Jamuna (30 August 1936 – 27 January 2023; née Nippani) was an Indian actress, director, and politician who appeared mainly in Telugu cinema. She made her acting debut at age 16 in Dr. Garikapati Rajarao's Puttillu (1953), and received her breakthrough with L. V. Prasad Missamma (1955). Her filmography also includes Tamil, Kannada, and Hindi films. She won a Filmfare Award and an award at Filmfare Awards South. She was a member of parliament in the 9th Lok Sabha (1989–1991) representing the Rajahmundry constituency.

Early life
Jamuna was born in  Hampi in present-day Karnataka to Kannada speaking Nippani Srinivasa Rao and Telugu speaking Kowsalya Devi, and was named Jana Bai. Her father was a Madhva Brahmin, while her mother was a Vaisya, resulting in an inter-caste love marriage. Jamuna grew up in Duggirala, in the Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh. Her father was involved in the business of turmeric and tobacco and their family moved there when she was seven years old.  When Savitri was performing drama in Duggirala, she would stay at Jamuna's house. Later, Savitri invited Jamuna to act in films. She began performing as heroines in movies at the age of 16.

Film career
Jamuna was a stage artist in school. Her mother taught her vocal music and harmonium. In 1952, Dr. Garikipati Raja Rao of the Indian People's Theatre Association saw her stage show Maa Bhoomi and offered her a role in his film Puttillu.

Jamuna acted in 198 films in Telugu and other south Indian languages.  She also acted in Hindi films, winning the Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award for Milan (1967), repeating her role from the original Telugu film Mooga Manasulu (1964).

Jamuna also established the Telugu artist association and through it provided social services for 25 years.

Political career
Jamuna joined the Congress party in the 1980s and was elected to the Lok Sabha from the Rajahmundry constituency in 1989. She lost the 1991 election and quit politics, but briefly campaigned for the BJP in the late 1990s during Atal Bihari Vajpayee's tenure.

Personal life and death
In 1965 Jamuna married Juluri Ramana Rao, a zoology professor at SV University; he died from cardiac arrest on 10 November 2014 at age 86. They had a son, Vamsee Juluri and a daughter, Sravanthi Juluri, and lived in Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Jamuna died at her home in Hyderabad on 27 January 2023, at age 86.

Awards
 1968: Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress - Milan
 1972: Filmfare Special Award - South - Pandanti Kapuram
 1999: Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award - MGR Award
 2008: NTR National Award
2010: Padmabhushan Dr. B. Sarojadevi National Award
2019: Santosham Lifetime Achievement Award at 17th Santosham Film Awards

Filmography

Telugu

 Puttilu (1953)
 Maa Gopi (1954)
 Bangaru Papa (1954)
 Nirupedalu (1954)
 Vaddante Dabbu (1954)
 Iddaru Pellalu (1954)
 Donga Ramudu (1955)
 Santosham (1955)
 Missamma (1955)
Tenali Ramakrishna (1956)
 Chiranjeevulu (1956)
 Muddu Bidda (1956)
 Chintamani (1956)
 Bhagya Rekha (1957)
 Sati Anasuya (1957)
 Maa Inti Mahalakshmi (1958)
 Bhookailas (1958)
 Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu (1959)
 Illarikam (1959)
 Jalsa Rayudu (1960)
 Pelli Kani Pillalu (1961)
 Gulebakavali Katha (1962)
 Gundamma Katha (1962)
 Srikakula Andhramaha Vishnu (1962)
 Pooja Phalam (1964)
 Bobbili Yuddham (1964)
 Manchi Manishi (1964)
 Mooga Manasulu (1964)
 Muralikrishna (1964)
 Ramudu Bheemudu (1964)Bobbili Yuddham(1964)
 Dorikithe Dongalu(1965)
 Keelu Bommalu (1965)
 Thodu Needa (1965)
 Sri Krishna Tulabharam (1965)
 Leta Manasulu (1966)
 Adugu Jaadalu (1966) as Parvathi
 Chadarangam (1967)
 Poola Rangadu (1967)
 Chinnari Paapalu (1968)
 Bandipotu Dongalu (1968)
 Ramu (1968)
 Undamma Bottu Pedata (1968)
 Atta O Kodalu (1969)
 Ekaveera (1969)
 Mattilo Manikyam (1971)
 ‘’Attanu Diddina Kodalu’’ (1972)
 Pandanti Kapuram (1972)
 Nindu Kutumbam (1973) as Mohini
 Samsaram (1975)Manushulanta Okkate (1976)
 Kuruskhetram (1977)
 Chiranjeevi Rambabu (1977)  as Rathnam
 Eedu Jodu Adajanma Vanaja Girija Tahsildar Gari Ammayi Collector Janaki Mama Allulla Saval (1980)
 Bangaru Koduku (1982)
 Bangaru ThalliGauriMangamma SapadhamPellirojuGadusu PilladuSrimanthuduManasu MangalyamNavarathriMooganomuPellirojuAmayakuduAllude MenalluduSati AnasuyaRamalayamKakshaChallani NeedaBangaru SankelluNadee AdajanmePalamanasuluMuhurtabalamMenakodaluMamathaSnehabandhamPeddalu MaraliManushulu MattibommaluAdambaralu AnubandhaluDeerghasumangaliAnnapurnamma gari manavaduBahubaliTamil

 Panam Paduthum Padu (1954)
 Jaya Gopi (1955)
 Missiamma (1955)
 Thiruttu Raman (1955)
 Tenali Raman (1956)
 Naga Devathai (1956)
 Kudumba Villakku (1956)
 Thangamalai Ragasiyam (1957)
 Pakka Thirudan (1957)
 Kula Gouravam (1957)
 Bhaktha Ravana (1958)
 Kadan Vaangi Kalyaanam (1958)
 Bommai Kalyanam (1958)
 Vaazhkai Oppandham (1959)
 Kanniraindha Kanavan (1959)
 Thaai Magalukku Kattiya Thaali (1959)
 Nalla Theerpu (1959)
 Kadavulin Kuzhandhai (1960)
 Marutha Nattu Veeran (1961)
 Revathi (1961)
 Nichaya Thaamboolam (1962)
 Dakshayagnam (1962)
 Manithan Maravillai (1962)
 Kuzhandaiyum Deivamum (1965)
 Anbu Sagodharargal (1973)
 Naan Nandri Solven (1979)
 Thoongadhey Thambi Thoongadhey (1983)

KannadaAadarsha Sathi (1955)Tenali Ramakrishna (1956)Bhookailasa (1956)Rathnagiri Rahasya (1957)Sakshatkara (1971)Mayeya Musuku (1980)Guru Sarwabhowma Sri Raghavendra Karune (1980)Police Matthu Dada (1991)

Hindi
 Miss Mary (1957)
 Ramu Dada (1961)
 Ek Raaz (1963)
 Hamrahi (1963)
 Beti Bete (1964)
 Rishte Nate (1965)
 Milan (1967) (Filmfare Best Supporting Actress award)
 Dulhan (1975)
 Naukar Biwi Ka (1983)
 Raaj Tilak (1984)

References

External links

1936 births
2023 deaths
Telugu actresses
Indian film actresses
Actresses from Andhra Pradesh
Actresses in Kannada cinema
India MPs 1989–1991
Indian actor-politicians
People from Bellary district
20th-century Indian actresses
20th-century Indian film directors
Indian women film directors
Hampi
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Film directors from Andhra Pradesh
Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh
Actresses in Telugu cinema
Actresses in Tamil cinema
Indian stage actresses
Actresses in Telugu theatre
Indian child actresses
Child actresses in Telugu cinema
Actresses from Rajahmundry
Women in Andhra Pradesh politics
20th-century Indian women politicians
20th-century Indian politicians
Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh
Santosham Film Awards winners
Filmfare Awards winners
Telugu women film directors


Paxton is a small village near the B6461 and the B6460, in the pre-1975 ancient county of Berwickshire, now an administrative area of the Scottish Borders region of Scotland. It lies 1 mile west of the border with Northumberland, near Berwick-upon-Tweed. It is a traditional, country village surrounded by farmland, and its closest market towns are Duns and Berwick-upon-Tweed.

Paxton is beside the River Tweed which is the border at that point and on Whiteadder Water. Paxton is also the location of Paxton House.

Linking Scotland and England, the nearby Union Chain Bridge, opened in 1820, was the longest wrought iron suspension bridge in the world. It was also the first of its kind in Britain.

History

Traditionally home to villagers working on the land or in the salmon fishery on the Tweed, Paxton is said to be the birthplace of the song Robin Adair:

Paxton's a fine snug place, Robin Adair,

It's a wondrous couthie place, Robin Adair;

Let Whiteadder rin a spate,

Or the wind blow at ony rate,

Yet I'll meet thee on the gait, Robin Adair.

See also

Paxton House

External links

CANMORE/RCAHMS record for Paxton, Village Hall
CANMORE/RCAHMS record for Paxton, General
SCRAN image: Salmon Fishers Hauling In Their Catch At Paxton On The River Tweed
GEOGRAPH image: Church of Scotland, Paxton
 Paxton Village Hall official website

Berwickshire
Villages in the Scottish Borders
Hutton Castle


Dieulefit (; Dieulofé, from Old Occitan Dieu lo fe "God made it") is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.

Population

See also
Communes of the Drôme department

References

Communes of Drôme


John Farrell Easmon, MRCS, LM, LKQCP, MD, CMO (30 June 1856 – 9 June 1900), was a prominent Sierra Leonean Creole medical doctor in the British Gold Coast who served as Chief Medical Officer during the 1890s. Easmon was the only West African to be promoted to Chief Medical Officer and he served in this role with distinction during the last decade of the 19th century. Easmon was a botanist and a noted expert on the study and treatment of tropical diseases. In 1884, he wrote a pamphlet entitled The Nature and Treatment of Blackwater Fever, which noted for the first time the relationship between blackwater fever and malaria. Easmon coined the term "blackwater fever" in his pamphlet on the malarial disease.

Background

A member of the prominent Easmon family medical dynasty, John Farrell Easmon (or "Johnnie") was born of "good Settler stock" in the Settler Town area of Freetown, Sierra Leone, on 30 June 1856 to Walter Richard Easmon (1824–1883) and his second wife Mary Ann MacCormac (1830–1865). On both his paternal and maternal lineages, John Easmon was a descendant of Freetown's Founding Families, the Nova Scotian settlers, who were African Americans originally from the United States. Easmon's paternal grandparents were William and Jane Easmon, who had arrived in Sierra Leone from the United States via Nova Scotia in 1792. John Easmon's mother, Mary Ann MacCormac was part Northern Irish and part Settler, the daughter of Hannah Cuthbert, a Settler woman of African-American descent originally from Savannah, Georgia, and John MacCormac, a successful Irish trader who was the uncle of Sir William MacCormac.

Education
J. F. Easmon grew up on Little East Street and attended a Roman Catholic primary school at Howe Street, Freetown, before being enrolled alongside Isaac Easmon in the Church Missionary Society Grammar School in 1869. After serving as an apprentice to Dr. Robert Smith at the Colonial Hospital, in 1875 Easmon received his inheritance from the estate of his maternal grandfather and immediately registered at University College London in order to gain Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons (MRCS). While at University College London, Easmon won six medals (three gold medals and three silver medals), including the Liston Gold Medal for Clinical Surgery, and his academic achievements were lauded by newspapers in Sierra Leone. After graduating in 1879 after a distinguished academic career, Easmon gained the LM and LKQCP from the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland (now the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland) and an M.D. with distinction from the Université libre de Bruxelles.

Return to Sierra Leone
Easmon's distinguished academic career received attention from his uncle, Sir William MacCormac, who offered him a position as an assistant house surgeon. Easmon turned down the offer and returned to Freetown, where he opened a practice on No. 2 East Street in Settler Town, Sierra Leone. Easmon was known for wearing the "proper English medical attire" consisting of a silk top hat, frock coat, and striped trousers, which he also wore on his annual leave to England. Many elderly settlers sought his attention and perhaps due to the amount of attention he received, or to further his ambitions, Easmon moved to the Gold Coast in 1880. It was there that he would establish himself as an eminent West African doctor.

Medical career in the Gold Coast
Easmon moved to the Gold Coast in 1880 and accepted a position as an Assistant Colonial Surgeon, in addition to opening a private practice in Accra. He was rotated between Keta, Accra, and also served in Lagos, Nigeria. His popularity in the Gold Coast increased among native and European residents and when he applied as a colonial medical officer in Sierra Leone, Sir William Brandford Griffith, the governor of the Gold Coast, recommended to the colonial government that Easmon remain on the Gold Coast where he was needed.

Career as Chief Medical Officer
Easmon served as Chief Medical Officer (CMO) before officially being appointed CMO of the Gold Coast in 1893. He served in this role until his resignation in 1897, following an investigation into whether he maintained a private practice and published articles in the Gold Coast press, in contravention of colonial regulations.

Social activities
Easmon resided with his family in Victoriaborg, then the European residential district in Accra. He was an active and prominent freemason and was a member and one-time Master of the Victoria Lodge in Accra and the John Hervey Lodge in England. He was an active member of the Accra Jockey Club or Accra Turf Club and with his horse, "His Lordship", won the Governor's Cup on several occasions. Easmon also served as a medical officer in the Accra Volunteer Corps.

Easmon was a founder and keen worker of the Aburi Botanical Gardens and also donated samples to Kew Gardens.

Family
In 1889, John Easmon married Annette Kathleen Smith (daughter of William Smith and the sister of Dr Robert Smith, Francis Smith, and Adelaide Casely-Hayford). The couple had two children: Macormack Charles Farrell Easmon and Kathleen Easmon Simango. Macormack Easmon was also a prominent Creole doctor. John Easmon's grandson in the Gold Coast, Charles Odamtten Easmon, became Chief Medical Officer in newly independent Ghana in 1964 and was Dean of the Medical School. John Easmon's half-brother Albert Whiggs Easmon was a successful Creole doctor whose son, Raymond Sarif Easmon, was a doctor and poet.

Death
Easmon died of pneumonia on 9 June 1900, aged 43, and was buried in Cape Coast.

Sources
M. C. F. Easmon, "A Nova Scotian Family", Eminent Sierra Leoneans in the Nineteenth Century (1961).
Adell Patton, Jr., "Dr. John Farrell Easmon: Medical Professionalism and Colonial Racism in the Gold Coast, 1856-1900", The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 22, No. 4 (1989), pp. 601–636.
Adell Patton Jr., "The Easmon Episode", Physicians, Colonial Racism, and Diaspora in West Africa, pp. 93–122.

References

1856 births
1900 deaths
19th-century Sierra Leonean physicians
Deaths from pneumonia in the British Empire
Gold Coast (British colony) people
MacCormac family of County Armagh, Northern Ireland
People from Freetown
Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate people
Sierra Leone Creole people
Sierra Leonean health officials
Sierra Leonean people of African-American descent
Sierra Leonean people of Irish descent
John Farrell
Deaths from pneumonia in Ghana


Valerică Marius Găman (born 25 February 1989) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a central defender for Liga I club Hermannstadt.

Club career

Universitatea Craiova
He was the captain of Universitatea Craiova and a regular player for Romania U21. In February 2011 he was declared free agent, but in the meantime he signed a new contract with U Craiova, from 1 July 2011. So he played in the Spring of 2011 for Dinamo București, and returned to Craiova in July.

Astra Giurgiu
Following the disaffiliation of Universitatea, Găman was again declared free agent and signed on 3 August 2011 a contract for five years with Astra Giurgiu.

Personal life
He has two brothers, one of them is Robert Irinel who was also a footballer at Universitatea Craiova and the other one is George who is a football referee.

Career statistics

Club

International

International goals

Honours

Club
Astra Giurgiu
Liga I: 2015–16
Cupa României: 2013–14
Supercupa României: 2014

Universitatea Craiova
Supercupa României: 2021

References

External links

1989 births
Living people
People from Băilești
Romanian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Liga I players
FC U Craiova 1948 players
FC Dinamo București players
FC Astra Giurgiu players
FC Steaua București players
Süper Lig players
Kardemir Karabükspor footballers
Saudi Pro League players
Al Shabab FC (Riyadh) players
CS Universitatea Craiova players
FC Hermannstadt players
Romania men's under-21 international footballers
Romania men's international footballers
UEFA Euro 2016 players
Romanian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Expatriate men's footballers in Saudi Arabia
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia
Footballers from Dolj County


Kentucky Route 446 (KY 446) is a state highway in the city of Bowling Green in Warren County, Kentucky. The highway runs  from U.S. Route 31W, US 68, and KY 80 east to Interstate 65 (I-65). KY 446 is a four-lane divided highway that serves as a connector between the Interstate and U.S. Highways east of Bowling Green and provides access to the National Corvette Museum and the Bowling Green Assembly Plant.

Route description
KY 446 begins at a modified trumpet interchange with Louisville Road, on which US 31W, US 68, and KY 80 run concurrently, at the eastern edge of the city of Bowling Green. The junction includes a flyover from KY 446 to westbound Louisville Road and a left turn from westbound Louisville Road to KY 446. KY 446's only intermediate intersection is with Corvette Drive, which leads south to the National Corvette Museum and north to the Bowling Green Assembly Plant, where General Motors manufactures the Chevrolet Corvette. The highway reaches its eastern terminus at a trumpet interchange with I-65. The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet classifies KY 446 as a state primary highway.

Major intersections

References

0446
0446


Earl Carroll (September 16, 1893 – June 17, 1948) was an American theatrical producer, director, writer, songwriter and composer.

Early life
Carroll was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1893. He lived as an infant in the Nunnery Hill (Fineview) section of the North Side. Carroll later said he left the area "because there were too many tin cans and goats up there then."

Career

Carroll produced and directed numerous Broadway musicals, including eleven editions of Earl Carroll's Vanities, Earl Carroll's Sketch Book and Murder at the Vanities, which was also made into a film starring Carl Brisson, Victor McLaglen and Jack Oakie. Known as "the troubadour of the nude", Carroll was famous for his productions featuring the most lightly clad showgirls on Broadway.

Damon Runyon, in his short story The Brain Goes Home has the narrator remark, "Well, Mr. Earl Carroll feels sorry for Cynthia, so he puts her in the 'Vanities' and lets her walk around raw, and The Brain sees her, and the next thing anybody knows she is riding in a big foreign automobile the size of a rum chaser, and is chucking a terrible swell." In 1922, he built the first Earl Carroll Theatre in New York, which was demolished and rebuilt on a grander scale in 1931. He built a second theatre on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, California, in 1938.

In 1926, Carroll became involved in a scandal following a party he threw in honor of Harry Kendall Thaw, who 20 years earlier had murdered Stanford White. During the private party, a bathtub was brought out in which reposed a nude young woman, Joyce Hawley, bathing in illegal liquor, described in a news story of Carroll's death as champagne. One of the guests was Philip A. Payne, editor of the New York Mirror. Although Carroll expected his guests would be circumspect about what happened at the party, Payne published a report. Federal authorities, apparently determined to learn the source of the illegal alcohol, subpoenaed Carroll to appear (with others) before a grand jury. Carroll denied the incident happened, but others at the party confirmed it. The federal government prosecuted Carroll for perjury, and he was convicted and sent to the Atlanta Penitentiary for six months.

Carroll wrote the scores for Broadway shows, including So Long Letty, Canary Cottage, and The Love Mill, for which he also wrote the libretto. As a writer of popular songs, his credits include Isle d'Amour, So Long Letty, Dreams of Long Ago, Give Me All of You, Just The Way You Are, and Dreaming, for which he supplied lyrics to the waltz by Archibald Joyce.

A pair of mid-1940s musical comedy films, Earl Carroll Vanities and Earl Carroll Sketchbook, both starring Constance Moore, were inspired by Carroll's stage revues.

Death
Carroll died in the crash of United Airlines Flight 624, which also took the life of his girlfriend, Beryl Wallace, on June 17, 1948, in Aristes, Pennsylvania.

References

External links

1893 births
1948 deaths
American theatre directors
American theatre managers and producers
American perjurers
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1948
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in the United States
Accidental deaths in Pennsylvania
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government


The Japanese script reform is the attempt to correlate standard spoken Japanese with the written word, which began during the Meiji period. This issue is known in Japan as the . The reforms led to the development of the modern Japanese written language, and explain the arguments for official policies used to determine the usage and teaching of kanji rarely used in Japan.

History

Pre-World War II reforms
A misconception is held that Japanese script reform originated from the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers during the Occupation of Japan, but in fact, a plan had already been put into place prior to the occupation. Reform efforts date back to at least 1900, and proposals to reform kanji usage had been developed in the 1920s.

In the 1900 kana usage reforms, hentaigana (old variant forms of kana) were eliminated, though historical kana orthography (dating to the Heian period, a millennium before) was retained. A separate character for n  was also prescribed; previously it had been written as  (the same as mu) and  was a hentaigana for both these sounds. A proposal to eliminate certain kanji from use was implemented in a number of regions and overseas territories in the 1920s, near the end of the Taishō period.

In November 1922, the , the precursor to the Japanese Language Council, now the Japanese Language subdivision of the Agency for Cultural Affairs, selected and approved a list of 1,962 kanji characters for daily use. This group of characters formed the basis for the tōyō kanji list, which eventually developed into the modern jōyō kanji list. In December 1923, the committee approved a set of reforms for kana usage; the prototype for the modern kana system.

Reforms
The reforms made after the Second World War have had a particularly significant impact on accepted kanji usage in the modern Japanese language.

On 12 November 1945, the Yomiuri Shimbun newspaper published an editorial concerning the abolition of kanji, and on 31 March 1946, the first American Education Delegation arrived in Japan at the invitation of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) and issued its first report. The report pointed out the difficulties concerning kanji use, and advocated the use of rōmaji, which they considered more convenient. As a result, the gradual abolition of kanji became official policy for the SCAP, and the tōyō kanji list and modern kana usage proposals were drawn up in accordance with this policy.

Tōyō kanji
The tōyō kanji list, containing 1850 characters, was published by the cabinet on 16 November 1946 with the intention of completely abolishing the use of kanji in the future. The list reduced the number of kanji deemed appropriate for daily use, and categorized certain kanji for specific use in official publications and documents.

Prior to this reform, an attempt had already been made to standardise several kanji, known as kyūjitai, with other forms, known as shinjitai, but was not conducted systematically. For new character forms, changes were only made to several characters with minimal modifications.

Another separate attempt was made to limit the number of kanji readings, but the first list proved much too restrictive. For instance, the character for fish  had its readings limited to gyo and uo when the most common reading, sakana, was not officially recognized by the list. These shortcomings were acknowledged in the revised list of tōyō kanji, published on 28 June 1972.

On 5 July 1956, the Japanese Language Council announced a list of substitute characters for words that contained characters not on the official list in an effort to ease the implementation of tōyō kanji. This use of alternative, common kanji in place of rarer ones was called  (also written as ).

Different characters for words were unified using characters from the tōyō kanji list. The list below shows some examples, with the non-tōyō kanji placed in brackets.

 chūmon (order, request)
 iseki (historic ruins)
 kōsei (rebirth, originally read sosei, and may be written as  to reflect the original reading)
 chie (wisdom)
 ryakudatsu (pillage, plunder)
 bōgai (jamming, interference)
 ikō (intention, idea)
 kōwa (reconciliation, peace)
 kakutō (fighting)
 shokan (letter, epistle)

Jargon and other specialized words that could be written in more than one way were generally written using characters from the list.
 kokkaku (skeletal structure)
 kikei (birth defect)

Other words that used kanji that were not included in the list were given phonetic substitutes.
 bōgyo (defence)
 sendō (abet, agitate)
 eichi (wisdom)
 konkō (mix)
 gekikō (excited, enraged)

For kanji compounds with characters that could not be reasonably substituted, the recommendation was to write the "missing" kanji in kana instead, a practice known as , which is very common in the name of chemical elements.
 hifu (skin)
 izoku (Yi people)
 fusso (fluorine)
 tanpakushitsu (protein)
 yū-utsu (melancholy) and  utsubyō (depression)

However, the recent prevalence of computers has made it easier for Japanese speakers to identify and use rarer characters, and the idea of having a list of approved characters has come under reconsideration. Japanese media have increasingly used non-approved kanji with furigana to aid the reader in place of mazegaki.

Kanji for names
On 16 February 1948, 881 of the tōyō kanji were designated to be taught during primary education, and became known as the kyōiku kanji (education kanji).

In the same year, Article 50 of the family register law made it illegal to name a child using characters not on the official list. When this law first came into effect, the Ministry of Justice declared that all newborn babies must be registered in the koseki (the Japanese family registry) with a name that used only hiragana, katakana or tōyō kanji. However, in 1951, an additional 92 characters were approved by the government as jinmeiyō kanji; kanji acceptable for use in names. This list was modified in 1997 to increase to a total of 285 characters. At the time, eight characters from the original jinmeiyō kanji list were added to the jōyō kanji (daily use) list, and were removed from the group of jinmeiyō kanji.

On 27 September 2004, another 488 kanji were approved for use in names, partly as a result of the ruling by the Sapporo High Court that it was unacceptable for so many common characters to be excluded from use in names simply because they were not part of the official list. 578 characters were initially added, though some characters unsuitable for names such as  (grudge, resent),  (haemorrhoids) and  (corpse) were removed as a result of public feedback.

Criticisms
The tōyō kanji list, which was created as a step towards the abolition of kanji, has undergone frequent criticism by scholars. In 1958, Tsuneari Fukuda wrote an article in the magazine Koe pointing out that it was impossible to restrict kanji use, and in 1961, several prominent anti-reformists walked out of the Japanese Language Council general meeting in protest of the dominance of the phoneticists, who were always re-elected to their positions on the council.

The following year, Japanese Language Council member Tomizō Yoshida argued that the council should base their reforms on standardising the current writing system using a mixture of kanji and kana, and in 1965, Morito Tatsuo, the then chairman of the council, announced that the complete abolition of kanji was now inconceivable and that Yoshida's suggestion would become official policy.

Modern kana usage
On 16 November 1946, historical kana usage underwent official reform to reflect modern pronunciation as .  In addition, two kana,  wi and  we, were officially declared obsolete, as the pronunciations they represented had dropped from the language many centuries before.

Some reformers wished to eliminate kanji altogether, and have a phonetic written language only using kana, but this was decided against, and further reforms were halted.

Modern kana usage still has one or two incongruities, as reform was halted at an intermediate stage. On 1 July 1985, the government confirmed that no further reforms would be made in the near future.

Three particles maintain their historical kana form: the topic marker wa is written  ha instead of , the direction marker e is written  he instead of  and the object marker o is written with the otherwise archaic kana  wo instead of .
The sounds ji and zu are usually written with the kana  and  respectively, with two exceptions. In compound words of Japanese origin where the second element normally begins chi or tsu and is voiced in the compound, the kana  and  are used instead. For example,  hanaji (nose bleed) consists of  hana (nose) and  chi (blood). As chi is written using the kana , hanaji is written , adding a dakuten to the original kana to indicate that it is voiced. This is a form of morpho-phonemic orthography, to indicate that it comes from voicing a  rather than voicing a  or being an unrelated .
 and  are also used in words of Japanese origin if the preceding kana is the unvoiced form of the same character. For example, the words  and  are written in this manner, though the correct kana usage for chijimi (the Japanese word for the Korean dish buchimgae) is , as opposed to , as the word is not native to the language.
  and  are never used for words of Chinese origin. The character  is usually read tsū, but in compounds it may be read as zū (for instance,  yūzū (flexibility) is written ) with no regard to its usual pronunciation.

Reintroduction of older kanji in mass media
When reporting the lawsuits regarding cases of Minamata disease in 1970, the non-tōyō kanji  on, "grudge", was used to refer to the feelings of the bereaved families. As a result of this widespread coverage, this kanji was reintroduced into popular usage, which opened the door for many more kanji to be rehabilitated.

Jōyō kanji and the Japanese Industrial Standards
The jōyō kanji list, consisting at that time of 1,945 characters, was published by the Japanese government in 1981 to serve as a replacement for the tōyō kanji list. This newer list was based on the older tōyō kanji list, though jōyō kanji was more of a guide to kanji usage while tōyō kanji was created to gradually eliminate kanji usage.

Around the same time, the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (JIS) also attempted to create a standardised kanji character set for use in computing and word processing, and to assign a unique character code to each kanji for data processing. This character set was, like the jōyō kanji, merely a subset of the thousands of documented kanji, and became known colloquially as the JIS kanji set. The character set has undergone several revisions since its inception. The first of these, officially known as JIS C 6226, or more commonly as the old JIS kanji set, was published in 1978 and contained 6802 characters. After the creation of the jōyō kanji list in 1983, the old set was expanded to contain 6877 characters, including some non-kanji characters. This is known as the new JIS kanji set, and was designated as JIS X 0208 in 1987.

Approximately 200 characters were changed from their traditional form to their simplified form in the change from the old JIS to the new JIS set, meaning that word documents written on computers using the old character set would not display the same characters when displayed on a computer that used the new character set.

The JIS character set makes no distinction between the forms of characters, so it is not possible to distinguish between traditional and simplified forms. However, some characters, such as , , and , are distinguished within the character set, despite being variations of the same character.

Gaiji
Increased use of kana to kanji conversion on word processors and computers during the mid-1980s brought drastic changes to the amount of Japanese written by hand. As a result, the use of kanji outside the jōyō kanji increased, reversing the prior trend of using fewer kanji. These characters were called gaiji (lit. "outside characters")

The preface to the Japanese Language Council internal report on the jōyō kanji states that the council's decision on the forms of characters not on the approved list is pending, and will await research from each field. The new JIS character set extends kanji simplification to gaiji, creating a discrepancy between the standard forms of characters used in literature and materials produced on a computer or word processor. There is pressure for the Japanese publishing industry to adopt the new JIS character set abbreviations, and the resulting variation in gaiji led the Japanese Language Council, in their final report in December 2000, to produce a list of standard forms for many of these kanji to be used as a guideline. This list is called the  in Japan.

This list was compiled by researching the various gaiji forms used in printed materials, and 1022 major characters were given standard forms to be used in print type face. 22 of these characters were simplified common forms, and the abbreviated forms of three radicals were acknowledged as permissible alternatives for these characters. However, the general policy of the list was to use traditional forms for all gaiji.

Though newspaper publishers had been firm advocates for reducing the number of kanji, the release of the gaiji list forced them to reduce mazegaki in newspaper print. Subsequent issues of the  tended to increase the number of permissible characters, so that former mazegaki words could be written as kanji (for example, the use of  in place of  or  in place of ). As newspapers began to use computerised typesetting, some newspapers reintroduced ruby characters to indicate the reading of uncommon kanji. Though not a unified movement, there was a general trend towards increased kanji use. Other mass media organizations followed suit, and the  also reduced the amount of mazegaki used.

There were substantial discrepancies between the gaiji list and JIS forms, but these discrepancies were corrected in 2004 with the release of JIS X 0213, which brought the JIS in line with the Japanese Language Council. The changes in jinmeiyō kanji made by the Ministry of Justice during the same year also conformed to this standard printed form, with  being an exception. Computers have also moved towards a standard form following the printed character forms. However, JIS X 0213 subsumes personal place names and other proper nouns that were excluded from the gaiji list, so confusion may still result for characters like , where the character form differs between the printed standard and naming standard.

Jōyō kanji and jinmeiyō kanji (list as of 2000) were not included on the gaiji list, so the standards for those characters are the forms used in the jinmeiyō kanji list. Similarly,  and , which were added to the jinmeiyō kanji list in 1990, remain the standards forms for the same reason, even though traditional forms exist for those characters (a dot in the middle of  for , and a double-dotted radical for ). These kanji remained unchanged in the alterations made to the list in 2004. On the other hand, the characters 堵 and 逢, which were added to the jinmeiyō kanji list in 2004, do have a standard printed form with a dot in the middle of  and two dots on the radical, and were amended accordingly in JIS X 0213.

Historical advocates for reform
The use of kanji as part of Japanese orthography has been a matter of debate since at least the end of the Edo period. The use of kanji has been criticised for various reasons, the main criticisms being:
There are too many kanji, and it is difficult to remember how to read and write them.
The Latin alphabet is used internationally, and using kanji separates Japan from the rest of the world. This argument was used from a technical point of view after the appearance of the typewriter and computer.
Processing kanji is more time-consuming on word processors and computers.
Text that uses a mixture of kanji and kana requires kanji conversion, which is inefficient in comparison to text that only uses kana or rōmaji.

These criticisms led to arguments that reduction or eradication of kanji was a matter of national interest. The idea of abolishing kanji is often referenced to Maejima Hisoka's report titled , which was submitted to the shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu in 1866. The report argued that kanji should be abolished because the process of learning kanji was inefficient; however, in recent years the existence of this report has come into question. Other advocates of kanji reform include the following:

Kamo no Mabuchi,
Critical of the number of kanji, and argued that kana were more convenient because they were phonetic characters like the alphabet. Notes that a French dictionary was written using only 50 characters, and that Dutch uses only 25 characters.
Motoori Norinaga,
Fukuzawa Yukichi,  (1873)
Maejima Hisoka,  (1866)
Nishi Amane,  (advocating the use of rōmaji)
Suematsu Kenchō,  (1886)
Ueda Kazutoshi
Mori Arinori,   (Advocating the use of English)
Nanbu Yoshikazu (Advocated the use of rōmaji)
Baba Tatsui,
Shiga Naoya,  (Advocating the use of French) (Kaizō magazine, April, 1946)

The romaji issue is still occasionally pushed by fringe writers, for example the 2011 book  by Katsuhiko Tanaka ().

Current issues

Character-related issues
Current opinion favors the inclusion of the character  under the Jōyō Kanji list in order to promote the more positive word for handicapped person, , because the current word for handicapped, , uses the character , which has a secondary derogatory meaning of "harm or evil influence".

Mazegaki
The current issue of mazegaki, mixing kanji and kana to write a single word, originated with the modern reforms, particularly the introduction of the tōyō kanji list. Though the intention was to have words requiring characters that were not included on the list to be substituted with a suitable synonym, in reality, the rule was circumvented by writing these kanji in kana and making mazegaki commonplace. Foods commonly written either just in kana or in mazegaki include  (shōyu soya sauce) and  (miso). Other words commonly written as mazegaki include 改ざん, , , , , and  where the traditional forms are , , , , , and  respectively. Note that in some cases the unused kanji is very complicated ( has 23 strokes), while in other cases the character may be relatively simple but not on the official list (e.g.  has only 9 strokes). This is also common for medical terms, which often use rare kanji, as in  for .

Mazegaki is not enforced and is rarely used in literature, where traditional forms are often used, although it is common in media outlets such as newspapers and television broadcasts, since non-Jōyō kanji are not supposed to be used in these contexts. In extreme cases, jōyō kanji may be written in this way in television programmes or manga aimed at younger children or language learners – for example  (honyūrui "mammal") as . Mazegaki may also be used in signs, possibly as katakana – for example,  (hifuka dermatologist) may be written as  to improve legibility from a distance.

At the time of the introduction of the tōyō kanji list, the use of ruby characters, also known as furigana, led to high printing costs for newspaper companies due to difficulties in typesetting, and mazegaki eliminated the need for furigana. The resulting reduction in printing costs caused the restriction or abolition of kanji to give serious economic advantages to newspaper companies, and they became heavily involved in decisions made by the Japanese Language Council.

Kakikae
The use of common kanji in place of uncommon ones with the same reading is known as kakikae ("changed writing"). One of the most common examples is the use of  instead of , both pronounced sai, when writing ages, as in  rather than . Another common example is  chūsen (lottery), which is often written as , in addition to the mazegaki  mentioned above. A rarer example is the word  chinden 'settlement (of sediment)', which is a combination of the characters  'to sink' and  'sediment', so the meaning is evident from the kanji. However, in modern writing the uncommon character  has been substituted with  'Mr, lord' (omitting the 3-stroke water radical on the left), a similar character with the same pronunciation but a different meaning, yielding the combination , which could now be construed to mean 'sinking lord'.

Various hybrid simplifications also exist, using simpler non-standard characters. This is generally used in handwriting instead of print, and these characters are known as ryakuji ("abbreviated characters"). For example, replacing  with , both pronounced to, is kakikae, as these are both standard characters, but replacing  with the non-standard character  (:  contained in ) is a ryakuji.

Controversy
Advocates of the method explain that it makes content easier to read and will attract a wider audience, while critics argue that it is sloppy and erodes traditional culture. Further, mazegaki is criticized because in some respects it makes the text more difficult to read, as it is not clear whether the hiragana (or katakana) are part of a content word, or if they are okurigana or performing a grammatical function (inflection or particles).

As they are phonetic substitutions, one of the problems with using mazegaki and kakikae is that the original meaning of the word is not clear from the characters. Kanji have both sound and meaning, and most compounds are created by combining both (ateji usually use only sound, and jukujikun usually use only meaning, however). For example, the  of  hatan means 'rip', but the  is kana tan and does not carry any meaning. Furthermore, mazegaki may cause problems in discerning the intended reading; for example, the word  shinshi ("sincerity"), when written as , may be misconstrued as *mashi or makotoshi, causing momentary confusion.

Although there are some examples where kakikae uses a simpler character with a similar or related meaning and is generally not criticized, for the most part the substitutions have been purely phonetic and the practices of mazegaki and kakikae have been criticised for legitimising sloppy Japanese and eroding part of Japanese culture.

Variant characters in Microsoft Windows
In 2005, Microsoft announced that the fonts Meiryo, MS Gothic, and MS Mincho in the Windows Vista operating system would comply with JIS X 0213:2004. Though this removed incompatibilities with the accepted gaiji forms in the Windows environment, it did raise concerns that the characters would be displayed differently depending on the version of Windows system used, re-creating the problems that occurred in the shift from the old to new JIS character set. Microsoft allayed these fears by announcing that the standard Japanese fonts on Vista would be OpenType compatible, and old character forms could also be used by converting between variant forms. In actuality, the Adobe Systems applications InDesign, Illustrator and the JustSystems application Ichitaro allow conversion of variant forms in software that have full support for OpenType. However, there are few other applications released for Windows Vista that support OpenType, and Office 2007 does not support conversion of variant kanji forms.

See also
Historical kana usage
Asahi characters
Character encoding

References

Bibliography
Suzuki, Yasuyuki. (1977). Kokugo Kanji Mondai no Riron. Mugi shobō, .
Takashima, Toshio. Kanji to Nihonjin. Bungeishunjū, .
Tabei, Fumio.. Taishukan Shoten, .
Tsuneari, Fukuda. Watashi no Kokugo kyōshitsu. Bungeishunjū, .

External links
Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs
Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs
Nippon-no-Rômazi-Sya (An organization promoting the use of rōmaji)
The Society for the Romanization of the Japanese Alphabet

Kanji
Spelling reform


Batujaya is an archeological site located in the village of Batujaya, Karawang in West Java, Indonesia. Archaeologists suggest that the Batujaya temples might be the oldest surviving temple structures in Java and estimated that it was built during the time of the Tarumanegara kingdom circa 5th to 6th century CE.

The site has an area of five square kilometers and contains at least 30 structures which in Sundanese are called hunyur, or unur (high mounds of earth consisting of artifacts). Unur is similar to the manapo found at the Muara Jambi archaeological site.

Structure of the sites
The site was first found and examined by archaeologists from the University of Indonesia in 1984. Excavations have since uncovered 17 unur, of which three are in the form of pools. The structures found are made of bricks composed of a mixture of clay and rice husks, not volcanic rock which is difficult to find in Batujaya. Two structures recovered are in the form of temples, one of which, known as Jiwa Temple, has been restored. According to Dr. Tony Djubiantono, the head of Bandung Archeology Agency, Jiwa was built in the 2nd-century.

As local Indonesian governments do not maintain the site, Ford provides funds for research and excavation of the Batujaya complex as part of its Conservation and Environmental Grants.

Advance technology has been applied for the construction with some of the floor and other parts of the temple which require hardening made of unreinforced concrete with marble-size stones and some of the temple are also coated with a thick enough of stucco.

History
The discovery of this archaeological site was important as it was within the location of Tarumanagara, the oldest Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in Indonesia; West Java lacks ancient temple remains. Before the discovery, only four temple sites have been found in West Java, namely they are Cangkuang temple (in Garut), Ronggeng Temple, Pamarican Temple, and Pananjung Temple (in Ciamis).

Preliminary research at Jiwa found that the temple was built between the fifth and sixth centuries. This is based on the inscriptions found on numerous votive tablets discovered in the area, small clay tablets with inscriptions and pictures of Buddha used in prayer. Prof. Dr. Budihartono, a senior anthropologist from the University of Indonesia, proposed carrying out pollen analysis for examining both the paleoenvironment and also cultural records, including evidence of diet and food processing.

In and around the site is also discovered the fragments of Buni culture clay pottery, which suggests the Buni culture, spread across the  northern coast of West Java, was the predecessor of the Batujaya site.

In April 2019, the complex was declared as an Indonesian national cultural treasure.

See also

 Bojongmenje
 Buddhism in Indonesia
 Cangkuang
 Candi of Indonesia
 Cetiya
 Hinduism in Indonesia
 Sunda Wiwitan

References

External links

The Spice Islands History
Bambang Budi Utomo. 2004. Arsitektur Bangunan Suci Masa Hindu-Budha di Jawa Barat. Kementrian Kebudayaan dan pariwisata, Jakarta.
Percandian Batujaya, from Indonesian Wikipedia on 19 September 2005.

Buddhist temples in Indonesia
Archaeological sites in Indonesia
Cultural Properties of Indonesia in West Java

jv:Situs Candhi Batujaya


Skeletonbreath is a Brooklyn, New York based Instrumental rock trio signed to Ernest Jenning Records. Their music has been self-described as "Transylvanian Surf Rock" and "Halloween party music." The band is composed of Andrew Platt on electric bass, Bob Pycior on electric violin, and Tris Palazzolo on drums.  Their debut album, "Louise" was independently released in 2005 and has been described by TheHVScene.com as "A perfect CD." They were recently featured in Progression Magazine  after having opened at the two-day-long Progday festival. They have also received acclaim in the Orlando City Beat, and are featured on the DIY website Ruberecords.org.
Despite having acquired much notoriety within the New York music scene, Skeletonbreath has retained a strong DIY ethic, playing in basements and living rooms as often as at festivals.

History

Andrew Platt, Crockett Doob and Bob Pycior grew up together in upstate New York, and played together in a number of short-lived groups throughout middle school and high school. In the summer of 2002 the three formed Skeletonbreath while home from college, and shortly after began touring the northeast. Bob Pycior played in Kiss Kiss before quitting in 2005 in favor of Skeletonbreath, causing what appears to have become a lasting rivalry between the two groups. In 2007, Doob left the band to pursue other creative interests, including assisting in the production of a film and writing a novel, and was replaced by Tris Palazzolo after a series of auditions for the role. A second full-length album, "Eagle's Nest, Devil's Cave," was released on May 19, 2009 on Ernest Jenning Records.

Discography

Albums
 Louise (Self-Released)  (2006)
 Eagle's Nest, Devil's Cave (Ernest Jenning)  (2009)
 Eagle's Nest, Devil's Cave (500 press run Vinyl Format LP with CD included)(Safety Meeting Records)  (2009)

Sources
Punk News
Official Myspace Page
Official Website
Progression Magazine
Ruberecords

References

Musical groups established in 2002
Musical groups from Brooklyn
Musical trios from New York (state)
2002 establishments in New York City


Will Donato is a smooth jazz composer, alto saxophonist and recording artist whose 2007 release, Will Call is his first with Innervision Records. His "Infinite Soul" reached No. 1 on the Billboard Smooth Jazz Airplay chart in 2019. His "You Got This" was No. 31 on the Billboard Smooth Jazz Songs year-end chart of 2020.

Discography
Laws Of Attraction - 2009
Will Call - 2007
Will Power - 2004 (on Generation Records)
Portrait (with the Art of Sax) - 2002
The Art of Sax
Speak My Heart

References

External links
Official Will Donato website
May 2005 review of Will Power at Smoothviews.com
February 2007 review of Will Call at Smoothviews.com
Showcase of Will Power at Jazzlynx.net

Smooth jazz saxophonists
Living people
American male saxophonists
21st-century American saxophonists
21st-century American male musicians
American male jazz musicians
Year of birth missing (living people)


The Ewing System is a balancing monorail system developed in the late 19th century by British inventor W. J. Ewing. It is not to be confused with the much later system patented by  Robert W.  Ewing.

In the Ewing System the main wheels of the train run on a single steel rail. The system had been proposed in 1868 by William Thorold, a civil engineer from Norwich, Norfolk.

The major benefit of trains is that they run on steel tracks. Steel rail can carry more load with less rolling friction than any other mode of ground transport. However there are several disadvantages of laying conventional railway tracks consisting of two rails: Both rails have to rise and fall and bank together. Laying two rails requires a lot of space and maintenance. The turning radius of the train is restricted by the difference in length or distance traveled between the inside and outside rails due to curve resistance. Curve resistance means that the wheels on the inside rail travel a shorter distance than the wheels on the outside rail to get the vehicle around a curve. The trains can only turn to the limit where its outer wheels can cope with the additional required speed. If the outer wheels fail to maintain or reach the required speed, the train may derail.

W.J. Ewing implemented a monorail system, with only one rail and double flanged rail wheels, that had been proposed by William Thorold in a lecture to the British Association in 1868. This system avoided all those problems, since it was laid out along the side of a road, it took up very little land. Further, the road or balance wheel's main purpose was to balance the train and to keep it upright. The balancing wheel on the road carried only 4% or 5% of the load, it did not subtract much from the steel wheel-steel rail efficiency. As the track was on side of the road, it was no obstacle to vehicles crossing it. Further, since it was a monorail with a supporting wheel on the ground, the issue of curve resistance did not arise in Ewing System, since the wheels were placed on a single track only.

The Ewing system was used in Patiala State Monorail Trainways. The Patiala monorail is preserved in National Rail Museum at New Delhi. It is still in running condition. It was also used on Kundala Valley Railway from 1902 to 1908.

References

Monorails


The FIRST Championship is a four-day robotics championship held annually in April at which FIRST student robotics teams compete. For several years, the event was held at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia, but moved to the Edward Jones Dome in St. Louis, Missouri in 2011, where it remained through 2017. In 2017, the Championship was split into two events, being additionally held at the George R. Brown Convention Center and Minute Maid Park in Houston, Texas. In 2018 and 2019, the Championship was held in Houston and Detroit, Michigan at the TCF Center and Ford Field. The event comprises four competitions; the FIRST Robotics Competition Championship, the FIRST Tech Challenge World Championship, the FIRST Lego League World Festival, and the FIRST Lego League Junior World Expo.

The FIRST Robotics Competition is a ten-week program in which high-school students build 125-pound (54 kg) robots designed to compete in a game that changes each year. Students are given sets of parts to use, but they can also use off-the-shelf or custom-made parts. The FIRST Tech Challenge is a mid-level competition program for middle school and high school aged students with a more accessible and affordable robotics kit. FIRST LEGO League is a competition program for elementary and middle school students using LEGO Mindstorms robotics kits. Teams for each program compete in tournaments at a state and regional level. The winning teams from each of these tournaments join the global competition at the FIRST Championship.

The FIRST Championship was formally held in conjunction with the FIRST Robotics Conference, which covers a wide variety of topics in science, technology, engineering, and robotics fields.

The 2011 championship was also host to the Collegiate Aerial Robotics Demonstration, a pilot collegiate FIRST program.

In 2015, to expand, it was announced that the FIRST Championship would be divided into multiple venues. The new Innovation Faire featuring displays and demonstrations from FIRST Sponsors, Partners and Suppliers took place at the Renaissance St. Louis Grand Hotel, The FIRST Tech Challenge  World Championship and the Junior FIRST Lego League  World Festival took place at Union Station (St. Louis), and the FIRST LEGO League World Festival as well as the FIRST Robotics Competition  Championship took place at the Edward Jones Dome and America's Center. The new arrangement was designed to give an "Olympic Village" feel and allow for more space to expand each individual program. In 2017, the Championship was split into 2 championships, one occurring in Houston and the other a week later in St. Louis. The second Championship was moved to Detroit for 2018 and 2019. In 2020, FIRST decided to move the closing ceremonies for all programs from Minute Maid Park and Ford Field to the convention centers in Houston and Detroit respectively.

The 2020 FIRST season was suspended on March 12, 2020, resulting in the cancellation of the Championship events in Houston and Detroit, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The FIRST LEGO League World Championship was held as a virtual competition on April 18 and 19, 2020 and hosted by FLL Share and Learn.

The 2021 FIRST Championship in Houston and Detroit were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The events were replaced by a virtual ceremony at the 2021 FIRST Global Innovation Awards on June 28–30, 2021.

Despite originally announcing dates for both Detroit and Houston for 2022, the 2022 FIRST Championship was later scheduled solely for Houston and was held from April 20 to April 23, 2022.

Host cities
1992: Manchester, NH
1993–1994: Nashua, NH
1995–2002: Orlando, FL, at Epcot Center, Walt Disney World
2003: Houston, at Reliant Park (now known as NRG Park)
2004–2010: Atlanta, at Georgia Dome
2011–2017: St. Louis, at Dome at America's Center, America's Center, Renaissance St. Louis Grand Hotel (2015-2017), Union Station (St. Louis) (2015-2017)
2017–2019: Houston, at George R. Brown Convention Center and Minute Maid Park
2018–2019: Detroit, at Cobo Center and Ford Field
2022–2023: Houston, at George R. Brown Convention Center

1992 was the first year of the FIRST Robotics Competition. Just over 20 teams competed at one event, which was held at Memorial High School in Manchester, New Hampshire. In 1993, the sole competition was held at Bishop Guertin High School in Nashua, New Hampshire. In 1994, the competition was held at Nashua High School. In 1995, FIRST had grown to the point to which they had outgrown the one competition, so they moved to a regional qualifier system, and thus the FIRST championship was born. From 1995 through 2002, the championship was held at Epcot Center in Orlando. Reliant Park in Houston was the venue for 2003. Atlanta served as host city from 2004 through 2010. In 2005, the contract with Atlanta was extended through 2007 with options for 2008 and 2009. In 2009, St. Louis was selected, from three finalists, to serve as host city for 2011 through 2013. In 2012, the tenure at St. Louis was extended until 2014. In 2013, the tenure in St. Louis was once again extended for three additional years through 2017.

The 2017 through 2019 championships consisted of two championship events, located in two different cities on back to back weekends. The 2017 championships was held in St. Louis, centered at the Edward Jones Dome, and in Houston, Texas, at the George R. Brown Convention Center, Toyota Center, and Minute Maid Park. 2017 marked St. Louis's final hosting of the event for the foreseeable future, ending its seven years hosting the event, as well as FIRST Championships's return to Houston, following the 2003 Championships at NRG Park. In 2018 and 2019, Houston continued to host a championship, with Detroit, Michigan taking St. Louis's place. The Detroit championships took place at Cobo Center and Ford Field.

FIRST Robotics Competition

The FIRST Robotics Competition Championship is the final and largest event of the season. The winners of each regional competition as well as the top teams from each district advance to the FIRST Championship. They are placed into one of the 8 divisions to compete. The winning alliance from each division (a set of 4 teams) moves on to compete on the Einstein Field. The winning alliance on the Einstein Field is declared the FIRST Champion.

The FIRST Robotics Competition Championship was initially divided into 4 divisions:
 Newton
 Galileo
 Archimedes
 Curie

In 2015, the 4 divisions were further divided into 8 divisions (not including the final Einstein Field) and expanding naming to share more breadth in hero innovators:
 Newton
 Galileo
 Archimedes
 Curie
 Tesla
 Hopper
 Carver
 Carson

In 2017, the first year of the split championship, 4 more divisions were added bringing the total to 12 divisions (not including the final Einstein Field in each city), with six divisions in each city. The six division winning alliances played a round-robin tournament to determine their location's champion, who then played the other city's champion in July at the FIRST Festival of Champions in New Hampshire. On February 6, 2018, FIRST announced that the Festival of Champions would not happen from the 2018 season onward. Due to this, the winners of both championships will now be considered world champions.
Houston:
 Carver
 Galileo
 Hopper
 Newton
 Roebling
 Turing

St. Louis/Detroit:
 Archimedes
 Carson
 Curie
 Daly
 Darwin
 Tesla

There are many awards that are presented to FRC teams at the Championship. These awards include the Engineering Inspiration Award, the Industrial Design Award, the Gracious Professionalism Award, the Entrepreneurship Award, the Industrial Safety Award, the Rookie All-Star Award, the Rookie Inspiration Award, the Woodie Flowers Award,  and the Dean's List Award. The most prestigious award is the Impact Award (previously called the Chairman's Award), which recognizes the team that best represents a model for other teams to emulate both on and off the field.

Recent winners
{| class="wikitable"  style="width:90%; text-align:center;"
!2023 / Charged Up
!Award name
!Team name
!Team number
!City, State/Country
|-
|2023 / Charged Up
|Championship Winner #1
|MadTown Robotics
|1323
|Madera, CA, USA
|-
|2023 / Charged Up
|Championship Winner #2
|HighTide
|4414
|Ventura, CA, USA
|-
|2023 / Charged Up
|Championship Winner #3
|Ctrl-Z
|4096
|Champaign, Illinois, USA
|-
|2023 / Charged Up
|Championship Winner #4
|BeaverworX
|2609
|Guelph, ON, Canada
|-
|2023 / Charged Up
|Impact Award
|RoboLancers
|321
|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
|-
!2022 / Rapid React
!Award name
!Team name
!Team number
!City, State/Country
|-
|2022 / Rapid React
|Championship Winner #1
|Up-A-Creek Robotics
|1619
|Longmont, CO, USA
|-
|2022 / Rapid React
|Championship Winner #2
|The Cheesy Poofs
|254
|San Jose, CA, USA
|-
|2022 / Rapid React
|Championship Winner #3
|Knight Vision
|3175
|Grosse Pointe Woods, Michigan, USA
|-
|2022 / Rapid React
|Championship Winner #4
|Fusion Corps
|6672
|Irving, Texas, USA
|-
|2022 / Rapid React
|Chairman's Award
|Garrett Coalition
|1629
|Accident, Maryland, USA
|-
! 2019 / Destination Deep Space
! Award name
! Team name
! Team number
! City, State/Country
|-
|2019 / Destination: Deep Space
|Detroit / Detroit FIRST Championship Winner #1
|Brighton TechnoDogs
|3707
|Brighton, Michigan, USA
|-
|2019 / Destination: Deep Space
|Detroit / Detroit FIRST Championship Winner #2
|ThunderChickens
|217
|Sterling Heights, Michigan, USA
|-
|2019 / Destination: Deep Space
|Detroit / Detroit FIRST Championship Winner #3
|Team Rembrandts
|4481
|Eindhoven, North Brabant, Netherlands
|-
|2019 / Destination: Deep Space
|Detroit / Detroit FIRST Championship Winner #4
|SCH Vulcan Robotics
|1218
|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
|-
|2019 / Destination: Deep Space
|Detroit Chairman's
|The Green Machine
|1816
|Edina, Minnesota, USA
|-
|2019 / Destination: Deep Space
|Houston / Houston FIRST Championship Winner #1
|Greybots
|973
|Atascadero, CA, U.S.
|-
|2019 / Destination: Deep Space
|Houston / Houston FIRST Championship Winner #2
|MadTown Robotics
|1323
|Madera, CA, U.S.
|-
|2019 / Destination: Deep Space
|Houston / Houston FIRST Championship Winner #3
|Iron Panthers
|5026
|Burlingame, CA, U.S.
|-
|2019 / Destination: Deep Space
|Houston / Houston FIRST Championship Winner #4
|The Vitruvian Bots
|4201
|El Segundo, CA, U.S.
|-
|2019 / Destination: Deep Space
|Houston Chairman's
|Exploding Bacon
|1902
|Orlando, FL, U.S.
|-
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!2018 / FIRST Power Up
!Award name
!Team name
!Team number
!City, State/Country
|-
|2018 / FIRST Power Up
|Detroit / Detroit FIRST Championship Winner #1
|Stryke Force
|2767
|Kalamazoo, MI, U.S.
|-
|2018 / FIRST Power Up
|Detroit / Detroit FIRST Championship Winner #2
|Team RUSH
|27
|Clarkston, MI, U.S.
|-
|2018 / FIRST Power Up
|Detroit / Detroit FIRST Championship Winner #3
|Lake Effect Robotics
|2708
|Kingston, ON, Canada
|-
|2018 / FIRST Power Up
|Detroit / Detroit FIRST Championship Winner #4
|Centre County 4-H Robotics
|4027
|State College, PA, U.S.
|-
|2018 / FIRST Power Up
|Detroit Chairman's
|Bionic Black Hawks
|2834
|Bloomfield Hills, MI, U.S.
|-
|2018 / FIRST Power Up
|Houston / Houston FIRST Championship Winner #1
|The Cheesy Poofs
|254
|San Jose, CA, U.S.
|-
|2018 / FIRST Power Up
|Houston / Houston FIRST Championship Winner #2
|The Robowranglers
|148
|Greenville, TX, U.S.
|-
|2018 / FIRST Power Up
|Houston / Houston FIRST Championship Winner #3
|Spartabots
|2976
|Sammamish, WA, U.S.
|-
|2018 / FIRST Power Up
|Houston / Houston FIRST Championship Winner #4
|Ha-Dream Team
|3075
|Hod-Ha'Sharon, HaMerkaz, Israel
|-
|2018 / FIRST Power Up
|Houston Chairman's
|Kell Robotics
|1311
|Kennesaw, GA, U.S.
|-
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!2017 / FIRST Steamworks
!Award name
!Team name
!Team number
!City, State/Country
|-
|2017 / FIRST Steamworks
|St Louis / Festival of Champions Winner #1
|Stryke Force
|2767
|Kalamazoo, MI, U.S.
|-
|2017 / FIRST Steamworks
|St Louis / Festival of Champions Winner #2
|The Cheesy Poofs
|254
|San Jose, CA, U.S.
|-
|2017 / FIRST Steamworks
|St Louis / Festival of Champions Winner #3
|Lightning Robotics
|862
|Canton, MI, U.S.
|-
|2017 / FIRST Steamworks
|St Louis / Festival of Champions Winner #4
|The Pascack PI-oneers
|1676
|Montvale, NJ, U.S.
|-
|2017 / FIRST Steamworks
|St Louis Chairman's
|Mountaineer Area RoboticS (MARS)
|2614
|Morgantown, WV, U.S.
|-
|2017 / FIRST Steamworks
|Houston Festival of Champions Representative
|Columbus Space Program
|4188
|Columbus, GA, U.S.
|-
|2017 / FIRST Steamworks
|Houston Winner #1
|Greybots
|973
|Atascadero, CA, U.S.
|-
|2017 / FIRST Steamworks
|Houston Winner #2
|CRUSH
|1011
|Tucson, AZ, U.S.
|-
|2017 / FIRST Steamworks
|Houston Winner #3
|Viking Robotics
|2928
|Seattle/Ballard, WA, U.S.
|-
|2017 / FIRST Steamworks
|Houston Winner #4
|Bay Orangutans
|5499
|Berkeley, CA, U.S.
|-
|2017 / FIRST Steamworks
|Houston Chairman's
|Thunder Down Under
|3132
|Sydney, Australia
|-
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!2016 / FIRST Stronghold
!Award name
!Team name
!Team number
!City, State/Country
|-
| 2016 / FIRST Stronghold
| Championship Winner #1
| The Beach Bots
| 330
| Hermosa Beach, CA, U.S.
|-
| 2016 / FIRST Stronghold
| Championship Winner #2
| Roboteers
| 2481
| Tremont, IL, U.S.
|-
| 2016 / FIRST Stronghold
| Championship Winner #3
| Cleveland's Team
| 120
| Cleveland, OH, U.S.
|-
| 2016 / FIRST Stronghold
| Championship Winner #4
| Blue Cheese
| 1086
| Glen Allen, VA, U.S.
|-
| 2016 / FIRST Stronghold
| Chairman's Award
| HIGHROLLERS
| 987
| Las Vegas, NV, U.S.
|-
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!2015 / Recycle Rush
!Award name
!Team name
!Team number
!City, State/Country
|-
| 2015 / Recycle Rush
| Championship Winner #1
| Robonauts
| 118
| League City, TX, U.S.
|-
| 2015 / Recycle Rush
| Championship Winner #2
| Citrus Circuits
| 1678
| Davis, CA, U.S.
|-
| 2015 / Recycle Rush
| Championship Winner #3
| Buchanan Bird Brains
| 1671
| Clovis, CA, U.S.
|-
| 2015 / Recycle Rush
| Championship Winner #4
| Gryffingear
| 5012
| Palmdale, CA, U.S.
|-
| 2015 / Recycle Rush
| Chairman's Award
| Wolverines
| 597
| Los Angeles, U.S.
|-
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!2014 / Aerial Assist
!Award name
!Team name
!Team number
!City, State/Country
|-
| 2014 / Aerial Assist
| Championship Winner #1
| The Cheesy Poofs
| 254
| San Jose, CA, U.S.
|-
| 2014 / Aerial Assist
| Championship Winner #2
| Las Guerrillas
| 469
| Bloomfield Hills, MI, U.S.
|-
| 2014 / Aerial Assist
| Championship Winner #3
| The All Sparks
| 2848
| Dallas, TX, U.S.
|-
| 2014 / Aerial Assist
| Championship Winner #4
| Team C.H.A.O.S
| 74
| Holland, MI, U.S.
|-
| 2014 / Aerial Assist
| Chairman's Award
| Team RUSH
| 27
| Clarkston, MI, U.S.
|-
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!2013 / Ultimate Ascent
!Award name
!Team name
!Team number
!City, State/Country
|-
| 2013 / Ultimate Ascent
| Championship Winner #1
| Theory6
| 1241
| Mississauga, ON, Canada
|-
| 2013 / Ultimate Ascent
| Championship Winner #2
| Texas Torque
| 1477
| The Woodlands, TX, U.S.
|-
| 2013 / Ultimate Ascent
| Championship Winner #3
| The Coyotes
| 610
| Toronto, ON, Canada
|-
| 2013 / Ultimate Ascent
| Chairman's Award
| The Holy Cows
| 1538
| San Diego, CA, U.S.
|-
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!2012 / Rebound Rumble
!Award name
!Team name
!Team number
!City, State/Country
|-
| 2012 / Rebound Rumble
| Championship Winner #1
| S.P.A.M. (Martin County School District & Clark Advanced Learning Center)
| 180
| Stuart, FL, U.S.
|-
| 2012 / Rebound Rumble
| Championship Winner #2
| Raider Robotix (North Brunswick Township High School)
| 25
| North Brunswick, NJ, U.S.
|-
| 2012 / Rebound Rumble
| Championship Winner #3
| Bomb Squad (Mountain Home Public Schools)
| 16
| Mountain Home, AR, U.S.
|-
| 2012 / Rebound Rumble
| Chairman's Award
| Simbotics (Governor Simcoe Secondary School)
| 1114
| St. Catharines, ON, Canada
|-
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!2011 / Logomotion
!Award name
!Team name
!Team number
!City, State/Country
|-
| 2011 / Logomotion
| Championship Winner #1
| The Cheesy Poofs (Bellarmine College Preparatory)
| 254
| San Jose, CA, U.S.
|-
| 2011 / Logomotion
| Championship Winner #2
| WildStang (Rolling Meadows High School & Wheeling High School)
| 111
| Schaumburg, IL, U.S.
|-
| 2011 / Logomotion
| Championship Winner #3
| Greybots (Atascadero High School)
| 973
| Atascadero, CA, U.S.
|-
| 2011 / Logomotion
| Chairman's Award
| The Hawaiian Kids (Waialua High School)
| 359
| Waialua, HI, U.S.
|-
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!2010 / Breakaway
!Award name
!Team name
!Team number
!City, State/Country
|-
| 2010 / Breakaway
| Championship Winner #1
| Beach Cities Robotics (Mira Costa High School & Redondo Union High School)
| 294
| Redondo Beach, CA, U.S.
|-
| 2010 / Breakaway
| Championship Winner #2
| The HOT Team (Huron Valley Schools)
| 67
| Milford, MI, U.S.
|-
| 2010 / Breakaway
| Championship Winner #3
| Bobcat Robotics (South Windsor High School)
| 177
| South Windsor, CT, U.S.
|-
| 2010 / Breakaway
| Chairman's Award
| Miss Daisy (Wissahickon High School)
| 341
| Ambler, PA, U.S.
|-
!
!
!
!
!
|-
!2009 / Lunacy
!Award name
!Team name
!Team number
!City, State/Country
|-
| 2009 / Lunacy<ref name="pr09">20,000 Cheer FIRST Students at the Ultimate Celebration of Science and Technology, Reuters (from Business Wire), April 19, 2009 - accessed May 23, 2009</ref>
| Championship Winner #1
| WildStang (Rolling Meadows High School & Wheeling High School)
| 111
| Schaumburg, IL, U.S.
|-
| 2009 / Lunacy
| Championship Winner #2
| The HOT Team (Huron Valley Schools)
| 67
| Milford, MI, U.S.
|-
| 2009 / Lunacy
| Championship Winner #3
| Spartan Robotics (Mountain View High School)
| 971
| Mountain View, CA, U.S.
|-
| 2009 / Lunacy
| Chairman's Award
| Techno Ticks (Lyme-Old Lyme High School)
| 236
| Old Lyme, CT, U.S.
|}

FTC World Championship

Before 2014, after all FTC teams have competed in state / regional championship tournaments, the winning teams move on to the FTC World Championship. The Inspire Award-winning teams and the captain teams of the Winning Alliance in the regional tournaments are automatically eligible for the world championship. If there are still spots available, additional teams may be picked by a lottery system.

From 2014 and on, teams compete in Qualifying Tournaments in order to qualify for their state/regional Championship. At that Championship, teams compete for a spot at one of 4 Super-Regionals. Depending on the presence/number of teams in each state, determines the number of teams that move on to a Super-Regional. Teams then advance from their Super-Regional to the World Championship. Starting in the 2018–2019 season, Super-Regionals will be abolished and FTC teams will advance to the World Championship directly from their state/regional Championship.

At each championship, awards are presented to recognize teams for their performance in the competition, their robot's design, and their efforts to spread the message of FIRST. These awards include World Championship Finalist and Winner, the Design Award, the Connect Award, the Innovate Award, the Motivate Award, the Think Award and the Judges' Award. The most notable awards are the World Championship Inspire Award and the award given to the winning alliance.

The FTC World Championship is currently held in Houston and Detroit, an arrangement that will continue until at least 2021.

FTC has four divisions that teams are randomly divided into. There are two divisions per Championship.

Houston:
 Franklin
 Jemison

Detroit:
 Edison
 Ochoa

Up until the end of the 2016 season, winning alliances from Franklin and Edison went on to compete in the finals on the DaVinci Field. In 2017, FTC teams joined FRC teams to play their finals matches on the Einstein Field.

Recent winners

FLL World Festival

The top competitions in FLL program are FLL Open Championships and FLL World Festival. The Open Championships are managed by FLL Partners with a goal to bring teams from different regions to complete and showcase their achievements. Currently, there are two Open Championships, FLL Open European Championship and FLL US Open Championship. FLL Open Asian Championship was held in 2008 in Tokyo, Japan. However, it did not return in 2009.

FLL World Festival is hosted and managed by FIRST. The teams are often the Champion's Award team at the state or national level with some other criteria including special nomination from FLL Operational Partners globally. In 2009, there were 84 teams from 27 countries that joined the festival with the theme Climate Connections''. The award categories include Innovative Design Award, Quality Design Award, Programming Award, Research Quality Award, Innovative Solution Award, Creative Presentation Award, Teamwork Award, Team Spirit Awards, Against All Odds Awards, Outstanding Volunteer Awards, Adult Coach/Mentor Awards, Young Adult Mentor Awards, and Judges' Awards. The most notable awards are Champion's Award and Robot Performance Award.

Recent winners

References

Bibliography

External links

For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology
Lego
Recurring events established in 1992
Student robotics competitions


Friedrich Wilhelm Kücken (16 November 1810 – 3 April 1882) was a German composer and conductor. He was a very prolific composer, mainly known for light and melodious songs, although he has also written works for the stage and for orchestra.

Career
Kücken was born in Bleckede, near Lüneburg. The son of an executioner, he learned the piano as a child and played chamber music at home in a family ensemble. After moving to Schwerin he studied harmony with his brother-in-law Friedrich Lührss, and piano with Georg Rettberg, also learning flute and violin. From 1832 to 1841, Kücken lived in Berlin, studying counterpoint with Heinrich Birnbach and teaching music to the later king George V of Hanover; he was also a member of the Sing-Akademie. Leaving Berlin, he studied with Simon Sechter in Vienna (until 1843), when his popular song Ach, wie wärs möglich dann secured his being chosen court composer for Grand Duke Paul Friedrich von Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

In 1844, he went for further studies to Paris, learning instrumentation with Fromental Halévy and vocal composition with Marco Bordogni. While in Paris, he completed his opera Der Prätendent, which was premiered in Stuttgart in 1847, becoming one of his best-known works. After spending various periods in Berlin, Hamburg and Schwerin, he moved to Stuttgart in 1851, becoming second conductor at the court theatre besides Peter Josef von Lindpaintner, becoming first conductor on Lindpaintner's death in 1856, a position he held until 1861. He then retired to Schwerin where he died in 1882 aged 71.

Music
Kücken's music has as yet not been studied in any detail. His numerous light and popular songs brought him fame all over Europe and were published and reprinted in many editions. But his works also included operas, orchestral and chamber music, and choral works. Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov viewed Kücken's work dimly as "saccharine". His most popular large-scale work was the opera Der Prätendent.

Selected works
Operas
 Die Flucht nach der Schweiz, Op. 24 (libretto, Karl Blum), 1 act (Berlin, 1839)
 Der Prätendent (lib. Carl Philipp Berger), 3 acts (Stuttgart, 21 April 1847)
 Maienzauber (lib. Gustav von Putlitz) (Schwerin, 1864)

Orchestral music
 Gebet, Op. 62
 Waldleben, Op. 79
 Nussknacker-Quadrille, Op. 85 No. 2
 Orchesterstücke, Op. 92
 Fantasie, Op. 95
 Phantasie, Op. 108
 Trauermarsch, Op. 111
 Overture, Op. 116

Songs
 single songs with opus numbers 1, 9, 10, 14, 17, 19, 20, 23, 28, 34, 42, 47, 51, 52, 55, 57, 58, 61, 80, 91, 99, 103
 Zwei Balladen, Op. 3
 Duets with opus numbers 8, 15, 21, 26, 30, 54, 87, 105
 Gesänge, Op. 18 and Op. 39
 Lieder und Duette, Op. 35
 Tscherkasisches Lied, Op. 27
 Maurisches Ständchen, Op. 31
 Gesang der Brautjungfern, Op. 37
 Mein Herz, Op. 40
 Marienlieder, Op. 50
 Der Senn, Op. 59
 Der Himmel hat eine Träne geweint, Op. 63
 Ebbe und Flut, Op. 65
 Das Wasser ist tief, Op. 68
 Schlummerlied, Op. 82
 O dolce cento, Op. 89
 Gedenke der Heimat, Op. 98
 Die Nixen, Op. 100
 Gesangstudien, Op. 112

References

External links

1810 births
1882 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century German composers
19th-century German male musicians
German male classical composers
German opera composers
German Romantic composers
Male opera composers
People from Bleckede
Pupils of Fromental Halévy


KZOI (1250 AM) and its translator at 97.1 FM is a radio station licensed to serve Dakota City, Nebraska. The station is owned by Joaquin Garza's Fiesta Radio, through licensee La Fiesta 971, LLC. It airs a regional Mexican format.

The station was assigned the call letters KTFJ by the Federal Communications Commission on April 28, 1988, and changed to the current KZOI on March 6, 2014.

In November 2017, KZOI changed their format from 80s hits to Regional Mexican, branded as "La Fiesta 97.1".

Previous logo

References

External links

Radio stations in Nebraska


Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc., 515 U.S. 618 (1995), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court upheld a state's restriction on lawyer advertising under the First Amendment's commercial speech doctrine.  The Court's decision was the first time it did so since Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, , lifted the traditional ban on lawyer advertising.

Background
In 1989, the Florida Bar completed a two-year survey of public opinion of lawyers.  It discovered that lawyers had a bad reputation stemming from their advertising activities.  Accordingly, the Florida Bar proposed modifications to its rules regulating lawyer advertising in Florida.  These modifications had the effect of creating a thirty-day blackout period after an accident or disaster during which lawyers were forbidden from soliciting business from the victims of such accidents or disasters, either directly or through a referral service.

On March 22, 1992, a lawyer named G. Stewart McHenry, together with a lawyer referral service he owned called Went For It, Inc., filed a suit for declaratory and injunctive relief in U.S. District Court.  McHenry argued that the 30-day blackout period violated the First Amendment right to free speech, insofar as Went For It sought to contact victims of accidents and disasters within 30 days of the incident.  After McHenry was disbarred for unrelated reasons, another lawyer, John Blakely, was substituted for McHenry.

Relying on Bates v. State Bar of Arizona, , the district court entered summary judgment for Blakely and Went For It, believing that Bates compelled it to set aside the blackout period.  The Eleventh Circuit affirmed on similar grounds, although it claimed to be "disturbed that Bates and its progeny required the decision" in the case.  The U.S. Supreme Court accepted the Florida Bar's request that it review the case.

Analysis
Advertising by lawyers is commercial speech protected by the First Amendment.  The First Amendment allows states to ban commercial speech that is false or misleading.  If the speech is not false or misleading, then a state may only regulate or ban the speech if it asserts a substantial interest in support of its regulation, demonstrates that the restriction directly and materially advances that interest, and shows that the regulation is narrowly drawn.

The state, through the Florida Bar, asserted that it had a "substantial interest in protecting the privacy and tranquility of personal injury victims and their loved ones against intrusive, unsolicited contact by lawyers."  This interest stemmed from its perception that such solicitation "negatively affects the administration of justice," and hence also the reputation of lawyers as a whole.

In the district court, the Florida Bar had submitted a 106-page report containing "statistical and anecdotal" evidence supporting the contention that the public viewed direct-mail solicitations from lawyers soon after an accident as intrusive.  In light of this evidence, the Supreme Court concluded that Florida's blackout period on direct solicitation advanced its interest in protecting the public from unwanted intrusions.

Additionally, the Court believed that the Bar's means of advancing its interest was acceptable.  The Court found that the Bar's rule was" reasonably well tailored to its stated objective of eliminating targeted mailings whose type and timing are a source of distress to Floridians, distress that has caused many of them to lose respect for the legal profession."

Although Went For It had suggested that the Bar could have banned only solicitations to seriously injured citizens, the Court noted that the commercial speech test did not mandate that a state use the least restrictive means to implement its objective.  Furthermore, the blackout period was brief, and there remained other ways for injured Floridians to learn about available legal services during that time.

For all these reasons, the Court ruled that the First Amendment allowed Florida to impose this blackout period on direct-mail solicitation of accident victims by lawyers.

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Free Speech Clause case law
Legal history of Florida
American Bar Association
Advertising in the United States
1995 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court


Noam Kaniel, also known as Noam, (; born August 18, 1962) is an Israeli musician, singer and composer, who has sold over 8 million records, and is known for composing or performing the theme songs of many television series including X-Men, Goldorak, The Mysterious Cities of Gold, Heathcliff and the Catillac Cats, Code Lyoko, Miraculous Ladybug, Digimon Fusion, Glitter Force, and Power Rangers.

Biography
Noam was born in Tel Aviv, Israel. He began singing at the age of eight, taking second place in a children's singing contest organized by his future most frequent collaborator, producer Haim Saban, in partnership with Yuda Talit.

While in Israel, he went on to record such major hit songs as "Gali" and "Ima Sheli"; during this period, he performed continuously.

By 1973, at the height of the Yom Kippur war, young Noam was spotted singing in front of soldiers by Mike Brant who was France's biggest selling artist at the time. Brant believed that Noam could have a successful career in France, and had convinced Haim Saban to move there to look for, record, produce and supervise potential hit songs.

Noam's first release, "Difficile de Choisir", went straight to the top of the charts. From 1972 to 1978, this was followed in succession by such hits as "Viens Maman on Va Danser", "Une Maman", "Lollipop" and other singles. Two subsequent albums followed.

In 1975, Kaniel released an album in Japan in which he sang all 12 tracks in Japanese. This resulted in his headlining a concert tour, first in Tokyo, then in Johannesburg, South Africa.

Three years later, Noam recorded France's first-ever major theme song for an animated cartoon show. The 1978 production Goldorak, a French dubbed version of UFO Robot Grendizer, was the first anime series to be telecast in France. Noam's performance earned him unprecedented celebrity status in France.

At the end of 1978, Noam Kaniel moved to Los Angeles, following Haim Saban and his partner Shuki Levy. Together, with Saban and Levy as composer/producers, and Noam usually handling lead vocals, the three artists recorded theme music and/or songs for some notable animated series during the 1980s. Notably, Les Entrechats, Popples (1986 TV series), The Fantastic Four, Superman, The Incredible Hulk, He-Man and the Masters of the Universe and its spin-off, She-Ra: Princess of Power. Levy and Saban later brought Noam together with Filmation founder Lou Scheimer and his daughter Erika to record "I Have the Power," the theme song from the 1985 series pilot The Secret of the Sword, which subsequently received U.S. theatrical distribution. He also co-performed with  for the theme song of the Italian dub of Urusei Yatsura in the 1980s.

In 1980, Kaniel made his acting debut in an Israeli film, Kohav Hashahar (Morning Star), in which he portrayed an aspiring teen singer who tries to help his fisherman father out of ruin.

In 1988 he recorded and released "My Butterfly," which he wrote with his friend Alain Garcia. The song was a tribute to Noam's wife Kira, who had died of terminal cancer, at the age of 23. Shortly after "My Butterfly" was released, Kaniel abandoned his acting career, making scant appearances on French and Israeli TV.

In 1993, he worked with Saban once as a music producer (alongside Ron Wasserman) on Mighty Morphin Power Rangers.

In 1995, he took a sabbatical to return to his first real love, songwriting. To date, he has written and/or produced material for such French music stars as Mireille Mathieu, Patricia Kaas, Ophélie Winter, Hélène Ségara, Patrick Fiori, Lorie, Julie Zenatti and Lâam.

In 1998, Noam teamed up with Johnny Williams and Louis Element to create MIRANDA, a mix of technopop and dance fusion that took the European charts by storm. Miranda's first single, "Vamos A La Playa" was sold over 2,000,000 copies worldwide, and was honored as Best Italian Artist of the Year. In the next decade, Kaniel returned to writing music for animated television and theatrical films, such as Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir, .

In 2011, Kaniel worked with Saban once again on Power Rangers Samurai, providing the opening theme and arrangements. Kaniel continued to work with Saban on the Power Rangers franchise with Saban Brands. Kaniel produced music for Megaforce, Super Megaforce, Dino Charge, Dino Super Charge and Ninja Steel. When the franchise was purchased by Hasbro, it was announced that Kaniel would return to produce music for Power Rangers Beast Morphers.

In 2015, Kaniel worked for Saban and made glitter force songs with the band Blush . They made "Wake up Shake up" amd "Glitter force Theme song".

Television

Gadget and the Gadgetinis (2002, French intro only)
Pig City (2002)
L'Odyssee (2003)
Code Lyoko (2003-2007)
What's With Andy? (2003, season 2 only)
Martin Mystery (2003, theme song)
The Tofus (2004)
W.I.T.C.H. (2004)
A.T.O.M. (2005)
Pet Alien (2005)
Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes (2006)
Pop Secret (2006)
Casper's Scare School (2008–11)
Combo Ninos (2008)
Gormiti: The Lords of Nature Return! (2008)
In ze boîte (2008-2017)
Monster Buster Club (2008-2009, theme song)
Power Rangers Samurai (2011-2012)
Team Galaxy (2008)
Tara Duncan (2009)
Rekkit Rabbit (2010)
Digimon Fusion (2013-2015)
Power Rangers Samurai (2011)
The Mysterious Cities of Gold (2012)
Kobushi (2012-present)
Power Rangers Super Samurai (2012)
Power Rangers Megaforce (2013)
Sabrina: Secrets of a Teenage Witch (2013-2014)
Power Rangers Super Megaforce (2014)
Sammy & Co. (2014-present)
Power Rangers Dino Charge (2015)
Glitter Force (2015-2016)
Popples (2015-2016)
Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir (2015-present)
Power Rangers Dino Super Charge (2016)
Luna Petunia (2016-2017)
Power Rangers Ninja Steel (2017)
Zak Storm (2017-present)
Glitter Force: Doki Doki (2017)
Power Rangers Hyperforce (2017-2018)
Power Rangers Super Ninja Steel (2018)
’’ DENVER (2018) M6
Power Rangers Beast Morphers (2019/20)
Mystérieuse Cités d’Or 4 (2019-2020) France TV
Rainbow Butterfly Unicorn Kitty (2019)
’m POWER PLAYERS (2019-2020) Cartoon Network
’m Miraculous LADY bug 4(2020/21)
’m Ghost Force  ( 2020/21)
 ’m Miraculous LADY bug 5(2022/23)
’m Ghost Force spéciaux ( 2022/23)

VARIÉTÉ/songs for other singers:

’m Vamos A la playa-Loona
’m This love’s forever-Howard Hewitt
’m Celebrate-the Temptations
’m Tu pourra dire-Tina Arena / Patricia Kaas
’m Que l’amour nous garde -Laam
’m Mes rêves disaient la vérité- Hélène Segara
’m Fragile-Julie Zenatti
’m Vous lui dirai-Mireille Mathieu
’m Ouvre-Ophelie Winter
’m Une vie ne suffit pas-Laam
’m Jamais jamais-Laam
’m C’était pas la peine-Mireille Mathieu

Film

Round Trip to Heaven (1992)
Under Investigation (1993)
Til Death Do Us Part: Part 1 (1993)
Shattered Image (1994)
Touch of a Panda (2009)
Alpha & Omega 7: The Big Fureeze (2016)

Discography

 Chanteur
 Gali
 Ima Sheli
 Difficile de choisir
 Viens maman on va danse
 Dessine mo le bonheur
 Une maman
 Rien ne vaut le mercredi
 Aime
 Je t'attend
 Prend cette rose
 Time to cry
 My butterfly
 Goldorak
 Les 4 fantastiques
 Les Entrechats
 Les cités d'or (English version)
 Code Lyoko (English version)
 L'agence tous risques
 Shérif fait moi peur
 Mask
 Popples
 1974: Dessine-moi le bonheur
 1974: Difficile de choisir
 1975: Une maman
 1975: Viens maman on va danser
 1976: Lollipop
 1976: Prends cette rose
 1977: Rien ne vaut le mercredi
 1978: Goldorak
 1978: Le Retour de Goldorak
 1979: Albator 78
 1979: The Incredible Hulk
 1979: Spider-Man, l'araignée
 1979: Superman
 1980: Aime (French version of Fame)
 1980: The Fantastic Four
 1980: Shérif... Fais-moi peur!
 1982: Buck Rogers in the 25th Century
 1983: The Mysterious Cities of Gold (English version only)
 1985: La Chanson des entrechats
 1985: Les Entrechats sont là
 1986: Popples
 1986: M.A.S.K.
 1988: Diplodos
 1988: My Butterfly (song dedicated to Kira Kaniel, who died of terminal cancer)
 1992: X-Men
 1995: Notre histoire d'amour (with Mimi Felixine)
 2012, 2015: Miraculous Ladybug (TF1)
 2015: Kobushi (Gulli)
 2016: Sammy & Co (M6)
 2017: ZakStorm (Gulli)
 2017: Les Légendaires (TF1)
 2019: Rainbow Butterfly Unicorn Kitty (Nickeledeon)
 Dare-dare Motus
 la Vie des Botes
 BéCéBéGé
 La lucarne d'Amilcar

Sources
 www.bide-musique.com
 www.quesontilsdevenus.net
 www.radiojunior.com

References

External links

Noam Kaniel at Chante France

1962 births
Living people
20th-century Israeli male musicians
20th-century Israeli male singers
21st-century Israeli male musicians
21st-century Israeli male singers
Anime musicians
Israeli child singers
Israeli male composers
Israeli tenors
Israeli expatriates in France
Musicians from Tel Aviv
Israeli emigrants to the United States


23 skidoo (or 23 skiddoo) may refer to:

 23 skidoo (phrase), an American slang phrase from 1906
 23 Skidoo (band), a British post-punk, ethnic fusion and industrial music band
 23 Skidoo (film), a 1964 short experimental film by Julian Biggs
 Secret Agent 23 Skidoo, American Kid-Hop musician

See also
 Skidoo (disambiguation)
 23 (disambiguation)
 23 enigma


The Kingdom and the Power: Behind the Scenes at The New York Times: The Institution That Influences the World is a 1969 book by Gay Talese about the inner workings of The New York Times, the newspaper where Talese had worked for 12 years.  The book was originally subtitled "The Story of The Men Who Influence The Institution That Influences the World." The book is credited with starting the trend of "media books" as noted by Portfolio at the New York University School of Journalism, books that "portraying the inner-workings of a media establishment, turning the tables on the people who write and report the news, and making them the subject."

Background
Talese came to The New York Times in 1953 fresh out of college as an entry-level copyboy.  After spending two years in the military, Talese became a sports reporter, statehouse reporter, obituarist and a general news reporter before quitting The New York Times in 1965.

Talese had already begun regularly contributing to Esquire and had received particular acclaim for his 1962 article "Joe Louis: The King as a Middle-aged Man" about boxer Joe Louis.  In 1966 he wrote "Frank Sinatra Has a Cold", a profile of the singer, one of his best regarded works.  This year he also wrote an article on Clifton Daniel the managing editor of his former employer The New York Times.  Talese believed there was a bigger story about the paper, and began researching and writing The Kingdom and the Power.  The results were first published in Harper's Magazine'''s January and February issues in 1969, and published by World Publishing later that year.

Summary
While Talese's book outlined the history of the paper back to Adolph Ochs's 1896 takeover of the then-failing paper, the focus was on The Times between 1945 and the 1960s.  The Washington bureau of The Times sometimes was seen as the center of the paper's power, but after the death of publisher Orvil Dryfoos in 1963, Talese saw this center as shifting to New York City under Arthur Ochs "Punch" Sulzberger beginning in 1963.

The title of the book indicated the thrust of Talese's thesis.  The Kingdom was The New York Times newsroom, and the Power was the influence the paper wielded, particularly in its interpretation of the paper's famous motto "All the News That's Fit to Print".  Talese looked at the personalities driving Times news coverage such as managing editor Clifton Daniel, executive editor James Reston, rising star A. M. Rosenthal and Punch Sulzberger.  Time found Talese's portrayal of the highly respected Reston as particularly critical.  Talese described Reston as a "Times-man in the old sense, a man emotionally committed to the institution as a way of life, a religion, a cult."

Legacy
The book became Talese's first bestseller.  But the inner-workings of an American newsroom was seen as an odd choice for a book.  One critic wrote that "Talese adopts a viewpoint that is extraordinarily inbred. He ranges through the minds and psyches of his protagonists, but we almost never step outside the confines of the offices on 229 West 43 Street" where the Times was headquartered.

Talese, however, defended his choice of subject matter.  Telling Time, "I consider The New York Times news. Fascinating news. It has been sitting in judgment of America for more than a century and it, too, should be looked at in detail with the same objectivity."

The book won a Christopher Award and has continued to receive acclaim.  Its model of journalism about journalism has become increasingly common, to the point that reporting about newspapers is no longer considered unusual.  In 2006, Roger Ailes, president of the Fox News Channel, said The Kingdom and The Power'' was one of the best five books about journalism ever written.

References

1969 books
The New York Times
Works by Gay Talese
World Publishing Company books


Christian Louis Heinrich Köhler (5 September 1820 – 16 February 1886) was a German composer, conductor and piano teacher.

Biography
Köhler was born in Braunschweig. He studied piano in Vienna under Carl Maria von Bocklet, Simon Sechter and Ignaz von Seyfried. As a conductor, he worked in Marienburg and Elbing. After that he settled in Königsberg in 1847, after which time he concentrated on piano teaching and writings on music. Among his pupils were  Adolf Jensen and Hermann Goetz.

He was a critic for the Hartungsche Zeitung from 1849 to 1886, and was a contributor to Signale für die musikalische Welt from 1844 until 1886. His writings were well known to Liszt and Wagner; he also proposed the formation of the Allgemeiner Deutscher Musikverein, with which Liszt was involved.

Köhler composed three operas and a ballet, and wrote books on musical theory. He also wrote educational works for piano.

He died in Königsberg.

Selected writings
 Die Melodie der Sprache (Leipzig, 1853)
 Systematische Lehrmethode für Klavierspiel und Musik (Leipzig, 1857–8, 3/1888)
 Die Gebrüder Müller und das Streichquartett (Leipzig, 1858)
 Führer durch den Clavierunterricht (Leipzig, 1859, 9/1894)
 Der Clavierunterricht: Studien, Erfahrungen und Ratschläge (Leipzig, 1860, 6/1905)
 Leicht fassliche Harmonie- und Generalbass-Lehre (Königsberg, 1861, 3/1880)
 Gesangs-Führer (Leipzig, 1863)
 Die neue Richtung in der Musik (Leipzig, 1864)
 Einige Betrachtungen über Sonst und Jetzt (Leipzig, 1867)
 Johannes Brahms und seine Stellung in der neueren Musikgeschichte (Hanover, 1880)
 Allgemeine Musiklehre (Leipzig, 1883)
 Katechismus der Harmonielehre (Stuttgart, 1888, 2/1892)
 ''Allegro Moderato (1880)

References

External links

1820 births
1886 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century conductors (music)
19th-century German composers
German conductors (music)
German male classical composers
German male conductors (music)
German music educators
German Romantic composers
Piano pedagogues
Musicians from Braunschweig
People from the Duchy of Brunswick


Kevin Nastiuk (born July 20, 1985) is a Ukrainian Canadian ice hockey goaltender, who most recently played for ACHW side Stony Plain Eagles.

Playing career
Nastiuk played junior hockey with the Medicine Hat Tigers from 2001 through 2005 and was drafted in the fourth round of the 2003 NHL Entry Draft by the Carolina Hurricanes. Nastiuk had played for several teams in the American Hockey League, ECHL and Central Hockey League before joining Eisbären Berlin in the later stages of the 2009–10 DEL season.

He stayed until  2012 and then signed with German second-division side Heilbronner Falken for the 2012-13 campaign. For the following season, he moved to fellow DEL2 club Dresdner Eislöwen, where he spent two years, before returning to Eisbären Berlin of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga in July 2015.

Nastiuk also played for Dresdner Eislöwen of the DEL2 in Germany, before moving to the UK to sign for EIHL side Coventry Blaze in June 2017.

Awards
2004 – WHL airBC Trophy
2005 – WHL East Second All-Star Team

References

External links

1985 births
Living people
Alaska Aces (ECHL) players
Albany River Rats players
Canadian ice hockey goaltenders
Canadian people of Ukrainian descent
Carolina Hurricanes draft picks
Corpus Christi Icerays players
Coventry Blaze players
Dresdner Eislöwen players
Eisbären Berlin players
Florida Everblades players
Gwinnett Gladiators players
Heilbronner Falken players
Idaho Steelheads (ECHL) players
Las Vegas Wranglers players
Lowell Lock Monsters players
Medicine Hat Tigers players
Providence Bruins players
Ice hockey people from Edmonton


Ambrogio is a given name, and may refer to:

Saint Ambrogio (Ambrose), patron saint of Milan
Ambrogio Lorenzetti ( – 1348), painter
Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, the birth name of Pope Pius XI
Ambrogio Bergognone, Renaissance painter
Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases, general
Ambrogio Morelli, bicycle racer
Ambrogio Foppa, goldsmith
Ambrogio Frangiolli, architect
Ambrogio Calepino, lexicographer
Ambrogio Besozzi, Baroque painter
Ambrogio Casati, modern painter
Ambrogio Fogar, rally driver
Ambrogio Levati, gymnast
Ambrogio Minoja, classical composer

See also
 Ambrogio is also a British brand of robotic lawn mower
 Sant'Ambrogio (disambiguation)