John Clark Stadium (formerly John Clark Field) is a 14,224-capacity multi-use high school stadium in Plano, Texas. Mostly used for high school football and soccer, the stadium was built in 1977 for $2.73 million and is owned by the Plano Independent School District. It is the home stadium of Plano Senior High School and Plano West Senior High School.

Namesake
The stadium was named after Coach John Clark, the main coach of Plano High School from Jacksonville. As the main coach of the Plano Wildcats, Clark helped the football team win two state championships and nine district championships. Clark served as the Plano ISD Athletics Director for 17 years. During that time he received many awards including the first inductee into the Plano Athletics Hall of Honor, Texas High School Coaches Association Hall of Honor, the Texas High School Athletic Directors' Hall of Honor and the Texas Sports High School Football Hall of Fame.

External links
 Information at Texas Bob - Football stadiums
 A Texas Football Legend from Jacksonville
 Clark Stadium Landing Page

American football venues in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex
High school football venues in Texas
Soccer venues in Texas
Buildings and structures in Plano, Texas
Sports venues completed in 1977
Buildings and structures in Collin County, Texas
Defunct National Premier Soccer League stadiums
Sports in Collin County, Texas


Jens Heppner (born 23 December 1964) is a German former road bicycle racer. He wore the pink jersey as leader of the general classification during the 2002 Giro d'Italia. Although he rode for Telekom during ten years, he has consistently denied ever having doped.

His name was on the list of doping tests published by the French Senate on 24 July 2013 that were collected during the 1998 Tour de France and found positive for EPO when retested in 2004. He won the German National Road Race in 1994.   After his career, he worked in his own company in Hergenrath (Germany).

Major results

1982
 World Junior Team Time Trial Championship
1986
7th Overall GP Tell
1987
1st  Overall Hessen Rundfahrt
1st  Overall Sachsen Tour
1990
7th Overall Circuit de la Sarthe
1992
10th Overall Tour de France
1993
3rd Amstel Gold Race
4th Züri-Metzgete
9th Rund um den Henninger Turm
1994
1st  Overall Tour du Limousin
1st Stage 1
 1st  Road race, National Road Championships
3rd Rund um Köln
3rd GP Ouest–France
1995
1st Stage 2 Tour du Limousin
2nd Rund um den Henninger Turm
9th Overall Route du Sud
10th Subida a Urkiola
1996
2nd Overall Regio-Tour
1st Stage 1
2nd Rund um den Henninger Turm
2nd GP Rik Van Steenbergen
9th Amstel Gold Race
1997
1st Stage 5 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
3rd HEW Cyclassics
1998
1st Stage 3 Tour de France
3rd Overall Tirreno–Adriatico
3rd Luk-Cup Bühl
1999
1st  Overall Deutschland Tour
1st Rund um Köln
2000
1st Hof
1st Rund um den Pfaffenteich
3rd Rund um Köln
3rd Rund um den Henninger Turm
6th Overall Deutschland Tour
1st Stage 1
2001
1st Hürth-Gleuel
2003
1st GP Buchholz
1st Gladbeck
3rd Hel van het Mergelland
3rd Rund um die Hainleite
2004
1st Stolberg-Gressenich
3rd Hel van het Mergelland
2005
1st Jena
6th Hel van het Mergelland

References

External links

Official Tour de France results for Jens Heppner

1964 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Gera
German male cyclists
German Tour de France stage winners
Cyclists from Thuringia
German cycling road race champions
20th-century German people
21st-century German people


Christopher Lawrence Jeburk is a convicted felon who successfully committed a string of bank robberies along the East Coast of the United States. He escaped four times from prison, twice from a regional detention center and twice while in federal custody, to commit more crimes. He is currently incarcerated in a maximum security penitentiary USP Allenwood.

Early life
Christopher Jeburk was born to a southern African-American family. He was raised a Christian.

Crime
Beginning in 1995, at the age of 19, Jeburk started robbing banks.  On October 13, 1995, Jeburk forced teller Amy Shaw, a native of North Augusta, South Carolina, to open the bank's vault by holding six members of her family hostage at gunpoint (with the help of Daniel Evans and Lamarko Rosco). The theft netted $86,000. This money has not been recovered. After conviction, but awaiting sentencing, Jeburk escaped the Columbia County Detention Center on March 27.  Jeburk embarked on a string of bank robberies from Florida to New England, with the help of Kimberly Williams, Jameela McCullen, and a fellow escapee, Jerome Frierson-Bey.  He was recaptured on May 9, he then re-escaped.

After this recapture, Jeburk was sentenced to life in prison for the robberies, the kidnapping, various theft charges, gun charges and drug charges. Several weeks into his sentence, where he was sent to the Leavenworth federal prison, he tried to escape from jail a third time by hiding underneath a prison laundry truck and hanging on, but an officer caught him before the truck could reach the front gate, at which point Jeburk was transferred to the Maximum Security Penitentiary in Atlanta where escape would be considerably more difficult, then later to Thomson.

Media
The television show The FBI Files showed how the Jeburk (misspelled as Jibberk) case happened in the episode "Held Hostage".

References

External links
 www.co.clayton.ga.us
 chronicle.augusta.com
 www.bop.gov
 www.tv.com
 www.pattayamail.com
 David Gibson (May 6, 1996) "FBI Offers $10,000 for Fugitive". The Record. Bergen County, NJ
 chronicle.augusta.com
 dockets.justia.com

1976 births
American bank robbers
American escapees
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by the United States federal government
Escapees from United States federal government detention
Living people


Khovanshchina () is a 1959 Soviet film, released the following year, directed by Vera Stroyeva and based on the eponymous opera by 19th-century Russian composer Modest Mussorgsky. For his adaptation of Mussorgsky's score, Dmitri Shostakovich was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Scoring of a Musical Picture. The music was conducted by Yevgeny Svetlanov.

Cast
 Aleksei Krivchenya as Prince Ivan Khovansky, head of the Streltsy
 Anton Grigoriev as Prince Andrei Khovansky, son of Ivan Khovansky
 Yevgeny Kibkalo as Boyar Fyodor Shaklovity
Mark Reizen as Dosifey, leader of the Old Believers
 Kira Leonova as Marfa, an Old Believer
 Vladimir Petrov as Prince Vasily Golitsin
 Aleksei Maslennikov as Kuzka, a young strelets
 Maya Plisetskaya as Persian slave

References

External links

1960 films
1960s historical musical films
Soviet opera films
Soviet historical musical films
1960s Russian-language films
Films directed by Vera Stroyeva
Films set in the 1680s
Mosfilm films
Cultural depictions of Russian men
Cultural depictions of politicians


Pick Me Up! is a British weekly women's magazine that is published through the Future plc group.

It "leapt" into the ten most popular weekly women's magazines in just six months, selling more than half a million copies.

Editor
June Smith-Sheppard was appointed editor of Pick Me Up for its launch in 2005. The Guardian referred to her as an "uncompromisingly ordinary launch editor, [that] offers a tantalising glimpse of the tongue-in-cheek items she hopes will define the new women's weekly.

Columnists
Jeremy Kyle: Jeremy wrote an agony uncle column for Pick Me Up, until September 2010, in the style of the talk show he presents, The Jeremy Kyle Show.
Claire Petulengro: horoscope.
Dr Nicola Davies: Nicola is the investigative psychologist for the 'Making of a monster' column. This studies the psychological influences causing specific people to become notorious killers.
• GP Doctor Gary Bartlett is a regular contributor to writing the Instant Appointment column.

Reception
Pick Me Up! Magazine is cited as one of the magazines targeted by the campaign group "Curb The Chat Mags".

References

External links
Article about the magazine in The Guardian
Another article in The Guardian
Detailed 50 page Pick Me Up magazine audit at maglab.org.uk.

2005 establishments in the United Kingdom
2020 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Women's magazines published in the United Kingdom
Weekly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 2005
Magazines disestablished in 2020
Magazines published in London


Pick Me Up may refer to:
 Hair of the dog (that bit you), hangover remedy
"Pick Me Up" (Masters of Horror), the eleventh episode of the first season of Masters of Horror
Pick Me Up! (magazine) , a British women's magazine
Pick Me Up (album), an album by Brett Kissel
Pick Me Up (book), a book by Dorling Kindersley published in 2006
"Pick Me Up", a song by Emilia de Poret
"Pick Me Up", a song by Perfume
"Pick Me Up",  a song from Brett Kissel  from Pick Me Up


International Max Planck Research School for Neurosciences, also known as IMPRS for Neurosciences, is a 1½-year MSc program or a 4-year PhD program with a possibility to have MD-PhD degree for those who have completed a medical school. The first year is common for both tracks, after which students take a qualifying examination and decide whether to work towards a MSc or PhD thesis. A maximum of twenty students are admitted annually to the program, half of whom are to be international students.

As Göttingen is regarded as one of the focal points in neuroscience research in Germany, this international graduate school is providing various and diverse research opportunities in the fields of the neuroscience, biochemistry, structural biology and related disciplines.

Participating institutions in this program are:
 University of Göttingen
 Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (MPI-bpc)
 Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine (MPI-em)
 Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPI-ds)
 German Primate Center (DPZ) - Leibniz Institute
 European Neuroscience Institute Göttingen (ENI)

References

 Website

Max Planck Society


Langley is a small village in the civil parish of Fawley in Hampshire, England.

History
The name Langley means "long wood/clearing". Langley is listed in the Domesday Book of 1086, when it was held by Hugh of St Quentin. In 1372 John Baron of South Langley and Julia his wife held a messuage and land in South Langley. Thence the tenement passed indirectly to Richard Goolde and his wife Joan in 1413. John Ludlowe held the land in 1482. In 1500 the right of the Ludlowes to hold the manor (here so-called for the first time) was fiercely disputed in the Court of Chancery by one William Fletcher. The Ludlowes evidently won, for in 1609 Sir Edward Ludlowe sold the manor of Langley to Sir Walter Longe. This united the manor of Langley to the manors of Cadlands (now beneath Fawley Refinery) and Holbury, all three following the same descent henceforward. One part of the merged estate eventually became Langley Farm held by the Stanley family at the beginning of the 20th century.

The modern village now lies on the site of the old manor house. At the beginning of the 20th century Langley and Fawley were the only two villages in the parish. With the growth of the village of Blackfield the ward is now referred to as the Fawley, Blackfield, and Langley Ward.

Notes

External links

Villages in Hampshire


Blackfield is a village in Hampshire, England. It is within the parish of Fawley, which is part of the ward of Fawley, Blackfield and Langley.

Schools
The local school is Blackfield Primary (previously divided into Blackfield Infants, and Blackfield Junior Schools). The catchment secondary school for Blackfield is New Forest Academy.

History
The name "Blackfields" was originally applied to an area of countryside near the village of Fawley, and there is still a Blackwell Common next to Blackfield. The name presumably derives from the soil colour, some of which is marshy and black. The settlement of Blackfield began in the late 19th century when, at first mud cottages, and then later, small red-brick houses were built in the area of moorland once known as Hugh's Common. It was close to the small village of Langley.

Sport and leisure
Blackfield has a Non-League football club Blackfield & Langley F.C., which plays at The Gang Warily Community & Recreation Centre.

In 2020, Hampshire County Council announced plans to close the village library.

Notes

External links

Blackfield Primary School website
Hardley School website

Villages in Hampshire


In mathematics, a permutation polynomial (for a given ring) is a polynomial that acts as a permutation of the elements of the ring, i.e. the map  is a bijection.  In case the ring is a finite field, the Dickson polynomials, which are closely related to the Chebyshev polynomials, provide examples. Over a finite field, every function, so in particular every permutation of the elements of that field, can be written as a polynomial function.

In the case of finite rings Z/nZ, such polynomials have also been studied and applied in the interleaver component of error detection and correction algorithms.

Single variable permutation polynomials over finite fields
Let  be the finite field of characteristic , that is, the field having  elements where  for some prime . A polynomial  with coefficients in  (symbolically written as ) is a permutation polynomial of  if the function from  to itself defined by  is a permutation of .

Due to the finiteness of , this definition can be expressed in several equivalent ways:
 the function  is onto (surjective);
 the function  is one-to-one (injective);
  has a solution in  for each  in ;
  has a unique solution in  for each  in .

A characterization of which polynomials are permutation polynomials is given by

(Hermite's Criterion)  is a permutation polynomial of  if and only if the following two conditions hold:
  has exactly one root in ;
 for each integer  with  and , the reduction of  has degree .

If  is a permutation polynomial defined over the finite field , then so is  for all  and  in . The permutation polynomial  is in normalized form if  and  are chosen so that  is monic,  and (provided the characteristic  does not divide the degree  of the polynomial) the coefficient of  is 0.

There are many open questions concerning permutation polynomials defined over finite fields.

Small degree
Hermite's criterion is computationally intensive and can be difficult to use in making theoretical conclusions. However, Dickson was able to use it to find all permutation polynomials of degree at most five over all finite fields. These results are:

A list of all monic permutation polynomials of degree six in normalized form can be found in .

Some classes of permutation polynomials
Beyond the above examples, the following list, while not exhaustive, contains almost all of the known major classes of permutation polynomials over finite fields.

  permutes  if and only if  and  are coprime (notationally, ).
 If  is in  and  then the Dickson polynomial (of the first kind)  is defined by
These can also be obtained from the recursion

with the initial conditions  and .
The first few Dickson polynomials are:

If  and  then  permutes GF(q) if and only if . If  then  and the previous result holds.
 If  is an extension of  of degree , then the linearized polynomial  with  in , is a linear operator on  over . A linearized polynomial  permutes  if and only if 0 is the only root of  in . This condition can be expressed algebraically as

The linearized polynomials that are permutation polynomials over  form a group under the operation of composition modulo , which is known as the Betti-Mathieu group, isomorphic to the general linear group .
 If  is in the polynomial ring  and  has no nonzero root in  when  divides , and  is relatively prime (coprime) to , then  permutes .
 Only a few other specific classes of permutation polynomials over  have been characterized. Two of these, for example, are:  where  divides , and  where  divides .

Exceptional polynomials
An exceptional polynomial over  is a polynomial in  which is a permutation polynomial on  for infinitely many .

A permutation polynomial over  of degree at most  is exceptional over .

Every permutation of  is induced by an exceptional polynomial.

If a polynomial with integer coefficients (i.e., in ) is a permutation polynomial over  for infinitely many primes , then it is the composition of linear and Dickson polynomials. (See Schur's conjecture below).

Geometric examples

In finite geometry coordinate descriptions of certain point sets can provide examples of permutation polynomials of higher degree. In particular, the points forming an oval in a finite projective plane,  with  a power of 2, can be coordinatized in such a way that the relationship between the coordinates is given by an o-polynomial, which is a special type of permutation polynomial over the finite field .

Computational complexity
The problem of testing whether a given polynomial over a finite field is a permutation polynomial can be solved in polynomial time.

Permutation polynomials in several variables over finite fields
A polynomial  is a permutation polynomial in  variables over  if the equation  has exactly  solutions in  for each .

Quadratic permutation polynomials (QPP) over finite rings

For the finite ring Z/nZ one can construct quadratic permutation polynomials. Actually it is possible if and only if n is divisible by p2 for some prime number p. The construction is surprisingly simple, nevertheless it can produce permutations with certain good properties. That is why it has been used in the interleaver component of turbo codes in 3GPP Long Term Evolution mobile telecommunication standard (see 3GPP technical specification 36.212  e.g. page 14 in version 8.8.0).

Simple examples

Consider  for the ring Z/4Z.
One sees:
so the polynomial defines the permutation

Consider the same polynomial  for the other ring Z/8Z.
One sees:         so the polynomial defines the permutation

Rings Z/pkZ

Consider  for the ring Z/pkZ.

Lemma: for k=1 (i.e. Z/pZ) such polynomial defines a permutation only in the case a=0 and b not equal to zero. So the polynomial is not quadratic, but linear.

Lemma: for k>1, p>2 (Z/pkZ) such polynomial defines a permutation if and only if  and .

Rings Z/nZ

Consider , where pt are prime numbers.

Lemma: any polynomial  defines a permutation for the ring Z/nZ if and only if all the polynomials  defines the permutations for all rings , where  are remainders of  modulo .

As a corollary one can construct plenty quadratic permutation polynomials using the following simple construction.
Consider , assume that k1 >1.

Consider , such that , but ; assume that , i > 1. And assume that  for all .
(For example, one can take  and ).
Then such polynomial defines a permutation.

To see this we observe that for all primes pi, i > 1, the reduction of this quadratic polynomial modulo pi is actually linear polynomial and hence is permutation by trivial reason. For the first prime number we should use the lemma discussed previously to see that it defines the permutation.

For example, consider  and polynomial .
It defines a permutation

Higher degree polynomials over finite rings

A polynomial g(x) for the ring Z/pkZ is a permutation polynomial if and only if it permutes the finite field Z/pZ and  for all x in Z/pkZ, where g′(x) is the formal derivative of g(x).

Schur's conjecture
Let K be an algebraic number field with R the ring of integers.  The term "Schur's conjecture" refers to the assertion that, if a polynomial f defined over K is a permutation polynomial on R/P for infinitely many prime ideals P, then f is the composition of Dickson polynomials, degree-one polynomials, and polynomials of the form xk.  In fact, Schur did not make any conjecture in this direction.  The notion that he did is due to Fried, who gave a flawed proof of a false version of the result.  Correct proofs have been given by Turnwald and Müller.

Notes

References

   Chapter 7.
  Chapter 8.

Polynomials
Permutations


Bad Boys is the fifth and final studio album released by R&B group DeBarge in 1987, after both El DeBarge and Bunny DeBarge had left the lineup.

When El and Bunny DeBarge left the group, remaining members James, Mark and Randy left Motown Records after a seven-year tenure in 1986 and signed with the local Striped Horse label. They then called on eldest brother Bobby (formerly of the group Switch) to join the lineup and produce their album.

With James and Bobby DeBarge now alternating as the lead vocalists, the group released the album in 1987 and released two singles: "Dance All Night", which became the group's last R&B hit, peaking at number 33, and the ballad "I Got You Babe", which fizzled at number 73. The group would later appear on the Punky Brewster show with brother Chico tagging along (Chico, then having a hit with "Talk to Me", opened for his brothers during a tour).

Because of limited promotion from the little label and no other attention brought into the El-less lineup, the album fizzled, and after Bobby and Chico were arrested for drug possession (eventually serving six years in prison), the remaining trio disbanded altogether in 1989.

Track listing
"Dance All Night" (Ralph Benatar, Hazel P. Payne, Lorenzo Pryor, Galen Senogles) - 3:41
"We're Havin' Fun" (Alvin Allen, Bobby DeBarge, James DeBarge, Mark DeBarge, Randy DeBarge) - 3:33
"You're a Big Boy" (Alvin Allen, James DeBarge) - 4:31
"You're Not the Only One" (Richard Gibbs, Eric Williams) - 3:10
"All Over" (James DeBarge) - 4:25
"Say You Do" (James DeBarge, Randy DeBarge) - 4:25
"I Got You Babe" (Bobby DeBarge) - 4:38
"Take It to the Top" (Mark DeBarge, Lorenzo Pryor) - 3:18
"Every Time I Think of You" (James DeBarge) - 4:29

Personnel
DeBarge
 Bobby DeBarge – keyboards, lead and backing vocals, arrangements (2, 3, 5-9)
 James DeBarge – keyboards, lead and backing vocals, arrangements (2, 3, 5-9)
 Mark DeBarge – backing vocals, arrangements (2, 3, 5-9)
 Randy DeBarge – backing vocals, arrangements (2, 3, 5-9)

Additional Musicians
 Richard Gibbs – keyboards, synthesizers, programming, arrangements (1, 4, 6)
 Randy Kerber – keyboards
 Lorenzo Pryor – keyboards
 Ralph Benatar – programming
 Roland Bautista – guitars
 Paul Jackson Jr. – guitars
 Eric Williams – guitars
 Leon Gaer – bass
 Kerry Hatch – bass
 Jimmy Johnson – bass
 Louis Johnson – bass
 Michael Jochum – drums
 Pete Escovedo – percussion
 Doug Norwine – saxophone solo (5)
 Judd Miller – trumpet solo (9)

Production
 DeBarge – producers
 Carlo Nasi – producer
 Richard Gibbs – co-producer
 Ralph Benatar – co-producer (1)
 Galen Senogles – co-producer (1), engineer
 Gabe Veltri – engineer, mixing
 John X. Volaitis – engineer
 Ken Adessi – assistant engineer
 Judy Clapp – assistant engineer
 Peter Doell – assistant engineer
 Stephen Kraue – assistant engineer
 Troy Mathisen – assistant engineer
 Saul Raye – assistant engineer
 Will Rogers – assistant engineer
 Bill Giolando – editing
 Wally Traugott – mastering
 George Osaki – art direction
 Stephen Harvey – photography
 Chaz Atkins – design
 James Walker – design

Studios
 Recorded at Avatar Studios (Malibu, CA); Ground Control Studios and Image Recording Studios (Los Angeles, CA); Capitol Studios and Fiddler Studios (Hollywood, CA); Sheika Studios (North Hollywood, CA).
 Mixed at Capitol Studios
 Mastered at CMS Digital (Pasadena, CA).

1987 albums
DeBarge albums


White Fulani cattle are an important beef breed of cattle throughout the area conquered by the Fulani people and beyond in the Sahel zone of Africa.  They are mostly Zebu but of Sanga cattle origin.  Characterized by high lyre shaped horns, they have either thoracic humps like the Zebu or humps intermediate with the cervico-thoracic humps of the Sanga.

The White Fulani and Red Fulani breeds are quite separate, both in origin and in locations where they are kept.

References

Cattle breeds


Cotopaxi International Airport ()  is a high-elevation airport in Latacunga, the capital of the Cotopaxi Province in Ecuador. The airport is within a broad valley of the Ecuadoran Andes, with rising terrain east and west, and mountainous terrain distant in all quadrants.

It has the second longest runway in Ecuador. Runway length includes a  displaced threshold on Runway 19.

Airlines and destinations

Cargo

Cargo B airlines once operated to the airport with Boeing 747 freighter airplanes, making it the largest airplane to operate at this airport. Cargolux currently operates the type to Europe from Cotopaxi.

See also
Transport in Ecuador
List of airports in Ecuador

References

External links
OurAirports - Latacunga
SkyVector - Latacunga

Airports in Ecuador
Buildings and structures in Cotopaxi Province


Matthew Davies or Matt Davies may refer to:

 Matthew Davies (figure skater) (born 1981), English figure skater
 Matthew Davies (footballer) (born 1995), Australian-Malaysian footballer
 Matthew Davies (historian), British urban historian
 Matthew Davies (died 1615), Member of Parliament for Cardiff
 Matthew Henry Davies (1850–1912), Australian politician
 Matthew W. Davies (1882–1947), Welsh musician
 Matthew Vaughan-Davies, 1st Baron Ystwyth (1840–1935), Welsh politician
 Matthew Davies-Kreye, lead singer of the band Funeral for a Friend
 Matt Davies (cartoonist) (born 1966), British-American cartoonist and children's book author and illustrator
Matt Davies (rugby league) (born 1998), British rugby league footballer

See also
 Matthew Davis (disambiguation)


Bishops Green is a village in the English county of Hampshire, on the border with Berkshire.

History
Bishops Green expanded greatly during World War II, when the original few houses and farms were joined by the Eagle Road and Ashlands housing estates, both built for the nearby American air base of RAF Greenham Common.  After the war a number of Nissen huts were used to re-home local families, these being replaced by 95 new houses by Basingstoke Rural District Council in the early 1950s. At the same time the United States Air Force (USAF) built new housing alongside this development, doubling the size of the estate. The base closed in 1992 and the USAF housing was transferred to Sovereign Housing Association. The original 95 council houses were, from 1995 onwards, replaced over a period of 7 years by a new £20M development of 148 homes.
The village has a shop, village hall and a camping site.

Governance
Bishops Green is part of the civil parish of Ecchinswell, Sydmonton and Bishops Green. This, in turn is part of the East Woodhay, Burghclere, Highclere and St Mary Bourne ward of the district of Basingstoke and Deane.  The borough council is a Non-metropolitan district of Hampshire County Council.

References

External links

Villages in Hampshire
Basingstoke and Deane


Ballogie is a rural community and an estate in the Lower Deeside area of Aberdeenshire, Scotland.  Most of Ballogie lies within the parish of Birse, although the northern part extends into the parish of Aboyne and Glen Tanar.

The ancient name of the estate was Tillysnaught, and in 1650 belonged to a branch of the Roses of Kilravock. It passed afterwards to a Forbes, then the Innes and Farquharson families, before being sold to James Dyce Nicol (MP for Kincardineshire 1865–72). [after Alex Inkson McConnochie 'Deeside (1895)'].

Ballogie House was painted yellow following the events of the 1775 Battle of Kirkcaldy, where six clans fought against clan Robertson.  The Ballogie clan deemed cowards after their retreat, orchestrated by Stuart of clan Gordon, meant their steadings were painted yellow.  The house was painted pink in 1989.

See also
 Corsedardar Hill

Geography of Aberdeenshire


Domart-sur-la-Luce (; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is situated on the D934 road, on the banks of the Luce, some  southeast of Amiens.

Population

History
Domart is sited on an old Roman road, known as the ‘chaussée d'Agrippa’ (Agrippa way), named after the general and politician. The road ran between Amiens and Noyon.
Known from writings of 1105, the first seigneur of Domart appears in 1154, called Ibert or Aubert. His château, now all but disappeared, was home to the seigneurs of Domart until the end of the 18th century, as well as to the Princes of Savoy.

At the time of the French Revolution, there were nearly 700 inhabitants of Domart.
As with so many villages in this area of France, Domart was practically destroyed during World War I.

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


In computability theory, super-recursive algorithms are a generalization of ordinary algorithms that are more powerful, that is, compute more than Turing machines. The term was introduced by Mark Burgin, whose book "Super-recursive algorithms" develops their theory and presents several mathematical models. Turing machines and other mathematical models of conventional algorithms allow researchers to find properties of recursive algorithms and their computations. In a similar way, mathematical models of super-recursive algorithms, such as inductive Turing machines, allow researchers to find properties of super-recursive algorithms and their computations.

Burgin, as well as other researchers (including Selim Akl, Eugene Eberbach, Peter Kugel, Jan van Leeuwen, Hava Siegelmann, Peter Wegner, and Jiří Wiedermann) who studied different kinds of super-recursive algorithms and contributed to the theory of super-recursive algorithms, have argued that super-recursive algorithms can be used to disprove the Church-Turing thesis, but this point of view has been criticized within the mathematical community and is not widely accepted.

Definition

Burgin (2005: 13) uses the term recursive algorithms for algorithms that can be implemented on Turing machines, and uses the word algorithm in a more general sense. Then a super-recursive class of algorithms is "a class of algorithms in which it is possible to compute functions not computable by any Turing machine" (Burgin 2005: 107).

Super-recursive algorithms are closely related to hypercomputation
in a way similar to the relationship between ordinary computation and ordinary algorithms. Computation is a process, while an algorithm is a finite constructive description of such a process. Thus a super-recursive algorithm defines a "computational process (including processes of input and output) that cannot be realized by recursive algorithms." (Burgin 2005: 108). A more restricted definition demands that  hypercomputation solves a supertask (see Copeland 2002; Hagar and Korolev 2007).

Super-recursive algorithms are also related to algorithmic schemes, which are more general than super-recursive algorithms. Burgin argues (2005: 115) that it is necessary to make a clear distinction between super-recursive algorithms and those algorithmic schemes that are not algorithms. Under this distinction, some types of hypercomputation are obtained by super-recursive algorithms, e.g., inductive Turing machines, while other types of hypercomputation are directed by algorithmic schemas, e.g., infinite time Turing machines. This explains how works on super-recursive algorithms are related to hypercomputation and vice versa. According to this argument, super-recursive algorithms are just one way of defining a hypercomputational process.

Examples

Examples of super-recursive algorithms include (Burgin 2005: 132):
 limiting recursive functions and limiting partial recursive functions (E.M. Gold 1965)
 trial and error predicates (Hilary Putnam 1965)
 inductive inference machines (Carl Smith)
 inductive Turing machines, which perform computations similar to computations of Turing machines and produce their results after a finite number of steps (Mark Burgin)
 limit Turing machines, which perform computations similar to computations of Turing machines but their final results are limits of their intermediate results (Mark Burgin)
  trial-and-error machines (Ja. Hintikka and A. Mutanen 1998)
 general Turing machines (J. Schmidhuber)
 Internet machines (van Leeuwen, J. and Wiedermann, J.)
 evolutionary computers, which use DNA to produce the value of a function (Darko Roglic)
 fuzzy computation (Jirí Wiedermann 2004)
 evolutionary Turing machines (Eugene Eberbach 2005)

Examples of algorithmic schemes include:

 Turing machines with arbitrary oracles (Alan Turing)
 Transrecursive operators (Borodyanskii and Burgin)
 machines that compute with real numbers (L. Blum, F. Cucker, M. Shub, and S. Smale 1998)
 neural networks based on real numbers (Hava Siegelmann 1999)

For examples of practical super-recursive algorithms, see the book of Burgin.

Inductive Turing machines

Inductive Turing machines implement an important class of super-recursive algorithms. An inductive Turing machine is a definite list of well-defined instructions for completing a task which, when given an initial state, will proceed through a well-defined series of successive states, eventually giving the final result. The difference between an inductive Turing machine and an ordinary Turing machine is that an ordinary Turing machine must stop when it has obtained its result, while in some cases an inductive Turing machine can continue to compute after obtaining the result, without stopping. Kleene called procedures that could run forever without stopping by the name calculation procedure or algorithm (Kleene 1952:137). Kleene also demanded that such an algorithm must eventually exhibit "some object" (Kleene 1952:137). Burgin argues that this condition is satisfied by inductive Turing machines, as their results are exhibited after a finite number of steps. The reason that inductive Turing machines cannot be instructed to halt when their final output is produced is that in some cases inductive Turing machines may not be able to tell at which step the result has been obtained.

Simple inductive Turing machines are equivalent to other models of computation such as general Turing machines of Schmidhuber, trial and error predicates of Hilary Putnam, limiting partial recursive functions of Gold, and trial-and-error machines of Hintikka and Mutanen (1998). More advanced inductive Turing machines are much more powerful. There are hierarchies of inductive Turing machines that can decide membership in arbitrary sets of the arithmetical hierarchy (Burgin 2005). In comparison with other equivalent models of computation, simple inductive Turing machines and general Turing machines give direct constructions of computing automata that are thoroughly grounded in physical machines. In contrast, trial-and-error predicates, limiting recursive functions, and limiting partial recursive functions present only syntactic systems of symbols with formal rules for their manipulation. Simple inductive Turing machines and general Turing machines are related to limiting partial recursive functions and trial-and-error predicates as Turing machines are related to partial recursive functions and lambda calculus.

The non-halting computations of inductive Turing machines should not be confused with infinite-time computations (see, for example, Potgieter 2006). First, some computations of inductive Turing machines do halt. As in the case of conventional Turing machines, some halting computations give the result, while others do not. Even if it does not halt, an inductive Turing machine produces output from time to time. If this output stops changing, it is then considered the result of the computation.

There are two main distinctions between ordinary Turing machines and simple inductive Turing machines. The first distinction is that even simple inductive Turing machines can do much more than conventional Turing machines. The second distinction is that a conventional Turing machine will always determine (by coming to a final state) when the result is obtained, while a simple inductive Turing machine, in some cases (such as when "computing" something that cannot be computed by an ordinary Turing machine), will not be able to make this determination.

Schmidhuber's generalized Turing machines
A symbol sequence is computable in the limit if there is a finite, possibly non-halting program on a universal Turing machine that incrementally outputs every symbol of the sequence. This includes the dyadic expansion of π but still excludes most of the real numbers, because most cannot be described by a finite program. Traditional Turing machines with a write-only output tape cannot edit their previous outputs; generalized Turing machines, according to Jürgen Schmidhuber, can edit their output tape as well as their work tape. He defines the constructively describable symbol sequences as those that have a finite, non-halting program running on a generalized Turing machine, such that any output symbol eventually converges, that is, it does not change any more after some finite initial time interval.  Schmidhuber (2000, 2002) uses this approach to define the set of formally describable or constructively computable universes or constructive theories of everything. Generalized Turing machines and simple inductive Turing machines are two classes of super-recursive algorithms that are the closest to recursive algorithms (Schmidhuber 2000).

Relation to the Church–Turing thesis

The Church–Turing thesis in recursion theory relies on a particular definition of the term algorithm. Based on definitions that are more general than the one commonly used in recursion theory, Burgin argues that super-recursive algorithms, such as inductive Turing machines disprove the Church–Turing thesis. He proves furthermore that super-recursive algorithms could theoretically provide even greater efficiency gains than using quantum algorithms.

Burgin's interpretation of super-recursive algorithms has encountered opposition in the mathematical community. One critic is logician Martin Davis, who argues that Burgin's claims have been well understood "for decades". Davis states,
"The present criticism is not about the mathematical discussion of these matters but only about the misleading claims regarding physical systems of the present and future."(Davis 2006: 128)
Davis disputes Burgin's claims that sets at level  of the arithmetical hierarchy can be called computable, saying
"It is generally understood that for a computational result to be useful one must be able to at least recognize that it is indeed the result sought." (Davis 2006: 128)

See also
 Interactive computation

References

 Blum, L.,  F. Cucker, M. Shub, and S. Smale, Complexity and Real Computation, Springer Publishing 1998
 Burgin, Mark (2005), Super-recursive algorithms, Monographs in computer science, Springer.
José Félix Costa, MR2246430 Review in MathSciNet.
 Harvey Cohn (2005), CR131542 (0606-0574) Review in Computing Reviews
Martin Davis (2007),Review  in Bulletin of Symbolic Logic, v. 13 n. 2.
 Marc L. Smith (2006), Review in The Computer Journal, Vol. 49 No. 6
Review, Vilmar Trevisan (2005), Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1070. Review 1070.68038
 Copeland, J. (2002) Hypercomputation, Minds and Machines, v. 12, pp. 461–502
 Davis, Martin (2006), "The Church–Turing Thesis: Consensus and opposition". Proceedings, Computability in Europe 2006.  Lecture notes in computer science, 3988 pp. 125–132
 Eberbach, E. (2005) "Toward a theory of evolutionary computation", BioSystems 82, 1-19
 Gold, E.M. Limiting recursion. J. Symb. Log. 10 (1965), 28-48.

 Hagar, A. and Korolev, A. (2007) "Quantum Hypercomputation – Hype or Computation?"
 Hintikka, Ja. and Mutanen, A. An Alternative Concept of Computability, in “Language, Truth, and Logic in Mathematics”, Dordrecht, pp. 174–188, 1998
 .
 Peter Kugel,  "It's time to think outside the computational box", Communications of the ACM, Volume 48, Issue 11, November 2005
 Petrus H. Potgieter, "Zeno machines and hypercomputation", Theoretical Computer Science, Volume 358,  Issue 1  (July 2006) pp. 23 – 33
 Hilary Putnam, "Trial and Error Predicates and the Solution to a Problem of Mostowski". Journal of Symbolic Logic, Volume 30, Issue 1 (1965), 49-57
 Darko Roglic, "The universal evolutionary computer based on super-recursive algorithms of evolvability"
 Hava Siegelmann, Neural Networks and Analog Computation: Beyond the Turing Limit, Birkhäuser, 1999,
 Turing, A. (1939) Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals, Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., Ser.2, v. 45: 161-228
 van Leeuwen, J. and Wiedermann, J. (2000a) Breaking the Turing Barrier: The case of the Internet, Techn. Report, Inst. of Computer Science, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague
 Jiří Wiedermann, Characterizing the super-Turing computing power and efficiency of classical fuzzy Turing machines, Theoretical Computer Science, Volume 317, Issue 1-3, June 2004
 Jiří Wiedermann and Jan van Leeuwen, "The emergent computational potential of evolving artificial living systems", AI Communications, v. 15, No. 4, 2002

Further reading

 Akl, S.G., Three counterexamples to dispel the myth of the universal computer, Parallel Processing Letters, Vol. 16, No. 3, September 2006, pp. 381 – 403.
 Akl, S.G., The myth of universal computation, in: Parallel Numerics, Trobec, R., Zinterhof, P., Vajtersic, M., and Uhl, A., Eds., Part 2, Systems and Simulation, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria and Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 2005, pp. 211 – 236
 Angluin, D., and Smith, C. H. (1983) Inductive Inference: Theory and Methods, Comput. Surveys, v. 15, no. 3, pp. 237–269
 Apsïtis, K, Arikawa, S, Freivalds, R., Hirowatari, E., and Smith, C. H. (1999) On the inductive inference of recursive real-valued functions, Theoretical Computer Science, 219(1-2): 3—17
 Boddy, M, Dean, T.  1989.  "Solving Time-Dependent Planning Problems". Technical Report: CS-89-03, Brown University
 Burgin, M. "Algorithmic Complexity of Recursive and Inductive Algorithms", Theoretical Computer Science, v. 317, No. 1/3, 2004, pp. 31–60
 Burgin, M. and Klinger, A. Experience, Generations, and Limits in Machine Learning, Theoretical Computer Science, v. 317, No. 1/3, 2004, pp. 71–91
 Eberbach, E., and Wegner, P., "Beyond Turing Machines", Bulletin of the European Association for Theoretical Computer Science (EATCS Bulletin), 81, Oct. 2003, 279-304
 S. Zilberstein, Using Anytime Algorithms in Intelligent Systems, "AI Magazine", 17(3):73-83, 1996

External links
 A New Paradigm for Computation. Los Angeles ACM Chapter Meeting, December 1, 1999.
 Anytime algorithm from FOLDOC

Algorithms
Hypercomputation
Theory of computation


The Diocese of Locri-Gerace () is a Latin diocese of the Catholic Church in Calabria. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Reggio Calabria-Bova.

Historically it was the Diocese of Gerace, becoming in 1954 the Diocese of Gerace-Locri and taking the current name in 1986.

History
Gerace probably owes its origin, or at least its importance, to the ruin of the town of Locri Epizephyrii, one of the earliest Greek colonies in Lower Italy, founded by the Ozolian Locrians (684–680 B.C.) and endowed with a code of laws by Zaleucus. The town was in a favorable position for the exploitation of the rich fields along the coast of the Gulf of Taranto, and sharing in the commerce of the east-west trade route.  Locri, however, was a beachfront town, wide-open to attacks by pirates and then by Arabs, Moors, and Saracens.  Before its total ruin, Locri Epizephrii had a bishop of its own; but in 709, under Bishop Gregory, the see was transferred to Gerace. Gerace had the advantage of being a fortifiable hilltop, where the population could protect itself from raiders. There was only one bishop and one diocese, however, first called Locri and then called Gerace. These were not two dioceses.

In 731, Gerace and all the towns of Calabria suffered from a major earthquake, which devastated many of the cities of the region.  There was another major earthquake in 1783, and one in 1908.

The name Gerace is probably derived from Saint Cyriaca, whose church was destroyed by the Saracens in 915. They captured the town in 986, but in 1059 it fell into the hands of the Normans.  The Normans began the turn away from Greek affiliations toward Rome, aided by the policies of Gregory VII and Urban II.

Until 1467 the Greek Rite was in wide use at Gerace, and such had probably been the custom from the beginning. As early as the thirteenth century efforts were made to introduce the Latin Rite, which accounts for the schism between Latins and Greeks about 1250–1253. The latter demanded as bishop the monk Bartenulfo, a Greek, whereas Pope Innocent IV, in 1253, appointed Marco Leone. In 1467, bishop Atanasio Calceofilo introduced the Latin Rite.

In 1749 Gerace was a town whose population was estimated at 3,000. It was divided ecclesiastically into thirteen parishes. There were forty-five ecclesiastical parishes in the diocese. In 1890 the population of the diocese was given as 106,335, and the number of parishes was seventy one; there were 393 priests. The Chapter of the Cathedral had eight dignities and sixteen Canons. Among the dignities were: the Cantor, the Archdeacon, the Archpriest, the Primicerius, the Dean, the Protonotary, the Treasurer, and the Master of Ceremonies The seminary of the diocese was founded by Bishop Candido, in obedience to the decrees of the Council of Trent, and completed by his successor Bishop Pasqua.

The population of the town of Gerace in 2012 was 2,715. The population of the town of Locri was 12,845 in 2010.

Bishops

Diocese of Gerace
Latin Name: Hieracensis
Erected: 5th Century

to 1300

...
[Basilius (attested 451)]
Dulcinus
Marcianus (attested 597, 598, 599)
Crescens (649)
Stephanus (attested 679)
Christopher (attested 687)
...
Georgius (attested 869)
...
Leontius (attested 1100)
...
Constantinus (attested January 1179 – March 1179)
Leo (attested December 1194)
...
Nipho (attested 1211)
Nicolaus (1219 – 1225/1226)
...
Barsanufius, O.S.Basil. (December 1250 – 18 October 1254)
Leo (18 October 1254 – 8 July 1255)
Paulus, O.S.Basil. (9 August 1262 – 29 July 1280)
Jacobus
Barlaam, O.S.Basil.

...

1300 to 1600

Barlaam II (2 October 1342 – 1347)
Simon Atumano (June 1348 – 17 April 1366)
Nicolaus Mele (3 August 1366 – 1382)
Jacobus (1382 – 2 June 1400)
Angelo del Tufo (5 July 1400 – 7 May 1419)
Paulus (12 June 1419 – 4 February 1429)
Aimericus (1429 – 1444)
Gregorius Diositani (10 July 1444 – 3 August 1461)
Athanasius Calceofilo (21 Oct 1461 – 4 Nov 1497 Died)
Troilus Carafa (27 November 1497 – 1504?)
Jaime de Conchillos, O. de M. (23 Feb 1505 – 25 Feb 1509)
Bandinello Sauli (1509 – 19 Nov 1517 Resigned)
Francesco Armellini Pantalassi de' Medici (19 Nov 1517 – 6 Jun 1519 Resigned)
Alessandro Cesarini (Sr.) (6 Jun 1519 – 15 Jun 1519 Resigned)
Girolamo Planca (15 Jun 1519 – 21 Aug 1534 Died)
Alessandro Cesarini (Sr.) (21 Aug 1534 – 20 Feb 1538 Resigned)
Tiberio Muti (20 Feb 1538 – 9 Mar 1552)
Giovanni Andrea Candido, O.S.Io.Hieros. (19 Mar 1552 – 6 Sep 1574 Died)
Ottaviano Pasqua (17 Sep 1574 – 8 Jan 1591 Died)
Vincenzo Bonardo, O.P. (20 Mar 1591 – 11 Mar 1601 Died)

1600 to 1920

Orazio Mattei (19 Nov 1601 – 13 Jun 1622 Died)
Alessandro Boschi (8 Aug 1622 – 29 Jan 1624 Resigned)
Stefano de Rosis (29 Jan 1624 – 15 Aug 1624 Died)
Giovanni Maria Belletti (27 Jan 1625 – 25 Feb 1626 Died)
Lorenzo Tramallo (16 Sep 1626 – 8 Oct 1649 Died)
Michele Angelo Vincentini (2 May 1650 – 20 Dec 1670 Resigned)
Stefano Sculco (22 Dec 1670 – 20 Apr 1686 Resigned)
Tommaso Caracciolo, O.S.B. (28 Apr 1687 – 31 Mar 1689 Died)
Domenico Diez de Aux (7 Nov 1689 – 5 Nov 1729 Died)
Ildefonso del Tufo, O.S.B. (8 Feb 1730 – 7 May 1748 Resigned)
Domenico Bozzoni (3 Mar 1749 – 21 Dec 1749 Died)
Cesare Rossi (23 Feb 1750 – 14 Nov 1755 Died)
Pietro Domenico Scoppa (5 Apr 1756 – 14 Nov 1793)
Sede vacante (1793–1797)
Vincenzo Barisani, O.S.A. (18 Dec 1797 – 4 Feb 1806)
Giuseppe Maria Pellicano (21 Dec 1818 – 19 Jun 1833 Died)
Luigi Maria Perrone, C.O. (19 Dec 1834 – 14 Mar 1852 Died)
Pasquale de Lucia (27 Sep 1852 – 11 Jun 1860 Died)
Francesco Saverio Mangeruva (6 May 1872 – 11 May 1905 Died)
Giorgio Francesco Delrio (6 Dec 1906 – 16 Dec 1920 Appointed, Archbishop of Oristano)

Diocese of Gerace (-Santa Maria di Polsi)

Latin Name: Hieracensis (-Sanctae Mariae de Pulsi)
Name Changed: 8 April 1920
Metropolitan: Archdiocese of Reggio Calabria

Giovanni Battista Chiappe (4 Oct 1922 – 26 Aug 1951 Died)
Pacifico Maria Luigi Perantoni, O.F.M. (31 Jan 1952 – 21 Aug 1962 Appointed, Archbishop of Lanciano e Ortona)

Diocese of Gerace-Locri (-Santa Maria di Polsi)
Latin Name: Hieracensis-Locrensis (-Sanctae Mariae de Pulsi)
Name Changed: 22 February 1954
Metropolitan: Archdiocese of Reggio Calabria

Michele Alberto Arduino, S.D.B. (21 Oct 1962 – 18 Jun 1972 Died)
Francesco Tortora, O.M. (21 Oct 1972 – 22 Sep 1988 Resigned)

Diocese of Locri-Gerace (-Santa Maria di Polsi)
Latin Name: Dioecesis Locrensis-Hieracensis (-Sanctae Mariae de Pulsi)
Name Changed: 30 September 1986
Metropolitan: Archdiocese of Reggio Calabria-Bova

Antonio Ciliberti (7 Dec 1988 – 6 May 1993 Appointed, Archbishop of Matera-Irsina)
Giancarlo Maria Bregantini, C.S.S. (12 Feb 1994 – 8 Nov 2007 Appointed, Archbishop of Campobasso-Boiano)
Giuseppe Fiorini Morosini, O.M. (20 Mar 2008 – 13 Jul 2013 Appointed, Archbishop of Reggio Calabria-Bova)
Francesco Oliva (5 May 2014 – )

References

Bibliography

Reference works
 p. 882-883. (Use with caution; obsolete)
  p. 263. (in Latin)
 p. 159.
 pp. 209.
 p. 202.
 p. 219.
 p. 235.

Studies

Gemelli, S. (ed.) (1986). La Cattedrale di Gerace. Il monumento, la funzione, I corredi. Carical, Cosenza.
Kamp, Norbert (1975). Kirche und Monarchie im staufischen Königreich Sizilien: I. Prosopographische Grundlegung, Bistumer und  Bistümer und Bischöfe des Konigreichs 1194–1266: 2. Apulien und Calabrien München: Wilhelm Fink 1975.
Kehr, Paulus Fridolin (1975). Italia pontificia. Regesta pontificum Romanorum. Vol. X: Calabria–Insulae.  Berlin: Weidmann. (in Latin)

 Russo, Francesco (1982). Storia della Chiesa in Calabria dalle origini al Concilio di Trento, 2 vols. Rubbetino: Soveria Mannelli 1982.

 (contains a list of bishops)

Acknowledgment

Roman Catholic dioceses in Calabria
Dioceses established in the 5th century


Boles may refer to:

People
 Boles (surname)

Places in the United States
 Boles, Arkansas
 Boles, California
 Boles, Missouri
 Boles Acres, New Mexico

See also
 Bole (disambiguation)
 Bowls


The 2008 Washington Republican presidential caucuses were held on Saturday February 9 and the primary on February 19, 2008 to compete 40 total delegates, of which 18 tied to the caucuses, 19 tied to the primary, and 3 unpledged RNC member delegates.

Candidates
All following candidates appeared on the ballot for voters in Washington:

 Mike Huckabee
 John McCain
 Ron Paul
 Mitt Romney (candidate has suspended his campaign)

Caucuses
Voting in Washington's caucuses closed at 9:00 pm EST February 9.

The Washington Republican Party declared John McCain the winner on the night of the election, after 87% of the votes were counted.  Mike Huckabee disputed the results and accused the state party of calling the election prematurely.  He demanded a state-wide caucus  recount.  However, by Tuesday, February 12, the Washington Republicans again declared McCain the winner after 96% of the votes were tallied, and never counted the rest of the votes.

Primary
The primary took place on February 19, 2008.

* Candidate stopped campaign before primary

Money raised
The following table shows the amount of money each Republican Party candidate raised in the state of Washington.

See also
 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries
 2008 Washington Democratic presidential caucuses

References

Washington
2008 Washington (state) elections
2008

es:Asambleas del Partido Republicano de 2008 en Washington


Many significant companies are based in Nashville, Tennessee, and its surrounding communities in the Nashville metropolitan area. Five of the companies, HCA Healthcare, Dollar General, Community Health Systems, Delek US Holdings, and Tractor Supply, were members of the Fortune 500 in 2020, ranking 65th, 112th, 241st, 342nd, and 380th respectively.

Companies in Nashville

 247Sports
 Abingdon Press
 AllianceBernstein
 Advocat Inc.
 American Economic Association
 Arcline Investment Management
 Arrangers' Publishing Company
 Asurion
 AMG/Parade
 Back Yard Burgers
 Baldwin Piano Company
 BillFixers
 Biscuit Love
 Bridgestone Americas Holding (Bridgestone-Firestone)
 Broken Bow Records
 Captain D's
 Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation (finance arm of Caterpillar Inc.)
 Central Parking Corporation
 Cokesbury
 Country Music Television
 Credential Recordings
 Curb Records
 Firestone Tire and Rubber Company
 The General
 Genesco
 Gibson Guitar Corporation
 Great American Country
 Gruhn Guitars
 Hankook Tire America
 Harrow Health
 Hattie B's Hot Chicken
 HCA Holdings, Inc.
 Hospital Corporation of America
 iHeart Media
 Informatics Corporation of America
 Ingram Barge Company
 Ingram Industries
 Innovative Hearth Products
 J. Alexander's
 Jerry Jones Guitars
 Lifepoint Hospitals
 LifeWay Christian Resources
 Logan's Roadhouse
 Louisiana-Pacific
 Nashville Brewing Company
 O'Charley's
 Oreck Corporation
 Pinnacle Financial
 Purity Dairies
 Randall House Publications
 Ryman Hospitality Properties
 SESAC
 Shoney's
 Shield Health
 Silicon Ranch
 SmileDirectClub
 Sony Music Nashville
 SMS Holdings
 Southwestern family of companies
 Stoney River
 Sun Records
 Thomas Nelson Publishing
 Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
 Universal Lighting Technologies
 Universal Logic
 Universal Music Group Nashville
 Vanderbilt University & Medical Center
 Vanguard Health Systems
 Word Records
 Yazoo Brewing Company

Companies in the metro area

 Brookdale Senior Living in Brentwood
 CKE Restaurants in Franklin
 Community Health Systems in Franklin
 Contour Airlines in Smyrna
 CoreCivic in Brentwood
 Cracker Barrel in Lebanon
 Delek US Holdings in Brentwood
 Dollar General in Goodlettsville
 Healthways in Franklin
 Hobby Express in Franklin
 Iasis Healthcare in Franklin
 The ICEE Company
 Ingram Content Group in La Vergne
 Kaiser Aluminum
 Kirkland's in Brentwood
 Mars Petcare in Franklin
 Mitsubishi Motors in Franklin
 MyOutdoorTV.com in Franklin
 Nissan North America in Franklin
 OHL in Brentwood
 Old Time Pottery in Murfreesboro
 Servpro Industries in Gallatin
 Singer Corporation in La Vergne
 Surgery Partners in Brentwood
 Tractor Supply Company in Brentwood
 Triangle Group in Franklin

Companies with a strong presence

 Altegrity
 Amazon
 American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers
 AT&T
 Bank of America
 Broadcast Music, Inc.
 Dell
 Deloitte
 Fifth Third Bank
 First Tennessee
 GEODIS
 Lyft
 Oracle
 Pilot.com
 Randstad
 Regions Financial Corporation
 Schneider Electric
 Sony
 State Farm Insurance
 SunTrust
 The Kroger Company
 U.S. Bank
 UBS Business Solutions
 Verizon Wireless

References

Nashville
Nashville, Tennessee-related lists


Charter Alley is a village in north east Hampshire, England. According to the Post Office the majority of the population at the 2011 Census was included in the civil parish of Wootton St Lawrence.  The village was originally known as West Sherbourne and then Charter Ley before becoming Charter Alley.

References

External links

Villages in Hampshire


John Bramhall (born 20 November 1956) is an English former professional footballer who played as a defender. He made more than 500 Football League appearances for six clubs from 1976 to 1991 and was Deputy chief executive of the Professional Footballers' Association until announcing his retirement after over 30 years in April 2022.

Bramhall joined Tranmere Rovers in July 1976 from Stockton Heath. He made 170 league appearances for Rovers before joining Fourth Division rivals, Bury, in March 1982. He was to be a regular member of the side, although he was allowed to join Chester City on loan in November 1985. He played four games for the Blues during their promotion season from Division Four and the following season joined Rochdale.

After two years spent playing regularly in the Rochdale side, Bramhall moved again to Halifax Town and finished his league career with 32 league appearances for Scunthorpe United. This took his overall Football League appearance tally to 521, scoring 42 goals in the process.

Bramhall then played non-league football for Hyde United. He is now regularly quoted in the media through his role at the PFA. John lives in the leafy
village of Grappenhall, Cheshire, with his wife and two sons.

Career Honours

Bury

Football League Fourth Division promotion as fourth placed team: 1984–85 (42 apps, 4 goals)

Chester City
Football League Fourth Division runners–up: 1985–86 (4 apps, 0 goals)

Notes

References

1956 births
Living people
Footballers from Warrington
English Football League players
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Bury F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Rochdale A.F.C. players
Halifax Town A.F.C. players
Scunthorpe United F.C. players
Hyde United F.C. players


The 2008 Guam Republican presidential caucuses, also called the Guam state convention, took place on March 8, 2008. The approximately 500 people who attended the convention chose six delegates to represent Guam at the 2008 Republican National Convention. John McCain won all six of the delegates. Guam also sent three unpledged party delegates to the party convention, for a total delegation of nine.

The caucuses had been tentatively scheduled for February 16 but later changed.

Results

See also
 2008 United States presidential straw poll in Guam
 2008 United States presidential election
 2008 Guam Democratic presidential caucuses

References

Republican caucuses
Guam
2008


The Battle of Bandera Pass in 1841 marked the turning point of the Texas-Indian wars.  Though they would continue another 34 years, the tide began to turn at Bandera Pass.

Some sources show 1843 as the year of this event.

Background

Location
Bandera Pass is a plain gap in the chain of mountains about ten miles northwest of the town of Bandera, Texas.

Military background from 1821-41

At the time of the Texas Revolution there were 30,000 Anglo and Hispanic settlers in Texas and approximately 15,000 Plains Indians. The settlers were armed with single-shot weapons, which the Comanche, in particular, had learned very well to counter.

Certainly the Spanish, then the Mexicans, and later the Texans had learned that single-shot weapons were not enough to defeat the deadly Comanche light horse, whose mastery of cavalry tactics and mounted bowmanship were renowned. The Comanches' constant movement caused many of their opponents' older single-shot weapons to miss their target in the chaos of battle. The Comanche could then easily kill their enemies before they had a chance to reload. Though it was understated, the Comanche learned to use single-shot firearms quite well, but they found bows superior in terms of fire rate. The Comanche put an end to Spanish expansion in North America. Besides the Mapuche and Chichimeca, the Comanche did what no other indigenous peoples had managed: defending their homeland—even expanding it—in the face of the best military forces the Spanish could bring against them. In the late 18th century the Comanche were said to have stolen every horse in New Mexico.

Up until the introduction of repeating rifles and revolvers, weapons and tactics were definitely on the side of the Plains Indians, most especially the Comanche. However, disease and numbers were on the side of the Texans, and that increased with time.

The tide clearly began to turn after 1840, when John Coffee Hays joined the Texas Rangers. Known for improving discipline and morale, he also armed his men with Paterson Colt five-shot revolvers instead of single-shot guns. For the first time, at the Battle of Bandera Pass in 1841, the Indians came up against the "new rangers" and were repelled. This battle marked a clear turning point in the war against the Plains tribes, though they would fight on bitterly for another 34 years.

The setting for the battle

After the Great Raid of 1840 where the Comanches under Buffalo Hump sacked Victoria, Texas, and Linnville, President Sam Houston felt he had to strengthen the frontier defenses to prevent future "Great Raids." He then appointed Capt. John Coffee Hays to recruit a company of rangers to specifically contain the Comanches. That company was filled with noted Indian fighters, among them Bigfoot Wallace, Ben Highsmith, Creed Taylor, Sam Walker, Robert Addison Gillespie, P.H. Bell, Kit Ackland, Sam Luckey, James Dunn, Tom Galberth, George Neill and Frank Chevallier, and others well known in Texas frontier history. This was the company that confronted the Comanche in Bandera Pass in 1841.

It was generally accepted on both sides that the Comanches were superior cavalrymen at the time. The choice of weapons available to them to use while mounted, namely their short bows and wooden lances, were best employed upon the Great Plains. The preferred terrain was the rolling, wide-open hills of the prairie. Comanches did utilize ambushes, but invariably the ambush involved attacking from horseback from behind a thicket of trees or somewhere that allowed men and horses to remain concealed. However, these particular conditions were clearly impossible all the time—Texan vistas are often quite long and flat and do not offer an abundance of places to hide. The last place that Comanches would set an ambush would be at the end of a pass which affords the Comanche's victim a clear line of withdrawal. Logically, the Comanche would favor a wide-open portion of the Great Plains or Llano Estacado, which would mean that the Comanches could attack from any direction.

The Battle of Bandera Pass
The exact date of this battle is no longer known, though the time it occurred is. Captain Hays and his men, approximately 50 in number, arrived at the Pass about 11 o'clock in the morning and were surprised and confronted by a large band of Comanches. Hays' reports indicate his men were discomforted by the size of the force against them, but the captain is reported to have ordered them to "dismount and tie those horses, we can whip them. No doubt about that."

This battle is where the repeating revolvers began to change the tide of the struggle against the Comanche. The Colt revolvers had just been invented, and Captain Hays and his men were lucky enough to be armed with fifty or sixty of these weapons, which the Rangers reported were unknown to the Comanche. Although they reported being badly outnumbered, the new weapons enabled the rangers to hold their ground. The fierce battle began at 11 o'clock in the morning, according to records left by Hays, and lasted all day, with the sides finally ending the conflict as night fell.

After the battle
Finally, the Comanche retreated, and the Rangers followed. Both sides buried their dead, with the Rangers losing five men and many wounded. But the fact that 50 Rangers had held their ground against hundreds of the Comanche marked a change in the way the frontier wars would be fought, and marked the turning of the tide in the war between Texas and the Comanches.

Notes

References
 Bial, Raymond. Lifeways: The Comanche. New York: Benchmark Books, 2000.
 Brice, Donaly E. The Great Comanche Raid: Boldest Indian Attack on the Texas Republic McGowan Book Co. 1987
 "Comanche" Skyhawks Native American Dedication (August 15, 2005)
 "Comanche" on the History Channel (August 26, 2005)
 Dunnegan, Ted. Ted's Arrowheads and Artifacts from the Comancheria (August 19, 2005)
 Fehrenbach, Theodore Reed The Comanches: The Destruction of a People. New York: Knopf, 1974, . Later (2003) republished under the title The Comanches: The History of a People
 Foster, Morris. Being Comanche.
 Frazier, Ian. Great Plains. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1989.
 John, Elizabeth and A.H. Storms Brewed in Other Men's Worlds: The Confrontation of the Indian, Spanish, and French in the Southwest, 1540–1795. College Station, TX: Texas A&M Press, 1975.
 Lodge, Sally. Native American People: The Comanche. Vero Beach, Florida 32964: Rourke Publications, Inc., 1992.
 Lund, Bill. Native Peoples: The Comanche Indians. Mankato, Minnesota: Bridgestone Books, 1997.
 Mooney, Martin. The Junior Library of American Indians: The Comanche Indians. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1993.
 Native Americans: Comanche  (August 13, 2005).
 Richardson, Rupert N. The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement: A Century and a Half of Savage Resistance to the Advancing White Frontier. Glendale, CA: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1933.
 Rollings, Willard. Indians of North America: The Comanche. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1989.
 Secoy, Frank. Changing Military Patterns on the Great Plains. Monograph of the American Ethnological Society, No. 21. Locust Valley, NY: J. J. Augustin, 1953.
 Streissguth, Thomas. Indigenous Peoples of North America: The Comanche. San Diego: Lucent Books Incorporation, 2000.
 "The Texas Comanches" on Texas Indians (August 14, 2005).
 Wallace, Ernest, and E. Adamson Hoebel. The Comanches: Lords of the Southern Plains. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1952.

External links
Battle of Bandera Pass at FortTours.com
 <--dead link, March 2015.

Bandera Pass
1841 in the Republic of Texas
Bandera Pass
Battle of Pease River
Comanche
Bandera Pass
Bandera Pass
Bandera Pass


Angus Mackenzie Nicholson Wright (11 April 1934 – 15 June 2012) was a British television producer; he was co-founder and managing director of The Britt Allcroft Company PLC until his retirement in 1999.

Early life
Wright was born on 11 April 1934 in Sunderland, County Durham. His father was an Anglican vicar and his mother worked as a nurse and a school matron during her life as well as being an active member of the church and a Samaritan. Angus was the eldest of two children - his sister was Alison.

Educated at Durham School, he served two years of national service in the Durham Light Infantry. He went to university at Trinity College, Oxford to read law from 1954 to 1957, where he met his first wife Jill Graham, with whom he had his first three of five children.

At the BBC
Though being of an accomplished legal mind, his interest was drawn to theatre and the performing Arts. Both he and Jill were members of The Oxford Footlights which had fellow members of the time; Peter Cook, Dudley Moore and Alan Bennett. Jill Graham continued acting as her career as did their eldest son. Angus was a talented pianist and this was his main contribution to the Footlights.

Having had his interest in performing arts sparked, after graduation he joined the BBC as a sound studio manager, moving to BBC Television, Light Entertainment and then to Southern Television(Southern T.V.), the commercial television franchise for the south and south east of England. He and Jill moved to the Southern T.V. based in Southampton and after their marriage ended, he remained in Southampton where he then shared a home with his second wife, Britt Allcroft with whom he had two children, from 1973 until the end of their marriage in 1997.

At Southern Television, he was a prominent member of staff in children's television. He had now become a producer and director of programmes in Jack Hargreaves’ children's television department. He was responsible for one of ITV's longest-running children's favourites How as well as Little Big Time and Oliver in the Overworld starring Freddy Garrity and the Dreamers. He also created the popular Houseparty for light entertainment with celebrity cook Mary Morris and guests.

With the change of the Southern TV franchise he stayed on at Southampton, becoming Head of Religious programmes, first for TV South and then for Meridian Television. He was producer and occasional director for the weekly Sunday evening programme Come Sunday. Through this he had opportunities in programmes to work with the then Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert Runcie, activist Terry Waite, and Archbishop Desmond Tutu, which he appreciated greatly, since having a huge interest in history, religion and politics. It was also during this time that he created two television specials in partnership with Winchester Cathedral where worked with Choir Director Martin Neary and the Bishop John Taylor, with whom he became good friends. A highlight of his career was the show produced at Winchester, which included performances by Cleo Laine and John Dankworth.

The Britt Allcroft Company
In 1985, he resigned from network television to join an independent production company, which he had founded in 1980 with his, then wife, Britt Allcroft, also a working and accomplished television producer. In the course of a freelance assignment, Allcroft met The Reverend Wilbert Awdry and together she and Wright acquired a licence for television rights for Awdry's The Railway Series books featuring Thomas the Tank Engine. David Mitton of Clearwater Features directed scripts which Britt Allcroft had developed from Awdry's stories. Mitton's live model animations which he made with Terence Permane, Steve Asquith and a talented crew, became beloved among children for decades to come. The production team was completed with the now iconic music by Mike O'Donnell and Junior Campbell and first narrator Ringo Starr. Under the cottage industry style company, Angus, Britt and two assistants ran the production and licensing business from rooms in the family home with their business lawyer Nigel Palmer. The business hired two more members of staff before the company moved to its first premises.

With the support of Lewis Rudd, then of Central Television, the first series of Thomas the Tank Engine episodes launched nationally on ITV in the UK on 9 October 1984. Licensing already began with Michael Stanfield board games and jigsaws in 1983. Angus Wright had credit as Executive Producer on the series. The company continued to grow in countries around the world and Wright made frequent trips to countries such as Japan and the U.S where the company would have future offices as well as Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

In 1986 the company was joined by Price Waterhouse accountant William Harris who became Finance Director in 1988, and in 1989 Sue Sangway, who later became Wright's third wife joined the Marketing Department which she then became head of in 1991.

In 1987 work began to bring Thomas the Tank Engine to the U.S where it became established on the US Public Television Network (PBS), home of children's TV classic Sesame Street. The resulting success of the characters enabled them to be established in Japan on Fuji Television. In just over ten years the Britt Allcroft Company grew from a two-person start-up to a worldwide operation with offices in New York City, Tokyo and Toronto. At the time of its 1996 launch on the London Stock Exchange, it was producing £6.3 million gross profit on annual turnover of £53 million.

Further productions followed:  Britt Allcroft's Magic Adventures of Mumfie in 1994; Wright acted as executive producer for Kate Canning's James the Cat and John Carey's production of The Adventures of Captain Pugwash in 1998.

Retirement
In 1997 at age 63, Wright retired from the Britt Allcroft Company. Wright and Sue Sangway moved to France in 1998, where they were married in 2001, until he died.

Death
Wright died on 15 June 2012 in France, at the age of 78. He is survived by his wife Sue Sangway.

References

External links

1934 births
2012 deaths
20th-century British businesspeople
British television producers
Gullane Entertainment
People from Durham, England


The Ferguson reflex (also called the fetal ejection reflex) is the neuroendocrine reflex comprising the self-sustaining cycle of uterine contractions initiated by pressure at the cervix, more precisely, the internal end of cervix, or vaginal walls. It is an example of positive feedback in biology. The Ferguson reflex occurs in mammals.

Mechanism
Upon application of pressure to the internal end of the cervix, oxytocin is released (therefore increase in contractile proteins), which stimulates uterine contractions, which in turn increases pressure on the cervix (thereby increasing oxytocin release, etc.), until the baby is delivered.

Sensory information regarding mechanical stretch of the cervix is carried in a sensory neuron, which synapses in the dorsal horn before ascending to the brain in the anterolateral columns (ipsilateral and contralateral routes). Via the medial forebrain bundle, the efferent reaches the PVN and SON of the hypothalamus. The posterior pituitary releases oxytocin due to increased firing in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract. Oxytocin acts on the myometrium, on receptors which have been upregulated by a functional increase of the estrogen-progesterone ratio. This functional ratio change is mediated by a decrease in myometrial sensitivity to progesterone, due to a decrease in progesterone receptor A, and a concurrent increase in myometrial sensitivity to estrogen, due to an increase in estrogen receptor α. This causes myometrial contraction and further positive feedback on the reflex.

Studies among ewes demonstrated that the Ferguson reflex is blocked by epidural anesthesia. In their studies among mice, Niles Newton and colleagues demonstrated the importance of cortical influences. They enlarged the topic by introducing the term fetus ejection reflex.

The concept of cortical influences provided reasons to raise questions about the process of parturition among humans, characterized by a high encephalization quotient.  Michel Odent had observed that women can experience such a reflex, characterized by a birth after a short series of irresistible and powerful contractions without any room for voluntary movements, resulting in a painless birth.  For such a hormonal cascade to occur requires sufficient psychological safety, as occurs in normal or undisturbed birth.  The higher the intervention rate, such as induction or caesarian section, the lower the likelihood of the Ferguson Reflex occurring.  In contrast, the lower the incidence of intervention, such as is found in those countries with high rate of home births, and birth centers worldwide, the higher the likelihood of the Ferguson Reflex occurring.  This may explain the lack of research, considering the public health benefits of such education to both hospitals and the general public.

References

Obstetrics
Vagina
Midwifery
Childbirth
Natural childbirth


The 2008 U.S. Virgin Islands Republican territorial meeting, also known as the Republican caucuses, took place on the U.S. Virgin Islands of St. Croix and St. Thomas on April 5, 2008.  Virgin Islands Republicans could select six pledged delegates for the 2008 Republican National Convention; three party leaders also attended the convention as unpledged delegates.  However, the delegates chosen in the meeting did not support any presidential candidate, so all nine Virgin Islands delegates attended the convention as unpledged delegates.

The turnout, around 150 people, did not match the comparatively staggering number of voters in the Democratic Territorial Meeting, but it was still a record turnout for the Virgin Islands Republican Party.  Caucus-goers voted for delegates rather than candidates.  Of 25 people who sought delegate spots, the majority, 16, were not committed to any presidential candidate.

Results

Delegates

Chosen by voters
Warren Cole, St. Croix District, uncommitted
Krim Ballentine, St. Thomas-St. John District, uncommitted
V. Anne Golden, St. Croix District, uncommitted
Patricia Murphy, St. Thomas-St. John District, uncommitted
April Newland, St. Thomas-St. John District, uncommitted
Humberto O'Neal, Saint Croix District, uncommitted

Chosen by party
Lilliana Belardo O'Neal, Republican National Committeewoman
Holland Redfield, Republican National Committeeman
Herb Schoenbohm, Republican State Chairman

See also

 Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008
 United States Virgin Islands Democratic primary, 2008

References

Virgin Islands
Republican caucuses
United States Virgin Islands Republican caucuses


Braulio Ávila Juárez (born March 5, 1986 in Chiautempan, Tlaxcala) is a Mexican amateur boxer best known for winning bronze medals in flyweight at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games and both 2007 and 2011 Pan American Games.

Career
At the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games the pressure fighter won bronze when he lost to Yoandri Salinas 6:9.

He easily qualified for the PanAm Games even though he lost the final of his qualifier to Yoandri Salinas, at the main event he lost to Juan Carlos Payano 4:20 in the semis and won bronze.

At the 2007 World Championships he reached the second round by beating Jackson Chauke but lost to eventual winner Rau'shee Warren

References

 2006
 PanAm
 2007 World Championships
 data

1986 births
Living people
Boxers from Tlaxcala
Flyweight boxers
Boxers at the 2007 Pan American Games
Boxers at the 2011 Pan American Games
Mexican male boxers
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Mexico
Pan American Games medalists in boxing
Central American and Caribbean Games bronze medalists for Mexico
Competitors at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games
People from Chiautempan
Central American and Caribbean Games medalists in boxing
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games
21st-century Mexican people


The 2008 Puerto Rico Republican presidential caucuses were held on February 24, 2008.  John McCain won all 20 pledged (and the support of three unpledged delegates) at the Commonwealth's convention.

Results

See also

 Puerto Rico Democratic primary, 2008
 Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008

References

Republican caucuses
Puerto Rico
2008


Crockerhill is a hamlet in south Hampshire, England. The population at the 2011 Census was included in the Borough of Fareham

References

Villages in Hampshire


Iga Idunganran is the Official Residence of the Oba of Lagos, situated on Lagos Island. It is also a tourist attraction.

History
Dating back to the 15th century, the Lagos Island was originally owned by the island's first inhabitant Chief Aromire, an Ile-Ife nobleman, who used it as a fishing post and pepper farm. The ancient palace was initially built in 1670 for Oba Gabaro (1669-1760). It was later refurbished by the Portuguese, with materials — especially tiles — brought in from Portugal.

The modern part of the complex was completed and commissioned on 1 October 1960 by the Prime Minister of Nigeria, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. Recently modernized by the Obas Adeniji Adele II and Adeyinka Oyekan II, it underwent additional modernization in 2007 and 2008 by the present Oba, Akiolu, in conjunction with the Lagos State government and the Nigerian Museum.

Iga Idunganran has served as an administration centre, the island's market and the venue of the Eyo festival.

Name derivation
IGA, derived from the Oyo/Ife Yoruba language GAA meaning Royal Home or Palace, IDUN means land, place or sound of while IGANRAN is the Yoruba word for pepper. Iga Idunganran therefore translates to "the palace built on a pepper farm", Aromire having used the land previously as his farm.

The ancient tombs
All the Obas of Lagos before Oba Akitoye are buried in Benin City. Oba Akitoye was the first Oba of Lagos to be buried within the modern palace. All subsequent Obas except Sanusi Olusi and Kosoko are buried at Iga Idunganran.

The ancient shrines of Iga Idunganran
A number of shrines to the orishas exist in the palace. These include:

Èṣù
Esu (pronounced Éshu) can be found at the exit gate of the Palace.. The Oba and his chiefs prayed at this shrine to ward off danger to Lagos (and later Nigeria generally) in times past. They also prayed there prior to leaving the palace for any private or official function to ward off evil. Moreover, before going out, the Oba is supposed to visit this shrine in order to be told how his journey will be. Questions such as whether the journey will be favourable and whether it is safe for the Oba to embark on such a journey would typically be asked.

Ògún
Ogun is the god of iron. Though not within the palace per se, there is a small edifice constructed for immediate access in the complex's grounds. The main shrine is situated outside the present walls of the palace, though it still falls under its jurisdiction. It has a priestess who handles its day-to-day running.

Rites
Special rites and prayers are performed every sixteen days in the palace, usually by the Araba of Lagos, Chief Ajanaku, though the Oba does on occasion use other traditional priests and priestesses depending on the priority and the occasion, and the perceived spiritual prowess of such people. Some of the items necessary for performing these rituals are bitter kola, kola-nuts, alligator pepper, palm oil, schnapps or any plain gin, chickens, pigeons, goats or rams and anything else the Ifa oracle may decree, short of a human life.

End SARS 2020 Attack
In the aftermath of the 2020 End SARS protests, Iga Idungaran was looted and the Oba of Lagos, Rilwan Akiolu accused the looters of carting away $2m and ₦17m from his palace.

See also
 Presidential Lodge, former presidential palace in Lagos

Further reading
 Nigerians Abroad
 History of Lagos

References

Official residences in Lagos
Palaces in Nigeria
Tourist attractions in Lagos
History of Lagos
Landmarks in Lagos
Lagos Island
1670s establishments in the Kingdom of Lagos
Historic buildings and structures in Nigeria


The Water is the first solo album by Scottish indie pop singer Colin MacIntyre, who previously made three albums as Mull Historical Society. It was released on 4 February 2008, and produced by Nick Franglen from Lemon Jelly. MacIntyre had produced the first three albums himself. The last track, "Pay Attention to the Human", features a poem written and performed by Tony Benn. MacIntyre wrote the album in New York, his wife's home city. In 2009, Irvine Welsh used the track "You're a Star" from The Water in his comedy Good Arrows.  The track "Be My Saviour" first appeared on the soundtrack of the film Stormbreaker.

Track listing
"You're A Star"
"Be My Saviour"
"The Water"
"I Can I Will"
"Famous For Being Famous"
"Camelot Revisited"
"I Don't Have You To Ask"
"I Have Been Burned"
"Stalker"
"Future Gods And Past Kings"
"Faith No. 2"
"Pay Attention To The Human (featuring Tony Benn)"

References

External links
Guardian review

2008 debut albums
Colin MacIntyre albums
Albums produced by Nick Franglen


Walwick is a village in Northumberland, England near Hadrian's Wall.   Nearby villages include Humshaugh, Chollerford and Low Brunton.

Governance

Walwick is in the parliamentary constituency of Hexham.

References

External links

Villages in Northumberland


A zoom-lens reflex (ZLR) camera is a low-end single-lens reflex (SLR) camera having an integrated zoom lens rather than the interchangeable lenses found on other SLR cameras.

The term was coined by Olympus for the IS-series film cameras.
Olympus also applied the designation to the D-500L & D-600L in press releases carried by PR Newswire. Olympus now refers to these cameras, along with the
D-620L, simply as "Digital cameras".

For the Olympus E-10 and E-20 digital cameras, while some journalists continued to apply the term ZLR, Olympus themselves reverted to using the term SLR.

See also
 Single-lens reflex camera
 Digital single-lens reflex camera
 Electronic viewfinder

References

Cameras by type