"Glad All Over" is a 1957 song recorded by rock and roll and rockabilly artist Carl Perkins, "The Rockin' Guitar Man", at Sun Records in 1957. It was released as a 45 and 78 single, Sun 287, on January 6, 1958 (b/w "Lend Me Your Comb"). It was written by Aaron Schroeder, Sid Tepper, and Roy Bennett.  It is not the same song as the single "Glad All Over" released in 1963 by The Dave Clark Five.

A performance of the song was featured in the 1957 film Jamboree, where Carl Perkins and his band perform the song in a recording studio in a scene similar to Elvis Presley's studio performance in Jailhouse Rock along with Scotty Moore and Bill Black. The Carl Perkins band consisted of Carl Perkins on lead guitar and vocals, Jay Perkins on rhythm guitar, Clayton Perkins on upright bass, and W.S. "Fluke" Holland on drums, who later became the drummer for Johnny Cash, who called him "The Father of the Drums".

"Glad All Over" was the last single Carl Perkins released on Sun Records. The recording was also released as a 45 in the UK on the London Records label as 45-HLS 8527 backed with "Forever Yours" and appeared on the Warner Bros. soundtrack album for the movie Jamboree. The song was published by Magnificent Music, BMI. In 1978, Sun Records Corporation under owner Shelby Singleton re-released the song as part of the Sun Golden Treasure Series as Sun 24 with "Lend Me Your Comb" as the flipside.

The Beatles version
The Beatles recorded "Glad All Over" on two occasions in 1963 for BBC radio sessions, with George Harrison on lead vocals. The first of these, recorded on July 16, 1963, was released in 1994 on Live at the BBC.

On November 11, 2013, a second version recorded by The Beatles for the BBC Saturday Club radio program on July 30, 1963 appeared on the On Air – Live at the BBC Volume 2 collection.

Personnel
 George Harrison – vocals, lead guitar
 Paul McCartney – vocals, bass
 John Lennon – rhythm guitar
 Ringo Starr – drums

Other versions

George Harrison also performed the song on the 1985 HBO/Cinemax cable special Blue Suede Shoes: A Rockabilly Session with Carl Perkins. The Jeff Beck Group recorded the song on their self-titled 1972 Epic album that was produced by Steve Cropper. Brian Setzer performed the song at the Dallas Guitar Show on October 27, 1990 and recorded the song on his 2005 Rockabilly Riot!: Volume One album. The 1960s group The Searchers also recorded a version of the song on their April, 1964 Pye release, It's The Searchers. The rockabilly band The Sureshots have performed the song in concert in 2011. John Lennon also recorded the song as an outtake.

References

Sources

Perkins, Carl, and David McGee. Go, Cat, Go!. Hyperion Press, 1996, pages 253-254.
Morrison, Craig. Go Cat Go!: Rockabilly Music and Its Makers. University of Illinois Press, 1998.

External links

"Glad All Over" on the website The Beatles Bible.

Carl Perkins songs
Songs written for films
1958 singles
Songs written by Aaron Schroeder
Songs written by Sid Tepper
Songs written by Roy C. Bennett
1957 songs
Sun Records singles


Hendrick Manufacturing Company is an American perforated metal manufacturer founded in 1876 in Carbondale, Pennsylvania, where it is still based.  Over the years, additional manufacturing locations were established in California, Tennessee, Kentucky and Illinois. Plants in Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Illinois are still in operation.

History

Eli Hendrick

Born in 1832, Eli Hendrick apprenticed as a wood turner in his native Michigan.  After developing an interest in oil refining, he built a refinery in Carbondale, Illinois.

The company later developed new products including “Galena Signal Oil,” an extra-fine kerosene for railway lighting, and “Plumboleum”, a gear box lubricant that remained a basic ingredient of automotive lubricants for 75 years.

The filter presses used in the refining process consisted of mats of woven wire and canvas.  In constant use, the wire eventually was abraded to the point where it pierced the canvas, reducing the efficiency of the filter.  Hendrick reasoned that a metal sheet, properly perforated, could replace the canvas-and-wire filter, giving it a longer life.  Several tries at drilling holes, first individually, then in a multiple drill-press proved that the concept was sound, but the production process was too costly.  He then conceived the idea of punching holes simultaneously in the sheet metal.  The metal-punching machine he developed was a pilot for the modern perforating press and the foundation upon which Hendrick Manufacturing Company was started in 1876.

Over the next 100 years, the company steadily expanded its technology and its product lines, branching out from the original oil and coal industries into aggregate, iron, steel, paper, material handling, construction and other industries where perforated or slotted sheets of material are required.

California Perforating Company

In 1884, California Perforating Screen Company (Cal-Perf) was founded by the Wagner family to manufacture hammer mill and grain-cleaning screens for California’s growing agricultural industry.  These items were produced on throat presses using tooling limited to 6” lengths.  In order to penetrate additional markets, Cal-Perf purchased stock-size sheets and light plates that were perforated on multi-punch, all-across presses operated by the Eastern and Mid-Western perforators at the time.  Cal-Perf stocked these sheets for resale in its San Francisco warehouse.

Hendrick Manufacturing Company purchased California Perforating Screen Company in 1966 and moved the operation into a larger facility.  This larger plant could accommodate additional throat presses and supporting equipment such as shears, straightening rolls, press brakes and bending rolls.  Three new, multi-punch, all-across presses were added to product custom perforated sheets that were being purchased at the time from Hendrick's Carbondale plant. Under Hendrick ownership, Cal-Perf grew from an office manager and four plant operators to a total of 23 employees.

When the lease on the San Francisco facility expired in 1982, Hendrick moved the Cal-Perf operations to Visalia, California, in order to be closer to the Los Angeles market. At the same time, in order to gain warehouse space and a sales office, Hendrick purchased Berglund Perforated Metal in Los Angeles.  In 1985, at the termination of the purchase agreement, Hendrick merged the operations of Berglund into Cal-Perf.

Profile screens

Hendrick Manufacturing Company first entered the profile screen market in the early days of World War II.  This demand was created when the US supply of profile screens from Germany were cut off.  At that time, Hendrick was asked to furnish perforated u-clips to the Wedge Bar Screen Corporation, a small manufacturer of profile screens located in Queens, New York.

In 1943, Fred Goldbeck joined the sales force in Hendrick's New York office.  Goldbeck was knowledgeable in the use of profile screens, and he led efforts to manufacture complete profile screens for the coal, mining and paper industries.

The market for screens increased rapidly after World War II.  Hendrick Manufacturing Company began to import fine wire screens from Aumeca, a Belgian firm.  In 1953, Greening, a company located in England was selected to supply wedge wire screens for Hendrick.  Greening introduced a series of mini-wedge wire screens and Hendrick abandoned the Aumeca screens from that point forward.

In 1969, Hendrick employed Leon Bixby to serve as product manager for profile screens.  Bixby’s father had previously worked in design and development of profile screens for the Wedge Wire Screen Corporation of Wellington, Ohio, which had been started by his father. Bixby brought new success to the profile screen business for Hendrick.  In the early 1970s, he convinced ownership that profile screens would always be considered a secondary product as long as they were manufactured in Carbondale alongside the far more popular perforated metal products. Because the largest market for profile screens was the coal industry that was growing rapidly in West Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana, Hendrick chose Owensboro, Kentucky, for the site of the Hendrick Screen Company. This was a separate incorporation which opened up in a brand new facility in 1974.

Since then, Hendrick Screen Company has expanded into other markets such as wastewater treatment, water intake, petrochemical, dewatering, and architectural.

Tennessee Perforating

In 1971, Hendrick Manufacturing Company commissioned the Georgia Institute of Technology to evaluate demand for perforated metal in the nine states of the southeastern United States. The study supported the idea of a satellite location. Hendrick did not move on this information quickly, and the competition opened plants in the Southeast during the late 1970s.

In 1984, Hendrick conducted a site survey and determined that Memphis, Tennessee, was a good location to service the southeast and still be competitively located to service the Midwest.  A new plant was opened with three 36” wide high-speed, all-across perforating presses relocated from the Carbondale plant. These presses were selected to supply a full range of light gauge, small hole perforations in materials up to 18 gauge thickness. The associated equipment was installed and operations began in September 1984.

References

External links
 Hendrick Screen Company website
 Hendrick Metal Products website
 Hendrick Manufacturing website
 Hendrick Architectural Products website
 Hendrick Manufacturing Company records at Hagley Museum and Library
  Hendrick drawings in the Smithsonian
 Invoice from 1894
 Development of deburring machine
 Metalworking Fluids by Jerry Byers, , 1994
 Plumboluem

Manufacturing companies based in Pennsylvania
Metal companies of the United States
Carbondale, Pennsylvania
Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania
American companies established in 1876
Manufacturing companies established in 1876
1876 establishments in Pennsylvania
Privately held companies based in Pennsylvania


There are more than one hundred surviving North American B-25 Mitchells scattered over the world, mainly in the United States. Most of them are on static display in museums, but about 45 are still airworthy.

A significant number of these were brought together for Catch-22, a 1970 war film adapted from the book of the same name by Joseph Heller. When Catch-22 began preliminary production, Paramount hired the Tallmantz Aviation organization to obtain available B-25s. Tallmantz president, Frank G. Tallman ended up finding war-surplus aircraft, and eventually gathered not only pilots to fly the aircraft but also a ground support crew to maintain the fleet.

On 18 April 2010, 17 airworthy B-25s took off from the airfield behind the National Museum of the United States Air Force and flew over in formation to commemorate the 68th anniversary of the Doolittle Raid.

B-25 survivors

Argentina
Under restoration
B-25J
44-31173 – under restoration to flightworthiness by Gustavo M. Passano and his team.

Australia
On display
B-25D
41-30222 Hawg-Mouth – Darwin Aviation Museum in Winnellie, Northern Territory.
Under restoration or in storage
B-25C
41-12913 - partially stored at Darwin Aviation Museum in Winnellie, Northern Territory.
41-12924 - partially stored at Darwin Aviation Museum in Winnellie, Northern Territory.
B-25J
44-31508 – under restoration with Reevers Warbirds, Adelaide, South Australia, having been painted in markings of No. 18 (Netherlands East Indies) Squadron RAAF.

Austria
Airworthy
B-25J
44-86893 Red Bull – based in Salzburg, flown for the Flying Bulls/Red Bull and owned by Aircraft Guarantee Corp Trustee of Onalaska, Texas, USA.

Belgium
Under restoration
B-25J
44-30925 – under restoration to static display in WWII Stock condition by Belgian Aviation Preservation Association asbl.

Brazil
On display
B-25J
44-29500 – Museu Eduardo Andre Matarazzo, Bebedouro, Sao Paulo.
44-30069 – Museu Aerospacial in Campos dos Afonsos Air Force Base, Rio de Janeiro.
44-30245 – Praca das Velhas Aguias in Natal Air Force Base.

Canada
Airworthy
B-25J
45-8883 Hot Gen! (formerly Grumpy) – Canadian Warplane Heritage in Hamilton, Ontario.
On display
B-25J
44-30791 – Alberta Aviation Museum in Edmonton, Alberta. Ex-RCAF 5273, restored in 418 (City of Edmonton Squadron) markings as FW251 Daisy Mae.
44-86699 – Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa, Ontario.
44-86724 – CFB Winnipeg in Manitoba.
In Storage
B-25J
44-86726 – Reynolds-Alberta Museum in Wetaskiwin, Alberta.

Ecuador
On display
B-25J
44-86866 – Museo Aeronautico de la FAE Ecuadorian, Quito Air Force Base, partially restored and repainted in the famous "Apache Princess livery"

France
Crashed in 2011. Damaged beyond economical repair.
B-25J
45-8811 Russell's Raiders – at the Société de Développement et de Promotion de l'Aviation in La Ferté-Alais.

Indonesia

On display
B-25J
44-29022 / M-433 – Indonesian Air Force Academy Collection in Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta.
44-29023 / M-434 – Gate guardian at Abdul Rachman Saleh Air Force Base in Malang, East Java.
44-29032 / M-443 – Dirgantara Mandala Museum in Adisutjipto Air Force Base, Special Region of Yogyakarta.
44-30399 / M-458 – Satriamandala Museum in South Jakarta, Jakarta.

Mexico
On display
B-25J
44-29128 – Museum of Technology in Mexico City.
Under Restoration
B-25J
44-29145 – San Juan de Aragon Park in Mexico City.
44-30692 – San Juan de Aragon Park in Mexico City.

Netherlands
Airworthy
B-25J
44-29507 Sarinah.
On display
B-25D
41-30792 – Overloon War Museum in Overloon.
B-25J
44-31258 – Nationaal Militair Museum in Soesterberg.

Papua New Guinea
On display
B-25C
41-12442 – Aitape High School in Tadji.
41-12830 – Papua New Guinea National War Museum off the coast of Wanigela.

Russia
On display
B-25D
43-3355 – Moscow Air Force Museum.

Spain
On display
B-25J
44-29121 – Museo del Aire, Madrid.

United Kingdom
On display
B-25J
44-29366 – Lincolnshire Aviation Heritage Centre at East Kirkby. Currently named 'Always Dangerous'
44-31171 – American Air Museum in Duxford.

United States
Airworthy
B-25
40-2168 Miss Hap – based at the American Airpower Museum in Farmingdale, NY.  This aircraft was the fourth off the North American production line in 1940 and was designated an RB-25 (the "R" indicating restricted from combat, not a reconnaissance aircraft) and was assigned to General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold in 1943 and 1944.  It was later sold to Howard Hughes in 1951 and took Elizabeth Taylor to the funeral of her husband, Mike Todd.  Hughes sold the aircraft in 1961.
B-25D
43-3318 Grumpy – based at the Historic Flight Foundation in Spokane, Washington.
43-3634 Rosie's Reply (formerly Yankee Warrior) – Combat Veteran served with the 12th AF, 57th BW, 340th BG, 489th BS (8 combat missions). Based at the Yankee Air Museum in Ypsilanti, Michigan.  This aircraft has been recently repainted and remarked in its original squadron markings and as a flyable tribute to the women known as Rosie the Riveter.
B-25H
43-4106 Barbie III – based at the Cavanaugh Flight Museum in Addison, Texas.
43-4432 Berlin Express – based at EAA AirVenture Museum in Oshkosh, Wisconsin.
B-25J
43-27868 Yellow Rose – based at the Commemorative Air Force (Central Texas Wing) in San Marcos, Texas.
43-28059 Apache Princess – based at the Fantasy of Flight in Polk City, Florida.
43-28204 Pacific Princess – privately owned in Missoula, Montana.
43-35972 Maid in the Shade – based at the Commemorative Air Force (Airbase Arizona) in Mesa, Arizona.  This aircraft flew fifteen actual combat missions from Seraggia Airport on the island of Corsica in November and December 1944 as Battle 18 with the distinctive blue tail and blue ring cowls she now displays.  She was later an aerial pest spray aircraft and arrived at the then Arizona Wing of the CAF and was in restoration for almost 29 years until her first flight in May 2009.
44-28866 Champaign Gal – based at the Champaign Aviation Museum in Urbana, Ohio.
44-28925 How Boot That – based at the Cavanaugh Flight Museum in Addison, Texas.
44-28932 Tondelayo (listed as B-25J but had been a TB-25N) – based at the Collings Foundation in Stow, Massachusetts, aircraft was based at the Foundation's maintenance plant at American Aero Services at New Smyrna Beach Airport in New Smyrna Beach, Florida, but in August 2013 the aircraft was moved to Nut Tree Airport in Solano County, California to aid the fundraising campaigns of the Jimmy Doolittle Air and Space Center by offering rides over the San Francisco Bay area.
44-28938 Old Glory – privately owned in Latham, New York. Being restored after non-fatal crash in Stockton, California on 19 September 2020.
44-29199 In The Mood – based at the National Museum of World War II Aviation in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
44-29465 Guardian of Freedom – based at the Lyon Air Museum in Santa Ana, California.
44-29869 Miss Mitchell – based at the Commemorative Air Force (Minnesota Wing) in South St. Paul, Minnesota.
44-29939 Briefing Time – based at the Mid-Atlantic Air Museum in Reading, Pennsylvania.
44-30129 Wild Cargo – based at the Military Aviation Museum in Virginia Beach, Virginia.
44-30254 (unnamed) – based at the Flying Heritage Collection in Everett, Washington.
44-30423 Photo Fanny – based at the Planes of Fame in Chino, California.  This airplane has appeared in numerous movies, e.g. Catch-22 and Forever Young.
44-30456 Russian Ta Get Ya – based at the Lewis Air Legends in San Antonio, Texas.
44-30606 Tootsie – privately owned in Carson City, Nevada.
44-30734 Panchito – based at the Delaware Aviation Museum in Georgetown, Delaware.
44-30748 Heavenly Body – based at the Erickson Aircraft Collection in Madras, Oregon.
44-30801 Executive Sweet – based at the American Aeronautical Foundation at Camarillo Airport, Camarillo, California.
44-30823 God and Country – based at Mid America Flight Museum in Mount Pleasant, Texas.
44-30832 Buck U – privately owned in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
44-31385 Show Me – based at the Commemorative Air Force (Missouri Wing) in St. Charles, Missouri.
44-86697 Killer B – privately owned in Wilmington, Delaware.
44-86698 Paper Doll – based at the Fagen Fighters WWII Museum in Granite Falls, Minnesota.
44-86725 Super Rabbit – based at the Oklahoma Museum of Flying in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
44-86734 Special Delivery – based at the Lone Star Flight Museum in Houston, Texas.
44-86747 Mitch The Witch II – based at the Palm Springs Air Museum in Palm Springs, California.
44-86758 Devil Dog – based at the Commemorative Air Force (Devil Dog Squadron) at Georgetown Municipal Airport in Georgetown, Texas; restored as a PBJ-1J.
44-86777 Georgie's Gal – based at the Liberty Aviation Museum in Port Clinton, Ohio.
44-86785 Georgia Mae – privately owned in Troy, Alabama.
44-86791 (unnamed) – based at the Yanks Air Museum in Chino, California.
44-86797 Ol Grey Mare – based at the Lauridsen Aviation Museum in Buckeye, Arizona.
45-8835 Betty's Dream – based at the Dakota Territory Air Museum in Minot, North Dakota.
45-8884 Lady Luck – privately owned in Blaine, Minnesota.
45-8898 Yankee Doodle – based at the Tri-State Warbird Museum in Batavia, Ohio.
PBJ-1J
44-30988 USN BuNo. 35857 Semper Fi – based at the Commemorative Air Force (Southern California Wing) at Camarillo Airport in Camarillo, California. This aircraft is the only known existing original PBJ-1.

On display
B-25C
41-12634 - Southern Museum of Flight in Birmingham, Alabama.
B-25D
41-29784 Fertile Myrtle – Patriots Point Naval & Maritime Museum in Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina.
43-3308 (unnamed) – Freedom Museum in Pampa, Texas.  It is on loan from the USMC Museum in Quantico, Virginia.
43-3374 (unnamed) – National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB in Dayton, Ohio.
B-25H
43-4899 (unnamed) – Air Zoo in Kalamazoo, Michigan.
43-4999 Dog Daize – New England Air Museum in Windsor Locks, Connecticut.
B-25J
43-4030 Blonde Bomber – South Dakota Air and Space Museum at Ellsworth AFB in South Dakota.
43-27712 The Spirit of Al Penn – Pima Air & Space Museum adjacent to Davis-Monthan AFB in Tucson, Arizona.
43-28222 (unnamed) – Hurlburt Field, Florida.
44-28834 Flo – Grand Forks AFB, North Dakota.
44-28875 (unnamed) – Goodfellow AFB, San Angelo, Texas.
44-29035 (unnamed) – National Naval Aviation Museum at NAS Pensacola in Pensacola, Florida; painted as a PBJ-1 of VMB-423.
44-29812 Safe Return – National World War II Museum in New Orleans, Louisiana.
44-29835 (unnamed) – Lackland AFB in San Antonio, Texas.
44-30077 Mouthy Mitchell – Pearl Harbor Aviation Museum at the former NAS Ford Island in Honolulu, Hawaii.
44-30243 (unnamed) – Pendelton Air Museum in Pendelton, Oregon.
44-30363 Desert Bloom – Strategic Air and Space Museum in Ashland, Nebraska. The museum also features a partial fuselage display of another B-25.
44-30444 (unnamed) – Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
44-30493 (unnamed) – Malmstrom AFB, Great Falls, Montana.
44-30535 Iron Laiden Maiden – Mid-America Air Museum in Liberal, Kansas.
44-30649 Poopsie – Maxwell AFB, Alabama.
44-30854 (unnamed) – Air Force Armament Museum at Eglin AFB in Fort Walton Beach, Florida. This aircraft, retired in 1960, was the last operational B-25 in the USAF inventory.
44-31004 Mary Alice II – Battleship Memorial Park in Mobile, Alabama.
44-31032 Problem Child – March Field Air Museum at March ARB (former March AFB) in Riverside, California.  It is on loan from the Military Aircraft Restoration Corp in Chino, California.
44-86772 (unnamed) – Hill Aerospace Museum at Hill AFB, Utah.
44-86843 Passionette Paulette – Grissom Air Museum at Grissom ARB (former Grissom AFB) in Indiana.
44-86872 The Little King – Museum of Aviation at Robins AFB in Warner Robins, Georgia.

44-86880 (unnamed) – National Museum of the Pacific War in Fredericksburg, Texas.
44-86891 Lazy Daisy Mae – Castle Air Museum at the former Castle AFB in Atwater, California.

Under restoration or in storage
B-25B
40-2347 – fuselage in storage at Aero Trader in Ocotillo Wells, California.
B-25C
41-13251 – to flightworthiness by private owner in San Francisco, California.
41-13285 Skunkie – to flightworthiness or display status by South Carolina Historic Aviation Foundation in Columbia, South Carolina.
42-32354 – in storage at Aero Trader in Ocotillo Wells, California.  This aircraft was featured in the television series The Twilight Zone, in the September 1960 episode "King Nine Will Not Return".
B-25J
44-28938 Old Glory – crashed in September 2020 in Stockton, California. Under restoration with the Prescott Foundation in Latham, New York.
44-29877 Carol Jean – in storage at the Paul Garber Facility of the National Air and Space Museum in Silver Hill, Maryland.
44-29943 – in storate by private owner in Borrego Springs, California.
44-30203 – for display by the Pacific Coast Air Museum in Santa Rosa, California.
44-30210 – to flightworthiness by private owner in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
44-30324 – to flightworthiness by private owner in San Martin, California.
44-30627 – in storage by private owner in Borrego Springs, California.
44-30733 Sandbar Mitchell – to flightworthiness by Warbirds of Glory Museum in Brighton, Michigan.
44-30756 – in storage by private owner in Borrego Springs, California.
44-30761 – in storage by private owner in Borrego Springs, California.
44-86715 – to flightworthiness by Westpac Restorations in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
44-86727 – for display as PBJ at Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum at Marine Corps Air Station Miramar in California.
44-86844 – to flightworthiness by private owner in Virginia Beach, Virginia.
45-8887 Ah'm Available Too – in storage by private owner in Borrego Springs, California.
TB-25N
44-30635 Whiskey Pete – At Southern Museum of Flight, Birmingham, Alabama, likely undergoing restoration for display.  Formerly under restoration at Octave Chanute Aerospace Museum at the former Chanute AFB in Rantoul, Illinois.

Venezuela
On display
B-25J
43-28096 – Museo Aeronautico FAV in Maracay Air Force Base.
44-30631 – Teniente Vicente Landaeta Gil AB in Barquisimeto.

See also
 List of bomber aircraft
 List of military aircraft of the United States

Notes

External links

 Hi-res virtual tour of Collings' B-25J 'Tondelayo'
 Hi-res virtual tour of B-25H 'Barbie III'
 Hi-res virtual tour of B-25J 'Panchito'
 Lake Murray B-25 Exhibit, Southern Museum of Flight
 Lake Murray’s ‘Fallen Warrior’ finds a home at the Southern Museum of Flight

North American B-25 Mitchell


The Clydebank Co-operative Society Limited is the smallest consumers' co-operative in Scotland, based in the town of Clydebank near Glasgow.  Along with Scotmid and The Co-operative Group, it is one of three consumer co-operative retail societies in Scotland, and the only one not merged into a regional or national society.

Unusually for co-operatives in the United Kingdom, it is not a member of Co-operatives UK. However, in its founding year of 1881, it joined the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society. Before the second world war, community leader Jenny Hyslop was one of the society's organisers.

Until 2013, Clydebank Co-op had buying arrangements with the Co-operative Retail Trading Group (CRTG), a buying group managed by The Co-operative Group, the successor of SCWS, which also manages The Co-operative brand.

In 2013/2014, Clydebank Co-op left the CRTG, agreeing to buy from local wholesaler JW Filshill, and co-brand its six stores with Filshill's KeyStore brand.

Stores

, the society operates seven food stores ranging from just over 6,500 square  feet at Dunn Street, to its smallest, , at Great Western Road & Sylvania Way South, Clydebank
 Great Western Road, Knightswood
 Faifley Road, Faifley
 Sylvania Way South, Clydebank
 Kilbowie Road, Clydebank
 Dunn Street, Dalmuir
 Duntocher Road, Parkhall
In 2014, it closed its Hardgate food store, reducing the number of its food stores from seven to six. The Hardgate store later reopened as a Co-op/KeyStore More and continues to trade.

See also
 British co-operative movement

References

External links
 Clydebank Co-operative Society
 Clydebank Co-op Board, 1881
 Clydebank Co-op Charabanc, 1922
 TheClydebankStory: history and photographs of Co-op enterprises – via Google

Consumers' co-operatives of the United Kingdom
Retail companies established in 1881
Companies based in West Dunbartonshire
Co-operative, Clydebank
1881 establishments in Scotland
Co-operatives in Scotland
Clydebank


The 2008 Hawaii Democratic presidential caucuses took place on February 19, 2008, with 20 pledged delegates at stake. The winner in each of Hawaii's two congressional districts was awarded all of that district's delegates, totaling 13. Another seven delegates were awarded to both candidates at the Hawaii Democratic Party State Convention on May 23–25, 2008. These 20 delegates represented Hawaii at the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado. Nine other unpledged delegates, known as superdelegates, also attended the convention and cast their votes as well.

Rules

The Hawaii Democratic Caucus began with a presidential preference poll taken in the first half-hour of the caucus. The results were then tabulated and precinct officers and delegates to the state convention were then elected. Those delegates were bound by the results of the caucus, and there no realignment was permitted between non-viable groups, as in some other caucuses. The caucus was open to all registered Democrats, and voters not registered with the Democratic Party, as well as new voters who were permitted to register on site. Actual delegates to the national conventions were selected at the Hawaii Democratic Party State Convention, held May 25, 2008.

Polls

Results

Analysis
Hawaii, the state where Barack Obama was born, delivered a massive three-to-one victory for the former U.S. Senator from Illinois. Obama carried all four counties and every island in the state with well over 75 percent of the vote. His worst performance was on Oahu, which contains Honolulu, where he received just under 75 percent.

Although she did not perform well here, Hillary Rodham Clinton received two major endorsements from the state’s two U.S. Senators Daniel Inouye and Daniel Akaka.

See also

 Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008
 Hawaii Republican caucuses, 2008

References

Hawaii
Democratic caucuses
2008


Horbling is a village and civil parish in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It lies on the B1177,  south-east of Sleaford,  north-east of Grantham and  north of Billingborough.

Village population recorded in the 2001 census was 397 in 162 households.

History
Horbling is the site of a probable Romano-British settlement, centred around the present Fen Drove and Fen Farm, on Horbling Fen to the east, where has been found earthwork evidence of rectilinear enclosures, and watercourses. Large quantities of Roman Samian ware and roof tiles have also been discovered. Cox noted that on the right hand side of road from Billingborough to Horbling is a tumulus, probably of pre-historic origin.

In the Domesday Book of 1086 the village is written as "Horbelinge". It consisted of 9 villagers, 8 freemen and one smallholder, land for 4 plough teams, a  meadow and a church. Before the Norman Conquest Thorkill the Dane was lord of the manor, in 1086 lordship was transferred to Walter D'Aincourt.

A hamlet of Horbling, Bridge End, (previously also Holland Brigg)  to the east, is the site of the small Gilbertine priory of St Saviour, founded in 1199 by Godwin the Rich of Lincoln. The canons at Bridgend Priory were charged with the upkeep of Holland Bridge causeway (de ponte Aslaci), a Roman road running from the Midlands to The Wash. Cox also noted: "It had a slender endowment and was probably never occupied by more than 2 or 3 canons". A parcel of land and messuage at the head of the causeway near the priory was given by Robert Jokem of Horbling to St Saviour's, to support the work of the canons. The causeway stretched between Horbling and Donington and was, until the 18th century, the only sound road between Kesteven and Holland. In 1816, Marrat recorded that Bridge End "consists of a few farm houses, and a tolerably good Inn." The priory had been taken down 45 years previously (c.1770), and its materials used for a large farmhouse virtually on the same site. Two miles to the east of the Bridge End was built a chapel where prayers were said for the safety of travellers.

The Medieval Stow Fair was held  to the west of the village (today at the junction of Mareham Lane and Stow Lane in Threekingham), from 1233, and lasted until 1954. According to a district council notice board at the site, the fair, traditionally held on 23 June, was probably dedicated to St Ætheldreda.

Horbling was never affluent and in the reign of Elizabeth I, so low was the land rated and such was the poverty, that at the time of the collection of the first ever subsidy, Horbling had a nil return.

In 1885 Kelly's Directory noted that the village was on the Bourne and Sleaford branch of the Great Northern Railway, and that the principal dwellings were supplied by the Billingborough and Horbling Gas Company. Agricultural production in a parish of  was chiefly wheat, barley, beans and oats. Its population in 1881 was 501. The Lord of the Manor was a George Shaw, and chief landowners were Edward Nathaniel Conant, George Shaw and Captain Henry Smith JP. A school for boys and girls was originally established by Edward Brown of Horbling (d.1692) with endowments provided by income from his lands at Wigtoft. A new National School schoolhouse was erected in 1865 for the free education of 11 boys and 9 girls.

Up to 1905 existed Horbling Windmill.

Between 1939 and 1948 an area on the south side of Sandygate Lane was used to accommodate a prisoner of war camp. As Camp 80, it held German prisoners who were used as local labourers. Housing now occupies the camp site. The camp housed many Ukrainians, one of whom presented a colourful painting of Virgin and Child to the church.

Billingboro and Horbling railway station closed in 1964, after ceasing to be a passenger carrier over 30 years previously. It was built in 1872 through an act of Parliament of 1865. After closure the line to the north of the station was used to store the Royal Train. The remains of the line just to the west of the village has become a nature reserve for small wildlife under the Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust.

Landmarks

Horbling parish church is Grade I listed and dedicated to St Andrew.

The church is of cruciform construction in Norman, Early English and later styles. It comprises a chancel, clerestoried nave, aisles, transepts and embattled tower with pinnacles and 5 bells. The chancel contains a piscina and sedilia, and Norman arcading in the west front. The tower, owing to bad foundations was successively rebuilt or repaired in transitional, Early English and early Decorated periods. The north aisle and transept are late Decorative, as is the font. The south aisle and transept, and clerestory, are Perpendicular. Stained glass in the west window was added in 1854 as testimonial to Benjamin Smith (1776–1857), local solicitor and promoter of charities, who paid for the 1852 restoration of church. The south transept holds memorials to the Brown family. In the north transept is a mid-14th-century monument with effigies of knight and lady, with the arms of De La Maine. Above these effigies is a lunette containing a relief of Christ's resurrection, flanked by two figures. Pevsner also notes two 1706 patens by John Cory, a 1713 flagon by Humphrey Payne, an 1840 alms dish attributable to John Crouch, and a brass plate designed by Pugin, who also perhaps designed the brass to Benjamin Wilkinson (d.1848). Marrat, in 1816, recorded: "The inside [of] the church is not in good repair, here are some very indiferent stalls, and scarcely any pews".

A spring well rises  north from the church on Spring Lane: "a deep open cistern feeds water to three adjacent troughs". The well, paid for by the Constables of Horbling, dates from 1711. It has an added 1981 inscription commemorating the marriage of the Prince of Wales to Lady Diana Spencer, and is Grade II* listed.

Horbling Hall is an 1860 Grade II listed house on Horbling High Street. Pevsner, describing the village as mostly Georgian, mentions that the Hall was tudorized in 1880.

The Plough Inn is the Horbling village public house, a Grade II listed early 19th-century building on Springwell Lane, with its listed stables.

The Old Vicarage is a Grade II c.1870 red-brick house on Church Lane, with its listed carriagehouse and tack room.

Further notable buildings include farmhouses, cottages, houses and minor structures.

Notable People
Simon Bradstreet, the colonial magistrate, businessman, diplomat, and the last governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, was born in the village in 1603.

Matthew Flinders, the navigator and cartographer who led the first inshore circumnavigation of mainland Australia and is also credited as being the first person to utilise the name Australia to describe the entirety of that continent, was educated in the village.

References

Further reading
 Hodgkinson, Brian, "The Holland Causeway and Bridge End Priory: Piety, People and Communications in the Lincolnshire Fenland", Lincolnshire History and Archaeology, vol. 50 (2018).

External links

 Brown's CE primary school. Retrieved 14 April 2012
 "Horbling", Genuki.org.uk. Retrieved 14 April 2012
 "Horbling"; Images of England. Retrieved 14 April 2012
"Horbling to Billingborough" video

Villages in Lincolnshire
Civil parishes in Lincolnshire
South Kesteven District


Plum Grove is a historic house located in Iowa City, United States. Plum Grove was the retirement home of Gov. Robert Lucas and the childhood home of the author Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd.

History
Built in 1844, Lucas lived there with his wife, Friendly, and several children and grandchildren.  Lucas died at Plum Grove in 1853, and his family moved out by 1866.

Subsequent owners include the Hoyt family, who were associated with the Eleutherian College, and Plum Grove was the birthplace of Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd in 1868. The house was subsequently occupied by the family of Jacob Carroll Switzer, a Civil War hero, and then by a number of immigrant and impoverished families. It was bought by the state of Iowa in 1943 and refurbished as a monument to Lucas.

The house is maintained by the Johnson County Historical Society, but owned by the State Historical Society of Iowa. The house is open for tours Memorial Day through Labor Day on Wednesdays though Sundays, 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. Between Labor Day and October 31 it is open Saturday and Sunday, 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. and by group appointment.

Archaeology

The grounds have been the focus of archaeological research since 1974, documenting Iowa frontier history and changes in farming from 1844 until 1943. Most of this work was led by the now late Dr. Thomas Charlton who was with the University of Iowa's Department of Anthropology. Previous excavations have uncovered house additions, outbuildings, and a large trench full of butchered animal bones.

References

Charlton, Thomas H., Cynthia L. Otis Charlton, Stephen C. Lensink, and James A. Sartain (1988) Historical Archaeology at Plum Grove. Journal of the Iowa Archaeological Society 35:40-69.
Parish, John C. (1948) Iowa in the Days of Lucas. Palimpsest 29:13-18.
Swisher, Jacob A. (1948) Plum Grove. Palimpsest 29:19-32.
Whittaker, William E. (1999) Production of Animal Commodities at Plum Grove, Iowa City. Historical Archaeology 33(4):44-57.

External links
Johnson County Historical Society: Plum Grove Historic Home
Plum  Grove Historic Site - State Historical Society of Iowa

Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
Archaeological sites in Iowa
Historic house museums in Iowa
Robert Lucas family
Museums in Iowa City, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Iowa City, Iowa
State Historical Society of Iowa
National Society of the Colonial Dames of America
Houses in Iowa City, Iowa


The Cayuga Lake AVA is an American Viticultural Area around Cayuga Lake in Upstate New York.  The boundaries of the AVA include portions of Cayuga, Seneca, and Tompkins counties.  Most of the vineyards in the AVA are planted in the shale soils of the hillsides on the western side of Cayuga Lake.  Vineyards are planted at a range of elevations above the surface of the lake, up to  higher.  The steep hillsides and the lake together form a unique micro-climate in autumn that helps extend the growing season by preventing cold air from settling and producing frost.  The Cayuga grape variety was created in this region by researchers at Cornell University.

History
The first winery in the area was founded in 1980, although grapes were grown on the shores of Cayuga Lake for the large wineries in Hammondsport before then. In 1981, four wineries on the lake banded together to form the Cayuga Lake Wine Trail, the first of its kind in New York State. By 1988, the appellation was given AVA status, the first Finger Lake to be granted its own AVA.

References

American Viticultural Areas of New York (state)
Geography of Cayuga County, New York
New York (state) wine
Geography of Seneca County, New York
Geography of Tompkins County, New York
1988 establishments in New York (state)


Togashi (written:  or ) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:

, Japanese gravure idol
, Japanese footballer
, Japanese footballer
Hiroyuki Togashi (born 1955), Japanese politician
, Japanese footballer and manager
, shugo in the Muromachi period
, Japanese jazz percussionist and composer
, Japanese voice actress and singer
, Japanese film director
, Japanese manga artist
, Japanese basketball player
, Japanese footballer

See also
9277 Togashi, a main-belt asteroid

Japanese-language surnames


Steam classes

Diesel types

US locomotive types
US locomotive types


The 2008 Wisconsin Democratic presidential primary took place on February 19, 2008. 74 pledged delegates were at stake. The 2008 Hawaii Democratic presidential caucuses took place the same day.

The Wisconsin primary came after Senator Barack Obama had won the majority of delegates and votes in 8 straight primaries and caucuses; his wins in Wisconsin, and Hawaii extended his winning streak to 10 and reinforced his front-runner status.

In the days leading up to the primary the Hillary Clinton campaign ran television ads criticizing Obama on healthcare and for not agreeing to more candidate debates. This caused the Obama campaign to launch a response ad that mentioned the 18 debates already held and 2 more scheduled. The Clinton campaign also charged Obama using lines in a speech similar to words spoken by Massachusetts Governor and Obama friend Deval Patrick; Patrick responded by saying he and Obama often swap ideas, and that he had willingly shared lines without asking for credit to be given.  Barack Obama was the winner.

Polls

Polls taken throughout 2007 consistently put Hillary Clinton in the lead, but during February 2008 most polls showed Barack Obama with the advantage. A Rasmussen poll taken February 13 reported that almost one-fourth of those polled said there was a good chance they might change their mind.  It also found that while Clinton was doing well among women, with a 10-point advantage over Obama, Obama was polling 23 points higher than her among men.

Results

Analysis
In the weeks and days leading up to the Wisconsin Democratic Primary, most pundits agreed that it was  Hillary Clinton's chance to halt Obama's momentum after winning contests in Washington, Louisiana, Nebraska, Virginia, Maryland, Washington, D.C. following Super Tuesday.

Hillary Clinton enjoyed healthy leads among white voters in previous states and hoped that winning Wisconsin or at least the white vote would allow for a victory of sorts. However, CNN Exit Polls showed that Obama won the white vote (which comprised 87% of the electorate on primary day) 54%-45%. Also, other key Clinton constituencies showed Obama making significant strides such as the female vote which split 50%-50%, the 54-65 Age Group which voted for Obama 54%-45%.

After the victory in Wisconsin as well as Caucuses in Washington and a primary in Hawaii held on the same day gave Obama the momentum of winning 10 straight contests.  The Pledged delegate standing after the Wisconsin Primary was Obama leading 1154-1011.

See also
 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries
 2008 Wisconsin Republican presidential primary

References

Wisconsin
2008 Wisconsin elections
2008
February 2008 events in the United States


Heah Hock Aun, (; 15 January 1932-7 May 2014) is a former Malayan (Malaysian) badminton player, known for his accuracy and touch, who excelled internationally during the 1950s.

Early life
Heah was born on 15 January 1932, in Penang, British Malaya. He was the son of Heah Joo Seang, a well-known rubber magnate, philanthropist and politician in Malaya.

Career
Known as Johnny Heah while playing in Europe, he won men's singles at the Scottish Open in 1952, and was runner-up in men's singles to the celebrated Eddy Choong at the prestigious All-England Championships in 1953. His most notable badminton achievement was winning men's doubles at the 1957 All-England's with American Joe Alston, beating Eddy Choong and his brother David. Heah represented Malaya in the 1958 Thomas Cup (world team championship) Challenge Round, splitting his two doubles matches in Malaya's loss of the cup to Indonesia.

Personal life
Heah married Amy Choong, cousin of the famous Malayan badminton players, David E. L. Choong and Eddy Choong, in 1955.

References

1932 births
Malaysian people of Teochew descent
2014 deaths
Sportspeople from Penang
Malaysian sportspeople of Chinese descent
Malaysian male badminton players


Edwin Charles Kimelman served as a judge of the Provincial Court of Manitoba (Canada) and authored a significant public report on child protection for aboriginal peoples.

Career

Judge Kimelman received his call to the Manitoba bar in 1950 and began his career as a lawyer with the firm of Kopstein, Kimelman & Kopstein.  In May 1975 he was appointed as a part-time judge of the Provincial Court of Manitoba.  In July 1977 he was appointed a Senior Judge, and in November 1988 he was appointed Associate Chief Judge.  He retired from the bench on July 1, 1999.

Accomplishments

Judge Kimelman was well known for his work regarding the welfare of Aboriginal and Métis children.  In the early 1980s, the Manitoba government established a Review Committee on Indian and Métis Adoptions and Placements, which was headed by Judge Kimelman.  The committee's 1985 final report, entitled No Quiet Place was "a detailed list of horrors - an exhaustive compilation which concluded that the damage to Indian children had been real, frequent and widespread."   Widely known in child welfare circles as the Kimelman Report, it had profound impact on aboriginal child protection in Canada and perhaps elsewhere.

Community service

Judge Kimelman served on numerous community boards, including Jewish Child and Family Services, Sharon Home, Camp Massad, B'nai Brith, the United Way of Canada and the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges.

Judge Kimelman died on September 2, 2007.

References

Judges in Manitoba
Indigenous child displacement in Canada
2007 deaths
Year of birth missing


The 2008 season was the Arizona Cardinals' 89th in the National Football League (NFL), their 21st season in Arizona, and their second under head coach Ken Whisenhunt. The season marked the Cardinals' first Super Bowl appearance, coming as a result of their victory against the Philadelphia Eagles in the NFC Championship. The Cardinals slogan for the season was "Shock The World!" Riding the back of quarterback Kurt Warner, who had gone from being a backup for the St. Louis Rams in 1999 to leading the Greatest Show on Turf to a Super Bowl XXXIV victory, and franchise wide receiver Larry Fitzgerald, the Cardinals went on a playoff run for the ages after having won just one playoff game in the last sixty years, as Warner once again recreated the magic he had captured with the Rams. (Coincidentally, both teams were based in St. Louis at one point or another, only to relocate to different cities.)

The Cardinals began their season by compiling a 7–3 record by Week 11 and finished the regular season with a 9–7 record (their first winning season in 10 years), which was good enough to win the NFC West, and the Cardinals, for the first time since 1947, hosted a playoff game. In that wild card game, the Cardinals defeated the Atlanta Falcons. The next week, for the Divisional round of the playoffs, the Cardinals traveled to Charlotte, North Carolina, where they upset the number 2 seeded Carolina Panthers. Then, because the Philadelphia Eagles also achieved an upset the same week (against the top-seeded New York Giants), the number-four seed Cardinals hosted the NFC Championship game, where they defeated the Eagles and qualified for the Super Bowl for the first time in franchise history. In Super Bowl XLIII, the Cardinals' winning streak ended. Though they led the Pittsburgh Steelers with less than a minute left to play in the game, they lost, 23–27.

The 2008 Cardinals were the second 9–7 team to reach the Super Bowl, joining the Los Angeles Rams in Super Bowl XIV, who also lost to the Steelers; however, the Rams had to win only two playoff games, rather than three, to reach the Super Bowl. Three years later in Super Bowl XLVI, the New York Giants would become the first 9–7 team to win, overshadowing the Cardinals' achievement. In 2014, Athlon Sports ranked the 2008 Cardinals as the fourth-worst team to ever make the Super Bowl.

Coaching staff

2008 NFL Draft selections

Roster

Schedule

Preseason

Regular season

Standings

Regular season results

Week 1: at San Francisco 49ers

The Cardinals began their 2008 campaign on the road against their NFC West rival, the San Francisco 49ers. In the first quarter, Arizona took flight as kicker Neil Rackers got a 25-yard field goal. The 49ers responded with RB Frank Gore's 41-yard TD run. In the second quarter, the Cardinals responded with QB Kurt Warner completing a one-yard TD pass to WR Larry Fitzgerald, yet San Francisco tied the game with kicker Joe Nedney getting a 39-yard field goal. In the third quarter, the Cardinals began to soar as Rackers got a 31-yard field goal, along with rookie RB Tim Hightower getting a two-yard TD run. In the fourth quarter, the 49ers tried to respond with Nedney getting a 30-yard field goal. Afterwards, Rackers' 30-yard field goal sealed the victory for Arizona.

With the win, the Cardinals began their season at 1–0.

Week 2: vs. Miami Dolphins

Coming off their divisional road win over the 49ers, the Cardinals played their Week 2 home opener against the Miami Dolphins. In the first quarter, the Cardinals scored first as QB Kurt Warner threw 2 touchdown passes (a 79-yarder and a three-yarder) to WR Anquan Boldin. In the second quarter, Arizona increased their lead with a 45-yard field goal by Neil Rackers. In the third quarter, the Cardinals increased its lead to 24–0 with rookie running back Tim Hightower getting a one-yard touchdown run. In the process, he became the first Cardinals rookie running back to score in each of his first two games. The Dolphins finally got on the board when kicker Dan Carpenter nailed a 32-yard field goal. The Cardinals replied with Warner and Boldin hooking up with each other for a third time on an eight-yard touchdown pass. In the fourth quarter, Miami tried to rally as running back Ronnie Brown got a one-yard TD run, but Arizona held on for a dominating win.

With the win, the Cardinals improved to its first 2–0 start since 1991. This game was also one of three times that Kurt Warner finished a game with a perfect passer rating.

Week 3: at Washington Redskins

Coming off their home win over the Dolphins, the Cardinals flew to FedExField for a Week 3 duel with the Washington Redskins. In the first quarter, Arizona trailed early as Redskins RB Clinton Portis got a three-yard TD run. In the second quarter, the Cardinals continued to trail as kicker Shaun Suisham got a 48-yard field goal. The Cardinals would end the half with QB Kurt Warner completing a four-yard TD pass to WR Anquan Boldin. In the third quarter, the Cardinals tied the game with kicker Neil Rackers nailing a 26-yard field goal, yet Washington responded with QB Jason Campbell completing a two-yard TD pass to TE Todd Yoder. Afterwards, Arizona answered with Warner completing a 62-yard TD pass to WR Larry Fitzgerald. However, in the fourth quarter, the Redskins pulled away with Campbell's 17-yard TD pass to WR Santana Moss.

With the loss, the Cardinals fell to 2–1.

Week 4: at New York Jets

Hoping to rebound from their road loss to the Redskins, the Cardinals flew to The Meadowlands for a Week 4 interconference duel with the New York Jets. After a scoreless first quarter, Arizona started to trail big in the second quarter. The Jets took flight with QB Brett Favre completing a 12-yard TD pass to WR Laveranues Coles, CB Darrelle Revis returning an interception 32 yards for a touchdown, Favre completing a 34-yard TD pass to Coles, kicker Jay Feely getting 20-yard field goal, Favre completing a two-yard TD pass to Coles, and Feely kicking a 30-yard field goal.

In the third quarter, the Cardinals responded with RB Edgerrin James getting a four-yard and a two-yard TD run, along with rookie RB Tim Hightower getting a one-yard TD run. In the fourth quarter, New York answered with Favre's 17-yard TD pass to WR Jerricho Cotchery. The Cardinals would reply with QB Kurt Warner completing an eight-yard TD pass to WR Anquan Boldin, yet the Jets continued their victory march with Favre's 40-yard TD pass to Cotchery. Arizona tried to rally as Warner completed a 14-yard TD pass to WR Jerheme Urban, but New York sealed the win with Favre's 24-yard TD pass to TE Dustin Keller.

The Jets only had 373 yards of total offense compared to the Cardinals' 468, but the Cardinals committed seven turnovers during the game, with Warner throwing three interceptions and losing three fumbles, while Boldin lost another fumble.

With the loss, the Cardinals fell to 2–2.

Week 5: vs. Buffalo Bills

Hoping to rebound from their miserable road loss to the Jets, the Cardinals went home for a Week 5 interconference duel with the Buffalo Bills. In the first quarter, the Cardinals took flight as QB Kurt Warner completed a two-yard TD pass to WR Larry Fitzgerald. In the second quarter, Arizona increased its lead with rookie RB Tim Hightower getting a 17-yard TD run. The Bills responded with QB J. P. Losman completing an 87-yard TD pass to WR Lee Evans, yet the Cardinals answered right back with RB Edgerrin James getting a one-yard TD run. Buffalo would answer with Losman getting a two-yard TD run, yet the Cardinals continued its momentum with kicker Neil Rackers getting a 47-yard field goal.

In the third quarter, the Bills tried to come back as kicker Rian Lindell got a 48-yard field goal, but Arizona kept its intensity up as Warner completed a two-yard TD pass to Fitzgerald. In the fourth quarter, the Cardinals pulled away as Rackers nailed a 38-yard field goal, along with Hightower getting a two-yard TD run.

With the win, the Cardinals improved to 3–2.

Week 6: vs. Dallas Cowboys

Coming off their rout over the Bills, the Cardinals stayed at home for a crucial Week 6 showdown with the Dallas Cowboys. In the first quarter, the Cardinals immediately took flight as RB J. J. Arrington returned the game's opening kickoff 93 yards for a touchdown. In the second quarter, the Cowboys tied the game as QB Tony Romo completed a 55-yard TD pass to WR Patrick Crayton. In the third quarter, Dallas took the lead with Romo completing a 14-yard TD pass to WR Miles Austin. Arizona would tie the game with QB Kurt Warner completing a two-yard TD pass to WR Larry Fitzgerald. In the fourth quarter, the Cardinals regained the lead as Warner completed an 11-yard TD pass to WR Steve Breaston, along with kicker Neil Rackers getting a 41-yard field goal. However, the Cowboys tied the game as Romo completed a 70-yard TD pass to RB Marion Barber, along with kicker Nick Folk nailing a 52-yard field goal. In overtime, after forcing a three-and-out, Arizona got the win as WR Sean Morey blocked a Mat McBriar punt attempt, allowing LB Monty Beisel to return it 3 yards for the game-winning touchdown. McBriar would end up with his foot fractured and put on the IR by the Cowboys.

With the impressive win, the Cardinals entered their bye week at 4–2.

In the NFL's 423rd recorded overtime game, this was the first game to end with a blocked punt getting returned for a touchdown.

Week 8: at Carolina Panthers

Coming off their bye week, the Cardinals flew to Bank of America Stadium for a Week 8 duel with the Carolina Panthers. In the first quarter, the Cardinals took flight as kicker Neil Rackers got a 21-yard field goal. In the second quarter, Arizona increased its lead as QB Kurt Warner completed a five-yard TD pass to WR Anquan Boldin. The Panthers closed out the half with kicker John Kasay getting a 23-yard field goal.

In the third quarter, the Cardinals increased their lead as rookie RB Tim Hightower got a two-yard TD run. However, Carolina began to rally as RB DeAngelo Williams got a 15-yard TD run, while QB Jake Delhomme completed an 18-yard TD pass to WR Steve Smith. The Cardinals replied with Warner hooking up with Boldin again on a two-yard TD pass (with a failed PAT), but the Panthers took the lead on Delhomme's 65-yard TD pass to Smith. In the fourth quarter, Carolina pulled away as Kasay nailed a 50-yard field goal.

With the tough loss, the Cardinals fell to 4–3.

Week 9: at St. Louis Rams

Hoping to rebound from their road loss to the Panthers, the Cardinals flew to the Edward Jones Dome for a Week 9 NFC West duel with the St. Louis Rams. In the first quarter, Arizona trailed early as Rams QB Marc Bulger completed an 80-yard TD pass to WR Derek Stanley. In the second quarter, the Cardinals took flight as Safety Antrel Rolle returned an interception 40 yards for a touchdown, kicker Neil Rackers got a 36-yard field goal, rookie RB Tim Hightower got a 30-yard TD run, and former Rams QB Kurt Warner completed a 56-yard TD pass to WR Jerheme Urban.

In the third quarter, the Cardinals continued their domination as Warner completed a seven-yard TD pass to WR Anquan Boldin. In the fourth quarter, St. Louis tried to rally as Bulger completed a three-yard TD pass to WR Torry Holt (with a failed two-point conversion). Fortunately, Arizona pulled away as Rackers nailed a 30-yard field goal.

With the win, the Cardinals improved to 5–3.

Week 10: vs. San Francisco 49ers

Coming off their divisional road win over the Rams, the Cardinals went home for a Week 10 NFC West rematch with the San Francisco 49ers on Monday Night Football. In the first quarter, Arizona trailed early as 49ers CB Allen Rossum returned the game's opening kickoff 104 yards for a touchdown. The Cardinals would respond as kicker Neil Rackers got a 28-yard field goal. In the second quarter, San Francisco added onto their lead as QB Shaun Hill completed a 31-yard TD pass to WR Josh Morgan. The Cardinals would answer with QB Kurt Warner completing a 13-yard TD pass to WR Anquan Boldin, along with Rackers getting a 33-yard field goal. The 49ers would close out the half with Hill completing an 18-yard TD pass to TE Vernon Davis.

In the third quarter, Arizona crept closer again as Warner completed a five-yard TD pass to WR Larry Fitzgerald, yet San Francisco replied with kicker Joe Nedney getting a 41-yard field goal. In the fourth quarter, the Cardinals took the lead as Rackers nailed a 23-yard field goal, along with Warner hooking up with Boldin again on a five-yard TD pass (with a failed two-point conversion.) The 49ers would mount a late comeback drive, but Arizona made a successful goal-line stand as time ran out.

With the win, the Cardinals improved to 6–3.

Week 11: at Seattle Seahawks

Coming off their close MNF home win over the 49ers, the Cardinals flew to Qwest Field for a Week 11 NFC West duel with the Seattle Seahawks. In the first quarter, the Cardinals took flight as kicker Neil Rackers got a 38-yard field goal, along with RB J. J. Arrington getting a four-yard TD run. In the second quarter, Arizona increased its lead with Rackers making a 48-yard field goal. The Seahawks answered with QB Matt Hasselbeck completing a 13-yard TD pass to RB Maurice Morris. The Cardinals would close out the half with Rackers getting a 54-yard field goal.

In the third quarter, the Cardinals increased their lead as Rackers nailed a 26-yard field goal and QB Kurt Warner completed a six-yard TD pass to Arrington. In the fourth quarter, Seattle tried to rally as RB T. J. Duckett got a one-yard TD run (with a failed two-point conversion) and a two-yard TD run. Fortunately, rookie CB Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie came up with the game-winning interception.

With the win, not only did the Cardinals win three straight for the first time since 2002, but they improved to 7–3 for the first time since 1977.

Week 12: vs. New York Giants

Coming off their divisional road win over the Seahawks, the Cardinals went home for a Week 12 duel with the defending Super Bowl champions, the New York Giants. In the first quarter, Arizona took fight as kicker Neil Rackers got a 34-yard field goal. In the second quarter, the Giants responded with RB Derrick Ward getting a one-yard TD run. The Cardinals would regain the lead with rookie RB Tim Hightower getting a four-yard TD run (with a failed extra-point attempt), yet New York answered with kicker John Carney getting a 33-yard field goal. The Cardinals would reply with Rackers making a 20-yard field goal, yet the Giants closed out the half with QB Eli Manning completing a 12-yard TD pass to WR Amani Toomer.

In the third quarter, New York increased their lead as Manning completed a two-yard TD pass to FB Madison Hedgecock. Arizona would answer with Hightower getting a one-yard TD run. In the fourth quarter, the Giants were starting to pull away as Manning completed a 10-yard TD pass to TE Kevin Boss, while Carney made a 27-yard field goal. The Cardinals tried to keep pace as QB Kurt Warner completed a five-yard TD pass to WR Anquan Boldin, yet New York replied with Carney's 33-yard field goal. Arizona tried to come back as Rackers nailed a 44-yard field goal, but their following onside kick failed, preserving the Giants' win.

With the loss, the Cardinals fell to 7–4.

Week 13: at Philadelphia Eagles

Hoping to rebound from their tough home loss to the Giants, the Cardinals flew to Lincoln Financial Field for a Week 13 Thanksgiving battle with the Philadelphia Eagles. In the first quarter, Arizona trailed early as Eagles QB Donovan McNabb completed a five-yard TD pass to RB Brian Westbrook, while Westbrook got a one-yard TD run. In the second quarter, the Cardinals continued to trail as McNabb hooked up with Westbrook again on a two-yard TD pass. The Cardinals would respond as QB Kurt Warner completed a one-yard TD pass to WR Larry Fitzgerald. Philadelphia would close out the half with kicker David Akers making a 42-yard field goal.

In the third quarter, Arizona's struggles continued as Westbrook got a nine-yard TD run. The Cardinals would answer with Warner completed a six-yard TD pass to WR Steve Breaston (with a failed two-point conversion.) The Eagles would reply as Akers got a 41-yard field goal. In the fourth quarter, the Cardinals tried to rally as Warner hooked up with Fitzgerald again on a seven-yard TD pass. However, Philadelphia replied with McNabb completing a 5-yard TD pass to WR DeSean Jackson, along with an eight-yard TD pass to WR Jason Avant.

With the loss, the Cardinals fell to 7–5.

Week 14: vs. St. Louis Rams

Arizona dominated St Louis to win the NFC West and clinch their first home playoff game since 1947. Arizona took a 14–0 lead in the first quarter after a one-yard TD run by Tim Hightower and a Kurt Warner 12-yard TD pass to Larry Fitzgerald. In the second quarter the Rams would score on a three-yard TD pass from Marc Bulger to Steven Jackson, following a Kurt Warner interception. The Cardinals would respond with two field goals from Neil Rackers from 44 and 22 yards to make the halftime score 20–7. In the third quarter, Cardinals linebacker, Gerald Hayes, would force two Steven Jackson fumbles, the second one recovered by Darnell Dockett, who would return it 11 yards to the end zone for a touchdown. Down 27–7, the Rams attempted to come back in the fourth quarter, starting with a Josh Brown 51-yard field goal to make the score 27–10, but a Bulger pass was intercepted by rookie cornerback, Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie, for 99 yards, for the touchdown that sealed the game and propelled the Cardinals to their first playoff game since 1998, and their first division title since the days the Cardinals were in St. Louis in 1975.

With the win, the Cardinals record improved to 8–5.

Week 15: vs. Minnesota Vikings

The Cardinals dueled with the Minnesota Vikings for the #3 seed in the NFC playoffs. Things looked bleak for the Cardinals from the beginning. The Vikings began their first quarter attack with an 82-yard punt return for a TD by Bernard Berrian. Two turnovers for the Cardinals, Kurt Warner interception and an Anquan Boldin fumble, would lead to two touchdown passes from Tarvaris Jackson, a 41-yard pass to Berrian and a 19-yard pass to Sidney Rice. The Vikings took a 28–0 lead at halftime after an 11-yard TD pass from Jackson to Chester Taylor. The Cardinals would rally to cut the lead in half with a Jerheme Urban 50-yard TD catch and a field goal blocked by Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie and recovered by Roderick Hood, who returned it 68 yards for a touchdown. The Vikings would pull away at the end of the third quarter when Jackson threw a 59-yard TD pass to Bobby Wade.

With the loss, the Cardinals dropped to 8–6.

Kurt Warner was benched on the Cardinals last drive in the fourth quarter via a coaching decision.

Week 16: at New England Patriots

Hoping to rebound from their home loss to the Vikings, the Cardinals flew to Gillette Stadium for a Week 16 interconference duel with the New England Patriots. Arizona would trail early in the first quarter as Patriots running back LaMont Jordan got a one-yard and a three-yard touchdown run. The Cardinals' east coast struggles continued in the second quarter as quarterback Matt Cassel completed a 15-yard touchdown pass to running back Kevin Faulk and an 11-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Wes Welker, followed by kicker Stephen Gostkowski's 38-yard field goal.

In the third quarter, Arizona's deficit continued to climb as Cassel completed a 76-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Randy Moss, followed by Gostkowski's 35- and 24-yard field goals. In the fourth quarter, New England concluded its domination with Gostkowski's 30-yard field goal. The Cardinals would then get a meaningless touchdown as quarterback Matt Leinart completed a 78-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Larry Fitzgerald.

With the loss, Arizona fell to 8–7.

Original starting quarterback Kurt Warner (6/18 for 30 yards) was pulled in the third quarter via coach's decision.

Week 17: vs. Seattle Seahawks

Hoping to close out the regular season on a positive note, the Cardinals went home for a Week 17 NFC West rematch with the Seattle Seahawks. Arizona would trail early in the first quarter as Seahawks running back T. J. Duckett got a one-yard touchdown run. The Cardinals would respond in the second quarter with quarterback Kurt Warner completing a 16-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Jerheme Urban and a five-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Larry Fitzgerald. Seattle would tie the game at halftime with quarterback Seneca Wallace completing a 30-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Deion Branch.

Arizona would regain the lead in the third quarter as Warner completed a 38-yard touchdown pass to Fitzgerald and a 14-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Steve Breaston. Seattle tried to rally in the fourth quarter as Wallace completed a two-yard touchdown pass to Branch, yet the Cardinals would close out the game with kicker Neil Rackers nailing 23 and 32-yard field goals.

With the win, the Cardinals closed out the regular season at 9–7, and swept the NFC West for the first time in franchise history.

Playoffs
The Cardinals had a total of 5 players selected to the 2009 Pro Bowl. On offense, Kurt Warner was the starting quarterback, with Larry Fitzgerald and Anquan Boldin both at wide receiver. On defense, Adrian Wilson went as one of the conference's defensive backs. Sean Morey would be start on special teams.

Schedule

NFC Wild Card round: vs. Atlanta Falcons

Entering the playoffs at the NFC's fourth seed, the Cardinals began their playoff run at home against the #5 Atlanta Falcons, in their first home playoff game since 1947 and their first in Arizona.

Arizona got the early lead in the first quarter as quarterback Kurt Warner completed a 42-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Larry Fitzgerald. The Falcons responded with kicker Jason Elam's 30-yard field goal, yet the Cardinals struck right back as Warner completed a 71-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Anquan Boldin. Boldin pulled his hamstring running down the sideline and did not return. Atlanta took the halftime lead with running back Michael Turner getting a seven-yard touchdown run, followed by quarterback Matt Ryan completing a two-yard touchdown pass to tight end Justin Peelle following a Kurt Warner interception.

Arizona regained the lead in the third quarter as safety Antrel Rolle returned a Turner fumble 27 yards for a touchdown, while rookie running back Tim Hightower got a four-yard touchdown run. The Cardinals increased their lead in the fourth quarter as defensive end Antonio Smith sacked Ryan in his own endzone for a safety. The Falcons tried to come back as Ryan completed a five-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Roddy White, yet Arizona's offense drained any second that Atlanta needed to rally. The Cardinals ended any chance the Falcons had for a comeback when Kurt Warner hooked up with tight end Stephen Spach for 23 yards on a third and sixteen with 2:16 left in the game.

With the win, the Cardinals improved their overall record to 10–7.

NFC Divisional Round: at Carolina Panthers

Coming off their wild card home win over the Falcons, the Cardinals flew to Bank of America Stadium for the NFC Divisional round against the #2 Carolina Panthers, in a rematch of their Week 8 contest. The Panthers came in 8–0 at home and the Cardinals were 0–5 on the East Coast.

Arizona would trail early in the first quarter as Panthers running back Jonathan Stewart scored on a nine-yard touchdown run. The Cardinals would respond with quarterback Kurt Warner completing a three-yard touchdown pass to rookie running back Tim Hightower, followed by running back Edgerrin James' four-yard touchdown run. In the second quarter, Arizona took control as kicker Neil Rackers made a 49-yard and then a 30-yard field goal, followed by Warner's 29-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Larry Fitzgerald.

The Cardinals would add onto their lead in the third quarter as Rackers made a 33-yard field goal. In the fourth quarter, Arizona would end its dominating night with Rackers nailing a 20-yard field goal. Carolina would end the game's scoring with quarterback Jake Delhomme's eight-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Steve Smith (with a failed two-point conversion.)

With this upset win, not only did the Cardinals improve their overall record to 11–7, but they also advanced to their first NFC Championship Game in franchise history.

Arizona's defense forced Delhomme into six turnovers (five interceptions and one fumble), along with holding the Panthers' running back duo of Williams and Stewart to 74 combined rushing yards.

Fitzgerald (8 receptions and a touchdown) would set a franchise postseason record with 166 receiving yards. Anquan Boldin did not play due to a hamstring injury, but Fitzgerald was able to make up the difference.

With the win the Cardinals moved to 11–7. Because the Eagles won the next day, Arizona hosted the NFC Championship Game. The Cardinals also won their first game on the East Coast this season.

NFC Championship: vs. Philadelphia Eagles

Coming off their east-coast divisional road win over the Panthers, the Cardinals went home for the NFC Championship Game against the #6 Philadelphia Eagles, who were coming off their victory over the #1 New York Giants, in a rematch of their Thanksgiving game.

Arizona capped off the game's opening kickoff with a nine-yard touchdown pass from quarterback Kurt Warner to wide receiver Larry Fitzgerald. The Eagles responded with kicker David Akers making a 45-yard field goal. With the score at 7–3, Akers missed a 47-yard field goal attempt, the first he missed in his last 20 attempts in the postseason, an NFL Record. The Cardinals answered in the second quarter as Warner hooked up with Fitzgerald again on a flea-flicker, Warner to Arrington, back to Warner, who threw it to Fitzgerald for a 62-yard TD pass. Philadelphia struck back as Akers made a 33-yard field goal, but Arizona closed out the half with Warner's one-yard touchdown pass to Fitzgerald and kicker Neil Rackers' 49-yard field goal in the final seconds of the half to make the score 24–6.

The Eagles began to rally in the third quarter as quarterback Donovan McNabb completed a six-yard and a 31-yard touchdown pass to tight end Brent Celek with a failed PAT on the latter touchdown. In the fourth quarter, Philadelphia took the lead on 62-yard touchdown pass from McNabb to rookie wide receiver DeSean Jackson. The Eagles went for the two-point conversion, hoping for a three-point lead, but failed, leaving the score 25–24. However, the Cardinals regained the lead when Warner completed an eight-yard touchdown pass to rookie running back Tim Hightower and a successful two-point conversion pass by Warner to tight end Ben Patrick. The Arizona defense was able to prevent Philadelphia from making a comeback, as the Eagles drove to the Arizona 47, but then McNabb threw four straight incompletions to turn the ball over on downs. The Cardinals went three and out on the next possession, giving the Eagles only seven seconds in the game, but the Eagles were unable to score on a 93-yard hook and ladder play after McNabb completed to Jackson, who attempted to lateral, but the lateral was picked off by defensive lineman Darnell Dockett.

The Cardinals improved their overall record to 12–7, and also won their first National Football Conference crown, allowing them to advance to their first Super Bowl appearance in franchise history. They became the first team since the 1979 Los Angeles Rams to finish the regular season with 9 wins and make it to the Super Bowl.

Fitzgerald had a stellar performance with 152 yards and three of Arizona's four touchdowns and setting a new postseason record with 419 receiving yards, surpassing the prior record set by Jerry Rice in 1988.

Super Bowl XLIII: vs. Pittsburgh Steelers

Two weeks following their NFC Championship victory over the Eagles, the Cardinals flew to Tampa, Florida for their Super Bowl XLIII duel with the AFC Champion Pittsburgh Steelers at Raymond James Stadium. Arizona would trail early in the first quarter as Steelers kicker Jeff Reed got an 18-yard field goal. The Steelers would add onto their lead as running back Gary Russell got a one-yard touchdown run. The Cardinals would answer with quarterback Kurt Warner completing a one-yard touchdown pass to tight end Ben Patrick. Arizona came close to scoring again nearing the end of the half, but Pittsburgh linebacker James Harrison returned an interception 100 yards for a touchdown.

The Steelers would increase their lead in the third quarter as Reed nailed a 21-yard field goal. In the fourth quarter, the Cardinals would take the lead as Warner completed a one-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Larry Fitzgerald, Steelers center Justin Hartwig being called for holding in his own endzone (giving Arizona a safety), and Warner hooking up with Fitzgerald again on a 64-yard touchdown pass. However, Pittsburgh responded with quarterback Ben Roethlisberger completing a six-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Santonio Holmes. The Cardinals tried to come back, but the Steelers' defense forced a fumble to seal the win.

With the loss, Arizona closed out their season with an overall record of 12–8.

References

Arizona
Arizona Cardinals seasons
National Football Conference championship seasons
NFC West championship seasons
Arizona


Vietnamese, like many languages in Southeast Asia, is an analytic (and isolating) language.

Vietnamese lacks morphological markings of case, gender, number, and tense (and, as a result, has no finite/nonfinite distinction) and distinguishes them via classifier words instead.

Overview

Vietnamese is often considered to be monosyllabic as its morphemes are considered to be monosyllabic e.g. "tim" meaning "heart".  However, some Vietnamese words may consist of one or more syllables, composed of monosyllabic morphemes that form together to create another word. An instance of a compound word "mạnh mẽ" is derived from morphemes mạnh meaning "strong", mẽ meaning "dramatic", fused together to create the word mạnh mẽ to mean "powerful".

There is a general tendency for words to have one or two syllables. Words with two syllables are often of Sino-Vietnamese origin. A few words are three or four syllables. A few polysyllabic words are formed from reduplicative derivation.

Additionally, a Vietnamese word may consist of a single morpheme or more than one morpheme. Polymorphemic words are either compound words or words consisting of stems plus affixes or reduplicants.

Most Vietnamese morphemes consist of only one syllable. Polysyllabic morphemes tend to be borrowings from other languages. Examples follow:

{| class="wikitable"
! Vietnamese word
! English gloss
! Phonological form
! Morphological form
|-
| cơm
| "cooked rice"
| monosyllabic
| monomorphemic
|-
| cù lao
| "island"
| disyllabic
| monomorphemic
|-
| dưa chuột/dưa leo
| "cucumber"
| disyllabic
| bimorphemic
|-
| vội vội vàng vàng
| "hurry-scurry"
| polysyllabic
| polymorphemic (reduplicative)
|}

Most words are created by either compounding or reduplicative derivation. Affixation is a relatively minor derivational process.

Older styles of Vietnamese writing wrote polysyllabic words with hyphens separating the syllables, as in cào-cào "grasshopper", sinh-vật-học "biology", or cà-phê "coffee". Spelling reform proposals have suggested writing these words without spaces (for example, the above would be càocào, sinhvậthọc, càphê). However, the prevailing practice is to omit hyphens and write all words with a space between each syllable.

Word-formation

Reduplication

Reduplication, the process of creating a new word by repeating either a whole word or part of a word, is very productive in Vietnamese (as in other Austro-Asiatic languages), although not all reduplicative patterns remain fully productive.

Function and semantics

Its effect is to sometimes either increase or decrease the intensity of the adjective, and is often used as a literary device (like alliteration) in poetry and other compositions, as well as in everyday speech.

Examples of reduplication increasing intensity:
đau → đau điếng: hurt → hurt horribly
mạnh → mạnh mẽ: strong → very strong
rực → rực rỡ: flaring → blazing

Examples of reduplication decreasing intensity:
nhẹ → nhè nhẹ: soft → soft (less)
xinh → xinh xinh: pretty → cute
đỏ → đo đỏ: red → reddish
xanh → xanh xanh: blue/green → bluish/greenish

Form

A type of assimilation known as tonal harmony is involved in Vietnamese reduplication. The six tones are categorized into two registers:

{| class="wikitable"
! Register
! Tones
|-
| Upper
| ngang, sắc, and hỏi
|-
| Lower
| huyền, nặng, and ngã
|}

The tones of all reduplicated words are always within the same tonal register (either upper or lower). For example, nhỏ "small" with the hỏi tone when reduplicated appears as nho nhỏ "smallish" with a ngang-toned reduplicant — both syllables are in the upper tonal register.

Vietnamese has several different types of reduplicative patterns including both total, partial, initial, final, rhyming, and alliterative patterns involving only reduplicated material or both reduplicated material and affixation.

Reduplicant position. The resulting reduplicants can be either initial (preceding the base) or final (following the base).

Initial reduplication:

 bự "big" > bừ bự "quite big" (less) (base: bự, initial reduplicant: bừ-)
 khắm "fetid" > khăm khắm "smelly" (base: khắm, initial reduplicant/affix: khăm-)

Final reduplication:

 mập "be fat" > mập mạp "be chubby" (base: mập, final reduplicant/affix: -mạp)
 khóc "to weep" > khóc lóc "to whimper" (base: khóc, final reduplicant/affix: -lóc)

Total reduplication involves copying the entire word base:

 vàng " yellow" > vàng vàng "yellowish"
 vui "be joyful" > vui vui "jovial, fun"
 nói "to talk" > nói nói "to keep talking and talking"
 nghiêng "inclined" > nghiêng nghiêng "slightly slanted"

Partial reduplication involves copying only certain segments of the word base. Partial reduplication typically involves the affixation of non-reduplicated segments.

Affixation
Vietnamese has very limited affixation. Only prefixation and suffixation are attested. A few affixes are used along with reduplication. Many affixes are derived from Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary and learned part of the lexicon. Some examples (not an exhaustive list) follow.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Prefixes
! Prefix
! Gloss
! Examples
|-
| bán- || "half" || bán nguyệt "semicircular, semi-monthly" (bán- + -nguyệt "moon"),  bán đảo "peninsula" (bán- + đảo "island")
|-
| khả- || "ability" || khả kính "respectable" (khả- + kính "to respect"),  khả quan "satisfactory" (khả- + quan "to behold")
|-
| lão- || familiar (added to surnames) || lão Thinh "ol’ Thinh, good old Thinh" (lão- + Thinh surname)
|-
| phản- || "counter to, against" || phản cách mạng "counter-revolutionary" (phản- + cách mạng "revolution"),  phản chiến "anti-war" (phản- + -chiến "to fight")
|-
| phi- || "not" || phi nghĩa "unethical" (phi- + nghĩa "righteousness"),  phi chính phủ "non-governmental" (phi- + chính phủ "government")
|-
| siêu- || "above, better" || siêu thị "supermarket" (siêu- + thị "market"),  siêu đẳng "outstanding" (siêu- + đẳng "level")
|-
| tăng- || "over, high" || tăng a xit "hyperacidity" (tăng- + a xit "acid"),  tăng can xi "hypercalcaemia" (tăng- + can xi "calcium")
|-
| thứ- || ordinal (added to numerals) || thứ mười "tenth" (thứ- + mười "ten"),  thứ bốn mươi ba "forty-third" (thứ- + bốn mươi ba "forty-three")
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Suffixes
! Suffix
! Gloss
! Examples
|-
| -gia || "profession" || chính trị gia "politician" (chính trị "politics" + -gia),  khoa học gia "scientist" (khoa học "science" + -gia)
|-
| -giả || agentive || tác giả "author" (tác "to create" + -giả),  học giả "scholar" (học "to learn" + -giả)
|-
| -hóa || forms causative verb || a xít hóa "to acidify" (a xit "acid" + -hóa),  mỹ hóa "to americanize" (Mỹ "USA" + -hóa)
|-
| -học || "field of study" || ngôn ngữ học "linguistics" (ngôn ngữ "language" + -học),  động vật học "zoology" (động vật "animal" + -học)
|-
| -kế || "measuring device" || nhiệt kế "thermometer" (nhiệt- "warm" + -kế),   áp kế "manometer" (áp "get close, approach" + -kế)
|-
| -khoa || "field of study" || nha khoa "dentistry" (nha- "tooth" + -khoa),  dược khoa "pharmacy" (dược- "drug" + -khoa)
|-
| -sĩ || "expert" || hoạ sĩ "artist" (hoạ "to draw" + -sĩ),  văn sĩ "writer" (văn "literature" + -sĩ)
|-
| -sư || "master" || giáo sư "professor" (giáo "to teach" + -sư),  luật sư "lawyer" (luật "law" + -sư)
|-
| -viên || agentive || quan sát viên "observer" (quan sát "to observe" + -viên),  phối trí viên "coordinator" (phối trí "to coordinate" + -viên)
|}

Ablaut
Vietnamese has the following tonal alternations (or tonal ablaut) which are used grammatically:

{| border="1" cellpadding="4" style="border-collapse: collapse; background: #f9f9f9; margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; vertical-align: top; border: 1px solid #ccc; line-height: 1.2em;"
|- style="background: #f2f2f2;"
! colspan="2" |
! tone alternation
|-
| đây "here"
| đấy "there"
| (ngang tone > sắc tone)
|-
| bây giờ "now"
| bấy giờ "then"
| (ngang tone > sắc tone)
|-
| kia "the other"
| kìa "yonder"
| (ngang tone > huyền tone)
|}
(Nguyễn 1997:42-44)

Vietnamese also has other instances of alternations, such as consonant mutations and vowel ablaut. Different regional varieties of Vietnamese may have different types of alternations.

See also

 Vietnamese syntax
 Vietnamese phonology
 Vietnamese language

Notes

Bibliography

 Beatty, Mark Stanton. (1990). Vietnamese phrase structure: An X-bar approach. (Master's thesis, University of Texas at Arlington).
 Emeneau, M. B. (1951). Studies in Vietnamese (Annamese) grammar. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 8). Berkeley: University of California Press.
 Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1997). Vietnamese: Tiếng Việt không son phấn. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
 Nguyễn, Phú Phong. (1992). Vietnamese demonstratives revisited. The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal, 20, 127-136.
 Nguyễn, Tài Cẩn. (1975). Từ loại danh từ trong tiếng Việt hiện đại [The word class of nouns in modern Vietnamese]. Hanoi: Khoa học Xã hội.
 Nhàn, Ngô Thanh. (1984). The syllabeme and patterns of word formation in Vietnamese. (Doctoral dissertation, New York University).
 Noyer, Rolf. (1998). Vietnamese 'morphology' and the definition of word. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics, 5 (2), 65-89. ()
 Phong, Nguyễn Phu. (1976). Le syntagme verbal in vietnamien. Mouton: Le Haye.
 Shum, Shu-ying. (1965). A transformational study of Vietnamese syntax. (Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University).
 Thompson, Laurence E. (1963). The problem of the word in Vietnamese. Word, 19 (1), 39-52.
 Thompson, Laurence E. (1965). Nuclear models in Vietnamese immediate-constituent analysis. Language, 41 (4), 610-618.
 Thompson, Laurence E. (1991). A Vietnamese reference grammar. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. (Original work published 1965).
 Uỷ ban Khoa học Xã hội Việt Nam. (1983). Ngữ-pháp tiếng Việt [Vietnamese grammar]. Hanoi: Khoa học Xã hội.

External links
 Vietnamese Online Grammar Project
 Vietnamese/Cambodian references (Linguist List)
 Additional Vietnamese references (Linguist List)

Vietnamese grammar


Vishnevite, or sulfatic cancrinite, is a mineral of the cancrinite group with the chemical formula (Na, Ca, K)6(Si, Al)12O24[(SO4),(CO3), Cl2]2-4·nH2O. It has hexagonal crystals.

References

External links
Mindat data

Cancrinite group
Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 173


Nicholas Frank Taubman (born 1935) is a United States businessman, politician, and ambassador. He served as the United States Ambassador to Romania 2005–2008.

Early life

Nicholas Taubman was born 1935 in Roanoke, Virginia to parents Arthur Taubman and Grace.  He graduated from Mercersburg Academy, a private college preparatory school, in 1953, then attended the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in economics.

He served in the U.S. Army from 1957 to 1958, and from 1960 to 1961.

Business career

From 1969 to 2005, Taubman served as President and CEO of Advance Auto Parts, a chain of auto parts stores founded by his father Arthur Taubman.

Politics

Taubman served on the Roanoke City Council from 1976 to 1978.

Taubman was appointed U.S. Ambassador to Romania by President George W. Bush in November 2005 and served until December 2008.

Philanthropy

Taubman and his wife Jenny are the largest donors to the new Art Museum of Western Virginia, having pledged over $15 million.  In recognition, the new museum was renamed the Taubman Museum of Art.

See also
 U.S. Department of State – Biography of Nicholas Frank Taubman

References

1935 births
Living people
Ambassadors of the United States to Romania
Jewish American military personnel
American philanthropists
United States Army soldiers
Mercersburg Academy alumni
Virginia Republicans
Politicians from Roanoke, Virginia
Virginia city council members
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania alumni
21st-century American Jews


Oxford Park, located in the southern part of the Notre-Dame-de-Grâce neighbourhood, is a park in  Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It  While known informally as Oxford Park for many years, with activities operated by the Oxford Park Association, the City of Montreal formally named it the Georges-Saint-Pierre Park during the 1990s in honour of the founder of the local Caisse Populaire Saint-Raymond, a community credit union.

The park was made famous for its sporting tradition. Hockey greats as Doug Harvey, Howie Morenz, Kenny Mosdell and Fleming Mackell learned their crafts on the outdoor rink which was part of a larger neighbourhood house league, including such teams at Terrebonne Park, Benny Park, and Patricia Park. The park was also where boxing legend Johnny Greco played sports as a child. The park is bounded by Oxford, Upper Lachine, Old Orchard Avenue and Saint Jacques Street.

The park was initially part of a farm owned by the Brodie clan, who bought the land after arriving from Scotland.

After several generations the family sold to the city of Montreal in 1949 for $73,000 under the condition that the historic farmhouse would be turned into a library or facility for children. The city reneged on this clause and the stone building was demolished in the 1960s.

The park was also home to a longstanding Italian Festival which was cancelled after the city added a controversial fenced-off plastic turf soccer field, which could get damaged during fireworks.

References

Parks in Montreal
History of Montreal
Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce


Kazuko Hillyer International Inc was a performing arts production and management organization based in New York City. It was formed by Kazuko Hillyer in 1970.  It arranged tours for a variety of clients, including the Tokyo String Quartet, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Grand Kabuki, the Jewish Theater of Romania and the Zambia National Folk and Music Ensemble.

History
The business was at first run out of the apartment Kazuko Hillyer shared with her husband, Juilliard String Quartet co-founder Raphael Hillyer. An early success was a successful arrangement in 1972 with musicians in East Germany, which was before that time closed to cultural exchanges with the West. By 1975 the Hillyer organization represented 50 conductors and soloists and 20 orchestras worldwide.

The company was notably responsible for organizing the Metropolitan Opera's first tour to Japan in May–June 1975. Hillyer successfully brokered a sponsorship deal for the tour with the Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting Company. The Met, which at the time was experiencing financial difficulties, jumped at a chance for three weeks of opera performances that had all costs covered and generated income for the company. The company toured Japan for three weeks, giving performances in Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya.

General director Schuyler Chapin and Hillyer were able to secure many of the world's leading opera singers for the tour. Their production of La traviata starred Joan Sutherland as Violetta and Robert Merrill as Germont with Sutherland's husband, Richard Bonynge, conducting. Marilyn Horne portrayed the title role in Carmen for the tour with conductor Henry Lewis, Lucine Amara is Micaela, and James McCracken as Don José. The role of Rodolfo in the tour's La bohème was alternated in performances between tenors Franco Corelli and Luciano Pavarotti with Dorothy Kirsten as Mimi.

In 1992, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, which was soon converted to Chapter 7.

References

Theatrical organizations in the United States
Entertainment companies established in 1970
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1992
1970 establishments in New York (state)
Entertainment companies disestablished in 1992
1992 disestablishments in New York (state)
American companies disestablished in 1992
American companies established in 1970


Anthresh Lalit Lakra (born 22 October 1983) is an Indian boxer who fought at the 2008 Summer Olympics as a featherweight.

Career
He won the Commonwealth Championships 2005 against Stephen Smith.

He missed the Commonwealth Games and the Asian Games 2006 but won silver at the 2006 Southeast Asian Games where he lost the final to Mehrullah Lassi.

At the World Military Games 2007 in his country he beat North Korean Kim Won Il but lost to Shili Alaa.

At the World championships 2007 he beat Bahodir Karimov and upset Shahin Imranov and qualified for Beijing before losing to Chinese Yang Li.

At the Olympics he lost his first bout to Bahodirjon Sultonov 5:9.

References
 2005 Commonwealth
 S.E Asian Games 2006
 Yahoo data

Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
1983 births
Olympic boxers for India
Living people
Indian male boxers
Featherweight boxers
Sportspeople from Jamshedpur
Boxers from Jharkhand


The Seneca Lake AVA is an American Viticultural Area around Seneca Lake in Upstate New York.  The wine appellation is entirely contained within the larger Finger Lakes AVA, and includes portions of Ontario, Schuyler, Seneca, and Yates counties.  Seneca Lake is a glacial lake about  long and up to  deep.  The lake does not freeze in winter, and acts as a giant heat storage unit for the vineyards surrounding the lake, extending the growing season.  The most commercially important grape variety in the region is Riesling, although a wide variety of Vitis vinifera and French hybrid grapes are grown.

In 1977, Glenora Wine Cellars was the first winery to open on Seneca Lake.  Other wineries soon followed, including Hermann J. Wiemer Vineyard and Wagner Vineyards, established by Stanley Wagner in 1979.

History
The Iroquois were the first to utilize the microclimates created by the lake's varying water temperatures. The Iroquois' fruit crops flourished. Later, white settlers planted only what they needed to survive or use for local barter, until the opening of the Erie Canal. Backyard fruit trees and arbors quickly grew into commercial orchards and vineyards.

The area's earliest vineyard on record belonged to the Reverend William Boswick. In 1829, Boswick grew Catawba and Isabella grapes in his rectory garden located in Hammondsport, New York on the southern tip of Keuka Lake. He distributed cuttings to parishioners and soon offshoots from his vineyards spread throughout the region.

In 1866, the western shores of Seneca Lake became home to its first winery, the Seneca Lake Grape Wine Company. The winery planted  of grapes. At the time, it was the largest vineyard in the state. By 1869 they were producing  of Seneca Lake's first commercial wine. Then, in 1882, New York State opened its Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, New York located at the north end of Seneca Lake. Its grape breeding and research programs helped to substantiate Seneca Lake as a prominent player in the grape growing industry. By 1900 there were over  of vineyards throughout the Finger Lakes and more than 50 wineries.

In 1919, the passage of Prohibition strongly impacted the wine and grape growing industries. Only the largest wineries were able to survive by making grape juice and sacramental wine. Total area of Finger Lakes' vineyards was cut in half. And many of the vineyards that remained were replanted to produce grape varieties popular for juice or for the fresh fruit market. When Prohibition was repealed, the wine and grape growing industry remained a shadow of its former self. The Seneca Lake Grape Wine Company had folded and area farmers struggled to survive in a much reduced New York State market.

The next significant change for the Seneca Lake grape growing and wine producing industry occurred during the late 1950s and 1960s. Two young European viticultural pioneers named Charles Fournier and Konstantin Frank began to research and experiment with Vinifera grapes in the Finger Lakes Region. Fournier and Frank's research led them to Seneca Lake where they found the most favorable microclimates conducive for growing Vinifera grapes. In the early 1970s, Fournier planted  of Vinifera on the east side of Seneca Lake. At the same time, a German native named Hermann Wiemer bought and planted  of Vinifera on the west side of Seneca Lake. The success of these two vineyards along with the establishment of a wine research program at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva (which had been banned since its opening) helped to start the revitalization of Seneca Lake in the grape growing and wine producing industry.

References

American Viticultural Areas
New York (state) wine
Geography of Ontario County, New York
Geography of Schuyler County, New York
Geography of Seneca County, New York
Geography of Yates County, New York
1988 establishments in New York (state)


The Ace of Spades is a 1925 American silent Western film serial directed by Henry MacRae. The serial is considered to be a lost film.

Cast

Chapter titles

The Fatal Card
No Greater Love
Whirling Waters
Fires of Sacrifice
Thundering Hoofs
Flung from the Sky
The Trail of Terror
The Lariat of Death
Fingers of Fate
The Road to Ruin
The Chasm of Peril
The Avalanche
The Fury of Fate
The Chasm of Courage
A Deal of Destiny

See also
 List of American films of 1925
 List of film serials
 List of film serials by studio
 List of lost films

References

External links

1925 films
1925 Western (genre) films
1925 lost films
American silent serial films
American black-and-white films
Films directed by Henry MacRae
Lost American Western (genre) films
Silent American Western (genre) films
Universal Pictures film serials
1920s American films


The People's Economic Council (German:  (VWR)) in the GDR was a central institution of the Council of Ministers of the GDR.

It was formed by the State Planning Commission in July 1961 as a spin-off of the Department of Industry and the Department of Material Supply. The purpose of the Council was to be an independent "central institution of the state" for the management of the central and local industry as well as for the "regulation of the fundamental issues of craft and service companies."

As the central institution for the planning and management of industry, VWR developed the annual plan for the industry on the basis of decisions of the Ministerial Council, the outlook plan, orientation indicators and the guidelines of the State Planning Commission. It was the task of VWR to implement the objectives set by the Socialist Unity Party of Germany Central Committee and the government principles of economic policy through its industry departments, the Association of State-owned Enterprises (German:  (VVB)), and the district economic councils.

The individual industry divisions of VWR were fully responsible for the preparation and accounting of the annual plan of their economic sector and instructed their assigned VVB, scientific institutes and design offices with regard to the responsibility and autonomy of the VVB. The VWR had decisional authority over the economic resource entities and district economic councils. Alfred Neumann was appointed as the first director of the VWR.

Over the course of development it proved to be inexpedient to oversee the growing industry from out of a centralized institution such as the VWR. Therefore, on 22 December 1965 the Council of Ministers decided to dissolve the VWR. Because of the 1965 dissolution, a range of industrial ministries were newly created or re-established.

See also
Economy of East Germany

Economy of East Germany


"About to Happen" is a song by Siouxsie. It was written by Siouxsie, Noko, Charlie Jones and Steve Evans for her album Mantaray.  The song was released in the UK on 10 March 2008 as the third and final single from the album.

"About to Happen" was released in several formats, including two 7" vinyl records and a CD single. B-sides included live recordings from Siouxsie's show at the Eiffel Tower in 2007.

The single peaked on the UK Singles Chart at number 154.

Track listing

CD single
 "About to Happen"
 "Here Comes That Day (Live)"
 "Hello, I Love You (Live)"

7-inch vinyl 1
 "About to Happen (Radio Edit)"
 "About to Happen (Live from Le Tour Eiffel, Paris, France)"

7-inch vinyl 2
 "About to Happen (Radio Edit)"
 "If It Doesn't Kill You (Live from Le Tour Eiffel, Paris, France)"

References

2008 singles
Siouxsie Sioux songs
2007 songs
Songs written by Siouxsie Sioux
Universal Music Group singles