The Medical Priority Dispatch System (MPDS), sometimes referred to as the Advanced Medical Priority Dispatch System (AMPDS) is a unified system used to dispatch appropriate aid to medical emergencies including systematized caller interrogation and pre-arrival instructions. Priority Dispatch Corporation is licensed to design and publish MPDS and its various products, with research supported by the International Academy of Emergency Medical Dispatch (IAEMD). Priority Dispatch Corporation, in conjunction with the International Academies of Emergency Dispatch, have also produced similar systems for Police (Police Priority Dispatch System, PPDS) and Fire (Fire Priority Dispatch System, FPDS)

MPDS was developed by Jeff Clawson from 1976 to 1979 when he worked as an emergency medical technician and dispatcher prior to medical school. He designed a set of standardized protocols to triage patients via the telephone and thus improve the emergency response system. Protocols were first alphabetized by chief complaint that included key questions to ask the caller, pre-arrival instructions, and dispatch priorities. After many revisions, these simple cards have evolved into MPDS.

MPDS today still starts with the dispatcher asking the caller key questions. These questions allow the dispatchers to categorize the call by chief complaint and set a determinant level ranging from A (minor) to E (immediately life-threatening) relating to the severity of the patient's condition. The system also uses the determinant O which may be a referral to another service or other situation that may not actually require an ambulance response. Another sub-category code is used to further categorize the patient.
The system is often used in the form of a software system called ProQA, which is also produced by Priority Dispatch Corp.

Call Prioritization
Each dispatch determinant is made up of three pieces of information, which builds the determinant in a number-letter-number format. The first component, a number from 1 to 36, indicates a complaint or specific protocol from the MPDS: the selection of this card is based on the initial questions asked by the emergency dispatcher. The second component, a letter A through E (including the Greek character Ω), is the response determinant indicating the potential severity of injury or illness based on information provided by the caller and the recommended type of response. The third component, a number, is the sub-determinant and provides more specific information about the patient's specific condition. For instance, a suspected cardiac or respiratory arrest where the patient is not breathing is given the MPDS code 9-E-1, whereas a superficial animal bite has the code 3-A-3. The MPDS codes allow emergency medical service providers to determine the appropriate response mode (e.g. "routine" or "lights and sirens") and resources to be assigned to the event. Some protocols also utilise a single-letter suffix which may be added to the end of the code to provide additional information, e.g. the code 6-D-1 is a patient with breathing difficulties who is not alert, 6-D-1A is a patient with breathing difficulties who is not alert and also has asthma, and 6-D-1E is a patient with breathing difficulties who is not alert and has emphysema/COAD/COPD.

Protocols

Abdominal Pain/Problems
Allergies (Reactions) / Envenomations (Stings, Bites)
Animal Bites / Attacks
Assault / Sexual Assault / Stun Gun
Back Pain (Non-Traumatic / Non-Recent)
Breathing Problems
Burns (Scalds) / Explosions
Carbon Monoxide / Inhalation / HAZMAT / CBRN
Cardiac or Respiratory Arrest / Death
Chest Pain
Choking
Convulsions / Seizures
Diabetic Problems
Drowning / Diving / SCUBA Accident
Electrocution / Lightning
Eye Problems / Injuries
Falls
Headache
Heart Problems / A.I.C.D.
Heat / Cold Exposure
Hemorrhage / Lacerations
Inaccessible Incident / Entrapments
Overdose / Poisoning (Ingestion)
Pregnancy / Childbirth / Miscarriage
Psychiatric / Suicide Attempt
Sick Person
Stab / Gunshot / Penetrating Trauma
Stroke (CVA) / Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Traffic / Transportation Incidents
Traumatic Injuries
Unconscious / Fainting(Near)
Unknown Problem (Collapse 3rd Party)
Inter-Facility Transfer / Palliative Care
Automatic Crash Notification (A.C.N.)
HCP (Health-Care Practitioner) Referral (United Kingdom only)
Pandemic / Epidemic / Outbreak (Surveillance or Triage)
Inter-Facility Transfer specific to medically trained callers

Protocol 36
This Protocol was created to handle the influx of emergency calls during the H1N1 pandemic: it directed that Standard EMS Resources be delayed until patients could be assessed by a Flu Response Unit (FRU), a single provider that could attend a patient and determine what additional resources were required for patient care to reduce the risk of pandemic exposure to EMS Personnel. In March 2020 the protocol was revised to assist with mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic.

Response Determinant

Instructions to the caller

As well as triaging emergency calls, MPDS also provides instructions for the dispatcher to give to the caller whilst assistance is en route. These post-dispatch and pre-arrival instructions are intended both to keep the caller and the patient safe, but also, where necessary, to turn the caller into the "first first responder" by giving them potentially life-saving instructions. They include:
 cardiopulmonary resuscitation for adults, children, babies, and newborns
 the use of a defibrillator
 the use of the Heimlich manoeuvre to clear the airway of a choking patient
 delivery of a baby
 extinguishing the flames for a person on fire
 escaping from a sinking vehicle
 bleeding control
 flushing of chemical contamination
 cooling of burns
 administration of epinephrine/adrenaline autoinjectors
 administration of Narcan/naloxone

Responses in the United Kingdom

Whilst MPDS uses the determinants to provide a recommendation as to the type of response that may be appropriate, some countries use a different response approach. For example, in the United Kingdom, most, but not all front-line emergency ambulances have advanced life support trained crews, meaning that the ALS/BLS distinction becomes impossible to implement. Instead, each individual response code is assigned to one of several categories, as determined by the Government, with associated response targets for each.

Response Determinant NHS England Clinical Response Model

* This may include an emergency ambulance, a rapid response car, ambulance officers, or specialist crews e.g. HART. Other basic life support responses may also be sent, e.g. Community First Responder.

** If an emergency ambulance is unlikely to reach the patient within the average response time, a rapid response car and/or Community First Responder may also be dispatched.

The exact nature of the response sent may vary slightly between Ambulance Trusts. Following a Category 2, 3, or 5 telephone triage, the patient may receive an ambulance response (which could be Category 1-4 depending on the outcome of the triage), may be referred to another service or provider, or treatment may be completed over the phone.

In an independent report into the emergency response to the Manchester Arena bombing, an Advanced Paramedic for the North West Ambulance Service stated it was "very much understood" that MPDS "vastly underemphasises the priority of traumatic calls."

Response Determinant NHS Wales Pilot Clinical Response Model

See also
Emergency service response codes
Ten-code

References

Emergency communication
Emergency medicine
Rating systems


Port Hills was a parliamentary electorate of New Zealand that existed for the 2008 through 2017 general elections. Ruth Dyson of the Labour Party had previously held the Banks Peninsula electorate since the  that was largely replaced by Port Hills, and held Port Hills for its entire existence before retiring ahead of the . The Port Hills electorate was mostly urban, and lost the more rural Banks Peninsula areas of the old electorate to the Selwyn electorate that was also formed for the 2008 election.

Ahead of the , the boundaries were again adjusted and Port Hills abolished. Most of its area is now covered by the Banks Peninsula electorate.

Population centres
Port Hills was created after a review of electoral boundaries conducted in the wake of the 2006 census of population and dwellings. The bulk of Port Hills came from the old Banks Peninsula electorate, including the suburbs of Opawa and Woolston, the suburban areas around the Cashmere Hills, and the towns on the north coast of Lyttelton Harbour. The south Christchurch suburbs of Bromley and Sydenham have been added from Christchurch East and Wigram, respectively. Most of the electorate was urban.

The following suburbs, in alphabetical order, were at least partially located in the electorate: Balmoral Hill, Beckenham, Bromley, Cashmere, Cass Bay, Clifton, Corsair Bay, Ferrymead, Governors Bay, Heathcote Valley, Hillsborough, Huntsbury, Linwood, Lyttelton, Moncks Bay, Moncks Spur, Mount Pleasant, Murray Aynsley Hill, Opawa, Rapaki, Redcliffs, Richmond Hill, Scarborough, St Andrews Hill, St Martins, Sumner, Sydenham, Taylors Mistake, Waltham, and Woolston.

Port Hills was one of the electorates worst affected by the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes and suffered minor population loss as a result. The 2013 redistribution resulted in the electorate losing the areas around Bromley and Sydenham but regaining Halswell back from Selwyn.

Port Hills was abolished for the 2020 general election, being replaced largely by a recreated . This was to absorb population growth in neighbouring .

History
Because the new suburbs were strong Labour-voting areas, Banks Peninsula MP Ruth Dyson retained the electorate despite a nationwide swing to the National Party in 2008. This was also one of the electorates which elected a Labour MP but where the National Party won the party vote. National's candidate in 2008 was Terry Heffernan (1952–2010), who at that time was already weakened by cancer.

In the , Dyson contested the electorate against David Carter. Dyson and Carter had contested before; in , Dyson was successful in the  electorate, but in  in Banks Peninsula, Carter had the upper hand. In , , and , Dyson was always in first place, and she was again successful in 2011.

In the , the National Party put up Nuk Korako against Dyson; Carter had in the meantime been elected Speaker of the House of Representatives and as such, was not contesting an electorate any longer. Based on preliminary counts, Dyson has a majority of 1,865 votes over Korako.

In the boundary review of 2019/2020, the Representation Commission decided to make large changes to the boundaries of Port Hills, taking area in Halswell and parts of Bromley out and adding Banks Peninsula in, to manage large changes in population in the Christchurch and  areas. The electorate was also re-recreated as Banks Peninsula.

Members of Parliament
Key

List MPs

Election results

2017 election

2014 election

2011 election

Electorate (as at 26 November 2011): 43,511

2008 election

Table footnotes

References

External links
 Port Hills Pulse website Labour party electorate website.
 Electorate Map from Elections NZ

Politics of Canterbury, New Zealand
Historical electorates of New Zealand
2008 establishments in New Zealand
Politics of Christchurch


Hugh McCollum (March 9, 1900March 16, 1968) was an American film producer best known for his credits on Three Stooges short subject comedies.

Career
McCollum was born in the Philadelphia suburb of Ridley Park, Pennsylvania. He attended the Episcopal Academy in Philadelphia and later matriculated at the University of Pennsylvania for one year. In 1929, McCollum was hired as a secretary to the Columbia Pictures head Harry Cohn. He gradually worked his way up the corporate ladder, and when the studio's short-subject department became successful enough to support two units, department head Jules White led the first unit, and Hugh McCollum was placed in charge of the second.

McCollum and Ed Bernds
In 1945, McCollum gave Columbia sound engineer Edward Bernds an opportunity to write scripts for the shorts department, and then to direct. His first assignment in the director's chair was the Three Stooges film A Bird in the Head (1946). Bernds was excited at his big chance, but was shocked when he saw that popular Stooge Curly Howard was ill, having suffered several minor strokes prior to filming (something Jules White failed to mention to Bernds). Years later, Bernds discussed his trying experience during the filming of A Bird in the Head:

Bernds feared that his directing days would be over as soon as they began if A Bird in the Head (featuring a sluggish Curly) was released as his first effort. Hugh McCollum acted quickly, and reshuffled the release order of the films Bernds had directed (Bernds had also completed Micro-Phonies and The Three Troubledoers (1946) in addition to A Bird in the Head). As a result, the superior Micro-Phonies (in which Curly was on his mark) was released first, securing Bernds's directing position. Bernds would forever be indebted to McCollum for this act of kindness; henceforth, McCollum produced all of Bernds's Stooge films.

McCollum continued to function as a short-subject producer, in close collaboration with writer-director Edward Bernds and writer Elwood Ullman. Columbia's comedy stars alternated between the McCollum and Jules White units. Unlike White, who personally directed most of his productions, McCollum preferred to concentrate on the business aspects of production, and directed only a few films. McCollum's attention to the studio's business activities paid off when he arranged to use sets and costumes commissioned for important Columbia feature films. This efficient, money-saving arrangement gave McCollum's productions a much glossier look than usual.

When Bernds was unavailable, McCollum directed Hula-La-La (1951), a South Seas satire with the Stooges.

Dismissal from Columbia Pictures
Both McCollum and Bernds often clashed with White, and when Columbia downsized the shorts department in 1952, White convinced the studio executives that two units were no longer necessary, resulting in McCollum's dismissal. Out of loyalty to McCollum, Bernds resigned as well, leaving White to run the entire short subject department alone. This left White as the sole director of the Stooges films from late 1952 to 1957 when the Stooges' contract with the studio expired.

Later years
After Columbia, McCollum became the production manager for Gene Autry's Flying A Productions, then served as production manager for Jack Wrather Productions, a position he continued until his retirement.

Hugh McCollum died on March 16, 1968, in the Corona del Mar section of Newport Beach, California.

References

External links

1900 births
1968 deaths
American film producers
20th-century American businesspeople


A wired logic connection is a logic gate that implements boolean algebra (logic) using only passive components such as diodes and resistors. A wired logic connection can create an AND or an OR gate. Limitations include the inability to create a NOT gate, the lack of amplification to provide level restoration, and its constant ohmic heating for most logic (particularly more than CMOS) which indirectly limits density of components and speed.

Wired logic works by exploiting the high impedance of open collector outputs (and its variants: open emitter, open drain, or open source) by just adding a pull-up or pull-down resistor to a voltage source, or can be applied to push-pull outputs by using diode logic (with the disadvantage of incurring a diode drop voltage loss).

Active-high wired AND connection

See also:

The wired AND connection is a form of AND gate. When using open collector or similar outputs (which can be identified by the ⎐ symbol in schematics), wired AND only requires a pull up resistor on the shared output wire. In this example, 5V is considered HIGH (true), and 0V is LOW (false). This gate can be easily extended with more inputs.

When all inputs are HIGH, they all present high impedance, and the pull-up resistor pulls output voltage HIGH, but if any input is LOW, they pull the output LOW:

When driving a load, the HIGH output is reduced by the pull-up's voltage drop, though the LOW output is almost 0V. But if diode logic is used, each input requires a diode, and the LOW output voltage will additionally be raised by the diode's forward voltage. Care should be taken to ensure the output still lies within valid voltage levels.

Active-high wired OR connection

See also:

The wired OR connection electrically performs the Boolean logic operation of an OR gate using open emitter or similar inputs (which can be identified by the ⎏ symbol in schematics) connected to a shared output with a pull-down resistor. This gate can also be easily extended with more inputs.

When all inputs are LOW, they all present high impedance, and the pull-down resistor pulls the output voltage LOW, but if any input is HIGH, they pull the output HIGH:

When driving a load, the LOW output is raised by the pull-down's voltage drop, though the HIGH output is almost the supply voltage (5V). But if diode logic is used, each input requires a diode, and the HIGH output voltage will additionally be lowered by the diode's forward voltage.

Reversing active level

An active-high wired AND can be treated as active-low wired OR (and an active-high wired OR can be treated as active-low wired AND), by using active-low logic (or negative logic) and applying De Morgan's laws.

Compatibility of wired AND OR using diodes

Diode logic uses a diode for each input in addition to a shared pull-up resistor (for wired AND) or a pull-down resistor (for wired OR). However, each stage of diode logic reduces output voltage levels. So without amplification, the output voltage may not be compatible with the primary logic family.

References

 Digital Techniques, Heathkit Educational Systems,1990
 Fundamental Physics, K.L Gomber and K.L Gogia,Pradeep Publications, 2005

External links
 Introduction to Wired-OR Outputs and Open-Collector Circuits

Logic gates


This is the order of battle for the Battle of Guadalajara during the Spanish Civil War.

Nationalists
 División Soria – General José Moscardó
 I Brigade – Colonel Esteban Infantes (4,800 men employed in the Somosierra)
 II Brigade – Colonel Marzo
 1st Agrupación – Lieutenant Colonel Sotelo
 Battalion de América
 Battalion Bailén
 Battalion Toledo
 Battalion La Victoria
 1 Compañía de carros
 1 Artillery Group 75mm
 2 Sections of Antitank Guns and antiaircraft 20mm,
 1 Combat Engineer and Services Company
 2nd Agrupación – Comandante Ibáñez de Aldecoa
 Battalion Gerona
 Tercio de Requetés de Burgos
 11th Bandera de Falange
 1 Artillery section 75mm
 1 Artillery Group 77mm
 1 Combat Engineer and Services Company
 3rd Agrupación – Lieutenant Colonel Villalba
 Battalion Aragón
 Battalion San Quintín
 1 Bandera de F. E. de Burgos-Alava
 1 Artillery battery 75mm
 1 Artillery battery 105mm
 1 Combat Engineer and Services Company
 Agrupación de Caballería – Comandante Pita Da Veiga
 4 escuadrones de sables y una sección de armas automáticas.
 Reserva del Mando
 1 Artillery battery 155mm
 1 Pontoonier Unit
 III Brigade – Colonel Los Arcos (sent to be a reserve, not involved in the battle)

Corpo Truppe Volontarie – General de División Mario Roatta
 4th Division "Littorio" (Lictor) – General de Brigada Annibale Bergonzoli
 1st CCNN Division "Dio lo Vuole" ("God wants it") – General de Brigada Edmondo Rossi
 2nd CCNN Division "Fiamme Nere" ("Black Flames") – General de Brigada Guido Amerigo Coppi
 XXIII de Marzo Group
 Attached artillery – Teniente Coronel Bottari
 X Group 75/27 (3 batteries of 4 guns)
 I Group 100/17 (2 batteries of 4 guns)
 II Group 100/17 (2 batteries of 4 guns)
 II Group 105/28 (2 batteries of 3 guns)
 IV Group 149/12 (2 batteries of 3 guns)
 Platoon of Combat Engineers
 Artillery Park Section
 3rd CCNN Division "Penne Nere" ("Black Feathers") – General de Brigada Luigi Nuvoloni
 Tank and Armoured Cars Group
 Corps Artillery – General de Brigada Ugo Zanotti
 VIII Group 75/27 (3 batteries of 4 guns)
 VII Group 75/27 (3 batteries of 4 guns)
 III Group 100/17 (2 batteries of 4 guns)
 IV Group 100/17 (2 batteries of 4 guns)
 V Group 100/17 (2 batteries of 4 guns)
 VI Group 100/17 (2 batteries of 4 guns)
 II Group 105/28 (2 batteries of 3 guns)
 IV Group 105/28 (2 batteries of 3 guns)
 I Group 149/12 (2 batteries of 3 guns)
 III Grupo de 149/12 (2 batteries of 3 guns)
 75mm Battery C.K.
 AA Battery 20mm
 Engineer Section
 Artillery Park Section
 Engineer Group – General de Brigada Michele Molinari
 1 Mixed Company (vehicle repair)
 1 Radio and Signal Company
 Independent Radio and Signal unit
 Interception unit

Republicans
IV Army Corps – Lt. Col. Enrique Jurado Barrio
 11th Division – Enrique Líster
 12th Division –  (replaced by  after three days)
 14th Division – Cipriano Mera
 42nd Mixed Brigade (Flank guard)
 1st Mobile Brigade – Valentín González
 1st Battalion
 2nd Battalion
 3rd Battalion
 4th Battalion
 33rd Mixed Brigade – Comandante Mulet
 Batallón Teruel
 Batallón 1st de Mayo
 Batallón Madrid
 Batallón 11th Regiment
 Batallón 9th Regiment
 1st Cavalry Brigade – Comandante Aguado
 1st Regiment
 1st Squadron Group – Captain Jose Gonzalez Caparras
 2nd Squadron Group – Captain Isidoro Infantes Rico
 2nd Regiment "Jesus Hernandez" – Comandante Cruz
 Cavalry Squadron of the XII Mixed Brigade
 6 Fortification Battalions

References

Sources
 de Mesa, José Luis, El regreso de las legiones: (la ayuda militar italiana à la España nacional, 1936–1939), García Hispán, Granada:España, 1994

Guadalajara
Battle of Guadalajara, Order


Colletotrichum cereale is a plant disease (fungus) that has been found to cause crown rot anthracnose of turf grass most commonly occurring on golf courses (NC State 2012).  Anthracnose can occur as both a foliar blight and basal rot (Penn State 2010). This disease attacks the crowns of plants, which is different than other anthracnose diseases. Anthracnose of turfgrass can be a foliar disease or in this case a basal rot of the lower portion of the plant. It attacks different species of turfgrass throughout the world most commonly annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass (Crouch, Clarke 2012).

Hosts and symptoms

Symptoms
Colletotrichum cereale affects at least thirteen warm and cool season turfgrass species that are susceptible hosts. The two most common species that are affected are annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass when they are grown in a managed setting such as a golf course. Anthracnose happens when the fungus infects the leaf sheaths (NC State 2012). Symptoms can include tissue color appearing brown or black; leaf blades appear orange or yellow (no lesions), and patchy appearance to turf on lawns and golf courses. Patches of the disease can range from different sizes either small irregular patches or giant large-scale areas (Settle, Martinez-Espinosa, Burpee 2006).

Signs
Signs of Colletotrichum include spore-bearing structures called acervuli in the center of leaf spots or brown/dead leaves being covered in acervuli. The acervuli are fruiting structures that will eventually produce asexual spores called conidia. The most common sign that can be attributed to this disease is tufts of black setae on the plant tissue, most commonly on dead tissue (Settle, Martinez-Espinosa, Burpee 2006). The disease is known to affect the host the most severely when the turf is thin or if there is very little of a certain species, when the turf is cut at low mowing heights, and when fertility is low (Crouch, Clarke 2012). It is able to single out and target turf species that are small in number compared to the dominant species. This can cause the patchy appearance in mixed turf settings. Other severe outbreaks have been known to selectively kill bluegrass when it is invading on a creeping bentgrass putting green (Settle, Martinez-Espinosa, Burpee 2006).

Environment
Colletotrichum can occur all over the world infecting annual bluegrass. It is most commonly found on bentgrass in the eastern and southeastern United States (Michigan State 2016). This disease thrives in high moisture and can be found appearing after periods of heavy rainfall or excessive irrigation. The disease can occur in both cool and warm temperatures, which makes it a problem with it having no preferred temperature range. However, it has been found that the most common temperatures that the disease can exist in are warm, moist areas with temperatures around 78 degrees Fahrenheit or higher (Trugreen 2016). Moisture is the main factor that affects the disease. Other factors that contribute to the disease include root zone compaction, thatch accumulation, low fertility, low mowing height, and insect infestation.

Disease management practices

Cultural control
Cultural practices that can reduce or control the spread of the disease include core aerification, dethatching, topdressing, light weight equipment to prevent compaction such as mowers, higher mowing heights, increased nitrogen, avoiding nighttime irrigation, and monitored irrigation to prevent long periods of leaf wetness (Settle, Martinez-Espinosa, Burpee 2006). These practices should be put in place before symptoms develop because some of them cause wounds that can increase the spread of the disease (Trugreen 2016).

Chemical control
Chemical management practices include the uses of fungicides. There are different types of fungicides including contact, penetrant, and systemic. Each of these is able to provide preventative and curative activity, however preventative is usually more effective at controlling the disease (Penn State 2010). Preventative is before infection and curative is after the infection is observed. Colletotrichum cereale has been found to have developed resistance to some kinds of fungicides in certain areas of the US (Settle, Martinez-Espinosa, Burpee 2006). Selecting the right fungicide and choosing when to apply it is very important in order for it to be effective against the disease.

Biological control
Biological control has a few options although studies are still being done to find an effective approach. Surface hydrophobicity has been found to induce spore germination, so the approach is to select annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass with a non-waxy cuticle to try and interfere with germination of the conidia (Settle, Martinez-Espinosa, Burpee 2006). There are no known resistant cultivars of creeping bentgrass or annual bluegrass (Michigan State 2016).

References

 College of Agricultural Sciences. "Managing Turfgrass Diseases." Penn State Extension. Penn State University, 2010. Web. 6 Dec. 2016. http://extension.psu.edu/publications/agrs-101
 Crouch, Jo Anne, and Bruce B. Clarke. "Biology and Pathology of Turfgrass Anthracnose." USGA Turfgrass and Environmental Research. USGA, 1 May 2012. Web. 6 Dec. 2016. http://usgatero.msu.edu/v11/n05.pdf
 Michigan State University. "Crown Rot Anthracnose — Colletotrichum Cereale." MSU Turf Diseases. Michigan State University, 2016. Web. 06 Dec. 2016. http://www.msuturfdiseases.net/details/_/crown_rot_anthracnose_3/
 North Carolina State University. "Turf Disease Detail For Anthracnose (Colletotrichum Cereale)." Turf Disease Detail For Anthracnose (Colletotrichum Cereale). North Carolina State University, 2012. Web. 06 Dec. 2016. http://turfdiseaseid.ncsu.edu/diseasedetail.aspx?disease=COLGR
 Settle, Derek M., Alfredo D. Martinez-Espinosa, and Lee L. Burpee. "Anthracnose of Turfgrass." American Phytopathological Society. The American Phytopathological Society, 2006. Web. 06 Dec. 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161122040225/https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/lessons/fungi/ascomycetes/Pages/Anthracnoseofturfgrass.aspx
 Trugreen. "Lawn Disease: Anthracnose." Scotts Lawn Service. Trugreen, 2016. Web. 06 Dec. 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161221005720/https://www.scottslawnservice.com/sls/templates/index.jsp?pageUrl=slsanthracnose

cereale
Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
Cereal diseases


Corporate synergy refers to a financial benefit that a corporation expects to realize when it merges with or acquires another corporation.  Corporate synergy occurs when corporations interact congruently with one another, creating additional value.

Synergies are divided into two groups: operational (revenue enhancement and cost reduction) and financial (decrease in cost of capital, tax benefits). Seeking for synergies is a nearly ubiquitous feature and motivation of corporate mergers and acquisitions and is an important negotiating point between the buyer and seller that impacts the final price both parties agree to; see .
The synergy value should not be confused with the control premium; these metrics should be calculated separately.

Positive synergies arise when the combined corporation will bring about better results than the two independent corporations, as in the saying "the whole is better than the sum of the parts".  If the corporations do not do due diligence, negative synergies may arise, in which the corporations would have been better off existing on their own.

Cost
A cost synergy refers to the opportunity of a combined corporate entity to reduce, or eliminate expenses associated with running a business. Cost synergies are realized by eliminating positions that are viewed as duplicate within the merged entity. Examples include the headquarters of one of the predecessor companies, certain executives, the human resources department, or other employees of the predecessor companies. This is related to the economic concept of economies of scale. This leads to companies sometimes trying to reduce costs too much and make that their main goal after merging, which was found in the study from McKinsey. McKinsey is a global consultancy making revenues and therefore suffers due to neglecting day-to-day activities that will bring in revenue. For example when Kraft took over Cadbury, they tried to reduce costs by shutting down a factory that employed 400 staff. This led to greater problems as Cadbury's staff became uncertain about their job security which resulted in Cadbury's staff changing their attitude to work due to the fears that arose.

Advantages

Managerial synergy
An increase in managerial effectiveness, which is required for the success of a corporation, will result in more innovative ideas that will improve the performance of the corporation as a whole. Synergies, therefore, result in more creative ideas and people are more likely to take risks due to the merging of ideas so there are more innovative solutions brought up compared to working alone  Hunt, & Osborn, 1991). Synergy thus results in the strength of one corporation complementing the other.
Thus, corporate synergies are able to overcome problems faced by independent firms and are able to reach positions that could take six years if these firms existed independently. Subsidiaries are offered the most advantages.

Tax advantages
The amount of tax a corporation pays is based on the amount of profit. So, they could merge with a corporation taking a loss in order to reduce their tax burden. However, this has been discouraged.

Increase in size
Corporate synergies due to mergers result in larger firm size which is perceived as more attractive to some investors as well as a larger firm gives a competitive advantage in an industry as higher market share allows firms to be more dominant and able control the market more.

Disadvantages with corporate synergy
Managerial bias conflicts with the aims of synergies. This is because of the executives' view that the advantages that synergies bring along are their job, so their thinking is distorted rather than focusing on the most important aspects. This consists of:

Synergy
Managers consciously or unconsciously underestimate the costs of the synergy and overestimate the benefits so as to give themselves reason for the organization to go ahead with the synergy whether or not its benefits will outweigh the costs. Some executives base their achievement in an organization on this, and therefore make it their most important priority. A 2012 survey by Bain & Company found that overestimating synergies was the second biggest cause of post-deal disappointment.

Parenting bias
Managers compel the business units to cooperate in the synergy. It encourages executive managers to intervene greatly, which could lead to more harm than good.

Skills bias
Managers assume that the know-how that is required for the synergy is within the organization and a lot of the time, this is not the case. This bias comes hand in hand with parenting bias because if you intervene to make synergies occur than you going to assume that your corporation has the skills required thereby overlooking the skills gap. This then makes it difficult for a positive synergy to occur and might then make the joint corporation a waste of resources and cause resulting in a negative synergy.

Upside bias
Executives concentrating on the benefits of the synergy and ignore or overlook their potential drawbacks. “In large part, this upside bias is a natural accompaniment to the synergy bias: if parent managers are inclined to think the best of synergy, they will look for evidence that backs up their position while avoiding evidence to the contrary. “

References

Private equity
Corporate finance
Mergers and acquisitions


Stamped is an iPhone app launched by a team of (mostly) former Google employees in November 2011 that keeps track and shares users' recommendations for restaurants, music, books, etc. on social media. Later, it was acquired by Yahoo in an effort to bolster the company's mobile platform.

References

Mobile software
American companies established in 2011
2012 mergers and acquisitions


Velonades () is a village and a community of the municipal unit of Esperies, in the northern part of the island of Corfu, Greece. In 2011 its population was 392 for the village and 863 for the community, which includes the villages Kounavades, Livadi and Psathylas. Velonades is located northwest of the city of Corfu.

Population

See also
 List of settlements in the Corfu regional unit

References

External links
 Velonades at the GTP Travel Pages

Populated places in Corfu (regional unit)


Hanns Martin Schleyer (1915–1977) was an influential German manager, employer, and industry representative.

Schleyer may also refer to:

 Waltrude Schleyer, (1916-2008), widow of Hanns Martin Schleyer
 Johann Martin Schleyer (1831–1912), Catholic priest who invented the constructed language Volapük
 Paul von Ragué Schleyer (1930–2014), American chemist


Woodbourne is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in the town of Fallsburg in Sullivan County, New York, United States.

Woodbourne is bordered by the town of Neversink, the hamlet of Grahamsville, the hamlet of Loch Sheldrake, the hamlet of Old Falls and the hamlet of Hasbrouck. The major thoroughfares of Woodbourne are New York State Routes 42 and 52. The center of the hamlet is where the two highways briefly overlap and cross the Neversink River.

Woodbourne is in the Catskills Borscht Belt and in its heyday was home to many summer hotels, bungalow colonies and boarding houses, which are mainly uninhabited throughout most of the calendar year. To this day, the population of Woodbourne and nearby areas increases dramatically each summer with an influx of Orthodox Jewish residents from New York City, New Jersey and other surrounding Jewish population centers. With this, the local economy expands in the warmer months as locally owned small businesses thrive until approximately Labor Day Weekend, marking the typical end of summer.

Early history
According to the Sullivan County Historical Society, the northern part of the town of Fallsburg was settled by Europeans in the 1780s, many of whom migrated from Ulster County in search of cheap, fertile land.  In 1830, a man named Gabriel Ludlum (or Ludlam) relocated his law practice from the nearby hamlet of Hasbrouck, and named the area Woodbourne.  Some time after 1831, Mr. Austin Strong, in partnership with Medad T. Morss would establish a tannery, which burnt down in 1866.  Woodbourne benefited from being the closest settlement in Sullivan County to Ellenville, which was located along the Delaware & Hudson Canal.  The decline of the tanning industry, which resulted from the decline in the hemlock forests in Sullivan county, and the arrival of the New York, Ontario and Western Railway in the early 1870s led to a decline in Woodbourne's importance, as the railway became the main driver of commerce in the region.

Landmarks and places of interest

B'nai Israel Synagogue
Center Theatre, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.
Church of the Immaculate Conception
Neversink River, which flows through the town.
Woodbourne Correctional Facility
Woodbourne Reformed Church Complex, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.

References

Hamlets in New York (state)
Fallsburg, New York
Hamlets in Sullivan County, New York


Luke Kendall (born 25 May 1981) is an Australian basketball coach and former player. He played seven years in the National Basketball League (NBL) between 2004 and 2011, winning a championship in 2005.

Early life
Kendall was born in Melbourne, Victoria. He attended Box Hill Senior Secondary College and played for the Kilsyth Cobras in the SEABL in 1999 and 2000.

College career
Kendall played four years of NCAA Division II college basketball for Metro State between 2000 and 2004. The Roadrunners won the NCAA Division II championship in 2002 and Kendall was named first-team All-Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference in 2003.

Professional career
After graduating college in 2004, Kendall returned to the Kilsyth Cobras in the SEABL. He then joined the Sydney Kings of the NBL for the 2004–05 season. He was a contender for NBL Rookie of the Year in 2005 before a knee injury ended his season after just 12 games. The Kings went on to win the 2004–05 NBL championship.

After four seasons with the Kings, the team folded following the 2007–08 NBL season. He subsequently joined the Perth Wildcats for 2008–09 NBL season. He left the Wildcats in December 2008 after 12 games, and in January 2009 he joined the Melbourne Tigers for the remainder of the 2008–09 season. He continued on with the Tigers for the 2009–10 NBL season.

The Kings returned to the NBL in the 2010–11 season. Kendall played one game for the Kings in November 2010 before joining the Gold Coast Blaze in February 2011 for the rest of the season.

Kendall finished his NBL career with 173 games and averages of 10.6 points, 3.5 rebounds and 3.6 assists per game.

Kendall returned to the SEABL in 2011 and played for the Nunawading Spectres. He then played for the Sandringham Sabres in 2012. Between 2013 and 2014, he played in the Waratah League for the Sydney Comets.

National team career
Kendall represented Australia at the 2001 World Championship for Young Men, 2006 FIBA Stanković Continental Champions' Cup, 2006 FIBA World Championship, and 2007 FIBA Oceania Championship. He was also a member of the Australian team that won the gold medal at the 2006 Commonwealth Games.

Coaching career
Between 2015 and 2017, Kendall served as coach of the Sydney Comets in the Waratah League.

Kendall joined the Sydney Kings for the 2016–17 NBL season in a part-time coaching role. He was promoted to a full-time assistant coach for the 2017–18 season.

After three years with the Kings, Kendall joined the South East Melbourne Phoenix in a part-time player development role in 2019 for their inaugural NBL season. He was promoted to a full-time assistant coach for the 2020–21 season. He left the Phoenix in May 2022.

References

External links
NBL profile

1981 births
Living people
2006 FIBA World Championship players
Australian expatriate basketball people in the United States
Australian men's basketball players
Basketball players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Basketball players from Melbourne
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Commonwealth Games medallists in basketball
Gold Coast Blaze players
Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Melbourne Tigers players
Metro State Roadrunners men's basketball players
Perth Wildcats players
Point guards
Shooting guards
South East Melbourne Phoenix coaches
Sportsmen from Victoria (state)
Sydney Kings coaches
Sydney Kings players


WDVT (94.5 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a classic rock music format branded as "Rock 94.5". Licensed to Rutland, Vermont, United States, the station serves the Lebanon-Rutland-White River Junction area. The station is currently owned by Pamal Broadcasting.

History
The station was originally assigned the call letters WHWB-FM on September 24, 1990. On April 15, 1991, the station changed its call sign to WYOY. On January 14, 1994, the call sign changed to WJEN. On February 8, 2008, the country format ("Cat Country") and WJEN call sign were moved to 105.3 FM, with 94.5 FM WDVT becoming the simulcast station. After two weeks of simulcasting its former format, WDVT became a classic hits station known as "The Drive". The new format began at 6:00a.m. on February 22, 2008. The first song "The Drive" played was Bachman-Turner Overdrive's "You Ain't Seen Nothing Yet".

On August 31, 2018, the station flipped to classic rock with the new brand of "Rock 94.5".

WDVT is an affiliate station of the "Floydian Slip" Pink Floyd show.

The WDVT call sign was previously used in the early 1980s on a Philadelphia AM station, now operating as WURD.

References

External links

DVT
Radio stations established in 1990
Classic rock radio stations in the United States
1990 establishments in Vermont
Pamal Broadcasting


Class III may refer to:
Class III antiarrhythmic
Class III β-tubulin
Class III electrical appliance
Class III gaming
Class III NFA firearm
Class III PI 3-kinase
Class III railroad
Luminosity class III (giant) star in the Yerkes or MK-system
 Pesticide Toxicity Class Class III
World Health Organization
United States Environmental Protection Agency
EU

See also
Class 3 (disambiguation)


Luigi Trinchero (June 9, 1862 in Acqui Terme – February 6, 1944 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) was an Italian sculptor, most active in Argentina after 1888, most notably the bas-reliefs and busts on the facade of the Teatro Colón.

Biography
Born in Acqui (a commune of the Province of Alessandria, Piedmont), at six years old traveled with his parents to Savona, where he attended elementary grades and technicians, completed in 1876 with high marks, particularly in the arts.  The next year he served in a decorative arts studio in Turin, while also attending classes  at the Albertina Academy, where he earned gold and silver medals for his skills as ornamentist.

On 1882, he moved to France, where he specialized in ceramics. On his return to Italy, presented some works in the exhibition held in Turin, which drew effusive praise of Umberto I and the Queen, Margherita of Savoy. The appointment as artistic director in a ceramic factory in Faenza enabled him to achieve further success. His artwork and statuary was awarded both in the city and in Milan and Venice.

From 1887 to 1888 remained in Florencia, running a workshop designed to serve the trade. The same year, Luigi Trinchero embarked to Argentina, invited by the sculptor Victor de Pol and the painter Luis de Servi to run a ceramics factory in the city of La Plata founded by these artists, strongly linked to the progress of Argentine art.

Trinchero then moved to Buenos Aires, where, encouraged by the Marquis Carlos Morra, opened a workshop on ornamental sculpture, from where, in Argentina flourishing of the first decades of the twentieth century, was devoted to ornament many public and private buildings. Examples of outbound work for the Museo y Centro Naval and the Sociedad Italiana Unione e Benevolenza, the facade of the Templo de la Piedad, external image of Stella Maris (in the church of the same name in Mar del Plata), Government House (provinces Santa Fe and Jujuy), La Prensa newspaper, banks, schools, etc.

His most outstanding work, however, was born when he is hired by the Intendencia de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, with the company and Amellini Pellizari, to perform all indoor and outdoor sculptures at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires. Moreover, he made the monuments to General Martin Rodriguez (in the namesake city); Doctor Nicanor Basavilbaso (Avellaneda), the artistic mausoleum of the family Madariaga (San Nicolás); tombs for the Roverano and Bettinelli families (Cemetery of Chacarita), Antonio Riva and Dolphin Gallo (in the cemetery of Recoleta), and others; as well as many statues and busts commissioned by major families in Buenos Aires.

Since 1916 serves as a professor at the National College drawing Manuel Belgrano. The location of their workshops between 1890 and 1944, all in Buenos Aires, were Sarandí 1417, Juncal 1306, Cochabamba 2718, Viamonte 1164 and México 672.

In 1921 is appointed director of a sculpture workshop in the service of the commune of Buenos Aires. In 1928, and 29 attended the presentations community of Buenos Aires and Latin American of Seville, which reached silver medals and diplomas for his sculptures, including Un mal rato bajo la lluvia(A bad time in the rain) and Inocencia (Innocence).

The economic crisis in 1930 and the associated political changes ended the rapid development of Buenos Aires and the Argentine Republic. Trinchero, like many other European artists settled in the country, was not immune.  However, his creative spirit was recorded in countless sketches of sources and projects with ornaments. He died in Buenos Aires on February 6, 1944.

Trinchero stood among the visual artists and foreign nationals who left their mark during the flowering of Buenos Aires. Abundant exchange of letters, pictures, photographs and projects devoted to each other, showed the affectionate ties and respect that existed between them. In addition to the artists mentioned above, can be added to his personal circle of friends Benito Quinquela Martin painter and muralist Francisco Paolo Parisi.

Work
Some of his numerous works include:

 Teatro Colón: Four caryatids argue that the balconies on the front side of the building, on Calle Lavalle, the busts of Mozart, Bellini, Bizet, Beethoven. Gounod, Rossini, Verdi and Wagner, the crowning of the boxes "avant-scene, all low and high reliefs that decorate the interior and exterior of the theater, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
 Lying Christ. Frontispicio Church of La Piedad, Capital City, Buenos Aires.
 Bustos Dante and Leonardo da Vinci. Done for the Company and Benevolenza Unione. Sarmiento street 1368.
 A bad time in the rain. Bronze for ornamental fountain. Private collection.
 Monument to Martin Rodriguez. In the eponymous town of the province of Buenos Aires.
 Busts of Alvear and the President Hipólito Irigoyen: Location unknown.
 Sculptures of the facade and main gate of the Centro Naval Building. Between Florida and Córdoba's streets, Buenos Aires.

Bibliography
 Trinchero, M. del C., & Trinchero, G. D.. (2021). Luigi Trinchero: El escultor del Teatro Colón (1.a ed.). Maizal Ediciones. .
 Sergi, Jorge F.. Historia de los Italianos en la Argentina, pág. 481. Editorial Ítalo-argentina S.A., 1940, Bs As, Argentina.
 Petriella, Dionisio; Sosa Miatello, Sara, Diccionario Biográfico Italo-Argentino. Dante Alighieri Association, Bs As, 1976. .
 Caamaño, R, La Historia del Teatro Colón 1908-1968, Cinetea, 1969, page 39.
 References and photographic records of their direct descendants.

References

External links
 The Construction of the Teatro Colon.  Requires subscription to JSTOR.
 Teatro Colón of Buenos Aires Official Site

Argentine sculptors
Argentine male artists
Male sculptors
1862 births
1944 deaths
20th-century sculptors
19th-century sculptors
Italian emigrants to Argentina


Law with Two Phases (), also known as Law with Two Faces is a 1984 Hong Kong film written and directed by the film's lead star Danny Lee in his second directorial outing.

Reception

Impact on Hong Kong Cinema
Law with Two Phases launched Danny Lee's career as an actor. At the time, Lee was not well known to Chinese audiences, having appeared in low-budget productions such Heroic Cops, a film which marked early appearances by then-unknowns Chow Yun-fat and Ng Man Tat.

Hong Kong films centering on Hong Kong police at the time often relied on comedy rather than action. The American film Dirty Harry is said to have inspired filmmakers to bring a more true-to-life representation of life "behind the shield" to the screen (It is probably no small coincidence that Lee later named his production company "Magnum", after Harry Callahan's weapon of choice).

Lee's performance in the film earned him a Hong Kong Film Award, as well as a Golden Horse Award. The film also helped usher in a new version of the police drama with its own visual styles and trademarks, such as everything being painted in shades of grey, and tinged with social resonance and blows of violence. The gritty, almost documentary-like style and cinematography was a bold charge against the almost cartoonish look of many action films of the time, and audiences, critics, and fellow directors responded.

External links
 Law with Two Phases Review

1984 films
1980s Cantonese-language films
1980s crime thriller films
Hong Kong action films
1980s Hong Kong films


Ōtaki (previously Otaki) is a New Zealand Parliamentary electorate, spanning part of the west coast of the lower North Island. The bulk of its population comes from the Horowhenua District, but it also takes in part of the northern Kāpiti Coast, including the towns of Otaki and Waikanae, and part of Paraparaumu. The current MP for Ōtaki is Terisa Ngobi of the Labour Party. She has held this position since the 2020 election.

History
In the 1892 electoral redistribution, population shift to the North Island required the transfer of one seat from the South Island to the north. The resulting ripple effect saw every electorate established in 1890 have its boundaries altered, and eight electorates were established for the first time, including Otaki. Otaki was first contested in the 1893 election, and the first member for Otaki was James Wilson, who held the seat for one term until 1896. It was then won by Henry Augustus Field and then, after Henry's death, by his brother William Hughes Field. William Field, a Liberal-turn-independent-turn-Reform, held it for a total of 32 years, from 1900 to 1935. Field lost the electorate in 1911 to John Robertson of the Social Democratic Party (who had been nominated by the flax-workers union), but won it back in 1914.

The seat was abolished in 1972, and Allan McCready, who was the incumbent, instead stood for and won the Manawatu electorate.

Otaki was recreated ahead of the change to mixed-member proportional (MMP) voting in 1996, by combining two bellwether seats: the northern half of Kapiti with the entire Horowhenua seat. Since its recreation the boundaries have been left largely unaltered, though after the 2007 boundary review a macron was added to the name and it is now spelled Ōtaki. The first MP for Otaki since its recreation was Judy Keall, who won by less than a thousand votes in 1996 before a more decisive victory in 1999. In 2002, her former electorate assistant Darren Hughes won the seat, becoming the youngest member of the House of Representatives. His 2002 majority was slashed to just 382 at the 2005 election by former Horowhenua District councillor Nathan Guy. In a 2008 rematch, Guy tipped out Hughes by 1,354 votes; Hughes returned to Parliament off the Labour Party list.

Nathan Guy won Ōtaki for National at every election since 2008; at the 2017 election Guy won 50.3% of the vote compared with the second-place Rob McCann getting 35.4%. Guy announced he would be resigning at the 2020 election, and National have selected Tim Costley as its replacement candidate.

In the 2020 election, Terisa Ngobi returned the seat to Labour in a tight contest, winning 17,953 of the votes compared to Tim Costley's 16,683 votes based on preliminary results.

Members of Parliament
Unless otherwise stated, all MPs' terms began and ended at general elections.

Key

List MPs
Members of Parliament elected from party lists in elections where that person also unsuccessfully contested the electorate. Unless otherwise stated, all MPs' terms began and ended at general elections.

Election results

2020 election

2017 election

2014 election

2011 election

Electorate (as at 26 November 2011): 47,483

2008 election

2005 election

1999 election
Refer to Candidates in the New Zealand general election 1999 by electorate#Otaki for a list of candidates.

1943 election

1938 election

1935 election

1931 election

1928 election

1900 by-election

Footnotes

References

Sources

External links
Electorate Profile  Parliamentary Library

New Zealand electorates
Politics of the Wellington Region
1893 establishments in New Zealand
1972 disestablishments in New Zealand
1996 establishments in New Zealand


Dennis Ray Nelson (born February 9, 1946) is a former professional American football player who played tackle for seven seasons for the Baltimore Colts and the Philadelphia Eagles.

Nelson was a four-year football letter winner at Illinois State University, a first-team Little All-American pick by the Associated Press on offense in 1968, a two-way all-conference tackle, and was drafted in the third round of the 1969 NFL Draft by the Baltimore Colts. He was a starting tackle in four of his six years with the Colts in the NFL, and was a member of the Colts' Super Bowl V winning team. He came out of retirement for one season to play for the Philadelphia Eagles in 1976, and had his jersey retired by ISU on October 10, 1995.

References

1946 births
Living people
People from Kewanee, Illinois
Players of American football from Illinois
American football offensive tackles
Illinois State Redbirds football players
Baltimore Colts players
Philadelphia Eagles players


Student Village is a term often used by colleges and universities to describe residential areas on campus and may refer to:

Student Village (Victoria University)
John Hancock Student Village at Boston University
Turku Student Village in Finland
Cheney Student Village at Oxford Brookes University
 Manchester Student Village in Manchester, England
Hendrefoilan Student Village in Swansea, Wales
 Schlachtensee Student Village in Berlin
 Studentendorf Adlershof in Berlin


WZRT (97.1 FM) is a Top 40 (CHR) radio station. Licensed to Rutland, Vermont, the station serves the Lebanon-Rutland-White River Junction area of Vermont and New Hampshire. The station is currently owned by Pamal Broadcasting.

History
The station first signed on in 1974 as WRUT.  It was owned by Vermont Radio, Inc. and was a sister station to AM 1380 WSYB.  The call letters referred to its city of license, Rutland, Vermont.

It took the WZRT call sign in 1989.  Z97 branded itself as "The Official Ski Station" and later on as "The Official Ski and Ride Station." Z97 broadcast live from restaurants and nightclubs throughout Killington. In particular, Z97 began a long relationship with two of Killington's largest and famous nightclubs with nightly and apres-ski live broadcasts throughout ski season.

All Communications eventually sold out to H & D Media, which eventually became Excalibur Media. Z97 expanded its winter advertising base to include Okemo, Bromley, Magic Mountain, Sugarbush, West Mountain, and Stratton Mountain. During the late 1990s, Z97 would broadcast the popular "Stratton Mountain Ski and Ride Show" live every Saturday morning from Stratton Mountain from 7:00-10:00.

From 2003 until the middle of 2007, WZRT was in the process of being acquired by Catamount Radio, but never eventually came to fruition. On July 3, 2003, under the ownership of Clear Channel Communications, the station changed its identity to KISS-FM, following the already popular station name from other markets. In May 2006, Albany, New York-based Pamal Broadcasting acquired KISS-FM in a swap of stations with Clear Channel.

In 2007, Pamal returned WZRT to Z97.  In early 2008, the station rebranded as Z97.1, adding the syndicated "Bob and Sheri" morning show from WLNK in Charlotte, North Carolina. In 2011, the show was transferred over to WJJR, co-owned by Catamount Radio.  In its place, Elvis Duran and the Morning Show began broadcasting weekday mornings, syndicated from WHTZ in New York City.

References

External links
 Z97.1's official website

ZRT
Contemporary hit radio stations in the United States
Pamal Broadcasting
1974 establishments in Vermont
Radio stations established in 1974


Jewish settlement in Brazos County, Texas, began in 1865. This history includes the present Jewish communities and individuals of Brazos County and Texas A&M University.

Temple Freda

One of the first Jewish temples in Brazos County is Temple Freda, which was built in 1912 and added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places on September 22, 1983. Temple Freda is one of the three oldest religious buildings in the county. The temple is named for Ethel Freda Kaczer (1860–1912), wife of the president of the Jewish community when the synagogue was built. The temple being named after a woman is unique for a Jewish place of worship.

Congregation Beth Shalom
Congregation Beth Shalom was established officially in 1968 as a member of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (the Reform movement).  Congregants originally met and worshipped at the Texas A&M Hillel Center. Due to differences, Congregation Beth Shalom left Hillel to meet at different locations in Bryan/College Station including a public school, the Unitarian Church and the College Station Community Center, until a permanent location in Bryan, Texas was obtained.  The building was purchased from a Baptist church in 1990, however, the building was originally built by Mormons.  Regular services are conducted by a collection of student rabbis, retired rabbis, part-time rabbis, and by congregants. A weekly religious school is also operated.

Texas A&M Hillel

Texas A&M Hillel is the oldest Jewish campus organization in the United States using the name "Hillel." Founded in 1920, three years before the founding of the first official Hillel Foundation at University of Illinois, Texas A&M Hillel began as the TAMC Menorah Club and was organized in 1916 by Jacob Joseph Taubenhaus. He and his wife Esther founded the "TAMC Hillel Club" in 1920, with assistance from Rabbi David Lefkowitz. In 1958, Texas A&M Hillel opened up a building of its own.

Peter Tarlow, a rabbi, was the executive director of Texas A&M Hillel from 1983 to 2013.

Chabad at Texas A&M University
Chabad at Texas A&M University, also known as the Rohr Chabad Jewish Student and Community Center at Texas A&M University, was founded in June, 2007.  In 2007, the organization began participating in an international inititiative among Jewish students to write a Torah scroll.

See also
Jewish history in Texas

References

Further reading
Goldring/Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life. "Bryan." Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities.
Toubin, Rosa Levin, Bryan-College Station: Temple Freda. Texas Jewish Historical Society.
Page, Bill. Before Temple Freda: Jewish residents of Brazos County, Texas, 1865-1913. 1998.

Bryan–College Station
Brazos County


Altstadt was a quarter of central Königsberg, Prussia. During the Middle Ages it was the most powerful of the three towns that composed the city of Königsberg, the others being Löbenicht and Kneiphof. Its territory is now part of Kaliningrad, Russia.

History

Foundation

Construction of Königsberg Castle began in 1255 during the conquest of Samland by the Teutonic Knights, part of the Prussian Crusade. An initial settlement was founded north of the castle (later known as Steindamm) the following year, but this was destroyed by Sambians during the 1262 Siege of Königsberg. A new fortified settlement developed south of the castle between it and the Pregel River in 1264. Landmeister Konrad von Thierberg granted the settlement Kulm rights on 12 February or 26 February 1286. Although originally named simply Königsberg, the town became known as Altstadt (German for "old town") to differentiate it from the neighboring Neustädte (new towns) of Löbenicht (1300) and Kneiphof (1327). Each town had its own charter, market rights, church, and fortifications.

While some of the original settlers from 1256 remained to participate in the foundation of Altstadt, a greater number of burghers were brought to the region by the locator Gerko von Dobrin. Most of the newcomers were from Lübeck, Lower Saxony, and Westphalia, with others arriving from Pomerania, Mecklenburg, the Elbe basin, Silesia, and western Prussia. The majority of burghers spoke Low German (later Low Prussian), but the languages of administration were those used by the Teutonic Knights, Latin and Central German.

The oldest remaining seal of Altstadt depicted King Ottokar II of Bohemia, who had led the initial conquest of Sambia and was honored for his participation by having Königsberg named after him. Altstadt's coat of arms depicted a red crown in a white field above a white cross in a red field, with the crown honoring the Bohemian crown and the cross representing honoring the Teutonic Knights. Aside from being the colors of Bohemia, red and white also represented urban freedom. It is unknown when the coat of arms were first adopted. Two lions were added to the arms as supporters in the 17th century.

Medieval Altstadt

Altstadt, the center of medieval Königsberg, came to be bordered by Kneiphof to the south, Lomse to the southeast, Löbenicht to the east, Königsberg Castle to the north, Steindamm and Neurossgarten to the northwest, Laak to the west, and Lastadie to the southwest. Suburbs under the jurisdiction of Altstadt (Freiheiten) included Hufen, Laak, Lastadie, Lomse, Neurossgarten, and Steindamm. Altstadt's warehouses were located in Lastadie and Lomse. Outlying villages and estates controlled by Altstadt included Kosse, Puschdorf, Stablauken, Steinbeck, Kraußen, Ottenhagen, Ratshubenhof, and Adlig Neuendorf.

A wall was constructed around Altstadt from 1359 to 1370. Because of the narrowness of the town's streets, after 1700 each newly constructed building had to be shortened by two feet to expand street width. The Holzbrücke bridge, constructed by Altstadt in 1404, connected the town to Lomse. Altstadt was connected to Kneiphof by the Krämerbrücke (built 1286), the Dombrücke (built ca. 1330, destroyed 1379), and the Schmiedebrücke (built 1379). A member of the Hanseatic League by 1339, Altstadt took part in the Confederation of Cologne against King Valdemar IV of Denmark in 1367.

Thirteen Years' War

Altstadt and Kneiphof sent representatives to the Prussian Confederation in 1440, although Löbenicht did not. As members of the Confederation, the Königsberg towns rebelled against the Teutonic Knights on 4 February 1454 at the beginning of the Thirteen Years' War and allied with King Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland. The rebellion in Königsberg was supported by the merchant class and led by Altstadt's Bürgermeister, Andreas Brunau of Pomerania. Based upon the example of Danzig (Gdańsk), Brunau hoped to turn Königsberg into an autonomous city with control over all Samland. On 19 June Brunau paid fealty to the Polish chancellor, Jan Taszka Koniecpolski.

However, Brunau and his mercantile allies lost the support of Altstadt and Löbenicht on 24 March 1455 due to spontaneous opposition from craftsmen and workers, with the rebels retreating to Kneiphof. Upon the approach of the forces of Komtur Heinrich Reuß von Plauen, Brunau fled to Danzig. Plauen received homage from Altstadt on 17 April, after which he reaffirmed the town's rights. Besieged from Altstadt and Haberberg, Kneiphof surrendered to Plauen on 14 July. Decorative faces mocking Kneiphof were subsequently added to Altstadt's town hall.

Modern era

Altstadt became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701. In the same year the three towns resisted the efforts of Burgfreiheit to form a proposed fourth town, Friedrichsstadt. By the Rathäusliche Reglement of 13 June 1724, King Frederick William I of Prussia merged Altstadt, Löbenicht, Kneiphof, and their respective suburbs into the united city of Königsberg. Königsberg Castle and its suburbs remained separate until the Städteordnung of Stein on 19 November 1808 during the era of Prussian reforms.

Altstadt was devastated by the 1944 Bombing of Königsberg and 1945 Battle of Königsberg. Buildings which survived World War II were subsequently demolished by the Soviet Union.

Sights

The Altstadt Town Hall was located at the town's marketplace. The medieval Altstadt Church was located south of the castle, while the 19th century New Altstadt Church was built further to the north.

Notes

References

1260s establishments in Europe
1945 disestablishments in Germany
Former subdivisions of Königsberg
Members of the Hanseatic League
Populated places established in the 1260s


Apagado (Spanish for Extinct, also known as Hualiaque) is a pyroclastic cone with scattered vegetation cover. It has an approximately -wide crater and a base diameter of approximately . The volcano is located in Chile's Los Lagos Region, and lies  west of the Hornopirén Volcano and southwest of Yate Volcano on a peninsula that borders the Reloncaví Estuary, Reloncaví Sound and Gulf of Ancud. Apagado has a nearly intact summit crater.

See also
 List of volcanoes in Chile

References

External links
 SI Google Earth Placemarks - Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program: download placemarks with SI  Holocene volcano-data.

Pyroclastic cones
Mountains of Chile
Volcanoes of Los Lagos Region
VEI-4 volcanoes


Kingsdown is a hamlet in the civil parish of Box, Wiltshire, England. It is about  south-west of Box village and  east of Bathford, across the county border in Somerset.

At the top of Doctor's Hill, Kingsdown House is a three-storey ashlar house from the early 18th century; its formal front with parapet and corner urns was embellished in the 19th century with a Corinthian porch and a roof-height clock. There was a private asylum here from the 17th century to the mid-20th, latterly called Kingsdown Nursing Home. The house and its adjacent 19th-century buildings are now in residential use.

A Methodist chapel was built in 1869 and rebuilt in 1926. By 2003 it was a private house.

There is a pub, the Swan Inn. Kingsdown Golf Course is on higher ground to the east of the hamlet.

References

External links

 The Swan Inn – Box People and Places, 2018

Box, Wiltshire
Hamlets in Wiltshire


The Boucher Manufacturing Company was an American toy company that specialized in toy boats and toy trains. It is best remembered today as the last manufacturer of Standard Gauge/Wide gauge toy trains until the much smaller McCoy Manufacturing revived the old standard in the mid-1960s.

Boucher entered the toy train business in 1922 with its purchase of the Voltamp line of trains. Voltamp had been a direct competitor to Carlisle & Finch, the inventor of the electric toy train. Boucher modified the Voltamp trains from Carlisle & Finch's  gauge to match Lionel Corporation's  Standard gauge. The Voltamp/Boucher offerings were highly accurate and detailed and occupied the premium end of the market.

For the duration of Boucher's life the market was dominated by the so-called "Big Four" of Lionel, Ives, Dorfan, and American Flyer. Like all of them, Boucher struggled through the Great Depression, and while it outlived all but Lionel, by 1940 the 2 1/8-inch Standard gauge had become an orphan standard that was priced beyond the means of most consumers. Without a smaller, more affordable product to sell, and with World War II limiting what it could produce, Boucher went out of business in 1943.

References

External links

Toy train manufacturers
Defunct manufacturing companies of the United States
Toy companies of the United States


This is a list of viceroys in Saint Lucia from the first French settlement in 1650, until the island gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1979.   Saint Lucia was colonized by the British and French in the 17th century and was the subject of several possession changes until 1814, when it was ceded to the British by France for the final time. In 1958, St. Lucia joined the short-lived semi-autonomous West Indies Federation. Saint Lucia was an associated state of the United Kingdom from 1967 to 1979 and then gained full independence on February 22, 1979.

Timeline of Saint Lucia

Governors of the colony of Sainte Lucie, 1651–1802

Governors of the British colony of Saint Lucia 1803–1834
 General Robert Brereton 1803–1807, Commandant
 General Alexander Wood 1807–1814, Commandant
 Major Jacob Jordan 1814 (acting)
 General Francis Delaval 1814–1815, Commandant
 General Edward Stehelin 1815–1816, Commandant
 General Robert Douglas, Commandant 1816
 General Richard Augustus Seymour 1816–1817, Governor
 Colonel Edward O'Hara 1817–1818
 General Sir John Keane 1818–1819, Governor
 Major John Joseph Winkler 1819–1821 (acting Governor)
 General John Montagu Mainwaring 1821–1824, Governor
 Colonel Nathaniel Shepherd Blackwell 1824–1826
 General John Montagu Mainwaring 1826–1827, Governor
 Colonel Lorenzo Moore 1827–1829
 General David Stewart 1829, Governor
 Captain G.A.E. Delboate 1829 (acting Governor)
 Captain Robert Mullen 1829 (acting Governor)
 Major Francis Power 1829–1830 (acting Governor)
 James Alexander Farquharson 1830–1831, Governor
 George Mackie 1831, Governor
 Mark Anthony Bozon 1831–1832
 Colonel John Carter 1832 (acting Governor)
 James Alexander Farquharson 1832–1834 (second time)

Lieutenant-Governors of Saint Lucia, 1834–1857

Administrators of Saint Lucia 1857–1889

Commissioners of Saint Lucia 1889–1958

 Robert Baxter Llewelyn 1889–1891
 Valesius Skipton Gouldsbury 1891–1896
 Charles Anthony King-Harman 1896–1899
 Sir Harry Langhorne Thompson 1900–1902
 Sir George Melville 1902–1905
 Philip Clark Cork 1905–1909
 Sir Edward John Cameron 1909–1914
 William Douglas Young 1914–1915
 Gideon Oliphant-Murray 1915–1918
 Wilfred Bennett Davidson-Houston 1918–1927
 Charles William Doorly 1927–1935
 Edward William Baynes 1935–1938
 Arthur Alban Wright 1938–1944
 Edward Francis Twining 1944–1946
 John Montague Stow 1947–1953
 John Kingsmill Thorp 1953–1958

Administrators of Saint Lucia 1958–1967

After incorporation into the Federation of the West Indies:
 Julian Asquith, 2nd Earl of Oxford and Asquith 1958–1962
 Gerald Jackson Bryan 1962–1967

Governors of Saint Lucia 1967–1979
On 27 February 1967, Saint Lucia became an associated state of the United Kingdom, responsible for its own internal affairs.  Sir Frederick Joseph Clarke was the first native Saint Lucian governor.

 Sir Frederick Joseph Clarke 1967–1973, Governor
 Sir Ira Marcus Simmons 1973–1974, Governor
 Sir Allen Lewis 1974–1979, Governor

On 22 February 1979, Saint Lucia achieved independence from the United Kingdom.  For a list of viceroys in Saint Lucia after independence, see Governor-General of Saint Lucia.

See also

References

History of British Saint Lucia
Saint Lucia
Government of Saint Lucia
 Governros of British Saint Lucia
 Governros of French Saint Lucia


David Elliott Graham (born February 1, 1939) is a former professional American football player who played offensive tackle for six seasons for the Philadelphia Eagles. After his six seasons, he became a high school principal in Markham, Fauquier County, Virginia.

References

1939 births
Living people
American football offensive tackles
Philadelphia Eagles players
Virginia Cavaliers football players
Sportspeople from Bridgeport, Connecticut
Players of American football from Fairfield County, Connecticut


In Greek mythology, Gorgythion (Ancient Greek: Γοργυθίων, gen.: Γοργυθίωνος) was one of the sons of King Priam of Troy at the time of the Trojan War and appears as a minor character in Homer's Iliad.  His mother was Castianeira of Aisyme.

Name and description
In the Iliad, Gorgythion is described as beautiful, and his epithet is the blameless. Jane Ellen Harrison pointed out that "blameless" (ἀμύμων) was an epithet of the heroized dead, who were venerated and appeased at shrines. Zeus even applies the epithet to Aegisthus, the usurper, Harrison observes.
The epithet άμύμων in Homer is applied to individual heroes, to a hero's tomb [Odyssey xxiv.80], to magical, half-mythical peoples like the Phaeacians and Aethiopians [Iliad x.423] who to the popular imagination are half canonized, to the magic island [Odyssey xii.261] of the god Helios, to the imaginary half-magical Good Old King [Odyssey xix.109]. It is used also of the 'convoy' [Iliad vi.171] sent by the gods, which of course is magical in character; it is never, I believe, an epithet of the Olympians themselves.  There is about the word a touch of what is magical and demonic rather than actually divine.

In applying "blameless" to Gorgythion, then, the poet may have been reflecting a tradition of cult among his descendants, that was known to Homer or in the Homeric tradition. John Pairman Brown has suggested that Gorgythion's name "surely echoes the Gergithes; the 'Gergithes remnants of the Teucrians' are projected back into the heroic age as individual antagonists".

According to Herodotus, the Gergithes were "the remnants of the ancient Teucrians" (that is, of the ancient Trojans).

Family
Near the end of the Iliad, Priam himself tells Achilles: "I begat the bravest sons in wide Troy, of whom I say that none are left. Fifty there were to me, when the sons of the Greeks arrived; nineteen indeed from one womb, but the others women bore to me in my palaces. And of the greater number fierce Mars indeed has relaxed the knees under them..." Gorgythion is referred to at his death as "...the brave son
of Priam". Of Gorgythion's mother Castianeira, Homer says (in Samuel Butler's translation) "His mother, fair Castianeira, lovely as a goddess, had been married from Aesyme."

The Bibliotheca says that Priam had nine sons and four daughters by Hecuba (the sons being Hector, Paris, Deiphobus, Helenus, Pammon, Polites, Antiphus, Hipponous, Polydorus,  and the daughters Creusa, Laodice, Polyxena, and the prophetess Cassandra), and he names thirty-eight sons by other women, including Troilus, Hippothous, Kebriones, and Gorgythion.

In the Fabulae of Gaius Julius Hyginus, fable 90 consists wholly of a list of "Sons and daughters of Priam to the number of fifty-five", in which Gorgythion is included.

Mythology
Gorgythion is killed by an arrow of Teucer's at lines 303–305 of Book VIII of the Iliad, although Teucer's target is Gorgythion's brother Hector. Teucer aims two arrows at Hector, but kills first Gorgythion and next Hector's friend Archeptolemus, which serves to increase the impression of Hector's elusiveness and strength.

When Gorgythion dies, Homer says –

Susanne Lindgren Wofford comments on this simile "But the poppy is not wilted or dead, just top-heavy; in any case, a poppy will return every spring to bow its head, but Gorgythion's death is final; it is a unique event that does not participate in any natural cycles of renewal or return... to make death seem beautiful is to transform it into something different."

In Alexander Pope's looser but more poetic translation (1715–1720), the death scene reads –

This translation of the Iliad was called by Samuel Johnson "a performance which no age or nation could hope to equal", while Richard Bentley wrote: "It is a pretty poem, Mr Pope, but you must not call it Homer."

In the 4th century AD, a Roman called Q. Septimius published Dictys Cretensis Ephemeridos belli Trojani, purporting to be a translation by Lucius Septimius of a chronicle of the Trojan War by Dictys of Crete, the companion of Idomeneus during the Trojan War. In Book 3, Patroclus, and not Teucer, is said to have killed Gorgythion:

Other uses of the name
The name Gorgythion was given to a genus of Pyrginae, North American butterflies commonly known as Spread-winged Skippers, in Frederick Du Cane Godman and O. Salvin's Biologia Centrali Americana (1896).
48373 Gorgythion is an asteroid of the Solar System, discovered on 16 October 1977, by C. J. van Houten and I. van Houten-Groeneveld.

See also
List of children of Priam
List of Trojan War characters

Notes

References

 Dictys Cretensis, from The Trojan War. The Chronicles of Dictys of Crete and Dares the Phrygian translated by Richard McIlwaine Frazer, Jr. (1931–). Indiana University Press. 1966. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
 Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
 Herodotus, The Histories with an English translation by A. D. Godley. Cambridge. Harvard University Press. 1920. Online version at the Topos Text Project. Greek text available at Perseus Digital Library.
 Homer, The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PhD in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital xLibrary.
 Homer, Homeri Opera in five volumes. Oxford, Oxford University Press. 1920. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Pseudo-Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.

Trojans
Children of Priam
Princes in Greek mythology


José Segura Rius (born January 23, 1961, in Olesa de Montserrat) is a Spanish professional football coach.

Segura won both the Greek championship and Cup with Olympiacos FC after the sacking of Takis Lemonis in March 2008. He decided to leave the club after the end of the season, despite winning two titles, because the board was planning to agree with a more experienced coach. Also the 4–0 defeat from AEK Athens for the championship was a black page for him in Olympiacos. Before joining Olympiacos FC he was assistant coach to Llorenç Serra Ferrer at AEK Athens FC. In May 2009 Segura agreed to join Liverpool Football Club as a Technical Manager at the club's Academy.

On 12 March 2011, Liverpool FC announced they had parted company with reserve team boss John McMahon with academy technical director Jose 'Pep' Segura taking over for the rest of the season.

On 25 September 2012, Liverpool FC confirmed that Segura had left the club.

Timeline
2001–2002: Teacher at Lleida of Physical education.
2002–2003: Assistant of Llorenç Serra Ferrer in Barcelona youth system.
2003–2004: Assistant in FC Barcelona B, second team of Barcelona.
2004–2006: Teacher again in Lleida university.
2006–2007 Assistant coach of Ferrer at AEK Athens FC.
2007–2008 Assistant coach of Takis Lemonis at Olympiakos FC.
2008–2009 Manager at Olympiacos FC.
2009–2012 Academy Technical Manager at Liverpool.
2015–2017 Head of academy at FC Barcelona B, second team of Barcelona
2017–2019 General Manager of FC Barcelona Footballing

References

1961 births
Living people
Spanish football managers
Liverpool F.C. non-playing staff
Olympiacos F.C. managers
FC Barcelona non-playing staff
AEK Athens F.C. non-playing staff
Olympiacos F.C. non-playing staff
Association football coaches


The Louisville Academy of Music is a non-profit community music school in Louisville, Kentucky in the Crescent Hill neighborhood. Founded in 1954 by Robert French and Donald Murray, the academy has given over a million music lessons. It originally operated from three rented rooms in Highlands area of Louisville and moved to its current location in 1971.

The academy currently offers lessons in piano, strings, voice, woodwinds, brass, guitar, and percussion for students of all ages. The present building on Frankfort Avenue consists of studios, a recital hall, a library and archive that contains thousands of books, records, and files on Kentucky musicians and organizations. The academy has presented more than a thousand programs and has trained over ten thousand students, many of whom have become composers, teachers, chamber music performers and members of major orchestras.

Robert French won the 1999 Governor's Awards in the Arts for his work with the school.

References

External links
Official site

Music of Louisville, Kentucky
Schools in Louisville, Kentucky
Arts centers in Kentucky
1954 establishments in Kentucky


William Frederick Varney (October 1, 1884 – December 13, 1960) was an American politician who served as the Prohibition Party's presidential candidate in 1928 and in other New York campaigns.

Life

On October 1, 1884, William Frederick Varney was born to Frederick William Varney, who served as president of the Eastern conference of the Methodist Protestant church, in Paterson, New Jersey.

He became a prohibitionist in 1906 after meeting a patient who swore to never drink alcohol again if he recovered his health. From 1912 to 1918 he served as field secretary of the New Jersey Prohibition Party and was elected to the national committee in 1924. He ran for the Prohibition Party's presidential nomination in 1928 and narrowly defeated Herbert Hoover, who was nominated by members who did not want their nominee to be a spoiler candidate, with 66 delegates on the second ballot against Hoover's 45 delegates. In the general election he conducted a front porch campaign and only received 20,101 votes (0.09 percent), slightly more than the 14,394 votes Hoover received from the Prohibition ballot line in California, which was the worst performance for a Prohibition presidential nominee since Neal Dow's 10,364 votes in 1880. In 1929 he was elected as president of the Prohibition Party to replace D. Leigh Colvin following his forced resignation. He later ran for mayor of Rockville Centre, during which he was accused of being a member of the Ku Klux Klan but he rejected the accusation as false, and in 1934 he ran with the Law Preservation nomination for governor of New York, but only received 20,449 votes causing the party to lose its automatic ballot access.

In 1919, he created an insurance agency and operated it until his retirement in 1957. On December 13, 1960, Varney died from cerebral thrombosis in a nursing home in East Rockaway.

References

1884 births
1960 deaths
Prohibition Party (United States) presidential nominees
American temperance activists
Candidates in the 1928 United States presidential election
People from Rockville Centre, New York
New Jersey Prohibitionists
New York (state) Prohibitionists
20th-century American politicians


VEB.RF, or VEB (), is a Russian state development corporation. It was founded in 2007 as a development institute. VEB.RF is an investment company and development institute in Russia. It has financed more than 300 projects. The corporation's total assets were $50.3 billion, total liabilities were $45.2 billion, loan portfolio is $31.3 billion.

Activities
It's a non-political organisation. VEB.RF claims to support and develop the Russian economy.

VEB.RF is validly existing under Russian law in the legal form of “non-profit organization”. It is not owned, nor directed by the government or political party.

On 22 February 2022, United States President Joe Biden announced that the US and its European allies will impose sanctions against the bank in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

History

Vneshtorgbank (Foreign Trade Bank) of the USSR (1922–1988)
18 August 1922, Swedish financier Olof Aschberg established the Soviet Union's first international bank, Roskombank (; "Russian Commercial Bank") and its charter was approved by a Decree of the Council of Labor and Defense on 19 October 1922.

7 April 1924, the bank was renamed Vneshtorgbank (; "Vneshtorgbank of the USSR" or "Foreign Trade Bank of the USSR"), a joint stock bank.

Vnesheconombank (Foreign Economic Affairs Bank) of the USSR
In 1988, it was renamed Vnesheconombank of the USSR ("Bank for Foreign Economic Affairs of the USSR").

17 December 1991, Vnesheconombank accounts were frozen because of lack of funds.

For approximately seven years during the 1990s, the Kremlin's obshchak («общак») or black cash was stored in the vaults of Vnesheconombank (VEB) because Viktor Gerashchenko stated that in 1992 VEB became an agency for the return of the state debt of the USSR due to a decree by the Supreme Soviet: "Vnesheconombank does not have a central banking license. It does not need it, since it does not conduct any commercial operations." He also added, "Due to the lack of a license, this is the only Russian bank that the Central Bank does not check – it does not have the right."

In 2002, Vnesheconombank was restructured and it claims to have stepped up its efforts in servicing government programs, and reduced the scope of its commercial business and gave a higher priority to supporting the government's structural reforms.

In April 2002, VEB was appointed Vnesheconombank agent for investing temporarily free Pension Fund's assets in securities denominated in foreign currency, and in January 2003, a special structural subdivision to handle pension funds was formed; VEB was appointed the "State Trust Management Company" responsible for investing Russia's pension funds.

From 2005 to 2006, both the assets and liabilities of the bank doubled from around $6 billion to $12 billion, and the income rose from $239 million to $301 million.

Bank of Development (2007–2018)
In April 2007, Russia's State Duma passed the federal law "On Bank for Development," which regulated VEB's legal conditions and made it a state development bank.

Vladimir Putin increased lending when he became the VEB's chairman of its supervisory board in 2008. By late 2009, VEB quadrupled its assets to nearly 2 trillion rubles ($65 billion), it was seen by the government as an off-budget fund, used to put off budget expenses.

In July 2014, the United States Department of the Treasury imposed economic sanctions that greatly restricted U.S. persons and entities from providing doing business with VEB after the 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine. Between 2014 and 2017, the Russian Ministry of Finance spent $10 billion on the bank.

VEB has suffered massive losses in 2014–2015, leading to a 330 billion rubles government bailout in 2015, followed by 150 billion rubles in 2016 and a similar amount planned for 2017. VEB was the main lender for the 2014 Winter Olympics, and many of the loans originating from the games missed original returns forecasts, or had to be restructured.

In March 2016, the bank was promised a $2.2 billion bailout from the Russian government. Sergey Gorkov, a former senior executive at Sberbank, was appointed to lead VEB and come up with a turnaround strategy, which included the sale of non-core assets. The government originally offered the position to German Gref, who turned down the job.

In March 2017, Ukraine imposed sanctions on Vnesheconombank (and other Russian state-owned banks operating in Ukraine: Sberbank, VTB Bank, VS Bank, Prominvestbank, and BM Bank) as part of its continued sanctions on Russia for its annexation of Crimea and involvement in the War in Donbass.<ref name=63Ukraine2017>{{cite news | last = Пороше́нко | first = Петро́ Олексі́йович | author-link = Petro Poroshenko | title = УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ №63/2017: Про рішення Ради національної безпеки і оборони України від 15 березня 2017 року Про застосування персональних спеціальних економічних та інших обмежувальних заходів (санкцій)" | url = http://www.president.gov.ua/documents/632017-21474 | work = President of Ukraine website | language = uk | trans-title = DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE No. 63/2017: On the decision of the Council of National Security and Defense of Ukraine dated March 15, 2017 "On the Application of Personal Special Economic and Other Restrictive Measures (Sanctions)" | date = March 15, 2017 | access-date = February 28, 2018 | archive-date = March 1, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180301104215/http://www.president.gov.ua/documents/632017-21474 | url-status = live }}</ref> After that, the bank tried to sell its Ukrainian subsidiary;  unsuccessfully. At Sochi in February 2018, Vnesheconombank's Sergey Gorkov said they hoped to sell its Ukrainian subsidiary, Prominvestbank, by May 2018.

In 2017, the bank's debt was $17 billion, including $14.2 billion in Ukraine. In January 2017, Gorkov released the bank's "Strategy 2021," which predicted relief from sanctions, resuming borrowing in the United States, and shifting risks to the government's budget. According to a report the New York Times'' published in May 2017, 40% of the bank's loans were at risk of default.

State Development Corporation (from 2018)
In May 2018, Igor Shuvalov replaced Gorkov as VEB's new chairman. In July 2018, the bank requested a further $16 billion bailout from the Russian government. In October 2018 the bank announced plans to rebrand, changing its denomination into 'National Development Institute', and confirming it would be granted 600 billion rubles ($9.1 billion) in subsidies from the federal budget by 2024, in addition to the 125 billion rubles received in 2018.

The net profit for the 2018 amounted to 3.85 billion rubles after a loss to 200.4 billion rubles a year earlier. The net profit for the first quarter of 2019 17.6 billion rubles.

In 2019, after a long period when VEB.RF instead of financing new projects was engaged in servicing distressed assets, new investment projects appeared in the portfolio of the state corporation. In the framework of VEB.RF went into the development of the Udokan's copper deposit ($490 million), the production of sulfuric acid at the "KuibyshevAzot" and capacity expansion of "Shchekinoazot" for the production of methanol (the total participation of the corporation 8.5 billion.). VEB.RF started financing the project of construction of six large-tonnage vessels at the Zvezda super-shipyard near Vladivostok. Also VEB.RF, Gazprombank and Sberbank announced the funding of the development of the Talitsky area of the Verkhnekamsk potash deposit in Perm. VEB.RF and Sberbank will provide a syndicated loan for the modernization of Novaport group's regional airports in six cities of Russia, and together with Rockwell Capital will build the largest pulp and paper mill in Siberia.

Sanctions
Sanctioned by the United Kingdom from 1 August 2014 in relation to Russia's activities in Crimea.

Sanctioned by New Zealand in relation to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

In February 2022, due to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, together with its subsidiaries, it was included in the US sanctions list, SDN, which provides for the maximum possible restrictions and a complete freeze of assets. The bank was also disconnected from the SWIFT interbank payment system. Included in the sanctions list of Singapore.

Organisation
Chairman of VEB.RF is Igor Shuvalov (since May 2018). He was first deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation from 2008 to 2018. The highest governing body of VEB.RF is the Supervisory Board, it chaired by the Russian Prime Minister.

VEB.RF coordinates development institutions of Russia.

Ex-chairmans of Vnesheconombank: Tomas Alibegov - First Deputy Chairman and acting Chairman (1989–1997), Andrey Kostin (1996–2002), Vladimir Dmitriev (2004–2016), Sergei Gorkov (2016–2018).

See also

EXIAR

Notes

References

External links
Official homepage
VEB history website
Financial information

Banks of Russia
Companies based in Moscow
Russian state corporations
National development banks
Government-owned banks


Laurel and Hardy is a 1966-1967 American animated television series and an updated version of Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy's comedic acts by the animation studio Hanna-Barbera and Larry Harmon Productions. Harmon had been developing the series since 1961, while Stan Laurel was still alive, although Laurel had very little involvement.

A total of 156 shorts were made, each having its own opening and closing wrap-arounds, to make them easy to air in syndication. As Oliver Hardy and Stan Laurel had died in 1957 and 1965 respectively, Jim MacGeorge provided the voice of Ollie, while Harmon voiced Stan. They would later reprise their roles in an episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies.

The majority of the cartons usually ended with Stanley whimpering in a high register whenever things went wrong for the both of them, as they were running away after causing the damages to their situations.

Reception
The one-season show was not well received. Critic Leonard Maltin said, "To criticize these cartoons is pointless. Any imitation, even a good one, simply cannot be Laurel and Hardy... No one can duplicate Laurel and Hardy's greatness because they were unique."

Voices
Larry Harmon as Stan Laurel
Jim MacGeorge as Oliver Hardy
Additional Voices: Hal Smith, Don Messick, Janet Waldo, Paul Frees, Doug Young, Allan Melvin

Episodes

 1. Can't Keep a Secret Agent
 2. Mutt Rut
 3. How Green Was My Lawn Mower
 4. Prairie Panicked
 5. Missile Hassle
 6. No Moose Is A Good Moose
 7. The Bullnick
 8. High Fly Guys
 9. False Alarms
 10. Hillbilly Bully
 11. Ball Maul
 12. Handle with Care
 13. You And Your Big Mouse
 14. Sitting Roomers
 15. Babes in Sea Land
 16. Rome Roamers
 17. Rocket Wreckers
 18. Hot Rod Hardy
 19. Knight Mare
 20. Defective Story
 21. Crash & Carry
 22. Desert Knights
 23. Tale of a Sale
 24. Fancy Trance
 25. Suspect in Custody
 26. Auto-Matic Panic
 27. Shiver Mr. Timbers
 28. Stand Out, Stand In
 29. Big Bear Bungle
 30. Shrinking Shrieks
 31. Mounty Rout
 32. Bond Bombed
 33. What Fur?
 34. Spook Loot
 35. Camera Bugged
 36. Plumber Pudding
 37. Robust Robot
 38. Vet Fret
 39. Copper Bopper

 40. Feud For Thought
 41. Love Me, Love My Puppy
 42. Squawking Squatter
 43. Goofy Gopher Goof-Up
 44. Sassy Sea Serpent
 45. Wacky Quackers
 46. Truant Ruined
 47. Country Buzzin'
 48. Naps & Saps
 49. Bad Day In Baghdad
 50. The Missing Fink
 51. Always Leave 'Em Giggling
 52. Badge Budgers
 53. Two for the Crow
 54. Good Hoods
 55. Animal Shelter
 56. Tragic Magic
 57. Ring-A-Ding King
 58. Ups & Downs
 59. Beanstalk Boobs
 60. Leaping Leprechaun
 61. Tourist Trouble
 62. The Genie Was Meanie
 63. Mars Little Helper
 64. Curfew For Kids
 65. Lion Around
 66. Shoot-Down at Sundown
 67. Horse Detectives
 68. The Two Musketeers
 69. Ali Boo Boo
 70. Ghost Town Clowns
 71. Hurricane Hood
 72. Ride and Seek
 73. Tee Pee TV
 74. Shoe-Shoe Baby
 75. Train Strain
 76. Monster Bash
 77. Say Uncle, Ants
 78. Kitty Pity

 79. Frigid-Ray-Gun
 80. Southern Hospital-Ity
 81. Frog Frolic
 82. Shutter Bugged
 83. Circus Run Aways
 84. Witch Switch
 85. Pie in the Sky
 86. Slipper Slip-Up
 87. Sign of the Times
 88. Two Many Cooks
 89. Flea's A Crowd
 90. Dingbats
 91. We Clothe at Five
 92. The Stone Age Kid
 93. Quick Change
 94. Whing Ding
 95. Termite Might
 96. To Bee or Not to Bee
 97. Mistaken Identi-Tree
 98. Rodeo Doug
 99. Pet Shop Polly
 100. Laff Staff
 101. Try and Get It
 102. Riverboat Detectives
 103. Unhealthy Wealthy
 104. Honesty Always Pays
 105. Plant Rant
 106. Sky-High Noon
 107. Get Tough
 108. Handy Dandy Diary
 109. Jumpin Judo
 110. They Take The Cake
 111. Gold Storage
 112. Lots of Bad Luck
 113. Kangaroo Kaper
 114. The Finks Robbery
 115. Strictly for the Birds
 116. Birds of a Feather
 117. Bird Brains

 118. Switcheroony
 119. Mechanical Mess-Up
 120. Horsey Sense
 121. Bowling Boobs
 122. Dog Tired
 123. Wayout Campers
 124. Goofer Upper Golfers
 125. My Friend the Inventor
 126. Hard Day's Work
 127. Sky-Scraper-Scape
 128. Sleepy King
 129. Fair Play
 130. Fly Foot Flat Feet
 131. Baboon Tycoon
 132. A Real Live Wife
 133. Wishy Washy Fishy Tale
 134. Stuporman
 135. Wheel and Deal Seal
 136. Wolf in Sheep's Clothing
 137. Lumber Jerks
 138. That's Snow Biz
 139. A Clothes Call
 140. Boot Hill Bill
 141. Stop Action Faction
 142. Molecule Rule
 143. Peek A Boo Pachyderm
 144. Mummy Dummy
 145. Nitey Knight
 146. Fly Spy
 147. Franken-Stan
 148. A Real Tycoon
 149. Puppet Show Down
 150. Madcap Mischief
 151. Secret Agents 000
 152. Flight of the Bumble-Brains
 153. Salt Water Daffy
 154. From Wrecks to Riches
 155. Truant or Consequences
 156. Flipped Van Winkles

Comic book
From 1969–1974, Thorpe & Porter in the United Kingdom published a color comic book series based on the Laurel & Hardy cartoon, which lasted 141 issues The cover for the unpublished second issue appears in The DC Vault.

Home media
The series has been made available in VHS and DVD formats over the last 35 years.

VHS
Congress Video Group released two volumes in 1986 consisting of the following entries:
Volume 1 – "Can't Keep a Secret Agent", "How Green Was My Lawn Mower", "Handle With Care", "Camera Bugged", "Plumber Pudding", "Robust Robot".
Volume 2 – "Copper Bopper", "Feud For Thought", "Love Me, Love My Puppy",  "Squawking Squatter", "Goofy Gopher Goof-Up", and "Sassy Sea Serpent".
Video Gems released the first 20 episodes on VHS over two volumes in 1988:
Crash and Carry – episodes 1-10
Can't Keep a Secret Agent – episodes 21-30
Parkfield Entertainment released three volumes in 1988.
Volume 1 – episodes 51-60, 71-72
Volume 2 – episodes 61-70, 73-74
Volume 3 – episodes 81-96
Gemini Entertainment LTD released 12 entries in 1991 as Always Leave 'Em Giggling

DVD
The complete series was released on DVD in France in November 2012; it included 68 episodes in English with French subtitles.

See also
 List of works produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions
 List of Hanna-Barbera characters
 The New Three Stooges
 The Abbott and Costello Cartoon Show
 The New Scooby-Doo Movies

References

External links

Episode guide at the Big Cartoon DataBase

1960s American animated television series
1960s American children's comedy television series
1966 American television series debuts
1967 American television series endings
American children's animated comedy television series
Animation based on real people
Cultural depictions of Laurel & Hardy
Television shows adapted into comics
Television series by Hanna-Barbera
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States