A business network refers to a complex, enduring, and interdependent webs of business relationships among market and non-market actors that allow firms to co-create value in their business environment. Firms influence their markets by managing and signalling their network positions, facilitating entry of new actors, or removing other actors, for instance, through disintermediation, which means elimitating the middleman.

When some actors within a business network have joint strategic intents and work together to achieve certain objectives, then the network is called a strategic business net.  These objectives, which are strategic and operational, are adopted by business networks based on their role in the market.

Definition
Several descriptions of business networks stipulate different types of characteristics:

 A business network is a form of inter-firm cooperation that allows companies, located in different regions or countries, to collaborate on a basis of common development objectives expressed in a cooperation agreement. The companies decide to join their strengths, share information and create synergies to become more innovative and competitive in domestic and international markets, while keeping their autonomy, not creating a separate legal entity. This cooperation model is suitable for any kind of business activity or sector.
A business network is greater than the sum of the individual businesses. It incorporates suppliers, customers, third-party developers, distributors, and others. These third parties generally have a strong reason to support the network and remain active in it.
 A business network is generic and includes both smart and not-so-smart business networks. A smart business network is defined as a group of participating companies (nodes) that are linked together by one or many communication networks (links). The companies have compatible goals and interact in innovative ways. A smart business network is perceived by each company as increasing its own value and is sustainable as a network over time.
 A business network is owned by the business enterprise, where the scope of the network is to support the informational and operational requirements of the business, such as marketing, sales, accounting, and manufacturing departments.

Study
In the late 20th century, the study of business networks emerged in the field of industrial markets. Researchers analyzed the transactions and communications beneath the visible flows of products, inquiries, sales visits and negotiations, and beyond the visible growth and prosperity of some companies and the failure of others.

Snehota and Hakansson (1995) explain: For more than twenty years, we have analyzed business networks for answers to the many questions about industrial markets. Unlike consumer markets, industrial markets are not generally known to the public, nor to many management scholars. We have been surprised by the complexity of industrial markets and at the same time by the apparent smoothness of their working. Gradually, we have acquired respect for their importance and complexity and learned how they work.

Another study on business networks was carried out by Ecorys between 2013 and 2014. This study was specific to EU-level business networks and was financed by the European Commission. The main objective of the study was to investigate and highlight the new forms of inter-firm collaboration and to propose possible measures to support and coordinate them in Europe where and if appropriate. This study included the objectives and categorization of business networks.

Objectives
Business networks have two types of objectives — strategic and operational — that are adopted depending on the role of the business network in the market.

Strategic objectives
Strategic objectives are focused on long term activities, such as:

Innovation
Internationalization
 Foreign matchmaking

Operational objectives
Operational objectives are diverse and include:

 Provision of legal and financial services
 Collaboration in regional, national, and international projects
 Increased buying power through joint purchasing
 Optimization of HR-marketing for recruitment of highly specialized talent
 Provision of intellectual property protection

Categorization
Business networks can be divided into two main categories: business associations and company aggregations.

Business associations
Business associations — also called business networks as business associations — provide member companies with a platform and conditions for cooperation to meet an objective. The companies decide if they want to cooperate to achieve that objective.

Business associations create a level playing field for cooperation among companies. They have a stable and well-functioning governance structure. The members may pay a fee to the association. In return, the business association monitors and meets the needs of their members and proactively develops and provides new services. This is the key task of business associations.

Business associations provide services that are generally more professional, extensive, and cost effective compared to services offered by individual members.

In a business association, there is a direct link between the business association (central body) and each of its constituent members. This is displayed with solid bidirectional arrows (refer to Figure 1). The members may or may not choose to cooperate with each other, displayed with dashed lines between companies.

Business associations are further categorized by sector or by location and scope.

Company aggregations

Company aggregations — also called business networks as company aggregations — are formed by companies, which decide to cooperate and aggregate. Unlike business associations, these companies have already taken the decision to work together on a joint set of objectives.

In a company aggregation, companies collaborate directly with each other without a representative and/or a servicing association. The aggregation of the companies can be formalized through a business contract.

Company aggregations have two forms of cooperation: horizontal and vertical. (refer to Figure 2)

 In a vertical aggregation, there is a collaboration between companies that are involved in different stages of the value chain. For example, cooperation between a supplier of cotton, a manufacturer of cotton clothes, a wholesale distributor, and a retailer of cotton clothes.
 In a horizontal aggregation, the collaboration is among companies of the same industry and in the same stage of the production process. For example, many small producers of cotton clothes cooperate and produce together the required number of cotton clothes to fulfill the order of a large marketing company.

Business network model
The characteristics of a business network model are:

 The collaborating companies in a business network are not bound by location, size, sector, or number. They are open to new partnerships that help them to stay competitive.
 The companies focus on a joint objective and agree on the activities and the procedure to achieve the objectives.
 The collaborating companies formalize their agreement through a contract that includes the jointly agreed objectives, activities, procedures, duration, decision process, definition of the parties’ rights, and provisions to enter and exit the contract.
 The structured collaboration resulting from the contract gives the companies the required skills to become more competitive, innovative and global, and gain better economic productivity and performance. It also gives the companies the advantage of free riding.

Business network companies — that is, platform and network-based companies — outperform traditional companies. Some of the advantages of business network companies are:

 More profit
 Faster growth
 Higher valuations (two to four times)
 Higher return on investment
 Lower marginal costs

Some companies that follow a business network model include Trepup, eBay, Red Hat, Visa, Uber, TripAdvisor, Alibaba.

Difference between business networks, clusters, and joint ventures

Difference between clusters and business networks
Clusters are a network of connected businesses, suppliers, and associates in a specific field that are all located in the same geographical area.

Conversely, companies in a business network are not bound by geographical locations or sectors, and can be focused around any specific objective.

Difference between joint ventures and business networks
A joint venture is a new legal entity created by two or more companies, generally characterized by shared ownership, shared returns and risks, and shared governance. The companies come together to accomplish a specific task, such as a project or a business activity.

In a business network, on the other hand, the autonomy of each of the companies is preserved and no new legal entity is formed. The companies capitalize on the network to create opportunities and expand their individual business interests.

See also
 Business networking
 Conglomerate (company)
 Network marketing

References

Business terms
Networks


Le Castellet is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Geography
The river Asse forms part of the commune's southern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Transforming growth factor beta regulator 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBRG1 gene.

References

Further reading


Landmark Land Company, also known as Landmark Golf, is an American real-estate development company specializing in the creation of golf courses and upscale communities.

History
The company was formed in 1971 when Gerald G. Barton took control of the Godchaux Sugar Company (also known as Godchaux-Henderson Sugar Company, Inc.), a bankrupt Louisiana corporation established in 1865 with land holdings between New Orleans and Baton Rouge. He changed the name to Landmark Land.

In 1976, Landmark opened the Oak Tree Golf Club in Oklahoma, designed by Pete Dye. This was soon followed by Belle Terre Country Club in Louisiana, and the La Quinta Resort and Club and Carmel Valley Ranch, both in California. During the next 30 years Landmark built 17 more courses with Dye.

In April 1990, the company was the subject of a probe by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission as a result of questionable accounting practices.

In May 1990, the company agreed to sell a 6,700-acre Riverside County parcel for $275 million. In June 1990, the offer was withdrawn.

In 1991, the company agreed to sell its assets for $739 million. The deal fell through that year and the company filed for bankruptcy protection. Its savings and loan was seized by regulators. Barton lost everything.

Landmark moved to Indian Wells, California in 1992. In 2010, the company once again faced cash flow problems. As of August 2018, the company is known as Landmark Golf, and focuses on ownership and development of golf courses.

References

Companies traded over-the-counter in the United States
Real estate companies established in 1971
Real estate companies of the United States
1971 establishments in Louisiana
Companies based in Riverside County, California
Indian Wells, California


Sven Schipplock (born 8 November 1988) is a German professional footballer who plays as a centre-forward for fourth tier side VfB Stuttgart II.

Career
After making a name for himself in the Regionalliga Süd with SSV Reutlingen he moved to VfB Stuttgart in 2008 where he initially played for the second team in the newly formed third division 3. Liga. He made his Bundesliga debut for the first team on 30 October 2010 in an away game against VfL Wolfsburg, where he came on as a substitute in the 80th minute.

On 22 January 2011, he debuted in the starting line-up against Borussia Dortmund at Signal Iduna Park.

His first Bundesliga goal came on 12 March 2011 in the crucial away game to FC St. Pauli where he scored the 88th-minute winner in a 2–1 victory that lifted his club out of the Bundesliga relegation zone. He had only been on the field for six minutes when he struck his goal, a well-taken shot from outside the box into the bottom corner.

On 9 May 2011, Bundesliga club TSG 1899 Hoffenheim announced it has signed Schipplock on a three-year contract.

On 17 August 2014, Schipplock scored five goals in round 1 of DFB-Pokal where 1899 Hoffenheim beat 9–0 USC Paloma to pass the round.

On 24 July 2015, it was announced that Schipplock had signed for Hamburger SV on a three-year contract for around £1.75 million.

On 17 August 2016, Schipplock joined Darmstadt 98 on a season-long loan.

In 2018, Schipplock signed for Arminia Bielefeld on a three-year deal.

References

External links

Living people
1988 births
People from Reutlingen
Footballers from Tübingen (region)
German men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Bundesliga players
3. Liga players
2. Bundesliga players
SSV Reutlingen 05 players
VfB Stuttgart players
VfB Stuttgart II players
TSG 1899 Hoffenheim players
Hamburger SV players
SV Darmstadt 98 players
Arminia Bielefeld players


The following article presents a summary of the 1913 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 12th season of competitive football in the country.

Campeonato Paulista

In 1913 there were two different editions of the Campeonato Paulista. One was organized by the Associação Paulista de Esportes Atléticos (APEA) while the other one was organized by the Liga Paulista de Foot-Ball (LPF).

APEA's Campeonato Paulista

Final Standings

Paulistano declared as the APEA's Campeonato Paulista champions.

LPF's Campeonato Paulista

Final Standings

Santos matches were canceled, as the club abandoned the competition.

Americano-SP declared as the LPF's Campeonato Paulista champions.

State championship champions

References

 Brazilian competitions at RSSSF

Seasons in Brazilian football
Brazil


The 2000–01 Japan Figure Skating Championships were the 69th edition of the event. They were held on December 8–10, 2000 at the Big Hat arena in Nagano. National Champions were crowned in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. As well as crowning the national champions of Japan for the 2000–01 season, the results of this competition were used to help pick the teams for the 2001 World Championships and the 2001 Four Continents Championships.

Competition notes
 The following skaters placed high enough at Junior Nationals and so were invited to compete at Nationals: Soshi Tanaka, Kazumi Kishimoto, and Kensuke Nakaniwa for men, and Akiko Suzuki, Utako Wakamatsu for ladies.
 Yukari Nakano and Yuko Kawaguchi / Alexander Markuntsov did not compete due to a time conflict with the 2000–01 ISU Junior Grand Prix.

Results

Men

Ladies

Pairs

Ice dancing

Japan Junior Figure Skating Championships
The 2000–01 Japan Junior Figure Skating Championships took place between November 25 and 26, 2000 at the Nagoya Rainbow Hall.

The following skaters placed high enough at Novice Nationals to be invited to compete here: Miki Ando (1st in novice, 3rd in junior) and Takahiko Kozuka (1st in novice, 18th in junior).

Although normally under the rules, a podium finish in the Ladies event on the Junior level would bring an invitation to compete at the senior level, twelve years old Miki Ando was not able to be invited due to her age and skating level.

Men
 Entry: 27 athletes

Ladies
 Entry: 32 athletes

Ice dancing

International team selections

World Championships

Four Continents Championships

World Junior Championships

External links
 2000–01 Japan Figure Skating Championships results
 2000–01 Japan Junior Figure Skating Championships results

Japan Figure Skating Championships
2000 in figure skating
2001 in figure skating
2000 in Japanese sport


Châteaufort (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Something Crucial is the fifth album by rapper JT the Bigga Figga, his first of several released in 1999.  The album was released on September 28, 1999 for Get Low Recordz and was produced by JT the Bigga Figga.

Track listing
"Mob Wit' This"- 3:00
"Thug in Me" feat. Steady Mobb'n & Killa Tay- 4:07
"Another Episode"- 4:41
"Certified" feat. Killa Tay, Guce & AP9- 4:23
"Fedi Can't Buy You Love" feat. Mykatan- 4:34
"The Hidden Hand" feat. The Commisiona & Dame- 4:45
"Something Crucial" feat. Sigmen- 4:18
"Too Fly for Me" feat. Miss Mocha- 3:56
"Beware of Those" feat. Mac Mall & Yukmouth- 3:53
"Get Low Anthem" feat. Gamblaz- 4:38
"Don't Get It Twisted"- 3:49
"Beating Prophecy" feat. San Quinn, Brotha John & Shug- 4:47

References

JT the Bigga Figga albums
1999 albums


Brumunddal Station is a railway station in Brumunddal in Ringsaker, Norway, on Dovrebanen. The station was opened in 1894 with the construction of the railway between Hamar and Tretten. Brumunddal is only served by regional trains by Vy and night trains by SJ Norge.

External links

Railway stations on the Dovre Line
Railway stations in Hedmark
Railway stations opened in 1894
1894 establishments in Norway
Ringsaker
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1890s


Good Time Warrior is the sixth album by Lucifer's Friend, an album in which Mike Starrs, formerly of Colosseum II, replaced John Lawton on vocals for the first time. This album and the following Sneak Me In (1980) were an attempt at a more commercial, mainstream style which met with limited commercial success.  Starrs was eventually replaced by the returning Lawton for 1981's Mean Machine.

Track listing
Old Man Roller - 4:17
Meet You in L.A. - 4:05
My Love - 6:04
Good Times - 4:23
Little Dancer - 4:06
Sweet Little Lady - 4:38
Gamblin' Man - 4:31
Warriors - 10:11

Personnel
 Mike Starrs – lead & backing vocals
 Peter Hesslein – electric & acoustic guitars, backing vocals & sailor lead vocal on “Warriors”
 Peter Hecht – acoustic piano, Hohner clavinet, Hammond organ, Roland String Ensemble, Roland electric piano, Polyphonic synthesizers, Minimoog, Fender Rhodes
 Dieter Horns – bass & Roland Space Chorus
 Herbert Bornholdt – drums, syndrums, percussion, backing vocals on “Warriors” and “Old Man Roller”
 Peter von Asten – backing vocals on several tracks

1978 albums
Lucifer's Friend albums


Bernhard Müller, known as Count de Leon (born March 21, 1788, Kostheim, Germany - died August 29, 1834, Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana), was a German Christian mystic and alchemist of uncertain origins.

Biography
Müller wrote to the Harmony Society (and other communes in the United States as well as numerous leaders in Europe) in 1829 proclaiming himself to be the "Lion of Judah" and a prophet in possession of the Philosopher's stone. As well as giving himself numerous fictitious names and titles, like Count de Leon, Archduke Maximilian von Este, and Proli, he claimed that he and his followers were the true Philadelphians and were ready to make a home for themselves with the Harmonites in Old Economy, Pennsylvania. The Harmonites, being religious searchers looking for a hopeful sign, and eager to justify their own religious prophesies, agreed to the visit, and in 1831, Müller arrived with his entourage of forty people (including a Dr. Göntgen.) Soon, Müller and the Harmony Society's leader, George Rapp, grew tired of each other and began to argue. Sensing the dissatisfaction that some Harmonites were feeling towards the Society's custom of celibacy, Müller was able to use that to his advantage and get about a third of the Harmonites to be on his side in the ensuing argument. However, the majority of the Society decided to keep George Rapp as their leader.  In the end, a settlement was reached with the dissenters, and all who wished to leave the Harmony Society during the schism were given $105,000 as a group.

In 1832, after leaving Old Economy, Pennsylvania, with about 250 former Harmony Society members, Bernhard Müller and his followers started a new community in Phillipsburg (now Monaca, Pennsylvania) with the money they obtained in the compromise with the Harmony Society.  Here they established the New Philadelphian Congregation of the New Philadelphia Society, having constructed a church, a hotel, and other buildings.  They renamed this community Löwenburg (Lion City). However, the Harmony Society soon made legal claims against the New Philadelphia Society. Perhaps because of ongoing litigation, and other financial problems, Müller's group decided to sell their communal land in Pennsylvania in 1833.  Some community members stayed in Monaca in Beaver County, Pennsylvania, while others followed Müller and his family down the Ohio River on a flatboat. Soon they started a new colony at Grand Ecore, Louisiana, twelve miles north of Natchitoches; and there, in August, 1834, Müller died of yellow fever or cholera and was interred in Natchitoches Parish.

A number of his followers remained in Louisiana and practiced communal living for some years after that.  When Müller died, a congressman successfully proposed a bill donating a tract of land to his followers, and Germantown Colony was formed.

In 1835, the remaining group, led by Müller's widow, Countess Leon, moved from Grand Ecore to a place that is now called Germantown, which is located seven miles (11 km) northeast of Minden, in what was then Claiborne Parish.  Here, all property was owned in common and observance of religious principles was required. Though the colony was not very large, only about thirty-five people, it worked together and prospered.

The Civil War led to the end of the Germantown Colony, partially because of their disapproval of the war and the financial losses they suffered as a small pacifistic community during wartime, and because of the economic hardships of the war era in general.  The colony disbanded in 1871, after nearly four decades of operating on a communal basis, and then Webster Parish was created from Claiborne Parish.  The Countess then moved to Hot Springs in Garland County, Arkansas, where she died in 1881.  The preservation of the Louisiana settlement is maintained by the Germantown Colony and Museum, now operated by the State of Louisiana.

Not long after Müller and his closest followers left Monaca, Pennsylvania, in 1833, a new religious speaker named William Keil showed up in that area in the early 1840s.  Keil was able to attract some followers who were former Harmony Society and New Philadelphia Society members, and his group eventually moved away and settled the communal town of Bethel, Missouri, in 1844.  By 1850, Bethel had a population of 650. However, the construction of the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad threatened Keil's theocracy. From 1853 to 1856, Keil led his followers westward over the Oregon Trail, and eventually settled the town of Aurora, Oregon. Keil died in 1877, and his community was dissolved in 1883.

The Harmony Society, on the other hand, in Old Economy Village, Pennsylvania, lasted until 1905. It was dissolved in 1906.

Images

See also
 Ambridge, Pennsylvania
 Beaver County, Pennsylvania
 Harmony, Pennsylvania
 New Harmony, Indiana
 Germantown Colony and Museum

References

Sources
 Account of the Harmony Society and its beliefs
 History of Beaver County, Pennsylvania and Its Centennial Celebration by Joseph Henderson Bausman (1904) Volume II, pp. 797–801
 Germantown Colony Museum near Minden, Louisiana

External links
Karl John Richard Arndt collection of Bernhard Muller and the Harmony Society at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.

1788 births
1834 deaths
19th-century Christian mystics
Clergy from Mainz
German emigrants to the United States
Christian occultists
German alchemists
People from Monaca, Pennsylvania
People from Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana
19th-century alchemists


Street Sports Basketball is a 1987 computer basketball game for the IBM PC, Amstrad CPC, Amiga, Apple II, Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum. It was developed by Epyx and published by U.S. Gold.

Gameplay
The game features a 3-a-side basketball match. Each team is made by three players with different skills chosen from the neighbours.

Reception
Computer Gaming World stated in 1987 that Street Sports Basketballs "graphics are smooth and the action is fast". The game was reviewed in 1988 in Dragon #131 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 3 out of 5 stars.

Reviews
Info (Jan, 1989)
Happy Computer (Dec, 1987)
Power Play (1987)
Commodore User (Jan, 1988)
Zzap! (Dec, 1988)
Génération 4 (Dec, 1988)
Sinclair User (Jul, 1988)
Your Sinclair (Aug, 1988)
Power Play (Mar, 1988)
Power Play (Dec, 1988)
Amiga User International (Dec, 1988)

References

External links
Street Sports Basketball  at Stadium 64
Street Sports Basketball at hol.abime.net

1987 video games
DOS games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Apple II games
Commodore 64 games
ZX Spectrum games
Basketball video games
U.S. Gold games
Video games developed in the United States
Epyx games


Ernesto España (born November 7, 1954) is a Venezuelan former professional boxer who held the World Boxing Association lightweight championship in 1979 and 1980.

Career
España became a professional boxer in 1975 and won all of his bouts except one, including one in 1981, when he beat future champion Arturo Frias. España fought Claude Noel on June 16, 1979, for the vacant WBA lightweight title that had been given up by Roberto Durán. España knocked out Noel in the thirteenth round to win the title. He defended it once, recuperating from a knockdown in round seven before knocking out Johnny Lira in round nine of a fight which has been showcased on ESPN Classic, before losing the title to Hilmer Kenty by knockout in round nine in March 1980. In a rematch in September, Kenty knocked España out again, this time in the fourth round.

For a period during this era, España was a resident of Puerto Rico.

,When Frias won the WBA lightweight title, España challenged him but Frias avenged his only loss and won a technical decision over España in 1982.

España's next fight was another challenge for the WBA lightweight title, but this time Ray Mancini knocked him out in six rounds in July 1982. España never challenged for a world title again and retired in 1988.

His brother Crisanto España won the WBA world welterweight title in the early 1990s, when he beat Meldrick Taylor and lost it in his third defense to Ike Quartey.

External links

1954 births
Living people
World boxing champions
Lightweight boxers
World Boxing Association champions
Venezuelan male boxers
Venezuelan expatriate sportspeople in Puerto Rico


Dauphin (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France. Michèle Bertin was reelected mayor of Dauphin in 2020.

Population

See also
 Luberon
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


"Welcome to the 60's" is a song from the 2002 musical Hairspray. it is performed by Tracy Turnblad, Edna Turnblad, Mr. Pinky, and a Greek chorus consisting of three African-American stylists entitled the Dynamites.

Production
DVD Talk wrote  and Wittman's songs come from specific lines of dialog, like "Welcome to the 60's" and "Big, Blonde and Beautiful," a nice way of simply expanding on what Waters' characters were already saying".

Synopsis
Edna Turnblad is encouraged to go outside for the first time in a while, and she takes in the surroundings. It is a changing world where it is okay to be black or fat. Tracy says: "people who are different, their time is coming". In the process she cures her mother's agoraphobia, and gets a job as a spokesperson for Mr. Pinky. In the film, the song "features a Supremes-style trio stepping down from a billboard to rouse the willing kids".

Analysis
The Column Awards wrote the song had "the sense of a woman who is recognizing her own power", and symbolised "Edna's coming out, so to speak". The site also suggested the song shows Tracy's
"transformation". Stranded at the Drive-In: The 100 Best Teen Movies argues the song "becomes an embrace of everyone different, including the black, the freaky, the (by implication) gay . . . and the fat. the song and its staging insiststhat everyone has a chance to, literally, come out and be visible in this brave new world".

Hollywood Catwalk: Exploring Costume and Transformation in American Film interpreted the song in regard to Edna's transformation:

Critical reception
In Newsweekly described the song as "weighty", and wrote that Edna "undergoes a hefty makeover and simply steals the show." EDGEboston said "the coda to Welcome to the Sixties, is given a big, Dreamgirls-like finish". Theater Mirror suggested the song features "three gals...singing and strutting like the Supremes". UK Theatre dubbed The Dynamites a "mock Supremes trio". Reviewing the film, Dominica Life wrote "It took me a while to warm up to Hairspray.  But, when Tracy, Edna and a host of others take to the streets in the great dance number, “Welcome to the 60’s,” I was hooked". Chicago Critic described it as "MoTown revisited". Ey Jacksonville described the song as a "crowd favorite, “Welcome to the 60’s, adding "this song will have you dancing in your seat!". Dayton Most Metro called it "flavorfully decade-inspired", and said it was fueled by "Motown essence". Ithaca.com described the number as "splendid", and Alpharetta said the song is "rousing". Playbill described it as a "tuneful and surprisingly touching duet".

References

Songs from Hairspray (musical)
Songs written by Marc Shaiman
Songs written by Scott Wittman
2002 songs


The Washington State Historical Society is the historical society of the U.S. state of Washington. Based in Tacoma, it is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit and is a trustee agency of the state. It was founded in 1891.

The board of trustees of the society includes the Governor of Washington, Secretary of State of Washington, and Washington Superintendent of Public Instruction, and four members of the Washington State Legislature.

The society owns and operates the Washington State History Museum. The society's official journal is Columbia: The Magazine of Northwest History. In 2016, the publication received a Leadership in History Award of Merit from the American Association for State and Local History.

References

External links
The Washington State Historical Society's main page

Charities based in Washington (state)
History of Washington (state)
State historical societies of the United States


Xihoudu () is an archeological site located in the Shanxi Province of China. The site dates to the Paleolithic Age. In total 32 stone implements were found at the site.

Discovery
In 1929, Chinese prehistoric archaeologist and paleontologist Professor Pei Wenzhong discovered the skull fossil of the "Peking Man" 500,000 years ago at the Zhoukoudian site in Beijing. However, the Paleolithic archaeologist Wang Jian(王建) inferred that there must have been more primitive humans before the "Peking Man". This inference was affirmed by the paleoanthropologist Professor Jia Lanpo(贾兰坡). In order to prove their theoretical inference, Jia Lanpo, Wang Jian and others analyzed from the aspects of paleogeography and paleoclimate, and began to search for human remains in the Nihewan stratum.

In 1959, archaeologists discovered the site on a terrace 170 meters above the river surface on the east bank of the Yellow River in Xihoudu Village, Ruicheng County. Three excavations were carried out in 1961, 1962, and 2005. Dating back 1.8 million years, it is the oldest known Paleolithic cultural sites in China.

In 1983, the Ruicheng County People's Government established the Xihoudu Cultural Relics Protection Group; in 1986, the Shanxi Provincial People's Government announced the Xihoudu Cultural Site as a key cultural relic protection unit in the province; in 1988, the Xihoudu Site was designated as a national key cultural relic Protection unit (third batch). In 2013, the cultural relics department of Ruicheng County, Shanxi Province built the Xihoudu Site Exhibition Hall with a total construction area of about 130 square meters to protect the unearthed cultural relics.

Geography
The Xihoudu site is located on the sunny slope of Zhongtiao Mountain in the northwest corner of Ruicheng County in the south of Shanxi Province , in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Archaeologists believe that in ancient times, the climate here was mild and the aquatic plants were abundant; there were ancient Chinese bison, Shanxi woolly rhinoceros, Equus sanmeniensis (ancient horse), gazella blacki (ancient gazelle), Palaeoloxodon namadicus (paleo elephant), Sus lydekkeri, Père David's deer, etc. There are all kinds of fish. Such a natural environment is suitable for human survival and reproduction.

Archaeological Site
A total of 32 stone artifacts were discovered at the Xihoudu site in the 1960s, including stone cores, flakes, and stone tools. They are among the earliest stone tools discovered in China. The stone tooling technology is relatively primitive, the raw material is quartzite of various colors, there are also a small amount of vein quartz and volcanic rock.  During more than 50 days of excavation in 2005, more than 1,500 stone products and animal fossil specimens were found. Among the stone products, there are many fine products and standardized products with lighter abrasion and clear strike marks.

Some relics coexisting with stone tools include cut or scraped antlers, as well as burned animal bones, horns and teeth, which are considered to be signs of human use of fire. The history of the ancient Chinese people using fire at the Xihoudu site has advanced 1.1 million years from 500,000 to 700,000 years ago in Zhoukoudian Peking.

The coexisting animal fossils include ostrich, Castoroides, hedgehog, rabbit, Palaeoloxodon namadicus (paleo elephant), Sus lydekkeri (ancient boar), Père David's deer, Axis shansius (ancient deer), flat-fronted elephant (), hyena, Shanxi woolly rhinoceros, Elasmotherium, Equus sanmeniensis (ancient horse), Hippotherium, ancient Chinese bisons(Bison palaeosinensis), Leptobos, gazella blacki (ancient gazelle) and Euctenoceros boulei, etc.

Disputes
After the discovery of the Xihoudu site, it has not been fully recognized by the academic community. There are disagreements and disputes about whether the unearthed stone tools were made by hand. Pei Wenzhong , Zhang Senshui(张森水), etc. believe that the "artificial nature of stone tools cannot be determined" and suspect that it was caused by river collisions
Experts from the Shanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology believe that the most effective way to resolve these disputes and problems is to further excavate to obtain new information.With the progress of archaeological work, the artificial traces of stone products have been determined, and the chronological problem has been solved. The Xihoudu site has become one of the world's first-class Paleolithic archaeological sites.

References

Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Shanxi
Paleolithic sites in China


Highway bridge may refer to:

Highway Bridge (Potomac River)
Any bridge traversed by a highway

See also
 Lincoln Highway Bridge (disambiguation)
 Highway 2 Bridge, a bridge over the Kansas River in De Soto, Kansas

 Highway Ridge


La Garde (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Sporting Fingal Football Club () was an Irish association football club based in Fingal. Between 2008 and 2010, the club played three seasons in the League of Ireland. During their first two seasons they played in the First Division before winning promotion to the Premier Division. During the 2009 and 2010 seasons, the club also entered a team in the A Championship. During their short stay in the League of Ireland, Sporting Fingal were relatively successful. As well as gaining promotion to the Premier Division, they also won both the 2009 FAI Cup and the 2010 A Championship Cup and qualified for the UEFA Europa League on two occasions. In addition to fielding teams in the League of Ireland, Sporting Fingal also organised Powerchair Football, Special Olympics football and futsal teams. Their futsal team won the 2010 FAI Futsal Cup and qualified for the 2010–11 UEFA Futsal Cup.

History

Community football club
Sporting Fingal F.C. was established in 2007 as a joint initiative involving both Fingal County Council and the property developer Gerry Gannon. John O'Brien, the senior executive officer with the council, proposed forming a community football club and Gannon became involved after the council advertised for investors. Gannon would become the club's majority shareholder while the council maintained a 26% stake. Liam Buckley was also involved in forming the club and subsequently served as both the director of football and club manager. Sporting Fingal F.C. was set up as a limited company on 19 November 2007  and the club was officially launched in February 2008 at an event attended by among others, Johnny Giles and Brian Lenihan. At its launch the club also announced its ambitions to set up an academy and build its own stadium. The club also announced details about other backers and sponsors which included Keelings Group Ltd, a Fingal-based fruit and vegetable supplier, Anglo Irish Bank and Dublin Airport Authority. In addition to fielding teams in the League of Ireland, Sporting Fingal also organised Powerchair Football, Special Olympics football  and futsal teams. In 2009 Sporting Fingal EID joined the Emerald Futsal League and in 2010 won the FAI Futsal Cup. Sporting Fingal won the cup after defeating Blue Magic 4–2 in the final. This led to Sporting representing the Republic of Ireland in the 2010–11 UEFA Futsal Cup.

League of Ireland
Sporting Fingal successfully applied to join the League of Ireland and were initially expected to join the A Championship. However following the demise of Kilkenny City, the club were subsequently invited to join the First Division. Sporting Fingal made their League of Ireland debut on 8 March 2008 with a 5–1 defeat against Longford Town at Flancare Park. Peter Hynes scored Sporting's first goal in a competitive game. Despite their poor start, Sporting eventually finished fourth in the 2008 First Division.
Robbie Doyle also emerged as the First Division top scorer. Sporting had a very successful 2009 season. After finishing third during the regular season, they gained promotion to the 2010 Premier Division after defeating Bray Wanderers 4–2 on aggregate in a promotion-relegation play-off. For a second season in a row a Sporting player, this time Conan Byrne, finished as the First Division top scorer. Sporting also won the 2009 FAI Cup after defeating Sligo Rovers 2–1 in the final. In doing so they also qualified for the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League. Sporting finished fourth in the 2010 Premier Division and as a result qualified for both the 2011 Setanta Sports Cup and the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League. Their reserve team also won the  2010 A Championship Cup, defeating Bohemians A 3–2 in the final.

Europe

2010–11 UEFA Europa League
After winning the 2009 FAI Cup, Sporting Fingal qualified for the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League. Sporting played Marítimo in the second qualifying round and were defeated 6–4 on aggregate. After finishing fourth in the 2010 Premier Division, Sporting Fingal also qualified for the 2011–12 UEFA Europa League. However after the club disbanded in early 2011 they were replaced in the competition by St Patrick's Athletic.
Second qualifying round

Marítimo won 6–4 on aggregate.

Demise
Sporting Fingal's demise was triggered by the collapse of the Irish property bubble. Three of the club's main backers – Gerry Gannon, Dublin Airport Authority and Anglo Irish Bank – were involved in the Anglo Irish Bank hidden loans controversy. The National Asset Management Agency placed restrictions on Gannon's business activities and on 26 November 2010 he resigned as Sporting Fingal's chairman, ending his involvement with the club. Gannon had been the club's main benefactor. In 2008 he made the club a "sponsorship payment" of €499,900 and in 2009 he also made a €750,000 "non-refundable contribution". Some reports estimated that Gannon invested more than €2m into the club. Despite this, however, Sporting posted a loss of more than €75,000 in 2009. The club were unable to find a replacement for Gannon and in February 2011 Sporting Fingal revealed it had serious financial problems when they were unable to pay their players' wages. This resulted in the club having to cancel the contracts of their playing squad. On 14 February they were due to play Lisburn Distillery in the first round of the 2011 Setanta Sports Cup; however, they had to withdraw from the competition and were replaced by UCD. The club also withdrew its application for a licence to participate in the 2011 Premier Division. Drogheda United, who were originally relegated at the end of the 2010 Premier Division season, subsequently retained their place in the Premier Division after Sporting withdrew.

Grounds
Sporting Fingal's first team played their home First Division and Premier Division games at Morton Stadium. Their A Championship team played their home games at the ALSAA Sports Complex, near Dublin Airport. The club also used ALSAA as their main training facility. Sporting played their 2010–11 UEFA Europa League home game against Marítimo at Dalymount Park and, before their demise, they intended to move to the same stadium for the 2011 season. In the long term Sporting Fingal planned to play at the Fingal Sports Complex.

Notable former players

Internationals
Republic of Ireland international
  Glen Crowe
  Shaun Williams

League of Ireland XI representatives
  Ger O'Brien
  Alan Kirby
  Shaun Williams
   Éamon Zayed

Republic of Ireland U23 internationals

Republic of Ireland U21 internationals

Republic of Ireland U19 internationals
  Robert Bayly
  John Frost

Republic of Ireland U18 international
  Kevin Dawson

Libya international
  Éamon Zayed

Wales U21 international
  Steve Williams

Latvia U19 international
  Igors Labuts

Goalscorers
First Division Top Scorer

Honours
FAI Cup
2009: 1
 A Championship Cup
2010: 1
FAI Futsal Cup
2010: 1

References

External links
"Sporting Fingal: The team who formed, won a cup, reached Europe and folded – all in three years" – BBC Sport, 5 May 2020

Sporting
Association football clubs established in 2007
Association football clubs disestablished in 2011
Defunct League of Ireland clubs
Former League of Ireland First Division clubs
Former League of Ireland Premier Division clubs
2007 establishments in Ireland
2011 disestablishments in Ireland


Dorothy Canning Miller (February 6, 1904 – July 11, 2003) was an American art curator and one of the most influential people in American modern art for more than half of the 20th century.  The first professionally trained curator at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA),  she was one of the very few women in her time who held a museum position of such responsibility.

Early life and education
Miller, the daughter of Arthur Barrett Miller and Edith Almena Canning, was born in Hopedale, Massachusetts and grew up in Montclair, New Jersey.  After graduating from Smith College in 1925, she trained with John Cotton Dana of the Newark Museum, which was then one of the most creative and ambitious museums in the country,  and worked there from 1926 to 1929.  From 1930 to 1932, she worked for Mrs. Henry Lang cataloging and researching a collection of  Native American art which was to be donated to the Montclair Art Museum.

Career at MoMA
The Museum of Modern Art, founded in 1929, did not yet have its own building in the early 1930s and was housed in a series of temporary quarters. Miller first came to director Alfred H. Barr, Jr.'s attention in 1933, when she and Holger Cahill (with whom Miller was living in Greenwich Village — they married in 1938) were curating the First Municipal Art Exhibition in space donated by the Rockefeller family. Some of the participating artists wanted to boycott the show after the Diego Rivera mural Man at the Crossroads was deliberately destroyed during the construction of Rockefeller Center. Miller asked Barr to intercede in the controversy, which he did.

Not long after that she put on her "best summer hat" and went to the Museum to ask him for a job. Barr hired her as his assistant curator in 1934 and over the years she progressed through the ranks, becoming Barr's most trusted collaborator and, by 1947, curator of the museum collections.

In 1959, Miller was appointed to the art committee for One Chase Manhattan Plaza,  serving with Gordon Bunshaft (chief designer for Skidmore, Owings and Merrill), Robert Hale (curator of American painting at the Metropolitan Museum of Art), James Johnson Sweeney (director of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum), Perry Rathbone (director of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston), and Alfred H. Barr, Jr.

In 1968, she was appointed to a commission to choose modern art works for the Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza Art Collection in Albany, NY.

After her retirement from MoMA in 1969, Miller became a trustee and art advisor for Rockefeller University, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. She was an honorary trustee of MoMA from 1984 until her death in 2003 at age 99.

The Americans shows
From the early 1940s through the early 1960s, Miller organised six contemporary Americans shows  which introduced a total of ninety artists to the American museum public.  In contrast to the usual large group shows, in which hundreds of artists are represented by one work each, Miller devised a format in which larger selections of works by a smaller number of artists were represented in individual galleries. She famously said, "What you try to achieve are climaxes—introduction, surprise, going around the corner and seeing something unexpected, perhaps several climaxes with very dramatic things, then a quiet tapering off with something to let you out alive."

Americans 1942: 18 Artists From 9 States

 Darrell Austin
 Hyman Bloom
 Raymond Breinin
 Samuel Cashwan
 Francis Chapin

 Emma Lu Davis
 Morris Graves
 Joseph Hirsch
 Donal Hord
 Charles Howard

 Rico Lebrun
 Jack Levine
 Helen Lundeberg
 Fletcher Martin
 Octavio Medellin

 Knud Merrild
 Mitchell Siporin
 Everett Spruce

1946: Fourteen Americans

 David Aronson
 Ben Culwell
 Arshile Gorky
 David Hare

 Loren MacIver
 Robert Motherwell
 Isamu Noguchi
 I. Rice Pereira

 Alton Pickens
 C. S. Price
 Theodore Roszak
 Honoré Desmond Sharrer

 Saul Steinberg
 Mark Tobey

1952: Fifteen Americans

 William Baziotes
 Edward Corbett
 Edwin Dickinson
 Herbert Ferber

 Joseph Glasco
 Herbert Katzman
 Frederick Kiesler
 Irving Kriesberg

 Richard Lippold
 Jackson Pollock
 Herman Rose
 Mark Rothko

 Clyfford Still
 Bradley Tomlin
 Thomas Wilfred

1956: Twelve Americans

 Ernest Briggs
 James Brooks
 Sam Francis

 Fritz Glarner
 Philip Guston
 Raoul Hague

 Grace Hartigan
 Franz Kline
 Ibram Lassaw

 Seymour Lipton
 Jose de Rivera
 Larry Rivers

1959: Sixteen Americans

 Jay DeFeo
 Wally Hedrick
 James Jarvaise
 Jasper Johns

 Ellsworth Kelly
 Alfred Leslie
 Landes Lewitin
 Richard Lytle

 Robert Mallary
 Louise Nevelson
 Robert Rauschenberg
 Julius Schmidt

 Richard Stankiewicz
 Frank Stella
 Albert Urban
 Jack Youngerman

Americans 1963

 Richard Anuszkiewicz
 Lee Bontecou
 Chryssa
 Sally Drummond

 Edward Higgins
 Robert Indiana
 Gabriel Kohn
 Michael Lekakis

 Richard Lindner
 Marisol
 Claes Oldenburg
 Ad Reinhardt

 James Rosenquist
 Jason Seley
 David Simpson

The New American Painting
On an international scale, Miller's most influential show was The New American Painting,  which toured eight European countries in 1958 and 1959.  This exhibition significantly changed European perceptions of American art, firmly establishing the importance of contemporary American painting, particularly the American abstract expressionists, for an international audience.

The New American Painting tour showcased eighty-one paintings by seventeen artists:

 William Baziotes
 James Brooks
 Sam Francis
 Arshile Gorky
 Adolph Gottlieb

 Philip Guston
 Grace Hartigan
 Franz Kline
 Willem de Kooning
 Robert Motherwell

 Barnett Newman
 Jackson Pollock
 Mark Rothko
 Theodoros Stamos
 Clyfford Still

 Bradley Tomlin
 Jack Tworkov

Tributes
 "She was a straight shooter, very respectful of the art and the artists and the museum, something you don't get that much of anymore.  The Americans shows set the tone for my time. ... They were exhibitions of what was going on, pointing to the future" – Frank Stella
 "Her eyes were just incredible, smart and very important in the art world.  There will never be anyone quite like her again." – Ellsworth Kelly
 "She brought sparkle and prestige and credibility to American art." – James Rosenquist
 "Miller's career was marked by an uncanny ability to recognize new and innovative artists encompassing many different styles.  In a career that spanned more than 60 years, she left many more conservative curators in her wake." – Wendy Jeffers

Awards
Awards and honors in recognition of Dorothy Miller's contributions to museum connoisseurship included:
 1959:  Smith College, honorary Doctor of Letters
 1982:  Williams College, honorary degree
 1982:  A Curator's Choice, 1942-63: A Tribute to Dorothy Miller, Rosa Esman Gallery, New York City.
 1983:  Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture governor's award

Books
(This is an incomplete list.)
 1981:  The Nelson A. Rockefeller Collection. With Lee Boltin, William Slattery Lieberman, Nelson Rockefeller, and Alfred H. Barr, Jr.  Manchester, Vermont: Hudson Hills Press.   .
 1983:  Edward Hicks: His Peaceable Kingdoms and Other Paintings.  With Eleanor Price Mather.  Newark, Delaware: University of Delaware Press.  .
 1984:  Art at Work: The Chase Manhattan Collection.  With Willard C. Butcher, David Rockefeller, Robert Rosenblum, and J. Walter Severinghaus, the project manager for One Chase Manhattan Plaza.  Marshall Lee, ed.  Boston, Massachusetts: E. P. Dutton.  .
 1985:  Art for the Public: The Collection of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.  With Sam Hunter.  New York City: The Authority.  .

References

Further reading

External links
Dorothy C. Miller's collection at the Archives of American Art

1904 births
2003 deaths
American art curators
American women curators
People associated with the Museum of Modern Art (New York City)
Smith College alumni
People from Hopedale, Massachusetts
People from Montclair, New Jersey
People from Greenwich Village


Scott Cooper may refer to:

 Scott Cooper (baseball) (born 1967), American baseball player
 Scott Cooper (director) (born 1970), American actor, writer, and director
 Scott Cooper (football manager) (born 1970), English football manager
 Scott Cooper (born c. 1965), executive chef at Le Papillon restaurant, San Jose, California

See also

 Athol Scott Cooper (1892–1970), English-born Australian politician
 James Scott Cooper (1874–1931), Canadian bootlegger
 Scott Couper (born 1970), American football player from Scotland


The monarchia Sicula (Sicilian monarchy) was a historical but unduly inflated right exercised from the beginning of the sixteenth century by the secular authorities of Sicily (presently in Italy), according to which they claimed final jurisdiction in Catholic matters, independent of the Holy See.

They premised this right on an old Papal privilege. The oldest document advanced in support of their claim was a Papal Bull of 5 July 1098 by Pope Urban II to Count Roger I of Sicily. The Pope agreed not to appoint a Papal legate to Sicily against the will of the Count and declared his intention of permitting the Count to execute ecclesiastical acts in Sicily that were ordinarily executed by a legate (quinimmo quae per legatum acturi sumus, per vestram industriam legati vice exhiberi volumus). Pope Paschal II, in a Bull of 1 October 1117 addressed to Count Roger II of Sicily, confirmed and clarified this privilege. He gave Roger II the same power "in the sense that if a Papal legate be sent thither, that is a representative of the Pope, you in your zeal shall secure the execution of what the legate is to perform" (ea videlicet ratione, ut si quando illuc ex latere nostro legatus dirigitur, quem profecto vicarium intelligimus, quae ab eo gerenda sunt, per tuam industriam effectui mancipentur).

Pope Urban II thus had granted Apostolic legatine authority to the secular authority of Sicily; according to the Bull of Pope Paschal II this meant that, when a Papal legate was appointed to Sicily to exercise jurisdiction in certain ecclesiastical matters as the Papal representative, he was required to communicate the nature of his commission to the secular authority, which then would execute the Papal acts so commissioned in place of the legate (legati vice). In both instances it was a question not of a jurisdiction of the Prince of Sicily independent of the Holy See, but only of the privilege of the secular authority to execute ecclesiastical acts as a deputy of the Catholic Church; in other words, the sovereign of Sicily was privileged, but also obligated, to execute Papal regulations in his jurisdiction (of Sicily).

As a result of the feudal relation between the Princes of Sicily and the Pope, ecclesiastical matters there were more political in character than elsewhere, and the Catholic Church in Sicily was reduced to the greatest dependence upon secular authority. However, up to the beginning of the sixteenth century, the privilege bestowed by Pope Urban II was never invoked or even mentioned. When Ferdinand II of Aragon became King of Sicily, his secretary, Giovanni Luca Barberi of Noto, Sicily, undertook to collect the documents by which the rights of the Kings of Sicily, both in ecclesiastical and secular matters, were determined. To this collection, denominated the Capibrevio, was joined a collection of documents titled the Liber Monarchiae (Book of the Monarchy), meant to prove that the Sicilian monarchs always had exercised spiritual authority. The Liber Monarchiae first published the legatine privilege conferred by Pope Urban II.

The Kings promoted it as a legal basis of the purported authority that they had long exercised over the local Catholic Church. They also used it to extend their pretensions that, by virtue of an old Papal privilege, they possessed ecclesiastical authority in spiritual matters independent of the Pope. Despite doubts expressed concerning the authenticity of the document, Ferdinand declared on 22 January 1515: "As for the Kingdom of Sicily, where we exercise the supervision of spiritual as well as of secular affairs, we have made sure that we do so legitimately". In consequence of such an exorbitant claim, disputes arose between the Popes and the Sicilian monarchs. Pope Clement VII negotiated with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor concerning the "monarchia Sicula" ("Sicilian monarchy"), but without success. In 1578 Philip II of Spain tried vainly to obtain a formal confirmation of the right from Pope Pius V. In 1597 the King appointed a special permanent judge ("Judex Monarchiae Siculae") to give final decisions in the highest ecclesiastical causes, an appeal from his judgment to that of the Pope being forbidden. The Judex Monarchiae Siculae claimed the general right to visit convents, supreme jurisdiction over the Sicilian Bishops and the Clergy, and the exercise of a number of episcopal rights, such that Papal authority was almost wholly excluded.

When Caesar Baronius, in an excursus on the year 1097 in the eleventh volume of his Annales Ecclesiastici (Rome, 1605), produced good reasons against the genuineness of the bull of Pope Urban II and especially against the legality of the monarchia Sicula, a violent feud arose, and the Court of Madrid, Spain forbid the eleventh volume from the whole of the Spanish Empire. Baronius omitted the excursus in the second edition of the "Annales" (Antwerp, 1608), but published instead a special Tractatus de Monarchia Sicula. During the War of the Spanish Succession another serious conflict arose between the Papal Curia and the Spanish court in regard to this alleged legatine authority. The occasion of the dispute was a question of ecclesiastical immunity, and the differences continued after Count Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia had been made King of Sicily by the Treaty of Utrecht and had been crowned in Palermo in 1713.

On 20 February 1715, Pope Clement XI declared the monarchia Sicula null and void, and revoked the privileges attached to it. The monarchs of Sicily rejected the declaration, and, when a few years later the island came under the rule of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, Pope Benedict XIII negotiated with him, with the result that the Decree of Pope Clement XI was withdrawn and the monarchia Sicula restored, but in an altered form. The King, through the concession of the Pope, could now appoint the Judex Monarchiae Siculae, who was at the same time to be the delegate of the Holy See and empowered with final jurisdiction of religious matters. On the basis of this concession the Kings of Sicily demanded more and more far reaching rights in ecclesiastical matters, so that fresh struggles with the Holy See constantly arose. The situation grew more unbearable.

Pope Pius IX tried in vain by amicable adjustments to enforce the essential rights of the Holy See in Sicily. Giuseppe Garibaldi, as "Dictator" of Sicily, claimed the rights of the Papal legate, and, during the ceremony in Palermo Cathedral, caused legatine honours to be given him. In the bull Suprema of 28 January 1864, which was not published with the prescriptions for its execution until 10 October 1867, Pope Pius IX permanently revoked the monarchia Sicula. The government of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy protested, and the Judex Monarchiae Siculae, Rinaldi, refused to submit, for which he was excommunicated in 1868. Article 15 of the Italian law of guarantees of 13 May 1871 explicitly revoked the monarchia Sicula and the question was thus finally disposed of.

Notes

References
 cites:
SENTIS, Die Monarchia Sicula. Eine historisch-canonistische Untersuchung (Freiburg, 1869), which contains the older literature (pp. 4–6)

History of Sicily
Foreign relations of the Holy See


Christopher Joseph Walker (10 July 1942 – 18 April 2017) was a British historian and author.

Life and career
Walker was educated at Lancing College and Brasenose College, Oxford.

He worked in Sotheby's department of historical and literary manuscripts. After winning a Winston Churchill Travelling Fellowship in 1971 he wrote a book on Armenian history which was reissued in 1990. In 1975 with the support of "Minority Rights Group" he published "The Armenians" report (co-author - prof. David Marshall Lang). In November 1989 at Oxford University Walker had a lecture on the modern history of Armenia. He also wrote several books and articles on the history of Armenia, including the book Armenia: The Survival of a Nation, which has been described as an "excellent history of Greater Armenia" and "a balanced presentation" of the events during the Armenian genocide of 1895–1918.

After a long-time research in archives, in 2003 Walker completed his book, Life of Oliver Baldwin, about a soldier, statesman, and journalist, the son of a Conservative Prime Minister, who became a Labour member of British Parliament.

Publications
The Armenians, by David Marshall Lang and Christopher J. Walker, London: Minority Rights Group, MRG Report No. 32, fifth edition, 1987
Armenia : The Survival of a Nation, , 1980; , 1990
Armenia and Karabagh: The Struggle for Unity, , 1991
Oliver Baldwin : A Life of Dissent, , 2003
Visions of Ararat (writings on Armenia), , 2005
 "At History's Crossroad: The making of the Armenian nation," (The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars) (Book review) Weekly Standard Nov 27, 2006.
Friends or Foes? The Islamic East and the West, History Today, March 2007, Volume: 57, Issue: 3, Page 50-57

Sources
Caravans to Oblivion: The Armenian Genocide, by G. S. Graber, 1996, p. 29

References

External links
Biography
Books by Walker at OpenLibrary
The Armenians - A Minority Rights Group Report

British historians
1942 births
2017 deaths
Armenian studies scholars


Stange Station () is located in Stange, Norway on the Dovre Line. The station was opened in 1880 with the construction of the railway between Eidsvoll and Hamar. Stange is only served by regional trains by Vy.

In 1999 the station was almost closed by the Norwegian Railway Inspectorate who required the Norwegian National Rail Administration to rebuild one of the platforms, removing a small one between track one and two, and putting in a broader one between track two and three.

External links
</

Railway stations on the Dovre Line
Railway stations in Hedmark
Railway stations opened in 1880
1880 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1880s


The 2001–02 Japan Figure Skating Championships were the 70th edition of the event. They were held on December 21–23, 2001 at the Namihaya Dome arena in Kadoma, Osaka. National Champions were crowned in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing. As well as crowning the national champions of Japan for the 2001–02 season, the results of this competition were used to help pick the teams for the 2002 Winter Olympics, 2002 World Championships, and the 2002 Four Continents Championships.

Competition notes
 Takeshi Honda and Yoshie Onda withdrew before the competition, but had already been chosen before the event to compete at the 2002 Winter Olympics.
 The following skaters placed high enough at Junior Nationals and so were invited to compete at Nationals: Daisuke Takahashi, Ryosuke Sasaki. Makoto Nakata, and Nobunari Oda for men, Miki Ando, Yukari Nakano, Ichie Hayashi, and Akiko Suzuki for ladies.
 Despite technically qualifying by placing third, Miki Ando was not selected for the Four Continents team because she was not age-eligible. Fourth place finisher Akiko Suzuki went instead.

Results

Men

Ladies

Pairs

Ice dancing

Japan Junior Figure Skating Championships
The 2001–02 Japan Junior Figure Skating Championships took place between November 23 and 24, 2001 in Tokyo.

The following skaters placed high enough at Novice Nationals to be invited to compete here: Takahiko Kozuka (1st in novice A, 8th in junior), Aki Sawada (1st in novice A, 7th in junior), Nana Takeda (2nd in novice A, 9th in junior), Eri Ishigami (3rd in novice A, 25th in junior), and Mao Asada (1st in novice B, 6th in junior).

Men
 Entry: 26 athletes

Ladies
 Entry: 31 athletes

Ice dancing

International team selections

Winter Olympics

World Championships

Four Continents Championships

World Junior Championships
After Junior Nationals, the World Junior team was announced as follows:

External links
 2001–02 Japan Figure Skating Championships results
 2001–02 Japan Junior Figure Skating Championships results

Japan Figure Skating Championships
2001 in figure skating
2002 in figure skating
2001 in Japanese sport


Seal Cove may refer to one of three settlements in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador:

 Seal Cove, Fortune Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador
 Seal Cove, White Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador
 Seal Cove on Conception Bay, a former settlement now part of the town of Conception Bay South
 Swells Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador, a former settlement


Marcoux (; ) is a village and commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department of southeastern France.

The closest airport to Marcoux is Nice Airport (91 km).

Geography
The river Bléone flows southwest through the northern part of the commune and forms part of its northeastern and western borders.

Population

Notable people
 Jacques Chastan, French Roman Catholic missionary and martyr in Korea

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Hans Wolfgang Reitzle (born 7 March 1949 in Neu-Ulm) is a German business executive.

Early life and education
After leaving his school in Ulm, Reitzle continued his education at the Technical University of Munich where he studied mechanical engineering and economics.  In 1971, aged just 22, he became Munich's youngest ever "Diplom-Ingenieur" graduate. In 1974, he received his doctorate in engineering (Dr.-Ing.).

Career
In 1976, he joined BMW where he would progress to the No. 2 position.  He was in charge of product development for more than ten years from 1987, presiding with meticulous attention over the development and launch of a string of successful models.

Between 1999 and 1 May 2002, Reitzle was the head of Ford's Premier Automotive Group, overseeing the Volvo, Jaguar, and Land Rover marques.  He let it be known that he left Ford when it became clear that he would not have sufficient control of developing new models through to the production process:  the cost containing instincts of fellow director Nick Scheele were destined to ensure that the PAG vehicles would not benefit from his uncompromising approach sufficiently to compete on level terms with market leaders such as Lexus and BMW.

When he left Ford, Reitzle denied having been offered a role with General Motors as heir apparent by Bob Lutz, initially taking over responsibility for Opel and Saab:  Ford had provided him with sufficient experience of US auto industry corporate culture. A naval metaphor that he was prepared to place on record was that he "would rather be captain on a destroyer than first officer on an aircraft carrier".

He instead quit the car business and became CEO of The Linde Group, at that time a leading manufacturer of Fork-lift trucks and currently the world's largest industrial gas company, joining the board in 2002 and becoming a chairman in 2003.  He was replaced at Ford by Mark Fields, who had previously headed up Mazda.

On 3 May 2016 in Munich, Reitzle was elected as chairman of the supervisory board of Linde AG.

In January 2018 Reitzle was appointed to the supervisory board of the fashion company Bogner. He resigned this post in 2019.

Wolfgang Reitzle has invested in several startups in recent years. For example, he and his wife Nina Ruge together with the billionaire investor Michael Pieper have acquired a stake in the biotech company Tomorrowlabs GmbH. The company, which was founded in 2016 in Vienna by the physician Dominik Duscher and pharmacologist Dominik Thor, is based on the patent-pending HSF ("HIF strengthening factor") active ingredient, which is supposed to promote skin and hair regeneration.

Other activities

Corporate boards
 Continental AG, Chairman of the Supervisory Board
 Deutsche Telekom, Member of the Supervisory Board
 Holcim, chairman of the board, Chairman of the Governance & Strategy Committee, Member of the Nomination & Compensation Committee (since 2014)
 KION Group, Member of the Supervisory Board
 Deutsche Bank, Member of the European Advisory Board (since 2003)

Non-profit organizations
 Deutsches Museum, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz (KHI), Member of the Board of Trustees
 Munich Security Conference, Chairman of the Advisory Council
 Roland Berger Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Senckenberg Nature Research Society, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Technical University of Munich (TUM), Member of the Board of Trustees
 Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft, Treasurer and Member of the Board of Trustees (2007-2013)

Personal life
Reitzle has two daughters by his first marriage. In September 2001, he married television presenter Nina Ruge.

References

External links
Reitzle profile at Linde AG
Article on Wolfgang Reitzle by David E. Davis

Businesspeople from Bavaria
German mechanical engineers
Technical University of Munich alumni
Academic staff of the Technical University of Munich
1949 births
Living people
Tire industry people
Officers Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Linde plc people
People from Neu-Ulm
Engineers from Bavaria


Mirabeau (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Geography
The Bléone forms the commune's southern border.

Natural and technological  risks
None of the department's 200 communes is in an area of zero seismic risk. The canton that Mirabeau belongs to, Digne-les-Bains-Ouest, is in zone 1b (weak seismicity), according to the deterministic classification of 1991, based on historical earthquakes, and in zone 4 (medium risk) according to the probabilistic classification EC8 of 2011. The commune of Mirabeau is exposed to three other natural hazards:
 forest fire
 flood (in the valleys of Les Duyes and La Bléone)
 ground movement: the commune is very concerned with this medium-to-high risk.

In addition, the commune of Mirabeau is exposed to a risk arising from the transport of dangerous materials by rail, road and pipeline. The railway line from Saint-Auban to Digne across the commune is no longer in use. For roads, National Route 85 can be used for the transport of dangerous goods. And a pipeline supplying natural gas to Digne crosses the commune and thereby constitutes an additional risk factor.

The commune's management plan for foreseeable natural hazards (PPR in French) was approved in 2008 for the risk of ground movement; there is no DICRIM (Dossier d’information communal sur les risques majeurs; that is, dossier of information for the commune on major risks).

The commune has seen several declarations of natural disaster: for an earthquake in 1984, flooding and mudslides in 1996 and 2001, droughts in 1989, 1990 and 1998, and for landslides in 1996. The only earthquake strongly felt in the commune occurred on 19 June 1984. Its intensity in Mirabeau was V on the Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale (MSK), i.e. sleeping people wake up, objects fall.  The epicentre of this earthquake was at Aiglun.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


In chemistry, a compartment is a part of a protein that serves a specific function. They are essentially protein subunits with the added condition that a compartment has distinct functionality, rather than being just a structural component.

There may be multiple compartments on one and the same protein. One example is the case of Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. This is the enzyme which catalyses Pyruvate decarboxylation, the reaction of Pyruvate with Coenzyme A and the major entry point into the TCA cycle:
Pyruvate + Coenzyme A + NAD+ ⇒ acetyl-CoA + NADH + H+ + CO2
Pyruvate dehydrogenase has three chemical compartments; E1 (pyruvate decarboxylase), E2 (dihydrolipoyl transacetylase) and E3 (dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase). Each one of the compartments has its own specific function.

References

Molecular biology


Dick Vaughn's Moribund Music Of The '70s is a collection of recordings edited from a wealth of material broadcast on KPFA's Over the Edge radio show, hosted by Don Joyce weekly and featuring members of Negativland, as well as material recorded at a Live Negativland show just after the "U2 Scandal."  The recordings are broken up into two discs, and within that contain bits and pieces of many different Over The Edge Shows.

Everything centers around one recurring character that has made many appearances on Over The Edge, that of radio personality Dick Vaughn, played by Richard Lyons. Track 1 of Disc 1 is taken from a recording that was played to live audiences during the tour that took place just after the U2 Scandal.  Tracks 2 - 9 are taken from "The California Superstation" broadcast, a parody of corporate radio which had some listeners convinced KPFA had actually undergone a format change. This was also hosted by Lyons as Dick Vaughn, and performed with Negativland's typical tongue-placed-in-cheek.  Tracks 10 & 11 are snippets taken from other Dick Vaughn pranks, in both cases involving other people's radio shows.  Tracks 12 & 13 of Disc 1, and Tracks 1 - 6 of Disc Two are taken from the "Moribund Music Of The '70s" show, in which Dick Vaughn begins the first-ever "'70s Nostalgia" broadcast, complete with authentic 1970s radio gimmicks, commercials, and the usual Negativland sense of humor.  Tracks 7 - 10 of Disc two are all taken from different shows, and feature commentary on the "Moribund" show, another classic Dick Vaughn prank, and a 15 Minute excerpt from the "Dick Is Dead" show.  Finally, Tracks 11 & 12 are taken from a live Negativland performance, and includes the complete tape that opens the CD.

Originally released in 1990 by SST Records on cassette only, it was re-released in 2001 by Negativland's own label, Seeland Records, as a CD. The CD version contains material not included on the original release, and also omits and rearranges some material from the original.

Reception

Track listing
DISC ONE
"Introduction" (1:37)
"Ron Baile's School of Broadcast, The Mating Line, More On Music, etc." (8:14)
"James Gabbert's Delight, Pat Boone's Cow, Evening Magazine, etc." (7:44)
"Roy Storey's Sports Line #1" (2:46)
"More More On Music, Suicide Man, Idle Threats, etc." (7:51)
"Celebrity Wives Quiz, More Idle Threats, People Are Talking, etc." (9:29)
"Roy Storey's Sports Line #2" (3:18)
"Earwitness News and Back to More Music, etc." (9:00)
"TV Trivia, Dick or Dukes of Hazzard, More More on Music, Suicide Man Again, etc." (5:34)
"Ringo is Dead" (6:55)
"An Apology to Roy (Roy Storey's Sports Line #3)" (3:14)
"Introduction, Witness for the Documentation, Disclaimers and Floaters, etc." (8:03)
"More Music, How to Use Your Cubulax, Ford For President, etc." (5:14)

DISC TWO
"Off-Air Comments #1, Household Vocable, Wrong Cues Begin, Is He Stoned?, etc." (4:27)
"News Headlines, More Wrong Cues, Top 10 Countdown, etc." (6:15)
"Off-Air Survey: You MUST Be Hearing These Recordings!" (6:58)
"Countdown Continues, Still More Wrong Cues, Moribund Music of the 80's, etc." (5:17)
"Off-Air Comments #2, Suicide Man: It Doesn't Seem to Be Flowing Very Well, Ruining the Concept, Six Months of My Life, etc." (7:41)
"More Off-Air Surveys: Rainbow Gets Jammed, Suicide Man's Universal Theory" (6:38)
"Oslo Norway and Psychic Freeze" (4:38)
"Crosley Bendix and the Damage Done" (6:30)
"Dick Vaughn, Popular TV-mentalist" (1:22)
"Dick Is Dead" (15:20)
"A Tape for All Deaths" (5:00)
"The Hell-Bound Plane" (7:13)

Personnel
Don Joyce
David Wills
Mark Hosler
Richard Lyons
Chris Grigg
Ian Allen
Earl Yazel
Jim Bryan
Doug Wulff.
Rob Wortman
Arne Ryason
Brook Hinton (Kings House)
Dr. Oslo Norway
Crosley Bendix
Peter Conheim
George Prepared
Enrico Gomez
Steve Vernon

References

Negativland albums
1990 compilation albums
SST Records compilation albums
Seeland Records compilation albums


BC Dynamo Saint Petersburg was a Russian professional basketball club based in Saint Petersburg, that existed for two seasons. The club was founded in 2004 and dissolved in 2006. In the 2004–05 season, the club won the FIBA Europe League.

History

2004–05 season
Dynamo Saint Petersburg was created during the 2004 summer when Vladimir Rodionov, owner of Avtodor Saratov, transferred Saratov's place in the first-tier Russian Super League to the club, along with some of its best players such as Vladimir Veremeenko.
The club - which had the aim of entering the Super League top four and qualifying for European competitions such as the ULEB Cup and EuroLeague - recruited coach David Blatt and players like Kelly McCarty, Ed Cota, Ognjen Aškrabić, Jón Stefansson and David Bluthenthal (who left after two months).
It finished the European third-tier 2004–05 FIBA Europe League unbeaten to win the competition after downing BC Kyiv in the final with 24 points from Final Four MVP McCarty.
Domestically the club, at one point second in the league, finished fifth in the regular season before losing in the playoff quarterfinals to BC Khimki, a team they had beaten in the Europe League semifinal.

2005–06 season
The 2005–06 season saw a roster overhaul as Blatt left for Italians Benetton Treviso, Fotis Katsikaris was brought in to replace him and Cota and Stefánsson were substituted by Jerry McCullough, Damir Miljković and veteran Darryl Middleton.

Defending their title in the FIBA EuroCup (the renamed FIBA Europe League), Dynamo was on the brink of elimination at the second group stage after three defeats in four games.
But the Russians rallied to first beat CEZ ČNymburk and then Fenerbahçe by the 3 points needed to squeeze through to the quarterfinals on overall points difference. In the quarterfinals, they easily swept Maroussi thanks to McCarthy's good form to reach the Final Four again.
They could not repeat the previous year's achievement however as they lost their semifinal rematch to Khimki before falling to BC Kiev in the third place game.

In the Russian Super League, Dynamo beat holders CSKA Moscow 62–61 in January, and rivals Khimki 81–69 in March, on their way to the second place in the regular season but were again foiled by Khimki in the playoffs, at the semifinals stage.

Dissolution in 2006
The club started preparations for the 2006–07 season, nominating Yuri Selikhov as coach to replace the departing Fotios Katsikaris, and registering for the ULEB Cup, but it unexpectedly withdrew from all competitions and folded on 6 October 2006.
Despite announcing a budget of $6 million for 2005–06, Dynamo and its president reportedly made the decision after the city authorities stopped funding the club to the tune of more than $5 million (wanting a merger with Spartak Saint Petersburg). With their other major sponsor (one of the largest banks in Russia) poised to follow, the club used the bankruptcy to get out of its onerous player contracts.

Season by season

Honours
FIBA Europe League
Champions (1): 2004–05

Notable players

2006
  Eddie Gill preseason: '06
  Goran Jeretin preseason: '06
  Maciej Lampe preseason: '06

2005
  Darryl Middleton 1 season: '05–'06
  Jerry McCullough 1 season: '05–'06
  Grigorij Khizhnyak 1 season: '05–'06
  Victor Keyru 1 season: '05–'06

2004
  Kelly McCarty 2 seasons: '04–'06
  Vladimir Veremeenko 2 seasons: '04–'06
  Ognjen Aškrabić 2 seasons: '04–'06
  Jón Arnór Stefánsson 1 season: '04–'05
  Ed Cota 1 season: '04–'05
  David Bluthenthal 1/2 season: '04

Head coaches
 David Blatt 1 season: '04–'05
 Fotios Katsikaris 1 season: '05–'06
 Yuri Selikhov preseason: '06

Notes

References

External links
Eurobasket.com profile

2004 establishments in Russia
Basketball teams established in 2004
2006 disestablishments in Russia
Defunct basketball teams in Russia
Defunct basketball teams
Sports clubs and teams in Saint Petersburg
Basketball teams disestablished in 2006


Charles Henry Granger (June 13, 1812 – September 8, 1893) was an American itinerant painter who at various times was also a poet, composer, musician, music teacher, sculptor and draftsman.

Life
Granger studied for two-and-a-half years at West Point before returning to Saco where he started teaching himself piano, drawing, and painting. In 1839, he married Mary Eaton (1811–1888) of Kennebunkport, a town near Saco. Only a few months later, Granger left his bride to embark on a three-year trip to seek further instruction in painting and to establish contact with artists and clients. After brief stopovers in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Newburyport and Boston, Massachusetts, and New York City, Granger paid more extended visits to Philadelphia, Baltimore, Hagerstown, Maryland, and Washington. His travels are well documented in his diaries and letters.

He received some portrait commissions and other work, but also had to earn income through other means, including leading a church choir, teaching art, tuning pianos, and leading a band. An inventory in the Martha Kettelle's biography: Aloft on Butterflies' Wings: The Story of the Artist Charles Henry Granger and His Family" includes only about forty-one located works, whereas an account in one of Granger's sketchbooks states that between 1832 and 1845, he executed between 187 and 250 oil paintings as well as two sculptures, various poems, musical compositions, and so forth. Eventually, in 1842, the Grangers returned to Saco, although he continued to travel in search of work for several years before settling there permanently in 1847.

In 1866, Granger helped found the York Institute with men from widely different backgrounds, who shared an interest in the pursuit of knowledge. Their pledge was that none of them should die in possession of an uncommunicated historical fact. The stated purpose of the organization was "to promote the study of Natural History; encourage Science and Art; also to collect and preserve whatever relates to the Natural and Civic history of York County." By the 1880s, the Institute could boast of members from across the United States, and corresponding members from all over the world, including Emperor Pedro II of Brazil.

Around 1870, Granger was commissioned by the York Institute to paint a portrait of John James Audubon, which he copied after a painting by Henry Inman. He delivered papers at the Institute on such diverse subjects as ventriloquism and the destruction of forests. Granger continued to paint until late in his life, executing "flower pieces" and portraits which were often copied from daguerreotypes. He died in Saco on September 8, 1893, after a number of illnesses. Granger seldom signed and dated his works. Only a small fraction of Granger's work is known. Granger's works include portraits of George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, John James Audubon, and a copy of the George Stuart portrait of General Henry Knox. The Smithsonian American Art Museum comprehensive listings the Inventory of American Paintings Executed before 1914 include only three paintings by Granger:

References

External links

19th-century American painters
19th-century American male artists
1812 births
1893 deaths
American male painters
Folk artists
Naïve painters


Montfort (; ) is a commune in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department

References

Communes of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Hansraj Gupta (9 October 1902 – 23 November 1988) was an Indian mathematician specialising in number theory, in particular the study of the partition function.

Biography
Gupta was born 9 October 1902 in Rawalpindi, then part of British India. His father was Gulraj Gupta, an executive engineer with the Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway. He studied at the Panjab University in Lahore, where he graduated with a M.A. in 1925. In 1928 he became a lecturer at the Government College in Hoshiarpur. He received his Ph.D. from the Panjab University in 1936. By then he had already published several papers on partitions.

Gupta was elected a fellow of the Indian National Science Academy (INSA) in 1950. He became head of the Panjab University's new department of mathematics in 1954. He served as president of the Indian Mathematical Society (IMS) for the term 1963–4. He retired as director of the Centre of Advanced Study in Mathematics in 1966, by which time he was already travelling North America as a visiting professor: at the University of Colorado at Boulder (1962), the University of Arizona (1966), and the University of Alberta (1969). He represented the INSA at the 1974 International Congress of Mathematicians in Vancouver. He continued actively researching and publishing mathematics for many years after retirement.

Gupta died 23 November 1988. Since 1990 the annual IMS conference has included a lecture in his honour, the Hansraj Gupta Memorial Award Lecture.

Selected publications

References

External links
  IMS biography

1902 births
1988 deaths
Indian number theorists
Presidents of the Indian Mathematical Society
20th-century Indian mathematicians
People from Rawalpindi
Scientists from Punjab, India


Tangen Station () is a railway station located in Tangen in Stange, Norway on Dovre Line. The station was opened in 1880 with the construction of the railway between Eidsvoll and Hamar. Tangen is only served by regional trains by Vy

External links
</

Railway stations on the Dovre Line
Railway stations in Hedmark
Railway stations opened in 1880
1880 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1880s


Jearl is a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Jearl Margaritha (born 2000), Dutch footballer
Jearl Miles Clark (born 1966), American athlete
Jearl Walker (born 1945), American physicist


Xiang was a place in Guangxi province where there was an idol to Gan.  Feeling that Gan was an embodiment of immorality and other evils, Hong Xiuquan, Lu Liu and Feng Yunshan destroyed the idol and desecrated the temple to Gan in the 1840s.

Xiang later became one of the early bases of the Taiping.

Sources
Spence, Jonathan. God's Chinese Son (New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1996) p. 100, 110

References

See also
 Xiang Army
 Xiang Rong

Geography of Guangxi


Patricio (Pato) Rodríguez (20 December 1938 — 23 June 2020) was a professional tennis player from Chile. He was active from 1956 until 1979 and won 25 career singles titles. In addition he won 2 doubles titles.

Career
Rodríguez was born in Santiago, Chile. In 1956 he played his first tournament at the South American Championships. In 1959 he won his first title at the Bad Neuenahr Open at Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler, Germany.

He also played in tennis Grand Slams and competed for his country in the Davis Cup in the 1960s and the 1970s. In 1970 he won the last of his 23 career singles titles at Pörtschach Championships.  In 1970 he won his final singles title at the Pörtschach Championships.  In 1979 he played his last singles event at the Vina Del Mar tournament at Valparaíso, Chile.

He also won two ATP doubles titles.

Career finals

Singles titles (25)
(incomplete roll)

Doubles titles (2)

References

External links

Chilean male tennis players
Tennis players from Santiago
1938 births
2020 deaths
Tennis players at the 1967 Pan American Games
Pan American Games competitors for Chile


GBA Championship Basketball: Two-on-Two is a 1986 computer basketball game for the PC, Amiga, Apple II, Apple IIGS, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64. It was developed by Dynamix and published by Activision.

Gameplay

From a camera located flying over the center of the court the game featured a two on two basketball game, allowing one or two players.

Reception
GBA was Activision's second best-selling Commodore game as of late 1987. Computer Gaming World praised the Commodore 64 version of GBA for improving on One on One: Dr. J vs. Larry Bird by adding a full court, teammate, and league play. The Apple IIGS version of the game was reviewed in 1988 in Dragon #129 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 4 out of 5 stars. Compute! called the Apple IIGS version "a delightful game whether you're playing or just watching", praising the graphics and sound.

Reviews
Happy Computer - 1986
Génération 4 - 1987
ASM (Aktueller Software Markt) - Jun, 1986
Your Sinclair - Oct, 1987
Computer Gamer - Dec, 1986
Zzap! - Oct, 1986
Commodore Format - Jun, 1993
Crash! - Sep, 1987

References

External links
GBA Championship Basketball:Two-on-Two at thelegacy.de

1986 video games
Amiga games
Apple II games
Apple IIGS games
Amstrad CPC games
Atari ST games
Basketball video games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
ZX Spectrum games
Video games scored by Russell Lieblich
Dynamix games
Activision games
Video games developed in the United States


Junipero Serra Boulevard is a major boulevard in and south of San Francisco named after Franciscan friar Junipero Serra. Within the city, it forms part of the route of State Route 1, the shortest connection between Interstate 280 and the Golden Gate Bridge. The remainder, in San Mateo County, was bypassed or replaced by I-280, the Junipero Serra Freeway. The boulevard was one of several new roads built along the San Francisco Peninsula before the age of freeways, and became a state highway known as Route 237 in 1956, receiving the State Route 117 designation in the 1964 renumbering, only to be deleted from the state highway system the next year. Two other regional highways—Bayshore Highway and Skyline Boulevard—were also upgraded into or bypassed by freeways.

Route description

Junipero Serra Boulevard begins at exit 44 (Avalon Drive) of I-280, and travels north along the east side of I-280 as a four-lane divided highway with minimal intersections, just east of the ridge line of the San Francisco Peninsula that Skyline Boulevard (SR 35) travels along. The median ends when it crosses Hickey Boulevard; the portion of Hickey Boulevard east from Junipero Serra Boulevard to El Camino Real (SR 82) was built as part of that portion of Junipero Serra Boulevard to the north. The boulevard continues northwards with occasional intersections, some with access to I-280, before crossing to the west side of I-280 just north of Washington Street in Daly City and back to the east side north of School Street. At John Daly Boulevard, Junipero Serra Boulevard crosses I-280 for the final time and becomes part of SR 1; the northbound lanes simply cross over I-280, merging with the ramp that carries SR 1 from I-280 onto the boulevard, but southbound traffic must pass under Daly Boulevard, exit and loop over the bridge it just passed under, and then turn right onto Junipero Serra Boulevard.

Just beyond Daly Boulevard, Junipero Serra Boulevard enters San Francisco as a six-lane highway, expanding to eight lanes after the interchanges with Alemany Boulevard and Brotherhood Way. SR 1 soon turns off to the northwest onto 19th Avenue, with three lanes making the turn in each direction and six (three in each direction) remaining on the boulevard. The final section of Junipero Serra Boulevard has frontage roads for local access, and is planted with trees between the main and frontage roadways. At Ocean Avenue, the K Ingleside line of the San Francisco Municipal Railway enters the median, remaining there until the boulevard ends several blocks later at St. Francis Circle. At this five-way intersection, Sloat Boulevard heads west, St. Francis Boulevard east, Portola Drive northeast, and West Portal Avenue north-northeast, taking the rail line to the Twin Peaks Tunnel.

History
Between 1899 and 1915, the city of San Francisco built an "automobile boulevard" from the end of the existing Corbett Avenue (now Portola Drive) at Ocean Avenue south past the Ingleside Race Track to the county line, where it continued to School Street in Daly City (then part of Colma). At the north end, it connected with Parkside Boulevard (now Sloat Boulevard) and Dewey Boulevard. The city Board of Supervisors named the new boulevard after Junípero Serra in 1908.

San Francisco and San Mateo County formed Joint Highway District No. 10 on September 4, 1928 to fund and construct an extension of the boulevard south to Burlingame. An improvement of the existing road north of School Street was completed in 1930; an extension continued the roadway to Edgemar Road (now Eastmoor Avenue) in the early 1930s, and in 1933 it reached El Camino Real (US 101, now SR 82) in South San Francisco. To the south, Santa Clara County opened a section of the planned road past Stanford University on July 11, 1932. (This was never connected to the remainder, though a route that would incorporate Alameda de las Pulgas was proposed.) Construction continued at the San Mateo County end into San Bruno, opening to Sneath Lane in 1940 and Crystal Springs Road in the early 1950s; a planned continuation to Millbrae Avenue was never built. Three grade separations were built along the road: two (built ca. 1950 and still present) at Brotherhood Way and Alemany Boulevard in San Francisco and a third (built by 1947) at Washington Street in Daly City. The total cost of the road between the city line and Crystal Springs Road was over $3 million, with over half the money normally coming from San Francisco.

A 1956 law transferred the extension, from the south junction with Alemany Boulevard (now John Daly Boulevard) south to Crystal Springs Road, to the state as State Highway Route 237, and dissolved the joint highway district. (From Daly Boulevard north into San Francisco, Junipero Serra Boulevard was already a state highway, part of Route 56 (SR 1).) The stub connection to El Camino Real was turned over to the city of South San Francisco to maintain as Hickey Boulevard, which was later extended west to serve development.

By 1955, a Junipero Serra Freeway was planned, beginning at the Park Presidio Freeway near the south end of 7th Avenue, tunneling under Golden Gate Heights, and heading south into San Mateo County via Junipero Serra Boulevard. This was also included in the preliminary Interstate Highway System plans as part of a loop around the San Francisco Bay, and was added to the state highway system (as Route 239) in 1957 for this reason. The eventual path of this freeway (which was never built in San Francisco), part of I-280, generally paralleled Junipero Serra Boulevard to Crystal Springs Road, and in fact replaced the boulevard south of Avalon Drive. However, south of Crystal Springs Road, a more westerly route along Skyline Boulevard (SR 35) was chosen. The state highway along Junipero Serra Boulevard, which had become Route 117 in the 1964 renumbering, was turned back to San Mateo County in 1965. The state constructed the replacement freeway (I-280) in the mid-to-late 1960s and early 1970s, and generally preserved the old boulevard as a frontage road north of Avalon Drive, though the grade separation at Washington Street was destroyed. A short stub near Crystal Springs Road is now ramps connecting I-280 with Cunningham Way.

Major intersections
This list includes the portion south of Avalon Drive that has been replaced by I-280.

See also

References

External links

1958 plans for the conversion of Junipero Serra Boulevard to freeway in San Francisco

Streets in San Francisco
Streets in San Mateo County, California
California State Route 1
Boulevards in the United States