The Massachusetts Provincial Congress (1774–1780) was a provisional government created in the Province of Massachusetts Bay early in the American Revolution. Based on the terms of the colonial charter, it exercised de facto control over the rebellious portions of the province, and after the British withdrawal from Boston in March 1776, the entire province. When Massachusetts Bay declared its independence in 1776, the Congress continued to govern under this arrangement for several years. Increasing calls for constitutional change led to a failed proposal for a constitution produced by the Congress in 1778, and then a successful constitutional convention that produced a constitution for the state in 1780. The Provincial Congress came to an end with elections in October 1780.

Termination of the provincial assembly

On May 20, 1774, the Parliament of Great Britain passed the Massachusetts Government Act in an attempt to better assert its authority in the often troublesome colony. In addition to annulling the provincial charter of Massachusetts, the act prescribed that, effective August 1, the members of the Massachusetts Governor's Council would no longer be elected by the provincial assembly, and would instead be appointed by the King and hold office at his pleasure.

In October 1774, Governor Thomas Gage dissolved the provincial assembly, then meeting in Salem, under the terms of the Government Act. The members of the assembly met anyway, adjourning to Concord and organizing themselves as a Provincial Congress on October 7, 1774. With John Hancock as its president, this extralegal body became the de facto government of Massachusetts outside of Boston. It assumed all powers to rule the province, collect taxes, buy supplies, and raise a militia. Hancock sent Paul Revere to the First Continental Congress with the news that Massachusetts had established the first autonomous government of the Thirteen Colonies (The North Carolina Provincial Congress met earlier than the Massachusetts Congress, although it could be argued that North Carolina's body did not establish an actual government until 1775).

Until the advent of the American Revolutionary War the congress frequently moved its meeting site, because a number of its leaders (John Hancock and Samuel Adams among them) were liable to be arrested by British authorities.

War years
After the war began, the provincial congress established a number of committees to manage the rebel activity in the province, starting with the need to supply and arm the nascent Continental Army that besieged Boston after the April 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord. Pursuant to recommendations of the Second Continental Congress, it in 1775 declared that a quorum of the council (which under the colonial charter acted as governor in the absence of both the governor and lieutenant governor) would be sufficient to make executive decisions. Although the assembly adjourned from time to time, the council remained in continuous session until the new state constitution was introduced in 1780.

This arrangement was only marginally satisfactory, and led to calls for a proper constitution as early as 1776. By 1778, these calls had widened, particularly in Berkshire County, where a protest in May of that year prevented the Superior Court from sitting.

These calls for change led to a failed proposal for a constitution produced by the congress in 1778, and then a successful constitutional convention that produced a constitution for the state in 1780. The provisional government came to an end with elections in October 1780.

Conventions of the People

In 1774 there were conventions held in the counties of Massachusetts in order to deal with the political crisis at the time. With the dismissal of the Provincial Assembly by the Royal Governor Thomas Gage the people of Massachusetts with patriot sympathies desired to form their own provisional government. Much like the Massachusetts Convention of Towns which met in Boston in 1768, these conventions were extralegal assemblies designed to address the concerns of the people of the Province of Massachusetts Bay These meetings drafted their political causes for their convening and other grievances. These conventions, later styled "Conventions of the People", set the stage for the Provincial Congress and acted as its precursors.

Suffolk Convention

The Suffolk County convention took place in private homes in Dedham and Milton.  Joseph Warren served as Chairman. The convention condemned the unconstitutional acts of the royal government (Massachusetts Government Act) and the presence of the British military in Boston.

There were nineteen resolutions passed at the convention. Firstly the convention acknowledged King George III is the rightful monarch of the British Realm and that the colonists were the lawful subjects of the Crown. That the rights and liberties afforded to them were hard fought and that it was their duty to defend, maintain, and hand down those rights. The recent acts of the British Parliament are subverting the rights of the people. This includes the dissolution of the Provincial Assembly, the blockade of Boston Harbor, the subversion of legal protection, and presence of British troops in Boston. The rights of the colonists are natural, constitutional, and guaranteed by the charter of the province. The convention stated the Province is not required to follow or abide by these recent laws because they are the result of a "wicked administration" seeking to "enslave America." Any justices, magistrates, or officials in general which were appointed by the current government were illegitimate and unconstitutional. Anyone who cooperates with the said government will be acting and collaborating with an enemy force. All officers whose duty it is to make payment to the state ought not to make it to the civil government until there is a constitutional replacement. That any person who has accepted a position in the civil government, not by constitutional means but by "virtue of a mandamus from the king" has affronted the people of Massachusetts and become the enemies of the people of the colony. Therefore, the convention gave until September for all officials to resign their position.

The convention stated the fortifications that were built on Boston Neck were acts of aggression against the people. The commander-in-chief of the British forces has also acted unjustly by seizing gunpowder from the Charlestown magazine, as it is not the property of the government. The convention also condemned an act in Canada which enacted French laws and established the Roman Catholic religion. The convention said that these laws are hostile to the Protestant people of all America, and dangerous to their civil liberties. The convention also declared that all officers should be stripped of their commission, and that new officers shall be selected by their respective towns based on ability. They went on to declare that the colonists will continue to act in the defensive to protect themselves, and show they were to the hostile party.
It was further stated at the convention through resolution that as long as those who are fighting for the rights of their countrymen are being apprehended that officials of the government will be seized and held until the release of such persons. There was also a call to further boycott any and all merchandise that is the result of commerce with Great Britain, or any of its crown territories in the West Indies and Ireland. The convention form a local committee whose purpose was to organize local manufacturers and artisans in order to promote their goods.

The Suffolk Convention called for a Provincial Congress to be called and that such a congress would align with the Continental Congress in Philadelphia until all rights are restored. There was further call to abstain from any violent acts which might damage private property in the province. The convention further went on to state that the committees of correspondence shall be dispatched in the event of invasion or emergency.

Middlesex Convention

The Middlesex County Convention took place in Concord in August 1774, with James Prescott serving as Chairman and Ebenezer Bridge serving as Clerk. The delegates resolved to say that the recent acts of the British Parliament are tyrannical and go against any notion of jurisprudence. The delegates reiterated their loyalty to the Crown, however they maintained their duty to  protect their rights that had been granted through the Massachusetts Charter. The charter, said the convention, equally binds the colonists and the Crown, and that the acts of Parliament have broken that trust. The convention stated that their existed an unequal relationship between the colonists in New England and the government in Great Britain due to the severing of privileges without the colonists having the ability to respond politically. They also stated that because of this unequal relationship, and the subverting of the civil government through the Massachusetts Government Act that there can be no freedom for the people of Massachusetts as there is no true representative governmental body. This is further exacerbated, the convention claimed, by the removal of a just system of law with fair and independent jury trials. The delegates went on to express their view that this new order was a form of despotism which strips them of all liberty.

The convention called into question the legality of a sworn official serving in the colonial civil government calling them unconstitutional, therefore no person was obliged to follow their authority. The courts and all the motions and cases which are products of them were also deemed to be unconstitutional and therefore were not legitimate in any way. The convention declared their support for the establishment of a Provincial Assembly in which delegates from each town would go and be represented.

Essex Convention

The Essex County convention was held in on September 6 and September 7 in Ipswich with Jeremiah Lee serving as Chairman and John Pickering Jr. as Clerk. The delegates resolved that the Parliament of Great Britain  has passed acts detrimental to all the colonies in North America but to the Province of Massachusetts Bay in particular. The convention described these acts and the actions of the local Royal civil government as being overzealous, unconstitutional, and threatening to the peace of the colony. The delegates declared that their inalienable rights which are granted to them as Englishmen were under threat. The convention declared the courts and local officials serving under the Royal administration as unlawful and unconstitutional. The delegates called for the formation of a local assembly to be called so as to have their guaranteed rights restored. The delegates declared their loyalty to the Crown however said they would act to ensure that their rights and liberties would not go on being tarnished.

Hampshire Convention

In Northampton on September 22 and 23 in 1774, the delegates from towns of Hampshire county gathered in assembly. Ebenezer Hunt was selected as Clerk and Timothy Danielson as the Chairman. At the end of the convention the delegates had drafted nine resolutions. The delegates first reaffirmed their allegiance to the King as long as he sought to defend their rights guaranteed them by the colonial charter. They went on to declare that the colonial charter is a sacred document and agreement shared between two parties: the King and the people. It is unjust and unlawful, they declared, for one party to withdraw from the charter without the input from the other, affirming that nothing done in the colony could be described as the desire to sever this agreement. Thomas Gage was declared to be an unconstitutional governor of Massachusetts Bay. According to the delegates by undermining the authority of the constitutionally elected assembly and by enforcing acts of Parliament that are detrimental to the liberty of the inhabitants of Massachusetts Bay.

The Convention echoed and supported the calls from the Middlesex Convention for the establishment of a Provincial Congress with each town sending delegates. It is only when there is a constitutionally beholden assembly that the civil officials throughout Massachusetts Bay could be seen as legitimate. Furthering these sentiments the convention asserted to role of the town meeting in the passage and management of laws. The final resolution of the assembly was to urge all the inhabitants of Hampshire County to "acquaint themselves with the military art" and to furnish all the lawful weaponry at their disposal.

Plymouth Convention

The convention for Plymouth County was held on its first day in Plympton, Massachusetts and in  the Town of Plymouth for its second meeting. The dates of the convention were September 26 and 27, with Thomas Lothrop serving as Clerk and James Warren as Chairman.

The conventions first resolution was to declare that all the inhabitants of the American colonies are entitled to their natural rights and are to not to be governed by any entity that they do not consent to. The delegates went to say that their only connection to Great Britain was through their inheritance of the colonial charter. They accused the Parliament of Britain of operating in a severe and unjust way, and curtailing their civil and religious liberties. The convention expressed that it was the duty of everyone in the Province to oppose entirely and to not in any way submit to this unjust government. The delegates said that the current Royal government is a "barrier of liberty, and security of life and property..." Because these officials are members of an unjust system, by accepting their positions they have marked themselves as enemies to the people they are supposed to be serving and living with. Therefore, the convention charges, these people who have neglected their own society have lost all virtue.

The delegates called for the creation of a Provincial Congress in order to properly represent the people of Massachusetts Bay. They further called for the people of Plymouth County to arm themselves and to become accustomed with military discipline. Declaring that any money paid to the Royal civil government may be misappropriated to causes that may be a detriment to the people, the convention asked all people to stop making any payments until the government, or a government, exists with a constitutional foundation. The construction of fortifications on Boston Neck and the seizing of the gunpowder in Charlestown were also described as overtly hostile acts. Similar to the Suffolk Convention, the convention in Plymouth said that due to the violation of rights of those in Massachusetts Bay, Crown officials should be seized and not returned until all patriots are returned unharmed. The convention also reaffirmed the importance of the town meeting in these towns and declared that the local government should go on uninterrupted. Another resolution passed urged the people to interrupt and impede an attempt at the civil government to any business that runs counter to the constitutional order of society, even though the convention was ended with a plea to avoid any riots or any acts that would greatly disturb the Province.

Bristol Convention

The convention in Bristol County took place on September 28 and 29 at the courthouse in Taunton with Zephaniah Leonard as Chairman. The delegates in Bristol declared that King George III was their rightful monarch and that their relationship to the British Crown went back to the reign of King William III and Queen Mary II who granted them the Province's colonial charter. And according to the colonial charter, the delegates argued, they had the right to organize their own governance and decide their own laws and practices. The convention passed a resolution which stated that they were opposed to disorder and acts of mob violence, however would ensure that the rights of the people of Bristol County would not be subverted, finally stating that they reserve the right to call their county convention into assembly whenever they saw fit.

Worcester Convention

Assembly of the County of Worcester Committee of Correspondence

Worcester County's committee of correspondence held a convention of its members  in September and August 1774 in Worcester. Chosen as Chairman and Clerk were William Young and William Henshaw, respectively. The delegation selected a committee which drafted resolutions for the greater convention to vote on. Much like the other conventions held in Massachusetts Bay the convention reasserted their loyalty and constitutional connection to the British Crown in the person of King George III. They outlined the connection they have to their land is through the Massachusetts Charter which guarantees not only their allegiance to the Monarchy but also guarantees them certain rights and privileges. They went on to add that the destruction of this relationship, i.e. the cancelling of the agreement by one party without the consent of the other, ensures not only the severing of the union between the province and Royal Government politically but also destroys the allegiance of the people to the Crown. Delegates pointed to the acts of Parliament, which they beloved violated their chartered agreement, as being hostile. Adding that not only through political power had the Parliament shown hostility but through egregious taxation and the blocking of the port of Boston.

As a result of these actions the assembly called on every American to do what was in their power to oppose these acts. They resolved to say that Americans by boycotting British goods would hurt the people and commerce of Great Britain than it would to the people of the American colonies.

At the same time, on September 6, militiamen in Worcester prevented court officials appointed by the governor to take office in an episode that become known as the Worcester Revolt.

County-wide Convention

At the county meeting the convention elected William Young as their President. The convention voted on and passed all the resolutions which had been drawn up by the assembly of the Committee of Correspondence. The convention then added resolutions of its own. Firstly that all people must do what they could to disrupt and prevent the sitting of the Courts which were a part of the Royal civil government. Instead of relying on the civil government, which they saw as unjust, the delegates resolved that every community ought to organize itself in a matter of security and order. Adding that these communities are charged with selecting amongst themselves representatives to represent them at the wider Provincial Congress.

For military resolutions the convention determined that every member of the committee should obtain a full stock of gunpowder and that the town of the county should be properly armed in the event on an invasion. The delegates went on to say that the local militia should be administered in a manner which is respectful of the local population and it should abstain from destroying any property. They added that each town ought to select officers for its militia and that one third of the men in each town from ages 16 to 60 years old be available at a minute's notice.

The convention called for printing offices to be set up in order to adequately inform the population as to the resolves and motions being undertaken at the convention and any future assembly.

First Congress

Following the proclamation from Governor Thomas Gage which dissolved the General Court of Massachusetts, members of the assembly and other Patriots convened on October 5, 1774 in Salem, Massachusetts. This first meeting took place at the Salem Court House and during which the list of delegates was formulated and officers of the assembly were chosen. John Hancock was selected as Chair and Benjamin Lincoln was selected to be the Clerk. The Congress then drafted a letter of declaration to be circulated in local papers declaring the assembly to be formed in response to the dissolution of the colonial government.

The subsequent meetings in Concord, Massachusetts dealt with the political crisis and the congress formed various committees in order to deal with territory still under Colonial occupation. The congress declared that all provincial officers, whether they be sheriffs, tax collectors, constables, and so on, were to no longer pay money over to any royal officer and instead pay to the Provincial Congress.  Delegates were chosen into a committee whose job it was to gather information as to the state and strength of the British Army in Massachusetts. The congress directed that a militia company which had not yet elected their officer were to do so as soon as possible. These officers were then to be directed to organize units of 50 minutemen to stand by at the ready. A "Committee of Safety" was then formed in order to provide leadership in military matters and in matters related to security. There were to be three delegates chosen from Boston and six delegates from the "country". The congress also elected three men to be general officers charged with command of the  militia.  The Governor's Council, which was elected in the colonial government in May 1774, was invited to form again and serve as an advisory council to the Congress. Also selected was a standing committee, also likened as a "committee of safety" yet distinct from the one chosen for security, which was to serve while congress was not in session to provide continuity in government.

The Congress voted on December 1 five members to be delegates to the Continental Congress in the following April. The five members chosen were, John Hancock, John Adams, Thomas Cushing, Robert Treat Paine, and Samuel Adams.

The first congress drafted letters and proclamations to then colonial Governor Thomas Gage with their grievances and opinions concerning his decisions and the decisions of the Royal government in general. These communications denounced Gage's actions as "warlike" and accused him of acting in a hostile manner to those who he was charged with ruling. The congress also called into question the constitutionality of the decisions made by the royal government in regards to the dismissal of the province's assemblymen and councilors. It is in this pretext that the Provincial Congress asserted its legal and ethical authority and justification. The first congress adjourned on December 10, 1774.

Officers

Deputies in Congress

Second Congress

The Provincial Congress met again in Cambridge on February 1, 1775. John Hancock was unanimously reelected to be Congress President and Benjamin Lincoln was reappointed as Clerk, now styled Secretary. Delegates responding to meetings of Committees of Correspondence voted and argued on resolutions concerning the management of supplies and information for the militia and their encampment in and around Boston. Congress also reaffirmed that tax and revenue are to be paid to the then Receiver-General Henry Gardner instead of any Royal Officers who remained in an official post.

Samuel Adams, John Adams, John Hancock, Thomas Cushing, and Robert Treat Paine were also chosen to remain as the delegates to the Continental Congress and were to attend its next session in May. In the absence of the President of the Congress (then Hancock who was charged with the duty of representing Massachusetts in Philadelphia) the Secretary was given the authority to manage and adjourn the Provincial Congress. Congress also reestablished its authority by stating that Committees of Correspondence must adhere to the rulings of the assembly until another constitutional assembly comes into being.

A new Committee of Safety was chosen by delegates. The new members were to be John Hancock, Benjamin Church, Joseph Warren, Benjamin White, Richard Devens, Joseph Palmer, Abraham Watson, Azor Orne, John Pigeon, Jabez Fisher, and William Heath. The Committee of Safety was given new powers to determine on their own a Commissariat and its members. The Committee was also given full authority of the militia and all business which pertains to its upkeep and maintenance.

With the escalating military conflict with Great Britain the Congress adopted measures as to safeguard and preserve supplies in the event of the confiscation of materials by Royal authorities or further hardship brought on by war. This included the stockpiling of straw as well as linen. The delegates further resolves that any person who did business with the Royal Army would mark themselves as an enemy of the people of Massachusetts Bay. Delegates dealt with the issue of securing funds for its delegates and to estimate the commercial and economic cost that has been incurred due to the Boston Port Bill. Delegates then decided that an agent ought to be sent to the Province of Quebec in order to determine what the political atmosphere was and where public opinion regarding the Intolerable Acts resided. Congress also sent correspondence to the Board of Selectmen of each town to organize and train the militia due to the immediate military threat from Great Britain. Additionally the Congress prioritized the manufacture and purchasing of as many weapons as needed for defense. A committee was then formed in order to better communicate with the other revolutionary New England governments, as well as colonial governments in Canada.

March 16 was designated by Congress to be a public day of fasting and or prayer, and was to be done in respect to the current political crisis but also as continuation of custom from their forebears.

The Second Congress attempted to further regulate and centralize the armed forces in the Province. This included the institution of an oath of allegiance for the head of the Provincial militia/army to the President of the Congress, the regulation of the Committee of Safety, and the forced disarmament of all persons in the Province who were suspected of not having a willingness to join in the militia. In terms of martial matters the Congress also wished to expand the size of the standing army and expand its artillery and officer corps. The Congress also drafted a latter to the Penobscot tribe in attempt to elicit their support in the fight against Great Britain. The letter offers supplies and equipment to the tribe in hopes of the Penobscot enlisting other northern Tribes in war.

Committee of Safety

The Committee of Safety was the parallel military and executive organization of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress. While at first the Committee existed as a legislative committee that existed under the authority of a standing committee of delegates and the Provincial Congress, the Committee of Safety at one point evolved into the de facto executive of the provisional state as well as the Commander-in-Chief of Massachusetts' armed forces (Massachusetts Militia and the Massachusetts Naval Militia). First organized in the first congress of the provisional government in 1774, the committee was at first a technocratic organization tasked with oversight of the military situation in Massachusetts Bay, with the meetings of the second and third congress the committee was given increased power and authority to govern Massachusetts while the Congress was not in session. The Committee of Safety was given the authority to name its own members of the Commissariat and to procure and administer all military supplies in the province.

With the conflict with the Kingdom of Great Britain expanding and the military of Massachusetts existing as a militia to be ready at a moments notice, the Congress saw a need for a permanent committee to oversee the martial affairs. The Congress only met occasionally and it was impractical to have the militia only answer to the Congress alone with the situation being so fluid.

The first Congress in 1774 rested supreme authority in the legislature. The executive was to be an Executive Standing Committee that served jointly with the Massachusetts Governor's Council. The Committee of Safety received order from the congress and was tasked with carrying them out as well as maintaining reports of the military situation in Massachusetts Bay for the delegates of Congress. The Commissariat was at first separate and distinct from the Committee of Safety and there was also another committee formed to deal with the militia and Selectmen of the towns of Massachusetts Bay. This Committee had nine members, three limited to the Boston and five for the country.

The Second Congress expanded the powers of the committee. When delegates gathered in 1775 the Committee of Safety was given more authority and expanded powers. The Committee would be selected from delegates at the congress however they could now select their own Commissaires and were given control of the militia. This meant the committee had the authority to muster the militia whenever it saw fit, determine the number of men it saw as necessary, as well as naming officers it desired for commission. All matters of high importance were still subject to Congressional approval in order to make sure it did not have too much independent power. The Council of War was created in the Congress while it was in session to serve as the "oversight committee" of the group as well as give it official orders. Fearful of overstepping its own authority the Committee made constant recommendations to the Provincial Congress in matters it believed were outside its control.

The Third Congress stripped many of the powers given to the committee by the Second Congress. The Committee of Safety was to no longer administer the military alone and instead was subject to the authority of the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Forces. Further, its powers were limited to oversight of provisions and goods for the military, caring for prisoners of war and Tory prisoners, caring for the poor, and administrate concerns of public health.

See also
 Massachusetts Convention of Towns (1768), a precursor to the Provincial Congress.

References

Citations

Sources

  (five volume history of Massachusetts until the early 20th century; volume 3 deals with the provisional period and post-independence history until 1820)

 https://www.nps.gov/mima/learn/historyculture/thewaysidewhitney.htm

Massachusetts in the American Revolution
1774 in the Thirteen Colonies
1774 establishments in the Province of Massachusetts Bay
1780 disestablishments in the United States
1774 in the Province of Massachusetts Bay


The 2008 Oklahoma Republican presidential primary was held on February 5, with 41 delegates at stake. It was a closed primary, meaning only registered Republicans could vote in the election. The primary was on Super Tuesday on the same day as twenty-three other states. John McCain won Oklahoma's primary with 37% of the vote, although Mike Huckabee picked up some delegate votes as well by receiving 33% of the vote.

Eleven candidates appeared on the Oklahoma Republican Party primary: John McCain, Tom Tancredo (withdrawn), Duncan Hunter (withdrawn), Ron Paul, Rudy Giuliani (withdrawn), Jerry Curry, Mitt Romney, Alan Keyes, Fred Thompson (withdrawn), Daniel Ayers Gilbert, and Mike Huckabee.

The filing period ended December 5, 2007, after which candidate was allowed to be added to the ballot.  No candidate could withdraw his name after the withdrawal deadline of December 7, 2007.  Consequently, four candidates' names appeared on the ballot despite their withdrawal from the election.

Polling

Early polling in Oklahoma showed Oklahoma Republicans preferred Rudy Giuliani over John McCain.  A February 9–13, 2007 by the American Research Group showed Oklahoma Republicans preferred Rudy Giuliani, 37%, over John McCain, 21%.  Three months later, a May 16, 2007 Tulsa World/KOTV poll showed Rudy Giuliani, 32%, retained his lead over John McCain, 23%.

By December 2007, Mike Huckabee had started to make headway in both national polling and in Oklahoma.  A December 16–19, 2007 Tulsa World/KOTV poll showed Mike Huckabee 29%, John McCain 17%, and Rudy Giuliani 11%.  Huckabee retained his lead leading into mid-January. A January 11–13, 2008 Survey USA poll showed Mike Huckabee 31% and John McCain 29%. Rudy Giuliani had slipped to fourth with 11%.

With the primaries less than two weeks away, John McCain started polling better than Mike Huckabee. A January 27, 2008 poll by Survey USA showed Mike Huckabee with 28% and John McCain 37%.  With just two days before the Oklahoma Republican primary, another Survey USA poll showed John McCain retained his lead at 37% and Mike Huckabee at 32%.

Allocation of delegates

Oklahoma sent 41 delegates to the 2008 Republican National Convention:

 15 district delegates, three for each of Oklahoma's five US Congressional districts.  Each district delegate is pledged to the Presidential candidate who receives the most primary votes in his or her district.
 10 at-large delegates. At-large delegates are awarded to each state regardless of its size. At-large delegates are pledged to the Presidential candidate who receives the most primary votes statewide.
 13 bonus delegates. Bonus delegates are awarded to states for having US Senator and governors from the Republican party as well as sending a Republican majority to the House. Like at-large delegates, bonus delegates are pledged to the Presidential candidate who receives the most primary votes statewide.
 3 party delegates. The party delegates are the National Committeeman, the National Committeewoman, and the chairman of the Oklahoma  Republican Party. The three party delegates are not pledged to any Presidential candidate.

In the event of a brokered convention, all of Oklahoma's 41 delegates may vote for any Republican Presidential candidate regardless of the state primary results.

Results

See also
 2008 Oklahoma Democratic presidential primary
 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries

References

Oklahoma
Republican presidential primary
2008 Super Tuesday
Oklahoma Republican primaries


Neutrino experiments are scientific studies investigating the properties of neutrinos, which are subatomic particles that are very difficult to detect due to their weak interactions with matter. Neutrino experiments are essential for understanding the fundamental properties of matter and the universe's behaviour at the subatomic level. Here is a non-exhaustive list of neutrino experiments, neutrino detectors, and neutrino telescopes.

 Accelerator neutrino (AC), Active galactic nuclei neutrino (AGN), Atmospheric neutrino (ATM), Collider neutrino (C), Cosmic ray neutrino (CR), Low-energy solar neutrino (LS), Low-energy supernova neutrino (LSN), Pulsar neutrino (PUL), Reactor neutrino (R), Solar neutrino (S), Supernova neutrino (SN), Terrestrial neutrino (T).
 Double beta decay (BB), Charged current (CC), Elastic scattering (ES), Neutral current (NC).

See also
Aspera European Astroparticle network

References

External links
  Regularly updated index of neutrino physics research.


The FÉG 37M is a Hungarian semi-automatic pistol based on a design by Rudolf Frommer.

Design
It was an improvement over the earlier Frommer 29M. It was made in 2 chamberings. The .380 ACP (9x17mmSR) chambered version was used by the Hungarian Army, while the .32 ACP (7.65x17mmSR) version was supplied to Hungary's German allies during World War II. The former, was known in Hungarian service as the M1937.

The latter, in German service during World War II, was known as Pistole 37(u), pistole M 37 Kal. 7,65 mm or P37. The main difference between this and the other variants is that the "German" version had a manual safety (which the Hungarian issue did not have) and was marked "Pistole M 37 Kal. 7.65" and the FEG code "jhv" and date, along with the Waffenamt markings. Though it was produced under more strain due to the rate by which they wanted them produced, it was still a reliable pistol. 150 - 300,000 pistols were completed this way. Some partially finished post war models were also issued, and there was an attempt to produce the gun after the war, but without success.

See also
 Weapons employed in the Slovak-Hungarian War
 Femaru M37 pistol explained - ebook by Gerard Henrotin (Published at HLebooks.com in February 2016)

References

External links

World War II infantry weapons
Semi-automatic pistols of Hungary
Hungarian inventions
World War II infantry weapons of Germany
Fegyver- és Gépgyár firearms
.32 ACP semi-automatic pistols
.380 ACP semi-automatic pistols


Epilobium pygmaeum is a species of willowherb known by the common names pygmy willowherb, smooth spike-primrose and smooth boisduvalia. This plant is native to western North America from Baja California to Saskatchewan. It is a resident of vernal pools and mudflats. This is an annual rarely reaching half a meter in height. It is densely foliated in thick green leaves which are hairless lower on the stems and velvety to hairy toward the tips of the branches. The inflorescences at the ends of the stems are dense with small, pointed leaves between which the flowers emerge. Many of the flowers are cleistogamous, meaning they self-pollinate without opening, while others open to reveal four bright pink darkly veined notched petals. The fruit is a small capsule a few millimeters long.

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery

pygmaeum


Let Me In is the third studio album by American country music artist Chely Wright. The album was released on September 9, 1997 on MCA Nashville Records and was produced by Tony Brown. Let Me In was Wright's first album to chart on the Billboard Magazine album charts and also spawned her first Top 40 singles. It was also the first of three albums Wright recorded for the MCA Nashville label.

Background
Let Me In was recorded in Nashville, Tennessee, United States and contained ten tracks of recorded material. The album's producer, Tony Brown, was known for producing other well-known artists on the MCA Nashville label, such as George Strait and Reba McEntire. Brian Wahlert of Country Standard Time found that the albums' production seemed to be marketed towards country pop, calling the album itself a "country-pop gem". Thom Owens of Allmusic found that producer Tony Brown seemed to have stripped the album's production "down to the core". Owens explained that, "for much of Let Me In, she's singing over clean acoustic arrangements; only a few cuts are adorned with pop/rock instrumentation. Wright benefits from the spare arrangements, which only emphasize her lovely voice and charisma." The album's ninth track, "Feelin' Single - Seein' Double", was a cover version of the original song by American country artist Emmylou Harris, found on her 1975 album Elite Hotel. Three of the album's ten tracks were co-written by Wright, including the set opener "Your Woman Misses Her Man", "I Already Do" (which would eventually be released as a single), and "Is It Love Yet".

Critical reception

Let Me In mainly received positive reviews from critics. Country Standard Time'''s Brian Walhert said that the album's first five songs were "masterfully crafted", calling the third track "Shut Up and Drive" to combine both "sympathy" and "quiet urgency". Walhert also praised the fourth track "Emma Jean's Guitar" for its storyline and plot. Walhert then commented that the album seemed to of gone "downhill" after the fifth track saying, "But then the music starts to go downhill with "Just Another Heartache," sounding like filler for a Lorrie Morgan album. Wright's vocals are always warm and sweet with a slight twang. Here's hoping she comes up with better songs next time out." Alanna Nash of Entertainment Weekly gave Let Me In a "B+" rating stating, "...on Let Me In, she turns her commanding alto to a fine program of contemporary country, including the title ballad and "Emma Jean's Guitar," a left-field song about a pawnshop instrument and the stories it holds. An unexpected jewel.

Thom Owens of Allmusic also reviewed Let Me In and gave the album four out of five stars, stating that because of the album's production, "the result is her most accomplished and arguably best album to date."

 Release and singles Let Me In spawned its third track "Shut Up and Drive" as the lead single in July 1997. The single became Wright's first Top 40 single as well as her first major hit single, reaching #14 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart, #112 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 singles chart, and also #21 on the Canadian RPM Country Singles chart. The second single released was the album's sixth track "Just Another Heartache" in November 1997. The single eventually peaked at #39 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Tracks chart and #51 on the Canadian RPM Country Singles chart. The third and final single spawned from Let Me In was the track "I Already Do" in March 1998. The song peaked at #36 on the Billboard country chart and #59 on the Canadian RPM country chart. Let Me In was officially released on September 9, 1997 on MCA Nashville Records via a compact disc. The album became Wright's first release to chart on the Billboard album charts, peaking at #25 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart, #171 on the Billboard 200, and #10 on the Top Heatseekers chart. In addition, Let Me In also peaked at #23 on the Canadian RPM'' Country Albums/CDs chart in 1998.

Track listing

Personnel

 Bob Bailey – background vocals
 Eddie Bayers – drums
 Matraca Berg – background vocals
 Tony Brown – piano
 Gary Burr – background vocals
 Stuart Duncan – fiddle, mandolin
 Kim Fleming – background vocals
 Paul Franklin – pedabro, steel guitar
 Steve Gibson – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
 Vince Gill – background vocals
 Vicki Hampton – background vocals
 John Jarvis – piano, electric piano
 Kostas – background vocals
 Brent Mason – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
 Steve Nathan – Hammond organ, synthesizer
 Michael Rhodes – bass
 Tom Roady – percussion
 Matt Rollings – keyboards, piano, Hammond organ
 John Wesley Ryles – background vocals
 Stewart Smith – electric guitar
 Harry Stinson – background vocals
 Robby Turner – Dobro, steel guitar
 Billy Joe Walker Jr. – acoustic guitar
 Chely Wright – lead vocals, background vocals
 Trisha Yearwood – background vocals

Sales chart positions

Album

Singles

References

External links
 Let Me In official web page

1997 albums
Albums produced by Tony Brown (record producer)
MCA Records albums
Chely Wright albums


WYZI (810 AM, "95.9 The Beat of Athens") is a radio station broadcasting an urban adult contemporary format. Licensed to Royston, Georgia, United States, it first began broadcasting under the call letters WBLW in 1972. The station is currently owned by Oconee River Broadcasting, LLC.

History
The radio station currently assigned call letters WYZI signed on the air in Royston, GA in 1972 as WBLW (chosen for original owner B.L. "Slim" Williamson). Williamson founded and owned Chart Records in Nashville. The format was Country.

The station changed call letters to WBIC in 1990 when the station was purchased by Athena Broadcasting, who subsequently took sister station WPUP-FM (103.7) and moved it to Athens, a larger town nearby. Subsequent owners included Southern Broadcasting, A.C. Broadcasting, Lighthouse Broadcasting, Paul Hood and Diane Hawkins. The format remained either Country or Gospel through the entirety of the ownership transfers.

In late 2007, Oconee River Broadcasting, LLC, filed to purchase the station from Diane Hawkins. The transfer was approved on March 14, 2008. By this time, Oconee River had been operating the station under an LMA, and on January 1, 2008, had created a family-friendly Country format known as "Family Country".

On March 2, 2009, the call letters were changed to WXFO to coincide with the station's new news/talk format as "Fox News Radio 810". The station features conservative-leaning talk shows from Bill Bennett, Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity, Mark Levin and Dave Ramsey, among others.

On January 1, 2014, WXFO changed its format to sports, branded as "Sports Radio 810".

On May 15, 2014, WXFO changed its call letters to WYZI.

On April 15, 2018, WYZI began broadcasting on FM translator station W262DB (100.3 MHz) and flipped its format to classic hits as a partial simulcast of WLOV 1370 AM in Washington, GA.

On July 6, 2022, WYZI changed its format from classic hits to urban adult contemporary, branded as "95.9 The Beat of Athens".

References

External links

YZI
Urban adult contemporary radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1972
YZI
1972 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)


The Joel N. Cornish House is located in South Omaha, Nebraska. The 1886 construction is considered an "excellent example of the French Second Empire style." The house was converted into apartments after the Cornish family moved out in 1911.

Architecture
The house is a three-story mansion with a full basement with an addition was constructed in 1911. The wooden roof consists of tongue and groove joint construction, with the floor made of mosaic tile. A broad central concrete stairway leads up to the front doors, and the exterior walls are load-bearing brick. The brick walls of the addition are broken up by small, evenly spaced, double hung windows in vertically parallel rows. The foundation is also brick, in places faced with rough-hewn sandstone blocks.

Two notable features of the house are the porches. The porch on the east facade is supported by triple wooden corner columns. The wooden porch on the south facade has been established as an original part of the building by a family photograph. Its ornate carving embellishes the tongue and groove joint construction in the floor and ceiling. French doors provided access to the house.

The slate mansard roof, with arched dormer windows is accentuated by cornices at its base and top. The slates are several different patterns set in rows of three; the central east facade of the roof is crowned by a wooden cupola with windows and a spire. Double hung arched windows are arranged in horizontally and vertically parallel double rows equally spaced around the house. Two porches rise the entire height of the rectangular, three story addition to the original house.

Several alterations have altered the original appearance of the exterior. Some of the changes include the removal of a wrought iron fence crowning the entire roof and the small roof of the cupola. A small balustrade that was once located above the east porch between the two bay windows of the second floor was removed, as well. Several onion shaped ornaments no longer cap the dormer on the third story and the round windows in the roof of the cupola. Also, a small unornamented service porch on the south side of the southwest corner, has been removed, although the door still remains.

History
In the late 1800s, the original "Gold Coast" area of Omaha lay south of the business district, roughly from Pierce to Dorcas between 8th & 11th Streets. Within the borders could be found the most elegant homes of many of Omaha's most successful citizens. Much of the land which had once belonged to the estate of Adolph Kountze and had been subdivided into the fashionable new Forrest Hills addition. It was here that Colonel Joel Northrop Cornish selected a site at 1404 South 10th Street for his home in Omaha. Colonel Cornish came to Omaha in 1886 from Hamburg, Iowa but he was an easterner by birth, and his new mansion was to reflect much of that taste.

The Cornish house was built in a period when Omaha was witnessing an influx of cultured eastern families who brought with them wealth and professional skills. Homes in this period were often designed by eastern architects who transplanted design forms of European origins. They added American touches of more elaborate millwork in the exterior detailing. The almost pure French Second Empire Cornish house was such a structure, but the front veranda shows a clear manifestation of the American taste in residential architecture. Each member of the family had his own sitting room attached to his bedroom suite. The fifteen-room mansion with its thirteen-foot ceilings, beautiful floors bordered with parquet woodwork, and four fireplaces, was the showplace of an already elegant neighborhood. The third floor ballroom echoed with music and parties which included Henry Fonda.

Colonel Cornish died June 7, 1908, at the age of 82. The family continued to maintain the house for a while, but soon plans were drawn to convert the mansion to apartments. The huge kitchen with its pantries was partitioned off  into smaller rooms. The first floors lavish rooms were converted into two separate apartments. Over the years an addition was constructed at the rear of the original home. There was no attempt to follow the style of the original architecture. The high ceilings in the main house were retained. the original Cornish house remained with the Cornish heirs until June 13, 1956, when Virginia Cornish Fischer sold it to Carl Meyers. On September 15, 1958, the house became the property of the Grace Bible Institute and is now used as apartments.

References

Apartment buildings in Omaha, Nebraska
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Omaha, Nebraska
Omaha Landmarks


Abed Azrie or Abed Azrié (; born 1945 in Aleppo) is a French-Syrian singer and composer, who performs Classical music in a variety of languages, including Arabic, English, French, German, Spanish, and other. He describes his works as not belonging to any particular music tradition. In his work he sets ancient and modern Arabic, Sumerian, and other West Asian texts to traditional instruments (such as the ney, kanun, darbuka, violin, flute and lute), and synthesizers.

He was born in Aleppo, and after living for a time in Beirut moved to Paris at the age of 22 where he studied Western classical music. While there he translated classical poetry, such as the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh, into French. He has stated that he prefers to live in the West, saying in a 2000 interview that he has an "inability to work in the Arab countries, in which the way people live is still conditioned by halal and haram. Here I can produce contemporary art, I can work in freedom, and there is 'motion' around what I produce: journalism, concerts, programme…Nobody tells me to write a song for a specific political occasion."

His music has been featured in the films Al Leja, directed by Ryad Chaia, Elia Suleiman's Chronicle of a Disappearance. and Florence Strauss's "Between Two Notes" 2006, as well as in Jan Visser's 1975 TV documentary De Droom (The Dream), based on drawings by and interviews with Palestinian refugee children and Palestinian resistance poetry.

Discography

 1990: Aromates
 1994: Epopée de Gilgamesh
 1996: Lapis Lazuli
 1999: Pour enfants seulement
 1999: Omar Khayyam
 2001: Venessia - sung in Venetian dialect.
 2006: Suerte Live
 2007: Chants d'amour et d'ivresse (Live A Radio France)
 2008: Mystique - Sufi poems
 2009: Évangile selon Jean oratorio in Arabic, 2CD
 2010: Satie En Orient with Ensemble Sarband
 2011: Epopée De Gilgamesh (New Recording 2011)

References

1945 births
Living people
20th-century Syrian male singers
Musicians from Aleppo
Syrian emigrants to France
21st-century French male singers


Automobiles Grégoire was a French manufacturer of cars and aero engines, established in 1902 in operation for about 20 years. The company grew from an earlier enterprise making engines under the name "Cyclone", established in 1899 by Louis Soncin, in Poissy, but was largely the creation of Pierre Joseph Grégoire (1876 - 1962).

Cars
At the factory on the Boulevard Devaux in Poissy, Grégoire started off by manufacturing engines in 1903, but in 1904, the company started to manufacture automobiles. The design was easily recognisable by its pear-shaped radiator. The company made cars with single-, two- and four-cylinder engines. In 1911, a six-cylinder and a four-cylinder sleeve-valve engine were also produced. The Grégoire company never sold many automobiles. In 1913, only 500 cars were made.

After World War I, Grégoire introduced its first car with an overhead-valve engine. Although the engine was only 2.3 litre, the car could reach up to . The manufacture of this model was expensive, and it had disappointing financial results. In 1923, Grégoire only produced engines for the Bignan company. Grégoire closed its factory down in 1924.

Aero engines
At the 1902 Salon aéronautique, Grégoire offered engines for airships. From these, the company evolved towards aircraft engines- "Moteurs d'Aviation Grégoire-Gyp"- made at Suresnes. The initials of Pierre J. Grégoire (G.Y.P.) provided the name for these engines. They were built in various configurations, and in four variants by power and weight, from 25/30 cv, 60 kg, to 120/140 cv, 240 kg.

External links
Gazoline, Grégoire information (In French) -

Car brands
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France
Poissy
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1903
French companies established in 1903


Satisfied is the fifth studio album by American singer-songwriter Taylor Dayne. It includes the single, "Beautiful" which went to Number 1 on the Billboard Hot Dance Charts in April 2008. "Crash" was used in a promotional commercial for the ABC network. This is Dayne's first album in ten years as well as her latest album to date.

The album includes both new material and recreations of some of her favorite contemporary songs. There are 3 cover songs on the album, including Red Hot Chili Peppers' Under the Bridge. Producers on this record include Rick Nowels, Gregg Alexander and Peter Wade.

Critical reception

The album has received positive to mixed reviews from music critics. AllMusic described Taylor's voice on the album as older and more mature and said that she also sounded "warm, rounded, and tonal". The site gave a positive response to her covers of "Under the Bridge", "Fool to Cry", and "Kissing You", and praised the album's first single, "Beautiful". Slant Magazine compliments the album track "Crash" by calling it a "bombastic Celine Dion-style power ballad".

Slant Magazine has given it a 2.5  star rating.

Track listing
 "Beautiful" (Taylor Dayne, Helgi M. Hubner) – 3:49
 "I'm Over My Head" (Josh Alexander, Billy Steinberg) – 3:15
 "My Heart Can't Change" (Gregg Alexander, Rick Nowels) – 3:45
 "She Don't Love You" (Teron Beal, Peter Wade Keusch, Jayms Madison) – 4:06
 "Under the Bridge" (Flea, John Frusciante, Anthony Kiedis, Chad Smith) – 4:03
 "Satisfied" (Mike Mondesir, Andrew Lewis Taylor) – 4:19
 "Dedicated" (John Graham Hill, Keusch, Stephanie McKay) – 3:51
 "Kissing You" (Tim Atack, Des'ree) – 4:09
 "Crash" (Jack David Elliot, Janice Robinson) – 4:33
 "The Fall" (Luigie Gonzalez, Dayne, Margie Hauser) – 3:42
 "Love Chain" (Brown, Dayne, Sebastian Nylund) – 3:52
 "Fool to Cry" (Mick Jagger, Keith Richards) – 3:33
 "Hymn" (Dayne, Luigie Gonzalez) – 3:10

References

Taylor Dayne albums
2008 albums
Albums with cover art by Tony Duran
Pop rock albums by American artists
Soul albums by American artists


John Dennis (19 June 1931 – 13 April 2020) was an Anglican bishop, who served as Bishop of Knaresborough, and then for ten years as Bishop of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich. In retirement, he was an honorary assistant bishop in the Diocese of Winchester.

Education
Dennis was born to (Hubert) Ronald Dennis (1899–1990) and Evelyn, daughter of Leonard Joseph Neville-Polley, a science tutor and author who wrote a biography of the chemist and physicist John Dalton. His father, Ronald Dennis, was the son of a South Yorkshire coal hewer and served as a platoon commander on the Western Front in World War I.

Dennis was evacuated during the war, residing with his paternal grandparents in the mining village of Wales, near Kiveton.

After the war, he was educated at Rutlish School, Merton (a state grammar school, where his father taught biology and physics), and St Catharine's College, Cambridge (BA 1954, MA 1959), before studying for ordination at Cuddesdon College, Oxford. At Cambridge, he rowed, which he said "[it was] my passion. I loved it, and I managed to prove myself quite tolerably good."

Between school and university he spent a year of National Service serving with the Royal Air Force.

Ministry
Following curacies in Armley and Kettering, he was appointed vicar of the Isle of Dogs in 1962, transferring to John Keble Church, Mill Hill, in 1971. He was appointed as a prebendary of St Paul's Cathedral, London, in 1977.

He became the Bishop of Knaresborough in 1979, which was a suffragan see to the diocesan Bishop of Ripon; and for most of his time in that office he also served as Diocesan Director of Ordinands (DDO) for the Diocese of Ripon. In 1986, he was translated to become the diocesan Bishop of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich in Suffolk. He retired in 1996 and lived in Winchester from 1999.

Dennis served as a Lords Spiritual in the House of Lords from 1992 till his retirement in 1996.

Knaresborough report
In 1969, the Ely Commission of the Church of England considered the initiation of children within the Church, and in 1971 published its report "Christian Initiation: Birth and Growth in the Christian Society" (Church Information Office, 1971). This led to widespread debate about whether children should start receiving Holy Communion after their Confirmation, as had always been traditional for Anglicans, or whether they should be admitted to Holy Communion at a much younger age. In 1976, the General Synod voted to retain the status quo, but debate continued in the dioceses. A working party was established to look at the question in greater depth, and Dennis was selected as the chairman of the working party. This resulted in the publication of "Children and Communion" (CIO 1983) and "Communion before Confirmation?" (Ed. D Isaac) (CIO 1985), both commonly referenced as "The Knaresborough Report", after Dennis's episcopal see.

Personal life
In 1956, Dennis married Dorothy Mary, daughter of Godfrey Parker Hinnels (who fought at the first Battle of Arras in World War I). They had two sons; the eldest is John Dennis, a diplomat who was British Ambassador to Angola from 2014 to 2018, while the younger son is the actor and comedian Hugh Dennis.

Dennis was a Freemason and a member of Rutlish Lodge No. 4416 (the Masonic Lodge associated with his school) under the United Grand Lodge of England. He was initiated on 18 April 1975, at the lodge's regular meeting place in the Tower Room at Great Tower Street, beside the Tower of London. He was initiated by his father, who was a past master of the lodge. He was raised to the third degree in Sutton, Surrey, two years later, as the lodge had by then permanently relocated.

Dennis died on 13 April 2020 from COVID-19, six weeks after his wife.

References

1931 births
People educated at Rutlish School
Alumni of St Catharine's College, Cambridge
Alumni of Ripon College Cuddesdon
Bishops of Knaresborough
Bishops of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich
2020 deaths
20th-century Church of England bishops
Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in England


The algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) is an iterative reconstruction technique used in computed tomography. It reconstructs an image from a series of angular projections (a sinogram). Gordon, Bender and Herman first showed its use in image reconstruction; whereas the method is known as Kaczmarz method in numerical linear algebra.

An advantage of ART over other reconstruction methods (such as filtered backprojection) is that it is relatively easy to incorporate prior knowledge into the reconstruction process.

ART can be considered as an iterative solver of a system of linear equations , where:

  is a sparse  matrix whose values represent the relative contribution of each output pixel to different points in the sinogram ( being the number of individual values in the sinogram, and  being the number of output pixels);

  represents the pixels in the generated (output) image, arranged as a vector, and:

  is a vector representing the sinogram. Each projection (row) in the sinogram is made up of a number of discrete values, arranged along the transverse axis.  is made up of all of these values, from each of the individual projections.

Given a real or complex matrix  and a real or complex vector , respectively, the method computes an approximation of the solution of the linear systems of equations as in the following formula,

where ,  is the i-th row of the matrix ,  is the i-th component of the vector .

 is an optional relaxation parameter, of the range . The relaxation parameter is used to slow the convergence of the system. This increases computation time, but can improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the output. In some implementations, the value of  is reduced with each successive iteration.

A further development of the ART algorithm is the simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART) algorithm.

References

Medical imaging
Radiography


Michael Joseph Roesler (born September 12, 1963) is a retired Major League Baseball pitcher. He played during two seasons at the major league level for the Cincinnati Reds and Pittsburgh Pirates. He was drafted by the Reds in the 17th round of the 1985 amateur draft. Roesler played his first professional season with their Rookie league Billings Mustangs in 1985, and his last with the Kansas City Royals' Double-A Memphis Chicks and Triple-A Omaha Royals in 1993. When he was called up to the majors he struck Will Clark as 1 out of 18 strikeouts in the big leagues. Roeslers last professional appearance was in 1 game for the Brother Elephants of the Chinese Professional Baseball League.

Before being drafted he attended Bishop Luers High School in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He then went to Ball State University and was a four-year letterman.

External links
"Mike Roesler Statistics". The Baseball Cube. 19 January 2008.
"Mike Roesler Statistics". Baseball-Reference. 19 January 2008.

1963 births
Living people
Ball State Cardinals baseball players
Cincinnati Reds players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Indiana
Nashville Sounds players
Vermont Reds players
Billings Mustangs players
Cedar Rapids Reds players
Tampa Tarpons (1957–1987) players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Memphis Chicks players
Omaha Royals players
Carolina Mudcats players
Harrisburg Senators players
Baseball players from Fort Wayne, Indiana
American expatriate baseball players in Taiwan
Brother Elephants players


Single White Female is the fourth studio album by American country music artist Chely Wright. The album was released on May 18, 1999, on MCA Nashville Records and was produced by Tony Brown, Buddy Cannon, and Norro Wilson. Single White Female became Wright's most successful album, receiving an RIAA certification and spawning two major hit singles. The album received mainly positive reviews from critics, many of which praised the blending of its musical differentiation.

Background
Single White Female was recorded in January 1999 in Nashville, Tennessee, United States and consisted of ten tracks. The record was Wright's second collaboration with producer Tony Brown, but her first with both Buddy Cannon and Norro Wilson. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic considered the album to "pick up where its predecessor left off", giving ten songs with "clean" and "tasteful arrangements". Erlewine then proceeds to say that the record's production helped to put Wright's vocals in the lead of the instrumentation instead of being left behind large orchestral arrangements. About.com found Single White Female to incorporate "a nice mixture of fast-paced songs and ballads." The reviewer then briefly described the production of the ten tracks: "The singles are really well-done, and the rest of the album is not what you'd call filler. The songs have that uniqueness that is Chely, and it's easy to see why this record is her most successful to date." Unlike her previous release, Wright only wrote or co-wrote two of the album's ten tracks: "Picket Fences" and "Some Kind of Somethin'". Fellow country artists Vince Gill, Alison Krauss, Patty Loveless, and Trisha Yearwood sing harmony vocals on several of the album's tracks. Single White Female included a re-recorded cover of Wright's 1996 single "The Love That We Lost". In addition, the album's sixth track "The Fire" would later be recorded by Mindy McCready on her 2002 self-titled record.

Critical reception
Single White Female was given for the most part, positive reviews from critics. Writing for Country Standard Time, Rick Teverbaugh called the album "more mature" and "thoughtful" than her latter record. Teverbaugh later mentioned that the track "Picket Fences" seemed as if it was "TV inspired", while he considered "Some Kind of Somethin'" to be a "lighter" track on the record. Teverbaugh then discussed the ninth track "Rubbin' It In", calling it the most "clever" song on the record. Teverbaugh described the plot behind the song: "...about a woman so self-absorbed in her own lovesickness that she believes everyone knows and is making her more aware of her own misery." About.com gave Single White Female a fairly mixed review, stating that the release "was filled with songs of emotion, happy or sad." The site gave the song "The Love That We Lost" negative feedback, calling the production on it, "bland and pop". The album's seventh track "Picket Fences" was also given a negative response, finding its tempo to drag. The reviewer then gave his/her reasoning: "The slow tempo of the song just makes things seem to drag, and frankly, I'm not inclined to be sympathetic to the character's story." Overall however, the site found the album to be "a collection of songs which range in emotion from happy-go-lucky to taking charge of your life." Writing for Allmusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave Single White Female four out of five stars, stating that most of its tracks do not immediately grab the listener's attention, but will eventually work well into someone's memory. Erlewine noted that Wright's best vocal performances were on the album's balances, however he found the title track and "The Fire" to be "equally convincing". He concluded that the album's tracks are the main reasons that the record is a "welcome addition" to Wright's catalog of music.

Release and singles
Single White Female released its lead song, the title track, as the album's first single in March 1999. The song became Wright's first Top 10 single and her first and only number one hit, reaching the top spot in September 1999. The title track also reached #36 on the Billboard Hot 100  and also topped the Canadian Country Tracks chart. The album itself was released on May 18, 1999, and peaked at #15 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart, #124 on the Billboard 200, and #16 on the RPM Country Albums/CD's chart. The second single released was the third track entitled "It Was", which was issued in September 1999, peaking at #11 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and #52 on the Canadian Country Tracks chart. The third and final single released from Single White Female was the record's second track "She Went Out for Cigarettes". The song reached #49 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks list and #84 on the Canadian Country Tracks chart.

Track listing

Personnel
 Pat Buchanan – electric guitar
 Chad Cromwell – drums
 Stuart Duncan – fiddle, mandolin, background vocals
 Dan Dugmore – acoustic slide guitar, steel guitar
 Vince Gill – background vocals
 Aubrey Haynie – fiddle, mandolin, background vocals
 John Hobbs – Hammond B-3 Organ, keyboards
 Sonya Isaacs – background vocals
 Alison Krauss – background vocals
 Patty Loveless – background vocals
 Terry McMillan – percussion
 Steve Nathan – keyboards
 Melonie Cannon Richardson – background vocals
 Matt Rollings – piano, Hammond B-3 organ, keyboards
 Robby Turner – steel guitar
 John Willis – acoustic guitar
 Glenn Worf – bass guitar, background vocals
 Chely Wright – lead vocals
 Trisha Yearwood – background vocals

Sales chart positions

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Singles

References

1999 albums
MCA Records albums
Chely Wright albums
Albums produced by Tony Brown (record producer)
Albums produced by Norro Wilson


The 2008 World University Boxing Championships took place in Kazan, Russia between September 19-28, 2008. The championship was staged in eleven weight categories. 94 boxers and 38 officials from 16 countries participated at the championship.

Participating nations

Results
Bronze medals are awarded to both losing semi-finalists.

Medal count table

See also
 World University Championships

References

3rd World University Boxing Championship

World University Boxing Championships
World University
World University
Boxing
Boxing
Boxing
Box


Mount Zion Christian Schools is a private, coeducational Christian school located at 132 Titus Avenue in Manchester, New Hampshire, United States. The school offers traditional Christian education for grades pre-K-12.

History
The school was formed in 2004. Its elementary school was formerly known as Faith Christian Academy and Community Christian School. The high school took over teaching the students of the then-closing Concord Christian High School, with some of that school's faculty.

The school opened on the campus of Faith Christian Church in Bedford, New Hampshire. The campus has since moved to a facility of its own on Titus Avenue, in Manchester.

Affiliations
Mount Zion Christian Schools is affiliated with the Intentional Schools. The school is accredited by the New England Association of Schools and Colleges. The school is also a member of the Granite State Christian Schools Association.

Student body

Mount Zion Christian Schools is a coeducational institution. The student body consists roughly of half boys and half girls. The school has a multi-denominational tradition where parents or students are asked to sign a Christian statement of faith before admission is granted.

The school keeps low student-to-teacher ratios with most classes averaging 10 students.

Over the years, the school has hosted several international students as it is recognized as a SEVIS international-student visa-granting school.

The school has "rolling open admissions", admitting new students throughout the school year.

Academics

Mount Zion Christian Schools conduct most of their classes using direct teaching and Madeline Cheek Hunter's method.

Core subjects are taught using differentiated instruction where classes are taught at three different levels. Students with emerging skills operate in an inclusive classroom at "level 1" while more apt students exercise their skills at "level 2". Gifted and experienced students are assigned "level 3" tasks and assessments.

While all subjects are taught from a Biblical viewpoint, curricula includes Christian and secular resources. The highly acclaimed Singapore Math program has been the signature math program for grades K to 6 since 2008. In Language Arts, "Six Traits of Writing" has been taught from grades K to 12, since 2010. The schools were early adopters of the Common Core State Standards Initiative, Common Core State Standards, meeting or exceeding its guidelines since before 2011.

The school has used the NWEA MAP standardized testing system since 2011. So far it has tested its student body on a seasonal basis. Reported gains in student scores have far exceeded nationwide norms. The school also has an Advanced Placement Calculus AB and Statistics program for qualifying high school students. Students in grades 10 and 11 participate in PSAT/NMSQT writing events in the fall of each academic year.

Technology
Technology instruction is a core value of the school. Wireless internet access is offered throughout the school's facilities. Portable computers support classroom instruction at all grade levels. All faculty members are provided with school laptops equipped with a suite of software tools to design and teach curriculum, and to ensure constant communication among students, parents, and administrators. Many classrooms have "Smart Boards" and the high school lab is equipped with the latest electronic equipment.

Students at the middle school and high school levels are given their own school email addresses. High school students are required to bring a personal laptop to school daily.

Students and parents have online access to curricula, grades, progress reports, and school news through a school wide exclusive and proprietary Digital Desk portal. As of 2013, the portal can be accessed through a portable device interface.

Parents are emailed a weekly report to inform them of their children's progress and community happenings.

Extra-curricular

Mount Zion Christian Schools offers a variety of extra-curricula experiences integral to its program of studies.

Since 2012, the school offers Spanish as a World Language to its student body from grades 1 to High School "Spanish IV" levels.

The Performance Arts Department showcases talented instructors in music, dance, and drama.

Athletics
Physical education classes are taken once to three times weekly by students grades preschool to 8.

In the high school, rather than having physical education classes, Mount Zion Christian Schools requires all its students to play sports.  These sports include soccer and basketball.

Traditions
Mount Zion Christian Schools are home to many traditions. The end of each quinter is celebrated in school-wide festivities.

The first quinter is celebrated with a Fall Festival where students participate in Harvest games such as making apple cider, bob-the-apple, climb the hay bale, etc. The second quinter closes with all-afternoon Christmas celebrations for each grade. The third quinter concludes with the popular Winter Festival where grades K to 12 are put into multi-age teams to compete in sleigh ride races, snowman making contest, get-the-headmaster snowball throwing contest, etc. The more recent end of the fourth quinter tradition has been a prayer walk where multi-age teams pilgrim around various points of interest around the school while keeping prayer intentions.

Chapel tradition for the last week of each quinter is a school favorite. Students gather for a school-wide "chapel buddies" chapel where older students are paired with younger students for a special worship service.

At the beginning of each month, the school holds a "free community lunch" where students eat with their teachers, gathered around a large table for a family-style meal. Food and drinks are provided by the school for this occasion.

A Christmas recital is held yearly and features musical performances by the elementary and middle schools. The evening concert has been held at Manchester Christian Church since 2011.

Traditionally the student-elected high school student government has held a yearly Harvest party in the fall and a semi-formal Valentine's Day Banquet in the winter.

The schools put an Arts Festival together each spring to celebrate visual arts, graphic and computer-aided design. Drama and musical performances are sometimes showcased.

Informal graduating celebrations are held in the spring for Kindergartners and Eighth graders. For high school students, an award night is held to recognize students who have shown outstanding academic and athletic performance. The school also awards "God and Country", "Faith in Action", and "Christian Character" to students who embody the spirit of those prizes. High School Seniors' Baccalaureate and Graduation exercises have been held most recently at the Congregational Church in Goffstown and Auburn's Assembly of God Church.

References

External links
Official site

Christian schools in New Hampshire
Private high schools in New Hampshire
Private middle schools in New Hampshire
Private elementary schools in New Hampshire
Schools in Manchester, New Hampshire


Galewice  is a village in central Poland in Wieruszów County, Łódź Voivodeship, established in the 15th century. It was first mentioned in 1458 in Judicial Chronicles. The origin of the name Galewice is ambiguous. It either comes from a word Gal, which means 'to serve' or it belonged to the first owners of the village, an aristocratic family of Galewski (coat of arms Wierusz). It is the seat of the administrative district of Gmina Galewice. It lies approximately  north-east of Wieruszów and  south-west of the regional capital Łódź.

History and government

Galewice was first mentioned in 1458 in Judicial Chronicles and was owned by an aristocratic family of Galewski (coat of arms Wierusz). According to the statistics for the years 1633-1635 Galewice was the second most important settlement on the ancient route between Ostrzeszów and Wieruszów. When Poland was partitioned in 1795 Galewice fell under the Russian occupation. In 1815 it became part of the Congress Poland. Until 1885 the village was owned by the Myszkowski family, when it was bought by Kazimierz Czapski. The Czapski family held the court in Galewice and owned most of the village until the World War II in 1939.

After 1918, when Poland gained independence, Galewice became the host of Gmina Galewice and in 1933 Roman Catholic Church parish (Parafia p.w. Najswietszego Serca Pana Jezusa / the Holiest Heart of Lord Jesus Parish) was established. During World War II it was the place of a labour camp for Jews from Wieruszów County.

Since the Second World War Galewice has remained the seat of Gmina Galewice, firstly in the Łódź Voivodeship, and between 1975 and 1998 as part of the Kalisz Voivodeship. After the reforms of the units of administrative division and local government in 1998, Galewice has returned to the Łódź Voivodeship.

Culture and sport

In the mid-nineteenth century Antoni Myszkowski built on a hill a neo-classicist court and established a Court Park with trees, such as Robinia pseudoacacia, Douglas fir, Carpinus betulus, Populus alba, and Blue spruce. The court after the Second World War became the host to the primary school and most recently to the nursery. In 2012 a major restoration of the court park was carried out, with new pathways laid out and street lightning fitted in.

The most popular sporting activity in Galewice is football. There are two football clubs:
  LKS Orzeł Galewice - an amateur football club
  Gal-Gaz Galewice - a semi-professional football club with adult and children sections. The children football club is known as UKS Gal-Gaz Galewice.

Cultural life of Galewice revolves around and is mostly organized by the Cultural Centre (Gminny Ośrodek Kultury), the Volunteer Fire Department (Ochotnicza Straż Pożarna), the parish and local schools.

External links

 Orzel Galewice Football Club
 Gal-Gaz Galewice Football Club
 John Paul II Junior High School in Galewice (Gimnazjum)
 Primary School in Galewice
 Gminny Ośrodek Kultury in Galewice

Villages in Wieruszów County


Nathaniel Snell (born September 2, 1959) is an American former professional baseball pitcher, who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Baltimore Orioles and Detroit Tigers, for four seasons.

Snell was signed by the Orioles as an amateur free agent in September 1976, right after the completion of that year's Minor League season. He played his first professional season with their Class A-Advanced Miami Orioles in 1977, and split his last season with the Class A-Advanced Miami Marlins and the Cincinnati Reds' Double-A Chattanooga Lookouts and Triple-A Nashville Sounds in 1988.
Snell spent parts of seven seasons in the minor leagues before getting called up during the 1984 season on September 20. He threw a total of  innings that season, giving up only 2 earned runs and striking out seven. Snell was a regular in the Baltimore bullpen for all of 1985 and 1986, compiling a 2.69 ERA in 100 innings in 1985, and a 3.86 ERA in 72 innings in 1986.

After the 1986 season, Snell signed a free agent contract with the Detroit Tigers. He pitched 38 innings, compiling a 3.86 ERA with a 1-2 record. After that season, Snell threw  a few more seasons in the minor leagues for the Cincinnati Reds organization, and ultimately retired after 1990.

Snell finished his major league career with a 7-6 record, a 3.29 ERA, 5 saves, 96 strikeouts, and a 1.31 WHIP.

References

External links

Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League)

1959 births
Living people
African-American baseball players
Baltimore Orioles players
Baseball players from South Carolina
Charlotte O's players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Detroit Tigers players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Miami Marlins (FSL) players
Miami Orioles players
Nashville Sounds players
People from Orangeburg, South Carolina
Rochester Red Wings players
Shreveport Captains players
Tennessee State Tigers baseball players
Tennessee State University alumni
Tiburones de La Guaira players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Toledo Mud Hens players
21st-century African-American people
20th-century African-American sportspeople


For the One Life to Live character, see Austin Buchanan (One Life to Live)

Austin Buchanan (born 22 May 1984) is a professional rugby league footballer for Dewsbury.

Buchanan started playing at age 14 at Milford and went on to play for Leeds (Academy), York City Knights (two spells), Castleford Tigers, London Broncos and Wakefield Trinity Wildcats (Heritage № 1229).  He was twice an Academy Winner with Leeds, a National League Two Grand Final runner-up with York and the following year won promotion from National League Two with York.

According to the Dewsbury website, 2008 marks Buchanan's second year with Dewsbury and he "looks to have pretty much secured his place in the first team."

He is the half-brother of Leeds and Great Britain international Jamie Jones-Buchanan.

References

External links
(archived by web.archive.org) Dewsbury Rams player profiles - Dewsbury.rugbyleague.org
Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org
Wildcats squad: Austin Buchanan - YorkshirePost.co.uk

1984 births
Living people
Dewsbury Rams players
English rugby league players
London Broncos players
Rugby league players from Leeds
Wakefield Trinity players
York City Knights players
Rugby league wingers


Henry Clough (1855 – 1936) was an English player of the Northumbrian pipes, or Northumbrian smallpipes. He was a miner, listing his trade as a hewer,  and he lived in Newsham, in south-eastern Northumberland. He was the father of Tom Clough, 'The Prince of Pipers'. Several previous generations of the family had also been pipers, Henry's father, 'Old Tom' (1830-1885), and grandfather Henry (1789-1842) among them. Since the instrument assumed its modern keyed form at the beginning of the 19th century, the family's playing tradition goes back unbroken to that time. There is a photograph of Henry with his son; there is also a photograph of Henry, his son Tom (III), and grandson Tom (IV) playing at Bellingham Show in 1926.

Music
Some tunes from his music manuscripts can be found on the FARNE archive, together with those of his son, and an authoritative book on the family and its music, based on the collected manuscripts, was published by the Northumbrian Pipers' Society as The Clough Family of Newsham. These sources give considerable insight into the traditional playing technique and style of the instrument.
Henry and his son were both fine solo pipers, regularly winning competitions, Henry being one of the Gold Medal winners in the Northumbrian Small Pipes Society's competitions in the 1890s. Henry was an expert duet player, both with Richard Mowat, and later with his son Tom. Henry and Tom's duet playing was said to be superb - a showpiece was Sir Sidney Smith's March; a duet setting of this tune is found in Tom's manuscripts. However Henry's playing, unlike his son's, was never recorded.

References

1855 births
1936 deaths
British performers of early music
Players of Northumbrian smallpipes
English miners


Epilobium septentrionale, with the common names Humboldt County fuchsia and northern willowherb, is a species of willowherb. Like the wildflower zauschneria, this plant was once treated as a member of genus Zauschneria but has more recently been placed with the willowherbs.

Distribution
This species is endemic to Northern California, where it is an uncommon resident of the rocky ledges of the Northern Outer California Coast Ranges.

Description
Epilobium septentrionale is a squat, clumpy perennial growing in thin patches of soil between rocks and sending up a few erect stems. The leaves are oval and pointed, glandular, and covered in a coat of white fuzz.

At the end of each erect branch is a glandular inflorescence bearing a bright red-orange tubular flower 2 or 3 centimeters long. A bunch of stamens and one long pistil protrude obviously from the mouth of the bloom, which is pollinated by nectar-feeding birds. The fruit is a hairy capsule about two centimeters long.

References

External links
Jepson Manual Treatment - Epilobium septentrionale
Epilobium septentrionale - Photo gallery

septentrionale
Endemic flora of California
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Flora without expected TNC conservation status


The canton of Dinard is a former canton of France, located in the arrondissement of Saint-Malo, in the Ille-et-Vilaine département, Brittany région. It had 24,417 inhabitants (2012). It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It consisted of 6 communes, which joined the canton of Saint-Malo-2 in 2015.

Composition
The canton comprised the following communes:
 Dinard
 Le Minihic-sur-Rance
 Pleurtuit
 La Richardais
 Saint-Briac-sur-Mer
 Saint-Lunaire

Election results

2008

2001

References

Former cantons of Ille-et-Vilaine
2015 disestablishments in France
States and territories disestablished in 2015


The 2007 Duramed Futures Tour was a series of professional women's golf tournaments held from March through September 2007 in the United States. The Futures Tour is the second-tier women's professional golf tour in the United States and is the "official developmental tour" of the LPGA Tour.

On July 18, 2007, the LPGA announced that it had acquired the Futures Tour effective immediately, "bringing women's professional golf now under one umbrella."  Previously the Futures Tour had operated as a licensee of the LPGA.

Schedule and results
The number in parentheses after winners' names shows the player's total number of official money, individual event wins on the Futures Tour including that event.

Tournaments in bold are majors.

2007 Leading money winners
These top five money winners at the end of the 2007 season were awarded fully exempt status on the LPGA Tour for the 2008 season.

See also
2007 in golf

References

External links
Official site

Symetra Tour
Futures


Nothocyon ("spurious dog") is an extinct genus of carnivoran in the family Subparictidae which inhabited North America during the late Oligocene. At one time, many species of the dog family Canidae were placed in Nothocyon, but new fossils showed that the type species of Nothocyon, N. geismarianus, is more closely related to bears. The other species have been reassigned to other genera such as Cormocyon.

Taxonomy & Evolution
The species Canis geismarianus was originally described by Edward Drinker Cope in 1878, based on a jaw fragment with a single m1 that came from the John Day Formation in Oregon. The specific epithet geismarianus was given in honor of the naturalist Jacob Geismar. He assigned further material to the species and reassigned it to the genus Galecynus in 1881, and described yet more material in 1883, which became the focus in studies on the species. In 1884, Cope re-illustrated most of the material assigned to N. geismarianus and established the original material described, AMNH 6884, as the holotype, though he did not illustrate it. He later reassigned the species once again, this time to the genus Cynodictis.

It was considered a borophagine canid and was assigned to a new genus Nothocyon by Wortman and Matthew in 1899, along with two other small canid species from the John Day Formation (N. latidens and N. lemur, which had both been previously assigned to the genera Galecynus and then Cynodictis) and two living species from South America (N. urostictus and N. parvidens, both formerly assigned to the genus Canis, and now considered synonyms of Lycalopex vetulus). Yet another species, Nothocyon regulus, was described in 1962.

However, in 1992, a thorough re-description of the holotype was published by Wang & Tedford, who matched it with associated upper and lower teeth from the same locality, and re-assigned the 1881 and 1883 canid material to the species Cormocyon copei, and placing Nothocyon geismarianus as a stem arctoid. A further study in 1999 reassigned Nothocyon lemur and N. roii to Cynarctoides, N. latidens and N. annectens to Phlaocyon, N. regulus as a synonym of Desmocyon thomsoni. Another two species assigned at one time to Nothocyon, "N." gregorii and "N." vulpinus, and the variant N. geismarianus var mollis, have been reassigned to the genus Leptocyon.

The genus Nothocyon was assigned to the family Subparictidae in 2023.

Paleobiology
N. geismarianus is known from localities dating back to the Late Arikareean and possibly the early Hemingfordian of Oregon. It may have been a scansorial insectivore.

References

Subparictidae
Oligocene caniforms
Oligocene mammals of North America
Prehistoric carnivoran genera


Never Love You Enough is the fifth studio album by American country music artist Chely Wright. It was released on September 25, 2001 via MCA Nashville, and was her last album for the label.

Content
Its first two tracks — the title track and "Jezebel" — were both released as singles, both peaking in the mid-20s on the Billboard country charts. The latter was co-written by Jay DeMarcus, bass guitarist for the group Rascal Flatts. Trisha Yearwood sings background vocals on the track "Wouldn't It Be Cool" and Phil Vassar on "For the Long Run". Brad Paisley contributed background vocals for "Not as in Love" and "One Night in Las Vegas."

Critical reception

Michael Galluci of Allmusic rated the album 2 stars out of 5, saying that "This more conservative follow-up finds her back on the farm, still tracking the ins and outs of love, but accompanied by a shrugging indifference." Eli Messinger of Country Standard Time gave the album a mixed review, saying that "Folksiness has given way to the chart-friendly crossover material and arena-styled power-ballads that continue to reign on her latest." and "The centrist, traditional messages may connect with listeners, but they won't push anyone's buttons or boundaries… This is a pleasant pop album, but hardly the sort of truly memorable work that Wright is so obviously capable of."

Track listing

Personnel
Compiled from liner notes.

Musicians

Never Love You Enough
 Mike Brignardello – bass guitar
 Lisa Cochran – background vocals
 Dann Huff – electric guitar
 Mike Johnson – steel guitar
 B. James Lowry – acoustic guitar
 Chris McHugh – drums
 Jerry McPherson – electric guitar
 Steve Nathan – keyboards
 Chris Rodriguez – background vocals
 Chely Wright – lead vocals

Jezebel
 Barry Bales – background vocals
 J. T. Corenflos – electric guitar
 Stuart Duncan – fiddle
 Wes Hightower – background vocals
 John Hobbs – piano, Hammond B-3 organ
 David Huff – programming
 Marcus Hummon – acoustic guitar, background vocals
 Troy Johnson – background vocals
 Paul Leim – drums
 Michael Rhodes – bass guitar
 Darrell Scott – acoustic guitar, banjo, mandolin, background vocals
 Dan Tyminski – background vocals
 Chely Wright – lead vocals, background vocals

One Night in Las Vegas
 Jim "Moose" Brown – piano, keyboards, strings
 Kevin "Swine" Grantt – bass guitar
 Wes Hightower – background vocals
 Mike Johnson – steel guitar
 Troy Johnson – background vocals
 Mitch McMichen – percussion
 Brad Paisley – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, background vocals
 Ben Sesar – drums
 Justin Williamson – fiddle, mandolin
 Chely Wright – lead vocals

While I Was Waiting
 Chad Cromwell – drums
 Eric Darken – percussion
 Dan Dugmore – steel guitar
 Stuart Duncan – mandolin
 Steve Gibson – electric guitar
 Wes Hightower – background vocals
 John Hobbs – keyboards
 Liana Manis – background vocals
 Matt Rollings – keyboards
 John Willis – acoustic guitar
 Glenn Worf – bass guitar
 Chely Wright – lead vocals

What If We Fly
 J.T. Corenflos – electric guitar
 Stuart Duncan – fiddle
 Paul Franklin – steel guitar
 Wes Hightower – background vocals
 John Hobbs – piano
 David Huff – programming
 Marcus Hummon – acoustic guitar
 Troy Johnson – background vocals
 Paul Leim – drums
 Michael Rhodes – bass guitar
 Darrell Scott – acoustic guitar
 Paul Worley – electric guitar
 Chely Wright – lead vocals

Wouldn't It Be Cool
 Pat Buchanan – electric guitar
 Melonie Cannon – background vocals
 Chad Cromwell – drums
 Eric Darken – percussion
 Dan Dugmore – 12-string guitar electric guitar
 Stuart Duncan – fiddle
 Steve Gibson – electric guitar
 John Hobbs – piano
 Garnet Imes – background vocals
 Matt Rollings – keyboards
 John Willis – acoustic guitar
 Glenn Worf – bass guitar
 Chely Wright – lead vocals
 Trisha Yearwood – background vocals

Her
 Chad Cromwell – drums
 Eric Darken – percussion
 Dan Dugmore – steel guitar
 Stuart Duncan – fiddle
 Steve Gibson – electric guitar
 Wes Hightower – background vocals
 John Hobbs – keyboards
 Nashville String Machine – strings
 Matt Rollings – keyboards
 John Willis – acoustic guitar
 Glenn Worf – bass guitar
 Chely Wright – lead vocals

Love Didn't Listen
 Chad Cromwell – drums
 Eric Darken – percussion
 Dan Dugmore – steel guitar
 Larry Franklin – fiddle
 Steve Gibson – acoustic guitar
 Wes Hightower – background vocals
 John Hobbs – piano
 John Jorgenson – electric guitar
 Wendell Mobley – background vocals
 Steve Nathan – Hammond B-3 organ
 Glenn Worf – bass guitar
 Chely Wright – lead vocals

For the Long Run
 Chad Cromwell – drums
 Dan Dugmore – steel guitar
 Larry Franklin – fiddle
 Steve Gibson – electric guitar
 Wes Hightower – background vocals
 John Barlow Jarvis – keyboards
 John Jorgenson – electric guitar
 Liana Manis – background vocals
 Nashville String Machine – strings
 Steve Nathan – keyboards
 Phil Vassar – background vocals
 John Willis – acoustic guitar
 Glenn Worf – bass guitar
 Chely Wright – lead vocals

Horoscope
 Jim "Moose" Brown – piano, Hammond B-3 organ
 Shannon Brown – background vocals
 Kevin "Swine" Grantt – bass guitar
 Wes Hightower – background vocals
 Mike Johnson – steel guitar
 Troy Johnson – background vocals
 Kendal Marcy – background vocals
 Kris Marcy – background vocals
 Mitch McMichen – percussion
 Brad Paisley – acoustic guitar, electric guitar, resophonic guitar
 Ben Sesar – drums
 Justin Williamson – fiddle, mandolin
 Chely Wright – lead vocals, background vocals

Not as In Love
 Chad Cromwell – drums
 Dan Dugmore – steel guitar
 Larry Franklin – fiddle
 Steve Gibson – electric guitar
 Wes Hightower – background vocals
 John Barlow Jarvis – piano
 John Jorgenson – acoustic guitar, mandocello
 Nashville String Machine – strings
 Steve Nathan – keyboards
 Brad Paisley – background vocals
 Glenn Worf – bass guitar
 Chely Wright – lead vocals

Deep Down Low
 Chad Cromwell – drums
 Eric Darken – percussion
 Chip Davis – background vocals
 Dan Dugmore – steel guitar
 Larry Franklin – fiddle
 Steve Gibson – acoustic guitar
 John Hobbs – piano
 John Jorgenson – electric guitar
 Steve Nathan – Hammond B-3 organ
 Glenn Worf – bass guitar
 Chely Wright – lead vocals

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

References

2001 albums
MCA Records albums
Chely Wright albums


Corva may refer to:
 Corva, Arizona, a populated place in the US
 Corva, a frazione in Azzano Decimo, north-eastern Italy
 Corva, a frazione in Porto Sant'Elpidio, central Italy
 Corva (grape), an Italian grape variety

See also
Giardino Botanico Alpino di Pietra Corva, a botanical garden in northern Italy
Corvidae, the family of birds known as corvids
Curva


The first HMS Dauntless was a sixth-rate Combatant-class sloop of the Royal Navy. She was launched in 1804 and the French captured her in 1807 at Danzig. The French Navy took her into service as Sans Peur, but her subsequent fate is unknown.

Design

She was built in Hull at the William Gibson Shipyard, as one of a class of three (the others being Combatant and Valorous) and launched in 1804.  Designed by John Staniforth MP, they were flush-decked, shallow draught and (for their dimensions) heavily armed.  Rated as a sloop, she had a design based on the Danish Praam (English Pram), allowing the combination of heavy armament with a draught of only 11 feet.  Her design may well have been influenced by the flush-decked, shallow draught vessels of Napoleon's invasion fleet, although Dauntless and her sisters were significantly larger. The Royal Navy rated her for purposes of command as an 18-gun sloop, but as a captain's command until 1806.

Career
Captain Hugh Pigot commissioned Dauntless in March 1805, serving with the anti-invasion flotillas stationed in The Downs. In July she was under the command of Captain Charles Jones on the North Sea station.

In March 1806 Commander William Cook replaced Jones. However, in October 1806, Commander Christopher Strachey replaced Cook.

In the spring of 1807 she and her sisters were ordered to the Baltic where their characteristics would be of value as convoy escorts and particularly in support of operations ashore.  On 13 May Dauntless was ordered to sail up the Vistula and break through the French armies besieging Danzig (now Gdansk) in order to supply the encircled Prussians with 600 barrels of gunpowder. Heavily laden and making upriver under a press of sail, Dauntless became unmanageable and broached to. Running hard aground on a sandbank within easy range of French artillery, she suffered an hour's bombardment before surrendering. Napoleon himself is reputed to have said that her resistance "was worthy of being placed on the page of history". Strachey then remained a French prisoner until the end of the war. At the obligatory court martial her captain, Christopher Strachey, was honourably acquitted of all blame for the surrender of his ship.

Fate
The French Navy took Dauntless into service as Sans Peur. Her ultimate fate is unknown, but she may have fallen into Prussian hands in July when Napoleon handed Danzig over to the Prussians.

Notes

Citations

References

Winfield, Rif & Stephen S Roberts (2015) French Warships in the Age of Sail 1786 - 1861: Design Construction, Careers and Fates. (Seaforth Publishing).

Sloops of the Royal Navy
1804 ships
Captured ships
Corvettes of the French Navy
Maritime incidents in 1807