La Bastide-de-Besplas is a commune in the Ariège department in the Occitanie region of south-western France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Besplasois or Besplasoises.

Geography
La Bastide-de-Besplas is an old Bastide in the Massif de Plantaurel some 50 km south by south-west of Toulouse and 20 km west by north-west of Pamiers. Both the northern and southern borders of the commune are the departmental border with Haute-Garonne. Access to the commune is by the D628 from Montesquieu-Volvestre in the north-west which passes through the centre of the commune and the village and continues south-east to Daumazan-sur-Arize. The D326 branches off the D628 in the commune and goes north to join the D408 north of the commune. The commune is mostly farmland interspersed with some forest.

The Arize river flows through the centre of the commune and the village flowing from south-east to north-west where it continues to join the Garonne at Carbonne. The TaiVades stream rises in the north of the commune and flows north-west forming part of the northern border before joining the Arize on the commune border. The Ruisseau de Bergou forms the south-eastern border as it flows south-west to join the Arize. The Ruisseau d'Argain forms the southern border of the commune as it flows east to join the Arize in Daumazan-sur-Arize commune.

History
La Bastide-de-Besplas appears as la Bafude de Besplas on the 1750 Cassini Map and as la Bailute on the 1790 version.

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 380 inhabitants.

Culture and heritage

Religious heritage
The Chapel of Notre-Dame-du-Bout-du-pont (1663) is registered as an historical monument.

The Chapel contains many items that are registered as historical objects:
A Commemorative plaque (1728)
A Ceiling Mural (18th century)
A Statue: Christ on the Cross (16th century)
A Retable (17th century)

The Parish Church also contains many items that are registered as historical oobjects:
A Painting: The beheading of Saint John the Baptist (17th century)
A Bronze Bell (1410)
A Statue: Saint Louis (18th century)
A Statue: Virgin and child (17th century)
A Statue: Saint John the Baptist (18th century)
A Chalice (19th century)
An Offering Cross (19th century)
A Chalice (19th century)
A Group Sculpture: Virgin of Pity (18th century)

Notable people linked to the commune

 Louis Astre, French trade unionist, born in the commune, where his parents were teachers, and spent his early years there.
 Henri Cuq, French Politician
 Abbot Casy Rivière

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)


The third season of the military science fiction television series Stargate SG-1 commenced airing on Showtime in the United States on June 25, 1999, concluded on Sky1 in the United Kingdom on March 8, 2000, and contained 22 episodes. The third season follows SG-1 in their fight against the Goa'uld Empire's System Lords, the main being Sokar until "The Devil You Know" and then Apophis, after he regained power during that episode. The season introduces the long-unseen and unnamed enemy of the Asgards, the Replicators, who are self-replicating machines that seek to convert all civilizations into more of themselves, thus posing a dire threat to all other beings. The Replicators are first mentioned, but not named, in season three episode "Fair Game".

The one-hour premiere "Into the Fire", which debuted on June 25, 1999, on Showtime did not receive any syndication rating, but overall got a high viewership level. The series was developed by Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner, who also served as executive producers. Season 3 regular cast members include Richard Dean Anderson, Michael Shanks, Amanda Tapping, Christopher Judge, and Don S. Davis.

Production
"Deadman Switch" is the first episode in which the Stargate is not seen. "Demons" was Carl Binder's first and only contribution to Stargate SG-1. He would later become a staff writer on the spin-off series Stargate Atlantis.

The urban outdoor scenes of Tollana in "Pretense" were shot on the main campus of Simon Fraser University (S.F.U.) in Burnaby, a small city just east of Vancouver.

Actor Dom DeLuise, who played Urgo and Togar in "Urgo", is the father of director Peter DeLuise, and Urgo's transformation into an Air Force officer was played by Peter. "Urgo" marked the first time a DeLuise guest-starred on the show. Dom's sons Peter, Michael, and David, Dom's daughter-in-law and Peter's wife, Anne Marie, had on-screen roles in later seasons. Dom DeLuise ad-libbed most of his lines. According to the Official Guide to Seasons Three and Four, very few scenes include Teal'c, since actor Christopher Judge could not keep a straight face.

Jackson's appendicitis in "Nemesis" reflected Michael Shanks' real-world condition; it was written into the script at the last minute because the writers needed to drastically reduce Shanks' role to allow for his recovery.  Shanks' scenes in the episode were actually shot a week after filming of the episode was completed.

When Seth is killed in "Seth", Jack O'Neill's "Hail Dorothy" is a reference to The Wizard of Oz.

Reception
"Into The Fire" was nominated for a Leo Award in the category "Best Cinematography in a Dramatic Series". For "Point of View", Amanda Tapping was nominated for a Leo Award in the category "Best Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series". For "Forever in a Day", Michael Shanks was nominated for a Leo Award in the category "Best Performance by a male in a Dramatic Series". "The Devil You Know" was nominated for a Leo Award in the category "Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series". For "A Hundred Days", Brad Wright and Victoria James were nominated for a Leo Award in the category "Best Screenwriter of a Dramatic Series". "Nemesis" was nominated for an Emmy in the category "Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series", and won a Leo Award in the category "Best Overall Sound in a Dramatic Series".

Main cast
 Starring Richard Dean Anderson as Colonel Jack O'Neill
 Michael Shanks as Dr. Daniel Jackson
 Amanda Tapping as Captain/Major Samantha Carter
 With Christopher Judge as Teal'c
 And Don S. Davis as Major General George Hammond

Episodes

Episodes in bold are continuous episodes, where the story spans over 2 or more episodes.

Home releases

References

External links

 Season 3  on GateWorld
 Season 3 on IMDb
 Season 3  on TV.com

 03
1999 Canadian television seasons
2000 American television seasons
SG-1 03
1999 American television seasons
2000 Canadian television seasons


La Bastide-de-Bousignac (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in the Occitanie region of south-western France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Bousignacois or Bousignacoises.

Geography
La Bastide-de-Bousignac is located just 3 km south of Mirepoix and 2 km north of Saint-Quentin-la-Tour. Access to the commune is by the D625 road from Mirepoix which passes through the centre of the commune and the village and continues south to Saint-Quentin-la-Tour. The D7 goes east from the village to Lagarde. The D7A goes south-west from the village to Saint-Julien-de-Gras-Capou. The D78 comes from Saint-Julien-de-Gras-Capou in the south and passes north through the western arm of the commune continuing to join the D13 south of Besset. The commune is mixed farmland and forest.

The Countirou river flows from the south through the centre of the commune and the village and continues north to join the Hers at Mirepoix. The Ruisseau de Gradal rises in the east of the commune and flows west to join the Countirou north of the village. The Ruisseau de Mazeroles flows through the western arm of the commune from south to north continuing north to join the Hers at Besset.

History
La Bastide-de-Bousignac appears as la Baftide de Bouzujnac on the 1750 Cassini Map and as la Baftide on the 1790 version.

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

In February 2013 Roger Senie announces he would not stand in 2014. In July 2013 he was reelected mayor after resigning in protest against the forced inclusion of La Bastide-de-Bousignac into the community of communes of the Pays de Mirepoix. Serving from 1947 to 2014, he was the oldest mayor in France equally with Arthur Richier, the mayor of Faucon-du-Caire in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. who, like him, did not stand in March 2014.

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 338 inhabitants.

Culture and heritage

Religious heritage

The Church Bell (Middle Ages) is registered as an historical monument.

Notable people linked to the commune
 Pierre Espert de Sibra (1771-1835), General of the armies of the Republic and the Empire, died in the hamlet of Balach.
 Roger Sénié (born in 1921), Mayor of the commune from 1947 to 2014

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)


La Bastide-de-Lordat (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in the Occitanie region of south-western France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Bastidiens or Bastidiennes.

Geography
La Bastide-de-Lordat is in the Pamiers urban area some 8 km east by north-east of Pamiers and 5 km north of Les Pujols. Access to the commune is by the D11 road from Pamiers which enters the west of the commune then turns north continuing to Belpech, changing to the D102 at the departmental border. Access to the village is by the D430 from Trémoulet in the north, by the D30 from Saint-Amadou in the south, and by the D6 from Lapenne in the east. The D30 continues past the village north-west to Montaut. The commune is almost entirely farmland with a few small patches of forest.

The Hers river forms the whole eastern border of the commune as it flows north to join the Ariege near Cintegabelle. The Estaut stream forms the whole western border of the commune as it flows north to join the Hers north-west of Belpech.

History
La Bastide-de-Lordat appears as la Baftide Garderenoud on the 1750 Cassini Map and as la Bastide on the 1790 version.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 286 inhabitants.

Culture and heritage
The commune has a very large number of items that are registered as historical objects - mostly in the Church of Saint Etienne but with other objects in the Town Hall and the Cemetery.

Civil heritage
The War Memorial (1927) is registered as an historical monument.

Religious heritage
The commune has several religious buildings and sites that are registered as historical monuments:
The Cemetery (19th century)
The Delquié Family Funeral Chapel (19th century)
The Astre Family Funeral Chapel (19th century)
The Castel-Maury Family Tomb (19th century)
The Parish Church of Saint-Etienne (1875)

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)


La Bastide-de-Sérou (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in the Occitanie region of south-western France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Bastidiens or Bastidiennes.

Geography
La Bastide-de-Sérou is a commune in the Pre-Pyrenees some 15 km south-west of Pamiers and 15 km west by north-west of Foix. It has the odd characteristic of another small commune, Suzan, fully enclosed in the commune. Access to the commune is by the D117 road from Montels in the east which passes through the south of the commune and the village continuing west to Castelnau-Durban. The D49 branches off the D117 in the commune and goes north-west to Allières. The D211 also branches off the D117 in the commune and goes north-east in a circular route back to the D117 via Cadarcet. The D501 goes north from the village to Suzan then continues north to join the D1A east of Gabre. The D42 branches off the D117 in the commune and goes south to Larbont. The D15 goes south-east from the village to Nescus. Apart from the village there are the hamlets of Aron and Brouzenac. The commune is mainly farmland but has forested foothills of the Pyrenees in the north.

The Arize river flows through the south of the commune and the village from east to west to eventually join the Garonne at Carbonne. The Lèze, tributary of the Ariège, has its source in the north-eastern part of the commune and flows north-westwards forming part of the commune's northern border with the lac de Mondely (Mondely lake). Several tributaries rise in the commune and flow into the Lèze including the: Goute des Labadous, Goute du Saou, and Le Gouteret on the left bank and the: Goute du Ribe and Goute des Mouliniers on the right bank. The Ruisseau de Pézegues, Ruisseau de Chichorie, and the Ruisseau de Fourmintas all flow from the south, the first two joining into the Ruisseau de Vic and all join the Arize on the left bank.

History

The Pays des Serones was originally populated with Gallic tribes.

In the Middle Ages, La Bastide-de-Sérou was the capital of one of the sixteen castellanies of the County of Foix. Remains are still visible (Some Amphora at Nescus, the dry lake of Alzen, the Atiels mine, a Gallo-Roman path towards Castelnau-Durban).

In 1150 La Bastide-de-Serou was called Montesquieu (Mount Farouche) and was then composed of the districts of Noir and Faurie.

In 1246 Montesquieu became La Bastide d'Antuzan.

In 1252 the commune came under the charter of Roger IV, Count of Foix, that challenged the monopoly of the mills and forges. Instead the place returned to its old name and Roger IV surrounded it with a circle of walls with four doors: the Porte du Mas, Porte de Foix, Porte d'Arize, and Porte de la Faurie.

It was in the 14th century that the town took its current name. The castle, mentioned in 1255, was razed on the order of Louis XIII. It housed a garrison of the Count of Foix and a prison. Its imposing walls were encircled by a walkway. The city was still walled in 1672.

Gaston I, Count of Foix, who had married Ferdinande of Negroponte, was called to the court of Philip the Fair. This encouraged a love affair between Gaston I and his niece, Jeanne d'Artois, at the expense of Ferdinande Negroponte. Gaston I sent an envoy to the pope to request a repudiation authorization against Ferdinande. This was refused. Philip the Fair overruled the refusal and forced his chaplain to sanctify the new marriage. Ferdinande took refuge in the castle of La Bastide-de-Serou. Their relationship lasted nevertheless and Ferdinande became pregnant. She settled in "the tower" at La Bastide-de-Serou where she gave birth to a boy, Lou. ("The Tour de Lou" has now become "La tour du Loup" meaning "The Wolf Tower"). Gaston I built the Abbey of Salenques at Les Bordes-sur-Arize for Ferdinande.

The title of mayor appeared for the first time in 1745. Like many towns in the region, women and men were equal in making decisions.

The events of 1789 became known later and led to the confiscation of arms of the nobility, priests hiding in fear, and the closure of the church where six of the bells were melted down.

The tree of Liberty was erected at the top of the square and was replanted in 1848. It gave birth to a song: Aquet arbré, aro l'aben arrapat …

In 1823, the Parade ground was planted with Elm trees (which were replaced by plane trees in 1836). Also in 1823, the municipality bought a building in the Church Square for a hospice.

The current covered market dates to 1829-1830 and replaced an old one whose roof had rested on 21 stone pillars. The grain measures date to 1872.

Around 1843 the streets were lit by twelve street lights. A terrible epidemic of cholera struck the town in 1854 and resulted in many deaths. The majority were buried in the new chapel.

Inside the walls, people always possessed houses where animals also lived. La Bastide-de-Sérou has long lacked water inside its walls. After 1858 water was stored in the Tower of Loli to feed water fountains.

The savings bank was founded in 1862 then, in 1864, the telegraph office was built. Around 1870 there were four fairs a year, each lasting two days. The town hall was at the corner of Rue de Foix and Rue de la Rose. The Franciscan convent, which dates from 1222, housed a farm since 1882.

La Bastide-de-Sérou appears as La Bastide de Seron on the 1750 Cassini Map and as LA BASTIDE on the 1790 version.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Mayors from 1935

Education
The commune has a primary school.

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 957 inhabitants.

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage
The commune has a number of buildings and sites that are registered as historical monuments:
The Tour du Loup (13th century)
An Old Copper Mine (Gallo-Roman)
The Chateau of Castelmir Pleasure Garden

Religious heritage
The Church of Aron contains two items that are registered as historical objects:
A Chalice (18th century)
A Bust-Reliquary of Saint Valier (18th century)
The Church of Vic contains two items that are registered as historical objects:
A Chalice (18th century)
A Chalice (19th century)
The Parish Church of Saint John the Baptist contains several items that are registered as historical objects:
6 Candlesticks (18th century)
A Bronze Bell (14th century)
A Bas-relief: Virgin of Pity (18th century)
A Group Sculpture: Virgin of Pity (15th century)
2 Chandeliers (18th century)
A Tabernacle (18th century)
A Statue: Christ on the Cross (15th century)
A Processional Statue: Virgin and child (18th century)

The Church of Unjat is registered as an historical monument. The Church contains a Mural Painting (17th century) which is registered as an historical object.

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

External links
Official commune website

Communes of Ariège (department)


La Bastide-du-Salat (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in the Occitanie region of south-western France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Salatois or Salatoises.

Geography
La Bastide-du-Salat is located some 22 km east by south-east of Saint-Gaudens and 12 km north-west of Saint-Girons. The northern and western borders of the commune are also the departmental border with Haute-Garonne. Access to the commune is by the D134 road from Lacave in the south. The D134A continues north from the village becoming the D83H at the departmental border and on to Touille. The D60F goes west from the village across the Salat to Castagnède. The western third of the commune is farmland while the rest is heavily forested.

The Salat river forms the entire western border of the commune as it flows north to join the Garonne at Roquefort-sur-Garonne. The Ruisseau de la Monge rises in the far east of the commune and flows north-east to join the Lavin west of Betchat.

History

Founded in 1250 by Raymon-Athon, Lord of Prat, for two centuries it was called Bastida Raimondi-Athonis de Aspello.

La Bastide-du-Salat appears as la Baftide du Salat on the 1750 Cassini Map and la Basudo on the 1790 version.

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 182 inhabitants.

Culture and heritage

Religious heritage
The Parish Church of Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption contains several items that are registered as historical objects:
6 Candlesticks (18th century)
A Ciborium (19th century)
A Statue: Christ on the Cross (16th century)
A Painting: Christ in the Tomb (1842)

Notable people linked to the commune
 André Cantenys, French filmmaker, born in La Bastide-du-Salat in 1920.

See also
Communes of the Ariège department
Couserans

References

Communes of Ariège (department)


La Bastide-sur-l'Hers (, literally La Bastide on the Hers; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in the Occitanie region of southwestern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Bastidhersois or Bastidhersoises.

Geography
La Bastide-sur-l'Hers is located some 28 km south-east of Pamiers and 3 km north-east of Lavelanet. Access to the commune is by the D620 road from Laroque-d'Olmes in the north-west which goes east through the commune and the village and continues east to Le Peyrat. The D16 comes from L'Aiguillon in the south and passes north inside the eastern border of the commune to the village then continues north to join the D28A south of Léran. A former railway line now a walking trail passes through the commune from west to east just north of the village. The commune has two large belts of forest across the centre and south with most of the rest of the commune farmland.

The Hers river flows from the south forming the south-eastern border before passing through the village and continuing east to eventually join the Ariège at Cintegabelle. The Ruiseeau des Écrevisses forms the southern border of the commune as it flows east to join the Hers. The Ruisseau de Pépoulant also flows east across the commune a little further north and joins the Hers.

Toponymy
La Bastide-sur-l'Hers appears as la Baſtide de Cougoust on the 1750 Cassini Map and as la Bastide on the 1790 version.

Administration
List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 678 inhabitants.

Sites and Monuments
The Church of Our Lady of the Assumption. The keystone indicates a date of 1527. An organ was installed there in 2008 following an anonymous bequest to the pastor of the parish, who also donated. This instrument, with two keyboards and pedals, was built by Krischer (Rouen) in 1893.
A Protestant church was built in 1826
A Covered Market from the late 19th century

There is a Monumental Painting (18th century) in a house which is registered as an historical object but its location is unclear.

Notable people linked to the commune
 Philippe Tissié was born in La Bastide-sur-l'Hers on 18 October 1852.
 Annie Campayo wife of SABY was born in la Bastide-sur-l'Hers on 3 February 1951.

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

External links

Official site

Communes of Ariège (department)


Baulou (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in the Occitanie region of south-western France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Baulouais or Baulouaises.

Geography
Baulou is located in the Pre-Pyrenees in the Plauntaurel Mountains and a part of the Parc naturel régional des Pyrénées ariégeoises some 12 km south by south-west of Pamiers and 6 km north-west of Foix. Access to the commune is by the D1 road from Vernajoul in the south-east which passes through the commune and ends in the village. The D11 branches from the D117 south-west of the commune and passes through continuing north-east to Loubens. The D1a branches off the D11 in the commune and goes north-west to Aigues-Juntes. Apart from the village there is the hamlet of Clarac in the commune. The commune is mainly forest with some farmland along the D1 and in scattered parts.

The Ruisseau d'Argentat rises north of the village and flows towards the north-west into a small artificial lake before continuing north-west to join the Lèze north-west of Aigues-Juntes. Many streams feed the left bank of the Ruisseau d'Argentat including the Goute de Chenaut which also forms the north-western border of the commune, the Freyché, the Goute de Tariol, the Goute du Peyfourcat, and the Goute du Gouas. The Ruisseau de Carol flows from the south to the village then continues north to join the Ruisseau de la Plaine north of the commune. The Fajal rises in the north-east of the commune and flows south.

Toponymy
Baulou appears as Boulou on the 1750 Cassini Map and the same on the 1790 version.

History
In 1901, during the building of the Foix - Saint Girons railway a mammoth was discovered and called the "Mammoth of Baulou" by the scientific community. It was displayed in the hall of the Château de Foix departmental museum<ref>[http://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2009/05/20/609304-expo-le-mammouth-de-baulou-renait-de-ses-cendres.html The Mammouth of Baulou restored from its ashes], Stéphane Marcelot, 20 May 2009 </ref> before being transferred to the Parc pyrénéen de l'art préhistorique'' (Pyrenean park of prehistoric art) at Tarascon-sur-Ariège.

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 168 inhabitants.

Sites and monuments

The Labouiche Subterranean River

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)

sr:Болу


Bédeilhac-et-Aynat (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Bédeilhac-et-Aynat are called Bédeinatois.

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Caves of France


The K-1000 battleship was rumoured to be a type of advanced battleship produced by the Soviet Union at the beginning of the Cold War. Soviet intelligence agencies actively encouraged the circulation of rumours about the type, which were reprinted by several Western journals including Jane's Fighting Ships.

History
Accounts of the new Soviet battleships appeared in journals in France, Germany and the US in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The rumours were unclear about the specifications of the ships. The main point of agreement between different descriptions was that the type carried guided missiles, mounted in distinctive domed turrets, in addition to a conventional heavy gun armament. The ships were often said to have been laid down in Siberian shipyards.

The displacement stated varied between , and their speed was said to be anything between 28 and 33 knots. The main armament was normally said to be twelve  guns, though sometimes nine  guns were alleged.

The names assigned to the class were said to be Strana Sovetov, Sovetskaya Byelorussia, Krasnaya Bessarabiya, Krasnaya Sibir, Sovietskaya Konstitutsia, Lenin and Sovetsky Soyuz. Many of the names were re-used from units of the authentic, but never completed,  which were under construction when World War II broke out.

The Soviet Union actively perpetrated the hoax class of warships. A Soviet 'fleet recognition manual' planted in the West seemed to confirm the existence and general features of the K-1000 Heavy Fleet Unit Sovetskaya Byelorussia, and that she was in commission from 10 November 1953. The accompanying drawings, showing two missile domes, six heavy guns and a cluster of lighter armament, gave a further veneer of accuracy to the document. In fact the drawings were a direct copy of the 1949–50 edition of Jane's Fighting Ships.

In reality, the USSR was (like other naval powers) retiring or scrapping its existing battleships, which had been rendered obsolete by the aircraft carrier. The United States Navy considered creating a 'missile battleship' out of the unfinished , which would have had some similarities to the fictional K-1000 class; however, this plan never went ahead.

References

Battleships of the Soviet Navy
Disinformation operations
Fictional ships of the Soviet Navy
Information operations and warfare


Bédeille (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Bédeille are called Bédeillais in French.

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

External links
(French) History of Ariege - Bédeille

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bélesta (; ) is a commune, situated on the Hers-Vif river in the Ariège department of southwestern France.

History
Situated in the valley of the Hers-Vif, Bélesta is known for its fir tree forest, which was a former royal forest whose wood was used to construct the mast of ships. 1 km upstream from the village is a spring, created by a significant surge of water from the Karst Plateau de Sault.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bénac (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Bénac are called Bénacois.

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Benagues (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France.

Population
The Inhabitants of the Commune are known as Bénaguais.

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bénaix is a commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Bénaix are called Bénaixois.

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Besset is a commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Besset are called Bessetois.

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


George Randell (5 October 1830 – 2 June 1915) was an Australian businessman and politician. He served intermittently in the Parliament of Western Australia between 1875 and 1910, including as a minister in the government of Sir John Forrest.

Born in England, Randell arrived in Western Australia in 1850, and subsequently gained prominence in Perth as a businessman. He was elected to the Perth City Council in 1870, and then to the colony's Legislative Council in 1875, where he served until 1878. He returned to the Legislative Council in 1880, as an appointee of the governor. In 1890, Randell won election to the seat of Moore in the newly created Legislative Assembly. He resigned in 1892 and was re-appointed to the Legislative Council the following year, but re-entered the Legislative Assembly at the 1894 election, winning the seat of Perth. For a time, Randell led the opposition against the Forrest government, although he eventually joined Forrest's ministry, serving as Colonial Secretary and Minister for Education from 1898 to 1901. He had left the Legislative Assembly again in 1897 to return to the Legislative Council, where he remained until his retirement in 1910.

Biography
Randell was born in Milton (now New Milton), Hampshire, England, to James Randell, a cordwainer and trader, and Jane Randell. He was educated in Milton, learning blacksmithing and engineering, and by 1850 was a blacksmith in the village. He married Jane Hyde on 8 April 1850, and 19 days later, they sailed to Western Australia aboard the Sophia, arriving on 27 July 1850. Initially working as a carpenter, engineer and produce merchant, Randell founded the Perth to Fremantle paddle steamer service in 1860. From his arrival in Western Australia, he also became a mainstay of the Congregational church in Western Australia, holding every lay office over his more than sixty years of involvement. On 17 March 1868, his wife Jane, with whom he had fathered six sons (one of whom had died in infancy in 1861), died of concussion. He married Mary Louise Smith at Trinity Church, Perth, on 14 October 1869. They had two daughters and a son, Ernest Randell (who later became a noted cricketer), before Mary died on 24 August 1874. On 26 January 1881, Randell married Lucy James (née Francisco), the widow of Edward James who had died the previous year—Randell thus became the stepfather to Walter James, a future premier under responsible government in 1902–1904. In 1887, he resumed his old steamer business, but sold it in 1894 to the Swan River Shipping Company.

Entry into politics
Randell became a significant political figure in Western Australia, serving in various capacities for almost 40 years. During this time he earned a reputation as a supporter of economic liberalism, separation of church and state and secular education, among other causes. He was known for his attention to detail and his cautious and conciliatory nature, and served on many select committees and Royal Commissions.

His first involvement with politics was the Perth Municipal Council, where he became a councillor in 1870 and chairman for a term in 1874–75. He subsequently won a by-election for the Legislative Council's seat of Perth on 25 January 1875. In 1876, he campaigned successfully for the establishment of a state high school in Perth, but failed to prevent the construction of the Perth-Fremantle railway which created competition for his paddle steamer service. He sold the service, resigned his seat on the Legislative Council on 1 May 1878, and returned to England.

He returned to Perth two years later, and on 5 July 1880 was appointed to a nominative seat on the Legislative Council by the Governor, and also became a member of the Central Board of Education. Despite leading the opposition to the introduction of responsible government in 1887, Randell resigned his seat on 21 October 1890 to contest the seat of Moore in the new Legislative Assembly, which he won unopposed. He served as Chairman of Committees in the Legislative Assembly from 20 January 1891 until 4 July 1892, when he resigned his seat. During this time, he also unsuccessfully contested the mayoralty in Perth. On 17 July 1893, he was once again appointed to a nominative Legislative Council seat, which he held until nominative seats were abolished ahead of the 1894 elections.

The state aid issue and Opposition leadership
With the economy benefiting from the gold rush in the Coolgardie-Goldfields region, public attention turned to education. In 1892, the John Forrest government had overseen the creation of a Department of Education under ministerial control, while maintaining state aid to private schools—a concession to the Catholic Church, who had set up schools to provide education to their own generally working-class children. Randell was not happy with the compromise, and set up a National Education League to oppose state aid, arguing that supporting both systems with government funds was an obstacle to the creation of an efficient education system in Western Australia. In this he was supported by other abolitionists such as his stepson Walter James, by now a prominent lawyer, and former Fremantle mayor Barrington Wood, and opposed by Catholic MLAs Thomas Molloy, Timothy Quinlan and Alfred Canning. However, Randell and his supporters won at the June 1894 elections against all three, and the previously disorganised opposition to Premier Forrest rallied around him. He became Leader of the Opposition at the first parliamentary sitting on 31 July 1894.

The choice of Randell as opposition leader reflected the opposition's priorities as much as it did his own qualities—he was a conservative businessman thoroughly identified with the existing social and economic order, and welcomed by Forrest himself who believed Randell would "deal with all matters in a moderate way". In September, however, the Forrest government attempted to raise the grant to private schools. This failed when the Chairman of Committees, William Traylen, used his casting vote to break the tie and the status quo was maintained, but the secularists then moved their own motion in October calling for an end to the grant. Randell himself described state aid in the debate as "an indignity cast upon religion, and upon those who believe in religion, to have to come as paupers to this House for a grand of money for the upkeep of that with which the State has nothing whatever to do." The motion was carried, but nothing further was done until the following year.

At this time, considerable changes were going on within the opposition group. Members such as George Leake and Frederick Illingworth had moved away from Henry Lefroy's view that the opposition should not "thwart the Government, but rather unitedly assist" towards one of ultimately overthrowing the Forrest government. At the start of the next session in July 1895, Leake moved a motion of no confidence in the government's education policy. Randell believed the Government had taken the hint and would gradually move in the right direction. Forrest and his attorney-general, Septimus Burt, gave an undertaking in the debate that state aid would be terminated, and Leake dropped the motion. However, Randell was unhappy with the tactics used, and resigned the leadership to Leake, and ultimately joined the Forrest party along with other erstwhile opponents.

Later political life
Randell did not contest Perth at the 1897 elections, but on 28 May 1897 he won a Metropolitan Province seat in the Legislative Council at a by-election, which he was to hold for 13 years. From 28 April 1898 until 27 May 1901, he served as Colonial Secretary and Minister for Education in the Forrest government. During this time he initiated the Claremont Teachers College, the first in Western Australia, which opened in 1902 with Oxford graduate Cecil Andrews as principal. In 1901, the opposition to the Forrest government won office in the Legislative Assembly, and Randell's ministerial role ceased—however, he was appointed as chairman of the Perth Hospital Board, and later became a trustee under the 1904 Act which ultimately established the University of Western Australia in 1911. During this time, he also served as the Western Australian chairman of the Australian Mutual Provident Society, director of the Western Australian Bank and president of the Perth Working Men's Association.

On 27 May 1910, aged nearly 80 and thrice widowed after the death of his wife Lucy in 1897, he retired from public life, but continued his involvement with the Congregational church. He died in Havelock Street, West Perth, on 2 June 1915, and was buried in the Congregational section of Karrakatta Cemetery.

References

1830 births
1915 deaths
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
Chairmen of Committees of the Western Australian Legislative Assembly
Members of the Western Australian Legislative Council
Leaders of the Opposition in Western Australia
Mayors and Lord Mayors of Perth, Western Australia
Burials at Karrakatta Cemetery
People from New Milton
Settlers of Western Australia
English emigrants to colonial Australia


The Ohlin Report was a report drafted by a group of experts of the International Labour Organization led by Bertil Ohlin in 1956. Together with the Spaak Report it provided the basis for the Treaty of Rome on the common market in 1957 and the creation of the European Economic Community in 1958.

Summary
The key element of the Olin Report was that the Common Market did not presuppose a harmonised level of labour standards. The report explained that exchange rates between countries reflect economic productivity and, thereby, offset the advantages of lower wages in other States. As a consequence, States with a higher levels of social protection and higher wages should not fear competition from low cost countries. This explains the fact that the Articles 117 and 118 of the European Economic Community treaty are soft in nature, while in contrast the hard Articles 119 and 120 of the EEC treaty have a limited scope.

See also
UK labour law
EU law
European labour law

Notes

References
 International Labour Organisation, Social Aspects of European Economic Co-operation. Report by a Group of Experts (summary), in: (1956) 74 International Labour Review, at 99–123.
 André Sapir, The Interaction Between Labour Standards and International Trade Policy, The World Economy 18 (6), 791–803.
 J. Kenner, EU Employment Law: From Rome to Amsterdam and Beyond, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2003, 593pp

History of the European Union
International Labour Organization
1956 in the European Economic Community


USS Sagamore is a name used more than once by the U.S. Navy:

 , a gunboat operating during the American Civil War.
 , a steel, oceangoing tug commissioned on 18 June 1918.
 , launched on 17 January 1945; and commissioned on 19 March 1945.

United States Navy ship names


Bestiac (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Bestiac are called Bestiacois.

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Betchat is a commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Betchat are called Betchatois.

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bethmale (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Bethmale are called Bethmalais.

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bézac (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France. On 1 January 2023, the former commune of Saint-Amans was merged into Bézac.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Communes nouvelles of Ariège
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bompas (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Bompas are called Bompasais.

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bonac-Irazein () is a commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Bonac-Irazein are called Bonacois.

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bonnac (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France. It lies between the altitudes of 237 and 413 m. The village currently lies at the bottom of a hill but was previously located on the hill as evidence by remains of foundations. A castle, now ruined, lay on top of the hill and was itself built on top of Roman foundations. The most notable building is the Eglise Saint-Pierre which dates to the 12th century and houses a baptismal font dating back to the early Romanesque era.

Population
Inhabitants of Bonnac are called Bonnacois.

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

Bonnac is home to a number of companies, including Laines Paysannes, whose aim is to promote wool as a natural and sustainable resource. Laines Paysannes is committed to supporting a traceable, local wool industry. (https://laines-paysannes.fr)

References

External links
Bonnac village page
City hall site

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Les Bordes-sur-Arize (, literally Les Bordes on Arize; ) is a commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Les Bordes-sur-Arize are called Bordésiens.

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


is a Japanese education policy which reduces the hours and the content of the curriculum in primary education. In 2016, the mass media in Japan used this phrase to criticize drops in scholastic ability.

About
In Japan, primary education is prescribed by . Since the 1970s, the Japanese government has gradually reduced the amount of class time and the contents given in the guideline, and this tendency is called yutori education. However, in recent years, notably after the 2011 earthquake, this has been a controversial issue.

Yutori education may be translated as "relaxed education" or "education free from pressure", stemming from the word .

History
In the 1970s, school violence and the collapse of classroom discipline became a big problem in junior high schools. So, the government revised the teaching guideline in 1977. The main purpose was to reduce education stress and to introduce relaxed classes called .

In 1984, during the time of Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone, the  was established as a consultative body. The council recommended that education regard the individual personalities of each student as paramount. Two major revisions of the teaching guidelines in 1989 and 1998 were implemented following this announcement.

In 1987,  declared four basic core principles to improve education in kindergartens, elementary schools, and junior and senior high schools.
 To form people with strength, confidence, and open minds.
 To create self-motivated students able to deal with changes in society.
 To teach the fundamental knowledge needed by Japanese people and to enrich education to ensure it considers individuality as very important.
 To form people who fully understand international society while still respecting Japanese culture and traditions.

Under these principles, the teaching guideline were revised in 1989. In the lower grades of elementary schools, science and social studies classes were abolished and "environmental studies" was introduced. In junior high school, the number of elective classes was increased to further motivate students.

From 1992, schools closed on the second Saturday of every month to increase student spare time in accordance with the teaching guidelines. From 1995, schools closed on the fourth Saturday also.

In 1996, when the 15th  was asked about what the Japanese education of the 21st century should be like, it submitted a report suggesting "the ability to survive" should be the basic principle of education. "The ability to survive" is defined as a principle that tries to keep the balance of intellectual, moral, and physical education.

In 1998, the teaching guidelines were revised to reflect the council's report. 30% of the curriculum was cut and "time for integrated study" in elementary and junior high school was established. It was a drastic change.

The School Curriculum Council stated its goals in a report.
 To enrich humanity, sociability, and the awareness of living as a Japanese within international society.
 To develop the ability to think and learn independently.
 To inculcate fundamental concepts in children at an appropriate pace while developing their individuality.
 To let every school form its own ethos.

Around 1999, a decline in the academic abilities of university students became a serious concern. Elementary and secondary education started to be reconsidered. This trend focused criticism on the new teaching guidelines and aroused controversy.

In 2002, schools were no longer compulsory on Saturdays.

In 2007, a  was created.

Criticism
Many people who oppose pressure-free education worry that it may lower children's scholastic ability, and also create a widening gap in scholastic ability. Some criticism is based on a misunderstanding of Yutori education.
 Japanese education performance test (PISA) results are not keeping pace internationally.
 Surveys of university students' math ability show very poor attainment.
 Yutori education may be good in principle but has not been implemented successfully.
 The workload of teachers has increased.
 Insufficient attention to educational fundamentals.
 If state schools are insufficient, children will need to go to a Juku, which costs a great deal.
 Working class children will find it more difficult to progress to higher education and find good jobs.

Responses

See also
 Education in Japan
 History of education in Japan
 Juku
 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan)
 pi is 3

References

Yamanouchi, Kenshi (山内乾史) Hara, Kiyoharu (原清治). 2006. Gakuryoku mondai・Yutori kyouiku (学力問題・ゆとり教育). Nihontoshosentā.
Terawaki, Ken (寺脇研). 2007. Soredemo, Yutori kyouiku wa machigatteinai(それでも、ゆとり教育は間違っていない) Fusousha.
Iwaki, Hideo (岩木秀夫). 2004. Yutori kyouiku kara Kosei rouhi shakai e (ゆとり教育から個性浪費社会へ), Chikumashinsho.
Asahi Shimbun kyouiku shuzaihan(朝日新聞教育取材班). 2003. Tenki no Kyouiku (転機の教育, Education at a turning point) Asahibunko.

External links
 Gakushu shidou youryou(in Japanese)

Academic pressure in East Asian culture
Education laws and guidelines in Japan


Les Bordes-sur-Lez is a former commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Bordes-Uchentein.

Population
Inhabitants of Les Bordes-sur-Lez are called Bordelais.

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Former communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2017


Bouan (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Bouan are called Bouannais.

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Boussenac is a commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Boussenac are called Boussenacais.

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


WTNN (97.5 FM) is a commercial radio station licensed to Bristol, Vermont, and serving the Burlington-Plattsburgh-Champlain Valley radio market.  It is owned by Impact Radio and broadcasts a country music radio format, calling itself "Eagle Country 97.5."

The radio studios and offices are on Williston Road in South Burlington.  The transmitter is on Brownell Road in Williston.  WTNN has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 8,700 watts.

Programming
Weekdays begin with the Big D and Bubba morning show, syndicated from Compass Media Networks.  The rest of the weekday schedule features local DJs.  On weekends, the Top 30 Countdown with Bobby Bones is heard from Premiere Networks.  Eagle 97.5 competes for country music listeners primarily with 98.9 WOKO owned by Hall Communications.  Brian Ram serves as WTNN's program director.

History
The station first signed on the air on .

References

External links

TNN
Country radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 2007
2007 establishments in Vermont


Brassac (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Brassac are called Brassacois.

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Buzan (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Vieux-Viel (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Vieux-Viel are called in French Vieux-Viellois.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


WCPV (101.3 FM) is a commercial radio station broadcasting a country music radio format.  Licensed to Essex, New York, United States, the station serves the Champlain Valley of New York and Vermont. Although licensed to Essex, New York, many listeners mistakenly believe that WCPV is licensed to Essex, Vermont, given that its offices and studios are located at Fort Ethan Allen in neighboring Colchester, Vermont.  The station is owned by Vox AM/FM.

WCPV serves as the flagship station for University of Vermont men's basketball, along with sister station WEAV (960 AM).  Rob Ryan previously provided the play by play, with various co-commentators.

History
The station was randomly assigned the call sign of WVZM on September 2, 1992; after changing the call letters to WDOT on July 22, 1993, the station signed on in 1994 as WCPV, offering a classic rock format branded as "Champ 101.3". Initially owned by Northstar Broadcasting, the station was acquired by Capstar Broadcasting in 1998, ultimately ending up with Clear Channel Communications following several mergers.  Clear Channel announced on November 16, 2006, that it would sell its Champlain Valley stations after being bought by private equity firms, resulting in a sale to Vox Communications in 2008.  By 2008, after 14 years, the station moved to a mainstream rock format to go up against Hall Communications' WBTZ, leaving WIZN (a sister station to WBTZ) as the only classic rock station.

WCPV adopted a sports format and ESPN Radio affiliation, replacing WCAT, WFAD, and WRSA, on January 1, 2011, citing heavy competition in the rock format; almost immediately, WCAT responded by joining ESPN Radio's arch-rival, Fox Sports Radio. WCPV also replaced WEAV as the flagship station of the Vermont Lake Monsters and the Champlain Valley affiliate of the New England Patriots Radio Network.

Beginning with the 2011-2012 season, WCPV joined the Boston Bruins Radio Network, carrying all 82 regular-season Bruins games.  On January 10, 2013, it was announced the station had picked up rights to Boston Red Sox games, which had run for decades on Burlington's WJOY (1230 AM).

On September 4, 2018, the station switched to Fox Sports Radio and re-branded as 101.3 The Game.

Vox AM/FM merged its two sports stations on October 1, 2021, moving the "Game" brand and programming to WEAV, which had previously carried CBS Sports Radio as "The Zone". Following a week simulcasting WEAV and a weekend of airing nature sounds as a stunt, WCPV switched to country music as "101.3 The Wolf" on October 11, 2021.

References

External links

CPV
Radio stations established in 1994
1994 establishments in New York (state)
Country radio stations in the United States


Brie (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France. The commune is located on the slopes between the rivers Ariège and Lèze. It borders the department of Haute-Garonne. The mayor is Isabelle Peyrefitte.

Population

In 2017, the commune had 219 inhabitants, an increase of 31% compared to 2007. Inhabitants of Brie are called Briençais.

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Les Cabannes (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France. Les Cabannes station has rail connections to Toulouse, Foix and Latour-de-Carol.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The list of Japanese municipal flags lists the flags of municipalities of Japan.
Most municipalities of Japan have unique flags. Like prefectural flags, most of them are with a bicolor geometric highly stylized symbol (mon), often incorporating characters from Japanese writing system (kanji, hiragana, katakana, or rōmaji). However, there  are three types of symbols (emblems, logos and crests). Therefore, the list will also discuss the emblems or logos.
</noinclude>

Complete lists of Japanese municipal flags pages
Because of its size, the list is split into 8 sub pages of regions:

 List of municipal flags of Hokkaidō
 List of municipal flags of Tōhoku region
 List of municipal flags of Kantō region
 List of municipal flags of Chūbu region
 List of municipal flags of Kansai region
 List of municipal flags of Chūgoku region
 List of municipal flags of Shikoku
 List of municipal flags of Kyūshū

Flags of government ordinance cities

See also
 List of Japanese flags
 Flag of Japan
 Rising Sun Flag

External links
  市町村旗・章リスト (The list of municipal flags or symbols)
  Municipal flags of Japan by Flags of the World.

Municipal
Japan


Cadarcet is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Calzan () is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Camarade (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Campagne-sur-Arize (, literally Campagne on Arize; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The fourth season of Stargate SG-1, an American-Canadian television series, began airing on June 30, 2000 on Showtime. The fourth season concluded after 22 episodes on February 14, 2001 on British Sky One, which overtook Showtime in mid-season. The series was developed by Brad Wright and Jonathan Glassner. Season four regular cast members include Richard Dean Anderson, Michael Shanks, Amanda Tapping, Christopher Judge, and Don S. Davis.

Production and release
In the scene in "Divide and Conquer" that flashes back to the events in Upgrades, where Carter and O'Neill are trapped on opposite sides of the forcefield, lines were written but the actors chose not to say them. In "Watergate", melted toxic wax was used to give Maybourne a frozen look. Tom McBeath couldn't breathe it in or would have risked his own health. The actual ending of the episode where O'Neill proposes that the two races had just exchanged hostages was not the intended ending, which is why the episode appears to end so abruptly. In "Beneath the Surface", Thera and Jonah were supposed to kiss to confirm that they were in a relationship, but this was dropped because O'Neill had already kissed Carter earlier in the season in "Window of Opportunity".

"Chain Reaction" made many references to the movie The Silence of the Lambs. As Lecter does with Clarice in the movie, Harry Maybourne refers to quid pro quo, should O'Neill really want to get help from him. Another reference is the final telephonic conversation between O'Neill and Maybourne, the latter calling from an exotic place, just as Lecter called Clarice Starling at the end of The Silence of the Lambs. "Double Jeopardy" is the only Stargate SG-1 episode directed by actor Michael Shanks. This episode serves as a sequel to the Season 1 episode "Tin Man", where the robotic SG-1 team first appeared. The artificial Daniel Jackson wears a bandana covering his hair, as he was created when Daniel (and Shanks) had long hair. "Exodus" is the last season finale that ends on a cliffhanger until Season Nine's "Camelot".

"Small Victories" was nominated for a 2001 Emmy Award in the category "Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series" and a 2001 Gemini Award in the category "Best Visual Effects". "Tangent" was nominated for a Gemini Award in the category "Best Visual Effects". "The Curse" was nominated for a Leo Award in the category "Best Visual Effects of Dramatic Series" "The Light" won a Leo Award in the category "Best Production Design of Dramatic Series". "Exodus" was nominated for an Emmy Award in the category "Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series".

Main cast
 Starring Richard Dean Anderson as Colonel Jack O'Neill
 Michael Shanks as Dr. Daniel Jackson
 Amanda Tapping as Major Samantha Carter
 With Christopher Judge as Teal'c
 And Don S. Davis as Major General George Hammond

Episodes

Episodes in bold are continuous episodes, where the story spans over 2 or more episodes.

References

External links

 Season 4  on GateWorld
 Season 4 on IMDb
 Season 4  on TV.com

 04
2000 American television seasons
2001 American television seasons
SG-1 04
2000 Canadian television seasons
2001 Canadian television seasons


Vaudeville in the Philippines, more commonly referred to as bodabil, was a popular genre of entertainment in the Philippines from the 1910s until the mid-1960s. For decades, it competed with film, radio and television as the dominant form of Filipino mass entertainment. It peaked in popularity during the Japanese occupation in the Philippines from 1941 to 1945. Many of the leading figures of Philippine film in the 20th century, such as Dolphy, Nora Aunor, Leopoldo Salcedo and Rogelio de la Rosa, began their showbusiness careers in bodabil.

Bodabil is an indigenized form of  vaudeville, introduced in the Philippines around the turn of the 20th century. It featured a hodgepodge of musical numbers, short-form comedy and dramatic skits, and even magic acts, often staged inside the theaters of Manila. Bodabil proved the vehicle for the popularization of musical trends and musicians, performance genres and performers.

Origins

At the beginning of the American occupation of the Philippines at the turn of the 20th century, stage entertainment in the Philippines was dominated by the Spanish-influenced komedya and the newly emergent zarzuela (or "sarswela"). In order to entertain American troops stationed in the Philippines, vaudeville acts from outside the Philippines were brought in to provide entertainment. As early as 1901, a leading Manila theater, the Teatro Zorilla, would promote some of these visiting vaudeville troupes as "Novelties in Manila".

During these early years of vaudeville in the Philippines, most of the featured entertainers were non-Filipinos. By the middle of the 1910s, a few Filipino performers would begin to appear in vaudeville acts as well. The zarzuela star Atang de la Rama was among the first of such performers, as well as the singer Katy de la Cruz, who first appeared on Manila stages aged 7. The routines they would perform were featured as intermission numbers in between sarswelas. These intermission numbers were sometimes called "jamborees".

Vaudeville to bodabil

In 1920, a Filipino entertainer named Luis Borromeo returned from North America, who performs under the stage name "Borromeo Lou", and organized what became the first Filipino bodabil company. The main showcase of Borromeo Lou's company was an orchestral band, which played what he called "Classical-Jazz Music", and variety acts in between. Borromeo's band is credited as having popularized jazz in the Philippines. It was also Borromeo who dubbed the emerging form as "vod-a-vil", which soon became popularly known by its Filipinized name, bodabil.

In 1923, there were three theaters in Manila that were exclusively devoted to bodabil. By 1941, there were 40 theaters in Manila featuring bodabil shows. The popularity of bodabil was not confined to Manila stages. Bodabil routines were also staged in town fiestas and carnivals. The typical bodabil shows would feature a mixture of performances of American ballads, torch songs and blues numbers; dance numbers featuring tap dancers and chorus girls and jitterbug showcases; and even the occasional kundiman.

Within that period, established performers such as Katy de la Cruz and Borromeo Lou continued to thrive. New stars also emerged, such as the singers Diana Toy and Miami Salvador; the dancer Bayani Casimiro, and the magician and Chaplin imitator Canuplin. Many leading lights of Philippine cinema began their entertainment careers in bodabil during this period, such as Rogelio de la Rosa, Leopoldo Salcedo, Dely Atay-Atayan and Chichay. Bodabil thrived despite the emergence of Filipino film productions. Many moviehouses featured bodabil performances in between screenings, and many film and bodabil stars frequently crossed over from one genre to the other.

Bodabil during World War II

The Japanese invasion of the Philippines in late 1941 led to a halt in film production in the country, at the insistence of the Japanese who were not keen to allow Western influences to persist within the country. Bodabil however was permitted, and it became the predominant form of entertainment in the country. Many film actors whose careers had been stalled became regular performers in bodabil shows.

Among the performers whose careers were jumpstarted during this period were Panchito Alba, Anita Linda, Rosa Mia, the tandem of Pugo and Togo, and Dolphy, who started under the stage name "Golay" as a comic dance partner of Bayani Casimiro.

Many bodabil shows during the war incorporated subtle anti-Japanese and pro-American messages. Pugo and Togo had a popular routine where they portrayed Japanese soldiers wearing multiple wristwatches on both of their arms, and they were soon briefly incarcerated for that spoof. There were comedic and dramatic skits that referred to the impending return of "Mang Arturo", an allusion to General MacArthur's promise, "I shall return." Even guerilla members attended bodabil shows, and when word reached the performers that the Kempetai were due to arrive, they'd break out into a special song that served as code to the guerillas to leave the premises.

Post-war bodabil

Following the end of World War II, film production in the Philippines resumed, and many of bodabil's stars either returned or shifted to cinema. Bodabil however remained popular for the next two decades. A large credit to bodabil's continued popularity can be attributed to Lou Salvador, Sr., a performer with the stage name "Chipopoy" who shifted to production after the war. Salvador would become the most successful stage show impresario in the '40s and '50s. He organized several bodabil troupes and discovered a new generation of bodabil performers, such as the comedians Chiquito, Cachupoy and German Moreno, the singers Pepe Pimentel, Diomedes Maturan, and Eddie Peregrina.

Bodabil continued to capitalize on the latest trends in Western entertainment. It featured popular Latin dances such as the mambo and cha-cha, or the boogie, which was popularized by Chiquito. When rock and roll emerged in the 1950s, bodabil showcased Eddie Mesa, who became known as the "Elvis Presley of the Philippines". In the late 1950s, singers such as Nora Aunor, Elizabeth Ramsey, Pilita Corrales and Sylvia La Torre also plied the bodabil circuit. Bodabil had also started to incorporate burlesque numbers into its routines.

By the 1960s, bodabil had to compete as well with the rise of commercial television broadcasts in the Philippines. It underwent a swift decline, and by the late 1960s, the form drew on the limited market for its burlesque routines. The emergence of bomba films around 1969–1970, which killed off burlesque, also marked the end of bodabil.

After martial law was declared in 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos attempted to revive a sanitized form of bodabil. Theaters such as the Manila Grand Opera House again featured bodabil routines, with slogans praising martial law rule piped into the theaters in between numbers. These efforts proved unpopular. In the 1980s, activist groups within the University of the Philippines also tried to utilize the bodabil format, using the medium to promote socially conscious themes.

Critical perspectives

While bodabil was undoubtedly popular and somewhat indigenized from vaudeville, it was hardly indigenous to the Philippines and seen as indicative of the pervasiveness of American culture in the country. Many of the cultural trends it popularized were Western or American in origin, though the interpreters largely Filipino. At the same time, many older, and equally colonial forms of stage entertainment such as the komedya and the sarswela declined due to the rise of bodabil.

The influence of bodabil in Filipino culture arguably persists to this day. Its hodgepodge of song and dance numbers are still recognizable in television variety shows and even in intermission numbers in political rallies.

Notes

References

Theatre in the Philippines
Theatrical genres
Variety shows
Philippines
Philippine styles of music


Canté (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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References

Communes of Ariège (department)
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Sarah Hall (born 1974) is an English novelist and short story writer. Her critically acclaimed second novel, The Electric Michelangelo, was nominated for the 2004 Man Booker Prize. She lives in Cumbria.

Biography
Hall was born in Carlisle, Cumbria. She obtained a degree in English and Art History from Aberystwyth University before taking an MLitt in Creative Writing at the University of St Andrews, where she briefly taught on the undergraduate Creative Writing programme. She still teaches creative writing, regularly giving courses for the Arvon Foundation. She began her writing career as a poet, publishing poems in various literary magazines.

Her debut novel, Haweswater, is a rural tragedy about the disintegration of a community of Cumbrian hill-farmers due to the building of Haweswater Reservoir. It won the 2003 Commonwealth Writers' Prize (Overall Winner, Best First Book).

Her second novel, The Electric Michelangelo, set in early twentieth century Morecambe Bay and Coney Island, is the biography of a fictional tattoo artist. The novel was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize in 2004, and again for the Commonwealth Writers Prize in 2005. In France, it was shortlisted for the Prix Femina Étranger 2004.

Her third novel, The Carhullan Army, won the 2007 John Llewellyn Rhys Prize and the James Tiptree, Jr. Award, and it was shortlisted for the 2008 Arthur C. Clarke Award.  In America, the novel was published under the title Daughters of the North. She was invited to become writer-in-residence by the Grasmere-based Ullswater Trust – an organisation which supports and encourages writers – while working on the book.

Her novel How to Paint a Dead Man was longlisted for the Man Booker Prize.

In 2013, she was included in the Granta list of 20 best young writers. In October 2013, she won the BBC National Short Story Award for "Mrs Fox". She won for a second time in 2020 for her story "The Grotesques".

In 2016 Hall was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.

All her novels are published by Faber and Faber; she participates in writing tuition classes during in-residence writing courses run by The Faber Academy. Sarah Hall has lived both in the United Kingdom and in North Carolina.

Hall is a patron of Humanists UK.

Bibliography

Novels
 Haweswater (2002)
 The Electric Michelangelo (2004)
 The Carhullan Army (2007)
 How to Paint a Dead Man (2009)
 The Wolf Border (2015)
 Burntcoat (October 2021, )

Short-story collections
 The Beautiful Indifference (2011)
 Mrs Fox (2014)
 Madame Zero (2017)
 Sudden Traveller (2019)

As contributor or editor
 Sex and Death: Stories (2016)

References

External links
 Sarah Hall at Contemporarywriters.com

Living people
English women novelists
John Llewellyn Rhys Prize winners
Writers from Carlisle, Cumbria
Alumni of Aberystwyth University
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Date of birth missing (living people)
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
1974 births


Capoulet-et-Junac (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

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Vezin-le-Coquet (; ; Gallo: Bezein) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

A men's prison, the Centre Penitentiaire pour Hommes de Vezin (operational since March 2010), is located within the commune.

Population
Inhabitants of Vezin-le-Coquet are called Vezinois in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Official website Vezin-le-Coquet
Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Carcanières (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

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Carla-de-Roquefort (, literally Carla of Roquefort; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

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John Van Dyke or John van Dyke may refer to:

John Van Dyke (politician) (1807–1878), American politician
John Charles Van Dyke (1856–1932), American art historian and critic
John Wesley Van Dyke (1849–1939), president of the Atlantic Refining Company, Philadelphia
John van Dyke (canoeist) (born 1935), American canoeist


Le Carlaret () is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population
Its inhabitants are called Carlaretois.

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References

Communes of Ariège (department)
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Castelnau-Durban (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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Castéras is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Castex is a commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France.

Population
Its inhabitants are called Castetois.

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References

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Castillon-en-Couserans (, literally Castillon in Couserans; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Personalities
Pierre Soulé (1801 – 1870), U.S. politician and diplomat, was born there.

Population

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Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Caumont () is a commune in the Ariège department of southwestern France.

Population

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Caychax is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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Cazals-des-Baylès is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

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Cazavet (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

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Cazenave-Serres-et-Allens is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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Celles (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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Cérizols is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

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Cescau () is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

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Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Château-Verdun (; Languedocien: Castèlverdun) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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Le Verger (; ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department of Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Le Verger are called Vergéens in French.

International relations
There is a partnership arrangement with the German community of Hahn am See.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Official website Le Verger
Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Clermont (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Contrazy (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

Its inhabitants are called Contrasiens.

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References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


WCVT (101.7 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a classic hits format, branded as "101.7 WCVT Classic Hits Vermont". Licensed to Stowe, Vermont, United States, the station serves Northern Vermont including the Burlington-Plattsburgh market, along with Montpelier and St. Johnsbury.  It is owned by the Radio Vermont Group, controlled by NASCAR broadcaster Ken Squier.

History
The station went on the air as WRFB on February 28, 1976, and became WVMX on October 28, 1990. On July 2, 1997, the station changed its call sign to the current WCVT. When the station's call sign changed, its format did as well, and it began airing classical music. In June 2014, Radio Vermont announced that WCVT would drop the classical format in July, citing the growth of the noncommercial VPR Classical network. The station launched a full service classic hits music format branded as "101 The One" on July 1; the new format features what Ken Squier described as "a new adult service local to Vermont."

On September 28, 2020, the station re-branded as "101.7 WCVT Classic Hits Vermont", while retaining a deep-library classic hits format hosted by market veterans Zeb Norris (mornings) and Steve
"Corm" Cormier (afternoons).

Translator

References

External links

CVT
Radio stations established in 1976
1976 establishments in Vermont
Classic hits radio stations in the United States


Cos (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

Climate

On average, Cos experiences 42.5 days per year with a minimum temperature below , 0.1 days per year with a minimum temperature below , 2.5 days per year with a maximum temperature below , and 18.3 days per year with a maximum temperature above . The record high temperature was  on August 12, 2022, while the record low temperature was  on February 9, 2012.

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Couflens () is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Vergéal (; ; Gallo: Verjau) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants of Vergéal are called Vergéalais in French.

See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department

References

External links

Mayors of Ille-et-Vilaine Association

Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine


Coussa (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Crampagna (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)


Coutens is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Dalou (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


David Howland (born 17 September 1986) is a Northern Irish former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He scored 17 goals in 171 league a cup appearances in an eleven-year career in professional and semi-professional football in England and Northern Ireland.

A Northern Ireland under-21 international, he started his career at Birmingham City. In January 2008, he was loaned out to Port Vale, and joined the club on a permanent basis at the end of the season. He was released by Port Vale in the summer of 2010, at which point he signed with Glentoran. He helped the club to win the Irish Cup in 2013, before he retired due to injury in August 2016.

Club career

Birmingham City
Howland was born in Ballynahinch, County Down, and joined Birmingham City's Academy in 2002. He signed his first one-year professional contract in 2005, which was renewed for a further year. He was allocated a first-team squad number for the first time during the 2006–07 season, and signed a further year's contract before the 2007–08 season. A central midfielder, he played regularly for Birmingham's reserve team but did not make an appearance for the first-team.

He was an unused substitute in the League Cup fourth round tie against Blackburn Rovers in September 2007 in unusual circumstances. Birmingham had selected the 15-year-old Jordon Mutch, having obtained confirmation from the Premier League that it was within the rules for a boy of that age to play, but were informed less than two hours before kick-off that due to the Football Association's child protection rules Mutch would not be eligible. Special dispensation was granted for Howland, who had not been assigned a squad number for the 2007–08 season, to take his place on the bench wearing a numberless shirt.

Port Vale
In January 2008 he joined Port Vale of League One on loan for the remainder of the season, and made his debut in the Football League on 26 January 2008 against AFC Bournemouth.
At the end of the season he was released by Birmingham, but his performance while on loan at Port Vale was sufficient to earn him a two-year permanent deal.

He was one of few Vale players to hit 40 games in the 2008–09 season. He enjoyed his time under Dean Glover, especially in games with Glover's five-man midfield tactic. However, he was transfer listed by new manager Micky Adams in August 2009, along with five others, having failed to impress in the pre-season. After a month on the transfer list, he was the only one of the six to have received no inquiries from any clubs, which came as a surprise to many Vale fans. He returned to the Vale first team in mid-September, after impressing in training, though he remained transfer listed. In April 2010 he learned that he would not be offered a new contract by manager Micky Adams.

Glentoran
In September 2010, Howland left England for Belfast, signing a season long contract with IFA Premiership club Glentoran. He made his debut in the televised Sky Sports match at home to Linfield. He was utilised in the playmaker role in the heart of the midfield. The "Glens" finished in third place in 2010–11, qualifying for the UEFA Europa League. In January 2011, he signed a contract to keep him at the club until 2014. Glentoran then finished sixth in 2011–12. They finished fourth in 2012–13, and qualified for the Europa League. Glentoran also won the Irish Cup, and Howland played in the 3–1 final victory over Cliftonville. Howland also featured in the club's Europa League qualification defeat to Icelandic club KR. The "Glens" finished the 2013–14 season in fifth place, though Howland missed much of the campaign after injuring cartilage in his knee. He featured ten times in the 2014–15 campaign, and just once in the 2015–16 season, before he announced his retirement in August 2016, owing to a long-standing injury.

International career
Howland represented Northern Ireland at junior levels and was first selected for the under-21 squad in February 2006. He won four caps at under-21 level.

Physiotherapy career
Howland graduated as a physiotherapist, and secured a job at the Crewe Alexandra Academy in 2016.

Career statistics

Honours
Glentoran
Irish Cup: 2012–13

References

External links

People from Ballynahinch, County Down
Association footballers from County Down
Men's association footballers from Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland men's under-21 international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Birmingham City F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Glentoran F.C. players
English Football League players
Association football physiotherapists
Crewe Alexandra F.C. non-playing staff
1986 births
Living people


Daumazan-sur-Arize (, literally Daumazan on Arize; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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References

Communes of Ariège (department)
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Dreuilhe (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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References

Communes of Ariège (department)
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Durban-sur-Arize (, literally Durban on Arize; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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Communes of Ariège (department)
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Durfort (; Languedocien: Durfòrt) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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Encourtiech is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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Communes of the Ariège department

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Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Warszówka  is a village in Otwock County, Gmina Sobienie-Jeziory. As of 2007, the population was 330. From 1975 to 1998, the village was in Siedlce Voivodeship. It lies approximately  north of Sobienie-Jeziory,  south of Otwock, and  south-east of Warsaw.

Villages in Otwock County


Engomer is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants are called Engomerois.

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
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Ercé (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants are called Ercéens.

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References

Communes of Ariège (department)
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Erp (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants are called Erpois.

See also
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References

Communes of Ariège (department)
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Esclagne (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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Escosse (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population
Inhabitants are called Escossais.

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References

Communes of Ariège (department)
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Esplas is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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Esplas-de-Sérou is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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Eycheil (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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Fabas is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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References

Communes of Ariège (department)
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Ferrières-sur-Ariège (, literally Ferrières on Ariège; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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References

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Fornex is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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Communes of the Ariège department

References

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Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Le Fossat () is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Geography
The Lèze flows northwest through the middle of the commune and crosses the village.

Population

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References

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Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Fougax-et-Barrineuf (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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Communes of the Ariège department

References

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Freychenet is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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Communes of the Ariège department

References

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Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Gabre () is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Geography
The Lèze, with the Lake of Mondely, forms part of the commune's southeastern border, flows northeast through the eastern part of the commune, then forms part of its northeastern border.

Population

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Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Galey (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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Communes of the Ariège department

References

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Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Ganac () is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

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References

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Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Antonine Barada (August 22, 1807 – March 30, 1885), alternatively spelled Antoine Barada, was an American folk hero in the state of Nebraska; son of an Omaha mother, he was also called Mo shi-no pazhi in the tribal language. While Barada was a historic man, contemporary accounts of his prodigious strength helped establish him as a regional legend, in the mold of Paul Bunyan and Febold Feboldson. Barada's exploits have been counted as fakelore by historians.

Early life
Antoine Barada was born in 1807 at St. Marys, Iowa, which was once located across the Missouri River from Nemaha County, Nebraska.  His parents were Michel Barada, a French-American fur trapper and interpreter, and Ta-ing-the-hae, or "Laughing Buffalo", a full-blood Omaha and sister to the chief. His namesake grandfather, Antoine Barada, Sr. (1739–1782), was born in Gascony, France, and was one of the first settlers of St. Louis, Missouri.

In 1813 Antoine was abducted by the Lakota while the family lived near Fort Lisa (Nebraska). Six months later he was returned, after Michel Barada paid the ransom of two ponies.  His father immediately sent the boy to live with an aunt in St. Louis.  At the age of nine, Antoine returned to the Plains with an Indian hunting party.

As a young man, Antoine Barada married Marcellite Vient, a French woman from St. Louis.  In 1856 they returned to Nebraska to settle on the Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation; because of his half-Omaha ancestry, Barada was eligible for a land patent from the US government.  He set up a trading post at the reservation, from which the town of Barada grew.  He and his wife settled  northeast of Falls City, Nebraska.

Myth
Barada's myth is widely known in Nebraska.  In Love Song to the Plains, the early 20th-century Pulitzer Prize-winning writer Mari Sandoz stated, "'Toine Barada stories were told as far as the upper Yellowstone." In the 1930s, Louise Pound of the Federal Writer's Project of the Works Progress Administration collected dozens of stories about Barada, many of which are repeated today.  One tale reported, "He was once matched to wrestle with Jean Palos, a Greek wrestling champion... The mighty Palos was notorious for his rough treatment of an opponent.  Antonine won the match by pinching his opponent with his toes while he slapped him into unconsciousness with one blow on his ear."

Barada was known as a huge man, commonly thought to be almost  tall and widely regarded as a giant. His strength was well known as well, and he was always asked to assist with barn raising, as he would single-handedly hold heavy beams in place while they were fastened down.  When local farmers needed assistance loading hogs for market, they would also call on Barada.  Rather than use a loading chute, Barada simply picked the hogs up and set them in the wagon.  Every time townsfolk needed someone's strength, Barada took the call.

In 1832 Barada was in St. Louis when he was challenged to prove his strength. He lifted a stone weighing 1,700 pounds, after which point the date of the feat and the weight were inscribed on the stone for future generations. The stone is purported to still stand there. Barada was also widely regarded for his marksmanship.  Lore recorded his ability to shoot prairie chickens on the fly from horseback, as well as the ability to shoot two quail from every covey.  He was known as a fair hunter, one who never shot a bird on the ground.

One tale of Barada recounted that while working with a lazy railroad crew in Nebraska, Barada became upset.  He grabbed the drop hammer and threw it across the Missouri River, at which point the earth where the hammer fell buckled.  The hammer fall created Nebraska's Missouri River breaks.  Barada was still angry and slammed his fist down on a pile.  It was driven so far into the soil that it pierced a water table.  Legend says that all of Nebraska would have flooded from this bung hole if Antoine Barada hadn't plugged it by sitting over it. Antonine was also purportedly involved in the Underground Railroad.  Known as the "Lifeguard of the Missouri", Barada supposedly saved many slaves from drowning by personally carrying them across the Missouri River from the state of Missouri into Nebraska.

Half-Breed Tract
Barada received a patent on  of land in 1856 on the Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation. The town of Barada was established in that tract soon after Barada's claim. Barada ran a fur-trading post there for at least 20 years, during which time the town grew around him.

Death
Barada died in 1885 and is buried alongside his wife in the Catholic cemetery just east of Barada, the village that bears his name.

In 1951 several of Barada's descendants were members of a lawsuit brought against the Government of the United States for recognition of their descent from a full tribal member of the Omaha nation, and their entitlement to compensation related to land allotments and financial benefits received by tribal members. According to the suit, in the 1870s Barada applied to the tribe for membership based on his maternal ancestry. He was rejected due to discriminatory practices by tribal elders and Indian agents. Unlike many Native American tribes, the Omaha have a patrilineal system of descent, so may have rejected Barada because of his French-American father. They considered children with European/white fathers to be "white" and did not accept them into the tribe unless they were officially adopted.

In the 1951 case, the Indian Claims Commission acknowledged there might have been discrimination by the tribe against certain mixed-blood descendants such as Barada; however, the court dismissed the case on the grounds that the Indian Claims Commission did not have jurisdiction over a group claim of individual members; rather, its responsibilities were to adjudicate claims of tribes against the government. The federal government has continued to defer to the federally recognized tribes' sovereignty to determine their own rules for membership and eligibility for voting and benefits.

References

Bibliography
 Sandage, S.A. (2008) Half-Breed Creek: A Tall Tale of Race on the Frontier, 1804–1941. Announcement

1807 births
1885 deaths
American folklore
People from Warren County, Iowa
People from Richardson County, Nebraska
Fakelore
Giants
Tall tales
Native American history of Nebraska
American fur traders
American Métis people
People of the American Old West
Nebraska people of French descent
Nebraska folklore


Garanou (; ) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ariège department

References

Communes of Ariège (department)
Ariège communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia