thumb|upright=1.5|alt=group of people listening to an old-fashioned radio set|Act II, Scene 1: Archie Jenkins (John Molecey), Mr Grainger (Trevor Ward), Alfie Blake (Brian Carey), Janet Braid (Elspeth March), Mrs Grainger (Sybil Wise), Alma Boughton (Helen Horsey), Mr. Lawrence (George Lane), Nora Shattock (Beatrice Varley), Fred Shattock (Bernard Lee) and Doris Shattock (Maureen Pryor)
Peace in Our Time is a two-act play written in 1946 by Noël Coward. It is a work of alternative history, focusing on a group of Londoners in a pub close to Sloane Square, after Nazi Germany has won the Battle of Britain and successfully invaded and occupied the United Kingdom. The work takes inspiration from the real-life sufferings of French citizens during the German occupation of France, which Coward had followed closely.

The play was given a pre-London tryout in Brighton and first performed in the West End at the Lyric Theatre in 1947. The production was directed by Alan Webb under Coward's supervision; it starred performers who became well known including  Kenneth More, Bernard Lee, Elspeth March, and Maureen Pryor. Later in the year the play moved to the Aldwych Theatre to complete its run.

The piece is unusual for its sombre tone, being considerably darker than the comedic approach of most of Coward's plays. It was only a moderate success at its first production, running for 167 performances, but has attracted some attention in later revivals.

Background
Coward wrote that he conceived the idea for the play while in Paris shortly after the Liberation and end of Nazi occupation. He wrote, "The city itself seemed to be unchanging, physically at least untouched by the horrors of enemy occupation. It didn't take me long however to realise that, behind the facade, a great deal had changed; the sense of immediate relief had faded, and there was an atmosphere of subtle disintegration, lassitude and above all suspicion". This led him to wonder "what would have happened to London and England if, in 1940, the Germans had successfully invaded and occupied us, which they so very nearly did". He decided to place the entire action of the play in the bar-parlour of a London pub, as "the most easily manageable meeting-ground for various types of Londoners".

Coward was implacably anti-Nazi; he had despised pre-war appeasers, headed the British propaganda office in Paris until the city fell to the Germans, and was discovered to have been on the Gestapo's list of prominent public figures to be liquidated had the Germans taken Britain. The play takes its title from a popular misquotation: the pre-war British prime minister,  Neville Chamberlain proclaimed after meeting Adolf Hitler at the Munich Conference of 1938, "I believe it is peace for our time". The phrase was frequently quoted as "peace in our time". Coward was advised not to use the phrase for his title, but as his biographer Cole Lesley put it, "Of course he used it, only too delighted to do anything which might anger the pro-Munich lot".

The play was put into rehearsal in 1947. Coward wanted a cast of fresh new talent, and auditioned numerous rising actors including Kenneth More, who accepted a part, and Dirk Bogarde, who did not. Peace in Our Time opened at the Theatre Royal, Brighton on 15 July 1947. The audience gave it an enthusiastic welcome, and it seemed as though Coward had a hit on his hands. Nevertheless, before the London opening Coward revised the text extensively. The play opened at the Lyric Theatre in Shaftesbury Avenue on 22 July. The first night audience received the play with acclaim, but the reviews were generally unfavourable, and Peace in Our Time was not among Coward's longer-running plays. It transferred from the Lyric to the Aldwych Theatre on 29 September and closed in December after a total of 167 performances.

Roles and original London cast

Alma Boughton – Helen Horsey
Fred Shattock – Bernard Lee
Janet Braid – Elspeth March
Doris Shattock – Maureen Pryor
Mr Grainger – Trevor Ward
Mrs Grainger – Sybil Wise
Nora Shattock – Beatrice Varley
Lyia Vivian – Hazel Terry
George Bourne – Kenneth More
A man – Douglas Vine
A woman – Stella Chapman
Chorley Bannister – Olaf Pooley
Bobby Plaxton – Derek Aylward
Albrecht Richter – Ralph Michael
Phyllis Mere – Dora Bryan
Mr Lawrence – George Lane
Maudie – Irene Relph
Gladys Mott – Daphne Maddox

Alfie Blake – Brian Carey
German soldier – Charles Russell
Herr Huberman – Richard Scott
Frau Huberman – Betty Woolfe
First SS guard – Anthony Peek
Second SS guard – William Murray
Billy Grainger – Philip Guard
Doctor Venning  – Michael Kent
Ben Capper – Manfred Priestley
Lily Blake – Dandy Nichols
Mr Williams – William Murray
Stevie Shattock – Alan Badel
Archie Jenkins – John Molecey
Kurt Forster – Michael Anthony
Mrs Massiter – Janet Barrow
Young German soldier – Anthony Peek
Third SS guard – Peter Drury
Fourth SS guard – Douglas Vine

Source: Mander and Mitchenson.

Synopsis

The play is in two acts of four scenes each. The setting is the saloon bar of a London public house called The Shy Gazelle, somewhere between Knightsbridge and Sloane Square.

Act I
The time is November 1940. Britain has been conquered and occupied by Nazi Germany. The Shattock family run the Shy Gazelle, with a clientele mostly of locals. The latter are in general ordinary British people, resentful of German occupation but, to varying degrees, resigned to it. One, Chorley Bannister runs a highbrow magazine and is rightly seen as being too ready to collaborate with the Nazis.

A handsome and well-dressed German, Albrecht Richter, comes into the bar and is cold-shouldered by the other customers. He leaves after one drink. Bannister warns the others that "a little toleration" of the occupiers is simple common sense. Others disagree, and condemn cowardly expediency.

The second scene takes place in June 1941. News of events in Britain, on the radio and reported by customers, include the shooting of Winston Churchill, the State Opening of Parliament by Hitler, an attack on a German officer near the pub and the arrest of a local Jewish tailor by the SS. Richter establishes a friendly relationship with Bannister. Others remain politely hostile, in varying degrees. The most hostile suspect others of being too ready to collaborate.

Scenes 3 and 4 are set in early 1942. The pub's supplies of whisky are running low, but the Shattocks decline Richter's offer to obtain supplies for them. After the pub has closed, Billy Grainger, son of two of the regulars, staggers in. He has escaped from a Nazi prison camp. Dr Venning (another resistance member) is summoned, and takes Billy away to hide him. The Shattocks' son, Stephen, subsequently appears briefly: he is also on the run from the Germans. It emerges that he and his sister Doris are active in the resistance movement.

Act II
It is 1945. The tide of the war has turned. The liberation of France continues and Germany has been defeated at sea. The cellar of the pub has been turned into a base for the resistance. Bannister discovers this, and rushes out. Subsequently, Richter, with two SS guards, comes to arrest Doris. Three days later her broken and dying body is brought back to the pub: as she dies she says she told the Germans nothing. Two months later the British liberation is in full swing. Some of the regulars abduct Richter and bring him in. They tie him to a chair and tell him he is to be "liquidated" for his murder of Doris. Learning that the Germans are coming to rescue him, they put his chair immediately behind the locked door; he is riddled with bullets by his comrades as they shoot the door down. The regulars and the Shattocks escape through the back door while the radio is heard announcing that the liberation is nearly complete.
Source: Mander and Mitchenson.

Critical reception
Harold Hobson in The Sunday Times praised the play, and in The Daily Telegraph, W. A. Darlington wrote, "This play cannot possibly fail. It is too moving, too exciting, too deft – and too timely. We need to be reminded, just now, that we are people of spirit". They were in a minority of the critics, most of whom wrote lukewarm or hostile reviews.  Some, including Graham Greene were suspected of resenting Coward's depiction of left-wing journalists who collaborated too readily with the Nazis, but other critics, then and later, thought Coward's treatment of the theme fell between two stools: not profound, but not witty enough to make its point by satire.

In the assessment of Coward's biographer Sheridan Morley, the writer had uncharacteristically misjudged his moment:

A 2014 article in the magazine Houstonia after the Houston revival detailed below, judged that the play explored interesting dramatic questions while still maintaining a close feeling of realism, such as how frustratingly "characters grumble about the indignity of foreign occupation, including food and drink rationing". Questions of loyalty and friendship versus survival remained compelling.

Adaptations and revivals
The play has (at 2020) never been staged on Broadway or revived in the West End. The large cast makes it a difficult undertaking from a commercial standpoint. Productions include that at the off West End King's Head Theatre (1989), a UK tour by the Touring Partnership (1995), the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School (2006) and the Main Street Theater company in Houston (2014).

The only broadcast adaptation listed by the BBC is a 1947 version by Ayton Whitaker, using the cast of the original production.

See also

Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II
Cultural impact of Noël Coward
List of plays by Coward

Notes

References

Sources

External links
Article on BBC
Peace in Our Time on camdram.net

1946 plays
Plays by Noël Coward
Alternate history plays
Plays about World War II
English political plays
World War II alternate histories


The Weylin Hotel was a hotel at 527 - 531 Madison Avenue and 40 - 54 East 54th Street in New York City. It was on the southeast corner of 54th Street. The structure was sixteen stories tall and opened in March 1921. The building fronted sixty-one feet on Madison Avenue and one hundred forty-eight feet on 54th Street. It contained  of space.

Ownership
The name of the hotel came from the owners, "Wey" from part owner Weymer H Waitt and "lin" from Franklin M. Haines the 2nd part owner. J. Thomas Russell became managing director of the hotel in 1921. The same year, while the Volstead Act was law in the United States, two arrests were made at the hotel for selling champagne. Ex-furrier Louis R. Ritter invested in the Weylin Hotel and Paramount Hotel. He built the LaGuardia Hotel at LaGuardia Airport. Ritter sold the Weylin Hotel to two bankers in 1951.

The hotel was purchased by Byro Associates, Inc., a syndicate, in March 1953. The purchase price was in excess of $2,200,000. The syndicate obtained the stock of the Hotel Weylin Company owned by Louis and Charles Loeber. The hotel value was assessed at $1,750,000. It had 340 rooms. Modernization plans were assigned to Holabird & Root & Burgee, Chicago, Illinois architects. There were plans to remodel guest rooms and public areas, with the entire hotel becoming air conditioned.

The Weylin Hotel was remortgaged to the Ponce de Leon Company at 231 East Flagler Street in Miami, Florida for 5 years at 5%; $300,000, in March 1953. The establishment had a prior mortgage of $1,875,000. Hurley & Hughes, architects, charged the Weylin Hotel Corporation $6,500 for alterations in April 1953. Byro Associates, Inc., appointed James Bingham Morris hotel manager in May 1953. Morris began his career with the Prince George Hotel. He formerly managed the Rowe Hotel in Grand Rapids, Michigan, the Brown Palace Hotel in Denver, Colorado, and the Carter Hotel in Cleveland, Ohio. The advertising account for the Weylin Hotel was obtained by the firm of Kastor, Farrell, Chesley & Clifford, Inc., in July 1953.

Hotel chronology

In October 1934 Guy Rennie, cabaret entertainer at the Weylin Hotel, was put on trial for disorderly conduct. It was alleged that he caused a crowd to gather outside the hotel by his use of "loud and boisterous language".

Hotel management added $120 to actress Lupe Vélez's bill for carpet damage in December 1938.

Stephen Rowe Bradley, 3rd, a nine-year-old from Lowell, Massachusetts, died after falling from a 6th floor window of the Weylin Hotel in August 1943. The fall occurred when Bradley pushed aside a table in front of the window and stood on the window ledge to look down. He lost his balance.

Paris Elite acquired a commercial lease in the hotel in March 1950. Ruth Shotland Originals, a women's clothing store, was granted a business lease in the hotel in August 1952.

John Boettiger, newspaperman and former son-in-law of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, jumped to his death from a seventh floor room of the hotel in November 1950. He was divorced from Anna Roosevelt Halsted in 1949. He left two notes, neither of which explained why he committed suicide. His brother attributed his death to his depression about the failure of the Arizona Times. This was a newspaper he founded with Anna Roosevelt in 1947.

Mrs. Gerald De Courcy May either jumped or fell from her eighth floor apartment in the hotel in February 1952. She was prominent in social circles in New York City and Southampton, New York. Detectives surmised that she may have fallen while opening a window. She had been sick for a couple of months.

A committee representing former world and Olympic athletes from Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia sent a petition to Lausanne, Switzerland in May 1952 asking that they be permitted to participate in the 1952 Winter Olympics at Helsinki, Finland. A meeting at the Weylin Hotel the same month endorsed the movement.

The American Horse Shows Association opened a new national headquarters at the Weylin Hotel in July 1954.

Office building

The Weylin Hotel was converted to an office building in January 1956. The Weylin Hotel Corporation sold the establishment to Louis Sachar, president of the Marshall Management Corporation of 244 Madison Avenue, in Association with Jacques Schwalbe. Collins, Tuttle & Co. were named managing agents. Its property value was assessed at $1,700,000.  of office space was rented at the time of the sale. With this acquisition, Sachar and the corporations he owned were primary interest holders in eighty-nine commercial and industrial buildings in Manhattan. Sachar formed a real estate syndicate with a purchasing power estimated at $250,000,000 shortly before the purchase of the Weylin Hotel. Marshall Management supervised six large pension funds and trust funds. Wechsler & Schimenti were assigned the task of the architectural conversion from hotel to office building. Itkin was in charge of design. Modernization of the lobby, elevators, and remodeling from the second floor up was estimated to cost $300,000.

The J.M. Tenney Corporation purchased a leasehold on the building in August 1959. It was bought for a $1,000,000 from the Forsted Realty Company. The deal was brokered by William Faver of the Sonnenblick-Goldman Corporation. The Sular Realty Corporation, in which J.M. Tenney was the primary stockholder, became the manager of the building. A plan to convert the elevators to self-service was initiated. The sixteen story edifice included a penthouse office.

See also
 List of former hotels in Manhattan

References

External links
Weylin Hotel postcard, 1952
Weylin Hotel exterior, 1935

1921 establishments in New York City
1956 disestablishments in New York (state)
Cultural history of New York City
Defunct hotels in Manhattan
Hotel buildings completed in 1921
Hotels established in 1921
Madison Avenue
Midtown Manhattan


Emilio Raul Cueto (born September 10, 1977) is a guitarist who has played in the rock bands Rama Duke and Juliette and the Licks.

Biography

Early life
Cueto was born in Miami, Florida on September 10, 1977.  He has one brother, Mathew, and two sisters, Irene and Gabriella.  He began playing the guitar at age 11 and got his start professionally at the age of 20.  As a guitarist, Cueto's influences are extremely broad ranging from Eddie Van Halen and Scott Henderson to Al Di Meola and Benny Moré.

Career
Cueto's professional career began in June 1999 when he began working as a musician for The Walt Disney Company.  Since then Emilio has performed with many of the most talented and respected Latin artists in the world, with televised performances being broadcast both nationally and internationally.  Among these artists have been La India, Sheila E., Julio Iglesias Jr. and Obie Bermúdez.

Cueto moved to Los Angeles, California in February 2006 to perform with Hollywood Records recording artist Rama Duke.  Since his relocation, he has also starred in 2 independent films, Razor and 87 as well as national commercials for BBC America and Comcast.   In August 2007, Cueto joined the rock act Juliette and the Licks to complete their world tour running through October 2008.  During this time he performed at the MTV Music Awards Australia, MTV Music Awards Brasil as well as The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson in the United States.

Cueto has been endorsed by the Ernie Ball/Music Man since 2001.

In 2012, Cueto co-founded LiveNinja, a modern communications company helping brands better serve their customers.  LiveNinja was acquired in 2017 by Net2Phone, a subsidiary of IDT Corp. for an undisclosed amount.

Personal life
Born of Cuban parents, Cueto grew up and still has family in Miami, Florida, where he currently resides.

External links

Emilio Cueto (official)

References

1977 births
American male film actors
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Living people
Singers from California
Male actors from Los Angeles
Guitarists from Los Angeles
21st-century American singers
21st-century American guitarists
21st-century American male singers
Juliette and the Licks members


"The Ghetto" is a socially conscious, mostly instrumental jazz-flavored anthem, released as the first single off American soul singer Donny Hathaway's debut album, Everything Is Everything, released as a single in 1969 on Atlantic Records.

The song was co-written by Hathaway and Leroy Hutson. The song was a 6-minute and 50 second extravaganza which built upon a cinematic feel with its lengthy instrumental though it did feature vocal ad-libs from Hathaway, who played Wurlitzer electronic piano on the song, and constant chants of the song's title. The song has a distinctive Afro-Cuban sound with congas.

The song also featured additional background dialogue from what sounds like men talking on a street corner and a baby crying - that baby being Hathaway's own daughter Lalah before Hathaway ended the song with frenetic hand claps.

When originally released in 1969, the song became a modest charted single, peaking at number 87 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 23 on the Billboard Hot Soul Singles chart.

The song was also featured on Hathaway's revered Live album in which Hathaway and his musicians played a faster version of the song and later featured Hathaway getting the audience to sing the final chorus. The song was also used in the 1977 film Short Eyes.

Co-writer Leroy Hutson recorded a version of the song entitled "The Ghetto '74" for his album The Man! (1973). Since then, the song has been sampled in hip-hop songs, most famously, Too Short's "The Ghetto", which featured Gerald Levert singing the chorus.

George Benson, accompanied by keyboardist Joe Sample, covered the song on his album Absolute Benson.

Personnel
Donny Hathaway: lead vocals, Wurlitzer electronic piano, bass
Eulalah Hathaway: background vocals
Master Henry Gibson: conga solo
Morris Jennings: drums
Marshall Hawkins: bass
Phil Upchurch: guitar
Richard Powell: percussion & timbales Solo
Written and composed by Donny Hathaway and Leroy Hutson
Conducted and arranged by Donny Hathaway
Produced by Donny Hathaway and Ric Powell

References

1969 songs
1970 singles
Soul jazz songs
1960s instrumentals
Donny Hathaway songs
Songs written by Leroy Hutson


Eugene David Schall (born June 5, 1970) is a retired Major League Baseball first baseman. He played during two seasons at the major league level for the Philadelphia Phillies. He was drafted by the Phillies in the 4th round of the 1991 amateur draft. Schall played his first professional season with their Class A (Short Season) Batavia Clippers in , and his last with their Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons in .

Schall played college baseball at Villanova, earning All-Tournament honors after the 1989 Big East Conference baseball tournament.  He was named an ABCA All-American in 1991.

See also
1991 College Baseball All-America Team

References

2. "Gene Schall Statistics". The Baseball Cube. 23 January 2008.
3. "Gene Schall Statistics". Baseball-Reference. 23 January 2008.

1970 births
Living people
Villanova Wildcats baseball players
All-American college baseball players
Baseball players from Pennsylvania
Major League Baseball first basemen
Nashville Sounds players
Philadelphia Phillies players
Philadelphia Phillies scouts
Batavia Clippers players
Clearwater Phillies players
Reading Phillies players
Richmond Braves players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons players
Spartanburg Phillies players


Olanda Anderson (born November 16, 1972) is an American former boxer best known for being a member of the 2000 United States Olympic Team as a light heavyweight.

Background
Born in Sumter, South Carolina, Anderson became a U.S. Army Staff Sergeant.

Amateur career
Anderson was the National Amateur Light Heavyweight Champion in 1998 and 2000.

Olympic results
 1st round bye
 Lost to Rudolf Kraj (Czech Republic) 13-14

Professional career
Anderson turned pro in 2002 and was undefeated in the only two recorded bouts of his career.  Both bouts were one week apart in January 2002.

External links

1972 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Sumter, South Carolina
African-American boxers
Boxers from South Carolina
Heavyweight boxers
Light-heavyweight boxers
Olympic boxers for the United States
Boxers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Winners of the United States Championship for amateur boxers
American male boxers
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople
U.S. Army World Class Athlete Program


The gold dinar () is an Islamic medieval gold coin first issued in AH 77 (696–697 CE) by Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan. The weight of the dinar is 1 mithqal ().

The word dinar comes from the Latin word denarius, which was a silver coin. The name "dinar" is also used for Sasanid, Kushan, and Kidarite gold coins, though it is not known what the contemporary name was.

The first dinars were issued by the Umayyad Caliphate. Under the dynasties that followed the use of the dinar spread from Islamic Spain to Central Asia.

Background

Although there was a dictum that the Byzantine solidus was not to be used outside of the Byzantine empire, some of these coins became involved in distant trade; those then did not get re-minted by the imperial mints, and quickly became worn. Towards the end of the 7th century CE, Arabic copies of solidi – dinars issued by the caliph Abd al-Malik (685–705 CE), who had access to supplies of gold from the upper Nile – began to circulate in areas outside of the Byzantine empire. These corresponded in weight to only  rather than the 24 carats of a recently minted solidus, but matched with the weight of the worn solidi that were circulating in those areas at the time. The two coins circulated together in these areas for a time.

First dated coins
The first dated coins that can be assigned to the Muslims are copies of silver Dirhams of the Sassanian ruler Yazdegerd III, struck during the Caliphate of Uthman. These coins differ from the original ones in that an Arabic inscription is found in the obverse margins, normally reading "in the Name of Allah". The subsequent series was issued using types based on drachmas of Khosrau II, whose coins probably represented a significant proportion of the currency in circulation.

In parallel with the later Khosrau-type Arab-Sassanian coins, first issued under the Well-Guided Caliphs of Islam, a more extensive series was struck with Khosrau's name replaced by that of the local Arab governor or, in two cases, that of the Caliph. Historical evidence makes it clear that most of these coins bear Hijra dates. The earliest Muslim copper coins are anonymous and undated but a series exists which may have been issued during the Caliphates of Uthman or Ali. These are crude copies of Byzantine 12-nummus pieces of Heraclius from Alexandria.

First silver dirham

By the year AH 75 (695 CE) Abd al-Malik had decided on changes to the coinage. A scattering of patterned pieces in silver exist from this date, based on Sassanian prototypes but with distinctive Arabic reverses. This experiment, which maintained the Sassanian weight standard of 3.5–4.0 grams was not proceeded with, and in AH 79 (698 CE) a completely new type of silver coin was struck at 14 mints to a new nominal weight of 2.97 grams. Unlike the contemporary gold coinage, this figure does not seem to have been achieved in practice. The average weight of sixty undamaged specimens of AH 79–84 (698–704 CE) is only 2.71 grams, a figure very close to that for a unique coin of (AH 79) 698 struck with no mint name (as was the standard procedure for the gold dinars produced in Damascus). These new coins which bore the name of 'dirham', established the style of the Arab-Sassanian predecessors at 25 to 28 mm in diameter. Their design is composed of Arabic inscriptions surrounded by circles and annulets.On each side there is a three- or four-line legend with a single circular inscription. Outside this are three line circles with, at first, five annulets surrounding them. The side normally taken as the obverse has as its central legend the Kalima or shahada: "There is no god except God alone, there is no partner with Him." Around it is the mint and date formula reading "In the Name of God: this Dirham was struck in [mint name e.g. Damascus] the year [e.g. 698, AH 79]". The reverse has a four line central inscription taken from the Surah 112 of the Quran; "Qul hu Allahu Ahad, Allahu-Samad, Lam yalid wa lam yulad wa lam yakul-lahu kufu-an ahad"'. The marginal legend states: "Muhammad is the Messenger of God, he was sent with guidance and the religion of truth to make it prevail over every other religion, averse though the idolaters may be" (Quran 9:33).

First gold dinar

The gold coins were first struck to the contemporary standard of 4.4 grams and with one or more Arabic Standing figures on the obverse and an Arabic legend on the reverse. Dated coins exist from 680 (AH 74) and are named as 'Dinars'. These experimental issues were replaced in 683 (AH 77), except in North Africa and Spain, by completely epigraphical designs very similar to the designs adopted for the silver pieces but with a shorter reverse legend and no annulets or inner circles. This type was used without appreciable change for the whole of Umayyad period, the coins being struck to a new and carefully controlled standard of 4.25 grams. This weight was reputed to be based on the average of the current Byzantine solidi, was called a Mithqal, a term used earlier for  of a ratl. Evidence of the importance attached to the close control of the new Dinars is provided by the existence of glass weights, mainly from Egypt. They usually show the governor's name, sometimes the date but all marked with coin denomination.

Early gold dinars imitated Byzantine and Sasanian coins of the time, but as time progressed, they began to take on a more uniquely Islamic style. Two early examples, minted in approximately 692 and 694 C.E., have similar designs. Both have a depiction of figures on the obverse while the reverse includes a pyramid-shaped pedestal and a staff with a circular head resting at the top. These two early coin types both bare significant resemblance to Byzantine coins of the same period. In fact, they were all but copied whole cloth from Byzantine designs, the only alterations being the removal of the horizontal bar of the Byzantine cross for religious reasons and the conversion of figures on the front to wearing Islamic-style dress. In the year 692 C.E., the Shahada, or profession of faith, was added onto the obverse and in 694 C.E. it was added to the reverse. In the year 696-7 C.E., images were almost completely removed from coins and were replaced by coins exclusively decorated with inscriptions.

The issues in gold from North Africa began as copies of the coins of Heraclius and his son (but with an abbreviated Kalima in Latin), the reverse "cross on steps" losing in most cases its cross piece. Dinars, halves and thirds were struck, all to the new weight standard. Later coins are dated by indiction, from Indiction II (703, AH 84–85) changing to the Hijra date in Roman numerals in 713 (AH 94) with Arabic phrases appearing in the field from 716 (AH 97). In 684 (AH 100), North Africa came into line with the eastern issues although the mint is named as Ifriqiya. The legends are shorter and the reverse has a new central inscription: "In the Name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate". This was used also on the coins from Al-Andalus, and on the half and third Dinars, most of which show no mint but may well have been struck in Al-Andalus.

Modern use
The modern gold dinar is not an official currency, but a private bullion coin, patterned after the historical currency.

See also

Fals

References

Sources

Dinar
Islamic banking
Coins of the medieval Islamic world
Umayyad Caliphate
Islamic banking and finance terminology
7th-century establishments in the Umayyad Caliphate

id:Dinar emas
sq:Dinari islam


Herbert Jay Stern (born November 8, 1936) is a trial lawyer, with a national practice in civil and criminal litigation, as well as mediation and arbitration.  Earlier in his career, Stern served as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey and as the United States Judge for Berlin.

He presided over a hijacking trial that was the only case ever tried in an American court in the occupied American Sector of West Berlin.

He was part of the team that successfully handled several major corruption and organized crime trials in New Jersey.

Early life and education

Born on November 8, 1936, in New York, New York, He attended Hobart College. After graduating with honors in 1958 with a Bachelor of Arts degree, he was also awarded The Ford Foundation National Honor Scholarship for three years and went on to earn a Juris Doctor from the University of Chicago Law School in 1961. He was admitted to the New York bar in 1961 and the New Jersey bar in 1971.

District Attorney and United States Attorney
Stern served from 1962 to 1965 as an assistant district attorney, New York County, assigned to the Homicide Bureau during which conducted the grand jury investigation of the assassination of Malcolm X.

In January 1966, was appointed Special Attorney in the Organized Crime and Racketeering Section of the United States Department of Justice in the state of New Jersey. He conducted a Special Grand Jury and uncovered corruption and other wrongdoing both in municipal government, including the then Mayor of Woodbridge, and the trade union movement. (United States v. Colonial Pipeline Co. et. United States v. Peter Weber) through 1969.  In December 1970, Stern became The Acting United States Attorney for New Jersey. From 1971 to 1973, he served as the United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey, pursuant to the appointment of the President of the United States.  He personally conducted / supervised  several major corruption and organized crime trials in New Jersey, including the Mayors of Newark, Jersey City and Atlantic City; two successive State Treasurers and Secretaries of State of New Jersey, as well as U.S. Congressman Cornelius E. Gallagher.

Federal judicial service

Stern was nominated by President Richard Nixon on December 7, 1973, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey vacated by Judge Leonard I. Garth. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 19, 1973, and received his commission on December 28, 1973. His service terminated on January 4, 1987, due to his resignation.

Service with the Court for Berlin

During his thirteen-year tenure on the bench, Stern presided over a variety of civil and criminal cases. However, his judicial service is best remembered for the unique case of United States v. Tiede, an aircraft hijacking prosecution that was the sole case ever tried in the United States Court for Berlin, over which he was specially designated to preside by the Secretary of State. In a published opinion, United States v. Tiede, 86 F.R.D. 227 (D. Berlin 1979), Stern held that even though the case involved prosecution of German citizens in an unusual forum outside the United States, the defendants were still parties to an American criminal proceeding and entitled to the United States Constitution's guarantee of trial by jury. Stern later authored Judgment in Berlin, a book about his experiences in the Tiede case which was made into a motion picture starring Sean Penn and Martin Sheen, who portrayed Stern.

Post-judicial career

After his resignation from the federal bench, Stern entered private practice as an attorney. He is currently the founding partner of his own law firm Stern, Kilcullen & Rufolo, LLC. located in Florham Park, New Jersey.

Judge Stern has been the recipient of numerous honors and other positions

 Honorary Doctor of Law, Seton Hall Law School, 1973
 Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters, Newark State College, 1973
 Honorary Doctor of Letters, Montclair State College, 1973
 Honorary Doctor of Civil Law, Bloomfield College, 1973
 Honorary Doctor of Laws, Hobart College, 1974
 Deans Award for Exceptional Public Service, Akron University School of Law, 1986
 Co-director and Founder, Advocacy Institute, University of Virginia School of Law, 1980 to 2002.
 Adjunct Professor, Rutgers and Seton Hall Law Schools.
 Schwartzer Fellow, University of Chicago Law School, 1985
 Advisory Committee, University of Chicago Law School, 1974-1977
 Special Counsel to the Independent Counsel in the Iran-Contra Affair, February 1988 (United States v. Oliver North, et al.)
 Honorary Trustee, Hobart and William Smith Colleges
 Appointed Federal Monitor, by the U.S. Department of Justice, of the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey.
 Lead Donor of Stern Hall, Hobart College

Judge Stern has received numerous civic awards, among which are:

 Recipient of the Torch of Learning Award of the American Friends of the Hebrew University, April 28, 1987
 Recipient of the Freedom Foundation at Valley Forge George Washington  Honor Medal for Excellence in the category of books for 1984
 Recipient of International Platform Association's Clarence Darrow Award, 1985
 First President, Association of the Federal Bar of New Jersey
 Recipient of William J. Brennan, Jr. Award, University of Virginia School of Law
 Recipient of the William J. Brennan, Jr. Award presented by The Association of the Federal Bar of the State of New Jersey, June 11, 1987
 Recipient of Citizen's Award from the New Jersey Academy of Medicine, 1997.
 Recipient of one of America's Ten Outstanding Young Men, The United States Jaycees, 1973.

Judge Stern has written numerous articles, treatises and books including:

 Subject of the book, Tiger in the Court, by Paul Hoffman, Playboy Press, 1973
 Author, Judgment in Berlin, Universe Books, 1984; 2nd edition, Skyhorse Publishing, 2021
 Author, Trying  Cases To Win, a 5 volume work on trial practice, Wiley Law Publications,1991, 1992, 1993, 1995 and 1999; Co author, Trying Cases to Win: Evidence Weapons for Winning. Aspen Publishers, 2000, 2003, 2004
 Author, Diary of a DA, Skyhorse Publishing, 2012
 Author, Trying Cases to Win: In One Volume, ABA Publishing, 2013
 Co-author of two-volume novels: Wolf, Skyhorse Publishing, 2020;
 Sins of the Fathers, Skyhorse Publishing, 2022
 Author, Trying Cases to Win: In One Volume. Student Edition, West Academic, 2020

Judge Stern has served in numerous arbitrations under the American Arbitration Association, the International  Court in Paris, private mediations, the Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber  of Commerce, and the London  Court  of International  Arbitration (LCIA).  Sampling is as follows:

 Party Arbitrator in a dispute between PepsiCo and OCAAT concerning all of Pepsi's bottling in Venezuela which was taken by Coca Cola
 Arbitrator in dispute between Roche Holdings and K.V. Pharmaceuticals
 Arbitrator in dispute between Bechtel International, Inc. and Cliffs and Associates Limited
 Arbitrator in dispute between Raytheon and Pilatus Aircraft
 Arbitrator in dispute between Allied Signal and Breed Technologies, Inc.
 Mediator in dispute between Union Carbide, Shell Oil and Montediso
 Arbitrator in dispute between Tyco Submarine Systems and Atlantic Crossings, Ltd.
 Arbitrator in dispute between Honeywell International, Inc. and Isola Laminate Systems, Corp.
 Arbitrator in dispute between Messier v. Viivendi Universal, et al.
 Arbitrator in dispute between Damon Mezzacappa and Lazard, LLC, et als.
 Arbitrator in dispute between Sears and MorganStanley
 Arbitrator in dispute between Avanti Launch Services Limited and Space Exploration Technologies Corp.
 Arbitration in dispute between HS Orka hf. and Noroural Grundartangi ehf. et al.
 Arbitration in dispute between Wendy's International LLC and Mawarid Food Company Ltd; and Mawarid Holding Company Limited

See also
List of Jewish American jurists

References

 ^ Jum up to:a b Herbert      Jay Stern, Judgment      in Berlin, Universe Books, New York      (1984)
 ^ "Herbert J. Stern Lawyer Profile on Martindale.com". www.martindale.com.
 ^ "Stern & Kilcullen: Herbert J. Stern".      Stern & Kilcullen, LLC. Retrieved 17      August 2012.
 ^ U.S.  Attorney's Office District of New Jersey, A Rich History of Service Archived 2008-12-30      at the Wayback Machine
 ^ Herbert Jay Stern at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publicdomain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.

Sources
Narvaez, Alphonso A., "Judge's Years with U.S.: From Malcolm X to Berlin", The New York Times, Nov. 9, 1986.

Publications
Herbert J. Stern, Prosecution of Local Political Corruption Under the Hobbs Act: The Unnecessary Distinction Between Bribery and Extortion, 3  1 (1971).
Stern, Herbert Jay, Judgment in Berlin, New York: Universe Books, 1984.

External links
 Herbert Jay Stern at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.

1936 births
Living people
University of Chicago Law School alumni
Writers from New Jersey
Writers from New York City
American legal writers
New Jersey lawyers
Lawyers from New York City
Military personnel from New York City
United States Attorneys for the District of New Jersey
Judges of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey
United States district court judges appointed by Richard Nixon
20th-century American judges
Hobart and William Smith Colleges alumni
Assistant United States Attorneys
Criminal defense lawyers


The Al Nuaimi () family is the ruling royal family of Ajman, one of the seven emirates that together comprise the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

The family name is derived from the singular of 'Na'im': the Na'im is a major tribal confederation divided into three sections, the Al Bu Kharaiban, the Khawatir and the Al Bu Shamis (singular Al Shamsi). The Rulers of Ajman are drawn from the Al Bu Kharaiban section.

Founding Ajman
The foundation of Ajman under Al Nuaimi rule took place when Sheikh Rashid bin Humaid Al Nuaimi and fifty of his followers took the coastal settlement of Ajman from members of the Al Bu Shamis tribe in a short conflict. It wasn't until 1816 or 1817, however, that the Ajman fort finally fell to Rashid's followers and his rule was endorsed by the powerful Sheikh of neighbouring Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah, Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi.

List of Al Nuaimi Rulers
 1816–1838 Sheikh Rashid bin Humaid Al Nuaimi (d. 1838)
 1838–1841 Sheikh Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi (1st time)  (d. 1864)
 1841–1848 Sheikh Abdelaziz bin Rashid Al Nuaimi  (d. 1848)
 1848–1864   Sheikh Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi (2nd time)
 1864 – April 1891 Sheikh Rashid bin Humaid Al Nuaimi II (d. 1891)
 April 1891 – 8 July 1900 Sheikh Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi II (d. 1900)
 8 July 1900 – February 1910 Sheikh Abdulaziz bin Humaid Al Nuaimi (b. 18.. – d. 1910)
 February 1910 – January 1928  Sheikh Humaid bin Abdulaziz Al Nuaimi
 January 1928 – 6 September 1981  Sheikh Rashid bin Humaid Al Nuaimi III (b. 1904 – d. 1981)
 6 September 1981–present Sheikh Humaid bin Rashid Al Nuaimi III (b. 1931)

References

Middle Eastern royal families
Tribes of the United Arab Emirates
Arab dynasties
History of the United Arab Emirates


The following article presents a summary of the 1922 football (soccer) season in Brazil, which was the 21st season of competitive football in the country.

Campeonato Paulista

Final Stage

Corinthians declared as the Campeonato Paulista champions.

State championship champions

Other competition champions

Brazil national team
The following table lists all the games played by the Brazil national football team in official competitions and friendly matches during 1922.

References

 Brazilian competitions at RSSSF
 1922 Brazil national team matches at RSSSF

Seasons in Brazilian football
Brazil


Carsten Jørgensen (born 25 October 1970) is a Danish orienteering competitor and World champion. He won a gold medal in the 1997 World Orienteering Championships in Grimstad with the Danish Relay team. He received a bronze medal in the 1995 World Orienteering Championships in Detmold (classic distance).

He has been quite successful in cross country running competitions. He finished fourth at the 1996 European Cross Country Championships and went on to take the gold medal at the 1997 edition. He won the senior race at the Nordic Cross Country Championships consecutively in 1997 and 1998. He competed in the European Championships for a third time in 1998, finishing in fifth place. He was the 1999 winner of the men's race at the Eurocross in Luxembourg.

National merits
Jørgensen is 17 times Danish Orienteering Champion (various disciplines/distances). He has represented Denmark 59 times, on the Danish National Team. He set the Danish record in the 10,000 metres in 1998, and Danish record in the half marathon, also in 1998.

See also
 Danish orienteers
 List of orienteers
 List of orienteering events

References

External links

Living people
1970 births
Danish male long-distance runners
Danish orienteers
Male orienteers
Foot orienteers
World Orienteering Championships medalists
European Cross Country Championships winners
Competitors at the 2001 World Games


Mirza Ghulam Aḥmad (February 13, 1835 – May 26, 1908) was a religious figure from India, and the founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. He claimed to be the Mujaddid (divine reformer) of the 14th Islamic century, the promised Messiah ("Second Coming of Christ"), and the Mahdi awaited by the Muslims in the end days. He declared that Jesus (Isa) had in fact survived the crucifixion and later died a natural death, after having migrated towards Kashmir and that he had appeared in the likeness of Jesus.

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is known to have produced a vast amount of literature. He wrote more than ninety books, many of which extend to hundreds of pages. His written works often contain both prose and  poetry in three different languages, Urdu, Arabic and  Persian, though primarily Urdu. His writings contain the exposition and explanation of Islamic teachings, often reinterpreted. A wide range of subjects are also dealt with such as mysticism and the intricate issues of Islamic theology. His writings always used the Qur'an to elaborate and give meanings to various ideas. Many of his books bear a polemical and apologetic tone in favour of Islam. Several of his books were distributed internationally during his lifetime. His essay entitled The Philosophy of the Teachings of Islam (originally presented at a conference of religions held in Lahore in December 1896 and later published as a book) was well received by various intellectuals including Leo Tolstoy of Russia.

His works were collected under the leadership of Mirza Nasir Ahmad, the third khalifa of Ghulam Ahmad. Most of his writings were compiled in the twenty-three volume corpus known as Rūhānī Khazā᾽in (Spiritual Treasures) which includes his books, pamphlets, and various articles.  His announcements and advertisements were collected in the Majmu'a Ishtihārāt (Collection of Announcements) with only a small number of his books being translated into English. His letters have been compiled into 4 volumes known as Maktūbāt-e-Ahmad (Letters of Ahmad) and his complete discourses or sayings have been compiled in 10 volumes known as the Malfūzāt (Spoken Words). All works were initially diligently hand composed by calligraphers (کاتب).  Nazarat Ishaat Pakistan based in Rabwah, and Nazarat Nashro Ishaat, Qadian, India have been the key organizations responsible for preserving, composing and publishing the works in hand composed and computerized versions. Mirza Ghulam Ahmed died in Lahore on 26th May, 1908.

List of books

Notes

References

Works by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
Bibliographies by writer
Bibliographies of Indian writers
Religious bibliographies


Mister Negative is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is usually depicted as an enemy of Spider-Man, the Punisher, Shang-Chi, and Cloak & Dagger. The character was created by Dan Slott and Phil Jimenez, and first appeared in "Swing Shift", a story in Free Comic Book Day: The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (May 2007). The name "Mister Negative" is a reference to photographic negative, as the colors of his skin, hair, and costume are inverted when he transforms into his alter ego.

Originally a Chinese gangster and human trafficker, whose real name was never revealed, the man who would become Mr. Negative was captured by crime boss Silvermane to serve as a test subject, alongside the future Cloak & Dagger, for an experimental procedure involving a synthetic drug created by Simon Marshall. The experiment gave the character control over both the Darkforce and Lightforce, and led to the creation of two polar opposite personalities: Mister Positive, posing as a benevolent and kind philanthropist named Martin Li, who would go on to found the F.E.A.S.T. Project as a means to help homeless people; and the ruthless crime lord Mister Negative, who leads the Inner Demons gang in an attempt to take over New York's criminal underworld. Originally, the character was depicted as suffering from dissociative identity disorder, with one personality not maintaining the other's memories, but both personas were later shown to be fully aware of each other's existence. As Mister Negative, his powers include healing, mind-controlling others through "corruption", and charging regular weapons with his energy.

Since his conception, the character has been adapted into several forms of media outside of comics, including animated series and video games.

Publication history
Created by Dan Slott and Phil Jimenez, Mister Negative first appeared in "Swing Shift", a story in Free Comic Book Day: The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (2007), which was set in the immediate aftermath of the "Spider-Man: One More Day" storyline. Mister Negative then appeared in The Amazing Spider-Man #546 (Jan. 2008), the first issue of the follow-up storyline "Brand New Day".

Fictional character biography
Martin Li is introduced with the backstory of a Chinese immigrant from Fujian province who attempted to travel to America to be with his wife. His mode of transportation, the Golden Mountain, was a slave ship operated by the Snakehead gang as a way to sell Fujian captives as overseas slaves in Kenya. During a storm, the ship's crew evacuated, leaving the captives alone to make a break for the New York shores. Li was the only survivor and spent the following years building a large fortune and dedicating himself to helping those less fortunate.

The story is later revealed to be partially false, though only the Mister Negative persona appears aware of it. It is revealed that Mister Negative was actually one of the crew members of the Golden Mountain. When the ship nearly crashed onto the New York shores, he stole the identity of one of the deceased Fujian slaves (the real Martin Li) who was heading to America for the aforementioned reasons. This gang member was eventually captured by the Maggia Don Silvermane and experimented on with a synthetic drug created by Maggia chemist Simon Marshall that could be more potent than heroin. He escaped with the help of two other experimental inmates and soon developed two personalities, the kind-hearted Martin Li and the villainous Mister Negative, the latter of the two developing the ability to generate a black electrical energy that could be used to heal, control others, or charge objects with his touch. The Mister Negative side dedicated himself to becoming Chinatown's Kingpin of Crime while the Martin Li side attempts to run the F.E.A.S.T. center with humility.

Martin Li opens and operates a soup kitchen in Chinatown: the F.E.A.S.T. Project (Food, Emergency Aid, Shelter and Training), where Peter Parker's Aunt May volunteers. Neither Peter nor May are aware of Li's dual identity as a Chinatown crime boss under the Mister Negative name. Despite being a crime lord, Li is a seemingly kind and generous man. The F.E.A.S.T. Project has displayed healing powers for people of various illnesses, although the cause of this healing has yet to be revealed.

During the first story of "Brand New Day" storyline, Mister Negative first comes into conflict with Spider-Man when he makes a power play toward taking control of New York's criminal underworld by attempting to wipe out all existing members of the Karnelli and Maggia crime families using a DNA specific bioweapon called the "Devil's Breath". In exchange for leaving the Maggia families' children alive, he takes a sample of Spider-Man's blood to use in a Devil's Breath formula. Mister Negative later tries to use the Devil's Breath formula to kill Spider-Man during a fight with the Maggia, but Spider-Man is able to hold his breath long enough to escape alive. Spider-Man then recruits the Black Cat to help steal Spider-Man's remaining blood from Mister Negative and replace it with a vial of pig blood so Mister Negative is unaware of his loss.

Martin Li endorses Bill Hollister for mayor of New York City, putting him against Randall Crowne, adding him to a list of opponents (many of whom become targets of the villain Menace). It also causes him to become the target of a smear campaign by Dexter Bennet, editor of The DB and supporter of Crowne. After Menace is revealed to be Hollister's daughter and Hollister resigns as mayor, Li unsuccessfully runs in a special election, losing to J. Jonah Jameson.

Mister Negative later recruits Hammerhead and offers to put the man's brain in a new robotic adamantium skeleton after having been shot point blank in the head by Underworld. Hammerhead agrees to that and Mister Negative has his surgeon Doctor Tramma perform the procedure.

Mister Negative eventually comes across Eddie Brock, giving a job at his soup kitchen. A touch from him causes Brock's cancerous cells to completely disappear. Also, remnants of the Venom symbiote fused with Brock's white blood cells react with Mister Negative's power, causing Anti-Venom's existence during a conflict with Mac Gargan, the Venom Symbiote's host. After the F.E.A.S.T center is torn apart during the fight between the two, Li discovers from a group of sweatshop workers (from a shop owned by Crowne) that they were experimented on with drugs made at Oscorp. Later, Mister Negative and his Inner Demons encounter and battle Anti-Venom. In the aftermath, Brock watches Mister Negative turn into Li, becoming the first to be aware of his double identity.

During the 2008–2009 "Dark Reign" storyline, Mister Negative refuses to submit to the Hood’s rule of conquest over New York's criminal underworld. During a meeting with Hood's henchman White Dragon, Mister Negative corrupts White Dragon and sends the man to attack the Hood's headquarters. In retaliation, the Hood decides to attack and kill him. H.A.M.M.E.R. seals Chinatown on Hood's behalf and an all out fight breaks out around Li's estate. Hood's gang gets the upper hand until Spider-Man arrives to rescue Martin. However, Spider-Man too is corrupted and sent into battle on Mister Negative's behalf. Spider-Man battles the members of Hood's gang who are attacking the villain's headquarters; Mister Negative then sends the web-slinger to kill Betty Brant who is interviewing the real Martin Li's widow and is coming close to finding out the truth. The Hood himself then confronts Mister Negative at his Chinatown headquarters and battles him. During the battle, Mister Negative tries to corrupt Hood but fails. Norman Osborn ends the blockade H.A.M.M.E.R. has on Chinatown when Hammerhead hands papers implicating Oscorp in the aforementioned drug tests on immigrants. An irate Hood decides to kill Mister Negative anyway but he escapes. A later conversation that Osborn has with his own darker Green Goblin side reveals that he now has an alliance with Mister Negative similar to the one with Hood. However, Spot slips in and steals back the evidence of Oscorp's tests, revealing being Mister Negative's mole in the Hood's gang under the promise that he will be cured once they get their revenge on the Maggia.

In the X-Men storyline "Serve and Protect", Mister Negative and his Inner Demons are at San Francisco on attempting to murder a widowed woman who still have a child. When two unidentified heroes, then revealed to be the X-Men Rockslide and Anole in disguise, Mister Negative hired The Serpents, and devise a plan to lure them into their traps, then turning then into his pawn into attacking other X-Men as well. Although his plan foiled by Anole's strategy into using a temporary brainwashed Rockslide, Mister Negative releases the rock mutant hero and vow they will meet again on the other side.

During the 2009 storyline "The Gauntlet", Mister Negative corrupts May Parker when the woman walks in on him punishing an Inner Demon. May manages to break free from Mister Negative's corruption when Peter went to May for moral support after the Lizard devoured Billy Connors and essentially 'killed' Curt Connors.

During the 2010 "Shadowland" storyline, Mister Negative takes the advantage of the conflict against the Hand in a plot to set up a criminal establishment there, only for him and his Inner Demons to run afoul of Spider-Man and Shang-Chi.

Mister Negative later has an encounter with Jackpot and Boomerang. During the "Origin of the Species" storyline, Mister Negative was among the supervillains assembled by Doctor Octopus to secure some items.

During the "Big Time" storyline, Mister Negative is targeted by both Anti-Venom and the new Wraith. When they, along with Spider-Man, interrupt a heroin-smuggling operation, Wraith uses visual recognition software, linked to every television broadcast in New York, to publicly out Mister Negative as Martin Li. When the police approach, Mister Negative and his men retreat. Li is later seen locked in a room by Mister Negative's men who wait for him to change back into their master.

During the 2011 "Spider-Island" storyline, Mister Negative is told of a prophecy that he is destined to be killed by Dagger.

During the 2012 "Avengers vs. X-Men" storyline, Mister Negative and his henchmen invade a S.H.I.E.L.D. facility as a way of taking an advantage of the war between the Avengers and the Phoenix Five, but Hawkeye and Spider-Woman defeat them while having a discussion about their relationship. It is later revealed that they were informed about Mister Negative's plan by Madame Hydra who wanted to get rid of the competition.

During the 2014 "Original Sin" storyline, Mister Negative is seen meeting with the self-proclaimed Goblin King (Phil Urich) who is now leading the Goblin Underground's remnants when it came to them awaiting for Eel II to help divide the criminal underground following the original Goblin King's defeat. Their meeting is crashed by Black Cat and Electro who demand their share of the plan. When Mister Negative and Urich refuse to listen to Black Cat, the woman reminds them that they were all outed by Spider-Man and will succeed in the goal of defeating Spider-Man.

Following the 2015 "Secret Wars" storyline, Martin Li is arrested at some point. He is rescued by Cloak and Dagger who have been corrupted by his touch and are using patches of the drug known as "Shade" to stimulate the effects of Mister Negative's touch and "remain" loyal to him. After the two break Mister Negative out of the prison ship where Li is being held and revert him to his Negative form, he leads an assault on Parker Industries' Japan branch, which leads to a confrontation with Spider-Man, whom Negative manages to touch. Although Peter exhibits an immunity to Negative's corruption power, Negative escapes to his Hong Kong headquarters and reverts to Li. Li later sees a video message from Negative that he is targeting a philanthropist named Shen Quinghao, the former leader of the criminal Snakehead Syndicate which controlled the slave ship where Li became Mister Negative, and makes a proposal to Li, which Li accepts. His plan fails, and after Cloak and Dagger are eventually freed from Negative's control, they vow to remain in Hong Kong to protect it from Negative's future efforts.

During the "Sins Rising" arc, a revived Sin-Eater steals the powers of Mister Negative and uses it to corrupt the guards at Ravencroft when he targets Norman Osborn. He also uses the powers to corrupt the clone of Ashley Kafka into releasing Juggernaut.

A man claiming to be "Martin Li" shows up at the FEAST building seeking help as the Inner Demons attack. This "Martin Li" later surrenders to the Inner Demons. Mister Negative meets with Mayor Wilson Fisk and informs him that they will need the sister counterpart of the Tablet of Life and Destiny called the Tablet of Death and Entropy. As Mister Negative has the item, he states to Mayor Fisk that their desired function can only be used when both items are together. Mayor Fisk allows Mister Negative to control Chinatown and the Lower East Side. Obtaining the Tablet of Life and Destiny from Spider-Man and Boomerang puts Mister Negative in completion with Black Mariah, Crime Master, Diamondback, Hammerhead, Madame Masque, Owl, Silvermane, and Tombstone.

Powers and abilities
It initially appears that Martin Li has no knowledge of his evil side. During "New Ways To Die", Li took Eddie Brock into a back room he calls his inner sanctuary, where he claims to play a game of Go day by day against an unknown opponent who he has never seen, claiming that he has "learned that it's okay to enjoy the game". When he transforms into Mr. Negative, Li's appearance resembles that of a photographic negative. He also speaks in a reverse colored speech balloon, although this does nothing to the sound of his voice.

Prior to his transformation, "Martin Li" was a member of the Snakehead gang, whose true name has not yet been revealed. Both the Martin Li and Mr. Negative personas are the result of experimental drug tests done by Maggia chemist Simon Marshall, the same tests that powered Cloak and Dagger (namely Cloak's association with the Darkforce). Unlike the two heroes, who were each given a power over light and dark, the gang member was given both a light and dark side. As such, Mr. Negative considers himself an embodiment of black and wickedness and both of his personas view the balance of good and evil as a necessary part of the universe. The two halves, while fully aware of one another's existence, take no steps to interfere with one another, with the Martin Li persona even taking such drastic steps as allowing his bad side to corrupt May Parker to keep it a secret.

During an encounter in The Amazing Spider-Man #621, Mr. Negative displays a degree of superhuman strength high enough to send Spider-Man flying through two buildings with a single blow. Mr. Negative also demonstrates superhuman reflexes during his battle with the Hood, dodging bullets or cutting them in half with his sword. He also has the power to charge up knives and swords with black electrical energy, a form of Darkforce energy, and he can corrupt people he touches in the same manner, bringing them under his control. A corrupted person's clothes change his colors to his photographic negatives, and all who are corrupted praise their new master with proclamations like "Mr. Negative was never born, so he is ever living", or "He is attached to nothing, thus he is one with all." The effectiveness of his corruption varies depending on how good the affected person was before their conversion: White Dragon, a villain himself, gained vastly increased stamina and endurance, but was still easily dispatched (his clothes reverted to normal once he was killed). Conversely, Spider-Man, a hero in every respect, was corrupted into a spiteful and angry villain, despising every value he held dear (even his Uncle Ben's memory) and no more above killing. Spider-Man is able to break the hold his malevolent side has over him when he is on the verge of killing Betty Brant, as he remembers the love he once had for her upon getting close. Mr. Negative's corrupting touch appears to be ineffective against beings with supernatural powers, as Hood is unaffected when Negative attempts to corrupt him; Mr. Negative claims that this is because the Hood's soul belongs to Dormammu, a being even darker than he is. It has since been revealed that while Negative can renew his influence on others, he cannot corrupt someone once that individual has broken free of his influence already, allowing Peter Parker to infiltrate his plan by using the fact that he had been corrupted by Negative as Spider-Man without his foe knowing his secret identity.

Mr. Negative's alternate Martin Li persona seems to have the power to cure others: in The Amazing Spider-Man #568, a simple touch from Li completely cures Eddie Brock of his cancer, and combines the remnants of the Venom symbiote in his blood with his white blood cells, creating a new symbiote named Anti-Venom that possesses similar healing powers. Aside from this, homeless people who have stayed at Martin Li's shelter have rapidly recovered from any illnesses or injuries they suffered from. It is possible that his healing touch is supposed to be the opposite of Mr. Negative's corrupting touch. It is revealed that Anti-Venom can be affected by Mr. Negative's energy because it negates his healing ability.

Mr. Negative also has access to advanced technology and secret laboratories, in which he is able to give his subjects medical care far more advanced than that available to the general public.

In the 2018 Spider-Man game, Mr. Negative also possesses the ability to project powerful electricity-like blasts of negative energy from his hands.

Inner Demons
Mister Negative is often accompanied by several henchmen, known as his Inner Demons, who wear Chinese opera masks and use high tech electrified versions of swords, knuckles and various other Asian weaponry such as gun staffs and nunchakus. They are able to regenerate from even the most lethal wounds within a matter of seconds, as they have been shown almost immediately recovering from impalement, gunshots to the head, and even getting torn apart or decapitated. It has been implied that the Inner Demons can be killed under the right circumstances: at one point, Anti-Venom claims to have killed some of them, possibly by suffocation, which he later notes to be an effective tactic against them. Mr. Negative also orders the murder of two Inner Demons who have failed him.

Reception
 In 2020, CBR.com included Mister Negative in their "Spider-Man: The Best New Villains of the Century" list.

Other versions

Infinity Warps
In Warp World, a world folded in half during the Infinity Wars event, Dagger Li (a combination of Dagger and Martin Li) is a member of the occult paramilitary group named the Midnight Guns. They were attacked in their base in Salem by Weapon Hex (a combination of X-23 and Scarlet Witch) and Hellhound (a combination of Magik and Sabretooth) on behalf of Herbert Wyndham to steal the Storm Sigil from team-member Hellfire (combination of Punisher and Daimon Hellstrom). The two attackers made quick work of the Midnight Guns and left no survivors.

Spider-Ham
An alternate universe incarnation of Mr. Negative from Spider-Ham's universe called Mr. Negatiger appears in the graphic novel Hollywood May-ham. Additionally, the Inner Demons, which consists of humans, appear as well.

In other media

Television
 A Marvel Noir-inspired incarnation of Martin Li / Mister Negative appears in the Ultimate Spider-Man episode "Return to the Spider-Verse" Pt. 3, voiced by Keone Young. This version is initially a henchman for Hammerhead before acquiring petrification abilities from a Siege Perilous shard. After hearing the "prime" Spider-Man call Spider-Man Noir "Mister Negative", Li takes the name for himself and uses his abilities on his boss, Kid Arachnid, and Joe Fixit's gang before swaying Hammerhead's remaining gang members to his side. Li attempts to use his abilities on all of New York City, but is ultimately defeated by the Spider-Men and Fixit, who strip him of his powers and restore everyone he petrified to normal.
 Mister Negative appears in the Spider-Man (2017) episode "Brand New Day", voiced by Eric Bauza. This version is a rival of fellow crime lord Molten Man who becomes afraid of the Superior Spider-Man.

Video games
 Mister Negative appears as a playable character in Marvel Strike Force.
 Mister Negative appears as a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions.
 Mister Negative appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 via the "Cloak and Dagger" DLC.
 Mister Negative appears as a boss in Spider-Man (2018), voiced by Stephen Oyoung. As Martin Li, he is the benevolent founder and director of F.E.A.S.T. and the boss of May Parker, whom he admires for her selflessness, along with her nephew Peter, whose dedication to others inspires him. As Mister Negative, he is the ruthless leader of a gang called the Inner Demons, some of whom possess a portion of his powers, who seeks to conquer the Kingpin's territory following the crime boss' defeat at Spider-Man's hands. Li also seeks revenge against Mayor Norman Osborn for using him as a test subject for the Devil's Breath virus in his youth, which granted him his powers, but traumatized him after he lost control of them and accidentally killed his parents. Though Spider-Man foils Li's initial attempt to exact revenge and the latter is imprisoned at the Raft, he is soon broken out by Otto Octavius, who also holds a grudge against Osborn and was inspired by Li's actions. Joining Octavius' Sinister Six, Li is sent to find and steal the antidote for the Devil's Breath after Octavius releases the virus upon New York in an attempt to expose Osborn's crimes to the public. Despite locating the Oscorp lab where the antidote is kept, Li is defeated a second time by Spider-Man, who tries to help him overcome his darker half and desire for revenge. Before he can respond, Li is knocked aside by Octavius, who deems him useless and steals the Devil's Breath antidote.
 Mister Negative appears in Marvel Snap.
 Mister Negative appears in Marvel Puzzle Quest.
 Mister Negative appears as a boss in Spider-Man 2 (2023), voiced again by Stephen Oyoung. Amidst a prison transfer, he is kidnapped by Kraven the Hunter's forces and forced to fight in gladiatorial battles. He eventually faces the new Spider-Man, Miles Morales, who still resents him for his role in the death of his father, Jefferson Davis. Putting his desire for revenge aside, Morales helps Li escape and seek out Peter to stop Kraven. After Venom infects New York with his symbiotes, Li helps Miles free Peter from trace amounts of Venom left behind in his body before willingly turning himself over to the police.

Collected editions

Notes

References

External links

 Mister Negative at Comic Vine
 Inner Demons at Comic Vine

Villains in animated television series
Characters created by Dan Slott
Comics characters introduced in 2008
Fictional characters from New York City
Fictional characters with healing abilities
Fictional characters with dissociative identity disorder
Fictional crime bosses
Fictional immigrants to the United States
Fictional gangsters
Fictional mass murderers
Fictional terrorists
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel's Spider-Man characters
Fictional Chinese people
Spider-Man characters
Triad (organized crime)
Video game bosses


Glamorous may refer to:

 "Glamorous" (Fergie song), a 2006 song by Fergie
 "Glamorous" (Natalia song), a 2007 song by Natalia & En Vogue
 Glamorous (album), a 2005 album by Denise Ho
 Glamorous (TV series), a 2023 Netflix television series
 Glamorous, a member of the Juice Crew

See also
 Glamour (disambiguation)


The Velentzas Organization, also known as the Velentzas crime family, or the "Greek crew" is a Greek-American criminal organization operating in the New York City area. During the 1980s, into the early 1990s, the Greek organization controlled a number of illegal gambling operations in and around the New York City area. After the organization's leader, Spyredon "Spiro the Greek" Velentzas was convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison in 1992, the organization gradually declined in power.

Spiro the Greek
The group originated from the Kourakos clan, a Greek criminal organization led by Maniot Greek Peter Kourakos. In the 1980s, under the leadership of Spyredon "Spiro" Velentzas the organization rose to prominence controlling a number of illegal gambling operations in the New York City area. The Greek organization operated from the Greek American neighborhood of Astoria, Queens. In the late 1980s, the group grew to over 30 members and had gained more territory in Queens and Brooklyn by taking over more illegal gambling rackets, dice games and horse-racing parlors.

Velentzas maintained a close working relationship with Lucchese crime family's Consigliere Christopher "Christie Tick" Furnari. The Lucchese family provided protection to the Greeks, and received a portion of their gambling profits. Velentzas and his Greek crew attempted to expand their illegal gambling rackets further, but were met with resistance by the Gambino crime family. The FBI caught on wiretaps Gambino family boss John Gotti threatening to have Spiro killed for moving into the gambling territory controlled by the Gambino family.

Velentzas imprisonment
On June 20, 1992, Velentzas was found guilty of murder, loan sharking, gambling, and tax fraud charges, while being found not guilty on one murder charge. Velentzas was later found guilty, for the murder of Sarecho "Sammy the Arab" Nalo and was sentenced to life in prison. Former Lucchese family capo Peter "Fat Pete" Chiodo, who became a government informant, admitted that he gave the Sarecho Nalo murder contract to Lucchese soldiers Michael "Baldy Mike" Spinelli and Richie "The Piece" Pagliarulo. Nalo was murdered on October 25, 1988, while on the phone with Velentzas disputing gambling territory when Michael Spinelli pulled the trigger shotting him.

In June 2022, the 86-years old Velentzas, still serving life in prison filed a motion for a compassionate release due to health conditions. As of September 15, 2023, Velentzas is serving his life sentence at FCC Allenwood.

Two other members of the Velentzas family, Peter Drakoulis and Michael Grillo, were found guilty on several charges. Velentzas' own brother, Dimitrios, was acquitted of his only charge, gambling.

Against the Rudaj Organization

By the late 1990s, Fotios Dimopoulos began leading the Greek crew and controlled the gambling operations in Astoria, Queens for the Lucchese family.

In June 2001, the Albanian Rudaj Organization began extorting Fotios Dimopoulos and attacked his associate Antonios Balampanis, an Albanian who spoke Greek in order to take control of gambling rackets in Astoria, Queens. The Rudaj Organization was based in the Bronx and Westchester and supported by the Gambino family. On August 3, 2001, Rudaj Organization members Ljusa Nuculovic and five others attacked Dimopoulos's associate Antonios Balampanis who was running a gambling club known as Soccer Fever. The Rudaj Organization entered the club attacking the Greek associates of the Lucchese family and beating Balampanis with a pistol, after a Greek member of the Velentzas family and Lucchese associate named Tony had reportedly broken some of their gambling machines. Following the attacks, the Rudaj Organization took control of the Greek dice game barbout. In 2004, the leaders of the Rudaj Organization including Nuculovic were imprisoned on numerous racketeering charges.

References

Greek-American organized crime groups
Gangs in New York City


Line Haddad is a World and Olympic pair skater and was the youngest athlete to compete at the Olympics at Albertville. She is also an international choreographer and a performer with the Ice theatre of Ny company. Former student of Oleg Vassiliev, she is two time French National Champion, one-time Israeli National Champion. As a dancer, she graduated from the Paris Conservatoire in ballet and has also trained and performed in modern dance and Argentine Tango (NY City Center, Google, NY Live Arts, and The Madison Theatre).

Professional career
She is known for her choreographies and work with various world and Olympic skaters, among them are:

Vanessa James / Morgan Cipres
Lola Esbrat/ Andrei Novoselov
Laurine Lecavalier
Adeline Canac/Maximin Coia
Marie-pierre Leray/Nicolas Osseland
Yannick Bonheur
Taryn Jurgensen

She also coached skaters at ISU Grand Prix events (Skate America, Trophee de France).

After touring with Philippe Candeloro and the French team, she joined the Ice theatre of New York as a Performer and worked with choreographers such as David Parson, Doug Webster, and David Liu. She was also featured in Dance Visions on Ice on NBC starring Nancy Kerrigan and Evgeni Plushenko and well as in a TV show Glee Episode. Academically, she received her Master of Arts in translation and linguistics in Paris, majoring in French, English, and Spanish.

Her most recent choreographies includes Milongon performed at Rockefeller center with Ice dancer Brent Bommentre and composition by world renowned bandoneon player JP Jofre. Line Haddad contemporary piece 11h11 with 6 solo skaters and one couple was also featured at the ITNY home season honoring Evgeni Plushenko  and Tai Babilonia and Randy Gardner in Chelsea Piers in October 2017.

Results

With Privé for France

With Lycenko for Israel

References

External links
 linehaddad.com

1978 births
Living people
People from L'Union
20th-century French Jews
Sportspeople from Haute-Garonne
French female pair skaters
Israeli female pair skaters
Olympic figure skaters for France
Figure skaters at the 1992 Winter Olympics


Torben Skovlyst is a Danish orienteering competitor and World champion. He won a gold medal in the 1997 World Orienteering Championships in Grimstad with the Danish relay team (Carsten Jørgensen, Chris Terkelsen and Allan Mogensen).

See also
 Danish orienteers
 List of orienteers
 List of orienteering events

References

External links

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Danish orienteers
Male orienteers
Foot orienteers
World Orienteering Championships medalists


Eriogonum alpinum is a species of wild buckwheat known by the common name Trinity buckwheat.

Description
Eriogonum alpinum is a perennial herb growing in mats, no more than  wide and  tall.  The woolly greenish leaves are rounded and one to three centimeters long.

The plant produces an erect inflorescence of bright yellow to pinkish flowers, each under a centimeter wide.

The fruit is an achene about half a centimeter long.

Distribution and habitat
This rare plant is endemic to northern California. It is known from only about ten occurrences in the Mount Eddy and Cory Peak areas of the Trinity Mountains, within the Shasta-Trinity National Forest in southern Siskiyou County and northwestern Trinity County.

It grows in rocky serpentine soils at elevations of , in subalpine coniferous forest, upper montane coniferous forest, and alpine fell-field habitats. The Trinity Mountains are a range of the Klamath Mountains System.

Conservation
This species is a California Department of Fish and Wildlife listed and a California Native Plant Society listed endangered species.

See also

References

External links
 Calflora Database: Eriogonum alpinum (Trinity buckwheat)
Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Eriogonum alpinum
UC CalPhotos gallery of Eriogonum alpinum (Trinity buckwheat) images

alpinum
Endemic flora of California
Flora of the Klamath Mountains
Natural history of Siskiyou County, California
Natural history of Trinity County, California
~
~
Taxa named by George Engelmann


Emerson da Conceição (born 23 February 1986), known as Emerson, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a left back.

Club career

Lille
In January 2007, aged only 20, São Paulo-born Emerson left his country and moved to Lille OSC in France. He appeared in only two Ligue 1 games in his first season, his debut coming on 8 April in a 1–4 away loss against Olympique de Marseille.

Emerson became first-choice from the 2008–09 campaign onwards, and contributed with 20 league matches in 2010–11 as Les Dogues won their first national championship in 57 years. He also helped the team win the Coupe de France, but remained on the bench during the final against Paris Saint-Germain FC.

Benfica
In late July 2011, Emerson signed for Portuguese club S.L. Benfica, for an undisclosed fee. In his first and only season, he beat competition from World and European champion Joan Capdevila.

Trabzonspor
On 3 September 2012, Emerson joined Trabzonspor in Turkey for €1.6 million. One year later he signed for Stade Rennais F.C. in the French top flight, returning to his homeland in 2014 with Clube Atlético Mineiro.

Club statistics

Honours
Lille
Ligue 1: 2010–11
Coupe de France: 2010–11

Benfica
Taça da Liga: 2011–12

Atlético Mineiro
Recopa Sudamericana: 2014
Copa do Brasil: 2014
Campeonato Mineiro: 2015

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Footballers from São Paulo
Brazilian men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players
J. Malucelli Futebol players
Clube Atlético Mineiro players
Coritiba Foot Ball Club players
Ligue 1 players
Lille OSC players
Stade Rennais F.C. players
Primeira Liga players
S.L. Benfica footballers
Süper Lig players
Trabzonspor footballers
Brazilian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in Turkey
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in France
Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal


Nada más que la verdad (Nothing But the Truth) is a game show created by Howard Schultz, an American television producer and owner of Lighthearted Entertainment. It was first aired in Colombia. The hosts asks the contestants a series of 21 increasingly personal and embarrassing questions for a huge jackpot. The format has been exported to 47 countries, and appears in most countries as The Moment of Truth.

Format
Prior to the show, a contestant is hooked up to a polygraph and asked between 50 and 80 questions. Without knowing the results of the polygraph test, he or she is asked 21 of those same questions again on the program, each becoming more personal in nature. If the contestant answers honestly as confirmed by the polygraph, he or she moves on to the next question. A person may stop at any time before any question is asked and collect the money they have won. Honestly answering all 21 questions wins the jackpot. If the participant is found to be lying, he or she loses everything and the game is over.

International versions

Controversy
The Colombian version was cancelled in October 2007 after a female contestant named Rosa Maria Solano was asked "¿Usted le pagó a un sicario para mandar matar a su marido?", meaning, "Did you pay a hit man to have your husband killed?" and she answered "Sí", meaning, "yes" to the question. (The person she hired tipped off her husband, who then fled.) She later walked away with 50 million Colombian pesos, or about US$25,000.

References

Television game shows
2000s game shows


Charles Dewey Alexander (October 27, 1897 – 1962) was an American children's writer of short stories and novels.

He was born in Ponca, Nebraska.  At the age of two, he moved to the Albany, Oregon area with his parents.  He attended Albany schools and began working in the printing trade as a teenager, first in his brother's printing shop, then with the Albany Democrat newspaper.
Two hundred of Alexander's short stories were published in magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post, Detective Fiction Weekly, Ace-High Detective Magazine, Blue Book and Sunset.

Alexander, also an expert linotype operator, retired as a full-time worker from the Democrat after 50 years in February 1962.  His wife, Margaret Smith, whom he married in 1917, died in 1958.

Works
Why I Choose to Live in Oregon, Portland, Oregon: Portland Chamber of Commerce, 192-?
Across the Chasm, Chicago, Story-Press, 1922
The Blonde She of Yachats: a New Story of Black Buck, the Great Dog Who Went Back to the Wilderness After the Murder of his Master, Chicago: Story-press, 1922
The Noseless One, Chicago: Story-Press, 1922
The Place of Hisses, Chicago : Story-Press, 1922
The Weasel's Kit, Chicago: Story-Press, 1922
Wolf meets Wolf, Chicago: Story-Press, 1922
The Young of the Wolf, Chicago: Story-Press, 1922
The Fang in the Forest. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1923
The Splendid Summits, New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1925
Bobbie, a Great Collie, New York, Dodd, Mead and Company, 1926

See also

Bobbie, the Wonder Dog

References

External links
Guide to the Charles D. Alexander papers at the University of Oregon

1897 births
1962 deaths
People from Albany, Oregon
Writers from Oregon
American children's writers
Typesetters
People from Ponca, Nebraska


Dieter Senghaas (born 27 August 1940 in Geislingen an der Steige) is a German social scientist and peace researcher.

Biography
After studying political science, social science, philosophy and history from 1960 to 1967, Senghaas received his doctorate in Frankfurt in 1967. His dissertation, Kritik der Abschreckung (Criticism of Deterrence), dealt with the field which has characterised his scientific activities since then: international relations, especially peace research, research on developing countries and conflict research. His studies were followed by work as an assistant at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt until 1968, and then a research residency in the USA with Karl W. Deutsch at Harvard University, among others, until 1970. From 1972 until 1978, Senghaas was leader of a research group at the Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung (Hessian Foundation for Peace and Conflict Research) and professor at the University of Frankfurt during that same period. Since 1978, he has been a professor at the University of Bremen and also active there at the Institut für interkulturelle und internationale Studien (Institute for Intercultural and International Studies). In 1986/1987 and 1992/1994, Dieter Senghaas was a research professor at the Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (Foundation of Science and Politics). Since 1995, Senghaas has been a member of the advisory council of the Bundesakademie für Sicherheitspolitik (Federal Academy for Security Policies) in Bonn. In 1999, Senghaas was awarded the Göttinger Friedenspreis (Göttingen Peace Prize) of the Dr. Roland Röhl Foundation.

Scientific work

Work concerning the East-West conflict
In the 1960s and the beginning of the 1970s, Senghaas took a close look at the armament dynamics and the system of deterrence in the East-West conflict. Senghaas recognised an autistic structure in the deterrence situation of the Cold War, which according to Senghaas, was mostly driven from the inside and less from the outside (international processes). Senghaas' criticism of deterrence and his analysis of armament dynamics and control contributed to the development of critical peace research.

Work concerning the North-South conflict
In his three compilations, "Imperialismus und strukturelle Gewalt (1972)" (Imperialism and Structural Power), "Peripherer Kapitalismus. Analysen über Abhängigkeit und Unterentwicklung (1974)" (Peripheral Capitalism. Analyses of Dependency and Underdevelopment) and "Kapitalistische Weltökonomie. Kontroversen über ihren Ursprung und ihre Entwicklungsdynamik (1979)" (Capitalistic World Economy. Controversies about its Origin and its Development Dynamics), as well as in his 1977 book, "Weltwirtschaftsordnung und Entwicklungspolitik. Plädoyer für Dissoziation" (World Economic Order and Development Policy. Plea for Dissociation), Senghaas attempts to make visible the structural dependency of the periphery on the metropolises, or stated more simply, the dependence of the developing countries (or areas) on the political and economic power centers in the age of world economy. Senghaas sees a solution to the impediments to development, created externally (pressure of the industrial countries) and internally (interests of the power elite in keeping the existing societal structures), in a decoupling (not severance!) at times from the world market. In this decoupling phase, the concentration should be upon the development of the economic form of the developing countries, which should be the satisfaction of the local population, if possible exploiting local resources (with which Senghaas does not mean striving for economic self-sufficiency). With this way of looking at things, Senghaas also simultaneously rejected the idea prevalent at that time that simply integrating the Third World into the existing world economic order could solve the development problems of the Third World. As of the middle of the 1970s, Senghaas attempted to strengthen his theory by analysing the developing socialist countries of Albania, the People's Republic of China, North Korea and Cuba. For Senghaas, socialism did not represent a post-capitalist production system. Much more (independently of the intentions of the respective leader or regime), socialism could accomplish an economic development, which would not have been possible in that way under capitalistic conditions. In his analysis, Senghaas came to the conclusion that the development of states proceeded positively in the beginning, but then came increasingly to a standstill due to the absence of reforms, a more and more complex system of business and society and an increasingly inflexible political order (results in the middle of the 1980s). From the results of the analysis, several country monographs and an article on the status of socialism regarding historical development were created in cooperations with Frankfurt graduate students. Dieter Senghaas decisively left his mark on the discussion of theoretical development within international relations in Germany with his works about the possibilities of independent development processes in dependency of the given international conditions (economic and political).

The civilizational hexagon

Dieter Senghaas' "civilizational hexagon" joins load-bearing building blocks together for a stable maintenance of peace. This peacekeeping and its supervision of itself is regarded as a civilising project. The hexagon consists of six building blocks, which are all linked to each other, since they all depend on each other. A fundamental building block is the monopoly on the use of force, which means the de-privatisation of force and its authorization, that is, "disarmament of the citizens". The next building block, the rule of law, comprises the control of the monopoly of force, which has as a precondition that the public monopoly of force is not despotically abused. Since without a check on the monopoly of force, it would be nothing less than a dictatorship. The third building block, democratic participation, means democratic involvement of the public in elections and other decision making, since without this right of the people to contribute, they would not obey the professed laws. The trust of the people must also be secured by equal rights, so that they comply with such regulations. This occurs, among other things, through the building block of social justice, which provides for a just verdict from a neutral court when there is a violation of the law, but also takes care of safeguarding the basic necessities of every person. The next building block falls under the heading of constructive conflict culture, which describes the capability for tolerance in a multi-cultural society and a willingness for compromise-oriented conflict solution. The last building block of the hexagon is interdependencies and control of emotion. The purpose of this building block is the mutual dependency among people and their control of themselves in conflict situations.

Publications

Abschreckung und Frieden. Studien zur Kritik organisierter Friedlosigkeit, Frankfurt: Europäische Verlagsanstalt 1969 (3rd expanded edition. 1981)
Politikwissenschaft. Eine Einführung in ihre Probleme, Frankfurt: Europäische Verlagsanstalt 1969 (4th edition. Fischer Verlag 1973) (co-editor)
 Bibliographie zur Friedensforschung, ed. by G. Scharffenorth and W. Huber, Stuttgart/Munich: Kösel und Kaiser Verlag 1970 (2nd edition. 1973) (coauthor)
Zur Pathologie des Rüstungswettlaufs, Freiburg: Rombach Verlag 1970  (ed.)
Friedensforschung und Gesellschaftskritik, Munich: Hanser Verlag 1970 (2nd edition. Frankfurt: Fischer Verlag 1973) (ed.)
Texte zur Technokratiediskussion, Frankfurt: Europäische Verlagsanstalt 1970 (2nd edition. 1971) (co-editor)
Kritische Friedensforschung, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag 1971 (6th edition. 1981) (ed.)
Aggressivität und kollektive Gewalt, Stuttgart: Verlag Kohlhammer 1971 (2nd edition. 1972)
Aufrüstung durch Rüstungskontrolle. Über den symbolischen Gebrauch von Politik, Stuttgart: Verlag Kohlhammer 1972
Imperialismus und strukturelle Gewalt, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag 1972 (7th edition. 1987) (ed.)
Rüstung und Militarismus, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag 1972 (2nd edition. 1982)
Jahrbuch für Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, Vol. 2, Düsseldorf: Bertelsmann Verlag 1972 (co-editor)
Frieden in Europa? Zur Koexistenz von Rüstung und Entspannung, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt Verlag 1973 (coauthor)
Peace Research in the Federal Republic of Germany, Journal of Peace Research 3/1973 (special issue) (ed.)
Kann Europa abrüsten? Friedenspolitische Optionen der siebziger Jahre, Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag 1973 (co-editor)
Gewalt-Konflikt-Frieden. Essays zur Friedensforschung, Hamburg: Hoffmann & Campe Verlag 1974
Overcoming Underdevelopment, Journal of Peace Research 4/1975 (special issue) (ed.)
Peripherer Kapitalismus. Analysen über Abhängigkeit und Unterentwicklung, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag 1974 (2nd edition. 1977) (ed.)
Probleme des Friedens, der Sicherheit und der Zusammenarbeit, Cologne: Pahl-Rugenstein Verlag  1975 (co-editor)
Multinationale Konzerne und Dritte Welt, Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag 1976 (co-editor)
Weltwirtschaftsordnung und Entwicklungspolitik. Plädoyer für Dissoziation, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag 1977 (5th edition. 1987)
Strukturelle Abhängigkeit und Unterentwicklung. Unterrichtsvorschläge, Frankfurt: HSFK-Studie 1–3, 1978  (co-author)
Kapitalistische Weltökonomie. Kontroversen über ihren Ursprung und ihre Entwicklungsdynamik, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag 1979 (2nd edition. 1982) (ed.)
Strukturelle Abhängigkeit und Unterentwicklung am Beispiel Mozambiques, Bonn: Verlag Wegener 1980 (coauthor)
Sozialismus-Diskussion. Eine Fortsetzung, Schwerpunktheft des Leviathan, Vol. 9, 1981, No. 2 (ed.)
Wiedersehen mit China nach zwei Jahren, Saarbrücken: Breitenbach-Verlag 1981 (co-editor)
Von Europa lernen. Entwicklungsgeschichtliche Betrachtungen, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag 1982
Auf dem Wege zu einer Neuen Weltwirtschaftsordnung? Bedingungen und Grenzen für eine eigenständige Entwicklung. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag 1983 (co-editor)
Die Zukunft Europas. Probleme der Friedensgestaltung, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag 1986
Europas Entwicklung und die Dritte Welt. Eine Bestandsaufnahme, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag 1986 (2nd edition. 1991) (coauthor)
The Quest for Peace. Transcending Collective Violence and War among Societies, Cultures and States, London: Sage 1987 (co-editor)
Konfliktformationen im internationalen System, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag 1988
Regionalkonflikte in der Dritten Welt. Fremdbestimmung und Autonomie, Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlag 1989 (ed.)
Europa 2000. Ein Friedensplan. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag 1990 (2nd edition. 1991)
Die Welt nach dem Ost-West-Konflikt. Geschichte und Prognosen, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag 1990 (co-editor)
Friedensforschung in Deutschland. Lagebeurteilung und Perspektiven für die neunziger Jahre, Bonn: Arbeitsstelle Friedensforschung Bonn 1990 (co-editor)
Soziale Verteidigung. Konstruktive Konfliktaustragung. Kritik und Gegenkritik, Frankfurt: Verlag Haag + Herchen 1991 (Military policy. Documentation issue 89/81) (coauthor)
Friedensprojekt Europa, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag 1992 (3rd edition. 1996)
Wohin driftet die Welt? Über die Zukunft friedlicher Koexistenz, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag 1994 (2nd edition. 1996)
Den Frieden denken. Si vis pacem, para pacem, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag 1995. (ed.)
Frieden machen, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag 1997 (ed.).
Zivilisierung wider Willen. Der Konflikt der Kulturen mit sich selbst. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag 1998 (2nd edition. 1998)
Klänge des Friedens. Ein Hörbericht – Annäherung an den Frieden über klassische Musik, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag 2001
Friedensprojekt Europa, 2002
Friedenspolitik. Ethische Grundlagen internationaler Beziehungen, Munich: Piper Verlag 2003 (co-editor)
Zum irdischen Frieden, Erkenntnisse und Vermutungen, Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag 2004
Vom hörbaren Frieden, 2004
The Civilisation of Conflict: Constructive Pacifism as a Guiding Notion for Conflict Transformation, in: Transforming Ethnopolitical Conflict. The Berghof Handbook. Edited by Alex Austin, Martina Fischer & Norbert Ropers. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag, 2004, 26-39. Also available online at Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation

Literature
 Frank Nullmeier, Michael Zürn: Wissenschaft als Beruf – Zwei Vorträge über Dieter Senghaas. In: Leviathan. Vol. XXXIII, 2005, Issue 4, p. 423–463.
 Lukas Mengelkamp: Deterrence as "Organized Peacelessness". In: Sources and Methods (History and Public Policy Program, Wilson Center), 14.05.2020.

References

External links

Homepage at the University of  Bremen
Dieter Senghaas: Konsensethik und Konsensdemokratie à la africaine. Einige Überlegungen zur aktuellen Debatte
Dieter Senghaas: Von Europa lernen: Autozentrierte Entwicklung und Zivilisierung '
Summary of the civilizational hexagon

Senghaas, Dieters
Senghaas, Dieter
Harvard University people
Senghaas, Dieter


Oreini ( meaning "mountainous", before 1928: Μποστενίτσα - Bostenitsa) is a mountain village and a community in the municipal unit of Lampeia, Elis, Olympia, Greece. Oreini is built on the slopes of Mount Lampeia, part of the Erymanthos range. The community Oreini consists of the villages Oreini and Paliofytia. The population in 2011 was 194 for the village and 206 for the community. Oreini is located 4 km east of Lampeia, 4 km west of Psofida, 6 km south of Agrampela and 32 km northeast of Olympia. The former name of the village, Bostenitsa, suggests a Slavic origin. The revolutionary leader Theodoros Papasimakopoulos, who fought in the Greek War of Independence, was from Bostenitsa.

Gallery

See also

List of settlements in Elis

References

External links

 Oreini GTP Travel Pages

Populated places in Elis
Olympia, Greece


Teenager is the third studio album by Fujifabric, released on January 23, 2008, on the Capitol Records label. The majority of the songs featured on the album are written by Masahiko Shimura, with the exception of "Kinen Shashin", "B.O.I.P." ("Battle of Inokashira Park") and "Mabataki", which are written by guitarist Sōichirō Yamauchi. The song "Chocolate Panic" is co-written by Roger Joseph Manning Jr. who is also featured on the track. "Hoshifuru Yoru ni Nattara" is co-written by keyboard player Daisuke Kanazawa.

Track listing

 "B.O.I.P."

 "Chocolate Panic"
 "Strawberry Shortcakes"
 "Surfer King"

  (Album Mix)

 "Teenager"

Chart positions

References

Fujifabric albums
2008 albums


According to classes and categories of public roads in Poland, a voivodeship road () is a category of roads one step below national roads in importance. The roads are numbered from 100 to 993. Total length of voivodeship roads in Poland is  of which  are unpaved (2008).

List of voivodeship roads
Current list of voivodeship roads has been established with regulation of General Director of National Roads and Motorways from 2 December 2008 and modified with regulation from 11 December 2009.

100–199

200–299

300–399

400–499

500–599

600–699

700–799

800–899

900–993

See also

Roads and expressways in Poland

References

 V