Chabahar Port () is a seaport in Chabahar located in southeastern Iran, on the Gulf of Oman. It serves as Iran's only oceanic port, and consists of two separate ports named Shahid Kalantari and Shahid Beheshti, each of which has five berths. It is only about 170 kilometres west of the Pakistani port of Gwadar.

Development of the port was first proposed in 1973 by the last Shah of Iran, though development was delayed by the 1979 Iranian Revolution. The first phase of the port was opened in 1983 during the Iran–Iraq War as Iran began shifting seaborne trade east towards the Pakistani border in order to decrease dependency on ports in the Persian Gulf which were vulnerable to attack by the Iraqi Air Force.

India and Iran first agreed to plans to further develop Shahid Beheshti port in 2003, but did not do so on account of sanctions against Iran. As of 2016, the port has ten berths. In May 2016, India and Iran signed a bilateral agreement in which India would refurbish one of the berths at Shahid Beheshti port, and reconstruct a 600 meter long container handling facility at the port. The port is partly intended to provide an alternative for trade between India and Afghanistan as it is 800 kilometers closer to the border of Afghanistan than Pakistan's Karachi port. The port handled 2.1 million tons of cargo in 2015, which was planned to be upgraded to handle 8.5 million tons by 2016, and to 86 million tons in the future. Following the re-imposition of sanctions against Iran, foreign companies became reluctant to participate in the port's expansion, and only 10% of the port's 8.5 million-ton total capacity was utilized in 2019. Sanctions also played a role in reducing India's involvement and investment in the US$1.6 billion Chabahar–Zahedan railway.

In October 2017, India's first shipment of wheat to Afghanistan was sent through the Chabahar Port. In December 2018, India took over the port's operations.

Location

The port of Chabahar is located on the Makran coast of Sistan and Baluchistan Province, next to the Gulf of Oman and at the mouth of the Strait of Hormuz. It is the only Iranian port with direct access to the Indian Ocean. Being close to Afghanistan and the Central Asian countries of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and others, it has been termed the "Golden Gate" to these landlocked countries.

Chabahar is  away from Zahedan, the capital of the Sistan and Baluchistan province,  away from Milak, the closest city to the Afghan border, and  away from Sarakhs on the Turkmen border.

The marine distance to Dubai is , to Karachi in Pakistan is , and to Mumbai in India is  . Pakistan's deep sea port at Gwadar is also on the Makran coast, at a distance of a mere 76 nautical miles. Gwadar also claims to provide access to Central Asia, and comparisons between the two ports are frequently made by analysts.

Because 90 percent of Iran's population is concentrated in the western part of the country, the eastern part is relatively less developed. Iran is intending to change that with the development around Chabahar port, with a free trade zone and road and rail links between Chabahar and Central Asia. Its plan is to use Chabahar port as the gateway to Central Asia and to maintain the Bandar Abbas port, which currently handles 85% of Iran's seaborne trade, as a hub for trade with Russia and Europe.

The highly congested Bandar Abbas port is not a deep water port and cannot handle the 250,000-ton oceangoing cargo ships. At present, such ships dock in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the cargo is transferred to smaller, 100,000-ton ships for onward shipment to Iran. This makes Iran dependent on the UAE for shipments and represents a loss of revenue. Unlike Bandar Abbas, Chabahar has the ability to handle standard cargo ships.

Defense cover
Chabahar Port benefits from the protection of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran military bases located in Konarak, Iran, across Chabahar Bay to the West.

History
A former port named Tis in Chabahar's neighborhood dates back to the Sasanian times, and was known to Ptolemy as "Tesa".
Alberuni wrote that the sea coast of India commences with Tis.
The Portuguese forces under Afonso de Albuquerque gained control of Chabahar and Tis, staying there until 1621. The British, and later the Portuguese in the 17th century entered this region.

Modern Chabahar dates back to around 1970, when it was declared a municipality, and large port projects were started by order of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. The Shah planned to construct a $600 million naval base at Chabahar, mostly employing American companies as contractors. The American naval officials held talks with their Iranian counterparts on securing an "option" to operate out of Chabahar in the event of an emergency. However, in 1977, the Shah got strapped for cash, caught in a tug of war between the OPEC and western oil companies over oil prices, and the construction of Chabahar base was postponed. Soon afterwards, the Shah was overthrown in the 1979 Iranian revolution.

After the Iranian revolution, the foreign companies left the projects and Iranian public companies linked to the Ministry of Jahad-e Sazandegi (or jihad for construction) took them over. The Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988) caused Chabahar to gain in logistical and strategic importance. War brought insecurity to the Strait of Hormuz and ships were unable to enter the Persian Gulf. Accordingly, Chabahar became a major port during the war.

The Chabahar port actually contains two separate ports called Shahid Kalantari and Shahid Beheshti. Between 1982 and 1983, Iran constructed four  berths at Shahid Kalantari and four  berths at Shahid Beheshti. Two larger berths,  and  meters long, were constructed in 1997 and 2004 respectively.

The India–Iran–Afghanistan three-way memorandum of understanding (MoU) plans have committed at least $21bn to Chabahar–Hajigak corridor, including $85m for Chabahar port development by India, $150m line of credit by India to Iran, $8bn India-Iran MoU for Indian industrial investment in Chabahar Special Economic Zone, $11-billion Hajigak iron and steel mining project awarded to seven Indian companies in central Afghanistan, and India's $2bn commitment to Afghanistan for developing supporting infrastructure including the Chabahar-Hajigaj railway, with potential for several times more trade via connectivity to 7,200-km-long multi-mode North–South Transport Corridor (INSTC) connecting to Europe and Turkey, R297 Amur highway and Trans-Siberian Highway across Russia, and planned Herat to Mazar-i-Sharif railway providing access to Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Chabahar Port also provides direct access to India's Farkhor Air Base in Tajikistan. Chabahar route will result in 60% reduction in shipment costs and 50% reduction in shipment time from India to Central Asia.

Iran's international strategy

Consistent with its desire to be seen as a significant regional player, Iran has taken the initiative to engage with all the neighbouring countries to enhance the transit potential of Chabahar. It has signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with Afghanistan and Tajikistan on the construction of railway lines, water pipelines and energy transmission lines. It has been keen to extend the Khvaf-Herat rail line to connect to the railways of Central Asia, Turkey, and Europe. It has entered into an agreement with Oman, Qatar, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan to establish a transport corridor between these countries. It is also a key partner in the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) along with Russia, Ukraine, Turkey, Oman, Syria, India and the Central Asian countries, which aims to connect South and Central Asian countries to Northern Europe via Iran and Russia. Specifically with respect to Chabahar, Iran has envisioned it as a key port in linking India with Afghanistan and Central Asian countries. Initiatives in this regard include a roadway from Chabahar to Milak on the Afghanistan border, Chabahar-Faraj-Bam railway, Chabahar-Zahedan-Mashhad rail link, which will be further extended to Herat and Mazar-e-Sharif in Afghanistan and Termez in Uzbekistan. Iran also plans to build the Iranrud, a Suez canal like canal through Iran to connect the Caspian sea with the Persian gulf.

India-Iran-Afghanistan partnership

In 2016, India signed a deal with Iran entailing $8 billion investment in Chabahar port and industries in Chabar Special Economic Zone, including an aluminium smelter and a urea making facility, at Chabahar port is being developed was a transit route to Afghanistan and central Asia. India has already built a 240-km road connecting Afghanistan with Iran. Also in planning is a rail route connecting Chabahar with the India-promoted $11-billion Hajigak iron and steel mining project in central Afghanistan, as seven Indian companies in 2011 acquired rights to mine central Afghanistan's Hajigak region, which contain Asia's largest deposit of iron ore. The Government of India has pledged to Afghanistan to spend $2bn in developing supporting infrastructure including Chabahar to Hajigaj railway. All this will bring cargo to Bandar Abbas port and Chabahar port, and free Kabul from its dependence on Pakistan to reach the outer world, giving India access to Afghanistan and beyond to Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Russia and Europe via 7,200-km-long multi-modal North–South Transport Corridor (INSTC).

During the 1990s Iran and India, along with Russia, collaborated in backing the Northern Alliance in Afghanistan against the Pakistan-backed Taliban. At this time, Iran invited India to develop the Chabahar port to obtain ready access to Afghanistan. In 1997, a trilateral agreement was signed with Turkmenistan to expand trade into Central Asia and, in 2000, another agreement with Russia to provide seamless transport between India and Europe via an International North-South Transport Corridor.

After the American presence in Afghanistan, India, Iran and Afghanistan got together in January 2003, agreeing on a joint development of transportation links to Afghanistan. India agreed to expand the Chabahar port and to lay a railway track between Chabahar and Zaranj. Iran has completed 70 percent of the first phase of the Chabahar project at a cost of $340 million. India has spent $134 million during 2005–2009 to construct a road from Delaram in Afghanistan to Zaranj at the Iran-Afghanistan border. Iran has also built a roadway between Milak, close to Zaranj, and Chabahar passing through Zahedan and Iranshahr. Through Milak, Zaranj and Deleram, connectivity has been established to the Afghan `garland road', which connects the major Afghan cities Herat, Kandahar, Kabul and Mazar-e-Sharif. In March 2012, ships from India docked at Chabahar carrying 100,000 tonnes of wheat under humanitarian aid to Afghanistan. The Afghan businesses have begun to shift from the Karachi port to Chabahar port for transit.

However, without further development of the Chabahar port, these road links would remain underutilized. Despite intentions, India's involvement in the infrastructure development within Iran has been minimal, possibly due to the Western pressure to apply sanctions. Iran is also believed to have a shown a preference for Iranian contractors instead of Indians. The initiative was restarted in August 2012 in a trilateral meeting on the sidelines of a Non-Aligned Summit.

May 2016 Transit Trade Agreement between India, Iran, and Afghanistan

In May 2016, India signed a series of twelve memoranda of understanding which centered upon the Port of Chabahar.

The trilateral transit agreement signed by India, Iran and Afghanistan allows Indian goods to reach Afghanistan through Iran. It links ports in the western coast of India to the Chabahar port and covers the road and rail links between Chabahar and the Afghan border.

The bilateral agreement between India and Iran gives India the right to develop two berths of the Chabahar port as agreed in 2015 and allows them to be operated for 10 years by India Ports Global, a joint venture between Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust and Kandla Port Trust, in partnership with Iran's Aria Banader. India Ports Global has guaranteed handling of 30,000 TEUs by the third year of operations, and aims to eventually handle 250,000 TEUs.

The berths will be developed at a cost of $85 million over the course of 18 months. Under the agreement, India Ports Global will refurbish a  long container handling facility, and reconstruct a  long container handling facility at the port. India Ports Global will modernize ancillary infrastructure by installing four rail-mounted gantry cranes, sixteen rubber-tire gantry cranes, two reach stackers, two empty handlers, and six mobile harbor cranes. Upon completion of upgrade works agreed to in the May 2016 agreements, Chabahar's capacity will be increased to 8 million tons from the current 2.5 million ton capacity.

The investment is supplemented with a $150 million credit line to Iran through the Exim Bank of India. India has also offered to supply $400 million worth of steel towards the construction of a rail link between Chahbahar and Zahedan. Indian commitments to Iranian infrastructure could total $635 million as per the twelve memoranda of understanding signed in May 2016.

As per the deal, India will also be developing various industries, including aluminum and urea production plants, in the Chabahar economic zone attached to the port.

Iran's ambassador to Pakistan, Mehdi Honerdoost stated that Pakistan and China had both been invited to contribute to the project before India, but neither China nor Pakistan had expressed interest in joining.

On 29 October 2017, the trilateral transit trade and route was implemented when the first shipment of wheat was sent from India to Afghanistan via Chabahar.

Chabahar–Zahedan-Bam-Hajigaj Railway

India had initially proposed a plan to construct a 900-km Chabahar-Zahedan-Hajigak railway line that would connect Chabahar to the mineral-rich Hajigak region of Afghanistan. In 2011, seven Indian companies acquired rights to mine central Afghanistan's Hajigak region, which contain Asia's largest deposit of iron ore. The Government of India had pledged to spend $2bn in developing supporting infrastructure. In May 2016, a MoU was also signed for financing of the planned Chabahar–Zahedan railway section of Chabahar–Zahedan-Hajigak railway, as part of North–South Transport Corridor, by Indian Railways's public sector unit Ircon International.

India had offered to supply approximately $400 million worth of steel towards the construction of this railway, as well as offered to finance construction of the Chabahar to Zahedan rail line at a cost of $1.6 billion. India began shipping rail tracks worth US$150 million in July 2016, and in December 2016 Iran also allocated US$125 million toward this rail route.

However, on 14 July 2020, Iran announced that it would be proceeding with constructing the Chabahar-Zahedan railway independently, citing delays in the Indian funding as the reason for dropping the partnership. The Iranian government has projected completion of the rail link by March 2022, utilising the Iranian National Development Fund to complete the project.

Chabahar's connection to the country's railway plan is under study and consideration. A rail link between Chabahar and Zahedan, when completed, can connect Chabahar to the Kerman–Zahedan railway and further to the Trans-Iranian Railway.

Mashhad–Herat-Mazar-i-Sharif Railway

Mashhad in north east Iran to Herat in north west Afghanistan rail route has four sections, two each in Iran and Afghanistan. Within Iran, section-1 from Khaf to Sangan 16 km route was completed in September 2016 and section-2 from Sangan to Iran-Afghanistan border at Shamtiq (Shematigh, Shmtygh, شمتیغ) 62 km was completed in October 2017. Within Afghanistan, section-3 from the Iran-Afghanistan border at Shamtiq–Jono (Jonaw, Junaw) to Ghurian 61.2 km route was completed in October 2017 and finally section-4 from Jono to Herat is an Italy-supported 86 km route. Herat is already linked with Turkmenistan via rail and road routes. India and Afghanistan plan to extend rail route from Herat to Mazar-i-Sharif. Mazar-i-Sharif is already linked with Uzbekistan and Tajikistan via rail as well as via road routes with other central Asian nations.

Private sector investments
India's minister of Road Transport and Highways Nitin Gadkari also stated that Indian companies could potentially invest over  in the Chabahar Special Economic zone. He however stated that potential investments would depend on whether Iran would be willing to supply Indian projects with natural gas at tariffs substantially lower than those offered by Iran.

In March 2017, India has invited expression of interest from private parties to manage the port for 10 years, Adani Group and Ruia family's Essar Group are interested, and India announced that port equipment such as crane etc. will be procured soon. In March 2017, India is already running training in Nagpur for the Afghan customs officials to be posted at Iran-Afghan border customs post built by India on the road built by India and Afghan ambassador to India announced that Indian shipments to Afghanistan via Chabahar will commence soon.

On 29 October 2017, the port and road transit to Afghanistan was operationalized when first shipment of wheat was sent to Afghanistan.

Status
In August 2017, Indian Union Minister of Ports, Nitin Gadkari, informed at an event in Iran that the civil work at Chabahar port developed by India is complete, and the Indian government is ordering INR 400 crores (US$63 million) worth of mechanised equipment and cranes, and the port will be operational in 2018 to export Indian wheat to Afghanistan. after meeting with Iranian President Hasan Rouhani, he said "now, we are building a railway line in Iran. From Chabhar, we can go to Afghanistan, Uzbekistan and Russia."

In August 2017, India Global Ports Limited (IGPL) had applied for the permission to run the Chabahar port in the interim, while Iran has already completed the construction of jetty and IGPL will build two new terminals, one for the containers and another for the multi-purpose ships. In October 2017, IGPL had already started constructing the terminals after placing order for the construction equipment.

On 29 October 2017, the first shipment through the port was sent from India en route to Afghanistan. To demonstrate the viability of the route, seven shipments of wheat as aid to Afghanistan were planned to be sent by India by the end of January 2018.

On 3 December 2017, the first phase of the port construction was inaugurated by Iranian President Hassan Rouhani.

In January 2018, Iran and India signed an agreement worth $2 billion for cooperation in the rail sector. A part of the agreement pertains to a memorandum of understanding worth $600 million for Iran to purchase locomotives and freight cars from India.

In November 2018, The United States has exempted the multinational Chabahar port project from its sanctions against Iran due to its economic importance to Afghanistan.

In February 2019, Afghanistan Launches New Export Route To India Through Chabahar Port. At the inauguration of the new export route, officials said 23 trucks carrying 57 tonnes of dried fruits, textiles, carpets and mineral products were dispatched from the southwestern Afghan city of Zaranj to Iran's Chabahar port. The consignment will be shipped to Mumbai.

On 14 July 2020, Iran proceeded with the construction of the Chabahar-Zahedan rail link independently, citing delays in the proposed funding from India. Iran issued a statement, clarifying that while the funding of the rail link by IRCON had come up in negotiations, it had not been agreed upon between India and Iran.

Strategic implications
American policy analyst Rorry Daniels has characterized both the Indian investment in Chabahar and the Chinese investment in Gwadar as generating perceptions of "strategic encirclement". According to her, China fears encirclement by the US, India by China, and Pakistan by India. All of these encirclements are seen by the respective countries as "containment strategies", which they attempt to break out of. Indian news commenter Shishir Gupta described India's Chabahar Port deal as "a counter to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor," as it has "broken through the strategic encirclement by China and Pakistan."

Scholar Neil Padukone however disagrees that India has a goal of encircling Pakistan. India needs access to iron from Afghanistan's Hajigak mine and other natural resources from the Central Asian countries of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, which is made possible by the Chabahar port. But, in the long run, the pipeline-to-road-to-rail-to-sea-to-road shipment costs through Chabahar should be circumvented by direct transit through Pakistan. So far, Pakistan has been reluctant to provide such access. The US State Department does not currently see military cooperation between Iran and India as part of the Chabahar project, although it has cautioned India to remain within the legal parameters with respect to collaboration with Iran. The US also sees the Indian presence in greater Central Asia beneficial for spreading the soft power of democratic and friendly regimes. India hopes to see the Western countries use the Chabahar route to link to Afghanistan and reduce their dependence on Pakistan.

Padukone agrees that India has need for establishing a "naval counterweight" to China's presence in Gwadar, as India sees the Gwadar Port as a manifestation of a strong China–Pakistan alliance that seeks to choke Indian investments in the Indian Ocean region. Scholar Christophe Jaffrelot states that Gwadar gives the Chinese a key listening post to monitor US and Indian naval activity in the Persian Gulf as well as a dual-use civil-military base for Chinese ships and submarines. India perceive a direct threat and its response has been to help build the Chabahar port.

Iran has stated that Chabahar is not a rival to Pakistan's Gwadar and invited Pakistan to join in its development. Pakistani analysts have endorsed the view, stating that Gwadar has an advantage by being a deep sea port and the expansion of Chabahar would in fact expand trade through Gwadar. Larger vessels that cannot dock at Chabahar could dock at Gwadar and the cargo transshipped to Chabahar. Pakistan's foreign policy advisor Sartaj Aziz has signalled that Pakistan may link the Gwadar port to Chabahar.

However, in 2016, a retired Pakistani military officer characterized cooperation between India, Iran, and Afghanistan as a "security threat to Pakistan", that had "ominous and far-reaching implications" to the region. He also bemoaned the country's increasing "isolationism" and blamed what he called the “inaction” of the Foreign Office of Nawaz Sharif's government.

In light of trade restrictions imposed on Iran by USA, India had reduced oil imports from Iran, but USA has not intervened directly in the port's development because "conservative analysts in (Washington) DC have accepted the fact that India will maintain some form of relationship with Iran, Iran is more about a transport corridor to Afghanistan; that it has no interest in advancing Iran's agenda in the Middle East; and that whatever space India evacuates there will be filled by China", South Asia expert at "The Heritage Foundation" in Washington Jeff Smith said in November 2017.

Security issues

Chronic instability in Afghanistan may limit the usefulness of Chabahar as a conduit to Afghanistan and Central Asia. Road networks between Chabahar and Afghanistan rely upon connections to the Afghan Ring Road. In August 2016, insurgent activity by Afghanistan's Taliban insurgent group forced closure of the Ring Road between Kandahar and Helmand Province.

Iran's Sistan and Baluchestan Province, in which Chabahar port is located, is also the stage for insurgent activity by the insurgent group Jundallah, which claims to be fighting for the rights of Sunni Muslims, and the local ethnic Baloch. In 2010, Jundallah fighters dispatched a suicide bomber to a Shi'ite mosque in Chabahar, killing 38 people.

See also

 Ashgabat agreement
 Iranrud
 Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline
 Rail transport in Iran
 North-South Transport Corridor
 Lapis Lazuli corridor

Citations

General bibliography

Further reading
 "India's plan to develop key Iranian port faces U.S. headwinds", Reuters, 9 June 2017.
 "Chabahar Port project in Iran, meant to allow India to side-step Pakistan and take the land route to Afghanistan and Central Asia, seems like a dead investment now", The Probe, 13 August 2021.

External links

 Afghanistan rail network

Buildings and structures in Sistan and Baluchestan Province
Geography of Sistan and Baluchestan Province
India–Iran relations
Ports and harbours of Iran
Transportation in Sistan and Baluchestan Province
Chabahar


The Charlatan () is a 1917 Hungarian film directed by Michael Curtiz.

Cast
 Gyula Csortos as Tordai Dezsõ medikus
 Margit T. Halmi as Horváth János anyja
 Ica von Lenkeffy as Ilma, Horváth János húga
 Tivadar Uray as Horváth János medikus
 László Z. Molnár as Zsámoly úr, a riporter
 Giza Báthory as Csáthyné
 Lajos Réthey

See also
 Michael Curtiz filmography

References

External links

Films directed by Michael Curtiz
Hungarian black-and-white films
Hungarian silent feature films
1917 films
Austro-Hungarian films


"Guess Who I Saw Today" is a popular jazz song written by Murray Grand with lyrics by Elisse Boyd. The song was originally composed for Leonard Sillman's Broadway musical revue, New Faces of 1952, in which it was sung by June Carroll.

Notable recordings
Carmen McRae – After Glow, 1957
Eydie Gormé  –  Eydie Gormé, 1957
Carol Sloane – Early Hours, 1959
Nancy Wilson – Something Wonderful, 1960
Jacy Parker – Spotlight On Jacy Parker, 1962
Julie London – Love On the Rocks, 1963
Eartha Kitt – Love for Sale 1965
Elsie Bianchi Brunner – The Sweetest Sound, 1965
Georgie Fame – Georgie Does His Thing With Strings, 1969
Laura Lee – Two Sides of Laura Lee, 1972
Kimiko Kasai – In Person, 1973
Toni Tennille – More Than You Know, 1984
Renée Geyer – Sing to Me, 1985
Eartha Kitt – Live in London, 1990
Chie Ayado – For All We Know, 1998
Janis Siegel – I Wish You Love, 2002
Ranee Lee – Just You, Just Me, 2005
Miki Howard – Private Collection, 2008
Chanté Moore – Love the Woman, 2008
Samara Joy – Linger Awhile, 2022

References

1952 songs
Songs from musicals
Jazz songs
Nancy Wilson (jazz singer) songs
Carmen McRae songs
Chanté Moore songs


Dolleren (; ) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

See also
 Communes of the Haut-Rhin department

References

Communes of Haut-Rhin


HMS Eagle was a 70-gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, built at Portsmouth Dockyard during 1677/79. When completed she was placed in Ordinary for 10 years. She was in active commission during the War of the English Succession partaking in the Battle of Barfleur. She was rebuilt in 1699 at Chatham. She again played an active role in the early part of the War of Spanish Succession participating in the Capture of Gibraltar, and the Battle of Velez Malaga. She was wrecked in the Isles of Scilly in October 1707.

She was the seventh vessel to bear the name Eagle since it was used for a careening hulk, an ex-merchantman, purchased in 1592, and sold at Chatham in 1683.

HMS Eagle was awarded the Battle Honour Barfleur 1692, Gibraltar 1704, and Velez-Malaga 1704.

Construction and Specifications
She was ordered in April 1677 to be built at Portsmouth Dockyard under the guidance of Master Shipwright Daniel Furzer. She was launched on 31 January 1679. Her dimensions were a gundeck of  with a keel of  for tonnage calculation with a breadth of  and a depth of hold of . Her builder's measure tonnage was calculated as 1052 tons (bm). Her draught was .

Her initial gun armament was in accordance with the 1677 Establishment with 72/60 guns consisting of twenty-six demi-cannons (54 cwt, 9.5 ft) on the lower deck, twenty-six 12-pounder guns (32 cwt, 9 ft) on the upper deck, ten sakers (16 cwt, 7 ft) on the quarterdeck and four sakers (16 cwt, 7 ft) on the foc’x’le with four 3-pounder guns (5 cwt, 5 ft) on the poop deck or roundhouse. By 1688 she would carry 70 guns as per the 1685 Establishment . Her initial manning establishment would be for a crew of 460/380/300 personnel.

Commissioned Service

Service 1679 to 1699
HMS Eagle was commissioned in 1690 under the command of Captain Stephen Myngs. In 1691 she was under command of Captain John Leake. She fought in the Battles off Cherbourg and La Hogue as the Flagship of Vice-Admiral George Rooke from 23 to 24 May 1692. Captain Richard Lestock was in command in 1693 into 1694 for service in the Mediterranean. In 1697 she was under the command of Captain Thomas Gardner patrolling off Dunkirk. She was paid off in May 1699. She would be rebuilt at Chatham in 1699.

Rebuild at Chatham Dockyard 1699
She was ordered rebuilt at Chatham Dockyard under the guidance of Master Shipwright Daniel Furzer. She was launched/completed in 1699. Her dimensions were a gundeck of  with a keel of  for tonnage calculation with a breadth of  and a depth of hold of . Her builder's measure tonnage was calculated as 1,099 tons (bm). She probably retained her armament as stated in the 1685 Establishment, though it is unclear if her armament was changed to the 1703 Establishment later. It is known that when completed her gun armament total at least 70 guns.

Service 1700 to 1707
HMS Eagle was commissioned in 1700 under the command of Captain William Kerr for Admiral Sir George Rooke's Fleet. The Fleet sailed to the Baltic Sea in 1701. In 1702 she came under Captain James Wishart assigned to Admiral Sir George Rooke's Squadron. . The Fleet departed Portsmouth on 19 July 1702 for the Soundings at the Scilly Islands. Finally departing for Cadiz, Spain on the 22nd arriving at the Bay of Bulls, north of Cadiz on 8 August. After some success and much indecision on how to proceed the troops were withdrawn on 15 September and the Fleet departed by the 19th.

On 21 September it was learned from a watering expedition to Lagos, Portugal, that the Spanish Treasure Fleet and its French escort was in the vicinity of Vigo Bay. The Fleet sailed North to engage these vessels. After a council of War on 11 October, it was decided that only 25 vessels would be selected to attack the enemy vessels. She was not selected for the battle and remained outside of the Bay of Vigo. All enemy vessels were either taken or destroyed and much treasure was taken. The Fleet returned to England. In 1703 she was under Captain Lord Archibald Hamilton until 1705. She sailed to the Mediterranean in September 1703 for service in Sir George Rooke's Fleet. She partook in the capture of Gibraltar on 23 July 1704. She was part of the force that was to bombard the town and the south bastion. Gibraltar surrendered on the 24th. On August 13, 1704 she fought in the Battle of Velez Malaga as a member of the Center Division, suffering 7 killed and 57 wounded. She withdrew from the fight early for want of shot.

In 1706 she was under Captain Robert Hancock until his death on 22 October 1707. At First she was sailing with Sir Stafford Fairborne's Squadron off Ostend. She sailed to the Mediterranean in September 1706. She was assigned to Sir Cloudisey Shovell's Fleet in the Mediterranean in 1707. In early October the Fleet sailed for the Scilly Islands.

Loss
Under the command of Captain Robert Hancock, Eagle was lost with all hands off the Scilly Isles on 22 October 1707 when a disastrous navigational error sent Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovell's fleet through dangerous reefs while on their way from Gibraltar to Portsmouth. Four ships (Eagle, Association, Firebrand and Romney) were lost, with nearly 2,000 sailors. The Scilly naval disaster was one of the greatest maritime disasters in British history. It was largely as a result of this disaster that the Board of the Admiralty instituted a competition for a more precise method to determine longitude.

Citations

References

 Colledge (2020), Ships of the Royal Navy, by J.J. Colledge, revised and updated by Lt Cdr Ben Warlow and Steve Bush, published by Seaforth Publishing, Barnsley, Great Britain, © 2020,  (EPUB), Section R (Restoration)
 Winfield (2009), British Warships in the Age of Sail (1603 – 1714), by Rif Winfield, published by Seaforth Publishing, England © 2009, EPUB
 Lavery, Brian (2003) The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The Development of the Battlefleet 1650-1850. Conway Maritime Press.
 Clowes (1898), The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to the Present (Vol. II). London. England: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, © 1898
 Thomas (1998), Battles and Honours of the Royal Navy, by David A. Thomas, first published in Great Britain by Leo Cooper 1998, Copyright © David A. Thomas 1998,
Michael Phillips. Eagle (70) (1679). Michael Phillips' Ships of the Old Navy. Retrieved 7 November 2008.

Maritime incidents in 1707
Ships of the line of the Royal Navy
Shipwrecks of the Isles of Scilly
Cornish shipwrecks
1670s ships
Archaeology of shipwrecks


Brookbottom is a hamlet about a mile outside New Mills in the High Peak borough of Derbyshire, England.

It has one pub, the Fox Inn, one phone box but two street lights. The Goyt Way (part of the Midshires Way) runs through it. The Fox Inn and most of the cottages date from the 17th and 18th centuries and are Grade II listed.

References

Hamlets in Derbyshire
Towns and villages of the Peak District
New Mills


Terminator X & The Valley of the Jeep Beets is the debut solo album by American DJ Terminator X, released in 1991. Produced by Terminator X and Carl Ryder, the album was moderately successful, reaching number 97 on the Billboard 200 and number 19 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Two successful singles were released: "Homey Don't Play Dat," which made it to number one on the  Hot Rap Singles, and "Buck Whylin'," which made it to number 7 on the Hot Rap Singles and featured Chuck D and Sister Souljah, as well as a sample from "Rise Above" by Black Flag.

Critical reception
The Encyclopedia of Popular Music wrote that the album confirmed Terminator X "as one of the finest DJs in the business." Trouser Press wrote that the album mostly "features little-known artists ... with average skills; the Terminator’s beats are likewise less than monumental." Spin called the album "the vinyl version of a great block party backed by the world's best DJ."

Track listing
"Vendetta...the Big Getback"—0:34
"Buck Whylin' (featuring Chuck D & Sister Souljah)—4:15
"Homey Don't Play Dat"—4:12
"Juvenile Delinquintz"—4:12
"The Blues"—6:04 (by Andreaus 13 and Dj Mars)
"Back to the Scene of the Bass"—4:19
"Can't Take My Style"—1:14
"Wanna be Dancin'"—3:56
"DJ is the Selector"—2:53
"Run That Go-Power Thang"—2:53
"No Further"—3:42
"High Priest of Turbulence"—1:46
"Ain't Got Nuttin'"—3:49

Charts

Singles
Homey Don't Play Dat

Wanna Be Dancin (Buck-Whylin)

References

Terminator X albums
1991 debut albums


The Moor Express or Moorexpress is a heritage railway in the northern part of Lower Saxony in Germany. It runs between Stade and Osterholz-Scharmbeck passing through Bremervörde, Gnarrenburg and Worpswede.

Services
 Tickets for the special rail services, which run between May and October, can be purchased directly from the guard in the train or at tourist bureaux and travel agents in the region.
 Bicycles may be carried.
 Since 2006 the Moor Express has run to Bremen Hauptbahnhof ("Bremen Central Station").
 The Moor Express is not part of the Verkehrsverbund Bremen-Niedersachsen (VBN) nor the Hamburger Verkehrsverbund (HVV).
 Infotrail have provided an audio guide. Passengers are able to hear information, interviews and the history of the line and the local region on MP3 players.

Literature
 Lutz Schadeck: Der Moorexpress - Unterwegs zwischen Stade und Bremen. Verlag Atelier im Bauernhaus, Fischerhude 2009,
 Peter Elze, Karl-Robert Schütze: Der Moorexpress. Worpsweder Verlag, 2. Auflage 1984
 Dieter-Theodor Bohlmann: Die Eisenbahnen und Verkehrsbetriebe Elbe-Weser. Zeunert, Gifhorn 1984,
 Gerd Wolff: Deutsche Klein- und Privatbahnen Band 10: Niedersachsen 2. EK-Verlag, Freiburg 2007,

External links
  Moor Express timetable
  The operator: Eisenbahnen und Verkehrsbetriebe Elbe-Weser
  The society: Bremervörde-Osterholzer Eisenbahnfreunde e. V.
  The Elbe-Weser railways
  Eisenbahnen im Elbe-Weser-Dreieck
  The Moor Express
 Information on the Moor Express audio guide

Heritage railways in Germany
Railway lines in Bremen (state)
Railway lines in Lower Saxony


KONA (610 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to Kennewick-Richland-Pasco, Washington, and serving the Tri-Cities region in Benton, Franklin and Walla Walla Counties. It broadcasts a news/talk format with farm reports, weather and sports. It is owned by Townsquare Media, through subsidiary Townsquare License, LLC, and calls itself "News Radio 610 KONA."

KONA is powered at 5,000 watts.  It uses a directional antenna at all times to protect other stations on 610 AM. The transmitter is off East Perkins Road at 2048 PR SE in Richland. The studios and offices are on West Lewis Street in Pasco.

Programming
KONA airs a mix of local and nationally syndicated shows. Weekdays begin with a block of news, information, farm reports and call-in shows. There are also hour-long newscasts at noon and 5pm. National hosts include Armstrong & Getty, Markley, Van Camp & Robbins, Lars Larson, Ben Shapiro, Michael Knowles, Coast to Coast AM with George Noory and This Morning, America's First News with Gordon Deal.

Weekends feature shows on money, health, home repair, law, technology, science, pets, cars and wine. Weekend hosts include Kim Komando, Mike Gallagher, Chris Plante, Science Fantastic with Dr. Michio Kaku, The Pet Show with Warren Eckstein, Bill Handel on the Law and Somewhere in Time with Art Bell. World and national news is provided by ABC News Radio.

History
The station signed on the air in January 1948. It was originally on 1230 kHz and its call sign was KWIE. It was owned by Mid-Columbia Broadcasters and was powered at only 250 watts, a fraction of its current output. In the 1950s, it got permission from the Federal Communications Commission to move the station to 610 kHz and boost the power to 5,000 watts, allowing it to be heard over the entire the Tri-Cities of Washington.

In 1957, the station was acquired by Cascade Broadcasting. Cascade already owned KEPR-TV Channel 19, so the AM station switched its call sign to KEPR to match the TV station. Because the TV station aired CBS television shows, KEPR Radio became a CBS Radio Network affiliate. In 1967, it added an FM station, 105.3 KEPR-FM.

In 1969, the radio stations split from the TV station, acquired by Tri-Cities Broadcasting. The call signs were switched to KONA and KONA-FM. AM 610 had a middle of the road format of popular music, news and sports, while the FM station played beautiful music. In the 1980s, as music listening switched from AM to FM, KONA 610 gradually reduced the music shows and added more talk programming, until it made the transition to all-talk.

In 2003, KONA-AM-FM were acquired by CCR-Tri Cities IV.

Effective June 17, 2022, Cherry Creek Radio sold KONA as part of a 42 station/21 translator package to Townsquare Media for $18.75 million.

References

External links
FCC History Cards for KONA

ONA (AM)
Radio stations established in 1948
1948 establishments in Washington (state)
Townsquare Media radio stations
News and talk radio stations in the United States


Marie Bagger Rasmussen (born November 1, 1972) is a retired pole vaulter from Denmark, who after her marriage was named as Marie Bagger Bohn. She represented her native country in the women's pole vault event at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, finishing in eighth place. She set her personal best there (4.35 metres) on September 9, 2000.

Competition record

References

Results

1972 births
Living people
Danish female pole vaulters
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic athletes for Denmark
Place of birth missing (living people)


Paul Robert Rhoads (born February 2, 1967) is an American football coach. He is currently the outside linebackers coach at Boston College. A long-time major conference assistant coach and head coach, he is best-known for his seven-year tenure as head coach at Iowa State.

Rhoads played defensive back at Missouri Western State University.

Playing career
Rhoads was a prep special mention all-state free safety and valedictorian of his high school class at Ankeny, Iowa before lettering for three-years at Missouri Western State University from 1986 to 1988, where he played defensive back alongside Leland Williams. He graduated in 1989 with a bachelor's degree in economics and was the recipient of the Chris Faros Scholarship, honoring the program's top senior student-athlete. Rhoads then earned a master's degree from Utah State University in 1991.

Coaching career
Rhoads began his coaching career under Chuck Shelton as a graduate assistant at Utah State working with the secondary. After serving in the same capacity under John Cooper at Ohio State, Rhoads received his first full-time position as a defensive backs coach at University of the Pacific in 1992. The following season, the Pacific Tigers ranked 20th nationally in pass defense, allowing just 152 yards passing per game.

In 1995, incoming head coach Dan McCarney hired Rhoads to join him at Iowa State, where he served as linebackers and secondary coach for 5 seasons. While with the Cyclones, Rhoads also assisted with the special teams.

Pittsburgh
In 2000, Rhoads was hired as the defensive coordinator for the Pittsburgh Panthers by Walt Harris. In his first season, Rhoads was credited with improving the team's defense to their best performance since 1980. In 2001, his defensive unit ranked among the nation's top 30 in five different categories at season's end. Additionally, Pitt finished with 38 quarterback sacks. In 2002, the Panthers defense ranked among the nation's top 25 in an impressive seven different categories. In 2004, Pitt ranked ninth nationally with 17 interceptions and Rhoads was kept on staff by new head coach Dave Wannstedt. That decision proved wise as by then end of the 2005 season, Pitt was ranked second nationally in pass defense (yielding just 152.82 yards per game) and sixth in pass efficiency defense with a 99.36 rating. In 2006, Sporting News named Rhoads the Big East's best defensive coordinator. In 2007, Rhoads' defense was among the nation's leaders in various categories, finishing fifth nationally in total defense (allowing just 297.7 yards per games) and third nationally in pass defense (allowing just 167.3 yards per game). While the team finished 5–7, they ended on a high note by holding then-#2 ranked rival West Virginia to a season-low nine points in a 13–9 victory in the Backyard Brawl, limiting the Mountaineers high-powered offense to 183 yards (292 yards below their average).

Auburn
In 2002, coach Tommy Tuberville offered Rhoads a job to fill a vacant spot for defensive coordinator at Auburn. Having completed only his second season at Pitt, Rhoads passed on the job with Tuberville eventually hiring Gene Chizik. However, when Will Muschamp resigned at the conclusion of the 2007 season, coach Tuberville again offered the job with Rhoads accepting to head the 2008 Tigers defense on January 17, 2008. As head of Auburn's defense, Rhoads also coached defensive backs, as did the Tigers' last four defensive coordinators.

While the 2008 Auburn defense started exceptionally (ranking in the top25 nationally in 6 defensive categories after week 6, including the 2nd ranked scoring defense), the Tigers struggled down the stretch finishing 5–7. The highly touted defense fell to an overall defensive ranking of 27th out of 119 Division I FBS squads, but did finish 10th in yards per play and 15th in scoring.

Iowa State

Following the departure of Tommy Tuberville at Auburn, Gene Chizik (then head coach at Iowa State) returned to Auburn as head coach. Rhoads was not retained by Chizik and was instead chosen to replace him as head coach at Iowa State. Rhoads was introduced as the Cyclones' 31st head coach on December 20, 2008. Rhoads had previously spent time at Iowa State as an assistant coach in the late 1990s and was raised only 20 miles from the school's football facilities. His father Cecil was one of the winningest coaches in the state of Iowa's history, coaching high school for more than three decades, and was inducted into the Iowa High School Football Coaches Hall of Fame. Rhoads' contract was reported to be a five-year deal worth $5.75 million that included incentives that could increase total compensation. Rhoads opened his ISU career with a win over FCS North Dakota State. He also led Iowa State to a victory at Kent State in his first year, ending a 17-game road losing streak. On October 17, 2009, Rhoads and the Cyclones defeated Baylor to end an 11-game losing stretch against conference opponents. On October 24, 2009, the Cyclones defeated the University of Nebraska on the road for the first time since 1977, inciting his post game speech which became nationally recognized. Paul Rhoads is the first Iowa State coach to win six games in his initial season since 1915, when Charles Mayser coached the Cyclones to a 6–2–1 record.

On December 31, 2009, Rhoads and the Cyclones capped off their season with an Insight Bowl victory over Minnesota.

In 2010, Rhoads captured a milestone win over #22 Texas by a 28–21 margin. It was only the fourth ever road win over a ranked team in Iowa State history, and the first occurrence since a 33–31 victory over Oklahoma in 1990. It was also the first ever win by an Iowa State football team over Texas.

In 2011, Iowa State started off the season 3–0 including a triple overtime win over Iowa in Ames, and a win over Connecticut in East Hartford. The Cyclones would drop the next four games, starting out 0–4 in conference play but quickly bounced back. The Cyclones rebounded with a 41–7 win on October 29 at No. 19 Texas Tech. In the process of that game, Iowa State managed to rack up 512 total yards, the most since the Nov. 22nd, 2008 game at Kansas State (626 yards at KSU). Several other school records were broken, including first-ever win in Lubbock, Texas (1–5 all-time), largest margin of victory against a ranked opponent (previous: 22-point margin of victory against No. 20 Nebraska, 2002), largest margin of victory against a ranked opponent as an unranked team (previous: 21-point margin of victory against No. 8 Missouri, 1981), largest margin of victory against a ranked opponent on the road (previous: 7-point margin of victory at No. 22 Texas, 2010), and most points scored against a ranked opponent since Nov. 9, 1996 (42 at No. 7 Colorado).

On November 18, Iowa State faced off against undefeated No. 2 Oklahoma State, Brandon Weeden, and star wide receiver Justin Blackmon in Ames. Down 24–7 early in the second half, Iowa State scored 17 unanswered points to force overtime. In overtime, Iowa State scored on its first play from scrimmage, but Oklahoma State answered back with a touchdown. In the second overtime, Iowa State forced an interception and ran three run plays to beat Oklahoma State 37–31, taking away Oklahoma State's chances of playing for a national championship. Iowa State became bowl eligible with the win and improved to 6–4. The win over Oklahoma State marks Iowa State's first ever win against an opponent in the top 6. (AP polls). On December 16, 2011, the school announced a 10-year contract worth $20 million.

While Rhoads was able to lead the 2012 team to the Liberty Bowl, where the Cyclones lost 31–17 to Tulsa to cap a 6–7 season, his 2013, 2014 and 2015 teams were unable to recapture the success of his earlier teams, winning just four Big 12 games (including a winless conference record in 2014) and going 8–27 overall. The 2015 season proved to be particularly difficult, as in two games, the Cyclones held double-digit halftime leads against both Oklahoma State and Kansas State only to lose late in the fourth quarter. Following a 38–35 loss to Kansas State on November 21, in which he came under heavy criticism for play-calling in the game's final 90 seconds, Rhoads was fired as head coach, effective the conclusion of the season.

Arkansas
On February 24, 2016, Arkansas announced that Rhoads would be joining its coaching staff as a defensive backs coach, replacing Clay Jennings, who left Arkansas for the Texas Longhorns.

On January 16, 2017, Rhoads was promoted to defensive coordinator. On November 24, 2017, interim athletic director Julie Cromer Peoples announced that Rhoads would serve as the interim head coach for the Arkansas Razorbacks after the former coach, Bret Bielema, was fired following a 48–45 loss to the Missouri Tigers.

UCLA
In December 2017, he was hired by the UCLA Bruins to become their defensive backs coach. In Rhoads' first season at UCLA, the Bruins defense improved statistically in several categories including average gain per rush allowed, total offense yards allowed per game, turnovers forced and points per game allowed.

Arizona
On December 20, 2019, he was hired by Kevin Sumlin to become the defensive coordinator for the Arizona Wildcats. After Sumlin was fired in December 2020, Rhoads was named Arizona's interim head coach.

Ohio State
In February 2021, Ohio State announced Rhoads was joining the Buckeye program as a defensive analyst.

Gulf Shores HS

Before the 2022 season, it was announced that Rhoads would become the defensive coordinator of Gulf Shores High School in Gulf Shores, Alabama.

Boston College

Before the 2023 season, Jeff Hafley hired Rhoads to his staff as an outside linebackers coach.

Personal
Rhoads' father, Cecil, was a high school coach for over three decades and was inducted into the Iowa High School Football Coaches Hall of Fame. His wife, Vickie, was a basketball player at Missouri Western and his two sons, Jake and Wyatt, played football for Iowa State.

Head coaching record

References

External links

 Boston College profile
 Arkansas profile

1967 births
Living people
American football defensive backs
Arkansas Razorbacks football coaches
Arizona Wildcats football coaches
Auburn Tigers football coaches
Boston College Eagles football coaches
Iowa State Cyclones football coaches
Missouri Western Griffons football players
Ohio State Buckeyes football coaches
Pacific Tigers football coaches
Pittsburgh Panthers football coaches
UCLA Bruins football coaches
Utah State Aggies football coaches
High school football coaches in Alabama
Utah State University alumni
People from Ankeny, Iowa
People from Nevada, Iowa
Coaches of American football from Iowa
Players of American football from Iowa


Brynrefail () is a small village in Gwynedd, Wales which straddles the A4244 road roughly between Deiniolen and Llanberis. The village is in the Arfon (UK Parliament constituency) and the Gwynedd Council Ward of Penisa'r Waun. It is a short walk from the northern shore of Llyn Padarn lake.

The main street is mainly traditional terraced housing. Notable buildings include the village's Post Office and the village's sole chapel, which is still in use.

The village is policed from Llanberis and has a dedicated Community Beat Manager.

History
In the 19th century, the village was built to house workers for the nearby Dinorwig slate quarry.

The village developed around the village smithy (yr efail in Welsh). The building that housed the smithy, which was built in 1776, still exists and has been converted into a cottage called "The Nook".

Brynrefail's development may have also been influenced by the quarry railway between Dinorwic Quarry and Y Felinheli (or the unofficial English name of Portdinorwic) and skirted around the village.

On the 1933 ½ inch Ordnance Survey map of the area (Sheet 11) and on the 1948 revision of the same map, the village is called Bryn-yr-Efail.

Some time ago, the village was home to the Ysgol Brynrefail before the campus was moved to the nearby town of Llanrug in the 1960s. The school's site was cleared in the 1990s.

Until 1960, the village's main street was the main road between Caernarfon and Llanberis until it was bypassed by the existing road to allow machinery to be conveyed to what was then the major construction site for the Dinorwig Power Station. This split the village, leaving the small Local Authority housing estate of Trem Eilian effectively stranded on the other side of what has later become a bustling main road.

In 2002, work began on a multi-use centre called "Caban". Opened in 2004, Caban is home to a café, a meeting room, which doubles as the village's chapel, and 13 business units. The café was mentioned in the Which? 2008 Good Food Guide.

External links

 Caban website
 North Wales Police
 www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Brynrefail and area

Villages in Gwynedd
Llanddeiniolen
Mining communities in Wales


White Barrow is a large Neolithic long barrow just below the crest of Copehill Down on Salisbury Plain, just south of the village of Tilshead in Wiltshire, England. It is a scheduled monument, and is owned by the National Trust. It was the first ancient monument to be purchased by the National Trust.

History
White Barrow is 77.5 m long and approximately 47 m wide (including the surrounding ditch).  It has never been fully excavated, but dating of materials found in and around it suggests that it dates from 3500 to 4000 BC, making it contemporary with other long barrows on Salisbury Plain, as well as the nearby causewayed enclosure called Robin Hood's Ball. The antiquarian Colt Hoare opened the mound in the 1806, and found areas of black earth that he believed to be the remains of a wooden-structured burial chamber.

A geophysical survey by English Heritage in 1997 found evidence of a possible burial chamber or mortuary cairn inside the barrow, and an arc of post pits at its eastern end. A former trackway crossing the site from southwest to northeast was also found.

The barrow was designated as a scheduled monument in 1960.

National Trust purchase
White Barrow was the first piece of land that the National Trust acquired purely in the interests of archaeological conservation.  Prior to that, the Trust had mainly been concerned with open spaces, houses and gardens.  The barrow, along with  of land, was purchased by subscription in 1909 for £60, at a time when the War Office was rapidly buying up land around it as part of Salisbury Plain Training Area.

Badger exclusion
In 1998 a family of seven badgers was evicted from a sett they had dug into the barrow.  A badger exclusion licence was obtained from English Nature, and English Heritage gave scheduled monument consent.  The badgers were lured to a new sett outside of the property, and the barrow was covered in chain link fencing to prevent animals from burrowing into it again.  Finds in the badger spoil from the old sett included struck flints, Neolithic and Bronze Age pottery, and part of a red deer antler.

References

National Trust properties in Wiltshire
Stone Age sites in Wiltshire
Scheduled monuments in Wiltshire
Barrows in England
Archaeological sites in Wiltshire


Tohil Mons is a mountain on Io, one of Jupiter's moons. It stands at 5400 m (18,000 feet) and is located in the Culann–Tohil region of Io's antijovian hemisphere. It was named after the Mayan weather god Tohil.

Tohil Mons is one of the most geologically complex mountains in the Solar System as the mountain shows evidence of forming from other mountains through tectonic and erosional processes, in combination with silicate volcanic rock or magma activity.

The main massif of Tohil Mons has ridges and grooves, which indicate the presence of materials that have been tectonically displaced, including younger mottled crustal materials that were displaced during mass wasting processes.

The area between the mountain and the nearby volcanoes, Radegast Patera and Tohil Patera contain a number of dark and white silicate flows, which are thought to be lava ponds or small lava lakes.

Topographical studies of the terrain indicate that there is less than 1 km of relief in the Culann–Tohil region and that there is no discernible correlation between centers of active volcanism and topography.

References

Mountains on Io (moon)


HMS Elizabeth was a 70-gun third rate built at Barnards Yard at Deptford Green by William and Robert Castle of Rotherhithe in 1678/80. She held an active commission during the War of the English Succession fighting in all three major engagements. She was rebuilt at Portsmouth between 1699 and 1704. She was captured by the French off the Scilly Islands in November 1704. She was in the French Navy until she was deleted in 1720.

She was the seventh vessel to bear the name Elizabeth since it was used for a 900-ton (bm) vessel purchased in 1514 and wrecked in 1514.

HMS Elizabeth was awarded the Battle Honour Barfleur 1692.

Construction and Specifications
She was ordered in March 1678 to be built under contract by Robert Castle of Deptford on the River Thames. She was launched on 3 March 1679. Her dimensions were a gundeck of  with a keel of  for tonnage calculation with a breadth of  and a depth of hold of . Her builder's measure tonnage was calculated as 1,072 tons (burthen). Her draught was .

Her initial gun armament was in accordance with the 1677 Establishment with 72/60 guns consisting of twenty-six demi-cannons (54 cwt, 9.5 ft) on the lower deck, twenty-six 12-pounder guns (32 cwt, 9 ft) on the upper deck, ten sakers (16 cwt, 7 ft) on the quarterdeck and four sakers (16 cwt, 7 ft) on the foc’x’le with four 3-pounder guns (5 cwt, 5 ft) on the poop deck or roundhouse. By 1688 she would carry 70 guns as per the 1685 Establishment . Her initial manning establishment would be for a crew of 460/380/300 personnel.

Commissioned Service

Service 1680-1699
She was commissioned on 18 January 1680 under the temporary command of Captain Tomas Willshaw for delivery to Chatham. In 1688 she was under the command of Captain John Nevill as the Flagship of Rear-Admiral Sir John Berry sailing with Lord Dartmouth's Fleet in 1689. She was under Captain David Mitchell in April 1689 as the Flagship of Admiral Arthur Herbert. She was the Flagship of the English Fleet in the Battle of Bantry Bay on 1 May 1689. She followed this by fighting in the Battle of Beachy Head in Red Squadron on 30 June 1690. Later in 1690 she was under Captain Henry Priestman. In 1692 Captain Stafford Fairborne was in command. She was in the Battle of Barfleur as a member of Red Squadron, Centre Division between 19 and 22 May 1692.

Captain Robert Wilmot was in command in 1693 with the Channel Fleet.  In 1694 she was under Captain Edward Whitaker sailing with Lord Berkeley's operations. In 1695 her commander was Captain James Greenaway sailing with Russel's Fleet. In 1696 she was under Captain John Fletcher sailing in the Soundings. In 1697 she was under the command of Captain Thomas Sherman at Portsmouth. She would be rebuilt at Portsmouth in 1703.

Rebuild Portsmouth 1699-1702
She was ordered to be rebuilt on 25 February 1699 at Portsmouth Dockyard under the guidance of Master Shipwright Elias Waffe. Mr. Waffe left the dockyard in August 1702, and she was completed by Thomas Podd. She was launched/completed on 3 September 1704. Her dimensions were a gundeck of  with a keel of  for tonnage calculation with a breadth of  and a depth of hold of . Her builder's measure tonnage was calculated as 1,153 tons (burthen). She probably retained her armament as stated in the 1685 Establishment, though it is unclear if her armament was changed to the 1703 Establishment later. It is known that when completed her gun armament total at least 70 guns.

Service 1704
She was commissioned in 1704 under the command of Captain William Cross.

Loss
She was taken by the French 54-gun L’Auguste and Le Jason plus the 26-gun La Valeur of Duguay-Trouin's Squadron off the Isles of Scilly on 12 November 1704 . Captain Cross was dismissed by court martial. She was incorporated into the French Navy until 1720 when she was removed at Brest.

See also
List of ships captured in the 18th century

Citations

References

 Colledge (2020), Ships of the Royal Navy, by J.J. Colledge, revised and updated by Lt Cdr Ben Warlow and Steve Bush, published by Seaforth Publishing, Barnsley, Great Britain, © 2020,  (EPUB), Section K (Kent)
 Winfield (2009), British Warships in the Age of Sail (1603 – 1714), by Rif Winfield, published by Seaforth Publishing, England © 2009, EPUB
 Lavery, Brian (2003) The Ship of the Line - Volume 1: The Development of the Battlefleet 1650-1850. Conway Maritime Press.
 Clowes (1898), The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to the Present (Vol. II). London. England: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, © 1898
 Thomas (1998), Battles and Honours of the Royal Navy, by David A. Thomas, first published in Great Britain by Leo Cooper 1998, Copyright © David A. Thomas 1998,  (EPUB)

Ships of the line of the Royal Navy
1670s ships
Captured ships


Martha Jane Coston (December 12, 1826 – July 9, 1904) was an American inventor and businesswoman who invented the Coston flare, a device for signaling at sea, and the owner of the Coston Manufacturing Company.

Early life
She was born Martha Hunt in Baltimore, Maryland, and moved to Philadelphia in the 1830s. At age 15 or 16, she eloped with Benjamin Franklin Coston, age 21, who had already acquired a reputation as a promising inventor. As a young man, he became director of the U.S. Navy’s scientific laboratory in Washington, D.C. At the Washington Navy Yard, he developed a signaling rocket and a percussion primer for cannons. He also experimented with color-coded night signals to allow communication between ships, which at that time was limited to visual signals such as flags during the day and lanterns at night. After a dispute over payment for his work on the percussion primer, Coston resigned his commission with the Navy in 1847 and became president of the Boston Gas Company. His work with chemical fumes at both the Navy Yard and the Boston Gas Company caused his health to deteriorate, and he died in 1848 as a result of the chemical exposure. His work on the signal flares, while important, was limited to plans and chemical formulas.

Flare design and business

The years following Benjamin Coston's death were filled with more tragedy for Martha Coston; two of her children and her mother died in the next two years, leaving her in poor condition emotionally as well as in difficult financial straits. While searching through her husband's papers, she discovered the notes he had written on night signaling at the Navy Yard. Her husband's incomplete work needed substantial additional effort before it could be turned into a practical signaling system.

For nearly ten years, Martha Coston worked to develop a system of flare signaling based on her husband's earlier work. With a limited knowledge of chemistry and pyrotechnics, she relied on the advice of hired chemists and fireworks experts, with mixed results.  A breakthrough came in 1858, while she was witnessing the fireworks display in New York City celebrating the completion of the transatlantic telegraph cable; she realized that her system needed a bright blue flare, along with the red and white she had already developed. she established the Coston Manufacturing Company to manufacture the signal flares, and entered into a business relationship with a pyrotechnics developer to provide the necessary blue color.

On April 5, 1859, she was granted U.S. Patent number 23,536 for a pyrotechnic night signal and code system. (The patent was granted to her as administratrix for her deceased husband, who is named as inventor.) Using different combinations of colors, it enabled ships to signal to one another, and to signal to shore. Captain C.S. McCauley of the U.S. Navy recommended the use of her flares to Secretary of the Navy Isaac Toucey in 1859. After extended testing, which demonstrated the effectiveness of the system, the U.S. Navy ordered an initial set of 300 flares, and later placed an order for $6000 worth of the flares.

International successes and the Civil War
Coston then obtained patents in England, France, Italy, Denmark, Sweden, and the Netherlands, and sailed to England to begin marketing her invention there and in other parts of Europe.  She remained in Europe until 1861, when she returned to the U.S. on the outbreak of the Civil War. She went directly to Washington, where she petitioned Congress to purchase the patent so that the flares could be used in the approaching conflict.  After some delay, Congress passed an act on August 5, 1861, authorizing the U.S. Navy to purchase the patent for $20,000, though less than the $40,000 she had originally demanded.

Coston flares were used extensively by the U.S. Navy during the Civil War; they proved particularly effective in the discovery and capture of Confederate blockade runners during the Union blockade of southern ports. Coston flares also played an important role in coordinating naval operations during the battle of Fort Fisher in North Carolina on January 13–15, 1865.

In 1871, Coston obtained a patent in her own name - Patent No. 115,935, Improvement in Pyrotechnic Night Signals. In addition to working on improvements to the signaling system, she continued to press claims for additional compensation from the U.S. government.  Due to wartime inflation, the Coston Manufacturing Company supplied flares to the U.S. Navy at less than cost, and Coston estimated that the government owed her $120,000 in compensation.  Although she pursued her claims for over ten years, she was offered only $15,000 additional reimbursement.

Use of the Coston flare in the United States Life-Saving Service
Eventually every station of the United States Life-Saving Service was equipped with Coston flares, which were used to signal ships, warn of dangerous coastal conditions, and summon surfmen and other rescuers to a wreck scene. Many accounts of wrecks and rescues describe the use of the Coston flare, which was instrumental in saving thousands of lives. While Martha Coston died in 1904, her company, later called the Coston Signal Company and the Coston Supply Company, remained in business until at least 1985.

Legacy

In 2006 Coston was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.

Coston and her husband are buried in Section D, Lot 62 in Laurel Hill Cemetery in Philadelphia.

References

Further reading
 Coston, Martha J. A Signal Success. The Life and Travels of Mrs. Martha J. Coston, Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, PA, 1886.
 Shanks, Ralph, and York, Wick, The United States Life-Saving Service, at pages 123–125, Costaño Books, Petaluma, CA 1996

External links
 Signal Corps Association, showing sample flare code signals, signal book and flare box (accessed January 19, 2008) Found in "Signal Success" is the Submarine page 11 bottom page. Wrighten by Martha J Coston 1886 and Lippincott Publishing co.
 A Woman With Flare, By C. KAY LARSON, New York Times, November 2, 2012

1826 births
1904 deaths
19th-century American businesswomen
19th-century American businesspeople
19th-century American inventors
American company founders
American women company founders
American patent holders
Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia)
Businesspeople from Baltimore
Businesspeople from Philadelphia
History of the United States Coast Guard
Women inventors


The Sturgis One Room School is a historic U.S. school located at 209 Willow Street, Pocomoke City, Maryland. The community used the One Room School from 1900 to 1937. It was originally known as Sturgis School and was located on Brantley Road. It was moved to its current location in 1996. The school currently serves as The Sturgis One Room School Museum.

The Sturgis One Room School Museum
The Sturgis One Room School Museum illustrates how education was conducted in the local area during the early 20th century

Footnotes

External links
Sturgis One Room School Museum (Ocean City Vacation and Hotels Guide website)

Defunct schools in Maryland
One-room schoolhouses in Maryland
Schoolhouses in the United States
Museums in Worcester County, Maryland
Education museums in the United States
History museums in Maryland
Pocomoke City, Maryland
School buildings completed in 1900
1900 establishments in Maryland


The African or African Goose is a breed of domestic goose. It is one of two domestic breeds that derive from the wild species Anser cygnoides, the other being the Chinese; all other domestic geese derive from Anser anser. Despite the name, it is not from Africa but is of Asiatic origin. It is a large bird, among the heaviest of all goose breeds.

History

The African Goose is one of two domestic goose breeds that derive from the wild species Anser cygnoides, the other being the Chinese, to which it is closely related. Domestication took place in north Asia, and birds of this type were later brought to Europe, possibly via Madagascar; they were present in Britain before the end of the seventeenth century.

The brown variety was included in the first edition of the Standard of Perfection of the American Poultry Association in 1874; the white was added in 1987, and the buff in 2018.

Characteristics

The African Goose is a large, heavy bird, among the heaviest of all goose breeds. According to the British standard, weights are approximately  for geese and  for ganders; the  gives weights of  and  respectively. The birds may stand up to  tall. The body is large and is carried at about 35° to the horizontal; the back is long and fairly flat, the breast and belly smooth and rounded. The tail is held above the back-line, particularly in ganders. The head is large, with a large knob protruding forwards and upwards from the front of the head and the top of the upper mandible of the broad bill. The neck is long, thick and slightly arched, with a smooth crescent-shaped dewlap hanging below the lower mandible.

Three color varieties are recognised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain and the American Poultry Association: the grey or brown, the buff and the white. The brown has wild-type plumage, with colors ranging from light to dark grey-brown (or light ash to dark slate), with black bill and knob and dark or brownish-orange shanks and feet. The white has pure white plumage, with orange bill and knob and light orange legs, and the buff has the same plumage pattern as the brown, but in colors ranging from light fawn to buff; the legs and webs are a light dull orange, the knob and bill a pinkish brown. Only the grey/brown is recognised by the Entente Européenne d'Aviculture et de Cuniculture.

Use

The African Goose is commonly reared for meat. Geese lay about 25 eggs per year; the eggs are white and weigh some . Ring size is .

References

Geese
Poultry
Goose breeds


The Colonel () is a 1918 Hungarian film directed by Michael Curtiz. It featured Bela Lugosi in his last Hungarian film, just before he emigrated to Germany.

The script by Richard Falk is based on the play by Ferenc Herczeg. The film was first released on 30 December 1918 at the Omnia Theater in Budapest.

Plot
The Colonel (a professional thief) is caught burgling a millionaire's home. Rather than be arrested, the Colonel agrees to perform a service for the millionaire in exchange for his freedom. He is told that he must perform another robbery, this time stealing something from the millionaire's brother. Meanwhile, the Colonel falls in love with the rich man's daughter.

Cast
 Bela Lugosi as The Colonel (a thief)
 László Z. Molnár
 Charles Puffy (credited as Karoly Huszar)
 Sándor Góth
 Géza Boross
 Janka Csatay
 Cläre Lotto
 Zoltán Szerémy as Houston
 Árpád id. Latabár
 Gerő Mály

See also
 Michael Curtiz filmography
 Bela Lugosi filmography

References

External links

1918 films
Lost Hungarian films
Hungarian silent films
Hungarian black-and-white films
Hungarian films based on plays
Films based on works by Ferenc Herczeg
Films directed by Michael Curtiz
Austro-Hungarian films


Zsuzsanna Szabó-Olgyai (born 6 May 1973 in Oroszlány) is a retired pole vaulter from Hungary, who represented her native country in the women's pole vault event at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia.

Competition record

References

1973 births
Living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Hungarian female pole vaulters
Olympic athletes for Hungary
People from Oroszlány
Competitors at the 1997 Summer Universiade
Competitors at the 2001 Summer Universiade
Sportspeople from Komárom-Esztergom County


Yun Sim-deok (; 25 July 1897 – 4 August 1926) was a Korean singer. She was the country's first professional soprano.

Life and career
Yun was born in Pyongyang in 1897. She studied at the Pyongyang Girls' Middle and High Schools, and graduated from Kyongsong Women's Teaching College in Seoul in 1914. After graduation she became a primary school teacher in Wonju.

After teaching for one year, Yun went to Japan, becoming the first Korean to study at the Tokyo Music School. In Japan, she met and fell in love with a married English literature student, Kim U-jin, with whom she had an affair.

After graduating from music school, Yun returned to Korea, where she made her debut as a soprano in 1923. Though audiences were impressed by her powerful voice, she was unable to make a living performing Western classical music, and became a pop singer and actress to support herself.

Yun and Kim U-jin committed suicide together in 1926, jumping off a passenger ship en route from Simonoseki to Busan. The shocking news caused a sensation in Korea, and Yun's 1926 recording of "Hymn of Death" (; also called "Death Song") sold a record 100,000 copies following her death.

Legacy
Yun's most famous recording, 1926's "Hymn of Death," is considered the first "popular" (yuhaeng changga) Korean song. It was recorded in Osaka by the Japanese Nitto recording company, with Yun's sister accompanying her on piano. The song is set to the tune of "Waves of the Danube" by Ion Ivanovici.

Two films have been made about Yun. The first, a 1969 film titled Yun Sim-Deok, was directed by An Hyeon-cheol () and starred Moon Hee. The second was a 1991 film called Death Song, directed by Kim Ho-sun and starring Chang Mi-hee. The film won numerous awards in South Korea, including Best Film at the 1991 Blue Dragon Film Awards and the 1991 Chunsa Film Art Awards. A television series was also made in 2018 titled The Hymn of Death.

Gallery

Actresses who played Yun Sim-deok
 Portrayed by Moon Hee in the 1969 film Yun Sim-Deok.
 Portrayed by Chang Mi-hee in the 1991 film Death Song.
 Portrayed by Shin Hye-sun in the 2018 SBS TV series The Hymn of Death.

Footnotes

1897 births
1926 suicides
1926 deaths
Korean women singers
Korean songwriters
Korean stage actresses
People from Pyongyang
Suicides by drowning
Suicides in Japan
20th-century Korean actresses


Saint-Laurent-les-Bains (; Auvergnat: Sant Laurenç daus Banhs) is a former commune in the Ardèche department in southern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Saint-Laurent-les-Bains-Laval-d'Aurelle.

Population

See also
Our Lady of the Snows (Trappist monastery)
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Former communes of Ardèche
Ardèche communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Populated places disestablished in 2019


Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital may refer to:

 Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital (Daet), in Daet, Camarines Norte, Philippines
 Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, Drogheda, in Drogheda, County Louth, Ireland
 Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital (Manila), in Manila, Philippines
 Our Lady of Lourdes Regional Medical Center, a hospital in Lafayette, Louisiana, United States
 Virtua Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, a hospital in Camden, New Jersey, United States

See also
 Lourdes Hospital (disambiguation)
 Our Lady of Lourdes


The 25 krooni banknote (25 EEK) is a denomination of the Estonian kroon, the former currency of Estonia. A. H. Tammsaare (1870–1940), who was a famous Estonian writer of classical literature, is featured on the front side of the bill, which is why the 25 krooni banknote is often called a "Tammekas or Tammsaare".

A view of Vargamäe is featured on the reverse side of the banknote. Before the replacement of the EEK by the euro, the 25 krooni was frequently used in everyday transactions. It can be exchanged indefinitely at the currency museum of Eesti Pank for €1.60.

History of the banknote
 1991: first series issued by the Bank of Estonia;
 1992: second series issued;
 2002: third series issued;
 2007: fourth series issued;
 2011: withdrawn from circulation and replaced by the euro

Security features

Source:
 1991
The watermark of the three lions is visible when the note is horizontal, but springs to life when the note is held against the light. The watermark is in two parts on the edges of the note.
Each note contains a security thread.
The portraits are printed in the main colour of the note and their raised surface can be felt with the fingertips.
Each note has an individual serial number. The horizontal number on the left is printed in black and the vertical number on the right is printed in a different colour on each denomination.
When the note is held at an angle to the light, the denomination of the note can be seen.
 2002
Portrait watermark.
Holographic foil stripe with microtext border.
Dark security thread with transparent text "25EEK EESTI PANK".
Tactile intaglio printed elements.
Microprint, repeated text "ANTON HANSEN-TAMMSAARE".
Microprint, repeated "25" within denomination numerals.
Latent number "25".
Latent lettering "EP".
Signatures: President, Chairman of the Board.
Anti-copier line-structure.
Recognition sign for the visually handicapped.
Number "25" appears when the note is held up to the light.
UV-fluorescent fibres.
UV-fluorescent motif of boggy landscape and security thread.
UV-fluorescent block bearing denomination number.
Serial numbers.

See also
 Currencies related to the euro
 Estonian euro coins
 Currency board
 Estonian mark
 Economy of Estonia

References

External links

 Global Financial Data data series - Estonia Kroon
 The Global History of Currencies - Estonia

Currencies of Estonia
Twenty-five-base-unit banknotes


Godewaersvelde (; French Flemish: Godsvelde) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France, near the Belgian border.

Heraldry

Etymology
The name of the commune means "Godafritha's Heath" or "Godefried Fields".

British soldiers called it "God" during the First World War. A popular story claims that Godewaersvelde means "God bless our fields", but it appears to be unfounded, and is dismissed by linguists and historians.

Another WWI troop nickname was "Gerty Wears Velvet".

 1295-1296: Gaudefroit camp
 1300: Godeverdesvelde
 1318: Godefroichamp
 1918: Goedesversvelde (in WWI news in newspapers)

Dutch: Godewaarsvelde; Frans-Vlaams: Godsvelde; official French: Godewaersvelde is in Franse Westhoek, in the Nord Department, France. The community has 2000 dwellers. In the place where French Flemish dialect and in the Westhoek becoming known as Godsvelde is spoken.

Location
Godewaersvelde is in northern France along the Belgian border and is in the heart of Flanders, less than half an hour from Lille and Dunkirk. It is one of nine municipalities in the canton of Steenvoorde. Godewaersvelde covers 1189 hectares or nearly 12 square kilometers and is crossed by several county roads: the R & D 948 which connects at the A25 interchange in Poperinge, 139 R & D that leads to Boeschèpe and Eecke, DR 18, which connects Route Méteren to Poperinge.

See also
Communes of the Nord department
Mont des Cats

Gallery

References

Communes of Nord (French department)
Nord communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
French Flanders


South Brooklyn Boys (abbreviated as SBB) is a famous New York City street gang. In the 1950s, various Italian-American gangs were formed in South Brooklyn, New York City, and came together under the moniker of "South Brooklyn Boys" sometime around the 1950s. The gang has a mostly Italian American membership.

At the time of its origin, SBB consisted of several smaller neighborhood greaser gangs that were located in what are now called Carroll Gardens, Cobble Hill, Park Slope, Red Hook, Gowanus, and Boerum Hill sections of Brooklyn. Some of the gangs that made up the original South Brooklyn Boys were the South Brooklyn Devils, the Garfield Place Boys, the SB Angels, SB Diapers, the Wanderers, the Degraw St boys, the Sackett St Boys, the Butler Gents, the Gowanus Boys, the Kane St. Midgets, The Little Gents, and the Young Savages. The label South Brooklyn Boys represented the loosely connected affiliation that all of these neighborhood gangs associated under.

In practice, these gangs sometimes had bitter disputes and fought with each other. The main body, simply referred to as "South Brooklyn" by many, was located in and around 3rd Street Park, which back in the 1950s was predominantly Italian. A small but fierce gang known as the "Jokers" was a bitter rival, led by a man known as "Cannonball." The two groups fought many times. The Jokers junior set was featured in Bruce Davidson's "Brooklyn Gang" book. Also bitter enemies of SBB were the Puerto Rican Gangs, The Untouchable Bishops, and the Apaches, and the African American gangs The Mau Maus, and the Chaplains.

The 1962 book, All the Way Down: The Violent Underworld of Street Gangs by Vincent Riccio and Bill Slocum, featured real accounts of the Gowanus Boys. The gang was located in the Gowanus section of South Brooklyn, and was one of the earlier neighborhood crews that would evolve into the larger, loosely affiliated South Brooklyn Boys street gang.

Reputed Lucchese mobster Anthony "Gaspipe" Casso was a famous member of the early South Brooklyn Boys, as was Carmine Persico, head of the Colombo family  The gang has been loosely affiliated with and has worked for the Italian-American Mafia throughout its history to the present, but it is not an official Mafia crew.

Since the 1970s, South Brooklyn Boys has represented not only the original 1950s gangs, but many generations of kids growing up in the traditional South Brooklyn area, most specifically the Italian section of Carroll Gardens and Gowanus. Since the recent gentrification in the early 2000s of the Carroll Gardens, Gowanus, and Red Hook area, the gang has increasingly been associated with and largely moved to what is now considered the actual geographical south of Brooklyn, including Bensonhurst, Bay Ridge, Dyker Heights, Sheepshead Bay, and Gravesend. The term South Brooklyn Boys has not only been used as a gang association, but also as a loosely connected affiliation for which many neighborhood kids felt a kinship.  From the 1980s to the present, a new incarnation of the South Brooklyn Boys has been very active (source?).

Gang sets
The South Brooklyn Boys has consisted of 10 different gangs throughout its history.

 South Brooklyn Boys (HQ: 3rd Street Park and 5th Ave) - Parkslope

 South Brooklyn Angels

South Brooklyn Diapers (5th Ave & Carroll St.

The Wanderers (featured in the film The Wanderers)

Degraw Street Boys (Degraw Street)-

Sackett Street Boys (Sackett Street )

South Brooklyn Devils (Union Street and 4th Ave.)- Park Slope

Garfield Place Boys (Garfield Place and 5th Ave.)- Park Slope

Butler Gents (Butler Street and Douglass St, between 3rd and 7th Avenues) Park Slope

Little Gents (5th Avenue between Union Street & President Street)

References

External links
newyorkcitygangs.com, a website about New York City gangs from the 1950s
stonegreasers.com, South Brooklyn Boys turf and history page

American Mafia gangs
Gangs in New York City
Italian-American culture in New York City
Italian-American gangs
Organizations based in Brooklyn
Street gangs


The Little Baby Face Foundation is a New York City-based charitable organization whose goal is to provide free cosmetic surgery for children born with facial deformities, and/or who are bullied because of their appearance. Critics have charged that the Foundation's treatment of non-pathological cases overemphasize changing the bullied rather than the bullies.

The Little Baby Face Foundation was founded in 2002, based on a new model of treatment to help children born with facial deformities, and features such as protruding ears. Rather than traveling to third world countries for the treatment of a limited number of conditions, LBFF brings children suffering from all kinds of facial deformities and imperfections to facilities in New York, where physicians and surgeons volunteer their services.

The Little Baby Face Foundation qualifies as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit by the Internal Revenue Service.

References

External links
Official website

Health charities in the United States
Oral and maxillofacial surgery organizations
Plastic surgery organizations
Medical and health organizations based in New York (state)


Clay C. Christiansen (born June 28, 1958) is a retired Major League Baseball pitcher. He played during one season at the major league level for the New York Yankees. He was drafted by the Yankees in the 15th round of the 1980 amateur draft. Christiansen played his first professional season with their Class-A (Short Season) Oneonta Yankees in 1980, and his last with the Houston Astros' Triple-A Tucson Toros in 1988.

Christiansen graduated from Columbus Unified High School in Columbus, Kansas, in 1976.  In addition to being an American Legion baseball standout, he was the quarterback of the football team, played basketball and participated in track and field.  In his senior year he set a new school record for discus throwing.

After high school, Clay Christiansen attended the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas, where he was a member of the Jayhawks baseball team prior to embarking on his professional career.

Life after baseball
Christiansen is married to local Kansas City sportscaster Karen Kornacki. He currently works for Pepsi in Olathe, Kansas as an install driver for the vending department.

References

1958 births
Living people
New York Yankees players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from Wichita, Kansas
Nashville Sounds players
Kansas Jayhawks baseball players
Albany-Colonie Yankees players
Columbus Clippers players
Fort Lauderdale Yankees players
Oneonta Yankees players
Portland Beavers players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Tucson Toros players


Cläre Lotto (23 September 1893 – 23 August 1952) was a German film actress of the silent era. She appeared in 41 films between 1916 and 1933. She married German film actor Carl de Vogt, with whom she had a son with, Karl Franz de Vogt (born 14 May 1917).

Selected filmography

 Az Ezredes (1917)
 Lili (1918)
 A 99-es számú bérkocsi (1918)
 A Napraforgós hölgy (1918)
 Auf den Trümmern des Paradieses (1920)
 Die Todeskarawane (1920)
 The Lord of the Beasts (1921)
 In Thrall to the Claw (1921)
 The Thirteen of Steel (1921)
 The White Desert (1922)
 Alone in the Jungle (1922)
 The Homecoming of Odysseus (1922)
 Demon Circus (1923)
 The Terror of the Sea (1924)
 Slaves of Love (1924)
 Prater (1924)
 Ballettratten (1925)
 The Girl from America (1925)
 Flight Around the World (1925)
 Curfew (1925)
 Hell of Love (1926)
 Distorting at the Resort (1932)

References

External links

1893 births
1952 deaths
People from Uckermark (district)
Actors from the Province of Pomerania
German stage actresses
German film actresses
German silent film actresses
20th-century German actresses


Gary Wayne Serum (born October 24, 1956) is a retired Major League Baseball pitcher. He played two and half seasons at the major league level for the Minnesota Twins. He was signed by the Twins as an amateur free agent in 1975. Serum played his last professional season with the New York Yankees' Double-A Nashville Sounds and Triple-A Columbus Clippers in 1982.
Serum grew up in Alexandria, Minnesota and graduated from Alexandria Area High School.

References

External links

1956 births
Living people
Minnesota Twins players
Nashville Sounds players
Wisconsin Rapids Twins players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Elizabethton Twins players
Columbus Clippers players
Tacoma Twins players
Orlando Twins players
Major League Baseball pitchers
Baseball players from North Dakota
Sportspeople from Fargo, North Dakota
People from Alexandria, Minnesota


E. J. Stoneman Generating Station was an electrical power station located in Cassville in Grant County, Wisconsin. It was originally a coal fired facility for several decades and a biomass facility for 5 years.

History
In 1950, the E.J. Stoneman generating station (“Stoneman”) was built by Dairyland Power Cooperative ("Dairyland") placed into service.  The plant was named after Erle Stoneman, a director of Grant Electric Cooperative and an original incorporator of Dairyland.  In 1993, E.J. Stoneman was closed due to economic reasons.  In 1996, Dairyland sold the mothballed Stoneman plant to Mid-American power, an Arkansas-based subsidiary of WPS Resources, and put Stoneman back into operation.  In 2007, WPS Resources merged with a group of Illinois natural gas utilities, forming Integrys Energy.  In 2008, Integrys sold Stoneman to DTE Stoneman, LLC, a non-utility subsidiary of DTE Energy.  One week later, Dairyland Power announced an agreement to purchase the facility’s entire 40 MW net output from DTE upon conversion to a biomass burning plant.

Between 2008 and 2010, Stoneman was converted by facility owner DTE Energy Services from a 100% coal-burning to 100% woody biomass-burning plant.  Commercial operation of the 40 MW biomass facility began on October 8, 2010.  Renewable energy from the DTE Stoneman plant powered up to 30,000 homes in the Dairyland system.

In 2013, the renewable energy facility was fined $150,000 by the state of Wisconsin for numerous violations of the facility air pollution control permit. In 2015, it was announced that Stoneman would close by the end of the year following the termination of a power purchasing agreement with Dairyland Coop. During the five year period of biomass operation, neighbors had also complained of charcoal-like soot residue on the homes and vehicles. DTE cited economics of the location for the closure rather than the failure of biomass electrical generation in general. Low natural gas prices benefiting competitors and high transportation costs for biomass fuel were cited as reasons for closure.

Environment
Stoneman's Electrostatic Precipitator (“ESP”) was upgraded during the conversion from a coal plant to a wood-fired biomass facility.  The modifications to the ESP allow the system to collect more particulate and work more efficiently.  Also installed: a Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction system (“SNCR”) to reduce NOx emissions.  A continuous emission monitoring system automatically records data that are used for reports to regulatory agencies.  All received fuel is screened; all fuel must comply with strict regulations.  Monthly composite samples are sent to a third party lab for testing and analytics.  The plant was said to be in compliance with all permits and regulations despite complaints of charcoal-like soot residue by nearby residents and a $150,000 fine in 2013 for not complying with clean air permits.

Community
DTE Stoneman directly employed over thirty people full-time, all local residents. The plant spent millions of dollars annually in maintenance costs, largely spent with local companies.  Over fifty truck drivers and other personnel were indirectly employed to support the fuel supply of the plant.  Stoneman made charitable contributions spread out to over twenty-five different local organizations. Stoneman provided training and purchased equipment for the Confined Space Rescue Qualification program for the local fire department. This program benefited Cassville and surrounding communities in the event someone is trapped in a confined space, such as a grain silo or a mine.

Units

See also

List of power stations in Wisconsin

References

Energy infrastructure completed in 1952
Buildings and structures in Grant County, Wisconsin
Coal-fired power stations in Wisconsin
DTE Energy


The Roman Catholic Diocese of Orán () is located in the city of San Ramón de la Nueva Orán, Argentina.  It is a suffragan see to the Archdiocese of Salta.

History
On 10 April 1961, Pope John XXIII established the Diocese of Orán from the Archdiocese of Salta.

Sex abuse and financial scandals
On 10 June 2019, former Bishop Gustavo Zanchetta was criminally charged with sexually abusing two seminarians. Zanchetta, who was one of Pope Francis's first appointments in his home country, was first accused of "strange behaviour" in 2015 when pornographic pictures, including naked selfies, were found on his phone. In August 2017, Pope Francis allowed Zanchetta to resign as Bishop of Orán, citing "health reasons," but then appointed him to serve as Assessor, or Councilor, to the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See. Despite this appointment, Zanchetta remained in Argentina when he was charged.  He was barred from leaving the country, had to undergo a psychiatric evaluation, and faces between three and ten years in prison if convicted. A Vatican trial also began for Zanchetta on 28 May 2019. A local priest speaking on anonymity later told Crux Now on 13 August 2019 that the Diocese had "not one, not two, not three, but several" cases of sex abuse.

On 28 August 2019, it was announced that Zanchetta's travel ban was lifted and he returned to Rome. However he still remains suspended as Councilor to the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See and has appointed to take a different job in the Vatican.

On 7 November 2019, the main offices of the Diocese of Orán were raided as part of the ongoing investigation against Zanchetta. In addition to sex abuse charges, Zanchetta is also accused of committing acts of financial fraud and mismanagement by embezzling Diocese charity funds which were secretly not used for charitable causes, but instead were used for personal benefit. Zanchetta also secretly sold Church property to buyers as well. After this report surfaced it was reported that Zanchetta was still suspended by the Vatican. On 27 November 2019, Zanchetta returned voluntarily to Argentina and appeared in court earlier than the scheduled 28 November deadline. A judge once again allowed Zanchetta to return to the Vatican, but also required him to maintain residence at the Santa Marta Hotel.

On 4 March 2022, Bishop Emeritus Zanchetta was convicted of «aggravated continued sexual abuse», sentenced to four and a half years in prison and immediately arrested. Bishop Scozzina apologized to the victims and called for reconciliation «to heal the wounds caused by gestures and attitudes of authoritarianism and abuse of power».

Ordinaries
Francisco Felipe de la Cruz Muguerza, O.F.M. † (12 June 1961 – 2 May 1969) Died
Manuel Guirao † (31 October 1970 – 20 January 1981) Appointed, Bishop of Santiago del Estero
Gerardo Eusebio Sueldo † (30 April 1982 – 15 May 1993) Appointed, Coadjutor Bishop of Santiago del Estero
Mario Antonio Cargnello (7 April 1994 – 24 June 1998) Appointed, Coadjutor Archbishop of Salta
Jorge Rubén Lugones, S.J. (2 June 1999 – 14 October 2008) Appointed, Bishop of Lomas de Zamora
Marcelo Daniel Colombo (8 May 2009 – 8 July 2013)
Gustavo Óscar Zanchetta (23 July 2013 – 1 August 2017) Resigned.
Luis Antonio Scozzina O.F.M. (6 April 2018 - )

References

Roman Catholic dioceses in Argentina
Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Province of Salta
Christian organizations established in 1961
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century
1961 establishments in Argentina


HCNG or H2CNG (hydrogen compressed natural gas) is a mixture of compressed natural gas and 4–9 percent hydrogen by energy. It may be used as a fuel gas for internal combustion engines and home appliances.

(regarding the acronyms in the above emissions chart:

AVL = Average Levels?
CNG = Compressed Natural Gas
HCNG = Hydrogen and CNG blend
NOX = Nitrogen Oxides
NMHC = Non-Methane Hydrocarbons?
CH4 = Methane
THC = Total Hydrocarbons?
CO = Carbon Monoxide)

HCNG dispensers can be found at Hynor (Norway) Thousand palms and Barstow, California, Fort Collins, Colorado (all US), Chongqing and Shanxi (China), Pico Truncado (Argentina), Islamabad (Pakistan), Dunkerque (France), Gothenburg Sweden, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Emilia-Romagna, Lombardia (Italy), Dwarka and Faridabad (Delhi), India and the BC hydrogen highway in Canada.

HCNG for mobile use is premixed at the hydrogen station.

Research
In the town of Nes on the island of Ameland in the Netherlands, a four-year (2008-2011) field test was carried out where 20% hydrogen was added to the local distribution net supplying a complex of 14 apartments. The appliances involved were kitchen stoves, condensing boilers, and micro-CHP boilers.

The use of existing natural gas pipelines for HCNG was studied by NaturalHy.

To get the most out of an internal combustion engine in transportation if higher levels of hydrogen are added, modifications have to be made to the engine and the control strategy. The hydrogen in the blend leads to lower CO2 emissions.

Codes and standards
The National Fire Protection Association 52 presently covers CNG and hydrogen fueling stations. Blends with < 20% hydrogen by volume
are treated identically to CNG. For the use of blends with more than 30-40 % of hydrogen in volume decision support tools for the design are used to ensure safe use.

See also
HCNG dispenser
Hydrogen infrastructure
Hydrogen economy

References

External links
Hydrogen-Compressed Natural Gas (HCNG) Transport Fuel
Hydrogen – Natural gas (HCNG) mixtures as fuels in internal combustion engines

Fuel gas
Hydrogen technologies