"Adrift" is the eleventh episode of the second series of the British science fiction television series Torchwood, which was first broadcast on BBC Three on 19 March 2008, and repeated on BBC Two one week later. The episode was written by series one and two head writer Chris Chibnall, directed by Mark Everest and produced by Sophie Fante and Richard Stokes. The episode featured the five initial series regulars John Barrowman, Eve Myles, Burn Gorman, Naoko Mori and Gareth David Lloyd plus recurring actors Kai Owen and Tom Price.

The episode begins with the alien hunter Gwen Cooper (Eve Myles) being called in to investigate a missing person case by her former colleague in the police Andy Davidson (Tom Price). When bereaved mother Nikki Bevan (Ruth Jones) starts a support group for missing people, Gwen realises the problem is widespread. She pursues the investigation against the wishes of her boss Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) and is able to track Nikki's son to an isolation facility. It is revealed that Nikki's son Jonah (Robert Pugh and Oliver Ferriman), like the other missing individuals around Cardiff, was taken by the space-time rift and returned physically and mentally scarred. After realising she cannot have a relationship with her son, Nikki implores Gwen not to reveal the truth to any other bereaved relative.

Chibnall wanted to write a story that tackled the issue of loss and revolved around a missing person case. Executive producer Russell T Davies appreciated the character dynamics and domestic themes in the episode and cited the script as one of his inspirations in continuing the series. Ruth Jones, who is generally better known for her comedic roles, was cast against type in the central guest role of Nikki Bevan. The episode was filmed largely on location in South Wales with the island of Flat Holm featuring prominently. Response to the episode was generally positive. Reviewers generally praised the episode for illuminating the conflicting elements of Gwen's character and providing a central dilemma with no easy answer. Some critics identified ostensible plot holes, though felt that the episode's emotional successes negated these.

Plot
At the instigation of her former police colleague Andy Davidson, Torchwood agent Gwen is investigating Jonah Bevan's disappearance. After Jonah's mother Nikki starts a support group for relatives of missing people in the Cardiff area, Gwen realises that there are more cases resembling Jonah's disappearance. Gwen collates a chart of the missing people and her colleague Toshiko discovers that all the disappearances occurred during negative spikes of activity from the Cardiff Rift. Gwen and Toshiko postulate the implications of this: that the Rift can take people away and discard them elsewhere. Gwen confronts her boss Jack with her research but he repeatedly orders her to stop the investigation.

Gwen becomes consumed with the issue of the missing individuals and this takes its toll on her relationship with her husband Rhys. They argue, and he states that if Gwen is working to safeguard ordinary life then she has not been successful. Returning to Torchwood's Hub, Gwen is given a GPS device with coordinates to a hidden location by Ianto. The device leads Gwen to a facility on Flat Holm which is home to 17 individuals taken by the Rift who have returned. Gwen finds Jack there, and demands access to Jonah. An older Jonah has been physically deformed whilst on a burning planet in the midst of a burning solar system. Jack reveals that he set up the facility when he first took command of Torchwood, in order to care for the victims of the Rift, who had previously been locked away in the Torchwood vaults.

Gwen brings Nikki in to see Jonah under the supervision of a facility staff member. Nikki thinks about taking Jonah home to care for him herself. However, Jonah starts screaming horribly, the result of looking into the heart of a dark star, and necessitating that everyone leave his company. Gwen visits Nikki a week later, who implores her not to show the island to anyone else. At home that night Gwen prepares a romantic candle-lit dinner for Rhys who, realising that she is upset, insists that Gwen shares her burden.

Production
"Adrift" was produced as part of its own production block: block seven. Filming of the episode was "double banked" with block five, which consisted of the episodes "From Out of the Rain" and "Fragments". This accounted for the lack of availability of some of the regular cast members. Unlike the rest of the episodes in the series, this episode was not solely produced by regular series Richard Stokes but by guest producer Sophie Fante. Discussing the premise of the story writer Chris Chibnall states that "the issue of loss" is what drives the narrative and that he had "always wanted to write a story about people who go missing". Director Mark Everest noted that "people go missing all the time" and that to tackle this theme was "a brave thing to do". Executive producer Russell T Davies felt it provided good drama to have a story that would also examine elements of "paranoia" and "fear" and "mistrust" between Gwen and Jack as result of her realising she does not know the full extent of his work within Torchwood. Davies later stated in his book The Writer's Tale that "Adrift" was one of the scripts that "paved the way" for the third series of the show; his intention being to write Torchwood characters as "real people" with "families, feuds, aches and pains". The episode underwent less rewriting than any other script from the first two series with the final version being essentially a second draft. Gwen was initially referred to by her husband's surname, Williams, but Eve Myles vetoed this idea as she believed that an independent professional woman would want to keep her maiden name. A change made in the editing of the episode was the cutting of a short scene hinting at a possible romance between Nikki and Andy. This scene is included in the deleted scenes included in the series two boxset.

Ruth Jones was cast in the central guest role of Nikki. The actress stated that she was both "excited" and "scared" to appear in the series as it was "a very serious role" and comedy had previously been her "comfort zone". Robert Pugh was cast as the aged and scarred version of Nikki's son Jonah. Richard Stokes estimated that the actor had to spend between two and two and a half hours in make-up in addition to a twelve-hour filming day to have prosthetics applied to create the appearance of scarring. Ruth Jones found the prosthetics to be "absolutely fantastic" and "very gruesome". The reveal of Jonah's Scream was initially going to be a wholly alien effect with Pugh just miming on set. However, Pugh was keen to give the scream a go. Everest states that in the final dub the scream was "tweaked" and "layers were added" although stated that the fundamental basis of it was Pugh "screaming his lungs out". Discussing the return of Andy, Stokes stated that it was always the plan for the production team to give the character greater focus in an episode due to his "comic value", whilst Eve Myles had joked it was her "personal mission" to get the character back.

The episode was largely filmed on location around South Wales. Jonah's disappearance and Jack's subsequent investigation were filmed at the Cardiff Bay Barrage. The exteriors of Nikki's house were filmed at the Penarth Marina, whilst the scenes of the missing persons meeting were filmed at the Church of All Saints on Victoria Square, Penarth on 22 September 2007. The café sequences with Gwen and Andy were recorded in Fortes Café on Barry Island whilst the scene of Gwen and Rhys' picnic and argument were shot in Bute Park, Cardiff. The main location shoot for the episode was the island of Flat Holm in the Bristol Channel where exterior shots were filmed at the end of September. As the island does not allow vehicular access the production team were restricted in the filming equipment they could take on to the island. Though Flat Holm does possess a derelict cholera isolation hospital, the scenes of Torchwood's isolation facility were in fact filmed inside a Ministry of Defence building in Caldicot, Monmouthshire. Incidental music used included Richard Hawley's song "Serious" from his 2007 album Lady's Bridge and the song "Hard to Beat" by Hard-Fi from their album Stars of CCTV which are heard the first and second time Gwen and Andy meet in the café. Also used is the song "Other Side of the World" from KT Tunstall's album Eye to the Telescope which plays during a scene where Gwen brings Rhys breakfast.

Broadcast and reception
"Adrift" was first broadcast on the digital channel BBC Three on 19 March 2008 at 10:00 pm. It received its first terrestrial broadcast two days later, 21 March, at 9:00 pm on BBC Two. A pre-watershed version of the episode was aired at 7:00 pm 25 March 2008. According to consolidated figures the episode's BBC Three broadcast was watched by 0.97 million viewers, its BBC Two debut by 2.52 million viewers and the pre-watershed version by 1.00 million viewers, amounting to an aggregated total of 4.49 million viewers across its three initial showings. The episode was also available to watch on the online catch up service BBC iPlayer, where it was the 16th most viewed individual broadcast between 1 January and 31 March 2008.

Critical reception

Ian Berriman of SFX rated the episode four and a half stars out of five and felt that it showed "how every SF-related casualty is more than just a statistic – it’s also someone’s life-destroying tragedy". He thought the episode had a few logic gaps but that the emotional focus was enough to distract the audience from this. He felt that the sequence where Gwen's husband Rhys "tears a strip off Gwen, then reminds her what Torchwood is fighting for" was the episode's highlight. Ben Rawson-Jones of Digital Spy stated that the script "neatly brings out the conflicting components within Gwen's character" and praised the episode for raising the moral dilemma of whether to reveal the truth or not. He gave the episode four stars, feeling it to highlight the versatility of Torchwood as a series and to show "how badly science-fiction is overlooked as serious, well-crafted drama". IGN's Travis Fickett rated the episode 9.5 out of ten ("Amazing") and stated it to be "the kind of science fiction that every series should aspire to create." He felt that the episode worked for viewers unfamiliar with the show whilst managing to progress "every regular character in the series". He felt that the episode handled the subject matter of missing people thoughtfully and sensitively whilst furthering the relationship between Rhys and Gwen, stating that it was the "best episode Gwen has had to date" which showcased "Eve Myles range" and Kai Owen's "tremendous power as an actor." Fickett concluded his review by stating that "this is very nearly a perfect episode of not just Torchwood, but the genre of science fiction and the medium of television".

Joan O'Connell Hedman of Slant Magazine also gave a positive review feeling the episode to explore "Torchwoods bread and butter topic: the intersection of the human and the alien, and what it means to be human in the aftermath." She stated that the episode "played to its strengths, namely Eve Myles' Gwen and how she relates to both human and alien" and stated it to demonstrate "how perfect Rhys is for Gwen". She felt that the episode was flawed in its "cop-out" ending and Jack's handling of Gwen but in her conclusion noted it be "the first episode of Torchwood that left me choked up, crying with Gwen at the end". Airlock Alpha's Alan Stanley Blair felt the episode to be a vast improvement on its predecessors stating it be "hard hitting, edgy and explores much bleaker and darker avenues to life in Torchwood". He also felt that the personal effect of Gwen's struggles on her domestic life was one of the most interesting aspects comparing it to the television series Angel which "touched on some of these threads through the meta-story and vampire mythology" but not "on the scale of this [episode]". He concluded that the episode's conclusion was both to its credit and its biggest disappointment because it showed that there is "no way to make everything all right" but left its audience "screaming for a happy ending that will never come". Jason Hughes of AOL TV was more mixed in his review. He felt that the episode was a "vast improvement over last week's episode" and stated that it lived up to Torchwoods reputation as "the darker, more mature cousin of Doctor Who". However, he stated that the episode had "some logistical problems" and "at least one ridiculously convenient coincidence that the emotional hook of the episode hinged on". He praised the "tragic emotional impact of the moment when Jonah's mom told Gwen to promise her not to do that to any other families" and stated that he liked "that there weren't any easy answers". io9's Charlie Jane Anders described "Adrift" as "easily the best episode of the Doctor Who spin-off since the one where Martha Jones showed up". She stated that "the fact that it offered no easy solutions and gave us that super-bleak ending was enough to win me over".

References

Bibliography

External links

Torchwood episodes
2008 British television episodes
Television episodes written by Chris Chibnall


"Fragments" is the twelfth episode of the second series of the British science fiction television series Torchwood, which was broadcast on BBC Three on 21 March 2008.

The episode follows four members of the alien-hunting team Torchwood having flashbacks to how they were recruited after getting trapped under debris.

Plot
Searching an abandoned building for alien life, Torchwood Cardiff (apart from Gwen, who is running late) are blown up by bombs and trapped under debris. Gwen and Rhys arrive to dig everyone out and escape. Jack, Toshiko, Ianto, and Owen flash back to how Torchwood recruited them.

Over 100 years ago, Jack is waiting in Cardiff to find the Doctor, who refuels at the Cardiff Rift. Torchwood Cardiff assign Jack a job to find an alien. They blackmail him into cooperating when they notice him mentioning the Doctor, whom Torchwood treat as a threat. Jack refuses his next assignment when an agent, believing the alien to be a threat, shoots it. At a bar, a tarot card reader tells Jack he will meet the Doctor in 100 years. Needing something to do until then, Jack returns to Torchwood as an employee. Later, in 1999, Torchwood Cardiff's leader Alex murders his team and himself as a "mercy killing" after Alex sees a vision of the future. Jack becomes the new leader of Torchwood Cardiff.

Five years ago, Toshiko steals plans for a sonic modulator from the government and builds one. She gives it to one of her mother's kidnappers to trade for her release. UNIT soldiers break in and arrest the group, including Toshiko. Toshiko is locked in a cell indefinitely with no rights. Jack arrives and recruits Toshiko to release her, and also in recognition of her talents, as she created a sonic modulator from faulty plans.

21 months ago, Ianto, a former employee of Torchwood London, is repeatedly denied a job by Jack as Jack severed links with the old regime after its destruction. Later on, Jack tells Ianto to come to work after the two successfully catch a pterodactyl.

Four years ago, Owen and his fiancée Katie are planning a wedding. After Katie receives scans relating to memory loss, she is admitted to an operation on a brain tumour, which Jack tries to prevent. An alien parasite has buried itself in Katie's brain and emits a toxic gas which kills Katie and the operating surgeons. Seeing Owen's love of saving lives, and giving him a purpose, Jack recruits Owen as a medic.

In the present, Jack receives a message from Captain John Hart, who reveals that he had placed the bombs and shows Jack an image of his brother Gray. John then vows to tear Jack's world apart.

Continuity

The Little Girl reappears in this episode. She was last seen in the episode "Dead Man Walking". She tells Jack that the Doctor is coming, but "the century will turn twice" before that time. Jack's reunion with the Doctor occurs at the end of "End of Days" & the start of "Utopia".
Toshiko's mother, as played by Noriko Aida, reappears in this episode, having last been seen in "End of Days".
Toshiko's "sonic modulator" device based on stolen design plans bears superficial similarities to the Doctor's sonic screwdriver, and its ear-splitting effect is similar to that produced by holding together two similar sonic devices in Doctor Who'''s 2008 episode "Partners in Crime", airing just over two weeks later.
This is the first time the Doctor has been explicitly named in the series.
A blowfish alien, similar to the one seen in "Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang", appears in flashback sequences involving Jack's first mission for the Torchwood Institute.
Captain Jack radios orders to an offscreen Suzie Costello in Ianto's flashback, although Ianto's arrival in the scene prevents the character from being given any lines. She kills herself soon thereafter in "Everything Changes". Suzie was last mentioned in the episode "Dead Man Walking", and last seen upon her resurrection in the Series One episode "They Keep Killing Suzie".
In his flashback, Ianto Jones refers to his girlfriend, Lisa Hallett, as having died during the Battle of Canary Wharf. Lisa is seen again as a partly converted Cyberman in the Series One episode "Cyberwoman".
The Roald Dahl Plass, situated directly above the hub, was an active coal-shipping dock until after World War II. The Torchwood 3 hub is in the same location.
Alice and Emily tell Jack that the Torchwood Institute was founded to protect the Empire from the Doctor and other phantasmagoria, and they kill aliens whom they deem "a threat to the Empire". They are following Queen Victoria's charter of the institute, as depicted in "Tooth and Claw".
Jack tells Alice and Emily that the Doctor uses the Cardiff space-time rift to refuel the TARDIS, which he learned in "Boom Town".
The Torchwood emblem (a letter T within a hexagon) on the stationery Alice uses is the same in 1918, as shown in "To the Last Man".
Immediately before killing himself, Alex tells Jack, "The 21st century, Jack; everything's going to change, and we're not ready." This parallels Jack's voiceover at the start of each episode of Series One and Two: "The 21st century is when everything changes, and [you've got to be / Torchwood is] ready."
An on-screen caption places the episode 21 months after Ianto convinces Jack to hire him in the aftermath of "Doomsday".
Production

Cast notes
Clare Clifford had played Kyle in the Fifth Doctor story Earthshock''.

Critical reception

Ben Rawson-Jones of Digital Spy reacted highly positively saying 'this episode demonstrates the power of the ensemble cast', praising the narrative structure and acknowledging the 'gripping twist ending.' The fansite Androzani.com, who react mostly negatively to Torchwood, say 'It's not entirely stellar. But when it does work, it works very nicely indeed.' This episode is also a favourite among the fan base.

Notes

References

External links

2008 British television episodes
Torchwood episodes
Television episodes written by Chris Chibnall
UNIT stories
Fiction set in 1999


Daniel Ionuț Barna (born 22 September 1986) is a Romanian former professional footballer who played as a left-back.

Career
Barna started his football career in the academy of Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț. After progressing through the ranks, he was eventually promoted to the first team. Barna went on to make over 100 appearances for the club between 2006 and 2013. During his time at Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț, he was loaned out to Moldovan club Rapid Ghidighici in 2011. After leaving Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț in 2013, Barna played for several Romanian clubs, including Farul Constanța, FC Brașov, Voluntari and Dunărea Călărași during shirt spells between 2014 and 2016.

In March 2017, Barna moved to German Bayernliga club FC Pipinsried, before joining SC Oberweikertshofen in August of the same year.

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Footballers from Piatra Neamț
Romanian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Romania men's under-21 international footballers
CSM Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț players
FC Rapid Ghidighici players
FCV Farul Constanța players
FC Brașov (1936) players
FC Voluntari players
FC Dunărea Călărași players
Liga I players
Liga II players
Bayernliga players
FC Pipinsried players
Romanian expatriate men's footballers
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Moldova
Expatriate men's footballers in Moldova
Romanian expatriate sportspeople in Germany
Expatriate men's footballers in Germany


Dark Rising is a sword and sorcery adult-oriented franchise of two made-for-television films, a twelve-episode television miniseries and another five-episode television miniseries, from the husband and wife team of Andrew Cymek and Brigitte Kingsley. The franchise is written by creator Cymek, produced by Kingsley and adapted for film and television by executive producer Mihkel Harilaid. The original film in the series, Dark Rising: Bring Your Battle Axe (2007), introduced lead character Summer Vale, played by Kingsley through the entire series of films.

The series continued with the television series Dark Rising: The Savage Tales of Summer Vale (2011), the television film Dark Rising: Summer Strikes Back (2011) and the five-episode television series Dark Rising: Warrior of Worlds (2014). The franchise is a joint production of Harilaid's Black Walk Films and Cymek's Defiant Empire Films.

Synopsis
There are two Earths: our Earth and Dark Earth. Dark Earth is a world of demons and magic. It is in a dimension created at the height of the Roman Empire by a powerful sorcerer, in an attempt to banish demons from our Earth, forever.
The franchise follows the exploits of Summer Vale and her allies, as they battle to save humanity. Their fight takes them all over both Earths.

Summer Vale is a half-human half-demon hybrid.
When she was a young girl, her father worked on deciphering ancient texts. When he read from the Book of Shadows, a portal opened, and a group of "agents" took his daughter. Summer was experimented on and used by the government to find a way to combine human and demon DNA, in order to win a secret war waged for thousands of years.

Series releases

Dark Rising: Bring Your Battle Axe (2007)
In a desperate attempt to save his fizzled-out relationship, Jason organizes a camping trip with the help of his best friends: Ricky, a ladies' man who shoots "1-900" commercials, Marlene, a long-time friend and yoga instructor, and Renee, a book worm with a knack for witchcraft.

Each for their own reasons, they convince Jasmine to join them for a weekend of fun in the sun. Unknown to the group, Renee has been having recurring nightmares of Summer Vale, a girl from their town, who disappeared over twenty years earlier.  Renee decides to contact Summer's spirit during the camping trip. Also unknown to the boys, Jasmine and Marlene have become a hot item. They join in the fun and humor Renee's interest in magic.

Using the Book of Shadows, which she received from a mysterious bookkeeper, Renee chants a translated phrase. This opens a portal, and a Kellipoth demon enters, killing Marlene and biting Jasmine. Summer Vale is also transported back. She has lost her memories and is now a demon warrior princess.

Jason and Summer form an uneasy bond. They decide to reopen the portal, to return the demon to Dark Earth.

The Kellipoth bite infects Jasmine, making her a member of the Kingdom of Shells -- demon-like beings without a soul. Jason kills Jasmine but it is too late to save his best friend, as Ricky also succumbs to the Kellipoth. In the ferocious battle, Summer, Jason, and Renee manage to open the portal. Summer kills Demon-Ricky, the Kellipoth breaks Renee's neck, and Jason and Summer force the Kellipoth back through the portal. Jason makes the heroic sacrifice of entering the portal with the Kellipoth, allowing Summer to remain on Earth.

Reintegrating proves difficult for Summer. She can only find work as a model for "1-900" commercials. But her misery is brief. Jason, dressed as a Demon-hunter, returns for her help against an army of Kellipoths. At the bleakest point, the Agency offers help.

Featuring

Crew

Reception
Scott Foy of Dread Central rated it 2/5 stars and wrote, "What we have here is a handsome-looking, low budget production with an attractive cast who seem up to the task but everyone’s hard work is scuttled by a script that comedically isn’t anywhere as hip or witty as it thinks it is and plot-wise borders on complete gibberish."  David Johnson of DVD Verdict wrote, "Slow parts aside, Dark Rising is big fun, wallowing in the excesses of B-movie."  Adam Tyner of DVD Talk rated it 2/5 stars and compared it negatively to Army of Darkness.

Nominations
The film was nominated for a record six Canadian Comedy Awards in 2008, in the categories of Best Writing (Cymek), Best Direction (Cymek), Best Actress (Kingsley and Schneider) and Best Actor (Cannon and Reso).

Dark Rising: The Savage Tales of Summer Vale (2011)
The Savage Tales of Summer Vale is a series of twelve half-hour television episodes. The series follows the continuing exploits of Demon Slayer Summer Vale and her entourage of misfits as they try to save the world each week from imminent destruction.

Having grown up in the demon dimension and enduring years of underground government training, Summer is finally back home and struggling to adjust to her new surroundings. She is recruited to head a government covert agency which, unknown to her, has its own agenda. Summer meets with a mysterious group calling themselves The Dark Shadows Club. They warn of her upcoming battle with The Dark Lord and how all of existence hangs in the balance, but not everything is what it seems.

Featuring

Crew

Dark Rising: Summer Strikes Back (2011)
Also known as Agency of Vengeance: Dark Rising, the made-for-television film takes place two years after Jason Parks saved Princess Summer Vale from her life hunting Kellipoths in the Demon dimension. A sudden surge of supernatural activity and violent attacks resurface on Earth beyond the normal parameters. The two must once again join together to save the world. The Rising Dark Agency, a black ops division of the Government headed by Colonel Haggerd, suspects that the mystic strikes are the work of Mardock, an evil Demon-God capable of destroying worlds. The entire Agency is on high alert but there's more to the story than they know. With the help of field agent Holly, Jason's new partner Daniel, and half-demon Bulo, Summer and Jason set out to solve the mystery of Mardock and prevent the coming apocalypse. But no one is prepared for whom they find behind the Dark Lord's ascension.

Featuring

Crew

Dark Rising: Warrior of Worlds (2014)
The franchise returned in 2014 with a brief five-episode television series. There are two Earths: our Earth, a place where magic and demons are things of folklore and legend, and Dark Earth, a dimension created at the height of the Roman Empire by the sorcerer Aramas using the Tether, a powerful device of his own creation.  His intention was to exile magic and usher in a new age of man.  His plan almost succeeded.

The Tether, the key to keeping the dimensions separate, has remained hidden on our Earth for two millennia.  Now it has been found in a small northern town by Nacelle, a demon underlord.  Sckraab, his lord and father, plans to use the Tether to open a permanent portal across the Void between the Earths and conquer both worlds.

Before the Demons get to the Tether, a young miner, Nathan Mallstrom, stumbles upon the artifact during one of his shifts. Caught in the imminent battle for the Earth’s future, Nathan joins with Summer Vale, a super soldier with Demon DNA who is dealing with her own clouded past.  The two, along with Nathan’s sister Gwen and Summer's sidekick Bulo, try to unlock the mystery of the Tether and fight to protect the world from a Demonic army.

Featuring

Crew

References

External links

2000s science fiction comedy films
2010s science fiction comedy films
2000s Canadian comedy television series
2010s Canadian comedy television series


Tabasalu is a small borough () in Harju County, northern Estonia, located about 13 km west from the capital Tallinn. It is the administrative centre of Harku Parish. As of 1 June 2022, the settlement's population was 3,845.

See also
Tabasalu Palliklubi
Tabasalu Bog

References

External links
Harku Parish

Boroughs and small boroughs in Estonia
Kreis Harrien


Yeruham "Eitan" Livni (; 1 April 1919 – 27 December 1991) was a Revisionist Zionist activist, Irgun commander and Israeli politician, father of Israeli politician Tzipi Livni.

Life and career
Livni was born in Grodno, Poland (now in Belarus) on 1 April 1919 to Yitzhak and Dvora. His family moved to Mandatory Palestine in 1925 and settled in Tel Aviv. He went to High School and Trade School in Tel Aviv, and in 1938, he joined the Betar movement at Zikhron Ya'akov, where he was assigned to agricultural work and guard duty. Soon after, he joined the Irgun, and a year later, he was summoned to a commanders course at Tel Tzur (near Binyamina).

When the Irgun proclaimed its revolt against the British in February 1944, he was put in charge of the Irgun activities, and was later appointed to the General Headquarters as chief operations officer. He was arrested on April 4, 1946, for his participation in the sabotage operation against British railroads called "Night of the Trains", where an Irgun fighter, two British and four Arabs were killed, which was along with the Night of the Airfields and the Night of the Bridges led a forceful British retaliation, and 2 weeks later Operation Agatha. He was sentenced, together with his comrades, to 15 years imprisonment, but was freed two years later in the Acre Prison break. He was sent clandestinely to Europe to organize action against British targets there, and on May 15, 1948, he returned home to take part in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

After Israel was established in 1948, he and Sara Rosenberg, a fellow Irgun activist, became the first couple to marry in the new Jewish state. He was chairman of the Wood Products Department of the Industrialists Association from 1949 to 1959, and owner of the “Ariah” Starch Factory until 1965. He was a member of the Directorate and Secretariat of the Herut Movement in 1960 and Head of its Organization Department in 1965. He was also the chairman of the Union of Irgun Soldiers between 1962 and 1980 and chairman of Acre and Jerusalem Prisoners Association in 1963.

In 1968, he became a member of Directorate of Gahal and later of Likud, and was the chairman of Directorate of Likud from 1970 to 1971. He was elected to the Knesset in 1973, 1977 and 1981. He was a member of the Economic Affairs, Foreign Affairs and Defense and State Control Committees. He was politically moderate.

He died in 1991. At his specific request, the Irgun emblem was engraved on his headstone. After his death, his daughter, Tzipi, entered the Israeli political scene, and has become a prominent minister for Likud and Kadima. She was later elected leader of Kadima, but eventually left to form her own party, Hatnuah.

Bibliography
 Personal Story of Operations Officer of Etzel (1983)

References

External links

1919 births
1991 deaths
20th-century Israeli Jews
Belarusian Jews
Betar members
Burials at Nahalat Yitzhak Cemetery
Escapees from British military detention
Gahal politicians
Herut politicians
Irgun members
Israeli people of Belarusian-Jewish descent
Israeli escapees
Likud politicians
Members of the 8th Knesset (1974–1977)
Members of the 9th Knesset (1977–1981)
Members of the 10th Knesset (1981–1984)
People from Grodno
Polish emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
Inmates of Acre Prison


is a puzzle video game and the first video game in the Taisen Puzzle-Dama series. It was released in July 1994 by Konami in Japanese arcades. It was released in Europe as Crazy Cross.

Gameplay

The Gameplay is similar to Puyo Puyo. The player must beat the opponent by creating combos, which involve matching three balls or more of the same color simultaneously. Doing so will fill the opponent's side with colored blocks from either the top or bottom. The blocks contain a certain ball color, depending on the color of the block. When blocks are matched, the color ball is released. The side that exceeds the top first loses. Score is also added for both sides, but the opponent's score doesn't affect the rounds in any way.

Characters
  (voiced by Ai Orikasa)
  (voiced by Chisa Yokoyama)
  (voiced by ???)
  (voiced by ???)
  (voiced by Issei Futamata)
  (voiced by Toshiyuki Morikawa)
  (voiced by ???)
  (voiced by Hekiru Shiina)
  (voiced by Toshiyuki Morikawa)
  (voiced by Toshiyuki Morikawa)
  (voiced by Toshiyuki Morikawa)

Reception
It was Japan's third highest-grossing arcade printed circuit board (PCB) software of 1995, below Virtua Fighter 2 and Puzzle Bobble.

Legacy
 This game was parodied in Jikkyou Oshaberi Parodius: Forever with me, using John Wanjiro, Penkuro and Temple Lord in that order as bosses in stage 7.
 Penkuro and John Wanjiro from Taisen Puzzle-Dama makes a brief cameo in the interactive game TwinBee PARADISE in Donburishima.
 Penkuro, Makorin and Temple Lord makes as picture nonogram in the mobile game Pixel Puzzle Collection.

References

Puzzle video games
1994 video games
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Konami games
Japan-exclusive video games
Konami arcade games
Video games developed in Japan

ja:対戦ぱずるだま


"Exit Wounds" is the thirteenth and final episode of the second series of the British science fiction television series Torchwood, and was broadcast on BBC Two on 4 April 2008. It marked the final appearance of Burn Gorman as Owen Harper and Naoko Mori as Toshiko Sato, with both characters being killed off at the end of the episode. It is also the final Torchwood episode in its original format.

In the episode, Gray (Lachlan Nieboer), the brother of the alien hunter Jack Harkness (John Barrowman), punishes Jack for abandoning him long ago by having Jack buried underground in the past. Meanwhile, Gray has also ordered the detonation of bombs throughout Cardiff, leaving the remaining members of Jack's team of alien hunters in Torchwood preoccupied with saving Cardiff.

Plot

Synopsis
Torchwood split up to investigate three instances of Rift activity. At the Torchwood Hub, Captain John Hart shoots Jack and takes him to Cardiff Castle. There and at the three other locations, the team watch as John systematically detonates several bombs across Cardiff. John then transports himself and Jack to Cardiff in 27 AD, where John explains that he was forced to do what he did by Jack's brother, Gray, and has been forced to wear a bomb and surveillance equipment on a wristband molecularly bonded to his skin. Gray arrives and forces John to dig a grave for Jack to be buried alive in, in response to leaving Gray behind. John drops a ring into the grave.

In the present, Gwen, Rhys, and Andy help to organise the police to maintain order in the city while the rest of Torchwood attempt to repair the damage. John returns to present and helps Torchwood, now that the wristband has unbonded after John's deal with Gray is complete. Torchwood learn that the Turnmill Nuclear Power Plant will soon go into meltdown. Gray, having returned to the present, releases Weevils which block access to the plant. Owen, whom the creatures have worshipped since his return from death, enters the plant untouched while Toshiko helps him with the plant's control system via radio. Gwen, Ianto, and John sedate three Weevils that attacked the police station, and drag them to the holding cells. Once in the cells, though, Gray locks the three inside, then shoots Toshiko.

Gray discovers Jack alive in the Hub's morgue; the signal from John's ring was discovered by Torchwood in 1901 and Jack urged the team from that era to keep him in cryogenic storage until the present. Jack apologises to Gray and asks for his forgiveness but Gray refuses, forcing Jack to sedate him. Jack frees his teammates from their cells. Meanwhile, a still-wounded Toshiko tells Owen over the radio how to vent the irradiated coolant into the control room. Owen successfully completes the procedure, but before he can make his escape, a power surge triggers the lockdown mechanism and Owen is trapped. The two say their goodbyes to each other as the control room is flooded with radiation and Toshiko dies of her wounds.

Jack places Gray's body in cryogenic storage, refusing to kill him, stating there has already been too much death.

Continuity
 A Hoix creature from the parent series Doctor Who in its 2006 episode "Love & Monsters" appears in this episode. This is the first time it is named by a character onscreen.
 Owen refers to his status as "King of the Weevils", first mentioned in "Dead Man Walking" and foreshadowed in "Combat".
 When Owen Harper and Toshiko Sato are discussing their early days together, Tosh describes pretending to be a medic in Owen's second week, to cover for him having a hangover. Owen asks if this was "the space pig" incident, referring to Naoko Mori's appearance as Doctor Sato, a presumed pathologist in the Doctor Who story "Aliens of London".
 Paul Marc Davis, who plays the Cowled Leader, previously played the Futurekind Chieftain in the Doctor Who episode "Utopia" and the Trickster in The Sarah Jane Adventures story Whatever Happened to Sarah Jane?. He is the second actor to appear in all three series, the first being Paul Kasey.

Production

Cast notes
This episode marks the last episode starring Naoko Mori as Toshiko Sato and Burn Gorman as Owen Harper. In the Torchwood: De-Classified television special that covers this episode, Burn Gorman jokingly remarks that Owen will transform into the "King of the Weevils" if he is not truly dead.

Notes

References

External links

2008 British television episodes
Torchwood episodes
Television episodes written by Chris Chibnall


The Best of The Vines is a compilation album by The Vines and contains a selection of singles and album tracks from their first three albums released under Capitol Records. The band did not have a say in the release having been dropped by Capitol Records in 2007, however they picked the songs.

Track listing

Personnel
 Craig Nicholls – vocals, guitars, keys, moog
 Ryan Griffiths – guitars, keys, percussion, backing vocals
 Hamish Rosser – drums, percussion, backing vocals
 Dave Oliffe – drums on "Highly Evolved", "Autumn Shade", "Outtathaway", "Homesick" (outro only)
 Joey Waronker – drums on "Get Free"
 Pete Thomas – drums on "Factory", "Homesick" (excerpt)
 Patrick Matthews – bass
 Andy Kent – bass
 Amanda Brown – violin
 Rowan Smith – violin
 Sophie Glasson – cello
 Roger Joseph Manning Jr. - Keyboards

Other Credits
 Rob Schnapf – Additional Guitars ("Homesick" and "Factory"), Producer, Mixing
 Doug Boehm – Engineering, Mixing
 Ted Jensen – Mastering
 Ethan Johns – Additional Percussion ("Get Free", "Autumn Shade", "Factory")
 Andrew Slater – Executive Producer
 Andy Wallace – Mixing ("Get Free")
 Doug Boehm – Engineer
 Steven Rhodes – Additional Percussion ("Get Free", "Autumn Shade", "Factory"), Additional Engineering
 Wayne Connolly – producer, recorder, mixing
 Dan Clinch – additional engineering
 Anthony The – additional engineering
 Veit Mahler – additional engineering

Release history

References

External links
The Vines - Official Website
The Vines Myspace page

The Vines (band) albums
Albums produced by Rob Schnapf
2008 greatest hits albums
Capitol Records compilation albums


Wendell H. Ford Airport  is a public airport located 10 miles (16 km) northwest of the central business district of Hazard, a city in Perry County, Kentucky, United States. It is named for former Kentucky Senator and Governor Wendell H. Ford.

Facilities and aircraft
Wendell H. Ford Airport covers an area of  which contains two asphalt paved runways: 14/32 measuring 5,500 x 100 ft (1,676 x 30 m) and 6/24 measuring 3,250 x 60 ft (991 x 18 m). For the 12-month period ending September 21, 2006, the airport had 10,200 aircraft operations, an average of 27 per day: 85% general aviation, 13% air taxi and 2% military.

References

External links

Airports in Kentucky
Transportation in Perry County, Kentucky
Buildings and structures in Perry County, Kentucky


Kallai may refer to:

 Kallayi, a town in Kerala, India
 Kallai River, a river of Kerala, India
 Kallai, Poonch District, Jammu and Kashmir, India

See also
 Kallai Mattum, a song
 Kállai, a surname
 Kallay


Fintan Ryan is an Irish comedy screenwriter, best known for writing the BBC Two sitcom Never Better and the E4 science fiction series The Aliens.

References

External links
Never Better on the BBC website
BFI biography

Television writers from Northern Ireland
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)


Ian Gordon is the name of:

Ian Gordon (athlete) (born 1950), Canadian Olympic sprinter
Ian Gordon (footballer) (born 1933), former Australian rules footballer
Ian Gordon (general) (born 1952), Deputy Chief of Army and Commander of UNTSO
Ian Gordon (historian) (born 1964), professor of US history at the National University of Singapore
Ian Gordon (ice hockey) (born 1975), German hockey player
Ian Gordon (rower) (born 1948), Canadian Olympic rower


Kessler v. Treat, 205 U.S. 33 (1907), was a decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States adjudicated allegations that prisoners were unlawfully imprisoned by Morgan Treat, the United States Marshall for the Eastern District of Virginia. In a one-sentence opinion written by Chief Justice Melville Fuller, the Court identified ten cases for which the Court entered the same decree as the one issued in Tinsley v. Treat. Justice John Marshall Harlan dissented without writing a separate opinion.

Cases for which decrees were entered
The Court entered decrees for the following cases:

 William De. C. Kessler v. Morgan Treat, United States Marshal, el al.
 Samuel T. Morgan v. Morgan Treat, etc.
 Austin B. Carpenter v. Morgan Treat, etc.
 Fortesque Whittle v. Morgan Treat, etc.
 Frank E. Wilcox v. Morgan Treat, etc.
 George Braden v. Morgan Treat, etc.
 Frank S. Royster v. Morgan Treat, etc.
 J. Rice Smith v. Morgan Treat, etc.
 Charles F. Burroughs v. Morgan Treat, etc.
 Charles H. McDowell v. Morgan Treat, etc.

See also
 Andersen v. Treat (1898)
 List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 205

References

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
1907 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases of the Fuller Court


The Svenska Flygfabriken LN-3 Seagull is a two-seater single-engine pusher configuration amphibian kitplane made from composite material, powered by a D-Motor LF26, D-Motor LF39 or Rotax 912/914 engine. It is fitted with retracting conventional landing gear. The manufacturer is Svenska Flygfabriken AB, based in Sundsvall, Sweden. Work started on building the prototype in 2003, and the maiden flight was made on 5 February 2008 at Midlanda Airport.
Take-offs and landings on land, ice and water have all been tested during the test program..

The designer of this aircraft is Lage Norberg, who has been working on the design since the early 1980s. It is intended to match the regulatory standards for amphibian homebuilt aircraft in the Ultralight, Microlight and Light Sport Aircraft Categories, as well as the FAR 23 Aerobatic category.

Specifications (LN-3 Seagull)

See also
 Republic RC-3 Seabee

References

External links
 Flygfabriken Homepage
 List of experimental aircraft (Swedish).

Seagull
Single-engined pusher aircraft
High-wing aircraft
2000s Swedish sport aircraft
Light-sport aircraft
Flying boats
Amphibious aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2008


"The Right Time" is a song by Australian rock group Hoodoo Gurus. It was released in October 1993 as the lead single from the group's sixth studio album, Crank. The song peaked at number 41 on the ARIA charts.

In June 2000, Dave Faulkner said "... [it] was originally conceived to be just one of a suite of songs, a mini-opera like the Who's A Quick One as I strived to fulfil my Wagnerian masterplan to revive the '70s concept album (c.f. Radiohead). Two other songs from Crank, "Hypocrite Blues" and "Gospel Train", also survive from the grand opus. "The Right Time" was intended as the theme for a female gang of motorcycle hellcats, but of course that's obvious."

Track listing
 CD single (7432116898-2)
 "The Right Time" — 3:55
 "Road Hog" — 2:30
 "Wait for the Sun"  — 3:05

Personnel
 Richard Grossman — bass
 Dave Faulkner — lead vocals, guitar, keyboards
 Mark Kingsmill — drums
 Brad Shepherd — guitar, vocals
 Producer — Ed Stasium (track 1), Hoodoo Gurus (tracks 2, 3)
 Engineer — Paul Hamingson (track 1), Charles Fisher (tracks 2, 3)
 Mixer — Greg Calbi (track 1), Darius Sulic (tracks 2, 3)
 Mastering — Greg Calbi

Charts

References

1993 singles
Hoodoo Gurus songs
1993 songs
Songs written by Dave Faulkner (musician)


The Kuomintang Youth League (), also known as Young KMT, is a youth group under the Kuomintang. The Kuomintang Youth League was created in 2006 by Kuomintang chairman Ma Ying-jeou to help promote cultural and political awareness among Chinese youths. The Kuomintang Youth League now has numerous chapters spread throughout the sovereign lands of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and its extensive overseas network include many cities in the United States.

History

It was preceded by the Three Principles of the People Youth League (三民主義青年團) which existed from 1938 to 1947.

The Kuomintang Youth League was established in 2006 by Kuomintang Chairman Ma Ying-jeou. The primary goal of the Kuomintang Youth League is to serve the Republic of China and local communities. Because many youths are frustrated with the political situation of the Republic of China, the Kuomintang Youth League hopes to use young people's passion for politics to contribute to society. In addition to passionate youths, the Kuomintang Youth League hopes to regain the trust of apathetic youths. Since charges of corruption against Chen Shui-bian surfaced in 2006, many youths have lost faith in politicians and try to avoid the topic altogether. Hoping to regain the support of youths in politics, the Kuomintang developed the Youth League to help bring political awareness to students.

Purpose
There are over 1 million youths between the ages of 20 and 29 living in Taiwan.

To help youths become better citizens, the Kuomintang hopes more young people will go to their local polling places and vote no matter who they vote for, KMT or DPP. As citizens of one of the few truly democratic nations in Asia, youths should fulfill their obligation and cast their votes. The Kuomintang Youth League not only raises political awareness but encourages its members to be good citizens and exercise their democratic rights. The Kuomintang Youth League also promotes community service whether the Youth League chapter is located in the Republic of China or abroad. The KMT Young League is somewhat different from the mainstream KMT. They however do not strongly support Chinese unification, and liberal views of social issues, such as LGBT rights in Taiwan.

Overseas Extensions
The Kuomintang Youth League has a broad support group in the United States and Canada, especially in California. Local communities place this youth political organisation very high regard for their community service activities. The first overseas branch was formed in Los Angeles. The newest overseas addition of the Kuomintang Youth League is established in Victoria, British Columbia.

List of leaders

References

See also
Communist Youth League of China

Kuomintang
Youth organizations based in Taiwan
Political organizations based in Taiwan
Organizations based in Taipei
Youth wings of conservative parties
2006 establishments in Taiwan
Youth organizations established in 2006
Youth wings of political parties in China


KUOL (94.5 MHz) is an FM radio station licensed to serve Elko, Nevada, United States. The station is owned by Richard Hudson, through licensee Global One Media, Inc. It airs a classic hits format.

The station was assigned the KOYT call sign by the Federal Communications Commission on September 1, 2005, and changed to KZBI on August 1, 2010.

On September 1, 2020, KZBI changed its call sign to KUOL. On September 10, 2020, the station flipped to classic hits as "94.5 Kool-FM", as part of a format swap between KUOL and K299AN/KUOL-HD2, which now airs KUOL's former news/talk format as "Talk Radio 107.7".

Previous logo

References

External links

UOL
Classic hits radio stations in the United States
Elko, Nevada
Radio stations established in 2006
2006 establishments in Nevada


The Review of Environmental Economics and Policy (REEP) is a peer-reviewed journal of environmental economics published twice each year.  It is the official "accessible" journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists (AERE), and complements the organization's other journal, the Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists (JAERE), which has a more technical research orientation.

REEP was conceived after years of consideration by the Association. Just as the Journal of Economic Perspectives is to the American Economic Review, REEP is intended to fill the gap between traditional academic research journals in environmental economics (like JEEM) and the general interest press by providing a widely accessible yet scholarly source for the latest thinking on environmental economics and related policy. REEP publishes symposia, articles, and regular features that contribute to one or more of the following goals: to identify and synthesize lessons learned from recent and ongoing environmental economics research, to provide economic analysis of environmental policy issues, to promote the sharing of ideas and perspectives among the various sub-fields of environmental economics, to strengthen the linkages between environmental economics research and environmental policy, to encourage communication and connections between academics and the wider policy community, to offer suggestions for future research, to provide insights and readings for use in the classroom, and to address issues of interest to the environmental economics profession.

REEP is edited by Carlo Carraro of the University of Venice, Harvard University, Matthew Kahn University of California, Los Angeles. Articles published by the REEP are generally commissioned by the editors, but are still typically subjected to anonymous peer review. Given the requirement that material appearing in the journal should be written for a non-technical audience and be highly readable, the submission of unsolicited manuscripts is not encouraged. There are simply too few other outlets for a paper with this structure if it turns out not to be appropriate for REEP. Speculative preparation of an article thus represents more of a gamble that usual in the world of economics journals. Instead, the editors welcome proposals for topics and authors, so that the suitability of potential contributions can be considered carefully in advance. All such proposals are invited to be sent to the journal's editorial office.  AERE and the editors of REEP hope that this new journal will evolve to continually reflect the interests and the changing needs of the worldwide membership of the AERE, as well as REEP's broader constituency of interested but non-specialist readers.

REEP is indexed by EconLit and the Journal of Economic Literature.

References

External links
Review of Environmental Economics and Policy
Association of Environmental and Resource Economists

Economics journals
Environmental economics
Environmental social science journals
Oxford University Press academic journals
English-language journals


Bower () is a village and civil parish in Highland, Scotland It is 10 miles from Thurso and around 11 miles from Wick.  Bower is served by Wick, Thurso and Castletown for shopping, taxis and post offices.

Bower's population in 1851 was 1,845; however this has decreased to 633 in 2011.

The village of Bowermadden consists of two streets: Auchorn Square and Thura place as well as some scattered houses and farms.

Education
Bower Busy Bees provides early education to children aged 2.5 to 5 years.  Bower Busy Bees is located to the rear of Bower Community Centre in the renovated stables.  Bower Busy Bees has a fantastic outdoor play area and garden.

Bower Primary School was built in 1976 but was moved to the village years later. Bower Primary's motto is
' Small School, Big Education '.

Children attend either Wick High School or Thurso High School.

Businesses
Bower is home to the window, door and housebuilding company Norscot Joinery Ltd., located on the main B876 road through the village. Further along to the northwest are the former works of Nicolson Engineering, now rented out to various companies for storage and operations. These have grown out of the old blacksmith's forge, and the neighbouring cottage is still called The Smiddy. The large building opposite the cottage is sometimes used for trials rigs to support Dounreay decommissioning.
Independent florist Flower Daze, CoCo Chocolatier, and joiner Lee Mackay also operate out of the village.
Several farms and smallholdings are based in Bower.
Bower is also home to the council-run Seater landfill, which was previously open to the public but now only takes commercial waste.

Standing stones
The Stone Lud is a standing stone in Upper Bower Tower.

The stone has been claimed as the grave stone of Ljot Thorfinnsson, the 10th century earl of Orkney. At about 3 metres (9.8 ft) from ground level, however, it seems rather taller than anything the 10th century Norse are likely to have used. It is one of the more impressive standing stones in Caithness and has mass and size to compare with those of the Ring of Brodgar in Orkney. Also it is one of two stones, of which the second is now fallen, about 30 metres (98 ft) from the first. When erect the second is supposed to have been behind the first as seen from the direction of the northern hemisphere summer solstice sunset.

In The Standing Stones of Caithness (2003), Leslie J Myatt gives the alignment of the stones as 322 degrees, from the fallen stone to the still standing stone. This alignment may appear to suggest a summer solstice sunset which is too far north for the latitude. However, at about 75 metres (246 ft), the altitude of the stones is quite high with respect to an Atlantic horizon which is visible on this bearing. The sunset alignment differs from that of Maeshowe, a chambered cairn in Orkney, which is built so that sunlight will penetrate the cairn at the time of the winter solstice sunset.

The name of Ljot is very close to that of Lot or Loth, the mythic King of Orkney and Lothian in Arthurian legend, and in Celtic Myths and Legends (1912), Charles Squire identifies Lot as a late incarnation of a British god who is remembered in medieval Welsh legend as Lludd Llaw Eraint. Modern scholars are more skeptical of this connection.

References

Populated places in Caithness
Parishes in Caithness
Caithness


RSM-45 R-31 (NATO designation - SS-N-17 Snipe) was a Soviet submarine-launched ballistic missile.

Development for the missile began in June 1971 at the Arsenal Design Bureau. It was fitted on only one Yankee II class submarine, originally for evaluation purposes. A first test flight took place from the Yankee II Class submarine K-140 (photo) in December 1976. The RS-16 was the first solid-fueled ICBM in the Soviet Union's strategic arsenal. It was a two-stage delivery device armed with a single 500 kt nuclear warhead. A particular practical benefit of the design was the quiet submerged launch system, which used the missile's own buoyancy to lift it to the surface.

The missile entered service in March 1980, but was never installed in any other submarine other than the K-140, and was out of service by 1991. Apparently this missile was also capable of performing the duties of SLCMs, as the targeting distance could be varied drastically.

It was the first Soviet ballistic missile using astro-inertial guidance.

Users

Soviet Navy

References

Sources
SS-N-17 at MissileThreat
MILNET: Strategic Missiles

R-031
Arsenal Design Bureau products
Arsenal Plant (Saint Petersburg) products
Military equipment introduced in the 1980s


The Power of Positive Thinking: A Practical Guide to Mastering the Problems of Everyday Living is a 1952 self-help book by American minister Norman Vincent Peale. It provides anecdotal "case histories" of positive thinking using a biblical approach, and practical instructions which were designed to help the reader achieve a permanent and optimistic attitude. These techniques usually involved affirmations and visualizations. Peale claimed that such techniques would give the reader a higher satisfaction and quality of life. The book was negatively reviewed by scholars and health experts, but was popular among the general public and has sold well.

Author

Norman Vincent Peale, born in 1898 in southwestern Ohio, graduated from Ohio Wesleyan University and later received his bachelor's and master's degrees in sacred theology from Boston University's School of Theology. Peale then attended Syracuse University where he received a Doctor of Divinity degree. After serving 10 years as a Methodist clergyman in New York, Peale became the pastor of New York City's Marble Collegiate Church where he stayed for 52 years, until his retirement in 1984. Throughout his career as a pastor, Peale wrote over 40 books, became a sought-after motivational speaker, started weekly radio and television shows, organized the American Foundation of Religion and Psychiatry, and co-founded the spiritual newsletter Guideposts with his wife, Ruth Stafford Peale.

Publication
The Power of Positive Thinking was published in October 1952 and continues to be Peale's most widely read work. It was on the New York Times bestsellers list for 186 weeks, 48 of which were spent in the No. 1 non-fiction spot. The book sold more than 5 million copies worldwide — 2.5 million from 1952 to 1956 — and was eventually translated into over 40 languages. Other books published by Peale around 1952 include The Art of Real Happiness, published in 1950, and Inspiring Messages for Daily Living, published in 1955. The Power of Positive Thinking appeared at a time when Christian church attendance was drastically increasing, national views of spirituality, individuality, and religion were shifting, and the Cold War was a growing concern for many Americans. These factors, as well as Peale's growing popularity as a motivational public figure and the book's clear prose, propelled The Power of Positive Thinking into a self-help book still popular today.

Synopsis
Peale begins by stating ten rules for “overcoming inadequacy attitudes and learning to practice faith”. The rules include the following:

 Picture yourself succeeding.
 Think a positive thought to drown out a negative thought.
 Minimize obstacles.
 Do not attempt to copy others.
 Repeat “If God be for us, who can be against us?” ten times every day.
 Work with a counselor.
 Repeat “I can do all things through Christ which strengtheneth me” ten times every day.
 Develop a strong self-respect.
 Affirm that you are in God's hands.
 Believe that you receive power from God.

The next chapter describes the importance of creating a peaceful mind, which can be done through inspirational reading, clearing one's mind, or visualization. Peale continues with how to obtain consistent energy, saying that “God is the source of all energy”. The mind controls how the body feels; thus, letting go of negative energy and emotions will give infinite energy through God. Next, Peale speaks of the healing power of prayer, and how it will heal physical and emotional problems that arise from negative circumstances. In chapters five and six, Peale asserts that happiness is created by choice and that worrying only inhibits it and should be stopped. The next step in thinking positively is to always believe in success and not to believe in defeat because most obstacles are “mental in character”. Habitual worrying is the next obstacle to overcome through emptying the mind and positive affirmations. Peale then states that asking God for help can solve one's personal problems and physically and emotionally heal them.

In chapter twelve, Peale states that letting go of anger and embracing a sense of calm can help with physical illnesses, such as eczema. Next, Peale states that letting positive thoughts in can change one's outlook on life drastically and that practicing relaxation through God's help will lead to a content life. Chapter fifteen gives concrete examples on how to get others to like you, including the following: remember names, praise others generously, become a people person, and resolve problems calmly as soon as they appear. Peale then continues with how to overcome heartache through prayer, meditation, social interactions, and keeping a daily routine. The final chapter restates the importance of reaching out to a Higher Power for help in living a peaceful, positive life. Peale ends The Power of Positive Thinking with an epilogue encouraging readers to follow his techniques and live more fulfilled lives. Peale writes, “I pray for you. God will help you — so believe and live successfully.”

Reception

Criticisms
Peale's work came under criticism from various mental health experts, theologians, and academics. One general criticism of Peale's book was the lack of verified sources. The Power of Positive Thinking includes many personal anecdotes that the reader has no way of validating. The book includes stories about “a business executive”, “a man, an alcoholic”, “a famous trapeze artist”, “a friend of [Peale’s], a midwestern businessman”, and other unnamed individuals which cannot be verified from the information Peale presents with each anecdote.

Similarity to hypnosis
Psychiatrist R. C. Murphy addresses another criticism of Peale's work in an article in The Nation dated May 7, 1955. He compares Peale's message in The Power of Positive Thinking to that of hypnosis, writing that "self-knowledge, in Mr. Peale's understanding, is unequivocally bad; self-hypnosis is good." Murphy explains that such repeated hypnosis defeats an individual's self-motivation, sense of reality, and ability to think critically. He describes Peale's understanding of the mind as inaccurate and his description of the workings of the mind as deceptively simplistic and false. Murphy states that if man's unconscious “can be conceptualized merely as a container for a small number of psychic fragments, then ideas like 'mind-drainage' follow. So does the reliance on self-hypnosis, which is the cornerstone of Mr. Peale's philosophy.” Murphy concludes that Peale's techniques for positive thinking relate too closely to hypnosis and are inadequate for the readers’ needs for self-improvement.

Albert Ellis, an influential psychologist of the 20th century and the founder of cognitive therapy, also criticized Peale's techniques for their similarities with hypnotism. He compared the techniques presented with those of the hypnotist Émile Coué and asserted that the repeated use of these hypnotic techniques could lead to significant mental health problems. Ellis stated that eventually Peale's teachings “lead to failure and disillusionment, and not only boomerang back against people, but often prejudice them against effective therapy."

Effectiveness of techniques
Another criticism is that Peale's philosophy is not accomplished through his techniques presented. R. C. Murphy writes that Peale's teachings “endorse the cruelties which men commit against each other” which encourages readers to “give up [their] strivings and feel free to hate as much as [they] like”. Murphy argues that by teaching others to destroy all negativity, Peale is, in fact, fostering negativity and aggression. Harvard scholar Donald Meyer presents a similar criticism in his article "Confidence Man" written in 1955. Meyer writes that The Power of Positive Thinking provides partial awareness to the limitations of the readers, but does not supply the necessary self-confidence to overcome those limitations. He proceeds to compare Peale to a con man saying that the problem with Peale lies in the “paltriness of the confidence he preached. He did not really try to fool you into thinking you could do much, or be much, or live much. He did not make you aware of greater heights any more than of greater abysses.”

Psychologist Martin Seligman, former APA president and founder of positive psychology, also condemned Peale's methods in his book, Authentic Happiness. He writes that, “positive thinking often involves trying to believe upbeat statements such as 'Every day, in every way, I’m getting better and better,' in the absence of evidence, or even in the face of contrary evidence.” Seligman continues his critique saying, “if you can manage the feat of actually believing these sorts of statements, more power to you. Many educated people, trained in skeptical thinking, cannot manage this kind of boosterism.”

Similarly, Donald Meyer, in his book The Positive Thinkers, critiques the effectiveness of Peale's techniques saying that Peale always “reacted to the image of harshness with flight rather than competitive fight.” Meyer later quotes Peale as saying, “No man, however resourceful or pugnacious, is a match for so great an adversary as a hostile world. He is at best a puny and impotent creature quite at the mercy of the cosmic and social forces in the midst of which he dwells." Meyer argues that positive thinking is disempowering to the individual; for, Peale presents individuals as weak compared to the “hostile world” with only the help of his techniques to overcome negative circumstances. In addition, Meyer also questions the effectiveness of Peale's positive thinking techniques in the antagonistic environment Peale presents.

Theological critique
Episcopal theologian John M. Krumm criticized Peale's teachings for their basis in religion, defining his teachings as heretical. Krumm writes that "the emphasis upon techniques such as the repetition of confident phrases” or “the manipulation of certain mechanical devices” gives “the impression of a thoroughly depersonalized religion. Very little is said about the sovereign mind and purpose of God; much is made of the things men can say to themselves and can do to bring about their ambitions and purposes." Krumm argues that Peale does not have the backing of religion to support his techniques. Krumm continues with a warning: "The predominant use of impersonal symbols for God is a serious and dangerous invitation to regard man as the center of reality and the Divine Reality as an impersonal power, the use and purpose of which is determined by the man who takes hold of it and employs it as he thinks best.”

Edmund Fuller, book review editor of the Episcopal Churchnews, warned against following Peale's teachings in an article titled “Pitchmen in the Pulpit” from March 1957. Fuller cautions readers not to believe Peale just because he was a minister. He writes that Peale's books have no connection to Christianity and that they “influence, mislead and often disillusion sick, maladjusted, unhappy or ill-constructed people, obscuring for them the Christian realities. They offer easy comforts, easy solutions to problems and mysteries that sometimes perhaps, have no comforts or solutions at all, in glib, worldly terms. They offer a cheap 'happiness' in lieu of the joy Christianity can offer.”

Positive reviews
While contemporary theologians and mental health experts criticized Peale's teachings in The Power of Positive Thinking, the general public praised the self-help book. The Los Angeles Times estimates that “legions of followers testified that Peale’s message changed their lives for the better and represented the best combination of faith and pragmatism.” This is evidenced by the popularity of Peale's book, which sold more than 5 million copies worldwide and was eventually translated into over 40 languages. In addition, Peale was close friends with American presidents Eisenhower and Nixon, both of whom highly regarded his positive thinking teachings. Countless others accredited The Power of Positive Thinking for their success in overcoming obstacles including George Foster, of the Cincinnati Reds, Rev. Robert Schuller, founder and pastor of the Crystal Cathedral in Garden Grove, and Billy Graham, a prominent Southern Baptist Minister.

Popular culture

Former U.S. president Donald Trump has called Peale "his pastor" and "one of the greatest speakers" he had ever seen. According to Donald's niece and author Mary L. Trump, Donald Trump's father, Fred, became interested in Peale's message in the 1950s. Fred and his wife, Mary Anne MacLeod Trump, traveled to the Marble Collegiate Church in Manhattan with their children to hear Peale's sermons. Donald Trump grew up hearing Peale's teachings from his parents, and Peale officiated his first wedding. Trump credits his survival in 1990 after being almost a billion dollars in debt to Peale's positive thinking teachings.

The book is referenced in the 2020 DC Comics Wonder Woman sequel film, Wonder Woman 1984, the villain of which is a self-help-touting entrepreneur.

A Texas woman named Helen Hadsell read the book in 1959 and credited the book with much of her success in winning contests. After reading the book she began entering and winning contests. She has stated from that point on she won every contest she ever entered.

See also
 Autosuggestion
 Emmanuel Movement
 New Thought
 Positive mental attitude

References

1952 non-fiction books
Self-help books
American non-fiction books
Prentice Hall books
Bibliotherapy books


KLKO (93.7 FM, "93.7 Jack FM") is a radio station licensed to serve Elko, Nevada.  The station is owned by Elko Broadcasting Company.  It airs an adult hits music format.

The station was assigned the KLKO call letters by the Federal Communications Commission on December 14, 1981.

References

External links
KLKO official website

LKO
Adult hits radio stations in the United States
Jack FM stations
Radio stations established in 1981
Elko, Nevada


Historically, Iceland was divided into four farthings (landsfjórðungar, singular landsfjórðungur) corresponding to the cardinal directions. These were administrative divisions established in 965 for the purpose of organising regional assemblies called farthing assemblies (fjórðungsþing) and regional courts called farthing courts (fjórðungsdómar). Each farthing held three local assemblies (usually in spring and autumn), which were each presided over by three goðar or chieftains. The North Farthing alone held four. Farthing courts would judge cases if both plaintiff and defendant belonged to the same assembly; otherwise the case was brought to the general assembly, the Alþingi. Little else is known about these farthing courts and they seem to have been much more irregular than the spring and autumn assemblies. Also, in spite of the apparent regularity of three goðar per assembly and three to four assemblies per farthing, the system of rule by chieftains and assemblies probably followed a much more varied pattern.

The two dioceses of Iceland were divided along the farthing division in 1106 such that the diocese of Skálholt extended over three farthings (West, South, and East), and the diocese of Hólar extended over the North Farthing.

The lawmen
Iceland had come under the King of Norway's sway in 1264, and a change of law came with Magnus the Lawmender's lawbook of 1271. According to this book (entitled Járnsíða or "Ironside"), a lawman was to be set over each farthing. Usually there were just two lawmen, one for the North and West Farthings and one for the South and East Farthings, but sometimes there were as many as four. At the same time the old assemblies muted into counties (sýslur) and the goðar were replaced by county sheriffs (sýslumenn) an office awarded by the king. The lawmen gradually became very powerful and the institution of a supreme court (yfirdómur) in 1593 was an attempt to curb their power instigated by their main competitors, the two bishops.

Medical districts
In 1683 Iceland was made an amt or province within the kingdom of Denmark–Norway. In 1770 the country was divided into two amter, Southeast and Northwest, and the borders of the farthings were changed according to the new division. In effect, amter replaced the farthings.

In 1651 the king had granted permission for the construction of one hospital in each farthing. These were not hospitals in the modern sense but primarily intended as lazarets or leper colonies that later became shelters for vagrants and beggars. In 1766 the office of farthing doctor (fjórðungslæknir) was created, one for each farthing. Soon, however, the medical districts were further divided, first with the introduction of another doctor for the West Farthing in 1781 and then another for the eastern part of the South Farthing in 1799. For most of the 19th century these were the six medical districts in Iceland. In 1944 the state agreed to increase their funding of three hospitals outside of Reykjavík which would be designated as farthing hospitals (fjórðungssjúkrahús). These were the hospitals of Ísafjörður, Akureyri, and Neskaupstaður.

Contemporary use of the term
Later administrative divisions of Iceland (notably the voting districts established with the Constitution of Iceland in 1874) were based on the division of counties and municipalities and the farthings gradually lost any official significance, although they are still used in common parlance to refer to parts of the country.

Currently there is only one form of local government in Iceland, the municipalities, the counties themselves having lost any official significance in the 1990s. Several times during the 20th century there have been regional organisations, societies, cooperation venues at the municipal level etc. based on the farthings. In 1980 one Jóhannes Árnason suggested reinstating the farthing assemblies as means of distributing power from the state to the regions, but this was not seriously considered. A more common way of dividing Iceland nowadays is the eight regions (landshlutar).

Farthing divisions
 Vestfirðingafjórðungur or Breiðfirðingafjórðungur (the farthing of the Westfjorders or Breiðafjorders) originally stretched from Hrútafjörður in the north to the river Hvítá at Borgarfjörður, but in the 13th century was extended southward to the Botnsá at Hvalfjörður
 Norðlendingafjórðungur or Eyfirðingafjórðungur (the farthing of the Northerners or Eyjafjorders) stretched from Hrútafjörður in the west to Langanes in the east.
 Austfirðingafjórðungur (the farthing of the Eastfjorders) extended from Langanes to the river Jökulsá at Sólheimasandur in the south. However in 1783, when the Southern and Eastern amter were created, Skaftafellssýsla in the south was placed within the Southern amt and the border of the farthing thus moved northward to Lónsheiði. In 1893 East Skaftafellssýsla was made part of the Eastern amt, and the border thus moved southward again to the Skeiðará.
 Sunnlendingafjórðungur or Rangæingafjórðungur (the farthing of the Southerners or Rangæings) was really only the southwestern corner of the country, including the capital at Reykjavík.

See also
 Landvættir
 Regions of Iceland
 Counties of Iceland
 Municipalities of Iceland
 Constituencies of Iceland
 Subdivisions of the Nordic countries

Iceland 00
Subdivisions of Iceland


A phototool is a printed film used in the process of manufacturing a printed circuit board (PCB). The phototool is used as a mask to expose a photoresist material. The main alternative to using phototools is maskless lithography, more commonly referred to as direct imaging.

Traditionally, phototools were made with silver halide film or diazo film, but in recent years, many suppliers have come out with films that do not fit into either of these categories. All dry-film phototools are printed using a similar process to film photograph.

The steps for using a phototool are as follows:

 A PCB (typically consisting of a laminate material with copper adhered to the surface) is prepared and cleaned.
 The PCB is coated with a photoresist material that can be cured with UV light
 The phototool is positioned over the PCB
 UV light (or other actinic radiation) shines through the phototool, selectively curing the material.
 The uncured material is washed away, usually using a mild water-based alkali solution.
 PCB can continue to a photolithography step such as surface plating, or a photoengraving step such as etching away unwanted material.

References and further reading
 Chemistry of Photography By: Dr. Drew Myers, Chemistry Coordinator
 Mees, C.E.K, and James, T.H., The Theory of the Photographic Process, 3rd ed., The Macmillan Co., New York, 1966.

Electronics manufacturing


The Illiana Motor Speedway is a closed race track located in Schererville, Indiana, United States and was built in 1947. Located about  from downtown Chicago, Illinois, United States; the Illiana Motor Speedway is the only 1/2 mile paved oval in the Chicago area. It was announced on March 11, 2016 that the track would not open for the 2016 season. The track has been sold to the town of Schererville.

History
When the track opened, in 1947, it was a 1/2-mile dirt track. In 1964 the track was paved. Today the track is a 1/2-mile asphalt oval with an inner 1/4 mile. During the 1962 season the track's owner Harry Molenaar created a season-ending 100-lap race called the "Tony Bettenhausen Memorial" dedicated to the memory of former open wheel Indy car and local racer Tony Bettenhausen who died a year earlier in a racing accident. In 2000 the speedway was repaved for the first time in nearly 40 years and current owner Mike Mikuly bought the track and also installed cement walls to replace the old guard rails. In 2000 the Turbo Stox division was introduced with great success racing on Illiana's 1/4 mile. 2001 was also the last year for the Street Stock division at Illiana. For the 2003 season track owner Mike Mikuly decided to add a  Limited Late Model division to Illiana Motor Speedway's racing card, bringing the track's number of racing divisions to four. The Limited Late Models run a crate (spec) engine. The crate engine is considered to be a lot cheaper to race than the engines used in the Super Late Model division. In 2004 track owner Mike Mikuly decided again to add another division to Illiana's weekly racing program; 4-cylinder Pure Stocks and would race on the tracks 1/4 mile. Illiana added the Legend cars to the weekly program in 2007. They race on the 1/4 mile. On June 24, 2016 the town of Schererville announced it had purchased the track and would begin demolition of the speedway.

Notable drivers
Bobby Wawak, 1974 Late Model champion, ran NASCAR for many years
Larry Schuler, 1976 Late Model champion, winningest driver in the nation in 1976
Bobby Dotter, 1981 Late Model champion, NASCAR Busch Series race winner
Brett Sontag, 2004 ASA National Tour Rookie of the Year

References

External links
Official Site

Motorsport venues in Indiana
Buildings and structures in Lake County, Indiana
Tourist attractions in Lake County, Indiana
Defunct motorsport venues in the United States
2016 disestablishments in Indiana
1947 establishments in Indiana


It's a Bikini World is a 1967 American musical comedy film starring Tommy Kirk, Deborah Walley and Bobby Pickett. The film features cameos by the music groups the Gentrys, the Animals, Pat & Lolly Vegas, the Castaways and R&B girl group the Toys. Featuring a pro-feminist plotline, it is the only film in the beach party genre to be directed by a woman (Stephanie Rothman).

This film, along with Catalina Caper (which also starred Tommy Kirk), is among the last of the beach party films. The mainstay of the once-popular genre was the series of films by American International Pictures (AIP), starting with the surprise hit Beach Party in 1963 and ending with The Ghost in the Invisible Bikini (a box-office flop) in 1966.

Although AIP picked up distribution, It's a Bikini World was not an AIP film. It was produced and originally distributed by Trans American Films under the title The Girl in Daddy's Bikini. A new 35-mm print with this title was screened at the American Cinematheque in Hollywood on August 1, 2009.

Plot
Young surfer, local beach jock and ladies' man Mike Samson meets Delilah Dawes. At first, he tries to add her to his collection of women, but she rejects him because she finds him chauvinistic and shallow, so he disguises himself as a nerdy twin brother named Herbert.

Publisher Harvey Pulp plans to start a new magazine called Teen Scream. To publicize the venture, he joins forces with Daddy, a car, surfboard and skateboard customizer and owner of local music club The Dungeon. Pulp and Daddy organize a series of contests, and Delilah competes against Mike with the encouragement of Mike's fake brother and alternate identity Herbert in various events, and loses each time. However, Mike finds that he is falling in love with her. Delilah finds out about the deception. The two compete in a final race using various vehicles.

Cast
 Deborah Walley as Delilah Dawes
 Tommy Kirk as Mike / Herbert Samson
 Bob Pickett as Woody
 Suzie Kaye as Pebbles
 Jack Bernardi as Harvey Pulp
 William O'Connell as McSnigg
 Jim Begg as Boy
 Lori Williams as Girl
 Pat McGee as Cindy
 Sid Haig as Daddy
 The Animals as Themselves - Rock Group
 The Toys as Themselves - Rock Group
 The Gentrys as Themselves - Rock Group
 The Castaways as Themselves - Rock Group

Production
It's a Bikini World was partly financed by Roger Corman, who hired his protégé Stephanie Rothman to direct and Rothman's husband Charles S. Swartz to produce, and Rothman and Swartz co-wrote the script. Rothman later stated her rationale for the script:

Girls in beach pictures were usually very passive. The idea that she would assume her athletic prowess could be as good as his was very alien. We wanted a story in which the two characters each had a very strong sense of self-esteem: the boy not wanting to admit that the girl could be as worthy as he, the girl not willing to let him believe that he was better than her.

The movie was originally entitled The Girl in Daddy's Bikini. In October, 1965 Kirk signed on to do the film, which then was to be released by Paramount. He had just finished Ghost in the Invisible Bikini with Deborah Walley who was also hired.

Filming
It's a Bikini World was filmed in late 1965 but not released until the spring of 1967. The fact that the film was shot off-season (when the beaches were less crowded, which was typical for beach party films) is noticeable from the foliage and the Hollywood Boulevard Christmas decorations appearing onscreen.

Trans American made an effort to copy AIP's style. Both Kirk and Walley had appeared in previous AIP films, Kirk in Pajama Party and Walley in both Beach Blanket Bingo and Ski Party, and they had just starred together in The Ghost in the Invisible Bikini. Bobby Pickett's character Woody, with his goofy hats and dim wit, is a riff on the character Deadhead/Bonehead that Jody McCrea portrayed in several of the AIP beach party films. Sid Haig's character of Daddy, with his Kustom Kulture design merchandise empire, is a take-off on Ed "Big Daddy" Roth, whose designs were tied to the AIP films as well. For example, Roth's trademark hat, the Hillbilly Crash Helmet, was worn by McCrea in a couple of AIP films, and Roth's Surfite custom car appears in AIP's Beach Blanket Bingo.

The role of Woody was originally offered to Aron Kincaid, who turned it down.

Pickett recalled Walley as being "flirtatious" and Rothman as "very sweet."

Shooting took place over the course of two weeks at a number of locations, including Malibu Beach and a theatre in the Palisades. The location used for Daddy's "dungeon" in the film is the notorious Hollywood Boulevard club The Haunted House, notable for its bizarre stage in the shape of the mouth of a giant fanged monster. The club also appears as the setting for Ted V. Mikels' go-go exploitation film Girl in Gold Boots, released a year later in 1968. Surfboards used in the film were provided by Hobie.

Music
The Animals perform their hit "We Gotta Get out of This Place" and the teen garage band the Castaways perform their hit "Liar, Liar." The Toys perform "Attack," the Gentrys perform "Spread It on Thick" and Pat & Lolly Vegas perform "Walk On (Right Out of My Life)."

The soundtrack is by Mike Curb and features an early Moog synthesizer cut. The kinetic surf instrumental used over the opening and closing credits, and as a signature throughout the film, is by Bob Summers.

Release
The film was released in April 1967, finding limited release in the big cities and mostly playing Southern drive-ins.

Critical reception
According to a contemporary review, the film, which was playing on a double bill with Teenage Rebellion, "is filled with bikinis filled with girls, as advertised. It is also filled with combos who call themselves the Animals, The Castaways, The Gentrys and things like that. What it is not filled with is entertainment. Deborah Walley and Tommy Kirk work as hard as if they were in a really great film like Beach Blanket Bingo but director Stephanie (!) Rothman's efforts, I'm afraid, fall far short of that classic."

A review of the film in TV Guide describes it as "Not one of the better films in the 'Beach Party' genre," but that "[s]ome great 1960s bands [...] are featured." A modern review by Graeme Clark reported that the film "unintentionally has an oddly forlorn mood to its silliness," that it "had more of a proto-feminist theme to it than anything Frankie Avalon ever had to contend with from Annette Funicello," and that "[f]or nostalgists, this is a far more promising prospect for entertainment than anyone else, but that casual melancholy informs the proceedings, not something that would have struck many at the time."

Tommy Kirk later said that he was embarrassed by the movie. "It was ... basically the end of my career, one of the worst pieces of shit that I've ever been in in my life. I can't believe that I could be so stupid. Poor Deborah Walley, poor me." Stephanie Rothman later said that she "... became very depressed after making [the film]." She also said, "I had very ambivalent feelings about continuing to be a director if that was all I was going to be able to do. So I literally went into a kind of retirement for several years until more than anything in the world, I wanted to make films."

See also
List of American films of 1967

References

External links

It's a Bikini World at Brian's Drive in Theatre

1967 films
1967 musical comedy films
1967 romantic comedy films
American musical comedy films
American rock musicals
American romantic comedy films
American romantic musical films
1960s English-language films
Bikinis
Beach party films
Teensploitation
1960s American films