The  was a two-ship class of dreadnought battleships built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the first decade of the 20th century. Both ships bombarded German fortifications at Qingdao during the siege of Qingdao in 1914, but saw no other combat in World War I.  sank in 1918 after an explosion in her ammunition magazine with the loss of over 600 officers and crewmen.  was disarmed in 1922 and converted into a target ship two years later to meet the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty and served until she was sunk in 1945 by American carrier aircraft. The ship was refloated after the war and scrapped in 1946–1947.

Background

The Kawachi class was ordered on 22 June 1907 under the 1907 Warship Supplement Program after the Russo-Japanese War as Japan's first dreadnoughts, although their construction was delayed by a severe depression. They were one of the first steps in the fulfillment of the recently adopted Eight-Eight Fleet Program that required a fleet of eight dreadnoughts and armored cruisers. Their design was based on the  with a uniform  main-gun armament in the hexagonal layout used by the German dreadnoughts of the  and es.

The first iteration of the design had six twin-gun turrets, with two pairs of superfiring turrets fore and aft of the superstructure and the two other turrets amidships "en echelon" to maximize end-on fire. This layout was rejected as it exceeded the informal  limit. The design was then revised with the turrets in the hexagonal layout using the same 45-caliber 12-inch guns used in the preceding battleships. In early 1908, the IJN received reports that the Royal Navy's latest battleships used longer 50-caliber guns. The Chief of the Naval General Staff, Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō, pushed to use these guns; cost considerations prevented all the guns from having the same barrel length, so they were used only in the fore and aft turrets.

Description
The two ships had different bow designs for comparison purposes; Settsus clipper bow was longer than Kawachis vertical stem. Otherwise the two ships were externally virtually identical. The ships had an overall length of , a beam of , and a normal draft of . They displaced  at normal load and had a metacentric height of . Their crew ranged from 999 to 1100 officers and enlisted men.

The Kawachi-class vessels were fitted with a pair of license-built Curtis steam turbine sets, each set driving one propeller, using steam from 16 Miyabara water-tube boilers with a working pressure of . The turbines were rated at a total of  for a design speed of . During testing, the turbines of both ships proved to be significantly more powerful than designed,  for Kawachi and  for Settsu, although the speeds attained on sea trials are unknown. The ships carried a maximum of  of coal and  of fuel oil which gave them a range of  at a speed of .

Armament
The Kawachi class carried four 50-caliber Type 41 12-inch guns mounted in two twin-gun turrets, one each fore and aft of the superstructure. Settsus guns were ordered from Vickers and Kawachis were built in Japan. The fore and aft turrets could each traverse 270°. They fired  armor-piercing (AP) shells at a muzzle velocity of ; this gave a maximum range of . The eight 45-caliber 12-inch 41st Year Type were mounted in four twin-gun wing turrets, two on each broadside. Each turret could traverse 160°. The 45-caliber guns fired the same shell as the longer guns, although muzzle velocity was reduced to  and range to . Each 12-inch gun was provided with 80 rounds, normally loaded at an elevation of +5°, although they could be loaded at any angle up to +13°. The guns had an elevation range of -5° to +25°.

Their secondary armament consisted of ten 45-caliber 6-inch (152 mm) guns, mounted in casemates in the sides of the hull, and eight 40-caliber quick-firing (QF) 4.7-inch (120 mm) 41st Year Type guns. The  gun fired a  AP shell at a muzzle velocity of  and the ships carried 150 rounds for each gun. The shell of the 4.7-inch gun weighed  and was fired at a muzzle velocity of . Each gun was also provided with 150 rounds.

The ships were also equipped with a dozen 40-caliber QF 12-pounder () 41st Year Type guns for defense against torpedo boats and four shorter 12-pounder guns were used as saluting guns or mounted on the ships' boats. Both of these guns fired  shells with muzzle velocities of  and  respectively. They carried a total of 1,200 rounds for the longer guns and another 1,200 for the shorter guns.

In addition, they were fitted with five submerged  torpedo tubes, two on each broadside and one in the stern. Two of the ships' boats could carry torpedoes and the ships carried a total of 24 Type 43 torpedoes. These had a  warhead and a maximum range of  at a speed of .

Armor
The waterline main belt of the Kawachi-class ships consisted of Krupp cemented armor that had a maximum thickness of 12 inches amidships and tapered to a thickness of  inches at the ends of the ship. Approximately  of the belt was above the waterline and  below it. Above the belt was a strake of armor  thick that covered the side of the hull up to the height of the middle deck. Above that was a 6-inch strake that protected the casemates. The barbettes for the main guns were  thick above the weather deck and  below it. The armor of all the 12-inch gun turrets had a maximum thickness of 11 inches with a 3-inch roof. The deck armor was  thick and the conning tower was protected by  of armor.

Ships

Service
Following the Japanese ship-naming conventions, Kawachi and Settsu were named after ancient Japanese provinces, both now a part of Osaka prefecture. The only significant action performed by either ship during World War I was when they bombarded German fortifications in October–November 1914 during the final stage of the Battle of Qingdao. They were both assigned to the First Squadron until they were refitted in 1917 and 1916 respectively. Upon their completion of their refits, both ships were assigned to the Second Squadron. On 12 July 1918, Kawachi was sunk in an accidental magazine explosion in Tokuyama Bay that killed over 600 crewmen. Stricken from the Navy List on 21 September 1918, the wreck was later partially dismantled although most of the hull was abandoned in place to serve as an artificial reef.

Settsu was reassigned to the First Squadron later that month. By this time, the dozen 40-caliber 3-inch 4th Year Type guns had been removed and four 3-inch anti-aircraft guns were added. Two of the torpedo tubes were also removed. The ship served as the flagship for Emperor Taishō for the naval reviews held in 1918 and 1919. She was placed in reserve in late 1919 and reboilered during an overhaul that lasted until 1921. Settsu was disarmed in 1922 under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty and stricken from the Navy List on 1 October 1923. Her guns were turned over to the Imperial Japanese Army for use as coastal artillery; her main gun turrets were installed around the Strait of Tsushima. The rest of her guns were placed in reserve and scrapped in 1943. The ship was converted into a target ship in 1924 with her armor reinforced to withstand hits.

In 1935–1937, the ship was converted to radio-control which allowed her to be maneuvered by operators aboard another ship and additional armor was added. At the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, she transported a battalion of naval troops to the Shanghai area. Settsu simulated the radio traffic of eight aircraft carriers at the beginning of the Pacific War in an effort to deceive Allied intelligence as to the locations and activities of the Japanese carriers. For the rest of the war she served as a target for carrier pilots. Settsu was badly damaged when Allied carrier aircraft attacked the IJN base at Kure in July 1945 and was forced to beach herself lest she sink. The ship was stricken from the Navy List on 20 November and her hulk was raised and broken up in 1946–1947.

Notes

Footnotes

References

 (contact the editor at lars.ahlberg@halmstad.mail.postnet.se for subscription information)

External links

Battleship classes


Local to Global Justice is a volunteer organization based in Tempe, Arizona, United States. It sponsors events dealing with social justice issues, mostly held on and around the Arizona State University (ASU) Tempe campus. The group is a registered ASU student organization, but membership is not limited to students at the university.

Every year since 2002 the group has organized the Local to Global Justice Teach-in at the ASU Tempe campus. The free event is a social forum featuring nationally recognized speakers, workshops by local grassroots organizations, music, and food. The speakers and workshops at the Teach-in have dealt with a wide variety of topics, including civil rights, environmental justice, workers' rights, globalization, and immigration.

Well-known speakers at past events have included Starhawk, Ward Churchill, Rod Coronado, Jonathan Schell, Frances Moore Lappé, Lisa "Tiny" Gray-Garcia,  Michael Alewitz and Tom Hayden.

Footnotes

External links
 Local to Global Justice homepage

Legal organizations based in the United States


Alkonost is a Russian epic folk metal band formed in Naberezhnye Chelny, Tatarstan, Russia in 1995.

Popularity
The band is best known amongst heavy metal fans in their native country of the Russian Federation. However, their music has been discussed and shared on the internet, particularly on Usenet, and they have found new audiences in the Nordic countries and United Kingdom. Signed to Metalism Records, their albums are available with English titles, although the songs themselves are predominantly sung in Russian. In 2007, for the first time, the band was able to perform outside of Russia, touring Ukraine, Belarus, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, where they were warmly received.

History

1996–1999
Andrey Losev (Elk), a bass guitarist who had previously performed in Mourning Beads, Molestation, and Canonis, founded the band Alkonost in August 1996.

2000–2004
On January 26, 2000, the band presented their debut full-length album, “Songs of the Eternal Oak”, which was released on audio cassettes in May by the Latvian label Beverina Productions and the German Ketzer Records. After that Alkonost played some shows, including “Death Panorama 9” and a festival in Ulyanovsk. However, due to numerous technical problems, the band had to stop playing live since October 2000. On July 31, 2002, through the efforts of Beverina Productions and Ketzer Records, the Alkonost CD was released, consisting of an album “Songs of the Eternal Oak”, a demo “Spirit Tending to Revolt”, as well as two video clips.

2005–2007
In 2005, the band toured a lot. However, at the same time, Alkonost was overtaken by problems - the planned album “Mezhmirie” (Russian version of “Between the Worlds”) did not come out, and the band's manager D. V. Tyunev had resigned. After these events, the band began to record the upcoming album “Pout' Neproydenny” (The Path We've Never Made) (CDM-Records studio). Thus, in 2006, their new label, Metalism Records, issued both albums, the old “Between the Worlds” and the new “The Path We've Never Made”.

After finishing the tour, the band prepared to record new songs, simultaneously re-recording their debut album “Songs of the Eternal Oak” with Russian lyrics. In 2007, Alkonost played the shows together with Master, as well as with Znich at the folk metal music festival in Minsk.

2008–2009
In 2008, the band went on tour in Russia and in April 2009 - in Europe (Poland, Slovenia, Holland, Germany, Slovakia, Czech Republic), where it performed at Ragnarok fest, held in Germany from April 17 to 18.

2010–2013
In 2010, the new album “Na Kryliakh Zova” (On the Wings of the Call) was released by the German label “Einheit Produktionen”. Alexey Solovyov left the band. Alkonost focused on recording the next studio album, occasionally giving single performances in Russia and Ukraine.

In 2011–2012, Almira Fatkhullina, Alyona Pelevina, Anton Chepigin and session bassist/vocalist Vladimir Pavlik left the band. In 2012, Ksenia Pobuzhanskaya (vocals) and Maxim Shtanke (vocals/bass guitar) joined the band, and with this updated line-up Alkonost returned to active touring. In 2012, the band continued touring and participated in such large-scale events as: Moto-Maloyaroslavets, Invasion, Fire Fest festivals and Carpathian Alliance Metal Festival (UA). Then Alkonost went on a short tour around the cities of Ukraine.

2013–2015
2013 was marked by the release of a new album “Skazki Stranstviy” (Tales of Wanderings) and a big tour to support it. In 2015, Maxim Shtanke and Dmitry Sokolov left the band. They were temporarily replaced by Vitold "Vitold" Buznayev (bass guitar, vocals) and Danila Pereladov (guitar).

2016–present
In the early summer of 2016, Latvian label Beverina reissued Alkonost's album “Kamennogo Serdtsa Krov'” (Stone Heart Blood) on a vinyl. In 2016, Rustem Shagitov joined the band as a bass guitarist and Pavel Kosolapov took the place of guitarist-vocalist.

On March 17, 2017, Alkonost had signed a three-year contract with Sleasly Rider Records label to release the album “Pesni Beloy Lilii” (Songs of the White Lily) on a CD for distribution in Europe. On April 1, 2018, Internet edition of the single “Listopad” (Leaf Fall) was released. End of February 2020 - March 2020. Alkonost did a Ural-Siberian tour from Ufa to Krasnoyarsk with session musicians: Ravil Nizametdinov - drums (Psychosis, Impact), Pavel Kosolapov - guitar. On November 13, 2020, the album "Alkonost - Piano version" was released. On January 21, 2021, the ninth full-length album "Vedomye Vetrom" (Driven by the Wind) is released.

Members

Current members
 Andrey "Elk" Losev – guitar, music (1996–present)
 Ksenia Pobuzhanskaya – vocals (2012–present)
 Pavel Kosolapov – guitar, vocals (2016–2017, 2019–present)
 Vadim Grozov – bass (2021–present)

Live musicians
 Dmitriy Bortsov – drums (2023–present)

Former members
 Alexey "Alex Nightbird" Solovyov – bass, vocals (1996–2010)
 Alexey Polkhovskyi – guitar (1996)
 Sergey "Coocker" Medvedev – guitar (1997)
 Vladimir "VL" Lushin – drums (1998–2000; died 2019)
 Almira Fatkhullina – keyboards (1999–2011)
 Anton Chepigin – drums (2002–2014)
 Alyona Pasynkova (Pelevina) – vocals (2002–2011)
 Dmitry Sokolov – guitar (2003–2015)
 Max "Pain" Shtanke – bass, vocals (2012–2015), guitar (2019)
 Anastasiya Ryabova – drums (2014–2015)
 Rustem Shagitov – bass (2016–2021), guitar (2018–2021)

Former live members
 Irina Zybina – vocals (2009–2010)
 Vladimir Pavlik – bass, vocals (2010–2011)
 Vitold Buznaev – bass (2015–2016)
 Danila "Skorb" Pereladov – guitar (2015–2016)
 Dmitry "Fin" Fiskin – drums (2016-2017)
 Roman "Dolbezhnik" Davidenko – drums (2016-2017)
 Andrey Ischenko – drums (2017)
 Andrey "Panterich" Panteleev – guitar, vocals (2018–2019)
 Ilya Rakitin – drums (2019)
 Stepan "Beast" Maratkanov – guitar, vocals (2019–2019)
 Mark Kirichenko – drums (2018–2019)
 Riyaz Khafizov – drums (2019)
 Anton "Chekhov" Simonov – bass, vocals (2018, 2019–2020, 2021)
 Ravil Nizametdinov – drums (2020–2022)

Timeline

Discography

Studio albums
 Songs of Eternal Oak (2000, Beverina Productions / Ketzer Records)
 Between the Worlds (2004, MetalAgen Records / Soyuz Music / Vic Records)
 Межмирье (2006, Metalism Records)
 Путь Непройденный (The Path We've Never Made) (2006, Metalism Records / Vic Records)
 Каменного Сердца Кровь (Blood of a Stone Heart) (2007, Metalism Records / Beverina Productions / MetalAgen Records)
 Песни Вечного Древа (2007, Metalism Records)
 На Крыльях Зова (On the Wings of the Call) (2010, Einheit Produktionen / Sound Age Productions)
 Сказки Странствий (Tales of Wanderings) (2013, Sound Age Productions / Beverina Productions)
 Песни Белой Лилии (Songs of the White Lily) (2016,  Black Death Production / Art of the Night Productions)
 Октаграмма (Octagram) (2018, self-released)
 Piano Version (2020, self-released)
 Ведомые Ветром (Driven by the Wind) (2021, self-released)

Compilation albums
 Alkonost (2002, Beverina Productions / Ketzer Records / MetalAgen Records / Soyuz Music)
 Full Discography (2019, self-released)

Demos and EPs
 Shadows of Timeless (1997, self-released)
 Shadows of Glory (1997, self-released)
 Spirit Tending to Revolt (unreleased) (2001)
 Неведомые земли (Unknown Lands) (2001, self-released)
 Memories (compilation) (2001)
 Русалка (2014, Beverina Productions)
 Тропа K Bесне (2017, Beverina Productions)

DVDs
 У стен Арконы (In Front of the Arkona Walls) (2008, Sound Age Productions)
 Live in Moscow (split with Månegarm and Kalevala) (2008)

References

External links
Official band website

Beverina Productions artists
Musical groups established in 1995
Russian heavy metal musical groups
Russian folk metal musical groups


The Hugo Hotel was a building in San Francisco's South of Market district built in 1909, designed by Theo W. Lenzen. It was located at 200-214 Sixth Street.

Gutted by fire in 1988, Hugo Hotel was notable for being held vacant by the owner for 26 years, and for being the site of the Defenestration of Furniture art installation created in 1997 by local artist Brian Goggin.

The San Francisco Redevelopment Agency took the owners to court in 2008. In 2009, the building was acquired by the City and County of San Francisco under a rare claim of eminent domain for $4.6 million.

It was finally razed in 2015 to make way for affordable housing; in 2017 the Bill Sorro Community, an apartment house for low-income residents was completed at the site.

References

Hotels in San Francisco
Hotel buildings completed in 1909
South of Market, San Francisco
Demolished buildings and structures in San Francisco
Buildings and structures demolished in 2015
Defunct hotels in California


Gašper Mašek or Kašpar Mašek (6 January 1794 – 13 May 1873) was a Czech-Slovenian composer.

The son of Vincenc Mašek (1755–1831), he was born and spent his early life in Prague, where he also studied. He then made a career as a composer for the theater in Graz and Slovenia. He composed operas, operettas, church music, and cantatas. Among his works are the patriotic Slovenian Overture (1870). He died in Ljubljana.  His son Kamilo Mašek (1831–1859) was also a composer.

References
Simpson/Peskova, "Kašpar Mašek". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. London: Macmillan, 2001.

Notes

1794 births
1873 deaths
Czech male classical composers
Musicians from Prague
Czech Romantic composers
Slovenian classical composers
Slovenian male musicians
Male classical composers
Slovenian people of Czech descent
19th-century classical composers
19th-century Czech male musicians


The log-spectral distance (LSD), also referred to as log-spectral distortion  or root mean square log-spectral distance, is a distance measure between two spectra. The log-spectral distance between spectra  and  is defined as p-norm:

  where  and  are power spectra.

Unlike the Itakura–Saito distance, the log-spectral distance is symmetric.

In speech coding, log spectral distortion for a given frame is defined as the root mean square difference between the original LPC log power spectrum and the quantized or interpolated LPC log power spectrum. Usually the average of spectral distortion over a large number of frames is calculated and that is used as the measure of performance of quantization or interpolation.

Meaning
When measuring the distortion between signals, the scale or temporality/spatiality of the signals can have different levels of significance to the distortion measures. To incorporate the proper level of significance, the signals can be transformed into a different domain.

When the signals are transformed into the spectral domain with transformation methods such as Fourier transform and DCT, the spectral distance is the measure to compare the transformed signals. LSD incorporates the logarithmic characteristics of the power spectra, and it becomes effective when the processing task of the power spectrum also has logarithmic characteristics, e.g. human listening to the sound signal with different levels of loudness.

Moreover, LSD is equal to the cepstral distance which is the distance between the signals' cepstrum when the p-numbers are the same by Parseval's theorem.

Other Representations
As LSD is in the form of p-norm, it can be represented with different p-numbers and log scales.

For instance, when it is expressed in dB with L2 norm, it is defined as:
.

When it is represented in the discrete space, it is defined as:
 where  and  are power spectra in discrete space.

See also
 Itakura–Saito distance

References

Signal processing


was one of four principal naval shipyards owned and operated by the Imperial Japanese Navy.

History

The Kure Naval District was established at Kure, Hiroshima in 1889, as the second of the naval districts responsible for the defense of the Japanese home islands. Along with the establishment of the navy base, a ship repair facility was also constructed, initially by moving the equipment from the Onohama shipyards near Kobe. Construction was supervised by the French engineer Louis-Émile Bertin. The first warship constructed at Kure, Miyako, was launched in 1897. The "Kure Shipyards" were officially renamed the "Kure Naval Arsenal" in 1903.

Kure developed into one of the largest shipbuilding facilities in the Empire of Japan, capable of working with the largest vessels. The Arsenal included a major steel works (built with British assistance), and also facilities for producing naval artillery and projectiles. The battleships Yamato and Nagato were designed and constructed at Kure.

The facilities of the Kure Naval Arsenal were repeatedly bombed by the United States Navy and United States Army Air Forces during the Pacific War, and over 70% of its buildings and equipment was destroyed.

After the surrender of Japan in 1945, the Kure Naval Arsenal was turned over to civilian hands.

Current facilities
The extensive dry dock, ship building, repair and engineering facilities are now owned and operated by Japan Marine United, one of Japan's largest merchant marine and naval shipbuilders.

Examples of ships built at Kure Naval Arsenal

Battleships
Yamato, Yamato-class battleship 1941
Nagato, Nagato-class battleship 1920
Settsu, Kawachi-class battleship 1912

Battlecruiser/Armoured Cruiser

Akagi, Amagi-class battlecruiser/Akagi-class aircraft carrier 1925
Ibuki, Ibuki-class battlecruiser 1909
Tsukuba, Tsukuba-class battlecruiser 1907

Aircraft Carriers

 Katsuragi, Unryū-class aircraft carrier 1945
 Fleet Carrier Sōryū, 1937
 Un'yō, Taiyō-class escort carrier 1942

Cruisers
 1 of 4  heavy cruisers: Atago (1932)
 1 of 4  heavy cruisers: Nachi (1928)
 light cruiser Ōyodo (1943)

Destroyers
 Ariake, Fubuki, Arare, Harusame-class Destroyers 1905

Submarines
 I-400-class submarine
 I-201-class submarine

Seaplane Tenders
 Chitose, Chitose-class seaplane tender 1936
 Chiyoda, Chitose-class seaplane tender 1937

Naval Weapons designed at Kure

Naval Gun
 40(46) cm/45 Type 94 naval gun, main armament of the Yamato-class Battleship
 10 cm/65 Type 98 naval gun, main armament of the Akizuki-class Destroyer and Secondary armament of  light cruiser Ōyodo and aircraft carrier Taihō

See also

Bombing of Kure (July 1945)

References

Imperial Japanese Navy
Shipbuilding companies of Japan
Defunct companies of Japan
Shipyards building World War II warships


Many inhabited places in Imathia Prefecture of Greece have both Slavic and Greek forms. Some of the forms are identifiably of Greek origin, others of Slavic, yet others of Turkish or more obscure origins.  Following the First World War and the Graeco-Turkish War which followed, the Greek government undertook a renaming program to place Greek names first on places with Turkophonic, and later on those with Slavophonic names.

References

External links
  List compiled by the Institute for Neohellenic Research

Imathia
Imathia


The EFDA Nations Cup, was a Country vs Country competition for Formula Opel cars between 1990 and 1998. It had always been Dan Partel's dream to stage a race that pitted drivers in equal cars racing for their country. The Formula Opel/Vauxhall one make racing series offered the best opportunity for such an event.

The 1997 EFDA Nations Cup (Nations Cup VIII), was held at Donington Park, England (18/19 October 1997).

Final positions

References

External links
 Fastlines International
 Driver Database

EFDA Nations Cup
EFDA Nations Cup
EFDA Nations Cup seasons
1997 in English sport


Sherwood Henry Hallman (October 29, 1913 – September 14, 1944) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.

Biography
Hallman was born on October 29, 1913, in Spring City, Pennsylvania, to Harry and Emma Hallman. He had two brothers, Lester and Raymond, and two sisters, Elaine and Marian. His father Harry was a postal worker.

Sherwood attended Spring City High School, Class of 1931, where he played football. Sherwood was a member of the Zion Lutheran Church just outside Spring City. Sherwood left school in his 2nd year of High School, to help support his family during the great depression. He loved animals, especially horses. He obtained a job at the Spring City Race Track just outside town on Wall St, which hosted harness races. Sherwood worked grooming horses for Harvey Stauffer. Harvey also owned Stauffer's Market on Main St, which later moved around the corner on Bridge St. He offered Sherwood a job at his market after the race season ended, and taught him the butcher trade. After Harvey died his children ran the business, but had to downsize, and laid Sherwood off. In 1939 Sherwood then began his own business – Sherry's Modern Market – a grocery store on wheels. He bought a step truck, and had it customized.  Sherry's market offered door-to-door sales of groceries, produce, poultry, meat and dairy products. The Store at Your Door" shopping option.

One afternoon in 1941 when Hallman stopped by the A. C. Roberts Co. plant in Kimberton to replenish his meat supply, he met Virginia Dieter working in the office. They were married January 4, 1942, and their son, Sherwood Jr., was born October 25. Hallman's draft notice arrived two weeks after his son's birth.

On January 8, 1943, Hallman entered the service. He received his training at Fort McClellan, Alabama, at their Infantry Replacement Training Center. He spent five months training stateside. When he arrived in England, as Private First Class Hallman; he was assigned to Company F, a rifle company in the 2nd Battalion of the 175th Infantry Regiment, which was part of the 29th Division. A rifle company was a bad place in which to spend the war. Once it reached the front line it never left. The men were in constant danger.
Hallman spent the next year in England training rigorously for the Normandy invasion. On D-day his regiment spent the day in LSTs bobbing up and down in the Atlantic just off Omaha Beach. They landed there on June 6, 1944.
On the next day his company was hit by British dive bombers who thought they were Germans. The attack left five men dead and 19 wounded, including Hallman.  He was sent to an English hospital for treatment and just 17 days later returned to his company to resume the fighting in France.

In September, his division was trying to capture the city of Brest, on the tip of the Brittany Peninsula, south and west of Normandy.  Brest was a key city, and housed a forward German U-Boat base; submarines that were devastating Allied supply ships. Despite repeated attacks, the enemy repelled his division for 3 days. A strong enemy position at Fort Keranroux, protecting the city, seemed impenetrable. Sherwood's Battalion came under withering fire from several interlocking enemy positions on September 13 and their advance was halted. Although he normally carried a BAR (Browning Automatic Rifle – a heavy 30 caliber hand held machine gun), Sherwood exchanged it with one of his men for the lighter M1 Carbine, giving him the mobility he needed. Sherwood instructed his men to give him covering fire, and then single-handedly maneuvered to advance on the enemy despite the intense enemy fire. He charged the enemy position firing his carbine and throwing grenades.  When Sherwood broke through into their midst, his ammunition was expended. He decided to bluff and ordered their surrender pointing his empty carbine at them.

The resulting gap in the German line enabled the GIs to advance another 2,000 yards, to a point from which they launched a successful attack the following day on Fort Keranroux, one of the keys to the defense of Brest. Hallman came through the attack unscathed. The following day, Sept. 14, he was shot by a sniper and fell mortally wounded.  He was awarded a second Purple Heart, as well as the Medal of Honor for his actions on September 13.
The Medal of Honor was presented to his wife and 2-year-old son, Sherwood Hallman II, during a ceremony at Fairmount Park Military Police headquarters in Philadelphia on May 31, 1945.  The presentation to the family was made by Brigadier General Malcolm F. Lindsey, Commanding General Indiantown Gap Military Cemetery.

Staff Sergeant Sherwood Hallman was buried with full military honors at the Brittany American Cemetery, St. James France.  This cemetery is sometimes called the forgotten cemetery, as the American Cemetery above Omaha Beach overshadows it, even though there are 4,410 Americans buried in the St. James Cemetery.

The Walter T. Caffrey American Legion Post 602 erected a memorial monument dedicated to Sergeant Hallman at the Spring City Borough Hall on November 18, 1967.

Hallman joined the army from his birthplace of Spring City, Pennsylvania, in January 1943, and by September 13, 1944, was serving as a staff sergeant in the 175th Infantry Regiment, 29th Infantry Division. On that day, in Brest, France, he single-handedly attacked and captured a German position, prompting the surrender of other German forces in the area. He was killed in action the next day and, on April 17, 1945, was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.

Hallman, aged 30 at his death, was buried at the Brittany American Cemetery in Saint-James, France.

Medal of Honor citation
Staff Sergeant Hallman's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. On 13 September 1944, in Brittany, France, the 2d Battalion in its attack on the fortified city of Brest was held up by a strongly defended enemy position which had prevented its advance despite repeated attacks extending over a 3-day period. Finally, Company F advanced to within several hundred yards of the enemy position but was again halted by intense fire. Realizing that the position must be neutralized without delay, S/Sgt. Hallman ordered his squad to cover his movements with fire while he advanced alone to a point from which he could make the assault. Without hesitating, S/Sgt. Hallman leaped over a hedgerow into a sunken road, the central point of the German defenses which was known to contain an enemy machinegun position and at least 30 enemy riflemen. Firing his carbine and hurling grenades, S/Sgt. Hallman, unassisted, killed or wounded 4 of the enemy, then ordered the remainder to surrender. Immediately, 12 of the enemy surrendered and the position was shortly secured by the remainder of his company. Seeing the surrender of this position, about 75 of the enemy in the vicinity surrendered, yielding a defensive organization which the battalion with heavy supporting fires had been unable to take. This single heroic act on the part of S/Sgt. Hallman resulted in the immediate advance of the entire battalion for a distance of 2,000 yards to a position from which Fort Keranroux was captured later the same day. S/Sgt. Hallman's fighting determination and intrepidity in battle exemplify the highest tradition of the U.S. Armed Forces.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

References

1913 births
1944 deaths
United States Army personnel killed in World War II
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Military personnel from Chester County, Pennsylvania
United States Army soldiers
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor


Arnold Ludwig Mendelssohn (26 December 1855 – 18 February 1933), was a German composer and music teacher.

He was born in Ratibor, Province of Silesia; the son of Felix Mendelssohn's cousin Wilhelm Mendelssohn (1821–1866) who, in 1854, had married Louise Aimee Cauer (sister to Bertha Cauer). In 1885, Arnold Ludwig himself married his second cousin, Maria Cauer, daughter of Karl Cauer (sister of Ludwig Cauer).

Mendelssohn was originally a lawyer before studying music, then was director of church music and a professor in Darmstadt. Paul Hindemith was one of his students. After his death his works were banned in Nazi Germany because of his Jewish heritage. He died in Darmstadt.

Works, editions and recordings
Mendelssohn composed chorale cantatas, three operas, and other works.

Operas
Elsi, die seltsame Magd (op. 8), Oper in 2 Aufzügen. Libretto: Hermann Wette; premier 16 April 1896 Stadttheater Köln
Der Bärenhäuter (op. 11), Oper in 3 Acts. Libretto: Hermann Wette; premiere 9 February 1900 Theater des Westens in Berlin
Die Minneburg (1904–07), Oper in einem Akt. Libretto: G. von Koch; premiere 1909 in Mannheim

Solo Piano Music
 Moderne Suite for Piano Op. 79 (1918)
 Sonata for Piano in e minor Op. 66 (1917)

Chamber music
 String Quartet No.2 in d minor Op. 67 (1915)
 Sonata for Violoncello and Piano in f-sharp minor Op. 70 (1917)
 Sonata for Violin and Piano in C Major Op. 71 (1917)
 Trio for 2 Violins & Piano in a minor Op. 76 (1918)

Wind Band
Suite for Woodwinds, Brass and Percussion Op. 62 (1916)

Selected recordings
Deutsche Messe op. 89 SWR Vokalensemble Stuttgart, Frieder Bernius. Hanssler.
Geistliche Chormusik op. 90,  Berliner Vokalensemble, Bernd Stegmann. Cantate.

References

External links

Trio for 2 Violins & Piano, Op.76 sound-bites & discussion of work

Resources on Arnold Ludwig Mendelssohn at the Berlin State Library

1855 births
1933 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century German composers
19th-century German male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century German composers
20th-century German male musicians
German male classical composers
German opera composers
German Romantic composers
Jewish classical composers
Jewish opera composers
Male opera composers
Arnold
People from Racibórz
Musicians from the Province of Silesia
Silesian Jews


Otto Neitzel (6 July 1852 – 10 March 1920) was a German composer, pianist, writer on music, and lecturer. Neitzel was born in the town of Falkenburg in Farther Pomerania (modern Złocieniec, Poland). His father, Gottfried Neitzel was a teacher and his mother, Louise (née Messerschmidt), was a housewife.

Biography
At the age of 8, Neitzel toured his neighbourhood and cities, giving performances. This "Wonderkid" was praised for his ability to play the piano and move people's ears.

Famous people promoted him for his abilities, mainly:-
 Carl Loewe in Stettin
 Eduard Grell in Berlin
 Violinist Hubert Ries
 Wilhelm Taubert (composer)

His parents could not afford to pay for  music lessons, but Bernhard Lösener, astonished by his music talent, sponsored him to finish his musical education.

In 1865, he left home and joined the Joachimsthaler Gymnasium in Berlin. While there, he continued to study music at the Neue Akademia der Tonkust by Theodore Kullak.

From 1873 to 1875, he was a student of Franz Liszt. In 1875, he wrote his dissertation "Die ästhetische Grenze der Programmmusik" (The Aesthetic Limit of Programme Music). Later, he went on a tour with Pauline Lucca (a soprano singer) and Pablo de Sarasate (a violinist).

In 1878, Neitzel was appointed director of the Musikverein in Strasbourg. From 1879 to 1881, he directed at the Strasbourg Stadtheater. Simultaneously, he worked at the Strasbourg Conservatory as a teacher.

The director of the Conservatoire de Strasbourg,  Max Erdmannsdorfer, was impressed with his teaching skills. He recommended him to the Moscow Conservatory as a representative for the German Piano School. The Russian Piano School offered him the post of "Imperaorial-Russian" professor.

At this time, he met Sophie Romboi (an alto singer), and taught her music. Later, they married. In 1885, he moved to the Cologne Conservatory.

In 1897, he became the music editor at the Kolnische Zeitung and published articles as a journalist. In the same year, his first opera, Angela, was debuted in Halle.

Using the new technology of the time, the phonograph, on 23 January 1890, Neitzel recorded parts of Piano Concert No. 2 by Frédéric Chopin in Cologne at the European Edison Phonograph Recording Expedition's last session. This is one of the oldest music recordings in existence today.

He was invited to the US in the 1906-1907 winter, to play and hold lectures. There, he played Beethoven's G-major concerto in Philadelphia and Boston, directed by Karl Muck. In 1909, Neitzel directed Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 and Choral Fantasy. Because of its success, Muck encouraged him to direct the orchestra, but Neitzel eventually declined the offer.

In 1910, he recorded some of the Davidsbündlertänze by Robert Schumann on paper-tape-rolls with the Welte-Mignon reproducing piano. He supported and got along with Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss. In 1919, he became a professor at the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin.

He composed several operas. Neitzel died in Cologne on 10 March 1920. He had four daughters. One daughter became a pianist while another played  harp in the orchestra.

Works
Neitzel wrote and published plays steadily. His work includes six operas and many music pieces for the piano. The Spanish Dances (by Pablo de Sarasate) is among those that have been adapted for the piano, published in 1878. He also wrote several opera guides (for example, about Richard Wagner), books about Beethoven's symphonies and about Camille Saint-Saens. One of his best known works is Aus meiner musikanten-Mappe (Out of my musical potofolio).

Compositions
 Musiques pour piano et chant: opus 4, 5, 11, 25-27, 33, 36, 43
 Concerto for piano & orchestra, Op. 26 (Published: Bayreuth, Carl Giessel, 1900) [Score & parts in Fleisher Collection, Phil- adelphia]
 Das Leben ein Traum, Fantasie für Violine und Orchester

Operas
 Angela (Opera), Halle 1887
 Dido (Opera), 1888
 Der alte Dessauer (Opera), 1889, Wiesbaden
 Die Barbarina (Opera), 1904, Wiesbaden
 Walhall in Not, 1905, Bremen
 Der Richter von Kaschau (Opera), 1916, Darmstadt

Writings (books)
 Deutscher Opernführer. Der Führer durch die deutsche Oper, Magnus-Verlag o. J.,
 Richard Wagners Opern. In Text, Musik und Szene, Magnus-Verlag 1983,
 Der Führer durch die Oper des Theaters der Gegenwart, Text, Musik und Scene erläuternd, 3 Bände, Band 2: Richard Wagn- ers Opern, A.G. Liebeskind, Leipzig 1890-1893
 Beethovens Symphonien - nach ihrem Stimmengehalt erläutert (mit zahlreichen Notenbeispielen), Tonger, Köln 1891

 Thematischer Leitfaden durch das Programm des 69. Niederrheinischen Musikfestes, Köln 1892.
 Camille Saint-Saëns, Harmonie Verlagsgesellschaft, Berlin 1899
 Einführung in Hauseggers Zinnober, Ahn, Köln 1898
 (mit L. Riemann), Musikästhetische Betrachtungen, Breitkopf und Härtel, Leipzig 1907, 3. Auflage: 1909
 Gems of Antiquity, covering a period from 1240 to  (1909), compilation of songs.
 Aus meiner Musikantenmappe - Ernstes und Heiteres, Loesdau, Berlin 1914 (Rev.3,4 p. 27,6)
 Der Führer durch die Deutsche Oper, Cotta, Stuttgart 1920.

Records (Rev.A,B)
 Edison Phonograph: 23 January 1890 at Rudolf Ibach und Sohn am Neumarkt in Köln, 1.24 Min., Aufnahme von Adelbert Theodor Wangemann, Auszüge 3. Satz "Klavierkonzert No2" f-Moll, Frédéric Chopin. Source: Thomas Edison National Histori- cal Park, West Orange, NJ, USA.
 Welter-Flügel: 2 Lochstreifenrollen, ca. 1910, ca. 5 Min., "Davidsbündler Tänze", Robert Schumann, Musik-instrumenten-mu- seum Berlin, Deutschland.

Literature
Pommersche Lebensbilder, Band 1: Pommern des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts, edited by Martin Wehrmann et al., Stettin 1934.
"Eintrag in der Deutschen Biographischen Enzyklopädie" (Rev.1)
"Hans Engel: Otto Neitzel", in: Pommersche Lebensbilder, Band 1: Pommern des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts (A. Hofmeister, Erich Randt und M. Wehrmann, Hrsg.), Sauniers, Stettin 1934, S. 391-394.

References

1852 births
1920 deaths
German classical composers
German male classical composers
German opera composers
Male opera composers
Musicians from the Province of Pomerania
Academic staff of Moscow Conservatory


The Moment(s) may refer to:

Film and television
 The Moment (1979 film), a Romanian film
 The Moment (2013 film), an American film
 The Moment (American TV series), a 2013 reality series
 The Moment (New Zealand TV series), a 2018 comedy series

Literature
 "The Moment" (story), a 2009 science fiction short story by Lawrence M. Schoen
 The Moment, a 2011 novel by Douglas Kennedy

Music

Performers
 The Moment (band), a 1980s UK mod revival band
 The Moments (American group), later Ray, Goodman & Brown, an R&B vocal group
 The Moments (English band), a 1960s rhythm and blues band

Albums
 The Moment (Aaron Yan album) or the title song, 2012
 The Moment (Jimmy MacCarthy album) or the title song, 2002
 The Moment (Kenny Barron album) or the title instrumental, 1994
 The Moment (Kenny G album) or the title instrumental (see below), 1996
 The Moment (Lisa Stansfield album) or the title song, 2004
 The Moment (Manafest album) or the title song, 2014
 The Moment (Stefanie Sun album), 2003
 The Moment, by Atomic Tom, 2010
 The Moment, by Framing Hanley, 2007

Songs
 "The Moment" (Ai song), 2021
 "The Moment" (Kenny G composition), 1996
 "The Moment", by SafetySuit from Life Left to Go, 2008
 "The Moment", by Tame Impala from Currents, 2015

See also

 "The One Moment", a 2014 song by OK Go
 Moment (disambiguation)


Delaware has three county boards of election which are charged with the calculation and certification of election results, election dispute resolution, validation of qualified voter rolls and of materials used during elections, such as voting machines.  Delaware also has a State Election Commissioner who is appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Delaware Senate.

In a 2020 study, Delaware was ranked as the 18th hardest state for citizens to vote in.

Elections

2024 election
2024 U.S. Senate
2024 U.S. House
Delaware gubernatorial election, 2024

2022 elections

2022 U.S. House
Delaware Attorney General election, 2022
 Delaware State Treasurer election, 2022

2020 elections

2020 Presidential election
2020 Democratic presidential primary
2020 Republican presidential primary
2020 U.S. Senate
2020 U.S. House
Delaware gubernatorial election, 2020
Delaware lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2020
Wilmington mayoral election, 2020

2018 elections

2018 U.S. Senate
2018 U.S. House
Delaware Attorney General election, 2018
Delaware State Treasurer election, 2018
Delaware House of Representatives election, 2018
Delaware elections, 2018

2016 elections

2016 Presidential election
2016 Democratic presidential primary
2016 U.S. House
Delaware gubernatorial election, 2016
Delaware lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2016
Wilmington mayoral election, 2016

2014 elections

2014 U.S. Senate
2014 U.S. House
Delaware elections, 2014

2012 elections

2012 Presidential election
2012 U.S. Senate
2012 U.S. House
Delaware gubernatorial election, 2012
Delaware lieutenant gubernatorial election, 2012
Wilmington mayoral election, 2012

2010 elections

2010 U.S. Senate
2010 U.S. House
2010 U.S. House
Delaware elections, 2010

2008 elections

2008 Presidential election
2008 Presidential Democratic primary
2008 Presidential Republican primary
2008 U.S. Senate
2008 U.S. House
2008 Gubernatorial

2006 elections

2006 U.S. House

2004 elections

2004 Presidential election
2004 Presidential Democratic primary
Delaware gubernatorial election, 2004

See also
Political party strength in Delaware
Delaware gubernatorial elections
List of United States Senate elections in Delaware
United States presidential elections in Delaware
Women's suffrage in Delaware

References

External links
Delaware Commissioner of Elections official website

  (State affiliate of the U.S. League of Women Voters)

Government of Delaware
Political events in Delaware


The birthday effect (sometimes called the birthday blues, especially when referring specifically to suicide) is a statistical phenomenon where an individual's likelihood of death appears to increase on or close to their birthday. The birthday effect has been seen in studies of general populations in England and Wales, Switzerland, Ukraine, and the United States, as well as in smaller populations such as Major League Baseball players. Studies do not consistently show this effect; some studies find that men's and women's mortality rates diverge in the run-up to the birthday, while others find no significant gender effect. Suggested mechanisms for the effect include alcohol consumption, psychological stress relating to the birthday, increased suicide risk, terminally ill patients attempting to hold on until their birthday, an increased mortality salience, or a physiological cycle that causes the body to weaken annually. It has also been suggested that it may be a statistical artifact, perhaps as a result of anomalies in reporting, but the birthday effect has also been seen in studies that control for known reporting anomalies.

Studies

With the introduction of statistical software that can process large datasets easily, a number of state- or country-wide studies have been carried out to investigate whether birthdays have any effect on mortality. The first large-scale study used the records of 2,745,149 Californians who died between 1969 and 1990. After correcting for confounding factors such as seasonality in deaths, elective surgery, and people born on February 29, there was a significant increase in deaths in the week before the individual's birthday for men, and in the week after the birthday for women – in both cases, mortality did not peak on the birthday, but close to it. This effect was consistent across age and race cohorts.

A similar study among 12,275,033 Swiss found the highest mortality on the actual birthday (17% greater than the expected value), and the effect was largest for those over 80; another study on Swiss data found a 13.8% excess and was able to link this to specific causes: heart attack and stroke (predominant in women) and suicides and accidents (predominant in men), as well as an increase in cancer deaths. Among 25 million Americans who died between 1998 and 2011, 6.7% more people than expected die on their birthday, and the effect was most pronounced at weekends and among the young – among 20 to 29 year olds, the excess was over 25%. An even greater excess was found in the population of Kyiv, where between 1990 and 2000 there were 44.4% more deaths than expected among men on their birthdays and 36.2% more than expected among women. Smaller biographical studies have also shown a birthday effect within subpopulations, such as among Major League Baseball (MLB) players and people with entries in the Encyclopedia of American History.

Focusing on suicide deaths alone, large studies have found evidence for a peak in suicides on or just after a birthday in Denmark and Hungary, but not in Bavaria or Taiwan.

However, other studies have not found such a correlation. A study using the populations of Denmark and Austria (a total of 2,052,680 deaths over the time period) found that although people's life span tended to correlate with their month of birth, there was no consistent birthday effect, and people born in autumn or winter were more likely to die in the months further from their birthday. A study of all cancer deaths in Germany from 1995 to 2009 found no evidence of a birthday effect, although it did find a related Christmas effect. A small study by Leonard Zusne found birthday effects among both male and female cohorts, where women were more likely to die immediately before a birthday and men more likely to die immediately after, but that when averaged together there was no birthday effect among the population as a whole. The same was found for a study of mortality data in England and Wales, where there was a statistically significant birthday effect among each subgroup (men and women; never married, married, divorced and widowed) but it was not seen in the population as a whole.

A study found that the risk of suicide may be greater for males on their birthday.

Possible explanations

Alcohol
Birthday celebrations are often associated with large increases in alcohol consumption. Binge drinking can increase an individual's risk of death through alcohol intoxication, accidents and drunk driving, as well as by exacerbating existing conditions and increasing suicide risk. In the US where the legal minimum drinking age is 21, there is a very large mortality rate excess on the 21st birthday and the day immediately following, almost entirely attributable to an increase in accidents.

Psychosomatic and psychological

Two mutually contradictory explanations have been put forward that rely on psychosomatic effects. On the one hand, a birthday provides a fixed date to focus on, allowing the terminally ill to hold on until the day itself. On the other hand, a birthday also reminds the individual of mortality and offers an occasion to look back on life. According to the terror management theory, this causes stress which can accelerate death. The uneven mortality rate distribution between men and women, and between more and less successful baseball players, suggests that both may play a role in the birthday effect: people who have focused on the public sphere of life (for example, career-driven people or professional athletes) might be reminded that their glory days have passed, while those who lived more in the private sphere (such as stay-at-home parents and amateur sports players) are more aware of what they will lose in death and try to hold on. Related is the "broken promise effect", whereby a person suffering suicidal ideation will wait until a birthday or other significant event to see whether their circumstances will improve.

The psychosomatic/psychological model would also explain the similar increase in cancer deaths around holidays such as Christmas, and is supported by the fact that such phenomena appear to be dependent on culture – there is a Passover effect among the Jewish community (which moves with the festival), and a Mid-Autumn Festival effect among the Chinese.

Physiological
It has been suggested that, like the 24-hour circadian rhythm, the body also has a yearly "circannual" biological rhythm. Vaiserman et al. have suggested that the climatic conditions at birth act as a zeitgeber that triggers internal stress and increases the chance of death.

Statistical
It is possible when processing death certificates to confuse the date of birth and date of death fields, which would increase the apparent number of certificates in which these coincide. Additionally, where the exact date is not known, the 1st and 15th of the month are often used as placeholders. These will cause an excess of births and deaths recorded on these dates. However studies also find changes in the mortality rate in the days immediately before and after, which are unlikely to be caused by data processing anomalies, suggesting that statistical artifacts alone cannot explain the birthday effect.

References

Birthdays
Death
Medical statistics
Suicide
Unexplained phenomena


This list of Fuller Theological Seminary people includes notable current and former faculty of Fuller Theological Seminary as well as alumni of the institution.

Faculty

David Augsburger, Professor Emeritus of Pastoral Care and Counseling (1990–2018), Anabaptist author
Warren S. Brown, director of the Lee Edward Travis Research Institute and Professor of Psychology in the School of Psychology; principal editor and contributor to Whatever Happened to the Soul?: Scientific and Theological Portraits of Human Nature (1998); editor and contributor to Understanding Wisdom: Sources, Science and Society (2000)
William Dyrness, Dean of the School of Theology 1990–2000, professor of theology and culture
Joel B. Green, Associate Dean for the Center for Advanced Theological Studies and Professor of New Testament Interpretation
Seyoon Kim, Professor of New Testament and former Associate Dean for Korean Doctor of Ministry Program
Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Professor of Systematic Theology
Nancey Murphy, philosopher of science and Christian theologian, known for her works on religion and science, author of Theology in the Age of Scientific Reasoning, winner of prizes from the American Academy of Religion and the Templeton Foundation

Former faculty

Gleason Archer, influential Biblical scholar and theologian; taught at Fuller 1948–65
Justin L. Barrett, Director of the Thrive Center for Human Development, Thrive Professor of Developmental Science, and Professor of Psychology
Edward John Carnell (1919–1967), author of Introduction to Christian Apologetics, A Philosophy of the Christian Religion, and many other books; seminary President, 1954–59
 Chapman "Chap" Clark, Associate Provost of Strategic Projects and Professor of Youth, Family and Culture; taught DMin courses in Youth, Family and Culture; author of numerous books on youth ministry
Oliver D. Crisp, Professor of Systematic Theology; expert in philosophical theology
Richard J. Foster, former Fuller professor, theologian; author of Celebration of Discipline, named by Christianity Today as one of the "100 Best Religious Books of the 20th Century"
John Goldingay, David Allan Hubbard Professor of Old Testament
Paul King Jewett, Professor of Systematic Theology
Charles H. Kraft, linguist and anthropologist; proponent of the Third Wave of the Holy Spirit Movement; Sun-Hee Kwak Professor of Anthropology and Intercultural Communication at Fuller
William Sanford La Sor, professor of the Old Testament
George Eldon Ladd, professor of New Testament exegesis and theology; during a time when dispensationalism held sway over evangelicalism, Ladd was a proponent of the Historic Premillennialist perspective and the "already/not yet" concept of the Kingdom of God
Joy J. Moore, Professor of Biblical Preaching and Academic Dean at Luther Seminary in St. Paul, Minnesota.
Richard Mouw, influential Christian philosopher, ethicist, author, President of Fuller (1993–2013)
Richard Muller, professor of Church History/Historical Theology; Calvin and Post-Reformation scholar; teaches at Calvin Theological Seminary
J. Edwin Orr (1912–1987), professor of missiology, and authority on European and American Protestant Revival movements and history
Robert N. Schaper (1922–2007), former Dean of the Chapel and Arthur DeKruyter/Christ Church Oak Brook Professor of Preaching and Practical Theology
Lewis B. Smedes (1921–2002), influential theologian and writer; author of Forgive and Forget; former Professor of Theology and Ethics who taught at Fuller for twenty-five years
Glen Stassen (1936–2014), Christian ethicist, son of Harold Stassen, former Lewis B. Smedes Professor of Christian Ethics at Fuller
Thomas Talbott, professor of philosophy at Willamette University who is controversial in theological circles for his vigorous defense of the doctrine of Christian universal salvation; taught at Fuller for three years early in his career
Miroslav Volf, influential theologian; Henry B. Wright Professor of Systematic Theology at Yale Divinity School; author of Exclusion and Embrace, named by Christianity Today as one of the 100 most important religion books of the 20th century; taught at Fuller 1991–1998
C. Peter Wagner, former professor of Church Growth at Fuller Theological Seminary, coined the term "Third Wave;" founder of Global Harvest Ministries, co-founder of the World Prayer Center
Neil Clark Warren, former dean of the School of Psychology, founder of eHarmony
Mel White, former Professor of Communications and Preaching; infamous within Evangelical Christianity due to his sexuality and ministry to homosexuals following his departure from the Evangelical Protestant movement
John Wimber, pastor, founder of the Vineyard Movement; directed the Charles E. Fuller Institute of Evangelism and Church Growth 1974–1978, later served as an adjunct professor at Fuller
Charles Woodbridge, one of the original recruits for the founding faculty, joined in 1950, resigned in 1957 over neo-evangelicalist leanings; president of the Evangelical Theological Society

Alumni
 Patrick Kakule Butsapu (MA in Intercultural Studies), Development Practitioner and Pastor in Paris, France
 Abraham Thottumkal Pothen (PhD), Doulos Theological Seminary, Kerala, India
Aleyamma Pothen (D.Min), Doulos Theological Seminary, Kerala, India
Augustin Ahimana, bishop of Kivu
 Leith Anderson (D.Min), president of National Association of Evangelicals
 Keith Andrews (D.Min.), bishop of the Diocese of Western Anglicans
 Rob Bell (M.Div), author of Velvet Elvis and Love Wins, founding pastor of Mars Hill Bible Church
 James Brenneman (M.Div), President of Goshen College
 Bill Bright (B.D), founder of Campus Crusade for Christ
 Monty Burnham (M.Div and D.Min), Young Life Staff, Adjunct Professor at Fuller, Pastor of four Presbyterian Churches (USA), Field Staff of CRU's Executive Ministries
 Alexander Chow (M.A.), Senior Lecturer in Theology and World Christianity at New College, University of Edinburgh
 Samuel Chu (M. Div.), founding executive director of California Faith for Equality, President of One LA-Industrial Areas Foundation, Fellow at Center for Religion and Civic Culture at University of Southern California
 Nancy L. DeClaisse-Walford (M.A.), the Carolyn Ward Professor of Old Testament and Biblical Languages at McAfee School of Theology of Mercer University
 Craig Detweiler (M.Div., Ph.D.), filmmaker, author, cultural commentator, professor at Pepperdine University
 Robert Grant, founder of the Christian Voice organization
 Timothy Headington, businessman, film producer, real estate developer
 Jamal-Dominique Hopkins, Associate Professor of Christian Scriptures at Baylor University's Truett Theological Seminary and former founding Dean of Dickerson-Green Theological Seminary at Allen University
 Gregory C. Horn, US Navy rear admiral
 Willie James Jennings, associate professor of systematic theology and Africana studies at Yale Divinity School
 Jin Mingri, also known as Ezra Jin, he is the pastor of Zion Church of Beijing in China. He received a DMin degree.
 Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen (M.A.), author, Finnish theologian, Professor of Systematic Theology at Fuller Theological Seminary
 Joon Gon Kim, founder of Korea Campus Crusade for Christ
 Tom Lin (M.A.), the current president of InterVarsity Christian Fellowship and the first non-white president
 Laurent Mbanda (M.A.), Rwandan Anglican archbishop and chairman of GAFCON
 John C. Maxwell (D.Min), evangelical Christian author, speaker, and pastor who has written more than 50 books, primarily focusing on leadership
 John Ortberg, teaching pastor of Menlo Park Presbyterian Church, and author of several books including The Life You've Always Wanted and If You Want to Walk on Water, You've Got to Get Out of the Boat
 Les Parrott III, Ph.D., professor of clinical psychology for Seattle Pacific University, author, and motivational speaker
 John D. Robb, Chairman of the International Prayer Council
 Thomas R. Schreiner (Ph.D.), author, New Testament scholar, James Buchanan Harrison Professor of New Testament Interpretation at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
 Robert A. Schuller (M.Div.), Senior Pastor in the Crystal Cathedral and the Hour of Power; author; Robert Schuller Ministries
 Todd H. Speidell (M.Div., Ph.D.), theologian and author
 David H. Stern (M.Div), Messianic Jewish theologian and author; his books include Jewish New Testament Commentary and Messianic Judaism (original title Messianic Jewish Manifesto)
 Miroslav Volf (M.A.), influential theologian, Yale Divinity School professor, director of the Yale Center for Culture and Faith
 Bruce A. Ware (Ph.D.), author, Professor of Christian Theology at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
 Rick Warren (D.Min), pastor of Saddleback Church, author of The Purpose Driven Church and the best-selling hardback book in US publishing history, The Purpose Driven Life
 James White, Director of Alpha and Omega Ministries
 Carl W. Wilson M.Div., Th.M., author, pastor, educator; inaugural director of Campus Crusade for Christ international high school ministry; founder of World Wide Discipleship Association; author of many books, including the classic With Christ in the School of Disciple Building
 Anthony C. Yu (S.T.B.), religion and literary scholar, translator of Journey to the West, professor at the University of Chicago
 Anne Zaki (Ph.D), Egyptian theologian on track to be first female ordained minister in the Middle East

References

Fuller Theological Seminary people
Fuller Theological Seminary


Robert Fullerton (16 January 1773 – 6 June 1831) was a Scottish colonial administrator who served as the first Governor of the Straits Settlements, appointed by the East India Company.

Early life
He was born in Edinburgh the son of William Fullerton of Carstairs and raised on Nicolson Street in the city's south side. He was one of twelve children including his younger brother John Fullerton, Lord Fullerton.

Personal life

His elder sister Elizabeth married William Fullerton Elphinstone, a director of the East India Company. This influential connection probably contributed greatly to his career.

Penang (1824–1830)

Fullerton received his original appointment on 4 February 1824 and was governor of Prince of Wales Isle from 20 August 1824 to 1826, after which he became the governor of the newly incorporated Straits Settlements of Singapore (including Christmas Island and the Cocos-Keeling group), Penang (including Province Wellesley), and Malacca under the British administration in India. The governor of the Straits Settlements was assisted by three resident councillors; the resident councillor of Penang, the resident councillor of Malacca and the resident councillor of Singapore.

Robert Fullerton became the first governor of the Straits Settlements, based in Penang, and served in that capacity from 27 November 1826 to 12 November 1830. The departure of the last governor is also recorded in the Gazette. The issue of 29 August 1830 carries the following notification:

"The Honorable the Governor, being about to proceed to Singapore and Malacca, NOTICE is hereby given that this station will cease to be the seat of Government from the date of his departure, and the charge of the settlement will devolve upon the Honorable Robert Ibbetson, Resident Councillor; to whom all local references will be made."

He is credited with the creation of the municipal system in the Straits Settlements – Buckley stated that the first trace of subsequent municipalities can be traced to 1827. Fullerton, with the sanction of the Court of Directors and Board of Control, regulated for the appointment of "The Committee of Assessors," for the purposes of ensuring the streets of Penang were cleared, watched and kept in repair.

He died in London, England in 1831.

See also
Governor of Penang
The Fullerton Hotel Singapore

References

External links
Biography of Robert Fullerton
Biography on Singapore Infopedia

1773 births
1831 deaths
Governors of Penang
Governors of the Straits Settlements
Administrators in British Singapore


A hospital is an institution for health care providing patient treatment with specialized staff and equipment.

Hospital may also refer to:

People
 Janette Turner Hospital (born 1942), Australian novelist
 Ralph Hospital (1891–1972), U.S. Army officer during World War I and World War II
 Michel de L'Hospital (–1573), French humanist and politician
 Guillaume de L'Hospital (1661–1704), French mathematician

Places
 Hospital, County Limerick, Ireland, a village
 Hospital (district), San José province, Costa Rica

Literature
 Hospital (novel), a 2007 novel by Toby Litt
 The Hospital, a book by Jan de Hartog about the 1960s Houston charity hospitals
 Hospital Station, a 1962 science fiction book

Film and television
 Hospital (1970 film), a 1970 documentary film
 The Hospital, a 1971 Academy Award-winning black comedy film
 The Hospital (2013 film), a horror film
 Hospital!, a 1997 Channel 5 UK one-off comedy
 The Hospital (TV series), a 2006 Taiwanese TV drama series
 "Hospital" (Bluey), an episode of the first season of the animated series Bluey

Music
 Hospital Records, a record label based in London
 Hospital (album), by Gary Young

Songs
 "Hospital", by The Lemonheads from the album Car Button Cloth
 "Hospital", by The Used from the album Lies for the Liars
 "Hospital", by Jonathan Richman and The Modern Lovers
 "Hospital", by Nephew featuring L.O.C.

Transportation
 Hospital (TransMilenio), Bogotá, Colombia
 Hospital station (Medellín), Colombia
 Hospital metro station (Monterrey), Mexico
 Hospital metro station (Valparaíso), Chile
 Hospital (Mexibús), Mexico
 Hospitales (Buenos Aires Underground), Argentina
 Hospitales metro station (Santiago), Chile
 Hospital General (disambiguation)

Other uses
 The Hospital (club), an artists club in London

See also
 L'Hospital's rule, a theorem in mathematics developed in 1696 by Guillaume de l'Hospital
 Hospitalier, a Christian order of French knights
 L'Hôpital (disambiguation)


Deborah Ann "Debbie" Cook (born January 22, 1954) is an American politician and lawyer from California. She is the former mayor of Huntington Beach, California, and  was the Democratic candidate for California's 46th congressional district in 2008.  Cook was elected to the Huntington Beach City Council in 2000 and re-elected in 2004. She is president of the board of directors of the Post Carbon Institute.

Early life
On January 22, 1954, Cook was born in Corpus Christi, Texas. Cook's father is a military person with the United States Navy, who served in both World War II and the Korean War. Cook's grandfather was an Episcopal minister. Cook was baptized into the Episcopal Church by her grandfather. After Cook's father's retired from the Navy, the family moved to Cincinnati, Ohio.

In 1966, Cook and her family moved to California. Cook attended Corona del Mar High School in Newport Beach, California.

While attending high school, Cook became a runner-up in the Miss Newport Beach contest, earned a student pilot's license, completed an Outward Bound course and successfully climbed Mount Whitney.

Education
Cook graduated from California State University, Long Beach where she studied earth science. Cook also has a J.D from Western State University College of Law.

In May 2005, Cook received an honorary Associate of Arts degree from Orange Coast College.

Career
Cook coached and taught volleyball in Huntington Beach, and served as Parent Teacher Association president for Vista View School in Fountain Valley. In 1978 Debbie and John purchased a small office-equipment business which they ran for 14 years. During those years Cook obtained a patent for the business's shelving system.

As a political novice in 1990, Cook was the main force behind the Huntington Beach city voter initiative Measure C, a pro-environment City Charter amendment that forbids sale or lease of park or beach land without a citywide vote. Despite opposition by the city council majority being against the initiative, voters approved it.

In December 1994, Cook was admitted to the California bar. Cook served as attorney for the Bolsa Chica Land Trust, and took part in the efforts to preserve the Bolsa Chica Wetlands from development.

In 2000, Cook became a member of the city council for Huntington Beach, California.

In 2001 Cook became the mayor of Huntington Beach, California.

Cook was reelected in 2004. The office of the Mayor of Huntington Beach is a rotating position within the city council. She also has served as President of the Orange County Division of the League of California Cities, Chair of the League of California Cities Administrative Policy Committee and Chair of the Orange County Parks Commission. She helped lead the fight to prevent the Orange County Sanitation District from massive dumping of partially treated wastewater into the ocean. In 2007, Huntington Beach joined the U.S. Mayor's Agreement on Global Warming.cl

2008 campaign for Congress

On February 2, 2008, Debbie Cook announced her Democratic candidacy for California's 46th congressional district against incumbent Republican Dana Rohrabacher. Cook defeated Huntington Beach business owner Dan Kalmick in the June 3, 2008 primary for the Democratic nomination.

The Treasurer of the California Republican Party filed suit against Cook and the Orange County Registrar regarding Cook's ballot designation. The suit has been seen as frivolous and politically motivated. It was dismissed by the California Court of Appeals.

According to FEC reports, Cook outraised Rohrabacher in the first and second quarters of 2008, although Rohrabacher in total had raised $323,966 compared to Cook's $157,269 by the end of the second quarter 2008. In the end, Cook failed to oust the incumbent, winning only 42.4% of the vote to Rohrabacher's 53.2%.

Personal life
On 1975, Cook married John Fisher. They have one son. In 1986, Cook and her family moved to Huntington Beach, California.

References

External links
 OC Voice Interview with Debbie Cook (Peak Oil)
 SCAG Energy Summit: Debbie Cook
  Congress candidate sued for using "Mayor" on ballot.

1954 births
Living people
California State University, Long Beach alumni
California Democrats
Mayors of Huntington Beach, California
California lawyers
People from Westminster, California
Western State University College of Law alumni
American women lawyers
21st-century American women


Erodium moschatum is a species of flowering plant in the geranium family known by the common names musk stork's-bill and whitestem filaree. This is a weedy annual or biennial herb which is native to much of Eurasia and North Africa but can be found on most continents where it is an introduced species. The young plant starts with a flat rosette of compound leaves, each leaf up to 15 centimeters long with many oval-shaped highly lobed and toothed leaflets along a central vein which is hairy, white, and stemlike. The plant grows to a maximum of about half a meter in height with plentiful fuzzy green foliage. The small flowers have five sepals behind five purple or lavender petals, each petal just over a centimeter long. The filaree fruit has a small, glandular body with a long green style up to 4 centimeters in length.

Like Erodium cicutarium, the species is edible.

References

External links

Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

moschatum
Edible plants
Flora of Lebanon and Syria


A lower anterior resection, formally known as anterior resection of the rectum and colon and anterior excision of the rectum or simply anterior resection (less precise), is a common surgery for rectal cancer and occasionally is performed to remove a diseased or ruptured portion of the intestine in cases of diverticulitis. It is commonly abbreviated as LAR.

LARs are for cancer in the proximal (upper) two-thirds of the rectum which lends itself well to resection while leaving the rectal sphincter intact.

Relation to abdominoperineal resection
LARs, generally, give a better quality of life than abdominoperineal resections (APRs). Thus, LARs are generally the preferred treatment for rectal cancer insofar as this is surgically feasible. APRs lead to a permanent colostomy and do not spare the sphincters.

Low anterior resection syndrome

Low anterior resection syndrome (LARS) comprises a collection of symptoms mainly affecting patients after surgery for rectal cancer characterized by fecal incontinence (stool and gases), fecal urgency, frequent bowel movements and bowel fragmentation, while some patients only experience constipation and a feeling of incomplete bowel emptying.   The cause is unclear, and has been thought to be due to nerve damage, or possibly due to loss of the  rectoanal inhibitory reflex.

Many of the symptoms of LAR syndrome improve over a period of many months. The nerves that control the natural contractions of the colon and rectum run along the colon and can be damaged or cut during the surgery.  After such damage, the nerves can regrow, but only slowly.

References

External links
 LAR syndrome - patient education

General surgery
Digestive system surgery


The Rolex Yacht-Master is a luxury sports watch manufactured by Rolex and first introduced in 1992 as Reference 16628 in 18-karat yellow gold. In 1994, Rolex released a lady's model (69628) and a mid-size model (68628) at 35mm, marking the first time in Rolex history that a professional series watch was available in smaller than the standard size case.  In 1996, Rolex introduced two-tone (stainless steel and 18-carat yellow gold) to the lady's and mid-size line.

In 1997, Rolex released a Yacht-Master made of stainless steel and platinum, wherein the bezel and dial are made from 950 platinum while the case, bracelet and crown, are in stainless steel.

However, by 1999 Rolex had discontinued their two-tone stainless steel and 18K gold reference 68623 and replaced it in 2000 with a new two-tone model: Reference 168623.  The difference between the two models being the new movement found in reference 168623, and the new solid 18K gold center links found on the new, heavier bracelet (the reference 68623 bracelet having hollow center links.)

In 2007, the brand released the Rolex Yacht-Master II regatta chronograph watch, the world's first watch equipped with a programmable countdown from 1 to 10 minutes using a mechanical memory.

In 2015, Rolex launched the 18K Everose gold Yacht-Master, the first Rolex watch to come on a rubberized bracelet, known now as the Oysterflex. The Everose Yacht-Master is available in two sizes - 37mm (268655) and 40mm (126655).

In 2019, Rolex introduced the Rolex Yacht-Master 42, the first Yacht-Master with 42mm case size to feature a date complication.  The case, bezel, and Oysterlock clasp are made of 18K white gold, while the bezel contains a matte black and polished Cerachrom material insert.

As of 2021 the Rolex Yacht-Master is still offered in 37mm, 40mm and 42mm case sizes. All Rolex Yacht-master models have a water resistance rating of . and a triple-locking winding crown system taken from Rolex’s famous family of saturation diving watches.

Related pages

 Rolex Daytona
 Rolex Day-Date
 Rolex Datejust
 Rolex GMT Master II
 Rolex Milgauss
 Rolex Sea Dweller
 Rolex Submariner
 Rolex Yacht-Master II

References

Rolex watches

Products introduced in 1992


The Nereidum Montes is a mountain range on Mars. It stretches 1,143 km, northeast of Argyre Planitia.  It is in the Argyre quadrangle.  The mountains are named after a Classical albedo feature. Nereidum Montes has gullies in some areas.

A hummocky relief resembling Veiki moraines has been found in Nereidum Montes. The relief is hypothesized to result very much like Veiki moraines from the melting of a martian glacier.

References

Mountains on Mars
Argyre quadrangle


Ōtari school is a state primary school in Wellington, New Zealand, formerly known as Wilton school. It is divided into three strands: one that teaches in the manner conventional to New Zealand schools, a Māori immersion stream, and a strand based around the principles of Montessori teaching. It has a focus on the environment. The school is located next to Ōtari, a botanical garden dedicated to native plants.

The school is also the site of Montessori at Ōtari Preschool. As of 2012, the principal is Clifford Wicks.

Notes

Schools in Wellington City
Primary schools in New Zealand


Chirk AAA F.C. is a Welsh football team based in Chirk, Wales. They compete in the Cymru North. They were previously in the Premier division of the Welsh National League since their relegation after one season in the Cymru Alliance.

Their reserve team plays in the FAW Reserve League (North East).

History
For a full history see; List of Chirk AAA FC seasons

Chirk, along with other local teams Wrexham, Oswestry and Druids, became founder members of the Welsh Football Association in the same year as their formation.

Chirk’s early teams were formed mainly from employees from both Chirk Castle and Black Park Colliery. Chirk played friendly fixtures against other local teams and it was not until October 1877 that Chirk competed in a competitive fixture, although archive information from the Football Association suggests that the club entered the 1885–86 FA Cup, losing in the first round to Burslem Port Vale 3–0.

Albert Lockley, the Welsh international forward who played for Chirk in the late 19th century, was the great grandfather of actor Ralf Little.

Billy Meredith started his football career at the club before playing for Manchester City and Manchester United.

Honours
Taken from the Chirk AAA website
Welsh Cup Winners: (5) 1886–87, 1887–88, 1889–90, 1891–92, 1893–94
Welsh Cup Runners-Up: (1) 1892–93
Welsh Amateur Cup Winners: (3) 1958–59, 1959–60, 1962–63
Welsh Amateur Cup Runners-Up: (2) 1951–52, 1954–55
FAW Trophy Winners: (1) 2016–17
FAW Trophy Runners-Up: (1) 2013–14
The Combination Champions: (1) : 1899–1900
Welsh National League First Division Champions: (8) 1947–48, 1949–50, 1951–52, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1983–84, 2012–13
Welsh National League Second Division Champions: (2) 1978–79, 1984–85
North Wales Alliance Cup Winners: (2) 1919–20, 1920–21
Welsh National League Premier Division Cup Winners: (4) 1988–89, 1990–91, 1998–99, 2003–04
Welsh National League Division 1 League Cup Winners: (1) 1953–54
Welsh National League Division 2 League Cup Winners: (4) 1975–76, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1984–85
North East Wales FA Junior (Horace Wynne) Cup  (1) 1978–79
Carlsberg Pub and Club Cup Cymru Winners: (1) 1996–97
Ardal NE League Champions: (1) 2021–22

Current squad

References

External links
Club website

Football clubs in Wales
Football clubs in Wrexham
Welsh National League (Wrexham Area) Premier Division clubs
Sport in Wrexham County Borough
Association football clubs established in 1876
1876 establishments in Wales
Cymru Alliance clubs
Chirk
Mining association football teams in Wales
Ardal Leagues clubs
North Wales Alliance League clubs
Cymru North clubs


Lufu () is a type of fermented bean curd from Yunnan Province in Southwest China. It is colored reddish yellow, it has a soft texture, and it has a savory flavor. It is used as a condiment for kăo ĕrkuāi or made into a sauce for Yunnan-style barbecue or stinky tofu.

See also
Fermented bean curd
Stinky tofu

References

Yunnan cuisine
Chinese condiments
Fermented soy-based foods
Tofu condiments


The Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 is an Act of the Parliament of India which prohibits the desecration of or insult to the country's national symbols, including the national flag, national emblem, national anthem, national motto, the constitution, and the map of India including contempt of Indian constitution.

Relevance

This act is widely applied in all cases where a case of insult to National Honour, through disrespect to National Symbols, is reported, public or not, as well as intentional or otherwise.

National flag and constitution
Whoever in any public place or in any other place within public view burns, mutilates, defaces, defiles, disfigures, destroys, tramples upon or otherwise shows disrespect to or brings into contempt (whether by words, either spoken or written, or by acts) the Indian National Flag or the Constitution of India or any part thereof, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years, or with fine, or with both.

Explanation 1 – Comments expressing disapprobation or criticism of the Constitution or of the Indian National Flag or of any measures of the Government with a view to obtain an amendment of the Constitution of India or an alteration of the Indian National Flag by lawful means do not constitute an offence under this section.

Explanation 2 – The expression, "Indian National Flag" includes any picture, painting, drawing or photograph, or other visible representation of the Indian National Flag, or of any part or parts thereof, made of any substance or represented on any substance or digital picture

Explanation 3  – The expression 'dishonour Indian map' means if anywhere map represented with respective manner, tapping map on road or any public place.

Explanation 4 – The expression 'public place' means any place intended for use by, or accessible to, the public and includes any public conveyance.

Explanation 5 - The disrespect to the Indian National flag means and includes —

(a) a gross affront or indignity offered to the Indian National Flag; or

(b) dipping the Indian National Flag in salute to any person or thing; or

(c) using the Indian National Flag:-
 (i) as a portion of costume, uniform or accessory of any description which is worn below the waist of any person; or
 (ii) by embroidering or printing it on cushions, handkerchiefs, napkins,undergarments or any dress material; or

(f) putting any kind of inscription upon the Indian National Flag; or

(g) using the Indian National Flag as a receptacle for receiving, delivering or carrying anything except flower petals before the Indian National Flag is unfurled as part of celebrations on special occasions including the Republic Day or the Independence Day; or

(h) using the Indian National Flag as covering for a statue or a monument or a speaker’s desk or a speaker’s platform; or

(i) allowing the Indian National Flag to touch the ground or the floor or trail in water intentionally; or

(j) draping the Indian National Flag over the hood, top, and sides or back or on a vehicle, train, boat or an aircraft or any other similar object; or

(k) using the Indian National Flag as a covering for a building; or

(l) intentionally displaying the Indian National Flag with the saffron down.

National anthem

 As provided in Section 3 of the Act, whoever intentionally prevents the singing of the Jana Gana Mana or causes disturbances to any assembly engaged in such singing shall be punished with imprisonment for a term, which may extend to three years, or with fine, or with both.

Penalty and conviction

As Such the Law recognises all the above cases, as grouped under Section (a) National Flag and Constitution (b) National Anthem, as offences and convicts the Penalties or sentences as follows. Whoever having already been convicted of an offence under section 2 or section 3 is again convicted of any such offence shall be punishable for the second and for every subsequent offence, with imprisonment for a term, which shall not be less than one year.

History

The earliest version of the law was passed by the state legislature of Tamil Nadu (then Madras State) in 1957 as a response to Dravidar Kazhagam (DK) and Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), prominent south Indian parties that opposed the caste system and the use of Hindi as the official language. By 1 December 1957, over 2,000 DK members had been arrested under the law, and on 14 December, DK founder E. V. Ramasami was arrested under the law and sentenced to six months' imprisonment.

The national legislature passed a version of the law in 1971. Significant amendments were added in 2003 and 2005, which prohibited many previously common uses of the flag, such as draping it over a podium during a speech, using it as decoration, or incorporating it into clothing designs.

Part IVA of the constitution stipulates fundamental duties of Indian citizens which includes to abide by the constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem. This Act stipulates the punishment to be awarded for violating Article 51Aa of the constitution. The President, the Vice President, the Prime Minister, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, and other government officials are liable for disqualification upon committing any violation of the constitution under this Act read with sections 7 and 8(k) of Representation of the People Act, 1951. When courts quash the unconstitutional deeds or actions of the executive (that is, convicted without punishment under this Act), it is nothing but written acts/actions/deeds within public view bringing into contempt of the Constitution of India or any part thereof.

See also

 Flag desecration

References

Acts of the Parliament of India 1971
Flags of India
1971 in Indian law
2003 in law
National symbols of India


A Live Coal in the Sea, written by Madeleine L'Engle and published in 1996, is the sequel to Camilla Dickinson  (also published as Camilla), one of L'Engle's earliest novels. While Camilla Dickinson was written for a young adult audience, A Live Coal in the Sea is an adult novel. It continues the story of Camilla Dickinson as a college student, her marriage, her family and the problems that follow. The story is told by an aged Camilla to her granddaughter, who is seeking answers about her family.

The title comes from a line in William Langland's Piers Plowman: "All the wickedness in the world that man might do or say was no more to the mercy of God than a live coal dropped in the sea."

Plot summary
Camilla celebrates a long and wonderful life with her friends and family when she is presented with an award for lifetime achievement. But her son's snide comments at the event stir up trouble which led to Camilla's granddaughter, Raffi, demanding answers about her family history. Camilla relives her younger days as she attempts to give Raffi the answers she seeks.

Camilla's story begins when she is an astronomy student in college. Her life has been peaceful until her mother, Rose, visits her on campus and promptly has sex with one of her professors, which Camilla accidentally sees. As she tries to get away, she bumps into a young man named Mac Xanthakos, who is volunteering at a local church, while training to be an Episcopalian priest. Mac invites Camilla in to talk and have a cup of tea, at which point, Camilla sadly explains about her mother. This event leads to a friendship between Camilla and Mac. A romance blooms between the pair but Mac suddenly pulls away. Camilla is left saddened and confused. She continues her education and devotes herself to her work. Then suddenly, Mac reappears and asks Camilla to marry him. Camilla accepts.

Mac introduces Camilla to his wonderful and wise parents. They accept Camilla as their own daughter and Camilla begins to feel like she belongs with them. She and Mac are married and Mac begins to work at a church in a small town. Camilla becomes pregnant. The happiness ends in devastation when Camilla's pregnancy ends in miscarriage. Her pain is deepened when Camilla's parents announce they are expecting another child. Camilla becomes pregnant a second time. But once again disaster strikes. Rose is in a car accident and is killed. Before she dies, doctors are able to deliver her baby by c-section. The baby, a boy, needs a blood transfusion and Rafferty attempts to donate. When doctors compare the blood types, they discover a terrible truth. The baby is not Rafferty's. The true father of the baby is unknown.

Rafferty is driven nearly insane by combined grief and anger. He begs Camilla to take the child and raise it, with the promise that he pay for all the costs of the baby. She and Mac agree to raise the baby and name it Artaxias, who is quickly nicknamed Taxi. Camilla even decides to breast feed Taxi. A few months later, their daughter is born and named Frankie. Camilla and Mac raise Taxi as their own child and as Frankie's brother. But their idyllic bliss is shattered after a few years. Red Grange, Camilla's former professor, appears and claims that Taxi is his son. He 'proves' his paternity with a letter from Rose that states that he is the father. Red gains legal rights to Taxi and takes him from Camilla and Mac.

Years pass and Camilla and Mac do not know how to move past the loss of their surrogate son. Frankie is confused by the loss of her brother and constantly prays he will come back to them. Finally Taxi is returned but only after several years have passed and Red and his second wife have been killed in a car crash. But Taxi has changed and no longer remembers Camilla, Mac or Frankie. He is angry, rude, tough and very confused about his identity. Camilla and Max do their best to raise Frankie and Taxi but the problems are endless. Taxi tries desperately to distance himself from Red Grange and his past. He longs to be Camilla and Mac's true son but is constantly reminded by the world that he is not. He frequently acts out and disrupts their home. Frankie is confused by her changed brother and pours herself into her artwork.

Camilla flashes forward to the future and explain to Raffi that nothing changed. Taxi became a soap-opera star, married and had one child, Raffi. Taxi is still hurting because of his past and still confused about his identity. Frankie still pours her emotion into her art and has become a successful artist. Although the past may be gone and over with, it is still affecting the family and their future.

Raffi accepts Camilla's story but is amazed when she accidentally discovers a missing piece in the puzzle. Red Grange was not Taxi's father. Red's son is Taxi's real father. Raffi is excited by this discovery and eagerly tells Taxi. Raffi believes her father will be happy to know that his father is not horrible Red Grange. Taxi instead lashes out and Raffi runs to Camilla for an explanation. Camilla simply says to give it time and Taxi will eventually calm. Raffi believes Camilla and despite the evidence otherwise, accepts Camilla as her one true grandmother.

References

External links
 Madeleine L’Engle Bibliography

1996 American novels
Novels by Madeleine L'Engle
Sequel novels
Family saga novels


International School of Aleppo (ISA) founded in 1977, was an English language in Aleppo and the only International Baccalaureate World School in Syria. It offered the IB Primary Years Programme and IB Diploma Programme. The school's other major programs included International General Certificate of Secondary Education for ninth and tenth-graders. As of April 2012, the school is no longer open due to the ongoing Syrian Civil War.

The ISA was a co-educational day school sponsored by the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA). ISA offered a high quality, internationally acceptable program, primarily for the children of ICARDA employees. At the time of its closure, there were 385 students enrolled in grades K-12 representing 37 countries.

This school had a high range of facilities and a very strong athletic department. The campus had 14 buses, various administrative buildings and many green parks. The school had one soccer field, a tennis and badminton court, a volleyball court and a basketball court.

The elementary school had a swimming program as well as many other after-school extra-curriculars. The secondary school also offered various extra-curricular and other opportunities outside of school. For instance, students in Grade 6-12 participated in "Regional Studies Trips" where they traveled to other regions in Syria and around the Middle East to learn about new cultures.

Basic information
Grades: Preschool to 12
Location: Aleppo, Syria
Accreditation: Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools in the United States

References

External links

 ICARDA International School in Aleppo official web site (Archive)

International Baccalaureate schools in Syria
Schools in Aleppo
International schools in Syria
Educational institutions established in 1977
1977 establishments in Syria


Långe Jan ("Tall John") is a Swedish lighthouse located at the south cape of Öland in the Baltic Sea, Sweden's second largest island. It is one of Sweden's most famous lighthouses along with Kullen, Vinga and Landsort, and also the tallest lighthouse in Sweden.

The lighthouse was built in 1785, probably by Russian prisoners of war. The tower was built of stone from an old chapel. Originally the light was an open fire, and the tower was unpainted. It was painted white in 1845, and the same year the tower's lantern was installed, to house a colza oil lamp. A couple of years later a black band was added to the tower.

The lighthouse remains in use and is remote-controlled by the Swedish Maritime Administration in Norrköping. During the summer season, visitors may climb the tower for a small fee.

The buildings surrounding the tower form Ottenby birding station.

See also
 List of lighthouses and lightvessels in Sweden
Långe Erik ("Tall Erik"), the lighthouse at the north cape of Öland.

References

External links

 Sjofartsverket
 The Swedish Lighthouse Society

Lighthouses completed in 1785
Towers completed in 1785
Lighthouses in Sweden
Öland
1785 establishments in Sweden


Central Plaza is a 23-storey,  skyscraper at 455 Market and First streets in San Francisco, California.

Tenants
ACE Group

See also
 San Francisco's tallest buildings

References

Skyscraper office buildings in San Francisco
Financial District, San Francisco
Market Street (San Francisco)
Kaplan McLaughlin Diaz buildings
Office buildings completed in 1987