Asa Bird Gardiner (September 30, 1839 – May 24, 1919) was a controversial American soldier, attorney, and district attorney for New York County (a.k.a. the Borough of Manhattan) from 1898 to 1900.

He received the Medal of Honor for his service in the American Civil War in 1872 but it was  rescinded in 1917 when supporting documentation was not found. As a Judge Advocate in the United States Army, he prosecuted the case of Johnson Chesnut Whittaker, a black cadet at West Point.

He was elected New York County District Attorney in 1897, but was put on trial for corruption, and despite acquittal, was removed from office by Theodore Roosevelt in 1900. He refused to prosecute the corrupt Tammany Hall bosses of New York City, proclaiming "The hell with reform!" (or "Reform be damned!").

Early years
Asa Bird Gardiner was born on September 30, 1839, in New York City. His birth name was Asa Bird Gardner – without the "i" which he added when he legally changed his name in 1884. He was born at Fraunces Tavern, where his father and uncle were innkeepers.  His father later ran the Philadelphia Hotel.

He graduated A.B. from the College of the City of New York in 1859 and a LL.B. from New York University School of Law in 1860. He was admitted to the New York City Bar Association and began private practice as an attorney.

Civil War service
Shortly after the outbreak of the American Civil War, Gardiner was commissioned as a first lieutenant in the 31st New York Infantry Regiment on May 27, 1861, and was mustered out of service on August 7, 1861.  He was commissioned a captain in the 22nd National Guard Infantry (a.k.a. 22nd New York State Militia) on May 31, 1862, served in Baltimore, Maryland, and was honorably mustered out of service on September 5, 1862.

He was again commissioned a captain in the same regiment when it was reactivated on June 18, 1863, due to the movement of Lee's Army of Northern Virginia towards Pennsylvania.  Gardiner saw action at Sporting Hill, Pennsylvania, on June 30 and at Carlisle on July 1, where he was wounded in action.  Gardiner's wound was apparently minor, as there is no indication he suffered from a physical disability and he almost lived to the age of 80. Both actions were minor with the 22nd having no killed in action but it did have 9 and 12 soldiers wounded respectively on the 30th and the 1st.

Gardiner was mustered out of active service on July 24, 1863.   On May 16, 1865, Gardiner was commissioned a first lieutenant in the Veteran Reserve Corps to rank from February 11, 1865, and served as adjutant of the 7th Veteran Reserve Corps Regiment until he was honorably mustered out of service on August 13, 1866.  Gardiner was brevetted to the rank of captain on March 13, 1865, for "gallant and meritorious service during the war".

Medal of Honor
For his actions at the Battle of Sporting Hill Gardiner received the Medal of Honor on September 23, 1872, for "distinguished service performed during the war while serving as Captain 22nd New York State Militia".  Gardiner's award of the Medal of Honor was rescinded in early 1917 after a review panel, led by retired Lieutenant General Nelson A. Miles, found there was no evidence to support Gardiner deserving the award.  Although Gardiner's award was rescinded, he refused to return the medal.

Post-Civil War military service

After the end of the Civil War, Gardiner was commissioned a second lieutenant of the 9th Infantry Regiment of the Regular Army, to rank from July 20, 1866, and was promoted to first lieutenant on February 14, 1868. He transferred to the 1st Artillery Regiment on April 3, 1869, and served for a time as aide-de-camp to Major General Irvin McDowell who was commander of the Department of the East with its headquarters on Governors Island in New York Harbor.

On September 23, 1872, Gardiner received the Medal of Honor for his services in action at Sporting Hill, Pennsylvania, on June 30, 1863, and the defense of Carlisle, Pennsylvania, on July 1 and 2 of the same year.

In February 1917, the Army revoked Gardiner's Medal of Honor on the grounds that there was no record in the archives of its having been issued. Gardiner refused to return his medal and the matter was controversial until Gardiner died in 1919.

Gardiner served as an aide de camp, presumably to Secretary of War William W. Belknap, from October 4, 1872, to August 19, 1873.

Gardiner was promoted to the rank of major on August 18, 1873, and served as a Judge Advocate for 15 years until he retired from the Army on December 8, 1888.

By an act of Congress, the United States Military Academy at West Point established a Department of Law in 1874, with a senior Judge Advocate as its first professor of law.  Secretary of War William W. Belknap appointed Gardiner to the post, and he became the first lawyer to teach law at the Academy. Gardiner initiated the entire law curriculum, including study of the Lieber Code and a textbook he himself wrote.

Gardiner served at West Point as Professor of Law from July 20, 1874, to August 28, 1878.  Although his obituary in The New York Times stated that he held the rank of lieutenant colonel during this time, and that Gardiner was usually referred to as "Colonel Gardiner", the official Army Registers from this time period list Gardiner as a major.  Ironically, Gardiner's government issue headstone gives his rank as captain.

Notable courts martial

While serving as a judge advocate, Gardiner was involved in several high-profile legal proceedings.

In 1875, while still at West Point, Gardiner was chosen by President Ulysses S. Grant to be the presiding judge advocate general at the Whiskey Ring court-martial of Brevet Brigadier General Orville E. Babcock, Grant's personal secretary. The civilian grand jury that had already convened refused to turn over its evidence, however, and the court-martial adjourned; Babcock was later acquitted.

In 1878, a commission reviewed the court-martial of Major General Fitz John Porter, who had been dismissed from the Army in 1863 for his actions at the battle of Second Bull Run. The commission chairman, General John M. Schofield, appointed Gardiner as recorder, but he "took upon himself the role of a judge advocate in a court-martial," contesting evidence favorable to Porter. The commission ultimately re-instated Porter.  Gardiner’s unethical conduct on the board angered Schofield to the point that Schofield lodged an official complaint with the War Department and prepared court-martial charges against him.

In 1880, one of the first black cadets at West Point, Johnson Chesnut Whittaker, was assaulted by three fellow cadets, but administrators at the Academy said he had faked the attack. After a year of inquests and hearings including the attention of the United States Congress, Whittaker was court-martialed, with Gardiner as prosecutor, resulting in Whittaker's expulsion. The verdict was overturned in 1883 by President Arthur on the ground of faulty evidence, but the expulsion was immediately reinstated by the Secretary of War on the grounds that Whittaker had failed an exam. In 1995, acting on a request from Congress, President Clinton awarded Whittaker a posthumous commission as second lieutenant.

In 1884, Gardiner was selected for another high-profile prosecution, that of his superior, Brigadier General David G. Swaim, the Judge Advocate General of the Army. Swaim was convicted of financial improprieties and suspended from duty.

Later military career
On July 11, 1884, Gardiner legally changed the spelling of his last name from "Gardner" to "Gardiner".  This was, according to a letter he wrote The New York Times, to conform to the spelling of the last name by his ancestors who lived in Rhode Island.

In 1887 Gardiner was appointed Acting Assistant Secretary of War and held the position until he retired from the Army on December 8, 1888, for "disability in the line of duty".  On April 23, 1904, Gardner was promoted, along with numerous other retired officers, to the rank of lieutenant colonel on the Army Retired List in recognition of his service in the Union Army during the Civil War.

New York politics
After his retirement from the Army, Gardiner pursued the private practice of law in New York City. He became active in the Tammany Hall political machine, the major faction of the New York City Democrats. A history of the society calls him a "simon-pure Democrat" who followed his father and grandfather's participation in the Tammany Society, where in 1901 he was elected a sachem.

Gardiner was allied with Tammany Hall boss Richard Croker and, in November 1897, was elected on the Democratic ticket as New York County District Attorney.  During the campaign Gardiner said, "Reform be damned!" when confronted with calls to confront the corruption of Tammany Hall.

He took office on January 1, 1898, together with the first elected officers of the newly consolidated City of New York (which added the boroughs of Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island to Manhattan and the Bronx).

In December 1900 formal charges were brought against Gardiner for "interfering with deputies of the Attorney General in presentation of election cases to the Grand Jury and the prosecution thereof".  Governor Theodore Roosevelt removed Gardiner from office later that month after Garidner chose not to contest the charges.

Among the beneficiaries of Gardiner's anti-reform attitude was saloonkeeper Frank J. Farrell, who is said to have opened three hundred pool halls (in reality fronts for bookmakers) after his friend took office, building a fortune that he would use to bring the New York Yankees to town in 1903.

In 1908 Gardiner was hired by the State of New York to represent the state in opposing the extradition of Harry K. Thaw to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to testify in a bankruptcy case.  Thaw had been judged insane in his trial for murdering architect Stanford White in 1906.  Gardiner argued that, as Thaw had been adjudicated as insane, Thaw could not be called to testify in court.  The state offered a fee to Gardiner of $2,000 but Gardiner presented the state with a bill for $15,000.  Gardiner's rationalization of the high fee was that he had spent five months on the case while Thaw's mother spent $100,000 in legal fees.

On September 10, 1913, he was the orator at the centennial commemoration of the Battle of Lake Erie in Newport, Rhode Island.  He wore the uniform of the Veteran Corps of Artillery and spoke in his capacity as the Commandant of the Military Society of the War of 1812.  A contemporary newspaper article described Gardiner as "one of the ablest orators Newport has ever heard".

Military and hereditary societies
Gardiner was active in several military and hereditary societies including the Society of the Cincinnati (Secretary General and President of the Rhode Island Society), the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (elected November 6, 1867, insignia number 586), the Grand Army of the Republic (member of James Monroe Post), the Sons of the Revolution (founding member in 1883, insignia number 83), the  Military Society of the War of 1812 (vice president in 1890 and president in 1908), the Veteran Corps of Artillery of the State of New York (vice commandant with rank of lieutenant colonel in 1890 and commandant with rank of colonel in 1908) and the General Society of the War of 1812 (elected to membership in 1892).

Gardiner was commissioned a lieutenant colonel in the New York State Militia when he was elected vice commandant of the Veteran Corps of Artillery in 1890 and was promoted to colonel when he was elected commandant in 1908. This is why Gardiner was frequently referred to as "Colonel Gardiner".

Gardiner was also a member of the Union Club, the Metropolitan Club and the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity.

Society of the Cincinnati
In 1877 Gardiner joined the Society of the Cincinnati, a military society founded by officers who had served in the American Revolution and perpetuated by their descendants.  Gardiner was a key figure the re-establishment of the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati – which had been dormant since 1835.  In 1878, Gardiner was elected as the Rhode Island Society's Assistant Secretary.

Gardiner joined the Society by right of his descent from his great uncle, Lieutenant Jonathan Willard (1744–1832).  Although Lieutenant Willard was a veteran of the 1st New Hampshire Regiment, and the Society has a tradition of members joining the state Society which their ancestor was eligible to join, the Rhode Island Society had an exception in its membership requirements to admit members who were descendants of officers whose state did not have an active society. As New Hampshire did not have an active society in 1877, Gardiner was permitted to join the Rhode Island Society.

Gardiner was elected Secretary General of the National Society in 1884 and, in the same year, authored Precedents and Ordinances of the General Society of the Cincinnati.  Through his efforts to recruit new members, define policies and establish administrative procedures, he was probably the single person most responsible for the rejuvenation for the Society of the Cincinnati in the late 19th century.

Gardiner was elected president of the Rhode Island Society following at a special meeting of the Rhode Island Society on December 14, 1899, which was called as a result of the death of President Nathanael Greene, M.D. (b. 1809) (the grandson of General Nathanael Greene) on July 8, 1899.  Gardiner remained president of the Rhode Island Society, as well as Secretary General of the national Society, until his death in 1919.

In the 41 years that Gardiner was active in the Society, it grew greatly both in membership and prestige and all of the dormant state societies were rejuvenated.

In March 1901 Gardiner traveled, on behalf of the Rhode Island Society, to Savannah, Georgia, and located the grave of Major General Nathanael Greene, a native of Rhode Island and hero of the American Revolution.  Gardiner was able to locate General Greene's grave and although some thought was given to moving Greene's remains to Rhode Island, it did not come to fruition.

Gardiner was highly involved in the planning for the dedication of a statue of the French nobleman Rochambeau in Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C., on May 24, 1902.  The ceremony involved an official delegation from France, senior officers the United States Army and Navy, as well as the Society of the Cincinnati.  President Theodore Roosevelt gave the keynote address at the ceremony.

In 1905 the Rhode Island Society published The Order of the Cincinnati in France, which Gardiner wrote.  The 243 page volume contains detailed biographies of all the senior officers of the French Army who served in America during the revolution.

Gardiner was succeeded in the Society by his son Asa Bird Gardiner, Jr. (1872–1936).  His nephew, Norman Bentley Gardiner, II, became a member of the Rhode Island Society in 1945 and was a member until his death in 1982.

Family

Gardiner married Mary Austen of Baltimore, Maryland, on October 18, 1865.  They had three sons: Asa Bird Jr., Philip and Norman. Mary Austen Gardiner died in June 1900. Gardiner's son Philip served as a major in the Army Judge Advocate General Corps during the First World War. Asa Bird Gardiner Jr. was a prominent milk distributor in Baltimore and succeeded his father in the Society of the Cincinnati.

On November 5, 1902, at the age of 63, Gardiner married Harriet Isabelle Lindsay, by whom he had two sons, John and William.

Death
Asa Bird Gardiner died of a stroke of apoplexy at his home, Orrell Manor, in Suffern, New York, on May 24, 1919, at the age of 79.  He was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn. His headstone shows his rank as "CAPT", despite the fact he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel after his retirement from the Army.

In popular culture
Gardiner was portrayed by actor John Glover in the 1994 television movie Assault at West Point: The Court-Martial of Johnson Whittaker which portrays the experiences of African-American Cadet Johnson Chesnut Whittaker.

Gardiner was also featured in Douglas Jone's alternate history novel The Court Martial Of George Armstrong Custer as the military prosecutor who tries General Custer for negligence after he survives the Battle of Little Big Horn.

See also

 List of Medal of Honor recipients

References

Further reading
 Roger D. Cunningham. Always a Storm Centre: The Trials and Tribulations of Lt. Col. Asa Bird Gardiner. Journal of America's Past. Fall 2006.

External links

1839 births
1919 deaths
American legal writers
American military writers
New York County District Attorneys
Purged Medal of Honor recipients
City College of New York alumni
New York University School of Law alumni
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
Union Army officers
United States Army officers
United States Military Academy faculty
People acquitted of corruption
People from Suffern, New York
New York (state) Democrats
19th-century American politicians


SMITH, formerly called Ascentium, is an advertising agency with headquarters in Seattle. As of November 2012 Smith employs over 300 people in Seattle, Portland, Spokane, Atlanta, Ottawa-Gatineau and Toronto. In 2012, the company was rebranded as "Smith" and relocated its headquarters to Seattle.

SMITH's clients include Microsoft, Cisco, Motorola, Nestle, Sam’s Club, Xerox and MasterCard.

History
The company was founded in Seattle by Jim Beebe, Steven Salta, and Curt Doolittle. They acquired one of the small Seattle internet-boom shops (Kindred Communications) in June 2001.  In 2006 the company took a minor investment from regional fund Westriver Capital to cover acquisition costs and expansion.  One of the acquisitions was a customer relationship management business, which the company then sold to Accenture in 2010, which according to the company website, was due to further emphasis and investment in the Digital Agency business. In September 2011, Ascentium purchased Cactus Commerce Inc., an internet commerce technical company based in Gatineau, Canada.

In 2012, the company had revenues of approximately $40 million.

Agency Model
The company operates using a mixture of traditional agency account management and technology services project management. It serves fortune 250 clients with complex value propositions that cannot easily be communicated by traditional media. The company promotes itself as experts in customer experiences, which the company's website describes as "making every interaction that a consumer has with a brand both engaging and fulfilling the brand's promise."

Awards & Industry Recognition
Recent award recognitions include:
2013 Communicator Awards of Excellence, Gold Statuettes (x5) for their work on: Microsoft Windows 8 PC Selector (interactive multimedia - direct marketing; Xerox ColorQube Launch Video (film/video -use of graphics and use of visual effects); Top Golf (brand refresh (corporate identity - photography and identity manual/style guide)

2013 Communicator Awards of Distinction, Silver Statuettes (x5) for their work on: Microsoft Windows 8 PC Selector (online communicator advertising and marketing - rich media B2C); Xerox ColorQube launch video (film/video - art direction); Top Golf brand refresh (corporate identity - design); Itron campaign (online advertising and marketing - rich media B2B); Amtrak for android (mobile apps - travel)

Multiple Web awards from Adobe Showcase, Interactive Media Awards, W3  and the Webby Awards.

Recognitions for SMITH's earlier work and growth include being noted as an Inc. 500 Company in 2005, 2006 and 2007; being recognized as the 30th fastest growing company in Washington State in 2007, and noted as one of the 65 best places to work in Washington State in 2007, according to the Puget Sound Business Journal.

2009 Advertising Age ranked the company the forth largest independent digital agency.
2009 Forrester ranks the company as the agency with the highest customer satisfaction in the industry.
2008 Advertising Age Top 50 Digital Agencies ranked the company as the 27th largest digital agency

References

External links
 SMITH official site

Advertising agencies of the United States
Companies based in Seattle
Marketing companies established in 2001


The Shelomit seal is an elliptical black stone seal (2.1 × 1.8 cm) excavated by Eilat Mazar in Jerusalem, January 2008.  It was found in a stratified layer estimated at 2,500 years old, just outside the Old City walls near the Dung Gate.

Design

The stone depicts two bearded priests standing on either side of an incense altar with their hands raised forward in a position of worship.  A crescent moon, symbol of the chief Babylonian god Sin, appears on the top of the altar.  It has been described as a common and popular Babylonian cultic scene.

At the bottom are four Paleo-Hebrew letters:  Shin, Lamed, Mem, Tau. A detailed paleographical analysis was performed by Ryan Byrne's and published by the Biblical Archaeology Society.

Controversy

Two possible readings

Mazar initially read the inscription as "Temech" (three letters:  Tau, Mem, Het), and associated it with a family named "Tamah" in Nehemiah 7:55.

According to the Book of Nehemiah, the Temech family were servants of the First Temple and were sent into exile to Babylon following its destruction by the Babylonians in 586 BCE. The family was among those who later returned to Jerusalem.

Other scholars (initially Peter van der Veen, followed by others) read the seal's letters in reverse order and suggested a reading of "Sh-l-m-t" (Shelomith), a name found in 1Chronicles 3:19 and Ezra 8:10 dating to the same approximate time.

On January 30, 2008, the Biblical Archaeology Society published analyses by scholars with epigraphy expertise, Robert Deutsch and Anson Rainey, and Mazar agreed to revise her reading.  Of this decision Mazar has written, "Despite the fact that seals are meant to be pressed into clay, some seals are nevertheless not written in mirror image-perhaps because they were engraved by a local craftsman who was not especially skilled.  Another difficulty is the unclear 'tail' of the lamed [character].  Nevertheless, I now agree that the name Shelomit is the preferable reading."

Gender

Ryan Byrne published an online article presuming the name to be feminine. Christopher Heard challenged this with a comparison of all examples named in the Tanakh.

See also
Biblical archaeology

References

Archaeology of Israel
Seals (insignia)


Sean Byrne may refer to:

Footballers
 Sean Byrne (Irish footballer) (fl. 1920s and 1930s), Irish soccer player
 Sean Byrne (New Zealand footballer) (1955–2003), New Zealand international football player

Others
 Sean Byrne (filmmaker), Australian filmmaker
 Sean Byrne (politician) (born 1937), Irish Fianna Fáil politician, TD 1982–1987, Senator 1989–1997
 John "Sean" Byrne (1946–2008), Irish-born American musician

See also
 Sean Burns (disambiguation)
 Shaun Byrne (disambiguation)


Cattail Cove State Park is a state park of Arizona, USA, on the shore of Lake Havasu.  The park is located on Arizona State Route 95 in far southern Mohave County, about  from Lake Havasu City and  from Parker Strip. The park is public land managed by the Arizona State Parks, and available to the public for recreational purposes.

Aquatic species
 Largemouth Bass
 Smallmouth Bass
 Striped Bass
 Crappie
 Sunfish
 Catfish (Channel)
 Catfish (Flathead)
 Carp
 Bullfrogs

External links

Arizona Boating Locations Facilities Map
Arizona Fishing Locations Map

1970 establishments in Arizona
Lake Havasu
Parks in Mohave County, Arizona
Protected areas established in 1970
Protected areas on the Colorado River
State parks of Arizona


Jwala Gutta  (born 7 September 1983) is an Indian badminton player. Beginning in the late 1990s, she represented India at international events in both mixed and women's doubles. She has a total of 316 match wins in both the disciplinesthe most by any Indianand peaked at no. 6 in the world rankings.  Gutta has won medals at numerous tournaments on the BWF circuit including a silver at the 2009 Superseries Masters Finals and a bronze at the 2011 World Championships.

Born in Wardha to a Chinese mother and a Telugu father, she began playing badminton at a young age. A fourteen-time National Champion, Gutta played with Shruti Kurien earlier in her career, but found greater international success with Ashwini Ponnappa. The pair consistently figured among the top-twenty in the BWF World Ranking reaching as high as no. 10 in 2015. Gutta is the first badminton player of Indian to qualify for two events in the Olympicswomen's doubles with Ponnappa and mixed doubles with V. Diju at London. Gutta is known for her skilled left-handed stroke-play and is one of the very few doubles players to use a forehand service.

Gutta has won numerous medals for Indian badminton including the bronze medal 2011 BWF World Championships in London and a gold and silver at 2010 and 2014 Commonwealth Games respectively in the women's doubles event which were the first for the country in the discipline. Other achievements include the historic bronze medal at the 2014 Thomas & Uber Cup held at New Delhi, a bronze medal at Badminton Asia Championships in the same year and final and semi-final appearances in many big international events most notably the finals appearance at the 2009 BWF Super Series Masters Finals, alongside Diju which was the first for the country in any discipline.

Gutta has been credited to have brought recognition for doubles badminton in India, first with her mixed doubles partner Diju with whom she peaked at no. 6 in 2010 becoming the first doubles partnership from the country to be ranked amongst the top-10 and later with her partnership with Ponnappa in women's doubles. She paired with Ponappa at the Rio 2016 Olympics where the pair crashed out in the group stage with two consecutive losses at the hands of opponents from Japan and Netherlands. Gutta has won medals at all major international badminton tournaments and multi-sport events, except for the Olympics.

In addition to her badminton career, Gutta has been vociferous for the issues she advocates for, ranging from fair treatment in sports, health and education, women's empowerment and gender equality.

She has been listed several times among the top most inspiring sportswomen of India. She was awarded the Arjuna Award, India's second highest sporting award for her achievements. Gutta was married to badminton player Chetan Anand from 2005 to 2011. She told ESPN that she was contemplating retirement, after entering negotiations for a coaching role for BAI in May 2017.

Early life and junior career
Jwala Gutta was born on 7 September 1983 in Wardha, Maharashtra and brought up in Hyderabad, Telangana, to a Chinese mother and a Telugu father. Jwala's father, Kranti Gutta, hailed from a family of Leftists from Peddapuliveru in Andhra Pradesh's Guntur district. Her mother, Yelan Gutta, was born in China and is a granddaughter of a Gandhian named Zeng. Yelan first came to India in 1977 with her grandfather to visit the Sevagram ashram, where she translated Gandhi's autobiography and other works into the Chinese language. Gutta has a younger sister, Insi Gutta.

Initially inclined towards playing tennis, Gutta shifted to badminton at the insistence of her mother. She was introduced to the national badminton coach S. M. Arif, by her father at the age of four. Arif recommended her to learn gymnastics or swimming for a couple of years before starting training for badminton. Gutta later started training under Arif, at the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium.

Gutta started playing badminton at the age of six. Her chief achievement as a youngster was to win the Under-13 Girls Mini National Badminton Championship held at Thrissur, Kerala. In 2000, Gutta (aged 17) won the Junior National Badminton Championship. The same year, she also won the Women's Doubles Junior National Championship and the Senior National Badminton Championship, both in partnership with Shruti Kurien. This association was to last several years, and the pairing of Gutta and Shruti Kurien won the Women's Doubles National title for seven years in succession, from 2002 to 2008.

Playing style
Gutta likes playing aggressive badminton and has a great affinity for the front court, with her skilled netplay, good anticipation and the ability to play deceptive strokes at the net. She is considered very dangerous in the front court with her good reading of the game and sharp interceptions. She also has a strong smash from the back court and often makes use of deceptive drops. Gutta is vulnerable in a few areas of her game, most evidently in her movement across the court. She can commit certain unforced errors when forced to move out of her favoured positions. She has also had some fitness issues and injury troubles in her long career. Gutta is also known for being one of the only top doubles player to still use the forehand service, since most other doubles specialists opt for the safer backhand serve. She stands unique in this aspect.

Performance in women's doubles

Early years: 2002–09
Gutta partnered Shruti Kurien-Kanetkar during the early part of her career for the women's doubles competition. The duo reached the semi-final round of their second international tournament itself, the India Asia Satellite tournament 2002. They also reached the semi-final round of the same tournament in the year 2004, and finished runner-up at the Le Volant d'Or Tournament, known as Toulouse Open the same year. Further, she reached the Final Rounds of the Scottish International tournament 2004 and 40th Portuguese Badminton Championship 2004. In the year 2006, she won the Sri Lanka International Satellite tournament; while in the year 2007, she won the Cyprus Badminton International tournament. The same year, she also won at the Pakistan International Challenge tournament and the Indian International Challenge tournament. Apart from these achievements, Gutta won the Nepal International Series tournament 2008 and Yonex Dutch Open Grand Prix 2008 in the Women's Doubles category.

2010: Commonwealth Gold and breakthrough

Gutta then split with her longtime partner Shruti Kurien due to compatibility issues. She then paired up with young Ashwini Ponnappa from Bangalore who was called up for the national camp just before the Commonwealth Games. She and Ponnappa then went on to win the sensational gold medal in the women's doubles at the New Delhi Commonwealth Games making history of winning the first gold medal for India in the event. They beat much higher ranked Singaporean pair of Shinta Mulia Sari and Yao Lei in the finals 21–15, 21–19 in front of the cheering home crowd and set the stadium ablaze with their win. Gutta and Ponnappa then became household names after winning the medal in front of home crowd. Since, their Gold Medal effort at the games they brought women's doubles into limelight in the country.

After the win Gutta at a press conference stated, "It's unbelievable. I think it was long pending for me. I am quite emotional. The feeling is yet to sink in. Ashwini played exceptionally well and we hope to continue the good work, I want to dedicate the medal to my family who stood by me, my coaches, especially SM Arif, Atik Jauhari and all the team members, Gopi. I owe this medal to all who helped me," and added that "This medal will silence my critics. This is my answer to them to whatever happened. I am very happy and everyone who has negative thoughts about me, I would like to say just shut-up now,"

2011: World Championships bronze
In 2011, they came up with one of their finest performances when the pair etched their names in history books becoming the first Indian pair to ensure a medal at the World Badminton Championships. The pair defeated 12th seeds Vita Marrisa and Nadya Melati of Indonesia 17–21, 21–10, 21–17 to storm into the women's doubles semifinal before losing out to the Chinese fifth seeds in the semi-finals in London, thereby winning a bronze in the Badminton World Championship. They had previously beaten Poon Lok Yan and Tse Ying Suet of Hong Kong 19–21, 21–17, 21–19 in Round of 16. Also, in the second round they had caused a big upset by beating the 2nd seeds and former World Num 1s. Cheng Wen-hsing Chien Yu-chin of Chinese Taipei 21–18 21–18. In a 2016 report published by Sportskeeda, the feat was ranked as the fifth greatest achievement of Indian badminton.

2012: London Olympics
She played women's doubles as well as mixed doubles at the 2012 London Olympics becoming the first and the only Indian to qualify in two events in the entire history of the game. Gutta pairing with Ashwini Ponappa lost their opening women's doubles match against the Japanese duo of Mizuki Fujii and Reika Kakiiwa. They then went on to beat the much higher ranked Cheng Wen-hsing and Chien Yu-chin of Chinese Taipei 25–23, 16–21, 21–18 to register their first win in the group stages.  Gutta and Ashwini missed out on a quarterfinal berth by a difference of just one point, even though they beat Shinta Mulia Sari and Lei Yao of Singapore 21–16 21–15 in their last group B match, after tying with Japan and Taipei on the number of wins. Prior to India's final group game on Tuesday night, the World number five Japanese pair of Mizuki Fujii and Reika Kakiiwa had shockingly lost to Chinese Taipei's Cheng Wen Hsing and Chien Yu Chin, ranked 10th, 19–21 11–21. India lodged a formal protest with the Games organizers to probe if the women's doubles badminton match involving Japan and Chinese Taipei was played in the right spirit, following the elimination of medal hopes Gutta and Ashwini Ponnappa but no action was taken. Following the Olympic Games, Gutta went to a temporary sabbatical from the game.

2013: Comeback and IBL
In January 2013, Gutta announced her comeback to the game and partnered Prajakta Sawant since Ponnappa was partnering with Pradnya Gadre and had committed to continue her partnership with Gadre so went on play with Sawant, who at that time was going through a battle against national coach Pullela Gopichand. Indian Badminton League (IBL) was announced the same year.

IBL was a franchise league commercially managed by an Indian sports rights management company, Sporty Solutionz as commercial partners. With the brand value of US$1 million, Indian Badminton League was the richest badminton league in the world. Gutta was one of the six marquee players and team captains to be auctioned. The auction itself was not short of controversy. The base price of Gutta and Ashwini Ponnappa was halved from US$50,000 to US$25,000, without the players' notice and Women's Doubles event was replaced by a second Men's Singles. This left both Gutta and Ashwini hurt and angry. Gutta was bought for US$31,000 and captained the Delhi franchise, but the team did not reach the semis and finished fifth. Gutta and Ponnappa after IBL confirmed on that they were set to reunite. Gutta went on to add that the two decided to come together because of a couple of reasons. The first was the Indian Badminton League's organisers knocking out the women's doubles category from the tournament, which in turn resulted in the base prices of Gutta and Ashwini.

2014: Asian and Uber Cup bronze, CWG silver
In 2014 Gutta and Ashwini won the bronze medal at Asian Championships in April defeating 3rd seeded Thai pair of Kunchala Voravichitchaikul and Duanganong Aroonkesorn 21–11, 21–18 en route losing out to Chinese twins Luo Ying and Luo Yu at the semi-final stage. The pair played a key role in India's historic Bronze at the Uber Cup in New Delhi.  The duo unleashed a giant-killing spree as they had to face much higher ranked opponents in most of their matches and they won each, their biggest win came when outplayed the World No. 9 team of Greysia Polii and Nitya Krishinda Maheswari 21–18, 21–18 from Indonesia  in the first doubles match of the tie. The win took India to the semis for the first time in Uber Cup history and assured them of the bronze medal. They later participated at the 2014 Commonwealth Games and narrowly missed the podium finish in the team event came up with the silver medal at the games losing put to Malaysian pair of Vivian Hoo and Woon Khe Wei in a closely contested final. The Indian pair lost the first game 17–21, before going down in a well-fought second game. Gutta and Ponnappa had taken the lead and looked good to take the match into the deciding third game. It was their second medal at the games after the 2010 Gold.

2015: Canada GP title and top-10 ranking
Gutta and Ashwini kick-started 2015 with a semi-final appearance at 2015 India Open Grand Prix Gold held at Lucknow. They next appeared in the prestigious All England Open reached the 2nd round losing out to the top seeds Tian Qing and Zhao Yunlei in straight games. The pair of Gutta and Ponnappa also re-entered the Top-20 rankings after All England.

In May, Gutta played for India at the 2015 Sudirman Cup as they were placed in group 1D, clubbed together with three-time winner Korea and Malaysia. The Malaysian team was buoyed by the return of former world no. 1 Lee Chong Wei from a dope-related suspension and that made things difficult for India. India started with a narrow 2–3 loss to Malaysia Saina Nehwal and the duo of Gutta and Ponnappa delivered the wins. Gutta and Ashwini stole the show with their determined efforts that saw them upsetting the world no. 11 pair of Vivian Hoo and Woon Khe Wei 21–18, 19–21, 21–15.

After the narrow defeat against Malaysia, India needed to win the tie v Korea to progress into the quarter-finals. Parupalli Kashyap and the men's doubles pair of Pranav Chopra and Akshay Dewalkar lost both their matches the onus was once again on Gutta and Ponnappa. They fought hard but it was not enough to topple the Koreans. Chang Ye Na and Jung Kyung-eun won the contest 18–21, 21–12, 21–12 to seal a 3–1 victory for Korea. With defeats in both the rubbers India failed to make the quarter-finals.

Gutta and Ashwini then participated in the 2015 U.S. Open Grand Prix Gold and the pair seeded 4th reached the semi-finals losing out to Japanese pair of Ayane Kurihara and Naru Shinoya 17–21, 11–21. En route to semis they did not lose a single game and defeated Turkish pair of Neslihan Yiğit and Özge Bayrak 21–10, 21–18 and in the quarter-finals defeated German seventh seeds Johanna Goliszewski and Carla Nelte 21–17, 21–14.

The pair next participated in the 2015 Canada Open Grand Prix and seeded third went on to win the title defeating top seeded Dutch pair of Eefje Muskens and Selena Piek 21–19, 21–16. It was the pairs first title since coming back together after the 2012 Olympics. The win was commended by the Indian media as the duo were the only women's doubles pair from the country to win a Grand Prix title. Gutta expressed her concerns for lack of support for doubles in the country and prompted the association and the government to promote doubles. Gutta told NDTV in an interview, "We though big wins would wake up concerned people but it hasn't happened yet. We are still confident of representing India at an international level but here, extra support is needed as we can't afford it on our own.

Continuing their good form Gutta and Ponnappa reached the quarter-final stage of the 2015 BWF World Championships. The pair received a bye in the first round and defeated Hsieh Pei-chen and Wu Ti-jung of Chinese Taipei in straight sets. In the last 16 clash the pair stunned world no. 6 pair of Reika Kakiiwa and Miyuki Maeda from Japan 21–15, 18–21, 21–19. The pair missed out on the bronze medal after losing out to another Japanese pair of Naoko Fukuman and Kurumi Yonao.

The quarter-final finish at the World Championships helped Gutta and Ponnappa jump 2 places in the BWF World Ranking, and they entered the top 10 for the first time in their career. With this Gutta thus became the first player to be ranked in the Top-10 of the world rankings in both the doubles category.

2016: PBL & Second Uber Cup Bronze
Gutta began her 2016 with the Premier Badminton League, where she represented Hyderbad Hunters alongside Lee Chong Wei and Parupalli Kashyap. She played in the mixed doubles alongside Indonesian Markis Kido and Danish Carsten Mogensen. The team couldn't qualify for the knock-out stage, finishing fifth in the standings.

In May, Gutta was part of the Indian team for the 2016 Thomas & Uber Cup held at Kunshan, China. The Indian women's team was put into Group- D alongside Japan, Germany and Australia. The India team beat Germany and Australia 5–0 before losing out to Japan to finish second in the group. In the quarter-finals they came back from a 0–1 deficit after Saina Nehwal lost the first singles to beat Thailand 3–1. Gutta and Ponnappa won their match in straight sets to secure a semifinal berth and the team's second consecutive bronze medal. The Indian team was however beaten by eventual champions China in the semifinal stage.

Performance in mixed doubles

Early years
Gutta has won titles in the Jakarta Satellite tournament and Welsh International tournament in the year 2005, Sri Lanka International Satellite tournament, Cyprus Badminton International tournament and Indian International Challenge tournament in the year 2007, and Nepal International Series tournament, Bitburger Open Grand Prix tournament and KLRC Bulgaria Open Grand Prix tournament in the year 2008.

Success and top-10 breakthrough

Their breakthrough came when Gutta and her partner Valiyaveetil Diju became the first Indian badminton mixed doubles pair to win a Grand Prix Gold title. They defeated Indonesia's Hendra Aprida Gunawan and Vita Marissa 24–22, 21–18 in the Chinese Taipei Open final. In the quarterfinal, the world No. 7 pair and third seed in the tournament, defeated Korean pair Shin Baek-cheol and Yoo Hyun-Young and in the semi-final Diju and Gutta prevailed over Malaysians Goh Liu Ying and Chan Peng Soon 21–11, 17–21, 24–22.

But the biggest achievement came in the same year where she and Diju again reached the quarters of the 2009 BWF World Championships and became the first Indians to do so repeating the feat at The Championships the following year. The Championships were held at Hyderabad, India. The duo, seeded 8th, got a bye in the first round followed by a walkover in the second. In the third round they defeated 12th seed Polish pair of Robert Mateusiak and Nadieżda Kostiuczyk 21–11 22–20 in a 31-minute clash. In the quarterfinal they went down to defending champions and second seeds Nova Widianto and Liliyana Natsir of Indonesia. The Indian pair was beaten 16–21, 14–21 in 27 minutes.

The same year they went on to reach the finals of the BWF Super Series Masters Finals, an annual tournament held at the end of every year where only the top players with the most points from that calendar year's twelve events of the BWF Super Series compete. They beat Robert Mateusiak and Nadieżda Kostiuczyk again in straight-games 21–19 21–11. In the final the Indian pair went down to World Championship bronze medallists Christinna Pedersen and Joachim Fischer Nielsen from Denmark 21–14, 21–18. By reaching the tournament finals they became the first Indians to reach the feat in any of the 5 disciplines.

In 2010 the pair reached the quarter-finals of the World Championships for the second consecutive year beaten by Koreans Ha Jung-eun and Ko Sung-hyun 21–16, 21–19 having beaten the English pair of Gabrielle White and Chris Adcock and Malaysians Liu Ying and Peng Soon in straight games and overcoming Yao Lei and Chayut Triyachart from Indonesia in the pre-quarters in three games. The pair also won the 2010 India Open Grand Prix Gold for their second Grand Prix Gold title beating Lei and Triyachart in three games. In 2011 Gutta and Diju reached the quarter-finals or better at three tournaments including two Super Series Premieres events at Denmark Open and China Masters where they reached the semi-finals, their first since 2009. They beat second seeded Chinese pair of Tao Jiaming and Tian Qing in the first round 5–21, 21–14, 21–18.

2012 Olympics and sabbatical
Gutta and Diju reached two quarter-finals in 2012 at the Victor Korea Superseries Premier Singapore Open Superseries before competing at 2012 Summer Olympics. Pairing with Diju, Gutta lost her opening match 16–21, 12–21 in just 25 minutes at the Wembley Arena in London Olympics. The pair also lost their next two matches and thus could not qualify for the knockout stage. Despite having enjoyed great success in the Mixed Doubles category, she has shifted her focus on to Women's Doubles event since her sabbatical. In March 2016, Gutta announced a comeback to the mixed category. She stated in her interview that she missed the titles she "used to win with V Diju". She confirmed that she would not play alongside Diju but was a looking for a suitable partner and would start playing in April.

2016: Comeback to mixed doubles
In an interview in August 2016, Gutta shared her plans of returning to the mixed doubles competition, without disclosing a probable partner.

Personal life and other works
During her badminton career, Gutta began dating fellow badminton player Chetan Anand. The couple married on 17 July 2005 and got divorced on 29 June 2011. Her divorce gained unwanted media attention and speculation arose about an affair with ex-cricketer Mohammad Azharuddin which was never confirmed due to lack of any proof and constant denials from Gutta herself. Azharuddin confirmed filing his divorce but denied that it had anything to do with Gutta.

Azhar had also hinted that these stories had been planted by people in the Badminton Association of India, who wanted to tarnish his image since he tried to contest for the presidents' elections. He said, "These are planted stories and motivated by people, who are against me in the Badminton Association of India. They are so upsetting." In 2013, Gutta said in an interview, "I learnt a lot from the marriage but we weren't growing as a couple. A part of me forgot that I too was a part of the sport. I was satisfied thinking that his victories were our victories."

Gutta has supported some social causes, including women empowerment issues, anti-tobacco and anti-zoo campaigns. She has also been involved in many other campaigns including the Ice Bucket Challenge, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. Gutta also launched the Indian Badminton League's (IBL) school programme 'Shuttle Express' in Pune for school children. Speaking during the briefing, Gutta said: "I am really happy to be here with the kids who are playing not only to win the Shuttle Express but to be the next badminton champion for India. Wishing everyone all the best and I know the Pune participants will make everyone proud."

In 2013, she made her film debut with a cameo appearance in a song from the Telugu-language film Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde. Jwala describes herself as atheist.

Gutta was reportedly dating Tamil film actor Vishnu Vishal. Both of them posted pictures on their social media, confirming the same, for the New Year 2020. On her birthday in 2020, the couple got engaged. They were married on April 22, 2021, in Hyderabad.

In the media

Gutta has been listed as the most inspirational sportswomen from India on numerous occasions. Her outspoken nature has often attracted controversies from various groups. According to Gutta, such controversies do not bother her as she had been taught to speak up for whats right and take a stand for herself and others too. "My father (Kranti) told me at a young age to fight for what I believed in. I've never learnt to butter up people," stated Gutta in an interview with Hindustan Times. "Controversies don't bother me. I'm not the one who instigates them. But when your name gets dragged into it, you can't keep quiet," she said.  She said she is targeted because she speaks her mind. S. M. Arif Gutta's coach said, "This girl, she is there with me since she was 4 years old, from that age she is there with me and one thing about her is that she is the laziest person as far as the training is concerned and as far as the court is concerned you keep her for the whole long day and she will be happy, otherwise her genes might be helping her out."

Gutta has spoken against body shaming in sports. In an interview she said, "I don't understand this image thing. What's wrong in liking clothes or dressing up? In India, there is this image that if you dress shabbily, you are a serious sportsperson. If you care about dressing up, you aren't one. People are under the impression I lead an exciting life but honestly, all I do is sleep, eat and practice". Gutta is also a celebrity endorser and has been associated with several brands and services, also appearing on the covers of numerous magazines.

In January 2020, Gutta taunted Saina Nehwal for joining the current ruling party BJP, however Twitter users criticized her comment.

IBL row
A controversy had erupted during the August 25 tie of the Indian Badminton League when the Delhi Smashers had threatened to pull out from the lot match against Banga Beats over the last-minute replacement of injured Hu Yun of Hong Kong, with Denmark's Jan Ø. Jørgensen. As the team captain for Smashers, Gutta was involved in a lengthy discussion, which was resolved after Beats agreed to drop Jorgensen. Gutta was then served a 14-day showcause notice by BAI for her conduct during the tie, which was delayed by half an hour. In what was dubbed a surprise decision, the Badminton Association of India's disciplinary committee recommended a life ban on Gutta for the same.

BAI president Akhilesh Das Gupta had said that if Gutta tenders an unconditional apology, her case may be reconsidered. However, she said that she would not apologise as asked by the BAI. Her camp made note two potential reasons for the harsh stand taken by BAI; first, Gutta had been vocal against the women's doubles event being taken off the competition in IBL, a decision that had created quite a stir before the tournament, and second, the coming together of Gutta and Ponnappa for the women's doubles (who did not train at Pullela Gopichand's academy). On the advice of her coach, S. M. Arif, Gutta filed a defamation suit against BAI for going to the press without issuing her a ban notice. "This is cruellest joke on badminton and on a player of Gutta's calibre," Arif said adding that she committed no mistake and hence there is no question of an apology. He said that the BAI had repeatedly insulted the player who has brought laurels to the country.

Blaming Gopichand, the chief national coach, for "not supporting her" in the fiasco, Gutta said she tried to resolve the issue by talking to everyone in the administration even before the show cause notice was issued. She spoke with the press saying, "I love to play [...] No one on this earth can stop me from playing. In fact, no one should stop anyone from playing. I never thought that they [BAI] would stoop down to this level."

Eventually, the Delhi High Court put a stay on BAI's decision to not allow Gutta to play at international tournaments. Justice V.K. Jain told the BAI: "You must allow her to play.". During the controversy Gutta received overwhelming support from fans and fellow sports-persons. Several former players described the Badminton Association of India disciplinary committee's recommendation of a life ban on the player as "ridiculous" and "harsh". Former national coach U. Vimal Kumar said the HC order has shown Indian badminton in bad light. S.M. Arif, was even harsher saying, "The emphasis on her apology rather than the misconduct attributed to her shows clearly that the BAI has gone off the rails," Gutta also received support from Petroleum Minister Veerappa Moily, who wrote a letter to Sports Minister Jitendra Singh, saying that Gutta was being treated unfairly and if it continued then the Petroleum sector may be forced to reconsider its association with BAI at various levels. He warned the Sports Ministry be fair to Gutta or lose funding. The Sports Minister responded to Moily's letter saying that he would examine her case and extend all the support to her.

The long-standing deadlock between Gutta and the Association ended with the national federation dropping all the charges against her. The impasse was reported to have ended in New Delhi when Gutta met BAI president Akhilesh Das after the 78th Senior National Championships where she had emerged as the doubles champion alongside Ponnappa. "I am very happy with the decision BAI has taken. I will be playing as a part of the Indian team in future tournaments too. It will be an honour to represent the country as always," Gutta was quoted as saying to the Times of India.

Awards
In 2011, Gutta was awarded the Arjuna award by the Indian Government, India's second highest sporting honour for her achievements as a badminton player.

Career highlights

BWF World Championships
Women's doubles

Commonwealth Games
Women's doubles

Asian Championships
Women's doubles

South Asian Games
Women's doubles

Mixed doubles

BWF Superseries
Mixed doubles

 BWF Superseries Finals tournament
 BWF Superseries Premier tournament
 BWF Superseries tournament

BWF Grand Prix
Women's doubles

Mixed doubles

BWF International Challenge/Series/Satellite
Women's doubles

Mixed doubles

 BWF International Challenge tournament
 BWF International Series tournament

BWF events

Others

Notes

References

External links

Living people
1983 births
People from Wardha
Racket sportspeople from Hyderabad, India
Sportswomen from Hyderabad, India
Sportswomen from Maharashtra
Sportspeople of Chinese descent
Indian people of Chinese descent
21st-century Indian women
21st-century Indian people
Indian female badminton players
Indian national badminton champions
Badminton players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Badminton players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic badminton players for India
Badminton players at the 2010 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for India
Badminton players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Badminton players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Badminton players at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India
Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India
Commonwealth Games medallists in badminton
South Asian Games gold medalists for India
South Asian Games medalists in badminton
Recipients of the Arjuna Award
Medallists at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games


Whangape Harbour () is a harbour on the west coast of Northland, New Zealand. There is a settlement called Whangape on the northern side of the harbour. Another, called Pawarenga, is located on the southern side. Kaitaia is 42 km north east.

The harbour is a narrow valley from the confluence of the Awaroa and Rotokakahi Rivers through hills to the Tasman Sea. The harbour entrance is treacherous. The Herekino Harbour and settlement are a few kilometres to the north, and the Hokianga is to the south and east.

History and culture

Pre-European history

According to Māori traditions, the waka Māmari, captained by Ruānui, settled the Whangape area after being forced out of the Hokianga during early Māori settlement of New Zealand. They established a large fortified pa at Pawarenga. Here they were attacked by a war party from the south, which greatly outnumbered them. The Ngāti Ruānui stacked brushwood about the pa, and set them alight before fleeing across the harbour on rafts, hidden by the clouds of smoke produced. They settled much of the far north, becoming known as Te Aupōuri ('au' means current and 'pōuri' smoke) after this event.

Edward Wakefield described the harbour in 1837, and estimated the local Māori population as "not fewer than one thousand souls".

European settlement

Whangape settlement became an important timber port in the late 19th and early 20th century. There was a large mill on the foreshore and numerous houses on the hills. Ships, initially sailing ships and later steamers, loaded the kauri timber and transported it to markets elsewhere. At least four ships were wrecked at the harbour entrance: the 79-ton schooner Leonidas in 1871, the 15-ton cutter Lionel in 1877 with all five on board lost, the 108-ton schooner Geelong in 1879 with two lives lost,  and most recently the River Hunter foundered in 1906 while under tow. Whangape was a location for the late 19th/early 20th century kauri gum digging trade.

Marae

Pawarenga has three marae affiliated with Te Uri o Tai, a hapū of Te Rarawa: Mōrehu Marae and Kurahaupō meeting house; Ōhākī Marae and Te Urunga Moutonu or Maru o te Huia meeting house; and Taiao Marae and Mātaatua meeting house. In October 2020, the Government committed $1,407,731 from the Provincial Growth Fund to upgrade Ōhākī Marae and 8 other marae of Te Rarawa, creating 100 jobs. It also committed $217,455 to upgrade Mataatua Marae, creating 14 jobs.

Whangape has one marae, Te Kotahitanga. It is affiliated with the Ngāpuhi hapū of Ngāti Kura, Ngāti Tautahi, Ngāti Whakaeke, Takoto Kē and Te Uri o Hua. In October 2020, the Government committed $90,424 to upgrade both it and Te Maata Marae, creating 12 jobs. It also committed $1,407,731 towards work on Te Kotahitanga and eight other marae.

Demographics
The SA1 statistical area on the north side of the harbour, which includes Whangape, covers . The SA1 area is part of the larger Herekino-Takahue statistical area.

The SA1 statistical area had a population of 96 at the 2018 New Zealand census, a decrease of 3 people (−3.0%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 21 people (−17.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 27 households, comprising 51 males and 45 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.13 males per female. The median age was 43.6 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 27 people (28.1%) aged under 15 years, 15 (15.6%) aged 15 to 29, 36 (37.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 18 (18.8%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 40.6% European/Pākehā, 71.9% Māori, 12.5% Pacific peoples, and 3.1% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

Of those people who chose to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 25.0% had no religion, 62.5% were Christian and 6.2% had Māori religious beliefs.

Of those at least 15 years old, 12 (17.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 12 (17.4%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $18,500, compared with $31,800 nationally. 3 people (4.3%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 18 (26.1%) people were employed full-time, 12 (17.4%) were part-time, and 0 (0.0%) were unemployed.

Education

Te Kura ā Iwi o Pawarenga is a coeducational full primary school serving years 1-8. It had a roll of  students as of  The school was founded in 2020 to replace Te Kura o Hata Maria o Pawarenga. It is a state kura-a-iwi designated character school, which teaches primarily in the Māori language.

Whangape Native School operated from 1881 to 1976, when it merged with Herekino School. Puketi and Makora Schools operated from 1894 to 1896.

Rotokakahi Native School (later called Rotokakahi Maori School) operated from 1918 to about 1969 on the harbour.

Te Kura o Hata Maria o Pawarenga was a Catholic primary school, founded in 1927. It subsequently became state-integrated, but closed in 2020 and was replaced by Te Kura ā Iwi o Pawarenga.

References

Far North District
Ports and harbours of New Zealand


Wanda Sieradzka de Ruig (29 September 1923, Łódź, Poland - 1 January 2008, Haarlem, Netherlands) was a well known Polish author, journalist, poet and translator.

Sieradzka graduated from the Institut d'Etudes Francaises in Toulouse, France. She worked as a press liaison for the group, Section VI, at the Command Staff headquarters of the Armia Krajowa in Warsaw during World War II. She wrote for the office under the pseudonym, "Elżbieta."

She was first published as a poet in 1945 in a Polish magazine, which was published in Switzerland. She worked as a Polish diplomat in the 1940s following the end of World War II.

She later worked as a journalist from 1950 until 1960. In 1960, Sieradzka made a career switch to television when she was hired as a producer in the music and variety department of Polish Television. She remained at the station until her retirement in 1988. She often translated screenplays, television scripts and theater plays into Polish for use on television.

Personal life
Sieradzka married her Dutch husband, J.A. de Ruig, in 1986, living for many years with him in Haarlem.

External links
Wanda Sieradzka de Ruig newspaper clippings, u24u.com; accessed 25 September 2017.
Wanda Sieradzka de Ruig memorial (Polish)
Wanda Sieradzka de Ruig obituary (Polish)
Wanda Sieradzka de Ruig profile, artpoezjaproza.blox.pl (Polish)

1923 births
2008 deaths
Polish people of World War II
Polish women poets
Polish women journalists
20th-century Polish poets
20th-century women writers
Polish women diplomats
20th-century Polish journalists
20th-century Polish women
Polish expatriates in France


Gina Cigna (6 March 1900 – 26 June 2001) was a French-Italian dramatic soprano.

Biography

Gina Cigna was born in Angers, department of Maine-et-Loire, to parents of Italian origin. She trained as a pianist at the Paris Conservatory studying with Alfred Cortot and graduated with a gold medal. She then started a career as a recitalist. She met French tenor Maurice Sens, whom she married in 1921, and following his advice turned to singing. She took private lessons with Emma Calvé, Hariclea Darclée and Rosina Storchio, but was mostly self-taught.

She made her debut as Geneviève Sens in 1927 at the Teatro alla Scala, in Milan, as Freia in Das Rheingold, and sang minor roles in Boris Godunov and Ariane et Barbe-Bleue under Arturo Toscanini, without much success.

Two years later, still at La Scala, but this time under the name Gina Cigna, she sang the role of Donna Elvira in Don Giovanni, and this time it was a triumph. A few weeks later she appeared as Elisabeth in Tannhäuser.

She was to sing regularly at La Scala until 1945, quickly establishing herself as one of the leading Italian dramatic soprano alongside Maria Caniglia in operas such as Il Trovatore, Un ballo in maschera, La forza del destino, Aida, Andrea Chénier, and Tosca.

She recorded Norma in 1937 and Turandot, opposite Francesco Merli, with Magda Olivero as Liù, in 1938, both for Cetra Records. She sang at the Paris Opéra, the Royal Opera House in London, the Lyric Opera of Chicago, the San Francisco Opera, and the New York Metropolitan Opera, where she made her debut on 6 February 1937 as Aida.

Cigna's career came to a halt in 1948 when she was involved in a serious car accident and suffered a heart attack. Forced to retire from singing, she turned to teaching. In 1996 at the age of 96 she appeared in Jan Schmidt-Garre's film Opera Fanatic.

Death
Cigna died in Milan, Italy, on 26 June 2001, aged 101.

Studio recordings
 Bellini - Norma - Gina Cigna, Ebe Stignani,  Giovanni Breviario, Tancredi Pasero - Vittorio Gui - 1937
 Puccini - Turandot - Gina Cigna, Francesco Merli, Magda Olivero, Luciano Neroni - Franco Ghione - 1938

References

Sources
 Dictionnaire des interprètes, Alain Pâris, (Éditions Robert Laffont, 1989);
 Guide de l’opéra, R. Mancini & J-J. Rouveroux, (Fayard, 1995);

1900 births
2001 deaths
French operatic sopranos
French centenarians
French people of Italian descent
20th-century French women opera singers
Women centenarians


The president of the Federal Senate, sometimes referred to as the President of the Senate, is the presiding officer of the Federal Senate of Brazil.

In addition to chairing the chamber's debates and ordering its business, the president of the Federal Senate stands third in the order of presidential succession, after the vice-president of the republic and the president of the Chamber of Deputies, but before the president (chief justice) of the Supreme Federal Court. The Federal Senate president is also a member of the Council of the Republic, and presides over joint sessions of the Legislative branch, in his capacity as ex officio president of the National Congress. Until 25 August 1961, this position was held ex officio by the vice-president of the republic.

The current president of the Federal Senate is Rodrigo Pacheco of the Social Democratic Party, elected on 1 February 2021.

List of presidents of the Senate

Empire of Brazil (1826–1889)

Federative Republic of Brazil (1889–present)
From 1889 to 1930 and from 1946 to 1961, the office of President of the Senate is held by the Vice President of Brazil.

See also
President of the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil

References

External links
Senado Federal: Mesa Directora

Brazil, Senate


Park Han-byul (; born November 17, 1984) is a South Korean actress and model.

Career
As a student at Anyang Art High School, Park posted photographs of herself on the internet, becoming an online celebrity due to her close physical resemblance to actress Jun Ji-hyun. After being signed by an entertainment agency, she made her acting debut in the 2003 horror film Wishing Stairs, her part requiring her to learn ballet over a two-month period of rigorous training.

Having since appeared in a succession of television drama series, Park returned to the big screen with a role in the 2008 film Fate. She then went on to star in the horror film Yoga later the same year. In 2010, Park starred in the coming-of-age film My Black Mini Dress, based on the same titled chick lit novel by Kim Min-seo.

In July 2012, Park co-starred with Kim Ji-seok in horror film Two Moons, playing the role of So-hee, a horror fiction novelist with a hidden secret. Park then starred in another horror film Bunshinsaba 2 directed by Ahn Byeong-ki, marking her acting debut in China.

Park returned to TV, starring in the daily drama One Well-Raised Daughter. In 2015, she starred in the melodrama I Have a Lover, where she attracted attention with her portrayal of a morally ambiguous woman. In 2017, she took on the titular role in MBC's variety drama Borg Mom.

In 2019, Park is set to star in the romance melodrama Love in Sadness, a remake of the 1999 TBS drama Beautiful Person.

Personal life
In June 2009, K-pop singer Seven acknowledged on his website that he and Park had been in a relationship for seven years, with the couple having first met when they were seniors in high school. Seven had previously denied rumors that they were a couple in order to protect Park's privacy and let the relationship grow naturally.  On December 23, 2014, a statement was released by Park's agency stating that she and Seven had ended their 12-year relationship earlier on in the year.

On November 24, 2017, it was announced that Park had married a non-celebrity earlier that year, and that they planned to have the ceremony in 2018 with family and friends. The couple had met three years prior and entered into a relationship sometime in the beginning of 2017. It was also announced that Park was 15 weeks pregnant. On April 30, 2018, it was reported that Park had given birth to a son. On May 31, 2022, the agency announced that Park is pregnant with a second child. On August 17, 2022, it was announced that Park had given birth to a second child.

Filmography

Film

Television series

Variety show

Awards and nominations

References

External links

South Korean film actresses
South Korean television actresses
South Korean female models
Konkuk University alumni
Actresses from Seoul
1984 births
Living people
21st-century South Korean actresses
Models from Seoul


Ba Vì is a district of Hanoi, Vietnam. Ba Vì district was established on July 26, 1968.

History
Ba Vì was consolidated basis of the old districts Bất Bạt, Tùng Thiện and Quảng Oai, Hà Tây province. From 1975 to 1978, Ba Vì district belonged to Hà Sơn Bình province, and from 1978 to 1991, it belonged to Hanoi city. In 1982, seven communes: Cổ Đông, Đường Lâm, Kim Sơn, Sơn Đông, Thanh Mỹ, Trung Sơn Trầm and Xuân Sơn, were managed by Sơn Tây town; and two communes: Tích Giang and Trạch Mỹ Lộc, were managed by Phúc Thọ district. In 1987, Quảng Oai town was established and belonged to Hà Tây from 1991 to 2008. In 1994, the town of Quảng Oai and Tây Đằng commune were consolidated to form Tây Đằng town. From August 1, 2008, Ba Vì became a district of Hanoi again. At the same time, Tân Đức moved to the management of Việt Trì city, Phú Thọ province.

Ba Vì is the large supplied province for cow milk in Vietnam which is farmed and taken care well for dairy production.

Geography
Ba Vì is the district lying in northwest Hanoi, containing a majority of Ba Vì mountain running through the south of the district. It borders Sơn Tây town to the east and Thạch Thất to the southeast. It also borders Lương Sơn district to the southeast and Kỳ Sơn of Hòa Bình province to the southwest. To the north, the district is bordered by Việt Trì City, Phú Thọ, with the boundary of the Red River (Thao River) located in the north. Bordering the west of the district are Lâm Thao, Tam Nông and Thanh Thủy districts of Phú Thọ. Ba Vì is also bordered by Vĩnh Tường district, Vĩnh Phúc province to the northeast via the boundary of the Red River.

Ba Vì has an area of 428.0 km2, the largest district of Hanoi, which includes two large lakes: Suối Hai Lake and Đồng Mô Lake (at Đồng Mô tourist area); both are artificial lakes being located in the watershed of the Tích River, which flows through Sơn Tây town and some western districts of Hanoi, which then flows into the Đáy river. Notably Ba Vì National Park is an important destination in the district. At the boundaries of the district and Phú Thọ province, there are two junctions: Trung Hà junction between the Đà River and the Red River (in Phong Vân) and the Bạch Hạc junction between the Red River and the Lô River (Tân Hồng and Phú Cường communes, opposite to Việt Trì city).

Districts
The four location points are as follows:
 The north limit is Phú Cường commune.
 The west limit is Thuần Mỹ commune.
 The south limit is Khánh Thượng commune.
 The east limit is Cam Thượng commune.

Climate

Population
According to statistics in 2009, Ba Vì district's population is more than 265,000, including the Kinh, Muong and Dao ethnicities.

Administration
Before merging into Hanoi, Ba Vì district had 1 town and 31 communes. On August 1, 2008, as well as other districts of Hà Tây province, Ba Vì district merged into Hanoi. Before that, however, on July 10, 2008, the total natural area of 454.08 ha and the population of 2,701 people of Tân Đức commune was merged into Việt Trì City, Phú Thọ (according to the Decree of the 3rd session, the XII Congress on adjusting the administrative boundary between Hà Tây and Phú Thọ provinces).

Currently, Ba Vì district has one town (Tây Đằng) and 30 communes: Ba Trại, Ba Vì, Cẩm Lĩnh, Cam Thượng, Châu Sơn, Chu Minh, Cổ Đô, Đông Quang, Đồng Thái, Khánh Thượng, Minh Châu, Minh Quang, Phong Vân, Phú Châu, Phú Cường, Phú Đông, Phú Phương, Phú Sơn, Sơn Đà, Tản Hồng, Tản Lĩnh, Thái Hòa, Thuần Mỹ, Thụy An, Tiên Phong, Tòng Bạt, Vân Hòa, Vạn Thắng, Vật Lại and Yên Bài.

Traffic
 Roads: The district has National Highway 32 that runs through Tây Đằng town, connects Sơn Tây with Hưng Hóa, Phú Thọ province and the Northern-Northwest provinces. On this highway, the last part at Thái Hòa commune has Trung Hà bridge, spanning the Đà River.
 Waterways: Red River, the Đà River and the Tích River

References

External links
 giới thiệu Ba vì
 Trang thông tin Ủy ban Huyện
 Tuổi Trẻ Ba Vì
 Kết nối Ba vì
 Phòng Giáo dục và Đào tạo Huyện Ba Vì - Hà Nội

Districts of Hanoi


Chương Mỹ is a district (huyện) of Hanoi in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam.

Chương Mỹ district is bordered by Hà Đông district and Thanh Oai district to the east, Hòa Bình province to the west, Mỹ Đức district and Ứng Hòa district to the south, Quốc Oai district to the north.

The district is the site of the Battle of Tốt Động – Chúc Động in 1426 which secured Vietnam's independence from Ming China. Tốt Động and Chúc Động are two villages 6 km apart. Trẩm Mountain is situated in Long Châu hamlet, Phụng Châu, 20 km from Hanoi.

Chương Mỹ district is subdivided to 32 commune-level subdivisions, including the two townships of Chúc Sơn (district capital), Xuân Mai and the rural communes of: Đại Yên, Đông Phương Yên, Đông Sơn, Đồng Lạc, Đồng Phú, Hòa Chính, Hoàng Diệu, Hoàng Văn Thụ, Hồng Phong, Hợp Đồng, Hữu Văn, Lam Điền, Mỹ Lương, Nam Phương Tiến, Ngọc Hòa, Phú Nam An, Phú Nghĩa, Phụng Châu, Quảng Bị, Tân Tiến, Thanh Bình, Thụy Hương, Thủy Xuân Tiên, Thượng Vực, Tiên Phương, Tốt Động, Trần Phú, Trung Hòa, Trường Yên, Văn Võ.

References

Districts of Hanoi


Hancock County Airport , also known as Ron Lewis Field, is a public use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) northeast of the central business district of Lewisport, in Hancock County, Kentucky, United States. The airport opened in 2007 and it is owned by the Hancock County Airport Board.

Facilities
Hancock County Airport covers an area of  at an elevation of 411 feet (125 m) above mean sea level. It has one asphalt paved runway designated 5/23 which measures 4,000 by 75 feet (1,219 x 23 m).

References

External links

Airports in Kentucky
Buildings and structures in Hancock County, Kentucky
2007 establishments in Kentucky


Đan Phượng is a rural district (huyện) of Hanoi in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam.

As of 2003, the district had a population of 132,921. The district covers an area of . The district capital lies at Phùng.

Đan Phượng district is bordered by Đông Anh district and Bắc Từ Liêm district to the east, Phúc Thọ district to the west, Hoài Đức district to the south and Mê Linh district to the north.

The district is subdivided to 16 commune-level subdivisions, including the township of Phùng (district capital) and the rural communes of: Đan Phượng, Đồng Tháp, Hạ Mỗ, Hồng Hà, Liên Hà, Liên Hồng, Liên Trung, Phương Đình, Song Phượng, Tân Hội, Tân Lập, Thọ An, Thọ Xuân, Thượng Mỗ, Trung Châu.

References

Districts of Hanoi


Hoài Đức is a rural district (huyện) of Hanoi in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam.

Geography
Hoài Đức district is bordered by the urban districts of Bắc Từ Liêm and Nam Từ Liêm to the east, the districts of Quốc Oai and Phúc Thọ to the west, Hà Đông district to the south and Đan Phượng district to the north.

Divisions
The is subdivided to 20 commune-level subdivisions, including the township of Trạm Trôi (district capital) and the rural communes of: An Khánh, An Thượng, Cát Quế, Di Trạch, Dương Liễu, Đắc Sở, Đông La, Đức Giang, Đức Thượng, Kim Chung, La Phù, Lại Yên, Minh Khai, Song Phương, Sơn Đồng, Tiền Yên, Vân Canh, Vân Côn, Yên Sở.

Districts of Hanoi


Mỹ Đức is a district (huyện) of Hanoi in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam.

Mỹ Đức district is bordered by Ứng Hòa district to the east, Hòa Bình province to the west, Hà Nam province to the south and Chương Mỹ district to the north.

The district is subdivided to 22 commune-level subdivisions, including the township of Đại Nghĩa and the rural communes of: An Mỹ, An Phú, An Tiến, Bột Xuyên, Đại Hưng, Đốc Tín, Đồng Tâm, Hồng Sơn, Hợp Thanh, Hợp Tiến, Hùng Tiến, Hương Sơn, Lê Thanh, Mỹ Thành, Phù Lưu Tế, Phúc Lâm, Phùng Xá, Thượng Lâm, Tuy Lai, Vạn Kim, Xuy Xá.

Districts of Hanoi


Phú Xuyên is a district (huyện) of Hanoi in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam.

Phú Xuyên district is bordered by Hưng Yên province to the east, Ứng Hòa district to the west, Hà Nam province to the south, Thường Tín district to the north and Thanh Oai district to the northwest.

The district is subdivided to 27 commune-level subdivisions, including the townships of Phú Xuyên (district capital), Phú Minh and the rural communes of Bạch Hạ, Châu Can, Chuyên Mỹ, Đại Thắng, Đại Xuyên, Hoàng Long, Hồng Minh, Hồng Thái, Khai Thái, Minh Tân, Nam Phong, Nam Tiến, Nam Triều, Phú Túc, Phú Yên, Phúc Tiến, Phượng Dực, Quang Lãng, Quang Trung, Sơn Hà, Tân Dân, Tri Thủy, Tri Trung, Văn Hoàng, Vân Từ.

Districts of Hanoi


Phúc Thọ is a district (huyện) of Hanoi, formerly of Hà Tây province, in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam.

Phúc Thọ district is bordered by Đan Phượng district to the east, Sơn Tây town to the west, Thạch Thất district to the south, Quốc Oai district and Hoài Đức district to the southeast, Vĩnh Phúc province to the north.

The district is subdivided to 21 commune-level subdivisions, including the township of  (district capital) and the rural communes of Hát Môn, Hiệp Thuận, Liên Hiệp, Long Xuyên, Ngọc Tảo, Phúc Hòa, Phụng Thượng, Sen Phương, Tam Hiệp, Tam Thuấn, Thanh Đa, Thọ Lộc, Thượng Cốc, Tích Giang, Trạch Mỹ Lộc, Vân Hà, Vân Nam, Vân Phúc, Võng Xuyên, Xuân Đình.

Districts of Hanoi


Quốc Oai is a district (huyện) of Hanoi in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam.

Quốc Oai district is bordered by Hoài Đức district to the east, Hòa Bình province to the west, Chương Mỹ district to the south, Thạch Thất district and Phúc Thọ district to the north.

The district is subdivided to 21 commune-level subdivisions, including the township of Quốc Oai (district capital) and the rural communes of Cấn Hữu, Cộng Hòa, Đại Thành, Đồng Quang, Đông Xuân, Đông Yên, Hòa Thạch, Liệp Tuyết, Nghĩa Hương, Ngọc Liệp, Ngọc Mỹ, Phú Cát, Phú Mãn, Phượng Cách, Sài Sơn, Tân Hòa, Tân Phú, Thạch Thán, Tuyết Nghĩa, Yên Sơn.

Districts of Hanoi


Thạch Thất is a district (huyện) of Hanoi in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam.

Thạch Thất district is bordered by Phúc Thọ district to the east and north, Hòa Bình province to the west, Sơn Tây town and Ba Vì district to the northwest, Quốc Oai district to the south.

The district is subdivided to 23 commune-level subdivisions, including the township of Liên Quan (district capital) and the rural communes of Bình Phú, Bình Yên, Canh Nậu, Cẩm Yên, Cần Kiệm, Chàng Sơn, Dị Nậu, Đại Đồng, Đồng Trúc, Hạ Bằng, Hương Ngải, Hữu Bằng, Kim Quan, Lại Thượng, Phú Kim, Phùng Xá, Tân Xã, Thạch Hòa, Thạch Xá, Tiến Xuân, Yên Bình, Yên Trung.

Districts of Hanoi


Thanh Oai is a rural district (huyện) of Hanoi in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam.

Geography
Thanh Oai district is bordered by Thường Tín district to the east, Thanh Trì district to the northeast, Chương Mỹ district to the west, Phú Xuyên district and Ứng Hòa district to the south, Hà Đông district to the north.

Subdivisions
The district is subdivided to 21 commune-level subdivisions, including the township of Kim Bài (district capital) and the rural communes of Bích Hòa, Bình Minh, Cao Dương, Cao Viên, Cự Khê, Dân Hòa, Đỗ Động, Hồng Dương, Kim An, Kim Thư, Liên Châu, Mỹ Hưng, Phương Trung, Tam Hưng, Tân Ước, Thanh Cao, Thanh Mai, Thanh Thùy, Thanh Văn, Xuân Dương.

The village of Ước Lễ in Tân Ước commune is famous for its chả lụa.

Districts of Hanoi


Thường Tín is a district (huyện) of Hanoi in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam.

Thường Tín district is bordered by Hưng Yên province to the east, Thanh Oai district to the west, Phú Xuyên district to the south and Thanh Trì district to the north.

The district is subdivided to 29 commune-level subdivisions, including the township of Thường Tín (district capital) and the rural communes Chương Dương, Dũng Tiến, Duyên Thái, Hà Hồi, Hiền Giang, Hòa Bình, Khánh Hà, Hồng Vân, Lê Lợi, Liên Phương, Minh Cường, Nghiêm Xuyên, Nguyễn Trãi, Nhị Khê, Ninh Sở, Quất Động, Tân Minh, Thắng Lợi, Thống Nhất, Thư Phú, Tiền Phong, Tô Hiệu, Tự Nhiên, Vạn Điểm, Văn Bình, Văn Phú, Văn Tự, Vân Tảo.

Districts of Hanoi


Ứng Hòa is a southern district (huyện) of Hanoi in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. The River Đáy forms much of the western boundary with Mỹ Đức district. It covers an area of , and as of 2005 it had a population of 193,731 people. It has 28 communes and one town.

Administrative divisions
The district contains the following subdivisions:
Vân Đình (town)
Communes:

Đại Hùng
Đồng Tân
Hòa Lâm
Hòa Xá
Liên Bạt
Phù Lưu
Sơn Công
Trung Tú
Viên An
Cao Thành
Đội Bình
Đồng Tiến
Hòa Nam
Hồng Quang
Lưu Hoàng
Phương Tú
Tảo Dương Văn
Trường Thịnh
Viên Nội
Đại Cường
Đông Lỗ
Hoa Sơn
Hòa Phú
Kim Đường
Minh Đức
Quảng Phú Cầu
Trầm Lộng
Vạn Thá

References

Districts of Hanoi


Jill Remez is an American actress known for her acting work in several films and television programs as well as her skill at puppetry, having been one of the puppeteers behind Miss Piggy for The Jim Henson Company. She portrayed Juanita Vasquez on the television soap opera Passions.

References

External links

20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American film actresses
American television actresses
Actresses from Los Angeles
University of California, Irvine alumni


Knox County Airport  is five miles southwest of Mount Vernon, in Knox County, Ohio.

Facilities
Knox County Airport covers  at an elevation of 1,191 feet (363 m). Its one runway, 10/28, is 5,500 x 100 ft (1,676 x 30 m) asphalt.

In the year ending May 9, 2007 the airport had 20,150 aircraft operations, average 55 per day: 97% general aviation, 2% air taxi and <1% military. 52 aircraft were then based at the airport: 92% single-engine, 4% multi-engine and 4% ultralight.

References

External links

Airports in Ohio


Evolutionary Biology is a college-level evolutionary biology textbook written by Eli C. Minkoff that is 627 pages long. It was published in 1983 by Addison-Wesley. This is Minkoff's first foray into the world of college-level textbook authorship. The book contains an index and various biographical references.

About the book

The textbook Evolutionary Biology was written and published in 1983 during which Minkoff was the head of the Biology department at Bates College. The book is written in a format to which it could be used in an evolutionary biology 101 course. The book contains over 25 chapters, for example, "The Origin and Early Evolution of Life".

Bibliography
 Eli C. Minkoff (1983). Evolutionary Biology. 1st Edition. Addison-Wesley. .

1983 in biology
1983 non-fiction books
Biology books