The Canadian Independent Telephone Association, now the Canadian Independent Telecommunications Association, is a nationwide association of companies that provide telephone service within British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec, founded in 1905.

Active Members List

(as of July 2014)
 Iristel
 Brooke Telecom
 Bruce Telecom
 CityWest Tel
 Cochrane Telecom Service
 Coop Tel
 Execulink Telecom
 Gosfield North Communications
 Hay Communications
 Huron Telecommunications
 La Cie de Telephone de Courcelles
 La Compagnie Telephone St-Victor
 La Compagnie Telephone Upton
 Lansdowne Rural Telephone
 Mornington Communications
 Nexicom Telecommunications
 Nexicom Telephones
 North Frontenac Telephone Company
 North Renfrew Telephone Company
 Ontera
 Quadro Communications
 Roxborough Telephone Co. Ltd.
 Sogetel
 TBayTel
 Telephone Guevremont
 Telephone de St-Ephrem
 Tuckersmith Communications
 Wightman Telecom
 WTC Communications

References

External links
 Website

See also
 Stentor Alliance
 List of Canadian telephone companies
 List of Canadian mobile phone companies

1905 establishments in Canada
Telecommunications companies of Canada
Telecommunications organizations


Dr John Garton, of the firm of Garton Brothers of Newton-le-Willows in the United Kingdom was the  Originator of Scientific Farm Plant Breeding. He is credited as the first scientist to show that the common grain crops and many other plants are self-fertilizing. He also invented the process of multiple cross-fertilization of crop plants.

In 1898 the business became known as Gartons Limited and, under the inspired commercial leadership of George Peddie Miln, was to become the British Empire's largest plant breeding and seed company.

A public company from the start, its shares were traded on the London Stock Exchange from 1947.

History of the business

John Garton and his two brothers, Robert and Thomas, were in business with their father, Peter, in Golborne and Newton-le-Willows in Lancashire, England, as corn and agricultural merchants.

As a young man, John Garton (1863–1922), was the first to understand that whilst some agricultural plants were self-pollinating, others were cross-pollinating. He began experimenting with the artificial cross pollination firstly of cereal plants, then herbage species and root crops.

He attracted the friendship and encouragement of a young Scottish seedsman, George Peddie Miln (1861–1928) who had trained in Dundee and was seed manager of Dicksons Limited of Chester.

Knowing he had developed a far reaching new technique in plant breeding John Garton began to carry out many thousands of controlled crosses on fields at the family farm in Newton-le-Willows. He and his colleagues tried in 1889 to interest the UK Government’s new Board of Agriculture in the invention they called Scientific Farm Plant Breeding.  But this was to no avail.

Commercial start

Robert and John Garton made a commercial start as R. & J. Garton. They launched their first variety, 'Abundance' oat, in 1892.

Generous publicity followed in the press, together with the publication of articles by botanists in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, and in the Transactions of the Royal Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland in 1894 and 1898. Professor Robert Wallace (1853–1939) of the University of Edinburgh said 'Under the system originated by Mr John Garton an infinite number of new and distinct breeds of oats, barleys, wheats, clovers and grasses have been produced'.

In 1898 a public company was launched, Gartons Limited. It was based in Warrington. Many of the 600 or so subscribers for £50,000 cumulative preference shares of 6% rising to 10% were farmers.

George Peddie Miln joined the company as Managing Director, together with Robert Garton, Thomas R. Garton, Thomas Baxter and Arthur Smith as directors. Robert and John Garton agreed to continue to work for the Company for five years for £500 and to receive the entire ordinary share capital of the new company of £50,000.

It rapidly became the United Kingdom's best known plant breeding and seed company, and also exported seeds widely.

The Garton Lectureship at Edinburgh University

In 1900 an endowment was made to found the Garton Lectureship in Indian and Colonial Agriculture at the University of Edinburgh. The Garton Lectureship still exists as a biennial award to promising young lecturers in the School of Agriculture but is without emoluments and is no longer tied to colonial agriculture.

Publicity in USA

Noel Kingsbury writes:From the late nineteenth century on, seed companies began to play an increasingly important, if not dominant, role in breeding non-cereal crops and a major role in producing varieties for market gardening and for private growers. The production of new cereals was a somewhat different matter - the fact that they were so vitally important for national food supplies and involved large-scale and long-term work made it more likely that they would be the concern of government.

There were exceptions though, one being the family firm of Gartons of Warrington, Lancashire, in the north of England. Their production of cereals - oats in particular - was appreciated as internationally important during the latter quarter of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth; (The American wheat breeder) Mark Carleton visited them in 1898 and was reportedly astonished at their work, Garton varieties were widely exported throughout the British Empire (then by far and away the world's largest political unit) and the United States.

"That private companies could be so effective in breeding cereal grains indicated that there was no link of necessity between their improvement and the publicly funded research that was to so dominate this sector over so much of the next century."

In 1903 Professor Willet M. Hays (1859–1927) of the Agricultural Experiment Station in Minnesota, USA said 'No one has done more brilliant work in Agricultural Plant Breeding than Messrs. Garton, and this is from now on to be recognised.'

Attempted intellectual property donation

The introduction to their 1899 Spring Catalogue reads:

Our original idea for the dissemination of the seed of these new breeds as the stocks became sufficiently large for the purpose, was through some public body as in the form of an annual free seed distribution upon similar lines to the free seed distributions carried out by the Governments of the United States, Canada, and several of the British Colonies.

On three successive occasions we approached Her Majesty's Government with this object in view, the first occasion being on the formation of the Board of Agriculture, in 1889, when we offered to hand over the whole of the valuable results, providing that body would undertake their dissemination and the continuance of the work, either in the form of an annual free seed distribution or at current market price.

Upon the last occasion our offer was accompanied by letters and reports from all the leading Agricultural Professors, Botanists, and Scientists in the Kingdom, setting forth the national benefit which would accrue from the dissemination of the results in the form we had suggested. The final reply of Her Majesty's Government, however, was that whilst fully recognising the value of the work, owing to there being no precedent upon which to act in such a matter, they were unable to avail themselves of the offer. This was much to be regretted for had our ideas been carried into effect the British farmer would have been placed in immediate possession of important results, which in the hands of a Public Company would not reach him for many years.

Our efforts in this direction not having been successful, and as we were not in a position to undertake the work of distribution ourselves, we have placed it in the lands of a Public Company, and we trust that the continued efforts made by us on behalf of the British farmer will be fully appreciated by him, through his support of the Company responsible for the distribution of the seed of our new breeds of agricultural plants

''R. & J. Garton'

Crop innovations

The firm's first historic introduction was 'Abundance' oat, the world's first agricultural plant variety bred from a controlled cross, introduced to commerce in 1892.

Among the other 170 crop varieties that Gartons bred and introduced to commerce were:

 'Standwell' barley, introduced in 1898, the first barley bred from a controlled cross.
 'White Monarch' wheat, introduced in 1899, the first wheat bred from a controlled cross.
 'Invincible' barley, introduced in 1899, the first crop plant control crossed for disease resistance.
 Perennialized red clover, introduced in 1898, the first controlled cross clover.
 Perennialized Italian ryegrass, introduced in 1907, the first controlled cross pasture grass.
 'Apex' winter wheat, introduced in 1967, the first wheat to be granted plant breeders' rights in the United Kingdom.

John Garton's honorary doctorate

On 23 March 1922 the Senatus Academicus of the University of Edinburgh offered to confer the honorary doctorate of LL.D on John Garton shortly before his death, which he duly accepted.Warrington Guardian 26 August 1922 At its meeting on 6 July 1922 the Senatus Academicus learned that John Garton had died.

The programme and report of the Graduation Ceremony held on 21 July 1922 reads  The Senatus Academicus recently conferred the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws upon the late John Garton, who duly accepted it. The Degree would have been formally conferred on the present occasion but for his lamented death. Mr Garton invented the process of multiple cross fertilisation of crop plants and has been the means in a great measure of revolutionising field culture by producing hundreds of new and improved varieties which have greatly increased the yields of all the common crops of the farm. The achievement proved to be of immense national importance during the War.

Mr Garton first showed that the common grain crops and many other crop plants are self-fertilising. Up till that time they were generally believed to be fertilised by wind or insects.
Mr Garton’s results got in crossing different species of grasses helped to develop the modern conception of species.

Twenty-two tears ago Mr Garton provided the means to establish the Garton Lectures on Colonial and Indian Agriculture, and subsequently he permanently endowed them as an integral part of the work of the Chair of Agriculture.

Plant breeding grounds

The plant breeding grounds were initially at Newton-le-Willows but moved to Acton Grange, two and a half miles south west of Warrington before settling in about 1930 at Little Leigh near Northwich in Cheshire. A seed development farm was located in Essex, and root crop trials were located on farms in the north of England and in Scotland. Traditionally groups of farmers were invited in mid-summer to inspect the plant breeding grounds and be entertained by the Company.

Initially the Seed Warehouse for cleaning and distributing seed was in Newton-le-Willows but moved to Friars Green in Warrington in 1899 by which time the offices were at Thynne Street, Warrington. A purpose built seven story Seed Warehouse and separate Head Office were built at Arpley, Warrington in 1910. There was an L. M. S.  railway siding into the Seed Warehouse. On 25 April 1912 the Seed Warehouse burned down but quickly rebuilt largely by the same builders. Seed cleaning machinery, some unique to the Company, ensured the purity of the product. As time went by fewer seeds were ‘picked’ or cleaned by hand by upwards of one hundred staff as machinery became more sophisticated. Across the top of roof of the warehouse was the company’s name which had to be disguised during wartime.

From the beginning Gartons Limited tested its seeds for purity and germination at its own seed testing laboratories in Warrington. The 1920 Seeds Act, for the first time, made testing and declaring for purity and germination a legal requirement for all seed companies. The Official Seed Testing Station was created in 1917, firstly in Victoria Street in Westminster, London and then in 1921 within the newly formed National Institute of Agricultural Botany in Cambridge. Larger seed companies including Gartons Limited were licensed to carry out their own purity and germination testing.

Commercial success and competition

Gartons Limited was the United Kingdom’s only major agricultural plant breeding company.  But this caused them difficulties as early as in their Spring 1900 seed catalogue where a paragraph of the introduction reads:  It has come to our knowledge that nearly all the New Breeds introduced by us up to the present time have been renamed by various dealers and are being offered by them under different names. Although the honesty of this conduct is more than questionable, we are resigned for the present to regard it as a novel form of flattery, but we strongly recommend all those who wish to secure our Seeds to order them direct from us, as they cannot be procured from any other genuine source.

After the Great War (1914–1918) the United Kingdom government funded cereal breeding at the Plant Breeding Institute at Cambridge which had been founded in 1912,  and funded the setting up of plant breeding stations in Edinburgh (1921), Aberystwyth (1919) and in Glasnevin, Northern Ireland in competition with Gartons Limited.

The 1960 Report of the Committee on Transactions in Seeds set up by Parliament entitled Plant Breeders' Rights  stated that whilst two thirds of breeding work was by then carried out by government organisations, one third was in the hands of private breeders. And yet the only non-government funded agricultural crop plant breeding, research and testing establishment visited by the Committee was to Gartons Limited. The United Kingdom's Plant Varieties and Seeds Act 1964 allowed plant breeders  to fully protect and be rewarded for their introductions. The last variety bred by Gartons, 'Apex' wheat, was the first British bred wheat to be awarded plant breeders rights in 1967 under this legislation.Gartons Headquarters Plant Breeding Grounds in Cheshire, from The Warrington Examiner 4 April 1931.

Chairmen and directors

The eldest of the three Garton brothers, Robert Garton, was the first chairman of Gartons Limited. He died in February 1950, aged 91, a widower with no children. He was succeeded by the youngest brother, Thomas R. Garton, who died in May 1956. His son, John, was chairman from August 1963 until September 1965. Dr John Garton, the middle of the three brothers, was never, a director.

Nine members of the Miln family were involved with the business over a period of seventy five years.

Born at Linlathen, Broughty Ferry in 1861,  George Peddie Miln trained in a Dundee seed warehouse, the traditional Scottish training for a young man with ambition in the seed trade. He moved to Chester and ran one of its old established seed merchants before joining Gartons Limited as its first Managing Director in 1898. He was a member of Her Majesty's Board of Agriculture Seeds Advisory Council during the first World War. Both the Seeds Act 1920 and the formation of the National Institute of Agricultural Botany came about with his considerable encouragement during his three-year presidency of the Seed Trade Association of the United Kingdom. Of his eleven children, five trained in the seed trade. He was a Justice of the Peace in the City of Chester, a Fellow of the Linnean Society and a member of the Council of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. He died aged 68 following an unsuccessful operation.

When George P. Miln died in 1928 he was succeeded as managing director by his eldest son, Thomas Edward Miln (1890–1963) who for over twenty five years was chairman of the Retail Committee of the Seed Trade Association of the United Kingdom which proudly kept its independence from government control during World War II. A plant breeder as well as a businessman he is credited with the introduction of the sugar beet crop to UK agriculture.

When Gartons Limited became a public quoted company on the London Stock Exchange in 1947 T. E. Miln entered into a further ten year employment contract as Managing Director, even though he was already 59, such was his reputation. Both his sons, Wallace and George, joined him in the business.

T. E. Miln was succeeded in 1961 by his elder son, Wallace Miln (1919–1994) also a skilled plant breeder and seed analyst.  Wallace Miln was one of the three founders of the British Association of Plant Breeders at the time of the introduction of the United Kingdom's Plant Varieties and Seeds Act 1964. He was twice President of the Seed Trade Association of United Kingdom. He left Gartons Limited in 1973 to join his elder son, Barnaby Miln, who had trained at Gartons and later with Northrup-King  in Minneapolis before setting up his own seed business at Bodenham in Herefordshire.

From 1947 Gartons Limited's shares were quoted on the London Stock Exchange.  The Company's profits for the previous seven years had averaged £48,940. In 1949 the profit of £75,340  was the highest ever recorded  by the Company.

In 1965 Peter Darlington became chairman of Gartons Limited. In a dramatic change of direction in 1967 Gartons Limited ceased retailing seeds directly to farmers. Instead  a new brand was created, Gartons GROplan, and marketing became wholesale through agricultural merchants throughout the United Kingdom.

In 1970 Charles Hoskins became Production Director. Charles Hoskins had previously been with Twyford Seeds and spent twelve years as General Manager of Conder Seeds having under the directorship of his brother Peter Hoskins been responsible for the inception of this profitable and successful business.

Decline following Acquisition of Gartons Groplan By Agricultural Holdings (Hurst Gunson)

Gartons GROplan was sold to Agricultural Holdings Company Limited (Hurst Gunson) in 1971, but Gartons Limited continued as a plant breeding company. Peter Darlington immediately resigned from Gartons Groplan to concentrate on his responsibilities with Gartons Limited and Peter Darlington Partners. Wallace Miln and Charles Hoskins both left Gartons Groplan following the take over by Agricultural Holdings Limited (Hurst Gunson). As already stated Wallace Miln joined his son Barnaby at JB Seeds and Charles Hoskins joined Sinclair McGill, the highly respected Boston based Plant Breeders and Seed Specialists, in 1974 and was appointed Production Director at Sinclair McGill (East) in 1978

Bob Beeton was another senior employee to leave following the take over by Agricultural Holdings Limited (Hurst Gunson.) Bob Beeton had been Sales Manager at Garton Groplan and in 1974 joined Elsoms Spalding, the Spalding based Plant Breeders and Seed Specialists, as Area Sales Manager for East Anglia. Elsoms Spalding remains a family company to this day. Elsoms Spalding still enjoys a justifiable excellent reputation.

Gartons plc, as it became known, ceased trading in 1983. The seed warehouse at Bridge Foot, Warrington, which had dominated the town centre skyline since 1910, was demolished in October 1986. A hotel was built on the site.

The Garton System of Plant Breeding

These Explanatory Notes come from the Gartons Seed Catalogue for Spring 1900:

To those who are not acquainted with the botanical construction of plants it may be well to explain that plants possess generative organs, which correspond to those of the male and female in the animal kingdom. In the animal kingdom, progeny is derived from the mating of different animals of the same breed; in the vegetable kingdom the rule is that the seed is produced through the agency of the generative organs growing together on the same plant. Prior to the commencement of the work initiated by us and carried on during the past 20 years, which has led to the production of our New and Improved Breeds of agricultural plants, it was a recognised belief that many farm plants in the production of their seed were more or less cross-fertilised. The results of our experiments however have proved that such was not the case but that constant in-and-in breeding was the rule.

Where such in-and-in breeding takes place the results are governed by the same natural laws as the in-and-in breeding of animals. In the production of New Breeds of animals the rule followed is to mate two animals of distinct breeds. The progeny, when fixity of type has been secured, constitutes a New Breed.

Under our system of plant breeding we carry the mating of varieties or breeds far beyond what is practised in the animal kingdom. In the first instance we mate varieties and also what were formerly regarded as distinct species of the same genera, and after fixation, the progeny by these combinations are further mated together.

A further extension of our system which is in itself unique and instructive, is the mating of uncultivated indigenous plants of the same Natural Order as the cultivated varieties. From such combinations most valuable results have been obtained.

For example In Southern Asia there exists a species of wheat botanically known as Triticum spelta. In some districts it is looked upon as an indigenous weed infesting the cultivated crops of wheat.

Under no climatic conditions does the grain of this species shed its seed when ripe, and even in threshing it is not possible to separate the grains, as the spikelets break off at the bases of the glumes, the grains remaining firmly enclosed between the chaff scales.

By mating the varieties of this species with cultivated varieties, new breeds have been produced which will under no conditions shed their seed when ripe, but which thresh out a perfectly clean sample with a much heavier yield per acre than common wheat.

In China there is an indigenous species of oat botanically known as Avena nuda or naked oat. The peculiar feature of this species is that the grains (which are very small) grow without any husk, being protected only by the chaff. The habit of the plant is likewise quite unique, four or five grains being suspended upon a thread-like filament about half an inch long. The mating of this species with cultivated varieties has produced new breeds giving yields 50 to 100 per cent. heavier than the original cultivated parents, with a corresponding decrease in the thickness of the skin.

The wild or land oat, Avena fatua, of Great Britain has likewise been used with marked success in the production of new breeds in conjunction with the cultivated varieties. In the wild oat there is hardiness of constitution, vigour, strength of straw, and remarkable fertility. All these qualities have been retained in the new breeds produced.

Another part of our system is the improvement of existing varieties of agricultural plants. The method is similar to that adopted by the breeder of stock for the improvement of his animals, when fresh blood of the same breed is introduced from some other herd.

By crossing two distinct plants of the same variety the resulting progeny is more vigorous and robust in constitution, whilst the habit and individual character of the variety is maintained. A year later, these Explanatory Notes come from the Gartons Seed Catalogue for Spring 1901:'''

FOR over 20 years the work of cross-fertilising crop plants, with the object of producing New and Improved Breeds, has been carried on at Newton-le-Willows in Lancashire. It has there for the first time been demonstrated to Scientific Botanists as well as to Agriculturists that all the corn crops (cereals) and nearly all the other common crops of the farm are self fertilising. In other words, each individual plant provides the pollen which is required in the process of producing seed, to fertilise the female organs of its own flowers. This natural process results in a perfect system of in-breeding which has been going on for an indefinite period, making it possible to grow the different varieties of crops of the same kind in close proximity to each other, and even as mixed crops without any danger of crosses being produced.

If crossing could have occurred in nature it would have been quite impossible to maintain the purity of any variety of crop plant for more than a year or two. As in the Animal Kingdom, the in-breeding of plants tends to the decrease of constitutional vigour, consequently when cross-fertilisation is practised the size and vigour of the selected progeny are increased in a remarkable degree.

Although the natural laws which govern the Animal and the Vegetable Kingdoms bear a very strong resemblance to each other, further points can be realised and greater progress can be made in a limited time with plants than with animals under a system of cross breeding.

Not only have varieties of a given species, but what were formerly regarded as distinct species belonging to the same genus, been successfully mated.
The tendency to sterility in their progeny is overcome by introducing pollen from one or other '01' the original plants, it being the male organs of reproduction that are liable to be absent or defective in the progeny of two extremely divergent parent plants. Many varieties as well as species can thus be blended in the formation of a new breed, but as it is necessary to secure fixity of type in every cross bred plant before it is again used for crossing, the labour and care involved are very considerable.

Attempts at the production of first crosses are not new, as these have been practised for many years by experimenters in the same field, who however stopped short of the point at which the Garton System achieved its greatest results, viz.  by compound or multiple crossing. This further stage of the work of cross fertilisation leads to a thorough dislocation of the usual course of the law of inheritance by which "like produces like." In the wilderness of uncertainty and confusion which follows and in which the great majority of the progeny are found to be abortive or inferior, a few choice specimens appear which are grown for a number of years until fixity of type has been secured. These superior and selected specimens are adopted as suitable for cultivation, and a number of them are described in this Catalogue and offered to the public as much superior to the old varieties from which they were derived by the Garton System of Plant Breeding. In making the selections the large quantity and superior quality of the grain, together with great standing power in the straw have been the chief characteristics aimed at, and if these desiderata have been secured in a few of the new breeds to the detriment of the habit of "tillering," the difficulty is readily overcome by providing a liberal seeding.

Some of the most striking and valuable results have been achieved by introducing as progenitors, certain weeds belonging to the same natural order of plants as the cultivated parents. For example, an inferior variety of "spelt" wheat Triticum spelta from Southern Asia, has been employed with excellent results to introduce strength of gluten to the grain, and large yielding and standing power to the crop with immunity from shedding its seed during harvest.

A wild naked Oat, Avena nuda, indigenous to China has been used to produce new breeds which yield in some instances 100 per cent. more than their cultivated parents. Four or five grains are suspended in each spikelet by a thread like filament about half-an-inch long. This peculiar habit of the plant 'has been extended in the progeny and an' accompanying illustration shows a spikelet with no fewer than 14 grains in it.

The hardiness of constitution, standing power of straw, and remarkable fertility of the wild or land oat, Avena fatua, of Great Britain have been successfully introduced, but not without many difficulties, into some of the new breeds.

Some progress has also been made with the improvement of existing varieties of Agricultural plants by introducing pollen from plants of the same variety to increase the vigour of the plant without materially altering its general characteristics.

Varieties Bred and Introduced

Barley Varieties:

Barley varieties bred and  introduced to UK agriculture include Standwell in 1898, Invincible (1899), Zero (1900), Brewer’s Favourite (1901), The Maltster (1903), Eclipse (1904), Ideal (1906), 1917 (1918), Admiral Beatty (1920), Triumphant (1927).

Oat Varieties:

Oat varieties bred and introduced to UK agriculture include Abundance in 1892, Pioneer (1899), Tartar King (1899), Waverley (1900), Goldfinder (1901), Storm King (1902), Excelsior (1903), Colossal (1904), Rival (1906), Unversed (1907), Bountiful (1908), The Yielder (1909), The Record (1911), The Leader (1913), Supreme (1915), The Hero (1916), The Captain (1919), Sir Douglas Haig (1920), Marvellous (1921), Superb (1923), Earl Haig (1925), Cropwell (1926), Plentiful (1927), Black Prince (1929), Progress (1930), Unique (1931), Onward (1935), Jubilee (1936), Royal Scot (1940), Spitfire (1945), Early Grey (1946), Forward (1953), Angus (1959).

Wheat Varieties:

Wheat varieties bred and  introduced to UK agriculture include White Monarch in 1899, White Pearl (1900), Red King (1900), New Era (1903), Reliance (1909), Victor (1910), Benefactor (1914), Early Cone (1918), The Hawk (1918), Marshal Foch (1919), Rector (1923), Benefactress (1925), Renown (1926), Wilhelmina Regenerated (1928), Gartons No 60 (1932), Gartons Q3 (1933), Redman (1934), Little Tich (1935), Wilma (1936), Warden (1938), Meteor (1941), Pilot (1945), Welcome (1950), Masterpiece (1951), Alpha (1952), Victor II (1953), Ritchie (1957), Apex (1965).

Swede Varieties:

Swede varieties bred and introduced to UK agriculture include Zero in 1900, Lord Derby (1900), Perfection (1900), Monarch (1900), Model (1900), Green Tankard (1901), Keepwell (1902), Cropwell (1903), Superlative (1905), Victory (1907), Incomparable (1907), Warrington (1914), Acme (1914), Magnificent (1917), Viking (1918), Feedwell (1922), White Fleshed (1933), Parkside (1951), Townhead (1951).

Turnip Varieties:

Turnip varieties bred and introduced to UK agriculture include Mammoth Purpletop in 1900, Greentop Scotch Yellow (1900), Hardy Green Globe (1900), Pioneer (1903), Purpletop Long Keeping (1912), Deep Golden Yellow Long Keeping (1912), The Bruce (1917), The Grampian (1920), The Wallace (1935).

Sugar Beet Varieties:

Sugar Beet varieties bred and introduced to UK agriculture include Gartons in 1909, Gartons C (1941) and Gartons Number 632 (1962).

Kale and Kail Varieties:

Kale varieties bred and introduced to UK agriculture include Thousand Headed in 1902, Marrow Stem Kail (1912), Gartons Hybrid (1937) and Hungry Gap (1941).

Kohl Rabi Varieties:

Kohl Rabi varieties bred and introduced to UK agriculture include Large Green in 1902 and Improved Short Top in 1904.

Mangel Varieties:

Mangel varieties bred and introduced to UK agriculture include Large Yellow Intermediate in 1900, Mammoth Long Red (1900), Golden Tankard (1900), Large Yellow Globe (1900), Select Golden Globe (1900), Sugar (1905), Red Intermediate (1905), Devon Yellow Intermediate (1907), Golden Gatepost (1909), Large Red Globe (1910), Large Golden Globe (1910), Nonsuch (1917), Sunrise (1919), White Knight (1922), New Combination (1924), Lemon Globe (1927), Gartons Number 432 (1928), Gartons Number 47 (1931), White Chief (1935), Gartons Number 601 (1960).

Rape Varieties:

Rape varieties bred and introduced to UK agriculture include Broadleaved in 1906, Early Giant (1947) and Late Dwarf (1947).

Herbage Grass Varieties:

Herbage grass varieties bred and introduced to UK agriculture include Hatchmere Perennial Ryegrass in 1899, Ellesmere Perennialized Italian Ryegrass (1907), Pickmere Perennial Ryegrass (1932), Delamere Cocksfoot (1936), Oakmere Timothy (1940), Flaxmere (1952), Gartons Tall Fescue (1955), Marbury Meadow Fescue (1957), Barmere Timothy (1958).

Clover Varieties:

Clover varieties bred and introduced to UK agriculture include Giant Cowgrass in 1898, Perennial Cowgrass (1898), Perennialized Broad Red Clover (1898), Gartons White Clover (1898) and Broad Red Clover (1907).

Field Cabbage Varieties:

Field Cabbage varieties bred and introduced to UK agriculture include Early Ox Heart in 1900, Extra Early Express (1900), Early Drumhead (1900), Selected Drumhead Savoy (1902), Selected Ormskirk Savoy (1902), Gartons Cattle Drumhead (1904), Giant Purple Flat Poll (1917), Utility (1924), Intermediate Drumhead (1924), Gartons Primo (1939).

Field Carrot Varieties:

Field Carrot varieties bred and introduced to UK agriculture include Scarlet Intermediate in 1900, Mid Season Scarlet (1911), Mammoth White (1924), Intermediate Stump Rooted (1935), Red Cored Early Market (1935), Short Stump Rooted (1938), Giant White (1939).

Lupin, Parsnip, Potato, Sprouting Broccoli, Winter Beans and Winter Rye Varieties:

Other crop varieties bred and introduced to UK agriculture include Gartons Lupin in 1922, Gartons Field Parsnips (1902), Gartons Number 12 Potato (1912), Gartons Purple Sprouting Broccoli (1903), Gartons Giant Winter Bean (1922), GS Giant Winter Bean (1950), P/L 14 Giant Winter Bean (1954), Gartons Giant Large Grained Winter Rye (1922).

References

Agronomy
Molecular biology
Plant reproduction
Pollination management
Plant breeding
Seed companies
Agriculture companies of the United Kingdom


Alasdair Middleton is a leading British opera librettist and playwright with librettos commissioned by the Royal Opera House, Opera North and the Berlin Philharmonic among others. He is responsible for a series of important operatic collaborations with the British composer Jonathan Dove including The Enchanted Pig and The Adventures of Pinocchio. He has also worked extensively with the choreographer Will Tuckett both as librettist and co-director, and has written several works with Matthew King including the award-winning community opera On London Fields. Middleton’s plays include Aeschylean Nasty, Shame on you Charlotte, Casta Diva and Einmal. He teaches the Junior Drama Classes at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama.

Opera libretti
Everything Money Can Buy (The Opera Group)
Out Of The Ordinary (The Opera Group)
 The World Was All Before Them; composer, Matthew King
 Lessons from Harmony; composer, Matthew King
 On London Fields; composer, Matthew King (2005)
 The Hackney Chronicles; composer, Jonathan Dove
 Red Riding Hood; composer, Jonathan Dove
 On Spital Fields; composer, Jonathan Dove (2006)
 The Enchanted Pig; composer, Jonathan Dove (The Opera Group at the Young Vic, 2006)
 The Adventures of Pinocchio; composer, Jonathan Dove (Opera North / Sadlers Wells, 2007)
The Feathered Friend; composer, Helen Chadwick (Riverside Studios)
A Bird in Your Ear; composer, David Bruce, Bard College, New York, March 2008
Swanhunter; composer, Jonathan Dove (2009)
 Schoenberg in Hollywood; composer, Matthew King (2015)
 Il Pastorale, l'Urbano e il Suburbano; composer, Matthew King (2015)

Play
 Einmal (Stoked Festival, 2007)

Published works
 The Enchanted Pig (Oberon Modern Plays, 2008) ,

References

British dramatists and playwrights
Living people
British male dramatists and playwrights
Year of birth missing (living people)


Pentrecwrt (or Pentrecourt) is a village in north Carmarthenshire, Wales on the A486 road halfway between Carmarthen and New Quay.

History

Pencastell is a bracken and tree-clad motte that can be seen on the hillside above Pentrecwrt.

The village takes its name from the court or farmyard of the Maenor Forion Grange at Whitland. The antiquary Edward Lhuyd, described it as the abbot's summer retreat. It was established during the second half of the 12th century, when the land was granted to the Cistercian Whitland Abbey by the sons of the local Welsh lord Maredudd of Cilrhedyn. A corn mill and a fulling mill were located on the Afon Siedi at Geulan Felen, demonstrating that the abbey may have been an early pioneer of the textile industry in the area. Court Farm now stands on this site.

Uphill from the village is the grange chapel, dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Capel Mair survived the Dissolution and became a chapel-of-ease to Llangeler parish. This suggests that many people lived on or near the grange lands by the sixteenth century. An early medieval inscribed stone was found in the churchyard. It has an inscription in Latin and Ogham, DECABARBALOM FILIUS BROCAGNI, which translates as Cabarbalom son of Brocagnus.  Near the church are two farms, Llwynyffynnon Uchaf and Llwynffynnon Isaf (Upper and Lower Well or Spring Grove). They are named after the holy well of Ffynnon Mair.

A fine bridge over the River Teifi was built adjoining Alltcafan Mill in 1841. There is a plaque on the bridge commemorating the exertions of John Lloyd Davies of Blaendyffryn in commissioning the project.

In 1895 the Great Western Railway extended their track by building a line from Llandysul to Newcastle Emlyn. Pentrecwrt Halt was opened in 1912. Milk was taken to the creamery from here and children travelled to school at Llandysul Grammar School. The station was closed in 1952.

Economy

Alltcafan Mill and Derw Mill were once part of the textile manufacturing industry that flourished in the area in the late 19th and early 20th centuries when the fast-flowing River Teifi and its tributaries provided plentiful water-power. They both closed in the late 20th century. Derw Mills now houses industrial units including a pine furniture manufacturer.

Pentrecourt Platform was a railway station on the Newcastle Emlyn branch, opened in 1912 by the Great Western Railway and closed to passengers in 1952.

Farming, particularly dairy farming, and tourism are now the main industries of the area.

Culture and community

There is a village hall that was refurbished in the late 20th century. The WI and other organisations meet here.

A plaque on the wall of Bwlch Melyn commemorates the fact that the writer and poet T. Llew Jones (1915–2009) was born in the cottage.

References

Villages in Carmarthenshire


The gens Porcia, rarely written Portia, was a plebeian family at Ancient Rome.  Its members first appear in history during the third century BC.  The first of the gens to achieve the consulship was Marcus Porcius Cato in 195 BC, and from then until imperial times, the Porcii regularly occupied the highest offices of the Roman state.

Origin
The nomen Porcius was derived from porcus, a pig.  It belongs to a class of gentilicia derived from the names of common animals and objects, such as Asinius, Ovinius, Caprarius, and Taurus.  The Porcii were reputed to have come from the ancient city of Tusculum in Latium.  This tradition was alluded to in a speech given by the emperor Claudius.

Praenomina
The chief praenomina of the Porcii were Marcus and Lucius, two of the most common names throughout Roman history.  The Porcii Catones favoured Marcus, almost to the exclusion of other praenomina, but occasionally used Lucius and Gaius, another extremely common name, while the Porcii Laecae favoured Publius and Marcus.

Branches and cognomina
In the time of the Republic, there were three main branches of the Porcii, bearing the surnames Laeca, Licinus, and Cato, of which the most illustrious was Cato.  Other cognomina are found under the Empire.

The surname Cato is said to have been bestowed upon Cato the Elder in consequence of his shrewdness; before this, Plutarch says that he bore the cognomen Priscus, "the elder".  However, it may be that like Major, Priscus simply distinguished him from his descendant, Cato Uticensis, and was erroneously supposed to have dated to the elder Cato's lifetime.  The same man also bore the epithets of Sapiens, the wise, Orator, and most famously, Censorius, from his tenure as censor.

The sons of Cato the Elder each bore the praenomen Marcus, but are distinguished as Cato Licinianus and Cato Salonianus, after their mothers, Licinia and Salonia.  Licinianus was probably not used during its bearer's lifetime, as he was a grown man when his half-brother was born, and died when Salonianus was a small child.  Although each brother left children, these surnames did not descend to them.  Cato the Younger, a grandson of Saloninus, obtained the surname Uticensis from the city of Utica, where he met his death, but Plutarch refers to him as Cato Minor, to distinguish him from his ancestor.

Members

Porcii Catones
 Marcus Porcius, the grandfather of Censorius, was said to have been a decorated soldier, who was compensated from the Roman treasury for the cost of five horses that had been killed from under him in battle.
 Marcus Porcius M. f., the father of Censorius, was described by his son as a brave man and a worthy soldier.
 Marcus Porcius M. f. M. n. Cato, surnamed Censorius, consul in 195 BC, and censor in 184.  As a young man he served in the Second Punic War; as an old man he called for the final destruction of Carthage.  Throughout his public career, Cato became famous for his austerity and strict moral code.
 Marcus Porcius M. f. M. n. Cato Licinianus, the son of Cato the Elder by his first wife, Licinia, served as a young man in the army of Lucius Aemilius Paullus during the Third Macedonian War.  He afterward married Paullus' daughter, and became a jurist of some eminence.  At the time of his death, about 152 BC, he was praetor designatus.
 Marcus Porcius M. f. M. n. Cato Salonianus, the son of Cato the Elder by second wife, Salonia, was born in 154 BC, when his father was eighty.  He embarked on a public career, and obtained the praetorship, but died during his year of office.
 Marcus Porcius M. f. M. n. Cato, the elder son of Licinianus, was consul 118 BC.  He was sent to Africa, perhaps in order to mediate between the heirs of Micipsa, the king of Numidia.  Cato died while still in Africa.
 Gaius Porcius M. f. M. n. Cato, the younger son of Licinianus, was consul in 114 BC.  He received the province of Macedonia, and suffered a defeat at the hands of the Scordisci.  He was later fined for extortion in his government of the province.  During the Jugurthine War, he allowed himself to be bribed by Jugurtha, and went into exile at Tarraco rather than face condemnation.
 Marcus Porcius M. f. M. n. Cato, the son of Salonianus, was tribune of the plebs.  He married Livia, and was the father of Cato the Younger.  He died while a candidate for the praetorship.
 Lucius Porcius M. f. M. n. Cato, the son of Salonianus, was consul in 89 BC.  He was one of the Roman commanders during the Social War, and defeated the Etruscans in 90, but during his consulship he was slain toward the end of a skirmish with the Marsi near the Fucine lake.
 Marcus Porcius M. f. M. n. Cato, grandson of Licinianus, served as curule aedile, then praetor.  He obtained the province of Gallia Narbonensis, and died during his year of office.
 Gaius Porcius Cato, perhaps a descendant of Cato Licinianus, was tribune of the plebs in 56 BC.  Earlier in his career, he was sharply critical of the triumvir Pompeius, but he later became one of his supporters.  Accused of violating proper procedures in bringing forward various laws, he was acquitted due to Pompeius' influence.
 Marcus Porcius M. f. M. n. Cato, better known as Cato the Younger, praetor in 54 BC, famed as an arch-conservative, for his austerity and strict morality, echoing that of his ancestor, Cato the Elder, was one of the leading opponents of Caesar.  He took his own life at Utica, rather than allowing the city to fall into Caesar's hands while under his command, from which deed he obtained the surname Uticensis.
 Porcia M. f. M. n., sister of Cato the Younger, married Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, consul in 54 BC.  Her husband was slain at Pharsalus in 48, and Porcia died late in 46 or early in 45.  At her funeral, she was eulogized by Cicero and Varro.
 Porcia M. f. M. n., eldest daughter of Cato the Younger, married first Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, and second Marcus Junius Brutus.  After the murder of Caesar and the flight of her husband, the triumvirs allowed her to remain at Rome, but when she learned of Brutus' death at the Battle of Philippi, she took her own life.
 Marcus Porcius M. f. M. n. Cato, eldest son of Cato the Younger, was at Utica when his father died, but was spared by Caesar.  After Caesar's death, Cato joined the party of his brother-in-law, Brutus.  Unlike his father, he was outgoing, and a daring soldier.  He fell in battle at Philippi in 42 BC.
 Porcius M. f. M. n. Cato, the second son of Cato the Younger, was sent to his father's friend, Munatius, in Bruttium, when his father fled Rome with Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus during the Civil War.
 Porcia M. f. M. n., the second daughter of Cato the Younger, remained with her mother at Rome when her father fled with Pompeius during the Civil War.
 Marcus Porcius Cato, consul suffectus ex Kal. Jul. in AD 36.
 Porcia, daughter of the consul of 36.

Porcii Licini
 Lucius Porcius M. f. Licinus, praetor in 207 BC, during the Second Punic War.  He was assigned the province of Cisalpine Gaul, and helped bring about the defeat of Hasdrubal at the Battle of the Metaurus.
 Lucius Porcius L. f. M. n. Licinus, consul in 184 BC, carried on war against the Ligurians.  During his year of office, he introduced a law that came to be known as the lex Porcia.
 Lucius Porcius L. f. L. n. Licinus, duumvir in 181 BC, dedicated the temple of Venus Erycina, which his father had vowed during the Ligurian War.  In 172, Licinus was appointed to bring a fleet of ships from Rome to Brundisium, in preparation to carry an army to fight against Perseus.
 Lucius Porcius Licinus, issued coins depicting Mars as a spearman, driving a chariot.  From the legend, the design is supposed to have been minted in 92 BC, but Eckhel suggests that it was issued earlier.
 Porcius Licinus, a poet who probably lived in the latter part of the second century BC.  Only one epigram and two fragments of verse in trochaic septenarius survive from his body of work.

Porcii Laecae

 Publius Porcius Laeca tribune of the plebs in 199 BC, he proposed of the lex Porcia of that year.  In 196, he was one of the first of the triumviri epulones.  The following year he was praetor, and was stationed near Pisae in order to assist the consul Lucius Valerius Flaccus against the Gauls and Ligurians.
 Publius Porcius P. f. Laeca, a senator circa 165 BC.
 Marcus Porcius Laeca, triumvir monetalis in 125 BC; his coins feature Libertas, a reference to the Lex Porcia passed by Publius Porcius Laeca, the tribune of 199.
 Publius Porcius Laeca, triumvir monetalis about 110 or 109 BC; his coins refer to the Lex de Porcia capita civium, which extended the right of Provocatio to Roman citizens in the provinces.  He was possibly a tribune of the plebs during the early years of the first century BC.
 Marcus Porcius Laeca, a senator, and one of the leaders of the conspiracy of Catiline.  The conspirators met at his house in November of 63 BC.

Others
 Marcus Porcius Latro, a celebrated rhetorician during the reign of Augustus.
 Porcius Festus, governor of Judea from approximately AD 58 to 62.  He attempted to bring the highwaymen under control, and it is said that gave witness on behalf of Saint Paul.
 Porcius Septimius, procurator of Raetia under the emperor Vitellius.

See also
 Porcian Laws, named for their enactment under three members of the Gens Porcia.
 List of Roman gentes

Footnotes

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Marcus Tullius Cicero, Brutus, De Officiis, Epistulae ad Atticum, Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem, In Catilinam, Pro Balbo, Pro Sulla.
 Gaius Julius Caesar (attributed), De Bello Africo (On the African War).
 Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust), Bellum Catilinae (The Conspiracy of Catiline).
 Titus Livius (Livy), History of Rome.
 Publius Ovidius Naso (Ovid), Fasti.
 Strabo, Geographica.
 Valerius Maximus, Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium (Memorable Facts and Sayings).
 Quintus Asconius Pedianus, Commentarius in Oratio Ciceronis Pro Scauro (Commentary on Cicero's Oration Pro Scauro).
 Sextus Julius Frontinus, Strategemata (Stratagems).
 Flavius Josephus, Antiquitates Judaïcae (Antiquities of the Jews), Bellum Judaïcum (The Jewish War).
 Marcus Valerius Martialis (Martial), Epigrammata (Epigrams).
 Publius Cornelius Tacitus, Annales.
 Plutarchus, Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, Moralia.
 Lucius Annaeus Florus, Epitome de T. Livio Bellorum Omnium Annorum DCC (Epitome of Livy: All the Wars of Seven Hundred Years).
 Polyaenus, Strategemata (Stratagems).
 Appianus Alexandrinus (Appian), Bellum Civile (The Civil War).
 Marcus Junianus Justinus Frontinus (Justin), Epitome de Cn. Pompeio Trogo Historiarum Philippicarum et Totius Mundi Originum et Terrae Situs (Epitome of Trogus' Philippic History and Origin of the Whole World and all of its Lands).
 Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae (Attic Nights).
 Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (Cassius Dio), Roman History.
 Paulus Orosius, Historiarum Adversum Paganos (History Against the Pagans).
 Digesta seu Pandectae (The Digest).
 Pieter Burmann, Anthologia Latina (Latin Anthology), ed. Wernsdorf, (1759–1778).
 Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum (The Study of Ancient Coins, 1792–1798).
 Wilhelm Drumann, Geschichte Roms in seinem Übergang von der republikanischen zur monarchischen Verfassung, oder: Pompeius, Caesar, Cicero und ihre Zeitgenossen, Königsberg (1834–1844).
 Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).
 Wilhelm Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum (Collection of Greek Inscriptions, abbreviated SIG), Leipzig (1883).
 George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. VIII (1897).
 T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, American Philological Association (1952–1986).
 Michael Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge University Press (1974, 2001).
 Gian Biagio Conte, Latin Literature: a History, Johns Hopkins University Press (1994).

Roman gentes


Achard of Saint Victor ( 1100 – 29 March 1171) was a canon regular and abbot of the Abbey of St. Victor, Paris, and later Bishop of Avranches.

Life
Achard is thought to have been born in England and educated in France, based on evidence from an early collection of Victorine epitaphs. Another theory is that he came from the noble Norman family of de Pertins of Domfront.

He completed his studies at the monastery school of St. Victor, and entered the cloister there. On the death (1155) of the first abbot, Gilduin, he was elected to fill the vacant post, becoming the second abbot of the abbey (a post he held until 1161), at a time when the royal abbey was almost at the zenith of its glory and power.

In 1157 the cathedral chapter of Sées, composed of canons regular, elected Achard as their bishop, and the choice was duly confirmed by Pope Adrian IV. But Henry II of England intervened and named his personal chaplain, Frogier, or Roger, to the office, thereby vetoing Achard's election. Subsequent relations between Achard and the Plantagenet king were quite cordial, however, with the abbot using (as revealed by a surviving letter from Achard to Henry II) his influence at the English Court to compel the royal treasurer, Richard of Ely, to disburse for the benefit of the poor some moneys which he was unjustly detaining.

In March 1161 Achard was consecrated Bishop of Avranches. Henry made no objection to his consecration, and later that same year Bishop Achard stood as godfather to Henry's daughter, Eleanor, born at Domfront. But the French king, Louis VII, was by no means pleased to see such a shining light of the Parisian church pass over into Norman territory, as is evident from a letter he then addressed to the prior of St. Victor's. In 1163 Achard was in England assisting at the solemn translation of Edward the Confessor in Westminster Abbey.

He was a generous patron of the Premonstratensian La Lucerne Abbey, in the diocese of Avranches (the foundation stone of which he laid in 1164), in which his tomb and a fine, though damaged, contemporary effigy can still be seen. He was buried with the simple inscription Hic jacet Achardus episcopus cujus caritate ditata est paupertas nostra.

His brethren of St. Victor's celebrated his memory in the following lines:
Hujus oliva domus, Anglorum gloria cleri
Jam dignus celesti luce foveri
Felix Achardus florens etate senile
Presul Abrincensis ex hoc signature ovili.

Not the least gem in Achard's crown is the memory of his unwavering friendship for Thomas Becket through the years. In the chronicles of St. Victor's, Achard is termed "Blessed".

Works
One treatise (Latin original and 18th-century French translation) of Achard's is extant in the Bibliothèque Nationale. It is a long commentary or sermon on the Temptation of Christ in the wilderness, and in it Achard discusses seven degrees of self-renunciation, which he calls the seven deserts of the soul. Hauréau in his Histoire littéraire du Maine, I, quotes several passages.
 Fragments of his dogmatic treatise The Trinity survive. These are edited in André Combes, Un inédit de Saint Anselme? Le traité 'De unitate divinae essentiae et pluralitate creaturarum' d’après Jean de Ripa, (Paris: Vrin, 1944), with supplements by M-T d’Alverny, 'Notes 2. Achard de Saint-Victor. De Trinitate-De unitate et pluralitate creaturarum', Recherches de théologie ancienne et medieval 21, (1954), 299–306
De discretione animae, spiritus et mentis (The Discrimination of Soul, Spirit and Mind) is often attributed to Achard. This is translated in Nicholas M Haring, 'Gilbert of Poitiers, Author of the De discretione animae, spiritus et mentis commonly attributed to Achard of Saint-Victor', Mediaeval Studies 22, (1960), 148–191
Fifteen sermons by Achard survive. The last of these is really a mystical tract, sometimes entitled The Treatise on the Seven Deserts. They are reproduced in PL196:1381–1382. A French translation exists in Jean Chatillon, ed, Achard de Saint-Victor: sermons inédits, (Paris: J Vrin, 1970)

Translations
Hugh Feiss, ed, On love: a selection of works of Hugh, Adam, Achard, Richard and Godfrey of St Victor, (Turnhout: Brepols, 2011) [includes translation of Sermon Five: On the Sunday of the Palm Branches]
Hugh Feiss, ed, Achard of Saint Victor: Works, (Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications, 2001)

References

Further reading
Alban Butler, Lives of the Saints, 2 May
Fourier Bonnard, Histoire de l'abbaye royale et de l'order des chanoines reguliers de St.-Victor de Paris (Paris, 1907)
 Mohammad Ilkhani, La philosophie de la création chez Achard de Saint-Victor, Bruxelles, Ousia, 1999 (coll. Ousia, 38), 394 p.
Bernard McGinn, The Growth of Mysticism, (1994), pp395–8
Gabriele Pennotto, Generalis totius sacri ordinis clericorum canonicorum historia tripartita (Rome, 1642)
Richard Stanton, Menology (London and New York, 1892)
Attribution

1100s births
1171 deaths
Canonical Augustinian abbots and priors
Canonical Augustinian bishops
Bishops of Avranches
12th-century French Roman Catholic bishops


Bhaktivedanta Hospital & Research Institute, instituted in 1998, is a hospital in District Thane, India. It is located at Mira Road in District Thane, near Mumbai and caters to patients in the western suburbs from Borivali to Virar and beyond.

Bhaktivedanta Hospital is a project of Shri Chaitanya Welfare Charitable Trust. It is established as a tribute to Swami Prabhupada, the founder of ISKCON.

Origin
A group of undergraduate students held medical camps in the slums and villages around Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. In 1986, after completing their specializations in various medical fields, the group gradually evolved into a nursing home and finally the Bhaktivedanta Hospital.

The Bhaktivedanta Hospital was opened on 11 January 1998. The hospital also conducts the annual free Barsana Eye Camp

Annual Free Cataracts Surgery Camp
Bhaktivedanta Hospital runs an annual free cataract surgery camp, the Barsana Eye Camp, in Barsana, Mathura District. The camp aims to serve the people residing in Barsana and the surrounding 120 villages.

References

External links
Bhaktivedanta Hospital - Serving in Devotion

Hospital buildings completed in 1998
International Society for Krishna Consciousness charities
Hospitals in Mumbai
Mira-Bhayandar
1998 establishments in Maharashtra
Hospitals established in 1998
20th-century architecture in India


Interleukin-10 receptor (IL-10R) is a type II cytokine receptor. The receptor is tetrameric, composed of 2α and 2β subunits. The α subunit (encoded in the Il10ra gene) is expressed on haematopoietic cells (such as T, B, NK, mast, and dendritic cells) whilst the β subunit (encoded in the Il10rb gene) is expressed ubiquitously. The α subunit is exclusive to interleukin-10, however the β subunit is shared with other type II cytokine receptors such as IL-22R, IL-26R and INFλR.

The IL-10Rα subunit acts as the ligand binding site and may be upregulated in various cell types as necessary. The IL-10Rβ functions as the signaling subunit and is constitutively expressed in a majority of cell types. There is evidence that upon ligand binding at the α subunit, a conformational change occurs in the β subunit that allows it to additionally bind to IL-10. This structure forms a heterotetramer that leads to the signaling complex activation of JAK1 and TYK2 kinases. JAK1 associates with the α subunit, and TYK2 with the β subunit where they then phosphorylate portions of the α subunit. This recruits STAT3, which is additionally phosphorylated by JAK1 and TYK2. STAT3 homodimerizes, moves to the cellular nucleus, and activates gene transcription.

The Interleukin-10 receptor is implicated in regulation of gastro-intestinal immune response, primarily in the mucosal layer. Murine studies of test subjects lacking functional receptors showed rapid onset of bowl inflammatory disorders. In human studies, the early onset of irritable bowel disease has been correlated with defects in the IL-10R subunits. Cases involving both the α and β subunits were identified, some possessing fully dysfunctional receptors, and others being incapable of accepting phosphorylation.

References

External links

Type II cytokine receptors


Brie () is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Brie is situated  west of Saint-Quentin and about  south of Péronne, on the banks of the river Somme, where it is crossed by the N39.

Physical geography
The majority of the soil of the commune is of clay-limestone nature.1/5 of the subsoil is of limestone nature and 1/50 of the soil of sandy nature.

Relief, landscape, vegetation
The relief of the commune is that of a plateau, which culminates at  of altitude. The village built on the western slope of the plateau dominates the valley of the Somme and its lakes.

Hydrography
The river Somme touches the communal territory at its western extremity. On its entrance into the territory of Brie, the river divides into two arms, which meet soon after.
The water table is located at a little distance from the level of the ponds.

Climate
The climate of the municipality is temperate oceanic with prevailing wind from southwest, northwest and west.

Human geography

Urban planning and land use planning
The commune has a grouped habitat. The village of Brie was destroyed during the First World War was rebuilt during the interwar period.

Economic activity and services
Agriculture remains the dominant activity of the commune.

Roads of communication and transportation
Brie is crossed by the road Amiens-Saint-Quentin and the road that connects Saint-Christ-Briost to Mesnil-Bruntel.

History

Toponymy
The name Brie comes from the Latin bria or the Celtic briga, which meant bridge over a river.

Ancient history
In front of the church, presence of prehistoric megalith "the turning stone".

Antiquity
Brie being situated on the Roman road from Samarobriva (Amiens) to Augusta Viromanduorum (Saint-Quentin) at the point where it crossed the Somme river, it is more than likely that there was a bridge there. Traces of Gallo-Roman habitat were found on the municipal territory.

Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages, Pont-lès-Brie and Applaincourt were dependencies of Brie. In 1303, by a charter, Gérin de Saint-Christ sold a wood near Brie in the priory of Lihons-en-Santerre.
In 1344 a certain Jean de Brie was a maid of Péronne.

Coat of arms
The village coat of arms is "azure to the golden chevron accompanied by three half-flights of silver, those of the head back." The official status of the coat of arms remains to be determined.

Early Modern times
In 1571, the lordship of Brie belonged to the Duc de Chaulnes.
In 1636, the village of Brie was burnt by a detachment of the armies of the king of Spain commanded by John of Werth. However, the revolted inhabitants armed themselves with pitchforks and scythes and rushed at the enemy, preventing them from passing the Somme and forcing them to fall back on Saint Christ. 34 inhabitants of Brie perished in this scuffle.
On a map of Guillaume Delisle, dating from the 18th century, there is a fort defending the west entrance of the bridge.
Brie depended on the election and bailiwick of Péronne, the generality of Amiens and the diocese of Noyon.

During the French Revolution, the hamlets of Pont-lès-Brie and Applaincourt were attached to the commune of Villers-Carbonnel.

In 1814–1815, the coalition armies ravaged the country.

In 1870–1871, the population of Brie underwent the requisitions of the German army, in money and in kind. 24 young people of the commune took part in the fighting, two were wounded.

Modern history
During the First World War, the village of Brie was destroyed.

Politics
The mayor is Marc Saintot, elected in 2020.

Population

In 2017, the municipality had 331 inhabitants, an increase of 1.8% compared to 2007.

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


The history of literature of the early modern period (16th, 17th and partly 18th century literature), or early modern literature, succeeds Medieval literature, and in Europe in particular Renaissance literature.

In Europe, the Early Modern period lasts roughly from 1550 to 1750, spanning the Baroque period and ending with the Age of Enlightenment and the wars of the French Revolution. The Early Modern period in Persia corresponds to the rule of the Safavid dynasty. In Japan, the "Early Modern period" (Edo period) is taken to last down to 1868 (the beginning of Industrialization during the Meiji period). In India, the Mughal era lasts until the establishment of the British Raj in 1857. The Ottoman Empire underwent various attempts of modernization from 1828 (Tanzimat).

Chinese literature of the Qing dynasty remains mostly unaffected by European influence, and effects of modernization that would lead up to the New Culture Movement became apparent only from the Late Qing period in the 1890s.

Europe

A new spirit of science and investigation in Europe was part of a general upheaval in human understanding, which began with the discovery of the New World in 1492 and continues through the subsequent centuries, even up to the present day.

The form of writing now commonplace across the world—the novel—originated from the early modern period and grew in popularity in the next century.  Before the modern novel became established as a form there first had to be a transitional stage when "novelty" began to appear in the style of the epic poem.

Plays for entertainment (as opposed to religious enlightenment) returned to Europe's stages in the early modern period.  William Shakespeare is the most notable of the early modern playwrighters, but numerous others made important contributions, including Pierre Corneille, Molière, Jean Racine, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Lope de Vega and Christopher Marlowe. From the 16th to the 18th century commedia dell'arte performers improvised in the streets of Italy and France. Some Commedia dell'arte plays were written down. Both the written plays and the improvisation were influential upon literature of the time, particularly upon the work of Molière. Shakespeare drew upon the arts of jesters and strolling players in creating new style comedies. All the parts, even the female ones, were played by men (en travesti) but that would change, first in France and then in England too, by the end of the 17th century.

The earliest work considered an opera in the sense the work is usually understood dates from around 1597. It is Dafne, (now lost) written by Jacopo Peri for an elite circle of literate Florentine humanists who gathered as the "Camerata".

Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote de la Mancha has been called "the first novel" by many literary scholars (or the first of the modern European novels). It was published in two parts. The first part was published in 1605 and the second in 1615. It might be viewed as a parody of Le Morte d'Arthur (and other examples of the chivalric romance), in that the novel form would be the direct result of poking fun at a collection of heroic folk legends. This is fully in keeping with the spirit of the age of enlightenment which began from about this time and delighted in giving a satirical twist to the stories and ideas of the past. It is worth noting that this trend toward satirising previous writings was only made possible by the printing press. Without the invention of mass-produced copies of a book it would not be possible to assume the reader will have seen the earlier work and will thus understand the references within the text. In the 18th century Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift wrote famous novels.

The 16th century saw outstanding epic poems of Torquato Tasso and Luís de Camões. Later the most well-known poets were Juana Inés de la Cruz, John Milton and Alexander Pope. In turn Jean de La Fontaine and Charles Perrault are appreciated for their fables.

Ottoman Empire

The two primary streams of Ottoman written literature are poetry and prose. Of the two, poetry—specifically, Divan poetry—was by far the dominant stream. Moreover, until the 19th century, Ottoman prose did not contain any examples of fiction; that is, there were no counterparts to, for instance, the European romance, short story, or novel (though analogous genres did, to some extent, exist in both the Turkish folk tradition and in Divan poetry).

Ottoman Divan poetry was a highly ritualized and symbolic art form. From the Persian poetry that largely inspired it, it inherited a wealth of symbols whose meanings and interrelationships—both of similitude (مراعات نظير mura'ât-i nazîr / تناسب
tenâsüb) and opposition (تضاد tezâd)—were more or less prescribed.

Until the 19th century, Ottoman prose never managed to develop to the extent that contemporary Divan poetry did. A large part of the reason for this was that much prose was expected to adhere to the rules of sec (سجع, also transliterated as seci), or rhymed prose, a type of writing descended from the Arabic saj' and which prescribed that between each adjective and noun in a sentence, there must be a rhyme.

Nevertheless, there was a tradition of prose in the literature of the time. This tradition was exclusively nonfictional in nature—the fiction tradition was limited to narrative poetry.

Persia

Regarding the tradition of Persian love poetry during the Safavid era, Persian historian Ehsan Yarshater notes, "As a rule, the beloved is not a woman, but a young man. In the early centuries of Islam, the raids into Central Asia produced many young slaves. Slaves were also bought or received as gifts. They were made to serve as pages at court or in the households of the affluent, or as soldiers and bodyguards. Young men, slaves or not, also, served wine at banquets and receptions, and the more gifted among them could play music and maintain a cultivated conversation. It was love toward young pages, soldiers, or novices in trades and professions which was the subject of lyrical introductions to panegyrics from the beginning of Persian poetry, and of the ghazal."

After the 15th century, the Indian style of Persian poetry (sometimes also called Isfahani or Safavi styles) took over. This style has its roots in the Timurid era and produced the likes of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi, and Bhai Nand Lal Goya.

India

Classical Sanskrit literature went into decline in the High Middle Ages, to the benefit of Middle Indic vernaculars such as Old Hindi, notably in use for Late Medieval Bhakti poetry. The Mughal era sees the development of various literary dialects such as Dakkhini or Urdu, the latter showing heavy Persian influence.
The earliest examples of Khariboli can be seen in some of Kabir and Amir Khusro's lines. More developed forms of Khariboli can be seen in some mediocre literature produced in early 18th century. Examples are Chand Chhand Varnan Ki Mahima by Gangabhatt, Yogavashishtha by Ramprasad Niranjani, Gora-Badal ki katha by Jatmal, Mandovar ka varnan by Anonymous, a translation of Ravishenacharya's Jain Padmapuran by Daulatram (dated 1824).

China

 Ming dynasty
 Gui Youguang 歸有光 (1506–1571)
 Yuan Hongdao 袁宏道( 1568–1610)
 Xu Xiake 徐霞客 (1586–1641)
 Gao Qi 高啟
 Zhang Dai 張岱
 Tu Long 屠隆
 Wen Zhenheng 文震亨
 Qing dynasty
 Fang Pao 方苞 (1668–1749)
 Liu Dakui 劉大櫆 (1698–1779)
 Yao Nai 姚鼐 (1731–1815)
 Yuan Mei 袁枚 (1716–1798)
 Gong Zizhen 龔自珍 (1792–1841)
 Wei Yuan 魏源 (1794–1857)

Japan

Literature during the largely peaceful Edo Period, in large part to the rise of the working and middle classes in the new capital of Edo (modern Tokyo), developed forms of popular drama which would later evolve into kabuki.
The joruri and kabuki dramatist Chikamatsu Monzaemon became popular at the end of the 17th century. Matsuo Bashō wrote Oku no Hosomichi (奥の細道, 1702), a travel diary. Hokusai, perhaps Japan's most famous woodblock print artist, also illustrated fiction as well as his famous 36 Views of Mount Fuji.

Many genres of literature made their début during the Edo Period, helped by a rising literacy rate among the growing population of townspeople, as well as the development of lending libraries. Although there was a minor Western influence trickling into the country from the Dutch settlement at Nagasaki, it was the importation of Chinese vernacular fiction that proved the greatest outside influence on the development of Early Modern Japanese fiction. Ihara Saikaku might be said to have given birth to the modern consciousness of the novel in Japan, mixing vernacular dialogue into his humorous and cautionary tales of the pleasure quarters. Jippensha Ikku wrote Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige, which is a mix of travelogue and comedy. Tsuga Teisho, Takebe Ayatari, and Okajima Kanzan were instrumental in developing the yomihon, which were historical romances almost entirely in prose, influenced by Chinese vernacular novels such as Three Kingdoms and Shui hu zhuan. Two yomihon masterpieces were written by Ueda Akinari: Ugetsu monogatari and Harusame monogatari.

See also

16th century in literature
17th century in literature
Renaissance literature

References


The Winking Idol is a 1926 American silent Western film serial, consisting of 10 chapters, starring William Desmond and Eileen Sedgwick. Directed by Francis Ford, the screenplay was written by Arthur Henry Gooden, George Morgan and Charles E. van Loan. This serial was released by Universal Pictures and is considered to be a lost film.

Cast
 William Desmond as Dave Ledbetter
 Eileen Sedgwick as Jean Wilson
 Jack Richardson as Crawford Lange
 Grace Cunard as Thora Lange
 Moravana as Komi
 Herbert Sutch as Jim Wilson
 Dorothy Gulliver
 Artie Ortego
 Helen Broneau
 Vanna Carroll
 Syd Saylor (as Les Sailor)

Chapters
The Eye Of Evil
Buzzards' Roost
Crashing Timbers
Racing for Love
The Vanishing Bride
The Torrent of Terror
Flames of Fear
The Fight at the Falls
In the Danger of Dynamite
The Lost Lode

See also
 List of film serials
 List of film serials by studio

References

External links

1926 films
1926 lost films
American silent serial films
1926 Western (genre) films
American black-and-white films
Universal Pictures film serials
Films directed by Francis Ford
English-language Western (genre) films
Lost American Western (genre) films
Silent American Western (genre) films
1920s American films
1920s English-language films


Ronnie Davis (1950 – January 25, 2017) was a Jamaican reggae singer who was a member of The Tennors, The Itals, and the group Ronnie Davis & Idren. He lately performed as a solo artist.

Biography
Born in Savanna-la-Mar, Westmoreland Parish, Jamaica, Davis started his singing career by entering local talent contests in the early 1960s. He formed a group called The Westmorlites, but his big break came in 1969 when he was asked to join The Tennors by the group's director Clive Murphy, to replace the recently deceased Maurice Johnson. Davis recorded a string of singles with the group during the late 1960s and early 1970s, but always yearned for a solo career, and had first chart-topping tune, "Won't You Come Home", for producer Lloyd Campbell in 1975. Davis also recorded a lot of material with Bunny Lee (much of which was included on the misleadingly-titled Sing Hits From Studio 1 And More in 1998), who produced his 1977 solo album Hard Times. Davis also worked with other producers such as Phil Pratt, Lloydie Slim, and Lee "Scratch" Perry, and enjoyed several hits during the mid-1970s, such as "Jah Jah Jehovah", "Forget Me Now", "On and On", "Babylon Falling", "Fancy Make Up", and one of his best-known solo tracks, "It's Raining". Davis also cut a few singles under the pseudonym Romey Pickett. A single titled In a Dis Ya Time featuring the "Won't You Come Home" rhythm with vocals re-cut by Keith Porter with vocal harmonies by Davis, was initially credited to Keith and Ronnie, but recognizing the popularity of vocal trios, with the addition of a third vocalist, Lloyd Ricketts, the song was re-released, credited to The Itals, and proved to be one of the year's best-selling singles in Jamaica.

Davis enjoyed major success as a member of The Itals, recording and touring the globe. Their 1987 release Rasta Philosophy was nominated for a GRAMMY Award as Best Reggae Album.

While staying with The Itals, Davis pursued a parallel solo career, his next album being a split release with Gregory Isaacs for producer Ossie Hibbert (1979), with further releases following, including 1985's The Incredible Ronnie Davis Sings For You And I.

Davis left The Itals in 1995, to again pursue a solo career, forming the vocal group, Ronnie Davis & Idren, featuring harmony singers Roy Smith (an old schoolfriend), Robert Doctor and fellow former-Ital Lloyd Ricketts. The group performed around the United States, and in 1997 released their first album, Come Straight , to much critical acclaim.

Ronnie Davis toured with The Pocket Band of Washington, DC in 2007 and 2008. In 2009 Davis again joined forces with Keith Porter and David Isaacs to tour as The Itals. Ronnie Davis and Keith Porter toured as The Itals after the passing of David Isaacs in 2009 and Lloyd Ricketts in 2011. In March 2012, after a near 35-year hiatus, The Tennors reunited with George Murphy aka "Clive Tennors", Ronnie Davis and a new member Henry Buckley Jr. aka Sadiki. The Tennors continue to tour without Davis and Sadiki.

In 2016 Davis released the Sadiki-produced album Iyahcoustic on Skinny Bwoy Records.

Album discography
Ronnie Davis Presents Beautiful People From Jamaica (1976), DIP
Hard Times (1977), Third World
Gregory Isaacs Meets Ronnie Davis (1979), Plant
Crucial, Big Mac Soul Power
The Incredible Ronnie Davis Sings For You And I (1985), Vista
Sing Hits From Studio 1 And More (1997), Rhino
Wheel of Life (2005), Upstairs Music
Jamming In Dub (2006), Jamaican Recordings
Come Straight (1997), Nighthawk (Ronnie Davis & Idren)
Oh Lord, Why Lord
Iyahcoustic (2016), Skinny Bwoy

With The Itals
The Early Recordings: 1971-1979 (1984) Nighthawk
Brutal Out Deh (1981) Nighthawk
Give Me Power! (1983) Nighthawk
Rasta Philosophy (1986) Nighthawk
Cool and Dread (1989) Nighthawk
Easy to Catch (1991) Rhythm Safari
Modern Age (1998) RAS
Mi Livity (2003) Ital Music
Let Dem Talk (2009) Ital Music

Death
Jerome Constantine Ballin, popularly known as Ronnie Davis, suffered a major stroke on January 23, 2017, and peacefully died in the evening of Wednesday, January 25, 2017, surrounded by family members.

“I am heartbroken by the news of Ronnie’s passing. We have been through so much together. Ronnie is like a little brother to me” said Clive Murphy the leader and founder of the Tennors “The world has lost a great musician who loved life, God and his family”

Ronnie Davis is survived by his common-law wife Jennifer Ottey, his mother in England, his brothers and sisters, his daughters Shauna, Stacy, Simone and Jasmine, sons Ryan, Christopher, Jason, his grand-children, his extended family, and his many friends and fans.

References

External links
Official Ronnie Davis Reverbnation website
Ronnie Davis at Roots Archives

1950 births
2017 deaths
Jamaican reggae musicians
Island Records artists
People from Westmoreland Parish


The Phyllis Rampton Narrow Gauge Railway Trust is a British charity which is registered with the British Charity Commission as 292240 under the classification of "Education/Training Environment/Conservation/Heritage". The Trust is the 100% shareholder of the Vale of Rheidol Railway in Wales and was established to both protect the future of the railway and provide funds to build a museum at Aberystwyth station.

Policy and objectives

The Trust's 2006 annual report states:

The objectives shall be to preserve, exhibit, display and loan for demonstration for the public benefit and for the advancement of technical, historical and general education, steam and other railway locomotives, rolling stock, equipment, machines and relics which are historical, operational and of general interest and in addition are of educational value. The objective of the charity is also the preservation, maintenance and promotion of narrow gauge railways.

Vale of Rheidol Locomotive Workshop
In June 2010 the trust provided £600,000 towards building a new restoration workshop at Aberystwyth. The workshop building, completed in 2014 is a major asset to the railway and now employs a number of skilled craftsmen and apprentices. The workshop has completed the restoration of a number of locomotives as well as carrying out maintenance of the Vale of Rheidol fleet. The workshop regularly holds open days.

Collection of locomotives

It is a common misconception that the Trust owns a large collection of locomotives. Vale of Rheidol Railway Ltd does however own a number of locomotives, which are stored on the railway in the Vale of Rheidol Museum Collection. Most of these locomotives are not currently on public view.

Additionally Vale of Rheidol Railway Chairman, Mr Peter Rampton, privately owns a number of locomotives. These are not on public view.

See also

Vale of Rheidol Railway
List of Vale of Rheidol Railway rolling stock

References

Rail transport preservation in the United Kingdom
Vale of Rheidol Railway


Interleukin 20 receptors (IL20R) belong to the IL-10 family. IL20R are involved in both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune response. There are two types of IL20R: Type I and Type II.

IL20R is found in many organ resident effector cells such as keratinocytes at the skin epidermis, osteoclasts, found in bones, and epithelial cells of the intestine and trachea. IL20R alpha and beta subunits have also been found in some immune cells. IL20R is implicated in diseases such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and glaucoma.

Structure and function
There are two types of IL20R: Type I, made up of the IL-20 receptor alpha subunit and beta subunit, and Type II, made up of the IL-22 receptor and IL-20 receptor beta subunit. Both types of receptor bind the cytokines IL-20, IL-24. Type 1 also binds cytokine IL-19.

Signaling
IL20R signalling happens through the JAK-STAT pathway. When an IL-20 subfamily cytokine binds IL20R, JAK's linked to intracellular domains of IL20R activate and phosphorylate tyrosine residues found in the longer alpha chains in the intracellular portion of the receptor. STAT then binds to docking sites created by JAK phosphorylation, and become phosphorylated by JAK's themselves. STATs then dimerize and move to the nucleus to act as transcription factors. The specific genes expressed are dependent on the specific JAK, STAT, as well as by SOCS proteins, which inhibit the JAK-STAT signal to regulate it.

STAT3 is the main transcription factor activated with IL20R signaling.

The Immune System and Link to Disease
IL20R subunit gene mutations and differences in gene expression are associated with an increased risk of inflammatory diseases.

IL20R and Psoriasis
IL20R has is involved in skin homeostasis. Research shows that IL-20R may play a role in the immune disease psoriasis, where rapid growth of skin cells leads to dryness and irritation. Mutations in IL20R are associated with an increased risk of psoriasis, and psoriatic skin lesions show elevated levels of IL20R.

Under the current understanding of psoriasis, the over-activation of dendritic cells and macrophages leads to pro-inflammatory cytokine release, including TNFα and IL-23. This cytokine release activates T-helper cells, which produce cytokines IL-17 and IL-22, and subsequently leads to the release of IL-19 IL-20, and IL-24. The binding of IL-20, IL-24, and IL-19 to IL20R, along with other cytokines binding to their respective receptors, leads to high amounts of keratinocytes. The keratinocytes then lead to psoriatic plaque formation.

Rheumatoid arthritis
IL20R is linked with rheumatoid arthritis, an autoimmune condition where the immune system attacks joints and other body areas and leads to pain. Elevated levels of IL20R mRNA and proteins are found in people with rheumatoid arthritis. It is thought that production of IL20 which binds to IL20Rs increases the production of chemoattractants, which are immune signaling molecules that can recruit immune cells. The chemoattractants then attract neutrophils and T-cells, which drive inflammation in the joints and cause pain.

Research also shows that certain gene mutations in IL20R are associated with an increased risk of juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Glaucoma
Research indicates that IL20Rs, specifically the IL20R beta subunit (IL20RB), may be linked with glaucoma, a disease that can lead to blindness. It’s not believed that IL20RB has a causative effect on the disease, but it may contribute to an increased risk of the disease, along with other factors, such as intraocular pressure.

References

External links

Type II cytokine receptors


Luka Juhart was born in Slovenia in 1982. After the graduation from the High School of Music in Maribor, in the class of Andrej Lorber, he entered the Academy of Music in Trossingen (Staatliche Hochschule für Musik Trossingen), where he graduated in the accordion class of Hugo Noth. He obtained two degrees: a pedagogical one (Diplom Musiklehrer, 2005) and an artistic one (Künstlerische Ausbildung, 2006). Currently he is doing a master's degree at the Hochschule für Musik Würzburg, in the class of Stefan Hussong. He has also taken part in master courses and workshops led by Margit Kern, Ivan Koval, Tomaž Lorenz, Christoph Bossert, etc.

Luka Juhart has received several awards in national and international competitions, among which the Dr. Roman Klasinc Prize for exceptional artistic achievements (2001), the DAAD Prize for the best foreign student of the Academy of Music at Trossingen (2002) and the Iris Marquardt Prize (2003). He has given solo and chamber music concerts in Slovenia, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark, France, Italy and Croatia. Occasionally, he records for various radio stations (such as RTV Ljubljana, RTV Maribor and ORF). Currently he's working with several contemporary composers, such as Uroš Rojko, Klaus Huber, Vinko Globokar and Stefan Beyer.

References

 Luka Juhart.  Luka Juhart: Biography, URL accessed on February 8, 2008.

External links
Home page of Luka Juhart

1982 births
Living people
Musicians from Celje
Slovenian accordionists
21st-century accordionists


Interleukin-22 receptor is a type II cytokine receptor. It binds to Interleukin-22. It is a heterodimer of α1 and IL-10Rβ2 subunits.

References

External links

Type II cytokine receptors


Ingrid Anna Thyssen (born 9 September 1956 in Aachen) is a retired West German javelin thrower.

Competition Results
She finished seventh at the 1978 European Championships.

She competed at the 1983 World Championships without reaching the final.

She finished sixth at the 1984 Summer Olympics.

She seventh at the 1986 European Championships.

She finished ninth at the 1987 World Championships.

She finished eighth at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

She finished sixth at the 1990 European Championships.

West German Champion
She became West German champion eight times, in the years 1979–1984, 1987, and 1988.

Club Teams
She represented the clubs TG Aachen, ASV Köln, and LG Bayer Leverkusen.

Personal Best Throw
Her personal best throw was 69.68 metres with the old javelin type, achieved in August 1987 in West Berlin.

This ranks her eighth among German old-type-javelin throwers, behind Petra Felke (who held the world record), Antje Kempe, Silke Renk, Beate Koch, Karen Forkel, Tanja Damaske, and Ruth Fuchs.

References

External links

Living people
1956 births
Sportspeople from Aachen
West German female javelin throwers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for West Germany
TG Aachen athletes
ASV Köln athletes
LG Bayer Leverkusen athletes


Chalosse (;  or ) is a wine-growing area in Gascony, in south-west France. It lies in the departement of Landes and is centred on the town of Dax.

Chalosse also gives its name to coteaux de Chalosse, the wine of the area, and is used to describe both the Ondenc and the Graisse varieties of grape.

Location
Chalosse is located in the foothills of the Pyrenees, around the valleys of the river Louts and the river Luy, both left tributaries of the river Adour.
The region is bounded by the Adour and the Pays de Marsan to the north, the river Gabas and the Tursan to the east and by the region of Béarn to the south.
The neighbouring terroirs are L'Orient (west), Pays de Marsan (north), Tursan (east), and Bearn (south).
The main town is Dax, to the west of the region. Other important towns are Pomarez and Montfort-en-Chalosse.

Viticulture
Chalosse is a wine-growing region, and it gives its name to a number of grape varieties.
Ondenc and Graisse are both known as Chalosse; it is also used as a synonym for Claverie (Chalosse blanche), Fer (Chalosse noir) and Meslier-Saint-François (Chalosse de Bordeaux). Chalosse Noire can also refer to a number of black grape varieties.

References
D Faracos, M Pauls (1995, updated 2004) Gascony and The Pyrenees: Cadogan

External links
 Landes Chalosse (Fr)
 Pays Adour, Chalosse, Tursan  (fr)

Wine regions of France


Publius Porcius Laeca was the name of several Romans in the Republican era, including:

Publius Porcius Laeca (tribune 199 BC)

P. Porcius Laeca was tribune of the plebs in 199 BC, when he prevented Lucius Manlius Acidinus from entering Rome to celebrate an ovation granted by the senate. As tribune, he proposed the Lex Porcia. In 196, he was one of the tresviri epulones. He was assigned as praetor in 195 to Pisa with the task of fighting the Ligurians.

Publius Porcius Laeca (senator 63 BC)

A P. Porcius Laeca was a senator in 63 BC and participated in the Catilinarian conspiracy.

Publius Porcius Laeca (monetalis)

In 110–109 BC, a P. Porcius Laeca was a moneyer (monetalis).

Notes

1st-century BC Romans
2nd-century BC Romans
Ancient Roman politicians
Collective heads of state
People from the Roman Republic
Roman Republican praetors
Numismatics
Ancient Roman prosopographical lists
Porcii


Interleukin-28 receptor is a type II cytokine receptor found largely in epithelial cells. It binds type 3 interferons, interleukin-28 A (Interferon lambda 1), Interleukin-28B (Interferon lambda 2), interleukin 29 (Interferon lambda 3) and interferon lambda 4. It consists of an α chain and shares a common β subunit with the interleukin-10 receptor. Binding to the interleukin-28 receptor, which is restricted to select cell types, is important for fighting infection. Binding of the type 3 interferons to the receptor results in activation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway.

Structure
The interleukin 28 receptor consists of an interleukin-28R alpha chain (IL-28RA) and another receptor, the beta subunit of the Interleukin-10 receptor (IL-10R2). IL-10R2 is part of the receptor for other cytokines such as IL-10, IL-22, IL-26, and IL-20. The IL-28Ra chain is a part of the cytokine receptor family 2. The IL-28Ra chain is important for recognition and ligand specificity, while the IL-10R2 is crucial in signaling.

Location
While the type 1 interferon receptor is diversely distributed, the Interleukin-28 receptor expression is more restricted, particularly the IL28RA chain. The receptor is expressed largely in epithelial cells, specifically keratinocytes and melanocytes found in the epidermis.  The receptor is also highly expressed in cells of the lung, kidney, intestinal tract, liver, heart and prostate. Relatively high expression has also been documented in immune cells such as dendritic cells. Other immune cell types such as Natural killer cells, monocytes, T cells and B cells, though expressing significant amounts of the IL28RA mRNA, were unresponsive to type 3 interferons. Cells such as those in the central nervous system, uterus, bone marrow, testis and skeletal muscle have low mRNA levels and do not respond to the interferon lambdas.

Function
On binding of a type 3 interferon to the IL-28RA the IL-10RB is recruited leading to the activation of  two tyrosine kinases, JAK1 and tyrosine kinase 2 (tyk2). As a result STAT-1 and STAT-2 are recruited and phosphorylated. These two transcription factors then combine with IRF9 to form a complex known as the interferon stimulated gene factor 3 complex (ISGF3). This enters the nucleus and binds to promoter regions, causing transcription of various genes called Interferon induced genes (ISGs) Researchers have also found that the binding of the type 3 interferons to their receptor also leads to phosphorylation of STAT-3, STAT-4, and STAT-5. In addition to the JAK/STAT pathway, other pathways such as the MAPK and PI3 kinase pathways have been discovered to be activated as a result of this ligand receptor binding.

When the type 3 cytokines bind to the interleukin-28 receptor it causes several cellular responses that aid the skin cells in fighting infection.  In binding to the receptor, interferon lambdas inhibit cell growth and the cell begins to produce cellular receptors that can sense infection as well as proteins to fight a viral infection. The interleukin-28 receptor, once a ligand is bound will activate a signaling pathway that causes an increase in MHC class 1 production. Once the type 3 interferons bind to their receptor, the resulting signaling cascade results in the production of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 by macrophages and monocytes. Naïve and memory T cells also respond by reducing production of IL-5 and IL-13 and increasing interferon gamma production. Signaling from the receptor also causes increased cytotoxicity in Natural killer cells and Cytotoxic T cells, increased T helper cell 1 responses and MHC class 1 expression on tumor cells.

Regulation
Researchers have noted that IL-28RA gene expression is increased during stimulation by other interferons. There is also an increased expression of IL-28RA  on  the surface during maturation of monocytes to macrophages. While the signaling cascade induced by type 3 interferons binding to their receptor results in significant protection from infections, the response must be regulated to prevent uncontrolled inflammation and apoptosis. Mechanisms involved in regulation can include induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling proteins (SOCSs). There also exists a soluble splice variant of the receptor that can bind the type 3 interferons thus negatively regulating signaling.

Clinical significance
Studies show that signaling of the interferon lambdas via the IL-28R reduces tumorigenicity of cancer cells and causes apoptosis.In addition, increasing expression of IL-28R increases the anticancer effects of interferon lambdas.  The signaling cascade from the receptor has also been seen to reduce proliferation on human cell lines such as the BON1 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor cell lines.Signaling through the IL-28R also protects against viruses such as encephalomyocarditis virus and vesicular stomatitis virus as well as the hepatitis B virus in hepatocytes.

References

External links

Type II cytokine receptors


Faidi al-Alami (Arabic: فيضي العلمي) was Mayor of Jerusalem from 1906 to 1909. In 1914, he was chosen to represent the city in the Ottoman parliament. His father, Musa al-Alami, was also a mayor of the city

His son, another Musa al-Alami, was assistant attorney-general of Palestine under the British mandate.

References

See also
Sharafat, East Jerusalem

Arab people from Ottoman Palestine
Palestinian politicians
Mayors of Jerusalem
20th-century Palestinian people


Anka Air, stylised as Ankair, was a charter airline headquartered in Istanbul, Turkey and based at Atatürk International Airport. Founded in 2005 as World Focus Airlines, the company changed its corporate image to its current form in February 2008 as a result of publicity surrounding the crash of Atlasjet Flight 4203 on 30 November 2007.

The airline operated charter flights to Europe and the Middle East.

History

The airline was established as World Focus Airlines on 27 September 2005, beginning operations with 2 Airbus A310 aircraft. Due to negative publicity after the crash of Atlasjet Flight 4203 on 30 November 2007, which was operated by World Focus Airlines, the company changed its name to Anka Air and branding to Ankair in February 2008. Anka is in reference to the Turkish word for phoenix, anka kuşu.

Accidents and incidents
An MD-83 which the company leased to and operated for AtlasJet crashed on 30 November 2007 shortly before landing at Süleyman Demirel Airport in Isparta. The crash of Atlasjet Flight 4203 killed all 57 people on board. The cause of the accident is still undetermined.

Suspension of Operations
In July 2008, the airline was forced to suspend operations after it lost its operating certificate. Turkish aviation regulations require a minimum of three aircraft per carrier to retain an air operator certificate and Ankair only operated two MD-83s.

Fleet

Ankair's fleet consisted of:

2 McDonnell Douglas MD-83
1 Boeing 747-200 (Leased from Iran Air Cargo)

External links

Ankair official website

Defunct airlines of Turkey
Airlines established in 2005
Airlines disestablished in 2008
Defunct charter airlines of Turkey


Forggus mac Cellaig (or Fergus mac Cellaig) (died 756) was a King of Connacht from the Uí Briúin branch of the Connachta. He was the son of Cellach mac Rogallaig (died 705), a previous king and brother of Domnall mac Cellaig (died 728). The sept of Uí Briúin he belonged to was the Síl Cellaig of Loch Cime (Lough Hackett, near Headford in modern County Galway) named for his father. He reigned from 742 to 756.

Events occurred in his reign which helped to weaken the other branches of the Connachta. In 743 a battle was fought between the Uí Fiachrach Aidhne and their ex-allies the Uí Maine. Also in 743 the Ui Aillelo fought a battle in Mag Luirg (Moylurg, the plains of Boyle) with the Gailenga.

Fergus himself had to impose his authority and in 746 in alliance with the Conmaicne he was defeated by opponents from the Uí Briúin. That same year he slaughtered The Uí Briúin Seóla branch in southern Connacht. In 752 the Ui Briun destroyed the Calraige Luirg, who were possibly vassals of the Ui Aillelo. In 753 the Ui Aillelo were slaughtered by the Grecraige.

The Ui Briun expansion to the north met with the hostility of the Cenél Coirpri branch of the Uí Néill. In 754 was fought the Battle of Ard Noíscan (Ardneeskin) in Ui Aillelo territory between the Ui Briun and the Cenel Coipri. In 756 he inflicted a heavy defeat on them at the Battle of Móin Mór (in modern County Longford).

Forggus ensured the support of Clonmacnoise by promulgating the Law of Ciarán of Clonmacnoise and the Law of Brendan of Clonfert in 744.

His son Colla mac Fergusso (died 796) was also a king of Connacht. Three of his sons Catharnach, Cathmug, and Artbran were slain in 758 at the Battle of Druim Robaig (Dromrovay, southern modern County Mayo) by the Uí Fiachrach in 758.

Notes

References

 Annals of Ulster at  at University College Cork
 Annals of Tigernach at  at University College Cork
 Byrne, Francis John (2001), Irish Kings and High-Kings, Dublin: Four Courts Press,
 Mac Niocaill, Gearoid (1972), Ireland before the Vikings, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan
 Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí (2005), A New History of Ireland, Volume One, Oxford: Oxford University Press
Ó Corráin, Donnchad (1972), Ireland Before the Normans, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan

External links
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork

756 deaths
Kings of Connacht
Nobility from County Galway
8th-century Irish monarchs
Year of birth unknown


Dr. Manuela Alizadeh (born 29 January 1963) is a retired West German javelin thrower.

She finished eleventh at the 1986 European Championships and tenth at the 1987 World Championships. IAAF Grand Prix Champion 1988.

Her personal best throw was 65.34 metres with the old javelin type, achieved in September 1988 in Dormagen. She represented the clubs LG Kappelberg, SpVgg Feuerbach, LAV Bayer Uerdingen and OSC Berlin.

Research:
Stigmatization of obese individuals by human resource professionals: An experimental study
Katrin Giehl, Manuela Alizadeh, Prof. Dr. A. Thiel. Article (PDF Available) in BMC Public Health 12(1):525 · July 2012.

Stereotyping of Overweight Children by their Contemporaries. Prof. Dr. A. Thiel, Manuela Alizadeh et al.
Article in PPmP - Psychotherapie · Psychosomatik · Medizinische Psychologie 58(12):e16-24 · January 2009

References

1963 births
Living people
West German female javelin throwers
Sportspeople from Stuttgart
SpVgg Feuerbach athletes
Bayer 05 Uerdingen athletes
OSC Berlin athletes


Blake of Scotland Yard may refer to:

 Blake of Scotland Yard (1927 serial), a Universal film serial directed by Robert F. Hill
 Blake of Scotland Yard (1937 serial), a Victory Pictures film serial directed by Robert F. Hill
 Blake of Scotland Yard (1937 film), directed by Robert F. Hill


CD121 may refer to:
IL1R1
IL1R2


Châtelneuf may refer to:

 Châtelneuf, Jura, a commune of the French region of Franche-Comté
 Châtelneuf, Loire, a commune of the French region of Rhône-Alpes
 Essertines-en-Châtelneuf, a commune of France in the Loire department

See also
 Châteauneuf (disambiguation)