China is the largest market in the world for both photovoltaics and solar thermal energy.
China's photovoltaic industry began by making panels for satellites, and transitioned to the manufacture of domestic panels in the late 1990s. After substantial government incentives were introduced in 2011, China's solar power market grew dramatically: the country became the world's leading installer of photovoltaics in 2013. China surpassed Germany as the world's largest producer of photovoltaic energy in 2015, and became the first country to have over 100 GW of total installed photovoltaic capacity in 2017.

At the end of 2020, China's total installed photovoltaic capacity was 253 GW, accounting for one-third of the world's total installed photovoltaic capacity (760.4 GW). Most of China's solar power is generated within its western provinces and is transferred to other regions of the country. In 2011, China owned the largest solar power plant in the world at the time, the Huanghe Hydropower Golmud Solar Park, which had a photovoltaic capacity of 200 MW. In 2018, it held the record again with the Tengger Desert Solar Park with its photovoltaic capacity of 1.5 GW. China currently owns the second-largest solar plant in the world, the Huanghe Hydropower Hainan Solar Park, which has a capacity of 2.2 GW. In 2023, China completed the world's largest hydro-solar power plant in Sichuan, which utilises the consistency in hydropower production to offset the variability in solar power.

Solar power contributes to a small portion of China's total energy use, accounting for 3.5% of China's total energy capacity in 2020. Chinese President Xi Jinping announced at the 2020 Climate Ambition Summit that China plans to have 1,200 GW of combined solar and wind energy capacity by 2030.

Solar water heating is also extensively implemented, with a total installed capacity of 290 GWth at the end of 2014, representing about 70% of world's total installed solar thermal capacity.

The expansion of the solar sector in China has been criticized due to the large quantities of waste being produced and improperly disposed of from the production of photovoltaic cells. Criticism over large amounts of unused energy being produced has appeared along with criticism over the forced removal of native populations for development land and the usage of forced labor in the production of photovoltaic cells.

History

Photovoltaic research in China began in 1958 with the development of China's first piece of monocrystalline silicon. Research continued with the development of solar cells for space satellites in 1968. The Institute of Semiconductors of the Chinese Academy of Sciences led this research for a year, stopping after batteries failed to operate. Other research institutions continued the development and research of solar cells for Dongfanghong satellites. In 1975, domestic solar cell production began with factories in Ningbo and Kaifeng. These cells were produced in a similar fashion to the satellite cells of the past. Annual solar capacity installations were still low, as only 0.5 kW of photovoltaic capacity was installed. This increased to 8 kW in 1980, 70 kW in 1985, 500 kW in 1990, and 1550 kW in 1995.

China's Sixth Five-Year Plan (1981-1985) was the first to address government policy support for solar PV panel manufacturing. Policy support for solar panel manufacturing has been a part of every Five-Year Plan since.

In the early 1990s, Tsinghua University scientists developed a new type of evacuated tube solar water heater design. These units became ubiquitous in rural China during the early 2000s. By 2014, China had more than 85 million solar water heaters, primarily operating in rural households.

In 1998, demonstration projects for solar energy production began to appear, starting with a 3W polysilicon battery and applications for the energy. Yingli became one of the first producers of this new solar energy. However, annual capacity did not increase much until 2002 when a 10 MW solar cell production line was put into operation by Suntech Power. That year, a program aimed to install more solar and wind energy in Tibet, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, and Sichuan was introduced by the National Development and Planning Commission. This spurred solar cell production and annual installations skyrocketed from 3.3 MW in 2000 to 20.3 MW in 2002. Photovoltaic cell production expanded in the following years, with 140 MW manufactured in 2005. Only 5 MW of solar energy was installed in China that year, however, as most of the manufactured photovoltaic cells were sold to European countries, with Germany being the largest buyer. China's annual solar energy installations grew to 10 MW installed in 2006, increasing China's total installed solar energy capacity to 80 MW. Annual solar energy installations continued to grow, with 20 MW of capacity installed in 2007 and 40 MW installed in 2008.

In 2007, the National Development and Reform Commission planned to have China's solar capacity increase to 1,800 MW by 2020. However, according to Wang Zhongying, the head of the National Development and Reform Commission's renewable energy development, stated that China would far exceed this goal, predicting that at least 10 GW can be installed by 2020, with 20 GW of installed capacity within the realm of possibility. Despite these predictions, solar energy accounted for only a small fraction of China's total installed energy in 2008.

The global financial crisis of 2007-2008 prompted significant stimulus efforts by China to invigorate its then-struggling solar industry.

In 2011, feed-in-tariffs for solar power projects completed before a certain deadline were introduced. These feed-in tariffs were extremely successful at expanding China's solar power sector, largely exceeding the Chinese government's expectations for growth. The Huanghe Hydropower Golmud Solar Park was also completed in 2011 in Golmud, a county-level city in Qinghai province. The solar park contains 200 MW of installed photovoltaic capacity and was the largest individual solar plant in the world on its completion. Other solar parks such as the 20 MW Qinghai Golmud Solar Park were also installed in Golmud, with 570 MW of capacity installed in total at the end of 2011.

The Chinese PV production system faced severe external shocks since 2010. A sharp recession in the global demand due to institutional alterations in the German market in 2010, followed by anti-dumping duties and anti-subsidy countervailing duties on Chinese PV products enforced in both USA and EU. Chinese PV manufacturers, which were already running at full capacity, faced a difficult situation in 2011 and 2012 with huge financial losses that led to the bankruptcy of some important companies, such as Suntech Power in 2013 which defaulted on $541 million of convertible bonds. To rescue the huge PV industry with its large labor market and assets, a comprehensive set of policies was introduced by the Chinese government mainly to stimulate the domestic market. Accordingly, the annual installed capacity in China experienced notable growth since 2011. This growth was mainly due to the construction of several PV power plants around the country.

In May 2011, the National People's Congress (NPC) revised the solar target again, setting 5 GW as an official minimum PV target for 2015, with a longer-term target of 20–30 GW by 2020.
According to a 2012 forecast by the European Photovoltaic Industry Association, the total installed capacity was predicted to reach between 47 GW and 66 GW by 2017.

In 2014, the National Development and Reform Commission increased the solar capacity target to 70 GW by 2017. The National Energy Administration also announced plans to install 100 GW of solar power along with other renewable energy sources and nuclear energy by 2020 in 2014. However, market analysts expected for 110 GW to be installed by 2018 and that by 2020, more solar energy could be installed than planned. In 2015, the solar capacity target was initially planned to be 15 GW but was increased in March 2015 by the National Energy Administration to 17.8 GW of installed solar capacity for the year. This target was increased again to 23.1 GW in October, a very ambitious goal considering that the annual solar energy installations for the entire world in 2010 were less than 20 GW. Despite these ambitious goals, China only 7.73 GW of solar energy in the first half of 2015. By the end of 2015, China installed 15.1 GW of solar energy, failing to meet both of the raised goals, but meeting the original goal. The plan for annual solar capacity for 2020 was also increased in October 2015 to 150 GW.

In 2016, China added 34.5 GW of solar energy. The first 105 GW solar capacity by 2020 goal set by Chinese authorities was met in July 2017. In the first nine months of 2017, China saw 43 GW of solar energy installed in the first nine months of the year and saw a total of 52.8 GW of solar energy installed for the entire year. 2017 is currently the year with the largest addition of solar energy capacity in China. China's total photovoltaic energy capacity at the end of 2017 was 130 GW, surpassing Germany as the world's largest producer of solar energy. In 2018, China saw a decrease in annual solar energy, dropping down to 44.4 GW. In 2019, annual solar energy installation further dropped to 30.1 GW, even lower than the installations made in 2016. This decline in growth is attributed to the Chinese government restructuring government incentives to start solar energy projects in May 2018. Despite this decline in growth, China remained the largest market for solar energy with 205 GW total installed capacity in 2019, which was almost as much as the total installed capacity in the European Union (132 GW) and the United States (76 GW) combined. However, from all of the total energy produced by China in 2019, only 3.9% of that energy was produced by solar energy. This was lower than the percent energy production from solar power of the European Union (4.9%) but greater than the percent share in the United States (2.8%).

In 2020, China saw an increase in annual solar energy installations with 48.4 GW of solar energy capacity being added, accounting for 3.5% of China's energy capacity that year. 2020 is currently the year with the second-largest addition of solar energy capacity in China's history. Combined with wind energy, almost 10% of China's energy came from non-hydroelectric renewable power in 2020. China's total photovoltaic energy capacity at the end of 2020 was 252.5 GW. China has stated that it aims to increase the energy share of solar and wind energy to 11% by the end of 2021. Renewable energy subsidies for 2021 for increased, with subsidies for solar power having increased more than subsidies for wind energy. The Huanghe Hydropower Hainan Solar Park was also completed in 2020 in Hainan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Qinghai Province. The solar park has an installed capacity of 2.2 GW, making it the second-largest solar plant in the world as of 2021, behind the Bhadla Solar Park in India. The solar plant is connected to the world's first ultra-high voltage power line which gets all of its power from renewable energy and is capable of transferring power over 1000 km. The solar plant is planned to expand to a photovoltaic capacity of 10 GW.

At the Climate Ambition Summit in 2020, Xi Jinping announced that China planned to have 1,200 GW of solar and wind energy capacity by 2030.

Between first 6 months of 2022, China built nearly 31GW of new solar power capacity, which up 137% compared to a years before. It expected the full-year installations would hit a record high. China added a total of 87.41 GW of solar in 2022, up 62% from the year before.

Because solar works well as a distributed power source, recent Chinese policies have focused on increasing the prevalence of distributed solar energy and for developing systems so that electricity from solar energy can be used at its point of generation instead of transmitted over long distances.

Solar resources
A July 2019 report found that local air pollution (black carbon and sulfur dioxide) has decreased the available solar energy that can be harnessed today by up to 15% compared to the 1960s.

Solar photovoltaics

Solar PV by province
A large part of the solar power capacity installed in China is in the form of large PV power plants in the west of the country, an area much less populated than the eastern part but with better solar resources and available land.

Solar PV by type

In 2018 23,300 MW of utility scale power plant installations were added bring the cumulative total in this sector to 123,730 MW of power. Distributed installations rose by almost as much during 2018 at 20,960 MW bringing the cumulative total in the sector to 51,250 MW by year end 2018. Off-grid solar was the smallest component in 2018 with just 360 MW cumulatively installed.

Manufacturers

China has been the world's largest manufacturer of solar panels since 2008 and, since 2011, has produced the majority of global photovoltaics on an annualized basis.
Industry projections estimated that, by the end of 2017, China would have enough manufacturing capacity to produce 51 GW of PV modules per year, an amount over twice as large as 2010's global production of 24 GW.

The industry is dominated by several major manufacturers.
They include CHINT Group Corporation, JA Solar Holdings, Jinniu Energy, Suntech Power, Yingli, China Sunergy and Hanwha SolarOne.
Large debt challenges several manufacturers.

Concentrated solar power

Solar resource
China has large potential for concentrated solar power (CSP), especially in the south-western part of the country.
The highest daily mean values of direct normal radiation are found in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Sichuan Basin, at 9 kWh/m2.
Most of northern and western China has daily average direct normal radiation over 5 kWh/m2, considered the limit for economical use of CSP.
Practical limitations for deployment of CSP include mountainous terrain and distance from energy load centers, mostly concentrated in the east.

Public policy
The 12th five-year plan, for 2011 to 2015, called for the installation of 1,000 MW by 2015, and 3,000 MW of CSP plants by 2020.
However, at the end of 2014, only several demonstration stations were operational in the country. In the subsequent 13th five-year plan a demonstration batch for 20 CSP plants for 1.35 GW was launched, which aimed to bring latest international technologies to China and build a domestic CSP industry. Plants were located in different provinces and used several different routes, including parabolic trough, central receiver towers and a novel beam-down tower design.
The initially target for 2018 could not be met and deadlines were extended multiple times, and the initially planned second batch was canceled. At the end of 2021 the installed capacity stood at 550 MW.
Chinese industry has gained considerable experience in the molten-salt storage technology and operating results of the plants are promising and meet their design parameters.

In the current 14th five-year plan there is no federal support for CSP. However, several provinces including Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjian UAR and Jilin have announced CSP projects in the context of the storage and peak shaving legislation. Optimistic assessments suggest that several GW could be built in the next five years

Solar water heating

China is the leading country for solar water heating capacity in the world, with 290 GWth in operation at the end of 2014, accounting for about 70% of the total world capacity. In terms of capacity per unit of population, China comes 7th in the world with 213 kWth per 1,000 people. Most of the installed capacity (92%) was evacuated tube water heaters.

Effects on the global solar power industry
The growth of solar power industries worldwide has been rapidly accelerated by the growth of the solar market in China. Chinese-produced photovoltaic cells have made the construction of new solar power projects much cheaper than in previous years. Domestic solar projects have also been heavily subsidized by the Chinese government, allowing for China's solar energy capacity to dramatically soar. As a result, they have become the leading country for solar energy, passing Germany's capacity in 2015. As other countries from around the world look to switch to renewable energy sources, cheap options for solar and wind have become focal points of interest for investments. China's mass production of cheap photovoltaic cells and wind energy have consequently spurred investments in Chinese products from around the world and expanded the construction of solar energy projects worldwide.

Government incentives
The China Development Bank provided $20 billion of financing to domestic solar manufacturers in 2010.

In 2011, new feed-in tariffs were promised to potential solar power developers to help drive investments and growth in the solar power market. The government of Qinghai province offered solar projects that were operational before 30 September, 1.15 yuan ($0.18) for each kWh they produced in May 2011. The National Development and Reform Commission offered same-priced subsidies to potential solar power project operators nationwide. These tariffs were not capped. Other subsidies, such as Top Runner and Poverty Alleviation programs, were used in conjunction with feed-in tariffs to help grow the solar power market immensely. These incentives were more successful in garnering attention and investment to the solar power sector than the Chinese government expected. Consequently, the Chinese government has struggled to keep up with these incentives. The government incentives have also contributed to the curtailment of solar energy, as many of the solar projects have been built in northern and western regions of China where there is a low demand for electricity and a lack of infrastructure to transfer energy towards China's main power grid.

In response to the growing problems of the rapidly expanding solar power market and the need to meet promised subsidies, the National Development and Reform Commission announced in May 2018 that solar power subsidies would be slashed and feed-in tariffs would be significantly reduced in favor of an auction-based system. In 2020, the Ministry of Finance of the People's Republic of China slashed the solar energy subsidy budget down to 1.5 billion yuan ($233 million) from 3 billion yuan in 2019. With the auction-based system, companies are to submit subsidies bids for solar power construction projects to the National Energy Administration. Companies that do not partake in competitive bidding must instead accept a largely reduced amount of subsidies for projects that are already in operation while new projects do not receive any subsidies outside of auctions. The switch to the auction system and capping of subsidies was designed to alleviate costs of solar subsidies and is attributed to the decline of the growth of the Chinese solar market in 2018 and 2019. However, the auction system has made renewable energy in western provinces cheaper than thermal energy in some cases, with Qinghai observing periods of time in which all of its energy usage was supplied through renewable energy.

China's budget for renewable energy subsidies was increased to 6 billion yuan for 2021, with solar power receiving 3.38 billion yuan. These grants are set to be distributed to 14 provinces, with Inner Mongolia receiving the majority of the funding with 5.10 billion yuan.

Controversy

Government incentives
The government subsidies for solar power energy projects have been considered "unsustainable" as the costs of subsidizing a rapidly growing industry are massive and some of China's struggles dealing with the costs have become visible. The renewable energy fund, which is paid by consumers, has a 100 billion yuan deficit while tariff payments have occasionally been paid late. Government subsidies for solar power have also been attributed to over construction, as many solar power projects have been funded by the Chinese government but do not operate at full capacity due to the inability to transfer the full energy capacity from production sites.

Solar cell production pollution
Chinese green energy companies such as Luoyang Zhonggui High-Technology Co. in Henan have become large producers of polysilicon in response to growing the demand for solar cells. However, polysilicon production produces silicon tetrachloride as a byproduct. Silicon tetrachloride is a poisonous material that can make soil infertile and harm humans if it is not disposed of properly. In developed countries, silicon tetrachloride is recycled and reprocessed, preventing the substance from entering the environment. However, special technology and large amounts of energy are required to reprocess silicon tetrachloride. Chinese green energy companies have not invested in recycling this byproduct, instead opting to lower production costs and dump waste into nearby residential areas. This lack of investment into environmental safety protocols has also been attributed to Chinese factories attempting to open much sooner than it would take normally.

Some solar cells are also made with chemicals such as sulfuric acid and phosphine gas as well as metals such as lead, chromium, and cadmium. These chemicals and metals are toxic to humans through contact and contamination of resources. While many developed countries that produce photovoltaic cells have properly disposed of or repurposed wasted solar cells, many Chinese firms have not adopted the practice recycling solar panels and waste. Non-hazardous materials have also been dumped instead of repurposed, further contributing to waste.

Various protests over solar cell production pollution have been staged. In Zhejiang province, protests over the destruction of fish habitats emerged in September 2011. Hundreds of villagers rioted in the Zhejiang Jinko Solar Co., Ltd. factory, which produces photovoltaic cells and wafers. The factory had previously failed pollution tests in April and that its waste control was inadequate despite warnings from the local environmental protection bureau. The protests occurred over multiple days, in which company property was damaged and destroyed.

Climate change contribution
China has pledged to peak its carbon emissions by 2030 and has invested into renewable sources of energy, including solar power, to help meet this pledge. China has been opening new plants for solar energy production. Critics of China's climate policy argue that China is not trying to replace fossil fuels with renewable sources of energy, but instead trying to increase the energy capacity of both forms of energy. Although China's solar energy capacity has increased dramatically in recent years, its carbon emissions have risen as well. Consequently, critics have seen China's pledge to peak its carbon emissions as a time window for it to increase its carbon emissions rather than reduce them, with its investments into renewable energy sources such as solar power being used as a coverup for China's plan to continue expanding with fossil fuel-powered production.

The mass government subsidy-fueled construction of solar power plants has also been linked to climate change contribution as mass construction has contributed to increases in carbon emissions while the energy produced by the projects has not been fully used.

Green grabbing
China's expansion of solar power capacity has been met with criticism over implications of "green grabbing". Critics argue that China has seized land from native populations and repurposed it for its own projects, such as solar farms, using the need to protect the country from climate change as a justification for land seizure. Renewable energy projects, such as solar power plants, have been built in western regions of China where many native nomadic people have had their land taken away. As such, critics argue that investments into renewable energy sources such as solar power are means to increase the power of the central state rather than protect the environment. This argument has been complemented by China's expansion of fossil fuel plants in conjunction with solar energy.

Following claims of China has taken land from rural natives under the guise of climate protection, many rural populations have been encouraged to move to government housing or urban centers. However, as expectations for the arrival of urban citizens have risen, so has the construction of buildings infrastructure projects. This speculation of the growth of urban centers has led to a housing bubble in China, where buildings and infrastructure are being constructed at a rate in which much of the construction is unused or redundant. As these unused buildings and towns are constructed, more carbon emissions are produced due to the usage of cement and other building materials. Thus, China's "green grabbing" has also been criticized by environmentalists who see China's urban expansion as useless and damaging to the environment. The forced movement of rural populations, as critics claim that these rural populations do not receive adequate compensation for removal and face discrimination and a lack of support to thrive in urban centers in contrast to citizens who have lived in urban centers throughout their lives.

Curtailment
The high amount of government incentives has encouraged the mass development of solar projects, especially in the northern and western regions of China. Consequently, there has been mass investment in energy production in low-population regions where energy usage is relatively low and not enough investment in infrastructure to transfer this produced energy to China's main power grid. This has caused the curtailment of solar energy to which critics point out to argue that many of China's heavy investments in renewable energy are inefficient and will become unsustainable for the country in the future. This inability to transfer energy to regions that require it has led many critics to call for China to invest more into power transfer infrastructure instead of solely energy capacity. Although curtailment rates have lowered since 2016, dropping down from 17% to 7% in 2016, some critics argue that these rates are still too high. Critics have used solar power curtailment as an example to argue for China to change its methods for dealing with the climate crisis as they see that its current efforts are ineffective.

Use of forced labor

China's production of cheap photovoltaic cells has been the target of a large amount of criticism due to claims of forced labor being used to drive production costs down. Reports of large Chinese solar manufacturing companies using forced labor from Uyghurs of Xinjiang to produce photovoltaic cells have appeared. Reports for forced labor being used to acquire polysilicon, a key component of solar panels, have also emerged. Although the Chinese government claims that the labor used for material acquisition and production is voluntary, reports claim that there is substantial evidence that Uyghur laborers have been coerced to produce solar panels, threatened by internment camps. As the demand for solar power increases due to climate change, the cheap nature of Chinese photovoltaic cells has resulted in China's solar exports growing massively in recent years in spite of the labor used in production. The usage of forced labor in China has only been partially condemned globally, in part due to the fact that many countries depend on China's cheap labor and photovoltaic cells to afford the transition from thermal energy to renewable energy. Since China is responsible for 80% of the world's polysilicon production, with half of the world's polysilicon produced in Xinjiang, many critics of the forced labor usage have stated that it is difficult for many countries to avoid Chinese made solar power solutions. As a result, debates over whether or not solar energy components from China should be used have arisen.

U.S. sanctions
In June 2021, the United States Department of Commerce placed five Chinese solar companies, including Daqo New Energy, on the Bureau of Industry and Security's Entity List.

See also

 Climate change in China
 Electricity sector in China
 Growth of photovoltaics
 List of photovoltaics companies

 List of solar thermal power stations
 Renewable energy in China
 Solar Valley (China)
 Solar power by country

References

Science and technology in the People's Republic of China


Lalbhai Dalpatbhai College of Engineering (LDCE or LD), is a state college located in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.

History
The institute was established in 1948 with a donation of Rs. 25 lacs and  of land by the textile magnate Kasturbhai Lalbhai, who named the college after his father, Lalbhai Dalpatbhai. The institute started with 75 students in Civil, Mechanical and Electrical undergraduate programs, and was affiliated to the Bombay University. From 1950 until the formation of the Gujarat Technological University, it was affiliated to the Gujarat University. Currently Dr. Rajul .K. Gajjar former Incharge Vice Chancellor, Principal of Vishwakarma Government College of Engineering acting as Principal Of College.

Programs

The institute runs 14 undergraduate programs, 14 postgraduate programs and 4 part time courses(PDDC)

UG Programs
Civil Engineering
Computer Engineering
Information and Technology
Instrumentation and Control
Electronics and Communication
Electrical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Plastic Technology
Rubber Technology
Textile Technology
Bio Medical Engineering
Automobile Engineering
Environmental Engineering
Chemical Engineering

Post Graduate
Water Resources Management
Transportation Engineering
Geotechnical Engineering
Computer Aided Structural Design
Environmental Management
Textile Technology
CAD/CAM
Cryogenics Engineering
Applied Instrumentation
Communication System
Computer Aided Process Design
Electrical Engineering
Computer Science and Technology
Information Technology
IC Engine and Automobiles
Rubber Technology
MCA

PDDC
Civil Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering

Degree programs (full-time):

 Automobile Engineering
 Biomedical Engineering
 Chemical Engineering
 Civil Engineering
 Computer Engineering
 Electrical Engineering
 Electronics and Communication Engineering
 Environmental Engineering
 Information Technology
 Instrumentation and Control Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering
Plastics Engineering
Rubber technology
 Textile Technology

Postgraduate programs (full-time)
 Applied Instrumentation
 Automation and Control Power System
 Communication Systems
 Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing
 Computer Aided Process Design
 Computer Aided Structure Analysis and Design
 Computer Science & Technology or Computer Science and Engineering
 Cryogenic Engineering or Cryogenic Engineering
 Environmental Management
 Geotechnical Engineering
 Information Technology
 Internal Combustion Engines and Automobile
 Master of Computer Application or Master of Science in Information Technology
 Rubber Technology
 Textile Engineering
 Transportation Engineering
 Water Resources and Management or Water resource management

Post Diploma Degree programs (PDDC - B-Tech Part time)
 Civil Engineering
 Electrical Engineering
 Electronics and Communication Engineering
 Mechanical Engineering

Facilities

Laboratories
Each department has laboratories for U.G. and P.G. programs. Most of the laboratories are recognized for testing and standardization by various organizations. New laboratories of the institute are constantly being established in emerging areas. In addition to the students, the laboratories also cater to industrial testing in diverse fields.

Workshop
The workshop is equipped to show students the basic operations of manufacturing and production. It is equipped with a CNC machine, an electro-discharge machine, and measuring instruments. The institute has a thermal workshop in which boilers and other thermal equipment can be studied and an automobile workshop.

Centre of Excellence - Siemens has been established at L. D. College of Engineering. Centre of Excellence has established relevant laboratories having Siemens products and Siemens Industry software applications.

Keepsake Welding Research & Skill development Centre of Excellence has been established at L. D. College of Engineering.

Sports
The college has dedicated a team for major sports like cricket, lawn and table tennis, badminton, kabbadi, football, volleyball etc. College also has its own ground for cricket, football, lawn tennis court and an indoor badminton court. Every year, hundreds of students take part in GTU Sports fest, which is university level sports fest of Gujarat and bring laurels to the college.

Library

The library has 1,03,000 technical books, 173 periodicals, reference books, handbooks, encyclopedias and Indian standards. The library has computerized book search facility.

Training and placement cell
The institute maintains a training and placement cell to help students prepare for job searches. Assistance is given to students in developing interviewing skills. Major industries conduct campus interviews for final year students, and thus some students get their job offers through the cell.

Hostel
The institute has hostel facilities for 787 students. There are two messes in the hostel campus, which are managed by the students. Newspapers and magazines are subscribed for the hostel library. Entertainment facilities include TV room, badminton room, and gymnasium, and outdoor and indoor games.
The hostel is administered by the rector and four wardens.

Canteen
The canteen is located at the center of the campus. This facility is available for the students and staff at reasonable rates.

Clubs
LD college of engineering also has different clubs including:
 Rotaract Club Of LDCE
Advanature
 FOSS Programming Club
 Innovators Club
 IEEE
 Mind Palace
SAE India Collegiate Club
 Team Robocon LDCE
 Vox Populi
 PRAKALPA

Team Robocon LDCE

The team takes part in an annual robotics competition named Robocon India, which is the national level competition of ABU Robocon. The team mainly comprises the students from Mechanical, Electronics and communication, Computer Science and Instrumentation and control fields.

In Robocon India 2019, the Team Robocon LDCE won the national championship and represented India in the international event of ABU Robocon 2019 held at Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

In Robocon India 2018, the team have reached the quarter-finals and won the Best idea award.

The team also organize an annual techno-cultural fest Lakshya in the month of February. In Lakshya Fest 2019 about 9,000 students participated in different events.

College Fest

Alumni

 Shiladitya Bora, film producer
 Vyomesh Joshi, CEO of 3D Systems
 Ajay Patel, Chairman of Gujarat State Co-operative Bank and Ahmedabad District Co-Operative Bank

References

Engineering colleges in Gujarat
Universities and colleges in Ahmedabad
Educational institutions established in 1948
1948 establishments in Bombay State
Lalbhai Group


Marimar Estate  is a Californian winery located in Sonoma County, owned by Marimar Torres, the sister of Miguel A. Torres, President of Bodegas Torres.

History
In 1986 Marimar Torres embarked on a project to plant a  vineyard on the western hills of DO Russian River Valley, in Green Valley AVA, sub-appellation of Sonoma County, very close to the Pacific: with a cold microclimate that is suitable for Chardonnay and Pinot noir. The vineyard is called Don Miguel, after her father, Miguel Torres Carbó, who oversaw the worldwide expansion of the Torres family business. Of the vineyards 60 acres 30 are planted with Chardonnay and the other 30 with Pinot noir.

Vineyards
Don Miguel Vineyard:

Marimar came to live in California in 1975. After two years of searching, she acquired the land and began planting the vineyard in 1986. Today there are 30 acres planted with Chardonnay and 30 with Pinot Noir. The wines are made entirely from estate-grown grapes. Named in honor of the late patriarch of the family, the vineyard is unique in California because it is totally European in style. The vines are trained very close to the ground on an open vertical trellis, following the slope of an east-facing hillside; the rootstocks are phylloxera resistant; and the planting density is 2000 vines per acre, four times more than is traditional in California. Such high density promotes root competition and diminishes vigor, naturally reducing the output per vine.

Yields are low and labor is intensive, but the vines live longer and produce grapes with greater concentration of flavors, more refined and elegant aromas, and better balance. To contribute complexity, Marimar did extensive research to select several clones of each varietal: See, Rued and Spring Mountain for Chardonnay; and Cristina 88, Swan, Pommard, Lee, Dijon 115 and Dijon 667 for Pinot Noir. Each clone brings different attributes to the final blend, resulting in wines with deep layers of flavor.

The Doña Margarita Vineyard:

Named after Marimar's mother, was planted in 2002 in the Freestone Valley of the Sonoma Coast AVA. Although the estate has , only 12 of these have been earmarked for vines and planted with Pinot noir. A large area of the estate remains uncultivated with wildlife and indigenous plant species.

At the Sonoma vineyard, the estate utilizes traditional Mediterranean viticultural practices, such as a vertical trellis for the vines, the choice of rootstocks that are more resistant to phylloxera and a planting density of 2 m x 1m (2,000 vines per acre). Since 2003 both vineyards have been subject to organic cultivation.

Winery
Built in 1992 with a capacity of 15,000 cases, the winery sits on a hill surrounded by vines. The production wing is outfitted with carefully selected equipment, to allow the control essential to producing a wine based on minimal handling. Its three barrel rooms with independent temperature and humidity controls provide flexibility to experiment with various vinification techniques, in order to best express the fruit's character.

The reception wing, decorated with antique winemaking equipment, furniture, and crockery brought over from Catalonia, includes a professional kitchen and a spacious dining room with a great fireplace. It was here, in the old Catalan tradition, that family and staff would gather every evening to discuss the events of a day spent in the countryside. The winery is now open seven days a week for tastings and tours are available by appointment. We love to receive customers and friends with a genuine interest in wine!

References

Further reading
 Article in the Diario El Mundo. Magazine. La española que triunfa en California (The Spanish Woman who has triumphed in California). No. 425. Sunday 18 November 2007
 Magazine Todo Vino.com. Marimar Torres: Soy la prueba más clara de que se puede sobrevivir sin Parker (I'm the living proof that you can survive without Parker), September 2007
 Magazine (ask?) Comer& Beber. Marimar Torres, seducida por California (Marimar Torres, Seduced by California), December 2006

 Article in the newspaper La Vanguardia: Torres juega fuerte en California (Torres, Playing to Win in California). Date: 1/01/2003

External links
 Marimar Estate website (in English and Spanish)

Wineries in Sonoma County, California


The Manly Fun Pier (or Manly Amusement Pier) was a small amusement park located on a wharf in Manly, New South Wales, Australia. It was in operation from 1931 until its closure in 1989.

History
The Manly Fun Pier started life as a cargo wharf at Manly Cove in the 1850s. In 1927 the cargo wharf was closed and in 1931 it was reopened as the Manly Amusement Pier.
and promoted with the slogan "Built for fun in 31".

During its life, the Fun Pier saw a number of renovations (including a substantial renovation in 1980/81).

It was eventually demolished in the late 1980s when the passenger wharf was extended and redeveloped in 1989.  The new complex opened in 1990 and had an amusement centre in the basement level which was operated by the American company TILT.

The amusement centre closed when the wharf was again substantially redeveloped in 2000.

Attractions
At the time of its alteration in 1980/81, attractions included:
 Shark aquarium (the entrance of which was a large shark mouth)
 Dodgems
 Ghost train. The ghost train had a door which opened out to the water as the train approached, giving the rider the impression that they were about to plunge out into the water.
 Wax museum
 Fun castle
 Ferris Wheel
 merry go-round
 the Octopus ride
 the Space-Walk ride
 Miniature Crazy train ride
 Tumbling house and slide
 the Mexican Whip ride
 Mirror Maze (you would get a medal once completed)

References

External links
  Ad for Manly Seaquarium

Defunct amusement parks in Australia
1931 establishments in Australia
1989 disestablishments in Australia
Amusement parks in New South Wales
Manly, New South Wales
Amusement parks opened in 1931
Amusement parks closed in 1989


The Horns of Ock Street are the insignia of the Abingdon Traditional Morris Dancers from the English county of Oxfordshire (formerly Berkshire).

They date from 1700. The road from Abingdon town centre to the north is called the Vineyard (because it passed through Abingdon Abbey's vineyard); that leading to the west, running parallel to the River Ock, is called Ock Street. Following a celebration in 1700, when an ox was roasted on the marketplace in the town centre, the "Vineyard men" fought with the "Ock Street men" for possession of the ox's horns. The Ock Street men won. Since then, the original Ock Street Horns, mounted in a carved wooden ox's head emblazoned with the date 1700, have served as the insignia of Abingdon's morris dancing side, and also of the independent spirit and character of the inhabitants of Ock Street. The original horns are only brought out for special occasions, like the mock-election of the Mayor of Ock Street. Instead a replica set from 1979 is used.  Since 1976, the election of Mayor of Ock Street is held on the Saturday closest to June 19 and the mayor serves as a spokesperson for the area when the residents feel that the actual mayor isn't addressing their concerns.

A public house called The Ock Street Horns traded for many years in Ock Street boasting a large pair of replica horns above its front door. On its closure in 1960 these were moved to another Ock Street public house, the White Horse, where they are now on display.

References

External links
 The Ock Street Horns - Abingdon Morris

Abingdon-on-Thames
English heraldry
Oxfordshire folklore
Berkshire folklore


Major Philippa "Pip" Joan Angel Tattersall is a Scottish soldier, born 1975 in Tarland, Aberdeenshire. She is the first woman to succeed in the 9-week All Arms Commando Course, joining the main manoeuvre formation, 3 Commando Brigade.

Tattersall successfully completed the course in May 2002 after two previous failed attempts. She serves in the Educational and Training Services Branch of the Adjutant General's Corps.

Tattersall swam the English Channel in 2006 and won a silver medal in the 2009 British Snowboarding championships.

References

Women in 21st-century warfare
Women in the British Army
1975 births
Living people
Scottish military personnel
People from Tarland
Royal Army Educational Corps officers
People educated at Roedean School, East Sussex
English Channel swimmers
Scottish female snowboarders
British Army Commandos officers
Military personnel from Aberdeenshire
21st-century British Army personnel


Back to Life is a studio album by English guitarist, composer and improvisor Fred Frith. It comprises five classical chamber music pieces composed by Frith between 1993 and 2005, and was performed between 1998 and 2007 by Belgian pianist Daan Vandewalle, United States percussionist William Winant, and the Callithumpian Consort ensemble of the New England Conservatory of Music, conducted by Stephen Drury. The album was released on Tzadik Records' Composer Series in 2008.

Frith does not perform on this album.

Compositions
Five of Fred Frith's works are featured on this album:
"Seven Circles" for piano (1995)
"Save As" for cello and percussion (2005)
"Bridge is Bridge" (from "Shortened Suite") for trumpet, oboe, cello and marimba (1996)
"Back to Life" for trumpet, oboe, cello and marimba  (1997)
"Elegy for Elias" for piano, violin and marimba (1993)

Track listing
All titles composed by Fred Frith.
"Seven Circles" – 2:59
Performed by Daan Vandewalle on 13 June 1998 at the Koninklijk Conservatorium Gent, in Ghent, Belgium
"Save As" – 16:10
Performed by Joan Jeanrenaud and William Winant on 29 May 2006 at Guerrilla HiFi in Oakland, California
"Seven Circles 2" – 5:08
Performed by Daan Vandewalle on 13 June 1998 at the Koninklijk Conservatorium Gent, in Ghent, Belgium
"Bridge is Bridge" – 7:16
Performed by Stephen Drury and the Callithumpian Consort on 20 September 2007 in the New England Conservatory's Jordan Hall
"Seven Circles 3" – 1:37
Performed by Daan Vandewalle on 13 June 1998 at the Koninklijk Conservatorium Gent, in Ghent, Belgium
"Seven Circles 4" – 3:45
Performed by Daan Vandewalle on 13 June 1998 at the Koninklijk Conservatorium Gent, in Ghent, Belgium
"Back to Life" – 8:57
Performed by Stephen Drury and the Callithumpian Consort on 20 September 2007 in the New England Conservatory's Jordan Hall
"Seven Circles 5" – 1:34
Performed by Daan Vandewalle on 13 June 1998 at the Koninklijk Conservatorium Gent, in Ghent, Belgium
"Seven Circles 6" – 4:40
Performed by Daan Vandewalle on 13 June 1998 at the Koninklijk Conservatorium Gent, in Ghent, Belgium
"Elegy for Elias" – 9:26
Performed by William Winant, Stephen Drury and Gabriela Dîaz on 20 September 2007 in the New England Conservatory's Jordan Hall
"Seven Circles 7" – 2:38
Performed by Daan Vandewalle on 13 June 1998 at the Koninklijk Conservatorium Gent, in Ghent, Belgium

Personnel
Callithumpian Consort ensemble
Stephen Drury – conductor, piano
Joan Jeanrenaud – cello, newspaper, metal can
John Andress – marimba
Joe Becker – percussion
Dylan Chmura-Moore – trombone
Gabriela Dîaz – violin
Elizabeth England – oboe
Benjamin Fox – oboe
Angela Park – cello
John Russell – trumpet
Karina Schmitz – viola
Benjamin Schwartz – cello
Andrew Stetson – trumpet
Nick Tolle – marimba
Jordan Voelker – viola
Ethan Wood – violin
Soloists
Daan Vandewalle – piano
William Winant – marimba, vibraphone, woodblocks, tamtam, tuned gong, large metal plate, toms, bass drum, beans, ping-pong balls, hammer and nails, metal can, etc.

Production
John Zorn – executive producer
Kazunori Sugiyama – associate producer
Fred Frith – producer
Myles Boisen – compilation, editing and mixing; recording ("Save As")
Scott Hull – mastering
Harry de Winde – recording ("Seven Circles")
Patrick Keating – recording ("Bridge is Bridge", "Back to Life", "Elegy for Elias")
Heung-Heung Chin – design
Heike Liss – photography

References

External links
Back to Life on Tzadik Records.
Callithumpian Consort homepage

2008 albums
Fred Frith albums
Tzadik Records albums
Albums produced by Fred Frith


William "Jimmy" Hartwig (born 5 October 1954) is a German former professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder. He played for Kickers Offenbach, TSV 1860 Munich, Hamburger SV, 1. FC Köln and FC Homburg of the Bundesliga and for Austria Salzburg of Austria. The son of an African-American soldier and a German mother, Hartwig was one of the first players who is of African descent in German and Austrian football.

Hartwig won the European Cup in 1983 with Hamburger SV, and was three times German league champion in 1979, 1982 und 1983 and three times league runner-up with Hamburger SV. He also earned two caps for the West Germany national team, making him only the second non-white player (after Erwin Kostedde) to achieve this feat.

After his playing career, Hartwig worked as a coach at FC Augsburg in 1989 and FC Sachsen Leipzig in 1990. He entered the TV business, where he has been working ever since, whilst also appearing in the theatre as an actor.

Personal life

In his 1994 autobiography, Hartwig described his tough childhood in the city of Offenbach am Main where he was born. He recounted a childhood full of poverty and anti-black racism, with only his German mother as support; his biological African father from Senegal never took care of him.

Hartwig is married for the fourth time and has three children.

In 2021, he featured in , a documentary detailing the experiences of Black players in German professional football.

Despite his opposition against anti-black racism, he was criticized for using the word "ching chang chong" in his commentary and then bowing, which was perceived as racist against East Asians, on WELT-TV for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. The WELT management company removed the video from YouTube and Hartwig posted an apology on his Instagram.

Singing
In 1980, the single Mama Calypso was released, with Sometimes on the reverse side, on the RCA label.

Honours
 European Cup: 1982–83, runner-up 1979–80
 UEFA Cup finalist: 1981–82, 1985–86
 Bundesliga: 1978–79, 1981–82, 1982–83, runner-up: 1979–80, 1980–81, 1983–84

Autobiography
 Jimmy Hartwig: "Ich möchte noch so viel tun …" Meine Kindheit, meine Karriere, meine Krankheit; Bergisch Gladbach 1994;
 Jimmy Hartwig: "Ich bin ein Kämpfer geblieben" Meine Siege, meine Krisen, mein Leben, Berlin, Siebenhaar-Verlag 2010;

References

External links

 European Champions Cup/UEFA Champions League Winning Squads

1954 births
Living people
Footballers from Offenbach am Main
German men's footballers
West German expatriate men's footballers
Germany men's international footballers
Germany men's B international footballers
German football managers
1. FC Köln players
FC 08 Homburg players
German people of American descent
Hamburger SV players
TSV 1860 Munich players
Expatriate men's footballers in Austria
Kickers Offenbach players
FC Red Bull Salzburg players
Bundesliga players
2. Bundesliga players
FC Augsburg managers
Men's association football midfielders
West German men's footballers
West German football managers
German people of African-American descent
West German expatriate sportspeople in Austria


St Theodore (Russian: ) (died 820) was a monk of the Eastern Orthodox Church who was known for his strong opposition to the  Byzantine Iconoclasm.

Theodore was born in Constantinople to a family with strong connections to the Eastern Orthodox Church. Ordained in 787, in 794 he became abbot of the Symboleon monastery in Bithynia, and later escaped from Saracen raids to Constantinople where he became an abbot again. He clashed with successive emperors (Constantine VI, Nicephorus I, Leo V the Armenian, and Michael II the Stammerer) on the issue of iconoclasm (then for the second time in ascendancy in the Empire but strongly opposed by St Theodore). For this he suffered imprisonment and exile: he is the author of many works in which he defends Orthodoxy. He died in exile in Bithynia in the Akrita Monastery which he had founded.

His feast days are 11 November (Catholic Church) and 27 December (Eastern Orthodox Church),

References

Sources

 Catholic Online http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=736
 Житие и страдание святого преподобномученика и исповедника Феодора и брата его преподобного Феофана начертанных https://archive.today/20070702185949/http://www.pravoslavie.uz/Jitiya/12/27FeodorNachertanniy.htm

8th-century births
820 deaths
9th-century Byzantine people
9th-century Christian saints
Saints from Constantinople


American singer Michael Jackson (1958–2009) debuted on the professional music scene at age five as a member of the American family music group The Jackson 5 and began a solo career in 1971 while still part of the group. Jackson promoted seven of his solo albums with music videos or, as he would refer to them, "short films". Some of them drew criticism for their violent and sexual elements while others were lauded by critics and awarded Guinness World Records for their length, success, and cost.

In the early 1980s, Jackson became a dominant figure in popular culture and the first African-American entertainer to have a strong crossover fanbase on MTV. The popularity of his music videos that aired on MTV such as "Billie Jean", "Beat It" and "Thriller"—credited for transforming the music video from a promotional tool into an art form—helped bring fame to the relatively new channel. The success of these music videos helped shift MTV's focus from its original "rock 'n' roll only" format to pop and R&B and saved the channel from financial ruin.
Michael Jackson's "Thriller" short film marked a growth in scale for music videos and has been named the most successful music video ever by the Guinness World Records.
The 18-minute music video for "Bad", directed by Martin Scorsese, depicts Jackson and Wesley Snipes as members of an inner-city gang. Jackson paid cinematic tribute to West Side Story with the choreography. For the "Smooth Criminal" video, Jackson experimented with an anti-gravity lean, in which the performer leans forward at a 45-degree angle, beyond their center of gravity. Although the music video for "Leave Me Alone" was not officially released in the United States, it won a Golden Lion Award in 1989 for the quality of the special effects used in its production and a Grammy Award for Best Music Video, Short Form in 1990. Jackson received the MTV Video Vanguard Award in 1988, which was renamed the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award in his honor in 1991. He won the MTV Video Vanguard Artist of the Decade Award in 1990.

"Black or White" was released on November 14, 1991. It featured Macaulay Culkin, Tess Harper, George Wendt and Jackson. The video helped introduce morphing, seamlessly changing one image into another, as an important technology in music videos. "Remember the Time" was an elaborate production, with a complex dance routine, set in ancient Egypt featuring appearances by Eddie Murphy, Iman and Magic Johnson. The video for "In the Closet" featured supermodel Naomi Campbell in a courtship dance with Jackson.
The music video for "Scream", directed by Mark Romanek and production designer Tom Foden, is one of Jackson's most critically acclaimed. In 1995, it garnered eleven MTV Video Music Award nominations—more than any other music video. A year later, it won a Grammy for Best Music Video, Short Form; shortly afterward, at $7 million, Guinness World Records listed it as the most expensive music video ever made. "Earth Song" was accompanied by an expensive environmentally-themed music video showing images of animal cruelty, deforestation, pollution, and war. Using special effects, time is reversed so that life returns, wars end, and the forests re-grow. Released at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival, Michael Jackson's Ghosts was a short film written by Jackson and Stephen King and directed by Stan Winston. The video for Ghosts is over 38 minutes long and broke the Guinness World Record as the world's longest music video. The music video for "You Rock My World", which is thirteen and a half minutes long, was directed by Paul Hunter and released in 2001. The video features appearances by Chris Tucker and Marlon Brando. The video won an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Music Video at the award show's 2002 ceremonies.

In 1978, Jackson appeared in his first film, The Wiz. It was nominated for four awards at the 51st Academy Awards. Jackson later starred in Disney's Captain EO in 1986, the anthology film Moonwalker in 1988 and the posthumous documentary This Is It in 2009.

List of music videos

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

Video albums

Film

Television
"Stark Raving Dad" (1991) was the first episode in the third season of The Simpsons. Jackson performed the speaking voice of Leon Kompowsky using the pseudonym John Jay Smith. The producers of the show were legally prevented from confirming that Jackson guest-starred, although many media sources assumed it was him. The episode was written specifically for Jackson, a fan of the show, who had called Matt Groening, the show's creator one night and offered to do a guest spot. The offer was accepted and Al Jean and Mike Reiss wrote a script based on an idea pitched by James L. Brooks. Groening and co-executive producer Sam Simon also contributed significantly to the writing of the episode.

In 2017, archival recordings of Jackson were used in the TV special Michael Jackson's Halloween.

References

Footnotes

Sources

 George, Nelson (2004). Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection booklet. Sony BMG.

External links

 Michael Jackson at AllMovie

Jackson, Michael
Jackson, Michael
Videography


Yingli (), formally Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited () - . Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited, known as "Yingli Solar," is a solar panel manufacturer.  Yingli Green Energy's manufacturing covers the photovoltaic value chain from ingot casting and wafering through solar cell production and solar panel assembly. Yingli's photovoltaic module capacity is 30 GWs.

Yingli is headquartered in Baoding, China and has more than 100 regional subsidiaries and branch offices and has distributed more than 30 GW solar panels to customers worldwide. Yingli Solar was established in 1997 and was the world's largest PV module manufacturers in the world in 2012 and 2013. Yingli was founded by Liansheng Miao who was a pioneer in Chinese solar manufacturing. Miao worked to persuade other people to encourage the growth of Chinese solar industry as Miao saw that solar manufacturing is an industry in which China can be competitive.

Yingli expanded production capacity at a time module prices slumped. Yingli recovered slowly and since early 2015 has faced financial difficulties and has been going through a debt restructuring out of court. In 2015 signed a contract with LONGi to cooperate on monocrystalline products. In the first quarter of 2016 Yingli posted a profit first time since 2011. Yingli has cut workforce and decreased R&D spending. Yingli's cost per watt is 41 cents. The company was a sponsor of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, U.S. men's and women's national soccer teams, and FC Bayern Munich.

Yingli is a member of the ‘Silicon Module Super League’ (SMSL), a group of big-six c-Si module suppliers in the solar PV industry today. The other five members of the group are Canadian Solar, Hanwha Q CELLS, JA Solar, Trina Solar and Jinko Solar.

History

Yingli Green Energy was established in 1998 by Liansheng Miao, who remains the company's chairman and CEO. Yingli Green Energy began module production in 2003, with a capacity of 3 MW. By 2004, Yingli reached 6 MW in ingot/wafer/cell production, and 50 MW in module production. The company also expanded into Germany and achieved certifications from UL, the IEC and TÜV Rheinland. After continued expansion and fundraising efforts, Yingli Green Energy completed its IPO on the New York Stock Exchange in June 2007.   In 2009, Yingli achieved 1 GW of cumulative output of solar modules since commercial production began in 2003.  Today, Yingli Green Energy has a balanced vertically integrated production capacity of 2,450 MW per year.

In 2009, the company acquired Cyber Power, a development stage enterprise with plans to begin production of solar-grade polysilicon. Yingli Solar is expected to start trial polysilicon by the end of 2010. Growing at a fast rate, 2010 first quarter reports indicated that it was Yingli Solar's most profitable quarter to date.

In 2010, Yingli Green Energy became the first Chinese company and the first renewable energy company to sponsor the FIFA World Cup. Yingli was also a sponsor of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil.  It supplied modules to 2014 FIFA World Cup stadiums, including the Maracana Stadium in Rio de Janeiro.

Building on its partnership with FIFA, Yingli is also a sponsor of FC Bayern München and the U.S. Soccer Women's and Men's National Teams.

Products
Over 15 GW of  Yingli solar modules are deployed worldwide. In 2012, Yingli Green Energy reached a production capacity of 2,450 MW per year, making it the largest solar module manufacturer in the world in terms of module production capacity. It also became the world's leading solar module supplier by sales revenue and shipments in Q1 2012.   Also in 2012, Ray Lian predicted that Yingli Green Energy was likely to become the world's largest supplier in terms of full-year module shipments in 2012.

Yingli manufactures crystalline silicon solar PV modules, including both, monocrystalline and multicrystalline. Its two primary solar module product lines are the monocrystalline PANDA Series and the multicrystalline YGE Series.

Yingli Solar's PANDA product line was developed through an in-house collaboration between the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) and Amtech Systems, Inc. that aimed to create a new, more efficient solar cell.  PANDA modules use n-doped silicon instead of the industry's standard p-type silicon, allowing a more efficient conversion of infrared light into electricity, and lower initial degradation rate. As the PANDA product line is claimed by the company to achieve performance ratings of up to 16.5%, it is best suited to commercial or residential applications where maximum energy output is essential due to space constraints.

Yingli Solar's YGE Series is its primary product line. The company claims that these multicrystalline modules have efficiencies of up to 15.4%, for use in commercial, residential, and utility-scale projects.

Yingli Solar's manufacturing facilities are located in Baoding, Haikou, Tianjin, and Hengshui. Yingli Americas, a regional subsidiary of Yingli Green Energy, operates a regional research and development lab, the PV Testing Lab (PVTL), in South San Francisco, California. The PVTL conducts product characterization and quality control testing, and provides customers with system modeling support.

Social responsibility

Yingli is the largest and first official module supplier to GRID Alternatives, an Oakland, California-based non-profit solar installer that provides low-income families with solar energy systems free of charge. By the end of 2012, Yingli will have helped over 800 families save substantially on their electricity bills through its support of GRID Alternatives. Thousands of job seekers will also receive professional training through this partnership.

Yingli has also sponsored the United States Soccer Federation to launch the Powering Advancement with Solar and Soccer (PASS) program. The PASS program provides schools in disadvantaged communities with solar energy systems and support for their healthy lifestyle programs. The program was launched at the KIPP DC: Will Academy charter school in Washington, DC on June 1, 2012.

As part of its sponsorship of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, Yingli participates in the “Football for Hope. Energy for Hope.” initiative that aims to bring football training and community centers to communities in Africa. Yingli is working with FIFA to provide these twenty football training and community centers with clean solar energy.

See also
Solar power in China

References

External links
Company website
Reuters

Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Engineering companies of China
Solar energy companies of China
Photovoltaics manufacturers
Renewable resource companies established in 1998
Chinese companies established in 1998
Energy companies established in 1998
Companies based in Baoding
Chinese brands


Edgar Aldrighi Júnior  ( Júnior; born 30 March 1974), also known as Dega, is a former Brazilian professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.

Club career
Dega was signed by Perth Glory in 1999 by then coach Bernd Stange. Stange's initial reaction to Edgar was that he "didn't look like a Brazilian, I was expecting a big black man," something that was said in jest.

Dega's first match for Perth Glory was against Gippsland in the first round of the 1999/2000 NSL season. Playing in a defensive midfielder role he went on to play over 30 times for the Australian side in that season and was a major reason for the Glory topping the NSL ladder at the end of the season. In the 2000 NSL Grand Final against the Wollongong Wolves (which had finished 3–3) he had the chance to score the winning penalty in the shootout against the Wolves but missed the entire goal. Wollongong went on to win the Grand Final.

The following season Dega again played a major part in the success of the club and also scored one only two of the goals he would score with the club with a 30-yard drive at a home match in front of 'The Shed'. He went on to play 28 times for the Glory in that season but the side was knocked out in the first round of the playoffs. In his third season with the club Dega played 26 matches and was part of the Glory side that dominated the domestic season again but fell in the 2002 NSL Grand Final 1–0 to the Olympic Sharks.

In his final season (the 2002/03 NSL season) with the Glory Dega was hampered by injury problems but still started 26 games and was a big help to getting Glory to their third NSL Grand Final. With the team leading comfortably 2–0 against the Olympic Sharks Dega received a standing ovation when he came on a sub in the 87th minute for Bobby Despotovski. Dega's final match for Perth Glory was finally in a winning final.

Tai Po
Dega joined Tai Po Football Club in 2006 and wore the number 31 jersey. His debut game for Tai Po Football Club is the first ever home game of the club, played in Tai Po Sports Ground, against South China. In season 2007–08, Dega changed his number to 5. He has been the first choice penalty taker since joining the team. He is always pulled down to the defence line once Joel, the first choice center defender of the team, is not playing. During the latter stage of season 2007–08, he was often deployed as a sweeper or center defender.

Rematch dispute
Dega took and scored a penalty in the 25th minutes during the league game against Eastern AA at December 2, 2007. Dega was judged by the game referee Pau Sai Yin performed interrupting movement during approaching the ball. According to the rule of FIFA, for infractions by the kicking team, should a goal be scored the kick is retaken. However, the referee awarded a free kick to Eastern AA which has violated the rule of FIFA. After the game, Tai Po Football Club made an official objection to the HKFA and the objection has been approved by the example of the rematch decision made by FIFA on 2006 Asian World Cup Qualifying game Bahrain vs Uzbekistan. In the rematch, Tai Po Football Club won by 3–1, Dega scored a penalty kick without any disputes.

A fine performance
Dega has been missed out from the original squad of Hong Kong League XI and only being called up after defender Cristiano Cordeiro was injured. He started both matches in Guangdong-Hong Kong Cup. With his man of the match level performance in the first match, he was praised by the fans and also the team manager, which helped him to keep the starting spot in the second round and also in 2007 Lunar New Year Cup. After these matches, Dega made his name as one of the finest defensive midfielder in the Hong Kong First Division League.

As the team first choice penalty taker, he was the team top league scorer in 2007–2008 season, and also elected as the best eleven in Hong Kong First Division League.

In season 2008–2009, Dega kept his fine form and selected as the captain Hong Kong League XI which played in 20078 Lunar New Year Cup. Unfortunately, he missed the penalty in both matches penalty time. In addition the penalty missing at game play in the league game against Tuen Mun Progoal in prior, he has failed to score three penalty consecutively. After that, Dega has not taken penalty for Tai Po, which Lee Wai Lim, So Loi Keung and later Caleb shared the responsibility.

Championship and departure from Tai Po
In the middle of the season 2008–09, Tai Po's central defender Joel has left the team. This time, coach Cheung Po Chun and Chan Ho Yin decided not to deploy Dega in the defense line as in the past, but tried some youth defenders and later played starting midfielder Lui Chi Hing as a defender instead. Since then, aged Dega has been stayed back more to secure the defense, and bagged the net much less than he was. The team's performance has dropped since the departure of Joel but later digested the loss of the player and perform well again. This was proved by the team qualified to the Hong Kong FA Cup final once again. In contrast to the 2007–08 final, which Tai Po lost in the final against Citizen, they defeated another finalist TSW Pegasus and won the 2008–09 Hong Kong FA Cup championship. In prior of the final, there were rumors which Dega will depart from the team, either joining another club in Hong Kong or went back to Brazil. Later of the time, he told the media he has been separated with the family for three years to pursuit his career in Hong Kong, he would like to go home and stay with the family so much. Since the Hong Kong FA Cup schedule has been affected by heavy rainfall and postponed a few times, he has already delayed the time he left Hong Kong for his home, which made his son very much disappointed. After the cup championship, first trophy since his career in Hong Kong with Tai Po, Dega left the team and went back to Brazil.

South China
In July 2011, he joined South China as assistant coach, but he is also registered as player for the club, He ended his playing career with The Caroliners.

Honours

Club
With Perth Glory
National Soccer League: 2002–03

Other
With Hong Kong League XI
Guangdong-Hong Kong Cup: 2007–08
Lunar New Year Cup: 2008

References

External links
Edgar Aldrighi Júnior at HKFA
CBF Database
oz football stats

1974 births
Living people
Men's association football midfielders
Brazilian men's footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Hong Kong
Hong Kong First Division League players
National Soccer League (Australia) players
Perth Glory FC players
Tai Po FC players
South China AA players
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Hong Kong
Expatriate men's soccer players in Australia
Hong Kong League XI representative players


The Myanmar women's national football team is a female association football team representing Myanmar and is controlled by Myanmar Football Federation (MFF).

History
Myanmar played its first game in 1995, against the Philippines, which they drew 1-1 in the 1995 Southeast Asian Games. Since then, Myanmar has received more money from the state and improved its game.

In 2005, the country was one of several teams that included Brunei, Thailand, Indonesia, East Timor, Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Burma and Singapore, that fielded a women's football team to compete at the Asian Games in Marikina in December.

Myanmar first took part in the 2003 AFC Women's Championship held in Thailand, and has since qualified five times. They have never progressed beyond the group stage in the tournament. In the 2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup, they had come close to winning the first group game and qualify for the knockout stage for the first time, but a 2-2 draw to Vietnam after taking the lead twice put an end to that hope.

Team image

Nicknames
The Myanmar women's national football team has been known or nicknamed the "Asian Lionesses".

Home stadium
The Myanmar women's national football team plays their home matches at the Mandalarthiri Stadium.

Rivalries

FIFA World Ranking
, after the match against .

 Best Ranking   Best Mover   Worst Ranking   Worst Mover

Results and fixtures

The following is a list of match results in the last 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

Legend

2023

Coaching staff

Current coaching staff

, after the match against .

Players

Current squad
The following players were called up to the Asian Games Tournament.

Caps and goals updated as of 25 September 2023, after the match against .

Recent call-ups

The following players have been called up for the Myanmar within the past 12 months.

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Previous squads
 AFC Women's Asian Cup
 2003 AFC Women's Championship squad
 2006 AFC Women's Asian Cup squad
 2010 AFC Women's Asian Cup squad
 2014 AFC Women's Asian Cup squad
 2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup squad

Records

Individual records

*Active players in bold, statistics correct as of February 2022.

Most capped players

Top goalscorers

Honours

Regional
 AFF Women's Championship

 Winners (2): 2004, 2007
 Runner-Up (3): 2011, 2012, 2015
 Bronze medal (3): 2016, 2019, 2022

 Southeast Asian Games

 Silver medal (3): 1997, 2003, 2005, 2023
 Bronze medal (7): 1995, 2001, 2007, 2009, 2013, 2017, 2019

Other tournaments
 Women's Gold Cup

 Winners (1): 2019

Competitive record

FIFA Women's World Cup

Olympic Games

AFC Women's Asian Cup

*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.

Asian Games

AFF Women's Championship

*Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks.

SEA Games

See also

 Myanmar Football Federation (MFF)
 Football in Myanmar
 National teams
 Myanmar women's national football team
 Myanmar women's national football team results
 Myanmar women's national under-20 football team
 Myanmar women's national under-17 football team

References

External links
Myanmar women's national football team - official website at the-mff.org
FIFA profile

Asian women's national association football teams


The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1928 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 6, 1928. California's House delegation remained unchanged at 10 Republicans and 1 Democrat.

Overview

Results
Final results from the Clerk of the House of Representatives:

District 1

District 2

District 3

District 4

District 5

District 6

District 7

District 8

District 9

District 10

District 11

See also
71st United States Congress
Political party strength in California
Political party strength in U.S. states
1928 United States House of Representatives elections

References
California Elections Page
Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives

External links
California Legislative District Maps (1911-Present)
RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions

1928 California elections
1928
California United States House of Representatives


Camp Morton was a military training ground and a Union prisoner-of-war camp in Indianapolis, Indiana, during the American Civil War. It was named for Indiana governor Oliver Morton. Prior to the war, the site served as the fairgrounds for the Indiana State Fair. During the war, Camp Morton was initially used as a military training ground. The first Union troops arrived at the camp in April 1861. After the fall of Fort Donelson and the Battle of Shiloh, the site was converted into a prisoner-of-war camp. The first Confederate prisoners arrived at Camp Morton on February 22, 1862; its last prisoners were paroled on June 12, 1865. At the conclusion of the war, the property resumed its role as the fairgrounds for the Indiana State Fair. In 1891 the property was sold and developed into a residential neighborhood known as Morton Place, a part of the Herron-Morton Place Historic District.

Camp Morton was established on a  tract of land that bordered present-day Central Avenue and Nineteenth, Twenty-second, and Talbott Streets. It was among the largest of the Union's eight prison camps established for Confederate noncommissioned officers and privates. Between 1862 and 1865, the camp's average prison population was 3,214; it averaged fifty deaths per month. Its maximum prison population reached 4,999 in July 1864. More than 1,700 prisoners died at the camp during its four years of operation.

While the military facilities at Camp Morton no longer exist, the remains of 1,616 Confederate soldiers and sailors who died while prisoners at the camp are interred at Indianapolis's Crown Hill Cemetery. Several monuments and historical markers commemorate Camp Morton, including a bust of Richard Owen, a camp commandant, at the Indiana Statehouse, and memorials to the Confederate prisoners who died at the camp at Indianapolis's Garfield Park and Crown Hill.The memorial at Garfield Park was dismantled on June 8, 2020.

Union training camp
Camp Morton served as a military camp for Union soldiers from April 1861 to February 1862. Two days after the first shots were fired at Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor, South Carolina, on April 12, 1861, Indiana's governor Morton offered to raise and equip ten thousand Indiana troops in response to President Abraham Lincoln's call for volunteers to suppress the Southern rebellion and preserve the Union. Morton and his adjutant general, Lew Wallace, chose the site of the Indiana State Fairgrounds for a mustering ground and military camp at Indianapolis. The site had served as the state fairgrounds since 1859, and had previously been known as Henderson's Grove, named after Samuel Henderson, the first mayor of Indianapolis. The   tract of partially wooded farmland north of the city loosely bordered present-day Central Avenue and Nineteenth, Twenty-second, and Talbott Streets.

After the fairgrounds were converted into a military camp, it was renamed Camp Morton in honor of Morton, who served as the governor of Indiana from January 16, 1861, to January 23, 1867. The first recruits arrived at the facility on April 17, 1861, four days after the surrender at Fort Sumter.  The camp's barracks were converted cattle and horse stalls, a hospital was established in the power hall, the dining hall became the commissary, and office space was converted into military offices and guardhouses. Existing buildings could not house all the incoming troops, so new sheds were built with bunks; however, the soldiers had to bathe in Fall Creek. The hastily built facility had difficulties accommodating so many men with equipment, tents, and food, but order was established within a few weeks. Many residents of Indianapolis saw the camp as a center of attraction.

Military prison camp
Indianapolis's Camp Morton was among the largest of the Union's eight prison camps established for Confederate noncommissioned officers and privates. Other large prison camps included Camp Douglas (Chicago, Illinois), Camp Chase (Columbus, Ohio), and Camp Butler (Springfield, Illinois). General officers for the Confederacy were sent to an island in Boston Harbor, where Fort Warren was located, and lesser commissioned officers from the Confederacy were sent to Johnson's Island in Ohio's Sandusky Bay.

When Camp Morton was established in 1862, it was initially under state control until the U.S. government assumed responsibility for its prisoners. The camp reopened in 1863 with the intention of housing only infirm prisoners, but others were detained at the facility as well. From July 1863 until the parole of the last Confederate prisoner on June 12, 1865, the camp's average prison population was 3,214 and it averaged fifty deaths per month. The maximum prisoner population at Camp Morton during that time reach 4,999, in July 1864, and the maximum of deaths reached 133.

1862
On February 17, 1862, two days after the fall of Fort Donelson, near present-day Clarksville, Tennessee, Morton informed Union general Henry W. Halleck that Indianapolis could, if necessary,  hold three thousand Confederate prisoners. Captain James A. Ekin, assistant quartermaster general of the Union Army, was charged with converting Camp Morton to a prison camp. Stalls were converted into sleeping quarters for the prisoners and additional barracks and latrines were built. A walled palisade was constructed of wood around the perimeter of the camp; it also included reinforced gates and a walkway for sentry patrols. Initially, there was no hospital within the camp; other Indianapolis facilities were used to treat the prisoners.

On February 22, the first Confederate prisoners arrived by train at Indianapolis. Additional prisoners arrived at the camp over the next three days, bringing the number of prisoners to thirty-seven hundred men. Local residents helped provide the necessary food, clothing, and nursing to the incoming prisoners. The death rate among the unfortunate Confederate prisoners was high. In March 1862, 144 prisoners died at the camp. By April 1 the camp's inhabitants, including prisoners and guards, numbered five thousand. More prisoners arrived in subsequent months, including a group of a thousand prisoners from the battle at Shiloh.

Confederate officers who had commissions were separated from their men and quartered in a barracks on Washington Street and elsewhere in the city until they could be moved to the prison camps in Ohio and Massachusetts. Noncommissioned officers and privates were taken to Camp Morton. Poorly clothed, ill fed, unused to the northern climates, and weakened from recent battles, many of the prisoners fell ill and were taken to makeshift facilities outside the camp for treatment.

Colonel Richard Owen took over as commandant of the prisoner-of-war camp and served in that role until June 20, 1862, when his regiment was called to active duty and he departed Indianapolis with his men. Camp Morton's first prison guards came from the Fourteenth Light Artillery, Fifty-third Regiment of Indiana Volunteers, and the Sixtieth Regiment of Indiana Volunteers. Quarters for the camp's prison guards were established at Camp Burnside, a Union camp located between Nineteenth and Tinker (present-day Sixteenth) Streets, south of Camp Morton. The guards were understaffed and overworked. On May 4, 1862, Owen reported less than one regiment plus 202 men from another were guarding more than four thousand prisoners at Camp Morton. In comparison, two regiments guarded about a thousand prisoners at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio.

Few guidelines were provided for operating Union prison camps, so Owen devised his own, which served as a model for other camps. Owen's policies were sympathetic to the prisoners' needs. Under his command, camp discipline was strict, but humane, and allowed for self-government among the prisoners, which local leaders criticized on occasion. Early challenges at the camp included equitable distribution of rations and supplies. A camp bakehouse was erected and in operation by mid-April 1862. It provided prisoners a place to work and the means to earn money to purchase small amenities. A fund established from the cash value of the camp's excess rations provided prisoners with additional supplies. While trade with unauthorized vendors did occur, most of the items sold to prisoners came from the camp's sutler.

Recreational activities included music and sports. Prisoners formed musical clubs and theatrical groups and attended band concerts at the camp. Books and periodicals were available in the camp, and a photographer was allowed to make daguerrotypes of the prisoners' likenesses to send to their friends and families in the South. Other pastimes included ballgames and whittling. No visitors or communication between the prisoners and the camp guards or local citizens were allowed, but mail correspondence and small packages were delivered to prisoners after they had been inspected. Contraband was removed before delivery, and outgoing letters were censored and inspected before they were mailed. Attempts to escape were rare while Owen was commandant. Only thirteen of its forty-two hundred prisoners escaped during his command of the camp.

Although later expanded, the hospital on Camp Morton's grounds was not large enough to serve all the camp's prisoners. Indianapolis's City Hospital served Union troops; only a few Confederate prisoners were taken there until its facilities were expanded in May 1862. In the meantime, additional facilities for Confederate prisoners were established in two buildings on Meridian Street, known as Military Hospital Number 2 and Military Hospital Number 3, set up in an old post office on Meridian Street, near Washington Street. A few prisoners were cared for in private homes. No epidemics swept the camp or area hospitals, but there were reports of dysentery, typhoid fever, and typhoid pneumonia, among other diseases.

David Garland Rose succeeded Owen as Camp Morton's commandant on June 19, 1862, and tightened the camp's rules. New volunteers from Indiana's military companies served as replacements for the camp's prison guards. On August 22, 1862, prisoner exchanges were arranged and final orders were given for the removal of the Confederate prisoners at Camp Morton. The prisoners were sent to Vicksburg, Mississippi, where they were exchanged for Union prisoners held in Confederate prison camps. Camp Morton's remaining Confederate prisoners whose names did not appear on the prisoner exchange rolls left the camp by September 1862. Following their departure, Camp Morton was used as a military training ground for Union troops and Indiana volunteers who were sent home on parole. The paroled Union soldiers were not permitted to perform duties that would free other troops for active service. Instead, they guarded and maintained the camp until they were allowed to continue active military service.

1863–65
By 1863 Camp Morton's buildings were in need of repair, but little was spent on improvements. Colonel James Biddle, Seventy-first Indiana Volunteers, became commandant of the camp. Most of his regiment had been captured at Muldraugh Hill, Kentucky, where they were paroled on the field, and had been living at Camp Morton awaiting a prisoner exchange. Soldiers from Biddle's regiment were assigned to guard duty at the camp, with the assistance of other military companies. New prisoners from arrived at Camp Morton between January 29 and the end of March 1863. In April 1863, the camp's prisoners were ordered to City Point, Virginia, and in June a new group arrived, this one from Gallatin, Tennessee.

In July Confederate general John Hunt Morgan, who led Morgan's Raid into southern Indiana and Ohio, caused alarm among the city residents as local military prepared for his arrival, but Morgan turned east, towards Ohio, and never reached Indianapolis. On July 23, 1863, eleven hundred of Morgan's men who had been captured during the raid were brought to Camp Morton. A hundred more arrived a week later. Additional Confederate prisoners came in August 1863, raising the total at the camp to nearly three thousand. In mid-August more than eleven hundred prisoners, including most of Morgan's men, were transferred to Chicago's Camp Douglas.

Escape attempts were more frequent after Owen's tenure at commandant. Some escape plans were especially elaborate, including tunnels and prisoner uprisings. A few of these attempts were made with wooden board planks or crude ladders. Approximately thirty-five men escaped between April and the end of October 1863, but others were unsuccessful. An extra ration was promised to those who informed their Union captors about escape plans.

In July 1863 Captain Albert J. Guthridge was placed in charge of the camp when Biddle and his regiment were reassigned to other duties. David W. Hamilton took over as commandant on July 23, but he was transferred to another post by September 23. Guthridge resumed the duties of commandant until Colonel Ambrose A. Stevens arrived on October 22, 1863. Stevens remained as commandant until the end of the war.

When Stevens took command, the camp's condition had badly deteriorated. Augustus M. Clark, a medical inspector who filed a report on October 22, indicated the camp had 2,362 prisoners with a mortality rate exceeding 12.45 percent. Clark reported that the prisoners had sufficient food, clothing, and water, but noted the camp's structures were dilapidated and poorly maintained. He also suggested the camp suffered from bad drainage, lax discipline, and poor policing of its grounds. Stevens helped improve the camp by providing blankets, better food, and medical care, but the winter of 1863–1864 was bitterly cold, with temperatures falling below zero degrees Fahrenheit. Ninety-one prisoners died in November 1863, and 104 more in December. Conditions at the camp hospital improved over the winter, when the facility was expanded to care for ailing prisoners. Two new, but incomplete, hospital wards were opened in December 1863, increasing the hospital's capacity to 160 patients. More could be accommodated in an emergency. Prisoner deaths numbered 263 that winter.

Confederate prisoners from the area around Chattanooga, Tennessee, arrived at the overcrowded camp at the end of 1863. Blankets and clothing were issued to those in urgent need. Camp rations, while deemed sufficient, lacked fresh vegetables. Prisoners cooked for themselves and were allowed to make small purchases of food from the camp to supplement their diet.

Toward the end of 1863, a new military prison was constructed on the grounds with a capacity of sixty prisoners. In January 1864 thirty men were imprisoned there. Despite the threat of confinement in the new prison, camp's inmates continued to attempt escapes. Punishments included a reduction of rations.

In July 1864 the Confederate prisoner count at Camp Morton reached 4,999. Overcrowded barracks and the July heat caused more illnesses, including cases of malaria. Drinking water obtained from Fall Creek contained limestone, which caused diarrhea among the men. New wards were added to the camp's hospital, but only modest repairs were made to the camp's dilapidated barracks.

During the final months of the war, in February and March 1865, two thousand of Camp Morton's prisoners left as part of a prisoner exchange. Another six hundred prisoners were soon released. Only 1,408 prisoners remained at the camp in April. Following Confederate general Robert E. Lee's surrender on April 9, many of Camp Morton's prisoners were discharged. Only 308 prisoners were left at the camp on June 1, 1865. The camp's last Confederate prisoners were released on June 12, 1865. In addition to the Confederate prisoners, seven Union deserters who remained in custody at Camp Morton were freed. Forty members of the Veteran Reserve Corps, who were serving time in the prison's guardhouse, were given dishonorable discharges and released without pay.

Confederate burials

It is not known for certain, but it is estimated that approximately 1,700 prisoners died at Camp Morton between 1862 and 1865. Confederate prisoners were buried in wooden coffins in trenches on five lots purchased near the City Cemetery, which was later expanded and became known as Greenlawn Cemetery. The individual gravesites were marked with wooden boards bearing painted identification numbers that were worn away by the passage of time. Some of the Confederates buried in Indianapolis's City Cemetery were exhumed and returned to their families; however, the remains of 1,616 Confederate prisoners were left at Greenlawn. In 1866 a fire ravaged the cemetery office, destroying the records that gave the precise location of the burials.

In the 1870s construction of an engine house and additional tracks for the Vandalia Railroad caused the Confederate prisoners' remains to be removed and reburied in a mass grave at Greenlawn. In 1906 the U.S. government sent Colonel William Elliot to Indianapolis to locate the mass grave, and in 1912 the Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument was erected at the site to honor the 1,616 Confederate prisoners of war who were buried at Greenlawn. The monument was moved to Indianapolis's Garfield Park in 1928. The remains from the Confederate gravesite were moved to Indianapolis's Crown Hill Cemetery in 1931 and buried in a mass grave in Section 32. The area became known as the Confederate Mound.  In 1993, the names of each fallen Confederate at Camp Morton were inscribed on ten bronze plaques.

Other site uses
Property remaining at Camp Morton after the last prisoners left was sold at public auction in July 1865 and the buildings were vacant by August 2. The city allocated three thousand dollars to rehabilitate the property, and the State Board of Agriculture eventually received $9,816.56 in property damages from the federal government.

The Indiana State Fair returned to the site in 1868 and remained there until 1891, when the State Board of Agriculture sold the grounds in November to three businessmen from Indianapolis for $275,100. In 1891 the State Board of Agriculture acquired property for the new state fairgrounds at its present location on property bounded by Thirty-eighth Street, Fall Creek Parkway, Forty-Second Street, and Winthrop Avenue.

New streets and drainage ditches were constructed on the former Camp Morton site, which was platted and developed as a residential area known as Morton Place. After 1890 the Herron-Morton Place neighborhood became known for its connections with then-president Benjamin Harrison.

Memorials
A bronze bust of Colonel Richard Owen, designed by Belle Kinney Scholz, the daughter of a Confederate soldier, is installed on the main floor of the Indiana Statehouse as a tribute to Owen's service as commandant at Camp Morton in 1862. Southerners contributed $3,000 for the memorial to Owen, who went on to become the first president of Purdue University in 1873. The memorial, which was dedicated on June 9, 1913, honors his fair treatment of the Confederate prisoners. Its inscription reads:"Tribute by Confederate prisoners of war and their friends for his courtesy and kindness."

In 1916, students and teachers of Indianapolis Public School 45 erected a stone monument to mark the location of the camp at Alabama and Nineteenth Streets.

A monument at Indianapolis's Greenlawn Cemetery was erected to honor the Confederate soldiers who were buried there. The monument was moved to Garfield Park in 1928.

A monument and ten bronze plaques were erected at Confederate Mound, in Section 32 of Indianapolis's Crown Hill Cemetery, to honor the Confederate prisoners of war who were originally buried at Greenlawn. Remains of the prisoners were moved to Crown Hill in 1931 and 1,616 names are inscribed on the plaques.

In 1962, the Indiana Civil War Centennial Commission erected a state historical marker in the 1900 block of North Alabama Street, near the site of Camp Morton.

See also
Indianapolis in the American Civil War
Civil War POW Prisons and Camps

Notes

References

External links

Camp Morton at Rootsweb - includes pictures of items mentioned in the article
HORRORS OF CAMP MORTON a recount by ex-prisoner Dr. Thomas E. Spotswood

History of Camp Morton

American Civil War army posts
American Civil War prison camps
Defunct prisons in Indiana
History of Indianapolis
Indiana in the American Civil War
1861 establishments in Indiana
Indiana State Fair


There appear to be two Jnanasutras, with different Tibetan orthographies for their names.

The first, , flourished from the 5th-6th centuries. According to Dzogchen legends, he was an early Dzogchen practitioner of Vajrayāna Buddhism and a disciple of Sri Singha. This Jnanasutra was a spiritual brother of Vimalamitra, another principal disciple of Sri Singha.

According to Tarthang Tulku (1980), the second Jnanasutra was the principal lotsawa () of the 8th-9th century of the first wave of translations from Sanskrit to Tibetan.

In Jigme Lingpa's terma of the ngöndro of the Longchen Nyingthig he writes what approximates the phonemic Sanskrit of 'Jnanasutra' in Tibetan script as , rather than his name in Tibetan and this comes just after a sentence to Sri Singha and before mentioning Vimalamitra.

See also
Menngagde

Texts
Madhyamākalaṃkāra

References

Indian scholars of Buddhism
6th-century Indian philosophers
Madhyamaka scholars
Dzogchen lamas
Nyingma lamas
History of Pakistan
Tibetan Buddhist yogis
Translators to Tibetan
Translators from Sanskrit


The Aberdeen Micropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of two counties in South Dakota, anchored by the city of Aberdeen. As of the 2020 census, the μSA had a population of 42,287.

Counties

Brown
Edmunds

Communities
Places with more than 27,500 inhabitants
Aberdeen (Principal city)

Places with 600 to 1,600 inhabitants
Groton
Ipswich

Places with 300 to 600 inhabitants
Bowdle
Roscoe
Warner

Places with 100 to 300 inhabitants
Claremont
Columbia
 Frederick
Hecla
 Hosmer
Westport

Places with less than 100 inhabitants
Stratford
Verdon

Unincorporated places
Barnard
Bath
Beebe
Craven
Ferney
Gretna
Houghton
Huffton
James
Loyalton
Mansfield
Mina
Ordway
Powell
Randolph
Richmond

Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 40,602 people, 16,493 households, and 9,853 families residing within the μSA. The racial makeup of the μSA was 93.7% White, 0.5% African American, 2.8% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.

The median income for a household in the μSA was $48,639, and the median income for a family was $63,069. Males had a median income of $39,358 versus $31,007 for females. The per capita income for the μSA was $25,640.

See also
South Dakota census statistical areas

References

Geography of Brown County, South Dakota
Edmunds County, South Dakota


The Taxila Tehsil, with its administrative centre in Taxila, is one of the eight districts of the Rawalpindi District in the Punjab, Pakistan. The Attock District, Rawalpindi Tehsil, Islamabad Capital Territory, and Haripur District surround it on the north and west.

The area was part of the ancient Gandhara region. Taxila was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980 and is located in the town of Taxila.

Demographics
As per the 2017 census, the Tehsil (district) has a population of 677,951.

Administration
The Taxila area is divided into ten union councils.
 Ghari Sikander
 Khurram Paracha
 Lab Thatoo
 Taxila Urban (3 Unions)
 Thatha Khalil
 Usman Khattar
 Wah
 Garhi Afghanan

References

Tehsils of Rawalpindi District