The Polish Air Force, the aerial warfare branch of the Polish Armed Forces, traces its origins to the second half of 1917 and was officially established in the months following the end of World War I in 1918.

1918–1922

The history of the Polish airforce began at the end of World War I. In 1918, some aircraft escadres were created within the Polish units in allied countries. In Russia, one escadre was created within the Polish I Corps of General Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki, then disbanded along with the Corps in May 1918. In France, seven escadres were created within the army of General Józef Haller (three Breguet XIV: nos. 39, 59, 66, three Salmson 2: nos 580, 581, 582 and one Spad VII no.162). They returned to Poland, equipment intact, in May 1919.

Military aviation in free Poland started even before officially acknowledged date of regaining independence (11 November 1918). Poland was under German and Austro-Hungarian occupation until the armistice, but the Poles started to take control as the Central Powers collapsed. Initially, Polish air force consisted of mostly German and Austrian aircraft left by former occupants or captured from them, mostly during the Greater Poland Uprising. They were first used in a conflict with Ukraine around Lwów (now Lviv) in late 1918. On 2 November Polish units took over an airfield Lewandówka in Lviv, and on 5 November 1918 pilot Stefan Bastyr performed the first combat flight of Polish aircraft (Oeffag C.II). Other actions included the retaliatory bombing of an airfield in Frankfurt (Oder) on 9 January 1919 by LVG C.V aircraft during the Greater Poland Uprising.

From early 1919 Poland was involved in the war with Soviet Russia and started to buy aircraft abroad, both from former Central Powers and allied countries. By mid 1920 there were created 15 scout and 4 fighter squadrons (eskadra in Polish, Nos. 1 to 19) and one bomber squadron (No. 21 destroyer squadron). They were actively used during Polish–Soviet War until a ceasefire in October 1920. Air combat was rare and most of Polish Air Force activity was reconnaissance, light bombing and strafing, especially against Budyonny's cavalry. In that period, the Polish Air Force consisted of a variety of British, French, German, Austrian and Italian aircraft of World War I era. A bulk were reconnaissance and light bomber aircraft; most numerous were: Breguet 14 (158 in total), LVG C.V (151), Bristol F.2 Fighter (106), AEG C.IV (91), SVA.10 (86), Rumpler C.I (84), DFW C.V (63), Salmson 2 (53). In lesser numbers there were used, among others, DH-9, Albatros aircraft (C.I C.VII, C.X, J.I), Hannover CL.II, Hansa-Brandenburg C.I, Halberstadt CL.II Main fighters used were: Fokker D.VII, SPAD VII, SPAD XIII, Oeffag D.III, Ansaldo Balilla, Albatros D.III, Sopwith Dolphin, Fokker E.V (D.VIII).

1923–1932

After the Polish–Soviet War, the World War I vintage aircraft were gradually withdrawn, and the airforce was equipped mostly with French aircraft. From 1924–26, the typical fighter became SPAD 61 (280 planes). The standard light bombers also were French: Potez 15 (245), then Breguet XIX (250) and Potez 25 (316). Potez bombers were produced in Poland. The medium bombers were Farman Goliath and later a military variant of Fokker F-VII.

Before developing fighters of its own design, 50 Czech biplane fighters Avia BH-33 were licence-produced under a designation PWS-A. The first Polish design was a high-wing fighter, PWS-10, which numbered 80 from 1932. The Polish naval airforce used a number of French flying boats, mainly Schreck FBA 17, Lioré et Olivier LeO H-13 and its variant H-135 and Latham 43. All these aircraft were withdrawn from combat units by 1939.

1933–1938
In 1933, the first high-wing, all-metal aircraft designed by Zygmunt Pulawski, the PZL P.7a, entered service in a series of 150. It was followed by 30 improved PZL P.11a aircraft. The final design, PZL P.11c, was delivered in 1935 in a quantity of 175. A modern fighter in 1935, it remained the only Polish fighter until 1939, when it was rendered obsolete by foreign aircraft design. Its development PZL P.24 was built for export only, and was bought by four countries. The new fighter prototype, PZL.50 Jastrząb (Hawk), similar to Seversky P-35 layout, was designed too late to be produced. The two-engine heavy fighters PZL.38 Wilk and PZL.48 Lampart remained prototypes.

As far as bombers are concerned, the Potez 25 and Breguet 19 were replaced by an all-metal monoplane, the PZL.23 Karaś (250 built, after 1936), but even by 1939 the Karas was outdated. In 1938 the Polish factory PZL designed a modern twin-engine medium bomber PZL.37 Łoś (Elk), arguably the best bomber in the world when it entered service that year. The Los had a bomb payload of 2580 kg and a top speed of 439 km/h. Unfortunately, too few entered service before the war (approximately 30 Los A bombers (single-fin tail) and 70 Los B (twin-fin) bombers were delivered before the war started). As an observation and close reconnaissance plane, Polish escadres used slow and easily damaged Lublin R-XIII, then RWD-14 Czapla. Polish naval aviation used Lublin R-XIII on floats. Just before the war, some Italian torpedo planes CANT Z.506 were ordered, but only one was delivered, without armament. The main trainer plane was the Polish-built high-wing RWD-8 (primary) and biplane PWS-26 (trainer). In 1939, Poland ordered 160 of MS-406 and 10 Hawker Hurricane fighters abroad, but they were not delivered before the outbreak of war.

1939

At the beginning of the Invasion of Poland, by 1 September 1939, all the Polish combat aircraft had been deployed to the field; contrary to a common belief based on German propaganda, they avoided destruction in bombed air bases. The German bombers managed to destroy mostly trainer planes on the airfields. The fighter planes were grouped in 15 escadres (five of them constituted the Pursuit Brigade, deployed in Warsaw area). Despite being obsolete, Polish PZL-11 fighters shot down over 170 German planes. The bombers, grouped in nine escadres of the Bomber Brigade, attacked armoured columns, suffering heavy losses. Seven reconnaissance and 12 observation escadres, deployed to particular armies, were used primarily for reconnaissance. Most of the Polish airforce was destroyed in the campaign, and the rest of the aircraft were captured or withdrawn to Romania.  Subsequently, the Romanians employed the remaining aircraft for their own use. A great number of pilots and air crews managed to escape to France.

1940 (France)
After the fall of Poland, the Polish airforce started to regroup in France. The only complete unit created before the German attack on France was the GC 1/145 fighter squadron, flying on Caudron C.714 light fighters (it was the only unit operating C.714). The Polish pilots were also deployed to various French squadrons, flying on all types of French fighters, but mainly on MS-406.

1940–1947 (United Kingdom)

Following France's surrender in 1940, Polish units were formed in the United Kingdom, as a part of the Royal Air Force, and known as the Polish Air Force (PAF). The first squadrons were: No. 300 Polish Bomber Squadron and 301 bomber squadrons and 302 and 303 fighter squadrons. The fighter squadrons, flying the Hawker Hurricane, first saw action in the third phase of the Battle of Britain in August 1940, with very good results. Polish flying skills were well developed from the Invasion of Poland and the pilots were regarded as fearless and sometimes bordered on reckless.  Nevertheless, success rates were very high in comparison to UK and Empire pilots. 303 squadron became the most efficient RAF fighter unit at that time. Many Polish pilots also flew in other RAF squadrons.

In the following years, further Polish squadrons were created: 304 (bomber, then Coastal Command), 305 (bomber), 306 (fighter), 307 (night fighter), 308 (fighter), 309 (reconnaissance, then fighter), 315 (fighter), 316 (fighter), 317 (fighter), 318 (fighter-reconnaissance) and No. 663 (air observation/artillery spotting). The fighter squadrons initially flew Hurricanes, then Supermarine Spitfires, and eventually on P-51 Mustangs. Night fighters used by 307 were the Boulton-Paul Defiant, Bristol Beaufighter and finally the de Havilland Mosquito. The bomber squadrons were initially equipped with Fairey Battles and Vickers Wellingtons, then Avro Lancasters (300 Sqdn.), Handley Page Halifaxs and Consolidated B-24 Liberators (301 sqn) and de Havilland Mosquitos and B-25 Mitchells (305 Sqdn.). 663 Squadron flew Auster AOP IIIs and Vs. After the war, with the changed international situation, their equipment was returned to the British but only some of the pilots and crews returned to Poland.

1943–1989

Along with the Polish People's Army (Ludowe Wojsko Polskie) in the USSR, the Ludowe Lotnictwo Polskie — Polish People's Airforce — was created.  In late 1943, the 1st fighter regiment "Warszawa", (flying on Yak-1 and Yak-9), the 2nd night bomber regiment "Kraków" (Polikarpov Po-2 (from 1949 also produced in Poland as CSS-13), and the 3rd assault regiment (Ilyushin Il-2) were formed. In 1944–45, further regiments were created forming the 1st Mixed Air Corps, consisting of a Bomber Division, Assault Division, Fighter Division and a mixed Division. Among these units was the Polish 9th Fighter Regiment. After the war, these returned to Poland and gave birth to the air force of the Polish People's Republic.

Starting in 1950, Poland received Petlyakov Pe-2 and Tupolev Tu-2 bombers from the USSR  and USB-1 and USB-2 training bombers. In 1949 the Li-2sb transport adapted to bombing came into service. In 1950 the Yak-17 fighter, Il-12 transport, Yak-18 trainer and UTB-2 bomber trainer arrived.  From 1951, the Polish Air Force was equipped with jet fighters in the shape of Yak-23 and MiG-15 (along with a training version, the UTIMiG-15) and later the (MiG-17) in 1961).

As well as Soviet produced aircraft, the MiG-15 was produced under licence in Poland as Lim-1 (starting in 1952), the MiG-15bis (from 1953) and as Lim-2 (since 1957), MiG-17 (from 1955) as Lim-5. A domestic ground attack variant of Lim-5M was developed as Lim-6bis (1964).

The only jet bomber used was the Ilyushin Il-28, from 1952.  Poland used only a small number of MiG-19 from 1959, because the basic supersonic fighter from 1963 became MiG-21. This aircraft was used in numerous variants from MiG-21F-13, through MiG-21PF and MF to MiG-21bis. Later, the Polish Air Force received 37 MiG-23 (1979) and 12 MiG-29 (1989).  The main attack plane after 1949 was Il-10 (since 1951 also training version UIl-10). Starting 1964 Poland also used a substantial number of attack planes Su-7B (since 1965), replaced with 27 Sukhoi Su-20 (since 1974) and 110 Sukhoi Su-22 (1984) as the main attack planes.

The only jet trainer was the domestically built TS-11 Iskra, which replaced proper engine Junak-2 (in service 1952), TS-9 Junak-3 (in service since 1954) and PZL TS-8 Bies (since 1958). The other Polish jet trainer, the PZL I-22 Iryda, was used for some time but because of continuing problems all machines were returned to PZL for modification and it is currently not in service.  As multirole planes  Yak-12 (since 1951), An-2 (since 1955) and Wilga-35 P were used. Transport aircraft were: Il-14 (since 1955), Il-18 (since 1961), An-12B (since 1966), An-26 (since 1972), Yak-40 (since 1973) and Tupolev Tu-154.

Helicopters used by Polish Army were: SM-1 (under licence of Mil Mi-1) — multirole (since 1956), Mil Mi-4 — multirole (since 1958), SM-2 — multirole (since 1960), Mil Mi-2 and Mil Mi-8 (later also Mil Mi-17) (since 1968) — multirole and Mil Mi-24 (since 1976) — combat helicopter. Also the Mil Mi-14 as amphibious helicopter are used, and Mil Mi-6 as transports.

In 1954, the Air Force was merged with Air Defence Force, creating Air and Country Air Defence Forces (Wojska Lotnicze i Obrony Przeciwlotniczej Obszaru Kraju — WLiOPL OK). It was formed from both flying and anti-aircraft units. In 1962 WLiOPL OK were separated again into: the Air Force (Wojska Lotnicze) and the Country Air Defence Force (Wojska Obrony Powietrznej Kraju). On July 1, 1990, they were merged again in the Air and Air Defence Force (Wojska Lotnicze i Obrony Powietrznej — WLiOP or WLOP).

Since 1990
After a political change in 1989 and an arms reduction in Europe, the Polish airforce was reduced. In 1990 it consisted of MiG-21s, MiG-23s, MiG-29s, Su-20s and Su-22s. The rest of Lim-6bis were withdrawn in the early 1990s, followed soon by Su-20. MiG-23s were withdrawn by 1999 due to their small number. Throughout the 1990s, Poland has not purchased any new combat planes, and only managed to acquire further MiG-29s from Czech Republic (1995) and Germany (2004). MiG-21s were finally withdrawn in 2003. In 2004, the only combat aircraft were the MiG-29 and Su-22. The fleet of Su-22's needs modernization to retain a combat value, but its future is unclear. In 2003, the F-16C Block 52 was chosen as a new multi-role fighter, the first deliveries took place in November 2006 and will continue until 2008 under Operation Peace Sky. It is expected that the Polish Air Force will form three squadrons of F-16's which will be fully operational by 2012.

By choosing the F-16, Poland will be able to derive advantages from the JSF programme, which come from its internationality and long-term economic cooperation of many countries.

"Acquiring the F-16C/D fighter will make it easier for Poland to transition into the new generation Joint Strike Fighter aircraft (F-35 Lightning II), which will be the most technologically advanced multirole fighter. The Polish Air Force, equipped with the F-16C/D and the F-35 by the year 2020, will become one of the most modern air forces in the world. By sustaining advantages from the military tactics training offered by the US Air Force, the Polish Air Force can modernize and will be able to drop projectiles on targets with perfect precision. What's more, the Polish JSF programme entry will create the possibility of advantages for Polish industry.  The programme will enable Polish industry to take part in the US$400 billion enterprise", said Lieutenant General Tome H. Walters Jr., director of the US Defense Security Cooperation Agency, which job is to sell American military equipment to foreign trade partners.

The acquisition of the F-16 was not without heated competition from European aerospace firms.  At one point the Polish Fighter Competition included the Dassault Mirage 2000 and the Saab JAS 39 Gripen.  The Polish Block 52+ F-16s are equipped with the latest Pratt and Whitney F-100-229 afterburning turbofan engine, and the avionics suite will be equipped with the APG-68(V)9 terrain mapping radar system and ALQ-211(V)4 electronic warfare suite.  All Polish F-16s will be fully equipped to carry the latest in US precision ordnance, ranging from the JDAM/JSOW to the latest in export air-to-air weaponry (including the AIM-120C and AIM-9M 8/9).

It comes as no surprise that the United States came in with the lowest bid as the migration to the F-35 JSF and F/A-22 Raptor is currently ongoing, leaving improved fourth-generation fighters such as the F-16 an attractive and cost-effective option for nations with outmoded hardware looking to upgrade their air force.

References

Bibliography

Military history of Poland
Polish Air Force


EGM Green LLC. is an American private corporation, specializing in Design and Manufacture of eco-friendly casino gaming products.

Foundation
The company was founded in Toms River, New Jersey in March 2007. The Company was an offshoot of Executive Gaming Monthly, a seller of home casino products. EGM Green was founded by Eric Hansel, Green columnist for Casino Journal, out of a desire to bring sustainable, environmental, design elements to casinos.

About
EGM Green is the first company to develop and design casino tables, gaming seating and luxury lounge furniture that is completely green. It is a green consulting, design, and manufacturing firm intended to meet the needs of the hotel and casino market. EGM Green is a venture of Executive Gaming Monthly to bring 100% Eco-friendly gaming products to casino and luxury markets, and will allow operators using them to earn points toward LEED certification.  These products include poker tables, blackjack tables, roulette tables, mini-baccarat, baccarat and more that are all made out of Eco-friendly materials. Additionally, a variety of seating products are offered.

EGM Green also makes luxury lounge furniture for any eco-friendly environment. All materials they use are Forest Stewardship Council-certified, recycled or reclaimed. EGM Green has customized casinos, hotels, spas and other resort area with environmentally friendly furniture. The furniture can be designed and manufactured according to a property’s specifications. EGM can also assist in developing an individual plan for each environment, detailing a custom plan and providing a budget for the customer's needs. EGM Green works with Josh Dorfman, Sirius Radio’s “Lazy Environmentalist”, to help casinos live up to their corporate social responsibility initiatives.

References

External links
EGM, the sister company
EGM Green

Gambling companies of the United States
Environmental design
Companies based in Ocean County, New Jersey
American companies established in 2007
Privately held companies based in New Jersey
2007 establishments in New Jersey


Sayed Parwez Kambaksh (also Sayed Parwiz Kambakhsh or Sayed Parwez Kaambaksh or Sayed Pervez Kambaksh) was born 24 July 1984 in Afghanistan. In late 2007, he was a student at Balkh University and a journalist for Jahan-e-Naw (New World), a daily. On 27 October 2007, police arrested Kambaksh, and accused him of "blasphemy and distribution of texts defamatory of Islam". The authorities claimed that Kambaksh distributed writing posted on the Internet by Arash Bikhoda (Arash the atheist). Bikoda's writing criticizes the treatment of women under Islamic Law.

On 22 January 2008, the Primary Court in the northern city of Mazar-e-Sharif sentenced Kambaksh to death for "blasphemy and distribution of texts defamatory of Islam". The court's chief judge said, "He insulted the prophet Mohammed. He called him a murderer and a womanizer." The court relied on Kambaksh's confession. Kambaksh denounced the confession as a product of torture. On 29 January 2008, the Upper House of Parliament issued a declaration supporting the death sentence but quickly retracted it because of a technical error.

Kambaksh appealed the decision, and the case moved to a Court of Appeals in Kabul. In October 2008, the court upheld the conviction but commuted the sentence to imprisonment for twenty years.

Kambaksh appealed to the Supreme Court. On 11 or 12 February 2009, the Supreme Court upheld the decision of the Court of Appeals.

In late August 2009, President Hamid Karzai granted amnesty to Kambaksh.

In 2015 it was revealed that Kambaksh had already fled Afghanistan before his amnesty with the help of high-ranking Norwegian and Swedish diplomats. Kambaksh was smuggled out of Afghanistan in secret on board the Swedish government's jet also carrying visiting Swedish foreign minister Carl Bildt. This exceptional action had been undertaken according to Bildt in an interview with Expressen after Karzai had refused pleas for amnesty by Nordic diplomats on Kambaksh's behalf.

See also
 Human rights in Afghanistan

References

External links
 http://www.sampsoniaway.org/blog/2011/04/06/wipc-working-on-behalf-of-a-writer-until-he-or-she-is-released-from-prison/
 http://www.internationalpen.org.uk/index.cfm?objectid=998D64EB-3048-676E-262B33A0F9243DB6
 http://iwpr.net/report-news/saving-parwez-kambakhsh
 http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/afghanistan/090316/death-then-life-downloading

Afghan human rights activists
Afghan secularists
Afghan democracy activists
Afghan journalists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Emigrant Lake is a reservoir located  southeast of Ashland, Oregon, at the southern end of the Rogue Valley.
It has an elevation of  above sea level.
The lake has an average surface area of , and an average volume of .
The lake is impounded by Emigrant Lake Dam, which stands  above the surrounding farmland, and is located on Emigrant Creek at the west side of the lake. The spillway is at the northern tip of the lake. Emigrant Creek is a tributary of Bear Creek.

History
The reservoir was created in 1924 when the original  concrete arch dam was built by the Talent Irrigation District for irrigation and flood control.
In 1960, the United States Bureau of Reclamation enlarged the dam into the  rock-filled structure standing today.

Recreation area

Emigrant Lake features a large recreation area. This includes a 42-site, full-hookup campground,
picnic areas, and two  water slides open from Memorial Day to Labor Day.
As of 2022, the slides are no longer operating due to the cost of repairs.

Drought conditions and archaeological study
In October 2014, drought conditions prompted the Bureau of Reclamation to order an archaeological study to protect artifacts that have become exposed due to the lake being at less than 10 percent of capacity. During the 2020–21 North American drought, the lake reached 3% capacity.

See also
 List of lakes in Oregon

References

External links

Emigrant
Lakes of Jackson County, Oregon
Buildings and structures in Jackson County, Oregon
Protected areas of Jackson County, Oregon
Dams in Oregon
United States Bureau of Reclamation dams
Dams completed in 1924
1924 establishments in Oregon


Monkey Hunting is a 2003 novel by Cristina García.

The novel follows four generations of one family: Chen Pan, who leaves China in 1857 on the promise of success in Cuba only to find himself enslaved as an indentured worker; his Chinese granddaughter, Chen Fang, who is raised as a boy so that she can be educated (unbeknownst to her father, who has returned to Cuba as a doctor); and Chen Pan's great-grand-grandson Domingo, who moves with his father to the United States, where he enlists to fight in Vietnam.

Characters
Chen Pan: Chinese man who is tricked into indentured servitude in Cuba; after freeing himself, he becomes a successful businessman and learns to enjoy life in his new country
Lucrecia: a young mulatto slave girl, rescued by nuns and purchased by Chen Pan; she eventually becomes his lover and they have children together; she brings together Spanish and African religious practices, and eventually adds Buddhism to the mix; last in life, she considers herself Chinese
Lorenzo Chen: Chen Pan and Lucrecia's son; a successful doctor, he is the only child to express interest in China; on a visit there, he takes a wife and has daughters by her, the youngest of which (Chen Fang) is born after he returns to Cuba; he also takes a Cuban wife and through her becomes the grandfather of Domingo
Chen Fang: Lorenzo's youngest daughter by his Chinese wife; because Lorenzo never sees her, her mother tells him that she is a boy so that she might be educated; as an adult, she is successful as a teacher of foreign children until Mao's regime stops Western education and she is imprisoned; her gender identity is a source of confusion to her, both because she is raised as a boy and because her Afro-Cuban lineage makes her taller than Chinese girls; she has a happy affair with Dauphine, but never recovers after Dauphine has to leave the country
Dauphine
Pipo Chen
Domingo Chen
Tham Thanh Lan

Publication history
2003, USA, Knopf , Pub date 15 April 2003, hardback and paperback

External criticism
 "A 'Chino' in Cuba: Cristina García's Monkey Hunting" By: Xiomara Campilongo, IN: Ignacio López-Calvo, Alternative Orientalisms in Latin America and Beyond. Newcastle upon Tyne, England: Cambridge Scholars, 2007. pp. 113–23
 "Chinos y japoneses en América Latina: Karen Tei Yamashita, Cristina García y Anna Kazumi Stahl"  By: Gustavo Geirola, Chasqui: Revista de Literatura Latinoamericana, 2005 Nov; 34 (2): 113-30.
 "La literatura cubanoamericana: Cristina García y su trilogía novelesca" By: Eliana Rivero, .  IN: Laura P. Alonso Gallo and Fabio Murrieta; Guayaba Sweet: Literatura Cubana en Estados Unidos. Cádiz, Spain: Aduana Vieja, 2003. pp. 133–51 (book article)
 Reading Latinas: A Cultural Analysis of Beauty, Gender and Empowering Models for and by Latinas  By: Emma R. García, ; Dissertation Abstracts International, Section A: The Humanities and Social Sciences, 2006 Feb; 66 (8): 2932. U of Michigan, 2005. (dissertation abstract)

2003 American novels
Novels by Cristina García
Alfred A. Knopf books
Hispanic and Latino American novels
Novels set in Cuba
Novels set in the Qing dynasty
Novels set in New York City
Novels set in Vietnam
Books with cover art by Chip Kidd
Novels set in the 19th century


Friends for Life is the seventh studio album by Jamaican recording artist Buju Banton. It was released on March 11, 2003 through VP Music Group with exclusive distribution via Atlantic Records. Production was primarily handled by Donovan Germain and Buju Banton, along with Cool & Dre, Jammy "Jamz" James, Sheldon Stewart, Sly Dunbar, Steely & Clevie, Steven "Lenky" Marsden. It features guest appearances from Beres Hammond, Bounty Killer, Fat Joe, Nadine Sutherland, Sons & Daughters Choir and Wayne Wonder. The album peaked at number 198 on the US Billboard 200 album chart, and was nominated for Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album at the 46th Annual Grammy Awards, but lost to Sean Paul's Dutty Rock. The album was supported with charted single "Paid Not Played", which peaked at number 84 on the Official Singles Chart Top 100 in the UK.

Critical reception

Rick Anderson of AllMusic said that "This is not his best album by a long shot, but it does demonstrate his clear superiority to most of the dancehall pack". Dave Simpson, reviewer of The Guardian, saw the album as the biggest escalation of his positive side of music, saying: "Since 1995's well-regarded 'Til Shiloh, he has become known as Mr Positivity, and this album is the upper and worst example of that trite and withdrawn imagery", ending the review saying: "after a strong and rousing beginnings, Friends for Life gets lost in slush".

Track listing

Charts

References

External links

2003 albums
Buju Banton albums
Albums produced by Cool & Dre
Albums produced by Donovan Germain
Albums produced by Steely & Clevie


Spantax Flight 995 was a charter flight from Madrid-Barajas Airport to New York via Málaga Airport on September 13, 1982. When the DC-10 aircraft was rolling for take-off from Malaga, the pilot felt a strong and worsening vibration and aborted the take-off. The flight crew lost control of the aircraft and were unable to stop in the runway available and the aircraft overran the runway, hit an airfield aerial installation, losing an engine, then crossed the Malaga–Torremolinos Highway, hitting a number of vehicles before finally hitting a railway embankment and bursting into flames. An emergency evacuation of the aircraft was carried out but 50 on board died of both burns and other injuries. A further 110 people were hospitalized.

The cause of the accident was the detachment of fragments from a recapped tread on the right wheel of the nose gear, creating a strong vibration. Standard procedure calls for takeoff to continue after V1, and the pilots initially followed such; however, the vibration severely worsened upon rotation, and so, not knowing the cause of the vibration, the captain aborted the takeoff, despite having passed Vr. Later investigations determined that this was reasonable under the abnormal circumstances. It was noted that pilot training only covered engine failures on take-off and there was a lack of training on wheel failures.

An audio-visual specialist at Pace University, Carlton Maloney, was recording audiotape during the accident as part of a series of recordings of airplane takeoffs and landings. As it became clear that something was going wrong, he began to report on the incident and its immediate aftermath. Chicago DJ Steve Dahl played Maloney's tape on his 26 March 2010 podcast.

References

External links

 Accident Report (Archive)
 Accident report (Archive)

Aviation accidents and incidents in 1982
Aviation accidents and incidents in Spain
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by mechanical failure
Accidents and incidents involving the McDonnell Douglas DC-10
Spantax accidents and incidents
1982 in Spain
September 1982 events in Europe


Michael Feuer may refer to:

 Mike Feuer (born 1958), American politician and lawyer
 Michael J. Feuer, American educator, professor and writer


Torsten "Toto" Jansen (born 23 December 1976) is a former German handballer, who spent the majority of his career playing for HSV Hamburg in the Bundesliga. He was also a regular member of the German national team. In March 2017 he took over as head coach of the Handball Sport Verein Hamburg.

He received a silver medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens and also represented Germany at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.
Jansen became a World champion in 2007, and European champion in 2004.

References

1976 births
Living people
People from Adenau
German male handball players
Olympic handball players for Germany
Handball players at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Handball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists for Germany
Sportspeople from Hamburg
Olympic medalists in handball
Medalists at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Rhineland-Palatinate


St. Paul's Lutheran Elementary School is a private Lutheran elementary school in East Northport, New York. It is a member of the Long Island Lutheran Middle and High School Congregation Association.

References

External links
 Official website
 Archived website

Schools in Suffolk County, New York
Private elementary schools in New York (state)
Lutheran schools in New York (state)
1970 establishments in New York (state)
Educational institutions established in 1970


The list of British Columbia by-elections includes every by-election held in the Canadian province of British Columbia. By-elections occur whenever there is a vacancy in the Legislative Assembly, although an imminent general election may allow the vacancy to remain until the dissolution of parliament. The most recent by-election took place on January 30, 2019, in the provincial electoral district of Nanaimo.

Causes

A by-election occurs whenever there is a vacancy in the Legislative Assembly. Vacancies can occur for the following reasons:

 Death of a member. The last time a sitting MLA died was Fred Gingell in 1999. In addition, elected MLA's sometimes die before taking their seats. The last time this happened was in 1924 when John McKie died before the first session.
 Resignation of a member.
 Recall of a member. This has never happened. However, former MLA Paul Reitsma was unofficially recalled because he resigned just as a recall attempt nearly succeeded.
 Voided results. The last time a by-election took place for this reason was in 1904. The most recent any election has come close to being voided was in 1963.
 Expulsion from the legislature.
 Ineligibility to sit.
 Winning in more than one district during a general election. The last time that happened was in 1921. It has been forbidden to run in multiple districts since 1940.
 A riding being established during a parliament. The only time a by-election took place because of this was in early 1934, in Columbia.
Ministerial by-election, until the 1930s an MLA's seat was declared vacant and the occupant was required to re-offer upon being appointed to Cabinet. Such by-elections often resulted in the incumbent being acclaimed.

When there is a vacancy, a by-election must be called within six months of the Chief Electoral Officer learning of it. The only exception is when a member has been recalled. In that case, a by-election must be held with 90 days.

42nd Parliament 2020–present

41st Parliament 2017–2020

40th Parliament 2013–2017

39th Parliament 2009–2013

38th Parliament 2005–2009

37th Parliament 2001–2005

36th Parliament 1996–2001

* Reitsma is a former Liberal.

35th Parliament 1991–1996

* Dueck is a former Socred.

34th Parliament 1986–1991

33rd Parliament 1983–1986

32nd Parliament 1979–1983
The Kamloops by-election was the most recent by-election won by the governing party until 2011. During these 30 years the governing parties lost seventeen consecutive by-elections.

31st Parliament 1975–1979

30th Parliament 1972–1975

29th Parliament 1969–1972
There were no by-elections.

28th Parliament 1966–1969

27th Parliament 1963–1966
There were no by-elections.

26th Parliament 1960–1963

25th Parliament 1956–1960

24th Parliament 1953–1956
Douglas Jung of the Progressive Conservative Party runs in the Vancouver Centre by-election, the first time any Chinese Canadian had run for a seat in a Canadian legislature.

23rd Parliament 1952–1953
These by-elections are held under the alternative vote system, the only two times (as of March 2008) by-elections had been held using that voting system. After the next general election, the voting system would revert to first past the post in time for the next by-election.

22nd Parliament 1949–1952

21st Parliament 1945–1949

20th Parliament 1941–1945

19th Parliament 1937–1941

18th Parliament 1933–1937
The Columbia by-election is notable for two reasons. First, it is the only one (as of March 2008) held due to a district being created during a parliament; Second, it is the last time (as of March 2008) a candidate won through acclamation.

† Won by acclamation; this date is the date of the return of the writ.

17th Parliament 1928–1933

† Won by acclamation; this date is the date of the return of the writ.

16th Parliament 1924–1928

15th Parliament 1920–1924

† Won by acclamation; this date is the date of the return of the writ.

14th Parliament 1916–1920
The Vancouver City by-election was won by Mary Ellen Smith. She is the first woman to run and be elected in a provincial-level election, which was also the first one where women could vote.

† Won by acclamation; this date is the date of the return of the writ.

~ 'Independent people's candidate', also endorsed by the Liberal Party.

* Endorsed by the United Mineworkers of America and "organized labour generally".

13th Parliament 1912–1916

12th Parliament 1909–1912

† Won by acclamation; this date is the date of the return of the writ.

11th Parliament 1907–1909

† Won by acclamation; this date is the date of the return of the writ.

10th Parliament 1903–1907
The August 16 by-election in the district of Lillooet is the last time a by-election had been held due to a voided result, as of March 2008. The November 18, 1903 by-election in Vancouver City is the first by-election held since political parties were introduced to the province.

† Won by acclamation; this date is the date of the return of the writ.

9th Parliament 1900–1903

† Won by acclamation; this date is the date of the return of the writ.

8th Parliament 1898–1900

† Won by acclamation; this date is the date of the return of the writ.

7th Parliament 1894–1898

* Result was voided.

† Won by acclamation; this date is the date of the return of the writ.

6th Parliament 1890–1894

† Won by acclamation; this date is the date of the return of the writ.

5th Parliament 1886–1890

† Won by acclamation; this date is the date of the return of the writ.

4th Parliament 1882–1886

† Won by acclamation; this date is the date of the return of the writ.

3rd Parliament 1878–1882

† Won by acclamation; this date is the date of the return of the writ.

2nd Parliament 1875–1878

† Won by acclamation; this date is the date of the return of the writ.

1st Parliament 1871–1875

† Won by acclamation; this date is the date of the return of the writ.

See also
 List of federal by-elections in Canada

References

External links
 Elections BC
 Legislative Assembly of British Columbia

British Columbia
Elections, by-elections
British Columbia


The Celebrate the Season Parade is one of the traditional parades held each year in Downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is held on the Saturday after Thanksgiving Day; that is, the last Saturday in November. It is one of the first events that rings in the holiday season and airs annually on WPXI, the local NBC-affiliated television station in Pittsburgh.

Parade history
The first parade was held in 1980 and aired on local Metromedia affiliate WPGH-TV for the first two seasons and was sponsored by local department store chain Kaufmann's. Kaufmann's merged with Macy's in 2006; from that parade through the 2013 event, Macy's assumed title sponsorship, thus making the parade a smaller sister to the much larger Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade held two days earlier in New York City. WIIC, the local NBC station now known as WPXI, decided to air live coverage of the parade. Its original hosts were Mike Hambrick and Edye Tarbox. David Johnson and Peggy Finnegan took over the hosting duties in 1991. Bob Bruce subbed for David Johnson for the 2002 and 2004 parades. John Fedko, the station's sports director, debuted as a street reporter in 1997, and was joined by a rotating personality from the station every year. Darieth Chisolm joined Fedko for the 2004, 2006 and 2007 parades. Julie Bologna handled street interviews for the 2008 parade along with Fedko. Formally known as the Celebrate the Seasons Parade, from 2010 to 2013, the parade was also known as the My Macy's Holiday Parade'. In February 2014, Macy's Parade Group announced it would end its sponsorship of the parade, citing the need to focus on other projects. WPXI announced that they were saddened by Macy's decision and would work hard on finding a new sponsor before the 2014 parade. By the 2014 parade, Pittsburgh Public Schools joined as the presenting sponsor, with the parade's name changing again, to the WPXI Holiday Parade.

2020 saw no parade on grounds of COVID-19 pandemic. The 41st was deferred to 2021. NBC 11 aired highlights of past parades instead, plus virtual guests.

Future
On September 8, 2021, WPXI announced they are ending their 30-year relationship with the parade. A statement posted on the official Twitter page of the parade saying

"Channel 11 was proud to broadcast the Holiday parade for the past 30 years.

At this time we cannot continue to produce and broadcast the Parade.

We know it is a popular part of the holiday tradition for Pittsburghers and leave the door open to future broadcast opportunities if production partners arise. “

Thank you to all past participants and Parade watchers for the wonderful memories and moments over the years!"

Format
During the two-hour parade, about eighty different acts, local marching bands, floats, balloons, and celebrities take part every year. One of the floats that has appeared in the parade every year is the WPXI float, where some of the station's personalities gather together.

Celebrities
The parade has been popular with some celebrities that grew up in the Pittsburgh area or are nationally renowned. A sampling of some of the celebrities who have taken part:
 Ty Treadway, host of Merv Griffin's Crosswords
 Jimmy McGuire, Taylor Allderdice High School alumnus and Jeopardy! Clue Crew member
 Pat Sajak, host of Wheel of Fortune
 Christina Aguilera
 Pat Boone
 Billy Porter
 Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis Jr. (former members of The 5th Dimension)
 Usher
 Bianca Ryan
 Willard Scott
 Ralph Kiner
 Peter Tork
 Povertyneck Hillbillies
 Chubby Checker
 Richard Karn
 Ming-Na
 Dan Cortese
 Blair Underwood
 Alex Trebek, host of Jeopardy!
 Bruno Sammartino
 Jim Kelly
 Dwayne Woodruff
 Louis Lipps
 Caroline Rhea
 Mr. McFeely with Purple Panda from Mister Rogers' Neighborhood
 Vanessa Campagna
 Mark Milovats
 The Jaggerz
 The Marcels
 Jimmy Beaumont & the Skyliners
 Chris Abbondanza
 Clifford the Big Red Dog
 Steely McBeam
 Iceburgh
 Pirate Parrot
 The Ultimate Warrior
 The Junkyard Dog
 Rowdy Roddy Piper
 George "The Animal" Steele
 "Macho Man" Randy Savage
 Dusty Rhodes
 The Drifters
 Jerome Bettis
 Joe Mascolo
 The Softwinds
 Rachel Rothenberg, 2009 Jeopardy! Teen Tournament champion
 Colin Raye
 Rick Derringer
 Mark Farner
 Mitch Ryder
 Franco Harris
 Jackie Evancho (performed "O Holy Night" in 2010)

Traditions
As is tradition, Santa Claus is always the last person to appear in the parade.

References

External links
PittsburghParade.com - Official parade website
WPXI.com - Official WPXI-TV website

Christmas and holiday season parades
Television shows set in Pittsburgh
Culture of Pittsburgh
American television specials
Local television programming in the United States
1980 American television series debuts
Thanksgiving parades
Macy's


Gerard Colleran is an Irish journalist, the editor of the Irish Daily Star from 1999 to 2014, and since 2017 the editor of Kerry's Eye.
In 2009, Village listed him as one of Ireland's 100 most influential people. He is a native of Mayo, County Mayo, grew up in Quin, County Clare, and was educated at the University of London and the University of Limerick. Prior to his work at the Daily Star he was the editor of The Kerryman from 1994 to 1999.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Alumni of the University of London
Alumni of the University of Limerick
Irish newspaper editors
Kerry's Eye people
Writers from County Clare
The Kerryman people
Virgin Media Television (Ireland) presenters
21st-century Irish journalists
Writers from County Mayo
Broadcasters from County Clare
Broadcasters from County Mayo


The pont Mirabeau is an arch bridge which spans the Seine in Paris. It was built between 1895 and 1897 and named after Honoré Gabriel Riqueti de Mirabeau. It was listed a historical monument in 1975.

Location
The bridge spans the Seine, connecting the quarter of Javel in the 15th arrondissement (left bank) to Auteuil in the 16th arrondissement. It links rue de la Convention and place Mirabeau, on the left bank, to rue de Rémusat. On the left side, upstream, is the gare de Javel of the RER, line C. The bridge is served by the Paris Metro stations Mirabeau and Javel–André Citroën.

History
The decision to create a new bridge to the right of the junction created by avenue de Versailles and rue Mirabeau was taken by the French President Sadi Carnot on 12 January 1893.  The bridge was designed by the engineer Paul Rabel, responsible for the bridges of Paris, assisted by the engineers Jean Résal and Amédée d'Alby, and built by Daydé & Pillé. The bridge was officially opened by the then French President Félix Faure at a ceremony conducted on 13 July 1897.

Architecture

The principal arch has a span of 93 meters, and the two lateral arches 32,4 m.  The one on the right bank spans the road, while the one of the left bank spans the quay and extends the link over the RER railway.  At the time of its construction, this was the longest and highest bridge in Paris.  The bridge is 173 meters long, 20 m wide (the roadway measures 12 m, and the two pavements 4 m each).

The two piles represent boats.  The one closest to the right bank shows the Seine flowing downstream, while the one on the left shore shows her going upstream.  These boats are decorated with four allegorical statues by Jean Antoine Injalbert (named an officer of the Légion d'honneur on the day of the bridge's inauguration) :  "The City of Paris" (prow of the boat on the right bank), "Navigation" (stern), "Abundance" (prow of the boat of the left bank) and "Commerce" (stern).  The two allegories on the prow ("Paris" and "Abundance") face the Seine, while the two stern allegories ("Navigation" and "Commerce") face the bridge.

The four statues are surmounted, at the level of the parapet, by the coat of arms of the City of Paris.

At its end on the Rive Droite, one can descend towards the road on bank by two stairways (one downstream, one upstream), while on the left bank one can descend towards the Port autonome de Paris by two ramps (one downstream, one upstream).

In the arts
 Le Pont Mirabeau is a poem by Guillaume Apollinaire, in the anthology Alcools. To hear a 1913 reading by the author, click here
 This poem was later set to music by Lionel Daunais.
 Brassens refers to it in his song Les Ricochets.
 Galway Kinnell references it in his poem "Little Sleep-Heads Sprouting Hair in the Moonlight"
 Sam Larkin's song "Mirabeau Bridge"  (1974) inspired by Apollinaire's poem, has been covered by James Keelaghan on his CD "Roads".
 Jem Finer composed music for an English translation of the poem. It appears on The Pogues' album Pogue Mahone (1996).
 Le Pont Mirabeau is a song by Marc Lavoine that came out in 2001.

See also
 Listing of the work of Jean Antoine Injalbert-French sculptor

References

External links

  Mairie de Paris site
  Structurae

Mirabeau
Mirabeau
Buildings and structures in the 15th arrondissement of Paris
Buildings and structures in the 16th arrondissement of Paris


ICE 3, or Intercity-Express 3, is a family of high-speed electric multiple unit trains operated by Deutsche Bahn. It includes classes 403, 406, 407 and 408, which are known as ICE 3, ICE 3M, New ICE 3 and ICE 3neo respectively. Three multisystem trains, known as ICE International, are owned by Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS, Dutch Railways). Based on the ICE 3M/F, Siemens developed its Siemens Velaro train family with versions used in Germany, Belgium, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Spain, China, Russia and Turkey. ICE 3 trains have a maximum speed of  when travelling on the high-speed rail lines, however class 403 are permitted to go up to a maximum speed of  when it travels on the high-speed route between Frankfurt and Cologne.

Class 403

The design goal of the ICE 3 (Class 403) was to create a higher-powered, lighter train than its predecessors. This was achieved by distributing its 16 traction motors underneath the whole train.  The train is certified for  and has reached  on trial runs. On regular Intercity-Express services they run at up to , the maximum design speed of German high-speed lines.

Because the train does not have power cars, the whole length of the train is available for passenger seats, including the first car.  The lounge-seats are located directly behind the driver, separated only by a glass wall.

The 50 sets were ordered in 1997 and specifically designed for the new high-speed line between Frankfurt and Cologne. They were built by a consortium led by Siemens and Adtranz (now Bombardier Transportation).

On 11 April 2017, Deutsche Bahn announced the modernisation programme called ICE 3 Redesign for its 66-unit ICE 3 fleet to be completed by the end of 2020. The renovation involves replacing the seats, tables, and floor coverings. The six-seat compartment rooms are eliminated from the second class section to increase the number of seats and add more luggage compartments. In addition, the number of disability seating has been increased to two; however, no integrated wheelchair lift has been installed, and no disability seating is offered in the first-class section. The seats in some Bordrestaurant have been converted to the red bench seating while Bordbistro receives the new stand tables. The cabin illumination is provided by LED lamps, providing more illumination, while the reading lamps are eliminated. The seat reservation panels are moved from the walls above the windows to the seat headrests per EU directive on accessibilities: the new panel has bigger and more visible white lettering and Braille. The yellow LCD information monitors in the antechambers are replaced with larger full-colour LED displays, showing the map, train number, speed, and other pertinent information. The new smaller displays are attached to the ceiling above the aisle throughout the cabins.

Class 406

The ICE 3M (Class 406; M for multisystem) was developed to operate international services under the four different railway electrification systems in use on Europe's main lines and with support for various train protection systems. The Deutsche Bahn (DB) ordered 13 of these units in 1994, the NS (Nederlandse Spoorwegen) four, making sure that the demands of the Dutch rail network are taken care of. Though these trains carry NS logos, the DB and NS trains together form a pool and therefore, the NS trains may operate DB services as well. In 2007 the train was licensed for operation in the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. Currently, those trains are used for cross-border runs between Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, and France. On the French LGV Est, some trains reach a regular top speed of .

The 17 class 406 sets were built by the same consortium as the class 403. They were first introduced in November 2000 on services between Cologne and Amsterdam. Since December 2002, they have also been operating three journeys daily each way between Frankfurt and Brussels (increased to four per day since December 2010).

In Belgium, the train was licensed in 2002 to run on the classic 3 kV DC lines with speeds up to  and, from December 2004, also on the new 25 kV AC high-speed lines, but initially limited to  instead of . Problems with flying gravel and its frictionless linear eddy current brake came up during testing. In order to limit the creation of tornado-like vortices that pick up gravel and to limit damage from flying gravel to the train, spoilers have been added under the car joints, under the carbody next to the bogies and under the powered axles on the bogies.

The linear eddy current brake, which is required for higher speeds, cannot yet be used, because the magnetic field would rip off the magnetic covers of some trackside equipment; those covers will have to be replaced by non-magnetic ones according to the EU Technical Specifications for Interoperability for international rail traffic in Europe.

As in Belgium, licensing procedures for France took five years to be completed. Trial runs were completed in late 2005 and the same two problems were encountered as in Belgium: loose gravel damage and possible side-effects of the brakes. ICE 3Ms were allowed on the LGV Est and started service there on 20 June 2007, mixed with TGVs. Since December 2007, DB operates ICE 3M trains from Frankfurt central station to Paris Est, initially with five daily runs between both cities. The six trains for running into France (designated ICE-3 MF, indicating multisystem France) were modified at Bombardier's Hennigsdorf plant and were extensively tested on Siemens' test site in Wegberg-Wildenrath before the modified trains re-entered commercial service.

Despite this, the "French" subset of six class 406 trains have suffered from reliability problems, so that some Paris–Frankfurt services are operated instead by French TGVs (currently TGV 2N2 'Euroduplex' as of 2015) under the "Alleo" joint venture between DB and SNCF.

In Switzerland, licensing took only six months.

Class 407

Deutsche Bahn placed an order for fifteen trains valued €500 million in November 2008. On 18 April 2010, Deutsche Bahn presented the first Velaro D at Siemens' Krefeld plant. It is designed for operation at up to , is wider, quieter and more energy-saving, should be less susceptible to malfunctions than its predecessor, and incorporates additional crashworthiness and fire safety measures.
The new train was supposed to be used mainly for international services from Germany to France, Belgium and the Netherlands. The new type's safety measures are in line with the new specifications for operating passenger trains inside the Channel Tunnel, allowing the Class 407 to be used on the services that DB planned to operate from London to Amsterdam and Frankfurt in 2015. The planned service to London was never introduced.

The new train was designated Class 407 and was originally scheduled to enter service at the end of 2011. This date has since been postponed several times. In December 2013 the first four trains delivered to DB were licensed for domestic operation as multiple units and started with passenger traffic. Four more trains were expected for delivery in spring 2014, whereas the remainder of eight trains shall be used by Siemens for test runs in France and Belgium to gain type approval there.

In June 2011, Deutsche Bahn ordered one additional Velaro D set in order to replace an ICE3MF set damaged in an accident in August 2010.

Class 408

In 2019 Deutsche Bahn needed more trains to run on national and international high-speed tracks. Siemens offered them an evolution of the Velaro D equipped with multi-system capability and hence labelled Velaro MS. In 2020 Deutsche Bahn ordered 30 trainsets for delivery starting in 2022. The trains are designed for operation at 320 km/h and will be deployed from the end of 2022 on routes that use the Cologne – Frankfurt high speed line which is designed for operation at 300 km/h. The first of the trains, called ICE 3neo by Deutsche Bahn and classed as 408, was completed in late 2021 with test runs started immediately. In February of 2022, the order volume increased to 73 trains and the first train was shown to journalists. All 73 trains are supposed to be in service by early 2029.
In May 2023 DB announced to order the remaining 17 Options of Class 408-trains, so the total order rose to 90.

Special services
For the EXPO 2000 in Hanover, Deutsche Bahn provided 120 additional train services. Some of these special services were operated by ICE trains and labelled "ExpoExpress" (EXE). These services also constituted the first widespread use of the then-new ICE 3 train sets, presenting them to the domestic and international general public.

See also
 List of high-speed trains

References

External links

 ICE 3 for Germany and the Netherlands Siemens Page
 Spec Sheet; French

Railway coaches of Germany
Electric multiple units of Germany
Deutsche Bahn locomotives
Intercity Express
Passenger trains running at least at 300 km/h in commercial operations
Electric multiple units of the Netherlands
Siemens Velaro
15 kV AC multiple units
3000 V DC multiple units
25 kV AC multiple units
Siemens multiple units
1500 V DC multiple units of France
Train-related introductions in 1999


Have a Little Faith is the sixth solo studio album by the American soul and gospel singer Mavis Staples, which was released by Alligator Records.

The album was released after a hiatus of roughly eight years, during which Staples lost her father, singer, songwriter, and guitarist Roebuck "Pops" Staples, and stopped touring in order to deal with the illness of her sister Cleotha. Upon completing the recording, which she financed from her savings, she was turned down by a dozen labels before Alligator expressed interest. She recalled: "You have some companies don't want to sign older artists. It just happened that I finally got the message." "I made this record... with my own money and shopped it around. I thought, if I have to sell it out of the trunk of my car, I will." Regarding the album title, Staples commented: "all we need is a little faith, just about the size of a mustard seed."

Have a Little Faith initiated a period in which Staples returned to recording on a more regular basis, and in which there was a resurgence of interest in her work.

Reception

In a review for AllMusic, Thom Jurek called the album "a glorious return for Staples... capable of inspiring those who are lucky enough to encounter it," and noted that "one can feel the presence and influence of Pops on these sides."

A writer for Cross Rhythms described the album as "Timeless music from a true musical giant," and commented: "Mavis' core audience, and a good cross-section of gospel music lovers, should enjoy this."

Margaret Moser of The Austin Chronicle called the music "a traditional Staple offering of sacred tunes and contemporary message music, blended in a timeless groove rising from the Mississippi Delta into the heavens above."

Writing for the Chicago Tribune, Greg Kot described the recording as "one of the finest albums in Mavis Staples' career... a blues-tinged gospel album about making the most of troubled times, a message that Staples has been delivering her entire life."

A reviewer for Billboard wrote: "Staples' performance is a constant delight. Have a Little Faith is a glorious album of tremendous emotional depth, a work that reaffirms Staples' place among the finest singers in modern American music."

The Chicago Reader's David Whiteis praised the track titled "God Is Not Sleeping," on which "her choked delivery approaches the wracked spiritual fervor that made her 50s Vee-Jay performances some of the most apocalyptic in the gospel canon."

Track listing

Personnel
 Mavis Staples – vocals
 Jim Tullio – acoustic, electric and bass guitars, drums, percussion, backing vocals
 Chris "Hambone" Cameron – organs, clavinet, baritone saxophone, horn samples
 Jim Weider – electric guitar, acoustic slide guitar
 Shawn Christopher – backing vocals
 Yvonne Gage – backing vocals
 Arno Lucas – backing vocals
 Rene Monahan – backing vocals
 Stevie Robinson – backing vocals
 Michael Scott – backing vocals

Additional musicians
John Martyn – Mutron guitar (track 1)
 David Resnick – acoustic slide guitar (track 1), electric guitar (track 7)
 John Scully – synthesizer (track 2), strings (track 9)
 Bob Lizik – bass guitar (track 2)
 Hank Guaglianone – drums (tracks 2, 6 and 11)
Greg Marsh – percussion (track 2)
 Erik Scott – bass guitar (track 3)
 Larry Beers – drums (track 3)
 John Giblin – bass and electric guitar (track 4)
 David Onderdonk – acoustic guitar (track 4)
 Mark Walker – percussion (track 4)
 John Rice – electric guitar, dobro, bouzouki, fiddle (track 5)
 Foley McCreary – bass guitar (track 6)
 Pops Staples – electric guitar (track 7 and 10)
 Maurice Houston – bass guitar (tracks 7 and 10)
 Richard Gibbs – organ (track 7), synthesizer (track 10)
 Tim Austin – drums (tracks 7, 8 and 10)
 Will Crosby – guitar (track 8)
 Jack Chatman – bass guitar (track 8)
 Bill Ruppert – electric guitar (tracks 9 and 11)
 Matt Walker – drums (track 9)
 Mark Skyer – electric guitar (track 10)
 Alan Berliant – bass guitar (track 11)
 Lew London – acoustic slide guitar (track 12)
 Paul Mertens – bass harmonica (track 12)
The Dixie Hummingbirds – backing vocals (track 1)
 Chicago Music Community Choir  – backing vocals (track 11)

Technical personnel
 Jim Tullio and Mavis Staples – producers
 Mavis Staples – executive producer
 Doug McBride – additional engineer
 Maurice Houston – additional engineer
 Joshua Cutsinger – additional engineer
 John Giblin – additional engineer
 Chris Cameron – additional engineer
 Foley McCreary – additional engineer
 Chris Steinmetz – additional engineer
 Randy Friel – additional engineer
 Shelly Yakus – mixing and mastering
 Michael Newman – mixing and mastering
 Scott Steiner – mixing (track 11)
 Jim Tullio – mixing (track 11)

References

External links

Mavis Staples albums
2004 albums
Alligator Records albums


Piano Sonata No. 1, the default title for a composer's first (or only) piano sonata, may refer to:

 Piano Sonata (Barber), Op. 26, by Samuel Barber
 Piano Sonata (Barraqué), by Jean Barraqué
 Piano Sonata (Bartók), Sz. 80, by Béla Bartók
 Piano Sonata No. 1 (Beethoven), Op. 2, No. 1, by Ludwig van Beethoven
 Piano Sonata (Berg), Op. 1, by Alban Berg
 Piano Sonata (Bernstein), by Leonard Bernstein
 Piano Sonata No. 1 (Boulez), 1946, by Pierre Boulez
 Piano Sonata No. 1 (Brahms), Op. 1, by Johannes Brahms
 Piano Sonata No. 1 (Chopin), Op. 4, by Frédéric Chopin
 Piano Sonata (Dukas), by Paul Dukas
 Piano Sonata (Dutilleux), by Henri Dutilleux
 Piano Sonata No. 1 (Enescu), Op. 24, by George Enescu
 Piano Sonata (Grieg), Op. 7, by Edvard Grieg
 Piano Sonata No. 1 (Hindemith), by Paul Hindemith
 Piano Sonata in B minor (Liszt), S. 178, by Franz Liszt
 Piano Sonata (Martinů), H. 350, by Bohuslav Martinů
 Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart), K. 279, by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
 Piano Sonata No. 1 (Prokofiev), Op. 1, by Sergei Prokofiev
 Piano Sonata No. 1 (Rachmaninoff), Op. 28, by Sergei Rachmaninoff
 Piano Sonata (Reubke), by Julius Reubke
 Piano Sonata No. 1 (Schumann), Op. 11, by Robert Schumann
 Piano Sonata No. 1 (Scriabin), Op. 6, by Alexander Scriabin
 Piano Sonata in F-sharp minor (Stravinsky), 1904, an early composition long thought to have been lost, by Igor Stravinsky
 Piano Sonata (Stravinsky), 1924, by Igor Stravinsky
 Piano Sonata No. 1 (Vine), 1990, by Carl Vine
or possibly
 1. X. 1905 (also "Sonata"), by Leoš Janáček

See also
 Cello Sonata No. 1 (disambiguation)
 Violin Sonata No. 1 (disambiguation)


Hustle Relentless is the fourteenth studio album by American rapper, JT the Bigga Figga.  The album was released on October 1, 2002 for Get Low Recordz and was produced by JT the Bigga Figga and Sean T.

Track listing
"Intro" – 1:42
"Neighborhood Supastarz" (featuring The Game) – 3:28
"Peace Not War" (featuring Young Noble and Tha Gamblaz) – 4:14
"JT Skit"- 0:11
"Conspiracy" (featuring Guce, Cozmo & Mississippi) – 4:17
"On the Run" (featuring Cozmo and Big Rich) – 3:04
"Millionaire Pirates" (featuring San Quinn and Ive Low) – 4:06
"Just Hustlin'" – 4:12
"Know About It" (featuring Tha Commissiona and Telly Mac) – 3:53
"The Old Days" (featuring San Quinn and Authentic) – 4:21
"California" (featuring Ray Luv and Sean T) – 4:00
"Otherside of the Game 2" (featuring San Quinn and Ive Low) – 4:13
"Custom Timz" (featuring D-Moe) – 2:35
"All the Above" – 3:27
"457 Representaz" – 4:18
"Freestyle" – 2:30
"Exclusively" – 4:31

References

External links

JT the Bigga Figga albums
2002 albums


Nash Rawiller (born 8 December 1974) is a prominent Australian jockey, based in Sydney. He has ridden races in many other parts of the world, including France, Great Britain, Hong Kong, Italy, New Zealand, Singapore and United Arab Emirates. He began his career in Victoria but moved to Sydney in 2007 to link up with prominent trainer Gai Waterhouse. Waterhouse has described Rawiller as "a brilliant rider".

Rawiller has won many significant races including 66 Group One wins, one of which was the lucrative 2005 Dubai Duty Free valued at $1.3 million, but his biggest win to date is riding Elvstroem to victory in the 2004 Caulfield Cup.

He has ridden in Australia's richest horse race, the Melbourne Cup on several occasions.

As at 31 December 2013, Rawiller has ridden in 7540 races and been placed in 2044 races including 1481 wins. Total prize money for horses ridden by Rawiller is over $87 million. He is a three-time winner of the Sydney jockeys title.

Major wins

 All Aged Stakes  - (2) - Bentley Biscuit (2007), Hana's Goal (2014)
  ATC Sires' Produce Stakes  - (3) - Manhattan Rain (2009),  Pierro  (2012), Peggy Jean (2014)
  Australian Oaks   - (2) - Once Were Wild (2010), Royal Descent (2013)
 Canterbury Stakes  - (3) - More Joyous (2011,2012), The Bostonian (2020)
 Caulfield Cup  - (1) - Elvstroem (2004)
 Caulfield Stakes  - (2) - Casual Pass (2006), Descarado (2011)
  Champagne Stakes  - (2) - Meurice (2007), Pierro  (2012)
 Coolmore Stud Stakes  - (2) - So Gorgeous (2000), Northern Meteor (2008)
 Doncaster Handicap  - (2) - Rangirangdoo (2010), More Joyous (2012)
 Doomben 10,000  - (2) - Bel Esprit (2003), Eduardo (2021)
 Doomben Cup  - (1) - Mawingo (2012)
 Empire Rose Stakes  - (1) - Red Tracer (2013)
 Flight Stakes  - (1) - More Joyous (2009)
  Futurity Stakes  - (2) - More Joyous (2011), Mufhasa (2012)
 George Ryder Stakes  - (2) - Pierro  (2013), Dreamforce (2020)
 Golden Slipper Stakes  - (1) - Pierro  (2012)
 J. J. Atkins  - (2) - Pressday (2010), Romantic Touch (2013)
 Kennedy Oaks  - (1) - Kirramosa (2013)
 Kingsford-Smith Cup  - (1) - Bentley Biscuit (2007)
 Manikato Stakes  - (2) - Piavonic (2001),  Typhoon Zed (2008)
  Norton Stakes  - (1) - Theseo (2010)
 Oakleigh Plate  - (1) - Sudurka (2002)
 Perth Railway Stakes  - (1) - Sniper's Bullet (2009)
 Ranvet Stakes  - (3) - Theseo (2009,2010), Silent Achiever (2014)
 Rosehill Guineas  - (3) - Zabrasive (2010),  Laser Hawk (2012), Lindermann (2023)
 Stradbroke Handicap  - (1) - Black Piranha (2010)
 Surround Stakes  - (2) - More Joyous (2010), Forbidden Love (2021)
  Orr Stakes  - (1) - Elvstroem (2005)
  Moir Stakes  - (2) - Show No Emotion (1998), Our Egyptian Raine (2003)
  Queen Elizabeth Stakes  - (3) - My Kingdom of Fife (2011), More Joyous (2012), Think It Over (2022)
 Queen of the Turf Stakes  - (3) - More Joyous (2011,2012), Atishu (2023)
  Tancred Stakes  - (1) - Silent Achiever (2014)
 Tattersall's Tiara  - (2) - Porto Roca (2001), Red Tracer (2013)
  The Galaxy  - (2) - Tiger Tees (2014), Eduardo (2021)
  The Metropolitan  - (2) - Herculian Prince (2010), Mirage Dancer (2020)
 TJ Smith Stakes  - (2) - Bentley Biscuit (2007), Takeover Target (2009)
 Toorak Handicap  - (2) - More Joyous (2010), Solzhenitsyn (2013)
 Turnbull Stakes  - (1) - Elvstroem (2004)
  VRC Champions Sprint  - (1) - Rubitano (2002)
  VRC Champions Stakes  - (1) - Theseo (2008)
 Underwood Stakes  - (1) - Elvstroem (2004)
 William Reid Stakes  - (1) - Foxwedge (2012)

  Railway Stakes   - (1) - Atomic Force (2012)

 Dubai Turf  - (1) - Elvstroem (2005)

 Hong Kong Sprint  - (1) - 	Mr Stunning (2017)

 Macau Derby - (1) - The Alfonso (2015)
 Chairman's Challenge Cup  - (1) - Famous Jonathn (2023)

Personal life
Rawiller is married to Sarah and has two children Caitlin and Campbell. He is from a 'racing family'; his brother, Brad and sister Stacey are also jockeys and his brother, Todd is a trainer. Campbell started his riding career as an apprentice in 2019 and has already ridden more than 100 winners. He is now apprenticed to Gai Waterhouse at Randwick. Their father, Keith, was a jumps jockey, and their mother, Elaine, is a nurse.

References

External links
 Nash Rawiller official statistics

1974 births
Living people
Jockeys from Melbourne
Australian jockeys


Boris Cepeda (born September 26, 1974, in Quito) is a German-Ecuadorian Pianist and Diplomat.

Biography

Boris Cepeda got his first piano lessons at four. He appeared in public for the first time in Ecuadorian television at five.
Since then he has performed worldwide.
Boris Cepeda studied at the University of the Arts Bremen in the class of Kurt Seibert.
In 1999 he became assistant manager to the artistic director of the Festival Weidener Max-Reger-Tage
From 2002 to 2007 he acted as Cultural attaché at the Embassy of Ecuador in Berlin.
Since 2016 he is Head of Music at the Municipal Theater of Münster
2019 he was appointed lecturer for score reading at the Robert Schumann University of Music in Düsseldorf.

Awards

2022 Fellowship for innovation in digital higher education teaching

2021 Steinway Artist

References

External links
 official Website

German classical pianists
Male classical pianists
1974 births
Living people
Ecuadorian musicians
21st-century classical pianists
21st-century male musicians
University of the Arts Bremen alumni


The 2005 No Mercy was the eighth No Mercy professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held exclusively for wrestlers from the promotion's SmackDown! brand division. The event took place on October 9, 2005, at the Toyota Center in Houston, Texas. Nine professional wrestling matches were scheduled on the event's card.

Three of the four championships exclusive to the SmackDown! brand were contested for; one was lost while the other two were retained. The main event was a standard wrestling match, in which World Heavyweight Champion Batista defeated challenger Eddie Guerrero to retain his title. This would be Guerrero's final pay-per-view match before his sudden death one month later. One of the featured preliminary matches was a Casket match between The Ortons (Randy and "Cowboy" Bob) and The Undertaker. The Ortons won the match after placing Undertaker inside the casket and closing it. Another primary preliminary match was a standard match between John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) and Rey Mysterio, which JBL won.

The event received 219,000 pay-per-view buys, which was greater than the 193,000 buys the previous year's event received. The event was claimed to be "unmerciful" by Canadian Online Explorer's professional wrestling section, as they rated none of the matches higher than a five out of ten. When the event was released on DVD, it reached a peak position of fourth on Billboard'''s DVD sales chart for recreational sports. It remained on the chart for four consecutive weeks.

Production
Background
No Mercy was first held by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) as a United Kingdom-exclusive pay-per-view (PPV) in May 1999. A second No Mercy was then held later that same year in October, but in the United States, which established No Mercy as the annual October PPV for the promotion. The 2005 event was the eighth event under the No Mercy chronology and was held on October 9 at the Toyota Center in Houston, Texas. Like the previous two years, it featured wrestlers exclusively from the SmackDown! brand.

Storylines
Nine professional wrestling matches were featured on the event's card, which were planned with predetermined outcomes by WWE's script writers. The buildup to these matches and scenarios that took place before, during and after the event were also planned by the script writers. The event featured wrestlers and other talent from WWE's SmackDown! brand, a storyline expansion in which WWE assigned its employees. Wrestlers portrayed either a villainous or fan favorite gimmick, an on-screen character, for the entertainment of the audience.

The main rivalry heading into No Mercy was between Batista and Eddie Guerrero over the World Heavyweight Championship. On the September 16 episode of SmackDown!, Palmer Cannon, a miscellaneous on-screen authority figure of SmackDown!, a portrayed match maker and rules enforcer, announced that Guerrero was the next challenger to Batista's World Heavyweight Championship. Guerrero, who had recently portrayed a manipulative character, came out and claimed he was now more about compassion than manipulation. Two weeks later, on the September 30 episode of SmackDown!, Guerrero, as part of the scripted events, accidentally hit Batista with a folding chair while attempting to hit MNM tag team member Joey Mercury. The following week, Batista showed Guerrero the footage of him hitting Batista last week. Batista, as part of their storyline, then proclaimed that he would hurt Guerrero if he were to revert to his villainous character.

The feud between The Undertaker and Randy Orton and "Cowboy" Bob Orton began at SummerSlam. At the event, Randy faced off against Undertaker. During the match, "Cowboy" Bob (disguised as a fan) came into the ring and interrupted the match. Following this, Randy pinned Undertaker after he jumped and pulled Undertaker's head down over his shoulders, a move dubbed the RKO, to win. After the match, Randy peeled off the latex mask of the fan and revealed him to be his father, "Cowboy" Bob. On the September 16 episode of SmackDown!, Undertaker defeated Randy. During the match, "Cowboy" Bob drove a U-Haul truck down to the ring and unloaded a casket. As Undertaker went to put Randy inside the casket, he opened it and found a mannequin of himself inside. Despite this distraction, Undertaker pinned Randy after he hit him with the Tombstone Piledriver. The following week, druids wheeled out a casket. Undertaker appeared on the TitanTron and urged The Ortons to look inside. The Ortons opened the casket and found mannequins of themselves inside. Undertaker then proclaimed that this would be their fate at No Mercy.

At the previous SmackDown! brand pay-per-view event, The Great American Bash, The Legion of Doom (Road Warrior Animal and Heidenreich) defeated MNM (Joey Mercury and Johnny Nitro) to win the WWE Tag Team Championship. After both teams got involved in a storyline between Melina (Melina Perez), who was also a member of MNM, and Christy Hemme, The Legion of Doom and Hemme versus MNM was announced for No Mercy.

The storyline over the WWE United States Championship began when Booker T, Orlando Jordan, and Christian each explained why they thought they deserved a title match against the champion, Chris Benoit. Theodore Long, SmackDown!'s on-screen general manager/authority figure, then announced that Benoit could choose who he wanted to face for the title. After Jordan won a Triple Threat match, also involving Booker and Christian, Benoit decided that he would face all three men in a Fatal 4-Way match between the four at No Mercy.

Event
Before the live broadcast of the event began, William Regal and Paul Burchill defeated Paul London and Brian Kendrick in a tag team match that aired on the Sunday Night Heat pre-show.

Preliminary matches

The first match of the event was The Legion of Doom (Animal and Heidenreich) and Christy Hemme and MNM (Joey Mercury, Johnny Nitro, and Melina) in a six-person tag team match. After a match predominately controlled by MNM, Hemme pinned Melina after executing a Doomsday Device to win the match for her team.

In the next match Bobby Lashley, who made his WWE pay-per-view debut, faced Simon Dean. Lashley won the match in under two minutes after pinning Dean after a Dominator. Lashley forced Dean to eat 20 double cheeseburgers as the show progressed.

The third contest was a fatal 4-way in which Chris Benoit defended the United States Championship against Booker T, Christian, and Orlando Jordan. After a match evenly controlled by all four men, Benoit forced Christian to submit with the sharpshooter submission hold to win the match and retain the title.

In the next match Mr. Kennedy faced Hardcore Holly. Kennedy controlled most of the match, as he attacked and applied various submission holds on Holly's arm. Kennedy pinned Holly after he performed a Green Bay Plunge off the top rope.

In the next match, John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) faced Rey Mysterio. The match went back and forth, as each man gained the advantage many times. JBL pinned Mysterio after a Clothesline from Hell to win.

Main event matches
The sixth bout on the card was a Casket match between The Ortons (Randy and "Cowboy" Bob) and The Undertaker. In order for The Undertaker to win the match, he had to put both Randy and "Cowboy" Bob in the casket, which was at ringside, and close it; for The Ortons, they had to place Undertaker in the casket and close it. Near the end of the match, Undertaker had placed "Cowboy" Bob in the casket and was attempting to place Randy in it as well. After performing a Last Ride on Randy, Undertaker went to open the casket. As he did, however, "Cowboy" Bob sprayed a fire extinguisher in his eyes. Randy then hit Undertaker with a folding chair and placed him in the casket. The Ortons closed the casket to win the bout. After the match, The Ortons, as part of the scripted events, locked Undertaker in the casket and hit it numerous times with an axe. They then poured gasoline on the casket and lit it on fire (just like Kane did  at the 1998 Royal Rumble).

The next match saw WWE Cruiserweight Champion Nunzio defend his title against Juventud. After a back and forth match between the two, Juventud pinned Nunzio after a sit-out scoop slam piledriver to win the match and the Cruiserweight Championship.

Next was the main event, which saw Batista defend the World Heavyweight Championship against Eddie Guerrero. Towards the end of the match, Guerrero executed three vertical suplexes, and attempted to perform a Frog Splash. Batista, however, rolled out of the way and performed a Spinebuster. Batista pinned Guerrero afterwards to win the match and retain the World Heavyweight Championship. After the match, Batista and the crowd at the arena sang "Happy Birthday" to Guerrero.

Reception
The event received 219,000 pay-per-view buys, which was greater than the 193,000 buys the previous year's event received. The promotion's revenue was $18.8 million, which was greater than the previous year's revenue of $18.5 million. Canadian Online Explorer's professional wrestling section claimed the event was "unmerciful" and that it left fans "begging for mercy". They rated the overall event, as well as the main event, a five out of ten. None of the matches received a rating higher than a five out of 10. The match between Bobby Lashley and Simon Dean was rated a three out of 10, the lowest overall.

The event was released on DVD on November 8, 2005. The DVD reached a peak position of fourth on Billboard's DVD sales chart for recreational sports on December 3, 2005. It remained on the chart for four consecutive weeks, until December 24, when it ranked ninth.

Aftermath
The rivalry between Batista and Eddie Guerrero ended after Guerrero unexpectedly died due to heart failure on November 13, 2005. Their feud was planned to continue, as Guerrero would have gone back to his heroic character and won the World Heavyweight Championship.

The Undertaker would not be seen on-screen until Survivor Series after being burned inside a casket at the event. After being the sole survivor in his elimination match, Randy Orton celebrated his victory with his father, "Cowboy" Bob Orton, and wrestlers from the SmackDown! brand. During the celebration, druids brought out a casket and set it up in an upright position. Lightning then struck the casket and set it on fire. Undertaker emerged from the flaming casket and attacked the SmackDown wrestlers. The Ortons, however, escaped the attack. This set up a Hell in a Cell match between Randy and Undertaker at Armageddon. Undertaker defeated Randy and ended their storyline that had lasted nearly one year.

After successfully retaining the WWE United States Championship at the event, Chris Benoit started a  rivalry with Booker T. Booker defeated Benoit for the title on the edition of October 21 of SmackDown! to begin their feud. The following month, on the edition of November 24 of SmackDown!'', a match between Benoit and Booker for the title ended in a no-contest after both men's shoulders were on the mat while pinning one another. Theodore Long then vacated the title and announced that the two would face off against one another in a "Best of Seven series" for the title, in which the winner would be the man who won four matches over the other first. Booker defeated Benoit in the first match at Survivor Series, and eventually won the vacant title after Randy Orton, Booker's replacement due to a legitimate injury to his ankle at a house show, defeated Benoit in the seventh and final match in January. Booker began his fourth reign as United States Champion.

Results

References

External links
Official No Mercy 2005 website

Events in Houston
2005
2005 in Texas
Professional wrestling in Houston
2005 WWE pay-per-view events
WWE SmackDown


Adam Stephen ( – 16 July 1791) was a Scottish-born American doctor and military officer who helped found what became Martinsburg, West Virginia. He emigrated to North America, where he served in the Province of Virginia's militia under George Washington during the French and Indian War. He served under Washington again in the American Revolutionary War, rising to lead a division of the Continental Army.  After a friendly fire incident during the Battle of Germantown, Stephen was cashiered out of the army, but continued as a prominent citizen of western Virginia, including terms in the Virginia General Assembly representing Berkeley County.

Early and family life
Adam Stephen was born in Scotland.  He earned a degree at King's College in Aberdeen, and studied medicine in Edinburgh.  Stephen later married and had one child, Ann.

Naval doctor and emigrant

Stephen entered Royal Navy service on a hospital ship before emigrating to the British colony of Virginia in the late 1730s or early 1740s.  There he established a medical practice in Fredericksburg.

Soldier and pioneer
Stephen joined the provincial troops in 1754, and became lieutenant colonel of the Virginia Regiment under George Washington. The unit was based at Winchester (east of the Appalachian Mountains and the county seat of then-vast Frederick County), then explored westward across the Appalachian Mountains. It also fought native Americans, including battles at Jumonville Glen and Fort Necessity (both in 1754 and which some consider the opening engagements of the French and Indian War). The following year, Washington, Stephen and the Virginia militia participated in the disastrous Braddock Expedition. In 1756, Stephen led Virginia militiamen against the Creeks to relieve colonists from South Carolina. By 1759, Stephen was in command of at Fort Bedford (on the west side of the Appalachian range near the South Branch of the Potomac River) and begged for cattle to be delivered to Fort Pitt (the future Pittsburgh).

In 1761, Stephen had received cattle and other goods necessary to organize and fund the Timberlake Expedition, which attempted to reconcile British and Cherokee interests following the Anglo-Cherokee War (part of the much broader French and Indian War).  In the summer of 1763, settlers complained of raids by Delaware and Shawnees on South Branch settlements so that many inhabitants of then-Hampshire County had abandoned their homes, so in August the Governor authorized Col. Stephen to draft 500 men from the militias of Hampshire, Culpeper, Fauquier, Loudoun and Frederick County militias, and the next month told them to continue guarding the posts on the South Branch and Patterson Creek, lest the Native Americans retaliate for their loss that summer at Brushy Run just south of Pittsburgh to British troops commanded by Col. Henry Bouquet. While Captain Charles Lewis escorted 60 former settler prisoners back to Fort Pitt in 1764, Stephen had assumed command of the Virginia Regiment from Washington, and traveled westward to assist in putting down Pontiac's Rebellion.

When the American Revolutionary War broke out, Stephen offered his services to the Continental Army, again serving under Washington.  He was with the army during the New York and New Jersey campaigns of 1776 and early 1777, and, as a major general, was given command of a division in Washington's army during the defense of Philadelphia.  In the October 1777 Battle of Germantown, Stephen's men fought in the fog with troops led by General Anthony Wayne. Stephen was accused of being drunk during the battle and after being convicted in a court martial, was stripped of his command and cashiered out of the army, making him the only Continental army general court-martialed and immediately dismissed from the service during the war.

Politician

Stephen had lived in western Virginia before the war broke out, and voters from Berkeley County (created in 1772) had elected him as one of their two delegates (alongside Robert Rutherford) to the Second Virginia Revolutionary Convention, which was held at St. John's Episcopal Church in Richmond between March 20 and March 27, 1775. When the war ended, he returned to Berkeley County (in what long after his death became West Virginia),. In 1778 Stephen laid out the plan for Martinsburg, and named the new town after his friend, Colonel Thomas Bryan Martin. Stephen became sheriff of then-vast Berkeley County, with Martinsburg as the county seat.  Generals Horatio Gates and Charles Lee  both later purchased property in the county and lived nearby. In 1780, Berkeley county voters elected Stephen as one of their (part-time) representatives in the Virginia House of Delegates. In 1788, Berkeley County voters elected Stephen to the Virginia Ratifying Convention, where he spoke (and voted) in favor of ratification of the Constitution of the United States. Despite opposition by political heavyweights such as Patrick Henry and George Mason, Virginia ratified the Constitution 89 to 79, in large part because western Virginia delegates (including Stephen) supported it 15 to 1.

Legacy
Stephen died in Martinsburg in 1791, and is buried beneath a monument erected in his honor.

The Adam Stephen House in Martinsburg, and The Bower near Shepherdstown (on property he owned in what became Jefferson County, West Virginia), survive today and are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

References

External links
 An Account of the Battle of Germantown
  A picture of the waistcoat and gorget Adam Stephen wore during the French and Indian War

Year of birth uncertain
1791 deaths
Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
American city founders
Physicians from Virginia
British emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies
British America army officers
Delegates to the Virginia Ratifying Convention
18th-century Royal Navy personnel
18th-century Scottish medical doctors
18th-century American politicians
18th-century American physicians
Military personnel from Fredericksburg, Virginia
People from Jefferson County, West Virginia
Military personnel from Martinsburg, West Virginia
People of Virginia in the French and Indian War
Virginia sheriffs
Politicians from Martinsburg, West Virginia
People of pre-statehood West Virginia
American slave owners


Shell Shaker (2001) is a novel by American LeAnne Howe (Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma). The novel's plot revolves around two tales of murder involving historical Choctaw political leaders. Set over a 200-year period, it focuses on several generations of the fictional Billy family, who try to keep the peace. It won the 2002 Before Columbus American Book Award.

According to Howe, Shell Shaker is "a book about power, its misuse, and how a community responds. It's not for Indians only."

Title
A shell shaker is a woman who participates in a Choctaw ceremony for which empty turtle shells are tied around a dancer's feet. The dance is a prayer to the spirits to answer a request. The Billy family is descended from the first shell shaker, called Grandmother of Birds.

Plot

Shell Shaker links two distant generations of the Billy family. The novel begins in 1738 in Choctaw Mississippi, initially focusing on Red Shoes (a historical Choctaw chief). He has two wives, one who is Choctaw and one who is Chickasaw, from a neighboring tribe. When his Chickasaw wife is found murdered, his Choctaw wife Anoleta is blamed. Anoleta's mother, Shakbatina, sacrifices her life to save her daughter and avert a war between the tribes. But during the next decade, the Choctaw try to decide what action to take against Red Shoes, while Anoleta and her family try to survive. Red Shoes plays both sides in what becomes a civil war that devastates both the Choctaw town of Yanàbi and Anoleta's family.

The novel picks up in 1991, long after Removal, when Shakbatina's descendants live in Durant, Oklahoma. As a wildfire destroys the land around them, the Choctaw chief Redford McAlester is murdered. Assistant chief Auda Billy (also his lover) is blamed. Auda's mother Susan Billy confesses to the murder, and Isaac Billy (Auda's maternal uncle) gathers their scattered family to help with the investigation. Plot threads include embezzlement, rape, money laundering, and donations to the Irish Republican Army and the Mafia. An old woman claims to be actress Sarah Bernhardt.

Themes
The novel explores a number of themes, particularly regarding the circular nature of time and issues of Native American identity. The novel presents time as circular, and incapable of being divided into a separate past and the present. It explores connections over time, including the concept that when a shilombish (soul) is troubled in life, it casts a shadow over a family that endures  until the problem is solved.

Howe also explores themes related specifically to Choctaw traditions and legends. The novel uses the traditional Choctaw burial practices to show the connection between the body and the land. In discussing this novel, Howe has explained that, "Native stories ... seem to pull all the elements together of the storyteller's tribe, meaning the people, the land, and multiple characters and all their manifestations and revelations, and connect these in past, present and future milieus."

The novel also explores issues of identity. Howe has been praised for presenting the Billy sisters as "real" Indian women, who also exercise autonomy in their careers, rather than as marginalized figures or romanticized Indian princesses.

Other themes explored in the work are the power of words, which become real if spoken. It also studies the Americanization of the Choctaw tribe.

Motifs and images
The novel has a number of motifs and images; for instance, both murders occur during the autumnal equinox. Burial rituals connect the novel's two time periods.

Smoke is a screen between eras, becoming thicker as the stories begin to meet. Birds appear throughout the novel, which tells the story of the Grandmother of Birds (who becomes a bird to punish Spanish invaders when her husband is killed).

Reception
Shell Shaker has been praised for emphasizing the importance of history in the lives of a Native American group as they deal with decolonization.  Scholar and critic P. Jane Hafen (Taos Pueblo) said in 2002, "Howe seamlessly integrates a history of desperate and gruesome fights for survival with modern Faustian pacts with materialism and wealth.  At the heart of the story are generations of Choctaw peoples who preserve with ritual gestures of 'life everlasting.

This is one of the few novels to focus on Choctaw history from the point of view of a native author. According to Ken McCullough, "Although there has been significant scholarship on this historical period in the southeast, between the arrival of De Soto and Removal, no one has written a work of the imagination (of this magnitude) set in this period". The novel presents its characters differently from preconceived American ideas: "The variations in voice among the protagonists show that Howe knows how to imagine different characters, and those figures confirm and challenge stereotypes about Native Americans in a way that can only be productive for all readers."

Style and technique
The novel begins from the point of view of Shakbatina, who describes her death. Except for two later chapters, the remainder is third-person narration. This viewpoint change is part of traditional Choctaw storytelling, giving voices to its characters rather than describing them.

Repetition is used throughout Shell Shaker in situations and quotations to connect the generations. One example is "ten thousand feet of intestines hanging from trees in Yanabi Town", which is finally explained at the end of the novel. Articles such as a porcupine sash and turtle shells are passed down, along with their imagery, from generation to generation. The repetition of images, connecting the generations, enforces the themes of circular time and the connection of people.

Memories and flashbacks are used, becoming longer and more frequent as the Billy family attempts to piece together its past. According to writer Lucy Maddox, memory in the novel "alternates scenes from present and the past, conflating ancestral lives and contemporary ones to produce stories about the ways in which identity is both constructed and understood in a tribal context that makes memory more relevant than chronology".

The translated Choctaw language is featured, beginning with Shell Shaker opening lines. The novel's main themes are expressed in the Choctaw language, including the bloodsucker (osano) and the search for the Greatest Giver (Imataha Chitto).

Grandmother Porcupine, a trickster, provides humor as she imparts knowledge to those she chooses (Isaac, Hoppy and Nick). Claiming to be an animal spirit over 400 years old and a protector of the family, she represents "an openness to life's multiplicity and paradoxes".

Criticism
Shell Shaker has been praised for its dynamic presentation of characters, without resorting to stereotypes of either whites or Native Americans. In the sections set in the 18th century, whites are often referred to as the enemy; they are identified as either "inklish okla," English people, or "filanchi okla," French people, reflecting the historical record. In the sections set in the present day, some white characters are presented as sympathetic and rounded people; these include Borden, who is married to a Native American woman. Italian mobsters and Irish gangsters are described in stereotypical ways, but Howe acknowledges that "corruption [is not] necessarily a condition of Americans and American society overall, and if it is, then American Indians are participants, not exempt". The novel contains elements of sex and violence, with scenes of rape, war, and cannibalism .

References

Fiction set in 1738
Fiction set in 1991
2001 American novels
Choctaw culture
Literature by Native American women
Native American novels
Novels set in Mississippi
Novels set in Oklahoma
Novels set in the 1730s
Novels set in the 1990s
American Book Award-winning works
2001 debut novels


Ailton Guimarães Jorge (Rio de Janeiro, 24 November 1941), better known as Capitão Guimarães, is an illegal lottery operator (bicheiro) and the patron of samba school Unidos de Vila Isabel. He has been the president of the Independent League of Samba Schools of Rio de Janeiro (LIESA) from 1987 to 1993 and 2001–2007. An armed forces officer during the period of the military dictatorship, he is accused of participating in torture proceedings against political prisoners. After leaving the Army, he became a banker of the Jogo do Bicho.

Army captain
Capitão Guimarães is a former army captain attached to the DOI-CODI involved in torture during the military dictatorship of Brazil (1964–1985). He operated out of Section II (Intelligence) of the Army Police in Rio's Vila Militar, a unit that, like all of the dictatorship's torture squads, received substantial rewards for capturing or killing left-wing militants.

He also got involved in contraband activities. The scheme was discovered and Guimarães and his gang were arrested. During their trial the gang members claimed the confessions had been extorted from them. Most of them said that after being beaten they had signed the confessions without reading them. In May 1979, the 21 accused were found innocent. In appeal the case was thrown out, ironically on the grounds of torture. But Guimarães’ military career had been compromised and he resigned from the Army.

Bicheiro
After his army career he got involved in the Jogo do Bicho (the “animal game”), a very popular illegal lottery. He started out as a manager for the bicho banker Agostinho Lopes da Silva Júnior, also known as Guto, who controlled the game in Niterói, São Gonçalo, Itaboraí and Saquarema in the state of Rio. Guimarães was investigated for the kidnapping and disappearance, in June 1979, of Guto. The inquiry, however, did not find any culprits. After the mysterious disappearance of Guto, the chief bicheiro Tio Patinhas gave Guimarães Guto's bank. Within three years Guimarães gained a seat on the council of seven major bicho bankers, publishing the minutes of the meetings, adjudicating the territory of smaller bankers. His territory extended from Niterói, the lake region in Rio de Janeiro State and north to Espirito Santo.

According to judge Denise Frossard and public prosecutor Antônio Carlos Biscaia, the bicheiros built an association (known as the cupola do bicho), that controlled the illegal gambling business and shielded it from prosecution by corrupting authorities and police. The cupola established itself when a power conflict between the bicheiros ceased at the beginning of the 1980s after the murder of an ex-policeman linked to the association that tried to intrude in the gambling racket in Niteroi controlled by Capitao Guimaraes and another prominent illegal gambling operator, Antonio Petrus Kalil, nicknamed Turcão. (The murder remained unsolved)

Following the example of his peers, he sought social legitimacy by patronizing the Unidos de Vila Isabel carnival society and became the top man in the Rio Carnival, presiding over LIESA from 1987 to 1993 and 2001–2007. Rich and famous, he dressed like a Christmas tree, with brightly coloured clothes and gold chains. He became one of the best-known leaders of organized crime in Rio. LIESA has a president and directors, but only one "commander": Captain Guimarães. Keeping in the shadows, Guimarães determines how the samba schools parade takes place. No important decision is made without him being consulted. He is also sought ("a hearing is requested") by other samba school leaders for "advice".

Arrest and conviction
Capitão Guimarães was found guilty by judge Denise Frossard in 1993 of involvement in the Jogo do Bicho, along with 13 other bicho bankers such as Castor de Andrade. They were found responsible for at least 53 deaths. They were sentenced to six years each, the maximum sentence for racketeering. But in December 1996 they were all back on the streets, granted parole or clemency.

After the death of Castor de Andrade in 1997, Antonio Petrus Kalil, alias Turcão, and Capitão Guimarães became the most important bicheiros in Rio. "He’s the one who brought an organizational sense and structure to the game," judge Frossard said about Guimarães. "He also encouraged the group to try to capture the state, at all three levels of government and all three branches, instead of just paying off the police" according to Frossard, who has been the target of assassination attempts that she attributes to hired guns in the pay of game kingpins.

New arrest and conviction
Capitão Guimarães, at the time president of the Independent League of Samba Schools, was among 24 people arrested on April 12, 2007, for alleged involvement with illegal numbers games, bingo parlours and the distribution of slot machines. Raids by the Federal Police have uncovered big payoffs to judges, police officers, prosecutors and lawyers from the bosses who run the game. Mounds of documents have been seized and US$6 million in cash has been confiscated. The raids were part of a major police operation, dubbed Operation Hurricane. Among the 25 arrests were fellow bicheiros Anísio Abraão David and Antonio Petrus Kalil.

Authorities considered Capitão Guimarães to be the animal game's boss of bosses. At a court hearing he said that he was active in the animal game only between 1982 and 1993 and that he made his living now as a "financial consultant," earning commissions of as much as $200,000 a month from clients investing in the stock market.

On March 13, 2012, he was sentenced to 48 years in prison and a fine of BRL 11 million (about USD 6 million) for formation of armed gangs, money laundering, smuggling and corruption, together with the other bicho bosses Anísio Abraão David and Antônio Petrus Kalil. The sentence was annulled by the Supreme Federal Court, but in December 2012 Capitão Guimarães, Kalil, Anísio and 19 others were again convicted by the Criminal Court in Rio de Janeiro. Capitão Guimarães was sentenced to 47 years and 9 months for conspiracy and corruption. The judge's sentence said that the bicheiros' criminal organisation had "an intense connection with the state, through the bribing of public officials, including in the police and the judiciary, and even with the political system, through the financing of political campaigns."

References

 Fiandaca, Giovanni (ed.) (2007), Women and the Mafia, Studies of Organized Crime, Springer, New York.

Bicheiros
Rio Carnival
Brazilian prisoners and detainees
Prisoners and detainees of Brazil
Living people
1941 births
People from Rio de Janeiro (city)