The Battle of Tory Island (sometimes called the Battle of Donegal, Battle of Lough Swilly or Warren's Action) was a naval action of the French Revolutionary Wars, fought on 12 October 1798 between French and British squadrons off the northwest coast of County Donegal, then in the Kingdom of Ireland. The last action of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, the Battle of Tory Island ended the final attempt by the French Navy to land substantial numbers of soldiers in Ireland during the war.

The Society of United Irishmen, led by Wolfe Tone, launched an uprising against British rule in Ireland in May 1798. At the request of the rebels, a small French force under General Humbert was landed at Killala, County Mayo, but by early September both this expedition and the rebellion had been defeated. Unaware of Humbert's surrender, the French despatched reinforcements on 16 September. Having missed one invasion force, the Royal Navy was on alert for another, and when the squadron carrying the reinforcements left Brest they were soon spotted. After a long chase, the French were brought to battle in a bay off the rugged County Donegal coast in the west of Ulster, very close to Tory Island. During the action the outnumbered French attempted to escape, but were run down and defeated piecemeal, with the British capturing four ships and scattering the survivors. Over the next fortnight, British frigate patrols scoured the passage back to Brest, capturing three more ships. Of the ten ships in the original French squadron, only two frigates and a schooner reached safety. British losses in the campaign were minimal.

The battle marked the last attempt by the French Navy to launch an invasion of any part of the British Isles. It also ended the last hopes the United Irishmen had of obtaining outside support in their struggle with the British. After the action, Tone was recognised aboard the captured French flagship and arrested. He was brought ashore by the British at Buncrana, on the Inishowen Peninsula. He was later tried for treason, convicted, and committed suicide while in prison in Dublin, hours before he was to be hanged.

Background

Britain's enemies in continental Europe had long recognised Ireland as a weak point in Britain's defences. Landing troops there was a popular strategic goal, not only because an invader could expect the support of a large proportion of the native population, but also because at least initially they would face fewer and less reliable troops than elsewhere in the British Isles. Additionally, embroiling the British Army in a protracted Irish campaign would reduce its availability for other theatres of war. Finally, French planners considered that a successful invasion of Ireland might act as the ideal platform for a subsequent invasion of Great Britain.

The rhetoric of the French Revolution inspired many Irishmen to fight for similar principles of liberty, equality, and brotherhood in their own nation; liberty in this context largely meant independence from Great Britain. With these goals in mind, in 1791 Dublin lawyer Wolfe Tone founded the Society of United Irishmen. Allying itself with the French Republic, the society was suppressed by the British authorities and forced to go underground when war broke out between France and Great Britain in 1793. Tone and other members secretly travelled to France to convince the French National Convention to invade Ireland. Such an invasion, they argued, could rely on support from large numbers of Irish irregulars, and if successful would strike a severe blow to the British war effort—perhaps even severe enough to force Britain to seek peace.

Invasion attempts
French political divisions made organising an operation against Ireland difficult.  The process was further hampered by the French Atlantic Fleet's defeat in 1794 at the Glorious First of June and the disastrous Croisière du Grand Hiver operation in 1795. Having lost many of its best officers during the political purges of The Terror, these defeats bred a negative mentality in the French Navy, discouraging adventurous strategic thinking. Eventually, the Expédition d'Irlande was despatched in December 1796 under Admiral Morard de Galles, consisting of 17 ships of the line and 27 smaller vessels, and carrying as many as 25,000 men. Despite elements of the force spending up to a week in Bantry Bay, not a single French soldier was successfully landed, and the expedition was a total disaster, with 13 ships lost and over 2,000 men drowned.

The following year, Tone and his companions tried again, this time persuading the government of the Batavian Republic, which was under French occupation, to prepare their own expedition. During 1797, the Dutch fleet was readied and provisioned, intending to combine with the French fleet and launch a second invasion attempt. The Batavian fleet sailed on a preparatory raiding cruise in the North Sea in October 1797 and on their return were confronted off the Dutch coast by the Royal Navy's North Sea Fleet under Admiral Sir Adam Duncan. Duncan immediately attacked, and in the ensuing Battle of Camperdown captured or destroyed ten ships and scattered the rest, ending the Batavian invasion threat.

Rebellion of 1798
Hoping to capitalise on the spontaneous uprising that spread across Ireland in May 1798, Commodore Daniel Savary led a third, and more successful, effort. He took a small frigate squadron flying false British colours to Killala, and in August landed 1,150 French troops under General Humbert. A larger force would have been despatched, but the French had been caught unprepared—the Irish rebellion had originally been planned to coincide with a later French landing, but British intelligence operations had infiltrated the United Irishmen and arrested much of its leadership, prompting a precipitate revolt. Although the uprising achieved some early successes, by the time Humbert arrived its outcome had already been decided with the defeat of successive rebel armies by British troops. Humbert's force was joined by many United Irishmen and had some initial success, but was unable to face superior British numbers at the Battle of Ballinamuck, and surrendered on 8 September. Although its small size allowed it to reach Ireland unobserved, neither Savary's frigate squadron nor the army it carried were large enough to have a significant impact on the campaign.

Bompart's mission

Unaware that Humbert had surrendered and the rebellion been defeated, the French prepared a follow-up expedition under the command of Commodore Jean-Baptiste-François Bompart. Three thousand men were embarked aboard the ship of the line Hoche and eight frigates, the force departing Brest on 16 September. However, having missed Savary's frigate squadron, the Royal Navy were more watchful; roving frigate patrols cruised off the principal French ports and in the approaches to Ireland, while squadrons of battleships from the Channel Fleet sailed nearby, ready to move against any new invasion force. In command of the squadron on the Irish station was Commodore Sir John Borlase Warren, a highly experienced officer (and politician) who had made a name for himself raiding the French coast early in the war.

Bompart's squadron departed Brest late in the evening, hoping to slip past the inshore British blockade in the dark. However, they took too long to navigate the Raz passage, and were spotted at dawn on 17 September by a frigate squadron under Captain Richard Goodwin Keats, in HMS Boadicea. Keats immediately divided his forces, ordering HMS Ethalion under Captain George Countess and the brig HMS Sylph under Commander John Chambers White to follow the French force, while Keats brought news of the French movements to Admiral Lord Bridport, admiral of the Channel Fleet.

Countess's pursuit
Aware of the British pursuit, Bompart nevertheless continued to the north. Countess followed closely, and was joined on 18 September by HMS Amelia under Captain Charles Herbert. Initially north of the French, Amelia had spotted the chase the previous day and caught up during the night by passing silently through Bompart's squadron. The next day, Bompart attempted to throw off his pursuers by feinting towards Lorient, and again the following day by feinting south, as if travelling towards the Antilles. However, the British captains remained on track, and by 20 September were only nine miles from Bompart's force, which was continuing south-west as though sailing for the Americas. HMS Anson, a large razee frigate under Captain Philip Charles Durham, joined the British force on 20 September.

Despite Bompart's attempts to disguise his destination, by the evening of 23 September Countess had correctly deduced the French were heading for Ireland, and despatched the brig Sylph to warn Commodore Warren and any other British ships she came across. Two days later, on 25 September, Commodore Bompart was forced to haul to the east and lose ground to his pursuers when a 100-ship British convoy passed to the north. This convoy consisted of many well-armed East Indiamen, protected by several frigates, and posed a serious threat to Bompart's overloaded ships. He then tried to drive off pursuit by feinting towards Countess's squadron, but the faster British ships simply withdrew to a safe distance, resuming their chase once the French had returned to their original course. On 29 September Bompart made a final bid to shake his pursuers; he attempted to engage the British frigates with three of his own—Immortalité, Loire and another. This plan failed after his flagship Hoche lost a topmast in heavy weather and fell behind the rest of the squadron, forcing the frigates to return to her protection.

Unable to escape, Bompart finally abandoned his pretence of sailing for the Americas and instead turned north-west. During the next day high winds cost both Hoche and Anson a topmast, slowing both squadrons, but the repairs to Hoche were conducted faster and the French were able to pull ahead. For four more days pursuit continued directly north, until 4 October, when a storm descended and Bompart successfully outran Countess in the increasing darkness. In the high winds, Amelia was driven off course and away from her compatriots on 7 October while Anson again suffered damage, this time losing two topmasts.

On 11 October the weather cleared, and spotting two sails to the south, Countess took Ethalion to investigate. The ships were Amelia and a ship of the line of Warren's squadron, who having received Sylphs warning on 23 September, was sailing north in an attempt to intercept the French. Warren's squadron of three ships of the line and the razee frigate HMS Magnanime had been joined the day before by two additional frigates stationed at Lough Swilly; HMS Melampus under Captain Graham Moore and HMS Doris under Captain Lord Ranelagh. Warren attached Melampus to his squadron and detached Doris to scout along the Irish coast and warn the British garrisons, especially along the coast of County Donegal and the North-West of Ireland region generally. Doris was also to scout along part of the coast of the West of Ireland region, further south, where the previous French landing had been effected at Killala.

Warren's pursuit
Having finally eluded his pursuers, Bompart made directly for Lough Swilly where the landing was scheduled to take place. Unaware of the rebellion's defeat, he hoped that Humbert's army would be operating in the Lough Swilly area, as intended in the campaign planned before Humbert left France. Arriving off the coast, Bompart searched for a suitable landing site but was unable to find one before dark on 10 October. He waited out the night close to Tory Island, but was surprised the next day by sails on the horizon; Warren's squadron had been joined by Countess's ships, and an overwhelming force was bearing down on the French. Abandoning all notions of landing the troops, Bompart hauled his ships close to the wind to give them room to manoeuvre and allow their captains as much opportunity as possible to escape the approaching British.

Throughout the day, Warren's squadron closed from the north-east while Bompart made frantic efforts to reach open water. Both fleets were hindered by a gale which swept the sea shortly before 20:00. All three of Hoches topmasts were blown down and her mizzensail shredded, leaving her substantially slower than her compatriots and forcing them to hold back in her defence. Other ships suffered too, as the French Résolue sprang a severe leak and HMS Anson lost her mizzenmast and several topmasts.

During the night, Bompart attempted to decoy the British by sending the schooner Biche with orders for the frigate Résolue, commanding Captain Jean-Pierre Bargeau to beach his ship and fire flares in the hope of distracting Warren from his pursuit. For unknown reasons this order was never carried out, and in the morning Warren was still hard behind Bompart, whose ships were now sailing in two uneven lines. Warren's force was even more dispersed, with HMS Robust and HMS Magnanime  astern of the French and gaining fast, Amelia and Melampus shortly behind them and Warren's flagship HMS Canada with HMS Foudroyant under Captain Sir Thomas Byard, Kt.,  from the enemy. The other British ships were scattered throughout this formation except Anson, which was wallowing to the rear, far out of sight.

Realising that he could not escape and would have to fight his way past the British, Bompart formed his squadron into a battleline and turned westwards, waiting for Warren's signal for the attack. Because of the dispersed nature of his squadron, Warren did not issue this signal until 07:00, when he ordered Robust to steer for the French line and attack Hoche directly. Captain Edward Thornbrough of Robust obeyed immediately and closed with the French, firing into the frigates Embuscade and Coquille as he passed, before closing with Hoche and, at 08:50, beginning a bitter close-range artillery duel. Minutes later Magnanime joined the action, firing on the rear frigates and engaging the French van of Immortalité, Loire and Bellone, which had worn out of the line in an attempt to rake her. The next three British ships into action, Ethalion, Melampus and Amelia, all raked the isolated Hoche as they passed, before pressing on sail to pursue the French frigates, now making distance to the south-west.  Canada and the subsequent British ships all ignored Hoche except to fire a few distant shots. By the time they passed, the ship was clearly a wreck, having been pounded repeatedly by Robust and Magnanime. Bompart finally surrendered at 10:50 with 270 of his crew and passengers killed or wounded.

Embuscade was the next to surrender, having been battered in the opening exchanges by Magnanime, and further damaged by long-range fire from Foudroyant during the pursuit. Overhauled by several larger British ships, Captain de la Ronciére surrendered at 11:30 rather than allow his ship to be destroyed. Magnanime, suffering the effects of her engagement with Hoche, took possession of Embuscade and continued to follow slowly behind the rest of the fleet, while Robust, which had suffered severely in her duel with Hoche, remained alongside her erstwhile opponent to take possession. The direction of the French squadron's flight, following the direction of the wind, took them across the path of the straggling British ships, beginning with the Foudroyant. Most of the frigates were able outrun this ponderous enemy, but Bellone was less fortunate and a speculative shot from the battleship detonated a case of grenades in one of her topmasts. This began a disastrous fire which was eventually brought under control, but at a significant cost in speed. She was soon closely attacked by Melampus and suffered further damage. Nearby, the struggling Coquille surrendered after being outrun by the approaching Canada; Warren ordered the slowly following Magnanime to take possession.

Ethalion took over pursuit of Bellone from Melampus, and for two hours maintained continuous fire with her bow-chasers on the French ship. Ethalion was faster than her quarry, and she slowly pulled parallel with Bellone during the afternoon, but could not get close enough for a decisive blow. It took another two hours of pursuit before the battered Bellone eventually surrendered. Hoche apart, Bellone had suffered more casualties than any other ship present. To the south of this conflict, the struggling Anson discovered herself in danger when the surviving frigates of the French vanguard swept towards her en masse. Captain Durham was initially confused by their approach as he had been too distant to witness the action and the French ships flew false British ensigns, but he rapidly realised their true identity and at 16:00 opened fire on Loire. The damaged Anson was severely hampered by her inability to manoeuvre, and so could do nothing when the French ships pulled back and sailed away, except to continue to fire until they were out of range. During the evening, the surviving French frigates gradually pulled away from their pursuers and disappeared into the gathering night, leaving behind four of their squadron, including their flagship, as captives.

Chase
By nightfall some of the remaining French ships had entered Donegal Bay with Canada, Melampus and Foudroyant still in pursuit. The two forces repeatedly passed one another in the dark, and Canada almost drove ashore. Back at the battle site, Warren had ordered Robust to tow Hoche into Lough Swilly—this order later came under criticism, as Robust was in a battered state herself and the storms of the previous week had not abated. When a gale struck the pair on 13 October, Hoche lost several masts and broke her tow, only being prevented from foundering by the combined efforts of the British prize crew and their French prisoners. Eventually, on 15 October, Doris appeared and took Hoche in tow, arriving in Lough Swilly without further incident a few days later. Meanwhile, Ethalion saw Bellone safely into port, and Magnanime and Amelia brought in Coquille and Embuscade respectively.

Melampus and Résolue
On the morning of 13 October, Warren sighted two of the French frigates standing out of Donegal Bay and went after them, directing Moore in Melampus to stay behind to search for stragglers. Hindered by contrary winds, Melampus scoured the bay until well after nightfall, and at 23:30 was surprised by the sudden appearance directly in front of her of Immortalité and Résolue near St. John's Point. Immortalité soon spotted Melampus and made sail, but Captain Bargeau of Résolue had not seen the British ship, and was hesitant about following his compatriot in the dark. In the gloom and confusion, he mistook Melampus for Immortalité and came alongside, only realising his mistake when Melampus opened fire. Because of the heavy seas, Résolues guns had been tied down below decks, so the only return fire she could offer was from her handful of quarterdeck guns. Bargeau, whose ship was still leaking badly, recognised that further resistance was futile and surrendered in minutes, having lost ten men and much of his rigging. Melampus put aboard a prize crew and then departed in pursuit of Immortalité.

Flight of Loire
Loire and Sémillante had escaped from the battle, heading south into Blacksod Bay on the coast of County Mayo, down in the West of Ireland, where they hoped to hide until they had a clear passage back to France. However, late on 15 October, a British frigate squadron under James Newman-Newman rounded the southern headland of the bay, forcing the French ships to flee to the north. Pressing on sail in pursuit, Newman ordered HMS Révolutionaire to focus on Sémillante whilst he pursued Loire in HMS Mermaid, accompanied by the brig HMS Kangaroo under Commander Edward Brace. Loire and Sémillante separated to divide their pursuers; Mermaid and Kangaroo lost track of Loire in the early evening, and Sémillante evaded Révolutionaire after dark.

However, on the morning of 16 October Newman spotted Loire on the horizon and immediately ordered his ships in pursuit. Loire was faster than Mermaid in the high winds but was unable to outrun Kangaroo, which directly engaged the far larger frigate in a distant artillery duel. The difference in weight of shot between the combatants was greatly unbalanced, and Kangaroo eventually fell behind after suffering damage to her rigging. Loire too had been damaged, and by 06:45 the following morning Captain Segond realised he could not escape his pursuers and instead shortened sail, intending to engage Mermaid—by then the only pursuer still within reach.

Mermaid and Loire joined battle at 07:00, and the artillery exchange became close and furious after a boarding attempt by Loire was foiled by the helmsman of the British ship. Both ships took severe damage, Mermaid knocking away several of her opponent's spars, but suffering in turn from the musketry of the soldiers still aboard the Loire. At 09:15, the French vessel lost another spar, and Newman determined to rake his opponent. As he attempted to complete this manoeuvre, a shot from Loire brought down Mermaid's mizzenmast, making her unmanageable and disabling a number of her guns. Seeing an opportunity to escape, the battered Loire disengaged, making significant distance before Newman's crew could clear the wreckage of the mast. High winds further hampered Mermaid's repair efforts by tearing away several sails and spars and drowning the ship's carpenter when he was blown overboard. By the time Mermaid was ready for action once more, Loire had escaped.

Unfortunately for Captain Segond, when dawn broke on 18 October, HMS Anson was revealed only a short distance off, limping southwards after the damage its rigging and masts had suffered before the battle on 12 October. Although his ship was almost unmanageable, Captain Durham was not prepared to lose a second opportunity to engage, and slowly brought his vessel to bear on Loire, which was unable to escape. Accompanying Anson was Kangaroo, recovered from the damage of 16 October and ready for further action. At 10:30, Anson and Loire began firing on one another, neither able to effectively manoeuvre and both relying on firepower to overwhelm their opponent. Kangaroo closed on the unprotected stern of Loire, firing as she did so and repeatedly raking the immobile French ship. By 12:00 Loire had lost her mainmast and was leaking badly, forcing Segond to surrender. His ship was towed to port as the sixth prize of the campaign.

Fisgard and Immortalité
The four remaining survivors of the French fleet had mostly avoided pursuit, and by 19 October were nearing Brest in Brittany independently, hoping to slip through the tight British blockade around the harbour. Captain Mathieu-Charles Bergevin on Romaine had attempted to land the troops aboard his ship in Ireland on 13 October, but was forced to abandon this plan when the soldiers refused to be put ashore. He then sailed southwest and successfully avoided all contact with British forces, joining with the schooner Biche and arriving at Brest on 23 October. The same day, after outrunning Révolutionaire's pursuit, Sémillante arrived in Lorient—the last French ship to return home.

Immortalité almost reached safety. On the morning of 20 October, Captain Jean-François Legrand was approaching Brest when he was spotted by Captain Thomas Byam Martin of HMS Fisgard. Fisgard, part of the inshore squadron of the Brest blockade, immediately offered battle. Immortalité initially attempted to flee but was forced to engage the faster Fisgard at 11:00. During the bitter, close–range action, Fisgard took severe damage and almost lost her opponent. Immortalité, which had lost a mast and was in a sinking condition, surrendered at 15:00. Among the 115 casualties aboard Immortalité were Captain Legrand, his first lieutenant and General Monge (commander of the 250 soldiers on board), all dead. Fisgard, with the aid of other ships of the blockade squadron, successfully brought her prize into port.

Savary's squadron
The French high command had not been idle during the destruction of their invasion force, and had prepared and despatched a second squadron of four frigates under Commodore Daniel Savary. This force was initially ordered to support Bompart, but was later tasked with escorting the squadron's survivors back to France. On 27 October, Savary learnt of the destruction of both Bompart's squadron and the Irish rebellion from sympathetic locals at Killala, and turned immediately south, hoping to avoid a similar fate. However, on 28 October, he was spotted by a three-ship squadron under Captain Sir James Saumarez, which included two ships of the line. Saumarez immediately gave chase, and the squadrons exchanged long-distance cannon fire throughout the day. Late in the evening Saumarez's flagship HMS Caesar lost its foretopmast in strong winds, and command passed to Sir Richard Bickerton, 2nd Baronet, in HMS Terrible.

After another day's chase, late on 29 October Savary divided his squadron, sending two frigates to the south east and turning north west with two more. In response, Bickerton split his force, sending the frigate HMS Melpomene after the southern group and following Savary himself in Terrible. By 30 October, both British ships were within  of their opponents and were preparing for action, when at 17:00 a severe storm lashed the area. Savary's ships had been extending their pursuit by throwing guns, horses and equipment overboard in an effort to lighten their ships, and were consequently better suited to the high winds. The heavier British ships were unable to match their opponents' speed and fell behind. When the weather cleared, the French ships were out of sight, and all four eventually returned independently to Brest, ending the final French attempt to invade Ireland.

An abortive effort to support the French invasion fleet was also made by the Navy of the Batavian Republic, which despatched the small frigates Furie and Waakzaamheid to Ireland with military supplies on 24 October. Within hours of leaving port, both these ships were intercepted and captured by the British frigate HMS Sirius under the young Captain Richard King at the action of 24 October 1798.

Aftermath

Savary's return to port marked the end of the last attempt by a continental nation to land troops in Ireland. French losses in the operation were so severe that a repeat effort was never seriously contemplated. Similarly, the huge Irish losses during the rebellion, combined with British reprisals against the Irish populace, ended any hopes of reigniting the uprising in the near future. Most serious of all for the United Irishmen was the arrest of Wolfe Tone himself, who was discovered among the prisoners taken from Hoche at Buncrana. Tone was charged with treason and sentenced to death, though he committed suicide in Dublin before the sentence could be carried out.

In Britain the engagement was considered a great success, with the thanks of Parliament bestowed on the entire force. Numerous junior officers were promoted and all crew members received financial rewards from the sale of the captured vessels. Of these prizes, Immortalité and Loire were purchased and served in the Royal Navy under their own names for many years, while Hoche and Embuscade were renamed HMS Donegal and HMS Ambuscade respectively. Coquille was intended for purchase but suffered a catastrophic ammunition explosion in December 1798, which killed 13 people and totally destroyed the vessel. The last two prizes, Résolue and Bellone, were deemed too old and damaged to be worthy of active service. They were, however, purchased by the Royal Navy to provide their captors with prize money, Bellone becoming HMS Proserpine and Résolue becoming HMS Resolue. Both ships served as harbour vessels for some years until they were broken up. Five decades later, the battle was among the actions recognised by the clasp, "12th October 1798", attached to the Naval General Service Medal, awarded upon application to all British participants still living in 1847.

 Notes I.'  The actual line and direction of the British approach has not been conclusively established due to the vagueness of Warren's post-battle report. Richard Brooks discusses these discrepancies and concludes that Warren's squadron, although widely dispersed, was probably approaching from approximately the north-west, from the North Atlantic towards Ireland. (Brooks, p. 626)

References

Bibliography

  Rev. ed.

External links

   Contemporary publication of Sir John Borlase Warren's despatch reporting the victory.

1798 in Ireland
Tory island
History of County Donegal
Tory Island
Tory Island
Tory Island
1798 French campaign in Ireland
Tory Island


Naver Athletic Camanachd Club was a shinty club based in Bettyhill, Sutherland, Scotland established in 2008.  It was a select team drawing players from both Sutherland and Caithness. Naver competed in the Strathdearn and Sutherland Cups in 2008.

History
The club was founded after three years of youth development in the region and the success of the Far North League in 2007, contested between Kinlochbervie (Black & Red Strips), Farr/Bettyhill (Maroon) and Thurso (Dark Blue).  The League welcomed Wick in 2008, bringing the league up to 4 teams competing.

Shinty was traditionally strong in the area up until the 20th century, and the Farr side have been instrumental in resurrecting the New Year Shinty tradition in North Sutherland.

The club's first senior fixture was against Lochside Rovers in the Sutherland Cup.  Lochside won this game 18–0.  The club then suffered the same scoreline in their Strathdearn Cup match, losing 18–0 to Boleskine.  The club did not enter cup competition in 2009 or 2010 and may be assumed to be defunct.  Kinlochbervie and Farr both continue to play at junior level and may rise to senior level in future.

The success of the Mod Cup at the Caithness Mod in 2010, where Caithness defeated Sutherland 3-1 has sparked hopes that Naver will be resurrected.  A instrumental founder of the Naver side, Kenny "Nostie" Macleod, who was also a minister in the Free Church of Scotland, died in April 2012.

Farr Camanachd continue to play but there is no impetus to develop the club into a senior side. However, there was a replay of the Caithness V Sutherland match in 2012 in memorial of Kenny "Nostie".

Naver can now be considered totally defunct. However, Caithness Shinty Club and Kinlochbervie Camanachd continue to fly the flag for the Far North of Scotland.

Knotty

A shinty-like game known as Knotty was resurrected in Lybster in the 2000s, where the World Championships are held each year.

References

External links

Shinty returns to Durness
Far North league
Naver Athletic Founded
Naver Athletic takes Shape
Naver's First Game
Defeat to Boleskine
KLB Camanachd
Farr Camanachd

Sports clubs and teams established in 2008
Shinty teams
2008 establishments in Scotland
Sport in Sutherland
Defunct organisations based in Scotland
Defunct shinty teams in Scotland


Playaz N the Game is the second solo full-length album by American rapper and producer JT the Bigga Figga from San Francisco. It was released on July 13, 1993 through Get Low Recordz, making it the debut for both JT and the indie label. The album features guest appearances from D-Moe, Gigolo G, Mac Mall, Rappin' 4-Tay and San Quinn.

The album was not a commercial success when it first came out, but today the album is considered as a classic. Playaz N the Game only managed to make it #91 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and the two singles released, "Peep Game" and "Game Recognize Game" did not make it to the charts, but the latter received frequent airplay on local hip-hop station Wild 107.7.

It was reissued via Get Low Recordz in 1996 with distribution by Priority Records and in 2006 via with distribution by SMC Recordings.

Track listing

Sample credits
Game Recognize Game
"I'm So Into You" by SWV

Charts

References

External links

1993 albums
JT the Bigga Figga albums


Plaza de la República may refer to:

 Plaza de la República (Buenos Aires)
 Plaza de la República Argentina
 Plaza de la República (Mexico City Metrobús, Line 1), a BRT station in Mexico City
 Plaza de la República (Mexico City Metrobús, Line 4), a BRT station in Mexico City

See also
Republic Square (disambiguation)
Náměstí Republiky (disambiguation)
Praça da República (disambiguation)
Piazza della Repubblica (disambiguation)


Homo homini lupus, or in its unabridged form Homo homini lupus est, is a Latin proverb meaning "A man is a wolf to another man," or more tersely "Man is wolf to man." It is used to refer to situations where a person has behaved comparably to a wolf. In this case, the wolf represents predatory, cruel, and generally inhuman qualities; in essence, the person is held to be uncivilized.

History
A variation of the proverb appeared as line 495 in the play Asinaria by Plautus: "Lupus est homo homini, non homo, quom qualis sit non novit", which has been translated as "Man is no man, but a wolf, to a stranger," or "A man is a wolf rather than a man to another man, when he hasn't yet found out what he's like."

As a counterpoint, Seneca the Younger wrote, in his Epistulae morales ad Lucilium (specifically, Epistula XCV, paragraph 33), "homo, sacra res homini", which has been translated as "man, an object of reverence in the eyes of man."

Erasmus included the proverb in his Adagia, writing of the variation by Plautus, "Here we are warned not to trust ourselves to an unknown person, but to beware of him as of a wolf."

The philosopher, theologian, and jurist Francisco de Vitoria (in Latin, Franciscus de Victoria) wrote in one of his Relectiones Theologicae that the poet Ovid disagreed with the proverb: "'Man,' says Ovid, 'is
not a wolf to his fellow man, but a man.'"

Thomas Hobbes drew upon the proverb in his De Cive, writing in the dedication "To speak impartially, both sayings are very true; That Man to Man is a kind of God; and that Man to Man is an arrant Wolfe. The first is true, if we compare Citizens amongst themselves; and the second, if we compare Cities." Hobbes was describing the tendency of people to act fairly and generously toward other people in the same society and the tendency of societies to act deceptively and violently toward other societies, or as he put it, "In the one, there's some analogie of similitude with the Deity, to wit, Justice and Charity, the twin-sisters of peace: But in the other, Good men must defend themselves by taking to them for a Sanctuary the two daughters of War, Deceit and Violence."

Sigmund Freud agreed with the proverb, writing in his Civilization and Its Discontents, "Men are not gentle creatures, who want to be loved, who at the most can defend themselves if they are attacked; they are, on the contrary, creatures among whose instinctual endowments is to be reckoned a powerful share of aggressiveness. As a result, their neighbor is for them not only a potential helper or sexual object, but also someone who tempts them to satisfy their aggressiveness on him, to exploit his capacity for work without compensation, to use him sexually without his consent, to seize his possessions, to humiliate him, to cause him pain, to torture and to kill him. Homo homini lupus. Who in the face of all his experience of life and of history, will have the courage to dispute this assertion?"

The primatologist and ethologist Frans de Waal disagreed with the proverb, writing that it "contains two major flaws. First, it fails to do justice to canids, which are among the most gregarious and cooperative animals on the planet (Schleidt and Shalter 2003). But even worse, the saying denies the inherently social nature of our own species."

In response to the Johnson–Jeffries riots in the United States in 1910, Russian Zionist activist Ze'ev Jabotinsky wrote of the parallels between racism experienced by African Americans and antisemitism experienced by European Jews, in an article entitled "Homo Homini Lupus."

Bartolomeo Vanzetti, after being convicted of murder, along with Nicola Sacco, in 1927, said that their pending execution would become an emblem "of a cursed past in which man was wolf to the man".

See also
 Aggressionism
Bellum omnium contra omnes
 Big Bad Wolf
 Misanthropy
 List of Latin phrases
 Wolf in sheep's clothing
 Wolves in folklore, religion and mythology

Notes

Latin philosophical phrases
Metaphors referring to wolves
Competition
Interpersonal conflict
Violence
Philosophical phrases


Clare Mary Francis  (born 17 April 1946) is a British novelist who in her first career as a yachtswoman has twice sailed across the Atlantic on her own. She was the first woman to captain a successful boat on the Whitbread Around the World race.

Early life
Francis was born in Thames Ditton in Surrey and spent summer holidays on the Isle of Wight, where she learned to sail. She was educated at the Royal Ballet School, then gained a degree in economics at University College London.

Sailing
In 1973, after working in marketing for three years, she took leave to sail singlehandedly across the Atlantic in the Nicholson 32 Gulliver G, departing from Falmouth in Cornwall and arriving, 37 days later, at Newport, Rhode Island. Following this, she received sponsorship to take part in the 1974 Round Britain Race with Eve Bonham, again in Gulliver G. They finished in third place. In 1975, she took part in the Azores and Back and the L'Aurore singlehanded races; and, in 1976, she competed in the Observer Singlehanded Transatlantic Race in her Ohlson 38 yacht Robertson's Golly, finishing thirteenth overall and setting a new women's single-handed transatlantic record. She also took part in that year's L'Aurore singlehanded race. During 1977 and 1978, she became the first woman to skipper a yacht in the Whitbread Round the World Race, finishing in fifth place in her Swan 65 ADC Accutrac.

Personal life
Francis married a draughtsman named Jacques Redon in 1977. He became a crew member on her yacht. They divorced in 1986. The marriage produced one child. Francis suffers from chronic fatigue syndrome and is a trustee of the UK charity Action for ME.

Writing
After writing three accounts of her sailing experiences, she turned to fiction and is the author of eight best-sellers.

Publications

Fiction
Night Sky (1983)
Red Crystal (1985)
Wolf Winter (1987)
Requiem (1989)
The Killing Winds (1992)
Deceit (1993)
Betrayal (1995)
A Dark Devotion (1997)
Keep Me Close (1999)
A Death Divided (2001)
Homeland (2003)
Unforgotten (2008)

Short stories
"The Holiday" (2005), published in The Detection Collection, edited by Simon Brett.

Non-fiction
Woman Alone (1977)
Come Hell or High Water (1977)
Come Wind or Weather (1978)
The Commanding Sea (1981)

As editor
A Feast of Stories (1996 anthology; co-edited)

References

External links
Clare Francis's website
Photos of Robertson's Golly

1946 births
Living people
Members of the Order of the British Empire
People from Thames Ditton
People educated at the Royal Ballet School
Alumni of University College London
English female sailors (sport)
Single-handed sailors
Volvo Ocean Race sailors
Circumnavigators of the globe
20th-century British women writers
21st-century British women writers
British women novelists
20th-century English novelists
21st-century English novelists
People with chronic fatigue syndrome


Jay Preece (born May 21, 1981) is a professional box lacrosse goaltender for the Colorado Mammoth in the National Lacrosse League.

Career
Preece signed with the Philadelphia Wings prior to the 2007 NLL season after spending two seasons on the Toronto Rock practice squad. Prior to the 2009 NLL season, Preece signed as a free agent with the Colorado Mammoth. During the summers, Preece played in the Western Lacrosse Association with the Maple Ridge Burrards.

Statistics

NLL

References

1981 births
Canadian lacrosse players
Colorado Mammoth players
Lacrosse people from Ontario
Living people
Philadelphia Wings players
Sportspeople from Mississauga


The Gran Campo Nevado is a small ice field located in the southern portion of the Muñoz Gamero Peninsula, in Chile. It is about  in area and feeds 19 outlet glaciers, of which the largest one is  long.

See also
Monte Burney
Riesco Island
Strait of Magellan

References

Bodies of ice of Magallanes Region
Ice fields of South America


Nicholas Benjamin Megalis (born April 8, 1989) is an American visual artist, singer-songwriter, director, and social media personality. He is best known for his videos on Vine.

History
Megalis was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and moved to Cleveland, Ohio at age 13. In Cleveland he found relatively quick success performing solo and with various bands at local venues, all under his name. At age 16, he met a producer in Cleveland and recorded a studio album titled "I See The Moon". Up until that point, Megalis had mostly recorded in his bedroom, playing guitar to a drum machine. He moved to Brooklyn, New York in 2009.  Starting in March 2013, he began to publish content on the social networking video sharing service Vine, on which as of May 2014 he had 4.9 million followers. As of January 2019 Megalis was finishing a studio EP titled “Not Funny” with producer Frankie Siragusa. Megalis is producing fine art and lives in the Palm Springs area of Southern California. He has one child named Lady Ophelia.

Discography
 Hands To The Sky, We All Wave Goodbye To Our Mothers
 I See The Moon
 Whatever I Am, You'll Understand
 Praise Be, Hype Machine
 I Find It Sexy How You Mislead Me
 Side A
 Gummy Money
 Forget It in a day
 Not Funny

References

External links

 Nicholas Megalis on Vine
 Nicholas Megalis' YouTube page
 I Find It Sexy... download page

1989 births
Living people
Singer-songwriters from Ohio
Singers from Cleveland
American people of Greek descent
American Vine (service) celebrities
21st-century American singer-songwriters


Avenida Roque Sáenz Peña, better known as Diagonal Norte (Spanish for "North Diagonal", the counterpart to Diagonal Sur), is an important avenue in the San Nicolás neighborhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is oriented south-east/north-west, diagonally bisecting the city blocks (manzanas) which give the city centre a checkerboard plan. It is named after President Roque Sáenz Peña, who held power from 1910 to 1914 and passed the law which established universal suffrage, secret ballot and an electoral register.

Connections
The north-west corner of Plaza de Mayo is the start of Avenida Presidente Roque Sáenz Peña (i.e. the corner of Avenida Rivadavia and San Martín street), just to the north of the city hall. It runs directly to the northwest and diagonally crosses the following streets: Bartolomé Mitre, Juan Domingo Perón and Sarmiento, and calle Florida, Maipú, Esmeralda, Suipacha and the Carabelas passage, before arriving at Plaza de la República, location of the Obelisk of Buenos Aires, where Avenida 9 de julio meets Avenida Corrientes. Still in a straight diagonal line, it crosses this intersection and continues to the next crossroads, the junction of Lavalle and Libertad in Plaza Lavalle, opposite the Courts of Justice.

Underground
Below the entire length of the avenue runs  line  of the Buenos Aires Underground, which has two stations along the Diagonal (stations  Catedral and 9 de julio) and a third station (Tribunales) near its western end.   Line  of the Buenos Aires Underground  also has one station: Diagonal Norte.

Points of interest

Avenida Roque Sáenz Peña (Diagonal Norte)

External links

Roque


Roy Riddell Coffin (May 10, 1898 – November 10, 1982) was an American field hockey player who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics.

In 1932 he was a member of the American field hockey team, which won the bronze medal. He played one match as back.

He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and died in Wallingford, Pennsylvania.

External links

Roy Coffin's profile at databaseOlympics
Roy Coffin's profile at Sports Reference.com

1898 births
1982 deaths
American male field hockey players
Field hockey players at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in field hockey
Field hockey players from Philadelphia
Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics


Manzanellidae is a fossil family of bivalves, in the order Solemyida. They were previously considered containing fossil and recent members of Nucinellidae.

Genera and species
 Manzanella Girty, 1909
 Manzanella elliptica Girty, 1909
 Manzanella cryptodentata Chronic, 1952
 Posterodonta Kauffman, 1976
 Posterodonta manihikiensis Kauffman, 1976

References

Further reading

Bivalve families


Daniel William Coquillett (23 January 1856, Pleasant Valley, Ill. – 7 July 1911 Atlantic City, New Jersey) was an American entomologist who specialised in Diptera. He wrote a revision of the dipterous family Therevidae and many other scientific papers in which he described many new species and genera of Diptera. Coquillett was also the first to attempt fumigation with hydrocyanic acid as a means for controlling citrus scale insects. He experimented in the Wolfskill orange groves where he was supported by the foreman and later quarantine entomologist Alexander Craw in 1888–89.

References

External links
Archive Digitised  Coquillett, D. W. Report on the locusts of the San Joaquin valley, Cal. Anaheim, Calif.Date 1886
Archive Digitised Coquillet, D. W. (Diptera) Papers from the Hopkins-Stanford Galapagos expedition, 1898–1899 Volumes 14, 15,16, 17 Washington, D.C., The Academy.
Portrait

American entomologists
Dipterists
1856 births
1911 deaths


Dynabeads are superparamagnetic spherical polymer particles with a uniform size and a consistent, defined surface for the adsorption or coupling of various bioreactive molecules or cells.

Description
Dynabeads were developed after John Ugelstad managed to create uniform polystyrene spherical beads (defined as microbeads) of exactly the same size, at the University of Trondheim, Norway in 1976, something otherwise only achieved by NASA in the weightless conditions of SkyLab. Dynabeads are typically 1 to 5 micrometers in diameter. This is in contrast to the Magnetic-activated cell sorting beads, which are approximately 50 nm.

This discovery revolutionised the liquid-phase kinetic separation of many biological materials. The technology behind the beads, called Dynabeads, was licensed to Dynal in 1980 and this magnetic separation technology has been since used for the isolation and manipulation of biological material, including cells, nucleic acids, proteins and pathogenic microorganisms. The uniformity in size, shape, and surface area allow for reproducibility and help to minimize chemical agglutination.

Dynabeads are frequently used for cell isolation. Cell-types often of interest to purify may be specific leukocytes, such as CD4+ T cells, stem cells, or circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Dynabeads may be covalently linked to an antibody that recognizes a specific protein on the surface of the target cell-type. Alternatively, Dynabeads may attach to the cell indirectly, either via streptavidin on the Dynabead linking to a biotinylated primary antibody, or a secondary antibody on the Dynabead linking to the primary antibody. Streptavidin linkage to the primary antibody allows Dynabeads to capture cells with lower expression of the surface protein.

Following a series of mergers and acquisitions, Dynal and Dynabeads are currently owned and produced by Invitrogen, part of Thermo Fisher Scientific.

See also
Flow cytometry
Magnetic-activated cell sorting

References

Further reading

External links
 Bead separation Ebook

Surface science
NASA spin-off technologies
Norwegian inventions


Pierre Chimakadewiiash Bonga (Ojibwe: Makadewiiyas, "Black-skinned"; recorded as "Mukdaweos") (c. 1770 – 1831, Minnesota) was a black trapper and interpreter for the North West Company, based in Canada near Mackinac Island. He later worked for John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company, primarily along the Red River of the North and near Lake Superior in present-day Wisconsin and Minnesota.

Like many fur trappers, he married an Ojibwe woman, as he was operating in the territory of her people. The mixed-race children of Pierre and his wife Ogibwayquay were raised in the Ojibwe culture. Two of their sons followed their father into the fur trade, and established reputations as interpreters and guides.

Early life and family background
Born in the 1770s, Pierre was among the children of Jean and Marie-Jeanne Bonga, an enslaved couple. In 1781, they were captured as prisoners in the Illinois Country during the American Revolutionary War, and sold to Indian traders at Mackinac Island. Jean and Marie-Jeanne Bonga were retained by Captain Daniel Robertson (c.1733–1810) when he took over command of Fort Michilimackinac (now known as Fort Mackinac), serving there from 1782 to 1787. In 1787, Robertson returned to Montreal, freeing the Bongas before he left.

Mackinac Island had long been a center of fur trade with the Ojibwe and Ottawa people, by French, British and American traders. The population were mostly descendants of French colonists and Métis people, and French was still the dominant language. Freed by Robertson before his departure, the Bonga couple married on 25 June 1794, with Jean Nicolas Marchesseaux as a witness, in the Catholic church on Mackinac Island. They stayed on the island and opened its first hotel. Jean Bonga died on Mackinac Island in 1795.

Growing up on Mackinac Island, Pierre Bonga learned English and Ojibwe, as well as becoming highly skilled at trapping and scouting. He was called Makadewiiyas (black-skinned) in Ojibwe (his name was recorded as Mukadaweos).

Entry into fur trade
He entered the fur trade in the region, first working for the North West Company, based in British Canada. Later he worked for the American Fur Company of John Jacob Astor, as well as others in the area.

In 1802 Pierre was reported to be working with the North West Company under Alexander Henry the younger at the Red River of the North.

Bonga died in 1831, in what is now Minnesota.  His estate passed to his children, after his sisters accepted £11 to waive their interest.

Marriage and children
Sources differ in accounts of Bonga's marriage and family. Historian William Sherman Savage documented the Bonga children as Marguerite (b. 1797-98 in the Lake Superior area-d. 1880) (m. Jacob Fahlstrom in 1823 at Fond du Lac); Stephen (b. June 1799 near Superior, Wisconsin -d. 1889) (m. Susan); and George (b. abt. 1802 near Duluth, Minnesota-d. 1884) (m. to two Ojibwe women).

The ethnologist Henry R. Schoolcraft recorded meeting the unusual family in 1820 in his Narrative Journal of Travels; he remarked that the children looked more African than Indian. Stephen Bonga later liked to describe himself as the "first white child" born in Wisconsin, as the Ojibwe classified all non-Native Americans as "white".

Legacy
Both Stephen and George Bonga established reputations as interpreters and guides in the fur trade. Stephen Bonga acted as a guide to Eastman Johnson when the American artist traveled to the Wisconsin frontier on a trip to his sister. Bonga provided introductions to the Ojibwe people, which enabled Johnson to paint intimate studies of the people.

In popular culture
Sinclair Lewis, in his novel Kingsblood Royal (1947), presents his protagonist Neil Kingsblood as descended from Xavier Pic, a freed slave from the French colony of Martinique who had a life on the American frontier. As described by Lewis, Pic's life in the novel loosely parallels that of the historic Pierre Bonga. In addition, Lewis directly refers to the Bonga family in the novel.

References

External links
Link to Stories of Exploration: "Pierre Bonga", National Park Service
"Link to Trade Goods: Pierre Bonga", a historical and genealogical view of the North American fur trade prior to the 1840s

People of pre-statehood Minnesota
1831 deaths
1770s births
African-American history of Minnesota
African-American people
American fur traders
North West Company people
American Fur Company people
People from Mackinac Island, Michigan


Ragged Ass Road is a short unpaved residential street in the Old Town section of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. Its name started as a joke in 1970 by resident Lou Rocher, who owned much of the property along it at the time, and his friends. At the time the street had been known as "Privy Road" due to the large number of outhouses along it. When a difficult prospecting season yielded little income, convincing residents that they were "ragged ass broke", they decided that that should be the name of the street.

While widely used, the name was somewhat controversial. It was not officially recognized by the city with signposts until the mid-2010s, after Rocher's death. It has been described as one of the most famous streets in Canada. Singer Tom Cochrane named his 1995 album after it, including a song about the street.

Street
Ragged Ass Road is in a residential area midway between the intersection of Franklin (50th) Avenue, Yellowknife's main street, and School Draw Avenue, its lake shore road, and Yellowknife Bay on the north arm of Great Slave Lake. The terrain is flat, at approximately  in elevation, reflecting the proximity of the lake. The neighborhood is at the south end of the city's Old Town, on a peninsula projecting into the lake's Yellowknife Bay.

The southern terminus is at Brock Drive, three blocks east of School Draw. From there it follows a north-northeast heading, bending more to the northeast midway along its  length, then back to its original heading as it reaches its north terminus at Hamilton Drive. Along with its neighboring streets it is unpaved for its entire length.

With the exception of one large bedrock outcrop in the middle of the west side of the street, all the lots along the street are developed with wood frame residences of modern construction and associated outbuildings. Some small deciduous trees grow among them. (In her novel Bones Are Forever, American writer Kathy Reichs described the prevailing architectural style of Ragged Ass as "northern hodgepodge".) Addresses are in the range of 3901–3921, following Yellowknife's grid-based numbering system. Its postal code is X1A 2T4.

History
The construction date of Ragged Ass Road is unknown. Yellowknife was significantly settled only after a 1935 gold rush. After a few years, development was interrupted by World War II, only to resume afterwards. At that time most development was on the peninsula, in the area known today as Old Town. The road may have started as a narrow alley where residents cut wood to building the barges that carried freight to and from the growing settlement across Great Slave Lake. By 1957, when Saskatchewan native Lou Rocher settled in the area, it existed and was known unofficially as Privy Road due to the many outhouses along it.

Rocher made his living through several vocations, selling firewood, commercial fishing, but primarily prospecting. He eventually came to live on Privy Road, where he owned several lots on the street. On them he built homes and cabins, often letting people in need live there.

One night near the end of 1970, in which he and fellow prospectors had worked hard but found far less, he was drinking with some of them in the family Quonset hut. Reflecting on their circumstances, Rocher joked that the street should be named "Ragged Ass Road" since they were all "ragged ass broke". "[My father] felt he should be able to name it because he owned six of the nine lots on the road and he thought he could name it appropriately", his son recalled later. The men put up a sign that night. The term's use as a place name might not have been original. There was reportedly a Ragged Ass Mine on the lake in earlier years.

The name caught on, if not formally. Officially the city still considered the street to have no name, but Rocher made his own signs, replacing them after visiting tourists stole them. Eventually they were welded to their posts, and gift shops in the city started selling replicas. During the 1980s, Rocher clashed with Yellowknife's municipal government over a survey of the area. At one point he even blocked the street off to keep city employees away.

In 1995 former Red Rider lead singer Tom Cochrane named his third album Ragged Ass Road after the street. The title track of the album described a place "Where the shore fires burn out on a new frontier" and had the chorus "Oh did you find the midnight sun"  Down on Ragged Ass Road". It added to the road's allure as a tourist attraction, but the city still demurred from making the name official.

The city was not unique in its reluctance to embrace the name despite its popularity. In 2004, a small town in the U.S. state of Ohio mailed a Ragged Ass Road sign back to Yellowknife's city government after having confiscated it from a homeowner as inappropriate for public display. Eight years later a British Columbia man flying out of Vancouver on WestJet with a Ragged Ass Road T-shirt was told by a flight attendant to either cover it up or turn it inside out for the duration of the flight since the airline was "family-friendly". He chose the former option, but when the incident made national news, WestJet apologized. When it did so, it posted to its Instagram account a  photo of a Ragged Ass Road sign that had been on the office wall of its chief executive officer, Gregg Saretsky, for two years.  Yellowknife city officials made it a point to meet with WestJet officials to come to a common understanding: the T-shirts are a tourist draw.

The year before, crime novelist and forensic anthropologist Kathy Reichs, a producer of the American television series Bones, had attended the NorthWords literary festival in Yellowknife. She liked the city so much she set part of her next novel, Bones Are Forever, there. In one scene her main character, Temperance Brennan, a forensic anthropologist like her creator, trails a suspect from downtown Yellowknife to Ragged Ass Road on a cold morning, giving her a chance to describe it:

According to Murtaza Haider, professor and director of Toronto Metropolitan University's Institute of Housing and Mobility, it is claimed that this street is an example of a "poorly named street ... [that] create[s] negative shift in market value."

"Ragged Ass" street sign replicas are sold in the area. Nevertheless, the signs have been stolen so frequently that the city has had them welded to their posts.

Lou Rocher died in May 2013 and was remembered around Yellowknife most prominently for giving Ragged Ass Road its name. Despite that, his family noted, at that time the city still had not installed official street signs with the name. As of 2015, there are city signs at both ends of the road.

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Transport in Yellowknife
Roads in the Northwest Territories
Streets in Canada


Prokopia (Greek: Προκοπία; c. 770 – after 813) was the empress consort of Michael I Rhangabe of the Eastern Roman Empire. She was a daughter of Nikephoros I. The name of her mother is not known. Her only known sibling is Staurakios.

Marriage
Prokopia married Michael Rhangabe during the late 8th century. He was a son of Theophylaktos Rhangabe, admiral of the Aegean fleet.

In 802, reigning Empress Irene was deposed by an alliance of patricians and eunuchs. Their leader was Nikephoros, father of Prokopia, who at the time held the position of finance minister (logothetēs tou genikou). On 31 October 802, Nikephoros was declared to be the next Emperor, making Prokopia a member of the imperial family. Her husband received the high court dignity of kouropalatēs.

On 26 July 811, Nikephoros was killed while fighting against Krum of Bulgaria at the Battle of Pliska. Much of the Eastern Roman army was annihilated with him in what is considered one of the worst defeats in Roman history. Among the few survivors was Staurakios, who succeeded as emperor.

Staurakios had not escaped the battlefield unharmed. A sword wound near his neck had left him paralyzed. Members of the imperial guard had managed to transfer him to Adrianople but he never fully recovered from his wounds. The matter of Staurakios' succession was deemed urgent and two factions emerged at court. One centered on Theophano, wife of the Emperor, who reportedly sought to succeed her husband. The other centered on Prokopia, who intended to place her husband on the throne.

Prokopia failed to persuade her brother to go along with her wishes at first. He apparently favored Theophano. However Michael and Prokopia had gathered enough support at court to threaten Staurakios himself. Unable to face opposition at his condition, Staurakios declared his brother-in-law as his designated heir and abdicated at the same time. He then retired to a monastery. Prokopia had become the new Empress consort.

Empress
On 2 October 811, Michael I Rhangabe succeeded to the throne and Prokopia became the Empress consort. She is said to have effectively dominated the court for his brief reign. She insisted on following her husband in campaigns but her presence reportedly was not welcomed by the troops.

Michael generously distributed money to the army, the bureaucracy, and the Church in an effort to establish himself. He also reopened negotiations with Charlemagne and recognized the rival emperor as basileus (emperor) (but not as Emperor of the Romans). However the war with Krum continued and would bring the downfall of the imperial couple.

On 22 June 813, Michael lost the Battle of Versinikia. The imperial army was significantly larger than the Bulgarian but failed to use its advantage. Michael was among the first to retreat from the battlefield and other units followed his lead. Krum advanced to East Thrace and Constantinople itself had become a viable target. Whatever support Michael and Prokopia had managed to gain did not long survive the military defeat.

On 11 July 813, Michael abdicated the throne in favor of Leo V the Armenian. Theophanes Continuatus, the continuation to the chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor, records that Prokopia opposed the abdication to no avail. She had to retire to a monastery soon after the abdication. Her year of death is not known.

Children

Prokopia and Michael I had at least five children:
 Theophylaktos (c. 792 – 15 January 849), co-emperor from 812 to 813. He was castrated and exiled to a monastery. His date of death was recorded by Theophanes Continuatus.
 Staurakios (c. 793 – 813). Died prior to the abdication of his father. Circumstances unknown.
 Niketas (c. 797 – 23 October 877). He was castrated and exiled to a monastery. Later emerged as Patriarch Ignatios of Constantinople.
 Gorgo. Became a nun.
 Theophano. Became a nun.

Ignatios was later declared a saint. His hagiography records one of his sisters having helped iconodules during the persecutions of Theophilos (r. 829–842). However which one is unclear.

A hagiography cite that Paul of Xeropotamou (born Procopius), who also became a saint of the Orthodox Church, was another son.

References

770s births
9th-century deaths
8th-century Byzantine women
8th-century Byzantine people
9th-century Byzantine empresses
Nikephorian dynasty
Augustae
Daughters of Byzantine emperors
Byzantine people of Arab descent


Alain Moizan (born 18 November 1953) is a French former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

In February 2008, he was appointed coach of the Mauritania national football team, his second national team coaching job after a short stint with Mali in 2004.

References

External links
 Profile on French federation official site

1953 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Saint-Louis, Senegal
French men's footballers
France men's international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Angoulême Charente FC players
AS Monaco FC players
Olympique Lyonnais players
AS Saint-Étienne players
SC Bastia players
AS Cannes players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
French football managers
SC Bastia managers
Expatriate football managers in Mali
Mali national football team managers
Expatriate football managers in Mauritania
Mauritania national football team managers
New Caledonia national football team managers
French sportspeople of Senegalese descent


James Waddell Smith (born August 24, 1955 in New Orleans, Louisiana) was an American-born football player for the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League (CFL) where he played for seven seasons from 1977 to 1983. He was an All-Star in 1979 and was a part of five Grey Cup championship teams for the Eskimos. He finished his career in the NFL playing two games for the Dallas Cowboys in 1984.

References

CFLapedia bio and stats
Pro Football Archives career stats

1955 births
Living people
American players of Canadian football
Canadian football wide receivers
Dallas Cowboys players
Edmonton Elks players
Kansas Jayhawks football players
Players of American football from New Orleans
Players of Canadian football from New Orleans


In mathematics, contour sets generalize and formalize the everyday notions of
everything superior to something
everything superior or equivalent to something
everything inferior to something
everything inferior or equivalent to something.

Formal definitions
Given a relation on pairs of elements of set

and an element  of

The upper contour set of  is the set of all  that are related to :

The lower contour set of  is the set of all  such that  is related to them:

The strict upper contour set of  is the set of all  that are related to  without  being in this way related to any of them:

The strict lower contour set of  is the set of all  such that  is related to them without any of them being in this way related to :

The formal expressions of the last two may be simplified if we have defined

so that  is related to  but  is not related to , in which case the strict upper contour set of  is

and the strict lower contour set of  is

Contour sets of a function
In the case of a function  considered in terms of relation , reference to the contour sets of the function is implicitly to the contour sets of the implied relation

Examples

Arithmetic
Consider a real number , and the relation .  Then
 the upper contour set of  would be the set of numbers that were greater than or equal to ,
 the strict upper contour set of  would be the set of numbers that were greater than ,
 the lower contour set of  would be the set of numbers that were less than or equal to , and
 the strict lower contour set of  would be the set of numbers that were less than .

Consider, more generally, the relation

Then
 the upper contour set of  would be the set of all  such that ,
 the strict upper contour set of  would be the set of all  such that ,
 the lower contour set of  would be the set of all  such that , and
 the strict lower contour set of  would be the set of all  such that .

It would be technically possible to define contour sets in terms of the relation

though such definitions would tend to confound ready understanding.

In the case of a real-valued function  (whose arguments might or might not be themselves real numbers), reference to the contour sets of the function is implicitly to the contour sets of the relation

Note that the arguments to  might be vectors, and that the notation used might instead be

Economics
In economics, the set  could be interpreted as a set of goods and services or of possible outcomes, the relation  as strict preference, and the relationship  as weak preference.  Then
 the upper contour set, or better set, of  would be the set of all goods, services, or outcomes that were at least as desired as ,
 the strict upper contour set of  would be the set of all goods, services, or outcomes that were more desired than ,
 the lower contour set, or worse set, of  would be the set of all goods, services, or outcomes that were no more desired than , and
 the strict lower contour set of  would be the set of all goods, services, or outcomes that were less desired than .

Such preferences might be captured by a utility function , in which case
 the upper contour set of  would be the set of all  such that ,
 the strict upper contour set of  would be the set of all  such that ,
 the lower contour set of  would be the set of all  such that , and
 the strict lower contour set of  would be the set of all  such that .

Complementarity
On the assumption that  is a total ordering of , the complement of the upper contour set is the strict lower contour set.

and the complement of the strict upper contour set is the lower contour set.

See also
Epigraph
Hypograph

References

Bibliography
 Andreu Mas-Colell,  Michael D. Whinston, and Jerry R. Green, Microeconomic Theory (), p43.  (cloth)  (paper)

Mathematical relations


Yunus "YM" Mohamed (sometimes Mahomed) (12 June 1950 – 6 January 2008) was a South African lawyer and activist instrumental in founding the United Democratic Front (UDF).

Mohamed was born in Johannesburg to  Amina and Ismail Mohamed, one of at least five children. Growing up in Jeppe, he was educated at Gold Street Primary School and William Hills Secondary School. He then went to Natal, to the University of Durban-Westville, where in 1972 he took part in SASO's student boycotts. He eventually graduated from the University of South Africa.

He joined the Natal Indian Congress (NIC) in 1970, and later the South African Communist Party (SACP) and ANC.

In 1976 he became an attorney, going on to work for the law firm of Shun Chetty, which had a record of defending anti-apartheid activists. He joined the Democratic Lawyers' Association and his work included the Chatsworth housing action committee and the Natal rates committee. From 1981 to 82 he was detained, and in 1985 was arrested again. In 1986 he served on the economic intelligence desk of the ANC. He was involved in negotiations with the Inkatha Freedom Party to help reduce political violence in KwaZulu-Natal.

He was a founding member of the UDF in 1983, and later became regional secretary for Natal. According to fellow UDF founder Trevor Manuel

When three senior members of the UDF – Frank Chikane, Popo Molefe and Patrick Lekota – and 19 others were arrested for treason, Mohamed was an instructing attorney in what became known as the Delmas Treason Trial. The trial ran from 1985 to 1988, with sentences being overturned by the Supreme Court in 1989.

Post apartheid, he was a founding trustee of the Kagiso Trust, of which he was chairman at his death in 2008.

Mohamed's partner, Dhaya Pillay, is a senior judge in the Labour Court of South Africa.

References

1950 births
2008 deaths
Musicians from Johannesburg
University of South Africa alumni
African National Congress politicians
South African Communist Party politicians
Natal Indian Congress politicians


KPSU (91.7 FM, "The Xtreme") was a non-profit educational radio station licensed to serve Goodwell, Oklahoma. KPSU was owned by Oklahoma Panhandle State University.

The station was assigned the call letters KPSU by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).

KPSU's license was cancelled by the FCC on June 2, 2021 for failure to file a license renewal application.

References

External links
Oklahoma Panhandle State University

PSU (FM)
Oklahoma Panhandle State University
Radio stations established in 1978
1978 establishments in Oklahoma
Defunct radio stations in the United States
Radio stations disestablished in 2021
2021 disestablishments in Oklahoma
PSU


Henry Kirk Greer (October 11, 1899 – July 20, 1978) was an American field hockey player who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics.

In 1932 he was a member of the American field hockey team, which won the bronze medal. He played two matches as halfback.

He was born in North Adams, Massachusetts and died in Dennis, Massachusetts.  He graduated from Williams College and Harvard Law School.

External links

profile

1899 births
1978 deaths
American male field hockey players
Field hockey players at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for the United States in field hockey
People from North Adams, Massachusetts
Williams College alumni
Medalists at the 1932 Summer Olympics
Harvard Law School alumni
Sportspeople from Berkshire County, Massachusetts


Saskatchewan is one of Canada's provinces since 1905.

Saskatchewan (from the Cree language term kisiskāciwani-sīpiy, meaning "swift-flowing river"), may also refer to:

Territorial divisions
District of Saskatchewan, part of the Northwest Territories of Canada from 1882 to 1905, partly overlapping the current province of the same name
Saskatchewan (Provisional District), a federal electoral district in the then-Northwest Territories

Natural Features
Saskatchewan River, a river in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada
South Saskatchewan River, a river in Southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada
North Saskatchewan River, a river in Central Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada
Saskatchewan Glacier, a glacier in Alberta, Canada
Mount Saskatchewan (Yukon), a mountain
Mount Saskatchewan (Alberta), another mountain

Places
Saskatchewan, Manitoba, a rural municipality in Manitoba, Canada
Fort Saskatchewan, a city in Alberta, Canada

Other
Saskatchewan Party, ruling centre-right political party in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan
University of Saskatchewan, a coeducational public research university located in Saskatoon
Saskatchewan (film), 1954
 45561 Saskatchewan, a British LMS Jubilee Class locomotive
"Saskatchewan", a song by Les Trois Accords from the 2003 album Gros mammouth album


Ridgeback Resources Inc. is a Calgary, Alberta-based private oil exploration and production company focused on light oil in the Bakken and Cardium resource plays, in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin.

On December 29, 2016, Lightstream Resources Ltd. announced the closing of its asset sale to Ridgeback Resources Inc.

Acquisition of Lightstream
Following the announcement, all of Lightstream's directors resigned. Former president and CEO of Lightstream, John D. Wright, was appointed to Ridgeback's board of directors.

References

External links

Oil companies of Canada
Natural gas companies of Canada
Companies based in Calgary
Canadian companies established in 2007
Energy companies established in 2007
Non-renewable resource companies established in 2007
2007 establishments in Alberta


In statistical mechanics the hypernetted-chain equation is a closure relation to solve the Ornstein–Zernike equation which relates the direct correlation function to the total correlation function. It is commonly used in fluid theory to obtain e.g. expressions for the radial distribution function. It is given by:

where  is the number density of molecules, ,   is the radial distribution function,  is the direct interaction between pairs.  with   being the Thermodynamic temperature and  the Boltzmann constant.

Derivation
The direct correlation function represents the direct correlation between two particles in a system containing N − 2 other particles. It can be represented by

where  (with  the potential of mean force) and  is the radial distribution function without the direct interaction between pairs  included; i.e. we write . Thus we approximate  by

By expanding the indirect part of  in the above equation and introducing the function  we can approximate  by writing:

with .

This equation is the essence of the hypernetted chain equation. We can equivalently write

If we substitute this result in the Ornstein–Zernike equation

one obtains the hypernetted-chain equation:

See also
Classical-map hypernetted-chain method
Percus–Yevick approximation – another closure relation
Ornstein–Zernike equation

Statistical mechanics


Taynuilt Shinty Club is a shinty team based in Taynuilt, Scotland.  The club has existed in several different forms most recently in junior form but has reformed and won South Division Two in 2009.

History

Taynuilt has a history of abeyance although the sport has strong historical roots in the area.  There was side in the village originally called Ben Cruachan founded in 1905. The first known Taynuilt side competed in the Sutherland Cup in 1935.  A Taynuilt side was also active in the 1970s and 1980s but went into abeyance at senior level in 1990.

The club was linked at junior level with Glenorchy Camanachd in recent years but decided to go out on its own.

The village shinty pitch has been used several times as a completely neutral venue for semi-finals and finals.

Gary Innes appeared in a Taynuilt top at Runrig’s Beat the Drum concert in 2007 wearing a Taynuilt strip as on the cover of the album Everything You See, Innes’ Fort William strip was altered to Taynuilt colours to match the colour scheme of the album artwork and because the photographer, Stewart MacKenzie played shinty for an incarnation of Taynuilt.

Taynuilt had a strong comeback season, including a 4–0 defeat of Bute Shinty Club. In 2009, the recently retired Fraser Inglis, formerly of Oban Camanachd and Kingussie became a coach. Taynuilt marked a successful return to senior shinty by winning South Division Two in 2009 with a flawless record.

Their expansion since rejoining the league gathered apace as they created a second team to enter the Bullough and Sutherland cups in 2010.  2010 also saw Taynuilt's first ever match in the Camanachd Cup, a 5–0 loss to Kilmallie on 24 April.  They reached the second round of the Camanachd Cup in 2011, defeating Inverness then facing Kingussie, where they exited 8–1, although they opened the scoring.

Taynuilt even has foreign connections as they have a player from Africa, Iain Macdonald, but the club will have to develop further without Fraser Inglis as coaching guru as he stepped down for the 2012 season which will see Taynuilt compete in the MacAulay Cup for the first time.

The club made history in 2012 by reaching the final of the Glasgow Celtic Society Cup for the first time. Taynuilt took advantage of the strongest teams in the tournament being in the other side of the draw to advance to the final at Strachur. Oban Celtic were defeated 3–2 in the quarter-final before Taynuilt saw off Aberdour 4–1 in the semi-final. Unfortunately the team was to make further history in the final as they were thrashed by a record 14–0 scoreline by Inveraray.

In 2022, Taynuilt combined with Glenorchy at senior level to field a team as Cruachanside.

References

External links
Info on Taynuilt
Gary Innes in Taynuilt Strip
Taynuilt Gain New Strips
Facilities
Discussion of Taynuilt Strip
Taynuilt @ shinty.com
Pictures of Taynuilt V Bute

Sports clubs and teams established in 2008
Shinty teams
1905 establishments in Scotland
Sport in Argyll and Bute


Chief Justice of the Federal Court may refer to:
Chief Justice of Malaysia
Chief Justice of Canada's Federal Court.
Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Australia


Buck Rogers – Battle for the 25th Century is a strategy board game published in 1988 by TSR, Inc.

Gameplay
The game uses the setting and themes of the 1930s Buck Rogers serials, and the design of 1950s space-race-era propaganda.  The units and game-play for the game work similarly to Axis & Allies, with naval units being replaced by spaceship and two different kinds of infantry instead of one. The game was produced in large quantities, but never sold well and didn't last past a second edition.

The game does have some important distinctions from Axis & Allies which help differentiate it. There are several primary differences. First, unlike Axis and Allies, any area is suspect to be attacked by fighters (ships) at any time (Fighters can take land and areas). This means that there is no set area where a land invasion must creep along unless a player chooses to attack by land. Second, combat units do not hit on a set combat value, instead, the combat value is determined by what unit is attacking, and what unit is defending. For example, a Trooper would hit another trooper with a score of 6, whilst a Trooper would need to hit a Fighter with a score of 7. Third, there is NO set starting position. Positions are determined by a random dealing of cards (6 cards for 4-6 players, 9 cards for 3 players, and 12 cards for 2 players). Fourth, there is no money or research. One builds units dependent on how many factories they have.  Each factory can produce a certain number of units per turn. Fifth, The game has leaders, which either give a +2 to combat rolls in the basic rules of the game, or have special abilities which can grant unique advantages over his/her opponents in the advanced rules of the game. Finally, players fight over planets and moons revolving around the Sun, making for a constantly shifting game board.

Reception
In Issue 2 of Games International, the board game was named the magazine's "Game of the Month". In a lengthy review, Mike Siggins lauded the game for being good value, pointing out that "The box is the same size as the Milton Bradley games it competes with and is packed to the brim with high-quality components." He also noted that "the game is priced very competitively and certainly offers far better value that board games of a similar price." Siggins liked the challenging victory criteriae and the "opened-ended and flexible design." He also thought "the play balance is very good, tactical options are plentiful, the action is fast so the game is not overly long; but most of all it's eminently expandable." He concluded by giving the game a perfect rating of 5 out of 5, saying, "Buck Rogers is very probably the best game TSR have ever produced, it is definitely an all-round winner."

Tony Watson reviewed Buck Rogers – Battle for the 25th Century in Space Gamer/Fantasy Gamer No. 85. Watson commented that "Buck Rogers is a nice try, but I'll still wait for [Milton Bradley] to try their hand at an SF game in the format they've made famous."

Reviews
Casus Belli #48

References

External links

Board games introduced in 1988
Licensed board games
Science fiction board wargames
TSR, Inc. games