The Western Peripheral Expressway (WPE) or Kundli–Manesar–Palwal Expressway (KMP Expressway), is an operational 6-lane (3 lanes in each direction), -long Expressway in the Haryana state of India. Along with the Eastern Peripheral Expressway, the Western Peripheral Expressway is expected to divert more than 50,000 heavy vehicles away from Delhi, which will help to maintain good air quality in Delhi. Western Peripheral Expressway along with Eastern Peripheral Expressway completes the largest Ring Road around Delhi. There are 10 tolled entries and exits, from north to south - Kundli, Kharkhoda, Bahadurgarh, Badli, Fartukhnagar, Panchgaon, Manesar, Taoru, Sohna & Palwal. Toll rate notified in December 2018 is INR1.35 per km for cars, INR2.18 per km for light motor vehicles, INR4.98 per km for trucks and buses, and two wheelers are not permitted on the expressway.

Two kilometer belt on either side of this expressway has been notified as controlled zone where five new contiguous greenfield cities will be developed as part of Delhi-Sonipat-Rohtak-Gurugram-Faridabad agglomeration. Delhi Metro Phase-V entails a proposed new metro route along this expressway.

History

The 53-km Manesar to Palwal section was inaugurated by Nitin Gadkari in April 2016. The remaining 83-km-long Kundli to Manesar section of KMP expressway was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 19 November 2018. Toll plazas became operational on KMP Expressway in December 2018.

In 2003, the Western Peripheral Expressway was first proposed along with the Eastern Peripheral Expressway as a Build Operate Transfer (BOT) project to construct a 135.6 km, access controlled four lane expressway from NH-1 near Kundli, Sonipat to NH-2 near Palwal. Since Delhi would benefit from rerouting the vehicular away from it, Delhi state agreed to bear half of the land acquisition cost of the expressway. In 2006, the Haryana government began work on Western Peripheral Expressway project, when the tender was awarded to KMP Expressways ltd. with commercial operations supposed to begin in June 2009, which was revised to May 2013. In 2016, repeated delays forced the Government of Haryana to terminate the contract and pay KMP Expressways and lenders  as termination payment. In January 2016, after intervention of the Supreme Court of India, the project was revived and new bids were invited, and the plan was upgrade from four lanes to six lanes. The whole completed expressway became operational in November 2018.

Route and Interchanges
There are 10 tolled entry and exit points. There are 52 underpasses and 23 overpasses, including the following:
 4 railway overbridges,
 10 overpasses and underpasses at crossings on the national highways and state highways,
 7 overpasses, 9 underpasses and 27 underpasses at crossings on major district roads and village roads,
 33 agricultural vehicular underpasses, 31 cattle crossing passages, 61 pedestrian crossing passages.

Interchanges from north to south are:

Facilities

The expressway has fuel refilling stations, 2 truck stops, 4 bus stands, 1 medical trauma centre with helipad, traffic police stations and 5 passenger multimodel transit stations (MMTS) with refreshment and recreational facilities.

Theme Cities

The Government of Haryana envisages development of profile land uses as Knowledge City, Medi City, Fashion City, Leisure and Entertainment Cities, Cyber City and Dry-Port facility along with other similar developments, resulting in establishment of five new cities 2 km wide on either side along this express way in public-private partnership (PPP) mode. Haryana govt has notified this plan and implementation started by inviting bids for preparing the Master Plan for the first city as 50,000 hectare 'Manesar Global City.

Multimodal Transit Centres

Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation is building 5 Multimodal Transit Centres (MMTC) along this expressway at Sonipat, Bahadurgarh, Gurugram and Faridabad in the following places for which the land has been already acquired (c. Dec 2018):

From north to south:
 Kundli MMTS: Located at Kundli (Sonipat): between Rajiv Gandhi Education City and under-coonstruction Delhi-Panipat RRTS station.

  Bahadurgarh MMTS: Located at Bahadurgarh between the bus stand and Bahadurgarh City metro station.

  Panchagaon Chowk MMTS: Located at Pachgaon Chowk in Manesar between the proposed metro station and under-construction Delhi-Alwar RRTS station, Gurugram-Manesar Metro and Jhajjar-Palwal rail line.

  Kherki Daula MMTS: Located at Kherki Daula in Gurugram near the proposed metro station, under-coonstruction Delhi-Alwar RRTS station and bus stand on the junction of Chhapra and Naihati villages.

  Balramgarh MMTS: Located at Balramgarh (Ballabhgarh) between Raja Nahar Singh metro station, bus stand and Balramgarh railway station.

Ring Roads, Regional Circular Expressways (RCE) & Zonal Circular Expressways (ZCE)

Delhi NCT (national capital territory) is the area of Delhi state. Core NCR (CNCR), which also includes Delhi NCT area, is the area contained within and 5 km outside the circle formed around Delhi by the combination of WPE and EPE. Area outside of CNCR included in the NCR plan is called NCR Region. In addition to 4 ring roads in Delhi CNCR, the NCR Regional Plan 2041 also envisages construction of series of concentric expressways expanding away from and around Delhi which will be interconnected through several national and state highways originating from Delhi, which includes 3 Regional circular Expressways (RCE) within NCR region and at least 3 Zonal circular Expressways (ZCE).

 Ring Roads in Delhi NCR.

 Inner Ring Road: 40 km ring from Shalimar Bagh, Ashok Vihar, Punjabi Bagh, Rajouri Garden, New Moti Bagh, Hyatt Hotel, AIIMS Delhi, Lajpat Nagar, Kashmere Gate ISBT, ITO and Azadpur Mandi.

 Outer Ring Road:
 Salimgarh-Rohini-Okhla Outer Ring Road: 47 km long 6-lane Highway]], ends abruptly at Salimgarh Fort, hence Kalindi Bypass is constructed to close the loop.

  Kalindi Bypass (Delhi Eastern Ring Road: along the western bank of yamuna river from Salimgarh Fort to DND Flyway & Faridabad Bypass Expressway, with connection to Badarpur interchange along the way.

 Third Ring Road: formed by the Urban Extension Road-II (UER II):
 UER-II phase-1: Alipur to NH48 IGI Airport Shiv Murti.

 UER-II phase-2: from NH48 IGI Airport Shiv Murti, via Rangpuri Bypass.

 UER-II phase-3: from Badarpur to NGNE, over & along Sahadra Drain, to Akshardham and Loni.

 Fourth Ring Road (Delhi Elevated Ring Expressway) in Core NCR: This greenfield route will have following subsections, it will be partially elevated and rest at grade.

 Kundli-Narela-Dariyapur-Bahadurgarh Expressway (KNDBE): begins in north Delhi at NH48 Kundli Drain No 8, via northwest of ITBP Camp at Saboli, west of Lampur, between Katlupur & Ghoga, Dariyapur, Jaunti, Garhi Rindhala, build a north bypass around Bahadurgarh, NH9 Bahadurgarh east bypass near UHBVN power station.

 Bahadurgarh-Mitraon-Dharampur-South Gurugaon Expressway (BMDSGE): in the west from Bahadurgarh south bypass at Balaur, Mitrao, Pandwala, bridge over Sahibi River (Najafgarh drain bird sanctuary) between Jhatikara in Delhi to Dharampura in Gurugaon in Haryana, to Dwarka Expressway at Daultabad Chowk.

 Gurgaon-Bandhwari-Pali Expressway (GBPE): southwest of Delhi via Dwarka Expressway (from Daultabad Chowk to Gurgaon sector 88 at Rao Sheoram Chowk), Gurgaon Southern Peripheral Road to Ghata, Bandhwari (realign existing Ghata-Bandhwari Rajesh Piolet Road so that it will not pass over the hill), Dera Mandi, tunnel between Jirkhod temple & Pakhal (or between Kholi Dham Temple & Pali).

 Pali-Ankheer-FNG Expressway (PAFE): south of Delhi from Pakhal (or Pali), via Badkhal, to Ankheer Chowk where FNG begins.

 Faridabad–Noida–Ghaziabad Expressway (FNG) - Ankheer-Badshahpur-Noida Sector 168-Ghaziabad (Rahul Vihar & Hindan Vihar Sewa Nagar): 56 km long, with 28 km in UP & 28.1 km in Haryana, from Ankheer, to NH19, Faridabad Bypass Expressway, Badshahpur, Dhadhar, Lal Pur bridge over Yamuna to Chak Mangrola, Noida sectors (sec 168 near Chhaproli Khadar, 150, 149, 122, 121) to NE3 Delhi–Meerut Expressway (near Rahul Vihar), to NH34 near Arya Nagar (in Hindan Vihar of Sewa Nagar in Ghaziabad).

 Ghaziabad NPR-Loni-NH709B Expressway: from Ghaziabad NPR in west to Madhuban Bapudham-Raj Nagar Extension-Bhopura Road in Loni, to NH708B. Proposal has been sent by the Ghaziabad Development Authority (GHA) to NHAI in January 2023.

 Ghaziabad-Singhola Expressway (GSE): from FNG, Raj Nagar Extension Road, NH9 NAI Colony, Farukh Nagar (northeast of Hindon Airport), to Singhola.

 Narela-Singhola-Subhanpur Expressway (NSSE): from Narela at NH44 Singhola, via Jantipur, to Singhola (Delhi-Saharanpur-Dehradun Expressway & NH709B).

 Spurs: either express or signalfree.
 Ferozepur Bangar-Nahra-Saboli-Singhu Road: from between Saboli-Safiabad to NH44 Singhu between Kundli & Narela.

 Kharkhoda-Fereozepur Bangar-Ghoga-South Narela Road terminating at Sri Balaji Mandir on Bawana-Narela Road.

 Bawana-Kanoda-Jasore Kheri Road to connect with Delhi–Amritsar–Katra Expressway.

 Kanjhawala-Bahadurgarh Road:

 Badli-Ghevra Road: along the way interchanges Kair and also with Najafgarh-Bahadurgarh Bypass spur of UER-II at south of Neelwal. Connect to Ghevra-Kanjhawala Road at Ghevra.

 Najafgarh-Badli Road: interchange near Mitraon.

 Badli-Qutub Vihar Road:

 Badsa-Najafgarh Road: with bridge over Sahibi river.

 Badli-BSF Camp- Dwarka Phase-II Road: to meet UER-II on southwest of IGI Airport.

 Bamnoli-Shobha City Road: to connect Golf Course Road in Dwarka to Dhankot.

 Farukh Nagar-Meoka-Sihi Roard: for direct connectivity.

 Palra-Bhondsi-Ghata-Chattarpur-Chandani Chowk Road: interchange with  NH248A (Gurugaon-Sohna Elevated Road) at Bhondsi near Lemon Tree Hotel. Near  Chattarpur it splits into two spurs to UER-II Phase-2 at two places - Mehrauli and Madangir (Shri Lal Bahadur Shashtri Marg to reach signal-free to Chandani Chowk). With a short spur as tunnel or elevated between Khshboo Chowk-Aya Nagar to Jaunaur to eliminate hill road.

 Pali-Prithla-Hathin-Uttawar Road (Faridabad-Govardhan-Gwalior-Raipur Expressway): will continue as greenfield expressway to Punhana, Nandgaon & Barsana, Govardhan & Deeg, greenfield bridge over Chambal between Bari & Joura then to Gwalior-Orai-Chattarpur-Raipur-Katni.

 Prithla-Mohna Road: to Jewar Airport. With Shahpura-Maujpur spur, Prithla-Badshahpur along DFC.

  Ankheer-NHPC-NSEZ: From Pali-Badkhal-NHPC-Ninay Nagar to bridge over Yamuna-Basantpur-ATS village-NSEZ to FNG (near Habibpur).

 Pali-Sohna: From Sohna (Baluda) to Delhi-Mumbai Expressway (at Paroli-Ghangola).

 Wazirabad-Burari-Manauli-Bapauli Expressway: will begin at Shinghali bridge near Sangam Vihar along Bund Road to Burari (with another spur beginning from Wazirabadval9ng Wazirabad Rd & Raj Marg to Bund Road), to WPE interchange at Manauli, to NH709AD Bapauli in Panipat. With following spurs: Burari-Loni-Hindon-Bhopura, Burari-Agraula-Farukh Nagar, Ghazibad NAI Colony, UER-III to Bakhtawarpur, Singhola on Narela-Bawana Road to Janti Khurd to Agraula,  from NH44 Drain No 8 junction to Khstkar along the drain to WPE interchange at Bahera.

 Regional circular Expressways (RCE) in NCR: These will from the circular expressways around Delhi within NCR region.

 Regional Circular Expressway-1 (RCE1): WPE & EWP: The combination of existing Western Peripheral Expressway and Eastern Peripheral Expressway together form an inner-most regional circular expressway around the Core NCR (CNCR).

 Regional circular Expressway-2 (RCE-2) - Panipat-Rewari-Nuh-Jewar-Shamli: This greenfield route will run through Panipat (Samalkha-Israna), Shamli (Chhaprauli), Meerut (Barnava & Gulaothi), Jewar Noida Airport (connect to Yamuna Expressway at Tappal), Palwal (between Hathin-Uttawar), Nuh (Tajpur & Meoli), Bhiwadi (connect planned greenfield Bhiwadi airport at Tapukara), Rewari (Bawal & Kosli), Jhajjar (between Matanhail & Chhuchhakwas, Beri), Rohtak (Kharawar) and Panipat (between Samalkha-Panipat).

 Regional circular Expressway-3 (RCE-3): This greenfield route will run through Karnal (Gharaunda-Kutail), Muzaffarnagar, Garhmukteshwar, Narora, Aligarh, Mathura (Vrindavan, Agra Airport, Govardhan), Deeg, Alwar (see Narnaul-Alwar Expressway), Mahendragarh (Baberi-Shamda, Gandala, Narnaul Airport, Kanina), Charkhi Dadri (east of Badhra, east of Jui Khurd), Bhiwani (east of Tosham, Bawani Khera, Garhi), Narnaund (Rakhi Garhi), Jind (Uchana), Kaithal (between Rajaund-Assandh) and Karnal (with spur from new bridge on Yamuna to Karnal Airport-Jyotisar).

 Zonal Circular Expressway (ZCE) will connect the NCR Counter Magnet Cities (NCRCMC) & other important hubs with each other.

 Zonal Circular Expressway (ZCE1) - Hisar-Dausa-Agra-Roorke-Kurukshetra: Hisar-Neem ka Thana-Shahpura-Dausa-Agra-Hathras-Sambhal-between Moradabad & Amroha to Bijnore-Roorke-Kurukshetra(Ladwa)-Narwana-Durjanpur-Kharkari-Hisar (Hisar Airport).

 Zonal Circular Expressway (ZCE2) - Agroha-Patiala-Chandigarh-Haridwar-Bareilly-Gwalior-Jaipur-: It will pass through Agroha (Hisar), Dhanaurie-Cheeka-Patiala-Chandigarh-Yanumanagar (Naraingargh & Chhachhrauli)-Chhutmalpur-Haridwar-Bareilly-Firozabad-Pinahat-Morena(with Pinahat-Gwalior-Morena loop)-Sirmathura-Karauli-Lalsot-Jaipur-Neem Ka Thana-Sidhpur-Bhadra-Adampur.

 Zonal Circular Expressway (ZCE3) - Bareilly-Kota-Dabwali-Baddi-Dehradun-Tikampur: will pass through Kalawali (Sirsa), Budhlada, Samana (Patiala), Adi Badri (Haryana), Kolar, Dehradun, Rishikesh, Lansdown, Nainital, Tikampur,  Bisalpur, Bewar (between Mainpuri & Farrukhabad, Sheopur (between Kota-Gwalior).

See also
 Expressways & highways in Haryana
 Delhi-Amritsar-Katra Expressway
 Delhi Mumbai Expressway
 Delhi-Jaipur Expressway
 Eastern Peripheral Expressway
 Yamuna Expressway
 Railway in Haryana
 Peripheral Ring Road
 Satellite Town Ring Road
 List of longest ring roads

References

External links
 Map
 KMP Expressway at wikimapia

Expressways in India
Roads in Delhi
Expressways in Haryana
Transport in Gurgaon
Transport in Haryana
Ring roads in India


Cantagalo / Copacabana Station is a station on Line 1 of the Rio de Janeiro Metro located in the Copacabana borough of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The station was opened in 2007.

Nearby locations
Parque do Corte do Cantagalo
Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas
Praia de Copacabana
Cinema Roxy

References

Line 1 (Rio de Janeiro)
Metrô Rio stations
Railway stations opened in 2007


Judith Nyman Secondary School is a high school in Brampton, Ontario, Canada. It is one of two vocational schools operated by the Peel District School Board, the other being West Credit Secondary School in Mississauga.

Upon graduation from Judith Nyman Secondary School, students receive an Ontario Secondary School Diploma or Certificate and may also qualify for a Skills Portfolio, which lists the trade-specific skills that the student has mastered through his or her in-school and co-op education courses.

The school was originally known as North Peel Secondary School, but was renamed in 2010 after a former administrator and Associate Director of the Peel District School Board.

In 2010, comedian Russell Peters established the Russell Peters North Peel Scholarship, an award worth up to $21,000 and intended to finance up to three years of college. It will be awarded annually to a student from Judith Nyman Secondary School (formerly North Peel) with a strong academic record and the intention of attending college.

Notable alumni

 Russell Peters, comedian and actor

See also
List of high schools in Ontario

References

External links
 Judith Nyman Secondary School
Old North Peel Website

Peel District School Board
High schools in Brampton
Educational institutions established in 1978
1978 establishments in Ontario


Rosemary Glyde (September 15, 1948 — January 18, 1994) was an American violist and composer.  Focusing on expanding the limited repertory for solo viola, she wrote and transcribed many works for that instrument, including Sergei Rachmaninoff's Cello Sonata and Johann Sebastian Bach's Cello Suites for viola.  She founded the New York Viola Society in 1992.

Glyde was born in Auburn, Alabama, in 1948 to Edgar Glyde, a violist on faculty at the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, and Dorothy Glyde, a cellist.  Glyde was trained as soprano and violinist, studying under her father, a graduate of the Royal Academy of Music, from the age of four.  While a student at Auburn High School, she was concert mistress of the Sewanee Summer Music Center Orchestra, studying with Julius Hegyi.  Before her graduation from Auburn High in 1966, she was offered a scholarship to The Hartt School to train under Raphael Bronstein, with whom she continued training at the Manhattan School of Music.  She began her master's work at the Juilliard School under Dorothy DeLay, but switched to viola and moved into the doctoral program studying with Lillian Fuchs.  Glyde won the Juilliard Viola Competition in 1973 and, for her thesis, discovered, edited, and performed Johann Andreas Amon's 1803 Quartet for Solo Viola and String Trio.  She graduated with a Doctor in Musical Arts from the Juilliard School, a Master of Music from the Juilliard School and a Bachelor of Music from the Manhattan School of Music.

After graduation, Glyde joined the Manhattan String Quartet with her sister, Judith, and Eric and Roy Lewis.  Glyde arranged Sergei Rachmaninoff's Cello Sonata in G minor and Johann Sebastian Bach's Six Suites for Unaccompanied Cello and Sonatas for viola da gamba for viola, the latter two of which she performed and recorded.  She composed several works for viola, notably a fantasia for solo viola, Whydah, and a suite for four violas, Wei-ji.  She performed several works composed specifically for her, including works by composers Richard Lane, Bernard Hoffer, and Judith Shatin.  Glyde founded the New York Viola Society in 1992 and served as that institution's first president.

Glyde died on January 18, 1994, due to cancer in Mount Kisco, New York.  The New York Viola Society awards a "Rosemary Glyde Scholarship" to students for viola study in her honor.

References

1948 births
1994 deaths
American classical violists
American women violists
American women composers
Auburn High School (Alabama) alumni
University of Hartford Hartt School alumni
Juilliard School alumni
Manhattan School of Music alumni
Manhattan School of Music faculty
People from Auburn, Alabama
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century American composers
20th-century American women musicians
American women music educators
20th-century women composers
American women academics
20th-century violists


James Warner may refer to:

 James Warner (aviator) (1891–1970), radio operator on the 1928 trans-Pacific flight of the Southern Cross
 James Warner (surveyor)  (1814–1891), pioneer surveyor in Queensland, Australia
 James D. Warner (died 2009), bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Nebraska
 James M. Warner (1836–1897), American Civil War general
 Jim Warner (born 1954), retired ice hockey forward
 Jimmy Warner (1865–1943), English footballer

See also
 James Warner Bellah (1899–1976), author


German Sikhs are a growing religious minority in Germany. The majority of German Sikhs have their roots from the Punjab, India with the remaining coming from the Afghan Sikh community or through conversion. The number of Sikhs is estimated to be between 25,000. Germany had the fifth highest Sikh population in Europe after United Kingdom (524,000), Italy (220,000), Portugal (35,000) and Spain (26,000).

The majority of Sikhs can be found in Berlin, Cologne, Hamburg, Frankfurt or Munich.

Gurdwaras
Here are a list of some of the Gurdwaras in Germany.

Gurdwara Sri Guru Nanak Sabha, Munich
Gurdwara Singh Sabha, Augsburg
Gurdwara Singh Sabha, Berlin
Gurudwara Singh Sabha, Aachen
Gurudwara Darbar Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji, Bochum
Gurdwara Shri Guru Darshan Sahib, Bremen
Gurudwara Singh Sabha Chemnitz, Chemnitz
Sikh Temple Chemnitz
Gurudwara Gurujot Sahib Delmenhorst, Delmenhorst
Gurujot Sikh Temple, Delmenhorst
Gurudwara Sri Guru Nanak Darbar, Dresden
Gurdwara Singh Sabha Duisburg, Moers
Gurudwara Shri Guru Ram Das Sahib, Duisburg
Gurudwara Sarbat Da Bhala, Erfurt
Gurdwara Nanaksar, Essen
Gurudwara Dashmesh Darbar, Essen
Gurdwara Singh Sabha, Frankfurt
Gurudwara Guru Nanak Niwas, Frankfurt
Gurudwara Sri Nanaksar, Goslar
Gurdwara Singh Sabha, Hamburg
Singh Sabha Sikh Center, Hamburg
Gurdwara Sri Guru Nanak Darbar, Hamburg
Gurdwara Sri Guru Nanak Darbar, Hannover
Gurudwara Shri Guru Ram Dass Ji, Hannover
Gurdwara Singh Sabha, Iserlohn
Gurudwara Sikh Gemeinde Südbaden, Lahr
Gurdwara Shri Dashmesh Singh Sabha, Cologne
Gurdwara Guru Nanak Parkash, Cologne
Gurdwara Shri Guru Teg Bahadar Sahib, Cologne
Gurdwara Guru Shabad Parkash, Cologne
Gurdwara Gurmat Parchar, Leipzig
Gurdwara Shri Singh Sabha, Mannheim
Gurudwara Sri Guru Nanak Darbar, Neunkirchen, Saarland
Gurdwara Guru Nanak Mission, Nuremberg
Gurudwara Dhan Baba Deep Singh Ji, Nuremberg
Gurudwara Sri Guru Singh Sabha, Paderborn
Gurudwara Sri Guru Nanak Darbar, Regensburg
Gurudwara Singh Sabha, Regensburg
Gurdwara Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Soest, Germany
Guru Nanak Niwas Gurdwara, Stuttgart
Gurudwara Satsang Darbar, Stuttgart
Gurudwara Baba Deep Singh Ji, Straelen
Gurdwara Sahib, Tübingen
Gurdwara Nanak Darbar, Offenbach am Main
Gurudwara Gurmat Parchar, Leinfelden-Echterdingen
Gurudwara Singh Sabha, Ulm
Gurudwara Gobind Sager, Wurzburg

List of German Sikhs
Harmanjot Singh - Cricketer for Germany National Team

Attack on Sikh Community
In April 2016, two 16-year-old Muslims bombed a gurdwara in the German city of Essen using fire extinguishers that were converted into an explosive device. The devices detonated after a wedding party had left for the reception. A gurdwara priest was injured seriously, while two others were treated for minor injuries. The building itself was damaged severely. One of the teens was in deradicalization program. The two denied that it was religiously motivated, saying it was “just for the kick of building fireworks!” However, before setting off the blast, the two tried to break into another gurdwara in North Rhine Westphalia.

References

External links
 DISR German information center for Sikh Religion, Sikh History and Culture - DISR website : Information about Sikhism and an updated list of Gurudwaras in Germany, Austria and Switzerland
 deutsches-informationszentrum-sikhreligion
 Die Sikh Religion
 Sikhismus - Erfahren Sie hier alles über den Sikh Glauben von Guru Nanak Dev Sikhism

Religion in Germany
Germany
Ger


Osama Hawsawi (, born 31 March 1984) is a retired Saudi Arabian footballer who played as a central defender.

After starting out at Al-Wehda, he went on to spend the vast majority of his career with Al-Hilal and Al-Ahli. He won several major titles with both clubs, including five Pro League titles, five Crown Prince Cups and two King Cups. In addition, he became the first Saudi player to play in the Belgian Pro League.

Hawsawi earned 138 caps for the Saudi Arabia national team between 2006 and 2018, playing at three AFC Asian Cups, captaining the side at the 2018 World Cup and finishing as runner-up at the 2007 AFC Asian Cup.

Club career

Al Wehda
Hawsawi began his professional football career where Al-Wehda Club and soon after, at Al-Wehda, he became a regular in the first team, playing in the central defense.

Al Hilal
After making 59 appearances and scoring once, Hawsawi joined Al-Hilal. While at Al-Hilal, Hawsawi was a regular player under the manager of Eric Gerets, Hawsawi was appointed the captain. Hawsawi won seven titles with Al-Hilal. Three league titles (in 2008, 2010 and 2011 seasons) and 4 Crown Prince Cup.

Anderlecht
In April 2012, Hawsawi signed a two-year contract with Belgian side Anderlecht, making him the only member of the Saudi Arabia national team to play in Europe at the time. Hawsawi was the first Saudi Arabian to play for the club and in the league. He described his time at Anderlecht as 'forgettable' due to lack of playing time at the club and only made one appearance for the club when played as a centre back in a 1–1 draw against OH Leuven on 25 August 2012. Hawsawi was also on the substitute bench when Anderlecht won the Belgian Super Cup but he wasn't substituted.

Al-Ahli
In November 2012, Hawsawi finally left Belgium to return to his homeland by joining Al-Ahli for 1.5 million.

Al-Hilal
In 2016, Al-Hilal made Hawsawi return to Al-Hilal for 5.5 million dollars (21 million riyals). In his first season he won the Saudi King's Cup & the Saudi Professional League. In his second season with Al-Hilal, he helped the club win a second consecutive league title and reach the finals of the 2017 AFC Champions League.

Al-Wehda return
On August 23, 2018, Osama Hawsawi signed for his boyhood club Al-Wehda for free following the expiration of his contract.

Retirement
On December 26, 2018, Osama Hawsawi announced his retirement from football on his personal twitter account.

International career
He is captain in the Saudi Arabia team. He appeared for his country for the 2007 Gulf Cup of Nations and was a member of the Saudi team at the FIFA World Youth Championship. He was called-up in the squad for the 2007 AFC Asian Cup.

On 29 May 2010, he scored an excellent goal against Spain, after a corner kick which put the Saudi Arabian team ahead 1-0 against Spain, scoring his second goal against the Saudi Arabia national team.

In June 2018 he was included in the Saudi Arabia national football team for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, captaining his side in all three matches at the finals.

Career statistics
Updated 26 December 2018

Club

International
Statistics accurate as of match played 25 June 2018.

International goals

Honours

Club

Al-Hilal
Pro League: 2009–10, 2010–11, 2016–17, 2017–18
King Cup: 2017
Crown Prince Cup: 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12

Al-Ahli
Pro League: 2015–16
King Cup: 2016
Crown Prince Cup: 2014–15

See also
 List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps

References

External links

1984 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Mecca
Men's association football central defenders
Saudi Arabian men's footballers
Saudi Arabia men's international footballers
2007 AFC Asian Cup players
2011 AFC Asian Cup players
2015 AFC Asian Cup players
Al Wehda FC players
Al Hilal SFC players
R.S.C. Anderlecht players
Al-Ahli Saudi FC players
Belgian Pro League players
Expatriate men's footballers in Belgium
Saudi Arabian expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Saudi Arabian expatriate men's footballers
FIFA Men's Century Club
Hausa people
Saudi Arabian people of Nigerian descent
Saudi Pro League players
2018 FIFA World Cup players


The earliest record of a Sumerian creation myth, called The Eridu Genesis by historian Thorkild Jacobsen, is found on a single fragmentary tablet excavated in Nippur by the Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania in 1893, and first recognized by Arno Poebel in 1912. It is written in the Sumerian language and dated to around 1600 BC. Other Sumerian creation myths from around this date are called the Barton Cylinder, the Debate between sheep and grain and the Debate between Winter and Summer, also found at Nippur.

Summary
The beginning of the tablet is lost, but the surviving portion begins by recounting how the gods An, Enlil, Enki, and Ninhursanga created the Sumerians and comfortable conditions for the animals to live and procreate. Kingship then descends from heaven, and the first cities are founded: Eridu, Bad-tibira, Larak, Sippar, and Shuruppak.

After a missing section, we learn that the gods have decided not to save mankind from an impending flood. Zi-ud-sura, the king and gudug priest, learns of this. In the later Akkadian version recorded in the Atra-Hasis Epic, Ea (Sumerian Enki), the god of the waters, warns the hero (Akkadian Atrahasis) and gives him instructions for building an ark. This is missing in the Sumerian fragment, but a mention of Enki taking counsel with himself suggests similar instructions in the Sumerian version.

Flood myth
Before the missing section, the gods have decided to send a flood to destroy humanity. Enki, god of the underworld sea of fresh water and equivalent of Babylonian Ea, warns Ziusudra, the ruler of Shuruppak, to build a large boat, though the directions for the boat are also lost.

When the tablet resumes, it describes the flood. A terrible storm rages for seven days and nights. "The huge boat had been tossed about on the great waters." Then Utu (Sun) appears and Ziusudra opens a window, prostrates himself, and sacrifices an ox and a sheep.

After another break, the text resumes with the flood apparently over, and Ziusudra prostrating himself before An (Sky) and Enlil (Lordbreath), who give him "breath eternal" for "preserving the animals and the seed of mankind". The remainder is lost.

The Epic of Ziusudra adds an element at lines 258–261 not found in other versions, that after the river flood "king Ziusudra ... they caused to dwell in the land of the country of Dilmun, the place where the sun rises". In this version of the story, Ziusudra's boat floats down the Euphrates river into the Persian Gulf (rather than up onto a mountain, or up-stream to Kish). The Sumerian word KUR in line 140 of the Gilgamesh flood myth was interpreted to mean "mountain" in Akkadian, although in Sumerian, KUR means "mountain" but also "land", especially a foreign country, as well as "the Underworld".

Some modern scholars believe the Sumerian deluge story corresponds to localized river flooding at Shuruppak (modern Tell Fara, Iraq) and various other cities as far north as Kish, as revealed by a layer of riverine sediments, radiocarbon dated to c. 2900 BCE, which interrupt the continuity of settlement. Polychrome pottery from the Jemdet Nasr period (c. 3000–2900 BCE) was discovered immediately below this Shuruppak flood stratum. None of the predynastic antediluvian rulers have been verified as historical by archaeological excavations, epigraphical inscriptions or otherwise, but the Sumerians purported them to have lived in the mythical era before the great deluge.

A Sumerian document known as the Instructions of Shuruppak, dated by Kramer to about 2600 BCE, refers in a later version to Ziusudra. Kramer stated Ziusudra had become a "venerable figure in literary tradition" by the 3rd millennium BCE. Yi Samuel Chen argues that the earliest references to Ziusudra can be dated to the Old Babylonian Period.

Parallels

Other flood myths with many similarities to the Sumerian story are the story of the Dravida king Manu in the Matsya Purana, the Utnapishtim episode in the Epic of Gilgamesh and the Genesis flood narrative in the Bible. The ancient Greeks and Romans had two similar myths from a later date: the Deucalion story and Zeus' world flood in Book I of Ovid's Metamorphoses. The Germanic and Norse story of Ymir also has parallels to the flood myth.

Ziusudra and Xisuthros

Zi-ud-sura is known to us from the following sources:
 From the Sumerian Flood myth discussed above.
 In reference to his immortality in some versions of The Death of Gilgamesh
 Again in reference to his immortality in The Poem of Early Rulers
 As Xisuthros () in Berossus' Hellenistic account of Babylonian history
 As Ziusudra in the WB-62 recension of the Sumerian king list. This text diverges from all other extant king lists by listing the city of Shuruppak as a king, and including Ziusudra as "Shuruppak's" successor.
 A later version of a document known as The Instructions of Shuruppak refers to Ziusudra.

In both of the late-dated king lists cited above, the name Zi-ud-sura was inserted immediately before a flood event included in some versions of the Sumerian king list. However, no other king list mentions Zi-ud-sura.

See also

 Atra-Hasis
 Creation myth
 Deluge (mythology)
 Enūma Eliš
 Epic of Gilgamesh
 Gilgamesh flood myth
 Mesopotamian mythology
 Song of the hoe
 Sumerian literature

Notes

External links
 ETCSL – Text and translation of the Eridu Genesis (alternate site) (The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, Oxford)
 Translation and adaptation of Eridu Genesis (Livius.org)

16th-century BC literature
Archaeological discoveries in Iraq

Sumerian literature
Creation myths
Flood myths
Clay tablets
Shuruppak


Utricularia alpina is a medium-sized terrestrial or epiphytic, perennial carnivorous plant that belongs to the genus Utricularia. U. alpina is native to the Antilles and northern South America, where it is found in Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, and Venezuela. In the Antilles it can be found in Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Saba, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent, and Trinidad.

See also
 List of Utricularia species

References

Carnivorous plants of South America
Flora of Brazil
Flora of Colombia
Flora of Dominica
Flora of Guadeloupe
Flora of Guyana
Flora of Jamaica
Flora of Martinique
Flora of Trinidad and Tobago
Flora of Venezuela
alpina
Plants described in 1760
Taxa named by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


In Idaho folklore, Sharlie (Slimy Slim, The Twilight Dragon of Payette Lake) is the name given to a sea serpent much like the Loch Ness Monster that is believed by some to live in the deep alpine waters of Payette Lake near McCall, Idaho.

The first reference to the sea serpent may be the belief of Native Americans, predating western settlement of the area, that an evil spirit dwelled in the lake.

Modern history

The first documented sighting by western settlers occurred in 1920 when workers cutting ties at the upper end of the lake thought they saw a log in the lake.  The “log” began to move.

In August 1944 the serpent was reportedly seen by several groups of people who described it as 30 to 35 feet in length, with a dinosaur-type head and pronounced jaws, humps like a camel, and shell-like skin.

In September 1946 the serpent was reportedly sighted by a group of twenty people.  Dr. G.A. Taylor of Nampa, Idaho explained that “it appeared to be between 30 and 40 feet long and seemed to keep diving into the water.  It left a wake about like a small motor boat would make.”

In 1954 A. Boone McCallum, Editor of The Star News  held a contest to name the serpent of Payette Lake.  The winning name, “Sharlie”, was submitted by Le Isle Hennefer Tury of Springfield, Virginia.  In her letter to Mr. McCallum she said, “Why don’t you call the thing Sharlie?  You know – ‘Vas you der, Sharlie?”  This was a reference to the popular catch phrase often spoken by Jack Pearl during his old time radio show.

Sharlie was reportedly sighted dozens of times between 1956 and the last documented sighting in 1997.

Notes

Idaho folklore
American legendary creatures
Water monsters
Sea serpents


Ormskirk Grammar School was a school in Ormskirk, West Lancashire, England.

History
It was founded circa 1610 and moved from the original school house at Barkhouse Hill to Ruff Lane in 1850. The architect Sydney Smirke designed the original school room and school masters' house which is to the west of the main school building. The school was consistently extended for the next 150 years to extend either side of Mill Street. It was situated in the east of the town, towards the hospital.

In the 1960s it had 750 boys and girls, and 850 in the early 1970s.

Comprehensive
It became a comprehensive in the late 1970s, year by year, with around 1,000 boys and girls.

Closure
It closed when the school amalgamated with Cross Hall High School, resulting in the formation of Ormskirk School in 2001 and was largely demolished to make way for housing in 2005 leaving only the original building on Ruff Lane which has now been converted into flats.

Archives
The school's archives are held at Lancashire Archives.

Notable former pupils

 Julie Conalty, Bishop of Birkenhead
 John P. Marshall, British businessman
Lee Cain, former journalist and Downing Street Director of Communications, 2019–2020
 Ray Connolly, novelist
 Frederick Charles Darwent, Bishop of Aberdeen and Orkney, 1978–92
 Vickey Dixon, hockey player
 Arthur Greer, 1st Baron Fairfield, Lord Justice of Appeal, 1927–38
 Tom Middlehurst, Welsh Assembly Member from 1999 to 2003 for Alyn and Deeside
 Helen Hayes, Labour Member of Parliament since 2015 for Dulwich and West Norwood
Alyson Rudd, sports journalist with The Times
Professor Edward Peck, academic and Vice-Chancellor Nottingham Trent University
 Danny Breithaupt, Chief Executive from 2001 of The Restaurant Group (Frankie and Benny's)
 Alan Cocks, professional footballer

References
 History of Ormskirk Grammar School in Lancashire, David Orritt, 30 November 1988, Carnegie,

External links
 Image
 Conversion into flats

Ormskirk
Defunct grammar schools in England
Educational institutions disestablished in 2001
Educational institutions established in the 1610s
Schools in the Borough of West Lancashire
Defunct schools in Lancashire
1610 establishments in England
2001 disestablishments in England


The Scotia Sea Islands tundra is a tundra ecoregion (WWF AN1103) which includes several island groups – South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, South Shetland Islands, and Bouvet Island – in the Scotia Sea, where the South Atlantic Ocean meets the Southern Ocean.

  Most of the terrain is covered with snow and permanent ice, with tundra vegetation - moss, lichen, and algae - on the remainder.  The islands support important rookeries for seals, seabirds, and penguins.  The islands have no permanent human habitation, and the cold, harsh climate and ending of seal hunting and whaling has prevented settlement.

Location and description
The island groups of the ecoregion are southeast of the southern tip of South America.
 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, the largest land masses in the Scotia Sea, South GEorgia is mountainous, rising to .
 South Shetland Islands, are 80 to 90% glaciated.  They are only  from Graham Land, Antarctica.
 South Orkney Islands,  northeast of the tip of Antarctica.
 Bouvet Island, an uninhabited volcanic island  east of the South Sandwich Islands.

Climate
The climate of the islands is Tundra climate (Köppen climate classification ET), a cold, harsh climate in which at least one month has an average temperature high enough to melt snow (0 °C (32 °F)), but no month with an average temperature in excess of 10 °C (50 °F).  Because the islands are south of the Antarctic Convergence, the climate is more closely associated with Antarctica than South America.

Flora and fauna
South Georgia supports a rich tundra with 50 species of vascular plants. The colder South Orkney and South Shetland islands support only simple mosses, lichens, and algae. The islands have no native land animals, but support a marine fauna that include sea birds and seals.

See also
 Flora of South Georgia

References

Antarctic ecoregions
Subantarctic islands
Tundra ecoregions


Roger Testu, known as Tetsu (12 July 1913, in Bourges, Cher – 2 February 2008) was a French cartoonist. He started his career as a painter and in the 1950s started drawing cartoons, while continuing to paint. He worked for magazines including Paris Match, The Barber Magazine, France Dimanche and Ici Paris. He produced "Search South of France" which were two collections of his drawings and paintings. In 2008 he died age 94. The official cause of death is unknown.

1913 births
2008 deaths
Artists from Bourges
French editorial cartoonists
French male painters


Matthew E. Rubel (born November 29, 1957) is an American entrepreneur and investor. He is the former chairman, chief executive officer, and president of Collective Brands, Inc., the parent company for Payless ShoeSource, a footwear, accessory, and lifestyle brand company, Collective Brands' Performance + Lifestyles Group (formerly Stride Rite Corporation), and Collective Licensing International.

Education
Rubel was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. He attended Ohio University, where he obtained a Bachelor of Science in 1979. He then obtained an MBA from the University of Miami School of Business at the University of Miami in 1980.

Career
Rubel started his career at Bonwit Teller in New York City, and later became executive vice president of Murjani International Ltd., where he was in charge of all Tommy Hilfiger businesses.

After leaving Murjani, Rubel served as president and chief executive officer of Pepe Jeans USA and managed Revlon Inc.'s prestige cosmetic brands as president of the Specialty Store Division. From 1994 to 1999, he served as executive vice president of J. Crew Group and the CEO of Popular Club Plan. In November 1998, he led the sale of Popular Club from J. Crew to Fingerhut, the largest independent direct marketer in the United States. While at J. Crew, Rubel handled all licensing and international and brand marketing.

From 1999 to 2005, Rubel was chairman, president, and chief executive officer of Cole Haan, a leading marketer of high quality men's and women's shoes and accessories and a subsidiary of Nike, Inc.  At Cole Haan, Rubel led a multi-year turnaround, and guided the company into a new era by re-energizing the brand and creating a strong global presence.

Rubel joined Payless ShoeSource in June 2005. In July 2007, Rubel led the acquisition of The Stride Rite Corporation and the formation of Collective Brands, Inc. (NYSE: PSS), the parent company of Payless ShoeSource, Collective Brands Performance + Lifestyle Group and Collective Licensing International.

In December 2007, Footwear News named Rubel their 2007 "Person of the Year" in recognition of his leadership in forming Collective Brands and establishing the company's vision of creating the preeminent, consumer-centric, global footwear, accessories and lifestyle brand company, reaching customers through multiple price points and selling channels. The year prior, Footwear News awarded Payless its "Marketer of the Year" award in recognition of its turnaround effort under Rubel's leadership. In April 2008, Rubel received the M.B. Zale Visionary Merchant Award from Texas A&M University.

In 2011, Rubel resigned from Collective Brands and joined TPG Capital as a senior advisor. In 2015, Rubel left TPG to join Roark Capital as a senior advisor, before joining Varsity Brands as chief executive officer. Rubel left Varsity Brands in early 2017.

Rubel is active in several industry and civic organizations, including the Advisory Council for Trade Policy Negotiation, which provides counsel to The White House and USTR, the Jay H. Baker Center at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, the Young Presidents' Organization, and the President's Council at his alma mater, the University of Miami. He is chairman of the Footwear Distributors and Retailers of America and a member of the American Ballet Theatre board of governing trustees and the International Council of Shopping Centers board of trustees.

He is a board member for SuperValu, HSNi, Hudson's Bay Company, A.T. Cross Pen, and Edible Communities.

References

External links
 Greater Kansas City Chamber of Commerce
 Collective Brands
 Payless ShoeSource
 Collective Licensing International
 Jay H. Baker Initiative

American chief executives
1957 births
Living people
University of Miami Business School alumni
Ohio University alumni


is a Japanese adventure visual novel video game developed and published by Konami for the Nintendo DS video game console. The game was released in Japan on March 19, 2008, North America on September 23, 2008, and Europe on February 6, 2009. The game was written by Junko Kawano, whose PlayStation 2 work Shadow of Memories also features a young man using a time-travelling device to try and alter their future.

Gameplay
Time Hollow is a graphic adventure game, in which the player controls protagonist Ethan Kairos as he attempts to find his missing parents. Using the "Hollow Pen", he is able to open circular portals into the past after he has experienced a "flashback" of a certain location. By opening portals into different areas, he is able to recover or place items and people, as well as observe the past. Although time stops while a portal is open, certain characters are able to interact with Ethan. The player must draw these portals with the stylus, and once the portal is closed, a certain amount of "Time" is lost, equivalent to HP. Portions of Time equivalent to one portal, called "Chrons", can be recovered by finding Ethan's cat, Sox, in the game world. The game is supplemented by animated cut scenes showing important events and flashbacks. Backgrounds are static, and layered to provide a 3D perspective effect when they are moved from side to side.

Plot
Time Hollow follows the story of Ethan Kairos, whose parents, Timothy and Pamela Kairos, mysteriously disappear on his 17th birthday. Ethan realizes that the entire world has changed as if his parents had disappeared 12 years ago. Ethan then finds a strange green pen with the ability to open portals to the past and a note tied to his cats collar telling him to look in a dumpster behind his school, there he finds a note from his father. Ethan uses the pen to solve problems that suddenly and mysteriously occur, thus changing the present, though he himself is able to remember these past parallel universes. He also meets a girl, Kori Twelves, who seems to share Ethan's displacement from time. Eventually, Ethan comes to realize that the past is being manipulated by another Hollow Pen wielder, Irving Onegin, as revenge for the fact that Ethan supposedly killed his mother. After a final confrontation, Irving steps through his own portal, taking the identity of Ethan's teacher in order to exact his plan. After thwarting a series of determined attempts to murder his friends by Irving, he saves his parents from a restaurant explosion that caused their disappearance. He confronts Irving again, causing him to fall off a cliff. Ethan realizes that Irving's mother committed suicide using her own Hollow Pen out of guilt for the fact that she could not prevent her son from killing Kori. Ethan's uncle volunteers to save Kori after Irving attempts to murder her, preventing Irving from ever causing the events of the game. At the end of the game, Ethan sends the pen and note back to his past self to prevent a time paradox.

Characters
Note: All of the characters' last names are references to numbers or time.

The main character of Time Hollow, a normal high school student who lives with his family. On the morning of his seventeenth birthday, he discovered that the world had changed into one where his parents went missing 12 years ago. In order to solve this mystery, he takes up the Hollow Pen, which has the power to change history.

"Tokio Horō" is a pun on the Japanese pronunciation of the word "hollow" as well as on . His English last name is Latin for "the fullness of time." Kairos (καιρός) is an ancient Greek word meaning the right or opportune moment (the supreme moment). The ancient Greeks had two words for time, chronos and kairos. While the former refers to chronological or sequential time, the latter signifies a time in between, a moment of undetermined period of time in which something special happens. What the special something is depends on who is using the word.

Ethan's Father. At his son's 17th birthday, both he and his wife disappeared. He investigated the death of one of his classmate's mother, Mary Onegin.

Timothy's Japanese is a homonym for .

Ethan's Mother. She has a cheerful personality and doesn't focus on difficult problems, but she's a caring mother who always puts her family first. She is said to have disappeared 12 years ago along with her husband Timothy.

Aki means "autumn."

Ethan's uncle, Timothy's younger brother. A freelance writer engaged in chasing the long-ago incident. He's brusque, and has a serious disposition. Although it seems he did not get along well with his older brother, he took Ethan in after Timothy and Pamela disappeared. He was the original founder of the Chronos café.

Derek's Japanese name means .

Ethan's pet cat, who is attached to Ethan, and often sleeps on his bed.

'Forou' can also be pronounced as 'Horou' (Hollow).

The main villain. Originally posing as an antiques dealer, he has been altering time to mess with the Kairos family and Ethan's friends.

Irving's mother, who also possesses a hollow pen, which means she remains active when a time hole is opened. She died in a bus accident 35 years ago, which motivates Irving to get revenge on the Kairos family.

Ethan's teacher. He also taught Derek and Timothy.

One of Ethan's friends. He was once a basketball star, but he broke his hip. He is often resentful of his sister, but is concerned when something happens to her.

Vin's younger sister. She and her friend Emily both seem to have a crush on Ethan. She often gets into trouble as a result of Irving's interference.

One of Ethan's friends. He has a problem with dogs because Shiloh was killed in a thunderstorm long ago when he was supposed to be watching him. He likes to chase after pretty, older girls.

One of Ethan's friends. He is extremely serious about studying, and can be easily stressed about his marks. Ethan briefly confides in him, but he forgets after reality is rewritten. He drops out of high school and starts up a dog-walking service in one of the alternate realities.

The new owner of Chronos after Derek sells it. She likes to gossip.

Olivia's boyfriend. He's kind of a jerk.

Waitress at Chronos. Ben has a crush on her, although she is dating Aaron. She parks her bicycle outside Chronos every day.

Ashley's shy, bespectacled friend. She takes up fortune-telling and accurately predicts incident points for Ethan, which doubles as an in-game hint device.

Librarian at Kako Library. She often helps Ethan by looking up articles.

A little boy that often gets involved in incidents. He owns a dog named Lucky.

The mysterious girl that is at the center of all of this. Timothy pulls her out of time when she falls off the roof, to prevent Derek from killing himself. Both Ethan and Derek have feelings for her. Being pulled out of time, she also gets flashbacks and can move when time holes are open.

The dog that was kept at the secret hideout. After Ethan saves him, Ben adopts him and is often walked by Morris.

Reception

Time Hollow received "mixed" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. GameSpot praised its "great concept" and "vivid artwork", but thought that the gameplay was "overly simple" and "restrictively linear," with "very little for you to figure out for yourself." IGN commended the plot, but complained that "only a handful of characters are interesting enough to care about."  In Japan, Famitsu gave the game a score of all four eights for a total of 32 out of 40.

Legacy
The main theme song of the game was composed and arranged by Masanori Akita, and also appeared on the Japanese PlayStation 2 version of Dance Dance Revolution SuperNova 2, the Arcade and North American PlayStation 2 version of Dance Dance Revolution X.

References

External links

 Konami Style Order Page

2008 video games
Adventure games
Konami games
Nintendo DS games
Nintendo DS-only games
Visual novels
Video games about time travel
Science fiction video games
Video games set in 2008
Video games about the paranormal
Video games developed in Japan
Single-player video games


Sam Jones Expressway (formerly the Airport Expressway and casually the Raymond Street Expressway) is a 4-lane divided highway with partial access control (urban expressway) in the city of Indianapolis. Renamed in 2007 to honor Indianapolis Urban League founder/president Sam H. Jones, Sr., it is approximately  in length and connects Raymond Street (at Holt Road) to High School Road just west of I-465 at the former site of the 1957–2008 passenger terminal at Indianapolis International Airport. Since November 11, 2008, the new passenger terminal is accessed via exit 68 on I-70 much further south.

Routing

The eastern end of the Sam Jones Expressway is at the signalized intersection of South Tibbs Avenue and Raymond Street. East of that intersection the road is named Raymond Street. The western endpoint is a signalized "T" intersection on the grounds of the Indianapolis International Airport, at what was the main entrance to the now-demolished former passenger terminal. Between these two points are traffic interchanges with I-70 (partial), Lynhurst Drive (full), Executive Drive (partial), and I-465/I-74 (full). There is also a grade separation at Roena Street. The road serves pre-move airport hotels based by the old terminal site that remain open and use I-465 and I-70 or High School/Perimeter Road to provide private shuttle service to the new terminal.

Legal status

The Sam Jones Expressway is not an Interstate Highway, nor is it signed as a U.S. or state highway. It exists as a sub-standard freeway only between I-465 and I-70. It is properly named and classified as an expressway because it contains stoplights east of I-70 and west of Executive Drive; as well as a now-removed at-grade railroad crossing just east of its interchange with I-70.

Renaming

The opening of the Col. H. Weir Cook Terminal at the Indianapolis International Airport on November 11, 2008, meant the Sam Jones Expressway would no longer be a direct route for reaching the airport terminal. This prompted the city to rename the Airport Expressway as the Sam Jones Expressway in June 2007, in honor of civil rights leader Sam Jones, the founder and president of the city's Urban League from 1966 until 2002.

Major intersections

References

External links
Map (via Google Maps) showing the Sam Jones Expressway and the Indianapolis International Airport

Freeways in the United States
Streets in Indianapolis


Emil Pacheco Pinheiro (1923 — Rio de Janeiro, July 16, 2001) was a Brazilian illegal lottery operator in the very popular Jogo do Bicho (the animal game) and the president of Botafogo soccer club (1991–1992).

Bicheiro
A war veteran he acquired his first Jogo do Bicho bank in Barra da Tijuca in 1959 and subsequently became one of the major bicheiros of Rio de Janeiro with Castor de Andrade, Carlinhos Maracanã, Raul Capitão and others. He also controlled the game in Jacarepaguá.

Pinheiro was found guilty by judge Denise Frossard in 1993 of involvement in the Jogo do Bicho, along with 13 other bicho bankers such as Castor de Andrade, Luizinho Drummond, Capitão Guimarães and Anísio Abraão David. They were found responsible for at least 53 deaths. They were sentenced to six years each, the maximum sentence for racketeering. But in December 1996 they were all back on the streets, granted parole or clemency.

Soccer benefactor
In 1988 he became the patron of the Botafogo soccer club, taking over all the debts. The following two years, in 1989 and 1990, Botafogo won the Rio de Janeiro Championship after 21 years without titles, thanks to investments of Pinheiro. He became president of the club in 1991 but left after Botafogo lost the Brazilian Championship from Flamengo in 1992 among rumours of bribes.

Pinheiro died on July 16, 2001. He suffered from Parkinson disease and could not move anymore.

References

Fiandaca, Giovanni (ed.) (2007), Women and the Mafia, Studies of Organized Crime, New York: Springer.

Bicheiros
Brazilian prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Brazil
Neurological disease deaths in Rio de Janeiro (state)
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
1923 births
2001 deaths


was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period Japan, in what is now eastern Ehime Prefecture on the island of Shikoku. It was centered around Imabari Castle in what is now the city of Imabari, Ehime, and was ruled throughout most of its history by a cadet branch of the Hisamatsu-Matsudaira clan. Imabari Domain was dissolved in the abolition of the han system in 1871 and is now part of Ehime Prefecture.

History
In 1600, Tōdō Takatora, daimyō of Uwajima Domain received an increase in kokudaka to 200,000 koku for his services in the Battle of Sekigahara and relocated his seat to Kokubunyama Castle in Imabari and established Imabari Domain. However, since Kokubunyama Castle is a medieval mountain castle, it was an inconvenient location to build a castle town, so in 1602, construction of a modern castle was started, and Imabari Castle was completed a year later. In 1608, he was transferred to Tsu Domain with control over the two provinces of Ise and Iga, leaving is adopted son Tōdō Takayoshi as lord of a 20,000 koku remnant of the domain centered at Imabari Castle. Tōdō Takayoshi was transferred to Nabari in Iga Province in 1635.  In the same year, the Tokugawa shogunate transferred Matsudaira Sadayuki form Kuwana Domain to Iyo-Matsuyama Domain, and raised his younger brother Matsudaira Sadafusa from 7,000 koku at Ise Nagashima Castle to 30,000 koku as daimyō of Imabari.   In 1665, Sadafusa was appointed to the position of castellan of Edo Castle, for which he received an additional 10,000 koku from Musashi, Shimōsa, and Hitachi Provinces as a his stipend, raising his total to 40,000 koku.

Sadatoki left 5000 koku in the Kantō region in his will to his younger brother, reducing the kokudaka of Imabari Domain to 35,000 koku. In 1698, 5,000 koku of land in Kantō was exchanged for 5,000 koku in Uma District. The industries that supported the clan's finances include salt, cotton, and sweet potatoes as domain monopolies. In 1805, the 7th daimyō, Matsudaira Sadayoshi, set up "Kōshoba", the predecessor of the han school. In 1807, the "Kōshoba" was expanded and changed its name to "Katsumeikan".

In 1863, during the Bakumatsu period, the 10th daimyō, Matsudaira Sadanori, reformed the domain military with Western style firearms and built an artillery battery on the coast. He also tried to a mediate between the shogunate and the Sonnō jōi loyalists, and stayed in Kyoto for a long time. During the Second Chōshū expedition in 1865, he determined the situation of the shogunate was hopeless, and decided to side with to the Imperial Court. In the Battle of Toba-Fushimi in 1868, he quickly sent troops to Kyoto and guarded the Kyoto Imperial Palace. In the subsequent battles of the Boshin War, the clan served with the Meiji government army. This was a very different stance from Iyo-Matsuyama Domain, which continued its support of the shogunate.

In 1868, Matsudaira Sadanori renounced the Matsudaira name and styled himself "Hisamatsu Sadanori". In 1871, Imabari Domain became "Imabari Prefecture" due to the abolition of the han system and establishment of prefectures. After that, it was incorporated into Ehime Prefecture via Matsuyama Prefecture and Sekitetsu Prefecture. In 1884, Hisamatsu Sadnori became a viscount in the kazoku peerage.

Holdings at the end of the Edo period
As with most domains in the han system, Imabari Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned kokudaka, based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.

Iyo Province
19 villages in Uma District
81 villages in Ochi District

List of daimyō

{| class=wikitable
! #||Name || Tenure || Courtesy title || Court Rank || kokudaka
|-
|colspan=6|  Tōdō clan, 1600 -1608 (Tozama)
|-
||1||||1600 - 1608||Sakon-e-no-shōshō (左近衛権少将), Sado-no-kami (佐渡守)|| Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従四位下)||200,000 koku
|-
|colspan=6|  tenryō　1608-1635
|-
|colspan=6|  Hisamatsu-Matsudaira clan, 1635 -1871 (Fudai)
|-
||1||||1635 - 1674||Mimasaku-no-kami (美作守); Jijū (侍従)|| Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従四位下)||30,000->40,000 koku
|-
||2||||1674 - 1676||Mimasaku-no-kami (美作守)|| Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下)||40,000 koku
|-
||3||||1676 - 1702||Suruga-no-kami (駿河守)|| Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下)||35,000 koku
|-
|4||||1702 - 1732||Mimasaku-no-kami (美作守)|| Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下)||35,000 koku
|-
||5||||1732 - 1763||Chikugo-no-kami (筑後守)|| Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下)||35,000 koku
|-
||6||||1763 - 1790||Naizen-no-kami (内膳正)|| Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下)||35,000 koku
|-
||7||||1790 - 1824||Iki-no-kami (壱岐守)|| Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下)||35,000 koku
|-
||8||||1824 - 1837||Wakasa-no-kami (若狭守)|| Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下)||35,000 koku
|-
||9||||1837 - 1862||Wakasa-no-kami (若狭守)|| Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下)||35,000 koku
|-
||10||||1862 - 1871||Iki-no-kami (壱岐守)|| Junior 5th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下)||35,000 koku
|-
|-
|}

See also
 List of Han
 Abolition of the han system

References

Domains of Japan
History of Ehime Prefecture
Iyo Province
Shikoku region
Matsudaira clan
1600 establishments in Japan
States and territories established in 1600
1871 disestablishments in Japan
States and territories disestablished in 1871


Bjelleklang (Norwegian: lit. Bell Sounds, coll. Jingle Bells) is a Norwegian a cappella vocal group formed in Lørenskog in 1986.

The group performs both songs with only a cappella and songs with guitar or other unconventional music instruments like stir pans or pots. The repertoire includes songs written by its members and cover songs with Norwegian lyrics, often translated from English with a humoristic twist.

Their first album, Dæng Dæng, was released in 1991;  they have published eight studio albums and one best-of album, all produced by Håkon Iversen. The debut album and several others have gone gold or platinum. Holiholihooo ..., released in 1992, is their best-selling album, with more than 70,000 copies sold, and the single "Gud! hvor du er deilig" sold 40,000.

"Feit" (1990), "Hyttetur" (1991), "Mercedes Benz" (1992) and "Gummihatt" (1994) reached the top 10 on the VG-lista singles chart, and "Gud! Hvor du er deilig" (1996) reached #1. On the albums chart, Dæng dæng (1991), Holiholihooo ... (1992), Ypper'u donk (1994) and Kort ved øra (1996) reached the top 5.

Members
 Finn Evensen (1986-)
 Per Henrik Gusrud (1999-)
 Robert Skrolsvik (1986-)
 Carl Einar Traaen (2002-)
 Frank Øren (1989-)

Former members
 Ole Jørgen Holt Hanssen (1986-1999)
 Jon Haaland (1986-1996)
 Arvid Rønsen Ruud (1986-1995)
 Geir Havenstrøm (1986-1987)
 Ketil Hustad (1987-1990)
 Øystein Skre (1996-2001)

Discography
 Dæng Dæng (BMG Ariola, 1991)
 Holiholihooo … (BMG Ariola, 1992)
 Ypperu’ Donk (BMG Ariola, 1994)
 Synger svart (BMG Ariola, 1995)
 Kort ved øra (BMG Ariola, 1996)
 Kjære landsmenn (RCA, 1997)—best-of
 Spis meg rå (BMG Ariola, 1998)
 Jul med Bjelleklang (Columbia, 1999)
 Sokker i sandaler (Big Box Music, 2006)
 Menn, menn, menn (Big Box Music, 2009)

References

External links
 Official homepage

Norwegian musical groups
A cappella musical groups
Melodi Grand Prix contestants
Musical groups established in 1986
1986 establishments in Norway
Musical groups from Akershus
Lørenskog


Thomas Darling (February 21, 1720November 30, 1789) was a businessman and elected official in 18th century Connecticut who was acquainted with Benjamin Franklin, Ezra Stiles, Roger Sherman, and Benedict Arnold.

Life

Darling studied theology at Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut, graduating in 1740. Although he was licensed to preach in 1743, he never sought to become a minister, but trained others for it as the only tutor at Yale from 1743 to 1745.
The Yale class of 1746 presented him with a still-surviving silver bowl created by Cornelius Kierstede. The bowl, is said to be the most ornamental piece of plate made in Connecticut up to that time, is owned by Yale University.

On July 25, 1745, in New Haven he married Abigail Noyes (b. March 20, 1724 - d. July 19, 1797), a daughter of the Rev. Joseph Noyes, Darling's mentor. The couple had three sons and five daughters with all but one surviving to adulthood: Abigail,
Susanna, Samuel, Thomas, Ann, Dorothy, Joseph and Jemima.

Over the next 31 years in New Haven Darling was an entrepreneur involved in various businesses. He was a manufacturer, merchant, and justice of the peace. Darling ran a rope walk, helped start the first printing business in New Haven, tried to establish a glass business, and was a member of the General Assembly. He was an advocate of religious freedom, and a supporter of the U. S.Constitution.

In 1774 Darling moved to Amity Parish, now Woodbridge, Connecticut, and built a house.  The Darling House Museum is now operated by the Amity & Woodbridge Historical Society.

He died in 1789 in Stonington and was buried in New Haven.

References

1720 births
1789 deaths
Businesspeople from New Haven, Connecticut
Yale College alumni
People of colonial Connecticut
18th-century American businesspeople
People from Woodbridge, Connecticut
Politicians from New Haven, Connecticut


Eleanor Warren may refer to:

 Eleanor Clark (1913–1996), American writer who married Robert Penn Warren
 Eleanor Warren (cellist) (1919–2005), British cellist and music producer

See also
 Elinor Remick Warren (1900–1991), American composer of


The Newark Little Giants were a professional baseball team based in Newark, New Jersey in the late 1880s. They played in the Eastern League for one year until moving to the International League in 1887.

Newark featured the first all African-American battery with George Stovey, pitching a 2.46 ERA, and catcher Moses Fleetwood Walker (also first African-American to play in the majors), who had a .264 batting average.

The Little Giants went out of business in 1888. They returned to the minors in 1889 and won second place in the Atlantic Association. After taking third in 1890, Newark again went out of business, this time forever.

Defunct baseball teams in New Jersey
Baseball teams established in 1886
Baseball teams disestablished in 1891
1886 establishments in New Jersey
1891 disestablishments in New Jersey
Sports in Newark, New Jersey
Atlantic Association teams
Defunct International League teams


Al-Ahmadi Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Al-Ahmadi, Kuwait.  It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Al-Shabab.  The stadium holds 18,000 people.

See also
 List of football stadiums in Kuwait

External links
Stadium information

Football venues in Kuwait


Walid Abd-Rabo Al-Jahdali (, born 1 June 1982) is a former Saudi Arabian footballer who played as a defender. He started his career with Al-Ahli and started in four of their 2005 AFC Champions League matches, before leading the Jeddah-based side to the Crown Prince Cup and the Saudi Federation Cup that same season.

Walid made several appearances for the Saudi Arabia national football team, including five FIFA World Cup qualifying matches. He also represented Saudi Arabia at the 2007 AFC Asian Cup.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Men's association football defenders
Footballers from Jeddah
Saudi Arabian men's footballers
Saudi Arabia men's international footballers
2007 AFC Asian Cup players
Al-Ahli Saudi FC players
Al Shabab FC (Riyadh) players
Al-Orobah FC players
Saudi Pro League players


Abu Hlaifa City Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Abu Hulayfah, Kuwait. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of Sahel. The stadium holds 2,000 people.

See also
 List of football stadiums in Kuwait

External links
Stadium information

Football venues in Kuwait


Farwaniya Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Al-Farwaniyah, Kuwait.  It is generally used for football matches and is the home stadium of Al Tadamun SC, a professional football club.  The stadium holds 14,000 people.

See also
 List of football stadiums in Kuwait

External links
Stadium information

Football venues in Kuwait


In computability theory and computational complexity theory, an undecidable problem is a decision problem for which it is proved to be impossible to construct an algorithm that always leads to a correct yes-or-no answer. The halting problem is an example: it can be proven that there is no algorithm that correctly determines whether an arbitrary program eventually halts when run.

Background
A decision problem is a question which, for every input in some infinite set of inputs, answers "yes" or "no".. Those inputs can be numbers (for example, the decision problem "is the input a prime number?") or other values of some other kind, such as strings of a formal language.

The formal representation of a decision problem is a subset of the natural numbers. For decision problems on natural numbers, the set consists of those numbers that the decision problem answers "yes" to. For example, the decision problem "is the input even?" is formalized as the set of even numbers. A decision problem whose input consists of strings or more complex values is formalized as the set of numbers that, via a specific Gödel numbering, correspond to inputs that satisfy the decision problem's criteria.

A decision problem A is called decidable or effectively solvable if the formalized set of A is a recursive set. Otherwise, A is called undecidable. A problem is called partially decidable, semi-decidable, solvable, or provable if A is a recursively enumerable set.

Example: the halting problem in computability theory
In computability theory, the halting problem is a decision problem which can be stated as follows:

Given the description of an arbitrary program and a finite input, decide whether the program finishes running or will run forever.

Alan Turing proved in 1936 that a general algorithm running on a Turing machine that solves the halting problem for all possible program-input pairs necessarily cannot exist. Hence, the halting problem is undecidable for Turing machines.

Relationship with Gödel's incompleteness theorem

The concepts raised by Gödel's incompleteness theorems are very similar to those raised by the halting problem, and the proofs are quite similar. In fact, a weaker form of the First Incompleteness Theorem is an easy consequence of the undecidability of the halting problem. This weaker form differs from the standard statement of the incompleteness theorem by asserting that an axiomatization of the natural numbers that is both complete and sound is impossible. The "sound" part is the weakening: it means that we require the axiomatic system in question to prove only true statements about natural numbers. Since soundness implies consistency, this weaker form can be seen as a corollary of the strong form. It is important to observe that the statement of the standard form of Gödel's First Incompleteness Theorem is completely unconcerned with the truth value of a statement, but only concerns the issue of whether it is possible to find it through a mathematical proof.

The weaker form of the theorem can be proved from the undecidability of the halting problem as follows. Assume that we have a sound (and hence consistent) and complete axiomatization of all true first-order logic statements about natural numbers. Then we can build an algorithm that enumerates all these statements. This means that there is an algorithm N(n) that, given a natural number n, computes a true first-order logic statement about natural numbers, and that for all true statements, there is at least one n such that N(n) yields that statement. Now suppose we want to decide if the algorithm with representation a halts on input i.  We know that this statement can be expressed with a first-order logic statement, say H(a, i).  Since the axiomatization is complete it follows that either there is an n such that N(n) =  H(a, i) or there is an  such that N() = ¬ H(a, i).  So if we iterate over all n until we either find H(a, i) or its negation, we will always halt, and furthermore, the answer it gives us will be true (by soundness). This means that this gives us an algorithm to decide the halting problem. Since we know that there cannot be such an algorithm, it follows that the assumption that there is a consistent and complete axiomatization of all true first-order logic statements about natural numbers must be false.

Examples of undecidable problems

Undecidable problems can be related to different topics, such as logic, abstract machines or topology. Since there are uncountably many undecidable problems, any list, even one of infinite length, is necessarily incomplete.

Examples of undecidable statements

There are two distinct senses of the word "undecidable" in contemporary use. The first of these is the sense used in relation to Gödel's theorems, that of a statement being neither provable nor refutable in a specified deductive system. The second sense is used in relation to computability theory and applies not to statements but to decision problems, which are countably infinite sets of questions each requiring a yes or no answer. Such a problem is said to be undecidable if there is no computable function that correctly answers every question in the problem set.  The connection between these two is that if a decision problem is undecidable (in the recursion theoretical sense) then there is no consistent, effective formal system which proves for every question A in the problem either "the answer to A is yes" or "the answer to A is no".

Because of the two meanings of the word undecidable, the term independent is sometimes used instead of undecidable for the "neither provable nor refutable" sense. The usage of "independent" is also ambiguous, however. It can mean just "not provable", leaving open whether an independent statement might be refuted.

Undecidability of a statement in a particular deductive system does not, in and of itself, address the question of whether the truth value of the statement is well-defined, or whether it can be determined by other means. Undecidability only implies that the particular deductive system being considered does not prove the truth or falsity of the statement. Whether there exist so-called "absolutely undecidable" statements, whose truth value can never be known or is ill-specified, is a controversial point among various philosophical schools.

One of the first problems suspected to be undecidable, in the second sense of the term, was the word problem for groups, first posed by Max Dehn in 1911, which asks if there is a finitely presented group for which no algorithm exists to determine whether two words are equivalent.  This was shown to be the case in 1952.

The combined work of Gödel and Paul Cohen has given two concrete examples of undecidable statements (in the first sense of the term): The continuum hypothesis can neither be proved nor refuted in ZFC (the standard axiomatization of set theory), and the axiom of choice can neither be proved nor refuted in ZF (which is all the ZFC axioms except the axiom of choice).  These results do not require the incompleteness theorem.   Gödel proved in 1940 that neither of these statements could be disproved in ZF or ZFC set theory. In the 1960s, Cohen proved that neither is provable from ZF, and the continuum hypothesis cannot be proven from ZFC.

In 1970, Russian mathematician Yuri Matiyasevich showed that Hilbert's Tenth Problem, posed in 1900 as a challenge to the next century of mathematicians, cannot be solved.    Hilbert's challenge sought an algorithm which finds all solutions of a Diophantine equation.  A Diophantine equation is a more general case of Fermat's Last Theorem; we seek the integer roots of a polynomial in any number of variables with integer coefficients.  Since we have only one equation but n variables, infinitely many solutions exist (and are easy to find) in the complex plane; however, the problem becomes impossible if solutions are constrained to integer values only.  Matiyasevich showed this problem to be unsolvable by mapping a Diophantine equation to a recursively enumerable set and invoking Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem.

In 1936, Alan Turing proved that the halting problem—the question of whether or not a Turing machine halts on a given program—is undecidable, in the second sense of the term. This result was later generalized by Rice's theorem.

In 1973, Saharon Shelah showed the Whitehead problem in group theory is undecidable, in the first sense of the term, in standard set theory.

In 1977, Paris and Harrington proved that the Paris-Harrington principle, a version of the Ramsey theorem, is undecidable in the axiomatization of arithmetic given by the Peano axioms but can be proven to be true in the larger system of second-order arithmetic.

Kruskal's tree theorem, which has applications in computer science, is also undecidable from the Peano axioms but provable in set theory. In fact Kruskal's tree theorem (or its finite form) is undecidable in a much stronger system codifying the principles acceptable on basis of a philosophy of mathematics called predicativism.

Goodstein's theorem is a statement about the Ramsey theory of the natural numbers that Kirby and Paris showed is undecidable in Peano arithmetic.

Gregory Chaitin produced undecidable statements in algorithmic information theory and proved another incompleteness theorem in that setting. Chaitin's theorem states that for any theory that can represent enough arithmetic, there is an upper bound c such that no specific number can be proven in that theory to have Kolmogorov complexity greater than c. While Gödel's theorem is related to the liar paradox, Chaitin's result is related to Berry's paradox.

In 2007, researchers Kurtz and Simon, building on earlier work by J.H. Conway in the 1970s, proved that a natural generalization of the Collatz problem is undecidable.

In 2019, Ben-David and colleagues constructed an example of a learning model (named EMX), and showed a family of functions whose learnability in EMX is undecidable in standard set theory.

See also
 Decidability (logic)
 Entscheidungsproblem
 Proof of impossibility
 Unknowability
 Wicked problem

Notes

References

Computability theory
Logic in computer science


The 2008 Vancouver municipal election was held on November 15, 2008, filling seats on the Vancouver School Board, the Park Board, the Vancouver City Council, and the position of Mayor of Vancouver. It was held at the same time as municipal elections throughout the province. Three major civic parties were represented: the Coalition of Progressive Electors, the Non-Partisan Association, and Vision Vancouver. The Green Party of Vancouver fielded one candidate for Park Board commissioner.

Candidates and results
All incumbents are marked with (I) before their names.

Mayor
One mayor was elected out of 15 candidates. Of the candidates, four were affiliated with a political party, and eleven were independent. Gregor Robertson of Vision Vancouver was elected.

City councillors
Ten councillors were elected out of 32 candidates. Of the candidates, 24 were affiliated with a political party, and eight were independent. Eight incumbent councillors were seeking re-election: four from Vision Vancouver, three from the NPA, and one from COPE. Of the elected councillors, seven were from Vision Vancouver, two from COPE and one from the NPA.

Park Board commissioners
Seven commissioners were elected out of twenty candidates. Of the candidates, 15 were affiliated with a political party, and five were independent. Two incumbent commissioners were seeking re-election: one from COPE and one from the NPA. Of the elected commissioners, four were from Vision Vancouver, with one each from the NPA, COPE, and the Green Party of Vancouver.

School Board trustees
Nine school trustees were elected out of 19 candidates. Of the candidates, 17 were affiliated with a political party, and two were independent. Five incumbent trustees were seeking re-election: three from the NPA and two from COPE. Of the elected trustees, four were from Vision Vancouver, three from COPE and two from NPA.

Capital Plan questions
The following Capital Plan questions were posed to voters:

Public works
1. Are you in favour of Council having the authority, without further assent of the electors, to pass by-laws between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2011, to borrow an aggregate $93,820,000 for the following purposes?
Street and Bridge Infrastructure at $66,607,000
Traffic and Safety Improvements at $12,553,000
Street Lighting, Traffic Signal, and Communications Systems at $14,660,000

Public safety and civic facilities
2. Are you in favour of Council having the authority, without further assent of the electors, to pass by-laws between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2011, to borrow an aggregate $68,605,000 for the following purposes?
Public Safety at $31,965,000
Civic Facilities at $32,490,000
Library at $4,150,000

Parks and recreation facilities
3. Are you in favour of Council having the authority, without further assent of the electors, to pass by-laws between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2011, to borrow an aggregate $59,575,000 for the following purposes?
Recreation Facilities at $52,247,000
Parks at $7,328,000

Voter and party statistics

Voter turnout
Of the 403,663 registered voters, there were 124,285 recorded ballots, marking the voter turnout at 30.79%. This is an decrease of 1.66% from the 32.45% turnout during the previous municipal election in 2005.

Elected percentage by party

Seat changes by party

References

General

Specific

External links
 City of Vancouver Election Candidate Profiles
 City of Vancouver Election Page
 Daily Press Coverage of Vancouver Civic Election
 Various News
 Our Campaigns
 Politics1 Canada (beta)
 Canadian Politics
 Radical Press
 Nowpolling.ca

2008
2008 elections in Canada
2008 in British Columbia


Frederick Windsor Warren (23 December 1907 – 1986) was a Welsh professional footballer and Wales international.

Club career

Warren began his career at his home town club Cardiff City, spending time as understudy to George McLachlan before becoming a more regular first team player. In January 1930, he was sold to Division One side Middlesbrough for a fee of £8,000, in a transfer that also involved Joe Hillier and Jack Jennings. After six years with Middlesbrough, Warren joined Heart of Midlothian, where he later became the club's first Welsh international. He remained at Tynecastle until the outbreak of World War II, returning to South Wales to work for Barry Town.

International career

Warren made his debut for Wales on 2 February 1929, scoring in a 2–1 win over Ireland in the 1929 British Home Championship. Four months later, during the summer of 1929 Warren was selected for the Football Association of Wales tour of Canada but these matches were not classed as international cap matches. His Cardiff City teammates Len Davies, Fred Keenor and Walter Robbins were also selected for the tour. During his career, he earned 6 caps for Wales over a period of nine years, scoring three times with all three being scored in matches against Ireland at the Racecourse Ground.

International goals
Results list Wales' goal tally first.

References

External links
London Hearts profile

1907 births
1986 deaths
Footballers from Cardiff
Welsh men's footballers
Wales men's international footballers
Cardiff City F.C. players
Middlesbrough F.C. players
Heart of Midlothian F.C. players
Barry Town United F.C. players
English Football League players
Scottish Football League players
Men's association football forwards


Labruyère may refer to one of several communes in France:
 Labruyère, Côte-d'Or
 Labruyère, Oise
 Labruyère-Dorsa, Haute-Garonne

See also
 La Bruyère (disambiguation)


USS Adair (APA-91) was a  in service with the United States Navy from 1944 to 1946. She was sold to commercial service in 1947 and was finally scrapped in 1970.

History
Laid down as Exchester, Adair (APA-91) was named after counties in Iowa, Kentucky, and Missouri. She was launched 29 February 1944 by Bethlehem Sparrows Point Shipyard, Sparrows Point, Maryland, under a Maritime Commission contract; transferred to the Navy 15 July 1944; and commissioned the same day.

1944–1947
During 1944 and 1945 Adair carried troops and cargo between Pearl Harbor, Eniwetok, Saipan, Tinian, Ulithi, Hollandia, Manus, and Guam, with two diversions to amphibious duty. From 11 to 12 January 1945 she participated in the Lingayen Gulf landings and from 1 to 5 April 1945 in the Invasion of Okinawa.

With the end of World War II, she supported the occupation of Korea (September–October) and China (16–30 December). She also served with the Operation Magic Carpet fleet, returning American servicemen to the United States from the Pacific. Adair reported to Commander, 5th Naval District, 8 March 1946; was decommissioned 30 April 1946; and returned to the Maritime Commission 3 May 1946. She was struck from the Navy Vessel Register on 8 May 1946.

1947–1970
Adair was sold in 1947 to American Export Lines, Inc., New York, who renamed her SS Express. Later, she was sold again to the Mutual Steamship Operating Company. She was scrapped in 1970.

Awards
Adair received two battle stars for her World War II service.

References

APA-91 Adair, Navsource Online.

Windsor-class attack transports
Type C3-S-A3 ships of the United States Navy
Ships built in Sparrows Point, Maryland
1944 ships
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
USS Adair APA-91
USS Adair APA-91
USS Adair APA-91


NRG Recording Studios is a recording facility located in North Hollywood, California, that was created by producer and mixer Jay Baumgardner in 1992.

Facilities

The facility consists of three studio consoles:
Studio A console: custom vintage Neve 8068 built by Pat Schneider
Studio B console: custom vintage Neve 8078
Studio C console: SSL 9000J

SAN at NRG

Chief Engineer Wade Norton and Owner Jay Baumgardner worked with Paul Levy of Advanced Audio Rentals to incorporate a Fibre Channel storage area network (SAN) into their facility. This allowed for reduced noise inside of the control rooms and provided tighter security to clients by automatically backing up sessions into a secured central location.

Albums recorded
 Cracked Rear View – Hootie & the Blowfish (1994)
 Transistor – 311 (1997)
 Follow the Leader – Korn (1998)
 Significant Other – Limp Bizkit (1999)
 Infest  - Papa Roach (2000)
 Hybrid Theory – Linkin Park (2000)
 Conspiracy of One – The Offspring (2000)
 Break the Cycle – Staind (2001)
 Fallen – Evanescence (2003)
 Meteora – Linkin Park (2003)
 Contraband – Velvet Revolver (2004)
 Minutes to Midnight – Linkin Park (2007)
  A Thousand Suns - Linkin Park (2010)
 Living Things – Linkin Park (2012)

Artists who have worked at NRG Recording

 Hed PE
 12 Stones
 311
 Adema
 Alicia Keys
 Alien Ant Farm
 Anberlin
 Atomship
 Avril Lavigne
 Badflower
 Beck
 Bon Jovi
 Boysetsfire
 Bralalalala
 Buckcherry
 Bush
 B'z
 Chris Cornell
 Coal Chamber
 Common
 Dance Hall Crashers
 Dashboard Confessional
 Dave Navarro
 Deadsy
 Dido
 Die Trying
 Died Pretty
 DJ Z-Trip
 Drowning Pool
 Endwell
 Escape The Fate
 Evanescence
 Eve 6
 Everlast
 Fear Factory
 Finger Eleven
 Fiona Apple
 Foo Fighters
 Fort Minor
 Full Scale
 Girl On Fire
 Godsmack
 Good Charlotte
 Helmet
 Hollywood Undead
 Hoobastank
 Hootie & the Blowfish
 Hot Hot Heat
 HIM
 Ice Cube
 Ima Robot
 Incubus
 Jay-Z
 John Fogerty
 Jurassic 5
 Kanye West
 KAT-TUN
 Kelly Clarkson
 Korn
 Limp Bizkit
 Linkin Park
 LostAlone
 Lostprophets
 Lit
 Mae
 Matchbox Twenty
 Melissa Etheridge
 Michael Franti & Spearhead
 Michelle Branch
 Montecristo
 Monterey Pop Festival
 Motörhead
 Nas
 New Found Glory
 No Doubt
 Oliver Tree
 Ontronik
 Orgy
 P.O.D.
 Papa Roach
 Poe
 Powerspace
 Puddle of Mudd
 Revis
 Robin Thicke
 Rooney
 Sara Bareilles
 Save Ferris
 Scary Kids Scaring Kids
 Seether
 Silverstein
 Slayer
 Staind
 Static-X
 Stereomud
 Stone Temple Pilots
 Strata
 Sugar Ray
 The 88
 The Iron Maidens
 The Monkees
 The Offspring
 The Panic Channel
 Thomas Dolby
 Three Days Grace
 Tom Petty
 Tonight Alive
 Toots & the Maytals
 Tracy Chapman
 Trik Turner
 Trust Company
 Velvet Revolver
 White Zombie
 Yellowjackets
 You Me At Six

External links

References

Recording studios in California
North Hollywood, Los Angeles


Archie Edmiston Roy FRSE, FRAS (24 June 1924 – 27 December 2012) was Professor Emeritus of Astronomy in the University of Glasgow.

Career

Professor Archie Edmiston Roy, was educated at Hillhead High School and the University of Glasgow. He was married to Frances with three sons; Dr. Archie W N Roy, Ian Roy and Dr. David Roy; and two grandchildren David and Fraser.

Professor Roy was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Royal Astronomical Society, and the British Interplanetary Society. He was also a Member and past President of the Society for Psychical Research and Founding President of The Scottish Society for Psychical Research.

He was also elected a member of the European Academy of Arts, Sciences and the Humanities. He was a Patron of the Churches Fellowship (Scotland) for Psychical and Spiritual Studies and a member of the Scientific and Medical Network.
Archie Roy conducted research in astrodynamics, celestial mechanics, archaeoastronomy, psychical research, and neural networks.

In addition Roy has published 20 books, six of them novels, some 70 scientific papers and scores of articles. His books have been published in the United Kingdom, United States, France, Russia, Italy and India.

The Hungaria asteroid 5806 Archieroy, discovered by American astronomer Edward Bowell was named in his honor in 1994. In 2004 he was awarded the Myers Memorial Medal for outstanding contributions to psychical research by the Society for Psychical Research.

Death

On 27 December 2012 Roy died at the Drumchapel Hospital at the age of 88. He was survived by his wife, three sons and two grandchildren.

Novels
 Deadlight (1968)
 All Evil Shed Away (1970)
 The Curtained Sleep (1971)
 Sable Night (1973)
 The Dark Host (1976)
 Devil In The Darkness (1978)

Non-fiction
 The Foundations of Astrodynamics (1965)
 Orbital Motion (1978)
 Long-Term Dynamical Behavior of Natural and Artificial N-Body Systems (Ed.) (1989)
 A Sense of Something Strange, Investigations Into the Paranormal (1990)
 Oxford Illustrated encyclopedia of the Universe (Ed.) (1992)
 Archives of the Mind (1996)
 From Newton to Chaos (Ed. with Bonnie A Steves) (1995)
 The Dynamics of Small Bodies in the Solar System: A Major Key to Solar Systems Studies (Ed. with Bonnie A Steves) (1998)
 The Eager Dead (2008)

References

External links
 Review of The Eager Dead

1924 births
2012 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Astronomical Society
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
British parapsychologists
Scottish astronomers
Scottish novelists
Academics of the University of Glasgow
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Scottish science fiction writers
20th-century Scottish novelists
Scottish male novelists
20th-century British male writers
People educated at Hillhead High School


Mollie Slott (April 19, 1893 – January 24, 1967) was an American journalist, who became one of the nation's best known figures in the newspaper syndicate industry. In 1946, Slott was chosen as Chicago-Tribune New York Daily news syndicate manager, becoming the first female manager in the syndicate history; In 1955, she was promoted to syndicate vice president, and in 1961, she was promoted to director.

In 1921, Slott sent two pictures, by telegraph, using the principle of latitude and longitudinal coordinates, of the Dempsy-Carpentier fight, something that others insisted couldn't be done. In 1940, Slott discovered female comic strip pioneer Dale Messick while working as an assistant to New York Daily News publisher Joseph Medill Patterson.

During her 56-year career she was recognized for her business and organizational skills while working under a number of Tribune managers and editors, and many of them had offered her better pay, if she agreed to leave and follow them to their new jobs.

Slott was a member of the National Women's Press Club, the New York Newspaper Women's Club, and the Overseas Press Club.

Biography
Mollie Slott was born to parents Lee and Sarah (Herlinger) Slott, in Chicago, Illinois. She attended the Academy of Fine Arts, in Chicago, for two years. Deciding to go to work, rather than stay in school, Slott, concealing her age, (17) began working for the Chicago Tribune, in 1910 as a stenographer in the circulation department.

She married Charles Levinson, an insurance executive, on May 29, 1917. They later had two sons, William Author, and Lee. William attended Columbia University, and was the sports editor for the school newspaper, The Spectator. He also contributed to several newspaper, writing short stories and articles. He eventually became a magazine editor; Slott would later say she was pleased that he chose to follow in her footsteps. Lee, became an executive in Philadelphia. She was a dedicated worker, who only took a leave of absence, twice, when she had her children. It had been reported that she worked up to the day before she gave birth to her second son, Lee.

In 1921, it was reported that "a little newspaper woman, who is assistant manager of the Chicago Tribune Syndicate," (Slott) sent pictures of the Dempsy-Carpentier fight at Boyle's Thirty Acres, by telegraph. Slott sent two pictures from the New York News, by tracing the images onto grided paper and using the principal of latitude and longitude coordinates, and sending notes explaining details that lines didn't show, she successfully sent the pictures. The article described how '"Miss Slott telegraphed the picture taken just after the blow that sent Carpentier back to France, a beaten fighter."' The second picture was of his final collapse.

In 1933, Joseph Medill Patterson, founder and publisher of the organization, moved the syndicate office from Chicago to New York. Slott was charged with coordinating the move, and she did so without missing a deadline.

In 1940, Patterson, at Slott's urging, agreed to experiment with female comic strip pioneer Dalia "Dale" Messick's Brenda Starr, by allowing it to be published in the supplementary issue of the Tribue. Slott had removed the comic strip from the trash, and convinced Messick to change Starr's occupation from bandit to reporter, and to use the pen name Dale instead of Dalia, working around an era when women were not included in all professions. Messick drew the cartoon for 43 years.

in 1946, Slott was chosen as Chicago Tribune-New York news syndicate manager, becoming the first female manager in the syndicate history. In 1955, she was promoted to syndicate vice president, after her boss, Patterson, retired. In 1961, she was named as director.

Further reading

 The Art of the Funnies, by R.C. Harvey (p. 95, 111, 114, 144)
 A Century of Women Cartoonists, by Trina Robbins (p. 64)
 Comic Art in America, by Stephen D. Becker (p. 223)
 The Encyclopedia of American Comics, ed. by Ron Goulart (p. 48, 65)
 The World Encyclopedia of Comics, ed. by Maurice Horn (p. 488, 708)

References

External links
 Time Magazine article

American newspaper editors
1893 births
1967 deaths


Ezra Weeks, was a successful builder who served as a witness in a sensationalized murder trial.

Ezra Weeks had allied himself with the mercantile elite and had made powerful connections. His brother, Levi Weeks, was a carpenter by trade who worked closely with Ezra. The Weeks brothers’ main building project at the time was Hamilton Grange, a country house in Harlem Heights in Upper Manhattan. Alexander Hamilton was having a country seat built to rival Richmond Hill, the country home of his nemesis Aaron Burr. John McComb, the architect of Hamilton Grange, and Ezra Weeks would both be key defense witnesses for Ezra Weeks' brother, Levi in one of the most sensational murder trials of the turn of the 18th century.

Ezra Weeks was an object of curiosity within New York City society circles. Only a few years prior to being commissioned by Hamilton, he and his brother Levi were living at the corner of Greenwich and Harrison streets.  On March 1, 1800, Levi was tried for the murder of Gulielma Sands. Ezra was the principal witness for Hamilton's defense.

Weeks was a member of St. John's Lodge (New York), having affiliated in 1796.

Ezra Weeks worked with John McComb Jr. in the construction of Gracie Mansion (1799) and Hamilton Grange (1802).

References

Sources
 Stern, Ellen Stock. 2005. Gracie Mansion: a celebration of New York City's mayoral residence. New York, NY: Rizzoli.

19th-century American businesspeople
American construction businesspeople
Businesspeople from New York City