Batoni () is a Georgian word for "lord", or "master". It is derived from patroni (პატრონი), the earlier term of similar meaning, and appears in common usage in the 15th century.

In Georgian feudal hierarchy, "batoni" may denote the supreme suzerain (i.e., monarch), seigneur, or any secular or clerical who owned qma, i.e., "slave" or "serf". The word sometimes appears as a part of the royal and nobiliary titulature. For example, the title of the Princes of Mukhrani was batoni (Mukhran-batoni), and the early kings of Kakheti were likewise referred to by that title in some Georgian sources.
In modern usage, batoni is an honorific used for a man, an equivalent of both Mr. and sir. The equivalent female title is k'albatoni (ქალბატონი). It can be used with the full name as well as either the last or first name. When addressing someone directly, the word is used in a vocative case (k'al)batono ([ქალ]ბატონო), and precedes either the first name (more commonly) or the last name, but it can also be used by itself in direct address.

See also

Batonishvili

References

Honorifics
Noble titles of Georgia (country)
Georgian words and phrases


The Mendelsohn Affluent Survey was founded in 1977 as a research study of high-income individuals in the United States, collecting quantitative data on their lives, lifestyles, media habits and purchase patterns. The study was founded and conducted by Monroe Mendelsohn Research (often called MMR) until that company's purchase by Ipsos in 2008, a global market research firm, which re-branded the study as the Ipsos Affluent Survey USA. As of 2016, the Ipsos Affluent Survey USA was being used by more than 250 organizations to support business decisions such as advertising sales, media planning, consumer insights, market sizing, and target profiling.

The study has traditionally defined “Affluent” as roughly the top 20% of adult population in terms of household income, and has raised its income threshold over the years accordingly. In 2008, the study began using $100,000 as the operational definition of “Affluent,” and plans to raise the threshold to $125,000 in the fall of 2017. The study is fielded continuously throughout the year, and data from it are released twice a year (Spring and Fall).

In 2011, Ipsos acquired Synovate, and in the process acquired similar studies EMS (covering Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Latin America) and PAX (covering the Asia-Pacific region). These have since been re-branded as part of the Ipsos Affluent Survey, which now covers 51 countries.

External links
Ipsos Affluent Survey USA

Market research


The  was an army of the Imperial Japanese Army during the final days of World War II.

History
The Japanese 36th Army was formed on July 21, 1944 under the Japanese 12th Area Army as part of the last desperate defense effort by the Empire of Japan to counter the projected invasion of the Japanese capital region by Allied forces during Operation Downfall. It was based in Urawa city, Saitama prefecture to the north of the Tokyo metropolitan area, from which it could be used to reinforce units to either the north or south of Tokyo as necessary.

The Japanese 36th Army consisted mostly of poorly trained reservists, conscripted students and Volunteer Fighting Corps home guard militia. It was demobilized at the surrender of Japan on August 15, 1945 without having seen combat.

List of commanders

Commanding officer

Chief of Staff

References

External links

36
Military units and formations established in 1945
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945


Halásztelek FC is a Hungarian Football Club from Pest County.

Halásztelek FC ( beforehand: Halásztelki Közösségi Sportkör) was established in 1961. The club takes part in the Hungarian county championship. The biggest success was in 1995 when the team won this Championship.

The most famous manager of the Team is Laszlo Repasi. He works with the U-15 Team. Here has worked the also famous manager László Kovács. He went to the Arabian Team Al-Salmiya SC.

Notable former managers
László Kovács
Laszlo Repasi

Németh Ferenc "Fecsó"
Gábor Békési

External links
 Official site (Hungarian)

Football clubs in Hungary
1961 establishments in Hungary


The Mental Health Act Commission was an NHS special health authority that provided a safeguard for people detained in hospital under the powers of the Mental Health Act 1983 in England and Wales. Mental health care is the only part of health care where patients can be treated under compulsion, and necessarily there are very clear legal requirements on hospitals and the other services involved - primarily local authority social services.  The Commission was abolished on 31 March 2009.

History
The Commission was established under the Mental Health Act 1983 and consisted of some 100 members (Commissioners), including laypersons, lawyers, doctors, nurses, social workers, psychologists and other specialists.

The Health and Social Care Act 2008 replaced the Healthcare Commission, the Commission for Social Care Inspection and the Mental Health Act Commission with a single, integrated regulator for health and adult social care - the Care Quality Commission. The Care Quality Commission began operating on 1 April 2009 as a non-departmental public body.

Functions
The Commission was a monitoring body rather than an inspectorate or regulator. Its concern was primarily the legality of detention and the protection of individuals' human rights. In addition to a visiting programme, the Commission provided important safeguards to patients who lack capacity or refuse to consent to treatment, through the Second Opinion Appointed Doctor Service.

Its functions were:

 to keep under review the operation of the Mental Health Act 1983 in respect of patients detained or liable to be detained under that Act
 to visit and interview, in private, patients detained under the Mental Health Act in hospitals and registered nursing homes
 to consider the investigation of complaints where these fall within the Commission's remit
 to review decisions to withhold the mail of patients detained in the High Security Hospitals
 to appoint registered medical practitioners and others to give second opinions in cases where this is required by the Mental Health Act
 to publish and lay before Parliament a report every 2 years
 to monitor the implementation of the Code of Practice and propose amendments to Ministers

In addition, the Commission was encouraged by the Secretary of State to advise on policy matters that fall within the Commission's remit.

References

External links
Official website
Care Quality Commission

Defunct public bodies of the United Kingdom
Defunct National Health Service organisations
Government agencies established in 1983
2009 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Mental health legal history of the United Kingdom


Trevor Quow (born 28 September 1960) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. He played in the Football League for Gillingham, Peterborough United and Northampton Town, and in the Conference for Kettering Town. He also played non-league football for Sudbury Town, Stamford and Boston United, and for several clubs in Hong Kong.

References

External links

1960 births
Living people
Footballers from Peterborough
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Peterborough United F.C. players
Gillingham F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Kettering Town F.C. players
Boston United F.C. players
Double Flower FA players
Hong Kong Rangers FC players
Sudbury Town F.C. players
Stamford A.F.C. players
Ely City F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Hong Kong First Division League players
Southern Football League players


Rod Serling's Triple W: Witches, Warlocks and Werewolves is an anthology of fantasy and horror stories edited by Rod Serling and ghost edited by Gordon R. Dickson.  It was first published by Bantam Books in 1963.  Most of the stories originally appeared in the magazines Fantasy and Science Fiction, Unknown, New England Magazine, Fantastic, The Pioneer and Beyond Fantasy Fiction.

Contents

 Introduction, by Rod Serling
 "The Amulet", by Gordon R. Dickson
 "The Story of Sidi Nonman", Anonymous
 "The Final Ingredient", by Jack Sharkey
 "Blind Alley", by Malcolm Jameson
 "Young Goodman Brown", by Nathaniel Hawthorne
 "The Chestnut Beads", by Jane Roberts
 "Hatchery of Dreams", by Fritz Leiber
 "The Mark of the Beast", by Rudyard Kipling
 "And Not Quite Human", by Joe L. Hensley
 "Wolves Don’t Cry", by Bruce Elliott
 "The Black Retriever", by Charles G. Finney
 "Witch Trials and the Law", by Charles Mackay

Notes

References

1963 anthologies
Fantasy anthologies
Horror anthologies


MHAC can mean:

 the Mental Health Act Commission, a former NHS special health authority
 Microhydranencephaly, a severe abnormality of brain development
 the Mental Health & Addiction Advocacy Coalition, a non-profit organization in Ohio.


Ely is a surname which may refer to:

 Alfred Ely (1815–1892), American politician
 Arthur V. Ely (1912–1942), United States Navy officer and Navy Cross recipient
 Ben Ely (born 1970), Australian musician
 Bill Ely (1869–1957), Australian politician
 Bob Ely (born 1958), American entrepreneur, former investment banker and 2012 presidential candidate
 Dudley Ely (1817–1895), first mayor of South Norwalk, Connecticut
 Eugene Burton Ely (1886–1911), American aviation pioneer
 Frederick D. Ely (1838–1921), American politician
 Harold Ely (1909–1983), American football player
 Harry Ely, American football and baseball coach, mainly in the 1890s
 Harry Ely (baseball), American baseball player
 Helena Rutherfurd Ely (1858–1920), American author, amateur gardener and founding member of the Garden Club of America
 Jack Ely (1943–2015), American guitarist and singer, best known for singing the Kingsmen's version of "Louie Louie"
 Janet Ely (born 1953), American diver
 John Hart Ely, American legal scholar
 Joe Ely (born 1947), American singer, songwriter and guitarist
 John Ely (disambiguation)
 Joseph B. Ely (1881–1956), 52nd Governor of Massachusetts
 Melvin Ely (born 1978), American basketball player
 Michael Ely, author
 Nathaniel Ely (1605–1675), founding settler of Hartford and Norwalk, Connecticut
 Reginald Ely (fl. 1438-1471), English architect
 Richard T. Ely (1854–1943), American economist
 Rodrigo Ely (born 1993), Brazilian-Italian footballer
 Ron Ely (born 1938), stage name of American actor Ronald Pierce
 Shyra Ely (born 1983), American former Women's National Basketball Association player
 Smith Ely Jr. (1825–1911), New York City mayor and member of the United States House of Representatives
 Sumner Ely (1787–1857), New York politician
 Talfourd Ely (1838–1923), English archaeologist and classicist
 Theodore N. Ely (1846–1916), American businessman
 Thomas C. Ely, American bishop
 Victoria Joyce Ely (1889–1979), American nurse
 William Ely (disambiguation)

See also
 Saint Ermenilda of Ely, daughter of King Eorcenberht of Kent and Saint Seaxburh of Ely.
 Nicholas of Ely,  Lord Chancellor of England, Bishop of Worcester, Bishop of Winchester, and Lord High Treasurer in the 13th century
 Saint Seaxburh of Ely, Anglo-Saxon princess, abbess and saint


Moyamba is a constituency of the Parliament of Sierra Leone. It is located in Moyamba District.

As of 2008, it is represented in parliament by J. Jonathan Ambo.

External links
 Members of Parliament

Constituencies of the Parliament of Sierra Leone
Southern Province, Sierra Leone


Wyngard Tracy (February 7, 1952 – November 16, 2010) was a Filipino talent manager who had represented various actors and music artists, such as Side A in the Philippines through his office, Artiststation, Inc.  From June 2008, he was one of three judges in Pinoy Idol on GMA Network. He was also the judge of top-rating ABS-CBN shows, Showtime and Magpasikat, but was later evicted.

Tracy was the manager of Kaye Abad, Richard Gomez, Lucy Torres, Maricel Soriano, Wendell Ramos, John Estrada and Priscilla Meirelles.

Biography
Tracy's career began as a television production assistant in the 1970s before becoming a radio disc jockey on DWWK, which was the Philippines' first pop FM station.  After a brief DJing stint, he was referred to Vicor Entertainment Corporation and was tapped to manage its roster of recording artists, including Pinky de Leon, Maricris Vermont, and Leah Navarro.

As a businessman, Tracy, together with friends Mark de Leon and Ricky Trinidad, founded "The Music Hall" in Annapolis St. in Greenhills.
As a talent manager, he also became one of the judges for Search for the Star in a Million on ABS-CBN in 2005.  Tracy even became one of the contestants in the Philippine version of Celebrity Duets & Pinoy Idol judge on GMA Network, where he was ranked fifth.

He was a judge of the PNT Singing Idol competition in Vancouver, Canada in 2008 and 2009.

He appeared on ABS-CBN's top-rating talent show Showtime as a guest judge in January 2010.

He is also known as "The Simon Cowell of the Philippines"....

Death
Tracy was rushed to the Makati Medical Center on October 20, 2010. Reports said he suffered his third stroke. The following day, on October 21, Tracy underwent operation to remove the blood clot in his brain. Earlier in July, Tracy underwent a heart surgery after he was rushed to the hospital due to a heart attack.

At around 3:45am on November 16, 2010, Tracy died due to stroke.

Footnotes

People from Quezon City
Talent managers
Participants in Philippine reality television series
1952 births
2010 deaths


West Kill Mountain, or Westkill Mountain, is located in Greene County, New York.
The mountain is named after the West Kill stream which flows along its northern side, and is part of the Devil's Path range of the Catskill Mountains.
To the east, West Kill Mountain faces Southwest Hunter Mountain across  Diamond Notch; to the west, West Kill faces North Dome across Mink Hollow.

West Kill Mountain stands within the watershed of the Hudson River, which drains into New York Bay.
The north slopes drain into the West Kill, thence into Schoharie Creek, the Mohawk River, and the Hudson River.
The southeast slopes of the mountain drain into Hollow Tree Brook, thence into Stony Clove Creek, Esopus Creek, and the Hudson River.
The southwest slopes of West Kill Mountain drain into the Broadstreet Hollow stream, thence into Esopus Creek.

West Kill Mountain is contained within the Westkill Mountain Wilderness Area of New York's Catskill State Park.

See also
 List of mountains in New York

References

External links

Mountains of Greene County, New York
Catskill High Peaks
Mountains of New York (state)


Sailfin moonfishes are a small family, Veliferidae, of lampriform fishes found in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans.  Unlike other lampriforms, they live in shallow, coastal waters, of less than  depth, rather than in the deep ocean. They are also much smaller than most of their relatives, up to  in length, and have deep, rather than elongated, bodies. They are characterised by their ability to retract the anterior rays of their dorsal and anal fins into a sheath.

Species
The two extant species in two genera are:
 Genus Metavelifer Walters, 1960
 Metavelifer multiradiatus (Regan, 1907)
 Genus Velifer Temminck and Schlegel, 1850
 Velifer hypselopterus Bleeker, 1879

Fossil record
 Nardovelifer, from the Campanian of Italy.
 Oechsleria unterfeldensis, from the lower Oligocene of the Bodenheim Formation, Germany.
 Veronavelifer, from the Eocene of Italy.
 Wettonius angeloi, from the Eocene of Italy.

References

Animal families


The Selby–Driffield line formed part of a railway which connected the East Coast Main Line and the Yorkshire Coast Line. It crossed largely flat terrain and the Yorkshire Wolds and serviced the towns of Selby, Market Weighton, and Driffield.

History

Stations
Selby – opened 2 September 1834
Cliff Common – opened 1853, closed regular services 20 September 1954, used by specials until 1957
Duffield Gate – opened 1848, closed 1890
Menthorpe Gate – opened 1853, closed 7 December 1953
Bubwith – opened 1 August 1848, closed 20 September 1954
High Field – opened 1854, closed 20 September 1954
Foggathorpe – opened 1853, closed 20 September 1954
Holme Moor – opened 1 August 1848, closed 20 September 1954
Everingham – opened 1853, closed 20 September 1954
Market Weighton  – opened 4 October 1847, closed 29 November 1965
Enthorpe – opened 1 May 1890, closed 20 September 1954
Middleton-on-the-Wolds – opened 1 May 1890, closed 20 September 1954
Bainton – opened 1 May 1890, closed 20 September 1954
Southburn – opened 1 May 1890, closed 20 September 1954
Driffield – opened 6 October 1846

Closure
The line closed for regular passenger traffic on 20 September 1954, but a service of one regular non-stop train each way plus occasional summer excursions ran until June 1965. The line was abandoned after the last freight train ran later that year.

References

External links

Closed railway lines in Yorkshire and the Humber
Rail transport in the East Riding of Yorkshire


Keep Your Distance is the debut album by the British band Curiosity Killed the Cat, released in April 1987. It debuted at #1 on the UK Albums Chart, and is their only album to chart on the Billboard 200, reaching #55.

Track listing

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

1987 debut albums
Albums produced by Stewart Levine
Albums produced by Paul Staveley O'Duffy
Mercury Records albums
Curiosity Killed the Cat albums


Jake Hendriks  (born 1981) is an English television actor. He is known for portraying Kieron Hobbs in the soap opera Hollyoaks and numerous stage roles.

Personal life
Jake Hendriks, born Jacob Hendrik Cuddihy in 1981 in Chessington, is the eldest of three boys, with two younger brothers, Joshua and Caleb. He attended Hinchley Wood School, and then Tiffin School, Kingston-upon-Thames, a selective boys' grammar school with specialist Performing Arts College status. He graduated from Guildford School of Acting in 2004. He is currently managed by Burnett Crowther associates Ltd and also works freelance as a professional story board artist

Television roles

Hollyoaks
He played the part of gay Catholic priest Kieron Hobbs from 8 January until 5 September 2008.

In an interview with Hollyoaks website, he commented on his on-screen persona:
"He's a laid back guy and as a result he has a calming effect on the McQueens who usually have a manic household. He also seems to be always eating for some reason, nearly every scene I've filmed I've had to be eating something!”.

Previous television roles
Prior to Hollyoaks, Hendriks also had roles in Ultimate Force (Series 3, Episode 3: "Class of 1980") playing Paul Brown; in 3 episodes of Down to Earth ("Broken dreams", "Changes", "Dangerous Liaisons") playing Simon Cole and in Casualty (Series 21, Episode 26: "The Killing Floor") playing Bobby Anstiss.

Award nominations

Inside Soap Awards 2008
Hendriks was nominated for "Best Newcomer" at the 2008 Inside Soap Awards for his role as Kieron Hobbs in Hollyoaks. He had been short-listed but did not win.

Filmography
 The Battle of Monte Camino (2003) – Short movie directed by Simeon Lumgair, playing Pvt. Daniel Shorter, based on Alex Bowlby's book, Countdown to Cassino (1994).

Theatre

 1999 – Macbeth – Rapid Classics – Directed by Steve Thompson; Produced by Ambroise Muchembled – Playing Macbeth.
 2003 – Adam Bede – Guildford School of Acting – Directed by Andrew Hall – Playing Adam Bede.
 2004 – Someone Who'll Watch Over Me – "Gateway Theatre" Edinburgh – Directed by Bruce Guthrie &  Ashley Herman – Playing Adam.
 2005 – Someone Who'll Watch Over Me – "The Venue" Leicester Square Palace – Directed by Bruce Guthrie &  Ashley Herman – Playing Adam.
 2006 – The Long and the Short and the Tall – "Pleasance Theatre", Islington – 19 September – 7 October 2006 – Directed by Bruce Guthrie – Playing Sgt. Mitchem.
 2008 – Jack and the Beanstalk – "Hazlitt Theatre" Maidstone – 29 November 2008 – 4 January 2009. Directed by Tom Swift – Playing Jack.
 2009 – Jack and the Beanstalk – Whitley Bay Playhouse – 18 December 2009 – 3 January 2010. Playing Jack.
 2011 – The Comedy of Errors – Antipholus (summer season, various open-air venues)

References

External links

Living people
Alumni of the Guildford School of Acting
People educated at Tiffin School
English male stage actors
English male soap opera actors
1981 births
Male actors from London
People from the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames


Dirty Pictures is a 2000 American docudrama television film directed by Frank Pierson, written by Ilene Chaiken, and starring James Woods, Craig T. Nelson, and Diana Scarwid. The film focuses on the 1990 trial of Cincinnati Contemporary Arts Center director Dennis Barrie (Woods), who was accused of promoting pornography by presenting an exhibit of photographs by Robert Mapplethorpe that included images of naked children and graphic displays of homosexual sadomasochism.

The film premiered on Showtime on May 20, 2000. It later was released on both videotape and DVD.

Plot synopsis
Dennis Barrie books a potentially controversial exhibit of Robert Mapplethorpe's nude photography for the Contemporary Arts Center and, with the support of his board of directors, opts to keep it on the schedule even after the prestigious Corcoran Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., removes it from theirs.

Even before the exhibit opens, controversy about its content arises and is fueled by the local media, and after it does, Barrie is indicted and put on trial on pandering and obscenity charges, and he and his family become the center of the highly charged case. As time passes, they become the targets of ongoing harassment and ridicule, are ostracized by their friends, offered a substantial bribe by the shady spokesman for a right-wing organization, and bullied by Monty Lobb, leader of the conservative group People for Community Values, but also find themselves receiving a great deal of support from not only the art community at large, but local citizens as well. As his marriage begins to disintegrate and the prospect of a jail sentence looms before him, he finds himself torn between his devotion to his family and his determination to defend the doctrines of the First Amendment.

Barrie ultimately is found not guilty. Via an epilogue we learn his marriage eventually ended in divorce and, despite his legal victory, his experience and the wide publicity it received consequently impacted on other museum curators and boards who opted to avoid presenting potentially controversial exhibits in their venues for fear of a similar backlash.

Throughout the film, scripted scenes intermingle with archival interviews with George H. W. Bush, Jesse Helms, Patrick Buchanan, Barney Frank, William Buckley, Susan Sarandon, and Salman Rushdie.

Principal cast
James Woods – Dennis Barrie
Craig T. Nelson – Sheriff Simon Leis
Diana Scarwid – Dianne Barrie
Leon Pownall – District Attorney Prouty
Matt North – Monty Lobb
David Huband – Sirkin
Judah Katz – Mizibov
Rachael Crawford – Bosworth
Marnie McPhail – Reising
R.D. Reid – Albanese
Allegra Fulton – Angela
Michele Muzzi – Brenda
Martin Roach – Ed
Tony De Santis – Floyd
Kenneth McGregor – Gil
Jeff Pustil – Harry
Sally Cahill – Liz
Linda Goranson – Mary
Geoffrey Bowes -Suit
John Evans – Tucker
Jonathan Whittaker – Muntz
Colin Fox – Walsh
Michael Seater – Ian
Stephen Joffe – Kevin Barrie
Nicky Guadagni – Kardon
Nancy Beatty – Reisman
Lawrence Bayne – Stein
Dave Nichols – Johnson
Michael Dyson – Bailiff
Frank Moore – Ruberg

Production notes
Many of the actual Mapplethorpe photographs displayed in the exhibit, including some of the more controversial ones, are seen in the film. A warning at its start advises viewers of the film's content and explains the necessity of displaying the images to allow both an understanding of the graphic nature of the handful of provocative pictures that prompted Barrie's arrest and an appreciation for the overall beauty of the photographer's portraitures and depictions of nature.

The film was shot in Toronto, with Old City Hall used as the setting for the courtroom scenes.

Critical reception
In his review in the San Francisco Chronicle, John Carman said the film "labors to apply a semigloss coat of dramatic entertainment to a thorny social issue . . . But the best efforts of veteran director Frank Pierson and screenwriter Ilene Chaiken can't turn the trick . . . We may not know much about art, or First Amendment niceties, but who can't relate to a family in turmoil? Problem is, there's a de rigueur movie feel to it. Real or not, these story points pull our chain too obviously. The movie is drier but more rewarding when it sticks to the point."

In Time, James Poniewozik described the film as a "mechanical, insultingly didactic placard . . . that wants to be an agitprop documentary, interrupting its storyline with interviews of mostly pro-Mapplethorpe notables. The film isn't obligated to be neutral, but it's so bullying and one-sided that a viewer feels guilty for agreeing with it. Defending an artist who preferred aesthetics to righteousness, Dirty Pictures sadly advances exactly the opposite."

Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly called the film "titillatingly titled but artistically timid" and added, "Chaiken and Pierson drain Dirty Pictures of engaging drama by denying the opposition any believability; they present Barrie's persecutors as hostile idiots and hopeless prudes . . . The director further hobbles the movie's pace by interrupting the narrative with commentator interviews . . . [which], while occasionally eloquent, are also entirely predictable . . . Will viewers come away with renewed respect for Mapplethorpe's artistic intentions? Maybe. But they might also feel the way the jury does here: condescended to, as if we aren't capable of grappling with disturbing images without an art expert guiding us through them like a therapist."

Channel 4 describes it as "flawed but still engaging . . . more notable for what it says than the way it actually says it . . . it's a thought-provoking trip driven by the reliably charismatic Woods. While the issues themselves get a thorough airing however, other aspects are less satisfying. Supporting characters are underwritten, odd legal issues are over-emphasised and the domestic scenes scream 'made-for-TV'. In purely dramatic terms the most powerful moment comes right at the end and the stark conclusion goes a long way to redeeming the film's inadequacies, even if the events that inspired it are profoundly depressing."

Time Out London says, "Coming over at times like a radical left-field essay film . . . [it] lifts off from its factual origins to deliver a major plea for tolerance and minority understanding, and against political censorship in culture generally."

Awards and nominations
Golden Globe Award for Best Mini-Series Or Motion Picture Made for Television (winner)
Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television (James Woods, nominee)
Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special (nominee)
Emmy Award for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or a Movie (nominee)
Satellite Award for Best Actor - Miniseries or TV Film (Woods, winner)
Satellite Award for Best TV Film (nominee)
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie (Woods, nominee)
American Cinema Editors Eddie Award for Best Edited Motion Picture for Non-Commercial Television (winner)
Monte Carlo TV Festival Golden Nymph Award for Best Film (winner)

References

External links

2000 television films
2000 films
2000 drama films
2000s American films
2000s English-language films
2000s legal drama films
Best Miniseries or Television Movie Golden Globe winners
American docudrama films
American drama television films
American films based on actual events
American legal drama films
Films about freedom of expression
Films directed by Frank Pierson
Films scored by Mark Snow
Films set in Cincinnati
Films shot in Toronto
Showtime (TV network) films
Television films based on actual events


ION Orchard (pronounced as I-On), formerly known as the Orchard Turn Development or Orchard Turn Site, is a shopping mall in Singapore, next to Orchard MRT station. It is the retail component of an integrated retail and residential development by Orchard Turn Developments Pte Ltd, a joint venture between CapitaLand and Sun Hung Kai Properties. It started operating on 21 July 2009, occupying 335 food and retail outlets. In December 2016, Forbes recognized ION Orchard as one of the top shopping malls in Singapore.

The Orchard Residences, the residential component of the development, is a high-rise residential condominium. It was completed along with the shopping mall under the same developer, manager and owner in 2010. It owns a 99-year leasehold with effect from 13 March 2006.

History
The Orchard Turn Development, now known as The Orchard Residences and ION Orchard after its official names were revealed on 5 February 2007 and 16 July that year respectively, was built on the site of the former park located directly above Orchard. The MRT station's Exit C was closed and demolished on 15 January 2008 to make way for the ION Orchard development. A replacement for the exit, Exit E, was opened on the same day.

ION Orchard has  of gross floor area and  of retail space , which is larger than Ngee Ann City but smaller than Suntec City Mall and VivoCity, the largest shopping mall in Singapore. Designed by RSP Architects Planners & Engineers Ltd with Benoy, the Orchard Turn Development has won two EG Retail and Future Project Awards, the Best Architectural Entry and the Best Retail Development over 20,000 m², at Mapic 2006 held in Cannes, France, in November 2006.

Facilities
Layered across the walls of ION Orchard, the Media Facade is a multi-sensory canvas media wall.

A  art and exhibition gallery is located on the fourth floor of the shopping mall. Called ION Art, it aims to combine art and commerce. An art and design programme is implemented to introduce new and multimedia art into the mall experience, promoting the best of Asian modern and contemporary art and design from established and emerging artists and designers. Under this programme, permanent and changing sculptures and media installations will be located throughout the mall with art exhibitions held throughout the year within the ION Art Gallery and other locations in the mall.

The development's observation deck, ION Sky, is located on the 55th and 56th floor of the building. With a height of 218 m above ground, it offers a panoramic view of the city. It will also have a  garden on its 9th floor, together with two club facilities on its 9th and 30th floors.

The mall has two subway entrances on Level 1 connecting to ION Orchard via Orchard. The first entrance, Exit E (facing Wheelock Place), was opened on the morning of 15 January 2008, the same day when the station's Exit C (facing Wisma Atria) was closed and slated to be demolished and subsequently completed later that year. Mounted on Exit E's wall were more than 90 metres of LED walls, that can be programmed with different colours and patterns on its light displays to create a certain mood, even for festive occasions. It can also be used for advertising or as an art gallery from time to time.

The mall has a linkway leading from Orchard MRT Station to Tangs Plaza. The stretch had undergone a widening project which was completed in November 2014. Other shops include Redeye, Metaphor, Owndays, Yankee Candle, VDL Cosmetics, Lovisa, 7-Eleven and Selectiv' by Sasa. These new tenants join ION Orchard's existing collection of fashion favourites such as Victoria's Secret, H&M, and Mango at ION Paterson Link, located at Basement 2 of the mall.

The mall has a walkway leading from Orchard Boulevard to Orchard MRT station. Called the Orchard Boulevard Entrance, the first LED-lit subway entrance was opened on 10 June 2008 at the MRT station, with the help of the Land Transport Authority and SMRT Corporation on the planning of the walkway. Synchronized with ION Orchard's facade and canopy, the walkway has LED panels to create a surround experience for commuters, and a fritted glass-and-steel canopy roof to allow natural light to filter through. The walkway will also have easy access to the basement and ground levels of the mall from the subway station's concourse level as well as the walkway connecting the subway station to Wheelock Place.

The mall also has a car park with approximately 500 parking spots (including handicap parking), between the fourth and the eighth floors. Over 100 media screens located both inside and outside the shopping mall, including those above restroom urinals, are managed by JCDecaux.

Tenants
With a lettable area of almost 660 000 sq ft, around 400 retail outlets are currently located at ION Orchard. To date, there are various flagship stores, which include Rubi Shoes (which opened during 21 July 2009 and has since expanded island-wide), New Look, Li Ning, T.M. Lewin, Zara, Harry Winston, Dsquared2 and Bershka. On 12 November 2013, Rubi Shoes relocated to one store near Orchard MRT Station to replace Etude House. New Look was replaced by Zalora Flagship, and eventually Bershka. Bershka's old premise is now taken up by Sephora. On 16 June 2020, Topshop was permanently closed down, with the space being absorbed by expanded Uniqlo and the flagship Love Bonito. On 12 June 2022, Bershka officially closed down the ION Orchard outlet, and was replaced by a larger and flagship Cotton On outlet.

Four multi-label stores and several new-to-market food as well as dining propositions have also been confirmed, along with established food operators. There is a food court present at ION Orchard known as the Food Opera. There used to be a supermarket chain - ThreeSixty, but however it was shut down in May 2011 due to lack of business.

More than 21% of the lettable area has been used for dining purposes, with 60 out of the 125 dining outlets new-to-market or new concepts. There are 28 restaurants and cafes, with the largest cluster at level 4 for fine dining and levels 2 and 3 for casual dining. Dunkin' Donuts also returned to Singapore with an outlet in ION Orchard. A reputable top day spa Estheva Spa was another tenant to move into Ion Orchard.

Singapore Airlines’ City Ticketing Office moved to ION Orchard on 24 July 2009. This is a shift from its original location at The Paragon and the interim location at the Atrium@Orchard from 2007 to July 2009.

In January 2013, Crate & Barrel opened its first Asian store in ION Orchard. The  duplex store is located on levels 3 and 4.

In popular culture
 The mall is featured in HBO series Westworld, as part of the third season.

 The mall will be featured in HBO series Euphoria, as part of the third season.

Gallery

See also
 Orchard Road

References

External links

 The Orchard Residences website

CapitaLand
Shopping malls in Singapore
Downtown Core (Singapore)
Orchard Road
Commercial buildings completed in 2010
2009 establishments in Singapore


Paul Louis François Spaak (5 July 1871 – 8 May 1936) was a Belgian lawyer, poet, literary historian, and playwright.

Born in Ixelles, Spaak graduated in law at the Université Libre de Bruxelles in 1894. On 22 July 1894, he married Marie Janson, daughter of Paul Janson. The couple had four children, of whom Paul-Henri Spaak, later Belgian Prime Minister like his uncle Paul-Emile Janson, was the most famous. Paul Spaak was a member of Royal Academy of Belgium from 19 August 1920 until 8 May 1936.

From 1920, up until his death, Paul Spaak was co-director of the Théâtre Royal de la Monnaie. He shared this position with Maurice Corneil de Thoran and Jean Van Glabbeke.

Selection of works
 L'hérédité dans la littérature française antérieure au XIXe siècle, in: Revue Universitaire, 1893
 Les Voyages vers mon pays, 1907 (collection of poems)
 Kaatje, 1908 (theatre play, premiered at the Théâtre Royal du Parc, Brussels)
 La Madone, 1908 (theatre play, premiered at the Théâtre de l'Œuvre, Paris)
 La Dixième Journée, 1908 (theatre play, premiered at the Théâtre de l'Œuvre, Paris)
 Le Louez-Dieu, 1908 (theatre play, premiered at the Théâtre Royal du Parc, Brussels)
 A Damme en Flandre, 1912 (theatre play)
 Camille, 1913, (comedy)
 Malgré ceux qui tombent, 1919, (drama)
 Un songe d'une nuit d'été, 1919 (comedy)
 Diadesté, 1921 (comedy)
 Jean Lemaire de Belges, 1926 (article)
 Poèmes 1898–1921, 1937 (published after his death, poetry)

Sources
 Paul Spaak (French)
 André ROUSSEAU, Paul Spaak, in Biographie Nationale, part 38, col. 735–744, Brussels, 1974.
 José MIRVAL, Le littérateur belge Paul Spaak, Brussels, 1938.
 Gustave VANZYPE, Notice sur Paul Spaak, in: Annuaire de l'Académie royale de langue et de littérature françaises de Belgique 1938, p. 37–64, Brussels, 1938.

External links

1871 births
1936 deaths
People from Ixelles
19th-century Belgian lawyers
19th-century Belgian dramatists and playwrights
19th-century Belgian male writers
20th-century Belgian dramatists and playwrights
Belgian male dramatists and playwrights
Belgian translators
Directors of La Monnaie
Free University of Brussels (1834–1969) alumni


Spellbrook is a hamlet in Hertfordshire, situated between Bishop's Stortford and Sawbridgeworth.

Location
Spellbrook is one mile south of Bishop's Stortford, thirteen miles east of Hertford and ten miles north of Epping. It lies on the A1184 The river Stort flows through the east of the town, past the Three Horseshoes public house. It has a school, Spellbrook Primary

Nearby towns and cities: Bishop's Stortford, Sawbridgeworth

Nearby villages: Trimms Green, Allen's Green, Little Hallingbury

Politics and local government
Spellbrook is administered by East Hertfordshire district council.

Sawbridgeworth Town Council also covers Spellbrook.

References

Hamlets in Hertfordshire
Sawbridgeworth


The QF 12-pounder 12-cwt gun (Quick-Firing) (abbreviated as Q.F. 12-pdr. [12-cwt.]) was a common, versatile  calibre naval gun introduced in 1894 and used until the middle of the 20th century. It was produced by Armstrong Whitworth, Elswick and used on Royal Navy warships, exported to allied countries, and used for land service. In British service "12-pounder" was the rounded value of the projectile weight, and "12 cwt (hundredweight)" was the weight of the barrel and breech, to differentiate it from other "12-pounder" guns.

As the Type 41 3-inch (7.62 cm)/40 it was used on most early battleships and cruisers of the Imperial Japanese Navy, though it was commonly referred to by its UK designation as a "12-pounder" gun. Italy built guns under licence as the 76.2 mm/40 (3") by Ansaldo.

United Kingdom service

United Kingdom naval service

Mk I and II guns, of "built up" construction of steel layers, served on many Royal Navy destroyers up to and after World War I originally as primary and later as secondary armament against submarines and torpedo boats. They were also fitted as deck guns on D and E-class submarines.

It was estimated that out of the 4,737 Mk I and Mk II guns produced there were still 3,494 on hand for the RN in 1939. Many Mk V guns, which had a "monobloc" barrel made of a single casting, served on smaller escort ships such as destroyers and on armed merchant ships, on dual-purpose high–low angle mountings which also allowed it to be used as an anti-aircraft gun.

Gun mounting data

South African War (1899–1902) land service

The gun was primarily a high-velocity naval gun, with its heavy recoil suiting it to static mountings, hence it was generally considered unsuitable for use as a mobile field gun. An exception was made when the British army were outgunned by the Boer artillery in South Africa and the Royal Navy was called on for help. Among other guns, 16 QF 12-pounder 12 cwt were landed from warships and were mounted on improvised field carriages designed by Captain Percy Scott RN, with solid wooden trails and utilizing small-diameter Cape wagon wheels. Their  range provided valuable long-range fire support for the army throughout the war. They were known as "long twelves" to distinguish them from the BL 12-pounder 6 cwt and QF 12-pounder 8 cwt which had much shorter barrels and ranges.

Lieutenant Burne reported that the original electric firing system, while working well under ideal conditions, required support of an armourer and the maintenance and transport of charged batteries in the field, which was generally not possible. He reported switching to percussion tubes for firing and recommended percussion for future field operations.

Another six guns were diverted from a Japanese battleship being built at Newcastle in January 1900, bought by Lady Meux, and were equipped with proper field carriages by the Elswick Ordnance Company in Newcastle and sent to South Africa. Perhaps uniquely, the guns were refused by the War Office and donated directly to Lord Roberts, the British commander in South Africa and became his personal property. They were known as the "Elswick Battery" and were manned by men from Elswick, recruited by 1st Northumberland Royal Garrison Artillery (Volunteers). The Elswick guns served throughout the war.

Coast defence gun

Many guns were mounted on "pedestals" secured to the ground to defend harbours around the UK, and at many ports around the Empire, against possible attack by small fast vessels such as torpedo boats, until the 1950s. There were 103 of these guns (of a total 383 of all types) employed in coast defence around the UK as at April 1918. Many of these were still in service in World War II although they had by then been superseded by more modern types such as twin QF 6 pounder 10 cwt mounts.

Guns were traversed (moved from side to side) manually by the gunlayer as he stood on the left side with his arm hooked over a shoulder piece as he aimed, while he operated the elevating handwheel with his left hand and grasped the pistol grip with trigger in his right hand.

Army anti-aircraft gun

In World War I a number of coast defence guns were modified and mounted on special wheeled traveling carriages to create a marginally effective mobile anti-aircraft gun.

United Kingdom ammunition
UK shells weighed 12.5 lb (5.67 kg) filled and fuzed.The cordite propellant charge was normally ignited by an electrically activated primer (in the base of the cartridge case), with power provided by a battery. The electric primer in the cartridge could be replaced by an adaptor which allowed the use of electric or percussion tube to be inserted to provide ignition.

Italian service
The Italian Cannon 76/40 Model 1916 was a licensed derivative of the QF 12-pounder used in a number of roles during World War I and World War II.

Japanese service

The Japanese Type 41  naval gun was a direct copy of the QF 12-pounder. The first guns were bought from the English firms as "Elswick Pattern N" and "Vickers Mark Z" guns. The gun was officially designated as the Type 41  naval gun from the 41st year of the reign of Emperor Meiji on 25 December 1908. Thereafter production was in Japan under license. On 5 October 1917 during the third year of the Taishō period, the gun was redesignated as the 8 cm/40 3rd Year Type naval gun as part of the Imperial Japanese Navy's conversion to the metric system. Although classified as an 8 cm gun the bore was unchanged. The gun fired a  high-explosive shell. It was the standard secondary or tertiary armament on most Japanese warships built between 1890 and 1920, and was still in service as late as the Pacific War.

The 8 cm/40 3rd Year Type was also widely used as a coastal defense gun and anti-aircraft gun to defend Japanese island bases during World War II. Guns with both English and Japanese markings were found on Kiska, Kolombangara, Saipan, Tarawa, and Tinian. Japanese Artillery Weapons CINPAC-CINPOA Bulletin 152-45 calls the guns "8 cm Coast Defense Gun 13th Year Type (1924)" but it isn't clear how they came up with that designation?

Surviving guns

 A gun of the Elswick Battery that served in the Second Boer War is displayed in the Royal Artillery Museum, London but the museum has closed and re-located to Larkhill, Wiltshire.
 Another Elswick gun is with 203 (Elswick) Battery RA (V)
 Mk V naval gun was at Royal Artillery Museum, London but the museum has closed and re-located to Larkhill, Wiltshire.
 Early coast defence gun at Newhaven Fort, UK
 Coast defence gun at Army Memorial Museum, Waiouru, New Zealand]
 On the battleship Mikasa, Yokosuka, Japan
 The gun of HMS Campbeltown, recovered around 1972, on display in Saint-Nazaire, France
 12pdr on coastal Defence pedestal at Pendennis Castle, Falmouth, Cornwall
 The gun of HMS Overdale Wyke of the Ceylon Naval Volunteer Force, now kept in SLNS Ranagalle
 A good example can be seen mounted at Tilbury Fort in Essex. This is an ex-naval type of WW2 vintage.
 A 12pdr of first world war vintage is mounted on a skeletal high angle mount at Predannack Anti-Aircraft battery and museum in Cornwall
 At Explosion Museum of Naval Firepower, Gosport, UK

See also
 List of naval guns

Notes

References

Books

 Lieutenant C. R. N. Burne R.N., With the Naval Brigade in Natal (1899–1900). London: Edward Arnold, 1902

 Admiral Percy Scott, "Fifty Years in the Royal Navy" published 1919

External links

 Major D Hall, The South African Military History Society. Military History Journal – Vol 4 No 3 June 1978. THE NAVAL GUNS IN NATAL 1899–1902
 Major L.A. Crook,The South African Military History Society. Military History Journal – Vol 1 No 4 June 1969. "The Elswick Guns"
 203 (Elswick) Battery History

Naval guns of the United Kingdom
Naval anti-aircraft guns
Coastal artillery
76 mm artillery
Elswick Ordnance Company
Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom
World War I naval weapons of the United Kingdom
World War II naval weapons of the United Kingdom
Naval guns of Japan
Russo-Japanese war weapons of Japan


Hiezan may refer to:

Mount Hiei (also known as Hieizan or Hiezan)
Enryaku-ji (Mount Hiei or Hieizan Temple and Monastery) in Japan


Buccaneer Yacht Club (abbreviated formally as BucYC or in local tradition as BYC) is a member-run sailing club which has operated out of Mobile Bay, Alabama since 1928. It is a member club of the Gulf Yachting Association and the United States Sailing Association. Its members are active competitors in Finn, Viper 640, 420, Fish class sloop, Flying Scot, Laser, Optimist, Sunfish, PHRF and Portsmouth class events. While the Mobile Yacht Club predates it, BucYC remains arguably the oldest continuously operating sailing club in Alabama.

Races and fleets
As one of four sailing clubs on Mobile Bay, BucYC hosts the Dauphin Island Race once every three years. This is "arguably the largest single day point to point sail race in the U.S.A." with over 300 boats and 1000 crewmembers. In 2007 it hosted the 87th annual Sir Thomas Lipton Inter-Club Challenge sailboat race, an Olympic style GYA racing event for sailors of Flying Scot dinghys.

BucYC members maintain the largest surviving fleet of Fish class sailboats in the world and the club hosts the majority of races for this class. Fish boats were designed in 1919 and were the original Gulf Yachting Association inter-club racing boat until they were replaced by Flying Scots in 1969. They "...incorporated features of the New England Sharpie and some of the Biloxi Cat--the straight lines and chine of the Sharpie, the wide beam and low free-board of the Cat..." as well as a vee bottom, lead keel and gaff rigged sail.

The club is one of over forty nationwide hosts of the Leukemia Cup Regatta, a major fund raising event organized by the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society to raise donations for medical research into the causes and treatment of leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease and myeloma.

Sailors
Its notable members include Sunfish sailor, Karl Kleinschrodt, who won fourth place among international contenders in the 2007 Sunfish North American championship race. Karl's mother, Amy Champman Kleinschrodt, has won the coveted Adams Cup 4 times, in 1977, 1980, 1997, and 2009.  Another member, Donnie Brennen, (also a member of New Orleans Yacht Club) has been named as boatwright for the 2008 U. S. Olympic sailing team.

Intercollegiate sailing
In the interest of providing sailing education and race training BucYC is the sponsoring club for the University of South Alabama Sailing Club, which competes in intercollegiate races against teams such as those from Oklahoma State University, Texas A&M University and Tulane University.

Notes

External links
 Buccaneer Yacht Club
 Fish Class Association
 Gulf Yachting Association
 Inter-Collegiate Sailing Organization of North America (ICSA)
 US Sailing

1928 establishments in Alabama
Sailing in Alabama
Sports clubs and teams established in 1928
Sports in Mobile, Alabama
Sailing clubs in Alabama


Tony Dixon (born June 18, 1979) is a former American football safety in the National Football League (NFL) for the Dallas Cowboys. He was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the second round of the 2001 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Alabama.

Early years
Dixon attended Pickens County High School, where he was a two-way football player (running back and defensive back). He was a four-year starter and earned All-State honors two years in a row.

As a junior he registered 1,286 rushing yards, 17 touchdowns, 115 tackles and 6 interceptions (3 returned for touchdowns). As a senior, he posted 1,450 rushing yards, 18 rushing touchdowns, 2 touchdown passes, one receiving touchdown, 6 sacks, 4 interceptions and 2 fumble recoveries.

College career
Dixon accepted a football scholarship from the University of Alabama. As a true freshman, he collected 22 tackles (2 for loss) and one sack, earning his first career start at free safety against the University of Tennessee. He had 6 tackles against Auburn University.

As a sophomore, he became a regular starter at strong safety, tallying 75 tackles (third on the team), 2 tackles for loss, one interception and one pass defensed. He had 11 tackles against Louisiana State University. He made 14 tackles against Mississippi State University.

As a junior, he split time between strong and free safety. He posted 65 tackles (second on the team), 2 tackles for loss, 4 passes defensed and one forced fumble. He had 13 tackles against the University of Florida.

As a senior, he started at free safety, finishing with 90 tackles (third on the team), one sack, 2 interceptions, 6 passes defensed and one forced fumble. He had 10 tackles, one interception and one pass defensed against the University of Mississippi. He made 17 tackles against the University of Tennessee. He made 11 tackles against Auburn University.

Professional career

Dallas Cowboys (first stint)
The Dallas Cowboys traded down in the second round of the 2001 NFL Draft, sending to the Miami Dolphins the 52nd overall selection (Chris Chambers), in exchange for the 56th (used to select Dixon) and the 122nd (Markus Steele). As a rookie, he played on the nickel defense.

In his second season, he started the last six games at strong safety, after Darren Woodson suffered a season-ending groin injury, making 49 tackles, 2 sacks, 4 quarterback pressures, 2 passes defensed, one interception and 16 special teams (third on the team).

In 2003, he was a special teams standout, leading the team with 20 tackles.

In 2004, after Woodson missed the season due to a herniated disc, he split time with Lynn Scott at strong safety, registering seven starts and finding a niche as a blitzer, tying for fifth in the NFL among defensive backs with 3 sacks. He wasn't re-signed after the season and finished his Cowboys career with 90 tackles (56 solo), 6 sacks, 10 passes defensed, 49 special teams tackles and one interception.

Washington Redskins
On June 18, 2005, signed a one-year contract as a free agent with the Washington Redskins. He was released before the start of the season on August 23.

Dallas Cowboys (second stint)
On November 1, 2005, he was signed by the Dallas Cowboys to help improve the secondary depth. On November 9, he was cut to make room for linebacker Quinton Caver. He was brought back for depth purposes on December 26. He wasn't re-signed at the end of the season.

References

1979 births
Living people
People from Reform, Alabama
Players of American football from Alabama
American football safeties
Alabama Crimson Tide football players
Dallas Cowboys players
Players of American football from Tuscaloosa, Alabama


Policijas FK or FK Policija (later known as PFK Daugava) was a Latvian football club based in Riga that played in the Virslīga from 1999 to 2002.

History
The football club of the Latvian police forces was founded in 1994. Until 1998 it played in the lower divisions of Latvian football as a completely amateur team. In 1998 Policijas FK for the first year played in 1. līga and won the tournament.

In 1999 Policijas FK coached by Georgijs Gusarenko debuted in Virslīga. The club's main star was veteran goalkeeper Raimonds Laizāns. Over 28 matches in 1999 Policijas FK scored 25 goals and succeeded 93 (even more than absolute league outsiders FK Rēzekne). This gave the club the 7th place in Virslīga of 8 teams. The club also suffered two dramatic losses against Skonto FC – 0:9 and 0:12.

For the 2000 season Policijas FK got several former Skonto FC players including goalkeeper Andrejs Pavlovs and former Latvia national football team player Vladimirs Babičevs. Another former Skonto (and Daugava Rīga) star Jurijs Ševļakovs took up the coaching position. Still Policijas FK couldn't make an impression in the league – another 7th-place finish. After the club which was in financial trouble was merged with another struggling Riga side – Daugava Rīga and was renamed to PFK Daugava. In the middle of the season Ševļakovs was replaced by Vladimirs Žuks. After the season Jurijs Popkovs took up the head coach position with the merged club.

The 2001 season proved to be the most successful in the history of the police football club – it finished 5th in the Latvian league and even had a relatively good scored-succeed goal balance – 38 against 39. Aleksands Sergejevs was the club's best goalscorer with 9 goals, followed by Edijs Daņilovs with 8 goals. Goalkeeper Pāvels Doroševs who joined the club in the middle of the season was also a huge contributor to the club's success.

The 2002 season when the club ran into major financial difficulties proved to be the last one for the club. It finished in the 6th place in Virslīga but after the season the club went bankrupt.

Football clubs in Riga
Defunct football clubs in Latvia
Association football clubs disestablished in 2002
Association football clubs established in 1994
1994 establishments in Latvia
2002 disestablishments in Latvia


Camp Smith is a military installation of the New York Army National Guard in Cortlandt Manor near Peekskill, NY, about  north of New York City, at the northern border of Westchester County, and consists of . Established in 1882 by General Frederick Townsend, Adjutant General of New York, it was formerly known as "Camp Townsend", but was renamed in 1919 to "Camp Smith" for Governor Alfred E. Smith of New York.

The camp has been used as an annual training site for National and State Guard regiments since its establishment, and recently has served as the home of the Empire State Military Academy, as well as the state's Non-Com, Officer Candidate School, and a Westchester County DES satellite fire training center. It also hosts some other units (e.g. The Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment of the 53rd Troop Command, 42nd Infantry Division Band, 138th Chaplain Support Team).

References

External links
 Camp Smith official site

Installations of the United States Army National Guard
Buildings and structures in Westchester County, New York
Townsend family
Installations of the United States Army in New York (state)


A town is an incorporated municipality in the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island.

Prince Edward Island has ten towns, which had a cumulative population of 28,905 and an average population of 2,891 in the 2016 Census. The province's largest and smallest towns are Stratford and North Rustico with populations of 9,706 and 607 respectively. The province's newest town is Three Rivers, which was incorporated on September 28, 2018.

Governance
Pursuant to Prince Edward Island's Municipal Government Act (MGA), each town elects a mayor and six councillors, unless an increase is enacted by municipal bylaw. For the 2018–2022 term, nine of the ten towns have a council of seven, while Three Rivers has a council of thirteen, which results in a total of 92 elected officials governing towns in Prince Edward Island. The last municipal election was November 5, 2018. The next is scheduled for November 7, 2022.

List

Former towns

Former towns in Prince Edward Island include:
Borden, which was part of the amalgamation that created Borden-Carleton on April 12, 1995;
Georgetown, which was part of the amalgamation that formed the Town of Three Rivers on September 28, 2018;
Montague, which was also part of the amalgamation that formed the Town of Three Rivers on September 28, 2018; and
Parkdale, which amalgamated with the City of Charlottetown on April 1, 1995.

See also
List of municipalities in Prince Edward Island

Notes

References

External links
Federation of Prince Edward Island Municipalities
Municipalities – Government of Prince Edward Island: Department of Fisheries and Communities

Towns


Swiss neutrality is one of the main principles of Switzerland's foreign policy which dictates that Switzerland is not to be involved in armed or political conflicts between other states. This policy is self-imposed and designed to ensure external security and promote peace.

Switzerland has the oldest policy of military neutrality in the world; it has not participated in a foreign war since its neutrality was established by the Treaty of Paris in 1815, although the country did have a civil war in 1847.

Although the European powers (Austria, France, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Prussia, Russia, Spain and Sweden) agreed at the Congress of Vienna in May 1815 that Switzerland should be neutral, final ratification was delayed until after Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated so that some coalition forces could invade France via Swiss territory.

The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation; it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002. It pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world.

According to Swiss president Ignazio Cassis in 2022 during a World Economic Forum speech, the laws of neutrality for Switzerland are based on The Hague agreement principles which include "no participation in wars; international cooperation but no membership in any military alliance; no provision of troops or weapons to warring parties and no granting of transition rights".

Origins

The beginnings of Swiss neutrality can be dated back to the defeat of the Old Swiss Confederacy at the Battle of Marignano in September 1515 or the peace treaty the Swiss Confederacy signed with France on November 12, 1516. Prior to this, the Swiss Confederacy had an expansionist foreign policy.

The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 was another important step in the development of Switzerland's neutrality. Other countries were disallowed from passing through Swiss territory, and the Confederation became legally independent from the Holy Roman Empire, even though it had been independent from the Empire de facto since 1499.

The 1798 invasion of Switzerland by the French First Republic culminated in the creation of a satellite state called the Helvetic Republic. While the 1798 Swiss constitution and the 1803 Act of Mediation stated that France would protect Swiss independence and neutrality, these promises were not kept. With the latter act, Switzerland signed a defensive alliance treaty with France. During the Restoration, the Swiss Confederation's constitution and the Treaty of Paris's Act on the Neutrality of Switzerland affirmed Swiss neutrality.

The dating of neutrality to 1516 is disputed by modern historians. Prior to 1895, no historian referenced the Battle of Marignano as the beginning of neutrality. The later backdating has to be seen in light of threats by several major powers in 1889 to rescind the neutrality granted to Switzerland in 1815. A publication by Paul Schweizer, titled , attempted to show that Swiss neutrality was not granted by other nations, but a decision they took themselves and thus could not be rescinded by others. The later publication of the same name by Edgar Bonjour, published between 1946 and 1975, expanded on this thesis.

The World Wars

World War I

During the First World War, Switzerland sustained its policy of neutrality despite sharing land borders with two of the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary) and two of the Allied Powers (France and Italy). The German-speaking majority in Switzerland generally favoured the Central Powers whilst the French-speaking and Italian-speaking populations favoured the Allied Powers. This sparked internal tensions; however, the country was able to maintain its neutrality.

In 1917, the neutrality of Switzerland was brought into question by the Grimm-Hoffmann Affair. Robert Grimm, a Swiss socialist politician, visited Russia in an attempt to negotiate a separate peace agreement between Russia and Germany, in order to end the war on the Eastern Front in the interests of socialism. Grimm was supported by Arthur Hoffman, a Swiss Federal Councillor who was in charge of the Political Department and headed the Foreign Ministry. However, Hoffman had not consulted his fellow Councillors over this initiative, and when a telegram sent between Grimm and Hoffman was made public, the Allied Powers were outraged.

Interwar period
The League of Nations formally recognized Swiss neutrality on February 13, 1920. While the policy was not universally admired, it was respected by other countries. As a tribute, the world organization even chose Geneva as its headquarters. It also exempted Switzerland from military obligations. However, the country was forced to adopt the so-called "differential neutrality", which required Switzerland to participate in economic sanctions while preserving its military neutrality, a policy initially welcomed to establish the Swiss solidarity with international efforts to promote a peaceful world order. By March 1938, however, the Swiss government was increasingly becoming averse to this type of neutrality and reverted to absolute neutrality. The shift was not only a case of the Swiss realizing the value of their traditional policies but was also attributed to the deteriorating European economic and political relations in a period preceding World War II.

World War II
Switzerland found itself completely surrounded by the Axis powers and Axis-controlled territory for most of World War II. Nazi Germany planned an invasion of Switzerland, and Switzerland made preparations for such an occurrence. At one point, Switzerland mobilized 850,000 soldiers. Under the leadership of Henri Guisan, Switzerland developed its National Redoubt plan in case of an invasion.

Although Switzerland was criticized by many for its ambiguous stance during World War II, its neutrality has been appreciated on several occasions by both European and non-European leaders.

From 1943 Switzerland stopped American and British aircraft, mainly bombers, overflying Switzerland during the Second World War. On numerous occasions during the war, Allied aircraft trespassed on Swiss airspace; mostly damaged Allied bombers returning from raids over Italy and Germany whose crews preferred internment by the Swiss to becoming prisoners of war. Over a hundred Allied aircraft crews were interned and placed in ski resorts which were left abandoned due to the lack of tourists after the outbreak of war. They were to be held in there until the war had ended. At least 940 American airmen attempted to escape into France after the invasion of Normandy, but Swiss authorities intercepted 183 internees. Over 160 of these airmen were incarcerated in a Swiss prison camp known as Wauwilermoos, which was located near Lucerne and commanded by André Béguin, a pro-Nazi Swiss officer. The American internees remained in Wauwilermoos until November 1944 when the U.S. State Department lodged protests against the Swiss government and eventually secured their release.

Switzerland was surrounded by Axis-controlled territory; this meant that they also suffered from Allied bombings during the war. An example of this would be when Schaffhausen was accidentally bombed by American planes on April 1, 1944; the town was mistaken for Ludwigshafen am Rhein, a German town 284 kilometres away.

These bombing incidents tested the neutrality of Switzerland as it showed the leniency of the Swiss towards Allied airspace violations. The bombings persisted and eventually Switzerland declared a zero-tolerance policy for violation by either Axis or Allied aircraft and authorised attacks on American aircraft.

The Swiss, although somewhat skeptical, reacted by treating these violations of their neutrality as "accidents". The United States was warned that single aircraft would be forced down, and their crews would still be allowed to seek refuge, while bomber formations in violation of airspace would be intercepted. While American politicians and diplomats tried to minimise the political damage caused by these incidents, others took a more hostile view. Some senior commanders argued that as Switzerland was "full of German sympathisers", it deserved to be bombed. General Henry H. Arnold, Commanding General of the U.S. Army Air Forces, even suggested that it was the Germans themselves who were flying captured Allied planes over Switzerland in an attempt to gain a propaganda victory.

1945–present
Following World War II, Switzerland began taking a more active role in humanitarian activities.

It joined the United Nations after a March 2002 referendum. 10 years after Switzerland joined the UN, in recorded votes in the United Nations General Assembly, Switzerland occupied a middle position, siding from time to time with member states like the United States and Israel, but at other times with countries like China. In the United Nations Human Rights Council Switzerland sided much more with Western countries and against countries like China and Russia.

Switzerland participated in the development of the International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers (ICoC), intended as an oversight mechanism of private security providers. In September 2015, a "Federal Act on Private Security Services provided Abroad" was introduced, in order to "[preserve] Swiss neutrality", as stated in its first article. It requires Switzerland-based private security companies to declare all operations conducted abroad, and to adhere to the ICoC. Moreover, it states that no physical or moral person falling under this law can participate directly—or indirectly through the offer of private security services—in any hostilities abroad. In 2016, the Section of Private Security Services (SPSS), an organ of the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs in charge of the procedures defined by the new law, has received 300 approval requests.

In 2011, Switzerland registered as a candidate for a seat on the United Nations Security Council in 2023–2024. In a 2015 report requested by parliament, the government stated that a Swiss seat on the Security Council would be "fully compatible with the principles of neutrality and with Switzerland’s neutrality policy". Opponents of the project such as former ambassador Paul Widmer consider that this seat would "put its [Switzerland] neutrality at risk".

In 2014 Switzerland did not adopt EU-sanctions against Russia after the annexation of Crimea, but implemented rules that prevented bypassing the sanctions imposed by the European Union.

A 2018 survey found that 95% of Swiss were in favor of maintaining neutrality.

Conflicts in the Middle East
The Swiss Armed Forces participated in the U.S.-led War in Afghanistan as observers, in what the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation described as the nation's "first military deployment since 1815". During the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the United States was given permission to use Swiss airspace for surveillance missions over Iraq.

Switzerland sent weapons to Egypt, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, which were involved in the Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen.

Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022)

In 2022, Switzerland adopted sanctions imposed by the European Union against Russia in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. While Switzerland follows defined rules to remain neutral in military conflicts, it imposed sanctions for this "serious violation of the most fundamental norms of international law ... within the scope of its political room for manoeuvre". According to federal councilor Viola Amherd, Switzerland is only involved in humanitarian missions and will not allow direct shipments of arms to the war zone from or through its territory. Irrespective of the actual laws governing a neutral country, many media outlets still labelled this as a break with 500 years of Swiss neutrality. Russia perceived the sanctions in a similar way, as it rejected Switzerland's offer to mediate the conflict.

In February 2022, Switzerland further adopted the sanctioning of Russia by the European Union and froze many Russian bank accounts. Analysts said the move would affect the Swiss economy.

In March 2022, former Swiss councilor Christoph Blocher announced the ballot initiative 'Pro Souveräne Schweiz' (PSS), which would amend "integral neutrality" to the Swiss constitution. If approved, economic sanctions for example against Russia in 2022, would constitute a violation of Swiss neutrality. The initiative scheduled to be launched in fall 2022 is supported by the right-leaning Swiss People's Party (SVP).

In April 2022, the Federal Department of Economic Affairs vetoed Germany's request to re-export Swiss ammunition to Ukraine on the basis of Swiss neutrality and the mandatory rejection criteria of the war material legislation.  The defence ministry of Switzerland, initiated a report in May 2022 analyzing various military options, including increased cooperation and joint military exercises with NATO. However, NATO membership remains unpopular. A poll from March 2022 found that 27% of those surveyed supported Switzerland joining NATO, while 67% were opposed.  Another from May 2022 indicated 33% of Swiss supported NATO membership for Switzerland, and 56% supported increased ties with NATO.

In September 2022 the Parliament of Switzerland voted against a revision of its law to impose independent sanctions. Therefore Switzerland can still only adopt sanctions imposed by the United Nations Security Council, the EU or the OECD.

Criticism
Swiss neutrality has been questioned at times, notably regarding Switzerland's role during World War II and the ICRC, the looted Nazi gold (and later during Operation Gladio), its economic ties to the apartheid regime in South Africa, and more recently in the Crypto AG espionage case.

Switzerland also supplied weapons to Saudi Arabia during the Saudi-led intervention in the Yemen, contrary to their own standards of selling weapons to countries involved in armed conflict.

Swiss aid to Ukraine after Russia's invasion in February 2022 has led some to questioning whether Switzerland is fully neutral anymore. Some have called for changing the laws of neutrality.

See also
 Neutral country
 Austrian neutrality
 Finlandization
 Swedish neutrality
 Neutral and Non-Aligned European States
 Switzerland–NATO relations

References

Bibliography

Thomas Quinn Marabello. "Challenges to Swiss Democracy: Neutrality, Napoleon, & Nationalism," Swiss American Historical Society Review, Jun. 2023, Vol. 59: No. 2. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss2/5

Neutrality
Neutrality
International relations theory
Non-interventionism


Peter J. James (born 22 August 1948) is a British writer of crime. He was born in Brighton, the son of Cornelia James, the former glovemaker to Queen Elizabeth II.

Education and early career

James was educated at Charterhouse and went on to Ravensbourne Film School. For a brief period of time whilst at film school, James worked as Orson Welles's house cleaner. Subsequently, he spent several years in North America, working as a screenwriter and film producer, beginning in Canada in 1970 working first as a gofer, then writer, on the children's television series Polka Dot Door.

Personal life

His interests include criminology, religion, science and the paranormal, as well as food and wine. He has written many restaurant columns. He is also a self-confessed "petrol head," having owned many fast cars over the years, including four Aston Martins, AMG and Brabus Mercedes, a Bentley Continental GT Speed and two classic Jaguar E-Types.  He holds an international racing licence, and has in the past competed in the Britcar series in both a Honda Accord and a former British Touring Car Championship SEAT Toledo. His 1965 BMW 1800 Ti, with his co-driver Steve Soper, came 10th overall in the St Mary's Trophy in the Goodwood Revival in 2013. James currently races a 1962 C1 Corvette and a 1964 Mini Cooper S. He has donated two police cars to Sussex Police, which bear his name, and a police car to States of Jersey Police.

He is married to Lara James (m. 2015). His first, 19-year marriage was to Georgina Wilkin, from 1979 until 1998.

In January 1999, James was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.

Work

Literature
James has written 36 novels, including the International best-selling crime thriller series featuring Brighton-based Detective Superintendent Roy Grace, which have sold 21 million copies worldwide and have given him 19 consecutive UK Sunday Times number ones, as well as number ones in Germany, France, Russia and Canada, and he is also a New York Times best-seller. James's books have been translated into 38 languages. In the UK and the US, they are published by Macmillan Publishers. In 1993 Penguin Books published his novel Host on two floppy discs (in addition to conventional print formats). It has been called the world's first electronic novel and a copy of it is in the Science Museum. James has written supernatural thrillers, spy fiction, science-based thrillers, a children's novel, and the novella The Perfect Murder, which was 15 weeks at number one on iBooks and 45 weeks in their top 10, was adapted by Shaun McKenna into a stage play which had a smash hit tour in 2014 and returned to stage in 2016. Subsequent stage adaptations of his novels, all also by Shaun McKenna,  include Dead Simple, Not Dead Enough and The House on Cold Hill have also had sell-out national tours.  His fifth stage adaptation, Looking Good Dead starts on a national tour in March 2021. The Roy Grace series is currently being produced by ITV with John Simm playing the role of Roy Grace.  His novel Perfect People is also being filmed as an eight-part mini-series in 2021. James has served two consecutive terms as chairman of the Crime Writers' Association, and was the programming chair for the Theakston's Old Peculier Crime Writing Festival in 2016, part of the Harrogate International Festivals portfolio.  He hosts The Author's Studio, a free online learning facility for all budding authors, on his YouTube channel.

In 2017, James wrote the foreword for the UK edition of The Crime Book, with American crime author Cathy Scott writing the foreword for the US edition. The nonfiction book, a volume in the Big Ideas Simply Explained series, was released by Dorling Kindersley (Penguin Random House) in April 2017 in the UK and May 2017 in the US.

Film
James has been involved in 26 films in writer and/or producing roles. His 1993 novel Host was adapted into the 1998 television movie Virtual Obsession. Other films on which he is credited include: Children Shouldn't Play with Dead Things, The Neptune Factor, Blue Blood, Malachi's Cove, The Blockhouse starring Peter Sellers, Spanish Fly starring Terry-Thomas and Leslie Phillips, A Different Loyalty starring Sharon Stone, The Bridge of San Luis Rey starring Robert De Niro, and The Statement starring Michael Caine.

In 2005 The Merchant of Venice, directed by Michael Radford and for which James was executive producer, had a royal premiere in the presence of Prince Charles and received a BAFTA Award nomination. In 2006 the film also won the Silver Ribbon for Best Production Design (Migliore Scenografia) from the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists.

Television
His 1992 novel Prophecy was adapted into the first episode of the 1995 Chiller TV series. Since 2021, his Roy Grace series has been adapted into the ITV series Grace, starring John Simm.

Other work
James is patron of the Sussex Police Charitable Trust, patron of Brighton & Hove Samaritans, patron of the Brighton Greyhound Owners Association Retired Greyhound Trust, patron of Brighton and Hove Independent Mediation Service, patron of Relate in Sussex, patron of Terrys Cross House, patron of Little Green Pig, national co-patron of Neighbourhood Watch, co-patron of Sussex Crimestoppers, honorary patron for the South Mid Sussex Community First Responders, vice-president of The Old Police Cells Museum in Brighton. He is an ambassador for the University of Brighton, and a Martlets Hospice Champion (which he also supports through his annual Peter James Golf Classic). He supports Action Medical Research.  He also supports and works with The Reading Agency, a charity with a mission to give everyone an equal chance in life by helping people become confident and enthusiastic readers.

Awards
1967 Charterhouse school poetry prize
1969 Esquire Magazine International College Film Festival, The Island
1974 Sitges International Horror Film Festival, Best Foreign Film for Dead of Night
1999 Honorary Fellowship, FHS Emeritus award by the Hypnotherapy Society
2000 Public Awareness of Science Award, runner up, Alchemist
2004 BAFTA nomination for The Merchant of Venice
2004 Rose D'Or nomination at the Montreux Television Festival, Bedsitcom
2005 Krimi-Blitz, Best Crime Writer of the Year in Germany
2006 Le Prix Polar International, Comme Une Tombe (French translation of Dead Simple)
2007 Le Prix Cœur Noir at the Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines festival, Comme Une Tombe (French translation of Dead Simple)
2007 Richard & Judy Galaxy British Book Awards – Crime Thriller of the Year, shortlisted, Looking Good Dead
2007 Prix SNCF du Polar, shortlisted, La Mort Leur Va Si Bien (French translation of Looking Good Dead)
2007 Le Grand Prix de littérature policère, shortlisted, La Mort Leur Va Si Bien (French translation of Looking Good Dead)
2008 Theakston's Old Peculier Crime Novel of the Year Award, shortlisted, Not Dead Enough
2008 ITV Crime Thriller Author of the Year, shortlisted, Not Dead Enough
2009 Theakston's Old Peculier Crime Novel of the Year Award, shortlisted, Dead Man's Footsteps
2009 CWA Dagger in the Library, shortlisted
2009 Honorary Doctorate of Letters at the University of Brighton
2010 Sounds of Crime Award, best abridged and unabridged novel, Dead Tomorrow
2010 Galaxy British Book Awards – Sainsbury Popular Fiction Book of the Year shortlisted, Dead Like You
2010 Quick Reads Readers' Favourite Award, The Perfect Murder
2011 Sounds of Crime Award, best abridged and unabridged novel, Dead Like You
2011 ITV3 Crime Thriller Awards Winner, People's Bestseller Dagger for Crime Novel of the Year
2011 Barry Award, winner, Dead Man's Grip
2012 Wellcome Trust Book Prize, shortlisted, Perfect People
2012 Sussex Police, Outstanding Public Service Award
2012 Specsavers National Book Awards, Crime Thriller of the Year, shortlisted, Perfect People
2013 Argus Outstanding Contribution to Sussex Award
2013 Specsavers National Book Awards, Crime Thriller of the Year 2013 – shortlisted – Dead Man's Time
2014 Sainsbury's eBook of the Year Award – Winner – Want You Dead
2015 WHSmith. The Best Crime Author of all Time – Winner
2015 Honorary Mastership of the Open University
2015 Dagger in the Library UK Crime Writers' Association award for an author's body of work in British libraries (UK) shortlisted
2015 Dead Good Readers Dr Lecter Award for Scariest Villain – Winner – You Are Dead
2016 CWA Diamond Dagger Award Recipient
2016 Dead Good Readers Tess Gerritsen Award for Best Series – Winner – Roy Grace
2017 CAMEO Award – Book To Stage Category – shortlist – Not Dead Enough
2017 Poland – Lubimyczytac.pl Book Of The Year award, Horror Category – Winner – The House On Cold Hill
2017 Germany – Rheinbach Glass Dagger Award for Crime Fiction – Winner
2017 Sussex Life Hero at the Celebration of Sussex Life – Winner
2018 Specsavers Honorary Platinum Award for book sales over 5 million
2018 Specsavers National Book Awards – Audiobook Of The Year – Shortlist – Absolute Proof
2021 Specsavers Crimefest  - Audible Sounds of Crime Award nominee - Find them Dead
2021 Brighton & Hove Business Awards - Outstanding Brightonian of the Year Award

Bibliography
Roy Grace novels
Dead Simple (2005)
Looking Good Dead (2006)
Not Dead Enough (2007)
Dead Man's Footsteps (2008)
Dead Tomorrow (2009)
Dead Like You (2010)
Dead Man's Grip (2011)
Not Dead Yet (2012)
Dead Man's Time (2013)
Want You Dead (2014)
You Are Dead (2015)
Love You Dead (2016)
Need You Dead (2017)
Dead If You Don't (2018)
Dead At First Sight (2019)
Find Them Dead (2020)
Left You Dead (2021)
Wish You Were Dead (2021)
Picture You Dead (2022)
Stop Them Dead (2023)

Other novels
Dead Letter Drop (1981)
Atom Bomb Angel (1982)
Billionaire (1983)
Travelling Man (1984)
Biggles: The Untold Story (1986)
Possession (1988)
Dreamer (1989)
Sweet Heart (1990)
Twilight (1991)
Prophecy (1992)
Host (1993)
Alchemist (1996)
Getting Wired (1996)
The Truth (1997)
Denial (1998)
Faith (2000)
The Perfect Murder (2010) (novella)
Perfect People (2011)
A Twist of the Knife (2014) (short story collection)
The House on Cold Hill (2015)
Absolute Proof (2018)
The Secret of Cold Hill (2019)
I Follow You (2020)

Non-fiction
Death Comes Knocking – Policing Roy Grace's Brighton (2016)
Babes in the Wood (2020)

See also

References

External links

Peter James Personal website
Review of Dead Man's Grip in Shots Mag Ezine May 2011
Interview with Peter James in Shots Mag Ezine October 2010
Peter James on TheCrimeHouse.com Interview published 21 June 2010
The Deckchair Interview Interview with James by Sarah Hutchings dated 25 May 2007
Peter James website about the novel Dreamer
Crime writer Peter James Interview with James in the Sussex Express
Sixty seconds with Peter James... Interview with James on ReviewingTheEvidence.com

BBC raw Quick Reads – The Perfect Murder by Peter James
ABC Talks To: Crime author Peter James Interview with James by the American Book Center in Amsterdam
Review of Peter James's thriller 'Dead Like You' by Patrick Anderson in The Washington Post 19 December 2010
Website for The Perfect Murder stage production and tour.

1948 births
20th-century English novelists
21st-century English novelists
English crime fiction writers
English mystery writers
English film producers
English thriller writers
English screenwriters
English male screenwriters
English spy fiction writers
English children's writers
People educated at Charterhouse School
Living people
Writers from Brighton
English people of Jewish descent
English male novelists
20th-century English male writers
21st-century English male writers
Barry Award winners
Cartier Diamond Dagger winners


Johannes Bertelius [also Jean Bertels] (1544 – June 19, 1607), abbot of Echternach and writer of a history of Luxembourg, was born in Leuven.

After obtaining a degree in philosophy at the Pedagogy of the Lily in Leuven University, Bertelius was elected abbot of Altmünster Abbey, Luxembourg, in 1573 and was consecrated in 1576. On his orders the relics of John the Blind, Duke of Luxembourg and King of Bohemia, were buried there. In 1595 king Philip II of Spain appointed him abbot of the Benedictine monastery of St. Willibrord at Echternach.

The following year the abbey was pillaged by Dutch freebooters and Bertelius was taken prisoner and removed to Nijmegen. He was released only after a ransom payment. After his return, he devoted himself to literary work until his death. He was buried in a chapel of the monastery at Echternach.

Works
In 1581, Bertelius published a catalogue of the abbots of the Altmünster abbey and his Dialogi XXVI in regulam S. Benedicti. In 1595, the Catalogus et series episcoporum Epternacensium was printed. The year 1606 saw the publication of a treatise on the pagan gods worshipped by the ancient Germanic tribes (Deorum sacrifiorumque gentilium descriptio). The main work by Bertelius, however, is the Historia Luxemburgensis, printed in Cologne in 1605. This was the first history of Luxembourg.

Apart from the Latin works by Bertelius, there exists a collection of drawings made by him which has been edited by Paul Spang.

References
Short online biography of Bertelius
Brimmeyr, J.P. (1923) Geschichte der Stadt und der Abtei Echternach, 3 vols., Imprimerie centrale Gustave Soupert (Luxemburg), vol. 2: Zweite Hälfte des zweiten Teiles, begreifend den Zeitraum 1298-1797, pp. 66–80
Neyen, C.-A. (1860-1876) ‘Bertels, Jean’, in: id., Biographie luxembourgeoise. Histoire des hommes distingués originaires de ce pays considéré á l’époque de sa plus grande étendu ou qui se sont rendus remarquables pendant le séjour qu’ils y ont fait, 2 vols., Pierre Bruck (Luxembourg), vol. 1, pp. 62–5
Spang, P. (1984) Bertels abbas delineavit (1544-1607), RTL/Édition (Luxembourg)
 Sprunck, A. (1955) ‘Bertels, Johann’, in: Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (ed.), Neue deutsche Biographie, Duncker & Humblot (Berlin), vol. 2, p. 149

1544 births
1607 deaths
16th-century writers in Latin
17th-century writers in Latin
Abbots of Echternach
16th-century Luxembourgian historians
Renaissance humanists
17th-century Luxembourgian historians


Peter James may refer to:

Peter James (historian), British author and historian
Peter James (writer) (born 1948), British writer of crime fiction and film producer
Peter Francis James (born 1956), African-American actor and voice-over artist
Peter James (cinematographer) (born 1947), Australian cinematographer
Peter James (set decorator) (1924–1997), English set decorator
Peter James (rugby union) (born 1935), rugby union player who represented Australia
Peter James (cricketer) (born 1971), played for Surrey
Peter Stanley James (1917–1999), Royal Air Force officer
Peter Wilfred James (1930–2014), English botanist and lichenologist
Pete James (1958–2018), curator of photography

See also


Nikolay Komarov may refer to:

Nikolay Vasilyevich Komarov (1831-?), Russian non-commissioned officer and founder of Vladivostok
Nikolay Komarov (politician) (1886–1937), Russian revolutionary and a Soviet politician in 10th Orgburo of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
Mykola Komarov (born 1961), Soviet rower


Diego Pisador (1509/10? – after 1557) was a Spanish vihuelist and composer of the Renaissance.

Life
Little is known of the details of Pisador's life, not even the exact dates of his birth and death. It is known that he was born in Salamanca around the years 1509 or 10. He was the oldest son of Alonso Pisador and Isabel Ortiz, who married in 1508. Ortiz's father, Alfonso III of Fonseca, Archbishop of Santiago, was a great patron of music. Alonso Pisador worked as a notary in the audience of the archbishop and, in 1524, he moved to Toledo, following his steps. There he entered the service of the count of Monterrey, possibly Alonso de Acevedo y Zúñiga, who was also a grandson of Alfonso III. In 1526 Pisador took minor orders, but did not continue in an ecclesiastical career.

In 1532, his father moved to Galicia following Alonso de Acevedo y Zúñiga as the corregidor of Monterrey. He would not return to Salamanca until 1551, after his wife died in September 1550. He settled in Salamanca in the care of his mother and his younger brother. He had charge of the economic affairs of the family and the position of majordomo/administrator in the city of Salamanca, once held by his father.

At the death of his mother, Diego inherited the lion's share of the family fortune, which upset his younger brother. Initially, the father sided with Diego in this dispute, but he threatened to marry and abandon his work on the book of vihuela music which had occupied him up to then. When the father returned to Salamanca a short time later, he had a change of opinion, supported the other brother, and forced Diego to leave the family home. It is known that in 1553, Diego sold the house and that in 1557 father and son were still at odds.

Libro de música de vihuela

In 1552, he published a book of works for vihuela titled Libro de música de vihuela, dedicated to Philip II of Spain. It is divided into 7 books and consists of 95 pieces, although if one considers, as Pisador did, each one of the parts of the compositions as a separate work, the book contains a total of 186 pieces. Pisador worked on the book for six years. 58 of the 95 are for voice and vihuela, and 37 are for vihuela solo.

As was common at the time, many of the works are transcriptions (or intabulations) for vihuela of works by other composers such as Juan Vásquez, Juan García de Basurto, Mateo Flecha el viejo, Josquin des Prez, Nicolas Gombert, Adrian Willaert, Jean Mouton, Jacques Arcadelt, V. Fontana and Costanzo Festa.

Bibliography
Rubio, Samuel (1983), Historia de la música española. Vol 2. Desde el Ars Nova hasta 1600, pp. 227–229, Madrid: Alianza Editorial. 84-206-6474-X.
Reese, Gustave. Music in the Renaissance. Norton, 1954.
Pisador, Diego, Libro de musica de vihuela, Genève : Minkoff Reprint, 1973.  Reimpression de l'edition de Salamanque, 1552.
Roa, Francisco, Gértrudix, Felipe (2003), El libro de música de vihuela de Diego Pisador, (3 vols.), Pygmalión. 84-84556-156546-N. Includes facsimile, study, and transcription.

External links

Year of birth uncertain
Year of death unknown
Renaissance composers
Spanish classical composers
Vihuela players
Spanish male classical composers
People from Salamanca


Raciborski may refer to:
 Racibórz County in Poland
 Jan Raciborski, canoer


Ian Docker (born 12 September 1969) is an English former professional footballer. He made over 100 appearances for Gillingham between 1987 and 1991, scoring three goals.

References

1969 births
Living people
English men's footballers
Gillingham F.C. players
Sing Tao SC players
Guangdong Winnerway F.C. players
Ebbsfleet United F.C. players
Footballers from Gravesend, Kent
Expatriate men's footballers in Hong Kong
Sittingbourne F.C. players
Expatriate men's footballers in China
Redbridge Forest F.C. players
Men's association football midfielders
English expatriate sportspeople in Hong Kong
English expatriate men's footballers


Gothenburg Central Station () is the main railway station of Gothenburg and it is the oldest railway station in Sweden still in use. The station serves 27 million passengers per year, making it the second largest railway station in Sweden after Stockholm Central Station which it predates by 13 years. The station opened on October 4, 1858. The station is situated in the city of Gothenburg, right by Drottningtorget. The Gothenburg Central Station, Centralhuset and Nils Ericson Terminalen are a part of Resecentrum, Göteborg. Gothenburg Central Station is owned and administered by Jernhusen.

History

Numerous railways were built across Sweden in the 19th century. One of the first distances was the one between Gothenburg and Jonsered. As the railway grew more popular, the need for a station emerged. The Gothenburg Central Station was built between 1856 and 1858. The first building was constructed between 1856 and 1857 by architect Adolf Wilhelm Edelsvärd on land which was previously occupied by a prison.

First, the building included a big entry hall, two waiting areas and a few restaurants.

In 1923 the train station was rebuilt and enlarged after Folke Zettervall's plans, who was the official SJ architect by that time. On March 14, 1923, fire destroyed large parts of the Central Station. Between 1928 and 1930 the station was enlarged due to the increased volume of traffic. After 1930 some more changes were made, including a new restaurant built in front of Drottningtorget. In 1993, the Central Station was restored and between 2000 and 2003 the Central House, was added as an extension to the existing building. The current interior design is similar to the 1923 model with wood pillars, glass ceiling and a floor made of limestone.

In the 1940s it was proposed to demolish the waiting hall, but the hall was preserved as it was decorated with paintings by artist Filip Månsson but the paintings could not be preserved and it was decided to keep the hall.

During the 19th and early 20th century about one million Swedish emigrants passed through the station in order to get to the harbour. Their final destination would be America.

In February 2007, a bomb threat was addressed to the Gothenburg police. The bombing was to take place at the Gothenburg Central Station. Later that day, a bag was found in the old parts of the station. The evacuation of the station began at 21:30 local time and two hours later the station was free to open again. The bag was examined and no high explosive was found.

In January 2010, a one square metre (11 Sq Ft) section of the station's glass ceiling collapsed after ice had fallen onto it. One person suffered bruises by falling glass splinters and big parts of the station were closed due to safety reasons.

Tracks and other connections

There are 16 platform tracks at the station. Trains depart and arrive from five different railway lines:
 To the north on the Bohus Line, towards Stenungsund, Uddevalla and Strömstad.
 To the north on the Norway/Vänern Line, towards Älvängen, Vänersborg, Karlstad and Oslo ().
 To the east on the Western Main Line, towards Alingsås, Skövde, Stockholm and Luleå.
 To the south on the West Coast Line, towards Kungsbacka, Malmö and Copenhagen ().
 To the southeast on Coast-to-Coast Line, towards Borås and Kalmar.

The choice of track depends mainly on which railway the train will use. This is because there is a wish to avoid crossing train paths, which would create delays. Trains to the Bohus Line and Norway/Vänern Line generally use tracks 7–11. Trains to the Western Main Line generally use tracks 1–7. Trains to the West Coast Line and Coast-to-Coast Line generally use tracks 11–16.

Drottningtorget is a junction for trams and local buses and lies right by the Gothenburg Central Station. Nordstan also has a large tram and bus stop, and a shopping mall connected to the station by an underground pedestrian tunnel.

Just north of the Central Station with indoor connection is the Nils Ericson Terminal, the main bus terminal for regional and long distance buses including the buses to the airport. Southeast of the Central Station there is another bus terminal, called Åkareplatsen, with regional buses to Borås.

Lounge
The Station Lounge is located by track 9 at the station. There is an access fee of 149 SEK which includes restaurant food, newspapers and Internet access through a WLAN. There is also a bar. The conference section is supplied with modern equipment and admits 4–50 persons.

Art pieces
High above the main waiting area, there are hand painted maps of the main railways out of Gothenburg, as they were around 1925 when they were painted.

Weeping Girl is a bronze sculpture in the station created by artist Laura Ford, born in Cardiff, Wales. It measures about  in height and was installed at the station in 2009.

Facilities
There are several facilities in the station, among them shops, a bank office, cafes, restaurants, a pharmacy, a hotel and lounges.

Maintenance
The old parts of the station are included in the city council's Bevarningsprogram  (English: Preserving Program) 1975 and 1987.

References

Dead-end railway stations
Railway stations in Gothenburg
Central Station
Railway stations on the West Coast Line (Sweden)
Railway stations in Sweden opened in 1858
1858 establishments in Sweden
Transit centers in Sweden