Siam Amazing Park (), more commonly known as Siam Park City or Suansiam (, , ), is an amusement and water park located in the Khan Na Yao district of Bangkok, Thailand. It was founded in November 1980 and remains the oldest amusement and water park complex in Southeast Asia. Located near Bangkok's Suvarnabhumi Airport, it contains attractions such as Southeast Asia's first suspended looping coaster with five inversions, a large wave pool, and seven-story slides

Park history
Siam Park City is an amusement park in Khan Na Yao District of Bangkok. The park is spread over 100 acres, divided into a water park and an amusement park. The water park includes seven attractions, including a 13,600-square-metre wave pool certified as the world's largest by the Guinness World Records since 2009. The amusement park contains around 40 rides, including Vortex, one of the largest suspended roller-coasters and Giant Drop, a free-fall ride.

The park was constructed by a group of Thai elites and later established by the real-estate developer Chaiwat Luangamornlert.

Siam Park City was opened on 19 November 1980 under the name of "Suansiam" as the first water park in Thailand and the only man-made beach in Bangkok. The park began with a water park and a few rides, but it was later expanded and the slogan was changed to "World of Eternal Fun and Happiness". The park now has two million visitors a year and has some of the largest rides in the region.

Siam Park City is not only the first park opened in Thailand,  it is also the longest-running park in the country.

In the fourth quarter of 2019, Siam Park City was rebranded as Siam Amazing Park, although locals still refer to it by its original name.

Areas and attractions
Water Park with a Wave Pool, Flowing Pool, Speed Slide, Super Spiral, Mini Slide, Kidz ProRacer, Kidz MiniRiver, Kidz Twister, RideHouse, and Spa.
Amusement Park with approximately 30 rides including Vortex, Boomerang, Log Flume, Giant Drop, Si-Am Tower and Grand Canyon Express.
Museum and Family Ride comprises Dinotopia, Jurassic Adventure, and Africa Adventure.
Event Facilities designed to support events of all sizes.
Scout Camp

Theme Park attractions

 VortexOne of the two largest suspended looping coasters in the world, and the first of its kind in South East Asia. It is 765 meters long and consists of five inversions and several drops. Designed and built by Vekoma, a Dutch (Netherlands) ride builder.
 Giant Drop an Intamin 75-meter free-fall drop tower ride.
 BoomerangShuttle roller coaster with 3 inversions. It is a popular coaster model from Vekoma.
 Log FlumeThe park's newest attraction.
 TopspinLaunches riders up to the sky and then spins them in and out of connected fountains.
 Si-Am TowerA 109-meter high HUSS observation tower which offers a 360-degree panorama of Bangkok.
 Mega DanceA HUSS rare Mega Dance ride that swings riders around with its spider-like arms.
 Double-Deck Merry-Go-RoundOne of the first attractions installed at the park and is a double-decker merry-go-round.
 Twin DragonPirate ship ride with a dragon theme.
 Africa AdventureOne of the newest additions to the park. Riders can choose to go on either a boat or train trip around the Island, seeing animatronics of tigers, elephants, and even King Kong.
 Jurassic AdventureA Jeep ride into the world of ancient creatures. Using Animatronics, riders will see over 30 different species of dinosaurs and an exploding volcano.
 DinotopiaDinosaur museum. Here riders will learn the history behind these amazing creatures.
 Condor Spinning ride that launches riders 24 meters into the sky.
 Aladin A flying carpet with centrifugal spin.
 Astrofighter
 TrabantUFO-themed thrill ride.
 Enterprise360-degree thrill ride without any safety belts.
 Astro-LinerSpace-themed flight simulator.
 MonsterSpinning thrill ride for adults.
 Rock & Roll
 Tagada DiscoSpinning giant plate ride, featuring high G-force levels.
 Big-Double ShockA haunted house tour.
 Balloon RaceA ride that opened in 2009.

Water Park attractions

 Talay Krung Thep
The world's biggest wave pool with cascading waterfalls and numerous rock pools.

 Speed Slides
The 75 feet high slider that was recorded as the tallest water slide in the world in 1970.

 Super Spiral
4 integrated spiraling slides at varying levels.

 Lazy River
The flowing river moving throughout the water park.

 Spa Club
The health spa club with original Thai massage.a

Honors and awards
Largest wave pool

On 30 April 2009, Guinness World Records adjudication executive Talal Omar formally recognized the 13,600-m2 (146,389-ft2) wave pool at the Siam Park City leisure park in Bangkok, Thailand, as the largest on the planet at a ceremony hosted by Veerasak Kowsurat, President of the Board of Directors of the Tourism Authority of Thailand. Kowsurat and Chaiwat Luangamornlert, owner and Chairman of Siam Park City Co., Ltd, received the official Guinness World Records certificate at the event, which took place alongside the sprawling wave pool. According to Siam Park City representatives, the wave pool has sometimes been called Bangkok’s inland sea for nearly 30 years and is a very popular attraction in the park.

Outstanding Performance for Recreational Attraction and Entertainment
On 27 September 2010, Siam Park City received an award for outstanding contribution to the entertainment business by the Tourism Authority of Thailand.

Notable events
 1985 final Miss Thailand contest
 Carabao National Service Concert – 6 July 1986
 Non-title boxing match between Sot Chitalada vs. Moon Jin Choi from South Korea – 30 August 1986
 Exhibit lantern puppets and dinosaur skeletons from Zigong, Sichuan Province, China – late 1992 to late 1993
 In 1993 Michael Jackson visited Siam Park during his Dangerous World Tour.
 MV Koi Suru Fortune Cookie (Thai version) of BNK48 – 4 November 2017

Accidents
In October 2007, one women was killed and another six were injured when the Indiana Log Slide ride malfunctioned due to an electrical shortage. This ride has been removed by the park. In March 2008, 24 children were injured when the Super Spiral Waterslide collapsed when a joint broke loose.

Former attractions
About two decades, a railway circled the area of the park. This railway is now out of use, but the trains are still kept at the former roofed storage sidings.

See also
 Dream World (Thai amusement park)
 Safari World

References

External links

Siam Amazing Park Official website
 Thai girl group sensation Candy Maffia visit Siam Park
 http://beta.online-station.net/news/game/14874
 Tourism Authority Of Thailand

Amusement parks in Thailand
Water parks in Thailand
Animatronic attractions
Khan Na Yao district
Tourist attractions in Bangkok
Buildings and structures in Bangkok
1980 establishments in Thailand
Amusement parks opened in 1980


Asrul Sani (10 June 1926 – 11 January 2004) was an Indonesian writer, poet and screenwriter.

Biography
Sani was born in Rao, West Sumatra on 10 June 1926. His father was Sultan Marah Sani Syair Alamsyah.

Together with Chairil Anwar and Rivai Apin, Sani published Tiga Menguak Takdir in 1950. In the 1950s, together with Usmar Ismail, he founded Akademi Teater Nasional Indonesia (Indonesia National Theater Academy).

Sani's first screenplay was Lewat Djam Malam (After the Curfew) which obtained an award in the 1955 Indonesian Film Festival. His other screenplays that obtained Citra awards were Naga Bonar, Kejarlah Daku Kau Kutangkap (Chase Me, I'll Catch You), Titian Serambut Dibelah Tujuh, and Kemelut Hidup (Life Crisis). Apa Jang Kau Tjari, Palupi? (What are You Looking for, Palupi?) received an award in the Asian Film Festival.

He had become a chairman of Dewan Perfilman Nasional (the National Film Board). After that, the situation of Indonesian cinema deteriorated. He then focused on writing screenplays for soap operas, adapted from Indonesian novels, such as Sitti Nurbaya, Salah Asuhan, and Sengsara Membawa Nikmat.

Sani died on 11 January 2004.

Legacy
Kejarlah Daku Kau Kutangkap (1985) won a Citra award in 1986, Piala Anteman and Piala Bing Slamet. Naga Bonar (1986) won a Citra award in 1987.

Sani received an Anugerah Seni award in 1969 and a Bintang Mahaputera medal in 2000 from the government. According to Ajip Rosidi, he could speak English, Dutch, French, and German.

References

Bibliography

1926 births
2004 deaths
Indonesian film directors
Indonesian writers
Indonesian male poets
Indonesian screenwriters
Indonesian essayists
Minangkabau people
20th-century Indonesian poets
20th-century male writers
20th-century screenwriters


Whirinaki is a locality on the Whirinaki River in the south Hokianga, in Northland, New Zealand. The name means "to lean against a support".  Highway 12 runs through it. Opononi lies to the south west, and Rawene lies to the north east.

It is part of the Hokianga South statistical area, which covers the southern side of Hokianga Harbour between Rawene and Koutu. For demographics of this area, see Rawene.

History and culture
Whirinaki was raided by Te Roroa in 1810 or 1811, during the Musket Wars. All the inhabitants of Opara village were killed.

The area has three marae associated with Ngāpuhi hapū:
 Mātai Aranui Marae are affiliated with Ngāti Kairewa, Ngāti Kerewheti, Ngāti Te Pou, Te Hikutu and Te Whānau Whero.
 Mōria Marae are affiliated with Ngāti Kairewa, Ngāti Kerewheti, Ngāti Te Pou, Ngāti Tuapango, Te Hikutu and Te Whānau Whero.
 Pā te Aroha Marae are affiliated with Ngāti Kairewa, Ngāti Kerewheti, Ngāti Te Pou, Ngāti Tuapango, Te Hikutu and Te Whānau Whero.

Education

Te Kura Kaupapa Maori o Te Tonga o Hokianga is a coeducational full primary (years 1-8) school which has a roll of . It is a Kura Kaupapa Māori school which teaches fully in the Māori language.

There was a Whirinaki Native School during the early-mid 20th century.

Notes

Hokianga
Populated places in the Northland Region


The Italian Catholic diocese of Policastro, in Campania, existed until 1986. In that year the diocese was suppressed, and its territory united to the diocese of Teggiano-Policastro. Throughout its existence, Policastro was a suffragan of the archdiocese of Salerno.

History

In his Historia naturalis (Book III, ch. 17), the elder Pliny gives a list of the peoples of Lucania, in alphabetical order: "Mediterranei Lucanorum Atinates, Bantini, Grumentini, Potentini, Sontini, Sirini, Tergilani Ursentini, quibus Numestrani junguntur." The Atinates had their center at Atina, the Grumentini had their center at Grumentum, and the Tergilani at Teggiano.

Policastro is believed to be the ancient Pituntia, though there is no source which explicitly so states. It was the last city in Calabria that remained faithful to the empire of Constantinople, until it was captured by the Normans under Robert Guiscard in 1065. The city became part of the dukedom of his brother Roger. In 1290, it belonged to Pietro Ruffo, Count of Catanzaro, having been given to him by King Charles of Anjou.

Foundation of the diocese
On 22 July 1051, Pope Leo IX issued the bull "Officium Sacerdotale", in which he confirmed the metropolitan status of the archbishops of Salerno, and the privilege of ordering and consecrating the bishops of Paestum, Nola, Conza, Cosenza, and Bisignano. There is no mention of Policastro. On 24 March 1058, Pope Stephen IX issued the bull also called "Officium Sacerdotale", in which he confirmed for the archbishops of Salerno the right of consecrating bishops for (in addition to those named by Pope Leo) Malvito, Policastro, Marsico, Martirano, and Caciano. The archbishops, therefore, had the right to consecrate bishops for Policastro by 1058, though there is no indication that they actually did so. The earliest bishop of Policastro of whom evidence survives is Bishop Petrus Pappacarbone (1079–1109).

Pietro da Pappacarbone (1079), a Benedictine of Cava de' Tirreni, resigned after governing the diocese for thirty years, and was succeeded by Arnaldus on 17 February 1110.

The cathedral was dedicated to the Assumption of the Body of the Virgin Mary into Heaven. The cathedral was administered by a corporation called the Chapter, consisting of two dignities (the Archdeacon and the Cantor) and ten Canons. The bishops of Policastro had two residences, one in the city next to the cathedral, and the other at Orsaia, where the seminary for clergy was also located.

Frederick II vs. Innocent III
In 1211, a crisis arose in regard to the diocese of Policastro, with serious ecclesiastical and political implications. Upon the death of their bishop, the cathedral Chapter met and unanimously elected the archpriest of the collegiate church of Saponaria. Several canons carried the electoral announcement to Messana to the emperor, to obtain the assent of the Emperor Frederick II. The emperor (per regis familiares) rejected the bishop-elect, as well as all the other possible candidates named by the canons, and made it clear that he wished them to nominate his physician, Jacopo. The Chapter, fearing to incur the anger of the emperor, and also thoroughly unhappy, elected the physician. They then applied to the archbishop of Salerno, the metropolitan for confirmation and consecration, presenting him with letters from Frederick and from Cardinal Gregory of S. Teodoro, the papal legate. The archbishop, before proceeding, sought a papal response. Pope Innocent III suspended action on the cases of the bishops of Policastro and of Sarno, since he wanted to send nuncios to the king. In the meantime, Jacopo, sought help from the king. The Chapter of Policastro told the nuncios that they did not want Jacopo, and lodged an appeal at the papal court. Attempts were made to pressure the papal legate into acting on behalf of Jacopo, but he declined to end the matter and ordered the canons into his presence, bringing with them the papal documents in their possession. In the meantime, Jacopo obtained, with the legate's knowledge, permission for his consecration from the archbishops of Taranto and Santa Severina, and the bishop of Cerenza., and appeared in Policastro for his consecration; the canons refused to receive him, and appealed to the pope to reverse everything that had been done in the case of Jacopo.

Pope Innocent appointed the archbishop of Cosenza and the abbot of Flore to investigate the claims of Jacopo, the Chapter of Policastro, and the archbishop of Salerno. After taking testimony, they sent a written report to the pope, along with procurators of the named parties, where they were dealt with by Cardinal Benedetto of Santa Susanna on the pope's behalf. Pope Innocent then declared the election of Jacopo as contrary to canon law, as well as to the concordat which he had negotiated with Constance, Queen of Sicily, and therefore void. He ordered the Chapter to proceed with the confirmation of the archpriest of Saponaria by the archbishop of Salerno. He informed the bishop of Capaccio and the abbot of Cava as to what had been taking place, and ordered them to observe his rulings, and authorized them to impose ecclesiastical censures on those who violated them.

In 1239, the Emperor Frederick II was once again excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX. The bull cites, as a contributory reason, that he had left numerous dioceses without a bishop in his realms, including Policastro.

Ottoman fleets
Policastro's position facing the Tyrrhenian Sea (or the Gulf of Policastro, as it is called locally) made it particularly vulnerable to invasion and raiding by pirates. In 1532 and 1544, the Ottoman admiral Ariadeno Barbarossa (Hayreddin) attacked the city.  In July 1552, the Ottoman fleet of 123 ships, led by Dragut Rais, ravaged the entire coast and besieged Policastro for three days. The city was destroyed, and the survivors either made galley slaves or sold in the slave markets. Similar fates struck Vibonati, Santa Marina, San Giovanni a Piro, Torre Orsaia, and Roccagloriosa.

In 1664, sufficiently grave charges as to the conduct of the bishop of Policastro, Filippo Jacobio, in the territory of Orsaia, that Pope Alexander VII, on 1 December 1664, issued a commission to his nuncio in Naples, Giulio Spinola, Archbishop of Laodicea, to launch an investigation and open legal proceedings against the bishop. The nuncio, however, was not to proceed to a verdict, but instead to submit his findings and conclusion immediately and directly to the pope for final disposition. In 1667, Bishop Jacobio announced that his cathedral, with six chapels, and the sacristy were practically in ruins. He therefore began to rebuild the episcopal palace at Orsaia, a town with a population of c. 1,500, where he preferred to live rather than in Policastro, which was nearly deserted and falling apart. In this palace, Bishop Vincenzo de Sylva, O.P. (1672) was besieged  by Count Fabrizio Carafa.

In the mid-17th century, the entire diocese had a population estimated at 50,000. In 1671, the city of Policastro had a population of 61 persons. In 1747, the population had risen to about 80 inhabitants. In 1980, the total population of the diocese was said to be around 40,750.

Diocesan synods

A diocesan synod was an irregularly held, but important, meeting of the bishop of a diocese and his clergy. Its purpose was (1) to proclaim generally the various decrees already issued by the bishop; (2) to discuss and ratify measures on which the bishop chose to consult with his clergy; (3) to publish statutes and decrees of the diocesan synod, of the provincial synod, and of the Holy See.

A diocesan synod was held by Bishop Urbano Felicio (1629–1635) in 1631, and another in 1632. On 29 June 1638, Bishop Pietro Magri (1635–1651) presided over a diocesan synod. Bishop Vincenzo Maria da Silva, O.P. (1671–1679) presided over a diocesan synod in 1674. Bishop Giuseppe de Rosa (1775–1793) held a diocesan synod on 6–7 May 1784. A diocesan synod was held by Bishop Ludovico Lodovico on 18 April 1816. Bishop Nicola-Maria Laudisio (1824–1862) presided over a diocesan synod in 1830.

Diocesan reorganization
The Second Vatican Council (1962–1965), in order to ensure that all Catholics received proper spiritual attention, decreed the reorganization of the diocesan structure of Italy and the consolidation of small and struggling dioceses. It also recommended the abolition of anomalous units such as exempt territorial prelatures.

On 8 September 1976, the diocese of Policastro lost territory when Diocese of Tursi-Lagonegro was established.

On 18 February 1984, the Vatican and the Italian State signed a new and revised concordat. Based on the revisions, a set of Normae was issued on 15 November 1984, which was accompanied in the next year, on 3 June 1985, by enabling legislation. According to the agreement, the practice of having one bishop govern two separate dioceses at the same time, aeque personaliter, was abolished. Instead, the Vatican continued consultations which had begun under Pope John XXIII for the merging of small dioceses, especially those with personnel and financial problems, into one combined diocese. On 30 September 1986, Pope John Paul II ordered that the dioceses of Diano (Teggiano) and Policastro be merged into one diocese with one bishop, with the Latin title Dioecesis Dianensis-Policastrensis, or, in Italian Diocesi di Teggiano-Policastro. The seat of the diocese was to be in Teggiano, and the cathedral of Teggiano was to serve as the cathedral of the merged dioceses. The cathedral in Policastro was to become a co-cathedral, and the cathedral Chapters of Policastro was to be a Capitulum Concathedralis. There was to be only one diocesan Tribunal, in Teggiano, and likewise one seminary, one College of Consultors, and one Priests' Council. The territory of the new diocese was to include the territory of the former dioceses of Diano and Policastro.

Bishops of Policastro
Erected: 11th Century
Latin Name: Policastrensis
Metropolitan: Archdiocese of Salerno

from 1079 to 1500

Pietro da Pappacarbone (1079–1109)
Arnaldus (attested 1110)
...
Petrus
Otto
Goffridus (d. 1139)
Johannes (d. 1172)
...
[Gerardo] da Saponara (1211–1218?)
Guilelmus de Licio, O.Min. (c. 1222)
...
Johannes Castellomata (1254–1256?)
Fabianus
Marcus
Bartholomaeus (attested 1278)
Paganus (attested 1290–1310)
Thomasius
Francesco Capograsso (1353–1361)
Nicolaus (1361–1386?) Avignon Obedience
Lucas de Roccacontrata, 0.Min. (1392–1403) Roman Obedience
Nicolaus (restored: 1403– ? )
Nicolas, O.S.Bas. (1418–1438)
Jacobus Lancelotti (1438–1445)
Carlo da Napoli, O.E.S.A. (1445– ? )
Enrico Languardo (1466–1470)
Gabriele Guidano (1471–1484)
Girolamo Almensa (1485–1493)
Gabriele Altilio (1493–1501)

from 1500 to 1986

Luigi d'Aragona (1501–1504 Resigned) Administrator
Bernardo Lauri (1504–1516)
Giovanni Pirro Scorna (1516–1530 Resigned)
Benedetto Accolti (1531–1535 Resigned) Administrator
Andrea Matteo Palmieri (1535–1537) Administrator
Fabrizio Arcella (1537–1542 Resigned)
Ubertus Gambara (1542–1543) Administrator
Niccolò Francesco Missanelli (1543–1577)
Ludovico Bentivoglio (1577–1581)
Ferdinando Spinelli (4 Dec 1581 – 1603)
Filippo Spinelli (1603–1605)
Ilario Cortesi, C.R. (10 Oct 1605 – Sep 1608)
Giovanni Antonio Santorio (26 Apr 1610 – May 1628)
Urbano Felicio (14 Mar 1629 – 1635)
Pietro Magri (1 Oct 1635 – Oct 1651)
Filippo Jacobio (Giacomo) (26 Aug 1652 – 17 Apr 1671 Resigned)
Vincenzo Maria da Silva, O.P. (4 May 1671 –1679)
Tommaso de Rosa (8 May 1679 – 10 Oct 1695)
Giacinto Camillo Maradei (2 Apr 1696 – 2 Sep 1705)
Marco Antonio de Rosa (14 Dec 1705 – 28 Nov 1709)
Andrea Roberti (27 Nov 1713 – 8 Apr 1747)
Giovanni Battista Minucci, O.F.M.Conv. (1747–1761 Resigned)
Francesco Pantuliani (25 Jan 1762 – 21 Jun 1775)
Giuseppe de Rosa (13 Nov 1775 – 1793)
Ludovico Ludovici, O.F.M.Obs. (1797–1819)
Gaetano Barbaroli (4 Jun 1819 – 1823)
Nicola-Maria Laudisio, C.SS.R. (3 May 1824 – 6 Jan 1862)
 Sede vacante (1862–1872)
Giuseppe Maria Cione (23 Feb 1872 – 7 Sep 1898)
Giovanni Vescia (18 Apr 1899 – 27 Mar 1924 Resigned)
Francesco Cammarota (13 Aug 1927 – 15 Dec 1935)
Federico Pezzullo (23 Jan 1937 – 10 Sep 1979)
Umberto Luciano Altomare (16 Sep 1980 – 3 Feb 1986)

30 September 1986: The diocese of Policastro was suppressed, and its territory added to the Diocese of Diano-Teggiano, with the name Diocese of Teggiano-Policastro, preserving the name of the former diocese.

See also
Policastro Bussentino
List of Catholic dioceses in Italy

Notes and references

Bibliography

Reference works for bishops
 pp. 912-913. (Use with caution; obsolete)

Studies
Baldini, Andrea; Capobianco, Giuseppe; Alliegro, Raffaele (2022). Torre Orsaia. Mille anni di storia.  Santa Maria Capua Vetere: Spartaco, 2022.

 [article by Gaetano Porfirio]
 De Rosa, Gabriele (1969), "Il Sinodo di Policastro del 1784 e la censura napoletana," Rivista di studi Salernitani 4 (Luglio-Dicembre 1969), pp. 101-125.
Ebner, Pietro (1982). Chiesa, baroni e popolo nel Cilento. . Vol. I (Roma: Edizioni di storia e letteratura).
Kehr, Paul Fridolin (1935). Italia pontificia. Vol. VIII: Regnum Normannorum — Campania. Berlin: Weidmann.
Lanzoni, Francesco (1927). Le diocesi d'Italia dalle origini al principio del secolo VII (an. 604). Faenza: F. Lega.
Mattei-Cerasoli, Leone (1919). "Da archivii e biblioteche: Di alcuni vescovi poco noti". . In: Archivio storico per le province Neapolitane 44 (Napoli: Luigi Lubrano 1919). pp. 310-335.
Laudisius, N. (1831). Policastrensis dioeceseos historico-chronologica synopsis.  Neapoli 1831.
Strafforelli, Gustavo (ed.) (1900). La Patria: Geografia dell'Italia. . Vol. II. Torino: Unione Tipografico Editrice.

Volpe, Francesco (2004). La diocesi di Policastro nella prima metà del Settecento. . Napoli: Edizioni scientifiche italiane, 2004.

Policastro


Fernand-Joseph Lafontaine (November 14, 1922 – June 21, 2010) was a Canadian politician and a member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.

He was born in Montreal, Quebec and became an engineer.

Lafontaine ran as a Union Nationale candidate in a by-election held on September 16, 1959 in the provincial district of Labelle and won.  He was re-elected in the 1960, 1962, 1966 and 1970 elections.

He served as his party's campaign manager from 1963 to 1970.

He was appointed to the cabinet in 1966 and served as minister of public works until 1967 and as minister of highways until 1970.  Lafontaine was defeated against Liberal candidate Roger Lapointe in the 1973 election.

He died in Sainte-Véronique, Quebec.

References

1922 births
2010 deaths
Politicians from Montreal
Union Nationale (Quebec) MNAs


Tyndall Glacier may refer to:

Tyndall Glacier (Chile)
Tyndall Glacier (Colorado), a glacier in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado USA
Tyndall Glacier (Alaska)
Tyndall Glacier (New Zealand)


Gustaf Adolf Mauritz Erikson (1872, Lemland – 1947) was a ship-owner from Mariehamn, in the Åland islands. He was famous for the fleet of windjammers he operated to the end of his life, mainly on the grain trade from Australia to Europe.

Erikson was involved in sailing for virtually his entire life. He went to sea at age 9, was commanding a sailing vessel in the North Sea trade by age 19, and was master of a number of square-rigged vessels before becoming an owner.

His ships were bought cheaply as most shipping companies switched to steam ships about the turn of the century; Erikson would often acquire ships at shipbreakers prices. In the early 1920s there was still some competition for the windjammers sold – the shipping company F. Laeisz even ordered new sailing ships in the 1920s – but in the 1930s Erikson owned a significant share of the operational windjammers of the world. In March 1935, he purchased Moshulu, "one of the finest steel barques afloat", for only $12,000.

By the late 1930s, the South Australian grain trade was virtually the only profitable use for windjammers, and then only if the ship owner minimized costs as much as possible. Erikson supplied his ships adequately with crew and supplies as these were necessary for his ships to sail quickly and efficiently, but supplied neither more crew nor equipment than was necessary. Erikson's large four-masted barques would routinely sail on voyages of  with less than 30 crew.

In 1935, 19-year old Richard Brinsley Sheridan published his book ‘’Heavenly Hell: The Experiences of an Apprentice in a Four-Mast Barque’’, describing his ten-months in Erikson’s barque Lawhill

A young Eric Newby sailed to Australia on Moshulu in 1938–1939, as part of the South Australian grain trade. At the time she was owned by Erikson and part of the last "great fleet of sailing ships". Newby chronicled his trip in The Last Grain Race and Learning the Ropes, where he wrote that Erikson was both respected and reviled by the crew, who knew him only as "Ploddy Gustav". Of the 13 ships which took part in the 1939 grain race, 10 were Erikson ships.

Ships

 Tjerimai (1913–1925, three-masted composite (wood on iron frames) barque, 1 550 t, built 1883 in Amsterdam. Sank in the North Sea in a collision with a Dutch trawler, the captain died)
 Åland (1913–1914, ex Renée Rickmers, four-masted iron barque, 3 300 t, built 1887 in Glasgow. Ran aground on a coral reef off New Caledonia as lighthouses were unlit, wrecked, crew saved)
 Fredenborg (1914–1916, three-masted wooden barque, built 1881 in Geta, Åland, about 700 t. Sold, wrecked same year)
 Borrowdale (1916–1917, three-masted iron barque, 1 850 t, built 1868 in Liverpool. Torpedoed by Germans by the mouth of the Bristol channel, crew saved)

 Grace Harwar (1916–1935, three-masted full-rigged steel ship, 2 950 t, built 1889 in Glasgow. Sold to be scrapped)
 Professor Koch (1916–1923, three-masted steel barque, 2 350 t, built 1891 in Glasgow. Collided with an iceberg, continued to Montevideo, was deemed wrecked)
 Ingrid (1917–1919, wooden barquentine, 650 t, built 1907 in Geta. Took refuge in Falmouth, deemed as wrecked. The English repaired the ship, mounted an auxiliary engine and sailed it in West India among other places, scrapped 1939)
 Southern Belle (1917–1919, three-masted wooden barque, about 850 tons, built 1871 in Nova Scotia. Sold)
 Margareta (1917, four-masted steel barque, 3 100 t, built 1889 in Glasgow. Torpedoed in the Irish Sea, crew saved)
 Lawhill (1917–1942, four-masted steel barque, 4 600 t, built 1892 in Dundee. Taken as war prize by South Africa)
 Woodburn (1919–1924, three-masted steel barque, 2 600 t, built 1896 in Glasgow. Sold to Fiji to be a coal barge)
 Rigel (1919–1920, steamship, 500 t, built 1918 at Hietalahti Shipyard and Engineering Works, Helsinki. Sold.)
 Edgar (1920–1922, steamship, 1250 t, built at Hietalahti Shipyard and Engineering Works. Sold to Germany.)

 Herzogin Cecilie (1921–1936, four-masted steel barque, built 1902 in Bremerhaven. Ran aground in the English Channel, off Devon, wrecked)
 Loch Linnhe (1922–1933, three-masted iron barque, 2 200 t, built 1876 in Glasgow. Ran aground in the Kökar archipelago in 1933, wrecked)
 Pommern (1923–1953, ex Mneme, four-masted steel barque, 4 050 t, built 1903 in Glasgow. In Mariehamn when the war broke out 1939 and did not sail any more, given to the city of Mariehamn as museum ship)
 Carradale (1923–1924, four-masted steel barque, 3 300 t, built 1889 in Glasgow. Sold to be scrapped)
 Penang (1923–1940, formerly Albert Rickmers, three-masted steel barque, 3 250 t, built 1905 in Bremerhaven. Torpedoed in the Atlantic, all 18 men lost)
 Archibald Russell (1924–1948, four-masted steel barque, 3 950 t, built 1905 in Greenock, Scotland. In Hull when World War II broke out, seized 1941, returned to the shipowner 1948, sold to be scrapped)
 Killoran (1924–1940, three-masted steel barque, 3 050 t, built 1900 in Troon, Scotland. Sunk by German auxiliary cruiser Widder  off the Canary Islands, crew released 1941)
 Olivebank (1924–1939, four-masted steel barque, 4 400 t, built 1892 in Glasgow. Ran on a mine in the North Sea 8.9.1939, 14 men drowned)
 Carmen (1924–1934, three-masted wooden barque, 850 t, built 1921 in Granboda, Åland. Abandoned near Bornholm 2.9.1934, left to the rescuers)
 Polstjernan (1924, four-masted wooden schooner, 1600 t, built 1920 in Dragsfjärd, Finland. Sold 7.3.1924 to Koivisto [ Primorsk?])
 Baltic (1924–1939, four-masted wooden barquentine, 750 t, built 1919 in Lemland, Åland. Sold to Rauma [or to Uusikaupunki?]).
 Hougomont (1925–1932, four-masted steel barque, 4 000 t, built 1897 in Greenock in England. Unrigged in a tornado off Australia, became a breakwater in Investigator Strait in South Australia)
 Lingard (1925–1935, three-masted steel barque, 1600 t, built 1893 in Arendal in Norway. Collided with the Swedish s/s Gerda 1.11.1935, towed to Gothenburg, sold to the sailing ships' club of Norway. The crew of 21 of Gerda drowned in the accident)
 Ostrobotnia (1925–1934, three-masted wooden schooner, 800 t, built 1919 in Jakobstad. Scrapped at the Uusikaupunki yard)
 Winterhude (1925–1944, formerly Mabel Rickmers, three-masted steel barque, 3 250 t, built 1898 in Bremerhaven. Arrived 30.9. 1939 in Stavanger, was unrigged, rent as warehouse, sold to the German marine 27.4.1944, become a barge in Hamburg)
 Lalla Rookh (built 1876, renamed Karhu and later Effendi, renamed back to Lalla Rookh 1926–1928, three-masted iron barque, 1450 t, built 1876 in Liverpool. Sold to Belgium to be scrapped 27.11.1928)
 Estonia (1927–1936, three-masted wooden barquentine, 800 t, built 1921 in Gutmannsbach. Wrecked 5.10. at Örskär)
 Melbourne (1929–1932, ex Gustav, ex Australia, four-masted steel barque, 4 250 t, built 1892 in Glasgow. M/t Seminole collided with Melbourne outside Queenstown 30.6.1932, 11 men drowned when the ship sank)
 Madara (1929–1939, wooden motor ship, 900 t, built 1919 in Ärveskjöbing. Sold in Bremen after a collision)

 Viking (1929–1951, four-masted steel barque, 4 000 t, built 1907 in Copenhagen. In Mariehamn during the war, sailed afterwards, sold to Sweden, now restaurant and hotel in Gothenburg.)
 Ponape (1929–1936 ex Bellhouse), ex Regina Elena, four-masted steel barque, 3 500 t, built 1903 in Genoa. sold to be scrapped
 Pamir (1931–1941 and 1948–1950, four-masted steel barque, 4 500 t, built 1905 in Hamburg. Seized in New Zealand 7.8.1941 as war prize, given back 1948, last grain journey in 1949, sold to be scrapped 1950, bought by Germans, capsized in the Atlantic Ocean 1957, 80 crew lost, 6 saved)
 L'Avenir (1932–1937 L'Avenir), four-masted steel barque, 3 650 t, built 1908 in Bremerhaven. Sold to the German government 1937, renamed Admiral Karpfanger, disappeared 1938 on way from Australia to Europe
 Passat (1932–1950, four-masted steel barque, 4 700 t, built 1911 in Hamburg. In Mariehamn during World War II, sailed 1946–1950, sold to be scrapped, bought by Germans, museum ship in Travemünde)
 Sweden (1932–1947, wooden motor ship, 600 t, built 1921 in Sweden. Sold to Helsinki)
 Odine (1933, four-masted wooden motor ship. Bought for the motors, hull scrapped. Wreck lies in the Uusikaupunki archipelago)
 Vera (1933–1947, wooden motor ship, 650 t, built 1936 [?] in Sweden. Sold)
 Warma (1933–1937, three-masted wooden barque, 1 400 t, built 1922 in Uusikaupunki. Sold to Germany)
 Eläköön (1933–1943, three-masted wooden barque, 1400 t, built 1920 in Uusikaupunki. Sold to Helsinki, converted to motor barge)
 Wellamo (1933–1939, wooden barquentine, later motorized, 550 t, built 1919 in Uusikaupunki. Sold to Uusikaupunki)
 Valborg (1933–1939, four-masted wooden motored sailing ship, originally without engine, 1 500 t, built 1919 in Victoria, Canada. Destroyed in a fire)
 Kylemore (1934–1937, three-masted steel barque, 1 900 t, built 1880 in Glasgow. Sold to Germany to be scrapped)
 Pestalozzi (1934–1937, three-masted iron barque, 1 000 t, built 1884 in Hamburg. Sold to Libau to be scrapped)
 Regina (1934–1935, wooden motored sailing ship, 1 000 t, built 1919 in Porvoo. Destroyed in a fire in the Baltic Sea)
 Dione (1934–1939, four-masted wooden barquentine, 1000 t, built 1923 in Åland. Collision with unknown steamer in the Baltic Sea, towed to Uusikaupunki, unregistered 1940)

 Moshulu (1935–1947, ex Dreadnaught, ex Kurt, four-masted steel barque, 4 900 t, built 1904 in Glasgow. Now a restaurant in Philadelphia)
 Kirsta (1937–1959 ex Glenisla), steamship, 2 500 t, built 1906 in Rostock
 Gottfried (1937–1953, steamship, 2 500 t, built 1899 in Sunderland)
 Argo (1937–1942 Argo), ex Odessa, steamship, 4 320 t, built 1898 in Glasgow. Torpedoed in the Baltic Sea 16.6.1942, 9 men drowned, among them the son of Gustaf Erikson, Gustaf Adolf
 Alca (1937–1947 ex Skåne), composite motor ship, 650 t, built 1919 in Sweden. Sold
 Agnes (1938–1942, ex Blairlogie, steamship, 5 200 t, built 1912 in Rotterdam. Torpedoed in the Baltic Sea 1.11.1942, four man drowned)
 Olivia (1940–1956, ex Kemi, steamship, 3 250 t, built 1900 in Rostock)
 Bonden (1940–1942, steamship, 900 t, built 1891 in Copenhagen, torpedoed 12.9.1942 in the Sea of Åland, crew saved)
 Avenir (1941–1950, ex Wiima, steamship, 5 080 t, built 1897 in West Hartlepool. Bought from Antti Wihuri)
 Sirius (1942–1946, ent. Bjerkvik, three-masted wooden motor schooner, sailed by the coast of Norway during the war, sold to Norway)
 Styrsö (1942–1959, ex Hilde, motor ship, 600 t, built 1894 in Sunderland, rebuilt 1944 in Uusikaupunki)
 Alden (1943–1958, ex Wisa, steamship, 6 300 t, built 1907 in Sunderland. Bought from Antti Wihuri)
 Adolf (1943–1946, steamship, 110 t, built 1889 in Varkaus. Sold to Helsinki)
 Maria (1943–1953, ex Björneborg, steamship, 3 700 t, built 1894 in England)
 Korsö (1944–1947, ex Aura, steamship, 3 250 t, built 1908 in West Hartlepool. Bought from a Finnish shipowner, given to the Soviet Union as German property.)
 Skogsö (1947–1953, ex Mars, steamship, 1040 t, built 1909 in Hoboken.)
 Granö (1947–1959, ex Stanja, steamship, 3 015 t, built 1915 in Oslo.)
 Kungsö (1947–1971, steamship, built 1947 in Turku, the year when Erikson died. Sold 1971 to Greece.)

Gustaf Erikson also owned parts in the following ships:
 Mathilda (1891–1900, three-masted barque.)
 Gessner (1892–1899, three-masted barque, built 1854)
 Adéle (1893–1898, three-masted barquentine, built 1878)
 Ocean (1894–1911, three-masted barque, built 1873)
 Montrosa (1898–1928, three-masted barque, built 1863)
 Europa (1899–1906, three-masted barque, built 1870)
 Duguay (1899–1910, three-masted barque, built 1873)
 Vanadis (1899–1903, full-rigged ship, built 1880)
 Wolfe (1902–1913, three-masted barque, built 1881i)
 Cuba (1900–1901, three-masted barque, built 1872)
 Ceres (1901–1911, three-masted barquentine, built 1871)
 Augusta (1901–1911, three-masted barque)
 Alma (1901–1902, three-masted barquentine)
 Karolina (1901–1905, brig, built 1874)
 Hilda (1901–1902, three-masted barque, built 1865)
 Kaleva (1901–1903, three-masted barque, built 1861)
 Albania (1903–1908, full-rigged ship, built 1884)
 Deo Gloria (1903–1912, three-masted barquentine, built 1861)
 Rakkaus (1903, brig, built 1874)
 Roxane (1903–1907, three-masted barque, built 1860)
 Ida (1902–1906, three-masted barquentine)
 Holmestrand (1902–1903, three-masted barque, built 1872)
 Isabel (1905–1915, Browne, three-masted barque, built 1885)
 Christine (1909–1915, three-masted barque)
 Pera (1910–1917, full-rigged ship, built 1890)
 Frieda (1913–1916, ex County of Edinburgh, four-masted barque, built 1885)
 Asia (1915–1916, three-masted barque, built 1864)
 Prompt (1916–1936, three-masted barque, built 1887)
 Concordia (1916–1918, three-masted barque)
 Lucipara (1916–1917, four-masted barque, built 1885)
 (1892 (1916 Norden)), three-masted barque
 Parchim (1916–1926, three-masted barque, built 1889)
 Neptun (1917–1928, three-masted barquentine, built 1890)
 Näsborg (1919–1930, ketch, built 1920)
 Esperanza (1920–1927, three-masted schooner, built 1919)
 Fred (1920–1934, three-masted barque, built 1920)
 Linden (1920–1937, three-masted schooner, built 1920)
 Balder (1923–1929, three-masted schooner, built 1922)
 Hildur (1926–1933, three-masted schooner)
 Vesta (1926–1935, aux. three-masted schooner)
 Vidar (1926-19??), aux. three-masted schooner
 Vineta (1926–1929, three-masted barquentine, built 1920)
 Gustaf (1929–1942, ex Elissa, aux. three-masted schooner, built 1877)
 Thekla (1929, three-masted barque, built 1881)
 Jenolin (1930–1936, aux. three-masted schooner, built 1919)
 Mozart (1931–1935, four-masted barquentine, built 1903)
 Åland (1931–1936, ex Parma ex Arrow, four-masted barque, built 1902)
 Johannes (1933–1937, aux. three-masted schooner, built 1902)

References
 Ship list (July 2011) mainly from the page Gustaf (Adolf Mauritz) Erikson 1872–1947  at Wakkanet by Kari Jalava

Bibliography

External links
The Last of the Cape Horners

1872 births
1947 deaths
People from Lemland
People from Turku and Pori Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Swedish-speaking Finns
Finnish company founders
Maritime history of Finland
Finnish businesspeople in shipping
People from Mariehamn


KLAM (1450 AM, "The Clam") is a radio station licensed to serve Cordova, Alaska.  The station is owned by Bayview Communications, Inc.  It airs a Classic rock/Country music and Talk radio format.

The station has been assigned these call letters by the Federal Communications Commission since 1954.

In the movie Stand By Me, KLAM is featured as a fictional radio station from Portland, Oregon.

References

External links
FCC History Cards for KLAM

1954 establishments in Alaska
Buildings and structures in Chugach Census Area, Alaska
Classic rock radio stations in the United States
Cordova, Alaska
Country radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1954
LAM
Talk radio stations in the United States


Miguel Torres Chile is a Chilean winery that was founded in Curicó, in 1979, by the Spanish family company Miguel Torres. In its , the Viña Santa Digna vineyard cultivates the varieties Sauvignon blanc, Riesling, Gewürztraminer and Chardonnay (for their white wines) and Cabernet sauvignon (for their red and rosé wines). To a lesser extent they also cultivate Pinot noir, which contributes to the cuvee of a brut sparkling wine.

Wines
As well as the wines that they sell under the Santa Digna brand, the conditions of the Chilean vineyard have also allowed for the selection of a number of single estates or terroirs, such as Manso de Velasco, which produces its Cabernet sauvignon from vines that are over a hundred years old and have never been grafted. All of the wines undergo a fermentation process in stainless steel tanks, with their temperature carefully controlled, and furthermore, in the case of some wines, in the aging cellar in barrels made of American and Nevers French oak.

Vineyards
Miguel Torres Chile have  of their own vineyards in the region of Curicó, plus another  that are leased out.

References

Further reading

External links
Bodegas Torres website (in English, Catalan, Spanish and Swedish)

Wineries of Chile
1979 establishments in Chile

nl:Chili (wijnbouwland)


Pierre Bohémier (January 7, 1907 – March 7, 1959) was a Canadian politician and a Member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.

Background

He was born on January 7, 1907, in Ferme-Neuve, Laurentides, Quebec.

Mayor

Bohémier served as Mayor of Ferme-Neuve from 1944 to 1959.

Member of the legislature

He ran as a Union Nationale candidate in a by-election held on October 15, 1958, in the provincial district of Labelle and won without opposition.

Death

Bohémier died in office on March 7, 1959, in Montreal.

References

1907 births
1959 deaths
Mayors of places in Quebec
Union Nationale (Quebec) MNAs


Mark Duffy is an Irish banker.

In 1981 he joined ICC Bank as a graduate trainee before taking up a position at 3i, a venture capital company. When 3i was sold to Anglo Irish Bank in 1987, he was offered a role with the new owner. He was approached by Bank of Scotland, who owned part of 3i at the time, to become CEO aged 31 to rescue their ailing Equity bank in 1992. He successfully grew this entity, acquiring his previous employer ICC along the way, into a €37bn full service bank successfully challenging the Irish banks for the first time.

After 17 years as CEO, he resigned from the Bank of Scotland (Ireland) in 2008 at the age of 51. He was replaced by his former COO Joe Higgins who along with other colleagues established the very successful Certus. He moved abroad, established a private not-for-profit investment vehicle backed by his Swedish's wife's family aimed at rehabilitating drug use. His wife is one of the Aastrup family.

He has also been associated with a range of new start up vehicles, particularity Svenska Fonden focussed on financial services. Zug, in Switzerland, appears to be his family base. He was also rumoured in June 2018 to be "eyeing up an the Irish residential lending market" potentially as a repeat of his work with Bank of Scotland (Ireland).

References

Irish chief executives
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)


Blacksoil is a rural locality in the City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. In the  Blacksoil had a population of 104 people.

History
Blacksoil was officially named as a locality by the Queensland Place Names Board on 1 July 1978. It was officially bounded on 8 September 2000.

In the  Blacksoil had a population of 104 people.

References

City of Ipswich
Localities in Queensland


KVAK (1230 AM) is a radio station licensed to serve Valdez, Alaska.  The station is owned by North Wave Communications, Inc. It airs a country music and talk radio format.

The station has been assigned these call letters by the Federal Communications Commission since August 9, 1982.

History of call letters
The call letters KVAK previously were used by an AM station in Atchison, Kansas. That station began broadcasting on July 28, 1939, on 1420 kHz with 100 W power (daytime only).

References

External links
KVAK official website

VAK
Country radio stations in the United States
Talk radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1981


Tiguent is a small town and commune in south-western Mauritania, not far from the coast.  In 2000 it had a population of 12,170.

Transport

It is proposed to be served by a new station on railway to serve the phosphate mines at Kaedi.

See also
 Transport in Mauritania
 Railway stations in Mauritania

References

Communes of Mauritania


Saint Medan was a saint, apparently of the early British or Irish period, whose existence and name are inferred from the name Kirkmaiden in Wigtownshire, but who is also associated with Angus and Aberdeenshire.

The occurrence and legend of Medan

There is a Kirkmaiden both in the Rinns of Galloway and also on the other side of Luce Bay  in the parish of Glasserton near Monreith in the Machars – both in Wigtownshire in Scotland.  A legend relates how the saint with her nuns is said to have travelled from the one location to the other across Luce Bay, using a rock as a boat.

Who was Medan?

Some points about the name suggest problems in transmission.  First, the name "Medan" sounds similar to the English word "maiden": this may mean that an originally masculine name was interpreted later by ill-informed or unsophisticated Anglophones as a woman's. Second, the name may well begin with the Gaelic element "mo" meaning "my" – an honorific or a diminutive.

The name has been related to several women saints recorded elsewhere.  The element "edan" is similar to "Etáin", a name occurring once in the 15th century in Scotland, and argued as the virgin saint of Tumna near Boyle in County Roscommon in the diocese of Elphin  – though another authority derives Cill Medoin in the diocese of Tuam not from an apocryphal saint Etáin but prosaically from the Irish for "middle church".   Again, the name may be a version of Modwena (Moninne or Darerca), who was abbess of Cill Sléibe Cuilinn in Killevy near Slieve Gullion and died on 5 July 517 or 519; it is said that she founded a number of churches in Scotland.  There is a 1901 dedication to a female St Medan in Troon in Ayrshire.

There are other perhaps stronger arguments for the name being that of a man.  The name is similar to a man's name, Muadán, which occurs in commemorations on both sides of the Irish Sea, including Glendaruel in Argyll, and has been glossed as a version of "my Aedan": 16 saints bore the name Aedan, including the well-known Aedan of Lindisfarne. Again, a male saint named Medan was buried at Bodmin and perhaps commemorated at Tregavethan, both in Cornwall. A male Modan is the saint of Rosneath, Falkirk, Kirkton of Airlie in Forfar, Fraserburgh and Fintray in Aberdeenshire, and Freswick in Caithness. The church at Kingoldrum in Angus, which was given to Arbroath Abbey in 1211-14 by William the Lion, was dedicated to St Medan; not far from it is a St Medan's Well, and it is thought that originally it was a Celtic establishment. St Medan is also said to have been one of the three companions of St Drostan, the evangeliser of Aberdeenshire and founder of Deer Abbey.

There is no consensus about these possibilities.

Other information

Near the Kirkmaiden at Monreith in the Machars there is a golf course named St Medan's.

References

6th-century Christian saints
Medieval Scottish saints


The Kola () is a river on the Kola Peninsula in Murmansk Oblast, Russia. It is  long, and has a drainage basin of . The river flows out of Lake Kolozero north into the Kola Bay of the Barents Sea, some 10 km south of Murmansk. The neighbouring river Tuloma has its mouth just one kilometer to the west. The average discharge is 40 m3/s, but there are large seasonal variations. Its largest tributaries is Kitza and Orlovka from the right, and Tukhta and Medvezhya from the left. The only town on the river is also called Kola.

References

Rivers of Murmansk Oblast
Drainage basins of the Barents Sea


Herzogin Cecilie was a German-built four-mast barque (windjammer), named after German Crown Princess Duchess Cecilie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1886–1954), spouse of Crown Prince Wilhelm of Prussia (1882–1951) (Herzogin being German for Duchess). She sailed under German, French and Finnish flags.

History
Herzogin Cecilie was built in 1902 by Rickmers Schiffbau AG in Bremerhaven. She was yard number 122 and was launched on 22 April 1902. Completion was on 7 June that year. She was  long, with a breadth of  and a draught of . Herzogin Cecilie was built for Norddeutscher Lloyd Bremen. Unlike other contemporary German merchant sailing ships, the black Flying-P-Liners or the green ships of Rickmers, she was painted in white. She was one of the fastest windjammers ever built: she logged 21 knots at Skagen.

The tall ships of the time remained competitive against the steamers only on the longer trade routes: the Chilean nitrate trade, carrying saltpeter from Chile to Europe, and the Australian wheat trade, carrying grain from Australia to Europe. Both routes required rounding Cape Horn routinely, and were not well suited for steamers, as coal was in short supply there.

Herzogin Cecilie was one of the fastest merchant sailing ships of her time, on a par with the Flying-P-Liners. The trip around Cape Horn from Portland (Oregon) to The Lizard (England) was done in 1903 in only 106 days.

At the outbreak of World War I, she was interned by Chile, returning to Germany in 1920, only to be given to France as reparation, and subsequently sold to Gustaf Erikson (24 October 1872 – 15 August 1947) of Finland for £4250. She was homeported at Mariehamn.

As the freight rates for saltpeter had dropped after the war, Gustaf Erikson sent her to bring grain from Australia. In so-called grain races, several tall ships tried to arrive first in Europe, to sell their cargo for a higher price, as told, for example, in The Great Tea Race of 1866 or The Last Grain Race. Typically, ships were loaded in the Spencer Gulf area, Port Victoria, South Australia, or Wallaroo, South Australia, and travelled to Europe, with ports on the British Isles like Queenstown, Ireland, or Falmouth, Cornwall, being considered as the finish. The ship also passed by Queensland where she was photographed.

After "winning"  four times prior to 1921, she again won the grain race four times in eleven trips from 1926 to 1936.

In 1927, Herzogin Cecilie covered Port Lincoln (South Australia) to Falmouth, London, and won a race against the Swedish ship Beatrice. Alan Villiers was on board, which would result in his book Falmouth for Orders, and later a trip aboard the barque Parma.

With Sven Erikson as her captain and Elis Karlsson her first mate, the ship left Port Lincoln in South Australia on 21 January 1935, with a cargo of wheat, and after taking a more southerly route than usual, reached Falmouth for Orders on 18 May, making her passage of 86 days the second fastest ever. Herzogin Cecilie was making for Ipswich in dense fog, when, on 25 April 1936, she grounded on Ham Stone Rock and drifted onto the cliffs of Bolt Head on the south Devon coast. After parts of the cargo were unloaded, she was floating again, only to be towed in June 1936 to Starhole (Starehole) Bay at the mouth of the nearby Kingsbridge Estuary near Salcombe, and beached there. On 18 January 1939, the ship capsized and sank. The remains of the ship sit at a depth of 7 metres at .

The timber and brass portholes from the chart room were salvaged and used to construct a small room in the Cottage Hotel at Hope Cove, which can still be visited today. The room contains several photographs and press cuttings of the wreck. There is also a collection of items from the ship in a small museum at Sven Eriksson's family home at Pellas, in Lemland, on the Åland Islands of Finland. By far the best relic of the vessel is the beautifully restored captain's saloon, which the owner salvaged before the ship was abandoned and was finally installed in the Åland Maritime Museum in Mariehamn, Finland.

The ship and her last voyage were memorialized in a folk song by Ken Stephens, Herzogin Cecile.

Official numbers and code letters
Official Numbers were a forerunner to IMO Numbers. Herzogin Cecilie had the Finnish Official Number 703 and used the Code Letters TPMK.

See also
Grain race

References

Sources
 Peter Pedersen and Joseph Conrad (1989). Strandung und Schiffbruch. Mit Entscheidungen der Seeämter des Deutschen Reiches. Bechtemünz Verlag: Augsburg.
 Fred Schmidt and Dietrich Reimer (1942). Schiffe und Schicksale. Andrews & Steiner: Berlin.
Clamp, Arthur L., The Loss of the Herzogin Cecilie on Ham Stone 25th, Plymouth
Colton, J. Ferrell, Loss of the "Herzogin Cecilie", Sea Breezes Vol. 65 No. 536, August 1990 p. 586
Cormack, Neil W., Herzogin Cecilie, The Flagship of the Gustaf Erikson Fleet of Mariehamn: 1921–1936, N.W. Cormack 1996,
Cresswell, John P., The Loss of the Herzogin Cecilie, Artscape, Cornwall 1994
Darch, Malcolm, Herzogin Cecilie, the story of her charthouse 1936–1988. Ålands Sjöfart & Handel 5/88 s. 272–273
Lindfors, Harald, Round The Horn in the Herzogin Cecilie in 1922, Ålands Sjöfart 2/76 s. 56–59
McNeill, Robert B., Beatrice vs. Herzogin Cecilie, A most Curious "Race Round the Horn", New York 2001,	Exxon Mobil Marine Lubricants. Volume LXXI, No. 1, 2001, of The Compass, The Magazine of the Sea. 32 PP with b/w and colour illustrations.
Tod, Giles M.S., Herzogin Cecilie gets in a "Breeze", Sea Breezes Vol. XIX. No. 189 August 1935
Alan Villiers, Falmouth for Orders. The Story of the Last Clipper Ship Race around Cape Horn, Geoffrey Bles, London 1929
Alan Villiers, The Cape Horn Grain-ship Race, Washington. 1933, National Geographic Magazine. Extract from: volume LXIII, No.1, January 1933.39 pp., with 38 b/w photos (13 on full page).
Alan Villiers, Last of Windships
Pamela Eriksson, The Duchess. (1958), Secker and Warburg, London.
Pamela Bourne, Out of The World. (1935), Geoffrey Bles, London.
Elis Karlsson, Pully Haul
Elis Karlsson, Mother Sea. (1964) Oxford University Press, London.
W.L. Leclercq, Wind in de Zeilen
Elisabeth Rogge-Ballehr, Schule der See Viermastbark Herzogin Cecilie
W.L.A. Derby, The Tall Ships Pass
Basil Greenhill and John Hackmann, Herzogin Cecilie. (1991), Conway Maritime Press Ltd, London.
Harold A. Underhill, Sail Training and Cadet Ships

External links

Photo of Herzogin Cecilie in dock
 Herzogin Cecilie
 The grain races
 Wreck history and dive report: Herzogin Cecilie

1902 ships
Barques
Windjammers
Tall ships of Germany
Tall ships of France
Tall ships of Finland
World War I merchant ships of Germany
Merchant ships of France
Merchant ships of Finland
Four-masted ships
Grain ships
Ships built in Bremen (state)
Wreck diving sites in the United Kingdom
Maritime incidents in 1936


The Swinton and Knottingley Joint Railway was a British railway company formed to connect the Midland and Great Central lines at Swinton, north of Rotherham, with the North Eastern Railway at Ferrybridge, near Knottingley, a distance of , opening up a more direct route between York and the Sheffield area.

History
The line between Swinton and Ferrybridge was jointly owned by the North Eastern and Midland Railways and later was jointly worked by their successors the London and North Eastern Railway and the London Midland and Scottish Railway.

The line was opened on 1 May 1879, with stations at Ferrybridge (1882), Pontefract Baghill, Ackworth (1 July 1879), Moorthorpe, Frickley and Bolton-on-Dearne (1 July 1879).

The route is now the central section of the Dearne Valley Line between York and Sheffield and is operated by Northern. The section from Swinton to Moorthorpe is part of the line from Sheffield to Leeds, known as the Wakefield Line, since the closure of the North Midland route via  due to mining subsidence in 1985.

References

Pre-grouping British railway companies
British joint railway companies
Swinton, South Yorkshire
Railway lines opened in 1879


Alfred Croisetière (July 21, 1922 – October 17, 2014) was a Canadian politician and a two-term Member of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.

Background

He was born on July 21, 1922, in Winooski, Vermont.

Member of the legislature

Croisetière ran as a Union Nationale candidate in the 1962 election in the provincial district of Iberville.  He lost against Liberal incumbent Laurent Hamel.

He was elected in the 1966 election and was re-elected in the 1970 election.  He served as his party's Deputy House Whip from 1966 until his defeat against Liberal candidate Jacques-Raymond Tremblay in the 1973 election.

City Councillor

Croisetière served as a city councillor in Iberville, Montérégie from 1975 to 1983.

References

1922 births
2014 deaths
Union Nationale (Quebec) MNAs
American emigrants to Canada


The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1932 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 8, 1932. This election began the transition of California from a solidly Republican state to a swing state, which it would be for the next 60 years. California gained nine seats as a result of the 1930 Census; it would have been six if the House seats were reapportioned in 1920 since California would have had 14 seats as a result of the 1920 Census. Democrats won six of those seats while Republicans won three. Of California's existing seats, Democrats won four Republican-held seats.

Overview

Delegation composition

Results
Final results from the Clerk of the House of Representatives:

District 1

District 2

District 3

District 4

District 5

District 6

District 7

District 8

District 9

District 10

District 11

District 12

District 13

District 14

District 15

District 16

District 17

District 18

District 19

District 20

See also
73rd United States Congress
Political party strength in California
Political party strength in U.S. states
1932 United States House of Representatives elections

References
California Elections Page
Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives

External links
California Legislative District Maps (1911-Present)
RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions

1932 California elections
1932
California United States House of Representatives


KSEW (950 AM) was a radio station licensed to serve Seward, Alaska.  The station was owned by Seward Media Partners, LLC, and aired an adult contemporary music format.

The station was first licensed as KRXA on June 21, 1971, and was assigned KSEW by the Federal Communications Commission on May 14, 2008.

Under a previous owner, the station simulcasted with KYSC in Fairbanks for several years.

KSEW's license expired and was deleted on February 1, 2014, after the application for renewal of the station's license was not filed on time. In addition it had not paid FCC fees for a number of years and efforts to collect the debt were unsuccessful.

References

External links
FCC Station Search Details: DKSEW (Facility ID: 72209)
FCC History Cards for KSEW (covering 1971-1981 as KRXA)

SEW
Radio stations established in 1972
1972 establishments in Alaska
Defunct radio stations in the United States
Radio stations disestablished in 2014
2014 disestablishments in Alaska
SEW


KSWD may refer to:

 KSWD (FM), a radio station (94.1 FM) licensed to Seattle, Washington, United States
 KKLQ (FM), a radio station (100.3 FM) licensed to Los Angeles, California, United States, which used the call sign KSWD from May 2008 to November 2017
 KSEW, a radio station (950 AM) licensed to Seward, Alaska, United States, which used the call sign KSWD from September 1991 to May 2008
 KKNI-FM, a radio station (105.9 FM) licensed to Seward, Alaska, United States, which used the call sign KSWD-FM from January 2006 to May 2008


The HUSAR rover is part of the Hunveyor system. Like as Hunveyor (Hungarian UNiversity SURVEYOR) is an experimental university lander model, so the HUSAR is (Hungarian University Surface Analyser Rover) an experimental university rover model. This rover accompanies the Hunveyor as like Sojourner was accompanying the Mars Pathfinder lander. For the Hunveyor the Surveyor was the example, for the Husar-rover the Mars Pathfinder-Sojourner system was the example from the real space exploration world.

The Hunveyor-Husar system is an educational work at Hungarian Universities, Colleges and High Schools. There are smaller and larger model-cars supported by onboard computer, camera and some additional instrumentation. The building of the Husar-rover types is focusing on the basic planetary surface activities by moving vehicle. The rover has a solar panel on its board placed on a model-car chassis. In the Husar-b version the drive is on the back wheels by electric engines, movements are controlled by the camera view through a wireless connection to the computer. It can be used for roving among rocks and observing their surfaces. On a larger chassis Husar-2a version there are independent driving on all the four wheels. This fact allows directing a special movement. The rover can turn in a very narrow arc which is important to approach objects in side direction. The wheels in one axis are connected by a differential. The structural framework, the driving mechanism all have a left- and right-hand side symmetric structure. The movements are directed through servo engines, which were originally designed for analogous direction, however, even 8 of these servos can be directed by a microcontroller. This microcontroller gets the position of the servos through RS 232 port of the computer. The camera of Husar-2 transmits images with 30 frame/sec, and it has wireless connection with the computer (1200 MHz).

In a planetary simulation work we use testfields which are analog to a selected planetary surface. On the testfields (test table) the most important rock types from the Solar System are arranged around the Hunveyor and Husar. For example, desert sand morphology (according to the observations of Mars Pathfinder) can be modelled around lander and rover in order to give a real planetary environment for simulation studies. Complex studies of the main streams in the surface, wind system and rock interactions also can be modelled. (i.e. stream strength of the wind can be deciphered from the deposition of deflation style of the lee-forms). We show one of our test-fields around Hunveyor and Husar.

Husar rovers were built with Hunveyor-1, -2, and -4 landers, and they were independently built by the Husar-5 and Husar-6 groups at Budapest, Pécs, Székesfehérvár, Sopron and Dorog.

References

External links
http://planetologia.elte.hu
http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/7thmars2007/pdf/3026.pdf
http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2007/pdf/1204.pdf
http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2004/pdf/1093.pdf
http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2006/pdf/1136.pdf
Portable solar panel

Planetary science
Space science
Science and technology in Hungary


The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1930 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 4, 1930. California's delegation remained unchanged at 10 Republicans and 1 Democrat.

Overview

Results
Final results from the Clerk of the House of Representatives:

District 1

District 2

District 3

District 4

District 5

District 6

District 7

District 8

District 9

District 10

District 11

See also
72nd United States Congress
Political party strength in California
Political party strength in U.S. states
1930 United States House of Representatives elections

References
California Elections Page
Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives

External links
California Legislative District Maps (1911-Present)
RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions

1930 California elections
1930
California United States House of Representatives


Hover Strike is a shooter video game developed and published by Atari Corporation exclusively for the Atari Jaguar first in North America in April 1995, then in Europe on May of the same year and later in Japan around the same period, where it was published instead by Messe Sansao. Taking place in a future where the Terrakian Pirates have seized control of a colonized foreign planet, players are tasked with piloting an armed hovercraft vehicle in an attempt of rescuing the captured colonists and obliterate the invading alien forces from the surface of the planet before the Federation armada arrives.

Conceived as an update to Atari's 1980 arcade game Battlezone, the project originally went under the title Battlezone 2000 and was one of the first games to be greenlit and announced for the Jaguar prior to its launch, along with Cybermorph and Tempest 2000. After being showcased during the Summer Consumer Electronics Show in 1994 under the original title however, it was renamed to Hover Strike at one point during its development, likely due to it drifting away from the original source material.

Hover Strike received mixed reception from critics after its initial release, with many being divided in regards to multiple aspects of the game such as the presentation, visuals, sound and gameplay. As of April 1, 1995, it is unknown how many copies of the title were sold in total during its lifetime. A remake, Hover Strike: Unconquered Lands, was released months later for the Atari Jaguar CD and featured several enhancements compared to the original, although both shared the same overall storyline.

Gameplay

Hover Strike is a futuristic semi-open 3D shooter game similar to Battlezone and T-MEK in which players pilot an armed hovercraft vehicle in order to complete a series of 30 missions, each one taking place across on different terrain types, as attempts to overthrow the Terrakian Pirates from a colonized foreign planet and rescue the remaining captured  colonists before the Federation's armada arrives into the location to decimate the invading alien forces.

Before starting, players can choose between three difficulty settings and tackle either mission in any given order at the selection screen, which involves destroying a number of enemies and structures that are specified as main objectives at the briefing screen, however pressing the Option button during the mission selection brings the setup menu where various settings can be adjusted such as controls and sound configurations, in addition of saving their current progress.

After choosing a mission, players are immediately dropped into the playfield to fight against the enemies and destroy the main objectives to clear the mission, while power-ups and ammo can also be found by destroying carriers to restock their arsenal and the hovercraft's energy and shields respectively. If the players does not re-energize the hovercraft, it will self-destruct and it can also be destroyed by enemy fire if its shield are not regenerated and once all lives are lost, the game is over, though players have the option of resuming progress by loading their saved game into the last mission reached, but the number of lives used is also kept.

During gameplay, the action is viewed inside the cockpit of the hovercraft and controlling it is done by pressing A to accelerate, B for shooting photon energy and C for braking, while pressing left and right rotates the craft to the respective direction. Most of the enemies in the game are low flying aircraft that follow and shoot at the player. Moving the reticle is done by pressing up or down to shoot the photons, while pressing Option during gameplay alternates between each of the available sub-weapons and pressing either 1 or 3 on the keypad fires them. Pressing 2 will lock the reticle onto the closest enemy and pressing 5 cycles between multiple targets, while pressing 7 or 9 changes between different camera angles. Pressing either up or down with both A and C engages the vehicle into forward or reverse modes.

Terrain plays an important role in the game, as the craft automatically hovers over it and surroundings like the hills are useful for cover to avoid enemy fire, although falling off or colliding with high mountains or ledges are harmful to the vehicle. Most of the enemies in the game are low-flying aircraft that follow and shoot at the player's craft and there are also turrets and enemy hovercraft placed on the battlefield, in addition of environmental hazards. At any given time, players can abort the mission they are currently in by pausing the game and pressing any fire button to bring a setup menu, but collected power-ups will be removed and items collected during the mission are restored to their previous level upon doing so.

The game also has a two-player cooperative mode that is accessed by plugging in a second controller into the console, with one player controlling the hovercraft while the other player becomes the gunner, as they have full-range when controlling the reticle but only has access to weapons controls.

Development and release

Atari Corporation were already developing and planning to release an update of Battlezone for the Jaguar as early as August 1993, when the system was officially unveiled to the public. Originally titled Battlezone 2000 (not to be confused with Hand Made Software's 1995 Atari Lynx title of the same name), it was one of the first fourteen titles to be greenlit for the Jaguar before launch, along with other titles such as Cybermorph and Tempest 2000. The game was originally intended to be for only one player and it remained to be listed under its original title across various video game magazines. Battlezone 2000 for the Jaguar was first showcased to the public in a playable state at Summer Consumer Electronics Show in 1994, where it featured several visual differences compared to the final release. However at one point during its development, it was renamed to Hover Strike, likely due to the change in direction of the project and had its last trade show appearance at Atari Corp.'s booth during the Winter Consumer Electronics Show in 1995, with plans to be released early in the year.

The production of Hover Strike was spearheaded by ex-Atari vice-president in software development Leonard Tramiel, son of Jack Tramiel. Atari veteran Rob Zdybel also worked as one of the programmers. The music and sound effects were created by composer Brad Wait. Lead tester and level designer Lance J. Lewis referred to the game negatively in recent years, but stated that he had fun working on it.

Hover Strike was first released in North America in April 1995, then in Europe on May of the same year and later in Japan around the same time period, where it was distributed by Messe Sansao instead of Atari.

Reception

Hover Strike was met with mixed reception from critics and reviewers.

Next Generation reviewed the Jaguar version of the game, rating it two stars out of five, and stated that "despite some interesting challenges, this is, unfortunately, a serious simulator misfire."

Legacy
A remake, entitled Hover Strike: Unconquered Lands, was released for the Jaguar CD add-on in October 23 of the same year. The remake featured improved graphics and additional levels. In 1996, a year after both the original and the remake were released, the game's trademark was abandoned. In May 2017, the game's source code was made freely available on a Jaguar-dedicated Facebook group.

References

External links

 Hover Strike at AtariAge
 Hover Strike at GameFAQs
 Hover Strike at MobyGames

1995 video games
Atari games
Atari Jaguar games
Atari Jaguar-only games
Commercial video games with freely available source code
Cooperative video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Science fiction video games
Shooter games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in the future


The Melbourne Turkish consulate bombing was an attempt to bomb the Turkish Consulate in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, on 23 November 1986. A car bomb exploded in the basement car park, killing Hagop Levonian, one of the bombers, who was a member of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (ARF).

Background
This was a second Armenian attack on Turkish diplomats and agencies in Australia. In 1980, in a local example of a much wider international campaign, two Turkish officials, the Turkish Consul-General in Sydney, Şarık Arıyak, and his 28-year-old bodyguard were gunned down by two people. The Justice Commandos for the Armenian Genocide claimed responsibility for the assassination and despite a $250,000 reward offer by the Turkish Embassy, no charges were laid, and their assassins remained at large. In the 1970s and 1980s, Turkish diplomats were considered the second-greatest security risk worldwide, after Americans. Until 1986, 42 Turkish diplomats were killed by militants.

On 12 July 1983, ASIO intercepted JCAG member, Krikor Keverian, with four handguns in his baggage when returning from Los Angeles. On 14 July, another Armenian, Agop Magarditch, apparently panicking after hearing of Keverian's arrest, reported weapons in a shipment of furniture and personal items en route to him from Los Angeles. The shipment was intercepted and a submachine gun, five pistols and ammunition were found, with information on how to carry out an assassination. ASIO believes that this delayed the consulate attack for three years.

The federal police had the consulate, on the first floor, under 24-hour surveillance since the 1980 assassination of the Turkish consul, but the guard was withdrawn in 1985.

The attack
In 1986 the Turkish Consulate at 44 Caroline St, South Yarra, was devastated by a car bomb. The blast occurred at 2:16 am, Melbourne time. One man, Hagob Levonian, was killed in the blast, which went off prematurely as he was setting the car bomb while Levon Demirian waited in a car nearby. The body of Levonian was found "scattered in hundreds of pieces". The men were members of a group known as the Armenian Revolutionary Federation and planned the bombing as a political protest in retaliation for the genocide of the Armenians in 1915 in Turkey.

The  device severely damaged the five-storey building in which the consulate was one of several tenants, blasted a crater in the reinforced concrete wall and caused an intense fireball to strike nearby buildings, damaging about 20 buildings in the exclusive shopping and residential Toorak Road precinct of fashionable South Yarra. Within minutes of the bomb going off, police and emergency services were on the scene. They evacuated the area up to  from the bomb site, including elderly women from a war widows' home. Gas leaking from the consulate building was brought under control, and 70 firemen tackled fires that had broken out in shops and offices. Police said a 22-year-old student who was studying on the third floor of the building when the bomb exploded escaped serious injury because she had drawn the heavy curtains, which protected her from the blast. She had only minor scratches, and was treated for shock by ambulance officers.

In a telephone call to the Agence France-Presse news agency in Sydney, an unidentified and heavily accented caller warned of further violence after reading out a list of grievances against Turkey. "There will be more," he said. Responsibility was claimed by the previously unknown "Greek-Bulgarian-Armenian Front", but it is believed that JCAG was behind this attack.

In Canberra, Minister for Foreign Affairs Bill Hayden said the Government would review diplomatic security procedures following the bombing. He condemned the bombing "in the strongest possible terms", and said Australia's regret at the incident had been conveyed to the Turkish government. "Australia would not tolerate acts of terrorism, wherever they occurred", he said. State Minister for Police and Emergency Services Race Mathews said there was concern that Victoria had become part of the international terrorist circuit. A special task force of more than 20 police was set up to investigate the bombing.

Trial and sentence
Levon Demirian, an Armenian-Australian restaurateur of the Sydney suburb of Epping, was charged with murdering Hagob Levonian of the Sydney suburb of Willoughby. He was also charged with having conspired with Levonian to commit an illegal act by having used an explosive device which would have intentionally and without lawful excuse caused damage to a building and endangered lives of others. When Demirian's home was searched, police found a notebook containing the names, addresses and movements of Turkish Embassy staff, as well as books and diagrams on electronic devices and circuitry. Police alleged they also found 174 sticks of gelignite at the restaurant where Demirian worked. The original receipt was found on a part of the body of the man killed in the explosion.

The prosecutor Dickson told the jury the accused and his accomplice traveled from Sydney to plant the bomb. The bomb was intended to go off on Monday morning when people arrived for work, by which time the two men would be back in Sydney. Police believed many more would have died if the bomb, detonated at night, had gone off during the day, as intended.

Demirian fled back to Sydney with his wife and child the morning after and returned to a restaurant his family operated in Lane Cove.

Demirian admitted being in Melbourne at the time of the explosion and admitted purchasing the white Torana which was used to place the bomb under the consulate only hours before the blast.

The consulate bombing was not the first time Demirian had come to the attention of investigators. In 1980 he was questioned over the assassination of Turkish consul-general Sarik Ariyak and his bodyguard in Sydney. They died in a hail of machine gun bullets fired by the pillion passenger of a motorcycle.

After five hours of deliberation the Supreme Court jury found Demirian guilty on both the murder and conspiracy charges. On 27 November 1987 Demirian was sentenced to life imprisonment with a 25-year minimum, which had to be served in full under the law of the state of Victoria. Justice Kaye also sentenced him to 10 years on the conspiracy charge and ordered it to be served concurrently with the life sentence for murder. He was refused bail because it was feared that Demirian, if granted bail, would leave the country. At the time of his arrest he was carrying an air ticket to Beirut.

Demerian then began a minimum 25-year sentence as the country's number-one high-risk security prisoner for masterminding Melbourne's 1986 Turkish Consulate car bombing. After the appeal to the Supreme Court the murder conviction was overturned, and he served 10 years. , Demerian lived in Sydney.

References

External links
 Supreme Court of Victoria. R v Demirian [1989] VicRp 10; [1989] VR 97 (3 June 1988)
 Forensic Investigators. Turkish Consulate Bombing. S03 E04

Terrorist incidents in Oceania in 1986
Crime in Melbourne
Terrorist attacks attributed to Armenian militant groups
Attacks on diplomatic missions of Turkey
Car and truck bombings in Australia
1986 in international relations
Australia–Turkey relations
Turkey
1980s in Melbourne
1986 crimes in Australia
Terrorist incidents in Australia
Terrorist incidents in Australia in the 1980s
Building bombings in Australia
Explosions in 1986