In universal algebra, a clone is a set C of finitary operations on a set A such that
C contains all the projections , defined by ,
C is closed under (finitary multiple) composition (or "superposition"): if f, g1, …, gm are members of C such that f is m-ary, and gj is n-ary for all j, then the n-ary operation   is in C.
The question whether clones should contain nullary operations or not is not treated uniformly in the literature. The classical approach as evidenced by the standard monographs on clone theory considers clones only containing at least unary operations. However, with only minor modifications (related to the empty invariant relation) most of the usual theory can be lifted to clones allowing nullary operations. The more general concept includes all clones without nullary operations as subclones of the clone of all at least unary operations and is in accordance with the custom to allow nullary terms and nullary term operations in universal algebra. Typically, publications studying clones as abstract clones, e.g. in the category theoretic setting of Lawvere's algebraic theories, will include nullary operations.

Given an algebra in a signature σ, the set of operations on its carrier definable by a σ-term (the term functions) is a clone. Conversely, every clone can be realized as the clone of term functions in a suitable algebra by simply taking the clone itself as source for the signature σ so that the algebra has the whole clone as its fundamental operations.

If A and B are algebras with the same carrier such that every basic function of A is a term function in B and vice versa, then A and B have the same clone. For this reason, modern universal algebra often treats clones as a representation of algebras which abstracts from their signature.

There is only one clone on the one-element set (there are two if nullary operations are considered). The lattice of clones on a two-element set is countable, and has been completely described by Emil Post (see Post's lattice, which traditionally does not show clones with nullary operations). Clones on larger sets do not admit a simple classification; there are continuum-many clones on a finite set of size at least three, and 22κ (even just maximal, i.e. precomplete) clones on an infinite set of cardinality κ.

Abstract clones
Philip Hall introduced the concept of abstract clone. An abstract clone is different from a concrete clone in that the set A is not given.
Formally, an abstract clone comprises
a set Cn for each natural number n,
elements k,n in Cn for all k ≤ n, and
a family of functions ∗:Cm × (Cn)m → Cn for all m and n
such that
 c * (1,n, …, n,n) = c
 k,m * (c1, …, cm) = ck
 c * (d1 * (e1, …, en), …, dm * (e1, …, en)) = (c * (d1, …, dm)) * (e1, …, en).

Any concrete clone determines an abstract clone in the obvious manner.

Any algebraic theory determines an abstract clone where Cn is the set of terms in n variables, k,n are variables, and ∗ is substitution. Two theories determine isomorphic clones if and only if the corresponding categories of algebras are isomorphic. Conversely every abstract clone determines an algebraic theory with an n-ary operation for each element of Cn. This gives a bijective correspondence between abstract clones and algebraic theories.

Every abstract clone C induces a Lawvere theory in which the morphisms m → n are elements of (Cm)n. This induces a bijective correspondence between Lawvere theories and abstract clones.

See also
 Term algebra

Notes

References

 Available online at Reprints in Theory and Applications of Categories

Universal algebra


Space Chimps is a platform video game based on the film of the same name. It was published by Brash Entertainment and was released for the PlayStation 2, Wii, Nintendo DS, Xbox 360 (not compatible with Xbox One), and Microsoft Windows in 2008.

Plot
Similar to the film, Ham III, grandson of Ham, the first chimpanzee in space, teams up with fellow spacemates Luna and Titan on a space adventure to an unknown planet.

Gameplay
The player plays two characters, Ham and Luna, defeating enemies in order to defeat Zartog and save their friend, collecting gumdrop-shaped objects called Globhoppers as well as bananas along the way.

Collecting enough Globhoppers and bananas unlocks rewards such as character concepts, artwork, and videos as well as a deleted scene from the movie in which the director of the film, Kirk DeMicco, plays with actual monkeys.

Reception
The game received “mixed or average reviews” on all platforms except the PlayStation 2 version, which received “generally unfavorable reviews” according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.

References

External links

Space Chimps
2008 video games
Gamebryo games
PlayStation 2 games
Wii games
Nintendo DS games
Xbox 360 games
Windows games
Video games about primates
Video games based on animated films
Video games developed in Australia
Video games set on fictional planets
Platformers
WayForward games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Wicked Witch Software games
Brash Entertainment games
3D platform games


Nikoloz (Nika) Vacheishvili () (born 26 May 1968 in Tbilisi) is a Georgian art scholar, politician and the former Minister of Culture, Heritage Preservation and Sport in the Cabinet of Georgia. He was appointed to the position after the reformation of the Cabinet by Prime Minister Lado Gurgenidze on 30 January 2008. Vacheishvili left the position in October 2008 when the new premier Grigol Mgaloblishvili appointed diplomat Grigol Vashadze as the Culture Minister, as part of a minor reshuffle of the Cabinet. He served as Director General of the National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia from November 2008 until his resignation on 18 January 2013.

References

1968 births
Politicians from Tbilisi
Living people
Government ministers of Georgia (country)

Recipients of the Presidential Order of Excellence


Karlsson's is a vodka made of potatoes cultivated at the Bjäre peninsula in Skåne, Sweden.

External links
 Karlsson Vodka

Swedish vodkas


The Diocese of Santander () is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church seated in Santander Cathedral in the city of Santander in the Ecclesiastical province of Oviedo in Spain.

History
 12 December 1754: Established as Diocese of Santander from the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Burgos

Leadership

Francisco Javier Arriaza (24 Sep 1755 – 10 Oct 1761 )
Francisco Laso Santos de San Pedro (29 Mar 1762 – 14 May 1783 )
Rafael Tomás Menéndez Luarca y Queipo de Llano (25 Jun 1784 – 20 Jun 1819 )
Juan Nepomuceno Gómez Durán (21 Feb 1820 – 11 Apr 1829 )
Felipe González Abarca, O. de M. (30 Aug 1829 – 12 Mar 1842 )
Manuel Ramón Arias Teijeiro de Castro (17 Jan 1848 – 20 Jul 1859 )
José López Crespo (20 Sep 1859 – 21 Mar 1875 )
Vicente Calvo y Valero (5 Jul 1875 – 27 Mar 1884 )
Vicente Santiago Sánchez de Castro (27 Mar 1884 – 19 Sep 1920 )
Juan Plaza y García (16 Dec 1920 – 10 Jul 1927 )
José María Eguino Trecu (2 Oct 1928 – 7 May 1961 )
Eugenio Beitia Aldazabal  (27 Jan 1962 – 23 Jan 1965 )
Vincente Puchol Montis (2 Jul 1965 – 8 May 1967 )
José María Cirarda Lachiondo  (22 Jul 1968 – 3 Dec 1971 )
Juan Antonio del Val Gallo  (3 Dec 1971 – 23 Aug 1991 )
José Vilaplana Blasco (23 Aug 1991 – 17 Jul 2006 )
Vicente Jiménez Zamora (27 Jul 2007 – 12 Dec 2014)
Manuel Sánchez Monge (6 May 2015 – present)

See also
Roman Catholicism in Spain

Sources
 Catholic Hierarchy
  Diocese website

Roman Catholic dioceses in Spain
Religious organizations established in 1754
Dioceses established in the 18th century
Santander, Spain
1754 establishments in Spain


HMS Tribune was a Royal Navy 36-gun fifth rate. This frigate was originally the French  Charente Inférieure, which was launched in 1793 during the French Revolutionary Wars and renamed Tribune the next year. The British captured her and took her into service with the Royal Navy. She only served for a year before being wrecked off of Herring Cove, Nova Scotia on 16 or 23 November 1797. Of the 240 men on board, all but 12 of her crew were lost.

Career

Capture

In mid-1796, Tribune was under the command of Commodore John Moulson (or Moulston), an American who had served in the French Navy for 16 years. He was in command of a squadron of three frigates and a corvette. One of the frigates, the 26-gun Proserpine, parted company with her companion vessels in a fog.

On 8 June Tribune and her remaining two companions, the frigate Tamise and the corvette Legere, were sailing off the south coast of Ireland. At daybreak the British frigates  and  spotted the three French vessels and proceeded to chase them.

Tamise eventually turned to engage her pursuers, but Santa Margarita captured her after a 20-minute battle. Legere escaped. Separately,  captured Proserpine a few days later; the British took her into service as .

Tribune continued to attempt to escape Unicorn in a running fight that lasted ten hours. Unicorn eventually pulled alongside and an intense, 35-minutes long engagement ensued. Tribune attempted to drop astern to rake Unicorns stern, but good handling by Unicorn foiled the attempt. Unicorn again came alongside and continued to fire upon Tribune. Finally, when all her masts except her mizzenmast had been shot away, Tribune struck her colours.

Tribune had lost 37 men killed of her crew of 337 men, as well as 15 wounded, including Moulston. Unicorn, despite having only 140 of her normal complement of 151 aboard, with a lieutenant and her best seamen having taken a prize to Cork, had suffered no casualties.

The victory earned Unicorns captain a knighthood. In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the remaining survivors of this action the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "Unicorn 8 June 1796". The crews of Santa Margaritta and Dryad also won the Naval General Service Medal with clasps "Sta. Margaritta 8 June 1796" for the capture of Tamise and "Dryad 13 June 1796" for the capture of Proserpine.

Sinking
Tribune was placed under the command of Captain Scory Barker, who sailed her from Torbay on 22 September 1797 as escort to a convoy to the Quebec and Newfoundland fleets. En route he met , then 12 days out of Halifax. On 10 October Tribune lost sight of the convoy, but continued towards Halifax.  As they arrived at the approaches to Halifax Harbour on 16 November, Captain Barker suggested waiting for a pilot, but was convinced by the master, who claimed that "he had beat a 44-gun ship into the harbour, that he had frequently been there, nor was there any occasion for a pilot since the wind was favourable." Captain Barker was apparently convinced by these assurances, and went below to arrange some papers he wished to take onshore. The master assumed the pilotage of the ship, assisted by one John Cosey, who had lived in the area previously.

As the ship progressed into the harbour, she began to approach the Thrum Cap shoal. Alarmed, the master summoned Mr Galvin, the master's mate, who at this time was sick below. Coming up on deck, Galvin heard the man in the chains sing out "by the mark five" and Cosey sing out "steady". Climbing onto a carronade, he attempted to ascertain the situation, whilst the master ran up to the wheel with the intent to wear ship. Before anything could be done however, Tribune struck the shoal. Alerted by the impact, Captain Barker rushed up on deck, exclaiming "You have lost the ship" to the master. Distress signals were quickly run up, which were acknowledged by the military posts nearby, as well as the ships in the harbour, and several craft set out to aid the stricken ship. A number of military boats, and a boat under the command of a Mr Rackum, boatswain of the ordinary, managed to reach Tribune. Strong adverse winds prevented many others from doing so.

Her crew made attempts to lighten Tribune. The guns, save one for signalling, were thrown overboard, as was every other heavy article. These efforts allowed Tribune to get off the shoal by 9 o'clock in the evening. She had by now lost her rudder and had seven feet of water in the hold. The crew manned the pumps but after a period of time in which they seemed to be gaining on the leaks, a violent gale from the south east blew up and carried Tribune steadily towards the western shore. Lieutenants Campbell and North managed to escape in a jolly boat, but by half past ten, Tribune lurched over and sank off Herring Cove, Nova Scotia. The captain and officers were believed lost, but over 240 men, women and children remained, floating in the water or clinging to the rigging.

Eventually nearly a hundred of the survivors had managed to climb into the rigging, but as the night wore on and the storm took its toll, many dropped off and were swept away. Eventually there were only eight remaining, despite them being close enough to the shore to converse with the local inhabitants who had lit a large bonfire on the beach. At 8 o'clock in the morning of 24 November, a 13-year-old boy named Joe Cracker went out in a small skiff and brought off a man named David Monroe, another named Dunlap and two others, who were so exhausted they wished only to perish as they lay and had to be lifted into the skiff. As the weather improved, a number of boats were able to reach the wreck, bringing off another four. Overall, four had escaped in the jolly boat and another eight had been brought off from the rigging.  These twelve were the only survivors of the wreck.

Commemoration

The location of the sinking was soon named Tribune Head. A cairn and bronze plaque in Herring Cove mark the site and the nearby mass grave of her victims. Salvors recovered Tribunes bell in the 19th century and presented it to St. Paul's Catholic church in Herring Cove. The bell was donated to the Nova Scotia Museum in the 1920s and now forms the centrepiece of an exhibit about the wreck at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Lt. Benjamin James of the Royal Nova Scotia Regiment died while trying to rescue passengers. He was buried at the Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia) and commemorated by Prince Edward.

Citations

References

 Macdonald, S.D. (1895) 'Ships of War Lost on the Coast of Nova Scotia and Sable Island during the 18th Century". Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society for the Years 1893–1895 Vol. 19, pp. 118–135.

External links
HMS Tribune's career and sinking
"HMS Tribune - 1797" Nova Scotia Museum On the Rocks Shipwreck Database

1793 ships
Ships built in France
Maritime history of Canada
History of Halifax, Nova Scotia
Shipwrecks of the Nova Scotia coast
Maritime incidents in 1797
Fifth-rate frigates of the Royal Navy


Translations of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings have been made, with varying degrees of success, into dozens of languages from the original English. Tolkien, an expert in Germanic philology, scrutinized those that were under preparation during his lifetime, and made comments on early translations that reflect both the translation process and his work. To aid translators, and because he was unhappy with the work of early translators such as Åke Ohlmarks with his Swedish version, Tolkien wrote his Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings in 1967 (released publicly in 1975 in A Tolkien Compass, and in full in 2005, in The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion).

Challenges to translation

Because The Lord of the Rings purports to be a translation of the Red Book of Westmarch, with the English language in the translation purporting to represent the Westron of the original, translators need to imitate the complex interplay between English and non-English (Elvish) nomenclature in the book. An additional difficulty is the presence of proper names in Old English and Old Norse. Tolkien chose to use Old English for names and some words of the Rohirrim, for example, "Théoden", King of Rohan: his name is simply a transliteration of Old English þēoden, "king". Similarly, he used Old Norse for "external" names of his Dwarves, such as "Thorin Oakenshield": both Þorinn and Eikinskjaldi are Dwarf-names from the Völuspá.

The relation of such names to English, within the history of English, and of the Germanic languages more generally, is intended to reflect the relation of the purported "original" names to Westron. The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey states that Tolkien began with the words and names that he wanted, and invented parts of Middle-earth to resolve the linguistic puzzle he had accidentally created by using different European languages for those of peoples in his legendarium.

Early translations

The first translations of The Lord of the Rings to be prepared were those in Dutch (1956–7, Max Schuchart) and Swedish (1959–60, Åke Ohlmarks). Both took considerable liberties with their material, apparent already from the rendition of the title, In de Ban van de Ring "Under the Spell of the Ring" and Härskarringen "The Ruling Ring", respectively.

Most later translations, beginning with the Polish Władca Pierścieni in 1961, render the title more literally. Later non-literal title translations however include the Japanese  "Tale of the Ring", Finnish Taru Sormusten Herrasta "Legend of the Lord of the Rings", the first Norwegian translation Krigen om ringen "The War of the Ring", Icelandic Hringadróttinssaga "The Lord of the Rings' Saga", and West Frisian, Master fan Alle Ringen "Master of All Rings".

Tolkien in both the Dutch and the Swedish cases objected strongly while the translations were in progress, in particular regarding the adaptation of proper names. Despite lengthy correspondence, Tolkien did not succeed in convincing the Dutch translator of his objections, and was similarly frustrated in the Swedish case.

Dutch (Schuchart) 1956–1957

On Max Schuchart's Dutch version, In de Ban van de Ring, Tolkien wrote

Despite this, the Dutch version stayed largely unchanged except for the names of certain characters. Schuchart's translation remains, as of 2008, the only authorized translation in Dutch. An unauthorized translation was made by E.J. Mensink-van Warmelo in the late 1970s. A revision of Schuchart's translation was initiated in 2003, but the publisher Uitgeverij M decided against publishing it.

Swedish

Ohlmarks 1959–1961

Åke Ohlmarks was a prolific translator, who during his career published Swedish versions of Shakespeare, Dante and the Qur'an as well as Tolkien. Tolkien intensely disliked Ohlmarks' translation of The Lord of the Rings (which Ohlmarks named Härskarringen, 'The Ruling Ring'), however, more so even than Schuchart's Dutch translation. Ohlmarks' translation remained the only one available in Swedish for forty years, and until his death in 1984, Ohlmarks remained impervious to the numerous complaints and calls for revision from readers.

After The Silmarillion was published in 1977, Christopher Tolkien consented to a Swedish translation only on the condition that Ohlmarks have nothing to do with it. After a fire at his home in 1982, Ohlmarks incoherently charged Tolkien fans with arson, and subsequently published the book Tolkien och den svarta magin (Tolkien and the black magic) - a book connecting Tolkien with "black magic" and Nazism.

Andersson and Olsson 2005

Ohlmarks' translation was superseded only in 2005, by a new translation by Erik Andersson with poems interpreted by Lotta Olsson. The work was retitled Ringarnas herre, 'The Rings' Lord'.

German

Carroux 1969–1970

As a reaction to his disappointment with the Dutch and Swedish translations, Tolkien wrote his Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings, gaining himself a larger influence on translations into other Germanic languages, namely Danish and German. Frankfurt-based Margaret Carroux qualified for the German version published by Klett-Cotta on basis of her translation of Tolkien's short story "Leaf by Niggle", that she had translated solely to give him a sample of her work. In her preparation for The Lord of the Rings (Der Herr der Ringe), unlike Schluchart and Ohlmarks, Carroux even visited Tolkien in Oxford with a suitcase full of his published works and questions about them. Yet, mainly due to a cold that both Tolkien and his wife were going through at the time, the meeting was later described as inhospitable and 'chilly', Tolkien being 'harsh', 'taciturn' and 'severely ill'. Later correspondences with Carroux turned out to be much more encouraging with Tolkien being generally very pleased with Carroux's work, with the sole exception of the poems and songs, that would eventually be translated by poet Ebba-Margareta von Freymann.

On several instances Carroux departed from the literal, e.g. for the Shire. Tolkien endorsed the Gouw of the Dutch version and remarked that German Gau "seems to me suitable in Ger., unless its recent use in regional reorganization under Hitler has spoilt this very old word." Carroux decided that this was indeed the case, and opted for the more artificial Auenland "meadow-land" instead.

"Elf" was rendered with linguistic care as Elb, the plural Elves as Elben. The choice reflects Tolkien's suggestion:

The Elb chosen by Carroux instead of the suggested Alb is a construction by Jacob Grimm in his 1835 Teutonic Mythology. Grimm, like Tolkien, notes that German Elf is a loan from the English, and argues for the revival of the original German cognate, which survived in the adjective elbisch and in composed names like Elbegast. Grimm also notes that the correct plural of Elb would be Elbe, but Carroux does not follow in this and uses the plural Elben, denounced by Grimm as incorrect in his German Dictionary (s.v. Alb).

On many instances, though, the German version resorts to literal translations. Rivendell Tolkien considered as a particularly difficult case, and recommended to "translate by sense, or retain as seems best.", but Carroux opted for the literal Bruchtal. The name "Baggins" was rendered as Beutlin (containing the word Beutel meaning "bag").

Another case where Carroux translated the meaning rather than the actual words was the name of Shelob, formed from the pronoun she plus lob, a dialectal word for "spider" (according to Tolkien; the OED is only aware of its occurrence in Middle English). Tolkien gives no prescription; he merely notes that "The Dutch version retains Shelob, but the Swed. has the rather feeble Honmonstret ["she-monster"]." Carroux chose Kankra, an artificial feminine formation from dialectal German Kanker ('Daddy-longlegs', cognate to cancer).

Krege 2000

In 2000, Klett-Cotta published a new translation of The Lord of the Rings by Wolfgang Krege, not as a replacement of the old one, which throughout the years had gained a loyal following, but rather as an accompaniment. The new version focuses more on the differences in linguistic style that Tolkien employed to set apart the more biblical prose and the high style of elvish and human 'nobility' from the more colloquial 1940s English spoken by the Hobbits, something that he thought Carroux's more unified version was lacking. Krege's translation met mixed reception, the general argument of critics being that he took too many liberties in modernising the language of the Hobbits with the linguistic style of late 90s German that not only subverted the epic style of the narrative as a whole but also went beyond the stylistic differences intended by Tolkien. Klett-Cotta has continued to offer and continuously republishes both translations. Yet, for the 2012 republication of Krege's version, his most controversial decisions were partly reverted.

Russian

Interest in Russia awoke soon after the publication of The Lord of the Rings in 1955, long before the first Russian translation.
A first effort at publication was made in the 1960s, but in order to comply with literary censorship in Soviet Russia, the work was considerably abridged and transformed. The ideological danger of the book was seen in the "hidden allegory 'of the conflict between the individualist West and the totalitarian, Communist East'", while, ironically, Marxist readings in the west conversely identified Tolkien's anti-industrial ideas as presented in the Shire with primitive communism, in a struggle with the evil forces of technocratic capitalism.

Russian translations of The Lord of the Rings circulated as samizdat and were published only after the collapse of the Soviet Union, but then in great numbers; no less than ten official Russian translations appeared between 1990 and 2005. Tolkien fandom grew especially rapidly during the early 1990s at Moscow State University. Many unofficial and incomplete translations are in circulation. The first translation appearing in print was that by Kistyakovski and Muravyov (volume 1, published 1982).

Hebrew

The first translation of The Lord of the Rings into Hebrew (שר הטבעות) was done by Canaanite movement member Ruth Livnit, aided by Uriel Ofek as the translator of the verse. The 1977 version was considered a unique book for the sort of Hebrew that it used, until it was revised by Dr. Emanuel Lottem according to the second English edition, although still under the name of the previous translators, with Lottem as merely "The editor".

The difference between the two versions is clear in the translation of names. "Elves", for an example, was first translated as "בני לילית" (Bneyi Lilith, i.e. the "Children of Lilith") but in the new edition was transcribed in the form of "Elefs" maintained through Yiddish as "עלף". The change was made because "Bneyi Lilith" essentially relates to the Babylonian-derived Jewish folklore character of Lilith, mother of all demons, an inappropriate name for Tolkien's Elves.
Since all seven appendices and part of the foreword were dropped in the first edition, the rules of transcription therein were not kept. In the New edition Dr. Lottem translated the appendices by himself, and transcribed names according to the instructions therein. Furthermore, the old translation was made without any connection to the rest of Tolkien's mythological context, not The Silmarillion nor even The Hobbit. Parts of the story relating to events mentioned in the above books were not understood and therefore either translated inaccurately, or even dropped completely.
There are major inconsistencies in transcription or in repetitions of similar text within the story, especially in the verse.

Tolkien's Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings

The Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings is a guideline on the nomenclature in The Lord of the Rings compiled by J. R. R. Tolkien in 1966 to 1967, intended for the benefit of translators, especially for translations into Germanic languages. The first translations to profit from the guideline were those into Danish (Ida Nyrop Ludvigsen) and German (Margaret Carroux), both appearing 1972.

Frustrated by his experience with Schuchart's Dutch and Ohlmarks's Swedish translations, Tolkien asked that

With a view to the planned Danish translation, Tolkien decided to take action in order to avoid similar disappointments in the future. On 2 January 1967, he wrote to Otto B. Lindhardt, of the Danish publisher Gyldendals Bibliotek:

Photocopies of this "commentary" were sent to translators of The Lord of the Rings by Allen & Unwin from 1967. After Tolkien's death, it was published as Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings, edited by Christopher Tolkien in Jared Lobdell's A Tolkien Compass (1975).
Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull (2005) have newly transcribed and slightly edited Tolkien's typescript, and re-published it under the title of Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings in their book The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion.

Tolkien uses the abbreviations CS for "Common Speech, in original text represented by English", and LT for the target language of the translation. His approach is the prescription that if in doubt, a proper name should not be altered but left as it appears in the English original:

The names in English form, such as Dead Marshes, should in Tolkien's view be translated straightforwardly, while the names in Elvish should be left unchanged. The difficult cases are those names where

An example is Rivendell, the translation of Sindarin Imladris "Glen of the Cleft", or Westernesse, the translation of Númenor.
The list gives suggestions for "old, obsolescent, or dialectal words in the Scandinavian and German languages".

Ida Nyrop Ludvigsen's Danish and Margaret Carroux's German translations were the only ones profiting from Tolkien's "commentary" to be published before Tolkien's death in 1973.

List of translations

The number of languages into which Tolkien's works has been translated is subject to some debate since the Portuguese and Brazilian dialects of Portuguese are sometimes counted separately, as are the Nynorsk and Bokmål forms of Norwegian and Traditional and Simplified Chinese editions. Elrond's Library, as of its last updating in 2019, explicitly lists 87 translations in 57 languages for which translations of The Lord of the Rings exist.

Comparatively few translations appeared during Tolkien's lifetime: when he died on 2 September 1973, the Dutch, Swedish, Polish, Italian, Danish, German and French translations had been published completely, and the Japanese and Finnish ones in part. The Russian translations are a special case because many unpublished and unauthorized versions circulated in the 1970s and 1980s Soviet Union; these were gradually published from the 1990s onwards.

See also

 Bibliography of J. R. R. Tolkien
 International reception of Tolkien
 Translations of The Hobbit

References

Bibliography

 Honegger, Thomas (2004) Translating Tolkien: Text and Film. Walking Tree Publishers. Reprinted 2011.
 Honegger, Thomas; Segura, Eduardo (2011) Tolkien in Translation. Zurich: Walking Tree Publishers.

External links
 Complete list of translations to 2019 of The Lord of the Rings (with bibliographical details)

Lists of fantasy books


Peter Mandaville is an American academic and former government official.

Biography
From 2015-16 he was Senior Advisor in the Secretary of State's Office of Religion & Global Affairs at the U.S. Department of State. His previous government work has included serving as a member of the State Department's Policy Planning Staff (2011–12) under former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, where he was part of the team that helped to shape the U.S. response to the Arab Spring.

Since 2000 his primary professional home has been George Mason University in Virginia, United States where he is Professor of International Affairs in the Schar School of Policy and Government. At Mason he has also served as Founding Director of the Center for Global Studies and Director of the Ali Vural Ak Center for Global Islamic Studies (now called the AbuSulayman Center for Global Islamic Studies). Earlier in his academic career he was Lecturer in International Relations at the University of Kent at Canterbury (1998-2000). In 2022 he joined the United States Institute of Peace as a Senior Advisor for Religion & Inclusive Societies.

He has also been a Nonresident Senior Fellow with the Center for Middle East Policy at the Brookings Institution (2012–15; 2017–2021) and currently a Senior Research Fellow at Georgetown University's Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs. Previously he was a Visiting Senior Fellow at the Pew Research Center (2009–10), and an Adjunct Scholar at the RAND Corporation (2012–15; 2017-2018).

He is widely regarded as a leading expert on political Islam, Middle East affairs, and on Muslim communities in Europe and North America.

He has authored numerous book chapters and journal articles, contributed to publications such as the International Herald Tribune, The Guardian, The Atlantic, and Foreign Policy, and has consulted extensively for media, government and non-profit agencies.

Major publications
 Transnational Muslim Politics: Reimagining the Umma (London: Routledge, 2001)
 The Zen of International Relations (London: Palgrave/St. Martin's Press 2001, co-edited with Stephen Chan & Roland Bleiker)
 Meaning and International Relations (London: Routledge, 2003, coedited with Andrew Williams)
 Global Political Islam (London: Routledge, 2007), a broad overview of Islamist movements and global Muslim politics
 Globalizing Religions (London: SAGE Publications, 2010, co-edited with Paul James)
 Politics from Afar (New York: Columbia University Press/Oxford University Press, 2011, co-edited with Terrence Lyons)
 Islam and Politics (London: Routledge, 2014; 2020), updated and expanded second and third editions of Global Political Islam.
 Wahhabism and the World: Understanding Saudi Arabia's Global Influence on Islam (New York: Oxford University Press, 2022)

See also
 Nathan J. Brown (political scientist)
 Tamara Sonn
 Madawi al-Rasheed
 Namira Nahouza

References

George Mason University faculty
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


The Diocese of Banská Bystrica (, ) is a Latin Church diocese of th Catholic Church in central Slovakia. Its seat is in Banská Bystrica. On Tuesday 20 November 2012, according to biographical information in a press release from the Holy See Press Office's Vatican Information Service (VIS), Pope Benedict XVI appointed Auxiliary Bishop Marián Chovanec of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Nitra (based in Nitra, Slovakia), Titular Bishop of Massita, as Bishop-elect of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Banská Bystrica. Bishop Chovanec was born on 16 September 1957 in Trenčin, Slovakia, a part of the Diocese of Nitra. He was expelled from the Seminary in Bratislava, Slovakia, because he had refused to cooperate with the Government-backed Association "Pacem in Terris" (Peace on Earth). He then worked as a laborer. After seven years, he was able to conclude his theological studies and be ordained a priest in 1989; he became an Auxiliary Bishop of Nitra in 1999 and Vicar General in 2003 and is active in the Slovak Bishops' Conference.

History
The diocese was established on 13 March 1776 as a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Esztergom. On 30 December 1977, it was taken from the former and became part of the newly created Slovak ecclesiastical province with metropolitan being the Diocese of Trnava, which was renamed on 31 March 1995 to the Archdiocese of Bratislava-Trnava. It covers western and central parts of the Banská Bystrica Region, eastern parts of the Trenčín Region and southern central parts of the Žilina Region. It covered an area of 5,424 km² with 590,494 people of which 62% were of Catholic faith (2006).

On 14 February 2008, as a part of the changes in Slovak dioceses, the diocese lost area around Martin to the newly created Diocese of Žilina and territory around Brezno to Diocese of Rožňava. On the other hand, it gained former eastern areas of the Archdiocese of Bratislava-Trnava (from Banská Štiavnica to Šahy and Veľký Krtíš) (see e.g. this map (in Slovak), and some other border changes occurred as well.

Jozef Feranec held the title from 1973 until 1990.

Bishops

Churches
Church of Saint Matthew of Zolná

See also

 Ján Dechet

References

External links

Banská Bystrica
Roman Catholic dioceses in Slovakia


William Maynard Sinton JP (1 February 1860 – 31 December 1942) was High Sheriff of County Armagh, an Ulster Unionist County Councillor for Armagh and industrialist.

Sinton was the eldest son, and heir, of Thomas Sinton of Laurelvale House.  His father founded the family linen firm of Thomas Sinton & Co. Ltd. (flax spinners).  Maynard Sinton attended school at Kendal, Westmoreland and at Newtown School, Waterford.  Sinton's uncle was the linen manufacturer John Sinton owner of the Ravarnette Weaving Company; his cousin, a grandson of the same John Sinton, was the Victoria Cross winner John Alexander Sinton.  He continued to manage the firm following his father's death and took up residence at Ballyards Castle, Armagh.

Sinton married, on 16 March 1905 at Tandragee, Myra Atkinson, of Park View, Tandragee, daughter of William H. Atkinson, solicitor and sometime agent to the Duke of Manchester; J. Charters Boyle, JP was best man.  The couple had two children,
Bridget Maynard Sinton (1914–1998) (m. 1943, James Engledow, of the Army Intelligence Corps, at Armagh Cathedral);
Second Lieutenant Maynard Bunbury Sinton (1916–1940) (ed. Radley College and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst), killed in action during the Battle of the Ypres–Comines Canal with the Royal Scots Fusiliers and posthumously Mentioned in Dispatches.
Before the Second World War the family employed over 20 staff on the estate including two chauffeurs, a governess (a Miss Glenda Rowe), cooks, servants and gardeners. They kept racehorses and a pack of beagles, as Mr. Sinton was a leading light at 'big shoots' and Irish gun dog trials. The Ballyards cup was presented every year at the Armagh point-to-point races.

One of the first owners of a motor car in the county the registration on his Clement was IB 1.  In 1893 he was the guest-of-honour at the opening of County Armagh Golf Club.  He was a member of the Royal Irish Automobile Club, the United Service Club, Dublin, Stephen's Green Club, Dublin, the Union Club, Belfast and the County, Armagh.

Upon his death, without a male heir, his main business interests passed to his brother, Frederick Buckby Sinton, of Banford House, Tullylish.  Maynard Sinton was buried at the Friends' (Quaker) Meeting House, Moyallon, near Gilford.  The Sintons retained the Ballyards estate until the late 1950s and, in the early 1960s, the castle became the home, for a few years, of Vernon College, a boarding school for boys formerly situate at Dunmurry.

References
 Ulster Contemporary Biographies, 1910

1860 births
1942 deaths
British Quakers
Linen industry in Ireland
Businesspeople from County Armagh


Spy Pictures was established in 1999 as a London based production company making short films, commercials, music promos and title sequences, mainly animated. The company is owned and run by the founding directors Stephen Cavalier and Patrick Beirne, who before Spy Pictures each had over ten years experience in the animation, film and video game industries.

Series work includes all animation for series two of Modern Toss, work on Tommy Zoom for BBC, Monkey Dust for Talkback and 8 Minute Expert for Discovery and music videos have included the bands Laika and Ian Wills and the Willing. In 2001 the short film Daddy, written and directed by Stephen Cavalier at Spy Pictures, won the Mesh award for digital animation at the Edinburgh Film Festival.

References

1999 establishments in England
British animation studios
Mass media companies established in 1999


The 1886 Louisville Colonels season was a season in American baseball. The team finished with a 66–70 record, fourth place in the American Association.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References
 1886 Louisville Eclipse team page at Baseball Reference

Louisville Colonels seasons
Louisville Colonels season
Louisville Colonels


Joseph Pearce (born 1961) is an English-born Catholic writer.

Joseph Pearce may also refer to:

Joseph Chilton Pearce (1926–2016), American writer
Joseph Algernon Pearce (1893–1988), Canadian astrophysicist

See also
Joe Pearce (disambiguation)


The 1887 Louisville Colonels season was a season in American baseball. The team finished with a 76–60 record, fourth place in the American Association.

Regular season

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Opening Day lineup

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References
 1887 Louisville Eclipse team page at Baseball Reference

Louisville Colonels seasons
Louisville Colonels season
Louisville Colonels


Parklands is a 1996 Australian drama film written and directed by Kathryn Millard. The 51-minute-long movie includes Chamber of Commerce-style promotional material about Adelaide that was made in the 1950s and '60s.

Plot summary
Rosie returns home to attend the funeral of her father Cliff, who left her mother years earlier. His mistress Jean invites Rosie to stay with her for a while, allowing her time to learn about what her father was doing throughout the years they were separated. Her investigation into his past leads to diaries he kept, and entries he made suggest that despite his career as a policeman he was a corrupt man involved in the drug trade.

Principal cast
Cate Blanchett ..... Rosie
Tony Martin ..... Cliff
Carmel Johnson ..... Jean
Tony Mack ..... Dave Morrison
Patrick Duggin ..... Andrew
Bridget Walters ..... Mrs. Roberts
Jo Peoples ..... Elizabeth

Principal production credits
Producer ..... Helen Bowden
Original Music ..... Richard Vella
Cinematography ..... Mandy Walker
Production Design ..... Prisque Salvi

Awards and nominations
The Australian Cinematographers Society honored Mandy Walker with their Award of Distinction for Fictional Drama Shorts, and Kathryn Millard won the Certificate of Merit for Film & Video – Short Narrative III (31–60 minutes) at the San Francisco International Film Festival.

See also
Cinema of Australia

External links
 Parklands at the Internet Movie Database

1996 films
Australian drama films
Films shot in Adelaide
Films set in South Australia
1996 drama films
1990s English-language films
1990s Australian films


Otto Telschow (27 February 1876 – 31 May 1945) was a German Nazi Party official who served as Gauleiter in Eastern Hanover from 1925 to 1945.

Early years
Telschow was born in Wittenberge, the son of a judicial officer. Until 1893 he was a student at the Royal Prussian boys’ military education institute in Annaburg. Trained as a cavalryman, he served until 1897 with the 11th (2nd Brandenburg) Uhlan Regiment in Saarburg and from 1898 to 1902 with the 15th (Hannover) Hussars Regiment ("Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands") in Wandsbek, attaining the rank of sergeant.

In 1902 he resigned from the military and became an administrative police official in Hamburg. Telschow joined the anti-Semitic German Social Party in 1905. He served with the police until the beginning of the First World War. He was drafted as a field hospital inspector and served from 1914 to 1917 on the front lines in Flanders, Romania and the Baltic States, earning the Iron Cross, 2nd class. From the end of 1917 to the end of 1918 he worked as a hospital chief inspector in Reserve Hospital III in Bremen.

After the war, he resumed his police career, working from 1919 to 1924 as an administrative officer in the Hamburg police department. He was dismissed from the police in March 1924 because of his activities as district leader of the radically völkisch and anti-Semitic German Völkisch Freedom Party (DVFP) in the Harburg district. From 1924 to July 1925 he was the leader of the DVFP in Lüneburg and Stade, the two eastern Regierungsbezirke (government districts) of the Prussian Province of Hanover. He was also a member of the German Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund, the largest and most active anti-Semitic federation in Germany.

Nazi career
When the ban that had been imposed on the Nazi Party in the wake of the failed Beer Hall Putsch was lifted and the Party was re-founded on 27 February 1925, Telschow was charged with organizing the Party in Lüneburg and Stade. In June 1925 he founded an Ortsgruppe (Local District) in Buchholz, the first Nazi local organization in northern Lower Saxony. Telschow formally joined the Nazi Party in July (membership number 7,057) and on 15 July Adolf Hitler formally named him Gauleiter of Gau Lüneburg-Stade.

On 10 September 1925, Telschow joined the National Socialist Working Association, headed by Gregor Strasser. This was an association of northern and northwestern Gauleiters who supported the "revolutionary" left wing of the Party (as opposed to the more moderate wing that advocated participation in electoral campaigns) until it was dissolved in 1926 following the Bamberg Conference.

On 20 May 1928, Telschow was defeated in his first bid to be elected to the Reichstag and to the Prussian Landtag. On 1 October 1928, Telschow's Gau was renamed Gau Eastern Hanover and he was retained as Gauleiter, serving until the end of the Nazi regime in May 1945. Also in October 1928, Telschow founded the weekly Nazi newspaper Niedersachsen-Stürmer (The Lower Saxon Stormer) which he published until May 1945. He also often gave speeches against Jews, Freemasons and Communists. In November 1929 he was elected to the Hanover Provincial Landtag. In September 1930 he was elected to the Reichstag for electoral constituency 15, Eastern Hanover, and remained a member until May 1945.

After the Nazi seizure of power, Telschow was named president of the provincial Landtag in April 1933. On 10 April he was appointed a member of the Prussian State Council. He was retained as a member when it was reconstituted by Prussian Ministerpräsident Hermann Göring as an advisory body and convened on 15 September 1933. In 1934 he was made a Prussian Provincial Councilor for the Province of Hanover, and in September 1935 he was named to the Academy for German Law. After the outbreak of the Second World War, Telschow served as a member of the Defense Committee for Wehrkreis (Military District) XI from 22 September 1939. On 15 November 1940, he was made the Gau Housing Commissioner for his jurisdiction, and on 16 May 1941 he was charged with all municipal construction for the city of Lüneburg.

Unlike most other Gauleiters, Telschow was not a member of either the SA or the SS. One of the older Gauleiters, and not particularly ambitious or capable, Telschow often turned over the day-to-day running of his Gau to his Deputy, Heinrich Peper. In the postwar memoir by Albert Krebs, the former Gauleiter of Hamburg, Telschow was characterized in this way:

On his frequent visits to our headquarters, we usually tried to compliment him out the door as quickly as possible because he kept us from working and also had nothing particularly clever to contribute to a conversation... a man of undoubtedly honest intentions but not equipped with any noteworthy abilities … he knew nothing about the interconnections, background, and effective forces of politics or history.

In addition, complaints began to surface concerning multiple allegations of womanizing by Telschow. An investigation by Walter Buch’s Oberste Parteigericht (Supreme Party Court) recommended the opening of formal proceedings against him. However, in December 1941, this was quashed due to the intervention of Martin Bormann who was familiar with Hitler's reluctance to discipline or remove any Alter Kämpfer (old fighter) that had been with him from the earliest days.

When on 16 November 1942 the jurisdiction of the Reich Defense Commissioners was changed from the Wehrkreis to the Gau level, Telschow was appointed to this position for his Gau. In this capacity, he had jurisdiction over civil defense and evacuation measures, as well as control over the war economy, including rationing and suppression of black market activities.

Arrest and suicide
Toward the close of the war, when British troops entered Lüneburg on 18 April 1945, Telschow fled from his villa to a hunting lodge near Dahlenburg. There he was arrested by British soldiers. He attempted suicide by slashing his wrists and ingesting poison while being transported back to Lüneburg, where he died on 31 May 1945.

References

Sources

External links

1876 births
1945 suicides
1945 deaths
Gauleiters
German Army personnel of World War I
German Völkisch Freedom Party politicians
Members of the Academy for German Law
Members of the Prussian State Council (Nazi Germany)
Members of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
National Socialist Working Association members
Nazis who committed suicide in Germany
Nazis who died by suicide in prison custody
People from Wittenberge
People from the Province of Brandenburg
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
20th-century German newspaper publishers (people)
German prisoners of war in World War II held by the United Kingdom
Prisoners who died in British military detention


was a legendary figure in Japanese history, regarded as the founder of sumo wrestling. He was the founder of the Haji no Muraji clan.

Life

Sukune is said to have lived during the reign of Emperor Suinin (29 BC – 70). Allegedly, in 23 B.C., the Emperor instructed Nomi no Sukune to deal with  after he boasted that he was the strongest man "under the heavens". Nomi no Sukune engaged Taima no Kehaya in hand-to-hand combat and broke his ribs with one kick and his back with another, killing Taima no Kehaya. It was not modern sumo, but he is regarded as the creator of sumo.

He was an ancestor of Sugawara no Michizane, great-grandfather to Haji no Mino and was the founder of the Haji clan after his creation of haniwa.

Legacy
A mural of him, removed from the old National Olympic Stadium in 2014, was put on display at the new stadium in 2019.

References

People of Yayoi-period Japan
Japanese sumo wrestlers
Japanese jujutsuka
Deified Japanese people

External links
 Nomi no Sukune - History of Japan Website.

Deified Japanese people in the Kiki


The 1888 Louisville Colonels season was a season in American baseball. The team finished with a 58–87 record, seventh place in the American Association.

Regular season

On June 7, shareholder Mordecai Davidson bought out most of the other shareholder, appointing himself president and John R. Botto vice-president. Two days later, he officially took over as manager as well. John Kerins, among others, served as team captain, guiding the team's on-field activities.

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Opening Day lineup

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

References
 1888 Louisville Colonels team page at Baseball Reference

Louisville Colonels seasons
Louisville Colonels season
Louisville Colonels


Volodymyr Petrovych Semynozhenko () (born 9 June 1950) is a Ukrainian politician and scientist. Semynozhenko is a former Vice Premier Minister of Ukraine (in 1999, 2001–2002 and in 2010) and head of the Association of Ukrainian Scientists, and is now a member of the Board of the National Academy of Sciences, and served as the Chair of the Parliament Committee on Sciences and Technology. He is also the author of Ukrainian Legislation on Technology Parks. Semynozhenko was the party leader of the Party of Regions from late 2001 until early 2003. Since March 2009 Semynozhenko is party leader of the party New Politics. In addition, he created and served as the Head of the Ministry of Sciences and Technologies of Ukraine from 1996 to 1998, and has led numerous technology and innovation Committees in the Cabinet of Ministers.

Education
Semynozhenko graduated with honors in 1967 from the Magnet School specializing in physics and mathematics. He later graduated from Kharkiv State University’s School of Physics and Technology in 1972. In 1974, Semynozhenko defended his Ph.D. dissertation, and in 1984 acquired his Doctorate in physics and mathematics. In 1988 he became a Professor and in 1992 he was named the Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

Scientific work
Semynozhenko is a scholar, a Board Member for the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, a Professor and author of more than 500 widely distributed scientific papers and books, and the holder of more than 80 patents.
For more than 10 years of his life (from 1975 to 1985) he was devoted to the Boris Verkin's Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Semynozhenko became the Head of the Ukraine State Scientific Institution "Institute for Mono Crystals" of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 1985. This Institution was later transformed into one of the first technology parks in Ukraine.

Semynozhenko is a dedicated supporter of young and promising scientists and innovators. Thus, he was one of the first public figures to develop a system of state grants for young, talented scientists.

Since 2006 has served as the Head of the Board of Directors for the Scientific Intersectorial Corporation “New Technologies and Materials”. During his work in Parliament he led the Intersectorial Committee for Intellectual Property Management.

Semynozhenko also took the lead at the [Ukrainian Scientific Association]. This is the non-government organization which provides consistent assistance to scientific, technical and innovative activity in Ukraine. For his work, he was awarded a government medal for his vision and advancement of the Ukrainian scientific community.

Semynozhenko became the head of the national scientific-technical program "The Optoelectronic Technologies Development in Ukraine in 2005-2007".

Mr. Semynozhenko believes the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, as the leading Ukrainian science and technology community, is of vital strategic value to its people. As such, he feels it should be integral part of the Ukrainian government. His belief is that [The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine] should be directly involved in forming the political vision, and in leading the development of, the scientific community within Ukraine.

He is the Editor-in-chief of "Problems of Science" and "Functional Materials" magazines, and a member of the editorial boards of several scientific editions. Among these is the theoretical and practical magazine of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine named "Strategic Panorama".

Innovations
Mr. Vladimir Semynozhenko has long been a champion of innovation and invention in Ukraine and has worked vigorously to develop the political climate, legal structure and business environment that Ukraine needs to foster growth. Most notably, Vladimir authored and implemented "The Law for Special Conditions for Innovation Activity in Technology Parks (1999)". This law, targeting "brain drain" in Ukraine, has helped facilitate significant partnerships and business opportunities between blue chip western companies and the incredible talent pool available in Ukraine. Semynozhenko's numerous activities have led to the emergence of Ukraine as one of the world's leading locations for technology and engineering innovation.

Throughout his considerable career, Semynozhenko has served as the Minister for Science and Technology of Ukraine (1996–1998), the [Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine], and as the Science and Technology Advisor to the President of Ukraine (1999, 2001–2002, 2003–2005). In 2006, he was extended the honor of being named the Innovation Advisor to the Prime Minister of Ukraine. That same year, he became the President of the Civic and Political Leaders' Association, also known as the "Ukrainian Forum".

Mr. Semynozhenko firmly believes the Global Outsourcing Industry is a critical component to the development of the Ukrainian economy over the next ten years. As such, he now dedicates his time to developing this industry in Ukraine. Currently, the outsourcing industry in Ukraine is largely fragmented, underdeveloped, and with spotty support from the Ukrainian government. He uses his time and influence to lobby and partner with various government agencies to introduce Ukraine to the global market as a leader in the outsourcing industry. In fact, Mr. Semynozhenko has held industrious meetings with leading U.S. executives, such as Mr. Bill Gates and Mr. George Soros, regarding western investment and involvement in the development of the Ukrainian hi-tech industry.

Politics
During his long political career, Semynozhenko has been the head of several different parliament committees in Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian parliament) including the "Parliament Committee for Social, Science and Technology and Humanitarian Development" and the "Ukrainian Investment Fund for Social Investment, Environmental Committee". He was twice elected a Vice Prime Minister of Ukraine, and he served as the Minister for Science and Technology of Ukraine from 1996-1998.

From 1999 to 2005, he served as the Science and Technology Advisor to the President of Ukraine.

Semynozhenko was the party leader of the Party of Regions from late 2001 until early 2003.

In 2006 he was extended the honor of being named the Innovation Advisor to the Prime Minister of Ukraine and from 1994 through 2006, he was the People’s Deputy of Ukraine.
Mr. Semynozhenko firmly believes that his position in government is not nearly as important as the role he plays in, and the impact that he can have on, the future of Ukraine.
Mr. Semynozhenko formed the Ministry of Science and Technology and later became a member of the committee for selecting the most valuable science and technology projects for the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. In his public life, Semynozhenko has authored and championed many new laws that directly led to the social and economic welfare of the Ukrainian scientific community and the greater population as a whole.

An independent politician, Semynozhenko maintains an opinion considered very valuable to many political leaders, and in 1998 he was awarded the Congressman of the year award. In 2006, he formed and led the political organization called the Ukrainian Forum. Its purpose is an analysis of national and political trends and their effect on both the Ukraine, and the rest of the world.

On March 11, 2010 Semynozhenko was elected Vice Premier Minister in the Azarov Government. Semynozhenko is in charge of 16 areas, in particular, healthcare, education, intellectual property, advertising, exhibition activities, and language policy. A bill on the dismissal of Semynozhenko was registered in the Verkhovna Rada, Ukraine's parliament, on March 31, 2010 submitted by lawmaker Olha Bodnar of Bloc Yulia Tymoshenko. On July 2, 2010 Vice Prime Minister Semynozhenko was fired by the Verkhovna Rada. The next week he was appointed head of the State Committee for Science, Innovation and Information Support and appointed adviser to Prime Minister Mykola Azarov.

In March 2009 Semynozhenko was elected party leader of the party New Politics. In the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election this party won 0.10% of the national votes and no constituencies and thus failed to win parliamentary representation.

Semynozhenko again took part in the July 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election, this time for the party Strength and Honor. But he was not elected after losing his constituency in Kharkiv with 13.9% of the votes.

Honors and awards
Mr. Semynozhenko was twice honored by the National Award of Ukraine in Science and Technology and is a Nuclear Physics International Award prize winner. He was awarded “For the National Service” of I, II and III degrees, by order of “Saint Volodymir the Great” of the IV degree. He was given an honorable letter of commendation by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine and the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (the Ukrainian parliament).

For his hard work, leadership, and support of the education and scientific communities, Semynozhenko has been bestowed with the title of Honorary Professor from more than fifty universities, including:

Ivan Franko National University of L'viv
Karazin Kharkiv National University
National Technical University "Kharkov Polytechnical Institute"
National University "Ostroh Academy"
National Mining University
 Luhansk State Medical University

In 1995, the "Person of the Year" award was formed as a national program to recognize the most valuable citizens in Ukraine. These individuals were singled out as those helping to lead the development and expansion of the country's future. Mr. Semynozhenko was recognized by the program on two separate occasions, and also is a permanent member of the program committee.

In 1999 he was named an Honorary Professor of Art at Kharkov State Academy of Design and Art.

Private life
Semynozhenko's paintings demonstrate the picturesque nature found in Ukraine, including many of the most beautiful places that the country has to offer. In addition to his painting, his photographs are an expression of his sense of the outer world.
Also a talented musician, Semynozhenko's music expresses those things which are beyond capturing by brush or in photographs. In 1992, he became an honored member of National Artists Council of Ukraine, and in 1998 became an Honored Member (academician) of the National Academy of Art of Ukraine. His photographic masterpieces are recognized by the National Photo Artists Council of Ukraine.

In 1999 he was proclaimed the Honored Professor of Art of Kharkiv State Academy of Art and Design. Today, he holds yearly exhibitions of his work and his ranks could be enumerated endlessly. The one thing can be stated for sure - he unites opposing ideas—he is a politician, a scientist and an artist.

Sources
gska2.rada.gov.ua
ukraine-children.org.ua
ludinaroku.com.ua
nas.gov.ua

References

External links

semynozhenko.com
semynozhenko.net

1950 births
Living people
Politicians from Kyiv
Vice Prime Ministers of Ukraine on humanitarian policy
20th-century Ukrainian physicists
National University of Kharkiv alumni
Party of Regions politicians
Independent politicians in Ukraine
Second convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada
Third convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada
School of Physics and Technology of University of Kharkiv alumni
Fourth convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada
Scientists from Kyiv


WXEI-LP (95.3 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a News/Talk radio format. Licensed to Crestview, Florida, United States, the station serves the Crestview/Fort Walton Beach area.  The station is currently owned by X-Static Enterprises Inc. WXEI's most popular aired program is the nationally syndicated radio talk show "Jon Arthur Live!" airing Monday-Friday at 7 PM Central. Jon Arthur Live! is also broadcast on the First Amendment Radio Network.

External links
 WXEI website

XEI-LP
XEI-LP
News and talk radio stations in the United States
Okaloosa County, Florida
2004 establishments in Florida
Radio stations established in 2004


The Archdiocese of Đakovo-Osijek (; ) is a Latin archdiocese of the Catholic Church in Croatia.

The archdiocese is centred on the city of Đakovo, in Croatia.

Đuro Hranić was appointed Archbishop on 18 April 2013 by Pope Francis following the resignation of Marin Srakić.

The Archdiocese currently has two suffragans: the Diocese of Požega, and the Diocese of Srijem.

History
Originally erected in the 4th century as the diocese of Syrmia, the diocese was united with the Diocese of Bosnia in July 1773, when it was named the Diocese of Bosnia or Ðakovo and Srijem (Bosniensis seu Diacovensis et Sirmiensis). In 1963, the diocese was renamed to the diocese of Đakovo or Bosnia and Srijem (Diacovensis seu Bosnensis et Sirmiensis).

It was elevated to an Archdiocese on July 18, 2008 by Pope Benedict XVI, renamed to the Archdiocese of Đakovo-Osijek and the new Diocese of Srijem was split off, and made a suffragan. The new Archdiocese also received the Diocese of Požega, as its second suffragan.

Ordinaries

Diocese of Sirmio
Latin Name: Sirmiensis
Erected: 4th Century

Petar (around 1374)
...
Konrad Schnosputger, O.S.A. (26 Jul 1433 - 1436 Died)
...
Giacomo Piceno, O.F.M. (1454 - 1459 Died)
Orbán (22 Apr 1460 - 1465 Died)
...
Miklós Báthori (8 Jan 1473 - 22 Apr 1474 Appointed, Bishop of Vác)
Zsigmond Palóczy (5 Apr 1475 - 1479 Died)
Boldizsár (25 Jun 1479 - 1481 Died)
János Vitéz (31 Mar 1482 - 3 Jun 1489 Appointed, Bishop of Veszprém)
Stjepan Crispo (26 Feb 1490 - )
Mikuláš Csáky (de Bačka) (29 Apr 1499 - 5 Jun 1501 Appointed, Bishop of Nitra)
Gabril Polgar (30 May 1502 - )
István de Szatmar (2 Sep 1502 - 1505 Died)
János Ország de Guth ( 1505 - 1520 Appointed, Bishop of Vác)
László de Macedonia (Dec 1520 - 1526 Resigned)
Stjepan Brodarić (11 Mar 1526 - 30 May 1539 Appointed, Bishop of Vác)
Márton Pethe de Hetes (1582 - 26 Oct 1583 Appointed, Bishop of Vác)
Štefan da Trnava, O.S.P.P.E. (20 Mar 1589 - 1592 Died)
Miklós Zelniczey Naprady (1593 - 17 Jun 1596 Appointed, Bishop of Pécs)
Šimun Bratulić, O.S.P.P.E. (15 Jan 1601 - 13 Sep 1604 Appointed, Bishop of Zagreb)
László Majthényi (18 May 1616 - 1624 Died)
Francesco Jany (1 Jul 1697 - Apr 1702 Died)
Joseph Antoine Marie Favini, O.F.M. Conv. (14 May 1703 - 22 Nov 1717 Died)
Franjo Vernić (22 Nov 1717 - 27 Jun 1729 Died)
Gabriel Patačić (12 Feb 1731 - 28 Sep 1733 Appointed, Archbishop of Kalocsa)
Ladislav Szörényi (15 Feb 1734 - 13 Nov 1752 Died)
Nicolò Givovich (13 Nov 1752 - 16 May 1762 Died)
Ivan Krstitelj Paxy (20 Dec 1762 - 10 Sep 1770 Confirmed, Bishop of Zagreb)
...

Diocese of Bosna (Djakovo) et Srijem
United: 9 July 1773 with the Diocese of Bosnia
Latin Name: Bosniensis seu Diacovensis et Sirmiensis
Metropolitan: Archdiocese of Zagreb

Anton Mandić (26 Aug 1806 - 11 Jan 1815 Died)
Emeric Karol Raffay (22 Jul 1816 - 10 Jan 1830 Died)
Pál Mátyás Szutsits (28 Feb 1831 - 13 Apr 1834 Died)
Josip Kuković (30 Sep 1834 - 2 Dec 1849 Resigned)
Josip Juraj Strossmayer (20 May 1850 - 8 Apr 1905 Died)
Ivan Baptista Krapàc (24 May 1910 - 15 Jul 1916 Died)
Anton Akšamović (22 Apr 1920 - 28 Mar 1942 Resigned)
Stjepan Bauerlein (12 Oct 1959 - 10.  November 1980.Resigned due to reaching the canonical age )

Diocese of Djakovo o Bosna i Srijem
Name Changed: 18 November 1963
Latin Name: Diacovensis seu Bosnensis et Sirmiensis
Metropolitan: Archdiocese of Zagreb

Ćiril Kos (6 Feb 1974 - 6 Feb 1997 Retired)
Marin Srakić (6 Feb 1997 Succeeded - 18 Apr 2013 Retired)

Archdiocese of Ðakovo-Osijek
18 June 2008: Elevated and Separated into the Archdiocese of Ðakovo-Osijek and the Diocese of Srijem
Latin Name: Diacovensis seu Bosnensis et Sirmiensis
Metropolitan: Archdiocese of Zagreb

Đuro Hranić (18 Apr 2013 - )

References

External links
Diocese of Đakovo
http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/ddjak.html

Dioceses established in the 4th century
Dakovo


Hossam Hussein Bakr Abdin (born October 26, 1985) is an Egyptian boxer who won a welterweight bronze at the 2007 All-Africa Games and later qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics.

Career
At the Arab Championships he lost to Tunisian Rached Merdassi but won the PanArab Games later that year. At the All-Africa Games he was knocked out in the semifinal by Ghanaian Bastir Samir and won bronze. He also participated at the 2007 World Championships. At the Olympic qualifier he defeated Choaib Oussaci of Algeria 16–6. In his first Olympic match he defeated Non Boonjumnong of Thailand 11–10, in the quarter final he lost to Cuban Carlos Banteux.

External links
 PanArabGames 2007
 All African
 Qualifier

Living people
1985 births
Welterweight boxers
Olympic boxers for Egypt
Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Boxers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Egyptian male boxers
AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists
African Games bronze medalists for Egypt
African Games medalists in boxing
Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Egypt
Mediterranean Games medalists in boxing
Competitors at the 2007 All-Africa Games
Competitors at the 2013 Mediterranean Games
21st-century Egyptian people


Marc Sageman is an American psychiatrist who is a former CIA Operations Officer (covered as a Foreign Service officer) based in Islamabad from 1987 to 1989, where he worked closely with Afghanistan's mujahedin. He has advised various branches of the U.S. government in the War on Terror. He is also a forensic psychiatrist and a counter-terrorism consultant.

He first drew wide attention for his book Understanding Terror Networks, a book that The Economist called "influential." "The most sophisticated analysis of global jihadis yet published. . . . His conclusions have demolished much of the conventional wisdom about who joins jihadi groups."

In Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century, Sageman "suggests that radicalization is a collective rather than an individual process in which friendship and kinship are key components." After the book was negatively reviewed by Bruce Hoffman in Foreign Affairs, a debate, which was covered by The New York Times, ensued between him and Sageman. In this debate, Sageman argue that terrorism is now "bottom up" where terrorist act as lone wolf or radicalized person create terrorist structure.

In The London Bombings, Sageman investigates four bombing plots from an intelligence viewpoint: Operation Crevice (in relation to the fertiliser bomb plot), Operation Theseus (which investigated the July 7, 2005 attacks), Operation Vivace (which investigated the failed July 21, 2005 plot) and Operation Overt (in relation to the liquid bomb airline plot). Reviewed by Dr Anthony Richards, Royal Holloway College in 'Perspectives on Terrorism'

Published works
 Understanding Terror Networks (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004)
 Leaderless Jihad: Terror Networks in the Twenty-First Century (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008)
 Misunderstanding Terrorism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016)
 The London Bombings (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019)

See also
 Operation Cyclone

References

External links
 Common Myths about al-Qaida Terrorism
 Understanding Terror Networks

Harvard University alumni
New York University Grossman School of Medicine alumni
Forensic psychologists
Counterterrorism theorists
American psychiatrists
Living people
American expatriates in Pakistan
Year of birth missing (living people)


South Ambersham is a hamlet and former civil parish, now in the parish of Graffham, in the Chichester district of West Sussex, England. It lies 0.7 miles (1.2 km) south of the A272 road and 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Midhurst. Until 1844 South Ambersham was a detached part of Hampshire and was a tithing of the parish of Steep, in 1844 it became a separate civil parish, until 1972 when it was abolished and merged with Graffham. In 1961 the parish had a population of 117.

References

External links

Villages in West Sussex
Former civil parishes in West Sussex
Chichester District


The 1889 Louisville Colonels season was a season in American baseball. The team finished with a 27–111 record, last in the American Association.

The Colonels were the first Major League team to lose more than 100 games in a season. The previous record for losses was 92, set by the Washington Nationals in 1886 and matched by the Cleveland Blues in 1887. The record would be broken again in 1890 by the Pittsburgh Alleghenys, but remained the AA record until the league folded in 1891. The Colonels also held a 24-game losing streak on the road, which not only was the longest losing streak on the road throughout the MLB-recognized American Association, but was also an infamous feat that would not be tied until the 2021 Arizona Diamondbacks matched it 132 years later in the MLB.

Offseason
Prior to the start of the season, team owner Mordecai Davidson brought in Dude Esterbrook to manage the team, replacing Davidson himself. He was also seeking a buyer for the team, as his own finances were precarious.

Regular season

Early season woes
The 1889 season was a tumultuous one for the Colonels. Manager Esterbrook fined several players, and was fired just ten games into the season. Outfielder Jimmy "Chicken" Wolf was appointed team captain, although Davidson traveled with the team as well to ensure their good behavior – which proved quite unpopular.

Davidson continued to attempt to sell the club as the season progressed, but to no avail. He, too, began levying fines, and the local media was harsh on both the owner and the team. On May 22, the team began a losing streak that would eventually reach 26 straight games, which still stands as the all-time Major League record as of 2018. Most of the losses came during a stretch from May 24 until July 1 in which the team played just three games at home.

The strike
Things were no better from the perspective of the AA. Financial difficulties had caused the team to miss payroll on three occasions, and the players alerted AA president Wheeler C. Wyckoff to the problem. This led the AA to call a meeting to discuss the issue on June 14. On the way to the meeting, Davidson was confronted by his players calling for the rescinding of previous fines, threatening to strike if refused. Davidson instead upped the ante, threatening to fine the players further if they lost.

The team was scheduled to play against the Baltimore Orioles that day, and following Davidson's actions, five members of the club refused to take the field. Three local semi-pro players, Charles Fisher, Mike Gaule and John Traffley, were recruited to join the remaining players on the field to allow the game to commence. The game was cancelled after just two innings due to rain, and was rescheduled for the following day.

At the meeting, Davidson admitted that he could not fulfill his obligations of ownership, but left promising to strengthen the team upon threat of the league taking control of the franchise. Davidson and Wyckoff met the players at their hotel the next day, but Davidson still refused to rescind the player fines. The team took the field with the semi-pros still in the lineup, losing 4–2 in a game shortened by rain to five innings. The second game was cancelled, and Wyckoff promised the players a hearing to return to the club for the next game. None of the three replacements ever played in the majors again.

Continuing problems
Davidson met payroll on June 21, but only by accounting for new fines to the team's players. In some cases, the fines exceeded the players' salary, and they were told they owed the club money. Star outfielder Pete Browning was fined $335, and total team fines came to $1,800, $1,200 of which was attributed to the walkout. Guy Hecker began taking steps towards founding a branch of John Montgomery Ward's Brotherhood of Professional Base Ball Players for the AA. On June 24, Davidson hired local bouncer Buck McKinney, ostensibly as team manager. While Wolf continued to handle on-field duties, McKinney traveled with the team to keep an eye on the players for the owner.

Davidson gives up
By July 2, however, another payroll was due, and when it became apparent that he would be unable to meet it, Davidson decided to turn the team over to the AA. He did so officially on July 5, at the same time that the players received their hearing from Wyckoff. On July 10, all previous fines were remitted, with the exception of those associated with the June 15 walkout. While local owners were quickly secured, the team continued to spiral downward, and after the season the team was bought by local distillery owner Barney Dreyfuss.

Season standings

Record vs. opponents

Opening Day lineup

Roster

Player stats

Batting

Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in

Pitching

Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts

Notes

References
 1889 Louisville Colonels team page at Baseball Reference

Louisville Colonels seasons
Louisville Colonels season
Louisville Colonels


WHWY (98.1 FM, "Highway 98") is a radio station with a country music format. Licensed to Holt, Florida, United States, the station serves the Fort Walton Beach area.  The station is currently owned by JVC Broadcasting.

Call sign history
The station was granted call sign WWSF on January 1, 1989.  On August 4, 1989, the station changed its call sign to WWSF-FM, again on October 24, 1994 to WXCR, on October 2, 1995 to WWSF, on March 1, 1999 to WTKE, and on November 16, 2009 to WRKN. The station became WHWY in November 2009.

Station history
The station switched to an all-sports format in February 1998 while owned by Capstar Broadcasting.  Ownership changed to AMFM, Inc. and Chancellor Media.  When the merger between AM/FM and Clear Channel was completed, WTKE-FM remained with Clear Channel while the other stations in the AM/FM group were spun off first into a trust, then to Pamal Broadcasting, Ltd.

In 2002, Clear Channel agreed to a swap with Star Broadcasting, Inc. which resulted in WTKE-FM going to Star in exchange for WQYZ-FM in Biloxi, Mississippi.  Star Broadcasting took ownership in 2003, before agreeing to sell the station to Qantum Communications in 2004.  A later deal between Star and Cumulus Broadcasting was not executed.  The sale to Qantum was completed in November 2009.

The original lineup consisted of JT The Brick overnight, John and Johnny in the Mornings, The Fabulous Sports Babe in the mid-morning, The Jim Rome Show in mid-day, a re-broadcast of The Fabulous Sports Babe in the afternoon, Conference Call in the afternoon drive followed by ESPN Gamenight in the evening. In 2006, 1400 AM changed their call sign to WTKE and started simulcasting "98.1 The Ticket", this lasted until November 2008 when the station changed their call sign to WZFN and started broadcasting separate Sports programming as "1400 Z Fan".

On Monday, November 9, 2009, Qantum Communications took ownership of WTKE. On November 11, 2009, the station began stunting with a 24-hour Christmas music format. On January 1, 2010, WTKE then began stunting with a loop of "New Year's Day" by U2 throughout the entire day. After the stunt concluded the day afterward, the station became "Highway 98" with a country music format.

As of December 21, 2011, the station has been bought out by Apex Broadcasting, which includes the sale of all sister stations in the Ft Walton Beach market.

Apex Broadcasting sold WHWY — along with sister stations WECQ, WWAV, and WZLB — to Community Broadcasters effective December 1, 2016, at a purchase price of $5.9 million.

On December 22, 2020, Community Broadcasters sold the entire Fort Walton Beach cluster to JVC Broadcasting for almost $2.3 million, which later closed on February 1, 2021.

References

External links

HWY
Country radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1989
1989 establishments in Florida


The Dornier Do H Falke was a German single-seat fighter, designed by Claude Dornier and built by Dornier Flugzeugwerke. Although an advanced design for its time, being evaluated by the United States Navy as the Wright WP-1, it did not go into production.

Development
The company started to design a prototype fighter in the early 1920s, based on earlier wartime designs like the Zeppelin-Lindau D.I. It was an all-metal high-wing cantilever monoplane, with the wing above the fuselage on four small struts. It had a conventional cantilever tail unit and a fixed tailskid landing gear. The pilot had an open cockpit just behind the trailing edge of the wing. The aircraft was powered by a Hispano-Suiza piston engine located in the nose. Two aircraft were built by the Swiss subsidiary of Dornier and three by S.D.C.M.P. in Italy, to avoid restrictions on military aircraft production in Germany. It first flew on 1 November 1922, but failed to go into production. One of the Falkes was converted to a floatplane in 1923, powered by a 261 kW (350 hp) BMW IVa V-12 engine, as the Dornier Seefalke.

One Seefalke was shipped to the United States of America by the Wright Aeronautical Company, who fitted it with a licence-built Wright-Hisso H-3 engine. It was evaluated by the United States Navy with the designation Wright WP-1. It performed well, but the Navy considered the monoplane fighter too advanced for its needs.

Operators

United States Navy

Specifications (Dornier-Wright WP-1)

See also

Notes

Bibliography
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft, (Part Work 1982-1985), Orbis Publishing
Andrade, John. U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909, Midland Counties Publications, 1979, .
Swanborough, Gordon and Bowers, Peter M. United States Navy Aircraft since 1911. London: Putnam. Second Edition, 1976. .

1920s German fighter aircraft
Do H
Wright aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1922


The Catholic Diocese of Most Holy Trinity in Almaty () is a diocese located in the city of Almaty in the Ecclesiastical province of Mary Most Holy in Astana in Kazakhstan.

History
 July 7, 1999: Established as Apostolic Administration of Almaty from the Apostolic Administration of Kazakhstan
 May 17, 2003: Promoted as Diocese of Most Holy Trinity in Almaty

Leadership
 Apostolic Administrators of Almaty (Roman rite)
 Bishop Henry Theophilus Howaniec, O.F.M. (July 7, 1999 – May 17, 2003)
 Bishops of Most Holy Trinity in Almaty (Roman rite)
 Bishop Henry Theophilus Howaniec, O.F.M. (May 17, 2003 – March 5, 2011)
 Bishop José Luís Mumbiela Sierra (since March 5, 2011)

See also
Catholic Church in Kazakhstan

Sources
 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy
 The Catholic Church in Kazakhstan

Roman Catholic dioceses in Kazakhstan
Christian organizations established in 1999
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century
1999 establishments in Kazakhstan


The siege of Louisbourg was a pivotal operation of the Seven Years' War (known in the United States as the French and Indian War) in 1758 that ended the French colonial era in Atlantic Canada and led to the subsequent British campaign to capture Quebec in 1759 and the remainder of French North America the following year.

Background
The British government realized that with the Fortress of Louisbourg under French control, the Royal Navy could not sail up the St. Lawrence River unmolested for an attack on Quebec. After an expedition against Louisbourg in 1757 led by Lord Loudon was turned back due to a strong French naval deployment, the British under the leadership of William Pitt resolved to try again with new commanders.

Pitt assigned the task of capturing the fortress to Major General Jeffery Amherst. Amherst's brigadiers were Charles Lawrence, James Wolfe and Edward Whitmore, and command of naval operations was assigned to Admiral Edward Boscawen.  The chief engineer was John Henry Bastide who had been present at the first siege of Louisbourg in 1745 and was chief engineer at Fort St Philip, Minorca, in 1756 when the British had surrendered the fort and island to the French after a long siege.

As they had in 1757, the French planned to defend Louisbourg by means of a large naval build-up. However, the British blockaded the French fleet sailing from Toulon when it arrived in Cartagena, and defeated a French relief force at the Battle of Cartagena.

The French consequently abandoned their attempt to reinforce Louisbourg from the Mediterranean, and only 11 ships were available to oppose the British off Louisbourg. Most of the cannons and men were moved inside the fort and five ships (Appolon, Fidèle, Chèvre, Biche, Diane) were sunk to block the entrance to the harbour.
On 9 July, Echo tried to slip out of the harbour under the cover of a dense fog, but was intercepted and seized by
HMS Scarborough and HMS Junon. This left the French with only five half-empty ships in the harbour : Célèbre (64), Entreprenant (74), Capricieux (64), Prudent (74) and Bienfaisant (64).

British forces assembled at Halifax, Nova Scotia where army and navy units spent most of May training together as the massive invasion fleet came together. After a large gathering at the Great Pontack, on 29 May, the Royal Navy fleet departed from Halifax for Louisbourg.

Order of battle

The fleet consisted of 150 transport ships and 40 men-of-war.  Housed in these ships were almost 14,000 soldiers, almost all of whom were regulars (with the exception of four companies of American rangers).  The force was divided into three divisions:  Red, commanded by James Wolfe, Blue, commanded by Charles Lawrence and White commanded by Edward Whitmore.  On 2 June the British force anchored in Gabarus Bay,  from Louisbourg.

The French commander (and governor of Île-Royale (New France)), the Chevalier de Drucour, had at his disposal some 3,500 regulars as well as approximately 3,500 marines and sailors from the French warships in the harbour. However, unlike the previous year, the French navy was unable to assemble in significant numbers, leaving the French squadron at Louisbourg outnumbered five to one by the British fleet.  Drucour ordered trenches to be prepared and defended by some 2,000 French troops, along with other defences, such as an artillery battery, at Kennington Cove.

British forces

British forces were commanded by General Jeffery Amherst (appx. 11,000 regulars and 200 American rangers (colonials)).
 3 companies of Rogers' Rangers
 Gorham's Rangers (only 1 company) – Colonial Massachusetts
 Louisbourg Grenadiers (composite, made up of grenadiers from the 22nd, 45th, and 40th regiments)
 Commander Artillery & Engineers
 Captain Ord's Company, Royal Artillery
 11 Miners
 11 Engineers
 100 Carpenters
 Royal Train of Artillery (324 men)
 Brigadier Whitmore's Brigade under Brigadier General Edward Whitmore
 1st Battalion, 1st Regiment of Foot
 22nd Regiment of Foot
 40th Regiment of Foot
 48th Regiment of Foot
 3rd Battalion, 60th (Royal American) Regiment of Foot
 Brigadier Wolfe's Brigade under Brigadier General James Wolfe
 17th Regiment of Foot
 35th Regiment of Foot
 47th Regiment of Foot
 2nd Battalion, 60th (Royal American) Regiment of Foot
 Brigadier Lawrence's Brigade under Brigadier General Charles Lawrence
 15th Regiment of Foot
 28th Regiment of Foot
 45th Regiment of Foot
 58th Regiment of Foot
 78th Regiment (Fraser's Highlanders)

French forces

Ground troops
The French garrison based within the Fortress of Louisbourg was commanded by Augustin de Boschenry, Chevalier de Drucour.  Between 1755 and the time of the siege, the French garrison expanded from 1,200 troops to around 6,000 troops.  Troops forming the garrison included:
 2nd Battalion, Regiment of Artois – 2éme Bataillon du Régiment d'Artois (520 Troops)
 2nd Battalion, Regiment of Burgundy – 2éme Bataillon du Régiment de Bourgogne (520 Troops)
 2nd Battalion, Regiment of Cambis – 2éme Bataillon du Régiment de Cambis (650 Troops), Battalion arriving just before the siege, based in Port-Dauphin and marched to Louisbourg due to the town being blockaded by the Royal Navy
 2nd Battalion, Regiment of Foreign Volunteers – 2éme Bataillon du Régiment des Volontaires Étrangers (660 Troops)
 1,000 Compagnies Détachées (mostly from the Compagnies Franches de la Marine)
 120 gunners from Bombardiers de la Marine
 700 "burgher militia"
 Tribe of unknown Natives
 Crews from the French fleet

Naval forces & reinforcements
Many naval forces were sent from France to Louisbourg, but the majority of them did not arrive in time.  The divisions and squadrons sent to assist included:
 Naval Division of the Marquis Charry des Gouttes (departed from Île-d'Aix on 9 March, arrival date in Louisbourg unknown)
 74 Gun Ship-of-the-Line Prudent – Captured then set on fire 26 July
 64 Gun SoL Raisonnable – Collided with Messager on 13 March, captured after a brief fight 29 April
 56 Gun SoL L'Apollon, only 20 or 22 cannons – Scuttled 28 June
 24 Gun Frigate Diane – Scuttled 29 June
 24 Gun Frigate Mutine – Fate unknown
 24 Gun Frigate Fidèle – Scuttled 28 June
 24 Gun Frigate Galatée – Captured in April by the English as it left Bordeaux, escorting a convoy of twelve transports to supply the town but all captured
 6 or 12 Gun Fluyt Messager – Collided 13 March with Raisonnable probably later returned to Rochefort
 10 Gun Fluyt Chèvre – Scuttled 28 June
 Naval Division of Beaussier de l'Isle (departed Brest 10 April, unknown arrival date)
 74 Gun Ship-of-the-Line Entreprenant – Burned 21 July during the siege by flaming debris projected by the explosion of Celebre
 64 Gun SoL Bizarre – Left Louisbourg on 8 June to help during the siege of Quebec to bring food and ammunition and joined Du Chaffault division.  Separated from other ships on 24 September on return, returned to France alone, docked in Lorient
 64 Gun SoL Célèbre – Exploded 21 July after being hit by English bomb during siege
 64 Gun SoL Capricieux – Exploded 21 July by flaming debris from the explosion of Célèbre
 64 Gun SoL Bienfaisant – Captured during the night of 25/26 July during raid, integrated into Royal Navy
 30 Gun Frigate Comtète – Left Louisbourg at start of the siege, then returned to France alone
 28 Gun Frigate L'Echo – Sent to Quebec to advise arrival of the English squadron in front of Louisbourg, captured by two English frigates on 25 May

Siege
Weather conditions in the first week of June made any landing impossible and the British were only able to mount a bombardment of the improvised shore defences of Gabarus Bay from a frigate.  However, conditions improved, and at daybreak on 8 June Amherst launched his assault using a flotilla of large boats, organized in seven divisions, each commanded by one of his brigadiers.  French defences were initially successful and after heavy losses, Wolfe ordered a retreat.  However, at the last minute, a boatload of light infantry in Wolfe's division (i.e., members of Rogers Rangers) found a rocky inlet protected from French fire and secured a beachhead.  Wolfe redirected the rest of his division to follow.  Outflanked, the French retreated rapidly back to their fortress.

Continuing heavy seas and the difficulty inherent to moving siege equipment over boggy terrain delayed the commencement of the formal siege. In the meantime, Wolfe was sent with 1,220 picked men around the harbour to seize Lighthouse Point, which dominated the harbour entrance.  This he did on 12 June.  After eleven days, on 19 June, the British artillery batteries were in position and the orders were given to open fire on the French.  The British battery consisted of seventy cannons and mortars of all sizes.  Within hours, the guns had destroyed walls and damaged several buildings.
On 21 July a mortar round from a British gun on Lighthouse Point struck a 64-gun French ship of the line, Le Célèbre , and set it ablaze. A stiff breeze fanned the fire, and shortly after Le Célèbre caught fire, two other French ships, L'Entreprenant and Le Capricieux, had also caught fire. L'Entreprenant sank later in the day, depriving the French of the largest ship in the Louisbourg fleet.

The next major blow to French morale came on the evening of 23 July, at 10:00.  A British "hot shot" set the King's Bastion on fire.  The King's Bastion was the fortress headquarters and the largest building in North America in 1758. Its destruction eroded confidence and reduced morale in the French troops and their hopes to lift the British siege.

Naval action
Most historians regard the British actions of 25 July as the "straw that broke the camel's back". Using a thick fog as cover, Admiral Boscawen sent a cutting-out party to destroy the last two French ships in the harbour. The British raiders eliminated these two French ships of the line, capturing  and burning Prudent, thus clearing the way for the Royal Navy to enter the harbour. James Cook, who later became famous as an explorer, took part in this operation and recorded it in his ship's log book.

Capitulation
On 26 July the French surrendered.  Having fought a spirited defence, the French expected to be accorded the honours of war, as they had given to the surrendering British at the Battle of Minorca.  However, Amherst refused, tales of the atrocities supposedly committed by France's native allies at the surrender of Fort Oswego and Fort William Henry probably fresh in his mind. The defenders of Louisbourg were ordered to surrender all of their arms, equipment and flags. These actions outraged Drucour, but because the safety of the non-combatant inhabitants of Louisbourg depended upon him he reluctantly accepted the terms of surrender. The Cambis regiment refused to honour the terms of surrender, breaking its muskets and burning its regimental flags rather than hand them over to the British victors. Brigadier-General Whitmore was appointed the new Governor of Louisbourg, and remained there with four regiments.

Aftermath
Louisbourg had held out long enough to prevent an attack on Quebec in 1758. However the fall of the fortress led to the loss of French territory across Atlantic Canada.  From Louisbourg, British forces spent the remainder of the year routing French forces and occupying French settlements in what is today New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland. The second wave of the Acadian expulsion began. The British engaged in the St. John River Campaign, the Cape Sable Campaign, the Petitcodiac River Campaign, the Ile Saint-Jean Campaign, and the removal of Acadians in the Gulf of St. Lawrence Campaign (1758).

The loss of Louisbourg deprived New France of naval protection, opening the Saint Lawrence to attack. Louisbourg was used in 1759 as the staging point for General Wolfe's famous siege of Quebec ending French rule in North America. Following the surrender of Quebec, British forces and engineers set about methodically destroying the fortress with explosives, ensuring that it could not return to French possession a second time in any eventual peace treaty. By 1760, the entire fortress was reduced to mounds of rubble. In 1763 the Treaty of Paris saw France formally cede Canada, including Cape Breton Island, to the British. In 1768 the last of the British garrison departed along with most of the remaining civilian inhabitants.

Royal Navy fleet throughout the siege

See also

 France in the Seven Years War
 Great Britain in the Seven Years War
 Louisburgh, County Mayo, a town named after the battle
 Military history of Nova Scotia
 Louisbourg Garrison

References
Primary sources
 Gordon's journal of the siege
 The Daily Journals, Diaries, Letters, and Accounts of Louisbourg and Isle Royale (1713–1768)
 Journal of John Wolcott
 Memoirs of de Johnstone
 Chapter III of The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African at Wikisource includes a brief witness account of the battle
 Guerre du Canada. 1756–1760. Montcalm et Lévis.(in French)
Endnotes

Bibliography

 Anderson, Fred. Crucible of War (2000) pp 250–256
 Brumwell, Stephen. Paths of Glory: The Life and Death of General James Wolfe. Hambledon Continuum, 2007
 Chartrand, Rene Louisbourg 1758
 Hough, Richard. Captain James Cook: a biography. Hodder & Stoughton, 1995
 Fowler, William M. Empires at War: The French and Indian War and the Struggle For North America.  Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre Ltd., 2005
 Hitsman, J.  McKay and C.C.J. Bond.  "The Assault Landing at Louisbourg, 1758," Canadian Historical Review (1954) 35:314–330.
 A.J.B. Johnson, Endgame 1758:The Promise, the Glory and the Despair of Louisbourg's Last Decade, Sydney, NS: Capre Breton University Press, 2008
 McLennan, J.S (2000, originally 1918). Louisbourg: From its Foundation to its Fall, 1713–1758. Halifax: The Book Room Limited.
 Warner, Oliver.  With Wolfe to Quebec. Toronto: William Collins Sons and Company Ltd., 1972

 James Cook's participation at the Siege of Louisbourg. Royal Geographical Society of South Australia

Conflicts in Acadia
Military history of New England
Military history of the Thirteen Colonies
Conflicts in New Brunswick
Acadian history
Sieges involving France
Sieges involving Great Britain
Battles of the French and Indian War
1758 in France
Conflicts in 1758
1750s in Canada
1758 in New France
Conflicts in Nova Scotia
Amphibious operations involving the United Kingdom


For the radio station in New Orleans, Louisiana that picked up the call letters in 2010, see WZRH.

WTKE-FM (100.3 MHz) is a radio station broadcasting a classic rock format. Licensed to Niceville, Florida, United States, the station serves the Fort Walton Beach area. WTKE-FM is owned by Jennifer and James Hale, through licensee Omni Broadcasting, LLC.

The station was assigned the call sign WNCV on May 7, 1992. On August 1, 2006, the station changed its call sign to WRKN. On November 19, 2009, WRKN swapped call signs with sister station WTKE-FM (which became WHWY). Prior to May 4, 2022, WTKE-FM was broadcasting sports as The Ticket Sports Network as a CBS Sports Network affiliate. The Ticket Sports Network is now on WTKE-FM HD 2 and broadcasts at 103.7 on translator W259AN and 97.1 on translator W246BN in Pensacola, Florida.

100.3 K-Rock is a classic-rock-formatted radio station with Alice Cooper and his Nights with Alice Cooper show. Additional programming includes Carol Miller's Get the Led Out, Sammy Hagar's Top Rock Countdown, Live in Concert, and Dee Snider's House of Hair.

References

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TKE-FM
Classic rock radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1992
1992 establishments in Florida