Sovereign, published in 2006, is a historical mystery novel by British author C. J. Sansom. It is Sansom's fourth novel and the third in the Matthew Shardlake Series. Set in the 16th century during the reign of King Henry VIII, it follows hunchbacked lawyer Matthew Shardlake and his assistant, Jack Barak as they investigate a series of murders and a plot to question the legitimacy of the line of succession to the English throne.

Plot
Set in the autumn of 1541, the novel describes fictional events surrounding Henry VIII's 'Progress' to the North (a state visit accompanied by the royal court and its attendants, the purpose of which was to accept the formal surrender from those who had rebelled during the Pilgrimage of Grace). Most of the novel is set in York though events in London and on the return journey via Hull are also depicted.

Matthew Shardlake (a London lawyer) and his assistant Jack Barak arrive in York ahead of the Progress to fulfill an official role but also with a secret mission from Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury. The official role is to deal with petitions to the king from the citizens of York; the secret mission is to ensure the welfare of an important political prisoner, Sir Edward Broderick, so that he can be brought to London for questioning in the Tower of London. However, events are quickly complicated when the murder of a York glazier leads Shardlake to the discovery of important documents that bring the king's right to the throne into question.

Characters
Historical characters portrayed in the novel include:

 Henry VIII (King of England)
 Catherine Howard (Queen of England; the King's fifth wife)
 Jane, Lady Rochford (the Queen's lady-in-waiting)
 Thomas Cranmer (Archbishop of Canterbury)
 Sir Richard Rich (statesman)
 Thomas Culpeper (courtier)
 Francis Dereham (courtier)
 The late Robert Aske (executed leader of the failed Pilgrimage of Grace)
 The late Cecily Neville (wife of Richard of York and ancestor of the King)
 The late Edward Blaybourne (in the novel, author of a mysterious confession)

Fictional characters include:

 Matthew Shardlake
 Jack Barak (Shardlake's assistant)
 Sir Edward Broderick (a political prisoner)
 Sir William Maleverer (chair of the Council of the North)
 Fulke Radwinter (Broderick's gaoler in York Castle)
 Simon Craike (a lawyer, once Shardlake's fellow student)
 Giles Wrenne (also a lawyer, now advanced in years)
 Jennet Marlin (one of Lady Rochford's attendants)
 Tamasin Reedbourne (a servant of the queen's household)

Reception
In The Independent, Amanda Craig praised the novel, likening the quality of the series to the detective fiction by P. D. James, Ruth Rendell, Ian Rankin and Minette Walters. She praised its "vigorous, well-drawn characters" and "impressive historical research".

Desmond Ryan, a former critic with The Philadelphia Inquirer, also reviewed the novel positively, noting that Sansom succeeded at writing a first-person narrative without awkward historical exposition by the protagonist. He wrote that the three novels in the series "deserve the praise heaped on them in England".

Clea Simon of The Boston Globe wrote that Sovereign was not only longer, but demonstrated greater depth of plot than Sansom's previous novels, calling it an "engaging mix of history and fiction".

The novel was dramatized for radio in a 2015 BBC Radio 4 series. In July 2023, a community theatre performed an adaptation of Sovereign outdoors at King's Manor, York, in a joint production of York Theatre Royal and the University of York.

References

2006 British novels
Crime novels
Novels by C. J. Sansom
Novels set in the 1540s
Novels set in York
Macmillan Publishers books


The Farman F.50 was a French twin-engined night bomber designed and built by Farman as a replacement for the single-engined Voisin pusher biplanes in service with the French Air Force.

Development
The twin-engined F.50 flew for the first time in early 1918, powered by two  Lorraine 8Bb engines, as an unequal-span biplane with a slab-sided fuselage and a single fin and rudder. It had a fixed tailskid landing gear with twin wheels on the main gear, an open cockpit for the pilot and gunner/observer, and a gunner position in the nose.  It was equipped with a 7.7 mm machine gun forward and aft.

The two engines,  Lorraine 8Bd V-8s on production aircraft, were mounted between the wings using vee bracing struts. With the Armistice, production was less than 100 aircraft, but the company designed a passenger conversion for civil use, designated F.50P, with the fuselage behind the cockpit raised and enclosed to create a glazed cabin for up to five passengers. One example was used by Compagnie des Grands Express Aeriens from July 1920 from Paris to London and Amsterdam.

Operational history
With the military designation Bn.2 (2-seat night bomber) the aircraft were delivered to squadrons within 1e Groupe de Bombardement. Three escadrilles (S25, F114 and F119) had been equipped by the time of the Armistice in November 1918, with 45 F.50s in service. With the end of the war the aircraft did not have time to influence the campaign and the aircraft continued to serve until at least 1922.

Two aircraft were sold to the United States after the war.

Variants
F.50
Twin-engine night bomber.
F.50P
Five-passenger conversion.

Operators

Air Union (F.50P)
Compagnie des Grands Express Aériens -(F.50P)
French Air Force

Imperial Japanese Army Air Service - One F.50.

Mexican Air Force - Thirteen F.50 bought in September 1920.

Specifications (F.50)

References

Bibliography
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 1736/7

1910s French bomber aircraft
1910s French airliners
F.0050
Aircraft first flown in 1918


The Briggs & Stratton Animal is a single cylinder, four-stroke overhead valve engine used in many go-karting series, such as the IKF, WKA and others. It is based on Briggs & Stratton's 6.5 horsepower generator engines.

History
At the end of the 2004 karting season, many karters were beginning to look for better ways forward in terms of technology. The Raptor engine had reached its engineering maximum, and with the speed required to be competitive constantly rising, they needed a new engine. During the winter break leading into the 2005 season, Briggs & Stratton began to prototype a smaller, faster, and more efficient engine. This would be the Animal.

Over the next year, more Animals were phased into the field. After the Animal's immediate domination in virtually all classes, including Junior Sportsman and 4-Cycle Open Modified, the World Karting Association deemed it too fast to compete against the Raptor.

Current status
In late 2005, the WKA made the shift from Raptors to Animals for most oval track competition classes, due in large part to the engine's durability and efficiency. The Raptor was kept due to its being a better beginner engine for a few novice categories.

Kart racing
Internal combustion piston engines
Animal


Joseph McLeod (born 30 December 1967 in Edinburgh) is a Scottish former footballer who played as a left midfielder.

Career
McLeod came through the youth ranks at Dundee United but managed only seventeen appearances in a four-year spell, which included a loan period with Dumbarton. In 1990, McLeod moved to Motherwell, managing nearly fifty league appearances over a three-year period. In 1993, McLeod had a brief spell in Northern Ireland with Portadown before moving back to Scotland in December 1993 with Stirling Albion. In 1998, McLeod moved to Berwick Rangers where he finished his playing career in November.

As a youth, McLeod was a runner-up in the Under-18 European Championship with Scotland in 1986.

McLeod is now a maintenance operative with Scottish Water in Edinburgh.

Honours
 Under-18 European Championship runner-up: 1
 1986

References

External links

1967 births
Living people
Footballers from Edinburgh
Scottish men's footballers
Dundee United F.C. players
Dumbarton F.C. players
Motherwell F.C. players
Portadown F.C. players
Stirling Albion F.C. players
Berwick Rangers F.C. players
Scottish Football League players
Scotland men's under-21 international footballers
Scotland men's youth international footballers
Men's association football midfielders


This article surveys the postage stamps and postal history of the Republic of South Moluccas. Historical or political incidents can be found in the main article.

Stamp issues
Although the Republic of South Moluccas did not issue its own postage stamps, several stamps bearing the country's name can be found. They are so-called bogus stamps, which are private stamp issues and were not issued by any postal administration of the South Moluccas.

There are three distinct bogus stamp issues of the Republic of South Moluccas:
Overprints
Stamp issues of the exile government in the Netherlands
Stamps from the Österreichische Staatsdruckerei (Austrian National Print Office), which were ordered and sold by New York stamp dealer Henry Stolow.

Overprints
In 1950, 17 stamps of the Dutch East Indies and Indonesia were overprinted with "Republik Maluku Selatan". Many philatelists believe that the stamps could have been used locally. However, the majority assumes that they are stamp forgeries.

Stamp issues of the exile government in the Netherlands
Several one- and three-coloured stamp issues of South Moluccas lacking the date of issue are known. They were possibly sold by the exiled government in the Netherlands. These issues were supposed to announce the archipelago and flag of the Republic of South Moluccas, point out the concern of this exile government, and win target audiences, such as the Universal Postal Union (UPU), the United Nations (UN), and General Douglas MacArthur for their goals. But there are also stamps where no unambiguous reason can be given for their issuance.

Stamps ordered and sold by Henry Stolow
In 1955, approximately 150 coloured triangular or rectangular stamp forgeries by New York and Munich stamp dealer Henry Stolow (1901–1971) appeared on the market without a date of issue. These stamp issues were printed in the Österreichische Staatsdruckerei without verification of their legality. These issues do not bear any hint of their date of issue, as German stamps do, for example. Therefore, it is completely futile to assign them to specific years of issue, as is sometimes done. They were never used for postage, so there are only mint copies.

In 1991, Peter Doerling wrote:

Valuation of these stamp issues
Respected stamp catalogs and stamp dealers do not sell stamps from the Republic Maluku Selatan. No valid stamps from that region are known to the Michel editorial department.

Regarding the coloured stamp issues sold since 1955, the Michel editorial department stated:

Ulrich Häger wrote in the "Großes Lexikon der Philatelie" (Great Encyclopaedia of Philately) under the keyword Maluku Selatan:

The Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue wrote under the keyword South Moluccas:

References

Literature
in German
Ulrich Häger: Großes Lexikon der Philatelie, Bertelsmann Lexikon-Verlag, Gütersloh-Berlin-Munich-Vienna 1973 (p. 275 Maluku Selatan,  p. 449 Henry Stolow).
Michel Rundschau 5/1988 (p. 362 Maluku Selatan),  7/1988 (p. 534–536 Maluku Selatan).

External links
 English articles about the overprints, which assume local use of the stamps:
 Article South Moluccas (1950) at linns.com
 Article South Moluccas (Republik Maluku Selatan) at Sandafayre Online
 English articles about the stamp issues of the exile government in the Netherlands:
 World History at KMLA
 Overview of the stamp issues of the exile government
Images:
 Examples of the stamp issues of the exile government in the Netherlands:
 Archipelago and flag, UPU, United Nations, General Douglas MacArthur
 Examples of the stamps ordered and sold by Henry Stolow:
 fruit bats, kingfisher,  Belamcanda chinensis,  Rhoeo discolor

Former governments in exile
Cinderella stamps
Philately of Indonesia


CSSE can refer to:
The Canadian Society of Safety Engineering
Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University
Chicken Soup for the Soul (Nasdaq: CSSE), American mass media company
Computer Science and Software Engineering, a designation used at some universities for the department of the same name
The Consortium for Selective Schools in Essex


Maximilian Auffhammer (born 1973) is a UC-Berkeley based environmental economist who has produced some important forecasts of Chinese carbon dioxide releases. Auffhammer is an associate professor with a joint appointment in International Area Studies and Agricultural and Resource Economics. He received his Ph.D. in Economics from the University of California at San Diego. His research agenda focuses on forecasting Greenhouse Gas Emissions as well as studying the impacts of air pollution on agriculture. Geographically he is mainly interested in China and India as well as his chosen home—California.

Said Auffhammer regarding China's carbon pollution output, "The only solution is for a massive transfer of technology and wealth from the West."

His most recognized collaborated papers are:  Forecasting the path of China's  emissions using province-level information, Using Weather Data and Climate Model Output in Economic Analyses of Climate Change, and Clearing the air? The effects of gasoline content regulation on air quality.

References
 China's chance to lead, The Washington Post, August 2, 2007
 The Future Trajectory of U.S. CO2 Emissions: The Role of State vs. Aggregate Information
 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,  December 26, 2006, vol. 103, no. 52, pgs 19607-19608
 Pollution 'reducing rice harvest', BBC News, 5 December 2006
 Production of Chlorofluorocarbons in Anticipation of the Montreal Protocol
 Forecasting China's Carbon Dioxide Emissions: A Provincial Approach

1973 births
Living people
University of California, Berkeley College of Natural Resources faculty
Environmental economists
21st-century American economists
Haas School of Business faculty


Donnacha Ryan (born 11 December 1983) is an Irish former rugby union player and current coach. Ryan spent most of his career representing his native province Munster, spending 13 seasons at the club, before moving to French club Racing 92 in 2017, where he spent the final four seasons of his playing career before retiring and joining the coaching team at La Rochelle ahead of the 2021–22 season. He played primarily as a lock, but could also play as a flanker.

Early career
Ryan went to school at CBS Nenagh and played all his underage rugby with Nenagh Ormond, representing Munster and Irish Youths, before moving to St Munchin's College in Limerick, where he was a key member of the side that won the Munster Schools Rugby Senior Cup in 2002. Ryan originally began playing rugby at the age of 17 in order to bulk up and earn selection for the Tipperary Minor Hurling team, but instead ended up pursuing rugby. He joined Limerick amateur club Shannon, who play in the All-Ireland League, and won an AIL League medal with the club in the 2005–06 season.

Professional career

Munster
At the age of 20, Ryan made his debut for Munster against Ospreys on 3 September 2004 during a Celtic League fixture. He made his Heineken Cup debut against Scarlets on 16 December 2007. He played for Munster in their 2007–08 Heineken Cup semi-final against Saracens, and was on the bench for the 2008 Heineken Cup Final against Toulouse, which Munster won 16–13.

Ryan was part of the Munster squad that won the 2008–09 Celtic League, and he added a second Celtic League winners medal to his collection when Munster beat arch-rivals, and newly crowned Heineken Cup champions, Leinster 19–9 in the 2011 Celtic League Grand Final. After the 2011 Rugby World Cup, he began to regularly partner Paul O'Connell in the Munster pack, particularly during the 2011–12 Heineken Cup, keeping Donncha O'Callaghan on the bench. It was announced on 13 March 2012 that Ryan had signed a contract extension with the IRFU. On 8 April 2012, Ryan won his 100th cap for Munster in the 2011–12 Heineken Cup quarter-final against Ulster. He also won the Munster Player of the Year award for the 2011–12 season.

Ryan started all of Munster's 2012–13 Heineken Cup pool games and was a crucial player in getting them through to the semi-finals. In December 2013, Ryan signed a new three-year contract with Munster. On 1 October 2016, Ryan earned his 150th cap for Munster during the 2016–17 Pro12 fixture against Zebre. On 27 May, Ryan made his final appearance for Munster when he started against Scarlets in the 2017 Pro12 Grand Final in the Aviva Stadium, Dublin.

Racing 92
On 19 May 2017, it was announced that Ryan would be leaving Munster upon the conclusion on the 2016–17 season to join French Top 14 side Racing 92. A neck hernia ruled Ryan out until the end of November 2017, though he made his Racing debut on 3 December 2017 and started against his former club Munster on 14 January 2018. Ryan featured as a replacement for Racing 92 in the 2020 European Rugby Champions Cup Final against English club Exeter Chiefs on 17 October, which the Parisian side narrowly lost 31–27. Ryan's final game for Racing 92 was their 19–6 defeat against Ronan O'Gara's La Rochelle in the semi-finals of the 2020–21 Top 14 season on 18 June 2021.

Ireland
Ryan represented Ireland at Youth U18 level and at U21. He made his debut for the Irish national team on 22 November 2008 in a test against Argentina in Croke Park, Dublin. Ryan missed out on selection for the Ireland senior squad for the 2009 Six Nations Championship, and had to wait until the 2009 Summer Tests to play for Ireland again, earning caps against Canada and the USA. He was named in the squad for the 2009 November Tests, but did not earn any caps during the series.

Named in Ireland's squad for the 2010 Six Nations Championship, Ryan made his Six Nations debut against Italy on 6 February 2010 as a replacement. He made another replacement appearance against France on 13 February, but did not feature in the rest of the tournament. He missed out on selection for Ireland's 2010 Summer Tour, but was back for Ireland during the 2010 November Tests and made appearances off the bench against South Africa and Samoa.

Ryan missed out on selection for Ireland's squad for the 2011 Six Nations Championship, but was named in the training squad for the 2011 Rugby World Cup. He made his first start for Ireland in the World Cup warm-up against Scotland on 6 August 2011, as well as playing against France and England. He won selection in the final 30-man squad for the tournament in New Zealand, and made three appearances at the tournament, including a start against Russia and bench appearances against Italy and Wales.
He was selected in Ireland's 24-man squad for the 2012 Six Nations Championship. He came off the bench against Wales, Italy and France, and made his first Six Nations start in the Round 4 game against Scotland, in which he was named man of the match. Ryan started in all of Ireland's tests against New Zealand in June 2012, as part the 2012 Tour of New Zealand, and the tests against South Africa and Argentina on November 2012.

Ryan continued to hold down the Ireland number 5 jersey going into the 2013 Six Nations Championship, starting against Wales, England Scotland, France, and Italy. Ryan was added to Ireland's squad for the 2014 Six Nations Championship on 17 February 2014. Ryan was named in the 45-man training squad for the 2015 Rugby World Cup on 24 June 2015. He started in the first World Cup warm-up against Wales on 8 August 2015. Ryan came off the bench in the third warm-up game against Wales on 29 August 2015. He was selected in the final 31-man squad for the World Cup when it was announced on 1 September 2015. Ryan came off the bench in the final warm-up game against England on 5 September 2015. He came off the bench in the pool opener against Canada on 19 September 2015. Ryan started the second pool game against Romania on 27 September 2015. He came off the bench for Ireland in the 43-20 quarter-final defeat against Argentina on 18 October 2015.

On 20 January 2016, Ryan was named in Ireland's 35-man squad for the 2016 Six Nations. On 7 February 2016, he came off the bench against Wales in Ireland's opening match of the Six Nations. On 13 February 2016, he came off the bench against France in Ireland's second game of the Six Nations. On 12 March 2016, Ryan won the Man-of-the-Match award in Ireland's 58-15 win against Italy.

On 25 May 2016, Ryan was named in the 32-man Ireland squad to tour South Africa in a 3-test series. On 18 June 2016, Ryan came on as a replacement in the second test against South Africa. On 26 October 2016, Ryan was named in Ireland's squad for the 2016 end-of-year rugby union internationals. On 5 November 2016, Ryan started in Ireland's test against New Zealand at Soldier Field, Chicago. Ireland's 40-29 win was their first ever against New Zealand. On 23 January 2017, Ryan was named in the Ireland squad for the opening two rounds of the 2017 Six Nations Championship. Having been dropped for the opening fixture against Scotland, Ryan was restored to Ireland's starting XV for the four remaining fixtures against Italy, France, Wales and England.

Coaching career
Upon the conclusion of the 2020–21 season, Ryan, who hadn't been offered a contract extension by Racing 92, rejected offers from Pro D2 clubs to continue his playing career and retired, joining the coaching team at La Rochelle, where Ryan's former Munster teammate and Racing 92 coach Ronan O'Gara was director of rugby.

Ryan was part of the coaching setup at La Rochelle that won the 2021–22 European Rugby Champions Cup beating Leinster in the final 24-21.

The following year, La Rochelle repeated the achievement by winning 2022–23 European Rugby Champions Cup, this time beating Leinster 27-26 at the Aviva Stadium. In a post-match interview, La Rochelle's Director of Rugby, Ronan O'Gara, commented on Ryan's involvement, saying, 'he's coaching for two years, he has two European Cup medals so he's probably the most performing coach in the world'. Despite only coaching for two years, winning back to back European Champions Cup medals makes Ryan one of the most successful coaches in World Rugby.

Statistics

International analysis by opposition

Correct as of 5 July 2017

Honours

Munster
United Rugby Championship
Winner (2): 2008–09, 2010–11
Runner Up (2): 2014–15, 2016–17
European Rugby Champions Cup
Winner (1): 2007–08

Racing 92
European Rugby Champions Cup
Runner Up (1): 2017–18

Ireland A
Churchill Cup:
Winner (1): 2009

References

External links
Munster Profile
Racing 92 Profile
Ireland Profile

Pro14 Profile

1983 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Nenagh
People educated at St Munchin's College
Alumni of University College Cork
Rugby union players from County Tipperary
Irish rugby union players
Irish rugby union coaches
University College Cork RFC players
Sundays Well RFC players
Shannon RFC players
Munster Rugby players
Ireland Wolfhounds international rugby union players
Ireland international rugby union players
Racing 92 players
Irish expatriate rugby union players
Irish expatriate sportspeople in France
Expatriate rugby union players in France
Rugby union locks
Rugby union flankers
2011 Rugby World Cup players
2015 Rugby World Cup players


Boreas is a peer-reviewed academic journal that has been published on behalf of the Collegium Boreas since 1972. The journal covers all branches of quaternary research, including biological and non-biological aspects of the quaternary environment in both glaciated and non-glaciated areas. Formerly published by Taylor & Francis, Boreas has been published by Wiley-Blackwell since 1998. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 2.457.

See also
 List of earth and atmospheric sciences journals
 Journal of Quaternary Science

External links

Ecology journals
Quaternary science journals
Wiley-Blackwell academic journals


Nelson Lemmon (22 March 1908 – 20 March 1989) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and served as Minister for Works and Housing (1946–1949) in the Chifley government. He played a key role in establishing the Snowy Mountains Scheme.

Early life
Lemmon was born at Williamstown, Victoria, the son of John Lemmon, Australian Labor Party politician and Australian Labor Party member for Williamstown in the Victorian Legislative Assembly from 1904 to 1955. He was educated at Williamstown State School and Longerenong Agricultural College, but subsequently moved to Ongerup, in the Great Southern region of Western Australia, to take up farming, and married Ada Mary Jackel in 1930. Lemmon was later elected chairman of the Gnowangerup Road Board, becoming the youngest road board chairman in the state. He also served as a "prominent member" of the Wheatgrowers' Union.

Early political involvement
Running as an unendorsed Country Party candidate, Lemmon unsuccessfully contested the seat of Katanning in the Legislative Assembly at both a 1935 by-election and the 1936 state election. Lemmon was defeated by Arthur Watts, a future deputy premier, on both occasions, at the by-election losing by only 43 votes after five rounds of counting.

Federal politics
Remaining involved in politics, although switching to the Labor Party, Lemmon won the House of Representatives seat of Forrest at the 1943 election. He defeated longtime Country member John Prowse on a swing of almost 14 percent as part of that year's massive Labor landslide. Notably, he won almost 53 percent of the primary vote, enough to take the seat off the Country Party without the need for preferences. He was Minister for Works and Housing in Ben Chifley's November 1946 ministry. In that role, he was responsible for the commencement of the construction of the Snowy Mountains Scheme, a complex of dams, power stations and tunnels in southern New South Wales to produce hydroelectric power and divert water for irrigation to inland areas along the Murray and Murrumbidgee Rivers. He chose William Hudson as Commissioner of the Snowy Mountains Hydro-electric Authority and refused to follow the normal procedure of putting forward three alternatives to cabinet. Lemmon was also responsible for commencing a substantial program of construction of houses for ex-servicemen returned from World War II.

Lemmon's tenure in cabinet ended with his defeat at the 1949 election, in which he lost to Liberal Gordon Freeth despite being well ahead on the primary vote. However, on the third count, preferences from Country Party candidate and war hero Arnold Potts flowed overwhelmingly to Freeth, allowing Freeth to defeat Lemmon from third place on the primary vote.

At the 1954 election he won the New South Wales seat of St George from Bill Graham and there was press speculation that he would run for Labor leadership.  However, the Labor Party split in 1954 and Nelson lost to Graham at the 1955 election.

He was one of only a small number of people who have represented more than one state or territory in the Parliament.

Later life
Lemmon returned to being a horse trainer and breeder in Robertson, New South Wales.  He died on 20 March 1989, at Port Macquarie, NSW, the last surviving member of the Chifley Cabinet. He was survived by his wife and a son and a daughter.

Notes

External links

Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Forrest
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for St George
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Cabinet of Australia
Mayors of places in Western Australia
National Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Western Australia
1908 births
1989 deaths
20th-century Australian politicians
People from Williamstown, Victoria
Politicians from Melbourne
Western Australian local councillors


"Oh Happy Day" was a 1952 surprise hit song, one of the first whose initial popularity was driven by teenagers rather than support from the music industry.

The song was originally recorded and copyrighted by Don Howard, a high school student who had learned the song secondhand; the song's originator, Nancy Binns Reed, heard the song and within weeks of its release sued to claim songwriter credit. Reed and Howard eventually settled, with each receiving co-writer credits. Concurrently with Howard's original acoustic pop recording, concurrent cover versions by two established acts, the Lawrence Welk Orchestra (whose version featured a now-famous basso profondo lead vocal by Larry Hooper) and The Four Knights, were also released; for a time in 1953, all three versions were top-10 hits.

Structure
The song is set in a basic four-chord progression, either I-vi-ii-V7 or I-vi-IV-V7 depending on the musical arrangement. The song has four verses of eight bars each, with no refrain or chorus, sung and performed in a slow swing rhythm.

While different covers of "Oh Happy Day" phrased the lyrics somewhat differently, the official sheet music for the initial hit version by Don Howard has the following lyrics:

The sun is shining, Oh Happy Day,
No more troubles and no skies of gray,
Ever since you said those words to me,
You said you loved me, I know it's true.
My life's complete, dear, for now I have you.
Oh Happy Day, Oh lucky me.

Howard originally performed it in the key of E major. Rhythmic errors in Howard's playing, audible especially in the first verse, were left in the finished product.

Origins
"Oh Happy Day" was one of the first pop hits whose momentum was driven by the high-school teen set. Don Howard Kaplow sang it accompanied by his guitar before his classmates at Cleveland Heights High School, in Cleveland, Ohio. At a Saturday high-school dance, the boys and girls called 13 times for "Oh Happy Day". This convinced Koplow to put the song on wax. Once it was played on the air, teenage fans besieged the disc jockey, Phil McLean of radio station WERE with requests that kept him spinning the song all week. Calls began coming in from nearby cities, and it was decided the record should go to market. A contract was signed in early November 1952 and "Oh Happy Day" went on sale. Upon release by a brand new record company (Triple A), 21,000 copies quickly sold around Cleveland. Then the record was leased to another label (Essex) for national distribution. By February 1953, it was pushing the half-million mark. The disc credited Kaplow as the composer, who sang under the professional name "Don Howard." His simple solo rendition, with no orchestra or backup singers, became known as a "garage hit."

Time Magazine reported in 1953 that "Oh Happy Day" had a "folklike origin: Donnie heard it sung by an Ohio State girlfriend, who had picked it up on the campus. Donnie worked it out on his guitar, changed it a bit, wrote some lyrics, sang it at parties and prudently got it copyrighted.." Six weeks later, while "Oh Happy Day" was still on the pop charts, the Washington Post reported that Nancy Binns Reed, a 28-year-old housewife, had filed a lawsuit to prove that she wrote the song. Represented by Lee Eastman (father of Linda McCartney), a New York copyright and show business attorney, Mrs. Reed obtained affidavits from persons who had heard her singing the song when serving as a counselor at various camps and when she attended the University of California in the 1940s. She stated that many campers and high-school and college friends had learned the song. The lawsuit resulted in an out-of-court cash settlement along with an agreement that Mrs. Reed and Mr. Kaplow share equal credit for the song's words and music. Music Views magazine reported in its June 1953 edition that Kaplow's girlfriend had graduated from a girl's camp, where Ms. Reed had served as a counselor.

Chart performance
"Oh Happy Day" (not to be confused with the gospel hit of the same name) was known as the "people's hit" since it became a national United States hit song as well as an international hit without any initial support from the music industry. Because the song was credited to an amateur, it flew under the radar of professionals in the music business. Bandleader Lawrence Welk agreed to record it as a vehicle for his bass-voiced singer, Larry Hooper. Hooper recalled, "We got ahold of a tune to record that nobody else wanted, and we gambled with it."

The song reached US number 3 in Cashbox and number 4 and 3 in Billboard′s two national charts, respectively) and Australia singles charts at number 1.  Time Magazine called it the "Mystery Hit" and described it as the "rarest kind of hit, unplanned and unplugged." It was first released on record by Don Howard in early November 1952. Within two months, Don Howard's "Oh Happy Day" was still going up the charts, when two other versions of the same song by Lawrence Welk and by The Four Knights also went up the US hit charts, Lawrence Welk's version reaching number 5 (Billboard US national charts) and the Four Knights' version reaching number 8 (Billboard US national charts).

"Oh Happy Day" by Don Howard reached number 4 on the Billboard Chart. The Billboard confusion arises from the fact that Billboard printed two charts. One ranking for individual artist recordings of a song and one for combined sales of a song by all of the recorded versions. The number 3 ranking for "Oh Happy Day" in Billboard came from the Billboard "Honor Roll of Hits" listing. That ranking included all versions of "Oh Happy Day," not just the Don Howard version. The number 4 ranking in Billboard came from the chart listing "The Best Sellers in Stores" and only included sales of the Don Howard version. It did reach number 3 on The Cashbox Chart, which like the "Honor Roll of Hits" included all recordings of the same song.

In reaching number 1 in Australia, this feat was achieved the week of July 18, 1953, several months after Oh Happy Day charted in the United States. The versions of Oh Happy Day performed by Lawrence Welk and by the Four Knights were cited together as  the versions which made Oh Happy Day the number 1 hit in Australia. See Wikipedia article "List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1950s."

Other versions
Other performers released recorded versions of "Oh Happy Day" following the initial success by Don Howard. The January 10, 1953, edition of Billboard cited Lawrence Welk's version (Coral) as a likely upcoming hit, and noted in its January 17, 1953 edition that the versions by Four Knights (Capitol) and Dick Todd (Decca) were also likely upcoming hits.  Other versions released by January 1953 in the US were those by J. Johnson (V), Mickey Baker (Savoy) and Ken Griffin (Columbia).  In the Billboard Territorial Best Sellers (Popular) charts for the 15 top markets in the US, Don Howard's version had the greatest success, a number 1 ranking in Chicago, Philadelphia and New Orleans and number 2 rankings in Pittsburgh and St. Louis.  The Four Knights achieved a number 1 ranking in Seattle and a number 2 ranking in Atlanta.  Lawrence Welk, in turn, achieved a number 2 ranking in the Los Angeles and Denver markets.  Finally, during the same time period that various versions of "Oh Happy Day" were on the national US hit chart, Dick Todd's version charted at number 3 in New Orleans.

"Oh Happy Day" is the only song that charted three different versions of the song in the top ten at the same time during calendar year 1953.  This unprecedented achievement was otherwise unmatched for other years as well.  One million records are estimated to have been sold of "Oh Happy Day" by June 1953.

Legacy and influence
In terms of legacy and influence, "Oh Happy Day" has been performed by numerous artists of various persuasions and interests. Folk versions (accompaniment by acoustic guitar only) were performed by Don Howard, Mickey Baker, Dolph Dixon, and Elvis Presley. Don Howard's version has been released on a recent CD compilation entitled Songs That Inspired The King in reference to Elvis Presley. Elvis is known to have performed "Oh Happy Day" during the dress rehearsal for his 1968 Comeback Show and at an August 5, 1976, concert at the Sahara in Las Vegas.  He described the chord arrangement on "Oh Happy Day" as representative of early rock and roll, stating "Oh Happy Day" was similar to the songs "Blue Moon" and "Young Love" in this regard.  See Elvis's voice over on the CD From Burbank to Vegas, recorded at the Burbank Studios, Hollywood, where the 1968 dress rehearsal for the 1968 Comeback Show took place. The arrangement of Lawrence Welk's "Oh Happy Day" has also been described as early rock and roll. A more traditional big band 1940s sound is heard in the rendition by Geraldo and His Orchestra (UK). Other versions demonstrate a jazz orientation or influence including those by Jimmy Giuffre, Dick Erickson and Ron Levin and Milt Levitt Orchestra. Other international versions were performed by The Johnston Brothers (number 4 in the UK); Pilgrim With Rhythm Quartette (UK), Don Cameron (UK), Dave Carey (UK), Leo Heppe u.d. Continentals & Lutz Alberecht u.s. Orchester (Germany and sung in German); Mieke Telkamp (Germany) and Dick Todd (Canada).  The Four Knights rendition has been described as early doo-wop rock and roll and several more explicitly doo-wop versions followed in the 1950s and 1960s by the Singing Belles, the Skylites, Dion, Rick Martell & the Angels, the Five Satins, and Stephanie & the Gothics.  Dion's "Oh Happy Day", recorded in 1963, has been described as a stand-out doo-wop recording on his "Bronx Blues: The Columbia Recordings” album.  Other artists that have recorded "Oh Happy Day" include Tab Hunter, the Four Lads, Homer & Jethro, Kamahl, Bill Buchanan, the Honey Dreamers and Don McPherson and the Hy-powers.  Homer & Jethro's "Unhappy Day", a parody of "Oh Happy Day", stays faithful to the melody and brings forth a chuckle.

Not only did the teenagers set a pervasive influence in making "Oh Happy Day" a national and international hit, the song was heavily performed by local artists throughout the US. In 1953 it was performed at minstrel shows, various high-school assemblies, homecoming festivities, music programs in farming communities, and at talent shows.

The Welk arrangement of the song would become a regular feature on Welk's Dodge Dancing Party and its succeeding television shows, becoming Larry Hooper's signature song.

References

1952 songs


National Day, also known as Independence Day, is a Sri Lankan national holiday celebrated annually on 4 February to commemorate the country’s political independence from British rule in 1948. It is celebrated all over the country through a flag-hoisting ceremony, dances, parades and performances. Usually, the main celebration takes place in Colombo, where the President raises the national flag and delivers a nationally televised speech.

Many national struggles were made in the history of Sri Lanka. And on the independence day, all of these are remembered and celebrated. But the independence movement against the British is especially recalled.

In the President's speech, he highlights the achievements of the government during the past year, raises important issues and gives a call for further development. The President also pays tribute to the national heroes of Sri Lanka, observes two minutes of silence in their memory, challenges and vows to eradicate separatism. A great military parade is also made. In recent years, it showcases the power of the Army, Navy, Air Force, Police and the Civil Defense Force. The commitment, bravery, national unity and determination to achieve peace are recollected in the minds of people, who also thank the people who fought and laid down their lives for the country.

Celebrations
There were also singing and performances that showcase national unity and culture. Religious observances are also made in many places of worship around the country, wishing for peace and prosperity for the country, people and the tri-forces. The national media also tries to promote ideas like bravery, confidence, dedication, national unity, patriotism, nationalism, peace, national responsibility and awareness of national history in the minds of people.

Traditionally the Sri Lanka Navy accords a 21 gun salute to the nation from the ceremonial naval gun battery at the Colombo Lighthouse. A Google Doodle reaching only Sri Lanka celebrated the occasion in 2013 and from 2017 continuously onwards.

List of celebration and place

1991 - Independence Square
1992- Independence Square
1993 - Independence Square
1994 - Independence Square
1995 - Independence Square
1996 - Independence Square
1997 - Independence Square
1998 - Parliament Complex - Sri Jayawardana Pura Kotte
2008 -  Galle Face Green
2009 -  Galle Face Green
2010 -  Dalada Maligawa - Kandy
2011 -  Katharagama
2012 -  Anuradhapura - Jayanthi St
2013 -  Trincomalee
2014 -  Kegalle
2015 -  Galle Face Green
2016 -  Galle Face Green
2017 -  Galle Face Green
2018 -  Galle Face Green
2019 - Galle Face Green
2020 - Independence Square
2021 - Independence Square
2022 - Independence Square
2023 - Galle Face Green

See also
 Sri Lankan independence movement

References

1948 in international relations
1948 in politics
February observances
History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)
Sri Lanka
Public holidays in Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan independence movement
Ceremonies in Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan historical anniversaries


Luigi Rinaldo Legnani (7 November 1790 – 5 August 1877) was an Italian virtuoso guitarist, singer, composer and luthier.

Life
Born in Ravenna, Legnani was trained as a string player while very young but dedicated himself to guitar and voice. His debut as an operatic tenor was in Ravenna in 1807; his singing career spanned 17 years. His career as a guitarist began with a concert in Milan in 1819, and continued with the 1822 concerts in Vienna and return visits in 1833 and 1839. He tried to continue the guitar tradition established there by Mauro Giuliani.

Music
Legnani is perhaps best known for his 36 Caprices op. 20 for the guitar, which cover all the major and minor keys, and which were probably inspired by Paganini's 24 Caprices for the violin. He and Paganini were friends from the 1830s; while it was once thought that he and Paganini performed together in public (Powroźniak mentions a concert in Northern Italy in 1837), there is no evidence to support this claim. After the 1850s Legnani retired from active performance and became an instrument maker, concentrating on guitars and violins. The "Legnani model" guitar was popular in Central Europe through the middle of the nineteenth century.

Legnani composed some 250 works, which were published in his lifetime throughout many of the major publishing houses in Europe.  He died in Ravenna.

Luthier

As a regular visitor to Vienna, Legnani cooperated with Johann Georg Stauffer and his son Anton to make guitars according to Legnani's design, to be followed by a number of other luthiers ("Nach dem Modell des Luigi Legnani" / 'after the model of Luigi Legnani').

Later he began making his own guitars, and some of his instruments still exist:
Guitar by Legnani
Guitar of Legnani (ca.1870)

There is some confusion regarding the luthierie of Legnani, as there seems to have been a second (earlier) Luigi Legnani, an apprentice of Zosimo Bergonzi.
Sergio Monaldini affirms clearly that there is no reliable evidence that Legnani ever built a guitar or a violin, and there is no guitar signed by him.

Bibliography
Sergio Monaldini: Chitarra romantica. Luigi (Rinaldo) Legnani e il virtuosismo strumentale nell'Ottocento, Ravenna  (Longo, 2015)
In morte di Luigi Legnani by Antonio Zanca (1861–1958); (Milano : Tip. Lit. Degli Ingegneri, 1887) (Information about publication is found in Bibliografia italiana)
Luigi Legnani by Romolo Ferrari 1, 2 (E. Bassi e nipoti, 1932)
Teatro Carignano 28 Inglio 1855
Appunti su una chitarra di Luigi Legnani by Ciurlo, Ernesto Fausto  (1895 - 1978); Strumenti e Musica, XXIV, 1971, No. 2, page 70
Introduction to "36 Caprices", by Simon Wynberg (Heidelberg: Chanterelle, 1986)
Gazzelloni, Giuseppe, "Legnani, Luigi", in:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (London: Macmillan, 2001)

References

External links
Biographical
 Luigi Legnani, Guitar Virtuoso and Composer by George C. Krick; ETUDE, May 1941, volume LIX, number 5, page 351-352 (alternative)
Luigi Legnani by Philip James Bone (The guitar and mandolin : biographies of celebrated players and composers for these instruments (1914))

Articles
Luigi Rinaldo Legnani by Daniela Rossato (nova giulianiad 7/85, p. 154)

Sheetmusic
Rischel & Birket-Smith's Collection of guitar music 1 Det Kongelige Bibliotek, Denmark
Boije Collection The Music Library of Sweden (alternative)
George C. Krick Collection of Guitar Music Washington University

Images
Legnani's guitar: 1 2

1790 births
1877 deaths
19th-century classical composers
Composers for the classical guitar
Italian classical composers
Italian classical guitarists
Italian male classical composers
Italian male guitarists
Italian Romantic composers
19th-century Italian male musicians
19th-century guitarists


Lacave (; ) is a commune of France, situated in the North-West of the Lot department, within the Occitanie region.

Geography

Situated in the foothills of the "Causse de Gramat" at the confluence of the Dordogne and the Ouysse, 12 km from Souillac and 8 km from Rocamadour.

History

Inhabited since the time of the Solutrean and Magdalenian cultures of the Paleolithic era.

Administration

Population
At the start of the 20th century, Lacave had 519 inhabitants "with just 27 concentrated in the main town".

See also
Communes of the Lot department

References

Communes of Lot (department)


Charles Wesley Weldon,  (February 27, 1830 – January 12, 1896) was a Canadian lawyer and politician. He represented the City and County of St. John in the House of Commons of Canada from 1878 to 1891 as a Liberal member.

He was born in Richibucto, New Brunswick, the son of John Wesley Weldon and Frances Chandler Upham. He was educated at King's College in Windsor, Nova Scotia. He studied law in his father's office, was called to the bar in 1851 and set up practice in Saint John. In 1860, he married Annie Tucker. He was originally opposed to Confederation. In 1873, he was named Queen's Counsel. Weldon was defeated in the 1891 general election.

Electoral record

References
The Canadian biographical dictionary and portrait gallery of eminent and self-made men ... (1881)

1830 births
1896 deaths
Lawyers in New Brunswick
Canadian King's Counsel
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from New Brunswick
Liberal Party of Canada MPs


An hourly worker or hourly employee is an employee paid an hourly wage for their services, as opposed to a fixed salary. Hourly workers may often be found in service and manufacturing occupations, but are common across a variety of fields.
Hourly employment is often associated but not synonymous with at-will employment. As of September 2017, the minimum wage in the United States for hourly workers is $7.25 per hour, or $2.13 per hour for a tipped employee.  As a tipped employee, wages plus tips must equal the standard minimum wage or the employer is required to provide the difference.

References

Employment classifications


Linda Bhreathnach is an Irish writer, director and actress.

From Ros Muc, Conamara in the west of Ireland, Bhreathnach wrote and directed short film Adulting

Among other awards Linda's film 'Adulting' won best short film at the London Irish Film festival and she won a Rising Star Award with Irish Screen America (New York and Los Angeles) for her work on the same film.

Linda is a former Miss Galway (2007) and a runner up for Miss Ireland in the same year.

In 2017, Bhreathnach wrote and directed Native, a short film shot in Ireland starring Patrick Bergin. Native was nominated for Best Cinematography by Sean T. O'Meallaigh and Best National/International Short Film by Linda Bhreathnach at the Richard Harris International Film Festival. Native was produced by Linda Bhreathnach and by Marina Donahue of Corner Bar Pictures.

In 2018, Bhreathnach released the short film My Mother is my Priest. The film is described as a 'celebration of mothers' and was released by Linda Bhreathnach Films. Bhreathnach created, wrote, directed and performed in the film. In 2021, Linda wrote the screenplay 'Girleen' a contemporary film on the life of women and girls in the modern world.

She played the part as "Róise de Burca" in the long-running soap opera Ros na Rún. While in character Bhreathnach participated in the first Lesbian kiss episode on Irish television. Bhreathnach also had a starring role in the critically acclaimed political drama The Running Mate and in the BBC/TG4 drama Seacht / Seven.

Filmography

Television

Film

References

External links
Sunday Independent Article
The Running Mate

Living people
Actresses from County Galway
Irish soap opera actresses
Irish television actresses
Irish film directors
TG4 people
21st-century Irish actresses
Year of birth missing (living people)
Irish women film directors


Prospero Castillo Nograles (October 30, 1947 – May 4, 2019, ) also called "Boy Nograles," was a Filipino politician who served as the Speaker of the House of Representatives from 2008 to 2010. He was the first Speaker from Mindanao in a hundred years of Philippine legislative history. From 1989 to 2010, he was elected to five non-consecutive terms as a member of the House of Representatives, representing Davao City's 1st congressional district.

Early life
Nograles was born in Davao City, and finished his elementary and secondary education at the Ateneo de Davao University. He then studied at the Ateneo de Manila University, obtaining his Bachelor of Arts Degree major in Political Science in 1967, and his Bachelor of Laws degree from the Ateneo de Manila Law School in 1971. He placed second in the 1971 bar examinations with an average of 90.95%.

Political career
Nograles was active in the political opposition against President Ferdinand Marcos. He was involved in the litigation of human rights cases during that period, and was an active campaigner for Corazon Aquino during the 1986 snap presidential elections.

After Aquino assumed the presidency, Nograles sought a seat in the House of Representatives, representing the 1st district of Davao City. Although his opponent Jesus Dureza was initially proclaimed as winner, Nograles was seated into the House in 1989 following a favorable decision of the House Electoral Tribunal.

In 1992, Nograles gave up his congressional seat to make an unsuccessful challenge to the reelection bid of then Davao City Mayor Rodrigo Duterte. In 1998, Nograles again gave up his House seat to make another unsuccessful bid for election as Davao City mayor against Duterte-backed Benjamin de Guzman and lost in his bid.

Nograles again won election to the House in 2001 and went on to run unopposed for two consecutive terms in 2004 and 2007. From 2008 until 2010, he served as Speaker of the House during the administration of then President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.

During his stay in Congress, Nograles authored 17 House bills and co-authored 85 bills. He also chaired the Special Committee on Law Enforcement and its subcommittee on Gambling, Committee on Housing and Urban Development, and the Committee on Rules.

House Speaker
In early 2008, several members of Congress dissatisfied with the leadership of House Speaker Jose de Venecia expressed support for Nograles as the new speaker. On February 5, 2008, the House of Representatives approved a motion to declare the position of House Speaker as vacant. Shortly thereafter, de Venecia nominated Nograles to be his replacement. Nograles was immediately elected as Speaker after no other representative was nominated to the post. No objection was posed to Nograles' election.

2010 mayoralty bid and reconciliation with Rodrigo Duterte
He ran again for the mayorship of Davao City in 2010, where this time to Vice Mayor Sara Duterte, daughter of then-mayor and now President Rodrigo Duterte, who ran for vice-mayor. He lost to the younger Duterte by a margin of 200,000 votes, while his running mate, former Mayor Benjamin de Guzman, lost to the elder Duterte by a margin of 300,000 votes.

After 30 years of rivalry between Nograles and Duterte, they eventually reconciled on November 27, 2015 when Nograles supported the 2016 presidential bid of then mayor Duterte.

Post-Congress
On September 15, 2016, it was reported that Nograles' bodyguards were killed by the Davao Death Squad (DDS) when he ran for mayor against Sara Duterte in 2010, whom they were rival at the time. Nograles denied the claim. A confessed DDS member named Edgar Matobato said that the group has kidnapped and killed four supporters of Nograles at the Island Garden City of Samal, upon the orders of then mayor Rodrigo Duterte.

On March 7, 2017, Nograles faced charges of "graft and malversation" filed by the Ombudsman for allegedly misusing of pork barrel funds for "ghost projects" when he was a caretaker congressman for Misamis Oriental. The investigation showed that the Department of Budget and Management has released  of Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF) for the various projects and "bogus" foundations.

Death
Nograles died on May 4, 2019. According to the report of ABS-CBN News, Karlo Nograles said that his father succumbed to "respiratory failure, secondary to pneumonia". His remains were flown to Davao on May 7. President Rodrigo Duterte expressed his condolences to the family of Nograles. On May 13, his remains were buried at Forest Lake - San Pedro Memorial Park in Davao City.

Notes

External links
Official website of Speaker Prospero Nograles

|-

1947 births
2019 deaths
Visayan people
People from Davao City
20th-century Filipino lawyers
Speakers of the House of Representatives of the Philippines
Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Davao City
Ateneo de Manila University alumni
Lakas–CMD (1991) politicians
Lakas–CMD politicians
Majority leaders of the House of Representatives of the Philippines


Eligaid is a village and a mandal in Peddapalli district of Telangana, India. Eligaid is very near to Sultanabad and is accessible by Rajiv Rahadari (State Highway 1) from Katnapalli.

References

Villages in Peddapalli district


Carlo Bandirola (25 September 1915 – 21 September 1981) was an Italian Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. He had his best years in 1950 then again in 1955 when he finished fifth in the 500cc world championship.

References

1915 births
1981 deaths
Italian motorcycle racers
500cc World Championship riders
Place of birth missing


Harold Meyssen (born 24 July 1971 in Maaseik) is a Belgian professional football player. Meyssen is a left-footed midfielder with an excellent technique.

Meyssen started playing football with his local team Stokkem, but was discovered there by First division side FC Liège. Not achieving a breakthrough there, he signed for SK Tongeren, playing in second division. It would eventually be with Eendracht Aalst that Meyssen promoted to the Jupiler League. Meyssen would stay there for 6 seasons.

He then went to Austrian side SV Casino Salzburg, where he would stay for only one season. He returned to Belgium, signing for Standard Liège, the biggest club in Meyssen's career. After 3 seasons, Meyssen's role was played out, and he then chose the newly promoted Cercle Brugge to continue his career.

Meyssen is currently seeing out his career with Belgian coast team KV Oostende.

External links
Cerclemuseum.be

1971 births
Living people
Belgian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
RFC Liège players
Sint-Truidense V.V. players
S.C. Eendracht Aalst players
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Standard Liège players
Cercle Brugge K.S.V. players
Belgian expatriate men's footballers
Belgian Pro League players
Challenger Pro League players
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
Expatriate men's footballers in Austria
People from Maaseik
Footballers from Limburg (Belgium)


Cazals may refer to:

Geographical
Cazals is the name or part of the name of several communes in France:
 Cazals, in the Lot department
 Cazals, in the Tarn-et-Garonne department
 Cazals-des-Baylès, in the Ariège department

Music
 Cazals (band), a rock band from London, England


Cazals (; ) is a commune in the Lot department in south-western France.

The poet and novelist Yves Salgues (1924–1997) was born in Cazals.

See also
Communes of the Lot department

References

Communes of Lot (department)
Quercy


The Żmija Group (Polish: Zgrupowanie Żmija) (Viper Group) - a group of conspiracy military units of the Sub-district II of Żoliborz (of Armia Krajowa) of Armia Krajowa in Żoliborz in Warsaw during the German occupation of Poland. The units took part in the fights of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944.

Creation
The group was created in 1940 when the 3rd Scout Military Unit was transformed into the 225th platoon, based in the area of Marymont of Warsaw. In the course of its training, prior to the Warsaw Uprising, many military actions were conducted, among them at the wall of the Warsaw Ghetto and in Bielany.

Organisation
Commander - captain of horse Adam Rzeszotarski pseudonym "Żmija";
224th platoon - commanded by lieutenant (name unknown) Mańczak pseudonym "Rafa",
225th platoon - commanded by sergeant Piotr Urabaniak pseudonym "Siwy",
254th platoon - commanded by officer cadet Zbigniew Ptak pseudonym "Zbigniew",
257th platoon - commanded by captain of horse Henryk Mostowski pseudonym "Gryf",
244th platoon - commanded by lieutenant Andrzej Nowak pseudonym "Andrzej".

Course of combat in the Warsaw Uprising 1944
Since 1 August units of the group fought in Marymont, but they failed to reach the holding area of their attack. Fights were waged in the Zdobycz Robotnicza Housing Estate, in the Kampinos forest on Zaborówek and in Truskawka as part of forest-based units. Also, they took part in attacks on the Warsaw Gdańsk Station, in defence of Marymont, the "Forts" and workshops of Opel.

In the course of the fights 60% of soldiers of the group fell.

Among others, Wacław Gluth-Nowowiejski and Olgierd Budrewicz fought in the group.

See also
 Żubr Group
 Żniwiarz Group
 Żaglowiec Group
 Żyrafa Group
 Żbik Group

Units and formations of the Home Army
Warsaw Uprising


Warninglid (historically known as Warninglyth and Warningeld) is a small village in the Mid Sussex District of West Sussex, England. It lies on the B2115 road  west of Haywards Heath. The name Warninglid is believed to originate from two words, Werna and Gelad (meaning "Werna's Path".) It is in the civil parish of Slaugham.

At the centre of the village is a crossroads, and there sits the Half Moon public house. A nearby village - Handcross - provides the post office and convenience store for the locals.  Over the last quarter century the village has won the Best-Kept Village competition three times.

There is one school serving Warninglid, namely Warninglid Primary School. The school teaches 60 students and is led by Headteacher Marion West.

References

External links

Villages in West Sussex
Mid Sussex District


ETX Studio, formerly known as Relaxnews is a French public relations firm which provides advertorial content to news providers.

History

Relaxnews was founded in Paris in 1998 by Pierre Doncieux, former editor-in-chief and associate editor of Vogue for men, Lui and VSD. Jérôme Doncieux, former Executive Director of Euro RSCG France, and Director of the Association of Agencies-advice in Communication ( AACC), joined his brother in the business in 2000.

Member of the French Federation of News Agencies, Relaxnews is the first French news agency to be dedicated to leisure news. The company has specialized in this field to meet the high demand for lifestyle and leisure news. According to a survey conducted by the Opinion Way Institute in May 2006, 79% of the French population is interested in news about leisure.

, The company has received the RIAM Label which rewards innovative multimedia and audiovisual projects. Relaxnews’ project  “Relaxmultimedia”, has been realized  with the contribution of the international news agency AFP (Agence France Presse) and the University of la Rochelle.

Products

 The "relaxwire"
Launched in 2006, the « relaxwire » is the first newswire about leisure news. It covers four leisure categories: well-being, home, entertainment and tourism.

 The "relax adhoc"

The division focuses on editorial content (concepts, texts, pictures) as well as the production of customized pages, articles, dossiers, supplements and special issues. All the content is available for print, web or mobile use.

Notes

External links
  Relaxnews official website

News agencies based in France


Puy-l'Évêque (; Languedocien: Puèg l’Avesque) is a commune of France situated in the Lot department, in the Occitanie region. The town is picturesquely situated at the neck of a long loop of the Lot river in Quercy on the D811 between Fumel and Cahors, it is at the center of the Cahors (AOC) wine region.

History
The origins of the town are obscure. Though vestiges of a Roman road have been discovered running through it, there is no mention of the town until the Middle Ages. It was a Cathar stronghold before the Albigensian Crusade; in 1228 the warrior Bishop of Cahors, Guillaume de Cardaillac, took possession of it and gave it the present name of Puy-l’Evêque, "Bishop's Hill". From then on, it remained under the control of the Count-Bishops of Cahors. Puy-l'Évêque suffered considerably in the Hundred Years' War when it was occupied for a time by the English. In 1580, during the Wars of Religion, it was besieged unsuccessfully by the Protestants under the future King Henri IV; the marks of his cannonballs can still be seen in the main church of Saint-Sauveur.

With the French Revolution the rule of the Count-Bishops ended and the town briefly took the name of 'Puy Libre'. In the period of prosperity that followed the Napoleonic Wars the town was transformed. The 1830s and 1840s saw the construction of the first bridge over the Lot, and the building of the Route Nationale 111 (now D811), the first good road connection to the outside world. A branch railroad line arrived in 1869.

Nomenclature
The name Puy-l'Évêque (in Occitan: Pèg l'Avesque) is formed from Puy, a French version of the Occitan word pèg or pech, derived from the Latin word podium, in the sense of being raised to a height. L'Évêque indicates that this came under the suzerainty of the Comte-Évêque of Cahors: Guillaume de Cardaillac1.

During the French Revolution the commune was renamed Puy-Libre and Puy-sur-Lot2.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Puy-l'Évêquois.

Sights and monuments
Puy-l’Evêque grew up as a bourg around the Count-Bishops' castle on the cliffs above the river; of this only the 13th-century donjon remains, next to the town hall. Beneath it, the Cale along the Lot is the landing where the gabarres (river barges) of the old days transported the region's wine to Bordeaux for export.  From here the Rue de la Cale was the main street until the 19th century; the narrow medieval side streets that run off it bear the names of the trades that were practiced on them: Rue des Tanneurs (Tanners), Rue des Teinturiers (dyers), etc.  Rue de la Cale follows a stream called the Clédelles, once lined with the mills that supplied the medieval town's prosperity. Above these, palaces of the medieval merchants line Rue des Capucins and Rue Bovila. The church of Saint-Sauveur (14th-16th centuries) stands on a height outside the center; in medieval times it was built into the town's wall, to serve as a strong point in its defense.

Economy
Puy-l’Evêque today lives largely on wine and tourism. 75% of the commune's agricultural land is under vines, and nearly a fifth of its residences are holiday homes.

Mayors

Population
At the start of the 20th century, Puy-l'Évêque had 1,887 inhabitants.

See also
Communes of the Lot department

References

External links

Puyleveque


Pomarède is a commune in the Lot department in south-western France.

See also
Communes of the Lot department

References

Communes of Lot (department)


Duilio Agostini (8 April 1926 – 12 April 2008) was an Italian Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. He had his best year in 1955 when he won the 350cc French Grand Prix and finished the season in seventh place in the 350cc world championship. He is not related to Grand Prix motorcycle racing legend Giacomo Agostini.

Biography

Duilio Agostini was born to a well off family that owned the hotel restaurant Al Porto, now known as the Giardinetto, at Mandello del Lario on the shores of Lake Como; Guests included many important personalities linked to motorcycling, such as Omobono Tenni, Stanley Woods, Terzo Bandini, Primo Moretti and Ugo Prini.

Duilio worked for Moto Guzzi first in the customer service department, and finally, in 1947, as the official test rider alongside of Engineer Giulio Cesare Carcano.

His first race, which he won, was at Asola, Lombardy riding a borrowed Condor 500. From that moment his racing career began and he gained many podium positions and victories. In 1953 he won first overall in the Milano-Taranto on a Moto Guzzi Dondolino. That year he also won the Italian Championship in the Second Category of the 500cc class. In 1954 he became an official Moto Guzzi rider both in the 250cc class and in the 350 class, as they used to do in those days, with the Bialbero (twin cam). That year he was victorious winning the Italian 250cc Seniors (Campionato Italiano Seniores).

Whilst at the 1955 Isle of Man TT he met an Australian, Margaret Ward, who later became his wife. They had two daughters Alis, born in 1957, and Lindy, born in 1962.

His best year was 1955 when he won the French motorcycle Grand Prix and ended the season in seventh place in the 350cc World Championship.

In 1957 Duilio retired from racing and devoted himself to his workshop and Moto Guzzi dealership in Mandello del Lario.

In the seventies he founded a team for endurance racing using the Moto Guzzi V7 Sport. The race development projects led to the manufacture of many special components that were later marketed by the dealership. In the 70's, together with a group of enthusiasts, formed a new motorcycle club, the Moto Club Carlo Guzzi, of which he was president for many years. Together with the club he organised the first international Moto Guzzi rallies in Mandello del Lario. The rallies were held every two years and giving rise to a tradition which continued over the years. The last rally organised by Duilio in collaboration with the Moto Club took place in September 1989.

In 1993 he retired from the dealership leaving it totally in the hands of his daughter Alis who already managed it from 1981, initially with her sister Lindy. After a life dedicated to the brand of Mandello he died April 12, 2008, following a serious illness.

Race results

1950

16 April Circuito di Asola (Moto Guzzi 500) 1st place
18 May Circuito di Lodi (Moto Guzzi 500) 4th place and fastest lap
28 May Circuito di Codogno (Moto Guzzi 500 ) 1st place and fastest lap
18 June Circuito di Castano Primo (Moto Guzzi 500) 1st place

1951

15 April Circuito di Finale Emilia ( Moto Guzzi 500 ) 3rd place
20 May Circuito di San Secondo ad Asti ( Moto Guzzi 500 ) 5th place
3 June Circuito di Busto Arsizio ( Moto Guzzi 500 ) 3rd place
9 September Circuito di Asola (Moto Guzzi 500 ) 2nd place
30 September Circuito di Castelfranco Veneto ( Moto Guzzi 500 ) 1st place
7 October Circuito di La Spezia ( Moto Guzzi 500 ) 1st place
21 October Autodromo di Modena (Moto Guzzi 500 ) retired
Italian Championship second category ( Moto Guzzi 500 ) 5th place

1952

13 April Circuito di Cattolica (Moto Guzzi 500 ) retired
25 April Autodromo di Modena (Moto Guzzi 500 ) 2nd place
2 June Circuito di Gradisca (Moto Guzzi 500 ) retired
15 June Milano Taranto (Moto Guzzi 500 ) retired
6 June Circuito di Fossano (Moto Guzzi 500) retired
21 September Circuito di Castelfranco Veneto (Moto Guzzi 500 ) 1st place
Italian Championship second category ( Moto Guzzi 500 ) 5th place

1953

3 May Circuito di Crema (Moto Guzzi 500 ) 1st place and fastest lap
10 May Circuito delle mura di Bergamo (Moto Guzzi 500 ) 1st place and fastest lap
14 June Circuito di Busto Arsizio ( Moto Guzzi 500 ) 1st place and fastest lap
21 June Milano Taranto ( Moto Guzzi 500 ) 1st Absolute
12 July Coppa del mare Livorno ( Moto Guzzi 500 ) 1st place
16 August Circuito di Luino (Moto Guzzi 500 ) retired but had the fastest lap
6 September GP delle Nazioni a Monza ( Moto Guzzi 350 ) 3rd place
World Championship (Moto Guzzi 350 ) 10th place
Italian Championship second category ( Moto Guzzi 350 ) 1st place

1954

28 March Autodromo di Modena ( Moto Guzzi 250 ) 3rd place
28 March Autodromo di Modena ( Moto Guzzi 500) retired
19 April Circuito di Ferrara ( Moto Guzzi 250 ) 2nd place
25 April Coppa d’oro Shell at Imola ( Moto Guzzi 250 ) retired but had the fastest lap
23 May Autodromo Monza ( Moto Guzzi 250 ) 3rd place
17 June Circuito di Piacenza ( Moto Guzzi 250 ) 1st place
20 June Milano Taranto ( Moto Guzzi 500 ) retired
25 July Circuito di Locarno ( Moto Guzzi 250 ) 1st place
25 July Circuito di Locarno (Moto Guzzi 500) retired
1 August Circuito di Senigalia ( Moto Guzzi 350 ) 1st place
12 September GP delle Nazioni Monza ( Moto Guzzi 350 ) 4th place
26 September Circuito di Codogno ( Moto Guzzi 250) 2nd place and the fastest lap
3 October Spanish GP ( Moto Guzzi 350 ) 2nd place
3 October Spanish GP ( Moto Guzzi 500) retired
World Championship ( Moto Guzzi 350 ) 7th place
Italian Championship seniors ( Moto Guzzi 250 ) 1st place

1955

11 April Coppa d’oro Shell at Imola (Moto Guzzi 350) retired
11 April Coppa d’oro Shell at Imola (Moto Guzzi 500) retired
1 May Spanish GP (Moto Guzzi 500) retired
15 May French GP at Reims (Moto Guzzi 350) 1st place and the fastest lap
6 June Isle of Man TT (Moto Guzzi 350) 8th place
3 July Belgian GP at Spa (Moto Guzzi 350) retired
3 July Belgian GP at Spa (Moto Guzzi 500) 4th place
16 July Dutch GP at Assen (Moto Guzzi 350) retired
11 August Ulster GP Ireland (Moto Guzzi 350) retired
4 September GP delle Nazioni at Monza (Moto Guzzi 350) retired
World Championship (Guzzi 350) 7th place
World Championship (Guzzi 500) 16th place

1956

2 April Coppa d’oro Shell at Imola (Moto Guzzi 350) 6th place
29 April Gran premio della Sarre at St. Wendel (Moto Guzzi 500) 4th place
13 May Hockenheim Circuit (Moto Guzzi 350) retired
13 May Hockenheim Circuit (Guzzi 500) 5th place
4 June Isle of Man TT (Moto Guzzi 350) 9th place
30 June Dutch GP at Assen (Moto Guzzi 350) 7th place
8 July Belgian GP at Spa (Moto Guzzi 350) retired
9 September GP delle Nazioni at Monza (Moto Guzzi 350) 8th place

1957

19 March Circuito di Siracusa (motoGuzzi 350) retired
15 September Autodromo di Modena (Moto Guzzi 350) 4th place
Italian Championship Seniors (Moto Guzzi 350) 8th place

References

1926 births
2008 deaths
Sportspeople from the Province of Lecco
Italian motorcycle racers
250cc World Championship riders
350cc World Championship riders
500cc World Championship riders
People from Mandello del Lario


The  is a geographical area that is located in the Rokkō Mountains, Hyōgo, Japan. This valley is a part of Setonaikai National Park in Japan. The name of Hōrai Valley coming from a name of the mountain in a mystical land found in Chinese mythology.

Outline
Horai Valley is a typical ‘Badland' along Ōtada River in the Rokkō Mountains. It is said that there is no so many typical bad land as Hōrai Valley. The valley is made from granite and the stones are soft enough to be broken by hands of climbers. Many climbers and tourists are attracted by the unique sights just not far from down town of Osaka or Kobe.

Hōrai Valley is made of two parts. The lower part, Hōrai Valley for the narrow part, and the upper part, Oku-Horai Valley, or Deep Hōrai Valley.

Access
Shirube Iwa Bus stop or Zatodani Bus stop of Hankyu Bus.

Gallery

See also
 Kamakura Valley

References
Official Home Page of the Geographical Survey Institute in Japan
Rokkosan, Yama to Keikosha, 2007

Tourist attractions in Hyōgo Prefecture
Landforms of Hyōgo Prefecture
Valleys of Japan


The olive python (Liasis olivaceus) is a species of snake in the family Pythonidae. The species is endemic to Australia. Two subspecies are recognized, including the nominate subspecies described here.

Description
With adults reaching over 4 m (13 ft) in total length (including the tail), L. olivaceus is Australia's third-largest snake species (surpassed only by the amethystine python and Oenpelli python). Its high number of dorsal scale rows (61–72 at midbody), makes the skin look smoother than that of other pythons. The number of ventral scales is 355–377. The colour pattern is a uniform chocolate brown to olive green, while the belly is usually cream-coloured. The adult weight is typically , and a large female can exceed  in captivity.

Unfortunately, this species is occasionally confused with the venomous king brown snake, Pseudechis australis, and may be mistakenly killed based on the misidentification.

Distribution and habitat
L. olivaceus is found in Western Australia, the Northern Territory, and Queensland. The type locality given is "North Australia; Port Essington" (Northern Territory, Australia).

Habitat
The olive python occurs in rocky areas, gorges, and especially rocky areas near sources of water. Typically, shelter is sought in caves and rock crevices, but individuals have also been found in hollow logs and burrows under rocks.

Diet
The diet of L. olivaceus consists of birds (ducks and spinifex pigeons), mammals (including rock wallabies and fruit bats), and other reptiles. It prefers to lie in wait next to an animal trail to ambush its prey. Alternatively, it is a strong swimmer and also hunts in waterholes, striking at prey from under the water.

It is also known to prey on monitor lizards and juvenile crocodiles.

Reproduction
Mating activity of olive pythons starts in May and continues until mid-July. When successful, this is followed by a gestation period of 81–85 days, after which the oviparous female lays 12–40 eggs in late spring. The average clutch size is around 19 eggs. The hatchlings emerge after an incubation period around 50 days, each measuring about 35 cm in length.

Subspecies

Captivity
The olive python is often kept as a pet and is bred in captivity. It is technically an advanced-level species due to its size, habitat requirements, and strong feeding response, requiring a terrarium of a minimum of  long, by  high and  wide. If raised properly, it is noted to be friendly, curious, and calm. In removing it from its enclosure, snake hooks be used so as to prevent the feeding response from being triggered, and once out, it can generally be freely handled calmly due to its placid nature.

Images

References

Further reading
Barker DG, Barker TM (1994). Pythons of the World. Volume I. Australia. Lakeside, California: Advanced Vivarium Systems. xviii + 171 pp.
Boulenger GA (1893). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume I., Containing the Families ... Boidæ ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 448 pp. + Plates I-XXVIII. (Liasis olivaceus, p. 79 + Plate IV, figure 2).
Cogger HG (2014). Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, Seventh Edition. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. xxx + 1,033 pp. .
Gray JE (1842). "Synopsis of the species of prehensile-tailed Snakes, or Family Boidæ". Zoological Miscellany 2: 41–46. (Liasis olivacea, new species, p. 45).
Reynolds, R. Graham; Niemiller, Matthew L.; Revell, Liam J. (2014). "Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: Multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 71: 201–213.
Smith LA (1981). "A revision of the Liasis olivaceus species-group (Serpentes: Boidae) in Western Australia". Records of the Western Australian Museum 9 (2): 227–233. (Liasis olivaceus barroni, new subspecies, pp. 231–233, Figure 2).
Wilson, Steve; Swan, Gerry (2013). A Complete Guide to Reptiles of Australia, Fourth Edition. Sydney: New Holland Publishers. 522 pp. .

External links
Video of a wild Olive Python in Kakadu National Park, NT

Photo of wild Olive Python attempting to eat wallaby

olivaceus
Reptiles of Western Australia
Reptiles described in 1842
Taxa named by John Edward Gray
Snakes of Australia


The  Diocese of Alessandria () (Alessandria della Paglia) is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Piedmont, northern Italy. Originally a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Milan, since 1817 it has been a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Vercelli.

History

Foundation of the city
In 1168, in response to the aggression of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, the leaders of Milan, Cremona and Piacenza, established a new town in order to discomfit Frederick's ally Pavia. The new city was to be made up of the inhabitants of the villages of Quargnento, Solero, Oviglio, Foro, Bergoglio, Rovereto, Marengo and Gamondio. Seeking support for their undertaking, they sent ambassadors to Pope Alexander III (1159–1181) in January 1170, announcing that they had named the new city Alessandria in his honor, and begging for his support. They offered the city to the Papacy to be forever the vassal of the Holy Roman Church. They set aside three jugera ("moggi") of land at the junction of the Quartiere di Marengo and the Quartiere di Gamondo, thanks to the generosity of the Marchesi del Bosco, for the construction of a "Chiesa maggiore" under the title of S. Pietro, who had been declared their patron saint two years earlier. The church, originally a collegiate church, was begun immediately, and was completed by 1178. It had been raised to the dignity of a cathedral church in 1175. It was small, too small for the growing population, and needed to be rebuilt. A new cathedral was under construction in 1289, and was completed in 1297.

Establishment of the diocese
Alessandria was made a diocese in 1175 by Pope Alexander III, with territory removed from the diocese of Acqui, Asti, Pavia, Tortona, and Milan. The diocese was declared to be a suffragan of the metropolitan of Milan.

In a Brief of 30 January 1176, Pope Alexander declared that he had selected Alessandria's first bishop, though he did so without any prejudice to the rights of the Chapter for the future to elect their bishop, just as the other suffragans of Milan did. The new bishop, Arduinus, died before he could be consecrated, and another candidate was substituted, who also did not receive an episcopal consecration. Archbishop Galdinus of Milan, who had been appointed to carry out the episcopal consecration, died on 18 April 1176.

On 28 May 1176, the Lombard League, of which Alessandria was a member, and of which Pope Alexander III was the nominal head, defeated Frederick Barbarossa in the Battle of Legnano, ending the emperor's fifth and last attempt to subdue the cities of Lombardy and Piedmont.

At the Third Lateran Council, held by Pope Alexander in March 1179, Archbishop Algesius and twelve of his suffragan bishops attended and subscribed the acts, including Bishop Ubertus of Aqui. No bishop of Alessandria was present.

On 18 July 1180, Pope Alexander III confirmed the election of Bishop Otto by the cathedral chapter of S. Pietro (which was already in existence and operating), with the agreement of the clergy and people, and also confirmed in their dignities Magister Hugo the Provost, Magister Cataldo the Archpriest, and Magister P(etrus?) the Cantor. He also confirmed the assignment of seven churches in the diocese for the use of the canons.

Dioceses of Alessandria and Acqui in conflict
Unhappy with the situation in Piedmont, however, and since Alexandria was already larger than Acqui, Pope Alexander in 1180 ordered that the seat of Acqui should be transferred to Alessandria. It was apparently intended that the bishop who was to reside in Alessandria was to govern both the dioceses, aeque personaliter. Archbishop Algisius of Milan wrote to the clergy and people of Alessandria that he was acting in accordance to a mandate from the pope to transfer the seat of the bishop of Aqui to the city of Alessandria. He also absolved them of the oath of fidelity which they had sworn to bishop-elect Otto. The clergy of Acqui objected to the loss of the presence of the bishop in their city, and the people of Alessandria refused to admit Bishop Ubertus of Acqui. Alessandria was therefore left without a bishop down to 1205. The Papacy was therefore faced with the need to sort out conflicts between the Chapter of Alessandria and the Chapter of Acqui. Pope Innocent III, therefore, in a letter of 12 May 1205, not only restated the terms of the bull of Pope Alexander III which transferred the seat of the bishop of Acqui to Alessandria, but also determined that there was to be a union of the two dioceses. He ordered Bishop Opizzo of Dertona and Canon Bongiovanni of Vercelli to carry out his mandate. Bishop Ugo Tornelli, who had been Bishop of Acqui since 1183, therefore was confirmed as bishop of Alessandria as well, and transferred his seat.

The diocese was suppressed in 1213 by Pope Innocent III, due to the support of the Alessandrians for Emperor Otto IV. The Church of Alessandria had also been refusing to pay the annual tax due to the Roman see, according to a letter of Innocent III of 4 June 1214.

It was restored on 10 May 1240 by Pope Gregory IX, with the bull "Regina Mater", as part of his strategy to defeat Frederick II.

In 1334, the diocese of Alessandria was subjected to an official Visitation by the Vicar General of Archbishop Aicardus of Milan, Canon Eusebius de Tronzano of Vercelli. He collected all the decrees of various synods, and issued them to the canons of Alessandria.

The territory of the diocese of Acqui was united with that of Alessandria until 1405, when Acqui again received its own bishop. In 1287, the archdeacon of Alessandria, Ascherius, attended the provincial synod of Milan, held by Archbishop Otto.

Synods

A diocesan synod was an irregularly held, but important, meeting of the bishop of a diocese and his clergy. Its purpose was (1) to proclaim generally the various decrees already issued by the bishop; (2) to discuss and ratify measures on which the bishop chose to consult with his clergy; (3) to publish statutes and decrees of the diocesan synod, of the provincial synod, and of the Holy See.

Bishop Pietro Giorgio Odescalchi (1598–1610) held diocesan synods in 1602, 1605, and 1606. Diocesan synods were held in 1613 and 1617 by Bishop Erasmo Paravicini (1611–1640). In 1652, Bishop Deodato Scaglia (1644–1659) presided over a diocesan synod. Bishop Alberto Mugiasca (1680–1694) held a diocesan synod in 1684.

On 16 May 1702, Bishop Carlo Ottaviano Guasco (1695–1704) held a diocesan synod. In October 1711, Bishop Francesco Arborio di Gattinara (1706–1727) held a diocesan synod.  On 1–3 May 1732, Bishop Gian Mercurino Antonio Gattinara (1730–1743) presided over a diocesan synod. Bishop Giuseppe Tomaso de Rossi (1757–1786) held a synod in the cathedral on 10–12 June 1771.

Bishop Alessandro d'Angennes (1818–1832) presided over a diocesan synod on 2–4 June 1829.

The French occupation
The armies of revolutionary France overran northern Italy in 1796. Brief puppet states were established. In 1802, Piedmont was directly annexed by the French state, and French-style départements were established. The territory of Alessandria became part of the Department of Marengo in 1802, and Alessandria itself was named its capital.

One of the policies of the Franch government was the reduction in the number of dioceses both in metropolitan France and in its annexed territories. The French pointed out that there were sixteen dioceses and one metropolitan (Turin) in the Piedmont, of which five were without bishops at the time and three whose bishops had just resigned. They demanded that the sixteen be reduced to eight with one metropolitan. In the bull "Gravissimis Causis" of 1 June 1803, Pope Pius VII authorized the papal legate to First Consul Bonaparte, Cardinal Giovanni Battista Caprara, to suppress a number of dioceses in the ecclesiastical province of Piedmont. Caprara carried out his instructions in a decree of 23 January 1805. The assets of the dioceses of Tortona, Bobbio, and Casale, human and material, were transferred to the diocese of Alessandria.

First Consul Bonaparte had remarked to General Louis-Alexandre Berthier, "With Alessandria in my possession I should always be master of Italy. It might be made the strongest fortress in the world; it is capable of containing a garrison of 40,000 men, with provisions for six months. Should insurrection take place, should Austria send a formidable force here, the French troops might retire to Alessandria, and stand a six months' siege." The medieval cathedral was closed on 6 January 1803 (17 Nivoise XI), and destroyed, on instructions issued in November 1802, to make way for the "Piazza della Libertà".

On 17 March 1805, Napoleon established the Kingdom of Italy, and on 23 May he had himself crowned King of Italy by Cardinal Caprara in the cathedral of Milan. During the rest of the year, he continued to adjust the political arrangements of Piedmont and Lombardy. Having decided that Alessandria needed to be strengthened as a military stronghold and arsenal for his control of the area, he announced on 17 May 1805, his decision to transfer the seat of the bishop of Alessandria to Casale. On 7 July 1805, Cardinal Caprara obligingly carried out a new circumscription, restored the cathedral in Casale to its cathedral status, and moved the bishop to Casale.  On 23 December 1805, Bishop Villaret was officially transferred to Casale, and the diocese of Alessandria was suppressed.

The diocese of Alessandria was re-established as an independent ecclesiastical entity by Pope Pius VII on 17 July 1817, as a suffragan of the newly created metropolitan archdiocese of Vercelli.

The diocese was vacant from 1854 to 1867.

List of Bishops

to 1500

1500 to 1800

since 1805

Parishes
The diocese has 74 parishes (2020), all within the Piedmontese province of Alessandria.  In 2020, there was one priest for every 2,491 Catholics.

References

Books

Reference works
 p. 811. (Use with caution; obsolete)
  p. 83. (in Latin)
 p. 85.
 pp. 102–103.
 p. 77.
 p. 77.
 p. 75.

Studies

Christ, Anton (1891). "Unedierte Königs- und Papst- Urkunden," , in: Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft für Ältere Deutsche Geschichtskunde  Vol XVI (Hannover: Hahn 1891), pp. 135–168.
Fiaschini, G. (1970). "La fondazione della diocesi di Alessandria ed i contrasti con i vescovi acquesi," , in: Popolo e stato in Italia nell'età di Federico Barbarossa. Alessandria e la Lega Lombarda (Torino 1970), pp. 497–512.
Gasparolo, Francesco (1900), "Alessandria nel periodo Napoleonico." . In: Rivista di storia, arte, archeologia per la provincia di Alessandria, Volume 9 (Alessandria: G. Chiari 1900).
Gasparolo, Francesco (1904), "La vecchia cattedrale d'Alessandria," , in: Rivista di storia, arte, archeologiadella provincia di Alessandria XIII (1904), pp. 187–204.
Ghilini, Girolamo (1666). Annali di Alessandria, ouero Le cose accadute in essa città nel suo, e circonuicino territorio dall'anno dell'origine sua sino al 1659. . Milano: nella stamparia di Gioseffo Marelli al segno della Fortuna, 1666
Kehr, Paul Fridolin (1914). Italia pontificia : sive, Repertorium privilegiorum et litterarum a romanis pontificibus ante annum 1598 Italiae ecclesiis, monasteriis, civitatibus singulisque personis concessorum.  Vol. VI. pars ii. Berolini: Weidmann.

Livraghi, Roberto (ed.) (2011). Gli Inizi della Chiesa Alessandrina. . Alessandria: Diocesi di Alessandria, 2011.

Alessandria
Province of Alessandria
Alessandria
Religious organizations established in the 1170s
Alessandria


Albert Brayley (born 5 September 1981) is a former English footballer who played as a striker. Brayley played in the Football League with Swindon Town in the 2001–02 season before dropping into non-League football.

Club career
Brayley began his footballing career at Wimbledon, before moving to Aston Villa as a schoolboy. After finding the travel from Basildon to Birmingham to play for Aston Villa a challenge, Brayley joined West Ham United, the club he supported.

At West Ham, Brayley was a member of their FA Youth Cup winning squad in 1999, scoring three goals in a 9–0 aggregate win over Coventry City. He signed professional forms in August 1999 but was released by the club without making any first team appearances.

Brayley joined Football League Second Division side Queens Park Rangers but after the club was relegated and went into administration, he was released along with 15 other players in May 2001, having made no appearances for the club. He joined Football League Second Division side Swindon Town in August 2001, where he made seven substitute appearances in the league and three in other competitions, in the 2001–02 season.

He left Swindon in August 2002 and after failing to impress on trial with Brentford, he dropped into non-league football, joining Canvey Island. Further moves include Hornchurch, Billericay Town, Heybridge Swifts, Farnborough Town, Thurrock, Aldershot Town, Grays Athletic, Margate in December 2005, Eastleigh in September 2006, Braintree Town in November 2006, Chelmsford City in summer 2007, Eastleigh for the second time in February 2009, Chelmsford City for the second time in March 2009, before joining fellow Conference South side Bishop's Stortford in late August 2009. He left the club in October, but returned for a second spell at Christmas time until February 2010. The remainder of the season he spent with Braintree Town. He then signed for Concord Rangers in the summer of 2010, and after being released from them he signed for Billericay Town in October 2010. In February 2011 he joined Harlow Town, Heybridge Swifts in August 2011, Thurrock in October 2011, Tooting & Mitcham United in December 2011, Harlow Town in March 2012, Bishop's Stortford again in August 2012, and East Thurrock United on dual registration in November 2012. In early 2013, he became the player-manager of non-league and hometown side Basildon United.

In July 2013 Brayley was offered a short-term contract at Chelmsford City, his third spell at the club.

On 27 March 2014, he made his debut for Great Wakering Rovers. Subsequently, he joined VCD Athletic on dual registration, making his debut for them on 12 April 2014.

He returned to Canvey Island in October 2016.

On 30 August 2019, Brayley joined Hullbridge Sports.

In September 2021, Brayley re-signed for Basildon United.

Managerial career

In 2013, Brayley was named as manager of his hometown club Basildon United whilst still playing for them. In August 2014, Brayley was appointed manager of Burnham Ramblers, again in a player-manager role, however he resigned from his post at Burnham Ramblers after the club were relegated from the Isthmian League Division One North in March 2015.

Representative honours

Honours
West Ham United
FA Youth Cup: 1999

Chelmsford City
Isthmian League: 2007–08
Essex Senior Cup: 2009

References

External links

Bertie Brayley 2002–03 stats at SoccerFactsUK
Bertie Brayley 2003–04 stats at SoccerFactsUK
Bertie Brayley 2004–05 stats at SoccerFactsUK
Bertie Brayley 2005–06 stats at SoccerFactsUK
Bertie Brayley 2006–07 stats at SoccerFactsUK

1981 births
Living people
West Ham United F.C. players
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Swindon Town F.C. players
Canvey Island F.C. players
Heybridge Swifts F.C. players
Hornchurch F.C. players
Braintree Town F.C. players
Billericay Town F.C. players
Farnborough F.C. players
Thurrock F.C. players
Aldershot Town F.C. players
Grays Athletic F.C. players
Margate F.C. players
Eastleigh F.C. players
Chelmsford City F.C. players
Bishop's Stortford F.C. players
Concord Rangers F.C. players
Tooting & Mitcham United F.C. players
Harlow Town F.C. players
East Thurrock United F.C. players
Basildon United F.C. players
Enfield Town F.C. players
Great Wakering Rovers F.C. players
VCD Athletic F.C. players
Burnham Ramblers F.C. players
Dorking Wanderers F.C. players
Hullbridge Sports F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Isthmian League players
Footballers from Basildon
English football managers
Burnham Ramblers F.C. managers
Men's association football midfielders
English men's footballers
Essex Senior Football League players
Basildon United F.C. managers


Fontanes (; ) is a commune in the Lot department in south-western France.

See also
Communes of the Lot department

References

External links

 Fontanes website

Communes of Lot (department)


Floirac is the name of several communes in France:

 Floirac, former commune of the Aveyron department, now part of Onet-le-Château
 Floirac, Charente-Maritime
 Floirac, Gironde
 Floirac, Lot


New Worlds Fair is a 1975 concept album by UK rock group Michael Moorcock & The Deep Fix.

The brainchild of science-fiction author Michael Moorcock, bassist Steve Gilmore, and guitarist Graham Charnock, Fair featured a host of guest players, among them members of Hawkwind and guitarist Snowy White. In one review, it is described as a concept album.

Moorcock had contributed lyrics to Hawkwind and occasionally performed with them. In 1974, he was offered a record deal by Andrew Lauder, Hawkwind's A&R man for United Artists Records, although Moorcock insisted that his compatriots Steve Gilmore and Graham Charnock should have significant input into the album.

The single "Dodgem Dude"/"Starcruiser" had been recorded just prior to the album, but United Artists passed on the idea of releasing it. Some time later as Moorcock was visiting his former manager Douglas Smith, with whom he was in dispute, he discovered the tapes for the single lying around the office. Without Smith's knowledge he took them, passing them onto Frenchy Gloder, who gave the single a belated release on his Flicknife Records label (FLS200, December 1980).

The album has received multiple re-releases featuring various bonus tracks, in 1995 on Griffin (USA) and Dojo (UK), and in 2008 on Esoteric (UK). In 2004, Voiceprint Records released an alternate version of the album as Roller Coaster Holiday.

Track list

Side one
 "Candy Floss Cowboy" (Michael Moorcock)
 "Fair Dealer" (Moorcock)
 "Octopus" (Steve Gilmore)
 "Sixteen Year Old Doom" (Moorcock)
 "You're A Hero" (Graham Charnock)
 "Song For Marlene" (Sam Shepard/Gilmore)

Side two
 "Come To The Fair" (Charnock)
 "In The Name Of Rock And Roll" (Charnock)
 "Ferris Wheel" (Gilmore)
 "Last Merry Go Round" (Moorcock)
 "Dude's Dream (Rolling In The Ruins)" (Moorcock)

2007 bonus tracks
 "Dodgem Dude" (Moorcock)
 "The Brothel In Rossenstrasse" (Moorcock/Pavli)
 "Starcruiser" (Moorcock)
 "Candy Floss Cowboy" (Demo) (Moorcock)
 "Kings Of Speed" (Previously Unreleased) (Moorcock)
 "You're A Hero" (Demo - Previously Unreleased) (Moorcock)
 "Dodgem Dude" (First Demo - Previously Unreleased) (Moorcock)

1995 version
 "Candy Floss Cowboy" (narration) (Moorcock) – 1:20
 "Candy Floss Cowboy" (demo) (Moorcock) – 4:26
 "Fair Dealer" (Moorcock) – 5:07
 "Narration 1" (Moorcock) – 0:34
 "Octopus" (Gilmore) – 2:27
 "16 Year Doom" (Moorcock) – 4:16
 "You're a Hero" (intro) (Moorcock) – 0:12
 "You're a Hero" (Charnock) – 3:11
 "Song For Marlene" (intro) (Moorcock) – 0:17
 "Song For Marlene" (Shepard/Gilmore) – 5:09
 "Dodgem Dude" (Moorcock) – 2:45
 "Come to the Fair" (Charnock) – 1:20
 "Starcruiser" (Moorcock) – 3:14
 "Narration 3" (Moorcock) – 0:24
 "In the Name of Rock and Roll" (Charnock) – 4:07
 "Narration 4" (Moorcock) – 0:32
 "Ferris Wheel" (Gilmore) – 5:56
 "Narration 5" (Moorcock) – 0:19
 "Last Merry Go Round" (Moorcock) – 2:11
 "Dude's Dream" (narration) (Moorcock) – 0:14
 "Dude's Dream" (Moorcock) – 4:42
 "Brothel in Rosenstrasse" (Moorcock/Peter Pavli) – 3:44

Roller Coaster Holiday
 "Candy Floss Cowboy" (Moorcock) – 4:39
 "Fair Dealer" (Moorcock) – 5:28
 "Octopus" (Gilmore) – 2:27
 "Sixteen Year Old Doom" (Moorcock) – 4:28
 "You're a Hero" (Charnock) – 4:16
 "Song for Marlene" (Gilmore, Shepard) – 4:22
 "Dodgem Dude" (Moorcock) – 3:03
 "Come to the Fair" (Charnock) – 1:24
 "Starcruiser" (Moorcock) – 3:19
 "In the Name of Rock and Roll" (Charnock) – 4:34
 "Ferris Wheel" (Gilmore) – 5:30
 "Last Merry-Go-Round" (Moorcock) – 2:24
 "Dude's Dream (Rolling in the Ruins)" (Moorcock) – 5:00
 "Candy Floss Cowboy" (early workout) (Moorcock) – 6:04
 "Starcruiser" (instrumental) (Moorcock) – 3:43
 "Dude's Dream" (acoustic different lyrics) (Moorcock) – 5:15

Personnel
 Michael Moorcock – Guitar, Mandolin, Vocals
 Graham Charnock – Guitar, Vocals
 Steve Gilmore – Guitar, Vocals
 Kuma Harada – Bass
 Peter Pavli – Cello

 with
 Snowy White – Guitar
 Herbert North – Guitar
 Nik Turner – Saxophone
 Dave Brock – Guitar
 Simon House – Violin, Keyboards
 Simon King – Drums
 Alan Powell – Drums
 Shirley Roden – Vocals
 Debi Ross – Vocals

Credits
 Recorded: Jackson's Studios & Pye Studios, London 1974–1975, also at Majestic Studio Clapham, and Olympic, Barnes.
 Cover: Barney Bubbles

Release history
 March 1975: UK, United Artists (UAG 29732), vinyl
 March 1995: USA, Griffin Music(GCD 332 2), CD Box Set with hardback book "Death Is No Obstacle"
 May 1995: UK, Dojo Records (DOJOCD 088), CD
 8 November 2004: Roller Coaster Holiday, UK, Voiceprint Records (VP351CD), CD
 January 2008: UK, Esoteric Records (ECLEC 2026), CD

References

External links
 Moorcock's Miscellany - New World's Fair Lyrics

1975 albums
Concept albums
United Artists Records albums
Works by Michael Moorcock


Floirac () is a commune in the Lot department (46) in south-western France.

Geography
The commune is located in Quercy on the Causse of Floirac. It is watered by the Dordogne, and bordered to the north-west by its tributary, the Tourmente. Floirac has a surface of 19.02 km² and has 265 inhabitants (as of 2016), which makes a population density of 14 inhabitants per km². The coordinates are 44° 55' N and 1° 39' E. The altitude varies between 90 and 345 metres above sea level, with 140 metres at the town hall. The D43 road and a single track railway crosses it.

Neighbouring municipalities

Toponymy
The toponym Floirac is based on the Gallo-Roman anthroponymy Florus. The endpoint -ac is derived from the Gallic -acon suffix (itself of the common Celtic *-Āko-), often latinized in-acum in the texts. This Floracum toponym is found in Floracum fundum which meant: the domain of Florus.

Politics

Places and monuments

 Chapelle Saint-Roch de Floirac (15th century) Listed as a historic monuments on 10 December 1925
 Church Saint-Georges de Floirac (15th century) Listed as a historic monuments on 30 May 1978
 Tour de Floirac, dating from the Middle Ages, registered in the title of historical monuments on 8 August 2013

Notable people
 Jean Dellac (1876-1937) French politician
 Raphael Daubet (1977-) French politician
 Max Pugh Film director and artist (1977-)
 Jean-Louis Ezine French writer and broadcaster

See also
Communes of the Lot department

References

External links

Official website
Floirac en Quercy

Communes of Lot (department)