Glen Martin Hirshberg (born 1966 in Royal Oak, a suburb of Detroit, Michigan) is an American author best known for horror fiction.

Biography
Born to parents Linda Hirshberg (psychologist) and Jerry Hirshberg (painter, founder of Nissan Design International, and author of The Creative Priority), Hirshberg began telling stories at the age of three. "My mother was a psychologist, my father a designer and painter, and I think their influence still resonates through everything I write. I can’t draw a straight line, but I love painting with the language, and what interests me most in stories, even the spooky ones, is the way people respond to and discover one another as their lives unfold or unravel." Hirshberg was ten years old in 1976 when the Oakland County Child Killer began to kidnap and kill children in his neighborhood.  This formative experience finds outlet in the plot of Hirshberg's first novel The Snowman's Children which, as Publishers Weekly relates, is the story of an adult coming to terms with his "1970s suburban childhood. In the winter of 1977, a serial killer dubbed "The Snowman" haunted a quiet Michigan neighborhood, preying on the town's children." In 1980, Hirshberg moved with his family to Southern California when his father, Jerry Hirshberg, took a job with Nissan Design.  Hirshberg graduated from Torrey Pines High School before earning his B.A. from Columbia University in 1988, where he won the Bennett Cerf Prize, and his M.A. and M.F.A. from the University of Montana in Missoula in 1991.  Hirshberg then moved to Seattle where he worked as a music critic and writer for the Seattle Weekly among other publications. He currently teaches and lives with his family in the Los Angeles area.

Career
His works include the novel The Snowman's Children, published in limited edition by Earthling Publications and reissued for wider distribution in 2002 by Carroll & Graf, a short story collection The Two Sams, published in 2003 by Carroll & Graf; the collection American Morons, published in 2006 by Earthling Publications; the collection The Janus Tree, published in 2012 by Subterranean Press; the novel The Book of Bunk, published in 2010 by Earthling Publications, and the novel Motherless Child which was first published in a limited run by Earthling in 2012.  This book sold out before publication and was reissued for wider distribution in May, 2014 by Tor Books as the initial book of a trilogy. The second book of the trilogy Good Girls was released February, 2016, and the third book of the series is in progress.

The Two Sams received an International Horror Guild Award for Outstanding Collection in 2003 and was selected as a Publishers Weekly Best Book for that same year. In addition, The Two Sams was also nominated for the 2004 World Fantasy Award for Best Collection. Stories in the collection were also very well received.  "Mr. Dark's Carnival" was nominated for the 2000 International Horror Guild Award for Long Story.  and was a World Fantasy nominee for Best Novella of the year in 2001. "Dancing Men" won an International Horror Guild Award for Mid-Length Fiction in 2003 and was nominated for the World Fantasy Award for Best Novella in 2004. "Struwwelpeter," was nominated in the Best Novella category for the World Fantasy Award in 2002.

The collection American Morons was nominated for the 2007 World Fantasy Award for Best Collection and for the Bram Stoker Award for Fiction Collection. It received an International Horror Guild Award for Outstanding Collection in 2006; "The Muldoon," one of the stories from that collection, was also nominated for the 2006 International Horror Guild Award for Mid-Length Fiction. The collection The Janus Tree was a finalist for a 2011 Shirley Jackson Award. Its titular story, "The Janus Tree," was nominated for a 2007 International Horror Guild Award for Mid-Length Fiction and awarded a 2007 Shirley Jackson Award. The novel Motherless Child earned critical acclaim (the Los Angeles Review of Books states: “Always one of his generation’s finest stylists, its most able students of character, [Hirshberg] has written one of the best books of the year.”) and earned both a Booklist and a Publishers Weekly starred review.

With Peter Atkins and Dennis Etchison, Hirshberg co-founded the Rolling Darkness Revue, a reading and dramatic production which appears (like the carnival in "Mr. Dark's Carnival") in different venues and with appearances by different horror authors every year. Stories from the Rolling Darkness Revue (2005–Present) have been anthologized by Earthling Publications.

Publications

Novels

 Motherless Children Trilogy

2014 Motherless Child (expanded and revised) (Tor)
2016 Good Girls (Tor)
2018 Nothing to Devour (Tor)

 2012 Motherless Child (Earthling)
2010 The Book of Bunk (Earthling); reprinted 2012 (Ash-Tree)
2002 The Snowman's Children (Carroll and Graf); special edition 2007 (Earthling). Awards and nominations: International Horror Guild nominee, 2002.

Collections
2018 The Ones Who Are Waving (Cemetery Dance)
2012 The Janus Tree and Other Stories (Subterranean Press).
2006 American Morons (Earthling). Awards and nominations: 2006 International Horror Guild Award; 2006 Stoker Award nominee; 2007 World Fantasy Award nominee
2003 The Two Sams: Ghost Stories (Carroll and Graf). Awards and nominations: 2003 International Horror Guild Award; 2004 World Fantasy Award nominee

Novellas and Novelettes
2014 "Hexenhaus." Dark Discoveries 29.
2012 "His Only Audience." Rolling Darkness Revue 2012: The Raven of October. Reprinted as "His Only Audience: A Normal and Nadine Adventure." 2013 The Mammoth Book of Best New Horror 24.
2012 "You Become the Neighborhood." 2012 The Janus Tree and Other Stories. Reprinted The Best Horror of the Year: Volume 4.
2011 "After-Words." Cemetery Dance #65.  Reprinted 2012 The Janus Tree and Other Stories, Year's Best Dark Fantasy and Horror 2012.
2009 "The Pikesville Buffalo." Poe: 19 New Tales of Suspense, Dark Fantasy and Horror. Reprinted 2012 The Janus Tree and Other Stories.
2007 "The Janus Tree." Inferno: New Tales of Terror and the Supernatural. Awards and nominations: 2007 Shirley Jackson Award; 2007 International Horror Guild nominee. Reprinted 2012 The Janus Tree and Other Stories.
2006 "The Muldoon." American Morons. Awards and nominations: 2006 International Horror Guild Award nominee.  Reprinted 2007 Year's Best Fantasy and Horror 20, 2010 People of the Book: A Decade of Jewish Science Fiction and Fantasy, 2012 Ghosts: Recent Hauntings.
2006 "Devil's Smile." Alone on the Darkside: Echoes from Shadows of Horror. 2006 American Morons, 2007 Mammoth Book of Best New Horror 18, 2010 Mammoth Book of the Best of the Best New Horror, 2011 Very Best of Best of New Horror.
2004 "Safety Clowns." Acquainted with the Night. Reprinted 2005 Mammoth Book of Best New Horror 16, 2006 American Morons,  2014 Darker Magazine (Russian translation).
2003 "Dancing Men." The Dark: New Ghost Stories. Awards and nominations: 2003 International Horror Guild Award; 2004 World Fantasy Award nominee.  Reprinted 2003 Two Sams, 2004 Year's Best Fantasy and Horror 17, 2004 Mammoth Book of Best New Horror 15, 2010 Darkness: Two Decades of Modern Horror.
2003 "Flowers on Their Bridles, Hooves in the Air." SciFi.com. Reprinted 2004 Mammoth Book of New Terror, 2006 American Morons.
2003 "Shipwreck Beach." Trampoline. Reprinted 2003 Two Sams.
2001 "Struwwelpeter." Scifi.com. Awards and nominations: World Fantasy nominee. Reprinted 2002 Year's Best Fantasy and Horror 15, 2002 Mammoth Book of New Horror 13, 2003 Two Sams, 2011 Halloween, 2012.
2000 "Mr. Dark's Carnival." Awards and nominations: Stoker Award preliminary nominee; International Horror Guild Award nominee; World Fantasy Award nominee. Reprinted 2001 Year's Best Fantasy and Horror 14, 2003 Two Sams, 2004 Mr. Dark's Carnival Earthling Halloween edition, 2012 The Century's Best Horror Fiction, 2013 Ténèbres: 18 Nouvelles de Fantastique & d'Horror, 2014 October Dreams 2.

Short fiction
2016 "Freedom is Space for the Spirit", A Tor.Com Original
2015 "The Ones Who Are Waving: A Last Rolling Darkness Revue Story." The Rolling Darkness Revue 2015: The Voyage of the Dead.
2013 "Pride." (AKA "Pride: A Collector's Tale") Rolling Darkness Revue 2013: The Impostor's Monocle. Reprinted 2014 The Year's Best Dark Fantasy and Horror 2014.
2010 "People Who Can't." Clocktower.
2010 "Shomer." Rolling Darkness Revue 2010: Curtain Call. Reprinted 2010 The Best Horror of the Year: Volume Three, 2012 The Janus Tree and Other Stories.
2009 "The Nimble Men." Rolling Darkness Revue 2009: Bartlett: A Centenary Symposium. Reprinted 2010 Best Horror of the Year: Volume Two, Pseudopod #210, 2011 The Milan Review of Ghosts, 2012 The Janus Tree and Other Stories.
2008 "Like Lick-em Sticks, Like Tina Fey." Rolling Darkness Revue 2008: Welcome to the Ether. Reprinted 2010 Shivers VI, 2012 The Janus Tree and Other Stories, 2014 Postscripts to Darkness.
2008 "Esmerelda" (AKA "Esmerelda: The First Book Depository Story"). Reprinted 2008 Shades of Darkness, 2009 Best Horror of the Year: Volume One, 2012 The Janus Tree and Other Stories.
2007 "Miss Ill-Kept Runt." Rolling Darkness Revue 2007: Twilight Limited Reprinted 2008 Mammoth Book of Best New Horror 19,  2012 The Janus Tree and Other Stories.  2015 The Monstrous.
2007 "I Am Coming to Live in Your Mouth." Dark Delicacies II: Fear. Reprinted 2012 The Janus Tree and Other Stories, Nightmare Magazine #18.
2006 "Sisters of Baikal (excerpt)." Cemetery Dance #56.
2006 "Transitway." Cemetery Dance #56. Reprinted 2006 American Morons.
2006 "Millwell." Rolling Darkness Revue 2006: At the Sign of the Snowman's Skull. Reprinted 2007 Summer Chills: Tales of Vacation Horror, 2012 The Janus Tree and Other Stories
2005 "American Morons." Rolling Darkness Revue 2005: Darkness Rising. Reprinted 2006 Year's Best Fantasy and Horror 19, 2006 American Morons, 2006 Mammoth Book of Best New Horror 17.
2004 "Like a Lily in a Flood." Cemetery Dance #50, Reprinted 2006 American Morons
2002 "The Two Sams." Dark Terrors 6. Reprinted 2003 Mammoth Book of Best New Horror 14, 2003 Two Sams, 2008 Poe's Children, 2015 Darker Terrors.

Essays
2013 "Forward" Fear and Learning: Essays on the Pedagogy of Horror
2011 "Introduction" Rumours of the Marvellous
2006 "Roll, Dark" Cemetery Dance #56
2006 "Glen Hirshberg Bibliography" Cemetery Dance #56 (with Rick Kleffel)
2006 "Story Notes" American Morons
2004 "Introduction" Mr. Dark's Carnival Earthling Halloween edition

References

External links
Hirshberg's official website

Hirshberg's Macmillan Author Site
Hirshberg's Goodreads Site
Interviews
2003 The Chronicle Issue 29 "Glen Hirshberg Interview" by Wiley Saichek
2006 September Cemetery Dance #56: Glen Hirshberg Special "A Conversation with Glen Hirshberg" by Rick Kleffel. Print.
2009 October 28 Cemetery Dance "Interview with Hirshberg" by Paul Miller
2012 September 14 Publishers Weekly "Mothers and Daughters: PW Talks with Glen Hirshberg" by Richard M. Rogers
2012 July 2 The Shirley Jackson Awards "Charles Tan Interviews Glen Hirshberg" by Charles Tan
2013 January 14 Gingernuts of Horror "Interview: 5 Minutes with Glen Hirshberg"
2014 March Nightmare: Horror and Dark Fantasy "Author Spotlight: Glen Hirshberg" by Britt Gettys.
2014 May 21 The Qwillery "Interview with Glen Hirshberg"
2014 May 26 Dr. Alvin: The Most Trusted Name in Wisdom "Motherless Child By Glen Hirshberg chats with Dr. Alvin" (Audio)
2014 June 2 SFsignal.com "Interview: Glen Hirshberg, author of Motherless Child" by Kristin Centorcelli
2014 August 21 Ginger Nuts of Horror "Horror Author Interview: Glen Hirshberg"
2014 October 10 Books of Blood "Author Interview: Glen Hirshberg"
2014 October 20 Darker Magazine "Glen Hirshberg: 'It Seems I Always Write about Death'" (Russian) by Vlad Zhenevsky
2014 November Dark Discoveries 29 "A Teller of Storied Tales: Interviewing Glen Hirshberg" by Joel B. Kirkpatrick. Print.
2014 November 13 Postscripts to Darkness "Interview with Glen Hirshberg" by Sean Moreland
2014 December 12 Blogtalkradio.com "Glen Hirshberg joins Thorne & Cross: Haunted Nights LIVE!" by Tamara Thorne and Alistair Cross (Audio)
2015 June 23 Examiner.com "Author Spotlight: Glen Hirshberg" by Meagan Meehan
2016 February 22 Fiction Fare "Good Girls by Glen Hirshberg"
2016 February 23 SF Signal "Glen Hirshberg, Author of GOOD GIRLS, on Vampire Culture, Horror, and What Makes a Good Story" by Kristen Centorcelli
2016 February 26 The Qwillery "Interview with Glen Hirshberg"
2016 February 26 Blogtalkradio.com "Glen Hirshberg Returns to Thorne & Cross: Haunted Nights LIVE!" by Tamara Thorne and Alistair Cross (Audio)
Rolling Darkness Revue (with Peter Atkins)
2005 October 26 Metroactive Books "Rolling Darkness Revue Brings its Ghost Writers to Capitola" by Rick Kleffel
2006 October 22 NPR "The 'Rolling Darkness Revue'" interview by Rick Kleffel
2014 February 16 Postscripts to the Darkness "An Interview with Peter Atkins and Glen Hirshberg" by Sean Moreland and James Greatrex. Originally published October 24, 2010.

1966 births
Living people
21st-century American novelists
American horror writers
American male novelists
American male short story writers
Columbia University alumni
University of Montana alumni
Novelists from Michigan
Writers from Los Angeles
21st-century American short story writers
21st-century American male writers


Devin Sarno (born in Glendale, California in 1966) began CRIB  in early 1990 as a solo bass sound project focusing on improvised subsonics. Over the course of a decade (and over a dozen recordings)  his music evolved from high volume feedback experimentation to a sonic examination of the meditative properties of low-end drone music. In 2003, the CRIB moniker was retired & Sarno now performs & records under his own name.

Sarno was a founding member of the Los Angeles, CA art-rock band Waldo The Dog Faced Boy and in 1989, along with partner/producer Tom Grimley, he also co-founded the experimental label WIN Records, which was home to artists such as: Petra Haden, Alicia J. Rose, The Centimeters, Upsilon Acrux & many more. As a bassist, Sarno has collaborated/recorded with a range of diverse acts including: Nels Cline, Thurston Moore, Vincent Gallo, Joe Baiza, Mike Watt, Jack Brewer, Z'EV, Petra Haden, that dog., Abby Travis, Danny Frankel, G.E. Stinson, Jeff Gauthier, Tom Surgal, Upsilon Acrux, Carla Bozulich, Brandon LaBelle, Jason Kahn, The Watson Twins, Jessica Catron, Celer, Tim Biskup, Randy Randall (of No Age), Angela Frances Wilson and others.

Sarno's lyrics were used by the band Saccharine Trust for the song "Devin's Poem" which appeared on their 1989 SST Records album Past Lives. In addition, his lyrics were featured on the track "Tight Heat" by Universal Congress Of from their 1991 Enemy Records release The Sad and Tragic Demise of Big Fine Hot Salty Black Wind. Sarno was a featured "noise" bassist on the track "To Keep Me" from band That Dog on their 1995 DGC Records album Totally Crushed Out!. He has also contributed guest bass work on releases from Slug and Upsilon Acrux.

Sarno's music was featured on the CBS network program The Courier (micro-series) which aired nationally in January 2006  and found itself broadcast over New York City's Times Square JumboTron. Film composing works have included the score for "Postmortem Bliss"   by noted director Floria Sigismondi as well as "Eve" and "DadaDum" for Canadian-based director/fine artist Britt Randle. "DadaDum" screened at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival as a Best Short Film nominee.

From January 2011 - December 2014, Sarno curated the independent netlabel Absence of Wax.

Since 1989, Sarno has also worked as a record label Music Video commissioner and Executive Producer at: Virgin Records, Sony Music, and Warner Records. He executive produced the music video for Green Day "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" which won 2005's top MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year. In 2007, Sarno received the Kratz Award for Creative Excellence from The Music Video Producer's Association, an award which recognizes superb talent and exceptional accomplishments in music video production. In 2008, he executive produced the long form documentary project 10 Days Out: Blues from the Backroads which was nominated for Grammy Award for Best Music Film at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards. Sarno came away with a Bronze at the 2016 Clio Awards and Platinum at the 2017 Hermès Creative Awards for his work on the documentary project "iRise" for The Coca-Cola Company and artist Andra Day. In 2019, he was nominated as Producer at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards for the Gary Clark Jr. music video "This Land."

Recently, Devin Sarno has photographed the band My Chemical Romance for their current 2022 tour, with one of his photos being displayed as a promotional photo at a few of the venues.

Selected discography
2023 Devin Sarno "Misshapen Heart" (Perceived Sound)
2021 Devin Sarno "Evocation" (Self Released)
2020 Devin Sarno "The Liquid Real" (Self Released)
2019 Devin Sarno "Archive" (Self Released)
2018 Devin Sarno "Visitor" (Self Released)
2016 Devin Sarno "Fall" (Self Released)
2015 Lone Echo "Noize" (Self Released)
2011 Devin Sarno "First-impression" for 1.1.11 (Absence of Wax)
2010 Devin Sarno "Three Twenty Eight Twenty Ten" (Banned Production)
2007 Devin Sarno "Full dynamics-frequency Spectrum" (Banned Production)
2007 Devin Sarno & G.E. Stinson "Heart Cell Memory" (Squirrelgirl)
2005 Devin Sarno "Variations" (Banned Production)
2004 Nels Cline + Devin Sarno "Buried on Bunker Hill" (Groundfault)
2002 CRIB "Remnant" (True Classical CDs)
2000 CRIB "Forward Back" (WIN Records)
1998 CRIB "She Is Church" (WIN Records)
1998 Nels Cline + Devin Sarno "Rise Pumpkin Rise" (Volvolo)
1998 Nels Cline + Devin Sarno "Edible Flowers" (WIN Records)
1992 Waldo The Dog Faced Boy "Tingle" (WIN Records)
1989 Waldo The Dog Faced Boy "Gifts of Finest Wheat" (WIN Records)
1987 Waldo The Dog Faced Boy "Wood" (Flux Records)

Musical Influences
Deep Listening Band
Arvo Pärt
William Basinski
Stars of the Lid

References

External links
Official Website
LA Weekly Feature Article
Present Soundings Interview
Vimeo Feature Article
Drowning In Brown interview

Devin Sarno's music video producer listings (mvdbase) (partial)
Devin Sarno's music video producer listings (IMVDb) (partial)

American experimental musicians
Ambient musicians
American male composers
20th-century American composers
Free improvisation
1966 births
Living people
Loyola Marymount University alumni
Guitarists from Los Angeles
American male bass guitarists
20th-century American bass guitarists
20th-century American male musicians


Maga or MAGA may refer to:

Politics and organisations
 "Make America Great Again", a political slogan popularized by Donald Trump
 Museo MAGA, a modern-art museum in Gallarate, Italy
 maga, the logo of the Cornish Language Partnership

Botany
 Thespesia, a genus of trees
 Thespesia grandiflora, a species

People
 Maga (name)
 Maga (footballer, born 1996), Brazilian women's football forward
 Maga (footballer, born 1999), Portuguese football defender
 Miguel Maga (born 2002), Portuguese football right-back

Other uses
 Maga, Cameroon, a commune
 Blackwood's Magazine, a 1817–1980 British magazine nicknamed Maga
 Maga, an Egyptian crocodile deity sired by Set

See also
 Krav Maga, an Israeli martial art
 Maga Brahmin, a class of Indian priests
 Magaly (disambiguation)
 Magas (disambiguation)
 Magha (disambiguation)
 Mega (disambiguation)


Pat Magnum is the main character in two French comics series drawn by Suat Yalaz and Vince Vita from 1979 to 1981.

Character
Patrick Denner, nicknamed Pat Magnum is an American private investigator depicted with dark curly hair, beard and moustache, and as an occasional womanizer who lives grotesque adventures.

Series
Pat Magnum first appeared in July 1979 in Editora publishers' magazine Détective Strictement Privé, first issue drawn by Suat Yalaz under the pseudonym Gi. Toro. Yalaz was replaced by Vince Vita (under the pseudonym Motticella) in the fifth and last issue of the magazine released in November 1979. The second series of Pat Magnum adventures were released in Edilau publishers' magazine Super Flic in October 1979, first issue drawn again by Vita who was replaced by Yalaz in the fourth issue (July 1980). The first two issues had the character renamed "Mick Vince". The last Super Flic issue and the last original Pat Magnum adventure was released in December 1981 and re-releases followed in the 1980s and 1990s.

References

Comics characters introduced in 1979
Fictional private investigators
Fictional American people


Rupert Kathner (1904–1954) was an Australian film director best known for newsreels and low-budget films. He worked with Alma Brooks, an ex-barmaid, who co-produced, operated the camera, edited, co-scripted and acted in their films. Kathner and Brooks were also "shady con artists and fugitives from the law", sometimes described as the "Bonnie and Clyde" of the Australian film industry.

Career
Kathner was born in Adelaide and educated at St Peter's College. He studied art under Hans Heysen and became a sketch artist. He broke into the film industry in the early 1930s by working on set designs. His first movie was Phantom Gold (1937).

Kathner and Brooks achieved their first success with their "shocking [for the time] newsreels". The most popular of these was about the unsolved murder case, The Pyjama Girl Murder. The newsreel was about to be distributed internationally when World War II broke out.

Kathner and Brook's features were essentially B-grade movies, and dealt with typically Australian topics such as Ned Kelly and horse-racing.

They were often in trouble with the law.

Kathner died of a brain haemorrhage in 1954.

Hunt Angels
Hunt Angels (2006) is a feature-length documentary which re-enacts Kathner and Brooks' "movie-making spree that took on the Hollywood barons, a corrupt police Commissioner and the (so-called) cultural cringe, all in their passionate pursuit to make Australian films. On the run from police across thousands of miles, they would stop at almost nothing to get their films made." Hunt Angels "uses an innovative digital composite technique whereby the characters come alive in the real world of Sydney in the 30s and 40s".

The film was directed by Alec Morgan. It stars Ben Mendelsohn and Victoria Hill, playing the roles of Kathner and Brooks, and includes interviews with "real" people such as actor Bud Tingwell, filmmaker/distributor Andrew Pike, and Kathner's son, Paul F. Kathner.

Feature films
 Phantom Gold (1937)
 Below the Surface (1938)
 Wings of Destiny (1940)
 Racing Luck (1941)
 The Kellys of Tobruk (1943) (unreleased)
 The Glenrowan Affair (1951), aka A Message to Kelly

Newsreels
 Australia Today – Lucky Strike at Larkinville (1938)
 Australia Today – Customs Officers Fight Against Drugs (1938)
 Australia Today – The Pyjama Girl Murder Case (1939)
 Australia Today – Fort Denison (1939)
 Australia Today – Man Eater (1939)
 Australia Today – Men of Tomorrow (1939)

Writings
Let's Make a Movie (1945)

Unmade projects
Falling for Fame – project he tried to make with Stan Tolhurst prior to Phantom Gold, set against the background of the film industry
Diamonds in the Rough – proposed follow up to Below the Surface
a life of Adam Lindsay Gordon

Alma Brooks
Alma Brooks was an Australian filmmaker, best known for her association with Rupert Kathner.

Although rarely mentioned in contemporary publications, she was a key partner in Kathner's filmmaking endeavours from the 1930s until his death in 1954. She co-produced, operated the camera, edited, co-scripted and acted in his films, and also participated in Kathner's less legal endeavours.

This included involvement in a legal case in 1942 where she and Kathner were accused of defrauding someone of unsound mind.

In 1944 they were in legal trouble again being charged with conspiracy to defraud investors of a proposed movie Kelly of Tobruk but were acquitted. In 1940, Brooks when working with an editor, was involved in a fight at a film production company.

Select filmography
Australia Today – The Pyjama Girl Murder Case (1939)
Wings of Destiny (1940)
Racing Luck (1941)
The Glenrowan Affair (1951)

In popular culture
She was played by Victoria Hill in the film Hunt Angels (2006).

References

Sources
Edwards, Russel (2006) "Hunt Angels (Review)" in Variety Accessed: 25 February 2008
Kalina, Paul (2006) "When films short poppies hold their heads high" in theage.com.au  Accessed: 25 February 2008
Morgan, Alec (200?) "Lost City of the Senses" in Scan: Journal of Media Arts and Culture Accessed: 25 February 2008

External links

 Rupert Kathner at Australian Screen Online
 Rupert Kathner at the National Film and Sound Archive
 at IMDb
Alma Brooks articles at Trove

Australian film directors
1904 births
1954 deaths


John Brake (born 22 April 1988 in London, England) was a professional rugby union player for England Sevens in the IRB Sevens World Series. Brake's position of choice in the 15-a-side code is Scrum-half.

Club career

After joining the academy side at Northampton Saints in 2006, Brake went on to make his National League debut for the senior side against Bedford Blues in the RFU Championship during the 2007–2008 campaign. He went on to make a further seven appearances throughout the season and scored a try against Launceston RUFC. At the end of his debut senior season Northampton achieved promotion back to the Guinness Premiership. Brake went onto represent Northampton Saint for 4 seasons.
.In August 2010 Brake left Northampton Saints and signed for England Sevens and Birmingham and Solihull on a dual contract. He left the Bees at the end of the 2010–2011 season to pursue a central contract with the England Sevens Squad.

In 2021, Brake made the decision to convert codes and play Australian Rules Football. He made his debut for the London Swans and won the 2021 premiership in an undefeated side with a close to best on ground performance.

International career

Brake represented England as a schoolboy at Millfield at under-16 and under-18 levels. After leaving and joining Northampton he progressed to the under-20 side and made his debut for the England Sevens team in San Diego in 2007.

Brake went on to represent England Sevens for 6 seasons, playing in 41 World Series Tournaments, 2 Commonwealth Games in Delhi 2010 and Glasgow 2014, 1 Sevens World Cup in Moscow 2013 and 10 European Tournaments

Brake captained the winning England Sevens team in the 2012 European Sevens Grand Prix.

External links
Northampton profile
England profile

1988 births
Living people
Birmingham & Solihull R.F.C. players
Cambridge R.U.F.C. players
Commonwealth Games rugby sevens players for England
England international rugby sevens players
English rugby union players
Male rugby sevens players
Rugby sevens players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Rugby sevens players at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Rugby union players from London
Rugby union scrum-halves
Northampton Saints players


Eryngium aristulatum, known by the common names California eryngo and Jepson's button celery, is a species of flowering plant in the family  Apiaceae.

Distribution
This plant is native to California and Baja California where it grows in wet places, such as vernal pools and flooded meadows. It is found in coast redwood forest, California mixed evergreen forest, California foothill oak woodland, yellow pine forest, chaparral, coastal sage scrub, coastal salt marsh, and wetland-riparian habitats.

Description
Eryngium aristulatum is a perennial herb with erect, rounded, naked stems, occasionally branching and reaching anywhere from  to nearly  in height.

Leaves appear near the base and at nodes along the stem and are long and serrated to toothed.

The inflorescence holds rounded flowers with five to eight long, straight, spiky bracts which often have spiny edges and may grow nearly 3 centimeters long. The flower contains white petals and white or purple styles. The blooming period is June through August.

Varieties
Named varieties include:
Eryngium aristulatum var. aristulatum — California eryngo,  Jepson's button celery; primarily found in San Francisco Bay Area.
Eryngium aristulatum var. hooveri — Hoover's button celery,  Hoover's eryngo; native to the Southern California Coast Ranges; a state listed Critically endangered species.
Eryngium aristulatum var. parishii — San Diego button celery, San Diego eryngo; primarily found in vernal pools of Coastal sage scrub habitats within San Diego County; a state and federally listed Endangered species.

References

External links
 Calflora Database: Eryngium aristulatum (California eryngo,  Jepson's button celery)
Jepson eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Eryngium aristulatum
USDA Plants Profile for Eryngium aristulatum
UC CalPhotos gallery of Eryngium aristulatum (California eryngo)

aristulatum
Flora of California
Flora of Baja California
Taxa named by Willis Linn Jepson


Långe Erik ("Tall Erik"), official name Ölands norra udde, is a Swedish lighthouse built in 1845 and located on a little island, Stora Grundet (in Böda socken, Borgholm Municipality), in Grankullaviken bay at the north point of Öland, the second largest island in Sweden. The island is connected to Öland by a small bridge built in 1965.

The lighthouse is whitewashed, 32 meters high. It was designed by H. Byström and built by Jonas Jonsson. The former lighthouse keeper's house is next to the lighthouse, with a few buildings from the 1900s.

The older, larger lens is still installed, but no longer in use. The lens was used until the 1990s before an aerobeacon was installed on the lantern's balcony. The light is remote-controlled by the Swedish Maritime Administration.

The tower is permanently closed to visitors.

See also

 List of lighthouses and lightvessels in Sweden
 Långe Jan ("Tall John"), the lighthouse at the south cape of Öland.

References

External links

 Sjofartsverket
 The Swedish Lighthouse Society
  Långe Erik fyr

Lighthouses completed in 1845
Lighthouses in Sweden
Öland
1845 establishments in Sweden


Billroth I, more formally Billroth's operation I, is an operation in which the pylorus is removed and the distal stomach is anastomosed directly to the duodenum.

The operation is most closely associated with Theodor Billroth, but was first described by Polish surgeon Ludwik Rydygier.

The surgical procedure is called a gastroduodenostomy.

See also
 Anatomical terms of location
 Billroth II
 Roux-en-Y anastomosis

References

External links
 Schematic of Billroth I & II - thefreedictionary.com.

General surgery
Digestive system surgery


Billroth II, more formally Billroth's operation II, is an operation in which a partial gastrectomy (removal of the stomach) is performed and the cut end of the stomach is closed.  The  greater curvature of the stomach (not involved with the previous closure of the stomach) is then connected to the first part of the jejunum in end-to-side anastomosis.  The Billroth II always follows resection of the lower part of the stomach (antrum). The surgical procedure is called a partial gastrectomy and gastrojejunostomy. The Billroth II is often indicated in refractory peptic ulcer disease and gastric adenocarcinoma.

Over the years, the Billroth II operation has been colloquially referred to as any partial removal of the stomach with an end to side connection to the stomach as shown in the picture; however, technically, this picture is a modification of Billroth's operation called a partial gastrectomy with a Kronelein anastomosis where the divided end of the stomach is directly anastomosed to the side of the jejunal loop.

Von Hacker was the first person to refer to the Billroth II partial gastrectomy operation writing from Billroth's clinic in 1885.

See also
 Billroth I
 Roux-en-Y

References

External links
 [https://www.slideshare.net/bashirbnyunus/gastrectomy-132302683.

Digestive system surgery


450 Sutter Street, also called the Four Fifty Sutter Building, is a twenty-six-floor, 105-meter (344-foot) skyscraper in San Francisco, California, completed in 1929. The tower is known for its "Neo-Mayan" Art Deco design by architect Timothy L. Pflueger. The building's vertically faceted exterior later influenced Pietro Belluschi in his similarly faceted exterior of 555 California, the former Bank of America Center completed in 1969.

The building's tenants are largely dental and medical professional offices.

History
In the 1960s, endocrinologist and sexologist Harry Benjamin, known for his pioneering clinical work with transgender people, opened a summer practice in the building, with many of his patients coming from the nearby Tenderloin neighbourhood.

In popular culture
In the director's commentary of influential 3D adventure game Grim Fandango, game designer Tim Schafer credits the building as a major aesthetic influence. Schafer said he became familiar with 450 Sutter because his dentist's office was located on one of the upper floors, and that he had modeled the Department of Death, one of the game's most important locations, on the building.

The building is also modeled in the 2003 Maxis video game SimCity 4 as the fictional "Vu Financial" commercial office tower.

Gallery

See also
San Francisco's tallest buildings

References

External links

Art Deco architecture in California
Skyscraper office buildings in San Francisco
Office buildings completed in 1929
Mayan Revival architecture
Nob Hill, San Francisco
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in California
Historic American Buildings Survey in California
National Register of Historic Places in San Francisco
1929 establishments in California


Empire Airport may refer to:

 Empire Airport (Michigan) in Empire, Michigan, United States (FAA: Y87)
 Empire Airport (Nevada) in Empire, Nevada, United States (FAA: 1A8)


Lufu may refer to:

 Lufu (food), a type of fermented bean curd
 Lufu language of Nigeria
 Lufu River or Luvo River, a river of Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Loserfruit, Australian YouTuber


Bry () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)


Brunémont () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)
French Hainaut


Bruille-Saint-Amand () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Photos

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)


Brillon is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. It is  northwest of Valenciennes and  northeast of Douai.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)
French Flanders


Bouvignies () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)
French Flanders


Boussois () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)


Bousignies () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)
French Flanders


Boëseghem (; ) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Boesighem
Nord communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
French Flanders


Boeschepe () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France, next to the Belgian border.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)
French Flanders


Blécourt () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)


Blaringhem (; ) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)
French Flanders


Bissezeele (; from Dutch; Bissezele in modern Dutch spelling) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Images

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)
French Flanders


Bierne (; ) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

History
In 1436, Wautier de Ghistelles was seigneur d'Ekelsbeke et de Ledringhem (Lord of Esquelbecq and Ledringhem) and governor of La Madeleine hospital in Bierne.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)
French Flanders


Bévillers is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)


Bérelles () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)


Round Top is an extinct volcano in the Berkeley Hills, just east of Oakland, California.

Round Top or Roundtop may also refer to:

Communities
 Kirkwood, California, formerly Roundtop, a census-designated place
 Round Top, Pennsylvania, a community adjacent to the Gettysburg National Military Park
 Round Top, Texas, a town
 Roundtop, West Virginia, a former unincorporated community

Other places
 Round Top Island (Tasmania), Australia
 Round Top Island National Park
 Round Top (Alpine County, California), the highest peak in the Mokelumne Wilderness
 Round Top (Delaware County, New York)
 Roundtop (Franklin, Delaware County, New York)
 Roundtop (Roxbury, Delaware County, New York)
 Roundtop Mountain (Greene County, New York)
 Round Top (Herkimer County, New York)
 Round Top (Livingston Manor, New York)
 Round Top (New York), an elevation in Otsego County, New York
 Roundtop Mountain (Ulster County, New York)
 Ski Roundtop, a ski resort on Roundtop in York County, Pennsylvania
 Roundtop Trail, a hiking trail in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park of Tennessee, United States
 Round Top Mountain, an elevation in Hudspeth County, Texas

Other uses
 Roundtop Filling Station, Sherwood, Arkansas, United States

See also
 List of summits named Round Top


Bellignies () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)


Spencer Bernau Wilks (26 May 189110 March 1971) was a British manager and administrator in the motor manufacturing industry.  He served variously in positions including Managing Director, Chairman, and President of the Rover Company from 1929 until the 1960s. Previously he worked for the Hillman Motor Car Company in Coventry.  His younger brother Maurice Wilks also worked at Rover as Chief Engineer, Technical Director and Managing Director from 1930. He is one of Land Rover's founders along with Maurice.

Early life and education
Wilks was born in Rickmansworth to Thomas Wilks (born Balham), a Director of Leather Co and his wife Jane Eliza (born St. Sepulchre, London), a Suffragette.  He had one sister and four brothers including Maurice.

Career
Wilks was initially trained as a solicitor, but his wife Kathleen Edith was a daughter of William Hillman, founder of the Hillman Motor Car Company, and so he became a joint manager in 1921 on the death of his father in law.  In 1929, he left Hillman after disagreement with the Rootes brothers who took it over in 1928.

In September 1929, Wilks began employment as Works manager at the Rover Company in Coventry, having been invited by the Managing Director Frank Searle to join the board. By 1930, he was joined by his brother Maurice as Chief Engineer.

Land Rover
In 1947, he founded Land Rover around Maurice's design for a small, sturdy, economical, four wheel drive utility vehicle modelled on the Willys Jeep.

Managerial career
In 1934, he was appointed managing director of Rover, and became Chairman in 1957.  In 1962, although retired, he served as a non-executive director; and in 1967, he became President of Rover.

Private life
Wilks married Kathleen Edith Hillman (b. 1891), one of the six daughters of William Hillman. He died on 10 March 1971, aged 79.

References

  The Times - Saturday, 10 June 1967.

1891 births
1971 deaths
British automobile designers
British founders of automobile manufacturers
Land Rover
Rover Company
People from Rickmansworth


Bellaing () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)
French Hainaut


Guo Boxiong (born July 1942) is a former general of the People's Liberation Army of China. He served as the Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission, China's top military council, between 2002 and 2012. During the same period he also held a seat in the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, China's top decision-making body. He was expelled from the Communist Party on 30 July 2015. On July 25, 2016, he was sentenced to life imprisonment for bribery.

Career

Guo was born in Liquan County, Shaanxi province. In August 1958, Guo, aged 16 and just finished middle school, began working at a military factory in Xingping, Shaanxi province. Guo joined the People's Liberation Army in 1960. Two years later, he joined the Chinese Communist Party. Guo was trained at China's National Defense University and the Xi'an Army Academy in People's Liberation Army Military Academy where he graduated.

Guo earned a series of promotions in the 1970s. In the 55th Division of the 19th Army, Guo rose from a soldier to chief of staff of the 55th Division by 1982. By 1983 Guo was chief of staff of the 19th Army until 1985, when he became deputy chief of staff of the Lanzhou Military Region after a major re-organization of the PLA that took place under Deng Xiaoping. Afterwards Guo became commander of the 47th Group Army for three years. In 1993 Guo became deputy commander of the Beijing Military Region, the heart of China's defense establishment, and in 1997 commander of the Lanzhou Military Region. In September 1999, Guo became a member of the Central Military Commission, deputy chief of staff, and was also promoted to the rank of General (the highest rank in the army).

In 2002, at the 16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, Guo became the member of Politburo and the vice-chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC), serving alongside Hu Jintao, who became nominal General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party at the same Congress. The Vice-Chairmanship of the CMC is the highest executive position given to military officers. Guo served for ten years. He retired from the Politburo in 2012 and the Central Military Commission in 2013.

Investigation
After Guo's retirement, Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and supreme commander of the PLA, began a far-reaching anti-corruption campaign. Guo was subject of intense rumours surrounding possible involvement with corruption during his time in office, particularly in overseas Chinese media. Guo and his former colleague of the same rank, retired general Xu Caihou, attended a new year's gala in early 2014, signalling that both may have "weathered the storm". However, shortly thereafter, in the summer of 2014, as part of the fallout of the Gu Junshan case, Xu was court-martialed and expelled from the party. After Xu's fall, Guo was euphemistically referred to in Chinese-language media as the "Northwest Wolf" (), an oblique reference to Xi Jinping's slogan to "crack down on 'tigers' and 'flies'."  Sensing impending doom, friends from Guo's hometown visited Guo in Beijing, urging him to "clarify the situation to the authorities" to avoid the same fate as Xu.  In response, Guo reportedly said, "some things cannot be easily clarified." His fate was sealed.

In February 2015, Guo's son, Guo Zhenggang, a rear admiral in the PLA Navy, and his wife, were detained for investigation by military authorities in connection to business and real estate dealings. This was followed by reports in international media that Guo himself was also undergoing investigation. On March 5, in response to a reporter's question about whether Guo Boxiong was under investigation, the party's main anti-corruption crusader in the military, General Liu Yuan, responded simply with the phrase "" (that is, "I think you know what I mean.")

After approval from the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, Guo was placed under investigation on April 9, 2015, by the Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission. On July 30, following another Politburo meeting, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the party's top anti-corruption body, released a statement charging Guo with taking bribes personally and through his family in exchange "for aiding in the promotion [of officers]." He was duly expelled from the Chinese Communist Party and his case moved to military prosecution authorities for further processing.

Guo was, remarkably, the fourth member of the 17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party to be expelled from the Communist Party (the first three were Bo Xilai, Zhou Yongkang, and Xu Caihou).

On July 25, 2016, Guo was sentenced to life imprisonment for bribery.

Personal life
Guo Boxiong has a brother,  () born in 1961, who, until 2015, headed up the Department of Civil Affairs of Shaanxi province and a former official in the city of Weinan. Boquan was reportedly detained by the authorities for investigation in March 2015, though it seemed that he was able to maintain his position following Guo Boxiong's investigation. Guo Boxiong has a son, Guo Zhenggang, who was a major general in the People's Liberation Army, who held a leading military post in Zhejiang province; Zhenggang was also detained for investigation in February 2015.

References

External links
 Biography of Guo Boxiong at China Vitae

People's Liberation Army generals from Shaanxi
1942 births
Living people
People from Xianyang
Expelled members of the Chinese Communist Party
Commanders of the Lanzhou Military Region
People's Liberation Army generals convicted of corruption
Members of the 17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party
Members of the 16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party


Beaurepaire-sur-Sambre (, literally Beaurepaire on Sambre) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)


Beaurain () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)


Bousies () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

History
Bousies was part of County of Hainaut, an enclave in Cambrésis of which it was one of the 12 peerages. In 1007, Jean, Lord of Bousies, as peer of Cambrésis, pledged fidelity to bishop Herbin Ist, Count of Cambrai.

In 1095, the bishop Gaucher put the castle of Bousies under siege, and lord Wiband helped by a few locals resisted for 3 days before the castle was taken and later destroyed. Rebuilt, it was again taken in 1185 and in 1665. Later, it was purchased by French statesman Marshal Mortier to be used as a hunting place. Sadly, its inheritors sold it to wreckers who destroyed it for building materials. Joseph-Gaspard de Tascher, Napoleon III's Maternal Great-grandfather, was born in Bousies.

The family of Bousies became prominent in Scotland  and can still be found in parts of Northern Ireland, but under the name of Bowsie after George Bousie changed the spelling in the 1800s because he didn't like the spelling of his surname. Another branch of the family emigrated to Belgium, in the Hainaut Province and later to Flanders, where they can still be found today.

Population

Heraldry

International relations
Bousies is twinned with:
Risum-Lindholm, Germany

Sights

  (Musée des Évolutions de Bousies) – near the center of the village, the museum was opened by Jean Vaillant, its curator, in 1993; it is a located in a building from 1576 which was preserved from destruction and restored; the museum presents a travel through history, from the prehistoric ages to our days, exploring the history of the region of Bousies. The visitor can follow the evolution of technology and communication means : from prehistoric artifacts and tools to the first electronic appliances through a huge inventory of ancient tools and objects. There is also a gallery dedicated to local medieval history as well as the reconstitution of a classroom at the beginning of the 20th century. The museum is located in a remarkable building, a 16th-century farm which features vaulted brick stables and an adjacent 19th-century barn. The barn houses a collection of agricultural machines and tools, as well an interesting dog wheel, a large wheel in which a dog was running to deliver power.
Saint-Rémy church – built in 1736

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

External links

Le Musée Des Évolutions

Communes of Nord (French department)


Hanneke Jewel Cassel (born April 14, 1978) is an American folk violinist. She was raised in Oregon and graduated with a Bachelor of Music in Violin Performance at Berklee College of Music in 2000. Hanneke is the 1997 United States National Scottish Fiddle Champion, and she has performed and taught across the United States, Scotland, Sweden, China, New Zealand, France, England, and Australia.

Her debut album, My Joy, received the following feedback from Alasdair Fraser:"A great debut album by one of the most talented and fun-loving young fiddlers you could ever hope to meet! This is fiddle music played with great stylistic integrity and personal flair - definitely a joy to listen to! Go Hanneke, and gie it laldie!"

Awards
1998 Berklee College of Music String Department Award
1997 U.S. National Scottish Fiddle Champion
1996 Oregon State Texas-style Grand Fiddle Champion
1996 Berklee College of Music U.S. Scholarship Tour Award
1992 and 1994 U.S. National Junior Scottish Fiddle Champion

Discography
Trip to Walden Pond (© 2017 Cassel Records) (release date April 14, 2017)
Dot the Dragon's Eyes (© 2013 Cassel Records)
For Reasons Unseen (© 2009 Cassel Records)
Calm the Raging Sea (© 2007 Cassel Records)
Silver (© 2006 Cassel Records), produced by Laura Risk
Some Melodious Sonnet (© 2004 Cassel Records), produced by Laura Risk
Many Happy Returns (© 2003 Cassel Records)
My Joy ( © 2001 Cassel Records), produced by Laura Risk
Darol Anger’s Diary of a Fiddler (© 1999 Compass Records)
The Wee Hours: Future of Scottish Fiddling in America (© 1998 Gargoyle Records)

See also
Laura Risk

References

Folk fiddlers
Progressive bluegrass musicians
American bluegrass fiddlers
Musicians from Oregon
Living people
1978 births
21st-century violinists


Beaudignies () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)


Bavinchove (; from Dutch; Bavinkhove in modern Dutch spelling) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)
French Flanders


Bas-Lieu () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)


Bantouzelle () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)


Bantigny () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)


Banteux () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)


Taiwanese expatriates and descendants in Vietnam consist largely of expatriate businessmen and their families. The Ho Chi Minh City branch of the Taipei-based Taiwan External Trade Development Council estimates that 20,000 people from Taiwan were living in Vietnam as of 2002.

According to statistics of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, there are an estimated 3,000 women in Vietnam, formerly married to Taiwanese husbands, who have been left stateless after their divorces; the women had given up Vietnamese nationality to naturalize as Republic of China citizens at the time of their marriage, but then returned to Vietnam following their divorces and gave up their Republic of China nationality in the process of applying for restoration of Vietnamese nationality. Their children, who hold only Republic of China nationality and have never previously been Vietnamese nationals, are ineligible to enter publicly supported schools in Vietnam.

See also
Taipei School in Ho Chi Minh City

References

Vietnam

Taiwan–Vietnam relations


Beaufort () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)


Baives () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. It is  northeast of Fourmies and  southeast of Maubeuge.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)


Bachant () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)


Audignies () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)


Auby is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. It is  north of the centre of Douai.

It is a centre of zinc production and home to a plant owned by Nyrstar.

Population

Heraldry

International relations

Auby is twinned with Czeladź in Poland.

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

External links

 Official website

Communes of Nord (French department)


Assevent () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)


Artres () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. A group of grave objects from a Frankish noble lady was found in Artres in the nineteenth century. Known as the Artres Treasure, it is now mostly in the British Museum.

Population

Heraldry

See also
Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)


Abancourt () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Heraldry

See also
 Communes of the Nord department

References

External links
 Aujourd'hui à Abancourt

Communes of Nord (French department)


Outside is a magazine focused on the outdoors. The first issue of the Outside magazine was published in September 1977. It is published by Outside Inc., a company that also owns various other ventures.

History
Outside founders were Jann Wenner (the first editor in chief), William Randolph Hearst III (its first managing editor), and Jack Ford (an assistant to founding publisher Donald Welsh and a son of former U.S. President Gerald Ford). Wenner sold Outside to Lawrence J. Burke two years later.
Burke merged it into his magazine Mariah (founded in 1976) and after a period of using the name Mariah/Outside kept the Outside name for the merged magazine. Christopher Keyes is the current editor.

Notable contributors

John Rasmus, the editor of Outside, launched the career of Jon Krakauer and other freelance travel and adventure writers. Though the magazine has tilted toward a more commercial aesthetic in recent years, it has also recruited figures from the literary world for freelance assignments. Writers whose work has appeared in Outside include Sebastian Junger, Bruce Barcott, Tim Cahill, Daniel Coyle, E. Annie Proulx, naturalist and author David Quammen, and Bob Shacochis. Songwriter David Berkeley also worked for Outside.

See also

Field and Stream
Outdoor Life
Sports Afield

References

Sports magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1977
Magazines published in New Mexico
Tourism magazines
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Mass media in Santa Fe, New Mexico
Mass media in Boulder, Colorado
Climbing magazines


Boursies () is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

Population

Heraldry

See also
 Communes of the Nord department

References

Communes of Nord (French department)
Enclaves and exclaves


Taiwanese Vietnamese or Vietnamese Taiwanese may be:
Taiwan–Vietnam relations
Taiwanese expatriates in Vietnam
Vietnamese people in Taiwan
Mixed race people of Taiwanese and Vietnamese descent
People with dual citizenship of Taiwan, Republic of China and Vietnam


Flambeaux is a fire performer who made it to the Top 40 on NBC's hit series America's Got Talent season 3. His audition performance was featured on-air, although his second show in Las Vegas only had a few clips aired on the show. He made it to the third round in Los Angeles where he was voted off the show.

He has been performing fire in New York City since 1991 in shows such as Le Scandal and Simon Hammerstein's The Box.

Flambeaux became an underground icon in downtown New York City through his performance troupe dubbed "The P-Cult". The P-Cult formed in 1999 and disbanded in 2007 around the time Flambeaux joined the cast of "The Box."

He first learned fire through his time spent around the circus Archaos in London from 1988 to 1989.

He and his wife are fire partners and business partners. They have performed together in productions such as Top Talent USA at Turning Stone Resort & Casino.

References

American stunt performers
America's Got Talent contestants
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Uche Oduoza (born 15 October 1986 in Glasgow, Scotland) is an English retired rugby union player. Oduoza's position of choice is wing although he can also play fullback.

Career
Born in Glasgow, Oduoza grew up in Exeter where he joined his local club side Exeter Saracens. He was spotted by Worcester's Academy Manager whilst representing England at Under 18 level. Oduoza later joined the Worcester Warriors Academy side and was a regular in the A league.
He made his senior side debut in the European Cup against Italian side Rugby Rovigo whilst he was still at school in Wolverhampton and his league debut against local rivals Gloucester. He also spent time on loan at Birmingham and Solihull R.F.C.

Oduoza has represented his country at U18, U19, U21 levels and for the Sevens side. He scored a fantastic 98m try for England in the 2008 San Diego Sevens.

While competing for the England Sevens, Oduoza announced that he would be leaving Worcester for Japanese side Suntory Sungoliath after the 2007–08 season. It was also announced that he had rejected a new two-year deal at Worcester. He then returned to the Guinness Premiership for the 2009–10 season with Newcastle Falcons. Oduoza will be combining his rugby career with studying medicine at the Hull York Medical School.

At the end of the 2009–10 season due to his university commitments Oduoza had made only one appearance for the Falcons first team, starting in an LV Cup match against Worcester. In May 2010 he was named as an unattached player as part of the England Sevens squad at the Scotland Sevens in Edinburgh.

In early March 2011 Uduoza returned to train with England Sevens after recovering from a knee reconstruction. In early April he featured on the bench for the Leeds Carnegie "A" team against Northampton Saints Wanderers and made his first team debut for the club also against Northampton Saints in the Premiership. In June 2011 he was recalled to the England Sevens squad for the Moscow leg of the European Sevens Grand Prix.

References

External links
Worcester profile
Newcastle profile
England profile
Guinness Premiership profile

1986 births
Living people
Rugby union wings
Scottish rugby union players
Worcester Warriors players
Newcastle Falcons players
Black British sportsmen
Rugby union players from Glasgow


Haitz's law is an observation and forecast about the steady improvement, over many years, of light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

It claims that every decade, the cost per lumen (unit of useful light emitted) falls by a factor of 10, and the amount of light generated per LED package increases by a factor of 20, for a given wavelength (color) of light. It is considered the LED counterpart to Moore's law, which states that the number of transistors in a given integrated circuit doubles every 18 to 24 months. Both laws rely on the process optimization of the production of semiconductor devices.

Haitz's law is named after Roland Haitz (1935–2015), a scientist at Agilent Technologies among others. It was first presented to the larger public at Strategies in Light 2000, the first of a series of annual conferences organized by Strategies Unlimited.
Besides the forecast of exponential development of cost per lumen and amount of light per package, the publication also forecast that the luminous efficacy of LED-based lighting could reach 200 lm/W (lumen per Watt) in 2020, crossing 100 lm/W in 2010. This would be the case if enough industrial and government resources were spent for research on LED-lighting. More than 50% of the electricity consumption for lighting (20% of the totally consumed electrical energy) would be saved reaching 200 lm/W. This prospect and other stepping-stone applications of LEDs (e.g. mobile phone flash and LCD-backlighting) led to a massive investment in LED-research so that the LED efficacy did indeed cross 100 lm/W in 2010. If this trend continues, LEDs will become the most efficient light source by 2020.

The theoretical maximum for truncated blackbody white light source (at 5800K colour temperature with wavelengths restricted to the visible band of between 400nm and 700nm) is 251 lm/W. However, some "white" LEDs have achieved efficacies of over 300 lm/W.

In 2010, Cree Inc., developed and marketed the XM-L LED that claimed 1000 lumens at 100 lm/W efficacy and 160 lm/W at 350 mA and 150 lm/W at 700 mA. They also claimed to have broken the 200 lm/W barrier in R&D with a prototype producing 208 lm at 350 mA. In May 2011, Cree announced another prototype with 231 lm/W efficacy at 350 mA. In March 2014, Cree announced another prototype with a record-breaking 303 lm/W efficacy at 350 mA.

In 2017, Philips Lighting started offering consumer LED lights with 200 lm/W efficacy in Dubai using LED filament technology, three years before what Haitz's law predicted.

References

External links

Computer architecture statements
Lighting
Light-emitting diodes
Rules of thumb
Semiconductor devices


C. W. Ruth was one of the ten founding fathers of the Church of the Nazarene. Ruth grew up in Indianapolis, and from an early age was an evangelist for the Holiness Christian Church. In 1902 Ruth merged the Spokane, Washington holiness churches of the People's Mission into the Church of the Nazarene. He was considered a conservative, who also thought unity was the most important issue facing the Church of the Nazarene during the turn of the century.

References

American clergy
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Indianapolis


Alexander Mackenzie (May 25, 1844 – February 23, 1921) was an American engineer.

Mackenzie was born May 25, 1844, in Potosi, Wisconsin and graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1864. Commissioned in the United States Army Corps of Engineers, he served with the Union Army in Arkansas in 1864-65. Mackenzie spent six years commanding a company of engineer troops at Willets Point, New York, that experimented in the use of torpedoes (a.k.a. mines) in coastal defense. In 1879 he began a 16-year stint as Rock Island District Engineer. He built 100 miles of wing dams on the upper Mississippi River and produced a 40-foot channel between St. Paul and the mouth of the Missouri River.   Called to Washington in 1895, he became Assistant to the Chief of Engineers in charge of all matters relating to river and harbor improvements. He was the first senior member of the Board of Engineers for Rivers and Harbors, which reviewed improvements submitted by Corps of Engineer officers.  He was a member of the general staff corps and War College Board when appointed Chief of Engineers on January 23, 1904. In that capacity Mackenzie reported on the federal statutes relating to water power for the Inland Waterways Commission, which was established by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1907 and presented in its preliminary report transmitted to Congress on February 26, 1908.

Mackenzie retired May 25, 1908, as a major general, he was recalled to active duty in 1917 at age 73 as Northwest Division Engineer serving again in Rock Island, Illinois.

General Mackenzie died of a stroke on February 23, 1921  at a bank in Washington, D.C. He was buried in Milwaukee.

See also
 Fort Sherman

References

External links

1844 births
1921 deaths
People from Potosi, Wisconsin
People of Wisconsin in the American Civil War
United States Military Academy alumni


Gainesville Times can refer to:

 The Gainesville Sun, formerly The Gainesville Times, a Gainesville, Florida, newspaper
 The Gainesville Times (Georgia), a newspaper in Gainesville, Georgia


Eryngium armatum, known by the common names coastal eryngo and prickly coyote thistle, is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae.

It is endemic to the coastline of northern and central California, where it grows along beaches and coastal bluffs. Many populations are in the San Francisco Bay Area.

Description
Eryngium armatum is a low perennial herb growing patches of thick green to yellow-green leaves, each long and straight, sometimes with serrated or toothed edges.

Atop stout stems are inflorescences of spiky flower heads each nearly a centimeter wide. Each is surrounded by seven or eight long, sharp-pointed bracts about two centimeters long, and sometimes more layers of bractlets on top. The tiny white to purplish flowers are tucked between the layers of bracts.

External links
 Calflora Database: Eryngium armatum (Coastal eryngo,  Coyote thistle, Prickly coyote thistle)
Jepson eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Eryngium armatum
USDA Plants Profile
UC CalPhotos gallery of Eryngium armatum

armatum
Endemic flora of California
Taxa named by John Merle Coulter
Taxa named by Sereno Watson
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


Bread Loaf Mountain may refer to:

 Bread Loaf Mountain (Connecticut) in Connecticut, USA
 Bread Loaf Mountain (Vermont) in Vermont, USA

See also
 Loaf of Bread Butte, a summit in Custer County, Montana


The Fayuan Temple (), situated in the southwest quarter of central Beijing, is one of the city's oldest and most renowned Buddhist temples.

History
The Fayuan Temple, originally named the Minzhong Temple, was first built in 645 during the Tang dynasty by Li Shimin (Emperor Taizong), and later rebuilt in the Zhengtong era (1436–1449) of the Ming dynasty. Emperor Taizong founded the temple to commemorate his soldiers who died in his campaign against Goguryeo. The temple occupies an area of 6,700 square meters. The temple also contains a large number of cultural relics, including sculptures of ancient bronzes, stone lions, as well as gilded figures of the three Buddhas. The temple also features large number of Buddhist texts from the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Structure
It has a compact overall arrangement and buildings are arranged along the medial axis symmetrically. Main buildings there include the Gate of Temple, Heavenly King Hall, Main Hall, Hall of Great Compassion, Sutra Hall, and Bell and Drum Towers.

On both sides of the Gate of Temple stand the Bell Tower and the Drum Tower respectively. The Main Hall, which is magnificent and sacred, houses Statues of Flower Adornment School's three saints: Vairocana, Manjusri, and Samantabhadra. The Hall of Great Compassion houses statues, carved stones, and artistic masterpieces. Among these statues there stand some of the most valuable statues in ancient China - Pottery Statue of Sitting Buddha of the Eastern Han dynasty (25-220), Pottery-bottle Statue of Buddha of the Eastern Wu dynasty (229-280), Stone Statue of Buddha of the Tang dynasty (618-907), and Steel-cast Statue of Guanyin.

Taiwanese writer Li Ao, who published a novel Martyrs' Shrine: The Story of the Reform Movement of 1898 in China (another name is called "Fayuan Temple"), is about the beginning and the failure of the Hundred Days' Reform in the late Qing dynasty. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature.

References

640s establishments
Buddhist temples in Beijing
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Beijing
Xicheng District


The Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE; ) was a NASA lunar exploration and technology demonstration mission. It was launched on a Minotaur V rocket from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport on September 7, 2013. During its seven-month mission, LADEE orbited around the Moon's equator, using its instruments to study the lunar exosphere and dust in the Moon's vicinity. Instruments included a dust detector, neutral mass spectrometer, and ultraviolet-visible spectrometer, as well as a technology demonstration consisting of a laser communications terminal. The mission ended on April 18, 2014, when the spacecraft's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the far side of the Moon, which, later, was determined to be near the eastern rim of Sundman V crater.

Planning and preparations
LADEE was announced during the presentation of NASA's  budget in February 2008. It was initially planned to be launched with the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) satellites.

Mechanical tests including acoustic, vibration and shock tests were completed prior to full-scale thermal vacuum chamber testing at NASA's Ames Research Center in April 2013. During August 2013, LADEE underwent final balancing, fuelling and mounting on the launcher, and all pre-launch activities were complete by August 31, ready for the launch window which opened on September 6.

NASA Ames was responsible for the day-to-day functions of LADEE while the Goddard Space Flight Center operated the sensor suite and technology demonstration payloads as well as managing launch operations. The LADEE mission cost approximately $280 million, which included spacecraft development and science instruments, launch services, mission operations, science processing and relay support.

Atmospheric glow

The Moon may have a tenuous atmosphere of moving particles constantly leaping up from and falling back to the Moon's surface, giving rise to a "dust atmosphere" that looks static but is composed of dust particles in constant motion. According to models proposed starting from 1956, on the daylit side of the Moon, solar ultraviolet and X-ray radiation is energetic enough to knock electrons out of atoms and molecules in the lunar soil. Positive charges build up until the tiniest particles of lunar dust (measuring 1 micrometre and smaller) are repelled from the surface and lofted anywhere from metres to kilometres high, with the smallest particles reaching the highest altitudes. Eventually they fall back toward the surface where the process is repeated. On the night side, the dust is negatively charged by electrons in the solar wind. Indeed, the "fountain model" suggests that the night side would charge up to higher voltages than the day side, possibly launching dust particles to higher velocities and altitudes. This effect could be further enhanced during the portion of the Moon's orbit where it passes through Earth's magnetotail; see Magnetic field of the Moon for more detail. On the terminator there could be significant horizontal electric fields forming between the day and night areas, resulting in horizontal dust transport.

Also, the Moon has been shown to have a "sodium tail" too faint to be detected by the human eye. It is hundreds of thousands of miles long, and was discovered in 1998 as a result of Boston University scientists observing the Leonid meteor storm. The Moon is constantly releasing atomic sodium gas from its surface, and solar radiation pressure accelerates the sodium atoms in the anti-sunward direction, forming an elongated tail which points away from the Sun. As of April 2013, it had not yet been determined whether ionized sodium gas atoms or charged dust are the cause of the reported Moon glows.

Chinese lander
China's Chang'e 3 spacecraft, which was launched on December 1, 2013, and entered lunar orbit on December 6, was expected to contaminate the tenuous lunar exosphere with both propellant from engine firings and lunar dust from the vehicle's landing. While concern was expressed that this could disrupt LADEE's mission, such as its baseline readings of the Moon's exosphere, it instead provided additional science value since both the quantity and composition of the spacecraft's propulsion system exhaust were known. Data from LADEE was used to track the distribution and eventual dissipation of the exhaust and dust in the Moon's exosphere. It was also possible to observe the migration of water, one component of the exhaust, giving insight on how it is transported and becomes trapped around the lunar poles.

Mission objectives
The LADEE mission was designed to address three major science goals:
 Determine the global density, composition, and time variability of the tenuous lunar exosphere before it is perturbed by further human activity;
 Determine if the Apollo astronaut sightings of diffuse emission at tens of kilometers above the surface were sodium glow or dust;
 Document the dust impactor environment (size, frequency) to help guide design engineering for the outpost and also future robotic missions;
and one technology demonstration goal:
 Demonstrate two-way laser communication from lunar orbit.

Spaceflight operations

Launch
LADEE was launched on September 7, 2013, at 03:27 UTC (September 6, 11:27 p.m. EDT), from the Wallops Flight Facility at the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport on a Minotaur V carrier rocket. This was the first lunar mission to be launched from that facility. The launch had the potential for visibility along much of the U.S. eastern seaboard, from Maine to South Carolina; clear weather allowed numerous observers from New York City to Virginia to observe the ascent, first stage cutoff and second stage ignition.

As the Minotaur V is a solid-propellant rocket, spacecraft attitude control on this mission operated a bit differently from a typical liquid-fueled rocket with more continuous closed-loop feedback. The first three Minotaur stages "fly a pre-programmed attitude profile" to gain velocity and deliver the vehicle to its preliminary trajectory, while the fourth stage is used to modify the flight profile and deliver the LADEE spacecraft into perigee for the spin-stabilized fifth stage to then put the spacecraft into a highly elliptical orbit around Earth—the first of three—to begin a month-long Lunar transit.

While now separated from the LADEE spacecraft, both the fourth and fifth stages of the Minotaur V reached orbit, and are now space debris in Earth orbit.

A launch photo with a frog thrown high by the pressure wave became popular on social media. The frog's condition is uncertain.

Lunar transit

LADEE took an unusual approach in its transit of the Moon. Launched into a highly elliptical Earth orbit, the spacecraft made three increasingly larger laps around Earth before getting close enough to enter into Lunar orbit. The transit required approximately one month.

After separating from the Minotaur, high electrical currents were detected in the satellite's reaction wheels causing them to be shut down. There was no indication of a fault, and after the protection limits were adjusted, orientation with reaction wheels was resumed the following day.

The LADEE spacecraft made three "phasing orbits" of Earth before it accomplished a Lunar orbit insertion (LOI), which occurred at perigee of the third orbit using a three-minute engine burn. The target orbit for the third Earth orbit had a perigee of , an apogee of  and an inclination of 37.65 degrees. The planned argument of perigee is 155 degrees, while its characteristic energy, C3 is -2.75 km2/s2. The novel trajectory using orbital phasing loops was done for four main reasons:
 the Minotaur V launch vehicle had insufficient delta-v to put the  LADEE directly into a trans-lunar injection.
 to handle potential off-nominal launch dispersions from the Minotaur V—which is a stack of five solid rocket stages, and is not considered to be a particularly precise rocket—in a propellant-efficient manner while leaving the orbit profile flexible to large dispersions in the initial injection orbit.
 to widen the launch window to five days. In the event, LADEE did not need this as the launch occurred at the beginning of the window on the first day.
 to increase mission robustness in the face of any anomalous or missed orbital maneuvers with the spacecraft.

Lunar orbit and systems checkout

LADEE entered lunar orbit on October 6, 2013, when LADEE was put into an elliptical capture orbit of 24 hours duration. LADEE was further lowered into a four-hour orbit on October 9, 2013, One further burn occurred on October 12 lowering LADEE into a circular orbit around the Moon with an altitude of approximately  for its commissioning phase, which lasted about 30 days. LADEE's systems and instruments were checked out after the orbit was lowered to  altitude.

Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration

LADEE's Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration (LLCD) pulsed laser system conducted a successful test on October 18, 2013, transmitting data between the spacecraft and its ground station on Earth at a distance of . This test set a downlink record of 622 megabits per second (Mbps) from spacecraft to ground, and an "error-free data upload rate of 20 Mbps" from ground station to spacecraft. Tests were carried out over a 30-day test period.

The LLCD is a free-space optical communication system. It is NASA's first attempt at two-way space communication using an optical laser instead of radio waves. It is expected to lead to operational laser systems on future NASA satellites.

Science phase
For the science operations, LADEE was maneuvered into an orbit with a periselene of  and an aposelene of . The science phase of LADEE's primary mission was initially planned as 100 days, and later given a 28-day extension. The extension provided an opportunity for the satellite to gather an additional full lunar cycle worth of very low-altitude data to help scientists unravel the nature of the Moon's tenuous exosphere.

End of mission
Spacecraft controllers ordered a final engine burn on April 11, 2014, to lower LADEE to within  of the Moon's surface and set it up for impact no later than April 21. The probe then dealt with the April 2014 lunar eclipse on April 15, during which it could not generate power because it was in Earth's shadow for four hours. Science instruments were turned off and heaters were cycled during the event to conserve energy but keep the spacecraft warm. Engineers did not expect LADEE to survive, as it was not designed to handle such an environment, but it exited the eclipse with only a few pressure sensor malfunctions.

During its penultimate orbit on April 17, LADEE's periapsis took it within  of the lunar surface. Contact with the spacecraft was lost around 04:30 UTC on April 18 when it moved behind the Moon. LADEE struck the Moon's far side surface some time between 04:30 and 05:22 at a speed of . The far side of the Moon was chosen to avoid the possibility of damaging historically important locations such as the Luna and Apollo landing sites. NASA used the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter to image the impact location, which was determined to be near the eastern rim of Sundman V crater.

Spacecraft

Design
LADEE is the first spacecraft designed, integrated, built, and tested by NASA's Ames Research Center. The spacecraft is of a novel design (a spacecraft bus never previously flown)—and of much lower cost than typical NASA science missions—which presented novel challenges to the trajectory design team in getting the new spacecraft launched to the Moon with a high-confidence spaceflight trajectory plan, while dealing with a first-use new rocket (Minotaur V) and a spacecraft with no flight test legacy. (see Lunar transit, above.)

LADEE mission makes use of the Modular Common Spacecraft Bus, or body, made of a lightweight carbon composite with an unfueled mass of . The bus has the ability to perform on various kinds of missions—including voyages to the Moon and Near-Earth objects—with different modules or applicable systems. This modular concept is an innovative way of transitioning away from custom designs and toward multi-use designs and assembly-line production, which could dramatically reduce the cost of spacecraft development. The LADEE spacecraft bus modules consist of the Radiator Module which carries the avionics, electrical system, and attitude sensors; the Bus Module; the Payload Module that carries the two largest instruments; and the Extension Modules, which house the propulsion system.

Specifications
The main structure is  high,  wide and  deep. The total mass of the spacecraft is .

Power
Electrical power was generated by a photovoltaic system composed of 30 panels of silicon solar cells producing 295 W at one AU. The solar panels were mounted on the satellite's exterior surfaces and the electrical power was stored in one lithium-ion battery providing up to 24 Ah of 28-volt power.

Propulsion system
The LADEE propulsion system consisted of an orbit control system (OCS) and a reaction control system (RCS). The OCS provided velocity control along the +Z axis for large velocity adjustments. The RCS provided three-axis attitude control during burns of the OCS system, and also provided momentum dumps for the reaction wheels which were the primary attitude control system between OCS burns.

The main engine was a 455N High Performance Apogee Thruster (HiPAT). The high efficiency 22N attitude control thrusters are manufactured using high temperature materials and similar to the HiPAT. The main engine provided the majority of the thrust for spacecraft trajectory correction maneuvers. The control system thrusters were used for the small maneuvers planned for the science phase of the mission.

Following the science phase, a decommissioning period occurred, during which the altitude was gradually lowered until the spacecraft impacted the lunar surface.

Science payload
LADEE carried three scientific instruments and a technology demonstration payload.

The science payload consists of:
 The Neutral Mass Spectrometer (NMS), which performed in situ measurements of exospheric atoms and molecules via mass spectroscopy. Parts of NMS were based on the SAM instrument on the Mars Science Laboratory.
 The UV-Vis Spectrometer (UVS), which measured both the dust and exosphere by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The instrument was based on the UV-Vis spectrometer on the LCROSS mission.
 Lunar Dust EXperiment (LDEX), which directly measured dust using an impact ionization detector.  This functions by measuring the ionization of particles hitting the detector. The instrument built on experience gained from similar instruments on Galileo, Ulysses, and Cassini.

Technology demonstration payload
LADEE also carried a technology demonstration payload for testing an optical communication system. The Lunar Laser Communication Demonstration (LLCD) used a laser to transmit and receive data as pulses of light, in much the same way as data is transferred in a fiber optic cable. Three ground stations were used. This method of communication could potentially provide data rates five times higher than the previous radio frequency communication system. The technology is a direct predecessor to NASA's Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) system which was due to launch in 2017, and actually launched in 2021.

Results

The LADEE science teams continued to analyze data acquired at the time of the Chang'e 3 landing on December 14, 2013.
 The Lunar Dust EXperiment (LDEX) team noted an increase in dust around the time of the landing. However, the rise preceded the landing time by many hours, suggesting a different origin. Indeed, the Geminids meteor shower coincided with this landing event and produced elevated dust counts before, during and after the landing period. The team reported that "if LADEE did encounter any lunar soil particles thrown up by the final descent of Chang'e 3, they would have been lost in the background of Geminid-produced events."
 The Neutral Mass Spectrometer (NMS) team has been searching the data for exhaust gas species such as water, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (CO and CO2) as well as nitrogen (N2).
 The Ultraviolet and Visible light Spectrometer (UVS) carried out a series of before/after observations looking for effects of both the landing and meteor showers. Analysis revealed an increase in sodium in the exosphere in connection with the Geminid meteor shower, as well as evidence of increased light scattering due to dust. The UVS also monitored emission lines of atomic oxygen, and saw emissions that may have indicated the presence of both iron (Fe) and titanium (Ti), which were expected but they had never before been observed.
4He, 20Ne, and 40Ar gases were determined to be the most abundant species in the lunar exosphere. The helium and neon were found to be supplied by the solar wind.
 On August 17, 2015, based on studies with the LADEE spacecraft, NASA scientists reported the detection of neon in the exosphere of the Moon.

Team
The team for LADEE included contributors from NASA Headquarters, Washington D.C., NASA's Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, and the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Guest investigators include those from the University of California, Berkeley;The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland; the University of Colorado; the University of Maryland; and NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland.

Gallery

See also

 List of artificial objects on the Moon

References

External links

 NASA's LADEE Mission site
 LADEE at NASA Science
 MIT's Lincoln Lab, lasercomm terminal development
 NASA's Lunar Science Program - February 27, 2008 - Kelly Snook
 Overview for K-8 students (YouTube video)

Space probes launched in 2013
Spacecraft that orbited the Moon
Spacecraft that impacted the Moon
Laser communication in space
Missions to the Moon
NASA space probes
Destroyed space probes
2014 on the Moon


Henry George Keller (April 3, 1869 – August 3, 1949) was an American artist who led a generation of Ohio watercolor painters of the Cleveland School. Keller's students at the Cleveland School of Art and his Berlin Heights, Ohio summer school included Charles E. Burchfield, James Kulhanek, Paul Travis, and Frank N. Wilcox.

In the Leslie Family Record, by Elvesta Thomas Leslie (1968, self-published), a first cousin of Henry, spoke of Henry Keller:"As Mortimer (Leslie) died young, widowhood threw Guineveer’s mother (Elizabeth Bonsor) to the support of herself and her small girl. She met the heavy and double misfortune with fortitude and competency even as you and your (Elvesta’s) aunt Rosa (Kehl) met like but more tragic adversities. She took orders for busts in crayon and hired artists to draw them. In this way she met young Keller, and Guineveer, her romance. Henry made portraits for the mother. Henry Keller was educated here (Cleveland) and in Munich. He was one of a small galaxy of local artists who have won honors in more metropolitan centers. He is a pioneer of the city’s higher cultural life. A harder, or mor conscientious worker can not be found. He maintains his better than average constitution, inherited from German-born parents, by regular life and exemplary habits. He is the only noted artist who doesn’t smoke, that I ever heard of. Cigarettes seem the sustenance of the artistic temperament. Henry teaches painting at the Art School and specializes in animal life and watercolor. I have one of his best. His canvasses are distinguished more for the excellence of their technique and craftsmanship than for creative genius. I found Keller a zealous devotee of his profession and outside of it, enough of a cynic to be realistic. In a word he is master of a fine art, man of fine character and characteristically German. His home was originally a farm house owned by his father before Cleveland grew up to be a city."In 1939, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate Academician.

Selected works

External links
Works by Henry G. Keller at Cleveland Public Library

1869 births
1949 deaths
American watercolorists
19th-century American painters
20th-century American painters
Cleveland School (arts community)
People from Berlin Heights, Ohio
19th-century American male artists
20th-century American male artists

American male painters
National Academy of Design people
American people of German descent
German-American culture in Cleveland


The Helmet Catch was an American football play involving New York Giants quarterback Eli Manning and wide receiver David Tyree in the final two minutes of Super Bowl XLII on February 3, 2008. It featured Manning escaping from the grasp of three New England Patriots defensive players and throwing a forward pass, followed by Tyree making a leaping catch by pressing the ball against his helmet. The play, a 32-yard gain during a drive on which the Giants scored the game-winning touchdown, was instrumental in the Giants' 17–14 upset victory over the Patriots, who were on the verge of becoming the first National Football League (NFL) team to finish a season undefeated and untied since the 1972 Miami Dolphins, and the first since the NFL adopted a 16-game regular season in . NFL Films' Steve Sabol called it "the greatest play the Super Bowl has ever produced". The play was also named by NFL Films as "The Play of the Decade (2000s)".  It was also the final catch of Tyree's NFL career.

Background
Tyree had been used primarily on special teams and had only 4 receptions for 35 yards and no touchdowns during the 2007 regular season. Although Tyree was seldom used as a receiver during the regular season, he caught the Giants' first touchdown of the Super Bowl early in the fourth quarter, giving his team a 10–7 lead. On their next drive, the Patriots scored a touchdown on a pass from Tom Brady to Randy Moss to take a 14–10 lead with 2:42 remaining in the game.

On their next possession, the Giants faced a 3rd & 5 from their own 44-yard line with 1:15 remaining. On the previous play, Patriots' cornerback Asante Samuel dropped what could have been a game-sealing interception.

Play

Manning was given the play call "62 Sail-Y Union" from the Giants' playbook in hopes of connecting with a receiver downfield. On third and 5 from the Giants' 44 yard line, Manning took the snap in the shotgun formation and immediately faced pressure from the Patriots defensive ends Richard Seymour, Jarvis Green, and linebacker Adalius Thomas. Green grabbed Manning by the shoulder while Seymour grabbed him by the back of his jersey and attempted to pull him down for a sack. Manning, however, was able to stay on his feet and duck under the arms of the Patriot defenders before scrambling backwards into space at around the 34 yard line. Linebackers Mike Vrabel and Junior Seau attempted to sack Manning, but he was able to throw the ball towards David Tyree. After Eli Manning released the football, he was immediately hit by Mike Vrabel. He threw the ball downfield to Tyree at the 24 yard line of the Patriots. Fox announcer Troy Aikman said after the play, "I don't know how he got out of there." Had Manning been sacked, the Giants would have faced a fourth down with around 8 yards to go for a first, and would have needed to convert for the second time on the drive to keep their chances to win alive (halfback Brandon Jacobs converted on a 4th and 1 three plays earlier in the drive).

Tyree was unable to run his intended route due to a jam by Ellis Hobbs. Starting cornerback Asante Samuel was on the left side of the field, walking to the line of scrimmage right before the snap to jam Plaxico Burress. Tyree saw Manning under pressure and instead came back towards the line to give Manning an option down the field, stopping at the 25 yard line. As the ball arrived Tyree made a fully extended leap for it, while Patriots strong safety Rodney Harrison, also leaping fully extended in tight coverage, attempted to knock it down. Initially, Tyree caught the ball with both hands, but a swipe by Harrison's arm caused his left hand to be knocked off the ball. However, Tyree was able to secure possession of the ball by pressing it against the top of his helmet with his right hand. Harrison pulled him down, and Tyree landed on top of him with the ball still pressed against his helmet. Free safety James Sanders and cornerbacks Asante Samuel and Ellis Hobbs were there, but neither had the time to assist Harrison in trying to prevent Tyree from making the catch.

The play gained 32 yards for the Giants and gave them a first down with 58 seconds left. After the play, the Giants called timeout. Four plays later, Plaxico Burress scored the touchdown that won the game for the Giants, 17–14. It was the Patriots' only loss of the season, preventing them from finishing with a perfect 19–0 record.

Nickname
Like other famous plays in the NFL, this play has been given nicknames, but largely due to two separate, unique occurrences in the play, consensus was not reached on a single name for some time. In 2009, readers of the New York Daily News voted on nicknaming the play "Catch-42" as the favored name in reference to Super Bowl XLII and the kind of coverage the Patriots deployed against the Giants' four-receiver set. Since then, David Tyree has adopted the "Catch-42" nickname as well as has ESPN.com. Other proposed nicknames include "The Escape and the Helmet Catch", "The E-mmaculate Connection" (a pun on the Immaculate Reception; the 'E' standing for Eli), "The Double Miracle", and "The Reception that Ended Perfection". "The Great Escape" was used by U.S. President George W. Bush during the Giants' White House visit. "David and Eliath" was also suggested by David Tyree due to biblical reference.  Bill Simmons named it "The Helmet Catch" five days after the game, and as time passed by, this became the consensus name for the play.

Aftermath
The catch won the 2008 Best Play ESPY Award.  The award ceremony featured a spoof by host Justin Timberlake, who "revealed" that he had left gum on David Tyree's helmet, which helped him catch the pass (since he caught it close to the top of his helmet). During the acceptance speech, Tyree jokingly stated, "Justin, thanks for the gum." Eli Manning also jokingly thanked his offensive line, "for giving me zero pass protection."

Tyree would never catch another pass in the NFL.  He missed the following season with a training camp injury and played just 10 games in 2009, recording no receptions, before announcing his retirement in 2010.

In an NFC Divisional playoff game against the defending Super Bowl XLV champion Green Bay Packers on January 15, 2012, Manning threw a Hail Mary pass at the end of the first half, which was caught in the end zone by Hakeem Nicks, giving the Giants a 20–10 lead. Nicks caught the ball by cradling it against his head, which prompted commentators Joe Buck and Troy Aikman to note the similarity to Tyree's catch. Coincidentally, Buck and Aikman were also the commentators of Super Bowl XLII. The Giants would go on to beat the Packers 37–20, as well as win another Super Bowl against the New England Patriots.

Legacy

Fox Sports lists Eli Manning's pass to David Tyree as the greatest play in Super Bowl history; editor Adrian Hasenmeyer called the play "an insult to physics and Albert Einstein". NBC Sports and NFL.com have also listed the play as the greatest Super Bowl play of all time. NFL Films founder Steve Sabol compared Manning to Fran Tarkenton and said that the play "defied logic, history, gravity and just about anything else you care to mention".

For the NFL’s 100th season, the play was declared #3 in greatest 100 plays in NFL history.

References

External links
Video from NFL.com includes Top 10 Super Bowl Plays: Tyree's helmet catch, David Tyree's Helmet Catch, and David Tyree helmet catch which show this play from various angles.

Super Bowl plays
New York Giants postseason
New England Patriots postseason
2007 National Football League season
February 2008 sports events in the United States
2008 in sports in Arizona
American football incidents


Alexandre Rodriguez de Oliveira (born January 23, 1978) is a Brazilian football player, currently under contract at U Cluj.

External links
 Player profile at Sambafoot

Brazilian men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Romania
Liga I players
Living people
FC Universitatea Cluj players
1978 births
Men's association football midfielders
Footballers from Recife