Dannemarie (; unofficial also Dannemarie-lès-Glay) is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Ramban district is an administrative district in the Jammu division of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region.  It is located in a valley surrounded the Pir Panjal range. It was carved out as a separate district from erstwhile Doda district in 2007. It is located in the Jammu division. The district headquarters are at Ramban town, which is located midway between Jammu and Srinagar along the Chenab river in the Chenab valley on National Highway-44, approximately 151 km from Jammu and Srinagar.

Administration

Ramban District is divided into eight tehsils: Banihal, Ramban, Khari, Rajgarh, Batote, Gool, Pogal Paristan (Ukhral) and Ramsoo.

Each tehsil has its tehsildar, who is the administrative head. The district consisted of 116 census villages and 127 revenue villages in 2001. The total number of panchayat Halqas in the district was 124.

District Development Council Ramban
In the elections for Ramban's District Development Council, Shamshad Begum was elected chairman and Rabiya Beigh was elected vice-chairman.

Geography
Ramban district is 1,156 metres (3,792 feet) above sea level (on average). The boundary lines of Ramban district encompass hill station Patnitop as its southernmost point, Assar on its eastern edge, Gool to the west, and Banihal to the north. The terrain of district Ramban is tough and hilly. District Ramban shares its boundary with Reasi, Udhampur, Doda, Anantnag and Kulgam districts.

Climate
The climate of the district varies according to altitude. The temperature rises as high as 42 °C in the low-lying areas like Ramban town located in between steep mountains on the banks of Chenab River and drops to sub-zero in high-altitude areas like Sangaldan, Gool, Dhagantop, Asthanmarg, Lalagundi, Budhan, Pogal, Paristan, Neel. The working season in most of the district is about eight months because of weather conditions in the district.

Politics

Ramban district has three assembly constituencies: Ramban, Banihal and Gool Batote.

On 21 January 2021, Ramban district was declared a 'terrorist free' district in Jammu and Kashmir.

Demographics

According to the 2011 census, Ramban district has a population of 283,713. roughly equal to the nation of Barbados.  This gives it a ranking of 573rd in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of  . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 31.81%. Ramban has a sex ratio of 902 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 54.27%.

Tourist attractions

Sanasar

Tourist activities Sanasar include paragliding, hot air ballooning, trekking, camping, golf, rock climbing and abseiling.

Major projects

 Baglihar Dam
 Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel
 Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel
 Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Tunnel
Sangaldan Railway Station
Sangaldan Tunnel

See also
Ramban
Banihal
Banihal Pass
Doda District
Jammu and Kashmir
Chenab Valley
Sangaldan
Pir Panjal Range
Baglihar Dam
Badshah Khan (wrestler)
Chanderkot
Adhwa

References

External links
 Official website

Districts of Jammu and Kashmir


Dannemarie-sur-Crète () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs


Dasle () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

Communes of Doubs
County of Montbéliard


WZPH (96.7 FM, "The Zephyr") is a low-power radio station broadcasting an oldies format. Licensed to Dade City, Florida, United States, and serving Zephyrhills and Dade City, Florida, the station is currently owned, operated and hosted by Doc Thayer.

External links
The Zephyr Online
The Zephyr on Facebook

Oldies radio stations in the United States
Pasco County, Florida
Radio stations established in 2002
ZPH-LP
ZPH-LP
2002 establishments in Florida


Deluz () is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.

The construction of the Rhône–Rhine Canal in 1821 created a narrow spit of land which, along with the water power from the weir, allowed the development of cloth spinning (1858–1872) and paper making (1873–1977). The abandoned buildings now house a small hydroelectric plant.

Population

See also
 Communes of the Doubs department

References

External links
Official website
Personal website about Deluz

Communes of Doubs


Norway participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 with the song "Hold On Be Strong" written by Mira Craig. The song was performed by Maria Haukaas Storeng. The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) organised the national final Melodi Grand Prix 2008 in order to select the Norwegian entry for the 2008 contest in Belgrade, Serbia. 18 entries competed in the national final that consisted of three semi-finals, a Last Chance round and a final. Eight entries ultimately qualified to compete in the final on 9 February 2008 where the winner was determined over two rounds of voting. In the first round of voting, a public televote exclusively selected the top four entries to advance to the competition's second round—the Gold Final. In the second round of voting, "Hold On Be Strong" performed by Maria Haukaas Storeng was selected as the winner following the combination of votes from three regional jury groups and a public televote.

Norway was drawn to compete in the first semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 20 May 2008. Performing during the show in position 9, "Hold On Be Strong" was announced among the 10 qualifying entries of the first semi-final and therefore qualified to compete in the final on 24 May. It was later revealed that Norway placed fourth out of the 19 participating countries in the semi-final with 106 points. In the final, Norway performed last during the event in position 25, and placed fifth out of the 25 participating countries with 182 points.

Background

Prior to the 2008 Contest, Norway had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 46 times since its first entry in 1960. Norway had won the contest on two occasions: in 1985 with the song "La det swinge" performed by Bobbysocks! and in 1995 with the song "Nocturne" performed by Secret Garden. Norway also had the two dubious distinctions of having finished last in the Eurovision final more than any other country and for having the most "nul points" (zero points) in the contest, the latter being a record the nation shared together with Austria. The country had finished last 10 times and had failed to score a point during four contests. Following the introduction of semi-finals in 2004, Norway has, to this point, finished in the top 10 once: in 2005 when Wig Wam finished ninth with the song "In My Dreams".

The nation's national broadcaster, Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) broadcasts the event within Norway and organises the selection process for the nation's entry. NRK confirmed their intentions to participate at the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest on 9 July 2007. The broadcaster has traditionally organised the national final Melodi Grand Prix, which has selected the Norwegian entry for the Eurovision Song Contest in all but one of their participation. Along with their participation confirmation, the broadcaster revealed details regarding their selection procedure and announced the organization of Melodi Grand Prix 2008 in order to select the 2008 Norwegian entry.

Before Eurovision

Melodi Grand Prix 2008
Melodi Grand Prix 2008 was the 46th edition of the Norwegian national final Melodi Grand Prix and selected Norway's entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2008. 18 songs were selected to compete in a five-week-long process that commenced on 12 January 2008 and concluded with the final on 9 February 2008. All shows were hosted by Per Sundnes and televised on NRK1 as well as streamed online at NRK's official website nrk.no.

Format
The competition consisted of five shows: three semi-finals on 12, 19 and 26 January 2008, a Last Chance round (Sistesjansen) on 6 February 2008 and a final on 9 February 2008. Six songs competed in each semi-final and the top two entries directly qualified to the final. The entries that placed third and fourth proceeded to the Last Chance round, and the bottom two were eliminated from the competition. An additional two entries qualified to the final from the Last Chance round. The results of the semi-finals and Last Chance round were determined exclusively by public televoting, while the results in the final were determined by jury voting and public televoting. Viewers could vote through telephone and SMS, and for the semi-finals, the public was able to cast their votes in advance on the day before each show was broadcast.

Competing entries
A submission period was opened by NRK between 9 July 2007 and 1 September 2007. Songwriters of any nationality were allowed to submit entries, while performers of the selected songs would be chosen by NRK in consultation with the songwriters. In addition to the public call for submissions, NRK reserved the right to directly invite certain artists and composers to compete. At the close of the deadline, 600 submissions were received. 18 songs were selected for the competition and their titles were revealed on 13 December 2007. The six acts competing in each of the three semi-finals were revealed on 18 December 2007, 28 December 2007 and 4 January 2008, respectively.

Shows

Semi-finals
Six songs competed in each of the three semi-finals that took place on 12, 18 and 26 January 2008. The first semi-final took place at the Sandvigå in Stavanger, the second semi-final took place at the Kongsvingerhallen in Kongsvinger, and the third semi-final took place at the Bodø Spektrum in Bodø. In each semi-final the top two directly qualified to the final, while the third and fourth placed songs proceeded to the Last Chance round. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, a past Norwegian Eurovision entrant was featured in each semi-final as the interval act: Kirstie Sparboe performed her 1969 entry "Oj, oj, oj, så glad jeg skal bli" in the first semi-final, Anne-Karine Strøm performed her 1976 entry "Mata Hari" in the second semi-final, and Ketil Stokkan performed his 1986 entry "Romeo" in the third semi-final.

Last Chance round
The Last Chance round took place on 6 February 2008 at the Oslo Stratos in Oslo. The six entries that placed third and fourth in the preceding three semi-finals competed and the top two entries qualified to the final. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, 2007 Norwegian Eurovision entrant Guri Schanke appeared as a special guest.

Final
Eight songs that qualified from the preceding three semi-finals and the Last Chance round competed during the final at the Oslo Spektrum in Oslo on 9 February 2008. The winner was selected over two rounds of voting. In the first round, public televoting selected the top four entries to proceed to the second round, the Gold Final. In the Gold Final, three regional juries from the three semi-final host cities each distributed points as follows: 2,000, 4,000, 6,000 and 10,000 points. The results of the public televote were then revealed by Norway's five regions and added to the jury scores, leading to the victory of "Hold On Be Strong" performed by Maria Haukaas Storeng with 195,661 votes. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, the interval acts featured 1978, 1982 and 1983 Norwegian Eurovision entrant Jahn Teigen performing several of his past Melodi Grand Prix entries: "Optimist", "Mil etter mil", "Do Re Mi" and "Glasnost", and a Melodi Grand Prix medley performed by 2007 Norwegian Eurovision entrant Guri Schanke.

Ratings

Promotion
Maria Haukaas Storeng specifically promoted "Hold On Be Strong" as the Norwegian Eurovision entry on 25 April 2008 by performing during the UK Eurovision Preview Party, which was held at the Scala venue in London, United Kingdom and hosted by Paddy O'Connell.

In Norway, "Hold On Be Strong" reached number one on the VG-lista singles chart after winning Melodi Grand Prix 2008, and was the first Eurovision 2008 song to top the charts anywhere in Europe. Maria Haukaas Storeng later signed a record deal with Universal Music and released her latest album in Norway before competing at Eurovision in Belgrade.

At Eurovision
It was announced in September 2007 that the competition's format would be expanded to two semi-finals in 2008. According to the rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the "Big Four" (France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom) are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals in order to compete for the final; the top nine songs from each semi-final as determined by televoting progress to the final, and a tenth was determined by back-up juries. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) split up the competing countries into six different pots based on voting patterns from previous contests, with countries with favourable voting histories put into the same pot. On 28 January 2008, an allocation draw was held which placed each country into one of the two semi-finals. Norway was placed into the first semi-final, to be held on 20 May 2008. The running order for the semi-finals was decided through another draw on 17 March 2008 and Norway was set to perform in position 9, following the entry from Slovenia and before the entry from Poland.

In Norway, the first semi-final and the final were broadcast on NRK1, while the second semi-final was broadcast on NRK3. All shows featured commentary by Hanne Hoftun. The Norwegian spokesperson, who announced the Norwegian votes during the final, was Stian Barsnes-Simonsen.

Semi-final

Maria Haukaas Storeng took part in technical rehearsals on 11 and 15 May, followed by dress rehearsals on 19 and 20 May. The Norwegian performance featured Maria Haukaas Storeng performing on stage in a mid-length blue dress together with five backing vocalists. The performance also featured minimalistic choreography integrated by Storeng to the song. The stage colours were predominantly blue and the LED screens displayed a starry background. The five backing vocalists on stage with Maria Haukaas Storeng were Håvard Gryting, Jorunn Hauge, Karianne Kjærnes, May Kristin Kaspersen and Øystein Nesbakken.

At the end of the show, Norway was announced as having finished in the top 10 and subsequently qualifying for the grand final. It was later revealed that Norway placed fourth in the semi-final, receiving a total of 106 points. The first semi-final was watched by 925,000 viewers in Norway, which represented an increase of 219,000 from the semi-final in 2007 when the nation failed to qualify.

Final
Shortly after the first semi-final, a winners' press conference was held for the 10 qualifying countries. As part of this press conference, the qualifying artists took part in a draw to determine the running order for the final. This draw was done in the order the countries were announced during the semi-final. Norway was drawn to perform last in position 25, following the entry from Russia.

Maria Haukaas Storeng once again took part in dress rehearsals on 23 and 24 May before the final. Maria Haukaas Storeng performed a repeat of her semi-final performance during the final on 24 May. At the conclusion of the voting, Norway finished in fifth place with 182 points. The final was watched by 1.553 million viewers in Norway with a market share of 82%. Viewership increased to almost 1.8 million during the voting.

Voting
Below is a breakdown of points awarded to Norway and awarded by Norway in the first semi-final and grand final of the contest. The nation awarded its 12 points to Bosnia and Herzegovina in the semi-final and to Denmark in the final of the contest.

Points awarded to Norway

Points awarded by Norway

After Eurovision
Storeng returned to Norway after the final as a heroine, with much praise given to her after her fifth place in Belgrade. "Hold On Be Stong" was later released in Sweden after Eurovision, where it peaked on the Sverigetopplistan at #8. The song also reached #37 on the Danish singles chart.

In November 2008, Storeng performed in the musical Grease at the Oslo Spektrum, playing the character of Betty Rizzo. She becomes one of the many number of artists who have competed at Eurovision to go on to perform in Grease, with others including Sally-Ann Triplet, who represented the United Kingdom in 1980 and 1982, and Olivia Newton-John, who represented the United Kingdom in 1974 and became famous for acting in the film version of the musical.

After receiving such a strong placing from a Norwegian-composed song, NRK decided to close off Melodi Grand Prix to foreign composers, something which the broadcaster was once reluctant to do. Stian Malme, project manager for Melodi Grand Prix, said that NRK "wants the Melodi Grand Prix to be a forum where Norwegian songwriters can develop and present themselves both nationally as well as internationally." Storeng returned to Melodi Grand Prix in 2009, this time as co-host of the contest with Per Sundnes.

Despite hosting MGP, Storeng was rumoured to be one of the participants in the Swedish preselection for Eurovision 2009 Melodifestivalen. She was rumoured to be competing in the contest as a duet with another former Eurovision artist, Anna Sahlene, who represented Estonia in 2002 with "Runaway". Due to conflicting dates with her hosting duties with MGP, the only possible semi-final she could compete in was the final semi-final, held one week after the final of MGP 2009. This news was confirmed by Sveriges Television (SVT), with Storeng and Sahlene competing in the fourth semi-final, held on 28 February 2009, with the song "Killing Me Tenderly". The duo failed to qualify to the final of Melodifestivalen 2009, placing seventh in the semi-final.

References

External links
Full national final on nrk.no

2008
Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008
2008
Eurovision
Eurovision


John Martyn (1948–2009) was a Scottish singer-songwriter.

John Martyn may also refer to:

John Martyn (academic) (died 1473), Master of University College, Oxford, England
John Martyn (botanist) (1699–1768), British botanist and author of Historia plantarum rariorum
John Martyn (publisher) (died 1680), London publisher and bookseller
John Martyn (schoolmaster) (1903–1984), second Headmaster of The Doon School, India
John Burton Martyn (1867–1921), Ontario physician and political figure
John Martyn (Leicester MP), MP for Leicester
John Martyn (died 1627), MP for Nottingham
John Martyn (MP for Scarborough), MP for Scarborough
John Martyn (MP for Wycombe), for Wycombe
John Martyn (priest), Dean of Bangor from 1371 to 1382

See also
John Martin (disambiguation)
J. Thomas Marten (born 1951), American judge


Waverley station is an MBTA Commuter Rail station in Belmont, Massachusetts. It serves the Fitchburg Line. It is located below grade in Waverley Square in the triangle of Trapelo Road, Lexington Street, and Church Street in western Belmont.

History

The Fitchburg Railroad opened through Belmont on December 20, 1843, but no station stop at Waverley Square existed until about 1860. Service on the Central Massachusetts Railroad, which ran parallel to the Fitchburg, began in 1881. The two railroads had separate station buildings, both of which remained in use until somewhat after both railroads were consolidated under the Boston and Maine Railroad (B&M). The tracks originally ran through the square at grade, with level crossings of Trapelo Road and Lexington Street. In August 1951, the town approved an agreement with the state and the B&M for a $1.125 million state-funded project to lower the tracks  to eliminate the crossings. The work was completed in 1952, at which timeCentral Mass Branch trains were moved from their parallel tracks onto the Fitchburg main. All service to Waverley and nearby Belmont Center station ended in 1958.

Service to Belmont Center and Waverley resumed on March 4, 1974. The Central Mass Branch had been discontinued in 1971, so all service was on the South Acton (now Fitchburg) Line. The station building was gone by 1977. Weekend service was discontinued at the two stops on January 30, 1981 as part of general cutbacks, but restored on December 6, 1993.

As part of budget cuts, in 2015, the MBTA was considering an option to shutter the current Waverley station and/or Belmont station(s) due to expenses related to costs for making Waverley ADA-accessible.  Plans to combine both stations have been outlined in previous studies as early as 2005. Such works as the Fitchburg Commuter Rail Line Improvement Implementation Plan, released in September 2005 have considered this plan.
Other past proposals for altering the station, and in the process raising revenue have included building above the trench style station with a five-story mixed retail and residential development.

References

External links

MBTA – Waverley

Belmont, Massachusetts
MBTA Commuter Rail stations in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1860
Former Boston and Maine Railroad stations


"The Song of the Vermonters, 1779" Also known as "The Green Mountaineer" is a poem by the American Quaker poet John Greenleaf Whittier (December 17, 1807 – September 7, 1892) about the U.S. state of Vermont during its years of independence (1777–1791), sometimes called the Vermont Republic.

Overview
The ballad describes a period when Vermont deflected land claims from the British colonies of New Hampshire and New York.

Whittier originally wrote the poem in 1828. It was published anonymously by The New-England Magazine in 1833. Similarities in the last stanza with prose by Ethan Allen caused many to believe the entire work to be by Allen. For nearly sixty years the poem was republished with credit going to Ethan Allen. The confusion was perpetuated in part by Henry Stevens, a co-founder of the Vermont Historical Society. In 1843, Stevens presented the poem to the Society as one by Allen which he had "discovered". The discovery was also reported in the Vermont Chronicle. The poem was republished anonymously in England by the Northern Star in July 1847 in an issue which included two other poems by Whittier.

Whittier, however, had acknowledged his authorship in an obscure Massachusetts magazine in 1858. In preparing for an address at a centennial celebration in 1877, a resident of Bennington named Daniel Roberts asked Whittier to confirm his authorship. In July of that year, Whittier acknowledged authorship as "a boy's practical joke." As Whittier wrote in the Boston Transcript in March 1887:

The poem was included in the 1904 Oxford Complete Edition of Whittier's poetry, The Poetical Works of John Greenleaf Whittier. Oxford Complete Edition.

Full text
Ho–all to the borders! Vermonters, come down,
With your breeches of deerskin and jackets of brown;
With your red woollen caps and your moccasins come,
To the gathering summons of trumpet and drum.

Come down with your rifles!
Let gray wolf and fox
Howl on in the shade of their primitive rocks;
Let the bear feed securely from pig-pen and stall;
Here's two-legged game for your powder and ball.

On our south came the Dutchmen, enveloped in grease;
And arming for battle while canting of peace;
On our east crafty Meshech has gathered his band
To hang up our leaders and eat up our land.

Ho–all to the rescue! For Satan shall work
No gain for his legions of Hampshire and York!
They claim our possessions–the pitiful knaves–
The tribute we pay shall be prisons and graves!

Let Clinton and Ten Broek with bribes in their hands,
Still seek to divide and parcel our lands;
We've coats for our traitors, whoever they are;
The warp is of feathers–the filling of tar:

Does the 'old Bay State' threaten?
Does Congress complain?
Swarms Hampshire in arms on our borders again?
Bark the war dogs of Britain aloud on the lake–
Let 'em come; what they can they are welcome to take.

What seek they among us?
The pride of our wealth
Is comfort, contentment, and labor, and health,
And lands which, as Freemen we only have trod,
Independent of all, save the mercies of God.

Yet we owe no allegiance, we bow to no throne,
Our ruler is law and the law is our own;
Our leaders themselves are our own fellow-men,
Who can handle the sword, or the scythe, or the pen.

Our wives are all true, and our daughters are fair,
With their blue eyes of smiles and their light flowing hair,
All brisk at their wheels till the dark even-fall,
Then blithe at the sleigh-ride the husking and ball!

We've sheep on the hillsides, we've cows on the plain,
And gay-tasselled corn-fields and rank-growing grain;
There are deer on the mountains, and wood-pigeons fly
From the crack of our muskets, like clouds on the sky.

And there's fish in our streamlets and rivers which take
Their course from the hills to our broad bosomed lake;
Through rock-arched Winooski the salmon leaps free,
And the portly shad follows all fresh from the sea.

Like a sunbeam the pickerel glides through the pool,
And the spotted trout sleeps where the water is cool,
Or darts from his shelter of rock and of root,
At the beaver's quick plunge, or the angler's pursuit.

And ours are the mountains, which awfully rise,
Till they rest their green heads on the blue of the skies;
And ours are the forests unwasted, unshorn,
Save where the wild path of the tempest is torn.

And though savage and wild be this climate of ours,
And brief be our season of fruits and of flowers,
Far dearer the blast round our mountains which raves,
Than the sweet summer zephyr which breathes over slaves!

Hurrah for Vermont! For the land which we till
Must have sons to defend her from valley and hill;
Leave the harvest to rot on the fields where it grows,
And the reaping of wheat for the reaping of foes

From far Michiscom's wild valley, to where
Poosoonsuck steals down from his wood-circled lair,
From Shocticook River to Lutterlock town
Ho–all to the rescue! Vermonters come down!

Come York or come Hampshire, come traitors or knaves,
If ye rule o'er our land ye shall rule o'er our graves;
Our vow is recorded–our banner unfurled,
In the name of Vermont we defy all the world!

References

1828 poems
American poems
Poetry and hymns by John Greenleaf Whittier
Pre-statehood history of Vermont
Vermont Republic
Vermont culture
History of New England
Works originally published in The New-England Magazine


Dow Jones News/Retrieval was an online service offered by Dow Jones & Company beginning in 1973, which greatly expanded its subscriber numbers during the 1980s. It focused on financial information offering access to securities prices including quotes on stocks, bonds, options and mutual funds as well as a news data base with items culled from The Wall Street Journal, Barron's and other sources, as well as sports reports, movie reviews, encyclopedia, electronic shopping, and email.  Subscriber numbers rose from 11,000 in 1981 to 205,000 by 1986.

In the 1990s it also provided access to articles from The New York Times and Westlaw.

Fees for using the service were relatively expensive. It cost $30 to subscribe followed by a $12 annual membership fee. Additionally, prime-time usage charges were $2.30 per minute, and after-hours access was 44 cents a minute for basic services and general information, and $1.76 a minute for detailed reports such as S.E.C. filings. "Blue Chip" and "Executive" discount plans were available for users who spent a lot of time on the service.

In the mid 1990s, the strategy was changed to provide access to the service to a broader business audience and the pricing was simplified, new software and web-based access was launched and the company became more customer-focused under Timothy M. Andrews, a longtime Dow Jones editorial, technology and marketing executive.  The name was changed to Dow Jones Interactive, and the $125 million revenue business was later merged into Factiva.

Dow Jones Interactive was shut down on June 30, 2003.

References

Online databases
Pre–World Wide Web online services
Dow Jones & Company


Deepak Tripathi,  (born 1951) is a British historian of Indian origin with particular reference to South Asia, the Middle East, the Cold War and the United States in the post-Soviet world.

Life and career

Tripathi's grandfather, Pandit Vishwambhar Dayal Tripathi, was a leader in India's independence movement, Member of the Constituent Assembly, and later of the Indian Parliament. His father, Krishna Dev Tripathi, was also a parliamentarian and an academic.

After a year at Aligarh Muslim University, he wrote a book on Afghanistan.

In 2012, Tripathi received his doctorate in social science from the University of Roehampton, where he was an Honorary Fellow at the Crucible Centre for Human Rights Research from 2012 to 2015, and later an associate.

Reception of his work

Tripathi has received praise from various reviewers for his writings on world conflicts, such as in Afghanistan, notably for his trilogy of books Breeding Ground, Overcoming The Bush Legacy in Iraq and Afghanistan and Imperial Designs.

Overcoming the Bush Legacy in Iraq and Afghanistan

Christopher Schoppa, in his review for The Washington Post of 'Overcoming the Bush Legacy in Iraq and Afghanistan', writes that "Tripathi has a sound grounding in the politics and myriad cultures that make up the Middle East." But this book is "not for the conservative, Bush-ie camp." It takes a "thoughtful look at the legacy of two increasingly unpopular wars, focusing especially on the human toll." The reviewer concludes: "Whatever your leanings on this subject, one of Tripathi's statements that seems irrefutable is that these wars will forever be linked with the name of our 43rd President, George W. Bush. For better or worse."

Breeding Ground

Marjorie Cohn, in the History News Network, writes of Breeding Ground: "Tripathi's excellent work ends with a call to replace the military strategy in Afghanistan and Pakistan with development, reconciliation, and reconstruction." and "Breeding Ground makes a significant contribution toward understanding the origins and triggers of terrorism.  Tripathi traces the development of a 'culture of violence' in Afghanistan—largely due to resistance against foreign invasion—from the "U.S.-led proxy war" against the USSR to the current U.S. war."

David Hillstrom, in the Foreign Policy Journal, describes Breeding Ground as a "concise yet powerful book" which details the dangerously interlocking decisions and ill-thought-through strategies that inflamed the Afghan conflict. According to Hillstrom, Tripathi used a broad array of sources that only recently became available from both US and Soviet archives. He writes that the tragedy is that Afghanistan, which has now been at war for 40 years, has suffered the same before, from the 'Great Game' that the Russian Empire played with the British Empire in the 19th century; the players then as now had "simplistic strategic goals" but only "a shallow understanding" of Afghanistan itself. Hillstrom finds that Tripathi sums up the tragedy beautifully by closing his book with a quote from Tolstoy:

 "In all history there is no war which was not hatched by the governments, the governments alone, independent of the interests of the people, to whom war is always pernicious, even when successful."

Imperial Designs

Greta Morris, a retired US diplomat, writes in her review of Imperial Designs in American Diplomacy: "As policymakers, scholars and citizens seek to understand the increasingly bitter and violent conflicts in the Middle East and the escalating anger and terrorist acts against the West (particularly the U.S.), Deepak Tripathi's Imperial Designs offers important perspectives and insights. Tripathi's book is subtitled War, Humiliation and the Making of History, and his theme is the role of humiliation in international politics. Specifically, he argues that the humiliation of a state or people by a more powerful state (or states) through political manipulation and military defeat profoundly influences the subsequent actions of the humiliated people, including their desire for revenge." Morris concludes the review with her comment: "Tripathi's excellent summation of past events in the Middle East and his cogent analysis of their continuing implications should be required reading for all who are dealing directly with this troubled region, as well as those seeking to understand it and its relations with the United States."

Books
 Tripathi, D., & Royal Institute of International Affairs. (1989). Sri Lanka's Foreign Policy Dilemmas. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs.
 Tripathi, D., & Observer Research Foundation. (2008). Dialectics of the Afghanistan Conflict. New Delhi: Observer Research Foundation.
 Tripathi, D. (2010). Overcoming the Bush Legacy in Iraq and Afghanistan. Washington, D.C: Potomac Books.

 Tripathi, D. (2013). Imperial Designs: War, Humiliation and the Making of History. Washington, D.C: Potomac Books.
 Tripathi, D. (2013). A Journey Through Turbulence: Writings of Deepak Tripathi. Lake Oswego, Oregon: Dignity Press.

References

External links
 Deepak Tripathi's Diary 'Reflections'

1951 births
Living people
Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
Fellows of the Royal Asiatic Society
British male journalists
BBC World Service people
People from Unnao
Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni
Alumni of Heriot-Watt University
British political journalists


The A4005 is a suburban link road running between Hanger Lane roundabout, where the A40 meets the A406 (North Circular Road), and Harrow.  The A4005 now runs along Roxeth Hill to its junction with the A312 in South Harrow, then merges with it northbound until its junction with the A404 before splitting away again to become Greenhill Way. Formerly the road passed the junction with Roxeth Hill, crossing the A404, continuing past Harrow-on-the-Hill station and joining the A409 at a point just south of the present junction.

Roads in London
Streets in the London Borough of Brent
Streets in the London Borough of Harrow


Leland C. Clark Jr. (December 4, 1918 – September 25, 2005) was an American biochemist born in Rochester, New York. He is most well known as the inventor of the Clark electrode, a device used for measuring oxygen in blood, water and other liquids. Clark is considered the "father of biosensors", and the modern-day glucose sensor used daily by millions of diabetics is based on his research. He conducted pioneering research on heart-lung machines in the 1940s and '50s and was holder of more than 25 patents. Although he developed a fluorocarbon-based liquid that could be breathed successfully by mice in place of air, his lifelong goal of developing artificial blood remained unfulfilled at the time of his death. He is the inventor of Oxycyte, a third-generation perfluorocarbon (PFC) therapeutic oxygen carrier designed to enhance oxygen delivery to damaged tissues.

Professional life
Clark received his B.S. degree in chemistry from Antioch College in 1941 and his Ph.D. in biochemistry and physiology from the University of Rochester in 1944. Clark began his professional career as an assistant professor of biochemistry at his alma mater, Antioch College, in Yellow Springs, Ohio. When he left Antioch in 1958, he was head of the department. From 1955 to 1958, he held a simultaneous appointment the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine as a Senior Research Associate in Pediatrics and Surgery. In 1958, Clark moved to Alabama to join the Department of Surgery, University of Alabama Medical College as an associate professor of biochemistry. He later became professor of biochemistry in the same department.

In 1962, he invented the first biosensor with Champ Lyons. Clark later became professor of research pediatrics at the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation in 1968 and remained there until he retired in 1991. Afterwards, he helped to found the company Synthetic Blood International, now known as Oxygen Biotherapeutics, Inc., which markets his invention Oxycyte.

Other Clark inventions were put into production and marketed by Yellow Springs Instrument Company.

He was a founding member of the Editorial Board of the scientific journal Biosensors & Bioelectronics in 1985.

Personal life
Clark was known as "Lee" to his friends. He met Eleanor Wyckoff while an undergraduate student at Antioch and they were married in 1939. She assisted him in his research throughout his career.  They had four daughters.

Honors and awards
Dr. Clark received the following recognition for his work: National Research Council Fellowship (1941).
NIH Research Career Award (1962).
Distinguished Lecturer Award, American College of Chest Physicians (1975).
Honorary Doctor of Science, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry (1984).
Horace Mann Award for Service to Humanity, Antioch College (1984).
Heyrovsky Award in Recognition of the Invention of the Membrane-Covered Polarographic Oxygen Electrode (1985).
American Association for Clinical Chemistry Award for Outstanding Contributions to Clinical Chemistry (1989).
American Heart Association Samuel Kaplan Visionary Award (1991).
Enshrinement into the Engineering and Science Hall of Fame (1991).
Pharmacia Biosensor’s Sensational Contributions to the Advancement of Biosensor Technology Award (1992).
Daniel Drake Award for Outstanding Achievements in Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (1993).
Elected to the National Academy of Engineering (1995).
National Academy of Engineering Fritz J. and Dolores H. Russ Prize (2005).

Selected publications
 Clark, L.C., Wolf, R., Granger, D., Taylor, Z. (1953). Continuous recording of blood oxygen tensions by polarography. Journal of Applied Physiology, 6: 189-193.
 Clark, L.C., Gollan, F. (1966). Survival of mammals breathing organic liquids equilibrated with oxygen at atmospheric pressure. Science,  152:1755–1756.

References

External links

 Memorial Tributes: National Academy of Engineering, Volume 11 (2007) p. 58

  Oxygen Biotherapeutics, Inc. website

20th-century American chemists
Antioch College alumni
Biosensors
1918 births
2005 deaths
20th-century American inventors
University of Rochester alumni


The Montachusett Regional Transit Authority (MART) is a public, nonprofit organization established under Chapter 161B of the Massachusetts General Laws to provide public transportation to the Montachusett Region.  MART is one of Massachusetts' 15 regional transit authorities and provides public transportation to 21 communities within the Montachusett region consisting of the cities of Fitchburg, Leominster and Gardner, and the towns of Athol, Ashburnham, Ashby, Ayer, Bolton, Boxborough, Hardwick, Harvard, Hubbardston, Lancaster, Littleton, Lunenburg, Royalston, Shirley, Sterling, Stow, Templeton, Westminster, and Winchendon.

MART provides 16 fixed-route bus services, 2 shuttle services, and paratransit services to the Montachusett Region. MART also operates the parking areas at three MBTA Commuter Rail Fitchburg Line stations at North Leominster, Fitchburg Intermodal Transportation Center, and  Wachusett, with local and intercity bus connections to all three stations.

MART has a working collaboration with Fitchburg State University to offer faculty, staff, and students free rides on the Fitchburg/Leominster fixed-route bus line.

MART uses MBTA's Charlie Card smart card fare system.  MART provides Monthly Passes, 14-Consecutive Day passes, and Stored Value good for use on any of MART’s fixed-route buses in the region.  Stored Value can be used throughout Massachusetts, where the Charlie Card is accepted.

Fixed-route schedules

Fitchburg/Leominster

1: Intermodal Transportation Center - Monument Square - The Mall at Whitney Field- Kings Corner
2: Intermodal Transportation Center - Monument Square via Route 12
3: Intermodal Transportation Center - Kings Corner - The Mall at Whitney Field - Monument Square
4: Intermodal Transportation Center - Fitchburg State University
5: Intermodal Transportation Center - Montachusett Industrial Park - Central Plaza
6: Intermodal Transportation Center - Burbank Hospital
7: Intermodal Transportation Center - John Fitch - Lunenburg Crossing
8: Monument Square - Mall at Whitney Field - Orchard Hill Park
9: Monument Square - Jytek Industrial Park - Appleseed Plaza
10: Monument Square - Watertower Plaza - Leominster Hospital
11: Central Plaza - Montachusett Industrial Park - Waites Corner

Gardner

1: Mount Wachusett Community College - City Hall - WalMart Plaza - Dunn Pond
2: Mount Wachusett Community College - Gardner Plaza - WalMart Plaza - Henry Heywood Hospital

Intercity

1: MART Maintenance Facility (Gardner) - Intermodal Transportation Center (Fitchburg) - Routes 12 and 2/Friendly’s (Leominster) - City Hall (Gardner)

Trolley

1: Intermodal Transportation Center - Monument Park - Riverside Park - Wallace Plaza
2: Intermodal Transportation Center - Bellwood Plaza - Fitchburg State University/Ross Street Parking Lot - Upper Common/Church

GLink fixed-route schedules

Athol

1 GLink: Gardner to Athol - Mount Wachusett CC (Main Entrance) - Templeton Center - Hannafords/Athol
2 GLink: Athol to Gardner - Hannafords/Athol - Uptown Common - Mount Wachusett CC (Main Entrance)

Winchendon

1 GLink: Gardner to Winchendon - City Hall Avenue/Connors Street - Baldwinville (Route 68 and 202) - Town Hall
2 GLink: Winchendon to Gardner - Winchendon Town Hall - Otter River - Fitchburg Intermodal Transportation Center

Shuttle service schedules

Boston

1: Boston Service - Fitchburg ITC - Metro Boston/Major Hospitals - Concord/Emerson Hospital

Gardner/Wachusett

1: Gardner ITC - Gardner City Hall - Wachusett train station

Worcester

1: Worcester Service - Fitchburg ITC - UMass Medical - Reliant Gold Star Boulevard

Gallery

References

External links

MRTA official website

Fitchburg, Massachusetts
Bus transportation in Massachusetts
Transportation in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Transportation in Worcester County, Massachusetts


This is a list of Law Clerks and Parliamentary Counsel of the House of Commons of Canada.

 Gustavus W. Wicksteed – 1867–1887
 William Wilson – 1887–1890
 Frederick Augustus McCord – 1890–1908
 A.H. O'Brien – 1909–1914
 Francis A. Gisborne – 1914–1922
 Joseph K. Foran – 1923–1924
 Arthur Gordon Troop – 1924–1925
 Paul Maurice Ollivier – 1925–1952
 Arthur Gordon Troop – 1926–1936
 Arthur Angus Fraser – 1938–1952
 Paul Maurice Ollivier – 1952–1970
 Joseph Maingot – 1971–1982
 Marcel R. Pelletier – 1983–1991
 Robert R. Walsh – 1999–2012
 Richard Denis (acting) – 2012–2013
 Richard Fujarczuk – May 2013–February 2014
 Richard Denis (acting) – 2014–2015
 Philippe Dufresne – February 2015–present

Notes

References
 Officers and Officials of Parliament

Law Clerks
Lists of Canadian civil servants
House of Commons of Canada
Ceremonial officers in Canada


Matilde de Godoy di Bassano, dei principi Godoy di Bassano 4th Countess of Castillo Fiel, (in full, ), (22 June 1830 - 1901) was a Spanish and Irish aristocrat.

She was born in Paris, the daughter of Manuel de Godoy di Bassano, 2nd Prince Godoy di Bassano and of María Carolina Crowe y O'Donovan O'Neill.

Marriage and children
In 1853, she married 1st with Don Felix Martín y Romero, Superior Chief of Civil Administration (a high-level civil servant), Commander of the Order of Charles III, Secretary of HCM [Her Catholic Majesty] with exercise of Decrees, and had two daughters:

María Martín-Romero, 5th Countess of Castillo Fiel
Francisca Martin-Romero (19 September 1856, Madrid)

On 2 April 1875, she married 2nd Don Bernardo Bruzón y Rodriguez (a Genoese-Cuban landholder and industrialist), with issue. She died in Madrid.

Sources

1830 births
1901 deaths
Spanish countesses
Italian nobility
Matilde 04
Matilde 04
Year of death unknown


Francisco Javier 'Javi' Ruiz Bonilla (born 15 March 1980) is a Spanish retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

Football career
Born in Almería, Andalusia, Ruiz played for modest teams throughout the majority of his career (mostly in Catalonia), spending five seasons with FC Barcelona's second team. He also appeared for hometown's UD Almería in the second division (only five games out of 42 during his first and only campaign).

In January 2008, Ruiz was bought by RCD Espanyol from AD Adra as first-choice goalkeeper Carlos Kameni was away on international duty and backup Iñaki Lafuente injured. He left the club in July 2010, without any official appearances whatsoever.

In the 2010 autumn, Ruiz signed for Polideportivo Ejido in the third level. The following season he joined another side in that tier, CD Roquetas.

References

External links

1980 births
Living people
Footballers from Almería
Spanish men's footballers
Men's association football goalkeepers
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
Tercera División players
FC Barcelona C players
FC Barcelona Atlètic players
Gimnàstic de Tarragona footballers
UD Almería players
CF Badalona players
UE Sant Andreu footballers
RCD Espanyol footballers
Polideportivo Ejido footballers
CD Roquetas footballers
Spain men's youth international footballers


The Conan Chronicles: Volume 1: The People of the Black Circle is a collection of fantasy short stories written by Robert E. Howard featuring his sword and sorcery hero Conan the Barbarian.  The book was published in 2000 by Gollancz as eighth volume of their Fantasy Masterworks series.  The book, edited by Stephen Jones, presents the stories in their internal chronological order.  Most of the stories originally appeared in the magazines The Phantagraph, Weird Tales, Super-Science Fiction, Magazine of Horror and Fantasy Fiction.

Contents
 Map of the Hyborian Age, by Dave Senior
 "The Hyborian Age"
 "The Tower of the Elephant"
 "The Hall of the Dead" (synopsis)
 "The God in the Bowl"
 "Rogues in the House"
 "The Hand of Nergal" (fragment)
 "The Frost-Giant’s Daughter"
 "Queen of the Black Coast"
 "The Vale of Lost Women"
 "The Snout in the Dark" (draft)
 "Black Colossus"
 "Shadows in the Moonlight"
 "A Witch Shall Be Born"
 "Shadows in Zamboula"
 "The Devil in Iron"
 "The People of the Black Circle"
 "The Slithering Shadow"
 "Drums of Tombalku" (draft)
 "The Pool of the Black One"
 Robert E. Howard and Conan: The Early Years, by Stephen Jones

References

2000 short story collections
Fantasy short story collections
Conan the Barbarian books
Victor Gollancz Ltd books

fr:Conan le Cimmerien (Bragelonne)


Waltham station is an MBTA Commuter Rail station in Waltham, Massachusetts. It serves the Fitchburg Line. It is located in downtown Waltham adjacent to Central Square (Waltham Common). The station is the transit hub of Waltham, with MBTA bus routes  stopping on Carter Street adjacent to the station.

Station layout
The otherwise double-tracked Fitchburg Line has a short section of single track through downtown Waltham. Both platforms are side platforms located on the north side of the rail line. The inbound platform is between the Elm Street and Moody Street grade crossings and serves the single track. The outbound platform is west of Moody Street; the second track splits next to the platform. Both platforms have mini-high segments for accessibility.

History

The Fitchburg Railroad opened west to Waltham on December 20, 1843, then to Concord on June 17, 1844. The Watertown Branch was extended to Waltham in 1851, meeting the Fitchburg mainline with a wye. An interlocking tower at Elm Street controlled the junction. By 1875, the station was located on the north side of the tracks on the west side of Elm Street.

Construction of a new station began in 1887. It was located on the north side of the tracks, just west of the existing station. The new station was made of brick with brownstone trim, with a clocktower. It opened on July 23, 1888.

The Fitchburg Railroad was acquired by the Boston and Maine Railroad (B&M) in 1900. Elimination of the grade crossings at the station was considered in the 1910s, but never completed. Watertown Branch passenger service ended on July 9, 1938, though the line remained in use for freight until the early 20th century.

The station building was demolished around 1962. The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) was formed in 1964 and began subsidizing B&M commuter service the following year. Accessible mini-high platforms were added in 2007.

References

External links

MBTA – Waltham

MBTA Commuter Rail stations in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Railway stations in the United States opened in 1843
Buildings and structures in Waltham, Massachusetts
Former Boston and Maine Railroad stations


William George Beers (May 5, 1841 – December 26, 1900) was a Canadian dentist who founded Canada's first dental journal and served as the founding dean of the Dental College of the Province of Quebec. In addition, he is referred to as the "father of modern lacrosse" for his work establishing the first set of playing rules for the game.

Dentistry

Beers was a successful and notable dentist.  After finishing his schooling in 1856, Beers completed a dental apprenticeship.  By the early 1860s, Beers was a successful dentist and began publishing article in journals. In 1868, he founded Canada's first dental journal, the Canada Journal of Dental Science.   Although this publication failed, he went on to start the Dominion Dental Journal in 1889, which eventually became the modern day Journal of the Canadian Dental Association. He was instrumental in the founding of Quebec's first dental college – the Dental College of the Province of Quebec, founded in 1892 and served as its founding dean.  In 1896, this College became affiliated with Bishop's University and later became the McGill University Faculty of Dentistry.  He held the position of Dean at Bishop's for only a short time; differences in opinion regarding curriculum and concerns over the use of untrained dental assistants led Beers to resign from the position.

Nationalism
Beers was a strong Canadian nationalist. Besides advocating for lacrosse to become the national sport of Canada believing it would serve as "unifying symbol for the emerging Canadian nationality," Beers also defended the country against the Fenian Raids in 1866 and 1870.   During the raids, Beers helped establish the Victoria Rifles of Canada.

Lacrosse
William Beers was involved with lacrosse from a young age.  As a teenager in 1856 he was a member of the Montreal Lacrosse Club. He was selected at the age of 17 to be a goalkeeper for a Montreal exhibition team that played a match before the Prince of Wales.

In 1860, Beers began to codify the first written rules of the modern game. Prior to this, all rules of the game needed to be decided prior to each game. Some of the rules established by Beers were the size of, and the use of a rubber lacrosse ball, that the lacrosse stick could be any length, but the pocket needed to be flat in the absence of a ball, length of the field to , size of the goal and goal crease, twelve members of a team on the field at a time, and the length of a match to first to reach five goals, or lead by three. In the process of standardizing the game, Beers removed the spiritual and ritual components present in its predecessor, the First Nations game of baggataway, and was unapologetic in its appropriation: "Just as we claim as Canadian the rivers and lakes and land once owned exclusively by Indians, so we now claim their field game as the national field game of our dominion".

In 1867, as lacrosse was growing significantly in popularity, Beers created the Canadian National Lacrosse Foundation. In 1869, Beers published a book on lacrosse entitled Lacrosse: The National Game of Canada. In 1876, Beers organized a team of Canadian players and Indians players to tour England, Scotland, and Ireland to showcase the sport.  During this trip in 1876, Queen Victoria witnessed an exhibition game and was impressed, saying "The game is very pretty to watch." Her endorsement was enough for many English girls' schools to adopt the sport in the 1890s. Again in 1883, Beers returned to England to showcase lacrosse.  This time Beers brought two teams to play exhibition games.

In 2023, students from the University of Leeds Men's Lacrosse Club founded The Beers Cup, created to commemorate William George Beers, which was contested by the men's lacrosse teams at the Christie Cup, an annual varsity competition between the Universities of Leeds, Manchester and Liverpool. The inaugural contest of the cup was won by the University of Leeds in 2023.

Death
William George Beers died of heart disease on December 26, 1900. His estate donated his massive library of dentistry publications to the Royal College of Dental Surgeons of Ontario.

Bibliography

References

External links

1841 births
1900 deaths
Canadian dentists
Canadian lacrosse players
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Pre-Confederation Quebec people
Sports inventors and innovators
19th-century American dentists
Lacrosse people in Canada


Tomotley (also known as Tamahli) is a prehistoric and historic Native American site along the lower Little Tennessee River in Monroe County, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. Occupied as early as the Archaic period (8000 to 1000 BCE), the Tomotley () site was occupied particularly during the Mississippian period, which was likely when its earthwork platform mounds were built. It was also occupied during the eighteenth century as a Cherokee town. It revealed an unexpected style: an octagonal townhouse and square or rectangular residences. In the Overhill period, Cherokee townhouses found in the Carolinas in the same period were circular in design, with,

In the late 20th century, the Tomotley site was submerged by Tellico Lake, an impoundment of the lower Little Tennessee River and lower Tellico River, after construction of a dam managed by the Tennessee Valley Authority. The site is visible from Toqua Beach and the Toqua Boat Ramp, both of which are managed by the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency.

Geographical setting
The Little Tennessee River traverses northern Monroe County for roughly  between its Calderwood Lake impoundment near the Tennessee-North Carolina border and its mouth along the Tennessee River near Lenoir City. The impoundment of the river in 1979 by Tellico Dam created Tellico Lake, which covers the river's lower  as well as the lower  of its tributary, the Tellico River.

The Tomotley site was located along the south bank of the Little Tennessee just north of the confluence of Toqua Creek with the river, nearly  above the river's mouth at the Tennessee River. The Overhill village of Toqua, and its associated prehistoric site, were located on the south side of Toqua Creek, opposite Tomotley.

Toqua Beach and the Toqua Boat Ramp, which overlook the Tomotley site, are located along Tennessee State Route 360 (Citico Road). They are roughly  south of the road's junction with U.S. Route 411 in Vonore.

History

Etymology
The root of the name "Tomotley" is unknown, although it is generally believed to have originated before the Cherokee occupation. Ethnologist James Mooney suggested a possible Muscogee Creek origin, pointing out the phonetic similarity to the Creek town of Tama'li, which was located on the Chattahoochee River in Georgia, and Creek occupancy of this area prior to the Cherokee.

Others have theorized that Tomotley was formed by Lower and Valley town Cherokee refugees fleeing warfare with the Creek in the mid-18th century. The name was also used for Lower and Valley Cherokee towns in South Carolina and North Carolina.

Town
Tomotley first appears in the European colonial historical record in 1756, when it was led by Cherokee chief Attakullakulla. That same year, a small English force under Captain Raymond Demeré arrived in the area to build and garrison Fort Loudoun on the Little Tennessee River near the Tellico.  The British were trying to protect the Cherokee, who they wanted as allies in the French and Indian War.

The garrison was greeted at Tomotley by the chief, Conocotocko (Old Hop), who told Demeré, "I am now old and lie upon a bad bearskin. My life is not more than an inch long."  William de Brahm, who designed the fort, resided at Tomotley while the fort was being constructed in late 1756.

Around this time, a sharp political rift occurred in the Cherokee hierarchy between those who were aligned with pro-French and pro-English factions. Tensions were increasing as the French and British were engaged in the Seven Years' War in Europe, known as the French and Indian War on its North American front. When pro-French sentiments began to prevail in the key Overhill town of Great Tellico, its pro-English headman Ostenaco was forced to flee to the Little Tennessee Valley. By the time Anglo-American colonist Henry Timberlake visited the Little Tennessee Valley in the Overhill Country on his peace mission in 1761, Ostenaco was governor of Tomotley (Attakullakulla was listed as governor of the nearby towns of Tuskegee and Mialoquo).

During the American Revolution and Cherokee–American wars, most of the Overhill towns were destroyed by American forces. Because Tomotley was located at a strategic ford along the Little Tennessee, it was the first of the Overhill towns to be captured in 1776 by William Christian's expedition. When John Sevier invaded the valley three years later, he reported that Tomotley was still in ruins.

Archaeology

The first major archaeological investigation at the Tomotley site was conducted by J.W. Emmert of the Smithsonian Institution in the 1880s. Emmert located two earthwork mounds at the site, one of which was  high and had a diameter of . Both contained human burials.

In the late 20th century, the Tennessee Valley Authority was proceeding with a project to dam the Little Tennessee River and create Tellico Lake, which would flood many significant historic and prehistoric sites. The University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology (under contract with the National Park Service) was commissioned to survey the area in 1967. They conducted test excavations at the Tomotley site that same year in an attempt to locate the historical village. As the Tellico Dam project stalled, more extensive excavations were conducted in 1973, 1974, and 1976. The excavations located 19 Cherokee and pre-Cherokee structures, including Tomotley's Cherokee councilhouse (townhouse), 18 human burials, and several thousand ceramic, stone, and bone artifacts.

While the site yielded evidence of Archaic (8000 to 1000 BC) and Woodland period occupation, excavation revealed that Tomotley's most substantial periods of habitation occurred during the South Appalachian Mississippian culture period (1000-1500 AD), when the earthwork mounds were built; and the Overhill Cherokee period (18th century). Excavations also uncovered a number of Euro-American artifacts, some of which may have originated with the Fort Loudoun garrison.

Cherokee habitation
Prior to excavation, historians had thought that Tomotley was founded by refugees from the Cherokee Middle, Lower, or Valley towns when they fled warfare with the Creek and later the English, and established Overhill towns. The latter attacked and destroyed their towns in the mid-18th century. The goals of the 1976 excavations were to shed light on this theory by determining the location and structure of Tomotley's councilhouse, analyzing Tomotley's Cherokee dwellings, and establishing the general layout of the village.

In fact, the dwellings excavated at Tomotley provided some of the strongest evidence of occupation prior to the Overhill Cherokee period. Of the 19 structures uncovered at Tomotley, the councilhouse was octagonal, and the rest were either square or rectangular in shape. The lack of circular structures was inconsistent with historical accounts of Overhill Cherokee dwellings, which typically consisted of a circular ("winter") house and a rectangular ("summer") house. Archaeological investigations at Overhill sites such as Toqua, Chota, and Citico also uncovered substantial evidence of such circular structures.

But circular structures were not common among Lower and Valley Cherokee towns in the Carolinas. Other evidence supporting occupation by refugees from these areas includes the ceramic material uncovered during the 1973-1974 excavations.  The artifacts bore more similarities to Middle and Chickamauga Cherokee (Lower Cherokee) ceramics than to Overhill ceramics.

References

External links
 Frank H. McClung Museum
 Tellico Lake Wildlife Management Area — TWRA site

South Appalachian Mississippian culture
Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
Cherokee towns in Tennessee
Geography of Monroe County, Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places in Monroe County, Tennessee
American Revolution on the National Register of Historic Places


Brandeis/Roberts station is an MBTA Commuter Rail station in Waltham, Massachusetts. It serves the Fitchburg Line and is located on the edge of the campus of Brandeis University. The station is fully accessible, with mini-high platforms serving both tracks.

History
The Fitchburg Railroad opened from Waltham to Concord on June 17, 1844. A flag stop was open at the South Street crossing by 1852. It was named Roberts Crossing (later shortened to Roberts) after John Roberts, who operated a nearby paper mill.

New stations at Roberts and nearby Stony Brook were built in 1887. The railroad opened a roundhouse at Roberts in early 1893, replacing an older facility in Waltham. The Boston and Maine Railroad (B&M) closed the station building in 1937, but trains continued to stop at the platform.

In 1977 or 1978, the station was renamed Brandeis–Roberts (later styled Brandeis/Roberts) to denote the growing university. A $70,000 renovation of the station was completed on December 18, 1986. Accessible mini-high platforms were installed either in that renovation or around 1991.

References

External links

MBTA – Brandeis/Roberts

MBTA Commuter Rail stations in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Railway stations in Massachusetts at university and college campuses
Buildings and structures in Waltham, Massachusetts
Former Boston and Maine Railroad stations


New Year's Evil is a 1980 American slasher film written and directed by Emmett Alston, co-written by Leonard Neubauer, and starring Kip Niven, Roz Kelly, and Chris Wallace. The plot follows a Los Angeles punk rock and new wave show host who receives a series of phone calls during a televised New Year's Eve bash from a killer warning of impending murders that he plans to exact as the New Year dawns on each time zone.

Plot
One New Year's Eve, popular punk rock/new wave DJ Diane Sullivan (known as "Blaze" among her fans) is hosting a late-night countdown celebration of music and partying, televised live from a Hollywood hotel and simulcast on local radio. All is going well until Diane receives a phone call from an odd-sounding stranger, who claims his name is Evil. He announces his intention to murder one "naughty girl" at the stroke of midnight in each US time zone; he warns that Diane, located in the Pacific Time Zone, will be the last victim. Meanwhile, Diane's son Derek arrives at the studio, but is mostly ignored by his mother; he begins behaving erratically throughout the night as he watches the show on television.

The studio crew takes safety measures and heightens security, but a string of murders begins to occur across Los Angeles; a nurse at a sanitarium is found dead shortly after midnight strikes in the Eastern Time Zone, and two women are found dead near a liquor store after midnight in the Central Time Zone. The killer uses a radio/cassette recorder to tape the sounds of his victims as he murders them and calls back the station each time, replaying the tapes over the phone to prove that he is serious. While the killer searches for a victim to kill for the stroke of midnight in the Mountain Time Zone, he inadvertently angers a gang of bikers, who chase him into a drive-in theater. He murders one of the bikers, steals a couple's car to avoid being recognized, and drives off with the girl still in the backseat, intending to make her his next victim, but she manages to escape.

Eventually the killer manages to sneak into the hotel, which by now has been completely locked down by the police, and is revealed to be Diane's husband, Richard, who was previously thought to be too busy to attend. After knocking Diane out, he castigates her over her treatment of their son, perceiving her and other women's treatment of him as a slight on his character. He reveals his intention to kill her by chaining her to an elevator and forcing it to ride "all the way up, then all the way down," having hacked the elevator controls. While he is doing this, the police, who have been alerted to his presence, locate him. A brief firefight ensues and the elevator controls are damaged, stopping the elevator and saving Diane. Richard flees to the rooftop, putting on the mask he had used to conceal himself while entering the building. Cornered by the police, he proceeds to jump to his death; a devastated Derek weeps over his body.

The injured Diane is loaded into an ambulance, but Derek is revealed to be the driver, having taken his dead father's mask and murdered the real driver. The ambulance drives off, leaving Diane's fate unknown, as a radio announcer in Honolulu is heard announcing the stroke of midnight in the Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone.

Cast

Filming
Filming began in Los Angeles, California, on 15 October 1980.

Release
New Year's Evil was theatrically released in the United States on December 19, 1980, by Cannon Film Distributors. It rarely screened theatrically again until the latter half of the 2000s, most prominently at Quentin Tarantino's New Beverly Cinema in Los Angeles, California, most recently on December 29, 2018.

New Year's Evil was released on DVD through on-demand pressings from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's Limited Edition Collection on June 28, 2012. Scream Factory, a subsidiary of Shout! Factory, released the film on Blu-ray on February 24, 2015.

Reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, New Year's Evil has an approval rating of 14%, based on seven reviews. On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 33 out of 100, based on 4 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film a 1½ and wrote, "New Year's Evil is an endangered species - a plain, old-fashioned, gory thriller. It is not very good. It is sometimes unpleasantly bloody. The plot is dumb and the twist at the end has been borrowed from hundreds if not thousands of other movies. But as thrillers go these days, New Year's Evil is a throwback to an older and simpler tradition, one that flourished way back in the dimly remembered past, before 1978". Gene Siskel gave the film zero stars out of four, calling it "a hideously ugly motion picture". Variety wrote: "The true horror of New Year's Evil is the endless musical numbers by punk rockers and shots of their dancing fans. Amongst that, the bloody killings seem a welcome relief". Among retrospective reviews, Eric Vespe of Ain't It Cool News said, "New Year's Evil falls into that 'didn't love it, didn't hate it' gray area of mediocrity that doesn’t exactly inspire any kind of passion one way or the other. On the one hand it's too goofy and amateurish to really be creeped out by and on the other it's not fun enough to rally behind". Dread Central's Matt Serafini concluded: "This isn't worth your time if you're looking for a horror film to deliver in scares or suspense, but as a late night horror fix, it's ideal. What New Year's Evil lacks in scares it makes up for in pure entertainment. And really, that's all you can ask for". The film was labeled "another routine mad-slasher film" and a "strictly paint-by-numbers effort" by TV Guide.

Soundtrack and theme song
W. Michael Lewis and Laurin Rinder composed the film soundtrack and produced the title track's recording, "New Year's Evil".

New Year's Evil song

Over the years the title song, like the movie, has developed a cult following. It has appeared in horror movies "best songs of" playlists, and the film has been the topic of numerous podcasts in which the song is a point of discussion.

The song was written by Roxanne Seeman and Eddie del Barrio.

The filmmakers wanted an original title and theme song to be played live by a punk band being featured in the film. Requests for a song were sent to several writers. The music supervisor was Rex Devereaux. Del Barrio and Seeman submitted their original song, "New Year's Evil", for the spec submission. Del Barrio wrote chords and melody on a synthesizer and gave a rough mixdown to Seeman to write the lyrics. Seeman wrote the lyrics to visually reflect the storyline:

The final demo recording with Seeman's lyrics was sung by session singer Gary Falcone and recorded on del Barrio's 4-track machine.

The movie track was recorded at Salty Dog Studios, Los Angeles, by Seattle rock band Shadow: Cliff White on guitar, Ray Leonard on bass, David Kesterson vocals, Art Bennett on drums, and J.P Pakalenka vocals and guitar. The recording was produced by the soundtrack's composers, W. Michael Lewis and Laurin Rinder. Shadow also performed the song on-camera

 as a punk rock band. The song plays at the opening of the movie and repeatedly throughout.

The recorded studio version also appears in the film. This version was pressed as a 7" vinyl 45 rpm single. Promotional singles were sent to radio stations throughout the US. A full soundtrack record is announced in the closing credits of the film and on the original poster, but has not materialized. In March 2020, MGM released the song on digital streaming platforms.

Track listing

A      New Year's Evil          2:32

B      Simon Bar Sinister     2:50

TV shows
 An episode of Elvira's Movie Macabre featured the full-length film New Year's Evil.

Other versions
Sister Midnight, a project by Steven Darrow of covers featuring different vocalists from all genres of rock from around the world, released a cover version of "New Year's Evil" on December 31, 2017, as the first recording. Derek "Dirty D" Christiansen is the vocalist.

The Angelas, an American alternative rock band from Nebraska formed by Alice Vitale and Natalie Regoli, released an instrumental version of "New Year's Evil" on October 1, 1989, on their second album of horror movie soundtrack covers.

Critical reception
Roger Ebert wrote in his review of the film: ""New Year's Evil" has music as its gimmick. The movie takes place on New Year's Eve, during a national TV show obviously inspired by "Midnight Special". The bands are second-rate punk rock groups (Made In Japan, Shadow). The hostess (Roz Kelly) is taking votes over the air for the new wave song of the year".

New Year's Evil has become a cult horror film with a preponderance of podcasts and reviews of the film, the song "New Year's Evil" and the music soundtrack:

Dread Central wrote: "Much of the music comes from an actual band named Shadow. The odd thing about Shadow is that their music sounds far more like a Seventies metal band than the Eighties punk rock and new wave the film promotes. Ah, who cares? It's 1980 and the top act on a New Year's countdown show isn't Manilow, The Gap Band, or The Oak Ridge Boys. "New Year's Evil" by Shadow it is".

The DailyDot wrote: "First off, this movie features the best New Year's Eve song ever made. Like the opening to Friday the 13th Part III, it's just one of those rare original recordings for low-budget horror film that's a complete gem, and it should be an American staple of New Year's Eve celebrations".

Film Fracture wrote: "Of course, no rock and roll horror movie is complete without the music. The rock in New Year's Evil is supplied by two very real bands – Made in Japan and Shadow. Neither could really be called new wave or punk bands (Made in Japan is more of a The Knack-y power pop band and Shadow borders on 70's heavy metal), but both are obviously from the time period in which the film takes place. The theme song, done by Shadow and appropriately called "New Year's Evil", is incredibly infectious and plays over both the opening and closing credits as well as once during the course of the film. As if the song wasn't catchy enough, hearing it three times in ninety minutes means that there is no way that this song will not get stuck in the viewer's head. The incidental and mood music (composed by W. Michael Lewis and Laurin Rinder, who also scored a handful of episodes of "In Search Of…") is fairly typical Moog synthesizer suspense and stinger fare, but it works well in the context of the new wave slasher film.  Between the rock and roll soundtrack and the electronic music score, New Year’s Evil’s music is one of the more memorable elements of the film".

crypticrock.com: "...Blaze starts answering phones to talk to people calling in to vote for their favorite Rock songs, and she gets a call from a Bruce Jenner-haired guy (Niven) calling himself Eeeeevil. He uses a voice disguiser that makes him sound like a Jim Henson creation, but seriously tells her he is going to kill a "Naughty Girl" every time the clock strikes midnight in the different times zones across the country. Blaze is freaked out but gains enough composure to introduce the live band, Shadow, who play the most annoying New Year's Eve song ever".

geekscape.net: "The 12 Best Heavy Metal Songs From Horror Movies...I spent close to a decade playing in metal bands, but my earliest experiences with the genre were thanks to 80s horror movies. It was a golden age for both heavy metal and over-the-top horror cheese; I credit much of my personal growth to those countless nights watching people with questionable morals bleed out as some Aquanetted guy in pleather pants screeched on about how rock and roll will never die. If you're like me, horror and heavy metal are two sides of the same coin, so before you scream "Satanic Panic", let's burn through a definitive list of the very best heavy metal songs to slay to.

12 Shadow – New Years Evil theme (New Years Evil)

 "New Year's Evil" - Written by Roxanne Seeman & Eduardo del Barrio
 "When I Wake Up" - Written by John Pakalenka
 "Simon Bar Sinister" - Written by Clifford White & Ray Leonard
 "Temper Tantrum" - Written by Ray Leonard
 "Headwind" - Written by Clifford White
 "Cold Hearted Lover" - Written by Clifford White
 "Auld Lang Syne"
 "Dumb Blondes"
 "The Cooler"
 "Suicide Ways"

References

Sources

External links

New Year's Evil (song) on YouTube
New Year's Evil movie trailer on Youtube
Horror Society sing-a-long lyrics

1980 films
1980 horror films
1980s horror thriller films
1980 independent films
1980s mystery films
1980s slasher films
American independent films
American slasher films
Films about television
Films directed by Emmett Alston
Films set in hotels
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set around New Year
Films shot in Los Angeles
Golan-Globus films
Holiday horror films
Films about mass murder
American mystery horror films
Punk films
Films produced by Menahem Golan
Films produced by Yoram Globus
1980s English-language films
1980s American films