When the other women are told by the local gossip Loretta Bird that Chris has left, Alice Kelling verbally abuses Edie under the mistaken impression that Edie and Chris had sex. Mrs. Peebles protects Edie, and Alice leaves too. Edie waits day after day at the mailbox for Chris's letter, which never comes. Eventually, Edie realizes Chris will never write and marries the mailman, who believes that she waited by the mailbox for him every day, although Edie never tells him that she had waited for Chris because she likes "for people to think what pleases them and makes them happy."

Popular culture
The short story was adapted as a play of the same name, and staged at the Blyth Festival. It was also adapted as part of the 1988 anthology film Martha, Ruth and Edie, alongside short stories by Cynthia Flood and Betty Lambert.

References

 Arp, Thomas R., and Greg Johnson. Perrine's Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense. USA: The Thomson Corporation, 2006.

1974 short stories
Short stories adapted into films
Short stories by Alice Munro


The 1891–92 Football Alliance was the third and final season of the Football Alliance, an association football league which was set up in England as an alternative to the Football League, which had begun in the 1888–89 season.

Three new clubs joined the Football Alliance, following the expansion of the Football League to 14 teams, and the defection of Sunderland Albion to the Northern League. These new teams were Ardwick (later Manchester City), Burton Swifts and Lincoln City.

At the end of the season the Football Alliance was disbanded and merged with the Football League, which was expanded to two divisions. Champions Nottingham Forest together with Newton Heath and The Wednesday were elected to the enlarged sixteen-team First Division.  The remaining teams were joined by Northwich Victoria, Burslem Port Vale and Sheffield United to form a twelve-team Second Division. However, Birmingham St George's disbanded at the end of the season due to financial problems.

Final league table

Results

Election to the Football League
Two new clubs were elected to the Football League in the re-election process. West Bromwich Albion, although finishing in the bottom four teams of the Football League, were not required to seek re-election as they were the FA Cup holders. Two of the other three teams were duly re-elected. As a result, three new teams were elected to the League. The voting went as follows:

When a second division was later added to the league, Darwen were elected to participate, along with the remaining Football Alliance teams except for Birmingham St George's (who disbanded due to financial problems).

See also
 1891-92 in English football
 1891 in association football
 1892 in association football

References

1891-92
2


Barva Volcano is an andesitic stratovolcano complex in central Costa Rica, 22 km north of San José, in Heredia Province. On the eastern side of the mountain it has a lake in what was the volcanic crater, called "Laguna de Barva", and in the western side it has three hills on the top which are called "Las Tres Marías". It is located in the small agricultural community of Sacramento.

Barva has several eruptive centres at its summit and many parasitic cones on its flanks. Its three principal summits visible from the Central Valley give it the common local name of Las Tres Marías (The Three Marys).

Four pyroclastic cones are present within the 2 x 3 km caldera at the central and northwestern part of the summit. The southwestern peak contains four cones, one of which has a crater lake.

The last confirmed eruptive activity at Barva Volcano has been dated to 8,050 years ago. There were reports of eruptions in the 1760s and in 1867, but investigations at the summit did not find evidence to confirm the reports.

References

Sources
Costa Rican National Seismological Network: Barva ()

Stratovolcanoes of Costa Rica
Mountains of Costa Rica
Geography of Heredia Province


The Pont du Garigliano is a bridge across the Seine in Paris.

Location and construction
The Pont du Garigliano links Boulevard Martial-Valin in the quartier de Javel (15th arrondissement), to Boulevard Exelmans in the Auteuil quartier (16th arrondissement).  It is a metal bridge made of three spans (of 58m, 93m and 58m) soldered to six beams and carried on only two piles, close to the river banks. It spans roadways on both banks before reaching the ground. It is the highest bridge in Paris, at 11 metres above the level of the Seine (making it a popular place for suicides, such as that of Boris Fraenkel). It is very close to the studios of France Télévision, and to the Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou.

Transport links

 Tramway stations : Pont du Garigliano (Line 3)
 Métro stations: Exelmans (line 9) and Balard (line 8)
 RER stations: Boulevard Victor - Pont du Garigliano (line C)
 Bus stops: PC1, 22, 42, 72, 88 and 169 routes.

History
From 1863 to 1962, the two-level stone viaduc d'Auteuil (or viaduc du Point-du-Jour) ran across the river at this point, carrying Petite Ceinture trains on its upper level and car traffic on its lower level.  When car transport increased on the Boulevards of the Marshals, and since the arches of the existing structure were too low to be passed under by river traffic, it was decided to replace it.  Construction began in 1963 under the architect Davy and the engineer Thenault, and the new structure was inaugurated on 1 September 1966.  The present structure is named after General Juin's victory at the Battle of Garigliano in Italy in 1944.

Since the end of 2006, the art-work Le Téléphone has been installed on its downstream side, implanted in the exterior face of the pavement.  It consists of a telephone cabin sculpted in the form of a flower by the architect Frank Gehry, with no function other than to receive calls from Sophie Calle, the artist who created the idea, in order to accompany the inauguration of the service on Tramway des Maréchaux, whose terminus is very close.

References

External links

  Pont du Garigliano, on the Ville de Paris site
  Official naming, on the Ville de Paris site
  Photographs
  Pont du Garigliano on Structurae : dates, techniques, bibliography

Garigliano
Garigliano
Buildings and structures in the 15th arrondissement of Paris
Buildings and structures in the 16th arrondissement of Paris


The Guv'nor vol 3 is a compilation of recordings by Ashley Hutchings.

These recordings come from studio demos, live performances and some studio finished product. Almost all had never been released before and the quality is variable. They date from the period 1968 to 1994. Track 8, "By The Time It Gets Dark" is a Sandy Denny composition that she never herself recorded professionally. This version with Julie Covington on lead vocals, was one of the first Denny songs to be recorded after her death. The 1612 collection of tunes "Terpsichore" by Michael Praetorius is rarely given an outing in folk circles, but here we have 4 of the tunes. It is probably the only folk-rock treatment that they have been given. The raucous version of "Harvest Home/ The Gas almost Works" comes from the Battle of the Field sessions, and you have to wonder why this was not included on the original album. The first two tracks were written by Joni Mitchell. Released on CD in 1995. Running time 63 minutes 52 seconds.

Track listing
 "Night in the City" (Fairport Convention) (1968)
 "Marcie" (Fairport Convention) (1968)
 "Harvest Home/ The Gas Almost Works" (instr) (Albion Country Band) (1973)
 "Fair Maid of Islington" (Albion Dance Band) (1976)
 "Three Waltzes" (instr) (The Sawdust Band) (1976)
 "Y'Acre of Land" (Albion Dance Band) (1977)
 "Boycott's Bouree" (instr) (Albion Dance Band) (1977)
 "By The Time It Gets Dark" (The Albion Band & Julie Covington) (1978)
 "Pain or Paradise" (live) (The Albion Band) (1979)
 "Four Tunes From Terpsichore 1612" (instr) (live) (The Albion Band) (1979)
 "Moon Shines Bright And The Stars Give A Light" (The Albion Band) (1981)
 "Princess Royal" (instr) (live) (The Albion Band) (1981)
 "Down the Road" (instr) (live) (The Albion Band) (1981)
 "It Doesn't Matter Anymore" (The Albion Band) (1988)
 "Loose Hornpipe/ Dancing Till Monday Comes Around" (live) (Albion Dance Band) (1988)
 "Spencer The Rover" (Albion Dance Band) (1988)
 "The Carthorse" (Ashley Hutchings and Friends) (1989)
 "Brief Encounters" (The Albion Band) (1993)
 "The Oak" (The Albion Band) (1994)

Personnel
There are over 35 performers on this album. The most notable, in alphabetical order, are:

 Phil Beer on tracks 15,16 and 17
 Martin Carthy on 3
 Shirley Collins on 4
 Julie Covington on 8 and 9
 Sandy Denny on 1 and 2
 Trevor Foster on 15,16 and 17
 Sue Harris on 3
 John Kirkpatrick on 3
 Martin Lamble on 1 and 2
 Cathy Lesurf on 14
 Ian Matthews on 1 and 2
 Simon Nicol on 1,2,3,4,6,7,18 and 19
 Philip Pickett on 6,7,9, 10 and 13
 Ric Sanders on 6,7,8,9 and 10
 John Tams on 6,8,9,12 and 13
 Graeme Taylor on 5,6,7,8,9 and 10
 Linda Thompson on 8
 Richard Thompson on 1 and 2
 Pete Zorn on 15

References

Ashley Hutchings albums
1995 compilation albums


The EFDA Nations Cup, was a Country vs Country competition for Formula Opel cars between 1990 and 1998. It had always been Dan Partel's dream to stage a race that pitted drivers in equal cars racing for their country. The Formula Opel/Vauxhall one make racing series offered the best opportunity for such an event.

The 1994 EFDA Nations Cup (Nations Cup V), was held at Zandvoort, the Netherlands (24/25 September 1994).

Final positions

References

External links
 Fastlines International
 Driver Database

EFDA Nations Cup
EFDA Nations Cup
EFDA Nations Cup seasons


Christopher Jack Michael Turner (born 26 August 1990) is an English semi-professional footballer who played in the Football League, as a midfielder for Accrington Stanley. He plays for  club Barnoldswick Town.

Career
Turner was born in Burnley and educated at St Theodore's RC High School in the town. He started his footballing career as a seven-year-old with local junior side Brierfield Celtic, and later St Joseph's in Accrington. In 2009, Turner joined the youth system at Burnley. Turner spent seven years in the Centre of Excellence, until, he was released at under-16 level for being too small. He was then invited for a trial at Accrington Stanley, where he successfully started a two-year scholarship scheme with the club in 2006. Turner made his professional debut whilst still a scholar in February 2008, coming on as a substitute for Jay Harris in the 2–0 home defeat to Wycombe Wanderers in Football League Two. On completion of his scholarship in April 2010, Turner signed his first professional contract with the club on a one-year deal.
Turner scored his first professional goal for the club in October 2009, in the 4–0 win over Cheltenham Town. After making 22 appearances in his debut season as a professional, Turner signed a new two-year contract in June 2009. Turner went on to score a crucial equaliser in a 2–1 win over Doncaster Rovers in the Football League Cup, taking Stanley through to the next round to play Premier League side Newcastle United. Turner struggled to cement a first team place in the side and in May 2011 his contract expired, and he was released after Stanley's Football League Two play-offs exit.

In September 2011, Turner dropped into the non-league with Northern Premier League First Division North side Clitheroe, making his debut in a 4–0 FA Cup win over Skelmersdale United. Turner went on to make a total of three appearances for the club in all competitions. In November 2011, Turner was on the move again, joining NPL Premier Division side Worksop Town. However, he left the club without playing a match due to travel impracticalities. Shortly after leaving Worksop, Turner moved to division rivals Burscough on a free transfer. Turner's stay at Burscough was again short lived and he left the club in January 2012 with the club retaining his non-contract registration. In February 2012, he signed for Conference Premier side Barrow, after impressing during pre-season friendlies. He went straight into the starting line-up for the 3–0 win over Kettering Town. Turner made five league appearances for the club, but was released in March 2012. He finished the campaign with NPL Premier Division side Stocksbridge Park Steels signing for the club in March. In November 2012, Turner signed for North West Counties Football League Division One side Nelson, going on to make 24 appearances in his debut season, scoring five times. In March 2013, Nelson turned down approaches from Conference North side Droylsden and NWCFL Premier Division side Padiham for Turner's services. In May 2013, Turner penned a new one-year contract with the Admirals and was made club captain. In November 2013, Turner left Nelson having scored five goals in a total of 43 appearances scoring six times, moving on to newly promoted NPL Division One North side Padiham.
Turner left Padiham in the summer of 2019 to join fellow North West Counties Premier League side Barnoldswick Town

Career statistics

References

External links

1990 births
Living people
Footballers from Burnley
Men's association football wingers
English men's footballers
Accrington Stanley F.C. players
Clitheroe F.C. players
Worksop Town F.C. players
Burscough F.C. players
Barrow A.F.C. players
Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. players
Nelson F.C. players
Padiham F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Northern Premier League players


Robin Lee Crutchfield (born September 8, 1952) is an American artist. He is best known as one of the founding musicians of the former New York No Wave scene. He has performed at such hallowed musical grounds as Tier 3, CBGB's, Max's Kansas City and Artists Space; as well as had his work on display at prestigious venues like MoMA and The Whitney Museum of American Art.

Biography
Born in Ohio, Robin moved to New York in the mid-1970s. He was a performance artist in the SoHo and Tribeca art scene before becoming an original member of the seminal No Wave band DNA alongside Arto Lindsay and Ikue Mori. He played keyboards in the first version of the band, getting to work with musical luminary Brian Eno on the seminal No New York album. Robin left the band to form his own group in 1979. His band, Dark Day, explored wide varieties of keyboard and synthesizer textures and went through several lineup changes. Early on Robin worked with Nina Canal of Ut, and Nancy Arlen of Mars. Towards the end of the band's existence Crutchfield, now working solo, explored a style somewhat reminiscent of European medieval and baroque music.

In 1978 Robin dabbled in acting, taking a small part in cult New York film director Amos Poe's The Foreigner. As well as acting, Crutchfield, true to the DIY attitude of the punk movement, created his own record label, Nigh Eve, on which he released many of his albums.

Crutchfield resumed Dark Day as a solo act in the late 1990s, returning to a familiar electronic sound but with a noticeable natural progression. The albums that followed saw his music turn away from the cold synthesizer textures he'd become known for. In the year 2000 Robin's music was used in the Bravo television series First Person created by Errol Morris.

In early 2002, after a twenty-year hiatus, Crutchfield resumed both painting and writing. His work centered around fairy tales and his music changed to reflect this. By the summer of that same year Crutchfield had exhibited both his new images and words at a gallery show curated by Norman Shapiro at the Leslie-Lohman Gay Art Foundation entitled Verbal/Visual/Tactile: Book Artist's Show.

In 2008, Marc Masters, a contributing writer for The Wire magazine, published his book entitled No Wave. The book, as its name implies, focuses solely on the No Wave scene and features many sections on both DNA and Dark Day, as well as performance and promotional photographs of Crutchfield from that time period. Robin is also featured in Simon Reynolds post-punk opus Rip It Up and Start Again.

As of 2009, Robin has worked with noted independent label Important Records to release his fourth CD of harp/drone folk music entitled The Hidden Folk, which has received rave reviews from both critics and fellow contemporaries such as Kurt Weisman, and Thurston Moore. In late 2009 Crutchfield decided to enter the publishing world with a short book entitled Eleven Faerie Tales. Expanding his world of faeries from music into the written word, Robin used the creation of these fairy tales as a kind of therapy, to best express the emotions he had felt dealing with particularly difficult relationships or friendships over the years. These eleven tales deal with what it means to be a person, living through all the ups and downs of love, while trying to get to the very heart of what makes up our lives. Robin still lives in New York City and continues to create and be involved with the art world, most recently guest deejaying for Ceci Moss on East Village Radio. In the summer of 2015 Robin Crutchfield released the album into the Dark Wood, masterfully exploring the ethereal soundscapes that continue to drive his recordings.

2017 saw Robin releasing a book of his artwork entitled A Few Lines – The Art of Robin Lee Crutchfield. The book contains Robin's original work in line drawings, watercolors, and portraits. Robin has said of this work, "As an artist, and musician, I have always favored results through an economy of means. A few notes in relation to one another, a few lines on a page. My favorite works are ones which manage to convey a great deal through very little; a few notes that respect silence, a few lines that revere the empty page. I feel they help us see ourselves in relation to the vastness of the universe.”

Starting in the Spring of 2017, Crutchfield began hosting radio specials on the Luxuria Music network. This turned into a weekly Internet radio program in the fall of the same year. Robin Crutchfield's Dark Day Escape Pod finds the artist curating a variety of music that he describes as a "road trip hopscotching across time and space from the morass of the morose to the cheerful earful, melodies from the mellow to the melodramatic, the sophomoric to the simply silly." Dark Day Escape Pod can be heard every Monday night from 11 pm – 1am EST on

In 2019, Robin's love of Tarot cards lead him to create Youtube Channel Toadstool Tarot, dedicated to reviewing tarot decks new and old. His renewed interest in Tarot led him to create his own tarot deck, The Open Face Tarot, for which he created the artwork. This minimalist, Major Arcana only deck, can be found through publisher MPC. It was favorably received by respected Tarot reviewer site Hermit's Cave in 2020.

Discography
With DNA
 You & You" b/w "Little Ants 1978 – Lust/Unlust Music
 No New York: various artists (Four DNA tracks), 1978 – Antilles
 DNA on DNA, 2004 – No More Records

As Dark Day
 "Hands in the Dark" b/w "Invisible Man", 1979 – Lust/Unlust Music
 Exterminating Angel, 1980 – Lust/Unlust Music
 Trapped b/w The Exterminations 1–6 1981 – Lust/Unlust Music
 Window, 1982 – Plexus USA
 Darkest Before Dawn, 1989 – Nigh Eve Productions
 Dark Day Collected: 1978–1982, 1998 – Daft Records
 trange Clockwork, 1999 – Self-released
 Loon, 2000 – Self-released
 Robin Crutchfield reading from the White Things, 2001 – Self-released
 The Happy Little Oysters, 2001 – Self-released
 Fifty: A Half-Life, 2002 – Self-released
 Dark Day: Strange Clockwork, 2003 – Nigh Eve Recordings
 Strange Remains, 2005 – Self-released

As Robin Crutchfield
 SongsForFaerieFolk, 2006 – Self-released
 ToadstoolSoup, 2006 – Nigh Eve Recordings
 For Our Friends in the Enchanted Otherworld, 2007 – Hand/Eye
 The Hidden Folk, 2009 – Important Records
 Into the Dark Wood, 2015 – Nigh Eve Recordings

Bibliography
 Eleven Faerie Tales, 2009 – Nigh Eve Publications
 A Few Lines, 2017 – Nigh Eve Publications

References

External links
 Robin Crutchfield on Luxuria Music
 Robin Crutchfield on Facebook

1952 births
Musicians from Dayton, Ohio
Musicians from New York (state)
Living people
Artists from Dayton, Ohio
Artists from New York City


Roxus were an Australian hard rock band which existed between 1987 and 1993. Members included Juno Roxas - lead vocals, Dragan Stanić - guitar, Darren Danielson - drums, John 'Stones' Nixon - bass guitar and Andy Shanahan - keyboards. Their debut album, Nightstreet was released in August 1991 and peaked at No. 5 on the ARIA Albums Chart. Their most successful single, "Where Are You Now?", reached No. 13 on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified gold.

History
Roxus formed as Bah Ragah in 1987 in the Melbourne south-eastern suburb of Springvale with Joseph La Ferlita (Joe Cool) on guitar; Darren Danielson (ex-Windsor Jamm) on drums; John 'Stones' Nixon (Windsor Jamm) on bass guitar; Juno Roxas on lead vocals (Party Pies); and Andy Shanahan on keyboards. Roxus gained a considerable live following. Australian rock music historian, Ian McFarlane, found the group played a "blend of tuneful, Van Halenesque hard rock and Living Colour-inspired funk around the Melbourne pub circuit ... [with their] carefully cultivated image of black leather, ripped jeans, cowboy boots, bandannas and big hair". In 1989 Roxus supported international bands, Poison and Bon Jovi, on their respective Australian tours. Also that year Dragan Stanić replaced Joe Cool on guitar. The band came to the attention of music commentator and promoter, Ian (Molly) Meldrum, who signed them to his Melodian label via Mushroom Records. The group issued two singles in 1989, "Stand Back" in July and "Body Heat" in November. In 1990, they released a live EP, including live versions of the tracks "Stand Back" and "Body Heat".

In April 1991 Roxus supported US band, Warrant, on their Australian tour. In September that year their debut album, Nightstreet, was released, which reached No. 5 on the ARIA Albums Chart. In July they issued their most successful single, "Where Are You Now?", which is a power ballad that received considerable radio airplay and peaked at No. 13 on the ARIA Singles Chart and No. 11 on the AMR Singles Chart. In August, they followed up with "Bad Boys", which reached No. 39 on the ARIA chart, "Jimi G" was released in September.

In 1992, American AOR veteran Jeff Paris was hired to produce what was to be Roxus' second album. Recorded at Platinum recorders in Melbourne, the sessions yielded four tracks; "Invisible Man", "What You Don't Know", "Stop Playin' With My Heart" and "All The Way".

Roxas and Stanic returned to Los Angeles with Paris, to mix the four completed songs. The album however, was never completed and on New Year's Eve, 1992, Roxus played their last show before disbanding early in 1993.

Afterwards
After Roxus had disbanded, Juno Roxas went solo and recorded the album, Far From Here, on Melodian in 1994. He has worked as a musician and producer in both Los Angeles and Melbourne. Stanić continued playing locally in a range of projects including De-Arrow, Among Thieves and Kream. By March 1993 Danielson and Nixon had joined Melbourne rockers, Chocolate Starfish. Shanahan became a lecturer at RMIT University in Sound Production.

Discography

Studio albums

Extended plays

Singles

References

External links
 Pyromusic review

Australian hard rock musical groups
Musical groups established in 1987
Musical groups disestablished in 1993
Victoria (state) musical groups


The top-nodes algorithm is an algorithm for managing a resource reservation calendar. The algorithm has been first published in 2003, and has been improved in 2009. It is used when a resource is shared among many users (for example bandwidth in a telecommunication link, or disk capacity in a large data center).

The algorithm allows users to:
 check if an amount of resource is available during a specific period of time,
 reserve an amount of resource for a specific period of time,
 delete a previous reservation,
 move the calendar forward (the calendar covers a defined duration, and it must be moved forward as time goes by).

Principle
The calendar is stored as a binary tree where leaves represent elementary time periods. Other nodes represent the period of time covered by all their descendants.

The period of time covered by a reservation is represented by a set of "top-nodes". This set is the minimal set of nodes that exactly cover the reservation period of time.

A node of the binary tree is a "top-node" for a given reservation if
 all its descendants are inside the reservation period of time, and
 it is the root node, or at least one descendant of the parent node is outside of the reservation period of time.

The following value is stored in each node:
 q(node) = max(q(left child), q(right child))
           + total amount of reserved resource for all reservations having this node as a "top-node"
(for code optimization, the two parts of this sum are usually stored separately.)

Performance
The advantage of this algorithm is that the time to register a new resource reservation depends only on the calendar size (it does not depend on the total number of reservations).

Let  be the number of elementary periods in the calendar.

The maximal number of "top-nodes" for a given reservation is 2.log n.
 to check if an amount of resource is available during a specific period of time : O(log n)
 to reserve an amount of resource for a specific period of time : O(log n)
 to delete a previous reservation : O(log n)
 to move the calendar forward : O(log n + M.log n)
where  is the number of reservations that are active during the added calendar periods.

( = 0 if reservations are not allowed after the end of the calendar.)

References

External links
  C source code

Scheduling algorithms


In model theory, a branch of mathematical logic, a complete first-order theory T is called stable in λ (an infinite cardinal number), if the Stone space of every model of T of size ≤ λ has itself size ≤ λ. T is called a stable theory if there is no upper bound for the cardinals κ such that T is stable in κ. The stability spectrum of T is the class of all cardinals κ such that T is stable in κ.

For countable theories there are only four possible stability spectra. The corresponding dividing lines are those for total transcendentality, superstability and stability. This result is due to Saharon Shelah, who also defined stability and superstability.

The stability spectrum theorem for countable theories

Theorem.
Every countable complete first-order theory T falls into one of the following classes:
 T is stable in λ for all infinite cardinals λ—T is totally transcendental.
 T is stable in λ exactly for all  cardinals λ with λ ≥ 2ω—T is superstable but not totally transcendental.
 T is stable in λ exactly for all cardinals λ that satisfy λ = λω—T is stable but not superstable.
 T is not stable in any infinite cardinal λ—T is unstable.

The condition on λ in the third case holds for cardinals of the form λ = κω, but not for cardinals λ of cofinality ω (because λ < λcof λ).

Totally transcendental theories

A complete first-order theory T is called totally transcendental if every formula has bounded Morley rank, i.e. if RM(φ) < ∞ for every formula φ(x) with parameters in a model of T, where x may be a tuple of variables. It is sufficient to check that RM(x=x) < ∞, where x is a single variable.

For countable theories total transcendence is equivalent to stability in ω, and therefore countable totally transcendental theories are often called ω-stable for brevity. A totally transcendental theory is stable in every λ ≥ |T|, hence a countable ω-stable theory is stable in all infinite cardinals.

Every uncountably categorical countable theory is totally transcendental. This includes complete theories of vector spaces or algebraically closed fields. The theories of groups of finite Morley rank are another important example of totally transcendental theories.

Superstable theories

A complete first-order theory T is superstable if there is a rank function on complete types that has essentially the same properties as Morley rank in a totally transcendental theory. Every totally transcendental theory is superstable. A theory T is superstable if and only if it is stable in all cardinals λ ≥ 2|T|.

Stable theories

A theory that is stable in one cardinal λ ≥ |T| is stable in all cardinals λ that satisfy λ = λ|T|. Therefore a theory is stable if and only if it is stable in some cardinal λ ≥ |T|.

Unstable theories

Most mathematically interesting theories fall into this category, including complicated theories such as any complete extension of ZF set theory, and relatively tame theories such as the theory of real closed fields. This shows that the stability spectrum is a relatively blunt tool. To get somewhat finer results one can look at the exact cardinalities of the Stone spaces over models of size ≤ λ, rather than just asking whether they are at most λ.

The uncountable case
For a general stable theory T in a possibly uncountable language, the stability spectrum is determined by two cardinals κ and λ0, such that T is stable in λ exactly when λ ≥ λ0 and λμ = λ for all μ<κ. So  λ0 is the smallest infinite cardinal for which T is stable. These invariants satisfy the inequalities
κ ≤ |T|+
κ ≤ λ0
λ0 ≤ 2|T|
If λ0 > |T|, then λ0 ≥ 2ω

When |T| is countable the 4 possibilities for its stability spectrum correspond to the following values of these cardinals:
κ and λ0 are not defined: T is unstable.
λ0 is 2ω, κ is ω1: T is stable but not superstable
λ0 is 2ω, κ is ω: T is superstable but not ω-stable.
 λ0 is ω, κ is ω: T is totally transcendental (or ω-stable)

See also
 Spectrum of a theory

References
 Translated from the French

Model theory


USS Koka (ATA-185) was a US Navy tugboat.  Koka is from the phonetic spelling of Coca, formerly an Indian village in southern Arizona.  Originally designated as ATR-112, she was redesignated as ATA-185 on 15 May 1944; launched 11 September 1944, by Levingston Shipbuilding Co., Orange, Texas; and commissioned on 16 November.

History
After shakedown in the Gulf of Mexico, ATA-185 departed Galveston 14 December for duty in the Pacific. She reached Eniwetok, Marshalls, 26 February 1945; and for more than 5 months she operated out of Eniwetok; Guam and Saipan, Marianas; Ulithi, Carolines; and Kerama, Ryūkyūs, while performing a variety of towing services. After a month of target sled towing duty at Guam, ATA-185 departed 4 August for Okinawa, where she arrived 11 August with two barges in tow. As a unit of SerRon 12, she performed tug and salvage operations in Buckner Bay until 3 November when she departed for the United States. Steaming via Eniwetok and Pearl Harbor, she arrived San Francisco 1 February 1946 with YNG-30 and YNG-38 in tow.

Clearing San Francisco Bay 22 March, ATA-185 reached Pearl Harbor 13 April to prepare for participation in atomic weapons tests in the Marshall Islands. Departing Pearl 11 May, she assisted in mooring target ships for Operation Crossroads at Bikini Atoll. After the tests she recovered radiological instruments from various target ships, including , former , and former . Departing Bikini 5 September, she reached Pearl Harbor 20 September then underwent a 4-month overhaul.

ATA-185 departed Pearl Harbor 20 January 1947, and arrived San Diego 3 February with LCI-1062 in tow. She was assigned to the 11th Naval District for coastal towing. Renamed Koka (ATA-185) on 16 July 1948, most of her towing assignments have carried her to Long Beach, Port Hueneme, San Pedro, and San Francisco. Over the years she has traveled the Pacific coast from California to Alaska while towing barges and district craft to Kodiak, Alaska; Seattle, Washington; and Portland and Astoria, Oregon. Koka continued her coastal towing out of San Diego for the 11th Naval District into 1967.

Fate
Koka was decommissioned and struck from the Naval Register in 1971.   She was sold for commercial service to Samoan American Tug Company in 1971.  She was later sold to the Guam Marine Department and renamed Taliga.

In 1984 tug Taliga was sold for reuse as a breakwater in the Seattle area.  She sunk, on an unknown date, at Crow's Nest Marina on the east side of Commencement Bay, Tacoma, Washington while being prepared for scuttling as part of a breakwater.

Legacy
USS Koka's builder's plate showing Hull No. 352 Levingston Shipbuilding Co, Orange, Texas, 1944 was sold at auction in the UK for £160. It featured on the BBC programme Flog It! - Morecambe 14, Series 15, first broadcast Friday 24 February 2017.

Awards
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with one battle star
World War II Victory Medal
Navy Occupation Medal with "ASIA" clasp
National Defense Service Medal with star

References

World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Tugs of the United States Navy
Ships built in Orange, Texas
1944 ships


Providence is a Canadian French language drama television series which aired on Ici Radio-Canada Télé from January 4, 2005 to November 22, 2011.

Plot
Taking place in the fictional town of Providence in the Eastern Townships, the series focuses on the Beauchamp family and their cheese-making enterprise that was part of the Beauchamp family for three generations. The series also focuses on Édith Beauchamp, a businesswoman who is currently head of the company.

Cast
 Monique Mercure : Édith Beauchamp
 Bernard Fortin : Pierre Lavoie
 Hugo Dubé : Bertrand Lavoie
 Sonia Vigneault : Hélèna Beauchamp
 Patrice Godin : Luc Lavoie
 Marie-Joanne Boucher : Marie-Ève Lavoie
 Isabelle Vincent : Diane Bourgeois
 Ève Lemieux : Lili-Mai Lavoie
 Luis Oliva : Diego Dumais
 Marie-Hélène Thibault : Solange Lafleur
 Jeremy T. Gaudet : Napoléon Lavoie-Lafleur
 Maxime Tremblay : Antonin Lavoie
 Anik Vermette : Julie Rioux
 Patrick Hivon : Maxime Bélanger
 Pierre Curzi : Jean-Guy Bélanger
 Nicolas Simard Lafontaine: Jean-Guy Bélanger in his childhood
 Suzanne Garceau : Lucille Champagne
 Sylvain Carrier : Louis Duranleau
 Maude Guérin : Valérie Chénard
 Dino Tavarone : Mauro Santorelli
 Sebastien Roberts : François Berthier
 Frédérice Paquet : Charles-Éric Allan
 Benoît Girard : Robert Beauchamp
 Yan Rompré : Benoît Pilon
 Danièle Panneton : Monique Smith
 Claude Gagnon : Éliot
 France Parent : Manon
 Nathalie Breuer : Anne Daviau
 Josée Guindon : Françe Renaud
 Sabel Dos Santos : Fatima Macedo
 Alex Vallée : Samuel Chénard-Poulin
 Jessica Malka: Katheleen
 Paul Dion: Maurice
 Maxime Morin: Véronique
 Louis-Philippe Dury: un écolier

External links

2000s Canadian drama television series
2005 Canadian television series debuts
Ici Radio-Canada Télé original programming
Television shows set in Quebec
Téléromans


The Taiga Shield Ecozone, as defined by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), is an ecozone which stretches across Canada's subarctic region. Some regions exhibit exposed Precambrian bedrock of the Canadian Shield, the oldest of the world's geological formations. The world's oldest rocks, dating to four billion years, are found in the Canadian Shield north of Great Slave Lake.

Geography
The Taiga Shield ecozone covers almost all of the eastern area of the Northwest Territories, a tiny corner of northeastern Alberta, a narrow strip of all northern Saskatchewan and northwestern Manitoba, as well as all some parts of southern Nunavut. Here, it is interrupted by Hudson Bay, where it abuts with the marine ecozone of the Arctic Archipelago Marine, and resumes on the eastern shores of Hudson Bay on the coast of Quebec, where it continues in a consistently-wide strip towards the ocean, encompassing all but a small portion of Labrador. It is one of the largest ecozones in Canada, covering 1.3 million square kilometres.

Terrain is typically flat or rolling hills with thousands of depressions carved by glacial retreat now infilled, forming lakes, ponds, wetlands and other water features. Long eskers and uplands are also common.

Ecoprovinces
This ecozone can be further subdivided into four ecoprovinces:
Eastern Taiga
Labrador Uplands
Western Taiga Shield
Whale River Lowland

Settlements
Primarily wilderness, the Taiga Shield is sparsely populated, with approximately 340,000 inhabitants, over 60% of which is First Nations. Most settled areas developed around mining or hydroelectric activity, for example in Yellowknife and Uranium City in the west and Labrador City in the east, but are isolated from other communities. Mineral extraction is the most important economic activity, with iron being mined in Quebec and Labrador, uranium in Saskatchewan, and gold and more recently diamonds in the Northwest Territories.

Climate
This subarctic zone experiences cool summers that are short, with at least 24 hours of full daylight a year in its most northern reaches, and winters that are extremely cold and long, with at least one 24-hour period of complete darkness. Precipitation ranges from 250 to 500 mm (10-20 in.) annually throughout the zone, except in Labrador which may receive up to 800 mm (31 in.) along its coast, and typically increases from west to east.

The shallow soils remain damp, even soggy, year-round, and regularly freeze and thaw without drainage. This leads to shifting soil that randomly tilts growing trees, which has been likened to a "drunken forest".

Conservation
A number of protected areas have been established to protect representative and/or significant portions of this ecozone. These include Caribou River Wilderness Provincial Park, Sand Lakes Provincial Park, and Thaidene Nëné National Park Reserve.

References

Taiga and boreal forests
Ecozones and ecoregions of the Northwest Territories
Ecozones and ecoregions of Nunavut
Ecozones and ecoregions of Quebec
Ecozones and ecoregions of Manitoba
Ecozones and ecoregions of Saskatchewan
Ecozones and ecoregions of Newfoundland and Labrador