Milan Asadurov (; 29 December 1949 – 7 June 2019) was
a Bulgarian author, publisher, and translator of science fiction.  He wrote short stories and scripts for television and radio since 1968.

Biography
In 1979, he founded one of the first, most popular, and longest running science fiction publishers’ series in Bulgaria called “Galaxy”, with more than 100 books to date.  Authors published in the catalogue range from Isaac Asimov, Raymond Chandler, Ray Bradbury, Strugatsky Brothers, and Ursula K. Le Guin to Yordan Radichkov, William Faulkner, and Herbert Wells. Some of them published for the first time in Bulgarian.

Milan Asadurov translated a number of books by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky “Roadside Picnic" or "Stalker" (1980), “The Ugly Swans” (1982), “Beetle in the Anthill” (1984), “The Time Wanderers” (1985), “The Doomed City” (1990) and “A Tale of the Troika” (1993) among them.  He was editor-in-chief of The Lighthouse Almanac and the scientific series of Neptun Publishing where he published works by Thor Heyerdahl and Jacques-Yves Cousteau.

In 1982, together with the photographer Angel Zlatanov, he traveled from Krapets to Ahtopol and wrote a succession of 12 articles about the history of lighthouses on Bulgaria's Black Sea shoreline. He was editor-in-chief of Maritime Magazine through the 1970s and ran his shows on radio and TV through the 1980s. In 1991 he founded his own publishing house and a bookstore "Stalker".  In 1997, he published the first book of his science fiction trilogy Tales of Naught - “Library or No Way”, “Second Library”, “Dictionary of Naught”. In 1999, Asadurov translated and published Events by Daniil Kharms and in 2007 Lev Gumilyov's "Ethnogenesis and the Biosphere of Earth".

Bibliography
 The Library“ (1997)
 The Second Library“ (1998)
 Dictionary of The Naught“ (1998)
 Mysteries“ (1999)
 Lighthouses on The Bulgarian Black Sea Shore (1982–2007)
 61 (2011)

References

External links

1949 births
2019 deaths
Bulgarian translators
Writers from Varna, Bulgaria
20th-century translators


Northern Liberty Market Co. v. Kelly, 113 U.S. 199 (1885),  was a writ of error to reverse a judgment for the defendant in an action brought on April 4, 1884, by a corporation formed for the purpose of erecting a markethouse in the City of Washington and carrying on a marketing business there, upon twenty promissory notes made by him to the plaintiff, dated January 1, 1875.

A twenty-year-old incorporated markethouse company with power to purchase, hold, and convey real or personal estate necessary to enable it to carry on its business, built a markethouse on land owned by it in fee simple, and sold by public auction leases for ninety-nine years, renewable forever, of stalls therein at a specified rent. The highest bidder for one of the stalls gave the corporation several promissory notes in part payment for the option of that stall, received such a lease, and took and kept possession of the stall, and afterwards gave it a note for a less sum in compromise of the original notes, and upon express agreement that if this note should not be paid at maturity, the corporation might surrender it to the maker and thereupon the cause of action on those notes should revive. Held that the new note was upon a sufficient legal consideration, and that the corporation, holding and suing upon all the notes, could recover upon this note only.

The judgment was rendered upon a case stated by the parties, in substance as follows:

The plaintiff offered for sale by public auction leases for ninety-nine years, renewable forever, of the stalls in the markethouse at a specified rent, the highest bidder entitled to an option on the stalls. The defendant was the highest bidder for a stall, and made part payment of the purchase money for the option of that stall, twenty notes for $171.05 each, and afterwards received from the plaintiff such a lease of that stall, and took and has since retained possession of the stall under the lease.

On August 5, 1881, the defendant, knowing the plaintiff's corporate existence was limited to twenty years, made and delivered to the plaintiff the note for $1,881.60, in compromise of the twenty original notes, and upon express agreement that if this note should not be promptly paid at maturity, the plaintiff might surrender it to the defendant, and thereupon the plaintiff's cause of action upon the original notes should revive. The note for $394.08 was made by William S. Cross, and guaranteed by the defendant, under like circumstances and in consideration of the surrender of two other notes similar in amount and consideration to the twenty notes before mentioned. All the notes in suit remain unpaid otherwise than by the giving of the note for $1,881.60, and all are still held by the plaintiff.

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 113

References

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Waite Court
1885 in United States case law


The Wudongde Dam () is a large hydroelectric dam on the Jinsha River, an upper stretch of Yangtze River in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces in southwest China.

The design is one of the tallest in the world at , and will generate power by utilizing 12 turbines, each with a generating capacity of , totalling the generating capacity to . Construction began in 2015, the first generator was scheduled to be commissioned in 2018 and the entire project completed in 2021. The power station is owned by China Three Gorges Corporation.

The first two turbines went online in July 2020. The station became fully operational in June 2021.

See also

 List of power stations in China

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Sichuan
Hydroelectric power stations in Yunnan
Dams on the Jinsha River
Dams in China
Buildings and structures in Kunming
2021 establishments in China
Energy infrastructure completed in 2021


Jake's Journey was a television pilot created, co-written and starring Monty Python member Graham Chapman in 1988. It was one of the last projects for Chapman and the last for director Hal Ashby.

The script is included in the book Ojril: The Complete Incomplete Graham Chapman.

Plot
A teenage boy time travels back to the Middle Ages. He meets George, a knight and they embark on a quest together.

Cast

Chris Young - Jake
Graham Chapman - Sir George/Queen/Taxi Driver
Peter Cook - King
Nancy Lenehan - Jake's Mother
Lane Smith - Jake's Father
Gabrielle Anwar -Princess/Fiona Penwarden
Rik Mayall - Troll
Alexei Sayle - Head Torturer
Liz Smith - Witch
Griff Rhys Jones - Innkeeper
Richard Strange - Lobster 1
Tony Slattery - Lobster 2
Susie Blake - Torturer's Wife
Daniel Peacock - British Telecom Engineer

References

External links

1988 films
1988 television films
Films directed by Hal Ashby
Films with screenplays by Graham Chapman
Television pilots not picked up as a series
Films about time travel
Films set in the Middle Ages
1980s English-language films


The Government of National Unity (October 1944 – May 1945) was a Nazi-backed puppet government of Hungary, which ruled the German-occupied Kingdom of Hungary during the Second World War in eastern Europe. After the joint coup d’état with which the Nazis and the Arrow Cross Party overthrew the government of the Regent of Hungary, Miklós Horthy (r. 1920–1944), the Arrow Cross Party established the coalition Government of National Unity (Nemzeti Összefogás Kormánya) on 16 October 1944.

As the national government, the Arrow Cross Party installed Ferenc Szálasi as the prime minister of the Government of National Unity and as the Leader of the Nation, the head of state of Hungary. As a wartime ally of Nazi Germany, Prime Minister Szálasi's government readily executed and realised the Holocaust in Hungary (1941–1945); thus, in seven months, the Arrow Cross regime killed between 10,000 and 15,000 Hungarian Jews in the country, and deported 80,000 Jewish women, children, and old people for killing at the Auschwitz concentration camp.

Background History

Late in the Second World War, at the time of the joint coup d’état by which the German Nazis and the Arrow Cross Party overthrew the Regent of Hungary, Miklós Horthy (r. 1920–1944), the Red Army occupied most of the Kingdom of Hungary, which effectively limited the authority of the Government of National Unity to the city of Budapest and its environs as the Hungarian capital city. Despite the Red Army's strategic limitation of Hungarian forces, as agreed with the Nazis, the Arrow Cross regime realised the Holocaust in Hungary with Prime Minister Ferenc Szálasi's resumption of the Nazis’ scheduled deportations of Hungarian Jews, especially the Jews of Budapest; in 1941, 800,000 Jews resided in the expanded borders of the Kingdom of Hungary; in 1945, only 200,000 Hungarian Jews had survived the Holocaust; moreover, PM Szálasi's deportation order also included the Romani genocide (porjamos) of 28,000 Hungarian Roma people.

Prime Minister Szálasi established the "Corporate order of the Working nation" (Dolgozó Nemzet Hivatás Rendje) as the national economy for Hungary. Even as Hungary was in chaos, Szálasi refused theoretically to compromise Hungarian sovereignty, trying to retain nominal command of all Hungarian military units, including the local SS units. Ethnic Germans were still not allowed to join the Arrow Cross Party. Szálasi devoted much time to his political writings and to trips in the shrinking territory under his control: many political matters were effectively handled by his Deputy Prime Minister Jenő Szöllősi. At the beginning of December, Szálasi and his government relocated out of Budapest as Soviet troops advanced towards the capital.  In a scorched earth strategy, the German armed forces destroyed Hungarian infrastructure as the Soviets closed in.

In December 1944, the Battle of Budapest began. Fascist forces loyal to Szálasi and the badly damaged remnants of the Hungarian First Army fought alongside German forces. They fought against the Red Army to no avail. By 13 February 1945, all of Budapest was under Soviet control.

In March 1945, during Operation Spring Awakening (Unternehmen Frühlingserwachen), Fascist Hungarian forces of the Hungarian Third Army fought alongside German forces in the last major offensive in Hungary against the Soviet forces.  For ten days the Axis forces made costly gains. However, within twenty-four hours, the Soviet counterattack was able to drive the Germans and Hungarians back to the positions they held before the offensive began.

Between 16 March and 25 March 1945, the remnants of the Hungarian Third Army were overrun and virtually destroyed. By the end of March and into April, what remained of the Royal Hungarian Army were put on the defensive during the Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive and were then forced into Slovakia and Austria as Soviet forces occupied all of Hungary. Béla Miklós's government was nominally in control of the whole country. Nazi Germany itself was on the verge of collapse.

The Ferenc Szálasi regime, which had fled Hungary, was dissolved on 7 May 1945, a day before Germany's surrender. Szálasi was captured by American troops in Mattsee on 6 May and returned to Hungary, where he was tried for crimes against the state and executed, along with three of his ministers. Most of his ministers also were sentenced to death and executed, except four of them. Béla Jurcsek committed suicide at the end of the war, Árpád Henney fled to Austria. Emil Szakváry was sentenced to life imprisonment, while Vilmos Hellebronth was sentenced to death, but the tribunal – before execution – changed his sentence to life imprisonment.

Hungary divided

After Miklós Horthy announced an armistice with the Allies on 15 October, the Germans kidnapped him and threatened to kill his son unless he renounced the armistice and abdicated.  To spare his son's life, Horthy signed a statement announcing both his abdication and the appointment of Arrow Cross leader Ferenc Szálasi as Magyar királyi miniszterelnök (Royal Hungarian Prime Minister) on 16 October. He was then deported to Germany.  This act merely rubber-stamped an Arrow Cross coup, as Szálasi's men had taken over Budapest the previous night.

In his memoirs, Horthy later contended that he never gave power to the Arrow Cross, but had "merely exchanged my signature for my son's life." As he saw it, the appointment of Szálasi was void, since "a signature wrung from a man at machine-gun point can have little legality."

The Hungarian parliament approved the formation of a Council of Regency (Kormányzótanács) of three on 17 October. On 4 November, Szálasi was sworn as Leader of the Nation (nemzetvezető). He formed a government of sixteen ministers, half of which were members of the Arrow Cross Party. While the Horthy regency had come to an end, the Hungarian monarchy was not abolished by the Szálasi regime, as government newspapers kept referring to the country as the Kingdom of Hungary (Magyar Királyság, also abbreviated as m.kir.), although Magyarország (Hungary) was frequently used as an alternative.

Szálasi was an ardent fascist and his "Quisling government" had little other intention or ability but to maintain fascism and to maintain control in Nazi-occupied portions of Hungary as Soviet troops poured into Hungary. He did this in order to reduce the threat to Germany. Szálasi's aim was to create a dictatorial state based on his "Hungarist" ideology.

On 21 December 1944, with the approval of the Soviet Union, Béla Miklós was elected as the prime minister of a "counter" Hungarian government in Soviet-controlled Debrecen. Miklós was a former commander of the Hungarian First Army. He had failed in his efforts to convince many of the men under his command to switch sides. The government that Miklós oversaw was an "interim government" and maintained control in the Soviet-occupied portions of Hungary.

Government

See also
Hungary during World War II
Operation "Panzerfaust"
Szent László Infantry Division

References

1944 establishments in Hungary
1945 disestablishments in Hungary
Fascism in Hungary
Hungary in World War II
Politics of Hungary
Germany–Hungary relations


The Baihetan Dam () is a large hydroelectric dam on the Jinsha River, an upper stretch of the  Yangtze River in Sichuan and Yunnan provinces, in southwest China. The dam is a 289-meter-tall double-curvature arch dam with a crest elevation of 827 m, and a width of 72 m at the base and 13 m at the crest. It is considered to be the last large hydropower project in China after a series of projects starting with the Three Gorges Dam. It is also the second largest hydropower plant in the world. The hydropower station is equipped with 16 hydro-generating units that each have a capacity of 1 million kilowatts, making it the largest single-unit capacity globally. All hydro-generating units of the Baihetan hydropower station became fully operational on 20 December 2022.

The dam is also part of the “world’s largest clean energy corridor”, where it joins other mega hydropower projects like the Three Gorges Dam, Wudongde Dam, Xiluodu Dam, and Xiangjiaba Dam, all located on the same river system, to produce and transmit renewable energy from the resource-rich western region to the cities in the east. In addition to power generation, the hydropower project also provides flood control, improved navigation, and sand blocking.

History
In June 1959, an on-site survey was conducted at Qiaojia by a domestic expert group and a Czechoslovakian expert group and, consequently, the future site for the Baihetan Power Station was selected. However, the breaking down of relations during the Sino-Soviet split in 1962, resulted in the survey team being withdrawn. The beginning of China’s “Cultural Revolution" also saw the construction plans becoming shelved for many years. It wasn't until August 3, 2017, when construction of the main dam was officially started. An opening ceremony took place on February 5, 2021, and storage of water behind the dam commenced on April 7 of the same year, and by April 24, the water storage elevation of the  hydro plant had risen over 720 meters. On 20 December 2022, the formal completion of Baihetan Hydropower Station was achieved when the final hydro-generating unit was connected to the grid and began producing power.

Power generation
The facility generates power by utilizing 16 turbines, each with a generating capacity of , taking the generating capacity to . In terms of generating capacity, it is the second largest hydroelectric power plant in the world, after the Three Gorges Dam. It is estimated to generate 62.44 billion kilowatt-hour (kWh) annually and will save about 90.45 million tons of coal per year and consequently reduce annual carbon emissions by 248.4 million tonnes.

Construction
Surveying of the dam site was done in 1992. In 2008, the original plan for the construction of Baihetan Hydropower Station, was formally started. In December 2008, the Baihetan site began construction. The dam was originally scheduled to be constructed between 2009 and 2018. The Jinsha River became officially closed on November 2014. Actual construction started on August 3, 2017.

The manufacturing of the first water guiding mechanism in the Baihetan Hydro-generator units was completed in Harbin, where it both passed inspection and was awarded approval on October 27, 2018. The first 1,000 MW turbine runner was completed at Dongfang Electric’s Baihetan Runner Processing Plant on January 12, 2019.

The reservoir first started storing water on 7 April 2021, and by 24 April, the water storage elevation of the power station had risen over 720 metres. The hydropower station started partial electricity generation in July of the same year. The dam was expected to be fully operational by July 2022. Experts have noted the 4-year construction period as being exceptionally fast for a project of its type.

On June 28, 2021, the Baihetan Dam began generating electricity, when the project's first two turbines started operating. The third turbine followed in July and the fourth in November of the same year. The final generating unit was connected to the grid on 20 December 2022.

Impact
The dam and reservoir have particularly affected upstream Qiaojia County, providing thousands of jobs to local residents, while also requiring resettlement of 32 villages totaling  50,178 residents. Coinciding with the dam construction, the road network was also improved.

See also

 Wudongde Dam, the next dam upstream
 Xiluodu Dam, the next dam downstream
 List of power stations in China
 List of largest power stations

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Yunnan
Hydroelectric power stations in Sichuan
Dams in China
Dams on the Jinsha River
Buildings and structures in Zhaotong
2021 establishments in China
Dams completed in 2021


Wiley's Well is a natural artesian well in the Colorado Desert of Southern California as well as the name of the surrounding region. It is west of Blythe, California, in Riverside County.

It is named after Palo Verde storekeeper and postmaster A.P. Wiley who, in 1907, made a shallow well deeper that was dug in 1876 by a stagecoach company which frequented the nearby Bradshaw Trail. Wiley expanded the well in the hope of attracting business to his remote desert store; it was maintained by local ranchers and cattlemen for years afterward. However, the rapidly falling water table meant a drop of the water's depth to  within a dozen years. Today, the well's original depth is only about  at best after wet weather and is unfit for drinking.

In 1985, the Bureau of Land Management drilled a new well  in depth to support the new Wiley's Well Campground, one of only two developed campgrounds in the Mule Mountains Long-Term Visitor Area.  The water is both hot at 90 °F/32 °C and heavily mineralized; it is pumped into a cistern to help cool it to a temperature suitable for drinking.

Wiley's Well is also a popular rockhounding site, beginning in the 1930s with the discovery of geode beds. Despite its popularity over the decades, the area remains rich with chalcedony, citrine, quartz crystals, rhyolite and jasper. Though winters are mild, making the campground a popular destination with seasonal visitors from colder climes, summer can be extremely hot with recorded temperatures as high as 130 °F (54 °C).

Wiley's Well is easily accessible via the Wiley's Well Road exit off Interstate 10,  west of Blythe. The entrance to the campground is  south of the highway.

Notes

External links and references
Wiley's Well Campground, Bureau of Land Management
Wiley's Well Rest Area, California Department of Transportation
Article about Wiley's Well by Delmer G. Ross of La Sierra University

Blythe, California
Geography of Riverside County, California
Lower Colorado River Valley
Bradshaw Trail
1907 establishments in California


Indrechtach mac Muiredaig Muillethan (died 723) was a King of Connacht from the Uí Briúin branch of the Connachta. He was the son of Muiredach Muillethan mac Fergusso (died 702), a previous king. He was of the Síl Muiredaig sept of the Uí Briúin.

The king-lists for this period are contradictory  but the Laud Synchronisms give him a reign of 16 years. The annals mention him as king at his death obit in 723. Only the Chronicum Scotorum gives Domnall mac Cathail (died 715) a reign in between Indrechtach mac Muiredaig and Indrechtach mac Dúnchado Muirisci (died 707) and it is possible that Indrechtach mac Muiredaig was king from 707.
His reign saw the consolidation of the Ui Briun as the dominant dynasty in Connaught. One event which occurred during his reign was the defeat of the Corco Baiscind, a Thomond tribe, by the Connachta in 721. The annals do not specify what Connachta were victors.

Indrechtach died peacefully as a pilgrim to Clonmacnoise. This monastery favored the Ui Briun expansion. His known sons were Áed Balb mac Indrechtaig (died 742), a king of Connacht; Muiredach (died 732); Tadg; and Murgal. A daughter of Indrechtach named Medb is said by the Banshechas to have married Áed Oirdnide and to have been the mother of Niall Caille

Notes

See also
Kings of Connacht

Bibliography

 Annals of Tigernach
 Chronicum Scotorum
 Francis John Byrne, Irish Kings and High-Kings
 Laud Synchronisms
 The Chronology of the Irish Annals, Daniel P. McCarthy

External links
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork

723 deaths
Kings of Connacht
Nobility from County Roscommon
8th-century Irish monarchs
Year of birth unknown


Wilmington Star Mining Co. v. Fulton, 205 U.S. 60 (1907), was a case concerning whether it is an appropriate exercise of the police power of the state to regulate the use of mining properties, and that mine owners are not deprived of their property, privileges, or immunities without due process of law, or denied the equal protection of the laws, by the Illinois Mining Statute of 1899, which requires the employment of licensed mine managers and mine examiners and imposes upon the mine owners liability for the willful failure of the manager and examiner to furnish a reasonably safe place for the workmen.

Arguments & rulings
It is within the power of the state to change or modify, in accord with its conceptions of public policy, the principles of the common law in regard to the relation of master and servant, and in cases within the proper scope of the police power, to impose upon the master liability for the willful act of his employee.

As construed by the highest court of that state, under the Mining Act of Illinois of 1899, a mine manager and mine examiner are vice-principals of the owner and engaged in the performance of duties which the owner cannot so delegate to others as to relieve himself from responsibility.

Where two concurring causes contribute to an accident to an employee, the fact that the master is not responsible for one of them does not absolve him from liability for the other cause for which he is responsible.

Where there is no evidence sustaining certain counts in the declaration as to the defendant's negligence, he is entitled to an instruction that no recovery can be had under those counts and where, as it was in this case, the refusal to so instruct is prejudicial error, the verdict cannot be maintained either at law or under § 57 of the Illinois Practice Act.

See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 205

References

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Fuller Court
1907 in United States case law


USS Ormsby (APA-49) was an Ormsby-class attack transport that served with the US Navy from 1943 to 1946. She was subsequently sold into commercial service and was scrapped in 1969.

History
Ormsby (APA-49) was named after a county in Nevada.  She was originally laid down by the Moore Dry Dock Company of Oakland, California on 21 July 1942 as SS Twilight; authorized for acquisition as Ormsby AP-94 on 5 October 1942; launched 20 October 1942; reclassified APA-49 on 1 February 1943; acquired 10 March 1943; and commissioned 28 June 1943.

Upon completion of her conversion and shakedown in July 1943, Ormsby sailed from San Francisco en route to San Diego to load Marines and cargo for Pearl Harbor. From Pearl she loaded more Marines, Seabees and equipment and departed 14 August for Nukufetau in the Ellice Islands.

Invasion of Tarawa
Continuing southward, she stopped in Pago Pago, Samoa, and then sailed on to Wellington, New Zealand, arriving on 11 September. There she embarked Marines and carried out amphibious warfare training until the end of October. From Wellington, New Zealand Ormsby steamed via Efate to Tarawa, Gilbert Islands and landed her troops there for that historic battle on 20 November 1943. Returning to Pearl Harbor on 7 December she again loaded troops and supplies and conducted training through January 1944.

Invasions of Kwajalein and New Guinea
On 31 January Ormsby participated in another amphibious assault landing her troops at Kwajalein in the Marshalls. Following this operation, she moved on to Guadalcanal in February and trained Army units until 28 March, when she landed reinforcements at Bougainville and continued to Milne Bay, New Guinea. In April she sailed to Buna, Finschafen and then to Aitape, New Guinea where on the 23rd army assault troops were landed. A reinforcement voyage to Aitape followed on 3 May.

Invasion of Guam
Returning to the Russell Islands and Guadalcanal, Ormsby loaded Marines of the First Provisional Brigade, trained then in May, and landed them on Guam 21 July. While at Guam she suffered her only casualties of the war when one officer and an enlisted man were killed as a shell hit in the bow.

Invasions of Peleliu and Leyte
Ormsby trained Marines of the famed 1st Marine Division at Guadalcanal prior to landing them at Pelelieu, Palau Islands. Proceeding to Hollandia and loading Army units, she made another assault at Leyte in the Philippines on 20 October with a rerun on 14 November.

In the latter part of November Ormsby was finally given a rest and she returned to the United States for availability.

Leaving California behind, Ormsby with Seabees from Port Hueneme set course for Guam, arriving on 11 April 1945 and then returning to Portland, Oregon on 22 May with a full load of returning service veterans.

After hostilities
Making another Magic Carpet run with veterans in June, Ormsby returned to San Francisco via Tinian and Saipan from Guam on 13 July. She departed San Francisco on 31 July en route to Manila to lift members of the 43rd Division to Tokyo, arriving there on 13 September.

Transport missions
Weathering a typhoon she returned to Guam and embarked troops for Tsingtao, China participating in the occupation landings there. Underway on 17 October, Ormsby sailed first to Manila and then to Haiphong, French Indochina where she embarked the 62nd Chinese Army for Formosa. She landed the Chinese occupation forces at Port Saei on 18 November and sailed for Manila arriving 21 November.

In December Ormsby made one more Magic Carpet voyage to Portland, Oregon, arriving on the 20th. This was her final passage after untiring war effort.

Decommissioning
Ormsby decommissioned 15 March 1946 and was struck from the U.S. Naval Register on 17 April 1946. She was delivered to the War Shipping Administration on 16 May 1946.

Commercial service
Ormsby was eventually acquired for commercial service by United States Lines and renamed SS American Producer. In March 1969, American Producer was severely damaged after striking the pier at San Francisco while outbound for Da Nang, Vietnam, with a cargo of bombs. Consequently, she was scrapped at Kaohsiung, Taiwan, in July 1969.

Awards
Ormsby earned six battle stars for service in World War II.

References

External links

Ormsby-class attack transports
Ships built in Oakland, California
1942 ships
World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States


The Ertan Dam () is an arch dam on the Yalong River, a tributary of the Yangtze River in Sichuan Province, in southwest China.

The dam has six hydroelectric generators, each with a generating capacity of 550 MW. The total generating capacity of the facility is 3,300 MW, one of the largest hydroelectric stations in China. The annual production is 17 TWh, and until December 5, 2006, it has produced over 100 TWh of electricity. Construction of the dam started on September 1991 and was completed on December 26, 1999. A total of  of material was excavated during construction.

The Ertan Dam was designed by the China Hydropower Engineering Consulting Group Survey and Design Institute in Chengdu, and was constructed and is currently operated by Ertan Hydropower Development Company Limited, the owners of the dam. The company is invested by State Development and Investment Company (52% share) and Sichuan Chuantou Energy Limited (48% share).

Design
The Ertan Dam is a  high and  long double-curvature arch dam. The dam withholds a normal reservoir of  with a drainage area of  and normal surface area of . The dam has four different ways to discharge water downstream. First, the dam's spillways which contain 7 x floodgates at the crest and two flood tunnels can discharge  and  respectively. The dam also contains 6 x middle outlets and 4 x bottom outlets that can discharge  and  respectively. The dam's power station is located underground along with its transformer room which is in a separate cavern. Additionally, the power station is supported by an underground surge chamber as well.

Main Features

See also
 List of conventional hydroelectric power stations
 List of power stations in China

References

Hydroelectric power stations in Sichuan
Dams in China
Dams completed in 1999
Dams on the Yalong River
Arch dams
1999 establishments in China


Sundarakanda is a 2008 Indian Telugu-language drama film directed by Bapu, starring Allari Naresh and Charmme Kaur. The story is provided by Mullapudi Ramana and music by Vidyasagar. This film is the remake of Hollywood film What a Girl wants (2003).

Plot
Pinky (Charmi) is the daughter of Sita (Prema), who keeps away from her husband. On Pinky's insistence, Sita reveals the past. She met Raja Ravivarma (Sunil Sharma), the son of Zamindar Surendra Varma (Ranganath) on a study tour of a tribal village. They fell in love and got married then and there.  His son's marriage with Sita, a commoner, gave such a shock to Surendra Varma that he lost the use of his legs. Ravivarma's mother Bharati (Sangeetha) pleaded with Sita to leave the palace to save the family honor. After Sita left, Bhushanam (Vizag Prasad), Surendra Varma's brother-in-law, raises a hue and cry that Sita stole gold ornaments from the palace and escaped. Being so discredited even in the eyes of her love and husband, she stayed away.

Now, the story revolves around Pinky's efforts to reunite her parents. She is a lively girl trying to make friends with her father's family. She pretends to be sent by the party bosses to pick the candidate for minister's post. She dabbles in this political charade with the help of Naresh (Allari Naresh), a journalist. Her father's opponent Kota (Kota Srinivasa Rao), who is also an aspiring candidate for the Chief Minister post, and his mates provide the comedy and political satire. She succeeds in reuniting the family and exposing the villains. Music with lyrics reminding one of the tribal idiom is a treat. The visuals with the rustic outdoor and the heavily ornate interiors of a feudal gentry have the stamp of Bapu.

Cast

 Charmi as Pinky
 Allari Naresh as Naresh, journalist
 Prema as Sita
 Sunil Sharma as Raja Ravi Varma
 Kota Srinivasa Rao as Kota
 Sangeetha as Bharathi
 Vizag Prasad as Bhushanam
 Ranganath as Zamindar Surendra Varma
 Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao
 Chittajalu Lakshmipati
 L. B. Sriram
 Rallapalli

Soundtrack

The music was composed by Vidyasagar.

References

2000s Telugu-language films
2008 films
Films directed by Bapu
Films with screenplays by Mullapudi Venkata Ramana
Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)


The Worship Project is the fifth self-released album by American Christian rock band MercyMe. Produced by the band and recorded by Jim Bryson (the band's keyboardist), the album was released on October 14, 1999. In contrast to the band's previous efforts, which were influenced by grunge music, The Worship Project is a worship album. MercyMe wrote songs for the album using a basic verse–chorus style so as to be easy to learn and sing along to and to easily fit on a PowerPoint screen. The album  incorporates alternative, rock, and pop musical styles, as well as "rootsy" elements like organs and violins.

Like most independent albums, The Worship Project did not appear on any record charts after its release and received little attention from music critics, with the exception of a review in the UK Christian music magazine Cross Rhythms. However, the album was much more successful than the band's previous efforts, selling over 60,000 copies within a year. The band would release one more album before signing with INO Records and releasing their first major studio album, Almost There (2001). Several songs from The Worship Project were included on the album, including "I Can Only Imagine", which became the band's breakthrough single on Christian and mainstream radio and the best-selling Christian single of all time as of March 2018.

Background and composition

MercyMe was formed in 1994 by vocalist Bart Millard, guitarist Mike Scheuchzer, and keyboardist Jim Bryson. The band later brought on drummer Robby Shaffer and bassist Nathan Cochran in 1997. Prior to the release of The Worship Project, MercyMe had released four Christian alternative rock albums, drawing influence from the grunge style popular at the time. While playing live, however, the band realized that their original songs from these albums failed to connect with their audiences. In contrast, their covers of popular worship songs were received positively, leading the band to decide to write and produce a whole album of original worship songs.

The Worship Project was MercyMe's first attempt at producing their own corporate worship songs; the band blended this style with their style as a rock band. According to Millard, the album was written over three days; the band "decided to lock [themselves] in an old Sunday school room" to write the songs for the album. With the exception of "Beautiful", which was written and composed by Cochran, the lyrics on the album were written by Millard, while the music was composed by the entire band. The band utilized a simple verse–chorus format when writing songs the album, with the songs being designed to easily fit on a PowerPoint screen. The only song on the album not to utilize this format, "I Can Only Imagine", was included at the last minute, and only because it was important to Millard, who wrote the song reminiscing about his father's death. The album was recorded at The Pig Sty in Fort Worth, Texas. It was produced by the band, engineered and mixed by Bryson, and mastered by Eric Wolf at Wolf Mastering in Nashville.

The Worship Project has been described as being a worship album, drawing influences from rock, pop, and alternative music. Mike Rimmer of Cross Rhythms noted the album occasionally features "rootsy" elements as well as "Hammond–style organs" and "faint violins". The album's opening song, "Here With Us", had been described as a rock song. In the Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music, Mark Allan Powell described "Happy Little Love Song" as being a "Pearl Jam–type anthem fit for arenas". Powell also described "Hearts Sing Louder" as being influenced by Smash Mouth, and felt "It's My Joy" had a "bluesy rhythm" with "70s organs"; the song also samples "Joyful, Joyful We Adore You".

Release, reception, and impact
The Worship Project was released on October 14, 1999. The band also issued The Worship Project Kit, which included the album as well a devotional and the words and chords to the songs. The album was sold through the Internet as well as bookstore signings. Copies of the album were produced by the band in their garage. Like most independent albums, The Worship Project did not appear on any record charts and met with limited fanfare. In the October 1, 2000 edition of Cross Rhythms, Mike Rimmer gave the album seven out of ten stars. Rimmer praised the album as being "miles better" than most major–label worship albums, but felt that "there’s still something missing in the overall approach". Rimmer said the album was a "good effort" but "falls short of being amazing". Sales for The Worship Project far exceeded sales of the band's previous records – according to Millard, whereas their previous albums would be lucky to sell 1,000 copies in a year, The Worship Project sold over 60,000 copies within a year. Millard estimated the album's overall sales at 100,000 – other sources peg the album's sales as of 2006 at 60,000 or 65,000 copies.

The difficulty of selling the album directly, in addition to having to book and manage for themselves, led the band to pursue a contract with a record label. The band would release one more album, 2000's Look, before signing with INO Records and releasing their 2001 album Almost There. Two songs from The Worship Project were re–recorded and included on Almost There – "I Can Only Imagine" and "Cannot Say Enough". "I Can Only Imagine" was released as the album's second single and became the band's breakthrough hit, topping the US Christian radio charts and receiving a GMA Dove Award for "Song of the Year" before becoming a hit on US mainstream radio in 2003. It became the first single by any artist in the Christian music genre to be certified platinum and was certified triple platinum in June 2018. It has sold 2.5 million copies as of March 2018, making it the best-selling Christian single of all time. Another song from The Worship Project, "Hearts Sing Louder", was included on the band's 2011 Family Christian Stores–exclusive album The Worship Sessions.

Personnel
(Credits from the album liner notes)

MercyMe
Bart Millard – lead vocals
Mike Scheuchzer – guitar, background vocals
Jim Bryson – keys
Robby Shaffer – drums
Nathan Cochran – bass guitar, background vocals

Technical/Misc.
Jim Bryson – engineering, mixing
MercyMe – producer
Eric Wolf – mastering
Shatrine Weik – design

Track listing
Credits and track list from the album liner notes.

After the song "Beautiful" concludes, there is a hidden track: an acoustic version of "I Can Only Imagine"

References

MercyMe albums
Self-released albums
1999 albums


The Women's 400 metres Hurdles at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, United States, had an entry list of 26 competitors, with four qualifying heats (26 runners) and two semifinals (16) before the final (8) took place on August 8, 1984. The event made its Olympic debut at these games.

Medalists

Abbreviations

Final

Semi-finals

Qualifying heats

See also
 1982 Women's European Championships 400m Hurdles (Athens)
 1983 Women's World Championships 400m Hurdles (Helsinki)
 1984 Women's Friendship Games 400m Hurdles (Prague)
 1986 Women's European Championships 400m Hurdles (Stuttgart)
 1987 Women's World Championships 400m Hurdles (Rome)
 1988 Women's Olympic 400m Hurdles (Seoul)

References

External links
  Results

 1
400 metres hurdles at the Olympics
1984 in women's athletics
Women's events at the 1984 Summer Olympics


MV  Brigitte Bardot (formerly MV Gojira, Rat Race Media Adventurer, Ocean 7 Adventurer and Cable and Wireless Adventurer) is a high-tech  stabilized monohull twin diesel engine powered vessel designed by Nigel Irens. Construction of the vessel began in June 1997 and she was launched on 16 March 1998.  The official naming ceremony took place on 3 April 1998 in London's West India Dock. In 2021, the vessel was sold to a private owner.

Cable and Wireless Adventurer
Originally named Cable and Wireless Adventurer, she was built for the purpose of circumnavigating the world in less than 80 days. This was successfully accomplished in July 1998 in 74 days, 20 hours, 58 minutes, traveling more than . This achievement set a new Guinness World Record for a powered vessel. However, on 27 June 2008 Earthrace (later renamed Ady Gil), the biodiesel powered wave-piercing trimaran, set a new world record when it docked at the Vulkan shipyard in Sagunto, Spain after completing a circumnavigation in just 60 days 23 hours and 49 minutes. Both records are longer than the 60 days, 21 hours claimed by the US Navy's  nuclear-powered submarine during Operation Sandblast in 1960 and of the current record by a sailing boat.

The design of the vessel was evaluated and proven by hydrodynamic tank testing, and a  scale prototype named the iLAN Voyager completed sea trials to demonstrate the advantages of the concept.

The vessel is equipped with state-of-the-art navigation and communications equipment.

Ocean 7 Adventurer

In 2007 the vessel was acquired by Ocean 7, a Cape Town based marine brokerage and charter operation.  The vessel was recommissioned and transferred to a mooring at the V&A Waterfront, Cape Town.  The vessel was available for charter, film work and the occasional marine rescue operation.

In December 2007 Ocean 7 Adventurer was chartered to retrieve a demasted yacht, IMOCA 60 Delta Dore from the Southern Ocean. Delta Dore was partaking in the Barcelona World Race.  The yacht skippered by Jérémie Beyou and Sidney Gavignet was at position 47°00 S 033° 25 E, nearly a thousand miles south east from South Africa, drifting slowly at between  east. An hour after the mast had collapsed backwards, it had to be cut free and dumped into the ocean, as it was likely to damage the hull. The yacht had  of diesel fuel on board, but this was insufficient to motor back to the mainland. The Ocean 7 team were approached with regard to salvaging the yacht. Skippered by co-owner David de Villiers, Ocean 7 Adventurer set sail for the Southern Ocean and after locating the yacht, she was taken in tow with a  line. This rescue set a record for the longest tow in South African maritime history ().

During early June 2008 Ocean 7 Adventurer moved to the east coast of South Africa to observe the annual sardine run, after which it relocated to the southern end of Madagascar in July in search of waves amongst the reefs where the vessel was used as a live-aboard base for surfers and kite surfers.  During September Ocean 7 Adventurer explored the Baron Islands off the Madagascar coast before returning to her base at the V&A Waterfront for the summer season, where she was available for day charters, specialised trips and functions.

Rat Race Media Adventurer

In 2008 she was repainted in Rat Race Media graphics and was the star of a TV series on kykNET, Aqua X. The series started in October 2008 and aired until January 2009.

Miles for Smiles Adventurer
In November 2009 Ocean 7 Adventurer was chartered by the Cipla Miles for Smiles Foundation to be the support vessel during leg one of the Miles for Smiles Madagascar Challenge which consisted of David Grier paddling some  from Nacala Mozambique to Cap St Andre in Madagascar. Before setting out to sea Ocean 7 Adventurer received a new look with the Miles for Smiles regalia.

MV Gojira
The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) acquired the $4 million vessel for its 2010–11 campaign against Japanese whaling in the Antarctic Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary and renamed her the MV Gojira (named after the French heavy metal band who have supported the charity, which is derived from the Japanese name for "Godzilla"). She was the first Australian-flagged vessel to be operated by the Sea Shepherd Society, and though slower, she is twice as large as , making her more stable than the boat she replaced. Gojira successfully located the whaling factory vessel Nisshin Maru in the Ross Sea during Sea Shepherd's Operation No Compromise, and broke a record for travelling farther south than any other multi-hulled yacht in history, at 76*30 South Latitude.

MV Brigitte Bardot

In May 2011 the SSCS was served with a notice from Toho Company Ltd., the copyright holder and owner of the Gojira/Godzilla franchise, regarding the unauthorized use of the trademark. The Society promptly changed the vessel's name to the MV Brigitte Bardot in honor of the French fashion model, actress and singer whom Paul Watson, the founder of Sea Shepherd, took on an anti-sealing trip in 1977. In addition to a new name, the vessel also received a new paint scheme; the overall black scheme was replaced by a grey coloration similar to that of a naval vessel.

The ship was damaged by a rogue wave of  while pursuing the Japanese whaling fleet off the western coast of Australia on 28 December 2011. The MV Brigitte Bardot was escorted back to Fremantle by the SSCS flagship, . The main hull was cracked and the port side pontoon was being held together by straps.  The vessel arrived at Fremantle Harbor on 5 January 2012. Both ships were followed by the ICR security vessel  at a distance of .

The repair process, with a cost of over $250,000, included placing the ship in a hermetically sealed chamber. Composite yacht experts from across the globe, including the ship's designer, were flown in to assess the damages and recommend a course of action. Sea Shepherd's 18 Australian chapters raised the money necessary to repair the vessel. Repairs to the MV Brigitte Bardot were completed and the ship set sail for sea trials on 16 April 2012.

In September 2012, the MV Brigitte Bardot was expelled from Fiji by local naval and immigration officials.

On 5 January 2013 in Timaru, New Zealand, a distress call was issued in relation to the MV Brigitte Bardot after an observer mistook the vessel for an overturned yacht. While several vessels nearby responded to the call, the MV Brigitte Bardot did not respond and instead turned away at high speed upon the arrival of a rescue helicopter. The South Canterbury Coastguard and Maritime New Zealand criticized Sea Shepherd over the incident, stating "There was no need for Sea Shepherd to behave like this". Sea Shepherd Conservation Society founder Paul Watson said the first the organization knew about the distress call was when the helicopter arrived. "We can't help it if someone else makes the call. There was nothing wrong with the ship," he said.

Because of the COVID-19 pandemic Sea Shepherd ended up selling vessels instead of maintaining them; the vessel was sold to a new owner in Mexico.

Merida
Since 2021 it has been used as an offshore support vessel and is called Merida. Owned and operated by a French company Oceanic Assistance.

References

External links

 Ocean Adventurer website
 Ocean 7 – The team
 Cable & Wireless Adventurer website
 Miles for Smiles Madagascar Challenge
 Rat Race Media Adventurer website

Individual yachts
Sea Shepherd Conservation Society ships
Trimarans
1998 ships
Ships built in England
Brigitte Bardot


Cenderawasih Pos (The Cenderawasih Post) is a daily newspaper published in Jayapura, Indonesia. The paper is the major paper of Jayapura and Papua province. It is owned by Jawa Pos Group and become a part of Jawa Pos News Network (JPNN).

Cenderawasih Pos was first published as SKM Cenderawasih on 28 October 1962; "SKM" itself means Surat Kabar Mingguan (weekly newspaper), indicating its periodical type. On 1 March 1993, Jawa Pos Group bought the paper, slightly changed its name and turned the paper into a daily publication. Since 2018, Cenderawasih Pos began its online presence.

References

Newspapers published in Indonesia
Mass media in Jayapura
1962 establishments in Indonesia
Newspapers established in 1962


Rick Boychuk (born c. 1947) is a labour leader and former politician in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.  He served on the Winnipeg City Council from 1989 to 1995, representing the Transcona ward.  Boychuk is a member of the New Democratic Party.

Boychuk was born to a working class Ukrainian Canadian family in Transcona.  He became a conductor with CN Rail in 1967, at age 20, and continued to hold this position during his time as an elected official.  He first ran for city council in the 1986 municipal election, and lost to George Marshall.  He ran again in 1989 as a candidate of the centre-left Winnipeg into the '90s (WIN) coalition, and defeated Marshall by about 450 votes amid a municipal shift to the left.

The number of municipal wards was reduced for the 1992 election, and Boychuk was required to run for re-election against fellow councillor Shirley Timm-Rudolph in an enlarged Transcona division.  He was successful, winning by nearly 2,000 votes.  This election was marked by undisguised animosity between the candidates: Boychuk had previously accused Timm-Rudolph of having violated conflict-of-interest guidelines, and declined to apologize when she was cleared by a provincial investigation.

Boychuk was an opponent of Sunday shopping in the early 1990s.  In 1993, he released the results of a private survey demonstrating that most residents of his ward were against the initiative.  He called for a permanent dike and drainage system in 1993, after overland flooding caused extensive damage to parts of his ward.

Unlike most WIN councillors, Boychuk initially supported construction of the Charleswood Bridge in the west-end of Winnipeg.  In late 1993, however, he argued that municipal spending would be better directed toward infrastructural renewal.  He indicated that he still supported the bridge in principle, but favoured a delay in moving forward.  Like other WIN members, he opposed using municipal funds on a new arena for the Winnipeg Jets hockey team and instead supported efforts to refurbish the existing arena.  In December 1994, he argued in favour of selling the Jets.  Some hockey fans blamed Boychuk and other WIN councillors for precipitating the team's eventually departure from Winnipeg.  One fan was arrested in the spring of 1995 for allegedly uttering death threats against Boychuk, and his family was harassed by neighbours on other occasions.

In 1994, Boychuk voted in favour of extending benefits to sex-same partners of municipal employees.  He endorsed the principle of campaign finance reform in the same period, arguing that tax credits would encourage more citizens to donate money to their preferred candidates.  In the spring of 1995, he brought forward an unsuccessful motion to introduce an overnight curfew, in a bid to reduce youth crime.

In 1994, Boychuk criticized the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation for its decision not to broadcast an award-winning documentary entitled "Freedom had a Price" (http://www.yluhovy.com/MML/FHAP.html), addressing the internment of Ukrainian Canadians during World War I.  He wrote that "this terrible part of our history has been largely overlooked", and suggested that the CBC was failing to live up to its mandate by declining to broadcast the piece.

In the buildup to the 1995 municipal election, Boychuk encouraged fellow WIN councillor Glen Murray not to run for mayor on the grounds that an openly gay candidate would not be able to win a citywide contest.  He said that many people in his ward found Murray unacceptable as a candidate, and was quoted as saying "If I was an average working guy on the railway and I didn't know Glen, I wouldn't vote for him because he's gay. That's the way the guys out there feel. [...] He has to wait his time until morality changes."  He instead supported the candidacy of Terry Duguid, a left-leaning member of the Liberal Party.  Boychuk's comments were widely criticized, including by some in the national media, and some Transcona residents argued that he portrayed their region in a bad light.  Murray himself offered a qualified defence of Boychuk's remarks, saying "I think he said it innocently and out of concern.  Rick is a very open person. He's not self-censoring. Other people have the same biases but put it in more sophisticated language."  On another occasion, Murray described the substance of Boychuk's advice as "baseless".  Despite the criticism, Boychuk declined to apologize for his remarks.  Murray did not run for mayor in 1995, but was elected in 1998 and re-elected in 2002.

Boychuk was defeated by Shirley Timm-Rudolph in the 1995 municipal election, in a rematch from 1992.  He was subsequently chosen as president of the United Transportation Union Local 1874 in Winnipeg.  Boychuk led an informational picket of CN Rail workers in August 2001, arguing that CN's decision to cut back the number of inspection workers was creating a danger to employees and the public.  He lamented what he described as an "Americanization" of rail services, and argued that the federal government should return to its role of regulating Canadian rail safety standards.

Boychuk's former assistant, Russ Wyatt, was elected to Winnipeg City Council in 2002.  Boychuk endorsed Bill Blaikie's bid to lead the national New Democratic Party in 2002-03.

References

1940s births
Year of birth uncertain
Living people
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
Winnipeg city councillors


Hinterstockensee is a lake above Erlenbach im Simmental in the Canton of Berne, Switzerland. The lake is located at an elevation of 1595 m, below Stockhorn (2190 m) and near Oberstockensee (1665 m).

In the lake is a  island.

See also
List of mountain lakes of Switzerland

References
Swisstopo topographic maps

Hinterstocken
Lakes of the canton of Bern


Qualitative descriptions or distinctions are based on some quality or characteristic rather than on some quantity or measured value.

Qualitative may also refer to:

Qualitative property, a property that can be observed but not measured numerically
Qualitative research, a research paradigm focusing on non-quantifiable measurements
Qualitative analysis (disambiguation)
Qualitative data, data that is not quantified
Qualitative observation, descriptive observations we make with our senses

See also
Quantitative
Quality (philosophy)


A ghost light is an electric light that is left energized  on the stage of a theater when the theater is unoccupied and would otherwise be completely dark. It typically consists of an exposed incandescent bulb, CFL lamp, or LED lamp mounted in a wire cage on a portable light stand. It is usually placed near center stage. Ghost lights are also sometimes known as equity lights or equity lamps, possibly indicating their use was originally mandated by the Actors' Equity Association.

Origin and superstitions
The practical use of a ghost light is for safety. A ghost light enables one to navigate the theater to find the lighting control console and to avoid accidents such as falling into the orchestra pit and stepping on or tripping over set pieces. There is an unsubstantiated story of a burglar who tripped on a dark stage, broke his leg and sued the theater for damages.

Some claim that the tradition began in the days of gas-lit theaters when dim gas lights were left burning to relieve pressure on the gas valves.

Aside from its obvious practical purpose, there are a number of superstitions associated with the origin and purpose of ghost lights.

The superstitious have various justifications for the ghost light in relation to the supernatural. A popular theatrical superstition holds that every theater has a ghost, and some theaters have traditions to appease ghosts that reach far back into their history. For example, the Palace Theatre, London keeps two seats in its balcony permanently bolted open to provide seating for the theater ghosts. Similar superstitions hold that ghost lights provide opportunities for ghosts to perform onstage, thus appeasing them and preventing them from cursing the theater or sabotaging the set or production. This is also used to explain the traditional one day a week that theaters are closed. Some superstitions claim that the ghost light is in place to scare away ghosts, not to appease them.

Ghost Lights during COVID-19
Many theaters forced to close during the COVID-19 pandemic have renewed the tradition of ghost lights as a way of indicating the theaters will re-open. The Sydney Opera House left ghost lights on the stages of the Joan Sutherland Theatre, the Drama Theatre, the Playhouse and the Studio. Other theaters have followed suit including Sydney Theatre Company’s Roslyn Packer Theatre in Walsh Bay, to the Seymour Centre in Chippendale, to the Merrigong Theatre at the Illawarra Performing Arts Centre in Wollongong. Ghost lights were kept burning in theaters in Florida including Artis—Naples and Barbara B. Mann Performing Arts Hall, Florida Repertory Theatre, Sugden Theater and at the Broadway Palm, Cultural Park Theater. The Royal Alexandra Theatre in Toronto, Canada has burned a ghost light through both the 1918 and 2020 pandemics. There is also a claim that during the 2020 pandemic closures "every stage on Broadway has a lamp".

During the pandemic the closure of theaters worldwide prompted digital and virtual performances inspired by the ghost light concept. The West Australian Opera live streamed solo aria performances and called the series the Ghostlight Opera. The National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA) in Australia held a digital theatre festival which included a show called Ghost Lights where famous theater characters perform on the empty stages of the world.

On 22 May 2020, while the theater was closed for the COVID-19 pandemic, the Finnish National Theater presented an installation called “Ghost Light" in which observations of interconnectedness of species are shared through the undulating light on an empty theatre stage".

References

Stage terminology
Stage lighting instruments


Domnall mac Cellaig (died 728) was a King of Connacht from the Uí Briúin branch of the Connachta. He was the son of
Cellach mac Rogallaig (died 705), a previous king. The sept of Ui Briun he belonged to was the Síl Cellaig of Loch Cime.

Domnall has been omitted from the king-lists but his reign is attested in the annals. He succeeded Indrechtach mac Muiredaig Muillethan (died 723) as king and ruled 723–728. His son Flaithrí mac Domnaill (died 779) was also a king of Connacht.

Notes

See also
Kings of Connacht

References

 Annals of Tigernach
 Francis J.Byrne, Irish Kings and High-Kings
 Book of Leinster,Section 30
 Laud Synchronisms
 The Chronology of the Irish Annals, Daniel P. McCarthy

External links
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork

728 deaths
Kings of Connacht
Nobility from County Galway
8th-century Irish monarchs
Nobility from County Roscommon
Year of birth unknown


The Mecca Dance Hall was an entertainment venue in Tottenham, London, England.

The building was first opened as a roller skating rink in 1910, and the following year was refitted as the Canadian Rink Cinema. In 1925 it was converted into a dance hall known as the Tottenham Palais and became a popular jazz venue. Later it was bought by Mecca Leisure Group and became the Tottenham Royal, managed by William McLeish. North London's premier nightspot for big band and swing music, with the Johnny Howard Band as resident for a period. The 1950s saw the Royal embrace the rock and roll era and there is a well-known photograph in Picture Post of a group of Teddy Boys in the dance hall. There was also a publicity shot taken outside the Royal when the Tottenham Hotspur League and Cup double team showed off their medals during a victory parade down the High Road in 1961. Throughout the 1960s bands such as the Dave Clark Five (based there), the Troggs, The Who and The Animals played at the Royal and the Kray twins were among the more notorious visitors. It had also become a modern style disco playing R and B music from America, Ska from Jamaica, as well as the latest pop hits.

By the 1970s Tottenham had one of Europe’s biggest black communities and the Royal was host to regular soul and reggae nights as the dance hall became a focal point for local black youths (along with Club Noreik at Ward's Corner at the junction of Seven Sisters Road and Tottenham High Road) with many reggae stars such as Desmond Dekker and Gregory Isaacs making appearances. In the mid 1970s Tottenham Royal, together with the nearby Charlie Brown's nightclub, plus other clubs such as Crackers in Wardour Street, were all part of the up-and-coming British disco and Southern Soul dance scene, with disco music interspersed with the swing music of Glenn Miller. This was a real multi-cultural experience with white and black youths attending just for the music and to dance. The 1980s saw a transformation into a string of new identities including the Mayfair Suite, the Temple, the United Nations Club, and the Zone

The cavernous dance hall was demolished in 2004 to make way for much-needed local housing.

References

Buildings and structures demolished in 2004
Former buildings and structures in the London Borough of Haringey
Buildings and structures in Tottenham
Grade II listed buildings in the London Borough of Haringey


The 1966 Major League Baseball draft took place on 7 June, early in the 1966 MLB season. The draft saw the New York Mets take Steve Chilcott 1st overall pick, with future Hall of Famer Reggie Jackson drafted second.

First round selections

The following are the first-round picks in the 1966 Major League Baseball draft.

* Did not sign

Other notable selections

* Did not sign

Notes

External links
Complete draft list from The Baseball Cube database

References

Major League Baseball draft
Draft
Major League Baseball draft


Bibliotheca historica (, ) is a work of universal history by Diodorus Siculus. It consisted of forty books, which were divided into three sections. The first six books are geographical in theme, and describe the history and culture of Egypt (book I), of Mesopotamia, India, Scythia, and Arabia (II), of North Africa (III), and of Greece and Europe (IV–VI). In the next section (books VII–XVII), he recounts human history starting with the Trojan War, down to the death of Alexander the Great. The last section (books XVII to the end) concern the historical events from the successors of Alexander down to either 60 BC or the beginning of Caesar's Gallic War in 59 BC. (The end has been lost, so it is unclear whether Diodorus reached the beginning of the Gallic War, as he promised at the beginning of his work, or, as evidence suggests, old and tired from his labors he stopped short at 60 BC.) He selected the name "Bibliotheca" in acknowledgement that he was assembling a composite work from many sources. Of the authors he drew from, some who have been identified include: Hecataeus of Abdera, Ctesias of Cnidus, Ephorus, Theopompus, Hieronymus of Cardia, Duris of Samos, Diyllus, Philistus, Timaeus, Polybius and Posidonius.

Diodorus' immense work has not survived intact; only the first five books and books 11 through 20 remain. The rest exists only in fragments preserved in Photius and the Excerpta of Constantine Porphyrogenitus.

Chronology

The earliest date Diodorus mentions is his visit to Egypt in the 180th Olympiad (between 60 and 56 BC). This visit was marked by his witnessing an angry mob demand the death of a Roman citizen who had accidentally killed a cat, an animal sacred to the ancient Egyptians (Bibliotheca historica 1.41, 1.83). The latest event Diodorus mentions is Octavian's vengeance on the city of Tauromenium, whose refusal to help him led to Octavian's naval defeat nearby in 36 BC (16.7). Diodorus shows no knowledge that Egypt became a Roman province—which transpired in 30 BC—so presumably he published his completed work before that event. Diodorus asserts that he devoted thirty years to the composition of his history, and that he undertook a number of dangerous journeys through Europe and Asia in prosecution of his historical researches.

Structure

In the Bibliotheca historica, Diodorus sets out to write a universal history, covering the entire world and all periods of time. Each book opens with a table of its contents and a preface discussing the relevance of history, issues in the writing of history or the significance of the events discussed in that book. These are now generally agreed to be entirely Diodorus' own work. The degree to which the text that follows is derived from earlier historical works is debated.

The first five books describe the history and culture of different regions, without attempting to determine the relative chronology of events. Diodorus expresses serious doubts that such chronology is possible for barbarian lands and the distant past. The resulting books have affinities with the genre of geography. Books six to ten, which covered the transition from mythical times to the archaic period, are almost entirely lost. By book ten he had taken up an annalistic structure, narrating all the events throughout the world in each year before moving on to the next one. Books eleven to twenty, which are completely intact and cover events between 480 BC and 302 BC, maintain this annalistic structure. Books twenty-one to forty, which brought the work down to Diodorus' own lifetime, terminating around 60 BC, are mostly lost.

Book I: Egypt

Book one opens with a prologue on the work as a whole, arguing for the importance of history generally and universal history in particular. The rest of the book is devoted to Egypt and is divided into two halves. In the first half he covers the origin of the world and the development of civilisation in Egypt. A long discussion of the theories offered by different Greek scholars to explain the annual floods of the River Nile serves to showcase Diodorus' wide-reading. In the second half he presents the history of the country, its customs and religion, in a highly respectful tone. His main sources are believed to be Hecataeus of Abdera and Agatharchides of Cnidus.

Book II: Asia

This book has only a short prologue outlining its contents. The majority of the book is devoted to the history of the Assyrians, focussed on the mythical conquests of Ninus and Semiramis, the fall of the dynasty under the effeminate Sardanapallus, and the origins of the Medes who overthrew them. This section is explicitly derived from the account of Ctesias of Cnidus (chapters 1-34). The rest of the book is devoted to describing the various other peoples of Asia. He first describes India, drawing on Megasthenes (chapters 35-42), then the Scythians of the Eurasian steppe, including the Amazons and the Hyperboreans (chapters 43-47), and Arabia Felix (chapters 48-54). He finishes the book with an account of the traveller Iambulus' journey to a group of islands in the Indian Ocean, which appears to be based on a Hellenistic utopian novel.

Book III: Africa
In this book, Diodorus describes the geography of North Africa including Aethiopia, the gold mines of Egypt, the Persian Gulf and Libya, where he sites mythical figures including the Gorgons, Amazons, Ammon and Atlas. Based on the writings on Agatharchides, Diodorus describes gold mining in Egypt, with horrible working conditions:

Book IV: Greek mythology

In this book, Diodorus describes the mythology of Greece. He narrates the myths of Dionysus, Priapus, the Muses, Herakles, the Argonauts, Medea, the hero Theseus and the Seven against Thebes.

Book V: Europe

In this book, Diodorus describes the geography of Europe. He covers the islands of Sicily, Malta, Corsica, Sardinia and the Balearic Islands. He then covers Britain, 'Basilea', Gaul, the Iberian peninsula, and the regions of Liguria and Tyrrhenia in the Italian peninsula. Finally he describes the islands of H|iera and Panchaea in the southern ocean, and the Greek islands.

Books VI–X: Trojan War and Archaic Greece
Books VI–X survive only in fragments, which cover events before and after the Trojan War including the stories of Bellerophon, Orpheus, Aeneas, and Romulus; some history from cities including Rome and Cyrene; tales of kings such as Croesus and Cyrus; and mentions of philosophers such as Pythagoras and Zeno.

Book XI: 480-451 BC
This book has no prologue, just a brief statement of its contents.

The main focus of the book are events in mainland Greece, principally the Second Persian invasion of Greece under Xerxes (1-19, 27-39), Themistocles' construction of the Peiraeus and Long walls and his defection to Persia (41-50, 54-59) and the Pentecontaetia (60-65, 78–84, 88). Interweaved with this is an account of events in Sicily, focussing on Gelon of Syracuse's war with the Carthaginians (20-26), his successors' prosperity and fall (51, 53, 67-68), and the Syracusans' war with Ducetius (76, 78, 88-92).

Diodorus' source for his account of mainland Greece in this book is generally agreed to be Ephorus of Cyme, but some scholars argue that he supplemented this using the accounts of Herodotus, Thucydides, and others.

Book XII: 450-416 BC
The book's prologue muses on the mutability of fortune. Diodorus notes that bad events can have positive outcomes, like the prosperity of Greece which (he says) resulted from the Persian Wars.

Diodorus account mostly focuses on mainland Greece, covering the end of the Pentecontaetia (1-7, 22, 27-28), the first half of the Peloponnesian War (30, 31–34, 38–51, 55–63, 66-73), and conflicts during the Peace of Nicias (74-84). Most of the side narratives concern events in southern Italy, relating to the foundation of Thurii (9-21, 23, 35) and the secession of the Plebs at Rome (24-25). An account of the war between Leontini and Syracuse, culminating in the embassy of Gorgias to Athens (54-56), sets up the account of the Sicilian Expedition in book XIII.

Diodorus is believed to have continued to use Ephorus, perhaps supplemented with other historians, as his source for Greek events in this book, while the source for the events in western Greece is usually identified as Timaeus of Tauromenium.

Book XIII: 415-404 BC
Diodorus explains that, given the amount of material to be covered, his prologue must be brief.

This book opens with the account of the Sicilian Expedition, culminating in two very long speeches at Syracuse deliberating about how to treat the Athenian prisoners (1-33). After that the two areas again diverge, with the Greek narrative covering the Decelean War down to the battles of Arginusae and Aigospotami (35-42, 45–53, 64–74, 76-79). The Sicilian narrative recounts the beginning of the Second Carthaginian War, culminating in the rise of Dionysius the Elder to the tyranny (43-44, 54–63, 75, 80–96, 108-114).

Ephorus is generally agreed to have continued to be the source of the Greek narrative and Timaeus of the Sicilian narrative. The source of the Sicilian expedition is disputed - both Ephorus and Timaeus have been put forward. Sacks argues that the two speeches at the end of that account are Diodorus' own work.

Book XIV: 404-387 BC
In the prologue, Diodorus identifies reproachful criticism (blasphemia) as the punishment for evil deeds which people take to heart the most and which the powerful are especially subject to. Powerful men, therefore, should avoid evil deeds in order to avoid receiving this reproach from posterity. Diodorus claims that the central subjects of the book are negative examples, who demonstrate the truth of these remarks.

The book is again divided into Greek and Sicilian narratives. The Greek narrative covers the thirty tyrants of Athens (3-6, 32-33), the establishment and souring of the Spartan hegemony (10-13, 17, 34–36, 38), Cyrus the Younger's attempt to seize the Persian throne with the aid of the Ten Thousand (19-31), Agesilaus' invasion of Persian Asia Minor (79-80), the Boeotian War (81-86, 91–92, 94).

The Sicilian narrative focusses on Dionysios the Elder's establishment of his tyranny in Sicily (7-9, 11–16, 18), his second war with the Carthaginians (41-78, 85–91, 95-96), and his invasion of southern Italy (100-108, 111-112).

Fairly brief notes mention Roman affairs year by year, including the war with Veii (93), and the Gallic Sack (113-117).

Ephorus and Timaeus are assumed to have still been Diodorus' sources. Some details in his account of the Ten Thousand may derive from a lost work of Sophaenetus.

Book XV: 386-361 BC
In the prologue of this book, Diodorus makes several statements that have been considered important for understanding the philosophy behind his entire work. Firstly, he announces the importance of parrhesia (free speech) for the overall moral goal of his work, insofar as he expects his frank praise of good people and criticism of bad ones will encourage his readers to behave morally. Secondly, he declares that the fall of the Spartan empire, which is described in this book, was caused by their cruel treatment of their subjects. Sacks considers this idea about the fall of empires to be a core theme of Diodorus' work, motivated by his own experience as a subject of Rome.

This book covers the height of the Spartan rule in Greece, including the invasion of Persia, the Olynthian War, and the occupation of the Cadmeia (8-12, 18-23), but also the Spartan defeat in the Boeotian War which resulted in the rise of the Theban Hegemony (25-35, 37–40,  62‑69, 75, 82‑88). The main side narratives are Euagoras war with the Persians in Cyprus (2‑4, 8‑9), the wars of Dionysius I against the Illyrians, Etruscans and Carthaginians and his death (13-17, 73-74), Artaxerxes II's failed invasion of Egypt (41-43), the skytalismos in Argos (57-58), the career of Jason of Pherae (57, 60, 80, 95), and the Great Satraps' Revolt (90-93).

Diodorus' main source is generally believed to have been Ephorus, but (through him?) he also seems to have drawn on other sources, like the Hellenica Oxyrhynchia. It is disputed whether he continued using Timaeus of Tauromenium for his description of Sicilian affairs in this book or if this too was based on Ephorus.

Book XVI: 360‑336 BC
The Prologue announces the importance of cohesion within narratives - a book or chapter should, if possible, narrate an entire story from start to finish. It then transitions into praise of Philip II, whose involvement in the Third Sacred War and resulting rise are the main subjects of the book.

The principal side narratives are Dion of Syracuse's overthrow of Dionysius II (5-6, 9-15), the Social War (7, 21-22), Artaxerxes III's reconquest of Egypt (40-52), and the expedition of Timoleon (interleaved in 65-90).

The initial sources for the main narrative was probably Ephorus, but his account came to an end in 356 BC, and Diodorus' sources after that point are disputed. Possibilities include Demophilus, Diyllus, Duris of Samos and Theopompus; contradictions in his account suggest that he was following multiple sources simultaneously and did not succeed in combining them perfectly. The Sicilian material probably draws on Timaeus and also cites .

Book XVII: 335‑324 BC
This book covers Alexander the Great from his accession, through his campaigns in Persia, to his death in Babylon. Despite a promise in the brief prologue to discuss other contemporary events, it does not contain any side-narratives, although, unlike other accounts of Alexander, it does mention Macedonian activities in Greece during his expedition. Owing to its length, the book is split into two halves, the first running down to the Battle of Gaugamela (1-63) and the second part continuing until his death (64-118).

Diodorus' sources for the story of Alexander are much debated. Sources of information include Aristobulus of Cassandreia, Cleitarchus, Onesicritus and Nearchus, but it is not clear that he used these directly. Several scholars have argued that the unity of this account implies a single source, perhaps Cleitarchus.

Book XVIII: 323-318 BC
This book covers the years 323 BC-318 BC, describing the disputes which arose between Alexander's generals after his death and the beginning of the Wars of the Diadochoi. The account is largely based on Hieronymus of Cardia. There is no discussion of events outside the eastern Mediterranean, although cross-references at other points indicate that Diodorus intended to discuss Sicilian affairs.

Book XIX: 317-311 BC
This book opens with a prologue arguing that democracy is usually overthrown by the most powerful members of society, not the weakest, and advancing Agathocles of Syracuse as a demonstration of this proposition.

The narrative of the book continues the account of the Diadochi, recounting the Second and Third Wars of the Diadochi; the Babylonian War is completely unmentioned. Interwoven in this narrative is the rise to power of Agathocles of Syracuse and the beginning of his war with Carthage. It is disputed whether this latter narrative strand is based on Callias of Syracuse, Timaeus of Tauromenium, or Duris of Samos.

Book XX: 310-302 BC
The prologue of this book discusses Greek historians' practice of inventing speeches for their characters to deliver. Diodorus criticises the practice as inappropriate to the genre, but acknowledges that in moderation such speeches can add variety and serve a didactic purpose.

The book is devoted to two parallel narratives, one describing Agathocles' ultimately unsuccessful invasion of Carthage, and the other devoted to the continued wars of the Diadochi, which are dominated by Antigonus Monophthalmus and Demetrius Poliorcetes. The only significant side narrative is the account of Cleonymus of Sparta's wars in Italy (104-105).

Books XXI–XL
These books do not survive intact, but large sections were preserved by Byzantine compilers working under Constantine VII and by epitomators like Photius. They covered the history of the Hellenistic kingdoms from the Battle of Ipsus in 301 BC, through the wars between Rome and Carthage, down to either 60 BC or the beginning of Caesar's Gallic War in 59 BC.

For books 21–32, Diodorus drew on the history of Polybius, which largely survives and can be compared against Diodorus' text, though he may also have used Philinus of Agrigentum and other lost historians. Books 32 to 38 or 39 probably had Poseidonius as their source.

Book XXXII is notable for the inclusion of the lives of Diophantus of Abae, Callon of Epidaurus, and others who transitioned between genders. The record of Callon's medical treatment is the first known account of gender-affirming surgery.

Reception

Ancient and medieval
Diodorus is mentioned briefly in Pliny the Elder's Natural History as being singular among the Greek historians for the simple manner in which he named his work.

Modern
Diodorus' liberal use of earlier historians underlies the harsh opinion of the author of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article on Bibliotheca historica:

As damaging as this sounds, other more contemporary classical scholars are likely to go even further. Diodorus has become infamous particularly for adapting his tales ad maiorem Graecorum gloriam ("to the greater glory of the Greeks"), leading one prominent author to refer to him as one of the "two most accomplished liars of antiquity" (the other being Ctesias).

Far more sympathetic is the estimate of C.H. Oldfather, who wrote in the introduction to his translation of Diodorus:

Editorial history
The earliest extant manuscript of Bibliotheca historica is from about 10th century.
The editio princeps of Diodorus was a Latin translation of the first five books by Poggio Bracciolini at Bologna in 1472. The first printing of the Greek original (at Basel in 1535) contained only books 16–20, and was the work of Vincentius Opsopoeus. It was not until 1559 that all of the surviving books, and surviving fragments of books 21 to the end were published by Stephanus at Geneva.

Editions and translations

Vol. 2 (Books 2.35-4.58). Tr. C. H. Oldfather. LCL 303 (1935). . Online: Internet Archive PDF
Vol. 3 (Books 4.59-8). Tr. C. H. Oldfather. LCL 340 (1939). .
Vol. 4 (Books 9-12.40). Tr. C. H. Oldfather. LCL 375 (1946). . Online: Perseus
Vol. 5 (Books 12.41-13). Tr. C. H. Oldfather. LCL 384 (1950). .
Vol. 6 (Books 14–15.19). Tr. C. H. Oldfather. LCL 399 (1954). .
Vol. 7 (Books 15.20-16.65). Tr. Charles L. Sherman. LCL 389 (1952). .

Vol. 9 (Books 18–19.65). Tr. Russel M. Geer. LCL 377 (1947). .
Vol. 10 (Books 19.66-20). Tr. Russel M. Geer. LCL 390 (1954). .
Vol. 11 (Fragments of Books 21-32). Tr. Francis R. Walton. LCL 409 (1957). .
Vol. 12 (Fragments of Books 33-40). Tr. Francis R. Walton. LCL 423 (1967). .
 Available from Internet Archive

Footnotes

References

Further reading

Sacks, Kenneth S. Diodorus Siculus and the First Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990. .
  and

External links

 Diodorus Siculus translated by C.H. Oldfather, English translation, Greek text, Books 9–17 (text)
 Diodorus Siculus translated by C.H. Oldfather, English translation, Book 4 (text)
 The manuscripts of Diodorus Siculus by Roger Pearse (list only)
 Bibliotheca Historica (books 1-32), Bill Thayer's Web Site
 Bibliotheca Historica (books 33-40), Attalus.org

Ancient Greek works
Books about civilizations
1st-century BC history books
History of mining
Gold mining
Roman-era Greek historiography


Samy Kamkar (born December 10, 1985) is an American privacy and security researcher, computer hacker and entrepreneur. At the age of 16, he dropped out of high school. One year later, he co-founded Fonality, a unified communications company based on open-source software, which raised over $46 million in private funding. In 2005, he created and released the fastest spreading virus of all time, the MySpace worm Samy, and was subsequently raided by the United States Secret Service under the Patriot Act. He also created SkyJack, a custom drone which hacks into any nearby Parrot drones allowing them to be controlled by its operator  and created the Evercookie, which appeared in a top-secret NSA document revealed by Edward Snowden and on the front page of The New York Times. He has also worked with The Wall Street Journal, and discovered the illicit mobile phone tracking where the Apple iPhone, Google Android and Microsoft Windows Phone mobile devices transmit GPS and Wi-Fi information to their parent companies. His mobile research led to a series of class-action lawsuits against the companies and a privacy hearing on Capitol Hill. Kamkar has a chapter giving advice in Tim Ferriss' book Tools of Titans.

Work

Samy worm

In 2005, Kamkar released the Samy worm, the first publicly released self-propagating cross-site scripting worm, onto MySpace. The worm carried a payload that would display the string "but most of all, Samy is my hero" on a victim's profile and cause the victim to unknowingly send a friend request to Kamkar. When a user viewed that profile, they would have the payload planted on their page. Within just 20 hours of its October 4, 2005 release, over one million users had run the payload, making it the fastest spreading virus of all time. The MySpace team temporarily shut down MySpace to fix the problem that allowed the worm to operate.

In 2006, Kamkar was raided by the United States Secret Service and Electronic Crimes Task Force, expanded from the Patriot Act, for releasing the worm. After being presented with a plea bargain for no prison time, but paying a fine of $20,000 USD, serving three years of probation, working 720 hours of community service, Kamkar pled guilty to a felony charge of computer hacking in Los Angeles Superior Court.  Also per the aforementioned agreement, Kamkar was allowed to keep a single computer that was not connected to a network, but explicitly prohibited from any internet access during his sentence. Since 2008, Kamkar has been doing independent computer security and privacy research and consulting.

Notable works
In 2008, after Kamkar's restriction from computers was lifted, he demonstrated weaknesses in Visa, MasterCard and Europay credit cards with near field communication (NFC) and radio-frequency identification (RFID) chips built in and released software demonstrating the ability to steal credit card information, including name, credit card number, and expiration date, wirelessly from these cards. He also released code demonstrating wireless identity theft of physical access control cards, including that of HID Global cards, using RFID with the use of only a credit card sized device, removing the need for any computer to be connected.

In 2010, Kamkar traveled to more than a dozen countries speaking about his mobile security research and weaknesses he discovered from his cryptanalysis of the PHP programming language, including speaking at some of the largest annual hacker conventions in the world such as DEF CON, Black Hat Briefings and ToorCon.

In late 2010, Kamkar traveled to Bratislava to attend Faraday Hack Day to help expose political and corporate corruption within Slovakia's government.

In early 2011, Kamkar joined the Board of Directors of Brave New Software, a non-profit organization originally funded by a multimillion-dollar U.S. State Department grant. The nonprofit is responsible for creating uProxy with the University of Washington and Google Ideas, a browser extension intended to allow users in repressive regimes to access the Internet without being monitored. The nonprofit also created Lantern, a network designed to circumvent Internet censorship and defeat the suppression of digital information and freedom of speech.

In addition to releasing the Evercookie as free and open source software, and exposing the surreptitious collection of data by Apple, Google and Microsoft, in 2011, Kamkar also exposed KISSmetrics, an online advertising network, and Hulu as recreating tracking cookies after consumers deleted them by storing the unique tracking identifiers in Flash cookies and HTML5 Local Storage, which were not automatically deleted when consumers cleared their browser cookies.
Several companies identified as performing cookie respawning were subsequently sued by class-action lawyers. In January 2013, KISSmetrics settled its cookie respawning related lawsuit for $500,000.

Flaw in PHP
In early 2010, Kamkar discovered a major flaw in all versions of the PHP programming language, specifically in the pseudorandom number generator, which allowed an attacker to hijack the session ID of a user and take over their session. Kamkar released a patch and once fixed, released exploit code demonstrating the attack which was possible on major banks, social networks, and forums.

Evercookie

In 2010, Kamkar released Evercookie, a cookie that "apparently cannot be deleted", which subsequently was documented on the front page of The New York Times. In 2013, a top-secret NSA document was leaked by Edward Snowden citing Evercookie as a method of tracking Tor users.

Mobile research

In 2011, Kamkar discovered the iPhone, Android and Windows Phone mobile devices were continuously sending GPS coordinates, correlated to Wi-Fi MAC addresses, back to Apple, Google and Microsoft respectively, and released his research through several front page The Wall Street Journal articles. The iPhone would continue to send location data "even when the location services were turned off". The Windows Phone would also continue to send location data "even when the user has not given the app permission to do so". He discovered that some of this data was exposed by Google and he released Androidmap, a tool exposing Google's database of Wi-Fi MAC addresses correlated to the physical coordinates populated by Android phones.

Parrot AR Drone research

In 2013, Kamkar created SkyJack, a combination of open source software and hardware to run on an unmanned aerial vehicle which was "engineered to autonomously seek out, hack, and wirelessly take over other Parrot drones within wifi distance, creating an army of zombie drones". The entire software and hardware specification was released as open source and detailed on his website. The software was released one day after Amazon.com announced Amazon Prime Air, a possible future delivery service using drones to deliver small packages in as early as 2015.

Automotive security research

On July 30, 2015, Kamkar introduced OwnStar - a small electronic device that could be concealed on or near a General Motors vehicle to interpose itself between the vehicle's OnStar link and the  driver's OnStar RemoteLink app. In this classic man-in-the-middle attack, Kamkar, or any unauthorized user, could substitute his OnStar commands to locate, unlock, or start the vehicle.  By August 11, General Motors had released upgrades to the OnStar server software and RemoteLink app to block such attacks.

In 2015, it was reported that Kamkar had built an inexpensive electronic device about the size of a wallet that could be concealed on or near a locked vehicle to capture a single keyless entry code to be used at a later time to unlock the vehicle.  The device transmits a jamming signal to block the vehicle's reception of rolling code signals from the owner's fob, while recording these signals from both of his two attempts needed to unlock the vehicle.  The recorded first code is sent to the vehicle only when the owner makes the second attempt, while the recorded second code is retained for future use.  Kamkar stated that this vulnerability had been widely known for years to be present in many vehicle types, but was previously undemonstrated.  A demonstration was announced for DEF CON 23.

Magnetic stripe and credit card emulation device

On November 24, 2015, Samy Kamkar released MagSpoof; a portable device that can spoof/emulate any magnetic stripe or credit card "wirelessly", even on standard magstripe readers by generating a strong electromagnetic field that emulates a traditional magnetic stripe card.

In his own words, MagSpoof can be used as a traditional credit card and simply store all of your credit cards (and with modification, can technically disable chip requirements) in various form factors, or can be used for security research in any area that would traditionally require a magstripe, such as readers for credit cards, drivers licenses, hotel room keys, automated parking lot tickets, etc.

Internet traffic hijacking

On November 16, 2016, Samy Kamkar released PoisonTap; a USB Ethernet emulator that can be used to hijack all Internet traffic on a target machine, even if the computer was password protected and locked.

A backdoored device can be remotely forced to make a request with its user's cookies on HTTP (unsecured) websites that have no security flags, meaning that the attacker can remotely impersonate a local user.

On May 2, 2022, a suspected North Korean spy recruited a 38-year-old South Korean crypto exchange executive and a 29-year-old military officer to use PoisonTap in order to hack into the  Korean Joint Command and Control System (KJCCS).

References

External links

Living people
American computer programmers
American computer scientists
Place of birth missing (living people)
Computer systems researchers
Computer security specialists
American people of Iranian descent
1985 births


Live in Japan is a live album by the Polish death metal band Vader. It was released in 1998 by Metal Mind Productions in Poland, System Shock/Impact Records in Europe, and Pavement Music in United States. The Japanese edition with two bonus tracks was released by Avalon/Marquee.

Live in Japan was recorded at Club Quattro in Tokyo on 31 August 1998 by Sound Creators Inc.. Mastering took place at Selani Studio in Olsztyn, Poland in September 1998, and was made by Andrzej "Andy" Bomba. The album was produced by Piotr "Peter" Wiwczarek, who shared mixing duties with Krzysztof "Docent" Raczkowski, and Tomasz "Tom" Bonarowski.

Track listing

Personnel
Production and performance credits are adapted from the album liner notes.

 Vader
 Piotr "Peter" Wiwczarek – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, lead guitar, production, mixing
 Maurycy "Mauser" Stefanowicz – rhythm guitar, lead guitar
 Leszek "Shambo" Rakowski – bass guitar
 Krzysztof "Docent" Raczkowski – drums, mixing
 Note
Recorded at Club Quattro, Tokyo, 31 August 1998.
Mixed at Red Studio, Gdynia, 22.09-30.09.1998.
Digital edited at Red Studio, Gdynia, 1 October 1998.

 Production
 Jacek Wiśniewski – cover art and design
 Tomasz "Tom" Bonarowski – digital editing, mixing
 Andrzej "Andy" Bomba – mastering
 Mariusz Kmiolek – mastering
 Osamu "Tio" Suzuki – live photos
 Takahisa Okuno – Japanese liner notes
 Krzysztof Mierzwiński – engineering
 Shinya Tanaka – mobile recording engineer
 Mika Furukawa – lighting staff
 Osamu "Tio" Suzuki – photography
 Atsuhiro Morishige – mobile recording assistant
 Naoto Hoshino – mobile recording assistant
 Tomomi Shimura – mobile recording assistant
 Yutaka Makido – mobile recording assistant
 Keisuke Hatsushika – technician
 Misae Shiroyama – technician

Release history

References

Vader (band) albums
1998 live albums
Metal Mind Productions albums


Marie Allan (born 1979) is a French actress. She appeared as a leading actress in Jean-Claude Brisseau's 2006 Cannes Film Festival film Les Anges Exterminateurs.

Selected filmography

References

External links

1979 births

Living people

French film actresses

21st-century French actresses


Mighty Joe Young may refer to:

Mighty Joe Young (1949 film)
Mighty Joe Young (1998 film)
Mighty Joe Young (musician), blues musician
the original name for Stone Temple Pilots, who recorded the Mighty Joe Young Demo before changing their name