"Amor Prohibido" () is the title song of American Tejano singer Selena's fourth studio album of the same name (1994). Released as the lead single through EMI Latin on April 13, 1994, it was written by Selena, her brother and music producer A. B. Quintanilla, and her band's backup vocalist Pete Astudillo. A popular interpretation compares it to Romeo and Juliet.

The Tejano cumbia dance-pop song was acclaimed by music critics, who cited it as one of the singer's most popular singles. It topped the United States Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart for nine consecutive weeks, her first number-one as a solo artist, and became the most successful US Latin single of 1994. It has since been certified 7× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting sales of 420,000 copies. A duet version with Samo was posthumously released in 2012, reaching number eight on the US Latin Pop Songs chart.

"Amor Prohibido" received the Tejano Music Award for Single of the Year, and was Regional Mexican Song of the Year at the Lo Nuestro and Billboard Latin Music Awards. "Amor Prohibido" was the first Spanish-language song to receive a Broadcast Music Award in the pop field in 1996. Many musicians have covered "Amor Prohibido", including Mexican pop singer Thalía, glam rock band Moderatto, Finnish singer Meiju Suvas, American entertainers Jennifer Lopez and Keke Palmer, and Latin singer Shoshana (no relation to Broadway singer Shoshana Bean).

Background and production
Selena wanted to write and record a song based on the story of her grandparents, who fell in love despite their different social classes. The singer was inspired by love letters written by her grandmother who wrote about her experiences as a maid to a wealthy family and her infatuation with their son. Her grandmother was forbidden to formulate a relationship with him because of her social class and described it as a "forbidden love". The singer suggested the idea to her brother and music producer A. B. Quintanilla, who began co-writing the track with her and Selena y Los Dinos backup vocalist Pete Astudillo. "Amor Prohibido" was recorded at a studio in San Antonio, Texas. Selena's husband, Chris Pérez wrote in his 2012 memoir that during its recording session "there was a noticeable difference between her voice on ["Amor Prohibido"] and [the songs on] Entre a Mi Mundo (1992), especially. I can't say that it was an improvement, exactly, because I always thought that Selena's voice sounded incredible. It's just that her voice was richer and more mature than before, and her singing was more emotional and powerful as a result."

While recording the song, Selena ad-libbed "oh baby" after the track's refrain; her brother believed that the recording would "not have been the same if she had not added [that part]." A.B. said in a 2002 interview that he wanted "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom" to be the leadoff single, but Selena and EMI Latin insisted on "Amor Prohibido". The single was released on April 13, 1994, in the United States and Mexico.

Composition

Instrumentation
"Amor Prohibido" is a Spanish-language Tejano cumbia and tecnocumbia dance-pop song. According to Mario Tarradell of The Dallas Morning News, it is a "synthesizer-heavy cumbia piece that's so catchy it's sinful". Tarradell called the recording "Tejano-like" and a "pop-styled opus". A Daily Democrat article said that "Amor Prohibido" had a mixture of sounds which included a modernized version of cumbia music with guitars, accordions, bass guitar, flutes, drums, and other percussion. Billboard singles editor Paul Verna called the song a "spunky cumbia", and John Lannert, also from Billboard, called it "peppy". Written in common time in the key of E minor, its tempo moves at a moderate 90 beats per minute and it features a descending keyboard hook. In a San Antonio Current interview, A.B. said that he added a cencerro which, he believed, attracted Cubans and Puerto Ricans to Selena's music. According to Quintanilla, his salsa-style cencerro was not "coincidental"; he believed that by incorporating it into "Amor Prohibido" and the singer's repertoire she "went from selling 25,000-50,000 to more than 500,000 [copies of her albums]".

Lyrics

Musicologist Howard Blumenthal interpreted "Amor Prohibido" as a "love forbidden" story by an unprivileged girl who is separated by social class from her love interest, and learns that true love is what really matters. Marco Torres of the Houston Press saw similarities between the song's lyrics and Selena and Pérez's relationship; her father and manager, Abraham Quintanilla, Jr., discouraged their romance before he accepted it. Its lyrics allude to female teenagers' "trouble[d]" partners and parents who forbid their relationship.

"Amor Prohibido" has become an anthem in the LGBT community. Deborah Paredez wrote in her 2009 book Selenidad that the song has "a legibly queer text" which resonates with that group. This was echoed by Emma Perez in her book, The Decolonial Imaginary: Writing Chicanas into History (1999), who found that the LGBT community had adopted the song and found it most popular with drag queens at nightclubs. Perez further explained that the lyrical content of forbidden love between two people of different social classes was altered with prohibited love between same-sex couples. Alejandra Molina of the Orange County Register reported on a tribute to Selena by LGBT fans in Santa Ana, California, who found her songs "ambiguous"; "Amor Prohibido" was interpreted "as a love that is forbidden due to a person's sexuality, race or class."

Other music critics have compared the song to Romeo and Juliet, with society opposing a relationship based on socioeconomic status, or called it a look into society's view of romantic relationships. Ellie D. Hernández wrote in her book about Chicano culture that "Amor Prohibido" addresses "social and cultural desire that transcends the boundaries of romantic love". According to Hernández, the song's central theme is class- and race-based social division "that divides [Selena] from her beloved" and "suggests [a] hegemonic crisis informing Selena's lamentations." Hernández wrote that the lyrics spoke about modern societal views on romantic relationships, and one must "live in accordance" with those views or face "emotional banishment from [their] family and culture ... Risking everything for this love is not at all an innocent choice but a decision abundant with agency and consciousness that begins as a consequence of the forbidden."

Critical reception

Reviews
"Amor Prohibido" received widespread critical acclaim, although Elizabeth Rodriguez Kessler and Anne Perrin called the song "soap-operaish" in Chican@s in the Conversations (2007). According to the South African magazine Drum, it was a "gently rocking song". Billboard Latin-music editorial division head Leila Cobo called the song "catchy". Marco Torres of the Houston Press wrote that "Amor Prohibido" was Selena's "most personal song", and Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune said it had "a bit more contemporary snap to it." Mary Talbot of the New York Daily News called "Amor Prohibido" and "Como la Flor" (1992) "two straight-up Tejano hits" and a "requiem to Selena's career". Writing for the San Antonio Express-News, Michael Clark complimented A.B. Quintanilla's use of "world-music flourishes" on the song. Billboard John Lannert called "Amor Prohibido" a "great smash" during its tenure atop the Hot Latin Songs chart, and BuzzFeed contributor Brian Galindo called it an "awesome ode to star-crossed lovers everywhere." Ashley Velez of Neon Tommy called the recording "a true testament to the forbidden love" and "proves that love conquers all." Emmanuel Hapsis posted on the KQED-FM website that anyone visiting a karaoke bar would probably hear someone sing "Amor Prohibido" or Selena's posthumously released single, "Dreaming of You" (1995).

The Daily Vault called "Amor Prohibido" a "seamless track". Ed Morales wrote that the song is a "classic mass market hit that inhabits the memory, easily floating in the summer air of radios on the streets." Don McLeese of the Austin American Statesman called it "compelling". According to Billboard Latin music editor Ramiro Burr, the song "marked Selena's ascendancy". Burr wrote for the San Antonio Express-News, "[Selena] balanced torchy ballads full of hurt and pain such as 'Amor Prohibido' with fun dance cumbias with a sense of humor"; "Songs such as 'Baila Esta Cumbia', 'La Carcacha', 'Como la Flor' and 'Amor Prohibido' had that instant appeal, that memorable melodic hook". Burr further wrote that "Amor Prohibido" and Selena's 1994 single "No Me Queda Más" were "heartbreaking ballads". Texas Monthly editor Joe Nick Patoski called "Amor Prohibido" the "perfect pop cumbia". "Con Tanto Amor Medley", a 2002 single from Ones, which is a mashup of "Amor Prohibido", "Si Una Vez" and "Como la Flor", was released to favorable reviews.

Recognition
According to sales figures analyzed by Guadalupe San Miguel in 2002, "Amor Prohibido" is Selena's best-selling cumbia single. It was the singer's "biggest hit of her career", topping the Hot Latin Songs chart for a cumulative twelve weeks. Music critics have called "Amor Prohibido" Selena's "best known" love song, one of her signature songs and her most successful single. It is believed by Mario Tarradell of The Dallas Morning News that singles released from Amor Prohibido had alleviated Selena into Latin radio success–who previously did not take the singer seriously. The album and its titular single marked Tejano music's first commercial success in Puerto Rico. According to La Prensa, Selena put an "imprint on popular music" with "Amor Prohibido", "La Carcacha" (1990), "Como la Flor" (1992), and "La Llamada" (1993).

María Herrera-Sobek wrote in her book, Chicano Folklore: A Handbook, that "Como la Flor" and "Amor Prohibido" achieved national and international success. Billboards Ramiro Burr called "Amor Prohibido" one of Selena's "fan favorites".  "Amor Prohibido" continues to receive extensive airplay in South Texas and at Tejano-music nightclubs. Sally Jacobs of the Sun Sentinel asserted that "Amor Prohibido" remains popular in Spanish-speaking countries.

Accolades
"Amor Prohibido" has received awards and nominations, including the Broadcast Pop Music Awards in 1995 and 1996. "Amor Prohibido" became the first Spanish-language recording to win a Broadcast Music Award in the pop category based on airplay. It was recognized as being among the most performed recording of the year for two consecutive times by Broadcast Music. "Amor Prohibido" was Regional Mexican Song of the Year at the 1994 Billboard Latin Music Awards, and won in the same category at the 1995 Lo Nuestro Awards.

At the 1995 Tejano Music Awards, "Amor Prohibido" won Single of the Year and Record of the Year. In decade balloting at the 2010 Tejano Music Awards it was nominated for Best 1990s Song, losing to her 1994 single "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom". "Amor Prohibido" has appeared on several critics' "best Selena songs" lists, including OC Weekly (number one), Latino Post (number five), and BuzzFeed, Latina, and Neon Tommy (all number two). Rolling Stone listed the song at number 405 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.

Chart performance
The song debuted on the Hot Latin Songs chart at number 13 for the week of April 23, 1994, and climbed to number five in its second week. "Amor Prohibido" rose to number four for two consecutive weeks beginning on May 7. When it rose to number three for the week of May 21, John Lannert predicted that the song would top the chart in two weeks. Vilma Maldonado of The Monitor called the single's climb on the chart "spectacular", calling Selena one of Latin music's "hottest international entertainers of the Tejano market." "Amor Prohibido" rose to number one the week of June 11, displacing La Mafia's "Vida" (which had dethroned Selena's collaboration with the Barrio Boyzz, "Donde Quiera Que Estés", on May 7). During "Amor Prohibidos fourth week atop the chart, Lannert wrote that there were "no challengers in sight" and predicted that it would remain at number one for an additional two weeks. During the song's fifth week atop the chart, Lannert noticed that Cuban singer Jon Secada's "Si Te Vas" was climbing and predicted that it would replace "Amor Prohibido" at number one in three weeks. During the song's seventh week atop the chart, when "Si Te Vas" rose to number two and Ricardo Montaner's "Quisiera" to number three, Lannert predicted that either song would displace "Amor Prohibido" from number one during the next few weeks. The following week, he provided data indicating that the recording "no longer appears to be under threat" despite losing 65 points in the Nielsen ratings; it was 350 points ahead of Secada's number-two "Si Te Vas". After nine weeks atop the Hot Latin Songs chart, "Amor Prohibido" was displaced by "Si Te Vas" the week of August 13. "Amor Prohibido" ended the year as the most successful US Latin single of 1994.

Selena was shot and killed by Yolanda Saldívar, her friend and former manager of the singer's Selena Etc. boutiques, on March 31, 1995. Four of her singles—"No Me Queda Más", "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom", "Como la Flor" and "Amor Prohibido"—reentered the Billboard Hot Latin Songs and Regional Mexican Airplay charts on April 15. The magazine posthumously named Selena its Top Artist of the 1990s because of her fourteen top-ten singles on the Hot Latin Songs chart, including seven number-ones. Billboard began monitoring digital downloads of Latin songs during the week ending January 23, 2010. "Amor Prohibido" made its debut at number 18 on the Latin Digital Song Sales following the twentieth anniversary of Selena's death. On the Latin Pop Digital Song Sales chart, the song peaked at number seven.

Cover versions

Salsa singer Yolanda Duke recorded "Amor Prohibido" for the tribute album, Familia RMM Recordando a Selena (1996). Colombian singer Shakira sang part of "Amor Prohibido" during a 2005 interview on Univision's Otro Rollo. Finnish recording artist Meiju Suvas recorded "Kielletty Rakkus", a Finnish language version. Mexican pop singer Thalía performed and recorded the song during the live televised tribute concert, Selena ¡VIVE!, in April 2005; it was included on her ninth studio album, El Sexto Sentido (2005). Thalía performed a "bouncy" version of "Amor Prohibido" during her Houston concert on 30 March 2013, and Mexican singer Yuridia performed the song in 2014 during her Tour Essential.

American trio Brisa recorded "Amor Ilegal", which was influenced by "Amor Prohibido" and became a popular radio song in Ecuador. Mexican pop rock band Moderatto recorded it for their album, Malditos Pecadores (2014). Mexican singer Samo recorded a duet version of "Amor Prohibido" for the 2012 posthumous remix album, Enamorada de Ti. Samo told the Ecuadoran newspaper El Telégrafo that he had always dreamed of recording a duet with Selena, and "Amor Prohibido" was one of his favorite songs; he felt the "presence of Selena" as soon as he put on headphones and began recording. According to Joey Guerra of the San Antonio Express-News, the duet version "proved a solid preview for the album" and its "wistful lyrics work nicely as a duet with Samo". Guerra described it as a "gentle pop-rock arrangement", possibly as it was originally intended. Nilan Lovelace of Reporter Magazine called the duet version an "album favorite" and the type of music Selena would record today.

Other artists who covered "Amor Prohibido" include Latin singer Shoshana and American entertainer Keke Palmer. On 1 May 2015 Jennifer Lopez performed "A Selena Tribute" at the 2015 Latin Billboard Music Awards, which included "Amor Prohibido". Lopez was praised by music critics, who appreciated the singer's Selena-esque costumes. The recording debuted and peaked at number 33 on the Hot Latin Songs chart.

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

All-time charts

Certifications

See also

Latin music in the United States
List of number-one Billboard Hot Latin Tracks of 1994
Billboard Top Latin Songs Year-End Chart

Notes

References

Sources

 - Read online, registration required

External links
 Official Selena Website

1994 singles
1994 songs
2012 singles
American Latin music songs
Cumbia songs
Dance-pop songs
Selena songs
Songs written by A. B. Quintanilla
Songs written by Pete Astudillo
Song recordings produced by Bebu Silvetti
Spanish-language songs
Song recordings produced by A. B. Quintanilla
EMI Latin singles
Thalía songs
Male–female vocal duets
Songs written by Selena


Perry Lynn Carter (born August 15, 1971) is a former American football defensive back for the Kansas City Chiefs and the Oakland Raiders in the  National Football League (NFL). He also played in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for four seasons with the Edmonton Eskimos, Montreal Alouettes, and BC Lions while winning a Grey Cup championship with the Alouettes in 2002. He was drafted by the Arizona Cardinals in the fourth round of the 1994 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Southern Mississippi. He is the former assistant defensive backs coach for the Houston Texans.

References

External links
Perry Carter stats

1971 births
Living people
People from McComb, Mississippi
American football defensive backs
Southern Miss Golden Eagles football players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Oakland Raiders players
Edmonton Elks players
Montreal Alouettes players
BC Lions players
Hamburg Sea Devils coaches
Houston Texans coaches
Texas A&M–Commerce Lions football coaches
North Texas Mean Green football coaches
Texas Tech Red Raiders football coaches
Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks football coaches


Amy Balkin is an American artist who studied at Stanford University and is now located in San Francisco. Her work "combines cross-disciplinary research and social critique to generate ambitious, bold, and innovative ways of conceiving the public domain outside current legal and discursive systems.". She focuses on how humans create, interact with, and impact the social and material landscapes they inhabit. Ultimately, one of her long-term goals is to create a physical shared space with society.

Invisible-5 is an audio commentary on land use along the highway corridor between San Francisco and Los Angeles.

The project investigates the stories of people and communities fighting for environmental justice along the I-5, through oral histories, field recordings, found sound, recorded music, and archival audio documents. The project also traces natural, social, and economic histories along the route. This project was developed in collaboration with artists Kim Stringfellow and Tim Halbur, and the organizations Pond: Art, Activism, and Ideas, and Greenaction for Health & Environmental Justice. The project is available to listen online or download from invisible5.org.

She has also proposed a project that challenges the scope and intent of current US or international laws relating to property ownership and pollution, and which are intended to expose the limitations and ideological biases of these laws. One such project Public Smog involves the creation of clean air parks created by retiring emission offsets, paired with an attempt to add the Earth's atmosphere to UNESCO’s World Heritage list. However, these ideas have art-based roots.

Projects

Public Smog is a public park in the atmosphere that fluctuates in location and scale. Built through financial, legal, or political activities, Public Smog is subject to prevailing winds and the long-range transport of aerosols and gases. When built through the economic mechanism of emissions trading, the park opens above the region where offsets are purchased and withheld from use. Public Smog first opened briefly to the public during 2004 above California’s South Coast Air Quality Management District, and is now open over the European Union through 2008.

Balkin's project This is the Public Domain is an ongoing attempt to create a permanent international commons from a parcel of land purchased by the artist in Southern California. Thus far, the group has purchased  of land in Tehachapi, California. Sharing of this land will be initiated when a juridical solution for public handover is found.

Her recent works include a public reading, "Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers" (2008), and a series of large-format rubbings of architectural signage of San Francisco-area entities implicated in war-related activities and illegal domestic surveillance, "Sell Us Your Liberty, Or We’ll Subcontract Your Death" (2008).

She has collaborated with her husband Josh On  on the Greenpeace project Exxonsecrets.org   and was the recipient of the Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation Award in 2007.

Amy Balkin joined Cape Farewell on the 2007 Art/Science expedition. Taking almost three weeks, the expedition crossed the north Atlantic to the extreme frontline of climate change, then sailed south to explore East Greenland's Blosseville Coast.

Amy Balkin's collaborative project A People’s Archive of Sinking and Melting (2012–ongoing) manifests through an open call for items from places around the world that may disappear due to climate change. Initiated in 2012, the collection now holds approximately 200 objects from individuals from over 18 countries and regions, such as Antarctica, Mexico, and Cape Verde. Ranging from tools and utensils to printed ephemera, Balkin et al.’s archive creates a physical, political, and economic portrait of the effects of rising sea levels, coastal erosion, and desertification through object stories. The project humanizes these concepts, typically dispersed through abstract facts and figures, by displaying them in visual form. This deeply personal index of localized environmental destruction also creates a globalized account of shared experiences and speaks to the income inequality and political exclusion of individuals in places most likely to disappear. The work was shown in the exhibition "Radical Landscapes" at di Rosa in 2016.

References

Additional References
 T.J. Demos, "Art After Nature: The Post-Natural Condition," Artforum (April 2012), 191–97.
 Down to a fine art by Anna Minton, The Guardian, January 10, 2007.
 Walter and McBean Gallery at SFAI
 Public Smog
 This is the Public Domain
 Tomorrow Morning
 Southern Exposure: Amy Balkin
 Invisible 5
 documenta (13) participating artist bio

Artists from the San Francisco Bay Area
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
American conceptual artists
Women conceptual artists
Stanford University alumni
21st-century American women artists


Goth Pathan (Sindhi: ڳوٺ پٺاڻ ) is a historical village situated in Taluka Bakrani, District Larkana, Sindh,  Pakistan. It is located at an elevation of about 175 feet above mean sea level (MSL), in the south of Larkana city and on the right bank of Dadu Canal. The distance between Larkana city and the village is 13 km. Bakrani town  is 4 km away from the village in the East. Bakrani Railway Station is located 3 km in the North-West of the village. The population of Goth Pathan is about 10,000. The village is also a union council comprising nearly 30 small villages.

There are  girls and boys primary and high schools located at the north corner of the village. Primary school in this village was built in 1901, where Kamrade Hyder Bux Jatoi received his primary education. This village has all basic facilities including electricity, gas, water supply and telephone. The village is linked by road with Bakrani town on east and Bakrani Railway Station on North-West. There is also a Basic Health Unit to provide medical facilities not only to the people of village but also neighbouring villages. There is a branch post office, agricultural field office, Veterinary Clinic and a union council office in the village.

The village is known for rice and wheat production and also for growing various kinds of vegetables such as cauliflower, turnip, brinjal, spinach, okra, onion etc.

There are fish ponds in the outskirts of the village for the fish production. Also a rice mill and an ice factory is located in east of the village along the Bakrani-Pathan Road.

Populated places in Larkana District


I Had a New York Girlfriend is the third album by Robert Forster. It consists of cover versions of his favourite songs and unlike his previous albums contains no original compositions.

Critical reception
Trouser Press called the collection "quirky enough to maintain a distinctly confessional quality."

Track listing
Side one
 "Nature's Way" (Randy California) – 2:25
 "Broken Hearted People" (Guy Clark) – 3:47
 "Echo Beach" (Mark Gane) – 2:53
 "Tell Me That It Isn't True" (Bob Dylan) – 2:36
 "2541" (Grant Hart) – 3:46
 "Anytime" (Rick Nelson) – 3:55
Side two
"Locked Away" (Steve Jordan, Keith Richards) – 3:27
 "Look Out (Here Comes Tomorrow)" (Neil Diamond) – 2:49
 "Alone" (Tom Kelly, Billy Steinberg) – 3:12
 "Bird" (Michael Hansonis) – 4:47
 "Frisco Depot" (Mickey Newbury) – 2:36
 "3 A.M." (Bill Anderson, Jerry Todd) – 2:29

Personnel
Robert Forster – guitar, vocals, handclaps
Suzy Ahearn – backing vocals
Gordy Blair – bass
Warren Ellis – violin
Dave Graney – growl
Mark C. Halstead – backing vocals
Mick Harvey – bass, guitar, backing vocals
Rod Hayward – guitar
Graham Lee – pedal steel, backing vocals
Clare Moore – drums, backing vocals, handclaps
Charlie Owen – guitar, dobro
Andy Parsons – backing vocals
Conway Savage – organ, piano, backing vocals, handclaps
Rob Snarski – backing vocals

References

1995 albums
Robert Forster (musician) albums
Beggars Banquet Records albums
Covers albums


The highlight of the 1997–98 St. Louis Blues season would mark an end of an era as former captain Brett Hull was not re-signed following the season.

Off-season
In his first full season as head coach, Joel Quenneville decided to employ a defensive formula. The move worked wonders as even Brett Hull bought into the new system as the Blues finished in third place with a solid 45–29–8 record. In the first round of the playoffs, the Blues would sweep the Los Angeles Kings in four games. In the second round, the Blues were eliminated by the Detroit Red Wings in six games. The season would mark an end of an era, as Brett Hull was not signed to a new contract after the season, joining the Dallas Stars as a free agent during the summer.

Defenseman Chris Pronger was named team captain, a role that had been vacant during the previous season.

Regular season

The Blues were one of only two teams out the NHL's 26 to score at least 3 goals per game (The Detroit Red Wings were the other team). The Blues' 256 goals for led all teams.

Final standings

Schedule and results

Regular season

|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|1||L||October 1, 1997||1–3 || align="left"|  Buffalo Sabres (1997–98) ||0–1–0 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|2||W||October 3, 1997||7–2 || align="left"|  Phoenix Coyotes (1997–98) ||1–1–0 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|3||W||October 4, 1997||2–1 || align="left"| @ Dallas Stars (1997–98) ||2–1–0 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|4||W||October 9, 1997||3–2 OT|| align="left"|  Los Angeles Kings (1997–98) ||3–1–0 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|5||W||October 11, 1997||5–3 || align="left"|  Florida Panthers (1997–98) ||4–1–0 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|6||W||October 13, 1997||3–1 || align="left"|  Carolina Hurricanes (1997–98) ||5–1–0 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|7||W||October 17, 1997||2–0 || align="left"| @ Chicago Blackhawks (1997–98) ||6–1–0 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|8||W||October 18, 1997||5–3 || align="left"|  New York Rangers (1997–98) ||7–1–0 ||
|- align="center"
|9||T||October 20, 1997||3–3 OT|| align="left"| @ Detroit Red Wings (1997–98) ||7–1–1 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|10||L||October 22, 1997||3–4 || align="left"| @ Carolina Hurricanes (1997–98) ||7–2–1 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|11||W||October 23, 1997||4–1 || align="left"|  Vancouver Canucks (1997–98) ||8–2–1 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|12||W||October 25, 1997||5–2 || align="left"|  Washington Capitals (1997–98) ||9–2–1 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|13||W||October 29, 1997||3–2 || align="left"| @ Philadelphia Flyers (1997–98) ||10–2–1 ||
|- align="center"
|14||T||October 30, 1997||2–2 OT|| align="left"|  Colorado Avalanche (1997–98) ||10–2–2 ||
|-

|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|15||W||November 1, 1997||2–0 || align="left"|  San Jose Sharks (1997–98) ||11–2–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|16||L||November 3, 1997||1–5 || align="left"|  Philadelphia Flyers (1997–98) ||11–3–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|17||L||November 6, 1997||1–2 || align="left"| @ Chicago Blackhawks (1997–98) ||11–4–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|18||L||November 8, 1997||1–4 || align="left"| @ Colorado Avalanche (1997–98) ||11–5–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|19||W||November 10, 1997||7–1 || align="left"| @ Dallas Stars (1997–98) ||12–5–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|20||W||November 13, 1997||4–2 || align="left"|  Boston Bruins (1997–98) ||13–5–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|21||W||November 15, 1997||5–2 || align="left"|  Detroit Red Wings (1997–98) ||14–5–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|22||W||November 17, 1997||3–2 || align="left"| @ Toronto Maple Leafs (1997–98) ||15–5–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|23||L||November 20, 1997||0–3 || align="left"|  Edmonton Oilers (1997–98) ||15–6–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|24||L||November 22, 1997||0–2 || align="left"|  Mighty Ducks of Anaheim (1997–98) ||15–7–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|25||L||November 25, 1997||2–3 || align="left"| @ Phoenix Coyotes (1997–98) ||15–8–2 ||
|- align="center"
|26||T||November 27, 1997||2–2 OT|| align="left"|  Los Angeles Kings (1997–98) ||15–8–3 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|27||L||November 29, 1997||2–4 || align="left"| @ New York Islanders (1997–98) ||15–9–3 ||
|-

|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|28||W||December 2, 1997||3–1 || align="left"| @ New Jersey Devils (1997–98) ||16–9–3 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|29||W||December 4, 1997||4–3 || align="left"|  Toronto Maple Leafs (1997–98) ||17–9–3 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|30||W||December 6, 1997||4–3 OT|| align="left"|  Calgary Flames (1997–98) ||18–9–3 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|31||W||December 8, 1997||5–1 || align="left"|  Vancouver Canucks (1997–98) ||19–9–3 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|32||L||December 10, 1997||3–4 OT|| align="left"| @ Montreal Canadiens (1997–98) ||19–10–3 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|33||W||December 11, 1997||2–1 || align="left"| @ Ottawa Senators (1997–98) ||20–10–3 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|34||L||December 13, 1997||1–4 || align="left"|  Edmonton Oilers (1997–98) ||20–11–3 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|35||L||December 15, 1997||1–3 || align="left"|  Ottawa Senators (1997–98) ||20–12–3 ||
|- align="center"
|36||T||December 18, 1997||4–4 OT|| align="left"|  New Jersey Devils (1997–98) ||20–12–4 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|37||W||December 20, 1997||4–1 || align="left"|  Pittsburgh Penguins (1997–98) ||21–12–4 ||
|- align="center"
|38||T||December 22, 1997||2–2 OT|| align="left"| @ Tampa Bay Lightning (1997–98) ||21–12–5 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|39||W||December 23, 1997||3–2 || align="left"| @ Florida Panthers (1997–98) ||22–12–5 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|40||L||December 26, 1997||1–4 || align="left"|  Chicago Blackhawks (1997–98) ||22–13–5 ||
|- align="center"
|41||T||December 27, 1997||5–5 OT|| align="left"|  Mighty Ducks of Anaheim (1997–98) ||22–13–6 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|42||L||December 29, 1997||2–4 || align="left"| @ Washington Capitals (1997–98) ||22–14–6 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|43||L||December 31, 1997||2–5 || align="left"| @ Detroit Red Wings (1997–98) ||22–15–6 ||
|-

|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|44||W||January 3, 1998||4–3 || align="left"|  Calgary Flames (1997–98) ||23–15–6 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|45||W||January 6, 1998||5–1 || align="left"| @ San Jose Sharks (1997–98) ||24–15–6 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|46||W||January 7, 1998||3–2 || align="left"| @ Vancouver Canucks (1997–98) ||25–15–6 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|47||W||January 10, 1998||5–1 || align="left"| @ Calgary Flames (1997–98) ||26–15–6 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|48||L||January 12, 1998||1–2 || align="left"| @ Edmonton Oilers (1997–98) ||26–16–6 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|49||L||January 14, 1998||1–2 OT|| align="left"|  Dallas Stars (1997–98) ||26–17–6 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|50||L||January 20, 1998||1–3 || align="left"| @ New York Rangers (1997–98) ||26–18–6 ||
|- align="center"
|51||T||January 22, 1998||3–3 OT|| align="left"|  New York Islanders (1997–98) ||26–18–7 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|52||L||January 24, 1998||4–5 || align="left"| @ Chicago Blackhawks (1997–98) ||26–19–7 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|53||L||January 26, 1998||2–4 || align="left"| @ Pittsburgh Penguins (1997–98) ||26–20–7 ||
|- align="center"
|54||T||January 27, 1998||3–3 OT|| align="left"| @ Buffalo Sabres (1997–98) ||26–20–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|55||W||January 29, 1998||2–0 || align="left"|  Toronto Maple Leafs (1997–98) ||27–20–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|56||W||January 31, 1998||6–3 || align="left"|  Dallas Stars (1997–98) ||28–20–8 ||
|-

|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|57||L||February 4, 1998||2–3 || align="left"| @ Toronto Maple Leafs (1997–98) ||28–21–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|58||W||February 5, 1998||3–1 || align="left"| @ Boston Bruins (1997–98) ||29–21–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|59||W||February 7, 1998||4–1 || align="left"|  Detroit Red Wings (1997–98) ||30–21–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|60||L||February 26, 1998||1–3 || align="left"| @ San Jose Sharks (1997–98) ||30–22–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|61||W||February 28, 1998||5–2 || align="left"| @ Los Angeles Kings (1997–98) ||31–22–8 ||
|-

|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|62||W||March 1, 1998||6–2 || align="left"| @ Mighty Ducks of Anaheim (1997–98) ||32–22–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|63||W||March 3, 1998||5–3 || align="left"|  Chicago Blackhawks (1997–98) ||33–22–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|64||W||March 5, 1998||4–0 || align="left"|  Montreal Canadiens (1997–98) ||34–22–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|65||W||March 7, 1998||2–1 || align="left"|  Dallas Stars (1997–98) ||35–22–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|66||W||March 9, 1998||4–0 || align="left"| @ Vancouver Canucks (1997–98) ||36–22–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|67||L||March 11, 1998||2–3 || align="left"| @ Colorado Avalanche (1997–98) ||36–23–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|68||L||March 14, 1998||0–2 || align="left"|  Phoenix Coyotes (1997–98) ||36–24–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|69||L||March 21, 1998||0–2 || align="left"| @ Edmonton Oilers (1997–98) ||36–25–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|70||L||March 22, 1998||3–5 || align="left"| @ Calgary Flames (1997–98) ||36–26–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|71||W||March 26, 1998||3–2 || align="left"|  Tampa Bay Lightning (1997–98) ||37–26–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|72||W||March 28, 1998||3–2 || align="left"|  Detroit Red Wings (1997–98) ||38–26–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|73||W||March 30, 1998||6–2 || align="left"|  San Jose Sharks (1997–98) ||39–26–8 ||
|-

|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|74||W||April 1, 1998||6–4 || align="left"| @ Toronto Maple Leafs (1997–98) ||40–26–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|75||W||April 4, 1998||4–1 || align="left"|  Colorado Avalanche (1997–98) ||41–26–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|76||L||April 7, 1998||3–5 || align="left"| @ Detroit Red Wings (1997–98) ||41–27–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|77||W||April 9, 1998||3–2 || align="left"|  Chicago Blackhawks (1997–98) ||42–27–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|78||L||April 11, 1998||3–4 || align="left"|  Phoenix Coyotes (1997–98) ||42–28–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
|79||L||April 12, 1998||3–4 || align="left"| @ Dallas Stars (1997–98) ||42–29–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|80||W||April 16, 1998||7–3 || align="left"| @ Los Angeles Kings (1997–98) ||43–29–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|81||W||April 18, 1998||5–4 || align="left"| @ Phoenix Coyotes (1997–98) ||44–29–8 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
|82||W||April 19, 1998||5–3 || align="left"| @ Mighty Ducks of Anaheim (1997–98) ||45–29–8 ||
|-

|-
| Legend:

Playoffs

|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 1 ||W || April 23, 1998 || 8–3 || align="left"| Los Angeles Kings || Blues lead 1–0 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2 ||W || April 25, 1998 || 2–1 || align="left"| Los Angeles Kings || Blues lead 2–0 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 3 ||W || April 27, 1998 || 4–3 || align="left"| @ Los Angeles Kings || Blues lead 3–0 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 4 ||W || April 29, 1998 || 2–1 || align="left"| @ Los Angeles Kings || Blues win 4–0 ||
|-

|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 1 ||W || May 8, 1998 || 4–2 || align="left"| @ Detroit Red Wings || Blues lead 1–0 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 2 ||L || May 10, 1998 || 1–6 || align="left"| @ Detroit Red Wings || Series tied 1–1 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 3 ||L || May 12, 1998 || 2–3 2OT|| align="left"| Detroit Red Wings || Red Wings lead 2–1 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 4 ||L || May 14, 1998 || 2–5 || align="left"| Detroit Red Wings || Red Wings lead 3–1 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 5 ||W || May 17, 1998 || 3–1 || align="left"| @ Detroit Red Wings || Red Wings lead 3–2 ||
|- align="center" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 6 ||L || May 19, 1998 || 1–6 || align="left"| Detroit Red Wings || Red Wings win 4–2 ||
|-

|-
| Legend:

Player statistics

Scoring
 Position abbreviations: C = Center; D = Defense; G = Goaltender; LW = Left wing; RW = Right wing
  = Joined team via a transaction (e.g., trade, waivers, signing) during the season. Stats reflect time with the Blues only.
  = Left team via a transaction (e.g., trade, waivers, release) during the season. Stats reflect time with the Blues only.

Goaltending

Awards and records

Awards

Milestones

Transactions

Draft picks
St. Louis's draft picks at the 1997 NHL Entry Draft held at the Civic Arena in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

See also
 1997–98 NHL season

Notes

References

S
S
St. Louis Blues seasons
St
St


was a Japanese pop duo consisting of  and . They were signed to Columbia Music Entertainment.  The duo's name is based on a pun on the term melodic hardcore.

History
Melocure formed in April 2002 and debuted with the song Itoshii Kakera (My Better Half), which was used as the anime series UFO Ultramaiden Valkyries opening theme song. More of Melocure's work was used as insert songs and themes for subsequent seasons of the show, as well as in the soundtracks of Stratos 4 and Okusama ha Mahō Shōjo. Melocure also had a weekly internet radio talk show. They released their album Melodic Hard Cure in March 2004. Less than two months later, Okazaki died suddenly at the age of 44 from septic shock as a result of sepsis. Melocure's final song, Home & Away, was finished by Hinata after Okazaki's death and released more than a year later.

Although Okazaki has died, Hinata has said on her radio show that she will continue Melocure for the rest of her life, singing Melocure songs at her live shows in Okazaki's memory.

Discography
Melocure released a total of four singles and one album.

Singles
2002.07.20  Itoshii Kakera (愛しいかけら) - first season opening theme to UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie
2003.02.01  1st Priority - opening theme to Stratos 4
2003.10.22  Meguriai (めぐり逢い) - second opening theme to UFO Ultramaiden Valkyrie
2005.07.27  Home & Away (ホーム＆アウェイ) (c/w Kikuko Inoue's Jewelry) - opening theme to Okusama ha Mahō Shōjo

Albums
2004.03.17  Melodic Hard Cure (メロディック・ハード・キュア)'
Pop Step Jump!
1st Priority

Agapé
birthday girl

Sunday Sundae

ALL IN ALL
rainbow kind of feeling
So far,so near

 - bonus track

Sources

External links
 MELOCURE's homepage

Japanese pop music groups
Nippon Columbia artists
Anime musical groups


The Volunteers of Ireland, also known as the 2nd American Regiment and the 105th Regiment of Foot, was a British Provincial military unit, raised for Loyalist service, during the American Revolutionary War, which was later added to the British regular army. The Volunteers of Ireland should not be confused, with the contemporaneous Irish Volunteers an autonomous militia that supported the Irish Patriot Party, in the 1770s and 1780s.

History

Formation
The regiment was raised in Philadelphia, Province of Pennsylvania, as the Volunteers of Ireland in 1777 and went to New York City with the British Army in April 1778. The regiment was placed on the American establishment as the 2nd American Regiment (Volunteers of Ireland) on 2 May 1779, by Francis Rawdon-Hastings, an Irish lord who had joined the British Army and rose through the officer ranks and had been given permission to form a British Provincial regiment from Irishmen, serving in other Loyalist units, in the American Thirteen Colonies.

American Revolutionary War
Following the Patriot surrender at Charleston in May 1780, the Volunteers helped win the Battle of Camden, where Sergeant Thomas Hudson received a decoration for heroism, one of only two such decorations given during the duration of the prosecution of the war to a soldier of the British Army. The regiment was the primary unit in the Battle of Hobkirk's Hill in April 1781, as well as the relief of the Loyalist fort, at the Siege of Ninety-Six in May 1781. They remained in South Carolina until the British surrender of General Lord Cornwallis, at Yorktown in October 1781. The regiment was removed from the Province of South Carolina and taken by ship to New York.  The Volunteers were put on the British establishment as the 105th Regiment of Foot on 25 December 1782.

Disbandment
The soldiers of the Volunteers of Ireland were mustered out in New York City, and thereafter taken by ship to Nova Scotia.  This was in response to the policy of resettlement for British colonists displaced from their lands during the war, coupled with the fact that the vast majority of soldiers were Irish, and England had no desire to return Irish emigrants back to either England or Ireland, because it needed new settlers in Canada. It was also much cheaper to move them to Canada than it would be to physically return them to England. The regiment was placed in a cadre status, and officially "moved" to England in 1784.

References

Loyalist military units in the American Revolution
Infantry regiments of the British Army


Lee–Hines Field is a baseball stadium in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. It is the home field of the Southern Jaguars baseball team.

Tournaments
Lee–Hines Field served as host of the 2008 Southwestern Athletic Conference baseball tournament from May 13 through 17. The stadium hosted the 2012 Southwestern Athletic Conference baseball tournament from May 16 through 20, 2012, which was won by Prairie View A&M.

See also
 List of NCAA Division I baseball venues

References

College baseball venues in the United States
Baseball venues in Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Southern Jaguars baseball


An odorizer is a device that adds an odorant to a gas.  The most common type is one that adds a mercaptan liquid into natural gas distribution systems so that leaks can be readily detected. Other types have been used for carbon dioxide fire extinguishers.

Natural gas odorizers
Natural gas odorizers can vary from a simple wick in a container to computerized equipment, which controls the amount of odorant based on flow rate, tracks the amount of odorant in inventory, and alarms when odorant is not being injected into the gas stream.

Odorants used for natural gas vary from country to country, depending on gas distribution regulations. Some odorants contain sulfur, which is oxidized to sulfur dioxide when the gas is burned.

Sulfur-containing odorants include the following:
 tert-Butylthiol (TBM) the main ingredient in many gas odorant blends
 Tetrahydrothiophene (THT), used as an odorant for natural gas, usually in mixtures containing tert-butylthiol
 2-Propanethiol, commonly known as isopropyl mercaptan (IPM) is used as an odorant for natural gas usually in mixtures containing tert-butylthiol
 Ethanethiol (EM), commonly known as ethyl mercaptan is used in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and resembles odor of leeks, onions, durian, or cooked cabbage
 Methanethiol, commonly known as methyl mercaptan, is added to natural gas as an odorant, usually in mixtures containing methane. Its smell is reminiscent of rotten eggs or cabbage.
 Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a component of the smell produced from cooking of certain vegetables, notably maize, cabbage, beetroot, and seafoods

Non-sulfur-containing odorants include the following:
 Methyl acrylate (MA)
 Ethyl acrylate (EA)
 Methylethyl pyrazine, the odor of various foods including coffee and wines

Wick type odorizers

Wick type odorizers can be very small, odorizing the gas for as few as one gas customer to much larger ones that can odorize the gas for a small town (10,000 MCF).  They use a wick which is very similar to those used in a kerosene lantern.  The odorant is drawn up the wick from the container and into the gas stream.

Absorption bypass odorizers

Absorption bypass odorizers take a portion of the gas stream, the amount being dependent on the flow of gas in the line, and run it through a tank containing liquid odorant. The gas is passed over the top of the liquid. Variations exist where wicks are utilized to increase odorant vaporization.

Liquid injection type odorizers

For very high volume systems (and for some smaller volume systems), liquid injection odorizers are being manufactured.  These odorizers work by the addition of small amounts of liquid odorant to the moving gas.  A pump that can be controlled to give the range of addition rates necessary is a very important aspect of this type of odorizer.  Computer control to monitor flow rates and vary injection rate is a significant part of the more modern versions of this.  Previous versions worked off a variety of schemes to control the odorization level.

The Peerless odorizer was the first example of this type of odorizer.  The Peerless natural-gas odorizer was recognized as a Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1992.  This odorizer was said to have been developed in response to the New London School explosion that occurred in March 1937.  It was first shipped in July 1937, the Peerless odorizer overcame two of the major problems of previous devices: they avoided problems with leaky shaft seals by encapsulating the entire unit within a pressure vessel and added odorant in proportion to the gas flow by using a gas meter to drive the odorant pump.

Other odorizers

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers
Odorizers are used in carbon dioxide fire extinguisher systems, the odorizer assembly injects wintergreen oil into the carbon dioxide stream when the agent is discharged. Approximately 50 cc of wintergreen oil contained within a frangible glass cartridge is mounted within a protective housing attached to the discharge piping in such a manner as to rupture the glass container when the carbon dioxide manifold is pressurized during discharge, atomizing the oil and dispersing it.  The strong wintergreen scent effectively notifies the occupants of the presence of carbon dioxide gas after carbon dioxide has been discharged into the hazard.

Mine gas warning systems
Similar systems are used in mines, where, in the case of an emergency such as a gas leak in the mine, ampoules of ethanethiol are broken in front of ventilation fans to warn the miners of the emergency.

References

External links
Engines of our ingenuity episode 735, by John H. Lienhard

Gas technologies

cs:Odorizace
de:Odorierung
it:Odorizzazione
ru:Душистые вещества


The Thomson–East Coast Line (TEL) is a high-capacity Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) line in Singapore. Coloured brown on the rail map, it is fully underground. When fully completed, the sixth line on the country's MRT network will serve 32 stations over  in length, becoming one of the world's longest driverless rapid transit lines. It runs along a combined north–south and east–west corridor, starting in the north at Woodlands town, passing through Upper Thomson and the towns of Ang Mo Kio and Bishan, heading south to the city-centre at Orchard Road and Marina Bay, subsequently heading eastwards along the eastern coast of the country through Kallang, Marine Parade and southern Bedok before ending at Upper East Coast.

The line was first announced by the Land Transport Authority (LTA) on 15 August 2014, merging the previously planned and distinct Thomson (TSL) and Eastern Region (ERL) lines. By then, construction of the TSL had already begun in January 2014. The line is being opened in stages, beginning with Stage 1 on 31 January 2020. Stage 2 opened on 28 August 2021 and Stage 3 opened on 13 November 2022. Stage 4 and Stage 5 are scheduled to open sometime in 2024 and 2025 respectively. Meanwhile, Mount Pleasant and Marina South stations, which were structurally completed as part of Stage 3, remains non-operational due to the perceived lack of developments in the area at this given time.

In January 2019, an infill station known as Founders' Memorial was announced to complement its namesake, with the LTA additionally considering to integrate the Changi Airport Branch that is currently a part of the East West Line (EWL) into the TEL. When fully opened, it is expected to serve about 500,000 commuters daily in the initial years before rising to one million in the long-term. It is the fourth MRT line to be operated by SMRT Trains Ltd and also the fourth to be completely automated and driverless. The line is currently served by Mandai Depot, with the East Coast Integrated Depot opening in 2025, and services are operated by the T251 electric multiple unit (EMU) rolling stock manufuactured by Kawasaki–CRRC.

New and improved signage was introduced to all stations along the TEL, which saw less text and wordiness in place of more illustrations and visualisations. Moreover, ever since the TEL began operations, all the other MRT lines on the wider network have since been represented by their initials in addition to the exits being represented numerically rather than alphabetically.

History

Thomson Line

The Thomson Line (TSL) was first announced on 25 January 2008. Several architectural and engineering consultancy packages were released in 2010 which indicated an increase in the number of stations from 18 in the initial announcement to the current 22 and length of the line from .

On 16 June 2011, LTA announced the location of the depot for the line, which was due to begin construction at the end of 2012. It also announced Woodlands as an interchange with the existing North South Line and an additional station located near to Republic Polytechnic.

On 29 August 2012, it was announced that the completion of the TSL was pushed back to 2019 onwards instead of the indicative timeline of 2018 announced in the Land Transport Masterplan.

Construction of the TSL began in January 2014. The groundbreaking ceremony took place on 27 June that year at Woodlands. All the working station names were confirmed as the final names except for Sin Ming station which was changed to Bright Hill.

Eastern Region Line

The Eastern Region Line (ERL) was first announced on 23 October 2001. In its preliminary plans, ERL was to have been a 40 kilometre rectangular loop that would complement the existing East West line and enhance inter- and intra-town travelling in the eastern region. It would have looped around the Jalan Besar and East Coast areas, intersecting the Circle Line and other lines along the way, benefiting residents in Tampines, Bedok, Marine Parade, MacPherson and Kaki Bukit. The northern part of the Eastern Region Line became the third stage of the Downtown Line. The southern part of the Eastern Region Line became the East Coast stretch of the Thomson-East Coast line. Sungei Bedok would become an interchange between the Downtown and the Thomson-East Coast lines.

On 11 July 2012, Josephine Teo, Minister of State, Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Transport, announced that the Land Transport Authority is starting architectural and engineering consultancy studies for the Eastern Region Line, which will eventually connect to the Thomson Line.

The director of rail services from LTA, Melvyn Thong, said on 29 May 2013 at the Modern Railways conference that there are plans to extend the Eastern Region Line to the future Changi Airport Terminal 4 which was at that time, set to be ready by 2017 but on 1 June that year, the Land Transport Authority clarified that the Eastern Region Line will not provide an MRT link to the planned Terminal 4. On 30 August that year, Minister of State for Transport Josephine Teo unveiled plans that it will be linked to the future Changi Airport Terminal 5, a mega terminal, which will be the largest terminal in Singapore upon completion in the 2030s.

Merging of Eastern Region Line and Thomson Line
The Eastern Region Line was merged with the Thomson Line on 15 August 2014 to form the Thomson–East Coast Line, extending the project from three to five stages, with nine more stations.

The groundbreaking ceremony for the East Coast stretch took place at Marine Parade on 21 July 2016. All the working station names, including Xilin on the Downtown Line extension, were confirmed as the final names except for Amber station which was changed to Tanjong Katong. The authorities are also considering extending the Thomson–East Coast line to all terminals at Changi Airport, including the upcoming Terminal 5, announced Transport Minister Khaw Boon Wan.

Line operations
SMRT Trains Ltd was appointed as the operator of the line on 15 September 2017.

On 28 August 2019, the Land Transport Authority awarded several non-fare businesses along the line, with Asiaray Connect awarded an advertising contract and a consortium, made up of SMRT Experience, JR Business Development SEA and Alphaplus Investments appointed to run retail space. This is the first time the LTA outsourced these non-fare businesses.

On 19 September that year, Transport Minister Khaw Boon Wan revealed that the opening of the first stage of the Thomson–East Coast Line from Woodlands North to Woodlands South stations was delayed to January 2020 from the indicative time of 2019 announced earlier, subsequently confirmed as 31 January 2020. Self-assistance kiosks were installed at all TEL MRT stations and will be rolled out to all stations.

On 11 January 2020, SMRT and LTA hosted an open house for the first stage of the line, with the stage opening for revenue service on 31 January 2020.

The opening of the second stage was initially delayed to the first quarter of 2021 due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic circuit breaker period; the project was subsequently further delayed to the third quarter of 2021.

On 30 April 2021, LTA handed over Stage 2 stations along the line to SMRT to get the section ready for operations. On 30 June 2021, Transport Minister S. Iswaran announced that Stage 2 will open on 28 August 2021. LTA announced on 13 August 2021 that there would be a virtual open house held from 23 to 27 August 2021 since all physical open houses were disallowed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

The second stage of the line, extending the line from Woodlands South to Caldecott, opened on 28 August 2021.

On 23 November 2021, LTA announced that Mount Pleasant and Marina South stations will only open when housing developments in these areas are ready, instead of opening as part of Stage 3. On 9 March 2022, Transport Minister S Iswaran announced in Parliament that TEL 3 would open in the 2nd half of 2022.

On 17 August 2022, LTA handed over Stage 3 stations along the line to SMRT to get the section ready for operations by the end of 2022.

On 7 October 2022, during a visit to the  and  TEL stations, Transport Minister S. Iswaran announced that the third stage of the line will commence operations on 13 November 2022.

Airport extension

On 25 May 2019, LTA confirmed that it will extend the Thomson–East Coast Line from Sungei Bedok to Changi Airport Terminal 5. Construction works to extend the TEL to the existing Changi Airport MRT station, which is a terminal station of the East West MRT line commenced in 2020. The stretch of East West MRT line between Tanah Merah and Changi Airport will be converted to form part of the Thomson–East Coast Line extension. The extension is expected to begin construction after 2022, with train services commencing by 2040.

Network and operations

Route
The 30.4-kilometer (18.9 mi) Thomson-East Coast line runs in a north-south direction between Woodlands North and Gardens by the Bay stations and west-east direction between Gardens by the Bay and Sungei Bedok stations. Beginning at Woodlands North, the line runs south passing the neighbourhood of Woodlands. Between Woodlands South and Springleaf, a branch has been implied for trains going to Mandai depot. It continues heading south-east, bypassing Ang Mo Kio, towards Lentor before curving south towards Mayflower station.

After Bright Hill station, the line curves south towards Caldecott station before curving west passing the unopened Mount Pleasant towards Stevens station, which it has an interchange with the Downtown line. From Napier station, the line heads east towards Orchard station, also interchanging with the North-South line. It continues heading south between Orchard and Havelock stations, cutting underneath the Singapore River before heading south-east towards Outram Park station, which has an interchange with the East-West and North-East lines.

It then enters the Downtown Core, by heading in a south-east direction towards Marina Bay station, which also has an interchange with the North-South and Circle lines. The line then heads north-east towards Gardens by the Bay, the current terminus of the line. From 2024, upon the completion of Stage 4, the line will pass underneath the Kallang Basin, before banking north passing Founders’ Memorial station, which it was scheduled to complete in 2027, but then curves eastwards between Tanjong Rhu and Bayshore station, paralleling Marine Parade Road. In 2025, the line will continue east towards Sungei Bedok, the future terminus which it has an interchange with the Downtown line.

Stations
Station codes for the line are brown, corresponding to the line's colour on the system map. Most stations are island stations, with the exception of Napier, Maxwell, Shenton Way and Marina Bay stations, which have stacked side platforms. Future stations Katong Park and Tanjong Katong are planned to also have stacked side platforms, and Tanjong Rhu station is planned to have side platforms.

A station box is located in between Springleaf and Lentor Station provisionally named "Tagore".

Legend

List

Depots

Technical details

Train control

The Thomson–East Coast Line is equipped with Alstom Urbalis 400 Communications-based train control (CBTC) moving block signalling system with Automatic train control (ATC) under Automatic train operation (ATO) GoA 4 (UTO). The subsystems consist of Automatic train protection (ATP) to govern train speed, Iconis Automatic Train Supervision (ATS) to track and schedule trains and Smartlock Computer-based interlocking (CBI) system that prevents incorrect signal and track points to be set.

Alstom will also be supplying platform screen doors for the Thomson–East Coast Line.

Rolling stock

The first generation of rolling stock being introduced onto the Thomson–East Coast Line is the T251, built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries & CRRC Qingdao Sifang in Qingdao, China. The trains are built with 5 doors per side per car similar to that of Hong Kong MTR trains or Type A trains in China, which is the very first in Singapore to have this configuration. They are also completely automated and driverless. The trains are housed at the Mandai Depot and the future East Coast Integrated Depot (shared with the Downtown and the East West lines).

See also
 Transport in Singapore

References

External links

 Thomson–East Coast Line

Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) lines
Proposed public transport in Singapore
Buildings and structures under construction in Singapore
Railway lines opened in 2020
2020 establishments in Singapore
Automated guideway transit


The Diocese of Würzburg () is a Latin Church diocese of Catholic Church in Germany. The diocese is located in Lower Franconia, around the city of Würzburg, and the bishop is seated at Würzburg Cathedral. Founded in 741, the diocese lost all temporal power after the Napoleonic wars.

See Bishopric of Würzburg for more information about the history of the diocese.

History
The first Apostle of Christianity for the territory now included in the Diocese of Würzburg was the Irish missionary, Saint Kilian, the Apostle of Franconia. who converted Gozbert the Frankish duke of Thuringia. In his castle above Würzburg, Gozbert's son Hedan II built the first church dedicated to the Blessed Virgin; on this account the castle received the name of Marienberg. The first mention of Würzburg is in 704, when it is called Castellum Virtebuch. A diocese was established in Würzburg by Saint Boniface, who in 741 consecrated his friend Saint Burchard as bishop; In 742 Pope Zachary confirmed the selection of Burchard. Burchard (741-53) built the first cathedral church, and buried there the bodies of St. Kilian and his companions; he connected with the church a monastery which followed the Rule of St. Benedict.

Carloman (mayor of the palace) gave great gifts of land to the bishopric. In 752 or 753 the church of Würzburg was granted immunity for all its possessions, also secular jurisdiction, whereby the foundation was laid for the future secular authority of the bishops. Like the majority of his successors, Burchard lived at the Marienburg, which he had received from the last duke in exchange for another fortified castle. His successor, Megingoz (753-85), did much towards Christianizing Saxony. Bishop Bernwelf (785-800) replaced the Benedictine secular clergy at the cathedral by the Brothers of St. Kilian, who led a common life after the rule of Chrodegang of Metz. Arno (855-92) rebuilt the cathedral, which had been destroyed by lightning, on the site of the present cathedral.

List of bishops
Burchard I 741 (or 746, according to the Annales Altahenses) – 755
Megingoz (Megingold) 753–785
Berowulf (Bernulf) 786–800
Liuttrit (Luderich) 800–803
Egilwart 803–810
Wolfgar 810–832
Humbert (Hunbert) 833–842
Godwald von Henneberg 842–855
Arno von Endsee 855–892
Rudolf I von Conradines 892–908
Theodo von Henneberg 908–931
Burchard II 932–941
Poppo I 941–961
Poppo II 961–983
Hugo von Rothenburg 983–990
Bernward von Rothenburg 990–995
Heinrich I von Rothenburg 995–1018
Meinhard I von Rothenburg 1018–1034
Bruno of Carinthia 1034–1045
Adalbero von Lambach-Wels 1045–1085
Meinhard II von Rothenburg 1085–1088
Einhard von Rothenburg 1089–1105
Rupert von Tundorf 1105–1106
Erlung von Calw 1106–1121
Gebhard von Henneberg 1122–1127
Rudiger von Vaihingen 1122–1125
Emicho von Leiningen 1125–1146
Siegfried von Truhendingen 1146–1150
Gebhard von Henneberg 1150–1159
Heinrich II von Stuhlingen 1159–1165
Herold von Hochheim 1165–1170
Reginhard von Abenberg 1171–1186
Gottfried I von Spitzenberg-Helfenstein 1186–1190
Philip of Swabia 1190–1191
Heinrich III of Berg 1191–1197
Gottfried II von Hohenlohe 1197
Konrad von Querfurt 1197–1202
Heinrich IV von Katzburg 1202–1207
 1207–1223
Dietrich von Homburg 1223–1225
Hermann I von Lobdeburg 1225–1254
Iring von Reinstein-Homburg 1254–1266
Heinrich V von Leiningen 1254–1255
Poppo III von Trimberg 1267–1271
Berthold I von Henneberg 1271–1274
Berthold II von Sternberg 1274–1287
Mangold von Neuenburg 1287–1303 (Bishop of Bamberg 1285)
Andreas von Gundelfingen 1303–1313
Gottfried III von Hohenlohe 1313–1322
Friedrich von Stolberg 1313–1317
Wolfram Wolfskeel von Grumbach 1322–1332
Hermann II Hummel von Lichtenberg 1333–1335
Otto II von Wolfskeel 1335–1345
Albrecht I von Hohenberg 1345–1349
Albrecht II von Hohenlohe 1350–1372
Gerhard von Schwarzburg 1372–1400
Albrecht III von Katzburg 1372–1376
Johann I von Egloffstein 1400–1411
Johann II von Brunn 1411–1440
Sigmund of Saxony 1440–1443
Gottfried Schenk von Limpurg † (19 Nov 1443 Appointed – 1 Apr 1455 Died)
Johann von Grumbach † (14 Apr 1455 Appointed – 11 Apr 1466 Died)
Rudolf von Scherenberg † (30 Apr 1466 Appointed – 29 Apr 1495 Died)
Lorenz von Bibra † (12 May 1495 Appointed – 6 Feb 1519 Died)
Konrad von Thüngen † (15 Feb 1519 Appointed – 16 Jun 1540 Died)
Konrad von Bibra † (1 Jul 1540 Appointed – 4 Aug 1544 Died)
Melchior Zobel von Giebelstadt † (Aug 1544 Appointed – 15 Apr 1558 Died)
Friedrich von Wirsberg † (27 Apr 1558 Appointed – 12 Nov 1573 Died)
Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn † (1 Dec 1573 Appointed – 9 Sep 1617 Died)
Johann Gottfried von Aschhausen † (5 Oct 1617 Appointed – 29 Dec 1622 Died)
Philipp Adolf von Ehrenberg † (6 Feb 1623 Appointed – 16 Jul 1631 Died)
Franz Graf von Hatzfeld † (7 Aug 1631 Appointed – 30 Jul 1642 Died)
Johann Philipp Reichsgraf von Schönborn † (16 Aug 1642 Appointed – 12 Feb 1673 Died)
Johann Hartmann Reichsritter von Rosenbach † (13 Mar 1673 Appointed – 19 Apr 1675 Died)
Peter Philipp Reichsgraf von Dernbach † (Jul 1675 Appointed – 24 Apr 1683 Died)
Konrad Wilhelm Reichsfreiherr von Wernau † (31 May 1683 Appointed – 5 Sep 1684 Died)
Johann Gottfried II von Gutenberg † (16 Oct 1684 Appointed – 14 Dec 1698 Died)
Johann Philipp Reichsfreiherr von Greifenclau zu Vollraths † (9 Feb 1699 Appointed – 3 Aug 1719 Died)
Johann Philipp Franz Reichsgraf von Schönborn † (18 Sep 1719 Appointed – 18 Aug 1724 Died)
Christoph Franz Reichsfreiherr von Hutten † (2 Oct 1724 Appointed – 25 Mar 1729 Died)
Friedrich Karl Reichsgraf von Schönborn † (18 May 1729 Appointed – 26 Jul 1746 Died)
Anselm Franz Reichsgraf von Ingelheim † (29 Aug 1746 Appointed – 9 Feb 1749 Died)
Karl Philipp Reichsfreiherr von Greifenclau zu Vollraths † (14 Apr 1749 Appointed – 25 Nov 1754 Died)
Adam Friedrich Reichsgraf von Seinsheim † (7 Jan 1755 Appointed – 18 Feb 1779 Died)
Franz Ludwig Reichsfreiherr von Erthal † (18 Mar 1779 Appointed – 14 Feb 1795 Died)
Georg Karl Ignaz Freiherr von Fechenbach zu Laudenbach † (12 Mar 1795 Appointed – 9 Apr 1808 Died)
Adam Friedrich Freiherr von Groß zu Trockau † (6 Sep 1818 Appointed – 21 Mar 1840 Died)
Georg Anton von Stahl † (17 Apr 1840 Appointed – 13 Jul 1870 Died)
Johann Valentin von Reißmann † (26 Oct 1870 Appointed – 17 Nov 1875 Died)
Franz Joseph von Stein † (19 Oct 1878 Appointed – 24 Dec 1897 Appointed, Archbishop of München and Freising {Munich})
Ferdinand von Schlör † (5 Mar 1898 Appointed – 2 Jun 1924 Died)
Matthias Ehrenfried † (30 Sep 1924 Appointed – 30 May 1948 Died)
Julius August Döpfner † (11 Aug 1948 Appointed – 15 Jan 1957 Appointed, Bishop of Berlin)
Josef Stangl † (27 June 1957 appointed – 8 January 1979 resigned)
Paul-Werner Scheele † (31 August 1979 appointed – 14 July 2003 retired)
Friedhelm Hofmann (25 June 2004 appointed – 18 September 2017 retired)
Franz Jung (16 February 2018 – )

References

741 establishments
Wurzburg
Würzburg
Wurzburg


Sistem Kenderaan Seremban – Kuala Lumpur Sdn Bhd (doing business as SKS-KL) is a private transport company owned by Nadi Bhd.

History
It was formed in 1977. It is based in Terminal One Mall, Seremban. It serves as the biggest express bus provider from Seremban to Kuala Lumpur and other destinations. SKS owns a fleet of Nissan Diesel, Hino, Silverbus, Scania AB, Mercedes-Benz and Volvo buses to serve all its routes. Some 5,000 people use SKS services on normal days and double the number on weekends.

Routes

SKS, a unit of Nadi Corp Holdings Sdn Bhd, operates coach services along the North-South Expressway.

Fleet
As of 2014, these fleet had used intercity coaches (Scania L94IB, Scania K270IB and Scania K320IB).

References

External links
 Nadi Bhd

1977 establishments in Malaysia
Bus companies of Malaysia
Privately held companies of Malaysia


Henry Jacob Bigelow (March 11, 1818October 30, 1890) was an American surgeon and Professor of Surgery at Harvard University. A dominating figure in Boston medicine for many decades, he is remembered for the Bigelow maneuver for hip dislocation, a technique for treatment of kidney stones, and other innovations. He was instrumental in bringing the anesthetic possibilities of ether to the attention of medical men, and rescuing the case of Phineas Gage from relative obscurity. He was a vocal opponent of vivisection, and played a minor role in the apprehension of the culprit in the Parkman–Webster murder case.

Biography
Bigelow was born March 11, 1818, in Boston to his mother, Mary Scollay, and his father, Jacob Bigelow who taught medicine at Harvard. Bigelow entered Harvard College at fifteen years old and, after a not entirely smooth undergraduate career (including an incident in which he discharged a musket in his Hollis Hall room) graduated in 1837. He studied medicine both at Harvard University and at Dartmouth College (at the latter, under Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.), receiving his M.D. at Harvard in 1841. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1846.

His "Insensibility during Surgical Operations Produced by Inhalation" (1846), detailing the discovery of ether anesthesia, was selected by readers of the New England Journal of Medicine as the "most important article in NEJM history" in commemoration of the journal's 200th anniversary. "Dr. Harlow's case of Recovery from the passage of an Iron Bar through the Head" (1850) brought the case of Phineas Gage out of complete obscurity into merely relative obscurity, and largely neutralized remaining skepticism about the case.

Bigelow described the structure and function of the Y-ligament of the hip joint in great detail, and it still carries his name.

In 1878 he published "Lithotrity by a Single Operation", in which he described his a technique for "the crushing and removal of a stone from the bladder at one sitting." Prior to this, surgeons would crush a bladder stone and then spend only a few minutes removing the pieces. The remaining fragments would remain for a later session for removal. This resulted in much discomfort and complications as the remaining fragments found an exit on their own. Removing the entire bladder stone in one procedure was a great advancement.

Bigelow died October 30, 1890, after an accident, at his country home in Newton, Massachusetts. He is buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery. He was survived by one son, William Sturgis Bigelow.

See also
 Dr. Henry Jacob Bigelow House
 Frank Lahey MD, founder of Lahey Clinic

References

Bibliography

External links

 Henry Jacob Bigelow,
Henry Jacob Bigelow papers, 1840s-1856 (inclusive), 1848-1855 (bulk). H MS c439. Harvard Medical Library, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine, Boston, Mass.

1818 births
1890 deaths
American surgeons
Anti-vivisectionists
Harvard Medical School faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Harvard Medical School alumni
Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery
Physicians from Boston


Deep Thinkers is an American hip hop group from Kansas City, Missouri composed of MC Aaron Sutton (Brother of Moses) and DJ and producer Kyle Dykes (Leonard D. Story, Leonard Dstroy, or Lenny D).

Sutton and Dykes first met each other while performing in the live band Sevenfold Symphony and have been credited with playing an essential role in developing the Kansas City hip-hop scene. Sutton regularly volunteers in the Kansas City community, and is also an oil painter.

The group's lyrics center on social issues such as politics, homelessness, and poverty. Its beats are composed of a myriad of samples, including those of 1970s funk music, jazz, and world music. Deep Thinkers has performed with artists including Del tha Funkee Homosapien and Mac Lethal.

Discography
Outlook (self-released, 2003)
Necks Move (Datura Records, 2005)
Don't Call It A Mixtape Vol. 1 (Symbol Heavy, 2006)
Reprogram (INnatesounds, 2007)
Make It Quake (Wilshire District Music, 2009)

See also
American hip hop
Conscious hip hop

References

External links
Deep Thinkers on Myspace

American hip hop groups


The Pagoda of Cishou Temple (), originally known as Yong'an Wanshou Pagoda (), is a 16th-century stone and brick Chinese pagoda located in the Buddhist Cishou Temple in Balizhuang, Haidian District, Beijing.

Description
This octagonal-shaped pagoda is roughly 50 m (164 ft) tall, with elaborate ornamental carvings, thirteen tiers of eaves, and a small steeple. The Cishou Pagoda was built in 1576 during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), commissioned by Empress Dowager Li during the reign of the Wanli Emperor (1572–1620). The Cishou Pagoda was modelled upon a similar pagoda at Tianning Temple outside Guang'anmen in Beijing. The style of eaves on the pagoda is similar to older Liao dynasty and Jin dynasty pagodas. Although the surrounding Cishou Temple has been destroyed, the original Ming pagoda of Cishou has remained unharmed except for noticeable weathering damage to the carved reliefs on its exterior facade.

The brick base of the pagoda is shaped as a sumeru pedestal and is decorated with relief carvings of the Buddha, lotus petals, and other designs. The upper portion of the pagoda features carved designs of Chinese musical instruments such as the guqin. Stylistic dougong supports—commonly found in wooden Chinese architecture—are carved in between the eaves of the pagoda.

See also

Chinese architecture
Pagoda

External links

Cishou Temple Pagoda at China.org.cn

Buddhist temples in Beijing
Chinese architectural history
Pagodas in China
Ming dynasty architecture
Cishou Temple pagoda
Religious buildings and structures completed in 1576


WGUS may refer to:

 WGUS-FM, a radio station (102.7 FM) licensed to New Ellenton, South Carolina
 WCHZ (AM), a defunct radio station (1480 AM) licensed to Augusta, Georgia, which held the call sign WGUS from 2003 to 2012


Normand Aubin (born July 26, 1960) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played two seasons in the National Hockey League for the Toronto Maple Leafs from 1981 to 1983.

Aubin was drafted 51st overall in the 1979 NHL Entry Draft by the Maple Leafs. Aubin played 69 career NHL games scoring eighteen goals and thirteen assists for thirty-one points. He played one playoff game without scoring a point.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

External links

1960 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey centres
Cincinnati Tigers players
French Quebecers
New Brunswick Hawks players
Nova Scotia Oilers players
People from Saint-Leonard, Quebec
Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey players
Sherbrooke Castors players
Sorel Éperviers players
Ice hockey people from Montreal
St. Catharines Saints players
Toronto Maple Leafs draft picks
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Verdun Éperviers players


Naval Ordnance Station Louisville ("NOSL") is a major employer of Louisville, Kentucky, near Standiford Field.  For over fifty years, starting in late 1941, it provided maintenance and equipment for the United States Navy.  Since the end of the Cold War Naval Ordnance was the main hub for repair and replace of major guns and equipment on battleships along with work for NASA, after which most of it has been turned over to private companies, and the complex is currently named the Greater Louisville Technology Park.

History
The area for Naval Ordnance was chosen due to being so far inland, that it would be difficult for enemies to strike it.  Construction began on January 29, 1941, ten months prior to the Attack on Pearl Harbor and America's official entry into World War II.  It was officially commissioned on October 1, 1941.

During World War II, Westinghouse Electric Corporation held the work contract for the facility, even though it was (and still is) a private company.  At its height it would employ 4200 workers at one time.  It specialized in torpedo tubes and gun mounts.  In February 1946 operational control reverted to the Navy, and the number of workers declined to 500.  In 1948 it spiked to 850, and then decreased to only 100 in 1950. The Korean War caused employment at NOSL to increase to 1800.

During the Cold War, it would mostly repair naval equipment, but would also provide general support, research and development of gun weapon systems, and construct ordnance for the Navy.  By the 1990s, it was the only facility that the Navy had that could give its surface weapon systems complete engineering, technical support services, and major overhauling.  It was the only facility approved to give the Phalanx CIWS engineering and overhauling.

In 1990, NOSL was on a list for base closures, but the Gulf War caused the facility to remain open, hiring 107 permanent workers.  Immediately after the conclusion of Operation: Desert Storm, it was decided for NOSL to merge some activities with Indiana's Crane Naval facility, allowing it to remain open.  On June 27, 1993, it survived another base-closure movement, despite efforts by a private contractor in Minnesota.

United Defense and Hughes Missile Systems was given control of the facility on August 15, 1996.  A collection of private companies, it would serve as a contractor for the Navy.  The facility's name officially changed to "Greater Louisville Technology Park", but would continue to be called "Naval Ordnance" by locals.  It was the first former military facility to continue to supply contracted military supplies, but at a much reduced rate than it had during the World War II/Cold War era.  The workforce in the 1990s started at 1850, but was reduced to  870, which included 200 workers of non-military articles.   of the facility, one-third of its total, was not in use, and much of the rest were burdened by state and local ordinance codes it was previously immune to, as its many 1940s and 1950s buildings could be considered environmental hazards.  The name "Naval Surface Warfare Center Port Huemene Division Louisville Detachment" was given to what was left of the official government presence on the site.

In 2005, the United States Department of Defense made plans concerning the facility's function, to either consolidate operations for either the 179th Airlift Wing or the 118th Airlift Wing's C-130Hs.  Another plan was to take Louisville's "gun and ammunition Research and Development & Acquisition" to New Jersey, which would cost the Louisville economy up to 506 jobs by 2011.
USS Louisville's (CA 28) ship's bell is on display at the Navy Operational Support Center in Louisville, Kentucky.

The facility has had trouble attracting new employers, as the environmental studies each employer would have to pay for before they could start business there makes it unattractive.

See also
 Indiana Army Ammunition Plant
 Jeffersonville Quartermaster Depot

References

Ordnance Station Louisville
Companies based in Louisville, Kentucky
Science parks in the United States
1941 establishments in Kentucky
Military installations established in 1941


WIST may refer to:

 WIST-FM, a radio station (98.3 FM) licensed to Thomasville, North Carolina, United States
 WQNO, a radio station (690 AM) licensed to New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, which held the call sign WIST from 2005 to 2012
 WIST-94, a Polish pistol
 Whist, a classic card game
 WYFQ, a radio station (930 AM) licensed to Charlotte, North Carolina, United States, which held the call sign WIST from 1947 to the 1960s
 WHVN, a radio station (1240 AM) licensed to Charlotte, North Carolina, United States, which held the call sign WIST from the 1960s to 1983
 WNKS, a radio station (95.1 FM) licensed to Charlotte, North Carolina, United States, which held the call sign WIST-FM prior to 1972
 WGFY, a radio station (1480 AM) licensed to Charlotte, North Carolina, United States, which held the call sign WIST from 1994 to 1996
 WOLS, a radio station (106.1 FM) licensed to Waxhaw, North Carolina, United States, which held the call sign WIST-FM from 1995 to 1996
 WAME, a radio station (550 AM) licensed to Statesville, North Carolina, United States, which held the call sign WIST from 1996 to 1997 and from 1998 to 2000
 WBLO, a radio station (790 AM) licensed to Thomasville, North Carolina, United States, which held the call sign WIST during 2004

See also
 Wist, an application for smartphones that helped users find top five restaurants, bars and coffee shops nearby
 Cole Wist, American attorney and politician
 Johannes B. Wist, Norwegian American newspaper editor, journalist and author


Stein Widar Rønning (28 May 1965 – 23 January 2008) was a Norwegian karate master who had won international competitions, including the 1990 World Karate Championships, Male Kumite -60 kg, in Mexico City. He died in Stavanger.

References

External links
 Statistics

1965 births
2008 deaths
Norwegian male karateka
People from Strand, Norway
World Games gold medalists
Competitors at the 1989 World Games
World Games medalists in karate
Sportspeople from Rogaland
20th-century Norwegian people


Mobile Airport may refer to two airports in Mobile, Alabama:
Mobile Downtown Airport
Mobile Regional Airport


Alarik Frithiof Holmgren (October 22, 1831 – August 14, 1897) was a Swedish physician, physiologist and professor at Upsala University, most noted for his research of color blindness. He was a vocal opponent of vivisection, and particularly the use of curare to immobilize subjects so they appeared peaceful while enduring great pain.

Biography
Holmgren was born in Östergötland, Sweden. From 1852 he served as a medial practitioner including during the cholera pandemic in Norrköping and Söderköping. He graduated as a Medical Doctor from Uppsala University in 1861. He joined the faculty of Uppsala University and in 1864, was appointed professor of physiology. He researched color blindness and his most notable work was about color blindness in relation to rail and sea transport. His research took him to London, Berlin, Vienna and Paris. He devised a standardized test, now known as Holmgren's wool test, for color blindness testing in 1874. Following a railway crash at Lagerlunda in 1875, he advocated the need to preclude people with defective color vision from railway employment.  This established the now standard practice of excluded color blind individuals from employment in certain sectors.

Personal life
Holmgren was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from 1880.  In 1869, he was married to the suffragist Ann-Margret Holmgren  (1850–1940). They were the parents of eight children. Both he and his wife were buried at Uppsala old cemetery.

See also
 History of animal testing

References

External links

Holmgren's (1877) De la cécité des couleurs dans ses rapports avec les chemins de fer et la marine - digital facsimile at the Linda Hall Library

1831 births
1897 deaths
Anti-vivisectionists
People from Östergötland
Uppsala University alumni
Academic staff of Uppsala University
19th-century Swedish physicians
Swedish physiologists
Swedish medical researchers
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Burials at Uppsala old cemetery


The Diocese of Erfurt () is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic church in Germany. The diocese was created in 1973 as the apostolic administration of Erfurt-Meiningen, and was elevated in 1994 to the current diocese of Erfurt. The diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Paderborn.

After the former bishop Joachim Wanke resigned in 2012 the diocese was without bishop until November 2014 when Ulrich Neymeyr took office. Neymeyr served as auxiliary bishop in the Diocese of Mainz before being appointed as bishop of Erfurt.

Ordinaries
Hugo Aufderbeck (23 July 1973 Appointed – 17 January 1981 Died)
Joachim Wanke (17 January 1981 Succeeded – 1 October 2012 Retired)
Ulrich Neymeyr (19 September 2014 – present)

References

 Entry at catholic-hierarchy.org

Erfurt
Erfurt
Erfurt


Charlie or Charley Evans may refer to:

Charley Evans (), American baseball player
Charlie Evans (Australian footballer) (1942–2021), Australian footballer
Charlie Evans (American football) (born 1948), American football player
Charlotte Jordan (a.k.a. "Charlie Evans", born 1995), English actress

See also
Charles Evans (disambiguation)


Taverny Air Base (formerly Base Aérienne 921 "Frères Mahé" de Taverny)  is located in the communities of Taverny and Bessancourt in the Val d'Oise département of France, twenty kilometers north of Paris.  Until 2011 it was the headquarters of the French Air Force nuclear strike force, with an underground command center.

The base is divided into three tiers with an area of approximately 15 hectares:

The first tier is underground in a former gypsum quarry beneath the Forest of Montmorency.  The facility comprised the hardened command facility for the French Air Force.
The second tier is on the surface, and provided support services for the underground command center.
The third tier is at the top of the hill, with facilities for secure military communications.

There were no aviation facilities apart from a heliport.

Description

The base is located on the flank of the heights of the community of Taverny, with the hardened facility between 70 and 80 meters below the surface in the former quarries.  The tunnels are large enough for trucks to enter.  The underground climate is described as warm and dry, but the tunnels require monitoring for water penetration and dissolution of the gypsum.  Somewhat more than 1000 personnel are employed at the base.

The facility is provided with backup power and an independent water supply. A 2000m² Faraday Cage was completed in 1993 after six years of construction  - one of the largest in Europe.

History

 1815: First commercial exploitation as a gypsum quarry.
 1941-1944: During World War II, the Germans converted some of these tunnels for industrial use. The SKF ball bearing factory was moved there from south of Paris.  At the time of the Allied invasion, the manufacture of ball bearings had been started. The two main tunnels were connected and an entrance structure with gates was constructed. Before their evacuation of Paris, the Germans destroyed the equipment in the tunnels. Several places in the area of the plant show evidence of fire. According to a villager, the Germans used oil fires to destroy the equipment. This caused cracking and falling rocks. Mines and booby traps were left behind in the tunnels and the nearby woods; these were removed, along with the remains of the plant, by the U.S. Army. There is no evidence that the Allies bombed the tunnels during the occupation.
 1946: The French Air Force used the quarry as a depot.
 1957: The creation of the Air Defense Operations Center (Centre d'Opération de la Défense Aérienne - CODA).
 1961: The creation of the Territorial Air Defense Staff (Etat-major de la Defense Aérienne du Territoire - DAT) and the Air Force Air Defense Command (Commandement Air des Forces de Défense Aérienne - CAFDA). These organizations were dissolved in 1994 and replaced with the Air Defense and Air Operations Command (Commandement de la Défense Aérienne et des Opérations Aériennes - CDAOA) and its Air Operations Center (Centre de Conduite des Opérations Aériennes - CCOA).
 1963: Creation of BA921, attached to the 2nd Air Region, and the installation on the surface of the Strategic Air Forces Command (Commandement des Forces Aériennes Stratégiques - CFAS).
 1967: Installation of the Strategic Forces Operations Center (Centre d'Opérations des forces stratégiques - COFAS) underground.
 1988: BA921 takes the name "Frères Mahé" ("Brothers Mahé" in English) in homage to three brothers killed in the command of their aircraft.
 1992: Installation of the Special Operations Command (Commandement des Opérations Spéciales - COS).
 2000: BA921 was attached to the Northern Air Region.
 2006: Special Operations Command (COS) moves to BA107 at Villacoublay.
 2007: The Air Operations Center moves to BA942 at Lyon Mont-Verdun. At the same time, the Air Defense and Air Operations (CDAOA) moves to BA117 in Paris and the Air Information Center (Centre de Renseignement Air - CRA) moves to BA128 at Metz.
 2011: BA 921 is disestablished on 5 July 2011.
 2020 : In the spring of 2020, it is decided to relocate the headquarters of the Strategic Air Forces on the base, i.e. a hundred people plus the ancillary services in 2024

Nuclear deterrent

Taverny provided information to the following organizations:

 The commander of the strategic air forces (Commandement des forces aériennes stratégiques - CFAS), which constitute one leg of France's nuclear deterrent.
 The Analysis and Simulation Center for the Preparation of Air Operations (Centre d'Analyse et de Simulation pour la Préparation des Opérations Aérienne - CASPOA).
 The Military Air traffic Control (Direction de la Circulation Aérienne Militaire - DirCAM).
 The Meteorology Center for External Operations (Centre de Météorologie des Opérations Extérieures - CMOE)

Other facilities

A similar Air Force facility exists northwest of Lyon at BA942 Lyon-Mont Verdun.  The French Navy's counterpart facility, controlling the ballistic missile submarine strike force (Force océanique stratégique - FOST), was located about 20 km to the south at Houilles, Yvelines.

References

French Air and Space Force bases
Nuclear bunkers in France
Nuclear command and control
Emergency management in France
Nuclear weapons program of France
Buildings and structures in Val-d'Oise
Continuity of government
Cold War sites in France


John B. Alexander (born 1937) is a retired United States Army colonel. An infantry officer for much of his career, he is best known as a leading advocate for the development of non-lethal weapons and of military applications of the paranormal. He has written and lectured on UFOs. He characterizes his career as having "evolved from hard-core mercenary to thanatologist". Alexander figures prominently in journalist Jon Ronson's book The Men Who Stare At Goats (2004), which was later made into a Hollywood film starring George Clooney (2009). Ronson continued to draw on Alexander's former status and knowledge in several related Channel 4 documentaries, where Ronson examined the subject of New Age ideas influencing the U.S. military.

Biography
Alexander was born in New York in 1937. He enlisted in the Army as a private in 1956, ultimately retiring as a colonel in 1988. A "mustang," Alexander was selected to attend Officer Candidate School as a sergeant first class. While on active duty, he received degrees from the University of Nebraska (B.G.S. with a concentration in sociology, 1971), Pepperdine University (M.A. in education, 1975) and Walden University (Ph.D. in education, 1980).

His assignments include: Commander, Army Special Forces Teams, US Army, Thailand, Vietnam, 1966–69; Chief of Human Resources Division, US Army, Ft. McPherson, GA, 1977–79; Inspector General, Department of Army, Washington, 1980–82; Chief of Human Technology, Army Intelligence Command, US Army, Arlington, VA 1982-83; Manager of Tech. Integration, Army Materiel Command, US Army, Alexandria, VA, 1983–85; Director, Advanced Concepts US Army Lab. Command, Aldelphi, MD 1985-88.

Alexander describes his assignment in 1971 as an infantry officer at Schofield Barracks, Hawaii, during which time he went diving in the Bimini Islands in search of the mythological continent of Atlantis. During his career in the army he showed exceptional interest in esoteric techniques explored by Lieutenant Colonel Jim Channon in his First Earth Battalion manual. An example is neuro-linguistic programming, with which he hoped to create "Jedi warriors" (according to his own account in his 1990 book The Warrior's Edge). He has published another book, UFOs: Myths, Conspiracies, and Realities ().

From 1982 to 1983, Alexander directly reported to Major General Albert Stubblebine as a self-described "freelance colonel" while Stubblebine redesigned the U.S. Army intelligence architecture to incorporate paranormal and New Age-influenced techniques (including Channon's research and remote viewing) during his time as commanding general of the U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command; reportedly, Alexander was one of Stubblebine's closest colleagues.

In 1985, Alexander founded the Advanced Theoretical Physics Project, an informal cadre of "government officials" (including "people from the Army, Navy, and Air Force, plus several from the defense aerospace industries and some members from the Intelligence Community") who "took it upon themselves to find out whether there was a secret federal UFO project." Although Alexander restricted membership in the group to invitees with a demonstrable interest in the phenomenon and a minimum security clearance of Top Secret-SCI at SI-TK in the hope that "those involved [in a black program on UFOs] would probably be willing to work with a group that had appropriate clearances and could help disseminate information," the group ultimately concluded that "there was no program" and that information collection among the military, Intelligence Community and other federal agencies "was pretty much ad hoc." At the 2011 MUFON Symposium, Alexander’s speech on UFOs was jeered by attendees after he denied all government related conspiracies, and all claims of government “silencing” or harassment.

Alexander received a National Award for Volunteerism from President Ronald Reagan in 1987 and the Aerospace Laureate Award from Aviation Week in 1993 and 1994.

The Albuquerque Journal reported in March 1993 that "last year, Alexander organized a national conference devoted to researching 'reports of ritual abuse, near-death experiences, human contacts with extraterrestrial aliens and other so-called anomalous experiences.'

Following his retirement from the Army, Alexander served for several years as Program Manager for Non-Lethal Defense at Los Alamos National Laboratory. In this capacity, he conducted non-lethal warfare briefings at the highest levels of government, including the Executive Office of the President, the United States National Security Council, members of Congress, the Director of Central Intelligence and senior Department of Defense officials. In 2003, he served as a mentor to senior officials in the Afghan Ministry of Defense through the Office of Military Cooperation–Afghanistan. Beginning in 2005 and continuing for nearly a decade thereafter, he was a Senior Fellow in the Department of Strategic Studies at the Joint Special Operations University; during this period, the JSOU Press published several of his monographs on national security matters.

Alexander lives in Las Vegas, Nevada with his wife Victoria, a fellow UFO researcher.

Works

Articles
 "The New Mental Battlefield: 'Beam Me Up, Spock.'" Military Review, vol. LX, no. 12 (Dec. 1980), pp. 47+. Full issue.

Books
The Warrior's Edge (1990), with Richard Groller and Janet Morris. William Morrow & Co.
Discusses meditation, active listening, intuition, visualization, biofeedback, martial arts, and psychokinesis as researched by the U.S. military.
Future War: Non-Lethal Weapons in Modern Warfare (1999). Thomas Dunne Books. Foreword by Tom Clancy. .
Winning the War: Advanced Weapons, Strategies, and Concepts for the Post-9/11 World (2003). Thomas Dunne Books. .
UFOs: Myths, Conspiracies, and Realities (2011) Thomas Dunne Books. Foreword by Jacques Vallée. Introduction by Burt Rutan.
Reality Denied: Firsthand Experiences with Things that Can't Happen - But Did (2017). Anomalist Books. Foreword by Uri Geller.

Reviews
 Review of The UFO Encyclopedia: The Phenomena from the Beginning (3rd ed., 2 vol.) by Jerome Clark. Journal of Scientific Exploration, vol. 34, no. 1 (2020), pp. 137-140. .

In popular culture
Alexander is interviewed for the documentary featurette "The Science Behind the Fiction" which appears on the DVD for the 2009 film Push. There he discusses his personal experiences with paranormality within the US military. He claims that the Soviet Typhoon class submarine first became known to American military intelligence by paranormal methods.

See also
 National Institute for Discovery Science
 Skinwalker Ranch

References

External links
Official webpage
John B. Alexander at IMDb

United States Army officers
1937 births
Ufologists
UFO writers
Living people