Nepenthes peltata is a tropical pitcher plant known only from the upper slopes of Mount Hamiguitan on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. It is characterised by a peltate tendril attachment and conspicuous indumentum. The species typically produces ovoid pitchers with a prominent basal crest and large nectar glands on the lower surface of the lid.

The specific epithet peltata is Latin for "peltate" and refers to the distinctive tendril insertion of this species.

Botanical history
Nepenthes peltata was formally described by Shigeo Kurata in the January 2008 issue of the Journal of Insectivorous Plant Society. The herbarium specimen Koshikawa 44 is the designated holotype, and is deposited at the herbarium of the Botany Department of Kyoto University (KYO) in Kyoto, Japan. The specimen is a plant that was taken from the Mount Hamiguitan Range and later cultivated at Nanso Botanic Gardens.

Description

Nepenthes peltata is a scrambling plant typically growing to a height of 1 m, although stems up to 3 m long have been recorded. The species does not appear to produce a climbing stem.

The lamina (leaf blade) is oblong in shape and reaches 50 cm in length by 9 cm in width. The apex of the lamina is rounded, while the base is abruptly contracted into the petiole, which is canaliculate and up to 7 cm long in mature plants. Young plants may have sessile leaves lacking a petiole. The lower surface of the lamina is often dark red in colour, contrasting sharply with the dark green upper surface. The margins of the lamina are sometimes curled upwards. Tendrils have a peltate insertion, with the point of attachment being up to 27 mm from the apex.

Rosette and lower pitchers vary widely in morphology, ranging from ellipsoidal to urceolate or entirely ovate. They are relatively large, growing to 28 cm in height by 16 cm in width. A pair of wings (≤10 mm wide), with fringe elements up to 9 mm long, runs down the ventral surface of the pitcher cup. The peristome is approximately cylindrical and up to 2 cm wide. It bears ribs up to 1.5 mm high and spaced up to 2 mm apart, which may terminate in teeth up to 1 mm long. The pitcher lid or operculum is ovate to elliptic in shape and measures up to 8 cm in length by 6 cm in width. A triangular basal crest is sometimes present on the underside of the lid together with scattered giant nectar glands measuring up to 3 mm across. An unbranched spur (≤12 mm long) is inserted near the base of the lid.

Upper pitchers of N. peltata have never been observed and are either very rare or absent altogether. It has been speculated that the species may produce aerial pitchers only in deep shade or if provided with sufficient vegetation to support a climbing stem, as is the case with the closely related N. deaniana and N. mira.

Nepenthes peltata has a racemose inflorescence measuring up to 75 cm in length. Its thickness varies from up to 3.5 cm in males to up to 6.5 cm in females. The peduncle itself may be up to 46 cm long and 9 mm wide, while the rachis can reach 20 cm. Partial peduncles are mostly two-flowered and bear a bract (≤7 mm long). Their unbranched basal portion is up to 3 mm long, while the branches reach 14 mm. The ovate tepals measure up to 4 mm in length and have an acute apex. Fruits are approximately 20 mm long, while seeds measure around 4 mm.

An indumentum of long, brown hairs is present on the stem, tendrils, petioles, and underside of the lamina. A sparse covering of these hairs may or may not be present on the pitchers and upper surface of the lamina.

Ecology
At present, N. peltata has only been recorded from the upper slopes of Mount Hamiguitan on the Philippine island of Mindanao. Much of the surrounding region has not been explored for Nepenthes, therefore this species may yet be found in other parts of southern Mindanao. Nepenthes peltata has an altitudinal distribution that stretches from 865 m above sea level to the summit at 1635 m.

Nepenthes peltata grows terrestrially in a wide range of habitats, including upper montane mossy forest, secondary vegetation, ridge tops, cliff sides, and landslides. Vegetation is often very stunted in the more exposed sites. While N. peltata tolerates shady conditions, it grows best under direct sunlight. Like many of its close relatives, N. peltata is restricted to ultramafic substrates. On Mount Hamiguitan, it grows together with N. alata (sensu lato), N. justinae (previously identified as N. mindanaoensis),  and N. micramphora, and in the same altitudinal range as N. hamiguitanensis. Despite this, no natural hybrids have been observed with certainty.

In his 2009 book, Pitcher Plants of the Old World, Stewart McPherson writes that N. peltata is "not currently threatened" owing to its extensive populations on Mount Hamiguitan and the fact that visitors are only permitted to climb the mountain with the assistance of a guide. The future of wild populations of N. peltata will be further secured if provincial officials of Davao Oriental are successful in their bid to gain recognition of Mount Hamiguitan as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Related species

Nepenthes peltata shows affinities to members of the N. villosa complex of species, which are predominantly localised on ultramafic soils in the north of Borneo and in the highlands of Palawan. As such, the presence of this species in Mindanao is thought to be evidence for the origin of the distinctive N. villosa complex from a common ancestor in Borneo.

Nepenthes peltata appears to be most closely allied to the Palawan endemics N. attenboroughii, N. deaniana, N. mantalingajanensis, and N. mira. It can be distinguished from all of these species on the basis of its unusual lamina colouration, conspicuous indumentum of the vegetative parts, and peltate tendril attachment. It shares this last feature, among others, with N. rajah of Borneo, which is also restricted to ultramafic soils and thought to be related to the Palawan species.

Natural hybrids

Nepenthes peltata has no confirmed natural hybrids, although certain plants from Mount Hamiguitan may represent crosses involving it and N. hamiguitanensis, N. justinae (previously identified as N. mindanaoensis), and N. micramphora. Plants that were originally thought to represent a natural hybrid between N. micramphora and N. peltata are now recognised as belonging to a distinct species of possible hybridogenic origin, N. hamiguitanensis.

References

 Amoroso, V.B. & R.A. Aspiras 2011. Hamiguitan Range: a sanctuary for native flora. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 18(1): 7–15.
 Co, L. & W. Suarez 2012. Nepenthaceae. Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines.

External links

Nepenthes peltata in its natural habitat
Nepenthes peltata in its natural habitat

Carnivorous plants of Asia
peltata
Endemic flora of the Philippines
Flora of Mindanao
Plants described in 2008


Ryan Ariehaan (born March 4, 1979) is an Indonesian professional racing cyclist.

Major results

2004
 1st Stage 6 Tour d'Indonesia
2005
 4th Overall Tour d'Indonesia
2007
 1st  Road Race, Southeast Asian Games
2008
 2nd National Road Race Championships
2009
 Southeast Asian Games
1st  Time trial
8th Road race
2010
 9th Tour de Jakarta
2011
 6th Road race, Southeast Asian Games
2013
 4th Time trial, Southeast Asian Games
2016
 6th Tour de Jakarta
2017
 4th Overall Tour de Selangor

External links

1979 births
Living people
Indonesian male cyclists
SEA Games medalists in cycling
SEA Games gold medalists for Indonesia
Competitors at the 2007 SEA Games
Competitors at the 2009 SEA Games
20th-century Indonesian people
21st-century Indonesian people


Suzanne Stonebarger is a professional American beach volleyball player.  Stonebarger is an alumna of the University of Nevada-Reno, where she played college volleyball. At Nevada-Reno Stonebarger met and played with her present-day teammate, Michelle More. After graduating from college, Stonebarger traded her uniform in for a bikini and a job in the Association of Volleyball Professionals playing professional beach volleyball. She and her partner are known as "Team Gorgeous". Stonebarger and More both make their homes in Redondo Beach, California. Stonebarger appeared as a "stranger" on the NBC game show Identity, in which her profession as a pro beach volleyball player was eventually identified.  She is married to professional golfer, Ricky Barnes.

References
 Suzanne's website
 Michelle More & Suzanne Stonebarger website

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American women's beach volleyball players
University of Nevada, Reno alumni
Sportspeople from Redondo Beach, California
21st-century American women
Nevada Wolf Pack athletes


Rodney Earl Bolton (born September 23, 1968) is a retired Major League Baseball pitcher. He played during two seasons at the major league level for the Chicago White Sox. He was drafted by the White Sox in the 13th round of the 1990 amateur draft. Bolton played his first professional season with their Class-A (Short Season) Utica Blue Sox and Class A South Bend White Sox in 1990, and his last with the Milwaukee Brewers' Triple-A Indianapolis Indians in 2001.

References

External links

1968 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American expatriate baseball players in Japan
Kentucky Wildcats baseball players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Chicago White Sox players
Fukuoka Daiei Hawks players
Utica Blue Sox players
South Bend White Sox players
Sarasota White Sox players
Birmingham Barons players
Vancouver Canadians players
Nashville Sounds players
Indianapolis Indians players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons players
Camden Riversharks players
Baseball players from Chattanooga, Tennessee


Benno Ernst Heinrich Reinhardt (14 May 1819 – 11 March 1852) was a German physician who worked as prosector at Charité hospital in Berlin. He is known for his contributions to pathology, especially as co-founder of the journal Virchows Archiv.

Reinhardt was born in Neustrelitz, as the eighth child of Friedrich and Sophia (née Linecke) Reinhard. His father was a pharmacist. He was educated at the local Gymnasium. From his music class, he excelled in cello and was an acclaimed tenor at school. In 1839 he passed his matriculation and studied medicine at the University of Berlin. He studied under eminent teachers at the time such as Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle and Johannes Peter Müller. Here he met his senior and future collaborator Rudolf Virchow. He devoted his interest in zoology and botany. He left Berlin for Halle in 1840 to study anatomy and pathology under Meier, Blasius and Krukenberg.  In 1843 he returned to Berlin for his last semester. In 1844 he received his doctorate from with a treatise on the symptomatology of peritonitis, De peritonitidis symptomatologia. In 1849 he was appointed as a lecturer, and became an assistant at the Berlin Charité. He eventually succeeded Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) as prosector of the hospital, the post which he held until his death in 1852, at the age of 32 from tuberculosis of the lung.

Benno Reinhardt specialized in the field of pathological anatomy. In 1847 with Rudolf Virchow, he founded the Archiv für pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie, und für klinische Medizin (Archives for Pathological Anatomy & Physiology & Clinical Medicine), which was later shortened to Virchows Archiv. After Reinhardt's death, his studies on pathological anatomy were compiled and edited by Rudolf Leubuscher (1822–1861).

References

1819 births
1852 deaths
People from Neustrelitz
People from Mecklenburg-Strelitz
German pathologists
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni


The Allied Tribes of British Columbia (ATBC) was an Indigenous rights organization formed following the First World War. There were 16 tribal groups involved, all focused on the issues of land claims and aboriginal title in British Columbia.

In 1916, the Indian Rights Association and the Interior Tribes of British Columbia united in opposition to the McKenna-McBride Royal Commission (which was tasked with reviewing the size of Indian reserves in the province with an aim to confirming, expanding, or, more typically, reducing them) and formed the Allied Tribes of British Columbia. Many of the nations had met the previous year in Spence's Bridge to support a Nisga'a petition for a treaty, with the support of James Teit. The McKenna-McBridge Royal Commission's report was approved in 1923.

In 1921, the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council sided with Nigerian Chief Oluwa in his claim for compensation for land around Apapa in Lagos, Nigeria. Inspired by this decision, the Allied Tribes attempted to bring their case for aboriginal title to the Privy Council in London. In 1926, three B.C. Chiefs (including William Pierrish of the Neskonlith Indian Band) travelled to London with a petition for aboriginal title. They were met there by the Canadian High Commission who promised to pass the documents along to King George, but did not.

A meeting was arranged in Ottawa in the spring of 1927 where the claim was dismissed by Duncan Campbell Scott, the Deputy Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs. The Indian Act was then amended to prohibit anyone (aboriginal or otherwise) from soliciting funds for Indian legal claims without a special license from the Superintendent-General. Scott claimed this was necessary to protect Indigenous peoples from lawyers and "agitators." Without any ability to raise funds for their work, the Allied Tribes of British Columbia was dissolved.

One of the leaders of the Allied Tribes of British Columbia was Squamish chief Andrew Paull. In 1931, after the collapse of the Allied Tribes, he organized the Native Brotherhood of British Columbia, which later became the North American Indian Brotherhood.

References

Indigenous rights organizations in Canada
First Nations organizations in British Columbia
First Nations history in British Columbia
Aboriginal title in Canada
1916 establishments in British Columbia
Defunct organizations based in Canada


Ouvrage Fermont is a gros ouvrage of the Maginot Line, part of the Fortified Sector of the Crusnes in northeastern France, near the community of Montigny-sur-Chiers.  It is located near the commune of Montigny-sur-Chiers, between the petit ouvrage Ferme Chappy and the gros ouvrage Latiremont. The position is near the western end of the Line, about four kilometers east of Longuyon, facing Belgium. There was significant combat at Fermont during the last stages of the Battle of France. It was repaired and reactivated during the 1950s and 1960s as a strongpoint in the event of an invasion by Soviet forces. After being abandoned by the military, it has been restored and is maintained as a museum.

Design and construction
The site was surveyed by the Commission d'Organisation des Régions Fortifiées (CORF), the Maginot Line's design and construction agency, in early 1931. Fermont was approved for construction in May 1931. It was completed at a cost of 77 million francs by the contractor Allary of Paris. While the existing ouvrage is a fully realized gros ouvrage of the typical fort palmé ("palm-shaped") form, a second phase, never executed, was planned to add four more combat blocks. The fort palmé is a distributed fortification, with its entrances and underground support areas more than a kilometer to the rear, connected to the combat blocks by a long underground gallery. The "palm" is composed of the grouped combat blocks, linked by galleries to the main trunk.

Description
Fermont comprises two entrance blocks, three infantry blocks, three artillery blocks, and one observation block. The combat blocks are connected to the entries and support areas by a gallery system extending over  from end to end.  The munitions and personnel entries are located far to the rear of the compactly arranged combat blocks, with the entries hidden in the woods.  Both entry blocks required elevators to reach the level of the gallery, as the preferred inclined or level tunnel could not be achieved in the local topography. A partial "M1" ammunition magazine is located just inside the ammunition entry, while the underground barracks are located near the junction of the two entry galleries. From there a long, straight gallery runs at an average depth of  to the combat blocks. Fermont was served by a 60 cm-gauge narrow-gauge railway, which enters at the munitions entrance and runs all the way out through the galleries to the combat blocks.  On the surface, the railway connects to supply points to the rear and to other ouvrages.

 Block 1: artillery block with one retractable turret for two 75mm guns, one grenade launcher cloche and one light machine gun cloche.
 Block 2: infantry block with one retractable turret for two machine guns and one light machine gun cloche.
 Block 3: observation block with one observation cloche, one light machine gun cloche and two retractable machine gun turrets.
 Block 4: artillery block with three embrasures for 75mm guns, one retractable machine gun turret and one light machine gun cloche.
 Block 5: artillery block with one retractable turret for two 81mm mortars and one light machine gun cloche.
 Block 6: infantry block with one retractable turret for two machine guns and one retractable 81mm mortar turret.
 Block 7: infantry block with one twin heavy machine gun embrasure, one machine gun/47mm anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC47), one grenade launcher cloche and one light machine gun cloche.
 Personnel entry: one JM/AC47 embrasure, one light machine gun embrasure and two light machine gun cloches.
 Ammunition entry: one JM/AC47 embrasure, two light machine gun embrasures, one grenade launcher cloche and two light machine gun cloches.

Unbuilt blocks:

 Block 8 (unbuilt): artillery block with one retractable turret for two 75mm guns and one light machine gun cloche.
 Block 9 (unbuilt): artillery block with one retractable turret for two 135mm guns, one grenade launcher cloche and one light machine gun cloche.
 Block 10 (unbuilt): infantry block with two twin heavy machine gun embrasures, JM/AC47 embrasure and two light machine gun cloches. The block was to be located well in advance of the main combat blocks.
 Block 11 (unbuilt): infantry block with two twin heavy machine gun embrasures, two JM/AC47 embrasures, two heavy twin machine gun cloches and two light machine gun cloches.

The additional blocks were planned for the late 1930s, but were not built as resources were diverted elsewhere. The M1 magazine was to be doubled in size at the same time.

Casemates and shelters

A series of detached casemates and observation points surround Fermont, including the:

 Casemate de Puxieux:  Single block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one JM embrasure and two GFM cloches
 Observatoire de Puxieux: One VP observation cloche, one mortar cloche and one GFM cloche, reporting to Fermont.
 Casemate du Bois-de-Beuveille: Single block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one JM embrasure, one mortar cloche and one GFM cloche. The casemate is close to the main ouvrage entrances, on the far side of the hill.
 Observatiore de l'Haut-de-l'Anguille: One VP observation cloche and one GFM cloche, reporting to Fermont.

None of these are connected to the ouvrage or to each other. The Caserne Lamy provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Fermont and other fortifications in the area.

Manning
The 1940 manning of the ouvrage under the command of Captain Aubert comprised 553 men and 19 officers of the 149th Fortress Infantry Regiment and the 152nd Position Artillery Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of the 42nd Fortress Corps of the 3rd Army, Army Group 2.

History

See Fortified Sector of the Crusnes for a broader discussion of the events of 1940 in the Crusnes sector of the Maginot Line.
At the opening of the Battle of France in May 1940 Fermont exchanged gunfire with the Wehrmacht. On 11 May Fermont's 75mm turret opened fire on the German 17th Infantry Division. On the 13th, Fermont provided covering fire for French forces retreating from Longwy, which was between the Maginot Line and the German border and was therefore regarded as indefensible against a determined attack. In late May and early June the German attack was focused farther to the west, eventually breaking out behind the Line. From June 15 to June 20, 1940, Fermont helped to repel attacks on the neighboring ouvrage Ferme Chappy, as well as firing to the north. On June 17, German artillery of the 183rd Infantry Division opened fire on the rear of Block 4 with 88mm guns.  By chance, the firing stopped after the last shot had weakened the concrete to the point that another shot would have pierced it.  The breach was repaired that night. The 161st Infantry Division under General Wilck then attacked Fermont and Latiremont on June 21 with 210mm and 305mm siege mortars, 105mm guns and 88mm high-velocity guns, causing a single death when a round penetrated a mortar cloche at Block 5.

In early 1941 the Germans staged an attack on Blocks 1 and 4 for movie cameras, promoting the resulting propaganda film as documentation of the June 1940 attacks. The Fermont area did not see significant fighting during the Lorraine Campaign of 1944, but Fermont's caserne was used as a place for rest and recuperation for American troops during the Battle of the Bulge.

Post-War

By 1951 work was proceeding on renovation of many of the northeastern ouvrages, including Fermont, with the aim of restoring their combat capability to block a potential advance by the Warsaw Pact. Fermont and Latiremont were designated the môle de  Crusnes, a fortified strongpoint. After the establishment of the French nuclear strike force, the importance of the Line declined. The ouvrage was abandoned by the military in 1967.  In 1975 the property was transferred from the Ministry of Defense to an association  for the restoration and preservation of Fermont, and in 1977 it was opened to the public.

Current condition
The ouvrage, which retains a large portion of its equipment, was restored  in 1977 and may be visited during the summer months. The museum is operated by the Association des Amis de l'Ouvrage de Fermont et de la Ligne Maginot. The ouvrage contains a working 60 cm rail line, which is used to carry visitors from the entry to the combat blocks. A museum on the surface features turrets from other ouvrages, including three from Bréhain and one from Molvange.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Degon, André; Zylberyng, Didier, La Ligne Maginot: Guide des Forts à Visiter, Editions Ouest-France, 2014.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
 Official website
 Fermont Fortification at Chemins de mémoire
 Fermont (gros ouvrage A2 de) at fortiff.be
 Ouvrage de Fermont at lignemaginot.com
 L'ouvrage de Fermont at alsacemaginot.com
 Ouvrage de Fermont at wikimaginot.eu

FERM
Maginot Line
World War II museums in France
Môle de Crusnes


The Cherry Street Tavern is a bar and restaurant at 22nd and Cherry Streets in the Logan Square neighborhood of Philadelphia. It is notable as a local landmark that has operated in the same location since the early 1900s. The bar was bought by local high school football legend John "Tex" Flannery (1922-2007) in 1972.  Flannery was football coach at John Bartram High School from 1944 through 1947 and at La Salle College High School from 1953 until 1984. Flannery sold the bar to brothers Bill and Bob Loughery in 1990. Bill had started working for Tex full-time at the tavern in 1976.

History
The tavern was first licensed as a bar in 1905. During Prohibition, the bar itself was removed from the building and replaced with a barber's chair, and the tavern was transformed into a barber shop, although men went there for more than a haircut. At the time, women had to enter the tavern through the "ladies' entrance," a rear door leading into a back room, as only men were allowed into the bar room.

A disused urinal trough runs along the base of the bar. At one time, patrons could drink, eat, and urinate at the same time.

In a 1981 profile of Tex Flannery entitled "No School's like Old School", the Philadelphia Daily News  described the Cherry Street Tavern as "cave-dark, cave-cool, cave-quiet", and said that it had no jukebox.

Before it was the Cherry Street Tavern, the establishment was Dever's Bar.  In February, 1971, the bartender of Dever's was arrested for selling New Jersey Lottery tickets at face value at the bar.  This arrest pre-dated the launch of the official Pennsylvania Lottery less than six months later.

The Philadelphia Inquirer called the bar "John J. Devers' taproom at 22d and Cherry sts." in a May 1, 1940, piece describing the late-night attempted theft and ultimate destruction of "25 quart bottles of bottled-in-bond liquor".

For the 2002 film Bitters and Blue Ruin, the Cherry Street Tavern served both as one of the sites for the filmmakers' weekly writing meetings and also as a shooting location.

See also
McGillin's Olde Ale House

References

Restaurants in Philadelphia
Taverns in Pennsylvania
Restaurants established in 1905
Logan Square, Philadelphia
1905 establishments in Pennsylvania


Christopher Shaun Bushing (born November 4, 1967) is a retired Major League Baseball pitcher. He played during one season at the major league level for the Cincinnati Reds. He was signed by the Baltimore Orioles as an amateur free agent in 1986. Bushing played his first professional season with their Rookie league Bluefield Orioles in 1986, and his last with the Texas Rangers' Triple-A Oklahoma City 89ers in 1995.

References
"Chris Bushing Statistics". The Baseball Cube. 22 January 2008.
"Chris Bushing Statistics". Baseball-Reference. 22 January 2008.

External links

1967 births
Living people
Cincinnati Reds players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Nashville Sounds players
Bluefield Orioles players
Harrisburg Senators players
Rockford Expos players
Reading Phillies players
Peninsula Pilots players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
West Palm Beach Expos players
Oklahoma City 89ers players
Sportspeople from Rockville Centre, New York
Baseball players from Nassau County, New York
Bushing, Chris


Alejandra Guzmán En Vivo is the second live album recorded by Mexican singer Alejandra Guzmán. A DVD with the full concert was also released. The only new track included is a version of "Wild Thing" by Chip Taylor.

Track listing
"Ruge El Corazón" (Marina, Sánchez, Valle) — 03:52
"Toda La Mitad" (Bastante, Antonio Garcia De Diego, Pancho Varona) — 04:11
"Eternamente Bella" (Florez) — 03:21
"Cuidado Con El Corazón" (Florez) — 05:11
"Mala Hierba" (Marina, Sánchez, Valle) — 03:25
"Ven" (Octavio Muñoz) — 02:36
"Todo" (Gary Burr, Desmond Child, Jonny Lang) — 04:16
"Algo Natural" (Jorge Villamisar) — 4:28
"Reina De Corazónes" (Florez, Valle) — 03:00
"Hey Güera" (Gian Pietro Felisatti, Florez) — 04:04
"Loca" (Myra Stella Turner) — 05:00
"Wild Thing" (Chip Taylor) — 02:58
"Hacer Él Amor Con Otro" (Felisatti, Florez) — 06:17
"Enemigos" (Sandra Baylac) — 04:00
"De Verdad" (Steve Mandile, Jodi Marr, Julia Sierra) — 03:48
"Caramelo" (Elsten Creole Torres) — 02:58
"Mírala, Míralo" (Felisatti, Florez) — 03:38
"Diablo" (Randy Cantor, Alejandra Guzmán, Jodi Marr) — 04:00
"Volveré a Amar" (Desmond Child, Richie Supa) — 05:20
"Popurrí: La Plaga/Popotitos/Pólvora" (Robert Blackwell, John Marascalco, Ian Samwell Ralph, Larry Williams) — 05:09

Personnel
 Abraham Barrera – piano, keyboards
 Iván Barrera – bass
 Javier Barrera – arranger, drums, musical direction
 Cristhian Cambresy – graphic design
 Oscar Galvan – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
 Alejandro Giacomán – mastering
 Guillermo Gutiérrez – A&R
 Alejandra Guzmán – vocals
 Marielos Labias – chorus
 Antonio Maldonado – mixing
 Jorge Mendoza – digital processing
 Javier Olmedo – coordination, creative consultant
 Gilda Oropeza – A&R
 Daniel Parra – chorus
 Samuel Parra – chorus
 Miguel Pasos – electric guitar

Alejandra Guzmán live albums
2004 live albums


Edgar Díaz Serrano (born February 8, 1964) is a retired Major League Baseball shortstop. He played during two seasons at the major league level for the Milwaukee Brewers. He was signed as an amateur free agent by the Brewers in 1982. Díaz played his first professional season (in American baseball) with their Rookie league Pikeville Brewers in 1982, and his last with the Toronto Blue Jays' Triple-A Syracuse Chiefs in 1995.

See also
 List of Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico

References
"Edgar Diaz Statistics". The Baseball Cube. 22 January 2008.
"Edgar Diaz Statistics". Baseball-Reference. 22 January 2008.

External links

1964 births
Living people
Beloit Brewers players
Chattanooga Lookouts players
Denver Zephyrs players
El Paso Diablos players
Las Vegas Stars (baseball) players
Major League Baseball infielders
Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico
Memphis Chicks players
Milwaukee Brewers players
Nashville Sounds players
Omaha Royals players
Olmecas de Tabasco players
Pikeville Brewers players
Puerto Rican expatriate baseball players in Canada
Puerto Rican expatriate baseball players in Mexico
Stockton Ports players
Syracuse Chiefs players
Vancouver Canadians players
Pikeville Cubs players
Sportspeople from Santurce, Puerto Rico
Baseball players from San Juan, Puerto Rico


Bunbury Airport  is an airport servicing the Western Australian city of Bunbury. Bunbury Airport is located  south-east of the city centre and is the only airport serving the city. The airport is used largely as a facility for General Aviation, pilot training and emergency services. Bunbury Airport serves an area that includes the City of Bunbury and the surrounding districts of Harvey, Dardanup, Capel and Donnybrook-Balingup.

History
The City of Bunbury is the owner and operator of Bunbury Airport. Council first investigated the possibility of an airstrip in 1965 and with the help of a band of enthusiastic aviators and input from the Department of Civil Aviation, the airstrip became operational in 1969. It has evolved to present day with council funds, government grants/funds, and operational input from the Bunbury Aero Club. The aerodrome is a 'registered' airport with the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA).

Recent upgrades to the airport include the following:

 2008 – construction of a new Patient Transfer Building to provide better facilities for the approximate 750 annual visits by the Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS).
 2009 – development of an additional 15 hangar sites.
 2010 – construction of a 700 metre long parallel taxiway.
 2012 – construction of run-up bays and a helipad.
 2013 – installation of LED runway and taxiway lighting.
 2015 – development of an additional 20 hangar sites.
 2016 – construction of a rescue helicopter base.
 2017 – installation of an Automatic Weather Information Station (AWIS).
 2018 – installation of a weather camera, construction of a helipad and installation of a secondary IWI.

Operations and facilities
Bunbury Airport has a single sealed runway, 07/25 which is  wide. Due to the proximity of the South Western Highway, there is a  permanently displaced threshold at the runway 25 end to allow sufficient clearance over the road. Because of this, the available landing distance is . The airport is currently restricted to aircraft with a maximum take-off weight less than . Runway 07/25 is equipped with low intensity, pilot activated runway lighting for night operations. There is no control tower and pilots must co-ordinate arrivals and departures using a Common Traffic Advisory Frequency.

Three flying schools and 1 facility operate out of Bunbury Airport, they are: AirChartersWest, Bunbury Aero Club, Bunbury Flying School and AirSportsWA. The schools and airport are a major Recreational Aviation Australia approved flight training facility.

Bunbury Airport currently averages 13,000 aircraft movements per annum. The airport is home to a permanent rescue helicopter base operated by the Department of Fire & Emergency Services, seasonal water bombers operated by the Parks & Wildlife Services section of the Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions and significant visitation by the Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS).

See also
 List of airports in Western Australia
 Aviation transport in Australia

References

External links
City of Bunbury
 Department of Environment and Conservation
 RFDS
 Airservices Aerodromes & Procedure Charts

Airports in Western Australia
RA-Aus Approved Flight Training Facilities
Airports established in 1969
Bunbury, Western Australia
Buildings and structures in Bunbury, Western Australia


Ahmad Haidar Anuawar (born 25 April 1986) is a Malaysian professional racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Continental team .

Major results

2007
 1st Stage 3 Tour of Siam
 1st Stage 3 Cepa Tour
2014
 6th Critérium International de Blida

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
Malaysian male cyclists
Malaysian people of Malay descent


Robert J. Stewart (16 February 1877 – 1971) was a  member of the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) and was in charge of the underground cell which, in the 1930s, operated a clandestine transmitter in Wimbledon that relayed information between the CPGB and the Comintern in Moscow. He was the CPGB's spymaster and, at one stage, controlled the Cambridge Five.

Biography
Stewart was born in Eassie, Angus, in Scotland, but grew up in Dundee.  Stewart trained as a ship's carpenter from the age of twelve. He joined the Amalgamated Association of Carpenters and Joiners and was elected to the local management committee.

In the early 20th century Stewart moved to South Africa, but returned to Dundee to become the full-time organiser of the Scottish Prohibition Party. In 1908, he was elected to the town council, but he soon led a Marxist and anti-religious split, the Prohibition and Reform Party. In 1911, he became the full-time organiser of this organisation.

During the 1910s, Stewart worked as an organizer for the Scottish Horse and Motormen's Union and then the No Conscription Fellowship.  He was imprisoned for opposition to World War I, then served in the British Army from 1917 to 1919.  In these two years, he was court-martialed four times.

Stewart's party restarted activity after he was released. In his autobiography he claimed it was renamed the Socialist Prohibition and Reform Party, but there is no documentary evidence to support this. He began working with the Communist Unity Group and was a founder member of the CPGB, serving on its first Executive Committee. He stood for the party in the Dundee Town Council election in June 1921, polling 6,160 votes, and two months later in a by-election at Caerphilly. In 1922, he was appointed as the party's Scottish organizer, but was imprisoned for six months for sedition.

In 1923, Stewart went to work for the Comintern in Moscow, but stood in Dundee at the 1924, 1929 and 1931 general elections - in 1931, he took 10,261 votes. In 1925 he served as Acting General Secretary of the party, while the rest of the party leadership were in prison.

Stewart remained on the party's Executive Committee until 1936, when he became secretary of the Control Commission, the party's disciplinary body.

He moved to Moscow in early 1923 to work at Comintern headquarters. While there, he met several key Soviet leaders and attended Lenin’s funeral. He was sent by the Comintern to many parts of Europe, because his British passport enabled him to travel at will. In 1924, he was sent to Ireland to assist in the creation of a Communist Party there, which led to the creation of the Revolutionary Workers' Groups and eventual re-establishment of the Communist Party of Ireland in 1933.

As the British representative on Comintern, Stewart attracted considerable attention from the British authorities. The three volumes of Stewart's MI5 file open in September 1920 with a report from SIS that identified him as a Communist and 'a secret agent for England on behalf of the Third International'.

Files on him are available in the National Archives at Kew. One of the bundles, covering the period 1927–31, covers Stewart's contacts with Norwegian and Chinese communists in 1927. It also includes reports from an informant in Ireland about Stewart's activities there, including, in 1929–1930, contacts between the Irish Republican Army and the CPGB.

Stewart published an account of his work, Breaking the Fetters, in 1967. He died in 1971 at the age of 94. At the time of his death, he was living in a retirement home in London paid for by the British Communist Party from funds received from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

In May 2023, Dundee-based journalist Graham Ogilvy gave a talk about Stewart at an event held by Dundee Trades Union Council. Regarding Stewart's legacy, Oglivy said: "Stewart firmly believed he was on the side of history acting to build socialism and stop fascism. He was a complex man – despite aiding the Soviet Union he was critical of the Nazi-Soviet pact, the invasion of Czechoslovakia and other aspects of Soviet policy. His story is amazing, however, and tragic too."

References

1877 births
1971 deaths
British spies for the Soviet Union
British temperance activists
Communist Party of Great Britain members
People associated with Dundee
Scottish communists
Scottish trade unionists
Councillors in Dundee


Craig Franklin Wilson (born September 3, 1970) is an American former professional baseball player. He played all or part of three seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), primarily as an infielder.

Career
Wilson played collegiately at Kansas State University. He played during three seasons at the  MLB for the Chicago White Sox. He was drafted by the White Sox in the 13th round of the 1992 MLB draft. Wilson played his first professional season with their Class-A South Bend White Sox in 1993, and his last with the New York Yankees' Double-A Trenton Thunder in 2004.

References

1970 births
Living people
All-American college baseball players
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball players at the 1991 Pan American Games
Baseball players from Chicago
Birmingham Barons players
Calgary Cannons players
Charlotte Knights players
Chicago White Sox players
Columbus Clippers players
Kansas State Wildcats baseball players
Major League Baseball infielders
Nashville Sounds players
Omaha Golden Spikes players
Pan American Games bronze medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in baseball
Prince William Cannons players
South Bend White Sox players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Trenton Thunder players
United States national baseball team players
Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games


In queueing theory, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, a BCMP network is a class of queueing network for which a product-form equilibrium distribution exists. It is named after the authors of the paper where the network was first described: Baskett, Chandy, Muntz, and Palacios. The theorem is a significant extension to a Jackson network allowing virtually arbitrary customer routing and service time distributions, subject to particular service disciplines.

The paper is well known, and the theorem was described in 1990 as "one of the seminal achievements in queueing theory in the last 20 years" by J. Michael Harrison and Ruth J. Williams.

Definition of a BCMP network

A network of m interconnected queues is known as a BCMP network if each of the queues is of one of the following four types:

 FCFS discipline where all customers have the same negative exponential service time distribution. The service rate can be state dependent, so write  for the service rate when the queue length is j.
 Processor sharing queues
 Infinite-server queues
 LCFS with pre-emptive resume (work is not lost)

In the final three cases, service time distributions must have rational Laplace transforms. This means the Laplace transform must be of the form

Also, the following conditions must be met.

 external arrivals to node i (if any) form a Poisson process,
 a customer completing service at queue i will either move to some new queue j with (fixed) probability  or leave the system with probability , which is non-zero for some subset of the queues.

Theorem

For a BCMP network of m queues which is open, closed or mixed in which each queue is of type 1, 2, 3 or 4, the equilibrium state probabilities are given by

where C is a normalizing constant chosen to make the equilibrium state probabilities sum to 1 and  represents the equilibrium distribution for queue i.

Proof

The original proof of the theorem was given by checking the independent balance equations were satisfied.

Peter G. Harrison offered an alternative proof by considering reversed processes.

References

Queueing theory


The Turquoise is a novel by the American author Anya Seton which was first published in 1946.

It is a fictional story of the life of Fey Cameron set against an historical background of the United States and New York society in the mid 19th century.

The book focuses on Cameron, from her humble childhood in New Mexico, through to her high society life in New York, and her eventual return to her roots.

Plot summary
Born in 1850 of a Spanish mother and a Scotsman in New Mexico, and orphaned at a young age in the town for whom she was named, Santa Fe (Fey) Cameron is taken in and raised by dutiful but apathetic neighbors. As a teenager, hot-blooded Fey takes the opportunity to leave town with Terry Dillon, a shifty traveling salesman. As they slowly make their way up the Santa Fe Trail, Fey convinces herself they are in love. Not disagreeable (for the time being), Terry enlists Richens Lacey Wootton to marry them at Raton Pass. Continuing east selling Terry's questionable medicine and utilizing several of Fey's talents to earn extra money, upon reaching Leavenworth, Kansas, they are able to raise train fares to New York.

Fey and Terry arrive in New York City without any prospects and are soon forced to use up their small savings for food and board. Terry soon abandons Fey for greener pastures. Discovering she is pregnant, resourceful Fey seeks assistance at a local infirmary for women and makes arrangements to live there in exchange for helping out with the work. After her daughter Lucita is born, bewitching Fey sets her eyes on New York tycoon Simeon Tower as a means of securing her financial future and wins her way into his heart.

After securing a discreet divorce for Fey, she and Simeon marry and achieve happiness. They endeavor to increase not only their fortune but their social standing over the years, but the year 1877 would be their downfall. Simeon not only finds himself close to losing nearly everything financially, but Terry Dillon reemerges to disrupt their lives. Terry's attempts to woo Fey and blackmail Simeon result in tragedy. Bankrupt and a social pariah, Fey eventually brings an ailing Simeon back to the simple life in New Mexico to live out their days.

Reception
Kirkus Reviews wrote the novel had "a synthetic, but satisfactory, story".

References

1946 American novels
Novels by Anya Seton
American historical novels
Novels about orphans
Novels set in New York City
Houghton Mifflin books
Novels set in New Mexico


Utricularia sect. Vesiculina is a section in the genus Utricularia. The species in this section are small or medium-sized suspended aquatic carnivorous plants native to North and South America.

See also
 List of Utricularia species

References

Utricularia
Plant sections


BCMP may stand for
 A BCMP network of queues, studied by Baskett, Chandy, Muntz, Palacios
 The British Columbia Marijuana Party


50 Lions are an Australian hardcore band from Byron Bay, New South Wales. The band is named after a video poker machine of the same name.

History
In 2005, they released their self-titled 7-inch EP, which sold out within 3 months of its release. Later that year, they released their debut album, Nowhere to Run, through Washed Up Records.

In 2006 they did a tour with Australian band I Killed the Prom Queen.

They then released Time Is the Enemy through Resist Records in 2007.

At the beginning of 2008, the band played alongside Parkway Drive in 14 out of 15 dates during the Surf Rat Tour. They have since released a split CD with American band Down to Nothing.

After their European tour, they will be doing a tour of Australia with Blacklisted, and then will be a part of the annual Hardcore festival in Sydney. 50 Lions vocalist Oscar McCall is the brother of Parkway Drive vocalist Winston McCall.

Tours
Throughout their short career they have toured with bands such as Rise Against, Parkway Drive, I Killed the Prom Queen, Evergreen Terrace and Comeback Kid.

In November 2009, 50 Lions teamed up with Baltimore's Trapped Under Ice for a national tour of Australia. The tour will cover Adelaide, Melbourne, Canberra, Brisbane, Byron, Sydney and Perth. In January 2010, 50 Lions toured Australia nationally on the Boys of Summer 2010 Tour, supporting American metalcore band Every Time I Die. During the months from April to May 2010, 50 Lions toured Europe with Parkway Drive, Despised Icon, Winds of Plague and The Warriors.

Members
 Oscar McCall – vocals
 Byron "Boz" Carney – bass
 Elmzy – guitars
 Baina – guitars
 Jonathan Niclair – drums

Discography

Albums

Extended plays

Awards and nominations

AIR Awards
The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.

|-
| AIR Awards of 2010
|Where Life Expire
| Best Independent Hard Rock/Punk Album
|
|-

References

External links
 50 Lions Official slot

Australian hardcore punk groups
New South Wales musical groups
Musical groups established in 2005
Australian musical quintets
Byron Bay
Demons Run Amok Entertainment artists
Australian metalcore musical groups


Orlando Eugene González (born November 15, 1951) is a Cuban former professional baseball first baseman / outfielder, who played in Major League Baseball during three seasons for the Cleveland Indians, Philadelphia Phillies, and Oakland Athletics. He batted and threw left-handed.

González came to the United States from Cuba with his family at nine years old and went on to play baseball at Miami Senior High School, Miami Dade College and the University of Miami. He was named to the College Baseball All-America Team after batting .402 and stealing an NCAA-record 62 bases in 1974 and was featured in Faces in the Crowd in the August 5, 1974 issue of Sports Illustrated. He was drafted by the Cleveland Indians in the 18th round (410th overall) of the 1974 Major League Baseball draft.

References

External links

Orlando González at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)

1951 births
Living people
Cardenales de Lara players
Cuban expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Cleveland Indians players
Daytona Beach Explorers players
Gold Coast Suns (baseball) players
Major League Baseball first basemen
Major League Baseball outfielders
Major League Baseball players from Cuba
Cuban expatriate baseball players in the United States
Miami Hurricanes baseball players
Oakland Athletics players
Oklahoma City 89ers players
Philadelphia Phillies players
San Antonio Brewers players
Toledo Mud Hens players
All-American college baseball players
Miami Senior High School alumni


Sandstone Amphitheater, also known as Azura Amphitheater, is an open-air amphitheater located in Bonner Springs, Kansas, United States.  It is owned by the unified government of Wyandotte County and Kansas City, Kansas, shares its grounds with the Kansas City Renaissance Festival and National Agricultural Center and Hall of Fame and is located adjacent to the Wyandotte County Park.

History
Designed by Bird Engineering, it originally opened in 1984, as the Sandstone Center for the Performing Arts. It was renamed 'Verizon Wireless Amphitheater' in June 2002, after Verizon Wireless bought the naming rights for seven years from Houston-based Clear Channel Entertainment for an undisclosed amount. Clear Channel Communications spun off its live events management division in 2005 to form Los Angeles-based Live Nation, which continued to manage the venue through the 2007 concert season. Locals simply refer to the venue as "Sandstone".

In September 2007, Live Nation announced that it would let its managing contract expire on December 31, 2007. In January 2008, the Unified Government Commission ratified a pact with local promoter Chris Fritz's New West Presentations, Inc., to operate the venue through the end of 2009, with a two-year option to extend the contract. Under the new deal with New West, the name would revert to Sandstone.

Through 2007, the venue featured 6,700 reserved seats and general admission lawn seating. Beginning in 2008, plans are underway to remove the majority of the reserved seats closest to the stage in order to make that area a general admission section. The change in the seating configuration is designed to let more fans get closer to the performers and eliminate costs of the extra security normally required. Additional structural changes include an upgraded VIP club and new sound and video systems. Through the years the stage has fought several limitations. For instance, a 37-foot roof is well below the norm, which often proves challenging to book shows.

Name
It has undergone numerous name changes since it opened:
 Sandstone Center for the Performing Arts (original name from 1983 to 1993)
 Sandstone Amphitheater (1993 to 2002, 2008)
 Verizon Wireless Amphitheater
 Capitol Federal Park at Sandstone
 Cricket Wireless Amphitheater
 Providence Medical Center Amphitheater
 Azura Amphitheater (current name)

See also
 List of contemporary amphitheatres

References

Amphitheaters in the United States
Buildings and structures in Kansas City, Kansas
Music venues in Kansas
Theatres in Kansas
Tourist attractions in Wyandotte County, Kansas
1984 establishments in Kansas


In computational complexity theory, asymptotic computational complexity is the usage of asymptotic analysis for the estimation of computational complexity of algorithms and computational problems, commonly associated with the usage of the big O notation.

Scope
With respect to computational resources, asymptotic time complexity and asymptotic space complexity are commonly estimated.  Other asymptotically estimated behavior include circuit complexity and various measures of parallel computation, such as the number of (parallel) processors.

Since the ground-breaking 1965 paper by Juris Hartmanis and Richard E. Stearns and the 1979 book by Michael Garey and David S. Johnson on NP-completeness, the term "computational complexity" (of algorithms) has become commonly referred to as asymptotic computational complexity.

Further, unless specified otherwise, the term "computational complexity" usually refers to the upper bound for the asymptotic computational complexity of an algorithm or a problem, which is usually written in terms of the big O notation, e.g..  Other types of (asymptotic) computational complexity estimates are lower bounds ("Big Omega" notation; e.g.,  Ω(n)) and asymptotically tight estimates, when the asymptotic upper and lower bounds coincide (written using the "big Theta"; e.g., Θ(n log n)).

A further tacit assumption is that the worst case analysis of computational complexity is in question unless stated otherwise. An alternative approach is probabilistic analysis of algorithms.

Types of algorithms considered
In most practical cases deterministic algorithms or randomized algorithms are discussed, although theoretical computer science also considers nondeterministic algorithms and other advanced models of computation.

See also
Asymptotically optimal algorithm

References

Computational complexity theory


There have been six business routes of Interstate 96 (I-96) in the US state of Michigan. There are two business loops designated Business Loop Interstate 96 (BL I-96): one through Lansing and one through Howell. Both follow the old route of US Highway 16 (US 16), with appropriate connections to I-96. There are three former business spurs that were designated Business Spur Interstate 96 (BS I-96). One connected to the carferry docks in Muskegon, running concurrently with part of Business US 31 (Bus. US 31) along former US 16, but it has been eliminated. The second spur ran into downtown Portland until it was decommissioned in 2007. Two routes in the Detroit area—a loop through Farmington and a spur into Detroit—both using Grand River Avenue, and meeting at the temporary end of I-96 near Purdue Avenue, were eliminated when I-96 was moved to the completed Jeffries Freeway in 1977. The Farmington business route is still state-maintained as an unsigned highway, while the Detroit business route remained unsigned until it was decommissioned in 2016 and replaced by an extension of M-5.

Muskegon

Business Spur Interstate 96 (BS I-96) was a business spur of I-96 in the Muskegon area. It was formerly the route of US 16 from the carferry docks in Muskegon to the end of I-96 in Norton Shores. The spur ran concurrently with M-46 southeasterly from the docks along Mart Street and Sixth Street. At the intersections with the one-way pairing of Webster Avenue (southbound) and Muskegon Avenue (northbound) in downtown Muskegon, BS I-96 separated from M-46 and turned southward to follow Bus. US 31 while M-46 turned northward along Bus. US 31. From there, BS I-96/Bus. US 31 ran southwesterly along the one-way pair for a few blocks before the two directions of traffic merged onto the north–south section of Seaway Drive southwest of downtown. The business route then ran due south along Seaway Drive, exiting Muskegon at Sherman Drive and crossing onto a section of the Norton Shores–Muskegon Heights city line. South of Norton Avenue, Seaway Drive turned eastward along the southern edge of Muskegon Heights. BS I-96/Bus. US 31 ran along the northern edge of Mona Lake and crossed the Black Creek in Norton Shores. Southwest of the lake, the business route came to an end at the interchange along US 31 that marked the western starting point of I-96.

When the state highway system was first signposted in 1919, the east–west highway from Grand Haven through Nunica to Detroit was assigned the M-16 designation; there was no state highway between Muskegon and Nunica, This was redesignated US 16 in 1926. By 1934, a state highway numbered M-126 was designated between Muskegon and Nunica,  and this was replaced by a rerouted US 16 in 1940. On December 12, 1962, the freeway that is now I-96 was initially completed across the state of Michigan from Muskegon to the Detroit area. After this completion, US 16 was decommissioned. West of Grand Rapids, the freeway was originally I-196, and the route of former US 16 past the end of the freeway to the ferry dock was numbered BS I-196. The freeway was redesignated I-96 on October 21, 1963, and BS I-196 became BS I-96 thereafter. In 1970, the SS Milwaukee Clipper across Lake Michigan ceased to run. In 1984, the section of BS I-96/M-46 between the ferry docks and Bus. US 31 was turned over to local control. The BS I-96 designation was decommissioned and removed from its concurrency with Bus. US 31, and M-46 was truncated to end at its other junction with Bus. US 31.

Major intersections

Portland

Business Spur Interstate 96 (BS I-96) was a business spur of I-96 through the city of Portland. The western terminus was at the corner of Grand River Avenue and Kent Street in downtown Portland. From there the highway followed Grand River Avenue eastward through downtown and past businesses roughly parallel to the Looking Glass River. East of downtown, the spur turned southeasterly past another commercial area. The highway's eastern terminus was at exit 77 south of the city.

When the state highway system was first signposted in 1919, the east–west highway across the Lower Peninsula through Portland to Detroit was assigned the M-16 designation, This was redesignated US 16 in 1926. The section of US 16 through Portland was decommissioned on March 7, 1960. It would remain under local control until the first quarter-mile (0.4 km) section was transferred to state control on September 18, 1978. The route was first marked on state highway maps in 1982 along the full mile and a quarter (2.0 km). It was transferred back to local control on October 31, 2007.

Major intersections

Lansing

Business Loop Interstate 96 (BL I-96) is a business loop of I-96 through the city of Lansing. The western terminus is at I-96's exit 90 northwest of Lansing in Watertown Township in Clinton County near the I-96/I-69 junction. From there, it follows Grand River Avenue under I-96. East of I-96, BL I-96 intersects Francis Road, which provides access to I-69, and then passes under I-69. Grand River Avenue is three lanes, one in each direction divided by a central turn lane, and runs past light industrial areas, crossing into Lansing and Eaton County near the Capital Region International Airport. The area around the airport is commercial, but east of there North Grand River Avenue runs through residential neighborhoods. Near the intersection with Martin Luther King Jr Boulevard, the business loop runs along the Grand River and then BL I-96 turns eastward on North Street to an interchange with Cedar and Larch streets. The business loop turns and splits onto the one-way pairing of the three-lane Cedar (southbound) and Larch (northbound). As it runs southward, the highway runs parallel to the Grand River through Old Town Lansing. At Oakland Avenue (westbound) and Saginaw Avenue (eastbound), BL I-96 intersects the two one-way streets that carry BL I-69. It continues south through the eastern edge of downtown Lansing.

Near Cooley Law School Stadium at the intersection with Michigan Avenue, BL I-96 meets the Capitol Loop, Lansing's third business loop. The two highways run concurrently south of Michigan Avenue as Cedar Street angles southeasterly. The two directions of BL I-96 merge at an interchange with I-496 that also marks the end of the Capitol Loop. South of this interchange, Cedar Street continues as a five-lane street through a commercial corridor on the south side of Lansing. The business loop crosses the Red Cedar River three blocks south of the I-496 interchange. On either side of the business loop, the adjacent neighborhoods are residential in character. South of an intersection with Jolly Road, Cedar Street starts angling southeasterly. BL I-96 ends at an indirect interchange with I-96 near the Edgewood Town Center.

When the state highway system was first signposted in 1919, the east–west highway across the Lower Peninsula through Lansing to Detroit was assigned the M-16 designation. M-16 was rerouted in the Lansing area in 1925, running along Grand River Avenue from Grand Ledge to East Lansing. The former routing through Downtown Lansing on Michigan Avenue became part of M-39. This was redesignated US 16 in 1926. With the completion of I-96 in between Lansing and Brighton, US 16 was decommissioned in Michigan in 1962. The former routing of US 16 on the north side of Lansing (from exit 90 southeast along West Grand River, then east along North Street) was redesignated as BL I-96. From North Street, BL I-96 joined US 27 along a one-way pairing of Larch and Cedar streets. Where US 27 (concurrent with M-78) turned west at Main Street, BL I-96 continued south along Cedar Street (US 127) to terminate at I-96 south of the city at exit 104. In 1963, the southern & eastern legs of BL I-96 was rerouted such that its north/south align on Cedar & Larch streets ended at a one-way pairing of Saginaw and Oakland streets (M-43/Bus. M-78), continuing east to a one-way pairing of Howard and Homer streets on the eastern edge of town, and then south along the newly completed I-496/M-78 freeway back to I-96 at exit 106. This rerouting would last until 1966 when it was transferred back to the original routing with the completion of the US 127 freeway between Lansing and Mason.

Major intersections

Howell

Business Loop Interstate 96 (BL I-96) is a business loop of I-96 through the city of Howell. The western terminus is at the M-59 interchange with I-96 northwest of Howell. BL I-96 runs concurrently with M-59 along a four-lane divided highway for about a  before turning southeasterly onto Grand River Avenue near the Livingston County Airport. The business loop passes through a residential neighborhood on the western side of Howell before entering downtown. In downtown, BL I-96 runs along a four-lane street and  meets the northern end of the unsigned M-155 at Michigan Avenue. Southeast  of downtown, the business loop passes through more residential areas before following a commercial corridor to a partial interchange with I-96 south of Lake Chemung.

When the state highway system was first signposted in 1919, the east–west highway across the Lower Peninsula through Howell to Detroit was assigned the M-16 designation. This was redesignated US 16 in 1926. In 1962, I-96 was completed between Lansing and Brighton, and US 16 was decommissioned in Michigan. At the time, a new limited-access connector road was constructed between I-96 and Grand River Avenue, providing access for the business loop and M-59 to I-96. Afterwards, the former route of US 16 along Grand River Avenue through Howell was redesignated BL I-96.

Major intersections

Farmington

Old Business Loop I-96 (Old BL I-96) is a  segment of unsigned state trunkline highway and was a former business loop of I-96 along Grand River Avenue through the city of Farmington. The western terminus is at the interchange between M-5 and Grand River Avenue west of the city. From there, the highway runs eastward through residential areas on the border of Farmington and Farmington Hills. At the intersection with Shiawasee Road, Grand River Avenue turns southeasterly into downtown Farmington. The highway is bounded by businesses from downtown southeasterly to its eastern terminus is at the intersection between M-5 and Grand River Avenue southeast of Farmington.

When the state highway system was first signposted in 1919, the east–west highway across the Lower Peninsula through Lansing to Detroit was assigned the M-16 designation. This highway was the original route of US 16 though downtown Farmington. In 1933, US 16 was routed onto a bypass route which had been constructed south of the city (the present-day Freedom Road) and the route through Farmington was retained as state trunkline. In 1956, a new bypass freeway was built just to the south of the old bypass as part of the Brighton–Farmington Expressway and the route through downtown was designated Business US 16. (Bus. US 16)

The original plans for I-96 called for it to replace US 16 and to run parallel to Grand River Avenue all the way from Farmington into downtown Detroit. In 1959, the Farmington bypass freeway was given the I-96 designation in addition to the US 16 moniker, and the business route was redesignated as BL I-96 two years later. In 1977, as the Jeffries Freeway was completed, I-96 was rerouted south through Livonia and then east into Detroit, the portion of freeway bypassing Farmington was redesignated M-102. Simultaneously, the BL I-96 designation through downtown Farmington was removed, and Grand River Avenue became an unsigned state trunkline, a status it has retained to this day.

Major intersections

Detroit

Old Business Spur I-96 (Old BS I-96) was the section of Grand River Avenue in Detroit between I-96 and the intersection with Cass Avenue and Middle Street in downtown Detroit and an unsigned state trunkline highway. It was previously a business spur of I-96. Picking up where M-5 ended at the interchange with I-96, Old BS I-96 followed Grand River Avenue southeasterly. The road itself was bounded by businesses as it passed through residential neighborhoods on Detroit's West Side. About a mile and three-quarters (2.8 km) along, the highway crossed I-96 again, and I-96 from here into the downtown area paralleled Grand River Avenue. Old BS I-96 here was mostly residential. It passed Bishop Park near Grand Boulevard and then crossed I-94. In the North Corktown neighborhood, Grand River Avenue crossed M-10 (Lodge Freeway) near the MotorCity Casino. About a half mile (0.7 km) past M-10, Old BS I-96 crossed I-75 (Fisher Freeway) and entered Downtown Detroit's Foxtown neighborhood. State maintenance ended at the five-way intersection between Grand River Avenue, Cass Avenue, and Middle Street. Grand River Avenue continued another five blocks to Woodward Avenue and another four blocks as it curved in an arc around Grand Circus Park.

When the state highway system was first signposted in 1919, the east–west highway across the Lower Peninsula through Grand Rapids and Lansing to Detroit was assigned the M-16 designation. The section of highway had previously been part of US 16. When US 16 was decommissioned in 1962, Grand River Avenue was redesignated BS I-96. Upon completion of I-96 (Jeffries Freeway) in Detroit in 1977, portions were re-designated M-102 and M-5. From I-96 southeast into downtown Detroit, Grand River Avenue remained under state control as an unsigned state trunkline highway. In 2004, the state transferred several blocks at the eastern end of Grand River Avenue to the City of Detroit. State jurisdiction now ended at the corner of Grand River Avenue, Middle Street, and Cass Avenue. In April–May 2016, a street light replacement project on Grand River Avenue ended Old BS I-96's status as a state trunkline highway as the project also included the installation of M-5 trailblazers along Old BS I-96's route.

Major intersections

See also

References

External links

Former BS I-96 in Portland at Michigan Highways

BL I-96 in Lansing at Michigan Highways

BL I-96 in Howell at Michigan Highways
Old BL I-96 in Farmington at Michigan Highways
Old BS I-96 in Detroit at Michigan Highways

Business
Grand River Avenue
U.S. Route 16
96 Business


Merrill Edwin Barrington (February 25, 1920 – December 18, 1965) was a Canadian politician, accountant and insurance broker. He was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in 1958 as a Member of the Progressive Conservative Party for the riding of Châteauguay—Huntingdon—Laprairie. He was defeated in the elections of 1953, 1957 and 1962.

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1920 births
1965 deaths
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs
People from Montérégie
Canadian accountants
Anglophone Quebec people


Ouvrage Mauvais-Bois is a petit ouvrage of the Fortified Sector of the Crusnes on the Maginot Line.  It is located between the gros ouvrage Latiremont and the petit ouvrage Bois-du-Four, facing the Belgium/Luxembourg border. The original plan for the position was for two phases of construction, resulting in a gros ouvrage provided with heavy artillery. The increase in tension between France and Germany in the late 1930s caused resources to be diverted elsewhere, and only the first three combat blocks were built. In 1940 the ouvrage was regularly bombarded, but not directly attacked by German infantry. When the French military divested itself of the majority of the Maginot fortifications, Mauvais-Bois was the second to be sold.

Design and construction
Mauvais-Bois was approved for construction in October 1931. It was completed at a cost of 11 million francs by the contractor Monod of Paris. The initial phase consisted of three combat blocks linked by deep underground galleries.  In a second phase, Mauvais-Bois was to be expanded to function as a gros ouvrage, with two additional blocks mounting artillery, as well as remote entrances for munitions and personnel, and a larger network of deep underground galleries. The rise in tensions between France and Germany in the late 1930s prevented this second phase from being pursued.

Description
Three combat blocks were built at Mauvais-Bois, linked with underground galleries and with an incomplete gallery extending in the direction of the proposed artillery blocks and entrance blocks.
 Block 1: Entry, one machine gun/anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC 47), two GFM cloches and one machine gun cloche (JM)
 Block 2: one JM/AC47 embrasure, one JM embrasure and two GFM cloches.
 Block 3: one machine gun turret and two GFM cloches.

The unbuilt portions of the ouvrage were projected to be:

 Block 4 (unbuilt): one 75mm twin gun turret and two GFM cloches.
 Block 5 (unbuilt): one 75mm twin gun turret and two GFM cloches.
 Personnel entry (unbuilt): one grenade launcher cloche, two GFM cloches, two JM/AC47 embrasures and two heavy twin machine gun embrasures.
 Munitions entry (unbuilt): two GFM cloches, one JM/AC47 embrasure and two light machine gun embrasures.

Casemates and shelters
A series of detached casemates and infantry shelters surround Bois-du-Four, including the:

 Casemate de Morfontaine: Double block with two JM/AC47 embrasure, two JM embrasures and two GFM cloches.
 Casemate de Laix: Single block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one JM embrasure, one 81mm mortar cloche and one GFM cloche.
 Casemate de Jalaumont Est: Block with one two cloches, one VDP observation cloche and one GFM cloche.
 Observatiore de Haut-de-la-Vigne: Observation block with one VP observation cloche and one GFM cloche, reporting to Bréhain.
 Casemate de Chénières Ouest: Block with one mortar cloche and one GFM cloche.
 Casemate de Chénières Est: Double block with two JM/AC47 embrasures, one JM embrasure one mortar cloche and two GFM cloches.

None of these are connected to the ouvrage or to each other. The Casernement de Morfortaine provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Mauvais-Bois and other positions in the area.

Manning
The 1940 manning of the ouvrage under the command of Lieutenant de Mecquenem comprised 135 men and 2 officers of the 139th Fortress Infantry Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of the 42nd Fortress Corps of the 3rd Army, Army Group 2. de Mecquenem would go on to fight in Tunisia and eventually at Dien Bien Phu, retiring as a brigadier general.

History
See Fortified Sector of the Crusnes for a broader discussion of the events of 1940 in the Crusnes sector of the Maginot Line.
In June 1940, the German 183rd Division considered a plan to penetrate the Maginot Line between Bois-du-Four and Mauvais-Bois, eventually rejecting it in favor of operations farther to the east. Mauvais-Bois saw mostly harassing attacks through June. After the  22 June 1940 armistice brought an end to fighting, the Maginot fortifications to the west of the Moselle did not immediately surrender.  They maintained their garrisons through a series of negotiations. Mauvais-Bois, along with Bois-du-Four, Bréhain and Aumetz surrendered on 27 June. The area of Mauvais-Bois saw little action during the Lorraine Campaign of 1944.

During the 1950s and 1960s the Maginot Line was kept in readiness for possible use in the event of an invasion by the Warsaw Pact.  After the establishment of the French nuclear strike force, the importance of the Line declined, and in 1970 Mauvais-Bois was lowered in importance, allowing the use of formerly reserved areas around the ouvrage. Mauvais-Bois was the second Maginot ouvrage to be sold to the public.

Current
Mauvais-Bois is privately owned and is not accessible to the public.  It is reported to be in poor condition, with all metal components salvaged. The Casemate de Morfortaine may be visited by appointment with the owner, who seeks to restore it.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
Petit ouvrage du Mauvais Bois at wikimaginot.eu
Petit ouvrage du Mauvais Bois at lignemaginot.com
Mauvais Bois (petit ouvrage A4 de) at fortiff.be

MAUV
Maginot Line


The number of dwarf planets in the Solar System is unknown. Estimates have run as high as 200 in the Kuiper belt and over 10,000 in the region beyond.
However, consideration of the surprisingly low densities of many large trans-Neptunian objects suggests that the number of dwarf planets may be much lower, perhaps only eight or nine among bodies known so far. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) defines dwarf planets as being in hydrostatic equilibrium, and notes five bodies in particular:  in the inner Solar System and four in the trans-Neptunian region: , , , and . Only Pluto and Ceres have been confirmed to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, due to the results of the New Horizons and Dawn missions. Eris is generally assumed to be a dwarf planet because it is similar in size to Pluto and even more massive. Haumea and Makemake were accepted as dwarf planets by the IAU for naming purposes and will keep their names if it turns out they are not dwarf planets.  Smaller trans-Neptunian objects have been called dwarf planets if they appear to be solid bodies, which is a prerequisite for hydrostatic equilibrium: planetologists generally include at least , , , and sometimes . (In practice the requirement for hydrostatic equilibrium is always loosened anyway, even by the IAU, as otherwise even Mercury would not be a planet.)

Limiting values

Beside directly orbiting the Sun, the qualifying feature of a dwarf planet is that it have "sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid-body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape". Current observations are generally insufficient for a direct determination as to whether a body meets this definition. Often the only clues for trans-Neptunian objects (TNO) is a crude estimate of their diameters and albedos. Icy satellites as large as 1,500 km in diameter have proven to not be in equilibrium, whereas dark objects in the outer solar system often have low densities that imply they are not even solid bodies, much less gravitationally controlled dwarf planets.

, which has a significant amount of ice in its composition, is the only accepted dwarf planet in the asteroid belt, though there are unexplained anomalies. 4 Vesta, the second-most-massive asteroid and one that is basaltic in composition, appears to have a fully differentiated interior and was therefore in equilibrium at some point in its history, but no longer is today. The third-most massive object, 2 Pallas, has a somewhat irregular surface and is thought to have only a partially differentiated interior; it is also less icy than Ceres. Michael Brown has estimated that, because rocky objects such as Vesta are more rigid than icy objects, rocky objects below  in diameter may not be in hydrostatic equilibrium and thus not dwarf planets. The question remains open if the two largest icy outer-belt asteroids 10 Hygiea and 704 Interamnia are also dwarf planets.

Based on a comparison with the icy moons that have been visited by spacecraft, such as Mimas (round at 400 km in diameter) and Proteus (irregular at 410–440 km in diameter), Brown estimated that an icy body relaxes into hydrostatic equilibrium at a diameter somewhere between 200 and 400 km. However, after Brown and Tancredi made their calculations, better determination of their shapes showed that Mimas and the other mid-sized ellipsoidal moons of Saturn up to at least Iapetus (which, at 1,471 km in diameter, is approximately the same size as Haumea and Makemake) are no longer in hydrostatic equilibrium; they are also icier than TNOs are likely to be. They have equilibrium shapes that froze in place some time ago, and do not match the shapes that equilibrium bodies would have at their current rotation rates. Thus Rhea, at 1528 km in diameter, is the smallest body for which gravitational measurements are consistent with current hydrostatic equilibrium. Ceres, at 950 km in diameter, is close to equilibrium, but some deviations from equilibrium shape remain unexplained. Much larger objects, such as Earth's moon and the planet Mercury, are not near hydrostatic equilibrium today, though the Moon is composed primarily of silicate rock and Mercury of metal (in contrast to most dwarf planet candidates, which are ice and rock). Saturn's moons may have been subject to a thermal history that would have produced equilibrium-like shapes in bodies too small for gravity alone to do so. Thus, at present it is unknown whether any trans-Neptunian objects smaller than Pluto and Eris are in hydrostatic equilibrium. Nonetheless, it does not matter in practice, because the precise statement of hydrostatic equilibrium in the definition is universally ignored in favour of roundness and solidity.

The majority of mid-sized TNOs up to about  in diameter have significantly lower densities (~ ) than larger bodies such as Pluto (1.86 g/cm3). Brown had speculated that this was due to their composition, that they were almost entirely icy. However, Grundy et al. point out that there is no known mechanism or evolutionary pathway for mid-sized bodies to be icy while both larger and smaller objects are partially rocky. They demonstrated that at the prevailing temperatures of the Kuiper Belt, water ice is strong enough to support open interior spaces (interstices) in objects of this size; they concluded that mid-size TNOs have low densities for the same reason that smaller objects do—because they have not compacted under self-gravity into fully solid objects, and thus the typical TNO smaller than  in diameter is (pending some other formative mechanism) unlikely to be a dwarf planet.

Tancredi's assessment
In 2010, Gonzalo Tancredi presented a report to the IAU evaluating a list of 46 trans-Neptunian candidates for dwarf planet status based on light-curve-amplitude analysis and a calculation that the object was more than  in diameter. Some diameters were measured, some were best-fit estimates, and others used an assumed albedo of 0.10 to calculate the diameter. Of these, he identified 15 as dwarf planets by his criteria (including the 4 accepted by the IAU), with another 9 being considered possible. To be cautious, he advised the IAU to "officially" accept as dwarf planets the top three not yet accepted: Sedna, Orcus, and Quaoar. Although the IAU had anticipated Tancredi's recommendations, over a decade later the IAU had never responded.

Brown's assessment

Mike Brown considers 130 trans-Neptunian bodies to be "probably" dwarf planets, ranked them by estimated size. He does not consider asteroids, stating "in the asteroid belt Ceres, with a diameter of 900 km, is the only object large enough to be round."

The terms for varying degrees of likelihood he split these into:

Near certainty: diameter estimated/measured to be over . Sufficient confidence to say these must be in hydrostatic equilibrium, even if predominantly rocky. 10 objects as of 2020.
Highly likely: diameter estimated/measured to be over . The size would have to be "grossly in error" or they would have to be primarily rocky to not be dwarf planets. 17 objects as of 2020.
Likely: diameter estimated/measured to be over . Uncertainties in measurement mean that some of these will be significantly smaller and thus doubtful. 41 objects as of 2020.
Probably: diameter estimated/measured to be over . Expected to be dwarf planets, if they are icy, and that figure is correct. 62 objects as of 2020.
Possibly: diameter estimated/measured to be over . Icy moons transition from a round to irregular shape in the 200–400 km range, suggesting that the same figure holds true for KBOs. Thus, some of these objects could be dwarf planets. 611 objects as of 2020.
Probably not: diameter estimated/measured to be under 200 km. No icy moon under 200 km is round, and the same may be true of KBOs. The estimated size of these objects would have to be in error for them to be dwarf planets.

Beside the five accepted by the IAU, the 'nearly certain' category includes , , , , , and . Note that although Brown's site claims to be updated daily, these largest objects haven't been updated since late 2013, and indeed the current best diameter estimates for Salacia and  are less than 900 km. (Orcus is borderline.)

Grundy et al.’s assessment
Grundy et al. propose that dark, low-density TNOs in the size range of approximately  are transitional between smaller, porous (and thus low-density) bodies and larger, denser, brighter and geologically differentiated planetary bodies (such as dwarf planets). Bodies in this size range should have begun to collapse the interstitial spaces left over from their formation, but not fully, leaving some residual porosity.

Many TNOs in the size range of about  have oddly low densities, in the range of about , that are substantially less than dwarf planets such as Pluto, Eris and Ceres, which have densities closer to 2. Brown has suggested that large low-density bodies must be composed almost entirely of water ice, since he presumed that bodies of this size would necessarily be solid. However, this leaves unexplained why TNOs both larger than 1000 km and smaller than 400 km, and indeed comets, are composed of a substantial fraction of rock, leaving only this size range to be primarily icy. Experiments with water ice at the relevant pressures and temperatures suggest that substantial porosity could remain in this size range, and it is possible that adding rock to the mix would further increase resistance to collapsing into a solid body. Bodies with internal porosity remaining from their formation could be at best only partially differentiated, in their deep interiors (if a body had begun to collapse into a solid body, there should be evidence in the form of fault systems from when its surface contracted). The higher albedos of larger bodies is also evidence of full differentiation, as such bodies were presumably resurfaced with ice from their interiors. Grundy et al. propose therefore that mid-size (< 1,000 km), low-density (< 1.4 g/cm3) and low-albedo (< ~0.2) bodies such as Salacia, Varda, Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà, and  are not differentiated planetary bodies like Orcus, Quaoar, and Charon. The boundary between the two populations would appear to be in the range of about , although Grundy et al. also suggest that  might constitute an upper limit to retaining significant porosity.

If Grundy et al. are correct, then very few known bodies in the outer Solar System are likely to have compacted into fully solid bodies, and thus to possibly have become dwarf planets at some point in their past or to still be dwarf planets at present. Pluto–Charon, Eris, Haumea, Gonggong, Makemake, Quaoar, and Sedna are either known (Pluto) or strong candidates (the others). Orcus is again borderline by size, though it is bright.

There are a number of smaller bodies, estimated to be between 700 and 900 km diameter, for most of which not enough is known to apply these criteria. All of them are dark, mostly with albedos under 0.11, with brighter  (0.18) an exception; this suggests that they are not dwarf planets. However, Salacia and Varda may be dense enough to at least be solid. If Salacia were spherical and had the same albedo as its moon, it would have a density of between 1.4 and 1.6 g/cm3, calculated a few months after Grundy et al.'s initial assessment, though still an albedo of only 0.04. Varda might have a higher density of 1.78±0.06 g/cm3 (a lower density of 1.23±0.04 g/cm3 was considered possible though less probable), published the year after Grundy et al.'s initial assessment; its albedo of 0.10 is close to Quaoar's.

Emery et al.’s assessment
In 2023, Emery et al. wrote that near-infrared spectroscopy by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) in 2022 suggests that Sedna, Gonggong, and Quaoar internally melted and differentiated and are chemically evolved, like the larger dwarf planets Pluto, Eris, Haumea, and Makemake, but unlike "all smaller KBOs". This is because light hydrocarbons are present on their surfaces (e.g. ethane, acetylene, and ethylene), which implies that methane is continuously being resupplied, and that methane would likely come from internal geochemistry. On the other hand, the surfaces of Sedna, Gonggong, and Quaoar have low abundances of CO and CO2, similar to Pluto, Eris, and Makemake but in contrast to smaller bodies. This suggests that the threshold for dwarf planethood in the trans-Neptunian region is around 1000 km diameter (thus including only Pluto, Eris, Haumea, Makemake, Sedna, Gonggong, and Quaoar), and that even Orcus and Salacia may not be dwarf planets.

Likeliest dwarf planets
The assessments of the IAU, Tancredi et al., Brown, and Grundy et al. for sixteen of the largest potential dwarf planets (the ones whose estimated diameters are above 700 km) are as follows. For the IAU, the acceptance criteria were for naming purposes. An IAU question-and-answer press release from 2006 was more specific: it estimated that objects with mass above  and diameter greater than 800 km (800 km across) would "normally" be in hydrostatic equilibrium ("the shape ... would normally be determined by self-gravity"), but that "all borderline cases would need to be determined by observation." This is close to Grundy et al.'s suggestion for the approximate limit.

Several of these objects had not yet been discovered when Tancredi et al. did their analysis. Brown's sole criterion is diameter; he accepts significantly many more as "highly likely" to be dwarf planets, for which his threshold is 600 km (see below). Grundy et al. did not determine which bodies were dwarf planets, but rather which could not be. A red  marks objects that are not dense enough to be solid bodies; to this is added a question mark for the objects whose densities are not known (they are all dark, suggesting that they are not dwarf planets). Emery et al. suggest that Sedna, Quaoar, and Gonggong went through internal melting, differentiation, and chemical evolution like the larger dwarf planets, but that all smaller KBOs did not. The question of current equilibrium was not addressed; nonetheless, it is not generally taken seriously despite being in the definition. (Mercury is round but known to be out of equilibrium today; it is universally considered as a planet according to the intent of the IAU and geophysical definitions, rather than to the letter.)

Two moons are included for comparison: Triton formed as a TNO, and Charon is larger than some dwarf planet candidates.

Largest measured candidates

The following trans-Neptunian objects have measured diameters at least  to within measurement uncertainties; this was the threshold to be considered a "highly likely" dwarf planet in Brown's early assessment. Grundy et al. speculated that 600 km to 700 km diameter could represent "the upper limit to retain substantial internal pore space", and that objects around 900 km could have collapsed interiors but fail to completely differentiate. The two satellites of TNOs that surpass this threshold have also been included: Pluto's moon Charon and Eris' moon Dysnomia. The next largest TNO moon is Orcus' moon Vanth at  and a poorly constrained , with an albedo of about 8%.

Ceres, generally accepted as a dwarf planet, is added for comparison. Also added for comparison is Triton, which is thought to have been a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt before it was captured by Neptune.

Bodies with very poorly known sizes (e.g.  "Farout") have been excluded. Complicating the situation for poorly known bodies is that a body assumed to be a large single object might turn out to be a binary or ternary system of smaller objects, such as  or Lempo. A 2021 occultation of  ("Buffy") found a chord of 560 km: if the body is approximately spherical, it is likely that the diameter is greater than 560 km, but if it is elongated, the mean diameter may well be less. Explanations and sources for the measured masses and diameters can be found in the corresponding articles linked in column "Designation" of the table.

The bodies with estimated diameter over 900 km are bolded; they have general consensus as being dwarfs, per the previous section. Charon is also bolded, as it has sometimes been considered a possible dwarf in its own right; Triton is bolded as a former KBO that is still rounded and geologically active. Orcus is put in the next category due to uncertainties.
Those with estimated diameter between 700 km and 900 km are in bold italic; most are borderline possibilities, but in most cases are too poorly known for much certainty. They tend to be dark, suggesting that they are not dwarf planets, but some might be dense enough to be fully solid bodies.
The others, having estimated diameter below 700 km, are unlikely to be dwarf planets on the basis of current evaluation, but may be transitional (partially compressed) bodies.
Light grey indicates objects whose densities may or may not be higher than 1.5 g/cm3.
Dark grey indicates those whose densities are known to be lower, and hence if the data is correct cannot be dwarf planets.
Satellites are highlighted in pink, as under the current definition a dwarf planet must directly orbit the Sun.

All of these categories are subject to change with further evidence.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Possible dwarf planets with measured sizes or masses(satellites Triton, Charon, Dysnomia included for comparison)
|-
! data-sort-type="number"| Designation
! data-sort-type="number" | H

! data-sort-type="number" | Geometricalbedo
! data-sort-type="number" | Diameter
!Method
! data-sort-type="number"| Mass
! data-sort-type="number"| Density
! Category
|-style="background:#ffb7c5"
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="0.81" | Neptune I Triton ||  || data-sort-value="77.5%"| 60% to 95% || style="background: #e0e0ff;" |
|direct||  || || satellite of Neptune
|-
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="134340" |  ||  || data-sort-value="57.5%"| 49% to 66% || style="background: #e0e0ff;" |
|direct||  |||| 2:3 resonant
|-
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="136199" |  || || 96% || style="background: #e0e0ff;" |
|occultation||  |||| SDO
|-
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="136108" |  || || 49% || style="background: #e0e0ff;" |
|occultation||  || || cubewano
|-
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="136472" |  || || 83% || style="background: #e0e0ff;" |
|occultation||  |||| cubewano
|-
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="225088" |  ||  || 14% || style="background: #e0e0ff;" |
|thermal||  |||| 3:10 resonant
|-style="background:#ffb7c5"
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="134340.5" |  ||  || data-sort-value="35%"| 20% to 50% || style="background: #e0e0ff;" |
|direct||  |||| satellite of Pluto
|-
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="50000" |  ||  || 11% || style="background: #e0e0ff;" |
|occultation||  |||| cubewano
|- style="background: #e8e8e8;"
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="90377" |  ||  || 32% ± 6% || style="background: #e0e0ff;" |
|thermal||? ||?|| detached
|-
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="1" |  ||  || 9% || style="background: #e0e0ff;" |
|direct||  |||| asteroid belt
|- style="background: #e8e8e8;"
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="90482" |  ||  || 23% ± 2% || style="background: #e0e0ff;" |
|thermal||  |||| 2:3 resonant
|- style="background: #e8e8e8;"
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="120347" |  || || 5% || style="background: #e0ffff;" |
|thermal||  |||| cubewano
|- style="background: #e8e8e8;"
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="307261" |  || || 10% || style="background: #e0ffff;" |
|occultation|| ||?|| cubewano
|- style="background: #e8e8e8;"
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="55565" |  || || 11% || style="background: #e0ffff;" |
|thermal|| ||?|| cubewano
|- style="background: #e8e8e8;"
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="174567" |  || || 11% || style="background: #e0ffff;" |
|occultation||  ||? or?|| cubewano
|- style="background: #e8e8e8;"
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="532037" |  ||  || 18% || style="background: #e0ffff;" |
|thermal|| ||?|| SDO
|- style="background: #e8e8e8;"
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="28978" | ' ||  || 10% || style="background: #e0ffff;" |
|occultation|| ||?|| 2:3 resonant
|- style="background: #cccccc;"
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="208996" |  ||  || 11% || style="background: #e0ffff;" |
|occultation|| |||| 2:3 resonant
|- style="background: #e8e8e8;"
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="90568" |  || || 8% || style="background: #e0ffff;" |
|thermal|| ||?|| cubewano
|- style="background: #e8e8e8;"
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="145452" |  ||  || 11% || style="background: #e0ffff;" |
|thermal|| ||?|| cubewano
|- style="background: #cccccc;"
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="55637" |  ||  || 12% || style="background: #e0ffff;" |
|thermal||  |||| cubewano
|- style="background: #cccccc;"
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="229762" | || || 14% || style="background: #e0ffff;" |
|occultation||  |||| SDO
|- style="background: #cccccc;"
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="20000" |  || || 12% || style="background: #e0ffff;" |
|thermal|| |||| cubewano
|- style="background: #e8e8e8;"
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="145451" | || || 11% || style="background: #e0ffff; " |
|occultation|| ||?|| SDO
|- style="background: #e8e8e8;"
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="992014202502" |  ||  || 14% || style="background: #e0ffff;" |
|thermal|| ||?|| SDO
|-style="background:#ffb7c5"
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="136199.5" | 136199 Eris I Dysnomia ||  || data-sort-value="5%"| % || style="background: #e0ffff;" |  || thermal || < || data-sort-value=""|  || satellite of Eris
|- style="background: #e8e8e8;"
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="19521" |  ||  || 5% || style="background: #e0ffff;" |
|thermal|| ||?|| cubewano
|- style="background: #e8e8e8;"
| style="text-align: left;" data-sort-value="78799" |  ||  || 4% || style="background: #e0ffff;" |
|thermal|| ||?|| SDO
|}

Brightest unmeasured candidates
For objects without a measured size or mass, sizes can only be estimated by assuming an albedo. Most sub-dwarf objects are thought to be dark, because they haven't been resurfaced; this means that they are also relatively large for their magnitudes. Below is a table for assumed albedos between 4% (the albedo of Salacia) and 20% (a value above which suggests resurfacing), and the sizes objects of those albedos would need to be (if round) to produce the observed absolute magnitude. Backgrounds are blue for >900 km and teal for >600 km.

 See also
 Lists of astronomical objects
 List of trans-Neptunian objects
 List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System
 List of former planets
 Planetary-mass moon

 References

 External links
NASA JPL Small-Body Database Search Engine
TNOs are cool public database, incl. diameters and albedos measured by Herschel and Spitzer to date, Herschel OT KP "TNOs are Cool: A Survey of the Transneptunian Region"
 How many dwarf planets are there in the outer solar system? (updates daily) (Mike Brown)
 Details on the dwarf planet size calculations (Mike Brown)
 Which are the Dwarfs in the Solar System? Tancredi, G.; Favre, S. Icarus'', Volume 195, Issue 2, p. 851–862.

Possible dwarf planets
Lists of trans-Neptunian objects


Vladimir Estragon were an avant-rock group founded in West Germany in 1988 by German composer and reed player Alfred Harth with FM Einheit, Ulrike Haage, and Phil Minton (UK).  In 1980 Harth produced the LP Es herrscht Uhu im Land on JAPO/ECM with the idea of integrating punk rock, free jazz and classical music and followed this design throughout the 80s in the groups Cassiber, Duck and Cover, Gestalt et Jive and Vladimir Estragon.Vladimir Estragon were using electronic arrangements whose preset-derived poetry was poisoned by oblique complexities and sudden animations entering the picture when less expected.

Vladimir Estragon performed their postmodern program during the years 1988–1989 as well as on the Berlin Jazz Festival and the Jazzfestival Münster. Despite having invitations for upcoming tours to Australia and the United States the group stopped too early when Haage left to join the pop group Rainbirds.

Name
The group's name referred to the characters in Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett. The group's album title was taken from a phrase in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake. Both names were chosen by Harth who had favored Samuel Beckett as a writer from around 1968 on. Harth interpreted the two characters Wladimir and Estragon in Waiting for Godot as West Germany and East Germany during the Cold War who are waiting for unification. Surprisingly to everybody the Iron Curtain collapsed some months after the foundation of the music group Vladimir Estragon.

Members
FM Einheit – percussion works, drums, stones
Alfred Harth - composition, tenor saxophone, alto saxophone, clarinet, bass clarinet
Ulrike Haage – composition programming, piano, synth
Phil Minton – vocals, trumpet

Discography
Three Quarks For Muster Mark (LP+CD, Enja Records/Tip Toe, 1989)

References

Sources
Jürgen Schwab: Der Frankfurt-Sound. Eine Stadt und ihre Jazzgeschichte(n). Frankfurt/Main: Societäts-Verlag, 2005, with 2 CDs,
Christoph Wagner: Brüche und Kontinuität.In “Neue Zeitschrift für Musik” 6/2007
FM Einheit in the www : Webpräsenz von FM Einheit
Massimo Ricci's review

External links

German progressive rock groups
Musical groups established in 1988