Abrest (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France.

The commune is one of the 37 communes in the urban area of Vichy and is also part of Vichy Auvergne countryside.

Its inhabitants are called Abrestois or Abrestoises.

Geography

Location
Abrest is located about  south of Vichy and  north of Saint-Yorre. The commune straddles the Allier River with the river forming the western boundary of the commune in the southern portion. Departmental road 131 traverses some hamlets of the commune on the west bank of the Allier while departmental road 906e (former D906): Avenue de Vichy and Avenue de Thiers is on the east bank and passes through the centre of the town from Vichy to Saint-Yorre. The commune also contains Mount Bourbon and Bourbon Lamagne.

Localities and Hamlets
 Right Bank: Abrest, Quinssat, Les Béarnais, Les Dollots, Les Jacquets, Les Rémondins, Les Chaussins, Les Séjournins.
 Left Bank: La Sablière, La Boire, La Tour, Les Sables.

Neighbouring Communes and Villages

Communications

Roads

The town is traversed by the D906e (former D906) road which links Le Puy-en-Velay, Thiers, Puy-Guillaume, and Saint-Yorre to Vichy which is the main axis of movement. Historically this road was National Highway 106 from Nimes to Saint-Gérand-le-Puy. This route is heavily used by trucks, so could be described as a problematic area.

The town is far from any motorway: the A719 motorway (which enables access to the A71) is  to the west and the A89 motorway (junction Thiers-West) is  away.

The Southwest Bypass (), which aims to divert the flow of heavy vehicles, will be opened in 2016.

Departmental roads traversing the territory of the commune are
 D426 from Vichy to Abrest via ZA de la Croix Saint-Martin and the camp ground;
 D126 from Cusset to Abrest via Côte Saint-Amand;
 D131 from Vichy to Hauterive (along the left bank) serving the business area La Tour;
 D175 from Cusset to the D43 (63) via Le Vernet and Busset along the commune border with Le Vernet, accessible from the Quinssat road.

Public transports
Abrest is served by two of the nine lines of the transit network MobiVie:

 Route D serves the right bank (camp ground, Stadium of Graviers, the Castle, Town Hall, and the Biernets district) and runs from Monday to Saturday with four outbound and five return trips per day.
 Route G serves the left bank (district and industrial area of La Tour and Les Sables) and runs from Monday to Saturday with five runs per day.
 Custom MobiVie is a transport service on demand which is available to connect with routes B and D on the right bank, and routes B and C on the left bank.

Only the Dollots district in the south is served by the TER between Vichy and Pont-de-Dore, Thiers, and Arlanc (6 daily round trips). This service also runs on Sundays and holidays (3 return trips).

Route 55 (Vichy-Châteldon-Puy-Guillaume) of the Transdôme network serves Abrest (one round trip per day and two during the school year) serves the town centre and Dollots.

Cycling
There are no cycle routes in right bank of Allier and no bicycle parkings.

Rail

The commune has no railway station but it is traversed by two railway lines:
 Vichy–Riom railway;
 Saint-Germain-des-Fossés–Darsac railway (freight traffic only).

Urban Planning
Between 2008 and 2010, the development of Highway D906 was conducted in two phases under a communal contract for construction of the town:

Firstly, in 2008 with the creation of a  zone and road humps with a pedestrian crossing and secondly in 2009-2010, the development of the D906 road to the right of the town hall. The development has not altered the quality of the road: in some places the road has deteriorated due to the passage of heavy trucks, which can not take any other route.

Geology
The city is listed as a zone of low seismicity as are the majority of communes in the department. Its neighbouring communes, with the exception of Brugheas, are listed at the same level.

History
The name of the commune in the form of ABRET (Latin arbor meaning "tree") was mentioned for the first time in 1301 in the Dictionary of Mr. Chazaud.

Abrest was formerly a parish in the diocese of Clermont. It was fortified at the end of the 16th century and the current commune lies on both banks of the Allier. This is quite unusual because in general important rivers tend to serve as communal boundaries.

At the highest point is an old castle called Hurlevants with a view across the Allier valley and the mountains of Auvergne. The Chaussins Castle dates from the 15th century. The construction of the church dates from 1793, and as for the Town Hall, it was built in 1886.

Activities in the commune
Wine: The commune was one of the main localities of the former wine coast along with Le Vernet, Creuzier-le-Vieux and to a lesser extent, Saint-Yorre and Cusset.

Jacques François Chomel in his Treatise of mineral water and baths of Vichy, appeared at Clermont in 1734 and wrote: "The wine in Vichy is good, the slopes of Abret [Abrest], of Crotte [extinct village located at the site of the Ailes district], Longevigne, the vintage of Celestins, of Ris, of Châteldon on the other side of the river Grave-la-rama [a place where Bellerive is currently], all these wines are good and are available in Paris."

The vineyards lasted until the early 20th century.

The small village of Biernets (which was written "Biernay" in the 18th century) was the most important wine village of the commune. There was a high proportion of vintners in the population (up to 70% of the population in 1750, as well as related activities such as cooperage).

The peak of the grape harvests was in the middle of the 19th century. Much of the slopes of Saint-Amand and Dollots hill were covered with vines.

The  (Vines Street) and the  (Barrel street) are remnants of this activity.

Today, the vineyards have not completely disappeared, grapes are still cultivated a little in some places (2-3 family vineyards).

Port: Abrest was a small port on the right bank of the Allier. The  (Cul-de-sac of the Old Port) still bears witness. This port probably lived on a heavy traffic of wine.

Politics and Administration

List of Successive Mayors of Abrest

Commune budget
Budget was in 2011: €1,526,546 in investment and €1,827,154 in fonctionnement.

Population and Society

Demographic change

Evolution of the population of the municipality

Distribution of Age Groups
Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Abrest and Allier Department in 2017

Source: INSEE

Economy

Employment
There were 1,775 people aged between 15 and 64 years in 2017 in the commune, of which 1,334 (75.2%) were active. 138 people (10.4% of the active population) were unemployed.

85% of people who have a job work outside the commune of residence.

Businesses in the town
The commune of Abrest has a dozen companies in the business zone, ZA de la Tour, on the left bank of the Allier.

Businesses in the commune are:
Industrial: Ligier Automobiles, SAEB - Old established Barber, Brooks Instrument;
Construction: Paving Auvergne, SOPROMECO, Guelpa, Great Central Dredging, CMV ROSSIGNOL, Industrial Constructions - Cosinus
Trade: Gedimat, Ulimed
Services: NSE Services, RLD 1 - Vichy.

At the end of 2015, there were 212 establishments in the commune of Abrest, 161 (76%) of which were individual enterprises. 51 establishments had employees.

Shops
The commune of Abrest has:
 a pharmacy
 a post office
 a Banque Postale ATM
 a convenience store
 a hairdresser
 a bakery
 a tobacconist
 three restaurants (La Colombiere, La Campagne, and Piccolino)

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage

The commune has one building that is registered as a historical monument:
 The Chateau des Chaussins (14th century)

Other sites of interest
 Remains of a chateau in the town: the dovecote tower, partly rebuilt in the 19th century.
 The Chateau de Quinssat from the 17th century
 The Medieval tower of Maubet. Mentioned in the 13th century.

 Religious heritage

 The Church of Abrest. Originally a Gothic church, it was almost entirely rebuilt in the 19th century.
 The Old parish church of the Diocese of Clermont, fortified at the end of the 16th century.

 Environmental heritage
 Chènevière Floral and Forest Park

 Facilities
Since early 2006, the town has had a community centre and a municipal library located on the  - on the sloping part of the D426 - with 28 parking spaces, two for people with disabilities and reduced mobility.

The multi-purpose hall located on the right bank was rebuilt and renovated in 2009 and named Camille Claudel.

 Education
The city has one public primary school located on the rue de Treuil and rue de la Croix (the development was secured in 2006 on two streets with 30 km/h zone and 1 + 3 speed humps, and in 2015).

 Cultural events and festivities
Since 2001, the town of Abrest has organised an organic fair in May or June.

Every year in November, the communal staff of Abrest organize a traditional toy market.

 Sports
Abrest has a football stadium, the Stade des Graviers, and a club: the US Abrest'' which creates promotions for the departmental district.

 Notable People linked to the commune
 Louis Justin Marie, the last Marquis of Talaru Marquis and owner of the Chateau de Chaussins before the French Revolution
 André de Soixon''' was an important figure in Abrest. He lived a part of his life there and helped to develop the village, including rebuilding houses and helping the villagers. André de Soixon was of provincial gentry.

See also
 Communes of the Allier department

External links
 Abrest official website
 Abrest on the BNF website
 Abrest on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
 Abret on the 1750 Cassini Map

Notes and references

Notes

References

Communes of Allier


Agonges () is a commune in the Allier department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Agongeois or Agongeoises.

Geography
Agonges is located some 15 km north-west of Moulins and 50 km south of Nevers. It can be accessed by several roads: the D58 from Saint-Menoux in the south passes through the village and continues north, the D133 comes from the D953 in the south-west to the village and continues north-east to Bagneux, the D54 comes from Franchesse in the north-west to the village then continues east to join the D13, the D139 comes from Couzon in the north to join the D54 in the commune, and the D13 passes through the north-eastern corner of the commune. The commune consists entirely of farmland with numerous hamlets other than the village.

The hamlets are:

Chateau de Beaumont
Chateau de Breuil
Chateau du Monceau
Fontenay
Grand Langeron
Grand Monceau
La Coulette
La Croix Peyre
La Loire
La Raymonerie
La Vallette
Lafont
Lalue
L'Augere
Lavault
Le Breuron
Le Lieu Jobier
Le Moulin Rateau
Le Pingon
Le Plaix
Les Brosses
Les Carrons
Les Fourches
Les Regnauds
Les Sacrots
Les Sodais
Les Tarnissats
Petit Langeron
Petit Monceau
Retif

The Ours river flows through the commune from the south passing west of the village and continuing north to join the Burge which forms part of the northern border. There are small lakes in the north of the commune that link to the Burge. The Burge continues north to join the Allier south of Le Port Barreau.

Neighbouring communes and villages

History
In 1807 the former commune of Breuil merged with Agonges.

Administration

List of Successive Mayors of Agonges

Population

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage
The commune has a number of buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:
The Chateau of Sacrots (17th century)
The Chateau of La Pommeraye (15th century) is in a manor park from the 18th century equipped with round towers in the style of the 15th century.
The Chateau of Augère (Middle Ages) has a medieval dungeon covered with a roof extended by a Gothic building in the 19th century and still has a moat.
The Domain of Epine (15th century), a rare example of a fortified domain from the 14th century in Bourbonnais.
The Chateau of Echardons (1792) was rebuilt in 1792 and it remains the only castle with two towers and a dovecote.
The Chateau of Beaumont (1740) was rebuilt in 1740 on the site of a fortified castle of which only a tower and a dovecote remain.
The Chateau of Beaumont Park (20th century)
The Chateau of Echardons Park (20th century). The park is centred on a lane from the early 20th century.
The Park of La Tuilerie
The Park of La Pommeraie (20th century)
The Saulneraie Garden
The Laugère Park (19th century)

Châteaux Picture Gallery

Religious heritage
The Church of Notre-Dame (12th century) is registered as an historical monument. It contains a Bronze Bell (1578) that is registered as an historical object.

Church of Notre Dame Picture Gallery

Notable People linked to the commune
 François Dalphonse (1756-1821), politician, MP for Allier, owner of Beaumont Castle where he died
 Jean Bardin, radio host

See also
 Communes of the Allier department

External links
 Agonges on the old National Geographic Institute website
 Agonges on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
 Agonges on the 1750 Cassini Map
 High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images of The Church of Notre-Dame | Art Atlas

References

Communes of Allier
Bourbonnais


Ainay-le-Château () is a commune in the Allier department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Castelainaisiens or Castelainaisiennes.

Geography
Ainay-le-Château is located some  south-east of Bourges and  south-west of Nevers. The northern border of the commune is the departmental boundary with Cher and the regional boundary with the Centre-Val de Loire region. Access to the commune is by D951 road from Thaumiers in the north which passes through the town and continues south to Cérilly. The D951 from Charenton-du-Cher in the north-west to Bessais-le-Fromental in the north-east passes through the north of the commune. The D28 comes from Braize in the south-west to the town then continues north to join the D951. The D64 goes east from the town to Valigny. There are several country roads in the commune linking the villages and hamlets inside. These include Le Castinerie, Salvert, La Bete, Saint-Benin, Charnoux, La Moullin de la Riviere, and L'Amour.

The town is traversed by the Marmande river, a tributary of the Cher; and the Sologne river, which feeds into the Marmande. The village overlooks the right bank of the Sologne. There are a number of small lakes at the heads of the streams to the east of the town. On the left bank, the suburb of Mandais is covers both sides of the road from Bourges and the border with the department of Cher passes within  of the bridge.

The commune is bordered by the Forest of Tronçais to the south with a small portion of the forest in the commune called Taillis de Pontcharaud.

Neighboring Communes and Villages

History
Ainay-le-Chateau is a medieval town, one of the seventeen Châtelainies of the Dukes of Bourbon. The city was enclosed by walls and a castle stood around the church of Saint-Stephen.

During the French Revolution, the town took the name of Ainay-sur-Sologne.

The former parish and commune of Saint-Benin was reunited with Ainay-le-Château in 1842 and is today a village east of the town. Saint-Benin carried the Charnoux at the time of the French Revolution.

Home for people with psychiatric disorders
The town is home for a hospital which runs foster homes for the mentally ill. There are many of those foster homes in the commune and in the surrounding ones. Thus, these people are very well accepted, which allows them to live in optimal conditions. Because of this particular, the town has been featured on TF1 in the program Sept à huit (Seven to Eight) on 31 January 2010 (retransmitted on 21 April 2013), as well as in the program la Fabrique de l'Histoire (Fabric of History) on France Culture on 7 December 2010.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors of Ainay-le-Château

Population

Economy
In February 2010, according to the commercial register, Ainay-le-Château had 76 companies registered in the commune. There are 61 Real estate  and other companies with their headquarters in the town.

Most of them engage in craft activities, shops and services nearby. Since 2005 there have been from 2 to 6 new company registrations per year.

Three different bank branches are available in Town: La Banque Postale, the  Banque Populaire, and Crédit Agricole Centre France.

A local specialty is goat cheese.

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage
The commune has two sites that are registered as historical monuments:
A Public Park
The Urban area Fortifications (15th century) The fortifications include the Clock Gate and the enclosure with towers and walls.

Religious heritage
The Church of Saint Etienne (12th century). is registered as an historical monument. The Church has a Renaissance doorway and an old porch from the 12th century. The Church contains many items that are registered as historical objects:
A Tombstone (1534)
A Tombstone (15th century)
A Cross: Christ on the Cross (17th century)
A Tabernacle with a canopy (17th century)
A Statue: Saint Francis (17th century)
A Statue: Virgin and Child (17th  century)
A Group Sculpture: Virgin of Pity (16th century)
A Bas-relief: The House of Lorette (16th century)
The Chapel of Saint-Roch contains a Statue: Saint Fiacre (17th century) which is registered as an historical object.

Ainay-le-Château in culture
In autumn 2005 Ainay-le-Château was the location of many of the scenes in Michou d'Auber, a film by Thomas Gilou released in 2007, with Gérard Depardieu, Nathalie Baye, and Mathieu Amalric acting.

Notable People linked to the commune
 Paul Guignard, racing cyclist, born on 10 May 1876 at Ainay-le-Château.
 André Lwoff, won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1965 together with Jacques Monod and François Jacob.

See also
 Communes of the Allier department

Bibliography
 Henry Grozieux of Laguérenne, Ainay-le-Château in Bourbonnais, a history of the town and lordship from the beginning to the present day, Paris, H. Champion, 1912, 2 vols. in-8vo, fig., pl. and plans; repr. Yzeure, Imprimeries réunies, 1987, Vol. 1, 790 p.
 René Prophète, Ainay-le-Château - Visit to the church and the town,  Les Imprimeries Réunies Réveret & Ardillon, Moulins, 1987.

References

External links
 Ainay-le-Château official website
 Ainay-le-Château on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
 Ainay-le-Château on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Allier
Bourbonnais


Andelaroche () is a commune in the Allier department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Andelarochois or Andelarochoises.

Geography
Andelaroche is located some  east of Lapalisse and some  west of Marcigny. The D990/D994 road passes through the west of the commune from south-west to north-east. Access to the village is by the minor D424 road from Barrais-Bussolles in the north through the commune and the village then continuing south-east to Saint-Martin-d'Estreaux. The minor D470 road also goes from the village south-west to Droiturier. The commune is mostly farmland with a large forest in the south-east, the Bois de Saint Pierre in the centre, and a few isolated patches of forest towards the north.

The Andan river forms the south-western border of the commune, the Ruisseau de Maupes forms the north-western border, and the Ruisseau de l'Etang Civette forms part of the eastern border. Numerous other streams criss-cross the commune with many small lakes.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Population

Sites and monuments

There is a church of Romanesque origin but much altered in the 19th century. It is now a composite structure that has lost its original appearance.

Andelaroche Picture Gallery

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

External links
Andelaroche on the National Geographic Institute website
Andelaroche on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Ande la Roche on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Allier
Bourbonnais


Archignat (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Archignacois or Archignacoises.

Geography
Archignat is located some  west by north-west of Montluçon and  east of Treignat. Access to the commune is by the D916 road from Montluçon in the east passing through the heart of the commune and the village and continuing to Boussac in the west. There are also the D150 road from the village to Chambérat in the north, the D309 road from the village to the south, the D148 road going west to Saint-Sauvier, and the D150 road going south-west towards Saint-Martinien. The railway from Montluçon passes through the commune with a station just south of the village. Apart from two forests in the north-west and south, the commune is entirely farmland.

La Magieure river passes through the commune from west to east passing south of the village with the Ruisseau du Liat flowing from the south into it forming part of the eastern border of the commune. La Meuzelle river forms part of the northern border of the commune flowing north-east.

The highest point in the Arrondissement of Montluçon is located in the commune at a place called Signal de l'Age (Signal of the Ages) (). From here, on a clear day, the towers of Bourges Cathedral to the north and the Chaîne des Puys and the Monts Dore to the south can be seen.

Neighbouring communes and villages

History
The name of Archignat originates from a Latin anthroponym Arcanius (according to Albert Dauzat) or is derived from the oronymic roots cin or Chigne. The form Archiniaco appeared in 1070 and Archignac in the 13th century.

The common resulted from the merger in 1802 of Archignat and Frontenat. Archignat had 758 inhabitants in 1891.

The Terrier de la Mule,  from the present town, was the first location of the village: the remains of foundations of a square tower with ditches attest to this assertion but it is not verified.

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Population

Distribution of Age Groups

Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Archignat and Allier Department in 2017

Source: INSEE

Sites and Monuments
The Girauds Stones.
The Plaids Stones.
The Cross of Ages (15th century) is classified as a historical monument.
The Church of Saint-Sulpice from the 13th and 19th century. The church contains a Commemorative Plaque by William of Aaures (15th century) which is registered as an historical object.
The Church of Saint-Pardoux at Frontenat (Middle Ages) is classified as a historical monument.
A disused Fountain near the church at Frontenat surmounted by a niche containing a reliquary bust dedicated to Saint Peter.
The Lapidary testament of William of Aaures dating from 1416 is located in the Archignat church. the Lordship of Aaures was on the territory of the commune.
A Mound at Malleret (or Mallereix): the circular mound is about 25m in diameter with a double moat around it.
The Choux Chalet (free guided tour by appointment).

Picture Gallery

Sports and Recreation
Fitness trail
Mini-golf
Tennis courts
Hiking trails
Skating rink
Football and Basketball field
Bowling Alley
Fishing Lake "La Pêcherie"

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

External links
Archignat on the National Geographic Institute website
Archignat on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Archignat on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Allier


Arfeuilles (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Arfeuillats or Arfeuillates.

The commune has been awarded one flower by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.

Geography
Arfeuilles is located in the foothills of the Madeleine mountains some  east of Vichy and  north-west of Roanne. It is part of the Canton of Lapalisse with an area of almost . The village is at an altitude of  and is surrounded by a network of hills of which the highest is  belonging to the "". To the south it is bordered by the Côte roannaise, to the east and west are the Mountains of Forez. To the north the heights fall towards the plains of Lapalisse.

Access to the commune is by the D207 road from Saint-Pierre-Laval in the north-east passing through the village and continuing south-west to Châtel-Montagne. The D26 links the village to the N2007 (really D707) in the north-west which links to the N7 National Highway and also continues south-east to the hamlet of Les Biefs on the south-eastern border of the commune. The D471 goes from the village to Le Breuil in the north-west. The commune is equally mixed forest and farmland.

The Barbenan river flows from the south of the commune through its length past the village and continuing north-west to join the Besbre, a tributary of the Loire, at Le Breuil.

Neighbouring communes and villages

History

From The Middle Ages to the French Revolution
In feudal times Arfeuilles was a small village where some of the priests from the priory of Châtel-Montagne had built the old Arfeuilles Church (demolished in the 19th century and replaced by the present church). The inhabitants lived under the protection of a Squire of Arfeuilles, Hugues d'Arfoglia, vassal of the Count of Forez. In 1310, after a local conflict with the lord of Montmorillon (?) the fief fell into the hands of the conqueror: the noble family of Châtel-Montagne. Arfeuilles was incorporated into the province of Bourbonnais and dependent on the Chatellery of Vichy as Montmorillon Châtel-Montagne. The Wars of religion led to the destruction of the old castle and manor house built next to the church in 1600.

The 17th and 18th centuries saw a significant increase in the population of Arfeuilles and in the commercial development of the commune. In the villages, the hemp industry provided an important contribution to farms which typically had a hemp field. It was also a source of work for hemp combers, sergers, sewers, and weavers.

Rural organization from the 17th to the 18th centuries
In the traditional rural societies families lived together under one roof grouped in communities to cope with difficulties and dangers of all kinds. They worked on an undivided heritage of land passed down from generation to generation. This family and collective way of life was common in the Bourbonnais Mountains until the 19th century when it then disappeared with the application of the Napoleonic Code which did not recognize this type of association. The community was structured around a community leader, called "the Master", who managed common interests and had real moral authority over the group. Members of the community were called "parsonniers" and each had a share of the communal heritage. In general, the community gave its name to the village or locality where it was installed.

In the Arfeuilles region several communities have been identified from available state records although there is no written contract of association.

The revolutionary period
During the French Revolution, with the new territorial organization set up by the National Constituent Assembly of 1789, the territory of Arfeuilles was attached to the department of Allier in the district of Cusset.

Early political and social measures taken by the Constituent Assembly did not create particular agitation in Arfeuilles, the population was preoccupied with poor harvests and famine. It was not the same, however, with the Civil Constitution of the Clergy voted on 12 July 1790. The nomination and appointment of constitutional priests, the jurors, the confiscation of the rights of the parish enraged the population and started a virtual local war. Arfeuilles was not spared by the Terror as Jacques Forestier, president of the cantonal parliament of Arfeuilles and a raging Montagnard of the convention, cracked down.

The town was the chief town of a canton at the beginning of the Revolution.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Population

Distribution of Age Groups
Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Arfeuilles and Allier Department in 2017

Source: INSEE

Economy
Until the 19th century, Arfeuilles was a prosperous commune with agriculture as the main activity. Workshops carding wool, spinning, making Serge, and cloth were installed in the vicinity of the town. Along the river Barbenan over 14 grain mills, oil presses, and sawmills were recorded in the land registry of 1829.

With rugged terrain and fragmented and dispersed rural farms, agriculture was poorly suited to agricultural mechanization and land gave way gradually to reforestation. The nearest railway station was more than seven kilometres from the village near the National Highway N7 so Arfeuilles did not benefit from the opening up of road and rail in the 19th century. The consequences were a gradual decline in activity and demographic change. Currently, a second breath of air has been brought to the region through the development of green tourism.

Sites and Monuments
The Church of Saint-Germain in the neo-Gothic style replaced the old church. It was built between 1854 and 1870. It retains a Holy water font from the 12th century. There is also a Reliquary (17th century) which is registered as an historical object.
The Pisserotte Waterfall.
The Chapel of Saint Francis contains a Group Sculpture: Virgin of Pity (16th century) which is registered as an historical object.

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Bibliography
 Lucienne Vallery, History of Arfeuilles in Bourbonnais, Saint-Étienne, éditions Dumas, 1963.

External links
Arfeuilles on the old National Geographic Institute website
Arfeuille on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Allier


Arpheuilles-Saint-Priest (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Arpheuillais or Arpheuillaises.

Geography
Arpheuilles-Saint-Priest is located some  south-east of Montluçon and some  south-west of Commentry. Access to the commune is by the D69 road from Durdat-Larequille in the north-east passing through the village and continuing south-east to Ronnet. The D1089 branches off the D69 just north-west of the village and continues south-west to Marcillat-en-Combraille. The D460 from Ronnet going north to join the D2144 passes through the east of the commune. Apart from the village there are the hamlets of Villenette, La Naute, and L'Harpe. Apart from a large belt of forest in the north, the commune is entirely farmland.

The Banny river rises in the commune near the village and flows north-east to the Etang de la Ganne. The Ruisseau de Puy Clevaud rises near Villenette and flows south to join the Tartasse south of the commune.

Neighbouring communes and villages

History

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Population

Distribution of Age Groups

Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Arpheuilles-Saint-Priest and Allier Department in 2017

Source: INSEE

Sites and monuments

The Church of Saint Peter from the 19th century.

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

External links
Arpheuilles-Saint-Priest on the National Geographic Institute website
Arpheuilles-Saint-Priest on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Arpheuille on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Allier


Arronnes (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Arronnais or Arronnaises.

Geography
Arronnes is located some  south-east of Vichy and  west by south-west of Le Mayet-de-Montagne. Access to the commune is by the D995 road from Cusset in the north-west passing through the heart of the commune and the village and continuing south-east to Ferrières-sur-Sichon. Apart from the village there are the hamlets of Les Fours, Doyat, Les Barlets, and Les Etangs in the south of the commune. There are substantial forests spread over the commune occupying about 60% of the land area with the balance farmland.

The Sichon river flows from the south-east to the north-west of the commune joined by its tributary the Vareille at the village and continuing north-west to join the Allier in Vichy.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Toponymy
First named in 1282: Arona from the pre-Celtic ar ("stream" or "water") and the Gallic onna meaning river.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Population

Distribution of Age Groups
Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Arronnes and Allier Department in 2017

Source: INSEE

Sites and monuments
The Church of Saint-Léger (11th century). is registered as an historical monument. Built in granite, it once belonged to a Benedictine priory and the monks welcomed pilgrims who crossed the Bourbonnais mountains. In the church is a Bronze Bell from 1520 which is registered as a historical object.
A Peasant's House is located in a former farmhouse from the early 19th century.

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

External links
Arronnes on the National Geographic Institute website
Arronnes on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Aronne on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Allier


Audes (; Occitan, Auda) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

The inhabitants of the town of Audes are Audois.

Politics

Mayors of the commune of Audes:
 2008–2020: Serge Boulade
 2020–current: Michel Cheymol

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier


Aurouër is a commune in the Allier department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Aurouërois or Aurouëroises.

Geography

Aurouër is located some  north by north-east of Moulins and  south-east of Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier. The whole eastern border of the commune is the departmental boundary between Allier and Nièvre. Access to the commune is by the D133 road from Villeneuve-sur-Allier in the south-west which passes through the commune and the village and continues east to Saint-Ennemond. The D228 goes north-east from the village to Dornes. Apart from the village there are the hamlets of:

Les Berthomiers
Le Bois Canot
Bonnefond
Les Cantes
Champfroid
Le Charlet
Les Chenes
Le Choulton
Le Domaine Chateau
Domaine Martin
Les Durands
Les Forets
Les Gallets
Les Gouffats
Les Grillets
La Joubarde
Lafat
Lardillat
La Motte
La Motte-Ponay
La Niziere
La Noue
Le Ponay
Les Simonets
Les Torterats
Vaucoulmin
Les Vernes

There are large forested areas in the south-east of the commune with most of the rest farmland.

There are many ponds scattered across the commune from which streams flow towards the west to join the Allier.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 413 inhabitants. Between 1837 and 1879 it was part of the commune Villeneuve-sur-Allier.

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

External links
Aurouër on the old IGN website
Aurouër on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Aurouer on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Allier
Bourbonnais


Autry-Issards () is a commune in the Allier department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Issardiens or Issardiennes.

Geography
Autry-Issards is located some  west of Moulins and  north-west of Souvigny. Access to the commune is by the D134 from Bourbon-l'Archambault in the north-west to the village and also the D104 goes to Souvigny in the south-east. The D58 comes from Saint-Menoux in the north-east and passes through the village before continuing south-east to join the D11 east of Gipcy. The D293 comes from Saint-Menoux in the north-east and passes through the north of the commune before turning south to join the D58 west of the commune. The D73 passes through the commune in the south going from Gipcy to Souvigny. Apart from the village itself, there are the hamlets of:

Ardennes
Les Barons
La Basse Troliere
Beau Merle
Beau Soleil
Bordiere
Boucheron
Les Burches
Champ Juvenier
Les Chaumes
Charbonneau
Chateau d'Issards
Chateau du Plessis
Les Chenardeieres
Coulette
La Croix de Fromenteau
Les Etanieres
La Foultiere
Fromenteau
Les Genivres
Le Grand Bigut
La Grand Mouillere
Jaliere
Le Livrot
La Loge
Le Mai
Malleret
Le Moulin de la Pirouette
Les Noisettes
L'Ouche
Les Pechoirs
La Peliere
Les Perolles
Le Petit Bigut
Le Petit Mai
Les Planches
Provencheres
Rancy
Les Renauds
Rimasoir
La Rouche Coupee
Saint-Priest
La Troliere
La Tuilerie de Malleret
Les Ulferts
Vilban
Villard
Virjolais

The commune is mostly farmland with a few scattered patches of forest.

The Ourts river rises in the south of the commune and flows north-east to join the Burge south-east of Couzon. The Rose rises in the south-west of the commune and flows north-east to join the Ours.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 325 inhabitants.

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage
The commune has a number of buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:
The Chateau du Plessis (1497). The Chateau has one item that is registered as an historical object:
A half-plane relief: pregnant woman (Middle Ages)
The Chateau d'Issards (15th century). The chateau has an old part (the tower and attached main staircase) dating from the end of the 15th century and a part built between 1862 and 1870 by the architect Jean Moreau (1828-1899) for Count Louis Gabriel Carré d'Aligny.
The Rouche Coupée Farm (19th century)
A Farmhouse (19th century)
The Champ Bouca Farm (18th century)
The Amorins Farm (17th century)
A House at La Loge (19th century)
The Ecalits Farm (15th century)
The Jalière Farm (1780)
The Vilban Mill (18th century)
Houses and Farms (15th - 19th centuries)
The Plessis Farm (1497)
The Croix Fromenteau Farm (19th century)
The Benêts Farm (19th century)
The Villard Farm (18th century)
The Chateau de La Trolière (15th century). The Chateau contains one item that is registered as an historical object:
A Roof Ornament depicting a pigeon (18th century)
Boucheron Manor (15th century)
Petit Bigut Manor (15th century)
Ardennes Manor (1623)

Religious heritage

The commune has many religious buildings and structures that are registered as historical monuments:
The old Benedictine Priory of Saint-Maurice(13th century). The Priory contains three items that are registered as historical objects:
A Sculpture: Bust of Saint-Auréolé (11th century)
3 decorative plaques: Adam and Eve seated (11th century)
2 Statues: Virgin and Child and Saint-Cyriaque (disappeared) (12th century)

The Church of the Trinity (11th century) The Church of the Holy Trinity is a Romanesque church which dates from the early 12th century which has a magnificent portal and a carved tympanum and bell tower. It is typical of the Middle Ages (a long, low building with repeated use of the tapering lintel) with decorative influences from Cluny Abbey (especially fluted pilasters) combined. The decor of the portal (fluted pilasters and tangled foliage) is strongly reminiscent of some decorative elements of the Abbey at Chezal-Benoît (Cher) which was built in the first half of the 12th century. The steeple topped by its stone spire is one of the highest in the department. The Tympanum has two angels holding a Mandorla which surrounds Christ in glory which is also found in the nearby church of Meillers. This is a very rare instance of the artist signing his work: "Natalis me fecit". They are surrounded by arched ways with hanging lamps.

The church contains many items that are registered as historical monuments:

A Bronze Bell (1694)
A Bronze Bell (1656)
A Plaque commemorating the foundation of Masses by Jacques de Dreuille and Elisabeth Deculant, his wife (1715)
A Painting: Deposition of the Cross (16th century)
Group of 4 Capitals and bases (11th century)
A Statue: Christ in Majesty (13th century)
Group of 4 Capitals (12th century)
Group of 3 Capitals (12th century)
Group of 6 Capitals (12th century)
A Lintel: Christ Pantocrator or in Majesty (12th century)
A Painting: Lamentation on the dead Christ (15th century)
A Retable built into a niche (17th century)
A Processional Cross (19th century)
A Statue: Saint Roche (19th century)
A Statue: presumed to be Saint Abdon (19th century)
A Statue: Virgin and Child (18th century)
A Statue: Virgin and Child (17th century)
A Stained glass window roundel of Mgr. de Dreux-Brézé (19th century)
4 decorative and 2 historical Stained glass windows (1869)
2 historical Stained glass windows (1861)
3 Stained glass windows of people (1854)
A Bronze Bell (1836)
A Bronze Bell (1694)
The Furniture in the Church of the Trinity (1836)
7 Capitals, 5 bases, and a cornice (11th century)

Gallery of Pictures of the Church of the Trinity

Notable people linked to the commune
Pierre Lacorne, notary, born in 1940 at Autry-Issards and President of ASF France Aviation Sans Frontières.
Christian Chalmin, publisher, born in 1947 at Autry-Issards and Mayor of the commune from 1989 to 1995.
Sanne Spangenberg, French/Dutch born at Moulins in 1993, elected Miss Auvergne 2012 at 19 years old. She participated in Miss France 2013 on 8 December 2012 in live coverage on TF1 TV station.

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

External links
Autry-Issards on the old IGN website
Souvigny Town: Autry-Issards
Autry-Issards on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Autrye-Jssard on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Allier
Bourbonnais


Elektor (ἠλέκτωρ) is also an ancient Greek name or epithet of the Sun, see Helios.

Elektor, also known as Elektor Magazine, is a monthly magazine about all aspects of electronics, originally published in the Netherlands as Elektronica Wereld in 1961 and latterly Elektuur in 1964, and now published worldwide in many languages including English, German, Dutch, French, Greek (September 1982 to May 2008), Spanish, Swedish, Portuguese (European and Brazilian) and Italian with distribution in over 50 countries. The English language edition of Elektor was launched in 1975 and is read worldwide.

Elektor (in Dutch: Elektuur, in Greek: ελέκτορ) was founded in 1960 by the Dutch Bob W. van der Horst. It was and still is a leading publisher with a vast loyal group of readers around the world. Not only hobbyists but also professionals.

Elektor publishes a vast range of electronic projects, background articles and designs aimed at engineers, enthusiasts, students and professionals. To help readers build featured projects, Elektor also offer PCBs (printed circuit boards) of many of their designs, as well as kits and modules. If the project employs a microcontroller and/or PC software, as is now often the case, Elektor normally supply the source code and files free of charge via their website. Most PCB artwork is also available from their website.

Elektor also publishes books, CDs and DVDs about audio, microprocessors, software, programming languages and general purpose electronics.

Elektor is published by , headquartered in Limbricht, The Netherlands.

In December 2009, Elektor announced that for the American market a strategic cooperation would be entered with Steve Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar magazine In 2014, Circuit Cellar magazine separated from Elektor.

It also features articles about vintage electronics e.g. from the 1960s called retronics.

The English edition of Elektor is distributed in North America (USA and Canada) with  and in the UK and elsewhere with . The German issue has  ().

See also
 Elektor TV Games Computer
 Elektor Junior Computer
  (former translator of the German Elektor edition)

References

Further reading
   (The file describes the EASM and various other hex file formats.)

External links
 Elektor English language website
 Elektor India

1961 establishments in the Netherlands
Dutch-language magazines
Monthly magazines published in the Netherlands
Science and technology magazines published in the Netherlands
Magazines established in 1961
Hobby electronics magazines


Avermes () is a commune in the Allier department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Avermois or Avermoises.

The commune has been awarded two flowers by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.

Geography
Avermes is located in the north-east of Allier department in  natural region immediately north-west of Moulins. Access to the commune is by Route nationale N7 which comes from Villeneuve-sur-Allier in the north passing through the heart of the commune, with an exit just north of the town, and continues south-east, bypassing Moulins, to Bessay-sur-Allier in the south. The D707 goes from the exit on the N7 in the commune south through the town urban area continuing to Moulins. The centre of the town is accessed by the D283 which loops through the centre from the D707. The D979A forms the eastern border of the commune as it goes from Moulins north-east to Saint-Ennemond. The D29 branches from the D979A just south of the commune and passes through the east of the commune north to join the D133 east of Aurouër. The D29D links the D979A to the D29 in the east of the commune. Apart from the town there are the districts and hamlets of Chavennes, Les Groiteiers, Ravard, Les Gravettes, Les Plantes, Les Petites-Roches, and L'Etang Chateau. The urban area in the commune spreads along the D707 and along the east bank of the river. The east of the commune is farmland.

The Allier river flows along the western border of the commune and through part of the west of the commune as it flows north to join the Loire just east of Cuffy. An unnamed stream rises in the east of the commune and flows south-west to join the Allier. There are also numerous ponds in the commune.

Neighbouring communes and villages

History
Avermes was mentioned for the first time in the 8th century.

Heraldry

Administration
List of Successive Mayors

Mayors from 1935

Population

Economy

This is the main suburb of Moulins for both leisure and industrial activities with a fairground (Moulins Foirexpo), a cultural multi-purpose hall (Islea), and two metallurgical factories: JPM ex-Chauvat employing about 400 people, and Potain Cranes which employs about 250 people. These are the two largest employers in the commune with ITM (an Intermarché logistics depot with 200 employees), the Leclerc Centre (distribution with 200 employees), Desamais (hardware with 110 employees), and Chapier (DIY store - 50 employees).

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage
The commune has one building that is registered as an historical monument:
The Chateau of Segange (15th century)

Other sites of interest
The Home of Champfeu, dating from the 17th and 18th centuries with the large buildings of the old seminary and the large chapel built in his enclosure in 1925 (Route de Paris).

Religious heritage

The commune has one religious building that is registered as an historical monument:
The Church of Saint Michel or Notre-Dame de la Salette (1871). The church is built in bi-coloured bricks, grey and light grey (Volvic stone).

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

External links

The Community of the agglomération of Moulins official website
Averme on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Allier


Barberier () is a commune in the Allier department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France.

Geography
Barberier is located some  north-west of Vichy and some  north by north-east of Gannat. Access to the commune is by the D36 road from Étroussat in the west which passes through the centre of the commune and the village and continues east to join the D2009 east of the commune. The D183 comes from Bayet in the north and also passes through the centre of the commune, intersecting the D36 at the village, continuing south to join the D66 south of the commune. Apart from the village there are the hamlets of Les Varennes in the south, La Grange Neuve in the east, and Bompré in the north.

The Sioule river flows north along the south-eastern border of the commune and continues north to join the Allier north-east of Contigny.

History
Barberier appears as Barbrier on the 1750 Cassini Map and the same the 1790 version.

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 143 inhabitants.

Sites and monuments
There are two sites in the commune that are registered as historical monuments:
The Château of Bompré (15th century)
The old Church of Saint André (12th century)

See also
Communes of the Allier department

Bibliography
 Raymond d'Azémar, Étroussat, Barberier. Municipal Chronicles from the Revolution to today, Montluçon, 1983

References

Communes of Allier


Barrais-Bussolles () is a commune in the Allier department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Barraisiens or Barraisiennes.

Geography
Barrais-Bussolles is located some  south-east of Moulins and  north-east of Vichy. Access to the commune is by the D424 road from Andelaroche in the south-east which passes through the village and continues north to join the D124 inside the commune. The D124 comes from Bert in the north and passes through the northern part of the commune continuing south-west to Lapalisse. Apart from the village there are also the hamlets of La Tuilerie, Les Rois d'en Bas, Les Rois, Les Cinq Chênes, Les Goyards, Les Gailles, Les Desserts, La Bruyère, Le Casson, Montpertuis, Les Tixiers, Les Rigondets, Les Jayots de Bois, Les Allaisons, Mâme, and Les Rivières in the commune. The commune is mainly farmland with some forest in the south-east and north-east.

The Ris des Rois stream forms the north-western border of the commune as it flows north-west to join La Besbre near Trézelles. The Ruisseau de Conrieux forms most of the northern border of the commune as it flows east to join the Ris des Rois. The Ruisseau de l'Étang Cochon also rises in the north of the commune and flows north-east to join the Ris des Rois. On the western border the Ruisseau de Gerban forms the border as it flows south-west to join La Petit Tèche which continues to join La Besbre north of Lapalisse. The Ruisseau de Maupas forms the southern border of the commune as it flows east to join La Petit Tèche. The Ruisseau de Saint-Pourçain forms part of the eastern border as it flows north to join the Ruisseau des Gouttes Barres which in turn forms the north-eastern border as it flows north to join La Tèche near Bert.

History
Barrais appears as Barrois on the 1750 Cassini Map and the same on the 1790 version.

Bussolles appears as Bufsolles on the 1750 Cassini Map and as Bussoles on the 1790 version.

The commune was formed in 1833 by the merger of the communes of Barrais and Bussolles.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

The Municipal Council is composed of 11 members including the Mayor and 2 deputies.

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 192 inhabitants.

Culture and heritage

Religious heritage
The Chapel de la Tour Pourçain (13th century) is registered as an historical monument. It is in the Gothic style with a bell tower over a facade that was added in the 19th century with a slate roof and surmounted by a wooden arrow.

Notable people linked to the commune
André Louis Laveissière (called Kiki), born 8 August 1913 in Hautot-sur-Mer (Seine-Maritime) and died 24 November 1994 in Paris. He joined General de Gaulle in England, walking across France and later Spain. Member of the Free French Air Force, former No. 341 Squadron RAF. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour, Croix de Guerre with palm 1939–1945, Resistance Medal, Escapees' Medal, Volunteer combatant's cross, and Aeronautical Medal. He lived in the commune during part of his youth. He then lived in Boulogne-Billancourt. He is, however, buried in the cemetery of Barrais-Bussolles.

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier


Bayet (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Bayétois or Bayétoises.

Geography
Bayet is located some  south of Moulins and  north-west of Vichy. Access to the commune is by the D2009 (former N9) road from Saint-Pourçain-sur-Sioule in the north which passes through the commune east of the village and continues south to Le Mayet-d'École. The D6 branches off the D2009 in the commune and goes south-east to Saint-Didier-la-Forêt. Access to the village is by the D406 which branches off the D2009 in the commune and goes south-west to the village changing to the D519. The D183 goes south from the village to Barberier. The D219 comes from Chareil-Cintrat in the west and passes through the village before continuing east to join the D6. The D35 from Étroussat in the south-west to Saint-Pourcain-sur-Sioule passes through the west of the commune. Apart from the village there are the hamlets of Nerignet, Le Marais, Les Echaloux, La Rue du Jo, Le Plaix, Le Chambon, and Les Bouillots. The commune is almost entirely farmland.

The railway line from La Ferté-Hauterive to Gannat once passed through the commune. It was the last line to have been commissioned by the Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée in 1932. It was closed to passenger traffic in 1938. The section between the stations of Saint-Pourçain-sur-Sioule and Bayet was closed to freight traffic in 1960 and decommissioned in 1969 followed by a path being created in 1974.

Bayet once had a station on this line. The passenger station was built "midway between the ends of the line, [...] comprising [...] a siding of 700 m length".

The Sioule river flows through the commune from south to north and continues north to join the Allier north-east of Contigny. The Bouble river flows from the west and through the western part of the commune as it flows north-east to join the Sioule on the commune border.

Toponymy
Bayet appears as Bayet on the 1750 Cassini Map and the same on the 1790 version.

History
The former commune of Martilly was merged with Bayet in 1807.

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 698 inhabitants.

Distribution of Age Groups

Percentage Distribution of Age Groups in Bayet and Allier Department in 2017

Source: INSEE

Education
The commune has a primary school which is part of the .

Economy

Population and income tax
In 2011, the median household income tax amounted to €26,288, placing Bayet at the 22,612nd ranking of communes with more than 49 households in metropolitan France.

Local taxes applicable in Bayet are: housing tax 8.18%; property tax on built-up properties 8.44%, and Undeveloped properties 33.84%. These rates are unchanged compared in 2014 and in 2013 these figures were lower than the average of the stratum corresponding to communes from 500 to 2000 inhabitants. The community of communes to which Bayet belongs is not eligible for the property tax on buildings however the residential tax rate (10.89%) and the developed property (additional charge: 37.57%) exceed those of the commune.

Employment
In 2012 the population aged 15–64 years was 430 people among which 77% were employable, 66.1% in employment and 10.8% were unemployed.

There were 446 jobs in the employment area. The number of active employed residing in the area being 287, the job concentration indicator is 155.5% which means that the commune offers more than one job per employable person.

Businesses
On 1 January 2013 Bayet had 31 businesses: 10 in industry, 5 in construction, and 16 in trade, transport and other services. There were no businesses in the administrative sector.

Industry
The commune has a Combined cycle gas electricity generator, the 3CB (for Central Combined Cycle Bayet), owned by the Swiss energy company Alpiq. It entered service in 2011 with a capacity of 408 megawatts. It produces annually an average of about 1.6 billion kWh, which is equivalent to the consumption of 400,000 homes. 3CB cost 300 million euros. The installation in Bayet was due to the presence of a major high-voltage RTE substation and a GRTgas pipeline.

The Lucane energy plant, established since 1 April 1982, can "enhance the autonomy of municipal waste for 96000 Bourbonnais". This unit is on track to pass ISO 50001 certification.

Tourism
On 1 January 2015 the commune had no hotels, nor campsites, or any other collective accommodation.

Culture and heritage

Religious heritage
The Church of Saint Marcel (12th century) is registered as an historical monument.

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

INSEE References
 Commune of Bayet (03018) - Complete File, consulted on 4 July 2015 :

Communes of Allier


Beaulon () is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

Administration
 2008–current: Alain Lognon

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Beaune-d'Allier is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

Administration
 2008–2014: Jean Clement
 2014–2020: Jean-Jacques Mercier
 2020–current: Jacques Philip

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bègues (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Geography

Population

Administration
 2008–2014: Georges Beaumet
 2014–2020: Alain Viguié
 2020–current: Serge Maume

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bellenaves (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Geography
The river Bouble forms part of the commune's northeastern border.

Population
Inhabitants are called Bellenavois and Bellenavoises.

Administration
The current mayor is Nicole Hauchart, elected in 2020.

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bellerive-sur-Allier (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Known as Vesse or Vaisse, it was renamed Bellerive-sur-Allier in 1903.

Population

Geography

Location
Bellerive-sur-Allier was member of Gannat district in 1793, which becomes an arrondissement in 1801; member of the arrondissement of Lapalisse from 1926 to 1942 and arrondissement of Vichy since 1942. It was member of the canton of Escurolles from 1801 to 2015. The commune is the centralizer office of the canton of Bellerive-sur-Allier (11 communes) since March 2015.

Transportation

Road transportation
Bellerive-sur-Allier is at the junction of several main roads, including the main ones:
 the departemental road 2209 (D2209);
 the departmental road 1093 (D1093);
 the departemental road 984 (D984) passing by the town hall;
 the departemental road 6 (D6) coming from Saint-Pourçain-sur-Sioule.
These main roads are not enough to relieve congestion at peak hours (quasi-permanent stoppers on deck Bellerive) and the arrival of the A719 motorway in 2015, though it approaches the heart of the town, was not enough to improve the traffic conditions.

The main roads are closed to vehicles weighing more than 7.5 tonnes except for local traffic. Controls are organized regularly by municipal services to ensure that heavy vehicles comply with the regulations.

Parking is free. It performs even side on even years and odd side on odd years.

Cycling transportation
Bike lanes were built on part of the D2209, on the Avenue de Vichy (north-south between the Boussange roundabout and Georges-Beaugnies alley and in both directions beyond) and Avenue de la République in both directions and the roundabout of the Republic since 2010, as well as a portion of the Maurice-Chalus street, a portion of one-way between Jean-Ferlot street and the church (between two traffic calmings).

Bike paths also exist around the bridge of Europe.

In July 2010, a 2.7 km-cycle route was established between the Bellerive bridge and the swimming centre. This service comes despite an impairment of this signaling equipment, better service. New roads have been built and existing roads were adapted.

Round of the Lac d'Allier by bike is completed in July 2011.

The Via Allier, a 27 km-route following the Allier River from Saint-Yorre to Billy, created in 2020, passes in Bellerive-sur-Allier.

Urban transportation
The city is served by five lines of the bus network MobiVie.

Politics and administration
The current mayor is François Sennepin, elected in 2020.

Twin towns
 Hadamar, Germany
 Impruneta, Italy

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bessay-sur-Allier (, literally Bessay on Allier) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

Administration
The current mayor is Didier Paqueriaud, elected in 2020.

See also
Communes of the Allier department

External links
 Town hall website

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bézenet (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Geography
Bézenet is part of the canton of Commentry (before March 2015: canton of Montmarault) and of the Commentry Montmarault Néris Communauté.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Billezois (Occitan, Bilhasés) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Geography

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Biozat () is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bizeneuille (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Blomard (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Boucé (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Le Bouchaud () is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Braize () is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Geography

At its widest point, the commune is 8 km across, stretching from the Cher department to the Rond des Landes Blanches. It lies in a valley oriented east and west from La Pacaudière to Les Ris, the lowest point in the commune.

Much of the valley is swampy. It is drained by a brook that flows through several ponds. The lowest point in the commune is on the west.

On the south are the edges of the forest of Tronçais, dominated by several buttes at Rond du Haut du Parc and Puy Aigu, the highest point in the commune at Montaloyer.

On the north, a gentle slope rises to the present town, with its remarkable feudal motte Le Mamelon, close to the farm called La Commanderie. Northwest of Baignereau, the boundary is the river Sologne.

Beyond the village and to the edge of the commune, a slightly rolling plateau leads to the Verneuil vineyards, of which only a small part are still cultivated.

Economy
In the 1930s, Braize had a half dozen vineyards of 30 to 40 hectares.

Currently, there are about a half dozen farms raising primarily cattle and sheep. Tourist activities include fishing and camping.

Events
The traditional festival of the patron saint, La Saint Antoine, is celebrated January 17. The Foire aux ânes takes place the last Sunday in August.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Hubert Collings Kennedy (born 1931) is an American author and mathematician.

Kennedy was born in Florida and studied mathematics at several universities. From 1961 he was professor of mathematics, with research interest in the history of mathematics, at Providence College (Rhode Island), He spent three sabbatical years doing research in Italy and Germany. He published a definitive biography of Giuseppe Peano who conceived modern mathematical notation.

Kennedy came out as gay on the cover of the magazine The Cowl, and, along with Eric Gordon, was part of the first Gay Pride parade in Providence, Rhode Island, which was held on June 26, 1976.

In 1986 Kennedy moved to San Francisco, where he continued his historical research, now on the beginnings of the gay movement in Germany. He has over 200 publications in several languages, from an analysis of the mathematical manuscripts of Karl Marx and a revelation of Marx's homophobia, to theoretical genetics and a proof of the impossibility of an organism that requires more than two sexes in order to reproduce. In addition, Kennedy has written biographies of the Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano and the German homosexual emancipationist/theorist Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, and has edited the collected writings of Ulrichs. His translations of the boy-love novels of the German anarchist writer John Henry Mackay and his investigations of the writings of Mackay have helped establish Mackay's place in the gay canon.

Kennedy married his longtime companion Don Endy in 2014.

Bibliography
 John Henry Mackay (Sagitta), Anarchist der Liebe, biography (2007).
 Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Pioneer of the Modern Gay Movement (2002).
 PEANO: Life and Works of Giuseppe Peano.
  Collection of articles on life and mathematics of Peano (1960s to 1980s).
 Sex & Math in the Harvard Yard: The Memoirs of James Mills Peirce, novel.
 Homosexuality and Male Bonding in Pre-Nazi Germany: The Youth Movement, the Gay Movement and Male Bonding Before Hitler’s Rise: Original Transcripts from "Der Eigene", the First Gay Journal in the World (1991).
 Life’s Little Loafer, short story.
 From My Life (2009), autobiography by Kennedy.
 A Touch of Royalty: Gay Author James Barr, essay.
 Eight Mathematical Biographies, collections of short biographies.
 The Ideal Gay Man: The Story of "Der Kreis" (1999).
 Negation of the Negation: Karl Marx and Differential Calculus.
 In Memoriam: Five Gay Obituaries on Glenn Hogan, Mario Mieli, Roger Austen, Peter Schult, and Robert Turner.
 John Henry Mackay, Die letzte Pflicht & Albert Schnells Untergang (2007).

References

External links
 Hubert Kennedy in German National Bibliothek
 Hubert Kennedy

1931 births
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
American non-fiction writers
American gay writers
Gay academics
LGBT mathematicians


Bransat () is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bresnay () is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Le Brethon (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Broût-Vernet (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France. It is around 15 km north-west of Vichy and 40 km north of Clermont-Ferrand.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Brugheas () is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Busset is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Buxières-les-Mines () is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

Transport
Buxières-les-Mines was served by railway. The railway station was Gare de Chavenon in the nearby city of Chavenon. It was used for the transport of coal.

Personalities
Louis Ganne, composer and conductor, was born in Buxières-les-Mines.

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Mining communities in France
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Cesset (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chambérat (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chamblet () is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


La Chapelaude (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Bourbonnais
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


La Chapelle-aux-Chasses () is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chareil-Cintrat (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Geography
The river Bouble flows northeast through the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The Wargames Research Group (WRG) is a British publisher of rules  and reference material for miniature wargaming. Founded in 1969 they were the premier publisher of tabletop rules during the seventies and eighties, publishing rules for periods ranging from ancient times to modern armoured warfare, and reference books which are still considered standard works for amateur researchers and wargamers. They are best known for their seminal ancient and medieval period rules, and also for De Bellis Antiquitatis and Hordes of the Things fantasy rules.

History

WRG was founded by Phil Barker, Bob O'Brien, and Ed Smith in 1969, when they published War Game Rules: 1000 B.C. to 500 A.D..

The rules quickly gained widespread acceptance through the miniature wargaming world, especially in the UK, and quickly became the acknowledged standard for ancient warfare. WRG followed with rules for other periods which gained similar widespread acceptance.

Innovative features of the rules included:
 morale rules, based on a reaction test which evaluated the tactical situation of a unit as well as the casualties it had suffered. The results of the reaction test could result in players' losing control of their troops.  Not only would troops on occasion flee but they could also go into uncontrolled advance.
 Up till 1969 the normal way of recording casualties was to remove figures.  The WRG rules made use of the nominal 1:20 figure scale, in which one wargames figure represented 20 men.  Casualties were considered as lost men and noted down with figures being removed only when a whole 20 had been lost. This was regarded as a major innovation.

While very much a minority interest, both the 6th Edition and the 7th Edition continue to be played even at a competition level.  Both, however, are no longer supported by WRG.

WRG rules have been sufficiently widely adopted that other popular rule sets sometimes choose to adopt the same basing requirements for figures to avoid requiring rebasing of the large number of WRG-based armies.  Aspects of the WRG basing system such as the intermediate group of infantry between heavy and skirmisher infantry have, however, come under criticism.

At the beginning of the 1990s WRG introduced  De Bellis Antiquitatis (DBA) which was a radical simplification of ancient and medieval wargaming. The concepts of DBA were adapted to allow significantly larger games, which led to  De Bellis Multitudinis (DBM) for Ancient and medieval and De Bellis Renationis (DBR) for Renaissance. The DBx series of rules are still in widespread use, the latest incarnation being De Bellis Magistrorum Militum (DBMM).

DBA was also adapted to a fantasy setting in Hordes of the Things.

Significance

WRG rules were a significant milestone in the development of modern miniature wargaming, and attempted to  use historical research to provide historical realism in wargames. Thus, the WRG referred to the original historical texts as the basis for their reference works, rules sets and army lists, and their historical publications are often found in wargaming and other bibliographies.

The reference works published by WRG are aimed at the wargamer rather than the academic history student, but are nonetheless accurate enough to be occasionally cited in more scholarly texts.

Products

Rules

Ancients & Medievals
In seven editions, normally referred to by wargamers just by the edition number.
 War Games Rules 1000 B.C to 500 A.D, 1st Edition, Ancient War Games Research Group, Feb 1969.
 War Games Rules 1000 B.C to 500 A.D., 2nd Edition, Ancient War Games Research Group, July 1969
 War Games Rules 1000 B.C. to 1000 A.D., 3rd Edition, War Games Research Group, September 1971
 War Games Rules 1000 B.C. to 1000 A.D., 4th Edition, War Games Research Group, August 1973
 Wargames Rules 3000 B.C - 1250 A.D, 5th Edition, Wargames Research Group, 1976 The 5th Edition revised the order system, laying down more rigorously what orders could be given.
 Wargames Rules 3000 BC to 1485 AD, 6th Edition, Wargames Research Group, 1980
 Wargames Rules 3000 BC to 1485 AD, Revised 7th Edition, Wargames Research Group, 1986
 Wargames Rules 3000 BC to 1485 AD, Amended 7th Edition, Wargames Research Group, 1987* Warrior is a development of this edition.

Renaissance
 Rulettes for 16th Century Naval Warfare, Wargames Research Group, 1978
 Wargames Rules 1420-1700 George Gush 2nd Edition, Wargames Research Group, 1979

Horse and Musket
 Wargames Rules 1750 - 1850, Wargames Research Group, January 1971.
 Wargames Rules 1685-1845, Wargames Research Group, 1979
 Corps d'Armee: Napoleonic Rules for Large Scale Wargames, Geoffrey Wootten, Wargames Research Group, 1989

Modern
 War Games Rules Infantry Action 1925-1975, War Games Research Group, June 1972.
 War Games Rules Armour & Infantry 1925-1950, War Games Research Group, June 1973
 War Games Rules Armour & Infantry 1950-1975, War Games Research Group, January 1974
 War Games Rules for Armoured Warfare 1950-1985, Wargames Research Group, 1979
 War Games Rules 1925-1950: Wargames Rules for All Arms Land Warfare from Platoon to Battalion Level, Wargames Research Group, 1988
 War Games Rules 1950-2000: Wargames Rules for All Arms Land Warfare from Platoon to Battalion Level, Wargames Research Group, 1993

DBx
 DBA
 De Bellis Antiquitatis, Wargames Research Group, 1990
 De Bellis Antiquitatis, Version 2.0, Wargames Research Group, 2001
 De Bellis Antiquitatis, Version 3.0, Wargames Research Group, 2014

 DBM
 De Bellis Multitudinis 3000 BC to 1500 AD, Phil Barker and Richard Bodley Scott. Wargames Research Group, 1993
 DBR
 De Bellis Renationis' 1494 AD to 1701 AD, Phil Barker and Richard Bodley Scott, Wargames Research Group, 1995
 Hordes (Fantasy)
 Hordes of the Things, Phil Barker, Sue Laflin Barker & Richard Bodley Scott, Wargames Research Group, 1991
 Hordes of the Things, Phil Barker, Sue Laflin Barker & Richard Bodley Scott, 2nd Edition, Wargames Research Group, 2002
 Hordes of the Things, Phil Barker, Sue Laflin Barker & Richard Bodley Scott, Version 2.1, Wargames Research Group, 2014

 DBMM
 De Bellis Magistrorum Militum 3000 BC to 1500 AD, Phil Barker, 2007 (Partizan Press, not WRG)
 De Bellis Magistrorum Militum 3000 BC to 1515 AD, Version 2.0, Phil Barker, Wargames Research Group, 2010
 De Bellis Magistrorum Militum 3000 BC to 1525 AD, Version 2.1, Phil Barker, Wargames Research Group, 2016

Other
 Richard Nelson, Naval wargames rules: fleet action (September 1973, 20pp and two copies of a quick reference card).
 Decline and Fall, board game about the fall of the Roman empire.
 Robin Wyatt, SEASTRIKE ('modern' naval warfare, copyright 1973, the forward is dated March, 1974). Miniatures/board game hybrid tabletop game, with plastic-laminated cardboard counters depicting ships, aircraft, and emplacements, 24 page rulebook, rules summary cards, custom movement and firing range rulers, card deck for combat resolution, cardboard islands, orders envelopes contain paper mission orders and orders cards packaged in a glossy cardboard file folder with naval silhouette artwork. The play area is the table surface, with cardboard island terrain. Ships are depicted by counters of various sizes with hull outlines and systems icons to be erasably crossed off to indicate damage. The rules use measured distance and angles like miniatures rules.

Army Lists

Ancients & Medievals
 Army Lists For use with rules 3000 B.C - 1250A.D. War Games Research Group, 1977.
 Army Lists For use with wargames rules 3000 BC to 1485 AD Book One - 3000 BC - 75 AD, Wargames Research Group, 1981
 Army Lists For use with wargames rules 3000 BC to 1485 AD Book Two - 55 BC - 1000 AD, Wargames Research Group, 1982
 Army Lists For use with wargames rules 3000 BC to 1485 AD Book Three - Armies Originating After 1000 AD, Wargames Research Group, 1982
 Army Lists Volume 1: Armies of the Ancient Near East 3000BC - 500BC, D. Hutchby & S. Clark, Wargames Research Group, 1992
 Army Lists Volume 2: Armies of the Far East, Asia and America, D. Hutchby & S. Clark, Wargames Research Group, 1993.

Renaissance
 Army Lists For use with rules 1490 A.D - 1660 A.D, War Games Research Group, 1978.
 Army Lists For use with Wargames Research Group Wargames Rules 1420 - 1700, George Gush, Wargames Research Group, 1984

DBx
 D.B.M. Army Lists Book 1: 3000 BC - 500 BC, Phil Barker & Richard Bodley Scott, Wargames Research Group, 1993
 D.B.M. Army Lists Book 2: 500 BC - 476 AD, Phil Barker & Richard Bodley Scott, Wargames Research Group, 1993
 D.B.M. Army Lists Book 3: 476 AD - 1071 AD, Phil Barker & Richard Bodley Scott, Wargames Research Group, 1994
 D.B.M. Army Lists Book 4: 1071 AD - 1500 AD, Phil Barker & Richard Bodley Scott, Wargames Research Group, 1994
 D.B.R. Army Lists Book 1: Armies of the Great Italian Wars, Valois-Habsburg-Tudor Wars, Turkish Wars, Chinese and Japanese Wars, The Americas and of the Reformation, Phil Barker, Wargames Research Group, 1995

Reference Books
 Warfleets of antiquity.
 Tony Bath, Setting up a wargames campaign, Wargames Research Group, May 1973 (75pp).
 Chapters "How to set up your campaign", "map movement", "contacts, battles and after affects", "umpires - and the lack of same", "supply and replacement", "characterisation", "campaign extras", "horse and musket campaigns", "Victorian campaigns", "World War I", "World War II", "mini campaigns", and "naval campaigns".
 Tony Bath, Setting up a Wargames Campaign Revised Third Edition, Wargames Research Group, 1986.
 Alan Buttery, Armies and Enemies of Ancient Egypt and Assyria: 3200 BC to 612 BC, Wargames Research Group, 1974.
 John P Greer, The Armies and Enemies of Ancient China 1027 BC - 1286 AD, Wargames Research Group, 1975.
 Richard Nelson, Armies of the Greek and Persian Wars 500 to 350 BC, Wargames Research Group, 1975
 Ian Heath, Armies of Feudal Europe 1066-1300, Wargames Research Group, 1977
 Ian Heath, Armies and Enemies of the Crusades 1096-1291, Wargames Research Group, 1978
 Ian Heath, Armies of the Dark Ages 600-1066, Second Edition, Wargames Research Group, 1980
 Phil Barker, The Armies and Enemies of Imperial Rome 150 BC to 600 AD, Fourth Edition, Wargames Research Group, 1981
 Duncan Head, Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars 359 BC to 146 BC, Wargames Research Group, 1982.
 Ian Heath, Armies of the Middle Ages, Volume 1: The Hundred Years' War, the Wars of the Roses and the Burgundian Wars, 1300-1487, Wargames Research Group, 1982
 Ian Heath,  Armies of the Middle Ages, Volume 2: The Ottoman Empire, Eastern Europe and the Near East, 1300-1500, Wargames Research Group, 1984
 Nigel Stillman and Nigel Tallis, Armies of the Ancient Near East 3000 BC to 539 BC, Wargames Research Group, 1984.

References

http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~sparta/topics/articles/academic/booklist.htm
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/sloan.html
http://www.parthia.com/webreport_6.htm
http://www.laconia.org/gen_info_literature/Peloponnesian_war.htm
http://www.theiwf.org/dbmClarifications.html
http://www.iworg.com/ratings/

External links
The Wargames Research Group — web site

Miniature wargames


Charmeil (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Geography
Accessible by departmental roads 6 and 27, Charmeil is located  northwest of Vichy,  south of Saint-Rémy-en-Rollat,  east of Vendat, and  north of Bellerive-sur-Allier.

A weather station is located on the site of the airport, elevation: .

Administration
List of successive mayors:
 2001-2014: Andrée-Claude Petillat
 2014-current: Franck Gonzales

Population

Demography

Economy
Charmeil has a commercial area with signs: Mr Bricolage, Jardiland, a GiFi store, Lidl, and local merchants.

Culture and Heritage
 Charmeil Castle, which was the summer residence of Marshal Philippe Pétain in 1943 and which was held including a secret meeting between Pierre Laval and the advisor of German Rudolf Rahn embassy minister in August 1942.
 Church
 Boutiron bridge (on departmental road 27, between Charmeil and Creuzier-le-Vieux, Monument historique since 2021)

See also
Vichy — Charmeil Airport
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chassenard () is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Château-sur-Allier () is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


This is a list of the built-in games included with the Tec Toy Master System Collection 131 video game system released in Brazil in 2011. The collection contains both video games that were previously released for the Master System as well as new titles produced specifically for the system.

Most of the re-releases emulate their original European version.  However,  Tec Toy has chosen the video game Double Target that was released in Japan over its equivalent Quartet in the United States/Europe.  Alex Kidd BMX Trial and Galactic Protector are the only two games on the compilation that were released exclusively in Japan.  Another game, Sonic Drift 2, was never released at all on the Master System but rather on its derivative the Game Gear handheld console.

See List of Master System games and Lists of video games for related games and lists.

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Châtel-de-Neuvre () is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Châtel-Montagne (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chavroches () is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chazemais () is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Robert Reuven Sokal (January 13, 1926 in Vienna, Austria – April 9, 2012 in Stony Brook, New York) was an Austrian–American biostatistician and entomologist. Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the Stony Brook University, Sokal was a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He promoted the use of statistics in biology and co-founded the field of numerical taxonomy, together with Peter H. A. Sneath.

Life
Robert Sokal was born in 1926 in a Jewish family in Vienna, Austria. In 1939, following the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany, he escaped with his family to China. He earned his bachelor's degree at St. John's College in Shanghai, where he married, and from there moved with his wife Julie to the University of Chicago, where he also worked as a librarian to complement his scholarship. He took his Ph.D. degree under the supervision of the well-known termite systematist Alfred E. Emerson. He was also strongly influenced by Sewall Wright, who served on his dissertation committee. Sokal developed an interest for statistics and quantitative biology.

In 1959, Sokal moved to the University of Kansas where he developed—initially in collaboration with Charles Duncan Michener—quantitative techniques for classifying organisms and building dendrograms, which later came to be called numerical taxonomy methods. At the State University of New York, Stony Brook, in collaboration with F. James Rohlf, Sokal worked on new statistical methods for the analysis of geographic variation. His interests shifted to anthropology and population genetics, and he directed studies on the population history of Europe as inferred from genetic and ethnohistorical data. Along with Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Sokal pioneered the comparative study of linguistic and genetic variation.

Awards and honors
 Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1983
 Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1986
 Guggenheim Fellowship, 1975, 1983
 Member, United States National Academy of Sciences, 1987
 Doctor of Science (honorary), University of Crete, Iraklion, 1990
 Distinguished Statistical Ecologist Award, International Association for Ecology, 1994
 Darwin Lifetime Achievement Award, American Association of Physical Anthropologists, 2004

Works

Selected scientific bibliography (original articles)

 Sokal R.R. (1988) "Genetic, geographic, and linguistic distances in Europe." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 85:1722-1726.
 Barbujani G. and Sokal R.R. (1990) "Zones of sharp genetic change in Europe are also linguistic boundaries."  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 87:1816-1819.
 Sokal RR, Oden NL, Wilson C. (1991) "Genetic evidence for the spread of agriculture in Europe by demic diffusion." Nature 351:143-145.
 Chen J, Sokal RR, Ruhlen M. (1995) "Worldwide analysis of genetic and linguistic relationships of human populations." Human Biology 67:595-612.
 Barbujani G, Sokal RR, Oden NL. (1995) "Indo-European origins: a computer-simulation test of five hypotheses." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 96:109-132.
 Sokal R.R., Oden N.L., Rosenberg M.S., Thomson B.A.(2000) "Cancer incidences in Europe related to mortalities, and ethnohistoric, genetic, and geographic distances." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 97:6067-6072.

Selected scientific bibliography (books)
 Sokal R.R. and Sneath P.H.E. (1963) Principles of Numerical Taxonomy. Freeman & Co., San Francisco
 Sneath P.H.E. and Sokal R.R. (1973) Principles of Numerical Taxonomy. Freeman & Co., San Francisco
 Sokal R.R. and Rohlf F.J. (1987) Introduction to Biostatistics. Freeman & Co., New York
 Sokal R.R. and Rohlf F.J. (2012) Biometry. 4th ed. Freeman & Co., New York

See also
Caminalcules
Gabriel graph

References

Further reading
 Stefan Schomann: Letzte Zuflucht Schanghai. Die Liebesgeschichte von Robert Reuven Sokal und Julie Chenchu Yang. München: Heyne 2008. . (Paperback: Der große gelbe Fisch. )
 David L. Hull: Science as a Process. An Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1988.

External links
Oral history interview with Robert Sokal, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Collection, Gift of the Gratz College Holocaust Oral History Archive
National Academy Member Profile

 Guido Barbujani, Walking with Robert Sokal, Human Biology, 84(5):481-8 (October 2012)
 Douglas J. Futuyma, Robert R. Sokal (1926–2012), Science, 336:816 (18 May 2012)
 Michael Bell, Robert Reuven Sokal, 1926-2012, Evolutionary Anthropology, 21:87–88 (2012), on Wiley Online Library
 University obituaries: Robert R. Sokal, The University of Chicago Magazine, Jul-Aug 2012

1926 births
2012 deaths
American anthropologists
American statisticians
Biostatisticians
Jewish American scientists
Jewish emigrants from Austria after the Anschluss
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
21st-century American Jews


Chevagnes () is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chezelle (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chouvigny (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Cindré () is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Contigny () is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Cosne-d'Allier (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

Sights
 Château de Petit-Bois

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Bourbonnais
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Coulandon () is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Courçais (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Coutansouze (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in central France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Allier department

References

Communes of Allier
Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia