Reutech Radar Systems (RRS) is a subsidiary of Reunert Limited, a South African defence and aerospace technology company. The company headquartered in Stellenbosch manufactures radar and radar-related systems. It is a supplier of search and tracking systems for application in the military and paramilitary environments as well as a Movement and Surveying Radar System for open-pit mining.

Products
Products made by RRS include 3D and 2D search and surveillance radars, tracking radars, sub-systems and mining sensor systems.

References

External links

 Reunert Limited

Radar manufacturers
Defence companies of South Africa
Technology companies of South Africa
Companies based in Stellenbosch


Cureggia is a quarter of the city of Lugano, Switzerland. Cureggia was formerly a municipality of its own, having been incorporated into Lugano in 2004. It was first recorded in 1329 as Curezia.

Cureggia had 62 inhabitants in 1799, which decreased to 53 in 1850, 47 in 1900 and 24 in 1950. It then increased again, to 112 in 2000.

References

External links

 Official site of the quarter

 Lugano Monte Brè

Former municipalities of Ticino
Districts of Lugano


The Gora Qabaristan (Urdu: ; also spelled as Gora Kabristan), or Gora Cemetery, literally transliterated as White (man's) graveyard is Karachi, Pakistan's only operational Christian cemetery.

History
The original consecration of the Karachi Christian Cemetery was in 1845 during colonial rule but there is a tombstone set in the wall near the main gate of the cemetery bearing the date 1843.

The graveyard covers an area of around 20 acres.

After the  independence in 1947, the British High Commission in Karachi invited the members of the various Christian bodies to form the Karachi Christian Cemeteries Board.

Its official name is 'Maseehi Qabraistan' (meaning Christian Cemetery). There is some evidence that an even older Christian cemetery existed on Muhammad Ali Jinnah Road near an area known as Eidgah. Having fallen into disuse it has since been built over with commercial establishments.

In May 2002, the mutilated body of American journalist Daniel Pearl  was found in the graveyard.  No one knows how it was dumped there.

In 2016 it was reported that 300,000 bodies were registered to be buried here. However, there is space for only 3,000 graves, which means each grave has been used one hundred times over its history.

Location
It is located on main Shahrah-e-Faisal.

Division
Until around 1981, the cemetery was divided into two parts, Protestant and Catholic. However, since then, the wall separating them was removed and the two merged.

Management
The Karachi Christian Cemetery Board manages its affairs.

Over time the condition of the cemetery has deteriorated. In 1995, a group called CARE (Caring, putting into Action, and Restoring the Environmental degradation of the cemetery), made up of people from all parishes and churches, made it their objective to make the cemetery a clean and peaceful resting place for the departed.

Among the problems identified requiring attention were: stopping the continuous flow of sewage into the cemetery grounds; the cutting and clearing of weeds almost 8 feet high, removal of garbage piled up at least 3 feet high over an area of almost 2000 square yards along the West wall; the construction of a concrete wall (estimated to be 6,000 feet), and a permanent pumping station to drain out rain water during the monsoons.

In 2006 the cemetery continues to be desecrated with boys of the surrounding localities playing cricket and football here causing damage to the graves.

Burial services
From 1885, burial services have been performed by a family firm, Anthony Coutinho and Company. The office still exists on Shahrah-e-Iraq, near St. Patrick's Cathedral, but it has all but stopped functioning. More recently, the St. Joseph's Association, a diocesan organization that organises burials has taken over this function.

Polish memorial

Following the Soviet invasion of Poland, hundreds of thousands of Poles were deported to Soviet labor camps. Between 1942 and 1945 some 3,000 refugees were given refuge in Karachi. In memory of the 58 Polish citizens who died in Karachi in the 1940s, a memorial has been erected by the Polish government. It lists the names of all 58 individuals.

The most prominent Pole buried in the cemetery is Air Commodore Władysław Turowicz who played a key role in Pakistan's aviation and aerospace industry.

Renovations
The city's district government in 2011 installed two new gates and paved the pathways inside the graveyard.

In 2014 a giant cross, said to be one of the highest in the region – about 43m, has been constructed just inside the cemetery wall. The construction of the cross has been paid for by a Christian businessman, Parvez Henry Gill.

References

External links

Cemeteries in Karachi
Christianity in Pakistan
Roman Catholic cemeteries in Pakistan
Anglican cemeteries in Pakistan
Lutheran cemeteries
Protestant Reformed cemeteries


Sir James Bruce Robertson  (born 15 February 1944), generally known as Bruce Robertson, is a retired judge of the Court of Appeal of New Zealand, where he was appointed in May 2005.

Early life and family
Born in Dunedin on 15 February 1944, Robertson was educated at Wakari School and Otago Boys' High School. He is a graduate of the University of Otago and the University of Virginia. He holds an honorary LLD from the University of Otago.

In 1969, Robertson married Lindsay Joyce Radford, and the couple went on to have three children.

Legal career
Before becoming a High Court judge in 1987, Robertson was a partner in the law firm Ross, Dowling, Marquet and Griffin. One of his earliest appointments after his appointment to the High Court was to chair the Search and Search Warrants Committee, which published its final report in 1988. From 2001 until his appointment as a member of the Court of Appeal, he was President of the New Zealand Law Commission. Robertson was also a judge on the Court of Appeal of Vanuatu.

Robertson is also the consulting editor for Adams on Criminal Law and Adams on Criminal Law Student Edition.

In 2013, Robertson was appointed as chairperson of the Sports Tribunal of New Zealand.

Robertson was appointed as the New Zealand Commissioner of Security Warrants in July 2013.

Honours
In the 2010 New Year Honours, Robertson was appointed a Knight Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services as a judge of the High Court and the Court of Appeal.

References

1944 births
Living people
University of Otago alumni
University of Virginia alumni
High Court of New Zealand judges
Court of Appeal of New Zealand judges
Knights Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit
New Zealand judges on the courts of Vanuatu
Lawyers from Dunedin
People educated at Otago Boys' High School


Davesco-Soragno is a quarter of the city of Lugano, Switzerland. Davesco-Soragno was formerly a municipality of its own, having been incorporated into Lugano in 2004.

The municipality contained the villages Davesco and Soragno. It had 194 inhabitants in 1801, which increased to 299 in 1850, 356 in 1900, 456 in 1950, 707 in 1980 and 1288 in 2000.

References

External links

 Official site of the quarter

Former municipalities of Ticino
Districts of Lugano


Davesco is a village in the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

It was first recorded in 1110 as Avesco.

The village, together with Soragno, constituted the former municipality Davesco-Soragno. In 2004, Davesco-Soragno municipality was incorporated into the larger, neighboring municipality Lugano and now forms a quarter of that city.

References

Villages in Ticino
Lugano


Turtle Dove Shoal is a dangerous shoal about three kilometres wide, located at , in the Indian Ocean about fifty kilometres south of the Houtman Abrolhos, off the coast of Western Australia.

The shoal was first charted on a 1627 map by Hessel Gerritsz, where it was labelled as the "Tortelduyff" rocks. The name is thought to signify that the shoal was first discovered by the ship Tortelduif, which is recorded as having arrived at Batavia, Dutch East Indies on 21 June 1623. It was originally laid down in latitude 29° 11' S, and as a result later voyages failed to locate it. In his 1825 Narrative of a survey of the intertropical and western coasts of Australia, Phillip Parker King suggested that they were merely the southernmost reef of the Houtman Abrolhos. In 1846, John Lort Stokes took the same position:

Turtle Dove Shoal is featured in the movie Storm Surfers 3D (2012)
A 3D adventure into the world of big wave surfing with Aussie tow-surfing legend Ross Clarke-Jones and two-time World Champion Tom Carroll.

References

Exploration of Western Australia
Houtman Abrolhos


Bernard I de Balliol (died 1154 x 1162), the second-known-ruling Balliol of his line, was a twelfth-century Anglo-Picard baron based for much of his time in the north of England, as well as at Bailleul-en-Vimeu close to Abbeville in northern France. He was the nephew and next known successor of Guy I de Balliol, the first Balliol in England.

Bernard had succeeded to the lordships of his uncle by 1130 × 1133; during the Anarchy, perhaps in 1135, he appears to have sworn homage to David I, King of the Scots, who had taken over much of northern England in the name of his niece, Matilda, and in the name of his son, Henry, heir and claimant to the earldom of Northumbria. During David's campaign in 1138, and before the Battle of the Standard, Bernard and Robert I de Brus were sent to try to negotiate with David; after failing, Balliol allegedly renounced his homage to King David.

Although Balliol and his cause were successful in that battle, Bernard experienced defeat three years later fighting alongside King Stephen at the Battle of Lincoln (1141). In the years following Balliol continued to suffer as his lands were repeatedly attacked by the Scots, and the Scottish-backed William Comyn, who was installed as Bishop of Durham between 1141 and 1144.

Bernard appears to have founded the new settlement and Castle of Barnard in County Durham, named after him; despite being named after him, however, the earliest Norman ring work there appears to predate 1130. Bernard had at least four younger brothers, Radulf (Ralph), Enguerrand (Ingram), Hugh and Joscelin, and by his wife Maud (Matilda) fathered four sons, Enguerrand (Ingram), Guy, Eustace and Bernard, and one daughter, Hawise; Enguerrand predeceased him, and he was succeeded by Guy.

Notes

References
 Stell, G. P., "Balliol, Bernard de (d. 1154x62)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 , accessed 24 Jan 2008

12th-century deaths
Anglo-Normans
Norman warriors
People from County Durham
People from Yorkshire
Bernard I
People from Picardy
Year of birth unknown
People of The Anarchy
12th-century English people


Soragno is a village in the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

It was first recorded in 1335 as Soragnio.

The village, together with Davesco, constituted the former municipality Davesco-Soragno. In 2004, Davesco-Soragno municipality was incorporated into the larger, neighboring municipality Lugano and now forms a quarter of that city.

References

Villages in Ticino
Lugano


Eina Station () is located in Eina in Vestre Toten, Norway. The station is located on the Gjøvik Line, in addition to being the terminus of the now abandoned Valdres Line. It was opened on 23 December 1901 with the opening of the North Line (now Gjøvik Line).

The station is served by local trains to Oslo Central Station and Gjøvik Station by Vy Gjøvikbanen.

External links
  Entry at Jernbaneverket <
 Entry at the Norwegian Railway Club

Railway stations in Oppland
Railway stations on the Gjøvik Line
Railway stations on the Valdres Line
Railway stations opened in 1901
1901 establishments in Norway
Vestre Toten
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1900s


Pazzallo is a quarter of the city of Lugano in the Swiss canton of Ticino. Pazzallo was formerly a municipality of its own, having been incorporated into Lugano in 2004.

Pazzallo lies on the slopes of Monte San Salvatore, uphill of the independent municipality of Paradiso that forms an exclave within the city of Lugano. Whilst the original nucleus lies on the higher slopes, the lower western slopes, towards the Lugano-Sud junction on the A2 motorway, are now more populous. To the south-east of Paradiso, Pazzallo has a shore on Lake Lugano.

References

External links

 Official site of the quarter

Former municipalities of Ticino
Districts of Lugano


Pambio Noranco is a quarter of the city of Lugano, Switzerland.

Pambio Noranco was formerly a municipality of its own, having been incorporated into Lugano in 2004.

Villages
 Noranco
 Pambio

References

External links

 Official Pambio Noranco quarter website

Districts of Lugano
Former municipalities of Ticino


Women and children first is a code of conduct sometimes applied in marine disaster evacuations in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

"Women and children first" may refer to:

Women and Children First, a 1943 collection of short stories written by Sally Benson (Random House)
Women and Children First, a 1980 album by hard rock band Van Halen
Women and Children First, the second part of the double album Peccadillos by folk singer/songwriter Susan Herndon
Women & Children First, a feminist bookstore in Chicago, Illinois


Pambio is a village and former municipality in the District of Lugano, in the canton of Ticino in southern Switzerland.

History
The village, formerly a municipality,  in 1904 was merged with neighboring Noranco to constitute the new Municipality of Pambio-Noranco.

In 2004 the Municipality of Pambio-Noranco was incorporated into the larger, neighboring municipality and city of Lugano, and became a district−quarter of Lugano.

Lugano
Villages in Switzerland
Former municipalities of Ticino


Noranco is a village and former municipality in the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

The village, formerly a municipality of its own, was merged with neighboring Pambio in 1904 to form the new municipality of Pambio-Noranco. In 2004, the municipality was similarly incorporated into the larger, neighboring municipality of Lugano and now forms a quarter of that city.

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Ticino
Lugano


The Curtiss YP-20 was an American biplane fighter project developed by Curtiss for the United States Army Air Service.

Design and development
In 1929, three Curtiss P-11 Hawks were ordered with 600 hp (447 kW) Curtiss H-1640 Chieftain engines. These proved a failure, and before completion, the third was converted to use a 9-cylinder 575 hp (429 kW) Wright Cyclone, being completed as the YP-20. Testing with the R1820 was prolonged, so the Army's intention to promptly switch to a Curtiss V-1570 Conqueror engine and redesignate the aircraft XP-22 was dropped; another P-11 was chosen for that instead.

Except for the engine change and its Townend ring cowling, the YP-20 was not drastically different from the P-6 from which both it and the P-11 derived, though the YP-20 had more fin and less rudder area, and featured a steerable tailwheel, rather than the original skid. Later, a crankcase cover, gear strut fairings, and wheel pants were added.

In June 1931, the AAC held a competition to evaluate the P-6, P-12, XP-22, and YP-20. The XP-22 came out the winner, but the YP-20 was given a nose and landing gear graft from the XP-22, becoming the XP-6E (P-6E prototype). With the addition of a supercharger and an enclosed cockpit, it was tested as the XP-6F.

Operators

United States Army Air Service

Specifications (original YP-20)

References

Further reading
Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons and Warfare. Volume 12, pp. 1255–6, "Hawk, Curtiss Models 34 and 35 (P-1 to P-6 and F6C". London: Phoebus Publishing, 1978.
Donald, David, ed. Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Etobicoke, ON: Prospero Books, 1997.
Jones, Lloyd S. U.S. Fighters. Fallbrook, CA: Aero Publishers, 1975.

Curtiss P-20
P-20
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes


The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) is a committee of the Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) that sets the standards for human gene nomenclature. The HGNC approves a unique and meaningful name for every known human gene, based on a query of experts. In addition to the name, which is usually 1 to 10 words long, the HGNC also assigns a symbol (a short group of characters) to every gene. As with an SI symbol, a gene symbol is like an abbreviation but is more than that, being a second unique name that can stand on its own just as much as substitute for the longer name. It may not necessarily "stand for" the initials of the name, although many gene symbols do reflect that origin.

Purpose
Full gene names, and especially gene abbreviations and symbols, are often not specific to a single gene. A marked example is CAP which can refer to any of 6 different genes (BRD4 , CAP1 , HACD1 , LNPEP , SERPINB6 , and SORBS1 ).

The HGNC short gene names, or gene symbols, unlike previously used or published symbols, are specifically assigned to one gene only. This can result in less common abbreviations being selected but reduces confusion as to which gene is referred to.

Naming guidelines
The HGNC published its latest human gene naming guidelines in 2020. These may be summarized as:
 gene symbols must be unique
 symbols should only contain Latin letters and Arabic numerals
 symbols should not contain punctuation or "G" for gene
 symbols do not contain any reference to the species they are encoded in, i.e. "H/h" for human

The HGNC states that "gene nomenclature should evolve with new technology rather than be restrictive, as sometimes occurs when historical and single gene nomenclature systems are applied." The HGNC has also issued guides to specific locus types such as endogenous retroviral loci, structural variants  and non-coding RNAs.

Naming procedure
When assigning new gene nomenclature the HGNC make efforts to contact authors who have published on the human gene in question by email, and their responses to the proposed nomenclature are requested. HGNC also coordinates with the related Mouse and Rat Genomic Nomenclature Committees, other database curators, and experts for given specific gene families or sets of genes.

Revision
The gene name revision procedure is similar to the naming procedure, but changing a standardized gene name after establishment of a consensus can create confusion, therefore the merit of this is controversial. For this reason the HGNC aims to change a gene name only if agreement for that change can be reached among a majority of researchers working on that gene.

See also

 Human Genome Organisation (HUGO)
 Human Genome Project
 Human genome
 Gene
 Gene nomenclature

A complete list of all HGNC-approved gene symbols for protein-coding genes:
List of human protein-coding genes 1
List of human protein-coding genes 2
List of human protein-coding genes 3
List of human protein-coding genes 4

References

External links

 HGNC homepage
 HUGO homepage

Biological nomenclature
Genetics databases
Genetics in the United Kingdom
Genetics organizations
Science and technology in Cambridgeshire
South Cambridgeshire District


Attheya arenicola is a diatom in the genus Attheya. Type material was collected from intertidal sand in Penbre, South Wales.

References

External links
INA card for Attheya arenicola

Protists described in 1994
Ochrophyte species
Coscinodiscophyceae


Guy II de Balliol (died early 1160s x 1167) was probably the second-eldest son of Bernard I de Balliol, Lord of Balliol and Barnard Castle. As his older brother Enguerrand predeceased their father, Guy succeeded when his father died sometime between 1154 and 1162. He died sometime on or before 1167, and was succeeded by his youngest brother Bernard II de Balliol.

Notes

References
 Stell, G. P., "Balliol, Bernard de (d. 1154x62)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 , accessed 24 Jan 2008
 Stell, G. P., "Balliol, Bernard de (d. c.1190)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 , accessed 24 Jan 2008

1160s deaths
Anglo-Normans
People from Barnard Castle
People from Yorkshire
Guy II
People from Somme (department)
Year of birth unknown
12th-century English people


Alexander Francis Neil (born 9 June 1981) is a Scottish professional football manager and former player who played as a midfielder. He is currently the manager of EFL Championship club Stoke City.

Neil began his professional career at Airdrieonians in 2000, playing half a season in the Scottish Football League First Division before moving to Barnsley. He played 142 games across all competitions in his four-year spell at Barnsley, and then signed for Mansfield Town on a free transfer. After a season at Mansfield, he returned to Scotland's First Division with Hamilton Academical, featuring in 246 matches across a decade and winning promotion to the Scottish Premier League in 2008.

He became Hamilton's player-manager in 2013 and led them to promotion to the Scottish Premiership in 2014. In January 2015 he was appointed manager of Norwich City, as the second youngest manager in the Football League at the time. Neil guided Norwich to promotion to the Premier League, by winning the 2015 Football League Championship play-off final. Norwich suffered relegation the following season, and in March 2017, Neil was sacked. He was appointed Preston North End's manager on 4 July 2017 and led the team to seventh place in the 2017–18 Championship. On 11 February 2022 Neil was appointed manager of Sunderland. They were promoted from League One to the Championship, winning 2–0 in the play-off final. He left later that year to become the manager of Stoke City.

Playing career

Airdrieonians
Born in Airdrie, North Lanarkshire, Neil began his career at Dunfermline Athletic, before joining Airdrieonians on a free transfer in the summer of 1999. He made his professional debut in the Scottish Football League First Division on 3 January 2000, as a 64th-minute substitute for Steve McCormick in a 2–0 home loss to Falkirk. Five days later, on his first start, he scored in the eighth minute of a 3–1 loss at St Mirren. He finished his first season with 5 goals from 16 appearances, with the other four scored in three consecutive games in April, including two in a 3–0 home win over Greenock Morton on the 8th.

Barnsley
After his first professional season, Neil was recommended to Barnsley by his next-door neighbour Peter Hetherston, a friend of their manager Dave Bassett. He made his debut for the Tykes in the Football League First Division on 26 August 2000, replacing Lee Jones for the final ten minutes of a 4–1 home win over West Bromwich Albion. He made 32 league appearances in his first season at Oakwell, and was sent off on 28 April 2001 in a 1–0 home loss to Bolton Wanderers.

On 15 September 2001, Neil scored his first goal in English football, concluding a 2–0 home win over Crewe Alexandra. He netted again on 8 November in a 2–2 draw at Preston North End, in a campaign which ended in relegation. Neil spent the following two seasons in the Second Division, scoring the decisive goals in 3–2 wins at Rushden & Diamonds and Stockport County on 10 April and 8 May 2004.

Mansfield Town
On 20 July 2004, Neil joined Mansfield Town on a free transfer. He made 41 appearances for them in League Two that season, and scored his first goal on 23 November in the first round of the FA Cup, a consolation in a 4–1 loss to Colchester United at Layer Road. His only league goal for the Stags came on 5 March 2005, opening a 1–1 draw against Shrewsbury Town at Field Mill.

Hamilton Academical
On 28 May 2005, having been told that he was surplus to the requirements of Mansfield manager Carlton Palmer, Neil returned to the Scottish First Division, signing a two-year deal at Hamilton Academical. He made his Accies debut on 13 August, as they began the season with a 0–1 loss to St Johnstone at New Douglas Park. Seventeen days later, he scored his first goal for his new team in the second round of the Scottish Challenge Cup, netting the only goal away to Ross County when he headed in Brian Carrigan's cross just before half time. On 22 October, he got his first league goal for them, in the first minute of the second half of a 3–0 home win against Brechin City. Neil played the entirety of the 2005 Scottish Challenge Cup Final on 6 November, a 2–1 loss to St Mirren at the Excelsior Stadium in Airdrie. The Accies also reached the quarter-finals of the Scottish Cup, with Neil scoring a penalty kick in the fourth round replay at Alloa Athletic, a 3–0 win.

Neil played 30 league games in 2007–08, as Hamilton won the division and promotion to the Scottish Premier League. He scored once that season, opening a 4–0 home win over Stirling Albion on 15 September 2007 with a 40-yard free kick.

On 6 May 2011, Neil signed a new three-year contract.

Managerial career

Hamilton Academical
After manager Billy Reid vacated his managerial position at Hamilton in April 2013, Neil (who had already been involved in coaching the club's youth teams) was appointed player-manager on an interim basis. He was made manager on a permanent basis on 24 May 2013, at the age of 31. Assisted by Frankie McAvoy, Neil led the club to promotion back to the top flight in his first full season, winning through the play-off system in May 2014. Hamilton then enjoyed a good start to the 2014–15 Scottish Premiership, defeating Celtic away for the first time in 76 years.

Norwich City

In January 2015, Neil obtained permission from Hamilton to speak to Norwich City about their managerial vacancy. On 9 January, he was confirmed as their new manager at 33 years old, the second youngest in the Football League after Mansfield's Adam Murray. The following day in his first game, he managed his team to a 2–1 victory at Championship leaders AFC Bournemouth. Norwich gained 17 wins from 25 games played under Neil in the 2014–15 season. They finished third in the Championship and entered the play-offs, where in the semi-finals they beat East Anglia derby rivals Ipswich Town 4–2 on aggregate over two legs. On 25 May, Neil led Norwich to a 2–0 victory over Middlesbrough in the 2015 Football League Championship play-off final, as goalscorers Cameron Jerome and Nathan Redmond secured promotion to the 2015–16 Premier League. During the 2015 close season, Neil signed a new contract with Norwich City.

Norwich were relegated after a single season in the Premier League. Neil had his contract terminated in March 2017, with the Canaries 8th in the Championship table. They had won seven of their last 24 games in The Championship and were nine points outside the top six play-off places. Neil admitted to regret over summer recruitment, which led to his sacking in March.

Preston North End
On 4 July 2017, Neil was appointed as manager of Championship club Preston North End, replacing Simon Grayson, who left the club to take over as manager of Sunderland.

On 21 March 2021, Neil left Preston North End by mutual consent with the club 16th in the Championship table.

Sunderland
On 11 February 2022, Neil was appointed as the new manager of Sunderland, on a 12-month rolling contract. On 21 May 2022, Neil guided Sunderland to promotion back to the Championship after a four-year absence after they beat Wycombe Wanderers 2–0 in front of almost 50,000 Sunderland fans at Wembley in the 2022 EFL League One play-off final.

Stoke City
On 28 August 2022, Neil was appointed as the new manager of Stoke City, after the dismissal of Michael O'Neill. His first game in charge ended in a 1–1 draw against Swansea City. Stoke ended the 2022–23 season in 16th place.

Career statistics

Player

Managerial Statistics

Honours

Player
Hamilton Academical
Scottish Football League First Division: 2007–08

Manager
Hamilton Academical
Scottish Premiership play-offs: 2014

Norwich City
Football League Championship play-offs: 2015

Sunderland
Football League One play-offs: 2022

Individual
EFL Championship Manager of the Month: September 2016

References

External links

Hamilton managerial statistics at Fitbastats

1981 births
Living people
Footballers from Airdrie, North Lanarkshire
Scottish men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Dunfermline Athletic F.C. players
Airdrieonians F.C. (1878) players
Barnsley F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Hamilton Academical F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
English Football League players
Scottish Premier League players
Scottish Professional Football League players
Scottish football managers
Hamilton Academical F.C. managers
Norwich City F.C. managers
Preston North End F.C. managers
Sunderland A.F.C. managers
Stoke City F.C. managers
Scottish Football League managers
Scottish Professional Football League managers
English Football League managers
Premier League managers
Association football coaches
Hamilton Academical F.C. non-playing staff


Stare were an early 1990s four-piece indie band from Norfolk, England. Members of the band were Michael Brown, Karl Goodbody, Richard Hammerton and Derek O'Sullivan, joined by second guitarist in March 1992 David Donley.

They released three EPs entitled Stare, Mood and Work between 1991 and 1992 on the Fusebox and Big Life record labels and split in 1992.

Stare were broadcast live, as part of BBC Radio 1's Sound City at the Norwich Waterfront in Norwich, on 26 April 1992, and were on the nights bill with Carter USM, Nick Cave, The Farm and Catherine Wheel.

The band reformed in 2011 and released the previously unreleased album, The Luxury of Anger, in May 2012 on Eastzone Records.

English rock music groups
English indie pop groups
Big Life artists


The Ordnance QF Hotchkiss 6 pounder gun Mk I and Mk II or QF 6 pounder 8 cwt were a family of long-lived light  naval guns introduced in 1885 to defend against new, small and fast vessels such as torpedo boats and later submarines.  There were many variants produced, often under license which ranged in length from 40 to 58 calibers, but 40 caliber was the most common version.

6-pounders were widely used by the navies of a number of nations and often used by both sides in a conflict.  Due to advances in torpedo delivery and performance, 6-pounder guns were rapidly made obsolete and were replaced with larger guns aboard most larger warships.  This led to their being used ashore during World War I as coastal defense guns, the first tank guns and as anti-aircraft guns, whether on improvised or specialized HA/LA mounts.  During World War II 6-pounder guns were put back in service to arm small warships and as coastal defense guns.  The last ships to carry 6-pounders were the Aegir-class offshore patrol vessels of the Icelandic Coast Guard which replaced them in 1990 with the Bofors 40mm L/60 autocannon.

Operational history

Argentine service
Argentina adopted the 40 caliber Hotchkiss 6-pounder in the 1890s, to arm its four Giuseppe Garibaldi-class armored cruisers, purchased from Italy.  The Argentinians were at that time engaged in a naval arms race with Chile.  The last ships from this class were retired from service on 2 August 1954.
Argentinian ships armed with 6-pounder guns include:

 ARA General Belgrano
 ARA Garibaldi
 ARA Pueyrredón
 ARA San Martin

Brazilian service
Brazil adopted the 40 caliber Hotchkiss 6-pounder in the 1890s, to arm its coastal defense ships, protected cruisers and torpedo-gunboats. The Brazilians also used the competing Nordenfelt 6 pounders in lesser numbers.  The last Brazilian ship retired was the coastal defense ship Marshal Floriano in 1936. The former Brazilian coastal defense ship Marshal Deodoro was sold to Mexico in 1924 and renamed Anáhuac, which was retired in 1938.
 Marshal Deodoro-class coastal defense ships
 Brazilian cruiser Republica
 Brazilian cruiser Almirante Barroso
 Brazilian torpedo gunboat Tiradentes

Chilean service
Chile adopted the 40 caliber Hotchkiss 6-pounder in the 1890s, to arm a battleship, an armored cruiser, and several protected cruisers.  The last of these ships was retired in 1933.

 Chilean battleship Capitán Prat
 Chilean cruiser Esmeralda
 Chilean cruiser Presidente Errázuriz
 Chilean cruiser Ministro Zenteno
 Chilean cruiser O'Higgins
 Chilean cruiser Presidente Pinto

Chinese service
China adopted the Hotchkiss 6-pounder in the 1880s, to arm its protected cruisers.  During the First Sino-Japanese war, ships on both sides were armed with Hotchkiss 6-pounder guns.  Surviving 6-pounder guns were in Chinese service aboard gunboats and auxiliaries during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II.

 Zhiyuen-class cruisers
 Chinese cruiser Jingyuen

French service
Despite originating in France the 6-pounder was not widely used by the French.  Like the British, who paired their QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns with the larger 6-pounder, the French often paired their 3-pounders with the more powerful Canon de 65mm Modéle 1891.  This gun is sometimes referred to as a 9-pounder in English publications.  During World War II a few Flower-class Corvettes (Aconit, Commandant Drogou, Commandant Détroyat, Commandant d`Estienne d`Orves, Mimosa, Renoncule, Roselys) of the Free French Navy were armed with two 6-pounder guns.

Irish service
A 6-pounder gun was fitted to the single Vickers Mk. D tank used by the Irish Army between 1929 and 1940. When the tank was scrapped in 1940 the gun was removed and used as an anti-tank weapon.

Italian service
Italy adopted the 40 caliber Hotchkiss 6-pounder in 1886 to arm its armored cruisers, battleships, protected cruisers, torpedo boats and torpedo cruisers.  The Italians also adopted the competing 43 caliber Nordenfelt 6 pounder gun and by 1909 the Nordenfelt had replaced the Hotchkiss in service.  This was the opposite of the British who replaced their Nordenfelt guns with Hotchkiss guns.

 Etna-class cruisers
 Goito-class cruisers
 Regioni-class cruisers
 Vettor Pisani-class cruisers
 Italian battleship Emanuele Filiberto
 Italian cruiser Marco Polo
 Italian cruiser Piemonte
 Italian cruiser Calabria
 Italian cruiser Dogali
 Italian cruiser Giovanni Bausan
 Italian cruiser Marco Polo

Japanese service
Japan adopted the 40 caliber Hotchkiss 6-pounder in the 1880s to arm its destroyers, protected cruisers and unprotected cruisers.  The Japanese versions of the 6-pounder were known as Yamanouchi guns and were largely identical to their British equivalents.  Ships on both sides of the First Sino-Japanese war and Russo-Japanese war were armed with Hotchkiss 6-pounder guns.  The 6-pounder was the standard secondary and tertiary armament on most Japanese destroyers built between 1890 and 1920, and was still in service as late as the Pacific War.

 Akatsuki-class destroyers
 Harusame-class destroyers
 Ikazuchi-class destroyers
 Matsushima-class cruisers
 Murakumo-class destroyers
 Naniwa-class cruisers
 Shirakumo-class destroyers
 Suma-class cruisers
 Japanese cruiser Izumi
 Japanese cruiser Unebi
 Japanese cruiser Takao

Russian service
The Russians began purchasing 40 caliber 6-pounders from France starting in 1904 to replace its 3-pounder and 1-pounder guns in the anti-torpedo boat role.  In addition to 40 caliber guns, 50 and 58 caliber guns were also produced under license at the Obukhov State Plant.  These were installed on torpedo cruisers and submarines built from 1905 to 1917.  Beginning in 1909–1910 most larger surface ships began replacing their 6-pounders with 75mm 50 caliber Pattern 1892 and 102mm 60 caliber Pattern 1911 guns when combat experience in the Russo-Japanese war showed the 6-pounders were almost as ineffective as the 3-pounder and 1-pounder guns they had replaced.  In 1911–12 a number were turned over to the Army for use as coastal artillery, and later in 1914 some were converted into anti-aircraft guns.  In addition to the Hotchkiss guns there were also Nordenfeld Guns which were used as ranging guns for coastal defenses.  Finland, a successor state to the Russian Empire, inherited a number of 6-pounders and used them throughout the Winter War and World War II in the coastal artillery role.

 Bars-class submarines
 Morzh-class submarines
 Narval-class submarines
 Finn-class torpedo cruisers
 Okhotnik-class torpedo cruisers
 Ukrayna-class torpedo cruisers
 Vsadnik-class torpedo cruisers

Spanish service
Spain adopted both the 40-caliber Hotchkiss 6-pounder and the 42-caliber Nordenfelt 6-pounder in the 1880s to arm its armored cruisers, battleships, protected cruisers and unarmored cruisers.  Seven ships (1 battleship, 3 unarmored cruisers and 3 protected cruisers) carried the Hotchkiss guns and eleven (8 unarmored cruisers and 3 protected cruisers) carried the Nordenfelt guns.  Ships on both sides of the Spanish–American War were armed with various 6-pounder guns (Driggs-Schroeder, Hotchkiss and Nordenfelt).  The Spanish cruiser Isla de Cuba, which was captured by the United States during the Spanish–American War and served as the USS Isla de Cuba until sold to Venezuela in 1912 and renamed Mariscal Sucre, was the last ship decommissioned and scrapped in 1940.

 Torpedo gunboat Destructor
 Alfonso XII-class cruisers
 Isla de Luzón-class cruisers
 Spanish battleship Pelayo

United Kingdom service
The UK adopted a 40 calibre (i.e. 90inch barrel) version as Ordnance QF Hotchkiss 6 pounder gunMk I and Mk II or QF 6 pounder 8 cwt. It was manufactured under licence by the Elswick Ordnance Company.  They were originally mounted from 1885 onwards for use against the new (steam-driven) torpedo boats which started to enter service in the late 1870s.

The UK also adopted the competing 42 calibre Ordnance QF 6 pounder Nordenfelt at the same time as the QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss, but the Royal Navy was not satisfied with the special Nordenfelt ammunition and fuzes. Following the explosion in 1900 of an ammunition ship due to defective fuses, Britain replaced Nordenfelt fuzes with the Hotchkiss designs and Nordenfelt guns were phased out in favor of the Hotchkiss guns and were declared obsolete by 1919.

The original 1885 Hotchkiss Mk I was a built-up gun with a barrel, jacket and a locking hoop screwed to the front of the jacket.  The Mk I lacked a recoil system, but the Mk II of 1890 introduced a hydraulic recoil mechanism with a pair of hydro-spring cylinders.  During World War I the navy required many more guns and an autofretted, mono-block barrel version was developed to simplify manufacture and identified as "6 pdr Single Tube". Initially these guns were only allowed to be fired with a special lower charge, but in 1917 they were relined with A tubes as Mk I+++ which enabled them to use the standard 6-pounder ammunition.

After World War I the gun was considered obsolete for combat use, but continued in use as a saluting gun and as sub-calibre training guns.  Of the 3,984 produced it was estimated that 1,640 still existed in 1939.  With the onset of World War II the remaining guns were rushed back into service for anti-submarine defence, E-boat defence and for coastal defence.  New non-recoil Mk VI, Mk VI* and Mk VI** mountings were built with elevations between -10° and +70°.  These mountings were used on early models of the Fairmile D Motor Gunboats, Motor Launches and Flower-class corvettes.  Some of which were not re-armed with the modern  6-pdr Mk IIA with auto-loader until late 1944.

Royal Navy ships armed with QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss guns include:

 A-class destroyers
 Admiral-class ironclads
 Adventure-class cruisers
 Apollo-class cruisers
 B-class destroyers
 Banff-class sloops
 British H-class submarines
 C and D-class destroyers
 C-class cruisers
 C-class destroyers
 Castle-class trawlers
 CD-class naval drifters
 Centurion-class battleships
 Conqueror-class ironclad rams
 D-class destroyers
 Daring-class destroyers
 Devastation-class ironclads
 Dryad-class torpedo gunboats
 E and F-class destroyers
 Fly-class gunboats
 G and H-class destroyers
 Indefatigable-class battlecruisers
 Lion-class battlecruisers
 M15-class monitors
 M29-class monitors
 Marathon-class cruisers
 Orlando-class cruisers
 River-class destroyers
 Royal Sovereign-class battleships
 Stour-class destroyers
 Trafalgar-class ironclads
 Surprise-class cruisers
 Victoria-class battleships
 Warrior-class cruisers

Tank service
The 6-pounder was used to equip Male versions of the early British Mk I – Mk III tanks.  In 1916 the British Army was faced with the difficulty of quickly providing a new class of weapon. The existing Hotchkiss 6-pounder naval gun appeared to most closely meet the need (a compact enough weapon to fit into a tank sponson with a sufficient high explosive shell). A single gun was mounted in each sponson, i.e. two per Male tank able to fire forwards or to the side.  Tanks armed only with machine guns were designated as 'Female'.

The gun turned out to be too long for practical use as the end of the barrel could come into contact with the ground or other obstacles as the tank traveled over uneven ground. The British chose to shorten the gun rather than change its location and replaced it in 1917 in the Mark IV tank onwards by the shorter QF 6 pounder 6 cwt Hotchkiss.

Anti-aircraft service
Britain lacked any dedicated air-defence artillery early in World War I and up to 72 6-pounders were adapted to high-angle pedestal mountings at key establishments in Britain for close air defence by 1916. They are not listed as still being in service in this role at the end of the war, presumably because German bombing attacks were conducted from relatively high altitudes which would have been beyond the gun's range.

United States service

The history of the Hotchkiss 6-pounder (called the Rapid Fire gun rather than Quick Firer in the US) in United States Navy and Army service is a complex story.  It was used in conjunction with another maker's design, its primary rival being the Driggs-Schroeder  6-pounder.  Oddly, one shipbuilding and naval supply company, Cramp & Sons, had a license to build both the Hotchkiss and Driggs-Schroeder and sold both to the Navy in parallel.  It appears that Hotchkiss type guns had an edge in production in the first half of the 1890s, but by 1895 Driggs-Schroeders were being produced in quantity to equip a considerable number of newly commissioned ships.  The initial purchases by the Navy were in small lots each year and there was no mass-production of these guns like one would see in smaller weapons.  The Navy made certain that the ammunition for both the Hotchkiss and Driggs-Schroeder guns were identical.

There is no question that the Driggs-Schroeders were predominant in the new protected and armored cruisers that were being commissioned by 1895.  However, USS Texas, a second class battleship commissioned in 1895, carried a mixed  6-pounder complement of ten Driggs-Schroeders and two Hotchkiss guns.  USS Maine, an armored cruiser, exclusively carried Driggs-Schroeder  6-pounders although it had a mixed one pounder battery of both Driggs-Schroeder and Hotchkiss.  Ships known to have carried exclusively Driggs-Schroeder  6-pounders are USS Olympia, Brooklyn, New York, and Columbia.  Although from photographs of particular guns on the vessels in question, it appears that the battleships , , and  carried exclusively Hotchkiss  6-pounders with  carrying Driggs-Schroeders.  Unlike her 8-inch guns, the preserved  retains her Driggs-Schroeder 6-pounders.  She is at the Independence Seaport Museum in Philadelphia.

Beginning in 1910 6-pounder guns were replaced by 3"/50 caliber guns aboard US Navy ships.  However smaller ships such as US Coast Guard cutters, gunboats and minesweepers continued to use 6-pounders in the years between World War I and World War II.

 Amphitrite-class monitors
 Arkansas-class monitors
 Bainbridge-class destroyers
 Cincinnati-class cruisers
 Columbia-class cruisers
 Denver-class cruisers
 Dubuque-class gunboats
 Florida-class battleships
 Hawk-class minesweepers
 Illinois-class battleships
 Indiana-class battleships
 Kearsarge-class battleships
 Montgomery-class cruisers
 New Orleans-class cruisers
 Tampa-class cutters
 Treasury-class cutters
 Truxtun-class destroyers
 Yorktown-class gunboats

 USS Atlanta

 USS Boston

 USS Chicago

 USS Paragua

US Army service
The US Army also used the Hotchkiss 6-pounder, referred to as a "2.24-inch gun" in some period references. As the primary defender of coastal fortifications and harbors, the US Army had a need for lighter guns to supplement their shore batteries, particularly since land defense against infantry was a consideration in the 1890s. The Army was in an experimental phase like the Navy, testing new weapons in an era when military budgets were expanding after decades of Congressional stinginess.

It appears that the US Army and US Navy, while both using the "Mark" system, assigned their designations to different ordnance.  References indicate that Driggs-Schroeder guns, manufactured by the American Ordnance Company and designated Mark II and Mark III, were adopted along with Driggs-Seabury weapons designated M1898 and M1900.  In 1898–1901 a total of 97 weapons were acquired: 20 M1898, 40 M1900, 10 Mark II, and 27 Mark III guns. However, 17 M1898 and all ten Mark II guns were transferred for use on Army troop transports in the Spanish–American War of 1898, leaving 70 weapons for land use.  The mountings for the Army six pounders were called M1898 and M1898 (modified) "rampart mounts" or "parapet mounts", wheeled carriages with fittings that allowed them to be secured to pintle mounts. Another reference has somewhat different figures.  There were generally two of these guns issued per major fort, and eventually many of them became saluting guns at the post's flagpole. A dozen were deployed at Fort Ruger in Hawaii as part of the Land Defense Project of 1915–1919, while others were deployed in the Philippines under this project.

Ammunition
The 6-pounder fired Fixed QF 57x307R ammunition.  A complete round weighed  and its projectile weighed .  The most common types of ammunition available for 6-pounder guns were shrapnel, steel and common shells.  In World War II higher-yield high explosive rounds were produced.

Photo gallery

Licensed production

 Elswick Ordnance Company
 Obukhov State Plant
 William Cramp & Sons

Wars

 First Sino-Japanese War
 Spanish–American War
 Russo-Japanese War
 Italo-Turkish War
 First Balkan War
 Second Balkan War
 World War I
 Russian Civil War
 Second Sino-Japanese War
 Winter War
 World War II
 Cod Wars

Users

Surviving examples
 Twin 6 pounder QF Guns Mk I on Pedestal Mount Mk I, Belmont Battery, Fort Rodd Hill, Victoria, British Columbia
 One 6 pounder QF Gun Mk I (#502 Hotchkiss) on Garrison Carriage Mk I** (Hotchkiss Cone Mount), Fort Rodd Hill, Victoria, British Columbia
 One 6 pounder QF Gun Mk I (tube only), Fort Rodd Hill, Victoria, British Columbia
 One 6 pounder QF Gun Mk I (13980 & N1584) on Pedestal Mount Mk I (5110), Bay Street Armoury, Victoria, British Columbia
 One 6 pounder QF Gun Mk III on wheeled carriage, private tank museum, Mattituck, New York
 One 6 pounder QF Gun Mk III on wheeled carriage, Virginia War Museum, Newport News, Virginia
 One 6 pounder QF Gun on wheeled carriage, Veterans' Memorial Park, Plymouth, Michigan
 One 6 pounder QF Gun M1900 on wheeled carriage, Maquoketa, Iowa
 Several 6 pounder RF Guns (Driggs-Schroeder) on , Independence Seaport Museum, Philadelphia
 Three 6 pounder QF Gun 1892 on recoil mounts, Yacht Club Argentino, Buenos Aires

See also
5.2 cm SK L/55 naval gun : German equivalent
QF 6 pounder Nordenfelt : Maxim-Nordenfelt equivalent
Canon de 65mm Modèle 1891 : French equivalent

Notes

Bibliography
 Text Book of Gunnery, 1902. LONDON : PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE

 I.V. Hogg and L.F. Thurston, British Artillery Weapons & Ammunition 1914–1918. London: Ian Allan, 1972.
 LC Reynolds, Motor Gunboat 658. Cassell Military Paperbacks, London, 2002.
 Brigadier N.W. Routledge, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. Anti-Aircraft Artillery 1914–55. London: Brassey's, 1994

External links

 DiGiulian, Tony, British 6-pdr / 8cwt (2.244"/40 (57mm)) QF Marks I and II
 DiGiulian, Tony, US 6-pdr (2.72 kg) (2.244" (57mm)) Marks 1 through 13
 DiGiulian, Tony, Russian 57mm/40, 57mm/50 and 57mm/58 (2.244")
 Handbook of the 6 pounder Hotchkiss quick-firing gun Land service 1892 at State Library of Victoria
 Handbook for Hotchkiss 6-pr and 3-pr. quick-firing guns 1896 at State Library of Victoria

Tank guns
Coastal artillery
Naval guns of China
Naval guns of Japan
Russo-Japanese war weapons of Japan
Russo-Japanese war weapons of Russia
Naval guns of the United Kingdom
World War I naval weapons of the United Kingdom
World War I artillery of the United Kingdom
Naval guns of the United States
Artillery of the United States


Potamarius is a genus of sea catfishes. The three species in this genus exclusively inhabit fresh water in southern Mexico and Guatemala. The individual species have relatively small ranges. The highly endangered Paragenidens grandoculis of Brazil was long classified in Potamarius, but a 2019 study has found it to belong in its own genus.

Species
There are currently three described species in this genus:

 Potamarius izabalensis C. L. Hubbs & R. R. Miller, 1960
 Potamarius nelsoni (Evermann & Goldsborough, 1902) (Lacandon sea-catfish)
 Potamarius usumacintae Betancur-R. & Willink, 2007 (Usumacinta sea-catfish)

References

Ariidae
Catfish genera
Taxa named by Carl Leavitt Hubbs
Taxa named by Robert Rush Miller


Olimpija Rīga was a Latvian football club based in Riga that played in the Latvian Latvian Higher League from 1992 to 1995.

History
The club was founded in 1992 as Kompar-Daugava, using the name of formerly glorious FK Daugava in addition to the sponsors name of the new club. In the club's first season at Virslīga, they finished in fifth place during its first season in Virslīga. Jurijs Hudjakovs was named the best goalscorer of the club, Dzintars Sproģis was named the best defender in the Latvian league. The same year, Kompar-Daugava also reached the Latvian Football Cup final, losing 1–0 in extra time in the final against Skonto FC.

In 1993, the club was renamed to Olimpija Rīga, after the Riga Olimpija bank, which financed the club. The new government brought serious money to the club which now had one of the best squads in Latvia. In 1993, Olimpija were runners-up, of Virslīga, finishing second behind Skonto FC. Goalkeeper Ēriks Grigjans and midfield Andrejs Štolcers were both nominated the best in the league in their respective positions.

For the 1994 season, Olimpija acquired Latvia national team goalkeeper Oļegs Karavajevs. The club finished in fourth place in the league, but won the Latvian Football Cup, after a 2–0 win against Dag Rīga. In 1995, most of its best players left the club as the bank that sponsored the club was on its way to bankruptcy. In the league, they finished in ninth place from ten teams and after the season, the club became defunct.

In its management over the few seasons of the clubs, existence worked several of the most noted football managers in Latvia including Jānis Skredelis, Aleksandrs Starkovs and Vladimirs Žuks.

Honours
Latvian Football Cup: 1
1994

European history

See also
 FK Pārdaugava

Defunct football clubs in Latvia
Association football clubs established in 1992
Association football clubs disestablished in 1995
Football clubs in Riga
1992 establishments in Latvia
1995 disestablishments in Latvia


This is a list of the three current Comorian islands presidents.

Presidents of the islands

Notes

Presidents
Presidents
Lists of national presidents
Presidents


Gary Stephen Armstrong (born 2 January 1958)  is an English former professional footballer. His clubs included Wimbledon, Crewe Alexandra and Gillingham.

References

1958 births
Living people
Footballers from West Ham
English men's footballers
Gillingham F.C. players
Wimbledon F.C. players
Ebbsfleet United F.C. players
Kemi City F.C. players
Barnet F.C. players
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Haringey Borough F.C. players
Heybridge Swifts F.C. players
Hornchurch F.C. players
Harlow Town F.C. players
English Football League players
Men's association football defenders


The Sperillen Line () is an abandoned railway which ran through Ringerike in Viken county, Norway.

The  long line had five stations, starting at Hen Station on the Randsfjord Line and continuing to Lake Sperillen where it connected with a ferry at the port of  Finstad. The rail line had additional stations and stops at Hallingby, Somma,
and Ringmoen at the south end of Lake Sperillen.

The steam ship DS Bægna had provided ferry and freight transport service from the southern end of Lake Sperillen to  Sørum at Sør-Aurdal  in Oppland at the northern end.  Bægna went in service from her maiden voyage on 13 October 1868 and continued in traffic until 1929, when it was replaced with a motor ship, DS Spirillen.  In 1921, Parliament voted to build a railway between the  Randsfjord Line and a new port at Finsand on Lake Sperillen to connected for the ferry service. In 1933, passenger service on the rail line was terminated, as was the ferry traffic on Lake Spirillen. Freight trains on the rail line were terminated in 1957.

References

External links
Sperillen Line in Norsk Jernbaneklubbs station database

Railway lines in Viken
Railway lines opened in 1932
1932 establishments in Norway


Norman Edward Jones was an English professional footballer of the 1920s.

A native of Liverpool, Jones is known to have briefly played for Derby County in 1922–23, but subsequently spent four seasons of his career at Gillingham (1923–27).

References

Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
Footballers from Liverpool
English men's footballers
Men's association football wing halves
Walker Celtic F.C. players
Gillingham F.C. players
Derby County F.C. players
English Football League players
Place of death missing


NK.pl, formerly Nasza-klasa.pl (English: Our-class.pl), was a Polish school-based social networking service used by alumni and students. NK.pl was owned and administered by Ringier Axel Springer Polska.

History
NK.pl was launched on 11 November 2006 by Maciej Popowicz, Paweł Olchawa, Michał Bartoszkiewicz, and Łukasz Adziński, four college students studying computer science at the University of Wrocław. The company was headquartered in Wrocław, Poland, and its name came from the song "Nasza Klasa" by Jacek Kaczmarski.

The website enjoyed success, and one 2009 study called it a "model example of the ‘rags to riches’ ideal of an enterprise construed with no financial funding and no institutional support (neither from ASP/ISP corporations nor from central/local administration)". In 2009, the service had 13.5 million active users. NK.pl then ranked among the top five websites used in Poland, behind Google.pl, Onet.pl, and Wirtualna Polska, and it was visited by more than 50% of Polish Internet users each month (with 10% of the traffic coming from abroad).

As of July 2009 86% of its users lived in Poland, according to Alexa. The site was also popular in Norway, where it was the fifth most popular social networking website in 2009. In June 2010, a rebranding and changes to terms of use demanding that users allow the portal to use their profile photo commercially along with select private information, triggered a mass exodus. As of August 2014 the number of registered users had plummeted to less than 7 million, with many users having switched to Facebook.

In November 2014 Ringier Axel Springer Polska signed agreement to buy NK.pl from Excolimp Investemnts.

On May 26, 2021, NK.pl announced its closure effective July 27 of the same year.

Services
Registered users could pick their school and graduation year. Users were also able to create personal pages with details about their life and past education.

NK.pl offered a wide variety of privacy settings, additionally offering up-to-date advice and instructions about privacy on NK.pl as well as the portal. It had a trust and safety team that worked with law enforcement to resolve matters related to threatening and dangerous posts and other illegal activity.

NK.pl also cooperated with childcare services, such as the Nobody's Children Foundation, which takes care of psychological needs and healthy mental development of children.

See also

 Grono.net
 Odnoklassniki
 Facebook

References

External links
 The official site of nk.pl
 Site for NK Developers

Online companies of Poland
Defunct social networking services
Polish social networking websites
Internet properties established in 2006
Internet properties disestablished in 2021


Aurigeno is a village and former municipality in the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

It was first recorded in 1276 as Urigeno.

The municipality had 398 inhabitants in 1709, which decreased to 302 in 1801, 297 in 1850, 219 in 1900, 214 in 1950 and 127 in 1970. It then rose again, to 316 in 1990 and 384 in 2003. The municipality had an area of 11.04 km².

In 2004 the municipality was incorporated into the larger, neighboring municipality Maggia.

References

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Ticino


Jakjeon Station () is a subway station on Line 1 of the Incheon Subway located at Jakjeon-dong, Gyeyang-gu, Incheon, South Korea.

Overview
Jakjeon is a dense residential area with many apartment buildings.

Passengers
Because of its characteristics, many people enter and leave during rush hours. Besides, it roles as a traffic node in the northern area of Bupyeong station with Gyeongin Expressway.

Station layout

Exits

References

Seoul Metropolitan Subway stations
Metro stations in Incheon
Railway stations in South Korea opened in 1999
Gyeyang District


Richard Gillies (born 24 August 1976) is a Scottish former professional footballer. He had two five-year spells with St Mirren.

Career
Raised in Neilston, Gillies played with Barrhead Boys Club up until the age of 15 when he signed for St Mirren. In December 1992, aged 16, he became the club's youngest debutant and goalscorer. An attacking midfielder, he was regarded as one of the most promising youngsters in the country when he came into the first team at St Mirren, then playing in Scotland's second tier. He was selected for the Scotland under-21 team and attracted interest from Liverpool and Newcastle United along with other clubs in both Scotland and England before a transfer to Aberdeen in 1997 for £350,000.

His move to the Dons was not a success, with the club in decline after a period as one of the strongest teams in Scottish football, while the manager who signed him (Roy Aitken) was dismissed within weeks of Gillies joining, and he suffered from several injuries and was abused in the street by frustrated supporters as his career stalled.

In 2000 he returned to St Mirren, initially on loan, soon followed by a permanent move after he helped the club win the First Division to achieve promotion to the Scottish Premier League, although they were relegated in 2001. He was inducted into the club's Hall of Fame when it was established in 2004, and awarded a testimonial against Celtic in 2005. He left for third-tier Partick Thistle later that year, spending one season with the Jags.

He spent a year as player-coach in New Zealand with Jonathan Gould at Hawke's Bay United before returning to Scotland for a short spell at Stranraer, retiring from playing in 2008.

Later and personal life
Gillies later worked as a football agent, as a trainer for ProAcademy coaching and as Director of Operations for the ProLegal Group in conjunction with PFA Scotland.

His nephew Liam Lindsay is also a footballer, as was his elder brother Kenny, though without reaching the top division. His son Max was an emerging player with Queen's Park as of 2021.

References

External links

Ricky Gillies: A Tribute at St Mirren Mad
Profile at AFC Heritage Trust
Profile at Sporting Heroes

Living people
1976 births
Footballers from Glasgow
Scottish men's footballers
St Mirren F.C. players
Aberdeen F.C. players
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in New Zealand
Partick Thistle F.C. players
Stranraer F.C. players
Scottish Premier League players
Scottish Football League players
Scottish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's association footballers in New Zealand
People educated at Eastwood High School, Newton Mearns
Scotland men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from East Renfrewshire


The Urban Taskforce Australia is an industry organisation representing property developers and financiers in Australia.
It has been described in the media as one of the most powerful lobby groups in NSW.

In addition to property developers and financiers, its membership includes builders, architects, urban planners, economists and lawyers involved in planning and development.

It engages in the lobbying of ministers and senior bureaucrats, including through engaging with former politicians. Some formerly high-profile politicians that are associated with the organisation include Nick Greiner and Neville Wran.

The taskforce states its purpose as 'a forum for people involved in the development and planning of the urban environment to engage in constructive dialogue with both government and the community'. Its stated mission is to promote efficient planning and environmental laws, economic activity, and urban quality of life.

The organisation is frequently criticised by the Australian Greens for its lobbying to disempower local councils from planning decisions. It has been praised by that party for its stance on supporting a ban on political donations.

History
The organisation was founded in NSW in 1999 when a group of property developers and financiers decided they had a different view of the planning system than other industry groups such as fund managers. The founding director was David Tanevski from KWC Capital Partners. It was launched by Bob Carr, an action that was questioned in parliament.

The organisation has since expanded nationally.

Since its inception the organisation has successfully lobbied for cuts of developer levies, exemptions in Sydney's growth areas from threatened species laws, and successfully lobbying for actions toward pro-development planning reforms.

References

Business organisations based in Australia
Real estate companies of Australia
Urban planning in Australia


D28 is a state road in central Croatia connecting the D5 and D45 in Veliki Zdenci to the D10 in Gradec interchange.  The road is
The road, as well as all other state roads in Croatia, is managed and maintained by Hrvatske ceste, a state-owned company.

Traffic volume

Traffic is regularly counted and reported by Hrvatske ceste, one of the operators of the road.

Road junctions and populated areas

Maps

Sources

D028
D028
D028
D028


Paul Peterson Clark (born 14 September 1958) is an English former professional footballer. His clubs included Southend United, Brighton & Hove Albion and Gillingham.

Career
While at Southend United, he was made player-manager during the 1986–87 season. When Paul Lambert left Colchester United three games into the 2009–10 season, Clark was brought in by caretaker manager Joe Dunne as assistant manager until Aidy Boothroyd's appointment as manager.

References

1958 births
Living people
People from South Benfleet
Footballers from Essex
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Gillingham F.C. players
Southend United F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Reading F.C. players
Cambridge United F.C. players
Leyton Orient F.C. players
Chelmsford City F.C. players
Billericay Town F.C. players
English Football League players
English football managers
Southend United F.C. managers
Gillingham F.C. managers


D28 may refer to:

Ships
 , a Pará-class destroyer of the Brazilian Navy
 , a Garcia-class destroyer of the Brazilian Navy
 , a V-class destroyer of the Royal Navy
 , a Fletcher-class destroyer of the Hellenic Navy

Other uses
 D28 road (Croatia)
 Dewoitine D.28, a French aircraft
 Martin D-28, a guitar model
 Sonatensatz, D 28 (Schubert), a piano work by Franz Schubert
 Iceberg D-28, which calved from the Amery Ice Shelf in Antarctica in September 2019
 LNER Class D28, a class of British steam locomotives


Giumaglio is a village and former municipality in the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

It was first recorded in 1224 as Zumano.

The municipality had 300 inhabitants in 1591, which decreased to 125 in 1761. It then increased, to 188 in 1801 and 413 in 1850, before declining again to 232 in 1900, 204 in 1950 and 167 in 1970. It then rose somewhat, to 202 in 2000 and 210 in 2003. The municipality had an area of 13.17 km².

In 2004 the municipality was incorporated into the larger, neighboring municipality Maggia.

References

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Ticino


Lodano is a village and former municipality in the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

It was first recorded in 1224 as Lodino.

The municipality had 70 inhabitants in 1709, which increased to 85 in 1801, 140 in 1850 and 141 in 1900. It then declined to 134 in 1950 and 86 in 1970, before rising again, to 171 in 2000 and 191 in 2003. The municipality had an area of 13.76 km².

In 2004 the municipality was incorporated into the larger, neighboring municipality Maggia.

Since 2021 the ancient beech forests of the Lodano Valley have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in the context of the property "Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe". https://www.valledilodano.ch/en

References

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Switzerland


The Lillesand–Flaksvand Line () or LFB was a  railway between Flaksvand (now called Flaksvatn) and Lillesand in Agder, Norway. The private line was built with  narrow gauge and was not connected to the national railway network. The line opened on 4 June 1896, and remained in use until 15 June 1953. It was built to carry lumber, but also featured a passenger service and other cargo transport. After 1908, the line was unprofitable and only had a limited service. Plans to connect it to the Sørland Line were proposed but rejected. The line had four stations and four halts, and was served with two  steam locomotives, Lillesand and Flaksvand. The line was owned and operated by the private company, A/S Lillesand–Flaksvandbanen, although nearly all the shares were held by local municipalities, the county and the national government.

Route

The  line was built at a minimum standard and as cheaply as possible. It had  narrow gauge, with the steepest gradient at 3.33 percent, a minimum curve radius of  and a track weight of 60 kilograms per meter (145 lb/yd). The line had four stations: Lillesand, Tveide, Birkeland and Flaksvand. In addition, there were four halts between Lillesand and Tveide: Stene, Møglustu, Storemyr and Eikeland.

In addition to the main line, there were 11 branches and spurs, totaling . At Lillesand Station, there was a station building, a wagon depot, a locomotive depot and tracks to the docks. At Møglestu, there was an extra parallel track and at Sandvad, there was a branch to a gravel pit. Extra tracks were laid at Storemyr for parking of wagons and at Ydderstad, there was a spur to load lumber. At Eikeland there three spurs, including one  long to a stone quarry. At Jordbruna, there was a spur for loading lumber, and at Tveite, there were three spurs, of which two went to the sand pit at Moelva and one to Myhre Torvstrøfabrikk. North of Tveite, there was a spur to leave part of the train if the locomotive needed to take two trips to get up the hill. At Birkeland Station, there were two extra tracks, one for stationing cargo trains and one to the sawmill. At Flaksvand Station, there were five tracks, of which three were at the station, one to the sawmill and for loading lumber.

In Lillesand, the right-of-way has been converted to a road around the city center, although parts have been converted to a pedestrian path. Other parts have been reverted to agricultural land. From Storemyr, the route went through a forest, and has become an overgrown forestry road. From Eikeland to Tveite, the line has been converted to a hiking trail. At Birkleland, there are few remains of the line, although when leaving the village, part of the line is used as a pathway. Further along, the route is disused, but fenced in. The station buildings at Tveite and Flaksvand have been kept, the building at Lillesand has been preserved, while the station at Birkeland was dismounted because it was in the way of a new road.

History

Public debate about constructing a railway from Lillesand up the valley following the river Tovdalselva started in the mid-1880s. At the time, lumber was being floated down the river, but low levels of water was causing irregular operations and the piling of lumber in Flaksvand. In 1889, the government for received an application for a concession. Costs were estimated at NOK 462,000 and the line was passed by the Parliament of Norway on 22 June 1891. At the same time, the line received a state funding of NOK 200,000. Half of this was share capital, the other half was a subsidy. Aust-Agder County Municipality also gave a grant of NOK 20,000, and bought shares for the same amount. Of the share capital of NOK 417,350, NOK 850 was from private investors and the rest from municipalities. The largest owner was Lillesand Municipality, who bought shares for NOK 181,000. Concession was granted by royal resolution on 31 August 1892, and lasted 30 years from the date of the opening of the railway.

Construction was subcontracted to Nicolay Nicolaysen Sontum of Bergen. Without any machines, the whole line was built by hand using tools and explosives. The line opened on 4 June 1896. Two steam locomotives from Sächsische Maschinenfabrik were delivered in May 1895 and given the names Lillesand and Flaksvand. The locomotives weighed  and had a power output of . Three passenger cars were bought along with 34 freight cars. Most of the rolling stock remained in use until the closing of the line, at which time they were scrapped. The initial service was two daily round trips, shortly afterwards increasing to three. The peak freight transport was reached in 1902, when  were transported. It fell rapidly, and from 1906 it was never higher than . Also the passenger traffic fell, with the peak reached in 1900, when the line had 26,000 passengers. In addition to lumber, an important customer was Myhre Torvstrøfabrikk, which produced peat.

By 1908, the railway was losing money, of which two-thirds was covered by the state and one-third by the municipalities. During the planning of the Sørland Line, it was proposed that the Lillesand–Flaksvand Line be converted to standard gauge and extended to Oggevatn, allowing the two lines to connect. Other proposals involved extending the line from Flaksvand to Vennesla and from Lillesand to Roresand. In 1928, the operating company, A/S Lillesand–Flaksvandbanen, started a parallel bus route. By 1930, only 845 passengers were transported by rail, with ridership falling further in the following years. By then, there was only a single, combined freight and passenger round trip per day. From 2 March 1942, this was reduced to when needed, and eventually transport was only done during summer. In 1951, the railway transported 269 passengers and . The last train ran on 15 June 1953, and the line was officially closed on 1 July.

See also
 Narrow gauge railways in Norway

References

Bibliography

External links

Historical information site (in Norwegian)

Lillesand
Birkenes
Railway lines in Norway
Railway lines in Agder
Railway lines opened in 1896
Railway lines closed in 1953
1896 establishments in Norway
Closed railway lines in Norway
Private railway lines in Norway
3 ft 6 in gauge railways in Norway


Keith Brian Oakes (born 3 July 1956) is an English former professional footballer. His clubs included Peterborough United, Newport County and Gillingham.

At Newport County Oakes was selected in the 1980 Fourth Division PFA Team of the Year and captained the team that won promotion to the Football League Third Division, won the 1980 Welsh Cup and in the subsequent season reached the quarter-final of the 1981 European Cup Winners Cup.

He completed a bachelor's degree in Physiotherapy at the University of Salford and in the summer of 1991 succeeded Bill Harvey as physiotherapist at Peterborough United. In 1997, he became the physiotherapist at Lincoln City and had a brief spell as co-caretaker manager after the sacking of Phil Stant in 2001.

He returned to Peterborough United as physiotherapist in June 2006, but he left in May 2010.

References

● Playfair football annuals 1973-74 to 1991-92

1956 births
Living people
English men's footballers
English Football League players
Bedworth United F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C. players
Newport County A.F.C. players
Gillingham F.C. players
Fulham F.C. players
Boston United F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C. non-playing staff
Lincoln City F.C. non-playing staff
Association football physiotherapists
Alumni of the University of Salford
People from Bedworth
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from Warwickshire


Attheya armata is a species of diatoms in the genus Attheya.

References

Protists described in 1994
Ochrophyte species
Coscinodiscophyceae


Moghegno is a village and former municipality in the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

It was first recorded in 1335 as Mogeno.

The municipality had 300 inhabitants in 1761, which decreased to 294 in 1801. It then went up and down to 392 in 1850, 264 in 1900 and 205 in 1950. It then increased steadily to 275 in 1990, 336 in 2000 and 376 in 2003. The municipality had an area of 6.96 km2.

In 2004 the municipality was incorporated into the larger, neighboring municipality Maggia.

References

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Switzerland


Someo is a village and former municipality in the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

Demography
The municipality had 258 inhabitants in 2003. The municipality had an area of 32.73 km².

In 2004 the municipality was incorporated into the larger, neighboring municipality Maggia.

Emigration
In the 19th century many inhabitants migrated to France, England, California and Australia. Antonio Tognazzini founded the town Someo (now Casmalia) to honour the village of origin of his family.

The aspiration to find new opportunities abroad was widespread in some cantons of Switzerland, in particular Ticino, Fribourg and Valais.

Italian-Swiss Emigration

The people of the Italian-speaking part of Switzerland had often to migrate because the local resources were insufficient to sustain the entire population.

The migration was mainly seasonal or temporary. One could work during the summer in Milan or other Italian Cities and then go home for winter (or vice versa). With the development of transportation we find Italian-Swiss (or Ticinese, i.e. from Ticino, as they will be called here) in France, England, the Netherlands and other Western European states. In these nations the stay was often longer than a year and eventually definitive.

Emigration to Europe

For several centuries the Italian Peninsula was the main and often unique destination of the seasonal emigration. For longer periods the migrants went to France, England, the Netherlands and other European states.

In the construction sector, the Ticinese were masons, stonecutters, site foremen, stucco workers and sculptors. During the Middle Age, the Comacine masters were the most famous artists from Ticino and the Lombardy. In the 16th century the architects Domenico Fontana, Carlo Maderno and Francesco Borromini work in Rome, Florence and other Italian Cities. Later, Domenico Trezzini, Antonio Adamini, Domenico Gilardi, Giorgio Ruggia and others architects from Ticino built churches and buildings in Russia.

The people from the Blenio Valley were chocolate-makers in Milan, chestnut roasters in Lyon, Paris and others European cities, restaurant keepers in London.

The Ticinese abroad were also porters, waiters, coppersmiths (from Valcolla), knife-grinders, glaziers (from Claro), brick-makers, chimney sweeps (from Onsernone: small boys were sent scrambling up inside the chimney to scrap and brush soot away).

In the first half of the 19th century, the Ticinese in Italy were about ten thousand and every year more than ten thousand migrated to several European nations. In 1858 the Ticinese registered at the Swiss embassy in Paris were nearly eight thousand.

In 1853 general Joseph Radetzky, Viceroy of Lombardy-Venetia, ordered the deportation of all Ticinese and the closure of the border with Ticino. More than six thousand Ticinese were deported. Ticino faced a severe economic crisis because it had to feed all these people without the wheat from Italy. Two years later the order was abolished.

Emigration to California

The emigration of Ticinese to California in the 19th century started with the California Gold Rush. Two gold seekers from Leventina were the first migrants. They arrived in San Francisco in 1849. During the following years the number of migrants increased from less than 100 to several hundred. The great majority came from the northern valleys, in particular Valle Maggia and Valle Leventina. Often the Municipality or the Patriziato (Patriciate) lent the money for the trip. The emigrants would mortgage their properties or contract private loans. In the contract signed with an emigration agency, the journey and the room and board were specified. They would take a stagecoach and often had to cross the Gotthard Pass on foot. In Lucerne it was possible to take a train.

The departure ports were Le Havre, Hambourg and Antwerp, but sometimes the migrants stayed in London to work in order to pay for the trip to California.

The journey lasted several months because one had to circumnavigate South America or to disembark in Colón and cross the Isthmus of Panama. The length of the journey from New York City to San Francisco was greatly shortened when the First transcontinental railroad started to operate in 1869.

Business conditions and political and climatic events have affected the number of migrants. For instance, the closure of the border ordered by general Radetzky led to a strong increase in the number of emigrants. The main push factors were population growth, crop failures, floods, landslides and political turmoil. The main pull factors were the gold rush, availability of farm land, high paying jobs and cheaper transport costs. The American Civil War and economic recessions lowered the number of migrants.

Perret searched state and county records in California, in particular the original files of the American census of 1870, and found 882 Ticinese, though the real number was much higher. In 1930 the Swiss Americans of Ticino descent numbered about twenty thousand. The number of people that originally went to California is much greater than that, because all the Ticinese that went back home between 1870 and 1930 are not counted in the American Census of 1930.

The great majority of Ticinese were dairy farmers. In their letters to their families back home they explained the everyday hard work. They were milking about twenty cows by hand. The ranch was much bigger than an Alpine pasture. In winter they worked in sawmills or in factories.

Often a migrant started to work as a milker but then, with his savings and a bank loan, he would be able to buy a small farm. The Swiss American bank was founded in Locarno with branches in San Francisco and San Luis Obispo. The emigrants could deposit their savings and transfer some money to Ticino.

There were some miners among the emigrants, but farm work was what they knew best. Some Ticinese were winemakers (the Italian Swiss Colony was founded by some Swiss and Italian wine merchants), horticulturists, carpenters, storekeepers, hotelkeepers and bakers.

In San Francisco the Ticinese founded a mutual aid society, a patriotic society and a journal in Italian with news from Ticino and the colony.

Emigration to the United States ceased after World War II. The second generation assimilated easily and quickly, as described by the melting pot phenomenon. “Ticinese” and Italian were no longer spoken, and family connections became more difficult. The descendants are now scattered all over the United States. Family names, street names and tombstones in Catholic cemeteries are the current traces of emigration from Ticino.

A demographic disequilibrium (almost all emigrants were men) was the main negative consequence for the villages in Valle Maggia. Many women took men's jobs, and the more difficult pastures were abandoned. Emigrant remittances helped restore buildings and churches. The story of a rich uncle in America is popular in Ticino.

Emigration to Australia

The Australian gold rush in Victoria started in 1851. Several thousand European and Chinese gold diggers went to Australia scratching in the gravel with their pick and shovel.
A miner’s licence had to be paid in advance (30 shillings per month). Tensions between the diggers and the authorities rose quickly. A rebellion was organised resulting in the death of over 30 people.

The first Ticinese gold diggers made a fortune. They encouraged their acquaintances to go to Australia. The journey was dangerous and lasted up to five months. The emigrants had to mortgage theirs properties or to contract a private loan. In the contract signed with an emigration agency the journey and the room and board were specified. Some emigrants were abused by dishonest emigration agencies (wrong arrival port, insufficient food). In 1874 Switzerland enacted a law to regulate these agencies.

Work in the gold fields was very hard and dangerous. The digger had to scratch from dawn to dusk and the result was highly unsure. Discouragement was widespread. The majority of emigrants came back poorer than before. The representative of Ticino for the Lugano District advised in 1863 against emigration to Australia.

Between 1850 and 1860 about 2300 Ticinese migrated to Australia. The majority came from the northern part of Ticino, in particular the Valle Maggia. A third of the emigrants remained in Australia but they had to work as farmer, vine-growers, merchants and hotelkeepers. Those staying in the gold fields had to work for mining companies in low-paid and insecure jobs.

The second generation eventually assimilated in Australian society. “Ticinese” and Italian were no longer spoken and the family connections became more difficult. The family ties with Ticino were limited to short stays during a vacation to Europe. Family names and some tombstones in Catholic cemeteries are the present traces of emigration from Ticino.

Australian people of Italian and Italian-speaking Swiss descent gather every year in Hepburn Springs for the Swiss Italian Fiesta (see Swiss Italians of Australia).

Emigration to Argentina

Several Ticinese, in particular from the Southern part of Ticino, took part in the colonization of Argentina and other South America countries. The journey to Buenos Aires with a sailing ship lasted three months. Later, with a transatlantic steamboat the journey was much shorter (one month) and safer.

Switzerland and some Swiss municipalities promoted emigration to South America. A federal office was in charge of all problems related to emigration. Until 1937 a financial aid was granted to settle in Argentina. Moreover, a Swiss Consul in Le Havre advised the migrants. Some migrants had to be protected from untrustworthy and dishonest emigration agencies.

Argentina opened a consulate in Bellinzona to encourage immigration but civil wars and coup d’état hampered this public advertising.

The number of immigrants increased sharply in the second half of the 19th century (a fivefold increase from 1869 to 1895). Living conditions were difficult because of surge of epidemics (yellow fever in 1871, cholera in 1874), political instability, civil wars and monetary depreciation.

The Ticinese lived mainly in the cities. Swiss rural colonies were founded by people from the cantons of Fribourg and Valais. The tentative of a rural colony in Paraguay by Mosé Bertoni was an interesting scientific and social experiment but an economic failure.

In the construction sector, the Ticinese were masons, stonecutters, site foremen, carpenters, architects, stucco workers and sculptors.
Among the business men, the Ticinese were bankers, hotelkeepers, industrialists, engineers, doctors, pharmacists, lawyers and teachers. All other typical occupations for Ticinese abroad were found in Argentina: dairy farmers, porters, waiters, coppersmiths, knife-grinders, glaziers, brick-makers and chimney sweeps.

Mutual aid societies and patriotic societies were founded to foster the bonds among fellow countrymen. For example, the Swiss Philanthropic Society of Buenos Aires, founded in 1861, had 190 members and helped many sick and penniless Ticinese.

In his book, Pedrazzini gives a careful description of the professional and political activities of many Ticinese migrated to Argentina. The dynasties of the Bernasconi, Chiesa, de Marchi, Matti, Pellegrini, Quadri and Soldati families have played an important role in the economic and political activities of Argentina. Villa Lugano, now a working class neighbourhood in Buenos Aires, was formerly a town founded by Giuseppe (José) Soldati to honour Lugano, the city in his district of origin.

The most famous Ticinese migrant is the poet Alfonsina Storni. She was a four-year girl when her parents migrated to Argentina. Her father had opened a brewery in San Juan and later a restaurant in Rosario.

From 1869 to 1892 several hundred people left Ticino to migrate to South America. In his book, Pedrazzini gives the names and the villages of origin of 6470 migrants from Ticino. This information was obtained using consular and private registers. This old president of the Swiss Philanthropic Society of Buenos Aires estimates that migration was profitable for 10%, indifferent for 50% and negative for 40% of his fellow countrymen.

The rich migrant who came back home built magnificent villa and took part in the industrialisation of Ticino. For instance, Villa Argentina in Mendrisio was built by Antonio Croci for Giovanni Bernasconi and Villa Buenos Aires in Castel San Pietro is another illustration of past emigration to Argentina.

The second generation acquired Argentine citizenship at birth and did not speak “Ticinese” and Italian. Sometimes the name was changed to make pronunciation easy. Emigration to Argentina ceased after the Second World War and the members of patriotic societies became old and very few. Family names and tombstones are the present traces of emigration from Ticino.

Architecture
Like in many other places in Ticino, there are interesting examples of architectural design, such as:
 The family house at Riveo, built in 1977 by Bruno Reichlin and Fabio Reinhart, with strong neoclassical influence.

The official website OltreconfiniTi
In August 2013, the Ticinese government set up OltreconfiniTi ("beyond the borders of Ticino"), a multimedia project dedicated to emigration issues, in a bid to strengthen ties with emigrants. Several pages are dedicated to Someo and its inhabitants who moved to other countries.

References

Bibliography

 Cheda Giorgio, L’emigrazione ticinese in Australia, Dadò, Locarno, 1976
 Cheda Giorgio, L’emigrazione ticinese in California, Dadò, Locarno, 1981
 Pedrazzini Augusto O., L’emigrazione ticinese nell’America del Sud, Tipografia Pedrazzini, Locarno, 1962
 Perret Maurice Edmond, Les colonies tessinoises en Californie, F. Rouge & Cie SA, Lausanne, 1950
 Raup H.F., « The Italian-Swiss in California », California Historical Society Quarterly, vol. 30, December 1951, pp. 305–314
 Strozzi Giuseppe, Diario d’Australia, a cura di Oliveto Rodoni, Dadò, Locarno, 1992
 Wegmann Susanne, The Swiss in Australia, Verlag Rüegger, Grüsch, 1989

Someo is also a French brand of mattresses and beds. See more about Someo (in French).

External links
OltreconfiniTi, the official website dedicated to Ticinese emigration

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Switzerland


Bernay-en-Ponthieu is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is situated on the RD 1001 road (ex-RN1), next to the A16 autoroute, some  north of Abbeville.

Population

Places of interest

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

External links

 Rooms in Bernay-en-Ponthieu  (French)

Communes of Somme (department)


Frank Henrik Aarebrot (19 January 1947 – 9 September 2017) was a Norwegian political scientist, political commentator, and professor of comparative politics. Among the most quoted and popular academics in the Norwegian press, he became better known during his later years for his televised "marathon lectures" and his recurring role in coverage of national and international elections on Norwegian television.

Biography

Early life and education
Aarebrot was born in Bergen on 19 January 1947, the only child of civil engineer Knut Aarebrot (1911–84) and housewife Borgny Hansen (1912-2003), and grew up in the working class area of Kronstad outside Bergen. After finishing his examen artium in 1966, he enrolled at the University of Bergen, where he became the assistant of Stein Rokkan in 1969. After being invited to the United States by his aunt, Aarebrot studied at Yale University in 1969-1970 and the University of Michigan in 1972-74 as an exchange student, whilst also working as a substitute and guest lecturer in Bergen in-between. After completing his studies, Aarebot received his cand.polit.-degree in comparative politics in 1976, with minors in sociology and history.

Aarebrot became a member of the Norwegian Labour Party at young age, and voted for them in every election until his death. He later referred to his upbringing as one of the main reasons for his political position.

Academic career
From 1977 to his retirement in 2017, Aarebrot was employed by the Institute of Comparative Politics at the University of Bergen. In addition, he regularly lectured at Institut des Sciences Politiques and at the Humboldt University in Berlin. During his career, he also wrote sixty-nine books on the democratisation of Europe following the fall of the Berlin Wall. Aarebrot also holds one of the top spots in the rankings of most quoted academics in Norwegian media. On 19 January 2017, Aarebrot reached the age of retirement for academics in Norway, and held his final lecture on 24 April, an event that was televised nationally. While Aarebrot initially had several more planned, it would be his final televised lecture.

Media career
In the late 1980s, Aarebrot began working as a freelance observer for NRK, covering elections in Europe and the US. While covering the presidential elections of Romania in 1990, Aarebrot was infected with a skeletal disease that later resulted in amputation. Despite his, he continued working with the broadcaster until his death, and had a recurring role in coverage of elections until 2017.

Despite his education and academic background, Aarebrot became better known to modern audiences following his many appearances outside the news. In 2004, together with Norwegian comedian and sociologist Harald Eia and comedians Bård Tufte Johansen and Kristopher Schau, Aarebrot tried to prove Pierre Bourdieus critic of television, claiming that it's not an organ of information, but rather distraction: while Aarebrot and Bård Tufte Johansen led a normal-like TV-discussion about the ideas of Pierre Bourdieu, Kristopher Schau was licking dipmix off of the remaining parts of Aarebrots leg, meant to work as proof of Bordieus ideas, as the viewers most likely wouldn't remember the actual discussion.

Having studied in the United States and lived there for several years, Aarebrot was particularly interested in the politics of the country, and made frequent visits until his death. During the last decade of his career, he often featured in election coverage on Norwegian television, and wrote several articles on the presidential candidates and American politics in general. In one of his later, and more controversial articles, he compared then-candidate Donald Trump with Adolf Hitler, drawing parallels between the rhetoric and wording used by Trump during his campaign and by Hitler during his rise to power prior to 1933. When Trump later won the nomination, and subsequent election, Aarebrot referred to the result as "frightening" and expressed worry for the American democracy.

In 2014, Aarebrot gave a televised lecture on Norwegian history from 1814 to 2014 in celebration of the 200-year anniversary of the Constitution of Norway, the lecture lasting three-and-a-half hours, one minute for every year. Dubbed a "marathon lecture" by the media, it was immensely popular with viewers, resulting in two more such lectures, a three-and-a-half hour lecture on World War II in Norway in 2015, and a four-hour lecture on all forty-four Presidents of the United States and their elections in 2016. A fourth lecture, covering the 500-year history from the Reformation in 1517 until today was scheduled for October 2017 when Aarebrot suddenly died, six weeks before the lecture was to take place. He had also planned a fifth lecture for 2018, covering the hundred-year-history since the end of World War I. While most reviews and comments about the lectures were positive, some critics complained that Aarebrot presented a "dumbed-down" version of history, and also criticized him for failing to check some of his facts, such as the cause death of William Henry Harrison in 1841.

Personal life
Aarebrot married Dutch political scientist Marian Flick in 1977, and they remained married until his death. They had two children together.

After contracting an infection in his left leg while covering the presidential elections of Romania in 1990, Aarebrot was diagnosed with osteomyelitis, a disease of the bones in his leg, which was aggravated by lifelong smoking habit. In 2003, the leg was amputated below the knee, which Aarebrot himself called "a relief". He later used a prosthesis and occasionally crutches or a wheelchair.

Death
On 4 September 2017, Aarebrot was admitted to Haukeland sykehus in Bergen having suffered a heart attack. He had felt unwell during a return flight from London, and called his doctor after landing at Flesland Airport. The following day Aarebrot himself told media that he felt much better and would be having minor surgeries the following days to correct his heart issues. Five days later, on the evening of 9 September 2017, Aarebrot died at Haukeland from complications following his heart attack, aged 70. His death occurred less than two days before the 2017 Norwegian elections, which Aarebrot was scheduled to cover and comment on, and had made several pre-recorded videos for.

Bibliography
 Frank Aarebrot and Pål Bakka: “Die Vergleichende Methode in der Politikwissenschaft“ i Dirk Berg-Schlosser and Ferdinand Müller-Rommel (red.): Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft, 4. utgave, (2006)
 Joakim Ekman, Henri Vogt, Frank Aarebrot and Sten Berglund: The Making Of The European Union: Foundations, Institutions and Future Trends (2006)
 Sten Berglund, Joakim Ekman and Frank Aarebrot (red.): The Handbook of political change in Eastern Europe 2. utgave (2004)
 Sten Berglund, Frank Aarebrot, Henri Vogt and Georgi Karasimeonov: Challenges to democracy : Eastern Europe ten years after the collapse of communism (2001)
 Frank Aarebrot and Terje Knutsen: Politics and Citizenship on the Eastern Baltic Seaboard. The structuring of Democratic Politics from North-West Russia to Poland  (2000)
 Sten Berglund and Frank Aarebrot: The Political History of Eastern Europe in the 20th Century. The Struggle Between Dictatorship and Democracy (1997)

References

External links
 Profile on the website of University of Bergen

1947 births
2017 deaths
Norwegian political scientists
Academic staff of the University of Bergen
Academic staff of Örebro University
University of Michigan alumni
Politicians from Bergen
Norwegian expatriates in the United States
People educated at Langhaugen Upper Secondary School
Norwegian amputees