is a passenger railway station  located in the city of  Nishinomiya Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the private transportation company Hankyu Railway. The station name, meaning "Osaka–Kobe National Highway Station", is after Japan National Route 2 which passes near the station.

Lines
Hanshin-Kokudō Station is served by the Hankyu Imazu Line, and is located 8.6 kilometers from the terminus of the line at  and 0.9 kilometers from .

Layout
The station consists of two opposed elevated side platforms, with the station building underneath.

Platforms

Adjacent stations

History
Hanshin-Kokudō Station opened on May 10, 1927, the year after the opening of the line between Nishinomiya-Kitaguchi and Imazu.

Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 2,438 passengers daily. It is the least-used station in the whole Hankyu network.

Surrounding area
Japan National Route 2
Nishinomiya Municipal Fukatsu Junior High School
 Nishinomiya Municipal Fukatsu Elementary School

See also
List of railway stations in Japan

References

External links

 Hanshin-Kokudō Station (Hankyu Railway)

Railway stations in Hyōgo Prefecture
Hankyu Railway Imazu Line
Stations of Hankyu Railway
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1927
Nishinomiya


Richard Donovan (born  1966) is an Irish runner, commercial race organizer, and sports administrator. Donovan organised and was first to complete the inaugural South Pole Marathon in January 2002, then completed the first marathon-length run in the North Pole in April of that year. He used the publicity from this to launch his North Pole Marathon venture, offering runners an adventure tourism experience, with the 2018 event costing €16,000.

Between 30 January and 5 February 2009, Donovan claimed a worlds best for running seven marathons, on seven different continents, in fewer than seven days. Starting 1 February 2012 he improved on this by completing the 7 on 7 in under 120 hours.

Donovan has also completed transcontinental runs across North America in 2015 and Europe in 2016, adding South America in 2017. In addition to the North Pole Marathon, he organizes a number of other commercial events.

See also
Antarctic Ice Marathon & 100k ultra race
World Marathon Challenge
North Pole Marathon

References

1960s births
Living people
Irish male marathon runners
Athletes from County Galway


Energy policy in Scotland is a matter that has been specifically reserved to the UK parliament under the terms of the Scotland Act 1998 that created the devolved Scottish Parliament. However, since planning is a matter that has been devolved, the Scottish government has the ability to shape the direction of energy generation in Scotland by approving or refusing new projects.

In 2004, the Enterprise Committee of the Scottish Parliament called for the development of a 'fully fledged' Scottish energy policy.

The SNP Government that took power in May 2007 specifically included the word 'energy' in a portfolio title when the junior ministerial position of Minister for Enterprise, Energy and Tourism was created to replace the position of 'Minister for Enterprise and Lifelong Learning'.

Overview

Fossil fuels
The closure of the Longannet power station in March 2016 ended coal-fired power production in Scotland.

Renewable energy

The production of renewable energy in Scotland is an issue that has come to the fore in technical, economic, and political terms during the opening years of the 21st century. The natural resource base for renewable energy is extraordinary by European, and even global standards, with the most important potential sources being wind, wave, and tide.

At the end of 2011, there was 4,796 megawatts (MW) of installed renewables electricity capacity in Scotland, an increase of 9.5 per cent (416 MW) on the end of 2010. Renewable electricity generation in 2011 was a record high at 13,750 GWh - an increase of 44.5 per cent on 2010. Around 35 per cent of Scotland’s electricity came from renewables in 2011, exceeding the Scottish Government’s target of 31 per cent. Scotland contributed almost 40 per cent of the UK’s renewables output in 2011.

Continuing improvements in engineering and economics are enabling more of the renewable resources to be utilised. Fears regarding "peak oil" and climate change have driven the subject high up the political agenda and are also encouraging the use of various biofuels. Although the finances of many projects remain either speculative or dependent on market incentives, it is probable that there has been a significant, and in all likelihood long-term change, in the underpinning economics.

In addition to planned increases in both large-scale generating capacity and microsystems using renewable sources, various related schemes to reduce carbon emissions are being researched. Although there is significant support from the public, private and community-led sectors, concerns about the effect of the technologies on the natural environment have been expressed. There is also an emerging political debate about the relationship between the siting, and the ownership and control of these widely distributed resources.

A continuing political debate surrounds the uptake and the incentivisation schemes available for renewable technologies in Scotland. There are tensions over the disparity in costs between renewable installations in Scotland compared to those in England with suggestion that this should be recognised by the UK government.

Nuclear power

When the UK Government announced an energy review in early 2006, the Scottish National Party (SNP) and others made clear their view that Scotland did not need new nuclear power stations. By January 2008, when the UK Government gave the go-ahead for a new generation of nuclear power stations to be built across the UK, the SNP formed the Scottish Government and First Minister Alex Salmond made clear there was "no chance" of more nuclear power stations being built in Scotland. The Government's stance was backed by the Scottish Parliament which voted 63-58 to support the Scottish Government's policy of opposing new nuclear power stations.

Beauly-Denny power line
A proposed 400 kV upgrade to the existing 132 kV transmission network, seen as key to future expansion was held up in planning for three years. There was vocal opposition from some sectors and strong support from other sectors. Objections were principally on the basis of the visual impact of the pylons running through the edge of the Cairngorms National Park. 53 km of the 132kV line inside the park was taken down and not replaced. The 220 km circuit will run from Beauly, west of Inverness to Denny, west of Falkirk near Edinburgh.

In 2008, the first major independent study associated with the Scottish Government’s renewable energy targets concluded that the upgrade of the Beauly-Denny power line will be a key to future development.

In January 2010, the Scottish Government approved the upgrade to the Beauly to Denny transmission line, which was energized by Christmas 2015.

See also
 North Sea oil
 Nuclear power in Scotland
 Renewable energy in Scotland

References

External links
scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Business-Industry/Energy
Determining and delivering on Scotland's energy future, Economy, Energy and Tourism Committee Report 2009
Scottish Government Energy Policy Overview September 2008
Scotland's Energy Future: Policy scdi.org.uk
Energy Action Scotland
Energy Policy For Europe
Enterprise Committee Calls for Fully-Fledged Scottish Energy Policy

Scotland
Climate change policy
Energy in Scotland
Public policy in Scotland


Angelos Pavlakakis (; born 7 November 1976 in Xanthi) is a retired Greek sprinter who specialized in the 100 metres.

He won the bronze medal at the 1995 European Junior Championships, the gold medals at the 1997 Mediterranean Games and the 1998 European Indoor Championships and the bronze medal at the 2000 European Indoor Championships. He also competed at the 2000 Olympic Games, the 1997 World Championships and the World Indoor Championships in 1997, 2001 and 2004 without reaching the final.

His personal best time was 10.11 seconds, achieved at the 1997 World Championships in Athens. This is the Greek record.

International competitions

References

External links

1976 births
Living people
Greek male sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Greece
World Athletics Championships athletes for Greece
Sportspeople from Xanthi
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Greece
Mediterranean Games medalists in athletics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1997 Mediterranean Games
20th-century Greek people


Expiration or expiration date may refer to:

Expiration
Expiration may refer to:
Death
Exhalation of breath, breathing out
Expiration (options), the legal termination of an option to take an action
Shelf life, or the time after which a product expires
Timeout (computing), or the expiration of Session (computer science) due to the passing of time
Copyright expiration (disambiguation)
Expiration (film), a 2004 independent feature film

Expiration date

An expiration date is a predetermined date after which a particular product should no longer be used. The phrase may also refer to:
 Expiration Date (film), a 2006 comedy
 Expiration Date (Powers novel), a novel by Tim Powers
 Expiration Date (Swierczynski novel), written by Duane Swierczynski
 Expiration Date, an unaired pilot for a cut Team Fortress 2 television series that was then uploaded to YouTube

See also
 Maturation (disambiguation)


The recorder of Nottingham is the highest appointed legal officer of the Crown within the Nottingham City and Nottinghamshire County areas of England.

Judge Gregory Dickinson KC was appointed Recorder of Nottingham in 2016.

List of recorders of Nottingham

Sir Thomas Babington 1492 - 1519
Radus Barton
Richard Parkyns
Henry Pierrepont appointed 1603
Wills Fletcher
John Holles, 2nd Earl of Clare appointed 1642
Henry Pierrepont, 1st Marquess of Dorchester 1666 - (d. 1680)
Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1688 -
William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire 1690 - (d. 1707)
Evelyn Pierrepont, 1st Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull - 1726
Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne 1726 -
Edward Bigland
William Bentinck, 2nd Duke of Portland
Evelyn Pierrepont, 2nd Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull 1769 -
Henry Pelham-Clinton, 2nd Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne 1773-1794
William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland 1794–1809
Henry Richard Vassall Fox, 3rd Lord Holland (died 1840)
Richard Wildman 1837 - 1881
Edward Chandos Leigh 1881 - 1909
Judge Henry Yorke Stanger 1909 - 1911
Sir William Ryland Dent Adkins 1911 - 1920
Hugo J. Young 1920 - 1927
Henry Holmes Joy 1927 - 1934
John Frederick Eales 1934 - 1936
Sir Albion Richardson 1936 - 1950
Christopher Nyholm Shawcross 1950 - 1961
Anthony Leonard Cripps 1961 - 1971
Arthur Ellis 1974 -1991
Judge Michael Stokes QC 2007 - 2016
Judge Gregory Dickinson QC 2016 - 2022
Her Honour Judge Nirmal Shant KC 2022 -

References

Politics of Nottinghamshire
English law
Region-specific legal occupations
Nottingham


Captain Arthur Dale Rothrock (January 7, 1886 – November 28, 1938) was an American sport shooter who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics.

In 1920 he won an Olympic gold medal as a member of the American team in the team small-bore rifle competition and a silver medal in the individual small-bore rifle. He also participated in the 300 metre military rifle, standing event but his place is unknown.

Additionally, he participated in a number of marksmen competitions both in the United States and abroad.

Personal life
Rothrock was born in New Stark, Ohio to George and Anna May (Bowers) Rothrock. At a young age, his family moved to Ada, Ohio. Rothrock graduated from Ada High School in 1901 before attending Ohio Northern University.

Rothrock died in Ada, Ohio, two days before he was set to retire from the US Army. He was buried at the Rock Island National Cemetery.

References

External links
profile

1886 births
1938 deaths
American male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Shooters at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the United States in shooting
Olympic silver medalists for the United States in shooting
People from Hancock County, Ohio
Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
19th-century American people
20th-century American people


The Ensoniq ASR-10 was a sampling keyboard produced by Ensoniq between 1992 and 1998. The ASR-10 was a follow-up product to the very popular Ensoniq EPS and Ensoniq EPS-16+ performance samplers, and was also available with a piano style weighted keyboard (ASR-88) and a rackmount version (ASR-10R). At the time, the machine was one of the most powerful samplers available.

Features
The ASR-10 (Advanced Sampling Recorder) was essentially the third generation of the EPS series of samplers, sharing the same basic architecture and user interface  as the earlier EPS and EPS-16 Plus.  The ASR-10, like its predecessors, was a true performance orientated sampling workstation, and did not require a computer or additional equipment in order to create a complete song. It included a powerful and flexible effects unit, polyphonic aftertouch, an advanced MIDI sequencer, load-while-playing abilities, and a powerful multi-layered synthesis engine. The supplied "Musician's Manual"  lived up to Ensoniq's documentation practice, with a highly readable, very hands-on and quite complete description of the device. There was even an included tutorial that covered many features of the machine, including sampling and sequencing.

Effects unit

The ASR-10 offered a powerful and flexible internal effects unit (later offered as a standalone device in the Ensoniq DP/4), offering the capability to resample an existing sound with an effect, and to process external signals through it live. Up to 62 effects were available to be used, also including a vocoder and distortion. The effects were all programmable, and flexible configurations were available for operating in multitimbral or performance modes.

Sequencer
The ASR-10 sequencer had an internal 96 pulse-per-quarter-note 16 track sequencer. A 'song' was a collection of 'sequences' joined together, and users were able to jump to sequences live during a performance, in much the same way as software such as Ableton Live allows today. Songs were constructed in either a step time (note by note basis) or through live recording of the MIDI information played in.

Synthesis architecture
The ASR-10 had a powerful 31 voice synthesis architecture that resembled a synthesizer rather than a sampler. After selecting a sample, the sound could further be modified by up to 3 envelopes (hardwired to pitch, filter, and amplitude), 2 filters in series, one LFO, and 15 modulation sources. Up to 8 layers of different samples could be stacked together to form an 'instrument', and up to 127 different samples available up at any one time. Each sample could be modulated by any number of modulation sources, including velocity, polyphonic aftertouch, LFOs, envelopes, footpedals, or combinations of the two patch-select buttons on the left hand side of the keyboard. These patch-select buttons (an Ensoniq trademark) allowed the player to instantly recall during performance any one of four pre-programmed combinations of the eight layers to be sounded.

Sampling
In its default format, the ASR-10 shipped with 2MB of internal memory. This was expandable to 16MB. The machine featured Sigma-Delta 64 times oversampling, and sampled at either 30 kHz or 44.1 kHz rates at 16 bit.

The machine also has the ability to record directly to hard disk with only disk space limiting the file size. This allowed it to function as an early digital two track hard disk recorder. The recording could be made through the internal effect filter and could also record its own sequencer playing.

Interfaces
The ASR-10 was available with a SCSI interface for connecting to an external hard drive, and CD-ROMs. It was noticeably more versatile than the EPS samplers, supporting a wider variety of hard drives, both fixed and removable, including Zip and SyQuest drives. The unit shipped as standard with a HD 3.5inch floppy drive internally.

Further upgrades were available with S/PDIF connectivity. There were not many S/PDIF boards made, however, and they are currently extremely rare.

SCSI compatibility
Users purchasing SCSI devices for the ASR-10 should take care to verify compatibility; Ensoniq's SCSI implementation, while technically conformant, depends on the device supporting the low-level DISK FORMAT command, whereas many SCSI devices targeted at the IBM-PC market only supported the TRACK format commands, and such SCSI drives will not be usable by the ASR-10. The Syquest EZ-FLYER 230MB drive, for example, does work on the ASR-10, whereas the contemporary and more popular Iomega ZIP 100MB drives (save for some specially-flashed versions available by special request from the company during the 1990s) do not.

ASR-10s running the most recent OS version have no issues with Iomega Zip drives.

Disk drive
The ASR-10 featured a 3.5 inch floppy disk drive used with proprietary formatted disks capable of holding up to 1640K. (The decision to go with a proprietary format was to get around the then-limitation of DOS filenames which were limited to 8 characters.) There are many computer programs that allow reading, writing, and formatting Ensoniq's disk and file system, among those made by Chicken Systems (Translator and Disk Tools), and a German programmer named Thoralt who created ensoniqfs, a filesystem plugin for Total Commander. Ensoniq's architecture allowed a sound to be loaded from floppy while the keyboard was operational.

Sound library
Ensoniq had made sure that their samplers were immediately useful by providing a sound library with every device. These library disks gave musicians a taste of what was possible with the sample-engine and also the sequencer, acting as usable sounds right out-of-the-box, demonstration pieces for selling more, and tastes of what the extensive library could provide. The ASR-10 was also fully backwards compatible with the earlier Ensoniq EPS and EPS-16+ sound libraries. Ensoniq continued their practice of creating and commissioning sound libraries that real musicians used. Even today, new libraries continue to be made by third parties.

Famous users

References

External links
Ensoniq disk/file/conversion/building programs

Ensoniq ASR-10 operating system files and information

Ensoniq synthesizers
Samplers (musical instrument)
Polyphonic synthesizers


"Cheaper to Keep Her" is a song by Canadian country music artist Aaron Lines. It is the first single released from his 2007 album Moments That Matter. It reached number one on the Billboard Canada Country chart.

Music video
The music video for "Cheaper to Keep Her" features cameos from Rhett Warrener, Darren McCarty, Jamie McLennan, Richie Regehr and Paul Brandt.

Chart performance

References

2007 singles
Aaron Lines songs
Songs written by Chris Lindsey
2007 songs


Croughton is a hamlet and civil parish on the outskirts and 3.5 miles (5.7 km) north of the city of Chester, and part of the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester and the ceremonial county of Cheshire.  The Shropshire Union Canal runs through Croughton.

History
Croughton is a settlement in St. Oswald's ancient parish, which became a civil parish in 1866. The population was 33 in 1801 and 22 in 1851, these dates being the earliest in the census for the United Kingdom. There is currently no parish council, the civil parish being represented by one councillor on Little Stanney and District Parish Council. The old parishes were formed at a time when there was little difference between the Church and the State, and a parish such as Croughton usually formed around a village or other small settlement, centred on the parish church. The name "Croughton" means bend in the water. Croughton can be found in the Domesday Book. It has one recorded gazetteer descriptive entry, written by John Bartholomew and dated 1887: "Croughton.— township, St Oswald par., W. Cheshire, on Mersey Canal, 4½ miles NE. of Chester, 281 ac., pop. 29."

Occupational structure
Some data was given in 1881 as to what occupations were held by the people of Croughton. Overall, 19 people, male and female, were accounted for in the data. Compared to the census data of the same year, either the 10 remaining people were unaccounted for, were children or had died by the time the data was collected. The '1881 Data for the occupations of Croughton' chart below shows the data for the 1881 occupational census data for the township of Croughton. Because of Croughton's rural location, it is unsurprising that the majority of people worked in agriculture.

The hamlet today
The settlement is made up of houses and buildings along a stretch of road. The hamlet is a rural community, consisting of mainly residential housing with detached and semi-detached housing, as well as being made up mainly of fields behind the settlement and some farms. There are no shops in the settlement, and public transport is scarce, the only bus stops being in the neighbouring village. There are no pubs, bars or restaurants in Croughton, the nearest being Ellesmere Port and Chester.

Demographic

Population
 Although the population of Croughton has changed every year of the census, the population has always remained small, giving it a hamlet status. The first recorded census data for Croughton was recorded in 1881, and shows a total population of 29. The graph on the right shows the differences in data. There is no data for 1941 as there was no census recorded during World War II, and data from 1961 to 1991 is unclear. There is no steady pattern in population change.

Transport
Croughton can be accessed via two roads. Caughall Road, which comes off of the A41, and Croughton Road or Wervin Road, coming from the north, join north and south of Croughton, forming a loop. The nearest motorways are the M53 and M56. There is no bus stop in Croughton; the nearest are two on Wervin Road in Wervin, a civil parish 1/4 of a mile away.  The DB2 bus provides transport services to the nearest main settlements, including Chester and Ellesmere Port. There is no railway station in Croughton, but the nearest is at Ellesmere Port 4.3 miles away.

Landmarks
The parish contains one listed building, the bridge carrying the road over the Shropshire Union Canal to the northwest of the village.  It dates from about 1795, is constructed mainly in brick with stone dressings, and consists of a single segmental arch.  It is designated at Grade II, this grade being the lowest of the three gradings given to listed buildings and is applied to buildings "of special interest".

References

External links

Villages in Cheshire
Civil parishes in Cheshire


Haralabos Papadias (Χαράλαμπος Παπαδιάς; born 24 January 1975) is a retired Greek sprinter who specialized in the 100 metres.

He won the gold medal in 60 metres at the 1997 World Indoor Championships, in a time of 6.50 seconds (NR). He also finished fourth at the 1996 European Indoor Championships, won the bronze medal at the 1998 European Championships, and finished sixth at the 1998 IAAF World Cup. He also competed at the 1997 World Championships without reaching the final.

His personal best time was 10.15 seconds, achieved at the 1998 IAAF World Cup in Johannesburg. This ranks him fourth among Greek 100 metres sprinters, behind Angelos Pavlakakis, Aristotelis Gavelas and Christoforos Choidis.

Honours

References

 Profile at Sporting Heroes

1975 births
Living people
Greek male sprinters
Olympic athletes for Greece
Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics
World Athletics Indoor Championships winners
European Athletics Championships medalists
Athletes from Athens
20th-century Greek people


Contest  was an Australian sloop wrecked in 1807. She was a sloop of some 44 tons (bm), built in Port Jackson, New South Wales, by James Underwood, owned by Kable & Co, and registered on 20 July 1804. On 28 February 1807 she was sailing for Newcastle, New South Wales, but the wind would not allow her to make the harbour and so she continued north. A little short of Port Stephens, New South Wales, a heavy storm drove Contest ashore, where she was smashed to pieces. All the crew were saved but no cargo was salvageable.

References

Shipwrecks of the Hunter Region
Maritime incidents in 1807
1807 in Australia
1788–1850 ships of Australia
Merchant ships of Australia
History of New South Wales
Port Stephens Council
Sloops of Australia
Individual sailing vessels
1800s ships
Ships built in New South Wales


Sir Donald Alexander Macdonald  (October 31, 1845 – May 4, 1920) was a Canadian Militia officer.

Biography
Born in Cornwall, Canada West, the son of Alexander Eugene Macdonald and Grace Mackay Taylor, Macdonald was educated in the schools of Cornwall before joining the 2nd Cornwall Volunteer Militia Rifle Company as an ensign in 1863. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1865 and captain in 1866. After the 2nd Cornwall Rifle Company was incorporated into the newly formed 59th Stormont and Glengarry Battalion of Infantry, Macdonald was appointed as adjutant in 1869, promoted to major in 1871 and lieutenant-colonel in 1877.

Macdonald would see active service with the militia during the Fenian raids of 1866, the Red River expedition of 1870, and the North-West Rebellion of 1885.

In 1874, he joined the stores branch of the Department of Militia and Defence. In 1896, he was appointed chief superintendent of stores. He was promoted to colonel in 1900 and was made Director-General of Ordnance for Canada in 1903. In 1904, he was appointed Quartermaster-General of the Canadian Militia. He was promoted to brigadier-general in 1908 and major-general in 1912. He was responsible for equipping the first Canadian formations raised in World War I.

He retired in 1918 and was knighted by King George V. He died in Ottawa in 1920.

References

1845 births
1920 deaths
Canadian generals of World War I
Canadian Companions of the Imperial Service Order
Canadian Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
People from Cornwall, Ontario
Canadian Knights Bachelor
Canadian Militia officers
Canadian military personnel from Ontario
Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders


George Leonard (died October 14, 1818) was a lawyer and political figure in New Brunswick. He represented King's County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1803 to 1816.

He was the son of George Leonard and Sarah Thatcher and came to New Brunswick with his father in 1783. Leonard was an attorney in Saint John, New Brunswick, later settling in Sussex, New Brunswick where he and his father were granted land. He was reelected in 1810 after the results of the election in King's County were appealed because the sheriff had closed the polls too early. In 1818, he drowned after falling off a log while crossing a creek.

External links
 History of New Brunswick, J Hannay (1909)
 Foot-prints ; or Incidents in early history of New Brunswick, JW Lawrence (1883)

Year of birth missing
1818 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick
Colony of New Brunswick people


Det Danske Luftfartselskab A/S or DDL, trading in English as Danish Air Lines, was Denmark's national airline from 1918 until it merged to create Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) in 1951. DDL was established on 29 October 1918, but started its first scheduled route on 7 August 1920.

History
In 1920, the first airplane, a Flugzeugbau Friedrichshafen 49c, was acquired from the Deutsche Luft-Reederei (D.L.R.) in Germany. The airplane, with the previous German navy registration 1364, was almost new, and had been refitted for passenger transport before being delivered from Germany. It received the Danish registration letters T-DABA, and was used for the Copenhagen-Malmö-Warnemünde route in cooperation with the D.L.R. This plane was later returned to Germany, apparently because the transfer was not in accordance with the Versailles treaty.

In 1921 another F.F.49c plane from D.L.R. was acquired as a replacement for the first, with the previous German navy registration 3078. For unknown reasons this airplane used the same Danish registration T-DABA.

In the early 1920s, the airline relied on four chartered Fokker-Grulich F.III aircraft, but also Dornier Komet,
Junkers F.13s and the Airco DH.9.

In 1926 the first of a total of four Farman F.121 Jabiru 4-engined commercial airliners, seating nine passengers, were acquired. It was registered as T-DOXB, and was used on the Copenhagen to Amsterdam line. Amsterdam was a hub with connections to London and Paris. The aircraft were withdrawn from use in 1928 and 1929, and broken up by 1931.

In the late 1920s, Fokker F.VII single-engined airliners replaced the somewhat problematic and expensive to operate Farmans.

In 1933, the airline got the first of two 16 passenger Fokker F.XII airliners. They were built under license by Orlogsværftet. Both aircraft were scrapped by 1946.

In 1938, two Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor 26 passenger airliners were acquired. One, Dania, was seized by the British after Denmark was invaded by German forces in 1940, and damaged beyond repair in 1941. The other, Jutlandia, survived the war and continued in DDL service until damaged beyond repair at Northolt in 1946.
In 1946, the airline started intercontinental traffic in cooperation with Det Norske Luftfartselskap and Svensk Interkontinental Lufttrafik in an SAS Agreement. On October 1, 1950 representatives from the three airlines signed a consortium agreement where they appointed SAS to run the airline operations. DDL thus changed status from being an active airline into becoming a holding company for the Danish interests within SAS.

Accidents and incidents
 On 2 May 1933, Fokker F.VIIa OY-DAC crashed in fog while approaching Hannover, killing the pilot; the aircraft was operating a cargo (mail) flight.
 On 17 December 1945, Fokker F.XII OY-DIG Merkur was written off after crashing at Kastrup Airport.
 On 30 January 1946, Boeing B-17G OY-DFE Trym Viking ran off the runway and struck RAF Dakota KG427 while landing at Kastrup Airport; there were no casualties, but both aircraft were written off.
 On 4 September 1946, Focke-Wulf Fw 200A-05 Condor OY-DEM Jutlandia was written off following a crosswind landing at Northolt Airport.
 On 17 February 1947, Douglas C-47A OY-AEB Rane Viking force-landed on the ice off Malmö due to fuel exhaustion. While approaching Copenhagen the crew encountered fog and poor visibility and diverted to Malmö, but the weather there was also poor. The crew decided to return to Copenhagen but the aircraft ran out of fuel and force-landed on the ice and burned out.
 On 29 December 1947, Vickers Viking 1B OY-DLI Torulf Viking lost control, stalled and crashed in shallow water while on approach to Kastrup Airport; all 24 on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.
 On 12 February 1948, Douglas C-53 OY-DCI Sejr Viking crashed in a field at Ulrichstein, Germany while on approach to Frankfurt following engine failure, killing 12 of 21 on board.
 On 8 February 1949, Vickers Viking 1B OY-DLU Torlak Viking crashed in the sea off Barsebäck, Sweden, killing all 27 on board; the wreckage was found a month later in  of water. The accident remains the second deadliest in Sweden, behind Linjeflyg Flight 277.

References

External links

 Early DDL time tables
 Early DDL history re the F.F.49c
 DDL accident record

Defunct airlines of Denmark
Airlines established in 1918
Airlines disestablished in 1951
SAS Group
1918 establishments in Denmark
1951 disestablishments in Denmark
1951 mergers and acquisitions


Sappho was an English lesbian social club founded in 1972 by Jackie Forster and others.

The club, whose namesake was the poet Sappho of Lesbos, met every Tuesday at The Chepstow, a public house in the Notting Hill district of London. The group advertised their meetings in the magazines Time Out London and City Limits.

Until 1981, the club published an eponymous monthly magazine with a peak circulation of about 1,000 copies.

Forster founded and edited the magazine after writing for Arena Three (of the Minorities Research Group), which had folded soon before. Sappho distributed their magazine at their meetings, and also at such lesbian venues as Gateways, a nightclub in Chelsea. Back issues of the magazine are now held in the Hall–Carpenter Archives.

Sappho continued to meet regularly until the late 1990s, each week inviting guest speakers such as Miriam Margolyes, Maureen Duffy, and Anna Raeburn.

References

Clubs and societies in London
LGBT history in the United Kingdom
LGBT organisations in London
Lesbian organisations based in the United Kingdom
1972 establishments in the United Kingdom
Sappho
Women in London


Ioannis Nafpliotis (born 15 January 1970) is a Greek sprinter who specialized in the 200 metres.

He finished sixth at the 1996 European Indoor Championships. He also competed at the World Championships in 1993 and 1997 without reaching the final.

His personal best time was 20.58 seconds, achieved in July 1995 in Patras. This ranks him eighth among Greek 200 metres sprinters, .

References

1970 births
Living people
Greek male sprinters
Athletes (track and field) at the 1991 Mediterranean Games
Mediterranean Games competitors for Greece
20th-century Greek people


Denmark does not use the C1 and D1 categories. This means a truck (C) or a bus (D) licence covers all trucks or buses, respectively, that are not covered by the car (B) licence. A B/E licence only allows heavy trailers on cars, even if the driver has a C or D permit.

Tractor/Motorized equipment (T/M) permit can be obtained when the driver is 16 years old. Anyone with B licence can drive tractors and Motorized equipment. Motorized equipment would be things like combine harvesters, steam rollers, loaders, excavators and other vehicles driving maximum 30 km/h.

A moped licence can also be acquired when the driver is 15 years old and requires the driver to pay a fee of usually 510 DKK for 30 hours of classroom education. The driver is also required to take part in a theoretical test as well as driving on a track and ultimately on public roads. It's considered very hard to fail the moped driving test. A valid moped driving licence grants the driver permission to drive mopeds limited to 30 km/h, but it does not grant the driver permission to drive T/M vehicles. Anyone above the age of 18 can drive a moped limited to 30 km/h with, or without a licence. Anyone with a B licence are allowed to drive mopeds that are limited to 45 km/h.
A moped licence is not recognised as a valid means of identification, which is also made clear on the rear side of the licence itself.

A Car (B) licence requires the driver to be 17 years of age, although the driver can begin the education 3 months prior to his/her 17th birthday. A 17-year-old driver must have a supervisor sitting next to them at all times (this is no longer required once the driver turns 18). Unlike many countries, the 17-year-old driver has to pass all tests, before driving with a supervisor. There are a number of requirements that has to be fulfilled to be a supervisor. These requirements are: The supervisor has to be at least 30 years old, he/she has to have had a drivers license for at least 10 years, his/hers driver license cannot have been revoked in those 10 years, he/she has to be able to take over the driving at all times, and he/she has to sit next to the 17-year-old.

Education consists of a set number of hours in a classroom, a driving course on a closed track, another driving course designed to simulate iced roads as well as a set number of hours on public roads. All exercises are supervised by a specially-educated driver's teacher, and it is his or her decision if the driver can be forwarded to the final tests. Before the finals tests can be taken, the students must have fulfilled some requirements; The students must have obtained a certificate, that shows, that they have been through an approximately 8 hour first aid course. The students must also have obtained a doctor's note, where they examine the overall health of the student and their eyes.
The first of the final tests consists of a multiple choice test regarding different scenarios that the driver will be likely to meet on the public roads. The driver is allowed to make a maximum of five mistakes on this test out of 25 questions in total.
The second test consists of the driver driving on a route set by a government supervisor, who also supervises the driver himself. This test is considered especially difficult in the larger cities and the failure statistics show similar results. This test demands perfection as the driver is not allowed to make any mistakes at all.

In Denmark, the B licence is valid until the driver reaches 70 years of age, although further driving tests combined with medical examinations allows the driver to retake his licence every two years after the age of 70.

Driving forklifts requires a special forklift certificate, although there are exceptions to this for smaller forklifts.

Carrying hazardous goods requires an ADR permit.

Commercial passenger traffic (route bus, tourist bus, taxi) requires a 5-year commercial driver's licence.

Some severe driving offences will incur a strike on one's licence. This is logged in a central police database, and if one exceeds the maximum number of strikes, the licence is lost, but can ultimately be reacquired. The maximum number of strikes are two for those who've held their licence for fewer than three years, and three for everybody else.

Categories

 Sources: https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2021/1843
 Sources: https://www.retsinformation.dk/eli/lta/2016/1497

See also
European driving licence

References

Denmark
Road transport in Denmark


In Finland, the car driver's license can be obtained either in a private driving school or given by a relative with a driving instruction permit.

Requirements
A driving licence permit is required to get a driving licence as you cannot undergo theory and practical tests without it. Prerequisites include category-specific age and health requirements, being a permanent resident or a student with at least six months of residency, and no suspended licenses in other EU or EEA countries. The permit is valid for three years.

Driving instruction can be obtained through a driving school, relative with a driving instruction permit, or with a combination of the two. It is possible to obtain driving instruction before applying for a driving licence permit as a student of a driving school or through an instructor who has been granted a driving instruction permit. Passenger car driving instruction includes at least 18 hours of instructions in total, including risk recognition training, theory, and driving lessons. In addition, for new licensees, an additional four-hour training for candidates for first driving licences (EAS) is required.

After driving instruction, the theory test is undertaken, which can be attended one month before turning 18. After successfully passing the theory test, the driving test can be taken once you have turned 18. It is also possible to be taken at the age of 17 if you have an age exception permit issued by Traficom or if you are studying a professional driver training course which includes obtaining the right to drive lorries or buses.

After receipt
As per the new law introduced in 2018, the B-class passenger car training was changed to single-phase. This means the full license is given right away as there is no longer a requirement for practice and advanced phase after receipt. These were replaced by undergoing a compulsory risk recognition training before the driving test.

After receiving the first right-to-drive, the driver is subject to stricter traffic enforcement for a period of two years. During this period, the license can be suspended after two infringements instead of the normal three. If this is the case, it is required to undergo additional training before receiving the license back. This dubbed "Driving ban training" includes four theory lessons assessing individuals' risk behavior and its effects on traffic safety. The police will return the driving license after receiving a proof of completing the course.

Other vehicles
The motorcycles are divided into three categories. Anyone born before 1985 may drive a moped. Persons born in 1985 or after may obtain a moped driver's licence at the age of 15. This requires training in a driving school or by your relative. After that, there's a theoretical test and a short handling test. The A1 licence, allowing the use of light motorbikes, may be obtained at the age of 16. The practical training is done independently in traffic after a training permit has been obtained from the police. Theoretical training includes 12 theory lessons. A person who has an A1 licence can get an A2 after holding the A1 for two years by completing an additional training course in a driving school. After two years of A2 licence, it can be turned into a full A licence with extra training in a driving school. After the age of 24, a person can obtain the A licence directly, without holding an A1 licence first.

The use of tractors and motorized sleighs is allowed for anyone with a valid B class licence. However, it is possible to obtain the T class licence for these vehicles already at the age of 15 by passing a simple theory exam.

See also
European driving licence

References

Transport in Finland
Finland


Ciprian Ion Tănasă (born 2 February 1981 in Fălticeni, Suceava) is a Romanian footballer who plays for Liga IV side Vedița Colonești.

External links

1981 births
Living people
People from Fălticeni
Romanian men's footballers
Romania men's under-21 international footballers
Liga I players
Liga II players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Cypriot First Division players
Moldovan Super Liga players
FC Argeș Pitești players
SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea players
AFC Unirea Slobozia players
FC U Craiova 1948 players
FC Politehnica Iași (1945) players
FC Metalurh Donetsk players
CS Mioveni players
Alki Larnaca FC players
FC Sheriff Tiraspol players
Romanian expatriate men's footballers
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Ukraine
Expatriate men's footballers in Ukraine
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Expatriate men's footballers in Cyprus
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Moldova
Expatriate men's footballers in Moldova
Men's association football forwards
Footballers from Suceava County


Florin Constantin Costea (born 16 May 1985) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Muscelul Câmpulung.

Club career

Universitatea Craiova

Costea started in the Romanian Liga II for the local team Rarora Râmnicu-Vâlcea, then he transferred to one of the most popular teams in Romania Universitatea Craiova, who competed at the time in the same league.

After his new team was promoted, he became one of their key players and one of the best strikers of the Liga I. The 2008/09 season was great for Florin, finishing the top scorer of the Romanian first division, together with Gigel Bucur after both had scored 17 goals.

On 21 March 2010, while playing a match against Politehnica Iaşi, the opposing goalkeeper made a rash challenge on Florin Costea, injuring him. He was forced to leave the pitch, and realising the severity of his injury he was taken out in tears. It was later discovered that he had broken his Medial collateral ligament and Cruciate ligament. He was sidelined for 8 months.

After Universitatea Craiova was disaffiliated he became a Free Agent.

Steaua București

On 3 August 2011 Florin Costea moved to Steaua București on a free transfer, later signing a 4-year contract, worth around €300,000 per year. Here he rejoined his brother Mihai Costea.

Statistics

Statistics accurate as of match played 21 December 2014

Honours

International career
Since 2008 he gathered six selections in the Romania national football team.
His first selection was courtesy to an injury of Romanian star attacker Adrian Mutu.

Personal life
He is the older brother of Mihai Costea.

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
People from Drăgășani
Romanian men's footballers
Romania men's international footballers
Men's association football forwards
SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea players
FC U Craiova 1948 players
FC Steaua București players
CS Turnu Severin players
CFR Cluj players
FC Arsenal Tula players
ACS Viitorul Târgu Jiu players
Russian Premier League players
Liga I players
Liga II players
Romanian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia


Robert Elian Săceanu (born 22 June 1983), is a Romanian former football player, currently sporting director of FC U Craiova.

Honours
FC Universitatea Craiova
Divizia B: 2005–06

External links

1983 births
Living people
People from Corabia
Romanian men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Liga I players
Liga II players
Liga III players
FC U Craiova 1948 players
FC Gloria Buzău players
SCM Râmnicu Vâlcea players
ACF Gloria Bistrița players
FCV Farul Constanța players
ACS Olimpic Snagov players
Footballers from Olt County


Mădălin Marius Ciucă (born 4 November 1982) is a Romanian former professional footballer who played as a centre back for clubs such as FC Caracal, FC U Craiova 1948 or Politehnica Iași, among others. Ciucă played in 357 matches at the level of Liga I, Liga II and Liga III.

References

External links

1982 births
Living people
Footballers from Craiova
Romanian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Liga I players
Liga II players
FC U Craiova 1948 players
ACF Gloria Bistrița players
CS Gaz Metan Mediaș players
CS Sportul Snagov players
FC Politehnica Iași (2010) players
FC UTA Arad players
FC Argeș Pitești players


In the Netherlands, a licence to drive a car (licence B) can be obtained from the age of 17. However, the drivers must be supervised by an adult, who's at least 27 years old, until reaching the age of 18. If two serious offenses are committed within five years of a licence being issued to a new driver, the holder will have their licence revoked and must pass the test again to get their licence back.

The offences include:
 Tailgating
 Exceeding the speed limit by at least 30 km/h (19 mph)
 Drunk driving (blood alcohol content of 0.2 per mille or above)
 Causing death or injury by dangerous driving

A moped can be driven by persons aged 16 or over who are in possession of a moped licence (category AM). Since March 1, 2010 every driver is required to pass a practical exam in addition to a theory exam. Holders of category A or B licences are allowed to drive a moped without any additional documents or testing.

From 1 July 2015, a driving licence is required for a tractor designated with T. This licence can be obtained from 16 years of age. People with a driver's licence for cars (B) obtained on or before July 1, 2015 can drive a tractor without additional exams.

Obtaining a driver's licence
There are a few steps one needs to follow to obtain a licence.
One has to go to a driving school (rijschool) and start to learn how to drive. There is also a compulsory theory exam at the CBR (Centraal Bureau Rijvaardigheidsbewijzen). In the Netherlands, bicycles are a very important part of the test. Cyclists are everywhere and cars need to yield to them quite frequently. Not yielding to a cyclist during your exam means you have failed automatically. One can also take the test in an automatic vehicle, which means one is only allowed to drive an automatic vehicle (code 78).
There is no legal minimum number of lessons to be taken.

When the learner has passed their theory exam, they can request a TTT (TussenTijdse Toets). This is an intermediate exam in which the learner needs to do two special manoeuvres. If they complete these successfully, they are exempted from those manoeuvres in the final practical test. The manoeuvres include:

 Parking
 Turning
 Stopping (stopopdracht), i.e. stop behind a vehicle and drive away

A learner who has passed the theory exam can take the practical exam, provided the CBR has decided that the learner is eligible. One has to fill out an EV (Eigen Verklaring): a list of eleven questions about one's general health (e.g. "have you ever been treated for a mental illness or do you have diabetes?")
The practical exam covers everything that should have been learned: looking in the inside mirror, then the wing mirror and then over one's shoulder at every turn (twice per turn), driving onto and on the motorway, knowing what is under the bonnet, what all the lights on the dashboard mean, etc.

After passing the exam, one has to go to the town/city hall with an approved passport photograph; a few days later, the licence can be collected. When the practical exam is completed by a 17-year-old, they also need a pass to get their licence. The pass includes the name of the driver and the name(s) of the supervisors: only the supervisors named on the pass can supervise.

References

External links
International Driving License

Netherlands
Transport in the Netherlands


Sir Francis Ralph Hay Murray  (3 March 1908 – 11 September 1983) was a British journalist, radio broadcaster and diplomat. He was also once the head of the Information Research Department (IRD), a secret branch of the UK Foreign Office dedicated to pro-colonial and anti-communist propaganda during the Cold War.

Background and education
A great-great-great grandson of John Murray, 3rd Duke of Atholl, he was the son of the Revd Charles Murray, Rector of Kirby Knowle, Yorkshire, by his wife Mabel (née Umfreville). His great-grandfather was the Rt Revd Dr George Murray, Bishop of Rochester (who married Lady Sarah Hay-Drummond), while the actor Stephen Murray was his younger brother and both were proud members of Clan Murray. He was educated at Brentwood School and St Edmund Hall, Oxford. His father died in 1919 from the Spanish flu pandemic.

Career
Murray was a talented linguist, he spoke many languages fluently including French, German, Italian, Spanish, Greek, Hungarian and some Russian. Before the Second World War he worked for the BBC as a journalist, having previously worked for a Bristol newspaper. In 1935 he reported the Saarland Plebiscite – and succeeded in broadcasting live during the 9 o'clock news holding a microphone out of the window to capture the chants of the mob – a major technical feat, and possibly the first time an international live outside broadcast had been undertaken. In common with many on the periphery of Special Operations Executive (SOE), knowledge of his wartime service is hazy. He was most closely associated with propaganda, and from 1941 was a member of the Underground Propaganda Committee (UPC) which had been formed to fuel a whispering campaign to undermine any invasion. He was also associated with Bletchley Park, and was involved in supporting resistance activity, notably, from 1943, of the Yugoslavian Partisans where he met Josip Broz Tito. His wife Mauricette was involved in propaganda broadcasting to occupied Europe, notably to Sweden where she had spent several years as a child.

In 1949 he became the director of the Information Research Department (IRD), This organisation, which had close links with SIS/MI6, was formed by Attlee in 1947 to carry on the work of the wartime "Political Warfare Executive", itself closely affiliated with SOE. At that time the intention was to promote a socialist Britain as an international third way, although in practice its resources were mainly devoted to attacking Communism and the Soviet Union. During this time Murray coined the phrase "Communo-fascism" to emphasise the similarity between Soviet communism and the Nazis.

In a pattern that was later to be repeated, Murray was appointed Minister at the British Embassy in Cairo in Egypt during the tense run up to the Suez crisis in 1956. Personally fond of, and having some admiration for, President Nasser, he found himself in the invidious situation of having considerable distaste for the policy he was required to implement.

Murray was knighted  in 1962 (, 1950), when he was appointed British Ambassador to Greece. He held this post until 1967 and the right wing coup of the Greek Army Colonels which led to the formation of the Greek military junta of 1967-1974. He appears to have been frustrated with the passivity of the British government's actions both in the lead up to the coup of which there was some intelligence foreknowledge, and its ineffectual response. In particular he had little regard for George Brown, the then Foreign Secretary. He retired from HM diplomatic service in 1967, when he was appointed a BBC governor.

Family
In 1935, he married Mauricette Vladimira Marie Reichsgräfin von Kuenburg, an Austrian aristocrat, the only child of Count Berhard von Kuenburg.
They had four children; Ingram, Nicholas, Georgina and Simon. The comedian, TV personality and parliamentary candidate, Al Murray, is his grandson.

Sir Ralph died in 1983.

External links
 BBC Radio Report by Murray from occupied Czechoslovakia, 1938

References

1908 births
1983 deaths
Ralph
People educated at Brentwood School, Essex
Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford
British radio people
Military intelligence
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Companions of the Order of the Bath
British spies
British propagandists
Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to Greece
World War II spies for the United Kingdom
Information Research Department


Norwegian driving licences (Bokmål: Førerkort, Nynorsk: Førarkort) adhere to a standard set in the European Economic Area.

Obtaining a driving licence
Minimum age for cars (category B) is 18 years. Mopeds (category AM146; 50 cc, max 45 km/h), smaller motorcycles (category A1; engine capacity equal to, or less than 125 cubic centimetres) and tractors (category T) are 16 years. Most larger truck licences require holder to be 21 years old (category C). Motorcycles have different rules, drivers can drive a motorcycle with up to 35 kW from the age of 18 (category A2), as long as the student have completed the necessary courses and tests. When the student turns 20, the student can take a course for motorcycles with unlimited power (category A) assuming they have the A2 license since the age of 18. Before the driver is 24, they have to have at least 2 years experience with smaller motorcycles.

Driver training
Before one is allowed to practise for any driving licence, one must first complete a four-day class called  (elementary traffic class) which covers the basic rules of the road, some general advice, and what to do when involved in (or present at the scene of) an accident—including how to communicate effectively with emergency services and basic first aid skills (ABC, recovery position). Students over 25 years of age are exempt from most parts of the elementary traffic class, and therefore they can begin practise driving without taking the class.

Anyone having completed this class and no less than two years younger than the minimum age for the desired licence is allowed to practise drive for that licence if accompanied by a parent or other adult who is at least 25 years old and has had the relevant licence without interruption for the past five years. For example, when the student is 16 years old, they can begin driving training for category B after they completed the class. Some driving schools offer basic training on how to effectively coach a learning driver, but this training is not compulsory.

During practise driving, an L-plate must be affixed behind the car, or on the back of the reflective vest for motorcycles and mopeds. However, if practise driving is being done by licensed instructor, the L-plate is replaced by the black text "" ("School") on white background.

In addition for cars, an additional rear-view mirror used by accompanying adult is also required. For motorcycles and mopeds, they must be able to communicate each other with two-way intercom or mobile phone through headset.

Drivers must also take courses with a licensed instructor in night driving, slippery road driving in an obstacle course, first aid, and four obligatory driving hours each covering different aspects of traffic. One of those is long-distance driving on country roads, another is city driving with roundabouts.

Theory test
After the student applies for the driving licence to Norwegian Public Roads Administration (Norwegian: Statens Vegvesen), the student must undergo theory test before taking practical test at Vegvesen's Driver and Vehicle Licensing Office (Norwegian: Trafikkstasjon). Before the theory test is taken for the first time, they must do a simple eye exam. The theory test for category B (cars) consists of 45 questions and each question has one correct answer. The student must answer all questions and 85% of correct answers (up to seven wrong answers) will pass this test. After this test is passed, the student must pass the practical test within three years after completion, or the student must retake the test. If the student fails the test, they must wait two weeks before retaking the test.

Practical test
If the student has succeeded the theory test and all obligatory training courses has been completed, the student takes the practical test before obtaining the licence. The test consists of several parts, including safety check with the vehicle before the start of the journey and parking at the end of the journey. The student are legally considered as driver and they are responsible what they have to do during the test. Once the test is ended, the examiner will tell them they've passed or failed the test. If they pass this test, they will be photographed and pay for licence issue fee. They can choose either to be mailed on their registered address, or to be picked up at the office. If they chose to pick it up at the office, the licence must be picked up within five years. If they fail the test, they must wait four weeks before retaking the test and reason for the failure is written.

After the licence is obtained
When the driver first gets their licence they get what is called a trial licence which is a 2-year trial period during which the number of points they will receive is doubled for each traffic violations, making it easier to lose their licence. If the driver loses their licence during this period, they have to retake all the tests, both theoretically and practically after the suspension period is expired. If the driver loses their licence after the 2-year trial, they will receive the licence by mail when it is reissued to their address after the suspension period is expired.

Point system
Since January 1, 2004, the point system (Norwegian: Prikkbelastning) is used by Norwegian authorities to handle traffic offenders. Two points will be issued for most violations except for in the smallest speeding cases. If eight points or more is issued during a three-year period, the driving licence is temporarily suspended, usually for six months. All points will be removed after three years since points is first received in this period. If the licence is reissued after suspension period, all points are removed immediately.

Cost
In Norway it is not unusual to end up paying 25,000 to 30,000 NOK (≈4,000 USD as of December 2014 ) for a driving licence. This is owing to the vast number of courses required.

See also

 European driving licence
 Driving Licence
 Norwegian identity card
 European Commissioner for Transport
 International driving licence
Datakortet

References

Norway
Road transport in Norway


In Ireland, a driving licence is an official document which authorises its holder to operate various types of motor vehicle on roads to which the public have access. Since 29 October 2013, they are issued by the National Driver Licence Service (NDLS). Based on the European driving licence standards, all the categories of licence available and the physical licence meet the 2006 EU standards.

History
From 19 January 2013 new licences issued are similar in size and shape to a credit-card (85.6 × 53.98 mm) as stipulated in Directive 2006/126/EEC.
It features the driver's name and date of birth, their photo, signature and any restrictions or endorsements such as the need to wear glasses and any penalty points accrued. The older type licence (106 x 222 mm) is still valid but will be replaced by the new type upon licence renewal.

From January 2014 the NDLS started to issue an electronic driving licence containing all the information relating to the licence. This provides additional security and protection against fraud. The microchip enables the licence to be read by special card readers which are managed by the Road Safety Authority and are available to the Garda Síochána, however, not all of the categories on the new licence are obtainable. An oversight in production of the licence means that category B1 appears on the driving licence in Ireland but cannot be obtained.

The old licence was based on the old European format, defined in Directive 91/439/EEC, as was used in other countries in the past. It consisted of a pink tri-fold paper document, laminated on one side. It contained a photo of the driver, their personal details and home address, and a listing of categories of vehicle they are licensed for, with any restrictions printed using a code format. The un-laminated side consisted of a section for any written-in endorsements as well as a page with the term 'Driving licence' or its equivalents in a large number of languages.

Both learner permits and the former provisional licences are identical in format to full licences, but green in colour. They do not carry the full translations list as they are not valid outside of the Republic of Ireland and are marked as such on the front. Once a driving test has been passed, all categories of driver with the exception of motorcycle drivers have no restrictions on road usage or vehicle type.

Prior to serious reforms in 2007, many people who drove never completed the process of receiving a full licence - 400,000 people held provisional licences in October 2007 when the new Learner Permit system was introduced. Serious crackdowns and a huge increase in testing facilities have brought this number down heavily.

The reason for the high number of people driving under a Provisional Licence under the old system was because a Provisional Licence holder could drive unaccompanied after obtaining their second Provisional Licence, and many drivers chose this route rather than going through the full testing process. This system was very unusual - most countries' provisional/learner licences require a fully qualified driver to accompany a learner.

Driver theory test
The driver theory test is carried out by Prometric Ireland on behalf of the RSA.

Candidates get asked forty multiple choice questions. In order to pass the theory test, candidates must score at least 35/40. Anything scored under 35 is a fail and the test must be retaken.

Learner Permit

(Provisional Licence)
Obtaining a Learner Permit requires passing the afore-mentioned computerised theory test. Also required for the Learner Permit are: valid proof of address, valid proof of PPSN, valid photographic ID and Eyesight Report (where necessary). The Application Form for a Learner Permit D201 must be filled in and brought to the local NDLS office.

Those on Learner Permits for most categories of licence must not drive unaccompanied. No Learner Permit holders are allowed to drive on motorways and all must display red L-plates at all times, either on their vehicle or on a tabard if a motorcyclist.

Driving licence categories
This is a list of the categories that can be found on a driving licence in the Republic of Ireland.

Note: The category B1 appears on the driving licence in Ireland but cannot be obtained as it doesn't actually exist there.

Penalty points

Since 2002, Ireland, like other EU states, has operated a penalty points system for driving offences. If a driver accrues 12 points, their licence is revoked for (at least) 6 months.

Gallery

See also
 European driving licence
 For Northern Ireland see Driving licence in the United Kingdom
 Irish passport
 Prawo Jazdy (alleged criminal)

External links
 National Driver Licence Service (responsible for issuing and renewal of Driving Licences since 26/10/2013)
 Road Safety Authority (responsible for Driving Licences until 26/10/2013)

References

Transport in the Republic of Ireland
Ireland


is the deputy director of Mainichi Broadcasting System's Tokyo office. Since beginning the network's 6:00pm Saturday timeblock, he has been involved in the planning and production of numerous anime, including various series from the Gundam universe, Code Geass, Blood+, Fullmetal Alchemist, Eureka Seven, Terra e... and Darker than Black: Kuro no Keiyakusha.

Biography
After graduating from the University of Tokyo's school of literature, Takeda joined Mainichi Broadcasting System in 1984, first working at the network's news bureau and later transferring to the network's Tokyo television department. Among the affairs he had covered during his time in the network's news department was the infamous Glico Morinaga case.

After transferring to MBS' television department, Takeda became involved in the production and planning of numerous anime television series, chiefly starting off the network's Saturday 6:00pm timeblock and being involved in its major popularity and success. Beginning with the timeblock's first major series, Mobile Suit Gundam SEED and followed by its successors such as Fullmetal Alchemist, Blood+ and Mobile Suit Gundam 00, the slot has enjoyed high ratings since its inception, with Takeda being involved in the planning and production of each of its shows and having been largely credited for its success. He guest appeared as King T@KED@ in Mobile Suit Gundam SEED DESTINY.

Takeda has also been involved in collaborations with the satellite anime television network Animax, with Animax having aired numerous of Mainichi Broadcasting System's anime, as well as jump starting several promotional campaigns in magazines and other media which have helped further promote each of the anime programs aired by the network.

Produced anime television series

Current programs
Star Driver: Kagayaki no Takuto (Planning)
Puella Magi Madoka Magica (Planning)

Previous programs
Mobile Suit Gundam SEED (Producer)
Fullmetal Alchemist (Planning)
Mobile Suit Gundam SEED DESTINY (Executive Producer)
Blood+ (Planning)
Eureka Seven (Planning)
Tenpō Ibun Ayakashi Ayashi (Planning)
Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion (first season) (Planning)
Terra e... (Planning)
Darker than Black: Kuro no Keiyakusha (Planning)
Mobile Suit Gundam 00 (Executive Producer)
Shakugan no Shana II (Planning)
Macross Frontier (Executive Producer)
Mobile Suit Gundam 00 (season 2) (Executive Producer)
Black Butler (Planning)
Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood (Planning)
Basquash! (Executive Producer)
Sengoku Basara Two (Planning)

References

External links

Japanese production designers
People from Nara Prefecture
Living people
Japanese anime producers
Japanese television producers
1960 births


The Hutt Railway Workshops is a major railway engineering facility in the Lower Hutt suburb of Gracefield in the Wellington region of New Zealand's North Island. It is state-owned enterprise KiwiRail's only workshops, and was opened in 1930.

This facility is the central motive power maintenance operation and also maintains rolling stock.

History

Predecessor

The Hutt Workshops were preceded by a workshops at Petone, adjacent to the railway station. It operated from 1876 when first used to store the H-class "Fell" locomotives until its replacement in 1929.

Decision to move
In the 1920s, the problems caused by the inadequacy of some railway workshop facilities was becoming more acute.  In order to examine the issue, a Royal Commission was established in 1924 consisting of English railwaymen Sir Sam Fay and Sir Vincent Raven. One recommendation of their report read: "In the North Island the shops at Napier, Whangarei, and East Town, so far as locomotive work is concerned, might be closed down, the necessary repairs being carried out at Petone and Newmarket."

A later report from the Minister of Railways in 1928 read, in part: "It was found possible by extension to the existing buildings at Hillside and Addington to carry out improvements that would suffice for many years to come, but the provision in the two main North Island shops was hopelessly inadequate, and consequently land had to be acquired at Lower Hutt and Otahuhu, and modern shops constructed thereon."

The original intention was for Otahuhu to assume responsibility for locomotive works, and for Hutt to be the car and wagon workshop.  This had to be reversed when it was discovered that the land on which Otahuhu had been built was not suitable for the heavy machinery required to work on the locomotives.

Replacement at Woburn

After the passing of the Hutt Valley Lands Settlement Act in 1925,  of land was purchased for development, of which  was for the railway,  for the workshops,  for roads and other amenities, and  for housing. The new workshops were to be served by the Hutt Industrial Line, which would also provide rail access to other industrial developments in the area.

The plant was completed in 1929, with an official opening happening the following year. They were fitted out with then all new modern equipment, including some of the most modern and recent machines in the Petone Workshops, and capable of handling the building of new locomotives as well as other general overhaul and repair work.

One of the biggest improvements from the point of view of the staff was the new ventilation system. At Petone, ventilation was a rather primitive affair, relying on windows and roof vents, as well as circular stoves placed at strategic locations around the buildings. This had replaced an earlier and even more basic system of steam pipes around the machines. At Hutt, a far more effective system was installed by Messrs. A. & T. Burt, which involved a series of pipes throughout the buildings through which, with the aid of motor-driven fans, cool air from outside or warm air from steam boilers could be circulated.

The first locomotives to be produced were "Prairie" type "C" shunting engines, of which 12 were built at the Hutt Workshops. They were supposed to replace many of the older types of steam locomotives that were still in service, but ended up hauling Wellington suburban passenger services. They were the last steam locomotives to work the Wellington yards or wharves before the introduction of diesel locomotives.

After the C-class locomotives came the K class 4-8-4s, of which class leader K 900 became rather well known for its most public departure from the workshops in November 1932. The last steam locomotives to be produced at Hutt were Ka class locomotives 958 and 959 in 1950, though maintenance work on them continued into the mid-1960s.

From the 1930s until the 1980s Hutt Workshops had responsibility for assembling then maintaining Wellington's fleet of electric locomotives. The first to enter service were the ED class in 1938, followed by the EW class in 1952. All were withdrawn from regular service by the mid-1980s.

Modern developments

Various restructuring exercises in the late 1980s and 1990s resulted in the loss of several functions and buildings from the Hutt Workshops site.  For example, the former workshops administration building was relocated to Greytown in Wairarapa and renovated to become The White Swan Hotel and restaurant.

The facility has experienced several changes in ownership. It was originally constructed, owned and operated by the government's Railways Department, later the Railways Corporation from 1982, and then New Zealand Rail Limited from 1991. In 1993 New Zealand Rail was privatised, and renamed Tranz Rail in 1995, before itself being bought out by Toll New Zealand in 2003, which was then re-nationalised as KiwiRail in 2008.

On 1 April 2002, Alstom took over the operation of the Hutt Workshops on a seven-year contract to maintain Tranz Rail's fleet of locomotives. Three years later, United Group announced on 16 September 2005 that it had completed the acquisition of Alstom's transport operations in New Zealand and Australia, including the Hutt Workshops.  Following the acquisition of Toll's rail operations by the New Zealand Government, ownership of Hutt Workshops was transferred, along with Toll NZ's rail and ferry assets, to KiwiRail on 1 July 2008.  United Group Rail remained the operator of the facility until its contract expired on 22 March 2009, when KiwiRail assumed full responsibility for the facility from the following day.

Whilst KiwiRail is the largest user of the workshops, KiwiRail Infrastructure also has a presence on site. Occasionally, work is carried out at the workshops on behalf of other rail organisations, such as heritage rail groups, or suburban rail operators. For example, the workshops refurbished several KiwiRail EO class electric locomotives leased to the Greater Wellington Regional Council. These locomotives were used to haul consists of SE class carriages on the Wellington suburban rail network, a temporary measure before the arrival of new electric multiple units in 2010.

Locomotives manufactured at Hutt Workshops
 C (12)
 E (1) (at Petone)
 L (3) (at Petone)
 K (30)
 KA (35)
 DC (5 rebuilt from DA)
 DQ (16 rebuilt)
 ED (7 assembled)
 Standard (Aotea) Railcars (6)
 Wairarapa Railcars (6 for Rimutaka Incline)

References

Citations

Bibliography

External links
IPENZ - Heritage - Hutt Workshops
Photo of Overhead Crane in workshops c1929
Photo of new workshop building under construction c1928
The White Swan Hotel, Greytown; originally the administration block at the Woburn Workshops

Buildings and structures in Lower Hutt
Railway workshops in New Zealand
Rail transport in Wellington
1930 establishments in New Zealand


Swedish driving licences () adhere to a standard set in the European Economic Area. 18 years is the minimum age to obtain a licence for cars (lower for some vehicles).

Practical training
The amount of practical training required varies depending on how well the student can already operate the vehicle. There's no lower limit, or requirement to document what road conditions the student trained in. In fact there's no documentation required on how much he or she has trained at all, privately or at a driver's school.

The so called in Swedish "risk" education is however compulsory to obtaining a licence for a passenger car (B) or a motorcycle (A1, A2, A). This education is technically the only compulsory part after the student obtaining a learners permit, before he or she gets to take the final 2 tests. The "risk" education consists of two parts:
 Part 1 (hazard education). This learning exercise shows consciences with drink and driving, driving and texting, and many more (uses both real and imagery events as examples). Although this part is more theoretical.
 Part 2 (hazard education). This tests and educates how the student maneuvers his or her vehicle in the winter if it's slippery, and also performs effective braking tests.

Theoretical training
The theoretical test in Sweden consists of eight parts.

 Phase A, B and C (traffic and risks)
 Phase Vehicle (how to maintain a vehicle)
 Phase Repeat (repetition of prior steps but with additional questions)
 Phase Final test (recreating a final test from "Vägverket")

The student needs to take the "Risk 1", theoretical training about drugs, alcohol and driving.

All these are completed on a computer with an exception for the Risk 1 which they will work together in a group while listening to an instructor.

Driver licence
AM Driver licence = 50cc for age 15 year old and up. The AM-licence also allows the driver to drive a class 1 moped (with a top speed of 45 km/h), an A-Traktor (a specially reconstructed car that has been registered as a tractor with a maximum speed of 30 km/h), or a Motorised quadricycle.
A1 Driver licence = 16 years of age (includes motorcycle 125cc with a maximum power output of 11 kW, and a maximum power/weight of 0.1 kW per kilo) AM / class 2 vehicles Tractor is also included in A1.
A2 Driver license = 18 years of age (includes a  motorcycle with a maximum power output, of 35 kW, and a maximum power/weight ratio of 0.2 kW per kilo)
A Driver license = 20 years of age (if the driver has had A2 license for two years or more, otherwise 24 years of age) allows one to ride any motorcycle regardless of power output
B (car) = 18 years of age (includes car licence for a vehicle that weighs up to 3.5 tonnes and also AM licence, light truck, light trailer, tractor, three and four wheeled motorcycles, off-road military vehicles that weigh up to 2 tonnes, snowmobile (if the driver got their licence before 2000; otherwise the driver needs an off-road licence)
BE (car with heavy trailer or enhanced B) = The driver may use a heavy trailer for his or her car. There is no limit concerning the number of trailers, although restricted by the maximum length of an equipage. Licenses issued before 2013 have no weight limit on the trailers licenses issued since 2013 are limited to 3.5 tonnes total trailer weight. Even if licenses have no weight limit, the towing vehicles and the trailers have such limits, which can be up to 3.5 tonnes for some cars.
C1 (heavy car/trucks) = a car or truck that may weigh above 3.5 tonnes and under 7.5 tonnes.
C1E (heavy car/trucks) = a car or truck that may weigh above 3.5 tonnes and under 7.5 tonnes with weight limited trailer(s) to 12 tonnes.
C (heavy car/trucks) = a car or truck that may weigh above 3.5 tonnes*
CE (heavy car/truck) = a car or truck with 3.5 tonnes of weight or more with an unlimited weight trailer*
D1 (bus) a bus constructed for maximum of 16 passengers in addition to the driver and is not longer the 8 metres*
D1E (bus) buses included in category D1 and one or more trailers, regardless of weight, attached to such a bus*
D (bus) = bus licence which requires the driver to be at least 21 years of age*
DE (bus) = bus licence with unlimited trailer weight*

*Required age for the driver can lower if the driver obtained basic skills from basic training as defined in the Swedish Act on Professional Driving Competence.

Instruction
A learner's permit can be issued from age sixteen. The student may choose to learn by going to a driving school or in private with up to four different instructors. Usually a combination of the two is used. These instructors must be 24 or older and must have held a valid driver's licence for five years (it must not have been cancelled temporarily for drink driving and other serious traffic violations, but a single speeding conviction is now acceptable). The instructors and student must go through a traffic safety course before permission is granted; it takes about three hours to complete and is usually given at all driving schools on certain dates. From 2010 it is enough for every student and every instructor to go on this course once; before that each instructor and student pair had to go together, e.g. father/elder child, mother/elder child, father/younger child, mother/younger child.

Testing
When learners reach age 18 they may take a theory test (); a score of 52 out of 65 questions is required to pass. They must also attend a hazard lesson (), which may, for instance, take place at a track which is sprayed with oil to make it slippery. First, students learn about the human factor and other dangers in traffic; then they drive the course and try to make the car spin so they can learn to control it during such situations.

Students then take a driving test. If they pass, a driver's licence is granted; it usually comes by mail a few days later. Until then newly licensed drivers are given a temporary licence (valid for a year). The licences are issued by the Swedish Transport Agency. For both tests a fully valid identity document is needed.

Driving test for class A (motorcycle)
The student must show ability to hold the weight of the motorcycle by walking with it. Then the student must do a driving test in very slow speed, in order to show balance. After that there is a test to maneuver away from obstacles at 50 km/h, and then a brake test at 70 km/h and 90 km/h.

If the student has passed these tests, a driving test in the city is performed, and then on a highway. The student must be able to handle traffic, know the traffic rules and be able to handle the acceleration of the motorcycle.

Driving test for class B (car)
The student must show knowledge of how to do a standard check of the vehicle, like checking the brakes, brake fluid, and lights.

Then there is the driving test. When it comes to B licence, the student goes through three steps, city road (for example driving in a soft manner), highway (making sure the student accelerates fast, yet driving safely for the environment and traffic safety), housing estate (making sure the student is observant of people and pets that may move through these areas). The student must be able to handle traffic and know the traffic rules.

Driving test for class C and D (heavy vehicles)
The theoretical test covers similar things as the car test, but also things like brakes and driving time rules.

The driver test aims partly to test ability to maneuver a large vehicle.

In order to be allowed to drive professionally (against salary) a special skill certificate is needed. A special education is needed to get it, which covers things like the driving time rules, the tachograph, load securing, and passenger safety (buses). This education is around six weeks long.

Probation
The first two first years are considered a probationary period (). If, during that time, the driver commits any traffic offense which results in a suspended license, the driver is required to redo all required tests rather than having the license returned to them without action after a set period of time.

Replacing a foreign driving licence
It is mandatory to have either a Swedish or EU/EEA driving licence to drive in Sweden if one has been a resident in the country for more than one year.

A person holding a driving licence from certain countries may exchange it for a Swedish licence without the need for a test. These countries are the EU/EEA nations, Switzerland and Japan. People holding a driving licence from other countries must do the full test in order to obtain a Swedish driving licence.

Holders of an EU driving licence in Sweden must pay an additional "inspection fee", on top of the standard fee for the issuing of the licence, to have their licence converted to a Swedish licence. This differs from many other European countries, where authorities charge national licence holders and EU licence holders the same fee to have a new licence issued, seeing as all EU licences are equally valid and follow a standard format.

Identity document
A Swedish driving licence is valid as an identity document in Sweden. A person having a driving licence don't need a separate id card. There is not any law saying which identity document is valid for what purpose in Sweden, instead this is decided by organisations who need to identify people. Banks have been leading this and other organisations followed.

An investigation has been made in 2019 by the Swedish government about identity documents, suggesting stopping allowing driving licence as identity documents, due to lower technical security (forgeries are common) and because the driver don't need to visit any office, but can send an own photo by mail and get the license by mail. As of 2023 driving licences are still usable as identity document.

See also
 European driving licence

References

Sweden
Transport in Sweden
Driving in Sweden


Evgenios Papadopoulos (; born 2 July 1973) is a retired Greek sprinter who specialized in the 200 metres.

He finished fourth at the 1994 European Indoor Championships.

His personal best time in the 200 metres was 20,81 seconds, achieved in July 1994 in Trikala. In the 400 metres he had 46,39 seconds, achieved in June 1994 in Athens.

References

1973 births
Living people
Greek male sprinters
20th-century Greek people


Efthimios Papadopoulos (; born 29 April 1983) is a Greek middle distance runner who specializes in the 800 metres.

He finished ninth at the 2006 IAAF World Cup. He also competed at the 2006 European Championships without reaching the final.

His personal best time is 1:46.56 minutes, achieved in July 2006 in Athens. This ranks him third on the Greek all-time list, only behind Panagiotis Stroubakos and Sotirios Moutsanas.

References

1983 births
Living people
Greek male middle-distance runners


Attack of the Saucerman is an action game developed by Fube Industries and published by Psygnosis for the PlayStation console and Microsoft Windows in 1999.

This was the last PlayStation game Psygnosis published as a third-party, before being merged into Sony as a whole.

Reception
PC Gamer gave it a score of 29% and said:

References

External links

1999 video games
Action games
Alien invasions in video games
PlayStation (console) games
Psygnosis games
Windows games
Video games set in the United States
Video games set in London
Video games set in Mexico
Video games set in prehistory
Video games about dinosaurs
Video games set in outer space
Video games about extraterrestrial life
Video games about time travel
Video games developed in the United Kingdom