The Society for Industrial Archeology (SIA) is a North American nonprofit organization dedicated to studying and preserving historic industrial sites, structures and equipment. It was founded in 1971 in Washington, D.C., and its members are primarily from the United States and Canada, although there is some crossover with similar industrial archaeology organizations in the United Kingdom. SIA's headquarters is currently located in the Department of Social Sciences at Michigan Technological University in Houghton, Michigan. In addition to the national organization, there are thirteen regional chapters throughout the United States.

Activities
Since its founding in October 1971, SIA members have gathered at an annual conference, which also serves as the annual business meeting required by its bylaws. The annual conference is typically held each spring. The Fall Tour, a second annual gathering usually held in September or October, began in 1972. Both annual events feature visits to local industrial sites, both active and historical.  The conference additionally includes a day of paper sessions.  Industrial heritage study tours to other countries began in 1990 and occur on an irregular schedule.

SIA produces two official publications, the formal, peer-reviewed IA, The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology twice a year and the less formal quarterly Society for Industrial Archeology Newsletter (SIAN).  The annual conference is typically accompanied by a custom guidebook profiling local industrial and cultural sites.  In addition, SIA produces occasional publications on special topics.

Newsletter
The Society for Industrial Archeology Newsletter (SIAN) (ISSN ) is the Society's official newsletter, published quarterly. SIAN publishes articles about recent events, summaries of the Society's annual conferences and fall tours, news about local chapters, brief abstracts of articles on industrial archeology-related subjects, and other notes and queries.

The first issue of SIAN was published in January 1972 and reported on the Society's founding. Volumes 1 through 9 consisted of six issues per calendar year, not including two special supplemental issues published in 1972. The current quarterly publication schedule with Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall issues began with Volume 10 in 1981.

See also
Industrial archaeology
Historic American Engineering Record
The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage

References

External links

Archaeological organizations
History organizations based in the United States
Industrial archaeology
Non-profit organizations based in Michigan
Organizations established in 1971


Shadow bands are thin, wavy lines of alternating light and dark that can be seen moving and undulating in parallel on plain-coloured surfaces immediately before and after a total solar eclipse. They are caused by the refraction by Earth's atmospheric turbulence of the solar crescent as it thins to a narrow slit, which increasingly collimates the light reaching Earth in the minute just before and after totality.

The shadows' detailed structure is due to random patterns of fine air turbulence that refract the collimated sunlight arriving from the narrow eclipse crescent.

The bands' rapid sliding motion is due to shifting air currents combined with the angular motion of the Sun projecting through higher altitudes.  The degree of collimation in the light gradually increases as the crescent thins, until the solar disk is completely covered and the eclipse is total.

Stars twinkle for the same reason. They are so far from Earth that they appear as point sources of light easily disturbed by Earth's atmospheric turbulence which acts like lenses and prisms diverting the light's path. Viewed toward the collimated light of a star, the shadows bands from atmospheric refraction pass over the eye.

History

 In the 9th century CE, shadow bands during a total solar eclipse were described for the first time – in the Völuspá, part of the old Icelandic poetic edda.
 In 1820, Hermann Goldschmidt of Germany noted shadow bands visible just before and after totality at some eclipses.

 In 1842, George B. Airy, the English astronomer royal, saw his first total eclipse of the Sun. He recalled shadow bands as one of the highlights: "As the totality approached, a strange fluctuation of light was seen upon the walls and the ground, so striking that in some places children ran after it and tried to catch it with their hands."

 In 1905, Catherine Octavia Stevens observed shadow bands at the start of the total eclipse of August 30 at Cas Català, Majorca. "As to the character of their appearance and mode of progression, it was observed that they swept along with a flight that was at once rapid and orderly, there was no confusion of the wavy lines with one another, but all bore along in one and the same direction in parallel formation, traversing the ground as water-wave reflections may be seen to do on the under surface of a boat, only that there seemed in the case of the shadow-bands to be a more distinct expression of a forward movement." Clouds prevent observations after totality.

 In 2008, British astrophysicist Stuart Eves speculated that shadow bands might be an effect of infrasound, which involves the shadow of the Moon travelling at supersonic speed and inducing an atmospheric shock wave. However, astronomy professor Barrie Jones, an expert on shadow bands, stated, "The [accepted] theory works; there's no need to seek an alternative."

References

Light
Solar eclipses


Heimweg  (English: "The Way Home")  is a novel from the German author and journalist Harald Martenstein.  It was released in February 2007.  In Germany, it is currently the most popular representation of post-war fiction.

Plot
The focus of the story is on the first-person narrator, a grandfather named Josef.  He returns home from Russian captivity after the war to find his wife Katharina in an adulterous relationship.  Over the course of the story, he tries to get her back.  In this respect, he is successful, seeing that she is becoming insane and in this connection only turns to him.  The family history continues over several generations,  revealing several torn characters and many murders, including his son's murder and suicide.  In a key scene, it is revealed that Josef ordered the execution of a Russian commissar during World War II.  This is executed helplessly and without judgment by the Commissar Order.  After that, Josef needlessly kills another corpse of crouching boys.

Towards the end of the story, the mental confusion of Katharina is explained.  The "visitors" that she believes to be in her apartment, are in fact the family members of the dead.  They appear again in the book on a fictional level as a quasi-ghost figure, while at the same time the heroes appear to be real.  The reader learns this as the real family members begin to die.  Finally, the first-person narrator finally turns out to be the spirits of the murdered boys.

German-language novels


In Greek Mythology, Phaeax (Ancient Greek: ) was a son of Poseidon and Korkyra (Cercyra), from whom the Phaeacians derived their name. He was the father of Alcinous and Locrus.

Mythology
When Phaeax, who reigned in the island of Scheria, died, Alkinous and Lokros after quarreling came together again on the basis that Alkinous would be king of Phaiakis, and Lokros would take the heirlooms and part of the ethnos to make a colony.

Notes

References

 Conon, Fifty Narrations, surviving as one-paragraph summaries in the Bibliotheca (Library) of Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople translated from the Greek by Brady Kiesling. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
 Diodorus Siculus, The Library of History translated by Charles Henry Oldfather. Twelve volumes. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. Vol. 3. Books 4.59–8. Online version at Bill Thayer's Web Site
 Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica. Vol 1-2. Immanel Bekker. Ludwig Dindorf. Friedrich Vogel. in aedibus B. G. Teubneri. Leipzig. 1888-1890. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
 Stephanus of Byzantium, Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae supersunt, edited by August Meineike (1790-1870), published 1849. A few entries from this important ancient handbook of place names have been translated by Brady Kiesling. Online version at the Topos Text Project.

Children of Poseidon
Demigods in classical mythology
Phaeacians in Greek mythology


Eriogonum latifolium is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common names seaside buckwheat and coast buckwheat. This plant is native to the coastline of the western United States from Washington to central California, where it is a common resident of coastal bluffs and scrub.

Description
Eriogonum latifolium is a perennial herb which is variable in size. Its height is dependent in part on its degree of exposure to the stiff maritime winds of its habitat. It can be very small or sprawl to a maximum height of 70 centimeters. Its pale white-green leaves are oval, woolly, sometimes waxy, and mostly basal. The leaves can extend up if there is an erect stem.

At the end of each branch is a cluster of pinkish flowers. Flowers can also be white or red in color.

References

External links

Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

latifolium
Flora of California
Flora of Oregon
Flora of Washington (state)
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
Garden plants of North America
Drought-tolerant plants
Butterfly food plants
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Elphinstone is a town in Victoria, Australia. The town sits at the junction of the former Calder Highway and the former Pyrenees Highway between Malmsbury and Castlemaine near Taradale and Chewton. Its local government area is the Shire of Mount Alexander.

The town has a disused railway station on the Bendigo Line.

At the , Elphinstone and the surrounding area had a population of 670.

The town was originally called Sawpit Gully, but was renamed Elphinstone after Baron Mountstuart Elphinstone, Lieutenant-Governor of Bombay from 1819 to 1827.

The town's hub is the Elphinstone Hotel in Wright Street. Elphinstone's fair, renowned for its specialty foods and boutique local wines, is usually held in mid-November each year around the time of the fair in nearby Kyneton.  It is called the 'Sawpit Gully' fair, in honour of the town's original name.

The countryside around Elphinstone is well known for its diverse flora and fauna which attract local and visiting bush walkers.  The local terrain of undulating hills and gently winding roads also brings a number of cyclists and motorcyclists.

Elphinstone Post Office opened on 1 February 1854.

Cable and Wireless Optus built their first solar powered base station at Elphinstone in 2001. By making the mobile phone tower solar powered the company did not have to put expensive electrical power cables through the nearby state forest. The tower would improve reception in the Elphinstone area.

Elphinstone is also well known for its apple and pear industry. For many years there were 5 large orchards, 4 being owned by members of the Pollard family. The other by the Mertikis family. Only two remain one owned by Louise Mertikis and one by Gary Pollard.

The town also had a garage on the old Calder Highway which is now the corner of Thomas Street and Wright Street. It became the Elphinstone Fire Brigade and Metcalfe group headquarters during the 1990s and early 2000s until it was decommissioned and the new fire station was built next door. It is now used for storage and training for the brigade.

Opposite the hotel was Bateman's garage which the late Daisy Bateman and her husband Vic ran for many years. It is now an engineering plant that makes steel sculptures.

Census Date  - Town population

1861  -  187

1871  -  404

1891  -  125

1911  -  204

1933  -  146

1954  -  173

1966  -  151

2011  -  670

References

External links

 Elphinstone Community Newsletter - the Elpho Info

Towns in Victoria (state)


William J. Murphy (March 12, 1912 – August 20, 1993) was a Democratic politician from Idaho. He served as the state's 34th lieutenant governor from 1977 to 1979, during the administration of Governor John V. Evans.

Born in Wallace, Murphy was an alumnus of Gonzaga University in Spokane and was an accountant in Wallace with ASARCO. First elected in 1958, he was a seven-term state legislator from Shoshone County, with a stint as house minority leader.

Murphy served in the legislature through 1972, then was an assistant to Governor Cecil Andrus, who was elected in 1970 and 1974. Andrus left for Washington, D.C. in January 1977 to become the Secretary of the Interior under President Jimmy Carter. Evans succeeded Andrus as governor which left a vacancy in the office of lieutenant governor.

Murphy was one of nine nominees, and was selected by Evans in mid-January. He was defeated for election to a full term in November 1978 by Republican Phil Batt of Wilder and left office . As of 2022, Murphy is the last Democrat to hold the position, and Evans is the last elected (1974). After leaving office, he served on a state advisory panel on economic development and community affairs, appointed by Evans in 1980.

Murphy and his wife Margaret (1915–1982) had four daughters. He died of cancer in 1993 at age 81 in Coeur d'Alene where he lived, and he and his wife are buried at Holy Cross Cemetery in Spokane.

References

External links

1912 births
1993 deaths
People from Wallace, Idaho
Idaho Democrats
Lieutenant Governors of Idaho
20th-century American politicians
People from Coeur d'Alene, Idaho


Inventoried Roadless Areas are a group of United States Forest Service lands that have been identified by government reviews as lands without existing roads that could be suitable for roadless area conservation as wilderness or other non-standard protections.  The Inventoried Roadless areas include approximately  of land in 40 states and Puerto Rico.  Most of these lands are in the western portion of the lower 48 states and Alaska. Idaho alone contains over  of inventoried roadless areas.  The inventoried roadless areas range from large areas with wilderness characteristics to small tracts of land that are immediately adjacent to wilderness areas, parks and other protected lands.

Roadless Area Review and Evaluations (RARE)
The first review of Forest Service roadless lands was started in 1967 after the creation of the Wilderness Act by Congress in 1964.  This effort was called the “Roadless Area Review and Evaluation” or “RARE I”, and culminated in 1972 with a finding that  that were suitable to be designated as wilderness.  The RARE I recommendations were abandoned by the Forest Service after courts ruled that the agency had not sufficiently complied with the regulations of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA).  A second roadless inventory, RARE II, was initiated in 1977, which culminated in a recommendation of wilderness designation for  of national forest land and further study for another .  This set of recommendations was also quickly challenged in the courts and largely voided as a result.

2001 Roadless Rule
The most recent review of inventoried roadless areas began in 1998 under the oversight of Michael Dombeck, then head of the US Forest Service. This review was finished in 2000 and culminated in a set of Forest Service regulations in 2001 that are collectively known as the Roadless Rule.(Conservation Biology) Volume 20 Issue 3 Page 713-722, June 2006</ref> The rule does not specifically protect roadless areas from development nor does it strictly prohibit multiple use activities on these lands. Specifically, the rule was aimed at controlling the amount of road-building activities undertaken by the forest service, which has more miles of roads under its control than the US Interstate Highway System.

In 2008, conservationists marked the 10 year anniversary of the Roadless Area Conservation Rule with a panel of speakers headed by former US Forest Service Chief Michael Dombeck. At the event, Dombeck said, "In spite of seven years of Bush administration effort, roadless areas remain protected in the National Forests of the lower 48 states, but more litigation to remove protection is in progress with the outcome uncertain."

Rationale for limiting road construction

The rationale for limiting road-building in the inventoried roadless areas was to minimize the negative environmental impacts of roads construction, maintenance, and automobile traffic. Over the past several decades, researchers have documented a wide range of impacts that roads have on the environment. In this sense, the roadless rule provided a great deal of protection to a large group of lands that previously had little protection within the current Forest Service administrative structure.

The second impetus for the creation of the Roadless Rule was an effort to expand the system of protected federal lands to include ecosystems that were not very well represented in the current system of National Parks, wilderness areas, and preserves. To a great degree, the current system of parks and wilderness areas in the US is very successful at preserving high elevation ecosystems, places that are rugged, beautiful and otherwise difficult to develop.  The Roadless Area Review and Evaluation, and several studies since, concluded that ecosystems that exist at mid elevations are not well represented in the US system of protected lands, and many of the inventoried roadless areas include these areas.

Notes

References

See also
Roadless area conservation

Nature conservation in the United States


Gustaf Carl Fredrik Boivie (27 November 1864 – 12 January 1951) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics. He won the gold medal in the team 25 m small-bore rifle competition. He also participated in the following events:

 30 metre rapid fire pistol – eleventh place
 25 metre small-bore rifle – 15th place
 50 metre pistol – 42nd place

References

External links
profile

1864 births
1951 deaths
Swedish male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
ISSF pistol shooters
Olympic shooters for Sweden
Shooters at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for Sweden
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Sport shooters from Stockholm
19th-century Swedish people
20th-century Swedish people
Swedish people of Walloon descent


Phaeax (Greek: ) was a celebrated architect of Akragas in Magna Graecia, who flourished about 480 BC, and executed several important public works for his native city. Among the most remarkable of these works were the sewers, which were named after the architect.

References

Ancient Greek architects
Ancient Acragantines
5th-century BC Greek people


James Henry Rubin is an American art historian and a professor of history at Stony Brook University in Stony Brook, New York.

Early life and education
James Rubin was born on May 4, 1944. He was educated at Phillips Andover, Yale (B.A.), Harvard (PhD) and the Institut d'Art et d'Archéologie of the Sorbonne in Paris (license-ès-lettres).

Career
Prior to Stony Brook, he taught at Harvard University, Boston University and Princeton University. At Stony Brook, he was department chair for fifteen years. He also taught part-time for many years at The Cooper Union, New York City.

He has published over sixty articles and essays on subjects ranging from the eighteenth century to the present. He is the author of 13 books: Eighteenth Century French Life Drawing (1977), Realism and Social Vision in Courbet and Proudhon (1981), Eugène Delcaroix's 'Dantebarke' (1987), Manet's Silence and the Poetics of Bouquets (1994), Courbet (1997), Impressionism (1999), Nadar (2001), Impressionist Cats and Dogs: Pets in the Painting of Modern Life (2003), Impressionism and the Modern Landscape: Productivity, Technology and Urbanization from Manet to Van Gogh (2008), Manet: Initial M, hand and eye (2010, French edition 2011); Realism and Music: Courbet, Berlioz, Wagner and Relations between the Arts in Nineteenth-Century France (2012, e-book); and How to Read Impressionism: Ways of Looking (2013); and an edited volume, Rival Sisters: Art and Music at the Birth of Modernism, 1815-1915 (2014). His books have been translated into several languages including, French, Greek, Korean, Japanese, and Dutch.

He has served on the International Committee of the College Art Association (CAA) and represented the CAA at the United Nations. He is a member and Vice President of the Société Paul Cézanne, based in Aix-en-Provence, France. At Stony Brook, he is an affiliate of the Department of European Languages, the Department of Cultural Studies and Critical Analysis, and the Department of Philosophy. When he teaches graduate seminars at Stony Brook's annex campus in Manhattan, they are cross-listed with Philosophy as part of Stony Brook’s Art and Philosophy program. In 2008, he was a Research Visiting Professor at the Université de Paris I, Institut national d'histoire de l'art in Paris. He is the winner of an American Council of Learned Societies Travel Grant and as of 2016 was on leave as a National Endowment for the Humanities Public Scholar.

Personal life
He is a dual French-U.S. citizen, speaking fluent French and English. He travels frequently, lectures and collaborates internationally, while living in New York City and in Mittelbergheim, Alsace. His son is the filmmaker Henry-Alex Rubin.

References

External links
James H. Rubin profile at Stony Brook University
http://visualities.net
http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/10620.html

American art historians
French art
Impressionism
Yale University alumni
Harvard University alumni
University of Paris alumni
Boston University faculty
Harvard University faculty
Princeton University faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Cooper Union faculty


William Edward Drevlow (January 23, 1890 – August 20, 1975) was a Democratic politician from Idaho. He was a native of Minnesota. He served as the 31st lieutenant governor of Idaho from 1959 to 1967 during the administration of Governor Robert E. Smylie.

He died of pneumonia and internal bleeding in 1975.

References

Idaho Democrats
Lieutenant Governors of Idaho
1890 births
1975 deaths
20th-century American politicians
Deaths from pneumonia in Idaho


The Turț () is a right tributary of the river Tur in Romania. It discharges into the Tur in Turulung. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Satu Mare County


Eriogonum libertini is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name Dubakella Mountain buckwheat. This uncommon plant is endemic to California where it grows in the rocky serpentine terrain of the southern Klamath Mountains and nearby ranges.

It is named for the local peak Dubakella Mountain.

Description
This is a squat mountain plant forming leafy mats up to half a meter wide with spindly erect inflorescences up to 30 centimeters tall. The leaves are woolly and pale green to silver. The clusters of flowers atop the inflorescences are bright yellow.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment — Eriogonum libertini
Eriogonum libertini — Photo gallery

libertini
Endemic flora of California
Flora of the Klamath Mountains
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


The European Pollen Database (EPD) is a freely available database of pollen frequencies, past and present, in the larger European area. The database is hosted by the Institut Méditerranéen d'Ecologie et de la Biodiversité (IMBE).

See also
 Pollen count

References

 Fyfe, R. M. et al. (2009) The European Pollen Database: past efforts and current activities. Vegetation History and Archaebotany 18:417-424  (Open Access)

External links
 Home page of the European Pollen Database

Biological databases
Databases in Europe
Online botany databases
Palynology


The Sakyamuni Pagoda of Fogong Temple () of Ying County, Shanxi province, China, is a wooden Chinese pagoda. It is also known as the Wooden Pagoda of Yingxian County (Chinese: 应县木塔, pinyin: yìngxiàn mùtǎ). It was constructed in 1056, during the second year of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty and was renovated and expended in 1195 during the sixth year of the Jin Dynasty. The pagoda was built by Emperor Daozong of Liao (Hongji) at the site of his grandmother's family home. The pagoda, which has survived several large earthquakes throughout the centuries, reached a level of such fame within China that it was given the generic nickname of the "Muta" ().

The pagoda stands on a 4 m (13 ft) tall stone platform, has a 10 m (33 ft) tall steeple, and reaches a total height of 67.31 m (220.83 ft) tall; it is the oldest existent fully wooden pagoda still standing in China. Although it is the oldest fully wooden pagoda in China, the oldest existent densely-eaved pagoda is the 6th century Songyue Pagoda (made of bricks) and many much older stone pagodas exists in the entire North China Plain (e.g. the Zushi Pagoda of the Foguang Temple and the Four Gates Pagoda of Jinan); the oldest existent wooden buildings in China are the Buddhist temple halls found in Wutai County on the westside of the Mount Wutai, which date back to the mid Tang dynasty (618–907).

History

The Pagoda of Fogong Temple was built  south of the Liao dynasty capital at Datong. The Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China encyclopedia published in 1725—written during the reigns of Kangxi and Yongzheng in the Qing—states that a different pagoda built between the years 936–943 stood previously at the site before the present one of 1056 was built. The same statement appears in the Shanxi tongzhi (Record of Shanxi Province) and the Yingzhou xuzhi (Record of Ying Prefecture, Continued). The Yingzhou zhi (Record of Ying Prefecture)—edited by Tian Hui during the reign of the Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620) of the Ming dynasty—states that the pagoda was funded and erected in 1056 by a Buddhist monk named Tian. In compiling a record for Ying County, Tian Hui of the late Ming dynasty researched the history of the pagoda and recorded the history of its repairs in his Zhongxiu Fogongsi ta zhi. The placard on the third story of the pagoda listed that periodic repairs were conducted in the years 1195 and 1471. While piecing together the history of the pagoda, Tian Hui never came across any information to suggest that the pagoda had a predecessor built from 936 to 943, as other texts suggest.

In confirming the date of 1056 and not the years 936–943, Zhang Yuhuan writes in his Zhongguo gudai jianzhu jishu shi (1985) that the Wenwu Laboratory determined various wooden components from the second to fifth floors of the pagoda to be 930 to 980 years old. Other evidence to suggest the later date includes the fact that the foster mother of Emperor Xingzong was a native of Yingzhou. Xingzong's son Hongji (Emperor Daozong) was also raised in Ying County due to his following of the Khitan custom of raising Yelu clan sons within the families of their mothers. Hongji was also known as a devout Buddhist; the pagoda (following the tradition of the stupa) symbolized the death of the Buddha, which Hongji might have associated with his deceased father, the Xingzong Emperor. Steinhardt writes "only something like the memory of an imperial youth might account for the construction of such a phenomenal building in such an out-of-the way place." Also, the 1050s was a decade which marked the end of a Buddhist kalpa, which would signify the Pagoda of Fogong Temple as an "ultimate death shrine to the Buddha of the age," according to historian Nancy Steinhardt. This occurred at roughly the same time in which Fujiwara no Yorimichi of Japan converted the Phoenix Hall of his father Fujiwara no Michinaga's residence at Byōdō-in into a temple meant to guide souls into the Buddhist afterlife (according to Pure Land Buddhism).

The pagoda was placed at the center of the temple grounds, which used to be called Baogong Temple until its name was changed to Fogong in 1315 during the Yuan dynasty. Although the size of the temple grounds were described as being gigantic during the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty (1115–1234), the temple began to decline during the Ming dynasty.

The Yingzhou zhi records that there was a total of seven earthquakes between the years 1056 and 1103, yet the tower stood firm. In its entire history before the 20th century, the pagoda needed only ten minor repairs. However, considerable repairs were needed after Japanese soldiers shot more than two hundred rounds into the pagoda during the Second Sino-Japanese War. While repairing the pagoda in 1974, renovators found Liao dynasty texts of Buddhist sutras and other documents. This major discovery included the 12 scroll Liao Tripitaka () printed with movable type in 1003 in Yanjing (present-day Beijing), 35 scrolls of scriptures with block printed text the longest being 33.3 meters in length, and 8 handwritten scrolls.  This attests to the widespread technological use of movable type printing that developed within the neighboring Song dynasty.  Also, in 1974 a Buddha tooth relic was discovered hidden in one of the Buddha statues on the fourth level of the Pagoda.

Features

The pagoda features fifty-four different kinds of bracket arms in its construction, the greatest amount for any Liao dynasty structure.  Between each outer story of the pagoda is a mezzanine layer where the bracket arms are located on the exterior. From the exterior, the pagoda seems to have only five stories and two sets of rooftop eaves for the first story, yet the pagoda's interior reveals that it has nine stories in all. The four hidden stories can be indicated from the exterior by the pagoda's pingzuo (terrace balconies). A ring of columns support the lowest outstretching eaved roof on the base floor, while the pagoda also features interior support columns. A statue of the Buddha Sakyamuni sits prominently in the center of the first floor of the pagoda, with an ornate zaojing (caisson) above its head (the pagoda is named Sakyamuni Pagoda due to this statue). A zaojing is also carved into the ceiling of every story of the pagoda. The windows on the eight sides of the pagoda provide views of the countryside, including Mount Heng and the Songgan River. On a clear day, the pagoda can be seen from a distance of .

Preservation
The Pagoda of Fogong Temple and its surroundings are protected by the SACH branch of the Chinese government, and over 1 million dollars have already been committed to the research on repairing and renovating the precariously standing millennium-old building. In May 2011, Shanxi provincial authorities stated that the application for the pagoda should be finished by July 2011 for it to be included on the UNESCO list of protected world heritage relics by 2013.

The present
In 2013, the pagoda was placed on China's tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage Site consideration, along with the Fengguo Temple.

See also
Architecture of the Song dynasty
List of tallest structures built before the 20th century

Notes

References
Kuhn, Dieter. "'Liao Architecture': Qidan Innovations and Han-Chinese Traditions?," T'oung Pao, Second Series, Vol. 86, Fasc. 4/5 (2000): 325–362.
Ma Liang, 2010.  The Mysterious Pagoda, Cultural Education Press, , in Chinese (神奇的寶塔/馬良，文化教育出版社).
Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. "Liao: An Architectural Tradition in the Making," Artibus Asiae (Volume 54, Number 1/2, 1994): 5–39.
Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1997). Liao Architecture. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman. "The Tang Architectural Icon and the Politics of Chinese Architectural History," The Art Bulletin (Volume 86, Number 2, 2004): 228–254.

External links

Yingxian Wooden Pagoda at China.org.cn

Buddhist temples in Shuozhou
Pagodas in China
Liao dynasty architecture
Wooden buildings and structures in China
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Shanxi
11th-century Buddhist temples
11th-century establishments in China
1050s establishments in Asia
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1056


D'Albertis Castle () is a historical residence in Genoa, north-western Italy. It was the home of sea captain Enrico Alberto d'Albertis and was donated to the city of Genoa on his death in 1932. It currently houses the Museo delle Culture del Mondo (Museum of World Cultures), inaugurated in 2004.

Description
D'Albertis designed the castle in the style of an architectural collage with a  Gothic revival appearance inspired by palaces in Florence and castles of Aosta Valley.

Erected between 1886 and 1892 under the supervision of Gothic Revivalist  Alfredo D'Andrade, the castle is located on the site of a 13th-century fortified area, which had been reinforced in the 16th century. Alberto not only based his design on the city's foundation, he incorporated and preserved the foundations of the bastion and one of the turrets.

Inaugurated for the celebrations of 400 years of Columbus' discover of America, it was the first villa-castle built in Genoa.

From top of the hill of Monte Galletto (or Montegalletto), one of the hills in the district of Castelletto, the castle dominates Genoa with a view of the Ligurian Sea.

Collections
The museum includes ethnographic and archaeological findings  collected by both Enrico and Luigi Maria d'Albertis during their trips to Africa, America (from Canada to Tierra del Fuego), New Guinea and Oceania. There is a large number of weapons from Sudan and the Zambesi area Chinese spears and European halberds. There are several exemplars of Canadian and American plains indigenous people, made in buffalo and deer leather and covered by porcupine thorns; also findings belonging to the Maya civilization from Honduras are present.

It also exhibits models of ships and yachts, nautical instruments, photographs and the volumes of d'Albertis personal library.

A separate section dedicated to music (the Museo delle Musiche dei Popoli, "Museum of Peoples' Music") exhibits musical instruments from the whole world.

See also
Mackenzie Castle
List of castles in Italy
Ascensore Castello d'Albertis-Montegalletto

References

External links

Website
 D'Albertis Castle at the Museum of World Cultures

Buildings and structures in Genoa
Museums in Genoa
Historic house museums in Italy
Gothic Revival architecture in Italy
Museums established in 2004
Castles in Liguria


Hans-Peter Vietze (March 15, 1939 – October 9, 2008) was a German Mongolist. He was the editor of a Mongolian–German dictionary, and worked as translator for the highest level of the German government.

Hans-Peter Vietze completed his studies in Mongolian, Turkic and Altaic Studies at Humboldt University in 1960. He travelled to Mongolia more than 100 times, completed his doctorate, and in 1976 he became Professor for Mongolian studies at the Humboldt University and was the first freely elected head of the Department of Asia Studies after the collapse of East Germany. In the early 2000s, he worked as a freelance translator and counselor a.o. for the German Federal Government.

References

1939 births
2008 deaths
Mongolists


Mohsin Razi (b. May 26, 1955 in Karachi) is a career diplomat from Pakistan. He has served as Ambassador to Philippines since October 2009.

Earlier he served as the Consul General of Pakistan in New York, and was the former Director General National Authority & Disarmament Cell in Islamabad, Pakistan from 2004 to 2006. He has previously served in the Pakistani Embassies in Germany, Iraq and The Netherlands. He speaks English, Urdu, Punjabi, German, and Arabic.

Education
Razi holds a master's degree in Political Science, from the University of Punjab, and has attended the National Institute of Public Administration, Lahore.

Career
Razi joined the foreign service in 1982, and has served on several desks in Islamabad, such as Director Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), Nepal, Bangladesh, Burma & Sri Lanka (NBBS). He was also Director General Europe.

Consul General
Mr. Mohsin Razi is currently the Consul General in New York for Pakistan. He is also accredited to Connecticut, Delaware, Kentucky Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Dakota, Ohio, Rhode Island, South Dakota and Vermont.

References

External links

On Return of Buddha to Pakistan
Press Release OPCW
Lawyers Rally at N.Y. Courthouse to Support Pakistan's Attorneys
On Immigration Treatment of Edhi

Living people
1955 births
Ambassadors of Pakistan to the Philippines
University of the Punjab alumni


Arthur Georg Nordenswan (27 January 1883 – 29 December 1970) was a Swedish Army officer and sport shooter who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.

Early life
Nordenswan was born on 27 January 1883 in Stockholm, Sweden, the son of major general Carl Otto Nordensvan and Ebba Maria (née Wallenius).

Career

Military career
Nordenswan was commissioned as an officer in 1902 and was assigned to Svea Life Guards (I 1) as a second lieutenant the same year. He became a lieutenant there in 1905. Nordenswan was promoted to captain in 1916 and served in Västernorrland Regiment (I 28) in 1921. He was promoted to major and served in Norrbotten Regiment (I 19) in 1926 and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1930 and served in Skaraborg Regiment (I 9) in 1932.

Nordenswan was commanding officer of the Swedish troops in the Territory of the Saar Basin in connection with the referendum in 1935. He was then promoted to colonel and served as commanding officer of Skaraborg Regiment from 1935 to 1942. During 1940 Nordenswan became colonel in the Finnish Army and commanded the Swedish Volunteer Corps' battlegroup at the Salla Front during the Winter War in Finland.

Sports career
In 1912 he won the silver medal as member of the Swedish team in the team 50 metre small-bore rifle competition. In the 50 metre rifle, prone event he finished 16th and in the 25 metre small-bore rifle competition he finished 28th.

Personal life
In 1909 he married Inez Kjerner (born 1883), the daughter of Doctor of Medicine Karl Kjerner and Emelie Magnell. They divorced and in 1918 Nordenswan married Ruth Persson (1893–1975), the daughter of farmer Peter Persson and Anna Eriksson.

Death
Nordenswan died on 29 December 1970 in Stockholm and was buried at Norra begravningsplatsen in Stockholm.

Awards and decorations
Nordenswan's awards:

Swedish
   Commander 1st Class of the Order of the Sword (15 November 1941)
  King Gustaf V's Olympic Medal
  Skaraborg Landsturm Association's gold medal (Skaraborgs landstormsförbunds guldmedalj)
  Skaraborg Shooting Federation's gold medal  (Skaraborgs skytteförbunds guldmedalj)
  Swedish Military Sports Association's gold medal (Sveriges militära idrottsförbunds guldmedalj)
  Gold Medal of the Society for the Promotion of Ski Sport and Open Air Life (Skid- och friluftsfrämjandets i Sveriges guldmedalj)

Foreign
  Second Class of the Order of the Cross of Liberty with swords
  Knight 3rd Class of the Order of Saint Stanislaus
  Cross of Merit of the Protection Corps of Finland (Finska skyddskårernas förtjänstkors)
  Finnish War Memorial Medal

References

External links
profile

1883 births
1970 deaths
Swedish Army colonels
Swedish male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Olympic shooters for Sweden
Shooters at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Sweden
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Military personnel from Stockholm
Volunteers in the Winter War
Commanders First Class of the Order of the Sword
Burials at Norra begravningsplatsen


William of Cassingham (or Willikin of the Weald) (died 1257) was a country squire of Cassingham (now Kensham) in Kent at the time of the First Barons' War. During that conflict, he raised a guerrilla force of archers which opposed the otherwise total occupation of the south-east by Prince Louis of France. A contemporary chronicler, Roger of Wendover, wrote of him:

On the death of John and accession of Henry III in October 1216, much of Louis' English support fell away and he decided to march from London to the south coast to sail to France for reinforcements.  On the way, William's force ambushed Louis near Lewes, routing them and pursuing them to Winchelsea, where they only escaped starvation thanks to the arrival of a French fleet.  When Louis sailed back to England to renew a siege of Dover Castle in May 1217, he found William and Oliver fitz Regis attacking and burning the French camp there, and so decided to land instead at Sandwich and march to the castle from there.

At the end of the war, William was granted a pension from the crown and made warden of the Weald and (on 28 May 1241) Sergeant of the Peace (predecessor title to that of Provost Marshal, now head of the Royal Military Police) in reward for his services.  Until his death, he filled this post, collected his pension and fulfilled minor duties such as fetching logs for the royal household.  Holinshed's Chronicles writes of him "O Worthy man of English blood!".

Sources
Kent Archaeological Society newsletter, issue 75 (winter 2007–08), page 11.
G. R. Stephens, 'A Note on William of Cassingham', Speculum, Vol. 16, No. 2 (Apr., 1941), pp. 216–223.
Hundred Rolls of Edward I.
Matthew Paris, Chronica Maiora II (Rolls Series, London, 1874)

1257 deaths
13th-century English people
Anglo-Normans
Norman warriors
English soldiers
People from the Borough of Tunbridge Wells
Year of birth unknown


SDI - Strategic Defense Initiative, or simply titled SDI and sometimes known as Global Defense, is a 1987 horizontally scrolling shooter produced and released internationally in arcades by Sega. It was later ported to home computers and game consoles, some by other companies. Players control a satellite and must destroy enemies by moving a crosshair over them and firing the satellite's weapons.

Gameplay
Players control a Strategic Defense Initiative satellite orbiting the Earth and must destroy enemy missiles/satellites with its weapons, and when activated the satellite's weapon systems fire at the crosshair present onscreen during play. The arcade version features a joystick to control the satellite and a trackball to control the crosshair. Home computer versions use different control schemes, such as depressing the fire button to control the crosshair, alternating between controlling the satellite and its weapons. It is also possible to use a joystick and mouse in combination to control the satellite and crosshair at the same time, emulating the arcade game's controls.

Each stage is split into two sections; offensive mode and defensive mode. During offensive mode the player engages a number of enemies, with the aim of destroying them all without the satellite being destroyed by the enemy. Should the player destroy all enemies during offensive mode, they are awarded 20,000 bonus points and begin the next stage on the offensive. If any enemies evade destruction during offensive mode, the player must complete defensive mode, where they are tasked with protecting the homeland from incoming warheads. Completion of defensive mode advances the player to the next stage, where they go on the offensive again.

This so-called "Star Wars" program was introduced by U.S. President Reagan to promote defensive weaponry that could shoot ICBMs out of space.

Reception
In Japan, Game Machine listed SDI on their June 1, 1987 issue as being the sixth most-successful table arcade unit of the month.

References

External links

1987 video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Arcade video games
Cold War video games
Sega arcade games
Atari ST games
Commodore 64 games
Sega video games
Master System games
Horizontally scrolling shooters
Strategic Defense Initiative
Trackball video games
Video games set in outer space
ZX Spectrum games
Activision games
Video games developed in Japan


James Berkeley Larsen (February 27, 1889 – March 30, 1979) was a Republican politician from Idaho. He served as the 30th lieutenant governor of Idaho from 1955 to 1959 during the administration of Governor Robert E. Smylie.

References

Idaho Republicans
Lieutenant Governors of Idaho
1889 births
1979 deaths
20th-century American politicians


Holinshed's Chronicles, also known as Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, is a collaborative work published in several volumes and two editions, the first edition in 1577, and the second in 1587. It was a large, comprehensive description of British history published in three volumes (England, Scotland and Ireland).

The Chronicles have been a source of interest because of their extensive links to Shakespearean history, as well as King Lear, Macbeth and Cymbeline. Recent studies of the Chronicles have focused on an inter-disciplinary approach; numerous literary scholars have studied the traditional historiographical materials through a literary lens, with a focus on how contemporary men and women would have read historical texts.

The Chronicles would have been a primary source for many other literary writers of the Renaissance such as Christopher Marlowe, Edmund Spenser and George Daniel.

Description

In 1548, Reginald Wolfe, a London printer, conceived the idea of creating a "Universal Cosmography of the whole world, and therewith also certain particular histories of every known nation". He wanted the work to be printed in English, and he wanted maps and illustrations in the book as well. He acquired many of John Leland's works, and with these he constructed chronologies and drew maps that were up-to-date. When Wolfe realised he could not complete this project on his own, he hired Raphael Holinshed and William Harrison to assist him.

Wolfe died with the work still uncompleted in 1573, and the project—changed to a work specifically about the British Isles—was run by a consortium of three members of the London stationers. They retained Holinshed, who employed Harrison, Richard Stanyhurst, Edmund Campion and John Hooker. In 1577, the work was published in two volumes after some censorship by the Privy Council of some of Stanyhurst's contribution on Ireland.

The Chronicles narrative is characterised by a set of rhetorical figures and thematic paradigms that establish the national, royal, chivalrous and heroic ideals that define a state, its monarch, its leaders, and the political role of the common people.

Influence on Shakespeare
William Shakespeare is widely believed to have used the revised second edition of the Chronicles (published in 1587) as the source for most of his history plays, the plot of Macbeth, and portions of King Lear and Cymbeline.

Several other playwrights, such as Christopher Marlowe, used the Chronicles as a source.

The Chronicles and Macbeth

Shakespeare used Holinshed's work extensively in Macbeth, but in modified form. An instance is the Three Witches, whom Holinshed describes as "creatures of the elderwood ... nymphs or fairies". Nymphs and fairies are generally viewed as beautiful and youthful, but Shakespeare's three witches in Macbeth are ugly, dark, and bizarre. It is believed that he made the change to heighten the suspense and darkness of the play. However, the Chronicles lacked any descriptions of Macbeth's character, so Shakespeare improvised on several points. The characters Banquo and Fleance were also taken from Holinshed's works, but they are now considered to be inventions of the 16th century.

The primary difference in the Chronicles is through characterisation. The character of Macbeth is primarily depicted as a good ruler, a king who was fair and just for 17 years. The plot displays King Duncan as a minor character and a weak king. It is possible that the reading of Shakespeare's King Duncan was inspired by the tale of King Duffe contained within the Chronicle. This story follows a similar narrative, as King Duffe and his murderer Donwald closely mirror the narrative of King Duncan and Macbeth. The bad omens following the murder of Duffe are similarly mirrored in Shakespeare's narrative.

Synopsis
The Chronicles tale of Macbeth differs from Shakespeare's version in numerous ways. The play features a scene in which Banquo and Macbeth encounter three women, each of whom speaks of a prophecy that would contribute to the characterisation of these women as 'otherworldly'. The first woman says "All hayle Makbeth Thane of Glammis" (the title which he had just inherited following the death of his father). Two of the women say "All hayle Macbeth, Thane of Cawder". The third also says "All hayle Makbeth that hereafter shall be king of Scotland". As soon as they had appeared, the three women "vanished immediately out of theyr sight".

In the Chronicles version, Macbeth is a much more sympathetic character. King Duncan is depicted as a weak ruler who violates the Scottish laws of succession by failing to consult with the Thanes before naming his son, a mere child named Malcolm, to rule after him. Macbeth and many other Thanes are enraged by this action.

Spurred on by the words of the three women he encounters, Macbeth is encouraged to attempt to usurp the kingdom by force. He is also spurred on by his wife, who is ambitious and desires the title of queen for herself.

In Holinshed's Chronicles, Banquo is shown as a scheming character: he is an accomplice in Macbeth's murder of Duncan. In comparison to Shakespeare's version, in which Duncan is murdered in his sleep, Duncan is slain in battle and his death is not highly detailed; "[Macbeth] slue the king at Enuerns ... in the sixt yeare of his reigne."

In the Chronicles, Macbeth rules Scotland not briefly, but for 10 years, and is a capable and wise monarch who implements commendable laws. Fearing that Banquo will seize the kingdom, Macbeth invites him to a supper where he intends to kill him and his son. He succeeds in killing Banquo, but his son, Fleance, flees to Wales. Macbeth, convinced by the witches of his invincibility, commits outrageous acts against his subjects, gradually becoming a cruel and paranoid ruler.

The tale ends with Macbeth slain by Macduff, who then brings his head to the son of the original king, Malcolm.

The Chronicles and King Lear
It is believed that Shakespeare would have used the revised second edition of the Chronicles, which was published in 1587. Shakespeare's King Lear loosely follows the story detailed in the Chronicles but it is unlikely that the Chronicles acted as a primary source.

Summary
In the Chronicles, Leir's eldest daughters, Gonerilla and Regan, are married to the Dukes of Cornwall and Albania. After the love test Leir decrees only half of his kingdom is to be assigned to the dukes immediately, with the rest to be divided at his death. This leads to the dukes seizing power and Leir being left with only a small retinue to maintain him. Leir then flees to Gallia where his youngest daughter, Cordelia, is living. Owing to his youngest daughter's faithful support, he names Cordelia his sole heir. She and her husband Aganippus, the King of the Franks, raise an army and restore Leir to the throne, killing the Dukes. Leir then rules for two years before his death and is succeeded by Cordelia, who rules for a subsequent five years.

A primary difference in the Chronicles is the continuation of the feuding through the children of the sisters; the sons of Gonerilla and Regan rise up against and imprison Cordelia, leading to a period of civil war, and Cordelia commits suicide.

The 1577 Chronicle features woodcuts of King Lear and Cordelia, depicted as the rightful rulers and highlighting their prevailing goodness within the story.

As source material for Shakespeare's work, it is likely that the Chronicles story was used with great freedom, as more relevant sources have been found. Writers who may have influenced King Lear include Geoffrey of Monmouth and Edmund Spenser, with the anonymous King Leir also contributing inspiration.

References

Bibliography
Beer, Jürgen (1993), The Image of a King: Henry VIII in the Tudor Chronicles of Edward Hall and Raphael Holinshed. Peter Lang.
Booth, Stephen (1968), The Book called Holinshed's Chronicles: An Account of its Inception, Purpose, Contributors, Publication, Revision and Influence on William Shakespeare. Book Club of California.
Boswell-Stone, W. G. (1896), Shakespeare's Holinshed: The Chronicle and the Plays Compared. Lawrence and Bullen.
Clegg, Cyndia Susan (1992), Which Holinshed? Holinshed's Chronicles at the Huntington Library. Huntington Library Quarterly.
Djordjevic, Igor (2010). Holinshed's Nation: Ideals, Memory, and Practical Policy in the Chronicles. Routledge.
Hermann, Ax (2014). The relation of Shakespeare's Henry IV to Holinshed. South Carolina: Nabu Press.
Hosley, Richard (1968), Shakespeare's Holinshed. Putnam.

Modern edition
 Holinshed, Raphael. Holinshed's Chronicles England, Scotland, and Ireland. Ed. Vernon F. Snow. New York: AMS, 1965.

External links
 Excerpts from Holinshed's Chronicles, Volume V: Scotland, at Macbeth Navigator.

 The Holinshed Project at Oxford University, with parallel texts of the 1577 and 1587 editions.
 1587 facsimile, from the University of Pennsylvania
Essay on Raphael Holinshed
Macbeth: What is its relationship to Scottish history?

English chronicles
Irish chronicles
Scottish chronicles
16th-century history books
1577 books
1587 books


The flag of Castile and León is the official flag of the Spanish autonomous community of Castile and León. It consists of the quartered coats of arms of Castile, represented by a castle, and León, represented by a lion.

This flag is used to represent the two cultural identities who share this administrative region, the Castle for Castile, and the Lion for León.

The lion design is attributed to Alfonso VII of León, who became king of León and Castile in 1126. The castle symbol is attributed to his grandson Alfonso VIII of Castile, In 1230, Ferdinand III of Castile united the two kingdoms in the Crown of Castile (1230–1715) and quartered the arms as a symbol of the union.

Three centuries of Spanish presence on the American continents left a consistent footprint. In many areas of the Southern United States, for example, symbols of Spanish ancestry are preserved in the coat of arms or symbols of states and cities. Several cities, like Los Angeles, California and St. Augustine, Florida, incorporate the signs of the Kingdom of Castile on their shields or flags. In displays of the six flags that have flown over Texas, also flown in St. Augustine, Florida and Louisiana, Spain is usually represented by the flag of Castile and León.

Evolution and variations

Historic Royal Standard

Current flags and emblems

See also
 Coat of arms of Castile and León
 Flag of León
 Flag of Castile

References

External links

Flag, emblem and coat of arms of Castile and León

Flags of Spain
Flag
Flags displaying animals


The Talna is a left tributary of the river Tur in Romania. It discharges into the Tur in Gherța Mică. Its length is  and its basin size is . The upper reach of the river, upstream of the junction with the Talna Mică, is sometimes considered to be a headwater of the river and is referred to as Talna Mare.

Tributaries

The following rivers are tributaries to the river Talna:

Left: Brada, Talna Mică, Racșa, Pleșca, Valea Muntelui

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Satu Mare County


Ruben Örtegren (19 October 1881 – 27 February 1965) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.

In 1912 he won the silver medal as member of the Swedish team in the team 50 metre small-bore rifle competition. In the 50 metre rifle, prone event he finished 19th and in the 600 metre free rifle competition he finished 49th.

References

External links
profile

1881 births
1965 deaths
Swedish male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Olympic shooters for Sweden
Shooters at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Sweden
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Sport shooters from Stockholm


Edson Hart Deal (November 11, 1903 – April 22, 1967) was an American politician, Republican from Idaho. Deal was elected to the Idaho State Senate in 1940 and served for ten years, until his election as lieutenant governor in 1950. He served four years in that office, during the administration of Governor Len Jordan, and over a decade later was elected secretary of state in 1966.

Deal was in office less than four months when he suffered a fatal heart attack at age 63 while mowing his lawn in Boise. His successor was House speaker Pete Cenarrusa, appointed by Governor Don Samuelson. Cenarrusa continued as secretary of state for over 35 years, until 2003.

Personal
Deal was in the insurance business in Nampa. He married Gwendolyn Shepard of Eugene, Oregon, in 1936, and they had three children: daughter Pat and two sons, Fred and Bruce.

References

External links
Edson Hart Deal entry at The Political Graveyard

1903 births
1967 deaths
Republican Party Idaho state senators
Lieutenant Governors of Idaho
People from Weiser, Idaho
Secretaries of State of Idaho
Businesspeople from Idaho
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American politicians


George Stuart Fullerton (August 18, 1859 – March 23, 1925) was an American philosopher and psychologist.

Early life and education
Fullerton was born in Fatehgarh, India, the son of the Rev. Robert Stuart Fullerton and Martha White Fullerton, American Presbyterian missionaries. He moved to Philadelphia with his widowed mother and his siblings, after his father's death in 1865. He graduated in 1879 from the University of Pennsylvania and in 1884 from Yale Divinity School.

Career
Fullerton returned to the University of Pennsylvania to be an instructor, adjunct professor, and dean of the department of philosophy, dean of the college, and vice provost of the university.  In 1904 he was appointed professor of philosophy at Columbia University, and served as head of the department.

He was the host of the first annual meeting of the American Psychological Association in 1892 at the University of Pennsylvania, and the APA's fifth president, in 1896.

In 1914, while he was an exchange professor at the University of Vienna, World War I broke out. He was lecturing at Munich, Germany when interned. Fullerton was imprisoned as a civilian enemy national. He remained imprisoned for four years, until the end of the war, and conditions were so harsh that he returned to the U.S. with his health permanently damaged. (Scottish psychologist Henry J. Watt suffered a similar fate.)

Personal life
In 1884 Fullerton married Miss Rebekah Daingerfield Smith of Alexandria, Virginia; she died in 1892. Five years later, he married Julia Winslow Dickerson of Philadelphia, his widow. There were no children. Nearly an invalid for the last decade of his life, Fullerton died by suicide on March 23, 1925, at the age of 66. He was survived by his sisters in India, teacher Mary Fullerton, and physician Anna Martha Fullerton.

Selected publications
Fullerton's philosophy was realist.  His writings include:
The Conception of the Infinite (1887)
A Plain Argument for God (1889)
On Sameness and Identity (1890)
On the Perception of Small Differences, with Cattell (1892)
The Philosophy of Spinoza (1894)
On Spinozistic Immortality (1899)
A System of Metaphysics (1904)
An Introduction to Philosophy (1906)An Introduction to Philosophy. Reprint. Publisher: Ruby Press & Co.First Edition: 2015
The World We Live in, or Philosophy and Life in the Light of Modern Thought (1912)
Germany of to-day.  by George Stuart Fullerton, Ph. D. LL.D. Professor of Philosophy in Columbia University, New York. Honorary Professor in the University of Vienna. First American Exchange Professor in Austria. Publisher: The Bobbs-Merrill Company Indianapolis, 1915
A Handbook of Ethical Theory (1922) A Handbook of Ethical Theory. Reprint. Publisher: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform; 1 edition (September 2, 2013)

References

 George Stuart Fullerton, 1859-1925 Life and Obituaries

External links

1859 births
American psychology writers
American male non-fiction writers
Columbia University faculty
University of Pennsylvania alumni
University of Pennsylvania faculty
1925 deaths
Presidents of the American Psychological Association
Yale Divinity School alumni
1925 suicides
American expatriates in British India


Clover Heart's is an adult visual novel developed by ALcot.

Characters
   Voiced by: Ryōko Tanaka
   Voiced by: Aoi Kisaragi
   Voiced by: Kana Fumiduki
   Voiced by: Suzune Kusunoki
   Voiced by: Mahiru Kaneda
   Voiced by: "Yuki"
   Voiced by: Tsukasa Madera

   Voiced by: Ayumu Nakazawa

   The PS2 exclusive character.Voiced by: Mia Naruse

Releases
Clover Heart's was first released for PC on four CDs on November 28, 2003. On June 25, 2004, a DVD edition of the game was released.

The game was ported to the PlayStation 2 as Clover Heart's: Looking for Happiness. The PS2 version has the pornographic elements removed, but features the new character Airi Momose. Looking for Happiness was released in three versions: a limited edition, standard edition, and Best version (budget release). The limited edition came with a bonus drama CD.

Another port for FOMA mobile phones was released on December 28, 2004.

Lastly, it was ported as a DVD TV game on January 26, 2006.

External links
 Page for the original version
 Page for the DVD version
 Page for Clover Heart's: Looking for Happiness
 English review of the game

2003 video games
Bishōjo games
DVD interactive technology
Eroge
HuneX games
Japan-exclusive video games
Mobile games
PlayStation 2 games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in Japan
Visual novels
Windows games
ALcot games
Interchannel games


Eriogonum lobbii is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name Lobb's buckwheat or prostrate buckwheat. It is native to most of the mountain ranges of northern California and their extensions into Oregon and Nevada. It is found in a number of mountain plant communities.

The plant is named after William Lobb (1809–1864), the English plant collector.

Description

This is a low-lying perennial with a woody caudex spreading to about 40 centimeters in maximum width. It forms a patch of round, paddle-shaped, woolly, gray-green leaves one to twenty centimeters wide in rocky areas. Its inflorescence is rarely erect, instead drooping or extending parallel to the ground, rarely higher than 15 centimeters.

At the end of each prostrate stem is a puffy, woolly, rounded cluster of flowers. Each flower is less than a centimeter wide, petals united in a 5-fold cup, and may be cream to yellowish or pink with red stripes. On level ground the flowerheads surround the cluster of basal leaves; on a hillside they all droop downhill.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

lobbii
Flora of California
Flora of Nevada
Flora of Oregon
Flora of the Cascade Range
Flora of the Great Basin
Flora of the Klamath Mountains
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Paul Ford (1901–1976) was an American actor.

Paul Ford may also refer to:
Paul Leicester Ford (1865–1902), American novelist and biographer
Paul Ford (technologist) (born 1974), American programmer, writer, and entrepreneur
Paul Ford, owner of MyToons
Paul Ford (pianist), see Mandy Patinkin Sings Sondheim

See also
Christopher Paul Ford, American actor and martial arts black belt master
Ford (surname)


Ōkuma Tomohide (大熊朝秀; 1517 – 3 April 1582) was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period. He served the Uesugi clan, but later switched allegiances and became a retainer of the Takeda clan of Kai Province. He died with Takeda Katsuyori at the Battle of Tenmokuzan.

Tomohide's descendants became the chief retainers of the Sanada clan.

References

Samurai
1582 deaths
Uesugi retainers
Takeda retainers
Place of birth unknown
Date of birth unknown
1517 births


Malgun Gothic () is a Korean sans-serif typeface developed by Sandoll Communications, with hinting by Monotype Imaging, as a replacement of Dotum and Gulim as the default system font for the Korean language version of Windows Vista. It was first shipped with Windows Vista, being available to download later for Windows Server 2008 and Windows XP users. The name "malgun" means "clear" in Korean, thus making a direct translation of the font's name "Clear Gothic."

Characteristics
The font uses Segoe UI for Latin text, while the Korean glyphs are created based on the typeface of Hunminjeongeum, and streamlined with modern form of characters as well as upright and well-regulated strokes. The font supports KS X 1001 character set, but unlike Dotum and Gulim, there are no Han ideographic glyphs (Windows will pull from the Gulim hanja set instead) initially, and the fonts do not include half-width fixed Latin glyphs. There are hanja designed for Malgun Gothic by ChinaType Design, Monotype Imaging Inc. and they were released when Windows 8 released. The glyphs aren't rounded at terminals.

Windows Vista includes two roman weights of the font.

Windows 10 changed glyph characteristics.

Incompatibilities
Malgun Gothic does not display the backslash  typographical mark. While Segoe UI renders the backslash mark as expected, Malgun Gothic displays the symbol  of the Korean Republic won instead.

See also
East Asian gothic typeface
New Gulim
Sans-serif
Microsoft
List of CJK fonts
Meiryo
Microsoft JhengHei
Microsoft YaHei

References

External links
Microsoft Typography: Malgun Gothic
Korean ClearType fonts for Windows XP
United States Design Patent 528,589 covers Malgun Gothic
United States Design Patent 521,055 covers Malgun Gothic Bold
Sandoll Communications, Inc. page: Korean, English
Sandoll 2008 brochure contains info on Malgun Gothic

Sans-serif typefaces
Windows Vista typefaces
CJK typefaces


The following article presents a summary of the 1904 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 3rd season of competitive football in the country.

Campeonato Paulista

Final Standings

Championship Playoff

São Paulo Athletic declared as the Campeonato Paulista champions.

References

 Brazilian competitions at RSSSF

Seasons in Brazilian football
Brazil


Baileyville is an unincorporated community in western Nemaha County, Kansas, United States.  As of the 2020 census, the population of the community and nearby areas was 182.  It is located six miles west of Seneca on U.S. Route 36.

History
The community was founded as Haytown, then renamed by Willis J. Bailey and his father to Baileyville.  In 1903, Willis became the 16th Governor of Kansas Willis J. Bailey. The first post office in Baileyville was established in 1880.

As of 1902, Baileyville was reported to be one of two sundown towns in the state, where African Americans were not allowed to reside.

Demographics

For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined this community as a census-designated place (CDP).

Education

Primary and secondary
The community is served by Nemaha Central USD 115 public school district.  Nemaha Central High School is located in Seneca with the mascot Thunder.

B&B High school closed in 2014 through school unification. The B&B High School mascot was Falcons.

Colleges and universities
Highland Community College opened in Baileyville in June 2014.

Transportation
The community is served by the Union Pacific Railroad and US highway 36.

References

Further reading

External links
 Nemaha County maps: Current, Historic, KDOT

Census-designated places in Kansas
Census-designated places in Nemaha County, Kansas
Sundown towns in Kansas


Phaeax (Greek: ) was an Athenian orator and statesman. The son of Erasistratus, his date of his birth is not known, but he was a contemporary of Nicias and Alcibiades. Plutarch (Alcib. 13) says, that he and Nicias were the only rivals whom Alcibiades feared when he entered upon public life.

In 422 BC, Phaeax, with two others, was sent as an ambassador to Italy and Sicily, to endeavor to persuade the Magna Graecian allies of the Athenians and the other Siceliotes to aid the Leontines against the Syracusans. He succeeded with Camarina and Agrigentum, but his failure at Gela led him to abandon the attempt as hopeless. On his way back he assisted the Athenian cause among the states of Italy. (Thucyd. v. 4, 5.) According to Theophrastus (ap. Plut.) it was Phaeax, and not Nicias, with whom Alcibiades united for the purpose of ostracizing Hyperbolus. Most authorities, however, are of the view that it was Nicias. (Plut. l.c. Nic. 11, Aristid. 7.)

In the "Lives of the Ten Orators" (Andoc.) there is mention of a contest between Phaeax and Andocides, and a defence of the latter against the former. It is difficult to say exactly when this content took place. Andocides did not come into notice until after the affair of the mutilation of the Hermae.

Phaeax was an engaging personality, but had no great abilities as a speaker. According to Eupolis (ap. Plut. Alcib. 13) he was a fluent talker, but quite unable to speak. (Comp. A. Gellius, N. A. i. 15.) Aristophanes gives a description of his style of speaking (Equit. 1377, etc.), from which it would seem that, on one occasion, he was brought to trial for some capital offence and acquitted.

There has been a good deal of controversy regarding the speech against Alcibiades, commonly attributed to Andocides, which Taylor maintained to be prepared by Phaeax. Plutarch (Alcib. 13), according to the opinion of most editors, speaks of an oration against Alcibiades, as prepared by Phaeax. It seems likely that he was referring to the very oration which is extant, the passage which he quotes (though not quite accurately) being found in the speech in question, which could not have been written by Andocides, as the author speaks of the rival claim of himself, Nicias, and Alcibiades being decided by ostracism. There are, however, strong reasons for believing that it is the product of some rhetorician writing in the name of Phaeax. The style does not at all resemble what the notice in Aristophanes would lead us to expect; and the writer betrays himself by various inaccuracies. If then the speech was written as if by Phaeax, and reliance can be placed on the biographical notices in it (which are in part at least borne out by good authorities), Phaeax was subject to being tried for his life four times, and each time he was acquitted (§ 8, 36. Comp. Aristoph. l.c.). He was sent as ambassador to Thessaly, Macedonia, Molossia, and Thesprotia, besides Sicily and Italy, and was awarded various prizes. (Taylor, Led. Lys. c. 6; Valckenaer, Advers. ap. Sluiter, Lect. Andoc. pp. 17–26; Ruhnken, Hist. Crit. Orat. Gr. Opusc. p. 321, et seq.; Becker, Andokides, pp. 13 et seq., 83-108; and especially Meier, Comment. de Andocidis quae vulgo fertur oratione contra Alcibiadem.)

References

Ancient Greek rhetoricians
Ancient Athenians
5th-century BC Greek people


A sports information director is a type of public relations worker who provides statistics, team and player notes and other information about a college or university's sports teams to the news media and general public. Abbreviated "SID," sports information directors often have varying titles, such as media relations director, director of athletics communications, and communications director.

SIDs are generally responsible for a number of external publicity efforts by an athletics department. This ranges from updating and maintaining the content on the school's athletics website and social media accounts to statistics management to historical records keeping. SIDs also are often responsible for the production of official publications, most notably media guides, game notes and game programs. Media guides are used both as a resource for the news media and as a recruiting piece for the individual teams.

The College Sports Information Directors of America (CoSIDA) provides an organizational structure for SIDs at all collegiate levels in the United States and Canada. The organization has named Academic All-Americans since 1952. CoSIDA also provides career resources for potential SIDs such as job postings and résumé exchanges.

Some schools offer academic programming aimed at training future sports information directors. Duquesne University, for example, offers a major and a minor in "Sports Information and Media."

References

External links
College Sports Information Directors of America (CoSIDA) official website

Sports occupations and roles


Ghaffari (Persian: غفاری) is a surname, often associated with Iranian families from the Kashan region. However the name is found all over Iran and elsewhere, as families historically Iran did not have last names until governmental policies instituted within the 20th century, hence the name can be found all over Iran, such as Mazandaran and Semnan.

People with the surname Ghaffari
 Abu'l-Hasan Khan Ghaffari Kashani (also known as Sani al Mulk (Abu'l-Hasan);1814–1866), Iranian painter
 Cihangir Ghaffari (born 1940), Iranian actor and film producer
 Hadi Ghaffari (born 1950), Iranian political Ayatollah
 Siamak Matt Ghaffari, Iran-born American Olympic wrestler and mixed martial artist
 Mohammad Ghaffari (known as Kamal-Ol-Molk; 1848–1940), Iranian painter and Freemason
 Roozbeh Ghaffari, American biomedical engineer and neuroscientist
 Saeed Reza Ghaffari (born 1962), Iranian scientist and physician

Other members of the Ghaffari family
 Abdollah Entezam, Saltaneh, Iranian Chairman of National Iranian Oil Company, Minister of Foreign Affairs (Secretary of State)
 Farrokh Khan, 19th-century Persian Ambassador to France, politician, and Freemason

References

Surnames
Iranian families


The 1903 season was the second season of competitive football in Brazil.

Campeonato Paulista

First Stage

Final

São Paulo Athletic declared as the Campeonato Paulista champions.

References

 Brazilian competitions at RSSSF

Seasons in Brazilian football
Brazil


The name Persian lilac is commonly used for two different woody plants.

 Syringa × persica, a shrub in the olive family (Oleaceae)
 Melia azedarach, a tree in the mahogany family (Meliaceae)


Eriogonum maculatum is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name spotted buckwheat. It is native to western North America from Washington to Baja California to Utah, where it can be found in a number of habitats, often in abundance.

Description
This is an erect annual herb reaching heights of anywhere from 5 to 40 centimeters. Most of the woolly leaves are located at the base of the plant, but there may be a few along the stem.

The branching inflorescence holds many clusters of bright red and white striped flowers. Each flower is a few millimeters wide with distinctly cup-shaped tepals which are covered in minute spiky glands. The bright striping on the small tepals make the flower cluster look spotted from afar, hence its common name. It grows in sand, gravel or clay slopes and flats, grassland, and shrub-steppe.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment - Eriogonum maculatum
Eriogonum maculatum - Photo gallery

maculatum
Flora of the Northwestern United States
Flora of the Southwestern United States
Flora of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Flora of the Sonoran Deserts
Flora of the California desert regions
Flora of the Great Basin
Flora of California
Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


"El Toro Relajo" (Eng.: The Messy Bull) is a popular mariachi song written by Felipe Bermejo and has been recorded by several artists. Selena recorded the song in 1994 for the soundtrack of the 1995 film Don Juan DeMarco.

Critical reception
Enrique Lopetegui of the Los Angeles Times wrote: "But it's the two new Spanish  ranchera  songs [El Toro Relajo and Tú Sólo Tú], backed by El Monte's Mariachi Sol de Mexico, that are most impressive, as Selena effortlessly adapted to a difficult style she wasn't very familiar with, However Selena was sick during the recording, so her voice wasn't in good shape."

Linda Ronstadt version
Linda Ronstadt included this track on her album Mas Canciones in 1990.

Selena version
The song was included on the album Dreaming of You, recorded by Selena, and was released as the fifth single from that album (the second in Spanish). The single could not match the success of the previous singles in the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks, peaking only at number 24.

Chart Performance

Personnel
Arranged and produced by: José Hernàndez
Vocals: Selena
Chorus and special guests: Mariachi Sol de México
Engineered by: Bruce Robb
Mixed by: Robb Bross, Productions
Recorded at: Cherokee Studio, CA
Selena's vocals recorded at: Q-Zone Studios, Corpus Christi, TX.

References

1995 singles
Selena songs
Linda Ronstadt songs
Spanish-language songs
Songs released posthumously
Year of song missing


Ferguson River may refer to:

 Ferguson River (Nunavut), Canada
 Ferguson River (Western Australia)

See also
 Ferguson (disambiguation)


Amadeo García de Salazar y Luco (31 March 1887 – 18 June 1947) was a Spanish football manager. He was the manager of the Spain national football team from 1934 to 1936, and coached the team during the 1934 FIFA World Cup.

References

External links
 Fútbol en la Red at Futbol.sportec.es
 Garcia Salazar at Weltfussball.de

1887 births
1934 FIFA World Cup managers
1947 deaths
Basque Nationalist Action politicians
Basque nationalists
Deportivo Alavés managers
La Liga managers
People from Vitoria-Gasteiz
Spain national football team managers
Spanish dermatologists
Spanish football managers


Richard Brinkley (probably died 1525) was the Provincial Master of the Franciscans in England in June 1524. He was based in Cambridge.

References

Year of birth missing
1520s deaths
English Franciscans
People from Cambridge
16th-century English people


Jack Foley may refer to:
Jack Foley (basketball) (1939–2020), American basketball player
Jack Foley (sound effects artist) (1891–1967), pioneering American sound effects specialist
Jack Foley (poet) (born 1940), American poet

See also
John Foley (disambiguation)

de:Jack Foley


Punk Goes Crunk is the seventh compilation album in the Punk Goes... series released by Fearless Records. The album is composed of popular hip hop songs performed by various post-hardcore, metalcore and pop punk bands.  This is the first and (as of 2017) only Punk Goes... album to carry a Parental Advisory for the sexual, vulgar and sometimes violent nature of the songs. Both All Time Low's cover of "Umbrella" and Forever the Sickest Kids' cover of "Men in Black" were made available for streaming on March 6.

Track listing

References

Covers albums
Punk Goes series
2008 compilation albums
Crunk albums


Macau has a universally accessible single-payer system funded by taxes collected by the government from corporations and residents.

Macau is served by one major public hospital, the Hospital Conde S. Januário, and one major private hospital, the Kiang Wu Hospital, both located in Macau Peninsula, as well as a university-associated hospital called Macau University of Science and Technology Hospital in Cotai and a minor private hospital, the Macau Yinkui Hospital on the Macau Peninsula. Currently none of the Macau hospitals have international healthcare accreditation.

In addition to hospitals, Macau also has numerous health centres providing free basic medical care to residents. Consultation in traditional Chinese medicine is also available. Currently none of the Macau hospitals is independently assessed through international healthcare accreditation.

The Macau University of Science and Technology started a medical school in Macau in September 2019 for its MBBS program. The second batch of students started their classes on 21 September 2020. Clinical training of medical students will start from third year of medical training in the university hospital associated with the university. The medical school has been listed in the world directory of medical schools. Medium of instruction in the medical school is English. Most of the students are from Macau. The duration of MBBS course is 5 years with an additional year for internship.

Local nurses are trained at the Macao Polytechnic University and the Kiang Wu Nursing College of Macau. Currently there are no training courses in midwifery in Macau.

See also
 Areia Preta Health Center
 List of hospitals in Macau

Notes

References


Nadezhda (or Nadeshda, or Nadeshada ) was a three-masted sloop, the ex-British merchantman and slave ship Leander, launched in 1799. A French privateer captured her in 1801, but she quickly came back into British hands. Private Russian parties purchased her in 1802 for the first Russian circumnavigation of the world (1803-1806), and renamed her. Although it is common to see references to the "frigate Nadezhda", she was a sloop, not a frigate, and she was never a warship. After her voyage of exploration she served as a merchant vessel for her owner, the Russian-American Company, and was lost in 1808.

Career

British merchant vessel
Leander was launched in London in late 1799 as a merchant sloop. On 3 December 1799 her master, C. Anderson, received a letter of marque. The 1800 and 1801 editions of Lloyd's Register showed her launch year as 1799, Anderson as her master, T. Huggins as her owner, and her trade as London-Africa.

Enslaving voyage (1800): Captain Christopher Anderson sailed from London on 21 January 1800. Leander acquired captives at Bonny. She arrived at Kingston, Jamaica on 10 October and there delivered 361 captives. She sailed for London on 29 November. She never arrived at London because on 17 January 1801, a French privateer of 22 guns and 160 men captured Leander as she approached England.

In 1801, 23 British enslaving ships were lost. The source for this data does not show any vessels being lost on the homeward-ward bound leg of their voyage, but absent detailed information on individual vessels, it is difficult to distinguish a returning West Indiaman from a returning Guineaman. During the period 1793 to 1807, war, rather than maritime hazards or resistance by the captives, was the greatest cause of vessel losses among British slave vessels.

The 1801 Lloyd's Register carried the annotation "Captured", but crossed out. It also showed O. Brown as master, replacing Anderson, P. Campbell as owner, replacing Huggins, and her trade as Grenada, replacing London–Africa. How Leander came back into British hands is, as of December 2022, obscure.

Russian exploration ship
In 1802 Yuri Fydorovich Lisyansky purchased Leander and another merchantman, Thames, for his planned voyage of exploration. The two vessels together cost £17,000, with an additional expense of £5,000 for repairs.

The two vessels left England for the Baltic in May 1803, docking at Kronstadt on 5 June. There the Russians renamed Leander to Nadezhda and Thames to Neva. Czar Alexander 1 chose their names, but the two vessels were never part of the Russian navy.

The two ships took part in the first Russian circumnavigation of the world, with Nadezhda serving as Admiral Krusenstern's flagship. The expedition failed, however, to achieve two of its main goals, to establish diplomatic relations with Japan, and to secure trading rights to Canton.

Krusenstern and Captain Yury Nevelskoy of Neva prepared for the voyage by first serving with the British Royal Navy from 1793 to 1799 to build their naval skills. Nadezhda had a 58-member crew and carried 16 guns. She apparently sailed under the auspices of the Russian-American Company (RAC). As part of her circumnavigation she delivered RAC cargo to Kamchatka, and the first Russian embassy under Nikolai Rezanov to Japan. Another passenger was the nobleman and adventurer Fyodor Ivanovich Tolstoy. He managed so to annoy captain and crew that Krusenstern finally left him at Kamchatka.

Nadezhda and Neva left Kronstadt on 7 August 1803. They sailed down the Baltic Sea, across the Atlantic Ocean, and past the Canary Islands and Brazil. After this they rounded Cape Horn and set across the Pacific Ocean, making stops at the Marquesas, the Aleutian Islands, and the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands, and also at Kamchatka.

They then separated at the Sandwich Islands. Nadezhda sailed to Japan to deliver the Russian ambassador, while Neva went on to visit the Russian settlements on the north-west coast of America. One passenger aboard Nadezhda was Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, who between 1819 and 1821 would lead a second Russian circumnavigation of the world. Another passenger was Otto von Kotzebue, the stepson of Kruzenstern's sister.

In 1805 the Swiss Johann Caspar Horner and the Prussian Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff, two scientists traveling on Nadezhda, made a hot air balloon out of Japanese paper (washi) to demonstrate the new technology to some 30 Japanese delegates.

After visiting Japan, Nadezhda sailed to China and Macao. Nadezhda and Neva briefly reunited, then Nadezhda rounded Africa and came back across the Baltic Sea to Kronstadt, arriving 19 August 1806.

Fate
In 1808 an American merchant, D. Martin, chartered Nadezhda to transport RAC cargoes from Kronstadt to New York City. During the trip, in December she became ice-locked near Denmark and was destroyed. Lloyd's List reported that "Nadeshda...is captured by the Danes, and is lost off Malmoe".

Name
Her name was the namesake of a gulf and Nadezhda Strait in the Okhotsk Sea, four capes in the Japan Sea and the Tatar Strait, and the Nadezhda Island (Sitka County, Alaska) in the Pacific Ocean.

Commemorative coins

In 1993 Russia issued three coins to commemorate the first Russian voyage around the world. One was a 150-roubles platinum coin showing both Nadezhda and Neva on the reverse. The other two were both 25-roubles palladium coins, one for Nadezhda and one for Neva.

See also
 European and American voyages of scientific exploration

Notes

Citations

References

 Barratt, Glynn (1987). The Russian Discovery of Hawai'i: The Ethnographic and Historic Record. Editions Limited. .
 Barratt, Glynn (1988). The Russians and Australia (Russia and the South Pacific 1696-1840) (Vol I). University of British Columbia.

1799 ships
Age of Sail merchant ships
London slave ships
Captured ships
Merchant ships of the United Kingdom
Maritime incidents in 1808
Shipwrecks of Denmark
Russian-American Company


Frederick I () (29 April 1831 – 24 January 1904) was a German prince of the house of Ascania who ruled the Duchy of Anhalt from 1871 to 1904.

Early life
Frederick was born in Dessau in 1831 as the third child and only son of Duke Leopold IV of Anhalt-Dessau and his wife Princess Frederica of Prussia, the daughter of Prince Louis Charles of Prussia.

He studied in Bonn and Geneva, and in 1851 entered the Prussian military at Potsdam.

In 1863 he became heir to the united Duchy of Anhalt, when his father Leopold IV had inherited all the Anhalt territories following the death of the last Duke of Anhalt-Bernburg.

In 1864, he participated in the Second Schleswig War in the staff of his brother-in-law, Prince Frederic Charles of Prussia, and in 1870-71 in the Franco-Prussian War as Lieutenant General. He was present at the proclamation of Wilhelm I as German Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at the Versailles Palace on 18 January 1871.

Reign
Frederick succeeded his father as Duke of Anhalt on 22 May 1871.

On 23 January 1904 he suffered an apoplectic stroke and died the next day at Ballenstedt castle. As his eldest son Leopold had predeceased him, he was succeeded as duke by his second son who became Frederick II.

Family

Marriage and issue
He was married on 22 April 1854 at Altenburg to Princess Antoinette of Saxe-Altenburg. She was a daughter of Prince Eduard of Saxe-Altenburg and his wife Princess Amalie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. They had six children:

Honours
German orders and decorations

Foreign orders and decorations

Ancestry

References

House of Ascania
Dukes of Anhalt
1831 births
1904 deaths
Generals of Infantry (Prussia)
German military personnel of the Franco-Prussian_War
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
Grand Crosses of the Order of the Star of Romania
Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword
Royal reburials
People from Dessau-Roßlau
Military personnel from Saxony-Anhalt


Wansford may refer to the following places in England:

Wansford, Cambridgeshire
Wansford railway station, headquarters of the Nene Valley Railway
Wansford, East Riding of Yorkshire


Raúl Zamudio is a New York-based independent curator, art critic, art historian and educator.

Background
Zamudio was born in Tijuana, Mexico. He was raised in San Diego, California and moved to New York City where he currently lives and works. He received undergraduate and graduate degrees in art history from the Brooklyn College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. He also studied at the following institutions: Vassar College, Université Laval, Columbia University, and the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University. He is an alumnus of the Whitney Museum Independent Study Program in Critical Studies.

Curatorial work
He was Curator-at-Large, Pristine Galerie, Monterrey, Mexico; International Art Director, Other Gallery, Beijing, Shanghai; Director of Exhibitions, White Box, New York, New York; and Curator-at-Large, the:artist:network, New York, New York. He has curated or co-curated over 100 exhibitions in the Americas, Asia and Europe including solo shows of Dennis Oppenheim, Javier Téllez, Miguel Angel Rios, Bik Van der Pol, Gordon Cheung, Riiko Sakkinen, Wojtek Ulrich, Shahram Entekhabi, Sun Yao, and Lui Lei, as well as group exhibitions including The Twilight of the Idols (Madrid), The Metamorphosis (Shanghai), Body Double (Wrocław), The Picture of Dorian Gray (Mexico City), Under Your Skin (New York City), The Phantom Limb (Chicago), The Crystal Land Revisited (Newark), That Obscure Object of Desire (Monterrey, Mexico), The Bermuda Triangle (Miami), Under the Volcano (San Jose, Costa Rica) and Theater of Cruelty (New York City).

Raúl Zamudio's curatorial work is distinguished by an expansive approach underscored, for example, in the following exhibitions: Rayuela, which used the structuralist configuration of the similarly titled novel by the writer Julio Cortázar as curatorial framework; The Passenger, based on the film by the director Michelangelo Antonioni; The Crystal Land Revisited, which was conceptually organized around an essay by the artist Robert Smithson; In the Future the Curator Will Point and Say, "Those Objects Over There is an Exhibition", based on an aphorism by Marcel Duchamp; The Pavilion of Realism , based on Gustave Courbet's rejection from the 1855 Exposition Universelle, which Zamudio presented in Shanghai during the 2010 World's Fair; another exhibition that incorporated a medical condition as thematic; and Art After Dark And After, a talk show in which he served as host that was both an interview program with artists and an art exhibition masked as dialogue and discussion. Apart from organizing exhibitions in galleries, art fairs, art festivals, alternative art spaces, academic and museum institutions, Zamudio was co-curator, "Here Is Where We Jump!," La Bienal 2013, El Museo del Barrio, New York, New York; co-curator, "City Without Walls," 2010 Liverpool Biennial; co-curator, Constellations: 2009 Beijing 798 Biennial; artistic director/curator, Garden of Delights: 2008 Yeosu International Art Festival; co-curator, Turn and Widen: 2008 Media_City Seoul International Media Art Biennial; and co-curator of an official collateral exhibition titled Poles, Apart, Poles Together presented at the 2005 Venice Biennial. His exhibitions have been reviewed in numerous periodicals including Art in America, Art Nexus Art Notes, Diario ABC, L Magazine, New York Art World, The New York Times, Randian, and the Village Voice.

Criticism and writing
As an art critic, Raúl Zamudio has written over 200 published texts of which many have been translated into Chinese, Finnish, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Portuguese, and Spanish. He is author, co-author, or contributor to more than 70 art-related books and exhibition catalogs, and some of the artists he has written essays on include Francis Alys, Waltercio Caldas, Lygia Clark, Gordon Cheung, Lucio Fontana, Julio Galán, Damien Hirst, Rebecca Horn, Teresa Margolles, Cildo Meireles, Ana Mendieta, Gabriel Orozco, Helio Oiticica, Santiago Sierra, Jesús Rafael Soto, Javier Téllez, and Teresa Serrano. He is corresponding editor for Art Nexus, and his texts have appeared in numerous periodicals including Contemporary, TRANS> Arts Culture Media, Estilo, Art in Culture, Art Map, Zingmagazine, Art Notes, Laboratory, Framework: The Finnish Journal of Contemporary Art, Journal of the West, Tema Celeste, La Tempestad, Public Art, and Flash Art. Raúl Zamudio's writing has been cited by Reed Johnson of the Los Angeles Times in Johnson's article on war and beauty.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American art critics
American art curators
American art historians
People from Tijuana
People from San Diego
People from New York City
Brooklyn College alumni
CUNY Graduate Center alumni
John Jay College of Criminal Justice faculty
Parsons School of Design faculty
Mexican emigrants to the United States
American people of Indigenous Mexican descent


Edward Benedicks (9 February 1879 – 24 August 1960) was a Swedish sport shooter who competed at the 1908, the 1912 and the 1920 Summer Olympics.

In 1908 he finished 27th in the individual trap event.

Four years later he won the silver medal in the running deer, double shots competition.

In the running deer, single shots event he finished 26th and in the individual trap event he finished 38th.

In 1920 he won his second silver medal with the Swedish team in the running deer, double shots competition. He also participated in the running deer, single shots event and in the running deer, double shots event but for both contests his results are unknown.

References

External links
profile

1879 births
1960 deaths
Swedish male sport shooters
Running target shooters
Olympic shooters for Sweden
Shooters at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Sweden
Trap and double trap shooters
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
19th-century Swedish people
20th-century Swedish people


Notodden Public Transport Terminal () is a bus station opened in 2002, and between 2004 and 2015 also a railway station, serving Notodden, Norway. Traditionally located on the Bratsberg Line, it was since 2008 been regarded as part of the Tinnoset Line. The station has only one track and one platform, and was served by hourly trains to Grenland by NSB. From 10 August 2015 until 12 December 2020, the rail traffic was moved back to Notodden New Station.  However, from the introduction of the new timetable on 13 December, this station came back into use.

History
Notodden Old Station was the first station to serve Notodden, and was taken into use when Tinnoset Line opened in 1909. When the extension line of the Bratsberg Line was opened in 1917 Notodden New Station was taken into use. After operations on the Tinnoset Line were terminated in 1991, plans to move the station closer to town were made, and in 2004 the new public transport terminal was taken into use. This station is  closer to town than the old one, but the final stretch is not electrified like the rest of Bratsberg- and Tinnoset Line.

References

Railway stations on the Bratsberg Line
Railway stations on the Tinnoset Line
Railway stations in Notodden
Railway stations opened in 2004
2002 establishments in Norway
Bus stations in Norway
Railway stations in Norway opened in the 2000s


A Arte de Amar Bem (also known as A Arte de Amar... Bem) it is a Brazilian comedy film released in 1970, in three episodes, directed by Fernando de Barros.

Plot theme

A sophisticated comedy movie Paulista, divided into three episodes taken from two pieces by Silveira Sampaio.

Cast
Eva Wilma
Raul Cortez
 Otelo Zeloni
 Consuelo Leandro
John Herbert
 Íris Bruzzi
 Newton Prado
 Luíza Di Franco
 Plínio Marcos
Sérgio Hingst
Wálter Forster
Karin Rodrigues
 Durval de Souza
 Diná Lisboa
 Vera Lúcia
 Luely Figueiró
 Gilda Medeiros

References

1970 films
1970 comedy films
Brazilian comedy films
1970s Portuguese-language films