Crown corporations in Canada () are government organizations with a mixture of commercial and public-policy objectives. They are directly and wholly owned by the Crown (i.e. the government of Canada or a province).

Crown corporations represent a specific form of state-owned enterprise. Each corporation is ultimately accountable to (federal or provincial) Parliament through a relevant minister for the conduct of its affairs. They are established by an Act of Parliament and report to that body via the relevant minister in Cabinet, though they are "shielded from constant government intervention and legislative oversight" and thus "generally enjoy greater freedom from direct political control than government departments."

Crown corporations are distinct from "departmental corporations" such as the Canada Revenue Agency.

Crown corporations have a long-standing presence in the country and have been instrumental in its formation. They can provide services required by the public that otherwise would not be economically viable as a private enterprise or that do not fit exactly within the scope of any ministry. They are involved in everything from the distribution, use, and price of certain goods and services to energy development, resource extraction, public transportation, cultural promotion, and property management.

, there were 47 federal Crown corporations in Canada. Provinces and territories operate their own Crown corporations independently of the federal government.

Structure
In Canada, Crown corporations within either the federal or provincial level are owned by the Crown as the institution's sole legal shareholder. This follows the legal premise that the monarch, as the personification of Canada, owns all state property.

Established by an Act of Parliament, each corporation is ultimately accountable to (federal or provincial) Parliament through a relevant minister for the conduct of its affairs.

Although these corporations are owned by the Crown, they are operated with much greater managerial autonomy than government departments. While they report to Parliament via the relevant minister in Cabinet, they are "shielded from constant government intervention and legislative oversight" and thus "generally enjoy greater freedom from direct political control than government departments." Direct control over operations are only exerted over the corporation's budget and the appointment of its senior leadership through Orders-in-Council.

Further, in the federal sphere, certain Crown corporations can be an agent or non-agent of the Crown. One with agent status is entitled to the same constitutional prerogatives, privileges, and immunities held by the Crown and can bind the Crown by its acts. The Crown is thus entirely responsible for the actions of these organisations. The Crown is not liable for Crown corporations with non-agent status, except for actions of that corporation carried out on instruction from the government, though there may be "moral obligations" on the part of the Crown in other circumstances.

Function
Crown corporations are generally formed to fill a need that the federal or provincial government deems in the national interest or not profitable for private industry. Some Crown corporations are expected to be profitable organisations, while others are non-commercial and rely entirely on public funds to operate.

History

Prior to the formation of Crown corporations as presently understood, much of what later became Canada was settled and governed by a similar type of entity called a chartered company. These companies were established by a royal charter by the Scottish, English, or French crown, but were owned by private investors.  They fulfilled the dual roles of promoting government policy abroad and making a return for shareholders.  Certain companies were mainly trading businesses, but some were given a mandate (by royal charter) to govern a specific territory called a charter colony, and the head of this colony, called a proprietary governor, was both a business manager and the governing authority in the area.  The first colonies on the island of Newfoundland were founded in this manner, between 1610 and 1728.

Canada's most famous and influential chartered company was the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), founded on May 2, 1670, by royal charter of King Charles II. The HBC became the world's largest land owner, at one point overseeing , territories that today incorporate the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, as well as Nunavut, the Northwest Territories, and Yukon. The HBC were often the point of first contact between the colonial government and First Nations. By the late 19th century, however, the HBC lost its monopoly over Rupert's Land and became a fully privatised company.

The first Crown corporation was the Board of Works, established in 1841 by the Province of Canada to construct shipping canals.

Post-confederation
The first major Canadian experience with directly state-owned enterprises came during the early growth of the railways. The first Canadian Crown corporation after confederation was the Canadian National Railway Company, created in 1922.

During the earlier part of the century, many British North American colonies that now comprise the Canadian federation had Crown corporations, often in the form of railways, such as the Nova Scotia Railway, since there was limited private capital available for such endeavours. When three British colonies joined to create the Canadian federation in 1867, these railways were transferred to the new central government. As well, the construction of the Intercolonial Railway between them was one of the terms of the new constitution. The first section of this entirely government-owned railway was completed in 1872.

Western Canada's early railways were all run by privately owned companies backed by government subsidies and loans.  By the early twentieth century, however, many of these had become bankrupt. The federal government nationalised several failing Western railways and combined them with its existing Intercolonial and other line in the East to create Canadian National Railways (CNR) in 1918 as a transcontinental system. The CNR was unique in that it was a conglomerate, and besides passenger and freight rail, it had inherited major business interests in shipping, hotels, and telegraphy and was able create new lines of business in broadcasting and air travel. Many of the components of this business empire were later spun off into new Crown corporations including some the most important businesses in the mid-20th-century economy of Canada, such Air Canada, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), Via Rail, and Marine Atlantic.

Provincial Crown corporations also re-emerged in the early 20th century, most notably in the selling of alcohol. Government monopoly liquor stores were seen as a compromise between the recently ended era of Prohibition in Canada and the excesses of the previous open market which had led to calls for prohibition in the first place.  Virtually all the provinces used this system at one point. The largest of these government liquor businesses, the Liquor Control Board of Ontario (founded 1927), was by 2008 one of the world's largest alcohol retailers. Resource and utility companies also emerged at this time, notably Ontario Hydro and Alberta Government Telephones in 1906, and SaskTel in 1908. Provincial governments also re-entered the railway business as in Northern Alberta Railways in 1925 and what later became BC Rail in 1918.  A notable anomaly of this era is Canada's only provincially owned "bank" (though not called that for legal reasons) Alberta Treasury Branches, created in 1937.

The Bank of Canada, originally privately owned, became a Crown corporation in 1938. New crown Corporations were also created throughout much of the mid-century.

The federal Post Office Department became a Crown corporation as Canada Post Corporation in 1981, and Canada's export credit agency, Export Development Canada, was created in 1985. Perhaps the most controversial was Petro-Canada, Canada's short-lived attempt to create a national oil company, founded in 1975.

The heyday of Crown corporations ended in the late 1980s, and there has been much privatisation since that time, particularly at the federal level.

Provincial history
Not only the federal government was involved, but also the provinces, who were in engaged in an era of "province building" (expanding the reach and importance of the provincial governments) around this time. The prototypical example is Hydro-Québec, founded in 1944 and now Canada's largest electricity generator and the world's largest producer of hydro-electricity. It is widely seen as a symbol of modern Quebec, helping to create the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s where French-speakers in Quebec rose to positions of influence in the industrial economy for the first time, and Quebec nationalism emerged as a political force.  This model followed by SaskPower in 1944 and BC Hydro in 1961. Other areas provinces were active in included insurance (Saskatchewan Government Insurance, 1945)

List of federal Crown corporations

List of provincial crown corporations

Alberta
In Alberta, the term public agency is used to describe "boards, commissions, tribunals or other organizations established by government, but not part of a government department."

 Agriculture Financial Services Corporation
 Alberta Capital Finance Authority (ACFA)
 Alberta Gaming, Liquor and Cannabis Commission
 Alberta Indigenous Opportunities Corporation
 Alberta Investment Management Corporation (AIMCo)
 Alberta Pensions Services Corporation
 Alberta Petroleum Marketing Commission (APMC)
Alberta Innovates (AI)
 Alberta Treasury Branches (ATB Financial)
 Canadian Energy Centre
 Credit Union Deposit Guarantee Corporation (Alberta) (CUDGC)
 Travel Alberta

British Columbia

 BC Assessment Authority
 B.C. Council for International Education
 BC Games Society
 British Columbia Housing Management Commission (BC Housing)
 BC Hydro (formed in 1961) — took over the assets of the British Columbia Electric Railway.
 BC Immigrant Investment Fund
 BC Infrastructure Benefits (BCIB)
 BC Innovation Council (BCIC)
 BC Lottery Corporation
 BC Liquor Distribution Branch
 BC Liquor Stores
 BC Cannabis Stores
 BC Pavilion Corporation — originally created to manage the BC Pavilion during Expo 86, PavCo operates BC Place Stadium and the Vancouver Convention Centre.
 BC Pension Corporation
 BC Transit
 BC Transportation Financing Authority
 British Columbia Investment Management Corporation ()
 British Columbia Public School Employers' Association
British Columbia Railway Company
 British Columbia Securities Commission
 Columbia Basin Trust
 Columbia Power Corporation
 Community Living BC
 Community Social Services Employers' Association
 Creston Valley Wildlife Management Area
 Crown Corporations Employers' Association
 Destination BC
 First Peoples' Cultural Council
 Forestry Innovation Investment
 Health Employers Association of British Columbia
 Industry Training Authority
 Insurance Corporation of British Columbia (ICBC; formed in 1973)
 Knowledge Network
 Legal Services Society
 Nechako-Kitamaat Development Fund Society
 Oil and Gas Commission (formed in 1998)
 Organized Crime Agency of British Columbia
 Pacific Carbon Trust
 Partnerships British Columbia Inc.
 Post-secondary Employers' Association of British Columbia
 Private Career Training Institutions Agency
 Royal British Columbia Museum (RBCM)
 Transportation Investment Corporation (formed in 2008)

Manitoba
Crown corporations in Manitoba are supported by Manitoba Crown Services.
 Efficiency Manitoba
Manitoba Agricultural Services Corporation
 Manitoba Arts Council
 Combative Sports Commission (formerly Manitoba Boxing Commission)
 Manitoba Film and Music
 Manitoba Housing and Renewal Corporation
 Manitoba Hydro
 Centra Gas Manitoba
 Manitoba Liquor & Lotteries Corporation
 Manitoba Public Insurance Corporation

New Brunswick
 Atlantic Lottery Corporation
 Financial and Consumer Services Commission
 NB Power
 New Brunswick Liquor Corporation
 Service New Brunswick
 New Brunswick Community College
 New Brunswick Investment Management Corporation
 WorkSafeNB

Newfoundland and Labrador
 Churchill Falls (Labrador) Corporation Limited
 Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador
 Nalcor Energy
 Newfoundland and Labrador Film Development Corporation
 Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro
 Newfoundland and Labrador Housing Corporation
 Newfoundland and Labrador Liquor Corporation
 Defence Construction Canada

Nova Scotia
 Art Gallery of Nova Scotia
 Develop Nova Scotia (formerly Waterfront Development Corporation Limited)
 Film and Creative Industries Nova Scotia
 Halifax Convention Centre Corporation (operating as Events East Group)
 Halifax-Dartmouth Bridge Commission
 Harbourside Commercial Park Inc. (HCPI)
 Highway 104 Western Alignment Corporation — created by statute but independent of government
 Innovacorp
 Nova Scotia Arts Council
 Nova Scotia Beef Commission
 Nova Scotia Business Incorporated
 Nova Scotia Crop and Livestock Insurance Commission
 Nova Scotia Farm Loan Board
 Nova Scotia Fisheries & Aquaculture Loan Board
 Nova Scotia Film Development Corporation
 Nova Scotia Gaming Corporation
 Nova Scotia Harness Racing Incorporated
 Nova Scotia Housing Development Corporation
 Nova Scotia Lands Incorporated (NSLI)
 Nova Scotia Liquor Corporation (NSLC)
 Nova Scotia Municipal Finance Corporation (NSMFC)
 Nova Scotia Power Finance Corporation
 Nova Scotia Provincial Housing Agency
 Nova Scotia Resources Limited
 Perennia Food and Agriculture Inc.
 Renova Scotia Bioenergy Inc. (former Bowater Mersey assets)
Rockingham Terminal Inc.
 Sydney Environmental Resources Limited
 Tidal Power Corporation
 Tourism Nova Scotia

Ontario
Crown corporations in Ontario are sometimes referred to as Crown agencies. A Crown agency includes any board, commission, railway, public utility, university, factory, company or agency owned, controlled or operated by the King in Right of Ontario or the Government of Ontario, or under the authority of the Legislature or the Lieutenant Governor-in-Council.
 Agricultural Research Institute of Ontario
 Financial Services Regulatory Authority of Ontario
 GroupeMédia TFO
 Independent Electricity System Operator
 Infrastructure Ontario
 Liquor Control Board of Ontario
 McMichael Canadian Art Collection
 Metrolinx
 Municipal Property Assessment Corporation
 Niagara Escarpment Commission
 Niagara Parks Commission
 Northern Ontario Heritage Fund
 Ontario Agricorp
 Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion
 Ontario Cannabis Retail Corporation
 Ontario Clean Water Agency
 Ontario Educational Communications Authority
 Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation
 Ontario Northland Transportation Commission
 Ontario Health
 Ontario Power Generation
 Ontario Science Centre
 Ontario Securities Commission
 Royal Ontario Museum
 Science North
 St. Lawrence Parks Commission
 TRILCOR

Prince Edward Island
 Charlottetown Area Development Corporation
 Innovation PEI
 Island Investment Development Inc.
 P.E.I. Student Financial Assistance Corporation
 Island Waste Management Corporation
 P.E.I. Aquaculture and Fisheries Research Initiative Inc.
 Prince Edward Island Agricultural Insurance Corporation
 Prince Edward Island Energy Corporation
 Prince Edward Island Grain Elevators Corporation
 Prince Edward Island Liquor Control Commission
 Prince Edward Island Self-Insurance and Risk Management Fund
 Summerside Regional Development Corporation

Quebec
Finances Québec published a list 60 Quebec Crown corporations () in June 2017. The following entities were among those listed:

 Agence du Revenu du Québec
 Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec
 Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec
 Hydro-Québec
Société de développement de la Baie-James — became a full subsidiary of Hydro-Québec in 1978.
 Investissement Québec (merged with the Société générale de financement in 2010)
 Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal
 Musée de la civilisation
 Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec (founded in 1933) — became a société d'État in 1983, and changed back in 2003)
 Régie de l'assurance maladie du Québec
 Société des alcools du Québec (SAQ)
Société québécoise du cannabis (SQDC)
 Société de développement des entreprises culturelles
 Société de la Place des arts de Montréal
 Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec
 Société des casinos du Québec
 Société des établissements de plein air du Québec (Sépaq)
 Société des traversiers du Québec
 Société du Centre des congrès de Québec
 Société du Grand Théâtre de Québec
 Société du Palais des congrès de Montréal
 Télé-Québec
 Loto-Québec

Saskatchewan
Crown Investments Corporation of Saskatchewan (CIC)
eHealth Saskatchewan
Financial and Consumer Affairs Authority
Global Transportation Hub (GTH)
Municipal Financing Corporation of Saskatchewan (MFC)
Saskatchewan Distance Learning Corporation (DLC)
Saskatchewan Government Insurance (SGI)
Saskatchewan Housing Corporation (SHC)
Saskatchewan Liquor and Gaming Authority (SLGA)
Saskatchewan Opportunities Corporation (SOCO)
Saskatchewan Public Safety Agency
Saskatchewan Research Council (SRC)
SaskBuilds
SaskEnergy
SaskGaming
SaskPower
SaskTel
SaskWater
Tourism Saskatchewan
Water Security Agency

Northwest Territories
 Northwest Territories Hydro Corporation
 Northwest Territories Power Corporation
 NWT Business Development and Investment Corporation
 NWT Housing Corporation
 Aurora College

Nunavut
 Qulliq Energy
 Nunavut Arctic College

Yukon
 Yukon Arts Centre
 Yukon Energy
 Yukon Hospital Corporation
 Yukon Liquor Corporation

Former Crown corporations

Several private Canadian companies were once Crown corporations, while others have gone defunct.

See also
 Canada Development Corporation
 Structure of the Canadian federal government
 Nationalization
 Executive Agency
 Statutory corporation, a term used in many Commonwealth countries
State monopoly capitalism
 State-owned enterprise
 State-owned enterprises of the United States
 Crown entity, equivalent bodies in New Zealand

References

Further reading
 Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat: 2001 Annual Report To Parliament – Crown Corporations and Other Corporate Interests of Canada (archived 11 March 2007)
 Canadian Heritage Performance Report; March 31, 1998 (archived 27 February 2008)
 Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat: 2007 Annual Report to Parliament – Crown Corporations and other Corporate Interests of Canada (archived 11 June 2011)

External links
 List of Departments and Agencies of the Government of Canada

Monarchy in Canada
Lists of companies of Canada
Canada


Nyambadao is a village in the commune of Bandrele on Mayotte.

Populated places in Mayotte


Dapani is a village in the commune of Bandrele on Mayotte. It is located near the Pointes et plages de Saziley et Charifou protected area on the south-east of Mayotte. The protected area includes Dapani Beach and mangroves, and is a notable bird habitat known for its "botanical trail" through the mangroves.

References

Populated places in Mayotte


Hamouro is a village in the commune of Bandrele on Mayotte, France.

References

Populated places in Mayotte


Mliha is a village in the commune of M'Tsangamouji on Mayotte.

References

Populated places in Mayotte


Steven S. Reinemund (born April 6, 1948) is an American businessman who was chairman and chief executive officer of PepsiCo between 2001 and 2006 and dean of the Schools of Business at Wake Forest University between 2008 and 2014. Reinemund spent 22 years working for PepsiCo in various capacities. During his CEO tenure at PepsiCo, revenues grew by $9 billion, net income rose 70%, earnings per share were up 80% and PepsiCo's market cap exceeded $100 billion. He led the acquisitions of several other food and beverage companies including Quaker Oats, Naked Juice, Izze and Stacy's Chips.

Early career
Reinemund is a former captain, serving for five years in the United States Marine Corps after he graduated from the United States Naval Academy with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1970. Part of his five years in the military, Reinemund served as a guard at the White House during the administrations of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.

After leaving the military, Reinemund held various positions at IBM and Marriott's Roy Rogers division in addition to earning an MBA at the Darden Business School at UVA in 1978.

PepsiCo
In 1984, Reinemund joined PepsiCo's Pizza Hut division (subsequently divested) as the Senior Vice President of Operations. Two years later, he was named President & CEO of Pizza Hut in North America where he introduced home-delivery as a distribution method, overtaking market share of rival Domino's Pizza within 2 years. In 1991, Reinemund assumed the role of president and CEO of Pizza Hut Worldwide. Reinemund then moved to PepsiCo's Frito-Lay division in 1992, serving as president and CEO for seven years before being promoted to the position of PepsiCo president and COO in 1999. In 2001 the board of PepsiCo named Reinemund chairman and CEO.

In each of his last two full years as CEO of PepsiCo., Reinemund was paid a base salary of $1 million and an annual bonus of $4.5 million.

Academia
On April 22, 2008, Reinemund was named dean of the Calloway School of Business and Accountancy and Babcock Graduate School of Management at Wake Forest University.

On June 30, 2014 Reinemund stepped down as Dean of the Business, electing to remain with the university as Executive-in-Residence.

Boards
In 2003, Reinemund was elected to the boards of Johnson & Johnson and the Cooper Institute. He was named to the Board of Trustees at Furman University effective July 2012. Reinemund also serves on the board of the U.S. Naval Academy Foundation. and served on the advisory board of the Salvation Army.

In 2007, as he was preparing to retire from Pepsi, Reinemund joined the corporate boards of American Express, Marriott International, and ExxonMobil. Three years later he joined the Walmart board. In 2010, according to the companies' proxy statements, he was paid $927,318 to serve on these boards.

Since 2020, Reinemund has served as a member of the board of directors of Vertiv.

Awards and recognition
Businessweek's Top 25 "Managers of the Year" (2002, 2005)
Barron's "World's Most Respected CEO List" (2005, 2006)
Salvation Army Evangeline Booth Award (2007)
Horatio Alger Award (2020)
Honorary doctorate degree (Johnson and Wales University)
Honorary doctorate degree (Bryant University)

References

External links

Bios
 BusinessWeek in 2003
 NNDB in 2006
 BusinessWeek in 2005

Interviews
 Theology Today in 2003
 SmartMoney in 2004

Videos
 Stanford Business School in 2005

American chief executives of food industry companies
Directors of ExxonMobil
1948 births
Living people
United States Marine Corps officers
United States Naval Academy alumni
University of Virginia Darden School of Business alumni
PepsiCo people
Directors of Walmart


Mzouazia is a village in the commune of Bouéni in Mayotte.

References

Populated places in Mayotte


Moinatrindri is a village in the commune of Bouéni in Mayotte.

References

Populated places in Mayotte


Dufaux was a Swiss car manufacturer established in Geneva in 1904 by Charles and Frédéric Dufaux.

The first Dufaux was built to enter the famous Gordon Bennett Cup race, held that year in the region of Taunus near Frankfurt am Main. The car had an eight-in-line engine with a displacement of no less than 12,760 cc, delivering  at 1300 rpm. The event was a total failure for the Dufaux brothers as their car with the number 7 not even could start because of a broken wheel. This car still exists and is permanently exhibited at the Musée Nationale de l'automobile (Collection Schlumpf / Cité de l'Automobile) in Mulhouse (France). As Frenchman Léon Théry on Richard-Brasier won the race, France had to organize the cup for 1905.

Later, the brothers won a race at Geneva over a distance of one kilometer at an average speed of .

At a second race in Paris, the brothers came in second place. The car had actually been driven from Switzerland to Paris in less than 10 hours.

The official Gordon Bennett homepage mentions an 80 HP Dufaux with a straight eight-cylinder engine entering the 1905 event. The race was held in the Auvergne near Paris. As the result list neither mentions the Dufaux brother nor their car, it is safe to conclude that they didn't make it to the start. Again, Léon Théry on Richard-Brasier won the cup. This was the last Gordon Bennett cup for automobiles.

Another model built by the brothers was given a monstrous four-cylinder engine with 26,400 cc. This big engine gave more than . Frédéric Dufaux broke with this car the world record on 13 November 1905 at a speed of  . He completed a kilometer in just 23 seconds.

In 1906, more cars were built. Most of them had a smaller four-cylinder engine. An eight-cylinder with  was also built. In a hill climb in Marchairuz in 1906, four Dufaux models took place in the starting line. Two of them were eight-cylinders with 12,760 cc and 14,449 cc, respectively, and one a more modern four-cylinder with 4,400 cc.

Unfortunately, manufacturing of race cars became too expensive, so they ceased production in 1907.

References

External links
Dufaux models-
Dufaux in the Swiss transportation Museum-
Homepage for Gordon Bennett cup races 1900 - 1905

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Switzerland
Manufacturing companies based in Geneva
Car manufacturers of Switzerland
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1904
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1907


Aaron Labonte (born 27 November 1983) is an English former professional footballer. Labonte, who started his career as a trainee with Newcastle United, has previously played for Dunfermline Athletic and Finn Harps.

Career
Labonte started his career as a trainee for English Premiership side Newcastle United in 2001. In January 2003, then Livingston manager Jim Leishman offered Labonte a trial. The trial was unsuccessful, but 5 months later Labonte was handed a trial by fellow SPL side Dunfermline Athletic. After a successful trial, Labonte was offered a -year contract with the club. Labonte made his debut in the 4–0 defeat to Glasgow side Rangers.

In the 2004 Scottish Cup Final defeat to Celtic, Bhoys striker Henrik Larsson twice evaded Labonte and scored both times. After relegation to the First Division, then manager Stephen Kenny told Labonte that he was not needed by the club. On the deadline day for transfers in 2008, Labonte signed on loan until the end of the season for Irish club Finn Harps. He was released by Dunfermline in May 2008 after his contract ended and was re-signed by Finn Harps.

See also
2007–08 Dunfermline Athletic F.C. season

References

External links

1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Middlesbrough
Men's association football defenders
English men's footballers
Newcastle United F.C. players
Dunfermline Athletic F.C. players
Finn Harps F.C. players
Scottish Premier League players
Scottish Football League players
League of Ireland players


Hagnoundrou is a village in the commune of Bouéni in Mayotte.

History

Références
Populated places in Mayotte


Mbouanatsa is a village in the commune of Bouéni in Mayotte.

References

Populated places in Mayotte


Mtsangadoua is a village in the commune of Acoua on Mayotte.

Populated places in Mayotte


Mronabeja is a village in the commune of Kani-Kéli on Mayotte.

Populated places in Mayotte


Mbouini is a village in the commune of Kani-Kéli on Mayotte. It is located on the southern coast of the island.

Populated places in Mayotte


Passy-Kéli is a village in the commune of Kani-Kéli on Mayotte.

Populated places in Mayotte


Events from the year 1589 in Ireland.

Incumbent
Monarch: Elizabeth I

Events
11 January – Richard Meredith nominated Church of Ireland Bishop of Leighlin (consecrated in April).
Spring – Murrough na dTuadh Ó Flaithbheartaigh and Teige Ó Flaithbheartaigh lead a rebellion in Connacht. On 5 April a commission is issued to deal with the disturbances. Many of the rebel leaders are killed in an ambush at Easter.
May – commission to inquire into progress on the Munster Plantation.
5 December – Sir Richard Bingham is cleared by the Lord Deputy and council of charges of misgovernment in Connacht and on 12 December is commissioned to prosecute the Burkes and other Connacht rebels.
23 December – Sir William FitzWilliam, acting for the Lord Deputy, begins a campaign against the Connacht rebels.

Births
Francis Kirwan, Roman Catholic Bishop of Killala (d. 1661)
Theobald Stapleton, Roman Catholic priest and writer (d. 1647)

Deaths
February – John Fitzedmund Fitzgerald, seneschal of Imokilly.
February? – Sir Valentine Browne, Surveyor General of Ireland and landowner.
John Browne, cartographer and sheriff.
Donnchad Grana Ó Cellaigh, lord.
Teige Ó Flaithbheartaigh, rebel leader.
Christopher St Lawrence, 8th Baron Howth (b. after 1509)

References

1580s in Ireland
Ireland
Years of the 16th century in Ireland


Jaus Records is an independent record label and recording studio from Oviedo, Asturias, Spain, created on 2002 exclusively to record and support the works by Spanish power metal band WarCry. It has recorded and helped to release every single work by the band, except for the demo Demon 97, which was released on 1997 when the band was still a side project from the members original groups. They had the idea to support other bands, preferably from Asturias, Spain. But in an interview to WarCry's front-man Víctor García he commented that this needs a lot of responsibility, sacrifice, and work, and it could be a better option to support the bands' best works only.

Works released
All the works released by WarCry.
 2002 — WarCry
 2002 — El Sello De Los Tiempos
 2004 — Alea Jacta Est
 2005 — ¿Dónde Está La Luz?
 2006 — Directo A La Luz [live]
 2006 — La Quinta Esencia
 2008 — Revolución

See also
 List of record labels
 List of record labels starting with J

References

External links
Official website

WarCry (band)
Spanish record labels
Record labels established in 2001
Asturian music


James Cosgrave (12 September 1865 – 18 April 1936; surname also spelt as Cosgrove) was an Irish nationalist politician, and also one of the few parliamentarians who served in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom and in Dáil Éireann.

Born in Skehanagh, Eyrecourt, County Galway, he was the son of Michael Cosgrave and Margaret Kirwan.

He was returned unopposed as Member of Parliament for East Galway in the 4 December 1914 by-election for the Irish Parliamentary Party on the death of John Roche. He did not contest the 1918 general election, and the seat was won by Liam Mellows of Sinn Féin.

He successfully ran as an Independent Nationalist at the 1923 general election and was elected for the Galway constituency. At the 1927 June and September 1927 elections, he unsuccessfully ran as a National League Party candidate.

In later years, he was associated with Fianna Fáil. He was later a member of Galway County Council and chairman of Ballinasloe Mental Hospital Committee.

Cosgrave remarried in 1923 and moved to Dublin, where he died at his residence at Baggot House, 91 Lower Baggot St. He is buried in Quansboro, Killimor, County Galway.

References

Sources
"Mr. James Cosgrove, Skehanagh, Eyrecourt", Connacht Tribune, 25 April 1936.

External links

1936 deaths
Irish Parliamentary Party MPs
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Galway constituencies (1801–1922)
National League Party candidates in Dáil elections
Members of Galway County Council
Politicians from County Galway
UK MPs 1910–1918
Fianna Fáil politicians
Independent TDs
Members of the 4th Dáil
1865 births
People from Eyrecourt
Independent local councillors in the Republic of Ireland


Burnetiidae is an extinct family of biarmosuchian therapsids that lived in the Permian period whose fossils are found in South Africa and Russia. It contains Bullacephalus, Burnetia, Mobaceras, Niuksenitia, Paraburnetia and Proburnetia.

References

Burnetiamorphs
Guadalupian first appearances
Lopingian extinctions
Prehistoric therapsid families
Taxa named by Robert Broom


Invasion of Russia can refer to:

 Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' (1237–1242), a series of invasions that resulted in the Rus' states becoming vassals of the Golden Horde.
 Livonian campaign against Rus' (1240–1242), an unsuccessful Teutonic invasion of the Novgorod and Pskov Republics, in order to convert them to Catholicism.
 Russo-Crimean Wars (1570–1572), an Ottoman invasion that penetrated Russia and destroyed Moscow.
 Polish–Muscovite War (1609–1618), Poland gained Severia and Smolensk.
 Ingrian War (1610–1617), a Swedish invasion which captured Novgorod and Pskov.
 Swedish invasion of Russia (1708–1709), an unsuccessful Swedish invasion, as part of the Great Northern War (1700–1721).
 French invasion of Russia (1812), an unsuccessful invasion by Napoleon's French Empire and its allies, as part of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815).
 Crimean War (1853–1856), a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire, the British Empire, the French Empire, Sardinia, and the Russian Empire, including an Allied invasion of the Crimean Peninsula.
 Japanese invasion of Sakhalin (1905), an invasion and annexation by the Japanese, as part of the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905).
 Eastern Front (World War I) (1914–1918), Russia was forced to cede Ukraine, Belarus, and the Baltic states to Germany as the Russian Empire collapsed.
 Caucasus campaign (1914–1918), a series of conflicts between the Russian Empire, its various successor states, and the Ottoman Empire during World War I.
 Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War (1918–1925) and the contemporaneous Polish–Soviet War (1918/9–1921), the Polish occupation of Belarus and West Ukraine.
 Japanese intervention in Siberia (1918–1922), an occupation of the Russian Far East by Japanese soldiers during the Russian Civil War (1917–1923).
 Operation Barbarossa (1941), an unsuccessful invasion of the Soviet Union led by Nazi Germany that started the Eastern Front (World War II) of 1941–1945.
 Continuation War (1941–1944), an unsuccessful German-Finnish invasion of the Soviet Union, as part of World War II.
 Kantokuen (1941), an aborted plan for a major Japanese invasion of the Russian Far East during World War II.
 Operation Unthinkable (1945), a proposed contingency plan for an Anglo-American invasion of the Soviet Union developed by the British Chiefs of Staff during the later stages of World War II.
 War of Dagestan (1999), a repulsed Chechen invasion of Dagestan.

See also
 Polish invasion of Russia (disambiguation)
 Russian invasion (disambiguation)
 Soviet invasion (disambiguation)
 Russian Expeditionary Force (disambiguation)


Fort-de-France 1st Canton is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Fort-de-France on Martinique. It had 7,036 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised part of the commune of Fort-de-France.

References

Cantons of Martinique
Canton 01


Fort-de-France 2nd Canton is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Fort-de-France on Martinique. It had 2,779 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised part of the commune of Fort-de-France.

References

Cantons of Martinique
Canton 02


Fort-de-France 3rd Canton is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Fort-de-France on Martinique. It had 3,071 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised part of the commune of Fort-de-France.

References

Cantons of Martinique
Canton 03


Fort-de-France 4th Canton is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Fort-de-France on Martinique. It had 5,406 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised part of the commune of Fort-de-France.

References

Cantons of Martinique
Canton 04


Tom and Jerry in Fists of Furry is a fighting video game for the Nintendo 64 and Microsoft Windows. It was developed by VIS Interactive and published by NewKidCo on November 12, 2000 (Ubi Soft in PAL region). It is based on the classic Tom and Jerry animated television series.

Gameplay

Tom and Jerry in Fists of Furry features 10 levels, each with themes like the kitchen from the Tom and Jerry TV show and a boxing ring. With gameplay based on slapstick comedy, players interact with the environment and scattered usable objects like chairs, pool cues, and bombs. Each of the seven characters have unique attacks. Power-ups include invincibility to items (but not to punches or the stage hazards), or a green gas which can contaminate a touched opponent.

Initially, only Tom and Jerry are available as playable characters; by completing the game with each character, players can unlock Butch, Duckling, Tuffy, and Spike and Tyke.

Development
Development began in late 1999, and was in final submission to Nintendo of America by August 2000. Team members had chosen Nintendo 64 due to its library's lack of fighting games. They wanted to simplify controls for all age groups, including the very young, so they chose to forgo the typical combination moves.

All voices in the game were provided by Alan Marriott.

Reception

IGN briefly played a pre-release demonstration of the Nintendo 64 version, calling it a clone of Power Stone (1999), with a disappointing lack of four-player fighting. IGN later rated it 6.8/10, calling it "the next best fighter on the system" after Super Smash Bros. (1999), saying that it would have been better received if it had been released first. Ryan Davis of GameSpot rated it "fair" at 6.6/10, calling the game challenging but also accessible to younger players. He praised the controls but criticized the difficulty balance. N64 Magazine rated it 35%, and said the game is to be avoided because the high-quality Tom and Jerry franchise was "let down by lazy and cack-handed execution", especially because of a "brain-numbing punch-punch-kick-style combo" instead of any special attacks. They said that the characters were not drawn badly and that the locations from the cartoons were a plus. Nintendo Power gave an 8.3/10 rating and said it was the best 3D fighting game for Nintendo 64, due to the multiplayer elements, interactive fighting environments, and precision controls. The French magazine Actu & Soluces 64 rated it at 81%.

Game Vortex played the Windows version, rated it at 65%, was disappointed, criticized the total lack of music, and recommended a gamepad to mimic the preferred Nintendo 64 version.

Sequel
In 2002, Tom and Jerry in War of the Whiskers was released for the PlayStation 2, GameCube, and Xbox, and the latter two are North American exclusives. It is the only NewKidCo game to receive a T rating.

References

2000 video games
Nintendo 64 games
Fighting games
Fists of Furry
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Windows games
Cartoon Network video games
NewKidCo games
Ubisoft games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
VIS Entertainment games


The Timor warty pig (Sus celebensis timoriensis) is a subspecies of Sus celebensis, or Celebes warty pig.  Though described as a separate species, it is a feral form of the Celebes warty pig found in the Lesser Sunda Islands.

Sources
 Ultimate Ungulate

Suidae
Mammals of Timor


Fort-de-France 5th Canton is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Fort-de-France on Martinique. It had 5,401 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised part of the commune of Fort-de-France.

References

Cantons of Martinique
Canton 05


Fort-de-France 6th Canton is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Fort-de-France on Martinique. It had 11,275 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised part of the commune of Fort-de-France.

References

Cantons of Martinique
Canton 06


Fort-de-France 7th Canton is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Fort-de-France on Martinique. It had 19,931 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised part of the commune of Fort-de-France.

References

Cantons of Martinique
Canton 07


Fort-de-France 8th Canton is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Fort-de-France on Martinique. It had 10,762 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised part of the commune of Fort-de-France.

References

Cantons of Martinique
Canton 08


Fort-de-France 9th Canton is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Fort-de-France on Martinique. It had 9,758 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised part of the commune of Fort-de-France.

References

Cantons of Martinique
Canton 09


Fort-de-France 10th Canton is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Fort-de-France on Martinique. It had 10,248 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised part of the commune of Fort-de-France.

References

Cantons of Martinique
Canton 10


Le Lamentin 1st Canton Sud-Bourg is a former canton in the arrondissement of Fort-de-France on Martinique. It had 7,991 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised part of the commune of Le Lamentin.

References

Cantons of Martinique


Le Lamentin 2nd Canton Nord is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Fort-de-France on Martinique. It had 19,066 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised part of the commune of Le Lamentin.

References

Cantons of Martinique


Le Lamentin 3rd Canton Est is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Fort-de-France on Martinique. It had 12,643 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised part of the commune of Le Lamentin.

References

Cantons of Martinique


William Wilson Hudson (1808-June 14, 1859) was an American educator and third President of the University of Missouri.

He was born in Orange County, Virginia in 1808 and graduated from Yale University with an A.B. in 1827 and an A.M. in 1830.  He was a professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at the University of Alabama before moving to Columbia, Missouri in 1838.  After teaching at the University of Missouri for some years, he was elected president of the university in 1856 and served until his death in 1859.  He is buried in Columbia at the Columbia Cemetery.

Hudson Hall on the University of Missouri campus is named in honor of him.

See also
History of the University of Missouri

References

1808 births
Leaders of the University of Missouri
People from Columbia, Missouri
1859 deaths
Yale University alumni
University of Alabama faculty
University of Missouri faculty
Burials at Columbia Cemetery (Columbia, Missouri)


The Huave (also spelled Huavi or Wabi) are an indigenous people of Mexico. The autodenomination term used by the Huave themselves is Ikoots or Kunajts (the first-person inclusive pronoun, thus meaning "Us"), or Mareños (meaning "Sea People" in Spanish). They have inhabited the Isthmus of Tehuantepec for more than 3000 years, preceding the Zapotec people in settling the area. Today they inhabit several villages (most notably San Mateo del Mar, in the Tehuantepec District, and Santa María del Mar, San Dionisio del Mar and San Francisco del Mar, in the Juchitán District) on the sandspits of the Pacific Ocean and trade marine products with inland neighbors. According to the 2000 census, 13,687 people declared themselves to be Huave speakers, however, many non-speakers still identify as Huaves or Mareños. Their language is called Huave, or ombeayiüts/umbeyajts, depending on the dialect.

Many Huave people work as fishermen and agriculturalists. Huave families are patrilocal and reside in homes with thatched roofs. Male members of each Huave village belong to the escalafón, which is a community organization for civic and religious affairs.

Languages
Huave people speak four languages, some of which are mutually intelligible: San Dionisio del Mar Huave, San Francisco del Mar Huave, San Mateo del Mar Huave, and San María del Mar Huave. They also speak Spanish.

Notes

References
 Kim, Yuni (2008). "Topics in the Phonology and Morphology of San Francisco del Mar Huave". PhD dissertation. Berkeley.
 Pelliccioni, Franco,IL CAMBIAMENTO CULTURALE TRA GLI INDIOS LAGUNARI DI SANTA MARIA DEL MAR (OAXACA, MEXICO). ALCUNE OSSERVAZIONI, 1979

Indigenous peoples in Mexico


The Canton of Saint-Joseph is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Fort-de-France on Martinique. It had 16,648 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised the commune of Saint-Joseph.

References

Cantons of Martinique


Schœlcher 1st Canton is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Fort-de-France on Martinique. It had 10,838 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised part of the commune of Schœlcher.

References

Cantons of Martinique
Schœlcher


The Volitan is a proposed design for a boat equipped with solar cell panels, which uses both wind and solar energy. The proposed design is lightweight, with a stiff structure made of carbon fiber and epoxy resin and carbon foam core lamination. It also has an ultraviolet resistant coating.

It is designed to be powered by a twin 220 HP/DC electric motor, with two suspended wings to help maneuver the ship. In addition, a hydraulic/servo system located in the wings would activate the Volitan's performance sail system. If built, its dimensions would be around 105 ft, 3 in (length), 24 ft, 8 in (height), 92 ft, 7 in (width with solar body) and 24 ft, 9 in (width at low body).

The design won an honorable mention in the 2007 International Design Awards.

References

Solar car racing


Schœlcher 2nd Canton is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Fort-de-France on Martinique. It had 9,265 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised part of the commune of Schœlcher.

References

Cantons of Martinique
Schœlcher


Saint-Joseph () is a commune in the Arrondissement of Fort-de-France on Martinique.

Geography

Climate
Saint-Joseph has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am). The average annual temperature in Saint-Joseph is . The average annual rainfall is  with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around , and lowest in February, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Saint-Joseph was  on 20 September 2005; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 12 January 1979.

Population

See also
Communes of the Martinique department

References

Communes of Martinique
Populated places in Martinique


Jean-Marc Ela (27 September 1936 – 26 December 2008) was a Cameroonian sociologist and theologian. Working variously as a diocesan priest and a professor, Ela was the author of many books on theology, philosophy, and social sciences in Africa. His most famous work, African Cry has been called the "soundest illustration" of the spirit of liberation theology in sub-Saharan Africa. His works are widely cited as exemplary of sub-Saharan African Christian theology for their focus on contextualisation and their emphasis on community-centered approaches to theology.

He was buried in his hometown of Ebolowa, Cameroon.

Biography
Jean-Marc Ela was born on 27 September 1936 in Ebolowa, in the African nation of Cameroon. The son of a middle-class family in southern Cameroon, Ela claimed that he first began to think of theology as a discipline that should be concerned with the local needs of believers while he was studying philosophy and theology in France at the University of Strasbourg in the 1960s. He studied sociology at the University of Strasbourg as well as at the University of Sorbonne.

However, it was during his sixteen-year experience as a missionary working among the Kirdi of northwestern Cameroon that he developed and articulated most of the arguments in African Cry and My Faith as an African. He spent a great deal of his research and of his life beside Baba Simon, beloved minister to the Kirdis of the North Cameroon in Tokombéré. His thesis at Strasbourg was on the image of the cross in Luther's theology.

Ela was unique in that as a sociologist, he brought a social-science critique to his theology. As a theologian, he proved unorthodox not only in embracing social sciences but also in his penchant for studying topics that tested the boundaries of Catholic orthodoxy. As a missionary, he earned the respect and love of his community in Tokombere. As a professor, he was popular with students around the globe. He taught in Cameroon, Belgium, USA, Canada, Benin, France, and Congo, among other places.

A vocal critic of both ecclesiastical and political institutions, Ela entered voluntary exile in Quebec after the assassination of fellow Cameroonian priest Englebert Mveng in 1995. Ela resided in Montreal, where he served as professor of sociology at the University of Laval from 1995 until his death 26 December 2008, in Vancouver.

Major works
For Jean-Marc Ela and his generation of postcolonial Christian intellectuals in Cameroon, achieving redemption and meaningful spirituality depended fundamentally on acknowledging the value of the everyday practices of pagan village life. This also provided a mechanism of vigilance against destructive external forces.

African Cry and My Faith as an African, Ela's two most famous works, serve as an indictments of the Catholic Church for holding to a model of faith that ignores the needs of African people, especially those in poor and rural communities. Through an analysis of selected sacraments, missionary structures, and biblical hermeneutics, Ela identified ways in which the Catholic tradition subordinates Africans to a position of dependence vis-a-vis White Europeans. He countered these instances of oppression with opportunities for liberation based on the argument that the Gospel advocates for the restoration of dignity to marginalised people.

According to Ela, the only way to restore dignity to African peoples is to allow them to transform Christian traditions into forms that are familiar and useful to Africans. He argued that the Eucharist should be served with local rather than imported products. He believed that African churches should be self-funded. He also believed that biblical interpretation should be guided by a "shade-tree theology", in which small groups of believers can gather together to interpret the Gospel in the light of their own particular circumstances.

Interspersed between his hard-hitting theological tones, Ela produced several volumes on social sciences in Africa. He was a science-minded researcher dedicated to opening a conceptual framework to encompass and address the knowledge and the needs of his countrymen. For example, he wrote in 2001 a guide emphatically explaining the imperative African researchers have to direct new research to meeting the basic needs of the population and not only to improve industrial production. Similarly, in several books published between 1998 and 2007, he showed the place of Africa in the world of rational science, and the necessity of high quality scientific work. In a book published in 2007, he tried to explain the inseparability of knowledge and power.

Tribute
Jean-Marc Ela was enthroned Grand Prix de la mémoire of the GPLA 2018.

Bibliography
1971 La plume et la pioche. Yaoundé: Editions Clé.
1980 Cri de l'homme Africain. Paris: L'Harmattan. Translations in English (African Cry) and Dutch.
1983 De l'assistance à la liberation. Les tâches actuelles de l'Eglise en milieu africain. Paris: Centre Lebret. Translations in English and German.
1982 Voici le temps des héritiers: Eglises d'Afrique et voies nouvelles. Paris: Karthala. In collaboration with R. Luneau. Translation in Italian.
1982 L'Afrique des villages. Paris: Karthala.
1983 La ville en Afrique noire. Paris: Karthala.
1985 Ma foi d'Africain. Paris: Karthala. Translation in English (My Faith as an African), German, and Italian.
1985 Restituer l'histoire aux sociétés africaines – Promouvoir les sciences sociales en Afrique noire, Paris: L'Harmattan.
1989 Cheikh Anta Diop ou l'honneur de penser. Paris: L'Harmattan.
1990 Quand l'Etat pénètre en brousse... Les ripostes paysannes à la crise. Paris, Karthala.
1992 Le message de Jean-Baptiste: De la conversion à la réforme dans les églises africaines. Yaounde: Editions Clé.
1994 Afrique: l'irruption des pauvres. Société contre ingérence, pouvoir et argent. Paris: L'Harmattan.
1994 Restituer l'histoire aux sociétés africaines. Promouvoir les sciences sociales en Afrique Noire. Paris: L'Harmattan.
1998 Innovations sociales et renaissance de l'Afrique noire. Les défis du "monde d'en-bas". Montreal/Paris: Harmattan/L'Harmattan.
2000 Les Eglises face à la mondialisation: Quatre réflexions théologiques. Brussels: Commission Justice et Paix.
2001 Guide pédagogique de formation à la recherche. Paris: L'Harmattan.
2003 Repenser la théologie africaine: Le Dieu qui libère. Paris: Karthala.
2006 Travail et entreprise en Afrique: Les fondements sociaux de la réussite économique. Paris: Karthala.
2006 Fécondité et migrations africaines – Les nouveaux enjeux, written with Anne-Sidonie Zoa, Paris: L'Harmattan.
2007 L'Afrique à l'ère du savoir : science, société et pouvoir, preface of Hubert Gérard, Paris, L’Harmattan.
2007 Les cultures africaines dans le champ de la rationalité scientifique – Book II. Paris: L'Harmattan.
2007 La recherche africaine face au défit de l'excellence scientifique, Paris: L'Harmattan.
2007 Recherche scientifique et crise de la rationalité, Paris: L'Harmattan.

See also
 Political theology in Sub-Saharan Africa

References

External links
"Theologie unter dem Baum. Jean-Marc Elas Ansatz einer kontextuellen afrikanischen Befreiungstheologie"
Jean-Marc Ela in Kanada gestorben

Cameroonian clergy
1936 births
2008 deaths
Cameroonian Roman Catholics
People from Ebolowa
World Christianity scholars
Christian theologians
Academic staff of Université Laval
Liberation theologians


The Canton of L'Ajoupa-Bouillon is a former canton in the Arrondissement of La Trinité on Martinique. It had 1,788 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised the commune of L'Ajoupa-Bouillon.

References

Cantons of Martinique


The Canton of Basse-Pointe is a former canton in the Arrondissement of La Trinité on Martinique. It had 3,609 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised the commune of Basse-Pointe.

References

Cantons of Martinique


The Canton of Gros-Morne is a former canton in the Arrondissement of La Trinité on Martinique. It had 10,250 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised the commune of Gros-Morne.

References

Cantons of Martinique


Tell Me a Riddle is a 1980 American drama film directed by actress Lee Grant. The screenplay by Joyce Eliason and Alev Lytle is based on the 1961 O. Henry Award novella from Tillie Olsen's collection of short stories of the same name. Tell Me a Riddle was Grant's first film as director. Grant and Eliason would later collaborate on David Lynch's Mulholland Drive.

Synopsis
Eva and David are an elderly, bitter Jewish emigre couple who raised children in poverty in the Midwestern United States. When David is told Eva is dying of cancer and must not know, he takes her on a journey to visit their children across the United States. In San Francisco, Eva draws inspiration from their exuberant granddaughter Jeannie, who lives life to the fullest despite any stumbling blocks it may toss in her path. To her she reveals the secrets of her soul and shares with her clippings and photos of the literary and philosophical greats – Walt Whitman and Émile Zola among them – who have sustained her in her bleak moments and offered her promise of a better life. As Eva comes to terms with her past, and David relives their years as revolutionaries, she and David manage to recapture the love they felt for each other early in their marriage.

The film was revolutionary in its creation and subsequent cultural impact. It was the first feature film in America to be written, produced and directed by women; the first women's film to raise more than $1 million and to receive major studio distribution, and it was the first woman-created film to screen during the Cannes Film Festival's "Directors' Fortnight". The film won Best Picture and Best Actor at the Edinburgh Film Festival and Best Actress Award at the Taormina Film Fest in Italy.

Principal cast
 Melvyn Douglas as David
 Lila Kedrova as Eva
 Brooke Adams as Jeannie
 Peter Coyote as Young D
 Nora Heflin as Young Eva
 Zalman King as Paul

Critical reception
In her review in The New York Times, Janet Maslin called the film "a slow, restrained, dignified effort...so straightforward and so simple that it doesn't prompt anything more elaborate than subjective reactions. If you bring the right sad baggage to it, you may be deeply moved; if you resent being manipulated, you may be moved in quite another direction. Throughout the film, plain competence and good intentions are on display, and at least in this case, they aren't qualities that make for strong responses. This may be a movie to remind you of something. But I don't think it's one to touch you on its own." Conversely Kenneth Turan hailed the film as a "special occasion."

Legacy
In 2022 The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and The Film Foundation collaborated on a restoration of Tell Me A Riddle alongside Grant's debut short The Stronger. The new versions are distributed by Hope Runs High, which has also re-released many of Grant's documentaries. Tell Me a Riddle and The Stronger will premiere at the revivals section of the 2023 New York Film Festival. The film is now considered the first major American feature to be entirely written, produced, and directed by women.

References

External links

1980 films
1980 drama films
American drama films
Films based on short fiction
Films set in San Francisco
Films directed by Lee Grant
1980 directorial debut films
Filmways films
American Playhouse
1980s English-language films
1980s American films
English-language drama films


The Canton of Le Lorrain is a former canton in the Arrondissement of La Trinité on Martinique. It had 7,294 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised the commune of Le Lorrain.

References

Cantons of Martinique


The Canton of Macouba is a former canton in the Arrondissement of La Trinité on Martinique. It had 1,650 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised the communes of Macouba and Grand'Rivière.

References

Cantons of Martinique


The Canton of Le Marigot is a former canton in the Arrondissement of La Trinité on Martinique. It had 3,568 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised the commune of Le Marigot.

References

Cantons of Martinique


The Approved Driving Instructors National Joint Council (ADINJC) is a British organisation to bring together associations of local driving instructors, to allow driving instructors to act as a unified body when needed.

The ADINJC was formed in 1973 during the fuel crisis, leading figures at the time came together due to the fear that fuel shortage would stop driving instructors from working. Currently the ADINJC is the third largest organisation in the driving instruction industry (excluding driving schools, such as the British School of Motoring) with consultative status with the Driving Standards Agency (DSA).

The ADINJC aims to further the professional and financial interests of driving instructors through consultation with the Department for Transport and the DSA. It is a non-profit organisation with no salaried staff (though some officers receive an honorarium).

See also
 Approved Driving Instructor

Sources
https://web.archive.org/web/20070928204844/http://www.airso.co.uk/links.htm
http://www.dsa.gov.uk/Documents/consult/Responses/Fees%2005%20to07/Response_Fees05List.pdf

Organizations established in 1973
Professional associations based in the United Kingdom
Non-profit organisations based in the United Kingdom
Driver's education


Elphinstone Hall is a large hall belonging to the University of Aberdeen, located at their King's College campus in Old Aberdeen. It is a 20th-century building which replaced the "Common Hall" and is named after Bishop William Elphinstone, the founder of the University. An arcade dominates the front of the building, behind which lie a reception area and then the large, wood-panelled hall with hammerbeam roof. Portraits of founding fathers of the university and other key figures from its history line the walls. A related suite of luxurious rooms called the Linklater Rooms run along the arcade, named after writer Eric Linklater, a graduate of the university. The complex includes catering facilities as well as cloakroom facilities. In front of the hall is a large lawn, which is popular with students and staff of the university in summer. In winter, the university places a large Christmas tree on this lawn. The hall is currently the venue for all University of Aberdeen graduation ceremonies.

History
Built in 1931 and designed by architect Alexander Marshall Mackenzie (who designed many of Aberdeen's iconic granite buildings), it was designed in a style in keeping with the adjoining King's College buildings and chapel, some of which date back to the 16th century. It also blended with the New Kings lecture rooms on the other side of the quadrangle which were built in 1913 but to the same style. Like all these, Elphinstone Hall was constructed of sandstone (rather than the granite that characterises most buildings in Aberdeen). Stones were used from Castle Newe in Strathdon which was built in 1831 and demolished in 1927. The coats of arms above the arcade belong to some of the benefactors and local bodies. Adjoining Elphinstone Hall are the Linklater Rooms which are home to the "Linklater Collection" of 20th-century paintings, kindly donated by the widow of writer Eric Linklater.

Purpose Today
It was initially used as an academic and exam venue, and during the mid-20th century acted as a student dining/lunch hall. Today it is still used for exams, but also for large university events. These include conferences, fairs, ceilidhs, student events, and other functions. It can also be hired for wedding receptions and corporate events. Also, since renovation work began at Marischal College, Elphinstone Hall was the venue for all university graduation ceremonies until winter 2021 when graduations moved to the P&J Live.

The hall also provides a focal point for the annual May festival, a highly successful mixed-focus festival drawing famous guests such as the physicist Brian Cox, Pat Nevin and Tony Robinson. It is the location of a number of student-run ceilidhs throughout the year, including those of the International and Celtic Societies, as well as other student events.

External links
Elphinstone Hall page

References

University of Aberdeen
Buildings and structures in Aberdeen


Le Robert 1st Canton Sud is a former canton in the Arrondissement of La Trinité on Martinique. It had 8,941 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised part of the commune of Le Robert.

References

Cantons of Martinique


Sociomusicology (from Latin: socius, "companion"; from Old French musique; and the suffix -ology, "the study of", from Old Greek λόγος, lógos : "discourse"), also called music sociology or the sociology of music, refers to both an academic subfield of sociology that is concerned with music (often in combination with other arts), as well as a subfield of musicology that focuses on social aspects of musical behavior and the role of music in society.

Sociomusicological issues
The work of scholars in sociomusicology is often similar to ethnomusicology in terms of its exploration of the sociocultural context of music; however, sociomusicology maintains less of an emphasis on ethnic and national identity and is not limited to ethnographic methods. Rather, sociomusicologists use a wide range of research methods and take a strong interest in observable behavior and musical interactions within the constraints of social structure. Sociomusicologists are more likely than ethnomusicologists to make use of surveys and economic data, for example, and tend to focus on musical practices in contemporary industrialized societies. For instance,  proposed the hypothesis of "Biliterate and Trimusical" in Hong Kong sociomusicology.

Since the field of musicology has tended to emphasize historiographic and analytical/critical rather than sociological approaches to research, sociomusicology is still regarded as somewhat outside the mainstream of musicology. Yet, with the increased popularity of ethnomusicology in recent decades (with which the field shares many similarities), as well as the development and mainstreaming of "New Musicology" (coinciding with the emergence of interdisciplinary cultural studies in academia), sociomusicology is increasingly coming into its own as a fully established field. The values and meanings associated with music are collectively constructed by both music listeners and performers. When listening to a piece, they reflect upon their own values and use the music to make connections between their own experiences and what the piece is perceived as communicating. The sociology of music looks specifically at these connections and the musical experiences tied to the person and the music itself.

In addition, the act of making music is a social production as well as a social activity. Even if the music artist is a solo performer, the production of the music itself, took a level of social effort. From the instruments that were created to make the music, to the final production of generating a way to listen to the music, also known as the product. Furthermore, one can argue that even the distribution of the music is a social act. Some teachers are trying out more non traditional ways of teaching material, by using music to connect with their students on levels that the student can relate to, as well as "to draw illustrations of sociological concept".

Among the most notable classical sociologists to examine the social aspects and effects of music were Georg Simmel (1858–1918), Alfred Schutz (1899–1959), Max Weber (1864–1920) and Theodor W. Adorno (1903–1969). Others have included Alphons Silbermann, Charles Seeger (1886–1979), Howard S. Becker, Norbert Elias, Maurice Halbwachs, Jacques Attali, John Mueller (1895–1965), and Christopher Small. Contemporary sociomusicologists include Tia DeNora, Georgina Born, David Hebert, Peter Martin, Timothy Dowd, William Roy, and Joseph Schloss.

Alternative definitions
In the entry for "Sociomusicology" in the SAGE International Encyclopedia of Music and Culture, David Hebert argues that recent use of the term suggests four definitions: sociology of music, any kind of social scientific research on music (e.g. economic, political, etc.), a specialized form of ethnomusicology focused on relations between sound events and social structure, and a prospective replacement term for ethnomusicology.

See also
Choreomusicology
Music community
Music education
Music psychology

References

Sources

Further reading

 Adler, Guido (1885). Umfang, Methode und Ziel der Musikwissenschaft. Vierteljahresschrift für Musikwissenschaft, 1, 5–20.
 Beaud, Paul and Alfred Willener (1973). Musique et vie quotidienne, essai de sociologie d'une nouvelle culture: electro-acoustique et musique pop; improvisation, in series, Repères. [S.l.]: Éditions Mame. 272 p.
 Becker, Howard S. (1963). "The Culture of ... [and] Careers in ... a Deviant Group: the Dance Musician", in his Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviants (New York: Free Press, 1966, cop. 1963), p. [79]–119. N.B.: The results are of a study undertaken in 1948–1949.
 de Clercq, Jocelyne (1970). La profession de musician: une enquête, in series, Études de sociologie de la musique. Bruxelles: Éditions de l'Institut de Sociologie, Université libre de Bruxelles. Variant title on half-title page: Le Musicien professional: une enquête. 165, [1] p. Without ISBN or SBN
 Devine, Kyle Ross & Shepherd, John (ed.) (2015). The Routledge Reader on the Sociology of Music. Routledge. .
 Hildegard Froehlich and Gareth Dylan Smith (2017). Sociology for Music Teachers: Practical Applications. Routledge. .
 Hill, Dave (1986). Designer Boys and Material Girls: Manufacturing the [19]80s Pop Dream. Poole, Eng.: Blandford Press.
 Honing, Henkjan (2006). "On the growing role of observation, formalization and experimental method in musicology." Empirical Musicology Review, 1/1, 2-5
 Kerman, Joseph (1985). Musicology. London: Fontana. .
Martin, Peter J., (1995). Sounds and Society: Themes in the Sociology of Music and Society.  Manchester University Press.
Martin, Peter J., (2006). Music and the Sociological Gaze: Art worlds and cultural production. Manchester University Press.
 McClary, Susan, and Robert Walser (1988). "Start Making Sense! Musicology Wrestles with Rock" in On Record ed. by Frith and Goodwin (1990), pp. 277–292. .
 Middleton, Richard (1990/2002). Studying Popular Music. Philadelphia: Open University Press. .
 Pruett, James W., and Thomas P. Slavens (1985). Research guide to musicology. Chicago: American Library Association. .
 Sorce Keller, Marcello (1996). Musica e sociologia, Milan: Ricordi.
 Daniela Stocks: Die Disziplinierung von Musik und Tanz. Die Entwicklung von Musik und Tanz im Verhältnis zu Ordnungsprinzipien christlich-abendländischer Gesellschaft. Leske + Budrich, Opladen 2000, .
 Voyer, Pierre (1981). Le Rock et le rôle [sic]. [Montréal, Qué.]: Leméac.

External links

Popular Music and Society (archived 3 October 2000)
International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music
Action, Criticism, and Theory for Music Education
The American Musicological Society
Doctoral Dissertations in Musicology Online (archived 20 August 2006)
AMS: Web sites of interest to Musicologists (archived 16 November 2006)
The Society for American Music
Graduate Programs in Musicology
Conference on Interdisciplinary Musicology (archived 30 September 2007)
Society for Ethnomusicology
American Sociological Association (ASA)
British Sociological Association (BSA)
European Sociological Association (ESA) (archived 2 January 2008)
International Sociological Association (ISA)
International Hongkongers' Board and Councils of Musicology and Musics (IHBCM) (archived 24 January 2014)

Musicology
Sociology of art
Music genres


Le Robert 2nd Canton Nord is a former canton in the Arrondissement of La Trinité on Martinique. It had 14,774 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised part of the commune of Le Robert.

References

Cantons of Martinique


Sainte-Marie 1st Canton Nord is a former canton in the Arrondissement of La Trinité on Martinique. It had 7,017 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised part of the commune of Sainte-Marie.

References

Cantons of Martinique


Sainte-Marie 2nd Canton Sud is a former canton in the Arrondissement of La Trinité on Martinique. It had 10,325 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised part of the commune of Sainte-Marie.

References

Cantons of Martinique


Ski Station () is a railway station located in Ski, Norway. It is located  from Oslo Central Station on the Østfold Line, at the point where the railway splits in two into an eastern and western line. It also serves as the terminal station of the Follo Line.

The station is served by all passenger trains on the Østfold Line and Follo Line. This includes regional services to Halden Station and Gothenburg Central Station, as well as Oslo Commuter Rail services to Moss Station and Mysen Station. Ski is also the terminal station for a commuter train service to Oslo that stops at all stations on the Østfold Line.

The restaurant at the station was taken over by Norsk Spisevognselskap on 1 January 1921, but leased to private operators. After an agreement with Norwegian State Railways, Spisevognselskapet renovated the restaurant and took over operations again on 1 January 1924. It was closed on 14 April 1946.

New station

In the mid 1990s, the Østfold Line between Ski to Moss was upgraded to a double-track and  operation. Plans to build a new parallel double track from Ski to Oslo, the Follo Line, were proposed by the Norwegian National Rail Administration. The first stage of this involved building a new station at Ski. The new station includes six platforms. Parts of the new station were opened in August 2020, and the entire station was opened in August 2022.

References

Railway stations in Ski, Norway
Railway stations on the Østfold Line
Railway stations opened in 1879
1879 establishments in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 1870s


The Canton of La Trinité is a former canton in the Arrondissement of La Trinité on Martinique. It had 13,352 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised the commune of La Trinité.

References

Cantons of Martinique


Grand'Rivière () is a village and commune in the French overseas department of Martinique.

See also
Communes of the Martinique department

References

External links

Communes of Martinique
Populated places in Martinique


Gros-Morne (; ) is a town and commune in the French overseas department of Martinique, and one of the least-developed on the island.

Population

See also
Communes of the Martinique department

References

External links

Communes of Martinique
Populated places in Martinique


The West End Cares Song Contest was introduced in the late nineties to provide a platform for outstanding new material performed in the Theatre. The winning song also titled an album produced from the chosen finalists.

West End Cares is one of the many AIDS/HIV charity collectives now embodied in 'Theatre Cares'  which itself is mirrored throughout the Theatrical world (for example 'Broadway Cares').

British theatre awards


L'Ajoupa-Bouillon (; ), commonly known as L'Ajoupa (), is a commune and town in the French overseas department and region, and island, of Martinique.

Geography

Climate
L'Ajoupa-Bouillon has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af). The average annual temperature in L'Ajoupa-Bouillon is . The average annual rainfall is  with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in September, at around , and lowest in February, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in L'Ajoupa-Bouillon was  on 7 April 1998; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 3 February 2005.

Tourism
Nature aficionados can enjoy the L'Ajoupa Gardens, with a great variety of plants and flowers. Furthermore, a long walk called "Gorges De La Falaise", starting from the commune centre, lead the interested people to the core of the tropical forest, with some marked halts at cascades and important points.

Population

See also
Communes of Martinique

References

External links

Communes of Martinique
Populated places in Martinique


Macouba () is a village and commune in the French overseas department of Martinique.

Geography

Climate

Macouba has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af). The average annual temperature in Macouba is . The average annual rainfall is  with November as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in September, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Macouba was  on 19 September 1999; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 12 March 1974.

See also
Communes of the Martinique department

References

External links

Communes of Martinique
Populated places in Martinique


The Time Is Near is the third album by the Keef Hartley Band, released in 1970. Its cover art includes a rendition of the 1908 Cyrus Dallin statue Appeal to the Great Spirit.

Track listing

1970 LP
Deram SML 1071 (UK), DES 18047 (US)

All songs written by Miller Anderson, except "Premonition", written by Dave Caswell

 "Morning Rain" – 3:00
 "From The Window" – 3:28
 "The Time Is Near" – 10:09
 "You Can't Take It With You" – 7:19
 "Premonition" – 4:24
 "Another Time, Another Place" – 2:35
 "Change" – 4:00

Tracks 1, 7 recorded at Trident Studios in December 1969
Tracks 2–6 recorded at Morgan Studios in April and May 1970

2005 CD reissue
Eclectic Discs ECLDCD 1027
Same track listing as the 1970 LP

Personnel

Keef Hartley Band
 Keef Hartley – drums, percussion
 Miller Anderson – vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitar
 Henry Lowther – trumpet, flugelhorn, violin, piano, brass arrangements (tracks 1, 7)
 Gary Thain – bass guitar
 Dave Caswell – flugelhorn, euphonium, trumpet, electric piano, brass arrangements (tracks 2–6)
 Lyle Jenkins – tenor saxophone, flute, baritone saxophone (tracks 2–6)

Additional musicians
 Jim Jewell – tenor saxophone (tracks 1, 7)
 Stewart Wicks – piano, organ (tracks 2, 3)
 Del Roll – percussion (track 7)

Technical
 Keef Hartley, Neil Slaven – producers
 Robin Black – engineer, Morgan Studios
 Peter Flanagan – assistant engineer, Morgan Studios
 Colin Caldwell – engineer, Trident Studios
 Keef Hartley – album design

References

1970 albums
Keef Hartley Band albums
Deram Records albums
Esoteric Recordings albums
Albums recorded at Trident Studios
Albums recorded at Morgan Sound Studios


Illuminata is a 1998 romantic comedy film directed by John Turturro and written by Brandon Cole and Turturro, based on Cole's play Imperfect Love. The cinematographer was Harris Savides. The puppet sequences were done by Roman Paska. Music for the 'Tuccio Operatic Dream Sequence' was composed by Richard Termini.

Plot
The plot follows the backstage dramas of a turn-of-the-century New York theater company struggling to produce a new work.

Cast
John Turturro as Tuccio, the playwright
Katherine Borowitz (Turturro's wife) as Rachel, Tuccio's girlfriend, an actress
Beverly D'Angelo as Astergourd, a theater owner
Donal McCann as Pallenchio, Astergourd's husband
Georgina Cates as Simone, an actress
Susan Sarandon as Celimene, an aging actress
Christopher Walken as Umberto Bevalaqua, an influential theater critic
Ben Gazzara as Old Flavio, an actor in the company
Rufus Sewell as Dominique, a young actor in the company
Bill Irwin as Marco, a bit player and the object of Bevalaqua's affections
Aida Turturro as Marta
Rocco Sisto as Prince
Matthew Sussman as Piero

Reception

Awards
 1998 Cannes Film Festival – Palme d'Or Nomination (John Turturro)

References

Bibliography
 Martin, Mick. DVD & Video Guide 2007. New York: Ballantine Books, 2006.
 "Backstage With a Cast Of Foibles and Follies" The New York Times, August 6, 1999.

External links

1998 films
American romantic comedy films
Films set in New York City
American films based on plays
Films set in the 1900s
1998 romantic comedy films
Films directed by John Turturro
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
English-language romantic comedy films


The Canton of Les Anses-d'Arlet is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Le Marin on the island of Martinique. It had 3,900 inhabitants as of 2012. It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised the commune of Les Anses-d'Arlet.

References

Cantons of Martinique


The Canton of Le Diamant is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Le Marin on Martinique. It had 5,983 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised the commune of Le Diamant.

References

Cantons of Martinique


Filippo de Angelis (16 April 1792 – 8 July 1877) was an Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as both archbishop of Fermo from 1842 and camerlengo from 1867 until his death. Angelis was elevated to the cardinalate in 1839.

Life
Filippio de Angelis was born in Ascoli Piceno to a patrician family. He studied at the seminary in Ascoli Piceno before entering the Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles in Rome in 1816. He then attended La Sapienza University, from where he obtained his doctorates in canon and civil law (22 July 1818), philosophy, and theology (25 September 1819).

After his ordination to the priesthood, Angelis was raised to the rank of Domestic Prelate and served as a professor at his alma mater of the Pontifical Academy of Ecclesiastical Nobles for many years. He was made a canon of the Liberian Basilica as well.

On 6 July 1826, Angelis was appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Montefiascone and Titular Bishop of Leuce by Pope Leo XII. Then he was Apostolic Visitor in Forlì.

He received his episcopal consecration on the following 23 July from Cardinal Pietro Francesco Galleffi, with Archbishops Giuseppe della Porta Rodiani and Giovanni Sinibaldi serving as co-consecrators, in the church of Ss. Trinita a Montecitorio. In 1830 Angelis was promoted to Titular Archbishop of Cartagine on 15 March and later named Nuncio to Switzerland on 23 April. He was named Nuncio to Portugal on 13 November 1832, but remained in Switzerland until April 1839 and never occupied the post in Portugal because its diplomatic relations with the Holy See were terminated shortly after his appointment.

Angelis was appointed Bishop of Montefiascone, with the personal title of "Archbishop," on 15 February 1838. Pope Gregory XVI secretly (in pectore) elevated him to the College of Cardinals in the consistory of the following 13 September, eventually publishing him as Cardinal Priest of S. Bernardo alle Terme. He was made Archbishop of Fermo on 27 January 1842 and later participated in the papal conclave of 1846, which selected Pope Pius IX.

On 20 September 1867, Angelis was named Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church, or Camerlengo. He opted for the titular church of San Lorenzo in Lucina on that same date as well. Becoming Cardinal Protopriest (the longest-serving member of the order of Cardinal Priests) on the following 4 December, Angelis attended the First Vatican Council (1868-1870), of which he was made chief presiding officer on 30 December 1869.

He died in Fermo at the age of 85. At the time of his death, he was the oldest living cardinal. He is buried in Fermo.

Notes

Bibliography

External links
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
Catholic-Hierarchy

|-

1792 births
1877 deaths
People from Ascoli Piceno
19th-century Italian cardinals
Archbishops of Fermo
Cardinals created by Pope Gregory XVI
19th-century Italian Roman Catholic archbishops
Bishops of Montefiascone
Apostolic Nuncios to Switzerland
Camerlengos of the Holy Roman Church


3752 Camillo is an inclined contact-binary asteroid, classified as near-Earth object of the Apollo group, approximately  in diameter. It was discovered on 15 August 1985, by astronomers Eleanor Helin and Maria Barucci using a  telescope at the CERGA Observatory in Caussols, France. Lightcurve studies by Petr Pravec in 1998 suggest that the assumed S-type asteroid has an elongated shape and a longer-than average rotation period of 38 hours.

Orbit

Camillo orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.99–1.8 AU once every 20 months (614 days; semi-major axis of 1.41 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.30 and an inclination of 56° with respect to the ecliptic.

Close approaches

The closest point between the orbit of the Earth and the orbit of this asteroid (Earth MOID) is currently  or 30 lunar distances, so Camillo does not come close enough to Earth to qualify as a potentially hazardous asteroid. It came to perihelion (its closest approach to the Sun) on 6 January 1976 and, on 17 February 1976 and passed within  of Earth.

2013 passage

Camillo came to perihelion on 27 December 2012. On 12 February 2013 the asteroid passed  from Earth and had an apparent magnitude of 13. During the 2013 passage the asteroid was studied by radar using Goldstone and Arecibo.

2018 passage

On February 20, 2018, the asteroid passed by Earth. It was observed on radar by Arecibo Observatory and shown to have a long angular double-lobed shape. At  distance its peak magnitude was about 13.

Naming

This minor planet was named for the son of the early Roman King Turno. "Camillo" is also the name of the discoverer's son. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 May 1989 ().

References

External links
 Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
 Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
 Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend

003752
Discoveries by Eleanor F. Helin
Discoveries by Maria A. Barucci
Named minor planets
003752
19850815


The Canton of Ducos is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Le Marin on Martinique. It had 17,039 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised the commune of Ducos.

References

Cantons of Martinique


George Charles Cecil Black (21 November 1903 – 17 October 1932) was a member of the House of Representatives for  electorate, in the South Island of New Zealand, initially as a representative of the United Party and from early 1931 as an Independent. He committed suicide and was succeeded as MP by Keith Holyoake.

Early life
Born in Reefton on 21 November 1903, Black was the son of George James and Marianne Catherine Black. In 1923, Black became a Parliamentary Clerk of Committees.

Member of Parliament

Black represented the Motueka electorate in the House of Representatives from 1928 to 1932.

In the 1928 election, aged only 24, he stood as a United Party candidate and follower of Sir Joseph Ward and was successful. He unexpectedly beat the Reform Party incumbent of 14 years, Richard Hudson, and became the youngest MP at the time. He was appointed junior whip by the United Party.

In Parliament, Black refused to support the Finance Bill that proposed cuts to public service salaries and voted with the Labour Party, and in January 1931 he also opposed the decision to suspend construction of the Kawatiri–Inangahua railway line that ran through his electorate. Black was expelled from the United Party the day after voting against the Finance Bill in March 1931, saying that "no genuine supporter of the late Prime Minister", Sir Joseph Ward, could uphold such measures.

Later in the year, at the 1931 election, the bright and well-regarded local MP was elected as an independent. He was associated with Harry Atmore, the independent MP for the neighbouring Nelson electorate.

On 17 October 1932 aged 28, Black committed suicide with cyanide poison at Mākara Beach. He was survived by his wife and their child. The coroner found that Black had been mentally unstable for some months, and was also in financial difficulties.

Black's death triggered the 1932 Motueka by-election, which was won by Keith Holyoake.

Further reading

See also
List of members of the New Zealand Parliament who died in office
Nelson railway proposals

References

External links
  Report of George Black's Death. The Melbourne Argus Wednesday 19 October 1932, p.7

1903 births
1932 suicides
1932 deaths
Independent MPs of New Zealand
People from Motueka
New Zealand MPs for South Island electorates
New Zealand Liberal Party MPs
New Zealand public servants
People from Reefton
New Zealand politicians who committed suicide
Suicides by cyanide poisoning
Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives
20th-century New Zealand politicians
Suicides in New Zealand


Le François 1st Canton Nord is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Le Marin on Martinique. It had 10,051 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised part of the commune of Le François.

References

Cantons of Martinique


Le François 2nd Canton Sud is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Le Marin on Martinique. It had 8,401 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised part of the commune of Le François.

References

Cantons of Martinique


The Canton of Le Marin is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Le Marin on Martinique. It had 8,547 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised the commune of Le Marin.

References

Cantons of Martinique


The Canton of Rivière-Pilote is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Le Marin on Martinique. It had 12,680 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised the commune of Rivière-Pilote.

References

Cantons of Martinique


The Canton of Rivière-Salée is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Le Marin on Martinique. It had 12,708 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised the commune of Rivière-Salée.

References

Cantons of Martinique


General Arenales is a town in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It is the administrative centre for General Arenales Partido.

External links

Populated places in Buenos Aires Province


The Canton of Sainte-Anne is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Le Marin on Martinique. It had 4,554 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised the commune of Sainte-Anne.

References

Cantons of Martinique


The Canton of Sainte-Luce is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Le Marin on Martinique. It had 10,083 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised the commune of Sainte-Luce.

References

Cantons of Martinique


The Canton of Saint-Esprit is a former canton in the Arrondissement of Le Marin on Martinique. It had 9,595 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded in 2015. The canton comprised the commune of Saint-Esprit.

References

Cantons of Martinique


The She-Creature, or The She Creature, is a 1956 American black-and-white science fiction horror film, released by American International Pictures from a script by Lou Rusoff (brother-in-law of AIP executive Samuel Z. Arkoff). It was produced by Alex Gordon, directed by Edward L. Cahn, and stars Chester Morris, Marla English and Tom Conway, and casting Frieda Inescort and El Brendel in smaller roles. The producers hired Marla English because they thought she bore a strong resemblance to Elizabeth Taylor.

The monster costume was created by master make-up artist Paul Blaisdell and is considered one of his best. Parts of the costume were re-used in three later AIP films. Blaisdell nicknamed the monster "Cuddles". The costume was eventually destroyed in a flood that hit his Topanga Canyon home in 1979.

The film was released by AIP as a double feature with It Conquered the World.

Plot

Dr. Carlo Lombardi, an oleaginous carnival hypnotist, conducts experiments in hypnotic regression that take his unwitting female subject Andrea Talbott to a past life as a prehistoric humanoid form of sea life. He uses the physical manifestation of the prehistoric creature to commit murders.

Cast
 Chester Morris as hypnotist Dr. Carlo Lombardi, a mad scientist
 Tom Conway as showman Timothy Chappel
 Cathy Downs as Dorothy Chappel (Timothy's daughter)
 Lance Fuller as Dr. Ted Erickson
 Ron Randell as Police Lt. Ed James
 Frieda Inescort as Mrs. Chappel
 Marla English as Andrea Talbott
 Frank Jenks as plainclothes sergeant
 El Brendel as Olaf, the butler
 Paul Dubov as Johnny
 William Hudson (credited as Bill Hudson) as Bob
 Flo Bert as Marta
 Jeanne Evans as Mrs. Brown
 Kenneth MacDonald as Police Doctor
 Jack Mulhall as Dr. Lombardi's lawyer
 Spike as King the family dog
 Paul Blaisdell as The She-Creature

Production

The story was inspired by the success of the best-selling Morey Bernstein book The Search for Bridey Murphy, which concerned hypnotism and reincarnation. Exhibitor Jerry Zigmond suggested this subject might make a good film, and AIP commissioned Lou Rusoff to write a script.

AIP did not have enough money to entirely finance the film, so the company asked producer Alex Gordon if he could contribute the remainder. Israel Berman, a colleague of Gordon's brother Richard, knew financier Jack Doppelt, who agreed to provide $40,000 of the film's $104,000 budget.

Edward L. Cahn persuaded his old actor friend Edward Arnold to star for $3,000 for one week's work, and also cast Peter Lorre as the hypnotist. Arnold died two days before production began, while Peter Lorre read the script after which he immediately pulled out of the film and fired his agent for committing him to the project without consulting him first. The producer had to find a substitute cast quickly, settling on Chester Morris and Tom Conway. This was Ron Randell's first film in America in a number of years.

As usual, Blaisdell played the monster in every scene. Blaisdell nearly got injured when the director instructed him to smash his way through a wooden door in one of the film's action sequences, without realizing the door had been reinforced with plywood. Also in the beach scenes where the creature had to be seen emerging from the surf, Blaisdell was told to wade in up to his waist instead of his knees. The costume got so waterlogged, Blaisdell could hardly propel himself out of the water, especially with the tide working against him. Amazingly, most of this scene was later excised from the finished film due to poor quality image.

Release

Gordon, who deferred his $2,500 producer's fee until the film returned its cost, said that the movie was profitable a year and half after its release. Within a few days of finishing the film, AIP featured the She Creature costume in live appearances on several L.A. talk shows to promote the film's grand opening. Blaisdell had his best friend Bob Burns wear the suit on the TV programs, since he was too worn out himself.

Reception
Author and film critic Leonard Maltin awarded the film 2 out of 4 stars, calling it "slow and preposterous but effectively moody, with one of Paul Blaisdell's more memorable monsters".
On his website Fantastic Movie Musings and Ramblings, Dave Sindelar wrote, "There is a clever concept behind this attempt to combine the Bridey Murphy concept with a monster movie; unfortunately, a poor script and some ineffectual acting hamstring the attempt". TV Guide awarded the film 1 out of 4 stars, writing, "Some interesting concepts were touched on, but quickly pushed to the background in the name of plot development, which in this case is one cliche after another". Dennis Schwartz from Ozus' World Movie Reviews awarded the film a grade of C, calling it "Amusing hokum".

Legacy
In 1967, American International commissioned Larry Buchanan to remake the film in color for television, retitled as Creature of Destruction.

The original film was later featured in an episode of Cinema Insomnia, as well as in the eighth season of movie-mocking television show Mystery Science Theater 3000.

References

Bibliography
 Warren, Bill. Keep Watching The Skies Vol. I: 1950–1957''. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 1982. .

External links

 Review of film at Variety

1956 horror films
American International Pictures films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Edward L. Cahn
1950s monster movies
American monster movies
Films scored by Ronald Stein
1950s English-language films
1950s American films


Benjamin Blake Minor (October 21, 1818 – August 1, 1905) was an American writer, educator, legal scholar, and fourth President of the University of Missouri, from 1860-1862. Today, he is most known as the editor of the Southern Literary Messenger. He also compiled the second edition of the reports of the decisions of George Wythe, published in 1852.

Biography
Benjamin Blake Minor was born in Tappahannock, Essex county, Virginia, on October 21, 1818. His parents were Dr. Hubbard Taylor Minor and Jane (Blake Minor).

He attended Bristol College, Pennsylvania, during the sessions of 1833-34, the University of Virginia, 1834–37, graduating in several of its schools, and subsequently entered the College of William and Mary, graduating in moral and political science and law in the class of 1839. He practiced law in Petersburg, Virginia, 1840–41 and then moved his practice to Richmond.

Minor married Virginia Maury Otey, daughter of James Hervey Otey, on May 26, 1842. They had five children: Hubbard Taylor Minor (b. Abt 1844), Benjamin Blake Minor (b. Abt 1846), Irving C. Minor (b. Abt 1847), Leonidas C. Minor (b. Abt 1848), and William P. Minor (b. Abt 1849).

From 1843 to 1847, he was owner and editor of the Southern Literary Messenger. He became principal of the Virginia Female Institute, Staunton, from 1847–48, and founded the Home School for Young Ladies, Richmond, 1848. He originated the historical department of the Society of Alumni of the University of Virginia, in 1845; the same year, he was vice-president of the commercial convention at Memphis. in 1847 was a chief factor in the revival of the Historical Society of Virginia of which he was made a life member. He was made a corresponding member of the historical societies of New York and Wisconsin, and secretary of the African Colonization Society of Virginia and of the Virginia Bible Society, which antedates the American Bible Society.

He resumed the practice of law in Richmond in 1848 and the same year was the mover and author of the memorial to the Virginia legislature that led to the erection of the Washington Monument on Capitol Square; was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the Nineteenth Virginia militia; was a warden, register and diocesan delegate of St. James' Church, and one of the founders of the Richmond Male Orphan Asylum.

On July 4, 1860, he was elected president of the State University of Missouri, and served until the curators suspended the work of the university during the American Civil War. He became principal of a female seminary in St. Louis, 1865–69; life insurance state agent and superintendent, also public lecturer, 1869–89, and in the latter named year rejoined his family in Richmond, Virginia, and engaged in literary work; he edited a complete edition of "Reports of Chancellor George Wythe, with a Memoir of the Author;" a new edition of Hening & Munford's Virginia Reports, and contributed to law journals in New York City; he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from the State University of Missouri in 1894, and in 1896 was made secretary of the Virginia Society of the Sons of the American Revolution.

Benjamin Blake Minor died in 1904.

See also

History of the University of Missouri

References
Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography, Volume III VII—Prominent Persons

1818 births
Leaders of the University of Missouri
Writers from Columbia, Missouri
Virginia lawyers
1905 deaths
People from Tappahannock, Virginia
Writers from Virginia
19th-century American non-fiction writers
19th-century American male writers
American male non-fiction writers
University of Virginia alumni
College of William & Mary alumni
American lecturers


Ralph Emmerson (7 July 1913 – 31 December 2007) was Bishop of Knaresborough from 1972 to 1979. Born in Leeds, West Yorkshire on 7 July 1913 he was educated at Leeds Grammar School and King's College London. He worked initially in the Youth Employment Department of Leeds Educational Authority before studying for ordination at  Westcott House, Cambridge. An urban priest and keen cricketer amongst many appointments he was Vicar of Headingley, in 1966 he was appointed Canon Missioner for the Diocese of Ripon.  In 1972 he was promoted again to be Suffragan Bishop of Knaresborough a post he held to his retirement in 1979. For a further seven years he helped out as an honorary assistant bishop in the diocese he had served so well.

He died on 31 December 2007.

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1913 births
2007 deaths
Alumni of King's College London
Associates of King's College London
Bishops of Knaresborough
People educated at Leeds Grammar School
Alumni of Westcott House, Cambridge