This is a list of television programs formerly and currently broadcast by the Canadian television channel MTV Canada and its former incarnation as talktv.

Programming
This a list of programs currently being broadcast.

Current

Regular programming

A-E

 Catfish: The TV Show (MTV Entertainment Studios)

F-J
 Faking It (MTV Entertainment Studios)
 Finding Carter (MTV Entertainment Studios)
 Friendzone (495 Productions)
 Generation Cryo (Off the Fence)
 Geordie Shore (Lime Pictures)
 Girl Code (MTV Platform Development)
 Grand Benders (MDF Productions)
 Happyland (Storyline Entertainment)

K-O
 Kesha: My Crazy Beautiful Life (MTV)
 Losing It (MTV Entertainment Studios)
 McMorris & McMorris (MTV Entertainment Studios)
 MTV Creeps (MTV Entertainment Studios)
 MTV Cribs (MTV Entertainment Studios)

P-T
 Panic Button (MTV Entertainment Studios)
 Play With AJ (MTV Entertainment Studios)
 Ridiculousness (MTV Entertainment Studios)
 Scrubbing In (Never Nominated
 The Shannara Chronicles (MTV Production Development)
 Snack-Off (MTV Entertainment Studios)
 Snooki & JWoww (MTV Entertainment Studios)
 Teen Mom (MTV Entertainment Studios)
 Teen Mom 2 (MTV Entertainment Studios)
 Teen Mom 3 (MTV Entertainment Studios)
 Teen Wolf (MTV Production Development)

U-Z
 Virgin Territory (MTV Production Development)

Special programming
 MTV Europe Music Awards
 MTV Movie Awards
 MTV Video Music Awards
 We Day

Acquired
 Breaker High (currently on MTV2) (Saban Entertainment)
 Clueless (Paramount Television)
 InnerSPACE (Space show) (Space Productions)
 Malcolm In The Middle (20th Television)
 Movie Night (E! Canada show) (E! Originals)
 Sabrina The Teenage Witch (Paramount Television)
 Saved by the Bell (Universal Television)
 South Park (Comedy Partners)
 Student Bodies (20th Television, Sunbow Entertainment, Telescene)

Past

Regular programming

0-9
 16 and Pregnant
 4REAL
 8th & Ocean

A-E
 Adventures in Hollyhood
 After Degrassi
 The After Show
 At the Movies with Ebert & Roeper (talktv)
 Balance-Television for Living Well (talktv)
 Bam's Unholy Union
 Beavis and Butt-Head
 Buckwild
 Buzzin'
 Camilla Scott Show (talktv)
 Canada's Next Top Model
 Celebrity Pets (talktv)
 The Chatroom (talktv)
 Cheyenne
 The City
 Clone High
 Comedy Now!
 DanceLife
 Diary
 The Dini Petty Show (talktv)
 Engaged and Underage
 eTalk (talktv)
 eTalk Daily Profiles (talktv)

F-J
 Failosophy
 Fat Camp
 From G's to Gents
 The Hills
 The Hills: The After Show
 The Jack Benny Program (talktv)
 Jersey Shore
 Juvies
 I'm From Rolling Stone
 Impact

K-O
 The Kentucky Kid
 Keys to the VIP
 Laguna Beach: The After Show
 Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County
 Life of Ryan
 Live It Up! (talktv)
 Live with Regis and Kelly (talktv)
 Living Lahaina
 Living on the Edge
 Made
 Making the Band
 Making the Video
 Man and Wife
 Mason Lee: On The Edge (talktv)
 Maui Fever
 Me & Mr. Jones
 Meet the Barkers
 Miss Seventeen
 MTV e2
 MTV Live
 MTV Live Hacked
 MTV News
 MTV Presents
 MTV Screen
 MTV Show Choir
 MTV Showtown
 MTV's The 70s House
 My Super Sweet 16
 Never Ever Do This At Home
 Newlyweds: Nick and Jessica
 Newport Harbor: The Real Orange County
 Next

P-T
 Pageant Place
 Pamela Wallin's TalkTV (talktv)
 The Paper
 Parental Control
 Peak Season
 Person to Person (talktv)
 Pimp My Ride
 Pranked!
 Punk'd
 The Real World
 Real World/Road Rules Challenge
 Road Rules
 Rob & Big
 Room Raiders
 Ruby Wax Meets... (talktv)
 Run's House
 Scarred
 The Second Half
 The Sharon Osbourne Show (talktv)
 A Shot at Love: The Hangover
 A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila
 SqueezePlay (talktv)
 That's Amore!
 'Til Death Do Us Part: Carmen and Dave
 True Life
 True Love
 Two-A-Days

U-Z
 Vicki Gabereau (talktv)
 The View (talktv)
 Viva La Bam
 W-FIVE (talktv)
 Why Can't I Be You?
 Wrestling Society X
 The X Effect
 Yo Momma

External links
 MTV's official site

MTV (Canada)


The second round of qualifying matches for the 2010 FIFA World Cup from the CONCACAF section featured the 13 top-ranked CONCACAF teams in the FIFA World Rankings as of May 2007, along with the 11 winning teams from the first round. The draw took place on 25 November 2007 in Durban, South Africa.

Format
In this round 12 of the remaining 24 teams would be eliminated. There were 12 ties and the winners advanced to the next round. All games were scheduled to be played in home and away format. Further organisation were involved in the draw, with the 12 ties grouped into three groups of four – each feeding into a separate third round group. Within each group of four ties, one tie included a team ranked 1–3, one included a team ranked 4–6 and two included teams ranked 7–12. The 13th ranked side (who received a bye in the first round), were ensured a tie against a team ranked 7–12. All other ties were against first round winners.

Group 1

Group 1A

United States won 9–0 on aggregate.

Group 1B

Guatemala won 9–1 on aggregate.

Group 1C

Trinidad and Tobago won 3–2 on aggregate.

Group 1D

Cuba won 8–3 on aggregate.

Group 2

Group 2A

Mexico won 9–0 on aggregate.

Group 2B

Jamaica won 13–0 on aggregate.

Group 2C

Honduras won 6–2 on aggregate.

Group 2D

Canada won 7–1 on aggregate.

Group 3

Group 3A

Costa Rica won 5–2 on aggregate.

Group 3B

Suriname won 3–1 on aggregate.

Group 3C

El Salvador won 3–2 on aggregate.

Group 3D

Haiti won 1–0 on aggregate.

Goalscorers
A total of 90 goals were scored over 24 games, for an average of 3.75 goals per game.

5 goals
 Luton Shelton

4 goals

 Ali Gerba
 Carlos Ruíz

3 goals

 Roberto Linares
 David Suazo
 Jared Borgetti

2 goals

 Kerry Skepple
 John Barry Nusum
 Dwayne De Rosario
 Jaine Valencia
 Eliseo Quintanilla
 Gonzalo Romero
 Abner Trigueros
 Wilson Palacios
 Deon Burton
 Carlos Vela
 Fernando Arce
 Clifton Sandvliet
 Stern John
 Brian Ching
 Clint Dempsey

1 goal

 Tyio Simon
 Issey Nakajima-Farran
 Álvaro Saborío
 Armando Alonso
 Bryan Ruiz
 Randall Azofeifa
 Victor Núñez
 Jaime Colomé
 Leonel Duarte
 Jeniel Márquez
 Luis Anaya
 Jason Roberts
 Patrick Modeste
 Mario Rafael Rodríguez
 Nigel Codrington
 Julio César de León
 Demar Phillips
 Ian Goodison
 Marlon King
 Omar Daley
 Ricardo Gardner
 Tyrone Marshall
 Andrés Guardado
 Luis Tejada
 José Luis Garcés
 Chris Megaloudis
 Petter Villegas
 Kenwin McPhee
 Marlon James
 Germaine van Dijk
 Darryl Roberts
 Eddie Johnson
 Eddie Lewis
 Landon Donovan
 Michael Bradley

1 own goal

 Daryl Ferguson (playing against United States)
 Tervor Lennen (against Mexico)
 Eugene Martha (against Haiti)

Notes

References

External links
FIFA.com

2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONCACAF)
Qual
qualification 1
qualification 1
qualification 1


The third round of qualifying matches for the 2010 FIFA World Cup from the CONCACAF section featured the 12 winners from the second round. The draw took place on 25 November 2007 in Durban, South Africa.

Format
In this round, the winners from the second round were placed into three groups of four teams, determined by the draw. Here, they played a double round robin home and away schedule. The top two teams from each group advanced to the fourth round.

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Goalscorers
A total of 103 goals were scored over 36 games, for an average of 2.86 goals per game.

4 goals

 Rodolfo Zelaya
 Keon Daniel

3 goals

 Bryan Ruiz
 Ramón Núñez
 Wensley Christoph

2 goals

 Ali Gerba
 Armando Alonso
 Alejandro Alpízar
 Celso Borges
 Froylan Ledezma
 Roy Myrie
 Alonso Solís
 Carlos Ruíz
 Luton Shelton
 Pável Pardo
 Dwight Yorke
 DaMarcus Beasley
 Brian Ching
 Clint Dempsey

1 goal

 Julian de Guzman
 Andrew Hainault
 Tomasz Radzinski
 Adrian Serioux
 Álvaro Saborío
 Walter Centeno
 Júnior Díaz
 Freddy Fernández
 Victor Núñez
 Jaime Colomé
 Roberto Linares
 Yénier Márquez
 Jensy Muñoz
 Allianni Urgelles
 Rudis Corrales
 César Larios
 Shawn Martin
 Eliseo Quintanilla
 William Torres
 José Manuel Contreras
 Carlos Gallardo
 Marco Pappa
 Mario Rodríguez
 Jean Alcénat
 Frantz Bertin
 Brunel Fucien
 Leonel Saint-Preux
 Carlos Costly
 Amado Guevara
 Julio César de León
 Walter Martínez
 Hendry Thomas
 Omar Cummings
 Ricardo Fuller
 Marlon King
 Andy Williams
 Fernando Arce
 Omar Bravo
 Andrés Guardado
 Jonny Magallon
 Rafael Márquez
 Carlos Salcido
 Matías Vuoso
 Clifton Sandvliet
 Russell Latapy
 Cornell Glen
 Kenwyne Jones
 Freddy Adu
 Jozy Altidore
 Carlos Bocanegra
 Michael Bradley
 Kenny Cooper
 Landon Donovan
 Charlie Davies
 Oguchi Onyewu

1 own goal

 Ricardo Osorio (against Honduras)
 Marlon Felter (against El Salvador)
 Derrik Garden (against El Salvador)

Notes

References

External links
FIFA.com
CONCACAF.com

3
Qual
qualification 2
qualification 2
qualification 2


The Wisconsin Cream City Chorus was founded on April 1, 1987, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Originally formed as a chorus of gays, lesbians and their friends, the chorus now strives to celebrate the rich diversity of the community at large — not just the LGBT community — through the performance of quality choral music. People of all orientations, races and faiths are welcome to join and participate.

The chorus ended operations on April 1, 2012, with a concert given on that day, 25 years exactly since its founding.

The group had recorded a CD called Our Legacy which was available for purchase at that time.

Structure of the chorus
A board of directors, including a president, vice president, treasurer and secretary. It was a non-profit organization.

There were two types of members.
- Non-Singing members who support the organization through non-singing efforts such as stage management, publicity, fundraising and front of house.
- Singing members who do perform with the group.

The chorus was member-controlled. Every member, singing or non-singing had an equal vote.

Concerts
The WCCC produces two to four concerts annually.

The 2011–2012 season consisted of "A Year in the Life: Celebrating through the Seasons" with two performances on Saturday, December 10 at 7:30 pm and Sunday, December 11 at 3:00 pm. This is followed by "We Are One: Celebrating Diversity" on Sunday, April 1 at 3:00 pm. The 25th Anniversary of our founding will be a day to remember! Our annual silent auction will be held at two performances of "Schlemiel! Shlimazel! Celebrating the Cream City" on Saturday, June 16 at 5:00 pm and 7:30 pm.

The 2010–2011 season consisted of "The Poet Sings" on Saturday, December 4 at 7:30 pm and Sunday, December 5 at 3:00 pm. "The Creators: Heros of the Imagination" will be held on Saturday, April 16 at 7:30 pm and Sunday, April 17 at 3:00 pm. The season ends with "Shakespeare in Song" with two performances on Saturday, June 18 at 5:00 pm and 7:30 pm.

The 2008–2009 season consisted of "One World: Dare To Dream" on Saturday, December 13 at 7:30 pm.
This is followed by "Whirled Music" to be held on April 18 at 7:30 pm along with the annual silent auction. June 13 "It's A Small World, The Music of Fred Small" with two performance times of 5:00pm and 7:30pm.

In 2007 the chorus gave a concert featuring the work, "Song of Wisdom from Old Turtle." It was presented in a multi-media format, with a narrator and large screen visual display.

On Saturday, April 12, 2008, the chorus presented, "Safe Harbor : Signs of Compassion. Taking a new direction in its presentation, the show utilized a 'choral orchestra' and through song, multi media and acting portrayed historic scenes where compassion is front and center.

The final concert of the 2007-2008 season was given as part of PrideFest PrideFest (Milwaukee) in Milwaukee, held on June 6th, 7th and 8th at the Henry Maier Festival Grounds. Milwaukee's Summerfest is held there. The performance - PrideFest Musical, was the story of an intrepid group of friends from rural Wisconsin determined to enjoy the summer and find their true selves as they set out for the big city for their first PrideFest.

Group outreach
In keeping with its goal of bringing a message of diversity to the community, the chorus
also lent vocal talents to several organizations including AIDS-related, faith-based,
LGBT, and civic, including;

 Cross Lutheran Church
 Unitarian Universalist Church West
 Unity West Church
 Milwaukee LGBT Community Center
 Milwaukee PrideFest
 Camp Heartland
 The UAW M.L. King Jr. Celebration
 The Mayor’s Christmas Tree Lighting (Milwaukee)

Non-concert performances
Past performances have included:
 Holiday Invitational Tournament
 Memorial Services
 Weddings and Commitment Ceremonies

and many others.

Affiliated groups
The Creamettes was an ensemble of the chorus.

Notable backup performance
In 1993, 1994 & 1995 the Chorus performed as backup chorus for Barry Manilow’s Greatest Hits tour when he performed in Milwaukee. Manilow is an honorary member of Wisconsin Cream City Chorus.

Signature song
"I Love Myself Just the Way I Am", A Song of Affirmation by Jai Josefs is the Chorus's
signature song. It was dedicated to the chorus in 1987 and is performed as the last song at
every concert performance.

Membership
Members are required to pay dues. New members start at a probationary level and then are invited membership, followed by Tenured Member, which is full voting membership. No person will ever be turned away due to an inability to pay dues.

Corporate name
The Chorus was Incorporated with the State of Wisconsin as "The Wisconsin Cream City Chorus,
Ltd." as a non-profit organizations.

Name explanation
Cream City is a nickname given to Milwaukee because of a brick manufacturing company that
produced a light colored brick. While the official name is Wisconsin Cream City Chorus, it is common to refer to the group as Cream City Chorus, or Milwaukee Cream City Chorus.

Directors
Kristen L. Weber, Artistic Director

Chuck Ellingson, Associate Director

Musical groups established in 1987
LGBT choruses
American choirs
Musical groups from Milwaukee
LGBT culture in Wisconsin


The "Orpheion", also known as the Orpheion Theater, is a traditional outdoor Greek hillside theater on the Irving, Texas, campus of the University of Dallas.

The name is a Greek diminutive of Orpheus, the poet and musician of classical mythology who through his music and art could charm even the mute stones and trees to life.

The space consists of a bowl of earth, part-natural and part-man-made, (in Greek the "theatron" or 'seeing place' for the spectators to sit) that half-encircles, at the base of the bowl, a nearly circular (actually octagonal) stone stage (the "orchestra" or 'the place where the chorus dances'). Abutting the rear of the stage, in size and form variant on the needs of the particular production, is a temporary wooden structure (the "skene" or 'tent' where the Greek actors could enter and exit, and probably also change masks and costumes, etc.). This structure often holds a curtain or curtains for thespian ingress and egress. Behind the skene is a copse of oak trees, with paths for the actors and crew.

Inspiration
The inspiration for such an outdoor hillside theater came from the University of Dallas Rome Program, the semester study-abroad during which students, usually sophomores, live and study on the "Due Santi" campus, southeast of Rome. This campus, purchased by the University of Dallas in 1990, included a natural hillside between what is now the dormitory and the cappuccino bar; the campus architects built this slope into a roughly semi-circular stone outdoor theater, commonly (though erroneously) termed the "Amphitheater." ("Amphitheaters" are actually fully enclosed ellipses, like the famed Amphitheatrum Flavium, better known as the Coliseum.) The Rome Campus was officially inaugurated June 1994, and each fall and spring thereafter the campus has housed around a hundred students, plus faculty, staff, and their families.

To complement and bring to life the Greek and Shakespearean plays that they read for class, University of Dallas students regularly stage full-length plays and shorter vignettes in this outdoor 'amphitheater.' Further, as part of the official Rome Program, the students travel to Greece for ten days, where they visit, and often perform readings in, such outdoor theaters such as the Theater of Dionysos in Athens, the Theater in Delphi, and the Theater of Epidaurus. During their own independent travels, students have also visited the many still-standing Greco-Roman theaters spread throughout the Mediterranean: in Syracuse, Sicily, Segesta, Taormina, Gubbio, Verona, Pompeii, Ostia Antica, and Hadrian's Villa.

Inspired by the hillside theaters of Greece and Rome, students returned to their hilly campus in Irving, Texas, in the area called Las Colinas (the "hills" in Spanish), and there they planned to recreate outdoor classical theater. Several hills on the campus were considered—for instance, the hill between the Church of the Incarnation and Jerome Hall—but all have flaws: e.g., the audience would have to look directly into the setting sun, there was too much exposure to foot and road traffic, there was not a steep enough slope, there was no ready access to power and water, and so forth. From the fall of 1999 until the late spring and summer of 2003, the idea lay dormant.

Construction
In June 2003, University of Dallas students (undergraduate and graduate), alumni, faculty, and Facilities and Grounds staff formed a joint enterprise to designed and constructed the new outdoor theater. They selected an area between the Braniff building and the Facilities building, which had been a neglected corner of campus, a dumping ground for rubble and rebar piled up over years to shore up the Facilities parking lot. The team reclaimed the former dump and transformed the area into a lush green space, with new sod, trees, sprinkler and drainage system. The crew, mostly student volunteers, worked through the torrid Texas summer to lay sod, trim and transplant trees, pack down limestone base, lay down the stage bricks, tear out poison ivy, and more.

By the end of summer, the space was ready for the inauguration, which took place on September 26, 2003, as faculty dedicated the space to the former Dean of the Rome Campus, who had been an ardent sponsor of outdoor student drama. The theater then opened with a student-led revival of Shakespeare's classical comedy, A Midsummer Night's Dream (students had originally staged the play on the Rome Campus during the spring of 2002). The stage setting was simple: a post and lintel with two curtains. Over the three night run, approximately 500 total students, faculty, alumni, families, and friends sat on the green hillside and watched the play.

In the summer of 2004, in preparation of the fall play, Shakespeare's madcap comedy Twelfth Night, crews of students and Facilities staff added a "French drain" and more backstage limestone base (to prevent erosion and make entry onto the stage from backstage safer and easier). Students also built a much more elaborate scene house, with three (rather than just one) stage entrances, a balcony, and ramps.

In the fall of 2021, after a long period of disuse, director Stefan Novinski revamped the Orpheion for the mainstage production of Shakespeare's Roman comedy, Comedy of Errors. A raised stage of wooden platforms was constructed over the eroded area, with paths cut through the woods to the nearby Facilities building, which was used as a backstage area.

Student productions
A Midsummer Night's Dream by William Shakespeare, Fall 2003
Hamlet by  William Shakespeare, Spring 2004
Twelfth Night, or What You Will by William Shakespeare, with accompanying student-faculty symposium, Fall 2004
The Winter's Tale by William Shakespeare, with accompanying student-faculty symposium, Spring 2005
Lysistrata by Aristophanes, Spring 2005
Much Ado About Nothing by William Shakespeare, with accompanying student-faculty symposium, Fall 2005
King Lear by William Shakespeare, Fall 2005
Peter Pan by J.M. Barrie, Fall 2006
Antigone by Sophocles, Fall 2006
The Code of the Woosters by P.G. Wodehouse, Spring 2007
Comedy of Errors by William Shakespeare, Fall 2021

References

Theatres in Texas
Shakespearean theatre companies
University of Dallas
Buildings and structures in Irving, Texas


Russell Lloyd (16 January 1916 – 21 January 2008) was a British film editor who amassed fifty credits on feature films. Lloyd had a notable collaboration with the director John Huston that extended over eleven films. Lloyd was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Film Editing for Huston's The Man Who Would Be King (1975).

Lloyd's first film with Huston was Moby Dick (1956); Huston was so satisfied with Lloyd's initiative and editing that he subsequently entrusted post-production of the films he directed entirely to Lloyd. Tony Sloman has written, "Lloyd's remarkable relationship with Huston reached its apogee with The Man Who Would Be King (1975) in which the editor's and director's styles meshed seamlessly, for both were opposed to the then (and still) current trend for overcutting action sequences, and there is a tremendous moment of pure cinema when Sean Connery falls to his doom from a collapsing rope bridge in a single shot."

Lloyd had been elected to membership in the American Cinema Editors.

Selected filmography
 Whirlpool (1959)

See also
List of film director and editor collaborations

References

External links

1916 births
2008 deaths
American film editors
American Cinema Editors


Jesús Martínez Ross (born 7 May 1934) is a Mexican politician belonging to the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI). From 1973 to 1975, he held a seat in the Chamber of Deputies, representing Quintana Roo's First District.
Between 1975 and 1981 he served as the first elected governor of Quintana Roo following statehood.

References

Governors of Quintana Roo
People from Villahermosa
Living people
1934 births
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians


Milea (, also romanized as Milia, ) before 1959: Κωστάνα - Kostana) is a village in the municipality of Filiates, Thesprotia, Greece. The population is 28 (2011 census).

References

Populated places in Thesprotia
Filiates


The Eureka Municipal Auditorium is a 1,600-seat indoor multipurpose arena located in Eureka, California.  It is used primarily for basketball, and contains  of arena floor space, allowing it to be used for such events as conventions and trade shows in addition to sporting events.

The arena has a  permanent stage allowing it to be used for concerts; the concert capacity of the arena is 2,300.

See also
 List of convention centers in the United States

External links
Eureka Municipal Auditorium

Convention centers in California
Indoor arenas in California
Basketball venues in California
Buildings and structures in Eureka, California


Nifty Corporation, stylized as  and , is one of the leading internet service providers in Japan, and a subsidiary of Fujitsu. The company was the largest online service provider, Nifty Serve, in Japan. With the spread of the Internet, it started internet service in 1996. In 1999, it absorbed Fujitsu's ISP, InfoWeb. In 2006, the online service was closed due to a decline in users. The company went public in December 2006.

References

Companies based in Tokyo
Fujitsu subsidiaries
Internet service providers of Japan
Internet technology companies of Japan


The demographics of Virginia are the various elements used to describe the population of the Commonwealth of Virginia and are studied by various government and non-government organizations. Virginia is the 12th-most populous state in the United States with over  residents and is the 35th largest in area.

Population
As of the 2010 United States Census, Virginia has a reported population , which is an increase , or 3.6%, from a previous estimate in 2007 and an increase , or 13.0%, since the year 2000. This includes an increase from net migration of  into the Commonwealth from 2000 to 2007. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of , and migration within the country produced a net increase of . Also in 2009, 6.7% of Virginia's population were reported as under five years old, 23.4% under eighteen, and 12.1% were senior citizens-65+. The center of population of Virginia is located in Goochland County outside of Richmond.

Birth data
Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Race and ethnicity

The five largest reported ancestry groups in Virginia are: African American (19.6%), German (11.7%), American (11.4%), English (11.1%), and Irish (9.8%).  Most of those claiming to be of "American" ancestry are actually of English descent, but have family that has been in the country for so long, in many cases since the early seventeenth century, that they choose to identify simply as "American". Most of Virginia's Black population are descended from enslaved Africans who worked its tobacco, cotton, and hemp plantations. Initially, these slaves came from west central Africa, primarily Angola.  During the eighteenth century, however, about half of them were derived from various ethnicities located in the Niger Delta region of modern-day Nigeria. With continued immigration to Virginia of other European groups and the 19th-century sales of tens of thousands of enslaved Africans from Virginia to the Deep South, the percent of enslaved Africans fell from once being half of the total population. By 1860 slaves comprised 31% of the state's population of .

In colonial Virginia the majority of free people of color were descended from marriages or relationships of white men (servants or free) and black women (slave, servant or free), reflecting the fluid relationships among working people.  Many free black families were well-established and headed by landowners by the Revolution. From 1782 to 1818, a wave of slaveholders inspired by the Revolutionary ideals of equality freed slaves, until the legislature made manumissions more difficult. Some African Americans freed were those whose fathers were white masters, while others were freed for service. By 1860 there were  people of color (black or mulatto, as classified in the census) in Virginia. Over the decades, many had gathered in the cities of Richmond and Petersburg where there were more job opportunities.  Others were landowners who had working farms, or found acceptance from neighbors in the frontier areas of Virginia.

The twentieth-century Great Migration of blacks from the rural South to the urban North reduced Virginia's black population to about 20%. Today, African-Americans are concentrated in the eastern and southern Tidewater and Piedmont regions where plantation agriculture was the most dominant. The western mountains were settled primarily by people of heavily Scots-Irish ancestry. There are also sizable numbers of people of German descent in the northwestern mountains and Shenandoah Valley.

Because of recent immigration in the late 20th century and early 21st century, there are rapidly growing populations from Latin America, Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean, especially in Northern Virginia. Northern Virginia, which is a part of the DC metropolitan area, is one of the most diverse regions in the country. Virginia has one of the largest Salvadoran populations in the US, the vast majority of which is concentrated in Northern Virginia. Northern Virginia also has the largest Vietnamese population on the East Coast, with about 48,000 Vietnamese statewide as of 2007, their major wave of immigration followed the Vietnam War. The Hampton Roads area in southeastern Virginia, though it lags far behind Northern Virginia in diversity, is the second most populous in the state compared to other metro areas; aside from 'native' blacks and whites, Hampton Roads only has large populations of Filipinos, Mexicans, and Puerto Ricans. The Hampton Roads area has the highest percentage of Puerto Ricans of any metropolitan area in the Southern US outside Florida, and also has a sizable Filipino population with about 45,000 in the area, many of whom have ties to the U.S. Navy. As of 2005, 6.1% of Virginians are Hispanic and 5.2% are Asian. Virginia also continues to be home to eight Native American tribes recognized by the state, though all lack federal recognition status. Most Native American groups are located in the Tidewater region.

Languages
The Piedmont region is known for its dialect's strong influence on Southern American English. While a more homogenized American English is found in urban areas, various accents are also used, including the Tidewater accent, the Old Virginia accent, Appalachian English, and the anachronistic Elizabethan of Tangier Island.

Religion

Virginia is predominantly Christian and Protestant; Baptists are the largest single group with 27% of the population as of 2008. Baptist denominational groups in Virginia include the Baptist General Association of Virginia, with about 1,400 member churches, which supports both the Southern Baptist Convention and the moderate Cooperative Baptist Fellowship; and the Southern Baptist Conservatives of Virginia with more than 500 affiliated churches, which supports the Southern Baptist Convention.

Roman Catholics are the second-largest religious group, and the group which grew the most in the 1990s. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Arlington includes most of Northern Virginia's Catholic churches, while the Diocese of Richmond covers the rest. The Virginia Conference is the regional body of the United Methodist Church. The Virginia Synod is responsible for the congregations of the Lutheran Church. The Episcopal Diocese of Virginia, Southern Virginia, and Southwestern Virginia support the various Episcopal churches. In November 2006, 15 conservative Episcopal churches voted to split from the Diocese of Virginia over its ordination of openly gay bishops and clergy; these churches continue to claim affiliation with the larger Anglican Communion through other bodies outside the United States. Though Virginia law allows parishioners to determine their church's affiliation, the diocese claims the secessionist churches' properties. The resulting property law case is a test for Episcopal churches nationwide.

Presbyterians, Pentecostals, Congregationalists, and Episcopalians each composed 1–3% of the population as of 2001. Among other religions, adherents of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints constitute 1.1% of the population, with 204 congregations in Virginia as of 2020.Making Virginia the state with the highest percentage of Mormons east of the Mississippi.   Fairfax Station is home to the Ekoji Buddhist Temple, of the Jodo Shinshu school, the Sikh Foundation of Virginia a Sikh Gurdwara, and the Hindu Durga Temple. Chesapeake, Virginia is home to the Guru Nanak Foundation of Tidewater Sikh Gurdwara. While a small population in terms of the state overall, organized Jewish sites date to 1789 with Congregation Beth Ahabah. Muslims are a rapidly growing religious group throughout the state through immigration. Megachurches in the state include Thomas Road Baptist Church, Immanuel Bible Church, and McLean Bible Church.

Gallery

See also
 Virginia census statistical areas
 Native American tribes in Virginia

References

Virginia


Uncovered/Covered is a collaborative studio album by American singers and then-real-life couple Kenny Lattimore and Chanté Moore. It was released by LaFace Records and Verity through Sony BMG on October 10, 2006 in the United States. Formatted as a double album, the two-disc set consists of Uncovered, a disc of R&B songs, and Covered, a disc of gospel songs that were primarily produced by Fred Hammond. Uncovered/Covered received a Stellar Award nomination for Best Contemporary Group/Duo of the Year.

Background
Originally the album was recorded as a single disc titled Uncovered and scheduled for release in November 2005. The title was chosen as a double entendre representing the "uncovered truth behind the ups and downs in a marriage," as well as denoting a departure from their previous release which was a cover album. In keeping with the album theme of love established on their previous abum Things That Lovers Do (2003), the bulk of Uncovered/Covered addresses the subject from to aspects, with the first disc examining the romantic aspect of love.

The second disc addresses its spiritual aspect. At the time of the release of lead single "Tonight," Lattimore and Moore's follow-up was planned to be a single disc follow-up simply titled Uncovered. Verity Records president Max Siegel requested that they record a gospel component to the disc after a standout performance at the Stellar Awards in 2006. Though both singers were primarily known for their contributions to R&B music by then, the couple found that they were "no strangers to the gospel genre." Prior to releasing his debut album, Lattimore was a featured vocalist on gospel artist William Becton's album Broken. As for Moore, she enlisted BeBe Winans to produce the gospel song "Because You're Mine" on her 1992 debut Precious. Save for a single track, the second disc, which would be titled Covered, was produced by gospel hitmaker Fred Hammond.

Singles
The first original song released to the public was the uptempo single "Tonight (2-Step)" which playfully incorporates into the chorus a bit of the 1965 Bacharach/David anthem "What the World Needs Now Is Love." Closer to the release of the double album, the song "Figure It Out" was written and recorded with producer Bryan-Michael Cox, added to the album and released as a single. "Figure It Out" reached number 24 on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart, and number 37 on the Adult R&B Songs.

Critical reception

Andy Kellman of Allmusic expressed that Lattimore and Moore "keep it elegant and romantic the whole time". He praised their performances, writing "Lattimore sounds as good as ever through the whole program, but his long-under-recognized wife shines so well, ably approaching nearly every song at a different angle, that he's pretty much outclassed." Natasha Washington for News OK, similarly expressed that "at times, Moore outshines Lattimore in song, but each track's message is heartfelt." Chris Rizik from SoulTracks heralded the album as "a real triumph – a disc that captures their intelligent, thoughtful thesis of love and marriage and combines it with a level of sincere spirituality, all wrapped in a beautiful, creative musical tapestry' before noting 'it is flat out one of the best adult soul albums you'll hear this year."

Andree Farias of crosswalk.com found that "the Uncovered disc is the romantic portion, a breezy affair full of smooth R&B numbers; Covered, on the other hand, covers the spiritual spectrum to a more urbanized contemporary gospel style." She noted that "neither disc is all that didactic or revealing in their fields, offering instead tried-and-true generalities about what it means to love God and love each other, but they're nonetheless heartfelt." News OK editor Natasha Washington felt "the Uncovered disc almost sounds like a marriage seminar as Lattimore and Moore share personal insight on the ups and downs of relationships, while Covered shares heartfelt praise and devotion of God's undeserved favor toward everyone." She remarked that "while Uncovered/Covered contains many familiar soulful duets, the couple's sincerity casts aside doubts that the project is merely a studio invention."

Commercial performance
Uncovered/Covered debuted and peaked at number 95 on the US Billboard 200 chart on the issue date October 28, 2006. It fell to number 176 the following week, spending a total of 2 weeks on the chart. On the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, the album appeared for a total of 11 weeks, peaking at number 10 in its first. On the Top Gospel Albums chart, Uncovered/Covered peaked at number 2 in its first week, remaining in the top 10 for 4 weeks and appearing for a total of 29 weeks on the chart. Billboard ranked it 41st on the 2006 US Top Gospel Albums year-end chart.

Track listing
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Uncovered/Covered.

Notes
 signifies a co-producer

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

External links

2006 albums
Kenny Lattimore albums
Chanté Moore albums
Covers albums


Jerald Ingram (born December 24, 1960) is an American football coach and a former player who most recently served as the running backs coach for the New York Guardians of the XFL. He played college football at the fullback position for the University of Michigan from 1979 to 1981 and later served as the running backs coach for the Jacksonville Jaguars (1995–2003) and New York Giants (2004–2013) of the National Football League (NFL).

Playing career
Ingram was born in Dayton, Ohio, in 1960 and grew up in Beaver, Pennsylvania. He enrolled at the University of Michigan in 1979 and played college football as a fullback for Bo Schembechler's Michigan Wolverines football teams from 1979 to 1981.  In three years at Michigan, Ingram gained 191 rushing yards on 46 carries.

Coaching career
Ingram became a football coach after his playing career at Michigan. He began as a graduate assistant at Michigan in 1984 and then held assistant coaching positions at Ball State University (tight ends, 1985; running backs, 1986–1990) and Boston College (running backs, 1991–1993).  In 1995, when Tom Coughlin moved from Boston College to the Jacksonville Jaguars, Ingram followed Coughlin and became the Jaguars' running backs coach from 1995 to 2003.  When Coughlin joined the New York Giants in 2004, Ingram again followed and became the Giants' running backs coach from 2004 to 2013. In three seasons under Ingram's tutelage, Tiki Barber emerged as a dominant running back in the NFL, gaining over 5,000 rushing yards through the 2004 and 2006 seasons.  In 2008, the Giants led the NFL with 2,518 rushing yards and won Super Bowl XLII in 2008 over the previously undefeated New England Patriots. In January 2014, after the 2013 Giants finished with an offense ranked 28th in the NFL, Ingram was fired by the Giants.

In 2019, Ingram was named running backs coach for the New York Guardians of the newly-formed XFL.

References

1960 births
Living people
American football fullbacks
Ball State Cardinals football coaches
Boston College Eagles football coaches
Jacksonville Jaguars coaches
Michigan Wolverines football players
Michigan Wolverines football coaches
New York Giants coaches
New York Guardians coaches
People from Beaver, Pennsylvania
Players of American football from Beaver County, Pennsylvania
African-American coaches of American football
African-American players of American football
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople
Players of American football from Dayton, Ohio


The Oberliga Niederrhein () is a German amateur football division administered by the Football Association of the Lower Rhine, one of the 21 German state football associations. Being the top flight of the Lower Rhine state association, the Oberliga is currently a level 5 division of the German football league system.

History
Until 1956, a total of ten Landesliga divisions, among them three divisions of Landesliga Niederrhein were the highest amateur level in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. After the regular season, the ten Landesliga champions had to play-off for two promotion spots to 2. Oberliga West. Upon decision of the superior Western German football association, in 1956 four divisions of Verbandsliga were introduced, one of them being the Verbandsliga Niederrhein. These four divisions of Verbandsliga still exist today, with the Verbandsliga Niederrhein in 2008 renamed to Niederrheinliga and later in 2012 renamed to Oberliga Niederrhein.

The Verbandsliga Niederrhein was upon its inception the third tier of the German football league system. The league champion had to play-off the winners of the Verbandsliga Mittelrhein and the two divisions of Verbandsliga Westfalen for two promotion spots to the 2nd Oberliga West. Upon introduction of the Bundesliga in 1963, the league was set below the new Regionalliga West but remained as the third tier. With the exception of 1963 and 1974, when the league systems were changed, the champion continued to have the opportunity to win promotion. In 1964, 1970, 1976 and 1978, the league winner failed to do so; in every other season they were successful. In 1977, the runner-up was promoted as Fortuna Düsseldorf II was ineligible.

The league operated with 16 clubs throughout most of its existence, only occasionally altering the numbers to balance out promotion and relegation.

With the replacement of the Regionalliga by the 2nd Bundesliga Nord in 1974, the league champion had to gain promotion through a play-off system with the winners of the other tier-three leagues in northern Germany.

In 1978, the Amateur-Oberliga Nordrhein was formed as the third tier of football in the region compromising the area of the Verbandsliga Niederrhein and Verbandsliga Mittelrhein. One of the main reasons for this move was to provide direct promotion for the tier-three champions again. The clubs placed one to seven in the league were admitted to the new Oberliga, these being:

 Olympia Bocholt
 Rot-Weiß Oberhausen
 VfB Remscheid
 TuS Xanten
 1. FC Viersen
 ASV Wuppertal
 RSV Meerbeck

Verbandsliga Niederrhein, together with Mittelrhein, remained as a feeder league for the new Oberliga, but now as a tier-four competition. Its champion, and in some years the runners-up, were directly promoted to the Oberliga Nordrhein.

With the re-introduction of the Regionalligen in 1994, the league slipped to tier five but remained unchanged otherwise.

From 2008, with the introduction of the 3rd Liga, the Verbandsliga Niederrhein was downgraded to the sixth tier. The league above it was then the new NRW-Liga, a merger of the Oberligen Nordrhein and Westfalen. The champion of the Verbandsliga continued to be directly promoted but since there were now four Verbandsligen below the Oberliga, the runners-up did not have the option of promotion unless the league winner declined.

The NRW-Liga existed for only for seasons before it was disbanded again in the wake of the Regionalliga West becoming a league for clubs from North Rhine-Westphalia only. While the Oberliga Westfalen was established again in one half of the state the regions of Lower Rhine and Middle Rhine opted to elevate the Niederrheinliga and Mittelrheinliga to Oberliga status instead of reforming the Oberliga Nordrhein.

League champions

Source:

 The 2013–14 champions SV Hönnepel-Niedermörmter declined promotion; FC Kray were promoted instead.
 The 2020–21 season was curtailed owing to the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. There was no champion or promotion.

Clubs in the Oberliga Niederrhein since 2012
The final league placings of all clubs in the league since receiving Oberliga status in 2012:

Key

Founding members of the league
From the Landesliga Gruppe 1:
 TSV Eller 04
 VfL Benrath
 Grün-Weiß Viersen
 SpVgg Gräfrath
 TuRU Düsseldorf

From the Landesliga Gruppe 2:
 FV Duisburg 08
 TuS Lintfort
 SpVgg Hochheide
 Homberger SV
 SC Kleve

From the Landesliga Gruppe 3:
 TuS Duisburg 48/99
 Sterkrade 06/07
 BV Osterfeld
 1. FC Mülheim-Styrum
 SV Borbeck
 TSG Karnap

References

Sources
 Deutschlands Fußball in Zahlen,  An annual publication with tables and results from the Bundesliga to Verbandsliga/Landesliga. DSFS.
 Kicker Almanach,  The yearbook on German football from Bundesliga to Oberliga, since 1937. Kicker Sports Magazine.
 Die Deutsche Liga-Chronik 1945–2005  History of German football from 1945 to 2005 in tables. DSFS. 2006.

External links
 Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv Historic German league tables
 Niederrhein Football Association (FVN)

Oberliga (football)
Football competitions in North Rhine-Westphalia
1956 establishments in Germany


The Noahpad is a Netbook developed by the Taiwanese company E-Lead. This small laptop shares some similar characteristics with other Netbooks launched in 2007, like the ASUS Eee PC, the OLPC and the Classmate PC.

The product was first presented at CES 2008, Las Vegas.

The device's specifications are as follows:

Display: 7" 800x480 pixel LCD panel with LED backlight
Operating system: Ubuntu 7.10
Processor: VIA C7-M ULV Processor (ultra-low voltage), clocked at 1 GHz
Graphics: VIA CX700 chipset
Hard drive: 30 GB 1.8" HDD and SD card slot
RAM: 512 MB DDR2
Connectivity: 802.11b/g WLAN. 10/100 Ethernet. DVI-I port. Two USB 2.0 ports.
Camera: 300K pixel
Audio: Built-in microphone and stereo speakers. 3.5mm microphone / earphone jack.
Battery: 4 Cells, 3900 mAh. 4 Cells, 10000 mAh external pack also available.
Dimensions: 192 x 143 x 29 mm
Weight: 780 g

Input device

The Noahpad's input device can function as both a keyboard and a pointing device. When used as a pointing device to control a mouse cursor, it provides a touchpad surface 70 x 70mm in size. When used as a keyboard, users push down on an area of the touch sensitive surface which is marked with a keyboard layout. Tactile feedback is provided by having the whole pad depress several millimeters when pressed.

References

External links
 Official website

Mobile computers
Linux-based devices
Netbooks


Along with parasites and disease, predation is a threat to sheep health and consequently to the profitability of sheep raising. Sheep have very little ability to defend themselves, even when compared with other prey species kept as livestock. Even if sheep are not directly bitten or survive an attack, they may die from panic or from injuries sustained.

However, the impact of predation varies dramatically with region. In Africa, Australia, the Americas, and parts of Europe and Asia predators can be a serious problem. In contrast, some nations are virtually devoid of sheep predators. Many islands that are known for extensive sheep husbandry are suitable largely because of their predator-free status.

Worldwide, canids—including the domestic dog—are responsible for the majority of sheep deaths. Other animals that prey on sheep include (but are not limited to) felines, birds of prey, and feral hogs.

Relation to sheep behavior
Sheep flight behavior is cited in one major study in California as the major stimulus responsible for eliciting predatory behavior in coyotes. Even coyotes that had not previously been exposed to sheep demonstrated predatory behavior when exposed to them for the first time. Of particular interest was that coyotes with no previous prey-killing experience readily attacked and killed sheep when given the chance. The coyotes were likely to attack sheep that exhibited flight behavior even when these coyotes were not hungry. The same study also determined that dominant coyotes were more likely to attack sheep.

By region

North America
According to the National Agricultural Statistics Service, 224,200 sheep were killed in the U.S. by predators in 2004, comprising approximately 37% of all bovine deaths for that year. The sheep lost in that year represented a sum total of 18.3 million dollars for sheep producers. Coyotes were responsible for 60.5% of all deaths, with the next largest being domestic dogs at 13.3%. Other North American predators of sheep included cougars (5.7%), bobcats (4.9%), eagles (2.8%), bears (3.8%), and foxes (1.9%). Wolves, ravens, vultures, and other animals together made up the remaining 7.1% of deaths. As all NASS statistics on sheep only take into account sheep after docking, the American Sheep Industry Association estimates that an additional 50–60,000 lambs were killed (before docking) that were not a part of the count. The number of sheep lost to predators may also be higher when considering that reports are generally only made when there is a reasonable expectation that a producer will be financially reimbursed for the loss.

South America
In South America, the only widespread potential predators of sheep are cougars and jaguars, both of which are known to prey on livestock regularly. South American canids such as the maned wolf and foxes of the genus Lycalopex are also blamed for sheep deaths, but no evidence for a statistically significant amount of predation by most of these species has ever been presented. However, the culpeo is a threat to sheep, and is responsible for 60% of the predator losses in Patagonia.

Africa
Though large, the South African sheep industry is significantly hindered by the innumerable predators present in the country. Other African nations that rely on sheep face a similar problem.

Black-backed jackals are the most significant sheep predators of southern and eastern Africa. Jackal predation typically peaks during droughts when wild food is scarce and the sheep are weakened. Merino sheep tend to be the most vulnerable, due to their habit of scattering upon attack, unlike fat-tailed sheep which bunch together for defence. In Transvaal between 1965 and 1971, a study on the stomach contents of over 400 jackals showed that sheep constituted 6% of the diet of jackals living in game reserves, and 27% for those living near farming districts. A similar study in Natal revealed that sheep constituted 35% of the resident jackal's diet.

Australia and New Zealand
 The main Australian predator of sheep is the dingo, which is a large-enough danger to sheep to precipitate the construction of the world's largest fence: the Dingo Fence. Red foxes also may prey on 10-30% of lambs, costing Australians sheep breeders more than A$100 million annually. Annual baiting programs are conducted to reduce the number of dingoes and foxes. Uncontrolled domestic dogs also regularly menace and kill sheep. Occasionally wedge-tailed eagles will kill young sheep up to and including hogget size sheep. Prior to its extinction in Tasmania the thylacine, also called the Tasmanian tiger, was also considered a major predator of sheep; however, this was unfounded, as thylacine jaws were not strong enough to kill sheep. Blame for supposed predation on sheep accelerated persecution by farmers and its eventual extinction.

In contrast, New Zealand has no remaining large carnivores since the extinction of the Haast's eagle. The only wild animal known to attack sheep in New Zealand is the rare, unusual kea parrot endemic to the country's South Island.

British Isles
Brown bears are thought to have become extinct in the British Isles in the year 500, while the last wolves were wiped out in 1786. Today the only wild animals remaining as a tangible threat to lambs in the British Isles are the red fox, European badger, and eagles. Domestic dogs are also a common cause of predation of lambs and sheep (they can also sometimes die of shock after any attempted predation or attack). There are many anecdotal reports of badgers predating sheep or lambs, but very little solid evidence of attacks. Badgers will scavenge carcasses of animals that have died of other causes and do have the ability to kill lambs but there is little proof that this is anything other than an occasional occurrence. In an independent report on the impact of badgers it was reported that a Scottish survey of sheep farmers in 2019 found that of farmers who thought they had suffered predation 11% were of the opinion that badgers were responsible for some of their losses, although a majority of these did not actually witness an attack. The report also points out that predation (by many species, not just badgers) is often both misidentified and overestimated which makes it difficult to conclude an accurate figure for badger attacks.
Corvids such as the hooded crow and Eurasian magpie are known to kill lambs, often first disabling them by pecking out their eyes; if a sheep has fallen over during parturition or bad weather and cannot get up, again crows will first attack their eyes. Larger predatory birds such as golden eagles and white-tailed eagles may pose a threat to sheep in the north of Britain, where their ranges remain stable, but studies show that overall levels of predation are likely to be low (in the order of 1-3%), although a small number of farmers may occasionally suffer slightly higher losses.

Mainland Europe
In Greece, between April 1989 and June 1991, 21,000 sheep and goats were killed by wolves. In 1998 it was 5,894 sheep and goats.

In southern Bulgaria, golden jackals were recorded to have attacked 1,053 sheep between 1982–87.

Asia
A study on livestock predation taken in Tibet showed that the Himalayan wolf was the most prominent predator, accounting for 60% of the total livestock losses, followed by the snow leopard (38%) and Eurasian lynx (2%). Sheep were the second most targeted victims after goats, amounting to over 30% of losses.

Prevention

Sheep producers have used a wide variety of measures to try to combat predation throughout history. Pre-modern shepherds had only the most basic of tools: their own presence, livestock guardian dogs, and protective structures such as barns and fencing. Fencing (both regular and electric), penning sheep at night and lambing indoors all continue to be widely–used methods of protection today. Whereas sheepdogs herd sheep, guardian dogs are trained to integrate into flocks and protect them from predators. The ability of these dogs to do so is a transference of the canine pack social structure on to a flock. Following their invention, the focus in dealing with predators shifted to the nearly exclusive use of guns, traps, and poisons to kill predators both defensively and preemptively. The population of predator species plummeted worldwide, pushing some to extinction (such as the thylacine) or significantly reducing their original ranges. With the appearance of the environmental and conservation movements, and subsequent state, provincial, national and international legislation, simply exterminating predator species failed to be a legally viable option for protecting flocks. However, many countries maintain government agencies—such as the Wildlife Services program, a wing of the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service —to shoot, poison and trap predators that threaten sheep. Wildlife conservation organizations charge that this killing is both indiscriminate and ineffective at protecting sheep.

The 1970s saw an ensuing resurgence in the use of livestock guardian dogs and the development of new methods of predator control, many of them non–lethal. Donkeys and guard llamas or alpacas have been used since the 1980s in sheep operations, using the same basic principle as livestock guardian dogs. Interspecific pasturing, usually with larger livestock such as cattle or horses, make also help to deter predators, even if such species do not actively guard sheep. In addition to animal guardians, contemporary sheep operations may use non–lethal predator deterrents such as motion–activated lights and noisy alarms. While these devices have been shown to be successful, predators can become habituated to them.

References

External links
 Livestock predation guide, including species guides and photos of sheep predation by the Cooperative Extension Service at Texas A&M University
 An economic evaluation of Red Fox predation in Australia

Sheep
Predation


Li Ruofan (; born April 30, 1978) is a Chinese chess player who holds the FIDE titles of International Master (IM) and Woman Grandmaster (WGM). Notable title victories include the 2001 Asian Women's Chess Championship in Chennai, and the 2006 Chinese Women's Chess Championship in Wuxi with a score of 8½/12.

Li played for the China national "B" team at the 1999 Women's Asian Team Chess Championship with an overall record of 3 games played (+0, =2, -1).

In 2002 Li won the Women's World University Chess Championship in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
In 2007, she transferred national federations to represent Singapore. At the 2008 Japfa Chess Festival in Jakarta, Li Ruofan won the WGM Tournament, a six-player double round-robin event. Li played on board one for Singapore at the Women's Chess Olympiad at Baku in 2016, scoring +4 =4 -2 (60%).

In 2017 she moved back to the Chinese federation.

Personal life
Li lives in Shenzhen with her husband and coach, Grandmaster Zhang Zhong.

References

External links

Li Ruofan at Chessmetrics

1978 births
Living people
Chess International Masters
Chess woman grandmasters
Chinese female chess players
Chinese chess players
Singaporean chess players
Chess players from Jiangsu
Chess Olympiad competitors
Sportspeople from Suzhou


Intrinsic immunity refers to a set of cellular-based anti-viral defense mechanisms, notably genetically encoded proteins which specifically target eukaryotic retroviruses. Unlike adaptive and innate immunity effectors, intrinsic immune proteins are usually expressed at a constant level, allowing a viral infection to be halted quickly. Intrinsic antiviral immunity refers to a form of innate immunity that directly restricts viral replication and assembly, thereby rendering a cell non-permissive to a specific class or species of viruses. Intrinsic immunity is conferred by restriction factors preexisting in certain cell types, although these factors can be further induced by virus infection. Intrinsic viral restriction factors recognize specific viral components, but unlike other pattern recognition receptors that inhibit viral infection indirectly by inducing interferons and other antiviral molecules, intrinsic antiviral factors block viral replication immediately and directly.

Background
Eukaryotic organisms have been exposed to viral infections for millions of years. The development of the innate and adaptive immune system reflects the evolutionary importance of fighting infection. Some viruses, however, have proven to be so deadly or refractory to conventional immune mechanisms that specific, genetically encoded cellular defense mechanisms have evolved to combat them. Intrinsic immunity comprises cellular proteins which are always active and have evolved to block infection by specific viruses or viral taxa.

The recognition of intrinsic immunity as a potent anti-viral defense mechanism is a recent discovery and is not yet discussed in most immunology courses or texts. Though the extent of protection intrinsic immunity affords is still unknown, it is possible that intrinsic immunity may eventually be considered a third branch of the traditionally bipartite immune system.

Relationship to the immune system
Intrinsic Immunity combines aspects of the two traditional branches of the immune system – adaptive and innate immunity – but is mechanistically distinct. Innate cellular immunity recognizes viral infection using toll-like receptors (TLRs), or pattern recognition receptors, which sense Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), triggering the expression of nonspecific antiviral proteins. Intrinsic immune proteins, however, are specific both in virus recognition and their mechanism of viral attenuation. Like innate immunity, however, the intrinsic immune system does not respond differently upon repeat infection by the same pathogen. Also, like adaptive immunity, intrinsic immunity is specifically tailored to a single type or class of pathogens, notably retroviruses.

Unlike adaptive and innate immunity, which must sense the infection to be turned on (and can take weeks to become effective in the case of adaptive immunity) intrinsic immune proteins are constitutively expressed and ready to shut down infection immediately following viral entry. This is particularly important in retroviral infections since viral integration into the host genome occurs quickly after entry and reverse transcription and is largely irreversible.

Because the production of intrinsic immune mediating proteins cannot be increased during infection, these defenses can become saturated and ineffective if a cell is infected with a high level of virus.

Activities of canonical intrinsic immune proteins
 TRIM5α (Tripartite interaction motif five, splice variant α) is one of the most studied intrinsic immune proteins due to its connection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). This constitutively expressed protein recognizes the capsid proteins of entering retroviruses and prevents viral uncoating and reverse transcription through an unknown mechanism. The rhesus monkey TRIM5α variant is able to recognize and prevent HIV infection, whereas the human TRIM5α protein can prevent SIV infection. This variation helps explain why HIV and SIV infect humans and monkeys respectively, and probably reflects a previous epidemic of what we now call HIV among ancestors of current rhesus monkey populations.
 APOBEC3G (Apolipoprotein editing complex 3 G) is another intrinsic immune protein which interferes with HIV infection. APOBEC3G is a cytidine deaminase against single stranded DNA which introduces transversion mutations into the HIV genome during reverse transcription by randomly changing cytidine basepairs into uracil. Though this will not necessarily stop viral integration, the resulting progeny viral genomes are too riddled with mutations to be viable. APOBEC3G expression is disrupted by the HIV vif protein which induces its degradation through the ubiquitin/proteasome system.  Vif actually exploits our intrinsic immunity, titrating the degree of APOBEC3G polyubiquitination in order to augment the genetic variability already present in HIV-1 (owing to its mutation-happy reverse transcriptase).  Vif therefore acts via APOBEC3G to increase the likelihood of the generation of escape mutants in HIV-1 pathogenesis.  If an HIVΔvif deletion mutant is created it will be able to infect a cell, but will produce non-viable progeny virus due to the action of APOBEC3G.

Other intrinsic immune proteins have been discovered which block Murine leukemia virus (MLV), Herpes simplex virus (HSV), and Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV). In many cases, such as that of APOBEC3G above, viruses have evolved mechanisms for disrupting the actions of these proteins. Another example is the cellular protein Daxx, which silences viral promoters, but is degraded by an active HCMV protein early in infection.

References

Virology
Immunology
HIV/AIDS
Cell biology


Roller coaster amusement rides have origins back to ice slides constructed in 18th-century Russia. Early technology featured sleds or wheeled carts that were sent down hills of snow reinforced by wooden supports. The technology evolved in the 19th century to feature railroad track using wheeled cars that were securely locked to the track. Newer innovations emerged in the early 20th century with side friction and underfriction technologies to allow for greater speeds and sharper turns. By the mid-to-late 20th century, these elements intensified with the introduction of steel roller coaster designs and the ability to invert riders.

History

Beginnings
The world's oldest roller coasters descended from the "Russian Mountains", which were hills of ice built in the 17th century for the purpose of sliding, located in the gardens of palaces around the Russian capital, Saint Petersburg. Other languages also reference Russian mountains when referring to roller coasters, such as the Spanish (la montaña rusa), the Italian (montagne russe), and the French (les montagnes russes). The Russian term for roller coaster, американские горки (amerikanskie gorki), translates literally as "American mountains".

The recreational attractions were called Katalnaya Gorka (Катальная Горка) or "sliding mountain" in Russian. Many were built to a height of  with a 50-degree drop, and were reinforced by wooden supports covered in ice. The slides became popular with the Russian upper class. Catherine the Great of Russia constructed a summer version of the ride at her estate in 1784, which relied on wheeled carts instead of sleds that rode along grooved tracks.

Russian soldiers occupying Paris from 1815 to 1816, after the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo, may have introduced the Russian amusement of sledding down steep hills. In July 1817, a French banker named Nicolas Beaujon opened the Parc Beaujon, an amusement park on the Champs Elysees. Its most famous feature was the Promenades Aériennes or "Aerial Strolls." It featured wheeled cars securely locked to the track, guide rails to keep them on course, and higher speeds. The three-wheel carts were towed to the top of a tower, and then released to descend two curving tracks on either side. King Louis XVIII of France came to see the park, but it is not recorded if he tried the ride. Before long there were seven similar rides in Paris: Les Montagnes françaises (The French Mountains), le Delta, les Montagnes de Belleville (The Mountains of Belleville), les Montagnes américaines (the American Mountains), Les Montages lilliputiennes, (The miniature mountains), Les Montagnes suisses (The Swiss mountains), and Les Montagnes égyptiennes (The Egyptian mountains).

In the beginning, these attractions were primarily for the upper classes. In 1845 a new amusement park opened in Copenhagen, Tivoli, which was designed for the middle class. These new parks featured roller coasters as permanent attractions. The first permanent loop track was probably also built in Paris from an English design in 1846, with a single-person wheeled sled running through a 13-foot (4 m) diameter vertical loop. These early single loop designs were called Centrifugal Railways. In 1887, a French entrepreneur, Joseph Oller, the owner of the Moulin Rouge music hall, built Les Montagnes Russes à Belleville (The Russian Mountains of Belleville) a permanent roller coaster with a length of two hundred meters in the form of a double-eight, later enlarged to four figure-eight-shaped loops.

Scenic railways

In the 1850s, a mining company in Summit Hill, Pennsylvania, constructed the Mauch Chunk gravity railroad, a brakeman-controlled, 8.7-mile (14 km) downhill track used to deliver coal to Mauch Chunk (now known as Jim Thorpe), Pennsylvania. By 1872, the "Gravity Road" (as it became known) was selling rides to thrill seekers. Railway companies used similar tracks to provide amusement on days when ridership was low.

Using this idea as a basis, LaMarcus Adna Thompson began work on a gravity Switchback Railway that opened at Coney Island in Brooklyn, New York in 1884. Passengers climbed to the top of a platform and rode a bench-like car down the  track up to the top of another tower where the vehicle was switched to a return track and the passengers took the return trip. This track design was soon replaced with an oval complete circuit. In 1885, Phillip Hinkle introduced the first complete-circuit coaster with a lift hill, the Gravity Pleasure Road, which became the most popular attraction at Coney Island. Not to be outdone, in 1886 LaMarcus Adna Thompson patented his design for a roller coaster that included dark tunnels with painted scenery. "Scenic Railways" were soon found in amusement parks across the county, with Frederick Ingersoll's construction company building many of them in the first two decades of the 20th century.

Growing popularity and innovations

As it grew in popularity, experimentation in coaster dynamics took off. In the 1880s the concept of a vertical loop was again explored by Lina Beecher, and in 1895 the concept came into fruition with the Flip Flap Railway, located at Sea Lion Park in Brooklyn, and shortly afterward with Loop the Loop at Olentangy Park near Columbus, Ohio as well as similar coasters in Atlantic City and Coney Island. The rides were incredibly dangerous, and many passengers suffered whiplash. Both were soon dismantled, and looping coasters had to wait for over a half century before making a reappearance.

By 1919, the first underfriction roller coaster had been developed by John Miller. Soon, roller coasters spread to amusement parks all around the world. Perhaps the best known historical roller coaster, The Cyclone, was opened at Coney Island in 1927. Like The Cyclone, all early roller coasters were made of wood. Many old wooden roller coasters are still operational, at parks such as Kennywood near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Pleasure Beach Blackpool. The oldest operating roller coaster is Leap-The-Dips at Lakemont Park in Pennsylvania, a side friction roller coaster built in 1902. The oldest wooden roller coaster in the United Kingdom is the Scenic Railway at Dreamland Amusement Park in Margate, Kent and features a system where the brakeman rides the car with wheels. It was severely damaged by fire on April 7, 2008, but was subsequently restored and reopened to the public in 2015. Scenic Railway at Melbourne's Luna Park built in 1912, is the world's oldest continually-operating roller coaster, and it also still features a system where the brakeman rides the car with wheels. One of only 13 remaining examples of John Miller's work worldwide is the wooden roller coaster at Lagoon in Utah. The coaster opened in 1921 and is the 6th oldest coaster in the world.

The Great Depression marked the end of the golden age of roller coasters, as amusement parks generally went into a decline that resulted in less demand for new coasters. This lasted until 1972, when The Racer opened at Kings Island amusement park located in what was then a part of Deerfield Township in Warren County, Ohio. Designed by John C. Allen, the instant success of The Racer helped to ignite a renaissance for roller coasters, reviving worldwide interest throughout the industry.

The rise of steel

In 1959, the Disneyland theme park introduced a new design breakthrough in roller coasters with the Matterhorn Bobsleds. This was the first roller coaster to use a tubular steel track. Unlike conventional wooden rails, which are generally formed using steel strips mounted on laminated wood, tubular steel can be bent in any direction, which allows designers to incorporate loops, corkscrews, and many other maneuvers into their designs. Most modern roller coasters are made of steel, although wooden roller coasters are still being built along with hybrids of steel and wood.

In 1975 the first modern-day roller coaster to perform an inverting element opened: Corkscrew, located at Knott's Berry Farm in Buena Park, California. In 1976 the vertical loop made a permanent comeback with the Great American Revolution at Magic Mountain in Valencia, California.

Timeline of notable roller coasters

The roller coasters mentioned here are significant for their role in the amusement industry. They were notable for specific reasons, including:
 First roller coaster of a specific kind, style, manufacturing material or unique technology; ground-breaking
 First time a particular record-breaking threshold was crossed
 Historical significance

18th century

1750s
Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli builds a sophisticated summer and winter roller coaster palace, Riding Mountain,  for Russian Empress Catherine the Great in Tsarskoye Selo. It featured two coasters: one trail was laid out along a straight line with five "hills" and one was with a spiral trail. In summer time they used cars on wheels locked in tracks. The ride was engineered by Andrey Nartov.

1784
Catherine the Great builds a summer version of the "Russian mountain" slide, featuring sleds with wheels, at her estate in Oranienbaum, Russia near St. Petersburg.

1800 to 1899

1817
Roller coaster featuring cars that locked onto track: Les Montagnes Russes à Belleville (Russian Mountains of Belleville), Paris, France.
First roller coaster to feature two cars racing each other: Les Montagnes Russes à Belleville.
First complete-circuit roller coaster: Promenades Aériennes (The Aerial Walk), Paris.

1827
First scenic gravity railroad (inspiration for first American roller coasters): Mauch Chunk Switchback Gravity Railroad, Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania, United States.

1846
First looping roller coaster (non-circuit): Centrifugal Railway, Frascati Garden, Paris.

1885
First use of powered chainlift: Gravity Pleasure, Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York.

1900 to 1970

1902
Leap-The-Dips opens at Lakemont Park, Altoona, Pennsylvania. It is today the world's oldest operating wooden roller coaster (it was closed from 1985 until 1999).
Cannon Coaster opens at Coney Island. The designer first attempts to "leap-the-gap" and create a roller coaster which has its cars jump over a gap in the track. Safety testing fails, and the idea is scrapped.

1907
First use of lap bar: Drop the Dip, Coney Island.

1909
Virginia Reel at Luna Park, Coney Island opens as the world's first spinning roller coaster.

1912

Scenic Railway opens at Luna Park, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Today it is the world's oldest continually-operating roller coaster.

1913
First roller coaster with a Möbius-style track: Derby Racer, Euclid Beach Park, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.

1920
First roller coaster to utilize up-stop wheels: Jack Rabbit, SeaBreeze, Rochester, New York, United States.

1925
First roller coaster to reach 100 feet: Cyclone, Revere Beach, Revere, Massachusetts, United States.

1928
Montaña Suiza opens at Parque de Atracciones Monte Igueldo, at San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Basque Country, Spain. It is the world's oldest operating steel roller coaster.

1929
First ever roller coaster to utilize a bobsled-like design; Flying Turns, Lakeside Park, Dayton, Ohio, United States.

1951

The Vuoristorata roller coaster at Linnanmäki amusement park in Helsinki, Finland is the oldest wooden roller coaster in the country; since its opening, it is still in operation.

1952
First junior steel roller coaster: Little Dipper, Memphis Kiddie Park, Brooklyn, Ohio, United States. It is the world's oldest operating junior steel roller coaster.

1956
For a long time, people assumed that the first tubular steel roller coaster was the Matterhorn at Disneyland. Only in 1956 there was already one at the fair in Paris, the R2000.

1959
Matterhorn Bobsleds, Disneyland, Anaheim, California, United States. Today it is the world's oldest operating tubular steel roller coaster.

1966
First roller coaster to feature an underwater tunnel: Mine Train, Six Flags Over Texas.

1970s

1972
First enclosed roller coaster: Fire In The Hole, Silver Dollar City, Branson, Missouri, United States.

1975
First "modern" roller coaster with inversions (two): Corkscrew, Knott's Berry Farm, Buena Park, California.

1976
First "modern" roller coaster with a vertical loop: Revolution, Six Flags Magic Mountain, Valencia, California.
First roller coaster with three inversions: Corkscrew, Cedar Point, Sandusky, Ohio, United States.

1977
First shuttle roller coaster: although six opened the same year, White Lightnin' - Carowinds (Charlotte, North Carolina, United States) White Lightnin''', at Carowinds, is likely to have opened first, given the park's southern location and longer operating season.

 1978
First roller coaster with interlocking loops: Loch Ness Monster, Busch Gardens Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States
First roller coaster to feature a flywheel launch system, as well as tallest roller coaster on opening day: Montezooma's Revenge at Knott's Berry Farm, Buena Park, California, United States.

 1979
The Beast: opened as the tallest, fastest and longest wooden roller coaster. Today it's still the longest wooden roller coaster in the world.

1980s

 1980
First roller coaster with four inversions: Carolina Cyclone, Carowinds, North Carolina and South Carolina, United States.

 1981
First roller coaster manufactured by Vekoma: Python, Efteling, Kaatsheuvel, Netherlands.
First modern suspended roller coaster: The Bat, Kings Island, Mason, Ohio, United States.

 1982
First roller coaster with five inversions: Viper, Darien Lake, Darien, New York.
First roller coaster to operate vehicles in reverse: Racer, Kings Island.
First roller coaster to run stand-up trains: Dangai, Thrill Valley, Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan.

 1983
First alpine roller coaster: Ice Mountain Bobsleds, Enchanted Forest, Turner, Oregon, United States.
First roller coaster to exceed ; Moonsault Scramble, Fuji-Q Highland, Japan.
Most G-force ever exceeded on a roller coaster (6.2 G's);Moonsault Scramble.

 1984
First Boomerang roller coaster: "Boomerang", Bellewaerde Park, Belgium (it was the second to be built, but the first to open to the public.)
First steel bobsled coaster; Sarajevo Bobsleds, Six Flags Magic Mountain, Valencia, California, United States

 1985
First roller coaster with a heartline roll: Ultra Twister, Nagashima Spa Land, Mie Prefecture, Japan.
First successful pipeline coaster; Ultra TwisterFirst wooden roller coaster relocation; Phoenix, Knoebels Amusement Resort, Elysburg, Pennsylvania, United States.

 1987
First roller coaster with six inversions: Vortex, Kings Island.

 1988
First roller coaster with seven inversions: Shockwave, Six Flags Great America, Gurnee, Illinois, United States.

 1989
First complete-circuit roller coaster to exceed  in height: Magnum XL-200, Cedar Point.

1990s

 1990
First roller coaster designed by Bolliger & Mabillard: Iron Wolf, Six Flags Great America, Gurnee, Illinois, United States.

 1992

First inverted roller coaster: Batman: The Ride, Six Flags Great America.
First roller coaster with a cutback inversion: Drachen Fire, Busch Gardens Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States.

 1995
First roller coaster with eight inversions: Dragon Khan, PortAventura Park, Salou and Vilaseca, Tarragona, Spain.
First use of on-board audio: Space Mountain, Disneyland Park, Paris.

 1996
First roller coasters to use a linear motor electromagnetic propulsion system: Flight of Fear, at both Kings Island and Kings Dominion.

 1997
First roller coaster to reach : Tower of Terror II, Dreamworld, Australia.
First roller coaster (non-complete circuit) over  tall: Superman: Escape From Krypton, Six Flags Magic Mountain, California.
First flying roller coaster: Skytrak Total, Granada Studios, Manchester, United Kingdom.

 1998

First dive coaster: Oblivion, Alton Towers, Alton, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.
First linear motor launched inverted roller coaster: Volcano, The Blast Coaster, Kings Dominion.
First linear motor launched dueling roller coaster: Batman & Robin: The Chiller, Six Flags Great Adventure, Jackson Township, New Jersey, United States.

 1999
First floorless roller coaster: Medusa, Six Flags Great Adventure.
First tire-propelled launch system: The Incredible Hulk, Universal Islands of Adventure, Orlando, Florida, United States.
First inverted dueling roller coaster: Dragon Challenge, Universal Islands of Adventure.

2000s

 2000

First complete-circuit roller coaster to exceed  in height: Millennium Force, Cedar Point.
First roller coaster to use an elevator cable lift system: Millennium Force.
First modern wooden roller coaster with a vertical loop: "Son of Beast", Kings Island. (Note: after an accident on July 9, 2006 the loop was removed.)
First wooden roller coaster over 200 feet (60.96 m) tall: Son of Beast.
First large-scale flying roller coaster, Nighthawk, California's Great America, now at Carowinds
First interactive water coaster; Flying Super Saturator, Carowinds, United States.

 2001
First roller coaster with a 90° vertical drop* and fastest roller coaster acceleration: Dodonpa, Fuji-Q Highland, Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi, Japan. (*Note: it was changed for a vertical loop in 2017)
First roller coaster to use pneumatic propulsion system: Hypersonic XLC, Kings Dominion.
First roller coaster to feature both a lift hill and propulsion system: California Screamin', Disney California Adventure Park, Anaheim, California, United States.

 2002
First roller coaster to use a hydraulic propulsion system: Xcelerator, Knott's Berry Farm.
First roller coaster with ten inversions: Colossus, Thorpe Park, Chertsey, Surrey, United Kingdom.
First roller coaster with seats that rotate on a horizontal axis (4th dimension roller coaster): X², Six Flags Magic Mountain.

 2003
First complete-circuit roller coaster to exceed  in height: Top Thrill Dragster, Cedar Point.
First roller coaster with a more than 90° vertical drop (97°): Vild-Svinet, BonBon-Land, Zealand, Denmark.
First roller coaster to utilize a vertical lift (not considered an elevator lift): Vild-Svinet, BonBon-Land.

 2004
First coaster with a "fly-through" station: Thunderhead, Dollywood, Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, United States.

 2005 Kingda Ka opens as the tallest roller coaster in the world.

 2006 Expedition Everest opened at Disney's Animal Kingdom. At $100 million, was listed in the 2011 Guinness Book of World Records as the most expensive roller coaster in the world.  The record was broken in 2019 by Hagrid's Magical Creatures Motorbike Adventure at a record $300 million.

 2007
First wing roller coaster: Furius Baco, PortAventura Park, Salou and Vilaseca, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain

 2008
First roller coaster with a "ferris wheel"-style lift hill: Maximum RPM!, Freestyle Music Park, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, United States.

 2009
First roller coaster with a 100° free-fall drop: Saw: The Ride, Thorpe Park, Surrey, United Kingdom

2010s

 2010
First roller coaster with a vertical freefall drop element: Th13teen, Alton Towers, Staffordshire, United KingdomFormula Rossa opens as the fastest roller coaster in the world.

 2011
First Boomerang roller coaster without any inversions: Ben 10 – Ultimate Mission, Drayton Manor Theme Park, Tamworth, Staffordshire, EnglandTakabisha, Fuji-Q Highland, Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi, Japan opens as the roller coaster with a steepest drop in the world (121°).
First wooden coaster with steel hybrid conversion; New Texas Giant, Six Flags Over Texas, Arlington, Texas, United States.

 2013
First wooden roller coaster with three inversions: Outlaw Run, Silver Dollar City, Branson, Missouri, United States.
First roller coaster with 14 inversions: The Smiler, Alton Towers, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.
Roller coaster with the highest inversion in the world: GateKeeper, Cedar Point, Sandusky, Ohio

 2014
Fastest wooden roller coaster with the longest and steepest drop: Goliath, Six Flags Great America, Gurnee, Illinois.

 2015
Tallest and fastest giga coaster: Fury 325, Carowinds, United States.
First wooden shuttle coaster; Switchback, ZDT's Amusement Park, United States.

 2016
First launched wooden coaster: Lightning Rod'', Dollywood, Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, United States.

2018
First single rail coaster: Wonder Woman Golden Lasso Coaster, Six Flags Fiesta Texas.
First hyper-hybrid roller coaster: Steel Vengeance, Cedar Point, Sandusky, Ohio

See also
 Roller coaster elements
 List of roller coaster rankings
 Physics of roller coasters

References

External links
 Roller Coaster History - History of the roller coaster
 Roller Coaster Patents - With links to the U.S. Patent office
 Roller Coaster Database - Information, statistics and photos for over 1900 roller coasters throughout the world

Amusement rides based on rail transport
Roller coaster


The Port of Cirebon is a multipurpose seaport in the city of Cirebon on the north coast of the Indonesian island of Java.

Port activity is dominated by bulk imports of coal, liquid asphalt and vegetable oils for the West Java hinterland. Minor operations include a small container terminal and a single passenger berth. In 2006 the port handled 3.27 million metric tons (MT) of trade, more than 90 percent as imports from other Indonesian ports.

History

The Port of Cirebon was established by the Dutch East India Company in 1865, principally as an export point for spices, sugar cane and raw materials from West Java. Warehouses and open storage areas were developed by 1890, and a British American Tobacco cigarette factory was built in the early twentieth century.

The port does not have its own port authority. From 1927 to 1957 it was administered by the port authority for Semarang, and thereafter by the port authority for Tanjung Priok.

Port operations

Bulk cargo

The bulk coal terminal has a storage capacity of 50,000 MT and supplies cement factories in Cirebon, Cibinong and Bogor. Coal unloading capacity is 20 tons per hour. but utilisation rates are low – in 2005 bulk cargo terminal utilisation fell to just 41 percent.

Specialist liquid asphalt and vegetable oil terminals are operated as joint ventures with the private sector. Asphalt storage capacity is 11,300 MT across six tanks. The vegetable oil handling facility occupies 18 km2 of port land with a storage capacity of 10,300 MT.

Exports include bulk cement to Europe and Japan, and the transshipment of tea, rice, sugar and a regular quantity of locally produced rattan furniture.

Passenger services

A small passenger terminal operates adjacent to the bulk cargo wharves. Passenger facilities occupy 1,600m² and currently cater for a single fortnightly service running between Cirebon and Pontianak in West Kalimantan, Borneo.

Containers
A container handling facility was officially opened in 2002 ahead of anticipated increased demand for containerised exports. The facility handled 64 TEU in its first year before ceasing operation in 2003.

Berths and logistics
The Port of Cirebon covers 25 hectares of land for port operations and a further 26 hectares for storage and warehousing. The port contains five medium cargo-handling berths with lengths up to 275 m and low-water depths up to 7 m.

Twelve smaller berths of between 11 and 40 metres are also available, though depth at low water is in some cases two metres. Tidal range is up to 1.3 metres with strong south to south-westerly winds. Channel depth is 7 m with a width of 17.5m².

References

External links

C
Buildings and structures in West Java
Coal terminals
Cirebon
Geography of West Java
1860s establishments in the Dutch East Indies


Dolliver Memorial State Park is a state park of Iowa, US, featuring high bluffs and deep ravines on the Des Moines River.  The park is located  south of Fort Dodge and  northwest of Lehigh.  The park contains two listings on the National Register of Historic Places: Dolliver Memorial State Park, Entrance Area (Area A) and Dolliver Memorial State Park, Picnic, Hiking & Maintenance Area (Area B).

Geography
Dolliver Memorial State Park is on the west bank of the Des Moines River at the mouth of a small tributary called Prairie Creek.  The creek and a smaller tributary known as Boneyard Hollow have eroded canyons through a  high bluff, exposing a cross section of sandstone deposited by a Paleozoic river.

The sandstone and other bedrock exposures in the park are some of the northernmost exposures of the lower Cherokee Group, rocks laid down during the .

Along Prairie Creek, a unique area known as the Copperas Beds is exposed.  This is an iron-cemented pebble conglomerate.  This rock is named for the copperas (iron sulfate) efflorescences that form on the rock face during dry weather and may be completely washed away by a heavy rain.
Copperas is an ancient term.  More recent studies of the efflorescence show that it is made of melanterite or rozenite, with some crystals of halotrichite and szomolnokite.  Previous to their discovery here, most of these minerals had never been identified anywhere in Iowa.

History
At the north end of the park is a narrow ravine named Boneyard Hollow.  Early settlers found numerous bones of bison littering the ravine.  It is thought that prehistoric Native Americans either stampeded bison into the ravine from a buffalo jump or herded them into the confined space from the riverbank, where they killed and butchered the animals.  There are also several Indian mounds within the park.

In 1915 eleven-year-old Ruth Peterson discovered a lead tablet at the mouth of the creek outside Boneyard Hollow.  The Latin inscription stated that the tablet had been left by explorers claiming the area for France in 1750, and mentioned Father Louis Hennepin by name.  With the potential to rewrite European exploration of Iowa, the "Hennepin Plate" attracted a great deal of attention.  Edgar Harlan, curator of the Iowa state archives, led an investigation.  However the poor Latin and the fact that Hennepin had died in 1706 cast doubt on the tablet's authenticity.  Ultimately two local boys admitted to making the tablet as a prank in 1913.  As a result of the hoax, though, Harlan had become interested in the scenic area and helped spark public interest in preserving it as a state park.  The property was purchased for $38,500 and dedicated in 1925 as Iowa's third state park, after Backbone and Ledges.  Ruth Peterson died in 2004 at the age of 100, and in 2007 her son and other relatives donated the tablet to the Webster County Historical Society.

Two New Deal-era relief programs during the Great Depression developed many of the park's amenities. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) had two companies that worked in the park between 1933 and 1935.  The Works Progress Administration constructed the group camp from 1937 to 1938.  The amenities completed by the CCC are the subjects of the two listings on the National Register of Historic Places.  They completed the checking station and north entrance portals by the end of April 1934 and the south portals by May of the following year.  The service building, which was the largest project built by the CCC in the park, was also completed in April 1934.  The lodge, completed in November 1934, replaced an older structure.  It's flagstone patio was finished in July 1935.  A memorial to U.S. Senator Jonathan P. Dolliver, for whom the park is named, was completed in May 1935.  Other projects completed by the CCC include a latrine, footbridges, culverts, stone steps along a hiking trail, the trail itself, and roads.  The significance of the rustic architecture employed here, and designed by the Central Design Office in Ames, is that it was meant to blend into its natural surroundings by means of its material, design, and workmanship.

Facilities
The campground features 33 sites, all with electrical hookups, plus 2 camper cabins, modern restrooms, showers, and a holding tank dump station.  There is a separate group camp with a dining hall, restrooms, and showers.  Two lodges built in the 1930s and an open picnic shelter can be rented for private events.

Recreation
The park provides a boat ramp for river access.  An interpretive trail follows Prairie Creek to the Copperas Beds and then leads up to the wooded blufftops.

References

External links

 Dolliver Memorial State Park

Civilian Conservation Corps in Iowa
Works Progress Administration in Iowa
Protected areas established in 1925
Protected areas of Webster County, Iowa
State parks of Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Webster County, Iowa
Park buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Historic districts in Webster County, Iowa
Rustic architecture in Iowa
1925 establishments in Iowa


is the second album released by the Japanese band The Blue Hearts. Along with Dug Out, it is one of only two studio albums consisting of a cover actually showing members of the band.

Album history
About half of the songs on this album were originally written while the band was an amateur independent band. The new songs were produced by Masahide Sakuma (佐久間 正英 Sakuma Masahide). Other changes include Masatoshi Mashima singing main vocals for some songs, Hiroto Kōmoto playing a blues harp, and the addition of a keyboard.

The three songs that were written specifically for this album are "Tōku Made", "Hoshi o Kudasai", and "Eiyū ni Akogarete". They announced that they were going to include two other songs from their time as amateurs, "Mado o Akeyō" (窓をあけよう Open the Window) and "Hon no Sukoshi Dake" (ほんの少しだけ Just a Little Bit), but these songs were never released.

Because there were a number of songs that stepped away from the normal eight-beat rhythm, recording was a problem. When Sakuma would not allow the recordings to be finalized, Kōmoto said, "This is a Blue Hearts record, so shouldn't our own abilities be enough?" Looking back, though, the group realizes that their own recording knowledge was insufficient for this record.

Songs
The first song, "Kiss Shite Hoshii" was released as a single at the same time the album was released. "Chain Gang" was the single's B-side.

"Roku de Nashi II", which has a subtitle "Gitaa Hiki ni Heya wa Nashi" (ギター弾きに部屋は無し No room for a guitar player) describes the many refusals Mashima received when searching for an apartment.

"Romantic" is the oldest song that The Blue Hearts play, as it came from Kōmoto's time with his previous band, Za Kōtsu. "Scrap" is the next oldest song.

"Restaurant" is the band's first ska tune.

Track listing

References

The Blue Hearts albums
1987 albums


USS Dutchess (APA-98) was a Windsor-class attack transport that served with the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946. She was subsequently sold into commercial service and was scrapped in 1974.

History
Dutchess was named after a county in New York State. She was launched 26 August 1944 by Bethlehem Sparrow's Point Shipyard, Sparrow's Point, Maryland, under a United States Maritime Commission contract; transferred to the Navy 4 November 1944; and commissioned the same day. Arriving at Newport, Rhode Island, 8 December 1944, Dutchess served as schoolship for precommissioning crews until 27 February 1945 when she got underway from Davisville, Rhode Island, for the Pacific.

Pacific War

She reached Pearl Harbor 19 March for training exercises, then sailed by way of Eniwetok to Okinawa where she landed reinforcements and combat cargo on 1 May. A week later she sailed for Saipan to debark casualties, and continued to San Francisco, arriving 29 May.

Dutchess sailed from Portland, Oregon, 13 June 1945 with troops for Pearl Harbor, then transported men of the IXth Corps, U.S. Army, to San Pedro, Leyte, arriving 15 July. She voyaged to carry troops from San Francisco to Manila between 21 July and 12 September, then sailed in the Philippines in local redeployment of troops. Left San Francisco, 1530, Tuesday, 31 August 1945.  Crossed International Date line Wednesday night and had Friday next day, 31 August.  Name of ship is U.S.S. Duchess or PA-98.  First stop at Marshall, 3 September, at 11 o’clock.  Left 2:30 that afternoon arrived Carolinas, 7 September, in morning.  Left 8 September.  Arrived at Manila Bay 12 September at quarter past nine.

Operation Magic Carpet
Dutchess arrived at Wakayama, Japan, 7 October 1945, and landed occupation troops at Nagoya on the 26th and 27th. She was assigned to Operation Magic Carpet and sailed from Nagoya 1 November to embark returning servicemen at Manila and carry them to San Francisco arriving 25 November. A similar voyage was made between 8 December 1945 and 25 January 1946.

Decommissioning
Dutchess left San Francisco 1 February for the East Coast, arriving at Norfolk 19 February. She was decommissioned there 4 April 1946 and delivered to the War Shipping Administration the next day for disposal.

Commercial service
In 1948, Dutchess was sold to American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines and renamed Excalibur. She was later resold to C. Y. Tung of Hong Kong, reflagged in the Republic of China, and renamed Oriental Jade. She was scrapped in 1974.

Awards
Dutchess received one battle star for World War II service.

References

External links

APA-98 Dutchess, Navsource Online.

Windsor-class attack transports
Type C3-S-A3 ships of the United States Navy
Ships built in Sparrows Point, Maryland
1944 ships
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
USS Dutchess APA-98
Ships of American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines


Miss Météo is a Canadian Quebec French-language television series that airs on Séries+. It is a 30 minute adaptation of the Quebec French language film Miss Météo. The same actors are used in the TV series as were used in the film.

Storyline
Myriam Monette, a not very conformist and slightly whimsical Miss Weatherwoman, is now 40 years old, has a new boyfriend and a new mandate at Channel Météo (also called Channel M). On the surface, nothing has changed. In reality, nothing is the same anymore. Like a green lawn on a summer day suddenly covered in snow, Myriam went to bed a confirmed single "adulteen" and woke up in love, living with someone else and undergoing major changes.

Main characters
Myriam Monette (played by Anne-Marie Cadieux): She is Miss Weatherwoman. A woman that we could call an "adulteen".
François Larivière (played by Patrice Robitaille): The boyfriend of Myriam.
Brigitte Caron (played by Sophie Prégent): She is the boss of Myriam.
Josiane Després (played by Mahée Paiement): She is one of the friends of Myriam at Channel M.

References

External links
Official Miss Météo website
Game on Miss Météo website

2008 Canadian television series debuts
2009 Canadian television series endings
Television shows filmed in Montreal
Live action television shows based on films
2000s Canadian sitcoms
Cultural depictions of weather presenters