The First Messenian War was a war between Messenia and Sparta. It began in 743 BC and ended in 724 BC, according to the dates given by Pausanias.

The war continued the rivalry between the Achaeans and the Dorians that had been initiated by the purported Return of the Heracleidae. Both sides utilized an explosive incident to settle the rivalry by full-scale war. The war was prolonged into 20 years. The result was a Spartan victory. Messenia was depopulated by emigration of the Achaeans to other states. Those who did not emigrate were reduced socially to helots, or serfs. Their descendants were held in hereditary servitude for centuries until the Spartan state finally needed them for defense.

Dates

Pausanias' standard dates
Pausanias says that the opening campaign was a surprise attack on Ampheia by a Spartan force commanded by Alcmenes, Agiad king of Sparta, in the second year of the 9th Olympiad. The end of the war was the abandonment of Mt. Ithome in the first year of the 14th Olympiad. The time of the war is so clearly fixed at 743/742 BC through 724/722 BC that other events in Greek history are often dated by it. Pausanias evidently had access to a chronology of events by Olympiad. The details of the war are not so certain but Pausanias gives an evaluation of his two main sources, the epic poem by Rianos of Bene for the first half and the prose history of Myron of Priene for the second half. Nothing survives now of the sources except fragments.

Dates by the archaeology of Taras and Asine
A second method of dating presented by John Coldstream takes archaeology into consideration as well as other literary evidence, arriving at somewhat later dates. Argos had entered the war on the Messenian side toward the end of it. They decided to eliminate Asine in reprisal for its assistance to Sparta during the Spartan invasion of Argos. After the war Sparta placed the refugees in a new settlement called Asine on the Messenian Gulf, today's Koroni. The destruction level at the old Asine is dated 710 BC, more precise actually than can be obtained for most archaeological dates.

A second piece of apparently archaeologically supported evidence is the settlement of the Partheniai at Taras (Tarentum) in Italy. During the war while the men were away a certain number of Spartan ladies bore illegitimate children to non-Spartiate fathers, some with husbands stationed in Messenia. These Partheniai were denied citizenship and, being unwelcome in Sparta, they became a civic problem, ultimately staging a rebellion. They were sent off under Phalanthus at the suggestion of the Delphic oracle to found Taras at Satyrion later a suburb of Tarentum. Pottery from there is exclusively Greek and geometric from about 700 BC. Eusebius says Taras was founded in 706 BC. Granting a precision to the 710 date he does not grant to the 700 date and presuming the juveniles were sent away immediately after the war, Coldstream formulates new dates for the war of 730–710 BC.

Background

Early rejection of the Heraclid king
The Peloponnese had been Achaean before the return of the Heracleidae in 1104 BC. The victorious Dorian commanders, who were Heraclids, divided the Peloponnese between them. Temenus took Argos, Cresphontes took Messenia and the twin sons of Aristodemus took Sparta. The previous ruling family of Messenia, the Neleides, had emigrated with the Atreids, rulers of Mycenae and Argos, to Athens. Most of the Achaeans remained in place.

The Dorians colonized Sparta, then a small state on the east of the central Eurotas valley. Theras, their mother's brother, acted as regent for his nephews until they reached majority and then led a colony to Thera. Meanwhile, the Messenians had accepted Cresphontes as king after he married Merope, daughter of Cypselus, king of Arcadia and an Achaean. They gave up some land to another Dorian enclave in Messenia. Subsequently the noble families of the Achaeans staged an insurrection, assassinating Cresphontes and all but one of his sons in a single coup. The youngest, Aepytus, was being educated in Arcadia.

Acceptance of the Aepytidae
Aepytus on reaching manhood shortly was restored by the kings of Sparta (Dorian), Argos (Dorian) and Arcadia (Achaean). The Messenian aristocracy was won by gifts and kindness, except for the regicides, who were executed. Aepytus founded a dynasty of kings of Messenia, the Aepytidae. The Heraclid part of the family background was explicitly dropped. The Aepytidae integrated totally into Achaean culture. They took the ancient Achaean (and Pelasgian) shrine on the summit of Mt. Ithome as their own, compelling the Dorians to worship there also. Ultimately under King Phintas they joined the yearly festival to Apollo at Delos, the very central festival and most important place of worship of the Ionians, the descendants of the Achaeans.

This Achaeanizing provoked the Dorians living in Messenia. They viewed themselves as dominant over the Achaeans by right of conquest. They were supported in this view by Sparta, which had maintained a successful Dorian enclave, eventually achieving ascendance over the Achaeans in the Eurotas valley, who became the perioeci.

The raid on the temple of Artemis Limnatis
The intense ethnic animosity and contention that prevailed between the Dorians and the Achaeans is illustrated by an incident of violence that occurred 25 years prior to the First Messenian War, during a festival at the temple of Artemis Limnatis around 768 BC.  This was the year that king Phintas, considered Dorian by the Dorians, brought Messenia to an Ionian festival. The temple 99 on the border between Messenia and Laconia and only Messenians and Laconians worshipped there. Artemis, sister of Apollo, had long been a popular goddess among the Mycenaean Greeks.

Pausanias relates two versions of the story. The Spartan version tells of the raping of virgins and the killing of the king of the Agiad line in Sparta, Teleklos. Ordinarily festivals and temples were sacred and were conducted on sacred ground in Greece; even hunted men could take refuge in a temple because of the taboo against violence. The Spartan version does not explain why the Messenians came to worship and suddenly began committing rape and murder on sacred ground.

The Messenian story says that the "virgins" were beardless soldiers dressed up as women under the leadership of Teleklos, and that the soldiers intended to get close to the Messenian aristocracy for an attempt at their lives. The usual religious considerations may not have been considered to apply since the shrine was an Achaean center, not a Dorian one. The soldiers selected for their beardlessness turned out to be too inexperienced, though, and the Messenian leaders easily threw them off and assassinated their commander. Pausanias says: "Those are the stories: believe one or the other according to which side you want to be on."

Cause

Immediate provocation
A generation later "the mutual hatred of the Lakonians and Messenians came to a head." The immediate provocation was an incident of cattle theft. Polychares of Messenia, an athlete and Olympic victor, leased some grazing land from Euaiphnos the Spartan, who promptly sold the cattle to some merchants, claiming pirates had stolen them. As he was making excuses to Polychares, a herdsman of the latter, having escaped from the merchants, intervened to acquaint his master with the real facts. Apologising, Euaiphnos asked Polychares to let his son (Polychares') go with him to obtain the money from the sale, but once over the Spartan border Euaiphnos murdered Polychares' son. Polychares petitioned the Spartan magistrates for justice. Despairing of it, he began to murder such Spartans as he could catch at random. The Spartans demanded extradition of Polychares. The Messenian magistrates insisted on an exchange for Euaiphnos.

At this point the incident exploded into violence at the national level. The Spartans sent a delegation to petition the kings of Messenia, nominally Heraclids. Androcles was for extradition, Antiochus against. The whole history of Spartan-Messenian relations was reviewed, including the assassination of Teleclus 25 years earlier and the discussion became so heated that weapons were drawn. The parties of the two kings assaulted each other and Androcles was killed. Antiochus told the Spartans he would submit the case to the courts at Argos (Dorian) and Athens (Achaean). Antiochus died a few months later and his son, Euphaes, succeeded him. The law case seems to have vanished. Shortly after a Spartan army under both kings of Sparta launched an invasion of Messenia.

Possible underlying causes
Pausanias states the details of the immediate provocation for war and expresses his view that the underlying cause was ethnic and regional tension between Laconia and Messenia. Various scholars have given speculative analyses of the underlying causes throughout the centuries since Pausanias. A recent historian, William Dunstan, asserts that the Spartan invasion was an alternative to the colonization undertaken by most of the other states of Greece to relieve overpopulation at home. No evidence is offered for this view. He also implies that the Spartan aristocracy were moved by the desire for wealth, based on a cultural floruit and some foreign goods dating to the Orientalizing Period found during the excavation of the temple of Artemis Orthia in Sparta. No such motives appear in the classical sources. As Dunstan points out, after about 600 BC Spartan luxuries were in deficit. The Spartan economy improved significantly with the inflow of dues from the new helot class of Messenia. There is no evidence that this economic arrangement was intended beforehand as a cause of the war.

The strongest case for an underlying, and in this case ulterior, Spartan motive for the war is an admission by one of the Spartan kings that the Spartans needed Messenian land. The Spartan Constitution was already in effect by the time the war broke out. The Spartans had already produced a professional army, which is evidenced not only by their tactics in the war but by the reluctance of the Messenians to engage them. Lycurgus had redistributed all the land in Laconia, creating 39,000 equal plots, of which 9000 went to the Spartiates and 30,000 to the Perioeci. The source of this information, Plutarch, states two opinions as to the location of the 9000: either 6000 originally in Lacedaemon with 3000 in Messenia, added by the king Polydorus, victor of the First Messenian War, or 4500 in each region. Aristotle later stated that the Spartans could support 3000 infantry and 1500 cavalry. Each Spartiatate by law had to have his own kleros, an inalienable plot of land. Burckhardt notes that Polydorus, questioned whether he wanted to go to war against brothers (presumably, Dorians integrated into Messenian society) replied: "All we want is land not yet distributed; that is, not yet divided by lot for our people."

Thucydides states that Sparta controlled 2/5 of the Peloponnese, which according to Nigel Kennel is . Using this figure as a rough estimate of the amount of land occupied by 39,000 klaroi obtains a figure of  per klaros, a significant agricultural estate. As citizenship and other social status depended on the possession of one the availability of land must have been a strong motive.

Course

The capture of Ampheia for use as a Spartan base
Despairing finally of remedies at law for the murders of their citizens the Spartans resolved to go to war without the usual heraldic notification or any other warning to the Messenians. Alcmenes assembled an army. When it was ready they swore an oath not to stop fighting until they had taken Messenia no matter whether the war was long or short and regardless of the casualties and cost.

The war's first battle was the Spartan attack on Ampheia, a city of unknown location now, but probably on the western flank of Taygetus. A swift night march brought them to the gates, which stood open. There was no garrison, nor were they in any way expected. The first sign the Ampheians had of war was the Spartans rousing people out of bed to kill them. Some few took refuge in the temples; others fled for their lives. The Spartans sacked the city then turned it into a garrison for the conduct of further operations against Messenia. The Messenian women and children were captured. The men who had survived the massacre were sold into slavery.

When the news of Ampheia spread a crowd gathered at the capital, Stenykleros ("rough acres," location unknown, perhaps under Messene), from all of Messenia. They were addressed by the king, Euphaes. He encouraged them to be true men in the hour of need, assuring them that justice and the gods were on their side because they had not attacked first. Subsequently he placed the entire citizenry under arms and arranged for their training.

From the beginning Euphaes relied on fixed defenses. He fortified and garrisoned the towns but avoided forays against the Spartan army. For two seasons more the Spartans raided the moveable wealth, especially confiscating grain and money, but were ordered to spare capital equipment such as buildings and trees, which might be of use after the war. In this matrix of fortified points the Spartans could never successfully siege any one point. Declining to attack the main Spartan army, the Messenians could only assault undefended Spartan border communities when the opportunity arose.

The skirmish for the fortified camp on the ravine
In the fourth campaigning season; that is, in the summer of 739 according to Pausanias' dating scheme, Euphaes resolved to bring the war to the Spartans at Ampheia ("let loose the full blast of Messenian anger"). The Spartans were denying the Messenians use of the countryside for agriculture. Subsequent events show that this denial was untenable in the long term for the Messenians. They needed to strike a blow to remove the Spartan presence from their country.

Euphaes judged that his army was sufficiently trained to oppose the Spartan professional soldiers. He readied an expedition and subsequently marched out of the capital in what must have been the direction of Ampheia. That his first concern was to construct a fortified base nearer to Ampheia is indicated by the transport of "timber and all the materials for stockades" in his baggage train. No mention is made of any intelligence on the current position of the Spartan army. His actions were not those of a general expecting a battle that day. His intent must have been to move the start line of future attacks closer to the enemy, a standard tactic later used by the Roman army with repeated success.

The Spartans on the other hand were tracking his every movement. They sent immediately for reinforcements from Sparta, who marched directly for the enemy, encountering the Messenians in the middle between Ithome and Taygetus. Their approach was no surprise to Euphaes. Choosing his ground carefully he selected a site with one side bordering an impassable ravine between the Messenians and the Spartans. Nino Luraghi finds it "rather odd" that Euphaes stationed his army where it could not be attacked by the Spartans. Whether he questions the account or the general is not stated, but seen from a different view, the problem disappears.

Subsequent events demonstrate that Euphaes intended to build a fortified camp, which is what he did. The main goal of siting such a camp is to deny the enemy access to it. The Spartan commanders understood Euphaes very well. They sent a force upstream to cross the ravine and outflank the Messenians, preventing them from building a camp, but Euphaes had anticipated this move. Following the Spartans along the other side of the ravine with 500 cavalry and light infantry under Pytharatos and Antandros they prevented the Spartans from crossing. The camp was finished the next day.

The location of the ravine remains unknown nor does the battle have a name. Blocked, the Spartan army withdrew from Messenia. As it did not settle the war the battle is most often called inconclusive. As far as the tactical goals of the two armies are concerned, it was a Messenian victory.

The pitched battle in the vicinity of Ampheia
Both sides knew that in the next campaigning season a major battle would be fought. Meanwhile, at Sparta Alcmenes died and was replaced by his son, Polydorus. Cleonnis commanded the Messenian fortified camp. At the start of the season he took his command to the east to engage a Spartan army that was marching west from Sparta.

Disposition of troops
They met on the plains beneath Taygetus at a still unknown location in Messenia, perhaps near Ampheia. The battle was mainly a heavy infantry engagement. The terms "light infantry" and "infantry" are being used by Pausanias. The Spartan army was mainly infantry. Some "light infantry" were present as Dryopians, an ethnic group of Pelasgians whose ancestors had been driven from Dryopia by the Dorians, who then called it Doris, and from their Achaean place of refuge, Asine, when Dorian Argos subjected it. They were finally offered protection by Dorian Sparta. These were drafted by the Spartans. Also present was a contingent of Cretan archers. Light troops played little part in the battle; they were mainly spectators.

The two armies faced each other in traditional start lines. Euphaes yielded the command of the Messenian center to Cleonnis, while he took the left flank with Antandros, and Pythartos on the right. Facing Cleonnis was Euryleon, a noble Spartan and a Cadmid, with Polydorus on his left and Theopompus on the right. The latter in his harangue appealed to glory, wealth and the oath they had all taken. Euphaes chose to present death or slavery, pointing to the fate of Ampheia. The signal was given to advance simultaneously on both sides.

The problem of the phalanx

Pausanias' description of the battle creates an apparent historical paradox. He refers to "the special characters of the two forces in their behaviors and in their frame of mind." The Messenians "ran charging at the Lakonians reckless of their lives ...." "Some of them leapt forward out of rank and did glorious deeds of courage." The Spartans on the other hand were "careful not to break rank." Says Pausanias, "... knowledge of war was something they had been brought up to, they kept a deeper formation, expecting the Messenians not to hold a line against them for as long as their own would hold ...."

The Spartan tactic being described is that of the phalanx, the unbroken line of men creating a killing zone in front of them. The chief weapon of the ancient Greek phalanx was the spear. Pausanias says that those who tried to plunder the dead "were speared and stabbed while they were too busy to see what was coming,...."

The paradox is that there is no supporting evidence of the use of the phalanx in Greece at that time. Anthony Snodgrass defined "the hoplite revolution," which included both the use of the phalanx in Greece and standardization of a "hoplite panoply" of arms and equipment. The panoply consisted of artifacts adapted from previous models: corselet, greaves, ankle guards, closed "Corinthian" helmet, large round shield with a band for the arm and a side grip, spear, long steel sword. Each element except the greaves is dated to 750-700 BC, perhaps earlier.

They are first depicted together on Proto-Corinthian vases of 675 BC for the panoply and the phalanx around 650 BC, much too late for either the Great Rhetra or the First Messenian War. Snodgrass dates the small figures of hoplites found in Sparta, "a sign of a unified and self-conscious hoplite class," as he believes, to not before 650. He then questions the date of the Great Rhetra, implying it should be reinterpreted or moved to the 7th century.

After Snodgrass published his analysis of pottery decoration there was a double effort to bring the Great Rhetra to a later time and find phalanxes in an earlier time, neither successful. The earliest evidence that John Salmon found was the vase paintings of the Macmillan Painter, who painted what appear to be phalanxes around the shoulders of Proto-Corinthian aryballoi. The Chigi Vase, for example, shows the overlapping shields, the spears, the grips of the shields and the corselets and closed helmets. It is dated 650; another, the Macmillan aryballos, to 655. The earliest of the series is an aryballos from Perchora dated 675, showing matched pairs, which are not necessarily phalanxes, but they fight in the presence of a flautist. These musicians were specific to phalanxes. They coordinated its movements.

The only supporting evidence for the phalanx therefore is dated to the time of the Second Messenian War, not the First. However, this is proof from a deficit. The vases may only demonstrate that depictions of phalanx warfare began at that time, not that phalanxes did. Pausanias on the other hand is positive evidence. Moreover, attempts to discount or select out what he says often create other problems. He is a vital part of all the evidence for the period.

Establishment of a fixed defense at Mt. Ithome

Not wanting to experience another such battle, the Messenians fell back to the heavily fortified Mount Ithome.  This is when the Messenians first sent for help from the Oracle at Delphi.  They were told that a sacrifice of a royal virgin was the key to their success and the daughter of Aristodemus, a Messenian hero, was chosen for the sacrifice.

Upon hearing of this, the Spartans held off from attacking Ithome for several years, before finally making a long march under their kings and killing the Messenian leader.  Aristodemus was made the new Messenian king and led an offensive, meeting the enemy and driving them back into their own territory.

The Fall of Mt. Ithome
The Spartans then sent an envoy to Delphi and their following of her advice caused Messenian reverses so great that Aristodemus committed suicide and Ithome fell.  The Messenians who had fortified themselves on the mountain either fled abroad or were captured and enslaved.

Legacy
Sparta, under the rule of a diarchy, suddenly gained wealth and culture with the "socio-economic basis" of classical Sparta emerging from this war and expansion. In 685 BC, a helot revolt caused a Second Messenian War.

In literature
F. L. Lucas's Messene Redeemed (1940) is a verse drama, based on Pausanias, about Messenian history, including episodes from the First Messenian War.

References

Bibliography

8th-century BC conflicts
Messenian Wars
8th century BC in Greece
Wars involving Sparta

de:Messenische Kriege#1. Messenischer Krieg


Mostly large-format projection (or large-image projection) is used for the use of large-format slide projectors or extremely powerful video projectors for producing still-standing or dynamic images on projection areas of about 100–10,000 m2 and more. Sometimes the use of slide projector and video projector is combined to reach a kind of "picture in picture" projection to enable larger projections with a dynamic part inside. But that is a speciality of projection artists which have a lot of detailed know how of the projection parameters.

Projectors


Henry Demarest Lloyd (May 1, 1847 – September 28, 1903) was a 19th-century American progressive political activist and pioneer muckraking journalist. He is best remembered for his exposés of the Standard Oil Company, which were written before Ida M. Tarbell's series for McClure's Magazine.

Biography

Early years
Henry Demarest Lloyd was born on May 1, 1847, in the home of his maternal grandfather on Sixth Avenue in New York City. Henry was the first child of Aaron Lloyd, a graduate of Rutgers College and New Brunswick Theological Seminary and minister of the Dutch Reformed Church, and Maria Christie ( Demarest) Lloyd.

One of Lloyd's strongest formative influences was the preaching of Henry Ward Beecher, whose sermons he regularly attended.

Lloyd attended Columbia College and Columbia Law School. Lloyd worked at a library and taught to pay his way through school. Upon graduation, Lloyd was admitted to the New York state bar in 1869.

Journalistic career

In 1872, Lloyd joined the staff of the Chicago Tribune, gaining promotion to the position of chief editorial writer in 1875. He remained at the paper until 1885.

Lloyd was one of the precursors to the later muckraker journalists,  writing a searing exposé of the monopolistic abuses of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust, "The Story of a Great Monopoly," published in the March 1881 issue of The Atlantic. He later fleshed out his case against the unbridled corporate power of Standard Oil and similar corporations in his best-known book, Wealth Against Commonwealth, published in 1894. Lloyd's work thus preceded Ida Tarbell's more famous 1904 work, "The History of Standard Oil," by a number of years.

Political career

As a political activist, Lloyd defended the Haymarket anarchists in 1886, a position that caused his father-in-law, William Bross, publisher of the Tribune, to disinherit him and his wife Jessie Bross. However, William Bross and his only daughter must have made amends, because he died in her home.

Lloyd, after leaving the newspaper, continued to file stories as a free-lancing dispatcher, using the Associated Press wires, and his publications of outrage over the treatment of miners in the Spring Valley dispute are credited with ending that episode. Lloyd also wrote and spoke on behalf of Milwaukee streetcar operators in 1893, and anthracite coal miners in 1902.

Lloyd was a leading citizen of Winnetka, Illinois. Elected more than once as a Village trustee and member of the Board of Education, he served as vice-president of the Village council from 1884 to 1886, and as Village treasurer in 1887 and 1888. He was president of the Town Meeting in 1898 and is credited with a leading role in pioneering what became known nationally as the "Winnetka system" of self-government, a reform cause broadly taken up by Samuel Gompers and the labor movement.

In 1894, Lloyd ran for United States Congress as a candidate of the People's Party, the so-called "Populists." In subsequent years he was supportive of the aims of the Socialist Party of America, although he was never an active member of the organization.

Death and legacy

Henry Demarest Lloyd, remembered by a contemporary as the "pioneer and leader" of the trust-busting progressive movement, died on September 28, 1903. He was survived by a son, William Bross Lloyd, who would emerge as a founding member and early leader of the Communist Labor Party of America in 1919.

After his death, Lloyd's library, which included thousands of books and pamphlets relating to trade unionism, cooperation, socialism, and monopolies, was donated to the University of Wisconsin.

Lloyd was an inspiration to a generation of young investigative journalists and radical political activists, such as Charles Edward Russell, who later recalled:

"As the Standard Oil article in the Atlantic became the armory of every person willing to fight for industrial freedom, so Wealth Against Commonwealth in later years became the great storehouse of information to which numbers of able campaigners habitually resorted for their facts. Probably millions of men read or heard Mr. Lloyd's ideas without being aware of the real authorship. But I judge that with this condition he was well content. No man ever entered such a fight with a smaller share of personal vanity to gratify. He desired that his countrymen should be informed of existing conditions, but not that he himself should gain fame or rewards."

In recognition of Lloyd's work, the Center for Investigative Reporting launched the "Henry Demarest Lloyd Investigative Fund" in 2009 to provide grants to investigative journalists.

The Henry Demarest Lloyd House in Winnetka is now a National Historic Landmark.

See also
 Florence Kelley, a social reformer inspired by Lloyd
 Carolyn Lloyd Strobell, Lloyd's sister and biographer

Footnotes

Works
For a complete list of works see Lloyd (1912), pp. 351-364

Further reading

 Chester M. Destler, Henry Demarest Lloyd and the Empire of Reform. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1963.
 Richard Digby-Junger, The Journalist as Reformer: Henry Demarest Lloyd and Wealth Against Commonwealth. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1996.
 Peter J. Frederick, Knights of the Golden Rule: The Intellectual As Christian Social Reformer in the 1890s. Lexington, KY: University Press Of Kentucky, 1976.
 Jay E. Jernigan, Henry Demarest Lloyd. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1976.
 Caro Lloyd, Henry Demarest Lloyd, 1847-1903: A Biography. In two volumes: Vol. 1 and Vol. 2. Introduction by Charles Edward Russell. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1912.
 George H. Shibley, Death of Noted Majority Rulist - Facts Concerning His Life and the Movement, The National New Era, vol. 20, no. 43 (October 1903), pg. 12.
 John L. Thomas, Alternative America: Henry George, Edward Bellamy, Henry Demarest Lloyd, and the Adversary Tradition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983.

External links

"Henry Demarest Lloyd," Columbia College website.
"Henry Demarest Lloyd," Spartacus Educational.
"Henry Demarest Lloyd," Modern History sourcebook.

1847 births
1903 deaths
Journalists from New York City
Politicians from New York City
American male journalists
American investigative journalists
Standard Oil
History of the petroleum industry in the United States
St. Mark's School (Massachusetts) alumni
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Columbia Law School alumni
Illinois Populists
Illinois city council members
School board members in Illinois
Activists from New York City


Nepali Jantantra Party is a political party in Nepal. The party is registered with the Election Commission of Nepal ahead of the 2008 Constituent Assembly election.

References

Political parties in Nepal


Revolution is the ninth studio album by Serbian singer Jelena Karleuša. It was released on 7 February 2008 through City Records. The tracks on the album were produced by Marko Peruničić and Nebojša Arežina from Atelje Trag, whlist the lyrics were written by Marina Tucaković with the assistance from Ljiljana Jorgovanović.

Revolution was sold in 250,000 compact discs and 30,000 cassette tapes.

Background
In January 2008, the album was announced with the release of the music video for "Tihi ubica" on Pink, for which Karleuša faced public scrutiny because it was shot in the historical Karlovci Gymnasium. The school's professors, students and their parents launched a petition to ban the music video from airing on television because of its "sexually explicit content". Moreover, the provincial secretary for education and culture of Vojvodina, Zoltan Jegeš, publicly condemned the video and threatened the school with inspection. The studio session of "Tihi ubica" leaked to the public, which also provoked discussions about Karleuša's vocal abilities.

Track listing
All tracks are produced by Nebojša Arežina and Marko Peruničić.

Sample credits

Personnel
Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.

Performers and musicians

Jelena Karleuša – vocals
Ceca Slavković - backing vocals
Aleksandra Radović – backing vocals
Marija Mihajlović – backing vocals
Miki Element - backing vocals
Dejan Momčilović – drums
Vladimir Čukić - bass
Zoran Petrović – guitar
Bane Kljajić – guitar

Release history

External links

References

2008 albums
Jelena Karleuša albums
City Records albums


Rashtrabadi Yuba Morcha is a political party in Nepal. The party is registered with the Election Commission of Nepal ahead of the 2008 Constituent Assembly election.

References

See also

political party
Nepal
Election Commission of Nepal

Political parties in Nepal


Rastriya Bikas Party is a political party in Nepal, formed by elements of the erstwhile panchayat system. The party chair, Dr. Asarphi Shah, was appointed assistant minister for local development, in 2002. The party took part in the 2006 municipal polls. The party is registered with the Election Commission of Nepal ahead of the 2008 Constituent Assembly election.

References

Political parties in Nepal


Government Engineering College Bikaner, located in Bikaner, is an educational institution of the government of Rajasthan, India. The institute is affiliated with the Bikaner Technical University.

History
The college was founded in November 2000 with two branches (CSE and ECE) filling a total of 120 seats. In 2002, the college introduced four new branches, with intake increasing to 390. The college now provides postgraduate courses degree in M.Tech, MBA and MCA, undergraduate courses BCA and BBA, and B.Tech degree in six branches - CSE, ECE, EE, IT, ME and EIC with a total intake of 650 students.

But now, the intake of this college has raised to 600 seats in which mechanical and electrical has maximum students with two shifts for each, 60-60 in each shift (no difference between these two shifts), same time batches with two sections. Earlier, 3 years ago, the first shift ran in the morning and the second shift in daytime 12:00 onwards but now both run simultaneously.

Academics

Programmes
ECB offers a wide variety of courses of study in engineering, sciences,  management, design and humanities with a primary focus on engineering. Eight four-year undergraduate courses of study leading to the Bachelor of Technology degree. Postgraduate degrees award Master of Technology (M.Tech), Master of Science (M.Sc.), Master of Business Administration (M.B.A) and Master of Urban Planning.

Financial aid
More than 30 financial aid schemes are made available to students under different criteria to support institute fees and in some cases hostel accommodation as well

Requisites for enrollments
Admission to undergraduate courses of the institute is through the Rajasthan Engineering Admission Process (REAP) which takes into account the performance in Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) and/or percentage scored in Senior Secondary (12@th) standard.

References

External links

 Government Engineering College Bikaner - Official Website

Engineering colleges in Bikaner
Educational institutions established in 2000
2000 establishments in Rajasthan


Dommartin (; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Dommartin is situated on the D90 road, on the banks of the river Noye, some  southeast of Amiens. Dommartin-Remiencourt station has rail connections to Amiens and Creil.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

External links

 Dommartin on the Quid website

Communes of Somme (department)


The Bateson Project (1953-1963) was the name given to a ground-breaking collaboration organized by Gregory Bateson which was responsible for some of the most important papers and innovations in communication and psychotherapy in the 1950s and early 1960s. Its other members were Donald deAvila Jackson, Jay Haley, John Weakland, and Bill Fry. Perhaps their most famous and influential publication was Towards a Theory of Schizophrenia (1956), which introduced the concept of the Double Bind, and helped found Family Therapy.

One of the project's first locations was the Menlo Park VA Hospital, which was chosen because of Bateson's previous work there as an ethnologist. The initial research, which was funded by a Rockefeller grant, focused on "strange communication" and nonsensical language among the patients of the institution who had schizophrenia. The group studied this within the context of double bind communication in family dynamics.

Bibliography

"Development of a theory: A history of a research project", in C. Sluzki & D. Ransom (Eds.). Double bind: The foundation of the communicational approach to the family. NY: Grune & Stratton, Publishers.
"One thing leads to another", by John Weakland, in C. Wilder-Mott & J. Weakland (Eds.) Rigor & Imagination: Essays from the legacy of Gregory Bateson. NY: Praeger.
Change: Principles of Problem Formation and Problem Resolution, with Paul Watzlawick and Richard Fisch  (WW Norton, NY, 1974).
The Interactional View: Studies at the Mental Research Institute, Palo Alto, 1965–1974, edited with Paul Watzlawick (WW Norton, NY, 1979).

References

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20080211090234/http://www.mri.org/dondjackson/brp.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20070813225924/http://www.mri.org/dondjackson/toward.htm The front page of the historic article, Towards a Theory of Schizophrenia
 Paper Gregory Bateson: Cybernetics and the social behavioral sciences by Lawrence S. Bale, Ph.D.: First Published in: Cybernetics & Human Knowing: A Journal of Second Order Cybernetics & Cyber-Semiotics, Vol. 3 no. 1 (1995), pp. 27–45.
 Article The Double Bind: The Intimate Tie Between Behaviour and Communication by Patrice Guillaume: Excellent introductory article about Double Bind
 Article Schizophrenia and the Family: Double Bind Theory Revisited by Matthijs Koopmans, 1997.
 Article Paradox and Absurdity in Human Communication Reconsidered by Matthijs Koopmans, 1996.
https://www.behavenet.com/double-bind
https://web.archive.org/web/20080215124155/http://laingsociety.org/cetera/pguillaume.htm

Psychotherapy


Krista Pöllänen is a Finnish professional ten-pin bowler.

Career highlights

EBT - End of year rankings
2002 - 9th
2003 - 14th
2004 - 34th
2007 - 13th
Top-3 finishes
2002 - 1st, Danish Masters
2002 - 2nd, Dutch Brunswick Open
2003 - 1st, Danish Masters
2007 - 2nd, Brunswick Ballmaster Open
2007 - 2nd, Catalonia Open-Trofeo Galasa
2007 - 1st, Trofeu Internacional Cintat de Barcelona
2008 - 1st, Brunswick Ballmaster Open

References

Living people
Finnish ten-pin bowling players
Year of birth missing (living people)
Competitors at the 2009 World Games
World Games gold medalists
World Games medalists in bowling


The Douglas Breakwater Crane Railway was a massive self-propelled steam block-setting crane, with a capacity of 15 tons, built by Stothert & Pitt of Bath that ran the length of the original breakwater at Douglas, also used for the loading and unloading of vessels.

A later crane was built by Cowans, Sheldon of Carlisle (capacity 25 tons; carried on two four-wheel bogies; Works number 9057 of 1948 to Drawing 18087). The crane was owned by the Isle of Man Harbour Board and ran on  gauge.

References

Douglas, Isle of Man
Railway lines in the Isle of Man
Individual cranes (machines)
10 ft gauge railways


John H. Weakland (8 January 1919 – 18 July 1995) was one of the founders of brief and family psychotherapy. At the time of his death, he was a senior research fellow at the Mental Research Institute (MRI) in Palo Alto, California, co-director of the famous Brief Therapy Center at MRI, and a clinical associate professor emeritus in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the Stanford University School of Medicine.

A brief biography

Weakland was a native of Charleston, West Virginia He was a brilliant student who entered Cornell University at the age of 16 and received a degree in chemical engineering. He worked as a chemical engineer with the DuPont Company before a chance encounter with Gregory Bateson led him to pursue anthropology at Columbia University. While at Columbia, he worked on the Cultures at a Distance Project with Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict. Weakland never obtained his doctorate from Columbia; rejecting his adviser's criticisms of his thesis, he refused to rewrite it.

At Bateson's invitation, Weakland moved to California with his wife, Anna Wu Weakland to participate in research. Weakland was the first person Bateson asked to join a research project that would become known as the Bateson Project that helped to give birth to family therapy and co-authored the seminal paper, "Towards a Theory of Schizophrenia" Weakland was also an early student and researcher of Milton Erickson.

Joining the Mental Research Institute in the early 1960s, Weakland was a founding member and co-director of MRI's Brief Therapy Center (along with Paul Watzlawick and Dick Fisch). This center helped to inspire many of the more influential psychotherapy approaches in brief and family therapy. Weakland mentored and befriended many therapists who would go on to make major contributions to the field.

Weakland died in Los Altos, California.

Quotations
Weakland has often been quoted as saying

Weakland's final appeal to the field was published weeks before his death from ALS. He wrote in a letter to the Family Therapy Networker that:

Books
Change: Principles of Problem Formation and Problem Resolution, with Paul Watzlawick and Richard Fisch  (WW Norton, NY, 1974)
The Tactics of Change: Doing Therapy Briefly, with Richard Fisch and Lynn Segal (Jossey Bass, SF, 1982)
The Interactional View: Studies at the Mental Research Institute, Palo Alto, 1965–1974, edited with Paul Watzlawick (WW Norton, NY, 1979)
Rigor and Imagination, Essays from the Legacy of Gregory Bateson, edited with Carol Wilder-Mott (Praeger, NY, 1981)
Propagations: Thirty Years of Influence From the Mental Research Institute, edited with Wendel Ray (The Haworth Press, Inc., 1995)

References

External links
 New York Times Obituary
 The Official Website of the Mental Research Institute
 The front page of the historic article, Towards a Theory of Schizophrenia

1919 births
1995 deaths
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
American psychotherapists
20th-century American psychologists


MIPI Alliance is a global business alliance that develops technical specifications for the mobile ecosystem, particularly smart phones but including mobile-influenced industries. MIPI was founded in 2003 by Arm, Intel, Nokia, Samsung, STMicroelectronics and Texas Instruments.

Non-member organizations have limited access to MIPI standards, with some exceptions.  The exceptions generally take the form of a public version of the standard.    An example of one of these exceptions is the I3C Basic standard which requires no license from MIPI to implement.

The organization comprises about 330 member companies worldwide, 15 active working groups and has delivered more than 45 specifications within the mobile ecosystem in the last decade. MIPI specifications provide interface solutions for mobile handsets. As the traditional mobile ecosystem has expanded to include tablets and laptops, MIPI Alliance's specifications are implemented beyond mobile phones including: tablets, PCs, cameras, industrial electronics, Machine to Machine (IoT), augmented reality, automotive, and medical technologies.

MIPI members include handset manufacturers, device OEMs, software providers, semiconductor companies, application processor developers, IP tool providers, test and test equipment companies, as well as camera, tablet and laptop manufacturers.

Organizational structure
MIPI (for Mobile Industry Processor Interface) is a non-profit corporation governed by a board of directors. The Officers of MIPI Alliance include the chairman, vice chairman, secretary, and treasurer. The board manages the general affairs of the organization, acting in the interest of its members in the development of specifications which advance interface technology for mobile devices.
The board receives technical direction from a technical steering group.

The board approves and directs working groups to evaluate or develop specifications to meet a specific interface requirement.

The marketing working group is responsible for developing and executing activities that promote the MIPI specifications.

Birds of a feather (BIF) and investigation groups may be formed by the board to evaluate and consider new technology or market trends which could benefit from the development of an interface specification.

MIPI Alliance working groups
MIPI Alliance working groups are created and structured to define common mobile-interface specifications. The organization currently has more than 15 working groups, spanning mobile device design. Each working group progresses along a standard path - from investigation group to specification. Led by a technical chair, group members define the requirements for the specification, solicit input and proposals, discuss, and create a draft specification. From there, the specification is vetted and reviewed by the board of directors. After a final vote, the draft becomes a specification which is made available to all member companies. Only MIPI members have access to the complete published specification. Working Group participation is open to board, promoter, and contributor member companies. While adopter members do not participate in working groups, they do have access to the published specifications.

Current working groups include:

 Analog Control Interface
 Battery Interface (MIPI BIF; a kind of smart battery interface)
 Camera: camera Serial Interface
 Debug
 DigRF
 Display (Display Serial Interface)
 High Speed Synchronous Interface
 Low Latency Interface
 Low Speed Multipoint Link (SLIMbus)
 Marketing
 PHY
 Reduced Input/Output Working Group (RIO)
 RF Front-End Working Group (RFFE)
 Sensor Work Group (I3C)
 Software Investigation Group
 Technical Steering Group
 Test Working Group
 UniPro, including M-PHY, used by Mobile PCIe

Specifications
MIPI specifications address only the interface technology, such as signaling characteristics and protocols; they do not standardize entire application processors or peripherals. Products which utilize MIPI specs will retain many differentiating features. By enabling products which share common MIPI interfaces, system integration is likely to be less burdensome than in the past.

MIPI is agnostic to air interface or wireless telecommunication standards. Because MIPI specifications address only the interface requirements of application processor and peripherals, MIPI compliant products are applicable to all network technologies, including GSM, CDMA2000, WCDMA, PHS, TD-SCDMA, and others.

Some of the specifications by MIPI include:
 Camera Serial Interface
 Display Serial Interface
 Display pixel interface
 System Power Management Interface (SPMI)
 SoundWire, introduced in 2014

Membership categories
MIPI membership categories include:

 Adopters can use MIPI specifications to develop MIPI compliant products, and receive licenses to do so. Any company may apply for adopter level membership.
 Contributors have all rights of adopters, plus the opportunity to define MIPI specifications by participating in the working groups.
 Promoters are elected by the board from the set of contributors. Each promoter has all rights of a contributor, plus a voting board seat.
 Founders have all rights of a promoter and a permanent board seat.

MIPI partner organizations
 JEDEC
 USB Implementers Forum
 PCI-SIG
 MEMS Industry Group
 VESA

References

External links

Trade associations based in the United States
Companies established in 2003
MIPI Alliance standards


From December 2007 until February 2008, a dispute between the Cork County Board and its Gaelic footballers and hurlers occurred in Ireland. It led to the footballers and hurlers refusing to play for the Cork County Board. The cause of the strike was the issue of deciding who should pick the senior teams' selectors. The players believed the manager should pick the selectors. However, the county board picked the selectors. With the appointment of Teddy Holland as manager, the players also refused to play under his tutorship since he accepted the job during their time of strike.

The strike drew comment from the Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern, and was the first time in the history of the Gaelic Athletic Association that a strike caused inter-county fixtures not to be played.

The strike was the second strike by Cork players in five years. It began on 10 December 2007 and ended on 18 February 2008 – 97 days after the first threat of strike action – and was declared over on 15 February 2008. However Holland was not fired until 18 February. Kieran Mulvey, chairman of the Labour Relations Commission, acted as arbitrator between the players and county board.

Strike build-up
 16 October: Cork clubs vote to change how selectors are picked. This is confirmed by a second vote on 20 October.
 8 November: Billy Morgan resigns as manager because he is no longer allowed to choose selectors for his team.
 13 November: The players issue their first threat of strike action and are supported in doing so by the Gaelic Players Association.
 16 November: The players write to their clubs highlighting their objections to the board's decision and state that they are seeking to resolve the issue of appointing a new manager.
 21 November: Teddy Holland is appointed as team manager along with selectors Teddy McCarthy, Liam Hodnett, Diarmuid O'Donovan and Mick O'Loughlin.
 23 November: The footballers meet with Holland to inform him that their dispute is with the means of choosing selectors and not with his appointment.
 24 November: The football and hurling panels plan to discuss the appointment of Teddy Holland and to threaten possible strike action.
 3 December: Cork players' spokesman, Donal Óg Cusack, gives notice of the players intention to strike.
 9 December: Former Cork hurling captain, Mark Landers, requests that the GAA intervene to help resolve the dispute but the GAA declare their neutrality.
 12 December: The footballers take a team holiday (largely paid for and organised by themselves).

Events of the strike
On 10 December, the players officially went on strike. The county board and the players held the first of a series of meetings to try resolve the strike ten days later. On 9 January, the hurlers confirmed they would not play in the Waterford Crystal Cup and the county was forced to give a walkover to Limerick IT.

Later in the month (23 January), Teddy Holland issued a press statement announcing he would not resign. More than 100 club delegates voted unanimously in support of Holland at a county board meeting held on 30 January. Three days earlier (27 January), in a bid to resolve their issues, the players and the county board had held 18 hours of talks, chaired by Kieran Mulvey, which ended in stalemate. Mulvey had been asked to chair the talks by Nickey Brennan, the President of the Gaelic Athletic Association.

In the week leading up to the National Football League game against Meath, the Cork county board were unable to guarantee a team would be available to play the game. Consequently, on 30 January the game was postponed. The Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern, called on both sides to resolve the dispute on 5 February and further talks between Kieran Mulvey and Páraic Duffy, the Director General of the GAA, were held.

On 7 February the players refused a solution offered by the county board and it looked likely that Cork would be removed from both the National Hurling League and National Football League and be relegated for the following season. It was claimed that under GAA rules that if a team was unable to take part in two league games that they should be disqualified from the league. A second football match was to be played on 16 February while the second hurling game was due on 17 February.

On 8 February, the Cork players reacted negatively to what they thought was an attempt by the county board to split the footballers and hurlers when a press release claimed the players would accept Holland as manager. The following day Roy Keane compared the 2002 strike to the Saipan incident and warned about players becoming too powerful. A poll showed that 56 percent of fans supported the strike and 70 percent believed the actions of the board damaged Cork's chance of winning All-Ireland championships that year.

The Cork county board, on 12 February, voted 96–13 in favour of entering binding arbitration with the players in a bid to save the teams being disqualified from the leagues and Nickey Brennan called for the dispute to end, "however it is achieved." On 14 February, the players met with Mulvey and agreed to accept the arbitration in an attempt to end the strike, then in its 95th day.

Outcome of the arbitration
The outcome of arbitration on 15 February was as follows:

 Teddy Holland and his selectors were to resign from their positions.
 The Cork players committed not to engage in future strikes.
 A new management committee would be made up of five county board members and two players.
 The new management would be able to pick their own selectors.

Last days of the strike
Many newspapers declared the strike over on 15 February after the players accepted the outcome of the arbitration and also declared that Teddy Holland had resigned. However, the GAA confirmed that the Cork-versus-Dublin football and Cork-versus-Waterford hurling games that were due to take place were to be called off.

The county board called an emergency meeting to discuss the recommendations of the arbitration and especially the recommendation from Mulvey that Holland should resign. By 16 February, uncertainty had emerged over the status of the strike. While the county board and Holland met to discuss the issues, an expected vote by the county board to remove Holland was never called. Holland meanwhile issued a statement that didn't indicate if he had stepped down and stated that he was neutral saying: I am my own man and I am proud to be a Cork football man. Holland said the claim that six people had refused the job before him was false and there was no threat of strike when he took the job. However, a statement in support of the strike had been issued by the Gaelic Players Association on 13 November 2007, a week before Holland took the job.

On 17 February it was clear Holland had not resigned or been fired by the county board and that the strike continued. The county board issued a statement saying that they would meet on Monday 18 February to end the strike. The strike officially ended on 18 February – 97 days after the first threat of strike – when, as expected, the county board voted 89–19 to fire Teddy Holland and his selectors, who refused to step down.

Aftermath of the strike
The seven-man panel appointed to help find the next manager began its search as soon as Holland had been removed, and included players Nicholas Murphy and Derek Kavanagh. Conor Counihan was appointed Cork's new football manager with the right to name his own selectors. On 20 February, Seán Óg Ó hAilpín said that, had the strike carried on beyond 18 February, he and others would have resigned from inter-county hurling and football. Cork Under 21 footballer, Sean Cahalane, claimed that the Under 21 panel would not have played in place of the seniors if they had been asked by the county board.

On 19 February, the Central Competitions Control Committee (CCCC) decided not to remove Cork from the football and hurling leagues, but instead awarded the points from the missed games to their opponents and fined the county board €400 for each game missed. Kilkenny county board offered to play their hurling match with Cork and the Cork county board requested CCCC approve the game. However the CCCC had already awarded Kilkenny the point and would not allow the game to take place. It emerged that Cork couldn't have been removed from the leagues as there was no such rule.

Cork went on to win their first football and hurling matches after the strike, beating Dublin's hurlers 2–16 to 3–18 and Roscommon's footballers 0–15 to 1–14 However, the decision to award the teams that Cork did not play victory points had a knock-on effect for other teams in both leagues. Roscommon and Wexford both lodged unsuccessful appeals against the decision. Wexford's case was taken to the Disputes Resolution Authority but was rejected.

Hurling league controversy
When the National Hurling League 2008 ended, the Cork and Waterford hurling teams both finished on level points. The CCCC ruled that the teams had to play each other in a play-off and that scoring difference could not be used to separate the teams. (The play-off was to determine which team entered the semi-final and which entered the quarter-final.)

However, both Dublin and Wexford also finished on level points and, having both played Cork, the CCCC ruled the team's standings at the end of the league could be used and thus scoring difference would apply, thus relegating Wexford. This lead Wexford's chairman to accuse the GAA and the CCCC of "making the rules up as they go along".

See also
 2008–2009 Cork senior hurling team strike

References

2007 in Gaelic football
2007 in hurling
2007 labor disputes and strikes
2008 in Gaelic football
2008 in hurling
2008 labor disputes and strikes
Players' strike
Gaelic games controversies
Strike
Strike
Labour disputes in Ireland
Sports labor disputes


Dompierre-Becquincourt () is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is situated on the D71 road, some  east of Amiens.

Population

Gallery

See also
Froissy Dompierre Light Railway
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Marc Van Ranst (born 20 June 1965) is a Belgian public health doctor and Professor of Virology at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Leuven, Belgium) and the Rega Institute for Medical Research. On 1 May 2007, he was appointed as Interministerial comissionar by the Belgian federal government to prepare Belgium for an influenza pandemic.

Education
Van Ranst obtained a BA in medicine at Hasselt University (then L.U.C.) in 1986 and later graduated as a medical doctor at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in 1990. From 1990 to 1993, he worked at the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York, and received his PhD degree in virology in 1994. He also specialized in laboratory medicine for which he obtained a PhD from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in 1998.

Career

Academic career
He started working at the University Hospitals Leuven in 1999 and became Professor of Virology at the K.U. Leuven. Currently, he is associate chief of the department of laboratory medicine, and heads the diagnostic virology laboratory at the University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium. He is also the director of the AIDS reference laboratory and of the national coronavirus and rotavirus reference laboratories. Professor Van Ranst was appointed in 1999 to the Belgian high council for public health, where he heads the vaccination department.
Since 2012, he is the Chairman of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the KU Leuven. In his research laboratory, six PhD students and four MSc students are currently working on studies on the molecular evolution of DNA and RNA viruses.

Teaching
Professor Van Ranst teaches virology and computational genomics at the Faculty of Medicine at the KU Leuven.
Since 1995, he holds an affiliate academic position at the Faculty of Natural Sciences at Charles University in Prague, where he teaches Bioinformatics.

Science communication
He published over 270 scientific papers in peer reviewed journals and contributed eight chapters to books on molecular evolution and bioinformatics.

Marc Van Ranst is the chairman of the editorial board of VacciNews.net, a social media platform that provides information on vaccines.

Awards
 2004: European Clinical Virology Heine-Medin award of the European Society for Clinical Virology
 2005: doctor honoris causa degree at the University of Kalmar in Sweden
 2022: doctor honoris causa degree at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and Leiden University

Lead in Belgian influenza crisis management
Van Ranst has been responsible for influenza pandemic preparedness planning since 2007 onwards. In 2009-10 he was an interministerial commissary for crisis management during the Mexican flu pandemic In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Marc Van Ranst became a member both of the Belgian 'Risk Assessment Group' (RAG), which analyses the risks of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 for public health, and of the 'Scientific committee Coronavirus' which advises Belgian health authorities on combatting the virus and which makes prognoses on its evolution and spread in Belgium.

Social media
Van Ranst is very active on social media, particularly Twitter, where he addresses both professional and societal issues. In August 2014, he was the first person who used the term Gazacaust that created heavy reactions in the Jewish community in Belgium and abroad.

Van Ranst is also a target of social media campaigns by right-wing Flemish nationalists in Belgium. In 2018 former migration minister Theo Francken nick-named Van Ranst as Doctor Hatred. In May 2021, a far-right extremist, identified as soldier Jürgen Conings, threatened Van Ranst. The suspect was heavily armed and considered as a serious threat. Four rocket launchers were found in his car. Authorities launched a manhunt in Dilsen-Stokkem, Limburg, Belgium. Van Ranst and his family had to be moved to a safe house until Conings was found dead on 20 June.

Works
 ; 2004 September 4–10

References

Sources
 Prof. Marc Van Ranst over vogelgriep in Turkije (Dutch)
 Viroloog Van Ranst wordt interministerieel commissaris influenza (Dutch)
 VacciNewsNet

External links
 Marc Van Ranst

1965 births
Living people
Belgian public health doctors
KU Leuven alumni
Academic staff of KU Leuven
Belgian virologists
People from Bornem
Albert Einstein College of Medicine alumni


Knockaloe railway station served Knockaloe Internment Camp in the Isle of Man between 1915 and 1920.

The station was at the end of a short branch line off the Douglas to Peel line of the Isle of Man Railway (IMR). The line left the IoMR on the outskirts of Peel near Glenfaba Mills and climbed steeply in a southerly direction for about  until it reached the village of Patrick. The line then turned west along the access road into the internment camp which had been built in the grounds of Knockaloe Farm. The total length of the branch line was about .

The branch, and Knockaloe station at its terminus, opened on 1 September 1915 and closed on 14 October 1920. The station and line were used to transport internees, other persons, food and supplies to and from the camp.

Few photographs survive of this line, but the locomotive shed is still in existence. In addition to the loco shed, traces include the remains of concrete bridge abutments on the old course of the River Neb at the end of an embankment which crosses a section of ground called the Raggat. The line was worked by the ex-MNR No.4/IMR No.15 0-6-0 locomotive "Caledonia". Materials used to build the line were acquired from an Irish 5' Gauge railway and were removed and shipped off the Island after the line ceased operation.

Knockaloe Farm is now government owned.

In addition to the line there was a harbour tramway built on the northern side of Peel Harbour running as far as the pier. Pictorial evidence of this is provided by a postcard illustrating 'the sale of fish at Peel'.

References

Notes

Bibliography

See also
Isle of Man Railway stations
Knockaloe station on the Subterranea Britannica Disused Stations website

Railway stations in the Isle of Man
Railway lines in the Isle of Man
Railway stations opened in 1915
Railway stations closed in 1920


The Bodie & Benton Railway was a  narrow gauge common carrier railroad in California, from the Mono Mills to a terminus in Bodie, now a ghost town, in Mono County.  It was unusual among U.S. railroads in that it was completely isolated from the rest of the railroad system.

History

As the Bodie Railway & Lumber Company, the railroad was established in 1881 to link the gold-mining town of Bodie to the Bodie Wood and Lumber Company's newly built sawmill, Mono Mills, 32 miles south of Bodie along the eastern shore of Mono Lake.
The line was completed and operational on November 14, 1881. Temporary spurs into timberlands were built in 1882.

Initial operations proved so successful that plans were made to extend a rail line from the Warm Springs station to the Carson and Colorado Railroad, then under construction, at Benton, California. Consequently, the company changed its name to the Bodie and Benton Railway and Commercial Company to reflect this. Construction on this extension was begun in 1882 and approximately nine miles were graded before construction ceased abruptly. No tracks were ever laid upon this grade. While the railway never gave an official justification for abandoning the project, the prevailing theory held by locals (at least as late as 1908) was that the owners of the lumber company at Mono Mills feared that access to the wider rail network would cause competition with other lumber operations in the Tahoe area in which they had a financial stake. Although the extension was never completed, the railway kept the name. In an ironic footnote, when the railway ceased to be profitable in 1918, due primarily to a decline in mining activity in Bodie, the rails and all valuable equipment were pulled up and sold. The rails and equipment were trucked from the southern terminus at Mono Mills along what is today State Route 120, to the rail line at Benton for transport south. At least some of the locomotives and rolling stock were reportedly sold to a plantation somewhere in Hawaii, while the rails and other equipment were shipped to the Philippines. Given the dates involved, this may have been to the Manila Railroad.

The ruling grade was 3.8%, steep for a common carrier but shallow for a logging railroad, which meant the line did not need geared locomotives. It rostered a selection of  "Mogul" types and tank locomotives.

Remains

The Bodie depot still exists and is mostly intact. It is part of the Bodie State Historic Park. As it stands in a section of the park that is considered hazardous due to the presence of open shafts, it may only be viewed by visitors on special guided tours.

Locomotive roster

The Bodie and Benton rostered the following locomotives during its history:

Note: The two  locomotives were rebuilt to  configuration at some point due to a tendency to derail on sharp curves. The two "#2" locomotive entries above probably represent the same locomotive. The locomotive "#1" appears may have been named Tybo.

References

External links
 Map of the Bodie and Benton Railway

Defunct California railroads
3 ft gauge railways in the United States
Logging railroads in the United States
Narrow gauge railroads in California
History of Mono County, California


Benzyl salicylate is a salicylic acid benzyl ester, a chemical compound  most frequently used in cosmetics as a fragrance additive or UV light absorber. It appears as an almost colorless liquid with a mild odor described as "very faint, sweet-floral, slightly balsamic" by some, while others smell nothing at all. There is debate whether the odour is caused solely by impurities or a genetic predisposition. It occurs naturally in a variety of plants and plant extracts and is widely used in blends of fragrance materials.

There is some evidence that people may become sensitized to this material and as a result, there is a restriction standard concerning the use of this material in fragrances by the International Fragrance Association.

It is used as  a solvent for crystalline synthetic musks and as a component and fixative in floral perfumes such as carnation, jasmine, lilac, and wallflower.

See also
Oil of wintergreen

References

External links

Salicylate esters
Benzyl esters


Shermanbury is a village and civil parish in the Horsham District of West Sussex, England. It lies on the A281 road approximately  north of Henfield. The present day village consists mainly of a ribbon development of bungalows on the east side of the A281, while the ancient parish church is to the east by Shermanbury Place. Between these is Ewhurst Manor, a 16th-century house on an old moated site with a 14th-century stone gatehouse and nearby artificial lake and farmstead.

The eastern River Adur flows through Shermanbury, where it is met by the Cowfold Stream. The Normal Tidal Limit is at the footbridge near the church although a weir further downstream means only the highest tides reach this far. Boats could reach Mock Bridge (where the A281 crosses the river) until the early 1800s.

The parish has a land area of 775 hectares (1,915 acres). In the 2001 census 454 people lived in 182 households of whom 253 were economically active. The population at the 2011 Census was 542.

History
In the Domesday Book, based on a survey completed in 1086, the manor of Shermanbury, then called Salmonesberie, is held by Ralph from William de Braose, having been formerly held by Azor from King Harold. There are two ploughs, one belonging to the lord and one shared by one villager and three smallholders. There is a small church and four slaves. There are three other manors in Shermanbury parish, Woolfly, also held by Ralph, and Morley and Sakeham held by William son of Ranulph. The parishes of Shermanbury and Cowfold comprised the Saxon hundred of Hamfelt, and was on the eastern boundary of the Norman Rape of Bramber.

Shermanbury's Saxon name indicates its past function: the burh or defended stronghold of the scirman - shire man, perhaps the sheriff, but maybe some other official or steward.<ref>Mawer and Stenton (2001) 'The Place-Names of Sussex, Parts One and Two'''. English Place-Name Society</ref> It has been suggested that the burh was the stronghold of one of the Saxon longitudinal divisions of the county. The abrupt slopes of the hillock used to be joined to the higher land to the east, but a second channel of the Cowfold Stream was cut through that peninsular long ago, making it an island. On that eastern side too, you can see the remains of an ancient bank and ditch defending the peninsular burh.

Shermanbury's manor house and church on their knoll () is surrounded on all sides by the Adur and the Cowfold Streams and the fields were traditionally flood plains. In Christmas 2012 the manor became an island for 10 days, cut off by floods, with the park drive under three foot of water. Christmas church services had to be cancelled. The area was also flooded in 2020.

 Notable buildings and areas

None of the farm houses in the area are now owned by a resident farmer, and just four let their land for farming by neighbouring farmers. The rest are managed for leisure in its various forms. Frylands Farm was the last to be broken up and sold, in 2015.

To the south of the 18th century Shermanbury Place (which replaced the earlier manor house) is a reedy mill pond, whose peace is only broken by the calls of water birds. To the west, where the old Cowfold Stream joins the Adur, are the footings, races, and wharf of the water mill that long clacked and rumbled there.

Scattered about the knoll, and towards Ewhurst, are eight fine veteran oaks, one over four spans girth.  Much is wild around the Ewhurst Place, its outbuildings and the Park. Its light-touch management, however, offers much more space for nature than over-busy tidying and modernisation and wintering snipe upon the brooks benefit from it.

 The parish church

The Anglican church of St. Giles () is well away from the modern roads, approached along a tree-lined bridleway leading to Shermanbury Place, east of the Brighton road. A small church is mentioned in the Domesday Book'', but the present structure is of 14th-century origin. The roof is made from Horsham stone slates with a weatherboarded bell tower at the west end, containing two bells. The door and stone roofed porch are at the west end. Inside 18th century pews have the names of farm houses to which they were allocated painted on the backs: Perrymans, Sakeham, Vadgers, Pooks, and so on. It is now locked, but the church warden will show people round on request. Its wildflower-rich graveyard is untouched by burials since it was declared full in 1888.

Shermanbury Place

Shermanbury Place () adjacent to the church in Shermanbury Park, is a mansion built by John Challen in 1779 on the site of a 16th-century Tudor house with projecting crosswings. The Tudor house was built by one of the Comber family. Sir Richard Comber was Clarenceaux King of Arms. His son Doctor Thomas Comber was prominent in the Church of England. Educated at Trinity College, Cambridge he rose to become master of the college, and later vice-chancellor of the university. As the king's chaplain he was staunchly royalist and was imprisoned by parliament for attempting to give the university treasures to the king.

Shermanbury was a Saxon 'burh', or fortified place, perhaps even an older 'promontory fort'. It was protected on three sides by the Cowfold Stream and the Eastern Adur (Wyndham Brook) at their confluence. It was protected on its eastern side by a bank and ditch, which is still visible in part. A modern cut, through which flows the re-directed Cowfold Stream, now severs the spur from the high ground to its east, thus making Shermanbury a kind of island.

The manorial cluster of big house, church, and home farm survive, and were joined some time before 1611 by a water mill, whose overgrown reedy pond survives, though the mill buildings are gone. There are wonderful giant oaks. Nightingales sing of summer in the bushy thickets. Barn owls hunt on the rough pastures. Water birds call, and bats of many species flit by in the dusk.

Ewhurst Manor

The moated manor house () was built by Thomas Peverel during the reign of Edward I. Only the early 14th-century gatehouse, with a porters lodge attached survives. A room over the gateway has a cross shaped loop window. Ewhurst manor occupied the western third of Shermanbury parish. The existence of a deer park at Ewhurst was recorded in 1274, during the 14th century, and in 1538.

Woodland
Though trees are everywhere, this is a landscape with only a light dusting of small ancient woods: none large. Much old woodland clearance has happened and the flora of ancient woodland has often retreated to the hedges and shaws along the swine pasture droves, which in ecological terms, have some of the 'refugia' function that the gills play in the High Weald. Wild Service tree survives in a few places and bluebells, wood anemones and midland hawthorn grace Wineham Lane's banks.

However, over the last two centuries a series of new woods have been planted, many quite recently, whilst others have grown up from old furze fields, or from land left derelict. Some of these secondary woods now form quite large clusters, such as around Shermanbury and Ewhurst: Waymarks Wood () and the Buckhatch Lane woods () . Some of the older secondary woods have acquired many ancient woodland species, and have been managed on traditional lines and are difficult to distinguish from ancient woods.

References

Horsham District
Villages in West Sussex


Filiform, thread or filament like, can refer to:

Filiform, a common term used in botany to describe a thread-like shape
Filiform, or filiform catheter, a medical device whose component parts or segments are all cylindrical and more or less uniform in size
Filiform papilla on the tongue
Insect antennae shape
Thread-like crystal formations
A corrosion mechanism


Dompierre-sur-Authie (, literally Dompierre on Authie; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

It is slowly depopulating like most of the countryside towns of this region, with the last shop and last hairdresser in the village having closed in the 1990s. Nevertheless, there is a strong identity and social life in the town, which retains its own primary school.

Geography
The commune is situated on the D119 road, on the banks of the river Authie, the department border with the Pas-de-Calais, some  north of Abbeville. The railway line, part of the Réseau des Bains de Mer system opened on 19 June 1892 and closed on  10 March 1947. Dompierre-sur-Authie was the northern terminus of the branch from Abbeville. The station is still standing and recognisable as such, though it is now a private dwelling.

History
There are two buildings in the town which are described as chateaux. The town is mentioned (though its name is misspelled) in the Appendix of Heinz Guderian's memoirs 'Panzer Leader', and it is clear that Guderian moved his units through Dompierre on 22 May 1940 and briefly had his HQ stationed there when moving from Abbeville in the direction of Montreuil-sur-Mer.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department
Réseau des Bains de Mer
Chemin de Fer de la Baie de Somme

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Redlynch is a village and former manor in the civil parish of Bruton, in the South Somerset district of Somerset, England. The 18th-century church and a folly named The Towers are of architectural interest.

History

Ownership
In the mid-12th century the manor of Redlynch was held by Henry Lovel (died 1194) of Castle Cary. It was later part of the hundred of Bruton.

In the late 14th century it was acquired by James FitzJames (died c. 1391), whose great-grandson, Sir John FitzJames (died c. 1542), Chief Justice of the King's Bench, is recorded in 1538 as having a house at Redlynch which included a "great chamber over a parlour". He was succeeded by his cousin Sir Nicholas FitzJames, who made improvements to the house. Sir Nicholas's heir was his nephew John FitzJames, who in 1617 sold the estate to Sir Robert Gorges of Bristol.

In 1617 Sir Robert Gorges of Bristol purchased the estate from John FitzJames. Helena Snakenborg, a lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth I and widow successively of William Parr, Marquis of Northampton, and of Sir Thomas Gorges, died at the age of 86 on 10 April 1635 at Redlynch, then the residence of her son, Sir Robert Gorges. She was buried on 14 May in Salisbury Cathedral. In 1672 the Gorges family conveyed the estate to Sir Stephen Fox (1627–1716) in settlement of a debt.

Having acquired what was by then a large 16th-century manor house in 1672, Sir Stephen Fox, paymaster-general to King Charles II, commenced repairs on it in 1688. In 1708/09 he began building a new house adjacent to the old one, to designs by the architect Thomas Fort. He also laid out formal gardens.

The estate descended to Fox's eldest son Stephen Fox-Strangways, 1st Earl of Ilchester (1704–1776), who in the first half of the 18th century built the east wing of the house to the design of Nathaniel Ireson of Wincanton. He also expanded the park and installed decorative features such as a lake, a waterfall, a temple, a Chinese seat and a bird house. In 1755 Ilchester added a Gothic-style entrance gate on the west side, designed by Henry Flitcroft. King George III was a visitor to Redlynch on his way to Weymouth.

Henry Fox-Strangways, 2nd Earl of Ilchester (1747–1802) transferred his principal seat to Melbury in Dorset, but information about the Ilchester household at Redlynch survives in the published diaries and correspondence of Agnes Porter, a Scottish-born governess to his many daughters from 1784 to 1797. The Redlynch estate suffered from neglect, but in the 1790s he planned to convert the deer park to agricultural use, which scheme was effected by his son Henry Fox-Strangways, 3rd Earl of Ilchester (1787–1858). In 1851 part of the house was in use as a farmhouse.

In 1901 Henry Fox-Strangways, 5th Earl of Ilchester (1847–1905), still seated at Melbury, converted the service block into his principal residence on the estate, to the designs of Sir Edwin Lutyens. The west block was previously the stable. Within the grounds were an orangery, summerhouse and a walled kitchen garden.

Speculators and wartime use
In 1912 the estate was sold by Giles Fox-Strangways, 6th Earl of Ilchester (1874–1959) to the Cavendish Land Company, which in turn sold it on to a series of speculators. The new residence converted by the 5th Earl was partly destroyed by a fire in 1914 caused by suffragettes. This was later rebuilt, but at the same time the main part of the first Earl's mansion was demolished.

In 1935 it was purchased by Margaret "Daisy" Leiter (died 1967), widow of Henry Howard, 19th Earl of Suffolk, 12th Earl of Berkshire (1877–1917), and sister-in-law of Lord Curzon, who lived there until her death. During World War II the United States Army 3rd Armored Division (spearhead) was based at Redlynch Park. Remnants of the entrance bunker survive, marked with an inscribed plaque thanking the local people.

Heritage at risk
Redlynch served as a school between about 1971 and 1982, but in 1985 the house and stables were split into flats, and the orangery sold for use as a separate house.

The surviving folly known as The Towers, displaying the arms of the Fox family, features on the Heritage at Risk Register kept by English Heritage, as does the whole park.

Church of St Peter
Redlynch parish Church of St Peter, dating from 1750, was erected by the 1st Earl to designs by Nathaniel Ireson of Wincanton. It has been designated by English Heritage as a Grade II* listed building.

Notable residents
From March to October 1959, American author John Steinbeck (1902–1968) and his wife Elaine rented a cottage in the hamlet of Discove, Redlynch, while Steinbeck researched his retelling of the Arthurian legend. Glastonbury Tor was visible from the cottage, and Steinbeck also visited the nearby hillfort of Cadbury Castle, a supposed site of King Arthur's court of Camelot. The unfinished manuscript appeared after his death in 1976 as The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights. The Steinbecks called the time spent in Somerset the happiest of their life together.

References

External links

Villages in South Somerset
Structures on the Heritage at Risk register in Somerset
Bruton


ANSA is a computer-aided engineering tool for finite element analysis and computational fluid dynamics  analysis widely used in the automotive industry. It is developed by BETA CAE Systems.  The software is distributed world wide by a number of BETA CAE Systems subsidiaries and business agents.  In the United States, it is distributed by Beta CAE Systems, USA, based in Farmington Hills, Michigan.

ANSA maintains the association between computer-aided engineering geometry and the finite element mesh. This means that the finite element meshes are better representations of their geometric parents. Also it is easy to maintain and update any changes in the geometry by simply reworking the updated area instead of recreating the finite element from scratch.

It carries several proprietary algorithms for meshing suitable for both CFD and structural models.  ANSA initially stood for 'automatic net generation for structural analysis', but the software has gone beyond that very quickly.

External links
ANSA page at BETA CAE Systems International AG website
BETA CAE Systems USA Inc.

Mesh generators
Finite element software
Computer-aided engineering software


Wu Mingqian (; born January 8, 1961) is a Chinese chess player who holds the title Woman Grandmaster, which she received from FIDE in 1985.

In 1985, Wu came second at the Women's Interzonal tournament in Zeleznovodsk with a final score of 10½/15. As a result, she qualified for the 1986 Women's Candidates Tournament, held in Malmö, where she came 8th (last) scoring 3/7. The following year, Wu came in 12th place at the Smederevska Palanka Interzonal tournament with a final score of 5½/15.

Wu competed for the China women's national chess team: four times at the Women's Chess Olympiad (1980–1986) with an overall record of 54 total games played (+21, =20, -13).

See also
Chess in China

References

External links

1961 births
Living people
Chess woman grandmasters
Chinese female chess players
Chinese chess players
Place of birth missing (living people)


Jiawang District () is a suburban district of Xuzhou, Jiangsu province, China. It is located in the northern part of Xuzhou and adjacent to the prefecture-level city of Zaozhuang, Shandong in the north. Its economy was overwhelmingly dependent on coal, but , the last local mine closed.

History
Some people of the environs settled in Jiawang nowadays, since the late Ming. The Jia clan among them set up home around a pool, thus the pool was called Jiajiawang, means"Jia Clan's Pool". Similar as Xuhui District for Xujiahui in Shanghai, Jiajiawang was simplified as Jiawang then.

In the summer of 1880, a local peasant Zhou Mian discovered coals there, along with his fellows. They mined from an open-cast coal then sold. Later, according to Zuo Zongtang's request, local official Hu Jingzhi invited Hu Enxie, another official from Nanjing, to undertake the mining project in 1881, and a British mining engineer was hired for prospecting in the next year.

The Cantonese businessman, Wu Weixiong, took over the properties and co-founded Jiawang Coal Company in the 1890s, Since the financial condition worsened, the company was closed afterwards. Wu trusted the facilities to Hu Enixie's son, Guangguo. Guanguo raised capital by floating shares, but the limited company he founded failed soon. So he turned to Yuan Shikai's cousin, Yuan Shichuan, who then became the principal shareholder of the company. The business got back to basics with Yuan's support. In 1930, the company was acquired by Liu Hongsheng and renamed East China Coal Limited Company.

In 1938, the Japanese captured Jiawang. Then they converted the company under military control. After the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Republic of China's government took over the company.

In 1928, Jiawang town was formed. In 1964, it was elevated to a mining district status, and it was turned into a district in the next year.

Administrative divisions
In the present, Jiawang District has 2 subdistricts and 7 towns.
2 subdistricts
 Laokuang ()
 Xiaqiao ()

7 towns
 Jiawang ()
 Qingshanquan ()
 Dawu ()
 Zizhuang ()
 Tashan ()
 Biantang ()
 Jiangzhuang ()

References

External links
Official website of Jiawang Government

County-level divisions of Jiangsu
Administrative divisions of Xuzhou


Shipley is a village and civil parish in the Horsham District of West Sussex, England. It lies just off the A272 road  north-east of Storrington. The parish includes the village of Coolham and the hamlets of Dragon's Green, Brooks Green and Broomer's Corner.

Shipley is first mentioned in a charter of 1073 as Scapeleia, and in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Sepelei. The name derives from the Old English scēap ('sheep') and lēah ('open ground, such as meadow, pasture, or arable land'). Thus it means 'sheep-clearing' or 'sheep-pasture'.

The western River Adur flows through the village, where it meets a significant tributary, Lancing Brook.

The parish has a land area of . In the 2001 census 1075 people lived in 448 households of whom 596 were economically active. At the 2011 Census the population included the hamlet of Coolham and increased to a total of 1,147.

Shipley was home to Hilaire Belloc who in 1906 purchased Kings Land, with a house,  and Shipley Windmill, which was used in the television series Jonathan Creek as Creek's residence.

The churchyard of St. Mary the Virgin is the burial place of composer John Ireland (1879–1962).

References

External links

Shipley Windmill Website
Shipley Church Website
Shipley Parish Council Website

Horsham District
Villages in West Sussex


Susan Cadogan (born Alison Anne Cadogan; 2 November 1951) is a Jamaican reggae singer best known for her hit records in the 1970s.

Biography
Cadogan is the daughter of singer Lola Cadogan, who released several 78rpm singles of devotional music during the 1950s. She spent several years of her childhood in Belize, where her family had moved, before returning to Jamaica. She worked as an assistant librarian, taking a job in the library of the University of the West Indies at Mona. Her talents as a singer led to her recording her first single, "Love My Life" for Jamaican Broadcasting DJ Jerry Lewis, who was the boyfriend of one of Cadogan's schoolfriends. Lee "Scratch" Perry was in the recording studio at the time, and was impressed by Cadogan's voice enough to record an album's worth of material with her, also renaming her Susan.

One of her first recordings for Perry, a cover of Millie Jackson's soul hit, "Hurt So Good" (featuring bassist Boris Gardiner and the Zap Pow horns), was released to little effect in Jamaica on Perry's new '"Perries" record label, but was released in the UK by Dennis Harris' DIP International label, and topped the UK Reggae Chart. Magnet Records picked up the single after it was brought to the label by A&R man Pete Waterman, and it went on to reach No. 4 in the UK Singles Chart, with Cadogan flying to London to promote the single, including a television appearance on Top of the Pops. Perry was unhappy that Magnet had released the single, and after a court case it was determined that Trojan Records had the UK rights to the single. Cadogan then signed directly to Magnet, for whom she recorded a new version of the song. Magnet also issued the official follow-up, the Waterman-produced "Love Me Baby", which reached number 22 in July 1975, but was her last UK hit. Perry, meanwhile, arranged with the Birmingham-based label Black Wax to release an unofficial follow-up – a remixed version of "Love My Life". Other singles were released on Klik and Lucky in an attempt to cash in, but none of these charted. "Hurt So Good" was subsequently certified silver in the United Kingdom and gold in South Africa.

Two mid 1970s albums, the Waterman-produced Doing It Her Way and Susan Cadogan (compiled from Perry's productions) were released by Magnet and Trojan Records respectively, though with disappointing sales.

Cadogan returned to her library job, but resurfaced as a recording artist in 1982, having a string of hits in Jamaica including covers of "Tracks of My Tears" and "Piece of My Heart", and 1983's "(You Know How To Make Me) Feel So Good" – a duet with Ruddy Thomas. After returning again to her library job for most of the 1980s, she returned with the Mad Professor-produced album Soulful Reggae in 1992. A further album, Chemistry of Love, followed in 1995.

Cadogan caught the music bug once more in 2001, and she performed live at the Heineken Startime Series event in Kingston. More recently, Cadogan has toured together with Glen Adams and The Slackers as well as with the Portuguese band The Ratazanas.

In 2016 she released a five-song EP, Take Me Back, and in 2017 released "Love Story", a duet with Ken Boothe.

Album discography
Doing It Her Way (1975) Magnet
Susan Cadogan aka Hurt So Good (1976) Trojan
Chemistry of Love (1992) Imp
Soulful Reggae (1992) Ariwa
Stealing Love (1998) Rhino
The Rhythm in You (2003) Capo
Sincerely...Susan (2004) Capo
Two Sides of Susan (2008) JVC Japan
Take Me Back (2017) Jump Up!
The Girl Who Cried (2018)  Burning Sounds
Hurt So Good - Storybook Revisited (2020) Burning Sounds
The Girl Who Cried + Chemistry of Love (2021)  Burning Sounds

External links
 Punkcast#631 live with the Jammyland All Stars – Club Seho, New York City, 3 December 2004. (RealPlayer, mp4)

References

1951 births
Living people
Musicians from Kingston, Jamaica
20th-century Jamaican women singers
Jamaican reggae singers
Trojan Records artists


WRPO-LP (93.5 FM) is a noncommercial low-power radio station licensed to Russells Point, Ohio, with a community radio/oldies format billed as "Indian Lake's Greatest Hits". Owned by the village of Russells Point and operated by Gray Fox Broadcasting with studios and transmitter both located in the village, WRPO-LP serves both it, adjacent Lakeview and Indian Lake State Park. In addition to a standard analog transmission, WRPO-LP is repeated full-time over Huntsville low-power station WOHP-LP (), which is owned by the Village of Huntsville.

History
WRPO-LP began broadcasting on May 27, 2002, as an all-volunteer station, with studios and offices are located in the Russells Point Village Municipal Building. Founder and station manager Francis "Gene" Kirby began his broadcast career as a teenager using a low-powered AM band "Oscillator" from his home in New Dover. After graduating from Marysville High School in 1950, he served for nearly ten years in the Air Force, was the evening on-air personality at WRFD-FM (now WNCI) in Columbus, in addition to work at WDLR (now WQCD) in Delaware. Kirby also began operating a Part 15 micropower AM station in Marysville, Ohio, when that city's existing commercial radio station, WUCO, was leased out to noncommercial interests based in Columbus, later managing WUCO after a change in ownership.

The station switched from big band and adult standards to a smooth jazz format on March 8, 2008. Overnight programming also included oldies from 12 midnight until early morning. A survey of local listeners took place in March and April 2009 by the local low-power station which helped determine the switch to oldies on May 9, 2009. In February 2012, a second studio used for audio production and live programs was constructed.

On January 14, 2014, a construction permit was granted by the FCC for WOHP-LP 101.3 mHz in Huntsville. The Village of Huntsville is the station's licensee and Gray Fox Broadcasting also manages this station as a repeater of WRPO-LP. The new low-power FM made its on-air debut at 9:00 am local time on August 23 of 2014 to serve the communities of Huntsville and Bellefontaine. WOHP's transmitting tower was installed with transmitting antennas on June 14, 2014. On July 1, 2014, on-air testing began. A netlink was installed on August 9, 2014 to relay audio from the WRPO studios to the WOHP tower, hence WOHP is a simulcast of WRPO's programming.

Kirby died on May 30, 2020, at the age of 88. His wife Barbara joined him in eternity on January 4, 2023. Both are interred at Mount Herman Cemetery located near the rural community of New Dover outside of Marysville.

See also
Indian Lake (Ohio)
Low power FM

References

External links

RPO-LP
Oldies radio stations in the United States
Logan County, Ohio
RPO-LP
Community radio stations in the United States


Allan Nicoll MacDonald (25 August 1892 – 18 January 1978) was an Australian politician who served as a Senator for Western Australia from 1935 to 1947. He served as a minister without portfolio in the Lyons and Page governments.

Early life
MacDonald was born at Lochee, Forfarshire, Scotland and educated at Arbroath High School.  He migrated to Western Australia in 1911 and worked at Collie in a bakery before moving to Perth in 1914, where he was employed as an accountant.  In August 1914, he joined the Australian Imperial Force and served at the Gallipoli Campaign until he was evacuated due to illness.  He spent the rest of the World War I in Egypt and England.  In October 1919, he married Christiana Hildreth and they returned to Perth in 1920.

Political career
MacDonald was involved in raising funds for the Nationalist Party from 1925 and by 1930 was its general secretary in Western Australia. He was elected to the Senate at the 1934 election, representing the United Australia Party, although he took his seat early in March 1935, filling a casual vacancy. He was minister without portfolio assisting the Minister for Commerce from November 1937 to November 1938 and then assisting the Treasurer until April 1939. Due to his support for Billy Hughes for the leadership after the death of Joseph Lyons, MacDonald was left out of Robert Menzies' ministries. He lost his seat at the September 1946 election, with his term finishing in June 1947. He failed to get Liberal Party endorsement for the December 1949 election.

Later years
MacDonald was appointed to the Western Australian Lotteries Commission in 1948, and was its chairman from 1961 to 1965. He died at the Repatriation General Hospital, Nedlands, at the age of 85, survived by his wife, two daughters and three sons. He was the last surviving member of the March–September 1935 and October 1937-July 1938 Senate.

Notes

1892 births
1978 deaths
United Australia Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian Senate for Western Australia
Members of the Australian Senate
Members of the Cabinet of Australia
Australian military personnel of World War I
Scottish emigrants to Australia
People educated at Arbroath High School
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Australia
20th-century Australian politicians
People from Lochee
Australian bakers


Dirk Jozef Alfons Fransaer (born 9 August 1958 in Dendermonde) is a Belgian engineer and director of the Flemish Institute for Technological Research in Mol, Belgium.

He graduated as a civil engineer at the University of Ghent (Ghent) in 1980 and as biomedical engineer at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Leuven) in 1985.

Honours
 2010: Member of the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts
 2012: Commander in the Order of Leopold.
 2014: Fray International Sustainability Award, SIPS 2014

Notes

1958 births
Living people
20th-century Belgian engineers
Ghent University alumni
People from Dendermonde
Members of the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts
21st-century Belgian engineers