Balaives-et-Butz is a former commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region of northern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Flize.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Balaiviens or Balaiviennes.

The commune has been awarded two flowers by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.

Geography
Balaives-et-Butz is located an est. 10 km south of Charleville-Mézières, and 5 km north-east of Poix-Terron. Access to the commune is by the D233 road from Boutancourt in the east, which passes through the south-eastern branch of the commune just south of the village then continues south-west to Singly. The village is accessed by the Rue du Routon which branches off the D233. The commune has large areas of forest with comparatively small areas of farmland.

The Ruisseau de Butz rises west of the village and flow east through the village then eastwards to join the Étang d'Alger and the Ruisseau de Boutancourt which eventually joins the Meuse at Flize. The Ruisseau de Bourbeuse rises south of the village and joins the Ruisseau de Butz in the village.

Neighbouring communes and villages

History
The name Balaives means "beautiful water" from the nearby water sources.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2012 the commune had 227 inhabitants.

Sites and monuments
A Fulling Water Mill (currently a Vynex Hardware factory) (18th century) is registered as an historical monument.

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

External links

Balaives-et-Butz on the old National Geographic Institute website
Vynex website  (largest employer in the canton)
Baleyre and But on the 1750 Cassini Map

Former communes of Ardennes (department)
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Balan () is a commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region of northern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Balanais or Balanaises.

The commune has been awarded three flowers by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.

Geography
Balan is located just east of Sedan and north-east of Bazeilles. Access to the commune is by the D8043A road from Sedan which continues south-east to Bazeilles. The D17 also passes through the town and continues east to Rubécourt-et-Lamécourt. The Route nationale N43 (E46) highway passes through the commune with the nearest exit being Exit  just south-east of the commune. Much of the central area of the commune is urban with the northern part farmland and some forest.

The Meuse river forms the south-western border of the commune as it flows north through Sedan.

Neighbouring communes and villages

History
From 1560 to 1642 Balan was part of the Principality of Sedan.

Heraldry

Administration
List of Successive Mayors

Mayors from 1995

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 1,618 inhabitants.

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage
The commune has several buildings and sites that are registered as historical monuments:
The Bonhomme Spinning Mill (Now a Community Hall) (19th century)
The Godchaux Weaving Mill (Now a Warehouse) (20th century)
The Stackler Textile Works (Now a Business incubator) (19th century)
The Bazaille Chard Plant (1906)

Notable people linked to the commune
 (1765-1832): French General of the Revolution and the Empire, died at Balan.
Élisabeth Lion (1904-1988), French aviator, born at Balan.

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

External links

Balan on the old National Geographic Institute website
Balan on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Ardennes (department)


Balham is a commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region of northern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Balhamais or Balhamaises.

The commune has been awarded one flower by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.

Geography
Balham is located some 12 km west by south-west of Rethel and 3 km north-east of Asfeld. Access to the commune is by the D926 road from Gomont in the north-east which passes through the village and continues south-west to Asfeld. The commune is mixed forest and farmland.

The Aisne river passes through the centre of the commune flowing from north-east to south-west on its way to join the Oise at Compiègne. The parallel Canal des Ardennes passes through the southern tip of the commune.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Toponymy
The name Balham comes from the name of a person Ballo + Heim. It was Balaan around 1172 and Balehan in 1211–1212.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 152 inhabitants.

Sites and monuments

The Cemetery (15th century) is registered as an historical monument.
The Church of Saint John the Baptist contains several items that are registered as historical objects:
A Stained glass window (1536)
A Statue: Saint Barbe (15th century)
A Statue: Saint Catherine (15th century)

Notable people linked to the commune
Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois-Crancé (1747-1814), Revolutionary politician, member of the Committee of Public Order, General of the Republic, Commissioner of the Army and Minister of War (September–November 1799), became Mayor of Balham after 1800.

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

External links
Balham on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Balham on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Ardennes (department)


Ballay () is a commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region of northern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Ballayriots or Ballayriottes.

Geography
Ballay is located some 35 km east by south-east of Rethel and 3 km north of Vouziers. Access to the commune is by the D977 road from Vouziers which passes through the centre of the commune and the village and continues north to Quatre-Champs. The D19 road from Quatre-Champs to Vandy forms part of the northern border of the commune. Apart from the village there are the hamlets of Claire-Fontaine, Landèves, and La Noue Adam. The commune is mostly forested in the east and west with farmland down the centre.

The Aisne river forms the south-western border of the commune as it flows north to eventually join the Oise at Clairoix. The Fournelles flows through the centre of the commune from the north and joins the Aisne on the south-western border. Several tributaries rise in the commune and feed the Fournelles including the Martignère, the Ruisseau du Moulin des Bois, and the Chalan which forms part of the southern border of the commune.

Clairefontaine and Landèves were municipalities in 1790 and merged into Ballay at the end of 1790.

Neighbouring communes and villages

History
In the 12th century Ballay was a lordship with a castle and a parish with a church dedicated to Notre-Dame which was an annex to Vandy. An Augustinian Priory, Notre-Dame of Landèves, was founded at Landèves in 1219 by two brother lords of Bally who made it religious. Since its foundation the priory served the parish of Ballay. The priory became an abbey in 1623. The abbey and church were destroyed during the French Revolution.

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 289 inhabitants.

Sites and monuments

The Town Hall/School at Rue Notre-Dame (1925)
The Church of Notre-Dame at Rue Notre-Dame (1925)
A Flour Mill at Landèves (1921) The Flour Mill contains several items that are registered as historical objects:
A Separator Machine (20th century)
A Grinding Machine (20th century)
A Cleaning Machine (20th century)
An Ossberger Hydraulic Turbine (1922)

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

External links
Ballay on the old National Geographic Institute website
Ballay on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Balay on the 1750 Cassini Map

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)


Banogne-Recouvrance () is a commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region of northern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Banognais or Banognaises.

Geography

Banogne-Recouvrance is located some 20 km north-west of Rethel and 33 km east of Laon. Access to the commune is by the D30 road from Saint-Quentin-le-Petit in the north-west which passes through the centre of the commune and the village and continues south-east to Condé-lès-Herpy. The D35 goes from the village to Le Thour in the south-west. The D135 goes north from the village to join the D2 north of the commune. Apart from the village at the centre of the commune there is the hamlet of Recouvrance to the east. The commune is entirely farmland.

The writer Ernst Jünger remembered his passing through the village as a small village off the main roads, nestled in graceful chalk hills.

Neighbouring communes and villages

History
The village is mentioned in cartularies of the 13th century.

In 1570 Banogne is described in the census as attached to the Parish of Thour whose barons and the Hotel Dieu de Reims share the land. A strong ditch surrounded Recouvrance providing a refuge for the inhabitants. A place called Ruisselois was the property of the Abbey of Signy then of the Jesuit college in Reims. A white chalk quarry is operated nearby.

In 1828 these villages were united into one commune with Banogne at the centre (with Le Ruisselois as a hamlet). Recouvrance also became a hamlet.

In 1918 the village was the site of fierce fighting during the Battle of St. Quentin Canal in the last weeks of the war. On 25 October the French army captured the heights of the commune and so seized the last stretch between Saint-Quentin and the Aisne valley of the system of German fortifications from La Fère to Rethel called the Hunding Stellung. Of the 125 houses in the town only 10 remained standing at the end of the fighting. The village and the church were rebuilt in the following decade.

Heraldry

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 157 inhabitants. The population data given in the table and graph below for 1821 and earlier refer to the former commune of Banogne.

Sites and monuments

A Church rebuilt after the First World War.

Notable people linked to the commune
Ernst Jünger, German writer, he stayed in the hamlet of Recouvrance when he was a young soldier. This hamlet was slightly behind the front (on the German side) in early 1915 and served as a training area. Ernst Jünger devoted several pages to his stay, which preceded his engagement at the front, in his journal Storm of Steel.

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

External links
Banogne-Recouvrance on the old National Geographic Institute website
Banogne-Recouvrance on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Bannogne and Recouvrance on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Ardennes (department)


Barbaise () is a commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region of northern France.

Geography
Barbaise is located at an altitude of 209 metres some 16 km south-west of Charleville-Mézières and 30 km north-east of Rethel. Access to the commune is by the D3 road from Jandun in the east which passes through the centre of the commune and continues north-east to Warnécourt. Access to the village is by the D203 which branches off the D3 in the commune and goes south to the village. The commune is mostly farmland with forests in the north-east and north of the commune.

The Ruisseau de Barbileuse rises in the village and flows south to join the Vence south-west of Raillicourt.

Neighbouring communes and villages

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 101 inhabitants.

Sites and monuments

The Church of Barbaise contains three items that are registered as historical objects:
A Celebrant's Chair (17th century)
A Statue: Christ on the Cross (16th century)
A Group Sculpture: Saint Anne instructing the Virgin (15th century)

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

External links
Barbaise on Géoportail, National Geographic Institute (IGN) website
Barbaize on the 1750 Cassini Map

Communes of Ardennes (department)


Bar-lès-Buzancy (, literally Bar near Buzancy) is a commune in the Ardennes department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

The commune has been awarded two flowers by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom. (Their sign says three but the official website says two).

Geography

Bar-lès-Buzancy is located some 20 km east by north-east of Vouziers and 25 km west by south-west of Stenay. Access to the commune is by the D947 road from Buzancy in the south-east which passes through the south of the commune and the village and continues west to Harricourt. The D6 goes north from the D947 forming the western border of the commune and continuing north to Sommauthe. The commune is mostly farmland with some forest in the north.

The Ruisseau du Moulin rises in the north of the commune and forms part of the northern border before flowing south through the commune and the village and continuing south to join the Canal des Arches near Briquenay. La Hideuse stream forms the southern border of the commune as it flows south-west to join the Canal de Thenorgues.

Toponymy
Bar comes from a Gallic word and perhaps even older (pre-Gallic) meaning "summit" or "height".

History
Bar-lès-Buzancy appears as Bar on the 1750 Cassini Map and the same on the 1790 version.

From 1828-1871 the commune was merged with Harricourt to form the commune of Bar-et-Harricourt.
In October 1952 two Merovingian skeletons were discovered during the excavation phase of construction of a house.

Administration

List of mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 125 inhabitants. The population data given in the table and graph below for the period 1831-1866 refer to the former commune of Bar-et-Harricourt.

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bayonville is a commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region of northern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Bayonvillois or Bayonvilloises.

Geography
Bayonville is located some 40 km south by south-east of Charleville-Mézières and 15 km south-west of Stenay. Access to the commune is by the D12 road from Buzancy in the north-west which passes through the centre of the commune and the village and continues south-east to Bantheville - changing to the D15 at the departmental border. Another D15 comes from Tailly in the north-east and goes south through the commune and the village continuing to Imécourt in the south-west. The D55 goes south from the village to Landres-et-Saint-Georges. Apart from the village there are the hamlets of Chennery and Landreville. The commune is mostly farmland with some forest in the east and north.

The Agron river flows through the south-east of the commune from north-east to south-west where it continues a meandering path to join the Aire south-west of Saint-Juvin.  The Ruisseau du Wassieux flows south-west through the commune and continues south-west to join the Agron near Imécourt. The Furba rises in the north-east of the commune and flows south-west to join the Agron at Landreville.

Toponymy
Bayonville was attested in the Latinised form Baionis villa in 960. The derivation is undoubtedly from the "Domain of Baio", a Germanic personal name (cf. Bayonvillers)

Bayonville appears as Bayonville on the 1750 Cassini Map and the same on the 1790 version.

History
In 1828 the communes of Chennery and Landreville were merged with the commune of Bayonville. In 1864 Landreville had 80 inhabitants.

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 99 inhabitants.

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage
The Chateau of Landreville (1567) is registered as an historical monument. The interior decor (16th century) is registered as an historical object.

Religious heritage

Bayonville Church

Notable people linked to the commune
Claude-François de Maillard first Marquis of Landreville in 1760

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)


Jadwiga Wypyska née Łuszkowska (about 1616 in Lviv – after 20 May 1648 in Merkinė) was a Polish noblewoman, known as the mistress of Polish king Ladislaus IV Vasa.

She was the daughter of merchant Jan Łuszkowski (died 1627) and Anna (died after 1635).

She had a son, Władysław Konstanty Vasa, in 1635, and an unknown daughter, the next year.

In 1637 she married starost of Merkinė, Jan Wypyski (died before 18 December 1647).

References

Sources

 B. Lubosz Opowieści o sławnych kochankach

Mistresses of Polish royalty
Year of death missing
Year of birth uncertain
17th-century Polish women


Beaumont-en-Argonne (, literally Beaumont in Argonne) is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bishop Airport may refer to:

Canada
 Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport, serving Toronto, Ontario, Canada (IATA: YTZ/ICAO: CYTZ)
 Owen Sound Billy Bishop Regional Airport, serving Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada (IATA: YOS/ICAO: CYOS)

Grenada
Maurice Bishop International Airport, serving St. George's, Grenada (IATA: GND/ICAO: TGPY)

United States
 Bishop Airport (Decatur, Texas), serving Decatur, Texas, United States (FAA LID: 76T)
 Bishop International Airport, serving Flint, Michigan, United States (IATA: FNT/ICAO: KFNT)
 Bishop Municipal Airport, serving Bishop, Texas, United States (FAA LID: 07R)
 Eastern Sierra Regional Airport, serving Bishop, California, United States (IATA: BIH/ICAO: KBIH)


Chapelle ()  is a village and former municipality in the district of Broye in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland.

It was first recorded in 1363 as Cappella. It was named Chapelle-près-Surpierre until 1953, when the name changed to Chapelle.

The municipality also contained the villages Coumin-Dessus and Coumin-Dessous. It had 85 inhabitants in 1811, which increased to 129 in 1831. It then decreased to 120 in 1850, 113 in 1900, 117 in 1950 and 64 in 2000.

In 2005 the municipality was incorporated into the larger, neighboring municipality Cheiry.

References

Former municipalities of the canton of Fribourg
Villages in the canton of Fribourg


Beffu-et-le-Morthomme () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Simon Pavey (born 4 April 1967 in Sydney, Australia) is a motorcycle enduro and off-road racer, currently based in Wales.

Pavey started his racing career in Sydney in 1981 with a motorcross race in Appin and won his first race at the same circuit that year. He has since competed in numerous rally events worldwide including the Dakar Rally ten times, completing it seven times (including his first attempt in 1998). He gained recognition when he first trained Ewan McGregor and Charley Boorman in off-road motorcycle riding for the TV series Long Way Round and then trained Boorman again to race off-road and compete in the Dakar Rally in 2006 for the TV series Race to Dakar. During the event Boorman retired due to injury and Pavey went on to complete the race finishing in 86th position, his worst performance., and has high as 50th position in 1990. In 2015, Pavey and his son Llewelyn formed the first father-son team to not only attempt Dakar, but also to finish.

Pavey competed in the Transorientale Rally in 2008. The rally started in St Petersburg on 12 June and finished in Beijing on 28 June 2008. He placed 18th in the moto/quad division, with a final time of 53 hours, 51 minutes.

Pavey manages the BMW Motorrad off-road training facility in South Wales, where he teaches motorcyclists to ride off-road.

Racing achievements
 1988 New South Wales Hare Scramble Champion
 1989 Number one enduro rider in Japan
 1997 Finished First African Rally - Atlas Rally
 1998 Finished First Dakar Rally
 2004 Winner of the Great Britain Hare Scrambles Veteran Class
 2008 Transorientale - 18th

References

External links
 Official website

1967 births
Living people
Australian expatriate sportspeople in Wales
Australian motorcycle racers
Enduro riders
Off-road motorcycle racers
Motorcycle racers from Sydney


Belleville-et-Châtillon-sur-Bar (, literally Belleville and Châtillon on Bar) is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Belval-Bois-des-Dames is a commune in the Ardennes department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bergnicourt () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


La Berlière () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Brock Cole (born May 29, 1938) is an American children's author and illustrator. He is an author and illustrator of pictures books for children as well as a writer of novels and novellas for young adult readers. The subject matter of his juvenile fiction is perhaps more controversial than that of his peers, landing him on the ALA 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books 1990-2000.  Though some of his books have been challenged for content, he has become well known for his style and form.

Born in Charlotte, Michigan Cole spent most of his childhood moving around the Midwest with his family, as his father was a dentist in the army during World War II. Cole attended Kenyon College where he earned a bachelor's degree in English in 1960 and then the University of Minnesota where he earned a PhD in Philosophy in 1972. Before becoming an author Cole was a philosophy professor at the University of Wisconsin in Madison.

Cole is married to the Classicist Susan Guettel Cole, who taught at the University of Illinois at Chicago from 1975-1992 and the University at Buffalo from 1992-2008. The Coles reside in Buffalo, New York and have two children and two grandchildren.

Bibliography

While he has written many children's books, among them Buttons, he is best known for his novels and novellas for young adults.

Children's books
The King at the Door (1979)
No More Baths (1980)
Nothing but a Pig (1981)
The Winter Wren (1984)
The Giant's Toe (1986)
Alpha and the Dirty Baby (1991)
Buttons (2000)
Larky Mavis (2001)
Fair Monaco (2003)

Young adult books
The Goats (1987)
Celine (1989)
The Facts Speak for Themselves (1997)
Sündenböcke (1988)

Illustrations
 The Indian in the Cupboard
 Gaffer Sampson's Luck
 George Washington's Teeth
 Gully's Travels

Cole is said to be "a writer who knows and respects the audience for whom he is writing."

Excerpts

(From Buttons)
"I shall dress in my finest clothes and walk up and down the Palace Bridge. Surely a rich man will fall in love with me and ask me to be his wife. But I will say, 'No! I can never be yours! Not unless you first give me all your buttons!'"
"Many buttons were lost or destroyed in the process, but who could think of buttons at a time like this?"

References

1938 births
American children's book illustrators
American children's writers
Kenyon College alumni
University of Minnesota College of Liberal Arts alumni
Living people


Bertoncourt () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Yosemite Airport may refer to:

 Fresno Yosemite International Airport in Fresno, California, United States (FAA: FAT)
 Mammoth Yosemite Airport in Mammoth Lakes, California, United States (FAA: MMH)
 Mariposa-Yosemite Airport in Mariposa, California, United States (FAA: MPI)


La Besace () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Biermes () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bignicourt () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Blagny () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France. It is around 7 km from the Belgian border, and around 20 km south-east of Sedan.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Blanchefosse-et-Bay () is a commune in the Ardennes department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Blanzy-la-Salonnaise () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Blombay () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Geography
The river Sormonne forms most part of the commune's northwestern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bosseval-et-Briancourt () is a former commune in the Ardennes department in northern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the commune Vrigne-aux-Bois.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Former communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2017


Bogny-sur-Meuse (, literally Bogny on Meuse) is a commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region of northern France. Bogny-sur-Meuse is known for multiple sites linked to the medieval legend of The Four Sons of Aymon, such as the Hermitage, the statue of Bayard the horse, and the four peaks symbolizing the four brothers. Situated in the Ardennes mountains, the commune extends along the banks of the Meuse.

History

Bogny-sur-Meuse came into existence  when the villages of Château-Regnault-Bogny, Braux and Levrézy merged in 1967.

The fortress of Château-Regnault used to stand at the present site of the statue of Bayard the horse. During the erection of the statue in 1933, some archaeological finds were made: coins, swords, arrowheads, dishes, and some bones of animals. In the 19th and 20th centuries other finds were made at this same site, the nature of which suggested an occupation of the area prior to the medieval period.

The last sovereigns of this principality were François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti and Louise Marguerite of Lorraine. The reign of the prince lasted until 1614. When he died, his wife retained the principality until 1629, when she yielded it to King Louis XIII.

In the 19th century, an industry of metalworking developed on the banks of the Meuse, with people fashioning bolts and other similar products in workshops. This served to industrialise the region, replacing the smaller, more artisan ironmongeries. Contractors Maré and Joseph built a factory which quickly became the most important producer of bolts in the department of Ardennes. Its activity ceased almost entirely during the Second World War, and the factory closed its doors in 1953. Today, for the most part, this metalworking tradition has disappeared from Bogny-sur-Meuse, although a few residents remain knowledgeable in metallurgy.

Geography
Bogny-sur-Meuse is located within the Ardennes Massif, in a hilly forested area. The Meuse crosses through the town.

Geology
A dividing line between strata of the Cambrian and Devonian periods runs north-west-south-east through the Hermitage and the quarries of the Pleines Roches above the Château Marcadet. To the north of this limit, the rock is early Cambrian (between 540 and 500 million years), characterised by clear or white quartzites, green shales, and grey phyllites. To the south, the Devonian rock is represented by grey schists, phyllites and quartzites. Schists and phyllades from this region are often calcareous. All these rocks were transformed by metamorphism and folded during two orogenies (Caledonian, then Variscan).

Economy
In the 20th century, there was a prolific industry of metalworking in Bogny-sur-Meuse, which largely ceased after World War Two. However, Ateliers des Janves (A.D.J.), a French forgery and stamping company, was established in the industrial zone of Braux in the early 1990s. This was the first autonomous manufacturer of connecting rods in France and the second in Europe.

Bogny-sur-Meuse is part of the Ardennes Free Zone which offers favourable conditions for growth and development.

Population

Notable people

Jean Rogissart (1894-1961), a writer born in Braux.
 (1922-2016), former senator of the Fifth Republic born in Levrézy.
Jean-Baptiste Migeon (1768-1845), born in Braux, represented Haut-Rhin in the Chamber of Deputies from 1827 to 1831.

Sights
There are four rocky crags on a mountain peak near Bogny-sur-Meuse, which are said to symbolise the Four Sons of Aymon. A statue of their magical horse, Bayard, stands nearby.
 The collegiate church of Saint-Vivent de Braux is one of the oldest churches in the valley of the Meuse, founded in the 9th century during the Carolingian era. It was made a monument historique in 1963.
 The Château Marcadet is a large château, which was made a monument historique in 2000.
 Arboretum de la Pipe Qui Fume
 The Museum of Minerals and Fossils

Industrial remnants

The workers' lodgings (on rue de l'Echelle).
The old nursery (on rue Bernisseau).
The former co-operative, now a butchers (on rue Jourdes).

Gallery

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)


Coussiberlé ( or Guschubürli) is a village and former municipality in the district of See in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland.

It was first recorded in 1425 as Corsibellay.

The municipality had ca. 30 inhabitants in 1558, which increased to 58 in 1811, 63 in 1850, and 80 in 1900. It then declined, to 58 in 1950 and 51 in 2000.

In 1974 the municipality was incorporated into the larger, neighboring municipality Courlevon.

References

Former municipalities of the canton of Fribourg
Villages in the canton of Fribourg


Bossus-lès-Rumigny is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bouconville () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Boult-aux-Bois () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Boulzicourt () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


"Broken" is a song by American alternative band Lifehouse. It is the third single released from their fourth studio album, Who We Are (2007). Lead singer Jason Wade was inspired to write the song after he visited a friend in Nashville who needed a kidney transplant. Originally released on June 18, 2007, as the fifth track on Who We Are, the song was then edited for radio to give it more of a "rock" feel. The new radio version of the song was released via digital download on July 8, 2008.

The song received positive reviews from critics, as they applauded the use of instruments in the song. The song charted at number 83 and 84 in the United States and Canada respectively, and later charted in New Zealand at number 21. The song's music video premiered on VH1.com on September 16, 2008. It is set in the scene of a tunnel where Wade is walking away in the opposite direction of a car crash. Lifehouse has played "Broken" live on several occasions, including on Soundstage and at the 2011 Pinkpop Festival in the Netherlands.  A seven-minute extended version is often the final song in their concert setlist.

Background, release and composition

The song was written by Jason Wade, who originally finished the song in a hotel room after he visited a friend in Nashville who needed a kidney transplant. It was produced by John Fields and Scott Faircloff. In an interview with Alternative Addiction, Wade said, "Broken is the song that moves me the most. I wrote it in Nashville, about 6 months ago. I was in my hotel room at 3 AM, I was out there visiting a friend... he’s really sick, he needs a kidney transplant." Furthermore, he said, "That [the] song just kinda fell in my lap, and I really haven’t written a song like that since 'Hanging by a Moment' where it just happened within a 15 minute time period." Broken was released as the third single from the album on June 18, 2007. The song was then edited for radio to give it more of a "rock" feel and was released via digital download on July 8, 2008.

According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, the song is set in common time with a slow tempo of 69 beats per minute. The sheet music is written in the key of C major with the vocal range spanning from the low-note of G3 to the high-note of G5. The song has a basic chord progression of F2–Am7–F2–Am7–F2–Am7–C/G–G.  Alex Lai of Contactmusic.com described it as a song "[that] features great string use and takes a tender tone". A review from Alternative Addiction said that the song was one of the best Wade has ever written and noted "[that] the more you listen to it, the better it gets."

Chart performance
In the United States, "Broken" debuted at number 95 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week of November 8, 2008. It fluctuated on the chart for several weeks, before reaching its peak of 83. The song debuted at number 70 on the Billboard Digital Songs chart and peaked at number 38 after being on the chart for three non-consecutive weeks. On the Billboard Adult Pop Songs chart, the song debuted at number 38 for the week of August 2, 2008 and after moving around the chart for 32 consecutive weeks, the song eventually peaked at number seven. The song was certified Platinum by the RIAA in January 2013.

The song also charted internationally. "Broken" debuted at number 92 on the Canadian Hot 100 for the week of January 26, 2008. On July 26, 2008, the song reappeared in the chart and peaked at number 84. It debuted at number 40 on the New Zealand Singles Chart for the week of May 26, 2008. After being on the chart for 13 consecutive weeks, the song eventually peaked at number 21.

Promotion

Music video

The music video for "Broken" was filmed on August 24, 2008, in Los Angeles and was directed by Kiefer Sutherland and Frank Borin. It first premiered on VH1.com on September 16, 2008. Wade and Sutherland then appeared together on the VH1 Top 20 Video Countdown on September 20, 2008, to debut the music video on VH1. In an interview with Ultimate Guitar, Wade described his experience with working with Sutherland by saying, "Whilst listening to the song a little while back, Kiefer came up with the video's concept. Working with him was a great experience; with all of the expressions and very moments, Kiefer was extremely hands on. With him handling direction, acting in the music video was extremely easy."

The video starts with Jason Wade in the driver's seat of a car, with the other members of Lifehouse in the car with him. The traffic is at a stand still in a tunnel, as a swarm of people have abandoned their vehicles and are walking through. Wade and the band members get out of the car, and begin walking in the opposite direction of the crowd to the other side of the tunnel. Wade pushes through the people, who are in a rush to get to the entrance of the tunnel and is constantly focused on his destination to get to the end. When he reaches the tunnel's end, he sees the wreckage of a car crash with firefighters and paramedics cleaning up the mess. Wade then sees a girl observing what appears to be herself, dead inside one of the crashed car. He then looks to the left, and sees an old man observing himself, dead on the ground. As Wade looks into the other car, he sees himself, also seemingly dead. Upon this, Wade frantically runs back into the tunnel towards his car. Then he sees himself in the car with the band members, however everyone seems to be frozen as he bangs on the windows. Suddenly Wade is inside the car again, and a police officer comes to the window, motioning him to continue driving, since he is stopped in the middle of the tunnel for no apparent reason.

Live performances
Lifehouse performed "Broken" along with other songs on Nissan Live Sets on Yahoo! Music in 2007. On October 15, 2007, Lifehouse performed an acoustic version of the song on VH1. In January 2008, the band performed the song as part of a set list on the PBS show Soundstage. The song was also performed live at the 2011 Pinkpop Festival on June 11, 2011, as part of a set list of songs at the festival.

Media appearances
"Broken" was featured on General Hospital, Criminal Minds, Grey's Anatomy and One Tree Hill.

The song was used in the trailer for The Time Traveler's Wife.

Credits and personnel
Songwriting – Jason Wade
Production – Jason Wade, Jude Cole
Mixing – Thom Panunzio, Jack Joseph Puig, Florian Ammon, Keith Armstrong, Dean Nelson, Jeff Rothschild
Engineering – Florian Ammon, Scott Faircloff, Ross Hogarth, Will Sandalls

Credits and personnel adapted from Allmusic.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications and sales

Cover versions
Daniel Evans, a finalist on series 5 of The X Factor (UK) recorded a contemporary version on his 2013 iTunes extended play Reflections.

Trisha Yearwood version

Background
"Broken" was notably recorded and released as a single by American country artist Trisha Yearwood. She recorded the track for the soundtrack of the live televised show, The Passion: New Orleans. Yearwood was cast to play Mother Mary in a modern-day depiction of Jesus Christ's final hours. The song (among the other songs performed for the film) was produced by Adam Anders. He had previously been part of other television shows such as Glee and Rock of Ages. It was among four tracks chosen for Yearwood to sing on the soundtrack. She also recorded "Hands," "My Love Is Your Love" and "I Won't Give Up." Yearwood described her feelings on "Broken" and the original Lifehouse version: "Their version of this song is so powerful. And it’s so vulnerable and so real and so in the moment..."

Critical reception
Yearwood's cover of "Broken" received a positive response from critics and writers. Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe gave the single an "A" rating in his review. Coyne commented that Yearwood's version of the song went beyond expectations in terms of production and vocal performance. Coyne added that the song can be compared to that of Yearwood's late 1990s hits that had similar pop-crossover styles: "It’s a powerhouse performance, and a reminder of that brief, late nineties period where Yearwood flirted with pop stardom. Of course she’s got the pipes to pull it off. We all know that." Laura McClellan from Taste of Country also gave the song positive reception in her review of the song's live performance: "Yearwood stood alone with only a mic as she sang, bringing her signature dynamic vocals to the song from beginning to end. It’s clear she feels the lyrics strongly, and her conviction and commitment to the song brings a new life to the tune."

Release and chart performance
"Broken" was released as a single via Virgin Records on February 20, 2016. It was her second single to reach the Billboard adult contemporary songs chart, peaking at number 17 on the list in May 2016. Additionally, the single charted on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart, peaking at number 48 after one week on the chart in March 2016. "Broken" is Yearwood's biggest adult contemporary hit to date. The song was used to promote The Passion television special through several commercials that aired in 2016. The song also gained traction on social media platforms, which also led to its further chart success. In reflecting on the song's success, Yearwood commented, "It’s been such a nice surprise." The song was officially released on the album's soundtrack on March 18, 2016. The show itself aired on the Fox network two days later as a live televised event.

Track listing
Music download
 "Broken" – 3:55

Charts

References

External links
 "Broken" Music Video on YouTube

2007 songs
2008 singles
2016 singles
Lifehouse (band) songs
Songs written by Jason Wade
Rock ballads
Geffen Records singles
Virgin Records singles
Trisha Yearwood songs
Song recordings produced by John Fields (record producer)
2000s ballads
Songs about heartache


Mick Cooke (born 14 August 1951) is an Irish association football manager and former player.

Playing career
A former youths international Cooke played in the qualifiers for Republic of Ireland national under-19 football team in the 1970 UEFA European Under-18 Championship. An inside left he started his career at St Patrick's Athletic F.C. He then moved to Drogheda United scoring 8 league goals in four seasons and was their top scorer in 1972/73.

He played in both games of the 1971 FAI Cup Final as Drogheda lost in the replay to Limerick.

The Dubliner was signed by Mick Meagan for Shamrock Rovers later that year, the man who had brought him to Drogheda as a teenager four years earlier.

A former Republic of Ireland national football team youth international in February 1974 Cooke signed for St Patrick's Athletic and was an unused substitute as Pats lost the 1974 FAI Cup final.

Managing career
Cooke managed the Republic of Ireland women's national football team for eight years from 1992, standing down in July 2000 to concentrate on his role as assistant manager of Shamrock Rovers.

Cooke led the U–17 girls to triumph in the Gothia Cup in 1995, beating Taiwan in the final; and, the following year, won the Dana Cup with the U–18's when defeating the State of Texas in the final in America.

One of his last games came against world champions USA in front of 30,500 spectators at the Foxboro Stadium, Massachusetts in September 1999.

He was alongside Damien Richardson from 1999 to 2002 as Rovers finished League of Ireland runners-up and reached two FAI Cup semi-finals.

In 2003, he got his first manager's job in the league at Monaghan United. After seven seasons he took over from Bobby Browne in February 2011 and in the 2011 League of Ireland season he led Drogheda to ninth place and safety in the Premier Division.

He is the first team manager of League of Ireland Premier Division side Drogheda United since taking over 2011.

He took over from Bobby Browne in February 2011 after seven seasons in charge of Monaghan United, and in the 2011 League of Ireland he led Drogheda to ninth place and safety in the Premier Division.

Cooke took over as manager of Athlone Town in November 2013, but left the position in April 2014 after the club lost all of their opening ten league games of the 2014 season.

On 7 July 2015, Cooke took the reins at Bray Wanderers.

Honours

As a manager
 League of Ireland Cup: 1
 Drogheda United – 2012

References

External links
Interview on Drogheda United Website
2011 Interview on Extratime

1951 births
Living people
Republic of Ireland men's association footballers
Men's association football inside forwards
Republic of Ireland men's youth international footballers
League of Ireland players
Drogheda United F.C. players
St Patrick's Athletic F.C. players
Shamrock Rovers F.C. players
Galway United F.C. (1937–2011) players
Drogheda United F.C. managers
League of Ireland managers
Athlone Town A.F.C. managers
Galway United F.C. managers
Republic of Ireland women's national football team managers
Bray Wanderers F.C. managers
Monaghan United F.C. managers
Bluebell United F.C. players
Republic of Ireland association football managers
Association footballers from Dublin (city)


Bourcq () is a commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region of northern France.

Population

In 2017, the town had 52 residents.

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bourg-Fidèle () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Boutancourt () is a former commune in the Ardennes department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Flize.

Population

See also

Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Former communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2019


The Junkers J 1, nicknamed the  (Tin Donkey or Sheet Metal Donkey), was an experimental monoplane aircraft developed by Junkers. It was the first all-metal aircraft in the world. Manufactured early on in the First World War, an era in which aircraft designers relied largely on fabric-covered wooden structures braced with wires, the J 1 was a revolutionary development in aircraft design, making extensive use of metal in its structure as had already been done and in its outer surface.

The J 1 originated from the work of pioneering aeronautical designer Hugo Junkers. The experimental aircraft never received an "A" or "E-series" monoplane designation from , the Army inspectorate of military aircraft and The Imperial German Air Service (). The aircraft was known only by its Junkers factory model number of J 1 and should not be confused with the later, armoured all-metal Junkers J 4 sesquiplane, accepted by the later  as the Junkers J.I (using a Roman numeral), from the category of armored combat aircraft established by .

On 12 December 1915, the aircraft made its brief maiden flight, flown by Leutnant Theodor Mallinckrodt of  (FEA 1), during which an altitude of almost  was reached. Greater altitudes and performance were achieved during subsequent flights. By the end of January 1916, Junkers had been given a contract to further develop his all-metal concept and the later Junkers J 2 single-seat fighter, which would never see front line service, followed the J 1. It is believed that the Junkers J 1 was not flown again after January 1916. In 1926, it was placed on static display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich. In December 1944, the J 1 was destroyed during an Allied bombing raid on the city.

Development

Background
Amongst the earlier pioneers and innovators in the field of aviation was the German engineer and aeronautical designer Hugo Junkers. During his early career he had established his engineering credentials outside of the field of aviation; Junker's innovations had included the invention of a type of calorimeter and in the construction of internal combustion engines. Sometime after 1897, Junkers was first introduced to the principles and field of aviation after having received details of the concept of heavier-than-air travel from Hans Reissner, a colleague and fellow professor at the  in Aachen, where Junkers held the chair of Professor of Thermodynamics.

In 1907 Reissner approached Junkers, seeking his collaboration in the design and construction of an early monoplane aircraft; although this first effort, which flew in 1909, did not meet with much success, it was this project which has been credited with leading to Junkers pursuing a career as an aeronautical designer. Five years later Reissner, with Junkers' help, began construction of his all-metal canard design, which he named the  (Duck) which first flew on 7 August 1912. Junkers' firm manufactured portions of Reissner's design, including the flying surfaces and radiator. The problems encountered in constructing the  had led to Junkers spending considerable amounts of time working on the problems of airframe design, including an examination of the options for the elimination of the practice of exterior bracing of airframes. During 1910 he patented the design for a fully cantilevered thick aerofoil tailless aircraft (now known as a flying wing) in Germany.

During 1910 Junkers received a grant for the construction of a wind tunnel at his research facilities in Aachen; this led to the initiation of an aerodynamic research programme that would, five years later, contribute to the design of the Junkers J 1. In 1911, Junkers resigned his professorship to dedicate his efforts to his Dessau-based engine company; he returned to Aachen upon the completion of the wind tunnel. It was not until 1915 that Junkers was able to fully devote his time to the design and manufacture of an aircraft; it was at this point that he opened a research institute, the , which was assigned responsibility for the design and development of a series of fully cantilevered all-metal monoplanes.

Upon the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, Junkers decided to direct his efforts towards projects which would have potential military value. The majority of aircraft designers were relatively conservative and, save for some isolated examples, no advances were achieved; according to aviation historian Charles Gibbs-Smith, the pioneering work of Hugo Junkers was a notable exception. It was Junkers' efforts, along with those of collaborators such as engineers Otto Reuter, Otto Mader, head of the and Hans Steudel, director of Junkers' structural materials and testing department, that the J 1 would be produced as a private venture, in the form of what would now be termed a technology demonstrator.

Concept and contract
Junkers and the , commenced engineering work to realize his concept for the creation of aircraft designs that would dispense with drag-producing exterior bracing. His work on Reissner's  design had convinced him of the necessity to use metal as the main structural material but since duralumin, which had been invented by Alfred Wilm six years earlier. Duralumin was apparently the ideal metal alloy for aircraft construction but was prone to flaking and other undesirable characteristics when worked in sheet metal form. The early all-metal aircraft designs produced by Junkers used sheets of heavier electrical steel, similar to the types of ferrous sheet metals that are typically used in laminated-core AC electrical transformers.

On 8 June 1915, Junkers began to acquire the tooling for the J 1. According to aviation author Hugh Cowin, while it has often mis-reported as having been produced to a specification forr an aircraft intended for military service, the J 1 was instead intended to be produced purely as a research aircraft, that would lead to the production of a later line of all-metal monoplane fighter aircraft. On 12 December 1915, the J 1 made a short flight at Dessau and was then sent to the Army proving ground at Döberitz for testing, where it made the first real flight on 18 January 1916.

Design
The Junkers J 1 was an experimental mid-wing monoplane that incorporated various modern features, having a cantilever wing and an entirely metal structure. Externally, the J 1 was an exceptionally clean and well-proportioned aircraft. Sheet steel panels -wide, reinforced in load-bearing areas by additional sheets of corrugated steel within the comparatively-smoother outer envelope, were wrapped around the fuselage to form its external covering. This arrangement was the first use of an all-metal stressed-skin construction. The rudder was of an "all-flying" design, with no fixed fin and the tail surface structure and covering also consisted of formed sheet steel, much like the wings. The angle of incidence of the stabilizer could be adjusted on the ground.

The basic structure of the J 1 was built up around its center fuselage section and the integral inboard stub wing, functioning as the aircraft's wing roots. The stub wings served as attachment points for Junkers' patented spar-less wings, which consisted of short span truss-tires sections successively layered outwards from the stub wings. Other elements fixed onto the centre section include the nose section, rear fuselage, and tail unit. Atypically for the era, the wing lacked any exterior bracing struts or wires; the only use of external bracing was for support of the horizontal stabilisers and the undercarriage. The internal structure made use of welded strip-steel angle stock and I-beam sections in conjunction with portions of steel tubing to form its main internal structure.

The innovative cantilever structure for the wings were also covered in chordwise sheet steel panels. The wing root had a depth of about 75 per cent of the height of the fuselage at the root's thickest point, and the wing had at least three aerofoil changes, along with tapering of the leading and trailing edge angles between the wing root and the wing tip. These changes in wing section would become a Junkers design hallmark on the later 1918 Junkers D.I. single-seat all-metal fighter design, which was covered with Wilm's duralumin, corrugated as first attempted with the Junkers J 3 airframe exercise of 1916–1917. The J 1 also relied on steel panels with span-wise corrugations as a structural element hidden under the smooth outer metal covering to increase the wing's strength.

The  Mercedes D.II six-cylinder liquid-cooled inline engine selected to power the J-1 was housed within a simple, clamshell-like horizontally split cowling enclosing the engine's crankcase and lower cylinder block. It featured an advanced engine radiator layout for the era, having placed the radiator in a ventral position underneath the forward fuselage; the front of the radiator housing's opening was located just behind the front gear strut's attachment points to the fuselage, and with the radiator's housing having a width equal to that of the fuselage above it.

Operational history

Flight testing

Before the Junkers J 1 could fly, , the , the aviation administration arm of the German Army, required that static load tests be performed on the J 1. This involved the usual static loading trials being carried out on the J 1's structure using sandbags, loading and strength tests, as well as a test of the static thrust that would be obtained with the engine and propeller combination. On 3 December 1915, these static tests were completed, followed by engine thrust tests. The Junkers factory did not yet possess a test field at Dessau, so the J 1 was transported to the  (FEA 1) airfield in Döberitz, just west of Berlin, for its flight testing.

On 12 December 1915,  Theodor Mallinckrodt of FEA 1 was assigned to taxi and briefly "hop" the J 1, which he managed to do up to almost a  altitude. During the course of this small flight, a gust of wind caught the starboard wing during the "hop" as the J 1 descended, resulting in the port wing tip scraping the ground and the port side of the J 1's fuselage was correspondingly bent inwards towards the rear of the wing mount. Testing was delayed while repairs were made through the holiday period at the end of 1915, after which a further round of static load tests were carried out to test the repairs.

On 18 January 1916, the second flight for the J 1 was carried out at Döberitz by  (Private) Paul Arnold of the FEA 1 unit. The J 1 attained an altitude of only , following a  take-off run, as the variable incidence stabilizer had been incorrectly set in the mistaken belief that the J 1 was tail-heavy. Later that day, after the stabilizer was adjusted to give level flight trim,  Mallinckrodt performed another attempt, this time reaching a maximum height of  from a shorter take-off run. Handling was determined to be acceptable and the aircraft was reportedly stable during flight.

On 19 January, Mallinckrodt once again took the J 1 up for its only known "high performance" flight test, which consisted of a  course and covered altitudes from . During this flight, Mallinckrodt reached top speed of . As a consequence of military interest in Junkers' design, the J 1 was compared to the popular Rumpler C.I two-seat armed observation biplane during flight testing. The J 1 was  faster, even though the Rumpler biplane was powered by the more powerful Mercedes D.III engine. Given the lighter weight of the Rumpler's wood-and-fabric airframe, it was capable of a much greater rate of climb rate than the J 1, handicapped by its experimental steel structure.

Analysis

The flight performance of the J 1 were evaluated during the test programme. Information was gathered from the pilots and the ground crew that serviced it. Apparently, the welded construction of the aircraft had problems on the ground that had been encountered before. In conjunction with its sluggish performance in the air, some individuals mocked the J 1 with derogatory names, the most prominent of these being the  (Tin Donkey or Sheet Metal Donkey). Some figures, such as the Dutch aviation pioneer, Anthony Fokker, praised the potential of the aircraft and the principles demonstrated, pointing to the higher speed and greater durability of prospective aircraftusing such construction. The handling of the J 1 was the subject of derision by Junkers' critics but the military remained supportive of refinement of the concept. By the end of January 1916, Junkers had been given a contract and the Junkers J 2 single-seat fighter followed, which would never see front line service. The J 2 bore a superficial similarity to the J 1, being more aerodynamically refined and slightly smaller, yet the two aircraft had similar structures.

Preservation and recreations
It is believed that the Junkers J 1 was not flown again after January 1916. The aircraft survived the First World War, and was placed on static display in 1926 at the Deutsches Museum in Munich. During December 1944, the J 1 was destroyed during an Allied bombing raid on the city during the Second World War A metal scale display model of the J 1 was built by a group of Junkers' factory workers following its initial flights, and was publicly exhibited at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, following the First World War; its fate is not known. During 2015, the Junkers Technology Museum in Dessau, Germany, announced that they intended to construct a full-scale replica of the pioneering J 1. To fund this, financing was sought through a crowdfunding campaign on Kickstarter.

Specifications

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

 Junkers J 1 in Döberitz, 1915
 The J 1 Projekt, homepage for a reproduction of the J 1 being built in Germany
 The Hugo Junkers Homepage - Junkers J 1 info page
 Official Junkers site's page on the Junkers J 1 (in German)

1910s German experimental aircraft
J 001
Aircraft first flown in 1915
Single-engined tractor aircraft


Bouvellemont () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Brécy-Brières () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department
List of medieval bridges in France

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Brévilly is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Brienne-sur-Aisne (, literally Brienne on Aisne) is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Sister cities
It is the sister town of Michiana Shores, Indiana.

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Brieulles-sur-Bar (, literally Brieulles on Bar) is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department
List of medieval bridges in France

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Briquenay () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Brognon () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Bulson () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Carignan () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France. It is the seat of a canton. It was known as Yvoy or Yvois until 1662.

History
Carignan was, under the name Epoissium, Eposium, Epusum or Ivosium, a military settlement of the Romans. Gaugericus, bishop of Cambrai, was born in Eposium around 550. A little later it was the home of a stylite ascetic named Wulflaich.

As Yvois, it was part of the Duchy of Burgundy in the 15th century. It changed hands between the Habsburg Netherlands and France several times, until it was assigned to France by the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees. The town was given as a lordship to Prince Eugène-Maurice of Savoy-Carignan, and renamed Carignan in 1662.

Population

International relations

Carignan is twinned with:

 Weinsberg, Germany

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)


Cauroy () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Cernion is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chagny () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chalandry-Elaire (; also Chalandry-Élaire) is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Challerange () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Champigneulle () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.  It is the birthplace of the painter Alexandre-François Desportes.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Champigneul-sur-Vence () is a commune in the Ardennes department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Champlin () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Charbogne () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chardeny () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Charnois () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

The Pointe de Givet National Nature Reserve is partly located on the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chatel-Chéhéry () is a commune in the Ardennes department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Le Châtelet-sur-Retourne () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Le Châtelet-sur-Sormonne (, literally Le Châtelet on Sormonne) is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Geography
The river Sormonne flows through the commune and crosses the village of Châtelet-sur-Sormonne.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chaumont-Porcien () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

History
After his travel to the tumb of Jesus, in the 6th century, . When he arrived at the forest of Chaumont-Porcien (which no longer exists), he saw the "Bald Mount", called like this because there were no trees on it, whereas the forest covered all the rest of the landscape. Berthauld became Saint-Berthauld, because he spread the God's word in an pagan area. After his dead, an abbey was built. Destroyed many times, there is nothing left. Thanks to Isidore Fressancourt, a chapel was built in 1876, on the "Bald Mount", still standing, and a way to discover histories and legends of "Porcien".

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chéhéry () is a former commune in the Ardennes department in northern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Chémery-Chéhéry.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Former communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2016


Chémery-sur-Bar (, literally Chémery on Bar) is a former commune in the Ardennes department in northern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Chémery-Chéhéry.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Former communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2016


Le Chesne () is a former commune in the Ardennes department in northern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Bairon et ses environs.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Former communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2016


Chesnois-Auboncourt () is a commune in the Ardennes department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Communes of Ardennes (department)


Cheveuges () is a commune in the Ardennes department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chevières () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chuffilly-Roche is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France. It was created, in 1828, by amalgamating the communes of Chuffilly-et-Coigny and Roche-et-Méry.

Population

Personalities
Arthur Rimbaud, French poet, lived for a while in Roche, where his family had a farm. He wrote several works there, notably Une saison en enfer (A Season in Hell) and Le bateau ivre (The Drunken Boat).

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Clavy-Warby is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Shajahanpur Upazila () is an upazila of Bogra District in the Division of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Created in 2003, it is the newest upazila in the District.

Geography
Shajahanpur Upazila has a total area of . It borders Bogra Sadar Upazila to the north, Gabtali and Dhunat upazilas to the east, Sherpur Upazila to the south, Nandigram Upazila to the southwest, and Kahaloo Upazila to the west. The Karatoya River flows south through the upazila.

Demographics

According to the 2011 Bangladesh census, Shajahanpur Upazila had 72,685 households and a population of 289,804, 21.4% of whom lived in urban areas. 8.9% of the population was under the age of 5. The literacy rate (age 7 and over) was 57.7%, compared to the national average of 51.8%.

Administration
Bogra Municipality falls mainly within Bogra Sadar Upazila, but a small part of the municipality (one ward, portions of two others, Majhira Cantonment, and Jahangirabad Cantonment) lies inside Shajahanpur Upazila. These wards are divided into 18 mahallas.  The remainder of the upazila is divided into nine union parishads: Amrool, Aria, Asekpur, Chopinagar, Gohail, Kharna, Khotta Para, Madla, and Majhira. The union parishads are subdivided into 120 mauzas and 166 villages.

Education

There are six colleges in the upazila.  There are two degree colleges- Kamaruddin Islamia College founded in 1986 and Dublagari College, founded in 1986.

Bogra Cantonment Public School and College, founded in 1979, is in Majhira Cantonment. Millennium Scholastic School & College, founded in 1998, is in Jahangiraba Cantonment.

Aria Rahimabad high school, founded in 2017, is in Nagarhat, Amrool Union.
The technical and vocational education system has one college, Ranirhat Technical College, founded in 2000.

The madrasa education system includes six fazil and two kamil madrasas.

See also
Upazilas of Bangladesh
Districts of Bangladesh
Divisions of Bangladesh

References

Upazilas of Bogra District


Cliron () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Geography
The Sormonne forms part of the commune's southern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Condé-lès-Autry (, literally Condé near Autry) is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Condé-lès-Herpy is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Contreuve () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Cornay () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

World War I
On October 8, 1918, in the Argonne Forest ().  Cornay was the scene of particularly heavy fighting on October 8, 1918.  The 82nd US Infantry Division launched a series of attacks in the area, with 1st Battalion, 328 Infantry regiment (82nd Division) attacking to liberate Cornay and 2nd Battalion, 328th Infantry Regiment attacking into the Argonne Forest through Chatel Chehery (south of Cornay).  Around 10:30 am, the German 125th Landwehr Wuerttemberg Regiment and 212th Prussian Reserve Regiment launched a determined counterattack against the American forces, which inflicted heavy casualties on the Americans, with more than 100 being captured.  The 82nd Division was forced to retreat from Cornay.  The town was retaken by the Americans the next day.  Three kilometers to the south, Cpl Alvin C. York from Company G, 328th Infantry Regiment, 82nd Infantry Division, with the aid of 7 other soldiers, captured 132 German soldiers.  For his actions York was awarded the US Medal of Honor.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


USS Dane (APA-238) was a  in service with the United States Navy from 1945 to 1946. She was scrapped in 1975.

History
Dane was named after a county in Wisconsin. She was launched on 9 August 1945 by Oregon Shipbuilding of Portland, Oregon, under a Maritime Commission contract; transferred to the Navy 29 October 1945; and commissioned the same day.

Dane arrived too late too see action in World War II, but she arrived in time to participate in Operation Magic Carpet, the massive sealift made shortly after the war to bring returning servicemen home.

Dane made three "Magic Carpet" voyages to the West Pacific from 29 December 1945 to 10 July 1946, bringing home veterans from Okinawa, Guam, Peleliu, Manus, Truk, and Kwajalein.

Decommissioning
She remained at San Francisco until placed out of commission 20 December 1946. She was transferred to the Maritime Administration 17 August 1958, which disposed of her some time thereafter. Her final disposition is unknown.

References

 APA-238 Dane, Navsource Online.

Haskell-class attack transports
Dane County, Wisconsin
World War II amphibious warfare vessels of the United States
Ships built in Portland, Oregon
1945 ships


Corny-Machéroménil () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Coulommes-et-Marqueny () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


La Croix-aux-Bois () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Damouzy () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Geography
The river Sormonne forms part of the commune's southern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Les Deux-Villes (, literally The Two Towns) is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Dom-le-Mesnil () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Jacob (or Jaap) Gestman Geradts (born 9 December 1951, The Hague) is a Dutch pin up artist painter.

Biography

Geradts studied electronics at the Delft Technical University where he received his master's degree in 1977. He then became a professor on measurement and control systems as well as navigation and communication equipment from 1977 to 1987. He published hundreds of articles and several technical books.

In the late 1980s, just before moving to the south of France, he began drawing pin ups. First influenced by Alphonse Mucha, he soon modified his style in the way of the great pin up artists of the 1950s and 1960s, like Alberto Vargas, Aslan and George Petty.
Unlike many other artists, Geradts uses color pencil instead of airbrush and instead of canvas or paper he uses sheets of satinised polypropylene.

From the early 1990s on Geradts started composing and performing post-pop music, released by the name of Raticide.

References
 Kunstkrant Nr 3, June 2005, Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, (ISSN 0927-4014).
 Le Journal d'Ici Tarn et Lauragais, 31 October 2013, No 490, page 21, La femme selon Jacob.

External links

1951 births
Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
Pin-up artists
Painters from The Hague
Dutch erotic artists
Living people


Dommery () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Donchery () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department
List of medieval bridges in France

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Doux () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


In the Ecstasy of Billions () is a 1920 German film directed by Richard Eichberg and featuring Béla Lugosi and Violetta Napierska. It was a sequel to The Curse of Man.

Cast
 Lee Parry
 Violetta Napierska
 Felix Hecht
 Robert Scholz
 Willy Kaiser-Heyl
 Reinhold Pasch
 Béla Lugosi
 Paul Ludwig
 Dary Holm

See also
 Béla Lugosi filmography

References

External links

1920 films
Films of the Weimar Republic
German black-and-white films
German silent feature films
Films directed by Richard Eichberg
German sequel films


Barby () is a commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region of northern France.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Barbyons or Barbyonnes.

The commune has been awarded three flowers by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.

Geography

Barby is located immediately north-west of Rethel and immediately south-east of Château-Porcien. Access to the commune is by the D926 road from Rethel which passes through the heart of the commune and the village before continuing north-west to Château-Porcien. The D946 from Rethel passes through the north of the commune as it goes north-west to Seraincourt. The commune is entirely farmland.

The Aisne river passes through the south-east of the commune forming a small part of the south-eastern border as it flows west to eventually join the Oise at Compiègne. The Vaux river flows south, forming the western border of the commune, to join the Aisne just outside the south-western tip of the commune. The Ruisseau de Bourgeron flows from the north-east through the commune and the village and joins the Aisne on the southern border. The Canal des Ardennes is parallel to and south of the Aisne and forms a small portion of the southern border of the commune.

Climate
July and August are very hot and dry with temperatures up to 38 °C. Even so, rainfall is more frequent in summer, but the winters are shorter and less severe. The cold weather lasts only from October to March which favours corn crops and especially Kitchen gardens.

History

Excavations have uncovered a Bronze Age tomb in Barby and the village is traversed by the old Roman road from Rethel to Château-Porcien.

The village of Gerson was located on the current territory of the commune in the Middle Ages but is now gone. It was at Gerson that Jean Charlier de Gerson, Chancellor of the University of Paris (nicknamed Doctor Christianissimus), was born in 1363. A Wayside cross marks the place which traditionally is his birthplace. The commune named the Rue Gerson after him and the parish built a monument in the church during its construction in 1880 or 1881.

Barby appears as Barby on the 1750 Cassini Map and the same on the 1790 version.

Administration

List of Successive Mayors

Demography
In 2017 the commune had 415 inhabitants.

Economy
Barby is a rural commune characterised by agriculture. The wheat harvest wheat is a highlight of life in the commune.

Sites and Monuments

The Church of Saint John the Baptist dates from 1880. The Church contains many items that are registered as historical objects:
A Baptismal font (15th century)
2 Statues: Virgin of Pity and Saints John the Baptist and John the Evangelist (15th century)
A Painting: The beheading of Saint John the Baptist (15th century)
An Altar and Retable (15th century)
A Statue: Saint Barbe (16th century)
A Statue: Saint John the Baptist (17th century)
A Statue: Saint Hubert (17th century)
A Funeral Plaque for Elisabeth la Chardenière, mother of Jean Gerson (16th century)
La Crauye, a chalk quarry north of the village.
Les Bœufs Blancs (The White Oxen), a beach on the Aisne.

Notable people linked to the commune
Jean Charlier de Gerson (1363-1429), Chancellor of the University of Paris.
Gérard Tène (or Thène), a labourer at Barby in 1644 and his son, Joseph Taine - also a labourer at Barby, were the ancestors of Hippolyte Taine.
Eugène Marquigny, a Jesuit and writer born in 1836 at Barby.
Guy Féquant, writer, born in 1949 at Barby

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)


Belval () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Geography
The Sormonne forms most of the commune's northern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


La Chapelle () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also

Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chilly is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Geography
The Sormonne flows through the commune and forms part of its western border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Chooz () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

The Chooz Nuclear Power Plant is located in Chooz, as are the associated Chooz and Double Chooz neutrino oscillation experiments. The Pointe de Givet National Nature Reserve is also partly located on the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


For someone needs Love is an album by Shunichi Miyamoto released March 24, 2005.  Its catalog number is VICL-61597.

Track list
 海の子守歌 - (Umi No Komoriuta)
 眠れない夜を越えて - (Nemurenai Yoru Wo Koete)
 Everytime I Miss You
 最後のkiss - (Saigo No Kiss)
 うそつき - (Usotsuki)
 虹色マスカラ - (Nijiiro Masukara)
 Happy Birthday to you
 ＜Yes, my love＞
 永遠（live version） - (Eien (Live Version))
 出会う前のように - (Deau Mae No Youni)

2005 albums


Coucy () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Deville () is a commune in the Ardennes department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Douzy () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France. In September 2015 it absorbed the former commune of Mairy.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Communes nouvelles of Ardennes
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


The discography of British post-hardcore band Fightstar consists of thirteen singles, one EP, four studio albums, one compilation album and seventeen music videos.

Albums

Extended plays

Compilation albums

Singles

Other songs

Music videos

References

Discographies of British artists
Rock music group discographies
Discography


Draize () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Dricourt () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Courtaman is a village and former municipality in the district of See in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland.

It was first recorded in 1309 as Cortemant. The municipality is bilingual, with 55% French and 44% German speakers in 2000.

The municipality had 66 inhabitants in 1811, which increased to 129 in 1850, 156 in 1900 and 252 in 1930. It then declined somewhat to 221 in 1950, before skyrocketing to 1054 in 2000.

In 2005 the municipality was incorporated into the larger, neighboring municipality Courtepin.

References

Former municipalities of the canton of Fribourg
Villages in the canton of Fribourg


L'Écaille () is a commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


L'Échelle () is a commune in the Ardennes department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Écly () is a commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Écordal () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Élan () is a former commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region in northern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune Flize.

The commune was the home of , founded in the 12th century by Roger of Ellant.

Population

Sights
Arboretum d'Élan

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Former communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Kingsley Halt was a railway station on the Bordon Light Railway which served the village of Kingsley, Hampshire, England. The station had been constructed by the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) in the hope that the area would attract residential development, but this did not happen. The LSWR had purchased an area of land far larger than that what was actually used, as they hoped to construct a large station and goods yard. A primitive halt with a single platform opened some months after the line's opening, consisting merely of a nameboard, noticeboard, lamp and seat.

Declining passenger traffic and reduced military activities at Bordon after the Second World War saw the line's closure to regular services in 1957. Kingsley Halt was demolished soon after closure, and nothing now remains except the shape of the trackbed, now used as a farm track.

See also

 List of closed railway stations in Britain

References

External links
 Kingsley Halt on Subterranea Britannica

Disused railway stations in Hampshire
Former London and South Western Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1906
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1957


In England and Wales, the Manual for Streets, published in March 2007, provides guidance for practitioners involved in the planning, design, provision and approval of new streets, and modifications to existing ones. It aims to increase the quality of life through good design which creates more people-oriented streets.  Although the detailed guidance in the document applies mainly to residential streets, the overall design principles apply to all streets within urban areas.

A street is defined as "a highway with important public realm functions beyond the movement of motor traffic" – i.e. by its function rather than some arbitrary traffic flow limit.

Overview
The UK Department for Transport (DfT) and the Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG), with support from the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE), commissioned WSP Group, Transport Research Laboratory (TRL), Llewelyn Davies Yeang and Phil Jones Associates to develop Manual for Streets to give guidance to a range of practitioners on effective street design.

Manual for Streets was published on 29 March 2007. It superseded Design Bulletin 32 – Residential Roads and Footpaths – Layout Considerations (DB32) and the companion guide Places, Streets and Movement, which have now been withdrawn. A copy of the manual as well a summary and supporting research can be downloaded from the Department for Transport.

Manual for Streets has updated geometric guidelines for low trafficked residential streets, examines the effect of the environment on road user behaviour, and draws on practice in other countries. Research undertaken by TRL provides the evidence base upon which the revised geometric guidelines in the Manual for Streets are based, including link widths, forward visibility, visibility splays and junction spacing.

Manual for Streets applies in England and Wales and is national guidance, not a policy document.

The Scottish Government commissioned WSP Group, Phil Jones Associates and Edaw to produce Designing Streets, a version of Manual for Streets for application in Scotland and was published in 2010. Unlike Manual for Streets, it is published as a "policy statement".

MfS 2
Manual for Streets 2:  Wider Application of the Principles was launched on 29 September 2010 in London. It is designed to be read alongside the original Manual rather than to supersede it. It is available to buy for £40 in paper form from its publisher, the Chartered Institution of Highways & Transportation (CIHT), as well as the usual retail outlets.  CIHT staff reported at the launch that it will not be available to download for up to a year.

Criticisms

Manual for Streets has been criticised for its approach to permeability of street networks. Critics argue that, by encouraging permeability of street networks for motor vehicles, MfS undermines its declared intention to reduce the domination of streets by motor traffic. Sustrans, the sustainable transport charity, while giving a cautious welcome to the Manual, argues that the guidance should limit permeability for motor vehicles and provide full permeability for walking and cycling. Melia (2008) went further, arguing:

"By multiplying opportunities for ‘rat-running' [the approach in Manual for Streets will] increase the capacity of a road network to carry traffic – and, course (sic) to emit .  In other words, it is a cheaper variation on the 'build our way out of congestion' theme."

See also
 The Design Manual for Roads and Bridges

References

External links
 Manual for Streets website.
 Manual for Streets: a summary (PDF, 916 kb). Published 11 December 2007.
 Manual for Streets (PDF, 5 Mb). Published 29 March 2007.
 The Manual for Streets: evidence and research (PDF, 10 Mb). Published 19 June 2007.
 Order printed copies of Manual for Streets (PDF, 12 kb). Published 31 May 2007.
 Chartered Institution of Highways & Transportation

Transport policy in the United Kingdom
Impact assessment
Urban planning


Escombres-et-le-Chesnois is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Estrebay is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Étalle () is a commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region in northern France.

Geography
The river Sormonne flows through the commune and forms part of its southern border.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Éteignières () is a commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region in northern France.

Geography
The river Sormonne forms most of the commune's northern border.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Étrépigny () is a commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region in northern France.

History
The atheist Jean Meslier was the priest at Étrépigny from 1689 to 1729.

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Évigny () is a commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Exermont () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Fagnon () is a commune in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region, northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Faissault () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Falaise () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Faux () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Fépin () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


La Férée () is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


La Ferté-sur-Chiers (, literally La Ferté on Chiers) is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia


Flaignes-Havys is a commune in the Ardennes department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.

Geography
The river Sormonne flows east through the northern part of the commune.

Population

See also
Communes of the Ardennes department

References

Communes of Ardennes (department)
Ardennes communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia