The QF 6-inch 40 calibre naval gun (Quick-Firing) was used by many United Kingdom-built warships around the end of the 19th century and the start of the 20th century.

In UK service it was known as the QF 6-inch Mk I, II, III guns.
As the 15 cm/40 (6") 41st Year Type naval gun it was used for pre-dreadnought battleships, armoured cruisers and protected cruisers of the early Imperial Japanese Navy built in UK and European shipyards. It was also the heaviest gun ever carried by a pre-Cold War destroyer.

Design

QF technology

These guns were developed to exploit the new "QF" technology, which involved loading the propellant charge in a brass case with primer in its base. The brass case also sealed the breech, allowing a lighter mechanism. This was presumed to allow a faster rate of fire than the older "Breech Loading" system, where the propellant was loaded in cloth bags and then a separate friction or percussion tube fitted into the breech for firing. The QF principle had proved successful with the much smaller QF 3 pounder Hotchkiss and Nordenfelt QF 3 and 6 pounders from 1885 onwards.

The Mk I was an Elswick gun of built up construction. Mk II was built by Woolwich Arsenal and in 1891 became the first Royal Navy gun using the Armstrong wire-wound construction. The breech mechanisms were developed from the existing  BL mechanisms, but as it no longer had to provide obturation (sealing of the breech), the front was made coned rather than straight which allowed it to be swung round to the side before it was fully withdrawn, rather than  having to be fully withdrawn before swinging to the side as with the BL gun.

Recoil system

The preceding generation of British 6-inch guns (BL Mks III, IV and VI) had old-style trunnions by which they were mounted on Vavasseur inclined slides to absorb recoil. QF Mk I and II dispensed with trunnions and instead on the lower side of the breech ring were lugs to which were attached modern recoil buffer and hydrospring recuperator (runout) cylinders to absorb recoil and return the barrel to loading position after firing. This allowed the gun to recoil directly backwards rather than backwards and upwards as previously and is the recoil system which in essence is still in use.

Mk III was built by Elswick and was similar to Mk I except that it had trunnions which allowed it to be deployed on the remaining obsolescent but still in service Vavasseur recoil mountings. All 3 Marks had the same dimensions and performance.

UK service

Royal Navy service

As the QF 6 inch Mk I, Mk II and Mk III, the gun was used as secondary armament of pre-dreadnoughts of the 1890s and cruisers to 1905. On the armoured cruisers of the Diadem, Powerful and Edgar classes they made up most of the armament, though the latter class carried two  guns as well. The pre-dreadnought battleships of the Royal Sovereign (including the turreted HMS Hood), Centurion, Majestic and Canopus classes carried up to 12 guns.

Second Boer War land service
During the Second Boer War one gun was brought ashore from HMS Terrible in Natal in February 1900 at the request of General Buller, presumably in response to the failure at Colenso. It was mounted on an improvised field carriage by Captain Percy Scott and transported by rail to Chieveley, just south of Colenso. There it was manned by Royal Navy gunners to provide useful fire support for the British Army during the relief of Ladysmith. It is reported on 17 February to have fired from "Gun Hill" (a small kopje two miles (3 km) north of Chieveley) and knocked out a Boer gun at , followed by a Boer searchlight, as Buller approached Ladysmith from the South East and pushed the Boers back towards the Tugela river. On 26 February Lieutenant Burne reports firing from the same position on a Boer gun at  at 28° elevation and falling  short. The 7-ton weight (compared to the 2½ tons of the Boer 155 mm "Long Tom") meant that it was effectively immobile on the battlefield and could not be moved forward to shorten the range.

Two guns were also mounted on armoured trains, crewed by Royal Garrison Artillery men.

Coast defence gun
From 1894 a number of guns were adapted for coast defence use, with the original 3-motion breeches replaced by modern single-motion breeches to increase the rate of fire, which designated them as "B" guns.

Nineteen guns were still active in the defence of the UK as at April 1918 : Jersey (2), Guernsey (2), Alderney (2), Shoeburyness (2), Blyth (2), Clyde Garrison (1), Mersey (2), Berehaven Garrison (Bantry Bay, Ireland) (6).

World War I anti-aircraft gun

At least one gun is known to have been mounted by the Royal Navy on an improvised anti-aircraft mounting on a railway truck, defending docks during the First World War.

Conversion to 8 inch (203 mm) howitzer

In World War I Britain urgently needed heavy artillery on the Western Front, and various obsolete 6-inch naval guns were converted to 8-inch howitzers. Sixty-three QF 6-inch Mk II guns were shortened, bored out  to 8 inches (203 mm) and converted to BL type to produce the BL 8-inch howitzer Mk V. Four entered service in December 1915 and 59 followed in 1916.

Italian naval service
The Elswick export designation for guns sold to Italy and Japan was Pattern Z and Pattern Z1.  In Italian service they were known as Cannone da 152/40 A Modello 1891.  These guns armed armoured cruisers, ironclads, pre-dreadnought battleships, protected cruisers and scout cruisers of the Regia Marina.  They served aboard Regia Marina ships in the Italo-Turkish War and World War I.

Japanese naval service

The Type 41 naval gun was designed by Armstrong Whitworth, Elswick, Newcastle upon Tyne, England as a slightly modified version of the Elswick Ordnance Company QF pattern  guns used on contemporary Royal Navy battleships. The Elswick export designation for guns sold to Italy and Japan was Pattern Z and Pattern Z1.  They were the standard secondary armament on pre-dreadnought battleships and the main battery on several classes of armoured cruisers and protected cruisers of the Imperial Japanese Navy.  They served aboard Japanese ships in the First Sino-Japanese War, Russo-Japanese War and World War I.

The gun was officially designated as “Type 41” from the 41st year of the reign of Emperor Meiji on 25 December 1908. It was further re-designated in centimetres on 5 October 1917 as part of the standardisation process for the Imperial Japanese Navy converting to the metric system.

The Type 41  gun fired a  shell with either an armour piercing, high explosive or general purpose warhead. An anti-submarine shell of  was developed and in service from 1943.

Romanian naval service
Three guns were mounted on each of the two Romanian Aquila-class scout cruisers, Mărăști and Mărășești. However, the two warships were reclassified as destroyers upon commissioning, despite retaining the 6-inch guns for the years to come, thus making the gun the heaviest artillery piece ever mounted on a pre-Cold War destroyer.

US service

These guns were adopted in very limited quantity by the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps as part of the Endicott period fortifications, and were initially mounted 1898–1907. They were acquired in 1898 due to the outbreak of the Spanish–American War. It was feared that the Spanish fleet would bombard US ports, and most of the Endicott forts were still years from completion. So the 6-inch guns, along with 34 4.7-inch Armstrong guns and 21 8-inch M1888 guns on 1870s carriages, were acquired to quickly arm some forts with modern quick-firing guns. They were designated as "6-inch Armstrong guns" and mounted on pedestals in US service, and appear to have been withdrawn from service by 1925. A total of nine guns were mounted in one-, two-, or three-gun batteries, with four of the nine transferred to Hawaii 1913–1917. Eight guns were initially at Fort Williams (Maine) (1), Fort Greble, Rhode Island (1), Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island, NY (2), Fort Moultrie, Charleston, South Carolina (1), Fort Screven, Tybee Island, Georgia (1), and Fort Dade, Tampa Bay, FL (2). The guns at Fort Greble and Fort Moultrie were dismounted in 1903-04. In 1907 three guns were mounted at Fort Adams, Rhode Island, probably the two dismounted guns plus one either newly acquired or from spares. The four guns from Fort Williams and Fort Adams were transferred to Ford Island, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii as Batteries Adair and Boyd beginning in 1913. The two from Fort Dade survive at Fort DeSoto near St. Petersburg, Florida. Their battery at Fort Dade has succumbed to tide action over the years.

Canadian service

These guns were aboard  when the ship was transferred to Canada as HMCS Niobe in 1910.

Surviving examples
 On board Japanese battleship Mikasa, Yokosuka, Japan
 Two coast defence guns at Fort DeSoto, Florida, USA.
 A Mk III gun and shield from HMS Calypso at Fort Nelson, Portsmouth, UK
 Two guns are on display at Howe Military Academy in Howe Indiana
 Two guns, originally from HMS Gibraltar, set up on the island of Vementry, Shetland during WW1 to defend the approach to Swarbacks Minn naval anchorage.

See also

Weapons of comparable role, performance and era
 15 cm SK L/40 naval gun German equivalent
 6"/40 caliber gun US equivalent

Notes

References

Bibliography
 Text Book of Gunnery, 1902. LONDON : PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY HARRISON AND SONS, ST. MARTIN'S LANE

 Tony Bridgland, "Field Gun Jack Versus the Boers: The Royal Navy in South Africa 1899–1900". Leo Cooper, 1998.

 Lieutenant C. R. N. Burne R.N., With the Naval Brigade in Natal (1899–1900). London: Edward Arnold, 1902
 Dale Clarke, British Artillery 1914–1919. Heavy Artillery. Osprey Publishing, Oxford UK, 2005
 General Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery : Forgotten Fronts and the Home Base 1914–18. London:The Royal Artillery Institution, 1988

 Major Darrell Hall, "THE NAVAL GUNS IN NATAL 1899–1902" The South African Military History Society Military History Journal – Vol 4 No 3, June 1978

 I.V. Hogg & L.F. Thurston, British Artillery Weapons & Ammunition 1914–1918. London: Ian Allan, 1972.

 Admiral Percy Scott, "Fifty Years in the Royal Navy" published 1919
 "Instructions for Mounting, Using, and Caring for 6-inch Rapid-Fire Gun, Armstrong", 1903, revised 1908, reprinted 1917, Washington: Government Printing Office

External links

 Handbook of the 6 inch Q. F. Gun, land service, 1898, 1903 at State Library of Victoria
 Handbook of the 6 inch "b" Q.F. guns, land service, 1911 at State Library of Victoria
 Range tables for Pattern W as used by Japan  from Russo-Japanese War Research Society website
 Range tables for Pattern Z as used by Japan  from Russo-Japanese War Research Society website

Naval guns of the United Kingdom
152 mm artillery
Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom
Coastal artillery
World War I guns
Russo-Japanese war weapons of Japan


Łęczycki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Paprotnia, within Siedlce County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately  north-east of Siedlce and  east of Warsaw.

References

Villages in Siedlce County


Major League Baseball 2K9, or MLB 2K9 for short, is an MLB-licensed baseball simulation video game published by 2K. The game was developed for Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable and Wii. The game was released on March 3, 2009, to mixed-to-positive reviews.

Gameplay

New features were implemented for Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3 versions. Pitching had been simplified from 2K8 to "2-step pitching", with "hold and gesture", eliminating the third "Release Timing" step of 2K8, simplifying the motion while retaining the style. "Meatballs" (mistake pitches) have been removed - instead, badly released pitches will be less effective (fastballs will be straighter, curveballs will hang, and so forth.) The AI's pitch selection was also improved. (Players may elect to use the third step as an option, and users may also still use the older Precision Pitching from 2K7.) "Influence hitting" allowed users to control fly and ground balls, and bunt with improved precision. The developers added a zone hitting feature, improved hit distribution, and improved fielding realism and AI. Also added is the ability to cancel a throw and hold the ball, or pump fake during a rundown. A player can also attempt a "Quick Throw" which gets the ball to a base faster but also increases the chance of an error. Baserunning control has been simplified; a player only needs to hold down the trigger until it vibrates, for instance, then release it when ready to attempt a steal. There are also separate "Steal" and "Speed" ratings for runners.

The ballpark realism has been changed as well. Players graphically move from the dugout to the batter's box, from the bullpen to the mound, warm up by throwing around the horn, swing the bat in the on deck circle, run out to their positions, and so forth. Umpires, ball boys, and coaches will perform their actions, while fans react realistically. For example, foul balls will cause people in the crowd to jump out of their seats and try to catch the ball, however some fans that have no real chance to get the ball will make a foolish jump in the air. Stadiums will have their unique fan signatures; for example, Turner Field will have the Tomahawk Chop while Tropicana Field will have the Cow Bell. Players will react properly to such events as a walk-off home run, a no-hitter or a World Series celebration. There are also 300 new Signature Style animations. Rain delays have also been mentioned. Arguing with the umpires is not featured in the Xbox 360 version of the game or the PS3 version.

The game also had "Living Rosters", active rosters that are automatically updated when the user logs in online; players' ratings will be constantly updated, while up-to-date trades and acquisitions will be reflected in-game. Living Rosters are not active during Franchise mode, however. The game also features a revamped stat simulation engine for the Franchise mode, while players' career arcs are based on how they play rather than preset stat curves. In other words, in order for a rookie to develop, he must receive playing time - he will not develop if he sits on the bench. An entire season can be simulated in a matter of minutes. Other improvements to the Franchise mode include adding a new revamped trade simulator and over 200 individual MLB.com headlines. 2K9’s franchise mode allows for 30 user controlled teams. The mode also has added stats; for example they have included wins divided by teams' payroll.

The game has been updated with an MLB.com-licensed in-game "Virtual Director" website featuring a presentation style similar to NBA 2K9, where the user may check up on league events, trade rumors, player and team performances. The game has improved upon 2K8's Inside Edge scouting system. The game boasts a new level of CPU customization, multi-player functionality, and real player ambitions; for example, Milton Bradley can decline a contract because of lack of playing time, not for monetary considerations. Record-breaking and milestone performances, whether single game, season or career, are acknowledged with headlines and snapshots of the event. There is also a new gameplay mode, "Playoff Mode", in which the user only plays in the postseason. The PC version, like its NBA 2K9 counterpart, will not feature online play or Living Rosters. Unlike MLB 2K6, 2K9 will not feature the 2009 World Baseball Classic.

In other improvements, users can now add SFX and graphic overlays to in-game replays to create highlight reels, as well as upload the reel to 2KSports.com, while online users' performances are graphed out, displayed in chart form, and can be compared against league averages. The Topps Trading Cards system from 2K8 has been improved, while the Home Run Derby mode has also been revamped. Unlike the previous MLB titles, there are no pre-rendered cutscenes; all cutscenes are done in real-time with in-game assets.

The game also implements PlayStation 3 Trophies, while Xbox 360 Achievements are represented as trophies in-game.

The Wii, PlayStation 2, and PlayStation Portable versions are not as fully featured as on the primary platforms, but have their own platform-specific features. The Wii version takes advantage of the Wii Remote, with "Wii Remote pitching" (players use the Wii Remote to control every pitch) and "Wiimote hitting" (players use the Wii Remote and Nunchuk for hitting, allowing the player to place their hits in relation to their swing timing, swing speed and swing angle.) The PlayStation 2 allows a player to control up to 4 different franchises simultaneously, and will allow PS2 online play. The PSP version features "True to Form Fielding", featuring improved fielding control and single player control. It also has a minor league farm system, allowing AAA scouting and managing, as well as allowing the player to play full games with AAA clubs.

Commentators

MLB 2K9 has a new broadcasting team with Gary Thorne providing the play-by-play and Steve Phillips filling in the color commentary.  The duo replaces Jon Miller and Joe Morgan, who had been the commentators in past 2K installments for the previous 4 years. All four personalities are regular ESPN Major League Baseball broadcasters. Fox Sports' Jeanne Zelasko and Steve Physioc remain the reporters, giving 7th inning and post game updates, as well as on-field reports.

Cover athlete

2008 NL Cy Young Award winner Tim Lincecum of the San Francisco Giants is the cover athlete for 2K9, replacing José Reyes.

Development
Then-lead developer Ben Brinkman's 1UP.com log claimed that MLB 2K9 represented the final act of a planned three year development cycle for 2K's baseball series for next gen systems. He restated the "three year plan" in a January 18, 2008 podcast with Official Xbox Magazine. In both interviews, Brinkman stated that 2K9, the third game, would represent the final, most polished version of the next gen series. However, Brinkman walked away from the series after the release of MLB 2K8, handing the reins back to Visual Concepts.

The game received a day one patch on March 3, 2009, to fix a compromised franchise mode and connectivity issues. A second patch has been released for the PS3 on April 1, 2009, and for PC and Xbox 360 on April 3, 2009. The patch has addressed many issues, but most notably the AI batting aggression and the ease of home runs in online mode and certain difficulties.

Reception

The high expectations for MLB 2K9 resulted in disappointment, as 2K9 actually received worse average reviews than its derided predecessor, 2K8. GameSpot complained, "Either MLB 2K9 shipped in a half-finished state or the developers have never seen a baseball, much less thrown one around," citing bizarre gameplay and noting the game was "crammed with bugs." 1UP.com called it "...a game that tries so hard to prove that the series is progressing, but ignores fixing the issues that have plagued it for years: poor defense, sloppy animations, and catering to the home run..." IGN stated, "Major League Baseball 2K9 fixes some of the issues from the past and sets the groundwork for a great game, but there are far too many bugs to recommend." TeamXbox said that it had, "Lots of great improvements to the game's core mechanics, but the bugs will drive you insane". Official Xbox Magazine said that its "laundry list of annoying little problems is too substantial." GamesRadar called the game a "paradox", calling it "fun and accessible", but "suffers from too many gaffes that are impossible to ignore." Operation Sports noted that "...most games play out like a high-pitch summer softball league game... one of those leagues where all the players have $500 NASA engineered bats." GameSpy stated that casual fans would be attracted to the game, while "hardcore" simmers would be turned off by it.

IGN's review of the Wii version had some diametrically opposed criticism of 2K9, stating it was too easy to strike out hitters with too-precise pitching, as well as a "laughable" franchise mode that featured 1 year, $40 million salaries for players like Danys Báez and no online play despite promises for one after 2K8 was released.

DS spin-off
As with 2K8, a more "baseball-lite" version of MLB 2K9 was released for the Nintendo DS called Major League Baseball 2K9 Fantasy All-Stars, which features fantasy elements such as power-ups and fantasy stadiums. The game retains similar gameplay to its predecessor.

Reception
IGN gave Major League Baseball 2K9 Fantasy All-Stars a 6.2 out of 10, deeming it a significant step up from its predecessor and citing the improvements made to pitching and touch controls as positives. IGN also criticized the stadium gimmicks, pacing, and the lack of an in-depth season or franchise mode.

Soundtrack
The following songs appear in the soundtrack:

See also
MLB 09: The Show
Major League Baseball 2K8
Major League Baseball 2K10

References

External links
 Official site
 2K Sports

2009 video games
2K Sports games
Major League Baseball video games
PlayStation 3 games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation Portable games
Wii games
Xbox 360 games
Windows games
Sports video games set in the United States
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Take-Two Interactive games
MLB 2K
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in Maryland
Visual Concepts games


The men's triple jump event at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, Soviet Union had an entry list of 23 competitors, with two qualifying groups (23 jumpers) before the final (12) took place on Friday, July 25, 1980. The maximum number of athletes per nation had been set at 3 since the 1930 Olympic Congress. The top twelve and ties, and all those reaching 16.55 metres advanced to the final. The qualification round was held on Thursday, July 24, 1980.

The Soviet Union's Jaak Uudmäe and Viktor Saneyev won the first two places, ahead of Brazil's world record holder João Carlos de Oliveira. Both de Oliveira and Australia's Ian Campbell produced long jumps, but they were declared fouls by the officials and not measured; in Campbell's case, his longest jump was ruled a "scrape foul", with his trailing leg touching the track during the jump. Campbell insisted he hadn't scraped, and it was alleged the officials intentionally threw out his and de Oliveira's best jumps to favor the Soviets, similarly to a number of other events.

It was the fourth consecutive gold medal for the Soviet Union, and the eighth consecutive Games in which the Soviets made the podium. Saneyev became the first man to win four medals in the triple jump; de Oliveira was the tenth man to win two.

Summary

Background

This was the 19th appearance of the event, which is one of 12 athletics events to have been held at every Summer Olympics. Only two finalists from the 1976 Games returned: three-time gold medalist Viktor Saneyev of the Soviet Union and bronze medalist João Carlos de Oliveira of Brazil. Benin, Ethiopia, the Seychelles, Vietnam, and Zambia each made their first appearance in the event. Finland competed for the 15th time, most of any nation competing in 1980 though behind the boycotting United States' 18 appearances.

The favorites included Oliveira, who held the world record, as well as Ian Campbell of Australia, Keith Connor of Great Britain, and the Soviet Union's Jaak Uudmäe and Yevgeni Anikin; all of these jumpers had exceeded 17 m earlier in the year. 34-year-old Viktor Saneyev, the third Soviet jumper, was the defending champion from the 1968, 1972 and 1976 Olympics, but came in with a season best of only 16.78.

Qualifying

All of these athletes qualified for the final; Campbell led with a first-round jump of 17.02, the only athlete to clear 17 metres. He was followed by the other Australian, Ken Lorraway, with 16.80 m.

Final

De Oliveira led after round one with 16.96, followed by Saneyev; Campbell had by far the longest jump of the round, but it was declared a foul. Uudmäe improved to third place in round two and then took the lead in round three with 17.35, his personal best; de Oliveira had his best measured jump, 17.22, immediately after this, and Saneyev improved to 17.04 to finish the round. In the remaining rounds, both Campbell and de Oliveira produced jumps that were long enough to overtake Uudmäe, but they were marked as fouls and therefore not measured, in Campbell's case, he was adjudged to have committed a "scrape foul", which if true, would have made the length of his jump virtually impossible.; neither of them recorded a mark after round three. Uudmäe produced his best jump in round four but it was ruled a foul. In round six Uudmäe jumped 17.28m which was the second best legal jump of the competition. The competition ended with Saneyev as the last jumper of the sixth and final round; he jumped 17.24, his best since the 1976 Olympics, to overtake de Oliveira for silver.

Controversy

After the first day of athletics at the 1980 Olympics – July 24, the day of the triple jump qualification – Adriaan Paulen, the head of the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF), had agreed to pull all IAAF inspectors from the field, leaving Soviet officials to judge all events without outside supervision. Allegations that the Soviets abused this situation to favor their own athletes started with the triple jump final and continued through the week, resulting in the IAAF inspectors returning for the final days.

Both Campbell and de Oliveira jumped beyond Uudmäe's leading mark more than once, but all of these jumps were declared fouls despite their protests. One of Campbell's jumps, perhaps the longest in the competition, was ruled a "scrape" foul: the officials claimed his trailing leg had touched the track during the step phase, which was against the rules at the time. Campbell insisted he hadn't scraped, stating it was impossible to scrape and still jump that far. Campbell's first jump, also a potential winner, was declared a normal foul; the Australian said he demanded to see the plasticine after the jump, and while there was a mark on it as expected after a foul, it was on the wrong side to have been produced by his take-off foot. The foul rulings on de Oliveira's longest jumps were also controversial, with both outside observers and de Oliveira himself feeling at least some, if not all, of those jumps should have been valid. Whether Campbell or de Oliveira had the longest jump in the competition is unclear.

The behavior of the Soviet audience, which whistled loudly during de Oliveira's jumps, also received negative attention, though the crowd did applaud de Oliveira after he shook hands with the board judges.

Mizuno allegations

Australian journalist Roy Masters has claimed the competition was not simply one part of a wider pattern of Soviet officials favoring the home team, but was specifically rigged so that Soviet jumpers with Mizuno shoes would win. According to Masters, Mizuno had been snubbed during the torch relay, and the organizers attempted to make up for it by fixing the triple jump.

Competition format

The competition used the two-round format introduced in 1936. In the qualifying round, each jumper received three attempts to reach the qualifying distance of 16.55 metres; if fewer than 12 men did so, the top 12 (including all those tied) would advance. In the final round, each athlete had three jumps; the top eight received an additional three jumps, with the best of the six to count.

Records

Prior to the competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows.

No new world and Olympic records were set during this competition.

Schedule

All times are Moscow Time (UTC+3)

Results

Qualification

Final

See also
 1976 Men's Olympic Triple Jump (Montreal)
 1978 Men's European Championships Triple Jump (Prague)
 1982 Men's European Championships Triple Jump (Athens)
 1983 Men's World Championships Triple Jump (Helsinki)
 1984 Men's Olympic Triple Jump (Los Angeles)

References

External links
  Results

T
Triple jump at the Olympics
Men's events at the 1980 Summer Olympics


The SS Scharnhorst was a German passenger liner and mail ship launched in 1904. The ship was laid down at the Joh. C. Tecklenborg shipyard in Geestemünde, Germany, for the Norddeutscher Lloyd shipping company.

Scharnhorst belonged to a class of eleven steamers known as the Generals-class. Her sisterships were the steamships Zieten, Roon, Seydlitz, Gneisenau, Bülow, York, Kleist, Goeben, Lützow and Derfflinger, all built for the German Imperial Mail Service to Australia and the Far East. Occasionally these ships were run on the North Atlantic service of the Lloyd.

On 19 December 1908, Scharnhorst arrived in New York harbor, after having been delayed by inclement weather. Two passengers died on the trip, one killed by a wave that smashed him into the railing. Both passengers were buried the next day.

When the First World War started she had made 19 round trips to Australia, seven to the Far East and five to the USA. She was the only ship of her class to be in Germany in 1914 and was used for some time in 1917 and 1918 as a troop transport in the Baltic Sea.

1919 she was seized by France and used from 1921 to 1931 in French service as La Bourdonnais. In 1934 the ship was broken up in Genoa.

See also
 SS Scharnhorst (1934)

References

Literature
Edwin Drechsel: Norddeutscher Lloyd Bremen, 1857–1970; History, Fleet, Ship Mails, vol. 1. Vancouver: Cordillera, 1995

External links
SCHARNHORST (1904)/LA BOURDONNAIS [1921], at Palmer List of Merchant Vessels
Paquebot La Bourdonnais

Ships of Norddeutscher Lloyd
1904 ships


The Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of the Republic of Sierra Leone is a cabinet minister in charge of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Sierra Leone, responsible for conducting foreign relations of the country.

The following is a list of foreign ministers of Sierra Leone since its founding in 1961:

References

Foreign
Foreign Ministers


The 65th Airlift Squadron is part of the 15th Wing at Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, Hawaii.  It operates C-37 aircraft providing executive airlift in the Pacific theater.

Mission
The squadron's mission is to provide global airlift to Commander, US Pacific Command and Commander, Pacific Air Forces, as well as distinguished visitor missions.

History

World War II

The 65th conducted aerial transportation and evacuation in the Pacific Theater of Operations from 26 July 1943-c. August 1945.

Reserve operation and Korean War mobilization
In Korea, the 65th carried out aerial evacuation and transportation operations between 9 May 1952 and 31 December 1952.

Reactivation and Berlin crisis mobilization

Pacific airlift
Beginning in 1992, flew specially configured C-135s, and later C-37 and C-40 aircraft, to provide global airlift to Commander, US Pacific Command and Commander, Pacific Air Forces, as well as distinguished visitor missions.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 65th Troop Carrier Squadron on 7 December 1942
 Activated on 12 December 1942
 Inactivated on 27 January 1946
 Activated in the reserve on 9 August 1947
 Redesignated 65th Troop Carrier Squadron, Medium on 27 June 1949
 Ordered to active service on 1 April 1951
 Inactivated on 1 January 1953
 Activated in the reserve on 1 January 1953
 Ordered to active service on 28 Oct 1962
 Relieved from active service on 28 Nov 1962
 Discontinued and inactivated on 1 July 1966
 Redesignated 65th Airlift Squadron on 20 February 1992
 Activated on 10 March 1992

Assignments
 403d Troop Carrier Group, 12 Dec 1942
 Fifth Air Force, 26 July 1943
 54th Troop Carrier Wing, 13 August 1943
 433d Troop Carrier Group, 9 November 1943
 403d Troop Carrier Group, 20 February 1945 – 27 January 1946
 419th Troop Carrier Group, 9 August 1947
 403 Troop Carrier Group, 27 June 1949 – 1 January 1953
 403 Troop Carrier Group, 1 January 1953
 442d Troop Carrier Group, 16 November 1957
 403d Troop Carrier Wing, 14 April 1959
 929th Troop Carrier Group, 11 January 1963 – 1 July 1966
 15th Air Base Wing, 10 March 1992
 15th Operations Group, 13 April 1992 – present

Stations

 Bowman Field, Kentucky, 12 December 1942
 Alliance Army Air Field, Nebraska, 18 December 1942
 Pope Field, North Carolina, 3 May 1943
 Baer Field Indiana, 19 June–14 July 1943
 Port Moresby, New Guinea, 26 July 1943 (air echelon operated from Tsili Tsili, New Guinea after 18 September 1943)
 Nadzab Airfield Complex, New Guinea, 9 October 1943 (air echelon operated from Tsili Tsili, New Guinea until 31 October 1943 and from Tadji, Papua New Guinea, 3 May–2 June 1944)
 Biak, 18 October 1944 (air echelon operated from Hill Field, Mindoro, after 24 January 1945)
 Morotai, Netherlands East Indies, 27 February 1945
 Dulag Airfield, Leyte, Philippines, 15 July 1945

 Clark Field, Luzon, Philippines, 27 January 1946
 Richmond Army Air Base, Virginia, 9 August 1947
 Portland International Airport, Oregon, 27 June 1949 – 29 March 1952
 Ashiya Air Base, Japan, 14 April 1952 – 1 January 1953
 Portland International Airport, Oregon, 1 January 1953
 Paine Air Force Base, Washington, 15 April 1955
 Davis Field, Oklahoma, 16 November 1957 – 1 July 1966
 Hickam Air Force Base (later Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, Hawaii, 10 Mar 1992 – present)

Aircraft

 Douglas C-47 Skytrain (1943–1945)
 Curtiss C-46 Commando (1944–1945, 1947–1952)
 Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar (1952, 1953–1966)
 Boeing C-135 Stratolifter (1992–2003)
 Gulfstream C-37A Gulfstream V (2002–present)
 Boeing C-40B Clipper (2003–2019)

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Military units and formations in Hawaii
065


Norman L. Stephens Jr. is an American academic, and the former President of Lincoln Land Community College. Stephens graduated with his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Florida. He received his master's degree from the University of Florida as well. In addition, he received his doctorate in education in 1971. He began his career in 1968 at St. Petersburg College, and he was the President of Lincoln Land Community College in Springfield. In September 2002, Dr. Stephens was selected to be President of South Florida Community College.

References

External links
 Dr. Stephens Official Bio

Living people
University of Florida alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)


Puan may refer to:

Puan, Buenos Aires, town in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
Puan Partido, partido in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
Puan (Buenos Aires Metro), a metro station in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Pu'an County, in Guizhou, China
Puan Chan Cheong, businessman
Puan Maharani, Indonesian politician daughter of Megawati Soekarnoputri
Puan, Toh Puan, Malay title
Puan (spider), genus of goblin spiders from Argentina


Within the study of human behavior, the Low Arousal Approach was developed by Professor Andrew McDonnell in the 1990s, and is now an internationally recognized model of behavior support. A low arousal approach to managing behavior of concern or challenging behavior focuses on stress and well-being, as well as how care givers respond in moments of crisis. Arousal refers to physiological arousal (e.g. heart rate) in response to stress, as opposed to sexual arousal. A low arousal approach to supporting individuals with additional needs aims to avoid  confrontational situations and instead walk the path of least resistance.

Philosophy
With strong roots in humanism, low arousal approaches have a philosophy of non-confrontation and 'do no harm'. In situations which may be stressful, responses that reduce levels of physiological arousal and stress are adopted by carers and staff, especially when supporting distressed individuals, who are more likely to perceive situations as stressful or threatening. These approaches became popular in services for people with intellectual disabilities and autism in the UK in the mid-1990s. This humanistic and person-centered approach to crisis management was developed by the organisation Studio 3 Training Systems and Clinical Services in response to the use of restrictive practices to manage crises such as physical restraint, seclusion, and chemical restraint. The avoidance of sanctions and consequence-based punishment strategies is an implicit part of the approach.

Strategies
A number of different strategies are employed in healthcare settings for the management of challenging behavior. A theoretical rationale for a collection of short-term non-aversive behavior management strategies described as low arousal approaches is to avoid the use of punishing consequences to behavior.

The approach acknowledges the potential role of cognitive behavioral frameworks in shaping staff behavior.

Components
There are four key components considered central to low arousal approaches identified by McDonnell (2010) in 'Managing Aggressive Behavior in Care Settings: Understanding and Applying Low Arousal Approaches'. Those include both cognitive and behavioral elements:
 Decreasing staff demands and requests to reduce potential points of conflict around an individual
 Avoiding potentially arousing triggers, such as direct eye contact, touch, and removal of spectators to the incident
 Avoidance of non-verbal behaviors that may lead to conflict, such as aggressive postures and stances
 Challenging staff beliefs about the short-term management of challenging behaviors

Evidence
This approach is based on the link between autism and arousal, which also applies to a number of other conditions such as intellectual disabilities, dementia, and acquired brain injury. In theory, the approach is based on the link between stress and arousal, such that individuals who are highly stressed are more likely to engage in behaviors of concern, such as aggression and self-injurious behavior (SIB). As evidence has shown that individuals with autism and other additional support needs are easily aroused by stressful environments, low arousal approaches seek to reduce environmental stress before crisis situations arise.

Academic research into the effect of levels of arousal on instances of challenging behavior have proposed that sensory reactivity is associated with hyper-arousal, and that hypo-arousal can lead to catatonic-type behaviors. Low arousal approaches are hypothesized as a generalized strategy to managing behaviors of concern associated with over and under arousal.

Studies have been published that directly examine the application of these approaches. In a case study, there was a significant reduction in verbal and physical aggression following the application of low arousal approaches with an adult with an intellectual disability in a hospital setting.

Autism and arousal
Arousal is not a new construct and was originally proposed as an explanatory theory for autism spectrum disorders. Two implications of this theory are that children and adults with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) would be more reactive to sensory stimuli than the standard population, and they may be slower to habituate to stimuli. There is some laboratory evidence of differences in physiological responses of individuals with ASD compared to non-autistic controls.

There have been studies comparing autistic children to non-autistic controls, one studying the baseline heart rates of each, and another comparing their baseline skin conductance responses.

Hyper- or hypo-arousal?
Hyper-arousal is not universally accepted by all researchers. A recent review of sensory difficulties in autism concluded that the experimental evidence or hyper-arousal was at best mixed. There are a number of problems with this view. First, ASD is a heterogeneous condition and the assumption that hyper-arousal should be a general explanatory theory of autism was too broad. Second, sensitivity to arousing stimuli may be intermittently presenting in individuals with ASD. Third, the stimuli employed in habituation paradigms cannot easily mimic real life non-laboratory-based events. Animal research on arousal has attempted to link deficiencies to conditions such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Alzheimer's disease, and autism.

Historically, hypo-arousal in people with an ASD has also been proposed as a factor to specific stimuli, although with limited laboratory evidence. Repetitive movements may serve a dearousing function. Unusual sensory experiences have been reported in autobiographical accounts of people with an ASD. Sensory over-activity has been explained as a possible response to hyper-arousal. An understanding of arousal and sensory experiences may have great explanatory significance for some forms of challenging behaviors.

Stress and arousal
Stress and anxiety has been proposed as a factor in challenging behaviors of people with ASD. There is a transactional model of stress and coping that emphasizes the interaction between an individual and his or her environment. In this model, stress occurs when the demands of stressors outweigh coping responses. There is a clear interaction between environmental and physiological events. Implicit in this model is the cognitive appraisal of threat. Some individuals with an ASD have difficulties in regulating their emotional responses and even communicating this to carers. To help account for challenging behaviors, such as aggression and self-injury, arousal may mediate stress. There is a strong association between arousal and sensory experiences of people with ASD.

Arousal curve and information processing
The majority of individuals spend time in a state of arousal equilibrium. In the case of people with an ASD, two distinct arousal groupings have an effect on behavior. A group of individuals will be hyper-aroused and highly reactive to environmental sensory stimuli. At the opposite end of the distribution, a proportion of people are hypo-aroused. A number of people with ASD, who present with challenging behaviors, may experience either constant or intermittent states of hyper-arousal.

See also
 Low arousal theory

References

Notes

Resources
 Althaus, M.; van Roon, A.M.; Mulder, L.J.M.; Mulder, G.; Aarnoudse, C.C.; Minderaa, R.B. (2000). Autonomic Response Patterns Observed during the Performance of an attention Demanding Task in two groups of Children with Autistic-Type Difficulties in Social Adjustment. Psychophysiology, 41, 893–904.
 Corbett, B.A.; Simon, D. (2013). Adolescence, Stress and Cortisol in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Open Access Autism, 1(1), 2.
 Deslauriers, A.M.; Carlson, C.F. (1969). Your child is asleep: Early infantile autism. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press;
 Frith, U. (2003). Autism Explaining the Enigma. (2nd Edition) Oxford: Blackwell.
 Garey, J.; Goodwillie, A.; Frohlich, J.; Morgan, M.; Gustaffson, J.A.; Smithies, O.; Korach, K.S.; Ogawa, S.; Pfaff, D.W. (2003) Genetic Contributions to Generalized Arousal of Brain and Behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 11019–11022.
 Goodwin, M.S.; Groden, J.; Velicer, W.F.; Lipsitt, L.P.; Grace Baron, M.; Hofmann, S.G.; Groden, G. (2006). Cardiovascular Arousal in Individuals With Autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 21, 100–123.
 Groden, J.; Cautela, J.; Prince, S.; Berryman, J. (1994). The Impact of Stress and Anxiety on Individuals with Autism and other Developmental Disabilities. In E. Schopler and G. Mesibov (Eds.) Behavior Issues and Autism. New York, Plenum Publishing.
 Hirstein, W.; Iversen, P.; Ramachandran, V.S. (2001). Autonomic Responses of Autistic Children to People and Objects. Proceedings: Biological Sciences
 Howlin, P. (1998). Children with Autism and Aspergers Syndrome: A Guide for Practitioners and Carers. Chichester: Wiley.
 Hutt, C.; Hutt, S.J.; Lee, D.; Ounstead, C. (1964). Arousal and Childhood Autism. Nature, 204, 908–909.
 Kinsbourne, M. (1980). Do Repetitive Movement Patterns in Children and Animals Serve a Dearousing Function? Developmental and Behavioral Paediatrics, 1, 39–42.
 Lazarus, R.S.; Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. New York: Springer.
 Liss, M.; Saulnier, C.; Fein, D; Kinsbourne, M. (2006). Sensory and Attention Abnormalities in Autistic Spectrum disorders. Autism, 10, 155–172
 McDonnell, A.A.; Waters, T.; Jones D. (2002). Low Arousal Approaches in the Management of Challenging Behaviours. In D. Allen (Ed) Ethical approaches to physical interventions: Responding to Challenging behaviours in people with Intellectual Disabilities. Plymouth: BILD, pp. 104–113.
 McDonnell, A.A.; McEvoy, J.; Dearden, R.L. (1994). Coping with Violent Situations in the Caring Environment. In T. Wykes (Ed) Violence and health care professionals. London: Chapman and Hall, pp. 189–206.
 McDonnell, A.A.; Reeves, S.; Johnson, A.; Lane, A. (1998). Management Challenging Behaviours in an Adult with Learning Disabilities: the Use of Low Arousal. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 26, 163–171.
 McDonnell, A.A. (2010). Managing Aggressive Behaviour in Care Settings: Understanding and Applying Low Arousal Approaches. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
 McDonnell, A.A.; McCreadie, M.; Mills, R.; Deveau, R.; Anker, R.; Hayden, J. (2015). The Role of Physiological Arousal in the Management of Challenging Behaviours in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 36C, 311-322.
 McDonnell, A.A. (2019). The Reflective Journey: A Practitioner's Guide to the Low Arousal Approach. UK: Studio 3 Publications.
 O'Neill, M.; Jones, R.S.P. (1997). Sensory Perceptual Abnormalities in Autism: A Case for More Research. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27(3), 283–293.
 Richetin, J.; Richardson, D.S. (2007). Automatic Processes and Individual Differences in Aggressive Behaviour. Aggression and Violent Behaviour, 13, 423-430.
 Rimland, B. (1964). Infantile autism, New York: Appleton Century Crofts.
 Rogers, S.J.; Ozonoff, S. (2005). What Do We Know About Sensory Dysfunction in Autism? A Critical Review of the Empirical Evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 1255–1268.
 Shore S. (2003). Beyond the Wall: Personal Experiences with Autism and Asperger Syndrome: Autism Asperger publishing company.
 Van Engeland, H.; Roelofs, J.W.; Verbaten, M.N.; Slangen, J.L. (1991). Abnormal Electrodermal Reactivity to Novel Visual Stimuli in Autistic Children. Psychiatry Research, 38, 27–38.

External links
 Research Article 1
 Research Article 2

Interpersonal conflict


Kara Melek (The Dark Angel) is a TV series that was broadcast on Star TV and ran from 1997 to 2000. It was about a sly, clever and pretty woman called Yasemin (played by Sanem Çelik) as she tricked and schemed against her victims, and her innocent best friend Şule (played by Ece Uslu) who lives a complicated and hard life. Yasemin is the leading character and also the main villain, however, she can be kind and caring at times.

External links

Turkish drama television series
1997 Turkish television series debuts
2000 Turkish television series endings
1990s Turkish television series
2000s Turkish television series


In mathematics, specifically in number theory, a Cunningham number is a certain kind of integer named after English mathematician A. J. C. Cunningham.

Definition

Cunningham numbers are a simple type of binomial number – they are of the form

where b and n are integers and b is not a perfect power.  They are denoted C±(b, n).

Primality

Establishing whether or not a given Cunningham number is prime has been the main focus of research around this type of number.  Two particularly famous families of Cunningham numbers in this respect are the Fermat numbers, which are those of the form C+(2, 2m), and the Mersenne numbers, which are of the form C−(2, n).

Cunningham worked on gathering together all known data on which of these numbers were prime. In 1925 he published tables which summarised his findings with H. J. Woodall, and much computation has been done in the intervening time to fill these tables.

See also
Cunningham project

References

External links
Cunningham Number at MathWorld
The Cunningham Project, a collaborative effort to factor Cunningham numbers

Number theory


The Chief of the Defence Staff ( [CEMA]; ) is the military head of the Armed Forces of the French Republic, overseeing all military operations (under reserve of the particular dispositions relative to nuclear deterrence). They are responsible to the Minister of the Armed Forces and their deputy is the Major General of the Defence Staff. Since the 1950s, the office has been held only by four-star generals (OF–9), either from the Army, the Navy, or the Air and Space Force. The current Chief is General Thierry Burkhard, who took the position on 22 July 2021.

History

Commander-in-Chief of the Armies

While non-official, the term Generalissimo or « () » was employed since 1914 to designate the individual who in reality was Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the North and North-East « () ». The term would be made official in 1915 when Joffre was also given command over the Salonika front (a degree of authority not enjoyed by his successors). The rank and post was successively occupied by three generals during World War I: Joseph Joffre, who occupied the rank and functions from August 1914 without bearing the official title, then Robert Nivelle and Philippe Pétain.

Général Ferdinand Foch was the Assistant Commander-in-Chief of the Northern Zone under Joseph Joffre in autumn 1914; this role later crystallised into command of French Army Group North, a position which Foch held until December 1916. Subsequently, Foch became Supreme Allied Commander on the Western Front with the title Généralissime in 1918 then was designated as « Commandant en Chef des Armées Alliées » (English:Commander-in-Chief of Allied Forces) starting 14 May 1918. Foch was promoted to Marshal of France prior the planning of the offensive that led to the Armistice of 11 November 1918. Following the armistice, Marshal Ferdinand Foch was elevated to the dignity of the Marshal of Great Britain and Poland.

Chief of Staff of National Defence
Toward the end of the Second World War, Charles de Gaulle who was Commander-in-Chief of the Free French Forces was assisted by a Staff of National Defence. It was headed by a Chief of Staff who had authority over all armed forces. This was the first time that a joint staff of the French armed forces was created.

However the Chiefs of the Army, of the Navy and of the Air Force were opposed to this office after the war as they fear they would lose their independence of action. This opposition was eventually hushed up and the position of Chief of Staff of the Armies (under various other names until 1962) was created on 28 April 1948.

Functions

Responsibilities
The CEMA assists the Minister of the Armed Forces in its capacity attributions to make use of the various required forces and their general organisation. They are consulted on direction to be given to planning and programming work and may be charged by the Minister with any study concerning the armies. The Chief of Staff is responsible for coordinating the requirements of the forces in support of joint services. The CEMA, in virtue of decree dispositions of 15 July 2009, under the authority of the President of the French Republic, the French government, and under the reserve of the particular dispositions relative to nuclear deterrence, is responsible for the use of forces and commandment of all military operations. The CEMA is the military counselor of the government.

They bring together the proposals of the Delegate General of Armaments (DGA), the Chiefs of Staff of each army, and the directors of joint services in the areas of planning and programming. After consulting the DGA on technical and industrial possibilities, they shall report to the Minister on all the work and shall propose to them the measures necessary to ensure their consistency with regard to employment and their accounting with the foreseeable financial resources, as assessed by the Secretary General for Administration (SGA), and present a draft decision.

Their responsibilities consist of:

 The conduct of operations : plans of use, general articulation of forces, distribution of operational means between theatre commanders (over whom he has full authority)
 The joint service organizations and the general organization of the armed forces: oversees the coherence of the armed forces organisation
 The expression of the need in material of human resources of the armed forces, the joint institutions, and the definition of the ensemble format of the armed forces. Planning and programming of military capacities. Oversees in effect of coherence in means of the armed forces and participates to the preparation and various executions of associated military and defence budgets.
 The preparation and condition assignments of recruiting in the armed forces: is in check of forces aptitude in missions completion and has a permanent right of inspection over these forces.
 Support of the armed forces: determines the general organizations and objectives, assures the operational maintenance in condition of all equipments and determines the joint needs of various material infrastructures and that of the armed forces while verifying status of operability
 The intelligence assessment of military interest: ensures the general research direction and exploitation of the military intelligence
 International military relations: directs French foreign military missions in foreign theatres, organizes the participation of the armed forces in regards to military cooperations, following international mandated negotiations and represents France at the various military committees of international organizations.

Authority
The Chief of Staff of the Armies has authority over the:

Chief of Staff of the Army
Chief of Staff of the Air and Space Force
Chief of Staff of the Navy

These four Chiefs constitute the Chiefs of Staff Committee, chaired by the Minister.
The CEMA is assisted by a Major General of the Defence Staff, a senior ranked officer of the French Armed Forces, who will deputize if needed.

Additionally, directly under the CEMA authority are:

 the General Staff of the Armies (État-Major des Armées, EMA)
 the Inspectorate of the Armies (Inspection des Armées, IDA)
 the superior commanders in the overseas departments, the commanders in foreign areas (COMSUP and COMFOR), the general officers of the defence and security areas (OGZDS) and the departmental military delegates (DMD)
 Joint service institutions:
 Directorate of Military Intelligence (Direction du Renseignement Militaire, DRM)
 Special Operations Command (Commandement des Opérations Spéciales, COS)
 Joint Defence Staff of Strength and Training (État-Major Interarmées de Force et d'Entraînement, EMIA-FE)
 Central Directorate of the Health Service of the Armies (Direction Centrale du Service de Santé des Armées, DCSSA)
 Central Directorate of the Fuel Service of the Armies (Direction Centrale du Service des Essences des Armées, DCSEA)
 Joint Directorate of Infrastructure Networks and Information Systems (Direction Interarmées des Réseaux d'Infrastructures et des Systèmes d'Information, DIRISI)
 Central Directorate of the Commissariat Service of the Armies (Direction Centrale du Service du Commissariat des Armées, DCSCA)
 Joint Ammunitions Service (Service Interarmées des Munitions, SIMu)
 Directorate of Superior Military Education (Direction de l'Enseignement Militaire Supérieur, DEMS)

Name of the office
The office took various names during its history:
 President of the Committee of the Chiefs of the General Staffs of the Armed Forces (1948–1950)
 President of the Committee of the Chiefs of the Combined Staff of the Armed Forces (1950–1953)
 Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces (1953–1958)
 Chief of the General Staff of the Armies (1958–1961)
 Chief of the Joint Staff (1961–1962)
 Chief of Staff of the Armies (1962 – )

List of chiefs

Provisional Government

Fourth Republic

Fifth Republic

See also
Chief of the Military Staff of the President of the Republic
Head of the Prime Minister's military cabinet
Head of the Minister of Defence's military cabinet
Chief of Staff of the French Air and Space Force
Chief of Staff of the French Navy
Chief of Staff of the French Army
Special Operations Command
Directorate General of the National Gendarmerie

References

Notes

External links
  Official website
 Gallery of the chiefs since 1971 on defense.gouv.fr

Chief of the Defence Staff (France)
French military staff
France


Hothouse flowers may refer to:

 Hot House Flowers (album), 1984 album by Wynton Marsalis
Hothouse Flowers, Irish rock group
Hot House Flowers, children's book by John H. Wilson

See also
Hothouse (disambiguation)
Greenhouse#Uses


Gaétan Royer (born March 13, 1976) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey right winger.

Biography
Royer was born in Donnacona, Quebec. As a youth, he played in the 1990 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Sainte-Foy, Quebec City. He played three games in the National Hockey League with the Tampa Bay Lightning in the 2001–02 season, going scoreless. In 2008, Royer played for the Bartercard Gold Coast Blue Tongues in the Australian Ice Hockey League (AIHL).

Career statistics

References

External links

1976 births
Beauport Harfangs players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
French Quebecers
Gold Coast Blue Tongues players
Grand Rapids Griffins (IHL) players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Indianapolis Ice players
Jackson Bandits players
Jacksonville Lizard Kings players
Living people
Kalamazoo Wings (1974–2000) players
Muskegon Lumberjacks players
Pensacola Ice Pilots players
People from Capitale-Nationale
Saint John Flames players
Sherbrooke Faucons players
Springfield Falcons players
Saint-Georges Cool FM 103.5 players
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Undrafted National Hockey League players


Bora saul  is a variety of glutinous rice found in Assam, India. It has an important role in Assam and for Indigenous Assamese. During traditional occasions like Bihu, this variety of rice is eaten with served with Doi (curd), Gur (Jaggery) and Cream.

Bora saul is different from the rice consumed in mainland India and is more aligned with the type of sticky rice consumed in Southeast Asian cuisine. One variation of bora saul is kola (black) bora saul, or black sticky rice.

Bora saul is used in various other Assamese dishes, such as Jolpan (snacks) and Pitha (rice cake or pancake). Boiled bora saul is served as Jolpan with curd or milk, jaggery or sugar. Soaked and ground bora saul  is used in preparing Pitha.

Some local Assamese entrepreneurs are also experimenting with using bora saul to create commercially available rice-based alcoholic brews.

See Also
 Chokuwa saul
 Joha saul

References

Indian rice dishes
Rice varieties
Assamese cuisine


The following is the final results of the 1999 World Wrestling Championships. Men's Freestyle competition were held in Ankara, Turkey. Men's Greco-Roman competition were held in Piraeus, Greece and Women's competition were held in Boden, Sweden.

Medal table

Team ranking

Medal summary

Men's freestyle

Men's Greco-Roman

Women's freestyle

Participating nations

Men's freestyle
271 competitors from 53 nations participated.

 (1)
 (1)
 (5)
 (5)
 (2)
 (8)
 (6)
 (8)
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 (7)
 (8)
 (2)
 (8)
 (3)
 (3)
 (2)
 (3)
 (5)
 (8)
 (8)
 (6)
 (8)
 (8)
 (4)
 (8)
 (3)
 (1)
 (8)
 (6)
 (7)
 (2)
 (2)
 (6)
 (1)
 (5)
 (8)
 (4)
 (2)
 (8)
 (2)
 (7)
 (8)
 (7)
 (3)
 (8)
 (3)
 (4)
 (3)
 (8)
 (8)
 (8)
 (8)
 (3)

Men's Greco-Roman
280 competitors from 56 nations participated.

 (8)
 (3)
 (3)
 (7)
 (8)
 (1)
 (8)
 (8)
 (3)
 (2)
 (8)
 (1)
 (6)
 (2)
 (4)
 (6)
 (6)
 (8)
 (8)
 (8)
 (1)
 (8)
 (8)
 (5)
 (4)
 (8)
 (6)
 (6)
 (2)
 (4)
 (1)
 (3)
 (5)
 (3)
 (3)
 (4)
 (1)
 (8)
 (2)
 (7)
 (8)
 (2)
 (3)
 (8)
 (3)
 (8)
 (4)
 (2)
 (8)
 (4)
 (8)
 (8)
 (6)
 (5)
 (1)
 (5)

Women's freestyle
84 competitors from 21 nations participated.

 (2)
 (3)
 (1)
 (2)
 (6)
 (4)
 (1)
 (5)
 (4)
 (2)
 (4)
 (6)
 (1)
 (3)
 (5)
 (5)
 (6)
 (6)
 (6)
 (6)
 (6)

References
Official website (Greco-Roman)
Official website (Women)
Official website (Freestyle)
UWW Database

World Wrestling Championships
W
W
W
W
W
W
World 1999
1999
1990s in Ankara
October 1999 sports events in Turkey


USS Menard (APA-201) was a  that saw service with the US Navy in World War II, the Korean War and Vietnam War.

Menard was laid down under Maritime Commission contract by Kaiser Shipbuilding of Vancouver, Washington on 12 July 1944; launched 11 October 1944 sponsored by Mrs. Clarence Gustaveson; acquired by the Navy 31 October 1944; and commissioned the same day at Astoria, Oregon.

Operational history

World War II
After shakedown and training along the West Coast, Menard embarked troops and loaded cargo at Port Hueneme, California, before sailing for Hawaiian waters 4 January 1945. Arriving 10 January, she participated in amphibious training exercises out of Pearl Harbor until 22 February when she joined a convoy bound for the western Pacific.  She touched at American bases in the Marshalls, the Carolines, and the Palaus, and on 16 March reached Leyte Gulf, Philippines, where she staged for the impending invasion of Okinawa. Assigned to Transport Division 14, she cleared the approaches to Leyte 27 March and sailed northward for the Ryukyus.

Menard closed the coast of Okinawa early 1 April and boatloaded her assault troops for the amphibious sweep to the invasion beaches.  Thence, she began off-loading support cargo; despite numerous antishipping strikes by Japanese bombing and suicide planes, she continued these vital supply operations during the next week.  On 6 April, an enemy suicide plane attacked her from starboard.  Intense gunfire from Menard splashed it off the transport's port quarter.

Departing Okinawa 9 April, Menard steamed in convoy via the Marianas and the Marshalls to Pearl Harbor where she arrived on the 25th.  After conducting training operations in preparation for possible invasion of the Japanese mainland, she steamed to San Francisco between 11 and 18 May. She embarked 1,101 troop reinforcements on the 29th and the following day cleared the Golden Gate en route to the Philippines.  She reached Samar 23 June and discharged her troops.  After embarking more than 300 wounded veterans, she departed for the West Coast 4 July and returned to San Francisco the 23d.

After hostilities

Following a brief overhaul at Seattle, Menard again sailed for the western Pacific 8 August.  For more than a month she shuttled troops to U.S. bases in the Marshalls, the Carolines, and the Marianas. She departed Saipan 18 September and carried 1,467 occupation troops to Japan. She arrived at Nagasaki 23 September, debarked her troops, and sailed the 28th for "Magic Carpet" duty.

Steaming via the Philippines, Menard embarked 1,898 homeward bound troops at Okinawa and sailed 22 October for the United States.  She reached Portland, Oregon 6 November; during the rest of 1945 she carried returning veterans to various ports along the West Coast. Between 2 January and 5 February 1946, she steamed to Guam and back, arriving at Seattle with 2,057 troops embarked.

Menard proceeded to San Francisco 27 February and on 8 April, reported to the 19th Fleet at Stockton. Remaining there, she was placed in commission, in reserve, 27 November 1946.  On 20 March 1947, she was placed in service, in reserve. She decommissioned 14 June 1948 and remained at Stockton with the Pacific Reserve Fleet.

Korean War
In light of the Korean War and corresponding demands on American seapower, Menard recommissioned 2 December 1950.  After intensive shakedown, she steamed to the Far East in early 1951 to support the movement of men and supplies to the war-torn Korean peninsula. For more than 3 years, she operated between Japanese and South Korean ports and from the West Coast to the Far East to bolster the vital ocean supply lines to ground forces in South Korea. She provided valuable support to the U.S. effort of repelling Communist aggression in the Republic of Korea.

Vietnam
Following the Armistice, which ended overt hostilities, Menard continued to operate in the Pacific in support of peacekeeping operations.  As a unit of the ever-vigilant 7th Fleet, she steamed to the troubled waters of Vietnam and during the latter part of 1954, participated in the vital "Passage-to-Freedom" operations. During this period, she made runs from Communist controlled North Vietnam and carried refugees and supplies to freedom in the South.

Decommissioning
Menard returned to the West Coast in mid-1955 and on 1 July reported to the Pacific Reserve Fleet at Long Beach for deactivation. She decommissioned 18 October 1955 and remained berthed at Long Beach.  Ordered to be transferred to the Maritime Administration in 1961, her name was struck from the Navy List 1 September 1961.  In 1969, Menard was berthed in the National Defense Reserve Fleet at Suisun Bay, California.

Final Disposition: Menard was sold to the Gillette Razor Company in 1975 for scrap.

Awards
Menard received one battle star for World War II service and three battle stars for Korean War service.
She received also the Combat Action Ribbon (retroactive),  China Service Medal (extended), American Campaign Medal, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (1), World War II Victory Medal, Navy Occupation Service Medal (with Asia clasp),  National Defense Service Medal, Korean Service Medal (3),  United Nations Service Medal, Republic of Korea War Service Medal (retroactive)

References
USS Menard website
Menard (APA-201), DANFS Online
APA-201 Menard, Navsource Online

Haskell-class attack transports
Menard County, Illinois
Menard County, Texas
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Troop ships
Ships built in Vancouver, Washington
1944 ships


Village Roadshow Studios are a set of film studios located in Oxenford, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. The studios are owned by Village Roadshow and consist of nine sound stages as well as a range of other production facilities. The studio commenced in June 1991 and is one of three film studios in Australia, the others being Disney Studios Australia in Sydney and Docklands Studios Melbourne.

The studios have been home to many feature films, telemovies, TV series and miniseries. Some feature film productions include Aquaman, San Andreas, The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader, Scooby-Doo, House of Wax, Ghost Ship, and Thor: Ragnarok. TV productions have included H2O: Just Add Water,Terra Nova, BeastMaster and the Lost World series.

History
Village Roadshow Studios opened in 1986 and was commissioned by Dino De Laurentiis for De Laurentiis Entertainment Limited (DEL). Village Roadshow purchased DEL and took over the facility in 1988. The Studios were built before WB Movie World in 1991 and they are adjacent to the Warner Bros. Movie World theme park. Despite their physical proximity and operational links, the studios and theme park are separate entities.

The theme park, and the studios' management have no involvement with productions and, as such, do not recommend cast, crew or extras. This is done independently by the production. However, experienced Warner Bros. Movie World staff are often involved in productions filmed at the studios. The studios are not open to the general public and as the productions are independently owned, permission to go on-set can only be obtained from the production itself.

In June 2004, a fire in Sound Stage 8, during the production of House of Wax, destroyed the sound stage.

Facility
The facility consists of nine sound stages, three water tanks (two outdoor and one indoor; one of which is the largest purpose built film water tank in Australia), 10 production areas, five construction workshops, onsite support facilities, two wardrobe and laundry facilities, accounting services, lock ups, screening and editing, preview theatrette, visual effects studio, film processing, post production, travel and freight services, and much more.

In addition to producing a variety of television shows and films, the studios have also been used by the adjacent Warner Bros. Movie World theme park. When the two facilities opened in 1991, a Studio Tour was run from Warner Bros. Movie World throughout the production areas of the Village Roadshow Studios before returning to the Movie Magic Special Effects Show. In 2011, both Sound Stage 1 and 2 were utilised for the theme park's annual halloween event, Fright Nights. The Saw and Zombie Apocalypse mazes were housed in these studios throughout October.

In 2018, some sound stages were used for the 2018 Commonwealth Games and played host to sports such as boxing and table tennis. Temporary spectator seating was installed for a total of 6,200 people for the two sports.

Productions

Films

 Mortal Kombat 2 (TBA)
 Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire (2024)
 True Spirit (2023)
 Ticket to Paradise (2022)
 Thirteen Lives (2022)
 Elvis (2022)
 Godzilla vs Kong (2021)
 Dora and the Lost City of Gold (2019)
 Danger Close: The Battle of Long Tan (2019)
 Aquaman (2018)
 Guardians of the Tomb (2018)
 Thor: Ragnarok (2017)
 Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017)
 Jungle (2017)
 Kong: Skull Island (2017)
 The Shallows (2016)
 StalkHer (2015)
 San Andreas (2015)
 The Fear Of Darkness (2015)
 Unbroken (2014)
 The Inbetweeners 2 (2014)
 My Mistress (2014)
 Return to Nim's Island (2013)
 The Railway Man (2013)
 Bad Karma (2012)
 Bait 3D (2012)
 Sanctum (2011)
 The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010)
 Daybreakers (2009)
 Triangle (2009)
 Beauty and the Beast (2009)
 Nim's Island (2008)
 Fool's Gold (2008)
 The Ruins (2008)
 The Condemned (2007)
 The Marine (2006)
 Superman Returns (2006)
 Aquamarine (2006)
 See No Evil (2006)
 The Great Raid (2005)
 House of Wax (2005)
 Peter Pan (2003)
 Tempted (2003)
 Darkness Falls (2003)
 Ghost Ship (2002)
 Scooby-Doo (2002)
 Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles (2001)
 Pitch Black (2000)
 Komodo (1999)
 The Phantom (1996)
 Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie (1995)
 No Escape (1994)
 Street Fighter (1994)
 Fortress (1992)
Hurricane Smith (1992)

TV series
 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
 Animalia
 Apples Never Fall
 Beastmaster
 Dumb Bunnies (co-production with YTV and Nelvana)
 Flipper
 Space: Above and Beyond
 The Lost World
 Mako: Island of Secrets
 Mission: Impossible
 Nautilus
 Paradise Beach
 Reef Break
 Rock Island Mysteries
 H2O: Just Add Water
 Irreverent
 Sea Patrol 2
 Terra Nova
 The Wilds (Season 2)
 Young Rock

Clients

See also

 Screen Queensland Studios
 Sports on the Gold Coast, Queensland
 Venues of the 2018 Commonwealth Games

References

2018 Commonwealth Games venues
Australian film studios
Boxing venues in Australia
Table tennis venues
Buildings and structures on the Gold Coast, Queensland
Companies based on the Gold Coast, Queensland
Film production companies of Australia

Boxing at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Table tennis at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Squash at the 2018 Commonwealth Games


North Dakota Highway 1806 (ND 1806) is a state highway in the U.S. state of North Dakota. ND 1806 and ND 1804 were named to reflect the years of Lewis and Clark's travels through the area, and run along the southwest and northeast sides of the Missouri River, respectively. ND 1806 consists of four separate segments, running along Lake Sakakawea and the Missouri River in McKenzie, Dunn, Mercer, Oliver, Morton, and Sioux Counties.

Within the Standing Rock Indian Reservation in Sioux County, ND 1806 forms the northern segment of the Native American Scenic Byway, a national scenic byway. Other sections of the highway are known as part of the Lewis and Clark Trail.

Route description
The westernmost segment begins east of Watford City on North Dakota Highway 23, and runs north its northern terminus at the Tobacco Gardens Recreation Area on the southern shore of Lake Sakakawea.  The next segment of ND 1806 begins a few miles east-southeast of Tobacco Gardens and heads east before turning south and passing through Charlson.  The southern end of this segment also ends at ND 23.  The third segment runs east–west, and begins at ND 8 between Halliday and Twin Buttes.  This segment parallels the southern shore of Lake Sakakawea before ending at ND 200 southwest of Pick City.  The fourth and final segment of ND 1806 is largely north–south, with its northern end near the Oliver-Morton county border north of Mandan and Harmon. The highway intersects Interstate 94 and passes through downtown Mandan before following the Missouri River south through Morton County and onto the Standing Rock Indian Reservation.  The highway is concurrent with North Dakota Highway 24 for much of its length in Sioux County, and breaks with Highway 24 north of the North Dakota/South Dakota border.  After entering South Dakota, the highway continues as South Dakota Highway 1806.

History

In October 2016, protest activity on the Standing Rock Indian  Reservation related to the Dakota Access Pipeline caused the highway to be shut down indefinitely between ND 24 and Fort Rice by the Morton County Sheriff's Department. The Backwater Bridge on ND 1806 served as the site of conflict between protesters and law enforcement, with protesters barricading themselves on the bridge and burning cars.

Major intersections

Sioux–Morton segment

Lake Sakakawea segment

Charlson segment

Tobacco Gardens segment

References

1806
Transportation in Dunn County, North Dakota
Transportation in McKenzie County, North Dakota
Transportation in Mercer County, North Dakota
Transportation in Morton County, North Dakota
Transportation in Oliver County, North Dakota
Transportation in Sioux County, North Dakota


Huff is an unincorporated town in Morton County, North Dakota, United States. Huff is located about 20 miles south of Bismarck, North Dakota on the Missouri River at the top of Lake Oahe, a reservoir created by a dam. It is located on North Dakota Highway 1806. The Huff Archeological Site, a U.S. National Historic Landmark, is nearby to the southeast. As of 2018, the population is estimated to be less than 15, no businesses are currently in operation. Present at the townsite are the remains of a one-room school, an abandoned repair shop/gas station, a few occupied homes, and a restored stone church.

References

Unincorporated communities in Morton County, North Dakota
Unincorporated communities in North Dakota


The Dassault Balzac V was a French vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) testbed of the early 1960s. It was built by Dassault Aviation from a prototype Mirage III aircraft to test the configuration for the Mirage IIIV. The sole example was involved in two major accidents that killed the aircraft's pilot, and was not repaired after the second crash.

Design and development
Since the Rolls-Royce RB162 lift engines specified for the Mirage IIIV were not expected to be available before 1963, Dassault modified the first Mirage III prototype to serve as an interim VTOL testbed. Eight Rolls-Royce RB108 lift engines were installed, each with an average maximum takeoff thrust of 9.83 kN (2,210 lbf). The Mirage III's Snecma Atar G.2 propulsion engine was replaced with an unreheated (non-afterburning) Bristol Siddeley Orpheus BOr 3 with a thrust of 21.57 kN (4,850 lbf). The lift engines were grouped in tandem pairs around the aircraft's center of gravity on either side of the propulsion engine's intake duct, with each pair in a row separated by the main undercarriage wheelbays.

Operational history
The Balzac V began tethered hovering on 12 October 1962 and achieved the first free hover only six days later, two months ahead of schedule. The first accelerating transition from vertical takeoff to horizontal flight took place on its seventeenth sortie on 18 March 1963.

The aircraft crashed on 10 January 1964, on its 125th sortie, during a low-altitude hover. During a vertical descent the aircraft experienced uncontrollable divergent wing oscillations, the port wing eventually striking the ground at an acute angle with the aircraft rolling over because of the continued lift engine thrust. The loss was attributed to loss of control because the stabilising limits of the three-axis autostabilisation system's 'puffer pipes' were exceeded in roll. Although airframe damage was relatively light, the Centre D'Essai en Vol test pilot, Jacques Pinier, did not eject and died in the crash.

The aircraft was rebuilt, and resumed flight testing on 2 February 1965. On 8 September 1965, the aircraft suffered another fatal crash, once again while in a low altitude hover. The aircraft was being evaluated by United States Air Force Major P. E. Neale, as part of a Franco-American information exchange on VTOL programmes. Major Neale made an unsuccessful ejection outside the ejection seat's escape envelope. The findings of the accident investigation were never made public. It was speculated that hydraulic control difficulties coupled with excessive use of the lift engines resulted in fuel starvation and the flameout of all nine engines. Once again, the damage was not irreparable, but this time the aircraft was not rebuilt, as flight development of the Mirage IIIV prototype was already underway.

The Balzac V gained its name from the co-incidence of its serial number (001) with the telephone number (BALZAC 001) of a well-known Paris movie advertising agency (Publicité Jean Mineur).

Specifications (Balzac V)

See also

References

Bibliography
 Breffort, Dominique and Andre Jouineau. "The Mirage III, 5, 50 and Derivatives from 1955 to 2000." Planes and Pilots 6. Paris: Histoire et Collections, 2004. .
Buttler, Tony and Jean-Louis Delezenne. X-Planes of Europe: Secret Research Aircraft from the Golden Age 1946-1974. Manchester, UK: Hikoki Publications, 2012.

 Green, William. Macdonald Aircraft Handbook. London. Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., 1964.

 Pérez, San Emeterio Carlos. Mirage: Espejismo de la técnica y de la política (in Spanish). Madrid: Armas 30. Editorial San Martin, 1978. .

External links

 Dassault Balzac at VSTOL.org

Tailless delta-wing aircraft
1960s French fighter aircraft
Mirage IIIV
Nine-engined jet aircraft
Aircraft with auxiliary jet engines
Aircraft first flown in 1962
Lift jet

fr:Dassault Mirage III V#Le Balzac V


John Edward Timms (3 November 1906 – 18 March 1980) was an English first-class cricketer who played for Northamptonshire. He was a right-handed middle order batsman and a part time right arm medium pace bowler.

Timms made his first-class debut in 1925, aged 18 and scored his maiden century the following season. He passed 1,000 runs in a season on 11 occasions during his career with a best of 1629 runs in 1934 which he made at an average of 34.65. That year he also made his highest score for Northamptonshire, 213 against Worcestershire	at Stourbridge.

References

External links

1906 births
1980 deaths
English cricketers
Northamptonshire cricketers
North v South cricketers
Place of birth missing


Jeffrey Shevalier (born March 14, 1974) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger. He played 32 games in the National Hockey League with the Los Angeles Kings and Tampa Bay Lightning between 1995 and 1999. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1994 to 2003, was mainly spent in the minor leagues.

Biography
As a youth, Shevalier played in the 1988 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Erin, Ontario. He was drafted in the fifth round, 111th overall, in the 1992 NHL Entry Draft by the Los Angeles Kings. He played 32 games in the National Hockey League: 27 with the Kings and five with the Tampa Bay Lightning.

He currently sells real estate in Tempe, Arizona.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Cincinnati Cyclones (IHL) players
Detroit Vipers players
Grand Rapids Griffins (IHL) players
Idaho Steelheads (WCHL) players
Los Angeles Kings draft picks
Los Angeles Kings players
North Bay Centennials players
Phoenix Mustangs players
Phoenix Roadrunners (IHL) players
Quebec Citadelles players
Ice hockey people from Mississauga
Springfield Falcons players
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Utah Grizzlies (IHL) players


Sígfrid Gràcia Royo (27 March 1932 – 23 May 2005) was a Spanish footballer who played as a defender.

Club career
Born in Gavà, Barcelona, Catalonia, Gràcia spent his entire 17-year professional career with FC Barcelona, safe for a three-year loan at neighbouring CD Condal and parts of two seasons in the same predicament, with the same team. He made his La Liga debut with the former on 14 September 1952, in a 4–3 home win against Deportivo de La Coruña.

From 1955 to 1962, Gràcia never played less than 25 league games, winning six of his 11 major titles with the Blaugrana. Viewed as a no-nonsense and consistent defender, he appeared in 526 competitive matches during his spell with his main club (21 goals scored), retiring in 1966 at the age of 34.

International career
Gràcia won ten caps for the Spain national team, during slightly less than three years. His first came on 28 June 1959 in a 4–2 win over Poland for the 1960 European Nations' Cup qualifiers, and he was selected for the squad that competed at the 1962 FIFA World Cup, appearing against Mexico and Brazil in an eventual group stage exit.

Honours
La Liga: 1952–53, 1958–59, 1959–60
Copa del Generalísimo: 1952–53, 1957, 1958–59, 1962–63
Copa Eva Duarte: 1952
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup: 1955–58, 1958–60, 1965–66

References

External links

FC Barcelona profile

1932 births
2005 deaths
People from Gavà
Footballers from the Province of Barcelona
Spanish men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Tercera División players
FC Barcelona players
CD Condal players
Spain men's B international footballers
Spain men's international footballers
1962 FIFA World Cup players
Catalonia men's international footballers


Piotrkowski may refer to:
Gracjan Piotrkowski (1734–1785), Polish Catholic priest, teacher and writer
Piotrków County, powiat piotrkowski, unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland

See also


The Chief of the Air and Space Force Staff (, CEMAAE) is the military head of the French Air and Space Force. The chief directs the air and space force staff and acts as the principal advisor to the Chief of the Defence Staff on subjects concerning the Air and Space Force. As such, they ensure the operational preparedness of their service branch, express their need for military and civilian personnel, and are responsible for maintaining the discipline, morale and conduct of their troops. Special responsibilities can be assigned to them in relation to nuclear safety.

The chief does not have a fixed term, nor an attached rank. In practice, however, a term has never exceeded five years and all chiefs since the late 1940s have been five–stars generals (OF–09). They are assisted in their duties by the Major General of the Air and Space Force who will deputise if needed.

The current chief, General Stéphane Mille, has been serving since 10th September 2021.

History

Interwar
The office was officially created in December 1928 in the 1929 Law of Finances. It proposed the creation of a high command for the Military Aeronautics, still under the authority of the Army, which would succeed the function of the Direction of Military Aeronautics. The French Air Force became independent in 1934, and the Chief obtained full authority.

World War II
After the armistice, Germany imposed severe restrictions on the size of the French Air Force. As a result, the scope of authority of the Chief was limited, and the office was ultimately eliminated alongside the Air Force.

Postwar
Free France and the subsequent governments of the re-established French Republic recreated the office at the end of the war.

Office holders

Third Republic

French State

Provisional Government

Fourth Republic

Fifth Republic

Free France
From its creation in 1940 to the final integration of its air force to the regular French Air Force, Free France had its own staff, based in London. The Free French Aerial Forces were headed by a Commander, responsible to the Commander-in-Chief of the Free French Forces, and was assisted by a Chief of the General Staff.

Commanders of the Free French Aerial Forces

Chiefs of the General Staff

See also
Chief of the Defence Staff
Chief of Staff of the French Army
Chief of Staff of the French Navy
Special Operations Command
Directorate General of the National Gendarmerie
Strategic Air Forces Command

References

Notes

 *
French Air and Space Force
French military staff
France


Jeff Calhoun may refer to:
Jeff Calhoun (baseball)
Jeff Calhoun (director)


Zdzisław Hoffmann (born 27 August 1959) is a retired triple jumper from Poland. He is best known for winning the gold medal at the inaugural 1983 World Championships, for which he was named Polish Sportspersonality of the Year at the end of the year.

Career
He was born in Świebodzin. He finished twelfth at the 1980 European Indoor Championships and competed at the 1980 Olympic Games without reaching the final. In 1983 he won the triple jump event at the inaugural 1983 World Championships. For this he was named the Polish Sportspersonality of the Year at the end of the year.

He finished twelfth at the 1987 World Championships and eighth at the 1988 European Indoor Championships. He became Polish champion in 1981, 1983, 1984 and 1989, and Polish indoor champion in 1980, 1983, 1984, 1987 and 1988.

His personal best jump 17.53 metres, achieved in June 1985 in Madrid. His personal best long jump was 8.09 metres, achieved in May 1983 in Warsaw.

His son, Karol Hoffmann, is also a triple jump athlete.

Competition record

References

1959 births
Living people
Polish male triple jumpers
Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Poland
People from Świebodzin
World Athletics Championships athletes for Poland
World Athletics Championships medalists
Sportspeople from Lubusz Voivodeship
Legia Warsaw athletes
World Athletics Championships winners
Competitors at the 1984 Friendship Games


Ryan Tobler (born May 13, 1976) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey winger who played four games in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Tampa Bay Lightning during the 2001–02 season, going scoreless. He retired after the 2009-10 season after spending 7 years with the Colorado Eagles, with his number retired by the club on March 27, 2015. He currently serves as an assistant coach to the Colorado Eagles.

Career statistics

References

External links

1976 births
Adirondack Red Wings players
Calgary Hitmen players
Calgary Royals players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey forwards
Chicago Wolves players
Colorado Eagles players
Hartford Wolf Pack players
Lake Charles Ice Pirates players
Living people
Milwaukee Admirals (IHL) players
Moose Jaw Warriors players
Saskatoon Blades players
Ice hockey people from Calgary
Springfield Falcons players
Swift Current Broncos players
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Undrafted National Hockey League players
Utah Grizzlies (IHL) players
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins players


"Driven" is a song by Canadian rock band Rush from their 1996 album Test for Echo. It was the third of five singles released from the album and reached No. 3 on the US Mainstream Rock chart.

Lead singer and bassist Geddy Lee said about the song:'Driven' is just from a bass player’s point of view. I wrote that song with three tracks of bass. I brought it to Alex and said, 'Here’s the song; I did three tracks of bass, but I just did that to fill in for the guitar', and he said, 'Let’s keep it with the three basses.' So, I said, 'I love you.'

Live performances
When played live, the song often includes a bass solo by Geddy Lee, as heard on the live albums Different Stages and Rush in Rio. The song was played live by Rush 135 times.

Track listing

See also
List of songs recorded by Rush

References

1996 songs
1997 singles
Rush (band) songs
Songs written by Alex Lifeson
Songs written by Geddy Lee
Songs written by Neil Peart
Song recordings produced by Peter Collins (record producer)
Heavy metal songs


Krypton Egg (subtitled The Ultimate Breakout) is a block breaker game developed in 1989 by Alexandre Kral on Atari ST and Amiga 500/600 (OCS/ECS).

The game was remade for MS-DOS and Windows in the 1995, iOS and Adobe Flash in 2010. It was also re-released for modern Windows XP versions on DotEmu.

Gameplay

Like other games of the same kind, all bricks of the stage must be broken to clear the level to proceed to the next one. However, there are several bonuses which fall from broken bricks and give special capacities to either the paddle or the ball, including Glue, Multiple Ball, and Bigger Ball. Some of these bonuses, such as Frozen Tray, are harmful and should be avoided.

The game also features several different monsters of varying sizes which will attempt to get in the way of the ball. The paddle can easily dispatch a monster by striking it with the paddle, and can additionally down a monster using the ball or a projectile granted from a bonus. Only one type of monster poses a direct threat to the paddle, which has a force field that can destroy the paddle unless it has a shield.

Stages
The number of stages in Krypton Egg depends on versions being released. For block-breaking stages, Hitsoft versions includes 60 stages; C2V shareware versions can include 5, 8, or 10 stages; in C2V registered versions, a game can include 50, 60, 100 stages; DotEmu iOS demo version includes 2 stages, and 60 stages in full version ('72' refers to addition of bonus stages).

In C2V and DotEmu versions of the game, a horde attack stage appears after completing 5th stage of a 10 block-breaking stages set. It uses the same vertical orientation as block-breaking stages, features no bricks, but player's racket starts with 1 shield, with the goal of destroying all monsters exited from top of playing field without dying.

Horizontal stages are only used in monster attack stages. It is similar to horde attack stages except it appears after completing 10th stage of a 10 block-breaking stages set, there is only one immobile monster, and player's racket can fire horizontally with more damage or diagonally for less damage (diagonal shots only available since C2V releases). In DotEmu versions, player's racket can also travel horizontally. The monster can only be damaged by hitting its head. Both player and monster includes an energy bar each, with first character loses entire bar first losing the match. Losing player's bar first causes an instant Game Over regardless of the number of lives remaining.

Horde attack and monster attack stages can be turned off separately or activated together with password, for game versions supporting password features.

Password
In C2V version of the game, a password is shown in menu screen after Game Over by losing all lives after completing 10 block-breaking stages (and winning monster attack stage afterwards if it is turned on). The password records amount of lives remaining when entering the 1st stage of the next set of 10 block-breaking stages, but the given password does not contain more lives than the stage-dependent maximum amount of lives programmed into the game.

In addition to returning to specific start of a 10-stage set, passwords exist to toggle horde attack and monster attack stages.

References

External links
Computers, Communications & Visions page: English, France
DotEmu page: English, French
iOS page: KE 2.0

1989 video games
Amiga games
Atari ST games
Breakout clones
Chillingo games
DOS games
IOS games
Palm OS games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in France
Windows games
Dotemu games


Fabiano Fontanelli (born 24 April 1965 in Faenza) is an Italian former road bicycle racer.

Major results

1990
2nd Giro di Romagna
1991
1st  Overall Giro di Puglia
1st Stage 1
1993
1st Stage 11 Giro d'Italia
1st Stage 5 Tour de Pologne
1st Giro della Provincia di Reggio Calabria
1994
Clásico RCN
1st Prologue & Stage 1
1st Stage 1 Vuelta a los Valles Mineros
8th Milan–San Remo
1995
1st Stage 5 Tour de Luxembourg
1st Grand Prix Pino Cerami
6th Milan–San Remo
1996
1st Stage 12 Giro d'Italia
1st Stage 3 Tirreno–Adriatico
1st Stage 2 Giro del Trentino
1st Stage 3 Tour Méditerranéen
1st Grand Prix d'Ouverture La Marseillaise
1st Trofeo Pantalica
1st Giro dell'Etna
1997
Tour de Langkawi
1st Stages 11 & 12
1st Stage 16 Giro d'Italia
1998
1st Stage 16 Giro d'Italia
1999
1st Stage 5a Setmana Catalana de Ciclisme
1st Paris–Camembert
9th Rund um den Henninger Turm
10th GP de Denain Porte du Hainaut
2000
1st Stage 5 Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali
6th Clásica de Almería
10th Veenendaal–Veenendaal
2001
1st Stage 2 Vuelta a Asturias
2002
1st  Overall Giro della Provincia di Lucca
1st Stage 1
1st GP Citta di Rio Saliceto e Correggio
2nd Giro di Romagna
4th Giro del Lazio
4th GP Industria & Commercio di Prato
4th Giro dell'Emilia
5th Coppa Sabatini
7th Gran Premio Bruno Beghelli
10th GP Città di Camaiore
2003
3rd GP Industria & Artigianato Larciano

External links

1965 births
Italian male cyclists
Living people
Italian Giro d'Italia stage winners
Sportspeople from Faenza
Cyclists from Emilia-Romagna


Arrange is a mythological figure from the Australian aboriginal creation myth of the Alyawarre people for Karlu Karlu.  In the myth, the figure Arrange, who is also referred to as the devil man, comes from Ayleparrarntenhe.  Arrange was making a hair belt, which is a traditional adornment worn only by initiated men, while he was on his journey.  As he twirled the hair into strings, he dropped clusters of hair on the ground, which turned into the boulders of Karlu Karlu seen today.  When he returned, he spat on the ground, creating the granite boulders from the central part of Karlu Karlu.

See also
 Karlu Karlu / Devils Marbles Conservation Reserve

References

Australian Aboriginal mythology


Nakkaş Osman (sometimes called Osman the Miniaturist) was the chief miniaturist for the Ottoman Empire during the later half of the sixteenth century. The dates of his birth and death are poorly known, but most of his works are dated to the last quarter of the sixteenth century.

The oldest known illustrations of Nakkaş Osman's were made between 1560 and 1570 for a Turkish translation of the epic Persian poem Shahnama by Ferdowsi. He is known to have been the chief illustrator of the various official histories written by Seyyid Lokman for Murad III that were produced in this era, including the Zafername (Book of Victories), the Şahname-ı Selim Han (Book of Kings of Selim Khan).  and the Şehinşahname (Book of King of Kings). In 1582 he worked on the astrological Book of Felicity, and around 1585 he was one of the illustrators of the Siyer-i Nebi, an epic on the life of Muhammad written around 1388.

Style
Osman's illustrative style has been described as "plain, yet perceptive". His illustrations show careful attention to the most minute detail, depicting events in a realistic style.

Osman's portraits tend to display more emotion than those of previous court artists. The tale of Rostam and Sohrab, for example, had heretofore always been represented the same way, with peripheral characters who appear "distant, detached, and still, [and who] scarcely display any trace of facial or bodily expression", whereas in Osman's version Sohrab's groom looks to be "collapsing with grief and shock" as he witnesses Rostam killing his own son.

His work influenced the next generation of court painters in the Ottoman Empire, with the important works of this era derived from his style.

Literature
Nobel Prize-winner Orhan Pamuk's novel My Name Is Red is a fictional account of Osman and his workshop. In the story, Osman blinds himself with a needle, emulating the blindness of the legendary miniaturist Bihzad. In the novel his dying represents "the end of the Ottoman miniature" because after him, the miniaturists follow the art of the West.

Miniatures

Notes

References

External links
Miniatures from the Şahname-ı Selim Han
Miniatures from the Şehinşahname
Complete miniatures from the Hünername

16th-century people from the Ottoman Empire
Miniaturists from the Ottoman Empire
16th-century artists from the Ottoman Empire