Euthycarcinoidea are an enigmatic group of extinct possibly amphibious arthropods that ranged from Cambrian to Triassic times. Fossils are known from Europe, North America, Argentina, Australia and Antarctica.

Description
The euthycarcinoid body was divided into a cephalon (head), preabdomen, and postabdomen. The cephalon consisted of two segments and included mandibles, antennae and presumed eyes. The preabdomen consisted of five to fourteen tergites, each having up to three somites. Each somite had in turn a pair of uniramous, segmented legs. The postabdomen was limbless and consisted of up to six segments and a terminal tail spine.

Affinities
Due to its particular combination of characteristics, the position of the Euthycarcinoidea within the Arthropoda has been ambiguous; previous authors have allied euthycarcinoids with crustaceans (interpreted as copepods, branchiopods, or an independent group), with trilobites, or the merostomatans (horseshoe crabs and sea scorpions, now an obsolete group). However, due to the general features and the discovery of fossils from this group in Cambrian rocks, a 2010 study suggested that they may have given rise to the mandibulates, the group that includes the myriapods (centipedes, millipedes and the like), crustaceans, and hexapods (insects, etc.).

However, a 2020 study identified several characters, including compound eyes and various details of the preoral chamber, that suggested instead a position as the closest relatives of living myriapods. This would help to close the gap between the earliest body fossils of crown-group myriapods in the Silurian and molecular clock data suggesting a divergence from their closest relatives during the Ediacaran or Cambrian. This had already been suggested by the cladogram of a previous study.

Environment and life habits
Euthycarcinoid fossils have been found in marine, brackish and freshwater deposits. Taxa from the Cambrian are from marine or intertidal sediments, while all specimens from the Ordovician to the Triassic are freshwater or brackish. Fossil impressions of euthycarcinoid postabdomens in association with Protichnites trackways in Cambrian intertidal/supratidal deposits also suggest that euthycarcinoids may have been the first arthropods to walk on land. It has been suggested that the biofilms and microbial mats that covered much of the vast tidal flats during the Cambrian Period in North America may have provided the nourishment that lured these arthropods onto the land. Fossil evidence also suggests the possibility that some euthycarcinoids came onto the land to lay and fertilize their eggs via amplexus, as do the modern horseshoe crabs.

Classification
The known species of euthycarcinoids and their distribution were reviewed by Racheboeuf et al. in 2008. Additional species were described by Collette and Hagadorn in 2010.

 Antarcticarcinus
 Antarcticarcinus pagoda Pagoda Formation Antarctica, Upper Carboniferous to Lower Permian.

 Apankura machu (Cambrian), from marine deposits in Argentina
 Euthycarcinus
 Euthycarcinus ibbenburensis (Pennsylvanian: Westphalian), from freshwater deposits in Germany
 Euthycarcinus martensi (Permian), from freshwater deposits in Germany
 Euthycarcinus kessleri (Triassic), from freshwater deposits in France
 Mosineia macnaughtoni (Cambrian), from intertidal deposits in the United States
 Mictomerus melochevillensis (Cambrian), from intertidal deposits in Canada
 Pieckoxerxes pieckoae (Pennsylvanian: Westphalian), from brackish to freshwater deposits of the United States
 Synaustrus brookvalensis (Triassic) from freshwater deposits of Australia
 Ericixerxes potii (Upper Devonian)

Family Kottixexidae Starobogatov, 1988
 Heterocrania rhyniensis (Lower Devonian), from freshwater deposits of the United Kingdom
 Kalbarria brimmellae (Ordovician or Late Silurian), from freshwater deposits of Australia (Age and habitat are controversial)
Kottixerxes
 Kottixerxes anglicus (Pennsylvanian: Westphalian), from brackish to freshwater deposits of the United Kingdom
 Kottyxerxes gloriosus (Pennsylvanian: Westphalian), from brackish to freshwater deposits of the United States
 Schramixerxes gerem (Late Pennsylvanian: Stephanian stage), from freshwater deposits in France
 Smithixerxes
 Smithixerxes juliarum (Pennsylvanian: Westphalian), from brackish to freshwater deposits of the United States
 Smithixerxes pustulosus (Pennsylvanian: Westphalian), from brackish to freshwater deposits of the United Kingdom
 Sottyxerxes multiplex (Late Pennsylvanian: Stephanian stage), from freshwater deposits in France

References

Bibliography

Enigmatic arthropod taxa
Paleozoic arthropods
Triassic arthropods
Fossil taxa described in 1964
Cambrian first appearances
Middle Triassic extinctions
Arthropod subclasses


William II of England has been depicted in various cultural media.

William II appears in Knight's Fee (1960), a children's historical novel by Rosemary Sutcliff. Sutcliff's novel depicts William as secretly being a pagan. Knight's Fee was influenced by Sutcliff's reading of the essay "The Arrow and the Sword" (1947) by Hugh Ross Williamson and the book The Divine King in England (1954) by Margaret Murray, which both argued  that William was covertly an adherent of a pre-Christian religion.

William II is indirectly the subject of two historical novels by George Shipway, The Paladin and The Wolf Time. The main character of the novels is Walter Tirel (or Tyrell), his supposed assassin, and the main thrust of the plot of the novels is that the assassination was engineered by Henry I.

The death of William Rufus is portrayed in Edward Rutherfurd's 2000 fictionalised history of the New Forest, The Forest. In Rutherfurd's version of events, the king's death takes place nowhere near the Rufus Stone, and Walter Tyrrell is framed for it by the powerful Clare family. Also, Purkiss is a clever story teller who manages (much later) to convince Charles II of England that one of his ancestors had been involved.

William Rufus is a major character in Valerie Anand's 1989 historical novel, King of the Wood (1989). He is also a major character in Parke Godwin's Robin and the King (1993), the second volume in Godwin's reinterpretation of the Robin Hood legend.  William Rufus and his relationship with Tyrell is mentioned and the manner of his death is included in Lammas Night by Katherine Kurtz. He is a character in Stephen R. Lawhead's King Raven Trilogy about Robin Hood.  William Rufus' life is the focus of Judith Tarr's historical fantasy novel, King's Blood (2005). William is one of several British monarchs featured in Heir to a Prophecy (2014) by Mercedes Rochelle. William also appears briefly in The Rufus Spy (2018), one of the Aelf Fen historical mystery novels by Alys Clare.

On television, William was portrayed by Peter Firth in the 1990 play Blood Royal: William the Conqueror.

Singer Frank Turner told the story of the death of William II in the song "English Curse" from his 2011 album England Keep My Bones.

Citations

William II
William II of England


Radzilowski can refer to:
 John Radzilowski
 Thaddeus Radzilowski


The 1995 South Pacific Games was the 10th edition where football was introduced, and was held  in Tahiti during August 1995.

Group Phase

Group A

Group B

Semi finals

Bronze medal match

Gold medal match

External links
Details on RSSSF website

1995
Football at the Pacific Games
Pac
Pacific Games
1995 Pacific Games


King Stephen of England (c. 1092/6 – 25 October 1154) was a grandson of William the Conqueror, and has been depicted in various cultural works. He was King of England from 1135 to his death, and also the Count of Boulogne jure uxoris. His reign was marked by a civil war with his cousin and rival the Empress Matilda, in a period called the Anarchy which has been dramatized by Beth Flintoff in her play Matilda the Empress, first performed in November 2017 at St James's Church, Reading. Stephen was succeeded by Matilda's son, Henry II, the first of the Angevin kings.

Popular fiction

Early appearances by Stephen in fiction included the novels For King or Empress (1904) by C. W. Whistler and Armadin by Alfred Bowker (1908). Stephen appeared in the 1921 novel  The Fool by H. C. Bailey. The 1958 novel To Keep This Oath by Hebe Weenolsen centres on the power struggle between Stephen and the future Henry II.

Stephen is a prominent character in Sharon Kay Penman's 1995 novel When Christ and His Saints Slept, portrayed as a loving husband and good warrior, but an indecisive monarch who cannot control his barons.

King Stephen is depicted in Ellis Peters' historical detective series Brother Cadfael, which take place during Stephen's reign. He appears in two of them. One Corpse Too Many (1979), set in August 1138, takes place against the background of Stephen's conquest of Shrewsbury and his decision - described as "uncharacteristically harsh" - to execute all members of the former garrison which had held the city for Empress Maud. In Brother Cadfael's Penance (1994) much of the plot takes place during and in the immediate aftermath of an abortive peace conference organised by the Church in November 1145 in an effort to reconcile Stephen with his cousin Matilda and end the civil war.

Cecelia Holland's 1971 novel The Earl, also published as Hammer for Princes, depicts the old and quite tragic King Stephen, facing the death of his own son Eustace and the inevitability of recognizing Prince Henry, his rival's son, as his heir.Stephen is portrayed in Ken Follett's #1 New York Times Bestseller The Pillars of the Earth (1990). He only appears a few times in the historical fiction novel, and is depicted as more of a warrior than a king. The novel was re-released in 2010.

The Janna Mysteries by Felicity Pulman posits a love-affair between Matilda and Stephen.

Stephen is also depicted as a young lover of Matilda in The Fatal Crown, by Ellen Jones.

Stephen appears in the historical thriller Winter Siege (2014) by Ariana Franklin and Samantha Norman.

Film and television

Stephen has rarely been portrayed on screen. He was played by Frederick Treves in the 1978 BBC TV series The Devil's Crown, which dramatised the reigns of Henry II, Richard I and John, and by Michael Grandage in "One Corpse Too Many," the first episode of the television adaptation of the Cadfael novels (1994). In the TV mini-series adaption of The Pillars of the Earth'', (which premiered in the US and Canada in July 2010) King Stephen was played by Tony Curran. In the mini-series Stephen is depicted in a more villainous role than in the books. In the mini-series he is responsible for the shipwreck and murder of the future king and heir to the throne of England, which in the book is caused by barons who want a weaker king they can control. Stephen then lies and swears an oath of allegiance to Maud the daughter of the dying king. But as soon as the king dies Stephen usurps the throne, beginning a bloody civil war with Maud, contesting for the crown. Stephen is haunted by visits from the ghost of the betrayed King of England who shows him visions of the downfall of the pretender.

References

Stephen
Stephen
Stephen, King of England


Ambrose Mutinhiri (born 22 February 1944) is a Zimbabwean politician, formally served as the Minister of Youth Development and Employment Creation. A retired army commander and brigadier, he was appointed as Minister of Youth Development, Gender and Employment Creation on February 9, 2004.  He was trained in Russia during the Rhodesian Bush War. He is known for training the best calibre of soldiers during this period, even the late General Solomon Mujuru testified that he was trained by Mutinhiri.

Mutinhiri was nominated as ZANU-PF's candidate for the House of Assembly seat from Marondera, a constituency in Mashonaland East, in the March 2008 parliamentary election. According to official results, he won the seat with 4,284 votes against 2,132 votes for a candidate of the Movement for Democratic Change.

He was placed on the United States sanctions list in 2005.

Resignation

Ambrose Mutinhiri resigned as the MP for ZANU-PF after the resignation of Robert Mugabe. Mutinhire together with Sandi Moyo and Jealousy Mawarire, with the help of Grace Mugabe and Patrick Zhuwao formed the National Patriotic Front (NPF) and contested for 2018 Harmonised Elections.

Prior to elections, the NPF split with one faction linked to Robert Mugabe and the other to Grace Mugabe. Ambrose Mutinhire got less than 0.01% of the votes in the election was won by Emmerson Mnangagwa of ZANU-PF.

References

Members of the National Assembly of Zimbabwe
Living people
Government ministers of Zimbabwe
1944 births


Henry II ruled as King of England from 1154 to 1189 and at various times he also partially controlled Scotland, Wales, Ireland and the Duchy of Brittany. He has been depicted in various cultural media.

Theatre and film

Henry II appears as a character in several modern plays and films. He is a central character in James Goldman's 1966 play The Lion in Winter, set in 1183 and presenting an imaginary encounter between Henry's immediate family and Philip Augustus over Christmas at Chinon. The 1968 film adaptation communicates the modern popular view of Henry as a somewhat sacrilegious, fiery and determined king although, as Goldman acknowledges, Henry's passions and character are essentially fictional. The Lion in Winter has proved to be an enduring representation of Henry, being turned into an Academy-Award-winning film and remade in 2003 for television.

The relationship between Henry and Thomas Becket has been a rich source for dramatic interpretation, for example as early as 1923 in the film Becket. In the play Becket by Jean Anouilh, (filmed in 1964), the character of the King is deliberately fictitious, driven by the need to enhance the drama between them. The Becket controversy also forms the basis for T. S. Eliot's play Murder in the Cathedral, where the tensions between Henry and Becket allow a discussion of the more superficial events of Becket's death and Eliot's deeper religious interpretation of the episode. Murder in the Cathedral was adapted for a feature film in 1951, directed by George Hoellering: in this version Alexander Gauge played Henry.

Henry II appears as a character in the 1884 play Becket by Alfred, Lord Tennyson. In the 1924 adaption of Tennyson's Becket, A.V. Bramble played Henry II.

Beth Flintoff has written a trilogy of plays which feature Henry II, his mother Matilda and grandfather Henry I . These are fictionalised accounts of historic events. The first, Henry I of England, sets the scene by including the foundation of Reading Abbey in 1121 and the second Matilda the Empress shows the future Henry II as a child during The Anarchy period after Henry I's death when Matilda and her cousin Stephen were rivals for the succession. In the concluding part, Henry II, which was first performed in October 2018 at Reading's Minster Church of St Mary the Virgin, the king is the main focus. The action of the play is set over the Easter weekend of 1164 when Thomas Becket officiated at the dedication of the then-complete Abbey, of which Henry II was an important patron.

Historical fiction and television drama
 Walter Scott wrote a novel The Betrothed (1825), which features Henry II as a character.
 Thomas Miller wrote a three-volume historical romance Fair Rosamond; or The Days of King Henry II, first published in 1839.
 Catherine Maberly's 1851 novel The Lady and the Priest is about Henry and his relationships with his mistress Rosamund Clifford, and his antagonist, Thomas à Becket.
 Henry Bailey's novel The Fool, published in 1921, focused on the young Henry II.
 Alfred Duggan's novel God and My Right (1955) revolves around the conflict between Henry and Thomas à Becket.
 In 1978, the BBC broadcast The Devil's Crown, a thirteen-part series dramatising the reigns of Henry II and two of his sons.
 Ken Follett's novel The Pillars of the Earth, published in 1989, features Henry II. The Pillars of the Earth became his best-selling work and was adapted as a television miniseries and a video game
 Sharon Penman has written several novels in her Plantagenet series about Henry II and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine
 Ariana Franklin's Mistress of the Art of Death historical crime series, comprising Mistress of the Art of Death (2007), The Death Maze (UK), published as The Serpent's Tale in the US (2008), Relics of the Dead (UK), published as Grave Goods in the US (2009), and The Assassin's Prayer (UK), published as A Murderous Procession in the US (2010) includes Henry as character.  He is depicted as a headstrong but wise king, concerned with the welfare of his people, reforming the legal system, and maximizing tax revenue.
 Elizabeth Chadwick has written a series mainly concerned with Eleanor of Acquitaine in which Henry II is a major character
 Alison Weir has written a biography of Eleanor of Aquitaine, and a novel The Captive Queen (2010) based on this work. The Captive Queen features Eleanor's relationship with Henry as part of its plot.
 In the video game Age of Empires II HD: The African Kingdoms, Henry II featured as a two-handed swordsman.

Further reading
 Kevin J. Harty, The Reel Middle Ages: American, Western and Eastern European, Middle Eastern and Asian films about Medieval Europe, 1999,

References

Henry II
Henry II of England


Webster Kotiwani Shamu is a Zimbabwean politician and former Minister of Mashonaland West Provincial Affairs who was fired by President Emmerson Mnangagwa on 21 May 2018. He previously served as Minister of Information and Publicity, and as Minister of State for Policy Implementation. He is a member of parliament representing the Chegutu constituency. The Cabinet of Zimbabwe was later dissolved on 27 November 2017.

Background
Webster Shamu has also been known as Charles Ndlovu, having changed his name during the civil war (1972–1980), as did many others who used pseudonyms to mask their identities. Shamu, previously a freelance broadcaster under the Smith regime and a well-known presenter to thousands on Radio Harare as the voice behind "The Lyons Maid Hit Parade", escaped from British South Africa Police attention for suspected or alleged crimes, crossed the border into Mozambique where he became again a well known voice to African listeners, broadcasting back from Maputo as the "Voice of Zimbabwe".

He was appointed as Minister of State for Policy Implementation on 9 February 2004.

Shamu, as Minister of State for Policy Implementation, presented President Robert Mugabe with a present of a nile crocodile, to be part of the museum being built for the president.

Shamu is among a host of individuals not allowed to travel to the United States because the US government feels he has worked to undermine democracy in Zimbabwe.

He has business interests in common with Charles Davy, the father of Chelsy Davy, the former girlfriend of Prince Harry, through Davy's HHK Safaris, which incorporates Shamu's Famba Safaris. HHK Safaris and Shamu were investigated for illegal ivory trading in 2007.

Political career
He was the editor of the ZANU-PF weekly news publication, the People's Voice, until he stepped down in 2004 to take up his post as the Minister of Policy Implementation in the President's office.

2000 parliamentary election
Shamu controversially won the Chegutu constituency in 2000 parliamentary election. His adversary in the election, Philemon Matibe, who ran on an MDC ticket, was one of the few black commercial farmers to lose a farm after the elections, to a mob purportedly hired by Shamu.

Minister of Industry and International Trade
Shamu has appeared at the forefront praising the work of Gideon Gono to revive the economy of the country, although all these efforts appear to have been in vain. He was placed on the United States sanctions list in 2005.

2008 parliamentary election
Shamu was nominated by ZANU-PF as its candidate for the House of Assembly seat from Chegutu East constituency in the March 2008 parliamentary election. According to official results, he easily won the seat, receiving 9,222 votes against 2,724 for the candidate of the MDC faction led by Morgan Tsvangirai and 1,218 votes for the candidate of the MDC faction led by Arthur Mutambara.

Unity government
When the ZANU-PF–MDC national unity government was sworn in on 13 February 2009, Shamu became Minister of Information and Publicity. After taking office, he fell into a dispute with Nelson Chamisa, the Minister of Information Communication Technology, regarding which ministry should deal with telecommunications. The Herald reported on 10 April 2009, that President Mugabe had assigned responsibility for telecommunications to the Ministry of Transport, headed by Nicholas Goche.

2014 ousting
He was removed from his party position as ZANU-PF national political commissar and lost his central committee membership after being accused of being sympathetic to the then suspended Joice Mujuru and her presumed loyalists. He was also suspended from the party and removed from his ministerial position.

2017 Zimbabwe coup d'etat
On 27 November 2017, Emmerson Mnangagwa, who succeeded ousted President Robert Mugabe following the 2017 Zimbabwe coup d'etat, announced the dissolution of the Zimbabwe Cabinet, leaving only Patrick Chinamasa and Simbarashe Mumbengegwi as acting ministers of Finance and Foreign Affairs respectively.

Return to ZANU-PF
Shamu was re-appointed as a central committee member at the December 2016 ZANU-PF annual conference. He was then restored to the cabinet in a reshuffle on 9 October 2017, appointed as the Mashonaland West Provincial Affairs minister. Shamu was fired by President Emmerson Mnagangwa on 21 May 2018. No reasons were given for his sudden expulsion which was with immediate effect. Prior to him being sacked, he had been in the eye of a storm after he was found with ballots marked in his name, which was used in the Zanu PF primary elections which held in April 2018.

See also
Obert Mpofu
Robert Mugabe
ZANU-PF

References

Members of the National Assembly of Zimbabwe
Living people
1945 births
Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army personnel
ZANU–PF politicians
Government ministers of Zimbabwe
Members of the 8th Parliament of Zimbabwe
Members of the 9th Parliament of Zimbabwe
Members of the 10th Parliament of Zimbabwe


Flora Buka (born 1968) is a Zimbabwean politician and Minister of State for Special Affairs Responsible for Land and Resettlement Programme. She was ZANU-PF's candidate for  Gokwe-Nembudziya constituency in the March 2008 parliamentary election; she won the seat, receiving 8,650 votes and defeating two challengers from the Movement for Democratic Change: Kizito Chindende (MDC-T), who received 5,396 votes, and Josphat Mahachi (MDC-M), who received 1,071 votes. She is serving as Minister of State in the Office of Vice-President Joseph Msika. Since 2003, she is placed on the United States sanctions list.

References

Zimbabwean politicians
Living people
1968 births
Members of the 7th Parliament of Zimbabwe
Members of the 8th Parliament of Zimbabwe
Members of the 9th Parliament of Zimbabwe
Members of the 10th Parliament of Zimbabwe


Kakutani is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Michiko Kakutani (born 1955), Japanese-American Pulitzer Prize-winning critic
 Shizuo Kakutani (1911–2004), Japanese-American mathematician
Kakutani fixed-point theorem

Japanese-language surnames


Ferrocarriles Mediterráneos S.A. (FEMED) was an Argentine company which operated a  broad gauge railway line between Córdoba and Villa María originally built by the British-owned Central Argentine Railway, which became part of Ferrocarril General Bartolomé Mitre after railway nationalization in 1948.

History
As part of a national railway privatisation plan, carried out under the presidency of Carlos Menem, a concession to operate the line was granted to the government of Córdoba Province in 1992 and was later transferred to FEMED, a cooperative composed of former rail workers, in January 1999.

During its first months of existence FEMED focused on the repair and repainting of locomotives and coaches. The Córdoba Mitre station was also set as company headquarters. The company received some EMD GT-22 to operate.

Although plans included to run trains to Retiro, Villa María, Alta Gracia and Río Cuarto, the company could run only a daily service from Córdoba to Villa María.

At the end of 2003 the Government of Córdoba revoked the concession granted to FEMED, and private company Ferrocentral took over the service, beginning to operate trains to Villa María in August 2004, then adding services to Córdoba in April 2005.

References

m
m
m
m
1999 establishments in Argentina
m
m


The MS UND Adriyatik is a RO-RO freighter owned by the Turkish company U.N Ro-Ro İşletmeleri A.Ş. It went into service on 1 September 2001, after being built in the Flensburger Schiffbau Gesellschaft (FSG) shipyard in Flensburg, Germany. It was used for transporting goods between Pendik (Istanbul), Turkey and Trieste, Italy. UND Adriyatik  caught fire on 6 February 2008 off the coast of Istria, Croatia, just outside Croatian territorial waters.

Fire and salvaging operations timeline
Croatia's sea and transport ministry said the ship caught fire  west of the Adriatic Sea town of Rovinj on the early morning hours of 6 February 2008, just outside the Croatian territorial sea inside of the newly established Croatian Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone. An SOS was launched at 4:04 local time. It said that the  long ship was sailing from Istanbul to Trieste and was carrying 200 trucks and nine tons of dangerous material, in addition to between 100 and 200 tons of ship fuel, causing fears of environmental damage. The ship's 22 crew members and nine passengers were rescued by the Greek ship Ikarus Palace that was sailing nearby and were on their way to Venice.

An official said Croatian fire-fighting planes and one tug boat arrived soon at the scene and were trying to extinguish the blaze. The planes were quickly withdrawn as they had no effect. As the fire started inside the ship, there was no way of extinguishing it from the outside. However, tug boats continued to pour water on the ship's hull, in an effort to lower its temperature and prevent its deformation.

There were fears of an explosion if the fire was to reach the fuel tanks. Also, the water currents were pushing the ship towards the Croatian coast. Floating barrages were placed around the ship, but no oil leaked.

On the morning of 7 February, the ship, still on fire, was standing some  south-west of the Brijuni islands, a national park. At that time Croatian officials still hoped that strong east winds would push the ship out of their territorial sea, but instead the ship approached Pula, the largest city on Istra peninsula. According to Croatian sources, the fire was under control and there was no further threat of an ecological disaster. Several maritime fire-fighting specialists from the Netherlands arrived on the scene (after long check-in procedure on a Pula airport, because airport official demanded papers for their special equipment) but were unable to board the ship. Those firefighters worked for Smit International and were hired by the ship's owning company and were known for their role in the salvaging operations of the Russian submarine Kursk. The ship salvage phase was documented on the National Geographic Channel's Salvage Code Red program.

The specialists from the Netherlands were at last able to board the ship on 8 February, when they extinguished the blaze completely and then the ship could be towed to a harbour. Negotiations were underway as to which port to tow the ship. Several sources reported the most probable destination was the Italian port of Trieste though some media reported that the port authorities of Trieste have declined this option.

The ship remained 5 mi off Pula until 17 February, when Italian tugboats began pulling it towards Trieste. Reportedly, the Norwegian classification organisation Det Norske Veritas confirmed all security measures were in place to allow that. On 19 February it arrived in Trieste.

On 2 February 2009 the ship was towed to the "Beşiktaş Gemi Inşa" shipyard in Yalova, Turkey, for future repairs at the shipyard's 235 x 38 meters drydock. On 13 March 2009 it was reported that the length of the ship will be extended, following the one year-long repairs, by an additional 30 meters (to the total of 223 meters).

References

External links

Ship details:
Ferry-site
Caterpillar Marine Power Systems
News reports:
Croatia contains cargo ship fire (BBC)
CNN Türk report

Photos and videos:
Video of the ship in flames
Photos of the burning ship

Maritime incidents in 2008
Transport disasters in Croatia
Cargo ships of Turkey
Ship fires
2001 ships
Ships built in Flensburg
2008 disasters in Croatia


Edward I of England has been portrayed in popular culture a number of times.

Literature

Edward's life was dramatised in the Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First, a Renaissance theatrical play by George Peele.

Edward I was often featured in historical fictions written in the Victorian and Edwardian Eras. Novels featuring Edward from this period include Truths and Fictions of the Middle Ages (1837) by Francis Palgrave,  G. P. R. James's Robin Hood novel Forest Days; or Robin Hood (1843), The Lord of Dynevor: A Tale of the Times of Edward the First (1892) by Evelyn Everett-Green, Simon de Montfort; or, The third siege of Rochester Castle by Edwin Harris (1902), and De Montfort's squire. A story of the battle of Lewes by the Reverend Frederick Harrison (1909)  The Prince and the Page: A Story of the Last Crusade (1866) by Charlotte Mary Yonge, is about Edward's involvement in the Ninth Crusade, and depicts Edward as chivalrous and brave.

The play The King's Jewery (1927) by Halcott Glover deals with Edward's relationship with England's Jewish community.  The Baron's Hostage (1952) by Geoffrey Trease depicts Edward as a young man, and features Edward taking part in the Battle of Evesham.

Edward is unflatteringly depicted in several novels with a contemporary setting, including the Brothers of Gwynedd quartet by Edith Pargeter, where Edward is depicted as the antagonist of the novel's Welsh heroes.  Edward I also appears in The Reckoning and Falls the Shadow by Sharon Penman, The Wallace and The Bruce Trilogy by Nigel Tranter, and the Brethren trilogy by Robyn Young, a fictional account of Edward and his involvement with a secret organisation within the Knights Templar.  In the Hugh Corbett historical mystery novels by Paul C. Doherty, the titular hero is employed by Edward I to solve crimes.

Hungarian poet Janos Arany's ballad The Bards of Wales retells the legend of the 500 Welsh bards, who were burned at the stake by King Edward I of England for refusing to sing his praises during a banquet at Montgomery Castle, following the Plantagenet conquest of Wales.

The poem was meant as a veiled attack against Emperor Franz Joseph and Tsar Nicholas I of Russia for their roles in the defeat of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and for the repressive policies in the Kingdom of Hungary that followed the end of the uprising.

Film and television

 Edward I has also been portrayed by Michael Rennie in the 1950 film The Black Rose, based on the novel by Thomas B. Costain.
 Edward was portrayed by Patrick McGoohan as a psychopathic  tyrant in the 1995 film Braveheart, in which he is referred to as a 'pagan'. Though the film greatly exaggerates Edward's brutality, his physical and mental abuse of his son and heir before the whole court, as well as his disdain for the Scots, is for the most part accurately depicted.
 Edward was played, as an idealist seeking to unite Norman and Saxon in his kingdom, by Brian Blessed, in the 1996 film The Bruce.
 Edward was played by Donald Sumpter in the 2008 BBC TV comedy-drama Heist.
 Most recently he was played by Stephen Dillane in the 2018 Netflix film Outlaw King.
 Edward I served as an inspiration for Tywin Lannister in the HBO television series Game of Thrones.

Radio

 Edward was played by Noel Johnson in a 1958 BBC Home Service Children's Hour adaption of Trease's The Baron's Hostage.
 Edward was played by Philip Jackson in Mike Walker's BBC Radio 4 series Plantagenet.

Video games

Edward is featured as the main antagonist in the cutscenes of the tutorial campaign of the 1999 video game Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings. He is featured as the protagonist of his own campaign in the Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition expansion Lords of the West.

Citations


Michael Rueben Nyambuya (born 23 July 1955) is a Zimbabwean politician and military officer who has served as Governor of Manicaland and as Minister of Energy and Power Development.

Military career
Mike Nyambuya served in the Zimbabwean armed forces during the Second Congo War, and was in command of Zimbabwean forces defending N'Djili Airfield during Operation Kitona.

Political career
Nyambuya is a former army general. He served as Governor of Manicaland before being appointed as Minister of Energy and Power Development in mid-April 2005, following the March 2005 parliamentary election. He was placed on the United States sanctions list in 2005.

He was nominated as ZANU-PF's candidate for the House of Assembly seat from Mutasa North, a constituency in Manicaland, in the March 2008 parliamentary election. He was defeated in this election by David Anthony Chimhini, the candidate of the Movement for Democratic Change-Tsvangirai, receiving 4882 against 9396 for Chimhini.

The Herald reported on 3 January 2009 that Nyambuya had been dismissed from the Cabinet earlier in the week, along with 11 other ministers, because he no longer held any seat in Parliament.

References

Living people
Government ministers of Zimbabwe
1955 births


Six Battery Road, formerly the Standard Chartered Bank Building, is a high-rise skyscraper located in the central business district of Singapore.

It is located at 6 Battery Road, in Raffles Place. The tower is situated adjacent to the Bank of China Building and faces the Singapore River.

It is a class-A office building and houses the offices of several multi-national companies. The development had a net floor area of , as of 30 June 2007, and has direct access to Raffles Place MRT station.

At its completion, it was the largest building for the Standard Chartered Bank worldwide and also represented the largest single investment by a British company. The building is on a 999-year leasehold.

History
Six Battery Road, completed in 1984, was designed by P & T Architects & Engineers Ltd and RSP Architects Planners & Engineers Private Limited. The development involved several firms, including CapitaLand Commercial Limited, Clover Properties Private Limited, Hazama Gumi, CapitaLand Limited, Lighting Design Partnership, Meinhardt (Singapore) Private Limited, and Sidley Austin Brown & Wood LLP.

The building was inaugurated on 24 October 1984 by Lord Barber, then chairman of the Standard Chartered Bank Group, who served as the anchor tenant.  Subsequently, the 1st, 20th, 21st, 43rd, and 44th floors underwent renovation, completed in March 2002."

Architecture
Six Battery Road has a baltic brown granite exterior and is mainly made out of concrete. Despite the building being a British investment, it was feng-shui (Chinese geomancy) tested. Even the opening date was chosen as it was a propitious day according to the Chinese Almanac.

See also
 List of tallest buildings in Singapore
 Raffles Place

References

External links

1984 establishments in Singapore
CapitaLand
Downtown Core (Singapore)
Office buildings completed in 1984
Skyscraper office buildings in Singapore
Raffles Place
Standard Chartered
20th-century architecture in Singapore


Munacho T.A. Mutezo (born 14 February 1954) is a Zimbabwean engineer, businessman and politician. He was born on 14 February 1954 in Chimanimani, Zimbabwe.

Government positions/timeline

2005–2008 Minister for Water Resources and Infrastructural Development
Munacho Mutezo held this post for 3 years. His appointment to this position was largely due to his technical capacity as an engineer (having qualified from University of Glasgow, Scotland in 1981). He also had private sector experience and this made him a viable candidate for a ministerial position.

He was dropped from this post after the end of that parliamentary term before the 2008 elections.

He was placed on the United States sanctions list from 2005 until 2017.

September 2013–December 8, 2014 Deputy Minister of Energy and Power Development

Following the 2013 General Elections in Zimbabwe Munacho Mutezo was appointed in the above-mentioned post. His technical and professional expertise were traits needed to run in this Ministry.  Speculation says that his more liberal approach that contrasted other hard-core ZANU-PF members prevented him from being appointed full Minister of Energy and Power Development.

December 8, 2014
Munacho Mutezo alongside former Zimbabwean Vice President Dr. Joice Mujuru and others were discharged from their roles as Deputy Minister and Vice President respectively on accusations of revolting against then President, Robert Mugabe. Their dismissals also cited that they wanted to overthrow the Party leadership. Mutezo was dismissed together with 8 fellow ZANU-PF members in December 2014.

August 2016
Munacho Mutezo was expelled from ZANU-PF party and from the Parliament of Zimbabwe.

Current status
Munacho Mutezo is a founding member of an opposition Party Zimbabwe People First (ZimPF). The Political Party challenged ZANU-PF in the 2018 general election as part of the MDC Alliance. Mutezo holds the post of ZimPF Party Vice President.

References

Zimbabwean politicians
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
1954 births


Piano Sonata No. 5 may refer to:
Piano Sonata No. 5 (Beethoven)
Piano Sonata No. 5 (Mozart)
Piano Sonata No. 5 (Prokofiev)
Piano Sonata No. 5 (Scriabin)


Dr. Samuel Creighton Mumbengegwi (23 October 1942 – 14 June 2016) was a Zimbabwean politician who served for a time as Minister of Higher Education and as ZANU-PF Chairperson. He was the brother of the former Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Simba Mumbengegwi.

Political career
Mumbengegwi served for a time as Minister of Higher Education and as ZANU-PF Chairperson for Masvingo. According to the Commercial Farmers Union in 2002, he took over Irvin Farm from its white owners as part of land reform. He was subsequently appointed as Minister of Industry and International Trade in August 2002, and he was appointed as the Minister of State for Indigenisation and Empowerment in 2005. On 6 February 2007 he was moved to the position of Finance Minister, replacing Herbert Murerwa.

In the ZANU-PF primaries for the March 2008 parliamentary election, Mumbengegwi sought the party's nomination for the Chivi-Mwenezi Senate constituency in Masvingo Province, but he was defeated by Josiah Hungwe, a former Governor of Masvingo Province. Mumbengegwi disputed the result and the ZANU-PF national election directorate ordered the vote to be held over again, but Mumbengegwi was defeated for a second time, winning 4,906 votes against 8,736 votes for Hungwe, and therefore Hungwe received the ZANU-PF nomination.

The Herald reported on 3 January 2009 that Mumbengegwi had been dismissed from the Cabinet earlier in the week, along with 11 other ministers, because he no longer held any seat in Parliament.

He was put on the United States sanctions list in 2003 and remained on the list until his death.

Death
He died on 14 June 2016 at Avenues Clinic in Harare due to an unknown ailment. At the time of his death, he was a lecturer at the Great Zimbabwe University in the Education faculty.

References

|-

|-

1942 births
2016 deaths
Place of birth missing
Finance Ministers of Zimbabwe
Government ministers of Zimbabwe
ZANU–PF politicians


Edward II of England has been portrayed in popular culture a number of times.

Theatre and music
The most famous fictional account of Edward II's reign is Christopher Marlowe's play Edward II (c. 1592). It depicts Edward's reign as a single narrative and does not include Bannockburn. It makes reference to Gaveston.  In recent years, several acclaimed productions have been staged in the United Kingdom, although the play is seldom performed in the United States outside of large cities and university towns.
Bertolt Brecht's adaptation of Marlowe's play, The Life of Edward II of England, was written in 1923.
 The character of Patrick de Salis in Susan Howatch's historical novel Cashelmara is based on Edward II.
The English world music/folk/reggae band Edward the Second and the Red Hot Polkas, formed in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire in 1985, took for its original name a punning reference to the supposed manner of Edward's murder in the nearby Berkeley Castle.
The English composer John McCabe's ballet, Edward II (1995), is also based on the Marlowe play.
 English classical composer George Benjamin's 2018 opera Lessons in Love and Violence, based on the libretto of Martin Crimp, uses the Edward II theme.
 The Scottish patriotic song (and national anthem candidate), "Flower of Scotland," written by Roy Williamson of The Corries, mentions Edward II's defeat at the Battle of Bannockburn.

Literature
Margaret Campbell Barnes' Isabel the Fair focuses on Queen Isabella.
John Crowley's first novel, The Deep (1975), features (in part) a fantasy version of the story of Edward II and his Wars as seen by a strangely sexless visitor from outside the world.
Medieval mystery novelist P. C. Doherty has set a number of his books against the backdrop of Edward II's reign.
Maurice Druon traces the life and death of Edward II in his historical magnum opus Les Rois maudits (The Accursed Kings).
Part of the plot of Ken Follett's novel World Without End (2007) revolves around a secret letter that proved Edward II had survived and escaped imprisonment, which letter was potentially embarrassing to both Isabella and Edward III.
British novelist Robert Goddard's novel Name to a Face (2007) discusses the theories and circumstances of Edward II's survival.  Within a fictionalized setting, it is speculated that an older Edward II may be the identity of a semi-legendary medieval figure known as the Grey Man of Ennor, who traveled England mysteriously curing sufferers of the Black Death in the mid-14th century.
Susan Higginbotham, in The Traitor's Wife: A Novel of the Reign of Edward II (2005), looks at the reign and its aftermath through the eyes of Hugh le Despenser's wife, Eleanor de Clare.
Brenda Honeyman's The Queen and Mortimer focuses on Queen Isabella.
Chris Hunt's novel, Gaveston (1992), published by the Gay Men's Press, is based on Edward's life, in particular his relationship with Piers Gaveston, as well as Edward's subsequent relationships.
Medieval mystery novelist Michael Jecks has set a number of his books against the backdrop of Edward II's reign.
Hilda Lewis' Harlot Queen (1970) focuses on Queen Isabella and her relationship with Edward II.
Maureen Peters' Isabella, the She-Wolf focuses on Queen Isabella.
Eve Trevaskis' King's Wake starts shortly after the fall of the Despensers and ends with the fall of Roger Mortimer.

Film and television
Onscreen, Edward has been portrayed by:
Ian McKellen in the BBC TV adaptation of Marlowe's Edward II (1970)
 Michel Beaune in the 1972 French TV adaptation of Druon's novels
Philippe Clévenot in the French TV adaptation of Marlowe's Edward II (1982)
Steven Waddington in Derek Jarman's 1991 cinematic version of Christopher Marlowe's play - which utilized 20th century clothing and gay rights marches as an aspect of the story.
Peter Hanly in Braveheart (1995). The film portrays Edward as weak, effeminate and homosexual with a Piers Gaveston-like lover. Several sequences are fictional, such as Edward's lover being pushed through a window to his death by Edward I, and Edward being cuckolded by William Wallace, who is represented as the real father of Edward III.
Richard Brimblecombe in the British film The Bruce (1996)
Christopher Buchholz in the 2005 French TV adaptation of Druon's novels
Ben Chaplin in the miniseries World Without End (2012) during which he survives his assassination and lives in exile in Kingsbridge under the name of Thomas Langley, the man who had been ordered to kill him.
Billy Howle in the Netflix film Outlaw King (2018)

Radio
Edward II is the focus of the BBC Radio 4 Book at Bedtime: The Ruling Passion, by David Pownell, read by David Horovitz. This was broadcast from Monday 27 October to Friday 7 November 2008.

References


Our Lady of Africa may refer to:
 Our Lady of Africa, a Catholic devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary
 Notre-Dame d'Afrique, a Catholic basilica in Algeria
 Notre Dame D'Afrique, Bangui, a Catholic church in the Central African Republic
 Shrine of Our Lady of Africa, a Catholic shrine in the Spanish exclave of Ceuta in North Africa

See also
 Our Mother of Africa Chapel, Washington, D.C.
 Titles of Mary


Prof. Dr. Sonja Hegasy is the guest professor for Postcolonial Studies at the Barenboim-Said Akademie (2019-2021), a private university in Berlin. Since 2008, she is Vice Director of the Leibniz-Zentrum Moderner Orient (ZMO). She studied Arabic and Islamic Studies at the American University in Cairo, the Universities of Witten/Herdecke and Bochum, graduating from Columbia University in 1990 with a thesis on Violent Narratives – Narrative Violence. Her PhD on State, Public Sphere and Civil Society in Morocco was published in German in 1996. Her research and publications focus on modern Arab intellectual thought, civil society and social mobilisation, as well as the politics of memory in post-conflict societies. Sonja Hegasy has been active in introducing the work of contemporary Moroccan philosopher Mohamed Abed al-Jabiri in Germany. In 2016, she was a Fulbright Fellow at the City University of New York. She holds numerous honorary positions on academic advisory councils, including chairing the Advisory Board for Science and Current Affairs of the Goethe-Institut in Munich from 2009 to 2016, and being a member of the Trajectories of Change program at the ZEIT-Stiftung

Published works

 »Der Text liest den Leser.« Apropos Mohammed Abed Al-Jabri, 1935–2010. In: polylog. Forum für interkulturelles Philosophieren e.V., Wiener Gesellschaft für interkulturelle Philosophie (Hrsg.), Heft Nr. 44, 2021, 129-136.
 »Kann der Kapitalismus – oder der Imperialismus – sich in eine humanistische Bewegung transformieren? Das bezweifle ich!« Mohammed Abed Al-Jabri im Interview mit Sonja Hegasy. Casablanca 6. Mai 1993. In: polylog. Forum für interkulturelles Philosophieren e.V., Heft Nr. 44, 2021, 137-149.
 Guest Co-Editor Memories of Violence, Social Life and Political Culture in the Maghreb and Mashreq, Memory Studies, Special Issue, 12.3, June 2019. (with N.S. Nikro)
 Dare to be wise! On the Reception of Mohammed Abed al-Jabri Post-2011. In: F. Corrao, Z. Eyadat, M. Hashas (eds) Islam, State, and Modernity: Mohammed Abed Al Jabri and the Future of the Arab World. New York: Palgrave, 2018, 183-204.
 Co-Editor The Social Life of Memory: Violence, Trauma, and Testimony in Lebanon and Morocco. New York: Palgrave, 2017. (with N.S. Nikro)
 Letter to Oneself. Acknowledging Guilt in Post-war Lebanon. In: Karine Deslandes, Fabrice Mourlon, Bruno Tribout (eds) Civil War and Narrative. Testimony, Historiography, Memory. New York: Palgrave, 2017, 39-57.
 Co-Editor Herausforderungen in arabischen Staaten. Die Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung im Nahen Osten und in Nordafrika. Bonn: Dietz-Verlag, 2016. (with V. Vinnai, S. Faath, A. Vogt)
 Co-Editor Gendered Memory in the Middle East and North Africa: Cultural Norms, Social Practices, and Transnational Regimes. Special Issue of the Journal for Middle Eastern Women Studies (JMEWS). Vol. 8, 2012, No. 1. (with B. Dennerlein)
 Young Authority: Quantitative and Qualitative Insights into Youth, Youth Culture, and State Power in Contemporary Morocco. In: The Journal of North African Studies, Volume 12, Issue 1 March 2007, (S. 19–36).
 Changing Values among Youth. Examples from the Arab World and Germany (ed. with Elke Kaschl), Berlin: ZMO-Studien, 2007
 Staat, Öffentlichkeit und Zivilgesellschaft in Marokko: Die Potentiale der sozio-kulturellen Opposition (Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft des Vorderen Orients)

Essays

 Palestine Isn’t Just Another Country. A German-Egyptian Memory of Edward Saiʿd. Berlinbazzar, January 2021.
 »I did not forgive him. But after many years, I allowed myself to accept his apology.« A Report on the Conference Circumstances from Post-Apartheid South Africa. In: Muslim Worlds–World of Islam? New Directions in Research. Berlin, 46-49.
 Die Bedeutung von Geschichtsbildern und Geschichtswissenschaft in Gesellschaften der arabischen Welt von heute. VHD Journal Themenheft Geschichte - Politik - Gesellschaft. Wie politisch ist Erinnerung? Heft 7, Juli 2018, 23-27.
 Islam und Philosophie in der nahöstlichen Moderne, Review Anke von Kügelgen (ed.): Wissenschaft, Philosophie und Religion. Religionskritische Positionen um 1900’. Qantara.de, 22.9.2017.

References

External links
Personal homepage and CV

German women academics
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


The 2008 New Mexico Republican presidential primary took place on June 3, 2008. All 29 National delegates were awarded to John McCain.

Results

See also
 2008 New Mexico Democratic primary
 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries

External links
 "New Mexico Republican Party Events Calendar - June 2008"

References

New Mexico
2008 New Mexico elections
New Mexico Republican primaries


Edward III of England has been depicted in a number of fictional works.

Literature
Edward III of England is the central character in the play Edward III, sometimes attributed to William Shakespeare. He also appears as a boy in Edward II by Christopher Marlowe. Edward is also the protagonist of William Blake's early drama Edward the Third, part of his Poetical Sketches, published in 1783.  George Bernard Shaw portrayed Edward for dramatic purposes as, in Shaw's preface to The Six of Calais, behaving himself like an unrestrained human being in a very trying situation. He also appears in Gaetano Donizetti's  opera L'assedio di Calais. Edward III appeared in George Alfred Lawrence's "sensation novel" about the Hundred Years' War, Brakespeare (1868). The novella "The Countess Alys"  (in The New Canterbury Tales (1901)) by Maurice Hewlett features Edward III as a character. Edward was also depicted in historical novels for younger readers, including  St. George For England (1885) by G. A. Henty. Edward is also featured in his role as English commander during the Battle of Crécy, in the novel Red Eve (1911) by Rider Haggard.

Edward appears in Maurice Druon's series of historical novels Les Rois maudits (The Accursed Kings). In the 1965 novel The King is a Witch by Evelyn Eaton, Edward is covertly a follower of a pagan "Old Religion".

Edward is a major character in The King's Mistress by Emma Campion and her Owen Archer mystery novel The Lady Chapel (1994) under the name Candace Robb. He appears in the 2000 Bernard Cornwell novel Harlequin, as well as in the 2007 Ken Follett novel World Without End, the sequel to Pillars of the Earth. Edward also appears briefly in The First Princess of Wales by Karen Harper.

Screen adaptations
Edward III has rarely been portrayed on screen. He was portrayed by Charles Kent in the 1911 silent short The Death of King Edward III and by Michael Hordern in the 1955 film The Dark Avenger, about Edward, the Black Prince. As a boy he has been portrayed by Stéphane Combesco in the 1982 French TV adaptation of Marlowe's play and by Jody Graber in Derek Jarman's 1991 version. In World Without End (2012), Blake Ritson portrayed Edward III.

Jean-Louis Broust portrayed Edward III in the 1972 French TV adaptation of Druon's Les Rois maudits novels, and Aurélien Wiik played the role in the 2005 French TV adaptation.

Edward is implied to be the son of Isabella and Scottish patriot William Wallace in the 1995 film Braveheart. This is historically impossible, as, at the time of Wallace's execution in 1305, Isabella was still only ten years old, and this was seven years before Edward was born. It is extremely unlikely that Wallace and Isabella ever met.

References

Edward III
Edward III
Edward III of England


Gay Street is a hamlet in the Horsham District of West Sussex, England. It lies on the North Heath to West Chiltington road 1.9 miles (3.1 km) northeast of Pulborough.

The signpost for nearby Gay Street Lane, relating in modern language to homosexuality has been often been stolen or damaged.

Horsham District
Villages in West Sussex


Gilberto Milani (13 May 1932 – 30 October 2021) was an Italian Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. His best year was in 1969 when he finished ninth in the 500cc world championship. After his riding career had ended, Milani took on the role of racing team manager for the Aermacchi factory, which was then bought by Harley Davidson. Milani played a role in managing Walter Villa to three consecutive 250cc road racing world championships.

References

1932 births
2021 deaths
Sportspeople from Milan
Italian motorcycle racers
250cc World Championship riders
350cc World Championship riders
500cc World Championship riders
Isle of Man TT riders


Edward IV of England has been depicted in popular culture a number of times.

Literature

Plays
The plays Henry VI, Part 2, Henry VI, Part 3, and Richard III, by William Shakespeare. In Henry VI, Part 2 Edward has a minor role. He comes in toward the end of the play to defend his father's claim to the English throne, and has only one line. In Henry VI, Part 3, Edward's role is heavily amplified and he has more lines than every character in the play besides Warwick. This play depicts Edward's rise to power, his marriage to the Lady Grey (history's Elizabeth Woodville), his betrayal by Warwick, his deposition, and his subsequent return to power. The play ends with the birth of his eldest son. In Richard III, Edward, now sick, tries to reconcile his squabbling nobles and relatives to little avail. In the play and the 1955 film Richard III, Edward's brother Richard directly hastens Edward's death, by informing the already ailing king that one of his brothers, George, Duke of Clarence is dead (Edward had revoked the order for Clarence's execution, but Richard has had Clarence secretly murdered).
The plays King Edward IV, Part 1 and King Edward IV, Part 2, by Thomas Heywood, a contemporary of Shakespeare's.

Novels
(In alphabetical order, excluding 'The')
The Assassin's Wife by Moonyeen Blakey (Describes Edward's relationship with Eleanor Butler)
Daughter of York by Anne Easter Smith (The fictionalized story of his sister Margaret)
The Founding, Volume 1 of The Morland Dynasty, a series of historical novels by author Cynthia Harrod-Eagles
The Goldsmith's Wife by Jean Plaidy (A fictionalized story of his mistress Jane Shore)
House of Echoes by Barbara Erskine (Ghost story about a mansion that is haunted by the spirit of Edward IV among others)
The Innocent, The Exiled and The Beloved (released as The Uncrowned Queen) by Australian novelist, Posie Graeme-Evans
The Kings Grace by Anne Easter Smith (Fictional portrayal of Edward's illegitimate daughter Grace)
Kings of Albion by Julian Rathbone
Knight Errant, Lady Robyn, and White Rose, a trilogy by R. Garcia y Robertson (Edward, Earl of March, falls in love with a woman who is a time-traveler from 21st century America)
Mistress to the Crown by Isolde Martyn (The story of his mistress Jane Shore)
Queen of Trial and Sorrow by Susan Appleyard (The story of Elizabeth Woodville)
The Raven and the Rose, by Virginia Henley (a fictional illegitimate child of Edward IV is the main character)
The Red Rose of Anjou by Jean Plaidy (The life of Queen Margaret of Anjou)
I,Richard Plantagenet by J.P. Reedman (Fictional portrayal of Richard III life from childhood to Bosworth. Edward IV plays a prominent part throughout)
The Reluctant Queen, by Jean Plaidy (a historical fiction novel from the point of view of Anne Neville, wife of Richard III)
Royal Mistress by Anne Easter Smith (The story of his mistress Jane Shore)
Sovereign, by C. J. Sansom (Fictional account, set in England in 1541, in which Edward IV is actually the son of a Kentish archer.)
The Sun in Splendour by Jean Plaidy (A fictionalized story about Edward IV's life)
The Sunne in Splendour, by Sharon Kay Penman (a historical fiction novel about the life of Richard III)
Secret Marriages by J.P. Reedman (Fictional portrayal of Edward's two secret marriages to Eleanor Talbot and Elizabeth Woodville)
  This Sun of York by Susan Appleyard. A look at Edward IV's rise to the throne.
Thwarted Queen by Cynthia Sally Haggard (A fictionalized biography of his mother Cecily Neville)
Wars of the Roses, by Conn Iggulden (a historical fiction novel series about the Wars of the Roses)
We Speak No Treason, by Rosemary Hawley Jarman (a historical fiction novel about Richard III as Duke of Gloucester)
The White Queen, by Philippa Gregory (a historical fiction novel from the point of view of Edward's wife, Elizabeth Woodville
Blood of Roses by J.P. Reedman (Fictional portrayal of Edward's victory at Mortimer's Cross and Towton)

Film and television
(In date order)

Edward has been played on film and television by:
Alfred Brydone in the silent short Richard III (1911), dramatising a part of Shakespeare's play
Robert Gemp in the silent Shakespeare adaptation Richard III (1912)
Roy Travers in the silent film Jane Shore (1915), an adaptation of the play The Tragedy of Jane Shore by Nicholas Rowe
Ian Hunter in Tower of London (1939), a horror film loosely dramatising the rise to power of Richard III
Cedric Hardwicke in Richard III, with Laurence Olivier. (Hardwicke was 62; Edward died at 40.)
Julian Glover in the BBC series An Age of Kings (1960), which contained all the history plays from Richard II to Richard III
Justice Watson in the remake of Tower of London (1962)
Benno Sterzenbach in the West German TV version of Shakespeare's play König Richard III (1964)
József Gáti in III. Richárd (1973), a Hungarian version of the Shakespeare play
Brian Protheroe in the BBC Shakespeare versions of Henry VI, Part 2, Henry VI, Part 3 and The Tragedy of Richard the Third (1983)
Marc Betton in a French film version of Richard III (1986)
Roy Dotrice in the BBC series The Wars of the Roses (1989), which included all of Shakespeare's history plays performed by the Royal Shakespeare Company
John Wood in Richard III (1995), with Ian McKellen as Richard
Harris Yulin in the film documentary Looking for Richard (1996)
John Rackham in Richard III (2005), a modernised version set on a Brighton housing estate
Walter Williamson in Richard III (2007), a modern-day version
Max Irons in the BBC drama series The White Queen (2013)
Geoffrey Streatfeild in the BBC Shakespearian series The Hollow Crown (2016)

References

Edward IV
Edward IV
Edward IV of England


Forty Hall is a manor house of the 1620s in Forty Hill in Enfield, north London. The house, a Grade I listed building, is today used as a museum by the London Borough of Enfield. Within the grounds is the site of the former Tudor Elsyng Palace.

Location

Forty Hall is located in the north of the London Borough of Enfield, the northernmost borough of London. The hall and formal park are located on the top of Forty Hill, a level gravel plateau standing above the flood plain of the River Lea to the east, and the valley of the Turkey Brook to the north and west. The park slopes down into the valley, where the remains of old ponds lie on the London Clay. A loop in the former course of the New River forms the boundary of much of the estate, though this has since been re-routed to the east. To the north are Whitewebbs and Myddelton House. The road to the east was formerly the main route from Enfield to Waltham Cross, but traffic has been re-routed towards to A10.

History

The house was built between 1629 and 1632. It is generally said to have been built by Sir Nicholas Raynton or Rainton, a wealthy London haberdasher who was Lord Mayor of London from 1632 to 1633. However Tuff, writing in 1858, says that it was built by Sir Hugh Fortee and bought by Raynton, quoting a 1635 survey describing a copyhold house "some time Hugh Fortee's, and late Sir Thomas Gurney's". Lambert also gives Fortee as the origin of the name.

The detailed history of the house has until recently been poorly understood, since it is known to have been built in the 1620s, but has the external appearance of an 18th-century house. A detailed examination was carried out for Enfield council as part of the Forty Hall Conservation Plan. This concluded that the house was probably not designed by a  famous architect such as Inigo Jones, but by a "clever artisan builder".

The original square house was not altered much in the 17th century other than a small extension to the north-west in 1636. In 1640 Rainton was imprisoned for refusing to help Charles I raise a loan. He died in 1646 aged 77 and was buried at St Andrew's Church in Enfield. The hall then passed to his great-nephew, also Nicholas. He was able to extend the estate northwards by buying and demolishing the neighbouring Elsyng Palace in 1656. In 1696 the hall passed to John Wolstenholme (probably a descendant of the financier and merchant of the same name and member of the Virginia Company), who carried out major refurbishment possibly following a fire, including construction of an extension to the south-west, and planted the avenue. In 1740 the house passed to Eliab Breton, who remodelled the ground floor. Later owners included Edmund Armstrong (1787) and James Meyer (1799), whose family built the nearby Jesus Church in 1835. In 1894 the hall was bought by Henry Carrington Bowles of the neighbouring Myddelton House for his son Major Henry Ferryman Bowles (1858–1943), MP for Enfield and later 1st Baronet Bowles. In 1897 there were further changes including enlargement of the south-west wing. In 1951 the Bowles family sold it to the Municipal Borough of Enfield, the predecessor of the London Borough of Enfield. It has since been used as a museum.

The Hall closed to the public in late 2010 for a major redevelopment project funded by Enfield Council and the Heritage Lottery Fund. Alterations  included the restoration of the original position  of the staircase. The Hall reopened on 30 June 2012.

The house and estate today
The Hall's permanent exhibition tells the story of the house and its estate throughout the ages and looks at the life and times of Sir Nicholas Rainton and life in the seventeenth century through a range of visual and audio interpretation and displays. There is also a range of guided tours, led by a Jacobean character. The exhibition programme focuses on art, ecology and heritage.

Grounds

The estate of around  makes up part of the London Metropolitan Green Belt. Around the house are formal gardens, a small lake and a magnificent Cedar of Lebanon, one of the Great Trees of London, and the county girth Champion for Greater London. The remainder includes a park that is open to the public and a farm. An avenue of trees runs down the hill from the house into the valley of the Turkey Brook, also known locally as Maidens Brook. The northern and much of the southern boundary are marked by the former course of the New River.

In popular culture
It was the location for two episodes of BBC One’s Antiques Roadshow transmitted in January and March 2021.

References

Further reading

External links

 Forty Hall & Estate – official site
Forty Hall on the VisitWoods website

Enfield, London
History of the London Borough of Enfield
Grade I listed houses in London
Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Enfield
Grade I listed museum buildings
History of Middlesex
Museums with year of establishment missing
Houses in the London Borough of Enfield
Museums in the London Borough of Enfield
Historic house museums in London
Local museums in London
Art museums and galleries in London
Decorative arts museums in England
Houses completed in 1632
Country houses in London
1632 establishments in England
Middlesex


Magic Meanies is a ZX Spectrum video game developed and released by CDS Micro Systems in 1983. Magic Meanies is a clone of Universal's Mr. Do! arcade game.

Gameplay

The player, Meltec the Wizard, digs tunnels to collect lumps of lead. To progress to the next screen, Meltec must also collect a wandering cherry and avoid roaming enemies. There are also apples embedded in the earth. Undermining these and allowing them to fall onto an enemy can kill it, or at least block a path.

Reception
Crash magazine awarded Magic Meanies 58% in issue 2, criticising the small, jerky graphics but highlighting the skill and quick thinking required.
Sinclair User awarded only 3 out of 10. Your Spectrum gave a score of 23 out of 30, describing it as one of the better games of this type.

References

External links

1983 video games
CDS Software games
Video game clones
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
ZX Spectrum games
ZX Spectrum-only games


Edward VI of England has been depicted in popular culture a number of times.

Literature
Edward VI is a central character in Mark Twain's 1881 novel The Prince and the Pauper, in which the young prince and a pauper boy named Tom Canty, who bears a strikingly uncanny resemblance to Edward, deliberately exchange places. This ultimately leads to the eventual alarm and discomfort of both. Ultimately, both are saved by a semi-impoverished nobleman named Sir Miles Hendon.

Edward VI is the main character of Janet Wertman's The Boy King, the final instalment in the Seymour Saga trilogy.

In the young adult novel Timeless Love by Judith O'Brien, the main character, Samantha, goes back in time and finds herself with Edward VI. Other historical characters in the book include Lady Jane Grey, the Duke of Northumberland, Princess Elizabeth and Barnaby Fitzpatrick.

Green Darkness (1972) by Anya Seton has Edward VI visiting the estate where the heroine lives.

Heirs of Squire Harry (1974) by Jane Lane accurately portrays the political intrigue in the court of the young king, who is beset by ruthless ambitious men and overshadowed by his sisters.

Film

Edward has been played on film by the following actors, mainly in versions of The Prince and the Pauper:
Tibi Lubinsky in the Austrian silent film The Prince and the Pauper (1920)
Forbes Dawson in the British silent film Lady Jane Grey; Or, The Court of Intrigue (1923)
Desmond Tester in Tudor Rose (1936)
Bobby Mauch in The Prince and the Pauper (1937)
Rex Thompson in Young Bess (1953) and The Prince and the Pauper (1957)
Mark Lester in The Prince and the Pauper (1977)
Warren Saire in Lady Jane (1986)
Cole Sprouse in A Modern Twain Story: The Prince and the Pauper (2007)

Television
Edward has been played on television by the following actors, again mainly in versions of The Prince and the Pauper:
Sean Scully in The Prince and the Pauper (1962), part of the American series Disneyland
Jason Kemp in the BBC series Elizabeth R (1971)
Nicholas Lyndhurst in The Prince and the Pauper (1976), a BBC television adaptation by writer Richard Harris
Philip Sarson in the British drama The Prince and the Pauper (1996)
Jonathan Timmins in the British drama The Prince and the Pauper (2000)
Byron Long as Edward in Elizabeth I: Red Rose of the House of Tudor (2000), the HBO adaptation of The Royal Diaries novel of the same name.
Hugh Mitchell in the Granada Television serial Henry VIII (2003), with Ray Winstone as Henry
Eoin Murtagh and Jake Hathaway in the Showtime series The Tudors (2007–2010), with Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Henry VIII
Ashley Gyngell in the BBC documentary England's Forgotten Queen: The Life and Death of Lady Jane Grey (2018)
 Oliver Zetterström in the Starz drama series Becoming Elizabeth (2022)

Further reading
 Sue Parrill and William B. Robison, The Tudors on Film and Television (McFarland, 2013). .

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20161101075449/http://www.tudorsonfilm.com/

Cultural depictions of English monarchs
Cultural depictions of Tudor monarchs
Edward VI of England
Cultural depictions of kings


The Diocese of Nocera Inferiore-Sarno (Latin: Dioecesis Nucerina Paganorum-Sarnensis) is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church located in the Campania region of Italy. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Salerno-Campagna-Acerno.

Bishops

Diocese of Nocera de' Pagani
Erected: 4th century
Latin Name: Nucerina Paganorum
Metropolitan: Archdiocese of Salerno-Acerno

Antonio Bolognini (1438–1444 Appointed, Bishop of Foligno)
Giovanni Marcolini, O.F.M. (1444–1465 Died)
Pietro Strambone, O.P. (1479–1503 Died)
Bernardino Orsini (1503–1511 Died)
Domenico Giacobazzi (1511–1517 Resigned)
Andrea Giacobazzi (1517–1524 Died)
Domenico Giacobazzi (2nd time)(1524–1528 Died)
Paolo Giovio (il Vecchio) (1528–1552 Died)
Giulio Giovio (1552–1560 Resigned)
Paolo Giovio (il Giovane) (1560–1585 Died)
Sulpizio Costantino (1585–1602 Died)
Simone Lunadori (1602–1610 Died)
Stefano de Vicari, O.P. (1610–1620 Died)
Francesco Trivulzio (1621–1631 Died)
Ippolito Franconi (1632–1653 Died)
Bonaventura D'Avalos, O.S.A. (1654–1659 Resigned)
Felice Gabrielli, O.F.M. Conv. (1659–1684 Died)
Emiddio Lenti (1685–1691 Died)
Sebastiano Perissi (1692–1700 Appointed, Bishop of Grosseto)
Giovanbattista Carafa (1700–1715 Died)
Niccolò di Domenico (1718–1744 Died)
Gherardo Antonio Volpe (1744–1768 Died)
Benedetto Maria dei Monti Sanfelice, O.S.B. (1768–1806 Died)
Agnello Giuseppe d'Auria Loffredo (1834–1860 Died)
Michele Adinolfi (1860–1863 Died)
...
Raffaele Ammirante (1871–1881 Died)
Francesco Vitagliano (1882–1885 Resigned)
Luigi del Forno (1885–1913 Died)
Giuseppe Romeo (1913–1935 Died)
Teodorico de Angelis (1936–1951 Resigned)
Fortunato Zoppas (1952–1964 Resigned)
Jolando Nuzzi (1971–1986 Died)

Diocese of Nocera Inferiore-Sarno
30 September 1986: United with the territory of the historical Diocese of Sarno that was previously merged into the Diocese of Cava e Sarno

Gioacchino Illiano (1987–2011 Retired)
Giuseppe Giudice (2011–)

Notes

Nocera Inferiore
Roman Catholic Diocese of Nocera Inferiore-Sarno


The 1991 South Pacific Games was the ninth edition at which football was introduced. The games were held in Papua New Guinea during September 1991.

Group stage

Group 1

Group 2

Semi finals

Bronze medal match

Final

External links
Details on RSSSF website

1991
Football at the Pacific Games
Pac
P
1991 Pacific Games


Scholder is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

Fritz Scholder (1937–2005), Native American artist
Klaus Scholder (1930–1985), German ecclesiastical historian

See also
Schöler


Mary I of England has been depicted in popular culture a number of times.

Literature
Marie Tudor (1833) by Victor Hugo.
 The Tower of London (1840) by William Harrison Ainsworth.
 Queen Mary (1875) by Alfred, Lord Tennyson. A theatrical play.
 The Prince and the Pauper (1881) by Mark Twain. The novel includes a depiction of Mary before her accession as a "grimly holy Lady Mary". The short appearance had a considerable influence on her negative image, given the enduring popularity of Twain's work.
Mary Tudor: A Play in a Prologue and Three Acts (1936) by Wilfred Grantham and it's 1945 radio adaption Mary Tudor.
Young Bess (1944), Elizabeth, Captive Princess (1948), and Elizabeth and the Prince of Spain (1953) by Margaret Irwin. A trilogy focusing on the early years of Elizabeth I of England and her relationship with Mary and Philip II of Spain.
Mary, the Infamous Queen (1971) by Maureen Peters. The novel tells Mary's life through her reign.
Daughter of Henry VIII (1971) by Rosemary Churchill. Features Mary's struggles against her father Henry VIII of England.
The Ringed Castle (1971) by Dorothy Dunnett. Part of the Lymond Chronicles. The novel includes a sympathetic portrayal of Mary's marriage and pregnancies.
I Am Mary Tudor (1971), Mary the Queen (1973), and Bloody Mary (1974) by Hilda Lewis. A trilogy focusing on Mary's life from the cradle to the grave. The books include a "psychological exploration of Mary's character", a sympathetic character who grows "increasingly paranoid and deluded" in her later years.
Queen's Lady (1981) by Patricia Parkes.
In the Shadow of the Crown (1988) by Eleanor Hibbert. A historical novel focusing on the Tudor Queens.
In the Garden of Iden (1997) by Kage Baker. A science fiction novel, involving time travel.
In the Time of the Poisoned Queen (1998) by Paul C. Doherty. Mary I dies of poisoning, immortal Nicholas Segalla investigates a historical mystery with many suspects.
Elizabeth I: Red Rose of the House of Tudor (1999) by Kathryn Lasky. The novel is part of the juvenile historical-fiction series The Royal Diaries. Mary is a prominent character and is portrayed as a bitter rival to her half-sister Elizabeth.
Mary, Bloody Mary (1999) and Beware, Princess Elizabeth (2001) by Carolyn Meyer. Both novels are part of the Young Royals series. The first depicts Mary's teenaged years, the second Elizabeth's teenaged years. Both attempt to explore their experiences at the time and how said experiences shaped their later lives.
Kissed by Shadows (2003) by Jane Feather. Conclusion of the Kiss Trilogy, a "complex historical drama" series set in the 16th century.
 The Queen's Fool (2004) by  Philippa Gregory. The novel depicts Mary's rise to power and reign in a very sympathetic light, and makes an effort to revise her long-lasting horrific image. It shows her through the eyes of a devoted and loving servant - without hiding the horror of the persecutions.
 Innocent Traitor (2007) and The Lady Elizabeth (2008) by Alison Weir. Two novels covering the adversarial relationship of Mary with Lady Jane Grey and Elizabeth I.
 The Queen's Sorrow (2008) by Suzannah Dunn. The novel attempts to show the other side to Mary, as seen through the eyes of Rafael, a member of the entourage of Philip II of Spain.
 Her Mother's Daughter (2009) by Julianne Lee is a novel about Mary's life.
Dracula and the Bloody Mary: A Tragicomedy (early 21st century) by Santiago Sevilla. A theatrical play, published in Liceus El Portal de las Humanidades. (Liceus.com). Features Count Dracula in the courts of Edward VI of England and Mary I.
 Princess Mary appears in Hilary Mantel's Booker Prize-winning novels Wolf Hall (2009) and Bring Up the Bodies (2012) as well as in the final book in the series, The Mirror and the Light (2020).
Mary is a major character in Janet Wertman's The Boy King (2020), the final instalment in Wertman's Seymour Saga trilogy.

Film and television
Mary has been played on screen by:

Jeanne Delvair in Marie Tudor (1917). Film adaptation of a Victor Hugo story.
Gwen Ffrangcon Davies in Tudor Rose (1936), about Lady Jane Grey
Yvette Pienne in The Pearls of the Crown (1937).
Ann Tyrrell (uncredited) in Young Bess (1953)
Sheila Allen in  The Prince and the Pauper (1962), a three-episode television adaptation of the Mark Twain story. Broadcast as part of Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color.
Françoise Christophe in  Marie Tudor (1966). Kathy Fraise also depicts Mary in her childhood. Film adaptation of a Victor Hugo story.
Nicola Pagett in Anne of the Thousand Days (1969), in which she made a brief appearance in a scene showing Catherine of Aragon's death; in reality, Mary was not present at this event as she was living far away attending her half sister Princess Elizabeth
Verina Greenlaw as a girl in the first episode ("Catherine of Aragon") of the BBC TV series The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1971)
Alison Frazer as an older woman in the third episode ("Jane Seymour") and sixth episode ("Catherine Parr") of The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1971)
Daphne Slater in the BBC TV series Elizabeth R (1971)
Inge Keller in Die Liebe und die Königin (1977).  Film adaptation of a Victor Hugo story.
Jane Lapotaire in Lady Jane (1986)
Mary MacDonald in Kings and Queens of England Volume I (1993)
Kathy Burke in Elizabeth (1998)
Lara Belmont in the Granada Television serial Henry VIII (2003). The role was a small one, which accorded with Anne of the Thousand Days in having Mary present at her mother's deathbed.
Lisa Simpson (voiced by Yeardley Smith) in the 2004 Simpsons episode "Margical History Tour"; Mary as a child is blamed for her parents' divorce, because (according to Marge/Catherine), "You came out the wrong sex and ruined everything!"
Joanne Whalley in the TV miniseries The Virgin Queen (2005)
Bláthnaid McKeown as a young girl in the first season of the TV series The Tudors (2007) and Sarah Bolger in her teens and early twenties in the second, third and fourth seasons (2008–2010). This unusually positive portrayal of Mary and her life drew rave reviews, with Bolger garnering praise for her performance.
Constance Stride in The Other Boleyn Girl  (2008)
 Miranda French in The Twisted Tale Of Bloody Mary (2008), an independent film from TV Choice Productions
Alice Lowe in Series 3 and Sarah Hadland in Series 4 of Horrible Histories
Lily Lesser in Wolf Hall (2015)
Ángela Cremonte in Spanish historical series Carlos, rey emperador (2015-2016) about Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Daisy Ashford in the Channel 5 docudrama series Elizabeth I (2017).
Billie Gadsdon in The Spanish Princess (2019-2020)
Rachel Lascar in the "Bloody Mary Hour" (2020) episode of El ministerio del tiempo.
Aoife Hinds in Anne Boleyn (2021)
Romola Garai in Becoming Elizabeth (2022), a drama series, premiered on Starz, that follows the younger years of Queen Elizabeth I.

Audio
 Queen Mary appears in the Doctor Who audio play The Marian Conspiracy, set in 1554, played by Anah Ruddin. The story focuses on the religious tensions of her reign and involves an attempt to assassinate the queen by English Protestants and French Catholics.

Video games
 Bloody Mary appears as the boss in the Sylvain Castle stage in Terranigma.
 Bloody Mary appears in the 1993 PC action game, Rusty.
 Mary, the Bloody Queen, is a playable Hunter in the NetEase video game Identity V.

References

Further reading
 Sue Parrill and William B. Robison, The Tudors on Film and Television (McFarland, 2013). .

External links
Tudors on Film


James II of England is a character in the novel The Man Who Laughs by Victor Hugo.  James appears in Geoffrey Trease's  1947 novel, Trumpets in the West, which depicts him as a villain. He was portrayed by Josef Moser in the 1921 Austrian silent film The Grinning Face and by Sam De Grasse in the 1928 silent film The Man Who Laughs.

He has also been portrayed by Gibb McLaughlin in the 1926 silent film Nell Gwynne, based on a novel by Joseph Shearing, Lawrence Anderson in the 1934 film Nell Gwyn, Vernon Steele in the 1935 film Captain Blood, based on the novel by Rafael Sabatini, Douglas Matthews in the 1938 BBC TV drama Thank You, Mr. Pepys, Henry Oscar in the 1948 film Bonnie Prince Charlie, John Westbrook in the 1969 BBC TV series The First Churchills, Guy Henry in the 1995 film England, My England, the story of the composer Henry Purcell, and Charlie Creed-Miles in the 2003 BBC TV miniseries Charles II: The Power & the Passion.

The squabbling surrounding James's kingship, the Monmouth Rebellion, the Glorious Revolution, James's abdication, and William of Orange's subsequent accession to the throne are themes in Neal Stephenson's 2003 novel Quicksilver.

References

James II
James II


Piano Sonata No. 13 may refer to:
Piano Sonata No. 13 (Beethoven)
Piano Sonata No. 13 (Mozart)


"Time to Pretend" is a song by the American indie band MGMT, released as the lead single from their debut studio album Oracular Spectacular (2007) on March 3, 2008. An earlier version had been released on their Time to Pretend EP. The single was released as a 7" and CD single featuring the B-sides "Weekend Wars" (BBC Radio 1 Session) and "Metanoia", respectively. In early 2009, the song was re-released in the UK. The song was ranked at number 493 on Rolling Stones list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time", and its parent album, Oracular Spectacular, was ranked at number 494 on the publication's additional list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". The song was also ranked at number 90 on NMEs list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.

Background
The track was originally recorded for the Time to Pretend EP (2005). It was re-recorded for the Oracular Spectacular album.

From a quote from live at Abbey Road:

Music video
The music video for the song contains references to Alejandro Jodorowsky's 1973 film The Holy Mountain  and the 1954 novel Lord of the Flies. The video was directed by Ray Tintori. Tiscali Music gave the video a rating of 10 out of 10.  A 3D version of the video with minor changes to the original was also produced.

Track listing

Reception
Kevin O'Donnell wrote in Rolling Stone that "Time to Pretend is a space-rock gem that mocks the clichéd coke-and-hookers rock-star lifestyle, over big synth whooshes."

The song hit #38 on the Mediabase Alternative chart. Time critic Josh Tyrangiel named Time to Pretend the #8 song of 2008. The song was #3 on Rolling Stones list of the 100 Best Songs of 2008, #4 on NME's Best Singles of 2008, The song was ranked at number 493 on Rolling Stones list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". NME ranked "Time to Pretend" as the 2nd best song of the 2000s.  In October 2011, NME placed it at number 12 on its list "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years".

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

Television performances
MGMT performed the song "Time to Pretend" in a 3.5 minute slot on Late Show with David Letterman on January 8, 2008, ending the performance with a nod to The Doors' "Light My Fire". The song subsequently hit #19 on the Mediabase U.S. Alternative chart. They later performed the song on Late Night with Conan O'Brien on May 15, 2008.  The band returned to Letterman for a 4-minute slot on May 11, 2010.

In popular culture

Television
"Time to Pretend" has featured in a number of TV shows, including HBO's show Pacquiao-Hatton 24/7, episode 2, which originally aired on April 18, 2009, the Season 1 finale of Gossip Girl on May 19, 2008, and featured prominently at the end of the second series finale of popular UK channel E4's Skins but was later omitted from the DVD release of the series due to issues acquiring the rights. It was also featured in the series premiere of 90210 on September 2, 2008 and in the pilot episode of HBO's Girls and the pilot episode of The Magicians. It has also appeared in ITV's live coverage of Champions League football. "Time to Pretend" was also used on the Argentine TV show Exitosos Pells, showing bloopers from the series. The song was also used in the series The Revolution Will Be Televised. It was also featured in the season one finale of The Imperfects.

Film
"Time to Pretend" has been used in the 2008 films (or in the trailers for) Sex Drive, How to Lose Friends & Alienate People and 21, an early trailer for the Tim Burton film Alice in Wonderland, the 2011 film Warrior and the official trailer for Spider-Man: Homecoming. The song (in a "Super Clean Version" that censors the profanity and drug references) was also featured on the soundtrack of the 2008 film 21. It also appeared in the films Changeland and Sex Drive.

Commercials
The song was the theme music for Manchester-based UK radio station Key 103/Piccadilly Magic 1152's new football show Total Football covering Manchester United and Manchester City games. It was also included in one of HMV's holiday commercials. The song was also used for the Polish TV commercial for the Ferrero SpA Duplo chocolate bar aired from December 2009.

Video games
 The song was featured in Shaun White Snowboarding, released in November 2008, along with another track from Oracular Spectacular, "Of Moons Birds Monsters". It has also been featured in several skateboarding videos.
 The song was featured on the NHL 2K10 soundtrack.
 Sections of this song appear in the PlayStation 3 game LittleBigPlanet.
 The song and its music video appears on the soundtrack of Guitar Hero Live as part of its GHTV service.

Covers
 BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge sessions:
Kaiser Chiefs, September 2008
Paolo Nutini, November 2009
Leddra Chapman - BBC Radio 2 Janice Long live session, January 2010
Jón Þór Birgisson from Sigur Rós, March 2010
 Broderick Smith and Patience Hodgson (of The Grates) performed a duet of the song live on the RocKwiz Episode 74 in January 2009.
Covered by Weezer at the Reading Festival 2010.
Covered by Sunday Girl, premiering on her YouTube channel in August 2010.
Covered by Neil Hannon of The Divine Comedy for Dermot O'Leary's BBC Radio 2 Saturday Sessions 2010.
Covered by Anthony Jasmin during the final of the seventh season of the Danish version of X Factor.
Covered by The Reach, single released October 2015
Cover by Kiki and Herb as the opening song of their 2016 cabaret show Kiki & Herb: Seeking Asylum! at Joe's Pub.
Sampled by Sigala and James Arthur in their 2020 single Lasting Lover
Covered by Black Country, New Road in 2021. It was later included in the bands Never Again'' EP.
 Covered by Charlie Hickey in 2023.

Remixes
 The Welsh drum and bass artist High Contrast produced a drum and bass remix of "Time to Pretend". This remix was featured on Radio 1 during the Sub Focus Essential Mix of 25 April 2009.

References

External links

2008 singles
MGMT songs
2007 songs
Songs written by Andrew VanWyngarden
Columbia Records singles
Songs written by Benjamin Goldwasser
Songs about drugs
Satirical songs


Henry IV of England has been depicted in popular culture a number of times.

Literature
 Almost two hundred years after his death, Henry became the subject of two plays by William Shakespeare, Henry IV, Part 1 and Henry IV, Part 2, as well as featuring prominently in Richard II.
 As the Earl of Derby, Henry is a character in Gordon Daviot's 1932 play Richard of Bordeaux.
 Henry appears in a historical novel by Henry Newbolt, The New June (1909).
 Ellis Peters's novel A Bloody Field by Shrewsbury (1972, US title The Bloody Field) revolves around the relationship between Henry, Prince Hal and Hotspur.
 Also in 1972, Martha Rofheart wrote a novel featuring Henry IV, Fortune Made His Sword (UK title Cry God For Harry).
 Henry is a supporting character in Georgette Heyer's 1975 historical novel My Lord John, which details the early life of his son, John of Lancaster.
 Anya Seton included Henry in her 1954 novel Katherine which depicted the relationship between Henry's father John of Gaunt and his eventual step-mother Katherine Swynford.
 Henry is a main character in Sara Douglass's The Crucible Trilogy, a work of historical fiction.
 Henry is the king in Howard Pyle's fictional Men of Iron. The protagonist's father's loyalty to Richard II is the reason that the family is in hiding for most of the book.

Film
Henry has been portrayed on screen by:
Ian Keith in The Black Shield of Falworth (1954), with Tony Curtis
John Gielgud in Chimes at Midnight (1965), a merger of several Shakespeare plays
Carl Wharton in Henry IV - Part 2 (2012), a film by The Co-operative British Youth Film Academy.
Ben Mendelsohn in The King (2019), a film by Netflix

Television
Henry has been portrayed a number of times on television, mainly in versions of Shakespeare's plays. In this context he has been played by:
Clement McCallin in a BBC version of The Tragedy of King Richard II (1950)
Kent Smith in an American version of Richard II (1954)
Tom Fleming in the BBC series An Age of Kings (1960), which contained all the history plays from Richard II to Richard III
Erik Hell in Henrik IV (1964), a Swedish version of Henry IV
Hartmut Reck in König Richard II (1968), a West German version of Richard II
Timothy West in another BBC version of The Tragedy of King Richard II (1970)
Sándor Lukács in II. Richárd (1976), a Hungarian version of Richard II
Jon Finch in the BBC Shakespeare version of King Richard the Second (1978) and both parts of Henry IV (1979)
Michael Cronin in the BBC series The Wars of the Roses (1989), which included all of Shakespeare's history plays performed by the English Shakespeare Company
Nikolai Lavrov in Richard Vtoroi (1992), a Russian version of Richard II
Ronald Pickup in a BBC film, Henry IV (1995), a version of Henry IV, Part 1
Richard Bremmer in a British TV film, Richard II (1997)
Veit Schubert in another German version of Richard II (2001)
Liam Brennan in another BBC film, Richard II (2003), broadcast live from the Globe Theatre in London
Jeremy Irons in the TV miniseries The Hollow Crown (in the 'Henry IV' episodes) (2012)
Rory Kinnear also played the younger Henry IV (Bolingbroke) in The Hollow Crown (in the 'Richard II' episode) (2012)

Henry has also been played on television by:
Ralph Truman in a BBC adaptation of Richard of Bordeaux (1938)
John Arnatt in another BBC adaptation of Richard of Bordeaux (1955)

Video
Henry was played by Barry Smith in a straight-to-video film adaptation of Shakespeare's Richard the Second (2001).
Paul Shenar played him in an American video Richard II (1982), in an Elizabethan style stage production of the play.

Naming
Henry IV of England has also influenced an increased precedence in the use of "Henry" as a first name.  In fact, it was so popular as to top the Telegraph's list of most popular baby names in 2014.  Examples of the name in use include Prince Harry, whose given name is Henry, and Henry Fippinger.

References


David Clive Allan Walker (born 24 October 1945) is an English-born former professional association footballer who played as a full back in the 1960s and 1970s.

His clubs included Leicester City (for whom he played in the second leg of the 1965 Football League Cup Final), Northampton Town and Mansfield Town. On two occasions Walker managed Northampton Town and was manager (having been upgraded from assistant) of Maidstone United in their final season as a Football League club in 1992 before their financial liquidation.

He had three spells in charge of Dover Athletic (one as caretaker), a brief spell in charge of Ashford Town (Kent) and in March 2008 he was appointed as a short-term caretaker coach of Maidstone United.

References

1945 births
Living people
Footballers from Watford
English men's footballers
English football managers
Men's association football defenders
English Football League players
Leicester City F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Mansfield Town F.C. players
Chelmsford City F.C. players
Ebbsfleet United F.C. players
English Football League managers
Northampton Town F.C. managers
Dover Athletic F.C. managers
Ashford United F.C. managers