Ouvrage Village Coume is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line.  Located in the Fortified Sector of Boulay, the ouvrage consists of three infantry blocks, and is located between petits ouvrages Bovenberg and Coume Annexe Nord, facing Germany. The position saw little action in World War II.  It was sold in the 1970s and stripped by salvagers.

Design and construction
The site was surveyed by CORF (Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency; Village Coume was approved for construction in May 1931. It was completed at a cost of 12 million francs by the contractor Duval-Weyrich of Nancy. The petit ouvrage was planned for construction in two phases. The second phase was to provide a separate entry block less than  behind the ouvrage.

Description
Village Coume comprises three infantry blocks. A separate entrance block was planned for a second phase of construction which was never undertaken. The blocks are linked by deep underground galleries, which also provide space for barracks, utilities and ammunition storage. The galleries are excavated at an average depth of up to .
Block 1: Entry/infantry block with two automatic rifle cloches (GFM), one twin machine gun cloche (JM) and one machine gun/anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC47).
Block 2: Infantry block with two GFM cloche and two twin machine gun embrasures.
Block 3: infantry/observation block with one GFM cloche and one twin machine gun turret.

Manning
The 1940 manning of the ouvrage under the command of Lieutenant Lussus comprised 135 men and 2 officers of the 161st Fortress Infantry Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of the 3rd Army, Army Group 2. The Casernement de Ban Saint-Jean provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Village Coume and other positions in the area.

History
See Fortified Sector of Boulay for a broader discussion of the Boulay sector of the Maginot Line.
Village Coume played no significant role in either the Battle of France in 1940 or the Lorraine Campaign of 1944.

Current condition
Village Coume has been stripped by salvagers and is largely buried.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Village de Coume (petit ouvrage A29 du) at fortiff.be
 Petit ouvrage de Coume Village at lignemaginot.com
 PO de Coume Village at wikimaginot.eu

VCOU
Maginot Line


Tuonen viemää is the second single from the Ruoska album, Radium.  It also features the band's only b-side, Alistaja.

Track listings
 "Tuonen viemää"
 "Kosketa"
 "Alistaja"
 "Tuonen viemää (remix)"
 "Kosketa (remix)"

References

External links
 Additional information (in Finnish)
 "Tuonen viemää" lyrics
 "Kosketa" lyrics

Ruoska songs
2005 singles
2004 songs


Twin and earth (often written "T&E" and sometimes "T and E") cable is a colloquial name in the UK, Australia, New Zealand and other countries for a type of flat sheathed fixed mains electricity cable, containing two insulated current-carrying conductors and an Earth connector. In Australia and New Zealand this type of cable is referred to as 'Flat TPS' (Thermo-plastic sheathed), as well as "Twin and Earth" or "Twin with Earth".

Construction
These cables comprise two individually insulated current-carrying conductors and a Circuit Protective Conductor (CPC = PE = Earth). It is not intended to be used where it is subject to regular movement or sunlight, because the sheathing is affected by ultraviolet radiation.

Uses
It is commonly used for fixed wiring in domestic and commercial premises.

Limitations
Twin and Earth cable is not designed to withstand significant mechanical abuse. It should not be installed in areas where it could be subject to abrasion or blows without additional mechanical protection. It must be installed so that it is physically supported at regular intervals. It is not suitable for overhead catenary use.

Twin and Earth cable is normally made with PVC sheathing and insulation, which has an almost indefinite life in the right conditions. However UV light will cause it to fail, so Twin and Earth is not suitable for use outdoors.

It has a temperature rating of 70 °C, including the temperature rise from resistive heating in the cable.

PVC gives off hazardous smoke when burned. National standards for electrical wiring prohibit PVC cables in locations where this is a particular risk, such as fire escape routes.

An insidious risk can occur when PVC cable it comes into contact with expanded polystyrene insulation, either in rigid panels or as loose beads. The effect is caused by migration of the plasticiser from the PVC, causing it to become brittle. The same problem has been reported with bitumen sealants.

Some Twin and Earth cable manufactured in the late 1960s and early 1970s had a deficiency in its manufacture which over time results in the production of a green conductive slime.

Regional variations

United Kingdom
In the UK the CPC is uninsulated (bare) and of reduced diameter compared to the main cores. Green and yellow sleeving, which is sold separately, is required to be used to cover the exposed ends. There is an overall sheath of grey PVC (BS 6004), or white for low smoke compound (BS 7211), although prior to 2005 white sheathing was also available in PVC.

Core and sheathing colours may be throughout the thickness of the material, or only on the surface. The latter means that any damage such as accidental knife cuts are readily visible.

Republic of Ireland
In the Republic of Ireland the situation is different.
From 2013, Irish wiring rules require a CPC with a cross-section equal to that of the main conductors and insulated in green and yellow inside the full length of the cable, from the new standard IS 201-4:2013.
  The older bare and reduced diameter CPC cables are no longer permitted for new wiring in the Republic of Ireland.

UK wiring regulations however do not at present (BS 7671:2018) recognise Twin and Earth or Flat TPS with a full sized and insulated (G/Y) earth conductor as a permitted cable type, which may be awkward for contractors who work cross-border.

Versions of flat cable are also available in smaller conductor sizes  containing three current-carrying conductors in addition to the circuit protective (earth) conductor. These configurations are commonly used for applications such as switched light circuits, battery-backed emergency lighting which requires a switched and unswitched supply, extractor fans with a run-on timer which require a switched and unswitched supply, mains-powered interlinked smoke alarms, and central heating thermostats.

Australia and New Zealand
In Australia and New Zealand flat 'TPS' (Thermo-plastic sheathed) "Twin and Earth" cables manufactured prior to 1966 were permitted the use of an uninsulated CPC stranded core, requiring that the exposed ends of this conductor be sleeved with Green insulating tubing.  (Before the advent of PVC, this tubing was varnished cambric.)  After 1966 it was required that the CPC within TPS cables be insulated with Green insulation during manufacture, to the same standard as the current carrying conductors.  Since 1980, the colour of this insulation has been required to be Green/Yellow.

In Australia and New Zealand, Single conductor and Twin conductor TPS cables also are available.

These are needed because, while AS/NZS Section 3.8.2. does allow "Colour identification by sleeving or other means", (so that, for example, the Neutral conductor in a "Twin and Earth" cable may be "re-purposed" as a "Switched Line" conductor), this practice has been discouraged by Australian "training" establishments.  Hence, where a "Switch Loop" is required, a Twin conductor TPS cable is usually used.

"Three Conductor plus Earth" TPS cables also exist, having uses in multiway switching.  However, an additional "Single TPS" is often used with a "Twin and Earth" TPS  or a "Twin TPS" in multiway switching circuits.

The conductor in a "Single TPS" cable usually has Red insulation and the conductors in a "Twin TPS" cable usually have Red and White insulation - with the White insulated wire usually being used as a "Switched Line" conductor.

1 mm² TPS cables have solid current carrying conductors.

1.5 mm² to 2.5 mm² TPS cables are available with both solid and stranded current carrying conductors.  However, cables with solid conductors are now not usually used, since the cost of the stranded conductor cable is only slightly greater than that of the "solid conductor" cable and "stranded conductor" cables are much easier with which to work.

The available TPS cables greater than 2.5 mm² all have stranded conductors.

The CPC conductor used is always stranded.

Standard UK metric twin and earth cable sizes

1/1 mm² and 1.5/1 mm² have solid conductors and CPC

2.5/1.5mm² has a solid CPC and may have solid or stranded conductors

4/1.5 mm² and 6/2.5 mm² have stranded conductors and a solid CPC

10/4 mm² and 16/6 mm² have stranded conductors and CPC

References

External links
 British cables

Power cables


Ouvrage Coume Annexe Nord is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line.  Located in the Fortified Sector of Boulay, the ouvrage consists of one infantry block, and is located between petits ouvrages Village Coume and Coume, facing Germany.

Design and construction
The site was surveyed by CORF (Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency; Village Coume was approved for construction in July 1931. It was completed at a cost of 7 million francs by the contractor Duval-Weyrich of Nancy. The petit ouvrage was in effect designed and built as an isolated casemate, as opposed to an ouvrage with multiple combat blocks, deep underground support services and accommodations

Description
Coume Annex Nord comprises a single casemate. Armament includes two automatic rifle cloches (GFM), one retractable twin machine gun turret, one twin machine gun embrasure and one machine gun/anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC47).

Manning
The 1940 manning of the ouvrage under the command of Lieutenant Dillenschneider comprised 35 men and 1 officer of the 161st Fortress Infantry Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of the 3rd Army, Army Group 2. The Casernement de Ban Saint-Jean provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Village Coume and other positions in the area.

History
See Fortified Sector of Boulay for a broader discussion of the Boulay sector of the Maginot Line.
Coume Annexe Nord played no significant role in either the Battle of France in 1940 or the Lorraine Campaign of 1944.

Current condition
Coume Annexe Nord remains in good condition, in private ownership.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Annexe Nord de Coume at alsacemaginot.com
 Coume (petit ouvrage A30 annexe nord de) at fortiff.be
 Petit ouvrage de Coume Annexe Nord at lignemaginot.com

Fortified sector of Boulay
Maginot Line


The Erdman Act of 1898 was a United States federal law regulating railroad labor disputes.  The law provided arbitration for disputes between the interstate railroads and their workers organized into unions.

Major provisions
The most significant portion of the act prohibited a railroad company from demanding that a worker not join a union as a condition for employment (Section 10).

The interstate requirement affected individuals who worked on moving trains, such as firemen, brakemen, telegraphers, and conductors, providing that the train transported freight and passengers between states. Workers who maintained railroad cars and station clerks did not come under the statute's jurisdiction. While the arbitration system created by the act was voluntary, the results were binding if all sides agreed to arbitrate.

Capital and labor each chose one of three arbitrators under the act; if they could not agree upon a third, the government would. The Chair of the Interstate Commerce Commission and the United States Commissioner of Labor, acting in concert, made that choice under those circumstances.

The act made it unlawful to strike or fire a worker during the arbitration process; it also made it illegal to terminate the employment of a worker involved in the dispute while arbitration was pending, except for neglecting duty or inefficiency.

In Adair v. United States (1908), the United States Supreme Court declared Section 10 of the Erdman Act unconstitutional.

See also
History of rail transport in the United States

References

 Jay Finley Christ, "The Federal Courts and Organized Labor. II. From the Sherman Act to the Clayton Act (Continued)," The Journal of Business of the University of Chicago (1930), pp. 341-375.
 David A. McCabe, "Federal Intervention in Labor Disputes Under the Erdman, Newlands, and Adamson Acts," Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York, Vol. 7, No. 1, Labor Disputes and Public Service Corporations. (Jan., 1917), pp. 94-107.

United States federal labor legislation
United States railroad regulation
1898 in American law
United States federal legislation articles without infoboxes
1898 in labor relations


Nguyen Van Hung may refer to:

Nguyễn Văn Hùng
Peter Nguyen Van Hung (born 1958), Vietnamese Australian Catholic priest and human rights activist
Nguyễn Văn Hùng (martial artist) (born 1980), Vietnamese martial artist and pro basketball player
Nguyễn Văn Hùng (athlete) (born 1989), Vietnamese triple jumper
Nguyễn Văn Hùng (politician) (born 1961), Vietnamese politician, Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism

Nguyễn Văn Hưng
Nguyễn Văn Hưng (born 1958), Vietnamese general and member of the National Assembly


is an accomplished Japanese calligrapher, Zen teacher, author and translator of Buddhist texts from Japanese and Chinese to English, most notably works by Dogen (he began his translation of Shobogenzo in his twenties). He first met Shunryu Suzuki in 1964, and upon reading Suzuki's book Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind he stated, "I could see it's Shobogenzo in a very plain, simple language." He has helped notable Zen teachers author books on Zen Buddhism, such as John Daido Loori. A fellow of the World Academy of Art and Science—Tanahashi is also an environmentalist and peaceworker.

Gallery

Bibliography

External links
 A guide for readers to the works of Kazuaki Tanahashi

References

Buddhist translators
Japanese calligraphers
Soto Zen Buddhists
Zen Buddhism writers
Japanese Zen Buddhists
Living people
1933 births


Tamba Songu M'briwa (born 1910–1968) was a prominent Sierra Leonean politician and paramount chief from the Kono ethnic group, who formed one of the few political parties in Sierra Leone before independence.

Early life and political career
Tamba Songu M'briwa was born in 1910 in the village of Jagbwema, Fiama Chiefdom, Kono District, in the Eastern Province  of British Sierra Leone to parents from the Kono ethnic group.

When Sir Milton Margai, the leader of the Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP) took  power in 1961 as Sierra Leone's first prime minister Tamba Songu M'briwa was a prominent member of his government.

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20080720052535/http://www.sierra-leone.org/heroes9.html

1910 births
1968 deaths
Members of the Parliament of Sierra Leone
All People's Congress politicians
People from Kono District


Huntingdon is a lightly populated locality in the Canterbury region of New Zealand's South Island.  It is situated on the southern bank of the Ashburton River / Hakatere, south of Ashburton.  Other nearby settlements include Willowby to the west, Wheatstone, Flemington, and Ashton to the south, and Wakanui to the east across the river.

Demographics
Huntindon is part of the Lake Hood rural settlement and the Eiffelton statistical area.

Economy
The primary economic activity in Huntingdon has been agriculture, but the development of a watersports centre and an associated residential subdivision since 1987 has provided diversification.

Environment
Huntingdon is situated on the Canterbury Plains, just inland from the Pacific Ocean.  A small lake, Lake Hood, is situated beside the Ashburton River / Hakatere.  In 1987, a project to develop Lake Hood was founded, and it is now a significant public water recreation facility surrounded by Huntingdon Park.  It hosts kayaking, rowing, and water skiing, augmented by walking trails through surrounding wetland.  Residential development has been pursued around this facility, growing the population of Huntingdon.

Transport
Huntingdon is off major transport routes.  Both State Highway 1 and the Main South Line railway pass nearby to the northwest, through Tinwald and Winslow.

References

Ashburton District
Populated places in Canterbury, New Zealand


Assembly Line Diagnostic Link, Assembly Line Data Link, or ALDL is a proprietary on-board diagnostics system developed by General Motors before the standardization of OBD-2. It was previously called Assembly Line Communications Link or ALCL. The two terms are used interchangeably.
The ALDL communications link was originally developed at the General Motors Emissions Control Systems Project Center located at GM's Milford, Michigan Proving ground. The center was responsible for coordinating all divisional and staff design, testing and development activities of the emission control system for GM USA passenger vehicles designed to meet the requirements of the 1981 clean air act.

"Project Center Chief Engineer Harry H. Lyon explains, "Basically, the ECS project center is a common watering hole for all (GM) divisional and corporate staff activities."
For example, we had representation from eight component divisions, AC Spark Plug, Delco Electronics, Delco Products, Delco Remy, Diesel Equipment, Packard Electric, Rochester Products, and
Saginaw Steering Gear. The five car divisions, the body and assembly divisions, seven corporate staffs, and the patent section were also represented."
"This allows us to pool our knowledge and avoid costly and timely duplication, while at the same time it provides us with a centralized avenue to corporate management," said Lyon. More specifically, the center has responsibility for coordinating such projects as engineering specifications for both hardware and software."

"In addition to monitoring the engine process, it is equipped to periodically read its own pulse and communicate the presence of any problems. It is able to do this by flashing a check engine light on the car's instrument panel and storing the information about a malfunction in its memory. When taken to a service center, the ECM uses this
same light to "talk" to the mechanic through a flashing code that indicates where the problem is. On Cadillacs, the proper code is digitally displayed. To ensure high quality in the Computer Command Control system, it will be given a final check at the end of the assembly line. Here the completely assembled vehicle will be tested by connecting the computer to a test computer. This will significantly improve GM's ability to catch anything wrong with the system or the car's engine."

A specification was written for the data link and provided to the service community by the project center service engineers in 1981 (XDE-5024B).

This system was only vaguely standardized and suffered from the fact that specifications for the communications link varied from one model to the next. ALDL was largely used by manufacturers for diagnostics at their dealerships and official maintenance facilities.  The connector is usually located under the dash on the driver's side of left-hand drive (LHD) vehicles, though this location was not standardized.

For the assembly plant test system computer that was connected to this vehicle connector and known by the same name, see the article IBM Series/1.  In the late 1980s the system was migrated to the ADTS system (ALDL Development and Test System) which utilized an industrialized IBM PC with custom interface hardware.

Diagnostic connector
There were at least four different connectors used with ALDL.  General Motors implemented both a 5-pin connector and a 12-pin connector, with the 12 pin connector (Packard/Delco/Delphi part number 12020043) being used in the vast majority of GM cars.  Lotus implemented a 10-pin connector.  The pins are given letter designations in the following layouts (as seen from the front of the vehicle connector):

12-pin ALDL connector pinout

10-pin ALDL connector pinout

5-pin ALDL connector pinout

Note the difference in pin ordering between the connectors and the fact that the letter I is not used.  Unfortunately, the definition of which signals were present on each pin varied between vehicle models.  There were generally only three pins used for basic ALDL —ground, battery voltage, and a single line for data—, although other pins were often used for additional vehicle-specific diagnostic information and control interfaces.  No battery voltage is present in the 12 pin ALDL connector.

Data stream
The earliest implementations of ALDL were unidirectional and transmitted serial data at 160 baud using PWM.  Some 160 baud models constantly transmitted sensor data on startup, while others started transmitting data when placed in diagnostic mode with a resistor connected to the ALDL port.

Later versions were bidirectional and operated at a much faster (but incredibly slow compared to today's standards) rate of 8192 baud.  Implementations using the 8192 baud rate were primarily request-driven, meaning that the main diagnostic data was not transmitted until a request was made.  Some idle data transmission of trivial parameters, however, existed in many vehicles.  Bidirectional communication also allowed many other functions to be performed via ALDL, such as actuator tests, parameter overrides, and in some cases even reprogramming of the ECU itself.  Multiple devices could be placed on the ALDL data line for primitive networking and communication.  Many later 8192 baud vehicles, for example, had airbag control, ABS, and even climate control units sending data on the same serial bus.

In both versions, ALDL data is sent in a format unique to the model of ECU in the vehicle with little standardization between models, so a proper definition of the data is required to interpret it.  Most professional scan tools require a large database of vehicle definitions.

The signaling of ALDL is similar to the RS-232 serial data standard; differing in the voltages used to denote logical one (usually 0 V DC) and logical zero (either +5 V DC or +12 V DC), and that unlike RS-232, both transmit and receive functions are on the same conductor. Schematics are available on the internet for devices that can be used to convert the ALDL voltages to those of the RS-232 standard, allowing the raw data to be read with a computer having a serial port and the proper software.

Multiple scanner software programs are available.  94-95 6.5 Turbo Diesel scanner software is also available   Direct USB to ALDL cables and even Bluetooth modules are available.

References

Automotive technologies


Dr. Bodo Otto (17111787) was a Senior Surgeon of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. He was one of the early settlers of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, having emigrated from the Electorate of Hanover in what is now Germany in 1755.

During the Revolution the Second Continental Congress appointed Otto to establish a military hospital in Trenton, New Jersey for the treatment of smallpox. He was present during the Battle of Long Island in 1776. He was also assigned to the Continental hospital at Valley Forge and located in the Uwchlan Meetinghouse. Later during the Revolution, Otto was put in charge of the hospitals in Yellow Springs (in what is now Chester Springs, Pennsylvania), where he and his son treated the ill soldiers from Valley Forge. Dr. Otto and his son crossed the Delaware River with General Washington and his army and surprised Hessian soldiers encamped at Trenton on the morning of December 26, 1776. He was widely respected for selflessly treating wounded and dying Hessians. There were only a smattering of casualties on the American side.

His three sons were also physicians for the Army, and assisted him as Junior Surgeon and Surgeon Mates.

Otto did not retire from his Army service until the age of 70.

Prior to the Revolution Otto publicly opposed the Stamp Act and also served on the Berks County Committee of Public Safety.

Some of his medical training he received at the University of Göttingen. Bodo used Trinity Lutheran Church in Reading as a hospital to treat wounded soldiers from the Battle of Brandywine.

Otto died in 1787 and was buried in Reading, Pennsylvania at the Trinity Lutheran Church (where he was a member) Cemetery.  Many of his surgical instruments as well as a portrait of him and his wife are in the collection of the Historical Society of Berks County in Reading.

A great-grandson, William Todd Otto, a Judge from Indiana, served in Abraham Lincoln's administration as Assistant Secretary of the Interior.  According to The New York Times, Judge Otto was one of twelve men permitted at Mr. Lincoln's bedside when he died.

See also
 Bodo Otto House

References

External links
Historical & Genealogical Site
Pennsylvania historical marker

1787 deaths
1711 births
People from Berks County, Pennsylvania
German emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
German Lutherans
Pennsylvania Dutch people
American Lutherans
18th-century American physicians
Physicians in the American Revolution
Burials in Pennsylvania
People of colonial Pennsylvania
People of colonial New Jersey
People from the Electorate of Hanover


Ouvrage Coume is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line.  Located in the Fortified Sector of Boulay, the ouvrage consists of two infantry blocks, and was located between petits ouvrages Coume Annexe Nord and Coume Annexe Sud, facing Germany.

Design and construction
The site was surveyed by CORF (Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency; Coume was approved for construction in early 1931. It was completed at a cost of 7 million francs by the contractor Duval-Weyrich of Nancy. The petit ouvrage  was originally planned as a gros ouvrage with twelve combat blocks, mounting artillery. The project was progressively scaled back to the point that the two infantry blocks that were actually built were not even connected by an underground gallery. A second phase was planned to link the two, never carried out.

Description
Coume comprises two unconnected infantry blocks. A subterranean connection was planned for Phase 2, and was started but not completed before the outbreak of war:
Block 1: infantry/entry block with two automatic rifle cloches (GFM), one twin machine gun embrasure and one machine gun/anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC47).
Block 2: Infantry block with two GFM cloches, one retractable twin machine gun turret, one twin machine gun embrasure and one JM/AC47 embrasure.

The original gros ouvrage was to include two casemate blocks, each with three 75mm guns, a block with a 135mm gun turret, three casemates covering an anti-tank ditch, and a block with an 81mm mortar turret. Separate blocks were planned for the rear for munitions and personnel entry, while the deep underground gallery system was to include barracks and a large "M1" magazine.

Manning
The 1940 manning of the ouvrage under the command of Lieutenant Soubrier comprised 95 men and 2 officers of the 160th Fortress Infantry Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of the 3rd Army, Army Group 2. The Casernement de Ban Saint-Jean provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Coume and other positions in the area.

History
See Fortified Sector of Boulay for a broader discussion of the Boulay sector of the Maginot Line.
Coume played no significant role in either the Battle of France in 1940 or the Lorraine Campaign of 1944.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Coume (petit ouvrage A31 de) at fortiff.be
 Petit ouvrage de Coume at lignemaginot.com

COUM
Maginot Line


Lifestreaming is an act of documenting and sharing aspects of one's daily experiences online, via a lifestream website that publishes things of a person's choosing (e.g. photos, social media, videos).

History
The term "lifestream" was coined by Eric Freeman and David Gelernter at Yale University in the mid-1990s to describe "...a time-ordered stream of documents that functions as a diary of your electronic life; every document you create and every document other people send you is stored in your lifestream. The tail of your stream contains documents from the past (starting with your electronic birth certificate). Moving away from the tail and toward the present, your stream contains more recent documents—papers in progress or new electronic mail; other documents (pictures, correspondence, bills, movies, voice mail, software) are stored in between. Moving beyond the present and into the future, the stream contains documents you will need: reminders, calendar items, to-do lists. The point of lifestreams isn't to shift from one software structure to another but to shift the whole premise of computerized information: to stop building glorified file cabinets and start building (simplified, abstract) artificial minds; and to store our electronic lives inside"

Before lifestreaming
The concept existed long before it was first introduced to the public. Globally known public figures like Leonardo da Vinci and senator Bob Graham were collecting their stream of personal and professional data, an act that could be considered a lifestreaming.

On the web
Social network aggregators adapted Freeman and Gelernter's original concept to address the vast flows of personal information and exchange created by social network services such as MySpace or Facebook ("web companies large and small are embracing this stream" of providing lifestreaming). Other online applications have emerged to facilitate a user's lifestream. Posterous offered a variety of unique features to enhance its basic blogging function. Tumblr is a similar concept, but with slightly different features.

Lifestream websites
Websites accommodating of lifestreaming gather together all the information someone wants to display and order it in reverse-chronology. "Each person designs her daily life to some extent-for instance basic time management tools. Putting one’s life online might provide the critical perspective to help redesign it. It is not just an organizational tool, but a tool that allows critical evaluation, reassessment and tweaking daily choice"

However, there is a clear distinction between the act of lifestreaming as a simple form of editorial extension to one's activity stream, and the production of a well-designed lifestream which involves commitment and requires the technical skills necessary to create and maintaining its underlying site.

The increase in people keeping track of their lives digitally is considered by futurologists a step towards artificial intelligence.

The "publish then filter" is discussed at length and breadth in Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations. The main focus is on the fact that you can publish anything, as it may be helpful to others.

Benefits of lifestreaming
Social networking services allow people to keep in touch with their family or acquaintances while being away from them. The hard boundary between social and professional space is becoming thinner. Consequently, this provides a sense of belonging, security and companionship while being in the workplace with an employer.

Transparency and authenticity
The rapid accessibility of one's lifestreaming activity can provide information of prevalent importance together with being an inspiration for the readers.

Data mining
Lifestreams also represent a source of information about people's intents that can be mined. A common bridge between all concepts of lifestreaming is the gathering of statistical data. With computerized support that simplifies one's daily choices and activities, it can be much easier to identify certain common traits in one's behavior. Moreover, lifestreaming can keep track of budget, calories, physical activity or sleep cycles.

Social integration
According to work in Activity Theory, reading one's lifestream is an act of integration in the community. In an individual's mind, the needs and interests of other people are ideally seen. Consequently, his or her activity imitates a pattern and through this process an individual is integrated within the community.

Monetization
Monetizing a lifestream was first introduced by author Tim Ferriss. In his books he presents instructions for designing a business that can self-develop, being convinced that one should live the life he wants the moment he wants instead of waiting for something to happen. With this belief, he proposes selling digital information products that can be automated and turned into profit.

Lifecasting

Lifecasting is a continual live streaming of events in a person's life through digital media. Typically, lifecasting is transmitted through the medium of the Internet and can involve wearable technology.  Lifecasting reverses the concept of surveillance, giving rise to sousveillance through portability, personal experience capture, daily routines and interactive communication with viewers.

Originally being called "lifelogging" or "lifestreaming," during the summer of 2007, Justin Kan's term lifecasting escalated into general usage and became the accepted label of the movement. Other labels for lifecasting and related have occasionally surfaced, including cyborglog, glog, lifeblog, lifeglob, livecasting and wearcam.

Life casting today looks a little different from the continuous stream first imagined by Mann. It has taken new forms today, such as Instagram and Snapchat, as it is the ways that modern life casters share their life experiences within the world of their social networks. Although it isn't a continuous stream, the motivations of "life sharing" remains the same.

Precursors
Jean-Luc Godard said, "Cinema is not a dream or a fantasy. It is life." In the pre-history of the lifecasting movement, the introduction of lightweight, portable cameras during the early 1960s, as used in the Cinéma vérité and Direct cinema movements, changed the nature of documentary filmmaking. Technological improvements in audio and the invention of smaller, less intrusive cameras brought about more naturalistic situations in documentary films by Robert Drew, Richard Leacock, the Maysles Brothers and others. While filmmakers such as Michel Auder, Jonas Mekas and Ed Pincus created cinematic diaries, the sculptor Claes Oldenburg, in the early 1960s, had theatrical showings of his home movies. Andy Warhol, who once said, "I like boring things," introduced the notion that life could be captured simply by aiming a fixed camera at subjects usually regarded as "boring" and later projecting the unedited footage. The documentary filmmaker Emile de Antonio observed that “with any cut at all, objectivity fades away.”

A milestone came in 1973 on PBS when ten million PBS viewers followed the lives of the Loud family each week on An American Family, a documentary series often cited as the beginning of reality television. Six years later, the series was satirized by Albert Brooks in his first feature film, Real Life (1979).

Author William Gibson featured "God's Little Toy," a lifecasting mini-blimp, that followed subjects around—for their lives—in his 1999 novel All Tomorrow's Parties.

Lifecasters

The first person to do lifecasting, i.e. stream continuous live first-person video from a wearable camera, was Steve Mann whose experiments with wearable computing and streaming video in the early 1980s led to Wearable Wireless Webcam.  Starting in 1994, Mann continuously transmitted his everyday life 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and his site grew in popularity to become Cool Site of the Day in 1995.  Using a wearable camera and wearable display, he invited others to both see what he was looking at, over the Web, as well as send him live feeds or messages in real time. In 1998 Mann started a community of lifecasters which has grown to more than 20,000 members. In a recent article by Mann entitled "My 'Augmediated' Life," he compares the early developments of his technologies to that of Google Glass when discussing issues of augmented reality and the ways in which these wearable technologies mediate the user to the world.

Jennifer Ringley's JenniCam (1996–2004) attracted mass media attention, as noted by Cnet: "JenniCam, beginning in 1996, was the first really successful 'lifecasting' attempt." Ringley appeared on talk shows and magazines covers, and her pioneering effort was followed by collegeboyslive.tv and Brian Diva Cox' MagicsWebpage.tv (1998 - 2013). That same year, the streaming of live video from the University of Toronto became a social networking phenomenon.

ZAC ADAMS Started CollegeBoysLive (1998–present) which became the first 24/7 live reality site featuring a group of unrelated gay guys living in a house together with over 56 streaming cameras and audio. Collegeboyslive chose 6 random people to live in the house and have their entire lives broadcast 24/7 for 6 months where viewers can watch and listen to them as they lived their lives. Collegeboyslive.com is currently the only live webcam house still up and operating today. CollegeBoysLive was also the first website to have a movie made about one of the groups from arrival to departure. Edited by George O'Donnell the movie takes you into the life of the boys who live in such a public place

Lisa Batey and HereAndNow.net started streaming 24/7 in 1999, continuing into 2001. "We Live In Public" was a 24/7 Internet conceptual art experiment created by Josh Harris in December 1999. With a format similar to TV's Big Brother, Harris placed tapped telephones, microphones and 32 robotic cameras in the home he shared with his girlfriend, Tanya Corrin. Viewers talked to Harris and Corrin in the site's chatroom. Others on camera included New York artists Alex Arcadia and Alfredo Martinez, as well as =JUDGECAL= and Shannon from pseudo.com fame. Harris launched the online live video platform, Operator 11.

DotComGuy arrived in 2000, and the following year, the Seeing-Eye-People Project combined live streaming with social networking to assist the visually challenged. After Joi Ito's Moblog (2002), web publishing from a mobile device, came Gordon Bell's MyLifeBits (2004), an experiment in digital storage of a person's lifetime, including full-text search, text/audio annotations and hyperlinks.

Over decades, Rick Kirkham shot more than 3000 hours of his video diaries, documenting his own descent from nationally syndicated broadcast journalist (Inside Edition) to the drug and alcohol abuse that destroyed his career and family life. His footage was edited into the documentary TV Junkie (2006). OurPrisoner was a 2006 internet "reality show" which featured a man living on camera for 6 months who had to follow viewer directions to win prizes.

In 2004, Arin Crumley and Susan Buice met online and began a relationship. They decided to forgo verbal communication during the initial courtship and instead spoke to each other via written notes, sketches, video clips and MySpace.  They went on to create an autobiographical film about it called Four Eyed Monsters. It was part documentary, part narrative with a few scripted elements added. They went on to produce 13 podcasts about the making of the film in order to promote it.

Justin Kan

In San Francisco, in early 2007, Justin Kan founded Justin.tv, a platform for live video streaming online. Wearing a webcam attached to a cap, Kan began streaming continuous live video and audio, beginning at midnight March 19, 2007, and he named this procedure "lifecasting," apparently unaware of the accepted use of that term for a sculpting process. Kan announced that he would wear his camera "24 hours a day, seven days a week." The novelty of Kan's concept attracted media attention, and resulting interviews with him included one by Ann Curry on the Today Show. Viewers accompanied Kan as he walked the streets of San Francisco, sometimes involved in both pre-planned events (trapeze lesson, dance lesson) and also spontaneous situations (being invited into the local Scientology Center by a sidewalk recruiter). What viewers witnessed was all from Kan's subjective POV as seen from his 24/7 portable live video streaming system developed by Kyle Vogt, one of the four founders of Justin.tv. Vogt recalled:
I moved to San Francisco so I could be closer to the rest of the team. I mean really close. The four of us lived and worked out of a small two-bedroom apartment. I spent my time becoming an expert in Linux socket programming, cellphone data networks and realtime data protocols. Four data modems in close proximity just don't work well together, so packet loss was as high as 50%. I fought with these modems for weeks but finally managed to wrestle them into a single 1.2 Mbit/s video uplink. The new camera emerged from the pile of Radio Shack parts, computer guts and hacked-up cellphones that had accumulated on my messy desk. It uses thousands of lines of Python code, a custom real-time protocol, connection load balancing and several other funky hacks.

Vogt's mobile broadcasting hardware consisted of a proprietary Linux-based computer in a box, four Evolution-Data Optimized (EVDO) USB networking adapters, a commercially produced analog to MPEG-4 video encoder and a large Lithium-Ion battery with eight hours of running time. The setup currently used is one wireless EVDO networking card and a wearable computer (laptop in a backpack) the video is streamed at ten frames per second from Kan's location using a commercial off-the-shelf product from On2. The computer takes an encoded video stream from the camera and sends it to the main website.

Justin.tv expansion

On May 29, 2007, Justin.tv introduced a second 24/7 feed, hosted by designer iJustine in Pittsburgh. Ezarik took a different approach, often aiming the camera at herself instead of just showing what she was seeing. Attending various tech and media events or working on her design and video projects, she also spent much more time than Kan in communicating directly to her audience.

Kan's cryptic references to "the big rollout" became clear in the summer of 2007 when Justin.tv became a springboard for more than 60 different channels as it made its technology available to a continual flow of applicants. This included a wide variety of participants, from a Christian family and radio stations to college students, graphic designers and a Subaru repair shop. By August 2007, channels were being added at an average rate of two a day.

In September 2007, Justin.tv added a visual Directory at the top of the screen that worked in a manner similar to iTunes' Cover Flow. In that Directory one can scroll horizontally past each lifecaster and tell from the audio/video whether he or she is broadcasting, has walked away from the camera or has shut down. On September 30, 2007, reviews of channels and lifecasters began appearing on various Justin TV-related gossip blogs.

By the fall of 2007, Justin.tv had expanded to nearly 700 channels, generating 1,650 hours of daily programming, but frequent regulars stay in the forefront because hundreds of other lifecasters are on infrequently or rarely.

On October 2, 2007, Justin.tv became an open network, enabling anyone to register and broadcast his or her life. By October 13, Justin.tv had signed 3200 broadcasting accounts. Sites such as Justin.tv and Ustream.tv make it possible for anyone with a computer, a webcam, a microphone and an Internet connection to lifecast to a global audience. Some angle their camera to show themselves sitting at a computer, and they may or may not choose to communicate with viewers, either by speaking or typing in a chat area. Some leave their cameras on while they sleep. In some situations, a camera might show an empty room as the lifecaster walks around the house doing chores, totally ignoring the viewers.

As the beta testing of Justin.tv shifted to a full launch, Randall Stross examined the business aspects in The New York Times (October 14, 2007):
This month, after seven months of beta-phase broadcasting, Justin.tv formally declared that it was open for business to one and all. In its first five days, the company said, it created 18,500 hours of video and pulled in 500,000 unique visitors. What those statistics do not show is how long anyone stuck around. In a sampling I did last week during a weekday, only 44 viewers, on average, could be found at each of the eight most heavily visited channels.

Justin.tv has closed, but now runs the game streaming service twitch.tv.

Far horizons: Lisa Batey, Sarah Austin, Dylan Reichstadt and Justin Shattuck
Some lifecasters, such as newscaster-vocalist Janelle Stewart, use the technology to stage performances at a regular scheduled time, interview the live audience and plan a US and world tour around justin.tv viewers location. Lisa Batey, however, broadcast her entire life, talking constantly to viewers and informing them of her every decision in her Brooklyn apartment. Batey supplements her 24/7 streaming with entries she posts in her LiveJournal, not unlike the diary entries written by JenniCam. In August 2007, Batey did extensive technical research so that she could continue to broadcast without interruptions or equipment problems while she vacationed in Tokyo and Kyoto during September 2007. The following year, she moved to Tokyo and continued to lifecast from there before moving to Brazil in 2011. A pioneer in the field, Batey has been lifecasting since 1999 when she was 20 years old.

Tristan Couvares is the most publicized life caster yet, Tristan teamed up with Seth Green to take life casting interactive in Control TV. They packaged the interactive media with major corporate sponsors: Ford, Sprint Nextel, and Snickers. The show was streamed live 24/7, and short, re-cap episodes were posted every few days. The fans of Control TV had been dubbed "the controllers" and voted on various aspects of daily life such as what Tristan would eat, when he would wake up and what he would wear. At one point, the majority of the viewers voted for Tristan Couvares to have an hour off camera. The show had over 105 million press impressions from 31 outlets including Variety, ESPN, and CNN. In total he had over 14 million viewers and users stayed ont the site for an average of 27 minutes.

Sarah Austin began her media career as a tech news producer and DJ for three years at UC Berkeley's radio station, KALX 90.7 FM, moving into video with her d7tv.com series Party Crashers which displayed her exploits crashing Silicon Valley parties. She started lifecasting in San Francisco during the spring of 2007, and when she moved to New York in August 2007 she continued to lifecast. As a video journalist, she began attending a variety of events, including the Halo 3 launch, the Ground Zero Memorial service, New York Fashion Week and Comic Book Club meetings. She sometimes would chat with her viewers while having breakfast, and more often, left the camera on as she studied her college textbooks. She amplified her video journalism with reports in the Sarah Meyers blog. In November 2007 she began tests of her 2008 Pop17 show, an Internet series of tech news, cyber commentary, interviews and unusual video clips.

Dylan Reichstadt, a teenager from Minnesota, started broadcasting his life in 2007.  Reichstadt was featured on KARE 11 television in December 2008. He uses justin.tv and broadcasts by using his laptop, an EVDO card, his camera, and his hat for the Hat Cam.. He has multiple sponsors that help pay for costs associated to broadcasting including: Boston musician Nick Consone and Wirecast. As of today, Reichstadt has over 5,500 fans and the views on his broadcasting page are over 2 million. He has a fan page at dylanlooksgreatinties.wordpress.com.

Justin Shattuck took lifecasting to a new level in July 2007 by using a GPS unit. He picked up real estate entrepreneur, Mark Timms in Charleston, South Carolina and attempted to travel to the 48 continental states in seven days. The GPS unit made it possible for viewers to follow their exact location as a moving dot on a map. The 48/7 trip ended with exhausted Shattuck with a late night confession from a Brooklyn rooftop. Shattuck gave people rides to wherever they wanted to go, no matter how distant the destination.

Pivoting pictures: The mobile music of Jody Gnant

Others lifecasters, such as singer-songwriter Jody Marie Gnant, have used the new media for promotional purposes, gaining both viewers and press coverage as she began video streaming her life seven days a week on Ustream.tv. This lifecasting strategy boosted sales with preorders for her album Pivot:
Less than a week after starting her broadcast, she had the No. 3 video on MySpace with 186,000 views. Her music is also being showcased as part of ScreenVison's pre-show entertainment in 4,000 movie theaters nationwide... "It's an exciting combination of interactive and non-interactive media," says Gnant. "People can choose to tune in and just watch the events of my life unfold, or they can log on and have an immediate effect on my career."

Camstreams
Patrick Cornwell is the owner and manager of Camstreams, a streaming service located in Sheffield, England. It features such channels as the Online Piano Bar and Trucking with Ken. Cornwell recalled how his fascination with webcams led him to develop and launch Camstreams:
Webcams fascinated me from the moment I read about them in a Sunday newspaper in the summer of 1997. It was an article about JenniCam – a website by a woman called Jennifer Ringley who chose to show her life to the world, warts 'n' all. She had inadvertently created the first "Reality" show – it was definitely the start of an era.
I spent my student years with the camera turned on me, maintaining a Big Brother-style website (way before Big Brother, the TV show, began!) with six live webcams in our student house. My housemates and I were sucked into the media frenzy and were even the subject of a documentary on the BBC for precisely 15 minutes. With Camstreams, I want to give people a chance to get their 15 minutes... Camstreams allows you to put yourself in the frame with our completely free video and audio webcam streaming service. We love playing with webcam technology and wanted to start something new and easy for people to use.

Qik
In 2008, a mobile live video streaming software called Qik was launched. It gained popularity among lifecasters with famous people like Ashton Kutcher and Kevin Rose being frequent users of the software. Also in 2008 lifecasting found its way into Social Networking at Next2Friends with their introduction of live streamed video from mobile.

Future perspectives
The act of displaying online real-life experience is increasing the development of artificial intelligence. At the moment, web pages are made to be read by humans. However, in time, Semantic Web, as an extension of the Web, aims to convert information into data to enable computers to read and understand the content. The development of this project will lead to machines with artificial intelligence that can assist and work for humans.

Ray Kurzweil, director of engineering at Google, is convinced that media creation and technological advancement are converging to  Technological singularity. Hence, today's development is the first step towards human's ability to "transcend its biological limitations."

Kevin Rose the co-founder of Digg, talks at length about lifestreaming and the benefits of it, such as the opportunity to organize bits of information and experience in a detailed digital diary. "I can see a world where eventually my children will look back at my [lifestream] data and say: This is Kevin's story—this is where he was on his birthday 10 years ago, and this was his favorite place to eat. Building that profile throughout your life and saving [that information]—I think that is huge."

See also

Activity stream
Augmented reality
DaCast
BlogTV
Digital footprint
EveryScape
Federated identity
 The Final Cut (2004 film), a movie about ethical challenges related to lifestreams and editing them.
Fly on the wall
Google Glass
Hasan M. Elahi
If I Can Dream
The Invention of Morel
Justin.tv
Live streaming
Snapchat
Social network service
Sophie Calle
Sousveillance
Tinychat
Tom Green Live
Ustream

References

External links
All Star Scoop on Internet TV: Dr. Doug-Baseball Hunter
Surveillance Camera Theater
Veja (Brazilian magazine article with English translation)
Justin TV
TruemanTV

Streaming


Ouvrage Coume Annexe Sud is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line.  Located in the Fortified Sector of Boulay, the ouvrage consists of two infantry blocks, one artillery block and one observation block, and is located between petits ouvrages Coume and Mottemberg, facing Germany.

Design and construction
The site was surveyed by CORF (Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency; Coume was approved for construction in May 1931. It was completed at a cost of 13 million francs. The petit ouvrage  was to receive a separate entry block in a second phase, never carried out.

Description
Coume Annexe Sud comprises four infantry blocks, connected by underground galleries, with a small underground utility area and barracks. The galleries are excavated at an average depth of up to .
Block 1: Infantry block with one automatic rifle cloche (GFM) and one twin machine gun cloche (JM).
Block 2: Infantry block with one GFM cloche, one grenade launcher cloche (LG) and one twin machine gun cloche (JM).
Block 3: Entry/infantry block with two GFM cloches, one twin machine gun embrasure, one JM/AC47 embrasure and two 81mm mortar embrasures.
Block 4: Infantry/observation block with one GFM cloche, one JM cloche and one observation cloche (VDP).

Casemates and shelters
In addition to the connected combat blocks, a series of detached casemates and infantry shelters surround Coume Annexe Sud, including
 Casemate du Bisterberg Nord I: SIngle armored block with two  mortar cloches and one GFM cloche.
 Casemate du Bisterberg Nord II: SIngle block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one JM embrasure and one GFM cloche.
 Casemate du Bisterberg Sud III: SIngle block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one JM embrasure and one GFM cloche.
 Casemate du Bisterberg Sud IIII: SIngle block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one JM embrasure and one GFM cloche.

Manning
The 1940 manning of the ouvrage under the command of Captain Faucoulanche comprised 194 men and 5 officers of the 160th Fortress Infantry Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of the 3rd Army, Army Group 2. The Casernement de Ban Saint-Jean provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Coume Annexe Sudand other positions in the area.

History
See Fortified Sector of Boulay for a broader discussion of the Boulay sector of the Maginot Line.
Coume Annexe Sud played no significant role in either the Battle of France in 1940 or the Lorraine Campaign of 1944.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Coume (petit ouvrage A32 annexe sud de) at fortiff.be
 Petit ouvrage de Coume Annexe Sud at lignemaginot.com
 Petit ouvrage de Coume Annexe Sud at wikimaginot.eu

Fortified sector of Boulay
Maginot Line

fr:Ouvrage du Village de Coume


The longfin yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana), also known as the almaco or silvercoat jack, deep-water, falcate, European or highfin amberjack, rock salmon, longfin or yellow kingfish, is a game fish of the family Carangidae; they are in the same family as yellowtail and amberjack. They are carnivorous and feed, both day and night, on other, smaller fish, such as baitfish, small squid, octopus, crab and shrimp. The flesh is thick and dense, like tuna, and easily may be passed off for white albacore if prepared as sushi.

Taxonomy

Achille Valenciennes, and Georges Cuvier published the first description of this species in 1833, although Cuvier died in 1832. Valenciennes and Cuvier together described many fish species, most notably in the 22-volume, Histoire naturelle des poissons, (Natural History of Fish).

Description
The longfin yellowtail has a less elongated, more flattened body than most jack species. Their dorsal fin and anal fins are elongated, and their outer edges have a definite sickle shape. The first rays of the almaco dorsal fin's longest parts are nearly twice as long as the dorsal spines, also different from other jacks.

They reach a typical length of , sometimes reaching  and . Typical catch is approximately ten pounds, however, according to the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, which describes it as wide-ranging in small groups and not a common catch.

Generally, longfin yellowtails are dusky-colored with faint amber or olive stripes down their sides. Their upper bodies and lower fins usually are dark brown or dark blue-green. The belly is much lighter and appears brassy or lavender. The nuchal bar and most of the fins are dark on adults. Exceptions are the pelvic fins which are white on the ventral sides.

Distribution and habitat
The longfin yellowtail is a pelagic species, which are found in open-ocean zones in the vast deep waters beyond the continental shelf. This species may be found in small groups on slopes and off reefs at depths from 5 to 160 m. They visit wrecks more often than most other jacks do. In the Indian to the west Pacific oceans, almaco jack live from Kenya to South Africa and have been spotted off Mariana Islands, Wake island, Ryukyu Islands, Kermadec Islands, and New Caledonia. In the eastern Pacific, almaco jack live from California to Peru and the Galápagos Islands. In the western Atlantic, they live mostly from Cape Cod to northern Argentina, although they are rare off North and South Carolina. In the Northeast Atlantic it is known from the Azores
, Madeira, and mainland Portugal, though it has also been reported in southern England and in the Gulf of Biscay. Recorded first in 2000 in the Mediterranean Sea, near Lampedusa islands (Italy),  more recent but sparse records are reported from the Balearic Islands to the Gulf of Gabès.

They typically swim at depths ranging from .

Behavior
The unusual stamina of the longfin yellowtail makes them a prime target for sport fishing in deep waters.

Almaco jack are subject to skin-based parasites. They remove them by rubbing against the rough skin of passing sharks. They are known to rub against passing scuba divers also, because they mistake them for sharks.

These fish spawn as often as weekly throughout the year.

Aquaculture
Longfin yellowtails are farmed/ranched in deep water near the Island of Hawaii under the brand name Hawaiian Kampachi; and in La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico under the brand name: Baja Kampachi, as a domesticated alternative to wild tuna. Global production reached  in 2008.

Almaco jack are abundant in the wild and never have been harvested commercially on large scale. In 2019, federal permit applications were filed to the United States Environmental Protection Agency and US Army Corps of Engineers to conduct a pilot study funded by Florida Sea Grant (using this species) 45 miles into the Gulf of Mexico southwest of Sarasota Florida. Florida Sea Grant hosted a public workshop in June 2019 to introduce the project to the public. The draft National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit application was posted for public comment by the EPA. The number of public comments received triggered a public hearing on January 28, 2020 at Mote Marine Laboratory in Sarasota, and ultimately generated 43,000 public comments.  The agencies were expected to post final permits in late summer 2020.

Eating almaco jack may cause a disease in humans called ciguatera, through bioaccumulation of ciguatoxin produced by a microscopic organism called dinoflagellate. However, farmed almaco jack on a controlled diet are free of these dinoflagellates and therefore, do not transmit ciguatera when eaten.

These fish have among the best reported feed-conversion ratios ever achieved. With no selective breeding at all, the amount of consumed pelleted feed required to produce one pound of almaco jack ranges from 1.6:1–2:1 pounds of feed to final live weight pound of fish. The resulting meat has a fat content of around 30%.

A Hawaiian fish farm grows longfin yellowtail, branded Kona Kampachi, in ring- or diamond-shaped net pens moored to the sea bottom  below.

As food
The flesh of the longfin yellowtail is quite delicious and may be prepared in a myriad of dishes, from completely raw (e.g. sushi, sashimi, crudo, etc.) to fully cooked (e.g. grilled, steamed, baked, etc.).

Notes

References
 Seriola rivoliana, Almaco Jack – MarineBio.org. Retrieved Monday, January 21, 2008..
 IUCN 2007. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.  Downloaded on 21 January 2008.

External links
 MarineBio
 SERIOLA RIVOLIANA from New Caledonia (En/Fr)

longfin yellowtail
Fish of the Indian Ocean
Fish of the Pacific Ocean
Fish of the Eastern United States
Fish of the Mediterranean Sea
longfin yellowtail


Ouvrage Mottenberg is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line.  Part of the Fortified Sector of Boulay, the ouvrage consists of one entrance block and two infantry blocks, and is located between petits ouvrages Coume Annexe Sud and Kerfent, facing Germany.

Design and construction
The site was surveyed by CORF (Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency; Mottenberg was approved for construction in September 1931. It was completed at a cost of 13 million francs by the contractor Societé Alsacienne des Travaux Publics. The petit ouvrage was to receive a separate entrance block, an 81mm mortar turret and a 135mm gun turret in a second phase, never carried out

Description
Mottenberg comprises three infantry blocks. The blocks are linked by deep underground galleries, which also provide space for barracks, utilities and ammunition storage. The galleries are excavated at an average depth of up to .
Block 1: infantry/entry block with two automatic rifle cloches (GFM), one observation cloche (VDP), one twin machine gun embrasure and one machine gun/anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC47).
Block 2: Infantry block with one GFM cloche and one JM cloche.
Block 3: Infantry block with one GFM cloche and one retractable twin machine gun turret.

The second phase of construction was to add an 81mm mortar turret block, a 135mm gun turret block and an entry block, as well as underground support facilities.

Casemates and shelters
In addition to the connected combat blocks, a series of detached casemates and infantry shelters surround Mottenberg, including
 Casemate Sud du Mottenberg: Double block with two JM/AC47 embrasures, one JM embrasure, one 81mm mortar embrasure and two GFM cloches. Destroyed in 1940 by German assault.

Manning
The 1940 manning of the ouvrage under the command of Captain Cloarec comprised 145 men and 3 officers of the 160th Fortress Infantry Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of the 3rd Army, Army Group 2. The Casernement de Ban Saint-Jean provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Coume and other positions in the area.

History
See Fortified Sector of Boulay for a broader discussion of the Boulay sector of the Maginot Line.
On 21 June 1940, Mottenberg fired on German troops attacking petit ouvrage Kerfent.  Since Mottenberg was only able to use machine gun fire, the intervention was unsuccessful and Kerfent surrendered. After World War II, Mottenberg was in poor condition and was not chosen for renovation.

Current condition
All above-ground elements such as cloches and turrets have been salvaged, with few other elements visible.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Ouvrage du Mottenberg at alsacemaginot.com
 Mottenberg (petit ouvrage A33 du) at fortiff.be
 Petit ouvrage du Mottenberg at lignemaginot.com

MOTT
Maginot Line


Notrium is a survival top-down view video game for PC/Microsoft Windows, developed by independent Finnish programmer Ville Mönkkönen. Released as freeware in 2003, later also the source code was released under a custom license. It won second place in the "Adventure Game of the Year" contest on GameTunnel. In 2015 a "Notrium Special Surprise Edition" was released commercially by the author in the digital distribution.

Setting

Location
The game takes place on the fictional eponymous planet, Notrium. The game world is divided into large squares, each of which has its own separate environment and set of objectives. The player may move between squares at will to reach the other areas, though some are only accessible via methods such as boarding certain vehicles or using teleportation. Environments range from jungle terrain, to desert, to tundra, all of which are affected by a day-night cycle, except for interior levels which are artificially lit.

The game's graphics, aside from certain plot-related areas, are all randomly generated at the beginning of the game. Random generation affects the precise location of items and vegetation, though most objects and all scenery will remain in their environment square, the placement of which in relation to others is a set constant. For example, tree placement in the Jungle zone changes each time a new game is begun, but the start location will not, and the Jungle zone stays adjacent to the same areas.

Backstory
The general plot of the game is that a starship, the Var' Equinalin, is exploring the Hive sector, when it approaches the titular planet Notrium, and is attacked by ground-launched missiles. The player's character (either the human captain, the android engineer, the psionic medic, or the alien stowaway) manages to reach the only working escape pod (the others having been sabotaged by the alien) and crash-lands on the planet's surface. From there, they must find a way to survive, as well as a method of escape.

Varying on whichever character is being played, 'journal entries', which appear every day-night cycle for the first in-game fortnight, detail different happenings. For example, the journal of the Human tells that he was the captain of the ship, and details his experience on board the spacecraft; while the journal of the Android states that he was the ship's mechanic and goes into his point of view over the same proceedings. Other plot points outside of journal entries are triggered by entering certain locales, or completing an objective.

Notrium has several endings, which differ depending on what character the player has chosen to use. Some endings are exclusive to certain characters, while others can be achieved by more than one.

Gameplay
Notrium is played from a top-down perspective, giving an overhead view of proceedings. The player may move in all directions while facing in a separate one, similar to the way a first-person shooter is controlled, and similar to the shareware PC shooter Crimsonland.

During the course of the game, the player encounters various items and objects strewn across the terrain, such as edible plants, weapons, and other machinery. As most needed materials, such as a protective force field, are not found intact, the player is required to build them out of two or three separate pieces. Most useful machinery in the game is constructed in this manner.

Gameplay revolves around harvesting needed materials to build, defend oneself against enemies, and ultimately achieving one of the game's endings. Depending on the character chosen, the game is played differently. Most characters begin with a weak attack, and no weaponry, yielding them quite vulnerable to the various enemies. The Alien begins with a powerful attack and evolves more abilities over time, though it cannot use weapons, so an Alien player tends to be more aggressive, taking advantage of the more difficult endings which would take longer for other characters to achieve. In contrast, the Human is weaker, and a Human player will take time to build up a heavy arsenal of weaponry and armor before attempting action.

In-game weather also plays a large part in the game. On difficulty settings above 'easy', the player's character is affected by the elements, especially heat and cold. Standing near a fire or in the shade of a tree will counteract these two, and later in the game the player is able to construct an armor which decreases the effects of weather. In some areas of the game, weather is more extreme; the location undergoing sand storms, blizzards, or acid rain.

Mods
Notrium is designed to be highly moddable, and a guide to modifying is provided for download on Ville's website. When the player begins a new game, they are able to choose the mod they want to play, provided that additional mods have been downloaded and placed in the correct place in the main Notrium folder on the player's PC desktop.

Mods can have a variety of different effects, such as adding new items and objectives, altering or creating new environments, or even adding a completely new character for play in the case of the popular "Werivar" mod.

History
Notrium was developed by independent Finnish programmer Ville Mönkkönen and released in 2003. It is the seventh game by Mönkkönen, but only the fifth to be released fully in English. Notrium's source code was released by the developer after 2003 under a custom open-source like software license. It is developed as OpenNotrium on GitHub by the community, with new code being GPLv3. Following that, the game was ported to many other platforms (Linux etc.), also mobile devices like the Pandora.

On Dec 8, 2015 a "Notrium Special Surprise Edition" was released commercially by the author in the digital distribution adding some improvements.

Reception
The game won second place in the "Adventure Game of the Year" contest on GameTunnel. In a 2014 retrospective, Rock, Paper, Shotgun noted Notrium as one of the early procedural generated survival games.

References

External links
Official Notrium web page

Indie games
Video games developed in Finland
2003 video games
Linux games
Survival video games
Open-source video games
Freeware games
Video games with available source code
Windows games


13 Rue Madeleine is a 1947 American World War II spy film directed by Henry Hathaway and starring James Cagney, Annabella, Richard Conte and Frank Latimore. Allied volunteers are trained as spies in the leadup to the invasion of Europe, but one of them is a German double agent.

Plot
Bob Sharkey is put in charge of the 77th group of American espionage candidates. However, he is informed by his boss Charles Gibson that one of his students is a German Abwehr agent. He accepts the challenge of identifying him. He correctly chooses "Bill O'Connell". Gibson reveals that O'Connell is actually Wilhelm Kuncel, one of Germany's top spies. He tells Sharkey to pass him through the course, as they know his mission is to determine the date and location of Operation Overlord (the Allied invasion of Europe). They assign him a job in London that gives him full access to false information about "Plan B", the invasion of Germany through the Lowlands, hoping he will pass it along to his superiors.

At the end of their training, three of the new agents—Frenchwoman Suzanne de Beaumont, American Jeff Lassiter, and Kuncel—are sent to Great Britain. There, they prepare to fly into German-occupied territory. Kuncel is given a mission in Holland, supposedly because of his familiarity with the region. Lassiter is assigned to kidnap and bring back to England the French collaborator Duclois. Duclois designed and built the main assembly and supply depot for V-2 rockets that will be used against the key Allied invasion port of Southampton, and what he knows will be vital for achieving its destruction. Suzanne goes along as Lassiter's radio operator. Sharkey tells Lassiter about Kuncel and orders him to kill his friend and former roommate if he thinks Kuncel has not been deceived. However, on the airplane, Lassiter cannot conceal his uneasiness from Kuncel. Kuncel sabotages his parachute, and when the trio are sent to Holland, Lassiter plummets to his death. Gibson and Sharkey realize that Kuncel knows that the information he was given is false.

With no time to brief another agent, Sharkey volunteers to take Lassiter's place. Gibson is reluctant to do so, as Sharkey knows the date and location of the invasion, but finally agrees. With the help of the local French resistance led by the town's mayor, Sharkey takes Duclois prisoner. However, in stopping Kuncel from interfering with the airplane taking off with Duclois, Sharkey is captured. Suzanne is killed while transmitting the news to England. Kuncel takes Sharkey to Gestapo headquarters at 13 Rue Madeleine in Le Havre and supervises his torture when Sharkey refuses to talk. Back in Great Britain, Gibson has no choice but to order a bombing raid to destroy the building before Sharkey cracks. When the bombing starts, Sharkey laughs in triumph in Kuncel's face.

Cast

 James Cagney as Robert Emmett 'Bob' Sharkey
 Annabella as Suzanne de Beaumont
 Richard Conte as Wilhelm Kuncel / William H. 'Bill' O'Connell
 Frank Latimore as Jeff Lassiter
 Walter Abel as Charles Gibson
 Melville Cooper as Pappy Simpson
 Sam Jaffe as Mayor Galimard
 Trevor Bardette as Resistance fighter (uncredited)
 Red Buttons as Second Jump Master (uncredited)
 Arno Frey as German Officer (uncredited)
 Karl Malden as B-24 Jumpmaster (uncredited)
 E. G. Marshall as Emile (uncredited)
 Donald Randolph as La Roche (uncredited)
 Roland Winters as Van Duyval (uncredited)
 Blanche Yurka as Madame Thillot (uncredited)

Production
Prohibited from mentioning the OSS during the war due to secrecy, several Hollywood studios made their own films about the agency after the war, such as Paramount's O.S.S., Warner Bros./United States Pictures Cloak and Dagger, and RKO's Notorious directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Though 13 Rue Madeleine was originally written to showcase the O.S.S., with Cagney playing a character based on William Donovan and featuring Peter Ortiz as a technical advisor, Donovan raised major objections to the film, including the idea that his agency had been infiltrated by an enemy agent.  The spy group was renamed "O77" and Cagney's character had no similarities to Donovan.

The film followed Fox's The House on 92nd Street, a true story of Federal Bureau of Investigation counter espionage, which shared the same director, producer, and one of the writers. Henry Hathaway loved the material but said there was no story so he used the one from The Virginian.

Much of the filming was done in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. The scene where Sharkey is leaving the "local French HQ" on his way to meet with the local resistance was shot on rue Donnacona, with the Ursulines School in the background.

The Breen Office objected to the Americans bombing a building solely to kill Sharkey. But Sy Bartlett, one of the film's scriptwriters, had been in the Army Air Corps during World War II and such an incident did take place, though in a different context. According to Henry Hathaway, the film's director, that actual occurrence was the basis for the film's final scene.

References

External links

1947 films
1940s spy drama films
20th Century Fox films
American black-and-white films
American spy drama films
1940s English-language films
Films about the French Resistance
Films directed by Henry Hathaway
Films scored by David Buttolph
Operation Overlord films
Office of Strategic Services in fiction
World War II spy films
1947 drama films
Films set in London
1940s American films


FBOP Corporation was a financial services company based in Oak Park, Illinois, United States.  As of mid-2009, it had $18.5 billion in assets and was the 46th largest bank holding company in the United States. On October 30, 2009, FBOP's banking subsidiaries were closed by their chartering agencies and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation was appointed as their receiver.  The company had over 4064 employees.

The holding company began as First Bank of Oak Park.  FBOP started acquiring other banks in 1990.  In 2006, First Bank of Oak Park merged with four other co-owned banks in Illinois to create Park National Bank.  FBOP operated banks in Illinois, California, Texas, and Arizona, prior to their closure.

U.S. Bancorp acquired all nine of FBOP's nine banks on the day of closure, but later sold the three Texas-based banks to Prosperity Bancshares.

Key people
 Chairman: Michael E. Kelly
 President: Robert M. Heskett
 SVP and CFO: Michael Dunning

Former subsidiaries

Acquisition history

Bank failure
FBOP's subsidiaries lost an estimated $800 million when the United States Treasury placed government-sponsored mortgage investors Fannie Mae (FNM, Fortune 500) and Freddie Mac (FRE, Fortune 500) into conservatorship and wiped out preferred stockholders.  As a result, FBOP posted an operating loss of $708 million for 2008. By the end of June, FBOP's resources had dwindled so low that the firm ranked below 98% of similar bank holding companies in terms of tier 1 leverage ratio, a measure of bank capital.

In August 2009, FBOP signed a so-called written agreement with the Federal Reserve that gave it a schedule to raise capital, improve risk management and reduce its concentration of commercial real estate loans. The bank was to submit a capital plan within 30 days.

FBOP failed to raise enough capital to satisfy the terms of the agreement. On October 30, 2009, FBOP's subsidiaries were closed by their chartering agencies and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation was appointed as their receiver.  The FDIC entered into a purchase and assumption agreement with Minnesota-based U.S. Bancorp to assume the assets and deposit liabilities of the closed banks.  The FDIC estimates its losses on the combined transaction at $2.5 billion.

References

Further reading

External links

Bank failures in the United States
Banks based in Illinois
Banks with year of establishment missing
Companies based in Cook County, Illinois
Privately held companies based in Illinois
U.S. Bancorp
Defunct banks of the United States
Defunct companies based in Illinois
Banks disestablished in 2009
2009 disestablishments in Illinois


Ouvrage Kerfent is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line.  Located in the Fortified Sector of Faulquemont, the ouvrage consists of three infantry blocks and an observation block, and is located between petits ouvrages Mottemberg and Bambesch, facing Germany.  During the Battle of France, Kerfent was attacked by German forces, who captured the position from the rear after a short assault with artillery support. The combat blocks were heavily damaged.  During the Cold War, limited repairs were made to allow the underground facilities to be occupied.  Between 1958 and 1961 the site was used by the Royal Canadian Air Force as a microwave communications relay station. In the 1970s the ouvrage was sold to the commune of Zimming. The ouvrage is now flooded.

Design and construction
The site was surveyed by the Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées (CORF), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency, and was approved for construction in October 1931. It was completed at a cost of 16 million francs by the contractor Borie of Paris. The petit ouvrage was planned for construction in two phases. The second phase was to upgrade the petit ouvrage to a gros ouvrage with artillery blocks.

Description
Kerfent comprises three infantry blocks and a distant observation block. The blocks are linked by deep underground galleries, which also provide space for barracks, utilities and ammunition storage. The galleries are excavated at an average depth of up to .
Block 1: Infantry block with one automatic rifle cloche (GFM) and one retractable twin machine gun turret.
Block 2: Infantry block with two GFM cloches, one grenade launcher cloche (LG), one twin machine gun embrasure and one machine gun/anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC47).
Block 3: Infantry block with two GFM cloches, one twin machine gun turret and one JM/AC47 anti-tank gun embrasure.
Block 4: Observation block with two GFM cloches and one GFM/observation cloche, at a distance of  from the main ouvrage.

Work for the unbuilt second phase included two separate entry blocks for munitions and personnel, two casemates, each with three 75mm guns, one 75mm gun turret block, one 81mm mortar turret block and one 135mm gun turret block.

Manning
The 1940 manning of the ouvrage under the command of Captain Broché comprised 161 men and 2 officers of the 156th Fortress Infantry Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of both the 3rd and 4th Armies, Army Group 2. The Casernement de Zimming provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Kerfent and other positions in the area.

History
See Fortified Sector of Faulquemont for a broader discussion of the Faulquemont sector of the Maginot Line.

1940
Following the 15 June 1940 breakthrough by German forces through the Saar gap, the Germans advanced along the rear of the Maginot Line.  The German 167th Infantry Division approached Kerfent, Bambesch, Einseling  and Téting on 19 June. On the 20th the Germans assaulted Bambesch.  Supporting fire from Kerfent was of limited use, since the petit ouvrage did not mount heavy weapons. Bambesch surrendered at 1900 hours. The following day the Wehrmacht attacked Kerfent with 88mm high velocity gunfire from a battery positioned atop Bambesch. Kerfent's cloches were hit by direct fire and Block 3 had to be abandoned after it was holed. The German batteries approached to within  to attack Block 2. Despite machine gun support from neighboring Mottemberg, Kerfent was forced to surrender.

1944
Kerfent did not see significant action during the Lorraine Campaign of 1944, but the observation block's cloche was used for weapons tests by the Americans.

Cold War
After the war, Kerfent's combat blocks were mostly left in their damaged state, but the underground facilities were cleaned and maintained. From 1958 to 1961, prior to France's withdrawal from the NATO integrated command structure in the mid-1960s, Kerfent's underground facilities and open surface areas were used by the Canadian 601st Communications Squadron as a communications center, supporting RCAF Station Grostenquin. A microwave antenna was erected on Block 2. By 1970, Kerfent was listed for disposal, and was acquired by the commune of Zimming. The military antenna was replaced by a civil television antenna.

Current condition
A volunteer group has been organized to interpret the ouvrage to the public.  However, the underground portions remain flooded with up to a metre of water, and the galleries are not safely accessible.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 kerfent.com Official site

KERF
Maginot Line
NATO installations in France


Ouvrage Bambesch is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line.  Located in the Fortified Sector of Faulquemont, the ouvrage consists of three infantry blocks, and is located between petits ouvrages Kerfent and Einseling, facing Germany. Completed in 1932, it is located in the Bois de Bambesch. On 20 June 1940 during the Battle of France, Bambesch was attacked by German forces, whose artillery battered the position, which could not be effectively supported by its neighbors, into surrender. Since 1973, Bambesch has been operated as a museum and is open to the public.

Design and construction
The site was surveyed by CORF (Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency, and was approved for construction in October 1931. It was completed at a cost of 11 million francs by the contractor Borie of Paris. The petit ouvrage was planned for construction in two phases. The second phase was to add an 81mm mortar turret block and a separate entrance block.

Description
Bambesch comprises three infantry blocks. The blocks are linked by deep underground galleries, which also provide space for barracks, utilities and ammunition storage. The galleries are excavated at an average depth of up to .
Block 1: Infantry block with one automatic rifle cloche (GFM) and one retractable twin machine gun turret.
Block 2: Infantry block with one GFM cloches, one grenade launcher cloche (LG), one twin machine gun embrasure and one machine gun/anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC47). The GFM cloche has had the concrete blasted from around its base and is pocked by shellfire.
Block 3: Infantry/entry block with two GFM cloches, one twin machine gun embrasure and one JM/AC47 anti-tank gun embrasure.

Work for the unbuilt second phase included a separate entry blocks and an 81mm mortar turret block.

Casemates and shelters

In addition to the connected combat blocks, a series of detached casemates and infantry shelters surround Bambesch, including
 Casemate de Bambiderstroff Nord: SIngle block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one JM embrasure and one GFM-A/B cloche.
 Casemate de Bambiderstroff Sud: SIngle block with two mortar cloches and one GFM-A/B cloche.
 Casemate de Bambesch: Artillery casemate with two 75mm guns and one GFM cloche, located well to the rear.

Manning
The 1940 manning of the ouvrage under the command of Captain Pastre comprised 102 men and 2 officers of the 156th Fortress Infantry Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of both the 3rd and 4th Armies, Army Group 2. The Casernement de Zimming provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Kerfent and other positions in the area.

History

See Fortified Sector of Faulquemont for a broader discussion of the Faulquemont sector of the Maginot Line.
On 20 June 1940, Bambesch was attacked by German long 88mm guns of the 167th Infantry Division.  Block 2 was attacked first, driving the defenders into the underground galleries. With further attacks on Block 3, the defenders risked entrapment and asphyxiation. Despite support from neighboring Kerfent, the attackers could not be dislodged, and after two hours of bombardment, the garrison surrendered.

The fort was stabilized after the war by military engineers and was acquired by the community of Bambiderstroff in 1972, mostly to use the work's well as a municipal water supply. The site was opened to the public on 31 August 1973 by the Association des Guides de Bambesch. The fortification's machinery and equipment have been preserved.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Degon, André; Zylberyng, Didier, La Ligne Maginot: Guide des Forts à Visiter, Editions Ouest-France, 2014.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Bambesch site
 Ouvrage de Bambesch at Chemins de mémoire
 Ouvrage de Bambesch at District Urbain de Faulquemont
 Bambesch website
 Bambiderstroff tourism
 Ouvrage du Bambesch at wikimaginot.eu

BAMB
Maginot Line
World War II museums in France


is made from small fish caught nearby that are blended into a paste and then fried. It is a special product of Uwajima in southern Ehime Prefecture. Jakoten has a long history, having been eaten since the Edo period.

History
According to the Jakoten Book, jakoten was invented in 1614. Originally Date Hidemune made his craftsman make steamed fish pastes in 1615. The craftsmen made steamed pastes of Uwajima fish. Hidemune was a daimyō of Uwajima. He loved steamed fish pastes when he was in Sendai so he wanted to eat them in Ehime.

Process

Hotarujako, which are small white fish, are good for making jakoten. Hotarujako is the Japanese name for Acropoma japonicum, a member of the bioluminescent fish family Acropomatidae, called glowbelly or lanternbelly in English. Hotarujako is also called haranbo in Uwajima.

First, the heads, viscera and scales of the fish are removed. Then, the remaining parts are minced including the bones. Seasoning is added and the minced fish is ground into a paste. Next, it is shaped into rectangular patties by using a wood frame. The patties are fried for several minutes until they become brownish. The pieces of jakoten are now ready.

Eating
When jakoten is eaten, it should be broiled using a frying pan or shichirin (portable clay stove). It should be eaten with soy sauce and grated daikon radish. Jakoten is used in nimono, udon, salad, etc., and goes well with alcoholic drinks.

References

Japanese cuisine
Food paste