Jacobs is a patronymic medieval surname. Its origin is from the given name Jacob, derived from the Latin Jacobus, itself derived from the Hebrew language personal name Yaakov, from the Hebrew word akev ("heel"). It is common in English speaking countries and German speaking countries. There are many variant spellings. The first record of the surname is in 1244 in the "Cartularium Monasterii de Rameseia".
Jacobs is also an ancient Anglo-Saxon surname that came from the baptismal name Jacob. The surname Jacobs referred to the son of Jacob which belongs to the category of patronymic surnames.
People with the surname Jacobs include:

A
A. J. Jacobs (born 1968), American journalist and author
AJ Jacobs (rugby union) (born 1985), South African rugby referee
Aad Jacobs (born 1936), Dutch businessman
Abe Jacobs (1928–2023), New Zealand professional wrestler
Adolph Jacobs (1939–2014), American guitar player
Adrian Jacobs (born 1980), South African rugby player
Alan Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Alan Jacobs (academic) (born 1958), American writer and professor
Alan Jacobs (filmmaker), American film director and screenwriter
Aletta Jacobs (1854–1929), Dutch physician, feminist and pacifist
Alfred Jacobs (1897–1976), Australian activist for civil liberties and Aboriginal rights
Allan Jacobs (born 1928), American urban designer, planner and writer
Allen Jacobs American football player
Alma Smith Jacobs (1916–1997), American librarian
Ananda Jacobs (born 1983), American actress, singer, model, producer and composer
Andreas Jacobs (born 1963), German businessman
Andrew Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Andrew Jacobs (journalist), reporter for The New York Times and documentary film director and producer
Andrew Jacobs (lawyer) (1906–1992), lawyer, judge, and Congressman for one term, in Indiana
Andrew Jacobs, Jr. (1932–2013), lawyer, Indiana state legislator, and Congressman
Andy Jacobs (born 1952), British sports radio personality
Anja Jacobs (born 1974), German film director
Anthony Jacobs, Baron Jacobs (1931–2014), British businessman and politician
Ariël Jacobs (born 1953), Belgian football player and manager
Arnold Jacobs (1915–1998), American orchestral tuba player
Arnold Jacobs (cricketer) (1892–1974), Argentine cricketer
Art Jacobs (1902–1967), American baseball pitcher
Arthur Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Arthur Jacobs (1922–1996), English musicologist
Arthur Jacobs, New Zealand cricketer known as Bert Jacobs (cricketer)
Arthur I. Jacobs (1858–1918), American drill-chuck innovator
Arthur P. Jacobs (1922–1973), American film producer

B
Bárbara Jacobs (born 1947), Mexican writer
Ben Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Ben Jacobs (American football) (born 1988), American football player
Ben Jacobs (Australian rules footballer) (born 1992), Australian rules footballer
 Ben Jacobs (journalist), U.S. journalist
Ben Jacobs (rugby union) (born 1982), Australian rugby player
Benjamin Jacobs (dentist) (1919–2004), Polish Jew, Auschwitz survivor
Benjamin R. Jacobs (1879–1963), American biochemist
Bert Jacobs (1941–1999), Dutch football player and manager
Beverley Jacobs (born 1965), Canadian First Nation lawyer and activist
Bobby Jacobs (born 1965), Dutch bassist and composer for the prog-rock group Focus
Brad Jacobs (curler) (born 1985), Canadian curler
Brandon Jacobs (born 1982), American football player
Brian Jacobs (born 1995), Dutch footballer
Brian Jacobs (actor), American actor
Bruce Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Bruce Jacobs (radio host) (born 1964), American talk radio host
Bruce Jacobs (field hockey) (born 1975), South African field hockey player
J. Bruce Jacobs (1943–2019), American-born Australian academic

C
C. Scott Jacobs, American communication theorist
Cameron Jacobs (born 1989), South African rugby player
Carrie Jacobs-Bond (1862–1946), American singer, pianist, and songwriter
Charles Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Charles Fenno Jacobs (1904–1974), American photographer
Charles Jacobs (political activist), with American Anti-Slavery Group
Charlotte Jacobs (1847–1916), Dutch feminist and pharmacist
Chris Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Chris Jacobs (actor), American co-host of Discovery Channel television show Overhaulin'''
Chris Jacobs (swimmer) (born 1964), American swimmer
Christian Jacobs (born 1972), American musician, television producer, voice actor and former child actor
Christianne Meneses Jacobs (born 1971), Nicaraguan American writer, editor, and teacher
Christopher Jacobs (politician) (born 1967), American politician
Clare Jacobs (1886–1971), American pole vaulter

D
Daniel Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Dan Jacobs (trumpeter) (born 1942), American jazz trumpeter
Dan Jacobs (born 1982), American metal guitarist with the band Atreyu
Danie Jacobs (1904–1999), South African Olympic athlete
Daniel Jacobs (boxer) (born 1987), American professional boxer
Danny Jacobs (actor) (born 1968), American voice actor
Danny Jacobs (footballer) (born 1980), Australian rules footballer
Dave Jacobs (born 1957), American football player
David Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
David Jacobs (broadcaster) (1926–2013), BBC radio and television presenter and actor
David Jacobs (cricketer, born 1989), South African cricketer
David Jacobs (gymnast), American gymnast
David Jacobs (Ontario politician), Canadian lawyer and politician
David Jacobs (sociologist), American sociologist
David Jacobs (steroid dealer) ( 1973–2008), American personal trainer
David Jacobs (table tennis) (born 1977), Indonesian table tennis player
David Jacobs (Welsh athlete) (1888–1976), Welsh sprinter
David Jacobs (writer) (1939–2023), American creator/writer of the television series Dallas and Knots LandingDavid Anthony Jacobs, Baron Jacobs (1931–2014), British businessman and Liberal Democrat politician
David M. Jacobs (born 1942), American UFO and abduction phenomenon researcher
Davy Jacobs (born 1982), South African cricketer
Debbie Jacobs (born 1955), American disco singer
Dennis Jacobs (born 1944), American judge
Denny Jacobs (born 1937), American politician
Dolly Jacobs (born 1957), American circus aerialist

E
Edgar P. Jacobs (1904–1987), Belgian comic book writer and artist
Édouard Jacobs (1851–1925), Belgian cellist
Elizabeth Jacobs (anthropologist) (1903–1983), American anthropologist
Elsy Jacobs (1933–1988), Luxembourgian road bicycle racer
Elmer F. Jacobs (died 1945), American architect
Ethel D. Jacobs (1910–2001), American racehorse owner/breeder
Eva E. Jacobs (1921–2015), American statistician

F
Ferdinand Jacobs ( 1713–1783), English Hudson's Bay Company officer
Ferne Jacobs (born 1942), an American fiber artist
Ferris Jacobs, Jr. (1836–1886), American (New York) politician and Union Army general
Francis Jacobs (born 1939), British jurist
Franklin Jacobs (born 1957), an American high jumper
Christian Friedrich Wilhelm Jacobs known as Friedrich Jacobs (1764–1847), German classical scholar

G
Garry Jacobs (born 1946), American sociologist
Gary Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Gary Jacobs (boxer) (born 1965), Scottish boxer
Gary Jacobs (solicitor) (c. 1946–2002), British lawyer
Gary Jacobs (writer) (born 1952), American television comedy writer and producer
Gary E. Jacobs (born 1962), American businessman and philanthropist
George Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
George Jacobs, Sr. ( 1620–1692), hanged for witchcraft in Salem witch trials
George Jacobs (inventor) (1877–1945), American inventor
George Jacobs (basketball) known as "Doc" Jacobs (died 1968), American basketball coach
Georges Jacobs (born 1940), Belgian businessman
Gerald Jacobs, British author
 Gidi Jacobs (1935–2016), Dutch football player and manager
Gillian Jacobs (born 1982), American actress
Glenn Jacobs (born 1967), American professional wrestler known as "Kane"
Graeme Jacobs (born 1944), Australian rules footballer

H
Hannah Jacobs, British illustrator and animator
Hans Jacobs (1907–1994), German sailplane designer and pioneer
Harold Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Harold M. Jacobs (1912–1995), Jewish and civic leader in New York
Harold R. Jacobs (born 1939), American author and teacher of mathematics
Harriet Jacobs (1813–1897), African-American writer and abolitionist
Harry Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Harry Jacobs (American football) (1937–2021), American football player
Harry Jacobs (Australian footballer) (1913–2000), Australian rules footballer
Harry Jacobs (conductor) (1888–1988), Australia musician
Harry Jacobs (tug of war) (fl. 1904), American tug of war athlete
Harry Allan Jacobs (1872–1932), American architect
Heidi Hayes Jacobs (born 1948), American educator and businesswoman
Helen Jacobs (1908–1997), American tennis player ranked world #1
Helene Jacobs (1906–1993), German Resistance member
Henry Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Henry Jacobs (1924–2015), American humorist
Henry Jacobs (priest) (1824–1901), first Dean of Christchurch, New Zealand
Henry Jacobs (1924–2015), American sound artist and humorist
Henry Barton Jacobs (1858–1939), American physician
Henry Eyster Jacobs (1844–1911), American religious figure and writer
Herbert Jacobs, (1903–1987), American journalist and inventor of method of crowd measurement
Hirsch Jacobs (1904–1970), American horse trainer
Howard Jacobs, American sports lawyer

I
Irwin M. Jacobs (born 1933), American co-founder of Qualcomm
Israel Jacobs (1726–1796), colonial Pennsylvania politician

J
Jack Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Jack Jacobs (1919–1974), American and Canadian football player
Jack Jacobs (cricketer) (1909–2003), New Zealand cricketer
Jack B. Jacobs, Delaware judge
Jack H. Jacobs (born 1945), American Medal of Honor recipient
Jaco Jacobs (born 1980), South African children's book author
Jacob Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Jacob Jacobs (painter) (1812–1879), Belgian painter
Jacob Jacobs (theater) (1890–1977), Yiddish theater and vaudeville director, producer, etc.
James Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
James Jacobs (game designer), American game designer
James B. Jacobs (1947–2020), American law professor
Jamie Jacobs, second individual to assume identity of American western hero Phantom Rider
Jamie Jacobs (footballer) (born 1997), Dutch (soccer) football player
Jane Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Jane Jacobs (1916–2006), American-Canadian urbanist
Jane Jacobs (baseball) (1924–2015),  All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player
Jane M. Jacobs (born 1958), Australian geographer
Janet Jacobs (born 1928), All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player
Janice L. Jacobs (born 1946), American Foreign Service Officer
Jay Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Jay Jacobs (broadcaster) (born 1938), American sports announcer
Jay Jacobs (businessman) (1911–2013), American founder of Jay Jacobs clothing retailer
Jay Jacobs (politician) (born 1953), American politician
Jay Jacobs (athletic director) (born  1964), American athletic director
Jean-Charles Jacobs (1821–1907), Belgian physician and entomologist
Jerry Jacobs (disambiguation), multiple people
Jill Jacobs (born 1951), American educator and wife of President Joe Biden
Jill Jacobs (rabbi) (born 1975), American Conservative rabbi
Jim Jacobs (born 1942), American composer, lyricist, and writer
Jim Jacobs (customizer), American hot rodder and customizer
Jimmy Jacobs (born 1984), American professional wrestler
Jimmy Jacobs (handballer) (1930–1988), American handball player and boxing manager
Joan Jacobs Brumberg (born 1944), American social historian
Jochem Jacobs (born 1977), Dutch guitarist, producer and recording engineer
Joe Jacobs (American football) (born 1970), American Arena Football league player
Joe Jacobs (actor) (born 1983), English actor
Joe Jacobs (speedway rider) (born 1993), British speedway rider
Joey Jacobs (born 1960), British boxer
Joey Jacobs Sr. (born 1937), British boxer
John Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
John Jacobs (activist) (1947–1997), SDS member and "weatherman"
John Jacobs (American golfer) (born 1945), American golfer
John Jacobs (English golfer) (1925–2017), English golfer
John Jacobs (evangelist) (born 1959), American evangelist and bodybuilder
John Jacobs (producer), American film and television producer
John Jacobs (student leader) (1947–1997), American student and anti-war activist
John C. Jacobs (1838–1894), New York politician
John E. Jacobs (1903–1971), American educator
John Henry Jacobs (1847–1934), American sandstone industrialist
John Hornor Jacobs (born 1971), American author
Johnny Jacobs (1916–1982), American television announcer
Jon Jacobs (actor) (born 1966), British actor and entrepreneur
Jos Jacobs (born 1953), Belgian road bicycle racer
Josef Jacobs (1894–1978), German pilot
Joseph Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Joseph Jacobs (1854–1916), Australian-born folklorist, literary critic and historian
Joseph J. Jacobs (1916–2004), American engineer and businessman
Josh Jacobs (born 1998), American football player
Julian Jacobs (born 1937), American judge
Julian Jacobs (basketball) (born 1994), American basketball player
June Jacobs, British Jewish peace activist

K
Kate Jacobs (born 1959), American singer-songwriter
Katie Jacobs Stanton (born 1969), American businesswoman, head of international strategy at Twitter
Keaghan Jacobs (born 1989), South African footballer
Ken Jacobs (born 1933), American experimental filmmaker
Kenneth Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Kenneth Jacobs (1917–2015), Australian judge
Kenneth M. Jacobs (born  1958), American businessman, CEO of Lazard
Klaus Johann Jacobs (1936–2008), German-born Swiss billionaire
Kristin Jacobs (1959-2020), American politician
Kyle Jacobs (disambiguation), several people

L
 Lamont Marcell Jacobs, (born 1994), Italian 100m Olympic Champion
L. Rowley Jacobs, (c.1823–1890s), itinerant American portrait painter
Laura Jacobs, American novelist, journalist, and dance critic
Laura Ann Jacobs, (born 1960) American sculptor and mixed media artist
Lawrence Jacobs (born 1955), American executive and lawyer with News Corporation
Leighshe Jacobs (born 1985), South African cricketer
Leon Jacobs (born 1995), American football player
Lesedi Sheya Jacobs (born 1997), Namibian tennis player
Lewis Jacobs (1904–1997), American author, director and publisher
Lily Jacobs (born 1951), Dutch politician
Lionel M. Jacobs (1840–1922), American businessman and politician
Lodewijk Jacobs (born 1951), Dutch sprint canoer
Lohan Jacobs (born 1991), South African rugby player
Lou Jacobs (1903–1992), American circus clown
Lou Jacobs (footballer) (1884–1936), Australian rules footballer
Louis Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Louis Jacobs (1920–2006), British Orthodox rabbi
Louis L. Jacobs (born 1948), American vertebrate paleontologist

M
Manis Jacobs (1782–1839), Dutch-born rabbi in New Orleans
Marc Jacobs (born 1963), American fashion designer
Marcell Jacobs (born 1994), Italian athlete
Margaret Jacobs (artist) (born 1963), Native American artist
Margaret D. Jacobs (born 1963), American historian
Marie-Josée Jacobs (born 1950), politician from Luxembourg
Marion Walter Jacobs (Little Walter''') (1930–1968), American blues harmonica player
Mark Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Mark Jacobs (author) (born 1951), American writer and diplomat
Mark Jacobs (video game designer), American video game executive
Mary C. Jacobs (1828–1909), American horticulturalist and writer
Mary Frick Garrett Jacobs (1851–1936), American socialite, philanthropist, and art collector
Matthew Jacobs (born 1956), British actor and writer for TV
Matthew Jacobs (rugby union) (born 1985), English-born rugby player
Maxwell Ralph Jacobs (1905–1979), Australian forester
Melanie B. Jacobs, American legal scholar and administrator
Michael Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Michael Jacobs (art and travel writer) (1952–2014), travel and arts writer
Michael Jacobs (producer) (born 1955), American producer and playwright
Michael Jacobs (footballer) (born 1991), English footballer
Michael J. Jacobs (born 1952), English photojournalist
Mike Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Mike Jacobs (shortstop) (1877–1949), American baseball player
Mike Jacobs (boxing) (1880–1953), American boxing promoter
Mike Jacobs (Illinois politician) (born 1960), American (Illinois) politician
Mike Jacobs (Georgia politician) (born  1976), American (Georgia) politician
Mike Jacobs (first baseman) (born 1980), American baseball player

N
Nancy Jacobs (born 1951), American (Maryland) politician
Nat Jacobs (born 1939), English boxer
Noel Jacobs (1898–1977), English commander in the Shanghai Volunteer Corps
Norman Jacobs (born 1947), British author

O
Olu Jacobs (born 1942), Nigerian actor
Onno Jacobs (born 1964), Dutch businessman associated with FC Feyenoord
Oral Jacobs (1911-1995), American politician
Orange Jacobs (1827–1914), American lawyer, newspaper publisher, and politician
Otto Jacobs (1889–1955), American baseball catcher

P
Parker Jacobs (born 1975), American musician and graphic designer
Patricia Jacobs (born 1934), British geneticist
Patti Ruffner Jacobs (1875–1935), American suffragist
Paul Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Paul Jacobs (ice hockey) (1894–1973), Canadian First Nation hockey player
Paul Jacobs (activist) (1918–1978), American activist
Paul Jacobs (Flemish writer) (born 1949), Flemish author
Paul Jacobs (organist) (born 1977), American organist
Paul Jacobs (pianist) (1930–1983), American pianist
Paul E. Jacobs (born 1962), American Chief Executive Officer of Qualcomm
Paul Emil Jacobs (1802–1866), German painter
Paul Jacobs (composer) (born 1950), American composer and musician
Pete Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Pete Jacobs (musician) (1899–c.1952), American jazz drummer
Pete Jacobs (triathlete) (born 1981), Australian triathlete
Peter Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Peter Jacobs (fencer) (born 1938), British Olympic fencer
Peter Jacobs (lacrosse) (born 1973), American lacrosse player
Petrus Jacobs (1910–1967), South African military commander
Pieter Jacobs (born 1986), Belgian road bicycle racer
Pim Jacobs (1934–1996), Dutch jazz pianist and television presenter

Q
Quinton Jacobs (born 1979), Namibian footballer

R
Regina Jacobs (born 1963), American middle distance runner
René Jacobs (born 1946), Belgian conductor and countertenor
Sir Roland Ellis Jacobs (1891–1981), South Australian businessman
Rich Jacobs (born 1972), American artist
Richard Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Richard Jacobs (businessman) (1925–2009), American businessman
Richard Jacobs (rabbi) (born 1956), American Reform rabbi
Rick Jacobs, founder and chair of the Courage Campaign
Ridley Jacobs (born 1967), Antiguan cricketer
Rob Jacobs (born 1943), Dutch football player and manager
Robert Nelson Jacobs (born 1954), American screenwriter
Rodger Jacobs (1959–2016), American writer
Ron Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Ron Jacobs (rugby union) (1928–2002), English rugby player
Ron Jacobs (broadcaster) (1937–2016), American broadcaster
Ron Jacobs (basketball) (1942–2015), American basketball coach
Rusty Jacobs (born 1967), American film actor

S
Sam Jacobs (bishop) (born 1938), American Roman Catholic bishop
Sam Jacobs (footballer) (born 1988), Australian rules footballer
Sam Jacobs (judge) (1920–2011), Justice of the Supreme Court of South Australia
S. J. Jacobs, Samuel Joshua Jacobs (1853–1937), South Australian businessman
Samuel Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Samuel William Jacobs (1871–1938), Canadian lawyer and politician
Sheek Louch (born Sean Divine Jacobs 1976), American rapper
Sherelle Jacobs, British journalist
Silveria Jacobs (born 1968), Prime Minister of Sint Maarten
Simeon Jacobs (1839–1885), South African judge
Simmone Jacobs (born 1966), British sprinter
Solomon Jacobs (1861–1920), English rabbi
Steve Jacobs (born 1967), Australian actor
Steven Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Steven Jacobs (television presenter) (born 1967), Australian television presenter and actor
Steven Jacobs (footballer) (born 1987), Belgian footballer
Steven L. Jacobs (born 1947), American historian
Stu Jacobs (born 1965), New Zealand footballer
Susan S. Jacobs (born  1945), American diplomat and children's rights activist

T
Tanja Jacobs, Canadian actor and director
Thomas Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
Thomas M. Jacobs (1926–2014), American Nordic skier
Thornwell Jacobs (1877–1956), American educator, author, and Presbyterian minister.
Tim Jacobs (born 1952), Canadian ice hockey player
Tommy Jacobs (1935–2022), American golfer
Tramain Jacobs (born 1992), American football player
Trevor Jacobs (1946–2014), English footballer

U

V

W
W. W. Jacobs (1863–1943), English author
Walter Jacobs (1930–1968), American blues harmonica player
Walter Abraham Jacobs (1883–1967), American chemist
Wayne Jacobs (born 1969), English footballer and football coach
Werner Jacobs (1909–1999), German film director
Wil Jacobs (born 1960), Dutch handball player
Wilfred Jacobs (1919–1995), Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda
William Jacobs (disambiguation), several people, including:
William H. Jacobs (1831–1882), German-born American legislator and banker

X

Y
 Yehudah Jacobs (c. 1940–2020), American rabbi and mashgiach ruchani in Beth Medrash Govoha

Z
 Zina Jacobs (1821–1901), American Mormon pioneer

See also
Justice Jacobs (disambiguation)

References

Dutch-language surnames
English-language surnames
Patronymic surnames
Surnames from given names


Mahabat Khan () (full title Mahabat Khan Khan-e-Khanan Sipah-Salar Zamana Beg Kabuli), born Zamana Beg (died 1634), was a prominent Mughal general and statesman, perhaps best known for his coup against the Mughal Emperor Jahangir in 1626. He also served Subahdar of Malwa Subah from 1611 to 1623 and Bengal Subah during 1625–1626. He earned the title Khan-i-Khanan from emperor Shah Jahan.

Early life
Born Zamana Beg, Khan's father was Ghiwar Beg Kabuli who came from Kabul and subsequently to India. He was of Persian origin.

Career in the Mughal Army
Upon entering the Mughal service, Zamana Beg enjoyed a rapid ascent through the ranks of the Mughal army. He began his military career in the personal forces of Crown Prince Salim (who later went on to become Emperor Jahangir). Having endeared himself to the crown prince, he was soon made an officer in charge of 500 men. Prince Salim sent him to Malik Ambar to remove the campaign of Prince Daniyal in the Deccan. He also led Salim’s army during the Rajputana campaign in Mewar. Mahabat Khan was gifted a concubine from Mewar; she died in childbirth.

Upon Jahangir's rise to the throne in 1605, he was granted the honorific title Mahabat Khan, and was promoted to the rank of commander of 1,500 men, and bakhshi (treasurer) of the emperor's private privy purse.  Mahabat Khan rose to prominence in 1623, when he was made commander of the Mughal forces sent to defeat the unsuccessful rebellion of Prince Khurram (who later went on to become Emperor Shah Jahan) in the Deccan.  For his loyal service, he was recognised as a 'pillar of the state', and was ultimately promoted to chief commander of the Mughal army, with a personal force of 7,000 men.

Rebellion
Mahabat Khan's success in quelling Prince Khurram's rebellion was not met with pleasure by many members of the Mughal court, who began to fear and resent the general's growing prestige and influence.  Empress Nur Jahan was especially concerned, and in an effort to curb Mahabat Khan's rising power, she arranged to have him made governor of Bengal, a province far removed from the Mughal capital at Lahore. Furthermore, in an effort to humiliate him in the imperial court, Nur Jahan had him charged with disloyal conduct and ordered him to return to Lahore to face trial. As a result of Nur Jahan's machinations against him, Mahabat Khan decided to take action, and so in 1626, he led an army of loyal Rajput soldiers to the Punjab.  He had also brought the wives and families of many of them, so that, if driven to extremity, they would fight to the last for the lives and honour of themselves and their families . Meanwhile, Jahangir and his retinue were preparing to head to Kabul, and were encamped on the banks of the River Jhelum.  Mahabat Khan and his forces attacked the royal encampment, and successfully took the emperor hostage; Nur Jahan, however, managed to escape.  Mahabat Khan declared himself emperor of India at Kabul, however his success was short-lived.

Nur Jahan, with the help of nobles who were still loyal to Jahangir, came up with a plan to free her husband.  She surrendered herself to Mahabat Khan, and once reunited with her husband, put her plan into action. She had Jahangir convince Mahabat Khan that he was satisfied with the current arrangement, as it had freed him from her clutches. Mahabat Khan believed that he had won over the former emperor, failing to realise that Jahangir was in fact siding with Nur Jahan. Consequently, he decreased the Rajput guards that he had placed around Jahangir, and prepared to return to Lahore with the captive emperor.  Meanwhile, Nur Jahan arranged for an army to meet them en route to Lahore; in the ensuing battle, Nur Jahan's forces were victorious, and Jahangir was freed from captivity. Mahabat Khan with the help of Raja Nathu Mall of Majhauli  settled the remaining wounded Rajputs and their family in the forests of Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh. Thus Mahabat Khan's brief reign lasted approximately 100 days.

Later life and death
Following his unsuccessful coup, Khan fled to the Deccan. There, Prince Khurram convinced him to surrender himself to Jahangir. However, with the death of Jahangir shortly thereafter in October 1627, Khan went unpunished.  Upon Prince Khurram's rise to the throne as Emperor Shah Jahan, Mahabat Khan was appointed governor of Ajmer.  He was later transferred to a post in the Deccan, where he died in 1634. His body was carried back to Delhi, where he was buried on the ground of the shrine of Qadam Sharif. Upon death, his eldest son, Mirza Amanullah, was awarded the title 'Khan Zaman', while his second son, Luhrasp, was granted his late father's title, Mahabat Khan.

References

1634 deaths
Subahdars of Bengal
Mughal generals
Year of birth unknown


The following events occurred in November 1968:

November 1, 1968 (Friday)
The bombardment of North Vietnam by the United States halted at 9:00 in the evening local time as airplanes stopped flying missions, ships stopped firing shells and ground units near the border halted artillery fire.
Heavy rains in north Italy began, causing flash flooding of the Toce River and its streams and killing 61 people in Valle Mosso.  Another 12 were found in the surrounding Province of Biella within its first day.
The MPAA's new rating system went into effect, with films branded "G", "M", "R" or "X".  "M" (for mature audiences) later became "PG" (parental guidance suggested).
Born: Silvio Fauner, Italian cross-country skier and 1995 world champion in the 50 km race; in Pieve di Cadore
Died: Georgios Papandreou, 80, Prime Minister of Greece 1944-1945, 1963 and 1964-1965, died shortly after being released from house arrest, and the day after surgery for a perforated ulcer.

November 2, 1968 (Saturday)

An FBI document of a conversation between two Nixon campaign workers, future Attorney General John Mitchell and Asian-American lobbyist Anna Chennault confirmed her discussion that she had contacted South Vietnam ambassador to the U.S. Bui Diem to confirm that South Vietnam would avoid participating in the Paris Peace Talks.  An author would later describe this as Chennault and Mitchell "conducting a private foreign policy", a violation of United States law.
South Vietnam's President Nguyen Van Thieu derailed what appeared to be the beginning of the end of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War by announcing "a wildly cheering session of the National Assembly" that South Vietnam would refuse to participate in the Paris Peace Talks agreed to by the United States, North Vietnam and the Viet Cong.  "The Republic of Vietnam government is very sorry that such conditions for direct and serious talks between us and Hanoi," Thieu told legislators, "have not yet come about.  And therefore, the Republic of Vietnam cannot participate in the present Paris conference."  At the same time, North Vietnamese negotiators in Paris said that it was up to the United States to guarantee that South Vietnam would join the peace talks.

November 3, 1968 (Sunday)

The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) engineered the successful escape of founder George Habash from a prison in Syria, along with two other PFLP leaders, Faiz Qaddura and Ali Bushnaq.  All three had been arrested on March 19, and PFLP efforts to have them released by diplomatic means had failed.
Born: Debbie Rochon, Canadian horror film actress, in Vancouver
Died: Vern Stephens, 48, American baseball shortstop, 1945 American League home run leader; of a heart attack

November 4, 1968 (Monday)
The federal government of Yugoslavia made a compromise with the Albanian-speaking Kosovan minority (residing in its socialist republic of the Serbian SR) to change the name of the Serbian province from "The Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija" to "the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo", eliminating the reference to the western portion and allowing the population "wide use" of a flag incorporating the double-headed eagle symbol of the Albanian people.
Born:
Lee Germon, New Zealand cricketer and wicket-keeper; in Christchurch
Miles Long, American pornographic film director; in San Francisco
Daniel Landa, Czech punk rock musician; in Prague, Czechoslovakia

November 5, 1968 (Tuesday)

Former U.S. Vice-President and Republican Party nominee Richard M. Nixon was elected President of the United States, defeating incumbent Vice President and Democrat Hubert H. Humphrey, and American Independent Party candidate George C. Wallace.  Although the popular vote was close, with Nixon winning 31,783,783 votes and Humphrey 31,271,839 the electoral vote (301 to 191) ultimately would not be.  Whether Nixon would be the winner, or whether no party would have a majority and cause the election to be decided by the House of Representatives, would remain in doubt until almost noon the next day.  With four states (and 66 electoral votes) remaining in doubt, Nixon had 261 of the 270 needed to win, Humphrey had 166 and Wallace had 45 while the media waited for Chicago Mayor Daley to release the results of the tabulation there, which would determine who won Illinois and its 26 votes.  If Humphrey had carried all four states, no candidate would have had 270 (Nixon 261, Humphrey 224 and Wallace 45).  Humphrey, speaking from Minneapolis, conceded defeat in the U.S. presidential election shortly after 11:00 in the morning local time and telephoned his congratulations to the President-Elect.
Luis A. Ferré was elected Governor of Puerto Rico, defeating incumbent governor Roberto Sánchez Vilella and becoming the first governor to have won on a platform seeking statehood for Puerto Rico.
Shirley Chisholm of Brooklyn, New York became the first African-American woman to be elected to the United States Congress, defeating the heavily-favored James Farmer, a black candidate for New York's Liberal Party and the former national director of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE).
The Paris Peace Talks, scheduled to have begun on Wednesday, were called off less than 24 hours before they were to open, after the Viet Cong negotiator, Nguyen Thi Binh, said at her press conference that the group had a series of demands before it would negotiate, and the conditions were unacceptable to South Vietnam.
Born:
Sam Rockwell, American film, stage and TV actor; in Daly City, California
Penny Wong, Foreign Minister of Australia since 2022; in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia

November 6, 1968 (Wednesday)
The longest student strike in American history began at San Francisco State University, where the Black Student Union joined with a coalition of Asian-American students and white students who supported the cause.
Born:
Sam Rockwell, American film actor, in Daly City, California
Kelly Rutherford, American television actress, as Kelly Rutherford Deane in Elizabethtown, Kentucky
Died: Charles Munch, 77, German-born symphony conductor and former music director for the Boston Symphony Orchestra

November 7, 1968 (Thursday)
Students in Pakistan marched in the streets of the capital, Rawalpindi, and in Dacca, the regional capital of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) to demand the restoration of democracy and guarantees of freedom. Police opened fire on the Rawalpindi marchers, killing three of them, and the harsh response would lead to nationwide protests and members of the public participating along with students.  Over a period of five months that would not end until the resignation of dictator Mohammad Ayub Khan on March 25, 1969, more than ten million people would participate in the protests, despite arrests and killings.

French journalist Beate Klarsfeld assaulted West Germany's Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger at a meeting of the Christian Democratic Union in West Berlin, approaching him on stage and slapping him in the face to bring worldwide attention to his Nazi past.  Kiesinger, though not charged with war crimes after the fall of Nazi Germany, had been the deputy director of radio broadcasting for the Reich's Foreign Ministry during the war.  Klarsfeld would receive a one-year prison sentence.
Died: Gordon Coventry, 67, Australian rules football forward who was the first to kick 100 goals in a season; his career record of 1,299 career goals for Collingwood of the Victorian Football League would remain unbroken for 60 years until 1997

November 8, 1968 (Friday)

The Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals, an attempt to standardize traffic signs in the nations of Europe and in signatory nations in the rest of the world, opened for signature.  The United States, China, Japan and Australia are not participants, but Russia, India, the United Kingdom, South Korea and Mexico are among those that are.
Bruce Reynolds, the leader, and last of the 15 perpetrators, of the Great Train Robbery of August 8, 1963, was arrested after more than five years on the run.  Reynolds had been traced by Scotland Yard to a seaside resort near Torquay.  Reynolds and his family had recently returned to the United Kingdom after living lavishly in Mexico and France, partly out of his concern about how his associates were handling "his money"; detective Tommy Butler surprised Reynolds at the Torquay home, and Reynolds reportedly said, "I'm glad it's over.  It's no life for anyone, always drifting about."  Reynolds would serve seven years of a 25-year prison sentence before being paroled.
The United States launched the Pioneer 9 satellite into orbit around the Sun on an "assignment as a robot interplanetary weatherman on the lookout for solar radiation storms hazardous to moon-bound astronauts." Pioneer 9 has the closest orbit of the series, coming within  of the Sun.
The divorce between the Beatles' John Lennon and his first wife, Cynthia Lennon, became official, a little more than five months after Cynthia had returned to the couple's home at Weybridge, Surrey, and found that Yoko Ono had moved in.  Lennon and Ono would marry a little more than four months later, on March 29.
Born:
Aitana Sánchez-Gijón, Spanish film actress, in Rome, Italy
Parker Posey, American film actress, in Baltimore
Zara Whites, Dutch-born pornographic film actress and animal rights activist; as Esther Kooiman in 's-Gravendeel

November 9, 1968 (Saturday)
The most widely felt earthquake in United States history, noticed by millions of people in portions of 23 states, struck at 11:02 in the morning Central Time, with an epicenter in Hamilton County, Illinois, near the village of Broughton.  Although the quake was only 5.4 magnitude and caused no fatalities, the tremors caused damage and injuries as far away as St. Louis and shaking in Chicago.
Born: Nazzareno Carusi, Italian pianist, in Celano
Died: Gerald Mohr, 54, American film, radio and television actor; of a heart attack

November 10, 1968 (Sunday)
The Soviet Union launched Zond 6, an unmanned lunar probe toward the Moon.  When the high gain antenna and main star tracker system failed to deploy, ground control was able to use a backup system and guided the spacecraft in a flyby around the Moon on November 14 at an altitude of  and to photograph both sides of the Moon.  An attempt to reorient the Zond 6 on its return to Earth resulted in the overheating of a seal and the depressurization of the craft cabin, killing all of the biological specimens inside and damaging the altimeter.  Because of the damage, the altimeter malfunctioned and jettisoned the craft's parachute at the altitude of .  Some film was recovered from the wreckage, including the first color pictures of the Moon.
A family of three men from Yemen was arrested in New York City on charges of a conspiracy to assassinate President-elect Richard Nixon.  The NYPD raided the Brooklyn apartment of Ahmad Rageh Namer and his two sons, Hussein and Abdo, after an informant said that the group had offered him a large amount of money to carry out the act because he was an expert marksman.  At the apartment, police confiscated a carbine and a rifle, 24 rounds of ammunition, and three long knives. The three men were later acquitted of the conspiracy charge when their defense attorney made the case that the informant held a grudge against them and there was no other credible evidence to indicate that they had planned an assassination.
Born:
Tracy Morgan, American comedian and television actor; in the Bronx, New York
Ishtar, Israeli singer, as Esther "Eti" Zach in Kiryat Ata

November 11, 1968 (Monday)

The Maldives, which had become fully independent as a sultanate on July 26, 1965, became a republic in accordance with the results of a referendum on the monarchy that had been conducted on April 1. Ibrahim Nasir was sworn in as President of the Maldives. During an eight-month period in 1953, when the set of Indian Ocean islands had been a British protectorate, Mohamed Amin Didi had chosen to be the President rather than to accept being a sultan.
The new Flag of Rhodesia was raised by the white-minority government at Salisbury (now Harare, Zimbabwe).  The Union Jack, flag of the United Kingdom, had been hauled down the afternoon before, marking the last time that a British colonial flag was flown in Africa.
Born: David L. Cook, American Christian country music singer; in Pascagoula, Mississippi

November 12, 1968 (Tuesday)

The "Brezhnev Doctrine" was formally announced by Soviet Union Communist Party leader Leonid Brezhnev in a speech at the Congress of the Polish Workers' Party.  Almost three months after the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia that brought an end to the reforms of the "Prague Spring", Brezhnev declared that "We emphatically oppose interference in the affairs of any states", but also adding that "When external and internal forces hostile to socialism try to turn the development of a given socialist country in the direction of the restoration of the capitalist system... when a threat arises to the cause of socialism in that country... this is no longer merely a problem for that country's people, but a common problem, the concern of all socialist countries."
The U.S. Supreme Court issued its 9 to 0 ruling in Epperson v. Arkansas, invalidating a 1928 Arkansas statute that prohibited the teaching of human evolution, agreeing that it was a violation of the provision of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution against any "law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech".
NASA announced that it would launch three astronauts to be the first people ever to orbit the Moon, probably on December 21, for a six-day mission on Apollo 8.
Born:
Sammy Sosa, Dominican Republic-born baseball player with 609 career home runs; as Samuel Peralta in San Pedro de Macorís
Kathleen Hanna, American musician (Bikini Kill, Le Tigre), in Portland, Oregon

November 13, 1968 (Wednesday)
The Northrop HL-10 wingless aircraft, nicknamed "the flying flatiron", made its first successful rocket-powered flight, 21 days after the engines failed to ignite on the first powered test.  The first 11 tests had been limited to gliding to test the craft's lift.  NASA pilot John A. Manke guided the craft from  to  and reached a speed of up to  after the HL-10 had been dropped from a B-52 bomber.
Robbie Irons of the St. Louis Blues set a record, since broken, for shortest National Hockey League career, tending goal for three minutes and one second in a game against the New York Rangers.
Born: Pat Hentgen, American baseball pitcher and 1996 Cy Young Award winner; in Detroit

November 14, 1968 (Thursday)

Yale University announced that it would admit women students for the first time in its 267 year history, beginning with the 1969-1970 academic year.  The Yale Corporation (the university's board of trustees) had approved the proposal, made by university president Kingman Brewster, Jr., on November 9 and referred it to faculty for ratification.  In the Thursday faculty meeting, the vote was 200 in favor, 1 against.   Yale's sister institution, the formerly all-women Vassar College, began admitting male students for the same year.
U.S. Marine PFC Francis Baldano was killed in South Vietnam while manning an ambush position in the Quang Tri Province, not by a combatant, but by a tiger that attacked him while he was lying in wait.
Died: Ramón Menéndez Pidal, 99, Spanish philologist and scholar who holds the record for most times nominated for a Nobel Prize, on 23 different occasions between 1931 and 1966; however, he was never awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

November 15, 1968 (Friday)
A suspect was arrested in England's Cannock Chase murders, where four young girls (ranging in age from 5 to 10 years old) had been killed in Staffordshire since the summer of 1965   Detectives from Scotland Yard had been closing in on Raymond Leslie Morris, a factory foreman who lived in Walsall.  On November 4, Morris had tried to pull another 10-year old girl into his car; the girl escaped and an alert witness to the incident, Wendy Land, wrote down the car's license plate number, 492 LOP, which police traced to Morris.  On February 18, 1969, Morris would be convicted of the rape and murder of 7-year old Christine Darby and would receive two life sentences " In 2014, he would pass away at the age of 83 while incarcerated at HMP Preston.
Operation Commando Hunt was initiated by the United States in the Vietnam War in an effort to disrupt the Ho Chi Minh trail that continued to bring North Vietnamese soldiers and supplies into South Vietnam.  Despite the dropping of three million tons of bombs on the Trail over a period of 40 months, ending on March 31, 1972, the operation did little to slow the advance from North Vietnam, which shifted its supply lines westward into neighboring Laos and expanded the operation.
German-born soldier of fortune Rolf Steiner, who had led several successful attacks against the Nigerian Army by Biafra's 4 Commando Brigade during the Nigerian Civil War, launched the disastrous "Operation Hiroshima", an attempt to drive Nigeria's 2nd Division out of Onitsha.  Over the next two weeks, in what a military historian would describe as "a surprisingly ill-conceived, full frontal assault... across an open area without artillery, air or fire support"  By the time the operation was abandoned on November 29, almost half of the 4 Commando Brigade was lost and Steiner was fortunate to have been deported, rather than executed, by the Biafran government.
Born:
Fausto Brizzi, Italian film director, screenwriter and producer; in Rome
"Ol' Dirty Bastard", American rapper and co-founder of the Wu-Tang Clan; as Russell Tyrone Jones in Brooklyn (died of drug overdose, 2004)

November 16, 1968 (Saturday)
The Politburo of the Polish United Workers' Party (Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza or PZPR), Poland's ruling Communist party that controlled the nation, concluded its Fifth Congress and re-elected Wladyslaw Gomulka to another term for its General Secretary.  Three Politburo members were fired, including Foreign Minister Adam Rapacki, who had disagreed with the party's tough stance against student protesters, and former deputy foreign minister Marian Waszkowski.  Replacing them were three hardliners.
The Soviet Union launched the 17 ton (15.4 metric ton) Proton 4 satellite into orbit in what it described as "the world's biggest unmanned scientific spaceship" aboard a Zond rocket.  In terms of weight lifted, rather than physical size, the American Saturn 5 rocket had been able to place a  satellite and a  model of the lunar module into orbit for a payload of more than 182 tons (165 metric tons)

November 17, 1968 (Sunday)
What would become known as "The Heidi Game" in professional football history took place when the NBC television network abruptly halted its broadcast of an American Football League game between the Oakland Raiders and New York Jets, in order to telecast its scheduled Sunday night movie, Heidi.  With 65 seconds left, Oakland had the ball and was trailing, 32 to 29 and television viewers nationwide were unable to see what happened next (Oakland scored two touchdowns to win the game, 43 to 32). The NBC network telephone switchboards were tied up with calls from angry viewers, followed by universal criticism of the network in the press the next day.  Since then, American TV networks have delayed scheduled programming in order to show sporting events in their entirety.  As for Heidi, the telecast was the top-rated television program of the week of November 11 to 17, with a 28.4 Nielsen rating and a 44 share.
The new BAC One-Eleven jet airliner was introduced into commercial service with a flight by British European Airways.
Born: Li Yanhong, also known as Robin Li, Chinese internet entrepreneur who created the search engine Baidu and became a multi-billionaire; in Yangquan, Shanxi province

November 18, 1968 (Monday)
Twenty-two furniture factory workers were killed in a fire in Glasgow and only three people were able to escape to safety.  People on the upper floors who were able to reach windows found their way blocked by iron bars.
The original expiration date for the 99-year concession by Egypt to the Suez Canal Company was dated from the signing of the agreement on November 17, 1869.  However, 86 years after the concession was signed, Egypt's President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the company on July 26, 1956, and paid the company's shareholders £28,000,000 compensation in seven installments.

After 21 years of manufacturing its iconic product in Denmark, Interlego AG filed for the United States patent 3,597,875; for 17 years after the grant on August 10, 1971, the company had the exclusive right to manufacture the Lego blocks, categorized as "building blocks, strips, or similar building parts to be assembled without the use of additional elements provided with complementary holes, grooves, or protuberances, e.g. dovetails with primary projections fitting by friction in complementary spaces between secondary projections, e.g. sidewalls".
Born:
Owen Wilson, American film actor, screenwriter and producer; in Dallas
Gary Sheffield, American baseball outfielder with 509 home runs, 1992 National League batting champion; in Tampa
Died: Walter Wanger, 74, American motion picture producer whose productions included Stagecoach in 1939 and Cleopatra in 1963

November 19, 1968 (Tuesday)

Mali Army Lieutenant Moussa Traoré led a bloodless military coup d'etat to overthrow Modibo Keita and to become the new President of Mali. Traoré would begin transitioning Mali to civilian rule in 1979, but after widespread discontent, he would be overthrown on March 26, 1991.  Keita would be imprisoned at Kidal until his death on May 16, 1977.
Along with four other people, U.S. Army Chaplain Angelo J. "Charles" Liteky was presented with the Medal of Honor for his heroism in the Vietnam War.  On December 6, 1967, when he evacuated 20 soldiers to safety despite enemy fire and wounds of his own.  In 1986, he would become the first (and to date, only) Medal of Honor recipient to publicly renounce and return his medal, doing so in protest of American foreign policy.
Died: Rang Avadhoot,  79, Indian Hindu poet and religious leader of the path of Dattatreya in the Gujarat state.

November 20, 1968 (Wednesday)
Seventy-eight coal miners were killed in an explosion and subsequent carbon monoxide poisoning at the Consolidation Coal Company Number 9 mine at Mannington, West Virginia.  The blast happened at 5:40 in the morning, when 99 men were inside, and 21 were able to get to safety. Attempts to rescue the 78 trapped inside were hindered by subsequent explosions and fires, and on November 30, further efforts ceased and the Number 9 mine was sealed, entombing the bodies of the miners. The disaster itself would be credited later as being something that "emotionally inspired" the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969, including federal legislation to compensate coal miners for coalworker's pneumoconiosis (more commonly known as "black lung").
A new speed record for an electric-powered car was set at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah when driver Jerry Kugel averaged 138.862 miles per hour on a one mile trip and on the return trip.
Died:
Helen Gardner, 84, American silent film actress considered the movies' first vamp
Cathy Lewis, 51, American radio and TV actress best known for being Irma's friend and narrator in My Friend Irma; of cancer
Francis Taylor, 68, American art dealer and father of film actress Elizabeth Taylor

November 21, 1968 (Thursday)
Secondary school students in the Egyptian city of Mansoura rioted against new regulations that were intended to make it more difficult to be admitted to university education, and local police fired into the crowd. Four students died, and 55 others were wounded, and the violence in Mansoura led to a similar uprising in Alexandria.
The last gesture of open defiance by Czechoslovakians against the Soviet occupation ended peacefully at noon as tens of thousands of students in Prague brought a 76-hour sit-in to a close. The new Czechoslovakian leadership— Gustav Husak, Lubomir Strougal and Oldrich Cernik— had decided to let the student strike run its course, rather than to crack down, and the strike leaders had voluntarily agreed to close the protest at a specified time. "There were no soldiers or policemen in sight at noon", Tad Szulc of The New York Times would write the next day, "as the self-disciplined students— the boys and girls— slowly and sadly took down the signs proclaiming the 'occupation strike' from the facade and doors of Prague University's Philosophy and Law buildings."
An analysis was made of Apollo command and service module (CSM) modifications proposed for the Apollo Applications Program (AAP). The AAP spacecraft requirements and the subsequent subsystem modifications from the Apollo spacecraft resulted from the longer mission duration, increased mission support, docked attitude constraints, and cost and weight factors involved in AAP.
Born:
Alex James, English musician and bassist for the rock band Blur; in Boscombe, Bournemouth
Qiao Hong, member, and later coach, of China's women's national table tennis team; in Wuhan

November 22, 1968 (Friday)
Under pressure from Britain, Prime Minister of Northern Ireland Terence O'Neill announced a series of five proposed reforms to respond to the problems raised by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association about discrimination against the Roman Catholic minority.  The platform called for a 9-member Development Commission to administer Derry, an ombudsman to investigate complaints against the Northern Irish bureaucracy, the allocation of available housing based on need rather than on personal preference, the eventual abolition of the Special Powers Act that had been in place since the 1922 separation of Northern Ireland from the Republic of Ireland, and the end of the "company vote" that allowed business owners two votes in local elections (one as an individual, the other on behalf of the business). The reforms, however, would fail to be passed by the Stormont, Northern Ireland's parliament.
The Beatles released what would become unofficially known as the White Album, although its official title was simply The Beatles, and it was a double album with two long-playing (LP) records.
The supposed first-ever interracial kiss on national television in the U.S. was shown on an episode of Star Trek, with white actor William Shatner (Captain Kirk) kissing black actress Nichelle Nichols (Lieutenant Uhura) in "Plato's Stepchildren".  The kiss attracted no notice in the media at the time. The accuracy of this claim is disputed.
Japan Air Lines Flight 2 from Tokyo crashed into the San Francisco Bay while making its landing approach.  Captain Kohei Asho was able to save the 97 passengers and the crew of 11 by landing in the water and directing everyone into rubber liferafts.
A car bomb was exploded by terrorists in at the crowded Mahane Yehuda Market shopping district in the Jewish sector of Jerusalem, killing 11 people and injuring 55 others.  Police estimated that  of explosives had been placed inside a car parked outside a grocery store.  The blast, the biggest terrorist attack against Israeli Jews since the modern nation's founding in 1948, set six adjacent stores on fire. Despite a house-to-house search for suspects and weapons over the next 35 hours, and the detention for questioning of over 500 people, the perpetrator was never determined.
Born:
Sidse Babett Knudsen, Denmark film and television actress; in Copenhagen
Rasmus Lerdorf, Greenland-born Canadian computer programmer and developer of the PHP scripting language; in Qeqertarsuaq, Disko Island Greenland, Denmark

November 23, 1968 (Saturday)
A Cable Commuter Airlines turboprop plane crashed on the Newport Freeway (California SR 55, now called the Costa Mesa Freeway) as it was making its approach to the airport in Santa Ana, California at the end of a flight from Los Angeles, killing all seven passengers and two crew, without striking any of the cars on the highway.  Descending through a fog, the DHC-6 Twin Otter struck a light pole, hit the highway's southbound lanes and then crossed a divider, skidding across the northbound traffic.  Five automobiles avoided getting struck by the wreckage.  "Incredible that it missed all those cars," a Santa Ana police sergeant told reporters later.
Lynn Eusan was crowned as the homecoming queen for the University of Houston at halftime of its football game against the visiting University of Tulsa, becoming the first black student to be accorded that honor at any college or university in the Deep South region of the United States, and receiving more votes than five white finalists.  Only seven years earlier, UH had been an all-white institution, not integrating until the 1962-63 academic year.  In September 1971, Eusan would be found stabbed to death in a car driven by Leo Jackson Jr. He would be prosecuted for her murder, but ultimately acquitted.
At the homecoming game, the Houston Cougars set a modern day record for "running up the score" by beating the Tulsa Golden Hurricane, 100 to 6.  A week before, UH had beaten the Idaho Vandals, 77-3.
Born: Hamid Hassani, Iranian linguist and lexicographer known for his dictionaries in the Persian language; in Saqqez, Kurdistan Province
Died: Shangguan Yunzhu, 48, Chinese film actress, committed suicide after being persecuted during the Cultural Revolution

November 24, 1968 (Sunday)
A group of 374 civilians in Laos were killed in a U.S. attack that targeted the Tham Piu Cave in the Xiangkhouang Province, near Muang Kham, one of several large caverns in the area where families had taken refuge from American bombing missions.  According to the Laotian accounts, two U.S. fighter jets fired missiles directly into the cave in the apparent belief that it was a hiding place for Viet Cong and Pathet Lao troops.  The cave would later become a Buddhist shrine.  Some of the victims were incinerated, others died when buried alive, but most died of starvation after being trapped inside.
Pan Am Flight 281 from New York City to San Juan, Puerto Rico was hijacked by four of its 78 passengers, and landed in Havana, Cuba.  Two of the hijackers would be arrested in the mid-1970s, but a third, Luis Armando Peña Soltren, would not surrender to U.S. authorities until 40 years later, and would be given a 15-year prison sentence in 2011.
Out on bail and learning that his parole from a California prison had been revoked for a probation violation, black nationalist Eldridge Cleaver and his wife Kathleen fled the United States and eventually went to exile in Cuba, then to Algeria.  After three years in exile in France, where Cleaver converted to Christianity, he returned to the United States and served an 8-month sentence before being paroled.
Born: Todd Beamer, American marketing representative remembered as one of the passengers who attempted to take back control of United Airlines Flight 93 after its hijacking on September 11, 2001, and helped thwart a probable attack on Washington D.C.; in Flint, Michigan.  (d. 2001)

November 25, 1968 (Monday)
New rules of engagement (ROE) were promulgated for U.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force fighters that were escorting reconnaissance airplanes over North Vietnam. Although bombing of North Vietnam (which bordered South Vietnam at the 17th parallel north had been halted, planes still flew in North Vietnamese airspace as far north as the 19th parallel. Under the new ROE, the American escort planes were allowed to fire missiles if they came under attack, including not just anti-aircraft weapons, as well as "installations and immediate supporting facilities." "American pilots," a U.S. Navy historian would later note, "became more aggressive over time, occasionally attacking sites that illuminated them with radar even if no shots were fired."
Students rioted in the Egyptian city of Alexandria to protest the killing of students in Mansoura. By the time the day ended, 16 people were dead, 414 were wounded, and buildings and vehicles were set afire, including 50 empty buses.
In Froissy, a village in France near Beauvais, a fire at a home for disabled children killed 14 victims, ranging from 10 to 14 years old.
Harold T. Luskin, Director of Apollo Applications in the NASA Office of Manned Space Flight, died in Bethesda, Maryland, of respiratory illness. He had joined NASA in March 1968 and had become Apollo Applications Director in May.
Nine members of the 25-man crew of the work boat Triple Crown were killed when the vessel capsized and sank while helping move an oil drilling platform in the Santa Barbara Channel,  from the California shore.
Born:
 Jill Hennessy and Jacqueline Hennessy, Canadian-born television personalities, in Edmonton. Jill is known for her roles as an actress on Law & Order, while Jacqueline is a journalist and TV host.
 Shingo Takatsu, Japanese professional baseball current manager (Tokyo Swallows), former Major League and Nippon Professional Baseball pitcher, in Minami-ku, Hiroshima.
Died: Upton Sinclair, 90, American novelist and reformer best known for his 1906 classic The Jungle, an exposé of the American meatpacking industry that was influential in the passage of the first meat inspection laws; he commented after the book's success, "I aimed at the public's heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach."

November 26, 1968 (Tuesday)
Under American pressure, South Vietnam's President Nguyen Van Thieu reversed his November 2 decision not to participate in peace talks with North Vietnam that included representatives of the Viet Cong.  Thieu's earlier announcement, days before the U.S. presidential election, had caused the talks to be called off.
Faced with a crisis in which the French franc had to be devalued, France halted its nuclear testing program in an effort to save its currency from falling.
U.S. Air Force 1st Lt. James P. Fleming, a helicopter pilot, rescued six members of a U.S. Army Special Forces despite being shot at by the Viet Cong, and earned the Medal of Honor for his bravery.
Samuel Ichiye "S. I." Hayakawa, a native of Canada and of Japanese descent, was appointed as the new acting president of San Francisco State College, with a mission to restore law and order and to make reforms in the college's treatment of minority students.  Hayakawa, who would later serve as United States Senator for California, would be given the college presidency permanently on July 9, 1969.
Died: Louis D. Saperstein, 63, American insurance broker who came into disfavor with the Genovese crime family after stopping his interest payments of $5,000 per week to the American Mafia, died of poisoning a day after writing a letter to the FBI describing threats on his life by Genovese family hitman Angelo DeCarlo.  DeCarlo would later be convicted of murder and serve 18 months of a 12-year sentence before being pardoned by U.S. President Richard Nixon.

November 27, 1968 (Wednesday)
Japan's Prime Minister Eisaku Satō retained his leadership of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party, and the premiership, in a challenge by two former cabinet members.  Needing 226 of the votes of the 451 LDP legislators to get a majority, Sato received 249, with Shigesaburo Maeo getting 107 and future prime minister Takeo Miki getting 95.

November 28, 1968 (Thursday)
Two days after South Vietnam agreed to participate in the Paris Peace Talks, North Vietnam announced that it would negotiate only with the United States, or refuse to attend the talks altogether.
Died: Enid Blyton, 71, popular British children's author who authored more than 300 books, including "The Famous Five" series of 21 adventure and mystery novels.  Her works have been translated into 63 other languages.  At the time of her death; she had sold 30 million copies of books.

November 29, 1968 (Friday)
Scottish truck driver Fred West, believed to have already murdered two young girls, "met his soulmate, the woman with whom he was able to indulge his perverted desires to his heart's content", English teenager Rosemary Letts, on her 15th birthday in Bishop's Cleeve, Gloucestershire.  They would marry a year later and, before their arrests in 1994, would work together as a husband-and-wife serial killer team.  Between 1971 and 1987, Fred and Rose West would murder at least 10 more women and girls, mostly at their home at 25 Cromwell Street in Gloucester.

Romanian Communist Party leader and Prime Minister Nicolae Ceaușescu became the first Warsaw Pact leader to publicly reject the "Brezhnev Doctrine" that had been announced by Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev more than two weeks earlier.  Brezhnev had said that the Communist nations had an obligation to intervene if any Pact member was deviating from socialism.  Speaking before Romania's Grand National Assembly, Premier Ceaușescu said, "The affiliation to the Warsaw Treaty Organization... does not 'limit' in one way or another their state independence, but on the contrary, as the Treaty stipulates, is a means of strengthening the national independence and sovereignty of each participating state."
Born:
Jonathan Knight, American singer, member of the New Kids on the Block; in Worcester, Massachusetts
Hayabusa (stage name for Eiji Ezaki), Japanese professional wrestler, in Yatsushiro City (d. 2016)

November 30, 1968 (Saturday)
Rescue efforts halted for the 78 coal miners trapped by the Farmington Mine disaster explosion as the decision was made to seal up all portals into Consolidation Coal Company Mine No. 9 at Mannington, West Virginia, extinguishing the underground fires and entombing the bodies inside.  Air samples at the Mod's Run area of the mine revealed that the concentration of carbon monoxide and methane was too high for anyone to have survived.  The sealing came ten days after the explosion, and hours after company president William J. Corcoran had met the night before with the relatives of the 78 men and announced the decision.  Over the next nine and a half years, the bodies of 59 of the coal miners would be recovered, with the first being located on October 23, 1969, the body of the first victim would be located and removed by a recovery team.  However, on April 19, 1978, the company announced that it would cease its recovery efforts and seal the mine again, along with the 19 remaining bodies of the 1968 victims.
Born: Rica Matsumoto, Japanese actress, voice actress, and singer. She is known for voicing Satoshi (Ash Ketchum in English dubs), the main character of the Pokémon series from 1997-2023; in Yokohama, Kanagawa

References

1968
1968-11
1968-11


KKLS (920 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Rapid City, South Dakota.  The station is owned by HomeSlice Media Group.

History

The station was first licensed as KEZU in 1959. On July 9, 1971, the call letters were changed to KEZU. It was a Top 40 station during the 1970s.

Expanded Band assignment

On March 17, 1997, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) announced that eighty-eight stations had been given permission to move to newly available "Expanded Band" transmitting frequencies, ranging from 1610 to 1700 kHz, with KEZU authorized to move from 920 to 1700 kHz. However, the station never procured the Construction Permit needed to implement the authorization, so the expanded band station was never built.

Later history

In May 1999, Triad Broadcasting reached a deal to acquire this station from Brothers Jim and Tom Instad as part of a twelve-station deal valued at a reported $37.8 million.

In July 2006, Schurz Communications Inc. reached an agreement to buy this station from Triad Broadcasting Co. as part of a six-station deal valued at a reported $19 million.

On September 10, 2010, KKLS dropped the True Oldies Channel, and began using the moniker "97.5 - The Hills", playing a mix of songs from the 1970s to the 2000s.  While the FM frequency was now given the focus, the AM parent carried the same broadcast.

Schurz Communications created the Black Hills broadcast division, New Rushmore Radio, now known as Rushmore Media Company. KKLS was sold to the Homeslice Media Group in July 2014, a divestiture required due to Schurz's acquisition of KOTA-TV. The transaction, which included sister station KBHB and translator K284BA, was consummated on June 30, 2014, at a price of $650,000.

As of January 1, 2015, KKLS changed their format to classic hits, branded as "Smash Hits KKLS", switching translators to K284BA 104.7 FM Rapid City.

As of March 1, 2018, KKLS changed their format to News/Talk, branded as "News. Talk. Radio".

On January 13, 2020, KKLS dropped its news/talk format and began stunting with a loop of "Old Town Road" by Lil Nas X and Billy Ray Cyrus, and cryptic liners consisting of recitations of country music song lyrics, followed by the announcement "He's coming- January 21st.". On January 21, KKLS flipped to classic country, branded as "The Cowboy".

Previous logo

References

External links
KKLS official website

FCC History Cards for KKLS (covering 1958-1980 as KEZU / KKLS)

KLS
Radio stations established in 1959
1959 establishments in South Dakota
Classic country radio stations in the United States


Wickham Park is a public county park located at 2500 Parkway Drive, Melbourne, Florida. It contains diverse recreational facilities and amenities, including campgrounds, disc golf course, equestrian facilities, archery range, off-leash dog park, bicycle/jogging roadway, nature trails, exercise trails, ball fields, an event pavilion, picnic pavilions, playground, and swimming lakes. It has the Wickham Park Community Center at 2815 Leisure Way.

Events
Archery lessons and 3D archery competitions are hosted monthly. Target and field archery shoots are held nearly every other month.

Several annual events are held. In the past, these have included the Space Coast Lightfest, Oktoberfest, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, Indiafest, Renaissance Fair, and the Strawberry Festival to benefit Habitat for Humanity.

In 2009, 19,000 people attended the County Fair over a ten-day period.

Runaway Country was held at Wickham Park up until 2015. Performers such as Alan Jackson, Miranda Lambert, Randy Travis, Big & Rich, and Kellie Pickler have played at this outdoor country music festival. There were an estimated 30,000 paid attendees over a 3-day weekend in 2015.

Movies in the park are shown throughout the year.

Geography
The park is bounded on the east by Croton Road, the north by Post Road and Eastern Florida State College, on the west by Wickham Road, and on the south by Parkway Drive. It contains two ponds.

References

External links

Official webpages from Brevard County Parks and Recreation website:
Wickham Park
Wickham Park
Brevardparks Calendar

Dog parks in the United States
Melbourne, Florida
Parks in Brevard County, Florida


Trafalgar High School is a government-funded co-educational secondary day school, located in
Trafalgar, West Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. It officially opened in 1964 after running classes on the original Trafalgar Primary School grounds, now Balfour Park. When it opened the school had 95 pupils. The school now provides an education for students from Year 7 to Year 12.

History
The Light Timber Construction Type 300 High School was officially opened on 12 June 1964, by the Hon. J Bloomfield MLA, Minister for Education; after a successful motion was passed at a public meeting held in 1961 to press for a High School in Trafalgar.

By 1966 the enrolment had reached 300. The first Higher School Certificate (now VCE) class graduated in 1971.

In September 1974, the new Trade Wing was opened and the science room extended to include a laboratory and a second science room.

The Education Community Activity (ECA) Centre was opened in 1982 by the state Member of Parliament Hon. James C.M. Balfour CBE, with an official opening held on 12 February.

The school secured funding from the Victorian government in 2009. With this money the school received a new building and a refurbishment of the original.

Notable alumni
 Tim Forsyth, Olympic High Jumper (Bronze Medallist)
 John Lenders, Treasurer of Victoria

See also

 VELS
 Victorian Certificate of Education
 Victorian Certificate of Applied Learning
 Department of Education and Early Childhood Development

References

External links
 Trafalgar High School
 Trafalgar
 Department of Education and Early Childhood Development, Victoria website

Educational institutions established in 1964
Public high schools in Victoria (state)
1964 establishments in Australia
Gippsland (region)


In molecular cloning and biology, a gene knock-in (abbreviation: KI) refers to a genetic engineering method that involves the one-for-one substitution of DNA sequence information in a genetic locus or the insertion of sequence information not found within the locus. Typically, this is done in mice since the technology for this process is more refined and there is a high degree of shared sequence complexity between mice and humans. The difference between knock-in technology and traditional transgenic techniques is that a knock-in involves a gene inserted into a specific locus, and is thus a "targeted" insertion. It is the opposite of gene knockout.

A common use of knock-in technology is for the creation of disease models. It is a technique by which scientific investigators may study the function of the regulatory machinery (e.g. promoters) that governs the expression of the natural gene being replaced. This is accomplished by observing the new phenotype of the organism in question. The BACs and YACs are used in this case so that large fragments can be transferred.

Technique
Gene knock-in originated as a slight modification of the original knockout technique developed by Martin Evans, Oliver Smithies, and Mario Capecchi. Traditionally, knock-in techniques have relied on homologous recombination to drive targeted gene replacement, although other methods using a transposon-mediated system to insert the target gene have been developed. The use of loxP flanking sites that become excised upon expression of Cre recombinase with gene vectors is an example of this. Embryonic stem cells with the modification of interest are then implanted into a viable blastocyst, which will grow into a mature chimeric mouse with some cells having the original blastocyst cell genetic information and other cells having the modifications introduced to the embryonic stem cells. Subsequent offspring of the chimeric mouse will then have the gene knock-in.

Gene knock-in has allowed, for the first time, hypothesis-driven studies on gene modifications and resultant phenotypes. Mutations in the human p53 gene, for example, can be induced by exposure to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and the mutated copy of the p53 gene can be inserted into mouse genomes. Lung tumors observed in the knock-in mice offer support for the hypothesis of BaP’s carcinogenicity. More recent developments in knock-in technique have allowed for pigs to have a gene for green fluorescent protein inserted with a CRISPR/Cas9 system, which allows for much more accurate and successful gene insertions. The speed of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knock-in also allows for biallelic modifications to some genes to be generated and the phenotype in mice observed in a single generation, an unprecedented timeframe.

Versus gene knockout

Knock-in technology is different from knockout technology in that knockout technology aims to either delete part of the DNA sequence or insert irrelevant DNA sequence information to disrupt the expression of a specific genetic locus. Gene knock-in technology, on the other hand, alters the genetic locus of interest via a one-for-one substitution of DNA sequence information or by the addition of sequence information that is not found on said genetic locus. A gene knock-in therefore can be seen as a gain-of-function mutation and a gene knockout a loss-of-function mutation, but a gene knock-in may also involve the substitution of a functional gene locus for a mutant phenotype that results in some loss of function.

Potential applications

Because of the success of gene knock-in methods thus far, many clinical applications can be envisioned. Knock-in of sections of the human immunoglobulin gene into mice has already been shown to allow them to produce humanized antibodies that are therapeutically useful. It should be possible to modify stem cells in humans to restore targeted gene function in certain tissues, for example possibly correcting the mutant gamma-chain gene of the IL-2 receptor in hematopoietic stem cells to restore lymphocyte development in people with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency.

Limitations

While gene knock-in technology has proven to be a powerful technique for the generation of models of human disease and insight into proteins in vivo, numerous limitations still exist. Many of these are shared with the limitations of knockout technology. First, combinations of knock-in genes lead to growing complexity in the interactions that inserted genes and their products have with other sections of the genome and can therefore lead to more side effects and difficult-to-explain phenotypes. Also, only a few loci, such as the ROSA26 locus have been characterized well enough where they can be used for conditional gene knock-ins; making combinations of reporter and transgenes in the same locus problematic. The biggest disadvantage of using gene knock-in for human disease model generation is that mouse physiology is not identical to that of humans and human orthologs of proteins expressed in mice will often not wholly reflect the role of a gene in human pathology. This can be seen in mice produced with the ΔF508 fibrosis mutation in the CFTR gene, which accounts for more than 70% of the mutations in this gene for the human population and leads to cystic fibrosis. While ΔF508 CF mice do exhibit the processing defects characteristic of the human mutation, they do not display the pulmonary pathophysiological changes seen in humans and carry virtually no lung phenotype. Such problems could be ameliorated by the use of a variety of animal models, and pig models (pig lungs share many biochemical and physiological similarities with human lungs) have been generated in an attempt to better explain the activity of the ΔF508 mutation.

See also
Gene knockout
Genetic engineering
Genetic recombination
Molecular cloning
Plasmid
Vector (molecular biology)

References

External links
Genetic methods, techniques and protocols
Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT: Knockins and Knockouts
UMass Profiles Research Networking Software: Gene Knock-In Techniques – a research networking and expertise mining software tool
http://www.transgenic.co.jp/en/products/mice-service/modified_mouse/knockin.php – outlines the process of constructing insertion vectors and breeding -mice

DNA
Molecular biology
Genetic engineering
Biotechnology
Genetics techniques
Molecular biology techniques
Laboratory techniques
Gene expression


This is a list of airlines currently operating in Tunisia.

Defunct airlines
This is a list of defunct airlines of Tunisia.

See also
 List of airports in Tunisia
 List of companies based in Tunisia

References

Tunisia
Airlines
Airlines
Tunisia


Michael Bell (born 15 November 1971) is an English former footballer. In a seventeen-year career as a professional in the English Football League he made 694 league and cup appearances with five different clubs, playing as a defender.

Starting his career with Northampton Town in 1990, over a four-year period he would make over 150 appearances for the club. He then transferred to Wycombe Wanderers for £55,000 in October 1994, where he would make 118 league appearances in a three-year spell. He then made a £150,000 move to Bristol City in August 1997, and would make 345 appearances in all competitions, in an eight-year association with the club. He then spent a brief spell at Port Vale, before joining Cheltenham Town in January 2006. He then dropped into non-League football with Team Bath and Weston-super-Mare, before being appointed as manager of Clevedon Town in May 2010. He left Clevedon in January 2014, and four months later took charge for a brief spell at Weston-super-Mare. He returned to manage Clevedon Town for a second spell the following year.

He won numerous honours during his career, being voted onto the PFA Team of the Year for the Second Division in 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2001–02, and 2002–03. He helped Bristol City to promotion out of the Second Division in 1997–98, and played in the finals of the Football League Trophy in 2000 and 2003. He also helped Cheltenham Town to win the League Two play-off final in 2006.

Playing career

Northampton Town
Bell started his career at Northampton Town, a club pushing for the Fourth Division play-offs in 1990–91 under the stewardship of Theo Foley. The "Cobblers" dropped to 16th in 1991–92, before plummeting to 20th place in 1992–93 under Phil Chard. They then flat-lined in 1993–94 under John Barnwell, finishing bottom of the Football League.

Wycombe Wanderers
Bell left the County Ground on a £55,000 transfer to Wycombe Wanderers in October 1994. Martin O'Neill led the "Chairboys" to one place and three points outside the Second Division play-offs in 1994–95. However they dropped to 12th in 1995–96 under new boss Alan Smith. John Gregory then took over at Adams Park, and led Wycombe 18th in 1996–97, as Bell made 51 appearances and was voted as the club's Player of the Year.

Bristol City
He moved on a £150,000 transfer to Bristol City in August 1997, and scored ten goals in 52 games in 1997–98, as John Ward led the "Robins" to the runners-up spot of the Second Division. He made 37 appearances in 1998–99, scoring five goals (including four penalties), as City were relegated out of the First Division in last place under new boss Benny Lennartsson. He scored five goals in 43 appearances in 1999–2000, retaining his first team place as manager Tony Pulis left and was replaced by David Burnside. He also went on to play in the Football League Trophy final at Wembley, which ended in a 2–1 defeat to Stoke City.

Danny Wilson took the management reins at Ashton Gate in 2000–01, and Bell retained his first team place, scoring four goals in 49 appearances. Bell scored eight goals in 48 games in 2001–02, as City missed out on the play-offs by finishing one place and five points behind Huddersfield Town in the play-offs. He scored four goals in 46 games in 2002–03, as City reached the play-off semi-finals, only to lose to Cardiff City. Bell was part of a solid back four along with Matt Hill, Tony Butler, and Danny Coles. The club reached the Football League Trophy final for a second time, this time held at the Millennium Stadium, and Bell played 85 minutes of the 2–0 victory over Carlisle United; he was substituted for Matt Hill, as Louis Carey had started the match in Hill's place. He played 30 games in 2003–04, but did not feature in the play-offs as City lost 1–0 to Brighton & Hove Albion in the play-off final. He made 35 appearances in 2004–05, as new boss Brian Tinnion led the club to a 7th-place finish, one place and one point behind Hartlepool United in the play-offs. Bell was later named in the Bristol City Hall Of Fame.

Later career
He joined Martin Foyle's Port Vale on a free transfer in July 2005, citing the fact that he knew a few players already on the team as a factor in his decision. However, the stay was brief as Bell headed for the exit door at Vale Park after 15 League One appearances in 2005–06. Bell stated the long commute as well as family reasons for the mutual termination agreement. He signed with Cheltenham Town of League Two in January 2006, who were managed by his former boss John Ward. He played 12 games in 2005–06, and featured in the 1–0 play-off final victory over Grimsby Town; he was a 27th-minute substitute for Craig Armstrong. His time at Whaddon Road was riddled with injuries; he required surgery on his achilles and he did not appear for the "Robins" past Boxing Day of the 2006–07 campaign; subsequently, Bell was not offered a contract in the summer. He was then appointed as a player coach at Team Bath. In December 2007, he began training to be a plumber, but finished the courses and started to train with Weston-super-Mare of the Conference South, where he signed a contract in February 2008. He eventually made ten appearances for the club before being released at the end of the season.

Style of play
Bell played at left-back, but his free-kick and penalty taking skills boosted his goals tally.

Management career
Despite becoming a qualified plumber, he returned to the game in May 2010 when he was appointed manager of Southern League side Clevedon Town. His side finished 20th in the 22 team division in 2010–11 and 2011–12, and then 15th in 2012–13. He also led the "Seasiders" to victory in the Southern League Cup in 2012, and to the Somerset Premier Cup final in the same year (losing to Weston-super-Mare). Bell left the club in January 2014. In April 2014, he joined Mangotsfield United as a coach for a two-month period.

In May 2014, Bell was named as the new manager at Conference South club Weston-super-Mare. He left the club by mutual consent in November after they dropped into the relegation zone of the Conference South. He rejoined Clevedon as manager in July 2015. He led Clevedon to a 19th-place finish in the Western League Premier Division in 2015–16, a 14th-place finish in 2016–17, 12th in 2017–18, sixth in 2018–19, whilst the 2019–20 season was abandoned. He was appointed as a Professional Development Phase coach at former club Bristol City in October 2021.

Personal life
Bell is the father of Sam Bell who is also a professional footballer.

Career statistics
Source:

Honours
Bristol City
Football League Second Division second-place promotion: 1997–98
Football League Trophy runner-up: 2000
Football League Trophy: 2003

Cheltenham Town
League Two play-offs: 2006

Clevedon Town
Southern League Cup: 2012
Somerset Premier Cup runner-up: 2012

Individual
Wycombe Wanderers F.C. Player of the Year: 1996–97
PFA Team of the Year (Second Division): 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2001–02 & 2002–03
Bristol City Hall Of Fame

References

Footballers from Newcastle upon Tyne
English men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
Northampton Town F.C. players
Wycombe Wanderers F.C. players
Bristol City F.C. players
Port Vale F.C. players
Cheltenham Town F.C. players
Team Bath F.C. players
Weston-super-Mare A.F.C. players
Clevedon Town F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players
Southern Football League players
Association football coaches
Bristol City F.C. non-playing staff
English football managers
Clevedon Town F.C. managers
Weston-super-Mare A.F.C. managers
Southern Football League managers
National League (English football) managers
British plumbers
1971 births
Living people


St. John's Military School, located in Salina, Kansas, was a private boarding military school for male students from grades 6 to 12. It aimed to develop students' academic and leadership skills in a "military environment" overseen by a President, Academic Dean and Commandant of Cadets. It closed after the 2018–2019 academic year amid a decline in enrollment and multiple claims of abuse by previous students.

St John's was normally one of the highest ranked JROTC programs in the United States. Because of its high ranking in the Annual Formal Inspection, the school was allotted up to fifteen recommendations to the U.S. Military Academies.

The school year ran from late August to early May. Honors classes are offered in English, Biology, and Social Studies. Advanced Placement classes for college credit were offered in English, Pre-Calculus, Chemistry, U.S. History, Government, and Computer Science. The school also had a comprehensive set of elective courses for students entering the work force upon graduation.

History
St. John's was founded in 1887 by the Bishop of Kansas, Elisha Thomas, as an Episcopal boarding school for boys aged 8–18; it was preceded by Phillips Military School, which had been started by Colonel William Phillips, a founder of Salina. Salina Troop 1, one of the oldest Boy Scout troops in America, was organized on January 21, 1910, by F. John Romanes, an instructor at St. John's who reportedly knew Lord Baden-Powell, the British founder of Scouting, and also founded Scouting in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The school's original building, Vail Hall, was completed in 1888 and enlarged in 1904; it was destroyed by a fire in November 1978. Since 1979, the annual graduation ceremony includes a traditional passing around of the building's front door handle, retrieved from the fire wreckage.

The school was used in the filming of Up the Academy, a Mad magazine spoof about military boarding schools. The 1980 movie was filmed entirely in Salina, mostly on the school's campus.

Abuse claims
A wide range of abuse claims were filed against St. John's in a federal lawsuit in March 2012. An amended complaint was filed by six sets of parents on behalf of cadets from California, Florida, Tennessee, Colorado, Texas and Illinois. The lawsuit was settled with undisclosed terms in March 2014, just before the trial was to start. According to court records,  St. John's had settled fourteen previous abuse-related lawsuits filed since 2006.

A March 2013 report found been 339 complaints of beatings, hazing, harassment, and abuse over five years, including of students being branded.|

In December 2018, St. John's was ordered by an arbitrator to pay $369,175 to the family of a student who was 11 years old in 2014 when he was bullied and sodomized by another student; the arbitrator found that in addition to inadequate and inappropriate management of students, the school had relaxed admission standards in response to declining enrollment.

Accreditation and memberships
St. John's was accredited by AdvancED and the Kansas State Department of Education. It is a member of the National Association of Episcopal Schools and the Association of Military Colleges and Schools of the United States.

Junior ROTC
The school had an Army JROTC. The JROTC Department also sponsored the rifle and drill teams.

The 125th Corps of Cadets received a perfect score of 1,000 points on their annual formal inspection. It was the first perfect score in the school's history, and very few military schools have ever received a perfect score. Previously, their highest score was a 999. The status as a JROTC Honor Unit with Distinction permits St. John's to make up to three recommendations to each of the five service academies: United States Merchant Marine Academy, United States Military Academy, United States Naval Academy, United States Coast Guard Academy, and United States Air Force Academy.

Athletics and activities
St. John's competed on the junior varsity and varsity levels with other independent and public schools.

The interscholastic sports are:
 Football
 Soccer
 Cross Country
 Basketball
 Wrestling
 Golf
 Baseball
 Tennis
  Rifle Team

Notable alumni
 Mark Cerney, founder of the Next of Kin Registry (NOKR) model
 Dean Hargrove, television producer, writer, and director

References

External links

Education in Salina, Kansas
Military high schools in the United States
Boarding schools in Kansas
Educational institutions established in 1887
Private high schools in Kansas
Private middle schools in Kansas
Episcopal schools in the United States
1887 establishments in Kansas


Bonnie Soper (born 1984 in Invercargill, New Zealand) is a New Zealand film and television actress. She is known for playing Princess Diana in Harry & Meghan: A Royal Romance. In 2009, Soper received the award for Best Supporting Actress for her outstanding performance in the movie, The Map Reader" at 2009 Qantas Film and Television Awards.

Early career
A graduate of the Unitec School of Performing and Screen Arts, her theatre credits include, Auckland Theatre Company's 2007 play The Pillowman which she co-starred in with former and current Shortland Street actors Oliver Driver and Craig Parker.

In 2006, Soper scored a lead role in the New Zealand feature film The Devil Dared Me To, released in cinemas on 11 October 2007. In Arkles Entertainment's feature film The Map Reader, scheduled to be released in 2008 she will play a young blind woman. Other credits include the short film We The Living, commercials and a music video for New Zealand band Dimmer.

In 2007, she featured in New Zealand band Deja Voodoo's music video Tracey, a song from the soundtrack of her film debut The Devil Dared Me To. Bonnie has appeared in the music video The Night, performed by New Zealand band Goodnight Nurse, the video was released in Australia and New Zealand on 4 February 2008.

Shortland Street
She is best known for her role of Morgan Braithwaite on New Zealand soap opera Shortland Street. Her first scenes were on the episode based on a day in the life of Joey Henderson the shortland street serial killer, which screened on 5 February 2008.

On 16 February 2008 Southland Times newspaper revealed that Bonnie's Shortland Street contract had been extended to three months after initially being contracted for three to six weeks. It was announced on 17 April 2008 that she will be returning to the show on 5 May. She appeared on the 2008 cast photo. Bonnie was then a full-time cast member and was featured in the opening credits.

On Friday 18 December 2009, Bonnie left the show as her character was accidentally killed by Kieran Mitchell, who is portrayed by Adam Rickitt.

Personal
She is a keen swimmer, taking part in the Mount Maunganui Sovereign Sand To Surf in March 2009 and in the North Shore King of the Bays swim in April 2009. After leaving Shortland Street at the end of 2009, Bonnie moved back to Invercargill.

Filmography

Theatre

References

External links
 Breakfast show interview
 Johnson Laird Talent Agency profile

1984 births
Living people
New Zealand stage actresses
New Zealand television actresses
People from Invercargill
21st-century New Zealand actresses
New Zealand soap opera actresses


Ely Municipal Airport  is a public airport located in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States, four miles south of the city of Ely, which owns the airport.

Most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, but Ely Municipal Airport is ELO to the FAA and LYU to the IATA (Eldorado, Misiones, Argentina has IATA code ELO).

Facilities
The airport covers ; has one runway, 12/30, which is 5,596 x 100 ft (1,706 x 30 m) with an asphalt surface.

For the year ending May 31, 2014 the airport had 8,200 aircraft operations, an average of 22 per day: 98% general aviation and 2% air taxi.

In January 2017, there were 14 aircraft based at this airport: 13 single-engine and 1 multi-engine.

Past airline service
From 1995 through 2002 Mesaba Airlines, operating as Northwest Airlink on behalf of Northwest Airlines, provided services between Ely and Minneapolis/Saint Paul during the summer months. The once daily flight was operated with a Saab 340 aircraft.

See also
List of airports in Minnesota

References

External links

Airports in Minnesota
Buildings and structures in Ely, Minnesota
Transportation in St. Louis County, Minnesota


Quick Fiction was a contemporary bi-annual literary magazine published in the United States. The journal's publishing focus was on the narrative prose poem/flash fiction, and they proved instrumental in providing both newer and veteran writers the opportunity to showcase their work. Many of the authors published in Quick Fiction were creating new paths in the areas of narrative prose poetry and flash fiction, and the journal was facilitating that exploration. In an interview with a Gazette reporter, Adam Pieroni described the journal's artistic bent, saying they publish mostly magical realism. It was in circulation between 2001 and 2012.

History
Quick Fiction began in 2001 in Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, as a publishing collaboration between Adam and Jennifer Pieroni. Adam was the publisher, while Jennifer was the editor-in-chief. More staff members, including Dana Burchfield, was added to the roster since the journal's inception. The headquarters of the magazine later moved to Salem, Massachusetts.

The magazine covered stories and narrative prose poems under 500 words. Boston's Weekly Dig, the weekly arts magazine, said Quick Fictionwas “filled with great work from writers who respect the rigid, potentially gorgeous contours of microfiction and have a great deal to say in very little time.”

Quick Fiction ceased publication in 2012.

References

External list
Official site

2001 establishments in Massachusetts
2012 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Biannual magazines published in the United States
Defunct literary magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 2001
Magazines disestablished in 2012
Magazines published in Massachusetts