Ouvrage Bréhain is part of the Fortified Sector of the Crusnes of the Maginot Line, located near the community of Bréhain-la-Ville in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department of France.  Bréhain is flanked by petits ouvrages Mauvais Bois and Aumetz. The gros ouvrage was equipped with long-range artillery, and faced the border with Luxembourg. It saw no major action in either the Battle of France in 1940 or the Lorraine Campaign of 1944. While not open to public visitation, it has been secured and is in relatively good condition when compared to other abandoned Maginot positions. A flanking casemate has been restored and may be visited.

Design and construction
Bréhain was approved for construction in May 1931. It was completed at a cost of 84 million francs by the contractor Ballot of Paris. Compared with its neighbours, the ultimate plans for Aumetz, Bréhain, Bois-du-Four and Ouvrage Mauvais-Bois closely resemble each other, but Bréhain is the most fully realised, with only one unbuilt combat block and an unconnected casemate block. Its neighbours were built as petits ouvrages, to be developed with full tunnel networks at a later date.

Description
Bréhain is a large ouvrage with a gallery system extending over  from end to end.  The munitions and personnel entries are located far to the rear of the compactly arranged combat blocks, with the entries hidden in the woods.  An "M1" ammunition magazine is located just inside the ammunition entry, while the underground barracks are located near the junction of the two entry galleries. From there a long, straight gallery runs at an average depth of  to eight combat blocks. As part of an uncommenced second phase, Bréhain was to receive a second 135 mm turret. A gallery was projected to link the turret block to the Casemate de l'Ouest de Bréhain, which was built as (and remained) an unconnected infantry combat block.

The ouvrage has two entries and eight combat blocks:
Ammunition entry: shaft access (elevator), two automatic rifle cloches (GFM), one machine gun/47 mm anti-tank gun embrasure (JM/AC47).
Personnel entry: shaft access (stairs), two GFM cloches, one JM/AC47 embrasure and one grenade launcher cloche (LG).
Block 1: Infantry block with one machine gun turret and one GFM cloche.
Block 2: Infantry block with one machine gun turret and one GFM cloche.
Block 3: Observation block with one GFM cloche (with emergency exit) and one observation cloche (VDP).
Block 4: Artillery block with one 75 mm gun turret.
Block 5: Artillery block with one 135 mm gun turret and one GFM cloche.
Block 6: Artillery block with one 75 mm gun turret and one grenade launcher cloche.
Block 7: Artillery block with one 81 mm mortar turret and one GFM cloche.
Block 8: Infantry block with one GFM cloche and one machine gun cloche (JM).
Block 9 (not built): Artillery block with one 135 mm gun turret and one GFM cloche.

Casemates and shelters

A series of detached casemates and infantry shelters surround Bréhain, including
 Casemate de l'Ouest de Bréhain  or Casemate C2: Planned to eventually be linked to the main ouvrage, it is in effect an unconnected combat block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one JM embrasure, one mortar turret and two GFM cloches. The casemate has been restored and functions as a small museum.
Block 7: Artillery block with one 81 mm mortar turret and one GFM cloche.
 Casemate de la Ravin-de-Crusnes: Single block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one JM embrasure, one 81 mm mortar cloche and one GFM cloche.
 Casemate de Crusnes Ouest: Single block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one JM embrasure, one VDP observation cloche and one GFM cloche.
 Casemate de Crusnes Est: Block with one mortar cloche and two GFM cloches.
 Casemate de Nouveau-Crusnes Ouest: Single block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one JM embrasure and one GFM cloche.
 Casemate de Nouveau-Crusnes Est: Block with one mortar cloche and one GFM cloche.
 Casemate du Réservoir: Single block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one JM embrasure, one 81 mm mortar cloche and one GFM cloche.
 Casemate de la Route d'Ottange Ouest: Single block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one JM embrasure and one GFM cloche.
 Casemate de la Route d'Ottange Centre: Block with one mortar cloche and one GFM cloche.
 Casemate de la Route d'Ottange Ouest: Single block with one JM/AC47 embrasure, one JM embrasure, one 81 mm mortar cloche and one GFM cloche.
 Observatiore du Réservoir: Observation block with one VP observation cloche reporting to Ouvrage Rochonvillers

The Casernement d'Errouville provided peacetime above-ground barracks and support services to Bréhain and other fortifications in the area. The Observatiore de la Ferme du Bois-du-Four near the petit ouvrage Bois-du-Four reported to Bréhain, as did the Observatiore de Haut-de-la-Vigne near Mauvais-Bois.

Manning
The 1940 manning of the ouvrage under the command of Commandant Vanier comprised 615 men and 22 officers of the 128th Fortress Infantry Regiment and the 152nd Position Artillery Regiment. The units were under the umbrella of the 42nd Fortress Corps of the 3rd Army, Army Group 2.

History

1940
See Fortified Sector of the Crusnes for a broader discussion of the events of 1940 in the Crusnes sector of the Maginot Line.
On 21 June 1940 Brehain engaged advancing German troops, but saw no serious action  Bréhain's chief efforts went to the support of neighbouring fortifications, with 20,250 75mm, 1,780 81mm and 2,220 135mm shells fired between September 1939 and June 1940. 4200 shots were fired in support of actions at Esch 10–14 May 1940, and 10,145 shots of all kinds were fired 13–25 June 1940. The 22-June-1940 armistice brought an end to fighting. However, the Maginot fortifications to the west of the Moselle did not surrender immediately, maintaining their garrisons through a series of negotiations. Bréhain, along with Mauvais-Bois, Bois-du-Four and Aumetz surrendered on 27 June.

Cold War
In 1951 Bréhain was renovated for use against a potential invasion by Warsaw Pact forces, becoming part of the môle de Rochonvillers strongpoint in company with Rochonvillers, Molvange and later Immerhof. After the establishment of the French nuclear strike force, the importance of the Line declined, and most locations were sold to the public or abandoned.

Current condition
The site has been secured since its abandonment and is in relatively good condition. It remains the property of the Army. Casemate C2, located along the RN 52 road, has been restored and may at times be open to the public.

See also
 List of all works on Maginot Line
 Siegfried Line
 Atlantic Wall
 Czechoslovak border fortifications

Notes

References

Bibliography
Allcorn, William. The Maginot Line 1928-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2003.
Kaufmann, J.E. and Kaufmann, H.W. Fortress France: The Maginot Line and French Defenses in World War II, Stackpole Books, 2006.
Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovič-Potočnik, A. and Lang, P. The Maginot Line: History and Guide, Pen and Sword, 2011.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 1. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2001.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 2. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 3. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2003.
Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. Hommes et Ouvrages de la Ligne Maginot, Tome 5. Paris, Histoire & Collections, 2009.

External links
Ouvrage de Bréhain at wikimaginot.eu
Bréhain (gros ouvrage A6 de) at fortiff.be
L'ouvrage de Bréhain at alsacemaginot.com
Ouvrage de Bréhain at lignemaginot.com

BREH
Maginot Line
Môle de Rochonvillers
World War II museums in France


Bergicourt (; ) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Bergicourt is situated on the D94 road, some  southwest of Amiens.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


The following is the final results of the 1995 World Wrestling Championships. Men's Freestyle Competition were held in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Men's Greco-Roman Competition were held in Prague, Czech Republic and Women's Competition were held in Moscow, Russia.

Medal table

Team ranking

Medal summary

Men's freestyle

Men's Greco-Roman

Women's freestyle

References
Freestyle Results
Women Results
Greco-Roman Results

External links
UWW Database

World Wrestling Championships
W
W
W
W
International wrestling competitions hosted by the United States
W
Sports competitions in Atlanta
Sports competitions in Prague
Sports competitions in Moscow
1995 in Moscow
International wrestling competitions hosted by Russia
Wrestling in the Czech Republic
World Wrestling Championships
World Wrestling Championships
World Wrestling Championships, 1995
World Wrestling Championships
World Wrestling Championships
World Wrestling Championships


Frank McCarthy may refer to:

Frank McCarthy (producer) (1912–1986), secretary of the General Staff of the United States Department of War during World War II
Frank McCarthy (artist) (1924–2002), American artist and realist painter


Grajewski (masciline)Grajewski (masciline), Grajewska (feminine) is a Polish toponymic surname literally meaning "someone from Grajewo. Notable people with the surname include:
Mieczysław Grajewski, birth name of Martin Gray (writer) , Holocaust survivor and writer
Wiktor Grajewski, Polish-Jewish journalist, who leaked On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences to the West


Debora Racing cars is a small French car builder, popular with private racing teams, based in Besançon, France. Teams generally use their chassis to take part in Le Mans style endurance racing such as Magny Cours, Jarama and le Mans.

Drivers also tend to be French with Bruno Boccard and David Dusseau being two of the more famous. Debora use an LMP Le Mans Prototype type 1 body shell over a mid-engined chassis with open driving seat in the bodywork. Their Type 2 LMP with closed bodywork owes much to the Courage and is a truly beautiful piece of engineering.

Engines have been known to come from a 3-litre BMW and a 2-litre Ford Cosworth Turbo on the Jarama racetrack 1997.

Sponsored by Waterair in 1998 the Debora two car team did a little better with one of the cars coming in 15th a mere 19 laps behind the winner.

Later in '98 at the ISRS world championships, Debora carried off the trophy for SR2 driven by De Castelli, Jakubowski & Bruneau.

In July 2000 during the US Le Mans series held at the Nürburgring in Germany, a private driving the Orphee-sponsored Debora car powered by a BMW engine came tenth. Full details of the race finishers can be found here.

In 2001 at the Le Mans series they did not finish as the car overheated due to a water leak after 48 laps. But at ELMS, Debora took the category SR2 with Dussau et Gomez

in Magny Cours 2002
French hopes in SR2 rested with PiR Competition with their selection of Pilbeam and Debora chassis. Team boss/driver Pierre Bruneau hoped that local Sodemo Peugeot power would thrust them towards the front. "We have tested at Magny Cours about six weeks ago with the Pilbeam and got some good results", said the enthusiastic Bruneau. "We also took the Debora to Dijon last week and made a lot of improvements, so we are confident of some good points this weekend."
British racer Paul Daniels also showed well that season and teamed up in the Debora with Frenchman Philippe Hottinguer (who drove with the team at Barcelona) and Italian Ludovico Manfredi (who drove for PiR at the corresponding event in 2001).
More home support came in the way of Didier Bonnet's return to the Championship with his faithful Debora BMW combination.

Cars
Debora LMP200, used between 2001 and 2003.
Debora LMP201, used in 1995.
Debora LMP294, used in 1994.
Debora LMP295, used in 1995.
Debora LMP296, used between 1996 and 1999.
Debora LMP297, used between 1997 and 1998.
Debora LMP299, used between 2000 and 2002.
Debora LMP2000, used in 2000.
Debora SP92, used in 1992.
Debora SP93, used in 1993 and 1998

References

External links
Debora Racing Official website

French racecar constructors


Bermesnil (; Picard: Bérmini) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Bermesnil is situated on the D187 road, near the banks of the river Bresle, some  southwest of Abbeville.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Lug is a village in the municipality of Tomislavgrad in Canton 10, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The majority of its inhabitants are Croats.

Geography

The village is located by the mountain of Ljubuša, on the banks of the river Šujica. The first bridge over the river was built on 20 September 1986.

Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 243.

Footnotes

Bibliography

Populated places in Tomislavgrad


SS Clan Fraser was a British cargo steamship. She served in the Second World War and was bombed and sunk in Greece in 1941.

This was the third of four Clan Line ships called Clan Fraser. The first was a steamship built in 1878, sold in 1899 and wrecked in 1902. The second was a steamship built in 1900, sold in 1919 and lost in 1920. The fourth was a motor ship built in 1961, sold in 1965, burnt out in 1979 and scrapped in 1980.

Building
Clan Fraser was one of the Clan Line's s, built by the Greenock & Grangemouth Dockyard Co Ltd, Greenock and launched on 20 December 1938 and completed in February 1939. She was registered in Glasgow.

Fraser had 20 corrugated furnaces with a combined grate area of . They heated five single-ended boilers with a combined heating surface of . These supplied steam at 220 lbf/in2 to a pair of three-cylinder steam triple expansion engines. Exhaust steam from each engine's low-pressure cylinder fed one of a pair of low pressure steam turbines. All the engines were built by JG Kincaid & Co of Greenock. The combined power output of this plant was rated at 1,043 NHP. She was propelled by twin screws, each driven by one triple-expansion engine and one turbine.

War service
Clan Fraser sailed independently for the first year of the Second World War. She worked between the Indian sub-continent, southern Africa, Australia, Britain and the Mediterranean without being part of a convoy until 5 September 1940, when she sailed carrying general cargo from the Firth of Clyde to Methil with Convoy WN 13. At the end of the month she returned from Methil to the Clyde with Convoy OB 222.

Clan Fraser was one of the three fast merchant ships that took part in Operation Collar, a convoy to supply Malta and Alexandria. An attempt by Italian forces to intercept the ships led to the Battle of Cape Spartivento, after which Clan Fraser and her sister  continued on to Malta.

Clan Fraser and Clan Forbes returned to Gibraltar in Convoy MG 1, and Fraser continued to the Clyde under escort. She then resumed independent sailing, first to South Africa and then via the Indian Ocean to Aden. There she joined Convoy BN 21 to Suez carrying a cargo of stores. She passed through the Suez Canal. At Port Saïd, carrying a cargo of munitions, she joined Convoy ANF 24, with which she reached the Port of Piraeus in Greece on 4 April.

On 6 April 1941 German forces invaded Greece and Luftwaffe Junkers Ju-88 bombers led by Hans-Joachim 'Hajo' Herrmann attacked shipping in Piraeus. Clan Fraser was in port still unloading her arms and 200 tons of TNT. At 0315 hrs she was hit and destroyed when her TNT exploded. She sank in the harbour, with six killed and nine wounded. Her Master, J.H. Giles, was among the survivors. The shock of the blast was felt  away in Athens, where doors were blown in; and in Psihiko, where windows were shattered. White hot débris detonated ΤΝΤ in other nearby ships, setting them and buildings ashore on fire. By morning the port had been severely damaged.

References

1938 ships
Cameron-class steamships
Maritime incidents in April 1941
Ships of the Clan Line
Ships sunk by German aircraft
Steamships of the United Kingdom
World War II merchant ships of the United Kingdom
World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea


The Merciad is the student newspaper at Mercyhurst University in Erie, Pennsylvania. The paper was founded in 1929. In 2007 the newspaper's slogan became "If you don't want it printed...don't let it happen," a slogan that is the same as that of the Aspen Daily News, however, the slogan was removed by Editor-in-Chief Mathew Anderson and the paper's staff in 2013 after being deemed unprofessional. It is a free tabloid-sized newspaper published every Wednesday while classes are in session, with the exception of the week before finals. The newspaper is the recipient of a "Best of Show" award presented February 2008, by the Associated Collegiate Press.

The Merciad online
Print editions of The Merciad are published online at http://merciad.mercyhurst.edu in addition to breaking news and college updates.

In October 2022 it was announced The Merciad would be going fully digital.

In the final issue of the 2022-2023 school year, it was announced that The Merciad would be taking a hiatus to "reevaluate student-led media on campus".

References

External links
Official website

Newspapers established in 1929
Mercyhurst University
Student newspapers published in Pennsylvania


The Run to the Tower is a 12-kilometer (7.456 miles) run from the front gate of Camp Darby to the Leaning Tower of Pisa which takes place annually in Italy.

References
http://www.aviano.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-071101-053.pdf
http://www.usag.livorno.army.mil/sites/PhotosRunToTheTower.html
http://www.usag.livorno.army.mil/sites/PhotosRunToTheTower2007.html

Long-distance running competitions
Athletics competitions in Italy
Sport in Pisa


Turkish or Ottoman illumination covers non-figurative painted or drawn decorative art in books or on sheets in muraqqa or albums, as opposed to the figurative images of the Ottoman miniature.  In Turkish it is called “tezhip”, meaning “ornamenting with gold”. It was a part of the Ottoman Book Arts together with the Ottoman miniature (taswir), calligraphy (hat), bookbinding (cilt) and paper marbling (ebru). In the Ottoman Empire, illuminated and illustrated manuscripts were commissioned by the Sultan or the administrators of the court. In Topkapi Palace, these manuscripts were created by the artists working in Nakkashane, the atelier of the miniature and illumination artists. Both religious and non-religious books could be illuminated. Also sheets for albums levha consisted of illuminated calligraphy (hat) of tughra, religious texts, verses from poems or proverbs, and purely decorative drawings.

The illuminations were made either surrounding the text as a frame or within the text in triangle or rectangle forms. There could be a few carpet pages in the book with ornamental compositions covering the whole page without any accompanying text. The motifs consisted of Rumi, Saz Yolu, Penc, Hatai, roses, Leaf Motifs, Palm Leaves, naturalistic flowers, Munhani (gradient colored curve motifs), Dragons, Simurg (Phoenix) Çintamani (Tama motif in Japanese and Chinese book arts).

In the 15th century, Ahmed b. Hacı Mahmut el-Aksarayi was a famous illumination artist who created a unique style in the book Divan-ı Ahmedi in 1437, with multi-colored floral patterns.

In the beginning of the 16th century, Hasan b. Abdullah's works was original for their color harmony. In the second half of the century, Bayram b. Dervish, Nakkaş Kara Mehmed Çelebi (Karamemi) illuminated books about literature and history. Karamemi brought innovation to the tradition with his naturalistic floral ornamentations.

17th century illumination art was different from the previous examples due to more use of colors. Hâfiz Osman (1642–1698), invented the calligraphic format of the hilye, or text describing the appearance of Muhammad, which were kept in albums or framed like pictures for hanging on walls. The economic and social crisis effected cultural life and fewer manuscripts were produced in this period compared to the past.

In the 18th century, new ornamental motifs were introduced. The floral designs were three-dimensional and naturalistic and carried the influences of Western art. Ali Üsküdarî reused the Saz style which was introduced by painter Shahkulu in the 16th century. Baroque and Rococo styles were used that reflected the influence of cultural Westernization. After the mid-18th century social and economic changes lead to changes in Ottoman cultural life.  When the printing press finally became widely used in the 19th century, the demand for illuminated manuscripts were reduced and the artists mostly produced plates for printing.

The 19th century was a period a vast variety of styles. The European baroque and rococo styles were known and adopted by Ottoman illumination artists. Ahmed Efendi, Ali Ragip, Rashid, Ahmed Ataullah were the famous artists of the period. The introduction of printing press, paintings on toil and photography did not have as much negative influences as it did in the case of Ottoman miniature painting. This was because both people and the ruling elites in Ottoman Empire were eager to continue the tradition of illuminating religious texts that came not only as books (like illuminated Qurans) but also as plates to  adorn and sanctify their houses and work places.
In the 20th century, after the end of Ottoman Empire, the intelligentsia of the newly born Turkish Republic was under the influence of Western art and aesthetics. The Ottoman Book Arts were unfortunately estimated as not as arts but as outdated things of the past. After the Alphabet Reform in 1925 that abolished Ottoman-Arabic characters and adopted Latin alphabet to be used by the citizens of the Republic, Ottoman Calligraphy was doomed to be incomprehensible by the next generation. As Ottoman-Turkish Illumination Art had shared a common fate with Ottoman Calligraphy from the beginning of their history, both arts went through a period of crisis. But there were conservative intellectuals who valued all the Ottoman Book Arts as important artistic traditions that should be kept alive and transmitted to the next generations. Suheyl Unver, Rikkat Kunt, Muhsin Demironat, Ismail Hakki Altunbezer, and Feyzullah Dayigil were some of the intellectuals that played an important role in continuing the tradition of Ottoman/Turkish Illumination Art. With the foundation of Turkish Decorative Arts section within the Academy of Fine Arts, new generations of illumination artists were educated.
Today there are many artists in the field of illumination. Some of them are Çiçek Derman, Gülnur Duran, Şahin İnalöz, Cahide Keskiner, Ülker Erke, Melek Anter and  Münevver Üçer (all of whom are women).

References

 Turkish Art of Illumination – Ayse Ustun, Turkish Book Arts Symposium pp. 32–47, ISMEK yayinlari 2007
 Turkish Motifs, Cahide Keskiner, Turkish Touring and Automobile Association, 2001
 Turkish Art of Illumiation – Zeren Tanindi

Further reading

 Turkish Culture Portal – Illumination

Ottoman art
Islamic illuminated manuscripts


Parliamentary appointments were held in Ghana in 1965. As the country was a one-party state at the time, no parties except President Kwame Nkrumah's Convention People's Party (CPP), were allowed to participate. All candidates were appointed by the President and his party.

Background
Due to a constitutional amendment passed by the CPP majority and a referendum the previous year, the CPP had become the sole legal party. All other parties were banned.  It was the first vote for the country's parliament since the pre-independence 1956 legislative elections; Nkrumah's victory in the 1960 constitutional referendum was taken by the President and his party as a fresh mandate from the people and the terms of National Assembly members were extended for another five years.

Results
As Ghana was now a one-party state, all 198 MPs representing the CPP were appointed by the president and elected unopposed.

Aftermath
Nkrumah was overthrown in a coup in February 1966, the CPP was dissolved, and the constitution suspended. The conversion of the country's governance system was one of the major reasons for the 1966 coup. Multi-party politics was restored by the time of the next elections in 1969.

See also
List of the CPP MPs appointed in the 1965 Ghanaian parliamentary election

References

Elections in Ghana
Ghana
Parliamentary
One-party elections
Single-candidate elections


Ted "Square" Kilmurray (born 18 August 1934) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with East Perth in the West Australian National Football League between 1953 and 1966 for a total of 257 games.

Kilmurrary was often used on the half forward flanks but also played as a key position forward and ruck-rover. He was a good exponent of the flick pass and won East Perth's Best and Fairest in 1958, breaking teammate Graham Farmer's sequence of four in a row. That year he also won a Sandover Medal as best player in the competition as voted for by the umpires. He was a three time premiership player with East Perth and represented Western Australia at interstate football on four occasions.

In 2005 Kilmurray was named on the interchange bench in the official Indigenous Team of the Century.

References

External links

1934 births
Living people
Indigenous Australian players of Australian rules football
East Perth Football Club players
Sandover Medal winners
West Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees
Australian rules footballers from Western Australia
Indigenous Australians from Western Australia
People from Wiluna, Western Australia


Bernâtre (; Picard: Barnate) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
The commune is situated on the D166 road, some  northeast of Abbeville.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


HNO may refer to:
 Croatian National Committee (Hrvatski Narodni Odbor), an organization founded by the Ustaša Branimir Jelić
 Croatian National Resistance (Hrvatski narodni otpor), an organization founded by the Ustaša Maks Luburić
 Hockey Northwestern Ontario
 Nitroxyl
 hno, ISO 639-3 code for the Northern Hindko language of Pakistan


Cartographic censorship is the  deliberate modification of publicly available maps in order to disguise, remove, or obfuscate potentially strategic locations or buildings, such as military bases, power plants or transmitters. Sensitive objects and places have been removed from maps since historic times, sometimes as a disinformation tactic in times of war, and also to serve competitive political and economic interests, such as during the Age of Discovery when strategic geographic information was highly sought after. In modern times requests for censorship are sent to Google Earth for certain sites that are deemed to pose security risks for national governments.

History
The renowned map historian, J.B. Harley, wrote in 1989:

Throughout the history of modern cartography in the West ... there have been numerous instances of where maps have been falsified, of where they have been censored or kept secret, or of where they have surreptitiously contradicted the rules of their proclaimed scientific status.

The early policy of secrecy proved difficult to enforce and soon maps became subject to censorship and falsification.  Cartographic disinformation has long been a weapon in political propaganda, military counter-intelligence and covert diplomacy.

Maps are weapons of war and the falsification of maps is a legitimate ruse de guerre. However, such Machiavellian arts were not confined to wartime, particularly in an age when there was very little peacetime. Fake maps were a weapon for all seasons, to be used against all rivals, political and commercial.

North America

In October 1941, before the United States entered World War II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt announced that he had "a secret map" of South America titled 'Luftverkehrsnetz der Vereinigten Staaten Süd-Amerikas Hauptlinien'. He said the map had been "made in Germany by Hitler's government" and that it showed that the Nazis had designs against the United States. It was a fake map, probably created by British intelligence agents, but Roosevelt may have thought it was genuine.

Europe

In the Age of Discovery there was a premium on geographic information: ports of call for wood and fresh water, deep natural harbours, shorter passages and straits.

Germany
Censorship of maps was also used in former East Germany, especially for the areas near the border to West Germany in order to make attempts of defection more difficult.

Netherlands

The Dutch East India Company, or VOC, had a mission to censor cartographic knowledge of newly explored regions. It complained when ships owned by its rival, the Australische Compagnie, entered the Pacific by a new passage round Cape Horn, named the Le Maire Strait. The VOC persuaded the Dutch government to prohibit the publication of this latest geographical information. However, the injunction was lifted after twelve months and Willem Blaeu and other cartographers were permitted to publish revised maps.

Portugal

The German cartographer Henricus Martellus made his famous mappamundi (World Map), soon after the Portuguese navigator, Bartolomeu Dias, sailed round  the southern tip of Africa. The map is based on a Portuguese prototype (which has not survived), but the coast of southern Africa is greatly extended and dislocated. Some scholars have suggested that this distortion is a result of misinformation circulated by King John II. His purpose was to pretend that the new eastern sea route to Asia and was far longer than it actually is, in order to discourage foreign interlopers from profiting from Portuguese discoveries.

Christopher Columbus may have consulted Martellus' map (or a copy) before leaving Spain in 1492 to find the western route to Asia.

Russia

In 1765, the Swiss geographer Samuel Engel, accused the Russian government of deliberately falsifying maps by extending Siberia 30° eastward. Its purpose, according to Engel, was to exaggerate the length and difficulty of the Northeast Passage along the arctic coast, in the hope of discouraging rival European merchants from attempting this route to the Pacific and China.

United Kingdom

Francis Drake

When Francis Drake sailed on his voyage round the world in 1577, he was given clear instructions that "none shall make any charts or descriptions of the said voyage." Furthermore, all charts made or captured from foreigners had to be delivered to the Lords of Her Majesty's Privy Council. Two hundred years later, the Admiralty's instructions to Captain Cook were almost identical.

Captain Cook

The British Admiralty sent James Cook on his three Pacific voyages during the Second Hundred Years War when France and Britain were vying for commercial supremacy and control of shipping lanes around the world.

Cook has been accused of making "major mistakes in his charting", such as depicting "Stewart Island as a peninsula, and the failure to determine the insular character of Tasmania".

However, Cook was the greatest navigator of his day and too experienced to make such errors. During his three Pacific voyages, Cook was on a mission to keep secret any strategic discoveries he made such as off-shore islands and deep, natural harbours. He would report such prizes to the Admiralty when he returned to London, but meanwhile he would omit them from his journal and charts. Cook's program of disinformation was first proposed in the book Lying for the Admiralty: Captain Cook's Endeavour Voyage (2018).

In 1770, Cook found Sydney Harbour by walking overland from Botany Bay, along an Aboriginal track connecting the two inlets. He also identified Bass Strait which separates Tasmania from mainland Australia. However, off-shore islands can provide a base from which operations could be mounted by a hostile power so he concealed Tasmania's insularity. Similarly, Cook depicted New Zealand's Stewart Island as a peninsula, concealing Foveaux Strait.

Captain Cook's fake maps were not fake enough for the Admiralty. It wanted even greater concealment of politically sensitive discoveries when it commissioned Dr. Hawkesworth to write the official account of Cook's voyages. Thus the Admiralty's engraver  deliberately altered and refined Cook's manuscript charts when preparing them for printing. Hawkesworth's "Journals" was a bestseller in Europe, and the Admiralty's fake maps misled Britain's rivals for decades.

Cold War
In the United Kingdom, during the Cold War period and shortly after, a number of military installations (including 'prohibited places') did not appear on commercially issued Ordnance Survey mapping. This practice was effectively curtailed with the mass availability of satellite imagery. Another aspect of map censorship in the UK is that the internal layout of HM Prison facilities were not shown on public OS mapping.

False altitudes
A variant of censorship of maps is putting in false altitudes. This can be important for predicting flooding. In World War I many German soldiers were killed in Belgium after their camps were flooded, even though the maps used by German military indicated the camp sites were not prone to flooding.

Modern use
Censorship of maps is today still often applied, although it is less effective in the age of satellite picture services. A "dead map" is a term often applied to sensitive government maps that show the location of top secret facilities and other highly sensitive installations within a country. Russia, the United States and Great Britain all have such maps.

Google Earth censors places that may be of special security concern. The following is a selection of such concerns:
 Former Indian president Abdul Kalam had expressed concern over the availability of high-resolution pictures of sensitive locations in India.
 Indian Space Research Organization says that Google Earth poses a security threat to India and seeks dialogue with Google officials.
 The South Korean government has expressed concern that the software offers images of the presidential palace and various military installations that could possibly be used by North Korea.
 Operators of the Lucas Heights nuclear reactor in Sydney, Australia asked Google to censor high resolution pictures of the facility. However, they later withdrew the request.
 The government of Israel also expressed concern over the availability of high-resolution pictures of sensitive locations in its territory, and applied pressure to have Israeli territory (and the Occupied Territories held by Israeli forces) appear in less clear detail.
 The Vice President of the United States' residence (Naval Observatory) in Washington, DC has been pixelated, as has the Federal Gold Depository at Fort Knox.
 From June 2007 until January 2009, downtown Washington, DC was shown using USGS aerial photography from the spring 2002, while the rest of the District of Columbia was shown using imagery from 2005.

Censorship of maps is also applied by Google Maps, where certain areas are greyed out or areas are purposely left outdated with old imagery.

In Lebanon, all maps concerning the country are property of the Lebanese Army and are issued by the Directory of Geographic affairs of the Lebanese military. It is considered a felony to reproduce whole or portions of maps without the permission of the military, although maps can be issued to certain universities and urban design schools for use by students and can be issued to civilian upon presenting certain documents. A notice is written on the maps prohibiting reproduction, copying or sale of the map and that it should be returned to the Ministry of National Defense upon request. This policy is meant to prohibit terrorists, outlaws, and entities that are at war with Lebanon from obtaining those maps.

Similar cases
Lists of air traffic obstacles may not be published by many countries as many of them are strategically important (chimneys of power stations, radio masts, etc.)

Example
 Hiding a VLF-transmitter of Russian Navy on a map. Compare  with satellite image

See also
Cartographic aggression
Cartographic generalization
Cartographic propaganda
Paper street
Phantom island
Phantom settlement
Restrictions on geographic data in China
Satellite map images with missing or unclear data

References

Sources

Censorship
Cartography
Propaganda


Bernaville () is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

Geography
Bernaville is situated on the D925 road, some  east of Abbeville. It is surrounded by the communes Domesmont, Beaumetz and Gorges.

Population

See also
Communes of the Somme department

References

Communes of Somme (department)


Sonia Todd (born 1959; Adelaide) is an Australian actress. She is best known for her television roles as Sgt. Georgia Rattray in Police Rescue, Meg Fountain in McLeod's Daughters and Gina Austin in the soap opera Home and Away.

Biography
She studied at the National Institute of Dramatic Art and starred in the play Strictly Ballroom, directed by Baz Luhrmann.   She also played the waitress, Sylvia, in the film Shine directed by Scott Hicks, in the café scene where Geoffrey Rush plays Flight of the Bumblebee by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov to an understandably stunned audience.

Todd is married to Rhett Walton and has two sons (born in 1992 and 2000), the first from a previous relationship.

Todd became known from the role of 'Georgia Rattray' in the television series Police Rescue, for which she won for an AFI Award in 1991. She was also nominated for an AFI Award for her role in the four-part mini-series The Potato Factory (2000).

From 2001–06, 2007, 2009 (guest), she played 'Meg Fountain' in McLeod's Daughters.

Todd held a recurring role in All Saints from late 2007 to  early 2008; she portrayed psychiatrist Dr Elizabeth Foy. She also appeared in All Saints previously, playing the part of Kate Larson

In January 2009, Todd joined the cast of Seven Network drama series Home and Away in the regular role of Gina Austin. After four years on the show, Todd decided to leave Home and Away to pursue other acting challenges. She appears in the legal drama Janet King.

Filmography

References

External links

Sonia Todd at the Home and Away official website

1959 births
AACTA Award winners
Actresses from Adelaide
Australian television actresses
Living people
Logie Award winners
National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni


The Very Things were an English Dadaist post-punk band from Redditch, Worcestershire, England, formed in 1983 and active until 1988.

History
When the Cravats split up in 1982, guitarist Robin Raymond (a.k.a. Robin R. Dalloway) and bassist/singer The Shend (a.k.a. Chris Shendo, born Chris Harz) formed The Very Things, recruiting drummer Gordon Disneytime (a.k.a. Robin Holland), bassist Jim Davis (guitarist with Redditch band CKV) for the first live gigs, followed by bassist Steven Burrows (a.k.a. Fudger O'Mad or Budge), a member of And Also the Trees. The band also originally had a horn section of Vincent Johnson, John Graham, Robert Holland, and Paul Green. Debut single "The Gong Man" was released on Crass's label in November 1983, with "The Bushes Scream While My Daddy Prunes" following in June 1984, now signed to Reflex Records. A short film was made based on the latter for Channel 4's The Tube. The band's debut album was released in August 1984, after which the band was trimmed to the core trio. Several singles and EPs followed over the next few years, although a cover of R. Dean Taylor's "There's a Ghost in My House" was withdrawn in 1987 due to the Fall's version appearing at the same time. By 1988, the band had split up, although they had recorded enough material for an album release on One Little Indian, the Motown-influenced Motortown. The original albums, along with a collection of non-album tracks, were reissued by Fire Records in 1994.

The Very Things recorded two Peel Sessions, in 1983 and 1987, and two tracks, "The Bushes Scream While My Daddy Prunes" and "This Is Motortown" featured in the Festive Fifty.

The Shend formed a new band, Grimetime, and has since gone on to an acting career, appearing in television series including EastEnders, Red Dwarf, The Bill, Men Behaving Badly and Torchwood.

Discography
Chart placings are from the UK Independent Chart.

Albums
The Bushes Scream While My Daddy Prunes (1984), Reflex; reissued 1994 by Fire Records
Live at The Zap Club, Brighton (1987), B.P.
Motortown (1988) One Little Indian, reissued (1994), Fire
It's a Drug, It's a Drug, It's a Ha Ha Ha, It's a Trojan Horse Coming Out of the Wall (1994), Fire

Singles/EPs
"The Gong Man" (1983), Corpus Christi
"The Bushes Scream While My Daddy Prunes" (1984), Reflex - No. 21
"Mummy You're a Wreck" (1985), Reflex - No. 11
"This Is Motortown" (1986), DCL Electric - No. 14
"Let's Go Out" (1988), One Little Indian - No. 22
"The Peel Session (17.12.83)" (1988), Strange Fruit

References

External links
 Official Myspace
 Profile at Fire Records
 Comprehensive Very Things Discography

English rock music groups
English post-punk music groups
English new wave musical groups
Musical groups established in 1983
Musical groups disestablished in 1988
Musical groups from the West Midlands (region)


Sara Jane Misquez (September 6, 1945 – January 9, 2008) was an American Mescalero Apache Native American leader.  Misquez served as the president of the Mescalero Apache of southern New Mexico.

Early life
Evidently member of the same Mizquiz family of the famous chief Alsate, Sara Misquez was born on September 6, 1945, in Mescalero, New Mexico, but she was raised in Three Rivers, New Mexico. Her husband was Gilbert Misquez.

Misquez earned a degree in business from Haskell Indian Junior College, which is now known as the Haskell Indian Nations University, in Lawrence, Kansas.

Mescalero presidency
Misquez was first appointed president of the Mescalero Apache in May 1999, following the death of the longtime leader of the tribe for 43 years, Wendell Chino on November 4, 1998, and the May 1999 ouster of Paul Ortega by the Mescalero Tribal Council after he served six months as president. Misquez, who was a longtime aide of Wendell Chino, went on to win the tribe's presidential election in August 1999.

Misquez was defeated for re-election in the 2001 election for president by Mark Chino, who is the son of former president Wendell Chino. However, the results of the election were thrown out by the Mascalero tribal council just two weeks later because of a controversy involving the voting machines.

Misquez won the new special presidential election, which was held in January 2002. She was defeated again by Mark Chino in the tribe's next presidential election in November 2003.

Misquez defeated Chino in the tribe's 2007 primary election when she received the most votes, followed by Carleton Naiche-Palmer. However, Naiche-Palmer went on to win the 2007 general election to become president of the Mescalero Apache.

Before she became president, Misquez also served as the tribe's administrator, council member and tribal secretary.

Death
Sara Misquez died on January 9, 2008, in a one car crash on U.S. Route 70 near Tularosa, New Mexico.
She was 62 years old. Her 1999 Oldsmobile sports utility vehicle was travelling east when it veered into the median and overturned. Misquez is survived by her husband, two sons, and one daughter.  She was preceded in death by a son, Gilbert Ralph Misquez.

New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson released a statement on news of her death stating, "President Misquez led the Mescalero Apaches with honor and dignity. On behalf of all New Mexicans, I send my sincere condolences to President Misquez's family and friends."

References

1945 births
2008 deaths
Presidents of the Mescalero Apache
Female Native American leaders
Native American activists
Road incident deaths in New Mexico
Women in New Mexico politics
People from Otero County, New Mexico
Haskell Indian Nations University alumni
20th-century American women
21st-century American women
20th-century Native American women
20th-century Native Americans
21st-century Native American women
21st-century Native Americans


Eckert may refer to:

People
 Allan W. Eckert (1931–2011), American historical novelist
 Andrea Eckert (born 1958), Austrian actress
 Charles R. Eckert (1868–1959), U.S. congressman from Pennsylvania
 Dennis Eckert (born 1997), German footballer
 Ernst R. G. Eckert (1904–2004), German scientist
 Eckert number, dimensionless number used in flow calculations
 Eugen Eckert (born 1954) German minister, singer-songwriter and academic teacher
 Franz Eckert (1852–1916), German musician
 Fred J. Eckert (born 1941), U.S. congressman from New York
 Fritz Eckert (1852–1920), Swedish architect
 George Nicholas Eckert (1802–1865), U.S. congressman from Pennsylvania
 John Eckert (musician) (born 1939), American trumpeter
 J. Presper Eckert (1919–1995), American electrical engineer, co-inventor of ENIAC
 Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation
 Eckert–Mauchly Award
 Max Eckert-Greifendorff (1868–1938), German geographer
 Eckert projection, any of six map projections devised by Eckert-Greifendorff
 Karl Anton Eckert (1820–1879), German conductor and composer
 Lars Eckert (born 1983), German rugby union player
 Leon Eckert (born 1995), German politician
 Robb Eckert, American politician
 Robert A. Eckert (born 1954), American businessman
 Volker Eckert (1959–2007), German truck driver and serial killer
 Wallace John Eckert (1902–1971), German-American astronomer
 Eckert (crater), on the Moon
 William Eckert (1909–1971), U.S. Air Force general and commissioner of Major League Baseball
 Win Scott Eckert, author

Characters on the television series General Hospital
 Bill Eckert
 Jenny Eckert
 Nancy Eckert
 Sly Eckert

Places
 Eckert, Colorado, a small town in the United States
 Eckert, Michigan, a historic settlement
 Eckert Building
 Eckert (crater), on the moon, named for American astronomer Wallace John Eckert

See also
 Ecker (surname)
Eckerle, a surname

Surnames from given names


Batoni may refer to:

 Batoni (title), a Georgian honorific
 Batoni, Italy, a hamlet
 Pompeo Batoni, Italian painter


The Messina Conference of 1955 was a meeting of the six member states of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).  The conference assessed the progress of the ECSC and, deciding that it was working well, proposed further European integration. This initiative led to the creation in 1957 of the European Economic Community and Euratom.

The conference was held from 1 to 3 June 1955 at the Italian city of Messina, Sicily, in the City Hall building known as Palazzo Zanca (it). It was a meeting of the foreign ministers of all six member states of the ECSC, and it would lead to the creation of the European Economic Community. The delegations of the six participating countries were headed by Johan Willem Beyen (Netherlands), Gaetano Martino (Italy), Joseph Bech (Luxembourg), Antoine Pinay (France), Walter Hallstein (Germany), and Paul-Henri Spaak (Belgium). Joseph Bech was chairman of the meeting.

The Foreign Ministers of the ECSC had to meet in order to nominate a member of the High Authority of the ECSC and to appoint its new president and vice-presidents for the period expiring on 10 February 1957. The meeting was held at Messina (and partially in Taormina) at the request of Gaetano Martino, the Italian Foreign Minister, who was detained in Sicily because of the Regional Assembly elections. They appointed René Mayer as president of the High Authority to replace Jean Monnet. The ministers also reappointed the Belgian, Albert Coppé, and the German, Franz Etzel, as vice-presidents of the college.

In addition to the above-mentioned agenda, the meeting included consideration of the action programme to relaunch European integration. In August 1954 the plans had collapsed to create a European Political Community and a common defence force, the European Defence Community, as a substitute for the national armies of Germany, France, Italy, and the three Benelux countries, when France refused to ratify the treaty. The six ECSC countries then turned their attention to the idea of a customs union, which was elaborated at Messina. The final resolution of the conference, largely reflecting the point of view of the three Benelux countries, formed the basis for further work to relaunch European integration. The Benelux countries in their BeNeLux memorandum proposed a revival of European integration on the basis of a common market and integration in the transport and atomic energy sectors.

At first the name of Paul van Zeeland, former Belgian Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs, was mentioned to head the committee which was to work out a proposal. Johan Willem Beyen however proposed Paul-Henri Spaak, who was entrusted, on 18 June, with the production of a report at an Intergovernmental Committee in order to evaluate the option of a sectoral integration or the step-by-step establishment of a European common market. The Spaak Report of the Spaak Committee and the subsequent Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom which was held at the Château of Val-Duchesse would lead to the Treaties of Rome in 1957 and the formation of the European Economic Community and Euratom in 1958.

In commemoration of the conference, the square in front of Messina's Palazzo Zanca was renamed Piazza Unione Europea, and on 2 June 1995 a monumental commemorative plaque was inserted on the building's main façade. A statue of Gaetano Martino was erected nearby on 25 November 2000, the centenary of his birth.

See also
 European University Institute
 History of the European Union

References

Sources
 Messina Conference on CVCE.eu (Centre virtuel de la connaissance sur l'Europe)
 Minutes of the Messina Conference (EU) Available on CVCE.eu
 Delegations from the Six at the Messina Conference (EU) Available on CVCE.eu
 How Divided Europe Came Together (BBC)
 Messina Conference (picture)

1955 conferences
1955 in Italy
1955 in the European Economic Community
History of the European Union
June 1955 events in Europe
Events in Messina


The Audi S5 is one of two high-performance variants of Audi's A5. It is also the coupé, cabriolet, and five-door fastback sedan versions of the fourth-generation (B8) Audi S4 saloon and estate models.

Like all Audi "S" cars, they are only available with Audi's quattro four-wheel drive (4WD) system, here in S5 using a Torsen-based centre diff system.

Most versions of the S5 are manufactured at Audi's plant in Ingolstadt, Germany; they are available as a coupé, cabriolet, and five-door sportback, which was previously not available in North America until the 2018 model year, which was released in the United States in mid 2017. The cabriolets are built at Audi's factory in Neckarsulm, Germany.

S5 B8/8T (2007–2017)
The Audi S5 was released in coupé form to the public at the same time as the A5. The Audi S5 Sportback was unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show, and went on sale in the spring of 2010 with a MSRP of €57,900.

The Audi S5, in comparison to the A5, features a more aggressive body style (typical design for Audi S and RS models) which consists of side skirts, bigger air inlets on the front bumper and a dual-quad tip exhaust. The S5 includes a string of LED daytime running lights around the bi-Xenon headlamps and a vertically striped chrome grille. In many markets, the S5 includes as standard 19" alloy wheels with a five-parallel spoke design, larger brakes, heated leather sport bucket seats, and other convenience features, some of which are available only as an option on the A5. Changes for 2010 model year included LED tail lamps, the introduction of Premium Plus and Prestige trim levels and new optional equipment such as leather/Alcantara seats.

Despite sharing the same nameplate, the powertrains were different between the coupé and the Cabriolet/Sportback for the 2010–2012 model years. The 2007–2012 Audi S5 coupé had a 4.2-litre Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI) V8 engine that produced , while the S5 Cabriolet and Sportback have a supercharged 3.0-litre TFSI V6 engine producing  which was shared with the 2010 Audi S4 3.0 TFSI quattro sedan and avant. The coupé had a choice of either a 6-speed manual or 6-speed Tiptronic, while the Cabriolet/Sportback have the 7-speed S-tronic dual-clutch transmission. Despite minor differences in peak power output, both the V8 and the supercharged V6 provide very similar performance.

S5 B8.5/8.5T (2013–2017)
The (B8.5/8.5T or Facelift) Audi S5 went through a mid-generational refresh alongside the standard Audi A5. There are front-end changes, including a complete redesign of the headlights – this means new LED DRL's, a brand-new grille loosely based on the 2012 Audi A6 grille and new fog lamps. Audi has also introduced a new rear diffuser that appears to be more cosmetic than the one found on previous models and updated LED tail light design.

Instead of the 4.2 FSI V8 engine producing , the facelifted S5 Coupé is powered by a 3.0-litre supercharged V6 TFSI engine producing , the latter which had been used in the S5 Cabriolet and S4 Sedan/Avant since the 2010 model year. The other major change under the bonnet is the introduction of stop-start technology for better fuel efficiency. Audi claims an average fuel economy of  (compared to the current  in the V8 coupé and  in the Cabriolet).

Inside, the S5 receives some new features. Dials in the center console get the chrome treatment along with the edges of the buttons for the windows, four Audi MMI control buttons and Audi's 3G+ MMI which has a slightly refreshed interface and now features Google Earth maps. Audi has brought the shift knob from the RS5 to the S5. There is a shift from having four buttons down each side of the console, to just two with the addition of a Menu and Car buttons below the MMI control dial (Audi has removed the skip forward / backward buttons that previously occupied the space on either side of the back button). Lastly, a flat-bottom steering wheel style will have a new circular airbag cover as well as piano black trim.

S5 B9 (2017–present)
The Audi S5 (B9) is an all-wheel drive coupé, sportback, & cabriolet built by Audi from late 2017, after its unveiling in June 2016. Its sportback trim adds rear doors and a hatchback rear. It is part of the second generation model line following on from the Audi S5 (B8) that had been in production since 2007.

As part of the refresh, the new S5 has undergone some major front and rear end changes, including a drop in weight to  (Coupé) and a complete redesign of the headlights and bonnet, LED front and rear lighting, sharper body lines, and a new larger one piece grille. There are also a number of optional safety options available such as drive assist and head up display. Inside, the S5 also receives some new features. A redesigned dashboard and centre console, updated tablet style 8" Audi MMI, Virtual Cockpit (optional), and features Google Earth maps and Apple CarPlay. The new Audi S5 also has new electrically adjustable front heated seats with cross stitching, and has an optional flat-bottom steering wheel style with circular airbag cover as well as a variety of trim options.

Fitted with a completely new and more powerful 3-litre V6 petrol engine, the S5 has direct injection as well as a twin-scroll turbocharger to reduce both weight, and cost. The turbocharger is mounted within the engine V and as a result has reduced turbo lag response times. The quattro all-wheel drive system receives power through a locking centre differential that splits torque sent to the wheels at 40% to the front and 60% to the rear. The system can also divert up to 70% to the front or up to 85% to the rear.  time is around 4.4 seconds (coupé) & 4.5 seconds (sportback), with a limited top speed of , although tests have shown times closer to 4 seconds.

In 2019, Audi introduced a new facelifted version of the B9 for the 2020 models, the B9.5. In Europe, the new 2019 S5 was only made available with a diesel V6 TDI engine.

Engines

See also

References

External links
Audi.com - international corporate portal
Audi UK - S and RS models
Audi USA - S5

S5
Cars introduced in 2007
Compact executive cars
Coupés
Convertibles
Hatchbacks
Sports sedans
All-wheel-drive vehicles


Elemental is an action-strategy video game written and designed by Erick Dupuis and published by Lankhor. The game was released in 1988 for the Atari ST.

Gameplay
In the game, the player controls a green ball which freely evolves on the stage and was pursued by two other balls. The first one was invincible and the player can only evade it using the environment to put some distance between them or by staying on one of the four "safe point" of the stage. The other follows the same rules but it can also be stuck in holes present in the stage while following the green ball, another one will appear and continue following the player.

Every of the 32 levels plays out on a non-scrolling field where the player has to evade two enemies and touch certain tiles. If an enemy touches an object, it transforms into a pill which also has to be picked up and dropped elsewhere. There are save tiles where the enemies can't touch the player.

Reception
Jeux & Stratégie #54
ASM (Aktueller Software Markt)
Power Play
ACE (Advanced Computer Entertainment)

References

External links
Elemental at Atari Mania

1988 video games
Action games
Atari ST games
Atari ST-only games
Lankhor games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Strategy video games
Video games developed in France


Michael W. Graham (born 11 January 1952) is a former Australian rules footballer who played with  in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) and St Mary's in the Northern Territory Football League (NTFL) during the 1970s and 1980s.

A half forward flanker nicknamed "The Flash" for his great speed, Graham made his SANFL debut for Sturt in 1971 and went on to play 282 games over fifteen seasons. He was a premiership player in 1974 and 1976, and represented South Australia in Interstate Football on eleven occasions. He is cap number 757 for the Sturt Football Club.

Graham played with St Marys in the NTFL during the summers, winning the Nichols Medal in 1973-74 for the league's best and fairest player.

In 2005 he was named on the interchange bench in the official Indigenous Team of the Century. He is also a member of Sturt's 'Team of the Twentieth Century'; and the Inaugural '2016 NT Indigenous Team of the Century'.

Notes

References

1952 births
Living people
Indigenous Australian players of Australian rules football
Australian rules footballers from South Australia
Sturt Football Club players
St Mary's Football Club (NTFL) players
South Australian State of Origin players
South Australian Football Hall of Fame inductees


The torpedo body style was a type of automobile body used from 1908 until the mid-1930s, which had a streamlined profile and a folding or detachable soft top. The design consists of a hood or bonnet line raised to be level with the car's waistline, resulting in a straight beltline from front to back.

The name was introduced in 1908 when Captain Theo Masui, the London-based importer of French Gregoire cars, designed a streamlined body and called it "The Torpedo".

The Torpedo body style was usually fitted to four- or five-seat touring cars (cars without a fixed roof) with detachable or folding roof, and low side panels and doors. Torpedo cars did not have B pillars, so the only uprights present were those supporting the windshield.

Similar styles are phaeton and baquet.

The name is also used for trucks with a hood or bonnet.

References

Car body styles


Gdański (femine: Gdańska, plural: Gdańscy) is a Polish-language toponymic literally meaning "of/from Gdańsk". It may refer to:

Places

Pomerania, Poland
 Gdańsk County
 Uniwersytet Gdański, a public research university located in Gdańsk, Poland
 Nowy Dwór Gdański, a town in the Żuławy Wiślane
 Pruszcz Gdański, a town in Pomerania
 Starogard Gdański, a town in Pomerania

Warsaw, Poland
 Gdański Bridge, a bridge across the Vistula in Warsaw, Poland
 Warszawa Gdańska station, Dworzec Gdański, a railway station in northern Warsaw, Poland
 Dworzec Gdański metro station, a station on Line M1 of the Warsaw Metro

Bydgoszcz, Poland
 Gdańska Street in Bydgoszcz

People
 Carlos Gdansky Orgambide (born 1930), Argentine film director and screenwriter
 Jacek Gdański (born 1970), Polish chess player
  (1929-2003), Argentine writer
 Mściwój I Gdański, (c. 1160–1219 or 1220), Prince of Pomerelia
 Sambor I Gdański, (c. 1150–c. 1207), regent of Pomerelia

Other uses
 Mendel Gdański, a fictional character from short story by Maria Konopnicka

See also

 Danziger (disambiguation)


Nathalie Dechy and Andy Ram were the defending champions, but lost in the first round to Dominika Cibulková and Gaël Monfils.

Victoria Azarenka and Bob Bryan won in the final 6–2, 7–6(7–4), against Katarina Srebotnik and Nenad Zimonjić.

Seeds

Draw

Finals

Top half

Bottom half

External links
 Draw
2008 French Open – Doubles draws and results at the International Tennis Federation

Mixed Doubles
French Open by year – Mixed doubles


was France's first privately owned free-to-air television network. Created by politician Jérôme Seydoux and Italian media mogul Silvio Berlusconi, the network broadcast from 1985 to 1992.

The contract for France's fifth terrestrial network, which was supposed to have been in effect for an 18-year term, was granted to Seydoux and Berlusconi in November 1985. Programming began on 20 February 1986 at 8:30 pm; the first program on La Cinq was Voilà la Cinq, which was taped at Canale 5's studios in Milan, Italy.

History

Pre-launch (1985–1986)
In 1985, a little over a year before the legislative elections, the Socialist Party feared failure and wanted to create a new space, outside of the institutional domain of public television, capable of reaching a large audience (contrary to the private subscription channel Canal+) and constitute a relay of opinion to its ideas if it was to return to the opposition.

On November 20, 1985, the government granted an 18-year concession to France Cinq, allowing them to operate the fifth national television network. This decision was criticized by the Minister of Culture and some of the President's advisers, who wanted to see cultural programming, and by the High Authority of Audiovisual Communication, which did not approve of the conditions but had no power to change them. At a press conference on November 22 1985, Jérome Seydoux and Silvio Berlusconi presented the focus and style of the programs that would be broadcast on the fifth television channel. In response to critics who accused them of wanting to create "Coca-Cola" TV, Berlusconi, who developed La Cinq's programming from his catalogues, replied that the channel would be "neither Coca-Cola TV, nor spaghetti TV, but rather Beaujolais TV, a Saturday champagne. He also promised to feature well-liked TV or film stars.

Determined to block this project, 60 senators had the Constitutional Council declare "The Eiffel Tower Amendment" (fr: amendement Tour Eiffel) unconstitutional on 13 December, 1985. This forced the government to draft a new bill, which was accepted by Parliament on December 21. On December 31, 1985, the France 5 company was incorporated in anonymous form with its registered office in Paris. On January 16,1986 the RTL Group (at the time the Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de Télédiffusion (CLT)) unsuccessfully attempted to have the Council of State cancel the concession agreement; instead the government gave the RTL Group the right to use one of the two remaining free channels of the future TDF 1 satellite. On 20 January 1986 Silvio Berlusconi presented the programs of his future commercial channel, officially known as La Cinq, to journalists, industrialists and advertisers in order to convince them to buy advertising airtime to finance the channel. The next day, the police were forced to intervene in order to allow TDF technicians to come install La Cinq's transmitters at the top of the Eiffel Tower, after the City of Paris refused to do so for security reasons.

Launch (1986–early 1987)
After three months of animosity and a month of technical testing, La Cinq was finally able to start broadcasting on Thursday, February 20,1986 at 8:30 PM, airing an introductory broadcast entitled Voila la Cinq, which had been recorded in the Fininvest Group's Milan studio. Up until midnight, Christian Morin, Roger Zabel, Amanda Lear, Ėlisabeth Tordjman and Alain Gillot-Pétré hosted major French stars (Johnny Hallyday, Serge Gainsbourg, Mireille Mathieu, Charles Aznavour) as well as international stars like Ornella Muti, who had been invited by Silvio Berlusconi to support a show that would be able to compete with TF1 or Antenne 2. For the next few weeks, the programming consisted of game shows and variety shows like Pentathlon, C’est beau la vie, and Cherchez la femme,  which had been adapted from successful shows on Silvio Berlusconi's Italian network, Canale 5, and had also been influenced by French magazines like Mode. The programs were repeated every four to five hours and had up to three commercial breaks per show. The first hosts had formerly been presenters on TF1 (Christian Morin), Antenne 2 (Alain Gillot-Pétré, Roger Zabel and Élisabeth Tordjman), or one of Berlusconi's Italian networks (Amanda Lear). A continuity announcer presented the programs.

Starting in February 1986, American TV series aired during daytime and late night programming. Most of these series were familiar to viewers, because they were broadcast on other French networks in the 1960s and 1970s: Diff'rent Strokes, Happy Days, Mission: Impossible, The Twilight Zone, Star Trek, The Dukes of Hazzard and Wonder Woman.

After the launch, the network was invested into feature film production of native theatrical feature films.

Children's programming
La Cinq's children-oriented programming block, Youpi! L'école est finie ("Hooray! School's over!"), began broadcasting on March 2, 1987, and would last until the channel's dissolution. Broadcasting in the morning between 7 and 9 AM and in the evening between 5 and 6 PM, the block was notable for airing French-language dubs of numerous Japanese anime series, including:

 Princess Sarah
 King Arthur
 Esper Mami (as Malicieuse Kiki)
 Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water (as Nadia, le secret de l'eau bleue)
 Hello! Sandybell (as Sandy Jonquille)
 Pastel Yumi, the Magic Idol (as Susy aux fleurs magiques)
 Hikari no Densetsu (as Cynthia ou le rythme de la vie)
 Lady!! (as Gwendoline)
 Story of the Alps: My Annette (as Dans les Alpes avec Annette)
 Creamy Mami, the Magic Angel (as Creamy, merveilleuse Creamy)
 Captain Tsubasa (as Olive et Tom)
 Persia, the Magic Fairy (as Vanessa et la magie des rêves)
 Attacker You! (as Jeanne et Serge)
 Blue Blink (as Magie Bleue)
 Ganbare, Kickers! (as But por Rudy)
 Ai Shite Knight (as Embrasse-moi Lucile)
 Katri, Girl of the Meadows (as Cathy la petite fermière)
 Tales of Little Women (as Les 4 filles du docteur Match)
 The Swiss Family Robinson: Flone of the Mysterious Island (as Flo et les Robinson suisses)
 Ohayō! Spank (as Les aventures de Claire et Tipoune)
 Kimagure Orange Road (as Max et Compagnie)
 Hiatari Ryōkō! (as Une vie nouvelle)
 Touch (as Théo ou la batte de la victoire)
 Tsurikichi Sanpei (as Paul le pêcheur)
 La Seine no Hoshi (as La tulipe noire)
 Queen Millennia (as La reine du fond des temps)
 Wing-Man Nobody's Boy: Remi Grendizer (as Goldorak)
 Candy Candy Georgie! Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics (as Raconte-moi une histoire)
 Magical Princess Minky Momo (as Gigi)
 Peter Pan: The Animated Series
 Lucy-May of the Southern Rainbow (as Karine, L'Aventure Du Nouveau Monde)
 Fushigi no Kuni no Alice (as Alice au pays des merveilles)

In addition to the Japanese-based animated programs listed above, the channel also aired some animated programs from other sources, including Robotech, Clémentine, Snorks, Manu, Diplodos, Bucky O'Hare and the Toad Wars, and The Smurfs. Many of the Youpi! series were also aired in Italy as they had been licensed by Fininvest. The block helped popularise Japanese animation in France — it was sufficiently prominent in 1989 to be a target of criticism by then-representative Ségolène Royal. Many of the anime series that aired on La Cinq (notably Captain Tsubasa and Ai Shite Knight) would later air on TF1 as a part of the Club Dorothée block.

Decline (late 1987–1990)
Beginning in 1987, La Cinq ran into serious financial problems that would later be escalated by the privatisation of TF1 in the late 1980s and the early 1990s recession. Robert Hersant took over the channel in February 1987 and would remain the channel's president until September 1990, when Fininvest sold the channel to Hachette. In 1989, the channel's audience share peaked at 13.0%.

Hachette's La Cinq (1990–1991)
Under the weight of the debts accumulated since 1987 caused by the failure of a large portion of the programs created, Robert Hersant criticized Berlusconi for selling American series that were too expensive. The latter disapproved of the great importance that Hersant gives to information, deeming it costly and unprofitable. Hersant, after a legal battle, realized that La Cinq's debt burden was threatening to crush his media group; he then ceded his share in La Cinq to the Hachette group, then directed by Jean-Luc Lagardère, an unsuccessful candidate for the acquisition of TF1 in 1987 and who dreamt of acquiring a national television channel. Thanks to a capital increase, Hachette increased its stake in la Cinq from 22 to 25% while Hersant reduced it from 25 to 10%. On October 23, 1990, the Superior Audiovisual Council granted the channel to Hachette, which promised to “save La Cinq”.

When Yves Sabouret and Hachette took over control of La Cinq in the fall of 1990, the channel's audience share had declined to 11.7%. On  April 2, 1991, the channel's second and final logo was introduced. Instead of trying to reduce the channel's budget deficit, Hachette commissioned an abundance of newer television series, including American import Twin Peaks and the game show Que le meilleur gagne. The continued commission and production of newer programmes by La Cinq increased the channel's budget deficit significantly; by mid-1991, the channel's deficit amounted to 3.5 billion francs. As a result, Berlusconi sold the rights of several of the children's programmes to AB Productions; those programmes were subsequently moved to TF1 before the end of the year.

1991 began with the Gulf War, allowing its newscasts to reach more than 9% of market share.

Hachette began changing everything, starting with the identity of the channel. Jean-Luc Lagardère gave a blank check to his program director, Pascal Josèphe, whom he had just hired from Antenne 2, to launch new programs concocted by Hachette, which was hoped to make La Cinq a large family generalist channel capable of competing against TF1. In fact, the channel was also obliged to produce new programs because the stock of American series was becoming scarce. From April 1991, Pascal Josèphe put the prime time access schedule on the air which he intended for Antenne 2 and which he revised.

Instead of trying to reduce costs and make up for the existing deficit, Hachette was increasing expenses (rebranding network identity, repairing all the premises, creating too many programs), and La Cinq had completely changed. Pascal Josèphe wished to focus on family and female audiences. Guillaume Durand was replaced at 8 PM in order to open up to the audience. The slots devoted to news were diminished; Patrice Duhamel also gave instructions to journalists to reduce coverage on international subjects and reports in favor of national subjects.

As a result, 22 new programmes were put on the air in April 1991, but they all stopped after a few weeks or months, without succeeding in significantly increasing its market share with the exception of motorsports, with 40% of market share, for Formula 1 snatched from TF1, the Paris-Dakar, the Grand Prix de Pau, the Walt Disney movie slots on Tuesday evenings, Twin Peaks and the news, which were successful. La Cinq only experienced success in urban areas.

Not only did its new programmes fail to attract new viewers, but these upheavals confused some of the faithful audience, to the point that the channel announced a rerun of Kojak to save the prime time access slot.

The audience remained stable, and the channel remained the third national channel in terms of rating; however, considering the new transmitters that relayed La Cinq's signal, the audience was reduced at this time. It was, in this case, around 11 to 14%. In addition, Lagardère did not succeed in relaxing the constraints imposed by the government and regulations, so it remained at the mercy of political power.

Bankruptcy and liquidation
One year after its takeover by Hachette, the channel's annual deficit amounted to CHF 1.1 billion, with cumulative losses since the channel's creation amounting to CHF 3.5 billion. On December 17, 1991, its CEO, Yves Sabouret, in a cost-cutting move, had to forcibly lay off 576 employees, amounting to more than 75% of the channel's staff. This did not have any effect on the channel, as it would file for bankruptcy only fourteen days later. On the evening of the announcement, Béatrice Schönberg and Gilles Schneider announced the sad event in their 8 PM newscast, where its previous intro (the Earth, the satellite, Thus Spoke Zarathustra as the opening theme and the old logo) was broadcast at the end. A few days later, interviewed by Jean-Claude Bourret during the 8pm news, the CEO would hear the presenter say that the action taken "looks like a Formula 1 racing team that sells the tires to buy the gasoline”. On-screen, the "5" logo was displayed in black for 24 hours while a banner indicating that "La 5 will not be Matra-Racing" was brandished in the offices of the editorial staff. The channel's flags, which featured the new logo on the building on Boulevard Pereire, were torn down by staff. On December 31, 1991, La Cinq filed for bankruptcy. La Cinq was officially declared bankrupt on 2 January 1992 and placed in legal redress the following day, due to its inability to repay its entire debt.

A viewers' defence association for La Cinq started on the same day, led by Jean-Claude Bourret. Later that month, on January 16, Berlusconi proposed a plan involving an increase in capital that would have saved the channel, but this increase was revoked on March 24 because of pressure from the government and influence of certain politicians. A group of private channels (TF1, Canal+ and M6) proposed to jointly create a news channel which would replace La Cinq. The objective is twofold: to drive Silvio Berlusconi away from France and to ensure that no commercial channel is reborn on the fifth network.

As a result of the withdrawal of the rescue plan, on April 3, 1992, the tribunal de commerce de Paris announced that, effective April 12, 1992 at midnight CET, La Cinq would be liquidated. The channel closed down permanently on April 12, 1992 at midnight, following its final program, Vive La Cinq (also known as Il est Moins 5), which pulled in an audience share of 21.5% (equal to about 6 to 7 million viewers).

The channel's final images before shutting down entirely were a planet with the number 5 orbiting around it being blocked by a larger planet, creating a total eclipse, as the opening to Also Sprach Zarathustra (former news theme) was played. This was followed by a group of text slides that read this message:

It would be almost two years before the network's infrastructure was reactivated as a public educational channel, La Cinquième (now France 5).

Branding
La Cinq was one of the first French television channels to utilize a digital on-screen graphic when it launched in 1986. Its initial logo was derived from the first logo of Canale 5, which was introduced in 1985. However, the flower and the stylized symbol of the biscione were replaced with a gold star and the channel's name, respectively. In 1987, the channel's name was removed from the logo, which would continue to be used (albeit with a minor modification in October 1990) until April 1991.

The channel's second and final logo, which was designed by Jean-Paul Goude, consisted of the number 5 being superimposed on other numbers. It would be used from April 1991 until the channel's liquidation on 12 April 1992. The DOG accompanying the logo only displayed the number 5. It was inspired by the work of Jasper Johns (founding father of pop art), who produced canvases featuring numbers in the 1960s.

News operation
La Cinq's news operation consisted of a series of daily newscasts entitled Le Journal. The program was originally presented with a lunchtime newscast at 12:30 p.m. (later 1:00 p.m.) and a primetime newscast at 8:00 p.m. In the summer of 1990, the lunchtime newscast was moved to 12:45 p.m., where it would remain until the channel's closure in April 1992. Short-form news updates were also broadcast at various times of the day during breaks in the channel's programming.

From 1987 to April 1991, the theme music for the newscasts was a modified version of "Also sprach Zarathustra" (which would later be used on the channel's final newscast on 12 April 1992). During that time, the openings to all of the newscasts featured a rotating globe and a satellite, before showing the channel's logo and the newscast's title. When La Cinq's logo was changed in April 1991, the newscasts' openings were changed to a variant of the channel's ident with the word Information superimposed onto the channel's logo; this would be used until shortly before the channel's closure one year later. It was accompanied by a hard-hitting news music package.

Notable former on-air staff
Jean-Claude Bourret (main anchor; 1987–1992)
Marie-Laure Augry (1991–1992; later worked at TF1 and France 3)
Guillaume Durand (1987–1991; later worked at Europe 1)
Béatrice Schönberg (1991–1992; later worked at France 2)

See also
France 5

References

External links
 Culte : les derniers instants de La Cinq | Archive INA

Defunct television channels in France
French-language television stations
Mediaset television channels
Television channels and stations established in 1986
Television channels and stations disestablished in 1992
1986 establishments in France
1992 disestablishments in France