Ferrocarriles de Cuba (FCC) or Ferrocarriles Nacionales de Cuba (English: National Railway Company of Cuba), provides passenger and freight services for Cuba.

Route network
Ferrocarriles de Cuba uses  that extends from Guane (province Pinar del Río) in the westernmost part of the island up to the bay of Guantánamo in the eastern part. The  Central railway runs from Havana to Santiago de Cuba in the eastern region. Most of the  system is diesel-powered with  electrified. The flagship Train Number 1 travels between Havana and Baracoa. Other long-distance passenger services link Havana to Pinar del Río (western railway), Cienfuegos (South branch), Sancti Spíritus, Bayamo-Manzanillo and Guantánamo. The network connects the six first-level ports in Cuba: Havana, Mariel, Matanzas, Cienfuegos, Nuevitas and Santiago de Cuba, as well as all provincial capital cities.

The Hershey Electric Railway is an electrified railway from Havana to Matanzas that was built by the Hershey Company in order to transport workers and products after it had bought sugar plantations in 1916. It is a commuter service running in northern Havana and Matanzas provinces using some original equipment.

History

Colonial Cuba
In 1836 Gaspar Betancourt Cisneros established a horse-drawn railway service called Ferrocarril de Camagüey a Nuevitas in Camagüey (Puerto Príncipe).

Cuba's railway history began on October 12, 1834, when the Queen Regent of Spain, Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies, approved the building of the first line. When the Compañía de Caminos de Hierro de la Habana opened the  line from Havana to Bejucal on November 19, 1837, the first steam railway line in Latin America. At that date Spain itself did not possess any railway lines.

The line from Havana was extended by  to reach Güines on November 19, 1839. By December 1843 the cities San Felipe and Batabanó were added to the rail network. Further extensions were opened in 1847, adding another , followed by  the next year and then  in 1849.

Havana had its first streetcar (Ferrocarril Urbano de la Habana) when its service commenced on February 3, 1859.

Pre-Revolutionary Cuba

American-born Canadian railway builder Sir William Cornelius Van Horne helped expand Cuba's railway network in the early 20th century. He was an investor in the Cuba Railroad Company (founded 1900).

In 1924 Ferrocarriles Consolidados de Cuba was created from a dispute between Ferrocarriles Consolidados de Cuba and Ferrocarriles de Cuba.

Other railway companies formed and merged in the 1920s:
Ferrocarriles del Norte de Cuba 1916
Ferrocarril Espirituano Tunas de Zaza
Ferrocarril Guantánamo y Occidente

From 1940 to 1959, Cuba's railway system was modernized by the acquisition of train stock from Budd and Fiat. These trains provided medium-speed self-propelled (diesel) four-car service on the main line between Havana and Santiago de Cuba. Also after World War II, a large network of diesel intercity buses was created with four or five major carriers competing in the east–west corridor between Havana and the provinces to the east.

A few sugar factories switched over to diesel-electric locomotives to haul freight. In 1958, Cuba had more railway trackage per square mile than any other country.

Train ferry
Prior to the revolution there was a train ferry between Miami and Havana.
The West India Fruit and Steamship Company was one of a number of companies to provide such service.

Post-revolutionary Cuba

The destruction of President Fulgencio Batista's so-called armoured train (it seems to have been an ordinary train carrying soldiers and weapons) by the revolutionaries in the Battle of Santa Clara in December 1958 was an important stepping stone in the Cuban Revolution.

After the revolution in 1959, the Ferrocarriles Nacionales de Cuba was created by nationalizing the private and public railway systems. MINAZ continued to operate a separate railway system, mainly to transport sugar products.

From 1963 to 1966, British Rail helped the national railway obtain newer locomotives which were based on the Brush Type 4 locomotives (later Class 47) at the time being built at Brush Traction in Loughborough, but the final assembly of the Cuban locomotives was performed in the Clayton assembly shop at International Combustion Derby operated by  Clayton Equipment Company Hatton, Derbyshire.  After the Cuban Missile Crisis, it became harder for Cuba to buy new railway equipment because of the United States embargo against Cuba. Some trains were shipped from third countries,
British locomotives were shipped from Hull using Yugoslavian ships.

Cuba's purchase of new trains and parts from the Western Bloc, stopped from the late 1960s, was replaced through trade with the Eastern Bloc. The Soviet Union delivered 107 TE-114K locomotives between 1978 and 1984 but this trade link collapsed with the fall of the Soviet Union.

Cuba was able to obtain used trains and new locomotives, from friendly nations not affected by the embargo:

 5 RSC18 locomotives were shipped from Canada
 9 electrical motor coaches were shipped from Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya (FGC) (Catalan Government Railways) of Spain

Many of Cuba's trains are diesel and only a handful of steam locomotives remain for the sugar industry and tourism.

Recent developments
Starting in 2000, the Cuban railway network was improved by more second-hand equipment. Used vehicles came from Canada, China, Mexico, and Europe. In 2002 used light rail-cars (BR771) were acquired from Germany.

In 2006 China became Cuba's major supplier of railway equipment. China Northern's February 7 Locomotive Works in Beijing began delivering 12 DF7G-C diesel locomotives. Follow-up orders for 40 and 60 more meant 112 locomotives were delivered between 2006 and 2010. China Railway also sold some of its retired cars.

On September 25, 2007, investors from the Venezuelan Bank for Socio-Economic Development (BANDES) reached an agreement with transportation officials in Cuba to invest US$100 million for infrastructure improvements and repairs to Cuba's rail network.  The work was expected to help increase the average speed of trains on Cuba's railways from . As part of the agreement, Cuban engineers will also work on similar projects on Venezuela's rail network.

In October 2007, the Cuban railways ordered 200 passenger and 550 freight cars from Iranian manufacturer Wagon Pars. They were never delivered because of UN sanctions against Iran, Cuba purchased coaches from China instead.

In May 2010 the Cuban government announced wide-ranging plans to repair the railway network, buy new rolling stock, and open four centers to train railway workers.

Improved Relations between Cuba and the United States has increased interest in Cuban rail travel. However, in 2017 a new US administration imposed more sanctions.

In 2016 Russian manufacturer Sinara Transport Machines signed a contract for 60 TGM8 km (ТГМ8КМ) and fifteen TGM4 km (ТГМ4КМ) diesel locomotives to be delivered in small lots by the end of 2021. The TGM8 km has been designed especially to work in the humid tropical climate conditions of Cuba. New spare parts for older Russian locomotives will be part of the order. Sinara will also begin rebuilding older locomotives.

In March 2017 Russian manufacturer RM Rail, who had just delivered 363 freight cars, signed a contract to deliver an additional 225. They also contracted for twenty-eight four-car passenger train-sets. In September Russian Railways subsidiary RZD International signed a contract for modernizing the system.

In March 2018 France's SNCF entered into an agreement to supply equipment, upgrade two shops to modern standards, and train people in both Cuba and France. Training will include repairing and renovating older equipment.

In August 2018 a decree-law updated and organized the railroad laws and regulation. From September 2018 foreign corporations can operate rail lines. A Safety Commission and other administration changes were made. Part of long-term infrastructure improvements include every track having a right-of-way of at least 15 meters for railroad use only. Any land that borders it must keep a fence in good condition.

, Sinara Transport Machines had delivered 43 diesel locomotives to Cuba as part of a contract to supply 75 locomotives by the end of 2021. A new contract for 23 LDE-2500 diesel locomotives was signed in January 2019. Prototype four-unit DMU rail-cars are being received.

In 2019, the Cuban railways received the first delivery of new Chinese-built coaches, and new services with these began in July 2019.

Rolling Stock

Freight cars were mainly acquired from Eastern Bloc countries and the USSR, whereas passenger cars are from other countries that have diplomatic relations with Cuba (Mexico, Norway, Canada and France).

See also

Camagüey railway station
 Ferrocarril Recreacional (located in Parque Lenin) (Closed)
Havana Central railway station
Havana Suburban Railway
Santa Clara railway station
Santiago de Cuba railway station
Tren Francés
Transportation in Cuba

References

Further reading

External links

Full bus and train timetable
Ferrocarriles de Cuba information — with time tables.
Hershey Electric Railroad in Cuba
Visit of the delegation from the Republic of Cuba to LTZ. Starting of the production of ТГМ8КМ locomotives, 9-10 Novembre 2016—Photogallery
Le Fogonero blog (in Spanish)

Standard gauge railways in Cuba
1924 establishments in Cuba
Railway companies established in 1924
Government-owned companies of Cuba


Tevita Taumoepeau (born 16 May 1974) is a former Tongan international  rugby union player. The final club he played for was  Worcester Warriors in the Aviva Premiership. He played  as a tighthead prop

Career
Taumoepeau joined Worcester during the summer of 2005 from French side Bourgoin. He made his debut in Worcester against Northampton Saints in the Powergen Cup and has been a consistent member of the squad throughout Worcester's league and cup campaigns.

Taumoepeau has also previously played for the Chiefs, the Blues, Northampton and Bourgoin.

The durable front row made his 150th appearance for Warriors against Nottingham in 2011

In 2012, Tevita was struck with a neck injury which left him with a disabled left hand due to a nerve injury. It forced him to retire at the age of thirty-eight.

References

External links
 Pacific Islanders Profile at PacificIslanders.co.nz
 Worcester Warriors Profile at Warriors.co.uk

1974 births
Tongan rugby union players
Living people
Rugby union props
Worcester Warriors players
Northampton Saints players
Rugby union players from Haʻapai
Tonga international rugby union players
Pacific Islanders rugby union players
Tongan expatriate rugby union players
Expatriate rugby union players in New Zealand
Expatriate rugby union players in England
Expatriate rugby union players in France
Tongan expatriate sportspeople in New Zealand
Tongan expatriate sportspeople in France
Tongan expatriate sportspeople in England
1999 Rugby World Cup players


Cognitive retention therapy (CRT),  also known as the Ashby Memory Method, is a cognitive therapy for dementia, based on the research of Dr. Mira Ashby. It is adapted from her programs for brain injury rehabilitation, for which she won the Order of Canada in 1984. CRT is a specifically tailored program to work for the damage done by Alzheimer's disease and other dementia. Combining word exercises, visual stimulation, a process called errorless learning, Stroop exercises and many other techniques from Dr. Ashby's research, CRT creates personalized activities based on participant's interests to stimulate all 5 senses. CRT is currently undergoing formal clinical studies, but has been presented at different seminars and conventions including the 28th National Conference of the Alzheimer Society of Canada in Toronto, Ontario; and has received positive feedback as a plausible treatment option.

References

Cognitive therapy


Grande Fratello 1 is the first season of the Italian version of the reality show franchise Big Brother. It follows ten contestants, known as housemates, who are isolated from the outside world for an extended period of time in a custom-built house. Every two weeks, one housemate is evicted by a public vote. The last remaining housemate, Cristina Plevani, was declared the winner.

The first season debuted on 14 September 2000 and concluded on 21 December 2000.

Format
Every two weeks, the housemates were called to the confessional to nominate someone, choosing two housemates whom they wished the public to vote on. The two or more housemates with the most nominations would face the public vote, and the least popular housemate was evicted from the house.

Housemates

Nominations table

Viewership
Grande Fratello started with five million viewers at the launch of the show. Viewing figures increased fast, with ten million viewers watching the eighth episode. It reached sixteen million viewers at the season finale.

2000 Italian television seasons
01


Charles John Morice (27 May 1850 – 17 June 1932)  was an English footballer who played for England as a forward in the first international match against Scotland.

Early life and education
Morice was born in London, the son of Sophia (née Levien) and Charles Walter Morice. He was educated at Harrow School.

Football career
On leaving school he joined Harrow Chequers and then the Barnes club. He won his solitary England cap playing at outside left in England's first ever international match against Scotland on 30 November 1872. He was also a member of the Wanderers club.

Business career
In his professional life he worked at the London Stock Exchange.

Family
With his wife, Rebecca Garnett, he had a daughter, Muriel Rose Morice. Through Muriel, he is the great-grandfather of actors Edward Fox and James Fox.

References

External links

1850 births
1932 deaths
English men's footballers
England men's international footballers
People educated at Harrow School
Footballers from Greater London
Robin Fox family
Harrow Chequers F.C. players
Barnes Football Club players
Wanderers F.C. players
Men's association football forwards


Sustainable development in Scotland  has  a number of distinct strands. The idea of sustainable development was used by the Brundtland Commission which defined it  as development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." At the 2005 World Summit it was noted that this requires the reconciliation of environmental, social and economic demands - the "three pillars" of sustainability. These general aims are being addressed in a diversity of ways by the public, private, voluntary and community sectors in Scotland.

Sustainable communities
Scotland's first dedicated programme for sustainable communities was delivered by Forward Scotland between 1997 and 1999 as part of a UK wide initiative led by Encams. Partnerships with a number of local authorities were developed and dedicated officers recruited to work with communities. This programme piloted the Community Eco-cal a forerunner of ecological footprinting. This programme was evaluated by Professor Michael Carley, Heriot-Watt University and the lessons learned informed a successor programme, 2000–2002, where community groups themselves were the focus. This produced the very first handbook for sustainable communities and a series of highly successful community projects. During this time the first community grants programme for sustainable communities was launched funded by the New Opportunities Fund (now the Big Lottery Fund). This programme funded some pioneering projects in areas such as community renewables, local food, community waste management and the first ecological footprinting projects in Scotland.

In April 2007 plans were announced for Biggar to become the first 'carbon-neutral' town in Scotland. In the same month Findhorn Ecovillage confirmed that its ecological footprint is the lowest ever recorded in the industrialised world. In January 2008 HICEC published a report to "review the opportunities and actions needed to support an island community to become carbon-neutral". Following this, in June 2008 it was announced that Stirling was aiming to become Britain's first carbon-neutral city, hosting the Going Carbon Neutral Stirling project.

Community Energy Scotland is a charity that provides free advice, grant funding and finance for renewable energy projects developed by community groups in Scotland. The main aim of the company is to enable all communities to generate and use renewable energy for their long term and collective benefit. In March 2010 the local development trust on the island of Tiree commissioned a 950 kW community-owned wind turbine project, the fourth such large-scale project in Scotland.

Transition Town projects aim to raise awareness of sustainable living and build local ecological resilience. Examples in Scotland include Forres, Portobello, West Kilbride and Hawick.

In August 2010 the historian James Hunter stated that the transfer of ownership into community control had brought about "a spectacular reversal of Gigha's slide towards complete population collapse" and suggested that the UK Government should  learn lessons from this and other community buy-outs in places such as Assynt, Eigg, and Knoydart to inform their Big Society plans. These successes notwithstanding, civil servants have been criticised for impeding community buy-outs of land via the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003. For example, the proposed community purchase of the former RAF Machrihanish base was thwarted due to technical problems with the application despite 97.4% local support in a referendum.

Public sector

Government policy
The first serious policy was written in 1998 in anticipation of the Scottish Parliament in 1999, by the Secretary of State's Advisory Group for Sustainable Development. This was followed by strategy that focussed on Waste, Energy and Travel in 2002 and Choosing our Future in 2005, which was written in association with the UK shared framework for sustainable development. In 2007 the Scottish National Party took office in a minority government pursuing 5 strategic objectives that encompass sustainable development but do not specifically reference it. Instead the government has adopted sustainable economic growth as its principal target.

In June 2007 John Swinney, the new Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Sustainable Growth in the Scottish Government, announced plans for a Climate Change Bill that would include an intention to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050.

In August 2007 the Scottish Government announced the creation of a Saltire Prize for innovation in industry, which will reward excellence in developing new renewable energy technologies. In contrast the UK government's stance the Scottish Government have ruled out both new nuclear power stations in Scotland and the burial of nuclear waste.

The passage of the Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009 has a created and informed a wide variety of initiatives. The Climate Change Delivery Plan sets out what needs to be done to achieve emissions reductions to meet the statutory targets that are included in the Act. The Climate Change Adaptation Framework, published in December 2009  aims to build resilience and capacity for change. Other public sector initiatives  include:
 The Renewable Energy Framework, the Renewables Action Plan, and the Renewable Heat Action Plan
 The Flood Risk Management (Scotland) Act 2009
 Scotland's Climate Change Declaration
 The Rural Land Use Study
 The Scottish Climate Change Impact Partnership

Scottish Sustainable Development Forum
The Scottish Sustainable Development Forum (SSDF) is a group the focussed on promoting debate and action on sustainable development issues in Scotland. Forum membership is open to any individual who wishes to make Scotland more sustainable.

Public bodies
In January 2010 it emerged that SEPA, the government body responsible for protecting the environment had failed to reach its carbon emissions targets. Its aim is to cut  emissions from business activities by 25% by 2012 compared with 2006 but a report showed that they had risen by 10% in the past year.<ref>Fyall, Jenny (29 January 2010)  'Green police' fail to hit own targets".The Scotsman. Edinburgh.</ref>

Energy production and distribution

The natural resource base for renewables is extraordinary by European, and even global standards. In addition to an existing installed capacity of 1.3 Gigawatts (GW) of hydro-electric schemes, Scotland has an estimated potential of 36.5 GW of wind and 7.5 GW of tidal power, 25% of the estimated total capacity for the European Union and up to 14 GW of wave power potential, 10% of EU capacity. The renewable electricity generating capacity may be 60 GW or more, considerably greater than the existing capacity from all Scottish fuel sources of 10.3 GW.Scottish Renewables (January 2006) Market and Planning Report. Issue No 4.

Much of this potential remains untapped, but continuing improvements in engineering are enabling more of the renewable resources to be utilised. Fears regarding "peak oil" and climate change have driven the subject high up the political agenda and are also encouraging the use of various biofuels. Although the finances of many projects remain either speculative or dependent on subsidies, it is probable that there has been a significant, and in all likelihood long-term change, in the underpinning economics.

In addition to planned increases in both large-scale generating capacity and microsystems using renewable sources, various related schemes to reduce carbon emissions are being researched. Although there is significant support from the public, private and community-led sectors, concerns about the effect of the technologies on the natural environment have been expressed. There is also an emerging political debate about the relationship between the siting, and the ownership and control of these widely distributed resources.

Wind power

Wind power in Scotland is an area of considerable activity, with 1550 MW of installed capacity as at October 2008. Wind power is the fastest growing of the renewable energy technologies in Scotland and the world's largest wind turbine generator (5 MW) is currently undergoing testing in the North Sea, 15 miles off the east coast. There are numerous large wind farms as well as a number, both planned and operating, which are in community ownership. The siting of turbines is sometimes an issue, but surveys have shown high levels of community acceptance for wind power in Scotland. There is further potential for expansion, especially offshore, given the high average wind speeds.

In May 2008 Scottish and Southern Energy confirmed it was proceeding with the Greater Gabbard wind farm, located off the south coast of England. However, they sold their stake in this project, expected to become the largest wind farm in the world, to Npower some six months later.Rutherford, Hamish (4 November 2008) "SSE sells half of giant wind farm project to Npower for £308m." Edinburgh. The Scotsman.

Lower carbon power stations
In May 2007 Scottish Power announced that Alstom Power and Doosan Babcock had been commissioned to design plans for "clean coal" technology at Longannet and Cockenzie power stations. This would have become the largest project of its kind in Europe but it was cancelled in 2011 after the Westminster Government withdrew funding. Scottish Power have also announced that they wished to reduce carbon emissions by using biomass products such as willow or cereals at Longannet and Cockenzie. This could save up to 300,000 tonnes (330,000 tons) of carbon emissions per annum. However, the challenge of replacing large-scale power production with renewables was highlighted by the fact that to replace 5% of the fuel from these plants, fully 12% of Scotland's agricultural land would be required.

Carbon sequestration
The British Geological Survey estimate that potentially 755 billion tonnes of CO2 could be stored in carbon dioxide sinks in the North Sea (Scotland's annual CO2 output is circa 50 million tonnes). The process also aids the recovery of oil and gas as it increases pressure in the oil field. The DTI estimate that as much as 2 billion additional barrels of oil could be recovered as a result of CO2 injection.

Although this process could reduce CO2 emissions from conventional power plants by as much as 80–90%, if combined with increased oil recovery the net savings in carbon emissions may be much less as the total volume of oil and gas used from that field would increase.

Electricity distribution
However, controversy has arisen about Ofgem's proposed plans to increase transmission charges for distant electrical generation. This was widely seen as placing renewable energy production in Scotland at a considerable disadvantage. Jason Ormiston, the chief executive of Scottish Renewables was quoted as saying "At a time when the UK government's chief scientific adviser has said that climate change is the greatest threat to humanity, here we have the industry regulator penalising renewable electricity generators for generating where the resource is greatest." The issue was highlighted the following month when leaked Department of Trade and Industry documents indicated that, despite Scottish successes, under current policies Britain would miss the EU's 2020 target of 20% energy from renewables by a considerable margin. In the same month a report by Xero Energy Limited into these 'use of system' transmission charges across Europe indicated that the UK system creates costs that are up to thirty times higher in Scotland than elsewhere in Europe and that charges for the islands are "almost certainly higher than any other European country". Rob Gibson an MSP for the Highlands and Islands described the charges as "a tax on geography", and Elaine Hanton of HIE claimed the report raised "serious concerns".Scott, N.C. (August 2007) European practices with grid connection, reinforcement, constraint and charging of renewable energy projects (pdf) Inverness. HIE/Xero Energy. Retrieved on 13 September 2007.

Discussions between the Scottish and Norwegian governments aimed at creating a sub-sea grid to take renewable energy from Scotland to the European mainland are planned for early 2008.

Hydrogen economy
An innovative approach was proposed by BP in partnership with Scottish and Southern Energy for the creation of a hydrogen-based power station at Peterhead. The project would have taken natural gas extracted from the North Sea, crack the gas to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide, and burn the hydrogen as the fuel source to create electricity in a 475 MW power station. The CO2 would then have been returned to the Miller field reservoir more than  under the seabed in a process called carbon sequestration (see above). The scheme was expected to be in production by 2009 at a projected cost of $600 million, although it fell through as it failed to gain sufficient support from the UK government to enable this to occur. Had it been completed, the plant would have been the first industrial-scale, hydrogen power station in the world.There are ongoing attempts to keep the project alive—see for example Perry, David (25 May 2007) "Last-ditch fight on to save green gas project". Aberdeen. Press and Journal.

In October 2007 a joint venture was announced by the PURE Energy Centre and the Hjaltland Housing Association to create two “unplugged” hydrogen houses on a remote site in Eshaness, Northmavine, in Shetland. The installation will involve two combined heat and power systems, wind turbines and a hydrogen fuel cell to heat the houses at times when the wind is not blowing. There is also the possibility of a hydrogen refuelling station
at the site for hydrogen-powered cars. A spokesman for PURE said “Forty per cent of the world-wide population lives with no access to
electricity and heat. The CHP scheme will provide these populations with such access. There will be no impact on the environment whatsoever. This is totally clean energy."

Housing

"Tygh-Na-Cladach" (English: the house by the shore") in Dunoon is the UK's first "affordable" passivhaus, designed by Gokay Deveci of Robert Gordon University for Fyne Homes. For the month of August 2010 Scotland's first green housing expo opened in Inverness. The event showcased 52 new designs.

Waste treatment
Moray Council has announced an 800 kW landfill gas project near Spey Bay. Contractors Renewable Power Systems expect the facility to come into production in 2008. There are as yet no plans for Plasma arc waste disposal in Scotland although a plant is under construction at Swindon in England.

In 2013 Baron Wallace of Tankerness sided with liquidators KPMG who are arguing UK insolvency law has precedence over  Scottish environmental regulations. Wallace's position, taken "on behalf of the UK Government" is that the liquidators have the power to abandon environmental clean-up costs after the company with the responsibility for them has gone bust. KPMG estimates the liquidation of Scottish Coal will leave up to £30 million that would be paid to creditor Lloyds Bank rather go towards the restoration of disused mines in Ayrshire and Lanarkshire. Opponents of KPMG include the Scottish Government, the Scottish Environment Protection Agency, South Lanarkshire Council and East Ayrshire Council.

Agriculture and food
In November 2008, Keenan Recycling completed a £3.2 million plant at New Deer for the production of organic fertilisers. Capable of producing 20,000 tonnes per annum the operators hope to capitalise on the soaring price of compound fertilisers, which tripled in the previous 18 months.

Transport

Designated recharging points to run electric vehicles have been installed at the Cairngorms National Park Authority offices at Grantown and at the Aviemore offices of local charity, the Badenoch and Strathspey Community Transport Company. In 2010 the government body that manages and promotes sustainable transport in Scotland announced that, despite a goal of reducing carbon emissions  for travel by staff by 8% over a two-year period, that they had risen by 3%. Transport Scotland has now set a new target of cutting their travel emissions by 12% over the next three years.

In 2011 Caledonian MacBrayne announced they were developing engineering concept designs for the world's first sea going RORO passenger hybrid (battery/diesel-electric) ferry. The ferries are designed for use on short crossing routes and use battery banks supplying a minimum of 20% of the energy consumed on board. MV Hallaig was launched in December 2012 at Ferguson's yard in Port Glasgow by Deputy First Minister Nicola Sturgeon. The Scottish Government invested more than £20 million in the project andHallaig'' is the first of two vehicle roll-on roll-off hybrid-powered ferries. She has a low-carbon system of diesel electric and lithium ion battery power.

See also
Community Energy Scotland
EMEC
Findhorn Ecovillage
HICEC
Renewable energy in Scotland
Scoraig
Centre for Alternative Technology
Sustainable development

References

External links
Scottish Institute for Solar Energy Research (SISER)
Bodhi Eco-project
Sustainable Communities Initiatives
SSDF
Forward Scotland
sustainablescotland.com

Sustainability in Scotland
Renewable energy in Scotland
Scotland


was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period, who served the Uesugi clan of Echigo Province. He was one of Uesugi Kenshin's leading generals. His ferocity in combat gave rise to his nickname, .

He was also sometimes called "The Ogre" because his helmet had an image of a grinning oni, a mythical creature which has been translated as ogre or demon. His weapon was a kanabō, a weapon associated with ogres, and thus adding further to his reputation.

References

1522 births
1582 deaths
Uesugi retainers
Samurai


Bortelsee is a reservoir in the municipality of Brig in the canton of Valais, Switzerland. Its dam was built in 1989.

See also
List of mountain lakes of Switzerland

External links
Swissdams: Bortelsee
Kraftwerk Bortel

Lakes of Valais
Reservoirs in Switzerland


Xabier 'Xabi' Castillo Aranburu (born 29 March 1986) is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as a left-back.

Club career
Born in Durango, Biscay, Castillo came up through the ranks at Athletic Bilbao, but made his senior debut with Basque neighbours Real Sociedad, where he had finished his football development. His first professional experience came with UD Las Palmas on loan, in 2006–07's Segunda División. In his first two seasons with Real Sociedad's first team he was first choice, in the same level.

On 15 July 2009, Castillo returned his first alma mater and signed a four-year deal. He made his La Liga debut in the campaign opener (30 August 2009), a 1–0 home win against RCD Espanyol, and made a total of 45 competitive appearances in his first two years.

Castillo spent the entire 2011–12 on the sidelines, due to a patellar ligament injury. Upon returning he was only a fringe player, being released by the Marcelo Bielsa-led squad in June 2013 after his contract expired and returning to former club Las Palmas.

On 10 July 2014, Castillo joined Deportivo Alavés also of the second tier.

References

External links

1986 births
Living people
People from Durango, Biscay
Footballers from Biscay
Spanish men's footballers
Men's association football defenders
La Liga players
Segunda División players
Segunda División B players
Real Sociedad B footballers
Real Sociedad footballers
UD Las Palmas players
Athletic Bilbao footballers
Deportivo Alavés players
Spain men's youth international footballers
Basque Country men's international footballers


Guairá Falls (, ) were a series of immense waterfalls on the Paraná River along the border between Paraguay and Brazil. The falls ceased to exist in 1982 when they were inundated by the impoundment of the Itaipu Dam reservoir. While published figures vary, ranging from  per second to  per second, Guaíra's flow rate was among the greatest of any then-existing falls on Earth.

The falls comprised 18 cataracts clustered in seven groups—hence their Portuguese name, Sete Quedas (Seven Falls)—near the Brazilian municipality of Guaíra, Paraná and Salto de Guairá, the easternmost city in Paraguay. The falls were located at a point where the Paraná River was forced through a narrow gorge. At the head of the falls, the river narrowed sharply from a width of about  to . The total height of the falls was approximately , while the largest individual cataract was  high. The roar of the plunging water could be heard from  away.

Submergence

A tourist attraction and a favorite of locals, the falls were completely submerged under the artificial lake created by the Itaipu Dam upon its completion in 1982. The building of the dam, authorized by a 1973 bilateral agreement between the Paraguayan and Brazilian regimes of the time, marked a new era of cooperation between the countries, both of which had claimed ownership of Guaíra Falls.

As construction of the Itaipu Dam progressed, thousands of visitors flocked to the area to see the falls before they disappeared forever. Disaster struck on January 17, 1982, when a suspended footbridge affording access to a particularly spectacular view of the falls collapsed, killing dozens of tourists.

Brazilian poet Carlos Drummond de Andrade wrote a poem expressing his dismay at the destruction of Guaíra Falls. Set in large type, the poem filled an entire page in the Jornal do Brasil newspaper:Here seven visions, seven liquid sculpturesvanished through the computerized calculationsof a country ceasing to be humanin order to become a chilly corporation, nothing more.A movement becomes a dam.—Carlos Drummond de Andrade, "Farewell to Seven Falls" (excerpt, translated from the Portuguese)

Earlier, as the waters began to rise, a demonstration took place, as hundreds of people gathered to participate in a guarup, an indigenous ritual in memory of the falls. The inundation took only 14 days, occurring during the rainy season when the level of the Paraná River was high. By October 27, 1982, the reservoir was fully formed and the falls had vanished, with only part of the rock face visible during years of drought.

The director of the company that built the dam was quoted as saying, "We're not destroying Seven Falls. We're just going to transfer it to Itaipu Dam, whose spillway will be a substitute for [the falls'] beauty".

See also
List of waterfalls by flow rate
Itaipu Lake

References

Sources
 Brazil, Lonely Planet Guide, 4th Edition, c. 1998 Lonely Planet Publications, PO Box 617, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia

External links
A new gateway to the heart of South America, 1918 by William Alfred Reid
Salto de Sete Quedas photoset
Salto de Sete Quedas - Brasil, December 1978 by Mario Cesar Mendonça Gomes
Salto de Sete Quedas - Brasil, December 1978 by Mario Cesar Mendonça Gomes

Waterfalls of Brazil
Waterfalls of Paraguay
Submerged waterfalls
Brazil–Paraguay border
Paraná River
Canindeyú Department
Landforms of Paraná (state)


The Archdiocese of Przemyśl () is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or archdiocese of the Catholic Church located in the city of Przemyśl in Poland.

History
 April 13, 1375: Established as Diocese of Przemyśl
 March 25, 1992: Promoted as Metropolitan Archdiocese of Przemyśl

Special churches
Minor Basilicas:
 Bazylika Panny Marii (Bazylika MB Bolesnej oo. Dominikanów), Jarosław
 Bazylika pw. Ducha Świętego, Przeworsk
 Bazylika pw. Trójcy Przenajświętszej, Krosno
 Bazylika pw. Trójcy Przenajświętszej, Leżajsk
 Bazylika pw. Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Marii Panny, Stara Wieś

Leadership

 Archbishops of Przemyśl (Roman rite)
 Archbishop Adam Szal (since 2016.05.21)
 Archbishop Józef Michalik (1993.04.17 – 2016.04.30)
 Archbishop Ignacy Tokarczuk (1992.03.25 – 1993.04.17)
 Bishops of Przemyśl (Roman rite)
 Archbishop Ignacy Tokarczuk (1965.12.03 – 1992.03.25)
 Bishop Franciszek Barda (1933.11.25 – 1964.11.13)
 Bishop Anatol Nowak (1924.09.30 – 1933.04.05)
 Bishop Józef Sebastian Pelczar (1900.12.17 – 1924.03.28)
 Bishop Luca Solecki (1882.03.27 – ?)
 Bishop Mattia Hirschler (1870.06.27 – 1881)
 Bishop Adam Jasiński (1860.03.23 – 1862.03.03)
 Archbishop Francesco Saverio Wierzchleyski (1846.07.27 – 1860.03.23)
 Bishop Józef Tadeusz Kierski (1768–1783)
 Bishop Andrzej Mikołaj Stanisław Kostka Młodziejowski (1767.02.02 – ?)
 Bishop Walenty Franciszek Wężyk (1765–1766)
 Archbishop Wacław Hieronim Sierakowski (1742.05.25 – 1760.07.21)
 Bishop Waclaw Hieronim Sierakowski (1741–1760)
 Bishop Alexander Antoni Pleszowice Fredro (1724–1734)
 Bishop Krzysztof Andrzej Jan Szembek (1719.03.15 – 1724.09.11)
 Bishop Jan Kazimierz de Alten Bokum (1701.07.18 – 1719.07.30)
 Bishop Jan Stanisław Zbąski (1677.10.11 – 1688.12.06)
 Bishop Piotr Gembicki (1637 – ?)
 Bishop Andrzej Szołdrski (1635.08.14 – 1636.07.21)
 Archbishop Jan Wężyk (1619–1627)
 Archbishop Wojciech Baranowski (1585–1591)

Suffragan dioceses
 Rzeszów
 Zamość-Lubaczów

See also
Roman Catholicism in Poland

Sources
 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy
  Diocese website

Roman Catholic dioceses in Poland
Roman Catholic Archdiocese
Religious organizations established in 1375
Roman Catholic dioceses established in the 14th century


In chemistry, bond cleavage, or bond fission, is the splitting of chemical bonds. This can be generally referred to as dissociation when a molecule is cleaved into two or more fragments.

In general, there are two classifications for bond cleavage: homolytic and heterolytic, depending on the nature of the process. The triplet and singlet excitation energies of a sigma bond can be used to determine if a bond will follow the homolytic or heterolytic pathway. A metal−metal sigma bond is an exception because the bond's excitation energy is extremely high, thus cannot be used for observation purposes.

In some cases, bond cleavage requires catalysts. Due to the high bond-dissociation energy of C−H bonds, around , a large amount of energy is required to cleave the hydrogen atom from the carbon and bond a different atom to the carbon.

Homolytic cleavage

In homolytic cleavage, or homolysis, the two electrons in a cleaved covalent bond are divided equally between the products. This process is also known as homolytic fission or radical fission. The bond-dissociation energy of a bond is the amount of energy required to cleave the bond homolytically. This enthalpy change is one measure of bond strength.

The triplet excitation energy of a sigma bond is the energy required for homolytic dissociation, but the actual excitation energy may be higher than the bond-dissociation energy due to the repulsion between electrons in the triplet state.

Heterolytic cleavage

In heterolytic cleavage, or heterolysis, the bond breaks in such a fashion that the originally-shared pair of electrons remain with one of the fragments. Thus, a fragment gains an electron, having both bonding electrons, while the other fragment loses an electron. This process is also known as ionic fission.

The singlet excitation energy of a sigma bond is the energy required for heterolytic dissociation, but the actual singlet excitation energy may be lower than the bond-dissociation energy of heterolysis as a result of the Coulombic attraction between the two ion fragments. The singlet excitation energy of a silicon–silicon sigma bond is lower than the carbon–carbon sigma bond, even though their bond strengths are 80kJ/mol and 70kJ/mol respectively, because silicon has higher electron affinity and lower ionization potential than carbon.

Heterolysis occurs naturally in reactions that involve electron donor ligands and transition metals which have empty orbitals.

Ring-opening

In a ring-opening, the cleaved molecule remains as a single unit. The bond breaks, but the two fragments remain attached by other parts of the structure. For example, an epoxide ring can be opened by heterolytic cleavage of one of the polar carbon–oxygen bonds to give a single acyclic structure.

Applications

In biochemistry, the process of breaking down large molecules by splitting their internal bonds is catabolism. Enzymes which catalyse bond cleavage are known as lyases, unless they operate by hydrolysis or oxidoreduction, in which case they are known as hydrolases and oxidoreductases respectively.

In proteomics, cleaving agents are used in proteome analysis, where proteins are cleaved into smaller peptide fragments. Examples of cleaving agents used are cyanogen bromide, pepsin, and trypsin.

References

Chemical bonding


Cherry Hospital is an inpatient regional referral psychiatric hospital located in Goldsboro, North Carolina, United States. As one of three psychiatric hospitals operated by the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, it provides services to 38 counties in the eastern region of North Carolina. It is part of the Division of State Operated Healthcare Facilities within the Department of Health and Human Services, which oversees and manages 14 state-operated healthcare facilities that treat adults and children with mental illness, developmental disabilities, and substance use disorders. The Division's psychiatric hospitals provide comprehensive inpatient mental health services to people with psychiatric illness who cannot be safely treated at a lower level of care.

Cherry Hospital's treatment units include Adolescent, Adult Acute Admissions, Geriatric Admissions, Psychiatric Rehabilitation, and Psychiatric Medical to serve those with complex acute care needs, providing a level of care not available in their own communities.

History
In 1877, the North Carolina General Assembly appointed a committee to recommend the selection of a site for a facility for the black mentally ill which would serve the state. On April 11, 1878,  of land two miles (3 km) west of Goldsboro were purchased. The site was described by Governor Zebulon Baird Vance as ideal for a hospital building because of good elevation in a high state of cultivation and central location for the black population.

On August 1, 1880, the first patient was admitted to the then named "Asylum for Colored Insane". Since that time, there have been several name changes including: The Eastern North Carolina Insane Asylum, Eastern Hospital, and State Hospital at Goldsboro. The name was changed to Cherry Hospital in 1959 in honor of Governor R. Gregg Cherry, who focused his administration on expanding mental health services and increasing hospital facilities and personnel during his tenure.

The bed capacity for the hospital when established was seventy-six but over one hundred patients were crowded into the facility by Christmas of 1880. On March 5, 1881, the Eastern North Carolina Insane Asylum was incorporated and a board of nine directors appointed. A separate building was established for treating tubercular patients. In addition, a building for the criminally insane was opened in 1924.

For the first eighty-five years of its history, Cherry Hospital served the entire black population for the State of North Carolina.  In 1965, the hospital joined other state hospitals in implementing the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Cherry began serving patients from the thirty-three counties in the Eastern Region in 1965 by providing services for all races. Black patients at Cherry were transferred to hospitals in their appropriate region while Cherry received white patients from other hospitals in other regions.

Cherry Farm
From the opening of the institution, much of the cultivation was performed on the hospital grounds under the management of the steward.  By 1960, Cherry Farm had 2,300 acres in cultivation, including fruit trees, an apple orchard, vegetables, and sugar cane, with livestock consisting of hogs, chickens, turkeys and cows.  The farm supplied the hospital's requirement of milk, eggs, and pork (except cured bacon), 70% of the hospital's beef requirement; nothing was sold except hides.

Early treatment
The early treatment program was mainly custodial, while able-bodied patients worked on the farm.  In 1884, a battery was purchased as electricity was said to be beneficial to the treatment of early insanity.  An occupational therapist was employed in 1932, but therapy was mainly confined to the farm, laundry, kitchen and yard work. During the 1930s and 1940s, laxatives, castor oil, salts, aspirin, and sedatives were the standard medications given to patients.  Hydrotherapy was attempted, but soon abandoned.  Seclusion in the form of 6’x9’ steel cages was also utilized, but was completely removed from the treatment program in 1956.  Chapel facilities and chaplain services were not available until the early 1950s, but selected patients were allowed to visit churches in Goldsboro under the supervision of an attendant.

By 1955, tranquilizing medications were widely used and helped revolutionize patient treatment. As a result of extensive use of psychotropic drugs, the rate of discharges began to increase and the length of hospitalization decreased. While discharges increased, the admission rate also increased significantly and the resident population remained virtually stable at approximately 3,000 patients between 1950 and 1965. The highest rate of occupancy was approximately 3,500 patients. During its first 100 years of service, Cherry Hospital served 91,045 patients.

From segregation to integration
For the first 85 years of its history, Cherry Hospital served only the mentally ill African-American population for the entire state of North Carolina, and remained the only mental hospital available to those citizens until the mid-1960s. The hospital remained segregated until 1965, when, to comply with the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Cherry Hospital joined other state mental institutions in implementing the law, initiating the desegregation of the patient population. The state was divided into four (4) regions, with each region containing a mental hospital for adults.  Cherry Hospital began to provide services to all races from the thirty-three designated counties in the Eastern Region of North Carolina. African-American patients at Cherry Hospital were transferred to hospitals within their appropriate region, while white patients designated for the Eastern Region were received and admitted from other hospitals in other regions.

Cemeteries
There are two cemeteries located on the old campus of Cherry Hospital.  One is located behind the Chase Laundry Building where patients were interred between 1905 and 1928; the other is located behind the McFarland Building where the earliest known interment is 1927.  It is known that there are 3000 people buried on the grounds, with approximately 700 graves marked with upright brass crosses bearing patient names and dates.  A monument in memoriam of the patients interred on the old Cherry Hospital campus was dedicated on June 3, 2004.

The two known burial grounds mentioned above may account for those buried since 1905 but do not account for those buried between 1880 and 1905. It is known that there have been over 3800 people buried on the hospital grounds since 1913. These people were identified from their death certificates found online. It is reasonable to think there are at least 5000 men, women and children buried on these grounds. The listing of memorials on Find a Grave comes primarily from death certificates found online supplemented by a few markers photographed when people could get into the cemetery with a camera in hand. One wonders if the hospital has intact a grave book or other listing of all burials on its grounds.

It is likely that Cherry Hospital is home to the largest African American burial ground in the state of North Carolina. Perhaps one day the names of everyone buried there will be known to the public and to the loved ones of those buried there.

Dorothea Dix influence
The mid-nineteenth century in North Carolina marked a time of great change in the methods of caring for the mentally ill. Despite the push by other states to develop and build asylums, North Carolina continued to resist these efforts due to the high cost of construction. North Carolina was twelfth of the original 13 colonies to pass legislation allowing for the construction of a state hospital. The efforts of Dorothea Lynde Dix were of paramount importance in swaying legislators to consider the cost savings, and fundamental humanity, of treating the insane. Dix addressed the North Carolina General Assembly in 1848, petitioning the members to establish formal, humane institutional care for those suffering from mental illness. Her advocacy efforts, including those of North Carolina General Assembly Representative Kenneth Rayner, led to the beginning of construction of the first asylum in North Carolina. Only two other asylums for the mentally ill, Broughton Hospital in Morganton and Cherry Hospital in Goldsboro, were approved and built before the turn of the twentieth century in North Carolina.

A Founders Gallery exhibit, located in the first floor lobby of the New Cherry Hospital, was established to pay tribute to the influence and impact of the efforts championed by Dorothea Dix to care for the mentally ill.

"New" Cherry Hospital
In the fall of 2016, the old Cherry Hospital facility closed and was replaced by a new psychiatric facility of the same name, located at 1401 West Ash Street, Goldsboro, North Carolina, on a site approximately one-half mile from the old hospital. The new hospital, designed by Perkins+Will, of Durham, North Carolina, is a single structure, three-story building containing approximately 410,000 square feet, including 9.4 acres of floor space, consisting of residential patient care units, therapy and medical facilities, and service and administrative support areas.  The site, including buildings, parking lots, grounds and buffer zones, covers approximately 51 acres and is located on a 171-acre tract.  The basic construction contract for the building, utilities, and grounds was awarded to Archer Western Contractors, LTD, of Morrisville, North Carolina. Total funding for the new construction, design, medical equipment, furniture, telecommunications, information technology, equipment and other necessities totaling $138,325,814 was derived from special indebtedness bonds approved by the North Carolina General Assembly.

A Groundbreaking Ceremony was held at the new site on October 1, 2010, with then Governor Beverly Eves Perdue and North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Lanier M. Cansler in attendance.  A subsequent Dedication and Official Ribbon-Cutting Ceremony was held on August 30, 2016, with then Governor Pat McCrory, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Rick Brajer, and Deputy Secretary Dale Armstrong in attendance.

The previous hospital, located at 201 Stevens Mill Road, Goldsboro, North Carolina, was composed of several buildings disseminated campus-wide. The new hospital provides expanded services and additional capacity encompassed in one building. Amenities include a modern laboratory, dental and radiology departments and equipment, internal and external courtyards, a treatment mall (known as the "Hope and Wellness Center") decorated with flexible pictures hung magnetically, gymnasium and exercise room, library equipped with computers, cosmetology and barber shops, and anti-ligature doors/hinges/hooks and tempered glass.

The process of transferring patients to the new hospital was initiated in late September 2016.  A press release on the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services website, dated October 5, 2016, states all patients were safely moved and now occupy the new Cherry Hospital as of Thursday, September 29, 2016.

Counties served
Cherry Hospital serves patients from thirty-eight (38) Eastern North Carolina counties including: Beaufort, Bertie, Bladen, Brunswick, Camden, Carteret, Chowan, Columbus, Craven, Cumberland, Currituck, Dare, Duplin, Edgecombe, Gates, Greene, Hertford, Hyde, Johnston, Jones, Lenoir, Martin, Nash, New Hanover, Northampton, Onslow, Pamlico, Pasquotank, Pender, Perquimans, Pitt, Robeson, Sampson, Scotland, Tyrrell, Washington, Wayne, and Wilson.

Services provided
Cherry Hospital employs licensed psychiatrists, internal and family medicine physicians, and mid-level practitioners who provide short and long term mental health care and services to adolescents, adults and geriatric patients. Comprehensive treatment includes physical and diagnostic, with utilization of an array of therapeutic approaches including group, behavior, milieu therapy, occupational, as well as recreational and creative arts therapies.

Treatment units
Cherry Hospital's treatment units include:

 The Adolescent Unit is a specialty unit providing inpatient treatment for mentally, emotionally, and behaviorally disturbed adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17. The unit provides diagnostic evaluation that includes psychiatric, medical, nursing, individual and group therapy, family counseling, nutritional services, therapeutic activities, structured group living, vocational evaluation and rehabilitation, and interagency correlation. Adolescents are enrolled in a year-round accredited school program ("Riverbend School"), which allows patients to remain up-to date in their education while receiving the care they need.
 The Adult and Acute Admissions Unit is for patients between the ages of 18 and 60. It is designed for patients who are admitted in crisis and with many types of mental illness. It is a short term unit and family and community involvement is encouraged to assist with the transition back to the community.
 The Geriatric Admissions Unit provides treatment for patients 60 years and older. While most of the patients in the unit have confusion and/or disorientation associated with dementia, there are others with persistent mental illness.  Although patients are usually ambulatory, many suffer from age-related physical illnesses such as diabetes, hypertension, arthritis or cardiovascular disease.  Most require some assistance with their basic needs. The objective of the unit is re-motivation, reorientation, and rehabilitation of patients in an effort to return them to their community and families.
 The Psychiatric Rehabilitation Unit provides treatment and rehabilitation services to adults 18 and older with severe and persistent psychiatric illness. Efforts are aimed at reducing symptoms and developing the skills needed to achieve independent functioning. Patients participate in work therapy, therapaws, and in counseling sessions.  A wellness clinic is part of the patients' program in order to familiarize them with routine health checks and to encourage follow-up with physicians after discharge.
 The Psychiatric Medical Unit is a unit for the treatment of psychiatric patients with physical illness who cannot be managed on a general psychiatric unit due to the nature and severity of the medical illness. Patients are admitted to this unit from other hospital units.

Riverbend School
Riverbend School, housed within the new Cherry Hospital facility, is an accredited school program for adolescent patients between the ages of 12 and 17.  Classrooms are structured as small groups for multi-age and grade, including both regular and special education classes.  Liaison teachers work with home-school personnel, parents/guardians, and staff to meet each student's individual needs.

Expanded Capacity
Cherry Hospital expanded its capacity by more than 100 psychiatric beds following the move to a new facility in 2016. Now, a 300-bed facility, Cherry Hospital has the capacity to serve 130+ adults, 28 adolescents, 35 geriatric, 10 medical psychiatric, and 104 psychiatric rehabilitation. There are 12 patient care units that include 228 bedrooms with one bathroom per room, 146 private bedrooms and 82 semi-private bedrooms.

Accreditations
Cherry Hospital is accredited by the North Carolina Medical Society to provide Continuing Medical Education (CME) to physicians and is accredited as a provider of continuing nursing education by the American Nurses Credentialing Center's Commission on Accreditation(ANCC). The hospital provides continuing education to psychologists, social workers, and teachers by working closely with Area Health Education Centers (AHEC) Eastern AHEC, Southeast AHEC, Southern Regional AHEC, and North Carolina Psychological Association.

  The Joint Commission, 2012 Top Performer on Key Quality Measures
 North Carolina Medical Society
 American Nurses Credentialing Center's Commission on Accreditation
 College of American Pathologists
 Member, North Carolina Hospital Association

Teaching affiliations and internships
Cherry Hospital is affiliated with thirteen (13) schools of nursing. Annually, these schools complete clinical rotations in various treatment areas. The objective of the clinical experience is to provide nursing students with learning opportunities regarding the care of individuals with mental health needs.
 Appalachian University
 Campbell University
 Coastal Carolina Community College
 East Carolina University
Edgecombe Community College
 James Sprunt Community College
 Johnston Community College
 Lenoir Community College
 Sampson Community College
 University of Mount Olive
 University of North Carolina at Greensboro
 Wayne Community College
 Wilson Tech Community College

Cherry Hospital is affiliated with several colleges and universities for internship placements in the areas of social work, psychology, teaching (exceptional children), dental hygiene, pharmacy and therapeutic recreation, and has affiliations with colleges/universities in other states for occupational therapy internships. The hospital is routinely utilized as a teaching site for both the Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University and Campbell University where psychiatry residents, fellows and medical students train with the hospital's professional staff holding clinical faculty appointments.

Cherry Hospital Museum
The Cherry Hospital Museum is located in the Special Services house on the old hospital campus, located at 201 Stevens Mill Road, in Goldsboro, North Carolina. Displaying written documents, photographs and other artifacts, the museum depicts the history of the psychiatric hospital opened in 1880 for the African American mentally ill from all 100 counties of North Carolina.

Due to the damage sustained by the effects of the flooding of Hurricane Matthew in October 2016, the museum officially closed its doors on Friday, January 13, 2017. All artifacts housed in the museum were moved to storage with future plans to rotate these pieces and display them in exhibits in the Founders Gallery, located in the First Floor of the New Cherry Hospital.  An electronic presentation of these artifacts will be featured on electronic message boards located throughout the new hospital.

The Cherry Foundation, Inc.
The Cherry Foundation is a not-for-profit and tax exempt organization established to provide further assistance to those affected by mental illness while admitted at Cherry Hospital This organization is a separate entity from Cherry Hospital and was officially recognized and chartered March 31, 1997, by the State of North Carolina, and was granted federal tax-exempt status, 501(c)(3) by Internal Revenue Service guidelines. Tax deductible contributions and gifts made to the foundation are utilized directly for the therapeutic care of the patients.

References

External links
 NC DHHS - Division of State Operated Healthcare Facilities
 The Joint Commission - Accreditation/Quality Report for Cherry Hospital
 Photos of Cherry Hospital
 "Moving Forward" - The Progress of the New Cherry Hospital
 Cherry Hospital Museum
 The Cherry Foundation, Inc.

Psychiatric hospitals in North Carolina
Hospital buildings completed in 1880
Hospitals in North Carolina
Goldsboro, North Carolina
Museums in Wayne County, North Carolina
Medical museums in the United States
African-American museums in North Carolina
Buildings and structures in Wayne County, North Carolina


Rafflesia pricei is a parasitic flowering plant endemic to Borneo. It is named after amateur botanist William Price, who discovered the species on Mount Kinabalu in the 1960s.

References

External links
 Parasitic Plant Connection: Rafflesia pricei page

pricei
Parasitic plants
Endemic flora of Borneo
Flora of Sabah
Flora of Mount Kinabalu


Andriy Oleksandrovych Dykan (; born 16 July 1977) is a retired Ukrainian football goalkeeper who last played for Russian side FC Krasnodar. His previous clubs include Terek Grozny and Spartak Moscow. Dykan was also a full Ukrainian international, winning 8 caps for his country.

He also holds Russian citizenship which he obtained in 2000 in Khabarovsk.

Club career
Born in Kharkiv, Andriy Dykan played in Ukrainian lower league clubs, until he joined the Russian First Division side SKA-Energiya Khabarovsk in 1999. He became a first-choice goalkeeper and also regularly took penalties, scoring 9 goals in his 5 years with the club. Young and gifted goalkeeper was noticed by a number of top flight Russian clubs, but deal offers from Lokomotiv Moscow and Rubin Kazan were rejected due to various reasons.

In 2004, Dykan signed for FC Kuban Krasnodar, where he also became a regular starter, but following an illness, lost his first-team place to Vladimir Gabulov. Dykan then moved back to Ukraine and joined FC Tavriya Simferopol in January 2008.

In January 2009, he left Tavriya on a free transfer and moved to FC Terek Grozny. His outstanding performances in the first half of 2010 season earned him an offer from Russian giants FC Spartak Moscow. In August 2010, Dykan signed a contract with the Moscow club. In his only second competitive game for Spartak, an UEFA Champions League away match against Olympique de Marseille on 15 September 2010, Dykan became the hero of the hour, keeping the clean sheet and making many crucial saves, as Spartak went on to win the game 1–0. He maintained steady performances in 2010–11 UEFA Europa League, keeping two clean sheets against AFC Ajax in the round of sixteen and thus helping Spartak to defeat Dutch team 4-0 on aggregate. Dykan's form in Russian Premier League was also solid, meaning that Spartak's goalkeeper troubles that had emerged after the departure of Stipe Pletikosa, were finally over. As of spring 2012, Dykan remains an undoubted number one goalkeeper of Spartak, and his ability to make spectacular saves as well as virtual absence of blunders have earned him much respect from the fans.

After recovering from injury, Dykan was forced to settle for a place on the bench due to the outstanding performances of Sergei Pesyakov and Artyom Rebrov, previously Spartak's second and third-choice keepers, respectively. However, he then returned to being Spartak's first choice 'keeper, putting in an impressive performance against city rivals CSKA.

The next season, he didn't play regularly and at one point became the fourth-choice goalkeeper. Towards the end of the season, however, Dykan was reinstated to the team, as Spartak claimed a disappointing sixth-place finish in the Russian Premier League. Dykan ended his career after two seasons at Krasnodar.

International career
Dykan made his debut for the Ukraine national football team in a friendly match against Norway on 2 June 2010, at the age of 32. He continued making regular appearances for the national team, and as Ukraine's home European Championship approached, Dykan, despite his belated debut, appeared to be the most probable choice for Ukraine's starting goalkeeper at the tournament. Alongside his promising performances for the national team, his position was also strengthened by the injury of veteran Oleksandr Shovkovskyi and the 2-year ban of young prospect Oleksandr Rybka. However, on 31 March 2012, while playing for Spartak against Zenit, he suffered a collision with Zenit's Aleksandr Kerzhakov and was injured. Dykan was diagnosed with multiple facial bones fractures, craniocerebral trauma and brain concussion. He went on to miss the final tournament, and failed to make an appearance for Ukraine again.

Honours
Individual:

 Russian First Division best goalkeeper: 2005.

with Spartak Moscow:

 Russian Premier League: Runner-up, 2012
 Copa del Sol: Winner, 2012 (exhibition tournament)

References

External links

Profile on Terek official website

1977 births
Living people
Footballers from Kharkiv
Ukrainian men's footballers
Ukrainian expatriate sportspeople in Russia
Men's association football goalkeepers
FC Spartak Moscow players
SC Tavriya Simferopol players
FC Kuban Krasnodar players
FC Akhmat Grozny players
FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi players
Ukrainian Premier League players
Ukrainian First League players
Ukrainian Second League players
Russian Premier League players
Ukraine men's international footballers
FC SKA-Khabarovsk players
FC Krasnodar players
Ukrainian sportspeople in Russia during the Russo-Ukrainian War
Expatriate men's footballers in Russia


Southwest Hunter Mountain (Leavitt Peak) is a subpeak of Hunter Mountain, located in Greene County, New York. It is considered one of the Catskills' High Peaks in its own right, because of its separation from the main summit, and its topographic prominence.
Hunter Mountain is named after John Hunter, who also gave his name to the town of Hunter.

Southwest Hunter is part of the Devil's Path range of the Catskill Mountains.
SW Hunter is flanked to the northeast by the main summit of Hunter, and to the west faces West Kill Mountain across  Diamond Notch. It is considered a bushwhack, as there are no official trails leading to its summit, in the midst of a dense montane boreal forest of red spruce and balsam fir. Attempts to climb from Diamond Notch, the closest approach of a maintained trail, have led to the creation of a maze of herd paths on the level area west of the mountain's summit, none of which leads to it and many of which dead-end. Hikers have instead been following the bed of a rail line used by a 19th century logging company that begins just off the Devil's Path,  west of the Devil's Acre Lean-to, at a small rock cairn. It traverses the ridge at roughly  for three-quarters of a mile () where another herd path turns uphill to the peak (This upward turn is easy to miss, there are several other junctions prior to it. It is only marked by an arrow scratched onto a nearby rock; it has in the past been marked by another cairn). The summit canister is in a small clearing.

Southwest Hunter stands within the watershed of the Hudson River, which drains into New York Bay.
The north side of SW Hunter drains into the headwaters of the West Kill, thence into Schoharie Creek, the Mohawk River, and the Hudson River. The southeast slopes of SW Hunter drain into Myrtle Brook, thence into Stony Clove Creek, Esopus Creek, and the Hudson River. The southwest side of SW Hunter drains into Hollow Brook, thence into Stony Clove Creek.

Southwest Hunter is within the Hunter Mountain Wild Forest of the Catskill Park of New York's Forest Preserve.

Southwest Hunter is unnamed in the GNIS database; there is an effort underway to get the peak named Leavitt Peak in memory of Bill & Elinore Leavitt, two of the founders of the Catskill 3500 club.

See also
 List of mountains in New York

Notes

External links
 Southwest Hunter Mountain Hiking Information Catskill 3500 Club

Mountains of Greene County, New York
Catskill High Peaks
Mountains of New York (state)


Demetrice Morley (born July 23, 1987) is an American football defensive back who played in the Canadian Football League and is currently retired.

High school career
Morley played football at Miami Killian High School in Miami, Florida. He was a standout star at defensive back, and was ranked by Rivals.com and Scout.com recruiting services at the number one cornerback in the 2005 recruiting class. He also helped Miami Killian to a 6A state championship in 2004. Only championship in school history. Morley was a part of a Tennessee class that was ranked Top 3 nationally, also featuring Jonathan Crompton, LaMarcus Coker, Rico McCoy, Josh McNeil, among others.

College career

Freshman season: 2005
Morley played for the Vols as a freshman in 2005, backing up Jason Allen.

Sophomore season: 2006
Morley started for the Vols following an injury to Inquoris Johnson in the 2nd game of the season against Air Force.  Morley spent the majority of the time as a strong safety. Morley ended the year with 51 total tackles, 2 interceptions and one blocked kick.

2007
Morley was dismissed from the football team and left school for academic reasons following the 2006 season.  He spent the 2007 season at Pellissippi State Technical Community College in an attempt to be readmitted at Tennessee.

Junior season: 2008

After sitting out the 2007 season, Morley was readmitted to the University in January 2008 and rejoined the team. The birth of his son motivated him to return.

Senior Season: 2009
On April 7, 2009 Head Coach Lane Kiffin announced that Morley has been dismissed from the squad. He did not state specifically why the rising senior was dismissed, but when Kiffin became head coach in December. Morley then entered the supplemental draft.

Professional football

Calgary Stampeders
In 2011, Morley signed with the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League. In his rookie season, Morley played in 16 games, recording 40 tackles and 4 sacks.  In 2012, Morley recorded 10 tackles and 1 sack in only 2 games, missing most of the season due to a shoulder injury.  In 2013, Morley recorded 13 tackles and 1 interception in 6 games before being released by the Stampeders on September 5, 2013.

In his first-ever appearance, July 14, 2011, Morley forces a fumble that leads to the winning touchdown. He doesn’t stop there. The then-safety ends up pacing the team with four forced fumbles. His four sacks are the most by a Calgary defensive back since David Lee McCrary’s four in 1989. Also, he earns the Stamps’ nomination for the Canadian Football League’s most outstanding defensive player.

Toronto Argonauts
On September 6, 2013, Morley signed with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League. On May 16, 2014, Morley was released by the Argonauts because of others transactions by the team.

References

External links
 Scout.com Profile
 Rivals Profile

1987 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Miami
African-American players of American football
African-American players of Canadian football
American football defensive backs
Canadian football defensive backs
Calgary Stampeders players
Tennessee Volunteers football players
Toronto Argonauts players
Saskatchewan Roughriders players


The Prinsentuin () or, Prinsenhoftuin is a garden built in renaissance style that is located in Groningen, behind the Prinsenhof.
This Garden consists of a rose garden, a herb garden, a part with berceaus and a sundial on the wall above the entrance.

The letters 'W' and 'A', the beginletters of stadtholder Willem Frederik of Nassau and his wife Countess Albertine Agnes of Nassau, are planted in the Prinsentuin to, using hedges.

On the side of the Turfsingel the garden is fenced off by a high wall. On one side you can still see a bit of the blu wall, that once  stood optop of this wall. The blue wall, That was attached in the French period, had to avoid that people threw drinks over the wall when the Prinsenhof was a militair hospital. Nowadays a tea house is settled in the building.

The Prinsentuin is also known because of the annual event Dichters in de Prinsentuin (), where known and unknown poets read out their poems in the open air.

Buildings and structures in Groningen (city)
Tourist attractions in Groningen (province)
Gardens in the Netherlands


In Your Room is a box set by British synth-pop duo Yazoo, also known in North America as Yaz. It is the first Yazoo release since Only Yazoo, a 1999 greatest hits compilation album.

The set was released by Mute Records (in North America by Sire Records) on May 26, 2008 and contains four discs.  In Your Room contains Yazoo's only two studio albums (Upstairs at Eric's and You and Me Both) in stereo and 5.1 remasters.  Also included is a disc of B-sides and remixes.  The fourth disc is a DVD containing the music videos for "Don't Go", "The Other Side of Love", "Nobody's Diary", "Situation" (1990 version) and "Only You" (1999 version).  Clarke's current Erasure partner Andy Bell contributed a new remix of "Nobody's Diary" to the Nobody's Diary EP, released prior to the box set. Afterwards there was also the release of the Reconnected EP.

Reunion concerts
The box set was issued in conjunction with a short Yazoo tour in Europe and the U.S.  It was the first time band members Vince Clarke and Alison Moyet performed together in over twenty-five years and the first time any songs from You and Me Both were played live, as the duo split shortly before the release of that album in 1983.  It was also the first time Yazoo toured North America.

Clarke has said about the concerts:

Moyet has stated:

Track listing

Disc 1 (CD): Upstairs at Eric's (Remastered)
"Don't Go"
"Too Pieces"
"Bad Connection"
"I Before E Except After C"
"Midnight"
"In My Room"
"Only You"
"Goodbye '70s"
"Tuesday"
"Winter Kills"
"Bring Your Love Down (Didn't I)"

Disc 2 (CD): You And Me Both (Remastered)
"Nobody's Diary"
"Softly Over"
"Sweet Thing"
"Mr. Blue"
"Good Times"
"Walk Away from Love"
"Ode to Boy"
"Unmarked"
"Anyone"
"Happy People"
"And On"

Disc 3 (CD): B-Sides and Remixes
"Situation"
"Situation" (Extended Version)
"Don't Go" (Re-mix)
"Don't Go" (Re-re-mix)
"Situation" (U.S. 12" Mix)
"Situation" (U.S. 12" Dub)
"The Other Side of Love"
"The Other Side of Love" (12" Remix)
"State Farm"
"Nobody's Diary" (Extended)
"State Farm" (Extended)
"Situation" (Re-recorded)

Disc 4 (DVD)
"2 albums, 4 singles and that was it..."
A short film featuring new interviews with Vince Clarke and Alison Moyet, and exclusive archive footage.
Promotional videos
"Don't Go"
"The Other Side of Love"
"Nobody's Diary"
"Situation" (1990)
"Situation" (Alternative Version) (1990)
"Only You" (1999)
Yazoo at the BBC
"Only You" (Top of the Pops) 29 April 1982
"Only You" (Cheggers Plays Pop) 24 May 1982
"Don't Go" (Top of the Pops) 15 July 1982
"Don't Go" (Saturday Live) 24 July 1982
"Don't Go" (Top of the Pops) 12 August 1982
"The Other Side of Love" (Top of the Pops) 25 November 1982
"The Other Side of Love" (Top of the Pops) 9 December 1982
"Nobody's Diary" (Top of the Pops) 19 May 1983
"Nobody's Diary" (Top of the Pops) 2 June 1983

5.1 DTS (24bit/96khz), AC3 and 2.0 LPCM 24bit/48kHz Mixes
Upstairs At Eric's
You and Me Both

Chart performance

References

External links
Official Yazoo page
Alison Moyet's official website

2008 greatest hits albums
Yazoo (band) live albums
Albums produced by Eric Radcliffe
Mute Records compilation albums
2008 video albums
Live video albums
Music video compilation albums
2008 live albums
Mute Records live albums
Mute Records video albums
Albums produced by Vince Clarke
Electropop video albums


Christian E. Christiansen (born 14 December 1972) is a Danish filmmaker.

His most recent film, "On the Edge", was originally released as Lev stærkt ("Live Strong"), and was summarized in IMDB as "Two hard-living best friends and aficionados of illegal racing contests find their bond tested when one of them goes to trial for vehicular homicide."

Filmography

References

External links

 On The Edge at IMDb
 Om natten at Oscar.com

1972 births
Danish film directors
Danish film producers
Danish male screenwriters
Living people
People from Kalundborg


Amoscanate (INN), also known as nithiocyamine, is an experimental anthelmintic agent of the aryl isothiocyanate class which was found to be highly effective in animals against the four major species of schistosomes which infect humans, and is also highly active against hookworm infection. However, significant liver toxicity was seen in lab animals at higher doses. The ether analogue of amoscanate, nitroscanate, is used in veterinary medicine as an anthelmintic.

Amoscanate was developed by Ciba.

References

Anthelmintics
Isothiocyanates


Cubworld (real name: Jake Kongaika) is a Hawaiian singer-songwriter and one of the first three artists to release their CD on the music website Sellaband with the raised US$50,000.

Discography
 The Sample - 2000 (2006).
 Step Lightly (Create Out Loud) (2007).
 Life Is Music (2013).

Guest appearances
 The Way I Feel (Available on Nemesea's 2007 album In Control)
 Sin City (Available on Maitreya's 2010 album. The track won New Zealand's Silver Scroll Maioha Award.)

References

External links

Cubworld Youtube
Cubworld Facebook
Cubworld Instagram
Cubworld Twitter
SellaBand.com website
SellaBand.com Cubworlds Profile
2nd SellaBand.com Profile

Musicians from Hawaii


In ophthalmology, cryoextraction is a form of intracapsular cataract extraction in which a cryoextractor, a special type of cryoprobe, is used to freeze the crystalline lens and pull it intact from the eye. Dr. Charles Kelman is credited with pioneering this surgical method in 1962. It can also be used in the treatment of orbital tumors.

References

Eye surgery


The Last Supper is a 1994 Canadian drama film directed by Cynthia Roberts.

Plot
Chris (Ken McDougall) is a dancer dying of AIDS. Before his assisted suicide, he shares a last meal with his lover Val (J.D. Nicholsen).

Cast
Daniel MacIvor as Dr. Parthens
Ken McDougall as Chris
J.D. Nicholsen as Val

Production
The Last Supper is adapted from the theatrical play of the same name by Hillar Liitoja, first staged by Theatre Passe Muraille in 1993. McDougall originated the lead role in the stage production, opposite James Allodi as Val and Sky Gilbert as Dr. Parthens.

The film was shot in real time and set entirely in one room at Toronto's Casey House AIDS hospice. Ken McDougall died of AIDS complications four days after filming finished.

Reception
The Last Supper won the Teddy Award for Best Feature Film at the 1995 Berlin International Film Festival. Time Out called the film "simple but devastating study of the human condition in extremis". Variety called it "an important addition to the growing body of pix about AIDS-related issues" but said that it may be too gruelling for some viewers.

References

External links

1994 films
1994 drama films
1990s English-language films
Canadian independent films
Canadian LGBT-related films
1994 LGBT-related films
Canadian drama films
LGBT-related drama films
HIV/AIDS in Canadian films
Films based on Canadian plays
1994 independent films
1990s Canadian films


Holywell was a rural district in the administrative county of Flintshire, Wales, from 1894 to 1974.

The district was created by the Local Government Act 1894 as successor to Holywell Rural Sanitary District.

The Rural District Council was based in the town of Holywell, which was a separate urban district.

Holywell Rural District was abolished in 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972, becoming part of the district of Delyn in the county of Clwyd.

The district contained the following civil parishes:

External links

Rural districts of Wales
History of Flintshire


Riang may refer to:

 Riang language of Palaung (Austroasiatic speakers in Myanmar)
 Reang tribe (Sino-Tibetan speakers in India Tripura)


The Sportanlage Am Stern is a football stadium in the south-east of Potsdam, Germany.

Fortuna Babelsberg play their home games here.

External links
 Pictures of the stadium at potsdam-abc.de

Football venues in Germany
Sport in Potsdam
Sports venues in Brandenburg


Vera Margrethe Henriksen (née Roscher Lund; 22 March 1927 – 23 May 2016) was a Norwegian novelist, playwright, and non-fiction writer. She was particularly known for her historical novels and plays set in the Middle Ages.

Biography
Vera Margrethe Roscher Lund was born in Oslo and lived there until 1940, when she moved to Arendal. Her father was military officer, later Colonel Ragnvald Alfred Roscher Lund (1899–1975), the first commander of the Norwegian Military Intelligence Service, head of the Norwegian High Command's office FO II in exile in London during World War II. In 1944, she had to flee Norway during the Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany.

She continued her secondary education at the Norwegian gymnasium in Uppsala, Sweden, and graduated in 1945. The following year she traveled to the United States where her family lived in New Jersey. She studied architecture at Yale University from 1946 to 1948.  From 1948 to 1949, she studied art history and journalism at Columbia University. She married  shipping executive, Olav Gotfred Henriksen in 1948. In total, she lived in the United States from 1946 to 1963.

Her first novel, Sølvhammeren (The Silver Hammer) was published in 1961. This novel was followed by Jærtegn (Miracle) in 1962, and Helgenkongen (The Saint King) in 1963. The trilogy is about Olaf II of Norway and his time. In the 1970s she wrote a novel series from the period after the Protestant Reformation, Trollsteinen from 1970, followed by Pilegrimsferd, Blåbreen, Staupet and Skjærsild, the last from 1977. Among her historical plays are Asbjørn Selsbane from 1972, and Sverdet, first staged in 1974. She has also written books for children and young adults.

Vera Henriksen has an unusually broad and extensive range of writings behind her. She has written or delivered contributions to nearly fifty books. Central is a series of historical novels, some in several volumes, but she has also written contemporary novels, plays and nonfiction. Inspired by her father she developed an early interest in history, especially Norse saga literature. Several of her books center on the problematic transition from Norse mythology to Christianity.

In addition to her fiction writing, Henriksen has written several non-fiction books. Among these are two volumes of the history of the Royal Norwegian Air Force, covering the period from 1912 until 1945.

She was decorated Knight, First Class of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav in 1997. She was awarded the Norwegian Booksellers' Prize in 1962, and the Mads Wiel Nygaard's Endowment in 1978.

Awards
 1962 - Bokhandlerprisen
 1973 - Sarpsborgprisen
 1978 - Mads Wiel Nygaard's Endowment
 1988 -  Riksmålsforbundets barne- og ungdomsbokpris

Bibliography

Novels
Sølvhammeren 1961
Jærtegn 1962
Helgekongen  1963
Glassberget  1966
Trollsteinen  1970
Pilgrimsferd  1971
Blåbreen  1973
Staupet 1975
Skjærsild 1977
Dronningsagaen 1979
Kongespeil 1980
Bodvars saga. Odins ravner 1983Bodvars saga. Spydet  1984Hellig Olav  1985Runekorset 1986Rekviem for et lite dampskip  1988Bodvars saga. Ravn og due 1989Silhuetter mot hvitt lys 1990Stavkjerringa 1997Klangen av en lutt  2001Ildens sang  2002Jarlefeiden 2003

PlaysAsbjørn Selsbane 1972 (play)Sverdet 1974 (play)Riksseglet'' 1978 (play)

Non-fiction

References

External links
Dagbladet profile
Aschehoug profile

1927 births
2016 deaths
XU
Norwegian historical novelists
Norwegian expatriates in the United States
Norwegian dramatists and playwrights
Norwegian non-fiction writers
Norwegian women non-fiction writers
Norwegian women novelists
Norwegian women dramatists and playwrights
Women historical novelists
Writers from Oslo
Columbia University alumni
Yale University alumni


Gerry Herman Kisters (March 2, 1919 – May 11, 1986) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in World War II.

Biography
Kisters was born in Salt Lake City, Utah to a family that had worked in the fur trade for generations; his family moved to Bloomington, Indiana in 1937, where his father opened a fur shop. Kisters worked for his father and then opened his own fur shop in Vincennes, Indiana, operating it for several years before he was drafted in January 1941. He was assigned to a reconnaissance unit training at Fort Bliss, Texas.

By 1942 Kisters' unit, formerly attached to the 1st Cavalry, had become an independent unit, the 91st Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron. At the end of 1942 they were sent to Casablanca to join the Tunisian campaign. On May 7, 1943 Kisters, now a staff sergeant, surprised and killed the crew of a German 88 mm artillery gun, earning a Distinguished Service Cross, the citation for which reads:

By July 31, 1943 Kisters' unit was attached to the 2nd Armored Division, then involved in the Allied invasion of Sicily. On that day, near Gagliano, Sicily, he and an officer captured an enemy machine gun position. Kisters then went forward alone and, although wounded in both legs and his right arm on his approach, single-handedly captured a second machine gun emplacement. He was subsequently promoted to second lieutenant and, on February 18, 1944, was awarded his Distinguished Service Cross and the Medal of Honor. He was the first American soldier to be awarded both during World War II. He was featured in war bond drives and the Monroe County Airport was named Kisters Field in his honor.

Kisters was sent back to the U.S. and spent months recovering from his injuries. After his recovery he taught reconnaissance at Fort Riley, Kansas and reached the rank of first lieutenant. After the war he reopened his fur shop and became a successful businessman.

He died at age 67 and was buried at Rose Hill Cemetery in Bloomington, Indiana.

Medal of Honor citation
Kisters' official Medal of Honor citation reads:
On 31 July 1943, near Gagliano, Sicily, a detachment of 1 officer and 9 enlisted men, including Sgt. Kisters, advancing ahead of the leading elements of U.S. troops to fill a large crater in the only available vehicle route through Gagliano, was taken under fire by 2 enemy machineguns. Sgt. Kisters and the officer, unaided and in the face of intense small arms fire, advanced on the nearest machinegun emplacement and succeeded in capturing the gun and its crew of 4. Although the greater part of the remaining small arms fire was now directed on the captured machinegun position, Sgt. Kisters voluntarily advanced alone toward the second gun emplacement. While creeping forward, he was struck 5 times by enemy bullets, receiving wounds in both legs and his right arm. Despite the wounds, he continued to advance on the enemy, and captured the second machinegun after killing 3 of its crew and forcing the fourth member to flee. The courage of this soldier and his unhesitating willingness to sacrifice his life, if necessary, served as an inspiration to the command.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients
List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

References

1919 births
1986 deaths
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
People from Bloomington, Indiana
United States Army officers
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United States)
World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor
Military personnel from Salt Lake City
Burials in Indiana


Fernando Lima (born May 7, 1975 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is an Argentine vocalist, classical music singer and countertenor, who rose to prominence for providing vocals for Spanish-language pop songs.

Life and career
Fernando Lima was born in Buenos Aires, and at the age of 10 moved to Madrid, Spain. He completed a degree in voice and saxophone at San Lorenzo del Escorial, in Madrid. He was enrolled in the graduate program at the Reina Sofía School of Music in Madrid. When Lima was 21 he moved to London, England to continue his doctorate studies in Baroque and Renaissance music and opera at Trinity College of Music; he also joined the Monteverdi Choir. In 2007 he signed to EMI Classics / EMI Latin.

Lima lived in México for almost 11 years, where he worked with several artists touring in Mexico and also performing in Canada, United States, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Belize, Chile, Argentina, Spain, Italy, France, Greece, Germany, the Netherlands and Austria. His debut album was released on February 5, 2008. He was featured on Sarah Brightman's song "Pasión", which became the theme song for the Mexican telenovela of the same name. The song is a duet with English soprano crossover singer Sarah Brightman, with whom he also recorded a second duet, "Ave Maria".

He is currently based in Hamilton Ontario, Canada, where is preparing his second album.

Discography

Album
Pasión (2008)

Single
"Pasión" Sarah Brightman, (with Fernando Lima) (2007)

References
Fernando Lima at Billboard.com

External links
Fernando Lima on Myspace
Fernando Lima Fans Forum (Unofficial)

Fernando Lima sings Nana

1975 births
Living people
Countertenors
Musicians from Buenos Aires
21st-century Spanish male singers
21st-century Spanish singers


Pasión is the debut album from the classical singer Fernando Lima and was released on February 5, 2008 (See 2008 in music).

The title song, "Pasión", is a duet with English Soprano singer Sarah Brightman and is the theme song for the Mexican telenovela of the same name.

Track listing
"Azul"
"Pasion"
"El Condor Pasa"
"Oh Madre Mia"
"El Aranjuez Con Tu Amor"
"Sonn"
"Ave Maria"
"Nana"
"Venezia"
"Pavane"
"Sueno"
"Recuerdos de la Alhambra"
"El Vuelo"
"Guardian Angel"

2008 debut albums
Fernando Lima albums


The Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień () is a Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church located in the cities of Szczecin and Kamień Pomorski in Poland. With 24,3% of its population attending church services weekly or more in 2013 it is the least devoutly religious diocese in Poland.

History

 1945: part of the territory of the Apostolic Administration of Kamień, Lubusz and the Prelature of Piła
 June 28, 1972: Created as Diocese of Szczecin – Kamień, part of the ecclesiastical province of Gniezno, from the northwestern part of the territory of the Apostolic Administration of Kamień, Lubusz and the Prelature of Piła, previously part of the Diocese of Berlin in Germany
 March 25, 1992: Promoted as Metropolitan Archdiocese of Szczecin – Kamień

Leadership

 Archbishop Jerzy Stroba (28 Jun 1972 Appointed – 21 Sep 1978 Appointed, Archbishop of Poznań)
 Archbishop Kazimierz Jan Majdański (1 Mar 1979 Appointed – 25 Mar 1992 Retired)
 Archbishop Marian Przykucki (25 Mar 1992 Appointed – 1 May 1999 Retired)
 Archbishop Zygmunt Kamiński (1 May 1999 Appointed – 21 Feb 2009 Retired)
 Archbishop Andrzej Dzięga (21 Feb 2009 Appointed – )

Suffragan dioceses
 Koszalin-Kołobrzeg
 Zielona Góra-Gorzów

See also
Roman Catholicism in Poland

Sources
 GCatholic.org
 Catholic Hierarchy
  Diocese website

Roman Catholic dioceses in Poland
Szczecin-Kamien Diocese


"You're Gonna Miss This" is a song written by Ashley Gorley and Lee Thomas Miller and recorded by American country music artist Trace Adkins.  It was  released in January 2008 as the second and final single from Adkins' compilation album American Man: Greatest Hits Volume II.  Adkins's fastest-climbing single to date, it is his third number one hit on the US Billboard Hot Country Songs charts. It also peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 and at number 19 on the Pop 100 charts.

Content
"You're Gonna Miss This" is a ballad composed of three verses and a bridge, each section portraying an event in the life of an unnamed female character: being driven to school by her mother in the first verse, being visited at her apartment by her father in the second verse, and conversing with a plumber while her children are misbehaving and making noise in the third verse. In all three of the situations, the song's other characters (the parents and the plumber) assure the central character that even though she may not immediately realize it, she will miss the important moments of her life.

Ashley Gorley, one of the song's writers, came up with the central idea for "You're Gonna Miss This" one day while a repairman was working on his house. His two children (ages two and four at the time; he has since had a third) were running around the house and stealing the repairman's tools; after Gorley apologized, the repairman replied, "Don't worry about it — I've got two babies, too." Gorley, after determining that the incident with the repairman might work as a song idea, recalled it to Lee Thomas Miller, who then suggested the title "You're Gonna Miss This." The two then worked backward from the bridge, changing the song's scenario several times until they finally settled on having the song focus on a female central character.

Adkins then decided to record it after hearing it. Being the father of five daughters, its message resonated with him. Upon hearing Adkins's recording of the song, Gorley felt that Adkins had "made it something more than it was".

Music video
The song's music video was filmed in Adkins's hometown of Sarepta, Louisiana with additional scenes are from Plain Dealing, Louisiana.
It contains a variety of Americana scenes framed around the singer traveling about in a pickup truck. The video was directed by Peter Zavadil.

Chart performance

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

2008 singles
2007 songs
Country ballads
2000s ballads
Trace Adkins songs
Songs written by Ashley Gorley
Songs written by Lee Thomas Miller
Song recordings produced by Frank Rogers (record producer)
Music videos directed by Peter Zavadil
Capitol Records Nashville singles