The Siamese–Vietnamese War of 1831–1834 (, ), also known as the Siamese-Cambodian War of 1831–1834, was sparked by a Siamese invasion force under General Bodindecha that was attempting to conquer Cambodia and southern Vietnam. After initial success and the defeat of the Khmer Army at the Battle of Kompong Cham in 1832, the Siamese advance was repelled in southern Vietnam in 1833 by the military forces of the Nguyễn dynasty. Upon the outbreak of a general uprising in Cambodia and Laos, the Siamese withdrew, and Vietnam was left in control of Cambodia.

Background

Internal and Interstate conflicts in Cambodia, Siam and Vietnam

Since the eventual end of Khmer empire in the fifteenth century, post-Angkorian Cambodia had been more or less under aggression by neighboring Siamese Ayutthaya kingdom. In the seventeenth century, Vietnam, led by the Nguyen Lords of Đàng Trong, expanded to the south into Mekong delta of Cochinchina, which had been Cambodian territories, in the process known as Nam tiến. Nguyen Lords exerted influence over Cambodia, bringing them into conflicts with Siam who also sought to control Cambodia. Dynastic factional conflicts in Cambodia aggravated the issue as rival princely candidates usually sought supports from either Siam or Vietnam in their claims to Cambodian throne. In 1771, Siamese King Taksin of Thonburi sent troops to invade Cambodia in efforts to overthrow pro-Vietnamese King Ang Ton of Cambodia and to install his pro-Siamese candidate Ang Non. Siamese invasion did not achieve goal as the Nguyen Lord Nguyễn Phúc Thuần sent Vietnamese forces to repel the Siamese from Cambodia in 1772. Tây Sơn uprising toppled the rule of the Nguyen Lord in Vietnam. With Vietnamese assistance dwindling, Ang Ton decided to reconcile with his rival Ang Non. Ang Ton abdicated in 1775 in favor of Ang Non, who became the new pro-Siamese king of Cambodia. Ang Ton soon died in 1777. Another turn of event occurred in 1778 when Chauvea Tolaha Mou, the Cambodian Prime Minister, rebelled against Ang Non with support from the Nguyen Lord Nguyễn Phúc Ánh, who was fighting the Tây Sơn at the same time. Nguyễn Phúc Ánh sent Vietnamese forces to defeat and kill Ang Non in 1779. Tolaha Mou installed Ang Eng the seven-year-old son of Ang Ton as his puppet king. Taksin was enraged as his pro-Siamese candidate was murdered by the pro-Vietnamese faction. In late 1781, Taksin sent Siamese forces under Chaophraya Chakri into Cambodia. However, a rebellion happened at home in Thonburi, prompting Chakri to broker a peace with Nguyễn Phúc Ánh in order to return to pacify political upheaval in Thonburi in 1782. Chaophraya Chakri assumed power and ascended the throne as King Rama I of Rattanakosin Kingdom, founding the Chakri dynasty of Siam.

Nguyễn Phúc Ánh was ousted from his base at Saigon by the Tây Sơn in 1783. Defeated, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh took refuge in Bangkok where he was well-received by the Siamese court, partly due to the preceding peace negotiations in Cambodia in 1782. Also in 1783, Oknha Yumreach Baen, a pro-Siamese Cambodian nobleman, managed to seize power from Tolaha Mou but the ensuing chaos and upheaval in Cambodia obliged Yumreach Bean to take the young king Ang Eng to Bangkok to be under Siamese custody. King Rama I of Siam sent Siamese riparian fleet down the Mekong in 1784 in efforts to restore Nguyễn Phúc Ánh but was utterly defeated by Tây Sơn navy under Nguyễn Huệ in the Battle of Rạch Gầm-Xoài Mút. The Siamese king appointed Yumreach Baen as Chaophraya Aphaiphubet to be prospective head pro-Siamese minister in Cambodia, though Cambodia continued to be technically under Vietnamese domination. In 1787, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh left Bangkok to successfully reconquer Saigon in 1788 and to reclaim his polity from the Tây Sơn with French assistance. According to Thai chronicles, Nguyễn Phúc Ánh sent tributes to Bangkok during his stay in Saigon. In 1789, Aphaiphubet finally defeated the rival pro-Vietnamese faction and took control of Cambodia. In 1794, King Rama I allowed Ang Eng to return to Cambodia to assume personal rule but also carved northwestern Cambodia, including the srok of Battambang and Siemreap, for Aphaiphubet to govern separately under Siamese direct rule. King Ang Eng of Cambodia died prematurely in 1796 with all of his four sons: Ang Chan, Ang Snguon, Ang Em and Ang Duong, were considered by Siamese court to be too young to rule. Nguyễn Phúc Ánh eventually reclaimed and unified Vietnam, proclaiming himself Emperor Gia Long of the Nguyen dynasty in 1802.

Siamese–Vietnamese conflicts over Cambodia in 1811–1813

In 1806, Ang Chan the eldest son of Ang Eng, who had been held custody in Bangkok being a young Cambodian prince, was finally crowned as the new king of Cambodia by King Rama I and was allowed to return to Cambodia to rule. However, Ang Chan grew resented of Siamese influence over Cambodia and eventually became pro-Vietnamese. On his coronation, Ang Chan also received recognition state seal from Gia Long and reciprocated with friendly gesture. When Chaophraya Aphiphubet Baen, the Siam-appointed governor of Battambang, died in 1809, another pro-Siamese governor was appointed, upsetting Ang Chan who expected Northwestern Cambodia to be returned to him. Siam-appointed governors of Battambang would be thorn in the side for Ang Chan. Ang Chan did not attend the funeral of Siamese King Rama I in 1809 and sent his younger brothers Prince Ang Snguon and Prince Ang Em to Bangkok in his stead. The new Siamese king Rama II then made Prince Ang Snguon the Uprayorach (viceroy) and Prince Ang Em the Ouparach (deputy viceroy), without consulting Chan, thus making these two princes to form a new pro-Siamese faction in Cambodia. Also in 1809, the Burmese invaded Phuket and King Rama II asked for Ang Chan to contribute forces as vassal kingdoms were expected to provide military assistance. However, Ang Chan ignored this request. Two pro-Siamese Cambodian ministers, Chakrey Pen and Kralahom Muong, acted on their own to gather Cambodian forces to be sent to Siam without Ang Chan's consent. Ang Chan considered this action to be a sedition and executed these two officials. The Cambodian court became again polarized into Siamese and Vietnamese factions.

The pro-Siamese prince Ang Snguon eventually rebelled against his pro-Vietnamese brother Ang Chan in 1811. Ang Snguon left the Cambodian royal city of Oudong to gather his pro-Siamese supporters at Pursat. Ang Chan requested military aid from the Vietnamese. Nguyễn Văn Thoại was sent to bring Vietnamese fleet to take defensive position at Longvek against Siamese attacks. Siamese court, in turn, sent Chaophraya Yommaraj Noi to lead an army of 5,000 men into Cambodia in 1812 to support Ang Snguon. Panicked, King Ang Chan, escorted by Nguyễn Văn Thoại, fled from Oudong to take refuge at Saigon where he was accommodated by the Vietnamese. Princes Ang Em and Ang Duong, Chan's younger brothers, chose to join the Siamese side instead and went to join their brother Ang Snguon. Yommaraj Noi, the Siamese commander, took control but found himself unprepared for long-term occupation of Cambodia. Yommaraj Noi then destroyed and burnt down Cambodian cities of Oudong, Phnom Penh and returned to Bangkok with Cambodian princes Ang Snguon, Ang Em and Ang Duong. The Siamese also deported thousands of Cambodians to the Siam-occupied Northwestern Cambodia.

Both Siam and Vietnam avoided direct confrontations during the crisis of 1811–1813. Simultaneously as Siamese army was invading Cambodia, the Siamese court sent a mission to Gia Long at Huế in 1812, explaining that Siamese expedition into Cambodia was of good intention to restore peace while blaming Ang Chan for the troubles at the same time. Gia Long assumed friendly pretension but put the blame on Ang Snguon instead. Through his reign, Gia Long maintained amicable relations towards Siam but geopolitical dilemma would soon cause Siamese–Vietnamese relations to sour. Cambodia moved closer towards Vietnamese domination. Siam was hesitant to actively compete with Vietnam over Cambodia due to prospective Burmese threat was still looming. In 1813, Gia Long assigned Lê Văn Duyệt, who had just been appointed as the governor of Saigon in 1812, to lead the Vietnamese army of 13,000 men to escort Ang Chan back to Cambodia with Siamese representatives as witnesses. Upon seeing the wrecked ruins of his royal city burnt to the grounds by the Siamese, Ang Chan reportedly cried in tears. Lê Văn Duyệt oversaw military defenses in Cambodia, constructing a new royal citadel for Ang Chan at Phnom Penh called Banteay Keav and another citadel at Lvea Aem. Ang Chan chose to reside at Phnom Penh rather than Oudong owing to its riverside position being accessible to Vietnamese protection navy. Nguyễn Văn Thoại was appointed as bảo hộ or Protector of Cambodia – technically Vietnamese representative minister in Cambodia.

Cambodia under Vietnamese domination: 1813–1833

Lê Văn Duyệt (called Ong Ta Kun in Thai and Cambodian chronicles) was appointed as Gia Định Thành or governor of Saigon citadel in 1812, which acted as the viceroy of Cochinchina or Southern Vietnam and also had authorities over Cambodia. With appointment of Nguyễn Văn Thoại as bảo hộ Chân Lạp or Protector of Cambodia in 1813, Cambodia became Vietnamese protectorate. Lê Văn Duyệt also built a Vietnamese shrine for Emperor Gia Long at Chroy Changvar, the land opposite of Phnom Penh on the river. Twice a month, Cambodian king Ang Chan, along with his Cambodian officials, would dress in Vietnamese costumes and worship Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh (a Vietnamese commander who conquered Cambodia in 1700) at the shrine. In 1815, at suggestion of Nguyễn Văn Thoại, Ang Chan sent Cambodian forces led by Samdech Chauponhea Tey to attack Battambang and reclaim Northwestern Cambodia from Siam. Samdech Tey, however, was repelled by Ros, the pro-Siamese governor of Battambang who was a son of Aphaiphubet Baen. This incident led to another round of Siamese–Vietnamese diplomatic crisis as Bangkok accused Nguyễn Văn Thoại of instigating this attack. Samdech Tey became the scapegoat as Vietnam put the blame on his belligerent actions and put Samdech Tey under pretensive investigation to please Siam.

In 1819, Gia Long came up with the construction project of Vĩnh Tế canal that would connect Châu Đốc with Hà Tiên. Nguyễn Văn Thoại was put in charge of the project with dedicative participation from King Ang Chan of Cambodia as Cambodian people were conscripted to labor works on the canal supervised by the Vietnamese. Vietnamese overseers treated Cambodian workers, who were subjected to poor working conditions, harshly. In 1820, Cambodian workers arose against Vietnam led by Snang Ke. The rebellion of Snang Ke was soon crushed by Vietnam. Gia Long died in early 1820, to be succeeded by his son Minh Mạng. Minh Mạng initially maintained neutral attitude towards Siam and also took cautious approach on his powerful mandarin Lê Văn Duyệt, who was appointed as the governor of Saigon for the second time, in the same year. Also in 1820, a Cambodian Buddhist monk also named Ke declared himself Neak Sel or holy man and rebelled against Vietnam. Neak Sel Ke was eventually defeated by Lê Văn Duyệt. Siam took construction of the Vĩnh Tế canal with great alarm as Siam suspected the canal would facilitate movement of Vietnamese fleets into the Gulf of Siam, directly threatening Bangkok. In response, King Rama II then ordered his son Prince Chetsadabodin to supervise the construction of the Phisuea Samut or Samut Prakarn Fort in 1822 in defense against possible Vietnamese seaborne incursion.Pro-Siamese princes Ang Snguon, Ang Em and Ang Duong, half-brothers of Ang Chan, resided in Wang Chao Khamen or Cambodian quarters in Bangkok established since the times of Ang Eng. Ang Snguon died in 1822, leaving Ang Em and Ang Duong as living pro-Siamese candidates. Neak Neang Tep, daughter of Chaophraya Aphaiphubet Baen the Siam-appointed governor of Battambang who died in 1809, was one of the consorts of King Ang Chan and bore him a daughter named Princess Ang Pen. Neak Neang Tep and her brother Preah Angkeo Ma represented the remaining pro-Siamese faction in Cambodian court. In 1829, Ang Chan sent Preah Angkeo Ma to deliver tributes to Siam – a purely symbolic gesture just to keep Siamese aggression at bay. Angkeo Ma, however, secretly handed a letter to King Rama III or King Nangklao of Siam, urging the Siamese king to attack Cambodia to topple Vietnamese influence. Siam was still unresponsive but Angkeo Ma's confidential maneuver was exposed to the Vietnamese. The Vietnamese ordered the arrest of Angkeo Ma but he fled to Siam. Also in 1832, Oknha Surkealok Kas the chauvay srok or governor of Pursat, who was pro-Siamese, rebelled against Ang Chan and fled to Siam with majority of Cambodian population in Pursat.

Anouvong's Lao rebellion

In the eighteenth century, the Lao Kingdom of Lanxang fragmented into three separate kingdoms of Luang Prabang, Vientiane and Champasak, with Muang Phuan, an another polity, under periodic Vietnamese control. In 1778–1779, Siamese invading armies conquered all three Lao kingdoms to become tributary states under Siamese domination. Royal family of Vientiane, including the young prince Anouvong, were taken to Bangkok as hostages. Anouvong grew up in Siamese court and was allowed to return to Vientiane as a prince in 1795, becoming the King of Vientiane himself in 1805. Prince Anouvong took Muang Phuan by force in 1799, forcing the ruler of Muang Phuan to accept the authority of Vientiane but, through arrangements by Gia Long in 1802, Muang Phuan was given to Luang Prabang. However, Anouvong again sought to dethrone Chao Noy the ruler of Muang Phuan, who was married to a female relative of Anouvong. Chao Noy eventually accepted Anouvong's authority but, at the same, pleaded for Vietnamese aid and held grudges against Anouvong.

In 1824, King Rama II of Siam died and Anouvong traveled to Bangkok to attend the royal funeral but faced derogatory treatment. Also in 1824, the Siamese court ordered the Sak Lek or conscription tattooing in Laos, an unprecedented policy that oppressed Lao people and disregarded Anouvong's authorities. Given the wrong impression that the British would attack Bangkok, Anouvong took this false opportunity to march his Lao armies in 1826–1827 to stop the Sak Lek and to threaten Bangkok, seizing Nakhon Ratchasima and Saraburi. Anouvong, however, was repelled by Siamese counter-offensive forces. With defeat imminent, Anouvong fled from Vientiane to Vietnamese Nghệ An Province, seeking protection under Vietnam. Lê Văn Duyệt suggested belligerent retaliation against Siam but Minh Mạng preferred peaceful means. Minh Mạng sent Phan Văn Thúy to escort Anouvong back to Vientiane in 1828 to negotiate with Siamese officials there. According to Thai chronicles, the Vietnamese envoy spoke: "Siam is like the father. Vietnam is like the mother. When the father is angry over the child. The mother should bring the child to apologize." Anouvong, however, unexpectedly arose and killed the unprepared Siamese officials in Vientiane. With situation spiraled out of hand, Minh Mạng sent another Vietnamese mission to Nakhon Phanom to propose peace terms. Chaophraya Ratchasuphawadi (later Chaophraya Bodindecha) the Siamese commander, however, was convinced that Vietnam was behind this deadly ambush on the Siamese at Vientiane. Ratchasuphawadi ordered the massacre of Vietnamese envoys at Nakhon Phanom. Shocked, Minh Mạng sent a mission to Bangkok in 1829 to demand justice for the incident but Bangkok was not cooperative.

When the Siamese armies invaded Laos in search for Anouvong, Chao Noy the ruler of Muang Phuan asked for Vietnamese protection. Minh Mạng was poised to annex Muang Phuan into Vietnamese rule by transforming Muang Phuan into Trấn Ninh (鎮寧) Province. When Anouvong was defeated again in 1828 and fled to Xiangkhouang, Chao Noy the ruler of Muang Phuan, a former vassal to Anouvong that later became a vassal of Vietnam, revealed the whereabouts of Anouvong to Bodindecha, which led to the capture of Anouvong. Anouvong was eventually captured and encaged, transported as a prisoner to Bangkok in 1828. At Bangkok, Anouvong and his family were subjected to tortures and public humiliation. Anouvong died in early 1829. The kingdom of Vientiane was dissolved as the royal city of Vientiane itself was mostly destroyed and burnt to the grounds. Minh Mạng sent Tạ Quang Cự to occupy Muang Phuan and to assist Chao Noy but soon realized that Chao Noy had switched loyalty to Siam. When Minh Mạng learnt that Chao Noy had cooperated with the Siamese in the downfall of Anouvong, the Vietnamese emperor summoned Chao Noy to Huế for explanation but Chao Noy had become defiant to Vietnam, refusing to go. Tạ Quang Cự then arrested Chao Noy and brought him to Huế, where Chao Noy was executed by slow slicing in 1829 by the orders of Minh Mạng. Muang Phuan–Xiangkhouang then came under direct Vietnamese control as the Trấn Ninh Province. Tạ Quang Cự was appointed as the governor of Nghệ An and Hà Tĩnh – Vietnam's frontline area against Laos-Siam. Minh Mạng also appointed Chao San, a distant relative of Chao Noy, as the puppet ruler of Muang Phuan.

Lê Văn Khôi Rebellion

Warlord Lê Văn Duyệt held the position of Gia Định Thành or governor of Saigon from 1820 to his death in 1832 and, during his tenure, had been the most powerful minister of Southern Vietnam, also holding influence over Cambodia. Under his rule, Lê Văn Duyệt allowed Chinese immigrants to flourish in their trades and Christian Southern Vietnamese to enjoy their religious freedom. He was popular and was the personification of Southern Vietnam itself. This, however, conflicted with Minh Mạng's staunch Confucianist policies. Minh Mạng considered Southern Vietnam to be an unruly autonomous region where illegal opium imports by Chinese immigrants and Christianity were allowed and tolerated. Minh Mạng then sought to dismantle this autonomous regional apparatus. In 1831, Minh Mạng appointed his own officials Nguyễn Văn Quế as governor of Gia Định (Saigon) province as a part of his administrative reforms to reorganize Vietnam into tỉnh or provinces and also appointed Bạch Xuân Nguyên as the attorney of Saigon. Lê Văn Duyệt finally died in 1832 and this gave pretext for Minh Mạng to further undo Lê Văn Duyệt's legacies. The autonomous position of Gia Định Thành was abolished in favor of centrally-appointed provincial governors. Minh Mạng prohibited Christianity in January 1833 and Western Catholic priests, missionaries and Vietnamese Christians were arrested and persecuted. French priests, including Father Régéreau and Jean-Louis Taberd, fled to Siam. Bạch Xuân Nguyên reported to Minh Mạng at Huế that the recently-deceased Lê Văn Duyệt had been corrupted and abusive of his powers. Minh Mạng then instituted posthumous punishments for Lê Văn Duyệt by digging his dead body out of his grave to be canned. Three generations of Lê Văn Duyệt's family were executed and his followers were arrested and punished in large-scale political purge of Southern Vietnam.

Lê Văn Khôi, adopted son of Lê Văn Duyệt, arose in rebellion against Minh Mạng in April 1833. The rebels murdered Minh Mạng's officials including Nguyễn Văn Quế and Bạch Xuân Nguyên the governors of Saigon. Lê Văn Khôi rebels seized control of Saigon and gained a large number of followers in Southern Vietnam, especially the Christians. In 1833, Lê Đại Cương (known in Thai chronicles and Ong Chan Bia) had been holding the position of tổng đốc or governor of An Giang and Hà Tiên provinces and was also bảo hộ or Protector of Cambodia, Vietnamese head minister in Cambodia. Lê Đại Cương and other Minh Mạng's commanders attempted to retake Saigon but was utterly defeated by the rebels as Lê Đại Cương himself had to take refuge in Cambodia. Lê Văn Khôi quickly took control of all six Southern Vietnamese provinces including Biên Hòa, Gia Định (Saigon), Định Tường (Mỹ Tho), Vĩnh Long (Long Hồ), An Giang (Châu Đốc) and Hà Tiên. With initial setbacks, Minh Mạng assigned a whole new troupe of commanders led by Tống Phước Lương, including other commanders such as Nguyễn Xuân and Trương Minh Giảng, to put down Lê Văn Khôi's rebellion. Tống Phước Lương was successful against the rebels, reconquering all of Southern Vietnam for Minh Mạng by late 1833 except for the Saigon citadel itself where Lê Văn Khôi stood.

Nearly defeated, Lê Văn Khôi attempted to enlist Siamese help by sending deputations to Siam but they were unsuccessful as they were intercepted, revealing a letter written by Lê Văn Khôi to Siamese king Rama III to ask for military aid. Perhaps informed by the fleeing French priests, Siam became known about the upheavals in Southern Vietnam. King Rama III was to capitalize this opportunity to dismantle Vietnamese influence in Cambodia and to possibly take control of Southern Vietnam. Siam, by the 1830s, considered Vietnam to be a geopolitical rival rather than an established ally. In the words of Thai chronicles; "When Ong Chan rebelled, Vietnam supported him. When Anou rebelled, Vietnam also supported him and escorted him back to restore. They also do this in Cambodia, restricting Thai territories and boosting themselves as Duc Hoang De." The Siamese king did not like that Vietnamese rulers styled themselves as Hoàng đế or emperors. Rama III initiated the Siamese campaign to bring Prince Ang Em to the Cambodian throne and to take Saigon.

Preparations

Siamese preparations
King Rama III arranged the Siamese forces into the following routes:
 Chao Phraya Bodindecha would lead a land army of 40,000 men to bring Prince Ang Em and Ang Duong to Cambodia and to proceed to take Saigon.
 Chao Phraya Phraklang would lead a galley fleet of 10,000 men to attack Hà Tiên and to converge with the land army at Saigon.
 Phra Mahathep Pom and Phra Ratchawarin Kham would attack Xiangkhouang and Nghệ An Province through Khorat Plateau and Laos.

Military campaigns

Siamese invasion of Cambodia
All three Siamese divisions left Bangkok on the same day on November 23, 1833. Pro-Siamese Cambodian figures, including Preah Angkeo Ma and Oknha Kas the former governor of Pursat, who had been taking refuge in Siam, also joined the main Siamese land division under Chaophraya Bodindecha. King Ang Chan of Cambodia, upon hearing news of Siamese invasion, assigned Oknha Chakrey Long to organize Cambodian forces to resist the Siamese. However, Chakrey Long was able to muster a troop of only 300 men in short period of time. The main column of Chao Phraya Bodindecha marched from Battambang to seize Pursat and Kampong Chhnang. Oknha Chakrey Long led the Cambodian army against Siamese vanguard forces of 5,000 men in the Battle of Kampong Cham in December 1833. Chakrey Long was defeated and fled to Ba Phnum.

After the defeat of Chakrey Long, King Ang Chan and his court fled from Phnom Penh under Siamese treat on December 31 to Cochinchina. Ang Chan presumably intended for Saigon as he had previously been in 1811 but Saigon was then occupied by the Lê Văn Khôi rebels so Ang Chan instead ended up in Long Hồ, in Vĩnh Long Province. Bodindecha then marched his armies through Cambodia without further resistances. Chaophraya Bodindecha left Princes Ang Em and Ang Duong to take control in Phnom Penh with himself proceeding to Ba Phnum.

Siamese invasion of Southern Vietnam: An Giang and Hà Tiên
The Siamese navy division of Phraklang reached Hà Tiên in January 1834. The Vietnamese, who had been preoccupied with Lê Văn Khôi's rebellion, were caught unprepared, and the Siamese quickly took Hà Tiên. Phraklang then sailed his fleet upstream the Vĩnh Tế Canal and also quickly took Châu Đốc in the An Giang Province. Bodindecha, who had reached Ba Phnum, sent his brother-in-law Chao Phraya Nakhon Ratchasima to bring 7,000 men eastwards through Ba Phnum district directly to Saigon  Bodindecha himself joined Phrakhlang at Châu Đốc.

Vietnam had to divert its forces from the Saigon rebel front to engage with the invading Siamese. Emperor Minh Mạng then Nguyễn Xuân (known as Ong Tham Tai, for his position as Tham tán Đại thần) and Trương Minh Giảng to counter the Siamese offensives in An Giang.

Battle of Vàm Nao

To reach Saigon from Châu Đốc, the Siamese fleet had to cross from the Bassac River to the Mekong via the Vàm Nao Canal. Chao Phraya Bodindecha merged his army into Phraklang's fleet and the massive Siamese fleet proceeded along the Bassac River and reached the Vàm Nao Canal or Thuận Cảng Canal on January 21, 1834, where they met the Vietnamese fleet under the command of Nguyễn Xuân. The Battle of Vàm Nao ensued and continued for ten days. The Siamese initially prevailed. The Vietnamese retreated towards the Mekong and the Siamese pressed on the attack. Bodindecha ordered his fleet to disembark and attack the Vietnamese on land but was repelled by Vietnamese officer Phạm Hữu Tâm. The admirals of Phraklang's fleet, however, refused to engage with the Vietnamese fleet. Phraklang himself had to board a small boat to encourage his admirals to attack but to no avail. Vietnamese reinforcements, including more than 100 battle junks, led by Tống Phước Lương the tướng quân (Ong Tian Kun) or grand commander of the campaign, arrived and the overwhelming number of the Vietnamese engaged Bodindecha's armies. The Siamese were unable to withstand the Vietnamese, and both Bodindecha and Phraklang decided to retreat on January 31, 1834 or in February 1834.

Siamese retreat and Vietnamese offensives
After the Battle of Vàm Nao, the Siamese retreated to Châu Đốc on February 2, 1834. Vietnamese commanders; Nguyễn Xuân (Ong Tham Tai), Lê Đại Cương (Ong Chan Bia) and Trương Minh Giảng, capitalized on the victory by sending a fleet to follow the Siamese and attack Châu Đốc. Chao Phraya Bodindecha ordered the Siamese to fire upon the disembarking Vietnamese, which resulted in bodies piling on the river bank. Phraklang then retreated further to Hà Tiên through the Vĩnh Tế Canal and carried off the local population of Banteai Meas, Kampot, and Kampong Som to be resettled in Chanthaburi. The water of the Vĩnh Tế Canal was too shallow for the galleys to proceed.

Phraklang then ordered some of the galleys to be pulled by elephants to Kampot. However, the Cambodians revolted and murdered the mahouts, taking all of the elephants. As the Vietnamese kept attacking Châu Đốc, Bodindecha decided to abandon Châu Đốc, retreat from Cambodia to Chantaburi, and take along as much of the local population as he could find on the way back.

Oknha Chakrey Long the Cambodian commander, who had fled to Ba Phnum, met with Oknha Yumreach Ho, another Cambodian commander who had been organizing local resistance against Siamese incursion near Prey Veng. Two Cambodian commanders, Chakrey Long and Yumreach Ho, then hold their position at Prey Veng against the Siamese. Chao Phraya Nakhon Ratchasima and Phraya Ratchanikul, who had led the Siamese troops from Ba Phnum to Saigon, were ambushed by the Cambodian resistance force under Oknhas Chakrey Long and Yumreach Ho at Smaong (Phumi Smaong, Svay Antor, Prey Veng province). The two Siamese commanders then realized that the main Siamese forces had already retreated. Siamese commanders Nakhon Ratchasima and Ratchanikul returned to the Mekong but found that all boats to cross the river had vanished and so built a pontoon bridge to cross. Internal dissent caused some contingent commanders to leave the army group and marched northwards along the Mekong, where they were massacred. Chao Phraya Nakhon Ratchasima and Phraya Ratchanikul eventually crossed the Mekong and engaged the Cambodian insurgents.

The Vietnamese reconquered Châu Đốc and Hà Tiên. Bodindecha instructed Princes Ang Em and Ang Duong at Phnom Penh to destroy the citadel, burn the city, and march all inhabitants to Battambang. However, revolts against the Siamese invaders broke out in Phnom Penh and the rest of Cambodia under the co-ordinated leadership of two Khmer magistrates, Chakrey Long and Yumreach. All further hostile acts of Siam met massive resistance. Bodindecha and the two princes then retreated towards Siam. Vietnamese and Cambodian forces under Nguyễn Xuân, Lê Đại Cương, and Chakrey Long pursued the retreating Siamese deep into Cambodia. Bodindecha reached Pursat on February 15 and then retreated further to the Siamese-held Battambang. Chao Phraya Bodindecha ordered Chao Phraya Nakhon Ratchasima and Phraya Ratchanikul to retreat to Nakhon Ratchasima.

In 1834, Viceroy Trương Minh Giảng and his vassal king, Ang Chan, returned to Phnom Penh. Vietnamese rule in Cambodia had been established. King Ang Chan awarded Oknha Chakrey Long with the position of Chauvea Tolaha or Prime Minister and Oknha Yumreach Hu with the position of Samdach Chauponhea.

Northern Fronts
Phra Mahathep Pom and Phra Ratchawarin Kham reached their respective destinations in January 1834. Phra Mahathep Pom stationed at Nakhon Phanom and Phra Ratchawarin Kham at Nongkhai. Phra Mahathep Pom led a Siamese army to attack the Lao city of Mahaxay, which had been under Vietnamese rule. He then proceeded to attack Phu Thai communities of modern Savannakhet Province including Muang Pong, Muang Phalan and Muang Champhone. The Siamese relocated the Phu Thai people to settle in what is now Nakhon Phanom Province and the surrounding areas.

Siamese conquest of Muang Phuan
After the execution of Chao Noy of Muang Phuan at Huế in 1829, Minh Mạng appointed Chao San, a prince of Phuan royal dynasty, as the new puppet ruler of Muang Phuan under Vietnamese control. Muang Phuan had been under direct Vietnamese governance as the Trấn Ninh province. Phra Ratchawarin Kham and Phra Patumthewa the governor of Nongkhai sent secret messages to Chao San, urging him to defect to the Siamese side. Chao San, disillusioned with Vietnamese rule, decided to join Siamese side. Phra Ratchawarin Kham led the Siamese army to capture Muang Phuan, defeating and massacring the Vietnamese occupying forces there. Vietnamese forces in Muang Phuan was left unsupported as Tạ Quang Cự the governor of the adjacent Nghệ An and Hà Tĩnh provinces was sent away to suppress the rebellion of Nông Văn Vân in the same year.

Muang Phuan, as a tributary state to Siam, was too far from Siamese influence and was difficult to defend. Siam proposed that Muang Phuan and its people should be evacuated in order to avoid Vietnamese retaliation. Chao San the ruler of Muang Phuan agreed to evacuate 4,000 families of his people across the Mekong to the west side. However, they soon learned that Siam had intended to deport them further into Central Siam. Siam dissolved the Kingdom of Muang Phuan altogether. Nearly all of the Phuan people of Muang Phuan were forcibly relocated to Nan, Sukhothai, Uttaradit, and Phitsanulok Provinces, and Muang Phuan was left largely deserted. A recent study in 2015 found that some of the displaced Phuan people eventually reached as far as Banteay Meanchey and Battambang provinces of Cambodia, where they are misidentified as Liao (Lao) instead of Phuan.

Aftermath and Prelude to 1841–1845 war
The Siamese armies had returned by May 1834. The Siamese retreat left Vietnam in full control of Cambodia. Vietnam, led by Trương Minh Giảng, established Nam Vang or Phnom Penh as headquarter. King Ang Chan of Cambodia died in January 1835. Ang Chan did not have a son but had four daughters; Ang Baen, Ang Mey, Ang Peou and Ang Sngon. Siam had Prince Ang Em, younger brother of Ang Chan, appointed as the governor of Battambang. With the Princes Ang Em and Ang Duong on the Siamese side, Trương Minh Giảng proposed to make Princess Ang Mey, Ang Chan's second daughter, the queen regnant of Cambodia. Princess Ang Baen, the eldest daughter, was surpassed for her sympathy with the Siamese cause and the fact that her mother was a daughter of Chao Phraya Abhaybhubet the Siam-appointed governor of Battambang. In 1836, Vietnam annexed Cambodia into direct rule as the Trấn Tây province with Trương Minh Giảng invested with the title Trấn Tây tướng quân (Hán tự: 鎭西將軍). Vietnamese governors and officials were installed in Cambodia and native Cambodian mandarins were left with minimal power.

Siam reinforced and prepared itself for future campaigns. Phraklang supervised the construction of larger galleys and the fortification of Chanthaburi. Samut Songkhram, Chachoengsao, Battambang and Siemreap were all fortified against possible incursions. In 1836, Manpower survey was made by Chao Phraya Bodindecha in Siam-controlled parts of Cambodia and Isan-Laos Region.

Prince Ang Em, the governor of Battambang, decided to defect to the Vietnamese side in November 1838. He arrested Siamese officials in Battambang and, along with its inhabitants, deported them to join Trương Minh Giảng at Phnom Penh in hope that Vietnam would make him King of Cambodia. However, Trương Minh Giảng arrested Prince Ang Em and sent him to Huế. This incident initiated new conflicts. Chao Phraya Bodindecha hurriedly brought army to Battambang to placate the situation. In 1840, Princess Ang Baen was found collaborating with the Siamese. Minh Mạng completely lost his trust in the Cambodian princesses. Queen Ang Mey and her sisters were demoted in status. Ang Baen was sentenced to death by drowning at Long Hồ. Ang Mey and her remaining sisters were carried off to Poulo Condore for imprisonment.

In 1840, Cambodian native mandarins arose against their Vietnamese overlords and massacred many Vietnamese officials in Cambodian rebellion (1840). The Cambodian governor of Pursat approached Chao Phraya Bodindecha at Battambang asking for Siamese support against Vietnam. This led to the new round of conflicts; the Siamese–Vietnamese War of 1841–1845.

See also
 Lê Văn Khôi revolt
 Siamese-Vietnamese wars

References

External links
 History: Between The Elephant And The Dragon, Part2
 1750-1774
 Siam Mapped by Thongchai Winichakul
 Wars of Vietnam until 1508

Wars involving Cambodia
Wars involving the Rattanakosin Kingdom
Military history of Nguyen Vietnam
Conflicts in 1831
Conflicts in 1832
Conflicts in 1833
Conflicts in 1834
19th century in Cambodia
1830s in Siam
History of An Giang Province
History of Kiên Giang Province
Invasions of Cambodia
19th-century military history of Thailand


The Spanish Jennet Horse is a modern American horse breed. It is gaited, with either pinto or leopard spotting; its conformation supposedly resembles that of the historical Spanish Jennet, a riding horse of Renaissance Europe, now absorbed into the Pura Raza Española.

History

The Jennet of Renaissance Spain was a type of riding horse characterised by an ambling gait. It is extinct, and was, at least in part, absorbed into what is now the Pura Raza Española.

The Spanish Jennet Horse is a new breed of Jennet type is being created through the efforts of the Spanish Jennet Horse Society. The Registry requires that horse for the Pintado division be of full Paso Fino heritage and the Atigrado division must be at least of 50% Paso blood.

Outcrosses are allowed in the first generation to obtain the LP for the Registered Atigrado Spanish Jennet and must result in a minimum of 50% purebred Paso Fino or Peruvian Paso horse. Only one outcross is allowed (to obtain Lp or Appaloosa pattern). All 50% crosses will provide video proof of gait before registration of their offspring.

Characteristics
The Spanish Jennet Horse is a well-proportioned animal of moderate height and build. Extremes in muscling or bone are considered faults. The optimum appearance is that of refinement with a deep chest, well sprung ribs and a strong, medium length back with broad, well muscled loins.

References

External links

Spanish Jennet Horse Society

Horse breeds
Horse breeds originating in the United States


La Scie (sometimes spelled "LaScie") is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 820 in the Canada 2021 Census, down from 872 in 2016.

History
The name of the town originates from French fishermen who called it La Scie, which in French means "The Saw". This is reference to the silhouette of the hills around the town which resemble the teeth of a saw blade. This is also depicted in the town's seal. LaScie was settled by Irish and English fisherman after the French relinquished their fishing rights to the French Shore in 1904. By 1911 the population had grown to 429.

The United States Air Force built and operated a radar station in the area from 1957 to 1961.

On November 7, 2020, a fire destroyed a town building which housed the community's fire hall, the local ambulance service, a library, family resource centre and council chambers.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, LaScie had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
 La Scie Air Station

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


NVivo is a qualitative data analysis (QDA) computer software package produced by Lumivero (formerly called QSR International). NVivo is used across a diverse range of fields, including social sciences such as anthropology, psychology, communication, sociology, as well as fields such as forensics, tourism, criminology and marketing.

Features
NVivo is intended to help users organize and analyze non-numerical or unstructured data. Its developers state that it helps qualitative researchers to organize, analyze and find insights in unstructured or qualitative data like interviews, open-ended survey responses, journal articles, social media and web content, where deep levels of analysis on small or large volumes of data are required.

The software allows users to classify, sort and arrange information; examine relationships in the data; and combine analysis with linking, shaping, searching and modeling. The software can identify trends and cross-examine information in various ways using its search engine and query functions. NVivo accommodates a wide range of research methods, including network and organizational analysis, action or evidence-based research, discourse analysis, grounded theory, conversation analysis, ethnography, literature reviews, phenomenology, mixed methods research and the Framework methodology.

Version history

Tom Richards and Lyn Richards developed NUD*IST (Non-numerical Unstructured Data Indexing, Searching and Theorizing), a software program designed for detailed analysis of unstructured textual data, with the initial version for DEC-10 in 1981. In 1997, an updated version of NUD*IST was named N4.

In 1994, Qualitative Solutions and Research Pty Ltd was set up at and then spun out of La Trobe University to support the development and marketing of NUD*IST, and shortly after the release of N4 (NUD*IST Rev 4) it began working on a ground-up redesigned sibling product, with many more features, initially named NUD*IST Alive then branded as NVivo.

Development of the original product continue alongside the new one, with the final version, N6, being consolidated into NVivo 7 in 2006. NVivo for Teams, which allows multiple users on a server to work on a project at the same time, was first released in 2010. NVivo was released for Mac in 2014. Mac versions of the software have fewer features.

 NUD*IST 1 (DEC10) - 1981
 NUD*IST 2 (Vax/VMS and Unix) - 1987
 NUD*IST 2.3 (Mac and PC) - 1990
 NUD*IST 3 (Mac, later Windows 3.0) - 1993
 N4 – 1997
 NVivo - 1999
 N5 – 2000
 N6 – 2002
 NVivo 2 – 2002
 NVivo 7 – 2006
 NVivo 8 – 2008
 NVivo 9 and NVivo for Teams – 2010
 NVivo 10 – 2012
 NVivo for Mac – 2014
 NVivo 11 (Windows only) – 2015
 NVivo 12 (Windows, Mac, and Teams) – 2018
 NVivo Release 1.0, also called NVivo 20 (Windows, Mac) – 2020
 NVivo 14 – 2023 (Windows, Mac)

See also

 Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software

References

External links

QDA software


Bandol (; ) is a commune in Var department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, southeastern France. Bandol and the seat of its eponymous commune, was founded in 1595 and built around a small military fort.

The Bandol wine region, located near the coast east of Marseille and Cassis, is one of Provence's most internationally recognized wine regions. Built around the village of Bandol, west of Toulon, the Bandol AOC covers the production of 8 communes with silicon & limestone soils. Those soils and the warm, coastal climate are ideally suited for the late ripening Mourvèdre grape which is the major variety of the region. For both the red and rosé wines, Mourvèdre must account for at least 50% of the blend, though most producers will use significantly more, with Grenache and Cinsaut usually filling out the rest of the wine's composition.

Population

Notable people
 Alain Bombard, scientist
 Alexander Lévy (born 1990), professional golfer
 Louis Lumière, cinematographer
 Paul Ricard, businessman
 Jacques Torres, pastry chef
 Jonny Wilkinson, rugby player

International relations
Bandol is twinned with:
 Nettuno, Italy
 Onex, Switzerland
 Wehr, Germany

See also
 Communes of the Var department
 Bandol (wine)
 Island of Bendor

References

Communes of Var (department)
1595 establishments in France
Populated coastal places in France


Dr. Heinz C. Schimmelbusch (born 1944) is an Austrian businessman, serving as the chief executive officer of AMG  N.V.

Background and education
Schimmelbusch was born in Vienna. He received his graduate degree (with distinction) and his doctorate (magna cum laude) from the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

Career
In 1971, Schimmelbusch was working as a general manager at Nukem.

Metallgesellschaft

Schimmelbusch began his career at Metallgesellschaft AG, also known as MG, in 1973. Between 1989 and 1993 he was the chief executive officer  of Metallgesellschaft.  Metallgesellschaft, based in Frankfurt, was one of Germany's largest industrial conglomerates. It had over 250 subsidiaries specializing in mining, specialty chemicals (Chemetall), commodity trading, financial services and engineering (Lurgi).

Under the leadership of CEO Schimmelbusch, Metallgesellschaft entered the oil business by selling fuel to customers via its American subsidiary, MG Refining and Marketing in the form of fixed price long-term contracts (up to 10 years). Metallgesellschaft attempted to hedge its exposure to rising oil prices on the futures market.  However, in 1993, oil prices began to drop and Metallgesellschaft's derivatives strategy turned into extensive paper losses. The company's largest shareholder, Deutsche Bank found out and responded by ousting Schimmelbusch and liquidating Metallgesellschaft's positions which turned the virtual losses into real losses.

The decision by the MG AG supervisory board to end MG Refining and Marketing (MGRM)'s marketing program early – against loud protests from Schimmelbusch and the management board – led to international controversy. Metallgesellschaft almost went bankrupt after losing an estimated $1.3 billion on speculative bets in oil future markets.

Among the many who analyzed the MGRM debacle were the late Nobel laureate Merton Miller, Steve Hanke, and Christopher Culp.  Together Miller and Culp wrote seven articles and co-edited one book attempting to explain what was really going on at MGRM.  Prof. Hanke, who was Chris Culp's Professor at Johns Hopkins, became involved in May 1994. Professor Hanke and Mr. Culp wrote an essay published in International Economy magazine supporting the work Miller and Culp had done. In September 1994, Prof Hanke wrote a Forbes column in which he argued that MG would have broken even on their hedge if it had not been liquidated. Merton Miller and Christopher Culp resolved early in their analysis of MGRM that to preserve credibility in the face of growing controversy, they would neither accept any payment for any of that work nor would they communicate with any of the principal players at MGRM or MG AG.  Professor Miller and Christopher Culp were merely analyzing the facts and the economics of the case.  That this proved to be a defense of Schimmelbusch's actions was a consequence of the facts, not a deliberate effort on their parts.  MG and Schimmelbusch settled the lawsuit with MG even helping to pay his legal fees.

Safeguard International Fund, L.P.

Following this controversy at Metallgesellschaft, Schimmelbusch moved to Wayne, Pennsylvania in the United States. In 1997, in cooperation with Michael R. Holly and Arthur R. Spector, he formed Safeguard International Fund, L.P. (SIF), a private equity fund which had US$305 million of equity capital under management.  It was formed to make acquisitions of technologically oriented metallurgical businesses in North America and Western Europe. SIF made 10 principal investments, including Metallurg Holdings, Inc., ALD Vacuum Technologies GmbH and Sudamin Holdings LLC.  These businesses were eventually merged to form AMG Advanced Metallurgical Group N.V.

SIF also invested in PFW Aerospace AG and Scan Wafer AS, which was eventually merged into Renewable Energy Corp AS. SIF has returned over US$625 million in cash and shares to its investors to date.

Schimmelbusch is also a member of the executive committee of the general partner of SIF.  In November 2002, he was appointed chief executive officer of Metallurg. He also served as chairman of the board of Metallurg and Metallurg Holdings.

Past Directorships

Schimmelbusch's directorships have also included MMC Norilsk Nickel, Allianz Versicherung AG, Mobil Oil AG, Teck Cominco Limited, and Methanex Corporation.

Schimmelbusch served as a member of the Presidency of the Federation of German Industries (BDI) and the Presidency of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC).

Present

AMG Advanced Metallurgical Group N.V.

In July 2006, Schimmelbusch took AMG public on Euronext Amsterdam.

Schimmelbusch was appointed chief executive officer and Chairman of the AMG Advanced Metallurgical Group N.V. Management Board on November 21, 2006, and was reappointed for a term of four years on May 11, 2011.  He has served in a similar capacity, for businesses that comprise AMG since 1998.  AMG filed an initial public offering on the Euronext exchange in Amsterdam in June 2007.  AMG creates and applies innovative metallurgical solutions for energy, aerospace, infrastructure and specialty metals and chemical markets.  Using secure raw materials strategies, vertical and horizontal industry consolidations and investments in technology, AMG produces products that contribute to CO2 reduction.

Present Directorships

Schimmelbusch serves as a Director of various companies including Allied Resource Corporation in Wayne, Pennsylvania, United States and PFW Aerospace AG in Speyer, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

References

1944 births
Living people
University of Tübingen alumni
Engineers from Vienna
Businesspeople from Vienna


Communidad Hebrea Hatikva, a Conservative synagogue located in Santiago de Cuba, is the first Jewish congregation to host a website in Cuba.

References

Conservative Judaism in North America
Conservative synagogues
Synagogues in Cuba
Buildings and structures in Santiago de Cuba


Not to be mistaken for Stephen Caffrey, an Irish footballer.

Stephen Edwin Caffrey (born September 27, 1959, Cleveland, Ohio) is an American television, film and stage actor. He is the fifth of seven children born to an Irish-American family in Cleveland.

At the age of 17, he and his family permanently settled in Grand Rapids, MI. Steven pursued an acting career after graduation and with a close knit group of acting friends, he founded the Immediate Theatre in Chicago.

Career

Film and television
He has appeared on such TV series as Young Indiana Jones, CSI: Miami; Touched by an Angel; Judging Amy; Providence; Profiler; The Practice; Seinfeld; Chicago Hope; Murder, She Wrote; Columbo and Diagnosis Murder.

His longest stints, for which he is best known, are as Lt. Myron Goldman on CBS's Vietnam War drama series, Tour of Duty, co-starring with Terence Knox, Kim Delaney, Tony Becker, and  Miguel A. Núñez Jr.  He also starred as Andrew Preston Cortlandt on ABC's All My Children.

He appeared in such films as the AIDS drama Longtime Companion (1990), The Babe (1992; starring John Goodman), Murder of Innocence (1993), Buried Alive II (1997; starring Ally Sheedy) and Blowback (2000; with Mario Van Peebles).

Theatre
Caffrey has performed regularly at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco, California. In 1997, he performed in Leslie Ayvazian's Singer's Boy, directed by Carey Perloff. In 2003, Caffrey replaced Canadian actor Geordie Johnson as Torvald Helmer in a production of A Doll's House due to visa issues as a result of the war on terror. In 2004, he was in a production of The Real Thing. In 2005, he was Anthony Voysey in David Mamet's adaptation of The Voysey Inheritance.

Filmography

References

External links

 Biodata
 Biodata

1959 births
Living people
American male film actors
American male soap opera actors
American male stage actors
American male television actors
American people of Irish descent
Male actors from Ohio
Male actors from Chicago
Male actors from Cleveland
Male actors from San Francisco


Costa Pacifica is a Concordia-class cruise ship for Costa Crociere. She was handed over to Costa Crociere on 29 May 2009. Her sister ships, Costa Concordia and Costa Serena, were launched in 2006 and in 2007, with Costa Favolosa and Costa Fascinosa launched in 2011 and 2012 respectively.

Concept and construction

Costa Pacifica is the third ship of the Concordia-class, preceded by sister ships Costa Concordia and Costa Serena and was followed by Costa Favolosa and Costa Fascinosa on 2011 and 2012, all part of the expansion program of Costa which entailed an investment of 2.4 billion Euro, and is currently the largest fleet expansion program in the world.

Costa Pacifica was ordered on 14 December 2005, by Carnival Corporation, the parent company of Costa Crociere.

The bow section of Costa Pacifica was built at the Fincantieri Palermo shipyard and was launched on 24 July 2007. The section was then towed to Fincantieri's Sestri Ponente in August 2007 for further work, which also marked the announcement of the ships name. She was launched at Fincantieri's Sestri Ponente shipyard on 30 June 2008. She returned to Sestri Ponente from her sea trials on 30 March 2009, for the fitting-out process. Almost 3,000 workers helped in the construction of Costa Pacifica.

She was later christened at Genoa, Italy on 5 June 2009, in a dual christening ceremony, together with Costa Luminosa.

Amenities
Costa Pacifica has 1,504 passenger cabins of various sizes. There are five dining areas, thirteen bars, four swimming pools, various water and health related  facilities and a theater. Costa Pacifica is also the first cruise ship to have an onboard recording studio.

Operation history
The maiden voyage of Costa Pacifica was on 6 June 2009, an eight-day cruise and departed in Savona, with a special 48-hour layover in Palma de Mallorca, Spain.

In the entire 2009 summer season, Costa Pacifica offered seven day cruises in the Western Mediterranean, with calls at Rome, Savona, Marseilles, Barcelona, Palma, Tunis, Malta and Palermo.

During the 2009-2010 winter season, Costa Pacifica departed from Rome and Savona, offering 10- and 11-day cruises in Egypt, Israel and Turkey. In Summer 2010, she offered seven day cruises in the Western Mediterranean, with calls at Rome, Savona, Barcelona, Palma, Tunis, Malta and Catania.

Incidents and accidents
On 11 December 2012 Costa Pacifica struck a piling while maneuvering into dock at the Port of Marseille, France. The cause of the damage is blamed on heavy wind, an  gash was left on her hull above the waterline. Her itinerary was not delayed.

References

External links

 Ship Builder's Page On Costa Pacifica
 Costa Pacifica specification

2008 ships
Maritime incidents in 2012
Ships built by Fincantieri
Ships of Costa Cruises


Leading Tickles is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. In 2021, the town had a population of 296, down from 407 in the Canada 2006 Census. It is located approximately 25 km Northwest of Point Leamington on the shores of Notre Dame Bay. The town boasts spectacular scenery especially in spring and early summer when many icebergs pass just off the coast.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Leading Tickles had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


Lewin's Cove is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 546 in the Canada 2021 Census.

Lewin's Cove is located just outside the Burin town limits. Burin provides Lewin's Cove water supply and fire services.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Lewin's Cove had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 Burin Peninsula
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


Andy Granelli (aka Andy Outbreak) is an American drummer.  He first appeared with a band known as Model American in 1997 on their self-titled album. The same album later resurfaced in 2002 under the moniker MAPS, which stood for "Model American Playing Secretly", after the band was forced to change the name by a court of law. Following this, Granelli had success as the drummer of the hardcore band The Nerve Agents, appearing on all four of their releases, including the band's Hellcat Records debut The Butterfly Collection.

In 2002 he became the drummer of the punk band The Distillers, which was at that time a label mate of The Nerve Agents. He replaced Mat Young after the release of The Distillers' self-titled album and went on to appear on the group's second album Sing Sing Death House. Following the success of this album he went on to record on The Distillers' third album, the major label debut Coral Fang in 2003. After The Distillers went on hiatus, he left the band in March 2005 to pursue his other band, Darker My Love, with former Model American band member Tim Presley. Presley was also responsible for the original Coral Fang artwork, which was banned by many large American retailers.

Discography
The Nerve Agents (EP) - The Nerve Agents (1998)
The Nerve Agents/Kill Your Idols split - The Nerve Agents (2000)
The Way It Should Be... compilation - The Nerve Agents (2000)
Days Of The White Owl - The Nerve Agents (2000)
The Butterfly Collection - The Nerve Agents (2001)
Sing Sing Death House - The Distillers (2002)
Coral Fang - The Distillers (2003)
Darker My Love - Darker My Love (2006)
2 - Darker My Love (2008)

External links
 Distillers official website
 DEATHHOUSE.ORG - The Distillers Fansite

References

American punk rock drummers
American male drummers
American drummers
American people of Italian descent
Living people
The Distillers members
Year of birth missing (living people)


Little Bay East is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 84 in the Canada 2021 Census.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Little Bay East had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


Little Catalina is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 458 in the Canada 2006 Census.

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

Former towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
Populated places in Newfoundland and Labrador
Trinity Bay North


The Port of Omaha is a port of entry in the United States with facilities on the west side of the Missouri River in Omaha, Nebraska.  The official address is located at 5229 Boeing Court in East Omaha. The Port was formally sanctioned by the U.S. Congress in 1888.

1856–1949

Founded immediately on the settlement of Omaha in 1856, the Port of Omaha was surveyed by Benjamin H. Barrows. Originally located at the foot of Davenport Street in Downtown Omaha, in recent years that site has been redeveloped as a boat launch and docking location called Miller's Landing. In addition to originally handling outbound barge shipments of grain and passenger boats, the Port also handled inbound shipments of steel and asphalt.

Starting in the 1930s the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers planned to channelize the Missouri River, and business leaders in Omaha immediately began clamoring for increased barge traffic to the city. In 1937 the Omaha Chamber of Commerce began lobbying the Nebraska State Legislature to create a dock authority that could take funds from the Public Works Administration to support the development of the Port property. The Union Pacific Railroad, based in Omaha, supported the move believing it would generate more business for its tracks. In 1938 John Latenser, Sr. drew up plans, which were subsequently submitted and denied by the PWA. Subsequent bids to the Reconstruction Finance Corporation and the Works Progress Administration failed as well, leaving the city without adequate docking facilities when barge traffic opened in 1940.

1950–present
There was once a spur railroad line to the location, and in the 1950s there were plans to develop the site with modern storage buildings and a crane for unloading; however, those plans did not come to fruition.

As part of its Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository plan, the U.S. Department of Energy proposes using the Port to receive up to 125 barge shipments carrying giant high-level radioactive waste containers up the Missouri River from the Cooper Nuclear Station, which is located at Brownville, Nebraska.

A new, 11-mile segment of trail scheduled for the Omaha riverfront will provide the opportunity for recreation within sight of the Missouri River.  The trail will stretch from the Port of Omaha to N.P. Dodge Park. The Missouri River Pedestrian Bridge will cross the Missouri next to the Port across to Playland Park in Council Bluffs.

See also

 History of Omaha
 Transportation in Omaha

References

Missouri River
Buildings and structures in Omaha, Nebraska
Transportation in Omaha, Nebraska
Ports and harbors of Nebraska
River ports of the United States
Waterways in Omaha, Nebraska
1856 establishments in Nebraska Territory


Beerescourt is a suburb in western Hamilton, New Zealand. It is named after Capt. G. B. Beere, who was granted land in the military settlement at the conclusion of the New Zealand Wars. He set up a fort, and the area became known as Beere's Fort. The name was eventually changed to Beerescourt.

The suburb became a part of Hamilton in 1949 with the 5th boundary extension. The suburb is centred on a low hill, the location of the original fort and lies between State Highway 1 and the Waikato river giving ready access to the central business district and the riverside walkway. The hill and the riverside area give good elevated views. There is a small local shopping centre as well as quick access to shops along Te Rapa Straight.

Demographics
Beerescourt covers  and had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Beerescourt had a population of 2,220 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 84 people (3.9%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 186 people (9.1%) since the 2006 census. There were 813 households, comprising 1,068 males and 1,152 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.93 males per female. The median age was 37.6 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 432 people (19.5%) aged under 15 years, 429 (19.3%) aged 15 to 29, 963 (43.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 396 (17.8%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 79.3% European/Pākehā, 15.9% Māori, 4.5% Pacific peoples, 11.6% Asian, and 1.9% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 20.7, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 45.9% had no religion, 41.5% were Christian, 0.7% had Māori religious beliefs, 2.4% were Hindu, 0.8% were Muslim, 0.7% were Buddhist and 2.3% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 507 (28.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 228 (12.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $39,300, compared with $31,800 nationally. 432 people (24.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 906 (50.7%) people were employed full-time, 264 (14.8%) were part-time, and 63 (3.5%) were unemployed.

Education
Vardon School is a coeducational state primary school for years 1 to 6, with a roll of  as of  The school opened in 1956.

See also
List of streets in Hamilton
Suburbs of Hamilton, New Zealand

References

Suburbs of Hamilton, New Zealand
Populated places on the Waikato River


Long Harbour–Mount Arlington Heights is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 185 in the Canada 2021 Census.

The town is the site of the Long Harbour Nickel Processing Plant.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Long Harbour-Mount Arlington Heights had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Populated coastal places in Canada
Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


Theo Watson is a British artist and programmer. His art work includes interactive video, large-scale public projections, computer vision projects, and interactive sound recordings which have featured in museums and galleries across the world including Museum of Modern Art, New York Hall of Science, Tate Modern amongst others. Watson is a partner at Design I/O, a Cambridge-based interactive design firm known for cutting edge, immersive installations. He is also co-founder of the programming toolkit openFrameworks, co-creator of the EyeWriter and a virtual fellow at Free Art and Technology Lab.

Biography
Watson has a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Design and Technology from Parsons School of Design.

As a programmer, Watson has worked with Zach Lieberman in creating openFrameworks, an open source C++ library for creative coding and graphics. He is a member of the Graffiti Research Lab, and in 2007 wrote the code for their LASER Tag project. In 2006, Watson worked with director Michel Gondry, writing custom software for physical sensors and cameras in three interactive installations in Gondry's Science of Sleep exhibition at Deitch Projects in New York City.

From Spring to Fall 2006, Watson worked as a Production Fellow at Eyebeam. He is currently a Virtual Fellow at Free Art and Technology Lab (a.k.a. FAT Lab).

Artworks

Watson makes site-specific installations that look at how humans relate to various situations and spaces. Many of Watson's works use elements of physical computing in interactive installations. In Vinyl Workout (Rotterdam Electronic Music Festival, 2006), custom software and cameras track user's movements as they walk along a large projection of a record on the floor, manipulating the audio and video playback with the speed and direction of their steps.

In Audio Space (2005), a user wearing a GPS-enabled headset can record messages at any position within a room, and hear all the sounds left by previous visitors as they move about the space.

Laser Tag, a 2007 installation by Watson, used a laser projector to enable members of the public to write names and messages in light on the side of a Rotterdam office building. It was also shown at MoMA and the Tate Modern.

Born out of Necessity, a collaborative artwork by Watson and other artists, involves the use of eye-tracking technology to allow a graffiti artist afflicted with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis to create virtual tags; it is in the collection of MoMA.

The Tate Muybridgizer, commissioned from Watson and Emily Gobeille by the Tate Modern, is a cellular phone application that allows users to create animations in the style of Eadweard Muybridge's Zoopraxiscope.

Exhibitions
Watson has shown projects at Eyebeam, Deitch Projects, the DUMBO Video Art Festival, Resfest, the inaugural Rotterdam Electronic Music Festival, and at Montevideo/Time Based Arts in (Amsterdam).

References

External links
 Theo Watson
 openFrameworks
 Interview with Watson by HITSPAPER website

British multimedia artists
Modern artists
British contemporary artists
British video artists
British digital artists
British computer programmers
Parsons School of Design alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Gust may refer to:

People

Given name
 Gust Avrakotos (1938–2005), CIA case officer known for the arming of Afghanistan's Mujahideen against the Soviet invasion under Operation Cyclone
 Gust Hagberg (19th-century–20th-century)
 Gust Kundert (1913–2000), American politician
 Gust Lamesch (born 1911), Luxembourgian fencer
 Gust E. Lundberg (1920–1977), founder of the Sandy's fast-food restaurant chain
 Gust Stemmler (1899–1986), former Democratic member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
 Gust J. Swenning (1917–1942), American sailor who served in the United States Navy
 Gust Zarnas (1913–2000), college football All-American and professional football player
 Gust Graas (born 1924), Luxembourg businessman and painter

Surname
 Neil Gust, American musician known for co-founding Heatmiser with Elliott Smith in 1992
 Wolfgang Gust (born 1935), German journalist, historian, author and chief of heading for magazine Der Spiegel
 Ernie Gust (1888–1945), Early 20th century professional baseball player
 Reinhard Gust (born 1950), German rower, who competed for the SC Dynamo Berlin / Sportvereinigung (SV)
 Anne Gust (born 1958), American businesswoman and politician
 Ian Gust (born 1941), an Australian medical researcher, virologist, and former science administrator
 Werner Gust (1910–1979), highly decorated Oberst in the Wehrmacht during World War II

GUST
 TeX User Group Poland (:pl:Polska Grupa Użytkowników Systemu TeX) or their fonts distributed with Ghostscript
 Glasgow University Student Television
 Gulf University for Science and Technology, the first private university established in Kuwait
 Galway United Supporters Trust

Other uses
 Wind gust, a short blast of wind
 Outflow boundary or gust front, a storm-scale or mesoscale boundary separating thunderstorm-cooled air (outflow) from the surrounding air and marked by a wind shift
 Gust (game developer), a Japanese game developer and division of Koei Tecmo Games

See also
 Gusty (disambiguation)
Surnames from given names

simple:Gust


Lord's Cove is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 155 in the Canada 2021 Census. Lord's Cove has a rich inshore fishing history and heritage. The town is approximately 65 km southeast of Marystown.

On November 18, 1929, a tsunami, triggered by an offshore earthquake on the Grand Banks, killed Sarah Rennie and her three children, Bernard, Rita and Patrick, and destroyed the fishing property and provisions of most of Lord Cove's fishers.

Lord's Cove is an ideal birdwatching area with established colonies of Leach's storm-petrel and Manx shearwater nearby at Middle Lawn Island. The colony of Manx shearwaters near "the Cove" is the only known North American colony of the burrowing seabird.

On July 20, 2009, the government of Newfoundland and Labrador announced the creation of the Lawn Islands Archipelago Provisional Ecological Reserve which consists of Middle Lawn Island, Offer Island and Columbier Islands. In addition to the large colonies of Manx shearwaters and Leach's storm petrels, the ecological reserve at Lawn Islands will protect a number  of additional breeding seabird species, namely herring gulls, great black backed gulls, black guillemots, black-legged kittiwakes, common murres and Arctic terns.

Sandy Cove beach is located in Lord's Cove.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Lord's Cove had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 Lamaline
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

External links
 1929 Grand Banks Tsunami
 The Grand Banks earthquake and tsunami - CBC Archives
Lord's Cove - Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador, vol. 3, p. 374-375.

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
Fishing communities in Canada


The American Ruling Class is a 2005 dramatic documentary film written by Lewis H. Lapham and directed by John Kirby that "explores our country’s most taboo topic: class, power and privilege in our nominally democratic republic."  It seeks to answer the question, "Does America have a ruling class?"  Its producers consider it the first "dramatic-documentary-musical." A rough-cut of the film was shown at the 2005 Tribeca Film Festival, the final version of the film was shown on the Sundance Channel in July 2007, and it had its theatrical premiere at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in April 2008.

Plot
The film stars Lewis H. Lapham, who plays himself as editor of Harper's Magazine. Lapham opens the film with the question of whether or not America has a "ruling class," a circle of wealthy and powerful families that run the banks, businesses, and government, essentially controlling everything in America.

To answer this question, Lapham devises a fictional scenario following the post-graduation paths of two young Yale graduates, themselves from opposite economic beginnings. The paths they take gradually clue them, and the audience, into the reality posed by the question.

Caton Burwell plays "Jack Bellami," a recent Yale graduate who comes from a rich family. Unlike his family or his friends, Jack seems unsure of what he wants to do with his life and wonders how he could make a difference in the world. Jack ultimately decides to become a banker, working at Goldman Sachs. He chooses the job after coming to the conclusion that the banking industry controls the world and that it would be easier and more effective to become a part of the system in order to change it from within.

Paul Cantagallo plays "Mike Vanzetti," another recent Yale graduate who is best friends with Jack Bellami. Unlike his friend, Mike is from a middle-class background, meaning he isn't wealthy like his friend Jack. Mike wants to change the world from outside the system. He decides to become a writer and goes headfirst into the character, renting a studio apartment and getting a job as a waiter. He refuses to "sell out" by way of writing for a major newspaper or by "pandering to the masses" by writing "lowest-common-denominator" material.

Mike's story takes center stage in the second half of the film, after Jack's decision to join Goldman and his subsequent success there. A run-in with Mike leads Jack to offer him a job at the company, an offer Mike initially rejects. As his student-loan bills start piling up, however, Mike begins to resent his lack of money and low-paying job, as well as the inability of his writing to enact change. Mike's girlfriend, Taylor, invites him to a wealthy friend's party, at which she encourages him to continue his work. A short time after the party, Lapham invites Mike to take a trip to a "space that used to be called, in another age of man, Mexico." This land was Texas. In Texas, Lapham shows Mike how the powerful control the government, and how money, in the end, trumps any effort by the non-wealthy to alter society.

Ultimately, Mike decides to abandon his writerly dream and takes up Jack's job offer. During a visit to Taylor's mansion home, Mike plays a game of tennis with his girlfriend and they discuss his decision. Taylor is horrified with his new defeatist attitude. Mike lectures his girlfriend on his new worldview: that money is all that matters, and that, as society goes to hell, wealth is one's only defense against the routine abuses and corruption of the ruling class.

The film then splits with two endings. The first shows Mike during his first day as a banker, zooming in on him at an initiation program: His panic and displeasure are evident as he immediately regrets what he has done.

The second ending (which an on-screen graphic claims was filmed after test audiences reacted poorly to the first ending) has Mike sidetracked when he agrees to watch a stage show. It is being rehearsed by the lead singer of "THE WHATS?" and a group of children. The song they play discusses the themes of the film. The film ends with Mike in the woods, leaving the viewer in the dark on the question of whether Mike makes it to work or has his mind changed by the song.

Interviews
The following people are interviewed:

 Robert Altman
 James A. Baker III
 Bill Bradley
 Harold Brown
 Hodding Carter III
 William T. Coleman Jr.
 Walter Cronkite
 Barbara Ehrenreich
 Martin Garbus
 Vartan Gregorian
 Doug Henwood
 Mike Medavoy
 Joseph S. Nye Jr.
 Samuel Peabody
 John Perkins
 Peter G. Peterson
 Peter Seeger
 Lawrence H. Summers
 Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr.
 William Howard Taft IV
 Kurt Vonnegut
 Howard Zinn

Kurt Vonnegut and Robert Altman both died before the final cut of the film was aired on Sundance Channel.
Pre-fame Azealia Banks appears in an uncredited cameo as a singing/dancing child.

See also
 The Corporation

References

External links

 Review: Brooklyn Reviews
 Review: The Brooklyn Rail
 Fashion & Style review: The New York Times
 Business review: The New York Times

2005 films
2005 documentary films
American documentary films
Documentary films about American politics
Documentary films about business
Documentary films about the ruling class
2000s English-language films
2000s American films


Lourdes is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 465 in the Canada 2016 Census. The current mayor of Lourdes is Henry Gaudon.

The earliest settlers in the area came from Brittany in France. Originally, they came to fish around the western shores of Newfoundland and would return to France. However, eventually many started settling around the shores of the Port au Port Peninsula. Many took local Mi’kmaq women as wives.

Our Lady of Lourdes Parish, a Catholic church, contains a grotto which was built in 1987. A local stonemason, Michael Flavin, offered to carve a grotto into a natural outcrop of rock near the parish church. Flavin was reportedly inspired by the famous site in Lourdes, France, where the Virgin Mary had appeared to a young girl, he built a series of terraces and niches, creating a place for reflection and devotion. The Catholic Women's League of Our Lady of Lourdes Parish began raising funds, adding life-size statues of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Jesus the Redeemer. Later came a walkway, benches, and delicately carved Stations of the Cross. A rosary made of donated fishing buoys provides a nautical link between the parish and the sea. The site is a tourist attraction.

In 2015, a Chase the Ace lottery at Our Lady of Lourdes Parish received national attention due to the large jackpot.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Lourdes had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
 Port au Port Peninsula

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


Arthur Marriott (1821–31 March 1866) was an English-born Australian cricketer who played for Tasmania. He was born in England and died in Nice.

Marriott made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 1851–52 season, against Victoria. From the upper-middle order, he scored 2 runs in the first innings in which he batted, and 7 runs in the second.

See also
 List of Tasmanian representative cricketers

External links

1821 births
1866 deaths
Australian cricketers
Tasmania cricketers
English emigrants to colonial Australia


McIvers is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 575 in the Canada 2021 Census. The town celebrated its Come Home Year in 2017, following a successful Chase the Ace fundraiser the previous year which largely funded the event. The town is located on the north shore of the Bay of Islands, Newfoundland and Labrador.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, McIvers had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


Black Oak Arkansas is the 1971 eponymous debut album by Black Oak Arkansas.

Track listing
All selections written and arranged by Black Oak Arkansas, except where noted.
 "Uncle Lijiah" - 3:17
 "Memories at the Window" - 3:05
 "The Hills of Arkansas" - 3:45
 "I Could Love You" - 6:10
 "Hot and Nasty" (Daugherty, Jett, Knight, Reynolds, Smith, Stone) - 2:55
 "Singing the Blues" (Melvin Endsley) - 2:17
 "Lord Have Mercy on My Soul" - 6:15
 "When Electricity Came to Arkansas" - 4:26

Personnel
Black Oak Arkansas
Jim "Dandy" Mangrum - lead vocals, washboard
Rickie "Ricochet" Reynolds - 12-string rhythm guitar, vocals
Pat "Dirty" Daugherty - bass guitar, vocals
Harvey "Burley" Jett - lead guitar, banjo, piano, vocals
Stanley "Goober" Knight - lead and steel guitar, organ, vocals
Wayne "Squeezebox" Evans - drums

Production
Sheldon Krechman, Lee D. Weisel - executive production
Brian Bruderlin, Stan Ross - engineer
Jay Senter, Doc Siegel - remixing
Eve Babitz - cover design, photography

Charts
Album - Billboard (United States)

References

1971 debut albums
Black Oak Arkansas albums
Atco Records albums
Albums produced by Lee Dorman
Albums produced by Mike Pinera
Albums recorded at Gold Star Studios


Main Brook is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 246 in the Canada 2021 Census.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Main Brook had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Climate

References

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


The Roman city of Argentomagus was located in the Mersans plateau of central France, at the strategic point on the north bank of the river Creuse, where a Roman bridge once traversed. It was located at the crossing of two roads—Cenabum (Orléans) to Augustoritum (Limoges), and Limonum (Poitiers) to Avaricum (Bourges). The Latin name of the city meant "Silver Market."  The modern town of Argenton takes its name from the ancient site of Argentomagus.

History
In pre-Roman and early-Roman occupation times, the site of Argentomagus was the home of the Bituriges tribe (their name meaning "kings of the world").  The Romans conquered the area circa 50 BCE. The city reached its peak during the Gallo-Roman period in the 2nd and 3rd century CE. During the late Empire the Notitia Dignitatum indicated a government arms factory in the city. At the end of the Classical period the population center relocated to the south bank and the original site was only lightly built on thereafter. The present-day village of Saint Marcel occupies only a small portion of the original location. Because of this Argentomagus is today an archaeological site of considerable significance.

According to legend Saint Marcellus  was beheaded under Valerian (253–260) for destroying idols.

The cult of Mercury was popular among the inhabitants, who were active in metal smelting and bronze-smithing. Other cult figures included the Earth Mother, Venus, warrior heroes and various local deities.

Archaeological site and museum

The archaeological site is of prime interest as it shows how the town evolved from a Gaulish settlement into a Roman town. Substantial areas of the ruins have been excavated, including an amphitheatre, a Roman villa, a cemetery, a thermal spring. Unique finds have also been recovered, such as a circular altar pedestal.  A local museum related to the site exists in Mersans.

References

Sources
"Argentomagus : Oppidum gaulois" by Françoise Dumasy-Mathieu
"Argentomagus": by Gerard Coulon
"Le théâtre d'Argentomagus" (Saint-Marcel, Indre): by Françoise Dumasy

Roman towns and cities in France
Former populated places in France
Oppida
Bituriges Cubi
Gallia Aquitania


Mary's Harbour is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 312 in the Canada 2021 Census, down from 341 in the Canada 2016 Census. It is serviced by Mary's Harbour Airport.

Mary's Harbour surrounds the St. Mary's River, which was the site of a salmon fishery as early as the 1780s. However, Mary's Harbour was not a permanent settlement until after a fire at Battle Harbour in 1930. The International Grenfell Association decided to relocate its hospital and boarding school, destroyed by the fire, from Battle Harbour to Mary's Harbour. Mary's Harbour has always depended on the fishery for its livelihood. Since the Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery the community has thrived on the crab fishery. The Labrador Fishermen's Union Shrimp Company employs over 120 people at the local crab processing facility. It is also the gateway to the National Historic District of Battle Harbour.

Climate
Mary's Harbour has a subarctic climate (Koppen: Dfc) with cold winters in spite of its marine position, courtesy of the cold waters of the Labrador Current. Being located on the same latitude around  from almost frost-free areas of Ireland, the difference between the two Atlantic coastlines is rather extreme. As typical of eastern Canada, Mary's Harbour receives heavy snowfall each winter. Unusually for such a climate, it has a pronounced seasonal lag, especially in the summer, with September averaging warmer than June and October warmer than May. A more typical subarctic climate, like Oymyakon, Russia has a temperature lag of only about 15 days.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Mary's Harbour had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Notable residents

 Yvonne Jones, Member of Parliament for Labrador; former Leader of the Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador

See also
 Battle Harbour
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
 International Grenfell Association
 NunatuKavut
 Barren Bay

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
Populated places in Labrador


Meadows is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 404 in the Canada 2021 Census. The town has a senior citizen's complex, a convenience store/take-out, and the North Shore's only school, Templeton Academy, a k-12 school. It also has its own water supply, and provides water for the neighbouring town of Gilliams.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Meadows had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


Elizabeth Evans Hughes Gossett (August 19, 1907 April 21, 1981), the daughter of US statesman Charles Evans Hughes, was the first American, and one of the first people in the world, treated with insulin for type 1 diabetes. She received over 42,000 insulin shots over her lifetime.

Early life
Elizabeth Evans Hughes was born August 19, 1907, in the New York State Executive Mansion in Albany, New York, to Antoinette (Carter) and Charles Evans Hughes, who was Governor of New York at the time.

Elizabeth developed diabetes in 1918 at age 11. At the time, the life expectancy of a Type 1 diabetic without treatment was usually no more than a few months. Since it was unable to metabolize sugars, the diabetic body would instead begin to burn fats. The dependence on fat would eventually lead to acidosis, followed by coma and death. The only known treatment was a starvation diet, in which the caloric intake was reduced to a level that the patient could tolerate without showing sugar in the urine. If the diet was followed religiously, a diabetic could expect to live for a couple of years before eventually succumbing to an infectious disease in their malnourished state.

In spring 1919, Elizabeth Hughes was brought to Dr. Frederick M. Allen at his special clinic, the Physiatric Institute in Morristown, New Jersey. Allen put her on a strict diet and continued to monitor her condition over the next three years while she lived at home with a private nurse. She was  and  when she developed diabetes. Under diets that averaged 800 calories per day, her weight fell to  by August 1922.

From summer 1921 to spring 1922, a team at the University of Toronto succeeded in isolating the hormone insulin, which type 1 diabetics are unable to produce on their own. Hughes' mother contacted Canadian doctor Frederick Banting, who agreed to take her as a private patient. Hughes arrived in Toronto with her mother on August 15, 1922, and began receiving insulin from Dr. Banting. She recovered rapidly, and she was placed on a 2200–2400 calorie weight-gain diet within two weeks. She returned home to Washington, D.C., on Thanksgiving Day 1922.

Adult life
Elizabeth returned to school in 1923 and graduated from Barnard College in 1929. In 1930 she married William T. Gossett, a lawyer who later served as the president of the American Bar Association (1968-69) as well as vice president and general counsel of the Ford Motor Company. They lived in Bloomfield, Michigan, and had two daughters and a son.

Elizabeth Gossett was active in civic affairs in the Detroit area. She was a member of the board of trustees of Barnard College, one of the founding trustees of Oakland University, Rochester, a member of the Detroit Urban League, as well as a volunteer at the Merrill-Palmer Institute and at Michigan State University. She was best known as the founder of the Supreme Court Historical Society in 1972 and served as its president until 1979.

Gossett died of a heart attack on April 21, 1981, at the age of 73. By the time of her death, she had received approximately 42,000 insulin injections over 58 years. Although her name had been prominently mentioned in the newspaper coverage of insulin in 1922, she later hid her diabetes from her friends and associates. She destroyed most of the material that documented her treatments, and even removed references to diabetes in her father's papers.

Legacy
The Hughes Gossett Awards, presented by the Supreme Court Historical Society, are named in her honor. She was portrayed in the Canadian miniseries on the discovery of insulin, Glory Enough for All.

See also
Leonard Thompson, first person treated with insulin

References

External links

Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto

1907 births
1981 deaths
Barnard College alumni
People from Albany, New York
People from Oakland County, Michigan
People with type 1 diabetes
Charles Evans Hughes family


Middle Arm is a village in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is located on the northern shore of an inlet of Notre Dame Bay in the north-central part of Newfoundland.

The town had a population of 443 in the Canada 2021 Census.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Middle Arm had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 Baie Verte Peninsula
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


Miles Cove is a town on Sunday Cove Island in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 104 in 2016, down from 140 in the Canada 2006 Census.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Miles Cove had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


The Nashville Bluegrass Band is an American bluegrass music ensemble founded in 1984.

The group's members first played together in 1984 as a backing band for Vernon Oxford and Minnie Pearl; each of the members was an established musician from the Nashville bluegrass community. They signed to Rounder Records and recorded their Béla Fleck-produced debut, My Native Home, in 1985. Incorporating elements of black gospel and spirituals, then a rarity in bluegrass, they became critical and popular successes both in America and abroad. The group toured in some 20 countries and were the first bluegrass band to ever play in China.

The group continued to record for Rounder and Sugar Hill into the 1990s; two of the albums, 1993's Waitin' for the Hard Times to Go and 1995's Unleashed, won Grammy Awards for Best Bluegrass Album. Other albums were nominated for Grammys in the same category in 1988, 1990, 1991, 1998, and 2004. After the departure of bassist Gene Libbea and mandolinist Roland White in 1998, the group went on a brief hiatus, but after vocalist Pat Enright sang as one of the Soggy Bottom Boys from O Brother, Where Art Thou?, the group's career had a revival. They played as the backing group for many performers on the Down from the Mountain tour and album, and toured again on their own in the 2000s.

Members
Current members
Alan O'Bryant - banjo, vocals
Pat Enright - guitar, vocals
Mike Compton - mandolin
Stuart Duncan - fiddle
Andy Todd - bass

Past members
Mark Hembree - bass
Gene Libbea - bass
Roland White - mandolin
Dennis Crouch - bass

Discography

References

External links
Official website

Musical groups from Nashville, Tennessee
American bluegrass music groups
Musical groups established in 1984


Millertown is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador on the north-east side of Beothuk Lake. The town had a population of 87 in the Canada 2021 Census.

Millertown was founded in 1900 by Scottish lumber baron Lewis Miller.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Millertown had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

References

External links
Millertown

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
Mining communities in Newfoundland and Labrador


Ming's Bight is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 298 in 2021 Census, down from 319 in the Canada 2016 Census.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Ming's Bight had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 Baie Verte, Newfoundland and Labrador
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


Morrisville is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 93 in the Canada 2021 Census. Morrisville is located in the Bay d'Espoir region and is 169 km from Grand Falls-Windsor.

In October 2016, the town, along with a few others in Atlantic Canada was devastated from flooding related to Hurricane Matthew.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Morrisville had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 Bay d'Espoir
 Bay d'Espoir Hydroelectric Power Station
 Connaigre Peninsula
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


Owyhee Reservoir or Owyhee Lake is a reservoir on the Owyhee River in Malheur County, Oregon, United States. Located in far Eastern Oregon near the Idaho border, the reservoir is Oregon's longest at . The  lake is home to several species of fish, including crappie, rainbow trout, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, yellow perch, and brown bullhead. An artificial lake, it was created in 1932 with the completion of the Owyhee Dam. The lake supplies water for irrigation for 1,800 farms covering 118,000 acres of land in Eastern Oregon and Southwestern Idaho.  Seasonal Lake Owyhee State Park is located on the northeast shore and includes a boat ramp.

See also
 Owyhee Reservoir State Airport
 List of lakes in Oregon

References

External links

 Owyhee Dam : U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
 Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
 US Bureau of Reclamation reservoir levels and flows

Reservoirs in Oregon
Owyhee River
Owyhee Desert
Bureau of Land Management areas in Oregon
Lakes of Malheur County, Oregon
Tourist attractions in Malheur County, Oregon
Buildings and structures in Malheur County, Oregon
Protected areas of Malheur County, Oregon
1932 establishments in Oregon


Joseph Wilson McEwan (16 April 1830 – 26 February 1885), was an Australian cricket player, who played one first-class cricket match for Tasmania on 29 and 30 March 1852. He made 10 not out.

References

External links

1830 births
1885 deaths
Australian cricketers
Tasmania cricketers
Scottish emigrants to Australia


Mount Moriah is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 700 in the Canada 2021 Census.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Mount Moriah had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
 Bay of Islands
 List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador


New Perlican is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 200 in the Canada 2021 Census.

Geography
Black and gray shales of the Precambrian era underlie the town. The main soil is a stony loam podzol of the Turk's Cove series. The vegetation is a complex of coniferous forest (mainly balsam fir) and heath barren.

History
New Perlican is one of the oldest settlements in the province. The town was mentioned by name by Thomas Rowley, one of the first settlers at the Cupids Colony. According to his correspondence, he was making plans to move to New Perlican in 1619. It is unknown if he did.

Archaeologist William (Bill) Gilbert has conducted several seasons of excavations in the community at what is known at the Hefford Plantation (Borden Site Number ClAi-4), which “was first settled by William Hefford and his family in 1675 and appears to have been occupied continually since that time.” This plantation is “thought to be the oldest in Canada that is still inhabited by the descendants of the first settlers.”

By 1677 William Hefford had built a “dwelling house [and] nine store rooms and lodging houses” at New Perlican, and excavations in 2003 uncovered a William III ha’penny minted sometime between 1695 and 1698 and a seventeenth-century padlock. Work the following year recovered a Spanish American silver one real coin manufactured in Potosi in what is now Bolivia, dated to circa 1653.

During King William's War, the village was destroyed in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign.

A burial site (ClAi-12 Bloody Point 2) might date to the 17th or early 18th century, and an archaeological survey in 2019 documented two disturbances detected by ground-penetrating radar which are probably graves, and 19 grave markers, one quite a bit younger than the rest.

The first Anglican church in New Perlican was built in 1834 and was named St. Mark's, with an adjacent graveyard: Made from local stones, the grave markers were likely either carved in a nearby community to New Perlican. Records showed that there were slate cutters from Wales in Newfoundland dating back centuries, brought over to work the slate that the British were already aware was present on the island. It makes sense that a gravestone carving culture would spring up from that, and I’m not surprised to see these samples at the site! My favourite is the little red stone that reads ‘S W’ in uneven, capital letters. In addition to these, there were several headstones carved by A. Smith, a gravestone carver from St. John’s who was the first to import marble from New England for gravestones in the early 1800s, and MacKim, another carver from St. John’s who also worked with imported marble and limestone.The church burned and a new church, St. Augustine's, was erected in a different location.New Perlican circa 1900 was a sheltered harbour with saltbox houses everywhere through the town. Near the water was the Pittman shipbuilding area where many ocean going schooners were built by that prominent family of sea captains in its history.... In the 1920s the landscape changed. New Perlican was littered with many fishing stages, and the shipbuilding area and schooners that were tied up there. In the 1950s there were two churches, St. Matthew’s United Church built in 1913, and the second St. Augustine’s church which was built in 1920.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, New Perlican had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

See also
List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador

References

Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador