Case Western Reserve School of Medicine (CWRU SOM, CaseMed) is the medical school of Case Western Reserve University, a private research university in Cleveland, Ohio. It is the largest biomedical research center in Ohio. CWRU SOM is primarily affiliated with the Cleveland Clinic, ranked the world’s second-best hospital in 2023. It is also affiliated with University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center.

History
On November 1, 1843, under President George Edmond Pierce, five faculty members including Jared Potter Kirtland and John Delamater, and sixty-seven students began the first medical lectures at the Medical Department of Western Reserve College (also known as the Cleveland Medical College) in Hudson, Ohio. Kirtland and Delamater had previously been instructors at a medical college started in 1834, the Medical Department of Willoughby University of Lake Erie, which had closed in 1843 due to faculty disagreements. Other faculty from that Medical Department went on to found Willoughby Medical College of Columbus, a precursor to the Ohio State University College of Medicine.

Women in Medicine
In 1852, the medical school became the second in the U.S. to graduate a woman, Nancy Talbot Clark. 1854 MD alumna, Emily Blackwell became the third woman in the US to receive a regular medical degree. Six of the first seven women in the United States to receive medical degrees from recognized allopathic medical schools graduated from Western Reserve University between 1850 and 1856, which included Marie Zakrzewska.

Flexner Report
In 1909, Abraham Flexner surveyed and evaluated each of the 155 medical schools then extant in North America, with his results published the following year in what came to be known as the Flexner Report. The results proved shocking: most "medical schools," for example, had entrance requirements no more stringent than either high school diploma or "rudiments or the recollection of a common school education."  Only sixteen schools required at least two years of college as an entrance requirement, and of these, Johns Hopkins, Harvard, and Western Reserve were the only schools to require an undergraduate degree. Although Johns Hopkins represented his ideal, Flexner also singled out the Medical Department of Western Reserve University for its praiseworthy admission standards and facilities. Flexner referred to Western Reserve as "already one of the substantial schools in the country." In a letter to Western Reserve president Charles Franklin Thwing he said, "The Medical Department of Western Reserve University is, next to Johns Hopkins..., the best in the country."

Western Reserve curriculum
A little over 40 years later, in 1952, the Western Reserve University School of Medicine revolutionized medical education with the "new curriculum of 1952" and more advanced stages in 1968. This was the most progressive medical curriculum in the country at that time, integrating the basic and clinical sciences. L. O. Krampitz chaired the subcommittee which implemented the curriculum reform.

Research history
Development of the modern technique for human blood transfusion using a cannula to connect blood vessels; first large-scale medical research project on humans in a study linking iodine with goiter prevention; pioneering use of drinking water chlorination; discovery of the cause of ptomaine food poisoning and development of serum against it and similar poisons; first surgical treatments of coronary artery disease; discovery of early treatment of strep throat infections to prevent rheumatic fever; development of an early heart-lung machine to be used during open-heart surgery procedures; discovery of the Hageman factor in blood clotting, a major discovery in blood coagulation research; first description of how staphylococcus infections are transmitted, leading to required hand-washing between patients in infant nurseries; first description of what was later named Reye's syndrome; research leading to FDA approval of clozapine, the most advanced treatment for schizophrenia in 40 years at the time; discovery of the gene for osteoarthritis; and creation with Athersys, Inc., of the world's first human artificial chromosome.

Health Education Campus

In 2019, the School of Medicine relocated to the Samson Pavilion Health Education Campus on the campus of the Cleveland Clinic, a $515 million building project, amid a multi-million dollar joint fundraising campaign between CWRU and the Cleveland Clinic. The campus houses students Case Western Reserve School of Medicine (CCLCM and traditional MD programs), Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing and Case School of Dental Medicine, all of which—with the exception of CCLCM—had previously held classes on the campus of CWRU and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center. The move, announced in 2013, was a major contributing factor for University Hospitals to shift its name from University Hospitals Case Medical Center to University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center in 2016, as well as renegotiate its affiliation agreement with CWRU that same year.

Academics
Prospective students have the option of three degree paths leading to a medical degree at the School of Medicine: the University Program, the College Program, or the Medical Scientist Training Program.

University Program
The University Program is a traditional four-year Doctor of Medicine program designed to train well-rounded physicians in a curriculum called the Western Reserve2 (WR2) which is built on four cornerstones of clinical mastery, research and scholarship, leadership, and civic professionalism to prepare students for the ongoing practice of evidence-based medicine in the rapidly changing healthcare environment of the 21st century. The goal of this program is to challenge students so that they affect positive change through treating disease, promoting health, and understanding the social and behavioral context of illness. The four-year curriculum unites the disciplines of medicine and public health into a single, integrated program that trains future physicians to consider the interplay between the biology of disease and the social and behavioral context of illness, between the care of the individual patient and the health of the public, and between clinical medicine and population medicine.

The University Program seeks to create physician-scholars who are leaders in science, practice and health care policy. Students learn primarily through small group discussions, large group experiences, lectures, interactive anatomy sessions, clinical skills training and patient-based activities. The learning process is supplemented by a rich array of digital resources, including virtual microscopy, ultrasound, and Microsoft Hololens - HoloAnatomy.

The environment encourages scientific inquiry and self-directed learning. Students are immersed in a graduate-school atmosphere characterized by flexibility, independent study and collegial interaction with faculty. Students complete in-depth, mentored research experiences based on their individual interests, with the goal of understanding the scientific process so that they may critically read and analyze scientific literature and know how to formulate hypotheses. These lifelong learning skills are essential in both clinical and research-oriented practices. All students also receive mentoring and individualized career counseling as members of one of six academic student affairs societies.

The principles of health and population medicine are firmly embedded within the University Program curriculum from the moment students begin their training at CWRU in an introductory five-week block called, "Becoming a Doctor."

In typical programs, students begin their medical education by studying basic science at the molecular level, not fully aware of the relevance that this knowledge will have in their future education or how it relates to the actual practice of medicine.  The University Program begins differently, however, with an introduction to health and disease within the broader context of society. This introduction provides both a perspective and a framework for subsequent learning of biomedical and population sciences.

One of the hallmarks of the University Program in the first two years of WR2 is Case Inquiry (IQ). Case Inquiry (IQ) is a student-centered, small group learning method that is adapted from the “new” Problem Based Learning (PBL) approach introduced at McMaster University School of Medicine in 2005. IQ is the cornerstone of learning in the WR2 Curriculum. Eight students are joined with one faculty facilitator  which comprises an "IQ Team" that meets three times a week to approach two patient cases that naturally evoke inquiry and motivation for learning.

Students develop their own learning objectives for each of two cases on Mondays and then return on Wednesdays and Fridays to discuss the reading, research and learning that they have accomplished relating to their objectives for each case. Resources and supplemental resources are provided to compliment the learning for each case.  Wednesday and Friday IQ sessions are highly discussion based where students collaborate to understand key concepts and build knowledge. As with other components of the WR2 Curriculum, the IQ process promotes deep concept learning. Unlike many forms of more traditional PBL, all students within the IQ team are responsible for researching all student-generated learning objectives. This assures that all students take primary responsibility for their own learning and are prepared to discuss all objectives.

Each IQ session ends with a phase called "checkout" that allows for the continuous quality improvement of the team function and provides regular opportunity for self-reflection and peer feedback. Throughout their experience in IQ, students develop skills of teamwork, professionalism, critical thinking and effective utilization of resources (Evidence-based IQ), including primary literature.

A number of exercises are developmentally introduced to the IQ teams over the course of the first two years of WR2, the Foundations of Medicine and Health, with the goals of promoting reflection, practice in presenting patients, development of clinical reasoning and interprofessional education.

The Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
The Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (CCLCM) is an educational program within the CWRU School of Medicine administered in conjunction with Cleveland Clinic. The program is five years, including a dedicated year for research. The Cleveland Clinic established the school in 2002 with a $100 million gift from Norma and Al Lerner, and CCLCM accepted its first class of students in 2004. Physician researcher Eric Topol played an important role in securing the donation from the Lerner family. Topol served as Provost and Chief Academic Officer at CCLCM until 2006, when his position was eliminated amid controversy regarding his criticism of Vioxx and disagreements with other Cleveland Clinic leaders, including then-CEO Toby Cosgrove.

The class size each year is 32 students, and the curriculum is notable for its lack of class rank, pre-clinical or clinical grading, or end-of-course examinations. In 2008, Cleveland Clinic announced that all students entering the program would receive full-tuition scholarships, representing the first medical school program in the United States not to charge students tuition. The Cleveland Clinic, rather than CWRU, is responsible for all financial aspects of the school. Administration of the school, including deans, administrative staff, and admissions, is separate from the School of Medicine, which provides oversight over academic affairs at CCLCM.

The Lerner College of Medicine program is one of three distinct medical school programs, specifically called the College Program, within the CWRU School of Medicine. College Program students are awarded a special degree by Case Western Reserve University: Medical Doctor with Special Qualifications in Biomedical Research.

As of summer 2019, students from both CCLCM and the CWRU School of Medicine University Program, along with CWRU nursing, dental medicine and physician assistant students, share the same learning environment. Called the Health Education Campus, located across from Cleveland Clinic's main entrance, this state-of-the-future space was designed specifically to allow these groups of training medical professionals to learn with—and from—each other.

CCLCM students have access to all the resources available to other CWRU medical students, including shared social events start at orientation, participation in Doc Opera, special interest groups, panels, and other activities. Students from the three programs - University Program, College Program, and MSTP - are together for events such as the White Coat Ceremony, Match Day and Commencement. Students also interact in their required clinical rotations at area hospitals and healthcare facilities.

Medical Scientist Training Program
The Medical Scientist Training Program awards MD and PhD degrees upon graduation. Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine was the first medical school to offer the dual degree MD-PhD program to its students in 1956, nearly a decade before the National Institutes of Health developed the first Medical Scientist Training Program.

In 2002, the School of Medicine became the third institution in history to receive the highest review possible from the body that grants accreditation to U.S. and Canadian medical degree programs, the Liaison Committee on Medical Education.

Primary Teaching Hospitals

 University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center
 Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital
 UH Seidman Cancer Center
 UH MacDonald Women's Hospital
 Cleveland Clinic
 MetroHealth
 Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center

Other teaching affiliates

 St. Vincent Charity Hospital
 Circle Health Services

Student life

Academic Societies

The CWRU School of Medicine School is divided into six societies named after famous CaseMed alums.  Upon matriculation, students in the University Program and MSTP are assigned to a society.  Each has a Society Dean who serves as an academic and career adviser to the students. The societies are:

  Frederick C. Robbins Society
  Emily Blackwell-Elizabeth McKinley Society
  David Satcher Society
  Joseph Wearn Society
  H. Jack Geiger Society
  Julie Gerberding Society

Every year, the six societies compete in "ISC Picnic" for the infamous Society Cup in a series of events (e.g. soccer, flag football, relay races etc.).

Doc Opera
Every year, students at Case Western Reserve SOM write, direct and perform a full-length musical parody, lampooning Case Western Reserve, their professors, and themselves.  It is a longstanding tradition that began in the 1980's and in recent years, the show has been a benefit for the Student Run Health Clinic.

Role in Cleveland and Ohio

During 2007, the economic impact of the School of Medicine and its affiliates on the State of Ohio equaled $5.82 billion and accounted for more than 65,000 Ohio jobs.
The role of Case Western Reserve University in the Cleveland economy has been reported on by The Economist magazine.

In popular culture
 In 2010, the show Boston Med on ABC features CaseMed alumnus and current faculty, Jeff Ustin, MD, as well as alumni Rahul Rathod, MD and Elizabeth Blume, MD.

Notable alumni and faculty

1800s
 Nancy Talbot Clark (1852 MD alumna) - second woman in the United States to earn a medical degree.†
 Emily Blackwell (1854 MD alumna) - third woman in the United States to earn a medical degree and the sister of Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman in the United States to earn a medical degree.†
 Cordelia A. Greene (1855 MD alumna) - founder, Castile Sanitarium; benefactor, Cordelia A. Greene Library.†
 Marie Elizabeth Zakrzewska (1856 MD alumna) - founder of the New England Hospital for Women and Children (known today as The Dimock Center).
 George Washington Crile (1887 MD alumnus) - Performed first blood transfusion. Established Lakeside Hospital of what is now University Hospitals Case Medical Center, and later co-founded Cleveland Clinic. Crile was a graduate of Wooster Medical College which merged to form modern day CaseMed.
 John A. Rice (1851 MD alumnus) - member of the Wisconsin State Senate.
Shaw Loo (1867 MD alumnus) - the first Western-trained Burmese physician.

†Six of the first seven women in the United States to receive medical degrees from recognized allopathic medical schools graduated from Western Reserve University (as it was called then) between 1850 and 1856.

1900s
 Emelia Benjamin (1983 MD alumna) - Professor, researcher, and international expert on the epidemiology of atrial fibrillation
 Thomas Wingate Todd, Professor of Anatomy
 Matthew N. Levy, Professor of Physiology, co-author of Berne & Levy's Principles of Physiology
Theodor Kolobow (1958 MD alumnus), NIH researcher and inventor of the spiral coil membrane lung

2000s
 Li Tao (2014 MD alumnus), creator of Microbe Invader

Nobel laureates

Alumni
 1980 - Paul Berg (1952 PhD in Biochemistry alumnus), Nobel Prize in Chemistry for pioneering research in recombinant DNA technology.

 1985 & 1997 - H. Jack Geiger (1958 MD alumnus), Though not a recipient of Nobel prize directly, he was the founding member and past president of Physicians for Human Rights which shared the 1997 Nobel Peace Prize as part of International Campaign to Ban Landmines. He also was a founding member of Physicians for Social Responsibility which shared the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize as part of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War.
 1994 - Alfred G. Gilman (1969 MD-PhD alumnus), Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for co-discovery of G proteins
 1998 - Ferid Murad (1965 MD-PhD alumnus), Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for role in the discovery of nitric oxide in cardiovascular signaling
 2003 - Peter Agre (1978 Internal Medicine alumnus), Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering Aquaporin protein that clarified how salts and water are transported out of and into the cells of the body, leading to a better understanding of many diseases of the kidneys, heart, muscles and nervous system.

Faculty
 1923 - John Macleod (Professor of Physiology), Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for discovery of Insulin
 1938 - Corneille Heymans, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for work on carotid sinus reflex
 1954 - Frederick C. Robbins (Dean of CaseMed), Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for work on polio virus, which led to development of polio vaccines; past president of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences.
 1971 - Earl W. Sutherland (Chair of Pharmacology), Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for establishing identity and importance of cyclic adenosine monophosphate or cyclic AMP in regulation of cell metabolism. Sutherland discovered cAMP while at CaseMed.
 1988 - George H. Hitchings, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for research leading to development of drugs to treat leukemia, organ transplant rejection, gout, herpes virus, and AIDS-related bacterial and pulmonary infections.

Public health
 Sidney Katz (1948 MD alumnus) - Pioneering American physician, scientist, educator, author, and public servant. Most noted for creating the first Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Scale
 Jesse Leonard Steinfeld (1949 MD alumnus) - U.S. Surgeon General (1969 to 1973), most noted for achieving widespread fluoridation of water, requiring prescription drugs to be effective, and strengthening the Surgeon General's Warning on cigarettes.
 David Satcher (1970 MD-PhD alumnus) - U.S. Surgeon General under President Bill Clinton, and first African-American director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Julie L. Gerberding (1981 MD alumnus) - first woman director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
 Michael Ehlert (2007 MD alumnus) - 2007-08 National President of the American Medical Student Association.
 John Brockman (2012 MD alumnus) - 2010-11 National President of the American Medical Student Association.

Other
 1912 - Professor Roger Perkins pioneered the process of chlorinating drinking water.
 1915 - Henry Gerstenberger (alumnus and pediatrics professor) first simulated milk formula for infants.
 1927 - Immunologist Enrique Ecker discovered the cause of ptomaine food poisoning and development of an antiserum.
 1935 - Claude Beck (Surgery residency alumnus; 1924-1971 Professor of Cardiovascular Surgery - first such position in US) -
 Performed first surgical treatment of coronary artery disease (1935)
 Performed first defibrillation using machine he built with James Rand (1947)
 Developed concept of Beck's Triad
 Started the first CPR teaching course for medical professionals (1950).
 1950s - Professor Frederick Cross developed first heart-lung machine for use in open heart surgeries.
 1961 - Professor Austin Weisburger performed first successful genetic alteration of human cells in a test tube.
 1969 - William Insull, MD describes the role of cholesterol in blood vessel disease.
 1975 - Discovery that human renin, an enzyme produced by the kidney, is involved in hypertension
 1990 - National team led by rheumatologist Roland Moskowitz discovers gene for osteoarthritis.
 1991 - James A. Schulak, MD, and colleagues perform first triple organ transplant in Ohio-a kidney, liver and pancreas.
 1997 - Team led by Professor Huntington Willard (Chair of Genetics) create world's first artificial human chromosome.
 M. Scott Peck (1963 MD alumnus) - psychiatrist and author of The Road Less Traveled
 2004 - Craig Smith (1977 MD alumnus) leads the cardiac surgery team which performs President Bill Clinton's coronary artery bypass surgery.
 Richard Walsh, MD (Chair of Medicine, Case Medical Center) - Current editor of Hurst's The Heart Manual of Cardiology.
 Peter Tippett (1983 MD-PhD alumnus) - Inventor of early anti-virus software.
 Alfredo Palacio (Internal Medicine alumnus) - President of Ecuador (2005–2007).
 David Jenkins- won the men's gold medal for figure skating during the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California
 Renee Salas – emergency medicine physician known for her work on climate change
 Peter Pronovost - intensive care physician known for his work on patient safety

See also
List of Case Western people
Case School of Dental Medicine

References

External links

Case Western Reserve University
Medical schools in Ohio
Educational institutions established in 1843
Healthcare in Cleveland
1843 establishments in Ohio


The Uila is a right tributary of the river Luț in Romania. It discharges into the Luț in Goreni. Its length is  and its basin size is .

References

Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Mureș County


Events from the year 1184 in Ireland.

Incumbent
Lord: John

Events
The castle which gave Newcastle, County Wicklow its name was completed. It was built on an earlier Irish fortification in the territory of the O'Byrne's by the Norman Hugh de Lacy, then governor of Ireland under Henry II .
Clones Abbey was destroyed by fire.

Births

Deaths

References


Henry Martin (born 1965-07-25 in San Juan) is an Argentine racing driver. He has run in different series, with major success in Turismo Carretera, TRV6 and TC 2000.

Career
1979: Championship Sudamericano Júnior
1981: Championship Sudamericano of Karting, Campeón Argentino de Karting Seniors
1982: Championship Panamericano Señor (Chile)
1985: Fórmula Renault Cuyana
1986: Argentine Formula Renault
1987: Argentine Formula Renault
1988: Argentine Formula Renault
1989: Argentine Formula Renault
1990: TC2000 (Renault Fuego), Fórmula 2 Argentina, Formula Three Sudamericana (Reynard / VW)
1991: Argentine Formula Renault
1992: Argentine Formula Renault, Turismo Carretera (coupé Dodge)
1993: TC2000 (Ford Sierra XR4), Turismo Carretera (Coupé Dodge), Supercart (Ford Falcon)
1994: TC2000 (Renault Fuego), Supercart (Ford Falcon), Formula Three Sudamericana (Ralt / VW)
1995: TC2000 (Ford Escort Ghía), Supercart (Ford Falcon)
1996: Formula Three Sudamericana (Dallara Fiat)
1997: TC2000 (Ford Escort Zetec), (Champion)
1998: TC2000 (Ford Escort Zetec)
1999: TC2000 (Ford Escort Zetec)
2000: TC2000 (Ford Escort Zetec), subcampeón
2001: Turismo Carretera (Ford Falcon), TRV6
2002: Turismo Carretera (Ford Falcon), TRV6
2003: Turismo Carretera, TRV6
2004: TRV6 - Turismo Carretera (Ford Falcon), 200 km of Buenos Aires TC2000 with Peugeot
2005: Turismo Carretera (Ford Falcon) - TRV6
2006: TRV6, 200 km of Buenos Aires TC2000 (VW Bora)
2007: TC2000 (Honda Civic07) Honda Lubrax Team
2008: TRV6, Turismo Carretera

External links
Official site

Argentine racing drivers
TC 2000 Championship drivers
Turismo Carretera drivers
Top Race V6 drivers
Living people
1965 births
Formula Renault Argentina drivers
Sportspeople from San Juan, Argentina


StorNext File System (SNFS), colloquially referred to as StorNext is a shared disk file system made by Quantum Corporation.
StorNext enables multiple Windows, Linux and Apple workstations to access shared block storage over a Fibre Channel network. With the StorNext file system installed, these computers can read and write to the same storage volume at the same time enabling what is known as a "file-locking SAN."  StorNext is used in environments where large files must be shared, and accessed simultaneously by users without network delays, or where a file must be available for access by multiple readers starting at different times. Common use cases include multiple video editor environments in feature film, television and general video post production.

History
The original name of StorNext was CentraVision File System (CVFS). It was created by MountainGate Imaging Systems Corporation to provide fast data transfer between Windows and SGI's IRIX computers. Advanced Digital Information Corporation acquired MountainGate in September 1999, added additional client types, and changed the name to StorNext File System. The first new clients were Solaris and Linux. In August 2006, Quantum acquired ADIC and added StorNext to its product family. In January 2021, Quantum introduced the H-Series, a converged infrastructure that virtually runs file, block, and client services, providing on-premise storage for media production workflows. In April 2022, Quantum released the H4000 Essential, a shared storage and collaboration platform for small, independent creative teams. It combines StorNext 7 software and CatDV asset management for automatic content indexing, discovery, and workflow collaboration.

Infrastructure
StorNext has both software and hardware elements. On the front end, the filesystem is managed by usually two Metadata controllers, a primary and a failover or a metadata appliance. These MDC's act as the traffic director for the block-level filesystem with no data-overhead typically associated with NAS configured network shares.

Fibre Channel connectivity is a key element of most StorNext filesystem implementations. This is often referred to as "Production SAN" or "Production Storage Workspace."  In verticals such as oil & gas, InfiniBand connectivity is sometimes used.

Client systems are not required to run the same operating system to access a shared filesystem containing StorNext data. As of January 2008, the operating systems with available client software are Microsoft Windows, macOS (as Xsan developed by Apple), Red Hat Linux, SuSE Linux, HP-UX, Solaris, AIX, and IRIX.

Client systems can be attached either directly to the SAN or via an IP gateway, called a DLC (Distributed LAN Controller).  Two or more DLCs can be configured for failover and/or load balancing.  While DLC is an IP based protocol, it has been customized for data traffic, making it more efficient (and higher performance) than traditional NAS.  In some environments, users have also used the DLC infrastructure to enable lower performance file sharing via NFS or CIFS. Using all three capabilities, customers can create three tiers of front-end client performance: SAN, native DLC, and NAS, all leveraging a common file sharing architecture.

Quantum offers customers two choices for hardware infrastructure for StorNext: customized configurations, using the StorNext software on independently selected hardware; or, the use of the StorNext Appliances and Production Systems, a set of pre-configured solutions from Quantum which are said to be optimized for particular use cases (such as 4K editing). The latter solutions can include embedded technical support.

Media and entertainment
A common application are television and feature film post-production as many multiple editors can access the same set of video data non-destructively.

StorNext has also been leveraged for high end motion and geoscience imagery in both commercial and public sector use cases, and for high density forensic data, such as in cybersecurity.

Archive integration
While colloquially, the StorNext File System is known as 'StorNext', the entire StorNext product is actually the combination of two technologies: the StorNext File System, and the optional StorNext Storage Manager. The StorNext Storage Manager is a policy based data management system that can copy, migrate and/or archive data from the StorNext File System into a variety of storage devices in multiple locations.   Data can be tiered into disk, a Quantum Lattus object store, a robotic tape library, or even exported into an offline vault. Regardless of where the data resides, it is all maintained in a single namespace.  Customers typically use this capability for three use cases.  Some media customers use Storage Manager's policy tiering capability to enable the extension of primary disk storage into object storage or very high performance tape. With the introduction of Lattus-M object storage in 2013, Quantum introduced the capability to archive data durably (at greater than 11 9s) on disk, at very high throughput.  Each Lattus-M disk controller can support up to 3 Gbit/s of single streaming performance for video or large files; and these controllers can be scaled horizontally to add performance as required.  This has made the combination of StorNext and Lattus-M attractive for use cases such as rapid restore of video or motion imagery, or content distribution. Many customers also use Storage Manager to create granular and efficient data protection (as many versions of policy-selected files can be copied to a second data location or media without the need for a time and resource consuming 'file-walker', avoiding the pain of backup).  Finally, administrators use Storage Manager as an HSM for migrating data between tiers (particularly to tape) for cost effective archive.  Tapes created by Storage Manager can optionally be written in the LTO industry standard format (LTFS) to enable easy interchange.

See also
 List of file systems
 Xsan
 Metadata controller
 xfs

External links

References

Shared disk file systems


Slowpoke or Slow Poke may refer to:

 "Slow Poke", a 1951 American country music hit song
 "Slowpoke", a song by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young
 Slowpoke (comic strip), weekly comic strip by Jen Sorensen
 Slowpoke (Pokémon), a fictional species in the Pokémon universe
 Slowpoke Rodriguez, character in Looney Tunes
 Slow Poke (Transformers), a fictional character
 SLOWPOKE reactor, nuclear research reactor
 Slowpoke or Athetis tarda, a moth in the family Noctuidae
 SLoWPoKES (Sloan Low-mass Wide Pairs of Kinematically Equivalent Stars), star catalogue of binary pairs created by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey


The ouzo effect ( ), also known as the louche effect ( ) and spontaneous emulsification, is the phenomenon of formation of a milky oil-in-water emulsion when water is added to ouzo and other anise-flavored liqueurs and spirits, such as pastis, rakı, arak, sambuca and absinthe. Such emulsions occur with only minimal mixing and are highly stable.

Observation and explanation

The ouzo effect occurs when a strongly hydrophobic essential oil such as trans-anethole is dissolved in a water-miscible solvent, such as ethanol, and the concentration of ethanol is lowered by addition of small amounts of water.

Oil-in-water emulsions are not normally stable. Oil droplets coalesce until complete phase separation is achieved at macroscopic levels. Addition of a small amount of surfactant or the application of high shear rates (strong stirring) can stabilize the oil droplets.

In a water-rich ouzo mixture the droplet coalescence is dramatically slowed without mechanical agitation, dispersing agents, or surfactants. It forms a stable homogeneous fluid dispersion by liquid–liquid nucleation. The size of the droplets has been measured by small-angle neutron scattering to be on the order of a micron.

Using dynamic light scattering, Sitnikova et al. showed that the droplets of oil in the emulsion grow by Ostwald ripening, and that droplets do not coalesce. The Ostwald ripening rate is observed to diminish with increasing ethanol concentrations until the droplets stabilize in size with an average diameter of .

Based on thermodynamic considerations of the multi-component mixture, the emulsion derives its stability from trapping between the binodal and spinodal curves in the phase diagram. However, the microscopic mechanisms responsible for the observed slowing of Ostwald ripening rates at increasing ethanol concentrations appear not fully understood.

Applications

Emulsions have many commercial uses. A large range of prepared food products, detergents, and body-care products take the form of emulsions that are required to be stable over a long period of time. The ouzo effect is seen as a potential mechanism for generating surfactant-free emulsions without the need for high-shear stabilisation techniques that are costly in large-scale production processes. The creation of a variety of dispersions such as pseudolatexes, silicone emulsions, and biodegradable polymeric nanocapsules, have been synthesized using the ouzo effect, though as stated previously, the exact mechanism of this effect remains unclear. Nanoparticles formed using the ouzo effect are thought to be kinetically stabilized as opposed to thermodynamically stabilized micelles formed using a surfactant due to the fast solidification of the polymer during the preparation process.

See also
 Interface and colloid science
 Miniemulsion
 Anise-flavored liqueurs on the list of liqueurs
 Spinodal

References

External links

Colloidal chemistry
Chemical mixtures
Soft matter
Absinthe
Articles containing video clips


The Polar Research Institute of China () (PRIC) is the main Chinese research institute for the study of Earth's polar regions. It is based in Shanghai, China.

The Institute manages five polar research stations (four in Antarctica and one in the Arctic), as well as the icebreaking research vessels Xuě Lóng and Xuě Lóng 2.

Stations

See also

 Arctic policy of China
 Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration
 Xuě Lóng

References

External links

Research institutes in China
Earth science research institutes
Organizations based in Shanghai
Antarctic research
Arctic research


Paul Brooks is a British-born film producer.

Brooks has a Humanities degree in English/Philosophy/Psychology and Sociology from the University of London. He then went into real estate development before moving into film.

In 1992 he executive produced low-budget film for Vadim Jean & Gary Sinyor "Leon The Pig Farmer" which became an unexpected hit in the UK box office.

In 1993 he formed a film company Metrodome Films which made films likes the controversial film Beyond Bedlam, Proteus, the cult horror Darklands directed by Julian Richards and Killing Time. Most of these films were usually starred Craig Fairbrass. In 2016 the company has been placed into administration.

Brooks has been the president of Gold Circle Films since March 2001. He has produced a number of films, including the Academy Award-nominated Shadow of the Vampire and My Big Fat Greek Wedding.

Filmography

 Leon the Pig Farmer (1993) (executive producer)
 Beyond Bedlam (1993)
 Clockwork Mice (1995)
 Solitaire for 2 (1995) (co-executive producer)
 Proteus (1995)
 Darklands (1996)
 The Real Howard Spitz (1998)
 Killing Time (1998) (executive producer)
 One More Kiss (1999)
 Shadow of the Vampire (2000) (executive producer)
 The Man from Elysian Fields (2001) (executive producer)
 The Badge (2002) (executive producer)
 Sonny (2002)
 Poolhall Junkies (2002) (executive producer)
 My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002) (executive producer)
 13 Moons (2002) (executive producer)
 Rolling Kansas (2003)
 DysFunktional Family (2003)
 Jiminy Glick in Lalawood (2004)
 The Long Weekend (2005)
 White Noise (2005)
 The Wedding Date (2005)
 Griffin & Phoenix (2006)
 Slither (2006)
 Whisper (2007)
 Because I Said So (2007)
 White Noise 2: The Light (2007) (executive producer)
 Rock Paper Scissors (2008)
 The Haunting in Connecticut (2008)
 Blood Creek (2008)
 My Sassy Girl (2008)
 Over Her Dead Body (2008)
 The New Daughter (2009)
 The Fourth Kind (2009)
 New in Town (2009)
 The Belcoo Experiment (2009)
 ATM (2010)
 Pitch Perfect (2012)
 Search Party (2014)
 Pitch Perfect 2 (2015)
 I Still See You (2018)
 Prey for the Devil (2022)
 Champions (2023)

References

External links

Alumni of the University of London
Businesspeople from London
English film producers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Perry Airport may refer to:

 Perry-Foley Airport in Perry, Florida, United States (FAA: 40J)
 Perry-Houston County Airportin Perry, Georgia, United States (FAA: PXE)
 Perry-Warsaw Airport in Perry, New York, United States (FAA: 01G)

See also
 Perry County Airport (disambiguation)
 Perry Municipal Airport (disambiguation)


Hadley Learning Community is a coeducational all-through school for students from 5 – 16 years of age located in the community of Hadley in central Telford.

The school opened on 1 September 2006 and is a £70 million PFI project, in partnership with Interserve. The campus consists of a Primary, Secondary and two special schools:
 900 place secondary phase for 11-16 year olds, with 180 students in each year group, currently transitioning from this to 1200 places with 24p students in each year group as of September 2020 intake. This transition will be completed within 5 years.
 420 place primary phase for 5-11 year olds with 60 children, in two classes, in each year group.
 160 place Special School, The Bridge, which is co-located on the campus, for children with severe and profound disabilities.
 40 place Special School, Queensway, for children who have an SEN statement with a diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorder (ASC)
 60 place Local Authority Nursery, which has a morning and afternoon session for 30 children
 A Family Centre for children's services and an early intervention team
 ABC Nursery, which is privately run but works with HLC
 Community facilities, called The Circle, for sports which includes a swimming pool and fitness suite as well as a Public Library, Coffee shop, Theatre and Dance Studio all used by the public during the day, evenings, weekends and holidays.

Previously a community school administered by Telford and Wrekin Council, in March 2018 Hadley Learning Community converted to academy status. The school is now sponsored by the Learning Community Trust.

References

External links
Official website

Secondary schools in Telford and Wrekin
Academies in Telford and Wrekin
Schools in Telford
Educational institutions established in 2006
Primary schools in Telford and Wrekin
2006 establishments in England


The Hunchback (a.k.a. The Hunchback of Notre Dame) is a 1997  made-for-television romantic drama film based on Victor Hugo's iconic 1831 novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame, directed by Peter Medak and produced by Stephane Reichel. It stars Richard Harris as Claude Frollo, Salma Hayek as Esmeralda and Mandy Patinkin as Quasimodo, the titular hunchback of Notre Dame.

Plot

Summary
In 1480 Paris, Dom Claude Frollo finds an abandoned, deformed baby boy on the steps of Notre Dame and takes pity on him, believing him to be sent by God. He names the baby "Quasimodo", and raises him as his son.

Twenty-five years later in 1505, on the day of the Feast of Fools, Quasimodo is named the King of Fools by Clopin, the King of the Roma. A young Romani woman named Esmeralda honors Quasimodo with a dance. Both Frollo and Gringoire, a wandering poet, see her dancing, and both are entranced by her. Frollo stops the dance and scolds Quasimodo for leaving Notre Dame, telling him that if he ever goes outside the cathedral again, Frollo will not help him.

Frollo, after whipping himself for his lustful thoughts towards Esmeralda, pays two guards to kidnap her. They attempt to take her by force, but their plan is thwarted by Gringoire and Quasimodo, who protect her as Quasimodo is apprehended. Gringoire ultimately is nearly hanged by the Roma for trespassing on the Court of Miracles, but Esmeralda says she will marry him in return for rescuing her.

Angered by Quasimodo's disobedience, Frollo allows Quasimodo to be whipped in public for attacking Esmeralda, even though he is innocent. Esmeralda begs King Louis XI to stop the torture, but the King regards her as not a "real woman" and refuses to listen to her. Quasimodo is left for public humiliation for one hour, during which the crowd throws fruit at him. Quasimodo begs the crowd for water. Instead of helping him, they mock him further by shouting "Water" back at him. Frollo ignores Quasimodo's pleas for help. Esmeralda later gives Quasimodo some water. As a result, he becomes deeply infatuated with her. When he comes back to Notre Dame, he falls to the floor and cries while Frollo consoles him.

Esmeralda and Gringoire's sham marriage eventually grows into real love. A jealous Frollo disguises himself and reveals to Esmeralda the depths of his feelings to her. Esmeralda reads his palm and sees death. Terrified, she runs away, dropping her knife. Frollo takes the knife and stabs Minister Gauchére with it, believing the man to be a sinner for reading books other than the Bible.

Esmeralda is tried for the murder and found guilty after the metal boot torture. Frollo tells her that he will spare her if she gives herself to him, but she refuses. Quasimodo saves her from being hanged and publicly declares sanctuary. Captain Phoebus and his guards storm the cathedral, but Quasimodo defends it by throwing things at them.

Esmeralda stays in Notre Dame and she and Quasimodo become close friends. He introduces her to the bells of Notre Dame and tells her of his plans to write a 600-page book. Esmeralda confesses that she misses her goat Djali, so Quasimodo goes to the Court of Miracles to retrieve the goat. He gives his book to Gringoire to distribute to the citizens of Paris.

When he returns, Esmeralda is gone. He confronts Frollo who admits that he turned Esmeralda over to the authorities. Frollo, refusing to help clear Esmeralda's name at Quasimodo's insistence, severely whips him. Frollo reveals the truth of Quasimodo's origins and curses him as a freak. He attempts to whip him again, but the hunchback finally stands up for himself.

Esmeralda is about to be hanged once more, but the Gypsies rebel against the higher classes and demand that she be set free. Hanging Frollo over the edge of a balcony on Notre Dame, Quasimodo forces him to confess his crime to the crowd below. Believing he will gained absolution for his sins, Frollo shouts "It was I" leaving King Louis XI surprised. Esmeralda is freed and goes to Notre Dame to thank Quasimodo. However, Frollo, tempted again, attempts to stab her. Quasimodo intervenes and is stabbed instead. The pair fight, leading to Frollo falling to his death, while Quasimodo narrowly survives by hanging onto the parapet.

Quasimodo tells Esmeralda that the pain is too much. While she attempts to tend his stab wound, he reveals that the biggest wound lies in his heart. Gringoire and Esmeralda ring the bells of Notre Dame in tribute to Quasimodo as he peacefully dies.

Cast

 Mandy Patinkin as Quasimodo
 Richard Harris as Dom Claude Frollo
 Salma Hayek as Esmeralda
 Edward Atterton as Gringoire
 Benedick Blythe as Phoebus
 Nigel Terry as King Louis XI
 Jim Dale as Clopin
 Trevor Baxter as Chief Lawyer
 Vernon Dobtcheff as Father Michel
 Nickolas Grace as Minister Gauchére
 Matthew Sim as Crippled Man
 Cassie Stuart as Colette
 Gabriella Fon as Queen Anne

Production
The filming locations were Budapest, Prague, and Rouen from July through September 1996. This television film was released a year after Disney's animated musical version. Mandy Patinkin had been cast as Quasimodo in Disney's version, but left the role when he clashed with producers over the portrayal.
"I wanted to play Quasimodo for real," says Patinkin, who won a Tony for "Evita" and an Emmy for CBS' "Chicago Hope." But the producers wanted something different. "They had their own Disney needs," he explains. "I just right there at the audition said, 'I can't do this.' "

Reception

References

External links

 The Hunchback at the Internet Movie Database
 The Hunchback at Warner Archive
 The New York Times review

1997 films
1997 television films
New Zealand drama films
Films shot in Hungary
Films based on The Hunchback of Notre-Dame
Films directed by Peter Medak
Films scored by Edward Shearmur
Films set in Paris
Films set in religious buildings and structures
Films with screenplays by John Fasano
Films about Romani people


The Buenos Aires Grand Prix (Spanish: Gran Premio de Buenos Aires) is a motor race held in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

History
The event was first held at the Costanera circuit from the early 1930s until 1936 and then continued in 1941 at the Retiro circuit. After a six-year break and General Juan Peron in office, racing resumed at Retiro in 1947 with the start of the South American "Temporada" Grand Prix series to be contested twice a year under Formula Libre regulations. Italian Luigi Villoresi won all 1947 Temporada events. The race regularly attracted Brazilian and European drivers and also Argentine drivers such as Juan Manuel Fangio and José Froilán González were now competing in Europe on a regular basis. For the 1948 Grand Prix season, the race was moved to the Palermo circuit where it would remain to host six of twelve "Peron Cup" races until the end of 1950. In 1951, the Costanera Norte circuit would host its last three Grand Prix events before the 1951 completion of the Autodromo 17 de Octubre (October 17), a purpose-built circuit for major Grand Prix series which would host various editions of the Buenos Aires Grand Prix from 1952 until 2009 with the exception of the 1956 event held at the General San Martin circuit in Mendoza.

In 2023, the name was revived for the Argentine stock car racing championship Turismo Carretera.

 1930–1952 Argentine Formula Libre and various Sports Car Grand Prix events
 1953–1960 Formula Libre races
 1964–1968 (1978) Formula 2, Formula 3 and Formula Junior races
 1987–2009 Formula Three Sudamericana
 2023 Turismo Carretera

Results

References

Formula One non-championship races
Pre-World Championship Grands Prix
Formula races
Recurring sporting events established in 1930


Janna–Mari Hurmerinta (born 20 December 1981), better known by her mononym Janna, is a Finnish R&B, and pop singer, songwriter and pianist. Her debut album Right Now was released in June 2007 to critical acclaim. followed by The Makings of Me in 2008. In 2013, she was signed to Universal Music Finland. Her self-titled album Janna topped the Finnish album chart in June 2014.

Discography

Albums

Singles

Featured in

References

Living people
20th-century Finnish women singers
Singers from Helsinki
Finnish people of Italian descent
1981 births