The 2005 Taboo Tuesday was the second annual Taboo Tuesday/Cyber Sunday professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held exclusively for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw brand division. The event took place on November 1, 2005, at the iPayOne Center in San Diego, California. The theme of the event was that fans were given the chance to vote on stipulations for the matches. The voting for the event started on October 24, 2005, and ended during the event. It was also the final event titled Taboo Tuesday, as the following year, the event was moved to the traditional Sunday nights for PPVs and was renamed as Cyber Sunday.

Eight professional wrestling matches were featured on the event's card. The main event was a Triple Threat match, a standard match involving three wrestlers, for the WWE Championship. In this match, John Cena defeated Kurt Angle and Shawn Michaels to retain his title. Two bouts were featured on the undercard. In a retrospective singles matches for the WWE Intercontinental Championship, Ric Flair defeated Triple H in a Steel cage match, which is fought in a cage with four sheets of mesh metal around, in, or against the edges of the wrestling ring, in which Flair won by escaping the cage and having both feet touch the arena floor. The other featured an Interpromotional tag team match where Rey Mysterio Jr. and Matt Hardy (SmackDown!) defeated Chris Masters and Snitsky (Raw).

Taboo Tuesday received 174,000 pay-per-view buys, which was the same amount as the previous year's event. The professional wrestling section of the Canadian Online Explorer website rated the entire event 7 out of 10 stars, higher than the 2004 event rating of 5 out of 10 stars.

Production

Background
In 2004, World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) held an event entitled Taboo Tuesday. It was the first regularly-scheduled pay-per-view by WWE on a Tuesday since 1991's This Tuesday in Texas, the first regularly-scheduled non-Sunday pay-per-view since the 1994 Survivor Series, and the first non-Sunday pay-per-view of any kind since In Your House 8: Beware of Dog 2 in 1996. The event was also produced exclusively for wrestlers of the Raw brand. A unique feature of the event was the ability for fans to vote on certain aspects of every match. Because of this, the event was billed as an "interactive pay-per-view." The 2005 event, which was also a Raw-exclusive PPV, was held on November 1 at the iPayOne Center in San Diego, California. It was the second Taboo Tuesday event, thus establishing the interactive PPV as an annual event for the promotion.

Storylines
Unlike other WWE pay-per-views, where stipulations were determined by WWE's creative staff, this was the second event where stipulations for matches were determined by votes from WWE fans conducted on WWE's official website. The event was scheduled to feature eight professional wrestling matches. Although the stipulations resulted from votes by WWE fans, different wrestlers were involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines, which led to scheduled matches in which WWE fans could vote upon stipulations.

The main event scripted into Taboo Tuesday was between John Cena and Kurt Angle for the WWE Championship, in which Cena would also defend the title against the fans' choice of three possible opponents: Kane, The Big Show, and Shawn Michaels. The buildup to the match began at Unforgiven, Raw's previous pay-per-view event, in which Cena intentionally disqualified himself. In WWE, a championship cannot change hands via count-out or disqualification, as a result, Cena retained the title. On the October 17 episode of Raw, one of WWE's primary television programs, General manager Eric Bischoff, a portrayed match maker and rules enforcer, announced that a standard match involving three wrestlers, termed as a Triple Threat match, for the WWE Championship, would take place between Cena, Angle and the fans' choice at Taboo Tuesday. Bischoff was scripted to promote three series of qualifying matches, in which the winner would receive a spot on the ballot as a potential challenger to Cena and Angle. The winners were Kane, The Big Show, and Shawn Michaels. The following week, a Triple Threat match was scheduled between the three competitors. Michaels won the match after he delivered a superkick to Big Show and Kane and pinned the Big Show for the win. The following week, Bischoff announced a singles match between Cena and Michaels. Late in the match, Angle attacked both Cena and Michaels. Cena, however, retaliated and lifted Angle up on his shoulders, but Michaels managed to deliver a superkick to Cena.

One of the featured preliminary matches was between Ric Flair versus Triple H for the WWE Intercontinental Championship. On the October 3 episode of Raw, WWE Homecoming, Triple H returned after a four-month hiatus. He took part in a match, teaming up with Flair, who was a fan favorite during Triple H's absence, to take on Chris Masters and Carlito. The duo defeated Masters and Carlito; after the match, Triple H turned on Flair and hit him with a sledgehammer and marked the officially end of Evolution after more than two years since 2003. The following week, Triple H explained his actions, saying he saw that Flair had become mediocre when he was spat at and when he won the Intercontinental title. Triple H continued to say that he needed to end Flair's career so his memories of Flair would not be tarnished. On the October 24 episode of Raw, a singles match was scheduled between Flair and Triple H at Taboo Tuesday, in which the fans would be given the opportunity to choose the type of match they compete in. The choice of the matches were a regular match, submission match, or a Steel Cage match for the Intercontinental title.

Another preliminary match was between the Raw and SmackDown! brands. The feud began on the October 3 episode of Raw, in which WWE Chairman Vince McMahon wanted a match between SmackDown! wrestlers on the program. A match was scheduled, but before it could get underway, Eric Bischoff announced that McMahon had left the arena, thus leaving himself in charge. Seeing SmackDown! as inferior, Bischoff stopped the match by turning off the lights and going to a commercial break. At the end of the broadcast, SmackDown! General Manager Theodore Long, led SmackDown! superstars to the ring, and they fought with Raw superstars. On the October 17 episode of Raw, John "Bradshaw" Layfield's (JBL) (SmackDown!) entrance music played during Edge's (Raw) match, the distraction caused Edge to lose the match. As part of the storyline, Edge and Chris Masters showed up to the SmackDown! program on the October 21 episode, in which they interfered in a match between JBL and Rey Mysterio Jr., where they assaulted Mysterio. On the October 24 episode of Raw, a match was made between Edge and Masters, and two of five SmackDown! superstars chosen by the fans, and Mysterio attacked Edge from behind. The following week, Bischoff invited Mysterio to the Raw program to take the Master Lock Challenge, a challenge where the wrestler must break free from Masters' swinging full nelson submission hold, which he calls the Master Lock. Mysterio, however, attacked Masters instead, which caused Bischoff to call for other Raw superstars. Long called for SmackDown! superstars, and they fought until the Raw roster retreated.

Event

Before Taboo Tuesday aired live on pay-per-view, Kerwin White and Matt Striker defeated Shelton Benjamin and Val Venis in a tag team match taped for WWE Heat, one of WWE's secondary television programs.

Preliminary matches
In the first televised match, Edge and Chris Masters (representing Raw) faced Rey Mysterio and Matt Hardy (representing SmackDown!). Before the match, Edge refused to wrestle, saying he didn't care about representing Raw and chose Snitsky as his replacement. Masters and Snitsky quickly gained the early advantage in the match, as they took the upper hand over Mysterio. Mysterio fought back with a tilt-a-whirl, a counterattack hold. Afterwards, Hardy and Snitsky were tagged in, leading to Hardy getting the advantage as he delivered a Side Effect and DDT on Snitsky. Back and forth action took place between both teams. The match ended when Mysterio performed the 619 on Masters, before Hardy performed the Twist of Fate on Snitsky. Mysterio pinned Masters to give SmackDown! the win over Raw.

In the next match, Rob Conway and Tyson Tomko faced Eugene and Jimmy "Superfly" Snuka, who won the fans' vote with 42%. Conway and Tomko dominated Eugene in the early start of the match. Eugene, however, fought back, avoiding Tomko's attacks. Eugene tagged Snuka in and performed a series of chops to Conway's chest and headbutted him in the process. In retaliation, Tomko attacked Snuka from behind, but Eugene fought him off, as he clotheslined Snuka, and knocked him out of the ring and out of the match. Eugene performed a jawbreaker on Conway, which proceeded with Eugene delivering a Rock Bottom to Conway for the win. After the match, Tomko attacked Snuka and Eugene until Jim Duggan and Kamala came down and fought off Tomko.

In the third match, Carlito faced Mankind, who was chosen by the fans' vote with 52%. The match began when Carlito performed a dropkick on Mankind. However, Mankind got the advantage over Carlito. Midway through the match, Mankind tried to use a steel chair on Carlito, but Carlito avoided, executing a drop toe-hold, sending Mankind into the steel steps. Mankind rose to his feet, which led Carlito to perform a standing dropkick, resulting in Mankind to hit the back of his head into the steel steps. Back in the ring, Mankind received the upper hand after delivering a DDT and forced Carlito to submit with the Mandible claw and win the match.

The voting results for John Cena and Kurt Angle's opponent for the WWE Championship were then revealed, with Shawn Michaels winning. Big Show and Kane, who were also contenders for the WWE title match, faced the World Tag Team Champions Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch for the World Tag Team Championship. The match began with Big Show and Kane dominating Cade and Murdoch early on. Cade and Murdoch fought back after Murdoch shoved Kane off the top turnbuckle. They performed a running chop block combination on Kane and taking the upper hand. The Big Show, who was tagged in, stood at  and weighed , used his body size to his advantage as he squashed, or easily and quickly performed moves on, Cade and Murdoch. The match concluded after Big Show and Kane delivered a Double Chokeslam and Big Show pinned Cade to win the title with Kane. After the match, Big Show and Kane double teamed Murdoch, as they performed a chokeslam.

In the next match Jonathan Coachman (with Goldust and Vader) faced Batista in a Street Fight. In the start of the match, Batista fought both Goldust and Vader, where they proceeded to beat him down in the corner. However, Batista fought back with a series of Spears. Coachman, who stood on the outside, entered the ring, but didn't last long, as Batista clotheslined him. Batista attempted to suplex Vader but Goldust managed to hit Batista with a kendo stick, allowing Coachman to receive the advantage over Batista. The match concluded after Batista performed a Batista Bomb on Coachman to gain the win.

The sixth match was a Battle Royal, a multi-competitor match type in which wrestlers are eliminated until one is left and declared the winner, for the WWE Women's Championship between Ashley, Candice Michelle, Mickie James, Victoria, Maria and Trish Stratus, all of whom wore lingerie, which was voted by the fans' with 43%. In the match, James, as part of a storyline angle involving her being a devoted fan of Stratus, saved Stratus from being eliminated from the match, after Victoria tried eliminating her. Maria was tossed over the top rope by Stratus and James, thus being the first to be eliminated. Afterward, Michelle applied a submission move on Ashley on the top rope. Michelle turned around and was knocked off the ring apron by Ashley, making the second elimination of the match. Following the elimination of Michelle, Ashley was then eliminated by Victoria. The match concluded after Victoria hesitantly tried to eliminate Stratus, but James stopped her from doing so. James eliminated herself along with Victoria to allow Stratus to win and retain her Women's title.

Main event matches
In the seventh match, Ric Flair defended the WWE Intercontinental Championship against Triple H inside a Steel Cage, which gained 83% of the vote. During the match, Triple H sent Flair head-first into the steel cage, bloodying Flair's from the head. At one point, Triple H retrieved a steel chain, wrapped it around his fist and attempted a diving fist drop from the top turnbuckle. However, Flair countered, raising his foot to Triple H's face and performed a series of knife edged chops. Triple H controlled most of the match, until he attempted to apply the figure four leglock, a signature move of Flair's, resulting in Flair sending him towards the steel cage. After that, Flair bit Triple H's head, bloodying him from his forehead; This often results when a wrestler is trapped, either in a corner of the ring or in a submission hold, as a desperation move. The match ended when Flair reversed a Pedigree with a back body drop and hit Triple H with a steel chair three times, allowing Flair to escape through the steel cage door to win the match and retain his Intercontinental title.

In the main event, John Cena defended the WWE Championship against Kurt Angle and Shawn Michaels, who received the fans' vote to be part of the Triple Threat match. Early in the match, Cena performed a back body drop on Angle, sending him outside. Michaels, who was thrown out of the ring, received the upper hand over Cena until Angle returned to the mat, performing a variety of suplexes on both Michaels and Cena. Mid-way in the match, Angle and Michaels double teamed Cena, lifting him in the air, crashing face-first on the Spanish announce table. Back in the ring, Angle Angle Slammed Michaels from the top turnbuckles. Angle then tried to apply the ankle lock on Michaels, but Cena entered the ring, clotheslining Angle out of the ring. Cena proceeded and back body dropped Michaels, attempting to perform a Five Knuckle Shuffle but Kurt Angle pulled Cena out of the ring, tossing him over the security barricade. Toward the end, Angle caught Cena in the ankle lock. Michaels, who was on the outside, delivered a Diving Elbow Drop, on Angle and performed Sweet Chin Music on him. After that, Cena executed the FU on Michaels and pinned him to retain the title.

Reception
The iPayOne Center usually can accommodate 14,000, but the capacity was reduced for the event. It also received 174,000 pay-per-view buys, which was the same amount as the previous year's Taboo Tuesday. The promotion's revenue was $18.8 million, which was greater than the previous year's revenue of $18.5 million. Canadian Online Explorer's professional wrestling section rated the event 7 out of 10 stars. The rating was higher than last year's event in 2004, which was rated 5 out of 10 stars. The WWE title match was rated an 8 out of 10. Additionally, the Divas match was rated a 3 out of 10.

The event was released on DVD on November 29, 2005. The DVD was distributed by the label Sony Music Entertainment.

Aftermath
Following Taboo Tuesday, the storyline between John Cena and Kurt Angle continued. A match was scheduled in which Cena would defend WWE Championship against Angle at November's pay-per-view event Survivor Series. In the scripted feud, Angle refused to compete in the November 7 episode of Raw due to the "you suck" chants from the audience. Angle finally agreed to compete that night when Eric Bischoff censored the crowd and let him have a special guest referee for his title rematch against Cena; Angle chose Daivari to be the guest referee. Before their scheduled rematch, Daivari's officiating was unfair and biased towards Angle's opponents. At Survivor Series, Cena went on to defeat Angle to retain his title.

The storyline angle between Triple H and Ric Flair also continued at Survivor Series, where they were scheduled in a Last Man Standing match. Triple H defeated Flair at Survivor Series after Flair was unable to respond to a ten count. The feud between the Raw and SmackDown! brands continued with Eric Bischoff and Theodore Long deciding on a 5-on-5 elimination match and a singles match between the two at Survivor Series. The teams feuded on both programs. At Survivor Series, Team SmackDown! (Batista, Rey Mysterio, JBL, Bobby Lashley, and Randy Orton) defeated Team Raw (Shawn Michaels, Kane, The Big Show, Carlito, and Chris Masters) and Long defeated Bischoff.

The following year, the interactive PPV was moved to the more traditional Sunday night for pay-per-views. It was in turn renamed to Cyber Sunday.

Results

Battle royal entrances and eliminations

Voting results

Notes

References
(2005). Taboo Tuesday [DVD]. World Wrestling Entertainment.
(2008). Triple H: The King of Kings [DVD]. World Wrestling Entertainment.

External links
Official Taboo Tuesday 2005 website

2005 in California
2005
Professional wrestling in San Diego
Events in San Diego
2005 WWE pay-per-view events
November 2005 events in the United States
WWE Raw


, formed in 1987 (formerly Kyodo Hogei, since 1976), is a consolidation of earlier whaling departments of Japanese fisheries. The for-profit company conducts the collection, processing and wholesale of the whale byproducts on behalf of the Institute of Cetacean Research, in accordance with IWC Article VIII which specifically requires the byproducts to be sold and used.  In 2000, it had nine vessels and its main income was $45M of fees from the institute.

See also
 Whaling
 Whaling in Japan
 Institute of Cetacean Research

References

Fishing organizations
Fishing industry in Japan


In mathematics and physics, pregeometry has several meanings:
 Pregeometry (model theory), another name for a matroid
 Pregeometry (physics), a structure from which geometry arises


Naomi Ragen (; born July 10, 1949) is an American-Israeli modern-Orthodox Jewish author and playwright. Ragen lives in Jerusalem, and writes in English. A recurring theme in her fictional works is injustice against women in the Haredi Jewish community. Ragen has been the subject of various lawsuits over claims of plagiarism.

Biography
Naomi Ragen (née Terlinsky) was born in New York City. She received an Orthodox Jewish education before completing a bachelor's degree in literature at Brooklyn College. In 1971, she moved to Israel with her husband. In 1978, she received a master's degree in literature from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

She has four children and lives in Jerusalem.

Literary career
Ragen's first three novels describe the lives of Haredi Jewish women in Israel and the United States, dealing with themes that had not previously been addressed in that society's literature: wife-abuse (Jephte's Daughter: 1989), adultery (Sotah: 1992), and rape (The Sacrifice of Tamar: 1995).

Her next novel (The Ghost of Hannah Mendes: 1998) is the story of a Sephardic family brought back from assimilation by the spirit of their ancestor Gracia Mendes, a 16th-century Portuguese crypto-Jew.

Chains Around the Grass (2002) is a semi-autobiographical novel dealing with the failure of the American dream.

In The Covenant (2004), Ragen deals with an ordinary family confronted with Islamic terrorism.

The Saturday Wife (2007), the story of a rabbi's wayward wife, is loosely based on Flaubert’s Madame Bovary, and is a satire of modern Jewish Orthodoxy.

The Tenth Song (2010) is the story of a family whose life is shattered when a false accusation of terrorism is made against the father.

The Sisters Weiss (2013) is a novel about two sisters born into an ultra-Orthodox family in 1950s Brooklyn who choose very different paths in life.

The Devil in Jerusalem (2015) is a mystery featuring Detective Bina Tzedek investigating a corrupt haredi cult rabbi.

An Unorthodox Match (2019) a novel set in the ultraorthodox community of Boro Park, Brooklyn, in which a secular Jewish woman adopts a haredi lifestyle and marries a haredi widower.

An Observant Wife (2021) is a sequel to An Unorthdox Match.

Theater
Women's Minyan (2001) is a play about a Haredi woman fleeing from her adulterous and abusive husband. She finds that he has manipulated the rabbinical courts to deprive her of the right to see or speak to her twelve children. The story is based on a true incident. Women’s Minyan ran for six years in Habima (Israel's National Theatre) and has been staged in the United States, Canada and Argentina.

Columnist
Ragen was also a columnist for The Jerusalem Post.

Plagiarism lawsuits

Michal Tal
In 2007, Michal Tal, an American-Israeli writer, claimed that lines and sentences contained in Tal's novel The Lion and the Cross were plagiarized in Naomi Ragen's novel The Ghost of Hannah Mendes. Ragen vigorously denied the accusation and charged that Tal's "Table of Similarities" was riddled with fabricated quotes from both of the books. Tal died mid-trial, before a verdict was reached. The court set aside the unfinished trial with a provision that it could be reopened by Tal's descendants if they so desired in future. In 2010, Jerusalem District Court judge Yosef Shapira ruled that since Tal's descendants did not wish to continue with the litigation, the claim would be dismissed. In 2012, the Israeli Supreme Court ruled there was no basis to the claim.

Sarah Shapiro
In 2007, Sarah Shapiro brought a claim against Ragen which alleged that Ragen had plagiarized from Shapiro's book Growing with My Children in her novel Sotah. Ragen acknowledged at the trial that she had read Shapiro's book two or three years before writing her own, but she had not copied the sentences and ideas. On 11 December 2011, Judge Shapira upheld the plagiarism claim. Shapiro had asked for NIS 1 million in damages, and the court ordered the parties to negotiate the amount to be awarded. It also indicated it would decide at a later date the copyright infringement claim. On 27 March 2012, Ragen and Shapiro reached a settlement, and Ragen was ordered to pay Shapiro 233,000 NIS.

In June 2012, Ragen appealed the District Court's decision to the Supreme Court, claiming that it set a precedent that would deny Israeli writers freedom of expression. On 6 November 2013, the Israeli Supreme Court upheld the District Court's judgment regarding Ragen's plagiarism. The Supreme Court judge requested that "for the sake of peace between the two parties", Shapiro's award be donated to a charity of Shapiro's choice, a request to which Shapiro acquiesced. Ragen still had to pay Shapiro's attorneys and Ragen is still subject to an injunction against reprinting Sotah without removing all plagiarized text, an approximate total of 25 sentences. Shapiro chose to donate the 97,000 shekels personal award, not including Ragen's payment of Shapiro's legal costs, to Yad Eliezer and Yad Sarah.

Sudy Rosengarten
In November 2014, Ragen was found liable for plagiarism for copying content from Sudy Rosengarten's short story "A Marriage Made in Heaven" which had been published in "The Our Lives Anthology" edited by Sarah Shapiro. Ragen had claimed that she had only used Rosengarten's work as literary inspiration, and that the few sentence fragments at issue constituted an insignificant portion of her full length novel. Ragen was ordered to pay 73,000 NIS to Rosengarten.

References

External links

Living people
1949 births
American Modern Orthodox Jews
Israeli Modern Orthodox Jews
People involved in plagiarism controversies
Brooklyn College alumni
Jewish women writers
American emigrants to Israel
20th-century American women writers
21st-century American women writers
20th-century Israeli women writers
21st-century Israeli women writers
Jewish American writers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century Israeli novelists
21st-century American novelists
21st-century Israeli novelists


The Battle of Grodno (1706) refers to the battle during the Great Northern War. Grodno was a city of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth at this time.

Background

Battle
The blockade of Grodno by the 31,000 men (21,000 Swedes, 10,000 Poles) strong Swedish–Polish army took place between January and March 1706 (3,000 Swedes had already died due to frostbite prior to the arrival). In the city and close vicinity there were about 41,000 Russian and Saxon troops under the command of General Field-Marshall Ogilvy as well as general Repnin. On 13 January 1706 the Swedish army coming from Poland crossed the Neman River and squeezed out the Russian cavalry units of Menshikov towards Minsk, cutting of all connections to Russia for the Grodno garrison. The situation of the Russian troops was made even more difficult after the allied Polish-Lithuanian king Augustus II quickly left Grodno in Polish direction, taking four Russian dragoon regiments with him. As a result, the Grodno garrison was left without cavalry which was necessary for reconnaissance and food supplies.

After putting Grodno under siege, the Swedes occupied Nesvizh and besieged Lyakhavichy. Meanwhile, the Russian garrison of Grodno suffered big trouble from the lack of food as well as from diseases. This took the lives of about 8,000 soldiers. After the blockade of his main troops in Grodno Peter the Great had only 12,000 men in Belarus. Being in Minsk with this army he communicated with the besieged garrison via a poruchik named Yakovlev who made his way to Grodno dressed as a Polish peasant. Besides that 14,000 Ukrainian cossacks of Mazepa were ordered to constantly engage the enemy. Peter I didn't want to have an open battle with Charles XII so far from Russia. Because of that he ordered the Grodno garrison to hold out until spring when the rivers get free of ice. Then they had to retreat behind the Neman towards Brest and further to the Dnieper what they successfully did until May 1706.

Charles estimated the direction of the Russian retreat wrongly, expecting them to retreat eastwards where he placed his main forces. Having discovered the surprisingly rapid Russian retreat towards south-west too late, he started the pursuit, hoping to catch up the Russians via the Polesia swamps shortcut. However, they proved to be impassable and Charles had to give up the pursuit of the Russians and to seek a battle with the Saxons first.

See also
Campaign of Grodno
Charles XII invasion of Poland

References

Sources
 Николай Шефов. Битвы России. Военно-историческая библиотека. М., 2002.
 Russian Army at Grodno 1706

Conflicts in 1706
1706 in Europe
Battle of Grodno (1706)
Battles involving Russia
Battles involving Sweden
Battles of the Great Northern War
Military history of Belarus


Keōua Kalanikupuapaʻīkalaninui Ahilapalapa, sometimes called Keōua Nui ("Keōua the Great") (died c. 1750s–1760s) was an Ancient Hawaiian noble and the father of Kamehameha I, the first King of united Hawaiʻi. He was progenitor of the House of Keōua Nui. His first name Keoua, or Ke-ao-ua means "the rain cloud" and was given to him by his subjects because of his generosity and his sacred kapu of the heavenly rains.

Life
Keōua Nui's father was the High Chief Keeaumoku Nui, the second son of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku, Aliʻi ʻAimoku of Hawaiʻi island, and his second wife, Queen Kalanikauleleiaiwi. His mother, High Chiefess Kamakaʻimoku, was from the noble family of ʻI of Hilo. Keōua was a half-brother of King Kalaniʻōpuʻu of the island of Hawaiʻi through his mother who also married Kalaninuiamamao, Kalaniʻōpuʻu's father.

His name Keoua, or Ke-ao-ua means "the rain cloud" and was given to him by his subjects because of his generosity and because of the formation of the rain clouds which was his sacred kapu that alerted him and his people of danger as well as the dissipation of clouds which was a sign of safety .  The different rains also guided him and his people, such as a downpour of rain, this was the highest blessing for which his firstborn Kalokuokamaile was named after. Keoua’s birth name was Kalanikupuapa`ikalaninui Ahilapalapa and describes his chiefly kapu, the sacred ali`i that extends above and touches the great heavens born of the divine flame of eternity.  His grandson, King Kamehameha III was given the name Kauikeaouli that also puts this sacred kapu upon him as the importance of the name Keaouli of Keoua, which has the meaning of the dark, black, thick, esteemed cloud (a rain cloud).  According to the prophet, Kapihe, upon the birth of Kamehameha III, he saw a bank of dark clouds high in the heavens, alerting him of trouble for the newborn. Upon arrival at Keopuolani’s birth of the young prince where he was placed lifeless and not breathing, the prophet and kahuna offered a prayer, bringing life back into the body of Kamehameha III.  The great-grandson of Keoua was King Kamehameha V, he was also named after this sacred kapu which was placed upon him by carrying the name of Kalanikupuapa`ikalaninui.

Keōua Nui was raised as royalty due to his royal birth. His father was a Piʻo chief which was considered among the highest rank in Hawaiʻian society. Through his mother and father he was descended from Kings ʻUmi-a-Liloa and Liloa and related to chiefs of Maui, Oahu, and Kauai. He was chief of the Kohala district and Kona district of the island. Although he was a non-ruling chief; the ruling chief of Kona and Kohala was his brother Kalaniʻōpuʻu.  However, the ruler Kalaniopu'u gave his war god Kuka'ilimoku to Keoua Nui's son Kamehameha and he became King of all Hawai'i.

During his youth he spent his time at the royal court on Maui where he sought his first wife the High Chiefess Kahikikala-o-kalani, daughter of High Chief Kalahumoku, the Alii of Hana, Kaupo and Kipahulu.  They had his eldest son Kalokuokamaile who was deemed Ka Keiki o Kona wa Heuole, which means the offspring of his beardless youth. This first child was coveted with the tabu of “Ka po’o ho’olewa I ka la” which signified the laying of the head towards the sun’s position in the heavens from its rising unto its setting. Days of observance of this tabu was strictly kept and the only time for recreation was between the setting of the luminary and the dawn of a new day so that no shadow could fall upon them.

Keōua later returned home to the island of Hawai`i by the request of his father, Kalani ke’eaumoku nui to espouse his cousin the High Chiefess Kekuiapoiwa II as they were betrothed since infancy and born to them was Kamehameha I, who became king of all the islands by conquest, uniting all the islands under his undivided rule, founder of the Hawaiian kingdom.

His wives were:
Kahikikala – mother of Kalokuokamaile
Kalanilehua
Kekuiapoiwa II – mother of Kamehameha I and Keliʻimaikaʻi
Kamakaeheikuli – mother of Kalaʻimamahu and Kaweloʻokalani
Manono I – mother of Kiʻilaweau
Kalola – mother of Kekuiapoiwa Liliha
Akahiakapuakuleana – mother of Kaleiwohi

At Pu'uhonua o Honaunau, there are two large stones, one serving as a hiding place for Queen Ka'ahumanu during a quarrel with her husband King Kamehameha and the other stone was used by High Chief Keoua Nui as a resting spot.  The Keoua stone is on the north side of the 'Ale'ale'a Heiau, it is 12-1/2 feet long and 2-1/2 feet wide and was the spot where Keoua Nui slept while his men were out fishing.  The concavity at one end is said to be where his head rested, while his feet almost reached the other end, making him almost equal to the stone length.

His bones were deposited in the cliffs above Kealakekua Bay, which to this day are still called pali kapu o Keōua, "the forbidden cliffs of Keōua".
His remaining descendants are generally considered those of his eldest son Kalokuokamaile, and are considered by some the legitimate heirs of the Kamehameha dynasty.

In 1920, High Chiefess Elizabeth Kekaʻaniau Laʻanui Pratt wrote a book, Keoua Nui: Father of Kings, as a tribute to her great-great grandfather. It was republished in 1999 by his descendant, David Castro. The first use of the name "House of Keōua Nui" dates to a press release by descendant Owana Salazar.

Ancestry

References

Bibliography

External links

Year of birth missing
1768 deaths
Royalty of the Hawaiian Kingdom

House of Līloa
Hawaii (island)


Orvil Eugene Dryfoos (November 8, 1912 – May 25, 1963) was the publisher of The New York Times from 1961 to his death. He entered the Times family via his marriage to Marian Sulzberger, daughter of then-publisher Arthur Hays Sulzberger.

Early life
Dryfoos was born to Jack A. Dryfoos and the former Florence Levi. The elder Dryfoos was a wealthy hosiery manufacturer who was also the treasurer of a paper novelty manufacturing company. Orvil Dryfoos attended the Horace Mann School in New York City and Dartmouth College. He majored in sociology and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1934.

Upon graduation he began work as a runner on Wall Street at the firm Asiel & Co.  In 1937 he moved to the firm Sydney Lewinson & Co. as a partner and purchased a seat on the New York Stock Exchange.  Dryfoos belonged to Congregation Emanu-El of New York.  Dryfoos was prevented from serving in World War II due to a diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease.  He worked instead for the New York Red Cross Chapter's blood donor committee through the war.

The New York Times
On July 8, 1941, he married Marian Sulzberger, daughter of New York Times publisher Arthur Hays Sulzberger. His father-in-law had also married into the Ochs family who owned the paper. He was the husband of Adolph Ochs's only child, Iphigene Ochs. "I was sensible enough to marry the boss's daughter," Sulzberger told Dryfoos, "and you were too."

In 1942, Dryfoos left Wall Street to be groomed to lead The New York Times and he became a reporter on the local staff.  Though he worked numerous assignments, he never earned a byline during his year on the writing staff. The next year he became assistant to the publisher.  He had three children: Jacqueline Hays, (born May 8, 1943), Robert Ochs (November 4, 1944) and Susan Warms (November 5, 1946).

Dryfoos became a trustee of his alma mater Dartmouth, a lay trustee of Fordham University, and trustee and executive committee member of the Rockefeller Foundation, a director of the New York Convention and Visitors Bureau, a director of the Fifth Avenue Association, a director of the 1964 New York World's Fair, and president of the company charity, The New York Times Foundation. He was awarded an honorary Master of Arts in 1957 from Dartmouth and an honorary Doctor of Laws in 1962 from Oberlin College.

In 1954 Dryfoos became a vice-president and director of the company. In 1957 he became Times president and after Sulzberger suffered a stroke in 1958, Dryfoos became responsible for most of the paper's day-to-day operations. He officially became publisher on April 25, 1961, when Sulzberger stepped down.

Dryfoos immediately appointed veteran editorial board member,  writer, and iconoclast John Bertram Oakes editorial page editor. Another of Dryfoos's first orders of business was launching the Western Edition of The New York Times, which was announced on October 31, 1961.

Newspaper strike
The defining struggle of Dryfoos' tenure at The Times was a lengthy a massive newspaper strike, which began in late 1962 and brought the publishing industry of New York to its knees. The staff of The Times dropped from 5,000 working personnel to only 900.

The stress of negotiations and continuing to produce as much of a paper as possible adversely affected Dryfoos's health, as he worked to resolve the strike.

The strike lasted for 114 days and at the time was identified as the costliest in Times history. On March 31, 1963, the strikers returned to work. Dryfoos maintained cordial relations with strikers throughout the stoppage and greeted the staff with a letter stating, "It's good to see you back at work!"

Personal life
Dryfoos and his wife, the former Marian Sulzberger, had three children: Jacqueline Hays Dryfoos (born 1943), a psychotherapist divorced from Stuart Greenspon; Robert Ochs Dryfoos (born 1944), divorced from Katie Thomas; and Susan Warms Dryfoos (born 1946), married to Daniel Selznick, son of film producer David O. Selznick and Irene Mayer Selznick.

Death
Following the protracted, and draining, 112-day newspaper strike of 1962-63, Dryfoos went to Puerto Rico to recover, but while there he checked into a hospital. He returned to New York and immediately went to Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center. He died there on May 25, 1963, from heart failure at the age of 50.

Dryfoos's funeral at Congregation Emanu-El of New York was attended by many notable residents of New York City, including New York City mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr., Columbia University president Grayson L. Kirk and later long-time New York District Attorney Robert M. Morgenthau. Many members of the Rockefeller family were there, including New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller, Lincoln Center chairman John D. Rockefeller III, and Chase Manhattan Bank president David Rockefeller.  Many of his rival publishers attended: Hearst Newspapers editor in chief William Randolph Hearst, Jr., Newhouse publisher Samuel Irving Newhouse, Sr., New York Post publisher Dorothy Schiff, CBS president Frank Stanton, and Time Inc. chairman Andrew Heiskell (in 1965, Heiskell married Dryfoos's widow, Marian). James Reston, the Washington correspondent and future executive editor of The New York Times who was also a close friend of Dryfoos, gave the eulogy.  Reston said that Dryfoos "wore his life away" during the strike and "when the strike was over he finally slipped away to the hospital and never came back."

He was succeeded as publisher by Arthur Ochs "Punch" Sulzberger, the son of Arthur Hays Sulzberger, and younger brother of Marian Sulzberger Dryfoos.

References

The New York Times publishers
The New York Times corporate staff
American newspaper publishers (people)
1912 births
1963 deaths
20th-century American Jews
Sulzberger family
Dartmouth College alumni
Burials in New York (state)


Merdeka Square (Indonesian: Medan Merdeka or Lapangan Merdeka, formerly , lit. "King's Square") is a large square located in the center of Jakarta, Indonesia. Merdeka is the Indonesian word for freedom or independence. Measuring approximately one square kilometer in area, if the surrounding fields within the Merdeka Square are included, it is considered one of the largest squares in the world. At 75 hectares, it is over five times the size of Tiananmen Square, and 12 times the size of Place de la Concorde.

At its center stands the National Monument, often called Monas (Monumen Nasional). The paved plaza surrounds the monument often host national events such as military and float parades, as well as civic demonstrations. Surrounding the Monument is now a park with a musical fountain in western side, and a deer enclosure where deer roam among the shady trees in the southeast corner. The square is a popular destination for Jakartans for sports and recreation especially on weekends.

It is surrounded by important government buildings such as the Merdeka Palace, the National Museum, the National Library, Jakarta City Hall, Istiqlal Mosque, the Supreme Court and various governmental ministries. During the colonial Dutch East Indies era the square was called Koningsplein (King's square).

History

Koningsplein

In the late 18th century when the Dutch East Indies government moved their center of administration about 4 kilometres southward, from coastal old Batavia (now Kota) to Weltevreden (now Central Jakarta), they built several important buildings including the square. Formerly, it was a large open field for herding kerbau (water buffalo), and therefore called Buffelsveld. There were two main squares in Weltevreden: Buffelsveld and Paradeplaats (Parade ground, later renamed Waterlooplein, now Lapangan Banteng). The squares began to take shape during Daendels' rule in the early 19th century; Waterlooplein became the main parade and ceremonial square, while the Buffelsveld ("buffalo field") was renamed Champ de Mars after the field in Paris due to French influence and used as a military exercise field.

In 1818, a few years after the formation of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, the square's name was changed into Koningsplein ("King's square"). Around the same time the governor-general's residence was moved to a new palace, now known as Istana Merdeka. The colonial government built athletic tracks, a stadium and sports facilities on Koningsplein. The locals called the square Lapangan Gambir, after Uncaria gambir, a plant which grows around the field. The Lapangan Gambir became the location of Pasar Gambir, a Pasar Malam (night market) fair and festival to commemorate Queen Wilhelmina's birthday in 1906. Since 1921 Pasar Gambir was held annually, turning into the annual modern Jakarta Fair. The square's name remained the same throughout colonial Dutch East Indies era until the Japanese invasion in 1942.

Lapangan Ikada

In 1942, during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, the square was named Lapangan Ikada (acronym of Ikatan Atletik Djakarta or Jakarta Athletic Bond). The proclamation of Indonesian independence was originally intended to be staged at Lapangan Ikada. It was however moved to a house in Jalan Pegangsaan (now Jalan Proklamasi). On 19 September 1945, Sukarno held his Indonesian independence and anti-colonialism/imperialism speech, during Rapat Akbar or grand meeting. During the Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949), the returning Dutch colonial forces managed to gain control over Jakarta (Batavia) and its vicinity, and renamed most of places to their colonial names; including Ikada field changed back to Koningsplein.

Medan Merdeka

In 1949 Sukarno changed the name of Koningsplein to Medan Merdeka  ("Independence Square"). By this time, the square was already crowded by the existence of Gambir railway station, Police Department Head Office, Telephone Company Office, Ikada Stadium, a sport-hall, many parks, many football fields and tennis lawns.

In 1954, President Sukarno launched the idea of erecting a "National Monument" at the center of Merdeka Square. Sukarno desired that the Indonesian people and the young independent nation had something to be proud of, a monument to commemorate the struggle for independence.  His ambition was to make the Monas the tallest building in Jakarta, higher than Borobudur and larger than the Eiffel Tower. A design competition was held in 1956, followed by a second competition in 1960, however the President was not satisfied by the design entries, and no winner was announced. Instead Sukarno — who had previously studied architecture — asked architects to refine sketches made by himself. The design of the monument was eventually resulted from the work of architect Soedarsono. Sukarno's layout for Merdeka Square was based on a plan initially developed in 1892 with diagonal streets radiating from the monument.

The construction of National Monument (Indonesian: Monumen Nasional or Monas) was initiated in 1961, but it was only completed in 1976. Except the railway station, other buildings in the square — such as the Ikada Stadium and sports facilities — were demolished to make way for the construction of the monument, and replaced by four segments of garden. Today, the square is more popular with its nickname Lapangan Monas.

The Merdeka Square is crossed by four diagonal streets which form an "X" with the National Monument at its center. The street is called Jalan Silang Monas and separates the square into four parts: North, East, South, and West parks. Soon after construction works of the National Monument were completed, new buildings were grown at the southern part of the square. The north, east and west park remained a park, while the southern segment was developed into a building complex. In the 1970s to early 1990s, this southern section was occupied by the fairground for Jakarta Fair from 1968 to 1992, while the southwest corner of the south park was used as Taman Ria Jakarta or Jakarta amusement park, including many exhibition halls, restaurants and night-clubs.

The design of the parks stayed relatively unchanged from the 1970s to mid 1990s, and this situation led to the preparation of a master plan for redeveloping the square, established in 1993. The 1993 master plan guided the ongoing renovation conducted in the late 1990s to the 2000s, and gave the Merdeka square its present look. The aim was to return the function of Merdeka Square as an open space and green area. All buildings were removed and the square was transformed back to greenery. Since the early 1990s the fairground and the amusement park in the southern park were demolished had been given the old park function once again. The road surrounding the monument is not accessible to motorized traffic.

In 2002, after Megawati was elected president, the governor of Jakarta Sutiyoso built a high fence with gates and guards to enclose the entire square. While visitors can access the square without charge, beggars, vendors, homeless and other social groups were excluded. An army encampment has been set up within the compound to enforce the new rules. Other than the National Monument in the center, the square itself is Jakartans' popular destination for family recreation and outdoor sports activities during weekend, such as family picnics, flying kites, calisthenics, football games, jogging and bicycling. The paved plaza surrounds the monument often host national events as well as civic demonstrations. Military and float parades usually took place during the Jakarta anniversary around 22 June and Indonesian independence commemoration around 17 August. Flag raising ceremonies are held at the north end during city-wide public anniversaries.

Since 2016, all Independence Day national celebrations begin with the departure and arrival of replicas of both the national flag and the text of the Proclamation of Independence, in the monument and the square, en route to Merdeka Palace in the morning, and returning to the square in the evening.

Design

The shape of Merdeka Square has been altered several times within its two-century history. The current design is mainly based on the site plan from the 1960s — as a part of the design of the National Monument that incorporated diagonal crossed streets that separated four cardinal parks. Recent development on the square is based on a master plan produced in 1993.

Renovation began in the mid-1990s for the commemoration of the 50th anniversary of Indonesian Independence in 1995, and continued well to the 2000s. The renovation moved the roundabout street further from the monument as it was feared that the vibrations from the passing vehicles would shake and disturb the monument's foundation. However, it was later decided that vehicles should be prohibited to enter the square altogether. The further roundabout created a larger central garden around the monument. The asphalt road was changed to French stone pavement and created a grand plaza around the monument.

The Merdeka square consists of two zones:
 Taman Medan Merdeka (Medan Merdeka Park). The large trees, reflecting ponds and fountains are located in this zone. The zone span from the fences on the outer rim of the park to the pedestrian path around the park.
 Ruang Agung (The Grand Space). It is the grand space to enhance the view of National Monument. There are no large trees or any visual obstructions allowed in this zone. It is located from the pedestrian path to the National Monument in the center. It consists of grass fields, stone paved grand plaza, and a central garden around the monument filled with colorful flowers and decorative plants.

There are four parks in Merdeka Square according to the cardinal points:
 Taman Medan Merdeka Utara (North Merdeka Park). The entrance to the tunnel that leads to the National Monument is located on this north park. A reflecting pond, the equestrian statue of Diponegoro and a bust statue of Indonesian poet Chairil Anwar also located in this area.
 Taman Medan Merdeka Timur (East Merdeka Park). Immediately located near the Gambir Station. The reflecting pond and the statue of Kartini, Indonesian heroine of women emancipation, donated by Japanese government that originally stood in front of Taman Suropati in Menteng is relocated here.
 Taman Medan Merdeka Selatan (South Merdeka Park). The Grand Meeting of 19 September 1945 monument or a flag-bearing statue is located here. The spotted deer park is located on southeast corner. The south park used to display unique plants as the symbol of the 33 Indonesian provinces. However, in November 2019 these trees along with total 200 large trees were cut down on the orders of then Jakarta Governor Anies Baswedan, and in its place a large paved plaza were built. The IRTI parking ground, souvenir and foodstalls for National Monument visitors is located in this southern park.
 Taman Medan Merdeka Barat (West Merdeka Park). The dancing illuminated fountain is located here. The fountain show with music is performed every weekend nights. The bust of Mohammad Husni Thamrin, a national hero from Jakarta, is located here. The Monas MRT subway station is currently under construction in the West Merdeka Park.

Notable sites

Merdeka square is the heart of Jakarta as well as the centre of Indonesia. Many important government and cultural buildings are located around this central park of Jakarta.

North
 State Secretariat and Bina Graha
 Merdeka Palace
 Supreme Court
 Ministry of Home Affairs
 Indonesian Army headquarters
 Istiqlal Mosque (northeast corner)

East
 Gambir Station
 Pertamina headquarters
 Army Strategic Reserve Command (KOSTRAD) headquarters
 Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) Jakarta garrison office
 Ministry of Transportation office
 Indonesian Scouts headquarters
 Inspectorate General of Ministry of Internal Affairs Building
 Immanuel Church
 National Gallery of Indonesia
 PT Timah office
 Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries
 Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) Jakarta branch office
 Ministry of Trade (southeast corner)

South
 Embassy of the United States
 Vice President's Palace
 Jakarta City Hall and Governor's office
 National Resilience Institute
 Telkom Indonesia Jakarta branch office
 New building of National Library of Indonesia (branch of the National Library in Salemba, also functioned as a library)
 Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises
 Antara Building
 Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources

West
 Bank Indonesia headquarters (southwest corner)
 Indosat headquarters
 Ministry of Culture and Tourism
 Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs
 Ministry of Defense
 National Museum of Indonesia
 Ministry of Communication and Information
 Ministry of Transportation
 Constitutional Court
 Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) headquarters
 Coordinating Ministry for Human Development and Cultural Affairs
 TNI military post
 PT Berdikari headquarters

Transportation

The square is easily accessible using public transportations. The TransJakarta rapid bus transit service has four shelters located by the square; they are K1.14 Monas shelter (corridor 1) in front of National Museum, K2.16 Gambir 1, K2.22 Balai Kota and K2.23 Gambir 2 (corridor 2). The Gambir Station located in the east side also provide access, although the station currently only serves intercity trains, with Argo-class executive trains connecting Jakarta to Surabaya, Cirebon, Bandung and Solo. The Juanda and Gondangdia stations are within a walking distance to the square, providing KRL Commuterline access via its Bogor (Red) Line.

The free Jakarta city tour double decker bus also pass through Jalan Medan Merdeka Barat and Jalan Merdeka Selatan lining western and southern edge of the square. With three city tour bus stops in Medan Merdeka Barat Avenue; in front of National Museum, on western and southwestern corner of the square, while a city tour bus stop located in front of Balai Kota Jakarta. A line of DAMRI airport bus service connects Soekarno-Hatta International Airport with Gambir Station. The square is also accessible using taxi, three wheeled bajaj, and several lines of MetroMini and Kopaja minibusses.

In the future, the Jakarta MRT is planned to operate Monas subway station on the western side of the square. The station is currently under construction.

Gallery

See also
 Dataran Merdeka, Malaysia

References

Bibliography

National squares
Squares in Jakarta
Tourist attractions in Jakarta
Parks and lakes in Jakarta
1976 establishments in Indonesia


In railway engineering, curve resistance is a part of train resistance, namely the additional rolling resistance a train must overcome when travelling on a curved section of track. Curve resistance is typically measured in per mille, with the correct physical unit being Newton per kilo-Newton (N/kN). Older texts still use the wrong unit of kilogram-force per tonne (kgf/t).

Curve resistance depends on various factors, the most important being the radius and the superelevation of a curve. Since curves are usually banked by superelevation, there will exist some speed at which there will be no sideways force on the train and where therefore curve resistance is minimum.  At higher or lower speeds, curve resistance may be a few (or several) times greater.

Approximation formulas

Formulas typically used in railway engineering in general compute the resistance as inversely proportional to the radius of curvature (thus, they neglect the fact that the resistance is dependent on both speed and superelevation). For example, in the USSR, the standard formula is Wr (curve resistance in parts per thousand or kgf/tonne) = 700/R where R is the radius of the curve in meters.  Other countries often use the same formula, but with a different numerator-constant.  For example, the US used 446/R, Italy 800/R, England 600/R, China 573/R, etc.  In Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Romania the term R - b is used in the denominator (instead of just R), where b is some constant. Typically, the expressions used are "Röckl's formula", which uses 650/(R - 55) for R above 300 meters, and 500/(R - 30) for smaller radii. The fact that, at 300 meters, the two values of Röckl's formula differ by more than 30% shows that these formulas are rough estimates at best.

The Russian experiments cited below show that all these formulas are inaccurate. At balancing speed, they give a curve resistance a few times too high (or worse). However, these approximation formulas are still contained in practically all standard railway engineering textbooks. For the US, AREMA American Railway Engineering ..., PDF, p.57 claims that curve resistance is 0.04% per degree of curvature (or 8 lbf/ton or 4 kgf/tonne).  Hay's textbook also claims it is independent of superelevation.  For Russia in 2011, internet articles use 700/R. German textbooks contain Röckl's formulas.

Speed and cant dependence per Russian experiments

In the 1960s in the Soviet Union curve resistance was found by experiment to be highly dependent on both the velocity and the banking of the curve, also known as superelevation or cant, as can be seen in the graph above.  If a train car rounds a curve at balancing speed such that the component of centrifugal force in the lateral direction (towards the outside of the curve and parallel with the plane of the track) is equal to the component of gravitational force in the opposite direction there is very little curve resistance.  At such balancing speed there is zero cant deficiency and results in a frictionless banked turn.  But deviate from this speed (either higher or lower) and the curve resistance increases due to the unbalance in forces which tends to pull the vehicle sideways (and would be felt by a passenger in a passenger train).  Note that for empty rail cars (low wheel loads) the specific curve resistance is higher, similar to the phenomena of higher rolling resistance for empty cars on a straight track.

However, these experiments did not provide usable formulas for curve resistance, because the experiments were, unfortunately, all done on a test track with the same curvature (radius = 955 meters). Therefore, it is not clear how to account for curvature. The Russian experiments plot curve resistance against velocity for various types of railroad cars and various axle loads.  The plots all show smooth convex curves with the minimums at balancing speed where the slope of the plotted curve is zero.  These plots tend to show curve resistance increasing more rapidly with decreases in velocity below balancing speed, than for increases in velocity (by the same amounts) above balancing speeds.  No explanation for this "asymmetrical velocity effect" is to be found in the references cited nor is any explanation found explaining the smooth convex curve plots mentioned above (except for explaining how they were experimentally determined).

That curve resistance is expected to be minimized at balancing speed was also proposed by Schmidt in 1927, but unfortunately the tests he conducted were all at below balancing speed.  However his results all show curve resistance decreasing with increasing speed in conformance with this expectation.

Russian method of measuring in 1960s
To experimentally find the curve resistance of a certain railroad freight car with a given load on its axles (partly due to the weight of the freight) the same car was tested both on a curved track and on a straight track.  The difference in measured resistance (at the same speed) was assumed to be the curve resistance. To get an average for several cars of the same type, and to reduce the effect of aerodynamic drag, one may test a group of the same type of cars coupled together (a short train without a locomotive).  The curved track used in the experiments was the circular test track of the National Scientific Investigation Institute of Railroad Transport (ВНИИЖТ).  A single test run can find the train resistance (force) at various velocities by letting the rolling stock being tested coast down from a higher speed to a low speed, while continuously measuring the deceleration and using Newton's second law of motion (force = acceleration*mass) to find the resistance force that is causing the railroad cars to slow. In such calculations, one must take into account the moment of inertia of the car wheels by adding an equivalent mass (of rotating wheels) to the mass of the train consist.  Thus the effective mass of a rail car used for Newton's second law, is larger than the car mass as weighed on a car weighing scale.  This additional equivalent mass is tantamount to having the mass of each wheel-axle set be located at its radius of gyration. See "Inertia Resistance" (for automobile wheels, but it is the same formula for railroad wheels).

Deceleration was measured by measuring the distance traveled (using what might be called a recording odometer or by distance markers placed along the track say every 50 meters), versus time. A division of distance by time results in velocity and then the differences in velocities divided by time gives the deceleration.  A sample data sheet shows time (in seconds) being recorded with 3 digits after the decimal point (thousandths of a second).

It turns out that there is no need to know the mass of the rolling stock to find the specific train resistance in kgf/tonne.  This unit is force divided by mass which is acceleration per Newton's second law.  But one must multiply kilograms of force by g (gravity) to get force in the metric units of Newtons.  So the specific force (the result) is the deceleration multiplied by a constant which is 1/g times a factor to account for the equivalent mass due to wheel rotation.  Then this specific force in kgf/kg must be multiplied by 1000 to get kgf/tonne since a tonne is 1000 kg.

Formulas which try to account for superelevation (cant)
Астахов proposed the use of a formula which when plotted is in substantial disagreement with the experimental results curves previously mentioned.  His formula for curve resistance (in kgf/tonne) is the sum of two terms, the first term being a conventional k/R term (R is the curve radius in meters) with k=200 instead of 700.  The second term is directly proportional to (1.5 times) the absolute value of the unbalanced acceleration in the plane of the track and perpendicular to the rail, such lateral acceleration being equal to the centrifugal acceleration , minus the gravitation component opposing this acceleration: g·tan(θ), where θ is the angle of the banking due to superelevation and v is the train velocity in m/s.

Wheel rail interface

The state of repair of the railhead and of the wheelset, and of the compatibility of the two as chosen for a given railway have a significant impact on the curve resistance.

Very high speed passenger trains run on track laid and maintained very accurately and with a wheel/rail interface contour suited to fast running and usually running on continuously welded give near ideal conditions.  Freight vehicles with very high axle loadings are often run slowly on relatively poor track with inaccuracies laterally and vertically and jointed rails that give rise to bounce and sway will have a very different performance profile.

The wetness of the rail from rain and from unintended lubricants such as leaf litter pulverised by the wheel/rail interface will reduce the rail drag - but will increase the risk that on powered axles, that driven wheels will lose adhesion.

The formulae given only take into account standard large gauge railways, such as 4'8.5" through 5'3".  There is a large range of gauges that can carry commercial freight and an even greater range that can carry passengers which includes miniature railways.

Normally trains follow a curve by the natural steering effect achieved by the change of effective wheel diameter so that the outer wheel acts as having a larger radius than the inner wheel - and, unlike road vehicles, by having a fixed axle forces the outer wheel to travel further.  There are also many railways, particularly tramways, where the radius of the curve is too small for the natural steering effect to succeed - resulting that the flange rubs against the side of the rail to force compliance to the curvature.  This introduces a massive increase in the curve resistance.

These considerations all need further study.  Beware of using standard formulae unless your circumstances of use match the established formulae.  The differences in the empirical results identified earlier in this article may be explained by the different circumstances of each analysis.

See also
Cant (road/rail)
Cant deficiency
Rolling resistance

Notes

References

  Note: "bogie" (UK) = truck (US).

External links
 American Railway Engineering PDF

Rail infrastructure
Rail technologies


Vila Madalena is an upper middle class neighborhood of the Pinheiros district in the West Zone of São Paulo, Brazil. The neighborhood is known for its bustling nightlife and its history as a center of São Paulo bohemian culture and art. The neighborhood is filled with dozens of art galleries and studios, an eclectic mix of restaurants and bars and a series of graffiti-covered streets and alleys. It is an attractive neighborhood for young professionals in the city.

References

Arts districts
Neighbourhoods in São Paulo
Restaurant districts and streets in Brazil
Tourist attractions in São Paulo


The following is an episode list of the Food Network series, Ace of Cakes.

Series overview

Episodes

Season 1 (2006)

Season 2 (2007)

Season 3 (2007)

Season 4 (2008)

Season 5 (2008)

Season 6 (2009)

Season 7 (2009)

Season 8 (2010)

Season 9 (2010)

Season 10 (2011)

References

External links

Ace of Cakes official website at Food Network

Ace of Cakes


Jeff Pash (15 August 1916 – 22 April 2005) was an Australian rules footballer who played with North Adelaide in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL). He is a half forward flanker in North Adelaide's official 'Team of the Century'.

Pash made his North Adelaide debut in a game against Port Adelaide in 1938, aged 21. He was the club's best  and fairest winner that year and again the following season. In 1939 he was also a Magarey Medalist, tying with Ray McArthur from West Adelaide but winning after the umpires conferred. From 1941 to 1943 he was in Port Augusta due to teaching commitments and didn't return to the club until 1944, although they had merged with Norwood Football Club. He was a premiership player that season and when the war was over the merger ended. His last game of league football was in the 1949 SANFL Grand Final against West Torrens which North Adelaide won by 23 points, thus ending a premiership drought for the club stretching back to 1931.

He finished with a total of 137 games for North Adelaide and four for South Australia at interstate football.

From 1950 to 1964 he was a respected football journalist for The Adelaide News.

References

External links

1916 births
2005 deaths
North Adelaide Football Club players
Magarey Medal winners
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
Australian sports journalists
South Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees


KSCJ (1360 AM, "Talk Radio 1360") is a radio station licensed to serve Sioux City, Iowa, United States.  The station is owned by Powell Broadcasting and licensed to KSUX/KSCJ Radio Broadcasting Co.  It airs a news/talk radio format.

The station was assigned these call letters by the Federal Communications Commission.

History
KSCJ started as a local news, sports and weather station in Sioux City, Iowa, on April 4, 1927, originally the broadcasting unit for the Sioux City Journal, owned and operated by the Perkins Brothers Broadcasting Company.  The station was subsequently purchased by Flagship Communications Corporation. It is now owned by Powell Broadcasting, along with sister stations KSUX, Y 101.3, Q102, and Classic Rock 99.5. KLEM in nearby LeMars, Iowa, is another Powell-owned station.

The station's original studios were located at 413 Douglas Street in Sioux City.  By the 1950s, the station had moved its operations to 520 Nebraska Street.  They are now located at 2000 Indian Hills Drive.

The first major local event covered by KSCJ was the August 27, 1927, visit to Sioux City by aviator Charles Lindbergh, following his historic solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean.

In August 1932, while Northwest Iowa (including Sioux City) became the focal point of the nation's agricultural discontent, KSCJ covered the "Farmer's Holiday" or "Milk War" protests of low farm prices and farm foreclosures throughout the area.

In July 1944, KSCJ's Sunday night programming included Drew Pearson, Quiz Kids, Walter Winchell, Sammy Kaye, Jimmie Fidler, and The Life of Riley starring William Bendix.

In the 1950s, Andy Woolfries was a news reporter at KSCJ.

On February 8, 1951, KSCJ covered the events surrounding the Combination Bridge (linking Sioux City and South Sioux City, Nebraska) becoming toll-free.

From July 25, 1954, through August 1, 1954, KSCJ covered the events celebrating the Sioux City Centennial.

On September 11, 1960, KSCJ covered the opening of the Sioux City Public Museum at the Peirce Mansion.

For a brief period during the 1960s as a teenager, Fred Grandy, a native of Sioux City, interned at KSCJ when several members of the station's staff had been drafted to serve in the Vietnam War.  Grandy eventually pursued an acting career and gained notoriety when he portrayed Gopher Smith on ABC-TV's The Love Boat.  He appeared in 246 episodes over the show's 9 seasons and, in 1986, was elected to Congress, representing Iowa's sixth congressional district. Of his decision to leave Hollywood, return to Sioux City, and run for Congress, Grandy said, "In 1986 I literally walked off a ship, traded my white shorts for long pants and went into grain elevators asking people to vote for me."  He did not seek re-election in 1994.

In 1972, KSCJ covered the opening of three new high schools for the fall term, as well as the merger of the former Lutheran and Methodists hospitals culminating with the opening of St. Luke's Medical Center.

On December 22, 1976, KSCJ covered the dedication of the Sergeant Floyd Memorial Bridge, linking Iowa and Nebraska.  On the same day, groundbreaking ceremonies were held for the Highway 77/20 Combination Bridge replacement.

As part of the celebration of KSCJ's 50th Anniversary in 1977, CBS News released an LP record entitled, "KSCJ: The Sound of 50 Years".

From 1979 until 2004, Sam Seldon was the KSCJ chief engineer.  His oral history was preserved by the Archives of Iowa Broadcasting Oral History Project.  Seldon died in 2005. His collection of vintage radios were displayed at the Sioux City Public Museum in 2014.

Since its debut, the news department has covered every major event in Sioux City, including the 1953 flood of the Floyd River, the 1990 Perry Creek flood, the 1978 closing of the Zenith assembly plant, the 1993 closing of the General Motors AC Rochester division plant, the 2001 Adam Moss homicides, the 2010 closing of the John Morrell & Co. packing plant, the 2012 closing of the Delta Air Lines call center, the 2012 and 2013 closing of both Black Bear Diner locations, the 2015 settlement of a sexual harassment lawsuit against former City of Sioux City Manager Paul Eckert, the 2016 closing of the CenturyLink call center,  and the 1989 crash of United Airlines Flight 232 (as well as the 1991 filming of the made-for-TV movie, Crash Landing: The Rescue of Flight 232). Nearly every U.S. presidential candidate finds their way to the KSCJ airwaves to be interviewed in the months leading up to the Iowa caucuses.  State, regional, and local candidates are always frequent guests on the station's various local programs.

In the early 1990s, Col. Bud Day appeared live in-studio during an episode of "Open Line with Randy Renshaw".  Day, a native of Sioux City and a retired United States Air Force colonel, is the only person to be awarded both the Medal of Honor and the Air Force Cross.  He died in 2013 as the most decorated United States Military Officer since Douglas MacArthur.

In 2005, Dennis Bullock was named general manager of Powell Broadcasting's Sioux City operations.  From 2012 until 2013, Bullock served a one-year term as chair of the Siouxland Chamber of Commerce Board of Directors.

On December 15, 2011, Sean Hannity broadcast his nationally-syndicated radio program from the KSCJ studios.  Hannity was in Sioux City that day to cover the Republican Primary Presidential Debate for the Fox News Channel, which was held at the Sioux City Convention Center.

On September 24, 2013, KSCJ general sales manager Dave Grosenheider performed the National Anthem at the Siouxland Chamber of Commerce Annual Dinner in Downtown Sioux City.

In 2014, "Open Line" host Charlie Stone served as a panelist during the televised Iowa gubernatorial debate held in Sioux City.

In April 2017, KSCJ celebrated its 90th anniversary.  In December 2017, Powell Broadcasting purchased a white maltese dog, which it named Sammy (in honor of Sam Seldon), to be auctioned off at the 82nd Annual Little Yellow Dog Auction.  Proceeds from the auction benefit the Sioux City Journal's Goodfellow Charities, which provides toys to needy children at Christmastime.  KSCJ broadcasts the auction live every year on the second Saturday in December, drawing a huge broadcast audience and online listeners worldwide.

Overnight between April 22 and 23, 2017, "Having Read That with Brian Vakulskas" segment producer Jonathan Wiesler was the victim of a homicide in Iowa City, Iowa.  Wieseler was found shot to death at his bail bonds office.  Curtis Cortez Jones was charged with first degree murder in Wieseler's death.  Mr. Jones was convicted of first degree murder on January 23, 2019.  On March 26, 2019, he received a mandatory sentence of life in prison without the possibility of parole.  On April 25, 2017, Vakulskas paid tribute to Wieseler at the conclusion of a "Having Read That" interview with David Baldacci, one of Wieseler's favorite authors.

On April 25, 2017, longtime "Open Line" host and news director Randy Renshaw died at the age of 66. Renshaw retired from KSCJ in 2012.  A fan of Chicago, his funeral featured the band's 1977 hit, "If You Leave Me Now".  Shortly before Renshaw's retirement, he recorded a video as he recounted his memories of working at KSCJ.

In August 2017, Dan Vakulskas, who contributed to the sports coverage at KSCJ, was appointed to the bench as a part-time magistrate in Sioux City.  On November 30, 2018, Vakulskas was named a District Associate Judge for Iowa's Third Judicial District.

In November 2017, KSCJ program director Justin Barker released a video, detailing how the Sioux City Symphony Orchestra provided him with "one of the finest moments I've had on the radio in a long time".  Barker was able to give free tickets to a symphony performance to an elderly listener, which brought the listener to tears.

On December 22, 2017, during the third hour of "Open Line with Charlie Stone", the station debuted an newly produced "old-time" radio play, "A KSCJ Christmas Carol".  The script was written by Brian & Dan Vakulskas and features the voice talents of several KSCJ on-air personalities.

On May 1, 2018, "Open Line with Charlie Stone" was broadcast on-location from the rotunda of the Woodbury County Courthouse in downtown Sioux City.  The broadcast marked the beginning of the week-long celebration of the building's 100th anniversary.  Stone was joined on the air by county-level politicians, as well as District Judge Duane Hoffmeyer.

In mid-2018, Tom Beightol announced his retirement from KSCJ after co-hosting "Good Morning Siouxland" for several years.

On February 28, 2019, Charlie Stone accidentally dropped his mobile phone outside the Sioux City Convention Center while walking into the building for an appearance at the 62nd Annual Siouxland Home Show.  The phone was found by Sioux Cityans Orville and Diane Kenowith.  Not knowing its owner, the couple waited for someone to call the phone.  Eventually, the phone rang.  The caller was Stone's wife (who Stone affectionately refers to on the air as "Precious Moments"). Diane answered and, upon learning she was speaking to Stone's wife, said, "Is this Precious Moments?"  The Kenowiths turned Stone's phone over to general manager Dennis Bullock at the convention center, who later returned it to a relieved Stone.  The following day, Stone heavily praised the Kenowiths on the air for their benevolence.

Lineup and format
Three locally produced shows air every weekday: "Good Morning Siouxland", with co-hosts Justin Barker and Josie Cooper; "Open Line with Charlie Stone"; and "Drivetime Live" with Mark Hahn.  "The Saturday Morning Wake-Up Show", hosted by Scott Frick, and "Nostalgia Theater", with co-hosts Larry Fuller and Don Miller, air on Saturdays.  The Saturday morning lineup also features locally-produced programs dealing with the outdoors, finances, positive local news, and gardening.

"Having Read That with Brian Vakulskas" airs at 7:40 every Tuesday morning.  The segment features interview with authors about their books.  Although local authors have appeared from time-to-time, the segment regularly features authors whose works have populated the New York Times Best Seller list, such as David Baldacci, Mary Higgins Clark, Lisa Scottoline, Joseph Finder, and John Sandford.  Various well-known television hosts have also appeared, including Bret Baier and Ainsley Earhardt of Fox News and Chris Matthews of MSNBC.

During the fall and winter months, the station broadcasts local high school football and basketball games.  Justin Barker provides the play-by-play, joined by color commentators Dan Vakulskas (now retired) and Brian Vakulskas.  The halftime shows for high school athletics broadcasts frequently feature well-known celebrities.  Past guests include Tony Dow, Scott Ferrall, and "Blue Lou" Marini.

Every April, "Open Line" broadcasts for a week live from Washington, D.C.  The broadcasts originate from various studios in the Capitol Hill area of the city, including the studios at the office of Federation for Immigration Reform (FAIR), located at 25 Massachusetts Avenue NW.  In-studio guests appear on the program, including members of the United States Senate and House of Representatives, as well as other government officials.  Past guests have also included D.C.-based journalists, comedians, government officials, museum curators, and policy experts from think tanks.

The station provides national news updates at the top of every hour from Fox News Radio.  During daytime hours, the national news is followed up with local headlines with news director Woody Gottburg or other members of the news department.  Gottburg, a former announcer for the Sioux City Musketeers, owns a large collection of hockey memorabilia.  Gottburg is also a mainstay at the local courthouse on election night, providing live updates of election returns and frequently hosts legislative forums with local statehouse candidates.

At various times throughout the year, KSCJ conducts its very popular "Treasure Hunt".  A staff member hides a "treasure" somewhere within the city limits of Sioux City, always on public property. Each weekday during the hunt, the on-air talent reveal a new clue to the listening audience. The hidden treasure is actually a piece of paper directing the finder to bring it to the KSCJ offices, to be exchanged for a cash prize.  Local businesses sponsor the cash prizes.

KSCJ broadcasts all Sioux City Explorers baseball games.  The station is also the local affiliate for Iowa Hawkeyes football and men's basketball, the Kansas City Chiefs, and various sports broadcasts presented by Westwood One.

Several times throughout the year, the station holds the "KSCJ Radio Auction" live on the air.  Listeners are encouraged to call in and bid on gift certificates from local businesses, most of which sell for just over half the actual value.

One of the most popular features on "Good Morning Siouxland" is a daily segment called, "Fact or B.S."  The co-hosts will read a statement and listeners will call in and identify the statement as either "fact" or "B.S."  A correct answer wins the caller a gift certificate to a local eatery.  Another popular segment is "Movie Trivia", where the co-hosts will play a short sound clip from a movie and the listeners call in and identify the movie title.  The winner receives passes to a local movie theater and a box of microwave Jolly Time Popcorn.

KSCJ has had very popular conservative pundits on air over the years, including Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity, and Jim Bohannon. The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show and The Dana Show now air on the station, as well as shows hosted by Bill O'Reilly, Dave Ramsey, Michael Knowles, and Kim Komando, along with the syndicated Red Eye Radio and First Light.

On Sunday mornings, the station airs religious programming.

References

External links
KSCJ official website

SCJ
News and talk radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1927
1927 establishments in Iowa


The 2007-08 FAW Welsh Cup is the 121st edition of the annual knockout tournament for non-English competitive football teams in Wales. The 2007–08 tournament commenced on 18 August 2007 and concluded on 4 May 2008. The 2007–08 Welsh Cup winner's are Bangor City

Preliminary round
Games were played on 18 August 2007.

First round
Matches played on 15 September 2007.

Second round
Matches played on 6 October 2007.

Third round
Matches played on 3 November 2007.

Fourth round
Matches played on 2 February 2008.

Quarter-finals
Matches were played on 1 March 2008 and 2 March 2008.

Semi-finals
The matches were originally scheduled to be played on the weekend of 29 March 2008, but the Newport YMCA v Bangor City tie was postponed due to a waterlogged pitch. It was eventually played Newtown on the following Saturday. The other tie was played at Aberystwyth Town.

Final

External links
   FAW Welsh Cup, Football Association of Wales.

2007-08
1


James River Church (formerly, James River Assembly) is a Pentecostal multi-site megachurch based in Ozark, Missouri. It is affiliated with Assemblies of God USA. In 2019, James River reported an average weekly attendance of 19,000, making it one of the ten largest AG churches and one of the largest churches in Missouri (subsequently Springfield). John Lindell is the Lead Pastor alongside wife Debbie.

History
James River Church was founded out of the desire of the four couples, Rodger and Caressa Gadd, Gary and Debbie Simms, Tim and Carol Carpenter, and David and Gwenda Plummer, to start a church on the southeast side of Springfield, even though Assemblies of God leaders said there were plenty of area AG churches. Under the leadership of retired Assemblies of God minister, Kenneth D. Barney of Springfield, the small congregation grew quickly and had to move into a larger space in an office park within nine months. It was at that time that John Lindell was hired to serve as pastor of the congregation. When he arrived in September 1991, he asked about expectations and the answer was "400 people in four years". However, in 1993, the average attendance topped 800.

In August 1992, the church built its first home off of US Highway 65 and Evans road. 415 attended the dedication ceremony.

During 1993–1995, a new addition was built onto the church as membership grew from 868 to 2,292. During a time of overflow, John Lindell asked the church to fast and pray for a new location in February 1996. There was land owned off 65 and CC by a farming family since the Civil War and had turned down offers from major retailers to sell the land. Following the fast and prayer, the family agreed to sell the land to James River and James River moved into the South campus in March 2000 with 4,000 in weekly attendance with 198,000 square foot facility. The south campus in Ozark is the main campus of James River Church. The sanctuary holds 3,400 seats. In June 2003, a West Wing and gymnasium was added to the South Campus. It includes multiple sanctuaries, a cafe, meeting rooms, offices, children and youth facilities, One Heart ministry, and the River Fitness Center. In June 2007, James River Church launched their Changing History Campaign. Through this campaign, JRC-South added a  two-story addition to the children's wing and remodeled portions of the children's wing and the Realife Student Center. The estimated cost of construction was over eight million dollars.

The church continued to grow by thousands from 2006-2009. The church grew to over 8000 members by 2008. In order to meet the growth, the church announced plans for its second campus and being a multisite church. The second campus, James River Church - West Campus, was launched in September 2009. It is located off of US Hwy 60 and FF in Southwest Springfield. A ground-breaking ceremony was held at JRC-West in fall 2010 for further expansion at that location. Construction began in the summer of 2011 and was completed in spring 2013. The new first service was held at the West Campus in December 2012 in the 1500 seat sanctuary.

In November 2013, the church officially changed its name from James River Assembly to James River Church.  In a preface to his Sunday sermon, Pastor John Lindell cited a need of clarity and cohesion as the primary reason for the name change.  He mentioned that outreach in foreign cities and countries was sometimes difficult as the term 'assembly' was not as widely known or understood.  The pastor also made clear that the change in no way affected the church's relationship with the Assemblies of God.

Continuing to grow, the church added on to a third location, the North campus, off I-44 and West Bypass in Springfield. The average weekly attendance is 1,300. The first service was held on September 11, 2016 with 2500 in attendance.

During the 2016 Vision Sunday, along with plans to be one church in three locations, James River Church also announced plans for a weekly global broadcast on GOD TV. The church announced plans also to open a free preschool in Downtown Springfield for low-income families, then in August 2016, the free preschool was launched. Additionally, the church had bought secured 55 acres of land between I-44 and 65N in Springfield, and this land will later be used for the James River East Campus.

In the 2018 Vision Sunday, there were plans announced for a James River Joplin Campus inside the Victory Mission Center to open later in the year. The Joplin Campus is the fourth campus and the first campus outside of Springfield and Ozark. Its grand opening is set for September 9, 2018.

On April 8, 2019, local news reported that in order to have a permanent home for its Joplin campus, the James River Church bought a building that was being leased by the Price Cutter grocery store- the only locally owned grocery store in the city, as its owners were looking to sell the store.

James River Church - West Campus
In September 2009, James River Church launched a second campus in addition to JRC-South with the slogan, "One Church in Two Locations." At first called Wilson's Creek campus, the name was changed to James River Church - West Campus (JRC-West) in spring 2012. The JRC-West Campus features many of the same on-campus services as JRC-South. John Lindell remains the senior pastor at the JRC-South Campus. Curt Cook was the JRC-West Campus pastor until the spring 2011. David Lindell, John Lindell's son, is the current pastor at JRC-West Campus.

An estimated 2,200 attended the grand opening in September 2009, and as of March 2010, the average Sunday morning attendance at James River West averaged nearly 2,000.

In December 2012 there was a grand opening of their new facilities. This included a 1,400-seat auditorium, kids venues, and a full youth center.  These additions are funded through a campaign known as "The One Campaign", which used the slogan "One church in Two Locations." The name of this site was changed to the West campus as it is west of the HWY 65 and HWY 160 interchange as decided by the leaders.

Community and international outreach
James River Church hosts a variety of events at their four campuses, including Stronger Mens Conference and Designed For Life women's conferences, holiday events for families and children, and sport teams. James River Church organizes community service events such as an annual service project to paint, clean, and landscape public schools in the area. The church also helps to promote foster parenting and adoption with Cherish Kids.

From 1997 to 2010, one of JRC's local events was the annual Fourth of July patriotic program, the I Love America! Celebration. In 2009, attendance for the 13th annual event, which was free to the public, reached approximately 120,000 people. Attendance in 2010 fell to 100,000.

Internationally, the church has partnered with Mission of Mercy in the sponsorship of several hundred children in Haiti. Additionally, the church has sponsored the digging of water wells in underdeveloped countries.

James River Church also support planting churches. In 2013, JRC announced and planted 100 house churches in Russia. In 2015, JRC announced and planted 100 house churches in Cuba, and in 2016 JRC announced it would plant 40 churches in varied locations worldwide. In 2017 another 40 churches were planted and in 2018 another 41 churches planted worldwide. Due to extra growth and funding, the amount of church plants increased from the first church plant in 2013, to 843 churches planted by 2019.

James River Church is very active in Missions. In 2017, $4,447,383 was given to missions. In 2017, 513 missionaries were supported.

James River College
In 2007, James River Church introduced JRCollege, in partnership with Central Bible College in Springfield, Missouri. JRCollege is a college that is focused on developing leaders for church ministry to the workplace. JRCollege offers a two-year fully accredited leadership degree program in which students learn about the Bible and leadership in ministry both in the classroom and through hands-on experience. All JRCollege classes take place on the James River Church-South Campus and are taught by professors from Evangel University.

In fall 2009 the James River Leadership College merged with the James River Masters Commission program, bringing both programs together as James River Leadership College.

In fall 2011 the James River Leadership College switched partnership from Central Bible College to Evangel University in Springfield, Missouri. James River Leadership College changed its official name to James River Leadership Campus.

In fall 2013 Dr. Jon Spence, who was the founding president,  stepped down as the director of the Campus. Rev Josh Hackworth, a pastor from James River Church, was elected as the director of JRCollege. JRCollege is averaging around 130 students each year.

In 2017, James River Leadership College changed its name to James River College.

James River Charities
James River Church established James River Charities in 2008.  James River Charities in a wholly owned single member entity of James River Church, and operates or manages several different areas, including James River Retreat Center, The River Fitness Center, James River Youth, Cherish Kids and James River College.

Controversies

Haunted: Pursuing the Paranormal
On October 28, 2018, John Lindell stated during a sermon that yoga is a "form of Eastern mysticism that Christians should absolutely avoid".

Christmas 2020 Gathering
Between December 5–6, 2020, James River Church hosted several large indoor gatherings to celebrate Christmas. Due to the recent surge of Covid-19 infections, the Christian County Health Department issued a notice that attendees should monitor their symptoms for 14 days after the event, and to contact a medical professional if any symptoms arise.

References

External links
Main Website
James River Church

JRC Websites
James River Leadership Campus
James River Youth
Life Groups
Designed For Life
Cherish Kids

Assemblies of God churches
Evangelical megachurches in the United States
Pentecostal churches in Missouri
Christian organizations established in 1991
Buildings and structures in Christian County, Missouri
1991 establishments in Missouri
Pentecostal multisite churches


Rules of Engagement is an American sitcom that ran on CBS from February 5, 2007 to May 20, 2013. A total of 100 original episodes have been produced over seven seasons.

Series overview

Episodes

Season 1 (2007)

Season 2 (2007–08)

Season 3 (2009)

Season 4 (2010)

Season 5 (2010–11)

Season 6 (2011–12)

Season 7 (2013)

Ratings

References

External links
Rules of Engagement - Official site

Lists of American romance television series episodes
Lists of American sitcom episodes
Lists of sex comedy television series episodes


Karl Karlsson (16 November 1887 – 8 April 1964) was a Swedish wrestler. He competed in the featherweight event at the 1912 Summer Olympics.

References

Olympic wrestlers for Sweden
Wrestlers at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Swedish male sport wrestlers
1887 births
1964 deaths


In physics, a pregeometry is a hypothetical structure from which the geometry of the universe develops. Some cosmological models feature a pregeometric universe before the Big Bang. The term was championed by John Archibald Wheeler in the 1960s and 1970s as a possible route to a theory of quantum gravity. Since quantum mechanics allowed a metric to fluctuate, it was argued that the merging of gravity with quantum mechanics required a set of more fundamental rules regarding connectivity that were independent of topology and dimensionality. Where geometry could describe the properties of a known surface, the physics of a hypothetical region with predefined properties, "pregeometry" might allow one to work with deeper underlying rules of physics that were not so strongly dependent on simplified classical assumptions about the properties of space.

No single proposal for pregeometry has gained wide consensus support in the physics community. Some notions related to pregeometry predate Wheeler, other notions depart considerably from his outline of pregeometry but are still associated with it. A 2006 paper provided a survey and critique of pregeometry or near-pregeometry proposals up to that time. A summary of these is given below:

Discrete spacetime by Hill A proposal anticipating Wheeler's pregeometry, though assuming some geometric notions embedded in quantum mechanics and special relativity. A subgroup of Lorentz transformations with only rational coefficients is deployed. Energy and momentum variables are restricted to a certain set of rational numbers. Quantum wave functions work out to be a special case semi-periodical functions though the nature of wave functions is ambiguous since the energy-momentum space cannot be uniquely interpreted.

Discrete-space structure by Dadic and Pisk Spacetime as an unlabeled graph whose topological structure entirely characterizes the graph. Spatial points are related to vertices. Operators define the creation or annihilation of lines which develop into a Fock space framework. This discrete-space structure assumes the metric of spacetime and assumes composite geometric objects so it is not a pregeometric scheme in line with Wheeler's original conception of pregeometry.

Pregeometric graph by Wilson Spacetime is described by a generalized graph consisting of a very large or infinite set of vertices paired with a very large or infinite set of edges. From that graph emerge various constructions such as vertices with multiple edges, loops, and directed edges. These in turn support formulations of the metrical foundation of space-time.

Number theory pregeometry by Volovich Spacetime as a non-Archimedean geometry over a field of rational numbers and a finite Galois field where rational numbers themselves undergo quantum fluctuations.

Causal sets by Bombelli, Lee, Meyer and Sorkin All of spacetime at very small scales is a causal set consisting of locally finite set of elements with a partial order linked to the notion of past and future in macroscopic spacetime and causality between point-events. Derived from the causal order is the differential structure and the conformal metric of a manifold. A probability is assigned to a causal set becoming embedded in a manifold; thus there can be a transition from a discrete Planck scale fundamental unit of volume to a classical large scale continuous space.

Random graphs by Antonsen Spacetime is described by dynamical graphs with points (associated with vertices) and links (of unit length) that are created or annihilated according to probability calculations. The parameterization of graphs in a metaspace gives rise to time.

Bootstrap universe by Cahill and Klinger An iterative map composed of monads and the relations between them becomes a tree-graph of nodes and links. A definition of distance between any two monads is defined and from this and probabilistic mathematical tools emerges a three-dimensional space.

Axiomatic pregeometry by Perez, Bergliaffa, Romero and Vucetich An assortment of ontological presuppositions describes spacetime a result of relations between objectively existing entities. From presuppositions emerges the topology and metric of Minkowski spacetime.

Cellular networks by Requardt Space is described by a graph with densely entangled sub-clusters of nodes (with differential states) and bonds (either vanishing at 0 or directed at 1). Rules describe the evolution of the graph from a chaotic patternless pre-Big Bang condition to a stable spacetime in the present. Time emerges from a deeper external-parameter "clock-time" and the graphs lead to a natural metrical structure.

Simplicial quantum gravity by Lehto, Nielsen and Ninomiya Spacetime is described as having a deeper pregeometric structure based on three dynamical variables, vertices of an abstract simplicial complex, and a real-valued field associated with every pair of vertices; the abstract simplicial complex is set to correspond with a geometric simplicial complex and then geometric simplices are stitched together into a piecewise linear space. Developed further, triangulation, link distance, a piecewise linear manifold, and a spacetime metric arise. Further, a lattice quantization is formulated resulting in a quantum gravity description of spacetime.

Quantum automaton universe by Jaroszkiewicz and Eakins Event states (elementary or entangled) are provided topological relationships via tests (Hermitian operators) endowing the event states with evolution, irreversible acquisition of information, and a quantum arrow of time. Information content in various ages of the universe modifies the tests so the universe acts as an automaton, modifying its structure. Causal set theory is then worked out within this quantum automaton framework to describe a spacetime that inherits the assumptions of geometry within standard quantum mechanics.

Rational-number spacetime by Horzela, Kapuscik, Kempczynski and Uzes A preliminary investigation into how all events might be mapped with rational number coordinates and how this might help to better understand a discrete spacetime framework.

Further reading
Some additional or related pregeometry proposals are:

 Akama, Keiichi. "An Attempt at Pregeometry: Gravity with Composite Metric"
 Requardt, Mandred; Roy, Sisir. "(Quantum) Space-Time as a Statistical Geometry of Fuzzy Lumps and the Connection with Random Metric Spaces"
 Sidoni, Lorenzo. "Horizon thermodynamics in pregeometry"

References

 Misner, Thorne, and Wheeler ("MTW"), Gravitation (1971)  §44.4 "Not geometry, but pregeometry as the magic building material", §44.5 "Pregeometry as the calculus of prepositions"

Mathematical physics
Quantum gravity


Jewels of Gwahlur is a 1979 collection of two fantasy short stories written by Robert E. Howard featuring his sword and sorcery hero Conan the Barbarian.  The book was published in 1979 by Donald M. Grant, Publisher, Inc. as volume VIII of their deluxe Conan set.  The title story originally appeared in the magazine Weird Tales.  "The Snout in the Dark"  is the original fragment of a story that Howard never completed.  It first appeared, completed by L. Sprague de Camp and Lin Carter, in the collection Conan of Cimmeria.

Contents
 "Jewels of Gwahlur"
 "The Snout in the Dark"

References

1979 short story collections
Fantasy short story collections
Conan the Barbarian books
Donald M. Grant, Publisher books