1992 was a year mixed with euphoria and tragedy for Pakistan. While Pakistan won the finals of the Cricket World Cup, thousands died in the flooding that occurred in the northern regions of Pakistan as a result of torrential rains swelling the Indus river. The Nawaz government inaugurated a few projects in the province of Punjab towards the betterment of road networks and ordered a military operation in the province of Sindh to counter the growing language riots and ethnic tension.

Incumbents

Federal government
President: Ghulam Ishaq Khan
Prime Minister: Nawaz Sharif
Chief Justice: Muhammad Afzal Zullah

Governors
Governor of Balochistan – Gul Mohammad Khan Jogezai
Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Amir Gulistan Janjua
Governor of Punjab – Mian Muhammad Azhar
Governor of Sindh – Mahmoud Haroon

Events
 12 January – Lahore-Islamabad motorway project launched.
 22 February – Nawaz Sharif introduces yellow-cab taxi scheme.
 26 April – Pakistan's Alam Channa enters Guinness Book of World Records as the tallest man in the world.
 20 May –  A 6.0 magnitude earthquake affects northern Pakistan causing moderate damage, killing 36 and injuring 100.
 19 June – Military operation starts in Sindh.
 8 September – 1992 India–Pakistan floods, almost 1,000 people die and 3 million are evacuated due to flooding in Punjab province caused by torrential rains swelling the Indus river and its tributaries, a thousand more are also killed in the Kashmir region.
 28 September – Pakistan International Airlines Flight 268, an Airbus A300B4-203, crashes into the southern slope of the Chure Hills on approach to Tribhuvan International Airport in Kathmandu, Nepal, killing all 167 passengers and crew.

Sports

Cricket
 25 March – Pakistan defeats England by 22 runs in Melbourne in the finals of the 1992 Cricket World Cup.

Births
 2 January – Manzoor Ahmed, footballer
 2 March – Farhan Zaman, squash player
 14 April – Mohammad Amir, cricketer
 15 April – Rabia Ashiq, athlete
 1 June – Mohammad Rizwan, cricketer
 21 June – Kainat Imtiaz, cricketer
 8 July – Raza Hasan, first-class cricketer
 9 July – Muhammad Adil, footballer
 28 September – Mawra Hocane, actress and model
 4 November – Alycia Dias, singer

Deaths

 25 January – Mir Khalil ur Rehman.
 20 February – Muhammad Asad.
 5 March – Jam Sadiq Ali.
 17 June – Ishrat Hussain Usmani.
 8 May – Gul Mohammad.
 9 July – Mujaddid Ahmed Ijaz.
 27 October – Nayyar Sultana.

References

Pakistan
Pakistan
1990s in Pakistan
Years of the 20th century in Pakistan


The Treasure of Far Island is a short story by Willa Cather. It was first published in New England Magazine in October 1902.

Plot summary
Douglass Burnham returns home in Empire City, Nebraska, after a fifteen-year hiatus. He is picked up from the train station by his father and his old friend Rhinehold. At home, his mother is cooking dinner. The next day, they go to a party with other locals, and he meets his old friend Margie; they talk about the old days. She admits she heard of one of his plays when she was in New York City once, and even walked past him on the streets but didn't say hello as he seemed busy. He begs her to go back to Far Island, a sandbar where they used to play as children. Despite her dislike of mosquitoes, they venture out and dig out an old 'treasure' they had buried in childhood. They reflect on the fantasy games they used to play, feeling that it is still real.

Characters
Douglass Burnham, a playwright. He is from Empire City, Nebraska, and has been living in New York City for fifteen years. He has also been to Italy, particularly the Maremma.
Mr Burnham, Douglass's father.
Mrs Burnham, Douglass's mother.
Rhinehold Birker, a childhood friend of Douglass and Margie's. He has always lived in Empire City, aside from his going to Arizona for treatment.
Mrs Governor
Margie Van Dyck, a childhood friend of Douglass's.
Edith Grew, a woman who likes to announcing her engagements to men every so often.
Temp, a childhood friend of Douglass and Margie's. He now lives in the Philippines.
Bake, a childhood friend of Douglass and Margie's. He now has a cattle ranch in Wyoming.
Mac, a childhood friend of Douglass and Margie's. He is now a government clerk in Washington, D.C.
Jim, a childhood friend of Douglass and Margie's. He is now keeps his father's hardware store.
Ned and Shorty, childhood friends of Douglass and Margie's. They died on a catboat on the Hudson River.
Pagie

Allusions to other works
The story starts with a quotation from a poem by Robert Louis Stevenson, whose novel Treasure Island led to the story's title.
Greek mythology is mentioned throughout the story, with especial allusions to Anchises and Apollo, Helen of Troy, Arcadia, Ida, Thracia, Orpheus.
The Bible is mentioned, namely with Eden.
Children's literature is mentioned with Alice in Wonderland.
More literature is mentioned with John Keats's May Day Ode, and William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet, with the Montagues and the Capulets, and The Tempest, with Miranda.
The discovery of the Venus de Milo is alluded to.
Sinbad the Sailor is also mentioned.

Allusions to actual history
Mary Tudor is said to have been fond of Calais.

Literary significance and criticism
It has been suggested that the island in the story was a place on the Republican River where the Cather children liked to play. It is also mentioned in Chapter VII of The Hired Girls, in My Ántonia.

References

External links
Full Text at the Willa Cather Archive

1902 short stories
Short stories by Willa Cather
Works originally published in The New England Magazine


Pierre Coquelin de Lisle (19 July 1900 – 22 July 1980) was a French sport shooter who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1924 he won the gold medal in the 50 metre rifle, prone competition.

References

Further reading
 Pierre Lagrue, Serge Laget, 2015: Le Siècle olympique. Les Jeux et l'Histoire (Athènes, 1896-Londres, 2012), Encyclopaedia Universalis
 "Les hommes du jour: Pierre Coquelin de Lisle", in Le Petit Parisien, 26 July 1933 (online version)
 "Les jeux olympiques des tireurs: Le jeune tireur français Coquelin de Lisle est champion olympique à la carabine" (1st part), Le Matin, Paris, s.n. "41e année", no 12906, 24 June 1924, p. 1 col. 4 and p.3 col. 5 (online version)

External links

1900 births
1980 deaths
French male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Olympic shooters for France
Shooters at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for France
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1924 Summer Olympics
20th-century French people


Josias Hartmann (3 April 1893 – 29 October 1982) was a Swiss sport shooter who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1924 he won the bronze medal in the 50 metre rifle, prone competition.

References

External links
profile

1982 deaths
1893 births
Swiss male sport shooters
ISSF rifle shooters
Olympic shooters for Switzerland
Shooters at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Switzerland
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Graubünden


The 1993 Men's European Volleyball Championship was the 18th edition of the event, organized by Europe's governing volleyball body, the Confédération Européenne de Volleyball. It was hosted in Oulu and Turku, Finland from September 4 to September 12, 1993.

Teams

Group A – Oulu

 *

Group B – Turku

*Note: Although the Czech Republic and Slovakia became separate countries in 1993, the Czechoslovakia Volleyball Federation (ČSFV) was not yet separate, therefore the team competed as Czechoslovakia (officially as Czech Republic + Slovak Republic).

Preliminary round

Final round

Final ranking

References
 Results

Men's European Volleyball Championships
E
Volleyball Championship
V
September 1993 sports events in Europe


Rejected Addresses was the title of an 1812 book of parodies by the brothers James and Horace Smith. In the line of 18th-century pastiches focussed on a single subject in the style of poets of the time, it contained twenty-one good-natured pastiches of contemporary authors. The book's popular success set the fashion for a number of later works of the same kind.

Precursors
Although parody is a long-standing literary genre, the mock heroic of Augustan times began to share its territory with parody, using the deflationary inversion of values - comparing small things with great - as a satirical tool in the deconstruction of the epic style. A later humorous tactic, in place of a connected narrative in the mock-epic manner, was to apply poems in the style of varied authors to a single deflationary subject. The ultimate forerunner of this approach has been identified with Isaac Brown's small work, A Pipe of Tobacco, in Imitation of Six Several Authors, first published in 1736. In that case the poets Colley Cibber, Ambrose Philips, James Thomson, Edward Young, Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift were used as the focus for its series of good-natured parodic variations. The popularity of these was attested by many subsequent editions and by their reproduction in the poetical miscellanies of after decades.

A new direction was given to this departure by employing parody as a weapon in the political conflicts of the 1790s. This was particularly identified with the Anti-Jacobin, where the works of poets identified with liberal tendencies were treated with satirical humour. An anthology of such parodies, The Poetry of the Anti-Jacobin, followed in 1800 and its popularity guaranteed frequent editions over the following decades. Although the name of their targets are generally not mentioned, a clue is usually given by way of preface or notes, sometimes quoting the opening lines. Robert Southey was a particular victim in early numbers of the weekly, in which his lofty sentiments were downgraded to ridiculous bathos.  For his "Inscription for the apartment in Chepstow Castle, where Henry Martin the regicide was imprisoned thirty years" was substituted the Newgate Prison cell of a drunken "Elizabeth Brownrigg the Prentice-cide" (I). And Southey's humanitarian themes clothed in experimental metres were rewritten as "The friend of humanity and the knife-grinder" (II) and the subversive "The Soldier’s Friend" (V).

Later numbers took as their target speculative philosophical and scientific works aiming at popular acceptance by being clothed in verse. Richard Payne Knight’s The Progress of Civil Society (1796) became the satirical "The Progress of Man" (XV, XVI, XXI). This was later ascribed to the fictitious "Mr Higgins of St Mary Axe", author as well of "The Loves of the Triangles" (XXIII, XXIV, XXVI, a parody of Erasmus Darwin’s verse treatise The Loves of the Plants (1791) mingled with gallophile propaganda. He also reappears as author of "The Rovers" (XXX – XXXI), an imitation seemingly based on contemporary translations of popular German melodramas.

Rejected Addresses
The widened parodic focus from poetry to drama in the Anti-Jacobin was taken even further in the Rejected Addresses of 1812, in which works in prose were made additional targets. The occasion given for its publication was a public competition advertised in the press for an address to be spoken at the reopening of the Drury Lane Theatre, which had been destroyed by fire. As none of the actual entries were considered adequate in the end, Lord Byron was commissioned to write one specially. But when the brothers James and Horace Smith heard of the result of the competition, they planned a volume of parodies of writers of the day, to be published as supposed failed entries and issued to coincide with the theatre’s opening.

Titled Rejected Addresses: Or, The New Theatrum Poetarum, the book’s contents were as follows:

The work was an immediate success. When Byron became acquainted with the travesty of his Childe Harold's Pilgrimage in "Cui Bono?" he asked his publisher to pass on the message, "Tell the author I forgive him, were he twenty times our satirist, and think his imitations not at all inferior to the famous ones of Hawkins Browne". Francis Jeffrey, writing later in The Edinburgh Review, recognised another strand in the work's ancestry: "We have seen nothing comparable to it since the publication of The Poetry of the Anti-Jacobin".

Byron's sympathy is understandable, since only three years before he had pilloried some of the same targets as the Smiths in his own satire of "English Bards and Scotch Reviewers". Apostrophised in its opening lines, in the same position as in the Rejected Addresses, appears Fitzgerald, "one of the foremost loyalist versifiers of his day":

::Still must I hear? -shall hoarse Fitzgerald bawl
His creaking couplets in a tavern hall?

Also deplored are the "too profuse" heroic narrative of Robert Southey and the "stale romance" of Walter Scott, the latter deflated in the Rejected Addresses by the mock-heroic trick of substituting the plebeian names of Clutterbuck, Muggins and Higginbottom for the protagonists. The joint authors of the Lyrical Ballads are also dismissed: Wordsworth for his "childish verse", parodied by James Smith in "The Baby’s Debut"; and Coleridge, ridiculed by Byron for his address "To a Young Ass" as "the laureate of the long-eared kind", who passes from the same subject to his "Playhouse Musings" in the Rejected Addresses. Another common target is "spectre-mongering Lewis". Byron, however, thought more highly of Crabbe than did James Smith of his pedestrian "truth to nature".

Sequels
Profiting from the delighted discussion caused by the parodies, an enterprising publisher went ahead and published a selection of the genuine failed entries, prefaced by Lord Byron's specially commissioned address from the actual occasion of the opening. Included in the new work's "mawkish mélange of decasyllabic dullness", the Monthly Review identified victims already parodied by the Smith brothers such as Fitzgerald and Dr Busby, and heartily seconded the committee's original decision to reject them.

Further imitations of the work of the Smiths quickly followed in A Sequel to the "Rejected Addresses" Or, the Theatrum Poetarum Minorum (1813). This too hid its targets under their initials and was similarly aimed at literary enthusiasms of the time: a labouring class effusion by Robert Bloomfield, followed by a defence of "Plebeian Talent" by Capell Lofft, the champion of such work (pp.6-26); a poem for children by Anna Laetitia Barbauld (p.61); a prose poem by the much imitated Ossian (pp. 75-9); a sequence of sonnets of sensibility by William Lisle Bowles (pp. 80-82). The Monthly Review obligingly identified the victims in its dismissive critique.

In the same year, William Stanley's farce, The Rejected Addresses: Or, The Triumph of the Ale-king, was published, professing in the preface that it "owes its existence to The Theatrum Poetarum". In it various stereotypical poets throng the streets outside the theatre, clamouring for their competition entries to be heard.  Among the farcical targets are the opening lines of Fitzgerald's entry in the original Rejected Addresses, and Nancy Drew's nursery narrative, with Wordsworth's supposed authorship disguised under the name of Mr Winandermere.

At the other end of the century, the scholarly Notes and Queries published a list of other literary parodies, among which two further successors to the Rejected Addresses are noted. Peter George Patmore's Rejected Articles (1826) is a prose equivalent, imitating the style of articles in magazines of the day, among which feature the two Smith brothers themselves and William Cobbett, the target of their earlier work. The other successor is William Frederick Deacon's Warreniana (1824), a mixture of prose and verse with, as a common focus, the advertisement of a commercial blacking product. Among the poetical works featured are "Old Cumberland Pedlar" by W. W., "Carmen Triumphale" by R. S., "The Childe's Pilgrimage" by Lord B., "The Dream: a psychological curiosity" by S. T. C. and "The Battle of Brentford Green" by Sir W. S.

References

1812 books
British books
Parodies of literature
Theatre in London
Theatres completed in 1812


Sean McKenna may refer to:

Sean McKenna (ice hockey) (born 1962), former professional ice hockey player
Sean McKenna (footballer) (born 1987), Scottish footballer
Shaun McKenna (born 1957), English writer
Sean McKenna (cyclist) (born 1994), Irish cyclist


A bus trailer may be:

A trailer attached to a bus or coach, usually for extra luggage space, or batteries for an electric bus
the rear portions of an articulated bus, permanently attached
a passenger carrying trailer, attached by a drawbar (haulage) to a bus
a passenger carrying semi-trailer, as in a trailer bus


The year 1993 saw political unrest within Pakistan as president Ghulam Ishaq Khan and prime minister Nawaz Sharif duelled for supremacy. Khan dissolved Sharif's government, only for it to be restored by a Supreme Court verdict.

While Pakistan moved closer to peaceful negotiations with Afghanistan, its relationships continued to worsen with India over the Kashmir issue and the 1993 Bombay bombings. Meanwhile, the United States imposes stricter sanctions on Pakistan and any country that traded with Pakistan.

Incumbents

Federal government
 President
 Ghulam Ishaq Khan: until 18 July 1993
 Wasim Sajjad: 18 July – 13 November 1993 (caretaker)
 Farooq Laghari: since 13 November 1993
 Prime Minister
 Nawaz Sharif: until 18 April 1993
 Balakh Sher Mazari: 18 April – 26 May 1993 (caretaker)
 Nawaz Sharif: 26 May – 18 July 1993
 Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi: 18 August – 19 October 1993 (caretaker)
 Benazir Bhutto: since 19 October 1993
Chief Justice: Muhammad Afzal Zullah (until 18 April), Nasim Hasan Shah

Governors
 Governor of Balochistan – Gul Mohammad Khan Jogezai (until 19 July); Abdur Rahim Durrani (starting 19 July)
 Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Amir Gulistan Janjua (until 19 July); Khurshid Ali Khan (starting 19 July)
 Governor of Punjab –
 until 25 April: Mian Muhammad Azhar
 25 April-19 July: Chaudhary Altaf Hussain
 starting 19 July: Iqbal Khan
 Governor of Sindh – Hakeem Saeed (until 19 July); Mahmoud Haroon (starting 19 July)

Events

January
 8 January – The United States decides against branding Pakistan a terrorist nation.
 9 January – The US president-elect Bill Clinton gives Pakistan six months to refute Indian charges that it is sponsoring international terrorism.

February
 5 February – Kashmir Solidarity Day is observed for the very first time in Pakistan.

March
 7 March – Political groups from Afghanistan sign the Islamabad Accord in Pakistan, forming a coalition until elections can be held.
 17 March – Mian Zahid Sarfaraz demands an early dissolution of the National Assembly.
 27 March – Hamid Nasir Chattha and three other ministers resign from the federal cabinet.

April
 2 April – The Pakistan government vows to crack down on Arab militants.
 4 April
 India presents evidence implicating Pakistan in the 1993 Bombay bombings.
 The federal cabinet nominates Ghulam Ishaq Khan as the president for a second term.
 3 MNAs resign from the National Assembly.
 8 April
 After a crack down on illegal immigrants, hundreds of Arab nationals are arrested on suspected links to Islamic militants.
 92 MNAs tender their resignation from the house.
 13 April – Crack down continues against illegal Arab immigrants to prevent any extremists among them from using Pakistan to foment violence in other countries.
 18 April
 President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dissolves the National Assembly, dismissing the Sharif cabinet.
 Balakh Sher Mazari is appointed the caretaker prime minister.
 19 April – Federal ministers in the Mazari caretaker ministry are sworn into office and handed ministerial portfolios.

May
 23 May – In record busts against drug smugglers in southeastern Balochistan, navy officers seize 132,000 pounds of hashish and 440 pounds of heroin.
 26 May – The Supreme Court restores the National Assembly and prime minister Nawaz Sharif.

June
 5–24 June Pakistani soldiers are massacred in Somalia while serving with a UN peacekeeping mission.
 16 June – Bosnian Muslim refugees leave Croatia for Pakistan.

July
 18 July
 After weeks of negotiations with army chief Gen Abdul Waheed Kakar, both president Khan and prime minister Sharif resign from their posts.
 Wasim Sajjad becomes the caretaker president.
 20 July – The US threatens to impose sanctions on China if it continues to ship missiles to Pakistan in defiance of an international agreement.

August
 18 August – Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi becomes the caretaker prime minister.

October
 6 October – General elections are held. PPP wins 86; PML-N secures 72 seats.
 19 October – Benazir Bhutto becomes the prime minister by 121 votes for a second time.

November
 4 November – Police arrest Murtaza Bhutto, the brother of PM Bhutto, moments after his plane landed in Pakistan ending his 16 years in exile.
 9 November – Fire rages through the National Assembly building, destroying the main chamber. According to PTV, the cause is believed to be an electric short circuit.
 13 November – Farooq Laghari is sworn in as the eighth elected president of Pakistan.
 24 November – India and Pakistan agree to resume talks on the Kashmir issue.

December
 16 December – Pakistan accuses India of stepping up attacks on civilians in Kashmir.
 28 December – Pakistan begins a campaign to eradicate polio.

Births
4 October – Rehman Khalid, Pakistani baseball pitcher
7 November – Haris Rauf, Pakistani cricketer

Deaths
 8 January – Gen Asif Nawaz dies of a heart attack in Rawalpindi.
 18 March – Former prime minister Muhammad Khan Junejo dies in a hospital in the United States undergoing treatment for leukaemia.

References

Pakistan
Pakistan
1990s in Pakistan
Years of the 20th century in Pakistan


Swithland Sidings is a set of railway sidings on the preserved Great Central Railway, situated just south of Swithland Reservoir and Swithland Viaduct which crosses it.

Commercial history
The original plans for the MS&LR's London Extension had a station situated at Swithland instead of Rothley, although Rothley was much the larger village of the two, and only slightly further from the line. Local pressure, much of it spearheaded by Frederick Merttens, Lord of Rothley Manor, forced a change in the plans and the proposed site changed to Rothley; however, this did not mean that Swithland station was abandoned. The railway company had visions of turning the area into a tourist spot and the construction of Swithland station was commenced anyway. It would have consisted of an island platform of the standard design that became typical of the line, here the less common "embankment" type reached from a roadway (the Swithland-Rothley road) that passed beneath the line, similar to East Leake. In the event, these plans were thwarted, reportedly at a fairly advanced stage, and work stopped. Since it was barely a mile away to the south, Rothley station was deemed adequate to serve the area.

It has been difficult to determine just how much of Swithland station was actually built. The bricked up station entrance below and between the twin bridges over the Swithland-Rothley road can still be seen to this day; one of the many excellent photographs taken by the Leicester photographer S.W.A. Newton of the line's construction clearly shows the view looking up the stairway towards the platform. The mystery surrounds the platform itself - several sources appear to confirm that the platform was completed, together with at least some of the buildings, but it has so far not been possible to substantiate this for certain. What is known is that anything that was built lasted only a short time, though the main running lines continued to veer round the platform's site throughout the operating history of the line.

Sidings were however sited here to serve the Mountsorrel Railway, a mineral branch leading to granite quarries in the village of Mountsorrel about two miles to the north east; this line was originally closed on 6 April 1964 but has since been reconstructed.

Preservation

The main line through here was closed on 5 May 1969. The trackbed was subsequently taken over for preservation, but in 1990 the sidings were devoid of its original features. Led by GCR benefactor David Clarke, double track was relaid from Swithland to Rothley, and then from Swithland to Quorn, eventually reaching Loughborough in 2000. The double track commences at Swithland, with GWR signalling as used on the GW&GC Joint Line.  The signal box is the former Aylesbury South box which was located at Aylesbury railway station. The station was once again considered, but it was then decided that it would be close enough to Rothley not to be needed.

All the sidings, the Mountsorrel Branch and the second main line had gone, but were eventually restored by the volunteers of the  Great Central Railway and the  Mountsorrel Railway Project. Swithland Sidings now has the Up and Down main lines, Up and Down passing loops, a complex of sidings for the storage of railway vehicles and the re-instated Mountsorrel Branch. It has a re-erected signalbox and is fully signalled with semaphore signals. The signalling became operational in the summer of 2012. The facilities at Swithland now allow for the storage of railway vehicles and the passing loops allow trains to be held in the loop while an express passes on the main line.

In the Winter 2012 edition of Main Line Magazine, it was announced that Railway Vehicle Preservations Ltd had proposed plans for a four road carriage shed at the back of Swithland Sidings. This has since enabled an increased capacity for the storage of carriages, as well as provide shelter for them from the weather.

References

Great Central Railway
Great Central Railway (preserved)


Zarafa was an open-source groupware application that originated in the city of Delft in the Netherlands. The company that developed Zarafa, previously known as Connectux, is also called Zarafa. The Zarafa groupware provided email storage on the server side and offered its own Ajax-based mail client called WebAccess and a HTML5-based, WebApp. Advanced features were available in commercially supported versions ("Small Business", "Professional" and "Enterprise" (different feature levels)). Zarafa has been superseded by Kopano.

Zarafa was originally designed to integrate with Microsoft Office Outlook and was intended as an alternative to the Microsoft Exchange Server. Connectivity with Microsoft Outlook was provided via a proprietary client-side plugin. Support for the plugin has been discontinued after Q1/2016, though Outlook from then on can use its own ActiveSync implementation instead. The WebApp (and WebAccess) has the same "look-and-feel" as the Outlook OWA. The software handles a personal address-book, calendar, notes and tasks, "Public Folders", a shared calendar (inviting internal and external users, resource management), exchange of files, and video chat. The open source edition does not support any MAPI-based Outlook users, while the community edition supports three Outlook users.

All server-side components and the WebApp/WebAccess of Zarafa are published under the Affero General Public License (AGPL), based on the GNU General Public License, version 2 (GPLv2). Introducing and maintaining a dual-licensing strategy, on 18 September 2008 Zarafa released the full core software, that is the server side software stack, under the GNU Affero General Public License, version 3 (AGPLv3).

Technology

Zarafa provides its groupware functionality by connecting the Linux-based server with Outlook clients using MAPI. The communication between server and client is based upon SOAP technology. The connection to Outlook clients can be secured using TLS/SSL, either directly between the Zarafa server program and the client, or via an HTTPS proxy.
All data is generally stored in a MySQL database, although attachments can be saved on the filesystem. The Zarafa server can get its user information from LDAP, Active Directory, Unix user accounts or the MySQL database.
The webmail is based on HTML5 (WebApp) and AJAX technology (WebAccess), with a PHP backend using a MAPI PHP extension.
Other clients can connect via POP3, IMAP and iCalendar/CalDAV.

Zarafa initiated a project called Z-push in October 2007. It supports Exchange ActiveSync compatible devices (Symbian, Pocket PC, iPhone (firmware 2.0 and higher), Android (version 2.1 and higher), Nokia (mail4Exchange)) implementing the ActiveSync protocol and using the Incremental Change System (ICS) provided by the PHP-MAPI extension.

See also

 List of collaborative software

References

Publications
 Peter van Wijngaarden: Linux Magazine NL, Sep/2006, nr 4 -- Zarafa extended with real-time LDAP coupling
 Sebastian Kummer und Manfred Kutas: Linux Magazine PRO (USA) Feb/2008 -- Zarafa - Exchange Alternative, Linux New Media AG, München, 2007
 Roberto Galoppini and Davide Galletti: Open Source Messaging & Collaboration: Zarafa, SOS Open Source 2011

External links
 Official website

Free email software
Free groupware
Wireless email
Data synchronization
Collaborative software
Groupware
Ajax (programming)
Groupware
Software using the GNU AGPL license


The 1991 Men's European Volleyball Championship was the seventeenth edition of the event, organized by Europe's governing volleyball body, the Confédération Européenne de Volleyball. It was hosted in Hamburg and Berlin, Germany from September 7 to September 15, 1991.

Teams

Group A – Hamburg

Group B – Berlin

Preliminary round

Final round

Final ranking

References
 Results

Men's European Volleyball Championships
E
Volleyball Championship
V
Volleyball
V
1991 in Berlin
1990s in Hamburg


Events from the year 1994 in Pakistan.

Incumbents

Federal government
President: Farooq Leghari
Prime Minister: Benazir Bhutto
Chief Justice:
 until 14 April: Nasim Hasan Shah
 15 April-4 June: Saad Saud Jan
 starting 5 June: Sajjad Ali Shah

Governors
Governor of Balochistan – Abdul Rahim Durrani (until 19 May); Imran Ullah Khan (starting 19 May)
Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Amir Gulistan Janjua (until 26 March); Khurshid Ali Khan (starting 26 March)
Governor of Punjab – Iqbal Khan (until 26 March); Chaudhary Altaf Hussain (starting 26 March)
Governor of Sindh – Hakeem Saeed (until 23 January); Mahmoud Haroon (starting 23 January)

Events

Births
 January 01 - M Zunair Saeed, engineer and philanthropist
 January 17 – Sajal Ali, actress and model
 July 2 – Hasan Ali, cricketer
 October 15 – Babar Azam, cricketer

References

Pakistan
Pakistan
1990s in Pakistan
Years of the 20th century in Pakistan


Sweat is the debut studio album by Turkish-Belgian singer Hadise which was released in November 12, 2005. The album was released in both Belgium and Turkey. Hadise released 4 singles from this album - "Sweat", "Milk Chocolate Girl", "Ain't No Love Lost" and "Stir Me Up" - before releasing the single "Bad Boy (Remix)" which was supposed to be included on a re-release of the album that was eventually never released due to legal reasons.

Legal battle
After the release of her debut album, Hadise was scheduled to release a special edition of "Sweat", however a legal battle between Hadise and her manager broke out and consequently postponed the release of the album. It was then expected to be released at the beginning of 2007, however this never happened.

Track listing

Standard Edition
 "Sweat" (featuring Raw Jawz)- 3:15
 "Bad Boy" - 3:11
 "When Ya Breathing On Me " - 3:23
 "Jealous" - 3:14
 "Ain't Doing It Right" - 3:50
 "Milk Chocolate Girl" - 3:16
 "Momma's Boy " - 3:25
 "Never Trust A Man" - 3:21
 "Sister" - 3:23
 "Who Do You Believe" - 3:55
 "Stir Me Up" - 3:26
 "On The Beach" - 3:24
 "Ain't No Love Lost" - 3:29
 "Sakin Gitme" - 3:24

Sweat - Special Edition
(Disc 1)
Sweat (Radio Edit) - 03:14
Bad Boy (Radio Mix) - 03:33
When Ya Breathing On Me - 03:21
Jealous - 03:14
Ain't Doin' It Right - 03:49
Milk Chocolate Girl - 03:16
Momma's Boy - 03:23
Never Trust A Man - 03:19
Sister - 3:23
Who Do You Believe - 03:55
Stir Me Up - 03:26
On The Beach - 03:23
Ain't No Love Lost - 03:29
Sakin Gitme - 03:23
Su Halimi (Radio Edit) - 03:21
Burdayim - 03:33

(Disc 2)
Bad Boy (Basto! Loves Dub Mix) - 05:09
Bad Boy (E-Side Club Remix) - 03:26
Bad Boy (E-Side Oriental Remix) - 03:46
Stir Me Up (After Party Mix) - 04:05
Stir Me Up (Crunk Mix) - 04:15
Milk Chocolate Girl (Extended) - 05:49
Sweat (Nasty Mix) - 03:31
Sweat (Bubblin Mix) - 03:31
Bad Boy - Video
Stir Me Up - Video
Ain't No Love Lost - Video
Milk Chocolate Girl - Video

Singles
On November 1, 2004, the first single "Sweat" was released in Belgium. Sweat debuted a month later on the Ultratop 50, entering at #38. It later rose to a peak of #25 before to descend for the next two weeks. In its tenth week, "Sweat" rose to a new peak of #19 and then fell off the chart five weeks later. Sweat spent a total of fourteen weeks on the chart.

The second single, "Stir Me Up", released on May 6, 2005, became another huge success especially in Turkey where the
music video received much attention. On the Belgian Ultratop 50 chart, "Stir Me Up" spent a total of twelve weeks, peaking at #22.

The third single was "Milk Chocolate Girl", spent a total of 18 weeks on the Ultratop 50 singles chart, peaking at #13. "Milk Chocolate Girl" became the most successful single from the album "Sweat" and of Hadise's career until the release of "My Body".

"Ain't No Love Lost" was the fourth single, released January 13, 2006, becoming the least successful song of Hadise's career so far, only spending two weeks on the charts. It entered at 45 and then fell to 50, it then fell off the charts.

Hadise fourth single "Bad Boy", a remix, was released in late 2006 and became a huge hit all over Europe, making her one of the hottest new music artists on the continent. The video was shot on location on a beach in Belgium. It spent a total of eleven weeks on the Ultratop 50 chart and peaked at #22.

Charts

References

2005 debut albums
Hadise albums


The following is a comprehensive discography of Sparks, an American rock and pop music band formed in Los Angeles in 1970 by brothers Ron (keyboards) and Russell Mael (vocals), initially under the name Halfnelson. Best known for their quirky approach to songwriting, Sparks' music is often accompanied by cutting and acerbic lyrics, and an idiosyncratic stage presence, typified in the contrast between Russell's wide-eyed hyperactive frontman antics and Ron's sedentary scowling.

Albums

Studio albums

Live albums

Soundtrack albums

Compilation albums
 2 Originals of Sparks (1975, Bearsville) - Double LP set consisting of Halfnelson and A Woofer in Tweeter's Clothing
 The Best of Sparks (1978, Island Records)
 The History of the Sparks (1981, Carrere)
 Mael Intuition (The Best of the Sparks 1974-76) (1990, Island)
 Profile: The Ultimate Sparks Collection (1991, Rhino)
 The Heaven Collection (1993, Underdog/Sony France)
 The Hell Collection (1993, Underdog/Sony France)
 In the Swing (1993, Spectrum/Karussell)
 The 12 Inch Mixes (1996, Kiosk)
 12" Mixes (1999, Oglio Records)
 The Best of Sparks (2000, Repertoire Records)
 This Album's Big Enough… The Best of Sparks (2002, Music Club)
 Shortcuts – The 7inch Mixes (1979-1984) (2012, Repertoire Records)
 Extended – The 12inch Mixes (1979-1984) (2012, Repertoire Records)
 Real Extended: The 12 inch Mixes (1979 - 1984) (2012, Repertoire Records) Improved and Corrected Version of above
 New Music for Amnesiacs: The Essential Collection (2013, Lil Beethoven Records)
 The Best & The Rest Of The Island Years 74-78 (2018, Island Records, 2 (Limited Edition, Remastered, Red Translucent) Vinyle LP)
 Past Tense – The Best of Sparks (2019, BMG Rights Management UK) SC #23, UK #73

Singles

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

Collaborations and contributions
1979 - produced and wrote an album called Is There More to Life Than Dancing? for a singer named Noël.
1979 - produced the album Pas Dormir for a French band Bijou.
1979 - produced the single "C’est Sheep" by Adrian Munsey.
1981 - wrote the lyrics for the album Sex by Telex.
1982 - worked with Lio on her album Suite Sixtine, which was a compilation of French rarities and English versions (translated by Sparks) of tracks from her first album.
1984 - co-wrote a song called "Yes or No" for The Go-Go's album Talk Show.
1987 - Russell Mael provided backing vocals for Salon Music for This Is Salon Music.
1988 - "In My Life" and "Say Hello, Wave Goodbye" with Salon Music for O Boy.
1988 - "Singing in the Shower", "Live in Las Vegas" and "Hip Kit" with Les Rita Mitsouko from Marc et Robert.
2001 - "Kimono" with Pizzicato Five from Çà et là du Japon.
2001 - "La nuit est là" and "Yo quiero màs dinero" with Grand Popo Football Club from Shampoo Victims.
2003 - "We Are The Clash", a cover for Uncut magazine's The Clash tribute CDs "White Riot"
2004 - "Acid Pants" with Orbital from Blue Album.
2005 - remixed Morrissey's song, "Suedehead", for the compilation Future Retro
2010 - remixed the song "Give Me Something" by Yoko Ono
2011 - remixed the song "A Happy Place" by Katie Melua as Sparks Vs Katie Melua
2012 - produced Gemma Ray's cover versions of Sparks songs "How Do I Get to Carnegie Hall" and "Eaten by the Monster of Love"
2021 - recorded "Your Fandango" with Todd Rundgren

Soundtrack appearances
Rollercoaster (1977) - "Big Boy" and "Fill 'Er Up"
Valley Girl (1983) - "Angst in My Pants" and "Eaten by the Monster of Love"
Get Crazy (1983) - "Get Crazy"
Where the Boys Are '84 (1984) - "Mini-Skirted"
Heavenly Bodies (1984) - "Breaking Out of Prison"
Bad Manners (aka Growing Pains) (1984) - "Growing Pains", "Motorcycle Midget", "What You're Wearing" (with Laurie Bell) and "Growing Pains (Reprise)"
Fright Night (1985) - "The Armies of the Night"
Rad (1986) - "Music That You Can Dance To"
Black Rain (1989) - "Singing in the Shower"
Unlawful Entry (1992) - "National Crime Awareness Week"
Knock Off (1998) - Original Musical Score and "It's a Knockoff"
Boarding Gate - "The Number One Song in Heaven"
Rendition - "Camel Jam" and "Nous-Nous"
Cabin Fever 2: Spring Fever (2009) - "Eaten by the Monster of Love"
Kick Ass (2010) - "This Town Ain't Big Enough for Both of Us"
Alan Partridge: Alpha Papa (2013) - "The Number One Song in Heaven"
The Overnight (2015) - "Tryouts for the Human Race"
Master of None - "Tryouts for the Human Race"
A Futile and Stupid Gesture (2018) - "Beat the Clock"

Video
Amateur Hour (V-CD, 1995)
Live in London (2003)
Lil' Beethoven - Live In Stockholm (2004)
DEE VEE DEE - Live at the London Forum (2007)

Music videos

Notes

References

Rock music group discographies
Pop music group discographies
Discographies of American artists


Thomas H. Morris (9 February 1875 – 25 April 1942) was a professional footballer who played during the 1890s and 1900s, initially for Grantham Rovers and Gainsborough Trinity before making a name for himself as at half-back for Tottenham Hotspur.

Career
Morris played for Tottenham in the first game played at White Hart Lane on 4 September 1899, a friendly, against Notts County when 5,000 spectators turned up to see Spurs win 4–1. In 1901 he was part of the FA Cup winning team which beat Sheffield United 3–1 in the replay at Burnden Park after drawing 2–2 in the first match at Crystal Palace. This was also the first and only time a non-league team won the FA Cup.

Morris made 523 appearances for Spurs including 63 (scoring two goals) after the club was elected to the Football League. His playing career lasted 13 years. After retirement from playing until his death on 25 April 1942 he remained a member of the ground staff.

Honours
Tottenham Hotspur
 Southern League: 1899–1900
 FA Cup: 1900–01

Notes

1875 births
1942 deaths
English men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Gainsborough Trinity F.C. players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Southern Football League players
Sportspeople from Grantham
Footballers from Lincolnshire


The 1989 Men's European Volleyball Championship was the sixteenth edition of the event, organized by Europe's governing volleyball body, the European Volleyball Confederation. It was hosted in Örebro and Stockholm, Sweden, from September 23 to October 1, 1989.

Teams

Group A – Stockholm

Group B – Örebro

Preliminary round

Group A

Group B

Final round

Final ranking

Team Roster
Andrea Anastasi, Lorenzo Bernardi, Marco Bracci, Luca Cantagalli, Ferdinando De Giorgi, Andrea Gardini, Andrea Lucchetta, Stefano Margutti, Roberto Masciarelli, Gilberto Passani, Paolo Tofoli, and Andrea Zorzi.Head Coach: Julio Velasco.

References
 Results

Men's European Volleyball Championships
E
Volleyball Championship
V
V
1980s in Stockholm
September 1989 sports events in Europe
October 1989 sports events in Europe
Sports competitions in Örebro


Cyril Winthrop Mackworth-Praed (21 September 1891 – 30 June 1974) was a British sport shooter who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was also a naturalist and ornithologist who specialized on the birds of Africa.

Life and work
Mackworth-Praed was born in Herefordshire to Robert Herbert and Mary Josephine Jolliffe. where he became interested in shooting and natural history which was also encouraged at school in Sandroyd. After studying at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, he settled in East Africa as a farmer.  In 1919 he married, Edith Mary Henrietta, the daughter of Stephenson Robert Clarke and began to help identify African birds in his father-in-law's collection. This brought him to the bird room of the British Museum. He later joined the Scots Guards and served in World War II, rising to the rank of Major in 1941. He returned to live in Castletop, Burley, Hampshire. In the 1930s he began a collaboration with Claude H. B. Grant to produce a 6 volume work on the birds of Africa. In 1958, Grant died and only two volumes were produced. The remainder, completed in 1973, was written by Mackworth-Praed.

He had a parallel career as a sport shooter. In 1924 he won the gold medal as member of the British team in the team running deer, double shots event. He also won two silver medals in the running deer, single shots and double shots competition. In the 1924 Summer Olympics he also participated in the following events:

 Team 100 metre running deer, single shots - fourth place
 Team clay pigeons - eighth place
 individual trap - result unknown
He also competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics.

He was appointed OBE in 1964.

References

External links
 Cyril Mackworth-Praed at databaseOlympics.com
 Duck-ringing at Orielton Decoy Pond (1938), film made by Mackworth-Praed

1974 deaths
1891 births
British male sport shooters
Running target shooters
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Olympic shooters for Great Britain
Shooters at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Shooters at the 1952 Summer Olympics
English Olympic medallists
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain
Trap and double trap shooters
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1924 Summer Olympics


was a Japanese singer. Her nickname was Mico (also spelled Miko).

Hirota was born in Setagaya, Tokyo. She grew up listening to pop and jazz in places like Tachikawa, which was frequented by Occupation troops. She made her debut in 1961 at age 14. In 1965, Mico became the first Japanese singer to sing the song "Sunny" on album and the first to appear at the Newport Jazz Festival.

Mico appeared on the NHK New Year's Eve Kōhaku Uta Gassen eight times. Her first performance was in 1962, when she sang the Connie Francis tune "Vacation." NHK tapped her for the next four years in succession, and again in 1969, 1970, and 1971.

She sang the theme song, "Leo no Uta", for the animated television series Kimba the White Lion.

Hirota's commercial career included endorsements for Nescafé, Nippon Oil, Daikin Industries, Fujiya, Renown, and Sapporo Beer.

Hirota died on July 21, 2020, at the age of 73 following a fall. She became one of eight recipients of the Special Lifetime Achievement Award at the 62nd Japan Record Awards.

Kōhaku Uta Gassen appearances

Sources
This article incorporates material from 弘田三枝子 (Hirota Mieko) in the Japanese Wikipedia, retrieved on February 10, 2008.

External links
 TEZUKA OSAMU @ WORLD : ANIME STATION ジャングル大帝 site
 Official blog

1947 births
Japanese women singers
Musicians from Setagaya
2020 deaths
Japanese women jazz singers

Deaths from falls


Lephephe, also known as Lehepe or Lephepe, is a village in Kweneng District of Botswana. The population of Lephephe was 742 in 2001 census.

References

Kweneng District
Villages in Botswana


Doughboy Island may refer to:

Australia

Tasmania
 Doughboy Island (Tasmania), a small island in the Furneaux Group between Flinders Island and Barren Island in Bass Srait off northeast Tasmania
 The Doughboys (Tasmania), a pair of islands off Cape Grim, Tasmania

Victoria
 Doughboy Island (Victoria), a small island in Corner Inlet

United States
 Doughboy Island, a small island in Bluffton, South Carolina

See also
 Dough Boy (disambiguation)


Dutlwe is a village in Kweneng District of Botswana composed of people from the Bakgalagadi (tn) and Basarwa tribes. The population of Dutlwe was 1,464 with 692 males and 772 females in the 2022 census. As part of IDDS Botswana 2018, a bean thresher was installed in the village due to bean farming beaning one of the villages main sources of income. The village chief, Motshegetsi Puleng, was arrested for stabbing his girlfriend on July 4, 2020. In November 2022, 2 village residents died after drinking tea that had been suspected to be poisened. 4 others in the family also went to the hospital, but barely survived. There is a Calvary Baptist church in the town led by Pastor Thokwane.

References

Kweneng District
Villages in Botswana


Nikos Krotsidhas (born 24 March 1986) is a Greek football player who plays for Aiolikos.

He previously played for Aiolikos in the Gamma Ethniki.

References

1986 births
Living people
Greek men's footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Aiolikos F.C. players
People from Mytilene
Sportspeople from the North Aegean


Herbert Spencer Perry (23 January 1894 – 20 July 1966) was a British sport shooter who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1924 he won the gold medal as member of the British team in the team running deer, double shots event.

In the individual running deer, double shots competition he finished 13th. He was educated at Felsted School.

References

External links
profile

1894 births
1966 deaths
British male sport shooters
Running target shooters
Olympic shooters for Great Britain
Shooters at the 1924 Summer Olympics
English Olympic medallists
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1924 Summer Olympics


Lactarius helvus, commonly known as fenugreek milkcap, is a member of the large milkcap genus Lactarius in the order Russulales. Fruiting bodies can be found in Sphagnum moss in coniferous and deciduous woodland in Europe, and possibly North America, although considerable debate continues about the North American variety, formerly referred to as Lactarius aquifluus. Mushrooms are pale brown-grey or beige in colour and funnel-shaped, with colourless, watery milk. Its distinctive smell has been likened to fenugreek, celery, liquorice, or Maggi instant soup. Mildly toxic when raw, it has been implicated in the poisoning of 418 people near Leipzig in October 1949. However, it is used in small quantities as a spice when dried. Sotolon, the agent that gives the fungus its odour, also occurs in fenugreek, maple syrup and lovage.

The possible North American variety has a more salmon to pink color with scant watery milk and a strong smell of maple syrup or caramel. In Quebec it is known as the maple milky cap (Lactaire à odeur d'érable), and is fairly commonly eaten cooked and also sold as a dried powder and used as a spice, much in the same way that the candy cap mushroom is used on the west coast. Thus far, there have been no reported cases of illness from this variety in North America. Some confusion with the species Lactarius quietus var incanus is possible due to the similar smell. Lactarius quietus var incus, however, has a darker and more red appearance and when young, its milk is opaque and white, as opposed to the clear milk in Lactarius helvus. Furthermore, the possible North American variety of Lactarius helvus is restricted in distribution to the great lakes and north east, while lactarius quietus var incanus is commonly found much further south.

Taxonomy
It was initially described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1821 as Agaricus helvus, before he placed it in the genus Lactarius in 1838. Peck's Lactarius aquifluus has been deemed a synonym. The specific epithet helvus is derived from the Latin for 'honey-yellow'. Its name in German is Maggipilz. S

Description
The velvety cap is initially slightly convex (planoconvex), becoming funnel-shaped (infundibuliform) as it matures; it is 4–15 cm (1½–4 in) in diameter and has a faint zonate (bull's-eye) pattern, beige or light grey at the margins and darkening toward the centre. The decurrent gills are cream when young, and darkening to ochre-yellow with age. The flesh is white or beige, often pink-tinged. The latex, or milk, is watery and colourless, unlike that of any other milkcap. The hollow cylindrical stalk is 3–9 cm (1–3½ in) high by 1–2 cm (½ in) wide. It may be whitish when young, ochre or pink-tinged, and sometimes spotted orange-brown. The highly distinctive smell has been described as reminiscent of fenugreek, with a mild taste. To others, the smell has been likened to lovage or celery, or liquorice or a packet of Maggi instant soup.

Distribution and habitat
Fruiting bodies are found in groups in woodlands near conifers such as Picea and Pinus, as well as the deciduous birch (Betula) and rarely beech (Fagus). More specifically, they occur in wet places, often growing in Sphagnum, in late summer and autumn. The species is found across Europe and Asia.

Toxicity
Symptoms of poisoning are reported to occur within thirty minutes of consumption, with nausea and vomiting accompanied by vertigo and chills. The toxic agents are thought to be sesquiterpenes. In October 1949, 418 people were poisoned near Leipzig in eastern Germany. The toxins are destroyed by thorough boiling, and the species is used in small quantities as a spice after drying.

The agent which gives the fungus its distinctive odour is sotolon, which also gives fenugreek seed and lovage their characteristic smells. It is present  as well in molasses, aged sake and white wine, flor sherry, and roasted tobacco, as well as in maple syrup.

See also
List of Lactarius species

References

Fungi described in 1821
helvus
Poisonous fungi
Fungi of Europe
Taxa named by Elias Magnus Fries


The 1987 Men's European Volleyball Championship was the fifteenth edition of the event, organized by Europe's governing volleyball body, the Confédération Européenne de Volleyball. It was hosted in Auderghem and Ghent, Belgium from September 25 to October 3, 1987.

Teams

Group A – Auderghem

Group B – Ghent

Preliminary round

Group A

Group B

Final round

Final ranking

References
 Results

Men's European Volleyball Championships
E
Volleyball Championship
V
Sports competitions in Ghent
Auderghem
20th century in Ghent
Men's European Volleyball Championship
Men's European Volleyball Championship


was a stage of the Japanese language following Early Middle Japanese and preceding Early Modern Japanese. It was a period of transition in which the language shed many of its archaic features and became closer to its modern form.

The period spanned roughly 500 years from the 12th century to the 16th century and is customarily divided into Early and Late periods. Politically, the first half of Late Middle Japanese was the end of the Heian period, known as Insei and the Kamakura period. The second half of Late Middle Japanese was the Muromachi period.

Background
The late 12th century was a time of transition from the aristocratic society of nobles in the Heian period to the feudal society of the warrior class. Accompanying that change, the political center moved with the establishment of various shogunates in the east.

Various new Buddhist movements began and literacy increased because of their spread.

In the mid-16th century, Portuguese Christian missionaries arrived in Japan. They introduced western concepts and technology but also shared their language. Various Portuguese loanwords entered the language.

In an attempt to spread their religion, the Portuguese missionaries studied and learned Japanese. They created a number of linguistic grammars such as the ‘’Arte da Lingoa de Iapam’’ and dictionaries like the Nippo Jisho and even translated some Japanese literature. Those resources have proven extremely valuable in the study of Late Middle Japanese.

Phonology

Vowels
There were five vowels: /i, e, a, o, u/.

 /i/:
 /e/: , ?
 /a/:
 /o/: , ?
 /u/:

Initially, /e/ and /o/ were realized with semivowels  and , respectively, a result of earlier mergers inherited from Early Middle Japanese. However, it is unclear debated as to how they were realized when they were preceded by a consonant.

In addition, there were two types of long o:  and . The vowel sequence /au/ contracted into , and /ou/ and /eu/ contracted into  and , respectively:
/ɸayaku/ "quickly" > /ɸayau/:  >  >
/omou/ "think":  >

Consonants
Late Middle Japanese had the following consonants:

In addition were two phonemes: /N/ and /Q/. "Before a pause, /N/ is a uvular ; it assimilates to the place of articulation of a following stop, affricate, or nasal." "/Q/ becomes a phonetic copy of a following obstruent."

/s, z/, /t, d/, /n/, /h, b/, /p/, /m/, and /r/ could be palatalized.

Labialized consonants /kw, gw/ appeared during Early Middle Japanese. Labialized consonants before -i and -e merged with their non-labial counterparts. Specifically:
/kwi/ > /ki/
/gwi/ > /gi/
/kwe/ > /ke/
/gwe/ > /ge/

The distinction between /ka/ and /kwa/ remained.

The sibilants /s, z/ were palatalized before /i/ and /e/ and had the following distribution:
/sa, za/:
/si, zi/:
/su, zu/:
/se, ze/:
/so, zo/:

João Rodrigues noted in Arte da Lingoa de Iapam that the eastern dialects were known for realizing /se/ as , rather than . Note that /se, ze/ has become  in Modern Japanese but retained  for /si, zi/.

/t/ and /d/ were distinguished from the sibilants in all positions but undergo affrication before /i, u/:
/ti, di/:
/tu, du/:

Prenasalization
Voiced stops and fricatives were prenasalized:
/g/:
/z/:
/d/:
/b/:

João Rodrigues made that observation in Arte da Lingoa de Iapam. In addition, the Korean text Ch'ŏphae Sinŏ spelled [...] b, d, z, g with the Hangul letter sequences -mp-, -nt-, -nz-, -ngk-" indicating prenasalization.

The effects of prenasalization may also be seen in the transcription of words such as muma < /uma/ "horse" and mube < /ube/ "truly".

/h/ and /p/
Proto-Japanese contained , but by Old Japanese, it had become . Late Middle Japanese reintroduced , which contrasted with  and so was treated as a new phoneme. In Early Modern Japanese,  became  in many dialects, as it still is.  is found in mimetic words, such as pinpin and patto, as well as in Chinese loanwords such as sanpai and nippon.

Medial /ɸ/ became  before /a/. Before all other vowels, it became silent:
/-ɸa/:
/-ɸi/:
/-ɸu/:
/-ɸe/:
/-ɸo/:

Glides
/w/ had the following distribution:
/wa/:
/wi/:
/we/:
/wo/:

The prior merger between /o/ and /wo/ into  during Early Middle Japanese continued into Late Middle Japanese, with /e/ and /we/ merging into  by the 12th century.

/j/ had the following distribution:
/ja/:
/ju/:
/je/:
/jo/:

Various mergers, /e/, /we/ and /je/ made all realized as  and thus indistinguishable.

Syllable structure
Traditionally, syllables were of (C)V structure and so there was no need to distinguish between syllables and morae. However, Chinese loanwords introduced a new type of sound that could end in -m, -n, or -t. That structure is the syllable (C)V(C). The mora is based on the traditional (C)V structure.

The final syllables -m and -n were initially distinguished; but by the end of the Early period, both had merged into /N/.

Medial gemination
The final syllables -m, -n, -t before a vowel or a glide underwent gemination and became the consonant clusters -mm-, -nn-, and -tt-.

-m > -mm-:
samwi > sammi "third rank"

-n > -nn-:
ten'wau > tennau >  "Emperor of Japan"
kwan'on > kwannon "Guanyin"
kon'ya > konnya "tonight"

-t > -tt-:
set'in > settin 雪隠 "toilet"
konnitwa > konnitta "as for today"
but'on > button "blessing of Buddha"

Onbin

 are a type of sporadic sound changes and "were not automatic or exceptionless,"  and their exact causes are still debated. They also appear in earlier stages of the language but were particularly prevalent throughout Late Middle Japanese and had a great effect on its verbal and adjectival morphology.

Verbs:
yom- "read": /jomite/ > /joNde/
kuh- "eat": /kuɸite/ > /kuute/  :: /kuQte/

The kuh- example had two possible outcomes. The former was particular of the western dialects, and the latter was particular of the eastern dialects.

Adjectives:
/ɸajaku/ "quickly" > /ɸajau/: [ɸajaku] > [ɸajau] > [ɸajɔː]
/kataki/ "hard" > /katai/

In both words, the medial velar -k- became silent by elision.

Morphology
A number of archaic grammatical forms were lost and made the language closer to its modern form.

One of the most prominent developments was the replacement of the conclusive form by the attributive, which has a number of effects:
It was instrumental in changing from bigrade to monograde verbs.
It caused a chain of events in the two adjectival classes that eventually resulted in both merging into one.
It weakened the  system.
The verb ar- "be", which was once irregular, began to regularize as a quadrigrade.

Verbs
Late Middle Japanese inherited all nine verbal conjugations from Early Middle Japanese:

However, throughout the period, bigrade verbs gradually changed into monogrades. The process was completed by Early Modern Japanese, partly a result of the merger of the conclusive and attributive forms.

Adjectives
There were two types of adjectives: regular adjectives and adjectival nouns.

Regular adjectives
The regular adjective was traditionally subdivided into two types: those whose adverbial form ends in -ku and those whose ends in –siku:

There were three notable changes that eventually collapsed the two-way distinction into one:
In Early Middle Japanese, the -siku conclusive develops a -sisi form.
The conclusive and attributive forms merged.
In Late Middle Japanese, adjectival suffix -ki was reduced to -i

While the grammatical distinction between the two classes has disappeared, the historic distinction was used to explain certain present forms of -shii adjectives, notably the euphonic changes (音便) that occur in polite form of adjectives (when they are followed by ござる gozaru 'to be' or 存じる zonjiru 'to know').

Adjectival nouns
There were two classes of adjectival nouns inherited from Early Middle Japanese: -nar and -tar.

The most prominent development was the reduction of attributive -naru to -na. When the conclusive and attributive merged, they both share the new -na. The tar- type becomes more archaic and was continually reduced in distribution. In Modern Japanese, a few naru-adjectives and taru-adjectives remain as fossils.

Hypothetical
The realis base developed into the hypothetical. The realis described something that had already occurred. That usage began to fade and resulted in the use of the hypothetical for events that have not already occurred. Note that Modern Japanese has only a hypothetical and has lost this realis base.

Imperative
The imperative traditionally ended either with no suffix or with -yo. During Late Middle Japanese, -i was attached to lower bigrade, k-irregular, and s-irregular verbs:
kure + i: kurei "give me"
ko + i: koi "come"
se + i: sei "do"

João Rodrigues Tçuzu noted in Arte da Lingoa de Iapam that -yo could be replaced with -ro, as in miyo > miro "look." Note that the eastern dialects of Old Japanese in the 8th century also contained the -ro imperative, which is the standard imperative in Modern Japanese.

Tense and aspect
The tense and aspect systems underwent radical changes. The perfective n-, t-, and r- and the past k-/s- and ker- became obsolete and were replaced by tar- which developed from the perfective aspect into a common past tense. It eventually became ta-, the modern past tense.

Particles
The new case particle de was developed from ni te.

The conjectured suffix -mu underwent a number of phonological changes: mu > m > N > ũ. Combining with the vowel from the irrealis base to which it attached, it then became a long vowel, sometimes with -y- preceding it.

See also
Glossary of Japanese words of Portuguese origin

Notes

References

 Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010). A history of the Japanese language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .

Japanese language
Archaic Japanese language
Japanese, 1

Languages attested from the 12th century


Events from the year 1995 in Pakistan.

Incumbents

Federal government
President: Farooq Leghari
Prime Minister: Benazir Bhutto
Chief Justice: Sajjad Ali Shah

Governors
Governor of Balochistan – Imran Ullah Khan
Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Khurshid Ali Khan
Governor of Punjab –
 until 22 May: Raja Saroop Khan
 22 May-19 June: Muhammad Ilyas
 starting 19 June: Raja Saroop Khan
Governor of Sindh – Mahmoud Haroon (until 21 May); Kamaluddin Azfar (starting 21 May)

Events
  Pakistan invests in the private sector to boost power production.
 July – The Pakistani embassy in Kabul is attacked.
 December – A bomb blast targeting the Egyptian embassy in Islamabad kills 13.
 First Pakistan Auto Show

Births

 5 January – Muhammad Tousiq, field hockey player
 2 February – Arfa Karim, student, world's youngest Microsoft Certified Professional (2004–2008) (died 2012)
 10 March – Aima Baig, singer
 15 October – Diana Baig, female cricketer
 9 November – Sara Raza Khan, singer
 12 December – Sami Aslam, cricketer
 28 December – Mohammad Abubakar Durrani, canoeist

Full date unknown
 Hamidullah Khan, bagram captive

Deaths
April 16 – Iqbal Masih, born 1983, children's right activist

References

Pakistan
Pakistan
1990s in Pakistan
Years of the 20th century in Pakistan


Lieutenant-Colonel Allen Whitty, DSO (5 May 1867 – 22 July 1949) was a British Army officer and sport shooter who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics representing Great Britain.

Biography
Whitty joined the Worcestershire Regiment aged only 13 by concealing his age, and soon saw service in British India where he developed his skills as a marksman. He returned home as a regimental sergeant major in 1897. After the outbreak of the Second Boer War in late 1899, several regiments of the army were augmented to increase the overall number of available soldiers. Whitty was commissioned a quartermaster with the honorary rank of lieutenant in the new 3rd battalion of his regiment on 17 March 1900. He was later gazetted to a commission in his county regiment in June 1916, and later that year was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) and promoted to lieutenant colonel.

Whitty was a well-known figure at Army and national rifle meetings. He was a member of the Army VIII at various times between 1897 and 1920 and he shot in the King's Hundred five times, the last being in 1938 as a 71-year-old.  At the 1924 Olympics, Whitty only competed in the running deer, double shot, events, and after finishing in 18th place individually, he won a gold medal as a member of the team that defeated Norway by single point.

References

External links

1949 deaths
1867 births
Military personnel from Worcestershire
British Army personnel of World War I
Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Worcestershire Regiment officers
Worcestershire Regiment soldiers
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
British male sport shooters
Running target shooters
Olympic shooters for Great Britain
Shooters at the 1924 Summer Olympics
English Olympic medallists
Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain
Olympic medalists in shooting
Medalists at the 1924 Summer Olympics


The 2011 Irish presidential election was the thirteenth presidential election to be held in Ireland, and was contested by a record seven candidates. It was held on Thursday, 27 October 2011. The election was held to elect a successor to Mary McAleese, with the winner to be inaugurated as the ninth President of Ireland on 11 November 2011. Two constitutional referendums and a by-election for a vacant Dáil seat in the Dublin West constituency took place on the same day.

The seven candidates were Mary Davis, Seán Gallagher, Michael D. Higgins, Martin McGuinness, Gay Mitchell, David Norris and Dana Rosemary Scallon. Higgins was nominated by Labour, McGuinness by Sinn Féin and Mitchell by Fine Gael, while Independent candidates Davis, Gallagher, Norris and Scallon were nominated by local authorities. The previously dominant Fianna Fáil party declined to nominate a candidate following their disastrous general election campaign earlier that year. Michael D. Higgins was ultimately elected as president. Higgins also became the first politician in Irish history to obtain over 700,000 first preference votes and over one million votes in a final count.

Procedure

To qualify, candidates had to:
be a citizen of Ireland
be at least 35 years of age
be nominated by:
at least twenty of the 226 serving members of the Houses of the Oireachtas (parliament), or
at least four of the 34 county or city councils, or
themself, in the case of a former president who has served one term.
Presidential elections are conducted under the Presidential Elections Act 1993, as amended. Constitutionally, the election must be held not more than 60 days before the ending of the term of office of the incumbent, or within 60 days of the office becoming vacant. On 27 July the government announced that the election would be held on 27 October 2011. An order was made on 30 August by the Minister for the Environment, Community and Local Government declaring 28 September to be the last day on which nominations could be received. The election was conducted by means of the alternative vote (also called instant runoff voting), which is the single-winner analogue of the single transferable vote used in other Irish elections. Although the constitution calls the system "proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote", a single-winner election cannot be proportional. All Irish citizens entered on the current electoral register were eligible to vote.

Nomination campaign
Following the general election in February 2011, as well as subsequent Seanad election, only three political parties had the 20 members of Oireachtas required to nominate a candidate: Fine Gael (76 TDs and 19 senators), the Labour Party (37 TDs and 13 senators) and Fianna Fáil (19 TDs and 14 senators). Sinn Féin, the next largest party in the Dáil Éireann, had 14 TDs and 3 senators. For other candidates to be nominated by Oireachtas members, support would have been required from members of smaller parties, independents (of which there were then 14 TDs and 11 senators) or excess members of the three larger parties.

Fine Gael
Gay Mitchell, MEP for Dublin and former TD for Dublin South-Central was chosen as the Fine Gael candidate at a special convention held on 9 July 2011. He announced that he would be seeking the party's nomination in June 2011, having been contacted by "a large number of senior figures in the party". Voting was by secret ballot, with an electoral college consisting of the Fine Gael parliamentary party (TDs, Senators and MEPs) with 70% of the vote, county and city councillors (20%) and the twelve-member executive council (10%).

Three others sought the nomination:
Pat Cox, former President of the European Parliament and former Progressive Democrats/Independent MEP. Early in June 2011, press reports indicated that Cox, who had stated his desire to stand as an independent candidate, was seeking to join Fine Gael to be eligible for the party's nomination. His application to join the party was accepted by Fine Gael's National Executive Committee on 14 June. He launched his campaign for the Fine Gael nomination on 17 June 2011, describing it as a "one-shot opportunity" and that if he failed to be nominated by the party he would not stand as an independent. Cox was claimed by the Irish Independent to be the preferred choice of Taoiseach Enda Kenny and the Fine Gael leadership.
Avril Doyle, former MEP and TD. On 21 June 2011, she announced her candidacy. She withdrew from the contest on 7 July stating that she realised she was unlikely to receive the nomination.
Mairead McGuinness, MEP for the East constituency, former presenter of Ear to the Ground on RTÉ One and former journalist with the Irish Independent. She announced her bid for the Fine Gael nomination in April 2011.

In March 2011, Fine Gael had produced a shortlist of three candidates: John Bruton, Seán Kelly and Mairead McGuinness. Bruton, a former Taoiseach and European Union Ambassador, ruled himself out of the contest on 28 May 2011. Kelly, an MEP and former President of the Gaelic Athletic Association indicated on 1 June 2011 that he would not be seeking the party's nomination, and wished to continue serving in the European Parliament. The party approached Nobel laureate poet Seamus Heaney in late 2010, but Heaney declined to stand unless he was an agreed cross-party candidate.

On the announcement that Mitchell had won the nomination, the Sunday Independent stated that Kenny was seen to slump and "could barely contain his disappointment." When questioned by a journalist on his apparent disappointment, Kenny responded sharply "Am I supposed to be going around grinning like a Cheshire Cat at everything?"

Labour Party
The Labour Party candidate was Michael D. Higgins. He was chosen jointly by the party's National Executive and the Labour Parliamentary Party at a special convention on 19 June 2011.

The former TD and minister, current President of Ireland, originally indicated that he was interested in receiving the party's nomination in September 2010. Like Higgins, two other candidates put their names forward in late May 2011:
Fergus Finlay, Chief Executive of Barnardo's children's charity, announced on 9 September 2010 that he would seek the Labour Party's nomination for president.
Kathleen O'Meara, former Senator, also put her name forward for the party nomination.

Fianna Fáil
For the first time in any presidential election, Fianna Fáil neither ran a candidate nor supported the nomination of a candidate. The decision was made at a meeting of the parliamentary party on 31 August 2011, and was in line with the recommendations of the six-person subcommittee formed by the party leader Micheál Martin to consider the matter.

In June 2011 press reports had indicated that the party was unlikely to run a candidate both for financial reasons and also because it was unlikely that a Fianna Fáil nominee could be successful. In early August 2011 there was press speculation that RTÉ broadcaster Gay Byrne might seek a nomination. On 6 August Micheál Martin rang Byrne at his holiday home to indicate that Fianna Fáil Oireachtas members would facilitate his nomination. Byrne indicated that he had yet to make a decision on whether to put his name forward, but said that if he did so he would not run under the Fianna Fáil banner but as an independent, albeit with the assistance of the party's organisation. "Fianna Fáil are convinced no matter who they put up will be unelectable, so they're giving me their support" he told the Irish Independent. Éamon Ó Cuív, the party's deputy leader and member of the committee tasked with deciding on their strategy for the election stated that "I know of no approach to Gay Byrne... Nobody has discussed the issue with me — good, bad or indifferent." On 13 August Byrne informed Martin that he would not be going forward for nomination. He stated that the idea of running had been "foisted on him and he had not known anything about it and what it would involve". This followed unease among Fianna Fáil parliamentary party Oireachtas members, with a number unhappy that a candidate was being imposed by the leadership without discussion.

On 16 August 2011, the Irish Examiner reported that Micheál Martin had moved to pull the party out of the presidential race over the fallout from the approach to Gay Byrne, the cost involved and the slim chance of a candidate being elected. On 24 August, however, the party's deputy leader Éamon Ó Cuív told Raidió na Gaeltachta that he believed the party should put forward a candidate.
Several members had expressed an interest in the party nomination:
Brian Crowley, MEP, said in The Irish Times on 29 September 2008 that he would like to stand for president in 2011. In July 2011 he wrote to members of the parliamentary party confirming that he wished to contest the election as the Fianna Fáil candidate. On 23 August Crowley indicated that he would not be seeking a nomination. He stated that the party leadership "has demonstrated that it does not want an internal party candidate to contest the upcoming presidential election. So, with much disappointment, I do not now feel free to seek the Fianna Fáil nomination."
Éamon Ó Cuív, TD for Galway West and former minister, expressed an interest in the office once held by his grandfather, Éamon de Valera.
Senator Mary White had announced her intention to stand for the Fianna Fáil nomination in 2008, but in May 2011 said that she would not be seeking the nomination.
Mary Hanafin also expressed an interest in seeking the nomination.

Following the decision by Fianna Fáil not to run their own candidate, there was speculation that some party members might be prepared to nominate an independent candidate. However, on 11 September the party's chief whip, Seán Ó Fearghail, made it clear that individual TDs and senators would not be permitted to sign the nomination papers of independent candidates. He said that if the party decided to support a candidacy it would be done collectively.

A meeting of the parliamentary party was held on 15 September at which the issue of the presidential election was raised. Unexpectedly, one of the party's senators, Labhrás Ó Murchú, sought nominations to run as an independent candidate. This was widely seen as a challenge to the authority of Micheál Martin. The extended meeting broke up without agreement. The parliamentary party met again on 20 September. Senator Ó Murchú withdrew his request for a nomination and a motion was passed that the party's Oireachtas members would not nominate or endorse any candidate. The decision was seen as a severe blow to the attempts to secure a nomination by David Norris and Dana Rosemary Scallon who were expected to need signatures from individual Fianna Fáil members.

Sinn Féin
At the party's Ard Comhairle meeting in Dublin in June 2011, the party's leader, Gerry Adams TD, ruled himself out as a candidate. He had previously expressed a wish to be elected president in time for the centenary of the Easter Rising in 2016.

There had been reports in July that artist Robert Ballagh was "seriously considering a run for the presidency", and had been in talks with Sinn Féin, the Socialist Party and People Before Profit Alliance. A Sinn Féin source confirmed there had been "very informal discussions", However, on 25 July Ballagh ruled himself out.

In a keynote speech at the party's Ard Fheis on 10 September Gerry Adams said that he felt that Sinn Féin should support the nomination of "a candidate who is capable of winning the support of progressive and nationalist opinion… who will reflect the broad republican spirit of the Irish people at this time". He went on to state that the party's Ard Comhairle would consider the matter on 17 September.

On 16 September it was revealed that the party would seek to have Martin McGuinness, deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland, nominated to contest the election. With 14 TDs and three senators, Sinn Féin were three short of the required twenty Oireachtas members to nominate a candidate for the presidency. Soon after the nomination was announced, four Independent TDs agreed to nominate McGuinness, securing his nomination: Michael Healy-Rae and Tom Fleming (both representing Kerry South), Luke 'Ming' Flanagan (Roscommon–South Leitrim) and Finian McGrath (Dublin North-Central). Both 'Ming' Flanagan and McGrath had previously pledged their support to Norris.

Independent
In order to secure a nomination, a number of non-party politicians sought the support of either 20 members of the Oireachtas or four city or county councils.

Oireachtas nominations
David Norris, a Senator since 1987 and long time civil rights campaigner, credited with helping overthrow Ireland's laws criminalising homosexuality, launched his campaign in January 2011. It had initially been anticipated that he might be nominated by the Labour Party. A Red C poll commissioned by Paddy Power in January 2011 showed that Norris was by far the most popular choice for president with more than double the support of any of the other potential candidates. On 14 March 2011 Norris formally launched his campaign to secure a nomination, stating that he had written to the chairpersons of each of the 34 county and city councils and that he would also be individually contacting the independent TDs elected to the 31st Dail. On 21 July Norris revealed that he had secured the support of 13 Oireachtas members for his candidacy, and was confident of securing 20. On 22 July two more senators announced they would back him. However, on 2 August, Norris publicly announced at a press conference that he was withdrawing from the presidential race. This followed the decision of three of his backers, the TDs John Halligan, Finian McGrath and Thomas Pringle to withdraw their support following revelations that Norris had written a letter to a court asking clemency for his former partner Ezra Nawi, who was then on trial in Israel. This information was publicised on 24 July by John Connolly, a Zionist blogger in London, who claimed he had received a tip-off from an associate he admitted may have been a supporter of Norris's campaign rival and eventual election winner Michael D. Higgins. Norris withdrew his candidacy on 2 August due to the controversy. Nawi, a human rights campaigner and pacifist who has been jailed for several short spells for his activism, suggested at the time that his deeds were being "recycled" against him and those associated with him. However, by 15 September, media reports indicated Norris was seeking to re-enter the election, and was meeting independent TDs looking for their support. By 25 September, 18 members of the Oireachtas had signed Norris's nomination papers. Then Mattie McGrath TD indicated that he would not be signing Norris's nomination papers following a meeting with his supporters. This effectively ended the attempt to gain nomination through the Oireachtas, although Michael Lowry TD stated he would give the final required nomination if Norris acquired 19 nominations.
Niall O'Dowd, New York based journalist and publisher. Early in June 2011, he indicated he had been approached by "a cross-party group of Irish and Irish-Americans" urging him to put his name forward for the contest. O'Dowd travelled to Ireland later in the month to meet Fianna Fáil, Sinn Féin and independent TDs and senators in an attempt to gain a nomination. O'Dowd withdrew from seeking a nomination on 30 June, due to the difficulty of organising a campaign and "because he stopped believing he could win".
The members of the Technical Group of independents in Dáil Éireann considered nominating a candidate. Finian McGrath, the chair of the group, circulated a list of 10 possible candidates to the members during the summer of 2011. Although meetings were held with Dana Rosemary Scallon, Mary Davis and Trócaire chief executive Justin Kilcullen no agreement was reached. Kilcullen withdrew from seeking a nomination on 14 September.

Council nominations
A number of independent politicians sought support from local authorities, with four candidates nominated by the resolutions of four or more councils:
Mary Davis announced on 26 May 2011 that she would be seeking a nomination. She had originally stated in August 2010 that she would consider standing for the presidency if approached by a political party. She subsequently decided to run as an independent, seeking nominations from four local authorities.
Seán Gallagher. In May 2011, The Sunday Business Post reported that he was likely to seek a nomination. The Irish Times subsequently reported that in addition to seeking the support of independents, he was approaching Fianna Fáil Oireachtas members in order to run as an independent candidate, but with a "semi-detached" relationship with the party. On 13 June 2011, he began the process of looking for nominations from local authorities.
David Norris. Norris approached a number of councils in June and July 2011. On 2 August Norris announced he was withdrawing from the election. In September he reversed the decision, and received his first local authority nomination on 20 September.
Dana Rosemary Scallon announced on 19 September that she would be seeking a presidential nomination. She initially attempted to gain the signatures of 20 Oireachtas members. However, by 21 September, she only secured the support of one TD. She instead began the process of seeking support from county and city councils.

A number of councils scheduled special meetings to consider presidential nominations prior to the deadline of midday on 28 September 2011.

Candidates
Seven candidates contested the presidential election, having been selected by their parties or having received sufficient council nominations. This was the largest number of candidates to contest an Irish presidential election.

Mary Davis, social entrepreneur, disability rights campaigner and best known as organiser of the 2003 Special Olympics World Summer Games in Ireland, was nominated by local councils.
Seán Gallagher, entrepreneur, panellist on the Dragons' Den television programme and former member of the Fianna Fáil National Executive, was nominated by local councils.
Michael D. Higgins, former Government Minister and TD was selected by the Labour Party.
Martin McGuinness, deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland was selected by Sinn Féin, and received enough support from independent TDs to be nominated.
Gay Mitchell, MEP and former TD was selected by Fine Gael.
David Norris, Senator, scholar and civil rights campaigner, was nominated by local councils.
Dana Rosemary Scallon, former MEP, was nominated by local councils.

Election campaign
The "motley crew" of candidates (The Washington Times) led to much attention on the campaign and election outcome from the international media. The Guardian described it as "the most fractious presidential election campaign since the republic was founded".

Phil Hogan of Fine Gael, Minister for the Environment, Community and Local Government, attacked Martin McGuinness claiming that US multinational companies would be "appalled" if Martin McGuinness were elected and foreign direct investment would drop. This was followed by a tweet made by Government Chief Whip Paul Kehoe which claimed that McGuinness profited from the Northern Bank robbery. This was in response to a pledge made by McGuinness to only take the average industrial wage, if elected president. McGuinness dismissed both charges as "black propaganda". It was reported in The Irish Times that Fine Gael's "strategy of levelling strongly worded accusations at Mr McGuinness was part of a drive to motivate party voters to come out in support of Mr Mitchell in the October 27th election".

At her formal campaign launch on 4 October, Independent Mary Davis accused Fine Gael of using polling companies to research attacks on her. She also pledged she would ask the Government to bring the office of President under the terms of the Freedom of Information Act and that she would publish an annual expenditure report for the Áras. David Norris also made a pledge to publish expenses. Mrs. Davis eventually accepted "collective responsibility" for mortgage lending decisions made after she was appointed to the board of the ICS building society.

During the campaign, several relatives of people killed during The Troubles objected to the prospect of a former IRA member, McGuinness, becoming president. On 10 October, McGuinness was confronted in Athlone by the son of a member of the Irish Army killed by the IRA after Don Tidey's kidnap in Ballinamore in 1983. In a RTÉ interview that aired on 20 October, Bryan Dobson noted a 1985 Hot Press interview in which McGuinness indicated that he considered the IRA volunteers at Ballinamore to be "defending themselves against armed Gardaí and soldiers." When Dobson then asked if it was "fair to say that on this occasion you were standing over the killing of members of the Gardaí and Defence Forces?" McGuinness insisted that he has "never done that." The family of Garda Detective Frank Hand, killed in 1984, accused McGuinness of misleading younger generations with a "glossy campaign". The husband of a mother killed by the IRA in 1981 said he doubted McGuinness' claims of ignorance about the identities of IRA killers, saying "If anybody knows who did it, he does. If he is full of apologies he has never apologised to me".

In Northern Ireland, unionists took exception to the appearance of McGuinness election posters there given that Northern Ireland citizens were not eligible to vote in this election. Sinn Féin has regularly called for voting rights in the presidential election to be extended to Irish citizens in Northern Ireland.

Michael D. Higgins was confronted by former Tara mines workers while canvassing in Meath. The workers were upset about their pensions being cut.

Debates
The first broadcast debate of the campaign took place on 28 September 2011, the day that nominations closed, on RTÉ Radio 1's News at One programme. This was followed by a series of televised one-on-one interviews with the candidates on RTÉ One's evening Prime Time programme on the same day. A second debate was held on The Late Late Show on 30 September; David Norris was not interviewed alone as the other six candidates were as he had been interviewed the previous week on the programme, but was included in the later panel debate.

On 4 October, TV3 broadcast Vincent Browne's Big Presidential Debate. Gay Mitchell challenged Martin McGuinness on the "fairytale" that he left the IRA in 1974, asking him directly: "If you (McGuinness) say you left the IRA in 1974 and persist in saying that when you didn’t; if you say you are living on the average industrial wage when you are drawing down a couple of hundred grand – how can people have confidence in your word?" Moderator Vincent Browne later challenged Martin McGuinness' claims that he left the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1974, producing eight books with alleged evidence claiming otherwise. McGuinness referenced this moment when he said in a later debate on the radio that people would blame him for the 1916 Rising if they could find a way to implicate him. Fine Gael candidate Gay Mitchell suffered heavily for his controversial views on suicide and on the Republic of Ireland joining the Commonwealth. Labour candidate Michael D. Higgins was pursued by his past links to the unpopular Fianna Fáil and his admission that he had smoked cannabis.

During a debate on Today FM Gay Mitchell controversially spoke of Ireland rejoining the Commonwealth, with some other candidates disagreeing with him. Mitchell suffered from poor voter recognition, and was criticised over remarks on suicide he made on live radio.

On 12 October, Miriam O'Callaghan moderated a debate on RTÉ's Prime Time with the seven candidates. The debate, lasting 90 minutes, took place on a Wednesday night, though Prime Time usually aired on a Tuesday and Thursday, and was announced a week in advance. Dana Rosemary Scallon read out a prepared statement towards the end of the debate, announcing that a "malicious" and "false" accusation has been made against her and her family in the United States and, while refusing to divulge any details, she said she would leave "no stone unturned" in her mission to track down the person or organisation responsible. Scallon was visibly upset and was comforted by other candidates. She met with her lawyers the next day. David Norris expressed sorrow for Scallon and comforted her, also expressing frustration at the general tone of the election campaign and saying the media had libelled him in some of its reports. Scallon told TV3 News on 14 October that a freelance journalist had told her the allegations would appear through the media. Miriam O'Callaghan's treatment of Martin McGuinness resulted in more than 100 complaints to RTÉ. O'Callaghan's RTÉ colleague Pat Kenny said he watched on "with shock and horror because I don't think I've ever seen a politician ever interviewed on radio before and more or less called a murderer. That was kind of shocking." McGuinness himself also expressed disappointment with O'Callaghan.

Gallagher's campaign suffered a severe setback on 24 October when, in the last televised debate before the election, he admitted collecting a €5,000 cheque from someone he described as a "convicted criminal and fuel smuggler", for a Fianna Fáil fundraiser event which gave access to the then Taoiseach, Brian Cowen after being questioned on the matter by Martin McGuinness. Gallagher had been the frontrunner in an opinion poll at this point. The donation was later revealed to be from businessman Hugh Morgan. Gallagher subsequently denied collecting a cheque from Morgan, but refused to answer questions on an illegal director's loan of €82,829, which had also been raised in the 24 October televised debate. After this performance Gallagher's campaign was compared to Devon Loch's fall at the winning post in the 1956 Grand National. He was reported to have been left "shell-shocked" afterwards. Gallagher cancelled his planned meet-the-people visits the following day so that he could tour broadcasters and attempt to explain his behaviour. On 7 March 2012, the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland (BAI) upheld a complaint against RTÉ relating to the broadcasting of the tweet that derailed Gallagher's presidential campaign.

Eventual winner Michael D. Higgins was pursued by his past links to the Fianna Fáil party, and admitted on 13 October that he had been elected chairman of the UCG Fianna Fáil university cumann in 1966. While at university in the United States he had, he admitted, smoked marijuana. However, media reports said he was "spared the intense grilling Miriam O'Callaghan meted out to some of the others" during the Prime Time debate.

Campaign spending
In February 2012 the Standards in Public Office Commission published the candidates' returns for campaign donations and election expenses. Candidates who receive more than 25% of a quota (i.e. 12.5% of the total votes; 221,471 votes) at any stage are entitled to a refund of election expenses to a maximum of €200,000. Three candidates received the maximum refund allowed; the other four had too few votes and received no refund. Only donations above €638 need be reported, making the reported totals less meaningful. Gay Mitchell had stated his campaign would be funded by a Fine Gael members' lottery.

Opinion polls

Vote
Voting took place between 07:00 and 22:00 (IST) on 27 October.

As usual, voting began on certain offshore islands a few days before the rest of the country. On the Donegal islands of Arranmore, Gola, Inishfree, Inisbofin and Tory, voting took place on 24 October between 11:00 and 15:00 (11:00 and 19:30 on Arranmore). On 25 October, the Mayo islands of Clare Island, Inishbiggle and Inishturk went to the polls; while the Galway islands of Inishbofin and the Aran Islands voted on 26 October between 07:00 and 22:00.

After 15 hours of voting, ballot boxes were secured, with nationwide counting of votes beginning the following morning after presidential votes were separated from constitutional referendum votes (which were due to be counted later).

Result
Counting of votes began at 09:00 on 28 October. The fourth and final count was completed by 15:56 on 29 October.

Constituency results

Reactions
Fine Gael General Secretary Tom Curran called it a "bad day" for the party, adding "From early on the electorate had the view that Gay (Mitchell) was out of the race and that it was a two person race". Mitchell received only about one in eight votes from his previous constituency of Dublin South-Central. Mitchell performed considerably worse than Fine Gael's 1990 candidate Austin Currie which was one of the party's most unsuccessful election campaigns. Gallagher's sudden demise was compared to Devon Loch's fall at the winning post in the 1956 Grand National. Speaking at the RDS count centre, David Norris conceded and sent Higgins his congratulations, calling him "a bit of a maverick like myself". Norris mentioned on radio that he had been "collecting apologies in the newspapers" and that they "told the truth in the end".
Higgins received a hero's welcome at a victory reception on 30 October at Eyre Square, Galway; approximately 5,000 people turned out to welcome him home.

References

Irish
Presidential Election
Michael D. Higgins
2011 Presidential Election
Irish presidential election, 2011
Irish


José Sigfredo Landaverde was a community organizer, activist, and priest at Our Lady of Guadalupe Anglican Church, located in the largely Mexican neighborhood of Little Village in South Side Chicago.  He was also a former executive director of the Latino Union.

Early life
Landaverde was born into a poor family in La Reina, Chalatenango, El Salvador.  He was forced into the jungle to join Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front guerrilla.  At 17, he was arrested by the military and severely beaten for organizing among the poor.  He fled to Guatemala, Mexico, and ultimately, the United States, where he was given status as a political refugee.

Upon seeing what he perceived as injustices perpetuated against Latinos in the United States, particularly undocumented immigrants, day laborers, and those working in temporary agencies, he began working with grassroots organizations to reach out to the exploited community.  His leadership led him to co-found the Latino Union in May 2000 in Chicago, Illinois.

Education
Influenced by the role of his mother as a catechist, and inspired by the martyrdom of Archbishop Óscar Arnulfo Romero, Landaverde studied at Catholic Theological Union, and later in Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary, obtaining his master's in Divinity.

Pastorship
As he was obtaining his master's, the Northern Illinois Conference of the United Methodist Church appointed him as a pastor in Amor De Dios United Methodist Church in July 2003.  One of Landaverde's main goals was to promote ecumenicism by merging the gap between the Roman Catholicism of Little Village and Protestantism, inspired by the example of John Wesley, the founder of United Methodism.

One of his controversial strategies was introducing an icon of the Virgin of Guadalupe, a national symbol of patriotism and faith in Mexico.  Within the Methodist Church there was support, but also opposition that sparked headlines in newspapers and magazines such as Time.  Thinking of Mary as the first disciple of Jesus and keeping in mind Wesley's view of her as a "pure and unspotted virgin", Landaverde ignored the cries of conservative Methodists.  The practice was eventually approved by Superintendent Donald F. Guest, but was still frowned upon by many.

Amor De Dios United Methodist Church at the time of his ministry continued financially unstable, at times encouraging Landaverde to donate his paycheck to the church treasury.  He expressed discontent toward the Conference, feeling that it left poor churches even more economically vulnerable.  His frustration peaked at the criticism displayed by conservative Methodists who insisted that his theology was too "radical," or, conversely, Roman Catholic.  The lack of support and resources from the Church inhibited many of his grassroots projects.  Finally, in 2006 he retired from his position in the Methodist Church, leaving a trusted lay member, Ramiro Rodríguez, in charge.

Priesthood
Landaverde transferred to the Diocese of Quincy of the Anglican Church of North America that same year, but his license was later revoked because of disagreements about church polity and morality.  In the summer of 2007, he opened up a closed bar in Little Village and remodeled it to become a Spanish-speaking Anglican Catholic mission in Illinois.

Work
Landaverde was known for his grassroots organizing, particularly concerning immigrants' and workers' rights, being the first to popularize the new sanctuary movement in Illinois.  He housed immigrants in danger of deportation, most notably Elvira Arellano in 2004, before she took refuge in Adalberto United Methodist church in Humboldt Park in August 2006. He worked with the day laborers of Home Depot and sent truckloads of provisions to New Orleans in 2005 and donated toys and supplies to Tabasco, México in Christmas of 2007.

References

1971 births
Living people
Mexican Anglican priests
Roman Catholic activists
American civil rights activists
American people of Salvadoran descent
Activists from Chicago