The 24 class was a class of minesweeping sloops. They were derived from the preceding , but designed to appear double-ended. Twenty-four ships to this design (hence the class name) were ordered between December 1916 and April 1917 under the Emergency War Programme for the Royal Navy in World War I, although two of them were cancelled before launch. All were named after famous racehorses (winners of The Derby), but they were not named Racehorse class as the Admiralty realised that this could easily be confused in communications with the  of paddle minesweepers, and they officially became the 24 class.

Like the Flower-class sloops, they were single-screw fleet sweeping sloops used almost entirely for minesweeping, although only ten were completed by the Armistice in 1918. However, they had identical deckhouses and gun shields at either end of the vessel, with straight stems and sterns. Furthermore, four of those completed had the single mast aft of the centrally-located funnel, and the rest had the mast forward of the funnel. The symmetrical design was completed with fake anchors at the stern to confuse enemy targeting.

Ships
  — built by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson, Wallsend on Tyne, launched 6 June 1918. Sold 12 August 1920.
  — built by Barclay Curle & Company, Whiteinch, launched 24 September 1918. Sold 12 August 1920.
  — built by Swan Hunter, launched 26 July 1918. Sold for breaking up 1 December 1921.
  — built by Greenock & Grangemouth Dockyard Company, launched 27 April 1918. Sold 15 November 1922.
  — built by Swan Hunter, launched 28 March 1918. Transferred to RNVR on 24 March 1920. Sold for breaking up in 1973.
 HMS Galtee More — ordered from Osbourne Graham, transferred to Swan Hunter 7 June 1918, then cancelled 3 December 1918.
  — built by Barclay Curle & Company, Whiteinch, launched 2 November 1918. Sold for breaking up in August 1922.
  — built by Barclay Curle, launched 24 August 1918. Survey ship in 1922. Sold for breaking up 28 June 1937.
  — built by Greenock & Grangemouth Dockyard, launched 5 March 1919. Sold 12 August 1920.
  — built by Osbourne Graham & Company, Sunderland, launched 21 September 1918. Sold 6 November 1920.
  — built by Blyth Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company, launched 19 December 1918. Survey ship in February 1923, renamed Herald. Scuttled in February 1942 at Selatar but salved by the Japanese Navy and renamed Heiyo in October 1942. Sunk by mine 14 November 1944.
  — built by Swan Hunter, launched 6 June 1919. Sold 25 February 1920, becoming mercantile Haim Mazza.
  — built by Swan Hunter, launched 22 October 1918. Sold to break up 15 November 1922.
  — built by Blyth Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company, launched 8 June 1918. Survey vessel in March 1924. Sold 6 August 1937 to break up.
  — built by Osbourne Graham, launched 4 March 1919. Sold 12 August 1920 but sale was cancelled; re-sold 13 October 1922.
  — built by Swan Hunter, launched 10 July 1918. Sold 15 November 1922.
  — built by Greenock & Grangemouth Dockyard Company, Greenock, launched 10 June 1918. Sold 15 November 1922.
  — built by Barclay Curle, launched 6 July 1918. Sold August 1922.
  — built by Barclay Curle, launched 12 April 1918. Transferred to Royal Australian Navy in December 1924 and became survey ship HMAS Moresby in April 1925. Escort vessel 1940. Sold for breaking up 1946 at Newcastle, NSW.
  — built by Barclay Curle, launched 11 May 1918. Transferred to RNVR in September 1923, renamed Irwell, then again renamed Eaglet in 1926.
  — built by Greenock & Grangemouth, launched 20 September 1918. Depot ship in October 1919. Sold for breaking up 25 June 1930.
  — built by Osbourne Graham, launched 4 December 1918. Sold 12 August 1920, becoming mercantile Fanny Mazza.
  — built by Swan Hunter, launched 23 September 1918. Sold for breaking up 29 November 1922.
 HMS Sunstar — ordered from Swan Hunter, but cancelled 3 December 1918.

References

Bibliography
 The Grand Fleet, Warship Design and Development 1906–1922, D. K. Brown, Chatham Publishing, 1999,
 Jane's Fighting Ships of World War I, Janes Publishing, 1919

Mine warfare vessel classes
Ship classes of the Royal Navy
Sloop classes


Cleveland was a European Parliament constituency covering Cleveland and parts of North Yorkshire in England.

Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland, and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The seat consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Cleveland and Whitby, Hartlepool, Middlesbrough, Redcar, Richmond (Yorkshire), Scarborough, Stockton-on-Tees, and Thornaby.  In 1984, almost all the seat became part of the new Cleveland and Yorkshire North constituency.

Members of the European Parliament

Results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
1979 establishments in England
1984 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1984


Doddington was an East Indiaman of the British East India Company (EIC). She made two trips for the EIC to Bombay, China, and Mokha. On her third trip she was sailing to India to remain there when she was wrecked on 17 July 1755 at Bird Island in Algoa Bay, near present-day Port Elizabeth.  The ship was carrying a hoard of gold belonging to Clive of India, which modern treasure hunters looted. The controversy over these depredations resulted in changes to international maritime treaties to better protect underwater cultural heritage.

Successful voyages

First voyage (1748–49)
Captain Benjamin Mason left the Downs on 8 June 1748, bound for Bombay and China. Doddington reached the Cape on 15 September, Cochin on 5 February 1749, and Tellicherry on 20 February, and arrived at Bombay on 28 March. She was again at Tellicherry on 1 May. From there she reached Kedah on 10 June and Malacca on 11 July, and arrived at Whampoa on 9 August. Homeward bound, she crossed the Second Bar (about 20 miles before Whampoa), on 4 December, reached Saint Helena on 3 March 1750, and arrived at Long Reach on 21 May.

Second voyage (1752–54)
Captain Norton Hutchinson left the Downs on 20 March 1752, bound for Bombay and Mokha. Doddington reached Lisbon on 10 April and St Augustine's Bay on 3 August. She arrived at Bombay on 9 October. She then spent the period 22 October to 13 November cruising, before again arriving at Bombay on 14 November. She sailed to Surat, which she reached on 26 December, and arrived at "Scindy Road" on 9 January 1753, before returning to Surat on 19 February. On 26 February she arrived at Bombay again. She reached Mangalore on 11 March and Tellicherry on 17 March, and arrived at Mokha on 16 April. By 16 September she was back at Bombay. From there she reached the Cape on 14 February 1754 and St Helena on 17 March, and arrived at Gravesend on 31 May.

Wrecking
Doddington sailed from Dover on 22 April 1755 bound to Fort St George in India under the command of Captain James Sampson. She was to stay in India. Doddington sailed in the company of Stretham (carrying Clive of India), Pelham, Edgecote, and Houghton. The ships were separated en route to Porto Praya, but re-united again at the port where they all stopped to take on provisions. On 27 May 1755, the three ships departed the Cape Verde islands together, but once again separated after Sampson took a more southerly route than the other ships. After seven weeks, Doddington rounded the Cape of Good Hope. After sailing eastwards for a day, she was on a heading of East-North-East, when at 1 am she struck a rock in Algoa Bay.

Of the original crew and passengers of 270, only 23 initially survived while the other 247 passengers and crew died with the ship. The castaways subsisted for seven months on fish, birds, and eggs on a nearby island, which they named Bird Island. One of their number, a carpenter, was able to help them build a sloop, the Happy Deliverance, on which they were finally able to get off the island on 16 February 1756.  The sloop was seaworthy enough to take the survivors on an eventful journey up the east coast of Africa via St Lucia and Delagoa Bay, where the survivors sold her before travelling on to India. Captain Norton Hutchinson, now captain of the East Indiaman Carnarvon, took them on board and carried them to Madras.

Salvage
Doddington was carrying a consignment of gold and silver, known as "Clive of India's Gold", which was controversially looted in recent times by Port Elizabeth treasure hunters. A third of the 1,200 gold coins were eventually returned to South Africa after a four-year legal wrangle in London. The high-profile court case highlighted various shortcomings in both South African and international maritime law. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation monitored the case closely, as it set an important precedent for the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage that it subsequently published.

Cultural ripple
In September 1867, at the Theatre Royal, The Dramatic Club of Port Elizabeth staged a locally written play "Treasure at Woody Cape", dealing with the legend of the Doddington's treasure.

In the television show Grimm, the wreck of the Doddington is attributed to a naiad that was captured and killed the day before, 16 July 1755.

Notes

References

Further reading

External links
Anecdotes of Shipwreck

Shipwrecks of the South African Indian Ocean coast
Ships of the British East India Company
Maritime incidents in 1755
Age of Sail merchant ships
Merchant ships of the United Kingdom
1748 ships


Sornico is a village and former municipality in the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

Sornico was a municipality of its own until 1864, when it merged with its neighbor Prato to form the new municipality Prato-Sornico.

In turn, Prato-Sornico municipality merged with its neighbors in 2004 to form a new and larger municipality Lavizzara.

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Switzerland


Cornwall and Plymouth was a European Parliament constituency covering the county of Cornwall and the city of Plymouth in Devon, England.

Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

When it was created in England in 1979, it consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Bodmin, Falmouth and Camborne, North Cornwall, Plymouth Devonport, Plymouth Drake, Plymouth Sutton, St Ives and Truro. In 1984, Bodmin was replaced by South East Cornwall.

The constituency was replaced by Cornwall and West Plymouth and a small part of Devon and East Plymouth in 1994, and these seats became part of the much larger South West England constituency in 1999.

Members of the European Parliament

Results

References

External links

 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Cornwall
Politics of Plymouth, Devon
1979 establishments in England
1994 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1994


Cotswolds (sometimes called "The Cotswolds") was a European Parliament constituency covering the counties of Gloucestershire and Oxfordshire in England.

Before uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in Great Britain. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

When it was created in 1979, it consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Banbury, Cheltenham, Cirencester and Tewkesbury, Gloucester, Mid Oxfordshire, Oxford and Stroud. From 1984 it consisted of Banbury, Cheltenham, Cirencester and Tewkesbury, Gloucester, Stratford-on-Avon, Stroud and Witney. From 1994 it consisted of Cheltenham, Cirencester and Tewkesbury, Gloucester, Stroud, West Gloucestershire and Witney.

Members of the European Parliament

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Oxfordshire
Politics of Gloucestershire
1979 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Joseph-Théophile Larochelle (November 19, 1877 – October 8, 1954) was a politician of Quebec, Canada and a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (MLA).

Early life

He was born on November 19, 1877, near Lévis, Chaudière-Appalaches and worked in Massachusetts for four years.

Local politics

Larochelle served as a city councillor and as a school board member in Lévis.

Member of the legislature

He ran as an Action libérale nationale candidate in the district of Lévis in the 1935 provincial election and won. Larochelle joined Maurice Duplessis's Union Nationale and was re-elected in the 1936 election. He was defeated by Liberal candidate Joseph-Georges Francoeur in the 1939 election.

Political comeback

Larochelle was re-elected in the 1944 and 1948 elections. He became Minister without Portfolio in 1944.

Legislative Councillor

He resigned in 1948 to accept a seat in the Legislative Council of Quebec and represented the division of La Salle until his death.

Death

He died on October 8, 1954, in Lévis.

Footnotes

1877 births
1954 deaths
Action libérale nationale MNAs
Union Nationale (Quebec) MLCs
Union Nationale (Quebec) MNAs


Mehboob Alam () (born 31 August 1981) is a Nepalese cricketer. All-rounder Mehboob is a left-handed batsman and a left-arm fast bowler. He made his debut for Nepal against Japan in November 2000.

Mehboob is a world record holder who has his name in the Guinness World Records for single-handedly bowling out an opponent, which he did by picking up 10 wickets for 12 runs in 7.5 overs bundling out Mozambique for just 19 runs during the 2008 ICC World Cricket League Division Five in Jersey. This was the best bowling figure in a Limited over cricket match.

He represents the Sagarmatha Legends of the Nepal Premier League, Region No.1 Biratnagar of the National League and Pentagon International College, which plays in the SPA Cup.

Playing career

Born in Rajbiraj in 1981, Mehboob Alam first represented Nepal at Under-19 level, playing in the Under-19 World Cup in Sri Lanka in 2000. He made his debut for the senior side later that year, playing in the ACC Trophy in the United Arab Emirates.

He played in three matches in the 2001 ICC Trophy in Ontario, and played in the 2002 ACC Trophy in Singapore, helping guide Nepal to the final.

In 2003, he scored 256 runs in a 40-over match between Saptari and Udayapur districts in the Birendra Memorial National League Regional. At Pashupati School Ground of Siraha, Mehboob astonished everyone by hitting 26 fours and 18 sixes in his 123-ball knock.

He made his first-class debut in 2004, playing against the UAE and Malaysia in the 2004 ICC Intercontinental Cup.

By this time he had become a key figure for Nepal, winning seven man of the match awards between 2004 and 2006. He also played in the 2004 ACC Trophy in Malaysia and an ACC Fast Track Countries Tournament match against Singapore in 2004. In 2005 he played in the repêchage tournament of the 2005 ICC Trophy, in which Nepal finished third after beating Qatar in a play-off. Alam was named man of the match for the play-off after taking 5/11. He also played in the ACC Fast Track Countries Tournament against Singapore, Malaysia, the UAE and Hong Kong.

In 2006, he played in a play-off match against Namibia to decide the final spot in the 2006 ICC Intercontinental Cup. Needing an outright win to qualify, Nepal could only secure a draw after there was no play on the first day. Later in the year he played on a tour of Pakistan with Nepal in addition to playing in the 2006 ACC Trophy and ACC Premier League. He also took seven wickets when Nepal bowled out Myanmar for just 10 off 12.1 overs in 2006 ACC Trophy.

Mehboob is one of the most decorated cricketers of the country who has his name in the Guinness World Records. On 25 May 2008, he became the first bowler to take all ten wickets in an innings in an ICC recognized international tournament match. Playing for Nepal in the 2008 Division Five game against Mozambique he took all ten wickets at a cost of 12 runs as Mozambique were bowled out for 19 in 14.5 overs. Later, he made an important 51 in the victory over Norway. In February 2010 he represented Nepal in 2010 Division Five, which was held in Nepal.

Mehboob also holds the record of highest Twenty20 score by a Nepalese batsman slamming 88 off 41 against Saudi Arabia during the 2011 ACC Twenty20 Cup. After going through a patchy form in the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier, Mehboob was excluded from the team and was replaced by former Nepal captain Binod Das but he managed to come back in the 2014 ACC Premier League where he took three wickets against the UAE and scored a half-century against Malaysia. He also represented Nepal in the 2014 ICC World Cricket League Division Three

Notes and references

External links

1981 births
People from Saptari District
People from Rajbiraj
Nepalese cricketers
Nepalese Muslims
Cricketers at the 2010 Asian Games
Madhesi people
Living people
Cricketers at the 2014 Asian Games
Asian Games competitors for Nepal


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in Great Britain. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

Created for the 1979 European Parliament elections in 1979, Cumbria was a single-member constituency formed from the grouping of numerous neighbouring British Parliament constituencies.

The constituency saw only one election under the chosen boundaries, with the county of Cumbria and electors in Westminster constituencies as far south as the Fylde coast electing its MEP as one constituency in 1979 only. In subsequent elections, the constituency became the expanded Cumbria and Lancashire North.

Boundaries
Barrow-in-Furness; Carlisle; Fylde North; Lancaster; Morecambe and Lonsdale; Penrith and the Border; Westmorland; Whitehaven; Workington

Members of the European Parliament

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Cumbria
1979 establishments in England
1984 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1984


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each. The constituency of Derbyshire was one of them.

When it was created in 1979, it consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Belper, Bolsover, Derby North, Derby South, Derbyshire South East, Derbyshire West, High Peak, and Ilkeston.  From 1984 until its abolition, it consisted of Amber Valley; Ashfield; Bolsover; Derby North; Derby South; Derbyshire West; Erewash; and High Peak.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Derbyshire
1979 establishments in England
1994 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1994


Campestro is a village and former municipality in the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

Campestro was a municipality of its own until 1976, when it was incorporated into its neighboring municipality Tesserete.

In turn, Tesserete municipality merged with its neighbors in 2001 to form a new and larger municipality Capriasca.

References

Former municipalities of Ticino
Villages in Ticino


Devon was a European Parliament constituency covering all of Devon in England, with the exception of the city of Plymouth.

Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

When it was created in England in 1979, it consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Devon North, Devon West, Exeter, Honiton, Tiverton, Torbay and Totnes.  In 1984, Totnes was replaced by South Hams and Teignbridge, while Devon West was replaced by Devon West and Torridge. During the fifteen-year existence of the Devon European Parliamentary constituency, it was represented by Charles Strachey, 4th Baron O'Hagan, until his resignation in 1994.

The constituency was replaced by Devon and East Plymouth and parts of Dorset and East Devon and Somerset and North Devon in 1994.  These seats became part of the much larger South West England constituency in 1999.

Members of the European Parliament

Results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Devon
1979 establishments in England
1994 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1994


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Durham was one of them.

From 1979 to 1984, it consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Bishop Auckland, Chester-le-Street, Consett, Darlington, Durham, Durham North West, Easington, and Houghton-le-Spring. From 1984 to 1999 it consisted of: Bishop Auckland, Blaydon, City of Durham, Darlington, Easington, North Durham, North West Durham, Sedgefield.

Members of the European Parliament

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

Politics of County Durham
1979 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1999
European Parliament constituencies in North East England (1979–1999)


Rega Lifney She... (Hebrew: ...רגע לפני ש, meaning "Just before…") is the second studio album by Israeli singer Shiri Maimon, which was released in January 2008, by Helicon Records. It combines pop and R&B styles.

Shiri's first single out of her second album, was released in December 2007, entitled "Yoter T'ov Lisloakh".

Track listing
 "Ze Lo Ma SheHevt'ikhu Li" (That's Not What I Was Promised)
 "Shvi LeRega" (Sit Down For a Moment)
 "Yoter T'ov Lisloakh" (Better To Forgive)
 "Bu'a" (Bubble)
 "VeRatziti SheTed'y" (And I Wanted You To Know)
 "Laila" (Night)
 "Kshehalakhta" (When You Walked Away)
 "Tohavi Qtzat Et Atzmekh" (Love Yourself a Little Bit)
 "Mamshikha MiKan" (Moving On from Here)
 "Bokheret Bi" (Choosing Myself)
 "Rega Lifney She..." (Just Before...)
 "Ze Lo Ma SheHevt'ikhu Li" [N.Y Version]
 "Shvi LeRega" [N.Y Version]

Singles

Yoter T'ov Lisloakh

"Yoter T'ov Lisloakh" (Hebrew: יותר טוב לסלוח, meaning: "Better To Forgive") is the first single by Shiri Maimon and was released on December 10, 2007.

The song was described by The Jerusalem Post as "an instant hit". It hit #1 in the weekly music charts of Israeli radio stations Galgalatz, Radio Darom, Radio Lev HaMedinah, Radio Haifa, Radio Tzafon Lelo Hafsaka and Radio Yerushalaim. It was #2 in Reshet Gimmel and Radio Emtsa HaDerekh.

The song was #39 in the yearly chart of the Israeli Radio station Reshet Gimmel. This is the only radio station that this song was in its yearly chart.

References

2008 albums
Shiri Maimon albums


Essex North East was a constituency of the European Parliament located in the United Kingdom, electing one Member of the European Parliament by the first-past-the-post electoral system. Created in 1979 for the first elections to the European Parliament, it was abolished in 1994 and succeeded by the constituencies of Essex North and Suffolk South and Essex South.

Boundaries

On its creation in 1979, it consisted of the parliamentary constituencies of Braintree, Colchester, South East Essex, Maldon, Saffron Walden, Southend East and Southend West.

After the 1984 boundary changes based on the new UK parliamentary constituencies created in 1983, it consisted of Braintree, Harwich, North Colchester, Rochford, Saffron Walden, South Colchester and Maldon, Southend East and Southend West. Harwich had previously been part of the Suffolk constituency.

The constituency was abolished in 1994. Braintree, Harwich, North Colchester, Saffron Walden and South Colchester and Maldon became part of Essex North and Suffolk South. Rochford, Southend East and Southend West were now part of the new constituency of Essex South.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Political history of Essex
1979 establishments in England
1994 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1994


Frédéric Brando (born 8 November 1973 in Cannes) is a French former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

He was part of the Olympique de Marseille team that reached the 1999 UEFA Cup Final.

Brando was famed for his thick luscious monobrow.

External links

1973 births
Living people
Footballers from Cannes
French men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
SC Toulon players
AS Monaco FC players
Le Havre AC players
Olympique de Marseille players
CS Sedan Ardennes players
Clermont Foot players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players


Essex South West was a constituency of the European Parliament located in the United Kingdom, electing one Member of the European Parliament by the first-past-the-post electoral system. Created in 1979 for the first elections to the European Parliament, it was abolished in 1994 and succeeded by the constituencies of Essex West and Hertfordshire East and Essex South.

Boundaries

On its creation in 1979, it consisted of the parliamentary constituencies of Basildon, Brentwood and Ongar, Chelmsford, Epping Forest, Harlow and Thurrock.

After the 1984 boundary changes based on the new UK parliamentary constituencies created in 1983, it consisted of Basildon, Billericay, Brentwood and Ongar, Castle Point, Chelmsford, Epping Forest, Harlow and Thurrock.

The constituency was abolished in 1994. Brentwood and Ongar, Chelmsford, Epping Forest and Harlow became part of Essex West and Hertfordshire East. Basildon, Billericay, Castle Point and Thurrock were now part of the new constituency of Essex South.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Political history of Essex
1979 establishments in England
1994 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1994


The Tomb of Two Kamals, or in short the 2-Kamal Tomb, is a funerary monument  in Tabriz, Iran. Two Kamals – the 14th-century poet Kamal Khujandi and the 15th-century miniaturist Kamaleddin Behzad – are buried in an underground chamber: visitors descend about 10 steps to see the two tombs. There are also statues of the two Kamals near the tomb.

Buildings and structures in Tabriz
Tombs in Iran
Tourist attractions in Tabriz


Campus Experience is the student organisation at Macquarie University and is a wholly owned subsidiary company of the University. The organisation manages Macquarie University's non-academic services of food and retail, entertainment, sport and recreation, student groups, child care and student publications. The organisation also houses an elected student representative council.

Campus Experience was officially launched in January 2008 under the name of U@MQ, and is the result of the merging of the three previous student organisations, which were the Union (which for several years operated under the name 'Students at Macquarie' or S@M), the Students' Council (generally known as MUSC) and the sport and recreation (known generally as MUSR).

Macquarie University Students' Council (MUSC)
The Macquarie University Students' Council (MUSC) was the organised student body of Macquarie University, trading under Macquarie University Union Ltd (MUUL). It comprised many parts with the representative council elected by undergraduate students as its main body. Later students of the private Sydney Institute of Business and Technology (SIBT) were also included. During its history it was also representative of post-graduate students until the creation of Macquarie University Post-graduate Representative Association. As well as the council there were clubs, societies, collectives, departments and publications that made up the whole MUSC. These clubs, societies, departments and collectives all had various degrees of autonomy from the actual council.

The council itself was the governing body of the MUSC and was answerable to the student population. In its early days its engagement reached out to a large percentage of students. The council had a number of activist collectives open to all students around its key areas of operation. The number of focus of the collectives changed over time. The council also provided consumer type services to its members, including legal aid and academic advocacy. MUSC was created to provide a voice to students at the main campus. For much of its life, it was controlled by far left student politicians and fellow travellers.

When under the control of the far left, MUSC built alliances with non-student organisations and movements. During 1973 the MUSC worked with the Builders Labourers Federation - BLF (a union whose members now make up part of the Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union (CFMEU)) to organise one of the first 'Pink Bans'. Similar in tactic to the green ban, the pink ban was recommended when one of the residential colleges at Macquarie University, Robert Menzies College, ordered a student to lead a celibate life and undertake therapy and confession to cure himself of his homosexuality. The BLF decided to stop all construction work at the college until the university and the college Master made statements committing to a non-discriminatory university environment.  MUSC was successful in engaging with the BLF again in 1974 when a woman at Macquarie University had her NSW Department of Education scholarship cancelled on the basis that she was a lesbian and therefore unfit to be a teacher.

In 1979, an ALP-dominated MUSC successfully organised a student referendum which saw MUSC disaffiliate from the Australian Union of Students. This was part of a national campaign against the Australian Union of Students which involved a wide range of political groupings ranging from Liberal students to the Communist Party of Australia (Marxist-Leninist).

In its later years, MUSC established a Women's Department. The Women's Department was an autonomous Department of the MUSC. A women's collective operated through the department and was open to all women students. It operated to effect change in the lives of women on campus and in their everyday lives. The Women's Department was elected separately to the MUSC Council by women students only.

End of MUSC and Merger
During 2007, Macquarie University faced a restructuring of its student organisation after an audit raised questions about management of hundreds of thousands of dollars in funds by student organisations At the centre of the investigation was Victor Ma, president of the Macquarie University Students' Council (MUSC). Vice Chancellor Schwartz cited the need for the urgent need to reform Macquarie's main student bodies. The Federal Court ordered on 23 May 2007 that Macquarie University Union Ltd (MUUL), would be wound up.

Following the dissolution of Macquarie University Union Ltd, the outgoing student organisations were taken over by the University. In January 2008 the merged student organisation adopted the U@MQ brand.

The role of Student Representation was ultimately taken on by MUSRA (Macquarie University Student Representative Association) in 2009 with the first elections being held that year. By late 2009 the U@MQ brand was dropped in favour of the current name.

Publications of MUSC
Arena was the newspaper of MUSC from 1968 to 1999. The editor was originally appointed by the council. However, from the mid-1970s, the editor (or editorial team) was directly elected by the student body. It was not unusual for the editorial team that was elected to be of a different political persuasion to the majority of council.

Hogben Toad was the weekly publication of MUSC that alerted students to the activities of the week and near future. This publication was later superseded by a publication of the Macquarie University Union.

Alternative Calendars were produced from 1976 to 1997, and once more in 2002. They were the result of surveys of students about the subjects they had taken.

Orientation Handbooks were also produced annually.

MUSCateer was the new publication name for Arena given to the paper by a council in the early 2000s. This council was aligned to the Student Unity faction at Macquarie University. Editorial control was taken by the same faction around the same time. After the change of name very few editions were produced. In 2005 MUSCateer ceased being published. There were allegations that this decision was made to "further the political ambitions of President, Victor Ma"

The current student publication is 'Grapeshot'.

MUSC Collectives
The Education Collective was formed to allow all students to participate in the council around issues affecting tertiary education. The education collective not only took up issues affecting students at the Macquarie University campus, but also issues that affected access to tertiary education generally.

The Environment Collective focused on local and global issues about the environment. It often used direct action as a tool to bring about change. Locally this included many members of the collective climbing the trees in the middle of where the M2 Motorway was to be built.

The Sexuality Collective took up lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex and queer issues. The collective was also instrumental in establishing a permanent Queer Space on campus is 2001.

The International Solidarity Collective engaged with issues of international importance. The collective focused it works on fighting imperialist actions, such as anti US bases campaigns through to the recognition of the democratic elections in Burma.

See also
 Australian student politics
 National Union of Students of Australia
 Voluntary student unionism

References

Macquarie University
Companies based in Sydney
Education companies established in 2008
Students' unions in Australia


Forgotten Realms is a fantasy comic book set in the Dungeons & Dragons Forgotten Realms campaign setting, written by Jeff Grubb and illustrated by Rags Morales and Dave Simons.

Publication history
In 1989, DC Comics began publishing the Forgotten Realms comic series, written by Jeff Grubb. Each issue contained twenty-six pages, illustrated primarily by Rags Morales and Dave Simons. The 19 issues produced by Morales were his first professional works. Tom Raney illustrated issues #17 and #20. Elliot S. Maggin served as an editor for DC from 1989 to 1991 and oversaw the licensed TSR titles, including Forgotten Realms. Twenty-five issues were published in total, with the last being released in 1991. Kim Yale served as an editor for DC from 1991–1993 and oversaw their licensed titles. Grubb wrote all 25 issues. A fifty-six page annual Forgotten Realms Comic Annual #1: Waterdhavian Nights, illustrated by various artists, was released in 1990, illustrated by Tom Raney.

Plot
The Hand of Vaprak #1 - #4
Priam and Vartan accidentally come across a powerful artifact, the Hand of Vaprak.  Ishi, Minder, Dwalimor, and Foxilon try to recover the hand before the original owner, who, in reality, is not Vaprak.

Dragonreach #5 - #8
A mysterious force is murdering dragons in the realms. The companions have to stop this dragonslayer before the dragons emigrate and cause untold damage to the realms. Foxilon's talents as a doula save the day when magic fails.

Elminster is involved in this story arc. He assists Dwalimor Omen in stopping an individual who was slaying dragons in the Realms.

Minder's Story #9
Chronicles Minder's story and how she got into the golem body.

Head Cheese #10
Chronicles Foxilon's addiction to "cheeese" and how he met Dwalimor Omen.

Triangles #11 - #13
Priam tries to track down a hunchback, Jasmine, with a familiar face on the streets of Saerloon. Jasmine does her best to evade and a ship of wizards arrives from Halruaa to arrest Omen. Lady Rae's, a bar that caters exclusively to female adventurers, is introduced.

Undead Love #14
Jasmine attracts the attention of an undead lich who claims her as his new bride. Jasmine challenges Ishi to a "duel of hearts", a contest to win the affections of Priam. Continued in the TSR Worlds Annual.

TSR Worlds Annual #1 (Chapter 4)
The crew of the Realms Master arrive at the lich's frozen castle only to be attacked by a deceived Meridith, Tember, and Pax (from the pages of DC/TSR's Spelljammer comic). After both parties realize they are on the same side, Dwalimor tricks the lich into bringing down his castle upon himself and Ishi wins the duel of hearts when Priam chooses to save her over Jasmine. Jasmine leaves the Realms Master to join the crew of the space faring Spelljammer.

Waterdhavian Nights (Forgotten Realms Annual #1)
The Realms Master arrives in a festive Waterdeep to collect an artifact, the Eye of Selune. Followers of the evil Imgig Zu also seek the Eye in order to free Zu, who is trapped inside. The crew of the Realms Master teams up with Kyriani, Vajra Valmyjar, Onyx the Invincible, Timoth Eyesbright, and Conner (from the pages of DC/TSR's Advanced Dungeons & Dragons comic) to stop them. Onyx and Minder prove that dwarves can fall in love.

The Times of Troubles #15 - 18
Set during the Time of Troubles, Labelas uses Vartan as his host when he is forced into the mortal plane.

Picking up the Pieces #19 - 22
The weakened crew of the Realms Master are stranded in the desert and are taken captive.

Unreal Estate #23
Priam, Foxilon, & Minder need to stop a tavern gambler who is gambling away real estate in the cursed land of Myth Drannor.

Everybody Wants to Run the Realms #24
Vartan "steps outside the frame" to take the reader on a backstage tour behind the scenes of The Realms.

Wake of Realms Master #25
Labelas returns to offer the companions their heart's desire for what happened during the "Time of Troubles". He learns it's not as simple as granting wishes and some things have to be earned. After Labelas learns some humility and wisdom, Vartan is finally able to forgive him. The series concludes with Omen lighting the wake of the Realms Master.

Characters

Realm Master Crew

Dwalimor Omen
A mage from the southern lands of Halruaa who is the captain of the Realms Master. Omen seeks out powerful artifacts to safely dispose of them. He meets Vartan and Priam in his search for the Hand of Vaprak. He is a powerful mage, but at times he experiences intense pains when he overly exerts his magical powers. At one point he mentions that he is slowly rotting away. He was once sought out by the Halruaan government for being a traitor.

Minder
A female dwarf whose mind has been transferred into a golem. Her body was altered several times, first when she was rapidly heated by a fire trap set by an ogre mage, then cooled by a cold spell. Her body was shattered by Labelas, and she was later remade into a more "anatomically correct" form. It was first believed that Minder was a human female, but in the Forgotten Realms annual she was revealed to be a dwarf. She's a constant guard to Omen, even going as far to be a nursemaid to him.

Ishi Barasume
An oriental swordswoman who considers her honor to be of utmost importance and resents losing face. Her father died 10 years prior to start the series and she still sends messages to him as burnt offerings. For most of the series she seems to harbor a crush on Priam.

Jasmine
A winged female human who first appears in "Triangles" story arc. She later leaves her current companions to join the Spelljammer crew in the Spelljammer comics.

Vartan Hai Sylvar
An arrogant and sarcastic elven priest. Although he maintains an aloof facade, he does care deeply for his friends.

Priam Agrivar
A human paladin who has a past addiction to alcohol.

Foxilon Cardluck
A thief who has a previous addiction to a hallucinogenic cheese-like substance called "cheeese". In addition, he is an under-appreciated tailor with flamboyant flair and he can make do as a midwife in a pinch.

Other characters
Labelas Enoreth

Labelas is Vartan's deity. During the Time of Troubles he uses Vartan as a host body. He attempts to use the Realm Master and the crew to defeat the god Helm and restore his divinity.

References to Forgotten Realms
Jeff Grubb uses various references to the world of Forgotten Realms, using known characters like Elminster. He uses as Labelas Enoreth one of elven pantheon of gods described in the Forgotten Realms world as Vartan's patron. He sets one of his story arcs, "An Avatar Story", during the Time of Troubles.

References

External links
A complete set of cover images for each issue
In depth summaries of the first 14 issues (and counting)

Dungeons & Dragons comics
Forgotten Realms


Before its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Greater Manchester North was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Ashton-under-Lyne, Bury and Radcliffe, Manchester Gorton, Middleton and Prestwich, Oldham East, Oldham West, Rochdale, and Stalybridge and Hyde.

Members of the European Parliament

Results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Greater Manchester
1979 establishments in England
1984 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1984


is a Buddhist temple in the Eigenji-Takano neighborhood of the city of Higashiōmi, Shiga Prefecture, Japan. It is the head temple of one of the 14 autonomous branches of the Rinzai school of Japanese Zen

History
Eigen-ji was founded in 1361 by  the famous poet and roshi Jakushitsu Genkō under the sponsorship of the shugo of Ōmi Province, Sasaki Ujinori. At its head, the temple had over 2000 priests and 56 chapels on the mountainside. During the Onin War, many priests from the Kyoto Gozan temple sought sanctuary at Eigen-ji; however, the temple burned down in 1492 and again in 1563 and fell into decline afterwards. According to a tradition in Inabe city in Mie Prefecture, a priest from Eigen-ji escaped over the Suzuka Mountains into Ise Province bearing the temple's treasures when the temple was destroyed by Takigawa Kazumasa on orders of Oda Nobunaga in 1570; however, there are no records of such an event at Eigen-ji itself.

During the Edo period, the temple was revived by an abbot named Isshi Bunshu from Myōshin-ji in Kyoto, under the sponsorship of Emperor Go-Mizunoo, his consort Tofukumon-in and Hikone Domain. IN 1873, he joined the Tofuku-ji subject of the Rinzai school, but became an independent branch in 1880.

Present day
Today it is the head temple of the Eigen-ji branch of Rinzai Zen and governs more than 120 temples and one monastery. The temple is a noted spot for hanami in spring, with a variant of the sakura known as the "Eigenji-zakura",  and for viewing of maple leaves in the autumn.

Gallery

See also
 For an explanation of terms concerning Japanese Buddhism, Japanese Buddhist art, and Japanese Buddhist temple architecture, see the Glossary of Japanese Buddhism.
  The 100 Views of Nature in Kansai

References

External links

Shiga-Biwako Tourist Information

Notes

Buddhist temples in Shiga Prefecture
Eigen-ji temples

Higashiōmi


In histopathology, a small-blue-round-cell tumour (abbreviated SBRCT), also known as a small-round-blue-cell tumor (SRBCT) or a small-round-cell tumour (SRCT), is any one of a group of malignant neoplasms that have a characteristic appearance under the microscope, i.e. consisting of small round cells that stain blue on routine H&E stained sections.

These tumors are seen more often in children than in adults. They typically represent undifferentiated cells. The predominance of blue staining is because the cells consist predominantly of nucleus, thus they have scant cytoplasm.

Examples
Tumors that belong to this group are:
 Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumour
 Ewing sarcoma/PNET
 Neuroblastoma
 Medulloblastoma
 Rhabdomyosarcoma
 Synovial sarcoma
 Carcinoid tumor
 Mesothelioma
 Small cell lung cancer
 Wilms' tumour
 Retinoblastoma
 Small-cell lymphoma
 Hepatoblastoma- only the anaplastic form has round blue cells, the more common fetal and embryonal types do not
 Merkel cell carcinoma
 Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma

Conditions mimicking SBRCT

Endometrial stromal condensation may mimic a small-blue-round-cell tumour.

References


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Greater Manchester South was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Cheadle, Manchester Ardwick, Manchester Blackley, Manchester Central, Manchester Moss Side, Manchester Openshaw, Manchester Withington, Manchester Wythenshawe, Stockport North, and Stockport South.

Members of the European Parliament

Results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Greater Manchester
1979 establishments in England
1984 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1984


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Greater Manchester West was one of them.

From 1979 to 1984, it consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Altrincham and Sale, Bolton East, Bolton West, Eccles, Farnworth, Leigh, Salford East, Salford West, and Stretford.  From 1984 to 1994 it consisted of Bolton North East, Bolton South East, Bolton West, Bury North, Bury South, Eccles, Salford East, and Worsley.  From 1994 to 1999 it consisted of Bolton North East, Bolton South East, Bolton West, Bury South, Davyhulme, Eccles, Salford East, and Worsley.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Greater Manchester
1979 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Hampshire West was one of them.

It consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Basingstoke, Eastleigh, New Forest, Salisbury, Southampton Itchen, Southampton Test, and Winchester.

Member of the European Parliament

Results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Hampshire
1979 establishments in England
1984 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1984


Sulby Reservoir is in the English county of Northamptonshire.

Sulby Reservoir is the higher of a pair of reservoirs owned by the Canal & River Trust - the other being Welford Reservoir - that provide water to the summit level of the Grand Union Canal by way of the navigable Welford Arm.

References

External links

Canal reservoirs in England
Reservoirs in Northamptonshire
West Northamptonshire District


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Hereford and Worcester was one of them.

Boundaries
1979-1984: Bromsgrove and Redditch, Hereford, Kidderminster, Leominster, South Worcestershire, West Gloucestershire, Worcester.

1984-1994: Bromsgrove, Hereford, Leominster, Mid Worcestershire, South Worcestershire, West Gloucestershire, Worcester, Wyre Forest.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Herefordshire
Politics of Worcestershire
1979 establishments in England
1994 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1994
Hereford and Worcester


Hertfordshire was a constituency of the European Parliament located in the United Kingdom, electing one Member of the European Parliament by the first-past-the-post electoral system. Created in 1979 for the first elections to the European Parliament, it was abolished in 1999 on the adoption of proportional representation for European elections in the United Kingdom. It was succeeded by the East of England region.

Boundaries

On its creation in 1979, it consisted of the parliamentary constituencies of Hertford and Stevenage, Hertfordshire East, Hertfordshire South, Hertfordshire South West, St Albans, Watford and Welwyn and Hatfield.

After the 1984 boundary changes based on the new UK parliamentary constituencies created in 1983, it consisted of the constituencies of Broxbourne, Hertford and Stortford, Hertsmere, St. Albans, South West Hertfordshire, Watford and Welwyn Hatfield. Stevenage was transferred to Bedfordshire South.

1994 saw further boundary changes and the constituency now consisted of Hertsmere, North Hertfordshire, St. Albans, South West Hertfordshire, Watford, Welwyn Hatfield and West Hertfordshire. Broxbourne as well as Hertford and Stortford were now part of Essex West and Hertfordshire East. North Hertfordshire and West Hertfordshire had previously been part of Bedfordshire South.

The entire area became part of the East of England constituency in 1999.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Hertfordshire
1979 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

Created for the 1979 European Parliament elections in 1979, Highlands and Islands was a single-member constituency formed from the grouping of numerous neighbouring Scottish constituencies of the UK Parliament.

Boundaries
1979–1984: Argyll; Banff; Caithness and Sutherland; Inverness; Moray and Nairn; Orkney and Shetland; Ross and Cromarty; Western Isles

1984–1999: Argyll and Bute; Caithness and Sutherland; Inverness, Nairn and Lochaber; Moray; Orkney and Shetland; Ross, Cromarty and Skye; Western Isles

Members of the European Parliament

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

Politics of Highland (council area)
European Parliament constituencies in Scotland (1979–1999)
1979 establishments in Scotland
1999 disestablishments in Scotland
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


The Ecstatic is the fourth album by American rapper Mos Def, released on June 9, 2009, by the independent record label Downtown Records. After venturing further away from hip hop with an acting career and two poorly received albums, Mos Def signed a recording contract with Downtown and recorded The Ecstatic primarily at the Record Plant in Los Angeles. He worked with producers such as Preservation, Mr. Flash, Oh No, and Madlib, with the latter two reusing instrumentals they had produced on Stones Throw Records. The work of Stones Throw rapper MF Doom was also cited by Mos Def as an influence, while singer Georgia Anne Muldrow, formerly of the record label, performed as one of the album's few guest vocalists, along with rappers Slick Rick and Talib Kweli.

Described by music journalists as a conscious and alternative hip hop record, The Ecstatic features an eccentric, internationalist quality. Mos Def's raps about global politics, love, war, spirituality, and social conditions are informed by the zeitgeist of the late 2000s, Black internationalism, and Pan-Islamic ideas, incorporating a number of Islamic references throughout the album. Its loosely structured, lightly reverbed songs use unconventional time signatures and samples taken from a variety of international musical styles, including Afrobeat, soul, Eurodance, jazz, reggae, Latin, and Middle Eastern music. Mos Def titled the album after one of his favorite novels, Victor LaValle's The Ecstatic (2002), believing its titular phrase evoked his singular musical vision. For the album's front cover, a still from Charles Burnett's 1978 film Killer of Sheep was reproduced in red tint.

The Ecstatic charted at number nine on the Billboard 200 in its first week of release and eventually sold 168,000 copies. Its sales benefited from its presence on Internet blogs and the release of a T-shirt illustrating the record's packaging alongside a label printed with a code redeemable for a free download of the album. To further support the album, Mos Def embarked on an international tour with concerts in North America, Japan, Australia, and the United Kingdom between August 2009 and April 2010. As his DJ on the tour, Preservation began to develop remixes of the album's songs, which he later released on the remix album The REcstatic in 2013.

A widespread critical success, The Ecstatic was viewed as a return to form for Mos Def and one of the best albums from 2009, with reviewers applauding its exuberant musical feel, adventurous creative range, and shrewd lyrical performances. Some publications ranked it among the greatest albums of the 2000s decade, including The Times at number 30. However, it struggled to reach mainstream audiences beyond Mos Def's fan base and led the already disillusioned rapper further away from the music industry, resulting in less recorded work from him over subsequent years.

Background
By the mid 2000s, Mos Def had established himself as one of hip hop music's leading auteurs with records that sold millions of copies while realizing a pan-African worldview, although the rapper grew increasingly wary of the music industry. In 2006, his third album True Magic was released haphazardly by Geffen Records to fulfill a contractual obligation while he was devoting more time to his acting career. The quality of the album, along with his repeated ventures away from recording hip hop, left "some fans wondering if Mos Def's acting accomplishments were finally affecting his music", PopMatters critic Quentin B. Huff chronicles. Speaking with Spank Rock for Interview magazine, Mos Def expressed a jadedness with the commodifying aspect of the hip hop industry and elucidated his artistic goals at the time:

After his tenure on Geffen ended, Mos Def signed a record deal with the independent label Downtown Records and proceeded to record The Ecstatic as his first album for the label.

Recording and production

Mos Def recorded most of the album in sessions at the Record Plant in Los Angeles. The songs "Twilight Speedball", "No Hay Nada Mas", and "Roses" were partially recorded at Hovercraft Studios in Virginia Beach, Someothaship Connect in Los Angeles, and New York City's Downtown Music Studios. He worked with producers Mr. Flash, Oh No, Madlib, and Preservation, who previously produced some of True Magics songs. For The Ecstatic, Oh No reused some of his productions from his 2007 album Dr. No's Oxperiment, while Madlib incorporated samples from his Beat Konducta in India (2007) record. For "Life in Marvelous Times", Mr. Flash reused the beat from "Champions" – his 2006 collaboration with the French hip hop group TTC – while "History" used a beat produced by J Dilla before his death.

With Preservation, Mos Def produced "Casa Bey" after a 2006 trip to Rio de Janeiro, where local rapper MV Bill introduced him to the music of Banda Black Rio. Mos Def and Preservation altered one of the band's songs – "Casa Forte", an instrumental featuring their characteristic blend of funk, jazz, soul, and Brazilian rhythms – and used it as the beat. The original song title – meaning "strong house" in Portuguese – was changed to "Casa Bey"; Bey was Mos Def's family surname. According to him, he tried to enlist rappers Jay Electronica, Black Thought, and Trugoy for the song, but they all found it too difficult to rap over the instrumental.

The recording sessions featured collaborations with singer Georgia Anne Muldrow and rappers Slick Rick and Talib Kweli – Mos Def's partner in the rap duo Black Star. Muldrow sang and played piano on "Roses", which she originally wrote and recorded in 2008 for her album Umsindo (2009). She said Mos Def "borrowed" the song for The Ecstatic after they met through a mutual friend. "They came over one day and started playing 'Roses.' He was singing the song and knew it. He said 'I wanna grab that.' I said, 'Man, I already got this as a single'. He just wanted that song. He snatched it up real quick", she recalled in laughter.

Along with Madlib, Oh No, and J Dilla, Muldrow had been an affiliate of Stones Throw Records; according to journalist Nathan Rabin, they collectively produced half of the album, lending its sound a "sympathetic" quality. During the recording, Mos Def was also influenced by fellow rapper MF Doom, at one point improvising raps from the latter's 2004 album Mm..Food while in the studio. "He rhymes as weird as I feel", he said of Doom, citing his Madlib collaboration Madvillainy (2004) as well. With The Ecstatic, Mos Def said he wanted to offer listeners sincere, uninhibited observations about life and love, "some truth and positive heart lift", without the need for club songs. "No disrespect to [the club]".

Music and lyrics

The Ecstatic covers an international range of styles in a very loose and extemporaneous manner, held together by what Rabin describes as "a lyrical and sonic fascination with life beyond the Western World". According to Robert Christgau, the songs average two-and-a-half minutes and segue into one another without resolution, giving it the feel of a globally influenced hip hop mixtape "with poles in Brooklyn and Beirut". The music reflects Mos Def's varied interests in jazz, poetry, Eastern rhythms, psychedelia, Spanish music, and the blues. The tracks on the first half are, as The Observers Ben Thompson describes, "predominantly Eastward-looking", while the second half indulges more in Latin and reggae influences. Other sounds sampled or explored include Afrobeat ("Quiet Dog Bite Hard"), Eurodance ("Life in Marvelous Times"), Bollywood ("Supermagic"), and Philadelphia soul. "Supermagic" also draws on elements from Turkish acid rock and Mary Poppins, while on "No Hay Nada Mas", Mos Def sings and raps in Spanish over a flamenco-influenced production. He sings elsewhere on the album, often breaking into sing-song vamps during his raps. Along with his singing, the often sample-based music is unconventional in its use of what Preservation calls unusual time signatures and "awkward" breakdowns.

According to The Independents Simmy Richman, The Ecstatics Eastern-influenced musical backdrop is reflective of Mos Def's "post-War on Terror" themes. Richman calls it a conscious rap record, and No Ripcords Ryan Faughnder regards it as "socially conscious alternative hip-hop". African-American studies and media scholar Sohail Daulatzai believes the album is informed by Black internationalist politics and Pan-Islamic ideas, while State magazine's Niall Byrne says it explores the theme of international relations on songs such as the Middle Eastern-influenced "The Embassy" and "Auditorium", which features an Iraq-themed guest rap by Slick Rick. On "The Embassy", Mos Def raps from the perspective of an outsider about the lifestyle of an ambassador at a luxury hotel, while the opening song "Supermagic" critiques government treatment of minority groups. Mos Def incorporates a number of Islamic references throughout the album, including samples of American Muslim activist Malcolm X, Turkish protest singer Selda Bağcan, and an Arab-language scene from the 1966 film The Battle of Algiers; additionally, the track "Wahid" is titled after the Arabic word for "oneness".

As on Mos Def's other albums, he speaks a dedication to God in Arabic ("Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Raheem") at the start of The Ecstatic. This leads into "Supermagic" and its opening sample of Malcolm X's 1964 speech at Oxford Union. The sample prefaces the album's "small-globe statement", as Pitchfork journalist Nate Patrin explains, saying it indicates that Mos Def has "a stake in something greater than just one corner of the rap world". Alex Young from Consequence of Sound believes the speech introduces "a political album encompassing global beats and viewpoints". According to The Washington Post critic Allison Stewart, Mos Def seems equally interested in the Obama-era zeitgeist as in accounts of the past, such as the early-1980s Bedford–Stuyvesant setting of "Life in Marvelous Times". Young deems the song anthemic for "a seemingly paradoxical age that routinely sees events such as a Black man being elected president of a nation wallowing in racial inequality". From Christgau's perspective, Mos Def offers a credo in the lyrics: "More of less than ever before / It's just too much more for your mind to absorb / It's scary like hell, but there's no doubt / We can't be alive in no time but now".

Throughout The Ecstatic, Mos Def alternates between what AllMusic's Andy Kellman calls nonsensical yet intellectual raps and "seemingly nonchalant, off-the-cuff boasts", set against eccentric, lightly reverbed productions. According to The Guardians Paul MacInnes, The Ecstatic features his characteristically "fragmented lyrical style, which loops words within phrases and plays on sound as much as meaning". "Auditorium" showcases his "complex and convoluted" lyricism delivered closely in rhythm with the beat, Patrin says, citing the lines "soul is the lion's roar, voice is the siren / I swing 'round, wring out and bring down the tyrant / chop a small axe and knock a giant lopsided". He explores Afrocentric themes on "Revelations" and compares love to a gunfight on "Pistola". On "Roses", Muldrow sings nature-friendly lyrics about drawing flowers in times of sadness rather than plucking them from the ground. "Roses is about creativity and human capacity", she explains. "A lot of times Western society makes [women] base our sense of worth on 'diamonds are forever' or 'a dozen roses' and that's how you prove your love to somebody… but you receive so many gifts and still feel empty. So draw them and let the roses come from inside."

Title and packaging

The Ecstatic was titled after Victor LaValle's 2002 dark humor novel. One of Mos Def's favorite novels, it was written about an overweight college dropout who fell into mental illness while living with his eccentric family in Queens, New York. According to Mos Def, the phrase "the ecstatic" was "used in the 17th and 18th centuries to describe people who were either mad or divinely inspired and consequently dismissed as kooks". The phrase resonated with him, as he believed no one else in hip hop had ever recorded an album like The Ecstatic. "I feel like I was the only person who was capable of making this type of music in this type of way", he claimed. "I don't rap like nobody, I don't try to sound like nobody." He said "the ecstatic" also refers to "a type of devotional energy, an impossible dream that becomes reality but is discredited before it's realized. The airplane, a nutty idea. The telephone, the Internet. People who envisioned those were considered radical or extreme."

The Ecstatic was packaged with few liner notes and a two-sheet booklet featuring a photo of Mos Def taken using the Photo Booth software application. The front cover photo reproduced a still in red tint from Killer of Sheep, a low-budget 1978 film by Charles Burnett about African-American life in 1970s Watts, Los Angeles. According to Dale Eisinger from Complex, the "subtle and still-moving" photo reflects the ideas of cultural justice and global inequality present throughout Mos Def's career while capturing the "sonic construction" of The Ecstatics music. "The cover has hazy, dream-like movement", Eisinger said, "appearing as a non-narrative, loose collection of vignettes that are tangentially fascinating and incredibly powerful." For the back cover, a 1928 photo of the Moorish Science Temple gathering in Chicago was used, which Daulatzai interpreted as another element of Mos Def's "Pan-Islamic mashup" on the album.

Marketing and sales

The Ecstatic was released by Downtown on June 9, 2009. In its first week, the album sold 39,000 copies and debuted at number nine on the Billboard 200, becoming the second record of Mos Def's career to reach the top 10 on the chart. The following week, he became the first recording artist to endorse the Original Music Tee, a T-shirt featuring the album cover on the front, the track listing on the back, and a tag with a code to download an MP3 copy of the record. The marketing strategy led to enough sales that Billboard factored the T-shirts as album units on the magazine's music charts. The Ecstatic also benefited from the number of mentions it received on Internet blog posts, which peaked during the week of June 29. The album reached 168,000 copies sold in March 2014.

Three singles were released to promote the album: "Life in Marvelous Times" on November 4, 2008; "Quiet Dog Bite Hard" on January 13, 2009; and "Casa Bey" on May 26. According to Charles Aaron, "Life in Marvelous Times" was the "most powerful and accessible song" Mos Def had ever recorded, but it could not even manage to receive airplay on radio stations in his native New York. "If [it] can't get on the radio, then I don't need to be on the radio", the rapper said in August, expressing a wavering interest in reaching mainstream audiences.

Mos Def supported the album further with an international tour, which began its North American leg in early August 2009. This stretch of concerts spanned a number of US and Canadian cities, including Chicago, Miami, Washington D.C., Miami, Portland, Calgary, and Vancouver. Jay Electronica performed as his opening act, and certain shows were co-headlined with Kweli and singer Erykah Badu. The leg concluded on October 3 with an evening performance slot at the Austin City Limits Music Festival. Mos Def continued touring into the following year, playing a series of concerts in Japan during late 2009, which were documented in an episode of the Current TV series Embedded. This was followed by his first headlining tour of Australia in January 2010 and a short series of April concerts in the United Kingdom.

Critical reception

The Ecstatic was met with widespread critical acclaim. After two poorly received records by Mos Def, it was viewed by critics as a return to the form of his 1999 debut album Black on Both Sides, earning some of the best reviews of his career. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from professional publications, The Ecstatic received an average score of 81, based on 28 reviews. Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave it 7.7 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.

In The New Yorker, The Ecstatic was hailed as Mos Def's "most conceptually knotty and ambitious work", while Aaron wrote in Spin that the "internationalist return to form" is also "perhaps his liveliest work". For The Irish Times, Jim Carroll said the rapper has not performed this engagingly or skillfully since his career beginnings, highlighting especially "Supermagic" and "Life in Marvelous Times". Mick Middles from The Quietus appraised it as "the joyful sound of a rampant artist, unrestrained by expectation or commercialism", with free-flowing music that escapes the boundaries his previous albums had merely pushed. Ben Thompson, in The Observer, believed the diverse range of samples make it "a crate-digger's wet dream" and "a thrillingly accessible demonstration of hip-hop's limitless creative possibilities" to a layperson. Writing for MSN Music, Christgau felt the songs are "devoid of hooks but full of sounds you want to hear again", along with "thoughtfully slurred" yet intelligible lyrics by Mos Def, whose creative vision warrants the introductory Malcolm X sample. In the opinion of Times Josh Tyrangiel, his political meditations may not appeal to conservatives but are rich in "the rhythm, exuberance and wit Mos Def showed on his early records". Steve Jones of USA Today said his reflections on politics, love, religion, and societal conditions are full of insight and sincerity while calling the album his strongest effort.

Some reviewers were less impressed. Rolling Stone critic Christian Hoard found the quality of the songs inconsistent, while Slant Magazines Eric Henderon claimed much of the music lacks song structure and "careen[s] wildly, free from the constraints of chorus and verse". Margaret Wappler evaluated the record with qualified praise in the Los Angeles Times, saying it "mostly lives up to its giddy name" but wanes occasionally while the artful samples may challenge listeners at first.

At the end of 2009, The Ecstatic was named one of the year's 10 best albums. It was ranked 30th by The Guardian, 24th by Q, 23rd by Slant Magazine, 17th by Rolling Stone, 16th by Sputnikmusic, 15th by PopMatters, 12th by Spex, 10th by Relevant, 7th by Spin, and 3rd by eMusic; About.com and BBC Music both named it the year's best rap record. In The Village Voices Pazz & Jop – an annual poll of American critics nationwide – The Ecstatic was voted the 11th best album of 2009. Christgau, the poll's creator, ranked it 12th on his own year-end list for The Barnes & Noble Review. The Times placed it at number 30 on the newspaper's decade-end list of the 100 greatest records from the 2000s. It finished at numbers 27 and 155 on similar lists published by Rhapsody and Rock's Backpages, respectively. The Ecstatic also earned Mos Def nominations for the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards (2010) in the categories of Best Rap Album and Best Rap Solo Performance (for "Casa Bey"). However, he lost in both categories to Eminem's Relapse (2009) and Jay-Z's "D.O.A. (Death of Auto-Tune)" (2009), respectively.

Photo exhibition
Between January 30 and February 6, 2010, the HVW8 Art & Design Gallery in Los Angeles held an exclusive one-week exhibition titled "Mos Def: Ecstatic Moments – Photographs". It showcased a collection of photos taken by Cognito – a longtime hip hop documentarian and colleague of Mos Def – capturing the rapper during the two years spent making and promoting The Ecstatic. Included in the exhibition were candid photographs of him in the studio with the album's producers, and photos of his experiences visiting and touring locations around the world, including the Cape of Good Hope and São Paulo. A series of "posse shots" taken at the end of concerts from the American tour were also displayed, showing the rapper with Jay Electronica, Kweli, Badu, and musician Shuggie Otis, who made an unexpected appearance during the tour.

The timing of the exhibition was meant to capitalize on Mos Def's two nominations for the Grammy Awards, which were being held that week. "I thought it was a perfect time to honor his presence while he's here", Cognito explained. "We've had a lot of our greats pass away in the past couple of years, be it Dilla or Bataan [sic], or whoever, and now everybody wants to talk 'Dilla Dilla Dilla' or whatever, but you weren't saying that while he was alive. Let's praise our heroes while they're alive."

Remix album

While on tour as Mos Def's in-concert DJ, Preservation began to remix some of The Ecstatics songs for their live routine. He challenged himself to remix the rest of the album as The REcstatic, taking more than a year and working with Jan Fairchild – the original record's mixing engineer. Preservation revisited sources for the original beats to find similar recordings that would correspond to each song's particular aesthetic while preserving Mos Def's vocals for the remixes. He wanted them to be sample-based and consistent in key, pitch, and tone to the original album, which he found difficult to achieve because of its unorthodox instrumentals and singing. "It's the result of countless hours of digging through records to sample", he recalled. "Constructing the beat, wrapping it around the vocal, adjusting the tempo, and so on". "Black Fantastic" – an outtake produced by Minnesota during The Ecstatics recording – replaced "Casa Bey" in the final track listing, as Preservation had found the tempo and structure of the original song too difficult to make a satisfactory remix.

The REcstatic was released as a free download on June 12, 2013, by Preservation's imprint label, Mon Dieu Music. Reviewing the remix album in Tiny Mix Tapes, Samuel Diamond said the rapturous energy of the original record was given a "slightly rougher texture" on what he deemed "a respectful contribution to the canon of remix-based art, something that can be said for very few modern rap 'remixes'".

Aftermath and legacy

Despite The Ecstatics success with fans and critics, Mos Def remained disillusioned with the music industry and "moved on creatively", according to Yardbarker journalist Evan Sawdey. Changing his name to Yasiin Bey, the rapper recorded sporadically during the 2010s, appearing on songs by other hip hop artists such as ASAP Rocky, Ski Beatz, Currensy, and Kanye West. Meanwhile, he received media coverage for largely nonmusical ventures and incidents, including a torture reenactment filmed in protest of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp and an illegal residence in Cape Town, South Africa, where he was detained for almost one year after trying to leave the country using a World Passport. In 2013, Beats Per Minute named The Ecstatic as the 112th best album of the past five years. Based on such rankings, the aggregate website Acclaimed Music lists it as the 25th most critically acclaimed album from 2009 and the 269th most from the 2000s decade.

In 2015, the rapper went to London for recording sessions that would produce his next album Negus, using raps he had written during the previous few years. The following year, he announced on West's website that he was retiring from both the music and film industries, although he promised a few more collaborative recordings and one more solo album. Despite the 2016 Ferrari Sheppard collaboration December 99th, Albumism writer Jesse Ducker regards The Ecstatic as his "last hurrah" and "the last album I acknowledge that he released", as well as a reminder "that when [he] gives a shit, he's still as good as anyone at recording music." Ducker adds that its music should have won both Grammy Awards for which it was nominated in 2010.

After private presentations at art fairs in Morocco, Dubai, and Hong Kong, the rapper's next work Negus in Natural Person (or simply Negus) premiered to the public on November 15, 2019, as a "listening installation" at the Brooklyn Museum in New York. Billed as an homage to public figures who "led noble lives" such as Prince Alemayehu, Henrietta Lacks, and Nipsey Hussle, the exhibit was open for 10 weeks and featured the 28-minute musical album playable with on-ear wireless headphones given to attendees, alongside a visual artwork installation designed by the rapper, José Parlá, Julie Mehretu, and Ala Ebtekar. However, the album went unreleased outside of the exhibit, which itself was largely ignored by the hip hop community. That same month, Vibe reported that The Ecstatic had been withdrawn from streaming services. "The ownership of that album has come out of the hands of the corporation that owned it, previously. That's why it's not there anymore", the rapper explained. "But there's still opportunities for people to hear it in other mediums, and the team is putting those things together." William E. Ketchum III, the Vibe journalist who interviewed him, names The Ecstatic as his favorite album from the rapper.

Track listing
Credits are adapted from Downtown Music.

Sample credits
 "Supermagic" contains a sample of "Ince Ince" by Selda Bağcan.
 "Priority" contains elements from "Flower" by Bobby Hebb.
 "Quiet Dog Bite Hard" contains portions of an interview with Fela Kuti from the documentary film Music Is the Weapon.
 "The Embassy" contains a sample of "The Joy of Lina" by Ihsan al Munzer.
 "Pistola" contains elements from "In the Rain" by Billy Wooten.
 "Workers Comp." contains a sample of "If This World Were Mine" by Marvin Gaye.
 "Revelations" contains portions of "Colours" by Michael Drake.
 "History" contains a sample of "Two Lovers History" by Mary Wells.
 "Casa Bey" contains a sample of "Casa Forte" by Banda Black Rio.

Personnel
Credits are adapted from Downtown Music.

 Fernando Aponte – engineering
 Danny Betancourt – engineering
 Josh Blair – additional vocal engineering
 Matt De Sando – additional vocal engineering
 Sayyd Droullard – additional engineering
 Jan Fairchild – engineering, mixing
 Josh Grant – additional engineering
 Bernie Grundman – mastering
 Zach Hancock – additional engineering
 Myron Kingsbury – assistant engineering
 Talib Kweli – vocals
 Georgia Anne Muldrow – engineering, piano, production, vocals
 The Neptunes – production
 Madlib – production
 Mos Def – arrangement, production, vocals
 Mr. Flash – production
 Oh No – production
 Preservation – arrangement, production
 Slick Rick – vocals
 Ben Yonas – additional vocal engineering

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

See also
 2009 in hip hop music
 Madlib discography
 Mos Def discography
 Progressive rap

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links
 The Ecstatic (Adobe Flash) at Myspace (streamed copy where licensed)

 The REcstatic at Discogs
 The REcstatic (Adobe Flash) at HotNewHipHop (streamed copy where licensed)

2009 albums
Albums produced by J Dilla
Albums produced by Madlib
Albums produced by Oh No (musician)
Albums produced by the Neptunes
Downtown Records albums
Mos Def albums
Political hip hop albums


Humberside was a European Parliament constituency, covering most of the former Humberside district of England.

Before its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

In 1999, the constituency became part of the much larger Yorkshire and the Humber constituency.

Boundaries
1979-1984: Bridlington; Brigg and Scunthorpe; Haltemprice; Howden; Kingston upon Hull Central; Kingston upon Hull East; Kingston upon Hull West.

1984-1994: Beverley; Bridlington; Brigg and Cleethorpes; Great Grimsby; Kingston upon Hull East; Kingston upon Hull North; Kingston upon Hull West.

1994-1999: Beverley; Boothferry; Bridlington; Glanford and Scunthorpe; Kingston upon Hull East; Kingston upon Hull North; Kingston upon Hull West.

Members of the European Parliament

Results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Lincolnshire
Politics of the East Riding of Yorkshire
Humberside
1979 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each. The constituency of Kent East was one of them.

Boundaries
1979-1984: Ashford; Canterbury; Dover and Deal; Faversham; Folkestone and Hythe; Maidstone; Thanet East; Thanet West.

1984-1994: Ashford; Canterbury; Dover; Faversham; Folkestone and Hythe; Maidstone; Thanet North; Thanet South.

1994-1999: Ashford; Canterbury; Dover; Faversham; Folkestone and Hythe; Thanet North; Thanet South.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Kent
1979 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Jean-François-Albert du Pouget, Marquis de Nadaillac (16 July 1818, in London – 1 October 1904, in Rougemont, Cloyes-sur-le-Loir) was a French anthropologist and palaeontologist.

The scion of an old French family, he devoted his earlier years to public affairs, and served in 1871 and 1877 respectively as Préfet of the Departments of Basses-Pyrénées and Indre-et-Loire. On completing his term of office he retired into private life and devoted himself to scientific research, chiefly in the lines of palæontology and anthropology, giving particular attention to American questions, upon which he was a leading authority. He had much to do with the exploration of the caves of southern France, being especially interested in cave drawings. He studied deeply the relation of science to faith, and was an earnest Catholic. He died at his ancestral chateau of Rougemont, near Cloyes, Department of Eure-et-Loir. He was a member of learned societies in every part of the world, including several in the United States, and he held decorations from half a dozen governments, besides being a chevalier of the Légion d'honneur. He was also a correspondent of the Institut de France. In 1886, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society.

Published works
On Prehistoric America (in French), published in Paris in 1883, and in English in New York in 1884.
Tertiary Man (1885)
Decline of the Birthrate in France (1886)
The Glacial Epoch (1886)
Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples (Paris, 1888)
Origin and Development of Life upon the Globe (1888)
Prehistoric Discoveries and Christian Beliefs (1889)
Most Ancient Traces of Man in America (1890)
The First Population of Europe (1890)
The National Peril (1890)
The Progress of Anthropology (1891)
Intelligence and Instinct (1892)
The Depopulation of France (1892)
The Lacustrine Population of Europe (1894)
Faith and Science (1895)
Evolution and Dogma (1896)
Unity of the Human Species (1897)
Man and the Ape (1898)
Painted or Incised Figures...of Prehistoric Caverns (1904)

Most of these appeared first either in the journal of the Institut de France or in the Revue des Questions Scientifiques of Louvain and Brussels.

References

 The entry cites:
GAUDRY, in L'Anthropologie, XV, No. 5 (Paris, Sept., 1904);

External links

THE ANTEDILUVIANS.; PREHISTORIC AMERICA. By the MARQUIS DE NADAILLAC in the New York Times
Full text of Manners and Monuments of Prehistoric Peoples

Scientists from London
1818 births
1904 deaths
French paleontologists
French anthropologists
Prefects of Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Prefects of Indre-et-Loire
Knights of the Legion of Honour
Members of the American Philosophical Society


The 38th Vuelta a España (Tour of Spain), a long-distance bicycle stage race and one of the three grand tours, was held from 19 April to 8 May 1983. It consisted of 19 stages covering a total of , and was won by Bernard Hinault of the Renault–Elf–Gitane cycling team.
The foreign favourites for the race included Bernard Hinault who had won the Vuelta once before in 1978 and World Champion Giuseppe Saronni. The Spanish favourites for the race included the de facto defending champion Marino Lejarreta, Julián Gorospe and Alberto Fernández.

Hinault took the leadership of the race after the fifth stage only to lose it the following day to Lejarreta. Lejarreta then won the stage 8  mountain time trial and increased his lead over Hinault. On the stage from Zaragoza to Soria that was won by Saronni, Lejarreta had a fall and lost the jersey to Gorospe. Fernández took the leadership the following day. Lejarreta came back and won the stage 13 to Lagos de Covadonga. However Fernández kept the leader's jersey. On the following stage Álvaro Pino took the jersey and wore it for two days. Hinault won the individual time trial but did not win by enough time to take the jersey which passed again to Gorospe. Two days later Hinault's pace on the climb to Puerto de Serranillos was too hot for his opponents and he won the stage in Ávila and took back the leader's jersey to win his second Vuelta and his eighth grand tour with Lejarreta second and Fernández in third. The great battle waged between Hinault and the Spanish riders has led to the 1983 race being described as its most spectacular edition. In addition to this the start list for the 1983 Renault team at the Vuelta included Hinault, Greg LeMond and Laurent Fignon, the only time they rode on the same team in a Grand Tour.

This victory proved costly for Hinault however, as due to a recurrent tendinitis issue that had developed in his knee, which he greatly aggravated on the climb to Puerto de Serranillos, Hinault was unable to ride in that year's Tour, where Fignon took over Team Renault.

Teams and riders

Route

Results

Final General Classification

References

1983 in road cycling
1983
1983 in Spanish sport
April 1983 sports events in Europe
May 1983 sports events in Europe
1983 Super Prestige Pernod


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each. The constituency of Kent West was one of them.

Boundaries
1979–1984: Dartford; East Surrey; Gillingham; Gravesend; Rochester and Chatham; Royal Tunbridge Wells; Sevenoaks; Tonbridge and Malling.

1984–1994: Dartford; Gillingham; Gravesham; Medway; Mid Kent; Sevenoaks; Tonbridge and Malling; Tunbridge Wells.

1994–1999: Dartford; Gillingham; Gravesham; Maidstone; Medway; Mid Kent; Tonbridge and Malling.

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Kent
1979 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

Created for the 1979 European Parliament elections in 1979, Lancashire Central was a single-member constituency formed from the grouping of numerous neighbouring UK Parliament constituencies.

Boundaries
1979–1984: Blackpool North, Blackpool South, Chorley, Fylde South, Preston North, Preston South, Westhoughton, Wigan
1984–1994: Blackpool North, Blackpool South, Chorley, Fylde, Preston, Ribble Valley, South Ribble, West Lancashire
1994–1999: Blackpool North, Blackpool South, Burnley, Fylde, Pendle, Preston, Ribble Valley, Wyre

Members of the European Parliament

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Lancashire
1979 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Lancashire East was one of them.

Boundaries
1979-1984: Accrington, Blackburn, Burnley, Clitheroe, Darwen, Heywood and Royton, Nelson and Colne, Rossendale
1984-1994: Blackburn, Burnley, Heywood and Middleton, Hyndburn, Littleborough and Saddleworth, Pendle, Rochdale, Rossendale and Darwen

MEPs

Election results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Lancashire
1979 establishments in England
1994 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1994


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Lancashire West was one of them.

When it was created in England in 1979, it consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Crosby, Huyton, Ince, Ormskirk, St Helens, Southport, Widnes.

Member of the European Parliament

Results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Lancashire
1979 establishments in England
1984 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1984


The Mitchigan River is a  stream in the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. It flows into the Fence River at  in northeast Iron County in Mansfield Township. The Fence River is a tributary of the Michigamme River, which is itself a tributary to the Menominee River, flowing to Lake Michigan. The Mitchigan River has its source in the southeast corner of Baraga County at . It flows mostly southward along the boundary between Iron and Marquette counties, crossing briefly into western Marquette County.

Named tributaries from the mouth include:
Outflow from Little Chief Lake in Marquette County
Outflow from Chief Lake in Marquette County
Outflow from Springhole Lake in Marquette County
Outflow from Bullhead Lake in Marquette County
West Branch Mitchigan River, which rises at  in southeast Baraga County
Leonard Creek, which rises in northeast Iron County at

References

Rivers of Michigan
Rivers of Iron County, Michigan
Rivers of Baraga County, Michigan
Rivers of Marquette County, Michigan
Tributaries of Lake Michigan


Leeds was a European Parliament constituency, centred on Leeds in the West Yorkshire area of England.

Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

When it was created in England in 1979, it consisted of the Westminster Parliament constituencies of Batley and Morley, Leeds East, Leeds North East, Leeds North West, Leeds South, Leeds South East, Leeds West and Pudsey.  In 1984, Batley and Morley, Leeds South and Leeds South West were replaced by Elmet, Leeds Central and Morley and Leeds South.

In 1999, the constituency became part of the much larger Yorkshire and the Humber constituency.

Members of the European Parliament

Results

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Leeds
History of Leeds
Political history of Yorkshire
1979 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Prior to its uniform adoption of proportional representation in 1999, the United Kingdom used first-past-the-post for the European elections in England, Scotland and Wales. The European Parliament constituencies used under that system were smaller than the later regional constituencies and only had one Member of the European Parliament each.

The constituency of Leicester was one of them.

Boundaries
1979-1984: Carlton, Leicester East, Leicester South, Leicester West, Melton, Newark, Rushcliffe.

1984-1994: Bosworth, Leicester East, Leicester South, Leicester West, Loughborough, North Warwickshire, Nuneaton, Rutland and Melton.

1994-1999: Harborough, Leicester East, Leicester South, Leicester West, Loughborough, Rutland and Melton, Stamford and Spalding.

Members of the European Parliament

Elections

References

External links
 David Boothroyd's United Kingdom Election Results

European Parliament constituencies in England (1979–1999)
Politics of Leicester
1979 establishments in England
1999 disestablishments in England
Constituencies established in 1979
Constituencies disestablished in 1999


Oliver Guy-Watkins (born 6 October 1979) is a British film director, writer and artist.

Background

Oliver Guy-Watkins was born in Stroud, Gloucestershire, England. He studied a Masters in Fine Art at Central St Martins School of Art in London,

Film

In 2014 Oliver Guy-Watkins completed an experimental feature length film called Always In The Present which screened at St Albans Film Festival.

In 2018, Guy-Watkins' first documentary was completed, focussing on artist Martin Firrell as he sought to investigate gender representation in the UK to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the Sexual Offences Act. The film was called Overthrow The Social Order and was part of the media library at Visions Du Reel Festival in Switzerland as well as screening on Sky Arts in New Zealand

The following year another documentary called Goodnight London was released, looking at the effects of gentrification in the city, as opposed to necessary regeneration. The film premiered at All Points East Festival as well as screening at The Punk Film Festival in Berlin, Byline Festival and Brighton Rocks where it won Best Feature Documentary.

In 2020 work was completed on Guy-Watkins' third documentary Who Is James Payton? This film won Best Documentary feature at the South London Film Festival, although it did not screen due to Coronavirus restrictions.

Writer

A collection of essays entitled Points of Trauma : A Consideration of the Influence Personal and Collective Trauma has on Contemporary Art, was released in 2018.

Guy-Watkins has written for a number of magazines and held the post of UK Editor for Big Shot Magazine from June 2007 until 2009.

Art

In 2007 Guy-Watkins curated the Ruhe Bewahren exhibition in Tacheles, Berlin.

Guy-Watkins began work on a video work in 2007 entitled 'Postcard To Brooke', a project based around the poem Doubts by English poet Rupert Brooke. The work involved the filming of individuals reading the verse to camera, those who contributed included Nobel Prize–winning poet Seamus Heaney, artists Patrick Brill (Bob And Roberta Smith), Adham Faramawy, Marc Horowitz and Jessica Voorsanger, Mary Archer, comedians Mark Thomas, Tony Allen, Dylan Moran, John Seagrave, , Angus Lindsay and authors Patrick McCabe, Victoria Mary Clarke, Damian Barr and Ciarán Carson, as well as the poet laureate of Vancouver George McWhirter. During the period of March to September 2008, Guy-Watkins filmed these and over two hundred and fifty other individuals for the quest.

Postcard To Brooke was exhibited in 2008 at The Art Car Boot Fair, on Brick Lane, London; Miss Micks in Berlin, Gloucester Guildhall and The Flat Lake Festival,  Clones, Co. Monaghan, Ireland.

In March 2008, Guy-Watkins was enlisted by American artist Marc Horowitz to assist in the writing and guest booking of 'The Me And You Show', an interactive exhibition, broadcast live on the internet from The Hayward Gallery in London.

References

1979 births
Living people
British writers
People educated at Beaudesert Park School
People from Gloucestershire