The Pont Valentré () (; ) is a 14th-century six-span fortified stone arch bridge crossing the river Lot to the west of Cahors, in France. It has become a symbol of the city.

After the decision was made to build it on 30 April 1306, construction began on 17 June 1308.  It was built between 1308 and 1378 with six Gothic arches and three square bridge towers.  It opened for use in 1350.  It was originally fortified at both ends; the western tower has not survived.

This bridge was originally built due to the Franco-English hundred year war.

A major restoration was performed from 1867 to 1879 by Paul Gout.

The bridge was classified in 1998 as a World Heritage Site.

This bridge can only be crossed by foot.

The legend of the Pont Valentré

The construction of the bridge lasted 70 years (1308 to 1378). In local folklore it is said that the foreman, exasperated by the slow pace of the work, signed a pact with the Devil. In the pact the Devil promised to use his skills to expedite the work and, if he carried out all of the foreman's orders, then his (the foreman's) soul would be forfeit.

Having seen the bridge built on time, the foreman regrets his decision and issues a final order to the devil to go and collect water for the other workers using a sieve. In revenge for having been tricked, the Devil sends a demon each night to loosen the final stone in the central tower (known as the Devil's Tower) to ensure that the bridge is never finished and must be repaired each day.

During the restoration of the bridge in 1879, the architect Paul Gout inserted a stone bearing the sculpted image of an imp into the central tower. As a result, according to the updated legend, every time the Devil checks to see that his vandalism has been carried out, he is confused into thinking that the stone image is one of his demons tasked with dismantling the bridge.

See also
 List of medieval bridges in France
 List of bridges in France

References

Bridges in France
Buildings and structures completed in 1378
Pont Valentre
Bridges with buildings
World Heritage Sites in France
Transport in Occitania (administrative region)
Tourist attractions in Lot (department)
Bridges completed in the 14th century


Raith is a dispersed rural community and unincorporated area in geographic Golding Township in the Unorganized Part of Thunder Bay District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada.

Geography
The community lies at the watershed divide between the Great Lakes Basin/Saint Lawrence River drainage basin and the Hudson Bay drainage basin, a fact highlighted by an Ontario Heritage Trust Blue Plaque. The Oskondaga River, on the Great Lakes basin side of the divide, begins at Raith.

Transportation
The community is Ontario Highway 17, at this point part of the Trans-Canada Highway, between Upsala to the northwest and Shabaqua Corners to the south. There are also two railway lines: the Canadian Pacific Railway transcontinental main line, in operation; and the Canadian National Railway Graham Subdivision main line, originally built as part of the National Transcontinental Railway, now abandoned.

References

Other map sources:

Communities in Thunder Bay District


Frederick Ingram Walden (1 March 1888 – 3 May 1949) was an English professional footballer who played outside right for Northampton Town, Tottenham Hotspur and at international level for England during the 1910s and 1920s. He also played cricket for Northamptonshire and was an English cricket umpire.

Football career
Walden was born in Wellingborough, Northamptonshire and after playing football for various clubs in his home town, he started his professional career in 1909 at Northampton Town, then playing in the Southern League.

On 13 April 1913, he was transferred to Tottenham Hotspur for a fee of £1,700. Being only 5 ft 2 in tall he was often described as a 'diminutive winger' and known for his 'darting jinking runs down the right flank'.
His small stature also accounted for his nickname 'Fanny' which was in common use during his time to describe those of 'dainty physique'.

He continued to play for Tottenham after the enforced break caused by the First World War, during which he served in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Air Force. He made his most important contribution for Spurs in the team which won the Second Division title in 1920 but the following year unfortunately missed the 1921 FA Cup Final due to injury. He went on to play in over 300 games for Spurs including 214 league games (scoring 21 goals) and 22 FA Cup matches (3 goals) before leaving the club in July 1924. He returned to Northampton Town to finish his career in the 1926–27 season.

Walden won his first of two England Caps on 4 April 1914 against Scotland. The second, on 13 March 1922, was against Wales. Unsurprisingly, he holds the record for being the smallest ever footballer to represent England at national level.

Cricket career
Walden played first-class cricket at county level for Northamptonshire between 1910 and 1929. A right-handed batsman, he scored over 7538 runs, and as a slow right-hand bowler he took 119 wickets in 258 matches.

After retiring from playing he became an umpire, standing in 212 first-class matches between 1930 and 1939, and in 11 Test matches from 1934 (England v Australia at Old Trafford) until 1939 (England vs West Indies at Lord's). He stood with Frank Chester at The Oval in 1938 during England's record Ashes victory of an innings and 579 runs.

Walden's car was once stolen at Cardiff Arms Park by a ground employee and Glamorgan cricketer Wilf Jones in order to take it for a joyride.

Walden died in Northampton on 3 May 1949, aged 61.

Career statistics

International

Honours
Tottenham Hotspur

 Football League Second Division: 1919–20
 FA Charity Shield: 1921

References

External links
England profile

1888 births
Sportspeople from Wellingborough
1949 deaths
English men's footballers
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
English cricketers
Northamptonshire cricketers
English Test cricket umpires
England men's international footballers
English Football League players
English Football League representative players
Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve personnel of World War I
Royal Naval Air Service personnel of World War I
Royal Air Force personnel of World War I
Men's association football outside forwards
Southern Football League representative players
Footballers from Northamptonshire
Royal Air Force airmen
Royal Navy sailors
Military personnel from Northamptonshire


Macdonald, MacDonald or McDonald may refer to:

Organisations
 McDonald's, a chain of fast food restaurants
 McDonald & Co., a former investment firm
 MacDonald Motorsports, a NASCAR team
 Macdonald Realty, a Canadian real estate brokerage firm
 McDonald Centre, a research institute in the University of Oxford

Places

Canada
 Macdonald, Manitoba, a rural municipality
 Macdonald (electoral district), a federal electoral district in Manitoba

United States
 McDonald, Kansas
 McDonald, Missouri
 McDonald, New Mexico
 McDonald, North Carolina
 McDonald, Ohio
 McDonald, Pennsylvania, a borough straddling the boundary between Washington and Allegheny counties
 McDonald Observatory, an astronomical observatory in Texas, United States
 MacDonald, West Virginia

Other places
 Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Australian islands in the Southern Ocean
 McDonald Beach, Antarctica
 McDonald (crater), a lunar impact crater in the Mare Imbrium
 Macdonald River (disambiguation)

People
 MacDonald (surname), a list of people with surname MacDonald and its variants
 Justice McDonald (disambiguation)
 Baron Macdonald, a title in the Peerage of Ireland
 Macdonald baronets, two British titles

Given name

 Macdonald Carey (1913–1994), American actor
 Macdonald Niba (born 1994), Cameroonian footballer

Other uses
 Angus L. Macdonald Bridge, a suspension bridge in Canada
 Macdonald triad, a set of psychological characteristics associated with sociopathic behavior
 Macdonald polynomials, in mathematics
 Old MacDonald Had a Farm, a nursery rhyme

See also

 MCD (disambiguation)
 Donald (disambiguation)
 Clan Donald
 McDonald v. Chicago, a U.S. Supreme Court case that incorporated the U.S. Constitution's second amendment against the U.S. states
 991 McDonalda (1922 NB), a Themis family asteroid


The metal ion-catalyzed σ-bond rearrangement is a collection of chemical reactions that occur with highly strained organic compounds are treated with metal ions like Ag+, Rh(I), or Pd(II) based reagents.  [2+2] ring openings are sometimes observed:

These rearrangements proceed via oxidative addition of strained rings.  Such processes are related to the activation of cyclopropanes by transition metals.

See also
 Cyclobutane
 Cubane
 Cuneane

References


Parḷḷeiru () is one of 6 parishes in the municipality of Villayón, in  Asturias, Spain.

Geography

Parḷḷeiru is a Parroquia with 201 inhabitants (2007) and an Area of 20.68 km². Its altitude is 728m.  It is 10 km away from the municipal capital Villayón.

Rivers and lakes
The rivers Parḷḷeiru and el Bauloso join with the Río Bullimeiro and then with the  Río Cabornel, entering the Río Navia.

Transport
Nearest airport: Oviedo

Economy
Agriculture has dominated the region for hundreds of years.

Climate
Warm summers and mild, occasionally harsh Winters. In Autumn there may be strong storms.

Points of interest
  The Church of San Bartolomé

Smaller villages in the parish
 Buḷḷimeiru 12 inhabitants (2007)
 Las Berrugas 5 inhabitants (2007)
 La Candanosa 11 inhabitants (2007)
 Los Ḷḷagos 15 inhabitants (2007)
 Las Cárcobas 19 inhabitants (2007)
 Ḷḷandelfornu 35 inhabitants (2007)
 Llandequintá 60 inhabitants (2007)
 L'Azoreirina 8 inhabitants (2007)
 Valvona 7 inhabitants (2007)
 Parḷḷeiru 29 inhabitants (2007)

References

External links
 Citypage
  Asturian Map

Parishes in Villayón
Towns in Asturias


Here at Last... Bee Gees... Live is the first live album by the Bee Gees. It was recorded on December 20, 1976 at the LA Forum and was released in May 1977 by RSO Records. It reached No. 8 in the US, No. 8 in Australia, No. 1 in New Zealand and No. 2 in Spain.

Background
Here at Last was the first official live recording released by the Bee Gees, though many bootlegs have existed throughout the years of earlier performances. The concert was filmed, and a TV special was planned, but after reviewing the footage of the Bee Gees were unhappy with the quality of the video, so it has not been released. A single from the concert, "Edge of the Universe", was released in Canada and the US, where it hit No. 16 and No. 26, respectively, on the singles charts. A promo single with "Lonely Days" live was released in the US, but did not chart.

The album was recorded at the LA Forum on December 20, 1976, and Barry Gibb can be heard wishing the audience a Merry Christmas at the end.

The content of the show consisted chiefly of songs that had been hit singles, plus songs from the recent hit albums Main Course and Children of the World. There was also a rendition of "Down the Road" from the more obscure 1974 album Mr. Natural.

The album was originally released as a 2 part LP record, and was later released as a 2-disc CD in 1990.

Track listing
All compositions by Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb except where noted
LP 1

Side one
"I've Gotta Get a Message to You" – 4:02
"Love So Right" – 4:47
"Edge of the Universe" (Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb) – 5:15
"Come on Over" (Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb) – 3:25
"Can't Keep a Good Man Down" – 4:47

Side two

"New York Mining Disaster 1941" (Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb) – 2:16
Medley ("Run to Me" / "World") – 2:33
Medley ("Holiday" / "I Can't See Nobody" / "I Started a Joke" / "Massachusetts") – 7:14
"How Can You Mend a Broken Heart" (Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb) – 3:45
"To Love Somebody" (Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb) – 4:08

LP 2

Side one
"You Should Be Dancing" – 9:22
"Boogie Child" – 5:02
"Down the Road" (Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb) – 4:32
"Words" – 4:19

Side two
"Wind of Change" (Barry Gibb, Robin Gibb) – 4:42
"Nights on Broadway" – 4:41
"Jive Talkin'" – 5:03
"Lonely Days" – 4:12

Personnel
Bee Gees
Barry Gibb – lead, harmony and backing vocals, rhythm guitar
Robin Gibb – lead, harmony and backing vocals
Maurice Gibb – bass guitar, harmony vocals

Backing band
Blue Weaver – keyboards, synthesiser
Alan Kendall – lead guitar
Dennis Bryon – drums

Additional musicians
 Geoff Westley – keyboards
 Joey Murcia – rhythm guitar
Joe Lala – percussion

The Boneroo Horns
 Peter Graves
 Whit Sidener
 Ken Faulk
 Peter Ballin
 Jeff Kievit
 Stan Webb

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

Bee Gees albums
1977 live albums
RSO Records live albums
Albums produced by Barry Gibb
Albums produced by Robin Gibb
Albums produced by Maurice Gibb
Albums recorded at the Forum


Karlsen is a Danish-Norwegian patronymic surname meaning "son of Karl" (\k(a)-rl\), an Old German given name. The form Carlsen is cognate. The parallel Swedish forms are Karlsson and Carlsson. People with the surname include:

 Alexandria Karlsen (born 1978), American model, actress and author
 Atle Karlsen (keyboardist) (?-), keyboardist of the Norwegian Rock band DumDum Boys
 Geir Karlsen (born 1948), Norwegian footballer
 Geir Karlsen (born 1965), Norwegian CEO
 Johan Sigurd Karlsen (1894–1967), Norwegian politician
 Kari Karlsen (born 1952), Norwegian high jumper
 Karl Henry Karlsen (1893–1979), Norwegian politician
 Morten Karlsen (born 1979), Danish footballer
 Svend Karlsen (born 1967), Norwegian strongman
 Tor Ottar Karlsen (born 1950), Norwegian politician

See also
 Styrmand Karlsen, a 1958 Danish film

References

Danish-language surnames
Norwegian-language surnames
Patronymic surnames
Surnames from given names


Lappe is a community in the Unorganized part of Thunder Bay District, Ontario, Canada. It is within and at the southern border of geographic Gorham Township, and lies approximately 20 kilometres northwest of Thunder Bay at the junction of Ontario Highway 589 and Ontario Highway 591.

An unincorporated designated place served by the East Gorham local services board, Lappe had a population of 1,465 in the Canada 2006 Census, an increase of 4.2% since 2001. It is the most populated designated place in Ontario.

Pioneer settlers reported that the community received its name in the following way. As they travelled north from the small community of Kivikoski they were called Laplanders (northerners) and the community they settled called "Lappi", the Finnish word for Lapland.  When the community acquired postal service in the 1930s, a bureaucratic error distorted the spelling to the present "Lappe".

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Lappe had a population of 1,434 living in 589 of its 722 total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of 1,436. With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

References

Other map sources:

Communities in Thunder Bay District
Designated places in Ontario
Local services boards in Ontario


A referendum took place on 14 September 2003 to decide whether Estonia should join the European Union (EU). Just over two-thirds of voters voted Yes and Estonia joined the EU on 1 May 2004.

Background

Membership of the European Union was one of the main objectives of Estonian foreign policy since independence in 1991. Estonia was invited to begin negotiations to join the EU in 1997 and was formally invited to join at a summit in Copenhagen in December 2002. The Parliament of Estonia then announced that a referendum on membership of the EU would be held in mid September 2003.

Referendum question

The question to be voted on in the referendum was agreed by the Government of Estonia in December 2002. It was:

Are you in favour of the accession to the European Union and passage of the Act on Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia?

Campaign

Opinion polls in the first half of 2003 showed only lukewarm support for membership. This persuaded leading politicians including President Arnold Rüütel, Prime Minister Juhan Parts and the Speaker of Parliament Ene Ergma to start campaigning hard for a Yes vote.

The economy was one of the main issues used by both sides in the referendum campaign. Supporters of joining the EU said that it would fuel growth and create more jobs, while opponents said that EU entry would slow the growth of the Estonian economy. Opponents also argued that Estonia should not go straight from one union, the Soviet Union, into the EU.

The Yes campaign had strong media, political and financial backing with the Estonian Centre Party being the only leading party against entry into the EU. Posters for the Yes campaign predominated, with one poster handed out by the Res Publica Party calling for Estonians to vote Yes 'for access to millions of sexier men'. As the vote neared, polls showed increasing support for the Yes camp with one poll showing 70% support for EU entry.

Results

References

External links
Full results by county
Turnout by county

Estonia
Referendums in Estonia
Referendums related to European Union accession
European
2003 in international relations
Estonia
Estonia and the European Union


Stringocephalus is an extinct genus of large brachiopods; between  388.1 to 376.1 million years old they are usually found as fossils in Devonian marine rocks.  Several forms of the genus are known; they may be found in western North America, northern Europe (especially Poland), Asia and the Canning Basin of Western Australia.  Several different types are known; they share a well-developed, curved structure shaped like a beak.  Some of the largest specimens discovered to date have been found in China.

References

External links
Playford, P. E. and Lowry, D. C. 1966. Devonian reef complexes of the Canning Basin, Western Australia. Geological Survey Bulletin 118.
Paleobiology Database
Encyclopædia Britannica
Fossils for sale

Prehistoric brachiopod genera
Terebratulida
Paleozoic life of Manitoba
Paleozoic life of the Northwest Territories


The Niederwald monument () is a monument located in the Niederwald, near Rüdesheim am Rhein in Hesse, Germany, built between 1871 and 1883 to commemorate the Unification of Germany. The monument is located within the Rhine Gorge, a larger UNESCO World Heritage Site. It overlooks the Rhine Valley and the town of Bingen on the far side.

History
The monument was constructed to commemorate the founding of the German Empire in 1871 after the end of the Franco-Prussian War. The first stone was laid on 16 September 1871 by Kaiser Wilhelm I. The sculptor was Johannes Schilling, and the architect was Karl Weißbach. The total cost of the work is estimated at one million gold marks. The monument was inaugurated on 28 September 1883. The  tall monument represents the union of all Germans.

Description

Structure
The central figure is the  tall Germania figure. Her right hand holds the recovered crown, and her left holds the Imperial Sword.

Beneath Germania is a large relief depicting Kaiser Wilhelm I riding a horse with the nobility, army commanders, and soldiers. The relief has the lyrics to "Die Wacht am Rhein" (Watch on the Rhine) engraved.

The right side of the monument is considered the "peace statue", while the left is considered the "war statue."

Inscription

The monument's main inscription is engraved on the pedestal of the Germania statue:
{|
|
|In memory
of the unanimous
victorious uprising
of the German People
and of the
reinstitution
of the German State
1870–1871
|}

Location
The  is a broad hill on the right bank of the Rhine located next to the tributary Wisper, opposite Bingen am Rhein. The hill forms the southwestern apex of the Taunus range. Its summit is covered by a dense forest of oak and beech. Its southern and western sides, which descend sharply to Rüdesheim am Rhein and Assmannshausen, are covered with vineyards. The monument is located at the edge of the forest, on the crest of the hill above Rüdesheim.

Access
The Niederwalddenkmal can be reached by gondola lift (formerly a rack railway), from Rüdesheim to Niederwald, by car, by chairlift from Assmannshausen, or by trails on foot.

References

External links

Buildings and structures completed in 1887
Landmarks in Germany
Monuments and memorials in Germany
Buildings and structures in Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis
Tourist attractions in Hesse
Sculptures of men in Germany
Statues in Germany
Outdoor sculptures in Germany
Rheingau
William I, German Emperor


Matthew Smithard (born 13 June 1976) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

Career
Born in Leeds, Smithard began his career with the youth team of hometown club Leeds United, winning the 1993 FA Youth Cup. However, he never played a first-team game for the club, and Smithard began his professional career during the 1996–97 season with Bradford City, making one appearance for them in the Football League. After dropping down to non-League football due to injury, Smithard played with a number of teams including Farsley Celtic, Ossett Town and Guiseley.

References
General

Specific

1976 births
Living people
Footballers from Leeds
English men's footballers
Leeds United F.C. players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Farsley Celtic F.C. players
Ossett Town A.F.C. players
Guiseley A.F.C. players
English Football League players
Men's association football midfielders


Robert Rive was a 19th-century photographer who was born in Great Britain but developed most of his work in Italy.
After several years working in this country he changed his name to Roberto Rive.
The main collections of his work are the photos from Pompei and Rome in the 1860s and 1870s.
Rive exhibited at the "10th Annual Exhibition of the Photographie".

Photography
Robert Rive worked as a topographical and portrait photographer from the beginning of the 1860s until 1889 in Naples. In 1867, he took part at the Exposition Universelle of Paris. His studio produced views and stereographs of many Italian cities.
He took photographs of monuments of Naples, Pompei, Sorrento, Capri, Amalfi and  monuments of Sicily. He also took photographs of cities such as Florence, Pisa, Siena, Rome and Genoa. He held studios in Naples, Palazzo Serracapriola, Palazzo Lieti.

"Giorgio Sommer and Robert Rive began a systematic census of the monuments and daily life, in an amazing collection that provided information on Campania and Sicily"

He also patented a photosensitive paper used in Southern Italy.

Gallery

Artwork Holders
J. Paul Getty Museum
Musée d'Orsay
Museo di Roma

References

External links

Art and Architecture images
Images of Pompei
Getty Museum record

British emigrants to Italy
Italian photographers
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing
19th-century British photographers


Bharat Punarnirman Dal () (English translation: India Re-construction League) is a nationally registered political party in India, founded by a group of graduates of the Indian Institutes of Technology, and others.

Core values
The party states its core values as always putting the nation and national interest first, and a belief in equality among all Indians.

Elections contested

The party contested civic elections in Maharashtra in February 2007 in four seats (1-Mumbai, 2-Thane, 1-Solapur), receiving around 250 votes in all. In Andhra Pradesh MLC elections in March 2007, the party supported three candidates, winning in two seats. In the Uttar Pradesh MLA polls in April–May 2007 the party fielded eight candidates on a party ticket and supported two others, attracting over 5,000 votes.

The candidates fielded by BPD for all elections were graduates with no criminal record, and the party's manifesto was based on good governance, accountability, transparency and efficiency. The results in Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh did not yield any seats.

Other party activities

The party launched the Vijayi Yuvak Marathi Monthly Magazine in July 2007 in Maharashtra, with a circulation of 5000 magazines per month. An English Newspaper Sambharatam was launched in January 2008. A social wing under the name Sambharatam was launched at a national level to address student-related issues and other social issues.

References

External links
 official website
 Times of India reports about BPD Candidate for New Delhi Parliament seat Sudhir Kumar
 The Times (London) coverage
 Lead India: Say yes to cleanse political system
 IBN Live
 Bollywood-inspired IITians eyeing polls
 IITians plunge into UP politics
 IIT-K ex-students to join protest against SEZs
 The Hindu reports, Party formed by ex-IIT students splits
 Indian Express reports, Bharat Punarnirman Dal

Political parties in India


Carlos Hugo Maderna (4 August 1910  –  23 January 1976) was an Argentine chess master.

Chess Career

He was twice Argentine Champion; in 1940 he won a match for the title (of 1939) against Luis Piazzini (8 : 6), then lost a match to Carlos Guimard (1 : 8) in 1941 (for the title of 1940), and won the title (of 1950) after play-off with Jacobo Bolbochán and Heinrich Reinhardt in 1951.

In 1928, he tied for 4-5th in Mar del Plata International Chess Tournament (Roberto Grau won). In 1931, he won ahead of Savielly Tartakower in Buenos Aires (Geniol it).
In 1934/35 he took 16th in South American Chess Championship in Buenos Aires (Piazzini won). In 1938, he tied for 5-6th in Montevideo (Carrasco, Alexander Alekhine won). In 1948, he won in Santa Fe.

He participated in first and second South American zonal tournaments. He took 3rd, after Erich Eliskases and Julio Bolbochán, at Mar del Plata / Buenos Aires 1951, and tied for 11-12th at Mar del Plata / Buenos Aires 1954 (Oscar Panno won).

Maderna played for Argentina in two Chess Olympiads:
 In 1928 at second board in 2nd Chess Olympiad in The Hague (+5 -5 =1);
 In 1935 at fourth board in 6th Chess Olympiad in Warsaw (+5 -4 =10).

References

External links
 http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=23922

1910 births
1976 deaths
Argentine chess players
Chess Olympiad competitors
20th-century chess players


Álvaro Daniel Méndez Josa (born 6 April 1976 in Montevideo) is a Uruguayan footballer. He currently plays for Esporte Clube São José.

On 15 January 2011, he was transferred to Esporte Clube São José of Brazil.

Career honours
Finnish Championship 1996

References

External links
 Player profile

Living people
1976 births
Uruguayan men's footballers
Uruguayan expatriate men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Veikkausliiga players
Rampla Juniors players
Sud América players
FC Jazz players
Expatriate men's footballers in Brazil
Expatriate men's footballers in Finland


The National Farm Machinery Show is an agricultural machinery exposition held annually in February indoors at the Kentucky Exposition Center in Louisville, Kentucky, United States.   Attendance exceeds 300,000 people, with 800 exhibitors in display space of .

The show started as an electricity demonstration and exhibit in 1963, and adopted the name National Farm Machinery Show in 1966.

The National Farm Machinery Show includes the Championship Tractor Pull, an annual event since 1969.

See also
List of attractions and events in the Louisville metropolitan area

References

External links

 Championship Tractor Pull Official Website

Events in Louisville, Kentucky
Agricultural shows in the United States
Recurring events established in 1963
1963 establishments in Kentucky
Agricultural machinery
February events


Albert-Léon-Marie Le Nordez (1844–1922) was a French bishop of Dijon, from 1898, who was at the centre of a controversy leading to the 1905 separation in France of the Catholic Church and the state.

Biography
Le Nordez was born in Montebourg. A critical report on him, accusing him of being a Freemason, was sent by a parish priest to Benedetto Lorenzelli, papal nuncio in France, and forwarded to Mariano Rampolla, Cardinal Secretary of State, in 1902.

Under Rampolla's successor, Rafael Merry del Val, Le Nordez was in 1904 summoned to Rome, to consult with the new Pope Pius X. Le Nordez went to Rome in July in a blaze of publicity, and was kept "in retreat". He resigned his see in September.

This was coupled with a related disciplinary story, that of Pierre-Joseph Geay, bishop of Laval. It caused a diplomatic crisis, against a background of suspicions that these bishops had been targets because of their sympathies for French Republican politics. France broke off relations with the Holy See, a situation that lasted another 17 years. The French politician Émile Combes announced on 30 July that “la volonté du Saint-Siège rend sans emploi les relations diplomatiques entre le Vatican et la France” (the wishes of the Holy See make useless the diplomatic ties between the Vatican and France).

Notes

1844 births
1922 deaths
Bishops of Dijon


Justice is a contemporary Christian music album by Steve Camp and was released by Sparrow Records in 1989. Camp had begun to put more emphasis publicly on issues not normally addressed in evangelical Christian circles. This album is best known for featuring his version of the song "Do You Feel Their Pain", which featured him singing alongside BeBe Winans, the provocatively titled "Don't Tell Them Jesus Loves Them" ("...till you're ready to love them too..."), and Larry Norman's "Great American Novel".

Track listing
All tracks by Steve Camp and Rob Frazier except where noted.

 "Justice" - 4:35
 "Playing Marbles with Diamonds" - 5:05
 "Don't Tell Them Jesus Loves Them" - 5:19
 "Living Dangerously in the Hands of God" - 5:04
 "Do You Feel Their Pain?" (Camp, Frazier, Kim Maxfield-Camp, Phil McHugh) - 6:18
 "Hell is Burning While the Church Sleeps" - 4:26
 "Great American Novel" (Larry Norman) - 4:57
 "Servants without Scars" - 4:04
 "Love That Will Not Let Me Go" - 5:09
 "I Believe in You" - 4:25

Personnel

 Steve Camp – lead vocals, arrangements, acoustic piano, synthesizers (4), drum machine programming (4)
 Phil Madeira – organ (1, 10)
 John Andrew Schreiner – synthesizers (2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10)
 Carl Marsh – Fairlight programming (5, 6)
 Phil Naish – synthesizers (7)
 James Hollihan – guitars (1)
 Dave Perkins – guitars (1)
 Michael Landau – guitars (2, 3, 5–8)
 Al Perkins – pedal steel guitar (7)
 Jerry McPherson – guitars (8, 10)
 Leland Sklar – bass (1, 2, 3, 5–8, 10)
 Chris McHugh – drums (1)
 Carlos Vega – drums (2, 3, 5–8, 10)
 Terry McMillan – percussion (1–5, 8), harmonica (1, 8)
 Jim Horn – saxophone solo (5, 10)
 Paul Buckmaster – orchestration (3, 5, 9)
 The London Symphony Orchestra – strings (3, 5, 9)
 Ashley Cleveland – backing vocals (1–8, 10)
 Marty McCall – backing vocals (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 10)
 Pam Tillis – backing vocals (1, 2, 3, 6)
 Rob Frazier – backing vocals (2, 4)
 Kim Maxfield-Camp – backing vocals (5)
 Rosemary Butler – backing vocals (5, 7, 8, 10)
 The Bobby Jones Nashville Choir – backing vocals (5)
 BeBe Winans – vocal solo (5)
 Margaret Becker – vocal solo (5)
 Steve Green – vocal solo (5)

Production

 Steve Camp – producer
 David Schober – engineer
 Wade Jennings – assistant engineer
 Howard Steel – assistant engineer
 Carry Summers – assistant engineer
 Kevin Twit – assistant engineer
 Bill Schnee Studios, North Hollywood, California – recording location, mixing location
 The Bennett House, Franklin, Tennessee – recording location
 OmniSound Studios, Nashville, Tennessee – recording location, mixing location
 Bill Schnee – mixing (1, 3, 5, 9)
 Jeff Balding – mixing (2, 4, 7, 10)
 David Schober – mixing (6, 8)
 Mama Jo's Recording Studio, North Hollywood, California – mixing location
 Doug Sax – mastering at The Mastering Lab, Los Angeles, California
 Barbara Catanzaro-Hearn – art direction
 Peter Nomura – design and artwork
 Mark Tucker – collage photography
 Victoria Pearson – portrait photography

Use in media
 The song "Don't Tell Them Jesus Loves Them" was used in the 1990 film, Geronimo.

References

1988 albums
Steve Camp albums
Sparrow Records albums


Scott Burns is an American newspaper columnist and author who has covered personal finance and investments for over 30 years. He is known for creating the "Couch Potato Portfolio" investment strategy, which advocates the use of index funds over managed funds or stock-picking. In 2006, he co-founded the Web startup AssetBuilder, where he serves as chief investment strategist.

Biography

Education
Burns graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a degree in humanities and biology (1962).

Career
Burns began his career as a newspaper columnist at the Boston Herald in 1977 where he was also the financial editor. The column was nationally syndicated in 1981 and is now distributed by Universal Press Syndicate. In 1985 he joined the staff of The Dallas Morning News where his column became one of the most widely read features in the paper. Retiring as a Dallas Morning News staff member in 2006, he continued to contribute to the paper through his ongoing syndication. He announced his retirement in 2017

In August 2006, Burns co-founded AssetBuilder, a registered investment advisory firm, with former Microsoft executive Kennon Grose.  The firm offers investors a means to employ an advanced version of Burns' "Couch Potato Portfolio" investment methodology through a Web-based service platform.  Burns is chief investment strategist for AssetBuilder.

Financial writing
In December 2001 the National Center for Policy Analysis published a paper Burns co-authored with benefits attorney Brooks Hamilton titled, "Reinventing Retirement Income in America." The paper was influential in advocating automatic enrollment, automatic increases in contributions, managed accounts, and little or no company stock, all of which have become trends in corporate retirement plans.

Burns' book The Coming Generational Storm was co-authored with Boston University economist Laurence J. Kotlikoff. The book was endorsed by five Nobel laureates, listed as one of the 25 best books of 2004 by Barron's, and named one of the top 10 business books of 2004 by Forbes. The book warns of a worldwide generational financial crunch and advises investors on how to protect themselves.

Kotlikoff and Burns recently wrote a second book, Spend 'Til the End, presenting new ideas in financial planning based on consumption smoothing. The book was published by Simon & Schuster in June 2008.

The Couch Potato Portfolio

The original Couch Potato Portfolio strategy included investing half of the investor's assets in a Standard & Poor's 500 Index fund and half in a fund mirroring the Shearson/Lehman Intermediate Bond Index. Burns used the Vanguard 500 Index and Vanguard Total Bond Fund Index.

As described by Shauna Croome-Carther in Investopedia:

Originally it had been designed for the US market, but the term "couch potato portfolio" is now a general term for "a technique for building a diversified, low-maintenance portfolio designed to deliver the returns of the overall stock and bond markets with minimal cost".

Published works
Squeeze It Till the Eagle Grins (1972)
Home, Inc., The Hidden Wealth and Power of the American Household (1975).
"Reinventing Retirement Income in America" (with Brooks Hamilton; National Center for Policy Analysis, 2001)
The Coming Generational Storm (with Laurence Kotlikoff; MIT Press, 2004)
Spend Til' the End (with Laurence Kotlikoff; Simon & Schuster, 2008)

Burns' articles and columns have appeared in Worth, Boston, Playboy, Vogue and Harper's Bazaar.

References

American columnists
American finance and investment writers
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
The Dallas Morning News people
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Spacecraft collision avoidance is the implementation and study of processes minimizing the chance of orbiting spacecraft inadvertently colliding with other orbiting objects. The most common subject of spacecraft collision avoidance research and development is for human-made satellites in geocentric orbits. The subject includes procedures designed to prevent the accumulation of space debris in orbit, analytical methods for predicting likely collisions, and avoidance procedures to maneuver offending spacecraft away from danger.

Orbital speed around large bodies (like the Earth) is fast, resulting in significant kinetic energy being involved in on-orbit collisions.  For example, at the Low Earth orbital velocity of ~7.8 km/s, two perpendicularly colliding spacecraft would meet at ~12.2 km/s.  Almost no known structurally solid materials can withstand such an energetic impact.  Most of the satellite would be instantly vaporized by the collision and broken up into myriad pieces ejected at force in all directions. Because of this, any spacecraft colliding with another object in orbit is likely to be critically damaged or completely destroyed.

Necessity

A cascading series of collisions between orbiting satellites and other objects could take place if a critical mass of space debris is allowed to accumulate in Earth orbit, dubbed the Kessler syndrome.  More collisions would make new smaller fragments which make more collisions and so forth.  The resulting positive feedback loop would create off-limits regions in orbit because of risk of collision, and eventually completely block access to space due to the risky ascent through debris-filled orbits during launch.

Very few of all satellites lofted by human-made launch vehicles that remain in Earth orbit today are still functional. As of September 2021, the ESA's Space Debris Office estimates that slightly over half of satellites in space are still operational.

While the number of satellites launched into orbit is relatively low in comparison to the amount of space available in orbit around the Earth, risky near-misses and occasional collisions happen. The 2009 satellite collision entirely obliterated both spacecraft and resulted in the creation of an estimated  1,000 new pieces of space debris larger than 10 cm (4 in) and many smaller ones.

There are other smaller bits of material in orbit around Earth that could also cause significant damage to satellites. These are relatively small objects such as micrometeoroids, remnants of satellite collisions, or small natural satellites.

These objects seem innocuous, but even tiny particles like stray paint flecks can damage spacecraft.  Paint flecks caused necessary window replacements after many Space Shuttle flights.

Many companies are launching large satellite constellations to provide high-speed communications and internet access from Low Earth orbit, namely SpaceX's Starlink and Amazon planned Project Kuiper constellations. Each of these systems are planned use tens of thousands of satellites, which will massively increase the total number of satellites and exacerbate space debris issues.

Risk-mitigation methods

Several best practices are used to minimize the number of launched objects becoming uncontrollable space debris, varying in technique depending on the object's orbit. Most protective measures ensure that satellites and other artificial objects only remain in their operational orbits for as long as they are functional and controllable. These responsibilities fall on the satellite operator, who is bound by international agreements for how to dispose of orbiting objects.

Suborbital trajectories

Objects launched onto suborbital trajectories will be quickly de-orbited by atmospheric drag. These include things like satellites launched on Sounding rockets designed to quickly return from orbit and rocket booster stages which expend their propellant before achieving orbital velocity. Satellites on suborbital trajectories don't usually require any intentional care on the part of the operator to ensure reentry and disposal.

The Space Shuttle external tank is designed to quickly dispose of itself after launch. The large external tank remains attached to the Space Shuttle orbiter from liftoff until when it and the orbiter are traveling at just below orbital velocity and have an altitude of approximately 113 km (70 mi), at which point it detaches and follows a ballistic trajectory quickly reentering the atmosphere. Most of the external tank disintegrates due to the heat of reentry, while the orbiter uses Reaction control thrusters to complete its orbital insertion.

Low Earth orbit

The vast majority of artificial satellites and space stations orbit in Low Earth orbits (LEO), with mean altitudes lower than 2000 km (1200 mi). LEO satellites are close to the thicker parts of the atmosphere where safe reentry is practical because the Delta-v required to decelerate from LEO is small. Most LEO satellites use the last of their remaining onboard station-keeping fuel (used to maintain the satellite's orbit against forces like atmospheric drag that gradually perturb the orbit) to execute de-orbit burns and dispose of themselves.

The ease of access for de-orbiting LEO satellites at end of life makes it a successful method for controlling the space debris risk in LEO.

Medium Earth orbit and higher

Orbits with mean altitudes higher than LEO (such as Medium Earth orbits (MEO), Geosynchronous orbit/Geostationary orbit (GSO/GEO), and other species) are far from the denser parts of the atmosphere, making full de-orbit burns significantly more impractical. Few satellite designs have sufficient fuel margins to be able to afford such a maneuver at the end of their lives.

Satellites at altitudes towards the lower bound of MEO can use the "25-year rule" to decelerate with onboard propulsion so that it will fall out of orbit within 25 years, but this provision is only allowed if satellite operators can prove by statistical analysis that there is less than a 1/10,000 chance that the atmospheric reentry will cause human injury or property damage. Satellites disposed of in this fashion reenter the atmosphere in an area of the South Pacific Ocean far from inhabited areas called the spacecraft cemetery.

Graveyard orbits

Spacecraft orbiting at higher altitudes between LEO and High Earth orbit (HEO), most commonly in the highly specific and crowded GSO/GEO, are too far to make use of the "25-year rule". GSO and GEO require that the orbital plane be almost perfectly equatorial and the altitude be as close to a perfectly circular 35,786 km (22,236 mi), which means that space is limited and satellites cannot be allowed to stay past their useful life. Instead of decelerating for reentry, most satellites at these altitudes accelerate slightly into higher graveyard orbits where they will forever remain out of the way of interaction with operational satellites.

Empty rocket stages remaining in orbit

Historically, many multi-stage launcher designs completely expended their fuel to achieve orbit and left their spent rocket stages in orbit, as in the former Soviet Zenit family of rockets. These upper stages are large artificial satellites, which depending on the orbit can take many years to reenter.

Most modern designs include sufficient fuel margins for de-orbit burns after injecting payload into orbit. SpaceX's Falcon 9 is a launch vehicle designed to minimize the effect of its upper stage on space debris. The rocket is composed of two stages, the first of which is suborbital. It reenters within minutes of launch, either intentionally using fuel reserved for stage recovery to land for reuse or is left to continue on its ballistic trajectory and disintegrate upon reentry into the atmosphere.

Falcon 9 second stages are dealt with using different techniques depending on the orbit. For Low Earth orbits, the second stage uses remaining fuel to perform a de-orbit burn and disintegrate in the atmosphere. Stages stranded in Medium Earth orbits, like Geostationary transfer orbits (GTO) and Geostationary orbit (GEO), generally don't have sufficient fuel to de-orbit themselves. GTO trajectories are designed such that the second stage's orbit will naturally decay and reenter the atmosphere after a few months, while stages from missions targeting direct insertion into GEO will remain for a lot longer.

Collision prediction methods

Most impact risk predictions are calculated using databases of orbiting objects with orbit parameters like position and velocity measured by ground-based observations. The United States Department of Defense Space Surveillance Network maintains a catalog of all known orbiting objects approximately equal to a softball in size or larger. Information on smaller articles of space debris is less accurate or unknown.

Once the exact orbit of an object is accurately known, the DoD's SSN publishes known parameters for public analysis on the DoD's space-track.org and NASA's Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. The object's orbit can then be projected into the future, estimating where it will be located and the chance it will have a close encounter with another orbiting object. Long-term orbit projections have large error bars due to complicated gravitational effects that gradually perturb the orbit (akin to those of the Three-body problem) and the measurement errors of ground tracking equipment. For these reasons, methods for more precise measurement and estimation are an active field of research.

NASA conducts orbital projections and assesses collision risk for known objects larger than 4 inches (10 cm). For critical assets like the International Space Station, evaluations are made for the risk that any object will traverse within a rectangular region half a mile (1.25 km) above/below and 15 miles (25 km) ahead/behind in orbit and to either side of the spacecraft. This high-risk zone is known as the “pizza box" because of the shape it resembles.

Collision avoidance methods

Current avoidance techniques rely on slightly changing the orbit to minimize collision risk and then returning the spacecraft to its previous orbit after the risk event has passed. The exact method used to make orbital adjustments differs based on what controls are available on the spacecraft. Collision avoidance maneuvers are sometimes also called Debris Avoidance Maneuvers (DAMs) when the offending object is an article of space debris.

Spacecraft with onboard propulsion

NASA uses avoidance maneuvers if the collision risk is identified sufficiently in advance and the risk is high. NASA policy for crewed spacecraft, which all have onboard propulsion, like the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station (agreed upon by all international partners) requires planning for avoidance maneuvers if the probability of collision is

 >1/100,000 and the maneuver wouldn't conflict with mission objectives
 >1/10,000 and the maneuver wouldn't further endanger the crew

As of August 2020, the ISS has conducted 27 collision avoidance maneuvers since its initial launch in 1999 and is trending upwards with time. The class of debris most dangerous to the US Orbital Segment are those between 1-10 cm. The population of debris in this size range is significant and difficult to track accurately with current methods, meriting further research.

These avoidance maneuvers are almost always conducted by the firing of onboard Reaction control thrusters, although some other satellite and spacecraft orientation systems like Magnetorquers, Reaction wheels, and Control moment gyroscopes may be involved. The ISS can also use the main engines of a docked cargo spacecraft – usually a Progress spacecraft or Automated Transfer Vehicle. The maneuvers slightly change the orbital trajectory and are usually conducted hours before the risk event to allow the effects of the orbital change to take effect.

When two satellite operators are notified of a potential collision, one or both operators may decide to maneuver their satellite, eg. ESA & SpaceX in 2019.

Recent research has developed algorithms to aid collision avoidance efforts within large satellite constellations, although it is unknown whether such research has been implemented in any active constellation GNC.

Docking aborts

Another use of a collision avoidance maneuver is to abort an automated docking, and such a procedure is built into the software that controls the docking of Automated Transfer Vehicles to the ISS. This can be initiated by the crew aboard the space station, as an emergency override, in the event of a problem during the docking. This maneuver was demonstrated shortly after the launch of the first ATV, Jules Verne, and subsequently during demonstration approaches to the station which it conducted in late March 2008.

Spacecraft without onboard propulsion

Most human-launched satellites without onboard propulsion are small CubeSats which rely on alternative devices for orientation control. At the scale of small objects like CubeSats, forces related to the large relative surface area in proportion to mass become significant. CubeSats are often launched into Low Earth orbit, where the atmosphere still provides a small amount of aerodynamic drag.

The aerodynamic drag on small satellites in Low Earth orbit can be used to change orbits slightly to avoid debris collisions by changing the surface area exposed to atmospheric drag, alternating between low-drag and high-drag configurations to control deceleration.

Complicating factors

Attempts to alleviate potential collisions are complicated by factors including if

 at least one of the offending objects lacks remote control capability due to being defunct
 at least one of the offending objects is a natural satellite, like an asteroid
 the risk event isn't predicted with sufficient time to act

All these occurrences limit strategic options for collision risk reduction in different ways. Very little can prevent the projected collision if both objects don't have control capabilities. If only one of the objects is an operational satellite, it would be the sole contributor to an avoidance maneuver, significantly cutting into or entirely using up remaining fuel reserves. The satellite may also have insufficient fuel to complete the maneuver properly, reducing its effectiveness.

Collision avoidance maneuvers require significant planning and execution time, which can be an issue if the risk isn't predicted sufficiently in advance. Spacecraft propulsion is often weak, relying on long burns to change their orbits, and the velocity change often requires a meaningful fraction of a complete orbit to produce the required effect.

For example, maneuvers commonly conducted by the International Space Station to avoid collisions often require roughly 150 second burns and significant disturbances to crew operations because of the mandatory slow reconfiguration of the station's solar panels to avoid damage by propulsion devices. Roughly speaking, the estimated quickest reaction time of the ISS from normal operation is about 5 hours and 20 minutes to account for the ~3 hour setup period of station reconfiguration and the ~2 hours of post-burn lead time to allow the velocity change to take effect.

Effects on launch windows

Collision avoidance is a concern during spaceflight launch windows. Typically, a Collision On Launch Assessment (COLA) needs to be performed and approved before launching a satellite. A launch window is said to have a COLA blackout period during intervals when the vehicle cannot lift off to ensure its trajectory does not take it too close to another object already in space.

References

External links
 Interactive debris visualization by stuffin.space

See also

 Space debris
 Collision avoidance
 Space traffic management

Orbital maneuvers


Forrest Striplin McCartney (March 23, 1931 – July 17, 2012) was a United States Air Force lieutenant general and former director of NASA's John F. Kennedy Space Center.

McCartney was born in Fort Payne, Alabama. He graduated from Gulf Coast Military Academy in 1949, received a Bachelor of Science degree, in electrical engineering, from Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn in 1952. He earned a master's degree, in nuclear engineering, from the Air Force Institute of Technology in 1955, and also graduated from the Armed Forces Staff College.

McCartney received his commission through the Reserve Officer Training Corps, and entered the regular air force in 1952. In May 1959, he was assigned to the Satellite Control Facility in Sunnyvale, California and worked on the CORONA program deploying and operating the nation's first spy satellites for the National Reconnaissance Office.

McCartney was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general on May 1, 1983, which is the rank at which he eventually retired. In 1986 he was selected, by NASA Administrator James C. Fletcher, to be the fourth director of the Kennedy Space Center. McCartney held this position from August 31, 1986, until December 31, 1991.

McCartney died in Palm Bay, Florida, on July 17, 2012, after a short illness.

References

External links
NASA biography

1931 births
2012 deaths
People from Fort Payne, Alabama
Auburn University alumni
Air Force Institute of Technology alumni
Joint Forces Staff College alumni
Recipients of the Meritorious Service Medal (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Air Force generals
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Directors of the Kennedy Space Center
People from Palm Bay, Florida


Edgar Cardoso  (11 May 1913, Resende – 5 July 2000, Porto) was a noted Portuguese civil engineer and university professor. In Portugal, Edgar Cardoso was a pioneer of experimental analysis of structures and of high precision instruments developed to measure parameters affecting structural behavior on small models of his own works.

Early life
Cardoso was born in Resende and studied civil engineering at the University of Porto, in Porto, where he graduated in 1937.  On 5 August 1935 Edgar Cardoso received a guideline to carry out a first period of training at the Port of Leixões to study the engineering works being carried out at the Port under the authority of the engineer Gervásio Leite. Cardoso's report was presented at the university on 23 October to high acclaim and given a grade of 16 points (out of 20) by the professors Teotónio Rodrigues and Antão de Almeida Garrett. Edgar Cardoso carried out at least one other period of training in Bragança in the JAE (national authority for Portuguese roads) already in 1937, the year he graduated in civil engineering from the Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto. Another notable academic document from his student years was the report of a practical exercise that consisted of the full calculation of a swimming pool.

Work

On 21 December 1954, Edgar Cardoso began his university teaching career in bridge building at the Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), a well known Portuguese school of engineering. He became a noted professor for many generations of civil engineers who graduated from IST.

Among the bridges that he designed is the Mosteirô bridge, a continuous truss frame beam, and the S.João railway bridge, a continuous structure one thousand metres in length. He made portico-shaped bridges and suspended bridges over the Zambezi River and Save River in Mozambique, and trussed beam bridges, over the Mondego river in Figueira da Foz, over the Kwanza river in Angola, over the Limpopo river in Xai-Xai, and in Macau. His big span concrete arcs, as on the Arrábida bridge (Porto), and in re-reinforced concrete porticos, as on the S. João railway bridge, achieved world records for that time. Since trussed beam bridges, as the Figueira da Foz bridge, the first Portuguese trussed beams bridge, until suspended bridges without rigidity beam, stabilized by the suspended cable and the inclination of kingpost whole rigidity, as in Zambeze bridge, Edgar Cardoso branded by the difference the structures engineering evolution. The Macau Taipa bridge was a challenge because of its provocative shape, a convex superstructure. Exceptionally large sizes were a characteristic of his last inventions, such as the S. João bridge and the Funchal airport runway extension.

Beyond his two great bridge projects, Edgar Cardoso invented certain aspects of bridges in Porto. These include a redesign of the upper deck of the Luís I Bridge and two projects that did not materialize, including the widening of the same bridge and a railroad bridge in the Arrábida Bridge, to replace the Maria Pia bridge.

His constructions include:

In Portugal
Bridge of the Arrábida (Porto)
Bridge of S. João
Bridge of the Estuary of the Sousa
Bridge of Santa Clara (Coimbra)
Bridge of Mosteirô
Bridge of the Mondego Estuary (Figueira da Foz)
Bridges of the albufeira of the Caniçada
Bridge of Barca d'Alva
Bridge of São Fins
Viaduct of Entrecampos
Bridge of Abragão
Bridge of the Marateca
Bridges of the albufeira of the Maranhão
Reconversion of the tray of Ponte Luís I (Porto)
Reinforcement of Ponte D. Luís (Santarém)
Expansion of the Funchal Airport bridge (Madeira)

In Portuguese Angola
Bridge on the Kwanza
Bridges of the railway line of Moçâmedes
Bridges on the Cunene, Dande, Kwanza, Longa and Queve rivers

In Portuguese Mozambique
Repairs to the bridge of Boane
Bridge of Xai-Xai
Bridge of the Pungué
Bridge of the Save
Bridge on the Zambezi River (Samora Machel Bridge)

In Macau
Macau-Taipa Bridge (Governor Nobre de Carvalho Bridge)

In Portuguese India
Bridge of Sauguém

In Portuguese Guinea
Bridges of the Corubal and Cacheu

Blessed with extraordinary manual ability and a solid theorical background, Cardoso constructed models of his structures and on them measured, often with methods or devices he invented himself, the necessary parameters for evaluating the structural behavior.

External links
 Prof. Edgar Cardoso - Engenharia, Laboratório de Estruturas Lda

Portuguese civil engineers
20th-century Portuguese engineers
1913 births
2000 deaths
University of Porto alumni
People from Viseu District
Academic staff of the Technical University of Lisbon


The 1887 Indianapolis Hoosiers finished with a 37–89 record in the National League, finishing in last place in their first season in Indianapolis. They had played the previous three seasons in St. Louis, Missouri as the Maroons.

Offseason
Following the 1886 season, the Maroons franchise was purchased by the National League and subsequently sold to John T. Brush. On March 8, the Hoosiers additionally purchased a number of players who were under league control. Technically, these players were purchased from the Maroons franchise. Among these players were Henry Boyle, John Cahill, Jerry Denny, Jack Glasscock, Egyptian Healy, John Kirby, Jack McGeachey, George Myers, Otto Schomberg, and Emmett Seery.

Notable transactions
 March 9, 1887: The Hoosiers obtained Mert Hackett and Charley Bassett, who had been under league control, for $1,000.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Notable transactions
 July 2, 1887: John Kirby was sold by the Hoosiers to the Cleveland Blues for $800 to $1000.
 August 15, 1887: Lev Shreve was purchased by the Hoosiers from the Baltimore Orioles.
 August 19, 1887: Tom Brown was signed by the Hoosiers as a free agent.

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Notes

References
 1887 Indianapolis Hoosiers team page at Baseball Reference

Indianapolis Hoosiers
Indianapolis Hoosiers season


The NHL YoungStars Game was an annual match held as part of the National Hockey League All-Star Game weekend activities, which ran from the 2002 All-Star Game to the 2009 game, featuring notable young NHL players and leading prospects.

Replacing the Heroes of Hockey Old-Timers matches during the All-Star Weekend activities, the first four games were played as separate games to the actual All-Star Game, but starting in 2008, it was changed to become part of the NHL Super Skills Competition, with the winning team gaining a point for their conference. It was not held in 2005 due to that year's league lockout, or in 2006 due to the All-Star Game not being held so that NHL players could participate in the 2006 Winter Olympics.  Through the years, the game implemented different formats and rules.  It was discontinued after 2009 and has not been played since.

2002 National Hockey League All-Star Game

The Format
The game's format:
 Four skaters (and one goaltender) per side.
 The duration of the first and second periods was 12 minutes, running time. The third period was 11 minutes, running time, plus a final minute of stop time. There was a four-minute break between periods.

The players were divided into two teams and led behind the bench by former Los Angeles Kings player and broadcaster Jim Fox and former NHL player, Kings head coach, and ESPN analyst Barry Melrose.

The Game
Atlanta's rookie star Ilya Kovalchuk scored six goals to pace Team Melrose to a 13–7 victory over Team Fox. Kovalchuk scored four times at even strength, once short-handed, and once on a penalty shot; his sixth goal came against an empty net at the end of the game. Kovalchuk was named the first-ever YoungStars MVP. The Edmonton Oilers' forward Mike Comrie scored three goals and added an assist to lead Team Fox in scoring.

Notes
 y — were named as injury replacements.
 Krystofer Kolanos (Phoenix Coyotes) and Rostislav Klesla (Columbus Blue Jackets) were selected to play for Team Melrose, but were unable to play due to injury.
 Martin Havlat (Ottawa Senators) and Alex Tanguay (Colorado Avalanche) were selected to play for Team Fox, but were unable to play due to injury.

2003 National Hockey League All-Star Game

The Format
The assistant coaches of the teams with the best points percentages in their respective conferences were selected as coaches for the Eastern Conference and Western Conference YoungStars, respectively.

The YoungStars players were selected by the NHL's Hockey Operations Department, in consultation with League General Managers.

The game's format:
 The game was played using five skaters and one goaltender per team.
 The duration was three 10-minute periods, running time with 15-second stops after goals.
 There was a four-minute break between periods.
 The Eastern Conference was considered the "home" team.

The Game
Washington's Brian Sutherby won the MVP award for the Eastern Conference YoungStars by scoring two goals and an assist as the East cruised to an easy 8–3 victory. Stephen Weiss of the host team Florida Panthers scored a goal and an assist for the East.

Erik Cole (Carolina Hurricanes) was named to the YoungStars game, but did not play due to a broken leg he suffered two days before the game.
Ales Hemsky (Edmonton Oilers) was named to the YoungStars game, but did not play and was replaced by Horcoff.

2004 National Hockey League All-Star Game

The Format
The game went back to the four-on-four format with each roster consisting of six forwards, four defensemen, and one goaltender. The game was played in three 10-minute running-clock periods and a four-minute intermission between each period.  The head coaches of the game were Lou Nanne and Tom Reid, both former players of the relocated Minnesota North Stars, with Minnesota being the venue of the All-Star Game for the first time in twenty seasons.

The Game
The Western Conference defeated the Eastern Conference 7–3. Anaheim's Joffrey Lupul scored a hat trick, San Jose's Jonathan Cheechoo picked up four assists, and Colorado goaltender Philippe Sauve was named the Game's MVP, stopping 18 of 21 shots.

Garnet Exelby (Atlanta Thrashers) was named to the YoungStars game, but did not play and was replaced by Stajan.

2007 National Hockey League All-Star Game

The Format
The format was unchanged from the 2004 game. The assistant coaches in the NHL All-Star Game were chosen as the head coaches for the YoungStars Game.

The Game
The East's win was spurred by the six points from YoungStars MVP Zach Parise of the New Jersey Devils who had two goals and four assists, while Boston's Phil Kessel recorded a hat-trick just one month removed from undergoing successful surgery for testicular cancer.

2008 National Hockey League All-Star Game

The Format
The game was reduced to two 6-minute periods. In addition, the NHL made the YoungStars game part of the SuperSkills Competition. Furthermore, rookie goaltenders did not participate; instead, the veterans selected to play in the regular All-Star game participated.  The coaches were the same head coaches for the main All-Star game.

The Game
Two first period goals and an assist by Brandon Dubinsky gave the East a 6-2 lead.  Nicklas Backstrom added one more for the East in the second period, before the West YoungStars made it a close game by scoring four consecutive goals in less than three minutes. Dubinsky was named the MVP.

2009 National Hockey League All-Star Game

The Format
For the final YoungStars match, the format returned to three periods for a total playing time of 18 minutes (6 minutes per period) featuring a three-on-three (four including the goalkeeper) rookies versus sophomores format, consisting of three six-minute periods with the clock stopping only within the last minute of each game. Coaching the rookies was future Hall of Famer Luc Robitaille, and for the sophomores, former All-Star Pete Mahovlich. Pekka Rinne (who replaced Steve Mason) made 20 saves in a 9-5 victory for the rookies. Rookie Blake Wheeler was named the MVP after scoring three goals.

The Game

 Milan Lucic was named to the YoungStars game, but did not play.
 Erik Ersberg was named to the YoungStars game, but did not play.
 Steve Mason was named to the YoungStars game, but did not play.
 Nicklas Backstrom was named to the YoungStars game, but did not play.
 Kris Versteeg was named to the YoungStars game, but did not dress.

References

External links

YoungStars Game
Recurring sporting events established in 2002


Dennis Sepp (born 7 June 1973) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played for HSC '21, SC Enschede and Excelsior '31 in the Netherlands, as well as for Bradford City in England.

External links

Player profile at Dutch Players Abroad

1973 births
Living people
Footballers from Apeldoorn
Men's association football forwards
Dutch men's footballers
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Dutch expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
English Football League players
HSC '21 players
Dutch expatriate sportspeople in England


The 1888 Indianapolis Hoosiers finished with a 50–85 record in the National League, finishing in seventh place.

Offseason
October 20, 1887: Gid Gardner and cash were traded by the Hoosiers to the Washington Nationals for Paul Hines.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Opening Day lineup

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Notes

References
 1888 Indianapolis Hoosiers team page at Baseball Reference

Indianapolis Hoosiers
Indianapolis Hoosiers season


Julius Otto Grimm (6 March 1827 in Pernau, Livonia, now Pärnu, Estonia – 7 December 1903 in Münster) was a  German composer, conductor and musician of Westphalia.  He is best remembered today as one of the best friends of Johannes Brahms, whom he met in Leipzig in 1853. Brahms dedicated his 4 Ballades, Op 10, to him.

Life

After studying philology and philosophy at the University of Tartu (then the University of Dorpat), concluding his exams in 1848, he began his career and avocation as tutor in Saint Petersburg.
At this time he began publishing his first compositions. He also pursued further studies in Dresden from 1851/2.

In 1855, he took an appointment as Professor of Music and Choral Conductor in Göttingen.  Five years later, in 1860 he accepted the post of conductor of the Musikverein (Music Association) of Münster. During his 40 years of activity in Münster he received many honors and appointments. He received an honorary doctorate in 1897.

At his death among his papers were found "hundreds of letters from Madame Schumann, Brahms and Dr. Joachim", several of Brahms' manuscripts (presumably) given as gifts, including that of the piano sonata no. 1 op. 1, a song from op. 3, and Brahms' Missa Canonica, an unfinished mass material from which went into the motets op. 74 (and which has been recorded).

His compositions include a violin sonata in A major, three suites, and a symphony in D minor, his opus 19, published in 1875. One of Grimm's suites, his opus 10 in canon form, is given a positive mention and described in some detail in a review (of a performance by the Boston Symphony under Theodore Thomas, in March 1869) in John Sullivan Dwight's journal.

Works

Orchestral
Orchestral Suite No. 1 in the Form of a Canon, Op. 10
Orchestral Suite No. 2 in the Form of a Canon, Op. 16
Two Marches, Op. 17
Symphony in D minor, Op. 19
1. Sostenuto - allegro
2. Trauermarsch: andante
3. Scherzo: presto
4. Finale: allegro vivace
Orchestral Suite No. 3, Op. 25

Chamber music
Violin Sonata in A major, Op. 14

Piano music
Five Piano Pieces, Op. 2
Three Elegies, Op. 6
Two Scherzos for Four-Hand Piano
Four Piano Pieces in freier canonischer Weise

Choral music
An die Musik for Soloists, Choir, and Orchestra, Op. 12
Kaiserhymne for Male Choir and Orchstra, Op. 21
Zum Geburtsfeste des Kaisers for Male Choir and Wind Orchestra, Op. 27
Abendfeier
Frühlingslied

Lieder
Sechs Lieder, Op. 1
Sechs Lieder, Op. 3
Sechs Lieder, Op. 11
Sechs Lieder, Op. 15
Deutsche Volkslieder

References

External links

1827 births
1903 deaths
People from Pärnu
People from Kreis Pernau
Baltic-German people
German Romantic composers
German male conductors (music)
German male classical composers
19th-century German musicians
20th-century German conductors (music)
20th-century German male musicians
19th-century German male musicians
University of Tartu alumni
Academic staff of the University of Göttingen


Abby Lillian Marlatt (March 7, 1869 – June 23, 1943) was an American educator.

Born in Manhattan, Kansas, Marlatt graduated from Kansas State College with a B.S. in 1888. receiving her M.S. from the same institution in 1890.  After graduation, she taught home economics, beginning in Utah before going to Rhode Island.  In 1909, she came to the University of Wisconsin, where she became the first director of the home economics department.  She remained in this capacity until retiring, in 1939, with the title of professor emeritus.  She established a regular curriculum and provided students with more specialized work; besides emphasizing teaching and extension work, she advocated broad training with grounding in the arts and sciences.  During World War I she helped the state of Wisconsin to plan how to join in the national efforts towards conserving food.  She remained in Madison after her retirement, dying there in 1943.

Notes

References
Dictionary of Wisconsin History

See also
 Abby Lindsey Marlatt, Ph.D., her niece

1869 births
1943 deaths
People from Manhattan, Kansas
People from Madison, Wisconsin
Kansas State University alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty


The 1889 Indianapolis Hoosiers finished with a 59–75 record in the National League, finishing in seventh place. The team folded after the season concluded.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References
 1889 Indianapolis Hoosiers team page at Baseball Reference

Indianapolis Hoosiers
Indianapolis Hoosiers season


The Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act (AIPPA) was passed in 2002 by the Zimbabwean Parliament under the majority of the Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front (ZANU–PF) and Former President Robert Mugabe.

Amendments were made in 2003 concerning the definition of mass media services, journalistic abuses and heads of offices (Media Institute of Southern Africa, 2003) and 2005 with regard to the imprisonment of journalists According to the official Zimbabwean government position, Canada’s information legislation served as an inspiration for the AIPPA However, the non-governmental organisation ARTICLE 19 suggests, it was rather the context of the growing opposition party and the nearly electoral defeat of the ruling ZANU-PF in 2000 pushing for more restrictive laws on independent and government media.

The AIPPA shall provide a legal framework for the access and conduct of requesting information from public bodies and privacy as well as for the regulation of mass media by the establishment of a Media and Information Commission. Especially the latter is subject to harsh critique from various governments, non-governmental organisations and the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression because of severe media restrictions. Following the massive critique, David Banisar stated that AIPPA is a rather cynic name for a media suppressing law.

Access to Information
In terms of entitlement, only citizens of Zimbabwe, permanently residents or holders of temporary employment, residence permit or students permit are eligible to make a request. Foreign nationals and agencies as well as unregistered mass media are excluded. This contrasts with chapter four of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights stating that everyone should have the right to access information held by public bodies Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa. After the request is made, a response on behalf of the public office regarding the applicability should be sent within 30 days. However, these 30 days can be extended on the grounds of various reasons with the agreement of the Media and Information Commission. One possible reason might be that the request is not in the public interest.

Exemptions
There is a variety of exemptions where information can always be withheld ranging from deliberation of the cabinet, details of policy advice to national security. However, whether information regarding heritage sites, economic interests, public interests and governmental relations should be disclosed, is subject to the public office’s discretion This reverses the openness approach where public interest is considered being a driving factor for disclosing documents. According to the non-governmental organisation ARTICLE 19, the right of information can be considered largely “illusory” due to the extensive list of exemptions as well as due to the fact that appeals against refusals procedure rely on the government dependent Media and Information Commission.

The Media and Information Commission
The establishment and functions of the Media and Information Commission are laid out in Part IV of AIPPA. The Media and Information Commission is organised by a board where all members are appointed by the Minister responsible for information, after having consulted the President. Regarding the access of information, it is up to the Commission to decide about appeals against refusals regarding requests on access of information and to authorise public bodies to disregard requests that might interfere with the operation of the respective body. Its other main functions are to ensure the access of Zimbabweans to mass media information on the grounds of ethical and professional standards by exercising control on respective services. Therefore, the commission is entitled to conduct investigations, decide upon journalists’ accreditation as well as to regulate mass media services.

In terms of regulation, AIPPA restricts the ownership or shareholding of mass media services to anyone other than Zimbabwean citizens or permanent residents. Similar provisions can be found within the matter of journalists’ accreditation, also just limited to Zimbabwean citizens or permanent residents. Furthermore, all mass media services have to register with the commission in order to obtain a certificate and to reapply for its renewal after two years. Mass media operating without a certificate and abuse of journalistic privileges are penalised with a fine and up two years of imprisonment. Abuse of journalistic privileges is further defined by intentional and unintentional false information or statements threatening the interests of defence, public safety, public morality or economic interests.

In this context, terms such as public morality are not further defined. Critics of the Media and Information Commission span from its comprehensive authority and competences to its organisation. The organisation structure is subject to concern for critics suggesting that the strong government ties reduce the Commission’s neutrality and independence which is one of the Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa principles. The Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights and The Legal Resources Foundation versus The President of the Republic of Zimbabwe and the Attorney-General case  indicates that the decision on whether to disclose publicly held information is rather a policy decision made by politicians and not by the courts and set a wrong precedent to those that might think of appealing against refusals by heads of public offices.

Furthermore, the outlined process of registering does not correspond to the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media and the OAS Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression as stated in a Declaration of 18/12/2003:

 “Imposing special registration requirements on the print media is unnecessary and may be abused and should be avoided. Registration systems which allow for discretion to refuse registration (…) which are overseen by bodies which are not independent of government are particularly problematical (p. 31).

Remarkably, the provision on registering are rather broad, covering even the smallest and irregular forms as well as all forms of digital and electronic publications. According to ARTICLE 19, there are also serious concerns regarding the sanctioning of breaches of the AIPPA granting considerate discretion to political actors such as the minister. Furthermore, it is feared that the deterring effect of this strict, normally “last resort” sanctions such as termination and suspension will have a negative impact of the freedom of expression.

Application
Due to the non-transparent nature of the Information and Media Commission it is rather difficult to gather reliable data regarding the number of people who were granted access to information under AIPPA. However, it is worth noting that as of 2006, there could be just one successful case be identified where the opposition party was granted access to data.

Information gathering difficulties and  small numbers of successful requests can be contrasted with high numbers of independent newspapers being shut down and journalists arrested in the aftermaths of AIPPA. According to Freedom House, more prominent example are the British Broadcasting Cooperation (BBC) and the Cable News Network (CNN) that were banned in 2002 until the ban was lifted in 2009. The government made use of AIPPA and the 2004 Criminal Law to prosecute critical journalists and activists during the 2008 election crisis.  More recently, AIPPA enabled the detainment of seventeen journalists in 2013.

References

Law of Zimbabwe
Zimbabwean legislation
2002 in Zimbabwe
2002 in law


Something Upstairs (also published as Something Upstairs: A Tale of Ghosts) is a 1988 young adult historical thriller fiction novel written by Avi. It concerns a 12-year-old boy named Kenny Huldorf who has moved to a new area and discovers a ghost, Caleb, in a room. Caleb was the slave of a previous owner of the home, and is stuck there until someone can help set him free. Kenny travels back in time with Caleb to find his murderer and comes to a dilemma on whether he can return to the present or save his new friend. The novel has won several awards in children's writing.

Plot summary
Something Upstairs is about a twelve-year-old boy, Kenny Huldorf, who tells a story to Avi who had visited the school on a book tour. He moves from Los Angeles to Providence, Rhode Island. He lives in a house of past events, built in 1789. Kenny's room is in the attic. One night Kenny wakes to a scraping noise in the old slave room. When he looks inside, he sees a ghost that tries to get out from a stain on the floor. It moves a box full of books out of the way. Once it is out, the ghost feels the attic walls, in search of something. Kenny and the ghost see each other; the ghost does not speak, and flinches away and disappears when Kenny raises a shoe in defense.

Kenny tells his father there is something upstairs, but his father interprets that as a metaphor for “something you don’t want anyone to know about. Secrets.” Kenny visits the local library, where he meets an old historian, Pardon Willinghast, who is also curious about the property. Kenny tries to talk with the ghost boy, who mutters the word “slave.” He asks Willinghast if any former owners had slaves, but he doesn't get a candid answer. After getting a sample of the floor analyzed by a chemist, Kenny talks with the slave boy, whose name is Caleb, who affirms that's his blood, and that he was murdered in his sleep. He wants Kenny to help him find who did it. Kenny doesn't think that's possible, but as he leaves, he finds his room changed.

Kenny finds himself in an earlier time period. He follows a man who was staring at his window. Another man sees Kenny and asks him to pass a message, which he does, but he also reads it, noting it concerns a meeting aboard The Gaspee. Kenny runs back to his house and returns to his own time.

Kenny asks Caleb why he can't leave. Caleb says his death was unnatural, so he's a memory fixed in time and space. Caleb affirms the men were slave traders, and gives Kenny the approximate day he was killed. Kenny confirms in the news articles that Caleb was found dead in the locked attic room in an apparent suicide.

Caleb denies the suicide, but Kenny agrees to help him. They go back in time and listen in on the conversation aboard The Gaspee, which also includes Pardon Willinghast! The men talk about how they can preserve their slave trade, by motivating the slave trade workers outside to go to Olney Lane to silence the blacks who live there. Caleb disappears. Kenny tries to leave but is stopped by Willinghast, who tells Kenny that he is a memory as well, and that Caleb's running and the men leaving are all going according to plan. He takes Kenny's keychain and states that Kenny could be stuck in this time period forever as a ghost because of altered events.

Kenny goes to Olney Lane and finds Caleb who has a musket. Then the angry drunken mob approaches, but Caleb confronts them, and gets hit in the face with a rock before Kenny pulls him back. The mob sets fire to one of the nearby houses. Caleb is so furious that he shoots and kills one of the mob. The mob tries to go after Caleb and Kenny, but they escape in the rain.

Kenny and Caleb retreat to their house. After figuring a way to lock the room from the inside, Kenny goes out to seek help, but is stopped by Pardon Willinghast, who has a proposal for Kenny. In order to return to the present time, Kenny will have to kill Caleb in the room, and then lock it from the inside to fulfill the suicide scenario. Willinghast also reveals that he originally killed Caleb, and that others were given a similar situation and had killed Caleb. He gives Kenny a double-barreled pistol.

Kenny returns to Caleb and says that he was the murderer, but it was Willinghast who blackmailed him. The boys think of a way to change the situation. They fake Caleb's death using the blood from his cheek, and lure Willinghast into the room. Willinghast arrives and checks Caleb's body but finds he is still alive. He orders Kenny to shoot Caleb and dangles the keychain. Kenny shoots.

Kenny wakes up in the present time and sees there is no stain on the floor. The library article now reads that Willinghast committed suicide and the slave boy is missing. Kenny wonders if Caleb is truly free or whether he is stuck in another house as a memory.

Characters
 Kenny Huldorf
 Kenny is a 12-year-old boy who moves from Los Angeles to Providence, Rhode Island, where, in his room, he is haunted by a ghost, who turns to be Caleb. He is small in stature, has light hair and freckles. He carries around a Los Angeles Dodgers keychain. He agrees to help Caleb find the murderer, and goes back in time. He learns that the slave traders want to send a message against the abolitionists, setting up the reason why Caleb was killed. But then Willinghast grabs Kenny's key chain and blackmails him into choosing whether to kill Caleb and return to his own time, or to save him and risk being a ghost forever in the past.

 Caleb
 Caleb is a slave boy estimated to be 16 years old in 1800, but is a ghost in the present time whose memories are strongly tied to the house. He was apparently killed in a room in the attic, after being asked to stay at the house while his masters, the Stilwells, were out. He is seen by Kenny crawling out of a blood stain and searching the walls for a way out. Caleb wants Kenny to find his murderer. He has a scar on his cheek and a blood stain on his back. Caleb initially doesn't trust Kenny, but decides to follow him after Kenny agrees to help out. When he and Kenny go back in time, Caleb loses his blood stain and appears to be alive.

 Pardon Willinghast
 Willinghast is a historian that Kenny encountered at the library, but in 1800, he was one of the slave traders who conspired to make a statement against the abolitionists. He knows about Kenny's investigation, and while he was originally helpful, he eventually reveals to Kenny that he is also a strong memory that wants the events to take place so that Caleb dies. He later reveals he plotted the murder of Caleb.

 Moses Brown
 An abolitionist in the 18th century. At one point in the story, he marks a wall and states that as long as the mark stays there, he will not allow slavery.

 Esek Ormsbee
 One of the slave traders. He asks Kenny to give a message to Mr. Seagrave concerning a meeting.

 Philip Seagrave
 One of the slave traders who meets with Ormsbee and Willinghast. His house has the mark that Mr. Brown placed.

 Avi
 The author introduces the story of Caleb and Kenny as coming from a visit by Kenny who wanted to share his story.

Conception
Avi writes that Something Upstairs “was the first of my three Providence (Rhode Island) tales,” and that he had also moved from Los Angeles to Providence, and even lived on 30 Sheldon Street, which was built in the 1830s. When asked if the story is real, Avi responded that “it’s true if you believe in time travel and ghosts. As for me, I don’t believe in ghosts, but I do believe in ghost stories.”

Publication
Something Upstairs: A Tale of Ghosts was originally published by Orchard Books on September 1, 1988 in hardcover format. The title was simplified to Something Upstairs starting with the 1990 paperback edition. Orchard Books was acquired by Scholastic, who printed their paperback edition in 2010. A list of notable formats is as follows:

Legacy
The Rhode Island Historical Society hosts the Avi Tour, which walks through some of the places and the waterfront districts in Providence mentioned in the book.

Awards
 Best Books of the Year, Library of Congress, 1989
 Nominated, Best Juvenile Mystery of the Year, Mystery Writers of America, 1989
 Rhode Island Children's Book Award, 1991
 Florida Sunshine State Young Readers Award, 1992
 ALA Notable Recording, 1992 (Recorded Books, Inc.)
 California Young Reader Medal, Middle School/Junior High, 1993
 YALSA Popular Paperbacks for Young Adults, 1999

References

External links

  - biography by Michael A. Sommers, Chapter 6, Pages Out of History, talks about Something Upstairs

1988 American novels
Novels by Avi
American horror novels
American young adult novels
Novels set in Providence, Rhode Island
Novels about time travel
Ghost novels
Orchard Books books
Children's books set in Rhode Island
Children's books about time travel
Children's books about ghosts
Children's books set in the 1800s
Children's books about slavery