The postage stamps and postal history of Palestine emerges from its geographic location as a crossroads amidst the empires of the ancient Near East, the Levant and the Middle East. Postal services in the region were first established in the Bronze Age, during the rule of Sargon of Akkad, and successive empires have established and operated a number of different postal systems over the millennia.

In the era of modern postage, the postal administrations in Palestine have included Austrian, French, Italian, German, Egyptian, and Russian post offices (through arrangements made with the Ottoman Empire), the Egyptian Expeditionary Forces, the British Mandate, and various interim authorities in the lead up to and after the 1948 Arab-Israeli war. Since 1948, postal services have been provided by Egypt, Jordan, Israel, and the Palestinian National Authority.

When discussing the pre-1948 postal history, most philatelists refer to this geographic area as Palestine or the Holy Land, though some also use Eretz Israel. This article surveys the postal history leading up to the area's two current postal administrations, that of the State of Israel and the Palestinian National Authority.

Background

Classic antiquity
Prior to modern postal history, imperial administrations set up mechanisms for the delivery of packages and letters.

The earliest use of a postal system in the region is thought to date back to the Bronze Age, during the rule of Sargon of Akkad (2333–2279 BCE). His empire, "was bound together by roads, along which there was a regular postal service, and clay seals which took the place of stamps are now in the Louvre bearing the names of Sargon and his son."

During Persian rule (538–333 BCE), an extensive network of roads maintained by the Persian government formed part of an efficient imperial postal system. The postal system's establishment and the improvements to the road network are credited to the monarch Darius I (521–486 BCE). Mounted couriers, known as "fast messengers" (Persian language:pirradaziš), carried correspondence between the royal court and the provinces, stopping only to eat and rest, and change horses as needed, at supply stations located about one day's travel apart. The Persian courier system forms part of the backdrop to events described in the Hebrew Bible's Book of Esther.

Arab Caliphates (628–1099)
The Umayyad empire (661–750) who introduced the "first purely Arab coinage" in Palestine also developed a system of postal service. Khans distributed along the main north-south and east-west roads that served as resting places for pilgrims and travellers facilitated the operation of the postal service, known as the barid. A postal system known as the Barīd () was also operated under the rule of the Abbasid caliphate (750–969),  and the word is still used today for "mail" throughout the Arab world. Under Fatimid rule (969–1099), a pigeon post was maintained that was later perfected by the Mamluks. The pedigrees of carrier pigeons were kept in a special registrar.

Crusader period (1099–1187)
The chroniclers of the First Crusade documented the chance interception of a message warning the duke of Caesarea of the coming of the Crusader armies when a carrier pigeon was felled by a hawk over a Crusader military encampment in May 1099. The message, written in Arabic, read as follows:Greetings from the king of Acre to the duke of Caesarea. A generation of dogs, a foolish, headstrong, disorderly race, has gone through my land. If you value your way of life, you and others of the faith should bring harm to them, since you can easily do what you wish. Transmit this message to other cities and strongholds. Carrier pigeons were regularly used in this period. For example, Edward Gibbon notes that during the siege of Acre (1189–1191) by the Crusaders, the inhabitants of the besieged city kept a regular correspondence with the Sultan's forces by way of carrier pigeon.

Mamluk rule (1270–1516)
During the rule of the Mamluks, mounted mail service was operated in Deir el-Balah, Lydda, Lajjun and other towns on the Cairo to Damascus route. The postal system established by the Mamluks, under the leadership of Baybars, was known as the Barīd, as it was during the period of Arab caliphate rule. The nephew of the chief secretary to Sultan Baybars attributed the Barid'''s adoption and development by the Mamluks to the recommendations of his uncle, al-Sahib Sharaf al-Din Abu Muhammed Al-Wahab. The nephew records that in response to a request from Baybars to be kept up-to-date on the most recent developments concerning the Franks and the Mongols, Al-Wahab, "explained to him that which the Barīd had achieved in ancient and caliphal times and proposed [this system] to him; [the sultan] liked the idea and ordered [its establishment]."

After the Mamluks dislodged the Crusaders, annexed the Ayyubid principalities, and defeated the Mongol army in Anatolia, Baybars established the province of Syria (which included Palestine), with Damascus as its capital. At this point, imperial communications throughout Palestine were so efficient that Baybars would boast that he could play polo in Cairo and Damascus in the same week. An even more rapid carrier pigeon post was maintained between the two cities. Its use in forming a defensive league against the Crusaders was noted by Raymond of Agiles, who thought it rather "unsporting".

Ottoman rule (1516–1918)

Postal services during the Ottoman period
During Ottoman rule in Palestine, stamps issued by the Ottoman authorities were valid in Palestine. In 1834, after improving its transport and communication systems, the Ottomans established a new imperial postal system. Ottoman post offices operated in almost every large city in Palestine, including Acre, Haifa, Safed, Tiberias, Nablus, Jerusalem, Jaffa, and Gaza. Thanks to the work of philatelic scholars, it is possible to reconstruct a reliable list of Ottoman post offices in Palestine.

The Imperial edict of 12 Ramasan 1256 (14 October 1840) led to substantial improvements in the Ottoman postal system and a web of prescribed and regular despatch rider (tatar) routes was instituted. Beginning in 1841, the Beirut-route was extended to serve Palestine, going from Beirut via Damascus and Acre to Jerusalem.

Postal services were organized at the local level by the provincial governors and these leases (posta mültesimi) came up for auction annually in the month of March. It is reported that in 1846 Italian businessmen Santelli and Micciarelli became leaseholders and ran a service from Jerusalem to Ramle, Jaffa, Sûr, and Saida.
By 1852, a weekly service operated from Saida via Sûr, Acre (connection to Beirut), Haifa, and Jaffa to Jerusalem, also serving Nablus beginning in 1856. That same year, two new routes came into operation: Jerusalem–Hebron–Gaza, and Tiberias–Nazareth–Shefa-'Amr–Acre. In 1867, the Jerusalem—Jaffa route operated twice a week, and beginning in 1884, the Nablus—Jaffa route received daily despatches.

In the last century of Ottoman rule, in addition to the Ottoman state postal service, up to six foreign powers were also allowed to operate postal services on Ottoman territory, with such rights originating in the Ottoman capitulations and other bilateral treaties. At the beginning of the First World War, the specific postal rights enjoyed by these foreign powers throughout the empire were revoked by the Ottoman authorities. Beginning in 1900 through until the war's end, Ottoman citizens, including those in Palestine, were forbidden to use the services of the foreign post offices.Lindenberg, 1926, p. 15.

In A Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine (1858), Josias Leslie Porter describes the system operated by the Ottoman authorities at the time: "The Post Office in Syria is yet in its infancy. There are weekly mails between Jerusalem and Beyrout, performing the distance in about four days; there is a bi-weekly post between Damascus and Beyrout, taking about 22 hours in fine weather, but occasionally a fortnight in winter; and there is a weekly Tartar from Damascus to Hums, Hamâh, Aleppo and Constantinople—making the whole distance in 12 days. He leaves on Wednesday. All letters by these routes must be addressed in Arabic or Turkish, and prepaid. The Turkish posts have no connection with those of any other country; and consequently letters for foreign countries must be sent either through the consuls, or the post agents of those countries, resident at the seaports."

Ottoman post offices

Initially all the postal facilities had the status of relay stations, and letters received their postmarks only at the Beirut post office, with one exception: markings Djebel Lubnan are believed to have been applied at the relay station Staura (Lebanon). In the 1860s, most relay stations were promoted to the status of branch post offices and received postmarks, initially only negative seals, of their own. The postmarks of an office's postal section usually contained the words posta shubesi, as opposed to telegraf hanei for the telegraph section. In 1860, ten postal facilities operated in Palestine, rising to 20 in 1900 and 32 in 1917. Travelling post offices existed on three routes: Jaffa–Jerusalem, Damascus–Haifa, and Messudshi—Nablus.<ref
name=Birken_Beyrut293037>Birken, 2007, Vol. Beyrut, pp. 29-30, 37.</ref> No TPO postmarks are known for other railway lines.

Ottoman postal rates (1840–1918)

The Imperial edict of 12 Ramasan 1256 and later ordinances made the distinction between three types of mail items: ordinary letters, registered letters (markings te'ahudd olunmoshdur), and official letters (markings tahirat-i mühümme). Fees were calculated by the type of mail, the weight, and the distance (measured in hours): in 1840, an ordinary letter, weighing less than 10g, had a cost per hour of 1 para.Steichele, 1977-1981, p. 1015.4. Special fees applied to samples, insured mail, special delivery, and printed matters, etc. These postal rates changed frequently, and new services were added over the years. Upon joining the Universal Postal Union on 1 July 1875, Ottoman overseas rates conformed to UPU rules.

Foreign post offices

Austria and France obtained permits to provide postal service in the main cities of the Ottoman Empire as early as 1837. In 1852, the two countries opened foreign post offices in Palestine's main cities. Other European countries followed suit: Russia in 1856, Germany in 1898, and Italy in 1908. These foreign post offices facilitated family and social contacts and transfers of money from Europe to the Holy Land.

Russian post offices

In the early 19th century, the Russians established shipping routes in the Eastern Mediterranean and provided a mail service. Russian postal service in the Ottoman Empire began in 1856 operated by the Russian Company of Trade and Navigation (Russkoe Obschchestvo Parokhodstva i Torgovli or ROPiT). ROPiT handled mail service between the various offices, and forwarded mail to Russia through Odessa and their offices received a status equivalent to regular Russian post offices in 1863. ROPiT shipping and postal agencies existed in Akko (1868–1873), Haifa (1859–1860, 1906–1914), Jaffa (1857–1914) and Jerusalem (1901–1914).Lindenberg, 1926, pp. 38-39.

Austrian post offices

The Austrian Empire established a mail system in the Mediterranean through the shipping company Österreichischer Lloyd. Lloyd postal agencies operated in Jaffa (1854), Haifa (1854), and  Jerusalem (1852).Lindenberg, 1926, p. 29. These three offices later became the Austrian Imperial and Royal Post Offices: Jerusalem (March 1859), Jaffa and Haifa (1 February 1858). Collecting or forwarding agencies existed in Mea Shearim (Jerusalem), Safed, and Tiberias.Lindenberg, 1926, p. 35. Safed and Tiberias were served by a private courier via the local Austrian consular agent. Nazareth and Bethlehem were never served by the Austrians. Postal service to Jerusalem was arranged privately.

In a number of Jewish settlements, local traders or officials served as auxiliary collection and deposit agents: Gedera, Hadera, Be'er Tuvia, Petah Tikva, Rehovot, Rishon Le Zion, Yavne'el, and Zikhron Ya'akov.Steichele, 1991, pp. 240. By special arrangement, as an inducement to use the Austrian service for foreign mail as well, the Austrian post transported letters and cards between these Jewish settlements free of charge. The use of local or JNF labels on such postal matter was not necessary.

The stamps used were Austrian stamps for Lombardy–Venetia and, after 1867, Austrian Levant stamps, as pictured here.

French post offices

The French operated a number of post offices in the Ottoman Empire, often in conjunction with the local French consulates. In Palestine, three offices were opened: Jaffa (1852), Jerusalem (1890) and Haifa (1906).Lindenberg, 1926, pp. 25-26. The stamps used were regular French ones, after 1885 stamps overprinted in Turkish currency, and from 1902 also French Levant stamps. Of the French postal arrangement, Porter describes it as "quick and safe, though frequently altered." French mail-steamers, known as the Messagerie Imperiale ("Postal Line"), operated by the Compagnie des Services Maritimes des Messageries Nationales, departed every fortnight from the coast of Syria to Alexandria and Constantinople. From the ports at Alexandretta, Latikia, Tripoli, Beirut, and Yâfa, letters could be posted to Italy, France, England or America.

German post offices

The German Empire opened its first office on October 1, 1898, in Jaffa, followed on March 1, 1900, by an office in Jerusalem.Lindenberg, 1926, p. 18. Both offices closed in September 1914.
Auxiliary collecting agencies existed in Ramleh (1902), Rishon LeTzion (1905), Wilhelma Hamidije (1905), Sarona (1910), Emmaus (1909), Sebil Abu Nebbut (1902, a quarantine station at the Jaffa city boundary), and Jerusalem's Jaffa Gate. Mail collecting points were also present in Beit Jala, Bethlehem, Hebron, and Ramallah. Regular German stamps, and stamps overprinted in Turkish currency, and French currency were in use. Stamps were only cancelled at the three post offices, mail from the agencies received boxed cachets.

Italian post offices
The Italian post office in Jerusalem opened on June 1, 1908. Temporarily closed between October 1, 1911, and November 30, 1912, it operated until September 30, 1914.Lindenberg, 1926, p. 27. The stamps used were regular (unoverprinted) Italian ones, stamps overprinted in Turkish currency, and stamps overprinted Gerusalemme.Steichele, 1991, p. 200.

Egyptian post offices
An Egyptian post office operated in Jaffa between July 1870 and February 1872. The postmark reads V.R. Poste Egiziane Iaffa. An interpostals seal for Jaffa also exists.Steichele, 1990, p. 15.

Other postal services
English travellers in the region could receive mail from abroad if addressed to the care of the English consuls in Beirut, Aleppo, Jerusalem or Damascus, or alternatively to the care of a merchant or banker.

British E.E.F. stamps and service (1917–1920)

In November 1917, the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force occupied Palestine.Hoexter, 1970, p. 4 Initially, the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (and the Indian Expeditionary Force) had given civilians basic postal services for free, with additional services paid in British or Indian stamps. Free mail was withdrawn with the printing of appropriate stamps.Hoexter, 1970, pp. 4, 28 Two stamps inscribed E.E.F. (1 Piastre, and 5 Millièmes) were issued in February 1918,Hoexter, 1970, pp. 5-7. the first definitives (11 values) were circulated from June 1918.Hoexter, 1970, p. 25. These E.E.F. stamps were valid in Palestine, Cilicia, Syria, Lebanon, and Transjordan. Prior to the British Mandate in Palestine, Hebrew was not an official language, and so these stamps bore only Arabic inscriptions besides English.

British Mandate (1920–1948)

In 1920, Transjordan was separated and distinctive overprints for the two territories came into use.
As Palestine came under the civil administration of the British Mandate of Palestine, falling into line with League of Nations rules, the High Commissioner sanctioned stamps (as pictured here) and coins bearing the three official languages of British Mandate Palestine: English, Arab, and Hebrew.
Between 1920 and 1923 six such distinctive overprints were issued: four produced in Jerusalem, two in London.
Local Jews and Arabs lobbied the British about the overprint (pictured):The Jewish members of the [Advisory] Council objected to the Hebrew transliteration of the word "Palestine", on the ground that the traditional name was "Eretz Yisrael", but the Arab members would not agree to this designation, which, in their view, had political significance. The High Commissioner therefore decided, as a compromise, that the Hebrew transliteration should be used, followed always by the two initial letters of "Eretz Yisrael", Aleph Yod, and this combination was always used on the coinage and stamps of Palestine and in all references in official documents.

During the Mandate, postal services were provided by British authorities. The British Post service designed its first four stamps in 1923, upon the suggestion of the Sir Herbert Samuel (the High Commissioner), following a public invitation for designs. The first values in  this series of definitive stamps were issued on June 1, 1927. The stamps pictured the Rachel's Tomb, the Tower of David, the Dome of the Rock, and a view of a mosque in Tiberias and the Sea of Galilee. According to Reid, the British Mandate "scenes carefully balanced sites of significance to Muslims, Jews, and Christians."

The postal service operated by the Mandatory authorities was reputed to be the best in the Middle East. Letters were delivered daily in Jerusalem. Palestine joined the Universal Postal Union in October 1923. The post was transported by boat, train, cars and horses, and after 1927, also by air. Sale and exchange of international reply coupons started in 1926 and were joined by Imperial Reply Coupons from  January 1, 1935.Air letter sheets (or air letter cards as they were then known) were first introduced in Palestine in November 1944.The 1944-48 Palestine Airletter Sheet, Tony Goldstone  During the volatility of 1947 and 1948, British postal services deteriorated and were replaced by ad hoc interim services prior to the partition and the establishment of the State of Israel. Just before the formal end to the British Mandate over Palestine, the Mandatory government destroyed the existing stocks of postage stamps and had Palestine removed from the World Postal Union. A total of 104 stamps bearing the name "Palestine" were issued by the British between 1918 and 1942.

Mandate post offices

During the British Mandate over Palestine about 160 post offices, rural agencies, travelling post offices, and town agencies operated, some only for a few months, others for the entire length of the period. Upon the advance of allied forces in 1917 and 1918, initially Field Post Offices and Army Post Offices served the local civilian population. Some of the latter offices were converted to Stationary Army Post Offices and became civilian post offices upon establishment of the civilian administration. In 1919 fifteen offices existed, rising to about 100 by 1939, and about 150 by the end of the Mandate in May 1948. With most of the Jerusalem General Post Office archives destroyed, research depends heavily on philatelists recording distinct postmarks and dates of their use.

Mandate postal rates

After occupation by allied forces in 1917, basic postage was free for civilians. Registration fees and parcels had to be franked using British or Indian stamps. Once the EEF stamps printed in Cairo came on sale, mail to overseas destinations had to be paid for from 10 February 1918, and from 16 February 1918 also mail to the then occupied territories and Egypt.

The structure of postal rates followed broadly British practice and new services, like airmail and express delivery, were added over the years. From 1926 reduced rates applied for mail to Britain and Ireland, and from 1 March 1938 to 4 September 1939, Palestine was part of the All Up Empire airmail rates system.

Transitional and local postal services (1948)

In early 1948, as the British government withdrew, the area underwent a violent transition, affecting all public services. Mail service was reportedly chaotic and unreliable. Nearly all British postal operations shut down during April. Rural services ended on April 15 and other post offices ceased operations by the end of April 1948, except for the main post offices in Haifa, Jaffa, Jerusalem, and Tel Aviv, Jaffa, and Jerusalem, which persevered until May 5.Tobias Zywietz. "The Postal Situation (1948-1967)" in A Short Introduction To The Philately Of Palestine.

In Jerusalem, the French consulate is claimed to have issued stamps in May 1948 for its staff and local French nationals. The French stamps supposedly went through three issues: the first and second were "Affaires Étrangères" stamps, inscribed gratis but overprinted, while the third were "Marianne" stamps (6 francs) that arrived from France by the end of May. The consulate also created its own cancellation: Jerusalem Postes Françaises. Philatelic research has exposed the French Consular post as a fraud perpetrated by the son of the then consul, though other philatelists have maintained their claims that the postal service and its stamps are genuine.

Minhelet Ha'am

In early May 1948, the Jewish provisional government, known as Minhelet Ha'am, did not have its own postage stamps ready, so it used existing labels, both JNF labels, which otherwise have been printed since 1902 for fundraising purposes, and local community tax stamps. The JNF labels were given a Hebrew overprint meaning postage (doar), (as shown in the picture), whereas local community tax stamps were not given overprints. The JNF stamps were printed from May 3 to 14, 1948, their sale ended on May 14, 1948, with remaining stocks ordered to be returned and destroyed. Use of these stamps was tolerated until May 22, 1948. The Mandate's postal rates remained unchanged during this period.

Since Jerusalem was under siege, its residents continued to use JNF stamps until June 20, 1948, whereupon Israeli stamps reached the city. These stamps, overprinted with a JNF seal, bore a map of the UN Partition Plan.Minhelet Ha'am used 31 different JNF labels. Owing to different denomination and overprints, there are at least 104 variants catalogued. Eight of the stamps feature Jewish Special operations paratroopers killed during WWII, including Abba Berdichev, Hannah Szenes,  and Haviva Reik, Enzo Sereni. The JNF also honored kibbutzim Hanita and Tirat Zvi, the Jewish Brigade, the Technion, the Warsaw Ghetto uprising, an illegal immigrant ship, and Zionists Yehoshua Hankin, Chaim Weizmann, Eliezer Ben Yehuda, and, pictured here, Theodor Herzl with Chaim Nachman Bialik.

Local postal services
In the town of Safed, the departure in April of the British left the Haganah trying to establish control. The Haganah enlisted a postal clerk to print up postal envelopes, which were never used, as well as 2,200 stamps (10 mils each). On the stamps was written, in Hebrew: Safed mail Eretz Israel. Once stamped, mail was routed by the Haganah through Rosh Pina. These Safed emergency stamps were the only ones issued by the Haganah.A. Ben-David, 1995, p. 71-74. The "Doar Ivri" stamps issued by Minhelet Ha'am went on sale in Safed on May 16, 1948.

In rural Rishon Lezion, the local council voted to issue their own stamps and provide a mail service via armored car. The stamps were first sold on April 4, 1948, more than a month before the establishment of the state of Israel, and service discontinued on May 6. These stamps were not authorized by Minhelet Ha'am.

During the 1948 War the city of Nahariya was cut off and the town administration, without authorization from Minhelet Ha'am, issued local stamps.

Post-1948
Since 1948, the postal administrations for the region have been Egypt, Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian National Authority.

Egypt and Jordan

Egypt and Jordan provided the postal stamps for Gaza and the West Bank (incl. East Jerusalem) between 1948 and 1967. Both countries overprinted their own stamps with the word "Palestine". Of these "Palestine" stamps, 44 issued by Jordan and 180 issued by Egypt are listed in the Scott catalogues. On occasion, the Arab Higher Committee and other entities have issued propaganda labels.

By May 5, 1948, Egypt set up postal services and issued overprints of Egyptian stamps, with Palestine in Arabic and English. Egypt primarily employed definitives, with one express stamp, picturing a motorbike, and airmail stamps featuring King Farouk.

In the West Bank, prior to its incorporation into Jordan in 1950, Jordanian authorities issued stamps from 1948 until April 1950. With overprints of "Palestine" in Arabic and English, the Jordanians used definitives, postage dues, and obligatory tax stamps.

Israel

From May 16, 1948, stamps have been issued by the State of Israel by the Israel Postal Authority. The first set of stamps were entitled Doar Ivri (lit. "Hebrew postage"), as pictured, while later stamps were issued for Israel. Israeli stamps are trilingual, in Arabic, English and Hebrew, following the practice of the British Mandate of Palestine. Israel Post first issued postage due stamps, tete-beche and gutter pairs in 1948, airmail stamps in 1950, official mail stamps in 1951 and provisional stamps in 1960. The Israel Defense Forces operate a military postal system but, in 1948, dropped plans to print their own stamps.

In 1955, Israel's first mobile post office began in the Negev. By 1990, Israel ran 53 routes for 1,058 locations, including Israeli settlements in the West Bank and Gaza. Due to hyperinflation, in 1982 and 1984 Israel issued non-denominated stamps. During the 1990s, Israel experimented with vending machines for postal labels (franking labels).

Israel produced a total of 110 new issues in the 1960s, 151 in the 1970s, 162 in the 1980s and 216 in the 1990s. More than 320 new stamps have been created since 2000. Israel stamps have distinctive tabs, on the margins of printed sheets, with inscriptions in Hebrew and usually English or French. The design of national and local postmarks is also popular.

From 1967 to 1994, Israel operated postal services in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, and continues to provide postal services in East Jerusalem and the Syrian Golan Heights.

Palestinian National Authority

Starting in 1994, the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) established post offices throughout the PNA, developed its own unique postmarks and issued stamps. The PNA has issued dozens of stamps and souvenir sheets since 1994, with the exception of 2004 and 2007.

The PNA is authorized to manage postal operations, issue stamps and postal stationery, and set rates, under agreements signed between Israel and the PNA following the Oslo Accords. In 1999, the PNA and Israel agreed that PNA mail could be sent directly to Egypt and Jordan.  The PNA's Ministry of Telecom & Information Technology has sharply criticized postal services in areas under Israeli control.

Despite some initial doubts in philatelic circles, the PNA stamps came to be used for postal activities within Palestine and for international postal communications as well. The Universal Postal Union and its member countries generally do not recognize stamps issued by administrations that have not achieved full independence, though the UPU maintains ties and supports these administrations.

State of Palestine stamps
On January 9, 2013, the first stamp with the "State of Palestine" wording was issued by Palestinian postal service. The move came following the historic upgrade of Palestine mission of PLO (Palestinian Authority) to the UN to non-member observer state on 29 November 2012.

Propaganda Labels

Labels issued by The Jewish National Fund
The Jewish National Fund (JNF) produced and sold thirty million labels between 1902 and 1914 as "promotional materials" to "help spread the message of Zionism." The "Zion" label was its biggest seller with 20 million copies of this blue-and-white label with the Star of David and the word "Zion" sold. Four million copies of the "Herzl" label, issued between 1909 and 1914, were sold. The label depicted Theodor Herzl gazing at a group of workers in Palestine, using the famous image of him on the Rhine Bridge from the First Zionist Congress, superimposed onto a scene of a balcony overlooking the Old City of Jerusalem. Labels with pictures of Max Nordau, David Wolffsohn, the Wailing Wall, a map of Palestine, and historical scenes and landscape in Palestine, sold about one million copies each. A total of 266 different labels were produced by the JNF's Head Office in Jerusalem between 1902 and 1947.

Anglo Palestine Company
Labels were also issued by the Anglo Palestine Company (APC), the forerunner to Israel's Bank Leumi. In 1915, Ahmed Djemal, who ruled over Syria and Palestine on behalf of the Ottoman Empire, issued an anti-Zionist proclamation ordering the "confiscation of the postage stamps, Zionist flags, paper money, bank notes of the Anglo-Palestine Company, Ltd. in the form of checks which are spread among these elements and has decreed the dissolution of all the clandestine Zionist societies and institutions ..." After World War I, the APC relied on the postage stamps of British authorities, which were marked with an APC perforation.

Labels issued by Arab Organisations

During the Mandate period, Arab groups issued four distinct propaganda labels (or series): a promotional label for the Jerusalem Arab Fair (April 1934), a series of five labels issued by the Financial Department of the Arab Higher Committee (Beit al-Mal al-'Arabi, 1936), a series of three labels issued by the Arab Community Fund (Sandouk al-Umma al-'Arabi, no date known), and a series of five labels (1, 2, and 5 Mils; 1 and 2 US-Cents) inscribed Palestine For The Arabs and depicting the Dome of the Rock and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in front of a map of Palestine (Jaffa, 1938).Abuljebain, 2001, p. 26

After 1948, Arab organizations issued numerous propaganda labels, so the following lists may be incomplete:Syria and Lebanon Day (one label, no date known, 1940s?), Islamic Orphan House (five labels, no date known, 1940s?), General Union of Palestine Workers (one label, 5 Fils, no date known, 1960s?), Charitable Association for the Families of Prisoners and Detainees (one label, depicting a mother and child, no date known, 1960s?).

The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) issued in Gaza a 5 Mils label depicting a map and sun (1964). Fateh (Palestinian National Liberation Movement) issued a number of series: ten labels (1968–69) and a sheet of four (1969?), mainly on the battle of Karameh,Abuljebain, 2001, p. 27 a series of three label commemorating the fifth anniversary of Fateh (1970, motif: Mandate stamps).

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) issues: set of four labels issued in 1969 or 1970. The labels Charitable Association for the Families of Prisoners and Detainees were issued in the 1970s with the PFLP name in English (two labels: 5 US-Cents and 5 US-$), followed by seven labels commemorating Ghassan Kanafani (1974), a sheet of 25 labels depicting martyrs (1974) and a sheet of 12 labels with city views (1975).

Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) issued two sets of labels in the 1970s: five labels depicting martyrs and two labels with freedom fighters in front of the globe. The Palestinian Popular Struggle Front (PPSF) contributed two sets of labels with motifs Leila Khaled and party symbols (map, gun, Dome of the Rock). Other groups issuing propaganda labels in the 1970s include Organization for Arab Palestine and Action Organization for the Liberation of Palestine.

During the 1980s, at least 18 different labels pertain to the First Intifada. For example, label sheets and miniature sheets reproduce the Mandate's 1927 Pictorials with overprints in English, French, German, and Arabic: Intifadah 7 December 1987 and Declaration of Statehood 15 November 1988.

See also
Harrison & Sons Collection
Postage stamps and postal history of the Palestinian National Authority

Notes, references and sources
Notes
[i]From 1918-22, the area today known as Jordan was part of the British Mandate of Palestine, before it was separated out to form the Emirate of Transjordan. Unless otherwise specified, this article uses "British Mandate" and related terms to refer to the post-1922 mandate, west of the Jordan river.

References

Sources
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 Aron, Joseph (1988). Forerunners to the forerunners: a pre-philatelic postal history of the Holy Land. Jerusalem: Society of the Postal History of Eretz Israel.
 BALE : the stamps of Palestine Mandate 1917–1948, 9th ed. (2000). Joseph D. Stier (ed.). Chariot. .
 Bar-Gal, Yoram (2003). Propaganda and Zionist Education: The Jewish National Fund. Boydell & Brewer. .
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 Firebrace, John A. (1991). British Empire campaigns and occupations in the Near East, 1914–1924: a postal history. London & Bournemouth: Christie's Robson Lowe. .
 Fisher, John (1999). Curzon and British Imperialism in the Middle East, 1916-1919. Routledge. .
 Fluri, Ernst (1973). The minhelet ha’am period : (1 to 15 May 1948). World Philatelic Congress of Israel, Holy Land and Judaica Societies.
 Forsyth, James B. (1861).  A Few Months in the East, Or, A Glimpse of the Red, the Dead, and the Black Seas. University of Michigan.
 Gibbon, Edward (1837). The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Oxford University.
 Goldstein, Carlos and Emil S. Dickstein (1983). Haifa and Jaffa postmarks of the Palestine Mandate. Beachwood, Oh.: Society of Israel Philatelists.
 Groten, Arthur H. (1988). The postmarks of Mandate Tel Aviv. Beachwood, Oh.: Society of Israel Philatelists.
 Hitti, Phillip K. (1996). The Arabs: A Short History. Regnery Gateway. .
 Hitti, Phillip K. (2004). History of Syria, Including Lebanon and Palestine. Gorgias. .
 Hoexter, Werner (1970). The stamps of Palestine: I. The stamps issued during the period of the military administration (1918 to 1 July 1920). World Philatelic Congress of Israel, Holy Land, and Judaica Societies.
 Ideology and Landscape in Historical Perspective. Alan R. Baker and Gideon Biger; editors. Cambridge University Press. .
 Levy, Thomas E. (1995). The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. Continuum. .
 Lindenberg, Paul P. (1926). Das Postwesen Palästinas vor der britischen Besetzung. Vienna: Die Postmarke.
 Mayo, Menachim M. (1984). Cilicie : occupation militaire francaise. New York.
 Oliver, Anthony R. and Anthony Atmore (2001). Medieval Africa, 1250-1800. Cambridge University Press. .
 Palestine: Stamps (1865–1981). Beirut: Dar Al-Fata Al-Arabi, 1981.
 Shaath, Nabeel Ali and Hasna' Mikdashi (1981). Palestine: Stamps (1865–1981). Beirut: Dar al-Fata al-Arabi, 1985 (2nd ed.)
 Porter, Josias L. (1858). A Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine. Harvard University.
 Proud, Edward B. (2006). The postal history of Palestine and Transjordan. Heathfield. . First edition (1985): The postal history of British Palestine 1918-1948.
 Rachwalsky, E. (1957). Notes on the Italian post office in Jerusalem. In: The BAPIP Bulletin. No. 21, pp. 16–18.
 Rachwalsky, E. and A. Jacobs (1962). The civilian German postal services in Palestine, 1898-1914. In: BAPIP Bulletin. No. 39, pp. 5–8, and no, 40, pp. 12–13.
 Reid, Donald M. (1984). The symbolism of postage stamps: A source for the historian. In: Journal of Contemporary History, 19:2, pp. 223–249.
 Rosenzweig, Rafael N. (1989). The Economic Consequences of Zionism. BRILL. .
 Runciman, Steven and Elizabeth Jeffreys (2006). Byzantine style, religion and civilization : in honour of Sir Steven Runciman. Cambridge University Press. .
 Sacher, Michael M. (1995). The postal markings of Mandate Palestine: 1917-1948. London: Royal Philatelic Society. .
 Shahin, Mariam (2005). Palestine: A Guide. Interlink. pp. 421–423.
 Siegel, Marvin (1964). The "postage paid" markings of Palestine and Israel. In: The BAPIP Bulletin. No. 45, p. 16.
 Sicker, Martin (1999). Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831-1922. Greenwood. .
 Silverstein, Adam J. (2007). Postal Systems in the Pre-Modern Islamic World. Cambridge University Press. .
 Steichele, Anton (1990/1991). The foreign post offices in Palestine : 1840–1918. 2 vols. Chicago: World Philatelic Congress of Israel, Holy Land, and Judaica Societies.
 Tranmer, Keith (1976). Austrian post offices abroad : part eight ; Austrian Lloyd, Liechtenstein, Cyprus, Egypt, Palestine, Syria-Lebanon, Asia Minor. Tranmer.
 Yoder, Christine E. (2001). Wisdom As a Woman of Substance: A Socioeconomic Reading of Proverbs 1-9. deGruyter. .
 Zywietz, Tobias. A Short Introduction To The Philately Of Palestine

Further reading
 20th anniversary publication, World Philatelic Congress of Israel Holy Land & Judaica Societies. World Philatelic Congress of Israel, Holy Land and Judaica Societies. Downsview, Ont., Canada: The WPC, 1986.
 Ashkenazy, Danielle. Not Just for Stamp Collectors. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Feb. 25 1999. See also Israeli government description.
 Bale, Michael H. (ed.). Holyland catalogue: stamps & postal history during the rule of the Ottoman Empire: Turkish & foreign post offices. Tel-Aviv: Chariot Global Marketing, 1999.
 Bard, Dr. Leslie A. Commercial Airmail Rates from Palestine to North America : 3 August 1933 to 30 April 1948. In: Israel Philatelist. 57:5, Oct
 Blau, Fred F. The air mail history of the Holyland. [Chicago]: 1988.
 Blau, Fred F. The Allied Military Air Mail to and from Palestine in WWII. In: Holy Land Postal History 1987 Autumn.
 Blau, Fred F. Air accident mail to and from Palestine and Israel. In The BAPIP Bulletin. No. 107-8, 1984
 Hirst, Herman H. and John C.W. Fields Palestine and Israel: Air Post History [review]. In: The BAPIP Bulletin. No. 8, 1954, p. 29.
 Lachman, S. Postage rates in Palestine and Israel. In: The BAPIP Bulletin. No. 2, 1952, p. 13–14
 McSpadden, Joseph Walker (1930). How They Carried the Mail: From the Post Runners of King Sargon to the Air Mail of Today. University of California.

External links
 A Short Introduction to the Philately of Palestine  (includes links for Collectors Societies and extensive bibliography)
 Society of Israel Philatelists (SIP)
 Cercle Français Philatélique d'Israël (CFPI) (fr)
 Oriental Philatelic Association of London (OPAL)
 Ottoman and Near East Philatelic Society (ONEPS)
 Sandafayre Stamp Atlas: Palestine
 The 1944 - 48 Palestine Airletter Sheet by Tony Goldstone

History of Palestine (region)
Philately of Palestine


Dimitri Terzakis (; born March 12, 1938, in Athens) is a Greek composer. His father was the author Angelos Terzakis.

From 1959–1964 Terzakis studied composition with Yannis Papaioannou at the Athens Hellenic Conservatory, followed by five years spent at the Hochschule für Musik in Cologne, Germany where he studied composition with Bernd Alois Zimmermann and electronic music with Herbert Eimert. Works by Terzakis have been performed at the International Society for Contemporary Music Festival in Basle (1970), the Darmstadt Artists' Colony summer courses (1970) and the Hamburg Das Neue Werk series (1972). He taught counterpoint and fugue (1974–94) and Byzantine music and composition (1989–94) at the Musikhochschule, Düsseldorf. In 1980 he began to organize summer courses in Western and south-eastern European music in Nafplion. In 1985–6 he was guest professor of composition at the Hochschule für Musik Hanns Eisler. From 1994 to his retirement he held the chair for composition at the Leipzig Felix Mendelssohn College of Music and Theatre.

He has been a German citizen since 1985 and is living and composing in Leipzig, Germany, and Nafplion, Greece.

Compositions
As a composer, Terzakis' music began with an expanded tonality (Prelude (1961) and Legend (1964)) moving to 12-note serialism (e.g. the Sinfonietta (1965)) and then to a fruitful exploration of micro-intervals and glissandi, principally in his melody, based on Byzantine music. In recent years, Terzakis's view of Western harmony, polyphony and the tempered system as constituting only an extended episode in the evolution of music has increasingly led him to an essentially monophonic output. In this he has drawn example from Greek traditional music, as well as from other parts of the Mediterranean and the Near East.

Terzakis has written numerous symphonic works, chamber music pieces, vocal art songs, and choral pieces such as Kassandra after Aischylos for the ensemble amarcord. He has also written three operas: Circus Universal (1975), Thomas Torquemada (1976), and Hermes (1984).

Sources
George Leotsakos. The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, edited by Stanley Sadie (1992).  and

External links
 Official Web Site
 Biography and interview at the Music Library of Greece

1938 births
20th-century classical composers
21st-century classical composers
Greek classical composers
Greek opera composers
Living people
Male classical composers
Male opera composers
Musicians from Athens
20th-century male musicians
21st-century male musicians


Boyd Irwin (12 March 1880 – 22 January 1957) was an English stage and film actor. He appeared in more than 130 films between 1915 and 1948, both silent and "talkies", including a starring role in Australian film For Australia in 1915. He was born in Brighton, Sussex and died in Los Angeles, California.

Selected filmography

 The Luck of Geraldine Laird (1920)
 Milestones (1920)
 Eyes of the Eagle (1920)
 A Lady in Love (1920)
 A Gilded Dream (1920)
 The Fatal Sign (1920)
 The Three Musketeers (1921)
 The Long Chance (1922)
 Around the World in Eighteen Days (1923)
 Ashes of Vengeance (1923)
 Enemies of Children (1923)
 Captain Blood (1924)
 Madam Satan (1930) - as the skipper of a dirigible
 The Common Law (1931)
 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931) - as the head of Scotland Yard
 Cardinal Richelieu (1935)
 The Widow from Monte Carlo (1935)
 Accent on Youth (1935)
 Devil's Squadron (1936) - as head of the airport
 Give Me Liberty (1936)
 Killer at Large (1936)
 The Man in the Iron Mask (1939)
 The Witness Vanishes (1939)
 The Invisible Killer (1939)
 Sky Patrol (1939)
 Drums of the Desert (1940)
 Passage from Hong Kong (1941)
 The Great Swindle (1941)
 Foreign Agent (1942)
 The Major and the Minor (1942)
 King of the Bandits (1947)
 Docks of New Orleans (1948)

References

External links

1880 births
1957 deaths
English male film actors
English male silent film actors
20th-century English male actors
British expatriate male actors in the United States
Male actors from Brighton


Aile Asszonyi (born 22 July 1975) is an Estonian soprano who has made an international career, known for dramatic roles such as Puccini's Turandot, Wagner's Senta and Elektra by Richard Strauss.

Life and career
Asszonyi was born on 22 July 1975. Her mother Aino Asszonyi was an architect. Her maternal grandfather John Pori was a renowned orchestra leader and dance musician. She studied at the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre in Tallinn with Matti Pelo and Helin Kapten, graduating in 2002. She studied further at the studio of the Dutch National Opera from 2002 to 2004, and the Carlo Bergonzi Accademia Verdiana in Busseto. She won the Prix des Donateurs at the Queen Elisabeth Competition in Brussels in 2004.

Asszonyi first sang in the Philharmonic Chamber Choir in Estonia. She made her stage debut in 2000 as Despina in Mozart's Così fan tutte at the Theater Vanemuine in Tartu. She participated in the world premieres of Isidora Žebeljan's operas Zora D and Dve glave i devojka. She was a member of the Estonian National Opera from 2010. Her roles include Haydn's Armida, Mozart's Fiordiligi, both Donna Anna and Donna Elvira in Don Giovanni, Adina in Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore, Verdi's Violetta and Giovanna d'Arco. She then ventured into more dramatic roles such as the title role in Beethoven's Fidelio, and both Elisabeth and Venus in Wagner's Tannhäuser. In Europe, she performed the roles of the Mother in Dallapiccola's Il prigioniero at the Oper Graz in 2016, Prothoe in Schoeck's Penthesilea at the Oper Bonn, and Abigaille in Verdi's Nabucco at Theater Regensburg. She appeared as Fata Morgana in Prokofiev's The Love for Three Oranges at Theater Koblenz, as both Wagner's Isolde and Puccini's Turandot at the Staatstheater Saarbrücken, and as Senta in Wagner's Der fliegende Holländer with De Nederlandse Reiseoper. She has sung with conductors such Neeme Järvi, Paavo Järvi and Dirk Kaftan and with directors such as Dmitry Bertman, Michiel Dijkema, Stefan Herheim, Roman Hovenbitzer, Tobias Kratzer, Peter Konwitschny,  David Pountney, Daniel Slater, Nicola Raab and Andrejs Žagars.

In 2023 Asszonyi appeared in the title role of Elektra by Richard Strauss at the Oper Frankfurt, directed by Claus Guth and conducted by Sebastian Weigle. A reviewer noted that she was convincing from the beginning by both a "energetic voluminous high dramatic voice" and by stage presence, acting as a traumatised woman close to madness. Jan Brachmann from the FAZ experienced her as identifying with her character, and portraying in her monologue a woman with an unrealised capacity to love.

She took part in the world premiere of Sofia Gubaidulina's oratorio Über Liebe und Hass / About Love and Hate both in Tallinn and at the Olavsdagene Festival in Trondheim.

Asszonyi was named best musician of the year 2007 by the Estonian Music Council, and was awarded the annual Estonian Theatre Award for the best operatic performance in 2009.

Discography
 2003 Tormis Vision of Estonia I Estonian National Male Chorus Alba records (UPC: 641713120175)
 2011 Isidora Žebeljan Rukoveti Janáček Philharmonic Orchestra CPO label (CPO: 777 670‐2)
 2012 Van Gilse Symphony No. 3 Netherlands Symphony Orchestra CPO label (CPO: 777 518‐2)

References

External links

 Aile Asszonyi Operabase
 94 Notable alumni of Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre edurank.org

Living people
21st-century Estonian women opera singers
Estonian operatic sopranos
Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre alumni
1975 births
Prize-winners of the Queen Elisabeth Competition


Soothradharan () is a 2001 Indian Malayalam-language film written and directed by A. K. Lohithadas. The film stars Dileep and Meera Jasmine, while Kalabhavan Mani, Bindu Panicker and Cochin Haneefa play other important roles.
Music of the movie was done by Raveendran master. This film marks the debut film of Meera Jasmine. Bindu Panicker and Cochin Haneefa won Second Best Actress and Second Best Actor Awards at the Kerala State Film Awards of India.

Plot
Ramesan who supports the five member family by selling pickles and other eatables, reaches a border town named Pandavapuram under certain circumstances where he finds the conditions to be truly stark and dreary. Director dwells upon the ordeals of life in Pandavapuram. Ramesan is trying in vain to find his friend Leelakrishnan who acts as a hijada to eke out a living.

Devumma who runs a brothel gives him shelter. Seemingly oblivious of the impending doom, Sivani a teenage girl lives with Devumma  and Raniamma She falls in love with Ramesan. Bharathiyakka, an old inmate of the whorehouse fills her wallet with money earned by selling virgins to infamous pimps. She persuades Devumma to sell Sivani to a rich and pompous Zamindar. Trapped between dreams of hard cash for sustenance and her affection for Sivani, Devumma is trying to save the lives of prostitutes by getting as much money as she can through this ordeal. Sivani's aspirations bite the dust leaving her emotionally shattered, when Devumma decides to sell her. But then matters are put in their proper perspective and the director opts for the usual happy ending.

Cast
 Dileep as Rameshan
 Meera Jasmine as Shivani
 Kalabhavan Mani as Sadanandan
 Cochin Haneefa as Rajamani
 Bindu Panicker as Devumma (Devayani)
 Salim Kumar as Leela Krishnan
 Chithra as Raniamma
 Kanakadurga as Bharathi
 Mansoor Ali Khan as Kannappa Chettiyar
 Mahesh

Songs

Film had notable songs composed by Raveendran Master and lyrics written by S. Rameshan Nair.

Awards

References

External links

2001 films
2000s Malayalam-language films
Films about prostitution in India
Films with screenplays by A. K. Lohithadas
Films directed by A. K. Lohithadas
Films scored by Raveendran


Events from the year 1714 in Ireland.

Incumbent
Monarch: Anne (until 1 August), then George I

Events
 August 1
 George I becomes King of Great Britain and Ireland upon the death of Anne.
 Former Governor of Londonderry and hero of the siege of Derry, Colonel John Mitchelburne, hoists the Crimson Flag on the steeple of St Columb's Cathedral to celebrate the Relief of Derry in 1689 and forms the first club known as the Apprentice Boys of Derry.
 Charles Spencer is appointed as British Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
 Esther Vanhomrigh pursues Jonathan Swift to Ireland.
 First definitely known Dublin printing of the King James Version of the Bible.

Births
John Clegg, violinist (d. c.1746?)

Deaths
July 5 – Sir Henry Bingham, 3rd Baronet, politician (b. 1654)
August 1 – Anne, Queen of Great Britain (b. 1665)

References

Years of the 18th century in Ireland
Ireland
1710s in Ireland


Usaia Naiteitei Sotutu (born 20 September 1947 in Tavea, Bua, Fiji) is a former runner who represented Fiji at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

Personal life
Usaia was born to Tevita Naiteitei and Akisi Buasega in 1947 in Fiji. He represented Fiji in several international track and field competitions, including the South Pacific Games and the Summer Olympics. Shortly after participating in the Olympics, he attended Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, on a full scholarship for track and cross-country. While attending BYU, he converted to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.  In 1973, he took a break from his college and track career to serve a two-year mission for the Church back in Fiji.  He later married Catherine Marie Olson in 1975, who was also studying at BYU. After finishing his schooling in Provo, he, Cathie, and their first son, David, moved back to Fiji.  They lived there for three years. During that time he taught physical education, and they had two more children, Juliette and Charles.  Then they moved to Kent, Washington in 1980. There he went to work for Boeing, and they had two more daughters, Jennifer and Diana. He and Cathie were divorced in 2004, but he still lives in the Seattle, Washington area and still works for Boeing.

Running/athletics career
Usaia was a noted runner in Fiji and was selected to represent Fiji in the South Pacific Games (now Pacific Games) numerous times.  In 1972, he was chosen to represent Fiji in the Summer Olympics.  He did not win any medals.

Achievements

After Retirement
It is not known when he retired, but he was ushered into the Fiji Sports Hall of Fame in 1993.

Internal References
 Fiji at the 1972 Summer Olympics

References

External links

Fiji Association of Sports and National Olympic Committee#Fiji Sports Hall of Fame

1947 births
Living people
Fijian male steeplechase runners
Olympic athletes for Fiji
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
BYU Cougars men's track and field athletes
Converts to Mormonism
Fijian Latter Day Saints
Latter Day Saints from Washington (state)
Fijian Mormon missionaries
Mormon missionaries in Fiji
20th-century Mormon missionaries
Sportspeople from Kent, Washington
Track and field athletes from Seattle
People from Bua Province
Fijian male long-distance runners
BYU Cougars men's cross country runners


John Arthur Phillips FRS, FCS (18 February 1822 – 5 January 1887) was a British geologist, metallurgist, and mining engineer.

Life
He was born at Polgooth, near St Austell in Cornwall the son of John Phillips, who at one time was occupied as a mineral agent, and of Prudence Gaved of Tregian, St Ewe.

After an education at a private school at St Blazey he was placed with a surveyor, but soon turned his attention to metallurgy, especially in connection with electricity. He was also involved with the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society where he collaborated with Robert Were Fox the Younger and Robert Hunt in experiments connected with electricity and the deposition of metallic copper.

Phillips entered as a student at the École des Mines de Paris in December 1844; he graduated in 1846.

Work
For about two years he held a post at a French colliery, but returned to England in 1848. Here, after serving as chemist to a government commission on the question of coal for the navy, and as manager to some chemical works, he started on his own account as a mining engineer and consulting metallurgist in London. From 1848 to 1850 he was also professor of metallurgy at the College for Civil Engineers, Putney; and again, later in life, lectured at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, in 1875 and 1877.

In 1853 he went to California, remaining there twelve months, but returning thither in 1865, and again in 1866. During these two visits he made a number of observations on the connection between hot springs and mineral vein deposits, which were embodied in an important paper, published by the Geological Society of London. He continued to reside in London till 1868, but made frequent professional journeys to various parts of Europe and to North Africa, besides those already named. In the latter year he went to Liverpool to build and manage the works of the Widnes Metal Company. The undertaking proved to be so prosperous that he was able to return to London in 1877, and afterwards to retire from business. He married Mary Ann Andrew, daughter of George Andrew of Carne, St Mewan, Cornwall, on 1 January 1850, and died suddenly on 5 January 1887, at 18 Fopstone Road, S.W., leaving a son and a daughter.

Phillips took out patents for improvements in metal production and refining, and was one of the first scientists to use the polarizing microscope to study rock and mineral structures.

Learned societies
He was elected a fellow of the Geological Society in 1872, and was a vice-president at his death. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1881, was also a Fellow of the Chemical Society and member of the Institution of Civil Engineers. Of all these, his extensive and accurate knowledge, always at the service of his friends, his sound judgment, and sterling integrity, made him a valued member.

Publications
His scientific papers were numerous, and he was one of the first to devote himself to the study of the microscopic structure of minerals and rocks, using sections prepared by himself. Among his papers were two on the "Greenstones" of Cornwall, one on the rocks of the mining districts of Cornwall, with others on the chemical and mineralogical changes in certain eruptive rocks of North Wales, on the constitution and history of grits and sandstones, and on concretionary patches and fragments of other rocks contained in granite—all published in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. He also contributed to the Proceedings of the Royal Society, the Philosophical Magazine, the Chemical News, and other scientific journals. Besides a number of pamphlets, he also published a work in 1867 on the Mining and Metallurgy of Gold and Silver; a Manual of Metallurgy in 1852, on the fourth edition of which he was engaged, in collaboration with Hilary Bauerman, at the time of his death; and a Treatise on Ore Deposits in 1884.

Selected publications
Gold-mining and Assaying: A Scientific Guide for Australian Emigrants
A Manual of Metallurgy, or a Practical Treatise on the Chemistry of the Metals
Records of mining and metallurgy; or, Facts and memoranda for the use of the mine agent and smelter, with John Darlington

References

External links

 Death of John Arthur Phillips, West Briton 13 January 1887.

Attribution
; Endnotes:
Boase and Courtney's Bibliotheca Cornubiensis
Royal Society Cat. of Scientific Papers
obituary notices in Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Proc. xliii. 41
Geol. Mag. 1887, p. 142
Times, 7 Jan. 1887
Boase's Collectanea
private information from A. G. Phillips, esq. (son).

1822 births
1887 deaths
People from Polgooth
Geologists from Cornwall
British mining engineers
British metallurgists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Geological Society of London
Fellows of the Chemical Society


Kasthooriman () is a 2003 Indian Malayalam-language romantic drama film written and directed by A. K. Lohithadas. Lohithadas remade this film in Tamil under the same title, with Meera reprising her role.

Plot

Sajan Joseph Alukka (Kunchako Boban) is a soft-spoken and studious young man, while his junior Priyamvada (Meera Jasmine) is smart and outgoing. Her close friend is in love with Sajan, but he avoids her by saying that his only ambition in life is to study hard and become an IAS officer.

But Priya follows him and digs out the truth that though he hails from a rich family, his father has now gone bankrupt and has no money even to pay the exam fee. On hearing this, her friend ditches him. Slowly Priya starts having a soft corner for him. She even pays his fees, but Sajan tries to avoid her and treats this as an insult.

One day Sajan meets Priya in his father's nd it is the happiest day for her when Sajan gets his IAS. But Priya murders her abusive brother-in-law in self-defense and is sent to prison. Sajan waits for her return and the two are reunited after Priya's prison term is completed.

Cast

Soundtrack
The film's soundtrack contains eight songs, all composed by Ouseppachan, with lyrics by Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri.

Reception
A critic from Nowrunning wrote that "The film is worth a watch in the theatres, thanks to an engaging directorial style of Lohithadas who believes in simple and straightforward way of story telling".

Box office
The film became commercial success at the box office.

Awards
Kerala State Film Awards 2003
Best Actress - Meera Jasmine
 Filmfare Awards South
 Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Malayalam - Meera Jasmine

References

External links

Kasthooriman

2003 films
2000s Malayalam-language films
Indian romantic drama films
Malayalam films remade in other languages
Films with screenplays by A. K. Lohithadas
Films scored by Ouseppachan
Films directed by A. K. Lohithadas
2003 romantic drama films
Films shot in Thrissur


The 1987 UEFA Cup Final was a football tie played on 6 and 20 May 1987 between IFK Göteborg of Sweden and Dundee United of Scotland. Göteborg won 2–1 on aggregate, their second UEFA Cup triumph, following victory in 1982. It was Dundee United's first, and so far only, major European final.

Route to the final

Match details

First leg

Second leg

See also
1986–87 UEFA Cup
Dundee United F.C. in European football
IFK Göteborg in European football

References
General

RSSSF - UEFA Cup 1986-87
RSSSF - IFK in Europe 1981-1995

Specific

2
UEFA Cup Final
UEFA Cup Final 1987
UEFA Cup Final 1987
UEFA Cup finals
International club association football competitions hosted by Scotland
International club association football competitions hosted by Sweden
UEFA Cup Final
UEFA Cup final 1987
UEFA Cup Final
UEFA Cup Final
1980s in Gothenburg
International sports competitions in Gothenburg
Football in Dundee


Events from the year 1719 in Ireland.

Incumbent
Monarch: George I

Events
November 2 – the Toleration Act ("For exempting the Protestant Dissenters of this kingdom from certain penalties to which they are now subject"), passed by the Parliament of Ireland, receives Royal Assent.
March 26 Old Style (1720 New Style) – the Dependency of Ireland on Great Britain Act 1719 is passed by the Parliament of Great Britain.
First service held in the rebuilt St. Werburgh's Church, Dublin (Church of Ireland), designed by Colonel Thomas Burgh, M.P., Surveyor General of Ireland.
Cornelius Nary publishes a new Roman Catholic New Testament Bible translation into English, probably in Dublin.

Births
August 18 – Bernard Ward, 1st Viscount Bangor, politician (d. 1781)
November 23 – Spranger Barry, actor (d. 1777)
James Freney, highwayman (d. 1788)
Godfrey Lill, lawyer and politician (d. 1783)
Thomas Sheridan, actor and elocutionist (d. 1788)

Deaths
March 18 – Élie Bouhéreau, scholar-librarian (b. 1643)
December 24 – William O'Brien, 3rd Earl of Inchiquin, governor (b. 1662)
Henry Colley, politician (b. 1648)
Richard Pockrich, landowner, military commander and politician (b. c.1666)

References

Years of the 18th century in Ireland
Ireland
1710s in Ireland


Jean De Briac (born Jean-Frederic Weitler, 15 August 1891 – 18 October 1970) was a French film actor. He appeared in more than 120 films between 1920 and 1962. He was born in France and died in Los Angeles, California. He immigrated to the United States in 1915.

Selected filmography

The Frisky Mrs. Johnson (1920)
The Love Light (1921)
 High Heels (1921)
The Butterfly Girl (1921)
 The Lady from Longacre (1921)
The Power of Love (1922)
Another Man's Shoes (1922)
One Wonderful Night (1922)
Around the World in Eighteen Days (1923)
The Marriage Market (1923)
The Iron Man (1924)
Paris at Midnight (1926)
The Duchess of Buffalo (1926)
The Ladybird (1927)
Blotto (1930)
Be Big! (1931)
Wise Girl (1937)
Swiss Miss (1938)
Wee Wee Monsieur (1938)
Tassels in the Air (1938)
A Chump at Oxford (1940)
 Enemy Agent (1940)
Appointment in Berlin (1943)
Half Past Midnight (1948)

References

External links

 Jean De Briac at the British Film Institute

1891 births
1970 deaths
20th-century French male actors
Burials at Valley Oaks Memorial Park
French emigrants to the United States
French male film actors
French male silent film actors


Street Fighter: The Storytelling Game is a role-playing game based on the Street Fighter video game series. It uses most of the basic game mechanics from White Wolf's World of Darkness games. It was released in 1994 and contains most of the characters from Super Street Fighter II. The Storytelling Game is currently out of print, as are all games using the original Storytelling System.

Character generation
Character generation was similar to White Wolf's other games (Vampire, Werewolf, Mage, etc.). The character has nine attributes divided into three categories (Physical, Mental, Social). The player then distributed points among these stats and selected a Concept, Demeanor, and various skills and backgrounds. Instead of a clan, Street Fighter Characters selected a martial art based on the fighting styles of the characters from the game. The character's style determined which techniques the character could learn by spending fewer points. For example, practitioners of Shotokan karate and kung fu could learn the Fireball technique more easily than someone who selected sambo as his style. The character's style also determined how much Chi and Willpower the character started with. Certain special moves required the character to spend Chi or Willpower. In addition, characters also had an Honor score. Honor helped the character regain Chi; a character with high Honor recovered Chi more easily than a character with low Honor.

Game mechanics
Gameplay was based on previous White Wolf games. The player rolled a number of ten sided dice based on his skill level, attribute score, or both and needed to achieve a number of "successes" based on the difficulty of the feat in question. In addition to skills found in many other White Wolf games (Drive, Computer, Survival, etc.) several new skills were introduced. For example, a Style Lore skill that allowed a character to determine what fighting style an opponent is using and what his approximate level of skill is. Players also distributed points to Punch, Kick, Grab, Athletics, Focus, and Block techniques. These techniques not only increased the character's fighting ability but served as prerequisites for some martial arts special maneuvers.

A new addition to gameplay was a Combat Card system.

Products
A total of one basic module and five supplements books were released for this game. (In White Wolf Code order)

 Street Fighter: The Storytelling Game (1994, )
 Secrets of Shadowloo (1994, )
 Street Fighter Storyteller's Screen (1994, )
 Street Fighter Player's Guide (1994, )
 The Perfect Warrior (1995, )
 Contenders (1995, )

Reception
Ian Williams for Vice said that "Street Fighter stands as an oddity of innovative design, shrewd licensing, and wild-eyed worldbuilding."

References

External links
 Street Fighter RPG unofficial american website
 Street Fighter RPG unofficial brazilian website
 Review of Street Fighter the Storytelling Game on RPG.net

Martial arts role-playing games
Role-playing games based on video games
Role-playing games introduced in 1994
Street Fighter games
White Wolf Publishing games
Works based on Street Fighter


Douglas Andrew Connell (born May 1954) is a retired Scottish solicitor and former chairman of Museums Galleries Scotland, which is the national development body for Scotland's museums and galleries. He is also the former chair of The Prince's Foundation

Connell was Senior Partner and most recently a consultant to the private client law firm Turcan Connell of which he was one of the founders. He was chairman and latterly deputy chairman of Tcam, an investment management and financial planning business. His work in charity law included the formation and governance of charities and advice to the trustees of a number of major national institutions as well as private charitable foundations. He also specialised in the national heritage.

Connell is a former chairman of the recognition committee of Museums Galleries Scotland, the Edinburgh International Book Festival and the lottery committee of the Scottish Arts Council. He has served as a board member of various arts and heritage organisations including the Scottish Arts Council, Artlink, the Edinburgh International Cultural Summit Foundation, the Historic Scotland Foundation and the Edinburgh International Festival. For many years he was a member of the Scottish Committee of the Historic Houses Association. He also served as a General Council Assessor on the Court of the University of Edinburgh and is a trustee of many other public and charitable organisations. Connell served as a board member of Hampshire Cultural Trust. In 2016 he was appointed as a Trustee of the Great Steward of Scotland's Dumfries House Trust. He is a trustee of The Prince's Foundation and other related charities. In 2021 he quit his job over claims the charity had accepted a £200,000 donation from Russian convict, Dmitry Leus, with the prince thanking the businessman in a letter and suggesting a meeting. This led to an investigation by the Scottish Charity Regulator.

A former member of the Court of the University of St Andrews, Douglas chaired the Audit Committee and the Governance and Nominations Committee.

At the Scottish Legal Awards 2015, Connell received the Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2015 Connell was awarded an honorary doctorate by Heriot-Watt University. In 2016 Douglas Connell was made an Honorary Academician of The Royal Scottish Academy.

After many years in Scotland and 7 years in Hampshire, Connell now lives in Surrey and London.

References

External links
Scottish Government Recognition Scheme

1954 births
Living people
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Scottish solicitors


Rok Štraus (born 3 March 1987) is a Slovenian professional footballer who plays as a defensive or central midfielder.

Career

Messina
Štraus began his senior career in Italy at ACR Messina. On January 1, 2006, he was loaned to second division Italian club Brescia for 6 months before rejoining Messina on June 30, 2006.

Salernitana
On July 1, 2017, Štraus joined the second division Italian club, Salernitana.

NK Celje
On January 1, 2008, Štraus returned to Slovenia and signed a contract with first division club Celje.

Cracovia
In June 2011, he joined Polish first division club Cracovia on a three-year contract on a free transfer.

Ergotelis
On July 17, 2014, Štraus joined Ergotelis, a Greek second division club on a free transfer.

Widzew Lodz
On March 3, 2015, Rok Štraus went back to Poland to join second division club, Widzew Łódź on a free transfer.

Yokohama FC
On August 24, 2015, he joined Japanese first division club, Yokohama FC on a free transfer.

Free Agent
After leaving Yokohama FC on January 1, 2017, Rok Štraus was a free agent for 4 months.

Utenis
On 25 April 2017, Štraus joined Lithuanian A Lyga side Utenis, but he couldn't earn a lot of playing time and managed to appear only in four games before being released on 30 June 2017 as a free agent.

NK Celje
On December 12, 2017, Rok Štraus went back to Slovenia and rejoined NK Celje where he is now. He has made 49 appearances for the club ever since for a total of 1,289 minutes. He has racked up 7 yellow cards but has yet to score a goal or an assist.

Stats

Honours
Celje
Slovenian PrvaLiga: 2019–20

References

External links

 NZS profile

1987 births
Living people
Footballers from Maribor
Slovenian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Slovenian expatriate men's footballers
MNK Izola players
ACR Messina players
US Salernitana 1919 players
Brescia Calcio players
NK Celje players
MKS Cracovia players
Ergotelis F.C. players
Widzew Łódź players
Yokohama FC players
FK Utenis Utena players
Slovenian Second League players
Slovenian PrvaLiga players
Serie B players
Ekstraklasa players
J2 League players
A Lyga players
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Greece
Expatriate men's footballers in Greece
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Expatriate men's footballers in Poland
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Japan
Expatriate men's footballers in Japan
Slovenian expatriate sportspeople in Lithuania
Expatriate men's footballers in Lithuania
FC Rieti players


Casey Sherman is a New York Times, USA Today, and Wall Street Journal Bestselling American author, journalist and screenwriter most famous for his 2009 book The Finest Hours, which was adapted into the big budget  Walt Disney Studios (division) 2016 film of the same name, and Boston Strong, which was adapted into the acclaimed 2016 film Patriots Day.

Life and career
Sherman was born in Hyannis, Massachusetts. He attended Barnstable High School and graduated from Fryeburg Academy in 1988. He studied at Boston University, graduating in 1992.

As a television news producer for WBZ-TV, Sherman led a high-profile re-investigation of his aunt's murder, which he later chronicled in his 2003 book, A Rose for Mary: The Hunt for the Real Boston Strangler.  Sherman's work suggests that his aunt, 19-year old Mary Sullivan, might not have been a victim of the Boston Strangler, as commonly believed. Sherman wrote the New York Times Best-seller The Finest Hours in 2009, co-authored with Michael J. Tougias. The book was developed into the 2016 motion picture of the same name. It was filmed in Quincy, Massachusetts, and Chatham, Massachusetts, for Walt Disney Pictures. The Craig Gillespie-directed film stars Chris Pine, Casey Affleck, and Eric Bana. Sherman's other books include Bad Blood, Black Irish, Black Dragon, and Boston Strong: A City's Triumph Over Tragedy. The latter, about the city's response to the Boston Marathon bombing, was adapted as a feature dramatic film, Patriots Day (2016), starring Mark Wahlberg, Nina Dobrev, Jake Picking, Candice King, Alyssa Diaz, Kat Graham, James Harvey Ward, Stephen Amell, Paul Wesley and Alex Mckenna directed by Peter Berg.

Sherman also co-wrote The Ice Bucket Challenge: Pete Frates and the Fight against ALS and the New York Times Best-seller 12: The Inside Story of Tom Brady's Fight for Redemption with Dave Wedge. Both books are now in development as major motion pictures, as is Sherman's 2013 true crime drama, Animal: The Bloody Rise and Fall of the Mob's Most Feared Assassin with 20th Century FOX.

In 2018, Sherman reunited with Michael J. Tougias to write the Cold War drama Above & Beyond: John F. Kennedy and America's Most Dangerous Cold War Spy Mission.

In 2020, Sherman co-wrote the acclaimed true-crime thriller Hunting Whitey: The Inside Story of Capture & Killing of America's Most Wanted Crime Boss with Dave Wedge and partnered with James Patterson to write the New York Times Best-seller The Last Days of John Lennon, also with Dave Wedge.

Sherman is also a member of the famed Whydah Gally investigative team. In 2018, Sherman led an expedition to Devon, England to locate a blood relative of legendary pirate captain Samuel Bellamy and obtain their DNA for comparison to a human bone discovered in the shipwreck by Barry Clifford. The bone was examined by forensic scientists at the University of New Haven and deemed not a match. But the sample of  Bellamy's DNA has been preserved for future analysis of at least six new skeletal remains recently found in the shipwreck. The DNA investigation is ongoing and could take several years.

Sherman is represented by The Gotham Group in Los Angeles. He has appeared as a guest analyst on CNN, FOX News, NBC's Today Show, Discovery, History, Travel Channel, Dateline NBC, CBS Evening News, ABC World News Tonight, and others.

Sherman is a contributing writer for The Washington Post, Esquire (magazine), FOX News.com, Boston Magazine, Boston Common,, The Huffington Post and worked as a weekly featured columnist for The Boston Herald. In 2018 Sherman, and Dave Wedge, announced the formation of Fort Point Media, a film/TV/streaming content production company based in Boston and Los Angeles.

Works

Novels

 Black Irish (2007)
 Black Dragon (2008)

Non-fiction

Articles
 "The Way Back" (2014, with Dave Wedge), in Esquire
 "President Trump Needs to Learn Something about Diplomacy - and Fast" (2018) in The Washington Post
 "Blood in the Water" (2019) in Boston Magazine
 "Cape Fear" (2020) in Boston Magazine
Biographies
 The Ice Bucket Challenge: Pete Frates and the Fight against ALS (2017, with Dave Wedge)
 The Last Days of John Lennon (2020, with James Patterson and Dave Wedge.
True events
 A Rose for Mary: The Hunt for the Real Boston Strangler (2003)
 Search for the Strangler: My Hunt for Boston's Most Notorious Killer (2005)
 The Finest Hours: The True Story of the U.S. Coast Guard's Most Daring Sea Rescue (2009, with Michael J. Tougias)
 Young Readers Edition: The Finest Hours (2014)
 Bad Blood: Freedom and Death in the White Mountains (2009)
 Animal: The Bloody Rise and Fall of the Mob's Most Feared Assassin (2013)
 Boston Strong: A City's Triumph over Tragedy (2015, with Dave Wedge)
 12: The Inside Story of Tom Brady's Fight for Redemption (2018, with Dave Wedge)
 Hunting Whitey: The Inside Story of the Capture & Killing of America's Most Wanted Crime Boss (2020, with Dave Wedge)

History
Above & Beyond: John F. Kennedy and America's Most Dangerous Cold War Spy Mission (2018, with Michael J. Tougias)

Adaptations

 The Finest Hours (2016), film directed by Craig Gillespie, based on non-fiction book The Finest Hours: The True Story of the U.S. Coast Guard's Most Daring Sea Rescue

Awards
Emmy Award (nominated)
2010 Truth & Justice Award
2010 Massachusetts Book of the Year finalist (for The Finest Hours)
2010 New Hampshire Literary Prize finalist (for "Bad Blood")
2014 Junior Library Guild selection (for "The Finest Hours")
2016 Imaginnaire Award (Imagine Magazine)
2018 Massachusetts Book of the Year finalist (for Above & Beyond)

References

1. Lauren Beckham Falcone, Time Spent with Finest Hours Writer Casey Sherman The Boston Herald, June 16, 2009
2. Laura Raposa There Will Be Bad Blood The Boston Herald, April 4, 2010

External links

"Hunting the Killer", Thomas Fields-Meyer People, November 27, 2000, Vol. 54, No. 22
http://video.foxnews.com/v/3937063/the-finest-hours/
http://bostonherald.com/track/inside_track/view.bg?articleid=1244510
http://www.boston.com/sports/media/2018/12/19/netflix-pete-frates-life-movie
https://deadline.com/2018/08/blackkklansman-charlie-wachtel-david-rabinowitz-boston-mob-film-thacher-island-fox-2000-joe-the-animal-barboza-greg-berlanti-sarah-schechter-1202439113/
https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/books/2018/04/17/when-cuban-missile-crisis-almost-became-war/ND2IsVQ2mB1XnVfqVkaqJJ/story.html
https://www.wbur.org/artery/2020/12/04/james-patterson-last-days-of-john-lennon
https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/whitey-bulger-tv-series-sky-studios-double-nickel-fort-point-1203355797/

1969 births
Living people
American non-fiction crime writers
People from Hyannis, Massachusetts
Fryeburg Academy alumni


Alcalá-Galiano is a surname shared by several notable people:

Paternal usage
 Dionisio Alcalá Galiano (1760–1805), Spanish naval officer, cartographer, and explorer

Maternal usage
 Juan Valera y Alcalá-Galiano (1824–1905), Spanish realist author, writer and political figure

Compound surnames
Spanish-language surnames


is a railway station in the city of Susono, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, operated by the Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central).

Lines
Susono Station is served by the JR Central Gotemba Line, and is located 50.7 kilometers from the official starting point of the line at .

Station layout

The station has a single island platform. The station building has automated ticket machines, TOICA automated turnstiles and a staffed ticket office. It is located to the west of tracks and is connected to the platform with a footbridge.

Platforms

History
The station first opened as  under the Japanese Government Railways (JGR), (the predecessor to the post-war Japanese National Railways) on February 1, 1889. It was renamed Susono Station on July 15, 1915. After the opening of the Tanna Tunnel on December 1, 1934, it became a station of the Gotemba Line. Regularly scheduled freight services were discontinued on March 10, 1974 and baggage-handling services from February 1, 1984. Along with its division and privatization of JNR on April 1, 1987, the station came under the control and operation of JR Central.

Station numbering was introduced to the Gotemba Line in March 2018; Susono Station was assigned station number CB14.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2017, the station was used by an average of 2566 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

Surrounding area
Susono City Hall
Susono High School

See also
 List of Railway Stations in Japan

References

External links

 Official website

Railway stations in Japan opened in 1889
Railway stations in Shizuoka Prefecture
Gotemba Line
Stations of Central Japan Railway Company
Susono, Shizuoka


Padam Onnu: Oru Vilapam () is a 2003 Indian Malayalam film, written and directed by T. V. Chandran. The film stars Meera Jasmine in lead role as Shahina, who won the prestigious National Film Award for Best Actress and Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress in 2003 for her performance in this movie.

Plot
Razia, holding a baby, is sent back home by her husband because her parents have failed to give the promised dowry. Razia's friend, Shahina, visited her. She tries to cheer her up by talking about the baby and their days at school.

Hassan Moyeen is a busy matchmaker. Economically backward families typically opt for a Mysore marriage – where they give their daughters in marriage to unknown men from the neighbouring province of Mysore. Razia's was one such marriage brokered by Hassan Moyeen. Her husband arrives seeking the remaining dowry amount, and seeks Hassan's intervention.

Shahina's mother, Saphia, makes a living by making rice dumplings and selling them at a nearby teashop.

Rasaq, an already married man with a child, is trying to leave for the Middle East in search of a job. He decides to get married again so that he can use the dowry to fund his trip. Hassan was hired to find a match for him. He impresses upon Saphia and her brother Abdu that it is time for Shahina to be married off.

Shahina reacts violently to the proposal because she wants to continue her studies. In spite of her mother's sympathy, the elders, especially the men, try to dissuade her from her studies. For them her defiance amounts to deviant behavior. Finally, Shahina is forced to give in.

Rasaq meets with repeated failure in his attempts to consummate his marriage with Shahina, because sex is something the girl cannot make sense of. His very sight provokes revulsion in her. Rasaq's first wife, Wahida, feels sorry for Shahina. On her part, Shahina takes a liking to Rasaq's daughter, Mumtaz, and the two become inseparable.

Meanwhile, Rasaq forces Wahida to administer sedatives to Shahina. While she sleeps, Rasaq fulfills his sexual desire over Shahina. When she wakes up, a shocked Shahina turns hysterical in anger. Rasaq uses her behavior as a pretext to divorce her. He takes her back home where Shahina resumes her studies. On the first day of exams, she slumps on her desk. A medical examination reveals that she is pregnant. A dejected Saphia dies. Shahina is accused of adultery and ostracised.

Cast
 Meera Jasmine as Shahina
 Irshad as Rasaq, Shahina and Wahida's husband
 Keerthana Anil as Mumtaz, Rasaq's daughter
 Mamukkoya as Hassan Moythu, a marriage broker
 Suja Karthika as Janakikutty
 Anu Joseph as Wahida, Rasaq's first wife
 M. R. Gopakumar as Abdu, Shahina's brother
 Santha Devi as Saphia, Shahina's mother
 Anamika Sivaraj as Razia, Shahina's friend
 Roslin as Rasaq's mother
 Manikandan as School Teacher
 P. Sreekumar as Hajyaru
 Salu Kuttanadu as Thangal

Awards
National Film Award
 Best Film on Family Welfare :Aryadan Shoukath
 Best Actress : Meera Jasmine
Kerala State Film Awards
Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film :Aryadan Shoukath
Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress : Meera Jasmine
Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actress: Rosalin
Kerala State Film Award for Best Story: Aryadan Shoukat
Kerala State Film Award for Special Jury Award: P. Sreekumar
Asianet Film Awards
Best Actress: Meera Jasmine
Kerala film critics award
Best Film : Aryadan Shoukath
Best Director: T. V. Chandran
Best Actress: Meera Jasmine
V Shantaram Award
 Best Actress: Meera Jasmine
Mathrubhumi Film Awards
 Mathrubhumi - Medimix Award for Best Actress: Meera Jasmine
National Film Academy Award
 Best Actress: Meera Jasmine
Kerala Film Audience Council Award
 Best Actress: Meera Jasmine

References

External links

2003 films
Films featuring a Best Actress National Award-winning performance
2000s Malayalam-language films
Films scored by Johnson
Films directed by T. V. Chandran
Best Film on Family Welfare National Film Award winners
Films shot in Mysore
Teenage pregnancy in film


Lilburn is a small village in Northumberland, England. It is located in the on the edge of the Cheviots. The local farming estate is centred on Lilburn Tower.

The area is noted for its large number of earthworks and remains of prehistoric settlements.

Governance
Lilburn is in the parliamentary constituency of Berwick-upon-Tweed.

References

Villages in Northumberland


Felix Funke (3 January 1865 – 22 July 1932) was a German admiral of the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial German Navy).

Early life

Funke was born in Hirschberg (Jelenia Góra), Prussian Silesia. His father Adolf Funke, originally from Magdeburg, was President of the Alsatian Railway Company in Strassburg (Strasbourg). His mother Anna Stilke-Pilet came from a Huguenot family which escaped from Castres after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes.

Funke lived his childhood in Strassburg and attended the German Navy School in Kiel on 18 April 1882. His training in the Kaiserliche Marine started on the sail ship Niobe. His career followed a normal path to become admiral. He was well regarded by William II, German Emperor, with whom he often smoked a cigar in his cabin when the Emperor was on board.

Russo-Japanese War

In 1902 Funke spent four years in Tsing Tao (today: Qingdao), then a German colony in China. In 1904, he was witness to the Russo-Japanese War, in which Germany was neutral.

On 10 August 1904, Funke witnessed the Battle of the Yellow Sea, and as a safe haven, Tsing Tao received the damaged Russian battleship Tsesarevich. The bridge had been hit twice, and Admiral Wilhelm Witthöft had died, along with several other high ranking Russian Officers. The Tsesarevich was joined during the night by the cruiser Novik and destroyers Bezstrashny, Bezshumny, and Bezposchadny. The Novik loaded as much coal as possible and sailed immediately, whilst the destroyers remained and were disarmed after three days.

On 15 August 1904, Vice-Admiral Dewa Shigetō sent the Japanese destroyer Ikazuchi to Tsing Tao to discuss details of the Russian fleet with the governor of Tsing Tao and Admiral Funke, who boarded the Ikazuchi and made a note of the impressive state of cleanliness and order of both ship and crew. He assured Dewa's envoy that Russian ships remaining in the harbour were disarmed.

The two highest remaining Russian commanding officers of the battlegroup, Counter Admiral Matusevich (Vitgeft's Chief of Staff), and Captain Ivanov (commanding the Tsesarevitch) were wounded. After having received a promise from the convalescent Russian officers not to flee, Funke did not hold them in prison but invited them at his home. Later, he received the Order of St. Anna from Tsar Nicholas II of Russia after he had allowed more Russian ships to take refuge and be interned at Tsing Tao, under approval by Admiral Togo, at the fall of Port Arthur on 2 January 1905; the Russian crews were ill and had needed medical care.

World War I

On 3 August 1914 Prince Adalbert of Prussia and Princess Adelheid of Saxe-Meiningen were married in Wilhelmshaven. After the ceremony, the couple paid a visit to Funke on board of his flagship, the SMS Prinzregent Luitpold.

In 1914 Funke was rear admiral of the III Battle Squadron, which included SMS Kaiser, SMS Kaiserin, SMS König Albert, and Prinzregent Luitpold. On 24 December 1914 he received the order to give command of the III Squadron to Admiral Reinhard Scheer whilst taking over command of the II Battle Squadron from Scheer.

Funke participated in several naval battles against the Royal Navy during World War I. He disagreed with some views of Grand Admiral Prince Heinrich of Prussia, specifically with regards to using submarine warfare.

Retirement and death
To his great surprise, he was asked into retirement by the Emperor on 18 September 1915. Funke suffered from depression and died aged 67 in 1932 in Berlin, where he had lived in retirement.

Sources
Funke, Felix. Personal Memoirs. Unpublished (owned by his grand niece).
Commanders of the High Seas Fleet Battle Squadrons 1914-1918
Scheer, Reinhard. Germany's High Seas Fleet in the World War online at the War Times Journal website

1865 births
1932 deaths
Vice admirals of the Imperial German Navy
Imperial German Navy admirals of World War I
Military personnel from the Province of Silesia
Military personnel from Strasbourg
Military personnel from Alsace-Lorraine
Recipients of the Order of St. Anna
People from Jelenia Góra


Étrochey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Fain-lès-Montbard (, literally Fain near Montbard) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

History
In Gallo-Roman times, a villa was built near an older temple, of which only traces remain.

Heritage

 Saint-Denis church
 Château de Malaisy: it was a luxurious hotel with a restaurant, a swimming pool and a large reception room before its abandonment at the end of 2012 following its bankruptcy. In January 2021, a dead body was found in the château, just before it found a new owner in March 2021.

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Fauverney () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Faverolles-lès-Lucey (, literally Faverolles near Lucey) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Fénay () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


In 1983 the Catholic Church introduced the possibility of entrusting the pastoral care, of one or more parishes to a team of priests in solidum. This provision in the 1983 Code of Canon Law, which resembles ancient models of pastoral care in the Roman titular churches with their colleges of priests, was introduced to help resolve some of  the difficulties facing many dioceses. These difficulties include shortages of priests, overpopulated urban parishes, depleted and scattered rural parishes, and decline in attendance at Mass. This model of pastoral care is viewed as a practical way of promoting pastoral co-responsibility, as well as fostering a greater sense of the presbyterium among the priests of a diocese.

Establishment
Canon 517 § 1 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law, provides a generic norm for constituting a team of priests to look after one or more parishes; ubi adiuncta id requirant (when circumstances require it), which concedes flexibility to the diocesan bishop in organising the structures for pastoral care within his diocese: "When circumstances require it, the pastoral care of a parish or of different parishes together can be entrusted to several priests in solidum, with the requirement, however, that in exercising pastoral care one of them must be the moderator, namely, the one who is to direct the joint action and to answer for it to the bishop." However, the Codifying Commission responsible for drafting the canons on in solidum pastoral care expressed that it should be considered an "exceptional" provision.

Nature of the team
Commentators acknowledge that there is confusion regarding the ecclesiastical office conferred upon the team of priests in solidum. The law entrusts the cura pastoralis (pastoral care) to each member of the team of priests equally. However, the team of priests is not a juridical person. The team is made up of single priests who assume pastoral care simultaneously or conjointly, and are obligated to the majority of duties proper to a parish priest.

It is generally agreed that a single parochial office for the pastoral care of the entrusted parish or parishes is conferred upon all priests in the team. However, the modus procendi (way of proceeding) for exercising the office is only grasped when the juridical principle in solidum is understood. The legal term originates in the Roman law of Obligations; where entering into an in solidum agreement involved a high degree of risk. For if one creditor had received all that was due, or one debtor had paid all, there was no subsequent right of contribution by the others.

Diverse juridical methods were developed as a means of avoiding personal loss from entering into in solidum agreements. Amongst these was the forming of societates (societies) or partnerships which were created by mutual consent and characterised by a binding commitment to fraternitas (fraternity) and established prior to entering into in solidum agreements. The eminent canonist, Eugenio Corecco has suggested that in solidum in the context of parochial care, analogously reflects the diverse but still collective responsibility of all the members of the presbyterium of a particular Church.

Rights and duties of the moderator
When establishing a team of priests in solidum, the diocesan bishop must outline the rights and specific duties of the moderator. The focal point of the moderator's authority within the team of priests is to guarantee that the faithful are assisted by their pastors from the spiritual riches of the Church, especially the word of God and the Sacraments.

The principal role of the moderator is directing the team's common action, holding responsibility for that common action before the diocesan bishop, and directing the exercise of faculties held by all of the team members. The moderator is also entrusted with the juridical representation of the parish or parishes. However, this does not automatically entitle him the administrator of parochial goods, and hence the necessity of a provision of particular law. His relationship to the parochial pastoral and finance councils should also be established in particular law.

Rights and duties of the priests
The diocesan bishop needs to determine what particular qualities are required for this parochial office. It is strongly recommended that the bishop establish with the team, a division of pastoral tasks in a common plan, which should be outlined in each priest's decree of appointment. Questions surrounding the obligation of Residence and Community life also need to be clarified, as well consideration of the in solidum obligation to celebrate the missa pro populo.

Finally, the cessation from ecclesiastical office by any one member of the group in solidum does not render the parochial office vacant.

Footnotes

Further reading
Calvo, J., Parishes, Parish Priests and Assistant Priests, Commentary on can. 517, § 1, in Code of Canon Law Annotated, Caparros, E., Theriault, M., Thorn, J., (eds.), Montréal, 1993, pp. 427–469.
Read, G., Parishes, Parish Priests and Assistant Priests, Commentary on cann. 515-552, in The Canon Law, Letter & Spirit: A Practical Guide to the Code of Canon Law, Sheehy, G. (eds.), London, 1995, pp. 285–305.
Renken, John A., Parishes, Pastors and Parochial Vicars in New Commentary of the Code of Canon Law, John P. Beal, James A. Coriden, Thomas Joseph Green, (eds.), New York - Mahwah, 2000, pp. 673-724.
Rozzo, Karl J., Parochial Care In Solidum - The New Legislation of Canon 517, § 1: Its Dynamic, Purpose and Question that Arise, Dissertatio ad Lauream in Facultate Iuris Canonici apud Pontificiam Universitatem S. Thomæ in Urbe, Romæ, 2006.

Canon law of the Catholic Church
Church parishes
Types of Roman Catholic organization


Le Fête () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Flacey () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Flagey-lès-Auxonne (, literally Flagey near Auxonne) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department and Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Flammerans is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Flavignerot () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

History
In antiquity, Flavignerot was originally an ancient Gallo-Roman settlement under its Latin name, Flaviniacum. Its nearby summit Mont Afrique was a camp site called Camp de Cesar, where the Roman senator Julius Caesar never set foot on the peak.

In 1979, the Carmel of Dijon monastery was relocated from Dijon to a hill near Flavignerot.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Flée () is a former commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Le Val-Larrey.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Former communes of Côte-d'Or
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Fleurey-sur-Ouche (, literally Fleurey on Ouche) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

External links

 Official Fleury-sur-Ouche website (in French)

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Foissy () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department and Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Foncegrive () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Fontaine-Française () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Fontaine-lès-Dijon () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
It is known for the Couvent et Basilique Saint-Bernard, a collection of buildings on the site of the birthplace of Saint Bernard of Clairvaux.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

External links

Official site

Fontainelesdijon


Fontaines-en-Duesmois is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Fontaines-les-Sèches () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department and Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Fontangy () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Fontenelle is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or
Côte-d'Or communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Forléans () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or


Fraignot-et-Vesvrotte () is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department

References

Communes of Côte-d'Or